April
April is the fourth month of the year with 30 days. The name April comes from that Latin word "aperire" which means "to open". This probably refers to growing plants in spring. April begins on the same day of week as "July" in all years and also "January" in leap years.
April's flower is the Sweet Pea and its birthstone is the Diamond. The meaning of the Diamond is Innocence.
April in poetry.
Poets use "April" to mean the end of winter. For example: "April showers bring May flowers."

August
August is the eighth month of the year. It has 31 days.
This month was first called "Sextilis" in Latin, because it was the sixth month in the old Roman calendar. The Roman calendar began in March about 735 BC with Romulus. It was the eighth month when January or February were added to the start of the year by King Numa Pompilius about 700 BC. Or, when those two months were moved from the end to the beginning of the year by the decemvirs about 450 BC (Roman writers disagree).
August is named for Augustus Caesar. The month has 31 days because the Roman senate wanted as many days as Julius Caesar's month July. Augustus is in summer, after July and before September.
An extra month was moved from February in order to make the of August seem more important. This was undone when the leap year adjustment was made.
August's flower is the Gladioli with the birthstone being Peridot.

Art
The word art is used to describe some activities or creations of human beings that have importance to the human mind, regarding an attraction to the human senses. Therefore, art is made when a human expresses himself or herself. Some art is useful in a practical sense, such as a sculptured clay bowl that one can put things in. Many people disagree on how to define art. Many people say people are driven to make art due to their inner creativity. Art includes drawing, painting, sculpting, photography, performance art, dance, music, poetry, prose and theatre.
Definition of art.
Some people say that art is a product or item that is made with the intention of stimulating the human senses as well as the human mind or spirit.
An artwork is normally judged by how much impact it has on people, the amount of people who can relate to it, and how much people appreciate it.
The first and broadest sense of "art" means "arrangement" or "to arrange." In this sense, art is created when someone arranges things found in the world into a new or different design or form; or when someone arranges colors next to each other in a painting to make an image or just to make a pretty or interesting design.
History of art.
There are sculptures, cave paintings, rock paintings and petroglyphs dating from the Upper Paleolithic era, about thirty five thousand (35,000) years ago,
All of the great ancient civilizations, such as Ancient Egypt, India, China, Greece, Rome or Arabia had works and styles of art. In the Middle Ages, most of the art in Europe showed Biblical stories in paintings, stained glass windows, and mosaic tile floors and walls.
Islamic art includes geometric patterns, Islamic calligraphy, and architecture. In India and Tibet, painted sculptures, dance, and religious painting were done. In China, arts included jade carving, bronzework, pottery, poetry, calligraphy, music, painting, drama, and fiction. There are many Chinese artistic styles, which are usually named after the ruling dynasty.
In Europe, after the Middle Ages, (which some people call the Mediaeval Period or the "Dark Ages") there was a "Renaissance" which means "rebirth". People rediscovered science and artists were allowed to paint subjects other than religious subjects. People like Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci still painted religious pictures, but they also now could paint mythological pictures too. These artists also invented linear perspective where things in the distance look smaller than things close up in the picture. This was new because in the Middle Ages people would paint all the figures close up and just overlapping each other.
In the late 1800s, artists in Europe, responding to Modernity created many new painting styles such as Classicism, Romanticism, Realism, and Impressionism. The history of twentieth century art includes Expressionism, Fauvism, Cubism, Dadaism, and Surrealism, and Minimalism.
Roles of art.
In some societies, people think that art belongs to the person who made it. They think that the artist put his or her "talent" into the art. In this view, the art is the property of the artist.
In other societies, people think that art belongs to no one. They think that society has put its social capital into the artist and the artist's work. In this view, society is a collective that has made the art, through the artist.

A
A is 1st letter of the alphabet. A is a usual symbol for a low central vowel, as in father; the English long a (ā) is pronounced as a diphthong of ĕ and y. The corresponding letter of the Greek alphabet is named alpha. Alpha and omega, the last letter of the Greek alphabet, symbolize the beginning and the end, and in the New Testament, Christ. In musical notation the letter is the symbol of a note in the scale, below B and above G.
words that start with Aa.
2. The highest mark, as in school.
4. An example or kind of, In or to each; per
3. This is a person you can trust.
We paid five dollars a person for the tickets. An apple a day keeps the doctor away.

Air
Air means Earth's atmosphere. It is the clear gas we live in and breathe in. It has no color or smell. It has weight. Air creates atmosphere pressure. There is no air in the vacuum and cosmos.
Air is a mixture of 78.03% Nitrogen, 20.99% Oxygen, 0.94% Argon, 0.03% Carbon Dioxide, 0.01% Hydrogen, 0.00123% Neon, 0.0004% Helium, 0.00005% Krypton, 0.000006% Xenon.
Humans need the oxygen in the air to live. In the human body, the lungs give oxygen to the blood, and give back carbon dioxide to the air. Plants and animals also need air to live: it is very important to everyone.
The wind is moving air. Air can be polluted from gas, smoke, and ash. Some believe that this pollution may be one of the causes of global warming.
Air is also what planes fly through and what politicians are full of.
There are three things in air, Nitrogen (79%), oxygen (20%), and other types of gases (1%).

Autonomous communities of Spain
Spain is divided in 17 parts called autonomous communities. "Autonomous" means that each of these autonomous communities has its own Executive Power, its own Legislative Power and its own Judicial Power. These are similar, but NOT the same, to states in the United States of America, for example.
Spain has fifty smaller parts called provinces. In 1978 these parts came together, making the autonomous communities.
Before then, some of these provinces were together but were broken. The groups that were together once before are called "historic communities": Galicia, País Vasco and Cataluña. These communities have 2 official languages: Spanish and their own language (gallego or eusquera or catalán).
Spain also has two cities on the north coast of Africa: Ceuta and Melilla. They are called "autonomous cities".

Alan Turing
Alan Mathison Turing (June 23, 1912 - June 7, 1954) was an English mathematician and computer scientist.
He was one of the first people to work with modern digital computers. He was the first person to think of using a computer for different things. He told people that computers could run different programs. Turing introduced the idea of a Turing machine in 1936. The machine was imaginary, and ran a set of commands.
Turing also thought of the Turing test.
During the Second World War, Turing was a main participant in the efforts to break German ciphers. On the basis of cryptanalysis he he helped to break both the Enigma machine and the 42 (a teletype cipher attachment codenamed "Tunny" by the British), and was, for a time, head of Hut 8, the section responsible for reading German naval signals.
Alan Turing was a gay man. In 1952, Turing admitted having sex with a man. At that time in England, homosexuality was a crime. He was tried and convicted of this crime in a British court. and was forced to make a choice. He had to choose between going to jail or "chemical castration" (taking female hormones like estrogen to lower his sex drive). He chose the hormones. But this made him impotent (unable to have sex) and made him grow breasts. After suffering these effects for two years, he committed suicide (killed himself) with an apple poisoned with cyanide in 1954.
This kind of treatment is now believed to be very wrong, going against medical ethics and international laws of human rights, and malpractice by most doctors.

Alanis Morissette
Alanis Nadine Morissette (born June 1, 1974) is a Grammy Award-winning Canadian-American singer and songwriter. She was born in Ottawa, Canada. She began singing in Canada as a teenager in 1990. In 1995, she became popular all over the world.
As a young child in Canada, Morissette began to act on television, including 5 episodes of the long-running series, "You Can't Do That on Television". Her first album was released only in Canada in 1990.
She also acted in several movies, including Kevin Smith's "Dogma", where she played God.
About her life.
Alanis Morisette's father is French-Canadian. Her mother is from Hungary. She has an older brother, Chad, and a twin brother who is 12 minutes younger than she is. Her parents had worked as teachers at a military base in Lahr, Germany.
Jagged Little Pill.
Morissette has had many albums. Her 1995 album "Jagged Little Pill" became a very popular album. It has sold over 30 million copies worldwide. The album caused Morissette to win four Grammy Awards. The album "Jagged Little Pill" touched many people.

Adobe Illustrator
"Adobe Illustrator" is a computer program for making graphic design and illustrations. It is made by Adobe Systems. Pictures created in "Adobe Illustrator" can be made bigger or smaller, and look exactly the same at any size. It works well with the rest of the products with the Adobe name.
History.
It was first released in 1986 for the Apple Macintosh. The latest version is "Adobe Illustrator CS2", part of Creative Suite 2.

Andouille
Andouille is a sort of pork sausage. It is spicy (hot in taste) and smoked. There are a lot of sorts, all with different combinations of pork meat, fat, intestines (tubes going to the stomach), and tripe (the wall of the stomach). Andouille sausage first came from France or Germany (no-one is sure), and the most famous sort in the USA is the "Cajun" style.
Other sorts are "French andouille" and "German andouille"; they are less spicy than Cajun. Cajun has extra salt, black pepper, and garlic. Andouille makers smoke the sausages over pecan wood and sugar cane for a maximum of seven or eight hours, at about 175 degrees Fahrenheit (80 degrees Celsius).

Farming
Farming is the growing of crops or keeping of animals by people for food and raw materials. Farming can be called agriculture.
Overview.
Agriculture is not only growing food for people and animals, but also growing other things like flowers, ornamental plants (plants people use to improve the look of their homes) and nursery plants (plants people buy to grow food on their own farms and land), manure or dung, animal hides (skins or furs), leather, industrial chemicals (starch, ethanol, and plastics), fibers (cotton, wool, hemp, and flax), fuels (methane, biodiesel, biomass), and drugs (biopharmaceuticals, marijuana, opium)
Agriculture started at least about 10,000 years ago, but no one knows for sure how old it is. Agriculture and domestication started in the Fertile Crescent in East Africa and in the Middle East. The area called Fertile Crescent is now in the countries of Iraq, Syria, Turkey, Jordan, Lebanon, Israel, and Egypt. Wheat and barley are some of the first crops people grew. People probably started agriculture slowly by planting a few crops, but still gathered (got) many foods from the wild. People may have started farming because the weather and soil began to change. Farming can feed many more people than gathering on the same amount of land.
Farming actually started with the first nations. They might have originally kept tethered (tied with a rope) animals for extra food. Scientists have many theories about how farming started but most start with first nations, around the end of the ice age (about ten thousand years ago).
Many people live by doing what is called subsistence agriculture, on a small farm. Only the farmer's family lives on the farm. Subsistence agriculture is growing only enough food to feed the farmer, his family, and his animals. Extra food or animals are sold for money or other things the farmer cannot grow. The yield is the amount of food grown on a given amount of land, and the yield is often low. This is because subsistence farmers are generally less educated, and they have less money to buy equipment. When yields are low, forests are sometimes cut to provide new land to grow more food. This is good in the short term, but can be bad for the country and the surrounding environment over many years.
In rich countries, farms are often much larger. The yield on farms has gotten bigger in the last one hundred years because farmers are able to grow better varieties of plants, use more fertilizer, use more water, and more easily control weeds and pests. Many farms also use machines, which cut down on the number of people needed to farm the land. This results in fewer farmers in rich countries, but the farms are able to produce more food. This kind of intensive agriculture comes with its own set of problems. Farmers use a lot of chemical fertilizers, pesticides (chemicals that kill bugs), and herbicides (chemicals that kill weeds). These chemicals can pollute the soil or the water. They can also create bugs and weeds that are more resistant to the chemicals, causing outbreaks of these pests. The soil can be damaged by erosion (blowing or washing away), salt buildup, or loss of structure. Irrigation (adding water from rivers) can pollute water and lower the water table. Having fewer farmers also changes society and can make a country less able to feed itself in bad times.
Agriculture techniques.
Farmers select plants with better yield, taste, and nutritional value. They also chose plants that are more resistance to disease, more tolerant to drought, and those that are easier to harvest. Centuries of careful selection and breeding have had enormous effects on the characteristics of crop plants. The crops produce better yield with other techniques (use of fertilizers, chemical pest control, irrigation). For example, the yields of wheat in France are over 90 ha. In South America, the yields are 20 qx/ha. In Africa, the yields are less than 10 qx/ha.
Some companies have been searching for new plants in poor countries, and genetically modify these plants to improve them. They then try to patent the seeds and sell them back to the poor countries.
New plants were created with genetic engineering. One example of genetic engineering is modifying a plant to resist an herbicide.
Food.
It is important for there to be enough food for everyone. The food must also be safe and of good quality. Some people say the food is not always good. They say it is sometimes not safe, because it contains some chemicals. Other people say intensive agriculture is damaging the environment. For this reason, there are several types of agriculture.
Traditional agriculture is mostly done in poor countries.
Intensive agriculture is mostly done in wealthier countries. It uses pesticides, machinery, chemical fertilizers. Organic farming is using only natural products. Integrated farming is using local resources, and trying to use the waste from one process as a resource in another process.
Problems in agriculture.
There are some serious problems that face people trying to grow food today.
If the plants get a big amount of water they can die, if they get a small amount of water they can dry up and die, so that's why all plants need a perfect amount of water depending on what type of plant it is.
Crops.
The major crops produced in the world in 2002, are maize (corn), wheat, rice, and cotton.
"See also": List of domesticated plants, List of vegetables, List of herbs, List of fruit, List of domesticated animals
See also.
There are specialty producers who raise less common types of livestock or plants.
Aquaculture, the farming of fish, shrimp, and algae, is closely associated with agriculture.
Apiculture, the culture of bees, traditionally for honey, increasingly for crop pollination.
Animal husbandry means breeding and raising animals for meat or to harvest animal products (like milk, eggs, or wool) on a continual basis.

Arithmetic
Arithmetic is what we call working with numbers. Arithmetic studies numbers zero, one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, and nine. It is a part of mathematics. The four basic arithmetic operations are addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.
Harder arithmetic includes working with signed numbers, fractions, and decimals, and taking powers and roots.
Most people learn arithmetic in grade school, but some people do not learn arithmetic and others forget the arithmetic they learned. Many jobs require a knowledge of arithmetic, and many employers complain that it is hard to find people who know enough arithmetic. A few of the many jobs that require arithmetic include carpenters, plumbers, auto mechanics, accountants, doctors, and nurses. Arithmetic is needed in all areas of mathematics, science, and engineering.
Calculators are used to do arithmetic, but if a person needs a calculator to do simple arithmetic, like 2 + 2 = 4, then they will be too slow trying to do arithmetic on the job, just as a person who needs to look up the spelling of a word like "cat" in the dictionary will be too slow to write on the job. A skilled worker has to have a very good knowledge of arithmetic and the English language in order to earn the right salary.

Addition
Addition is the mathematical way of putting things together.
Arithmetic.
In arithmetic, addition is finding the total of two or more numbers. The sign for addition is "+". The name for the sign "+" is "plus".
Counting examples.
For example, there are objects in two groups. The objects are small circles: "o". One group has five of these objects. The other group has 3 of these objects. To find the total number of objects in both groups, the objects can be counted. Another way to find the number of objects in both groups is to add the numbers in each group.
Adding.
In another counting example, Sally and Bill have 2 children. Sally and Bill get 3 more children. Sally and Bill have added three children to their two children and now have five children.
A measurement example.
Tom's house<------------300 meters-------------->Bob's house<-----120 meters----->Sally's house
The distance from Tom's house to Sally's house can be found by adding the distances already measured. The distance from Tom's house to Bob's house added to the distance from Bob's house to Sally's house is the same as the distance from Tom's house to Sally's house. That is, three hundred meters plus 120 meters.
Addition as increase.
Addition can also mean to make bigger.
Less simple.
"Addition" is the arithmetic operation for finding the total, or sum, of two or more numbers. If you are adding three or more terms together, mathematicians call those numbers "summands;" if you are only adding two numbers they are called the "augend" and the "addend." Augend + addend = sum; summand + summand + summand = sum. The addition expression 3 + 8 = 11 is spoken as "three plus eight equals eleven."
Adding two numbers together is a dyadic operation. Addition of summands is calculated by putting dyadic additions together.
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Australia
Australia is a continent in the Southern Hemisphere between the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean. The country called Australia occupies the whole of this continent. Its official name is the Commonwealth of Australia. Australia is the sixth biggest country in the world. Many people also call Australia the "lucky country."
The continent of Australia and the islands of New Zealand are called Australasia. The islands nearby are Oceania.
Geography.
The continent of Australia, including the island of Tasmania, was separated from the other continents of the world many millions of years ago. Because of this, many animals and plants live in Australia that are not found anywhere else. These include animals like the kangaroo, the koala, the emu, the kookaburra, and the platypus.
People first arrived in Australia more than 50,000 years ago. These native Australians are called the Australian Aborigines. For the history of Australia, see History of Australia.
Most of the Australian colonies, having been settled from Britain, became mostly independent democratic states in the 1850s and all six combined as a federation on 1 January 1901. The first prime minister of Australia was Edmund Barton in 1901. Australia is a member of the United Nations and the Commonwealth of Nations. It is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy with the British monarch as Head of State.
Regions and cities.
Australia has six states, two major mainland territories, and other minor territories. The states are New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, and Western Australia.The two major mainland territories are the Northern Territory and the Australian Capital Territory (ACT).
In July 2007 Australia had just over 21 million people. Most Australians live in cities along the coast, such as Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth, Darwin, Hobart and Adelaide. The largest inland city is Canberra, which is also the nation's captital. The largest city is Sydney.
Although Australia is a very big country, a lot of the land is very dry. The middle of the continent is mostly desert. Only the areas around the east and south coast have enough rain and a suitable climate (not too hot) for many farms and cities.
Aboriginal people.
The Australian Aboriginal people arrived in Australia more than 50,000 years ago. Until the arrival of English settlers in 1788, the Aboriginal people lived by hunting and gathering food from the land. They managed the land in a way that meant there was usually plenty of food. An example of Aboriginal land management was the Cumberland Plain where Sydney is now. Every few years the Aboriginal people would burn the grass and small trees. This meant that a lot of grass grew back, but not many big trees. Kangaroos like to live on grassy plains, but not in forests. The kangaroos that lived on the plain were a good food supply for the Aboriginal people.The aboriginies would name a person after an animal, and they could not eat that animal to help level out the food population.
Aboriginal people did not usually build houses, except huts of grass, leaves and bark. They did not usually build walls or fences, because there were no horses, cows or sheep in Australia that needed to be kept in pens. The only Aboriginal buildings that are known are fish-traps made from stones piled up in the river, and the remains of a few stone huts in Victoria and Tasmania. The Aboriginal people did not use metal or make pottery or use bows and arrows or weave cloth. In some parts of Australia the people used sharp flaked-stone spearheads, but most Aboriginal spears were made of sharply pointed wood. Australia has a lot of trees that have very hard wood that was good for spear making.
The Aboriginal people did not think that the land belonged to them. They believed that they had grown from the land, so it was like their mother, and they belonged to the land.
Terra Australis.
In the 1600s, Dutch merchants traded with the islands of Batavia now (Indonesia), to the north of Australia and several different Dutch ships touched on the coast of Australia. The Dutch Governor, van Diemen, sent Abel Tasman on a voyage of discovery and he found Tasmania, which he named Van Diemen's Land. Its name was later changed to honour the man who discovered it.
The British Government were sure that there must be a very large land in the south, that hadn't been explored. They sent Captain James Cook to the Pacific Ocean. His ship, H.M.S. "Endeavour" carried the famous scientists, Sir Joseph Banks and Dr Solander who were going to Tahiti where they would watch the planet Venus pass in front of the Sun. Captain Cook's secret mission was to find "Terra Australis" (the Land of the South).
The voyage of discovery was very successful, because they found New Zealand and sailed right around it. Then they sailed westward. At last, a boy, William Hicks, who was up the mast spotted land on the horizon. Captain Cook named that bit of land Point Hicks. They sailed up the coast and Captain Cook named the land that he saw "New South Wales". At last they sailed into a large open bay which was full of fish and stingrays which the sailors speared for food. Joseph Banks and Dr. Solander went ashore and were astonished to find that they did not know what any of the plants or birds or animals that they saw were. They collect hundreds of plants to take back to England.
Captain Cook saw the Aboriginal people with their simple way of life. He saw them fishing and hunting and collecting grass seeds and fruit. But there were no houses and no fences. In most parts of the world, people put up a house and a fence or some marker to show that they own the land. But the Aboriginal people didn't own the land in that way. They belonged to the land, like a baby belongs to its mother. Captain Cook went home to England and told the Government that no-one owned the land. This was to cause a terrible problem for the Aboriginal people.
Settlement.
In the 1700s, in England, there was a very serious problem with the laws. A person could be sentenced to death for stealing a loaf of bread. Many people were hanged for small crimes. But usually they were just thrown in gaol. Often they were sent away to the British Colonies in America. But in 1770, the colonies in America became the United States. They were free from British rule and would not take England's convicts any more.
By the 1780s the gaols (jails) of England were so full that convicts were often chained up in rotting old ships. The Government decided to make a settlement in New South Wales and send some of the convicts there. In 1788 the First Fleet of eleven ships set sail from Portsmouth carrying convicts, sailors, marines, a few free settlers and enough food to last for two years. Their leader was Captain Arthur Phillip. They were to make a new colony at the place that Captain Cook had discovered, named Botany Bay, because of the plants found there by the two scientists.
Captain Phillip found that Botany Bay was flat and windy. There was not much fresh water. He went with two ships up the coast and sailed into a great harbour which he said was "the finest harbour in the world!" There were many small bays on the harbour so he decided on one which had a good stream of fresh water and some flat shore to land on. On the 26th January, 1788, the flag was raised and New South Wales was claimed in the name of King George III of England, and the new settlement was called Sydney.
For the first few years of the settlement, things were very difficult. No-one in the British Government had thought very hard about what sort of convicts should be sent to make a new colony. Nobody had chosen them carefully. There was only one man who was a farmer. There was no-one among the convicts who was a builder, a brickmaker or a blacksmith. No-one knew how to fix the tools when they broke. The cattle all escaped. There were no cooking pots. All the plants were different so no-one knew which ones could be eaten. There was a grave danger that everyone in the new colony would die of starvation.
Somehow, the little group of tents with a hut for the Governor, Arthur Phillip, and another hut for the supply of food, grew into a small town with streets, a bridge over the stream, a windmill for grinding grain and warves for ships. By the 1820s there was a fine brick house for the Governor. There was also a hospital and a convict barracks and a beautiful church which are still standing today. Settlements had spread out from Sydney, firstly to Norfolk Island and to Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania), and also up the coast to Newcastle, where coal was discovered, and inland where the missing cattle were found to have grown to a large herd. Spanish Merino sheep had been brought to Sydney, and by 1820, farmers were raising fat lambs for meat and also sending fine wool back to the factories of England.
While the settlement was growing in New South Wales, it was also growing in Tasmania. The climate in Tasmania was more like that of in England, and farmers found it easy to grow crops there.
Exploration.
Because Australia is such a very large land, it was easy to think that it might be able to hold a very large number of people. In the early days of the colony, a great number of explorers went out, searching for good land to settle on.
When the settlers looked west from Sydney, they saw a range of mountains which they called the Blue Mountains. They were not very high and didn't look very rugged but for many years no-one could find their way through them. In 1813 Gregory Blaxland, William Lawson and a 17 year-old called William Charles Wentworth crossed the Blue Mountains and found land on the other side which was good for farming. A road was built and the Governor, Lachlan Macquarie founded the town of Bathurst on the other side, 100 miles from Sydney.
Some people, like Captain Charles Sturt were sure that there must be a sea in the middle of Australia and set out to find it. Many of the explorers did not prepare very well, or else they went out to explore at the hottest time of year. Some died like Burke and Wills. Ludwig Leichhardt got lost twice. The second time, he was never seen again. Major Thomas Mitchell was one of the most successful explorers. He mapped the country as he went, and his maps remained in use for more than 100 years. He travelled all the way to what is now western Victoria, and to his surprise and annoyance found that he was not the first white person there. The Henty brothers had come from Tasmania, had built themselves a house, had a successful farm and fed the Major and his men on roast lamb and wine.
Politics.
Australia is made up of six states and two territories. Each of state and territory has its own Parliament and makes its own local laws. The Australian Parliament sits in Canberra and makes laws for the whole country, also known as the Commonwealth or Federation.
The Federal government is led by the Prime Minister of Australia, who is the member of Parliament chosen as leader. The current Prime Minister is Kevin Rudd, elected in November 2007. He is the leader of a political party called the Australian Labor Party. The other main party is the Liberal Party
The leader of Australia is the Prime Minister, although the Governor-General represents the Queen of Great Britain as head of state. The Governor-General, currently, Her Excellency Ms Quentin Bryce, is chosen by the Prime Minister.
Culture.
Australia was colonised by people from Britain, but today people from all over the world live there. Australia is multicultural, which means that all its people are helped to keep their different languages, religions and ways of life, while also learning English and joining in with other Australians.
The famous artists, musicians, writers, scientists, soldiers, and sports who are Australian include Patrick White who won a Nobel Prize for his writing, the opera singer Dame Joan Sutherland, the pop singer Kylie Minogue, the cricketer Sir Donald Bradman, the swimmer Ian Thorpe and the athlete Cathy Freeman.
Almost all culture in Australia, films, opera, music, painting, theatre, dance, and crafts — achieve international recognition. From the time of European settlement, a common theme in Australian art has been the Australian landscape. In Australian literature, one can also find very much writings about the Australian landscape. In 1973, Patrick White was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, the only Australian to have achieved this; he is recognised as one of the great English-language writers of the twentieth century.
Australia has two public broadcasters (the ABC and the multi-cultural SBS), three commercial television networks, three pay TV services, and numerous public, non-profit television and radio stations. Each major city has daily newspapers, and there are two national daily newspapers, The Australian and The Australian Financial Review.
Sport.
Sport plays an important part in Australian culture, assisted by a climate that favours outdoor activities; 23.5% Australians over the age of 15 regularly participate in organised sporting activities. At an international level, Australia has particularly strong teams in cricket, hockey, netball, rugby league, rugby union, and performs well in cycling, rowing and swimming. Nationally, other popular sports include Australian rules football, horse racing, soccer and motor racing. Australia has participated in every summer Olympic Games of the modern era, and every Commonwealth Games. Australia has hosted the 1956 and 2000 Summer Olympics, and has ranked among the top five medal-takers since 2000. Australia has also hosted the 1938, 1962, 1982 and 2006 Commonwealth Games. Other major international events held regularly in Australia include the Australian Open, one of the four Grand Slam tennis tournaments, annual international cricket matches and the Formula One Australian Grand Prix. Corporate and government sponsorship of many sports and elite athletes is common in Australia. Televised sport is popular; some of the highest rating television programs include the summer Olympic Games and the grand finals of local and international football competitions.

American English
American English or U.S. English is the dialect (or rather, a variety of dialects) of English language spoken in the United States. It is different in some ways from other variations of English, such as British English. Historically, many types of American English can be found in old local dialects of England.
Many people today know about American English even if they live in a country where another form of English is spoken. This is partly because people hear and read American English via the media, for example CNN television, and the Internet, where the most common form of English is American English.
Because people all over the world hear and read American English as well as other versions of English we may find that the English language starts to take on (acquire) new words. English has been changing for centuries, adding new words to its vocabulary. For example, the English language spoken in India & Pakistan, which has more than one billion people, will add more American English words to go along with its British English base and many other words adopted into English usage in India from Indian languages such as Hindi & Urdu.
Sometimes people will learn American English as it is spoken in America - for example, in telephone call centers in India and other places, people often learn American English in order to sound more like their customers who call India from America. These people often continue to use American English in everyday life.
Many word definitions are different in American English. Most changes in a language start with small things like this - for instance Italian, Spanish, French all came from Latin due to many small changes in use over centuries.
See Also.
African American Vernacular English

Aquaculture
Aquaculture is the farming of fish, shrimp, and algae. Aquaculture supplies fish (such as catfish, salmon, and trout, shrimp, and algae). Aquaculture was developed a long time ago in China and aquaculture supplies for over 20% of all the seafood harvested. However aquaculture is quite a new activity in Canada as it only began in the 1879.

Abbreviation
An abbreviation is a shorter way to write a word or phrase. People use abbreviations for words that they write a lot. The English language occasionally uses the apostrophe mark ' to show that a word is written in a shorter way, but some abbreviations do not use this mark. More often, they use periods, especially the ones that come from the Latin language. Common Latin abbreviations include i.e. [id est] "that is", e.g. [exempli gratia] "for example", and et al. [et alia] "and others".
Some new abbreviations have been created by scientists, by workers in companies and governments, and by people using the Internet.
People often think words are abbreviations when in fact they are acronyms.
Here are examples of common acronyms: The word "radar" is an acronym for "Radio Detection and Ranging". The name of the large computer company IBM comes from the words "International Business Machines". The name of the part of the United States government that sends rockets into outer space is NASA, from the words "National Aeronautics and Space Administration". When people using the Internet think that something is very funny, they sometimes write "LOL" to mean "Laughing Out Loud". People sometimes write "ASAP" for "As Soon As Possible".

Angel
In many religions, an angel is a good spirit. In the Old Testament, the New Testament, and the Qur'an angels appear frequently as the messengers of God. In all of these, angels appear like humans. They usually have wings like a bird. In Christianity angels are helpers of god who are ministers to the faithful. Angels don't have the ability to sin.
The word angel comes from the Greek word "angelos" which means "messenger".
In the Bible angels often punished peoples for their sins. They tested people's faith in God.
Angels in the Bible are usually pictured with wings and a halo. The wings represent their speed, and the halo represents their holiness. Few angels are named in the Bible apart from Michael and Gabriel.

Ad hominem
Ad hominem is a Latin term. It is used in rhethorics. Rhetorics is the science of how to speak well, and how to convice other people of your ideas.
Translated to English, "ad hominem" means "against the person" (Latin "homo", where "hominem" is a form is gender-neutral. In ancient Rome it referred to all free men, and by extension to all free human beings).
The term is used to describe a rhetorical argument, that is directed towards the person who says something, not about the cause at hand. It is a way to use reputation and rumour and hearsay to change minds.
When a social network has already excluded or exiled one person, or applied a label to them, this works more often.
Because it works and is also unfair to everyone who would benefit from what they say, it is considered to be a weak or poor argument. Formal disapproval of those who use it is common in a court or in diplomacy, where danger is high.
What an ad hominem argument looks like.
In logic, a proof is something that starts with premises, and goes through a few logical arguments, to reach a conclusion.
Ad hominem example.
In this example it can be seen that the (completely unrelated) fact that person A is uneducated and poor is used to prove that abortion should not be illegal.

Native American
Native Americans (also Aboriginal Peoples, Aboriginal Americans, American Indians, Amerindians, Amerind, Indians, First Nations, First Peoples, Alaskan Natives, Native Canadians, or Indigenous Peoples of America) are those people who were in North America, Central America, South America, and the Caribbean Islands when the Europeans came there. The Europeans were travelling west, so they thought they were going to India. This is why they called the people "Indians".
Sometimes these people are called "Indians", but this is confusing, because it is the same word used for people from India. The words aboriginal or first people or indigenous people are also used. Other names for these for Native Americans are First Nations (in Canada) and "Red Indians" (this is not used much any more). There are many different tribes of American Indian people, with many different languages.
Many American Indians died after the Europeans came to the Americas, from diseases that came with the Europeans that were new to the Indians, in wars with the Europeans, or because the Europeans made them work as slaves. Most of the American Indians were hurt or killed by settlers who wanted to take their lands.
Most people think that the ancestors of American Indians came to the Americas from Asia. Some of them may have come to America over 12,000 years ago when Alaska was connected to Asia by land. Some people think that they came to the Americas even before that. Some of their ancestors may have come along the coastline in small boats or canoes, because sometimes there were glaciers blocking the land between Alaska and Asia.
Some Indian tribes and languages of North America are Cherokee, Maya or Yucatec Maya, Aztecs, Navajo, and Sioux.
Some Indian tribes and languages of South America are Aymara, Guarani, Quechua, and Tupi.

Apple
An apple is a kind of fruit.
The apple fruit is sometimes located on the branch of a tree. A ripe apple might also be green, brown or yellow. The shape of an apple is a ball. An apple is about 18 centimeters around.
The skin of the apple is thin. Apples are hard fruits. Apples can taste sweet. Apples can taste sour. Apples have seeds in the middle.
People first grew apple trees in Central Asia. Apples are now grown in most of the cooler parts of the world.
Sometimes apples are eaten after they are cooked. Often apples are eaten uncooked. Apples can also be made into drinks. Apple juice and apple cider are apple drinks.
The flesh of the fruit is firm with a taste anywhere from sour to sweet. Apples used for cooking are sour, and need to be cooked with sugar, while other apples are sweet, and do not need cooking. There are some seeds at the core, that can be removed with a tool that removes the core, or by carefully using a knife.
The scientific name of the apple tree genus in the Latin language is "Malus". Most apples that people grow are of the "Malus domestica" species.
Most apples are good to eat raw (not cooked), and are also used in many kinds of baked foods, such as apple pie. Apples are cooked until they are soft to make apple sauce.
Apples are also made into the drinks apple juice and cider. Usually, cider contains a little alcohol, about as much as beer. The regions of Brittany in France and Cornwall in England are known for their apple ciders.
If one wants to grow a certain type of apple it is not possible to do this by planting a seed from the wanted type. The seed will have DNA from the apple that the seeds came from, but it will also have DNA from the apple flower that pollinated the seeds, which may well be a different type. This means that the tree which would grow from planting would be a mixture of two. In order to grown a certain type of apple, a small twig, or 'scion', is cut from the tree that grows the type of apple desired, and then added on to a specially grown stump called a rootstock. The tree that grows will only create apples of the type needed.
In the United Kingdom.
In the United Kingdom there are about 3000 different types of apples. The most common apple type grown in England is the 'Bramley seedling', which is a popular cooking apple.
Apple orchards are not as common as they were in the early 1900s, when apples were rarely brought in from other countries. Organisations such as teach people about the importance of rare and local varieties of fruit. 'Apple Day' is celebrated each October 21 in many places.
Family.
Apples are in the group Maloideae. It is a subfamily of the family "Rosaceae". They are in the same subfamily as pears. Its family is the family of rose like plants, and roses are in the family.

Abrahamic religion
People use the term Abrahamic Religion for a number of religions that recognise Abraham as an important person. The best known and probably most popular Abrahamic religions are Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Another Abrahamic religion is the gnostic movement called Mandaeism. Mandaeism originated in the 2nd or 3rd century in moden-day Iraq and Iran, probably from a movement with Christian backgrounds. Other movements are Bahai and Rastafarianism. The Bahai faith originated in the 19th century and Rastafarianism in the early 20th century.
Even though these religions are quite different from each other in many ways, they also agree in many other very important ways on the basic general nature of the one God whom they worship.
The word "Abrahamic" refers to the ancient prophet Abraham, who is respected in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam as the first prophet of God.
Another thing Abrahamic religions have in common is that they are "Monotheistic" (from the Greek words for "one" and "God"), meaning belief in just one God.
They also all believe that people should pray to this God often.

Algebra
Algebra is a part of mathematics (maths) that helps show the general links between numbers and math operations (adding, subtracting, multiplying or dividing) used on the numbers. Algebra does this by using letters ("a","b","c"...) or other symbols to represent numbers, either because the numbers are unknown or because the numbers change during the course of the problem, in which case the letters are called variables. In many math problems, time is a variable, often represented by the letter "t". Using the basic ideas in algebra can help reduce a math problem to its simplest form making it easier to solve difficult problems. Algebra is taught in school to help in harder mathematics, science, and engineering classes.
Here is a simple example of an algebra problem.
Sue has 12 jellybeans, Ann has 24 jellybeans. They decide to share, so that they have same jellybeans. Let "x" represent the number of jellybeans Ann gives to Sue. Then we want 12 + "x" = 24 - "x".
Here are steps you can use to solve the problem.
1) Subtract 12 from both sides of the equation. This gives "x" = 12 - "x".
2) Add "x" to both sides of the equation. This gives 2"x" = 12.
3) Divide both sides of the equation by 2. This gives "x" = 6. If Ann gives Sue 6 jellybeans, they will have the same number of jellybeans.
Of course, this problem could be solved without algebra. The purpose of simple story problems such as this one is to teach algebra, so that the students can use algebra when faced with a problem that is too hard to solve any other way. Problems such as building a freeway, designing a cell phone, or finding the cure for a disease all require alegbra.
In addition to "elementary algebra", or basic algebra, there are advanced forms of algebra, taught in colleges and universities, such as abstract algebra, linear algebra, and universal algebra.
Algebra can be used to solve real problems because the rules of algebra work in real life and numbers can be used to represent the values of real things.
Writing algebra.
In algebra, adding "z" to "y" (or "y" plus "z") is written as y + z.
Subtracting "z" from "y" (or "y" minus "z") is written as y − z.
In algebra, multiplying "y" by "z" (or "y" times "z") can be written in 4 ways: y × z, y*z, y·z, or yz. yz is the most usual form of writing the product of "y" and "z" in algebra.
When we multiply a number and a letter in algebra, we write the number in front of the letter: 5 × y = 5y. When the number is 1, then the 1 is not written because 1 times any number is that number (1 × "y" = "y") and so is not necessary.
When we multiply 2 numbers in algebra, the only way is usually 3·4. × is not used, because it looks too much like the letter x.
In algebra, dividing "y" by "z" (or "y" over "z") is written as y ÷ z or y/z. y/z is more commonly used.
Graphing algebra.
Algebra also introduces graphing and the basic formula formula_1 where "b" is the y-intercept of the graph and "m" is the slope. This formula applies to the coordinates of the graph or formula_2.
History.
The word "algebra" is a Latin form of the Arabic word "Al-Jabr" ("casting") and comes from a mathematics book "Al-Maqala fi Hisab-al Jabr wa-al-Muqabilah", ("Essay on the Computation of Casting and Equation") written in the 9th century by a famous Persian mathematician, Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī, who was a Muslim born in Kharazm in Iran. He flourished under Al-Ma'moun in Baghdad, Iraq through 813-833 AD, and died around 840 AD. The book was brought into Europe and translated into Latin in the 12th century. The book was then given the name 'Algebra'.

As
In other words, you can say more generally what an idiom or metaphor says: for example, "battle of the sexes" is both a metaphor and an idiom that suggests "love as war".
Because of this power, you can restate an idiom or metaphor in a way that makes it clear what it means, and what it might assume.

Atom
An atom is the most simple type of particle that makes up matter. Matter is anything that has mass and uses space. It is the smallest part of an element that still has the properties of that certain element. When you see atoms as ball-shaped, they have diameters of about 10-10 meters (that's 0.0000000001 m). They have masses around 10-23g (that's 0.00000000000000000000001 g.)
Origin.
The word "atom" comes from the Greek ἀτόμος, "indivisible", from ἀ-, "not," and τόμος, "a cut." Until the end of the 19th century, many people believed atoms were very tiny, solid balls which could never be divided. This idea comes from Democritus and Leucippus, Greek philosophers in the 5th century BC. People believed this until the early 20th century when tests by physicists trying to provide nuclear power disproved it.
Types of atom.
Atoms are made of 3 kinds of sub-atomic particles - protons, neutrons and electrons. A proton has a positive charge. A neutron has no charge. An electron has a negative charge. Electrons have much less weight than the protons and neutrons. Electrons move very fast around the nucleus. In a neutral atom, the number of protons is the same as the number of electrons. In other atoms, such as [b]isotopes[/b] the number of neutrons is not the same as the number of protons.
Charged atoms are called ions. Atoms with fewer electrons than protons have a positive charge. These atoms are called cations. Atoms with more electrons than protons have a negative charge. These atoms are called anions.
Structure.
The nucleus is at the center of an atom. The "nucleus" contains "protons" and "neutrons", which are tightly packed together. Because of this, the nucleus is positively charged. Protons and neutrons have similar mass.
A nucleus is much smaller than its atom. The nucleus is more than 100,000 times smaller than the atom - the size of the atom is determined by the size of the outer electron shell. For an example of size difference, if the atom were the size of a football stadium, the atom's nucleus would be the size of a pea in the middle. Most of an atom is empty space which is occupied by electrons spinning around.
Shells.
Electrons orbit at different distances from the nucleus. We say those closest to the nucleus are in one "shell," and those a little farther away are in another "shell." Each shell is given a number. The one closest to the nucleus is shell 1, the next one out is shell 2, and so on.
Classification.
Atoms are usually put into groups based on their atomic number. The atomic number of an atom is the number of protons in the atom. The atomic number decides what family or "element" the atom belongs to. For example, carbon atoms are atoms with 6 protons in their nucleus. All atoms with the same atomic number share many of physical properties and have the same chemical behavior. The different kinds of atoms are listed in the Periodic table. The mass number or "nucleon number" is the total of protons and neutrons.
The number of neutrons does not change the element of the atom - within an element family are several members, each with the same atomic number but different mass numbers. These are called isotopes. To write the name of an isotope, we write the name of an element, then its mass number. For example, Carbon-14 (which has 6 protons and 8 neutrons in each atom). Some isotopes are radioactive, meaning they give off radiation. Others are called stable, meaning they do not give off any radiation. Any atom that has an atomic number of 83 or higher is also radioactive, whatever isotope it is.
Radioactive atoms and isotopes are dangerous to any living thing except in very small amounts. They should only be handled by experts because they can make people very sick if not handled correctly. Doctors sometimes use isotopes. For example, the isotopes of Barium and Iodine are used to help find illnesses, but they should still be handled very carefully, even though they use very small amounts which are not enough to make a person sick.
Only 94 different types of atoms are found in nature, A few more have been made in laboratories). The next element we make could be an ultra-light solid. It could be a liquid with a boiling point of over 2,000,000 degrees Celsius.
The Periodic Table.
Every different kind of atom has a name and every name has an abbreviation. The 94 kinds of atoms are usually listed in a table. The table is called the periodic table. A scientist called Dmitri Mendeleev was the first to think of the table. Because of this and other things he did, element 101 was called Mendelevium when it was discovered. Lots of atoms that have higher numbers are radioactive, like radium and uranium, and should never be handled without a lot of care and protection because they give off so much radiation.
The simplest atom is the hydrogen atom, which has atomic number 1. The most common type of hydrogen atom has 1 proton and 1 electron (with no neutron). The hydrogen isotope containing 1 additional neutron is called "deuterium"; the hydrogen isotope with 2 additional neutrons is called "tritium". It has been the subject of much interest in science, particularly in the early development of quantum theory.
Examples.
The first 11 kinds of atoms (also called elements) are called hydrogen, helium, lithium, beryllium, boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, neon and sodium. Their abbreviations are H, He, Li, Be, B, C, N, O, F, Ne, Na.
You may notice that Sodium does not fit with Na. This is because sodium was most commonly called "natrium" in the past. This has carried over into other parts of science as well. "Hyponatremia" is an illness where the body lacks enough salt to function properly.
The purpose of an atom.
All matter and all substances are made up of these 95 kinds of atoms. Most things contain far fewer types of atoms. Water, for example, contains only atoms of hydrogen and oxygen. In water these atoms form combinations called molecules.

Astronomy
Astronomy is the study of planets, stars, galaxies, and other objects found in outer space. Astronomy is one of the oldest sciences. It was done even before history was written. Astronomy should not be confused with astrology, which is not a science.
Early astronomy.
The early astronomers were traders and sailors who needed the stars to guide them at night. Farmers, who needed to find out when planting, flooding, or harvesting times were coming, looked at the rising and setting of certain constellations in the sky. Ancient people who built things like Stonehenge, and the native North American medicine wheels, probably studied the sky for religious or sacred reasons. All these people needed accurate knowledge of the phases of the Moon, the most north and most south seasonal points of the sun, and other information for their purposes.
Some people called astrologers believe they can predict the future by studying where the planets are in the sky when a person is born. Astrology is not regarded as a science these days. In the past, astrology and astronomy were closely linked, and people kept careful records of what they saw. These records have been very important to astronomers during the past two centuries, as they were trying to understand the Universe.
History of astronomy.
Early people studied the stars using only their eyes as telescopes and binoculuars had not yet been invented. People saw some of the planets such as Mars and Venus, and studied Earth's Moon. People made maps of the stars positions and movements and used these for navigation. Early astronomers thought that the Sun and the stars went around or orbited the Earth. This was what everyone believed for hundreds of years. But later, during a time called the Renaissance, a man called Nicolaus Copernicus proved that the Earth moves around the sun. He came up with the idea of a Solar System where the Earth and planets move around the Sun.
His idea was improved on by an important man called Galileo Galilei. Galileo helped to create the telescope which made it possible for people to see things much farther away. Galileo got into trouble with the church though because he argued against the idea that Earth was the center of everything. The Pope passed an order that made Galileo stay in his house and publish no books for most of his life.
After Galileo, people used telescopes more often and began to see further-away objects such as the planets Uranus and Neptune. They also saw how stars were similar to our Sun, but in a range of colours and sizes and other far away objects such as nebula.
Since the 20th century astronomy has progressed a lot. It is now possible to use very big telescopes like the Hubble Space Telescope to look at stars and galaxies billions of miles away. Astronomers now use giant transmitters to look at things using x rays and radio waves.
Astronomy Equipment.
To study astronomy on a basic level you can just use your eyes. Looking at something with just your eyes is called using your naked eye. Many stars are too far away to see with your eyes: you need binoculars or a telescope to see them.
Kinds of astronomy.
Astronomy has become a very large science in the past few hundred years, and there are many different types of astronomy.
Lunar astronomers study the moon, while planetary astronomers study the planets near our sun, and the planets near other stars. Some astronomers study special types of stars, like when two stars are next to each other. Other astronomers study distant galaxies, which are very large groups of many stars.
There are also astronomers who never look at the sky at all. These "theoretical" astronomers use physics and mathematics in combination with computers to create "models" of how the universe behaves, then they compare their models to what is observed. They want to understand and predict the events which happen in the universe, and understand how the universe was formed.

Architecture
Architecture is the design of structures; how they are built. An architect must study for many years to become qualified. The purpose of most architecture is shelter. On a small scale, a garden shed or a stable are examples of simple architecture. On a large scale, architecture may mean the designing of whole towns and cities. In a more general sense, architecture can be the designing of any kind of thing, from a chair to a computer. The word architect is even starting to be used as a verb. A person might 'architect' a system. (This is not correct English, but it is an example of how language changes and develops).
The Word Architecture.
The word architecture seems to suggest something higher, more noble, than simply the designing of a building. A successful building should speak of wisdom handed down through thousands of years. Sadly that wisdom is very often ignored. Most new construction is poor in design and materials. People rip out delicate, elegant wooden windows and replace them with crude, heavy white plastic 'units'. They throw away lightweight slates, split by hand from the mountains, which have turned the softest shades of grey, only because the nails holding them on have rusted. They replace them with heavy concrete tiles dyed red, which make the beams of the roof dip. They build shelves and closets from chipboard (woodpulp and glue, pressed tight to make an imitation of wood). These have no grain like real wood, so they dip and collapse with only a small amount of weight.
History.
In the past, people built huts and wood houses to shelter from the weather. For reasons of cost, the houses were simple and small. For safety, they were often close together. Great civilizations like the Ancient Egyptians built large temples and structures, like the pyramids. The Ancient Greeks and Romans made what we now call Classical Architecture. The Romans, working over 2000 years ago, copied the arch from the Etruscans, who copied it from the Mesopotamians. The stone columns which still hold up so many important buildings, like the Parthenon in Athens, were simply copied from the first wooden posts.
Classical Architecture is very formal, it always obeyed laws. It used symmetry, which really means balance, and it used proportion which means keeping shapes to certain patterns. The Golden Mean was a rule (or law) which said, (to put it very simply) if you are making a room, or any other thing, it will work best if you always make the long side 1.6 times longer than the short side. There are many laws in Classical Architecture, like how high the middle of an arched bridge needs to be (which depends on how wide the bridge needs to be). These laws were learned from centuries of experience and they are as true today as they were 2000 years ago.
In some parts of the world, like India, the architecture is famous for stone carving on temples and palaces. Different architectural styles were made in China, Japan, Southeast Asia, Africa, Mexico, and Central and South America.
Later, people in Western Europe in the Middle Ages made Romanesque architecture, then Gothic architecture. Gothic buildings have tall, pointed windows and arches. Many churches have Gothic architecture. Castles were also built at this time. In Eastern Europe, churches usually had domes. People were copying the Classical Architecture from the past, but adding their own ideas and decoration.
Then in the 18th Century the Industrial Revolution happened and people began to invent machines to make things quickly and cheaply. Many factories and mills were built during, or after this revolution. 100 years later, in the Victorian era, architects like George Fowler Jones and Decimus Burton still followed the Gothic style, to build new churches. But towards the end of the 19th Century, architects began to use the newer, cheaper materials like metal girders and reinforced concrete to build. An example is the Eiffel Tower in Paris. Buildings can now be built taller than ever before. We call them skyscrapers. This new technology has made us free from traditional limitations, but it has also made us free from the ancient laws.
Modernism, which started as early as 1890, has resulted in some handsome, impressive buildings, like the Chrysler Building in New York, but also some truly horrible buildings. The ancient laws have been forgotten, or ignored, as architects have become more interested in doing something 'original'. It seems incredible that we can make these mistakes, when our ancestors built with such skill and beauty. Our wide use of, and dependance on, machines has made many of us think like machines. The famous Modernist architect Le Corbusier once said "A house is a machine for living in". We have come a long way since our first mud huts, but perhaps we have also lost something along the way.

Anatomy
Anatomy is the study of the bodies of living beings (people, animals, plants). It is like taking the body apart, and looking at its parts (organs, muscles and bones). People who study "anatomy" then look where a certain organ (or bone, or muscle) should be, or where it normally is.

Asteroid
An asteroid is like a planet, but smaller. The name "asteroid" means "like a star" in the ancient Greek language. Asteroids may look like small stars in the sky, but they really do move around the Sun, while stars only seem to move because the Earth spins. Like planets, asteroids do not make their own light. Because of this, some people think "asteroids" is not a good name, and think that the name "planetoid" ("like a planet") would be a better name.
Most asteroids are made of rock, but some are made of ice or metal. Most asteroids in our Solar System are in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter.
Formation.
Asteroids are the leftover rock and other material from the formation of the Solar System. These rocks were too small to make a planet, and could not collide to form one.
Discovery.
In the 1600s, Gisuppe Piazzi discovered the first asteroid. It was named Ceres, and is the biggest object in the asteroid belt. Other asteroids, like Juno, Pallas, and Vesta were discovered later. Today, astronomers know of hundreds of thousands of asteroids, which range from fractions of a mile to 600 miles across.

Afghanistan
Afghanistan (Persian: جمهوری اسلامی افغانستان) is a country located in South Asia. It is bordered by Iran in the west, Pakistan in the south and east, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan in the north, and China in the northeast..
Islam is the main religion. Persian (Dari) and Pashto are the main languages. The population of Afghanistan is divided into many ethnic groups of which Tajik, Pashtun, Hezara, Uzbek and Baloch. Although the name Afghan (in its original meaning) refers to Pashtuns only, but under the constitution of Afghanistan, the word Afghan applies to every citizen of Afghanistan. The name Afghanistan means the "Land of Afghans".
History.
The modern Afghanistan was established in 1747 and in 1919 the king of Afghanistan declared independence for the state (from UK control over Afghan foreign affairs) under the new name "Afghanistan". The history of the land does not begin in 1747. Aryan (Indo-European people) tribes settled in the area around 4000 years ago and called their land "Airiana vaejo" means the "Land of Aryans". This name was mentioned in the Avesta, the old book of their religion, Zoroastrianism. The old Greek writers heard the word and called the land of these Aryan settlers "Ariana".
By the middle of the sixth century BC, the Persians who were also Aryans included the area within its boundaries and created Persian Empire. Alexander the great conquered Persian Empire by fighting in 330 BC. After him Kushans, Parthians and Sassanians took over. The Sassanians who were also Persians called their empire "Eranshahr" which later became Iran means the "Land of Aryans". Iran used to be called Persia for a long time by people outside of Iran.
Other people took Iran by fighting like the Arabs (7th century), Turks (10th century) and Mongols (13th century). The area which is now known as Afghanistan was then called "Khorasan" and it was a prosperous and important province of Iran, as it was the seat of most rulers.
The Safavid dynasty (1502-1736) made Shia Islam the religion of their state. Safavids were cruel to Afghans (Pashtuns) who were living in the south eastern parts of Khorasan and their religion was different, it was Sunni Islam. Afghans then revolted and separated Khorasan from Iran in 1747.
The country served as a buffer between the British and Russian empires until it won independence from British control in 1919.
Wars in Afghanistan.
In 1979 Soviet Union attacked and occupied Afghanistan. The occupation resulted in the killings of at least 600,000 to 2 million Afghan civilians and many more refugees. After the Soviets withdrew from Afghanistan in 1989, a series of civil wars continued.
In 1996, Afghanistan was seized by a hardline movement called the Taliban. Taliban were emerged in 1994 and were sponsored by Pakistan. During the Taliban's rule, much of the Afghans experienced restrictions on their freedom and violations of their human rights. The civil wars and Taliban rule left Afghanistan in ruins.
Following the September 11 attacks, the United States overthrew the Taliban government for refusing to hand over Osama bin Laden and several al-Qaida members, who were behind these attacks.
In December 2004, Hamid Karzai became the first democratically elected president of Afghanistan.

Angola
Angola is a country in Africa. The capital is Luanda. Angola is situated in the south of the continent.

Argentina
Argentina or the República Argentina, is a country in south South America. Argentina is the second-largest country in South America and the eighth-largest country in the world.
About 39 million people live in the Argentina. Spanish is the language most people speak and the official language, but many other languages are spoken. Some of these are Guarani, Mapudungun and Quechua and even Welsh in Patagonia.
The capital city of the Argentina is Buenos Aires, one of the largest cities in the world, in eastern Argentina. In order by number of people, the largest cities in Argentina are Buenos Aires, Córdoba, Rosario, Mendoza, La Plata, Tucumán, Mar del Plata, Salta, Santa Fe, and Bahía Blanca.
Argentina is located between the Andes mountain range in the west and the southern Atlantic Ocean in the east and south. It is bordered by Paraguay and Bolivia in the north, Brazil and Uruguay in the northeast, and Chile in the west and south. It also claims the the Falkland Islands (Spanish: "Islas Malvinas") and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.
History.
The name Argentina comes from the Latin "argentum" (silver) as the Spanish conquistadors believed the area had silver. In the Americas, Canada, US, Brazil and Argentina are the largest countries (in that order).
The oldest signs of people in Argentina are located in the Patagonia (Piedra Museo, Santa Cruz), and are more than 13,000 years old. In 1480 the Inca Empire conquered northwestern Argentina, making it part of the empire. In the northeastern area, the Guaraní developed a culture based on yuca and sweet potato however typical dishes all around Argentina are pasta, red wines (Italian influence) and beef.
Other languages spoken are Italian, English and German. Lunfardo is Argentinean slang and is a mix of Spanish and Italian. Argentineans are said to speak Spanish with an Italian accent.
Politics.
Argentina is a federal republic. The people of Argentina vote for a President to rule them and Senators and Deputies to speak for them and make laws for them. The President is Cristina Fernández de Kirchner since December 2007.
Geography.
Argentina is almost 3,700 km long from north to south, and 1,400 km from east to west (maximum values). It can be divided into three parts: the Pampas in the central part of the country, Patagonia in the southern part down to Tierra del Fuego; and the Andes mountain range along the western border with Chile, with the highest point located in the province of Mendoza. Cerro Aconcagua, at 6,960 metres (22,834 ft), is the Americas' highest mountain.
The most important rivers include the River Plate, Paraguay, Bermejo, Colorado, Uruguay and the largest river, the Paraná. River Plate was incorrectly translated though, and should have been translated to English as River of (the) Silver. River Plate is also a famous Buenos Aires soccer team.
Other information.
The majority of the Argentineans are descendants of Europeans mainly from Spain, Italy, Germany, Ireland, France, other Europeans countries and Mestizo representing more than 90% of the total population of the country.
Football or soccer is the most popular sport, although the national sport of the country is Pato. Argentina has a number of highly-ranked Polo players. Field hockey (for women) rugby and golf are also favorites.
Argentina is a Christian country. Most of Argentina's people (80 percent) are Roman Catholic. Roman Catholicism is the state religion but Argentina also has the largest population of Jewish community after Israel and US. Many Middle Eastern immigrants who were Muslims converted to Catholicism, but there are still Muslims as well.
Medicine is socialized and so is education, making Argentina's literacy rate about 98%. State University is free as well.

Austria
Austria (German: Österreich), officially "Republic of Austria", is a country in Central Europe. Around Austria there are Germany, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Slovenia, Italy, Switzerland, and Liechtenstein. Currently, the chancellor is Werner Faymann. Austria has been a member-state of the EU since 1995.
The people in Austria speak German, a few also Hungarian, Slovenian and Croatian. The capital of Austria is Vienna (Wien).
Austria is more than thousand years old. Its history can be followed to the ninth century. At that time the first people moved to the land now known as Austria. The name "Ostarrichi" is first written in an official document from 996. Since then this word has developed into the Modern German word "Österreich".
Austria is a democratic state and has nine federal states (): Vorarlberg, the Tyrol, Salzburg, Carinthia, Styria, Upper Austria, Lower Austria, Vienna and Burgenland. It is a neutral state, that means it does not take part in wars with other countries. Austria is in the United Nations since 1955 and in the European Union since 1995.
Ancient times.
There has been human settlement in the area that is now Austria for a long time. The first settlers go back to the Paleolithic age, they time of the Neanderthals. They left works of art, such as the Venus of Willendorf. In the Neolithic age, people were living there to dig for resources, especially copper. Ötzi, a mummy found in a glacier between Austria and Italy, is from that time. In the Bronze Age bigger settlements and fortresses were built, especially where there were resources. Salt mining began near Hallstatt. At that time, Celts began to form the first states.
The Romans.
The Romans settled in most of modern Austria. They built larger cities. The most important of these were Carnuntum (near Vienna), Virunum (north of Klagenfurt) and Teurnia (near Spittal an der Drau).
Modern times.
Austria was an empire from about 800 to 1918. And was ruled by The House of Habsburg for most of that period. Then it became a republic. The "First Republic" was from 1918 to 1938, the "Second Republic" has been from 1945. From 1938 to 1945 Austria was part of Germany.
Geography.
Austria is a largely mountainous country since it is in the Alps. The high mountainous Alps in the west of Austria flatten somewhat into low lands and plains in the east of the country.
Music and Arts.
Many famous composers were Austrians or born in Austria. There are Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Joseph Haydn, Franz Schubert, Anton Bruckner, Johann Strauss, Sr., Johann Strauss, Jr. and Gustav Mahler. In modern times there were Arnold Schoenberg, Anton Webern and Alban Berg, who belonged to the Second Viennese School.
Austria has many artists, there are Gustav Klimt, Oskar Kokoschka, Egon Schiele or Friedensreich Hundertwasser, Inge Morath or Otto Wagner and scienc.
Food.
Famous Austrian dishes are Wiener Schnitzel, Schweinsbraten, Kaiserschmarren, Knödel, Sachertorte and Tafelspitz.

Armenia
Armenia is a country in the Caucasus region of Europe. Its capital city is Yerevan. Armenia received its independence from the Soviet Union in 1991.
Armenia touches Turkey, Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Iran.
There are some minorities living in Armenia, such as Greek, Russian, and other minorities, and more than 90% of the people are ethnic Armenians. Also, the Armenian Apostolic Church, is by far the largest religion in the country. There are a small amount of other Christians, Muslims and atheists.
Armenia is the place that some Christians believe Noah's Ark landed, and Noah's family settled. The Armenian name for Armenia (Hayastan) means Land of Haik. Haik was the name of a great-great-grandson of Noah.
Throughout history, Armenia's size has changed many times. Today Armenia is much smaller than it was once. In 80 BC, the Kingdom of Armenia covered parts of what is today Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Iran, Iraq, Azerbaijan, and, of course, Armenia.
From 1920 to 1991, Armenia was a Communist country. (Communism is a political idea.) It was a member of the Soviet Union.
Today, Armenia's borders are locked with Turkey and Azerbaijan, due to conflicts. In 1992, Armenia and Azerbaijan had a war over the land of Nagorno-Karabakh. The fighting stopped in 1994, and Armenia has had control over this land, but Azerbaijan still disputes about the land.

Archaeology
Archaeology is the study of the past by looking for the remains and relics (historical things) left by the people who lived before us. These are called "artifacts", and can include old coins, tools, buildings and garbage (rubbish). Archaeologists try to work out what these remains mean.
To find these remains, archaeologists often have to dig deep in the ground. This is called fieldwork. When things are found, or even when nothing is found, the results of the fieldwork are taken back to the place where the archaeologist is based, perhaps a University or museum. Every piece of information is written down or put into a computer, so that a picture can be built up. As settlements (places where people lived in groups) change and grow, what went before is often buried. Ancient Rome, for example, is now up to 40 feet (12 metres) below the present city. This is why archaeology is expensive and why it takes so long.
Sometimes archaeologists find the bones of dead people and the things they used, or the houses they lived in. Archaeologists think it is important to understand the past, because so many people use the past to know where they come from.
Archaeologists have many different 'fields of interest', which means they do not all study the same things. Some study Ancient Egypt and are called Egyptologists; others study Ancient Greece, or the Vikings. Archaeologists study every civilization that is known, especially the ones where there is no history to read. They can study any time period. For example, one might study the beginning of human life in Africa, or one might study World War II. Some archaeologists study things that are now underwater. They search for sunken ships or cities that have been lost under the sea.
Stonehenge, in England is a famous archaeological site, or place. Other famous sites include Angkor Wat, Machu Picchu, and Great Zimbabwe. In many countries, governments and other groups of people protect important sites so that they will not be destroyed and so that visitors can always come and see them.
Sometimes archaeological sites are found when foundations are dug for new buildings. Archaeologists have to work quickly when this happens, because people building are always in a hurry. Quite often as soon as the archaeologists have finished their work, the remains that they have found will be covered over, unless they are of very great importance.

Application
The word application has several uses.
Medicine.
In medicine, application means putting some drug or ointment usually on the skin where it is absorbed into the human body.
Computers.
When dealing with computers, an application is a type of computer program. At the direction of some user, perhaps set up once and executed many times, this performs a well-defined mathematical or communications function, or retrieves information, or displays or edits a document. How well this works depends not only on the code of the program, but also on the operating system and physical attributes of the computer such as how fast its processor is and how much memory is available.
Physically, the bits making up the application can be on the boot device or a data device, or a device of their own. Usually, some basic applications like a text editor, file browser and telnet do go on the boot device to be sure that they are always available even if only the boot is accessed.
If the bits are on a non-boot device, they may not always be found when required. In the Microsoft Windows operating system, the user may be asked to find the application that is used to run a specific file.
Common types of applications available free of charge include web browsers, email programs, media players, and instant messaging software.
Business.
In business or government, an application is a (usually paper) form filled out and handed in by a person seeking a privilege from a state or company, such as work, credit, some type of license or permit, or a place to live.
Engineering.
At work, generally engineering, when dealing with certain materials or objects, an "application" is a purpose that material or object can be used for. Wood and steel have many applications.

Animalia
Animalia is the name of the animal kingdom. It is a kingdom which contains all animals. Animals are living things which do not make use of light to get energy and building materials (like plants do) to grow. They eat plants or other animals. Most higher animals can also move around, which is another difference with plants. Animals are divided into groups as well.
Grouping animals.
When scientists look at animals, they find things that certain animals have in common. They can then group the animals, according to some of these things.
One classification is that some animals have a backbone, and others do not. The animals with a backbone are called vertebrates, those without one are called invertebrates.
Examples of invertebrates are bees, dragonflies, jellyfish, etc.
The problem with this classification though is that most animals are invertebrates. Therefore, other classifications are used more often, today. The vertebrate phylum is more commonly known as chordata. There are many other phylums, and every other one of them contain invertebrates.

Animal
Animals are living things. Animals are not plants so they can't make their own food or energy by themselves. Animals have to eat other living things (animals, plants, fungi, etc.) to get energy to live. Many animals live in this world. Some are big and some are small. Some live in water, others live on the ground and some animals can fly. Being able to move from one place to another is another distinctive characteristic of an animal.
Some animals eat only plants; they are called herbivores. Other animals eat only meat and are called carnivores. Animals that eat both plants and meat are called omnivores. Animals are divided into groups; see animalia. Their mode of nutrition is known as heterotrophic nutrition because they eat other living organisms as food in order to survive.
There are animals living in solitary and groups. Examples of animals living in solitary are tigers, rhinoceros, cheetahs and more. Examples of animals living in groups are coyotes, bees, monkeys and more. Animals living in solitary do not have to share food with each other. Animals living in groups have better protection against becoming the prey of others. Bees and ants are grouped in a special group called a colony. In a colony, the animals work together in a special way and usually have a leader. The leader of the bees is called the Queen Bee.
The animal kingdom is very diverse. There are many types of animals. But, the common animals you know are only about 3% of the animal kingdom. There are many other animals, such as insects and sponges! Animals can mainly be divided into two main groups, the invertebrates, and the vertebrates. The vertebrates are animals with a backbone, or spine, and the invertebrates without. Invertebrastes include insects, crustaceans, molluscs, corals, worms, and much more. The vertebrates are divided into 5 groups, fish, birds, amphibians, reptiles and mammals.

Acceleration
Acceleration is a measure of how fast velocity changes. Acceleration is the change of velocity divided by the change of time. Acceleration is a vector, and therefore includes both a size and a direction.
Finding acceleration.
Sometimes the change in velocity formula_7 is written as Δformula_8. Sometimes the change in time formula_9 is written as Δt.
Units of measurement.
Acceleration has its own units of measurement. For example, if velocity is measured in meters per second, and if time is measured in seconds, then acceleration is measured in meters per second squared (m/s2).
Other words.
Acceleration can be positive or negative. Positive acceleration is called acceleration, or speeding up. Negative acceleration is called deceleration, or slowing down.
Newton's second law of motion.
There are rules for how things move. These rules are called "laws of motion". Isaac Newton is the scientist who made the main laws of motion.
According to Newton's Second Law of Motion, acceleration formula_10 is connected to force formula_11, and mass formula_12.
D'Alembert have also proven that "F-ma=0 That means whatever may be the force acting on a body same amount of deaccelerating force is acting in it.
Acceleration is part of physics. Using calculus, acceleration is the derivative, or rate of change, of velocity. The force something needs to accelerate an object depends on the object's mass: the amount of "stuff" the object is made from.

Basic English
Basic English is a made-up language written by Charles Kay Ogden. The idea of Basic English is to use easy words to explain harder thoughts.
Basic English ("British American Scientific International Commercial") has 850 basic words. From the 850 words, 600 are names of things. Most of the words can be learned using pictures. 150 are words to describe things (adjectives) and to describe verbs (adverbs). The last 100 words are verbs and conjunctions. Verbs are words that show actions, and conjunctions are words that help put sentences together.
Rules of word use.
The word use of Basic English is like full English, but the rules are much simpler, and there are fewer exceptions. Not all meanings of each word are allowed.
Ogden's rules of grammar for Basic English help people use the 850 words to talk about things and events in a normal way.

Black pudding
Black pudding is an English name for blood sausage. It is food made by cooking down the blood of any mammal (usually pigs or cattle) with meat, fat or filler until it is thick enough to congeal (become firm or solid) when cooled.
Types of Black pudding.
In England blood sausage is called "Black Pudding". The ingredients include pig's blood, suet, bread, barley and oatmeal. The most common kind of German "blutwurst" is made from fatty pork meat, beef blood and filler such as barley. Though already cooked and "ready to eat" it is usually served warm.
Other kinds of blood sausage include "boudin noir" (France), "boudin rouge" (Creole and Cajun) and "morcilla" (Spain).
History.
A legend says that blood sausage was invented in a bet between two Bavarian butchers drunk on the alcoholic drink absinthe during the 14th century. Homer's
"Odyssey" from Ancient Greece says that "As when a man besides a great fire has filled a sausage with fat and blood and turns it this way and that and is very eager to get it quickly roasted...".

Boot device
A boot device makes a computer work. It is named after a boot which fits on the foot. The word bootstrap is also closely related, and means, to use something simpler to get something more complex to make itself work better.
Devices that can boot a computer are usually boot disks or boot drives
(normally a hard drive, but can be a floppy disk or a CD). Some network computers use "boot chips" that get the operating system over a network. Web phones also use such chips to identify the user to the cell network. Boot card standards may let many users boot kiosk computers with full privacy and access to all applications they own. There are also boot boards or boot "add-in" cards that are more permanent than boot cards.
Some people refer to the boot device as just a boot and non-boot devices as data devices, although it is not the computer but the operating system that cares about the difference between these.
Origin.
The boot in boot device is the same as booting (or starting up). This is short for bootstrapping, or to start with simple stuff and make complex stuff out of it.

Boot
A boot is a type of footwear that protects the foot and ankle. Boots are higher and larger than shoes and sandals. Some boots are high enough to protect the calves (lower part of the leg) as well. Some boots are held on with "bootstraps" or "bootlaces". Some also have spats or "gaiters" to keep water out. Most have a very strong "boot sole", the bottom part of a boot.
Other meanings.
People in English-speaking countries refer to boots in a figurative or joking manner when they tell someone "to lift yourself up by your own bootstraps". This is a joke because it is impossible for someone to lift themselves up by their own bootstraps. What the person is really saying is "figure out your problem yourself" or "find your own way to better your situation."
As well, people sometimes use the term to bootstrap. This is an idiom meaning "to use something simpler to get something more complex to make itself work better." The word "boot" is also used to describe how a computer starts up when a person presses the "on" button.
Another term "To boot" is an idiom meaning also. For example, people say "he had a beer, and a whiskey to boot." This means that the person had a beer, and also had a glass of whiskey. Another slang use of the word "boot" is to say "Fred got the boot from the company." This means that Fred got fired from the company.

Bankrupt
Anything that does not have enough money to pay all of its debt is insolvent. If it applies for protection by law it may then be bankrupt.
In many countries a company or business can "file for bankruptcy protection" so that creditors cannot destroy all of the physical capital and goodwill by breaking it apart and moving it away. All this provides is more time to work out a new deal between the owners and the people the business owes money.
An individual person who owes debt and cannot pay it can also "declare bankruptcy". That person will lose all but some basic things they own, but all the debt will go away. Normally they cannot easily borrow money again for years.
Very often, a creditor threatens a debtor with debt slavery, if the debtor does not know that they have a right to go bankrupt. This is a human rights problem in very many countries.

Breakfast sausage
Breakfast sausage is a type of fresh pork sausage made from seasoned ground meat mixed with bread crumbs. Breakfast sausage has a blander flavor than many other types of sausage, such as Polish or Italian-style sausages.
Using breakfast sausages.
Breakfast sausages are not cured or smoked like other types of sausages, which means that they have to be cooked soon after they are purchased (unless they are frozen). Uncooked sausages should be stored in the refrigerator or the freezer. Individuals handling them should wash their hands in hot soapy water, because uncooked pork is unhealthy for humans. Pork sausages have to be heated until all of the meat inside is cooked.
They are usually fried or grilled in a pan until they are browned and served at breakfast, often with cooked eggs, pancakes, and toasted bread. Breakfast sausages are also used in other dishes, such as "toads in the hole" a cooked egg dish.
Types of breakfast sausages.
Different types made from pork and beef mixtures as well as poultry can now be found. There are also vegetarian types that use textured vegetable protein in place of meat. Breakfast sausages are available in patties or slices from a large roll, or in weiner-like links of different lengths and thickness.

Beekeeping
Beekeeping or apiculture is the farming of honeybees.
Uses.
The keeping of bees is usually, and has been in the past, for honey. Now it is increasingly used for crop pollination and other products. These are wax and propolis. Queen bees do not control their hives; they lay eggs they are known as the "egg layers" of the hive. They are bigger than other types of bees.
Types of beekeeping.
The largest beekeeping operations are agricultural businesses that are operated for profit. Some people also have small beekeeping operations that they do as a hobby.

British English
British English is the kind of English language which is used in the United Kingdom.
Pronunciation (The Way People Say Things) in British English.
In the United Kingdom, many different people say words in different ways. For example: a man from a place near London may not say his "r"s the same as a man from Scotland or a man from Northern Ireland. In fact, people in some places in the United Kingdom have spoken different languages in the past, and some places still speak those languages today. In some places, the way people speak is changed by knowing the other language, such as Gaelic. Other times, peoples' English accent (the way they sound when they speak English) has been changed by the groups people socialize in.
The accent that actors use in television from the BBC is called Received Pronunciation, sometimes called "The Queen's (or King's) English", or "BBC English".
Vocabulary in British English.
In British English, "dock" refers to the water in the space between two "piers" or "wharfs". In American English, the "pier" or "wharf" could be called a "dock", and the water between would be a "slip".

Being
The word being means the same as "person". Men, women, and children are human beings.
Some people write stories or make movies about beings from other planets. Most religions talk about supernatural beings, for example spirits, angels, devils, gods, or God.

Beijing
Beijing (Chinese: 北京 /Běijīng/) is the capital of the People's Republic of China. The city used to be known as "Peking". It is located in the northern and eastern parts of the country.
The city of Beijing has played a very important role in the development of China. Many people from different cities and countries come to Beijing to look for better chances to find work. Nearly 15 million people live there. In 2008 Beijing will host the Olympic Games.
Beijing is well known for its ancient history. Since the Jin dynasty, Beijing has been the capital of several dynasties, including the Yuan, Ming, Qing, and others. There are many places of historic interest in Beijing. These places include the Summer Palace, the Temple of Heaven, and the Great Wall of China.
Name.
Beijing means "the northern capital" in the Chinese language. It was once a counterpart of Nanjing, "the southern capital", during the Ming Dynasty. This dynasty gave Beijing its name.
History.
The center of Beijing was settled in the 1st millennium BC. In those days, the Kingdom of Yan (燕) set up their capital where Beijing is today. They called it Ji (蓟). After the Kingdom of Yan was destroyed, the city became smaller, although it was still an important place.
Beijing became more important again in the 10th century, when the Jin dynasty set its capital there. This city was destroyed by Mongol forces in 1215. Then in 1267, Mongols built a new city on the north side of the Jin capital, and called it "Great Capital" (大都), which was the beginning of modern Beijing. When Kublai Khan, the Mongolian monarch, set up the Yuan dynasty, this city became his capital.
The Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties all made Beijing their capitals. When the Qing dynasty lost power and the Republic of China was set up, the new Republic moved its capital from Beijing to Nanjing. When the People's Republic of China seized power, Beijing became the capital of China again.
Education.
Beijing is the education center of People's Republic of China. More 500 famous universities of China are located in Beijing. They also include 5 of the top universities: Peking University, Tsinghua University, China People University, Beijing Normal University and Beihang University. Beijing is also education center of China for teaching Chinese as a foreign language. The standard Chinese pronunciation is based on Beijing dialect, so over 70% foreigners who want to study Chinese go to Beijing for their studies.

Bottle
A bottle is a small container used to carry liquids. Bottles can be many different sizes. Bottles are usually made of glass or plastic.
Milk, wine, lemonade and water are often put into bottles.

Berry
The word berry is used for many different kinds of small fruits that has many seeds and can be eaten. Some examples are strawberry, raspberry, blueberry, and lingonberry.
A berry can be either one fruit (like strawberry) or many fruits joined together like raspberry).
Berries are small, sweet, juicy, bright coloured fruits. Due to this, they are able to bring more animals towards them and spread their seeds.
In daily life, grapes, currants, cranberries, blueberries, gooseberries, strawberries, blackberries, raspberries and boysenberris, are berries.
However, botanists (people who study plants) say that strawberries, blackberries, raspberries and boysenberries are not berries. Instead, they say that tomatoes, eggplants (brinjals), guavas, pomegranates and chillies are berries. Pumpkins, cucumbers, melons, oranges and lemons are modified (changed) berries.

Boil
To boil water is to make it hot so that it begins to make bubbles and turns into steam. Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius (212 degrees Fahrenheit). At high altitudes in the mountains, water boils at a lower temperature, because of the lower atmospheric pressure in high places.
To boil food is to cook it in boiling water.
The word "boil" also has a different meaning. A boil can also be an infection of the skin. A boil of the skin is a red place on the skin that is very painful. The person also may have a fever. The infection is caused by the bacteria "Staphylococcus aureus".

Beard
A beard is the hair growing on the lower part of a man's face.
The hair that grows on the upper lip of some men is a mustache. When a man has hair only below the lower lip and above the chin, it is called a soul patch. Some men have a lot of hair and a big beard, and some have very little. In the modern world, many men shave part or all of their beards, or cut their beard so it does not get very long.
Some animals also have hair like this, and people sometimes also call this hair a beard.

Black
In light, Black is lack of all color. The pigment is the combination of all colors. However, many people refer to it as: "the color black".
Meaning of black.
Black is associated with power, elegance, formality, death, evil, and mystery.
Black is a color associated with fear and the unknown (black holes). It can have a negative meaning (blacklist, 'black death') or a positive meaning ('in the black', 'black is beautiful'). Black can stand for strength and authority. It can be a formal, elegant, and prestigious color (black tie, black Mercedes). In heraldry, black is the symbol of grief. In emo and goth culture, black is a common color for clothing.

Bubonic plague
The Bubonic plague is a very deadly disease. Some of the symptoms of this disease are coughing, fever, and black spots on the skin.
People think that the Black Death that killed millions of Europeans in the Middle Ages was bubonic plague, but they are not sure.
Different kinds of the same disease.
There are different kinds of Bubonic plague. The most common form of the disease is spread by a certain kind of flea, that lives on rats. Then there is an incubation period which can last from a few hours to about seven days.
Sepsis.
A Sepsis happens when the bacterium enters the bloodstream.
Pneumonic plague.
This happens when the bacterium can enter the lungs. About 95% of all people with this form will die. Incubation period is only one to two days.
The abortive form.
This is the most harmless form. It will result in a little fever. After that, there are antibodies that protect against all forms for a long time.
History.
During the 1300s, this epidemic struck parts of Asia, North Africa, and Europe. Almost a third of the people in Europe died of it. Unlike catastrophes that pull communities together, this epidemic was so terrifying that it broke people's trust in one another. Giovanni Boccaccio, an Italian writer of the time, described it: "This scourge had implanted so great a terror in the hearts of men and women that brothers abandoned brothers, uncles their nephews, sisters their brothers, and in many cases wives deserted their husbands. But even worse... fathers and mothers refused to nurse and assist their own children."
Transmission.
The plague was not just carried by rats as some people assume. The fleas also carried it. It came abroad from Kaffa by the Black Sea. From there the disease started to go new places in 1347. It went to England in 1349. There it killed half of the people in England. 70% of people who got plague died. Pigs are also to blame for the transmission, as the bacteria stayed in their blood system, and when eaten, people caught the plague. This is a reason why so few Jews caught the disease.
Modern history.
In the 20th century, some countries did research on the bacteria that causes bubonic plague. They did research to use it for biological warfare.
Samples of this bacteria are carefully controlled. There is much paranoia (fear) about it. Dr. Thomas C. Butler, a US expert in this organism was charged in October 2003 by the FBI with various crimes. This happened after he said he lost samples of "Yersinia pestis". This is the bacteria that causes bubonic plague. The FBI did not find the samples. They do not know what happened to them.

Biology
Biology is the science of life and living things, like plants, animals, fungi (such as mushrooms), and bacteria. People who study biology are called biologists.
"What are the characteristics of this living thing?" (What makes it different from other living things?)
"How should we group this living thing?"
"What does this living thing do?"
Biology looks at how animals and other organisms behave and work, and what they are like. Biology also studies how organisms react with each other and the environment.
Biology as a science has existed for hundreds of years, and it has many research fields and branches. Many of those branches are seen as independent.
Like all sciences, biology uses the scientific method. This means that biologists must be able to show evidence for their ideas, and that other biologists must be able to test the ideas for themselves.
History.
Biology is known widely as a form of magic which was invented by evil Scottish scientist David Renfrew on a twenty-year long quest to count all the pine needles in the United States. While attempting to find himself, and count such needles, he decided to devise this evil form of magic to torment high school age students.

Botany
Botany is a science. It is a branch of biology, and is also called plant biology. It is sometimes called phytology. Botany is the study of plants. Scientists who study botany are called botanists. They want to learn about how plants work.

Belgium
Belgium ("België" in Dutch, "Belgique" in French and "Belgien" in German) is a country in Europe. It is next to France, Luxembourg, Germany, and the Netherlands.
The capital city of Belgium is Brussels.
There are three regions in Belgium: Flanders (where the Flemish speak Dutch) in the northern half of Belgium, Wallonia (where most Walloons speak French in the southern half and the Brussels-Capital Region in the middle (where Dutch and French are spoken).
Inside Wallonia is the area of the German-speaking Community of Belgium. The community has its own parliament and government, but they are not yet as powerful as the Flemish and Walloon bodies.
Belgium is famous for high quality chocolate, french fries, comic books, and many kinds of beer.

Brazil
Brazil is a country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country. The country has a population of 186 million people. Most people in Brazil speak Portuguese. The capital of Brazil is Brasília, a city planned and built from 1957 to 1960. The country also has the world's fourth largest city, São Paulo.
Geographics.
Brazil has the world's largest forest, the Amazon Rainforest. It makes up 40% of the country's land area. Brazil also has other types of land; there is a type of savanna called "cerrado"; there is also a dry plant region named "caatinga".
Brazil is known for soccer, but it also has many other things: a varied culture (influenced by people who have come from many countries), and a growing economy. Brazil is the largest country and in South America and the largest economy in Latin America. Its people include people of Portuguese or other European descent, African descent, and native Amerindians, as well as many people of mixed origins. The country is the fifth largest in the world by area. It is known for its numerous rainforests and jungles. It neighbours Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina and Uruguay, therefore it borders every country in South America, with the exception of two, Chile and Ecuador.
The most important cities are São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Salvador, Brasília, Curitiba, Belo Horizonte, Salvador, Porto Alegre, Recife, Fortaleza, Manaus and Vitória.
People from Brazil are called Brazillians.

Britain
Britain is often used as a short name for the United Kingdom (of Great Britain and Northern Ireland). People use this name because most of the UK is on the island of Great Britain. Sometimes the name Britain is used to refer to the island of Great Britain only, especially in historical contexts e.g. 'Roman Britain'. There are three countries on the island of Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.
History of the name Britain.
The modern name Britain comes from an old Celtic name "Prydyn" (or "Prydein"). The Irish language name was "Cruithin". The old Greek writers heard these names and called the island "Pritanni". Scholars now think the word was the name of the Picts (who lived 2,000-1,500 years ago in the north of Britain which is northern Scotland today) in the Welsh and Irish languages. When the Romans came to the island they called it Britannia. Most of Brittania was the home of the Celtic people called the Britons or Brythons who spoke the ancestor language of modern Welsh, Cornish and Breton. When some of these Britons moved to live in north-west France their called their new country by the same name as their old one. It came to be known as 'Breizh' in Breton, and was called Brittany in English (from the French name "Bretagne"). To make clear the difference between Brittany and Britain some people started to call the island of Britain "Great Britain", because it was bigger than the "little Britain" (Brittany) in France.

Chemistry
Chemistry [kem'-ihs-tree] is the science of "chemical elements" and "compounds", and how these things work together. It is the study of the materials (things) that make up our bodies and everything in the world around us.
Chemistry began as a true science during the 1600s. This is when chemists discovered the simplest substances that make up all other substances. These simple substances are called "elements". For a long time before that, people were trying to study these things to figure out how to do things like turn lead into gold, but no one ever did. This was called alchemy [al-kem-mee].
A chemical "compound" is a substance made up of two or more "elements".
Things studied in chemistry.
Chemical compounds --
Chemical elements --
Physical change --
Chemical change --
Physical property --
Chemical property --
Scientific method --
SI base unit
Chemical formula --
Chemical bond --
Chemical equation --
Chemical reaction

Computer science
Computer science is the science of how to treat information. There are many different fields. Some of them look at problems in a more abstract way. Some fields need certain kinds of machines, called computers. A computer scientist will need math, science, and know-how to make and use computers.
Asking a question.
A computer is a device which takes orders as fast as you can give them to it and works as fast as it can to solve the orders.
Asking the right question.
Computers can do some things easily (for example, simple math, or sorting a list of names from A-to-Z). Computers cannot do some things, though. Computers cannot answer questions that do not have enough details, or questions that have no answer. Computers can answer some questions, but may take too much time. As an example, it may take too long to find the shortest way through all the towns in the USA, so every so often a computer scientist will look for a nearly full answer (an approximation). A computer will answer these kind of questions much faster.
Answering the question.
Algorithms have to do with the way computers answer questions. Take playing cards, for example. A computer scientist may want to sort the cards, first by color, and then by order (like 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, Jack, Queen, King, and Ace). The computer scientist may see different ways to sort the playing cards. If the way has a detailed account of how to sort the cards, the scientist has made an algorithm. The scientist first needs to test if the algorithm does what it should in all events. The scientist can then see how well it sorts the cards.
A simple, but poor, algorithm would: drop the cards, group them up, and see if they look sorted. If not, do it again. This will work, but will probably take a very long time.
A person may better do this by looking through all the cards, finding the one that goes in the first position (2 of diamonds), and putting it at the start. After this, he looks for the second position, and so on. This works much faster, and does not need as much space.
Computer science left the other sciences near the end of the 20th century and made its own ways of doing things and its own group of word uses. It has to do with electrical engineering, mathematics, and language science.
Computer science looks at the theoretical (not real) parts of computers. Computer engineering looks at the real parts of computers (those that a person could touch), and software engineering looks at the use of computer programs and how to make them.

Computer
A Computer is a machine that manipulates data according to a set of instructions. Computers are able to do mathematical calculations. Modern computers can do complex mathematical computations -- billions per minute. Computers have been used to control industrial operations, which used to be routine clerical work. Recently, they have spread to the home, where they are used for media, web browsing and desktop applications.
History of computing.
It is difficult to identify any particular device as the earliest computer. This is because the meaning of the word "computer" has changed over time. Originally, the word referred to a person who did numerical calculations (a human computer). Human computers often used mechanical calculating devices to help them solve their problems.
The history of the modern computer begins with two separate technologies - that of automated calculation and that of programmability.
Examples of early mechanical calculating devices include the abacus, the slide rule and arguably the astrolabe and the Antikythera mechanism (which dates from about 150-100 BC). Hero of Alexandria (c. 10–70 AD) built a mechanical theater which performed a play lasting 10 minutes and was operated by a complex system of ropes and drums that might be considered to be a means of deciding which parts of the mechanism performed which actions and when. This is the essence of programmability.
The "castle clock", an astronomical clock invented by Al-Jazari in 1206, is considered to be the earliest programmable analog computer. It displayed the zodiac, the solar and lunar orbits, a crescent moon-shaped pointer travelling across a gateway causing automatic doors to open every hour, and five robotic musicians who play music when struck by levers operated by a camshaft attached to a water wheel. The length of day and night could be re-programmed every day in order to account for the changing lengths of day and night throughout the year.
At the end of the Middle Ages, European mathematics and engineering became more important. In 1623, Wilhelm Schickard constructed a device that is seen as the earliest of a number of mechanical calculators constructed by European engineers. None of these devices fit the modern definition of a computer, because they could not be programmed.
In 1801, Joseph Marie Jacquard made an improvement to the textile loom that used a series of punched paper cards as a template to allow his loom to weave intricate patterns automatically. The resulting Jacquard loom was an important step in the development of computers because the use of punched cards to define woven patterns can be viewed as an early, but limited, form of programmability.
Only when automatic calculation was combined with programmability did the first computers in the modern sense result. In 1837, Charles Babbage was the first to make a design of a fully programmable mechanical computer. He called it the "The Analytical Engine". Because Babbage did not have enough money and could not resist changing the design all the time, he never built his Analytical Engine.
Large-scale automated data processing of punched cards was performed for the U.S. Census in 1890 by tabulating machines designed by Herman Hollerith and manufactured by the Computing Tabulating Recording Corporation, which later became IBM. By the end of the 19th century a number of technologies that would later prove useful in the realization of practical computers had begun to appear: the punched card, Boolean algebra, the vacuum tube (thermionic valve) and the teleprinter.
During the first half of the 20th century, many scientific computing needs were met by increasingly sophisticated analog computers, which used a direct mechanical or electrical model of the problem as a basis for computation. However, these were not programmable and generally lacked the versatility and accuracy of modern digital computers.
Several developers of ENIAC saw its problems. They invented a more flexible and elegant design, which is known as "stored program architecture" or von Neumann architecture. This design was first formally described by John von Neumann in the paper "First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC", distributed in 1945. A number of projects to develop computers based on the stored-program architecture started around this time, the first of these was completed in Great Britain. The first to be demonstrated working was the Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine (SSEM or "Baby"), while the EDSAC, completed a year after SSEM, was the first practical implementation of the stored program design. Shortly thereafter, the machine originally described by von Neumann's paper—EDVAC—was completed but did not see full-time use for an additional two years.
Nearly all modern computers implement the stored-program architecture in some form. It has become the main concept which defines a modern computer. Most of the technologies used to build computers have changed since the 1940s, but many current computers still use the von-Neumann architecture.
Computers that used vacuum tubes as their electronic elements were in use throughout the 1950s. Vacuum tube electronics were largely replaced in the 1960s by transistor-based electronics, which are smaller, faster and cheaper to produce. They also need less power and are more reliable than vacuum tubes. In the 1970s, technologies were based on integrated circuits. Microprocessors, such as the Intel 4004, further decreased size and cost. They also made computers faster and more reliable. By the 1980s, computers became sufficiently small and cheap to replace simple mechanical controls in domestic appliances such as washing machines. The 1980s also saw home computers and the now ubiquitous personal computer. With the evolution of the Internet, personal computers are becoming as common as the television and the telephone in the household.
In 2005 Nokia started to call its top-line smartphones of the N-series "multimedia computers" and after the launch of the Apple iPhone in 2007, many are now starting to add the smartphone category among "real" computers. In 2008, if the category of smartphones are included in the numbers of computers in the world, the biggest computer maker by units sold, is no longer Hewlett-Packard, but rather Nokia.
Kinds of computers.
A "desktop computer" is a small machine which is usually accompanied by a screen (which isn't part of the computer) and used at a household. "Laptop computers" are portable computers that are commonly used for work or personal media purposes. Both laptops and desktops are considered personal computers. "Mainframes" are large computers used for managing businesses or hosting servers. "Embedded computers" are computer systems that cannot be programmed by the user because they are preprogrammed for a specific task and are buried within the equipment they serve. For example, in mobile phones, Automatic Teller Machines, Microwave ovens, CD Players and Cars.
How computers work.
Computers store data and the instructions telling them what to do with the data as numbers, because computers can do things with numbers very quickly. These data are stored as binary symbols (1s and 0s). A 1 or a 0 symbol stored by a computer is called a bit, which comes from the words binary digit. Computers can use many bits together to represent instructions and the data that these instructions use. A list of these instructions is called a program and stored on the computer's hard disk. Computers use "memory" called "RAM" as a space to carry out the instructions and store data while it is doing these instructions. When the computer wants to store the results of the instructions for later, it uses the hard disk.
An operating system tells the computer how to understand what jobs it has to do, how to do these jobs, and how to tell people the results. It tells the electronics inside the computer, or "hardware", how to work to get the results it needs. This lets most computers have the same operating system, or list of orders to tell it how to talk to the user, while each computer can have its own computer programs or list of jobs to do what its user needs. Having different programs and operating systems makes it easy to learn how to use computers for new things. When a user needs to use a computer for something different, the user can learn how to use a new program.
Computers and the Internet.
One of the most important jobs that computers do for people is helping with communication. Communication is how people share information. Computers have helped people move forward in science, medicine, business, and learning, because they let experts from anywhere in the world work with each other and share information. They also let other people communicate with each other, do their jobs almost anywhere, learn about almost anything, or share their opinions with each other. The Internet is the thing that lets people communicate between their computers.
Blogs are used by many people to say what they want on the Internet. Some people spend most of their time reading and writing blogs. Many people from all over the world use them. Some people use them to write about things that happen to them. Experts can use them to help people learn more. Some blogs are used by companies to sell things.
Computers and waste.
A computer is now almost always an electronic device. It usually contains materials that will become toxic waste when disposed of. When a new computer is bought in some places, laws require that the cost of its waste management must also be paid for. This is called product stewardship.
Computers can become obsolete quickly, depending on what programs the user runs. Very often, they are thrown away within two or three years, because newer programs require a more powerful computer. This makes the problem worse, so computer recycling happens a lot. Many projects try to send working computers to developing nations so they can be re-used and will not become waste as quickly, as most people do not need to run new programs.
The main hardware in a computer.
Computers come different forms, but most of them have a common architecture.
A computer has several main parts. When comparing a computer to a human body, the CPU is like a brain. It does most of the 'thinking' and tells the rest of the computer how to work. The CPU is on the Motherboard, which is like the skeleton. It provides the basis for where the other parts go, and carries the nerves that connect them to each other and the CPU. The motherboard is connected to a power supply, which provides electricity to the entire computer. The various drives (CD drive, floppy drive, and on many newer computers, USB drive) act like
eyes, ears, and fingers, and allow the computer to read different types of storage, in the same way that a human can read different types of books. The hard drive is like a human's memory, and keeps track of all the data stored on the computer. Most computers have a sound card or another method of making sound, which is like vocal cords, or a voice box. Connected to the sound card are speakers, which are like a mouth, and are where the sound comes out. Computers might also have a graphics card, which helps the computer to create visual effects, such as 3D environments, or more realistic colors, and more powerful graphics cards can make more realistic or more advanced images, in the same way a well trained artist can.

Chinese
Chinese means from or about the country of China, especially a person from China or one of the languages of China.
Chinese Writing.
Chinese Writing does not use letters. It has but 50,000 different characters, each one made of different lines. There are many different Chinese languages but they all write using the same characters.
Each line of Chinese is written starting at the top of the page and working downwards. The lines are written working from the right to the left of the page.
There are two types of Chinese writing, traditional and simplified.
In modern China, most Chinese people do not write the traditional way. Instead, they use a computer. The most popular way to use a computer keyboard is to type Chinese is called Pinyin.
Chinese writing is often made into a type of art, called calligraphy, which means making art from writing.

Continent
A continent is a large area of the land on Earth that is joined together. People do not agree about how many continents there are.
In general it is agreed there are seven continents.
Oceania is a region which includes Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific Islands. Some say that Oceania is not a continent but it is often treated like one. Other groups believe that it is a continent and that Australia is just a part of this continent and not its own continent.
Some say that North America and South America are one continent. Some say that Europe and Asia are only parts of a continent called Eurasia. Some even say that Eurasia and Africa are one continent called Eurafrasia.
When British people talk about "the Continent" (or "Continental") they mean the European mainland. This meaning is not used as much as it used to be, but is still seen in phrases like "Continental breakfast" (rolls with cheese, jam etc as distinct from an "English breakfast" which is a cooked breakfast).

Classical element
The Greek classical elements are fire, air, water, and earth. In Greek philosophy, science and medicine, these make up a whole.
The image below has two squares on top of each other. The corners of one are the classical elements. The corners of the other are the properties.
Galen said these elements were used by Hippocrates to describe the human body. The elements are linked to the four humours: phlegm (water), yellow bile (fire), black bile (earth), and blood (air).
In Chinese Taoism the elements are metal, wood, water, fire, earth (金、木、水、火、土).

China
China (中國) is an ancient region in Asia.
History.
China has one of the oldest civilizations in the world. It has a recorded history for over five thousand years. It reached its golden age during the Tang Dynasty (about A.D. 10th century). China is home to some of the oldest artwork in the world. Statues and pottery, as well as decorations made of jade, are some classic examples.
China's economic and military strength throughout the world was oppressed during the Qing Dynasty (around the 17th century to 20th century). Many of its lands were lost to Russia, the British, the Japanese and other strong countries. In 1911 a country, the Republic of China was founded by Sun Yat-sen (Sun Yixian). But its government was very weak. Army leaders in different area controlled the local governments, and later fell into the dictatorship of Chiang Kai-shek (Jiang Jieshi).
In 1931, Japan invaded Manchuria, a place in the northeastern part of China. On July 7, 1937, the Japanese attacked the rest of the country, starting what was named the Sino-Japanese War. The war later became part of World War II. The war was fought for eight years and millions of Chinese people were killed. In 1945, after the United States dropped two atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan surrendered unconditionally to the Allied Powers.
However, the Chinese Civil War later started between the Kuomindang (Nationalists) of the Republic of China (ROC) and the Communists of the People's Republic of China (PRC).One side wanted to make China like Soviet Union, whreas the other side wanted to keep china in its current state at the time, which caused chaos and lots of people died in the Chinese Civil War. the Chinese Civil War was going on throughout World War II. The Communists, led by Mao Zedong, Liu Shaoqi and others. Later Shaoqi lost influence on Mao and his death to this day remains unresolved. Communists eventually won the war. The Nationalists (led by Chiang Kai-shek) fled to the island of Taiwan and set up their new capital city in Taipei.After the Chinese Civil War, the communist leader Mao Zedong declared a new country, the People's Republic of China (PRC), in Beijing on October 1, 1949.
Arts.
China is the original birth place of Eastern martial arts, called Kung Fu or its first name Wushu. China is also the home of the well-respected Spa Monastery and Wudang Mountains. The first generation of martial art started more for the purpose of survival and warfare than art. Over time some art forms have branched off, while others have retained their distinct Chinese flavor. Regardless, China has brewed some of the most renowned artists including Wong Fei Hung (Huang Fei Hung or Hwang Fei Hung) and many others. Art has also co-existed with a variety of paints including the more standard 18 colors. Legendary and controversial moves like Big Mak are also praised and talked about within the culture.

Country
In geography, a country is a political division. It is often a sovereign territory. The term is most commonly associated with both state and nation, and also with government. For example, the United States of America is a country.

Colchester
Colchester is a town in the northern part of the English county of Essex. It has a population of 104,000 people. People believe that Colchester is oldest Roman town that that is known in England.
History.
Before Roman times, Colchester was "Camulodunon". This is a Celtic name that came from Camulos. Camulos was the Celtic god of war. The Romans called Colchester "Camulodunum" (written "CAMVLODVNVM"). Colchester was attacked and burnt by Boudicca in 61 AD.
The church at the Benedictine abbey of Saint John the Baptist was destroyed in 1539. This was when King Henry VIII took the property of the Roman Catholic institutions in England. The only part left is a gate that people still go to visit.
King Cunobelinus (or "Cunobelin") was from Colchester.

Cartography
Cartography is making maps. Cartography is part of geography.
How people make maps is always changing. In the past, maps were drawn by hand, but today most printed maps are made using computers.
Making a map can be as simple as drawing a direction on a napkin, or as complicated as showing a census of a whole country. Anyone can make a map, but there are people who spend their lives learning how to make complicated maps.
Cartographers in the media.
Various cartographers appear in the media, notably Wally the Cartographer from Monkey Island.

Creator
A Creator is a person who creates something.
In some religions (Judaism, Christianity, Islam) God (or Allah meaning the God in Arabic) is the most important and original Creator of the whole Universe - including Man who is made "in his image"(see Genesis) to observe it and control it like God. The idea that anything that a person is creating, like an idea, can be owned as property comes from the ethical traditions and legal codes that came from these religions.
In other traditions (Buddhism, Native American religions) anyone has this potential for creating, and can become part of the greater creating of the universe. Stewardship of home, land and all of Earth is a test for participating in this, or just good sense. Sometimes this belief is not well understood, and poorly translated (such as the verb in Native American languages meaning "the greatest creating" being translated into English as Creator) by those who only understand the "Man in God's image" view. This view has often been projected onto people who do not believe in it, along with concepts of intellectual rights inappropriate for those peoples.

Contact network
A contact network is a group of people who can all quickly get in touch with each other. It does not guarantee any kind of help or access to knowledge other than that.
A creative network, social network and power network are also contact networks. These include some kind of guarantee or expectation of help. Thus they involve more investment per person.

Creative network
A creative network is a loose group of people creating something in art or science or business. It is never larger than about a dozen people who may move from one project to another as a troupe or team.
They have only a few goals at a time, and never more than one major goal. Each person plays a tightly or loosely defined role in the network. For instance to make a movie a writer, director, producer and actors are needed. There may also be a need for a costumer, a cameraman (if the director cannot do it all), an audio engineer, and a film editor if the project is big enough and the schedule tight enough. Very often the roles and timing are determined by a power network (say the bank or studio that funds the project). However, the creative control remains within the small creative network.

Chorizo
Chorizo is a pork (pig-meat) sausage which people first made in Spain. In it there is fatty pork in large pieces, with chili pepper and paprika. The special taste of this sausage comes from the mild Spanish paprika in it.
In the western hemisphere, people know the Mexican and Caribbean sorts better. In these sorts of chorizo, the pork is in much smaller pieces. Different seasonings are also in it with the chili.
People eat chorizo without cooking it, or they fry it in oil. People also use it as a part of other dishes, the same way they eat breakfast sausage. It can also be used in place of ground beef or pork.

Creativity
Creativity (or creativeness) is the ability of a person to be creative, take part in creating, or be useful in a creative network of other people. It is very difficult to measure, and some think it should not be measured. The reason is that creativity can not be defined - although several attempts have been made, a shared definition of the concept of creativity still comes up short.
Some think creativity is an important thing that makes humans different from apes. Others recognize that even apes, other primates, other mammals and some birds adapt to survive by being creative (for example - primates using tools). Liane Gabora believes that all culture comes from creativity, not imitation. Therefore, these people say, human science should focus on it: Ethics for example would focus on finding creative solutions to ethical dilemmas. Politics would focus on the political virtues that need some creativity. Imitation would not be the focus of education. Linguistics might be more interested in how new words are created by culture, rather than in how existing ones are used in grammar.
Intellectual interests (recognized as intellectual rights or intellectual property in the law) are a way to reward creativity in law, but they do not always work very well. A good example is copyright which is supposed to pay authors and artists, but may only pay lawyers to make (imitative) arguments in court.
Creativity is a central question in economics, where it is known as ingenuity (the ability to come up with new ideas) or individual capital - capacities that individuals have, that do not arise from simple imitation of what is known already. This is separate from the instructional capital that might try to capture some of that in a patent or training system that helps others do what the individual leader or founder of the system can do. In urban economics there are various ways to measure creativity - the Bohemian Index and Gay Index are two attempts to do this accurately and predict the economic growth of cities based on creativity. For information on creativity see

Catharism
The Cathar faith was a version of Christianity. It was wiped out by the Roman Catholic Church in the 13th century by a Crusade. They were usually considered Gnostics. The word 'Cathar' comes the Greek word "katharos" meaning 'unpolluted' (from Tobias Churton, "The Gnostics") or "the pure ones".
Principles.
The Cathars believed that the world had been made by a bad god. The believed that this bad god had taken them from the good god put them the world but inside their bodies there was a spirit and that spirit needed to return to the good god. They were famous for a belief in a form of reincarnation and believed that when someone died the bad god would put that persons spirit in a new body. They believed this cycle of coming back to life could be escaped by a ritual cleansing. They were opposed to the doctrine of sin.
Women were prominent in the faith. They were pacifists. They were vegetarians.
They preached tolerance of other faiths. They rejected the usual Christian doctrine of marriage. An earlier 10th century Bulgarian heresy, Bogomilism, started some of these trends.
Language.
They used a bible in the language people spoke. Many other Christians used a Bible in Latin. Latin was spoken only by the priests.
Problems.
In 1145 open challenge to Catholic dominance began. In about 1165 the first Cathars said that the Church was "full of ravening wolves and hypocrites" and "worshipping the wrong God", right in front of the most powerful Catholics. In 1166 the Council of Oxford in England wiped out the English Cathars. It was also suppressed in Northern France. In 1167 Cathar bishops met to discuss organizing a counter Church - in the South of France, the Langedoc nobles protected it, and many noble women became "Perfects". Parish clergy had low morale.
Reactions.
All this was unpopular with the Roman Catholic Church, whose Pope, the Bishop of Rome, had begun to say he was infallible from the 11th century onwards. The pope also started to hold total authority over what was called "Christendom". Pope Innocent III's control by 1198 was not yet firm.
In the South of France there was tremendous religious fervor, and an economy that was starting to grow, and a social class of merchants and peasants was starting to grow. Peasants owned their own land. Meanwhile, in other parts of Europe, peasants were forced to give up their land to nobles and become serfs or slaves - the system of feudalism. There was a strong central absolute monarchy that did not exist in the South of France. The burghers and bankers had more power in this looser system. R. I. Moore is a historian who believes that it was desire to crush this system and take over the land that drove the attack.
However there was real cultural and religious difference to cause problems: Troubadors, who combined some of the traditions of the Bards of the Celts, and Jews, were both part of the multicultural society in the South of France. Their influences were not appreciated by local or Roman Church figures. The 12th century Roman Catholic Monks were founding their monasteries outside the towns, drawing the best people there.
Results.
The Cathars thus had little competition. The Cathar "Perfects", the so-called Good Men or Good Women, lived austere lives and spread their faith in towns - where the Catholics in general did not have their best agents. Also, Cathars preached that only these Good leaders had to follow the regimens their whole lives - lay people could repent only on their deathbeds. Many 20th century Christian sects have similar beliefs. Today Cathars would not be considered heretics.
Methods.
The Pope ordered a crusade against the Cathars in southern France. He said any crusader who answered the call would be given the same rewards as a crusader who went to the Holy Land. This was an absolution of all sin, a forgiveness of all debts, and all the pillaging and raping they could want.
At Launguedoc, in July 1209, a force of about 30,000 Crusaders arrived at the walls of Beziers, and demanded that about 200 Cathars be surrendered. The people of the town who were mostly Catholic, said that rather than turn over their friends and kin, "we would rather be flayed alive."
A mistake by the defenders of Beziers let thousands of attackers in. Arnaud Amaury, the Pope's official in charge of the crusade, supposedly said the famous phrase: 'Kill them all, God will know his own'. Everyone in the town was massacred, some while taking refuge in the church. It is guessed that 20,000 were killed, many of whom were Catholics and not Cathars at all. The crusade became known as the Albigensian crusade after the town of Albi. It was to wipe out the Cathars entirely over forty or so years. The Crusaders wanted to go home, but were ordered by the Pope to continue until the whole South of France was controlled and all Cathars were dead. In 1210 they attacked the fortress at Minerv and built "the first great bonfire of heretics" - beginning the practice of burning at the stake that would continue in the Inquisition of the Counter-Reformation.
Results.
The Albigensian crusade actually failed to destroy the Cathar beliefs from southern France. This would happen by a different sort of crusade, one that turned neighbor against neighbor and brother against brother. The shadow of the Inquisition fell over the south of France. In 1233, Pope Gregory IX sent Dominican monks to the Languedoc. They set up an office of the Inquisition and sent out notices that anyone who came and confessed would be forgiven. People became terrified that their neighbors had said something about them, so they went and turned in their neighbors first. It eventually got to the point where people were turning in the dead and corpses were dug up, burned and the property they had left their heirs was taken away by the Roman Catholic Church. A lot of this crusade was not so much about faith, at least not for the church, but money. If someone were turned in as a heretic, his property was taken by the church.
In the end the Inquisition did wipe out most of the Cathars though it took well over a hundred years to get all of them. The last known Cathar follower was burned at the stake in the early 1300's.
Every last Cathar "Perfect" was burned at the stake. At least those the Roman Catholic Church could find.

Cosmology
Cosmology is the study of "all that is". It is part of both physics and religion, which sometimes compete to explain the same things. Some think that because the creatures creating all the models of our universe and ethical traditions and ideas of divine beings are studied in biology, that cosmology also should be really a part of biology.
However, the dominant idea of scientific cosmology is the mechanistic paradigm which says that there is either an expanding universe or finite universe, and that the laws of physics are predictable in either, due to the geometry it "obeys". It cannot decide to violate these laws, as a living thing might do. Other laws might be possible, but we cannot know about that. In this paradigm, relativity is one of the most important ideas, and models of our universe are not allowed to vary much.
However, this view cannot also explain quantum mechanics. Nor does it take into account cognitive limits which human science says can be important. So some newer theories prefer to say that cosmology is something biological creatures need or want to make our universe seem simpler and more predictable than it really might be. It might be for instance that since we think we can control and predict the machines we create, like clocks, we prefer a controlled and predictable model of the environment we live in. But some think that this is like saying that what is needed to explain a city is good enough to understand ecology in general.
A related question is how limited mathematics might be as a way to explain reality. If it is very general and really similar for all beings we can say "we understand reality" with it. But if it is very different for aliens or whales then we cannot say this - it would be arrogant to assume it until we do math with other beings. For this reason, most SETI signals are sent out with basic math like the Fibonacci sequence and the prime numbers, to see if other beings have the same ideas about these as we do - and can answer us back the same way.
Many peoples have their own cosmology that today scientists and most religions do not accept. For instance in Renaissance Europe there were thought to be crystal spheres that rotated - with all the stars on one, and each planet on its own. These circled the Earth. In Ancient Egypt there was a female sky-goddess who arched over the world, which was a male god. And in other traditions, the world was a giant sea-turtle floating in a giant ocean. These ideas were good enough to explain an island or watershed or continent that people lived on. Since they did not travel much, this was a "good enough" way to explain the world they actually lived in every day.
Comparing various creation myths and world views from all over the world is part of anthropology. This is today considered separate from the astrophysics and astronomy that provide statistics for physics to explain. But the cosmology that a physicist produces is still considered a sort of creation myth, and scientists have no special status when these are debated in religion.
Worldwide, most people believe that a divine being, or Creator, was or is still creating universe. They see the ethics of that divinity, not the physics created by humans, at the core of reality. (citation needed)
One compromise is the fecund universes theory. In that theory, the multiverse is alive and growing, and creating "new universes" all the time. Humans are limited and can only see one of them and guess about others. Models of our universe help to suggest what those others might be like. But, we cannot be sure that laws of physics really vary as we think they might in a different universe. And, most important, there is no thinking or ethics or divine being necessarily involved in this continuous creation - it goes on splitting just like bacteria. This will not seem very special or divine to most people, but, it is compatible with all of the scientific data that we have so far.
"See also:" string theory

Church
A church is a "building" where people, (usually Christians), come together to worship. Also a religious group is called a church.
Large Christian church buildings are called "cathedrals". Small churches are called "chapels".
History of church buildings.
In the early days of Christianity people had to worship in secret. Christian worship was not allowed in the Roman empire, so Christians had to meet in a secret place. Sometimes they met in people’s houses or barns, sometimes they met underground. The first places that were built for Christian worship were small chapels that were cut into a rock where people could worship without being discovered.
After the death of the Roman emperor Constantine in 337 A.D. Christians were allowed to have buildings to worship in. These first churches were built on a similar plan to Roman basilicas. This plan was later used for the fine Gothic cathedrals and churches that were built at the end of the Middle Ages.
The parts of a church.
In Roman Catholic churches there is always a stoup (bowl) of holy water near the entrance of the church. This tradition comes from the fact that Roman basilicas had a fountain for washing in front of the entrance. The font is a bowl where people (often babies) are baptized. This is also near the entrance of the church. This is a symbol of the fact that it is welcoming the people into the Christian church.
Traditionally the nave has long benches for the congregation to sit on. These are called pews. Some churches may now have replaced their pews with chairs so that they can be moved about for different occasions. At the front of the nave is the pulpit where the priest preaches (these talks are called “sermons”). There is also a lectern (like a large music stand) from where the lessons (the Bible readings) are read.
If there are aisles along the side of the nave there will be pillars which hold up the roof. In large churches or cathedrals there may be a row of little arches along the top of these pillars. This is called the triforium. Over the triforium is the clerestory which is a row of small windows high up in the church wall.
The chancel is the most holy part of the church, and this is why it is often separated from the nave by a screen which can be made of wood or stone, or occasionally iron. The congregation can see through the screen. On the top of the screen there may be a cross. This is called a rood (pronounce like “rude”) screen. Priests used to climb up a staircase to the top of the rood screen to read the epistle and the gospel. Sometimes people sung from there.
Inside the chancel are the benches where the choir sit. These are called choir stalls. They are on both sides. The two sides of the choir sit facing one another. The choir members who sit on the left (north side) are called “cantoris” (the side where the “cantor” sits) and those on the right (south side) are called “decani” (the side where the deacon sits). In some large churches or cathedrals the seats for the priests tip up. The top of these seats, when they are tipped up, are called misericords (from the Latin word for “mercy”). This is because the priests or monks were able to lean against them when they got tired if they had to stand up for a long time (it comes from the Latin word for "mercy").
Sometimes there are holes in the walls of the screen so that the congregation can see through. These are called squints. If there is a recess in the wall it is called an aumbry. It is a cupboard for communion wine that has been blessed by a priest.
The altar may be right at the east end of the church, but in larger churches or cathedrals it is often much further forward. In that case the very east end is called an apse. Sometimes it is a separate chapel called the “Lady Chapel”.
Churches through the ages.
The design of churches changed a lot during the course of history. Often churches were made bigger. When this happened there may be a mixture of architectural styles. These styles vary a lot in different countries.
English churches.
In the 1600s churches were built in a variety of styles. Often they copied some of the older styles. After the Great Fire of London many new churches were built by the architect Sir Christopher Wren. They were built in the classical style. Churches continued to be built in later centuries like this, but also the Gothic style continued to be used.
Modern churches often do not have the traditional cross-shape. It is difficult for the congregation to see and hear what is happening in the chancel. Modern churches bring the congregation, choir and priests in closer touch. An example is the round design for the Church of Christ the Cornerstone in Milton Keynes. Modern churches are often simpler but with a warmer character than the Gothic churches. Many have beautiful mosaic glass windows. Coventry Cathedral is an famous example of a modern church building.

City
A city is a place where many people live together. A city has many buildings and streets. It has houses or apartments for many people to live, shops where they may buy things, places for people to work and a government organisation to run the city, and to keep law and order in the city. Many people live in cities because it is easy for them to find and do the things they want there. A city usually has a "city centre" where government and business take place, and places called suburbs where people live around the outside of the centre.
What makes a city?
There is no rule that is used all over the world to decide why some places are called "city" and other places are called "town".
In American English, people often call all places cities. (See below: Size of cities)
Size of cities.
The sizes of cities can be very different. This depends on the type of city it is. Cities that were built hundreds of years ago and which have not changed much, are very much smaller than modern cities. There are two main reasons. One is because old cities often have a city wall, and most of the city is inside it. Another important reason is because the streets in old cities are often narrow. If the city got too big, it was hard for a cart carrying food to get to the market place. People in cities need food, and the food always has to come from outside the city. Cities that were on a river like London could grow much bigger than cities that were on a mountain like Siena in Italy, because the river made a transport route for carrying food and other goods, as well as for transporting people. London has been changing continually for hundreds of years, while Siena, which was a very important city in the 1300s has changed very little in 700 years. Modern cities with modern transport systems can grow very large, because the streets are wide enough for cars, buses and trucks, and there are often railway lines as well.
In the US, the word city is often used for towns that are not very big. When the first European people went to America, they gave the name "city" to new places. They hoped the places would be great cities in the future. For example, Salt Lake City was the name given to a village of 148 people. When they started building the town they made street plans and called it Great Salt Lake City (for the nearby Great Salt Lake). Now, 150 years later, it really is a big city.
In modern times many cities have grown bigger and bigger. The whole area is often called a "metropolis" and can sometimes includes several small ancient towns and villages. The "metropolis" of London includes the City of London, the City of Westminster and many old villages such as Notting Hill, Southwark, Richmond and Greenwich. The part that is officially known as the "City of London" only takes up one square mile. (See the picture) The rest is known as "Greater London". Many other cities have grown in the same way.
These giant cities can be exciting places to live, and many people can find good jobs there, but modern cities also have many problems. Many people cannot find jobs in the cities and have to get money by begging or by crime. Cars, factories, and garbage create a lot of pollution that makes people sick.
History.
The first cities were made in ancient times, as soon as people began to create civilization. Famous ancient cities which fell to ruins included Babylon, Troy, Mycenae and Mohenjo Daro.
Benares in northern India is one among the ancient cities which has a history of more 3000 years. Other cities that have existed since ancient times are Athens in Greece, Rome and Volterra in Italy, Alexandria in Egypt and York in England.
In Europe, in the Middle Ages, being a city was a special privilege, granted by nobility. Cities that fall into this category, usually had (or still have) city walls. The people who lived in the city were privileged over those who did not. Medieval cities that still have walls include Carcassonne in France, Toledo in Spain and Canterbury in England.
In the United Kingdom, a city is a town which people have always called a city, or which has got the name "city" status by royal charter (a special paper from the king or queen). Cities usually get this because they have a special number of people or are important. In the past, cities got that name if they had a cathedral or a university. Some cathedral cities, for example St David's, are small, and people do not normally think of them as cities. Cities that became cities because of their university generally grow because more people move there to be educated at the university colleges. The university cities of Oxford and Cambridge are famous throughout the world.
In modern Europe, any town with at least 10,000 people in it can call itself city. Many cities that have their status from the Middle Ages are actually smaller than 10,000 people.

Cook
To cook food is to make it ready to eat by heating it. People can cook food with fire using wood or charcoal, with a stove that uses propane or natural gas, or with a stove that uses electricity. An oven is a part of a stove that is like a box. People also build ovens out of clay or bricks.
There are several different ways to cook food. We boil food by cooking it in water. We fry food by cooking it in hot butter or vegetable oil. We bake food by keeping it hot in an oven.
We roast or grill food by holding it over a hot fire.
People often cook meat by boiling or roasting it. People bake bread. Some breads are fried.
Usually we cook the food in some kind of pot or pan. But people sometimes cook food by putting it directly into the fire, by wrapping the food in leaves before they put it into the fire, or holding it over a fire with a stick.
Before foods are cooked, we say they are raw. Some foods are good to eat raw. Other foods are not good for the body when they are raw, so they must be cooked. Some foods are good to eat either raw or cooked.
A person whose job it is to cook food may be called a cook or a chef. But the word cooker means a machine or tool that a cook might use to cook food, such as a "rice cooker."
To many people, cooking is an art. To many other people, it is a job.
Cooking as an art is preparing the food so it tastes and looks really good.
Economy.
There is a large economy for cooking in the world. Restaurants hire skilled cooks for large amounts of money and customers pay for expensive meals.

Chat
To chat is to talk about ordinary things that are not very important. You can chat to one person or to many people. People also use this word now for parts of the Internet where we can talk with many different people at the same time. Usually, you chat on the Internet in a chat room or messaging service like AOL Instant Messenger (AIM), Yahoo Messenger Windows Live Messenger or Tencent QQ. There are also programs which which let you use different messaging services from one program, such as Pidgin.

Cup
Some are expensive, maybe old, mostly painted by hand; a few people collect such cups, and do not use them.
A cup is also a unit of liquid measurement in some countries.
A cup can also be an award.

Crime
A crime is when a person does something that is against the laws of a country. A person who does this is called a criminal.
The basic idea of what things are called crimes is that they are thought to be things that might cause a problem for another person. Things like killing another person, injuring another person, or stealing from another person are crimes in most countries.
But different countries have many different ideas of what things are crimes. Some things that are crimes in one country are not crimes in other countries. Many countries get their ideas of what things are crimes from religions.
In many countries, if people say they made or wrote a book, movie, song, or Web page that they didn't really write or make, it is a crime against the laws of copyright. In many countries, helping to grow, make, move, or sell illegal drugs is a crime.
In most countries, police try to stop crimes and to find criminals. When the police find someone who they think might be a criminal, they usually hold the person in a jail. Then, usually, a court or a judge decides if the person really did a crime. If the court or judge decides that the person really did it, then he or she might have to pay a fine or go to prison. Sometimes the judge might decide that the criminal should be executed (killed). This is called Capital punishment (or the "Death Penalty"). There are countries in the world who execute criminals, and others who do not.
When some criminals make money from crime, they try to stop the police finding out where the money came from by money laundering.

Time Cube
Time Cube is a website created by Gene Ray. On that website, Dr. Ray explains his "Time Cube" theory, which describes the planet Earth as having a cubic symmetry, and time as rotating four "corners". Many scientists reject these ideas, saying that they make no sense and cannot be tested.
The Time Cube website is written in an angry and hateful voice. On his site, Ray says that anyone who does not believe in Time Cube is "stupid and evil". Some of the comments are racist, especially against black people and Jews. There are also many comments against gay people. Many people find the site to be difficult to understand.
Ray has spoken about Time Cube at two universities in the United States, MIT and Georgia Tech. At MIT, a dean tried to cancel the lecture before it had taken place. Ray sees this as proof of a conspiracy to keep information about Time Cube hidden.

Census of Marine Life
The Census of Marine Life is a ten year survey of life in the oceans, starting in 2000. Its head is Ron O'Dor of Dalhousie University in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. It uses data from researchers all over the world. More than 70 nations are involved and over a billion US dollars will be spent on it.
It is a major work of marine ecology.
It is trying to do what the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) and National Geographic Society did for terrestrial ecoregions - say exactly what is alive on the planet.
In this case, in the seas.

Maize
Maize (called corn is some countries) is a member of the grass family "Poaceae". It is a cereal grain that was first grown by people in ancient Central America. It is now the third most important cereal crop in the world. It is used as a food staple by many people in Mexico, Central and South America and parts of Africa. In Europe and the rest of North America, maize is grown mostly for use as animal feed. In Canada and the United States, maize is commonly referred to as "corn."

Civics
Civics is the study of government. Since a city has the most unsimple government problems, the word for this study is like that for city.

Calculus
Calculus is the part of mathematics which looks at things that change over time. It tries to say what type of change it is and how big it is using functions at the exact moment at which the change is taking place. There are two different types of calculus. Differential calculus divides things into small pieces and tells us how they change from one moment to the next, while integral calculus joins the small pieces together and tells us how much of something is made by a change. It is used in a lot of different fields such as physics, astronomy, biology, engineering, economics, medicine and sociology.
History.
In the 1670s and 1680s, Sir Isaac Newton in England and Gottfried Leibniz in Germany developed calculus at the same time, working separately from each other. Newton wanted to design a system to predict the positions of the planets in the sky, because astronomy has always been a popular and useful form of science, and knowing more about the motions of the objects in the night sky was important for navigation of ships. Leibniz wanted to work out the area under a curve (a line which is not straight). Many years later, the two men argued over who discovered it first. Scientists from England supported Newton, but scientists from continental Europe supported Leibniz. Most mathematicians today, however, agree that both men share the credit equally. Some parts of modern calculus come from Newton, such as its uses in physics. Other parts come from Leibniz, such as the symbols used to write it.
They were not the first people to use mathematics to describe the physical world—Aristotle and Pythagoras came earlier, as did Galileo who said that mathematics was the language of science. But they were the first to design a system that describes how things change over time and can predict how they will change in the future.
The name "calculus" was the Latin word for a small stone the ancient Romans used in counting and gambling. The English word "calculate" comes from the same Latin word.
Differential calculus.
Differential calculus is the process of finding out the rate of change of a variable compared to another variable. It can be used to find the speed of a moving object, the slope of a curve, figuring out the maximum or minimum points of a curve or to find answers to problems in the electricity and magnetism areas of physics, and many other uses.
Many amounts can be variables, which can change their value unlike numbers such as 5 or 200. Some examples of variables are distance and time. The speed of an object is how far it travels in a particular time. So if a town is 80 kilometres (50 miles) away and a person in a car gets there in one hour, they have travelled at an average speed of 80 kilometres (50 miles) per hour. But this is only an average—they may have been travelling faster at some times (on a highway) and slower at others (at a traffic light or on a small street where people live). Imagine a driver trying to figure out a car's speed using only its odometer (distance meter) and clock, without a speedometer!
Until calculus was invented, the only way to work this out was to cut the time into smaller and smaller pieces, so the average speed over the smaller time would get closer and closer to the actual speed at a point in time. This was a very long and hard process and had to be done each time people wanted to work something out.
A very similar problem is to find the slope (how steep it is) at any point on a curve. The slope of a "straight" line is easy to work out—it is simply how much it goes up ("y" or vertical) divided by how much it goes across ("x" or horizontal). On a "curve", though, the slope is a variable (has different values at different points) because the line bends. But if the curve was to be cut into very, very small pieces, the curve at the point would look almost like a very short straight line. So to work out its slope, a straight line can be drawn through the point with the same slope as the curve at that point. If it is done exactly right, the straight line will have the same slope as the curve, and is called a tangent. But there is no way to know (without very complicated mathematics) whether the tangent is exactly right, and our eyes are not accurate enough to be certain whether it is exact or simply very close.
What Newton and Leibniz found was a way to work out the slope (or the speed in the distance example) exactly using simple and logical rules. They divided the curve into an infinite number of very small pieces. They then chose points on either side of the point they were interested in and worked out tangents at each. As the points moved closer together towards the point they were interested in, the slope "approached" a particular value as the tangents approached the real slope of the curve. They said that this particular value it approached was the actual slope.
Let's say we have a function "y" = f("x"). f is short for function, so this equation means "y is a function of x". This tells us that how high y is on the vertical axis depends on what x (the horizontal axis) is at that time. For example with the equation "y" = "x"², we know that if "x" is 1, then "y" will be 1; if "x" is 3, then "y" will be 9; if "x" is 20, then "y" will be 400.
formula_1
If we use y = x², the derivative produced using this method is 2"x", or 2 multiplied by "x". So we know without having to draw any tangent lines that at any point on the curve "f(x)" = "x"², the derivative "f'(x)" (marked with an apostrophe) will be 2"x" at any point. This process of working out a slope using limits is called differentiation, or finding the derivative.
formula_2
Mathematicians have grown this basic theory to make simple algebra rules which can be used to find the derivative of almost any function.
Main idea of calculus.
The main idea in calculus is called the "Fundamental Theorem of Calculus". This main idea is that the two calculus processes, differential and integral calculus, are opposites. That is, a person can use differential calculus to undo an integral calculus process. Also, a person can use integral calculus to undo a differential calculus method, just like if you add a number to another number you can 'undo' it by taking away that number.
How to use integral calculus to find areas.
The method integral calculus uses to find areas of shapes is to break the shape up into many small boxes, and add up the area of each of the boxes. This gives an approximation to the area. If the boxes are made narrower and narrower, then there are more and more of them, and the area of all the boxes becomes very close to the area of the shape. One of the main ideas of calculus is that we can imagine having an infinite number of these boxes, each infinitely narrow, and then we would have the exact area of the shape.
Other uses of calculus.
Calculus is used to describe things that change such as Nature.
Calculus can be used to show how waves move. Waves are very important in the natural world. For example, sound and light can be thought of as waves.
Calculus can be used to show how heat moves.
Calculus can be used to show how very small things like atoms act.
Calculus can be used to learn how fast something will fall.
Calculus can be used to learn the path of the moon as it moves around the earth. Calculus can be used to find the path of the earth as it moves around the sun.

Coin
A coin is normally a round piece of metal that is used as currency. Coins have been made for about 2600 years; the first place to make coins was Lydia (modern Turkey).
Appearance.
Many coins have complex decorations; one side often has the picture of a head on it. Most people use coins as currency.
Uses.
The different decorations on each side of a coin might be used to decide things randomly. This is called "tossing a coin". A person can throw the coin into the air and catch it. You then look at which picture is facing up. If the head is facing up it is called "heads", if the other picture is facing up it is called "tails". Before tossing the coin someone has to decide what each picture means.
Gambling.
Tossing a coin can be a type of gambling, which is illegal (against the law) in some countries, but it depends, of course, if something is gambled upon with a price someone risks or if it's just merely to decide something, so it's hard to take a real gamble with coins.
Other views.
Some people see coins as a sign as greed, such as some Communists and Puritans, who sometimes condemn over-hoarding of coins, and ascetics, who often keep little in the ways of money (coins), leading a "poor"-lifestyle.
Collecting.
Because coins have been made for a very long time, some people collect old coins. They are much cheaper than other old things, especially if they are made of cheap metals like copper. Older coins normally cost more than newer ones, but rarity matters more-some coins from the 1920s cost vast sums, while some Roman coins cost very little.

Conceptual metaphor
A conceptual metaphor is a metaphor that is used very often without being stated clearly. It is often implied in many idioms. Usually a conceptual metaphor can be restated more clearly using the word "as" or making several more specific comparisons using the word "like" - both are called similes.

Crust
The crust of a piece of bread is the edge where it is harder and darker.

Comedy
A comedy is a kind of play (acting in a theater), television show or a movie that is funny, silly, or that makes people laugh. Comedies may also show people telling jokes and funny stories. People who are known for acting in comedies are comedians.
History.
Comedy plays have been around for thousands of years. The ancient Greeks had comedy plays. Many comedy plays were written in the 1500s by the British writer William Shakespeare.
Shakespeare's comedy plays include:" All’s Well That Ends Well, The Comedy of Errors, A Midsummer Nights Dream", and "Twelfth Night".
Sandre Comedy.
There are different types of comedy. One type of comedy is called "slap stick comedy." In "slap stick comedy," people just do silly things such as tripping, falling over or embarrassing themselves just to make people laugh. Slap stick comedy can be used in comedy movies or comedy television shows.
Slap stick comedy was used a lot in silent (no sound) movies from the 1920s. A comedian who acted in the silent movies who used a lot of slapstick comedy was Charlie Chaplin. In the 1950s and 1960s, the comedian Jerry Lewis also used silly slap stick comedy in his comedy movies.
Stand-up comedy.
Another type of comedy is "stand-up comedy." In "stand-up comedy", a comedian (person who tries to make people laugh) stands up in front of a crowd and tells jokes and silly stories. Some comedians, such as Jerry Seinfeld, work as stand-up comedians as a job (way to make money). Other comedians do stand-up comedy in nightclubs (bars where adults drink alcohol and relax) as a hobby (activity that a person does for fun).
Comedy movies.
Comedy movies are very popular type of movie. Some comedy movies have "slapstick comedy," in which people just do silly things such as tripping, falling over or embarrassing themselves just to make people laugh. Other comedy movies show funny stories or situations in which people are behaving in a silly manner. Some comedies make the audience laugh by showing strange or unusual images or situations that do not make sense.
Different types of comedy movies.
Some types of comedy movies mix comedy with other types of movies. *There is a type of movie called a dramedy, which is a mix of a drama movie and a comedy movie.
Comedy television shows.
Comedy shows are very popular on television. Comedy shows on television are often called "sitcoms." The word "sitcom" is a shortened way of saying "situational comedy." Television situational comedies usually show characters who do silly or funny things which make the audience laugh.

Comet
A comet is a ball of mostly ice that moves around in outer space. It is similar to an asteroid. In Earth's solar system, the orbits of comets go farther than Pluto, a dwarf planet that used to be the farthest planet from the Sun. Most are very far away from the Sun, but some come near enough to Earth for us to see at night. They have long "tails", because the Sun melts the ice. Sometimes people call them "dirty snowballs" or "shooting stars".
The hard centre of the comet is the "nucleus". It is one of the blackest things in the solar system. When light shone on Comet Halley's nucleus, only 4% of the light shone back to us.
"Periodic" comets visit again and again. "Non-periodic" or "single-apparition" comets visit only once.
People have seen some comets when they broke into pieces: Comet Biela was one example. Another comet was seen when it hit a planet: Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 hit Jupiter in 1994. Some comets orbit (go around) together in groups. Astronomers think these comets are broken pieces that used to be one object.
History of comets.
In old times, people used to be scared of comets. They didn't know what they were, or where they came from. Some thought that they were fireballs sent from demons or gods to destroy the earth. They said that each time a comet appeared, it would bring bad luck with it. Whenever a comet appeared, a king would die. One of these examples is shown in the Bayeux Tapestry, when Halley's Comet returned. Comets were also known to end wars and thought to bring famine.
It was not until the Renaissance when scientists started to look at comets with less superstition and base their observations on science. Tycho Brahe reasoned that comets did not come from the earth, and his calculations showed that comets must be six times further than the earth is from the moon.
Edmond Halley (whom Halley's Comet is named after) reasoned that comets are periodic, that is, they appear once every several hundreds of years. This led to the first prediction of a comet's return, Halley's Comet. In honor of this prediction, Halley's Comet was named.
Issac Newton also studied comets, but he thought that comets were do to "vapours rising from the soil". In other words, he thought that gasses came up from the ground to form comets. Newton later said that comets make U-turns around the sun. He asked Edmond Halley to publish the research in his book "Philosophiae Natrualis Principia Mathematica". Before Newton said this, people believed that comets go in to the sun, then another comes out from behind the sun.
All this new information and research gave people confidence, but some still thought that comets were messengers from the gods. One 18th century vision said that comets were the places that hell was, where souls would ride, being burned up by the heat of the sun and frozen by the cold of space.
Although today we know a lot about comets, there will always be people who will be afraid when a comet returns.

Cytology
Cytology is the study of the cells, the small parts that make up all living things, and their effects on each other and their environment.

Christian
A Christian is a person who believes in Christianity, a monotheistic religion. Christianity is mostly about the life and teachings of Jesus Christ, in the New Testament and interpreted of prophesied in the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament.
They are asked in the bible to follow commandments such as "Do not murder" and "honor your parents" and "do not steal"
Some Christians go to church, it is believed to be important for the religion, but someone can be christian without a church. It is said all Christians are part of the church of christ wether or not they actually go to one

Cheese
Cheese is a solid food made from milk. It can be soft or firm. It is made by removing water from milk. People may store cheese in a refrigerator, to make sure it does not go bad. Its color varies, most commonly pictured as yellow.
Cheese is rich in proteins and fats. It also contains vitamin A, calcium and phosphorus.
How it is made.
Cheese is usually made using milk. Cheese makers usually cook the milk in a large pots and add salt and a substance from the stomach of young cows called rennet. This curdles the cheese, it makes it solid. There are special pots for making cheese. Often, these pots are called "vats". Some makers do not add rennet and curdle it in other ways. One way which factories use is using bacteria. Other ingredients are added and the cheese is usually aged for a short time.

Constitution
The constitution of a country (or a state) is a special type of law that tells how its government is supposed to work. It tells how the country's leaders are to be chosen and how long they get to stay in office, how new laws are made and old laws are to be changed or removed, what kind of people are eligible to vote and what other rights they are guaranteed, and how the constitution can be changed.
Limits are put on the Government in how much power they have within the Constitution "(see Rule of Law)". On the other hand, countries with repressive or corrupt governments frequently do not stick to their constitutions, or have bad constitutions. This can be known as dictatorship or simply "bending the rules". A Constitution is often a way of a uniting within a Federation.
Scholars don't agree whether the UK has a Constitution or not. There is a debate because the UK has parts of its Constitution codified (written) and uncodified (not written). If the constitution is uncodified, then sources for the agreement are still accessible, they are just written in different various political books or tradition, instead of written all in one place like a codified Constitution.
History.
The Magna Carta of England, written in 1215, was an early type of constitution.
The first modern constitution in the world was that of the United States in 1787, but some Native American tribes had similar charters before that.
The U.S. has one of the oldest constitutions that people are still using, and it has been changed (amended) many times over the years. It was made after the colonists won their independence from Britain. At first they had the Articles of Confederation but the Articles seemed too weak so they were replaced with today's Constitution...

Circle
A circle is a round two-dimensional shape, such as the letter "o".
The centre of a circle is the point in the very middle.
The radius of a circle is a line from the centre of the circle to a point on the side.
All points on the circle are at the same distance from the centre. In other words, the radius is the same length all the way around the circle. Mathematicians use the letter "r" for the length of a circle's radius.
The diameter (meaning "all the way across") of a circle is a straight line that goes from one side to the opposite and right through the centre. Mathematicians use the letter "d" for the length of this line.
The diameter of a circle is equal to twice its radius ("d" equals 2 times "r").
The circumference (meaning "all the way around") of a circle is line that goes around the circle. Mathematicians use the letter "c" for the length of this line.
The number "π" (written as the Greek letter "pi") is a very useful number. It is the length of the circumference divided by the length of the diameter ("π" equals "c" divided by "d"). The number π is equal to about or 3.14159.
The area, "a", inside a circle is equal to the radius multiplied by itself, then multiplied by π ("a" equals π times ("r" times "r")).
Calculating π.
π can be empirically measured by drawing a large circle, then measuring its diameter and circumference, since the circumference of a circle is always π times its diameter.

Capitalization
Capitalise (British spelling) or capitalize (North American spelling) means to make one or more characters upper case. The first letter of a sentence is capitalised in many languages, as are the first letters of proper nouns such as names of people and places. In German, however, all nouns are capitalized. It is the only language to do that.
The homonym capitalize is a different word, and means "to fully fund as an investment".

Cuba
Cuba is a country in the Caribbean sea. The country is made up of one big island and many smaller islands. It is near the United States, Mexico, Haiti, Jamaica and the Bahamas. People from Cuba are called Cubans, and they speak Spanish. Cuba has a warm climate, but has many hurricanes every year. The capital city of Cuba is Havana. In Spanish, the capital is called "La Habana".
Culture.
Cuba is famous for its many types of music, especially dance music such as Salsa and Mambo. Because Cubans come from Spain, Africa, South America and North America, Cuban music is special and different.
Early history.
Before Cuba was conquered by the Spaniards, three tribes lived on the island were the Taínos, the Ciboneys, and the Guanajatabeyes. The Taínos were the largest and most common of the three tribes. They farmed crops such as beans, corn, squash, and yams. The Taínos also slept in hammocks which the Spaniards would introduce to the rest of the world. Then, in 1492, Christopher Columbus arrived in Cuba on his first trip to the Americas. Three years later he claimed the islands for the Spanish. The Spanish began to rule Cuba afterwards. The Spanish brought thousands of slaves from Africa to Cuba to work for them. Most of the native Cubans died because of the new diseases brought by the Spanish and Africans. The Spanish also treated the native Cubans very cruelly and massacred many of them.
The Spanish ruled for many years. Cuba became the most important producer of sugar. In the 19th century, Cubans rebelled against the Spanish rulers, but failed until 1898, when the United States went to war with the Spanish and defeated them. Cuba became American for four years afterwards, before it became an independent republic in 1902. Even though Cuba was independent, the Americans still controlled the island by a law called the Platt Amendment. In 1933 the Cubans stopped the Platt Amendment, but the Americans still had a big say in Cuban politics. Americans owned most of Cuba’s businesses. The Americans supported the leader Fulgencio Batista, who was seen by many Cubans as corrupt.
Cuban revolution.
In 1959, Fidel Castro led a revolution against Fulgencio Batista. Castro took power of Cuba with Che Guevara from Argentina, his brother Raul, and others who fought against Batista. Castro made many changes to Cuba and ended American ownership of Cuban businesses. This made Castro unpopular in America and the United States banned all contact with Cuba. Many Cubans also went to America because of this. In 1961 the Americans helped some of these Cubans to attack Cuba and remove Castro, but they failed. Castro then asked the Soviet Union to help defend them from the Americans, which they did. The Soviet Union put nuclear weapons in Cuba and aimed them at America. American President Kennedy demanded that they be removed or a new war would begin. This was known as the "Cuban Missile Crisis". The Soviet Union then removed the missiles.
Cuba became a communist led country like the Soviet Union after this. The Soviet Union bought most of Cuba’s sugar for expensive prices. Cuba spent this money on health, education and the army. This made Cuba’s schools and hospitals some of the best in the world, and the army fought in Africa to support black Africans against the white South African army. Cuba also supported groups in South America fighting against the dictators of those countries.
However, the Cuban government began to control most of life in Cuba under the communist system. Disagreeing with the Cuban government and Fidel Castro in public was not allowed. Some Cubans did not like this and tried to leave Cuba. Most Cubans who left went to America. Some Cubans who did not like the government and stayed were put in jail. Many groups from around the world protested against Cuba because of this, and demanded that Fidel Castro give up power.
In 1991, the Soviet Union collapsed. This meant that Cuba, which had sold most of its products to the Soviet Union, had no money coming into the country. The Americans made the restrictions against contact with Cuba tighter. America said the restrictions on contact would continue unless Fidel Castro gave up power. Cuba became very poor in the 1990s. This became known in Cuba as “The Special Period”. Because of the disaster, Cuba changed to allow less control by the government, more discussion amongst the people, and private shops and businesses. Cuba also tried to get tourists to visit the island.
In the 2000s, tourism to Cuba began to make money for the island again. Though Fidel Castro had remained in power, he had passed all duties to his brother Raul after an illness. Fidel Castro is 80 years old and was one of the longest serving heads of state. In 2008, Raúl Castro became the official president of Cuba.

Cube
A cube is a block with all right angles and whose height, width and depth are all the same.
A cube is one of the simplest mathematical shapes in space. Something that is shaped like a cube is sometimes referred to as "cubic".
Relative 2-dimensional shape.
The 2-dimensional shape (like a circle, square, triangle, etc) that a cube is made of is squares. The sides (faces) of a cube are squares. The edges are straight lines. The corners (vertices) are at right angles. A cube has 8 corners, 12 edges and 6 sides.

Cost of living
Cost of Living is the amount of money it costs just to live in a certain place. It includes food, housing, etc.
"Cost of Living" is also an episode from "Star Trek: The Next Generation". It has a "fantasy land" in it.

December
December is the twelfth and last month of the year, with 31 days. From the Latin "decem" for "ten" (it was the tenth month of the year, before January and February were added).
December begins on the same day of the week as September every year.
December's flower is the Narcissus with its birthstone being the Turquoise. The meaning of the Turquoise is Prosperity.
some of the holidays celebrated in December are,Christmas,
New year's eve,

Dublin
Dublin is the capital city of the Republic of Ireland. The Greater Dublin Area has a population of over 1.6 million people. Dublin is also the biggest city on the island of Ireland.
Dublin was built by the Vikings and is built upon the river Liffey.
Many famous writers lived in Dublin. Oscar Wilde and George Bernard Shaw were born in Dublin. James Joyce is probably Dublin's best known and most international writer.

Dance
Dance is when people move their body to music. There are many kinds of dance, like jazz, ballet, tap, waltz, hip hop,bollywood,irish and slow dancing and many many others
Dancing is done for fun. Dance is an art. Dance can be done by one person or two people or many people. Dancing is usually done while music is playing. Some people dance to express their feelings and emotions. Other people dance to feel better.
Someone who makes a dance, is called a choreographer or "dance writer".
History.
The first dance school was opened in 1661 in Paris, France. Only men were accepted until 1681. After 1681, women were accepted too. Ballroom dances are forms of modern dance. Ballroom dances such as the waltz are done with two people.
People who want to learn to dance can go to dance schools. Dance schools teach dance movements. It takes many years of practice to become an experienced and flexible dancer.
Dance can be used as a form of communication between humans or humans and animals, it is a way of becoming an object or it is musical, mythological or a funny piece of work. Classical ballet (say 'bal-ay'), tap, folk, dance gymnastics, figure skating and synchronised swimming are types of dance. 'Swan Lake' has been shown to the public using ballet.
To make (or choreograph) a dance, it is good to count the movement. Usually, two moves will last until the numbers '1, 2, 3, 4' or '1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8' or 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10.

Dissolution of the monasteries
The Dissolution of the monasteries was an event that happened from 1536 to 1540, when English King Henry VIII took away things that the Roman Catholic church owned.
This was also when Henry VIII made himself the new head of the Church of England.

Deadline
A deadline is a time by which some task must be completed.
Very often, it means a time limit that is set in place by an authority - for example, a teacher tells students that they must turn in their homework in by a certain time. This is so the teacher is able to report fairly to his or her principal that every student had the same chance to do the work.
Deadlines may also be set by a time horizon that comes from something that is not a human authority, but part of nature. For example, by sunset one must do those tasks requiring daylight. However, a human must watch the sun and decide what light is strong enough to still be daylight, so time limits will still be involved even if one observes a horizon and sets a deadline oneself.
A way to remember this is that a time horizon is like the physical horizon where sunset happens and a time limit is a thing people set up to deal with this. A deadline is a thing powerful people set up to ensure less powerful people comply with their way of doing things.

Dutton's Speedwords
Dutton Speedwords is an auxiliary language. It can be used by people who speak any other language. Auxiliary means it is a helper for other languages. It is not a whole language by itself. It is also a shorthand writing system – this means you can use it to write quickly.
The method was made up by Reginald John Garfield Dutton (1886-1970) in 1922. It was first published in 1935. It was called "International Symbolic Script". A year later, it was called "Speedwords". It was changed in 1946 and 1951.
It has two uses; to be a language and to be used for writing quickly. Dutton hoped that this would mean more people would learn it because they could use it for two reasons.
The books that Dutton wrote about Speedwords are not printed anymore. But Speedwords is now being used by more people because they find it is good for working online. For example, it makes it faster to type an email.
Another way of writing quickly is Pitman's shorthand. This uses special symbols instead of letters. Speedwords uses Roman letters. This makes it easier to learn. It also means it can be typed using a normal keyboard. Each word means only one thing. This means you do not need to use different forms of the same word.
The words used in Speedwords are the same as the words used in many other languages. The words are like short versions of the writer's own language.

Division
Division is an arithmetic operation used to find out how many times a number will go into another number. For example, two goes into nine, four and a half times. This can also be written down as 9 ÷ 2 = 4.5, or formula_1 or spoken verbally as "nine over two is four and a half." The numbers in the operation have special names: Dividend ÷ divisor = quotient.
Other meanings.
In a "business organization", a division is a unique group of people who are responsible for a particular product or function.
In "military doctrine", a division is a unique cohesive unit. In the United States a division totals about 10,000 to 12,000 soldiers or marines.

Devil
In some religions, a devil is a bad spirit that tries to create problems for people. Some people also use the words "the Devil" or "Satan" for the most powerful devil. The word "devil" comes from the Greek word "diabolos" which means "someone who tells lies to hurt you". ("Diabolos" is translated to the English word "slanderer.") The Christian New Testament uses "diabolos" as a title for Satan, and so "The Devil" became another name for Satan in English.
In the Old Testament, there is the serpent and the shaitan, who may be two different characters. "Shaitan" in Hebrew means "adversary" - an enemy or opponent.

Diarrhea
Diarrhea (say "dy-a-re-ya"), also spelled diarrhoea, is feces that are runny or liquid. In a baby it is the most common symptom of malnutrition. This means not eating enough, or well enough.
There are many other diseases that cause it. Most are temporary and related to diet - the food you eat. Food safety and hand washing can cut the risk of getting diarrhea. Some causes other than disease are stress and drinking too much alcohol.
In developing nations, malnutrition is a common cause of child death. Diarrhea is often treated with aspirin or glucose - these reduce pain and may stop some symptoms for a while. However, if the root cause is malnutrition, it will not save the child's life. Spending money on rehydrating salts, clean water, and more food is wiser, as the first step.
The opposite of diarrhea, firm feces are a sign of good digestive health. Many people adopt vegetarian diets with high dietary fibre to prevent diarrhea and other digestive problems.

Dimension
A dimension is a measure of the size of something.
For example, the three dimensions that give the size of an object in the world are
Dimensions can be used to measure position too. The distance to a position from a starting place can be measured in the length, width and height directions. These distances are a measure of the position.
Sometimes a fourth dimension, time, is used to show the position of an event in time and space.
Other Dimensions.
In modern science, people use other dimensions.
Dimensions like temperature and weight can be used to show the position of something in less simple spaces.
Dimensions in mathematics.
Mathematicians also use dimensions. In mathematics, dimensions are more general. Dimensions in mathematics might not measure things in the world. The rules for doing arithmetic with dimensions in mathematics might be different than usual arithmetic rules.
Dimensions and vectors.
Vectors are used to show distances and directions. Vectors are often used in engineering and science, and sometimes in mathematics.
A vector is a list of numbers. There is one number for each dimension. There are arithmetic rules for vectors.

Distance
Distance is how far one thing is from another thing. Distance is a measure of the space between two things.
Displacement.
Distance is different from displacement. Displacement is the difference between a starting point and a finishing point.
Example of Displacement.
A and B are 1 metre apart. Tom walks from A to B. Then Tom walks from B back to A. The distance Tom walked is 2 metres. Tom's displacement is 0 metres, because Tom started at A and finished at A.

Dictionary
A dictionary is a book which explains the meanings of words. The words are arranged in alphabetical order so that they can be found quickly. The word “dictionary” comes from the Latin “diction” (“word”).
There are several types of dictionaries: dictionaries which explain words and how they are used, dictionaries which translate words from one language to another, dictionaries of biography which tell about famous people, technical dictionaries which explain the meanings of technical words or words connected to a particular subject (sometimes called a thesaurus). Some of these come close to being an encyclopedia, but an encyclopedia gives a lot of extra information about things (knowledge) and does not explain the use of the language.
Dictionaries which explain the meaning of words.
Dictionaries which explain what words mean will give a clear “definition” of the word (e.g. "hippopotamus": a hoofed mammal with thick skin, large mouth and short legs that lives in rivers and lakes of Africa.)
Good dictionaries will also give more information about the word. It will explain how it is pronounced. Usually the International Phonetic Alphabet is used for this. It will explain how the word is used. This is not a problem for a word like “hippopotamus”, but a word like “put” has so many different meanings that a large dictionary may have a whole page or more to explain how it can be used. It will also explain what language the word comes from (e.g. Greek “hippos” horse and “potamus” river).
A dictionary may also give the form of the word in different tenses, plural form etc.
Dictionaries which translate into foreign languages.
There are also dictionaries which translate words into foreign languages. Very often one volume (one book) will translate both ways, so half the book will be translating from English to Dutch and the other half from Dutch to English.
When using a dictionary to find out how to say something in another language one has to be careful to choose the right word. A word like “right” has two basic meanings in English: 1) “correct”, and 2) the opposite of “left”. Other languages are not like English: they will have different words for these different meanings. A word like “put” has many meanings. A good dictionary will have a large list of these meanings to help people find the word they want. In many languages, for example, the word “put” will be different according to whether something is being put onto something (e.g. a table) or into something (e.g. a cupboard).
Updating dictionaries.
Dictionaries need to be updated frequently because of the way language changes. New words are often brought into a language (e.g. lots of computer terms) or words change their meanings (e.g. “gay” or “cool”). The most famous English Dictionary is the Oxford English Dictionary (or OED). Words are always being added to the OED, they are never taken out even if they are obsolete (not used any more). The OED can be accessed online (with a subscription).

Definition
A definition is an exact word or phrase of the meaning, nature, or limits of something. A definition usually answers the question "what". "Defining" means giving a definition. Other words with this meaning are "description" and "explanation".
In mathematics, a definition is an exact way of saying what something is. It might not be the easiest way to say what it is, but it is used because it is exact. It can be used in a mathematical proof about the thing.

Denmark
Denmark is a country in northern Europe. 5,400,000 people live there. There are many islands, but there are no mountains. Denmark is on the North Sea.
Denmark is a kingdom. The capital of Denmark is Copenhagen.
In geography, "Denmark" is the land in northern Europe, where the Danes live. In the political sense, "Denmark" also includes the Faroe Islands in the Atlantic Ocean, and Greenland in North America. All three parts of the country have different languages and culture. In 2006 and 2007, surveys ranked Denmark as "the happiest place in the world," based on standards of health, welfare, and education.
Geography.
Denmark is the smallest of the Scandinavian countries. The neighbours are Germany (to the south), Sweden (to the east), Norway (to the north) and the United Kingdom (to the west). The country is surrounded by the sea except for Jutland, the largest part of Denmark. It is connected to Germany by land. To the south-east there is the Baltic Sea, to the west the North Sea, to the north the Skagerrak and to the north-east the Kattegat.
The western part of Denmark is the peninsula of Jutland (pronounced "yut-land"), bordering Germany. This is the only part of Denmark that is not an island. The rest of Denmark includes 76 islands people live on, and many tiny islands. To the east is the island of Bornholm in the Baltic Sea, the only place in Denmark where the bedrock can be seen.
The country is quite flat. There are many small hills, lakes, creeks, forests and farmland. And nobody lives more than 60 km from the coast.
Climate.
The weather in Denmark is quite windy and rainy. In the winter, it does not get very cold; in most years, there are only a few weeks of snow. Every ten years or so, the sea around the islands freezes over, but in most winters, it does not. The climate and topography are not good for winter sports.
Most summers are not very hot. People always dress to be ready for rain or wind. There are also very sunny times, but nobody can know ahead of time when these will be. The best time of the year for outdoor activities is the months of May and June until midsummer.
People.
The biggest part (91%) of Denmark's population of just under 5.5 million is of Danish descent. Of the rest 8.9% who are immigrants or descendent from recent immigrants, many come from South Asia or the Middle East. There are also small groups of Inuit from Greenland and Faroese.
Language.
The Danes speak Danish. Most Danes speak English, too. Many also speak German.
On the Faroe Islands, Faroese is spoken, and people living in Greenland speak Inuit. In the southern part of Jutland, a German minority speaks German.
The Danish language is much like Norwegian and Swedish.
Regions and municipalities.
Denmark is divided into five regions (Danish: "regioner", singular: "region"). The regions are "Hovedstaden", "Midtjylland", "Nordjylland", "Sjælland", "Syddanmark" and a total of 98 municipalities (Danish: "kommuner").
Traffic.
Because of the many islands, Denmark is a country of bridges. The main parts of the country, and most of the bigger islands, are connected by roads and railroads. One of the world's longest bridges connects the eastern and the western parts of the country, and there is a large bridge to Sweden also. There is still no bridge across the Baltic Sea to Germany, but it will most likely be built in a few years. The bridge to Sweden was expensive, took a long time to build, and required much planning by engineers.
There are still many islands with no bridges to the mainland. People have to go by boat or airplane to reach these islands. Many islands will never be reached by bridges, because they are too small or too far away. If the island has too few people, bridges are often not built because it is expensive to build. Somebody has to pay for it, nothing is free.
Culture.
The people of Denmark have always depended on the sea. In earlier days, people could not travel anywhere unless they went by boat. Many Danes were fishermen or merchants. Even today, many Danes spend much time near or at the sea.
Farming has always been one of the main occupations. Because of the climate and the soil, Denmark is a good place for agriculture. Export of food to the neighbouring countries is one of the most important sources of income for the country. Danish hams and cookies are exported throughout the world.
Many Danes have become famous around the world, such as the scientist Ole Rømer, who discovered the speed of light, the philosopher Søren Kierkegaard, the author Hans Christian Andersen, the physicist Niels Bohr, and Lars Ulrich from Metallica.
Danish food.
The cuisine of Denmark is like the other Nordic countries (Finland, Norway, Iceland, and Sweden), as well as that of northern Germany, consists mainly pork meat and fish. Traditional Danish food includes "frikadeller" (fried meatballs, often served with potatoes and various sorts of gravy). Fish is also widely eaten, especially on the west coast of Jutland.
Holidays.
Christmas is the main feast of the year. Christmas is celebrated on the eve, December 24.
In midwinter, a fast is celebrated. Children are dressed up, and go from house to house begging for candy. A barrel is smashed with clubs, and the person who hits the last stick is appointed king or queen of cats.
Midsummer is celebrated with a huge bonfire in the evening of June 23. Most Danes have a three week summer holiday in July og August.
Sports.
The most popular sport in Denmark is football (soccer). Sailing and other water sports are also very popular, the same are sports indoor like badminton, handball and many others.
King and Queen.
Denmark does not currently have a King. The Queen is Margrethe II. Her husband is called a prince because he is the son-in-law, not the son, of the previous King. The royal couple have two children.
In 2008 Prince Joachim have married for the second time. His new wife is from France and is called Marie.

Death
These are just some of the ways in which life forms die. Life forms which have died are normally described as being dead. Human death is very carefully tracked in case of a killing or something (like a disease) that may continue to kill other humans. Death is usually followed by rituals like the funeral, which have been developed by a religion or the state. When people talk about things or events that lead to the death of an organism, those things or events are usually described as being deadly, or fatal. In the case of diseases, "terminal" is also used quite often. There are many euphemisms for dying. A few examples are, "to pass away", "to go to a better place", and "to kick the bucket."
In ordinary life, death is when the heart stops beating and the lungs stop breathing for more than several minutes. There are special times in which people recover even though the heart has stopped for 30 minutes, such as near-drowning in very cold water. If machines are used to help the heart and lungs work, then the moment of death is more difficult to know.

Diesel-electric
A diesel-electric engine burns diesel or biodiesel fuel. However, rather than use this energy directly to run gears, it charges a battery which more efficiently turns wheels.
Some designs also store braking energy in a flywheel, which can also charge a battery. However, these make the engine even more complex, and add weight to the vehicle, so are more appropriate for city driving where service stations are always available and there is much stop and go driving.
Because they do not require any change or investment in stations nor much in vehicle design, diesel-electric vehicles are believed to be the most likely replacement for today's internal combustion engine. When properly tuned, they have low emissions and they use only about one-third of the fossil fuel of most gasoline engines powering similar vehicles.
Honda and Toyota are presently delivering consumer priced diesel-electric cars. By contrast, hydrogen infrastructure is thought to be decades off, and is not fully implemented even in Iceland where there is abundant free geothermal electricity.
Many activists feel that promoting hydrogen is a stall, a way to avoid forcing the shift to diesel-electric vehicles in the nearer term.

Embassy
A foreign embassy is the official office of one country in the capital of another country. It is where the ambassador (representative) of the home country works and it is where most of the communication (talk) between the two governments happens. Sometimes if a person lost his passport he/she can go to their own embassy.

Europe
Europe is a continent, the western part of Eurasia. It is separated from Asia by a traditional eastern boundary that includes the Ural Mountains in Russia and the Bosporus in Turkey, and from Africa by the Mediterranean Sea. The Atlantic Ocean is to the west of Europe. There are about 50 countries in Europe. The European Union is made up of some of the countries in Europe.
Origin of Name.
Europe is named after a person in Greek mythology called Europa. She was said to have been abducted to Crete by Zeus. The name later was used for Greece. Then as the rest of the area we call Europe started to have cities and empires the whole of the area West of the Urals got called this.
Climate.
In Europe there is different climate in different places like in the very north like Finland it stays snow in winter for 5-6 months and is -30 degrees celcius, however for instance in Spain it is warmer and hardly snows,except mountains.
European Union.
At this time, much of the continent shares some rulership in a body that is above any country, called the European Union.

Encyclopedia
An encyclopedia (or "encyclopædia", "cyclopædia") is a collection (usually a book) of information about things humans know.
Word origin.
The word "encyclopedia" is Latin and comes from Greek. The words "εγκύκλιος παιδεία", "enkyklios paideia" mean "in a circle of teaching". It is from "εγκύκλιος", "in a circle" from "κύκλος" "circle" and "παιδεία", meaning "teaching".
The word "εγκύκλιος" can also mean "general": perhaps the people who made the Latin name "encyclopedia" did not understand the Greek word well. Perhaps the name should mean "general teaching".
In Canada and the UK, and some other countries affected by the British Empire, encyclopedia is spelt mostly as "encyclopædia".
History.
People have made encyclopedias for hundreds of years, but the name "encyclopedia" is from the 16th century.
Types of encyclopedias.
There are different types of encyclopedia. Some are general and have pages on lots of topics. The English language "Encyclopædia Britannica" and German "Brockhaus" are general encyclopedias. Some are about specific topics. For example, there are encyclopedias of medicine or philosophy. There are also some encyclopedias that have lots of topics with one point of view or one cultural bias. The "Great Soviet Encyclopedia" is one of these.
Many dictionaries have a different sort of information as encyclopedias. Examples are the Dictionary of National Biography, the Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships, and Black's Law Dictionary.
There are two main ways of organizing encyclopedias: from A to Z (the alphabetical way) or by categories. Most encyclopedias go from A to Z.
There are also printed encyclopedias, and encyclopedias in the computer, such as Wikipedia, the largest computer encyclopedia.
Encyclopedias.
The largest encyclopedia is Wikipedia in English, which has more than 2 million articles now. The second largest, is the Encyclopaedia Britannica, which is the largest one that is printed. Stacy Schiff, a writer, says that Wikipedia is not as good as other encyclopedias because anyone can change it, so some people may write things that are wrong. Also, the way that Wikipedia works means that there is likely to be bias. On the other hand, Tyler Cowen, an Economist, says that other non-fiction writing may also have the same problems.

Earth science
Earth science is a term that refers to sciences related to the planet Earth. The four main earth sciences are geography, geology, geophysics and geodesy. Earth sciences use other sciences, including physics, chemistry, biology, chronology and mathematics, to build a quantitative understanding of the Earth.

Earth
orbit: 149,600,000 km (1.00 AU) from Sun
Earth is the third planet from the Sun. It is one of the four "terrestrial" planets in the Solar System meaning it has a mostly solid surface. The other three are Mercury, Venus and Mars. It is often called "The Earth", "Planet Earth", "the World" "Terra", and "home".
Earth is home to millions of species of plants and animals, including humans. Earth is the only place in the universe where life is known to exist. Science shows that the Earth formed around 4.5 billion years ago. The things that live on Earth have completely changed its air or atmosphere. This is called a biosphere.
About 71% of Earth's surface is covered in salt water oceans. Earth is the only place in the universe where liquid water is known to exist. The other 29% is made of rocky land in the shape of continents and islands. Earth interacts with other objects in the Solar System, specifically the Sun and the Moon.The Earth orbits or goes around the Sun roughly once every 365.25 days. One spin is called a "day" and one orbit around the Sun is called a year. This is why we have 365 days in year. Earth has only one moon, known as the Moon.
History.
Scientists think that the Earth and the other planets formed about 4.5 billion years ago. They were made of the leftover gas from the nebula that made the Sun. Some scientists think that the Moon might have been made when a small planet, sometimes called "Theia", crashed into Earth and bit broke off - making the Moon.
Condensing water vapour or steam, comets and asteroids hiting the Earth made the oceans. Within a billion years the first life evolved. Some life developed photosynthesis which lets plants make food from the Sun's light. This released a lot of oxygen into the atmosphere or air, making the Earth's surface suitable for life. This oxygen also formed the ozone layer which protects the Earth from bad ultraviolet radiation from the Sun. This protection made it possible for things to move from the deep ocean to the surface. This long ago almost all land was in one place, called a "supercontinent". The earliest known supercontinent was called "Rodina". Scientists think that soon after this there was a time when the Earth was almsot entirely covered by glaciers. This is called "Snowball Earth"
What it is made of.
Earth is terrestrial planet. This means it is made up of solid rock unlike a gas giant such as Jupiter. It is the largest out of the four terrestrial planets in mass and diameter. Earth also has the strongest gravitational and magnetic field.
Shape.
The Earth's shape is an oblate spheroid. This means it is basically a sphere but it bulges around the middle. The average width of the Earth is approx. 40,000 kilometres (40,030.229 kilometres) divided by pi. This is because originally one metre was defined as one 10,000,000th of the distance from the North pole to the equator, through Paris, France. The highest point on Earth is the peak of Mount Everest at 8,848 m above sea level. The lowest natural point is the bottom of the Mariana Trench at 10,911 metres below sea level. Becuase of the bulge at the middle or the equator, the farthest point from the Earth's centre is the top of Mount Chimborazo in Ecuador
Internal Structure.
Inside the Earth is similar to the other terrestrial planets. It has an outer, solid rock layer called the crust. Everything that lives on Earth is on top of the crust. Underneath that is a layer of thick, liquid rock called the mantle. Under that is a thin liquid layer called the outer core and then the solid iron inner core.
The thickness of the crust changes. On land the average is between 30-50 kilometres thick. Under the oceans in some places it is only 6 kilometres thick. The inside of the Earth is very hot, the outer core may be as much as 7000 degrees.
Tectonic Plates.
According to plate tectonics the Earth's crust basically "floats" on the thick liquid rock of the mantle below. The crust is split up into parts called "plates". These plates interact as they move about causing earthquakes and creating volcanoes and mountain ranges. The place where plates meet are called plate boundaries. There are three types of plate boundary: "constructive", "destructive" and "transform".
Surface.
The Earth changes greatly from place to place. Over 70% of the Earth surface is covered by water. The underwater surface has many of the same features as the above sea with volcanos, mountains and trenches or canyons. The 30% not covered by water is mostly forests, deserts, plains, mountains and plateaus. Human civilisation has led to increasing urbanisation - the growth of cities.
Hydrosphere.
All the water on Earth, on land or in the atmosphere, is part of the "hydrosphere". No other planet humans know of has a hydrosphere. About 97.5% of all water is salt water. About half the fresh water is currently ice.
The oceans absorb or soak up carbon dioxide, a gas that adds to the greenhouse effect and global warming.
Atmosphere.
A planet's atmosphere is a layer of different gases surrounding it. It is kept there by gravity. The Earth's atmosphere is made of roughly 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen and small amounts of other gases. This mixture is often called "air". Farther up there is a layer of ozone gas called the "Ozone layer". Ozone absorbs ultraviolet radiation from the Sun. Ultraviolet radiation is dangerous to people, so without the Ozone layer life wouldn't be possible. The atmosphere also protects the earth from crashes with meteors and small asteroids. This is because they burn up due to all the friction as they fly through it. It also helps to keep Earth warm. Some gases including carbon dioxide and methane act like a blanket around the Earth, they trap heat under them, keeping the Earth warm. This is called the "greenhouse effect" When humans build factories and power plants to make electricity we burn things. When we burn things it lets out a lot of carbon dioxide. This carbon dioxide goes up into the atmosphere and traps more heat. This is called "global warming". It might be very dangerous for life on Earth if this continues.
Weather, Climate and the water Cycle.
Hot air rises. As it rises it gets colder again and falls. This is called "convection currents" When hot air meets cold air different weather effects happen. "Convection currents" are the cause of almost all weather on Earth. When it gets hot on the surface water evaporates and becomes steam or water vapour. This hot water vapour rises. As it rises it gets colder. When gets cold enough it turns back into water again. This causes the clouds and rain. It is called the water cycle.
Orbit and Rotation.
The Earth takes about 24 hours to rotate or spin around once. This is called a day. Earth takes roughly 365 days to go around the Sun. This is called a year. The Earth is, on average, 150 million miles away from the Sun, and moving at a speed of 30 kilometers a second or 108,000 miles an hour.
The Moon orbits the Earth at an average distance of 250,000 miles. It is tidally locked to Earth, which means it always has the same side facing the Earth. It takes roughly one month to complete one orbit. Only six people in history have ever seen the other side of the Moon.
The Earth is part of the Solar System and orbits the sun along with thousands of small objects and eight planets. The Sun and therefore the Solar System are currently traveling through the Orion Arm of the Milky Way Galaxy and will be for the next 10,000 years or so.

Et cetera
Et cetera means "and the rest" in Latin. It is often used in English to continue a list that is longer than what can be normally written. People most often write "et cetera" as etc. Very rarely, it is also written "&c" because the ampersand, or the "&", is the same as "et". It is also the symbol for "and". Some people write it as "ect", but that is wrong.

Experiment
An experiment is a test of an idea invented by someone, usually a scientist. An experiment is used to test a theory--to see how well the real world matches the theory. Experiments have been used for many years to help people understand the world around them.
One important observation about experiments is that they can tell us if a theory is false. They cannot tell us if a theory is true. For example, if we invent a theory that says "All houses are made of wood", we cannot say that it is true because all the houses we have seen are made of wood. But, if we find a house that "is not" made of wood, we know that our theory is false.
Benjamin Franklin did a well known experiment by flying a kite during a thunderstorm. He did the experiment to see if lightning was made of electricity.
Experiments are not the same as faith (belief) or other ways to find truth because experiments must have proof. They begin by testing falsehood to find out truth.
"The universe does not tell us when we are right, only when we are wrong." - Karl Popper

Ethics
Ideas about ethics.
Some philosophers call ethics the "science of morality".
"Morality" is what someone thinks or feels is good or bad.
There are many different moralities, but they share some things.
For example most people think that murder (killing somebody) is wrong.
Some philosophers hope to find more things that moralities share.
They think that ethics should use the scientific method to study things that people think are good or bad.
Other philosophers think that ethics is separate from morality.
They do not think that ethics can be studied using the scientific method and they think it is closer to metaphysics.
Some of them think like platonists about what is good and bad.
Other philosophers believe that ethics is subjective.
This means that they think that what is right for me is whatever I say is right.
This means that ethics is just a person's own morality.
These philosophers do not think that ethics is the same for all people.
What is ethics used for?
Understanding ethics can help people decide what to do when they have choices. Many philosophers think that doing anything or making any choice is a part of ethics.
Along with Aesthetics ethics forms part of axiology the philosophy of what people like.

E Prime
E Prime (it means English Prime) is a way of speaking English without using the verb "to be" in any way ("be, is, am, are, was, were, been, and being"). Instead, an E Prime speaker or writer uses different verbs like "to become," "to remain," and "to equal" or they might choose to rearrange the sentence to show that the "thing" does not actually "act". For example, in E Prime, a writer would change the statement "Mistakes were made" to "Joe made mistakes." This change in wording reveals an actor (Joe) where the previous form concealed the actor. Users of E Prime would consider the changed sentence more accurate.
What E Prime is.
D. David Bourland, Jr. first suggested E Prime in 1965. Bourland had studied the discipline (way of thinking) of General Semantics. The main idea of General Semantics is that people can only know what they observe and experience when they see, hear, touch, taste, smell, think, and feel, and furthermore, that what they observe and experience can affect how they observe and experience in the future. Because each person has different experiences throughout their lives, they interpret their experiences differently.
1. That their experience of "softness" involves both the outside "object" called "cat" and the eyes, hands, brain and nervous system of the observer.
2. That someone else might experience different aspects of the cat.
3. That they themselves might experience something different at a different time or in different circumstances. (The cat might scratch them, or be wet or matted with dirt.)
What E Prime is not.
E Prime and General Semantics are not different languages or forms of English. Instead, they provide different ways of thinking and talking about the world.
Although languages like Arabic, Turkish, and Cantonese do not have a separate verb for "to be," they do have the idea of "being." For example, an English speaker might say "This apple is red." An Arabic speaker might say "This apple red." Most languages can be used to express the idea of a red apple. An E Prime user chooses to only say that "This apple looks red to me" to remind themselves that "seeing red" involves both the apple and the eye and brain of the person looking at the apple.
Many teachers of English encourage students to use verbs other than "to be." To them, using other, more active verbs makes writing clearer and more interesting. These teachers want to improve their students' writing and may not agree with the ideas of General Semantics or E Prime.

Einstein on the Beach
"Einstein on the Beach" is an opera written by the minimalist composer Philip Glass and theater director and designer Robert Wilson. It was first acted for an audience in Avignon, France in 1976. It is a single act opera, approximately five hours long with no intermission. Given the minimalist (repetitive) nature of the music, audience members are free to enter and leave the opera as they wish.

Ethnic group
An ethnic group is a group of people who are considered to be the same in some way. They may all have the same ancestors, speak the same language, or have the same religion.
Sometimes almost all of the people in one country are of the same ethnic group, but not always. Often one country may have several different ethnic groups, or the people of one ethnic group may live in several different countries.

Ebola
Ebola, pronounced E- Bo-la, is a "hemorrhagic fever" virus. (Hemorrhagic means causes very heavy bleeding.) It is a very deadly disease. 50-90% of people who get Ebola die. People who get infected with Ebola virus get the disease "Ebola hemorrhagic fever".
How people get Ebola.
In people, "transmission" (giving the virus to someone) happens because of touching fluids with the virus. People with Ebola hemorrhagic (bleeding) fever bleed very much. They have blood in diarrhea and vomit. They bleed from their noses, mouths, and genitals. These liquids are very infectious (they can make other people get the virus.)
Symptoms of Ebola.
When people get Ebola the first symptoms look like some other diseases. People get fever, feel very tired, have headache (pain in the head), pain in the stomach, pain in joints, and pain in the throat. Sometimes people think they have other diseases like malaria or typhoid fever.
Later, people get much more sick. They have very bad bleeding. They get shock: low blood pressure, fast pulse (heart rate), and low blood circulation to the body. This causes organs to get very sick. The organs stop working. This is called "organ failure". Then, even if they make it to a hospital, "most" die.
Ebola cannot be caught through the air.
Treatment of Ebola.
There is no special treatment for Ebola hemorrhagic fever. But if people get care from doctors and nurses more live. This is called supportive care. Supportive care can be fluids and blood given in people's veins. It can be medicines to make their blood pressure and blood circulation better.
When people in a place get Ebola, it is called an "outbreak". If doctors see an outbreak is happening, they try to stop it. They stop it by isolating people with infection. This means keeping the blood and fluids from people with Ebola from touching other people. Then other people do not get the virus.
When an outbreak happens, many people come to try and help stop it. The World Health Organization is the most important group that tries to stop Ebola outbreaks.
Scientists are trying to find a vaccine for Ebola.

Ecology
Ecology is the science that studies the interactions of organisms with their environment and with one another. It comes from the Greek words "oikos" (habitat) and "logos" (study). It deals with energy relationships and tracing them to our sun, the source of energy used in photosynthesis.
Ecology, biology and other Life Sciences overlap with zoology and geography, which describe the things that ecology tries to predict, and energy economics which describes mostly human food chains and trophic levels.
Terrestrial ecoregion and climate change research are two areas where ecologists (people studying ecology) now focus.
Ecology in politics.
Ecology starts many powerful philosophical and political movements - including the conservation movement, wellness movement, environmental movement, and ecology movement we know today. When these are combined with peace movements and the Six Principles, they are called green movements. In general, these put ecosystem health first on a list of human moral and political priorities, as the way to achieve better human health and social harmony, and better economics.
People with these beliefs are called political ecologists. Some have organized into the Green Parties, but there are actually political ecologists in most political parties. They very often use arguments from ecology to advance policy, especially forest policy and energy policy.
Also, ecology means that it is the branch of biology dealing with the relations and interactions between organisms and their environment, including other organisms.
Ecology includes economics.
Ecological economics and human development theory try to separate the economic questions from others, but it is difficult. Many people think economics is just part of ecology now, and that economics that ignores it is wrong. "Natural capital" is an example of one theory combining both.
Ecology mirrors anthropology.
Sometimes ecology is compared to anthropology, because both use a lot of methods to study one thing we cannot live without. Anthropology is about how our bodies and minds are affected by our environment, while ecology is about how our environment is affected by our bodies and minds. There is even a type of anthropology called ecological anthropology, which studies how people interact with the environment.
Antoine de Saint-Exupery stated: "The earth teaches us more about ourselves than all the books. Because it resists us. Man discovers himself when he measures himself against the obstacle."

Economics
Economics is the study of how people make choices to satisfy their wants.
There are three main ideas that are useful for understanding economics.
Three ideas.
Economics is a science that studies how people try to make use of the limited resources in the world to satisfy their wants. People's resources include their money, their free time, and their ability to work and make money. People have many wants for goods, such as the want for food, for houses to live in, and a new car to drive. However, there is only a limited amount of resources and goods available, which is called scarcity. For example, a person only has a limited amount of money and a limited amount of free time. This means that they have to make choices about how to spend these scarce resources on the different goods that they want.
The advantage, when people work together.
When people work together, there is an advantage for everybody. People concentrate on things they have very good skills off and produce especially theese goods (services). This principle can be used by countries and is an important argument for the free trade between economics.
The subjects and objects in economics.
The subjects of economic are households, business companies, the state and foreign countries. Households offer their production factors to the companies. This includes work, ground, capital (machines, buildings) and information. They get income whereof they buy and consume goods. Business companies produce and sell goods and buy production factors from the households and other companies. The state is divided in institutions and organisations. For example the United States of America consists of 50 states, where every state has his own area of responsibility. The state distributes the earnings from the business companies and households. These payments are called transfer payments. Public goods like streets or university education should be available for everyone. The last subject are foreign countries this includes all households, business companies und state institutions, which aren´t based in the mother land. They demand and supply goods from abroad.
The objects in the economic are consumer goods, capital goods and factors of production. Consumer goods are classified in usage goods for example toilet paper, in purpose goods for example a car and in services for example a cleaning lady. Capital goods are goods, which are necessary for producing other goods. Examples for these are buildings, equipment and machines. Factors of production are work, ground, capital, information and environment.
History.
Economists are strongly influenced by their times, for example, Karl Marx lived in a time where workers' conditions were very poor. John Maynard Keynes lived through the Great Depression of the 1930s. Today's economists can look back and understand why they made their judgements, and try to make better ones.
Branches of economics.
The two main branches of economics are microeconomics and macroeconomics. Microeconomics looks at the behavior of individuals, homes, businesses or even groups of these. Microeconomics looks at prices of things and of services. It wants to help people decide how to divide society's resources. To do this, microeconomics wants to understand how decisions are made and how these small decisions affect bigger things.
Macroeconomics looks at all the economy. It tries to explain the causes of numbers like national income, employment rates, and inflation. Connecting the two branches has been important and the general idea since the early 1980s. A good macroeconomic theory is based on microeconomics, meaning one can explain macroeconomic events using microeconomics for individuals.

Chemical element
A chemical element is a substance that cannot be divided into smaller chemical parts. The smallest particle of such an element is an atom. Atoms are made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
A pure element contains only one kind of atom. The number of protons in the atoms of an element is known as that element's atomic number. For example, all atoms with 6 protons in their nuclei are of the chemical element carbon, and all atoms with 92 protons in their nuclei are of the element uranium.
117 different chemical elements are known to modern chemistry. 90 of these elements can be found in nature, and the others can only be made in laboratories. The first man-made element was Technetium in 1937. All man-made elements are radioactive and unstable.
Chemical elements are commonly arranged in the periodic table.
Atoms of the same element, whose nuclei contain a different number of neutrons, are said to be different isotopes of the element.
Chemical elements are also given a unique "chemical symbol". Chemical symbols of elements come from their English or Latin names (For example, carbon has the chemical symbol 'C', and sodium has chemical symbol 'Na', after the Latin "natrium").
Elements can combine (react) to form pure compounds (such as water, salts, oxides, and organic compounds). In many cases, these compounds have a fixed composition and their own structure and properties.
Some elements, particularly metal elements mix together in any proportion to form new structures. Such new structures are not compounds. They are called mixtures.
Classification.
Elements can be classified based on physical states. At room temperature and pressure, most elements are solids, only 11 are gases and 2 are liquids.
Elements can also be classified into metals and non-metals. There are many more metals than non-metals.
However, a few elements have properties in between those of metals and non-metals. These elements are called semi-metals (or metalloids).

Egypt
Egypt is a country in northeast Africa. Its capital city is Cairo. Egypt is famous for its very old monuments, such as the Pyramids and the Sphinx.
Egypt has been an independent country since 1922. It is a member of the United Nations and the Arab League. It was a republic from 1952 after the revolution of 1952 by the leader Gamal Abd Alnaasar
Egypt is a large country, but a large portion of it is desert. Most people live in areas around the coast of the Mediterranean Sea and along the Nile River. This includes the cities of Alexandria, Aswan, and Port Said. Not many people live in the desert. Today, Egypt has about 70 million people.
Egypt is divided into 27 areas, called Governorates of Egypt. The Egyptian Parliament sits in Cairo and makes laws for the whole country. Today, the President is Hosni Mubarak.
Today, the people of Egypt are mostly Sunni Muslims. There are still some Christians in Egypt today. Many of these belong to the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria.
Many famous people are from Egypt. Some of these include Omar Sharif, who was an international actor, Boutros Boutros-Ghali, who was the first person from Africa to lead the United Nations, and four Nobel Prize winners: Anwar Sadat, who won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1978, Naguib Mahfouz, who won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1988, Ahmed Zewail, who won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1999, and Mohamed ElBaradei, who won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2005. Egypt's climate is very extreme. It is either very cold or very hot, depending on the time.

Everything2
Everything2 or E2 is a website. It lets people make pages about many different things, and some people use it as a diary.
E2 users create pages called "nodes" and add stuff in "writeups". Only logged-in users can create writeups. Only the person who created the writeup or someone who the website owners (called "gods") choose can edit the writeup. On the other hand, on Wikipedia, anyone can edit pages, but on Everything2 only those who can edit the writeup can edit pages.
Everything2 does not require a neutral point of view like Wikipedia does. So, it is possible to have more than one article (writeups) under the same title (node), each by different authors, and presenting different points of view.

Edit
To edit a document means to change the order of words or pictures, or add new words or pictures, usually so that the edited product better represents what the editor, the person doing the editing, meant to show.

Ecological yield
Ecological yield is the harvestable growth of an ecosystem. It is most commonly measured in forestry - in fact sustainable forestry is defined as that which does not harvest more wood in a year than has grown in that year, within a given patch of forest.
However, the concept is also applicable to water, and soil, and any other aspect of an ecosystem which can be both harvested and renewed - the so-called renewable resources. The carrying capacity of an ecosystem is reduced over time if more than the amount which is "renewed" (refreshed or regrown or rebuilt).
Nature's services analysis calculates the global yield of the Earth's biosphere to humans as a whole. This is said to be greater in size than the entire human economy. However, it is more than just yield, but also the natural processes that increase biodiversity and conserve habitat which result in the total value of these services. "Yield" of ecological commodities like wood or water, useful to humans, is only a part of it.
Very often an ecological yield in one place offsets an ecological load in another. Greenhouse gas released in one place, for instance, is fairly evenly distributed in the atmosphere, and so greenhouse gas control can be achieved by creating a carbon sink literally anywhere else.
Ecocide is thought by some green economists to be accelerated by debt instruments which demand a yield (economics) greater than the ecological capacity to renew. This is a major question in monetary reform.

Experience economy
The experience economy is the intangible service economy that customers experience directly. In moral purchasing, Natural Capitalism and other theories of how consumers make choices, they are actually choosing experiences or comprehensive outcomes of their choices. For instance to buy local is to choose a whole experience of local suppliers, such as in a farmers market or Slow Food, that is quite different than the experience associated with factory food or fast food.

Execution
Execution is where state authorities kill someone for having committed an extremely serious crime, usually treason or special-circumstance murder. In most countries where the death penalty is still provided for by law, using it is an option available to the sentencing judge: even if the jury or judicial panel recommends the death penalty, the presiding judge still has the option to lock the convicted person in a prison for the rest of their life.
Beheading.
Centries ago, many countries used beheading as an execution for important people, including England. In England, some kings and queens have been beheaded. There, the prisoner would be led up the scaffold and usually say a speech. Then, he/she would be blindfolded and put his/her neck onto a block. Then, the executioner would lift up his axe and swing it down onto the victim's neck. If the executioner was skilled and the axe was sharp, then the axe would usually cut through the bone and organs of the victim in one stroke. But if the executioner was inexperienced, then it may take many strokes before the head would be cut off.

Flesch Reading Ease
The Flesch Reading Ease measures textual difficulty, which indicates how easy a text is to read.
How it works.
100: Very easy to read. Average sentence length is 12 words or fewer. No words of more than two syllables.
65: Plain English. Average sentence length is 15 to 20 words. Average word has two syllables.
30: Pretty difficult to read. Sentences will have mostly 25 words. Two syllables usually.
0: Extremely difficult to read. Average sentence length is 37 words. Average word has more than two syllables.
The higher the rating, the easier the text is to understand. By the very nature of technical subject matter, the Flesch score is
usually relatively low for technical documentation. If the Flesch test is used regularly, one may develop a sense of what a
reasonable score is for the type of documentation one is working on and aim to maximize this score. The approach to calculating

Flesch-Kincaid Reading Level
The Flesch-Kincaid Reading level measures textual difficulty and tells you the grade level of a text.
The Flesch-Kincaid index tells how easy something is to read. It does this by counting the number of syllables in every word and the number of words in every sentence. Then some math is done. The number will represent a grade-school level. For example, a sentence with a score of 8.0 means that someone in 8th grade could understand it. Normal writing is usually between 7 and 8.
0.39 x Average No. of words in sentences + 11.8 x Average No. of syllables per word - 15.59

February
February is the second month of the year with 28 days in most years. In leap years February has 29 days. In Sweden in 1732 the month had 30 days. This was to make the calendar match the rest of the world. In 1930 and 1931, February had 30 days in the Soviet Union because the government changed all the months to be 30 days long. The name comes either from the Roman Mythology god Februus or else from "februa", the festivals of purification celebrated in Rome every fifteenth of this month.
February is one of the last two months to be added to the calendar (the other is January). This is because in the original Roman calendar, the two months of Winter, when not much happen in agriculture, did not have names.
From circa 700 BC, when Numa Pompilius, the second king of Rome, added it to the calendar, February had 23 days and 24 days on some of every second year, until 46 BC when Julius Caesar assigned it 29 days on every fourth year and 28 days otherwise.
February's flower is the Violet with its birthstone being the Amethyst. The meaning of the Amethyst is Sincerity.
Events in February.
This is a list of annual events or festivals.

FAQ
FAQ is an abbreviation for "Frequently Asked Question(s)". The term is used for a list questions and answers. All of the questions are supposed to be asked often and they all are about the same thing. Since the acronym was first used in written form, there are different ways it is said; both "fak" and "F.A.Q." are commonly used.

Freedom
Freedom, for people, means not being owned or controlled by anyone else. The best way to describe it is as the opposite of "slavery".
Special cases.
Freedom does not always mean that people do as they want. There are many things that may not let people do that. So freedom is a very political and philosophical idea.
A difficult problem is that sometimes people make bad choices. They may make choices which stop them doing things they want to do later. If they had not been free to make the bad choice, they "would" have be able to do the things they wanted later. So, some people think that it is sometimes OK to control someone else, if it helps that person do things they want in the end.
For example, it is okay to say that a child who wants to get a good job must go to school, because when the child grows up, they will be able to get that job. Or, if a person has decided they do not want to drink alcohol and drive, it is okay to stop them driving if they drink. Because of this, some philosophers (like Isaiah Berlin) think there are two kinds of freedom. They say that not being owned or controlled by anyone else is called "negative freedom" or "freedom from". They believe that there is another kind of freedom called "positive freedom", or "freedom to". Positive freedom is the ability to do all of the things that you can and want to do.
Some people also say that we should stop a person driving if they drink because they might get hurt - even if the person "did" want to drink and drive. Or we should make a child go to school even if they do not want to get a good job in the end, because they might change their mind when they grow up. These may be good ideas, but they are not "positive freedom". It is only "positive freedom" if you control the person now to help them do something that they want to do later, and you know for sure that they want to do it. These ideas are called "paternalism", where you control a person now to do something that you want them to do later, or that you think they should do. "Paternalism" makes a person less free, but it can make their life better, which is another hard question.
Freedom today.
Today, freedom is felt by many to be something that all human beings have from birth, and a natural right. This means that one is free by the fact that they are a human being. As humans, everyone has dignity that must be respected.
Types of freedom.
Some of the main types of human freedom are: freedom to life, freedom of association, freedom of belief, freedom to express oneself, freedom to choose one's state in life. However, the civil constitutions of each country have different definitions of the freedoms allowed to the citizens. It has been argued that any law limits freedom, since it sets limits on what people may do.

Financial capital
Financial capital is a form of capital. It is things that have value, but do not do anything by themselves. They are only valuable because people value (want) them. For example, money is a form of financial capital. You cannot do anything with money but it still has value.
Financial capital is used to pay for things, this is because there is always more of it and people always want it. This means that financial capital has a stable value and can be traded in most places and with most people.
Some forms of financial capital, such as stocks, gold or bonds are not wanted by everybody. However they can be traded with people for money or another type of financial capital. Because of this, these forms of financial capital do not have a stable price. This means that some people try to make a profit by buying and selling these types of financial capital in a market.
Some things are treated as financial capital, even though they do have a use. For example, some people buy and sell land but are not interested in doing anything with it. Some people think this sort of trade is bad because the land should be used and not just treated like money. Other types of capital, such as social capital and human capital are rarely treated like financial capital. This may be because they involve people. Treating useful capital like financial capital is called comodification.
In politics, a common question is how often the government should use financial capital. In particular, should the government use financial capital to make a profit? Traditionally, liberal politicians do not mind this kind of trading for profit, but socialist or conservative politicians are against it.

Fecund universes
Fecund universes is a multiverse theory of Lee Smolin. It relies on models of our universe and statistics from astrophysics but is more correctly a theory of cosmology.
In this theory, collapsing stars, or black holes, are always creating new universes with slightly different laws of physics. Because these laws are only slightly different, each is assumed to be like a mutation of the original universe, as if each universe was a kind of single-celled organism. It would reproduce by "splitting" in some sense.
This theory relies on many models of our universe to model these "mutated" alternative universes, the ones that Smolin supposes are generated or "spun off" by black holes.
No human can ever be part of any of these "other" universes. Observations from astrophysics can only say if the black holes exist or are common, and give some idea of how much the laws of physics can vary and still let the new universes produce new black holes.
Smolin predicts that there would be many black holes in the universe humans can see, since they are likely in a very late born universe, by simple probability. If there are many black holes, that is evidence for his theory,
As this shows, cosmology has a very different standard of evidence and burden of proof than is required for models of our universe only, which humans (using mathematics) can observe and exchange knowledge on.
It is hard to separate science from religion on such questions. It may be a simple matter of preference whether one wants to see one's universe as part of a system like biology or like mechanics - clockwork. Smolin's theory is important mostly because it challenges the mechanistic paradigm.
Even if it is wrong, it raises the idea that living beings might have to see their universe as also living to be able to understand or care about it at all. Some compare Smolin's theory to Gaia philosophy which combines biology, geology and ecology to explain the Earth, our planet, as a living thing. If both are right, humans are on a living planet in a living universe. This idea is very appealing - which does not mean it is really "right". Some think both are a kind of religion.

Food
Food is material of animal or plant origin, eaten by living things to provide energy and nutrition. Food contains the nutrition that people need to be healthy. People need to eat protein, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals to be healthy. Liquids used for energy and nutrition are often called "drinks".
Food for humans is mostly made through farming or gardening, and includes animal and vegetable sources. Some people refuse to eat food from animal origin, like meat, eggs and products with milk in them. Not eating meat is called vegetarianism. Not eating or using any animal products is called veganism).
Food produced by farmers or gardeners can be transformed by industrial processes (the food industry). Processed food usually contains several natural ingredients and food additives (such as preservative, antioxidants, emulsifiers, flavour enhancers, etc.).
At home, food is prepared in the kitchen, by the cook. The cook sometimes uses a cookbook. Examples of cooking utensils are pressure cooker, pot, and pan.
Food can also be prepared and served in restaurants (often workers, or in the evening for entertainment) or refectory (in particular for kids in school).
The utensils used may be a plate, knife, fork, chopsticks, spoon, bowl, or spork.
Most people do not grow their own food, so they have to buy food that was grown by someone else. People buy most of their food in stores, shops, or markets. But some people still grow most or all of their own food.
People may buy food and take it home to cook it, or buy food that is ready to eat from a street vendor, or in a restaurant.
Food-related issues.
Food shortage is still a big problem in the world today. Many people do not have enough money to buy the food that they need. Bad weather or other problems sometimes destroy the growing food in one part of the world. When people do not have enough food, we say that they are hungry. If they do not eat enough food for a long time, they will become sick and die from starvation. In areas where many people do not have enough food, we say that there is famine there.
Food can make people sick if it is contaminated by micro-organisms, heavy metals, or chemicals.
If people do not eat the right foods, they can become sick.
If people do not eat enough protein, they get the disease called kwashiorkor.
If they do not eat enough vitamin B1 (thiamine), they get the disease called beriberi.
If people eat too much food, they can become overweight or obese. This is also bad for people's health.
Food in religions.
Many cultures or religions have food taboos. That means they have rules what people should not eat, or how the food has to be prepared. Examples of religious food rules are the "Kashrut" of Judaism and the "Halal" of Islam, which say that pig meat cannot be eaten.

Fine
The word fine is used in English with two very different meanings.
1) People sometimes use the word fine as an adjective to mean that something is good.
2) We also use the word fine as a noun with a different meaning. Often, if a court or a judge says that someone did a crime, then the person has to pay some money to their government. This money is called a fine. Governments make these fines so people won't want to do the crime.
Sometimes we often use the word "fine" in the same way for businesses instead of governments. For example there are some businesses that will let us take books or videos to use in our homes for a few days. But if we keep the book or video for too long, we might have to pay a fine to that business.

Frying
To fry food is to cook it in hot butter or vegetable oil. We can fry food in a small amount of butter or oil in a pan or in a lot of oil in a pot. Some restaurants also have large deep fryers to fry a lot of food at once.

Fish
A fish (plural: fish or fishes) is a kind of animal that lives in water, and breathes the oxygen in the water instead of air using gills, which are special flaps that let them breathe in water. There are many different kinds of fish. Fish usually have scales and fins. They live in fresh water in lakes and rivers, and in salt water in the ocean. Some fish are less than one centimeter long. The largest fish is considered to be the whale shark, which can be almost 15 meters long and weigh 15 tons.
People and fish.
People eat many kinds of fish. The fish that people eat most include carp, cod, herring, perch, sardines, sturgeon, tilapia, trout, tuna, and many others. Some people keep fish as pets. Goldfish and Siamese Fighting Fish are popular types of pet fish. They are often kept by groups of people in public ponds for their beauty and calming nature.
Bony and cartilagenous fish.
Most kinds of fish have bones. Some kinds of fish, such as sharks and rays, do not have real bones (their skeletons are made of cartilage) they are known as cartilagenous fish. Some scientists say that these are not real fish, but most people call them fish. Some other animals that live in the sea, such as starfish and jellyfish, are called fish, but are not really fish.
The word "to fish" is also used for the activity of catching fish. People catch fish with small nets from the side of the water or from small boats, or with big nets from big boats. People can also catch fish with fishing poles and fishhooks with bait. This is often called fishing. there is also different types of lures that can be used. one is a crank bait. others are like plastic worms and rat-l-traps. these are ways of catching fish.

Foot
A foot (one "foot", two or more feet) is a body part on the end of a leg. We use it when walking, and it is important for balance: it helps us stand straight. We also use it to kick, in both fighting and sports, football being an example.
People's hands and feet have the same shape: they both have five "digits" (the fingers and toes). Many other animals with backbones also have five digits. The part of the foot which joins it to the leg is called the "heel". The bottom of the foot is called the "sole". Half the bones in our body are in the foot. Doctors who work with people's feet are "podiatrists" or "chiropodists".
Animals often have feet, and there are a lot of different sorts of foot. When an animal has soft feet, or feet with soft parts on the underside, we often call it a "paw".
In many societies, people like to cover the foot when they are with others, especially outside. In many cultures (for example North American, European, Japanese and others) people wear clothing over the foot to keep it safe. This footwear has special names, for example "sandals", "shoes", and "boots". When people always wear footwear, especially in hot places or when they are very active, their feet can smell badly ("foot odour"). If footwear is too big or small, it can be bad for the feet when the person wears the shoe, and also much later. But people who have foot, leg, and back problems can also get help from special shoes.
People have different traditions in different parts of the world for when to wear footwear. For example, in much of Europe and Canada, people usually do not wear their shoes or boots in a home or visiting. In the United States people often wear shoes inside a home. In Japan, people do not wear shoes, and floors are often made of very soft materials, too soft for shoes. In cultures where people always wear shoes, people sometimes think it is bad not to wear them. But wearing no shoes is good for the feet, especially for children's feet.
Conditions like Athlete's foot affect the feet, causing the feet to feel dry and cracked.

France
France (French: "France"), officially the French Republic (French: "République française") is a country in Europe. Its capital city is Paris. France is a member of the European Union. France is known for its many monuments, structures, and places such as the Louvre, the Eiffel Tower, the Arc de Triomphe, Giverny, Versailles, and Notre Dame. France is a country divided into "régions" and "départements".
France has been one of the world's biggest powers since the end of the 17th century. In the 18th and 19th centuries, France built a very big colonial empire. It is across West Africa and Southeast Asia. France is the most visited country in the world. 82 million foreign tourists visit it every year. France is a founding member of the European Union. It has the largest land area any of the members. France is also a founding member of the United Nations, and a member of the G8 and NATO. It is one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council. France is a nuclear power with active warheads and nuclear power plants.
There are many cities in France. Some of them are Nice, Marseille, Bordeaux, Lille, Lyon, Toulouse, Strasbourg, Nantes and of course Paris.
Geography.
France is in Western Europe. France has borders with Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Monaco, Andorra, and Spain. France has two mountain ranges near its borders: the Alps and the Pyrenees. In France there are a lot of rivers. Two of these rivers are the Seine and the Loire. In the north and west of France there are low hills and river valleys. In France there are many different climates. The Atlantic has a large effect on the weather in the north and west. This means the temperature is about the same most of the year. In the east winters are cold and clear. Summers are hot and stormy. In the south, summers are hot and dry. Winters are cool and wet.
History.
The name "France" comes from Latin "Francia", which literally means "land of the Franks" or "Frankland".
The borders of modern France are about the same as those of ancient Gaul. Ancient Gaul was inhabited by Celtic "Gauls". Gaul was conquered for Rome by Julius Caesar in the 1st century BC. Eventually, the Gauls adopted Roman speech (Latin, from which the French language evolved) and Roman culture. Christianity first appeared in the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD. It became firmly established by the fourth and fifth centuries.
In the 4th century AD, the Germanic tribes, principally the Franks invaded the gauls. This is how the name "Francie" appeared. The modern name “France” comes from the name of the Capetian Kings of France around Paris. The Franks were the first tribe of Europe after the fall of the Roman Empire to convert to Catholic Christianity rather than Arianism. The French called themselves “the Most Christian Kingdom of France”.
The Treaty of Verdun (843), divided Charlemagne's Empire into three parts. The biggest area was Western Francia. It was the precursor to modern France.
The "Carolingian" dynasty ruled France until 987, when Hugh Capet became King of France. His descendants, the Direct Capetians, the House of Valois and the House of Bourbon, unified the country with many wars and dynastic inheritance. The monarchy was the most powerful during the 17th century and the reign of Louis XIV of France. At that time France had the largest population in Europe (see Demographics of France). The country had a big influence over European politics, economy, and culture. French became the common language of diplomacy in international affairs. Much of the Enlightenment happened in France. Major scientific breakthroughs were achieved by French scientists in the 18th century. France also obtained many overseas possessions in the Americas, Africa and Asia.
France had a monarchy until the French Revolution in 1789. King Louis XVI and his wife, Marie Antoinette, were executed in 1793. Thousands of other French citizens were also killed. Napoleon Bonaparte took control of the Republic in 1799. He later made himself Emperor of the First Empire (1804–1814). His armies conquered most of continental Europe.
After Napoleon's final defeat in 1815 at the Battle of Waterloo, the French monarchy was re-established. Later Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte created the Second Empire in 1852. Louis-Napoléon was removed after the defeat in the Franco-Prussian war of 1870. His regime was replaced by the Third Republic.
France built a large colonial empire in the 18th and 19th centuries. The empire included parts of West Africa and Southeast Asia. The culture and politics of these regions were influenced by France. Many ex-colonies officially speak the French language.
Administrative divisions.
Then France is divided into 100 departments. The departments are divided into 342 arrondissements. The "arrondissements" are re-divided into 4,032 cantons. The smallest subdivision is the commune. On January 1, 2008, INSEE counted 36,781 communes in France. 36,569 of them are in metropolitan France and 212 of them are in overseas France. This is more than in any other European country.
Government.
The government of France is a semi-presidential system determined by the French Constitution of the French fifth Republic. The nation declares itself to be "an indivisible, secular, democratic, and social Republic" in it. The constitution provides for a separation of powers. It proclaims France's "attachment to the Rights of Man defined by the Declaration of 1789."
Military.
There are about 359,000 military personnel in France. France spends 2.6% of its GDP on defence. This is the highest in the European Union. France and the UK spend 40% of the EU defence budget. About 10% of France's defence budget is for nuclear weapons force.
Foreign relations.
France is a member of the United Nations. It is permanent members of the United Nations Security Council and has veto rights. It is also a member of the World Trade Organisation (WTO). It hosts the headquarters of the OECD, UNESCO and Interpol. In 1953, France was asked by the United Nations to choose a coat of arms to represent them internationally. The French emblem is now on their passports.
France was a founding member of the European Union. In the 1960s, France wanted to exclude the British from the organisation. It wanted to build its own power in continental Europe. Since the 1990s, France has got closer to Germany. This was to try to become the most influential country in the EU. It consequently created rivalry the UK and limited the influence of newly inducted East European nations. France is a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation. However, under President de Gaulle, it excluded itself from the joint military command. In the early 1990s, France was criticised for its underground nuclear tests in French Polynesia. France vigorously opposed the 2003 invasion of Iraq. France retains strong political and economic influence in its former African colonies. For instance it has supplied economic aid and troops for peace-keeping missions in the Ivory Coast and Chad.
Economy.
France is a member of the G8 group of leading industrialised countries. France is ranked as the eighth largest economy in the world by Gross domestic product (GDP) adjusted for purchasing power parity which takes into account how much it costs to live in different countries and inflation rates. France and 11 other European Union members joined to launch the euro on 1 January 1999.
France's economy has nearly 2.9 million companies registered. The government has a considerable influence over railway, electricity, aircraft, and telecommunications firms. France has an important aerospace (design of aircrafts and spacecrafts) industry led by Airbus. It can also launch space shuttles from French Guiana.
France invested a lot in nuclear power. This made France the smallest producer of carbon dioxide among the seven most industrialized countries in the world. As a result, most of the electricity produced in the country is generated by 59 nuclear power plants (78% in 2006, up from only 8% in 1973, 24% in 1980, and 75% in 1990).
France is the leading agricultural producer and exporter in Europe. France exports: Wheat, poultry, dairy products, beef and pork. It is also famous for its wine industry. France received $10 billion euros in 2006 from the European Community as subsidies to its farmers.
Language.
French is the official language of France. It belongs to the Romance language group, which includes Italian and Spanish. Many regional dialects are used in France. Alsatian, a German dialect is spoken in Alsace and in parts of Lorraine in eastern France. French used to be the language of diplomacy and culture in Europe around 17th - 19th century.
Some people in France also speak Basque, Breton, Catalan, Corsican, German, Flemish, and Occitan.
Religion.
France is a secular country and freedom of religion is guaranteed by the constitution. The population is about 51% Roman Catholic and 31% is agnostics or atheists. 4% is identified as Muslim, 3% identified as Protestant and 1% identified as Jewish. 10% is identified as being from other religions or being without opinion.
Literature.
French literature began in the Middle Ages. French was divided into several dialects at the time. Each writer used his own spelling and grammar.
During the 17th century Pierre Corneille, Jean Racine and Molière's plays and Blaise Pascal and René Descartes's books influenced the aristocracy. They also influenced future authors.
In the 18th and 19th centuries, French literature and poetry reach its highest point. The 18th century saw the writings of such writers, essayists and moralists as Voltaire and Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
As for French children's literature in those times, Charles Perrault was probably the most famous writer. He wrote stories such as: “Little Red Riding Hood”, “Cinderella”, “Sleeping Beauty” and “Puss in Boots”.
Many famous French novels were written in the the 19th century by author such as Victor Hugo, Alexandre Dumas and Jules Verne. They wrote popular novels like The Three Musketeers, The Count of Monte-Cristo, Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea, or The Hunchback of Notre-Dame. Other 19th century fiction writers include Emile Zola, Guy de Maupassant, Théophile Gautier and Stendhal.
Sports.
The Tour de France cycling race in July is one of the best-known sporting events. It is a 3 week (3,500 km) race that covers most of France and ends in the center of Paris. Football is another popular sport in France. The French team won the FIFA World Cup in 1998 and the UEFA European Football Championship in 1984 and 2000. France is also famous for its "24 Hours of Le Mans" car race. France also hosted the Rugby World Cup in 2007 and finished fourth.
France is closely associated with the Modern Olympic Games. At the end of the 19th century the Baron Pierre de Coubertin suggested to have Olympic Games again. France hosted the Summer Olympics twice. In 1900 and in 1924 in Paris. France also hosted the Winter Games three times. In 1924 in Chamonix, in 1968 in Grenoble and in 1992 in Albertville).
Tourism.
France is the first tourist destination in the world. In 2007, 81.9 million foreign tourists visited France. Spain comes second (58.5 million in 2006) and the United States come third (51.1 million in 2006).
Some of the most famous attractions in France are the Eiffel Tower and the Arc de Triomphe. They are in Paris, the capital of France. Another one is Mont Saint Michel.
A European Disneyland is located in a suburb east of Paris. The resort opened in 1992 and is a popular tourist destination in Europe.

Finland
Finland ("Suomi" in Finnish) is a country in Northern Europe and is a member state of the European Union. Finland is one of the Nordic countries. It is also part of Scandinavia.Finland is located between 60th and 70th latitudes of North. Its neighbours are Sweden in west, Norway in north, Russia in east and Estonia at south, beyond the sea called Gulf of Finland. Most of the western and southern Finland is seashore of the Baltic sea.
The capital of Finland is Helsinki. The currency of Finland is the Euro (EUR). It was "markka", FIM, before 2002. The president of Finland is Tarja Halonen. 5.3 million humans live in Finland. Finnish and Swedish are the official languages of Finland. Most people in Finland speak Finnish, but there is about six percent of Finland's population which speak Swedish as their mother tongue, living mostly in the west of Finland and on Åland(Finnish Ahvenanmaa). Finland became independent in 1917.
The most important cities in Finland are Helsinki, Espoo, Tampere, Vantaa, Turku, Oulu, Lahti, Kuopio, Jyväskylä and Pori.
Finland is a highly industrialized First World country. The most important Finnish industrial products are paper, steel products such as machines, and electronics.
Nokia (the mobile company) is originally a company of Finland named after a small town called Nokia.
People and culture.
The people of Finland are called Finns. Most Finns speak Finnish language as their mother tongue. Some 6% of Finns have Swedish language as their mother tongue. Most Finns have also have studied some other language, like English language in school. Most Finns work either in services (that is: shops, banks, offices or businesses) or in factories. Finns often like saunas and nature. Many Finnish families have a summer cottage, a small house where they go to relax on their summer holiday. The most important parties that Finnish people celebrate are Midsummer and Christmas. Santa Claus is an old Finnish tradition, although later the Coca-Cola company introduced him to the world. In North America some children think he lives near the north pole. In Finland and neighbouring countries, he lives in a small mountain called Korvatunturi ("Ear mountain").
The most popular sports in Finland are ice hockey, skiing and track and field. Recently Finns have also won many events in swimming and motor sports.
There is a very small group (minority) of Sami (also called Lapp) people in the most northern part of Finland called Lapland. Many sami people have reindeer and colourful clothes. in the past the Sami were nomads, but now they live in regular houses.
Very few people in Finland are from other countries, only about one percent.
Nature and weather.
Most of Finland is covered by pine forest. The swan is the national bird of Finland. The swan was a holy animal long ago. Wood is even today the most important natural resource of Finland. It is estimated that up to one-thirds of all wood resources of European Union are in Finland.
The national animal of Finland is the brown bear. And the largest animal is the elk (moose).
There are also hundreds of rivers and thousands of lakes with fresh water. Fishing is a popular sport. It is estimated there are almost 180,000 lakes in Finland.
Many islands in the Baltic Sea belong to Finland, too. Thousands of islands are part of the Åland archipelago. Tourists from all over the world come to see the fells and the Northern lights of Lapland.
The highest mountain of Finland is Halti, 1328 m. The largest lake is Saimaa, 4,400 square kilometers. The longest river of Finland is Tornionjoki, 570 km from Lake Kilpisjärvi. The largest river (by watershed) is Kemijoki, 552 km.
The weather in Finland varies a lot by the season. The summer lasts usually from May to early September, and temperatures can reach up to +35 °C. Autumns are dark and rainy. Permanent snow falls in Helsinki in early December (in Lapland it can fall already in October) and in the winter the temperature can be -30 °C. The winter usually lasts to mid-March when the snow melts away in Helsinki (in Lapland the snow usually melts away in early May), and spring to late May. Springs are vigorous and the weather can vary from frost to sunshine in a matter of days. Northern lights are common in Lapland.
History of Finland.
People first came to Finland 10 000 years ago. That was just after an ice age, just after very thick ice that was on ground had melted away.
Some think the first people in Finland already spoke a language that is related to Finnish that is spoken today. We know for sure that early form of Finnish language was spoken in Finland in the Iron age. (The Iron Age was in Finland 2500-800 years ago).
First people killed wild animals and ate them, but did not farm their food. Those kind of people are called "hunter-gatherers". Some people started to farm to make some food 5200 years ago. Farming slowly became more and more popular and became the major way of life until the modern age.
The religion of Finnish people was paganism. The biggest god of Finns was Ukko. He was a god of sky and thunder. About a thousand years ago some Finns changed their religion to Christianity, and slowly Christianity became more and more popular. Some pagan beliefs still remained amongst the Christian beliefs. During the Reformation of Christianity most Finnish people became protestants.
From the Middle ages Finland was a part of Sweden. Then in year 1809 AD Russia took Finland from Sweden. Then Finland was a part of Russia, but Finland was autonomic, which means Finns could make decisions about many things in Finland. Finns could make their own laws and Finland had their own money (called markka), their own stamps and own customs. However Finland did not have its own army.
Then in 1917, Finland became independent, it was no longer a part of Russia. There was a communist revolution in Russia and after 1922 Russia was a part of the Soviet Union. There were communists in Finland too, and they tried to make revolution in Finland. This attempt of revolution caused Finnish civil war. Communists lost the civil war, and Finland remained its old capitalist system.
Stalin who was leader of the Soviet Union did not like that there was a capitalist country as the neighbour. Stalin wanted Finland to turn to communist state and be a part of the Soviet Union. Leaders of Finland refused; they wanted to stay independent. Soviet Union sent many troops to Finland to try to make Finland join it. This was the Winter war. There were many fights, and Finnish soldiers won many times. Finally, the leaders of both countries agreed to make peace. Finland was not joined with the Soviet Union, but had to give away some land to make the peace. Parts of Karelia were with those areas lost to Soviet Union.
Adolf Hitler was a chief in Germany, and he wanted to invade Soviet Union. Finland wanted its lost areas back, so Finland joined the German invasion, that started at 1941. This part of Second world war is called Continuation war in Finland. However, Finland was not fascist or antisemitist country. Finns were interested in freedom and not dictatorship. Finnish Jews fought with other Finnish people against Soviet Union. Karelia was returned to Finland.
While Germany was losing the war Finland wanted to stop fighting. Finland made peace with Soviet Union, but in that peace Finland lost parts of Karelia again. Also peace with Soviet Union made Finland and Germany enemies. Finns fought Germans, and Germans retreated to Norway. This is called War of Lapland. Finland remained independent.
After the war, there were many factories built in Finland. Many people moved from farms to cities. At that time, big factories made things like paper, ships and steel. Now more and more people work on more advanced things, like high technology. Also, more people go to a university to get a good education. Finland was one of the first countries where most people had Internet connections and mobile phones. A known company that makes mobile phones, Nokia, is from Finland.
Finland joined European Union in 1995. Finnish money markka was changed to European Unions money Euro in 2002.

Fruit
Fruit is a type of food that is not always something one is able to eat. It is part of a tree or bush or sometimes grown out of the ground like watermelons, that contains seeds. For plants, fruits are used so that the plant can make new plants. When the fruit breaks apart, the seeds can get into mud and start growing. ()
Most fruits we eat contain a lot of water. They contain natural sugar. They have a large amount of dietary fiber at the peel, seeds, and fibrous parts. All fruits contain iron, and they are very low in protein and fat content.
Sometimes "to bear fruit" also means "to produce results".

Farm
A farm is a piece of land used to grow plants and/or raise animals for food.
People who grow these plants or raise these animals are called farmers. This type of work is called farming.
Land that is used to grow plants for food, or could be used to grow plants for food is called arable land. A life raising animals for food is called a pastoral life.

Geography
 Description .
Geography is the study of the Earth and its features, its inhabitants, and its phenomena. Its "features" are things like continents, seas, rivers and mountains. Its "inhabitants" are all the people and animals that live on it. Its "phenomena" are the things that happen like tides, winds, and earthquakes. A person who is expert in geography is a "geographer". A geographer tries to understand the world and the things that are in it, how they started and how they have changed. Geography is not the same as ecology. A geographer tries to describe how things are, while an ecologist thinks about changes that might happen in the future. Ecologists need the work of geographers so that they can work out the future.
The word "geography" comes from the Greek words "gê" ("Earth") and "graphein" ("to write"). It means "to write about the Earth". The word was first used by a scientist called Eratosthenes (276-194 B.C.).
Geography is divided into two main parts called Physical Geography and Human Geography. Physical Geography studies the "Natural Environment" and Human Geography studies the "Human Environment". The human environmental studies would include things such as the population in a country, how a country's economy is doing, and more.
Geographers need to know a lot about maps because maps are very important for understanding geography. Geographers use maps a lot, and often make them. Making maps is called cartography, and similarly, people who make maps are cartographers. (It comes from the word for a "chart")

Good
The word good can be an adjective that means something that is wanted. Something that is good is not bad. See good in the dictionary.

Goodness
Goodness can mean that something is good, or it can mean the amount that something is good.
What goodness is has been talked about by philosophers who try to explain what goodness is.
In food, goodness is the part that is beneficial.

Grammar
Grammar refers to the rules about how to speak and write well in a language.
For example, Spanish grammar is different from English grammar. It has different rules. In English, a person may say "I like fast cars", but in Spanish, it is "me gustan los coches rápidos." The order of the words has changed: if just the words, without the grammar, are translated into English, it would mean "to me they please the cars fast" Even though this is not good English grammar, it is correct in Spanish. This is because Spanish and English have different rules about word order.
Grammar is slowly changing. Sentences English speakers find normal today might have seemed strange to people 100 years ago. Some people use grammar that is different from others' when speaking. They might say, "I didn't do nothing" rather than "I didn't do anything." They usually do this because that is what is normal in their family or the area where they live.
Grammar studies noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction. Grammar studies sentence structure: syntax.

Great Lakes
The Great Lakes are five very big lakes in eastern North America. They are, in fact, the biggest fresh water lakes in the world (freshwater is water that is not salty like the ocean).
Four of the Great Lakes are on the border between Canada and the United States of America. The other, Lake Michigan, is entirely inside the United States.
Water flows from Lake Superior and Lake Michigan into Lake Huron; then through the Detroit River into Lake Erie; then through Niagara Falls into Lake Ontario; and then through the Saint Lawrence River to the Atlantic Ocean.

GNU Free Documentation License
The GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) is a copyleft license for open content. It was made up by the Free Software Foundation (FSF) for the GNU project. It was initially created for use with software documentation, but can be applied to other types of works as well.
As a copyright license, the GFDL is a type of contract between the creator of a copyrightable work (such as a book, an encyclopedia article, a painting, or a piece of music) and anyone else who might want to use it. The GFDL is considered "copyleft" because the license is meant to make it easier to use and re-use the copyrighted work, not to restrict its use.
If a copyrightable work is released under the GFDL, the creator of the work is saying that anyone else may reproduce, distribute, or modify the work, as long as they follow a set of requirements specified in the GFDL. Among the requirements of the GFDL are that any new work created from the original work is also licensed under the GFDL — that is, once something is licensed as GFDL, it will always stay licensed as GFDL, and anything which uses it also is licensed as GFDL. (Because the license "reproduces" and stays with the work, this is sometimes called a "viral" license.)
The GFDL also says that in order to distribute or modify a work licensed with the GFDL, the re-user must give credit to any previous authors of the work, and include a list of changes they made to the work.
Finally, any work licensed with the GFDL must contain, somewhere, the entire text of the license. This provision has been criticized, because it is not always easy to include an entire, long license with a copyrighted work. In a book, for example, it is easy to include one extra page with the license, but if the work is something like a song, or a photograph, it is not easy.
The GFDL has other requirements that are more complicated. For example, if part of the work is labeled as an "invariant section," it cannot ever be removed or changed by someone using the work ("invariant" means "does not change").
Works licensed under the GFDL may be included in with non-GFDL-licensed works only if it is clear which parts of the work are licensed as the GFDL. For example, in a book of poetry it would be easy to label some poems as licensed under the GFDL and some not licensed under it. But it would not be easy to label if part of a song was licensed as GFDL and the rest was not, so this would not be allowed.
Any use of GFDL material which violates the terms of the GFDL is potentially copyright infringement.
A number of online projects use the GFDL. The largest online project to license its content under the GFDL is Wikipedia.
The GFDL has been criticized by many people who wish that it made it even easier for content to be re-used. Among the criticisms are that it is very hard to combine GFDL material with other copyleft licenses, that it is not always clear and easy to understand, and that some of its requirements, such as the "invariant sections", are not free at all.

Glass
Glass is a hard material that can be made in many shapes. It is usually transparent, but it can also be made in colours.
Glass is often used to make windows and bottles. Many churches have windows made of colored glass.
The word "glass" can also refer to a drink container. It does not have to be made of glass, but can be made of any material, for example plastic.
Glass is used to make lenses. The word "glasses" is often used to mean eyeglasses.
The myth that glass is actually a liquid emanates from the fact that old windows in houses/church's(2-300 years old) are sometimes a little out of shape, thicker in the bottom than on the top. However this phenomenon is due to the process of glass manufacture in the past which led to the glass pane being thicker at one end than the other. It was sensible to install the windows with the thick end at the bottom. Sometimes a window can be found with the thick end at the top of the window.

God
God as a proper noun is the word most commonly used to refer to the ultimate power across all religions.
As an improper noun, the word "god" means a deity who has supernatural powers.
Belief in God is commonly called by the term theism. Atheism is the word that refers to non-belief in God or any gods.
God in the Abrahamic religions.
The Abrahamic religions, including Judaism, Christianity and Islam, are popular monotheistic religions. Therefore, they believe in only one god. The name of God is traditionally not to be said in Judaism, but some people today call him YHWH (Yahweh) or Jehovah. Muslims commonly use the word Allah, which is simply the Arabic word for "The God."
Believers in the Abrahamic religions believe that the Abrahamic God has created human beings in his image, but this idea is rarely taken literally. The Abrahamic God's portrayal as an old man with a beard has been used in art since the Renaissance, but is not what most monotheists actually believe him to look like.
Concepts of God in Christianity.
The Christian Bible talks about God in different ways. According to Christians, the Old Testament talks about "God the Father"; the New Testament says something about Jesus. The New Testament says that Jesus was God's son. Many Christians also believe that Jesus was God's incarnation on earth. Christians consider the Holy Spirit to be God as well.
In early times, Christians tried to solve this problem, as in the Old Testament, orTorah, there is purported to be only one god. However, in the New Testament, there were three who were said to be God. The most popular explanation they could find is called the Holy Trinity: The three mentioned are all part of the same God.
Some Christians do not believe in the Trinity. Some believe that Jesus was just a man that talked about God and taught people about God. Members of the Unitarian Church have these beliefs.
Christians believe that God came to Earth in the form of a man (Jesus) to save humanity. In this sense, God became man, and when Jesus prayed and talked to God, he called him "Father," and taught others to do the same.
God in Hinduism.
In Hinduism, there is really only one God, who is referred to as Brahman. However, Brahman is said to have taken on many different incarnations, such as Rama, Krishna, Buddha, Shiva, Kali, Parvati, and Durga. To many outsiders, the worship of God's different incarnations in Hinduism is considered to be the worship of many gods. However, it is really only the worship of one God in different ways.
Some Hindus also believe that the spirit of God lives in everyone. This idea is called Advaita Vedanta, which is the Hindu term for Monism.
God in Other Eastern Religions.
Religions like Buddhism and Confucianism involve the worship of many gods, or sometimes no gods at all.
God in Western philosophy.
Philosophers often try to understand gods through logic. When philosophers talk about "God," they talk about a being like the one described above, but not about the god of any particular religion. God in philosophy is discussed without any religious texts.
One of the earliest Western philosophers to write about God in a monotheistic way was the Greek Aristotle, who describes god as the Supreme Cause. Aristotle saw God as a being that makes everything happen, but is not influenced by anything else.
There are also some philosophical problems with God. One of them is called God paradox. It is a question about whether (an omnipotent) God can make a mountain that is so heavy he cannot lift it.

Ghost
A ghost is considered to be the spirit of a dead person. Scientists say that there are no real ghosts, but many people believe that there are.
There are many stories about ghosts in books and movies. Sometimes the ghost is the spirit of a person who was killed by enemies or who died in a scary way. The ghost may stay on Earth because he or she is angry due to some problem in life and wants to scare people or to harm his or her enemies. Sometimes ghosts are said to live in a particular locality, for example an abandoned house, and when occupants come they tease them to drive away or cause serious damage to the occupants.
Sometimes the ghosts in these stories exist because of some problem the person had during life, that was not solved before he or she died. The ghost stays on the Earth trying to fix the problem. If the problem is fixed, the ghost can leave the Earth. Many ghosts stay on Earth also because they have died younger or have had sudden or abrupt deaths. Many people claim to have seen or heard ghosts, and are called Mediums.
Many people believe they have seen ghosts. Others believe they have felt ghosts near them. Often the ghost is said to appear as a feeling of cold and a light or a misty cloud, but sometimes people say they have seen ghosts that look more like people. Sometimes ghosts are said to come in human form, that is, in the body of a person. Some ghosts might cause fear in the person who sees them, by being seen suddenly. Some ghosts are said to be friendly and help people who are in problems. The ghost might also appear as they did at the time of their death, including any blood or injuries. Ghosts can also appear and disappear as they wish. Many ghosts haunt the place they have died or a living loved one. (Or their murder, in some cases). Some may seek revenge or stay simply because they are confused.
Ghosts can form right after they die, or even centuries later. Many people make up stories or urban legends. many try to prove the existence of these paranormal creatures with special technology such as heat sensors. They also make TV shows dedicated to proving the existence of ghosts, often investigating cases where a person has seen one or visiting a place where there was a sighting.

Green
Green is a color. It is one of the colors of the rainbow. Green is between the yellow and blue colors in a rainbow. Green paint can be made by mixing yellow paint and blue paint together.
Green light, like all light, is formed from waves. In its wave, the distance between the smallest repeating parts (the wavelength) is about 550 nanometers (one-billionth of a meter).
Most leaves of growing plants, such as trees and bushes, are green. This is because there is a chemical in leaves, called chlorophyll, which is green.
Meaning of Green.
Green is seen as the color of nature. It is a symbol of growth, harmony, freshness, and fertility.
Dark green is also associated with money in the United States (American dollars are called "greenbacks).
Green is also seen as be able to stay the same and endurance. Sometimes green can stand for "no experience". For example, a 'greenhorn' is a beginner. In heraldry, green stands for growth and hope. Green also stands for safety. It is the color for "GO" on traffic lights.
Because green is seen as the color of nature, it is often used with environment-friendly products.
A person who is said to have a "green thumb" is good at growing plants.
"Dark green" is associated with ambition, greed, and jealousy.
A very pale "Yellow-green" can mean sickness, being scared, discord, and jealousy.
However, a bright "chartreuse green" can mean health and healing.
"Aqua" is associated with making someone feel better and protection, as well as being associated with good health from getting exercise by going swimming.
"Olive green" is the traditional color of peace.

God's eye view
A special case of the last is in a wiki with a GodKing. Often this person can get others to believe what they say about what is right, without making any special effort to be fair to other views.
Many people think Rene Descartes took a God's eye view when he said cogito ergo sum. George Berkeley argued that optics from Isaac Newton and Johannes Kepler also had this problem.

Google
Google is one of the biggest and most famous websites for finding things (Search Engine) on the World Wide Web (WWW). They also do things apart from searching. Other search engines (for example, AOL) use its software and information (database) too. That makes it the most-used search engine on the web. Every day, 200 million people use it. That is 200 000 000 people. Google's main office ("Googleplex") is in Mountain View, California, USA.
With Google, people can also search for pictures, Usenet newsgroups, news, and things to buy online. By June 2004, Google indexed (or put in its database) 4.28 billion webpages, 880 million (880 000 000) pictures and 845 million (845 000 000) Usenet messages — six billion things.
"To google," as a doing word (verb) means "to search for something on Google"; because Google is so popular (over 50% of web users use it) it has been used to mean "to search the web". Google dislikes this use since Google is a trademark and Google can lose that trademark if people use it too widely.
History.
Google began as a project in early 1996 by Larry Page and Sergey Brin, two students at Leland Stanford University, USA. They made it into a company, Google Inc., on September 7, 1998 at a friend's garage in Menlo Park, California. In February 1999, the company went to 165 University Ave., Palo Alto, California. Then, later that year, it went to another place, now called the "Googleplex".
In September 2001, Google's rating system ("PageRank", for saying which information is more helpful) got a U.S. Patent. The patent was to Leland Stanford University, with Lawrence Page as the inventor (the person who first had the idea).
Google makes a significant, though getting less (declining), percentage of it's money through its friends like America Online and InterActiveCorp. It has a special group known as the Partner Solutions Organization (PSO) which helps make contracts, help making accounts better, and
The name "Google".
The name "Google" is a misspelling on the word "googol". Milton Sirotta, nephew of U.S. mathematician Edward Kasner, made this word in 1938, for the number 1 and one hundred 0's. It is said that the word "googol" was chosen as a name for this number because it sounded like baby talk. Google uses this word because the company wants to make lots of stuff on the Web easy to find and use. Andy Bechtolsheim first thought of the name.(1 googol is 10 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000)
The name for Google's main office, the "Googleplex," (Very big Number) is a play on a different, even bigger number, "googolplex", which is 1 with 1 googol of 0's.

Gallon
A gallon is a unit of measurement used to measure volume. People have used many different gallons throughout history. There are three types of gallon still in use.

Government
A government is a group of people that has the power to rule in a territory, according to the law. This territory may be a country, a state or province within a country, or a region.
History and Theory of Government.
The simplest idea of government is those who rule over people and land. This may be as small as a community with some sort of board that looks after the goings on of those who live within it or something a little larger like a village or as big as a continent (like Australia).
Those people who rule the land can allow others to own it. It is a deed by government that gives this right in the way that laws describe. Some think they have the right to hold land without government permission. This view is called libertarianism. Others think they can do so together as a group with others if they live in peace, without government. This view is called anarchism.
Almost every place on Earth is connected to one and only one government. Places without government are where people follow traditions instead of government rules, small border disputed areas and the continent of Antarctica, because almost no people live there. For every place on Earth there is a government that claims sovereign control over it. The word "sovereign" is old and means "control by a King" (sovereign). Governments of villages, cities, counties and other communities are also subordinate to the government of the state or province where they exist, and then to that of the country.
It is from Kings and feudalism that modern governments and nation-states came. The capital of a country, for instance, is where the King kept his assets. From this we get the modern idea of capital in economics. A government is said to regulate trade as well as to rule over land.
Governments also control people and decide things about what morality to accept or punish. In very many countries, there are strict rules about sexual intercourse and drugs that are part of law and offenders are punished for disobeying them.
Tax is how government is paid for in most countries. People who buy, sell, import, invest, own a house or land, or earn money are made to pay some of the money to a government.
There are many theories of how to organize government better. These are called theories of civics. Because government is run by people who can be greedy, many people think leaders must be elected by some kind of democracy. That way, if government does not act nice, they can be replaced in the next election. Still many countries' governments are not a democracy but other forms in which only a few people have power.
There are many theories of how to run a government better, and keep people from hurting each other. These theories are part of politics. No matter how a government is chosen, it must do politics to keep power.
There are many ideas about how to settle a dispute without needing force or violence but by talking and trusting. This is part of ethics. When religion convinces people not to fight or rely on government, we say an ethical tradition is at work. Most law comes from traditions like that. The Ten Commandments is one group of laws like that.

Galaxy
"For the automobile, see Ford Galaxy."
A galaxy is a group of many stars including gas, dust, and dark matter. Gravity holds galaxies together. Everything in a galaxy moves around a centre. The name galaxy is taken from the Greek word "Galaxia" meaning milky, a reference to the our own galaxy, the Milky Way.
There are three main types of galaxies: ellipticals, spirals, and irregulars. All Galaxies exist inside the universe. There are an estimated one hundred billion galaxies within distance we can see or the Observable Universe. Each galaxy contains roughly one hundred thousand to one trillion stars. This makes the number of stars in the Universe more than every grain of sand on every beach on Earth.
We can describe galaxies by the number of stars they have. The galaxy we call the Small Magellanic Cloud has about one billion stars in it. This is a small galaxy in comparison to most, but it isn't the smallest: Leo I and Leo II have about 1 million stars in them, and the Draco System has "only" a few hundred thousand stars. Astronomers call these galaxies "dwarf galaxies."
In general, smaller groups are called "star clusters," not galaxies (a "cluster" is a group of something, like a cluster of grapes.) The largest star cluster, a globular cluster called Messier 15 has about 6 million stars, so we see that for small galaxies, there is a blurring together of what we mean by a galaxy and a large star cluster.
In addition to their mass and numbers of stars, a galaxy is a collection of stars and gas which move through the universe independently of the Milky Way. Globular clusters are roundish swarms of stars that orbit the Milky Way, while the Leo and Draco Systems seem to be independent collections of stars.
Many galaxies also continue to form new generations of stars. The Milky Way, and all spiral shaped galaxies like it (see above image of NGC 2997), produce new stars at a rate of one or two stars per year. These stars are formed in the vast interstellar clouds that account for about 1 to 10 percent of the mass of these galaxies. Globular star clusters, on the other hand, are not currently forming stars because this activity happened billions of years ago and then stopped once all of the gas and dust clouds were used up.
It is hard to say if the galaxies we see are all that there really are. It is even hard to say if "are" means anything if we can never see or measure them. Models of our universe are sometimes finite, and sometimes infinite - if they are infinite we can never see all the galaxies. Often galaxies are also known as island universes.

Geometry
Geometry is a kind of mathematics used to work with shapes.
Examples of Shapes in Geometry.
There are flat shapes and solid shapes in geometry.
Squares, circles and triangles are some of the simplest shapes in flat geometry. Cubes, cylinders, cones and spheres are simple shapes in solid geometry.
Measuring in Geometry.
Geometry can be used to measure the area and perimeter of a flat shape. It can also be used to measure a solid shape's volume and surface area.
How is Geometry Used?
Many things have the shapes found in geometry.
Where Did Geometry Come From?
Geometry began as the art of measuring the shape of land so that it could be shared fairly between people. It means to measure the land. It has grown from this to become one of the most important parts of mathematics. The Greek mathematician Euclid wrote the first book about geometry.
Some Simple Ideas in Geometry.
A point is shown on paper by touching it with a pencil or pen, without making any sideways movement. We know where the point is, but it has no size.
A straight line is the shortest distance between two points. For example, Sophie pulls a piece of string from one point to another point. A straight line between the two points will follow the path of the tight string.
A plane is flat surface that does not stop in any direction. A ball placed any place on this flat surface will not move if gravity on the surface is constant.

Graph theory
Graph Theory is about analyzing Graphs. A graph is a group of points and lines connecting each other, to make a picture of such a route. It is less detailed than a map and is used to find answers.
Graph theory in perspective.
Graph theory is an important part of mathematics and computer science. To many such problems, exact solutions do exist. Many times however, they are very hard to calculate. Therefore, very often, approximations are used. There are two kinds of such approximations, Monte-Carlo algorithms and Las-Vegas algorithms.
Graphs are normally represented by two different sets, typically set a graph G would be represented as the collection of the sets V and E. The set V is a discrete set containing all vertices of the graph. The set E is a binary set, whose pairwise elements are elements of set V. Each pair in set E represents an edge connecting two vertices.
If for all elements v1 and v2 of the set V, if and are both elements of E then the graph G is considered a Complete Graph.
I would move forth to define a Path, a Walk, A weighted graph, a directional graph. Then make a comment about how all trees are just subsets of graphs. It could also be proven that all connected graphs may be represented as a Tree. There is more to graph theory than explained here.

Goatee
A goatee is a beard formed by a tuft of hair under the chin, resembling that of a billy goat.

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Herm
Herm is the smallest of the Channel Islands that is open to the public.
Herm is only 1½ miles long. Cars are banned from the small island just like its Channel Island neighbour, Sark. Unlike Sark, bicycles are banned too. The sandy white beaches make Herm a walker's paradise.

History
History is the study of the past. People know what has happened in the past by looking at things "from" the past: books, newspapers and letters. Libraries, archives or museums collect and keep these things for studying history. A person who studies history is called a historian. A person who study prehistory is called an archaeologist and they study artefacts like pottery and stone tools instead of written sources.
People can learn about the past by talking to people who remember things that happened in the past. This is called oral history. When people who had been slaves and American Civil War survivors got old, some historians recorded everything that they said, so that history would not be lost.
In old times people in different parts of the world kept different histories because they did not meet each other very often. Some groups of people never met each other. Medieval Europe, Ancient Rome and Ancient China all thought that they ruled the only important parts of the world and that other parts were "barbarian".
Current events, modern economic history, modern social history and modern intellectual history take very different views of the way history has affected the way that we think today.

Health
Health is having "everything" we need to be happy. It is not having disease. It is having good food and water. It is having good family and friends. It is having a good spirit. It is having love. It is having a safe place to live. It is learning. It is growing. It is different things for different people. It changes in time for the same person.

Harbor
Harbour means to shelter or keep safe. A harbor (or harbour) is a place where ships may shelter. A port is also a harbour, but is usually bigger. The port will often contain a water space with wave breakers around the edge, a number of quays or piers where the ships may be moored or tied up and a transport system for taking goods inland. Often railway and road transport will be used. Other ways that goods can be moved are pipeline transport and by using smaller ships on rivers.
During the D-Day operations of 1944, two artifical harbours (named mulberry) were built just off the beaches where the invasion was going to happen.

Hawaii
Hawaii is a U.S. state of the United States. It is the last state to join the United States. Hawaii became a state on August 21, 1959. It is the only state made only of islands. Hawaii is also the name of the largest island. The capital and largest city of Hawaii is Honolulu on the island named Oahu.
Hawaii is known as the "Aloha State". "Aloha" is a Hawaiian word that has many meanings like welcome, hello and goodbye. Aloha also means love and care. The different meanings are brought together in the term "Aloha Spirit" to describe the friendly people of Hawaii.
The state flower is the yellow hibiscus ("Hibiscus brackenridgei" or ma'o hau hele). The state bird is the Hawaiian goose (nene). The state fish is the reef triggerfish, also called the "humu humu nuku nuku apua'a". The state tree is the candlenut, also called "kukui". The state song is Hawaii Ponoi. The state motto is "Ua mau ke ea o ka aina i ka pono". In English it says, "The life of the land is perpetuated in righteousness".
The first people of Hawaii were Polynesians. They came to the islands sometime between 200 and 600 AD. Captain James Cook is given credit for discovering the islands for the Europeans in 1778. Others may have been there before him. Captain Cook named the islands the Sandwich Islands for the fourth Earl of Sandwich, John Montague.
Kamehameha I was the first king of Hawaii. He united the separate small Hawaiian kingdoms into one large kingdom in 1795. In 1893, American soldiers stopped Queen Liliuokalani from leading Hawaii when American business people took over the government and made their own laws. She was the last monarch of Hawaii. She also wrote the original words of the song called "Aloha Oe".
The American business people made Hawaii into a republic for a short time. The new leader, Sanford Dole was called the President of Hawaii. In 1898, the United States of America took over the government and made Hawaii into a territory.
Hawaii is an archipelago; a long chain of islands. There are eight main islands and many small islands and atolls. They are the tops of underwater volcanos. The main islands are Niihau, Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Kahoolawe, Maui and Hawaii.
The biggest industry of Hawaii is tourism. Almost 7 million people visited in 2000. Important exports are sugar, pineapple, macadamia nuts, and coffee.
Popular tourist sites include Waikiki Beach, Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, Polynesian Cultural Center, and the USS Arizona Memorial at Pearl Harbor.

Honolulu, Hawaii
Honolulu is the capital city of the U.S. state of Hawaii. It is also the largest city in Hawaii and it has the most important harbor. It is on the south-east shore of the island of Oahu.
Honolulu means "sheltered harbor" in the Hawaiian language. No one knows for sure when Honolulu was first settled or when the name was first used.
Honolulu harbor was called Kulolia before foreigners came. The first foreigner was Captain William Brown of the English ship Butterworth, in 1794. He named the harbor Fair Haven. Other foreign captains started calling it Brown's Harbor. The name Honolulu was used some time after that.
Honolulu quickly became the most important harbor of Hawaii. At that time, sandalwood was a big export. Honolulu was also an important supply point for whalers.
Kamehameha III made Honolulu the capital city of the Kingdom of Hawaii in 1850. It was also the capital of the Republic of Hawaii and the Territory of Hawaii. It stayed the capital when Hawaii became a state in 1959.

Hawaii (island)
The Island of Hawai'i is the largest of the U.S. Hawaiian Islands, and the southern. The island is built from seven separate shield volcanoes that erupted more or less one at a time, one partly covering the other. The later volcanoes mostly buried two of the earlier ones. These are (from oldest to youngest): Kohala (extinct), Ninole (extinct, mostly buried), Mauna Kea (extinct or dormant?), Hualalai (dormant), Mauna Loa (active), Kulani (extinct, mostly buried), and Kilauea (very active).
The largest city on the island is Hilo. It is on the rainy east side of the island. The city of Kailua-Kona is on the dry west side of Hawaii, and is popular with tourists.
Called locally the "Big Island," its area is 4,038 sq. miles (10 458 square kilometers). The widest part of the island is 93 miles (150 km) across.
The Big Island makes up more than half (~62%) of the total land area of the State of Hawaii and is governed under the County of Hawaii.

Hawaii Ponoi
"Hawai`i Pono`i" is the state song of Hawaii. The words were written by King David Kalakaua, the music by Prof. Henry Berger, the Royal Bandmaster. "Hawai`i Ponoi" was also the anthem of the Kingdom of Hawai`i and the Territory of Hawai`i.

Healing
Healing is a process that happens in the body. Through healing, cells are able to repair damaged tissue.
Most healing processes combine both ways of healing.

History of Australia
People have lived in Australia for more than 50,000 years. The first people in Australia were the Aboriginal people. We think they came by boat from the islands of what is now Indonesia. They lived in all parts of Australia. Their lives were simple, they had very few needs. They lived by hunting, fishing and gathering food. They lived in bands, and they spoke many different languages.
In 1606 people from the Netherlands, France, and Britain found the land currently known as Australia. First they found the north and west coast. This was dry and apparently uninhabitable land, and they found no economic reasons to stay. But in 1770 a British sailor, Captain James Cook, encountered the east coast of Australia. He called it New South Wales, and claimed it for Britain. He thought it would be a good place to settle.
In 1788 the British sent a fleet of ships to settle Australia. Britain needed a place to send its convicts (people who had been sent to jail for theft and other crimes). Its jails were full. This First Fleet settled at a place they called Sydney. For the first few years they did not have much food, and life was very hard. But soon they began to farm, and more people came. Sydney grew, and new towns were started.
Soon people from Sydney found other parts of Australia. George Bass and Matthew Flinders sailed south to Tasmania. Hamilton Hume and William Hovell went south by land. They found the Murray River, and good land in Victoria. Thomas Mitchell went inland, and found more rivers. Others went north and found Queensland. Soon more towns and cities were started. Then, gold was found in 1851. Many more people wanted to come to Australia. The country grew very fast, and some people became very rich.
As the towns and farms spread across Australia, the Aboriginal people were pushed off their land. Some were killed, and many died from illness and hunger. Soon few were left, and they were made to live on small reserves.
In 1840 Britain stopped sending convicts to Australia. The people in Australia wanted to run their own country, and not be told what to do from London. So in 1851 New South Wales, Victoria and the other colonies established their own Parliaments, where they could make their own laws.
The goldrushes of New South Wales and Victoria started in 1851 leading to massive immigration and population growth across south east Australia and the generation of great wealth and industry.
The Commonwealth of Australia.
Until 1901, Australia was not a nation, it was six separate colonies governed by Britain. This worked well when everybody was British and there were only a few people. But now there was thousands of people and many of them had never been to Britain, an eight month journey away by sea. If people in one colony wanted to buy or sell things to people in another colony, they had to ask permission.
They decided to join together to form one new country, the Commonwealth of Australia. This was called Federation, and happened in 1901. But Australia was still part of the British Empire, and still felt very close to Britain and the British King. Australia soon had its own money, and its own Army and Navy.
Because Australia was a very big country, and was so close to Asia, the Australians feared that people from Asia might take the country over. So they passed a law that only people from Britain or other European countries could come to Australia. This was called the White Australia Policy. It lasted for more than 60 years.
In Australia at this time, the trade unions were very strong, and they started a political party, the Labor Party. Australia passed many laws to help the workers. Australia was also one of the first places in the world where women could vote.
In 1914, the First World War started in Europe. Australia joined in on the side of Britain and France, against Germany. Australian soldiers were sent to Gallipoli, in Turkey. They fought bravely, but were beaten by the Turks. Today Australia remembers this battle every year on ANZAC Day. They also fought in France and Belgium. More than 60,000 Australians were killed in the war.
In 1939 the Second World War broke out. Again Australia joined in to help Britain. But in 1941 Japan attacked Australia, and Australians had to fight close to home for the first time. Many people feared that Japan would invade Australia. But with help from the United States, the Japanese were stopped. After the war, Australia became a close friend of the United States.
When the war ended, Australia felt that it needed many more people to fill the country up and to work. So the government said it would take in people in Europe who had lost their homes in the war. Over the next 25 years, millions of people came to Australia. They came from Italy, Greece, Yugoslavia, Poland and other countries in Europe. Later they also came from countries like Turkey and Lebanon.
In the 1960s the White Australia Policy was ended. Many people came to Australia from China, Vietnam, Malaysia and other countries in Asia. Some Australians began to think of their country as being a part of Asia for the first time. But other Australians did not like this and said that Australia should keep its European character.
In the 1960s and 1970s Australia became one of the richest countries in the world, because it could mine a lot of iron and other things from the ground that other countries wanted to buy. Companies from United States and Europe came to Australia to increase their profits, and many Australians got jobs with them. Australia also supported the United States in wars in Korea, Vietnam and Iraq. Some Australians protested against these wars. Australia's democracy meant that both sides could say what they thought.
Today Australia is a rich, peaceful and democratic country. But it still has many problems. Some people are still poor, mainly those who do not have jobs, or whose farms do not make enough money. The Aboriginal people want some of their lands back, and Australians do not agree on what to do about this. Australia also doesn't know what to do with refugees - people who come to Australia by boat saying they have nowhere else to go. Some Australians want to let them stay and live in Australia, but some other Australians do not want to let them in.

History of Spain
Spain is a country located in Europe.
Early History.
People have lived on the Iberian Peninsula for about 500,000 years. Neanderthal man came about 200,000 years ago. Modern humans first came about 40,000 years
The Roman Empire controlled Spain for three hundred years; then people from Northern Europe called the Visigoths fought for Spain and won it from the Romans. They were Christians, and they controlled Spain for two hundred years.
A lot of people took over Spain from the 13th century but by the end of the 19th Century Spain was fairly poor,and was ruled by French people. Britain sent its own troops to defend Spain since it was so weak. This put first France, then Britain, in control of Spain for the rest of that century. Today Britain has strong ties to Spain from this time.
Roman Catholics from Europe eventually decided to fight to take Spain from the Muslims. They fought wars for many hundreds of years, some of which were Crusades against other Christians like the Cathars. These were very cruel wars.
Before this, several different kings had ruled different countries in what is now called Spain. Two of these countries, Castile and Aragon, came together when the king of Aragon, Ferdinand II, married the queen of Castile, Isabella.
In the same year, 1492, they decided to send Christopher Columbus to explore the Atlantic Ocean. Columbus found a land there that the people of Europe did not yet know. These were the islands of the Caribbean Sea.
Late 15th century.
Columbus and other sailors explored more and found that there were two continents there - North America and South America. Spain sent many soldiers and businessmen to North and South America, and they took over very large parts of those two continents. Owning this empire made Spain very rich. But when they conquered that empire, they killed millions of the Native Americans who had lived there before. Spain owned this empire for more than three hundred years.
Meanwhile, at home, the Muslim manuscripts had been either burnt or spread to other countries. Jews had been expelled from Spain. The multicultural society was destroyed, and so was the learning. Among the few things kept and respected in Spain were in music: harmony and stringed instruments, and of course the buildings, many of which became churches, by adding crosses.
16th century and 17th century.
The Spanish Empire was the strongest in the world through most of the next two centuries, thanks to gold from the Americas. This new gold made rulers and colonial governors rich. Meanwhile others' savings became worth less due to inflation. Spain became a society of very rich and very poor. Some of the poorest went to the new colonies in the Caribbean, Central America and South America, mostly to find gold.
Native American peoples were killed by diseases brought by the Spaniards, but most Spaniards did not know this. They found damaged and dying societies with people who had lost some of their most important leaders and thinkers. The Spaniards thought this meant they were inferior, and used this as an excuse to enslave the natives. Millions of natives died mining gold for the Spanish.
The Spanish Empire also at this time funded the Spanish Inquisition which tortured and killed anyone who disagreed with the Roman Catholic Church. The Reformation which created Protestant sects in Europe was not allowed into Spain, it was kept out and, as with Jews or Muslims, its believers were killed.
The nobles of Spain no longer had to fight anyone since the internal feuds were over. No one could challenge their power. In many ways it was held together as a reign of terror. People who challenged them were often called heretics, so that the Inquisition could torture them, and then nobles take the property.
For ordinary people on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean, life got worse. A few rulers got rich. Today we would say that these people were guilty of war crimes, genocide and crimes against humanity. Many Church people who had the power to speak out at that time, did so, and they said many of the same things as we would say today. But none of this mattered much to the rulers.
The great satire Don Quixote was written about this time.
18th century.
In the 18th century, there was doubt over who should become king of Spain; this doubt led many of the kings of Europe to fight to become king of Spain. This was called the War of the Spanish Succession.
France occupied Spain for a long time. This made Spain very weak. It also made Spain lose its empire in North and South America; all of the parts of that empire became their own countries, or were taken over by other countries such as the United States of America.
19th century.
Spain was poor by the end of this time, and was invaded by Napoleon. Britain sent its own troops to defend Spain since it was so weak. This put first France, then Britain, in control of Spain for the rest of that century. Today Britain has strong ties to Spain from this time.
20th century.
There was not much peace in Spain during the first part of the 20th century. Some Spaniards tried to set up a government chosen by the people (a democracy), and they made the King of Spain leave the country. However, in 1936, two different groups of Spaniards went to war over whether the government should be a democracy, or take orders from one person. In 1939, those who wanted democracy were defeated, and a dictator named Francisco Franco took over the government.
Franco died in 1975. He had decided that Spain should have a king again, and he chose Juan Carlos, the grandson of the king who had been forced to leave the country, to be king. But the king did not rule as a dictator; instead, he chose to set up a democracy. Now Spain is a modern democratic country, and does business with many countries around the world. It is a part of the European Union.

Height
Height is the distance between the lowest end and highest end of an object.
For example, people consider the bottom of the foot a person's lowest end, and the top of the head a person's highest end. The distance between my lowest end--the bottom of my foot--and my highest end--the top of my head--measures out to 64 inches, so my height measures out to 64 inches too. "My height is 64 inches."

Historian
A historian is someone who studies history.

Human death
Human death is the end of sharable human personal experience - if anything happens to us after death, we are not able to clearly communicate it. Such rituals as a seance claim to be able to speak to the dead but this is not claimed to be very reliable, even by those who do them very often.
What is our death?
Death occurs to every life form and it means the mind, senses and body stopping. If there is some other part to life such as soul, that could continue without a body (afterlife), move into another body (reincarnation), or just go away. Religions have different beliefs about this issue.
The medical view of the body is that it is like an animal body and in some ways like a machine. This is a powerful way to see the body because it lets it be "diagnosed" and sometimes "fixed". However this is part of a mechanistic paradigm with other effects - one of which is a refusal to admit that it may often be better to die than live. Modern healing protocols like palliative care allow for this, and for the idea of "dying healed" which would make no sense if one thinks of healing as only about cures.
What happens after death?
When human killing is the cause of a human death, usually family members or friends or the state (claiming to act on their behalf or that of others who might be next) seek what can be called revenge or harms reduction by locking-up or killing the human killer. Also, when animals kill humans, they too are almost always caught and killed. It is considered a very bad thing to let animals taste human flesh, or to have the experience of killing one.
In any society, human death is surrounded by ritual - a wake or funeral is normal. In some places it was common to "eat" the dead in a form of ritual cannibalism. But this is no longer common, in part because disease like kuru can be passed this way. Human dead bodies are taboo in most societies and must be handled in special ways - for a combination of religious and hygiene reasons. A human dead body must always be reported in law, to be sure it is disposed of properly.
There are always some consequences or requirements for dealing with a human death.
Cover-ups.
Hiding a human death is considered very bad - almost as bad as homicide itself. One of the reasons Slobodan Milosevic and Saddam Hussein are said to have committed crimes against humanity is mass graves that were found in Bosnia and Iraq, which contained many people who opposed them. Today some people continue to deny that Adolf Hitler killed millions of Jews, gypsies, homosexuals and political opponents in his death camps during World War II - this phenomenon is called Holocaust denial. Cover ups are frequent in the mafia and other organized crime.
Probably the worst cases of mass death in living memory are the Rwanda genocide and The Killing Fields of Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge; each of killed approximately half of the population.
Dealing with dead bodies and their property.
Finding the cause of any human death, and stopping a similar death from happening to someone else, are the main reasons people look into "human morbidity", or let dead bodies be cut open and looked at in an autopsy. Some religions do not allow autopsies, because they feel the body is holy. Autopsies are usually required by the state if someone dies and people do not know why. The autopsy helps find out if someone killed the person on purpose, or tried to hurt them, or if they died from a sickness.
To prepare for their own death, humans can write a last will and testament to be clear about who gets their property. A person will sometimes also volunteer to be an organ donor. This might mean giving the whole body to medical research. It can also save the lives of others by making organ transplants possible.
Religious views of death.
Ancient rulers sometimes did insist not only that their own bodies, and much property, but even their servants and relatives be destroyed at their funeral. In India this ritual still does sometimes occur. Old women sometimes carry guns in case their husband's relatives come to throw them on the funeral fire.
Christianity has a special focus on death because of the state killing of Jesus Christ by the Romans. In Islam this is thought to demonstrate the injustice of human systems of dealing out death, and the ability of the best people to overcome it and even forgive it. In Christianity itself it is thought to prove that Jesus himself was really God and so could lose his body to show something and still have power. In Buddhism every being is thought to have this power, and reincarnation will occur until the being reaches enlightenment and can escape the wheel of life to reach Nirvana. Reincarnation is an idea taken from Hinduism of course.
Confucianism advises filial piety and forms of ancestor worship to respect both dead and living ancestors, who created your body and taught you ethics.
Rituals surrounding death.
Every ethical tradition including the medical view of the body has some ritual surrounding death. Often these excuse behaviours that might be hated if they did not have the ritual. For instance, one may say that organ transplant is like cannibalism.
Very much of what happens at a human death is ritual. People who wish theirs to be dealt with a certain way, and who wish a particular treatment like cremation of their body, should decide in advance and set up the necessary payments and agreements. This makes it much easier for their family after they die, since there is no longer the ability to clearly communicate the wish.
For the same reason, saying goodbye is important. Most of the stress of death seems to come for loved ones who "did not have a chance to say goodbye".
Maybe it is to relieve this stress that rituals are created, and to bring together those that knew someone so that the personal experience a person can no longer communicate for themselves, can be exchanged by others.
Preparing for death.
Because events leave living memory, and may only be part of oral tradition, there are projects to record everything that people remember about World War I and the Shoah. The first of these was to record everything remembered about the U.S. Civil War. This discipline has changed history since we have so many more first person accounts of the times, and made social history much more standard.

Human body
The human body is the body of a person. It is the physical structure of a person.
The body is a thing that can be hurt or killed. Its functions are stopped by death.
Study of the human body.
Some people study the human body. They look at where it is different from or the same as other animals' bodies. These animals can be alive today. Or they can be extinct animals like other hominids. (Hominids are primates that are close to humans. Neanderthals and "Homo erectus" were hominids.) Some people study how the human body works and lives in its environment. Some people study what people think about their body. Artists study how to draw or paint the human body.it has many senses which can let him fell pain or other things
"Italic text"it is sometimes called as an animal body
--82.55.233.13 (talk) 17:42, 16 October 2008 (UTC)teomagno
The human body and other animals.
Scientists think that the human body is very much like other animals. They see that some human "behaviors" are like animal behaviors. (Behaviors are the way an organism acts.) They know that 98% of the DNA in humans is the same as other primates.
The animal that is alive now that is closest to humans is the chimpanzee. 98.4% of the DNA is the same between humans and chimpanzees.

Hydrogen
Hydrogen is a chemical element. It is the simplest atom in the Universe. On a periodic table of the elements, hydrogen is on the top row, usually either on the left, on its own above the transition metals, or Above the Halogens. Its symbol in science is H. Scientists give atoms what they call an atomic number, and the number they have for hydrogen is 1. In its pure form hydrogen is most commonly found on Earth as a gas. Hydrogen is often found in water, but a water molecule is actually made up of one oxygen atom with two hydrogen atoms stuck on one side. Hydrogen is notable in that it is the fuel that powers the Sun and other stars.
Pure hydrogen, though, is normally found in groups of two atoms. Scientists call this diatomic. Hydrogen will have a chemical reaction when mixed with most other elements. It has no color nor smell.
However, hydrogen is very uncommon in the Earth's atmosphere. It is mostly found in water (where it is combined with oxygen) and in all organic compounds and living things. Hydrocarbons, like fossil fuels, are compounds where hydrogen is combined with carbon.
The name "hydrogen" comes from the Greek word for water, 'υδορ (pronounced /HEEW-dor/).
Hydrogen has two different isotopes which are heavier types of the Hydrogen atom, they are called: deuterium and tritium. These other types of Hydrogen are important in nuclear energy.
Hydrogen as fuel (fusion).
Scientists believe atoms are made of protons, neutrons and electrons. From a physics point of view, hydrogen has one proton, and its variants (atoms that are very like hydrogen), deuterium and tritium, also have neutrons.
Nuclear fusion is a very powerful source of energy. It relies on forcing atoms together to make helium and energy, exactly as happens in a star like the Sun, or in a hydrogen bomb. This needs a large amount of energy to get started, and is not easy to do yet. A big advantage over nuclear fission, which is used in nuclear power stations, is that no waste is produced, and no toxic fuel like uranium is needed. There is a lot of deuterium in seawater.
There is more than 600 million tons of hydrogen undergoing fusion every second on the sun.
Burning Hydrogen.
1. Water can be easily broken down into hydrogen and oxygen with electricity, but it takes a lot of electricity to get a usable amount of hydrogen.
2. Burning hydrogen combines with oxygen molecules to make steam (pure water).
3. A fuel cell combines hydrogen through a catalyst with an oxygen molecule releasing an electron as electricity.
Hydrogen power grid.
For these reasons, many people believe hydrogen power will eventually replace technologies such as diesel-electric engines and biodiesel fuel.
But it is not correct to see hydrogen as a fuel if it is used in a fuel cell. It is more of a replacement for the power grid. Such a grid and infrastructure with new vehicles might be first made in Iceland, a country that has much free geothermal energy and is quite small. Because it imports all fossil fuel, it would help Iceland to completely stop using it. The huge advantage of hydrogen is that when burnt in an engine or in a fuel cell, there is no pollution - just a small amount of water. It's a pain to store, though - it has to be kept under high pressure - and cooled as well. For vehicles, it seems more realistic to use liquid fuels, at least at present.
If we did move to a hydrogen economy where could the hydrogen come from? Well, there are many places - it can be extracted from water (but this of course will use more energy than you would get back by using it in a fuel cell or an engine). It can be extracted from various types of plant material - corn is possible, though pretty inefficient. Generally it is probably better to refine such material into a more conventional fuel like ethanol.

Helium
Helium is a chemical element. It has the chemical symbol He and atomic number 2.
Helium is called a noble gas, because it does not regularly mix with other chemicals and form new compounds. It has the lowest boiling point of all the elements. It is the second most common element in the universe, after hydrogen, and has no color or smell. Helium does not usually react with anything else. However, it can react with tungsten, iodine, fluorine, sulfur and phosphorus under very special conditions.
Pierre Janssen and Norman Lockyer found helium in 1868. They found that it was in the Sun before it was found on Earth. Because of where it was found, its name comes from the Greek word for Sun, "helios".
It is used to fill balloons and airships because it is lighter than air, and does not burn or react, meaning it is normally safe for using it in that way. It is also used in some kinds of light bulbs. People also breathe it in to make their voices sound higher than they normally do as a joke, but this is extremely dangerous if they breath in too much, since it can kill them, since they are not breathing normal air. Breathing too much helium can also cause long-term effects to vocal cords.

Home page
The home page of a web site is the document that a web server sends to another computer's web browser application when it has been contacted without a request for specific information. That is, when you enter only a domain name in the Address box without specifying a directory or a file, the "home page" is usually the first part of the web site you will be taken to. The Home Page is also called the Main Page.
A properly written home page will tell a user about the information available in the web site, and how to view different parts of the web site.
The home page of "simple.wikipedia.org" can be found at this link.
Home Page was a popular computer application used for composing web pages.

Hair
Hair is something that grows from the skin of mammals. The hair of non-human animals is usually called fur. Having no hair is called baldness. Humans and some other animals have lost much of their hair through evolution, and some animals, such as the elephant and the whale, have almost none at all.
Human hair.
In humans, hair grows mostly on the head, and the amount of body hair is different from race to race. Asians and native North Americans have the least amount of body hair, while Caucasians tend to have the most. Hair commonly turns white as people age.
History and culture.
People have been interested in head hair for hundreds of thousands of years. For both men and women, styling and coloring of hair have been a way to show importance and prestige. Sometimes society makes rules to control the amount of hair, for example by not allowing people to cut their hair or beards.
Hair loss.
People have about 100,000 strands of hair on their head. About 100 fall out each day, but they usually grow back.
Men often lose some of their hair as they grow older. This is known as "baldness", and doctors call it "male pattern baldness". Its name comes from the fact that hair loss almost always follows the same pattern. It begins by hair falling out first from the front and sides of the head, and thinning from the top of the head, usually until it is all gone. After a while, all that may be left is a fringe of hair running above the ears and around the lower back of the head. Even though it is unusual for women to go bald, many women suffer from thinning hair as they grow old, and the pattern of thinning is the same as it is for men.
People have tried to find cures for hair loss for thousands of years. In an effort to get their hair back, men have tried "cures" like applying strange lotions or even having their heads packed in chicken manure. It is only in the last decade or so that treatments have been developed which do sometimes work. Some doctors do hair transplants, where they take tiny plugs of hair from areas like the back of the neck and plant them in the bald spots on the head. Some drugs will cause hair to grow, but this hair is very delicate and will fall out in a short time if the drug is stopped.

Ireland
Ireland is an island of Europe off the west coast of the European mainland. To the west of Ireland is the Atlantic Ocean; to the east of Ireland, across the Irish Sea, is the island of Great Britain.
The island of Ireland, called "Éire" ("Ae-ra") in the Irish language, is about long and about wide. Six million people live in Ireland.
The River Shannon, which runs from north to south, is the longest river. Ireland has many lakes (or Loughs). Lough Neagh, in Northern Ireland, is the largest lake in Ireland, or the British Isles. Ireland is known for its beautiful landscapes, history, and mythology.
The capital of the Republic of Ireland is called Dublin. It is in the east of the country and built on the river Liffey. More than one million people live in Dublin.

Internet
The Internet is a worldwide network of interconnected computer networks that transmit data by packet switching using the standard Internet Protocol (IP). It is a "network of networks" that consists of millions of smaller domestic, academic, business, and government networks, which together carry various information and services, such as electronic mail, online chat, file transfer, and the interlinked Web pages and other documents of the World Wide Web.
History.
The Internet was created in the United States in 1969 by the "United States Department of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency" (known as "ARPA"). The World Wide Web was created
at CERN in Switzerland in the 1990s by a British (UK) man named Tim Berners-Lee.
Today, people can pay a fee to access the Internet from Internet Service Providers. Some services on the Internet cost nothing to use. Sometimes the people who run these free services use advertising to make money from them.
The alternative name, "Net" came from "inter(net)".
Services on the Internet.
The Internet is used for many things, such as electronic mail (e-mail), online chat, and the World Wide Web.
The most used service on the Internet is the World Wide Web (which is also called the "Web"). The Web contains websites, blogs, and also wikis - including Wikipedia. Webpages on the Web can be seen and read by anyone (unless the page needs a password, or it is blocked).
The second major use of the Internet is to send and receive e-mail. E-mail is private and goes from one user to another. Instant messaging (such as AIM or ICQ) is similar to email, but allows two or more people to chat to each other much quicker.
Some governments consider the Internet to be a bad thing, and block some or part of it. For example, the Chinese government think that Wikipedia is bad, so often no one in China can read it or add to it. Some parents block parts of the Internet they think are bad for children to see.
Dangers on the Internet.
The Internet can also be a dangerous place. Information people put on the Internet is not

Italy
Italy is a country in western Europe and a member of the European Union. Its official name is The Italian Republic'". Italy is a democratic republic and a developed country.
It is a founding member of the European Union. Italy is also a member of the G8, with the 7th largest Gross Domestic Product in the world. Its president is Giorgio Napolitano. Before 1861, it was made up of small city sates.
Geography.
Italy is a peninsula, meaning it is surrounded by the sea on all sides apart from one (its north side). Northern Italy is separated from France, Switzerland, and Austria by the Alps, a chain of mountains. Mont Blanc ("Monte Bianco" in Italian), the tallest mountain in Europe, belongs to this chain. The second important chain of mountains in Italy is the Apennines ("Appennini" in Italian), which are in central and southern Italy.
The capital of Italy is Rome. Other important cities in Italy are Milan, Turin, Florence, Naples, and Venice.
The country includes a number of islands, the biggest of which are Sicily and Sardinia, which are reached by ship or aircraft.
Po River is the longest river in Italy. The Tiber River runs through the city of Rome.
Northern Italy has some of the biggest lakes in the country, such as Lake Garda, Lake Como, Lake Maggiore and Lake Iseo. Because it is surrounded by the sea, Italy has many kilometers of coast, which brings tourists from around the world. Tourists also come to see Italy's many historical places.
Italy includes in its territories two very small independent states, San Marino and the Vatican City.
People and culture.
People from Italy are called Italians. Most Italians are Christian, and most of the Christians are Roman Catholics.
The population of Italy is about 58.5 million. About 2.5 million of these live in Rome, and 1.5 million in Milan.
The official language of Italy is Italian and in some area German or French. People also speak languages such as "Sicilian" and "Sardinian", which are similar to Italian, but are different languages, or, dialects.
The people of Italy are the descendants of the ancient Romans.
Latin was one of the first languages of Italy.
After the United States and many other countries in the world, Italy has the largest illegal immigrant problem in the world.
Italy is home to more World Heritage sites than any other nation in the world. These sites are properties forming part of the cultural and natural heritage which the World Heritage Committee considers as having outstanding universal value. Aproximately 60% of the works of art of the world is concentrated in Italy.
Italy makes more wine than any other country.
Italy is famous for their Italian Wine, Pizza, fettucine, pasta, linguine, pepperoni, salami, varieties of cheese and Spaghetti.
Regions.
Italy is divided into 20 Regions ("Regioni" in Italian) and every Region is divided into Provinces.
Politics.
The Head of State is Giorgio Napolitano, whose task began in May 2006 and will end in May 2013 (the President of the Republic remains for 7 years). Napolitano is the eleventh President of the Italian Republic and he was preceded by Carlo Azeglio Ciampi. The first president was Enrico De Nicola.
The Head of Government is Silvio Berlusconi, leader of a right-wing coalition, since 2008, when he defeated the left-wing coalition of Walter Veltroni.
Italy was one of the first members of the European Union and in 2002, along with 11 other European countries, it changed to using the euro as its official currency. Before this, the Italian Lira had been used, from 1881.
If you want to become President of Italy, you must have Italian citzsenship, you must be at least 50 years old, and you must not be barred from holding political and civil rights.
History.
Before 1861, Italy did not exist as a state, because its territory was divided into several independent states, often under foreign domination (by countries such as Austria, France, and Spain). From the 1850s, in Piedmont, a free Italian state, the Earl of Cavour had the idea of defeating the Austrian domination in Lombardy and Veneto to create a Northern Italian state. This happened, but other Central and Southern Italian states also decided to join Piedmont to create a bigger state. Particularly, in 1860, Garibaldi's mission in Southern Italy succeeded in conquering the Kingdom of Sicily, and the Kingdom of Italy was created. Vittorio Emanuele II was crowned King of Italy. But in 1861, Latium and
Veneto were still not part of Italy, because they were under the power of the Pope and of the Austrian Emperor. Veneto was added to Italy in 1866, after a war against Austria, and Latium along with Rome was conquered by the Italian troops in 1870, when they entered the Pontifical State and declared the end of the temporal power of the Pope. The Pope, angry at this usurpation, declared himself prisoner in the Italian State, preventing Catholic people from participating in political life. Finally, in 1870, the Italian state was complete.
Italy participated in World War I as an ally of Great Britain, France, and Russia against the Central Powers. The war was wholly fought on the Eastern border, near Austria. After the 'Caporetto defeat', it seemed that the war would be lost, but in 1918 the Central Powers surrendered, and Italy gained the Trentino-South Tyrol, which once belonged to Austria, though inhabited by Italian people.
1922 saw the rise of a new Italian movement, led by Benito Mussolini, leader of Fascism in Italy. He became Head of Government and dictator, calling himself 'duce'. He began a friendship with the German dictator Hitler and followed him into World War II. Italy entered war only in 1940 as an ally of Germany against France, Great Britain and Russia. During the war Italy controlled most of the Mediterranean sea, called in those years by Mussolini the Italian Mare Nostrum. On July 25, 1943, Mussolini was deposed by the Great Council of Fascism and on September 8, 1943, Badoglio declared that the war as an ally of Germany was ended. Italy started fighting as an ally of France and the UK, but Italian troops, due to the confusion deriving from the change, did not know who to shoot at. In Northern Italy a movement called Resistenza started to fight against the German invaders. Mussolini tried to create another Northern Italian fascist state, the Republic of Salò, but it had no success. On April 25, 1945, Italy became free. The state became a republic on June 2, 1946, after a referendum in which for the first time women could vote. Italian people decided to put down the Savoia dynasty, who had been reigning since the beginning the state, in favour of a republican government.
Transportation.
The railway network in Italy totals 16,627 kilometres (10,331 mi). Italy is ranked 17th in the world. High speed trains include ETR-class trains which travels at 300 km/h (190 mph).

If
If is a word to describe a statement where one thing depends on something else.
"If —" is a poem written by Rudyard Kipling. It appeared in the "Brother Square Toes" chapter of Kipling's book "Rewards and Fairies". In a 1995 BBC opinion poll, it was voted Britain's favourite poem. It is arguably Kipling's most famous poem.

Island
An island is a piece of ground that is surrounded by water. Water is all around an island. Islands are smaller than continents.
The largest island in the world is Greenland, unless Australia is believed to be an island.
Some islands are their own countries. Examples of islands that are their own countries include Cuba, Iceland, and Madagascar. There are many others. Other islands have many countries, for example Borneo and Hispaniola.

Immigrant
Immigrants are people who move to another country or region than their own to live there.
"Immigrant" and "emmigrant" do not mean the same thing. An "immigrant" is a person that leaves his or her own country or region and an "emmigrant" is a person that comes from other country or region.
The phrases "many people emigrated from Europe in the 19th century to America" and "many people immigrated to America from Europe in the 19th century" have the same meaning.

Interim
Interim means "in between" or "transitional" (moving from one time or place to another), or "temporary."

Idiom
An idiom is a word or phrase which means something different from what it says - it is usually a metaphor.
Idioms are common phrases or terms whose meanings are not literal, but are figurative and only known through their common use.
Because idioms can mean something different from what the words mean it is difficult for someone not very good at speaking the language to use them properly. Some idioms are only used by some groups of people or at certain times. The idiom "break a leg", means "good luck" to an actor about to start acting, but not to other people.
Idioms are not the same thing as slang. Idioms are made of normal words that have a special meaning known by almost everyone. Slang is usually special words that are known only by a particular group.
To learn a language a person needs to learn the words in that language, and how and when to use them. But people also need to learn idioms separately because certain words together or at certain times can have different meanings. In order to understand an idiom, one sometimes needs to know the culture the idiom comes from.
To know the history of an idiom can be useful and interesting, but is not necessary to be able to use the idiom properly. For example most native British English speakers know that "No room to swing a cat" means "there was not a lot of space" and can use the idiom properly, but few know it is because 200 years ago sailors were punished by being whipped with a whip called a "cat o'nine tails". A big space was cleared on the ship so that the person doing the whipping had a lot of room to "swing the cat".
Addendum.
A better understanding of an idiom is that it is a phrase whose meaning cannot be understood from the dictionary definitions of each word taken separately. In this case, a metaphor is not an idiom. The meaning of the saying "pay through the nose" or "run like the wind" can be understood by looking the words up in a dictionary and using some common sense and imagination and the context of the phrase.
In each of the above cases, to a language learner, the meaning of the phrases cannot be understood from the dictionary definitions of the words, nor from the context in which they are used.

IELTS
The International English Language Testing System (IELTS) tests how good you are at English language. People who take the test take the Academic Module or the General Training Module. The academic one is for people who want to go to university. The general one is for people who want to do other training or want to get work experience. People who want to emigrate to a country that uses English also take the general one.
Most universities in Australia, Britain, Canada, New Zealand and the United States accept the IELTS. Many professional companies do as well.
See also: International English

Ink
Ink is a liquid that we use to write, draw, print, or make marks. The word ink is from Latin and means "colored water". Ink is used in pens, in some computer printers, and in printing presses. In some countries, people write by using ink and brushes. People usually write or print using black ink, but ink can be any color. The first ink was used in Egypt and China about 2600 BC.
A disadvantage of many kinds of ink is that they may smudge when wet, spoiling the picture or writing.
The first inks were carbon inks, made from soot, which is 80% carbon. Later, in Europe, people used iron gall ink. This is the kind of ink Johann Sebastian Bach and Leonardo da Vinci used.
Ink in a ball point pen is held in a thin long cylinder (tube) inside the pen. The ink does not fall out of the cylinder as it sticks to the sides of the tube.

Indian
The word Indian means from or about the country of the modern Republic of India or Bharat. It refers to a person from India. Many different languages are used in India, so there is no one language called "Indian". Some languages of India are Gujarati, Hindi, Urdu, Sanskrit, Bengali, Kannada, Tamil, and Telugu.
The word Indian is also sometimes used for the people who were in North America, Central America, South America, and the islands of the Caribbean Sea when the Europeans first came there. The Europeans made a mistake and thought they were going to India, so they called the people "Indians".
Other names for these people are American Indians, First Nations, and Native Americans.

Inch
The inch is the basic unit of length or distance in the English system. A man's thumb is about an inch wide.
The abbreviation for "inch" is "in" or " (double quote).
In the United States, people use inches more than they use millimeters or centimeters. Other U.S. customary units of measurement are also in common use.
In the United Kingdom, road signs for speed limits are in miles per hour.
In the rest of the world, metric units are almost always used. The inch is not used when referring to science.

Pint
The pint is the name of a unit of liquid measurement in some countries. The pint is defined as of a gallon. Because the imperial system and the American system use different gallons, their pints are different also.
The imperial pint is still used to measure beer in the countries of the old British Empire. It is usually not used today for anything else. It is divided into 20 fluid ounces.
The United States is the only other country to use pints. In the American system there are two pints. There is a wet pint and a dry pint. Six U.S. wet pints are about five imperial pints. The U.S. wet pint is divided into 16 fluid ounces.

ISO 19011
ISO 19011 is the new global accounting standard, replacing accounting standards that were part of ISO 14001 and ISO 9001. It is the most likely basis for accounting reform which could put an end to accounting scandals.

India
India is a country in Asia. The official English name of the country is Republic of India. Some people also call the country Hindustan or Bharat. (The list of the 21 other official names can be found here). India has more than 1.12 billion (1,120,000,000) people, which is more than any other country in the world except China. Excluding the disputed territory of Jammu and Kashmir, the Republic of India also has a land area of 2,957,429 km² (1,183,610 square miles). This includes the states of Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh. This means that it is bigger than Argentina but smaller than Australia. It is the seventh (7th) largest sized country in the world in amount of land. India is the largest democracy in the world. The capital of India is New Delhi and India has the third largest army in the world with nuclear weapons.
Although India is a growing economy, it has high levels of poverty, illiteracy and malnutrition. India has a higher rate of malnutrition among children under the age of three (46% in year 2007) than any other country in the world.
Languages.
The languages spoken by the most people in India are English and Hindi.
Many people have looked at the diversity of languages and cultures found on the Indian subcontinent. The only other geographical place they found to be more diverse with regards to languages and cultures was the African continent. There are two main language families in India, the Indo-Aryan and the Dravidian languages. About 74% of the people speak an Indo-Arayan language, about 24% speak a Dravidian language. Other languages spoken in India come from the Austro-Asiatic and Tibeto-Burman language families.
Hindi is the language in India with the largest number of speakers. It is the official language of the union. English is also used, mostly for business and in the administration.
It has the status of a 'subsidiary official language.' The constitution also recognises in particular 21 other languages. For these there are either many people speaking them, or they have been recognised to be very important for Indian culture. The number of dialects in India is as high as 1,652.
In the south of India, many people speak Kannada, Telugu, Tamil and Malayalam. In the north, many people speak Chhattisgarhi, Punjabi, Bengali, Gujarati, and Marathi, Oriya, and Bihari.
History.
The first people in India lived 9000 years ago; these people were the ones who made up the Indus Valley Civilization, which is one of the oldest civilizations on Earth. After that, the Vedic period came. This is the country where two main Classical languages of the world wereborn - Sanskrit and Tamil. Both these languages are more than 3000 years old. In these, Tamil is one of the oldest languages existing in the world. The country founded a religion called Hinduism, which most Indians still follow. Later, a king called Ashoka built an empire called the Maurya dynasty in 300 BC. It made most of South Asia into one unified country. From 180 BC, many other countries invaded India. Even later (100 BC - AD 1100), other Indian dynasties (empires) came, including the Chalukyas, Cholas, Pallavas, and Pandyas. In South India at that time, science, art, and writing were very good and famous.
Many dynasties ruled India around the year 1000. Some of these were the Mughal, Vijayanagara, and the Maratha empires. In the 1600s, European countries invaded India, and the British took control of most of India by 1856.
In the beginning of the 1900s, millions of people peacefully started to protest (not obey British rule). One of the people who were leading the freedom movement was Mahatma Gandhi, who only used peaceful tactics, including a way called "ahisma", which means "non-violence". On August 15, 1947, India peacefully got free from the British Empire. India's constitution was founded on January 26, 1950. The first official leader (Prime Minister) of India was Jawaharlal Nehru.
After 1947, India has become a powerful country. It is one of the nations that founded the Non-Aligned Movement and the United Nations (when it was being ruled by Britain). It has fought and won many wars, including ones in 1947, 1962, 1965, 1971, and 1999. India has also done nuclear tests in 1974 and 1998, and it is one of the few countries that has a nuclear bomb. Since 1991, India has been one of the fastest-growing economies in the world.
Government.
India is the largest democracy in the world. Its government is divided into three branches: the Legislative (the one that makes the laws, the parliament), the Executive (the government), and the Judiciary (the one that makes sure that the laws are obeyed, the supreme court).
The Legislative branch is made up of the Parliament of India, which is located in New Delhi, the capital of India. The parliament of India is divided into two groups: the upper house, Rajya Sabha (Council of States); and the lower house, Lok Sabha (House of People). The Rajya Sabha has 250 members, and the Lok Sabha has 545 members.
The Executive branch is made up of the President, Vice President, Prime Minister, and the Council of Ministers. The President of India is elected for five years. The President has the ability to choose the Prime Minister, who has most of the power. The Council of Ministers, such as the Minister of Defence, are helpers to the Prime Minister.
The Judicial branch is made up of the courts of India, including the Supreme Court. The Chief Justice of India is the head of the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court has the power to stop a law being passed by Parliament if it sees that the law is illegal and contradicts (opposes) the Constitution of India. In India, there are also twenty-one High Courts.
Indian states.
India has twenty-eight states not including the capital New Delhi and seven union territories (which are different from states). Delhi and Goa have state status.
Geography and Climate.
India is the seventh-largest country in the world. It is the main part of the Indian subcontinent.
The countries which are next to India are Pakistan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, China, Bhutan, and Nepal. It is also near Sri Lanka, an island country.
India is a peninsula, which means that it is surrounded on three sides by water. In the west is the Arabian Sea, in the south is the Indian Ocean, and in the east is the Bay of Bengal. The northern part of India has many mountains. The most famous mountains in India are the Himalayas, which have some of the tallest mountains in the world. There are many rivers in India. The main rivers are the Ganges, the Brahmaputra, the Yamuna, the Godavari, the Kaveri, the Narmada, and the Krishna.
It mainly has a tropical climate in the south, which means it can get very hot in summer and cool in winter. The northern part, though, has a cooler climate, called sub-tropical, and even alpine in the region of the mountains. The Himalayas, part of the alpine climate, can get extremely cold. There is very heavy rainfall along the west coast and in the Eastern Himalayan foothills. The west, though, is drier. Because of some of the deserts of India, all of India gets rain for four months of the year called the monsoon. That is so because the deserts attract water-filled winds from the Indian Ocean, which give rain when they come into India. When the monsoon rains come late or not so heavily, droughts (when the land wears out because there is less rain) are possible.
Economy.
Presently, the economy of the country is growing. The economy of India is the 12th largest in the world with a GDP of $568 billion (U.S.). In terms of PPP (how much that money can buy in India compared to other countries), the economy is fourth largest (worth $3.319 trillion U.S.). The growth rate is 9.0%. However, that is still only $3100 (considering PPP) per person per year.
India's economy is diverse. Major industries include automobiles, cement, chemicals, consumer electronics, food processing, machinery, mining, petroleum, pharmaceuticals, steel, transportation equipment, and textiles.
However despite economic growth, India suffers from poverty. 27.5% of the population was living below the poverty line in 2004–2005. The spread of wealth in India is not equal. 1/4 of the population earns less than $0.40/day.
People.
There are about 1 billion (1,00,000,000) people living in India. So, India is the second largest country by the amount of people living in it. Experts think that by the year 2030, India will be the first. About 70% of Indians live in farms. The largest cities in India are Mumbai, Kolkata, Delhi, Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad, and Ahmedabad. India has twenty-three (23) official languages. Altogether, there are 1,625 languages that are spoken in India. The religion Hinduism is followed by 80.1% of India; Islam - 13.3%; Christianity - 2.3%; Sikhism - 1.8%; Buddhism - 1.5%; Jainism - 0.4%; and many others.

Insult
An insult is a description of someone that will offend them. It may or may not be true, but it is called "derogatory" language. Terms like foolish, stupid, idiot moron and grow a pair are insults, because they suggest that a person's mind is not quick or smart.
Insulting one's mother directly is a serious insult in many cultures.
Ritual insults are part of many cultures, mainly in sports and military training. They are also very common in jargons - for example, most references to newbies in net jargon are insults.
One should be very careful when using unfamiliar terms for others.
Reason.
Usually to make the insulter feel like they are superior to the insulted because they feel inferior for some reason.

Immunology
Immunology is the study of the immune system. Immune systems are biological systems that organisms use to prevent invasion and parasitism by other organisms. The simplest form of it is the DNA restriction system evolved in bacteria to prevent infection by bacteriophages.
Usually, Immunology is taken to mean the study of mammalian immune systems, which are much more complex, and also prone to much error.
Innate immunity.
There are two broad, artificial subdivisions of mammalian immune systems: the innate (or natural) and the acquired (or adaptive). The innate immune system is usually meant to encompass cells and systems in the mammalian immune system that does not require previous exposure to a particular pathogen for function.
Study of these focuses often on errors of the immune system, which often cause more damage than what they are detecting and reacting to. In effect, the immune system is what decides "what is part of this body" by ignoring its intervention. Some infections, like HIV exploit the limits or weaknesses of the human immune system very effectively and able to make themselves part of the body. Artificial means are often used to restore immune system function in an HIV-challenged body, and prevent the onset of AIDS. This is one of the most complex issues in immunology as it involves literally every level of that system. This research during the 1980s and 1990s radically changed the view of the human immune system and its functions and integration in the human body.
Acquired immune response.
The acquired immune system encompasses cells and systems that require previous exposure, and explains the somewhat unique ability of the mammalian immune system to 'remember' previous infections and mount a rapid and robust reaction to secondary infections. This immunological memory is due to the biology of T-cells and B-cells.
Herd immunity for instance is acquired by organisms living close together sharing minor infections all the time.
Vaccines boost the acquired immune system by offering weak forms of infection that the body can fight off and remember how to do so - when a stronger infection arises the body thus fights it off readily.
The distribution of vaccines and other immune system affecting cures can be considered another level of acquired immune system, one governed by access to vaccination and medicine in general. The intersection of this with the spread of disease (as studied in epidemiology) is part of the field of public health.
Integrated immune response.
The natural or innate immune system of the human body is linked very deeply and directly to the nervous system and sensory system, a link first explored by studies on epilepsy. An epileptic attack is actually an immune system reaction triggered by a purely sensory or nervous input, like a strobe light. There are also studies of long term HIV survivors which suggest very strongly that psychology is a key healing factor and that it is quite possible to survive long term with very low immune system function if one avoids major psychological stress and stays quite calm and optimistic regardless of news. This might be because of the immune system's tendency to panic under conditions of high stress, to the detriment of the organism, sometimes attacking it from the inside.
Because of these issues, a view is evolving of a single system that responds cognitively to perception, physiologically with pain via nerves, and immunologically with the more chemical elements of the immune system that float free in the human bloodstream. The study of this system is psychoneuroimmunology. The immune system protects the body.

Infinity
Infinity, also written formula_1, is larger than any number that can possibly be imagined. The term is from a Latin word meaning "without end".
Infinity is really not a number, but it is sometimes used as one. Numbers can be counted, but infinity cannot be counted. Now, people are proposing that infinity is just an abstract concept.
Infinity can be broken up in two different kinds; potential and actual infinity. Potential infinity is a process that never stops. For example, adding 10 to a number. No matter how many times 10 is added, 10 more can still be added. Actual infinity is something that we cannot imagine or put a value on in our system of concepts.

January
January is the first month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars. It has 31 days.
January is named for Janus, the Roman god of doors and gateways.
January and February were put on the calendar after all the other months. This is because in the original Roman calendar, Winter did not have months. Although March was originally the first month, January became the new first month because that was when people chose the new consuls (Roman leaders).
January's flower is the Carnation with its birthstone being the Garnet. The meaning of the Garnet is Constancy.
The first day of January is called New Year's Day. In some countries it has the name of the Saint Sylvester.

June
June is the sixth month of the year; it has 30 days. June is named for the Roman goddess Juno, the wife of Jupiter, and she is goddess of marriage, so getting married in June was thought to be lucky. June begins on a different day of the week each year.
June's flower is the Rose and the birthstone is the pearl. The meaning for the birthstone pearl is health.

July
July is the seventh month of the year with 31 days. July was named after Julius Caesar.
July begins on the same day of the week as April every year and also January in leap years.
July's flower is the water lily.
July's birthstone is the ruby. The meaning for the birthstone Ruby is Contented Mind.

Japan
Japan (日本) is a country in Asia. It has many islands. Four of them are large, and the biggest is one of the largest islands in the world. The islands are on the east Asian coast in the western part of the Pacific Ocean.
Japanese people call their country "Nihon" or "Nippon", which in Japanese means "the origin of the sun". It is not actually the origin of the sun.
History.
The earliest records on Japan are from Chinese history. One of those records said there were many small countries which had wars between them and later a country, ruled by a queen, became the strongest and peace came.
Japan began to write its own history after the 5th and 6th centuries, when people from Korea and China taught Japan about the Chinese writing system. Japan's neighbours also showed them the ways of Buddhism. The Japanese changed Buddhism in many ways, for example, by building strongly on ideas such as Zen, which came from mainland Asia.
In the ancient and the Middle Ages, China gave Japan lots of new cultural ideas, but their friendship became weaker later. In the late 13th century, Mongolians from China tried to invade Japan twice, but they could not. The samurai and shogun of Medieval Japan are similar to knights and lords in Medieval Europe.
Japan had contact with the Europeans for a little while in the 16th century. The Portuguese were the first Europeans to visit Japan. Later, the Spanish, English and Dutch came to Japan to trade. Also, they brought Christianity. Japan's leaders welcomed them originally, but the Europeans conquered many places in the world, and the Japanese were scared they would conquer Japan too. So the Japanese did not let the Europeans come into Japan anymore, except in a small area in Nagasaki city. Only Chinese, Korean and Dutch people were allowed to visit Japan, in the end, and they were under careful control of the Japanese government. Japan was opened again in 1854 by Matthew Perry, when the Americans wanted to use Japanese ports for American whale boats.
This new contact with Europeans and Americans changed the Japanese culture. The Meiji Restoration of 1868 stopped some old ways and added many new ones. The Empire of Japan was created, and it became a very powerful nation and tried to invade the countries next to it. It invaded and annexed Ryukyu Kingdom, Taiwan, and Korea. It had wars with China and Russia: the First Sino-Japanese War, the Russo-Japanese War, and the Second Sino-Japanese War, which grew to become a part of World War 2). Japanese troops did many bad things in East Asia, for example: the Nanking massacre (killing a lot of people), biological attacks of Unit 731 (killing people with chemicals and other deadly things).
In 1941, Japan attacked Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, a naval base of the United States and destroyed or damaged many ships and airplanes. This started the United States' involvement in World War 2. American and Japanese forces fought each other in the Pacific. Once airbases were established within range of the Japanese mainland America began to win, and started dropping bombs on Japanese cities. America had full access to bomb most of the important cities and quickly brought Japan close to defeat. Because the Japanese refused to surrender, the United States dropped two atomic bombs on the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, killing 130,000 Japanese citizens in just a few seconds. Soon after this the Soviet Union began to fight against Japan and the Japanese army in Manchuria lost. Japan surrendered and gave up all the places it took from other countries, accepting the Potsdam Proclamation. The United States occupied Japan and forced it to write a new constitution, in which they promised to never go to war again.
Japan was hurt very much after the widespread bombing campaigns and the atomic bombs, but soon it grew strong again. They did not try to make a strong military, but a strong economy. Because of this, they became very wealthy. The United States put their military bases in Japan, including Okinawa. Although America helps protect Japan, some people living near the bases do not like the soldiers being there because of serious problems the soldiers sometimes make.
Geography.
Japan is a group of islands in the Western Pacific, off the coast of China. The four biggest islands are Honshu, Hokkaido, Shikoku, and Kyushu, and there are about 3,000 smaller islands there. Japan is separated from the Asian continent by the Sea of Japan and the East China Sea. Honshu, which means 'Mainland' in Japanese language is the biggest island. Hokkaido is the island north of Honshu. Kyushu is the island west of Honshu. Shikoku is the island to the south-west of Honshu.
In the middle of Japan there are mountains. Most of mountains are volcanoes. Japan has many earthquakes. The recent big earthquake happened in 1995 near to Kobe. It was really bad.
90% of the people living in Japan only live in 10% of the land, near the coast. The other 10% of the people in Japan live away from the coast.
Over 10 cities have over a million people in them. The biggest city in Japan is Tokyo, which is the capital.
Territorial problem.
Japan has 3 problems about territory.
Transportation.
Important international airports in Japan are Narita, serving as Tokyo's major airport and Kansai International Airport near Osaka, serving as the main airport for the Kansai region.
For moving around in Japan, airplanes, trains and buses are mainly used for the public transportation. The Shinkansen is one of the fastest trains in the world and connects most of the biggest cities in Honshu and Kyushu.
Subdivisons.
Japan is divided into 47 prefectures.

Jargon
Jargon is a special way to use words that are shared only by a certain group of people. They do not mean what the dictionary says they mean. They have different meanings to the people using them than their everyday meaning.
For example, the ordinary words boot, net, and web also have special meanings for users of computers, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. These, and to flame, to ping and many acronyms are part of net jargon.
An "acronym" means that only some of the letters in the word or phrase are used. Often this is the first letter of each word. Other acronyms found online are simply common shorthand. See list of slang words.
Usually, more jargon is created over time.
Jargon is also common in the military. It includes phrases like SNAFU.
Jargon can be used by a clique to prevent others from joining or understanding, but it also is often just used because it is shorter.

Jesus
Jesus (born between 7 and 4 BC in Bethlehem, died in 30, 31, or 33 AD in Jerusalem) was the man whose life and teachings started the Christian religion. He was a Jew and came from a town called Nazareth in Galilee, in the country that is today called Israel.
The name "Jesus" comes from the Aramaic name "Yeshua", from Hebrew "Yehovah-shua", meaning "God saves" which was a popular name of the time. Jesus is often called "Jesus Christ" or "Christ". The word "Christ" comes from the Greek word "christos" and means "the one marked on the head with oil" or "the anointed one". In Jesus' country, anointing was done to show that a person was chosen to be a king or a leader. Jesus is also called "Messiah", which comes from the Hebrew term "Moshiach", and also means "the anointed one."
Stories about the life of Jesus have been recorded by different writers. The best known are four books called the Gospels. They form the New Testament, a part of the Bible. Gospel means "Good News." The "Gospels" were written by people who followed Jesus and believed in him. They tell a little about his birth, and mostly about his adult life: his teachings, ministry and death. There are four "Gospels", called "the Gospel of Mark", "the Gospel of Matthew", "the Gospel of Luke", and "the Gospel of John".
Several Jewish and Roman historians such as Flavius Josephus, Tacitus, Pliny the Younger and Suetonius also mention Jesus in their writings. They usually only mention his execution or problems between the Roman Government and his followers; they do not talk about his life.
Most Christians remember the day that Jesus was born as the holiday of Christmas. Although the Gospels do not say what day Jesus was born, Early Christians living in Rome chose 25th December because there was already a Roman holiday on that day. They also celebrate the time that the Gospels say he died and was raised from the dead as the holiday of Easter.
Jesus in the Bible.
This section is about the birth, ministry and death of Jesus. It is taken from the four books of the Bible, called the Gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke and John. They were written in the 1st century AD. Nearly all other writing about Jesus is based on these four books.
Jesus' birth.
The Gospels of Matthew and Luke say that before the birth of Jesus, both Mary his mother, and the man that she was promised to, Joseph, knew that Jesus was going to be the "Messiah" or King that had been promised to the Jewish people, in the ancient Jewish books.
Luke's Gospel tells most of the story. At the time that Jesus was born, the Roman Empire ruled most of Europe, England, the Middle East and North Africa. The Government wanted every single family to have their name taken down to be taxed, so everyone had to go back to the place where they came from. Joseph came from the small town of Bethlehem, near Jerusalem, so even though Mary was close to giving birth to her baby, they had to travel, with thousands of other people.
When they got to Bethlehem, every room was full. There was nowhere for them to stay except in a stable, an animal shed. The baby Jesus was born in the stable, was wrapped up, and put to sleep on the straw in the feed bin (the "manger"). Luke tells us that the shepherds who were minding the sheep on the hillside came in to see the baby, and went away singing thanks to God for the newborn king.
In "the Gospel of Matthew" it says that wise men from another country saw a new star in the sky and came to find the young Jesus because they knew that the "Messiah" was going to be born under a star, and that the star was a sign that Jesus was born to be a king.
Jesus' ministry.
The Gospels tell about the ministry of Jesus in this way:-
When Jesus was aged about 30, he traveled around the country, teaching by telling stories. He taught that God alone was the true king, and that people should love God and love each other as the Hebrew Bible told them to do. Jesus performed miracles that were signs of God's power, such as giving hungry people food and wine, healing sick people, and making dead people alive again. He also set people free from evil spirits.
Jesus gathered together twelve men, known as the "Twelve Disciples", whom he chose and trained to spread his message. He had many other disciples, including many women, but because of Jewish customs, the women disciples could not travel to distant places on their own as teachers.
The Bible says Jesus became famous. He went to Jerusalem, where many people were visiting the city for a Holy Day. When they heard that he was coming, they greeted him as if he was a king. They thought perhaps he would free them from the Roman rule, but Jesus rode into Jerusalem on a donkey, as a sign that he came in peace.
Jesus did a lot of things that upset the Jewish religious leaders. He often showed disrespect for customs that the Jews had kept for many centuries. For example, Jews did no work at all on the 7th day of the week, the "Sabbath", because it was a holy day, but Jesus often showed disrespect for this custom. In John's Gospel, chapter 5, there is the story of Jesus healing a crippled man. Jesus saw a man lying on a mattress. He healed the man, and told him to pick up the mattress and go home. Carrying the mattress on the Sabbath was against religious custom, so the religious leaders argued with Jesus about it. They then watched everything he did, and remembered all the things that were against the religious customs.
In Mark's Gospel, chapter 11, it says that when Jesus arrived in Jerusalem, he went to the Jewish Temple. He became angry at what he saw. There were people selling things there, and money lenders who were cheating poor people. Jesus chased away all the people who were selling things. He said the chief priests and scribes had turned the temple into a den of thieves because they were making money from the poor and taking away homes from poor women who had no other way to pay for the temple worship.
Jesus' death.
The Gospels tell about the death of Jesus in this way:-
The temple leaders were angry and wanted to kill him. They told the Roman Government that Jesus wanted to become the king of the country and take it over. The Roman Governor thought that Jesus should be set free. The Jewish leaders said, "If you do that, then you are not the friend of Caesar!" (Caesar was the Roman ruler.)
So the Governor sentenced him to death. The Roman soldiers killed Jesus by crucifixion; they nailed him to a cross by his arms. This was a common way for the Romans to kill rebels and criminals.
Jesus' body was buried in a tomb which belonged to one of his followers. He was buried in a hurry, because the Sabbath day, when no one could work, started when the sun went down. On the day after the Sabbath, early in the morning, women came to wash the body and treat it with spice and perfumed oil. But the Gospels say that the body of Jesus was gone, and an angel sat by the tomb and said "He is risen from the dead!" (This is called the Resurrection.)
Some people, like the disciple Thomas, said "I'm not going to believe this, until I have seen it with my own eyes!" But the Bible says that more than 500 people, including Thomas, saw Jesus alive again. There are many stories in "the Gospels" about what Jesus did once he was "resurrected". Finally, "Luke's Gospel" says that Jesus took his disciples to a hill, where he blessed them and told them to spread his teaching through all the world, and that then clouds came down, and he was lifted up to Heaven.
Christian beliefs about Jesus and his teaching.
The Christian Church is founded on Jesus. The things that Christians believe about Jesus are based on the four Gospels of the Bible, and on letters or "Epistles" that were written in the 1st century, explaining Jesus' teachings to his followers.
Jesus did not write these letters. They were mainly written by a Jewish man called Paul, who worked for the Roman government. At first he tried to stop Christianity from spreading. Then he became a Christian himself and was an important leader. As Christian churches started in different towns and countries, Paul wrote letters to them. A lot of the ideas that Christians believe are written in Paul's letters. There is also lots of advice for running churches and families. There are many Christians who believe what Paul taught about Jesus but who do not agree with some of Paul's advice.
There are other letters in the New Testament by other writers including Peter, James, and John. These letters all help to build the beliefs that modern Christians have. People of other faiths do not use the letters, and do not agree with the Christian teachings.
See section: Other views about Jesus
Jesus as God.
Whether or not Jesus is God has been argued about for a long time. All Christians, including Catholic, Orthodox and Protestant Christians, believe Jesus was both God and man. Jesus is described in different parts of the New Testament as being "the Word of God", "the Son of God", "the Son of Man", and even God himself.
These teachings, which are believed by most Christians, are not believed by many other people. The Islamic teaching is that Jesus was a prophet, but he was not part of God or the "Son of God". In Jesus' own time, many Jews became very angry at Jesus for saying that he was the "Son of God" and also because his followers said he was the "Messiah". Most Jews do not believe this.
Jesus is also referred to as "the Son of God".
Most Christians believe that these verses say Jesus is God. Most Christians believe that Jesus' death on the cross allows all people to be forgiven by God for their sins (bad things they have done). Most Christians believe that if a person asks God to forgive them He will do so, and they will get to live forever with him in Heaven.
God in human form.
Christians believe that, by the teaching of the Bible, Jesus was not only truly God but also truly human and that this was part of God's plan to bring humans closer to understanding him.
People who do not have Christian beliefs, believe that Jesus was an ordinary person, and not God made human.
In "Matthew's Gospel", Jesus is often called "the Son of Man". Matthew has borrowed these words from the Old Testament where they are often used to show that humankind is very far from God. In the Bible, God is often praised and thanked for helping ordinary humans, who are called "the sons of man". In Psalm 8, the writer, King David, asks God "What is man and the son of man, that you should care so much and give him such wonderful power over the Earth and all its creatures?"
In Matthew's Gospel, 24:30 Jesus says "..They shall see the Son of Man coming in the clouds of Heaven with power and great glory." Like King David, in Psalm 8, Jesus is making a difference between his ordinary human life and his great power as the "Son of God".
"The Good Shepherd".
In the Gospels, Jesus often spoke about himself as being like a shepherd, caring for sheep. He called himself the "Good Shepherd" who would even give his own life, to protect his sheep. He told the Jewish people, referring to non-Jewish or "Gentile" believers, that he had "other sheep" that do not belong to this flock. (John, 21:16). In one of his last conversations with his disciple Peter, he told him, "Feed my sheep!", in other words "Take care of my people.".
"The Holy Saviour".
In Jewish religion, from ancient times, there was a belief that humankind was "sinful" (did things that were bad) and that that people needed to be forgiven by God. They believed that there were two ways to get God's forgiveness, by prayer and by sacrifice. Prayer could be done anywhere, but sacrifices were done at the temple. A person would bring an animal, often a lamb, or if they were poor, a dove. They would put their hands on the animal to lay their sins on it. Then the animal would be killed, as a punishment for the sin. This type of sacrifice continued until the temple in Jerusalem was destroyed in 71 AD. Paying money to the temple was also a sort of sacrifice. When Jesus drove the traders out of the temple, they were the people who sold lambs and doves, and the people who exchanged Roman money into special temple money.
Part of Christian belief is that Jesus Christ did not just come as a human person so that he could teach a better way of life. Christians also believe that Jesus was the "ultimate" sacrifice for the sin of humankind, that Jesus is the "Saviour": the one who is here to save. Christians believe that, unlike ordinary people, Jesus was completely pure and free from sin, but that when he died on the cross, he took on himself all the sins of every person in the whole world, like the lamb sacrificed in the temple.
Based on John's Gospel, Christian teaching is that the death and resurrection of Jesus are the sign of his power to forgive the sins of any person who turns to him and truly asks for forgiveness. The Bible says that sinners who are forgiven should try to live a "new life" and not go back to their sinful behaviour. Christians believe that knowing about God's love helps people to live a new and better life.
These are three verses from the Bible that are important in this Christian belief:-
"God loved the world so much that he gave his only Son, so that, whoever believes might not die but have eternal life."' John's Gospel, 3:16.
Jesus said: "I am the way, the truth and the life. If anyone comes to the Father, they must come by me!" John's Gospel, 14:6.
"If we say we have no sins, we are fooling ourselves and not telling the truth. But if we tell our sins humbly to God, then He has promised to listen and to forgive our sins and make us clean from all our badness." from the First Letter of John.
Jesus as a teacher.
Some people who are not Christians believe that Jesus lived at the time that the Gospels say, but do not believe that Jesus was the "Son of God" or "Saviour". They believe that Jesus was an ordinary, but very good person, a teacher and perhaps a prophet.
Some people accept Jesus as a moral example without any connection to a God. Mohandas Gandhi said, "I am a Muslim, and a Hindu, and a Christian, and a Jew," even though he was born a Jain. Gandhi worked hard in his life to make the followers of all these religions respect each other. This is how many people see Jesus, too - a teacher who said that all people were neighbours and that Jews, Romans, Greeks, Samaritans and other people should all live in peace with each other.
Muslim beliefs about Jesus.
Some people believe Jesus was a Prophet of God. Among these people are Muslims who follow the teaching of a book called the Qur'an. Muslims consider Jesus (under the name Isa) to be the second-to-last Prophet (messenger of God), and Muhammad to have been the very last Prophet. They believe that Jesus and Muhammad were both ordinary men.
Muslims do not believe that Jesus was God or "the Son of God". They believe that Jesus cannot be part of God, because there is only one God. Muhammad taught that Jesus did not die on the cross, but that he went up to Heaven without dying. (The death of Jesus is essential to Christian belief about salvation.) Muslims always say "peace be upon him" after saying Jesus' name as a sign of respect.
Jewish beliefs about Jesus.
Even though Jesus was a Jew and his teaching came out of the Jewish religion, most Jewish people do not believe that Jesus was the "Messiah" that is promised in the Jewish Scriptures.
In the Gospels, it tells that Jesus made the Jewish teachers very angry with his teachings. It says that part of their anger was because he told them they were "hypocrites" which means that they were pretending to live good lives but were really using the laws of their own religion to cheat people.
In the Gospels, the other reason that they became angry was that Jesus acted as if he was the "Messiah", and said he was the "Son of God". This meant that he was either a terrible liar, that he was mad and just imagined it, or that it was true. But Jesus did not seem to be mad. So that left only two choices. If Jesus was lying, then he was doing something badly against the Jewish religion. It was because of the claims that Jesus was the "Son of God" that some of the Jewish leaders wanted him killed and they handed him to the Roman rulers. The Romans didn't care if Jesus said something that was against the Jewish beliefs. But they knew that people had also said that Jesus was "King of the Jews". This was against the government.
Although, today and through history, most Jews do not believe what Christians say about Jesus, there are some Jews who do believe that Jesus was the "Messiah" promised in the Jewish Scriptures. Jews who believe this are called "Messianic Jews".
Jesus as part of a false story.
Some writers have said that perhaps Jesus never existed. Ideas have been put forward that the whole of the Gospel writing about Jesus is just a good story or myth and that Jesus perhaps never existed.
Others have claimed that Jesus was really married to his follower, Mary Magdalene and that the Early Church leaders deliberately hid this information because it did not fit with the way that they wanted Jesus to be remembered. When a group of people deliberately hide information it is called a "conspiracy". One reason for this "conspiracy theory" is that there are a number of Early Christian writings which are different from the four Gospels of the New Testament. These include a "Gospel of Thomas", a "Gospel of Philip" and stories about Jesus as a child. These writings are all later than the four Biblical Gospels. The Gospel of Philip, which is a book of teachings from the 3rd century, talks about Mary Magdalene in a way that has sometimes been thought to mean that she was his wife. Most modern scholars of the Bible do not support this theory. They say that these early writings never say clearly that Jesus was married. Scholars say that although it was usual for men to be married (as it is today), many religious leaders and teachers ("Rabbi") were not married (like Catholic priests of today).
One author, Dan Brown, has written a famous story, "The da Vinci Code" based on the idea that Jesus was really married to his female disciple, Mary Magdalene, and that the church has been hiding this information. Many people believe what Dan Brown wrote, even though his book is fiction.
Some archaeologists have found a tomb in Jerusalem where there are graves with the names of a family called Joseph, Mary, Jesus, Jacob and Mary. They say that it must be the grave of Jesus' family, even though the Bible mentions 8 different Josephs, 5 Marys, 3 Joshua/Jesus and 4 Jacobs.
Jesus as part of an old tradition.
Other writers have shown that parts of the story of Jesus are similar to other religions such as the stories of Gilgamesh and Mithras. They also show that Christianity holds its main Holy Days at a time when there was already a Roman or Jewish festival such as Easter at the time of the Passover.
How the Gospels were written.
In the later part of the 20th century and in the 21st century nearly all scholars, both Christian and non-Christian agree that Jesus was a real historic person. Both Christian and non-Christian scholars base their studies of him on the Gospels. They are believed to have been written between 60-90 AD.
One of the main reasons that most scholars believe in the real existence of Jesus is that "someone" in the 1st century AD must have lived and taught the things which Jesus taught. Some real person must have started the Christian Church. Whether or not that person was called Jesus, their ideas were so powerful that they changed the world.
By tradition, "the Gospels" were written by four men, Matthew, Mark, Luke and John who gave their names to these books.
This is the order in which they are arranged in the New Testament of the Bible, but scholars think that it is not the order in which they were written. "The Gospel of Mark" was probably written before "the Gospel of Matthew". The four Gospels all tell the story of the Life of Jesus, but they do it from four different points of view, because they were written by different people and each writer had reasons to tell it in a different way.
Other scholars have said that leaders in the Early Christian Church made changes to the Gospel writings. These changes are said to have happened at different times, in different ways and for different reasons. For example, one story was left out of many old versions of the Gospels. It is about Jesus rescuing a woman who had committed adultery (had sex outside marriage) and was about to be killed. St. Augustine of Hippo, (354-430 AD) wrote that this was probably was left out because some church leaders thought the story might cause people to act in a sinful way. This story is in all modern Bibles and is thought to contain very important teaching for Christians. Other differences that can be found in versions of the Gospels are mostly small and do not make a difference to what is known about the life of Jesus and his teaching.
About Mark.
Mark's Gospel, which is thought by biblical scholars to be the earliest, has the name of a young disciple of the apostle Paul who is mentioned several times in the "Acts of the Apostles" and Paul's Letters.The Gospel was probably written in Rome and is thought by scholars to be from the memories of Jesus' follower or "disciple", Peter. It doesn't tell about Jesus' birth; it starts when he was 30 year old, at the time when the disciples got to know him. It shows Jesus as a man of action: going around the country, teaching and healing people.
About Matthew.
Matthew's Gospel was written next. Matthew was one of Jesus' disciples. He was a Jewish man that was hated by other Jews because he worked for the Roman rulers as a tax collector. Matthew tells that one day Jesus saw him sitting at his desk in the market place and said "Follow me!".
Most Biblical scholars believe that Matthew had read Mark's Gospel and decided to fill in some things that Mark left out, because, while Mark wrote his Gospel for the Church of Rome, Matthew wanted to write for Jewish Christians all over the Roman Empire. Matthew was a well-educated Jew, so he knew the Jewish Scriptures, (which Christians also use and call the Old Testament of the Bible). Matthew knew the scripture teachings that the Messiah, or God's anointed one would come. In his Gospel, he often mentions these teachings. He also starts off by giving a list of Jesus' ancestors because this was important to Jewish readers.
About Luke.
The apostle Luke was Greek and a friend of the apostle Paul. He was a doctor and often writes about medical things. Luke came to know about Jesus from the "disciples". Luke writes about the birth and the childhood of Jesus and he says "Mary kept all these things in her heart and thought about them."
Luke was not a Jew and he writes in a way that is easy for other people who are not Jews to understand. He explains Jewish customs and laws. He wrote a second book called "the Acts of the Apostles" which tells what the disciples did after Jesus had left them.
About John.
It is believed by scholars of the Bible that John was a "disciple" of Jesus and was probably the youngest of the twelve men who were Jesus' main followers. He lived to be an old man and, because of his teaching about Jesus, he was sent to a small island, Patmos. In his old age he wrote two important books, of which one is "John's Gospel".
John writes with one particular idea in mind. He wants to prove to the reader that Jesus is God's way of saving humans from the terrible problem of sin or "evil". John starts by telling the reader that Jesus was (and is) God. John says that Jesus is God's "Living Communication" (or "Living Word"). Every part of "John's Gospel" is written to show that Jesus came from God, taught the "Message of God" and is the way for people to understand "God's Love".
Jesus' teachings and stories.
The Gospels tell many of the stories that Jesus told when he was teaching people about the way that God loved them and the way they should live. Two of the most famous stories are the story of "the Prodigal Son" and the story of "the Good Samaritan". In the first story it is shown how much God loves his people and in the second story is shown how people should love each other.
The Prodigal Son.
In this story from Luke's Gospel, Jesus tells how a rich man had two sons. They would both get a share of his money, when he died. The younger son said, "Father, give me my money now, so I can go and enjoy myself, while I'm young." He took the money to the city, and spent it all on parties with his friends. Soon he had none left to feed himself. He was ashamed. He got a job caring for pigs, but he was almost starving. He said to himself, "I'll go home to my father and I will say 'Father, I have sinned! Please let me be a servant in your house!'"
As he went home, he did not know that his father looked out for him, every day. When his father saw him coming, he ran along the road to put his arms around his son. The son said "Father, I have sinned! Please let me be a servant in your house!"
The father said "Bring the finest clothes! Kill the fattest calf to make a feast!"
When the elder brother heard all this, he was angry and said "I'm a good son to you, but you never even gave me one little goat to have a party with my friends!"
The father said "You have always been with me. I love you greatly, and and all I have is yours, but my son who was lost is now found! My son who seemed to be dead is alive! Be happy with me!" Jesus said that this is the way God loves and forgives his people, when they ask for forgiveness.
The Good Samaritan.
In this story from Luke's Gospel, Jesus shows what it means to be a good neighbour. Near the Jews lived the Samaritans. They followed the Hebrew Scriptures, but they worshiped differently to the Jews, so the Jews were prejudiced against them. One day, a Jewish man was on a journey when a band of robbers beat him up, robbed him and left him naked and almost dead, by the road. A Jewish priest came along and saw him. He thought, "If I touch that naked bleeding man, I will be unclean and I won't be able to go to the Temple!" So he pretended that he hadn't seen him. Another Jew, a Holy Man, came along and acted in the same way. At last a Samaritan came along with a donkey. When he saw the wounded man he stopped. He washed his wounds with wine and olive oil. Then he put him on his donkey and took him to the nearest inn. He paid the innkeeper and said "Keep him until he is well, and whatever is owing, I will pay when I come back this way."
Jesus said to the people who were listening "Which one of these people acted like a good neighbour?" They said "He that stopped and helped." Jesus said "You go and act the same way."

Jupiter
Jupiter (pronounced is the largest planet in the Solar System. It is the fifth planet from the Sun. Jupiter is classed as a gas giant. This is because it is very big and made up of gas. Other gas giants include Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. Jupiter has twice the mass of all the other planets in the Solar System put together.
Jupiter has been known by astronomers for thousands of years. The ancient Romans named it for the Roman god Jupiter. At some times Jupiter can be the third brightest object in the night sky. Only the Moon and Venus are brighter. Jupiter has at least 63 moons. Most of these moons are very small at less than 5km wide. The four main moons are Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto. These four are called the Galilean moons. They are called this because they were discovered by the Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei. Ganymede is the largest moon in the Solar System. It is bigger than the planet Mercury.
Structure.
Jupiter is one of the four gas giants. This is because it is made of gas. Other planets, for example Earth or Mars, are made of solid rock. It is the biggest planet in the Solar System with a diameter or width of 142,984 km. This is eleven times the diameter of Earth.
What it is made of.
The atmosphere, or air, near the surface of Jupiter is estimated to be 75% hydrogen and 24% helium with remaining 1% made up of other gases. Further into the planet it is so hot and the pressure so high that helium becomes a liquid and precipitates or rains further down into the planet. Based on spectroscopy, Jupiter seems to be made of similar gases to Saturn. It is not as similar to Neptune or Uranus. These two planets have much less hydrogen and helium gas.
It is difficult to learn about the core of Jupiter. The very high temperatures and pressures mean scientists cannot tell what materials would be there. We cannot find out because we cannot create the same amount of pressure on Earth. Above the unknown inner core is an outer core. On Earth, this is liquid rock. The outer core of Jupiter is thick, liquid hydrogen. The pressure is enough to make the hydrogen solid, but then it melts because of the heat.
Mass.
Jupiter is twice as massive than all the other planets in the Solar System put together. Because of all the gas near the core, it gives off more heat than it gets from the sun.
Jupiter is 11 times the size of Earth and 318 times as massive. The volume of Jupiter is 1,317 times the volume of Earth. In other words, 1317 Earth sized objects could fit inside it.
Cloud Layers.
Jupiter has many bands of clouds going horizontally across its surface. The light parts are called "zones" and the darker are called "belts". The zones and belts often interact with each other. This causes huge storms. Wind speeds of 360 kilometres an hour are common on Jupiter. To show the difference the strongest tropical storms on Earth are about 100 km/h.
Most of the clouds on Jupiter are made of ammonia. There may also be clouds of water vapour similar to clouds on Earth. Scientists think this because spacecraft such as Voyager 1 have seen lightning on the surface of the planet and lightning needs water vapour. These lightning bolts have been measured as up 1,000 times as powerful as those on Earth.
The brown and orange colours are caused when sunlight passes through or refracts with the many gases in the atmosphere.
The Great Red Spot and other storms.
One of the biggest features in Jupiter's atmosphere is the Great Red Spot. It is a huge storm which is bigger than the entire Earth. It has been known about for just under 200 years and possibly even longer.
Storms such as these are common in the atmospheres of the gas giant planets. Storms can last for hours or as long as hundreds of years in the case of the Great Red Spot.
Magnetic Field.
Jupiter has a magnetic field similar to Earth's but much stronger. It is also known as a "magnetosphere". The strength of the field is enough to be a serious danger to any spacecraft travelling past or to Jupiter. The magnetic field is probably caused by the large amounts of liquid, metallic hydrogen in the core of Jupiter. The four largest moons of Jupiter orbit or go around the planet within the magnetic field. This protects them from the solar wind. Jupiter's magnetic field is so large, it reaches the orbit of Saturn 7.7 million miles away. In comparison Earth's magnetosphere does not even cover the Moon, less than a million miles away.
Orbit.
The orbit of a planet is the time and path it takes to go around the Sun. In the amount of time it takes for Jupiter to orbit the Sun one time, the Earth orbits the Sun 11.86 times. One year on Jupiter is equal to 11.86 years on Earth. The average distance between Jupiter and the Sun is 778 million kilometres. This is five times the distance between Earth and the Sun. Jupiter is not tilted on its axis as much as the Earth or Mars. This causes it to have no seasons, for example Summer or Winter. Jupiter rotates, or spins around, very fast. This causes the planet to bulge in the middle. Jupiter is the fastest spinning planet in the Solar System. It completes one rotation or spin in 10 hours. Because of the bulge, the length of the equator of Jupiter is much longer than the length from pole to pole.
From Earth.
Jupiter is the third brightest object in the night sky, after the Moon and Venus. Because of that, people have always been able to see it from Earth. The first person known to really study the planet was Galileo Galilei in 1610. He was the first person to see Jupiter's moons Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto. This was because he used a telescope, unlike anyone before him.
No new moons were discovered for more than two hundred years. In 1892 an astronomer called E.E Barnard found a new moon using his observatory in California. He called the moon Amalthea. It was the last of Jupiter's 63 moons to be discovered by human observation through a telescope.
In 1994, bits of the comet Shoemaker Levy-9 hit Jupiter. Thousands of astronomers on Earth watched this happen. It was the first time a collision or crash between two Solar System objects had been directly seen by people.
From spacecraft.
Eight spacecraft have either flown past or visited Jupiter since 1973. These were Pioneer 10 (1973), Pioneer 11 (1974), Voyagers 1 and 2 (1979), Ulysses (1992 and 2004), Cassini (2000) and New Horizons in 2007.
The Pioneer missions were the first spacecraft to take close up pictures of Jupiter and its moons. Five years later, the two Voyager spacecraft discovered over 20 new moons. They captured photo evidence of lightning on the night side of Jupiter.
The Ulysses probe was sent to study the Sun. It only went to Jupiter after it had finished its main mission. Ulysses had no cameras so it took no photographs.
In 2006 the Cassini spacecraft, on its way to Saturn, took some very good, very clear pictures of the planet. Cassini also found a moon and took a picture of it but it was too far away to show the details.
The Galileo mission in 1995 is the only spacecraft to go into orbit or go around Jupiter. It flew around the planet for seven years and studied all of the four biggest moons. It launched a probe into the planet to get information about Jupiter's atmosphere. The probe travelled to a depth of about 150km before it was crushed by the weight of all the gas above it. This is called pressure. The Galileo spacecraft was also crushed in 2003 when NASA steered the craft into the planet on purpose. They did this so that the craft could not crash into Europa, a moon which scientists think might have life.
Future.
NASA is planning to send another spacecraft to Jupiter called "Juno". It will launch in 2011. The craft will go into orbit around the planet in 2016. Several missions have been planned to send spacecraft to Jupiter's moons Europa and Callisto. One called "JIMO" (Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter) was cancelled in 2006 because it cost too much money.
Moons.
Jupiter has over 63 known moons. Only 13 of these were first seen from Earth because the rest are too small. The smallest moon (2003 J 12) is only 1 kilometre across. The biggest, Ganymede, has a diameter of 5,262 kilometres. It is bigger than the planet Mercury. Along with Io, Europa and Callisto, Ganymede is one of the Galilean moons, the four biggest moons of Jupiter. Because of the way they orbit Jupiter, gravity affects three of these moons greatly. The friction caused by the gravity of Europa and Ganymede pulling on Io makes it the most volcanic object in the Solar System. It has over 400 volcanoes, more than three times as many as Earth.
Jupiter in the Solar System.
Jupiter's large gravity has had a big effect on the Solar System. Jupiter protects the inner planets from comets by pulling them towards itself. Because of this Jupiter has the most comet impacts in the Solar System. A group of asteroids called the "Trojan asteroids" follow Jupiter as it goes around the Sun. It is the only planet that has a group of asteroids similar to this.

Judaism
Judaism is one of the oldest religions on Earth. It was one of the first religions to believe in only one God (monotheism). There are about 13 million followers of Judaism worldwide, called Jews. There are Jewish laws, rules, and guidelines for all parts of life. These are taught in both written and oral traditions. Their holy book is called the Torah (תורה). Most Jews believe that the Torah was written by God.
Beliefs.
Maimonides was a famous Jewish teacher of the 12th century. He made a list of 13 principles that include the basic beliefs of Judaism.
Mitzvot (Commandments).
There are various important actions in Judaism. These are called "mitzvot". A "mitzvah" is a commandment (law, rule) from God to the Jewish people. Most people think of a mitzvah as 'a good deed,' or 'a good thing to do.' There are 613 mitzvot that Jews are told to do. Some are for every-day life, and some are done at special times. Many of these 613 commandments can not be done now, because the Holy Temple in Jerusalem was destroyed.
The Commandments.
Religious Jews believe that Moses brought the Ten Commandments and the Torah down from Mount Sinai. They also believe that there is another part of the Torah besides the 5 books of Moses. It is called the Mishnah, also called the Oral Torah or Oral Law. It explains how to follow the laws written in the 5 books. There is a commentary (explanation) of the Mishnah, called the Gemara. Together, the Mishna and the Gemara make up the Talmud.
Traditional Jews believe that God gave the written Torah and the oral Torah to Moses and that Moses told it to the Jewish people, and that it is the same today as it was back then. Traditional Jews also believe that all of the commandments must still be followed today.
Liberal Jews believe that the Torah was inspired by God but written by human beings. Liberal Jews believe that all of the ethical laws in the Torah must still be followed, but many ritual laws do not need to be followed today.
It is considered good in Judaism to talk about the commandments and to try to understand how to follow them. The Talmud has many stories about Rabbis who argued about the commandments. There is a joke about this: "Two Jews, Three Opinions." Over time, some opinions have become the rule for everyone. Some rules are still being argued about.
There is no single leader of Judaism who can decide how to follow the commandments or what to believe. Even though Jews believe different things and they disagree about the rules, they are still one religion and one people.
The Ten Commandments are special because they were heard by all of the Jewish people at Mount Sinai. However, in traditional Judaism, all of the 613 mitzvot in the Torah are equally important.
Shabbat.
One of the commandments is to keep the Jewish Sabbath or "Shabbat". Shabbat starts every Friday at sunset and ends on Saturday at sunset. Shabbat is a day of rest to thank God for making the Earth.
The tradition of resting on Shabbat comes from the Torah. According to the Torah, God created the world in six days and on the seventh day, Shabbat, He stopped. Many Jews go to their temple or synagogue to pray on Shabbat.
Traditional Jews are very careful about Shabbat. It is a special day. Everyone walks to the synagogue. They say extra prayers. No one goes far from home. People visit friends. They invite guests for dinner and for lunch. People study Judaism together.
Liberal Jews do not follow all of the same rules. They go to synagogue and visit friends and have special meals. But they may also drive cars, go shopping, and use electricity.
Kashrut - Jewish Food Laws.
Jews who follow the religious rules called "kashrut" only eat some types of food that are prepared by special rules. Food that a Jew can eat is called "kosher" food.
Traditional Jews are very careful about kashrut. They usually can not eat in non-kosher restaurants or in the home of someone who does not keep kosher. Sometimes, this makes it hard to visit people or to do business. It is important to understand that this is part of their religion.
Liberal Jews may or may not keep kosher. It is best to ask them individually.
Other Kosher Rules.
There are other rules for kosher food as well.
Kinds of Judaism.
For a very long time, all Jews believed the same basic things about Judaism. About 200 years ago, a small group of Jews in Germany decided to stop believing in many parts of Judaism and try to become more "modern" and more like Germans. Those Jews were called Reform Jews.
Today there are three main kinds of Judaism: Reform, Conservative, and Orthodox Judaism. There are also kinds with a smaller number of people, such as Reconstructionist Judaism, and Karaite Judaism, Each group has its own practices according to how it understands the Jewish laws. Some do not believe in keeping most of the laws. For example: Reform (also called Liberal or Progressive) Judaism does not require eating kosher food or keeping the Sabbath at all. Reform Judaism teaches Jews to focus on the ethical laws of Judaism. Conservative Judaism developed after Reform Judaism. The leaders of Conservative Judaism felt that Reform Judaism was too radical. They wanted to conserve (protect) Jewish tradition instead of reforming (changing, improving) it. Orthodox Jews do not believe that Reform or Conservative Judaism are correct because they change too many things in ways that are not allowed.
In the most recent survey of Jews in the United States in 2000-2001, it was found that 35% of American Jews say they are Reform, 27% say they are Conservative, 10% say they are Orthodox, 2% say they are Reconstructionist and 25% do not say what type they are.
In Israel, almost all Jews go to Orthodox synagogues. There are very few Reform or Conservative synagogues. In Israel, Jews do not call themselves Reform, Conservative, or Orthodox. Instead, they mostly call themselves "Haredi" (super-religious) "Dati" (religious), "Masorati" (traditional) or "Chiloni" (secular). Surveys suggest that about 20% of Israelis say they are secular, 25% say they are Dati or Haredi and 55% say they are traditional.
Names of God.
Names are very important in Judaism. Many Jews believe that a name not only tells you who someone is, but also tells you something about them. Names of God are very special in Judaism, so Jews do not write them or speak them fully but use other words instead. That is why Jews write G-d, with a "-" instead of an "o"
"HaShem" Means "The Name". It is the word Jews use most often when not praying to talk about God.
"Adonai" means "My Lord." This name tells Jews about God's position. God is the King of the World, and his name Adonai lets us know that.
"Elohim" means "one who is strong enough to do everything." This name is used when talking about God's power to create or God's justice. This tells us that God is the creator and that God rules the world with just laws.
The two names above are so special that Orthodox Jews use these names only when they pray and read the Torah. When they are not praying or reading the Torah, they say "Hashem" (The Name) or "Elokim".
"God" - Some Jews write "God" by replacing the "o" with a dash, like this: "G-d". They do this because God's name is so holy they are not allowed to throw away a piece of paper with "God" written on it. However, if by accident "God" is written, then the paper can be disposed of in a special way and buried in a special place. Others say that "God" is just an English word, not Hebrew, and so it is not holy.
"YHWH" ("Yehovah") is the most sacred name of God in Hebrew, and is not pronounced by most Jews. No one knows where the name came from, or what exactly it means. It looks like the Hebrew word "hayah," which is the verb "to be." (According to Hebrew scripture, when Moses asked God who God was, God told Moses "I am that I am".) Jews believe that the name YHWH shows that God is endless. Instead of trying to say it, most Jews say "haShem", which means "The Name." Some people pronounce this name as "Yahweh", or "Jehovah". Scholars of religion sometimes refer to "YHWH" as "the Tetragrammaton", from Greek words meaning "four letters".
History.
The Jewish scriptures say that Judaism began with a man named "Abram" who lived in the city of Ur. According to the Midrash, Abram strongly believed that the people in Ur were wrong to pray to different gods and statues. The Torah teaches that the Torah was around when God created the world. He believed that there was really only one God who was not a statue. The Torah tells that God spoke to Abram and told him to leave Ur with his family and move to Canaan, were he started a new religion. God told him that his name would be changed to Abraham. The Midrash also says that angels taught Abraham a new holy language, which Jews believe is the language today known as Hebrew. Hebrew has continued to be the language of Judaism until today. Abraham's grandson Jacob is said to be the one who first had the name of "Israel".
According to the Torah, at one time, the Hebrew people moved to Egypt because of famine in Caanan. The Pharaoh became worried that the Jews would take over, so he made them slaves. God told the Hebrew leader Moses to help free them. God sent many terrible punishments to the Egyptians to convince their Pharaoh to free the Hebrews. Finally, the Pharaoh let the Hebrews go free, but then decided to send the Egyptian army after them. The Hebrews escaped when God made the waters of the Red Sea open a path for them. The waters then returned and drowned the Egyptian army. The Torah says that after this, Moses met with God on Mount Sinai and received the Ten Commandments and the Torah from God.
The Hebrews or Israelites, in twelve tribes, began a country called Israel in Caanan. They fought many wars against other peoples in the area. The name "Jew" comes from the name of one of these tribes, Judah.
Later this country broke apart into two kingdoms, Israel and Judah. Israel was conquered by Assyria in the 8th century BC, and the people were taken away. Later Judah was conquered by Babylonia in the early 6th century BC, and its people were taken captive to Babylon. They were allowed to go back to Judah again when Babylon was conquered by Persia. Some Jewish people stayed in Babylon (now Iraq) and others also lived in other countries.
By 50 BC, Judah (then called Judea) was ruled by the Roman Empire. During this time, the main language of Judea was Aramaic. The Jews did not like the Roman government or customs, and often made trouble for the Romans. In 70 AD, after a revolt against the government by the Jewish community, the Romans destroyed Judea's capital city, Jerusalem and sent almost all Jews into exile.
After this, the Jewish people did not have their own country. They were a small minority in almost every place they lived. This time is called the Diaspora, when Jews spread around the world. They lived in many other countries. Jews living in Spain and Portugal used the language Ladino (also called "Judeo-Spanish"). Jews living in Germany, Poland, and Russia used the language Yiddish. Jews living in North Africa spoke Judeo-Arabic. Jews have lived in most, but not all, places in the world, including India, China, Yemen, and Ethiopia. Even today, Jews that do not live in Israel are often said to live "in the Diaspora". In some places, like India, Jews lived without any problems. In other places, like most of Europe and Islamic countries, there was bigotry or even hatred against Jews and they lived under unfair laws. Sometimes Jews suffered from outright persecution (that is: systematic hatred and violence), sometimes they were forced to dress in special, ugly clothes, pay higher taxes than others, not build higher houses than others, not to ride a horse or donkey etc. But Jews were known as skillful bankers. In Europe, where the Roman Catholic church forbade Christians from lending money against interest, Jews worked as bankers and money-lenders.
One nomad nation, the Khazars, converted to Judaism in the 8th century. The Khazar khanate, which was located in the modern Ukraine and Byelorussia, was the only independent Jewish state before modern day Israel. The Khazar state was destroyed by the Eastern Vikings (Rus) in 987.
The Jewish People have always believed that they have a special mission from God. They do things in their own ways, such as having special rules about food and eating, not working on the Shabbat, keeping their own holidays, and not marrying people from other religions. Because of this, people in many different times and countries have thought that the Jews were strange, and maybe dangerous. Many countries made laws that the Jews could not work in some jobs or live in some places. Sometimes Jewish people were killed because of their religion. The word "antisemitism" describes the hatred for Jews.
During the 1930s and 1940s, the Nazi, or "National Socialist" government of Germany conquered most of Europe. They treated the Jews very badly, because they said that the Jews caused most of the problems for Germany in the First World War. The Nazi government killed more than six million Jewish people. Before they were killed, many of the Jews were made to be slaves, and some of them were forced to help in the killing and slavery of the others.
In 1948 after World War II, the United Nations made the country of Israel for the Jews in Palestine, which is in the same place as the original Israel, in the Middle East. The land had been part of the Ottoman Empire before World War I. Then Britain controlled the area under the oversight of the United Nations. Many Jews moved back to Israel, then called Palestine, starting in the late 1800s. When the country of Israel was made in 1948, there were about 600,000 Jews in it. Today there are about 5,600,000 Jews in it.
When Jews moved back to Palestine, there were people living there. Most of them did not want to live in a Jewish country. This was the beginning of the Israeli-Arab or Israeli-Palestinian conflict, which continues today.
Jews have come to Israel from all over the world, bringing different languages, music, food, and history to create a unique culture. Israel is the only country in the world where most people are Jews and where Hebrew is the main language.
Jewish history continues today in both Israel and the Diaspora. Outside of Israel, there are many Jews in the United States, Great Britain, Canada, France, Russia, the Uktraine, Germany, Argentina, Brazil, South Africa, and Australia. There are smaller numbers of Jews living in other parts of the world.
Some of the major problems faced by the Jewish people today include: resolving the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and dealing with high rates of assimilation (loss of Jewish identity) in some countries, like the United States.
Famous Jews.
Many famous people have been Jewish or have come from Jewish families.

King
A king is a male who rules a country because of inheritance. A king usually comes to power when one of his parents dies. For much of history most countries were governed in this way, especially in Europe. In some countries people elected a new king from candidates.
The wife of a king is called a queen. A woman who becomes a monarch because of inheritance is also called a queen.
If a country has a king or a queen, that means it is a monarchy. A country which a king or queen rules is called a kingdom.
See also emperor and prince.

Knowledge
Knowledge means the "things someone knows", such as information they have learned. If someone understands an idea or is aware of something, then he or she has "knowledge" of it. When it makes sense to someone, this "knowledge" becomes "understanding". A "knowledgeable" person is someone who knows a lot. If someone has "know-how" it means that they can put "knowledge" to work in doing or building something.
Origin.
Knowledge comes from being in an environment, having some experience there, and then sharing what was learned - so that others do not have to be in that environment or have that experience to "know" what someone else knows.
Type of knowledge.
When doing science, it is necessary to set up a strict experiment so that the important elements of the environment and experience are repeatable and so that simple numbers or models can be shared afterward.
Other types of knowledge.
Other types of knowledge can be for a more specific purpose, for example learning a language. In business the field of knowledge sharing deals with the use of computers to record and share what employees know.
KnowledgePoints.
A franchised learning center called is known for its affordable tutoring and proven results, always a learning favourite.

Kauai
Kauai (Kaua'i in Hawaiian) is the oldest and fourth largest of the main Hawaiian Islands, in the United States. Known also as the "Garden Isle", Kaua'i lies 105 miles (170 kilometers) across the Kaua'i Channel, northwest of Honolulu on O'ahu. It is of volcanic origin. The highest point is Mount Waialeale, at the center of the island, 5,148 feet (1,570 meters) above sea level. The wettest spot on Earth, with average rainfall of 460 inches (11,648 millimeters) a year, is just east of Mount Waialeale. The high yearly rainfall has eroded deep valleys in the central mountain. It has made canyons with many scenic waterfalls.
The city of Lihue, on the island's southeast side, is the seat of Kauai County. It is the main city on the island. Waimea, on the island's southwest side and once the capital of Kauai, was the first place visited by explorer Captain James Cook in 1778. The city is at the head of one of the most beautiful canyons in the world, Waimea Canyon, whose gorge is 900 meters (3,000 feet) deep.
The island of Kauai was featured in Disney's 2002 animated feature film "Lilo & Stitch".

Kaho'olawe
Kaho'olawe is the smallest of the 8 main volcanic islands in the Hawaiian Islands, in the United States. It is located west of Maui and south of Lana'i and is 11 miles long by 6 miles across (45 sq. miles area). The highest point, Lua Makika, is 1,477 feet above sea level. The island is rather dry because its low height does not cause much rain (orographic precipitation) to fall from the northeastern trade winds.
Kaho'olawe was used as a gunfire and bombing target by the United States military because of World War II, and a defense training area by the United States Navy from around 1941 until May 1994. Popular feeling in Hawai'i against this practice finally won, and the Navy has been trying to finish a cleanup of unexploded ordnance (bombs and explosive shells) from the island. Ordnance is still buried or lying on the ground. Other items have washed down gullies and still other unexploded ordnance lies beneath the waters offshore. In 1981, the entire island was included on the National Register of Historic Places.
The island is planned to be given back to the Hawaiian people. In 1993, the U.S. Congress passed a law that "recognized the cultural importance of the island, required the Navy to return the island to the State, and directed the Navy to do an unexploded ordnance (UXO) cleanup and environmental restoration". The turnover officially occurred on November 11, 2003, but the cleanup has not yet been completed. The U.S. Navy was given $400 million and 10 years to complete the large cleanup task, but this work has gone much slower than planned.
In 1993, the Hawaii State Legislature established the Kaho'olawe Island Reserve. It is made up of the whole island and waters out to two miles (3.2 km) from shore. By State Law, Kaho'olawe and its waters can only be used for Native Hawaiian cultural, spiritual, and subsistence purposes; fishing; environmental restoration; historic preservation; and education. Commercial uses are not allowed. The Legislature also created the Kaho'olawe Island Reserve Commission (KIRC) to manage the Reserve while it is held in trust for a "future Native Hawaiian Sovereignty entity".
After the cleanup is finished, the restoration of Kaho'olawe will need ways to control erosion, restore the plant life, recharge the water table, and slowly replace alien plants with native ones. Plans will include methods for damming gullies and reducing rainwater runoff. Non-natives will temporarily stabilize some areas before the permanent planting of native plants.

Kill
The act of killing a living thing can be said to have happened when an outside force, usually another life form, has done something to cause it to die.
When a human being is killed by the action or fault of another human being, this event is called a homicide. When a human being is killed by the action of himself (or herself), it is called a suicide.
A kill is also the act of shooting down a fighter aircraft. There are laws against this.

Kilometre
The kilometre is the common unit of longer distances on Earth. The SI unit is the metre, a kilometre is 1000 metres. It is now used more than the statute mile for road distances, and the nautical mile for sea distances and air distances.
It is also spelled kilometer. This spelling is used in American English.

Language
but human language is the key meaning of "language."
Some people discuss "animal languages," but others do not agree and say that "animal languages" are not clear or meaningful enough to be 'true' languages. It depends on the definition of "language."
"Language" could also mean a form of subject in school.
Mathematics and computer science use made-up languages called formal languages (like computer programming languages), but these may or may not be 'true' languages. Mathematics itself is considered a language by many.
A person who is able to speak, use and understand words from more than one tongue (language) is said to be multilingual.
Gestures (communication through hand movements) are one way people can try to make themselves understood when they cannot speak in the same language. There is also sign language, which is used to speak to people who cannot hear.
Chinese is the language with the most speakers in the world. English is often called "the international language" because it is the main language of many things, such as science, business, and entertainment.
There is only one language which is officially known as "La Internacia Lingvo" - The Inter-national Language - and that language is Esperanto.

Leisure
Leisure (or free time) is when a person can choose what to do. During a person's leisure time, they do not have an obligation to be at school or work at a job. During leisure time, people can do fun activities, family activities, or other non-work activity, such as hobbies.
A vacation or holiday is the setting aside of time specifically for leisure. During their vacation, some people travel to a different region or country, and stay at a hotel so that they can do things they could not do near home. Other people prefer to spend their vacation time at home in their own community.
In wealthy industrialized countries such as the US, Canada, and Britain, workers are allowed to stay home on the weekend (usually Saturday and Sunday), and use it as leisure time. People in poorer developing countries usually have less leisure time, as they have to work longer hours and more days per year.

Live
Live can be an adjective. It rhymes with "five".

Life
Note that many individual organisms are not able to reproduce and yet are still generally considered to be "alive"; see mule and ant for examples. However, these exceptions can be covered by defining life at the level of entire species or of individual genes (for example, see kin selection for one way that non-reproducing individuals can still enhance the spread of their genes and the survival of their species).
The study of life is called biology and people who study life are biologists.
Currently, the Earth is the only planet in the Universe known by humans to support life. The question of whether life exists elsewhere in the Universe remains open. There have been a number of false alarms of life elsewhere in the Universe, but none of these apparent discoveries have so far been confirmed.
Currently the closest that scientists have got to finding life outside of Earth is fossil evidence of possible bacterial life on Mars.
All life on Earth is based on the chemistry of carbon compounds. Some say that this must be so for all possible forms of life throughout the Universe; others describe this position as "carbon chauvinism".
Most successful animal of the earth in terms of total weight: Antarctic krill, "Euphausia superba", with a biomass probably over 500 million tonnes.
Lifespan is the length of life in each species.
Death is the end of life in a living system, or in a part of it.

Law
The law is a system of rules that people are supposed to follow in a society or a country. The courts and police enforce this system of rules and punish people who break the laws, such as by making them pay a fine or other penalty or sending them to jail. In ancient societies, laws were written by leaders, to set out rules on how people can live, work and do business with each other. Today in most countries, laws are written and voted on by groups of elected politicians in a legislature, such as a parliament or congress. To follow the laws of a society is to do legal things. An activity is illegal if it breaks a law or does not follow the laws.
A legal code is a written code of laws that are enforced. This may deal with things like police, courts, or punishments. A lawyer or jurist or attorney is a professional who studies and argues the rules of law. In the United States, there are two kinds of attorneys - "transactional" attorneys who write contracts and "litigators" who go to court.
The "Rule of Law" is the law that says that Government can only legally use its power in the way the government and the people agree. It limits the powers a Government has, as agreed in a country's constitution. The "Rule of Law" prevents dictatorship and protects the rights of the people. When leaders enforce the legal code honestly, even on themselves and their friends, this is an example of the rule of law being followed. "The rule of law", wrote the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle in 350 BC, "is better than the rule of any individual."
Culture is usually a major source of the principles behind many laws, as people tend to trust the ideas based on family and social habits. In many countries throughout history, religion and religious books such as the Bible or the Koran have been a major source of law.
Civil law and common law.
Civil law is the legal system used in most countries around the world today. Civil law is based on legislation that is found in constitutions or statutes passed by government. The secondary part of civil law is the legal approaches that are part of custom. In civil law governments, judges do not generally have much power, and most of the laws and legal precedent are created by members of parliament.
Common law is based on the decisions made by judges in past court cases. It comes from England and it became part of almost every country that once belonged to th British Empire, except Scotland, and the Canadian province of Quebec. It is also the predominant form of law in the United States, where many laws called statutes are written by Congress, but many more legal rules exist from the decisions of the courts. Common law had its beginnings in the Middle Ages, when King John was forced by his barons to sign a document called the "M
Religious law.
Religious law is law based on religious beliefs or books. Examples include the Jewish Halakha, Islamic Sharia, and Christian Canon law. Until the 1700s, Sharia law was the main legal system throughout the Muslim world. In some Muslim countries such as Saudi Arabia and Iran, the whole legal systems still base their law in Sharia law. Religious law is often criticized by countries that are not ruled by a religious government, because it often has very harsh penalties for very minor crimes, and often results in the mistreatment of women and minorities.
History of law.
The history of law is closely connected to the development of human civilisations. Ancient Egyptian law developed in 3000 BC. In 1760 BC King Hammurabi, took ancient Babylonian law and organized it, and then had it chiseled in stone for the public to see in the marketplace. These laws became known as the Codex Hammurabi.
The Torah from the Old Testament is probably the oldest body of law. It was written in about 1280 BC. It has moral rules such as the Ten Commandments, that tell people what acts are not permitted.
Judiciary.
The judiciary is a group of judges who resolve people's disputes and determine whether people who are charged with crimes are guilty. Most countries that follow common law have a system of appeals courts, up to a supreme authority such as the Supreme Court or the High Court. The highest courts usually have the power to remove laws that are unconstitutional (which go against the constitution).
Legislature.
In democracies, the people in a country usually elect people called politicians to be a representative in a legislature. Examples of legislatures include the Houses of Parliament in London, the Congress in Washington D.C., the Bundestag in Berlin, the Duma in Moscow and the Assemblée nationale in Paris. Most legislatures have two chambers or houses, a 'lower house' and an 'upper house'. To pass legislation, a majority of Members of Parliament must vote for a bill in each house. The legislature is the branch of government that writes laws, and votes on whether they will be approved.
Executive (government) and Head of State.
The executive is the governing center of political authority. In most democratic countries, the executive is elected from people who are in the legislature. This group of elected people is called the cabinet. In France, the US and Russia, the executive branch has a President which exists separately from the legislature.
The executive suggests new laws and deals with other countries. As well, the executive usually controls the military, the police, and the bureaucracy. The executive selects ministers, or secretaries of state to control departments such as the health department or the department of justice.
Other parts of the legal system.
The police enforce the criminal laws by arresting people suspected of breaking the law. Bureaucrats are the government workers and government organizations that do work for the government. Bureaucrats work within a system of rules, and they make their decisions in writing.
Lawyers are people who have learned about laws. Lawyers give people advice about their legal rights and duties and represent people in court. To become a lawyer, a person has to complete a two or three-year university program at a law school and pass an entrance examination. Lawyers work in a law firms, for the government, for companies, or by themselves.
Civil society is the people and groups that are not part of government that try to protect people against human rights abuses and try to protect freedom of speech and other individual rights. Organizations that are part of civil society include political parties, debating clubs, trade unions, human rights organizations, newspapers, and charities.

Ludovic Lazarus Zamenhof
Ludovic Lazarus (Ludwik Lejzer) Zamenhof (December 15, 1859 - April 14, 1917) was a Jewish-Polish eye doctor and scholar who created the international language Esperanto.
Zamenhof was born in 1859 in the town of Białystok, Poland. At the time, Poland was a part of the Russian Empire. Bialystok contained three major groups: Poles, Belorussians, and Yiddish-speaking Jews. Zamenhof thought that one common language would join these groups and stop fights between them.
His first language was said to be Polish. His parents spoke Russian and Yiddish in the home. His father was a German teacher, so Zamenhof learned that language from an early age. Later he learned French, Latin, Greek, Hebrew and English. He also had an interest in Italian, Spanish and Lithuanian.
Zamenhof decided that the international language must have a simple grammar and be easier to learn than Volapuk, an earlier international language. The basics of Esperanto were published in 1887.

List of countries
__NOTOC__
A.
Afghanistan - Albania - Algeria - America (see United States) - Andorra - Angola - Antigua and Barbuda - Argentina - Armenia - Australia - Austria - Azerbaijan
B.
Bahamas - Bahrain - Bangladesh - Barbados - Belarus - Belgium - Belize - Benin - Bermuda - Bhutan - Bolivia - Bosnia and Herzegovina - Botswana - Brazil - Brunei - Bulgaria - Burkina Faso (formerly Upper Volta) - Myanmar (formerly Burma) - Burundi
C.
Cambodia - Cameroon - Canada - Cape Verde - Central African Republic - Chad - Chile - People's Republic of China - Republic of China ("Taiwan") - Colombia - Comoros - Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly "Zaire") - Republic of the Congo - Costa Rica - Côte d'Ivoire - Croatia - Cuba - Cyprus - Czech Republic
D.
Denmark - Djibouti - Dominica - Dominican Republic
E.
East Timor - Ecuador - Egypt - El Salvador - England (see United Kingdom) - Equatorial Guinea - Eritrea - Estonia - Ethiopia
F.
Fiji - Finland - France - Faroe Islands
G.
Gabon - The Gambia - Georgia - Germany - Ghana - Greece - Grenada - Guatemala - Guinea - Guinea-Bissau - Guyana
H.
Haiti - Holy See (see Vatican City) - Honduras - Hungary
I.
Iceland - Republic of India - Indonesia - Iran - Iraq - Ireland - Israel - Italy - Ivory Coast (see Côte d'Ivoire)
J.
Jamaica - Japan - Jordan
K.
Kazakhstan - Kenya - Khalistan - Kiribati - Korea - Korea, North - Korea, South - Kuwait - Kyrgyzstan
L.
Laos - Latvia - Lebanon - Lesotho - Liberia - Libya - Liechtenstein - Lithuania - Luxembourg
M.
Republic of Macedonia - Isle of Man - Madagascar - Malawi - Malaysia - Maldives - Mali - Malta - Marshall Islands - Mauritania - Mauritius - Mexico - Federated States of Micronesia - Moldova - Monaco - Mongolia - Montenegro - Morocco - Mozambique - Myanmar
N.
Namibia - Nauru - Nepal - The Netherlands - New Zealand (Aotearoa) - Nicaragua - Niger - Nigeria - Niue - North Korea - Norway
P.
Pakistan - Palau - Palestine (See "State of Palestine") - Panama - Papua New Guinea - Paraguay - Peru - Philippines - Poland - Portugal - Puerto Rico
R.
Romania - Russia - Rwanda
S.
Saint Kitts and Nevis - Saint Lucia - Saint Vincent and the Grenadines - Samoa - San Marino - São Tomé and Príncipe - Saudi Arabia - Scotland (see United Kingdom) - Senegal - Serbia - Seychelles - Sierra Leone - Singapore - Slovakia - Slovenia - Solomon Islands - Somalia - South Africa - South Korea - Spain - Sri Lanka - Sudan - Suriname - Swaziland - Sweden - Switzerland - Syria
T.
Taiwan (see Republic of China) - Tajikistan - Tanzania - Thailand - Togo - Tonga - Trinidad and Tobago - Tunisia - Turkey - Turkmenistan - Tuvalu
U.
Uganda - Ukraine - United Arab Emirates - United Kingdom - United States of America - Uruguay - Uzbekistan
V.
Vanuatu - Vatican City ("Holy See") - Venezuela - Vietnam
W.
Western Sahara
Z.
Zaire (now Democratic Republic of the Congo) - Zambia - Zimbabwe
See also.
List of main current country rulers

Provinces and territories of Canada
Canada's land is composed of thirteen parts: ten provinces and three territories. Canada is governed on the principles of a federation: the Provinces' governments share power with the Government of Canada (the federal government). The territories' governments have a more limited set of powers versus the federal government than that of the provinces'.
The provinces are located in the south of Canada, and the territories are in the north, where fewer people live.
Here is a list of the provinces, and their standard abbreviations, with their capitals (the cities where their governments have their offices).

Las Vegas, Nevada
Las Vegas is a city in the American state of Nevada. The city had a population of 478,434 people in 2000. It is the biggest city in Nevada. Las Vegas is also the county seat of Clark County in Nevada.
History.
Mormon farmers first lived there in 1854. It was called "Las Vegas" by Spanish people. The name means "The Meadows" in the Spanish language. It had a lot of these in 1854. The city is known for its dry climate, as is the rest of Southern Nevada. It is surrounded by deserts.
The US Army built Fort Baker there in 1864. Las Vegas has springs so people used to stop there for water when they were going to Los Angeles or California.
In 1905, 110 acres owned by William A. Clark, on which he built a railroad to Southern California were auctioned and Las Vegas was founded as a railroad town.
Culture.
Las Vegas, also known by a shorter name, Vegas, is notable for is liberal policies on activities such as prostitution and gambling. Gambling was made legal in the state of Nevada in 1931. In 1941, many hotels were built in Las Vegas with casinos in them. Las Vegas is sometimes called "Sin City" because so many people use the city for gambling and drinking alcohol, two common "sins".
People come to Las Vegas for vacation, many hotels have different themes and have shows and events to get people to come there. Because of this, Las Vegas is called "The Entertainment Capital of the World".
Las Vegas is also known for its many casinos, decorated with various bright colours. Some of these casinos include Circus Circus, a circus-themed casino, and The Venetian, an Italian-themed casino.

Lana'i
Lana'i is sixth largest of the Hawaiian Islands, in the United States. It is also known as the "Pineapple Island". The island is almost a circle in shape and is 18 miles wide in the longest direction. The land area is 140 sq. miles (367 sq. km). It is separated from the island of Moloka'i by the Kalohi Channel to the north.
History.
Lana'i was first seen by Europeans on 25 February 1779 by Captain Clerke, with "HMS Resolution" on the James Cook Pacific Ocean trip. Clerke took command of the ship after Capt. Cook was killed at Kealakekua Bay on February 14, and was leaving the islands for the North Pacific.
In 1922, Jim Dole, the president of Dole Pineapple Company, bought the island of Lana'i. He made a large part of it into the world's largest pineapple plantation.
Tourism.
Tourism on Lana'i started not long ago. That was when the growing of pineapple was slowly coming to an end in the Islands. On Lana'i, you can be with nature and feel the mood of the Hawaiian countryside. Not like nearby O'ahu, the only town (Lana'i City) is small. It has no traffic or shopping centers. Tourists come mainly to relax.
There are three hotels on Lana'i and several golf courses.

Leap year
A leap year comes once every four years. It is the year when an extra day is added to the Gregorian calendar used by most of the world.
An ordinary year has 365 days. A leap year has 366 days. The extra day is added to the month of February. In an ordinary year, February has 28 days. In a leap year, it has 29 days. This extra day is called a leap day.
A year is a leap year if it can be evenly divided by four. For example, 1996 was a leap year. But a year is not a leap year if can be evenly divided by 100 and not by 400. This is why 1700, 1800, 1900 were not leap years, but 2000 was.
We have leap years because instead of 365 days, the Earth really takes a few minutes less than 365 1/4 days (365.24219) to go completely around the Sun.
Without leap years, the seasons would start one day earlier on the calendar every four years. After 360 years, the 21st of March (the usual start of spring) would come in winter, on what would otherwise be the 21st of December.
A number of countries use a lunar calendar (based on the moon). They have leap years when they add an extra lunar month. Different calendars add the extra month in different ways.

Leather
Leather is the skin of an animal, used as a material. The skins of cows, pigs, and goats are often used to make leather. Skins of snakes, alligators or crocodiles, and ostriches are sometimes used to make fancier leather. Shoes, bags, clothes, and balls are often made of leather. Sometimes people make leather out of whales, ducks, graffes, and african elephants, but all of these ways of making leather are very simple but also very hard and rare. At one time leather was only created by the drageons of western Europe, but just as the drageons were going extinct one told a blind guy how to make leather.
these are pretty good ways to make leather

License
In British English spelling a licence gives permission (allows) something. Usually a licence is written.
The laws of most countries say that you are only allowed to drive a car if you have a licence. Other licences give permission to shoot animals (often called a hunting licence) or allow someone to have a television set - in the UK and Ireland and "television licence" has to be bought every year.
In many countries, if a person tries to do something without the correct licence to do it, he might have to pay a fine or go to prison.
A person or a company can also give a licence. When someone buys a computer software application, they also buy a licence from the creator of the software allowing the buyer to use it.
"License" is a verb. "Licensing sessions" were the meetings of magistrates which decided about giving licences to sell alcohol.
In American English spelling there is no difference in spelling between the verb "to license" meaning to give permission, and "a licence" meaning the permission to do something.

Link
A link is a part of a chain. A chain is made of many pieces of metal; each piece is a link.
But today people also use the word link in a new way. The World Wide Web on the Internet is made of many different Web pages. The computer software that people use to make these pages (HTML) lets us go to other pages in a very fast and easy way.
The person who makes the Web page can tell the computer to show a word or a picture on the Web page as a link. This means that when we click on the link with our computer mouse, the computer will show us the new page we want to see. A lot of links are blue, and look like this, but a link can be any color.
Another word for this kind of link is hyperlink.

Library
A library is a place where many books are kept. Most libraries are public and let people take the books to use in their home. Most libraries let people borrow books for several weeks. Some belong to institutions, for example, companies, churches, schools, and universities. Also a person's bookshelves at home can have many books and be a library. The people who work in libraries are librarians.
Other libraries keep famous or rare books. There are a few "Copyright libraries" which have a copy of every book which has been written in that country. Some libraries also have other things that people might like, such as magazines, music on CDs, or computers where people can use the Internet. In school they offer software to learn the alphabet and other details.
A library is not a bookstore (a store that sells books).
Public Libraries.
Many places have a public library, where anybody can join if they live in the area. With a library card, people can borrow books and take them home for several weeks. It does not cost money to get a library card at most public libraries.
Books, music, and movies are kept on shelves in a special order so they are easy to find. Public libraries have stories and books about lots of things. Many public libraries have books and CDs about learning English. Stories are kept in alphabetical order by the last name of the person who wrote them, the author. Books about other things are often given a special number, that refers to what they are about. They are then put on the shelf in number order. One number system used by many libraries is the Dewey decimal system.
Librarians.
A librarian is a person who works in a library. Librarians help people find books and information. They can teach people how to find books and use the library.

Like
As works in the same way as example 2 - comparing two things using either the word "like" or the word "as" is called making a simile ("As big as an elephant"). It may be better to use the word "as" for this to stop confusion with example 1.

List of common elements
This is a list of common elements (with atomic number).

List of provinces of China
There are 23 provinces in China. 22 of them are controlled by the People's Republic of China. The island of Taiwan is claimed as a "province" by the People's Republic of China (PRC), but it not under their control, Taiwan is currently a democratic island known officially as the Republic of China (Taiwan).

Legislature
Legislature is a word that comes from the Latin language, meaning "those who write the laws." The legislature of a state or country is a group of people, each of whom got his or her office either by winning an election or by being appointed, to vote for the best laws. The way a legislature is supposed to work can usually be found in the constitution of that state or country.
In many countries, the legislature is called a Parliament or Congress. Sometimes the legislature is made up of two separate houses. This is called a "bicameral" legislature.
A county, district, city, or other small area also has a council, that makes the rules and laws for its level of government. The way a council works can usually be found in the area's "charter".

Linear algebra
Linear algebra describes ways to solve and manipulate (rearrange) systems of linear equations.
These two equations form a system of linear equations.
It is linear because none of the variables are raised to a power.
Often the graph of a linear equation is a straight line.
since it makes all of the original equations valid, that is, the value on left side of the equals sign is exactly the same as the value on the right side for both equations.
Linear algebra uses a system of notation for describing system behavior, called a matrix.
For the previous example, the coefficients of the equations can be stored in a coefficient matrix.

London
London is the capital of England and the United Kingdom, and also the largest city of United Kingdom. It is in the South-East of England, on the River Thames. It is also known as "Lunnainn" in Scottish, "Llundain" in Welsh and "Londain" in Irish.
In history, London is only the area of the City of London, but now people say London more generally to mean the whole city of Greater London.
People started living in the city 2,000 years ago, and today about 7.5 million people live there. This means it is the city with the most number of people in Europe. People in London come from many different countries, and speak more than 300 different languages. There are also many religions and cultures.
London is an important place for business, finance, and culture. It also has a big influence on world politics, entertainment, media, fashion, and art. It has many famous museums, churches, and popular places for tourists to visit.
History.
The Romans built a city called "Londinium" on the River Thames in AD 43. The name "Londinium" (and then 'London') came from the Celtic language of the Ancient Britons. In the year 61 AD, Queen Boudica (a British Celtic queen) and her army destroyed the city. Boudica killed herself when Romans trapped her and the Romans then rebuilt London. London became an important trading city. After the Romans left Britain, no-one lived in the city for a long time because the Anglo-Saxons liked living in the countryside. In the 9th century, people started living there again. It became the largest city in England, but it did not become the capital city of England until the 12th century.
After the railways were built, London grew very big. Greater London has 33 London Boroughs and a mayor. The old City of London is only a square-mile in size but has its own Lord Mayor.
Another famous old part of Greater London is Westminster, which was always a different city from the City of London. Westminster has Westminster Abbey (a cathedral), The Palace of Westminster (the Houses of Parliament, with Big Ben), and 10 Downing Street (where the Prime Minister lives).
Twinnings.
London also has a "partnership" agreement with Tokyo, Japan.

Litre
A litre (liter in the United States) is the metric unit of volume.
One litre is the volume of one cubic decimetre, that is a cube of 10 x 10 x 10 centimetre. A litre of water has a mass of about one kilogram.
The abbreviation of litre is L or l. For smaller volumes the millilitre is used: 1000 ml = 1 l.
The capital letter abbreviation "L" is preferred by some people as the small "l" can look like the number one "1".

Lens
A lens is a piece of glass or clear (transparent) plastic that changes the way things look, when you look at them through the lens. They may appear larger than they are, or smaller, or in a different shape. Lenses are used in spectacles (glasses) that people wear on their noses when they cannot see well without them. They are also used in cameras for taking pictures, and in binoculars, telescopes, microscopes, and magnifying glasses. A projector is an application of lens too. You even find lenses in your eyes.
Covex: bulges outwards from the lens.

Lime
Lime is a word to refer to various fruit trees. Most of them are citrus fruit. They are usually associated with the lemon. Limes have a lot of vitamin C. Sailors from Britain were given lemon or lime juice to stop them falling ill with scurvy. This is how they got the nickname "Limey".
Limes are small, round and bright green. If they stay on the tree for a long time they turn yellow. Then they look like small round lemons.
Lime juice is used in cooking and in drinks. Lime oils are often used in perfumes, used for cleaning, and used for aromatherapy.

Mathematics
Mathematics is the study of numbers, patterns, and shapes. People who are experts at mathematics are called mathematicians.
Mathematics can find useful answers to real problems. A common saying in the U.S. is "Do the math," meaning check the answer and see that it is right. For example, if we want to know if a new medicine will help to cure a disease, mathematics is used to answer that question.
The way mathematicians solve problems is deduction. Deduction is the use of thinking to discover new ideas from old. For example, from the simple idea of a triangle mathematicians found the Pythagorean theorem, that in a right triangle the sum of the squares of the two shorter sides is equal to the square of the longest side. Thus, if we know that the shorter sides of a right triangle are 3 inches and 4 inches, we can deduce that the longest side is 5 inches, because the square of 3(3^2) is 9, the square of 4(4^2) is 16, and the square of 5 (5^2) is 25; and 9 + 16 = 25.
Mathematics is necessary in business, science, engineering, construction and many other jobs.
About.
Mathematics uses logic to study these things and to create general rules, which are an important part of mathematics. These rules leave out information that isn't important so that a single rule can cover many situations. By finding general rules, mathematics solves many problems at the same time.
A "proof" gives a reason why a rule in mathematics is correct. The reason can include using certain other rules that everyone agrees are correct, which are called "axioms". A rule that has a proof is sometimes called a "theorem". Experts in mathematics perform research to create new theorems.
Sometimes, mathematics finds and studies rules or ideas that have not yet been found in the real world. Often in mathematics, ideas and rules are chosen because they are considered simple or beautiful. Sometimes these ideas and rules are found in the real world after they are studied in mathematics. This has happened many times in the past. This means that studying the rules and ideas of mathematics can help us know the world better.
Famous theorems.
These theorems have interested mathematicians and people who are not mathematicians.
These are theorems and conjectures that have greatly changed mathematics.
Foundations and methods.
Progress in understanding the nature of mathematics also influences the way mathematicians study their subject.
History and the world of mathematicians.
"See also list of mathematics history topics"
Mathematics in history, and the history of mathematics.
Name.
The word "mathematics" comes from the Greek word "μάθημα" (máthema). The Greek word "μάθημα" means "science, knowledge, or learning".
Often, the word "mathematics" is made shorter into "maths" (in British English) or "math" (in American English). The short words "math" or "maths" are often used for arithmetic, geometry or simple algebra by young students and their schools.
Awards in mathematics.
There is no Nobel prize in mathematics. The most important awards a mathematician can receive are the Abel prize and the Fields Medal.
The Clay mathematics institute has said they will give one million dollars to any mathematician who solves one of the Millennium Prize Problems

March
March is the third month of the year with 31 days. March is named after Mars, the Roman god of war.
In ancient Rome, March was called Martius. It was named after the war god (Mars) and the Romans thought that it was a lucky time to begin a war.
March's flower is the Jonquil and its birthstone is the Bloodstone. The meaning of the Bloodstone is Courage.

May
May is the fifth month of the year with 31 days. The month of May might have been named for the Roman goddess Maia or more likely the Roman goddess of fertility Bona Dea, whose festival was held in May.
May's flower is the Lily of the Valley with its birthstone being the Emerald. The meaning of the Emerald is Success in Love.

Music
Music is an art that puts sounds together in a way that people like or find interesting. Most music includes people singing with their voices or playing musical instruments, such as the piano, guitar, or drums.
The word "music" comes from the Greek word "Muse". In Ancient Greece the nine Muses were goddesses of music, poetry, art, and dance. Someone who is making music is called a musician.
What is music?
Music is sound that has been organized using rhythm, melody or harmony. If someone bangs saucepans while cooking, it makes noise. If a person banged saucepans or pots in a rhythmic way, they are making a simple type of music.
Blues music was a music that was played by singing, using the harmonica, or the acoustic guitar. Jazz musicians used instruments such as the trumpet, saxophone.
Music started many thousands of years ago. When early people first banged pieces of wood together and enjoyed the sound, they were discovering music. Early people also discovered that when they cut off the horns of animals they had killed and blew through them, they could make interesting sounds. People also blew into conch shells and made sounds that they liked. They probably started to sing or shout in celebration.
History of Western Music.
It is not known what the earliest music of the cave people was like. Some architecture, even some paintings, are thousands of years old, but old music could not survive until people learned to write it down. The only way we can guess about music before that is by looking at very old paintings that show people playing musical instruments, or by finding them in archaeological digs (digging under the ground to find old things), or by what ancient writers wrote about them. The earliest piece of music that was ever written down and that has not been lost was discovered on a tablet written in Hurrian, a language spoken in and around northern Mesopotamia (where Iraq is today), from about 1500 BC.
Middle Ages.
Another early piece of written music, from a later period, that has survived was a round called "Sumer Is Icumen In". It was written down by a monk around the year 1250. Much of the music in the Middle Ages (roughly 450-1420) was folk music played by working people who wanted to sing or dance. When people played instruments, they were usually playing for dancers. However, most of the music that was written down was for the Catholic church. This music was written for monks to sing in church. It is called Chant (or Gregorian chant).
Renaissance.
In the Renaissance (roughly 1400-1550) there was a lot of music, and many composers wrote music that has survived so that it can be performed, played or sung today. The name for this period (Renaissance) is a French word which means "rebirth". This period was called the "rebirth" because many new types of art and music were reborn during this time.
Some very beautiful music was written for use in church services (sacred music) by the Italian composer Giovanni da Palestrina (1525-1594). In Palestrina's music, many singers sing together (this is called a choir). There was also plenty of music not written for the church, such as happy dance music and romantic love songs. Popular instruments during the Renaissance included the viols (a string instrument played with a bow), lutes (a plucked stringed instrument that is a little like a guitar), and the virginal, a small, quiet keyboard instrument.
Baroque.
In the arts, the Baroque was a Western cultural epoch, which began near the turn of the 17th century in Rome. It was exemplified by drama and grandeur in sculpture, painting, literature, dance, and music[1].[citation needed] In music, the term 'Baroque' applies to the final period of dominance of imitative counterpoint, where different voices and instruments echo each other but at different pitches, sometimes inverting the echo, and even reversing thematic material.
The popularity and success of the Baroque style was encouraged by the Roman Catholic Church which had decided at the time of the Council of Trent that the arts should communicate religious themes in direct and emotional involvement.[citation needed] The upper class also saw the dramatic style of Baroque architecture and art as a means of impressing visitors and expressing triumphant power and control. Baroque palaces are built around an entrance of courts, grand staircases and reception rooms of sequentially increasing opulence. In similar profusions of detail, art, music, architecture, and literature inspired each other in the Baroque cultural movement[citation needed] as artists explored what they could create from repeated and varied patterns. Some traits and aspects of Baroque paintings that differentiate this style from others are the abundant amount of details, often bright polychromy, less realistic faces of subjects, and an overall sense of awe, which was one of the goals in Baroque art.
The word baroque probably derives from the ancient Portuguese noun "barroco"[citation needed] which is a pearl that is not round but of unpredictable and elaborate shape. Hence, in informal usage, the word baroque can simply mean that something is "elaborate", with many details, without reference to the Baroque styles of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
Classical period.
The Classical period is about (1750-1825). Sometimes "classical music" is used to mean any art music that is not "pop music", but in the History of Music, the term "classical music" means music from the late 1700s and the first years of the 1800s. This was a time when people became very interested in ancient Roman and Greek art (often called the "classics").
In music, it was the time of composers like Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, and Ludwig van Beethoven. Orchestras became bigger, and composers often wrote longer pieces of music called symphonies that had several sections (called movements). Some movements of a symphony were loud and fast; other movements were quiet and sad. The form of a piece of music was very important at this time and becoming very popular. Music had to have a nice shape. They often used a structure which was called sonata form.
Another important type of music was the string quartet, which is a piece of music written for two violins, a viola, and a violoncello. Like symphonies, string quartet music had several sections. Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven all wrote many famous string quartets.
The piano was invented during this time. Composers liked the piano, because it could be used to play dynamics (getting louder or getting softer). Other popular instruments included the violin, the violoncello, the flute, the clarinet, and the oboe.
Joseph Hadyn and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart were so powerful in their music that they influenced the western style of music.
Romantic period.
The 19th century is called the Romantic period. In music composers were particularly interested in putting their feelings into their music. An important instrument from the Romantic period was the piano. Some composers, such as Frederic Chopin wrote quiet, expressive (quietly emotional) piano pieces. Often music described a feeling or told a story using sounds. Other composers, such as Franz Schubert wrote songs for a singer and a piano player called Lied (the German word for "song"). These Lieder (plural of Lied) told stories by using the lyrics (words) of the song and by the imaginative piano accompaniments. Other composers, like Richard Strauss, and Franz Liszt used just music to tell a story, which is called a tone poem. Composers, such as Franz Liszt and Johannes Brahms used the piano to play loud, dramatic (strongly emotional) music.
Many composers began writing music for bigger orchestras, with as many as 100 instruments. It was the period of "Nationalism" (the feeling of being proud of one's country) when many composers made music using folksong or melodies from their country. Lots of famous composers lived at this time such as Franz Schubert, Felix Mendelssohn, Frederic Chopin, Johannes Brahms, Pyotr Tchaikovsky and Richard Wagner.
Modern times.
From about 1900 onwards is called the "modern period". Many 20th century composers wanted to compose music that sounded different from the Classical and Romantic music. Modern composers searched for new ideas, such as using new instruments, different forms, different sounds, or different harmonies.
The composer Arnold Schoenberg (1874-1951) wrote pieces which were atonal (meaning that they did not sound as if they were in any clear musical key). Later, Schoenberg invented a new system for writing music called twelve-tone system. Music written with the twelve-tone system sounds strange and weird. Pure twelve-tone music never became really popular, but some composers such as Benjamin Britten use it occasionally, when it can be very effective.
Igor Stravinsky (1882-1971) wrote music with very complicated (difficult) chords (groups of notes that are played together) and rhythms. Some composers thought music was getting too complicated and so they wrote Minimalist pieces which use very simple ideas. In the 1950s and 1960s, composers such as Karlheinz Stockhausen experimented with electronic music, using electronic circuits, amplifiers and loudspeakers. In the 1970s, composers began using electronic synthesizers and musical instruments from rock and roll music, such as the electric guitar. They used these new instruments to make new sounds.
Composers writing in the 1990s and the 2000s, such as John Adams (born 1947) and James MacMillan (born 1959) often use a mixture of all these ideas, but they like to write tonal music with easy tunes as well.
Jazz.
Jazz is a type of music that was invented around 1900 in New Orleans in the south of the USA. There were many black musicians living there who played a style of music called blues music. Blues music was influenced by African music (because the black people in the United States had come to the United States as slaves. They were taken from Africa by force). Blues music was a music that was played by singing, using the harmonica, or the acoustic guitar. Many blues songs had sad lyrics about sad emotions (feelings) or sad experiences, such as losing a job, a family member dying, or having to go to jail (prison).
Jazz music mixed together blues music with European music. Jazz musicians used instruments such as the trumpet, saxophone, and clarinet were used for the tunes (melodies), drums for percussion and plucked double bass, piano, and guitar for the background rhythm (rhythmic section). Jazz is usually improvised: the players make up (invent) the music as they play. Even though jazz musicians are making up the music, jazz music still has rules; the musicans play a series of chords (groups of notes) in order.
Jazz music has a swinging rhythm. The word "swing" is hard to explain. For a rhythm to be a "swinging rhythm" it has to feel natural and relaxed. A "swinging rhythm" also gets the people who are listening excited, because they like the sound of it. Some people say that a "swinging rhythm" happens when all the jazz musicians start to feel the same pulse and energy from the song. If a jazz band plays very well together, people will say "that is a swinging jazz band" or "that band really swings well."
Jazz influenced other types of music like the Western art music from the 1920s and 1930s. Art music composers such as George Gershwin wrote music that was influenced by jazz. Jazz music influenced pop music songs. In the 1930s and 1940s, many pop music songs began using chords or melodies from jazz songs. One of the best known jazz musicians was Louis Armstrong (1900-1971).
Pop music.
"Pop" music is a type of "popular" music that many people like to listen to. The term "pop music" can be used for all kinds of music that was written to be popular. The word "pop music" was used from about 1880 onwards, when a type of music called music was popular.
Modern pop music grew out of 1950s rock and roll, (for example Chuck Berry, Bo Diddley and Little Richard) and rockabilly (for example Elvis Presley and Buddy Holly). In the 1960s, The Beatles became a famous pop music group. In the 1970s, other styles of music were mixed with pop music, such as funk and soul music. Pop music generally has a heavy (strong) beat, so that it is good for dancing. Pop singers normally sing with microphones that are plugged into an amplifier and a loudspeaker.
Musical notation.
"Musical notation" means "the way music is written down". It is very useful to be able to read and write music because this is how composers (who may have lived a long time ago) can tell the person playing their music how they want their music to be played. Music is written on five parallel lines called a staff.
Notes are put on the lines and in the spaces between the lines. It can be seen from the shape whether the music goes up or down. The lengths of the notes (how long they are played for) are shown by making the note-heads black or white, and by giving them stems and flags. Reading music involves being able to tell what the note is called and where to find it on the instrument, and being able imagine the sound, as well as learning about music theory (how music works: all about scales, intervals, ornaments, form, etc). This all helps someone to become a good musician.
It is also useful to be able to play "by ear" (when people try to play music they have only heard). Most rock musicians, blues musicians, and folk musicians play "by ear." This means that to learn a song, they listen to other people singing it, or to a recording, until they know how the tune of the song goes.
By listening.
People can enjoy music by listening to it. They can go to concerts to hear famous musicians perform. Classical music is usually performed in concert halls, but sometimes huge festivals are organized in which it is performed outside, in a field or stadium, like pop festivals. People can listen to music on CDs, iPods, television, or the radio.
There is so much music today, in elevators, shopping malls, and stores, that music it often becomes a background sound that we do not really hear. Sometimes it is good to listen more closely to music: by trying to hear the different instruments and what types of notes the instruments are playing.
By playing or singing.
People can learn to play an instrument such as the piano, the guitar, the bass, the trumpet, the drums, or the tuba. They must choose an instrument that is practical for their size. For example, a very short child cannot play a full size double bass, because the double bass is over five feet high. People should choose an instrument that they enjoy playing, because playing regularly is the only way to get better. Finally, it helps to have a good teacher.
By composing.
Anyone can make up his or her own pieces of music. It is not difficult to compose simple songs or melodies (tunes). It's easier for people who can play an instrument themselves. All it takes is experimenting with the sounds that an instrument makes. Someone can make up a piece that tells a story, or just find a nice tune and think about ways it can be changed each time it is repeated. The instrument might be someone's own voice.

Madrid
Madrid is the capital and largest city of Spain and is home to five million people. The capital used to be Valladolid until 1560.
Madrid is in the middle of Spain, in the Community of Madrid.
There are 3.1 millon people living in Madrid.
Spain's Royal Palace is in Madrid. It is one of the largest palace in all of Western Europe. But the king and his family do not live there anymore; they live in a smaller palace, and only use the Royal Palace for important events, like meeting other kings and presidents. One can go inside the Royal Palace, see the many beautiful paintings and expensive furniture and jewelry, and learn about the past kings and queens of Spain.
There are also a lot of very big and important art museums in Madrid, like the Prado Museum, the Queen Sofia Museum, and the Thyssen-Bornemisza museum. These show off paintings, sculptures, and other works of art from some of the most famous artists in the world.
Many famous, important, and valuable works of art are in these museums. For example, the Queen Sofia museum has a famous painting by Pablo Picasso, called "Guernica". Picasso painted this painting to show how sad and angry it made him when the German Nazis destroyed a town in Spain called Guernica in 1937. Picasso had said that the painting should never return to Spain until it was a democracy again. Once that happened, they built the Queen Sofia museum just to have a good place to put it.
There are many other sites to see in Madrid. Many people go to see the Plaza Mayor which was a market place. The Plaza de la Villa was another famous market place. There are a lot of shops along the Gran Via. Real Madrid football fans celebrate at the Plaza de Cibeles. Two famous gates to see are the Puerta del Sol and the Puerta de Alcalá.
Madrid has some lovely parks. The Retiro Park is the most famous. The Cristal Palace can be found in this park.
The Plaza de Toros is visited by many tourists. Many madrileños enjoy bullfights there.
One of the most recent sites built in Madrid are the KIO Towers. These are also known as the Gateway to Europe.

Montreal
Montreal (spelled "Montréal" in French) is a city in the country of Canada. It is the largest city in the province of Quebec and the second-largest city overall in Canada.
Montreal is built on an island sitting in the Saint Lawrence River. More than three million people live in and around the Montreal metropolitan area. At the center of Montreal lies a mountain called 'Mount Royal', which is almost entirely part of a large city park.
Most of the people who live in Montreal speak French, but English is commonly spoken as well.
History.
The origin of the name 'Montréal' is derived from "Mons realis", which means 'Mount Royal' in latin.
Montreal has always played a very important part in the history and development of Canada, and continues to be a large Canadian industrial and commercial center, as well as a major sea port (via the Saint Lawrence River). It once was the largest city in Canada, before Toronto grew to be larger.
Montreal is a very historical and culturally interesting place for visitors. One can visit the Old City in horse drawn carriages, where many buildings from the earliest years are standing proud, all of which is a constant reminder (and source of inspiration) to describe a lot about the way of life that started in the New World, when Montreal was just a fur trading outpost belonging to France over 350 years ago.
Economy.
Many large corporations have their main offices in Montreal. The city is home to four major Universities, harbouring students from all parts of Canada and from all over the world.
Culture.
Montreal features many beautiful churches (Montreal is referred to locally as 'the city of a hundred churches'), including the largest church in Canada, and also many important art, history, and science museums. You can also visit the location of the 1967 World's Fair, where today, as well as many other attractions, one will find the Circuit Gilles Villeneuve Formula One automobile race course. Also of interest is the site where the 1976 Summer Olympic Games were held, and the modern architecture of the Olympic stadium (the 'Big O') and its tall inclined observation tower (the highest inclined tower in the world); now a landmark of Montreal.
A lot of Montrealers are interested in hockey, with Montreal's professional hockey team, the, being one of the most famous in the world.
To many people, Montreal is both beautiful to live in and to visit, day and night.

Macadamia nut
The macadamia nut is the fruit of a tree that first came from the east coast of Australia. There are more than one kind of Macadamia trees, but only one kind is grown for food.
The tree is an evergreen (stays green all year long). It grows up to 25 feet (7.5 meters) high. It bears groups of small white flowers. It grows best in subtropical (wet and always warm) climates. It needs well drained soil (water can flow away easily) and 40 to 100 inches (1000 to 2500 mm) of rain a year.
The nutmeat (the soft part you can eat, inside the shell) is mostly a creamy white in color, but sometimes looks a bit yellow. It has a delicate flavor that many people like very much. Macadamias are eaten roasted (cooked), or in cookies, cakes, pastries, and candies. People are also starting to use them as part of cooked meals, similar to the way that almonds and cashews are used in oriental cuisine (a style of cooking).
The first commercial orchard was started in Australia in the late 1880s. Commercial production began in Hawaii during the 1920s and after that spread to California, Mexico, and other places with similar climate.

Maui
Maui is the second largest of the Hawaiian Islands, in the United States.
It has a population of just over 100,000 and is 727 square miles (1883 km²) in size. Maui is part of Maui County, Hawaii. The larger (or better known) towns include Kahului, Wailuku, Lahaina, Hana, and Wailea. Main industries are agriculture and tourism.
Maui was named for the demi-god Maui. In Hawaiian legend, he raised all the islands from the sea. Maui is also known as the "Valley Isle" for the large fertile isthmus (narrow land connection) between two volcanoes.
Maui is a volcanic doublet: an island formed from two volcanic mountains that are joined together. The older volcano, Mauna Kahalawai, is much older and has been very worn down. In common talk it is called the West Maui Mountain. The larger volcano, Haleakala, rises above 10,000 feet (3,050 m). The last eruption of Haleakala happened over 200 years ago, and this lava flow can be seen between Ahihi Bay and La Perouse Bay on the southeast shore.

Moloka'i
Moloka'i is the fifth largest island in the U.S. Hawaiian Islands. The island is 38 miles long and 10 miles across. Its land area is 261 square miles. The highest mountain is named Kamakou, and it is 4,970 feet (1,514 meters) high.
'Moloka'i is nicknamed "The Friendly Isle". It is one of the least developed of the Hawaiian islands.
The only big town is named Kaunakakai, which is also the main or chief port on the island. The airport is on West Moloka'i. Also on the island is Kalaupapa, which is a place for people who have a diease called leprosy.
Moloka'i has many Hawaiian fish ponds along its south shore. Many of these have been cleaned and fixed.

Money
Money is what people use to buy things and "services" (that is, to have things done for them) - and what they take for selling their own things or services (what they do for others.) There are many kinds of money in the world. Most countries have their own kind of money, such as the United States dollar or the philippine peso.
Money is also called many other names, like currency or cash. Most of the time a state or a government prints paper money and makes coins at a special place called a mint.
History of money.
Money is what you use to buy things. The idea of trading things is very old. A long time ago, people did not buy or sell with money. Instead, they traded one thing for another to get what they wanted or needed. One person who owned many cows could trade with another person who owned much wheat. Each would trade a little of what he had with the other, and support the people on his farm. This is known as barter. Other things that were easier to carry around than cows also came to be held as valuable, and were used as trade items, such as jewelry and spices.
When people changed from trading in things like cows and wheat to using money instead, they needed things that would last a long time, still be valuable, and could be carried around. The first country in the world to make metal coins was called Lydia, sometime around 650 BC, in the western part of what is now Turkey. The Lydian coins were made of a weighed amount of precious metal and were stamped with a picture of a lion. This idea soon spread to Greece, the rest of the Mediterranean, and the rest of the world. Coins were all made to the same size and shape. In some parts of the world, different things have been used as money, like clam shells or blocks of salt.
Besides being easier to carry than cows, using money had many other advantages. Money is "easier to divide" than many trade goods. If someone own cows, and wants to trade for only "half a cow's worth" of wheat, he probably does not want to cut his cow in half. But if he sells his cow for money, and buys wheat with money, he can get exactly the amount he wants.
Cows die, and wheat rots. But money "lasts longer" than most trade goods. If someone sells a cow for money, he can save that money away until he needs it. He can always leave it to his children when he dies. It can last a very long time, and he can use it at any time.
Not every cow is as good as another cow. Some cows are sick and old, and others are healthy and young. Some wheat is good and other wheat is moldy or stale. So if a person trades cows for wheat, he might have a hard time arguing over how much wheat each cow is worth. But money is "standard". That means one dollar is worth the same as another dollar. It is easier to add up and count money, than to add up the value of different cows or amounts of wheat.
Later, after coins had been used for hundreds of years, paper money started out as a promise to pay in coin, much like an "I.O.U." note. The first true paper money was used in China between 600 and 1455, and paper money was also printed in Sweden between 1660 and 1664. Both times, it did not work well, and had to be stopped because the banks kept running out of coins to pay on the notes. Massachusetts Bay Colony printed paper money in the 1690s, and this time, the idea was here to stay.
Today, most of what people think of as money is not even things you can hold. It is numbers in bank accounts, saved in computer memories. A large number of people still feel more comfortable using coins and paper, and do not totally trust using electronic money on a computer memory.
Kinds of money.
"Commodity money" can be used for other purposes besides serving as a medium of exchange. We say it possesses intrinsic value, because it is useful or valuable by itself. Some examples of commodity money are cattle, silk, gold and silver. Convertible paper money is money that is convertible into gold and silver. Gold and Silver certificates are convertible paper money as they can be fully convertible into gold and silver.
Inconvertible money is money that cannot be converted into gold and silver. Notes and coins are inconvertible money. They are incovertible and are declared by the government as money. They are also a country's legal tender. Today, notes and coins are the currencies used in daily transactions.
In a modern society, most of the money used is bank deposits.
Electronic money is the money stored electronically in certain cash cards.

Multiplication
Multiplication is an arithmetic operation for finding the "product" of two numbers.
Multiplication is the third operation in maths after addition which is the first, subtraction which is the second and then there is multiplication.
With natural numbers, it returns the number of tiles in a rectangle where one of the two numbers equals the number of tiles on one side and the other number equals the number of tiles on the neighbouring side.
With real numbers, it returns the area of a rectangle where the first number equals the size of one side and the second number equals the size of the neighbouring side.
For example, three multiplied by five is the total of five threes added together, or the total of three fives. This can be written down as 3 × 5 = 15, or spoken as "three times five equals fifteen." Mathematicians call the two numbers you wish to multiply "coefficients" together, or "multiplicand" and "multiplicator" separately. Multiplicand × multiplicator = product.
Multiplication between numbers is said to be commutative - when the order of the numbers does not influence the value of the product. This is true for the Integers (whole numbers), e.g. 4 × 6 is the same as 6 × 4, and also for the Rational numbers (fractions), and for all the other Real numbers (representable as a field in the continuous line), and also for Complex numbers (numbers representable as a field in the plane). It is not true for Quaternions (numbers representable as a ring in the four-dimensional space), vectors or matrices.
The opposite of multiplication is division.

Microsoft
Microsoft Corporation is a very big company which makes computer software and videogames all over the world. Bill Gates and Paul Allen started the company in 1975. Microsoft makes Windows, Microsoft Office (including Microsoft Word), Internet Explorer, MSN, and the Xbox 360. These are just the most popular products - they make a lot of other ones too.
Most Microsoft programs cannot be downloaded for free - people have to buy them in a shop or online. Some products (like the operating system, Windows) are already installed when people buy a new computer.
Products.
Windows is Microsoft's best-known product. It is an operating system, which means that it is the basic software that makes people's computers work and lets other programs work. Most computers have some kind of Windows, like Windows XP or Windows Vista.
Microsoft Office is also very popular, and it lets people write documents on their computer with Microsoft Word, make charts and graphs with Microsoft Excel, make presentations with Microsoft PowerPoint, and other things.
Internet Explorer lets people look at things on the Internet. Microsoft makes other programs on the Internet. A lot of it is called "Windows Live"-"service", like Windows Live Hotmail.
The Xbox and the new Xbox 360 are videogame "consoles", which means they let people play videogames on their TV. Microsoft is one of three big companies that make consoles. The other two are Nintendo and Sony. Xbox Live lets people play online against other people anywhere in the world.
Microsoft also makes many PC games.

Islamic world
The Islamic World consists of all people who are in Islam. It is not an exact location, but rather a community. When they do things together as Muslims, they are the "umma", which means "community" referring to all of the believers. The faith emphasizes unity and defense of fellow Muslims, so it is common for these nations to cooperate. Recent conflicts in the Muslim World have sometimes spread because of this desire to cooperate (see below). It is also likely that some have been made shorter and less damaging because of it. Some might even have never started.
Demographics.
Muslims are in many countries. In 52 nations, Muslims are the majority. Almost all are Sunni. They speak about 60 languages and come from all ethnic backgrounds.
Media.
The "Al-Jazeera" satellite TV network in the Arabic language is a news source many Muslims watch.
In most Muslim nations, the government is the main source of news. This sometimes makes it very difficult or dangerous to make anti-government statements.
There are, however, many other news programmes and websites in the Muslim world.
Islam in law and ethics.
Islamic law exists in many variations - in Arabic it is called shariah - five schools of which were created centuries ago. These are the classical fiqh: the Hanafi school from India, Pakistan and Bangaladesh, West Africa, Egypt, the Maliki in North Africa and West Africa, the Shafi in Malaysia and Indonesia, the Hanbali in Arabia, and Jaferi in Iran and Iraq - where the majority is Shia. All five are very old and many Muslims feel a new fiqh must be created for modern society. Islam has a method for doing this, al-urf and ijtihad are the words to describe this method, but they have not been used in a long time, and few people are trusted enough to use them to make new laws.
So, in most of the Muslim world, people are very conservative, especially about alcohol, adultery, abortion and women working in jobs where they are used to lure customers.
Muslim women often dress extremely modestly, and many do so by choice. But in some countries they have been forced to do so against their will. This is one of the things that causes tension between the Western World and that of Muslims.
Islamic economics bans debt but in most Muslim countries Western banking is allowed. This is another issue that many Muslims have with the Western world.
Islam in politics.
One quarter of the world population share Islam as an ethical tradition.
Many people in these countries also see Islam as a political movement. In democratic countries there is usually at least one Islamic party.
Political Islam is powerful in all Muslim-majority countries. Islamic parties in Pakistan and Algeria have taken power.
Many in these movements call themselves Islamists, which also sometimes describes more militant Islamic groups. The relationships between these groups and their views of democracy are complex.
Some of these groups are called terrorists because they attack civilians of other non-Muslim nations, to make a political point.
Conflicts with Israel and the US.
Israel is very unpopular in the Muslim world, because of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and the way that the state of Israel came into being in 1948 which many Arabs thought was unfair.
Some Muslims see this as a fight against Judaism or Jews, but not all. In Morocco for instance, the Islamists recently invited Jews to join the party. Jewish groups also cooperate with Arabs in the West Bank, where Neturei Karta (anti-Zionist orthodox Jewish) leader Rabbi Mosche Hirsch served as the Minister for Jewish Affairs in the Fatah before there was a Palestinian Authority. Like the Arabs, this small group of Jews thought the way Israel was created was not right. However, very few Jews believe this, and most support Israel as a state.
In 1979 there was a big shift in the way the Muslim world dealt with the rest of the world. In that year, Egypt made peace with Israel, Iran became an Islamic state after a revolution, and there was an invasion of Afghanistan by the Soviet Union. A lot of things changed in that year. By 2001 the Soviet Union was gone, Jordan had also made peace with Israel, and on September 11, 2001 there were major attacks on the U.S. - which most people believe were made to drive the United States out of the Muslim world, especially Saudi Arabia. In many ways the events of 1979 led to the events of 2001.
The 2001 invasion of Afghanistan and 2003 invasion of Iraq are called part of a War on Terrorism by the United States. Many or most Muslims see it as a War on Islam. After the invasion, the Islamic parties won more seats, and a majority of Muslims polled in many nations expressed support for Osama bin Laden and said he would "do the right thing". Olivier Roy is a French scholar who thinks that this does not express support for al-Qaeda or militant Islam but opposing colonialism and what many Muslims call racism - favourable treatment for Jews especially those living in West Bank settlements, many of whom have American or British passport, and which the United Nations says have no right to live there.
The situation is very complicated and there are many different views of it.
Organization.
The Organization of Islamic Conference formed in 1969 lets the Muslim nations work as a group. Russia joined in 2003.
The Arab League is a smaller group of only the Arab countries.
OPEC is another forum where issues between the Muslim and non-Muslim world come up. In 1973 to protest U.S. support for Israel there was an oil embargo which caused the 1973 energy crisis.
See also: list of Islamic terms in Arabic, History of Islam, haj

Multiverse
A multiverse (or meta-universe) is the set of multiple possible universes, including our universe, which comprise reality. It is believed that our universe is perfect for life, because it had thousands of other chances at life, shown by the multiple universes in the multiverse.

Mechanistic paradigm
Believers in this paradigm sometimes say that those who do not believe in it are following a cognitive paradigm - but almost no one uses this term, since it is redundant - cognitive science is already accepted as the most basic idea in the philosophy of science. But mechanists reject some of the ideas of cognitive scientists, like cognitive science of mathematics.
Mechanistic thinking also assumes that philosophy of perception is much less important than cognitive scientists say it is - that humans and their beliefs and equipment do not generally add a lot of bias to a scientific theory. Thomas Kuhn said otherwise, that these things matter, and that the major assumptions of science, can shift drastically. This he called a paradigm shift. The shift from mechanistic to cognitive paradigm is an example of this.
Later he used other words to describe the assumptions and beliefs, like mind-set, but the word "paradigm" is still used. Some say it is much over-used.
Economics is often said to "suffer from" assumptions of the mechanistic paradigm. Sometimes those who believe in neoclassical economics and also in the mechanistic paradigm say they "seek to unify physics and economics," as if people and particles behaved as two examples of the same kind of thing.
Technology is often easier to make if people accept a mechanistic paradigm - but it may be harder to say why it does not work, if one believes in these ideas. For instance, creating diagnostic trees might be easier if one works from experience, not from an idea of how a technology should or must work.
A controversial idea is that mechanistic ideas are just an older idea called scholasticism, with more mathematics. Both tried to work from what should or must be, instead of what experiment seemed to show.
Another controversial idea is that scientism, belief in science as if it were a religion or ethical tradition, comes from this paradigm. Most scientists who are mechanistic do not say they see science as a guide to ethics, but try to keep them separate.

MediaWiki
MediaWiki is the name of the software that runs all of the Wikimedia projects. MediaWiki was released in 2003. The software is licensed under the GPL. This means it is free content, or open source.

First language
A first language is the language that a person learned as a baby, normally from his or her parents. It is also known as a "mother tongue" or a "native language".
Many people also learn another language - when they do this, it is called their "second language".

Models of nature
Most sciences create and use models of nature.
Toxic waste.
For instance, to dump toxic waste in a river will harm others down the river. But without models of nature we do not know who, and cannot say how much is harmful.
Effects.
Models of nature affect human decision-making. They are very important to human health, wellness and economics. They also matter in ethics, since most people wish to reduce harm done by their decisions. They matter in law because harms can be proven to have been done in a court.
Forests.
A forest is very hard to bring back to life, once it is degraded. Smaller models of bits of nature help to understand how much must be left, so future generations can use nature too.
Preservation.
To preserve nature, ecology movement activists now cooperate in a global power network. It includes not just parties in politics but also NGOs like Greenpeace, Earth First or World Wide Fund for Nature.
Effects on maps.
One model of nature they have agreed on is a map that shows ecoregions, which are the natural borders of ecology maps. According to this map, there are 867 regions divided into 8 ecozones - plus others which are in the ocean.
Effects on language.
Most anthropologists agree that aboriginal languages have a small model of local nature in them. For instance, there will be more words to describe snow in an Arctic language, and more words to describe shades of green in a rainforest. This is part of the reason to use ecology borders in politics, since people who do not live inside the border do not see or make the same distinctions about nature.
Effects on humans.
Economists study nature's services to see how hard it would be to replace what nature does for humans. They showed in 1995 that the services nature performed for humans were more valuable than all services humans perform for each other all over the world. The value of Earth as a living thing was much more than we could ever afford to replace with our own technology. There has been no real disagreement about any of this.
Pricing all the value of Earth to humans gives a huge number - which proves the pricing is right, since, we must put a high price on anything we have no way to replace.

Mustache
The hair that grows on the upper lip of some men is called a mustache. The hair that grows on the sides of the face and chin of some men is called a beard. Some men have a lot of hair and a big mustache, and some have very little. In the modern world, many men shave part or all of their mustaches, or cut their mustache so it does not get very long. A chin beard with no mustache is called a goatee, whilst a chin beard with a mustache is known as a Van Dyke.
Some animals such as walruses also have hair like this, and people sometimes also call this hair a mustache.

Mile
A mile is one of several measures of distance. It comes from the Latin phrase "mille passus" for "one thousand paces" (plural: "milia passuum"), and may have referred to the distance travelled when a Roman soldier's left foot touched the ground one thousand times when walking.
In the USA and the UK "mile" refers mostly to the statute mile of 5,280 feet (1.609 344 km).
When measuring significant distances for sea or air travel, the nautical mile is used. It is a distance equal to that covered by 1/60th of 1 degree of arc along the Earth's equator or a line of longitude. It works out to about 6,076 feet 01.386 inches (or exactly 1.852 km).

Margarine
Margarine is an artifical butter. It can be made from vegetable oil, or animal fat. It may also contain skimmed milk, salt and emulsifiers. Margarine is used in many baked products. It contains less fat than butter, so is often chosen instead of it. There are also "low fat" margarines, which contain even less fat. However, many types of margarine contain trans fats, which are unhealthy and can cause heart disease. Other vegetables fats, like olive oil, are a better choice for cooking.

Milky Way
The Milky Way is the galaxy that our Sun and we live in. It is named for the very bright band of stars that are best seen in the Southern Hemisphere. This band looks like milk. From there, the bright centre of the galaxy can be seen. In the Northern Hemisphere its edge can be seen. Since the Sun and Earth are about three quarters of the way to the edge, and since there are few stars at the edge, there is a very big difference in brightness.
The name of the "Milky Way" comes from the Latin language, and it is a translation of "Via Lactea". This name was taken from the Greek word "Galaxia" (galax means "milk").
A galaxy is a big group of millions of stars that all orbit around their galactic centre, like planets orbit a star. It probably takes millions of years for a star to go all the way around the galaxy, and 225 million years for the sun to go around the galaxy.
These cycles are important, because different areas of the galaxy have more asteroids, that will become meteors if they hit the Earth's atmosphere. Very large ones can do horrible damage - many scientists believe dinosaurs were made extinct by an asteroid that hit Earth about 65 million years ago. About every 30 million years, astronomers believe, the Sun and Earth go through a part of the galaxy that has more asteroids. At this time there is great danger. This is supposed to be coming up soon, either right now or in million years (nobody really knows) - but certainly before five million years.
Another way the Milky Way has affected things is by superstitious belief in astrology. The Incan Empire was created in less than a hundred years because its founders believed that, when the Milky Way moved to a certain point in the sky by stellar precession, time would end. They wanted to be ready. That time was almost exactly when Spain invaded. The Inca did not fight because they believed the Spaniards to be divine justice. Their empire was destroyed and became part of what is now Peru.

Movement
Movement, or motion, is the state of changing something's position--that is, changing where something is. A flying bird or a walking person are moving, because they change where they are from one place to another. There are many kinds of science and math related to movement.
For example, thanks to Albert Einstein, we know that all "position" is relative. This means that everything's position depends on where they exist in relation to other things. For example, a ball is 5 feet away from a box, 3 feet away from a chair, and a foot away from a table. According to Einstein, the ball's position means how far the ball is from other things, so by telling you how far the ball was from other things, I told you its position. An object's "movement" is also relative. Its movement depends on where it is in relation to other things and where it's going to in relation to other things.
There are many things involved in movement, such as speed, velocity, acceleration, gravity, magnetic attraction and repulsion, friction, and inertia. Also, work is needed to produce movement.

Metaphor
Metaphor is language we use to compare things, but without using "like" or "as" - because that would be a simile. Another sort of metaphor is a "conceptual metaphor".
A metaphor very often uses the verb "to be": "love "is" war", for example, not that a writer sees "love "is like" war" (this is a simile).
Poetry includes much metaphor, usually more than prose.
Idioms use metaphors, or are metaphors: for example, the English phrase "to kick the bucket" means "to die".
Spam is an example that any email user knows about - this word was originally a metaphor, from "spam", a tinned meat people do not usually like. Servers putting unwanted email into somebody's inbox was similar to waiters putting unwanted spam into food. This was originally suggested by a Monty Python skit (funny scene). When we use a metaphor very often and we forget the old meaning, or forget that the two meanings are connected, this is a "dead metaphor".
Originally "metaphor" was a Greek word for "transfer". It came from "meta" ("change") and "pherein" ("carry"). So the word "metaphor" in English was a metaphor, too. Today in Greek, "metaphor" is a trolley (a thing that is pushed for carrying shopping or bags).

Metabolism
Metabolism is the system of chemical activities by which a living thing gets power (energy) from other things such as food. This depends, for example, on how often someone eats. If they are hungry their metabolism slows down dramatically. Metabolism uses energy to fuel all organs involved in digestion and respiration and so on. The amount of energy used to carry out these life processes is called the BMR-rate or "basal metabolic rate". The bigger someone is, the lower their metabolism rate would become. This is due to a lower volume to surface area ratio.

Microscope
A microscope is a scientific instrument that makes things normally too small to see look bigger, so they can be seen better and examined correctly. People who use microscopes commonly in their jobs include doctors and scientists.
The earliest microscopes had only 1 lens and are called "simple microscopes". "Compound microscopes" have at least 2 lenses.
In a compound microscope, the lens closer to the eye is called the "eyepiece". The lens at the other end is called the "objective".
Microscopes make things seem larger than they are, from 10 times larger to about 1000 times larger. This is much stronger than a magnifying glass.

Mass
Mass is the amount of matter in a body. An object has the same mass where ever it is.
The SI unit of mass is the kilogram, written as kg. There are also many other units of mass, such as: grams (g), tonnes (t), pounds (lb.), and ounces (oz.). Other units of mass used in science and engineering include slugs, atomic mass units, Planck masses, Solar masses, and eV/c2. The last unit is based on the electron volt (eV), which is usually used as a unit of energy.
Various types of scales, including balances, are used to measure mass.
What gives mass.
Physicists do not know what gives an object mass. The Standard Model of particle physics thinks that mass is caused by the Higgs field. Physicists are trying to find the Higgs field now using the Large Hadron Collider at CERN.
Mass can change.
In physics, Special Relativity shows that the mass of an object becomes bigger when the object moves very fast. As the speed gets close to the speed of light the mass becomes very big.
Some things that do not have mass on their own have mass because of their movement. This is true for light - a light photon has no mass, but its energy can act as mass when it hits something.
In chemistry mass does not change. The mass of chemicals before a chemical reaction always equals the mass of chemicals after. This is called the Law of Conservation of Mass.

Mercury (planet)
orbit: 57,910,000 km (0.38 AU) from Sun
Mercury is the nearest planet in the Solar System to the Sun. It is very small. It is covered in craters, and looks like the Moon. It is very hot every day, and very cold every night.
It is the smallest planet in the solar system since it was decided that Pluto was not a planet. Because it is the closest planet to the Sun, it is the fastest planet. It only takes 88 days for it to go around the Sun.
It is one of the densest planets in the solar system, second to our Earth. The planet is made up mostly of iron, which is very dense. However, it has a very weak magnetic field.
Mercury has been visited by two spacecraft, Mariner 10 and MESSENGER. The MESSENGER spacecraft has flown by the planet one time and will orbit the planet for one year starting on 18 March 2011.
The planet is named after the mythological Roman winged messenger of the gods, because it orbits the Sun so fast.
The Chinese, Korean, Japanese, and Vietnamese cultures mention the planet Mercury as the water star.
Mercury does not have a moon.
Mercury is not the hottest planet in the solar system though. Venus is due to its toxic atmosphere that traps the heat in it so there for, Mercury is the second hottest planet in our solar system.

Mars
orbit: 227,940,000 km (1.52 AU) from Sun
Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun in our Solar System. Mars is named after the mythological Roman god of war because it is a red planet, and red is the colour of blood.
Appearance.
Mars has two very small moons, called Phobos and Deimos. The planet Mars is made of rock. The ground there is red because of iron oxide (rust) in the rocks and dust. The planet has a small carbon dioxide atmosphere. The temperatures on Mars are colder than on Earth, because it is farther away from the Sun. There is some ice at the north and south poles of Mars, and also frozen carbon dioxide. Mars does not have any water on the surface now, except at the poles, but most scientists think it used to have water.
The average thickness of the planet's crust is about 50 km (31 mi), with a maximum thickness of 125 km (78 mi). Earth's crust, on average 40 km (25 mi), is three times smaller as Mars’ crust based to the sizes of the two planets if they are made equal.
History of Mars.
Mars has been known since old times. The Greeks named this planet Ares, after their god of war, but when the Romans took over the Greeks, they named the planet Mars.
Some of the first attempts at mapping Mars were done by Giovanni Schiaparelli. What he saw through his telescope confused him. He saw what he called "canali", which were ditches dug for water to pass through. This started a rumor that there were other animals and life on Mars, possibly even aliens. Today, we know there cannot be any such aliens.
Life, climate and atmosphere of Mars.
Because Mars is the closest to the Earth in the Solar System, people have wondered if there is any kind of life on Mars. Mars has the most similar seasons to Earth of all the planets in our Solar System. It also has a very similar tilt in its axis of 25 degree angle. However, since Mars is further than the Earth from the sun, the seasons of this planet last longer than those of Earth. As a result, a year in Mars is longer than a year in Earth.
The atmosphere of Mars is much thinner than Earth’s. Amazingly, surface temperatures can range from -113°C at the winter pole to 0°C on the dayside during summertime.
Popular culture.
Some famous stories were written about this idea. The writers used the name "Martians" for intelligent beings from Mars. In 1898 H. G. Wells wrote "The War of the Worlds", a famous novel about Martians attacking the Earth. In 1938, Orson Welles broadcast a radio version of this story in the United States, and many people thought it was really happening and were very afraid. Beginning in 1912, Edgar Rice Burroughs wrote several novels about adventures on Mars.
Today.
As of March 2008, scientists have not found life on Mars, either living now or extinct. Several space probes without people have gone to Mars to study it. Some have orbited (gone around) the planet, and some have landed on it. There are pictures of the surface of Mars that were sent back to Earth by some of these probes. Some people are interested in sending astronauts to visit Mars. This would be difficult. The astronauts would be in space for many years, and it could be very dangerous because of radiation from the sun.

Mac OS
Released in 1984, the Macintosh Operating System or Mac OS is the operating system that allows a Macintosh computer to boot (start up) and operate. Historically, Mac OS was known as Macintosh System Software – which in turn was often shortened to System or SSW (System Software). The term "Mac OS" first appeared in the splash screen for System 7.5.1, but wasn't officially adopted as the new name until the release of Mac OS 7.6.
The latest version of Mac OS is Mac OS X 10.5.5.

Apple Macintosh
An Apple Macintosh or just Mac is a type of computer. It was first made by Apple in January 1984, and the brand continues to this day. The people who made the Macintosh and Mac OS (operating system) wanted computers to be simpler. Some of these people liked a Xerox computer. The Macintosh was the first popular computer where people could click things on a screen.
The newest version of Mac OS is called Mac OS X. It is based on Unix. New Macintosh computers can have Linux, Unix, Windows, or BeOS on them.

Metre
A metre (US spelling, "meter") is the basic unit of length in the SI measurement system. The abbreviation for the metre is m. According to the earliest definition (dating to the French Revolution), it was 1/10,000,000th (one ten-millionth) of the distance between the Earth's equator and the North Pole along the Paris meridian. The metre is now officially defined as the distance light travels in a vacuum in 1/299,792,458th of a second.
In the imperial system of measurement, one metre is equal to about 39.37 inches, 3.28 feet, or about 1.09 yards.
Units based on the metre.
"*Note: units in bold are the most commonly used."

Magnifying glass
A magnifying glass is a lens through which you can look to make things appear bigger, so you can see them better.
The magnifying glass consists of a piece of convex-shaped glass or plastic. It has to be held at the right distance between the eye and the object. The magnifying glass usually comes with a handle. A telescope is a more advanced kind of magnifying glass and consists of at least two glass lenses.
A pair of binoculars is like a telescope for each eye. "Spectacles" or eyeglasses also use lenses to correct a person's vision.

Molecule
A molecule is the smallest amount of a chemical substance that can exist. If a molecule were split into smaller pieces, it would be a different substance.
Molecules are made up of atoms that are stuck together in a particular shape. Not all combinations of atoms are possible; atoms like certain shapes, but not others. For example, oxygen atoms always have two bonds with other atoms, carbon atoms always have four bonds with other atoms, and nitrogen atoms always have three bonds with other atoms.
In gases like air, the molecules are just flying around. In liquids like water, the molecules are stuck together but they can still move. In solids like sugar, the molecules can only vibrate.
With a molecular formula, you can write down the numbers of all atoms in a molecule. For example, the molecular formula of sugar is C6H12O6. That means that one molecule of sugar is made up of six carbon atoms, twelve hydrogen atoms and six oxygen atoms.

Moral reasoning
Moral reasoning is a topic studied in psychology and in moral philosophy. It studies how people think about moral issues, problems, and questions. Psychologists who have studied it include Lawrence Kohlberg and Elliot Turiel. Kohlberg said that moral understanding develops in three main stages as a person gets older, but Turiel said that there are three domains of moral understanding that develop at the same time as a person gets older.
Moral philosophy, or ethics, is a major branch of philosophy. It is the study of value or quality. It covers the analysis and use of concepts such as right, wrong, good, evil, and responsibility.

Mosque
A mosque is a place of Muslim worship. The word "mosque" comes from the Arabic word "masjid", — (pl. "masājid", —). Arabic uses different words for different kinds of mosques, for the smaller, privately owned mosque and the larger, "collective" mosque (, "masjid jāmi‘"), which has more services to its community. Larger mosques often also offer social services.
Questions and discussions about Islam are also done in mosques. Muslims worship, talk, and do many other things in a mosque; for many people a mosque is more than a place of worship. In the United Kingdom, many mosques are used as Community centres and to teach about Islam. Religious festivals and gatherings, such as weddings are also held in mosques. Mosques have rules of conduct. It is considered rude to disturb another person who is worshipping in a mosque.
Many mosques are known for their Islamic architecture. They have developed significantly from the open-air spaces that were the Quba Mosque and Masjid al-Nabawi in the seventh century. Today, many mosques have domes, minarets, and prayer halls. Mosques originated on the Arabian Peninsula. Nowadays, they can be found on all continents, except for Antarctica.
A mosque is not a church–it is not considered a holy place. Muslims do not consider it to hold any holy power.
Architectural styles.
The style of mosques was not invented by the Muslims who built them. They used old architectural styles, and combined them in new ways. Most influence comes from the architecture used for the palaces built during the Parthian and Sassanian dynasties of Persia. The Sarvestan palace from the Sassanian era is a good example of this. It has an arched entrance and a central dome. These architectural features already existed in Persian architecture before Islam came to Persia.
After the Arab invasion of Persia, the architecture was combined with elements of Sassanian culture and used for the new Islamic world. Many forms of mosques have evolved in different regions of the Islamic world. Notable mosque types include the early Abbasid mosques, T-type mosques, and the central-dome mosques of Anatolia. The oil-wealth of the twentieth century drove a great deal of mosque construction using designs from leading non-Muslim modern architects. It also promoted the careers of important contemporary Muslim ones.
Arab plan.
"Arab-plan" or hypostyle mosques are the earliest type of mosques. They were first built under the Umayyad Dynasty. These mosques have square or rectangular plans with an enclosed courtyard and covered prayer hall. Historically, in the warm Mediterranean and Middle Eastern climates, the courtyard served to accommodate the large number of worshippers during Friday prayers. Most early hypostyle mosques had flat roofs on prayer halls. This required the use of many columns and supports. One of the most notable hypostyle mosques is the Mezquita de Córdoba in Spain. This building is supported by over 850 columns. Frequently, hypostyle mosques have outer arcades so that visitors can enjoy the shade. Arab-plan mosques were constructed mostly under the Umayyad and Abbasid dynasties. The Arab plan was very simple. This limited the opportunities for development. For this reason, the mosques consequently lost popularity.
Central dome.
The Ottomans introduced "central dome mosques" in the fifteenth century. These mosques have a large dome centered over the prayer hall. There are smaller domes, too. These exist off-center over the prayer hall or throughout the rest of the mosque, where prayer is not performed. This style was heavily influenced by the Byzantine religious architecture with its use of large central domes.
Iwan.
"Iwan mosques" are most notable for their domed chambers and "iwans". Iwans are vaulted spaces opening at one end. In "iwan" mosques, one or more iwans face a central courtyard that serves as the prayer hall. The style borrows from pre-Islamic Iranian architecture. Most mosques with this style are in Iran.
Minarets.
Most mosques have minarets. Minarets are tall towers. Usually they are at one of the corners of the mosque. The top of the minaret is often the highest point in those mosques that have one. Very often, it is also the highest point in the area around the mosque. The tallest minaret in the world is located at the Hassan II Mosque in Casablanca, Morocco.
The first mosques had no minarets. The most conservative Islamic movements, like Wahhabis, still avoid building minarets. They see them as ostentatious and unnecessary. The first minaret was constructed in 665 in Basra during the reign of the Umayyad caliph Muawiyah I. Muawiyah encouraged the construction of minarets, as they were supposed to bring mosques on par with Christian churches with their bell towers. Consequently, mosque architects borrowed the shape of the bell tower for their minarets, which were used for essentially the same purpose — calling the faithful to prayer.
Before the five required daily prayers, a muezzin calls the worshippers to prayer from the minaret. In many countries like Singapore where Muslims are not the majority, mosques are prohibited from loudly broadcasting the call to prayer ("adhan"), although it is supposed to be said loudly to the surrounding community. The adhan is required before every prayer. However, nearly every mosque assigns a muezzin for each prayer to say the adhan as it is a recommended practice or sunnah of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. At mosques that do not have minarets, the adhan is called instead from inside the mosque or somewhere else on the ground. The iqama, which is similar to the adhan and said immediately before the start of prayer, is usually not said from the minaret even if a mosque has one.
Domes.
The domes were often placed directly above the main prayer hall. They signify the vaults of heaven and the sky. At first, these domes were small. They only occupied a small part of the roof near the mihrab. Later, they took the whole roof above the prayer hall.
Domes normally have the shape of a hemisphere. The Mughals in India popularized onion-shaped domes in South Asia and Persia. Some mosques have several domes, in addition to the main large dome that is at the center. The other domes are often smaller.
Domes in traditional mosques would be used to help the imam project his voice as the sound waves would bounce in and then out of the dome making the voice louder.
Prayer hall.
All mosques have a prayer hall, which is also called musalla. Normally, there is no furniture in it. This makes it possible to allow as many people as possible to pray. Some mosques have Arabic calligraphy and Qur'anic verses on the walls to help worshippers in focusing on the beauty of Islam and its holiest book, the Qur'an, as well as for decoration.
The "qiblah wall" is usually at the other side of the entrance to the prayer hall. This wall is specially decorated. In a properly oriented mosque, it will be set perpendicular to a line leading to Mecca, the location of the Kaaba. People pray in rows parallel to the "qiblah" wall. They arrange themselves so they face Mecca. In the "qiblah" wall, usually at its center, is the mihrab, a niche or depression showing the direction of Mecca. Usually the "mihrab" is not occupied by furniture either. Sometimes, especially during Friday prayers, a raised minbar or pulpit is located to the side of the "mihrab" for a khatib or some other speaker to offer a sermon (khutbah). The mihrab serves as the location where the imam leads the five daily prayers on a regular basis.
Washing.
All people must wash themselves before they pray. There is a ritual washing. For this reason, mosques often have fountains or other facilities for washing in their entryways or courtyards.
At very small mosques, worshippers often have to use restrooms for their ritual washing. In bigger, traditional mosques, there is often a building of its own dedicated to washing. Most of the time, this is in the center of the courtyard. In the prayer halls, people must not wear shoes for much the same reason. Special rooms are provided where shoes can be left. Foyers with shelves to put shoes and racks to hold coats are commonplace among mosques.
This is also known as Wudhu/Wudu.
Modern features.
Modern mosques should appeal to the community they serve. For this reason, other facilities may also be available at the mosque, like health clinics, libraries and gymnasiums.
The inside of mosques.
Some mosques look very beautiful when seen from the outside, but can be simple and plain on the inside. There may be drawn plaster or coloured mosaics on the walls. Usually there are no seats. This is because Muslims pray kneeling down on mats.
Prayers.
Islam says that all adult Muslims should do "Salat" prayers five times a day. The only exceptions to this rule are those who are ill. Most mosques will organise formal prayers for each of these times.
Mosques also organise a special prayer service, called "jumuah". This is done once a week, as a form of Sabbath and replaces the Friday prayers at the mosque. Daily prayers can be done anywhere, but Muslims are expected to do their Friday prayer at the mosque.
The mosque is the centre of the Islamic community, illustrating the idea of brotherhood and iman.
A funeral prayer, or salat ul-janazah, is normally held for a deceased Muslim outdoors in a courtyard or square close to the mosque, with all congregants present, including the imam, participating. During eclipses, mosques will host special prayers called eclipse prayers.
There are two large holidays ("Eids") in the Islamic calendar, Eid ul-Fitr and Eid ul-Adha during which there are special prayers at mosques in the morning. These Eid prayers are supposed to be offered in large groups, and so larger mosques will normally host them for their congregants as well as the congregants of smaller local mosques. Some mosques will even rent convention centers or other large public buildings to hold the large number of Muslims who attend. Mosques, especially those in countries where Muslims are the majority, will also host Eid prayers outside in courtyards or town squares.
Ramadan events.
There are many events in Ramadan, Islam's holiest month. During Ramadan, Mulims must fast during the day. Mosques will therefore organise "iftar" dinners after sunset. These are done after the fourth required prayer of the day, maghrib. At least part of the food is provided by members of the community. This creates nighlty potluck dinners. The community contribution to iftar dinners is required. For this reason, mosques with smaller congregaions may not be able to host the "iftar" dinners daily. Some mosques will also hold "suhoor" meals. These are done in the morning before dawn, before the first prayer of the day, called fajr. Like with iftar, people from the community sometimes provide food, but mosques may provide food instead. Mosques will often invite poorer members of the community to these meals. Islam sees giving charity during Ramadan as especially honorable.
Larger mosques sometimes offer special, optional prayers, done after the last obligatory prayer of the day, isha.
During each night of prayers, which can last for up to two hours, one member of the community who has memorized the entire Qur’an will recite a segment of the book. Sometimes, several such people (not necessarily of the local community) take turns to do this. During the last ten days of Ramadan, larger mosques will host all-night programs to observe Laylat al-Qadr, the night Muslims believe the Islamic prophet Muhammad first received Qur'anic revelations. On that night, between sunset and sunrise, mosques employ speakers to educate congregants in attendance about Islam. Mosques or the community usually provide meals periodically throughout the night.
During the last ten days of Ramadan, larger mosques within the Muslim community will host i'tikaf. This is a practice where at least one man from the local community is expected to take part. Muslims performing i'tikaf are required to stay inside the mosque for ten consecutive days, often in worship or learning about Islam. As a result, the rest of the Muslim community is responsible for providing them with food, drinks, and whatever else they need during their stay.
Charity.
The third of the Five Pillars of Islam states that Muslims are required to give approximately one-fortieth of their wealth to charity as "zakat". Since mosques form the center of Muslim communities, they are where Muslims go to both give zakat and, if necessary, collect it. Prior to the holiday of Eid ul-Fitr, mosques also collect a special zakat that is supposed to assist in helping poor Muslims attend the prayers and celebrations associated with the holiday.
Political functions.
During the late twentieth century, more and more mosques have been used for political purposes. Modern-day mosques in the Western world want to educate good citizens. Mosques are used to preach political messages, like peaceful co-existence with non-believers, even when there are problems.
Advocacy.
Countries with a minority Muslim population are more likely than Muslim-majority countries of the Greater Middle East to use mosques as a way to promote civic participation. American mosques host voter registration and civic participation drives. In the United States, Muslims are often immigranŧs, or the children of immigrants. Mosques want to interest these people for politics, and to keep them informed about issues that concern the Muslim community of the country. People who attend the services at the mosque regularly are more likely to take part in protests, to sign petitions, and to involve themselves in political matters.
A link between political views and mosque attendance can still be seen in other parts of the world. After the al-Askari Mosque bombing in February 2006, imams and other Islamic leaders used mosques and Friday prayers to call for calm and peace in the midst of widespread violence.
Beginning in the late twentieth century and continuing into the early twenty-first century, a small number of mosques have also become the platforms of some extremist imams to advocate terrorism and extreme Islamic ideals. Finsbury Park Mosque in London is exemplary of a mosque that has been used in this manner.
Social conflict.
The Muslim community considers mosques important. Like other places of worship, mosques can therefore be at the center of social conflicts.
Babri Mosque was the subject of such a conflict up until the early 1990s when it was demolished. Before a mutual solution could be devised, the mosque was destroyed by approximately 200,000 Hindus on December 6, 1992. The mosque was built by Babur allegedly on the site of a previous Hindu temple to mark the birthplace of Ram. The controversy surrounded the mosque was directly linked to rioting in Bombay (present-day Mumbai) as well as bombings in 1993 that killed 257 people.
In February 2006, a bombing seriously damaged Iraq's al-Askari Mosque. This was bad for the tensions that had already existed beforehand. The conflict between two Muslim groups in Iraq had already led to other bombings. But mosque bombings are not limited to Iraq. In June 2005, a suicide bomber killed at least 19 people at an Afghan mosque. In April 2006, two explosions occurred at India's Jama Masjid.
After the September 11 attacks, several American mosques were targets of attacks. These ranged from simple vandalism to arson.
The Jewish Defense League was suspected of plotting to bomb the King Fahd Mosque in Culver City, California. Similar attacks occurred throughout the United Kingdom following the 7 July 2005 London bombings. Outside the Western world, in June 2001, the Hassan Bek Mosque was the target of attacks involving hundreds of Israelis angry at Arabs for a previous attack.
Saudi influence.
Saudi involvement in building mosques around the world can be traced back to the 1960s. The government of Saudi Arabia became a large influence in building foreign mosques only in the last part of the 20th century.
In the 1980s, the Saudi Arabian government began to finance the construction of mosques in countries around the world. An estimated US$45 billion has been spent by the Saudi Arabian government financing mosques and Islamic schools in foreign countries. "Ain al-Yaqeen", a Saudi newspaper, reported in 2002 that Saudi funds may have helped to build as many as 1,500 mosques and 2,000 other Islamic centers Saudi citizens have also contributed significantly to mosques in the Islamic world, especially in countries where they see Muslims as poor and oppressed. Following the fall of the Soviet Union, in 1992, mosques in impoverished Afghanistan saw many contributions from Saudi citizens. The King Fahd Mosque in Culver City, California and the Islamic Cultural Center of Italy in Rome represent two of Saudi Arabia's largest investments in foreign mosques as former Saudi king Fahd bin Abdul Aziz al-Saud contributed US$8 million and US$50 million to the two mosques, respectively.
Rules and behaviour in mosques.
In order to help people keeping focused on worshipping Allah, there are a number of rules that regulate how to behave in a mosque. Some rules are valid all over the world, like the one that says that no shoes should be worn in the prayer hall. There are many rules that are different from mosque to mosque.
Prayer leader.
It is generally seen as good to have someone who leads the prayers. This is not obligatory, though. The person who usually leads the prayers is called imam. He must be a free and honest man. He should also be an authority when it comes to answering questions on religion. In mosques that were built or that are maintained by the government, the imam is selected by the ruler. In private mosques, the community selects the imam, through majority voting. According to the Hanafi school of Islamic jurisprudence, the man who built the mosque has a stronger claim to the title of imam, but this view is not shared by the other schools.
There are three categories of leading prayers, different by the type of prayer: five daily prayers, Friday prayer, or optional prayers. The Hanafi and Maliki school of Islamic jurisprudence say that Friday prayers must be led, otherwise they are invalid. Shafi'i and Hanbali schools say that the Friday prayer is valid, as long as it is done in a congregation. Friday prayer can be led by a slave. Scholars disagree on whether a minor can lead Friday prayers. The person appointed to lead the five daily services can lead the Friday prayer as well.
Only men may lead prayers in congregations for men. Women are allowed to lead prayers for congregations where there are only women.
Washing.
All mosques have rules regarding cleanliness. Being clean is an important part of the worshipper's experience. Muslims are required to wash themselves before praying. There is a washing ritual, known as "wudu". There are other rules that also apply to those who enter the mosque, even though they do not want to pray there. It is forbidden to wear shoes in the carpeted area of the prayer hall. Some mosques also forbid wearing shoes in other parts, even though these may not be devoted to praying. Those praying and those visiting are expected to be clean. Coming to a mosque after eating something smelly, like garlic, is also undesirable.
Dress.
Islam requires that its adherents wear clothes that show modesty. As a result, both men and women must follow this rule when they attend a mosque, even though many mosques do not enforce these rules. Men are supposed to come to the mosque wearing loose and clean clothes that do not reveal the shape of the body. Similarly, women who come to the mosque are expected to wear loose clothing, shirts, pants that cover to the wrists and ankles and cover their heads such as with a hijab. Many Muslims, regardless of their ethnic background, wear Middle eastern clothing associated with Arabic Islam to special occasions and prayers at mosques.
Concentration.
Mosques are places of worship. For this reason, those inside the mosque should be respectful to those who are praying. Loud talking within the mosque, as well as discussion of topics deemed disrespectful, is forbidden in areas where people are praying. It is also disrespectful to walk in front of Muslims in prayer or otherwise disturb them. The walls within the mosque have few items, except for possibly Arabic calligraphy, so Muslims in prayer are not distracted. Muslims are also discouraged from wearing clothing with distracting images and symbols to not divert the attention of those standing behind them during prayer. In many mosques, even the carpeted prayer area has no designs, its plainness helps worshippers focus.
Men and women pray in different parts.
Islamic law requires men and women to be separated in the prayer hall. Ideally, women should pray behind men. Muhammad said, women should pray at home, rather than at the mosque. Muhammad thought women sohuld not be forbidden in mosques. The second caliph Umar at one time prohibited women from attending mosques especially at night because he feared they may be teased by males, so he required them to pray at home. Sometimes a special part of the mosque was railed off for women; for example, the governor of Mecca in 870 had ropes tied between the columns to make a separate place for women.
Many mosques today will put the women behind a barrier or partition or in another room. Mosques in South and Southeast Asia put men and women in separate rooms, as the divisions were built into them centuries ago. In nearly two-thirds of American mosques, women pray behind partitions or in separate areas, not in the main prayer hall; some mosques do not admit women at all. Although there are sections exclusively for women and children, the Grand Mosque in Mecca is desegregated.
Non-Muslims in mosques.
Under most interpretations of Islamic law, non-Muslims may be allowed into mosques, as long as they do not sleep or eat there; the dissenting opinion is presented by followers of the Maliki school of Islamic jurisprudence, who argue that non-Muslims may not be allowed into mosques under any circumstances.
Different countries have different opinions on the question. With few exceptions, mosques in the Arabian peninsula as well as Morocco do not non-Muslims. For example, the Hassan II Mosque in Casablanca is one of only two mosques in Morocco currently open to non-Muslims. However, there are also many other places in the west as well as the Islamic world where non-Muslims are welcome to enter mosques. Most mosques in the United States, for example, report receiving non-Muslim visitors every month. Many Mosques throughout the United States welcome non-Muslims as a sign of openness to the rest of the community and to encourage conversions to Islam.
In modern-day Saudi Arabia, the Grand Mosque and all of Mecca are open only to Muslims. Likewise, the Masjid al-Nabawi and the city of Medina that surrounds it are also off-limits to those who do not practice Islam. For mosques in other areas, it has most commonly been taken that non-Muslims may only enter mosques if granted permission to do so by Muslims and if they have a legitimate reason. All entrants regardless of religious affiliation are expected to respect the rules and decorum for mosques.
In modern Turkey non-Muslim tourists are allowed to enter any mosque, but there are strict rules. Visiting a mosque is allowed only between prayers; visitors are required to wear long trousers and not to wear shoes, women must cover their heads; visitors are not allowed to interrupt praying Muslims, especially by taking photos of them; no loud talk is allowed; and no references to other religions are allowed (no crosses on necklaces, no cross gestures etc.)
At different times and places, non-Muslims living under Muslim rule were required to demonstrate deference to mosques. In most cities of Morocco, Jews were required to remove their shoes when passing by a mosque Danish traveler Carsten Niebuhr wrote that in 18th century Egypt Jews and Christians had to dismount before several mosques in veneration of their sanctity.
Dogs.
Dogs are usually banned from entering mosques, but on September 24, 2008, the Muslim Law Council UK granted a blind Muslim permission to take his guide dog into the mosque via a Fatwa.
Mosques as hostel.
It is common for a smaller mosque to serve as a hostel for Muslims on "haj" (pilgrimage to Mecca). Sometimes mosques are used for refugees, or as temporary homes for homeless people. Obligations to neighbours in Islam are very strict, and specific. The Qur'an says that "she who is friend to three neighbours will enter Paradise; she who is not, won't," along with other commands, such as helping the poor and being nice to people. An important part of being Muslim, or just being part of the mosque, is taking care of people who need help. A mosque is a social group, as well as a religious group.
A madrassa is a little different from a mosque. A madrassa focuses on teaching Islam, usually to children and teens.
Mosques in Spain.
When Spain was under Muslim control, some of the most beautiful buildings were mosques. After 1492, Spain was under Christian control. However, the Christians did not tear down the mosques. They simply put a crucifix in them to make them into churches. These mosques influenced the Renaissance architecture (way of building) in Europe.

Mammal
Mammals are a group of vertebrate animals. They form the class "Mammalia".
A mammal is any animal that produces and feeds its young with milk and is warm-blooded; the heat they need to live is made inside their body. The milk is made by glands in the skin or the mammary glands.
There are only five mammals that lay eggs, called Monotremes (for example the platypus). Almost all mammals give birth to living young. Those mammals can be divided into the Marsupials and the
Eutheria, the placental mammals. Marsupials are mammals with pouches to carry young in, like the kangaroo. The Eutheria are all other mammals.
Most mammals have four limbs and a coat of hair, wool or fur.

Number
Numbers are also used for other things besides counting. Numbers are used when things are measured. Numbers are used to study how the world works. Mathematics is a way to use numbers to learn about the world and make things.
Numbers for people.
There are different ways of giving symbols to numbers. These methods are called number systems. The most common number system that people use is the "base ten" number system. The "base ten" number system is also called the "decimal" number system. The base ten number system is common because people have ten fingers and ten toes. There are 10 different symbols used in the base ten number system. These ten symbols are called digits.
A symbol for a number is made up of these ten digits. The position of the digits shows how big the number is. For example, the number 23 in the decimal number system really means 2 times 10 plus 3, and 101 means 1 times a hundred (=100) plus 0 times 10 (=0) plus 1 times 1 (=1).
Numbers for machines.
Another number system is more common for machines. The machine number system is called the "binary" number system. The binary number system is also called the base two number system. There are two different symbols (0,1) used in the base two number system. These two symbols are called bits.
A symbol for a binary number is made up of these two bit symbols. The position of the bit symbols shows how big the number is. For example, the number 10 in the binary number system really means 1 times 2 plus 0, and 101 means 1 times four (=4) plus 0 times two (=0) plus 1 times 1 (=1). The binary number 10 is the same as the decimal number 2. The binary number 101 is the same as the decimal number 5.
Names of numbers.
When dealing with larger numbers than this there are two different ways of naming the numbers in English. Under the 'long scale' a new name is given every time the number is a million times larger than the last named number. It is also called the 'British Standard'. This scale used to be common in Britain but is not often used in English speaking countries today. It is still used in some other European nations. Another scale is the 'short scale' under which a new name is given every time a number is a thousand times larger than the last named number. This scale is a lot more common in most English speaking nations today.
Natural numbers.
Natural numbers are the numbers which we normally use for counting, 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 etc. Some people call these counting numbers. Some people say that 0 is a natural number, too.
Another name for these numbers is positive numbers. These numbers are sometimes written as +1 to show that they are different from the negative numbers. But not all positive numbers are natural (for example formula_1 is positive, but not natural).
Negative numbers.
Negative numbers are numbers less than zero.
One way to think of negative numbers is using a "number line". We call one point on this line zero. Then we will label (write the name of) every position on the line by how far to the right of the zero point it is, for example the point one is one centimeter to the right, the point two is two centimeters to the right.
Now think about a point which is one centimeter to the left of the zero point. We cannot call this point one, as there is already a point called one. We therefore call this point minus 1 (-1) (as it is one centimeter away, but in the opposite direction).
A drawing of a number line is below.
If people add a negative number to another this is the same as taking away the positive number with the same numerals. For example 5 + (-3) is the same as 5 - 3, and equals 2.
If they take away a negative number from another this is the same as adding the positive number with the same numerals. For example 5 - (-3) is the same as 5 + 3, and equals 8.
If they multiply two negative numbers together they get a positive number. For example -5 times -3 is 15.
If they multiply a negative number by a positive number, or multiply a positive number by a negative number, they get a negative result. For example 5 times -3 is -15.
Integers.
Integers are all the natural numbers, all their opposites, and the number zero.
Rational numbers.
Rational numbers are numbers which can be written as fractions. This means that they can be written as "a" divided by "b", where the numbers "a" and "b" are integers, and "b" is not equal to 0.
Some rational numbers, such as 1/10, need a finite number of digits after the decimal point to write them in decimal form. The number one tenth is written in decimal form as 0.1. Numbers written with a finite decimal form are rational. Some rational numbers, such as 1/11, need an infinite number of digits after the decimal point to write them in decimal form. There is a repeating pattern to the digits following the decimal point. The number one eleventh is written in decimal form as 0.0909090909...
Irrational numbers.
Irrational numbers are numbers which cannot be written as a fraction, but do not have imaginary parts.
Irrational numbers often occur in geometry. Irrational numbers are often refer to as "J" for its symbol. For instance if we have a square which has sides of 1 meter, the distance between opposite corners is the square root of two. This is an irrational number. In decimal for it is written as 1.414213... Mathematicians have proved that the square root of every natural number is either an integer or an irrational number.
One well known irrational number is pi. This is the circumference of a circle divided by its diameter. This number is the same for every circle. The number pi is approximately 3.1415926359....
An irrational number cannot be fully written down in decimal form. It would have an infinite number of digits after the decimal point. These digits would also not repeat.
Real numbers.
Real numbers is a name for all the sets of numbers listed above
This is all numbers but for imaginary numbers.
Imaginary numbers.
Imaginary numbers are formed by real numbers multiplied by the number i. This number is the square root of minus one (-1).
There is no number in the real numbers which when squared makes the number -1. Therefore mathematicians invented a number. They called this number i, or the imaginary unit.
Imaginary numbers were called "imaginary" because when they were first found many mathematicians did not think they existed. The person who "discovered" imaginary numbers was Gerolamo Cardano in the 1500s. The first to use the word "imaginary number" was René Descartes. The first people to use these numbers were Leonard Euler and Carl Friedrich Gauss. Both lived in the 18th century.
Complex numbers.
Complex numbers are numbers which have two parts; a "real" part and an "imaginary" part. Every type of number written above is also a complex number.
Complex numbers are a more general form of numbers. Every equation can be solved using only complex numbers.
The complex numbers can be drawn on a number plane. This is composed of a real number line, and an imaginary number line.
3i|_
2i|_. 2+2i
i|_
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
-i|_.3-i
.-2-2i -2i|_
-3i|_
To multiply two complex numbers is complicated. It is easiest to describe in general terms, with two complex numbers a + bi and c + di.
formula_2
For example (4 + 5i) × (3 + 2i) = (4 × 3 - 5 × 2) + (4 × 2 + 5 × 3)i = (12 - 10) + (8 + 15)i = 2 + 23i.
Transcendental numbers.
A real or complex number is called "Transcendental number" if it cannot be obtained as a result of an algebraic equation with integer coefficients.
formula_3
Proving that a certain number is transcendental can be extremely difficult. Each transcendental number is also an irrational number. The first people to see that there were transcendental numbers were Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and Leonhard Euler. The first to actually prove there were transcendental numbers was Joseph Liouville. He did this in 1844.

Numeral
A numeral is a written symbol that represents the value of a "number".
Instead of the word "one", a writer might use the symbol "1", for example.

November
November is the eleventh month of the year. It has 30 days. Its name is from the Latin "novem" for "nine" (it was the ninth month of the year, before January and February were added). November begins on the same day of the week as March every year and also February except in leap years.
November's flower is the Chrysanthemum with its birthstone being the Topaz. The meaning of the Topaz is Fidelity.

National anthem
A national anthem is a song that the people of a country use to remember and respect their country.
Some countries, like Spain, have a national anthem which has no lyrics (words of a song)

Name
Name is a word (or a set of words) given to things and people.
For example, "cat" is the name of a kind of animal. "Ryan" is a name of a person.
The word 'name' can also be used as a verb. To name something is to give it a name.
People's names.
In many cultures, there are rules and customs about how to give a person a name.
Some of the rules are defined by laws, and others are defined by traditions (doing things in the way they have been done for a long time).
1. Number of parts of a name
In some cultures, a person has a one-part name, such as "ShiningWater."
In other cultures, a person has a two-part name, such as "John Smith."
In some cultures, a person can have any number of name parts. In the United States, for example, some people have three: first name, middle name, and last name. Other people have only two: a first and last name.
In Chinese cultures, it is typical for a person to have three-part name, such as "Cheah Ching San." Where "Cheah" is the surname. Written in English format a comma is introduced making it "Ching San, Cheah."
2. Relations with names of parents and other relatives
In some cultures, people have the same "family name" (or surname) as their parents. For example, the father of John Smith may be Mike Smith. And Mike Smith's father may be James Smith. The "Smith" part is the same for all the family.
In other cultures, a person has the same name as his or her father, but the name is in a different place. For example, Shafiq Hanif's son may be Hanif Kamal. Hanif is in both the father's and son's name.
In some cultures, a name changes when people marry, divorce, go through some religious ceremony, etc. For example, in some Spanish-speaking countries, people use two last names: their mother's father's name and their father's name. If Elena Rodriguez Gomez and Jose Sanchez Soria marry, she may change her name to Elena Rodriguez de Sanchez, and their child could be named Pilar Sanchez Rodriguez, taking the names of both of her grandfathers.
In some cultures, personal names come from history. In most European countries, some first names are taken from the Bible. In some cultures, names are taken from a relative. In other cultures, a name shows what the parents hope their child will be like. A baby may be given a name Wisdom because parents hope the baby will be a wise girl or boy.
Some cultures avoid giving people a name of an animal. For example, there is no name like dog, cat, snake, owl, or fish in Japanese people's first names. But in some cultures animal names may be good.
In some languages and cultures, you can tell if a word is a person's name or not by just looking at the spelling or listening to its pronunciation. There are some other linguistic patterns. For example, many Chinese names are made up of three syllables.
6. Use of names, titles, nicknames, etc.
In some cultures, people use names when they call each other. In other cultures, people use their nicknames. In some other cultures, people use their titles ("father," "professor," etc.) when they call each other.
7. Spelling of names, titles, nicknames, etc.
In the English language, names exclusively are usually pronounced in correlation with the spelling, however can be pronounced as desired, eg. John is (jon) but can also be (ned). However not probable, is held true in the English rules of grammar.
Japanese names.
Here are some things that are often found in Japanese names today. In the past, people went by different rules.
1. Number of parts of a name
Japanese names have two parts. One is the family name and the other is the given name.
"Suzuki Ichiro" is a name of a Japanese person. Suzuki is the family name, and Ichiro is the first name. In the Japanese language, the family name comes first, and the given name comes second. (It is like writing Smith John, instead of John Smith.)
Only some members of the royal family do not have a family name.
2. Relations with names of parents and other relatives
A newborn baby gets a family name from their parents. The parents have the same family name. So, a son of Ono Yoko (female) and Ono Ken (male) is Ono something.
The family name Ono is mostly shared by the paternal (male) part of the family. So Ono Ken's parents have the family name Ono, but Ono Yoko's parents probably do not.
Names of people change when they marry and divorce. It is a custom in many parts of the world that women change their family name to that of their new husband when they marry. However, in Europe and North America especially, many women no longer do this even though their mothers and grandmothers may have. Sometimes, the man will take the woman's family name.
6. Use of names, titles, nicknames, etc.

Niihau
Niihau is the smallest of the inhabited islands of Hawaii, in the United States. It has a land area of 70 sq. miles (184 sq. km). It is the oldest of the eight main islands.
The whole island is owned by the Robinson family. They bought it from the Kingdom of Hawaii for $10,000. It was said that the buyer, Elizabeth Sinclair (later Sinclair-Robinson), liked the island better than other places such as Waikiki, Pearl Harbor, and the island of Lanai. There is a small US Navy base where a handful of Navy people work.
The island has a few hundred permanent inhabitants. Almost all of them are native Hawaiians. They support themselves largely with small family farms. Many work for the ranch owned by the Robinsons. The native Hawaiians lead a rural, low-tech life. They speak the Hawaiian language and keep traditions alive. This is because Ms. Sinclair promised to help preserve Hawaiian culture and tradition when she bought the island. Niihau is the only one of the Hawaiian islands where the Hawaiian language is the main language.
Niihau is also known as the "Forbidden Island". This is due to the fact that until recently, the island was off-limits to all but family members, US Navy personnel, government officials and expressly invited guests. Now, tourists can go on one of a limited number of supervised tours or hunting safaris.
On the beaches of the island are found shells which are the only shells to be classified as gems. Niihau shells and the jewelry made from them are very popular. Many, especially those with darker and richer color, are collectors items. The sale of shells and shell jewelry brings extra money for the local people.

Nene
The Néné, or Hawaiian Goose, "Branta sandvicensis" is a species of goose found only on some of the Hawaiian islands. It gets its name from its soft call.
This is an unmistakable species, with its generally brown plumage (feathers) and darker head. Its strong toes have much reduced webbing (skin between the toes), an adjustment to the lava flows on which it breeds. The Néné goes about on land much more than other water birds. When moulting (dropping old feathers and growing new ones), the Néné cannot fly, like other geese, a factor which almost caused it to die out.
This is the world's rarest goose. Once common, hunting and predators brought to the islands such as mongooses, pigs and cats at one time reduced the population to 30 birds. However, this species breeds well in captivity (zoos and bird parks), and has been successfully re-introduced. There are also good numbers in wild bird collections.
The Néné is the state bird of Hawaii.

Network
A network is a group of things that are connected together using some form of talking or other communication to stay together. An example of a large computer network is the Internet.

Net
Nets are woven traps usually used to catch fish. They are usually made out of rope. A net is a kind of tool.

Internet slang
Internet slang is slang words which are used on the Internet. Most of these words are new, such as Wiki and blog, which were not used before the Internet became popular.
Some old words were given new meanings, such as mail (Which now means email), and these compare the old communication methods with the new ways using the Internet. There are many mixed metaphors on the Internet, such as boot (Which used to mean a shoe) and link (Which used to mean a join in a metal chain). Some existing acronyms, such as "AFK" (To mean "Away from keyboard") and "IRL" (To mean "In real life") were used on bulletin board systems before the Internet became popular. These are now used on the Internet, such as in chat rooms and on instant messenger software.
Shorthand words.
Shorthand is where a word is written in a shorter way because it is quicker and easier to type. It is also done to fit more text into a limited space.
Acronyms.
Internet slang uses many acronyms because they are quicker and easier to type. They are often shorthand for common phrases and idioms, but they can show somebody's emotions and their certainty.
Leet speak.
Leet speak (Written as: L33T or 1337) is the most common language on MMORPGs because rude words are not stopped by filters. This language is changing all the time because new words are made and used. A lot of the words use numbers instead of letters but some were made because of typing errors which are now done on purpose. Also, some suffixes are used, such as "-age" and "-ness".
Some of the numbers and symbols used instead of letters are in the table below.

Noun
A noun is a kind of word (see part of speech) that is usually the name of a person, place, thing, quality, or idea. In English, nouns can be singular or plural or they can be 1st (first) 2nd (second) or 3rd (third) person. The first person is the person speaking. The second person is the person spoken to and the third person is the person spoken about.
Nouns often need a word called an article or determiner (like "the" or "that"). These words usually don't go with other kinds of words like verbs or adverbs. (For example, people don't say "I will the go to school" because "go" is a verb.) Adjectives can also describe nouns. In English, there are more nouns than any other kind of word.
Every language in the world has nouns, but they are not always used in the same ways. They also can have different properties in different languages. For example, in some other languages, nouns do not change for singular and plural, and sometimes there is no word for "the".
Some examples of nouns in English are: "time, people, way, year, government, day, world, life, work, part, number, house, system, company, end, party, information".
The history of the word "noun".
The word 'noun' comes from the Latin "nomen" meaning "name." Words like nouns were described in early days by the Sanskrit grammarian Pāṇini and ancient Greeks like Dionysios Thrax.
Uses of nouns.
In English sentences, nouns can be used as a subject, object, or complement. They often come after prepositions, as the 'object of preposition'.
Nouns can sometimes describe other nouns (such as a soccer ball). When they do this, they are called modifiers.
There are also verb forms that can be used in the same way as nouns (such as 'I like "running".) These are called "verbals" or "verbal nouns", and include "participles" (which can also be adjectives) and "infinitives".
Kinds of nouns.
Nouns are grouped into common nouns, and proper nouns. There are also pronouns. These have commonly been considered a different part of speech from nouns, but in the past some grammars have included them as nouns as do many modern linguists.
Proper nouns.
A proper noun (also called proper name) is a name given to individual people, places, companies, or brands. Some examples of proper nouns are: "London, John, God, October, Mozart, Saturday, Coke, Mr. Brown, Atlantic Ocean"
Proper nouns begin with an upper case (capital) letter in English and many other languages that use the Roman alphabet. (However, in German, all nouns begin with an upper case letter.) The word "I" is really a pronoun, although it is capitalized in English, like a proper noun.
Some common nouns (see below) can also be used as proper nouns. For example, someone might be named 'Tiger Smith' -- even though he is not a tiger or a smith.
Number and countability.
In English and many other languages, nouns have 'number'. But some nouns are only singular (such as "furniture, physics") and others are only plural (such as "clothes, police"). Also, some nouns are 'countable' (they can be counted, for example, "one piece, two pieces") but others are not (for example, we don't say "one furniture, two furnitures").
How adjectives become nouns.
All adjectives without exception can become nouns by placing the word the in front of the adjective. Example: Take the adjective 'beautiful', place the word the in front of it like this, 'the beautiful' and 'beautiful' is no longer an adejective; it is now a noun. Example: "The beautiful is worthy of admiration".
In the sentence, "The beautiful flower is on the table", the word 'beautiful' is an adjective because it describes the noun 'flower'.
Most adjectives become nouns by adding the suffix ness. Example: Take the adjective 'natural', add 'ness' to get 'naturalness', a noun. To see a list of 100 adjectives used in Basic English, click here

Nature
The word nature is used for all the things that aren't made by humans. Things like people, animals, mountains, rivers, trees, rain, and the sun are part of nature. Things that are part of nature are called natural. Scientists study the way the parts of nature work.
Many people enjoy looking at natural things or walking in natural places, but people also have to think about how they want to use nature. Or, how they can be useful to it. Some people see reforesting and wild gardening as ways to be useful to nature.
This means they must know how it works, and how it affects the air, soil, water, plants, animals and their own body. The science of ecology is about their connection, while biology studies the parts. These are two of the Natural Sciences. They create models of nature. "The science is covered in that article."
In many ways humans and nature can be said to be in conflict. Nature is often seen by humans as natural resources. People cut down trees to get wood to burn or to build houses, or to make a place to grow food. Fires, cars, and factories make a lot of smoke, especially in cities. When people catch a lot of fish, sometimes they kill all the fish or harm the spawning grounds and there are none left. For instance the trawling method of catching fish very often damages coral that the small fish need to hide from big ones.
People who like to leave nature unharmed and those who feel they need to use more of nature often fight about what they should do. In the modern world, with many people and many big cities, these problems are becoming more serious. It takes politics to sort them out fully.
Some types of political parties focus on the idea of natural law, which is that nature shows humans how to do things, and that humans must study nature to sort out all problems. This is a very old idea, and is part of many ethical traditions.
Some people think that humans do not need nature at all, and can replace everything that it does.

Natural resource
A Natural resource is a thing people can use which comes from Nature: people do not make it themselves. Examples of natural resources are air, water, wood, oil, solar energy, wind energy, coal water, minerals. Petroleum used in cars is not a natural resource, for example, because people make it.
We often say there are two sorts of natural resource: "renewable resources" and "non-renewable resources".
in every country or place can get all natural resources. When people do not have one resource where they live, they can a) use another resource, or b) trade with another country (for example, they can buy oil from their neighbors). Some resources are rare - difficult to find - so people sometimes fight to have them (for example, oil resources).
When people do not have some natural resources their quality of life can drop. For example, when they can not get clean water, people may become ill; if there is not enough wood, all trees will be cut and the forest will disappear (deforestation); if there are not enough fish in a sea, people can die of starvation. Some examples of renewable resources are wood, solar energy, trees, wind, hydroelectric power, fish and sunlight.

Negentropy
Negentropy is reverse entropy. It means things becoming more in order.
Time in science is defined as the direction of entropy. This makes it very hard to talk about ideas of time that would apply to negentropy or its effects.
Life is considered to be negentropic because it takes things in less order, like dead food, and turns it into things in more order, like cells in the body, tissues, and organs. In doing so, it gives off heat. The outside or skin of an organism is always at maximum entropy because it is removing heat.
Based on several different ideas of entropy, negentropy also would mean several different things. Cliff Joslyn proposed a list of ways to find entropy in ways other than measuring heat as given off by a body. Since it is living things looking for these ways, however, and since they create models that are in more order than the measurements they combine, thinking and science are also negentropic - just a part of life.
The idea that living things order the universe is called the anthropic principle. It has a strong form which says that we are needed to do this. And a weak or obvious form which says if we were not here asking, it wouldn't matter. Cosmology is concerned with this and other issues of where life fits into models of our universe.
Negentropy is not the only idea about life and how it affects our view of time. Most of engineering relies on linear time for risk analysis, economics on cyclic time like the business cycle, biology explores rhythmic time especially in systems of animal communication. Probably all of these ideas are useful for some thing, like the many ideas of entropy, and the many ideas of life.

North America
North America is a continent in the Northern half of Earth, located to the east of the Pacific Ocean, the West of the Atlantic Ocean, the South of the Arctic Ocean, and the North of South America. It is the north part of the Americas.
All of the countries and islands in the Caribbean are also part of North America.

Neptune
Neptune (), () is the eighth and last planet from the Sun in the Solar System. It is a gas giant planet with four hard-to-see rings. It is the fourth largest planet and third heaviest. It is 17 times heavier than Earth and is a little bit more heavy than Uranus. The planet was named after the Roman God of the Sea. The astronomical symbol for the planet is.
Neptune's atmosphere (a layer of gas floating above planets) is mostly made up of hydrogen and helium (two types of gases), with small amounts of methane that is makes the planet blue. Neptune's blue color is much more brighter compared to Uranus, which has a similar amount of methane, so there might be another reason why neptune is blue. Neptune also has the strongest winds of any planet in the solar system, measured as high as 2,100 km/h or 1,300 mph.
Neptune was discovered by astronomers, Urbain Le Verrier and John Couch Adams who were both honored for the discovery. The planet was the first to be discovered by mathematical calculations instead of using a telescope. Because of Uranus' weird movements in its orbit (the line which a planet follows in moveing), it made astronomers search for the new planet. The planet was visited by only one spacecraft, "Voyager 2" on August 25, 1989. Neptune once had a huge storm known as the "Great Dark Spot" which was discovered in 1989 by Voyager 2. However, the dark spot was not seen in 1994, and new spots were found since then. It is not known why the dark spot disappeared. However, NASA suggested for a future spacecraft to orbit and learn more about Neptune. The spacecraft was to be shared between the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) and the California Institute of Technology.
Discovery.
The first possible sightings of Neptune is thought to be by Galileo as his drawings showed Neptune near Jupiter. But Galileo wasn't credited for the discovery since he thought Neptune was a "fixed star" instead of a planet. Because of Neptune's slow movement across the sky, Galileo's small telescope wasn't strong enough to detect Neptune as a planet.
In 1821, Alexis Bouvard published the astronomical tables of the orbit of Uranus. Later observations showed that Uranus was moving in an irregular way in its orbit, making some astronomers think of another large body being the cause of the irregular motions of Uranus. In 1843, John Couch Adams calculated the orbit of an eighth planet that would possibly be influencing the orbit of Uranus. He sent his calculations to Sir George Airy, the Astronomer Royal, who asked Adams for an explanation. Adams began to make a copy of the reply, but never sent it.
In 1846, Urbain Le Verrier, who wasn't working with Adams, created his own calculations but also had problems in encouraging any interest with his people. However, in the same year, John Herschel began to support the mathematical method and encouraged James Challis to search for the planet. After much delays, Challis began his unwilling search in July 1546. Meanwhile, Le Verrier had convinced Johann Gottfried Galle to search for the planet.
Although Heinrich d'Arrest was still a student at the Berlin Observatory, he suggested that a newly drawn map of the sky, in the region of Le Verrier's predicted area, could be compared with the current sky to look for the displacement characteristic of a planet, as compared to a fixed star. Neptune was then discovered that very night on September 23, 1846, within 1° of where Le Verrier had predicted it to be, and about 10° from Adams' prediction. Challis later found out that he had seen the planet twice in August, failing to recognize it owing to his careless approach to the work.
After the news of the discovery of Neptune spread, there was also a lot of nationalistic opposition between the French and the British about who was to be deserved credit for the discovery. Later, an international agreement decided that both Le Verrier and Adams together deserved credit. However, historians are now reviewing the topic after the rediscovery in 1998 of the "Neptune papers" (historical documents from the Royal Greenwich Observatory), which had seemingly been stolen by astronomer Olin Eggen for nearly three decades and were only rediscovered (in his ownership) right after his death. After reviewing the documents, some historians now think that Adams does not deserve equal credit with Le Verrier.
Naming.
Shortly after its discovery, Neptune was temporarily called as "the planet exterior to Uranus" or as "Le Verrier's planet". The first suggestion for a name came from Galle. He proposed the name "Janus". In England, Challis suggested the name "Oceanus". In France, Arago suggested that the new planet be called "Leverrier", a suggestion which was met with a lot of opposition outside France. French almanacs promptly reintroduced the name "Herschel" for "Uranus" and "Leverrier" for the new planet.
Meanwhile, on separate and different reason, Adams suggested changing the name "Georgian" to "Uranus", while Leverrier (through the Board of Longitude) suggested "Neptune" for the new planet. Struve gave support of that name on December 29, 1846, to the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Soon "Neptune" was internationally agreed among many people and was then the official name for the new planet. In Roman mythology, Neptune was the god of the sea, identified with the Greek god, Poseidon.
Mass and composition.
At 10.243 kg, Neptune's mass puts the planet between Earth and the largest gas giants; Neptune has seventeen Earth masses but just 1/18th the mass of Jupiter. It and Uranus are often considered to be part of a sub-class of gas giant known as "ice giants", given their smaller size and big differences in composition compared to Jupiter and Saturn. In the search for extrasolar planets, Neptune has been used as a reference to determine the size and structure of the discovered planet. Some discovered planets that have similar masses like Neptune are often called as "Neptunes". just as astronomers refer to various extra-solar "Jupiters."
The atmosphere of Neptune is made up mostly of hydrogen, with a smaller amount of helium. A timy amount of methane is also detected in the atmosphere. Important absorption bands of methane happen at wavelengths above 600 nm, in the red and infrared portion of the spectrum. This absorption of red light by the atmospheric methane gives Neptune its blue hue.
Because Neptune orbits so far from the Sun, it gets very little heat with the uppermost regions of the atmosphere at −218 °C (55 K). Deeper inside the layers of gas, however, the temperature rises slowly. Like Uranus, the source of this heating is unknown, but the differences are larger: Neptune is the farthest planet from the Sun, yet its internal energy is strong enough to create the fastest winds seen in the Solar System. Several possible explanations have been suggested, including radiogenic heating from the planet's core, the continued radiation into space of leftover heat made by infalling matter during the planet's birth, and gravity waves breaking above the tropopause.
Neptune's internal structure is basically very similar to that of Uranus' interior. There is likely to be a core, thought to be about 15 Earth masses, made up of molten rock and metal surrounded by a mixture of rock, water, ammonia, and methane. The heavy pressures keep the icy part of this surrounding mixture as solids, in spite of the large temperatures near the core. The atmosphere, extending about 10 to 20% of the way towards the center, is mostly hydrogen and helium at high altitudes. More mixtures of methane, ammonia, and water are found in the lower areas of the atmosphere. Very slowly this darker and hotter area blends into the superheated liquid interior. The pressure at the center of Neptune is millions of times more than that on the surface of Earth. Comparing its rotational speed to its degree of oblateness shows that it has its mass less concentrated towards the center unlike Uranus.
Weather and magnetic field.
One difference between Neptune and Uranus is the normal level of meteorological activity. When the Voyager spacecraft flew by Uranus in 1986 that planet was visually pretty much bland, while Neptune showed notable weather events during its 1989 Voyager fly-by. Neptune's atmosphere has the highest wind speeds in the solar system, thought to be powered by the flow of internal heat, and its weather is characterized by extremely active storm systems, with winds reaching up to around 2100 km/h, near-supersonic speeds. Even more regular winds in the banded equatorial region can have speeds of around 1,200 km/h (750 mph).
In 1989, the Great Dark Spot, a cyclonic storm system the size of Eurasia, was discovered by NASA's "Voyager 2" spacecraft. The storm resembled the Great Red Spot of Jupiter. However, on November 2, 1994, the Hubble Space Telescope did not see the Great Dark Spot on the planet. Instead, a new storm similar to the Great Dark Spot was found in the planet's northern hemisphere. The reason why the Great Dark Spot's disappeared is unknown. One possible theory is that heat transfer from the planet's core disrupted the atmospheric balance and existing circulation patterns. The Scooter is another storm, a white cloud group more south than the Great Dark Spot. Its nickname was given when it was first noticed in the months leading up to the "Voyager" encounter in 1989: it moved faster than the Great Dark Spot. Later images showed clouds that moved even faster than Scooter. The Wizard's eye/"Dark Spot 2" is another southern cyclonic storm, the second most strongest storm seen during the 1989 encounter. It originally was completely dark, but as "Voyager" came closer to the planet, a bright core developed and is seen in most of the highest resolution images.
Unlike other gas giants, Neptune's atmosphere shows the presence of high clouds making shadows on a thick cloud deck below. Though Neptune's atmosphere is much more active than that of Uranus, both planets are made up of the same gases and ices. Uranus and Neptune are not exactly the same type of gas giants like to Jupiter and Saturn, but are rather ice giants, meaning they have a larger solid core and are also made of ices. Neptune is very cold, with temperatures as low as −224 °C (−372 °F or 49 K) recorded at the cloud tops in 1989.
Neptune also has similarities with Uranus in its magnetosphere, with a magnetic field strongly tilted comparative to its rotational axis at 47° and offset at least 0.55 radii (about 13,500 kilometres) from the planet's physical center. Comparing the magnetic fields of the two planets, scientists think the extreme course may be characteristic of flows in the interior of the planet and not the result of Uranus' sideways rotational movement.
Neptune's Rings.
Very small blue colored rings have been discovered around the blue planet, but they are not well known as the rings of Saturn. When these rings were discovered by a team led by Edward Guinan, originally they thought that the rings may not be complete rings. However, this was proven wrong by "Voyager 2". Neptune's planetary rings have a weird "clumpy" arrangement. Although the cause is currently unknown but some scientists think that it may be because of the gravitational contact with small moons that orbit near them.
Proof that the rings are incomplete first began in the mid-1980s, when stellar occultation were found to rarely show an extra "blink" just before or after the planet occulted the star. Pictures from "Voyager 2" in 1989 solved the problem, when the ring system was found to have several faint rings. The farthest ring, Adams, has three famous arcs now named "Liberté", "Egalité", and "Fraternité" (Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity).
The existence of arcs is very hard to understand because the laws of motion would predict that arcs spread out into a single ring in a very short time. The gravitational effects of Galatea, a moon just inward from the ring, are now thought to have created the arcs.
Several other rings were discovered by the "Voyager" cameras. Also with the thin Adams Ring about 63,000 km from the center of Neptune, the Leverrier Ring is at 53,000 km and the wider, smaller Galle Ring is at 42,000 km. A very small outward expansion to the Leverrier Ring has been named Lassell; it is surrounded at its outer edge by the Arago Ring at 57,000 km.
New Earth-based observations published in 2005 appeared to show that Neptune's rings are a lot more unstable than thought before. To be exact, it looks like that the "Liberté" ring might disappear maybe quickly in less than 100 years. The new observations seems to puzzle our understanding of Neptune's rings into a lot of confusion.
Neptune's Moons.
Neptune has a total of 13 known moons. The largest, and the only one big enough to have the shape of a sphere is Triton, discovered by William Lassell just 17 days after the discovery of Neptune itself. Unlike all other large planetary moons, Triton has a retrograde orbit, showing that the moon was probably captured, and maybe was once a Kuiper belt object. It is close enough to Neptune to be locked into a synchronous orbit, and is slowly moving into Neptune and will one day be torn apart when it passes the Roche limit. Triton is the coldest object that has been measured in the solar system, with temperatures of −235 °C (38 K, −392 °F).
Neptune's second known moon (by order of distance), the odd moon Nereid, has one of the most unusual orbits of any satellite in the solar system.
From July to September 1989, "Voyager 2" discovered six new moons of Neotune. Of these, the strangely shaped Proteus is well-known for being as large as a body of its density, that can survive without being shaped into a sphere by its own gravity. Although it's the second most massive Neptunian moon, it has only one quarter of one percent of the mass of Triton. Neptune's closest four moons, Naiad, Thalassa, Despina, and Galatea, orbit close enough to be inside Neptune's rings.
The next farthest out, Larissa was originally discovered in 1981 when it had occulted a star. The moon was credited for causing Neptune's ring arcs when "Voyager 2" observed Neptune in 1989. Five new unusual moons discovered between 2002 and 2003 were announced in 2004. As Neptune was the Roman god of the sea, the planet's moons were named after lesser sea gods or goddesses.
Observation.
Neptune cannot be seen with naked eye alone, since Neptune's normal brightness are between magnitudes +7.7 and +8.0, which can be out-shined by Jupiter's Galilean moons, the dwarf planet Ceres, and the asteroids 4 Vesta, 2 Pallas, 7 Iris, 3 Juno and 6 Hebe. A telescope or strong binoculars will show Neptune as a small blue dot, similar in appearance to Uranus; the blue color comes from the methane in its atmosphere. Its small obvious size has made it difficult to study visually; most telescopic data was quite limited until the arrival of the Hubble Space Telescope and large ground-based telescopes with adaptive optics.
With an orbital period (sidereal period) of 164.88 Julian years, Neptune will soon return (for the first time since its discovery) to the same place in the sky where it was discovered in 1846. This will happen three different times, also with a fourth in which it will come very close to being at that position. These are April 11, 2009, when it will be in prograde motion; July 17, 2009, when it will be in retrograde motion; and February 7, 2010, when it will be in prograde motion. It will also come very close to being at the same point since the 1846 discovery in late October through early-mid November 2010, when Neptune will turn from retrograde to direct motion on the exact degree of Neptune's discovery and will then stop for a moment along the ecliptic within 2 arc minutes at that point (closest on November 7, 2010). This will be the last time for about the next 165 years that Neptune will be at its point of discovery.
This is explained by the idea of retrogradation. Like all planets and asteroids in the Solar System beyond Earth, Neptune goes through retrogradation at certain points during its synodic period. In addition to the start of retrogradation, other events inside the synodic period include astronomical opposition, the return to prograde motion, and conjunction to the Sun.
In its orbit around the Sun, Neptune will return to its original point of discovery in August 2011.
Exploration.
Currently, only one spacecraft has visited Neptune. NASA's "Voyager 2" probe made a quick fly-by of the planet with its closest encounter on August 25, 1989, and was the last planet to have been visited by at least one spacecraft.
Some of "Voyager 2"s important discoveries was its very close fly-by of Triton where took pictures of several parts of the moon. The probe also discovered the Great Dark Spot, although it has now disappeared after when the Hubble Space Telescope took pictures of Neptune in 1994. Originally thought to be a large cloud or cyclonic storm system, it was later guessed just to be a hole in the visible cloud deck.
Neptune turned out to have the strongest winds of all the solar system's gas giants. In the outer regions of the solar system, where the Sun shines over 1000 times fainter than on Earth (still very bright with a magnitude of -21), the last of the four giants did happen as what the scientists actually expected. One might think that the farther a planet is from the Sun, the less energy and heat there would be to create and run the very strong winds around. The winds on Jupiter were already hundreds of kilometres per hour. Rather than seeing slower winds, the scientists found faster winds (over 1600 km/h) on more distant Neptune.
One possible guess for the cause of the faster wind speeds is that if enough energy is produced, turbulence is created, which slows the winds down (like those of Jupiter). At Neptune however, there is so little solar energy that once winds are started they meet very little resistance, and are able to keep very high speeds. Anyhow, Neptune gives out more energy than it gets from the Sun, and the internal energy source of these winds remains undetermined.
The pictures sent back to Earth from "Voyager 2" in 1989 became the basis of a PBS all-night program called "Neptune All Night".

Nearctic Ecozone
The Nearctic Ecozone includes most of North America. In ecology, an ecozone is a large land mass that contains many terrestrial ecoregions, each of which has unique plants and animals.

Negative
Negative is a word that has at least three separate meanings.
If a person or a company has "negative net worth," this means that the money they owe to others is more than the money and other things they have or are going to get.

No one
No One is an English idiom meaning "no person" or "no body". It is the opposite of "someone". It means effectively "no one who counts or can be heard or respected" or more exactly "zero persons that we are concerned with," whoever "we" (those making the statement or agreeing to it or thought to do so) are.
It literally refers to "zero persons or voices". But this is not always exactly what is meant. It does not usually literally mean that absolutely no human body on Earth can be found that expresses the view or takes the position that "no one" takes. It means that the view or position can be safely ignored, and that those who take it can be singled out for social exclusion.
So, for instance, it can be said that "No one in the United States supports communism." But of course there are a few such people, they are just not open or declared supporters, or not found, or they "should not be in" the US.
Use of this term usually implies that an ideology is advocated or a challenge is being issued to find someone willing to state support for, or publicly do, the thing that no one is in favour of, or doing.
To "volunteer someone" for instance, means that "no one" will actually volunteer, and that they must be conscripted instead by choice of someone other than themselves, say a commanding officer in the military. This term arises from US military jargon.

Now
Now is the time span between the past and the future. It can be long (like an eon in geologic time) or short (like a picosecond) but it is almost always used to refer to the span between the present instant to some time horizon when a decision must be made. It can be used to ask or demand that someone make a decision even if they want to delay.
"I want to know what you think, now."
"Now is the time for all good people to come to the aid of their country."
Mathematics and measurement assume that everything used in one equation equals the same quantities at the beginning of calculation or axiomatization as at the end. That means it is mathematically correct to say that the idea of "equal" means "equal from the time the process starts to the time it ends." In General Semantics and E Prime the words equal, remain (for the past until now) and become (for now into the future) replace the verb "to be" for this reason.
Algebra is now often called snapshot algebra or algebra of seeing because of this dependance on time. If any action or event were possible between steps in algebraic analysis, then, in theory, one would have to start over as if one had no knowledge of the new state at all. For these reasons the idea of statistics and also knowledge and knowledge management are sometimes questioned, for instance, in the book "Lies, Damn Lies, and Statistics". A major issue is the comparing of numbers gathered in the past, and now, after some key conditions change.

New York City, New York
New York City is the largest city in the United States. It is in the state of New York, which is in the northeast of the country.
History.
The oldest part of the city, the island of Manhattan, still has its original Lenape Native American name. Although Native people such as the Lenape and Canarsees had lived there for many thousands of years, New York City was first explored by Europeans in the 1500's. Italian explorer Giovanni da Verrazano found the entrance to New York Harbor in the year 1524 and English explorer Henry Hudson found the Hudson River in 1609.
New York City was settled by Europeans from The Netherlands in 1624. The Dutch called the whole area of New York "Nieuw Nederland" and they named a fort and town on the south end of Manhattan Island Nieuw Amsterdam (New Amsterdam), after the capital city of the Netherlands, which was to become present-day New York. When the English took over the colony in 1664 they changed the name to New York, to honor the Duke of York, who later became King Charles II of England. The Dutch surrendered Nieuw Amsterdam without fighting. They were afraid of the English Navy so they traded the town to England for the colony of Surinam in South America, which they thought was worth more money.
By the time the English came to New York, there were many other Dutch towns in what would become New York City, including Breukelen (Brooklyn), Vlissingen (Flushing), and Nieuw Haarlem (Harlem). There were already some English towns in the area also, such as Gravesend in Brooklyn and Newtown in Queens. Dutch and English people had been living together in New York for a long time.
New York quickly grew to become a large and important port city. Many important battles of the American Revolution were fought in northern Manhattan and in Brooklyn. New York was the capital of the United States from 1789 until 1800.
In 1898, the cities of New York and Brooklyn merged with the Bronx, Staten Island, and the towns in Queens County to form Greater New York. This is the total area of the City of New York today.
Geography.
New York City is an archipelago (group of islands) near the Atlantic Ocean. It is made up of two islands (Manhattan Island and Staten Island), part of an island (Brooklyn and Queens are on Long Island), and a small piece of the mainland (The Bronx), also many smaller islands.
Water divides a lot of the city. The Hudson River forms the border between Manhattan and the Bronx and the State of New Jersey. The East River forms the border between Manhattan and Brooklyn and Queens. Newtown Creek is part of the border between Brooklyn and Queens. Some parts of the city are very separate from the others because of water, such as Far Rockaway in Queens and City Island in The Bronx. A small piece of land in Manhattan is international territory and it belongs to the United Nations to use for its buildings. New York City was made on the TV show Teen Titans and it was done for the movie Cloverfield.
New York City currently has a population of about 8 million people. Over 18 million people live in the city and nearby areas. Most of the New York city population since the 1990s belongs to a US minority.
Government.
The current mayor of New York is Michael Bloomberg, an Independent. The city also has a City Council that makes some local laws. Most laws in New York City are set by the State government in Albany.
Transportation.
Subway transportation is provided by the New York City Subway system, one of the biggest in the world.

October
October is the tenth month of the year and it has 31 days. The name comes from the Latin "oct" for "eight" (it was the eighth month of the year, before July and August were added by the Roman Emperors Augustus and Julius Caesar).
October begins on the same day of week as previous January, except in leap years.
October's flower is the Calendula with its birthstone being the Opal. The meaning of the Opal is Hope.

Of
Of is a preposition used in the English language to show a possessive relationship. For example, the phrase "book of maps" means that the book has maps. The phrase "father of Mike" means the father that is being mentioned is Mike's father.

One
One (1) is a natural number after zero and before two.
A human typically has one head, nose, mouth, and navel (or belly-button).
The Roman numeral is I.
Language.
It is also a pronoun, as in, "one says...", "one does...". It is used in place of "a person says..." or "an individual does...".
Mathematics.
In mathematics, one is also the only number with this special fact: Any number multiplied by 1 equals that number.
Then, the number 1 divides any number but it is not divided by any. The number 1 divides any number to give that same number but it cannot be divided by any other number to give one as the answer. Let "n" be any number. Then "n"/1 = "n" but 1/"n" is never 1.(When n is not 1) Example: 7/1 = 7 but 1/7 is not 1 but 0.142857...
Any number divided by itself always gives 1 as the answer. "n"/"n" = 1.(When n is not 0) Example: 7/7 = 1.
Computer science.
The number one is important for computer science because it is together with Zero a part of the Binary numeral system. In Machine code and in Programming languages one means true. Zero means false.

O Canada
O Canada is the national anthem of Canada.
Calixa Lavallée wrote the music; Adolphe-Basile Routhier wrote the words in French. It was first sung in French in 1880. Robert Stanley Weir wrote English words for the song in 1908.
It was sung as the national anthem for many years before the government made it official in 1980.
O Canada! Our home and native land,
True patriot love in all thy sons command!
With glowing hearts we see thee rise
The True North strong and free,
From far and wide, O Canada,
We stand on guard for thee.
God keep our land glorious and free!
O Canada, we stand on guard for thee;
O Canada, we stand on guard for thee.
Here are the words in French. The words in French and English do not mean the same thing.
Ô Canada! Terre de nos aĩeux,
Ton front est ceint de fleurons glorieux!
Car ton bras sait porter l'épée,
Et ta valeur de foi trempée
Protégera nos foyers et nos droits;
Protégera nos foyers et nos droits.

Oahu
Oahu is the third largest of the Hawaiian Islands, in the United States. It means "the gathering place" (a place where people meet) in the Hawaiian language. Most of the people of Hawaii live there (1.2 million of the state's 1.7 million in the mid-1990s). The total land area is 608 square miles (1,556 square kilometres). Honolulu, the capital city of Hawaii, is on this island. Other well-known places on Oahu are Waikiki, Pearl Harbor, Diamond Head, Hanauma Bay, Kaneohe Bay, and both the North Shore and Makaha (which are famous for very big ocean waves).
Kamehameha I made Oahu his capital when he became the first king of Hawaii. Iolani Palace was built later on by others of the royal family. It is the only royal palace on American soil.
Oahu was perhaps the first of the Hawaiian Islands which the crew of "HMS Resolution" saw on 18 January 1778. This was during Captain James Cook's third Pacific Ocean trip. Europeans did not land on Oahu until 28 February 1779 when Captain Clerke of the "HMS Resolution" stepped ashore at Waimea Bay. Clerke took command of the ship after Captain Cook was killed at Kealakekua Bay on February 14.
Today, Oahu has become a tourism and shopping center. Almost 7 million visitors (mainly from the American mainland and Japan) go there every year to enjoy the special island holiday found only in Hawaii.
Oahu can be seen in hundreds of movies and TV shows. Some of them are "Magnum P.I.", "LOST", "Hawaii Five-O" and "Jake and the Fatman".

Open content
Open Content is when someone creates something and allows others to copy it or make changes without having to ask for permission. Any media can be open content, from text and pictures to video and sound.
When someone creates something (like a picture or book), they can choose to make that work "open". This means that other people are allowed to copy it and change it if they want. Something that is open content may be free of charge, but it does not have to be.
The Simple English Wikipedia is open content. So are other Wikipedias. If a person changes open content or makes new open content, everyone can give it to anyone else, or even sell it. It is never needed to ask permission to do this, because the people who wrote the text already gave their permission when they clicked the Save button.
License.
The rules that say how people can use, change and pass around open content are called a license. A license explains exactly what you are allowed to do with the content that falls under it. Licenses are often written in difficult lawyer language ("legalese"), but many licenses have summaries that are much easier to understand.
The makers of open content get to choose what license to use for their work, and everyone else has to follow it. Only the maker, who owns the copyright, can change it to another license. Most open content licenses say that when others change the work, they must also declare it to be open and under the same license. This is called "share-alike" and means that anything based on work will always be open content.
All the content in Wikipedia is open under the rules of the GNU Free Documentation License, a very well-known open content license. Other well-known open content licenses are the Creative Commons licenses.

Orthography
Orthography, or spelling, is the correct order and combination of letters put together to form words.
Spelling changes over time. At about the time of the Renaissance, words in English didn't have a fixed spelling. Over time, however, different combinations of letters became more common, resulting in the more standard spellings of words we see today.
Differences in American English and British English prove that spelling is not set in stone. In the early nineteenth century, Noah Webster set out to change American English forever. He wished to distinguish American English spelling from British English spelling. In Noah Webster's dictionary, "practise" became "practice", "colour" became "color", and "centre" became "center". In doing this, Webster created a new identity for American English.
Some people argue which language is the easiest to spell. No language is hard or easy, but people who learn a second language think that their first (native) language is the easiest.
Languages which are phonetic can be easier to learn to spell than others. Phonetic languages are pronounced exactly as they are spelled and are spelled exactly as they are pronounced. The Italian word "orologio" for instance is pronounced oh-ro-LO-jo ("gi" always making a "j" sound.) In English, one comes across the word "knife". In "knife", the "k" is not spoken, even though in English it's more common to pronounce "K"s when they are in words. The spelling of the English language can be difficult because English is made up of many different languages, like Anglo-Saxon (a Germanic language) and French (a Romanic language.)
English, Spanish, French, German, and other languages use the Roman alphabet. Other languages, like Greek, Russian, and Arabic, use other alphabets.

Oil
The word oil is used for many different kinds of liquids. Oil usually does not mix with water.
Some oils are made from plants and used in foods and for cooking. Some kinds of plant oils that people use are African oil palm, maize ("corn"), olive, peanut, soy, and sunflower.
Other kinds of oil are made from crude oil ("petroleum") which comes from under the ground. People use large oil wells to bring the oil to the top of the ground. The oil is sent in special ships called tankers or in pipelines to factories called refineries where it is distilled into LPG, gasoline ("petrol"), diesel oil, and bitumen. Plastics are also normally made from crude oil. Oils from crude oil are also used as fuels for engines or to make the parts of machines work together without sticking or stopping.
Different kinds of oils are also used for many other things, for example to make cosmetics, medicines, paints, and detergents, like washing up liquids. Soaps are similar to detergents, but they are generally made from animal fats rather than oils.
There is also synthetic oil.

OK
OK is a word in the English language. It is used to mean that something is good or correct.
It can often be used instead of the word Yes.
It is also the two-letter abbreviation for the state of Oklahoma in the United States of America.
It is not certain where the word "OK" originally comes from, but some experts say it came from a funny way of writing "Ol Korrect" (All correct).
You also find the phrase "Ola kala" in Greek, which means something like "Everything fine" and it could stem from Ancient Greek.
Some people think that the word comes from the war. When no soldiers have been killed, they used 0 Killed (OK)

Oxymoron
An oxymoron is made up of two or more words that seem to be opposite to each other, or actually are opposite.
For example, the words "Wise fool", "Warm freezer", "Legal murder" all have two words. In each one, the one word looks like the opposite of the other word.
You can have words that look opposite, but are right. For example, a "warm freezer" could be right. A freezer could be warm if it was turned off or left open.
Words that really are opposite to each other, would be words that just cannot be put together. For example, a "round square" could not happen because squares are not round.
Oxymorons sometimes appear in jokes. Sometimes, the joke is just to say that a pair of words are an oxymoron. For example, a joke that says that "honest politician" is an oxymoron. This means that politicians are dishonest, if the word 'politician' is opposite to 'honest'.

Operating system
An operating system is what is needed to run the programs on a computer. It makes the link between programs and hardware. Windows and Mac OS X are popular operating systems. Less popular, but important, are operating systems like Linux, Unix, and Solaris.
An operating system is a mixture of different parts: (these can change depending on the operating system)
What an operating system does.
Most casual computer users take their operating system for granted. The easiest way to understand what an operating system does is to take a close look at what computers were like before operating systmes were invented.
The earliest electronic computers did not have any operating system. If the user wanted to change what the computer was doing, the user had to open the back panel on the (then very large) computer, and change how the wires were connected. Changing what the computer did was very time consuming and required an expert.
Later, computer scientists decided that it was better to have the wires stay as they were, and feed instructions to the computer with punch cards or magnetic tape. The computer would store the instructions in some kind of memory. This way of operating a computer is called the von Neumann architecture.
Still, computers of the time generally only had enough memory to "remember" one program at a time. If the user wanted the computer to run a different program, the user had to wipe out the first program from memory and then load another program into memory.
Computer operators and computer scientists grew tired of carrying around large stacks of punch cards. They also wanted their computers to run more than one program at a time. As the memory capabilities of computers got better over the years, they decided that it would be better if the computer could hold several programs in its memory. The computer user could then simply choose which program they wanted to run. Running a computer this way requires a "boss" program that controls all the other program, and asks the user what program they want to run. Such a boss program is called an operating system.
Having several progams in memory that can be run at any time presents some new problems. The operating system itself has to remember where the programs are at in memory. The operating system also has to prevent two programs from fighting over which one gets to use the processor.
These days it is unthinkable to have a desktop computer without some kind of operating system. Operating systems generally start up automatically when the user turns on the computer.

Philosophy
A philosophy is a way of thinking about the world, the universe, and about people. A philosophy is a group of ideas, worked out by a philosopher (someone who has studied ways of thinking about the world). The ideas in philosophy are "abstract", which means that they are "things that cannot be touched." But this does not mean that philosophy is not about the real world. Ethics, for example, asks what we should do in our everyday lives, and metaphysics asks about how the world works and what it is made of.
Sometimes people talk about how they have a "personal philosophy", which means the way a person thinks about the world. This article is "not" about people's "personal philosophies." This article is about the ideas that have been thought about by philosophers (people who think and write about ways of thinking) for a long time.
These ideas and questions from philosophy, and many more, have formed a large body of questions and knowledge that are written down in books.
There are many different types of philosophy from different times and places. Some philosophers come from Ancient Greece, such as Plato and Aristotle. Others come from Asia, such as Confucius or Buddha. Some philosophers are from the Middle Ages in Europe, such as Scotus Erigena or Saint Thomas Aquinas.
Philosophers from the 1600s, 1700s, and 1800s included Thomas Hobbes, René Descartes, John Locke, David Hume, and Immanuel Kant. Philosophers from the 1900s included Ludwig Wittgenstein and Jean-Paul Sartre.
Where did the word come from?
The word "philosophy" comes from two Greek words which mean 'love of wisdom'.
Introduction.
Philosophy is the study of humans and the world by thinking and asking questions. It is not part of science, because it is not an observation of things in the real world to find out how they work. Philosophy tries to answer important questions by coming up with answers about real things and asking "why?"
Sometimes, philosophy tries to answer the same questions as religion and science. Philosophers do not all come up with the same answers to questions. Some people think there are no right answers in philosophy, only better answers and worse answers.
Philosophy is a way of thinking in the "middle-ground" that is between science and religion. Many types of philosophy criticize or even attack the beliefs of science and religion.
Categories in philosophy.
Metaphysics is sometimes split up into ontology (the philosophy of real life and living things), the philosophy of mind and the philosophy of religion; but these sub-branches are very close together.
Is philosophy good or bad?
Does philosophy do any good? Very few people would dispute this. It is easy to argue that philosophy is a good thing, because it helps people to think more clearly. Philosophy helps people to understand the world and the way people act and think. Philosophers believe that asking philosophical questions is useful because it brings wisdom and helps people to learn about the world and each other.
However, some people think that philosophy is harmful, as philosophy encourages free-thinking and often questions the beliefs that others hold. Philosophies such as some existentialist views say that there is no meaning to life or human existence, except the meaning that we make up or invent. People from some religions do not agree with the beliefs of existentialism.
It should be noted that every major science, including physics, biology, and chemistry are all disciplines that originally were considered philosophy. As speculation and analysis about nature became more developed, these subjects branched away. This is a process that continues even today. Psychology only split in the past century. In our own time, subjects such as consciousness studies, decision theory, and applied ethics have increasingly found independence from philosophy as a whole. Because of this, philosophy seems useful because it makes new kinds of science.
What philosophers do.
Philosophers ask questions about ideas. They try to find answers to those questions. Some thinkers find it very hard to find those words that best describe the ideas they have. When they find answers to some of these questions philiosophers often have the same problem, that is how to best tell the answers they found to other people. Depending on the meaning of the words they use, the answers change.
Some philosophers are full-time thinkers (called academics), who work for universities or colleges. These philosophers write books and articles about philosophy and teach classes about philosophy to university or college students.
Other philosophers are just "hobby" thinkers who think about philosophy during their free time. A small number of hobby thinkers have thought so much about philosophy that they are able to write articles for philosophy magazines. Other people approach philosophy from another job. For example monks, artists, and scientists may think about philosophical ideas and questions.
Most philosophers work by asking questions and looking for good definitions (meanings) of words to help them understand what a question means.
Some philosophers say the only thing needed to answer a question is to find out what it means, and that the only thing that makes philosophical questions such as those above difficult is that people do not really know what they mean (for example Ludwig Wittgenstein).
Philosophers will also often use both real and imaginary examples to make a point. For example, they may write about a real or fictional person in order to show what they think a good person or a bad person is like.
Some philosophers look for the simplest way to answer a question and say that is probably the right answer. This is a process called Occam's razor. Others believe that complicated answers to questions can also be right. For an example of a philosophical problem, see the God paradox.

Physics
Physics is the science of matter and how matter interacts.
What is physics?
Physics is the study of matter and energy in space and time and how they are related to each other. Physicists assume (take as given) the existence of mass, length, time, electric charge and temperature and then define (give the meaning of) all other physical quantities in terms of these basic units. Mass, length, time, electric charge and temperature are never defined but the standard units used to measure them are always defined. In the International System of Units, the meter is the basic unit of length, the kilogram is the basic unit of mass, the second is the basic unit of time, the
coulomb is the basic unit of electric charge. Temperature may be expressed in degree Celsius, degree Fahrenheit, or in degree Kelvin. The International System of Units (abbreviated SI from the French Système International) is the world's most widely used system, both in everyday commerce and in science but the United States has not adopted it yet.
Physics studies how things move, and the forces that make them move. For example, velocity and acceleration are used by physics to show how things move. Also, physicists study the forces of gravity, electricity, magnetism and the forces that hold matter together.
Physics studies very large things, and very small things. For example, physics studies stars, planets and galaxies and other big pieces of matter. Physics also studies small pieces of matter, such as atoms and electrons.
Physics also studies sound, light and other waves. Physics studies energy, heat and radioactivity, and even space and time. Physics not only helps people understand how objects move, but how they change form, how they make noise, how hot or cold they will be, and what they are made of at the smallest level.
Physics uses numbers.
Physics is a quantitative science because it is based on numerical measurements. Mathematics is used in physics to make models and predictions of how nature behaves. The predictions are compared to the way the real world works. Physicists are always working to make their models of the world better.
General description.
Physics is the science of matter and how matter interacts. Physics is used to describe the physical universe around us, and to predict how it will behave.
Physics is the science concerned with the discovery and characterization of the universal laws which govern matter, movement and forces, and space and time, and other features of the natural world.
Breadth and goals of physics.
The sweep of physics is broad, from the tiniest components of matter and the forces that hold it together, to galaxies and even larger structures. There are only four forces that appear to operate over this entire range. However, even these four forces (gravity, electromagnetism, the weak force associated with radioactivity, and the strong force which holds atoms together) are believed to be different aspects of a single force.
Physics is primarily focused on the goal of formulating ever simpler, more general, and more accurate rules that govern the character and behavior of matter and space itself.
One of the major goals of physics is the formulation of theories of universal applicability. Therefore, physics can be viewed as the study of those universal laws which define, at the most fundamental level possible, the behavior of the physical universe.
Physics uses the scientific method.
Physics uses the scientific method. That is, data from experiments and observations are collected. Theories which attempt to explain these data are produced. Physics uses these theories to not only describe physical phenomena, but to model physical systems and predict how these physical systems will behave. Physicists then compare these predictions to observations or experimental evidence to show whether the theory is right or wrong.
The theories that are well supported by data and are especially simple and general are sometimes called scientific laws. Of course, all theories, including those known as laws, can be replaced by more accurate and more general laws, when a disagreement with data is found.
Physics is Quantitative.
Physics is more quantitative than most other sciences. That is, many of the observations in physics may be represented in the form of numerical measurements. Most of the theories in physics use mathematics to express their principles. Most of the predictions from these theories are numerical. This is because of the areas which physics has addressed are more amenable to quantitative approaches than other areas. Sciences also tend to become more quantitative with time as they become more highly developed, and physics is one of the older sciences.
Fields of physics.
Classical physics traditionally included the fields of mechanics, optics, electricity, magnetism, acoustics and thermodynamics. Modern physics is a term normally used to cover fields which rely on quantum theory, including quantum mechanics, atomic physics, nuclear physics, particle physics and condensed matter physics, as well as the more modern fields of general and special relativity. Although this distinction can be commonly found in older writings, it is of limited current significance as quantum effects are now understood to be of importance even in fields previously considered purely classical.
Approaches in physics.
There are many approaches to studying physics, and many different kinds of actitivies in physics. There are two main types of activities in physics; the collection of data and the development of theories.
The data in some subfields of physics is amenable to experiment. For example, condensed matter physics and nuclear physics benefit from the ability to perform experiments. Experimental physics focuses mainly on an empirical approach. Sometimes experiments are done to explore nature, and in other cases experiments are performed to produce data to compare with the predictions of theories.
Some other fields in physics like astrophysics and geophysics are primarily observational sciences because most their data has to be collected passively instead of through experimentation. Nevertheless, observational programs in these fields uses many of the same tools and technology that are used in the experimental subfields of physics.
Theoretical physics often uses quantitative approaches to develop the theories that attempt to explain the data. In this way, theoretical physics often relies heavily on tools from mathematics. Theoretical physics often can involve creating quantitative predictions of physical theories, and comparing these predictions quantitatively with data. Theoretical physics sometimes creates models of physical systems before data is available to test and validate these models.
These two main activities in physics, data collection and theory production and testing, draw on many different skills. This has led to a lot of specialization in physics, and the introduction, development and use of tools from other fields. For example, theoretical physicists apply mathematics and numerical analysis and statistics and probability and computers and computer software in their work. Experimental physicists develop instruments and techniques for collecting data, drawing on engineering and computer technology and many other fields of technology. Often the tools from these other areas are not quite appropriate for the needs of physics, and need to be adapted or more advanced versions have to be produced.
Physicists.
There are many famous physicists. Isaac Newton studied gravity. Galileo Galilei studied light and how planets move. Albert Einstein made a theory for how light can make electrons move, and studied how gravity affects light and space. Heinrich Hertz discovered that light is a type of electromagnetic wave.
Ernest Rutherford said that "Physics is the only real science. The rest are just stamp collecting."

Politics
Politics are the way that people living in groups make decisions.
Politics is about making agreements between people so that they can live together in groups such as tribes, cities, or countries. In large groups, such as countries, some people may spend a lot of their time making such agreements. These people are called politicians. Politicians, and sometimes other people, may get together to form a government. The study of politics in universities is called political science, political studies, or public administration.
In everyday life, the term "politics" refers to the way that countries are governed, and to the ways that governments make rules and laws. But politics can also be seen in other groups, too, such as in big companies, schools, and churches.
Governments.
One of the ways the government leads the group is by making laws and rules which tell everybody what they can and can not do. The government makes these laws so that society will be safe and well-ordered. The law that "you must not drink alcohol while driving a car" stops people from drunk driving, which could kill people. The law "you must wear a helmet on a motorcycle" makes sure that people protect themselves.
The government can also control people and what happens in a country in other ways besides making laws.
Politics is often compared to ethics (ideas about right and wrong). Ethics is a more abstract study of right and wrong. Ethics is usually more concerned with principle than law or politics or diplomacy, so many people think ethics is not practical. But without some agreement on ethics, there is probably no way to even have a public debate, a legal system or an election. There is always some agreement on ethics and personal conduct in a political system.
Political parties.
In most countries, people have formed political parties to put forward their ideas. There is usually some disagreement between people within a party, but they work together because they feel that they agree on enough things, and they will have more power if they join together. They agree to take the same position on many issues, and agree to support the same changes to law and the same leaders. An election is usually a competition between different parties.
Left-wing and right-wing political parties.
University professors of political science and politicians often divide politics into two sides: left-wing politics and right-wing politics. This simplified model helps to explain the main differences of opinion held by different people.
A person who believes in right-wing political ideas often believes in moral and social conservatism, law and order, and free trade. A person who believes in left-wing political ideas often believes that the money of a country should be given to the poor people in a country, and that the government should be involved more in the economy.
History.
The Greek philosopher Aristotle wrote that humans are a political animal and that ethics and politics are closely linked.
Niccolo Machiavelli wrote that politics was firstly about having and keeping power. He said that without power, a leader could do nothing.
In 1651, Thomas Hobbes wrote "Leviathan", a book about politics. Hobbes wrote that people living in groups often give up some of their rights in exchange for some protections from a government.
In the 1800s, John Stuart Mill developed the "liberal" idea of politics. Mill said that democracy is the most important political development of the 1800s. He said that there should be more protection for individual rights against the government. Bernard Crick wrote a list of the political virtues, which were about best practices of politics itself.
International politics.
There are also disagreements between different countries. Attempts to solve the problem with meetings and negotiations are then called diplomacy. This is just politics between nations instead of politics within nations. If the problems are very serious, and they are not resolved by diplomatic meetings they can lead to war.

Value (personal and cultural)
A value (or principle) usually means an abstract rule, one that can be seen to apply in many experiences, or can be applied by choice in a lot of situations. It can also mean a moral choice one makes often and consistently, for example, a Buddhist avoids eating meat as a matter of principle.
Many groups of people agree on lists of principles. They may also try to agree on the order in which they are to apply, that is, which principles should be violated before which other ones. They might also try to list best practices which reflect the principles in the right order, and provide more practical (less abstract) instruction.

Profanity
Profanity is the act of using rude words. The adjective is profane. Profanities can also be called swear words, curse ("cuss") words, dirty words, bad words, foul language, obscenity or obscene language, or expletives. It can be called an oath, although this word also has a normal meaning of a "solemn promise".
Religious profanity is called blasphemy. The verb is to blaspheme and the adjective is blasphemous. Saying “God!” or “Jesus Christ!” as an expression of surprise or annoyance is considered by many people to be blasphemy, mostly because one of the Ten Commandments says not to use God's name "in vain" (without a good reason). Swearing oaths is also considered wrong by some who follow Jesus' teaching against swearing oaths in the Gospels (such as Matt. 5:34).
A profanity usually refers to religion, sex, or bodily functions. These are things that people feel very strongly about. In some languages, such as French, there is more profanity about religion than most other topics. Russian has more about defecation and the lower digestive tract.
A profanity can be a word or gesture or some other form of behaviour.
Different words can be profanity to different people, and what words are thought of as profanity in English can change over time.
Whether a word is a profanity will always depend on the way people think. Some people will be offended by something, while others are not. Words which should not be used are taboo words. Using such words is thought by some people to be a sin.
Opinions on profanity.
Some people call profanity "crude," but some say that it is no cruder to say "damn" than "puke" (a word that is simply vulgar, but not a swear word). People who use profanity do not always mean to make anybody feel bad, and tolerance for different forms of profanity can vary widely, from person to person. Most often, using profanity is a verbal outlet for strong feelings (usually unpleasant ones), that might otherwise cause a physical reaction. At other times, some people may use profanity as humor.
Coprolalia.
Some people develop a mental condition where they use profanity constantly. This is called coprolalia. Many people wrongly think this is called Tourette's syndrome. Tourette's syndrome is actually a group of disorders that only includes coprolalia 15% of the time. The condition can be aggravated (made worse) by stress.
Common examples of profanity.
Several of these words come from Anglo-Saxon or Norse names for body parts, and bodily functions. They came to be thought of as profanity mostly after the Normans brought French and Latin words for them to England.
Profane gestures.
These are mostly performed while facing another person, and can be meant toward them, or about them. These gestures are considered as strong as profane words in most cases.

People's Republic of China
The People's Republic of China (PRC) (Chinese language: Simplified Chinese: 中华人民共和国, Traditional Chinese:中華人民共和國) is a communist country in eastern Asia. It was founded by the Communist Party of China on 1 October, 1949. It has the most people of any country in the world (over 1.3 billion people).
The capital city is Beijing, and Shanghai is the biggest city. United Kingdom and Portugal returned Hong Kong and Macao back to China in 1997 and 1999 respectively. These two cities remain highly autonomy. The central government is responsible for defense and foreign affairs but not the daily operations for 50 years. PRC claims Taiwan as one of the many provinces. However, PRC does not have control of Taiwan which has a democratic political system and officially known as the Republic of China (Taiwan).
History.
Chinese civilization has been around since the second millennium B.C.E. as a feudal society. Its land area has mostly looked like that of modern China, except with northern and western edges that varied often. It has been commonly attacked by the northern people, such as Genghis Khan and Kublai Khan. While China achieved many things in the first millennium C.E. and early second millennium C.E., it became an isolationist country in the 15th century C.E.
By the Renaissance, European powers started to take over other countries in Asia. While China was never actually taken over, many European countries, such as Britain & French built spheres of influence in China. Since China had cut itself off from the world over the previous few centuries, it had fallen behind other countries in technology, and was helpless to stop this from happening. This had become clear when it lost the Opium Wars to Britain in the 19th century.
In 1911, the monarchy was overthrown by Sun Yat-sen, who started a Nationalist government. Over time, Marxist philosophies grew under the Nationalist rule. In 1927, the Chinese Civil War started, which was fought by the Nationalist leader Chiang Kai-shek and the Communist leaders. Mao Zedong gradually took over the power within the Communist Party whose army was called the "Red Army." At the background, Japan continued to expand their influence and control of north and northeast provinces of China. The Nationalists and Communists joined to fight Japan. The conflict became part of, and led to, World War II. After the war against Japanese, civil war started again.
By 1949, the Red Army won. Chiang Kai-shek and the Nationalists fled to Taiwan. Mao Zedong has been in power, although for a long period of time he did not have official position in the government, as the leader of China until he died in 1976. During that time, China had bad relations with the Western World. In the late '60s and early '70s, PRC is even more isolated after the Sino-Soviet split. Before Mao died, initial contact with US took place in order to counter the threat from USSR.
All though the initial 30 years of governing, the Communist Party, led by Mao Zedong, has eliminated free-thinking in politics, economics and academic aspects. The "peak" of all these is known as the Cultural Revolution which is a disaster in human history, not only because millions of people were killed, but also because the traditional value system was destroyed as a result. The Communist Party is still not willing to admit the fault and a lot of criminal actions associated with the Cultural Revolution.
After Mao, Deng Xiaoping, as one of the 1st generation Communist Party leaders, took power and launched the "Change and Open" Policy.
In 1979, because of the overpopulation problem in China, he made the one-child policy, which put a limit on how many children couples can have.
In August 2008, China hosted the Summer Olympics for the first time.
People and Culture.
There are 56 different ethnic groups in China, with Han the majority (92%). The Communist Party of China controls the government. Mandarin Chinese is the main spoken language.

Power structure
A power structure is a system to decide who can decide, and for how long their decision stands, and who can be forced to comply with their decision.
In democracy this is done by educating people in the issues and then voting - in an election to choose leaders, or a referendum to actually choose one option from several. Competing power networks each form a political party and each offers only one leader or one option to the public, to simplify the issues to make decisions possible. After the decision, they typically do not fight it to the point of civil war, but wait for the next election.
In dictatorship this is done by asking one powerful person to make the decision and then agreeing to force everyone to follow it. Any who won't are exiled, imprisoned, or killed, even if the decision is not very important, since the refusal to follow is taken as a challenge to the power structure itself. There is only one power network and all others are forced to become part of it, or fight it. Civil war is much more common in a dictatorship than in a democracy.
A monarchy is a traditional form of dictatorship. Over time the advisors, and eventually the actual decision makers, have become elected in many countries. Also limits are put on the powers of the monarch - to make constitutional monarchy. For more on this and other theories of power, see civics.

Psychoneuroimmunology
Psychoneuroimmunology or mind-body medicine is a view of medicine and health. It partly explains healing as a process of regaining balances - not as curing.
Disturbing and correcting forces, which may be molecules or hormones, are treated in a more abstract and social way than in most other medicine. Family and other social network connections play a very major role in healing in this view, and are more important than drugs.
Much biology supports this view. Some immune system responses cannot be explained unless it is strongly linked to the nervous system, and the senses. Examples are the type of epileptic seizure that can only be triggered by light, or an allergy that goes off if only a few molecules, not even enough to smell, are received into the nose. Also there are cases of people with HIV who have lived a very long time - with almost no functioning immune system - only their positive attitude seems to make them different from those who die.
Sometimes the whole system is compared to a symphony orchestra in your body. There are different types of instruments playing, in sections, which are like the different systems in your body. Rhythm and overall level of stress matter much more than how any individual part of the system works. Rest and sleep matter a great deal, just as they would for symphony players.
An important difference between this view and other medicine is that someone is not just "sick" until they are "well", but will go through periods of time feeling sick, and feeling well, as a part of the rhythms starting to work. So a child for instance should not just go to bed and stay there for a period of time, but should be able to get up and do things, even if they have to go back to bed quickly afterward to rest some more.
Dr. Esther Sternberg, an expert in this field, believes that the body has its own internal way of restoring its balance and that doctors usually cannot improve these. In 500 BC, she says, it was common to build temples to Asclepius, the god of healing, and they had long sloping ramps to let sick people use them. There were hospital like cells, and healthy food and fresh water was served. Removing day to day stress, getting enough sleep, and music, dreams, exercise, nutrition, prayer, and interaction with others, was all part of the method. Advocates of this approach to healing believe that modern hospitals are making mistakes by isolating the sick unless they are infectious - which is good for others but not necessarily for the sick themselves.

Political party
A political party is an organized group of voters. It often puts forward candidates for public office. In a democracy, leaders must "run for office" in an election. In a dictatorship, thhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/skins/common/images/button_media.png
File linkere is generally only one party allowed, that can approve a new leader without non-members having a choice.
About.
A political party is similar to a faction, and can be the same thing. In some systems, members of one party in the legislature are all expected to vote the same way. The laws written by the party or faction with the majority of votes become adopted by the country, so this means whatever party is elected to over half the seats, gets to run the government. The next largest party is often called the "opposition". Sometimes when there are more than two parties with seats, no one party has over half of the seats. Then two or more parties might join together to form what is called a "coalition".
Some parties are formed around a single issue or interest group. Others form policies to address all matters of government, known as a "platform".
Many political parties have a set of ideas and beliefs (called its "ideology"). People often describe these ideologies using words such as "rightwing" and "leftwing".
Common ideologies include environmentalism, socialism (ranging from social democracy to Marxism and Communism), conservatism, democracy, liberalism, and nationalism.
The law.
Political parties can be against the law in some places. When some parties get a lot of power, they can make all other political parties illegal. For example, the Nazi Party did this in Germany, and the Communist Party did it in several countries. Some countries make extreme-right parties illegal (such as Vlaams Blok in Belgium). At other times, countries have outlawed far-left parties. For example, West Germany banned the Communist Party in 1956.
A handful of countries like China, North Korea and Cuba still have one-party dictatorships. In a few other dictatorships, such as Saudi Arabia, all political parties are banned and there is no parliament at all.
Importance in all big democracies.
In all big democratic countries, parties are very important. But there are a few very small countries, such as the island of Jersey, where most politicians don't belong to any party and where parties do not matter much.
In some democracies, there are only two big political parties. For example, in the United States, there is the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. Some other parties exist but are very small and do not hold seats in Congress.
In other countries there are larger numbers of parties. In the German federal Parliament (or Bundestag), six parties have seats. In the United Kingdom, there are two big parties, one medium-sized party, and many small ones.

Pet
A pet is a domesticated animal that lives with people, but is not forced to work and is not eaten, in most instances. In most cases, a pet is kept to entertain people or for companionship.
Dogs, cats, fish, birds are the most common pets in North America. Horses, elephants, oxen, and donkeys are usually made to work, so they are not usually called pets. Some dogs also do work for people, and it was once common for some birds (like falcons and carrier pigeons) to work for humans.
The cap'tchi tribe in Sudan is known for the ritual burning of domesticated animals that are considered too sacred to eat.

Program
The term Program can be used in many ways.

Platonic realism
Platonic realism (also called Platonism" or Anti realism") is the philosophical idea that one must try to know about perfect things, even though you know that they do not exist and may not be able to be understood. It is named after the philosopher Plato. Plato thought that goodness was part of reality, but was part of a parallel 'perfect' universe. Plato thought it was the job of the philosopher to look for reflections of these perfect things in our universe and to teach others about what they found.
In philosophy of mathematics, someone is called a Platonist if they believe a mathematical proof is part of reality, but also that it is not part of our universe but a parallel 'perfect' one. Mathematical Platonists also believe that numbers are not related to things in our universe, and that even if there was never a group of one million things that the number one million would still be a real number.
Some think this idea affects our ideas about money (economics) and our ideas of time. It is hard to say if this is true, since platonism is so basic in the Western culture. Plato and his student Aristotle had many ideas which are still the most important in this culture. It is hard to say if this one was critical. God's eye view may be more important, especially in politics.
Today, Platonism is mostly considered a philosophy of mathematics but not of science or reality in general. This might under-estimate its effects. But no one calls themselves Platonist other than a few mathematicians today.

Paradox
A paradox is a sentence in logic that cannot be true but also cannot be false. Many famous problems of this kind exist.
One of most famous paradoxes is called the liar's paradox. It is the simple sentence "This sentence is a lie."
If the sentence is true, then it is a lie, as it says. But if it is a lie, how can it be true? A lie cannot also be the truth. So the sentence being true makes it a lie.
If the sentence is a lie, then it is not as it says, it is true. But that is just what the sentence says. So that makes it true. So the sentence being a lie makes it true.
This paradox is not just true in English but in any language powerful enough for a sentence to make a claim about itself. This is true of mathematics as well. Paradox can never be removed from any symbol system that makes claims about itself.
Another example is the statement that there is no cabal. Only a cabal can know if there is no cabal, so this is either a guess, or, it is a cabal trying to pretend it does not exist.
A paradox can also arise in ethics. Taking power over others is often also required to protect them, but also, one of the things being protected is their ability to do as they please, which this power interferes with. There is another article on ethical dilemma which means "a paradox arising in ethics".
Because a paradox forces us to think "out of the box", about possibilities other than true or false in logic, right or wrong in morality, it is considered very important in education. People who do not see a paradox where others do, are likely to be too certain they are right.

Potato
A potato is a kind of vegetable, or the vegetable that grows this fruit. It contains a lot of starch and other carbohydrates
The potato plant grows well in many different parts of the world. It is a small plant with large leaves. The part of the potato that people eat grows under the ground. It usually has a brown or pink skin and is white or yellow inside.
The potato is not very good to eat unless it is cooked. People cook potatoes by boiling, roasting, or frying them. French fries or "chips" are potatoes cut into long pieces and fried until they are soft. Potato chips or potato crisps are potatoes cut into very thin round pieces and fried until they are hard.
The potato was first grown and eaten in the Andes Mountains of South America. When the Europeans came to South America, they brought the potato back to Europe.
The scientific name of the potato plant is "Solanum tuberosum".

Plant
Plants are living things. Plants are not animals so they do not need to eat other living things to live. They are usually fixed to one location in the ground.
Plants make food for themselves using sunlight, water, certain minerals (nitrogen, potassium and phosphorous), and carbon dioxide. They are one of five big groups (kingdoms) of living things.
Plants grow upward. The heat from the sunlight pulls the water and food from the ground through the roots, and toward tiny holes at the other end of the plant. These little holes are mostly on the plant's leaves. This is called transpiration.
The word "plant" can also mean to put something in the ground. For example, farmers plant seeds in the ground.
Flowering plants.
Plants need sunlight to grow green. If plants are grown without sunlight they turn yellow and grow tall. This is because they are looking for sunlight which boosts the plant's chlorophyll levels which, in turn, help it grow green.
Plants generally produce flowers and flowers produce nice smells, unless they produce bad smells.

Prediction
A prediction is a statement that someone makes about what they think is going to happen. It is often very helpful to know what is going to happen to help prepare for these future events. Predictions are based on the idea that two beginning positions that are like each other will have similar results. By watching something happen, it is possible to predict what will happen if something similar happens. Predictions are given by science or fortune tellers or horoscopes.
The most common example of a prediction is the weather forecast. Studying how weather happens lets people predict what the weather will be by looking at what is currently happening. This is helpful because by knowing that it is going to rain, a person can wear the right clothes for it.
Nostradamus has made many predictions about future.

Probability
Probability is a part of mathematics. It is to do with chance, the study of things that might happen or might not happen.
For example, using probability, you can show that if you throw a coin up in the air and let it land, half of the time it will land with one side facing up, and half the time with the other side facing up. Many coins have a picture of the face of a famous person on one side, and something else on the other side. Often people call the side with the face "heads", and the other side "tails".
The probability (p) of an event is always between zero (impossible) and one (certain).
If we roll a die (plural: dice), then the chance that it will land on 1 is 1/6 (This is because there are 6 numbers on a die). Also, the chance it will land on 2 is 1/6. This is because it can land on 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.
The chance of any number between 1 and 6 landing is 1. Every time we roll the die, it will always land on a number between 1 and 6.

Probability experiment
A probability experiment is a situation where chance affects the outcome. A coin flip is a probability experiment because chance affects whether a coin will land heads or tails when it is flipped.

Protein
Proteins are large molecules built from small units known as amino acids. They are used for growth and repair, as well as for strengthening the bones. They help to make tissue and cells. They can be found in animals, plants, fungi, bacteria, and also in the human body. For example, muscles contain a lot of proteins. Body builders will eat foods with a lot of protein as an easy way to keep or gain high levels of muscles that is safer than taking steroids. Proteins form an important part in foods like milk, eggs, meat, fish, beans, and nuts. Animals eat proteins to get energy and amino acids. These amino acids are used to build new proteins that are used as enzymes, hormones, or antibodies. Protein is also very healthy and keeps you strong and makes your bones last. Proteins are essential for life.
"Proteins" were discovered by Berzelius, in 1838.

Periodic table
The periodic table of the chemical elements is a list of known atoms (chemical elements). In the table the elements are placed in the order of their atomic numbers starting with the lowest number. The atomic number of an element is the same as the number of electrons or protons in the atom.
Doctor Laurence George Tyson mentions the air molecules.
In the periodic table the elements are arranged into "molecules" and "gangs".
A row of elements across the table is called a "period". Each period has a number: from 1 to 7. Period 1 has only 2 elements in it: hydrogen and helium. Period 2 and Period 3 both have 8 elements. Other periods are longer.
A row of elements down the table is called a "group". There are 18 groups in the standard periodic table. Each group has a number: from 1 to 18. Elements in a group have electrons arranged in similar ways, which gives them similar chemical properties (they behave in similar ways). For example, group 18 is known as the noble gases because they are all gases and they do not combine with other atoms.
The periodic table can be used by chemists to observe patterns, and relationships between the elements. For example, elements to the top and far left of the table are the most metallic, and elements on the bottom right are the least metallic. (e.g lithium is much more metallic than xenon). There are also many other patterns and relationships.
There are three systems of group numbers; one using Arabic numerals (1,2,3) and the other two using Roman numerals (I, II, III). The Roman numeral names were used at first and are the traditional names; the Arabic numeral names are newer names that the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) decided to use as well. The IUPAC names were meant to replace the older Roman numeral systems as they used the same names to mean different things, which was confusing.
The Periodic Table was invented and arranged by the Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev (1834-1907). He got the idea from his favorite card game, Patience.
Standard periodic table.
Chemical Series of the Periodic Table
State at standard temperature and pressure

Physiology
Physiology is the study of how living things function and the processes involved.
Physiologists study how different parts or organs of an organism work together to achieve a particular function. In human beings, for example, the digestion of food involves the action of hormones and other chemicals produced by the stomach, liver, and pancreas. Muscle contraction occurs through the action of chemical messengers produced by nerves that supply the muscle.
By learning how the body functions normally, physiologists and physicians are better able to understand what happens when organs function abnormally. For example, an understanding of how the thyroid gland functions has helped in the treatment of a condition called goitre. Studies of the circulatory system and of the nervous system have helped physicians understand and treat such illnesses as heart disease, stroke, and high blood pressure.

Planet
A planet is a large object such as Earth or Jupiter that orbits a star. It is smaller than a star, and it does not make light. Planets are ball-shaped (spheres). Objects that orbit planets are called moons. There are eight planets in the Solar System. Pluto used to be known as a planet, but in August 2006, a group of astronomers decided it should be called a dwarf planet instead. There are four more known ice dwarfs, Ceres, Makemake, Eris and Haumea.
The name "planet" is from the Greek word πλανήτης ("planetes"), meaning "wanderers", or "things that move". Until the 1990s, people only knew of those in the Solar System. As of January 2007, we know of 209 other planets. All of the newly found planets are orbiting other stars: they are "extrasolar" planets. Sometimes people call them "exoplanets".
In the Solar System.
The planets in the Solar System have names of Greek or Roman gods, apart from Earth, because people did not think Earth was a planet in old times. However, Earth is occasionally referred by the name of a Roman god: "Terra". Other languages, for example Chinese, use different names. Moons also have names of gods and people from classical mythology, or from the plays of Shakespeare.
Planets.
Here is a list of planets in the Solar System. They are ordered by how close they are to the Sun, nearest first.
Types of planets.
Astronomers speak about "major" (or true) planets, and minor planets, which are smaller objects that go around the Sun. Some examples of "minor planets" are asteroids, comets, and trans-Neptunian objects.
Many objects in the Solar System that are not planets are also "icy". Examples are the icy moons of the outer planets of the Solar System (like Triton).

Pluto
orbit: 5,913,520,000 km (39.5 AU) from the Sun (average)
Pluto is a dwarf planet in our Solar System. It is made of rock and ice. It is very cold on Pluto with temperatures between -218°C (about -360 Fahrenheit) and -240°C (-400 Fahrenheit).
Pluto is 2390 kilometres across, which is about two-thirds as wide as the Moon and about one fifth as wide as the Earth.
Pluto is thirteen million tonnes in mass. The Earth has about 460 times the mass of Pluto. The Moon has about five and a half times the mass of Pluto.
Clyde Tombaugh found Pluto in 1930. Pluto was named after the Roman god of hell. This name was suggested by Venetia Burney from England. She was eleven years old at the time. Others say it was named using the initials of Percival Lowell, the scientist who had computed its position in the sky years before Pluto actual discovery.
Pluto has three moons: Charon, Nix, and Hydra. Charon is 1190 km across, half as wide as Pluto. Charon is about 19,410 km away from Pluto. Pluto and Charon spin around each other making the two look like a double dwarf planet. Nix and Hydra are much smaller, about 45-160 km across, about 44,000 km from Pluto. Charon was found in June 1978 and Nix and Hydra were found in June 2005.
There are eight planets in the Solar System. Pluto is very different from these eight planets. It is smaller than them and follows a different kind of path around the Sun. Pluto sometimes gets closer to the Sun than Neptune, because of the path it follows.
Mercury is the Solar System's smallest planet. Mercury is about twice as wide as Pluto. Mercury has about twenty-five times the mass of Pluto.
Pluto used to the ninth planet of the solar system. However, in August 2006 the International Astronomical Union said that Pluto should not be called a planet anymore. They said that it should be called a dwarf planet instead. This is because Pluto is very different from the other eight planets, and does not completely fill the accepted scientific definition of a proper planet.

Political problems of China
The People's Republic of China claims that the island of Taiwan is part of its territory, but the Republic of China (which was the government that controlled all of China from 1911 to 1949) still controls it.
Many people say the government stops people from having freedom of speech, freedom of religion and other political rights that people in democratic countries have.
Territorial disputes.
The following territories are claimed by China (PRC and/or ROC) and by another country or more.
Lost territories (Unequal treaties).
Unequal treaties were forced onto Asian countries when European imperialism reached Asia.
The list includes claims from PRC and ROC, as well as unofficial historical claims.
"Note: Japan's and Korea's unequal treaties have been resolved since the end of WWII."

Police
The Police (or "police force") are a government organization that is given special authority to enforce (that is, to make effective or working) their government's laws against different crimes. Police officers investigate burglaries or murders and patrol highways and cities to make sure that people do not break the law.The building they work in is often called a "police station".
Parts of police departments.
Most police departments have most of their officers in two main groups: a "patrol" section which has uniformed officers, and a "detective" section that has officers who wear ordinary clothing.
Police departments in different countries.
In different places and countries, the "police" includes members of the "sheriff's office, marshal's office," or "public safety department." In Ireland, they are called "gardai", in Russia, "militsiyaner," and in French speaking countries, they may also be called "surete" or "gendarmerie." In the United States, there are many different kinds of police for different types of areas and situations, such as state police and local police.

Pi
pi is the number found when the distance around a circle (the circumference) is divided by the distance between opposite ends of the circle (the diameter).
The value of pi is around 3.141592654. A common fraction approximation of pi is formula_3, which yields 3.14285714. This approximation has an error of about 0.04%. While this approximation is sufficient for most applications, the fraction formula_4 is more accurate (giving 3.14159292), and can be used when a more precise calculation is needed.
Pi is often written as the Greek letter π. Pi is an irrational number, meaning it cannot be written as a fraction (formula_5).
This basically means that pi goes on forever, and that it is impossible to get pi exactly.
However, it is very useful in many ways, not just measuring circles.
Mathematicians have known about pi for thousands of years. The first known approximations of pi are from around 1900 BC, and are 25/8 (by the Babylonians) and 256/81 (by the Egyptians). The most common way of finding pi has been to inscribe (draw) a shape of many sides in a circle, and use the area of the polygon to find out pi. These polygons could range from 96 sides (as used by Archimedes) to more than 16,384 sides (as used by the ancient Chinese in around 500 AD.)And also it is used to work out the area and the circumference of a circle. The formula for the circumference is C(circumference)= pi times diameter. The formula for finding the area of a circle is pi (radius²).
Pi in real life.
Today, there are are different ways to calculate many digits of formula_2. This is of limited use though.

Proper noun
A proper noun is a noun that has the first letter capitalized. Names of places and people are proper nouns.

Plastic
A plastic is a material that can change its shape, so many things can be made of plastic. There are many types of plastic. Some can be shaped only when they are freshly made; then they become hard afterwards. Others can be changed by heating them up or even by melting them.
Most plastics are man-made; they do not occur in nature. They are often made from oil that comes out of the ground. The process of making plastics is usually quite complicated. Most of the materials that are called "plastic" are polymers. Polymers are long chains of atoms bonded to one another.
People experimented with plastics based on natural polymers for a very long time. Alexander Parkes, an English inventor (1813-1890), created the earliest fom of plastic in 1855. It was hard but flexible and transparent, and he called it "Parkensine."
Plastic is filling up the landfills and sometimes if you burn them, they release toxic fumes. If you don't recycle, it becomes waste.

Product stewardship
Product stewardship includes waste disposal measures in the distribution chain of an industrial product. That is, paying for the safe and proper disposal when you pay for the product, and relying on those who sold it to you, to dispose of it.
The slightly more specific idea of product take-back means that the service of waste disposal is paid for at time of purchase. It is often applied to paint, tires, and other goods that become toxic waste if not disposed of properly. It is most familiar as the deposit bottle - where one pays for the loan of the bottle at the same time as one purchases what is inside it. The container deposit charged for a deposit bottle may be a fee to "buy" the bottle, separately from the fee to buy what it contains. If one returns the bottle, the fee is returned, and the supplier must return the bottle for re-use or recycling. If not, one has paid the fee, and presumably this can pay for landfill or litter control measures that dispose of say a broken bottle. Also, since the same fee can be collected by anyone finding and returning the bottle, it is common for people to collect these and return them as a means of surviving. This is quite common for instance among homeless people in U.S. cities.
This principle is applied very broadly beyond bottles to paint and automobile parts such as tires. When purchasing paint or tires in many places, one simultaneously pays for the disposal of the toxic waste they become. In some countries, such as Germany, law requires attention to the comprehensive outcome of the whole extraction, production, distribution, use and waste of a product, and holds those profiting from these legally responsible for any outcome along the way. This is also the trend in the UK and EU generally. In the United States, there have been many class action suits that are effectively product stewardship liability - holding companies responsible for things the product does, which it was never advertised to do.
Rather than let liability for these problems be taken up by the public sector or be haphazardly assigned one issue at a time to companies via lawsuits, many accounting reform efforts focus on achieving full cost accounting. This is the financial reflection of the comprehensive outcome - noting the gains and losses to all parties involved, not just those investing or purchasing. Such moves have made moral purchasing more attractive, as it avoids liability and future lawsuits.
So these are partial implementations of a strict service economy ideal.
Those who advocate these measures are concerned with the later phases of product lifecycle and the comprehensive outcome of the whole production process. It is considered a pre-requisite to a strict service economy interpretation of (fictional, national, legal) "commodity" and "product" relationships.

Peace
Peace is a time without any fights or wars. In a larger sense, peace (or peacefulness) can mean a state of harmony, quiet or calm that is not disturbed by anything at all, like a still pond with no ripples.
Peace within and among states is a goal of many people and organizations. One organization that was set up to bring peace among the nations and try to make war a thing of the past was the League of Nations after World War I. When it failed to stop World War II, it was replaced by the United Nations which tries to make the world peaceful by standing for collective security between all the members. This means that if any member is attacked or invaded by another country without attacking that country first, the other members will come to help the country that was attacked first. This idea was used by the United Nations to defend both South Korea and Kuwait when they were attacked.
Martin Luther King Jr. wrote in a that, "True peace is not merely the absence of tension: it is the presence of justice." In other words, Real peace is more than just problems being gone: there must be fairness to have peace.

Quebec
Quebec (spelled Québec in French) is a province in Eastern Canada. It is the biggest of Canada's ten provinces. It is the province with the second-highest number of people. Most of Quebec's inhabitants live along or close to the banks of the Saint Lawrence River. Not many people live in the north part of the province. Unlike the other provinces, most people in Quebec speak French. There is a strong French-language culture, which includes French-language newspapers, magazines, television and radio shows, and movies.
The government of Quebec has its offices in the capital, Quebec City, one of the oldest cities in North America. The largest city in Quebec, and the second-largest city in Canada, is Montreal.
Quebec has a lot of natural resources that are used to create jobs. Quebec also has many companies that create products for information and communication technologies, aerospace, biotechnology, and health industries. It has also developed close relations with the Northeastern United States.
Leaving Canada.
Quebec was part of New France until 1760. Quebec became a province in the Canadian Confederation in 1867. Since then, some people in Quebec have wanted to leave Canada. Since Quebec is a mainly French-speaking province, many people there feel that it is very different from the rest of Canada, and they are proud of this difference and want to keep it that way. Some feel that for this to happen, Quebec must leave Canada and become its own country. Others feel that it is important for Quebec to stay a part of Canada. Quebec people held democratic votes in 1980 and 1995 to decide whether to leave Canada. In 1995, the people of Quebec voted on the question, and chose to stay in Canada by a one percent margin.
Motto: "Je me souviens" (I remember)
History of Quebec.
Aboriginal people and Inuit groups were the first peoples who lived in what is now Québec. These Aboriginal people lived by hunting, gathering, and fishing. Some of the Aboriginal people, called Iroquoians, planted squash and maize. The Inuit fish and hunt whales and seals for fur and food, and they sometimes warred with each other.
Vikings came in longboats from Scandinavia in 1000 CE. Basque whalers and fishermen traded furs with Aboriginal people throughout the 1500s.
The first French explorer to reach Quebec was Jacques Cartier. He sailed into the St. Lawrence River in 1535 and established a colony near present-day Quebec City.
Samuel de Champlain came from France and traveled into the St. Lawrence River. In 1608, he founded Quebec City as a permanent fur trading outpost. Champlain signed trading and military agreements with the Aboriginal people. Voyageurs, coureurs des bois, and Catholic missionaries used river canoes to explore the interior of the North American continent.
After 1627, King Louis XIII of France made a rule that only Roman Catholics could go to live in New France. Jesuit clerics tried to convert New France's Aboriginal people to Catholicism. New France became a Royal Province of France in 1663. The population grew from about 3,000 to 60,000 people between 1666 and 1760. Colonists built farms on the banks of St. Lawrence River.
In 1753 France began building a series of forts in the British Ohio Country. Britain asked the French to remove the forts, and the French refused. By 1756, France and Britain were at war. In 1758, the British attacked New France by sea and captured the French fort at Louisbourg.
On 1759, British General James Wolfe defeated General Louis-Joseph de Montcalm outside Quebec City. France gave its North American land to Great Britain in 1763. In 1763, New France was renamed the Province of Quebec.
In 1774, the British Parliament passed the Quebec Act giving recognition to French law, Catholic religion and French language in the colony. The Quebec Act gave the Quebec people their first Charter of rights. The Quebec Act made American colonists angry, so they launched the American Revolution. A 1775 invasion by the American Continental Army was stopped at Quebec City. In 1783, Quebec gave the territory south of the Great Lakes to the new United States of America. In 1867 the Parliament of the United Kingdom passed the British North America Act, which brought most of the provinces together.
Quiet Revolution.
The conservative government of Maurice Duplessis dominated Quebec politics from 1944 to 1960 with the support of the Catholic church. The Quiet Revolution was a period of social and political change. During the Quiet Revolution, English Canadians lost their control over the Quebec economy, the Roman Catholic Church became less important, and the Quebec government took over the hydro-electric companies.
in 1963, a terrorist group that became known as the Front de libération du Québec (FLQ) began doing bombings, robberies and attacks on government offices. In 1970, the FLQ kidnapped and killed James Cross, the British trade commissioner to Canada, and Pierre Laporte, a provincial minister and Vice-Premier. Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau invoked the War Measures Act, and 497 people were arrested.
This was called the Quiet Revolution because there was not a whole bunch of protests.
In 1977, the newly elected Parti Québécois government of René Lévesque introduced the Charter of the French Language. Often known as Bill 101, it defined French as the only official language of Quebec.

Reading
Reading is a way of getting information from something that is written. Reading involves recognising the symbols that make up a language. Reading and hearing are the two most common ways to get information. Information gained from reading can include entertainment, especially when reading fiction or humor.
Reading by people is mostly done from paper. Stone, or chalk on a blackboard can also be read. Computer displays can be read.
Reading can be something that someone does by themself or they can read aloud. This could be to benefit other listeners. It could also be to help your own concentration.
"Proofreading" is a kind of reading that is done to find mistakes in a piece of writing.

Religion
Religion is a word for the ideas about the basic structure of the world that people cannot see or know with our other senses, or that scientists cannot study with machines. There are many different religions in the world.
Religions try to answer important but mysterious questions like "Where did the world come from?" and "What happens to us after we die?" When people believe that they have answers to these questions, they often start new religions, or add their new ideas to old religions. Many religions believe in supernatural beings such as spirits, angels, devils, polytheistic gods, or a monotheistic god, who can influence people and the world. People who teach or write about religion often say that they got their ideas from a supernatural being.
Many religions are very old, but new religions are always being created when some people aren't satisfied with the answers from the old religions. Things which are considered important and good by religions are called sacred or holy. Many religions have sacred books that give the most important ideas and stories of their religions.
Religions often teach how they believe people should behave in order to live happily together and/or to please God. Many religions believe that people who live in the right way will go to a pleasant place, or (heaven), after they die, or that people who live in a wrong way will go to a bad place, or (hell). How long one stays in these places depends on which belief system is asked. Hindus and Buddhists believe in temporary heavens and hells, where people go for being either extremely righteous or extremly evil, before uniting with God. Christians and Muslims, on the other hand, believe that heaven and hell are eternal states.
Some religions believe in the "Resurrection" - that God will bring some, most or all dead people alive again one day; while other religions believe in "Reincarnation" - that people will be born again as a new person or as an animal after they die. Usually this is believed to be according to how a person acts in their previous life. Some religions believe a mixture of all of these ideas.
Most religions teach people to be good and to help each other, but unfortunately religions also sometimes create problems. This is partly because the questions of religion are so important to people, and because it is difficult to be sure which answers are correct. Many people are unhappy when other people do not agree with their ideas about religion, or when they think that people will cause problems for their religion.
When this happens, people sometimes make wars against people of other religions, or punish people who do not agree with their ideas about religion. This has happened many times in history, and continues to happen today. At other times, wars have been begun for more selfish reasons that had really nothing to do with religion, but in order to win more support for these wars, the kings or politicians would try hard to make it seem to be about religion, or would give the people a supposedly 'religious' reason for fighting a war.
Many religions build buildings for their people to meet. In different religions, these buildings may be called churches, mosques, synagogues, temples, pathis, or shrines.
Many of the oldest, most beautiful, and most famous buildings are religious buildings.
Opposed to any form of religion is atheism, its argumentation can be support by such conceptions like Law of three stages
"See List of religions for more."

Roman
The Romans are the people of the city of Rome in Italy. In ancient times the people of the city of Rome created a very large empire called the Roman Empire.

Rudyard Kipling
Joseph Rudyard Kipling (December 30, 1865 - January 18, 1936) was an English author and poet. He wrote the children's book "The Jungle Book". He also wrote the well-known poems, "If —" and "Gunga Din".
Death.
Kipling is buried in Westminster Abbey.

Recreation
Recreation or fun is the use of time refreshing to one's body or mind.

Red
Red is the color that is on the outside edge of the rainbow. It is one of the three primary colors, along with blue and yellow. Red light has a wavelength between 630-760 nanometers.
Red is the color of blood and tomatoes. It is sometimes used to mark things that are wrong, important, or dangerous.
Meaning of Red.
Red can represent passion, anger, or love. In many countries, a red light shows cars when they should stop.
In politics, "red" is related to Communism. The "Red Army" can refer to the army of the old Soviet Union, or the People's Republic of China.
It is also related to the Red Brigade.
Red is the color of fire and blood, so it is associated with energy, war, danger, strength, power, determination, as well as passion, desire, and love.
Red is an emotionally intense color. It is thought that it tends to raise blood pressure and make people breathe faster. It is very easy to notice, which is why stop signs, stoplights, and fire equipment are usually painted red. In heraldry, red is often used to indicate courage. It is a color found in many national flags.
Red brings attention to text and images. It is a perfect color for 'Buy Now' or 'Click Here' buttons on Internet banners and websites, because it may make some people want to act quickly. In advertising, red is often used to cause erotic feelings (red lips, red nails, red-light districts, 'Lady in Red', etc). Red is widely used to indicate danger (high voltage signs, traffic lights). This color is also associated with energy, so it may be used to promote energy drinks, games, cars, items related to sports and high physical activity.

Raw
Foods are raw when they are not cooked.
Most things are good to eat raw, but some, such as eggplants, can be poisonous.
Health.
It is healthier to eat raw food rather than cooked food, because the nutrients and enzymes are harmed when they are cooked. Raw food is easier to digest than cooked food.
People who start to eat only raw foods need time to adjust their diet, because they are used to digesting cooked foods. Most people who start to eat only raw foods start to feel much better. They do not get sick as often as people who eat mostly cooked food, and they also live longer.
Germs.
Raw food can sometimes make people sick because of germs.

Roman Empire
"For Roman emperors, see Roman emperors."
The Roman Empire was a very big empire with its capital in Rome, ruled by an emperor. The first emperor of Rome was Octavian, from the year 27 B.C.E. Before that, Rome had been a Republic ruled by a council called the "Senate."
Many modern countries are on land that was once part of the Roman Empire, including England (without Scotland), Spain, Portugal, France, Italy, Greece, Turkey, Germany, Egypt, and the north coast of Africa. The language of the Roman Empire was Latin. The western part of the Roman Empire continued for almost 1000 years, and the eastern part, including Greece and Turkey, continued for about a thousand years more. The eastern part was called the Byzantine Empire with a capital at Constantinople.
In order to control their large empire, the Romans developed important ideas about law and government. Many emperors had absolute control, and could do as they pleased. When the emperor died, his favorite friend whom he had adopted as a son often became the next emperor, since many of them never had sons of their own. After a while, the emperors grew so weak that the military would just pick one of their generals to be the next emperor. Many times they would have civil wars to see which general was the most powerful.
The Romans fought many wars against other countries, and enjoyed watching violent sports. They enjoyed watching races between chariots pulled by horses, and fights between men using weapons (gladiators). Unlike modern sports, the fighters were often killed in these fights. They enjoyed these shows in the Roman Colosseum.
The Romans built many big buildings, aqueducts to carry water, and very good stone bridges and roads. Some of these things can still be seen today. Many famous writers were also Romans, including Cicero and Virgil.
The New Testament of the Bible tells about the Romans in the life of Jesus Christ. During Jesus' life, the Romans, who were pagan controlled his country. Later, several emperors tried to destroy Christianity in any way possible, but they could not. The people were becoming Christian, even though the pagan emperors called themselves gods. By 312 C.E., the emperor Galerius allowed people freedom to follow Christianity, and the next year, a Christian general, named Constantine, defeated the pagans and became emperor over what was already a largely Christian land.
The main coin of the Roman Empire was the denarius. It was spent often by the wealthy, often on luxuries.
The city of Rome was taken over several times by barbarians, notably in 410 C.E. when the Goths sacked, or stole the goods of, the city. The last Western Roman emperor, Romulus Augustulus, resigned in 476 C.E. The Roman Empire would last another 1,000 years as the Byzantine Empire in the east.

Regime
A regime is the leader and other people who run a government of a sovereign state.
There are many kinds of regimes. They can achieve power in many ways. Depending on the time and place and local civics like the electoral system, they can lose power in many ways too. The most common way for a regime to lose power was a coup, invasion or revolution until the 20th century. After that it became very dangerous and difficult to use these methods. Peaceful regime change is usually by an election - this method is now used by more than half the people on the Earth. It is called representative democracy. Such regimes are often called administrations to make it clear they are not dictators, and since the executive branch does not have all the power itself - it may share it with a legislative branch. Also the judicial branch is separate. The courts are not usually considered part of the regime.
When many regimes negotiate at the United Nations or World Trade Organization, it does not matter at all how each regime got its power. It matters only that they can agree and make everyone in their country do as the agreement says.
When someone wants a regime to change in another country, they usually are not able to do this by any means other than violence or interfering in its election. This is common if a regime is threatened by another regime.

River
A river is a stream of water that flows through a "channel" (or passage) in the surface of the ground. The passage where the river flows is called the riverbed and the earth on each side is called a riverbank. A river begins on high ground or in hills or mountains and flows down from the high ground to the lower ground, because of gravity. A river begins as a small stream and gets bigger, the further that it flows.
The water in a river is called "fresh water". It comes from rain or snow and it can usually be drunk safely, unless it has been polluted. The water in a sea cannot be drunk safely because it is "salt water". Both people and animals often live near rivers, because they need water to survive.
The beginning of a river.
The beginning of a river is called its "source" or its "headwaters". The part of the river that is near the "source" is called a "young river". A young river is often in a V-shaped river bed, and flows quickly downhill over stones, and around big rocks. Young rivers often have lots of small waterfalls.
The middle part of a river.
The middle part of a river is called a "mature river". A mature river makes a riverbed that is U-shaped. It might be very deep and run fast. It sweeps over small rocks and bolders, and makes big turns around hills and mountains. It is much wider than a "young river", but not as wide as an "old river". To cross over a mature river, people use bridges. Many cities and towns are built on the banks of mature rivers. Many farms that keep animals such as dairy cows, horses and sheep are found along mature rivers because the animals can drink from the river every day.
The last part of a river.
A river usually ends by flowing into an ocean, a lake or a bigger river. The place where the river flows out into a bigger body of water is called the "mouth" of the river.
As a river flows towards its mouth, the countryside around the river often changes from hilly to flat. As it flows over the flat land the river becomes wider and slower. A wide slow river is called an "old river". An "old river" often floods across the land after there is lots of rain at the "headwaters". An "old river" slowly builds up its banks on either side; the high banks are called "levees". An old river often "meanders" (twists and turns), and sometimes, after a flood, it leaves lakes behind which are called "ox-bows" or "billabongs". Old rivers are the most useful type of river for growing crops. Corn, rice, fruit, cotton, hay, tobacco and sugar are some of the crops that are grown near old rivers.
Where a river flows out to the sea, it sometimes flows very slowly through sandy or muddy land, making lots of little islands as it flows. The main stream of the river gets broken into many parts that spread out into a triangle shape like the Greek letter "Delta". When this happens, it is called the "delta" of the river. Deltas are often places that are not good for towns or farms but are very good for birds and other wildlife. Deltas are often made into wildlife reserves. Not all rivers have deltas. There are famous deltas on the Nile River, the Amazon River, the Mekong River and the Danube River.
Using rivers.
The water in rivers is "fresh water" that has come from rain, snow and from underground streams. It can be drunk safely by people unless it is too dirty because of mud or human pollution. People and animals need fresh water to drink, so they often live by the side of a river.

Right angle
A right angle is an angle with a measurement of 90 degrees. When two lines cross each other so that all the angles have the same size, the result is four right angles. The top of the letter T is at right angles to the vertical line. Walls of buildings are usually at right angles to the floor. Two things that are at right angles are called "perpendicular".

Reward
A reward is getting something good for doing a given task. It needs someone who has the power to give the good thing. It is the opposite of punishment.
Ideas like risk and reward, reward and punishment are based on the idea that people do things, or avoid doing things, to get rewards. In psychology there is another idea that this is not true. This other idea says that training (conditioning) and emotions (affective factors) are much more important than the rewards or punishments given by others.
In trying to catch criminals and other bad people, the government often offers money to people. This money is given to people who may capture the criminal, or give information that helps the police catch them. For example after the Eureka Stockade rebellion in Ballarat, Victoria in 1854, the government offered a big reward of 400 pounds for the capture of the people who had started it.
In 2001, the US government offered a big reward of 2.5 million dollars for help in capturing the person who had sent anthrax in letters to a newspaper journalist and 2 senators. Anthrax is a disease which can kill people.

Ranch
A ranch is a large farm where animals such as cows, horses or sheep are raised. A ranch is often on private land.
The word ranch is from the Spanish word "rancho".
Ranches are often found in the desert regions of Australia because of the plenty of available space.

Sport utility vehicle
A sport utility vehicle (SUV) is a type of vehicle that can carry lots of passengers, like a station wagon or minivan.
Appearence.
SUVs are shaped like a big station wagon. However, they are taller, because the seats are more upright and because they have a taller suspension so that they can go off road. (However, less than 10 percent of these vehicles actually do go off road.)
Another way that many SUVs are different from some regular cars is that many SUVs have four-wheel-drive, but most regular cars only have two-wheel-drive. Also, many SUVs have larger engines, like a six- or an eight-cylinder engine. In some countries, SUVs often have diesel engines.
Design.
SUVs come from designs that were originally military or commercial, such as the Jeep and the Land Rover. These vehicles have been popular for many years with rural people because they can go off-road, but now they are also popular with people in urban areas because they believe that they look good.
Modern designing.
Consequently, newer SUVs are more like cars because buyers like it that way. Instead of buying a car they buy a SUV that's designed like a car. They have luxury features and more car-like suspensions and ride heights. This is because most of these newer SUVs seldom go off-road, but stay on the street most of the time.
Uses.
However, some people do take their SUVs off the road to explore places that they could not go with a car, and to enjoy the driving. Because of this, there are many off-road clubs in different countries. SUVs are even raced, such as in the Paris-Dakar Rally and the Australian Safari.
Also, there are many fun things you can do with a SUV. For example, you can tow a boat with an SUV.
Advantages.
There are many reasons why SUVs have become popular. One reason is the comfort of their large cabins--they can carry almost as much as a minivan. Another reason is that people think they are safe.
Image.
Finally, a major reason why they are popular is that they have a rugged, powerful image. People buy them because they look good, even though a small car might be less expensive and more practical. Automobile companies have sold many SUVs. They make more profit on them per vehicle than with other automobiles, because they are cheaper and simpler to build than many passenger cars of equivalent price.
Problems.
Many people have bought SUVs, but now many people do not like them anymore, because SUVs are bad for the environment and dangerous to other drivers. In addition, these people think that the SUVs are not really as safe as people believe they are.
Accidents.
One problem with SUVs is that they roll over more easily than lower vehicles. In recent years Consumer Reports magazine found several SUVs unacceptable because they roll over too easily. Also, they are big and stiff, and they have high bumpers, so when they hit another car, the other car and its passengers can be severely damaged. Big, heavy SUVs like Ford Excursions and Chevrolet Suburbans can damage cars badly when they hit them.
Huge gasoline consumption.
SUVs have become so popular in the United States that the U.S. is using much more gasoline than before. SUVs are much less fuel-efficient than cars. The main reason is that the U.S. government classifies them as small trucks, so they do not have to be as fuel efficient as passenger cars. Since auto companies have little reason to change SUVs, they are fuel-inefficient. They are big and heavy, have a lot of wind resistance, and have big engines and a heavy suspension. They also use tires that are better for off road than for driving on the street. Smaller SUVs that look like cars may be shorter and use better tires, but they still have big, fuel-inefficient, polluting engines.
Other names.
In Australia and Europe SUVs are usually called 4 wheel drives (4X4)or 4WDs.

Substance
Substance ["sub'-stuns"] is the material, or "matter", of which something is made. Substances can be seen or touched. They are made up of one or more elemental parts. Iron, aluminium, water and air are examples of substances.

Symbol
A symbol is a drawing, shape, or object that represents an idea, object, or amount of something.
The most common symbols are letters, which are symbols of words and sounds. A symbol can be an actual object, such as the crucifix (a symbol of Christianity) and the scepter (which symbolizes royalty and power). Symbols can even be colors or patterns. Symbols are used often in poetry and other types of literature, most often used as metaphors or similes.
A national emblem is a symbol for a certain country.
List of common symbols.
There are thousands of symbols that are recognized by most people all over the world, and many more that are limited to certain regions, religions, sciences, etc.. Some of the best known ones are listed below.

September
September is the ninth month of the year with 30 days. From the Latin word "sept" for "seven" (it was the seventh month of the year, before January and February were moved at the beginning of the year).
September begins on the same day of week as December every year.
In Ancient Greece, September was called "Boedromion".
September's flower is the Aster with the birthstone being the Sapphire. The meaning of the Sapphire is Love.

Sound
We can define a sound wave as a disturbance which travels through some medium.
Sound is the term to describe what is heard when sound waves pass through a medium to the ear.
Sound is produced by mechanical vibrations.
Sound can travel through solids, liquids, and gases, but it cannot travel through a vacuum.
The travelling speed of sound in the air is 331.5 m/s at 0 °C. The speed of sound increases as the temperature of the air increases to 343 m/s at 20 °C.
Sound is a longitudinal wave. It shows reflection, refraction, diffraction, and interference.
Audible sound has frequencies between 20 Hz to 20 kHz. Human beings can hear audible sound. Sound waves with frequency above 20 kHz are called ultrasound waves. Sound waves with frequency below 20 Hz are called infrasound waves. Human beings cannot hear ultrasound waves and infrasound waves.

Society
Society is the term to describe human beings together (collective, the sum of their social networks and power networks). It does not refer to everything everybody thinks or does, but only to those things that everybody acts upon - or refuses to do - quite reliably.
Because it must keep even the poorest and weakest members of a society willing to help even the richest and strongest, a society is very concerned with citizenship, rights, ethics and time limits. These are basic ways to achieve fairness. If they break down badly, people will think the society is unfair and start taking things from each other, refusing to help each other, or seeing those who have more as cheats.
While every society is different, the way it breaks down and fails is very often the same: fraud, theft, violence, war and sometimes even genocide if people stop identifying with the society and thus identify with what they think of as a "race" of people. A new society may be formed out of only those who still agree, or who just survive the collapse of an old failed one.
If the strength and unity of any society's members' willingness to help each other is to be measured, it is called social capital, because it substitutes for other styles of capital. One needs less money with more solidarity in society, because the collective substitutes for the currency.
However, usually, the strength is not directly measured, but only assumed. People take risks that society will support them, without knowing for sure that it will. For instance, they may refuse to obey the law, and count on their fellow society members to free them in a jury or court of appeal.
A social contract sets out rules for this kind of cooperation. One kind of social contract is a constitution - which allows for a jury or court to decide that the law, not the person, is wrong, according to the society's rules.

Suggestion
A suggestion is an idea that one suggests, or says is good for another (or others) to follow.

Spache Readability Formula
Spache Readability Formula is one method of finding out how hard a piece of writing is (its textual difficulty).
The method compares words in a text to a list of words which are familiar in everyday writing. The words that are not on the list are called "unfamiliar". The number of words per sentence are counted. This number and the percentage of unfamiliar words is put into a formula. The result is a reading age. Someone of this age should be able to read the text.
Spache works best on texts that are for children under the age of eight.
the formula; (0.141 * average sentence length)+(0.086 * percentage of difficult words)+0.839 = grade level
GL = (.121 * ASL) + (.082 *UW) +.659
UW = Number of unique unfamiliar words

Sport
A sport is an activity that has rules and usually requires physical activity, like running. Sports can keep people active and healthy. They can be played indoors or outdoors.

Science
Science is a way to find out things. Sometimes the word "science" is used to refer to the knowledge that is found using the methods of science.
The word "science" is from the Latin word "scio", which means "to know".
People who do science are called scientists. Scientists study things by looking at them very carefully, by measuring them, and by doing experiments and tests. Scientists try to explain why things act the way they do, and are the way they are.
Scientific method.
The "scientific method" is the name given to the methods used in science to learn and experiment with things. The scientific method can be very useful.
Most people accept the scientific method as the most reliable way to get knowledge about nature, the universe, and the human body.
Other features of science.
Not everyone agrees about how science works exactly. Some philosophers and scientists say that scientific theories are only accepted as long as they are the best explanation for the data that exists, and when theories no longer explain the data, they are discarded and replaced. Other people say that sometimes scientists will make a theory better rather than discard it, or that they will keep on using the theory hoping that it will be made better eventually.
Scientists compete with each other. Scientists check each other's work. Scientists try to make better explanations for the data.
Scientists publish their work in peer-reviewed journals.
Science is a way to get knowledge by discarding what is not true.
Scientists must be very careful to make explanations that fit well with what they observe and measure. They compete to provide better explanations. An explanation might be interesting or pleasing, but if it does not agree with what other scientists really see and measure, they will try to find a better explanation.
Other scientists check their ideas to see if the real observations, measurements, and tests show if they are right or wrong. Peer review and repeating experiments is the only way to be sure the knowledge is correct.
Science makes models of nature, models of our universe, and medicine. There are many different sciences with their own names. However it is not right to say "science says" any one thing. Science is a process, not just the facts and rules believed at one time.

Spain
Spain is a country in the southwest of Europe. It is in the Iberian Peninsula near Portugal and Gibraltar. France and the little country of Andorra are on its northeast side, where the Pyrenees mountains are.
The people of Spain are called "Spaniards". Most people there speak Spanish, "Español" in Spanish, but there are other languages in different parts of the country. They are Catalan, Basque, and Galician, Leonese, Aragonese, Aranese Occitan and even Portuguese. The religion of most of the people in Spain is Roman Catholic.
Since 1975, Spain has had a king, who only does what the constitution allows him to. For example the king formally declares a war, but only if the Government asks him to do so. The parliament is called "Las Cortes Generales", and has two bodies: "El Congreso" and "El Senado" and it is chosen by the Spanish people by voting. This kind of government is called a constitutional monarchy. The King of Spain is called Juan Carlos I. The President of the executive branch of the government is José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero.
The government and the king's palace are in Madrid, the capital of Spain.
Spain has more than five hundred thousand square kilometres of land. It is smaller than France, but it is bigger than Sweden or Germany. Around forty-three million people live in Spain.
Spain has 17 parts called autonomous communities (this means that they can decide upon some affairs themselves). Each part has its own government.
Early history.
People have lived in Spain for a long time. There have been people living there since the Stone Age. The first references to Spain are in the Bible. Some of the first people to live there were Iberians and Celts, and the Phoenicians made a few cities there to get tin and silver to trade. Later, the Roman Empire controlled Spain for about five hundred years; then as the Roman Empire broke up, groups of Germanic people called Visigoths moved into Spain and took it over.
Muslim occupation.
In the 700s, Arabic people took over, and later groups from North Africa, called the Moors, ruled most of Spain for eight hundred years. They were Muslims, and Muslim Spain was the farthest western point of Islamic civilization. This civilization was quite advanced at architecture and urban planning. The Moors were very wealthy because they controlled the gold trade from the Ghana Empire in West Africa. They built many beautiful buildings, especially in the south of the country, a place called Al-Andalus. People can see many of their buildings still standing in cities in Andalusia, such as Seville, Granada, and Cordoba.
Muslim Spain was multicultural and tolerant with Jews, Christians and Muslims living side by side. There was also a huge Slavic population ("saqaliba") near the Mediterranean coast, at first brought in to be slaves, but many Slavic generals rose to become rulers of their own cities ("taifas") for a short time as the Caliphate of Cordoba fell apart in the early 11th century. Muslim Spain was focused on learning - the greatest library system outside Baghdad was also there.
1492.
The Christian kingdoms that were still in the North of Spain fought to take the rest Spain again from the Muslims. They fought wars for many hundreds of years, and slowly pushed the border farther south. Many Christians from the north of Spain and Europe moved into the areas they won.
In the year 1492, they took the last part of Spain that still belonged to the Moors, Granada. Boabdil, the last Moorish King of Granada, surrendered to King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella of Castile on 2 January 1492. It was Ferdinand and Isabella of Castile who now ruled all of Spain.
Before this, there were a number of Christian countries in what is now called Spain. Two of these countries, Castile and Aragon, came together when Ferdinand II of Aragon married the queen Isabella of Castile. It is very important to know that the King ruled as much as the Queen.
In the same year, 1492, they sent Christopher Columbus to sail across the Atlantic Ocean. Columbus found the islands of the Caribbean Sea.
When other European sailors explored more, they found out that there were two continents there - North America and South America. Spain sent many soldiers and businessmen to North and South America, and they took over very large parts of those two continents. This empire did not make Spain a rich country, for most of the money had to be spent in wars. Many of these wars were fought against other European countries who were trying to take over parts of the Americas.
Meanwhile, at home, the Muslim manuscripts had been either burnt or taken to other countries. Jews had also been expelled from Spain. Some Jews remained but they had to become Christians. Among the few things kept and respected in Spain were in music: harmony and stringed instruments. The buildings that had been built by the Moors were kept, and many Muslim religious buildings (mosques) were turned into churches. Some Jewish religious buildings were also turned into churches. Many Arab words became part of the Spanish Language.
16th and 17 century.
The Emperor of Austria, Charles the V became the King of Spain and Portugal too. So the empire became bigger than ever. However it was not a single countries but many independent countries with a single King. At first many Spaniards did not want that Charles the V were their king, so they fought against him. But the King won.
Charles the V involved Spain in many wars to defend his Austrian empire.
18th century.
In the 18th century some of the parts of that large empire became their own countries, or were taken over by new countries, such as the United States of America.
19th century.
Spain (and other European countries) was invaded by Napoleon of France. Spain, Britain and Europe sent its troops to defend the peninsula, since it was so weak.
20th century.
There was not much peace in Spain during the first part of the 20th century. Some Spaniards tried to set up a government chosen by the people (a democracy), and they made the King of Spain leave the country. However, in 1936, two different groups of Spaniards went to war over whether the government should be a democracy (although those on the side of the Republic were largely socialist or anarchist), or take orders from one person. In 1939, those who wanted democracy were defeated, and a nationalist dictator named Francisco Franco took over the government.
Franco died in 1975. He had decided that Spain should have a monarchy again, and he chose Juan Carlos, the grandson of the king who had been forced to leave the country, to be king. But the king did not rule as a dictator; instead, he chose to set up a democracy. Now Spain is a modern democratic country, and does business with many countries around the world. It is the eighth economy of the world and is an important part of the European Union.
Geography of Spain.
The middle of Spain is a high, dry, flat land called La Meseta. In La Meseta it can be very hot in the summer and cold or very cold in the winter. Spain also has many mountain ranges. On the south coast, the weather is warm and "temperate" - temperate weather is neither very hot nor very cold. Since Spain is in the south of Europe, it is very sunny. Many people from Northern Europe take their vacations in Spain, enjoying its beaches and cities.

Saint Lawrence River
The Saint Lawrence River is a big river in eastern North America. It flows between the Canadian province of Ontario and the American state of New York, and through the Canadian province of Quebec.
The river drains water from the Great Lakes into the Atlantic Ocean. It is more than three thousand kilometres long. The river meets the Atlantic Ocean in a big "estuary" or bay, the biggest in the world; this is called the Gulf of Saint Lawrence.
The Canadian cities of Kingston, Montreal, and Quebec City are on this river. It is very important because ships can sail up the river and through the Great Lakes right into the middle of North America. It is the third largest river in Canada.

Seville
Seville (spelled "Sevilla" in Spanish) is a big city in the South of Spain, in Europe. There is a big river called the Guadalquivir River which goes through Seville.
The city of Seville is the capital of the Spanish region called Andalusia and of the province of Sevilla. The people who live in the city are called "Sevillanos" and there are almost a million of them: 700,000.
History.
A very old story says that the city was started by the famous hero of Greece, named Hercules. The Romans when they came to Spain gave it the Latin name of Hispalis. Over time this changed to be spelled in English as "Seville". The Arab Moors took the city when they invaded the country, and you can still see a lot of the buildings they built during their 800 year stay in Spain (711-1492).
In the year 1992 Seville was the place for the Expo 92. There is a beautiful bridge across the Guadalquivir River called "Puente del Alamillo". It was thought up by Santiago Calatrava a famous building expert.
Seville is famous for its hot summer weather.
Sports.
Seville is the home town of two soccer teams, Sevilla FC (often called simply "El Sevilla") and Real Betis Balompié (often called "El Betis").
Other websites.
Seville is also the name of a place in the State of Ohio.

Salami
Salami is a sausage that first came from Italy. The name comes from the Italian "salare" meaning to make something salty.
The original salami was made from a mix of chopped pork and salt which was dried using air in a casing. People who are muslim are not allowed to eat this type of salami becaus it is pork. Now there are many types of salamis made in some countries. Nearly all are seasoned with a combination of herbs and spices in addition to salt. Salamis are now sometimes smoked or cooked before air drying. Some kinds are made of beef while others mix beef and pork. Most, if not all Italian salamis have garlic in them, but few German kinds do. Some, like a few salamis from Spain, include paprika or chili. The difference between some types is in how coarse or fine the meat is chopped. Some "light" salami might add turkey or chicken to reduce both fat and calories.
Many salamis are named after the city or region where they come from. Some examples are Arles, Genoese, Hungarian, and Milano salamis.

Special English
Special English is a simple form of the English language used by a public radio station called Voice of America, run by United States government in daily Special English programs. Its news and feature programs are read more slowly than usual, using a limited number of English words and simple grammar.
For those whose mother language is not English, it is much easier to understand contents of programs, because it sounds clearer and simpler, and shorter sentences are used in articles. It can also help someone whose English is weak to improve his or her English. In some countries, for example China, Special English is more and more popular among people learning English.
Special English was first used on October 19, 1959.

Sausage
Sausage is a food made of ground-up or chopped-up meat. It often has spices in it and is covered in a casing. Other meats, like the hot dog, pepperoni, bologna, and salami also are covered with a casing like a sausage's.
Sausages often have meat from the animal's head, lips, cheeks, and other parts. Some have blood in them. Irish and English sausages normally have a lot of "rusk," or bread crumbs, and they are less meaty than sausages from other countries.
Sausages may be used as a meal, in a sandwich, or in other foods like stews.
Many countries and regions have special kinds of sausage. Sausages are some of the oldest foods.

Slang
Slang is jargon used by the general public. Usually each generation or social group has its own slang - for example, older people can have trouble understanding the slang of younger people. On the other hand, younger people often understand, but find silly or old-fashioned, the slang of older people.
Over time, language tends to get more complex, since new words enter much faster than old words leave. Over time, slang almost always becomes part of the language, and approved for use by all.
It has also happened that some words used in Anglo-Saxon for bodily functions became thought of as profanity or rude after they were replaced by Latinate words like "urinate", "defecate" and "copulate" - which polite people were supposed to use after the Norman invasion of England in 1066. This was in part a way of making poor people (who spoke Anglo-Saxon) all appear to be rude, while more powerful people (who spoke Norman) appeared to be polite - one way that etiquette can develop, and reinforce power structure. This is only one example from history of how racism can be a reason for defining one group's language as 'slang' and another as 'correct'.
Wanting to have rules of grammar that do not change and the same vocabulary used by everyone for better communication is another reason that is often given for defining one group's language as correct.
An "idiom" can be slang, but it can also be a metaphor that becomes part of the culture.

Social contract
A social contract is an agreement to follow certain rules. These rules are usually called laws. Laws help to make sure people have rights and that their rights are taken care of. One kind of social contract is a constitution. A constitution sets limits on the powers of government leaders, police, and other people who have authority.

Social capital
Social capital is the willingness of people to help each other. It often replaces money which people would use to buy the same help.
Society works best when there is plenty of social capital. The less social capital there is, the more social problems there usually are. If there is no social capital, war and revolution often results.
People who have no money and cannot get help from society may have to agree to do things they do not want to do, or force others to do things they do not want to. Organized crime grows in this way, and so do forced labour and slavery.
Most ways of measuring social capital have to do with trust - people who trust that favours and help will be available when they need it will favour and help others more. Those who are seen as trying to get a free ride will get much less help. A social climber tries to earn social capital by making friends with those who have it but without actually helping. Some call this kind of person a social parasite. They are very hard to detect, unlike people who cheat or commit fraud. When there are too many of these kinds of people, especially when they are politicians, people begin to mistrust their government. Rather than work with a political party to change law, they may start to look for direct revenge for things.
Social capital is a lot like real capital. The more money a person or a society has, the easier it is to do things and the better off people are. The less money, the more difficult things become and the worse people feel.

Site
A site is a real fixed physical location where something will or has happened or a place where something is.
Uses in buildings.
It is used very often in building trades to mean the place where a building will go up.
Uses in gravesites.
A gravesite is a place where a person will be buried after they die.
Uses in work.
The words onsite and offsite refer to work that must take place on the site, or which can take place somewhere else. For instance, a prefabricated building can be "built offsite" and then "moved onsite".
Use on the internet.
"Site" is also a common abbreviation in net jargon for "website". In this case no real physical location exists other than the place where the computers are, and one "goes to the site" simply by using a web browser to "go to" that URL. This is a conceptual metaphor. It can be confusing. Someone who uses it is also likely using other jargon.

Subtraction
Subtraction is the arithmetic operation for finding the difference between two numbers. The special names of the numbers in a subtraction expression are, minuend − subtrahend = difference. The expression 7 − 4 = 3 can be spoken as "seven minus four equals three," "seven take away four leaves three," or "four from seven leaves three."
If the minuend is less than the subtrahend, the difference will be a negative number. For example, 17 − 25 = (−8). We can say this as, "Seventeen minus twenty-five equals negative eight." This is how cash registers determine the change you receive when you pay with more money than your purchase costs.

String theory
String theory is a scientific theory that uses complicated mathematics and physics to try to explain how the universe works.
String theory is an attempt to explain these four forces using one single theory (or unified field theory). This may also be a theory that can bring together other physics theories all at once.
If the string theory is true, it is one of the few theories that could explain why there is gravity. It explains gravity through quantum mechanics. With traditional physics theories, this was not possible.
Main idea.
Usually, scientists think of matter as being made of very, very small particles. These particles are so small (we are talking on a scale much smaller than an atom) we cannot observe them to see their shape. Currently, all mathematical formulas assume they are point-like and therefore have no size at all. The main idea behind string theory is that this assumption is wrong, and that these small particles are instead shaped as tiny strings.
The theory imagines that these strings are not precise particles (unlike things that are seen and counted). The strings are very small (10-35 m long), yet they seem to behave like regular particles. It explains how other particles and forces behave. Because they are so small their actual shape doesn't matter much when we are doing calculations of bigger objects.
Status.
It is used as a possible way of explaining how some things work; it is very hard for scientists to prove everything, or answer every question that they can imagine by using just one theory on its own. String Theory is slightly different from most other theories because it could help scientists get closer to explaining everything that they can think of, so many scientists are excited by the ideas that String Theory has to offer.
There are two mathematical models that predict the same physical observations of the whole universe. One is "as large as we think the universe is", about the 74 billion light years circumference predicted in Weeks' model. The other is much smaller than the Planck Length. Both mathematics are just as good to explain what we can see.
The Superstring theory is based on 10 or 11 dimensions. The Bosonic string theory has 26 dimensions. Gravity is the only real force in the theory. It says only four of the ten dimensions can be observed by us, and that the others hint at the other forces that are observed. It does not say that other physics theories are not true, or wrong.
String theory has led to advances in the mathematics of folding, knots and Calabi-Yau spaces.
Problems.
There are many different variations of string theory, and none of them is fully accurate. Often, many of them use only approximations. String theory proponents say this is because the theory is not finished yet.
Another problem is that the mathematical laws of string theory also gives lots of different possible solutions. Scientists that believe in string theory work around this problem by picking only the results that match our observations and saying that later we will find why the other ones are not good. Opponents argue that we can't ever know if a theory is true as a whole if we only take the bits that work. This also makes the theory of little use until the issue is solved, because mathematical laws are usually used to predict what will happen in a situation - but string theory cannot yet answer that question, because it needs to be tried first and then scientists can pick the answer that work.
Yet another problem is that it says our universe is made of at least 10 dimensions, while we only see four (width, height, depth, time). String theory proponents say some dimensions may not be visible to us, but others doubt there can be 6 or more hidden dimensions, or that we will never be able to access them even if they do exist.
String theory does not make predictions that can actually be tested by scientists today or in the near future. Some people say this makes the theory unscientific.

Scientist
A scientist is a person who works in science. A scientist tries to understand how our world, or other things work.
About.
Scientists work for governments, companies, schools and research institutes.
Some scientists teach at universities and other places and train people to become scientists.
Types of scientists.
Scientists can work in different areas of science.

Soapbox
A soapbox is a temporary platform used to give a speech. During the 19th century, soap was transported in wooden boxes. When a person had new or unusual ideas, and wanted to talk to a crowd about them, sometimes he or she would stand on an empty soapbox so that everyone could see and hear the talk well.
People sometimes use the word "soapbox" to mean a place to say new or unusual things.

Supernatural
The word supernatural is used for things that some people believe are real, but that are not part of nature. Because we cannot prove whether these things are real, people often disagree about these things.
Scientists say that we should talk about things without talking about the supernatural, because we cannot prove that supernatural things are real. Other people say that although we cannot prove supernatural things in a scientific way, they are real. Many ideas like religion, magic, miracles, spirits, ghosts, angels, devils, gods, and God are supernatural.
Fiction.
In comic books, the superhero is a person with supernatural abilities and tries to hide them. In books, a character (Usually Fantasy, or Science fiction) has some sort of supernatural powers.
For example: A witch who can cast magic.

Spirit
In many religions, a spirit is considered to be the part of a being that is not the body. Other words with the same meanings are soul and ghost. When a body is alive, it has a spirit in it. Death is when the spirit separates from the body.
Some people think that without their bodies, spirits can still exist on the Earth and in places like Heaven or Hell. Some believe that spirits can talk with people, or change things in the world. Many religions forbid communicating with such spirits in any way, but a few include this as part of their practice.
Another use of "spirit" means the main purpose or meaning of a sentence or document. For example, the "spirit of a law" is the meaning of the law which the creator wanted. This phrase is often used when the words and sentences of a law could mean more than one thing, but a judge must decide what meaning is correct.

Seed
A seed is the part of a plant that the plant makes that can grow into a new plant, by planting near another plant. There are many different kinds of seeds. Some plants make a lot of seeds, some make only a few. Seeds are often hard and very small, but some are larger. The coconut is a seed which can be as big as a child's head. A seed needs water, air and warmth but not sunlight to germinate (become a seedling).
Because most kinds of seeds carry the food that helps the new plant begin to grow, many kinds of seeds are good food for animals and people. Seeds are often inside fruits. The many kinds of grain that people grow, such as rice, wheat, and maize, are all seeds.
The seed also has a seed coat. The seed coat is an outer covering that protects the seed.

Sail
A sail is a large piece of cloth on the top of some boats. The wind goes around the sail and makes the boat move through the water. The piece that the sail is attached to is called a mast. Some boats have many sails, and some have only one. Usually, small boats have only one sail, and bigger boats have more. Boats with sails are called sailing boats. There are many different names for different kinds of sailing boats with different kinds of sails.
Before people made boats with engines that used coal or oil, sailing boats were an important way to travel across oceans. Now they are not so important for transport, but they are still used for recreation and competition.

Skin
Skin is the outside covering of animals. The skin of different kinds of animals is very different. Many kinds of animals have hair or fur on their skin. Birds have feathers on their skin. Most fish, and reptiles like snakes and lizards, have scales on their skin.
The skin of human beings (people) usually has very small hairs on it that are hard to see. Some people have more hair, or hair that is easier to see, and some have less. People have hair that is longer and easier to see on some parts of their bodies, such as the tops of their heads and men's beards.
The skin of animals can be made into leather. Leather is sometimes used to make shoes, bags, and balls.
Other things can be said to have "skins". People often say that fruits, such as apples and bananas, and vegetables, such as potatoes, have "skins".

Search engine
A Search engine is a web site on the World Wide Web (www) of the Internet that helps us to quickly and easily find the web pages we want.
One can put in words on the subject that one is interested in, and the search engine will find pages that have those words in them.
Some examples of business search engines are

Shabbat
The Shabbat day(also known sa the Sabbath Day) has its origins in Creation, when God made the Earth for six days, and stopped work on the seventh day. The Shabbat day starts Friday evening when the sun goes down, until Saturday night.
According to Kabbalah, the Shabbat day is meant to be like a perfect world in which everyone knows about God and loves Him, a kind of world that has not been since the Garden of Eden, and will not be again until the Messiah comes.
On Shabbat, work is not allowed according to the Ten Commandments. It is a day of rest and of Torah study. Most machines may not be used, and no work done. Not even a light switch can be used, according to Orthodox Judaism, but not all Jewish groups do this.
The Sabbath in Christianity comes from the Jewish Shabbat, but most Christians have it on Sunday, not Saturday. They also rest, but not the same way as Jews. The exact way depends on denomination.
Islam also has a Day of Rest, which also comes from Shabbat. In Islam it is on Friday, and is called "Yawm al-Jamme'a," the "Day of Gathering" (For prayer).

Statistics
Statistics is a way to collect and analyze measurements. Statistics is used to describe data and to test theories about the world and how it works. Statistics is based on probability — the "laws of chance".
Collecting data.
Before the world can be described with statistics, data has to be collected. This data has the form of measurements. After the data is collected, there will be a series of numbers which describe that observation, or measurement. A typical example might be to find out how popular a certain TV program is, how many people watch it. Another example might be to find out, whether a certain drug helps in curing a specific disease.
Methods.
Most commonly statistical data is by doing surveys, or experiments. Surveys are done by using a small number individuals, and collecting data from them. They may be asked questions, if there are people. If they are not, some measurements might be taken from them.
The choice of which individuals to take for a survey or data collection is very important, as it directly influences the statistics. When the statistics are done, it can no longer be determined which individuals are taken. Suppose, the water quality of a lake needs to be measured. It is a big lake. If samples are taken next to the waste drain, results of this will be totally different, than if the samples are taken in a remote, nearly inaccessible spot of the lake,
Errors.
We can avoid chance errors by taking a larger sample, and we can avoid some bias by choosing randomly. However, sometimes large random samples are hard to take. And bias can happen if some people refuse to answer our questions, or if they know they are getting a fake treatment. These problems can be hard to fix.
Finding the middle of the data.
The middle of the data is often called an average. The average tells us about a typical individual in the population. There are three kinds of average that are often used: the mean, the median and the mode.
Name | A B C D E F G H I J
score| 23 26 49 49 57 64 66 78 82 92
Mean.
The formula for the mean is
formula_1
Where formula_2 are the data and formula_3 is the population size. (see Sigma Notation).
In our example formula_4
The problem with the mean is that it does no longer tell about how the values are distributed. It is easy to influence the mean by extreme values. In statistics, extreme values might be errors of measurement,
Median.
The median is the middle item of the data. To find the median we sort the data from the smallest number to the largest number and then choose the number in the middle. If there are an even number of data we choose the two middle ones and calculate their mean. In our example there are 10 items of data, the two middle ones are "E" and "F", so the median is (57+64)/2 = 60.5.
Mode.
The mode is the most frequent item of data. For example the most common letter in English is the letter "e". We would say that "e" is the mode of the distribution of the letters.
Other descriptive statistics.
We use it to find out that some percent, percentile, number, or fraction of people or things in a group do something or fit in a certain category.
For example, social scientists used statistics to find out that 49% of people in the world are males.
"See also: Normal distribution"

Speed
Speed is the distance that an object moves in a certain amount of time. Speed is a measure of how fast something is moving.
Finding speed.
To find speed formula_1,
formula_2formula_3
where formula_4 is the distance and formula_5 is the time that has gone by.
Units of measurement for speed.
There are many units of measurement for speed. For example, an object's speed can be measured in
Changing speed.
When an object changing speed, it gets faster or slower. When the object becomes faster, and the speed increases, it is called acceleration. When the object gets slower, and the speed decreases, it is called deceleration, or negative acceleration.

Server log
A server log records what is happening on a server at any time. For example, an HTTP server runs a web site.

Server
In net jargon (words people use about the Internet) a server is a computer that serves many things from user, or client machines. Usually a server will only do a few things. Every type of thing a server does is called a service. Services are used by other computers that are called clients. The relationship between the client and the server is called a client-server relationship. For example, Wikipedia has a web server which has a service for sending web pages over the Internet. Your client computer talks to the Wikipedia's web page service to get web pages for you.
So that servers and clients can talk to each other, they need to be connected to a network, and they need to use the same protocol. In networks, a protocol is a set way for machines to talk to other machines - like a language. For example, the Wikipedia server runs the HTTP (Hyper-text transfer protocol) to send web sites to your computer, and your computer uses the HTTP Protocol to ask Wikipedia for pages.
Usually, servers are specially made to be more powerful and reliable, and they are more expensive than normal computers. Sometimes, servers can be clustered, which means that lots of servers work together to do one service.
In a peer to peer system, every computer is both a client and a server to each other. This is commonly implemented in file sharing and VOIP. However, this can aid in attempts at piracy.

State
There are different forms of government a state can have,for example a republic, or a monarchy. Sometimes, states form their own countries, sometimes many states work together to form a country. Most states also have armed forces, civil service, law and police.
Early states.
The earliest states were just groups of power. A group of farms working together or a group of factories working together could be 'states' since people can control them and protect them.
More organized states could be the monarchies such as early Egypt under the Pharaoh. Following this were larger more military-based states such as the Roman Empire. The most important early states, however, were the Ancient Greek states which had freedom, writing and a democracy.
From military to modern state.
When the military-based state, the Roman Empire, fell, lots of little states were made and each was also military-based and controlled by a king. These states didn't often work together and war raged. However, once people within the state itself started fighting (what's called a Civil war), the kings had to make peace and start parliaments.
Modern states.
These states all tried to improve their politics and economy and became more and more like the states today. They formed proper boundaries for their lands and worked with power within the state itself more, such as the Church or the nobility. They made armies, tax systems and embassies all to help make them more powerful and stable.
Different types of state.
Types of state can be separated into two categories: democracy and dictatorship. However, just because a group of states are all democratic does not mean that they follow the same rules. Iran, Pakistan, France, Germany and the United States of America are all states. Each of them sees itself as a democracy. Each of them however has a different idea what "democracy" really means.
Different states of the same 'category' can also function differently. For example, two democratic states may be quite different if one has a well-trained police or army while the other does not. Therefore, the word 'state' only tells us what type of government that state follows (democratic or dictatorship) and doesn't tell us about the country itself.
Sub-categories of state.
There are lots of sub-types of state branching off from democracy and dictatorship. The main ones are Pluralism, Marxism and Institutionalism.
Pluralism.
Pluralism has been very popular in the United States. It shows the state as a neutral place for settling arguments between other states. Pluralism tells us that all people are not equal, but still allows each group of people to tell the state what to do. This type of state is called a polyarchy.
Also in a pluralist state, politics, the military and the economy are all united and work together. This means that all power in the state is 'diffused' across the people who live there.
Marxism.
Marxism was popular in Europe in the 1960s and 1970s. It was started by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Marxism rejects the idea that a state is there for all the people living in it, and is definitely not a neutral place for settling arguments.
The main job of a Marxist state is to protect capitalist-made profits and to help people make contracts to keep economy in the state fair. This is a good idea, however, the person who makes the money by using production or contracts has power over the people who don't make as much money as him. This means that the working class (the people who work in factories etc) have hardly any power but the people who own the factories have a lot of power. Basically, instead of giving power to everyone such as a polyarchy would do, only a small part of the people have power.
Institutionalism.
Both Marxism and Pluralism states have to react to the activities of groups of people in the state itself. Institutionalist states don't see themselves as 'instruments' to be controlled, they are more just geographical areas. In this area, the people just form groups themselves. An Institutionalist state can be made up of both Marxist and Pluralist people, both which have the power to control themselves and not influence the other parties of the state.
Anarchism.
Anarchism is when a group of people have complete freedom and don't believe in having a state at all. Anarchists are a lot like Marxists, since they don't believe that all people are equal, but they believe (opposite to Marxists) that a country can work without any organizations in it. Law and order are not necessary.
Anarchists (such as Bakunin and Kropotkin in the 19th century), often want a form of Marxism but ignoring some of their rules. They want workers to manage themselves and simply get paid for what they do, rather than getting paid in wages.

Stream
A stream is a natural flow of water moving across country between banks. It is smaller than a river.

Solar System
The Solar System is the astronomical name for the Sun and the collection of planets, comets and other objects moving around it.
The Earth moves around the Sun in an oval shaped, or "elliptical" orbit. The other planets in the Solar System also move around the Sun in elliptical orbits.
The biggest objects that go around the Sun are called planets. It took people many years of looking carefully through telescopes to find them. No new big ones have been found for a long time, but more small objects are found every year. Most of the planets have moons that orbit around them. There are 166 of these moons in the solar system.
planets of solar system.
The planets are numbered (1) to (8) in order of distance from the sun and dwarf planets are letter "(A)" to "(E)".
Structure.
There are a few main parts of the Solar System. The terrestrial inner planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars) are the four closest planets to the sun and all have rocky surface. Between Mars and Jupiter is the asteroid belt and after that are the Gas Giants, (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune). They are all bigger than Earth and are mostly made up of gas. This group are the four biggest planets in the Solar System.
After them is another, larger asteroid belt called the Kuiper belt. This contains many comets and asteroids as well as the dwarf planets Pluto, Haumea, Makemake, and Eris. After this scientists think there may be an even bigger asteroid belt called the Oort cloud although since it is hard to see they cant be sure.
Pluto is no longer a planet.
Pluto has been called a planet since it was discovered in 1930. In 2006, astronomers decided Pluto should no longer be called a planet because it is too small. Also, its orbit is very different from the other eight planets, as its orbit slants a little. It is now called a dwarf planet along with four others Ceres, Haumea, Eris and
Order of discovery.
Before the discovery of Uranus, ancient thoughts of the solar system consisted only of the Sun, the Moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn as much as ancient records go.
Long ago, ancient scientists thought the Sun (and the whole solar system) orbited the Earth and that Venus was a star and not a planet.

Saturn (planet)
orbit: 1,429,400,000 km (9.54 AU) from Sun
Saturn is the sixth planet from the Sun. It is a gas giant, meaning it is mostly made of gas and does not have a solid surface. It is the second largest planet in the Solar System, the largest being Jupiter. The planet was named after the Roman god Saturnus, equivalent to the Greek god Cronos. Saturn's symbol is ♄ which is the symbol of Saturnus' sickle.
Saturn has a very large system of rings made of ice with smaller amounts of rocks and dust. It has 59 moons, plus 3 others that are not confirmed yet as of 2007. The largest is Titan, which is larger than the planet Mercury.
Physical features.
Saturn is an oblate spheroid, meaning that it is flattened at the poles, and it swells out around its equator. The planet's equatorial diameter is 120,536 km (74,867 mi) whereas its polar diameter (i.e. from the north pole to the south pole) is 108,728 km (67,535 mi); a 9% difference. Its flattened shape is due to its very fast rotation, rotating once every 10.8 Earth hours. Saturn is the only planet in the Solar System that is less dense than water. Even though the planet's core is very dense, it has a gaseous atmosphere, so its average specific density of the planet is 0.69 g/cm³ (less than water). As a result, if Saturn were placed in a large pool of water, it would float on it.
Atmosphere.
The outer part of Saturn's atmosphere is made up of 96.7% hydrogen and 3% helium, 0.2% methane and 0.02% of ammonia. There are also very small amounts of acetylene, ethane and phosphine.
Saturn's clouds show a banded pattern, similar to the cloud bands seen in Jupiter. Unlike Jupiter, Saturn's clouds are much fainter and the bands are wider at the equator. Saturn's lowest cloud layer is made up of water ice, and is about 10 km thick. The temperature here is quite low, at 250 K (-10°F, -23°C). However there are disagreements among scientists about this. The layer above, about 77 km thick, is made up of ammonium hydrosulfide ice (chemical symbol: NH4HS), and above that is a layer of ammonia ice clouds 80 km thick. The highest layer is made up of hydrogen and helium gases, which extends between 200 and 270 km above the water cloud tops. Auroras are also known to form in Saturn in the mesosphere. The temperature at Saturn's cloud tops is extremely low, at 98 K (-283°F, -175°C). The temperature in the inner layers are much higher than the outside layers because of the heat produced by Saturn's interior. Saturn's winds are some of the fastest in the Solar System, reaching 500 s (1,800 h, 1,118 mph), much faster than the fastest winds recorded on Earth.
Saturn's atmosphere is also known to form oval shaped clouds, similar to the more clearer spots seen in Jupiter. These oval spots are cyclonic storms, identical to cyclones seen on Earth. In 1990, the Hubble Space Telescope detected an enormous white cloud near its equator. Storms like the 1990 storm were known as the "Great White Spot", unique Saturnian storms that only exist for a short time and only appear about every 30 earth years, around the time of the summer solstice in the Northern Hemisphere. Great White Spots were also found in 1876, 1903, 1933, and 1960. If this constant cycle continues, it is predicted that another storm will form in about 2020.
The Voyager 1 spacecraft detected a hexagonal cloud pattern near Saturn's north pole at about 78°N. The Cassini-Huygens probe later confirmed it in 2006. Unlike the north pole, the south pole does not show any hexagonal cloud feature. Interestingly, the Cassini probe discovered a hurricane-like storm locked to the south pole that shows a very clear eyewall. This discovery is notable as no eyewalls have been observed in any other planet in the Solar System other than the Earth.
Interior.
Saturn's interior is similar to Jupiter's interior. It has a small rocky core at its centre and it is very hot; its temperature reaches 15,000 K (26,540 °F, 14,730 °C). It is so hot that it radiates about two and a half times more heat energy into space than the amount of energy Saturn receives from the Sun. The core is about the same size as the Earth's, but more dense. Above it is a thicker layer of metallic hydrogen, about 30,000 km (18,600 mi) deep. Above that layer is a region of liquid hydrogen and helium. The core is heavy, about 9 to 22 times more mass than the Earth's core.
Magnetic field.
Saturn has a natural magnetic field that is much weaker than Jupiter's. Like the Earth's, Saturn's field is a magnetic dipole. Saturn's field is unique in that it is perfectly symmetrical, unlike any other known planet (ie. the field is exactly in line with the planet's axis). Saturn generates radio waves, but they are too weak to be detected from Earth. The moon Titan orbits in the outer part of Saturn's magnetic field and gives out plasma to the field from the ionised particles in Titan's atmosphere.
Rotation and orbit.
Saturn's average distance from the Sun is over 1.4 billion km, about 9 times is distance from the Earth to the Sun. It takes 29.5 Earth years for Saturn to orbit around the Sun. This is known as Saturn's "orbital period". Saturn takes about 10.8 Earth hours to rotate around its axis. This is known as its "rotational period". It is known that its rotational period does not stay the same, therefore, Saturn does not rotate at a constant rate. Its rotational period is determined by the rotation speed of the radio waves released by the planet. The Cassini-Huygens spacecraft discovered that the radio emissions slowed down, thus the rotational period increased. It is unknown what caused the radio waves to slow down.
History.
Saturn is best known for its clearly visible planetary rings which makes it the most visually remarkable object in the solar system. The rings were first discovered by Galileo Galilei in 1610, using his telescope. He did not identify them as rings though, describing them as "ears". He stated that Saturn was actually three separate planets that almost touch one another. In 1612, when the rings were facing edge on with the Earth, the rings disappeared, then reappeared again in 1613, further confusing Galileo. In 1655, Christiaan Huygens was the first person who suggested that Saturn was surrounded by rings. He observed Saturn using a much more powerful telescope than Galilei's. He quoted that "It [Saturn] is surrounded by a thin, flat, ring, nowhere touching, inclined to the ecliptic." In 1675, Giovanni Domenico Cassini discovered that the planet's rings were in fact made of smaller ringlets with gaps. The largest ring gap was later named the Cassini Division. In 1859, James Clerk Maxwell showed that the rings cannot be solid, but are made of small particles, each orbiting Saturn on their own, otherwise, it would become unstable or break apart. James Keeler studied the rings using a spectroscope in 1895 which proved Maxwell's theory to be correct.
Physical features.
The rings range from 6,630 km to 120,700 km above the planet's equator. As proved by Maxwell, even though the rings appear to be solid and unbroken when viewed from above, the rings are made of small particles of rock and ice. The rings are on average up to one kilometre thick and are made of silica rock, iron oxide and ice particles. The smallest particles are only specks of dust while the largest are the size of a house.
The largest gaps in the rings are the Cassini Division and the Encke Division, both are visible from the Earth. The Cassini Division is the largest, measuring 4,800 km (2,980 mi) wide. However, when the Voyager spacecrafts visited Saturn in 1980, they discovered that the rings are a complex structure, made out of thousands of thin gaps and ringlets. This structure is thought to arise from the gravitational force of some of Saturn's moons. The tiny moon Pan orbits inside Saturn's rings, creating a gap within the rings. Other ringlets maintain their structure due to the gravitational force of shepherd satellites, such as Prometheus and Pandora. Other gaps form due to the gravitational force of a large moon farther away. The moon Mimas is responsible for clearing away the Cassini gap.
Recently, from data received by the Cassini spacecraft, the rings have their own atmosphere, free from the planet's atmosphere. The rings' atmosphere is made of oxygen gas, and it is produced when the Sun's ultraviolet light breaks up the water ice in the rings. Chemical reaction also occurs between the ultraviolet light and the water molecules, creating hydrogen gas. The oxygen and hydrogen atmospheres around the rings are very widely spaced. In addition to the oxygen and hydrogen gases, the rings have an atmosphere made of hydroxide, but it is also very sparse. This compound was detected from Earth by the Hubble Space Telescope.
Spokes.
The Voyager space probe discovered features shaped like rays, called "spokes". They are seen as dark when under sunlight, and appear light when against the unlit side. It is assumed that the spokes are made of microscopic dust particles that are raised above the ring plane. They rotate at the same time with the planet's magnetosphere, therefore, it is assumed that they have a connection with electromagnetism. However, the exact reason explaining why these spokes exist is still unknown.
The Cassini probe detected the spokes too, 25 years later. They appear to be seasonal, disappearing during solstice and appearing again during equinox.
Moons.
Saturn has at least 60 moons, 48 of these have names. Many of the moons are very small: 33 of the 50 moons are less than 10 km in diameter and a further 13 moons are less than 50 km. Seven moons are large enough to be a near perfect sphere caused by their own gravitation. These moons are Titan, Rhea, Iapetus, Dione, Tethys, Enceladus and Mimas. Titan is the largest moon, larger than the planet Mercury, and it is the only moon in the Solar System to have a thick, dense atmosphere. Hyperion and Phoebe are the next largest moons, larger than 200 km in diameter.
On Titan, the largest moon of Saturn, in December 2004 and January 2005, lots of nearby photos were taken, thanks to a man-made satellite called the Cassini-Huygens probe. One part of this satellite, known as the Huygens probe, eventually landed on Titan.
Exploration.
Saturn was first explored by the Pioneer 11 spacecraft on September, 1979. It flew as close as 20,000 km above the planet's cloud tops. It took photographs of the planet and a few of its moons, but were low in resolution. It discovered a new, thin ring called the F ring, and discovered that the dark ring gaps appear bright when viewed towards the Sun, indicating the gaps are not empty of material. The spacecraft meaured the temperature of the moon Titan.
On November, 1980, Voyager 1 visited Saturn, and took higher resolution photographs of the planet, rings and moons. Unlike Pioneer 11, the images were good enough to focus on the surface features of the moons. Voyager 1 made a close encounter of Titan, and gained much information about its atmosphere. In August, 1981, Voyager 2 continued to study the planet. Images taken by the space probe indicated that changes were happening to the rings and atmosphere. The Voyager spacecrafts discovered a number of moons orbiting close to Saturn's rings, as well as discovering new ring gaps.
On July 1, 2004, the Cassini-Huygens probe entered into orbit around Saturn. Before then, it made a close flyby of Phoebe, taking very high resolution images of its surface and gaining high amounts of data. On December 25, 2004, the Huygens probe separated from the Cassini probe before moving down towards Titan's surface and landed there on January 14, 2005. It landed on a dry surface, but it confirmed that large bodies of liquid exist on the moon. The Cassini probe continued to gain data of Titan and a number of the icy moons. It found evidence that the moon Enceladus had water erupting from its geysers. Cassini also proved in July, 2006 that Titan contained hydrocarbon lakes, located near its north pole. In March, 2007, it discovered a large hydrocarbon lake the size of the Caspian Sea near its north pole.
Cassini observed the lightning occurring in Saturn since early 2005. The power of the lightning was measured to be 1000 times more powerful than lightning from the Earth. Astronomers believe that the lightning observed in Saturn is the strongest ever seen.
References.
Giuliano Sovramora "Knots Theory and its relation to strings". Harvard University Magazine, Section Astronomy, pages 23-45 volume XXV, May 2006.

Slavery
Slavery (also called thralldom) is a system where people, called slaves, must work with little or no pay for their work. Slaves do not have rights and have no choice but to work.
Slavery is a form of unfree labour and, in general, slaves are owned by someone else. If a slave is owned by someone else, he is called a chattel slave (pronounced. Chattel slaves are property, much like cattle. They are bought and sold in the same way.
Slavery today.
People are still being made slaves in some parts of the world. The ways in which it is done have changed. Today, slaves work because of things like a high debt (for example, slaves have to work to pay off a debt). For girls and women, forced prostitution is a type of slavery. Another form of slavery still happening today is forced child labor. Some children have to work in mines or in plantations, or they have to fight wars as child soldiers, for no pay.
One study says that there are 27 million people (but others say there could be as many as 200 million) in slavery today, everywhere.
Countries.
There is obvious enslavement still taking place in parts of Africa, the Middle East, and South Asia. In Summer 2007, 570 people were found to be slaves for brick makers in China. Of those freed, 69 of them were children. The Chinese government made a force of 35,000 police check northern Chinese brick kilns for slaves, and sent lots of kiln supervisors and officials to prison and sentenced one kiln foreman to death for killing an enslaved worker.
In Mauritania, it is estimated that up to 600,000 men, women and children, or 20% of the population, are enslaved, many of them used as bonded labour. Slavery in Mauritania was made illegal in August 2007. In Niger, slavery is also rife. A Nigerian study has found that more than 800,000 people are enslaved, almost 8% of the population. Child slavery has commonly been used when making cash crops and mining. According to the U.S. Department of State, more than 109,000 children were working on cocoa farms alone in Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) in 'the worst forms of child labour' in 2002.
Slave policy.
The prices for a slave are different in different places. They start at about US$40, in Mali, for young adult male workers. A young woman or a girl who does not have HIV may sell for as much as US$1,000 in Thailand. In 1850 in the United States, a slave could have been US$1,000 — about $25,800 today. The change in price is probably due to the fact of today's greater population, making human life cheaper. As a result of the lower price, the money advantages of present-day slavery are clear.
In November 2006, the International Labour Organisation said that it would prosecute members of the junta that rules Myanmar (also called Burma) at the International Court of Justice for "Crimes against Humanity". This is because the military obliges some citizens to forced labour. The International Labour Organisation says that it thinks that about 800.000 people are forced to work this way.
Stopping slavery.
Slavery was a very normal thing more than 150 years ago, but now most people know it is wrong, and most countries do not allow it.
In 1833 Britain stopped slavery, then in 1865 the United States did the same. They made it a crime to own slaves. In the United States, it stopped after the American Civil War. When the North won, all slaves were made free. When that happened, it was called "abolition of slavery". Slavery still exists today in some countries.

Soul
Many philosophies and religions say that a soul is the part of a living human being which is supernatural and lives after death. It cannot be discovered by science, because it cannot be tested in any controlled way. Many different opinions exist as to what happens to personal experience after death. Most atheists say that there is no such thing as a soul, and that the body is the only part of a person.
Popular culture.
In popular culture, soul usually means deep feeling and commitment. It is in this sense that the word appears in the term soul music. However that music was also influenced by gospel music which was religious.
One common idea about souls that is easy to express, is that a person "is" a soul, and "has" a body. The soul is the "I" in "I exist" that feels and lives life. What people call the mind could be "part" of the soul: one soul started this article, other souls have edited it, and another soul is reading it. This view, however, implies that the human body is a possession, and seems to devalue bodies that do not have souls as defined or understood by the speaker (some people say that animals, heretics, and people of another religion do not have souls). Like most uses of the verb to be, there is an ideology in these simple words.
Characteristics.
One distinction often made is between soul, which is distinct from other souls, and spirit which may be combined with that of other beings. The idea of the Holy Spirit in Christianity, for example, is a universal and shared spirit many souls are part of, and which is expressed on Earth in that faith by "the Church" meaning "the body of Christ" meaning "all bodies that follow Jesus." This could be more inclusive than the is/has view of souls and bodies.
Reincarnation.
Reincarnation is a belief that says that after the body dies, the soul will be born again in another body.

Soap
Most kinds of soap are chemical compounds containing sulfates. When combined with water during bathing or washing, they help people and clothes get clean by reducing the ability of dirt and oil to hang onto skin or fabric.
Soaps are made from animal fats or vegetable oils.
Soap cleans very well in soft water. It is non-toxic to water life.
It can be broken down by bacteria.
However, soap is only slightly soluble in water, so it is seldom used in washing machines. It does not work well in hard water. It cannot be used in strongly acidic solutions.
Man has used soap for at least 2000 years.

Summary
A summary is a short version of something, for instance a movie or a book or an article. It tells you the main things in the movie or article or book in a short way and leaving out the details (the less important things).
Many scientific journals publish a summary for every large article so people who do not have much time can read the main information quickly without spending too much time reading the article.
Before one can deduce the summary of a comprehension, one should fully understand the comprehension. That is by reading the first time, second and preferably third. Use of windy statements and lengthy words in order to impress the examiner is not preferable. Just a short and small combination of words do the job. For example
1. George now knows that his friend Clooney can cheaply fall into any of his pranks.
2. Birds of the same altitude and traits seems to walk in the same conglomeration.
1.George can easily deceive his friend
2.Birds of the same feather flock together.
Notice the use of "words" to explain many "words".George can easily for George now knows that his friend Clooney can cheaply fall. Birds of the same altitude and traits seems for
Also one should know that summary does cosnumes many time dedicated to give out the best summary and not somthing you think it is simple.
1. Don't use windy statements or lengthy expressions
2. In Summary, avoid extreneous words
3. Try to fathom the comprehension passage very well.
4. Abide with rules e.g You may be asked to write your summary in one sentence or two. Breeching this instruction may result to loss of marks or none at all.

Service economy
A service is a job or work done for someone else.
Often, the person who gives the service will get something in return for the service. The person who gives the service can get money in return. The person who gives the service can get goods in return. The person who gives the service can get another service in return. This is a type of trade.
All the service trades in a place form a service economy. The service economy can be in a region like a country or in a town or city.

Sense
When a word has several meanings, one can refer to it as being used "in the sense of..." some context or other. In Simple English for instance we avoid using words in unusual senses.
A valid seventh sense is the immune system's ability to detect invading virus and bacteria.
Memory is sometimes listed as an eighth sense, although it seems not to detect things from outside, but reconstruct them from inside the brain, and sometimes from muscle memory.
The obsolete term "sixth sense" is used to mean empathy or telepathy, and was in use before kinesthetics was understood.
When someone does not like the ideology or logic used in an argument, they often say it makes no sense or is nonsense.
A variation of this is to say that something does not make "economic sense". Usually these words signal a political dispute or some failure to define terms correctly.
The term "common sense" is used to mean either wisdom or very stupid ideas shared by many "common" people. It has a long history of being used in politics, to mean almost anything.

Synagogue
A synagogue is a place where Jews meet to worship and pray to God.
In Hebrew, a synagogue is called "beit knesset", which means, a "house of gathering". The word "synagogue" comes from "sunagoge", which is a Greek word. In a synagogue, Jews do the Jewish services, which are prayers, sometimes with special actions.
A synagogue will always have a big room for prayers. There might be some smaller rooms for studying. There will be some offices. There will also usually be a big room for special events.
The front of a synagogue faces towards Jerusalem in Israel. In the front is the holiest part of the synagogue, the Ark. This is a closet which has the Torah scrolls inside. The Torah scrolls have the holy writings of Judaism on them. The Ark usually has a curtain in front of it.
On top of the Ark is light which is always lit, called the “Eternal Lamp”. It is a symbol which means that God is always there.
Every synagogue has a raised platform called the “Bimah”. The person who reads the Torah scroll stands there when he reads. The Bimah is either in the middle of the hall, or in front of the Ark.
In some synagogues men and women sit in different places. Some synagogues even have a short wall so that they can not see each other. This is so that the people will think about the prayers better.
Jews may call synagogues by different names. Many Orthodox and Conservative Jews living in English-speaking countries use the name "synagogue" or "shul." Jews who speak Spanish or Portuguese call synagogues "esnoga". Some Jews call the synagogue a temple.

Scarcity
Scarcity in economics is used to describe the lack of various forms of capital. Scarcity can be used to describe an economic situation in economics, or it can be used to describe more general situations.
In economics, scarcity is the result of people having "Unlimited Wants and Needs," or always wanting something new, and having "Limited Resources." Limited Resources means that there are never enough resources, or materials, to satisfy, or fulfill, the wants and needs that every person have. Scarcity is called the "basic economic problem," meaning that is always exists.
Scarcity exists due to the effects of nature such as drought, floods, storms, pest infestation, fire and other things. Real scarcity can also exist by over use of non-renewable resources. Goods (things) and services are also scarce because there are only a limited number of things in the world and due to the limits of technology and our own priorities.

Textual difficulty
What textual tests do is give people an idea about the density of their writing. Readability tests can not tell them how easily a reader can understand the information in the text.

Theatre
Theatre (in British English and American English), or Theater (in American English only), has several meanings.
In American English, the word "theater" can mean either a place where films are shown (this is called a "cinema' in British English) or a place where live stage plays are performed. In British English, "theatre" means a place where live plays are performed.
Theatre or Theater can also mean the business of putting on plays. An actor might say "I am in the theatre business," or a writer might say "I write for the theatre," meaning that they write plays, rather than writing for movies or television shows.
Ancient Greece.
The first people to create plays were the Ancient Greeks, in about the year 500 A.D. They divided plays into two kinds: tragedy and comedy. This division is still used today. The most known Ancient Greek writers of plays are Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides and Aristophanes; their plays are still played today.
These ancient Greek plays were performed outdoors in large amphitheatres for large crowds. These plays were very popular. There were contests among the playwrights (people who write plays are called playwrights) and the winner would win a prize of a goat, some money or maybe some wine.
Middle Ages.
In the Middle Ages, the Christian church began to use theatre as a way of telling the stories from the Bible to people who did not know how to read. They wrote Mystery Plays, where each part of the Bible story would be a play put on by a different group of people. They also wrote Miracle Plays which were plays about the lives of the saints. There were also Morality plays which taught the audiences how to live a good Christian life.
Commedia dell' arte comic plays during the 1500s.
In the 1500s, groups of actors who would tour around Italy performing comic plays to entertain townspeople. These plays were called Commedia dell'arte, and different stories would be created around the same group of characters. Often the spoken lines would be made up by the actors for each performance.
Other kinds of plays called Neoclassical Dramas and Neoclassical Comedies were also popular in Italy and in France at this time. These plays were written to copy the style of the plays from Ancient Greece and Rome.
At the end of the sixteenth century (the 1500s), the travelling actors began to perform in fixed theatre buildings. This was the period when William Shakespeare wrote. He lived from 1564 to 1616. At that time, in England, women were not allowed to perform, so male actors would play female characters.
His theatre was in London, England. It was called The Globe. It was an outdoor theatre and plays were performed in the daytime for large audiences. His plays were very popular and are many are still performed today. Many scholars and theatre people believe Shakespeare was one of the best playwrights (a writer of plays).
He wrote many kinds of plays: tragedies, comedies, romances and also history plays. All of his plays are written in beautiful, poetic language. Shakespeare often wrote plays set in Italy or in exotic, far-away places that would be interesting to London audiences. His plays are still popular today for many reasons. His characters (the people in his plays) are interesting and talk about interesting ideas.
The stories he tells in his plays are often exciting, very funny (in the comedies), or very sad (in the tragedies) and make you want to know what happens to his characters. He also talks in his plays about things we still think about today, like love, sadness, hope, pride, hatred, jealousy, and foolishness.
Plays from the 1700s.
"This section currently needs your knowledge to help others on this subject. Thank You."
Plays from the 1800s.
"This section currently needs your knowledge to help others on this subject. Thank You."
Plays from the 1900s.
After World War II, playwrights in Europe and the United States began doing plays in a new style called "Theatre of the Absurd." After seeing the horrors of war, these playwrights felt that all their old values had been destroyed. Playwrights such as Samuel Beckett, Eugène Ionesco, Harold Pinter, and Jean Genet wrote plays that are considered to be "Theatre of the Absurd."
The "Theatre of the Absurd" plays have some of the same ideas that are found in the philosophy (a way of thinking) called existentialism. Existentialism is very different from many other "philosophies". Most religions and philosopies say that human life has a meaning (or a purpose). The philosophy of existentialism is that human life does not have a meaning (or a purpose). When something has no meaning, it is "absurd". (absurd means means silly and meaningless.)
The plays written in this style make people think about questions like "what is it like to be a person in the world?" and "what does it mean for a person to be free?" They are often filled with sad emotions, such as worry, fear, and thoughts about death.
Plays from the 2000s.
There are many other types of plays performed in the theatre today.
Theatre Breaks.
Theatre breaks are a form of short break, based around viewing a theatrical show. Theatre breaks tend to include a nights hotel accommodation included in the price. Some theatre breaks websites have been trading for over 20years.

This
This is a demonstrative pronoun used to identify a noun. It describes something that is here or nearby ("This ball I am holding is red." or "This is my home."). A very easy way to tell if someone is using this the right way is if the object that they are talking about can be pointed to. For example, if someone says "this computer is mine," it should be possible to point to the computer. It does not matter if the computer (a noun) is in the room or in a picture.

Test
A test is a way of checking something to see if it is true or if it works. If something can be tested, it is testable.
People.
People are tested to see what they have learned. This is often called an assessment or examination. In education, a test item is a question, or set of questions on a test.
People and animals can also be tested for illnesses. For example, a blood test can be used to check for disease.
Science.
In science, tests are called experiments. These are done to check for a presence of a substance, or to check the quality of the thing being tested.
Software.
In software engineering, a test is used to determine a characteristic of a software system. Software is tested before it is released. "Alpha" testing is where software developers check the software for bugs. Software can also be checked for quality and usability. "Beta" testing is done by groups of users.
Vehicles.
Cars and other vehicles are tested using a crash test. The car is put under severe conditions to see what will make it fail. Other machines can also be crash tested. Crash test dummies stand in for humans. They 'sit' in the car seat to see if a human in the crash would have been injured or killed. Crash tests cost a lot of money.
Other.
The River Test is a chalk stream in the south of England. The river is used a lot for trout fishing. The river starts near Overton, in Hampshire and ends at the sea at the head of Southampton Water.

Time horizon
A time horizon is a future point in time when something must be "done" (a "deadline") or will be "over" (a "time limit"). Either way, the matter will be closed when the time horizon is reached.
It is very important to know at what time horizon something you are doing will be scored, evaluated, marked or paid for.
Sports, for example football (soccer) and basketball, often have time limits. Baseball and others do not, which sometimes causes problems.

Time limit
A time limit is a time horizon that is imposed on everyone at once.
It may be used to try to achieve fairness in some system of ethics. For instance, if poor people and rich people are debating something, a time limit may be imposed so that the rich people cannot keep debating until the poor people have to go to work, and lose.
Time limits are very important in accounting so that everyone can report their results (for tax and investment purposes) at the same time. This in turn creates deadlines for the accountant and those reporting.
However, the deadline is imposed by an authority, whereas the time limit is imposed by a system. So there can be slack in a deadline, so that results do not have to be reported always very fast.
For example, in the United States of America, the end of the calendar year on December 31 is the time limit for taxes, but the deadline for reporting is April 15. Sometimes the government allows more time, as it did for the families of those who were killed in the September 11, 2001 attacks.

Taiwan
Taiwan (Traditional Chinese: 臺灣 or 台灣, Simplified Chinese: 台湾, Pinyin: Taiwan) is a democratic island country, officially known as the Republic of China (Taiwan) in East Asia. It is southeast of the communist People's Republic of China (PRC), south of Japan, and north of the Philippines. It includes the Pescadores islands. They are located nearby. Taiwan's old name was Formosa. It means "beautiful island" in Portuguese.
The largest cities on Taiwan are the capital of Taipei and Kaohsiung.
Most people living in Taiwan (sometimes called Taiwanese) are Han. There are also Taiwanese Aborigines who lived on Taiwan before the Han came to live there.
Taiwan has three large Han groups. They are different in language and places where their ancestors came from: the Southern Fujianese (from China's Fujian Province), the Hakka (from China), and Mainlanders (from Mainland China after 1948).
these so-called "Han" were really Taiwanese Aborigines
who were forced to become like Chinese by the Qing Dynasty.
The communist People's Republic of China (PRC) says that Taiwan belongs to them, and does not think the Republic of China (Taiwan) has a right to exist as a country. But most Taiwanese citizens think the ROC (Taiwan) does not belong to the People's Republic of China and that the ROC (Taiwan) is a free country. Still others think that Taiwan should change their name to the "Republic of Taiwan" instead of using the current name Republic of China (Taiwan).
Status of Taiwan.
There are two Chinese governments in the world: The People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Republic of China (ROC). PRC claims control over the island of Taiwan (which is also known as Taiwan province). Today, in reality, the PRC government controls mainland China, and the ROC government governs Taiwan. The PRC government has never occupied Taiwan. The ROC government occupied mainland China from 1911 to 1949, before losing control of mainland China to the communist PRC.
Today, people who live in Taiwan have different ideas. Many Taiwanese think there is no freedom in China. Although some people on the island want to be united again with China, others want Taiwan to formally declare independence. But most of the people in Taiwan want to keep everything like it is now, at least until China becomes free.
Today most countries of the world recognize the People's Republic of China as China. Even though Taiwan is not recognized by UN as a sovereign nation, most countries still have very close economic and cultural relationship with the island of Taiwan. The government of China have said that if the people of Taiwan formally votes to become the Republic of Taiwan, they will invade Taiwan. So, there is now a situation where both sides are not making any big changes.
In March 2004, China's government passed a law that will allow China to invade Taiwan if the people of Taiwan vote to become the Republic of Taiwan. This law hurt the feelings of the people in Taiwan very much, especially since the government of mainland China does not rule Taiwan. It has caused even more people in Taiwan to not want to be re-united with mainland China.

Trademark
A trademark (or trade mark) is a way for a business to help people to know the things the business makes. A trademark is a name, word, phrase, symbol, logo, design, or picture. It can only be used for the thing made by that business.
For example, Coca-Cola and Coke are trademark names for a certain drink made by a certain business No other business can use these names. Other businesses can make a drink that is similar, but they have to use a different name for their drink.
The Nike company makes sports shoes and clothes. The "swoosh" symbol that they use is a trademark, and no other company can use it unless they get permission.
Trademarks can also be names or symbols for brands: whole families of products. The "swoosh" symbol and the name Coke are trademarks that represent the Nike and Coke brands.
Trademark and law.
Trademarks are protected by law. The business tells the government of its country that it wants to use a certain trademark for the thing it makes, and then the government says that no one else can use that trademark. This is "registering" the trademark. If someone uses the trademark in a wrong way, they might have to pay a fine. In the United States, the governing law for trademarks is the Lanham Act.
When people write a word that is a trademark or show a picture or symbol that is a trademark, they should say that it is a trademark. They can write the word "Trademark", the abbreviation "TM", the symbol ™, or the letters "TM" inside a circle.
When people write or show a trademark that a business has registered with their government, people should say it is a "registered trademark" or use the "®" symbol or the abbreviation "Reg."
Businesses that do things for people instead of making things are service providers. They can get a service mark instead of a trademark for the things they do. When people write or show a service mark, they can use the service mark symbol: "℠".

Terrestrial ecoregion
In ecology, a terrestrial ecoregion is a certain area of land which is different from the area near it. It has a distinct climate, geology, type of soil, water availability, and distinct living species (the animals and plants that live in the ecoregion).
For example, one ecoregion can be a desert. It would have sand, very little water, very hot temperatures during the day and very cold at night. The plants could be just bushes, small trees, cactii. The animals could be scorpions, little mammals, spiders.
Or for example, an ecoregion could be a tropical forest It would have warm temperatures all day, a lot of rainfall all year, a huge river crossing, and a very organic soil. The plants could be huge trees or ferns. The animals could be insects, birds, fish and apes.
An ecoregion is likely to be about 100 km square.
Marine ecoregions are similar, but are located in the oceans or fresh waters.

Ten Commandments
According to the Old Testament, the Ten Commandments were rules for life given by God to the Jews at Mt. Sinai. Sometimes these rules are also called Decalogue (from Greek, can be translated as "ten statements"). The name decalogue first occurs in the Septuagint. The Jews received the commandments after they had left Egypt during the reign of Pharaoh Ramses. The commandments can be found in the Bible in the book of Exodus chapter 20 and in slightly different form in the book of Deuteronomy chapter 5. They are also implied in the Qur'an. Since there have been many translations, there may be variations in the way the commandments are written.
Commandments in the Bible.
The Bible does not number the commandments. Different religious groups have numbered them in different ways. The Jews, followed by Christian Protestants, end the first commandment with "You are to have no other gods but me." as above. Catholics and Lutherans end the first commandment at "I will have mercy through a thousand generations on those who have love for me and keep my laws." and separate in their last two commandments the desire for a man's wife from the desire for other things he owns.
Interpretation.
To "put anyone to death without cause", called murder, may mean all killing including execution and war, or exclude these.
To "be false to the married relation", called adultery, is when a married person has sex with a person other than his or her spouse. The Bible does not say this includes unmarried people having sex with each other, although some people think this. Some have interpreted Exodus 22:16 to mean that if two unmarried people have sex, they should make a commitment to one another.
To "give false witness" called lying, may include all lying, or only include lying in a court, called perjury.
To "desire... your neighbour's house, or his wife, or his servant or his ox", implies that wives and servants were owned by a man in Moses' time, although this is not so today. Some people say that this means trying to get what the person wants, while others say it means even wanting it.
In the New Testament, Jesus talked about who was guilty of breaking these commandments. He said that even if someone was just angry and rude to another person, they might be judged for murder, and if they just looked with desire or lust at a woman, they had committed adultery in their heart.
Different numbering.
The commandments passage in Exodus has more than ten imperative statements, there are 14 or 15 in all. While the Bible itself gives the count as "10", using the Hebrew phrase "ʻaseret had'varim"—translated as "the 10 words", "statements" or "things", this phrase does not appear in the passages usually presented as being "the Ten Commandments". Various religions divide the commandments differently. The table below shows those differences.
What others say about them.
In general, religions other than those mentioned (Judaism, Christianity,Islam) do not recognise the Ten Commandments as ethical standards. Many of them (Buddhism, Hinduism, Jainism, etc.) have similar laws or principles though.
In the atheist Soviet Union the Moral Code of the Builder of Communism was a set of rules that resembled the Ten Commandments.
Sabbath day.
Most Christians believe that Sunday is a special day of worship and rest. It is there to remember the Resurrection of Jesus on the first day of the week on the Jewish calendar. They say that there is an analogy between the obligation of the Christian day of worship and the Sabbath-day ordinance. These two rules are not literally identical though. They say that this ordinance is no longer valid, because God has replaced his old creation by a new one (). For this reason, the obligation to keep the Sabbath is not the same for Christians as for Jews. They say there are examples in the New Testament, and in other writings surviving from the first few centuries.
Some conservative Christians are "Sabbatarians". Most of these follow the Reformed traditions. Sabbatarians think the first day of the week or "Lord's Day" is the new Sabbath. This is because the 4th commandment has never been revoked and Sabbath-keeping is in any case a creation ordinance.
Still others believe that the Sabbath remains as a day of rest on the Saturday, reserving Sunday as a day of worship. In reference to Acts 20:7, the disciples came together on the first day of the week (Sunday) to break bread and to hear the preaching of the apostle Paul. This is not the first occurrence of Christians assembling on a Sunday; Jesus appeared to the Christians on the "first day of the week" while they were in hiding. One can maintain this argument in that Jesus himself maintained the Sabbath, although not within the restrictions that were mandated by Jewish traditions; the Pharisees often tried Jesus by asking him if certain tasks were acceptable according to the Law (see: Luke 14:5). This would seem to indicate that while the Sabbath was still of importance to the Jews, Sunday was a separate day for worship and teaching from Scriptures.
The Seventh-day Adventists and other churches disagree with some of these views. They argue that the custom of meeting for worship on Sunday originated in paganism, specifically Sol Invictus and Mithraism (in which sun-god worship took place on Sunday). This is therefore an explicit rejection of the commandment to keep the "seventh" day holy. Instead, they keep Saturday as the Sabbath as a memorial to God's work of creation (,) believing that none of the Ten Commandments can ever be destroyed (,). Seventh-day Sabbatarians claim that the seventh day Sabbath was kept by the majority of Christian groups until the 2nd and 3rd century, by most until the 4th and 5th century, and a few thereafter, but because of opposition to Judaism after the Jewish-Roman wars, the original custom was gradually replaced by Sunday as the day of worship. The history of these changes is certainly not altogether lost regardless of any belief in a suppression of the facts by a conspiracy of the pagans of the Roman Empire and the clergy of the Catholic Church. See Great Apostasy.
Jews had come to be hated in the Roman Empire after the Jewish-Roman wars. This led to the criminalization of the Jewish Sabbath. Hatred of Jews is apparent in the Council of Laodicea (4th Century AD) where Canon 37–38 states: "It is not lawful to receive portions sent from the feasts of Jews or heretics, nor to feast together with them." and "It is not lawful to receive unleavened bread from the Jews, nor to be partakers of their impiety." In keeping with this rejection of the Jews, this Roman council also criminalized the Jewish Sabbath as can be seen in Canon 29 of the Council Laodicea: "Christians must not Judaize by resting on the Sabbath, but must work on that day, rather honoring the Lord's Day; and, if they can, resting then as Christians. But if any shall be found to be judaizers, let them be anathema (excommunicated) from Christ."
Killing or murder.
Various translations exist of the sixth commandment; the Hebrew words לא תרצח are translated either as "thou shalt not kill" or "thou shalt not murder". Older Protestant translations of the Bible, those based on the Vulgate and Roman Catholic translations usually translate it "Thou shalt not kill". Jewish and newer Protestant versions tend to use "You shall not murder". There is controversy as to which translation is more faithful, and both forms are quoted in support of ethical standpoints.
The Vulgate (Latin) translation has "Non occides", i.e. "Thou shalt not kill". English translations using "kill" include the King James (Authorised) (1611) [although note Matthew "do no murder", following the Vulgate "non homicidium facies"], the
American Standard (1901) and Revised Standard (American Protestant, 1952) Versions. Almost all Roman Catholic translations, including
the Douay-Rheims Bible (1609/1752), the New American Bible (1970),
the New Jerusalem Bible (1985) and the Christian Community Bible (1986),
have "kill". Martin Luther (German, 1534) also uses "töten" (kill).
Protestant translations using "murder" include the New International Version (American, 1978), New American Standard Bible (American, 1971), New English Bible (British Protestant, 1970),
and the New King James (American, 1982), New Revised Standard (American, 1989) and English Standard (American Protestant, 2001) Versions. Jewish translations almost all use "murder", including
the Jewish Publication Society of America Version (1917), the Judaica Press tanach (1963) and the Living Torah (1981). A Jewish exception is the Artscroll or "Stone Edition" tanach (1996).
The many examples in the Old Testament of killing sanctioned by God, are quoted in defense of the view that "murder" is more accurate. Furthermore, the Hebrew word for "kill" is "הרג" - "harog", while the Hebrew word for "murder" is "רצח" - "retzach", which is found in the Ten Commandments "לא תרצח" - "lo tirtzach".
Different interpretations of stealing.
Many academic theologians (such as German Old Testament scholar A. Alt: "Das Verbot des Diebstahls im Dekalog" (1953)) suggest that commandment "you shall not steal" was originally intended against stealing people — against abductions and slavery. This would be the same as the Jewish interpretation of the statement as "you shall not kidnap" (e.g. as stated by Rashi).
The problem with images of God.
Christianity says that a very important element of the commandment not to make "any image, or any likeness of any thing that is in heaven above" is "and bow down and worship it". Another understanding on this comes from Roman Catholicism: they hold that one may build and use "likenesses", as long as the object is not worshipped. As a result, many Roman Catholic Churches and services feature images, some feature statues, and in some Orthodox services, icons are venerated. For most Roman Catholics, this practice is understood as fulfilling the observance of this commandment, as they understand these images are not being worshipped.
Eastern Orthodoxy teaches that the incarnation of invisible God as a visible human, Jesus, makes it permissible and necessary to venerate icons.
For Jews and Muslims veneration violates this commandment. Jews and Muslims read this commandment as prohibiting the use of idols and images in any way.
Some Protestants will picture Jesus in his human form, while refusing to make any image of God or Jesus in Heaven.
Very few Christians oppose the making of any images at all. Some groups have been critical of the use others make of images in worship. (See iconoclasm.) In particular, the Orthodox have criticized the Roman Catholic use of decorative statues, Roman Catholics have criticized the Orthodox veneration of icons, and some Protestant groups have criticized the use of stained-glass windows by many other denominations. Jehovah's Witnesses criticize the use of all of the above, as well as the use of the cross. Amish people forbid any sort of graven image, such as photos.
The Ritual Decalogue.
The term "Ten Commandments" without a modifier generally applies to the lists mentioned in Exodus 20 and Deuteronomy 5. However, there is a continuous story being told starting in Exodus 31:18 (where the stones are created), Exodus 32:19 (where the tablets are broken) and Exodus 34. This story lists a very different set of commandments. This version is sometimes called "Ritual Decalogue". Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and the people after him who followed the documentary hypothesis, note that Exodus 34:28 seems to refer to these Ten Commandments rather than the traditional ones. These people thought that the commandments in Exodus 20 and Deuteronomy 5 show a later set of Ten Commandments, and that the ten listed in Exodus 34 were the original Ten Commandments, now known as the "Ritual Decalogue" (as opposed to the better-known "Ethical Decalogue"). The differences between the two Decalogues highlight the development of sacred texts over a long time and from differing narrative traditions by incorporating two differing sets of Ten Commandments.
Influence.
The commandments have influenced Jewish ethics and law and, through Judaism and Christianity, Western ethics and law since the Roman Empire.

Table
A table is a piece of furniture with a flat top supported by one or more legs. We put things on a table, often for a short time, for example food and knives and forks, etc. at a meal, cups for drinks, a book, a map, writing paper when writing, and things for hobbies.
We also put things on tables for a longer time, for example a TV, computer or decorations (pretty things). Often we put a cloth on the table, flat on the top. There are traditional ways of putting the cloth, knives and forks and food on the table for meals.
We can make some tables bigger, for example by pulling the top out. We can also fold some tables to transport them better, for example for camping. There are also small tables in trains and planes which we can fold or open. Some round tables come with a Lazy Susan. This is a rotating piece of wood in the center of the table.
Traditionally, tables in Japan, "chabudai", are low, sometimes round tables, for tea and food.
The name of the international organization Mensa is from the Latin word for table.

Tree
A tree is a tall plant with a trunk and branches made of wood. It can live for many years. The four main parts of a tree are the roots, the trunk, the branches, and the leaves.
The roots of a tree are under the ground. A single tree has many roots. The roots carry food and water from the ground through the trunk and branches to the leaves of the tree.
The trunk is the main body of the tree. The trunk is covered with bark which protects it from damage. Branches grow from the trunk. They spread out so that the leaves can receive sunlight.
The leaves of a tree are usually green, but they can come in many colors, shapes and sizes. The leaves take in sunlight and use water and food from the roots to make the tree grow, and to reproduce.

Tragedy
A tragedy is a sad thing. In theatre, a tragedy is a play that ends sadly. A tragedy is usually about a person who has many good qualities, but has one bad quality (called a "tragic flaw") that causes trouble for him, and may cause him, or his family or friends, to be in trouble.
Often in a tragedy, there is one thing that the hero does not want to happen and tries to prevent, but no matter what he does, it makes this thing more and more sure to happen. They originated in Ancient Greece where they were performed at religious festivals. The three most famous Greek tragedy writers were Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides.

Taxonomy
Taxonomy is a science. It is about the classification of all things living. Although it is most commonly used in biology, it can be used in other types of classification too. Taxonomy is used with different ranks, the lowest is a species. There can also be sub-species. An organism is a species if two organisms of the same kind can mate. This name is the scientific classification of that species. The name is the same all over the world, so that when scientists from different places talk or write about the living thing, they can understand each other.
When someone writes about this animal, the first time they write its name they will write "Felis silvestris catus". After the first time they write its name, they will only write the first letter of the Genus, so they will write "F. silvestris catus". This is known as binomial nomenclature, because it is a way to describe organisms using two names, the common name, and the scientific name.
Kingdom --> Phylum --> Class --> Order --> Family --> Genus --> Species
A mnemonic, or a saying to help a person remember something, for that is "King Phillip Came Over From Geneva Switzerland".

Temple
A temple is a building where people go to practice their religion. In a temple people perform religious activities like prayers and worship of God. Thus, a temple is a general term for a house of worship. Christians usually call their religious buildings churches.

Theft
Theft is a crime. It is when one person or group takes from another person, business, or state any object, money, service, or information without permission. A person who has been convicted of theft may be called a thief. However, the practice of engaging in theft is also called stealing. There are many different types of theft, such as burglary, armed robbery and shoplifting.
Stealing is a basic crime, and is illegal almost everywhere.

United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, usually shortened to the United Kingdom or UK, is a sovereign state in northwest Europe. It is made up of four countries, what used to be the two kingdoms of England and Scotland, the principality of Wales (all three on the island of Great Britain), and the province of Northern Ireland (on the island of Ireland).
About 60 million people live in the UK. Most people in the UK speak English. There are several other native languages, other than English. They are Welsh in Wales, Cornish in Cornwall, Scottish (Gaelic) and Scots in Scotland, Irish in Northern Ireland, French in the Channel Islands and Angloromani. About 270 other languages are spoken. Major languages spoken in the United Kingdom other than English include Eastern Panjabi or Punjabi (471,000 - approximate number of speakers in the UK), Bengali (400,000), Urdu (400,000), Yue Chinese, mainly Cantonese (300,000), Greek (200,000), Southwestern Caribbean Creole English (170,000).
The national anthem is called God Save the Queen
History.
Wales was taken over by England in the 13th century. In 1603, when Queen Elizabeth I of England died, her closest relative was King James VI of Scotland. He became king of England as well as king of Scotland, but the two countries stayed separate. In 1707, the Scottish and English Parliaments agreed the Treaty of Union, which joined the two countries into one country called "The Kingdom of Great Britain".
By the year 1800, England had already had much influence over Ireland for over 600 years. In that year laws were passed in Great Britain and Ireland to merge the two states. This was against the wishes of many of the Irish people, as they had in previous centuries already suffered much English oppression. The new country was called the "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland". In 1922 much of Ireland became independent as the Irish Free State (now called the Republic of Ireland) from the United Kingdom. However, six northern counties of Ireland continued to be part of the United Kingdom. The country was renamed "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland".
Tony Blair was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1997 to 2007. The Conservative party ruled for 18 years before his Labour party won elections. The current Prime Minister is Gordon Brown.
Geography.
The capital city of the United Kingdom is London, a large city on the River Thames in south-eastern England. Other large cities in the UK are Birmingham, Bristol, Manchester, Liverpool, Newcastle upon Tyne, Leeds, Sheffield, Cardiff, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Belfast, Southampton, Leicester, Coventry, Bradford and Nottingham.
The UK is north-west off the coast of mainland Europe. Around the UK are the North Sea, the English Channel and the Atlantic Ocean.
The UK is also in charge of a few smaller places around the world, most of them are islands, which are known as "overseas territories".
The weather of the United Kingdom is warm summers, cool winters and lots of rain throughout the year. The reasons include its northerly latitude and the warm water from the Atlantic Ocean's Gulf Stream.
Politics.
The UK is a constitutional monarchy and a Hereditary monarchy. The people of the United Kingdom vote for a Member of Parliament to speak for them and to help make laws for them. Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II is the queen of the UK and is the head of state (person in charge of the country). Even though she is the head of state, she does not choose what the United Kingdom should do about things like education, healthcare or other choices. The person who chooses for the people in the United Kingdom is the Prime Minister, who is in charge of the government. Today, the Prime Minister is Gordon Brown, who is the leader of the Labour party.
Parliament, where laws are made, has three constituent parts: the House of Commons and the House of Lords and the Queen in Parliament. The House of Commons generally holds primacy. The Members of Parliament serve in the Commons, as has every Prime Minister since the Marquess of Salisbury resigned in 1902. The peers sitting in the House of Lords are not chosen by all of the people of the United Kingdom. They are people who are peers, because their parents were peers (ie. they are hereditary peers), they have been created peers or they are important officials in the established Church of England. The 92 hereditary peers are the only elected members of the House of Lords. There are two other hereditary peers in the House of Lords because they also have jobs to do on state occasions
Scotland has its own devolved Parliament with power to make laws on things like education, health and scots law. Northern Ireland and Wales have their own devolved Assemblies which have some powers but less than the Scottish parliament. The UK Parliament remains sovereign and it could end the devolved administrations at any time.
Economy.
The UK is a developed country with sixth largest economy in the world. It was a major world power during the 19th and early 20th century. The economic cost of two world wars and the decline of the British Empire in the latter 20th century reduced its leading role in global affairs. The UK retains strong economic, cultural, military and political influence and is a nuclear power. It is a member state of the European Union. The UK holds a permanent seat on the United Nations Security Council, and is a member of the G8, NATO, World Trade Organization and the Commonwealth of Nations.
Literature.
William Shakespeare is perhaps the most famous English playwright. He wrote plays in the late 16th century including "Romeo and Juliet" and "Macbeth". In the 19th century, Jane Austen and Charles Dickens were popular novelists. Twentieth century writers include the science fiction novelist H. G. Wells and J. R. R. Tolkien. The children's fantasy "Harry Potter" series is written by J. K. Rowling.
Arthur Conan Doyle from Scotland wrote the Sherlock Holmes detective novels. He was from Edinburgh.
The poet Dylan Thomas has brought Welsh culture to international attention.
Education.
England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales have separate systems of education. They have in common that education is required from ages five to sixteen. The majority of children attend state schools but a small proportion of children attend private schools.
United Kingdom has the leading universities of Cambridge, Oxford, Durham University, Chatham and St Andrews.

Universe
In astronomy, the universe is "everything out there". It contains the sun, all the planets including Earth, all of our galaxy, plus many other galaxies, and all of outer space. It is so huge that scientists measure its size in billions of light years - the distance light travels in a whole year. To travel in a spaceship, using today's knowledge, to even the nearest star would take centuries. In between the stars and galaxies, it is mostly empty and very cold.
"Cosmology" is the science studying its origin, how it changes, and its future. Through history, different theories about it have been made, but the theory accepted by most scientists today is called the "Big Bang". It tells us the universe was once very dense, and then began expanding ("bang") a long time ago.
Across history, many people have come up with ideas explaining how the universe came to be. Many origin myths, folktales that are passed from generation to generation that try to tell how the universe formed, have been created. Some have tried to explain it using gods, these stories are known as "religious creation myths". No one really knows the answer, and this has been the subject of many theories.

Unprofitable
When something is unprofitable, it means that there is no profit being made. If a company makes a product that is not popular and not many people buy it, we can say that the product is unprofitable. A product can also be unprofitable if many people want to buy it, but only at a lower price than it can be made for.

Unit of measurement
Measurement is a process to attach a numerical value to an observation. This is done to be able to compare or order two or more such observations. Units of Measurement provide standards to compare against. That way, the metre is the standard unit to measure length. Until it was redefined in 1982, it was defined as the distance between two markers on a certain rod. Now it is defined as the distance light travels in a certain time, in vacuum.
Saying something has a length of 2 metres therefore means that its exactly twice as long as that rod used to define the metre, or that light takes twice the time defined for a metre to travel that distance.
This also makes it easy to say that something that is 3 metres long is longer than something else, that is only 2 metres long.
Today, most units of measure fall into one of two systems. The older, imperial system uses the foot as a mesure of length, the pound as a mesure for weight and the second as a measure for time. There are other units as well. Most of the time 12 or 16 of the smaller unit make the bigger unit. This is difficult to rememver, so there is another system that uses 10 of the smaller unit to make the bigger one. It is known as the "SI system" or "metric system. Is uses the metre for length, the kilogram for weight, and the second for time.
Number and Unit of measure.
The property of the thing being measured is given as a number of units of measure. The number only has sense when the unit of measurement is also given.
For example, The Eiffel Tower in Paris, France is 300 meters tall. That is, the distance from the top to the bottom of the Eiffel Tower is 300 meters. The property of the Eiffel Tower being measured is a distance. The number measured is 300. This number does not make sense without the unit of measure. The unit of measure is the meter.
Measurement Standards.
Standards are used in measurements. That is, the unit of measurement used to measure a property is the same everywhere and does not change. This makes measurement easier and comparisons between measurements easier.
Size of Units of Measurement.
There are units of measurement of different sizes. There are small units of measurement to measure small things. There are big units of measurement to measure big things.
Science, medicine and engineering use smaller units of measurement to measure small things with less error. It is easier to measure large things using larger units of measurement. Large measurements like the width of a galaxy and small measurements like the mass of an atom use special units of measurement.
Systems of Units of Measurement.
There are many different standards and units used all over the world.
Metric System.
The metric system is a system of measurement used in most of the world. It is also called the International System of Units, or SI.
Imperial Units.
Imperial units were used in countries that were part of the British Empire, however they can be different in different countries. For example the fluid ounce in Britain is smaller than the fluid ounce in the US, but the US gallon is smaller than the British gallon. The imperial units are now used mainly in the United States. While many countries have officially adopted SI, older system of units are still used. In the United States, the metric system has been legal for trade since 1866 but other measurements such as the gallon, inch, and the pound are still widely used.
The ounces for weight and volume are different. Even when measuring water, the number of ounces of weight is not the same as the number of fluid ounces.
Time.
The unit of time is the second. The minute (60 seconds) and hour (60 minutes or 3600 seconds) are larger units. A day is usually said to be 24 hours, but is actually a small bit longer. This difference is corrected at the end of every year. A week (7 days) and month are also standard units.
Money.
A unit of measurement that applies to money is called a unit of account. This is normally a currency issued by a country. For instance, the United States use dollars. Each dollar is 100 cents. The United Kingdom uses pounds. Each pound is 100 pennies or pence. Other countries in Europe use the Euro which is 100 cent for the Euro they are not called "cents")

U.S. customary units
U.S customary units are those used to measure things in the United States.
Length or distance units include the inch, foot, yard and mile.
Land units include square miles (2589998.47032 square meter) and acres (4046.8726 square meter).
Common volume units are the teaspoon, tablespoon (3 teaspoons), fluid ounce (two tablespoons), cup (8 ounces), pint (2 cups, or 16 fluid ounces), quart (2 pints, or 32 fluid ounces), US gallon (16 cups, 128 fluid ounces, or 3.8 liters).
A barrel is the unit to measure oil.
Units of weight include the pound (453.6 grams), which contains 16 ounces. This should not be confused with the British pound which is a type of money. The different uses of the word "pound" can cause confusion.
Some people have been trying to get rid of these units in the United States and replace them with the metric system since the 1820s. During and after World War II there was much infrastructure built using the old measures by both British and Americans. When this is gone it will be easier to get rid of these units.

Uranus
Uranus is the seventh planet from the Sun in the Solar System. It is a gas giant. It is the third largest planet in the solar system. The planet is made of ice, gases and liquid metal. Its atmosphere contains hydrogen, helium and Methane. The temperature on Uranus is −197 degrees C (79 K). The planet is tilted on its axis so much that it is sideways.
Uranus completes its turn around the Sun in 84 earth years. It completes its turn around itself in 17 hours and 14 minutes. This means there are 42,000 days in 1 uranian year.
The distance between Uranus and Neptune is 1.6 billion km. Uranus was discovered in 1781. Uranus has 11 rings which are hard to see from earth.
This planet can be seen with the naked eye under the perfect conditions. Some evidence suggests that this planet was catalogued as a star (34 Tauri) before its confirmed discovery.
Uranus is named by Greek god Uranus, who was a god of sky.
Moons.
Uranus has 27 known natural satellites. The names for these satellites are chosen from characters from the works of Shakespeare and Alexander Pope.
The five main moons are Miranda, Ariel, Umbriel, Titania and Oberon.
Exploring.
In 1986, NASA's "Voyager 2" visited Uranus. The visit is the only attempt to investigate the planet from a short distance.

University
A university is a place like a school. Students learn at a university after high school (secondary school) in the United States. In the United Kingdom students learn at a university after secondary school or after college. Teachers at a university educate and do research in difficult subjects. Advanced students
help to research - mostly for their diploma at the end.
History.
The universities were born in Europe during the Middle Ages. The first institution of this type was the University of Bologna that later became a model for similar centers of education. This term can often be used in other cultures to mean centers of higher education and higher thought, although their creation was often well before the Middle Ages.
That earliest division caused the present divisions between literary and scientific fields.
Organization.
A university can include several campuses, or different places where classes are taught. In each campus there are several faculties and university schools (mainly for teaching), and also laboratories, departments and institutes of research. Many campuses also have housing for students in buildings called dormitories and structures like libraries, study rooms, and gymnasiums for students that live there. Each school offers many courses that students take to earn a degree.
The person with the highest right to control and to command in a university is the rector, who governs the university with the help of the party of vice-rectors and of other organs: social council, governing body, etc.

Value
The value of something is how much it is worth.
Often the best way to find the value of something is use the price that it can be sold for.
In mathematics, a value is a number.

Volapük
Volapük is a constructed language created in 1880 by Johann Martin Schleyer. Schleyer was a Catholic priest from Germany. He felt that God had told him in a dream to make an international language. Volapük conventions took place in 1884, 1887, and 1889. The aim was to help people from different cultures speak to each other.
Volapük became less popular after 1887 when Esperanto was published. Part of the reason was because Esperanto was easier to learn. There are only 25-30 Volapük speakers in the world today.
The vocabulary of Volapük was mostly English, with some German and French.
"Vol" and "pük" come from the English words "world" and "speech". The grammar is based on Indo-European languages and is more difficult than Esperanto.
O Fat obas, kel binol in süls, paisaludomöz nem ola!
Jenomöz vil olik, äs in sül, i su tal!
Bodi obsik vädeliki govolös obes adelo!
äs id obs aipardobs debeles obas.
E no obis nindukolös in tendadi;

Vocabulary
Vocabulary means a list of words. Someone's vocabulary is all the words that he or she knows. A 5 year old would probably know about 5000 words. An adult who has studied at university or college may know at least 20000 words in their language.
The vocabulary of a language is always changing. New words are invented or words change their meaning. This means that dictionaries have to be updated. Words to do with computers such as "download" are new to the English language. The new word "bling" came from hip hop. Words like "gay" and "cool" have developed new meanings.
If someone wanted to try to find out roughly how many words they knew, they could look at a page in a dictionary and count how many of those words they knew (counting things like “sing”, “sang”, “sung”, “singing” as one word). If they multiplied that by how many pages there were in the dictionary they could estimate how many words they knew.
It is difficult to be exact. Some words may be understood but not known well enough to be used. Words that are used are part of a person's “active vocabulary”. Words that are only understood and not used are called “passive vocabulary”.
Sometimes it may not be easy to decide if a word is understood. It may depend on the context. Knowing the “context” the word is being used in may make it possible to guess what it means. Without knowing what a "chough" is, the phrase “I saw a chough fly off from its nest” would indicate that it is a kind of bird.
Someone who knows many words is said to have a "wide vocabulary".
It is good to develop a wide vocabulary. Knowing lots of words will help with reading and listening to people. It will also help with writing and talking. The English language has a very large vocabulary. This is because of Britain’s history. Every time Britain was invaded, the new people brought new words. There are words from Celts, Anglo Saxons, Vikings, and French. There are also many words from Ancient Greek and Latin. Many of these new words were used as well as the old ones but they may have a different meaning. For example: "pork" came from the old French word "porc" (pig), but it means food that comes from a pig.
In English, some long words may be hard to understand. This could be because they were taken from Latin or Greek. That makes it difficult to guess the meaning of the word.
Using big words does not always make the meaning clear. This “Simple English” website tries to use a small vocabulary. There is a lot that can be said in very simple ways.

Vacation
A vacation is some time, usually between a week and a month, when people do not have to go to work, but get paid. This allows them to travel out of town or do other things they wouldn't otherwise have time for. (It is comparable to holiday.)

Vegetable oil
Vegetable oils are a kind of oil made from many different plants. They are used in food and for cooking. Some kinds of plant oils that people use are African oil palm, maize, olive, peanut, rapeseed, soy, and sunflower.
Margarine is an artifical butter made from vegetable oil.

Verb
A verb is a kind of word (see part of speech) that usually tells about an action or a state and is the main part of a sentence. Every sentence has a verb. In English, verbs are the only kind of word that changes to show past or present tense.
Every language in the world has verbs, but they are not always used in the same ways. They also can have different properties in different languages. For example, in some other languages (e.g., Chinese & Indonesian) verbs do not change for past and present tense. This means the definition above only works well for English verbs.
There are sixteen verbs used in Basic English. They are: "be, do, have, come, go, see, seem, give, take, keep, make, put, send, say, let, get."
History of the word "verb".
The word "verb" originally comes from "*were-", a Proto-Indo-European word meaning "a word". It comes to English through the Latin "verbum" and the Old French "verbe".
Verb forms.
In English and many other languages, verbs change their form. This is called inflection. Most English verbs have six inflected forms (see the table), but "be" has eight different forms.
You should notice that some of the verb forms look the same. You can say they have the same shape. For example, the plain present and the plain form of "walk" have the same shape. The same is true for the past and the past participle. But these different forms can have different shapes in other verbs. For example, the plain present of "be" is usually "are" but the plain form is "be". Also, the past of "eat" is "ate", but the past participle is "eaten". When you look for a verb in the dictionary, it is usually the plain form that you look for.
An English sentence must have at least one primary-form verb. Each main clause can only have one primary-form verb.
Kinds of Verbs.
English has two main kinds of verbs: normal verbs (called lexical verbs) and auxiliary verbs. The difference between them is mainly in where they can go in a sentence. Some verbs are in both groups, but there are very few auxiliary verbs in English. There are also two kinds of auxiliary verbs: modal verbs and non-modal verbs. The table below shows most of the English auxiliaries and a small number of other verbs.
Auxiliary verbs also inflect for negation. Usually this is done by adding "n't".
Tense, aspect, and mood.
Many people think that all different ways of using verbs are all different tenses. This is not true. There are three main systems related to the verb: tense, aspect, and mood.
Tense.
Tense is mainly used to say when the verb happens: in the past, present, or future. Some languages have all three tenses, some have only two, and some have no tenses at all. English and Japanese for example have only two tenses: past and present. Chinese and Indonesian verbs do not show tense. Instead they use other words in the sentence to show when the verb happens.
Aspect.
Aspect usually shows us things like whether the action is finished or not, or if something happens regularly. English has two aspects: progressive and perfect. In English, aspect is usually shown by using participle verb forms. Aspect can combine with present or past tense.
Progressive aspect.
English uses the gerund-participle, usually together with the auxiliary "be" to show the progressive aspect.
Perfect aspect.
English uses the past participle, usually together with the auxiliary "have" to show the perfect aspect.
The past perfect can be used to express an unrealized hope, wish, etc.
After If, wish and would rather, the past perfect can be used to talk about past events that never happened.
Mood.
Finally, English mood is now usually shown by using modal verbs. In the past, English had a full mood system but that has almost completely disappeared. The subjunctive mood now uses the plain form. There is also a form of "be" that is used in conditionals to show that something is not true (e.g., If I were a bird, I would fly to California.)
hi my names is magalis i need studing english in the computer online.. can I help you please.
Sentence parts that go with verbs.
Certain parts of a sentence naturally come before verbs or after them, but these are not always the same for all verbs. The main sentence parts are: subject, object, complement, and modifier.
Subjects.
Almost all English sentences have subjects, but sentences that are orders (called imperatives) usually don't have any subjects. A subject usually comes before a verb, but it can also come after auxiliary verbs. In the following examples, the subject is underlined and the primary verb is in bold.
Objects.
Many verbs can be followed by an object. These verbs are called transitive verbs. In fact, some verbs must have an object (e.g., "take"), but some verbs never take an object (e.g., "sleep"). Verbs that do not take an object are called intransitive verbs. Some verbs can even have two objects. They are called ditransitive verbs. In the following examples, the object is underlined and the primary verb is in bold.
Complements.
Some verbs can or must be followed by a complement. These verbs are called linking verbs or copula. In the following examples, the complement is underlined and the verb is in bold.
Modifiers.
Verbs can be modified by various modifiers, mainly adverbs. Note that verbs generally do not need modifiers; it's usually a choice. In the following examples, the adverb is underlined and the verb is in bold.
Verbs also commonly take a variety of other modifiers including prepositions.
Differences between verbs and other kinds of words.
Sometimes a verb and another word can have the same shape. In these cases you can usually see the difference by looking at various properties of the words.
Verbs vs. adjectives.
Sometimes a verb and an adjective can have the same shape. Usually this happens with participles. For example, the present participle "interesting" and the adjective "interesting" look the same. Verbs are different from adjectives, though, because they cannot be modified by "very", "more", or "most". For example, you can say "That is very interesting," so you know interesting is an adjective here. But you can't say "My teacher is very interesting me in math" because in this sentence "interesting" is a verb. On the other hand, if you cannot change the 'be' verb to 'seem' or 'become', it is probably a verb.
Verbs vs. nouns.
The main differences between these verbs and nouns are: modifiers, number, and object/complement
Modifiers.
Verbs cannot generally be modified by adjectives and nouns cannot generally be modified by adverbs. So, in "Running regularly is good for you", "running" is a verb because it is modified by "regularly", an adverb.
Number.
Verbs cannot change for number, so if you can make the word plural, it is a noun, not a verb. For example, "this drawing is nice" can change to "these drawings are nice", so "drawing" is a noun. But "drawing trees is fun" cannot change to "drawings trees is fun", so it is a verb here.
Object/complement.
Many verbs can take objects or complements, but nouns can't. So, in "parking the car is hard", "parking" is a verb because it takes the object "the car". But, if you say, "there's no parking", parking may be a noun because it doesn't have an object.
Verbs vs. prepositions.
The main difference between verbs and prepositions is that verbs have a subject. Even if the subject is not written, you can understand what it is. Prepositions do not have a subject.

Volume
The volume of an object describes how much physical space it takes up using the three dimensions of width, depth, and height.
Use.
The term volume can be used to describe real things like boxes, lakes, and buildings. All of these things have width, depth, and height. The formula for measuring volume is width×depth×height.

Venus
"This article is about the planet Venus. For other uses see here"
Venus is the second planet from the Sun in our Solar System. Venus is a "terrestrial planet" along with Mercury, Earth and Mars because it has a solid surface. Venus has been known by astronmers for thousands of years. The ancient romans named it in honour of their godess Venus. It is the brightest object in the night sky except for the Moon. It is sometimes called the "morning star" or the "evening star" as it is most bright just before morning and night.
Venus is sometimes called the sister planet of Earth as they are quite similar in size and gravity. Apart from that the two planets are very different. Venus' atmosphere or air is made of thick sulphuric acid, and carbon dioxide. Sulphuric acid is a chemical that is very poisonous to humans.
The thick atmosphere has made it hard for people to see the surface of the planet, and until the twenty-first century many people thought things might live on Venus. The pressure on Venus' surface is 92 times that of Earth. Venus has no moons.
Physical Properties.
Venus is a terrestrial planet so, like the Earth, it's surface is made of rock. Venus is much hotter than Earth. All the carbon dioxide in the atmposhere acts like a blanket around the planet, trapping heat from the Sun and causing a runaway greenhouse effect. This makes Venus the hottest planet in the Solar System with an estimated average temperature of 480 degrees. This is hot enough to melt lead.
Geography.
Venus' surface is about 80% smooth, rocky plains. Two higher areas called continents make up the north and south of the planet. The north is called "Ishtar Terra" and the south is called "Aphrodite Terra". They are named after the Babylonian and Greek godesses of love.
Atmosphere.
Venus' atmosphere is mostly carbon dioxide and nitrogen gas with clouds of sulphuric acid. Because the atmosphere is so thick or dense the pressure is very high. The pressure is 92 times the pressure on Earth, enough to crush many things. The average temperature is 480 degrees.
It is impossible to look at the planet's surface from space as the thick cloud layer reflects 60% of the light that hits it. The only way scientists have been able to look is by using infrared and ultraviolet cameras.

Vatican City
The Vatican City is the smallest country in the world (0.44 km²) and it is an enclave of Italy because it is surrounded by the city of Rome.
It was created as country on February 11 1929, with the "Patti Lateranensi" (Lateran Agreement or Treaty), was signed by Benito Mussolini and Pope Pius XI.
It is very small, but very important because it is the headquarters of the Roman Catholic Church.
The Head of State is the Pope, now Benedict XVI, former cardinal Joseph Ratzinger, elected on April 19 2005, after Pope John Paul II's 26 years of Papacy.
It is important also by the side of culture and art: its masterpieces are known by everybody in the world: St. Peter's Square, St. Peter's Basilica, the Sistine Chapel, the Vatican Museums and the Apostolic Palace, where the Pope lives.
There are also hundreds of other sculptures and pictures.
History.
The Pope used to rule the Papal States. This used to cover all of Central Italy. Popes had always tried to stop Italy becoming one country because they might lose their control of the Papal States. In 1861 Italy was unified under the King of Savoy, but Rome and Latium remained unconquered. Only on September 20 1870 the Italian troops invaded and beat the Papal troops. Rome became capital of the new kingdom.
The Pope said he was a prisoner of the Italian state and excommunicated all the people who helped the people who invaded his state. This stopped Catholics from taking part in public life.
In 1929 Benito Mussolini decided to sign an agreement with the Holy See, called the Lateran Treaty, which created the Vatican State. Another treaty gave the Vatican money each year to compensate for the lost territories.

Velocity
Velocity or speed is a measure of how fast something is moving.
Physics.
In physics, velocity is a "vector quantity", meaning that it not only indicates speed, but also the direction of movement.
The current understanding of physics holds that "c," the speed of light through a vacuum (about 300 million "meters per second"), is the highest limit of velocity for anything that can be touched. In other words, this means nothing can go faster than the speed of light.

Virtual community
A virtual community is a group of people who share an interest or set of views. A virtual community does not exist in any one place in the world. The people in it may come from many different places.
Virtual communities communicate (talk) with each other using technology, such as the Internet, telephone calls, and the mail. The most common is the Internet.

World War I
World War I was a war fought by a lot of countries, which is why it is called a "world" war. It started in 1914 and it ended in 1918. Other names it has been called are The Great War and The War to End all Wars. 135 countries took part in World War I, and more than 40 million deaths happened during this time.
World War I was fought through most of the continent of Europe. The actual fighting that happened during the war was fought amongst many different fronts. The Western Front was where most of the fighting between Germany and the Allies happened. The system of trenches marked the Western Front as the Western Front. There was also a no man's land that broke into this area. Most of the fighting that happened in this area was trench warfare. The Eastern Front was fought in Central and Eastern Europe and was one of the main places where World War I took place. The fighting done on the Eastern Front was not trench warfare like it was on the Western Front, but instead depended on having front lines of soldiers ready to fight the enemy. The other fronts that had a lot of fighting includes the Middle Eastern Front and the Italian Front.
The war was ended by the signing of many different treaties, the most important being the Treaty of Versailles.
World War I was the first war where tanks, Airplanes, and submarines, or underwater boats (U-boats) were used as common weapons.
Causes.
On 28 June 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, who was heir to the throne in Austria-Hungary, visited Sarajevo with his wife. Because of riots in the city, the archduke's procession decided to leave the city quietly through back roads after making their public appearance.
A Serbian nationalist group called The Black Hand had sent five men to assassinate Ferdinand. All five of the men failed to kill the archduke while he passed through the large crowd. The grenades thrown at the car failed to kill him. After failing their mission, the five men decided to give up and go home. One of these men was a Bosnian student name named Gavrilo Princip, who was also part of a group called Young Bosnia.
The archduke and his wife were leaving the city when the driver of their car took a wrong turn onto a large street with many people. The cafe Princip was in was on this street, and he went outside and saw the archduke and his wife. He took four shots; two hit the archduke, one hit his wife, and the other hit the car. Both Ferdinand and his wife died shortly after.
Austria-Hungary blamed Serbia for the assassination. This quickly led to a full-scale war. Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. Both country's allies became involved in the war, and most of Europe became involved.
Germany v. France and Russia.
The reason Germany told France and Russia that they were at war so quickly, was because they thought they could win the war if they attacked first and quickly. They could mobilize very quickly. They had a list of all the men who had to join the army, and where those men had to go, and the times of every train that would carry those men to where they would have to fight. France was doing the same thing, but could not do it as quickly.
The Russian army.
Russia had a big army, but Germany thought that it would take ten weeks to mobilize and a long time before they could attack the Central Powers. That was not true, because the Russian Army mobilized in ten days. Also, the Russians drove deep into Austria.
Britain v. Germany.
Although it was friends with France and Russia, Great Britain did not go into the war quickly, but it decided to go to war against Germany when Germany attacked its important friend Belgium to get through to France. Britain had the biggest empire (parts of the world it ruled) and was afraid that Germany would take its and France's colonies and become the most powerful and biggest empire in the world. Britain was also worried about Germany's growing military power because Britain had the most ships (its navy) and a very big army for a long time. The Germans were quickly building ships and putting men in its army and Germany was almost going to become as powerful as Britain.
Turkey v. Serbia.
Turkey went into the war because it had lost much of its empire before the war and wanted to get it back. It hated Serbia because Serbia became its own country before the war and took many Turkish lands. When Austria went to war against Serbia, Turkey did too.
Greece v. Turkey.
Greece went into the war because it was an ally to Serbia. Serbia and Greece were free countries before Turkey took them hundreds of years before. Greece and Serbia became free again but a lot of Greek people still lived in Turkish lands which used to belong to Greece. The Greeks especially wanted their old important city of Constantinople back (now called Istanbul) where many Greeks lived and so the Greeks declared war on Turkey.
Bulgaria v. Serbia and Greece.
Bulgaria, like Greece and Serbia, was owned by Turkey before, got its freedom and took a lot of Turkish land. But when the Bulgarians did a short time before the war, the Serbians and Greeks felt cheated because the Bulgarians got a lot of land which they felt was Greek or Serbian. The Greeks and Serbians took back Bulgarian land and annoyed Bulgaria, which made Bulgaria become friends with their old enemy Turkey. They declared war on Serbia and Greece. This started a war which resulted in death of thousand people.
Italy's Betrayal.
In 1915, Italy could see that the Germans were losing. So, in order to receive some profit from the German colonies, which would be divided at the end of the war, Italy left Germany and joined the Allied side.
But as it received nothing they were interested in another war.
Romania's alliances.
Romania was on the side of the Central powers until 1916, when they were forced into the war by the Allied powers.
Important events in the war.
Most people thought it would be a short war. They thought the armies would move around quickly to attack each other, and one would defeat the other without too many people getting killed. They thought the war would be about brave soldiers - they did not know what the war would really be like. Only a few people like Lord Kitchener said that the war would take a long time.
Germany's plan.
Germany's generals had decided that the best way to defeat France was to go through Belgium using a plan called "The Schlieffen plan".This was invented by the Germany Army Chief of Staff, Alfred von Schlieffen.They would then be able to attack the French army the north side and the south side at the same time. The German Army went into Belgium on the 4 August. On the same day, Great Britain started a war on Germany, because Britain was a friend of Belgium. The British had said some time before, in 1839, that they would not let anyone control Belgium, and they kept their promise.
Germany's invasion of Belgium.
When the Germans got to the Belgian city of Liège, the Belgians fought very hard to stop them from coming into the city. The Germans did finally push the Belgians out of the city, but it had taken longer than the German generals had planned.
Then the Germans attacked the north side of the French army. The French and the British moved men up to fight the Germans. They could do this because the Belgians had fought so long at Liège. But the Germans pushed the French and British back, until they were stopped at the river Marne.This was called "The Miracle of the Marne.
Trench warfare.
In the fighting, many men had been killed. The new guns the men had fired very quickly. Some had machine guns, that fire so many bullets that the bullets fell like rain. So as not to get killed, the men on both sides took spades and dug holes. The holes joined up into trenches, until the lines of trenches went all the way from Switzerland to the North sea. In front of the trenches, there was barbed wire that cut anyone who tried to climb over it, and mines that blew up anyone who tried to run across the "no man's land" that was in between the trenches.
In the East, the Russians had attacked the Germans. The Russians pushed back the Germans, but then the Germans defeated the Russians at the Battle of Tannenberg.
Christmas.
On Christmas day in 1914, many soldiers did not want to fight. They sang Christmas songs to each other. In many places on the Western front, they came out of the trenches and shook hands with each other. Sometimes they played football with each other. In some places, the men didn't want to fight again the next day. The generals were afraid and stopped this.
Machine gun warfare.
The machine guns and the trenches and mines made it very difficult to attack. The generals didn't remember this, and they still ordered attacks anyway. At the battle of the Somme in 1916 many British men died in a single day. It was one of the bloodiest days in the history of the British army.
Often many men died fighting over very small pieces of land.
USA v. Germany.
The German generals decided to use submarines. These submarines were named U-boats, from the German word Unterseeboot (meaning underwater boat). The U-boats attacked American ships that were carrying food and weapons to Great Britain. The Germans thought that the Americans were helping only the British and not being neutral. "Neutral" means that a country is not involved in the war. But then some Americans were killed by the submarines. Because of this, the United States joined the war against Germany and became part of the Allies.
Consequences of America joining the war.
In the spring of 1918, the German generals decided they had to attack before many American soldiers came to Europe to attack them. The Germans attacked in a new way. They attacked where the Allies were weak, and did not attack the places where the Allies were strong. They pushed the British and French a long way in some places, but each time, the Germans were stopped. Then the Americans began to come to Europe. The British, the French and the Americans together began to push back the Germans. The Germans couldn't stop them. At last, the German generals told their government that the war had to be stopped, because Germany couldn't fight any longer. Germany asked for peace from the Allies, and the war ended on the 11th of November 1918.
The First Russian Revolution.
In 1917, there was a revolution in Russia. The Czar had to say he would not be Czar any more, and that the people should have power. At first it was thought that Russia would fight harder now that the Tsar was gone. But the Russian people didn't want to fight anymore. They began to hate their new government because it wouldn't stop the war.
The Second Russian Revolution.
Then, there was an October Revolution, which was a second revolution in Russia led by Communists that followed the ideas of Karl Marx. The leader of the revolution, and of Russia, then, was Vladimir Lenin. The new government asked for peace from the Germans. The Germans and Russians stopped fighting and signed the treaty of Brest-Litovsk. This gave Germany lots of land in eastern Europe and the Baltic.
After the War.
After the war, the Germans had to agree to the Treaty of Versailles. Germany had to pay $33 billion in reparations. Part of the treaty said the countries of the world should come together to make an international organization to stop wars from happening. This organisation was called the League of Nations. The US Senate didn't agree with this, even though it was the idea of the US president, Woodrow Wilson. Woodrow Wilson tried to tell the American people that they should agree, but the U.S. never joined the League of Nations.

World Wide Web
The World Wide Web ("WWW" or "The Web") is the part of the Internet that contains websites and webpages. It was invented in 1989 by Tim Berners-Lee at CERN, Geneva, Switzerland. Sir Tim Berners-Lee created a new language called HTML. Websites are composed of pages linked by hypertext links. They are all written in HTML.
The World Wide Web is not used to describe HTML webpages that are not part of the Internet.
In order to see the World Wide Web one needs a computer and a computer program called a web browser. Many websites nowadays offer free websites allowing one to make websites that can be displayed on the WWW like any other domain (www.domain-name.com) site. These sites make money from advertisements instead of fees.
One thing about "WWW" is that it takes longer to say it out "double-you, double-you, double-you" than just simply saying "World Wide Web". It acts as a abbreviation only when you write it out. Some people just say "triple double-you".

Wiki
A wiki is a type of website that lets anyone create and edit its pages. The word is Internet slang. The word "Wiki" is short for WikiWikiWeb. "Wikiwiki" is a word from Hawaiian, meaning "fast" or "speed". Examples of wiki include Wikipedia, Anarchopedia, Conservapedia etc.
Every wiki can be changed, or edited by everyone, although some important pages cannot be changed by anyone. Wikis are central places where we all can share information with each other, people can add new information, and then people read them. Wikis allow information from all around the world to be collection.
In a wiki, people can write pages together. If one person writes something wrong, then the next person can correct it. The next person can also add something new to the page. Because of this, the page gets better whenever someone changes it. If someone writes information that is very obviously wrong, and the person actually wanted to vandalise, it would be changed by administrators, and the person will not be able to change the wiki anymore.
People can discuss there as well. Discussion can make people understand things better, or gives people a chance to tell their views. In Wikipedia the talk pages are for that, but in some wikis, the article and the discussion are in the same page.
Wikis can be used for different things and all wikis don't follow the same rules for using them. For example, the purpose of Wikipedia is to write articles, which form an encyclopedia. That's why in Wikipedia, people don't want to hear general discussion that doesn't help in writing articles.
Ward Cunningham started the first wiki in March 1995. Many people liked the place and wrote there, after which they started similar websites.

Website
A website is a set of webpages that are joined together. People look at websites with a computer of some kind, sometimes including the computer inside mobile telephones (see WAP) and televisions. They are hosted on computers called web servers.
Homepage.
There is almost always a single homepage which introduces the rest of the website - containing links to other pages that may be considered part of that "site" or part of other "sites" (in net jargon which confuses a physical site in the real world with a web URL - which is not physical).
Uses.
Websites can be used to advertise or sell things. They can also be used to talk to other people. A blog is a web where the location of the material is less relevant than who writes it, and which is more focused on dialogue. Very often the people who use blogs dislike the word "site" since it implies a controlled place.
A wiki.
A wiki is a website where people who visit it can edit it in most cases.
Access.
Users can access any web (site, blog, or wiki) by using a URL. The homepage and the rest of the site usually has the same root URL - for instance, pages at the Simple English Wikipedia always start "http://simple.wikipedia.org/..." but then are different after that.
Appearence.
Web sites are usually shown in HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) but are not always written or maintained that way - some use WAP and others use XML.

Word
A word is something spoken by the mouth, that can be pronounced. It is also a collection of letters used together to try to communicate a meaning, and these can also usually be pronounced. Some words can be only one letter, for example "a" and "I" in English. Besides English, every other language also has its own words.
For example, "hello" is a word.

Web browser
A web browser is a computer program that lets people find and read web pages on the Internet. Browsers read documents that are written in HTML (HyperText Markup Language) to display images and text with clickable links. They use rules such as HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) to transfer data with the World Wide Web.

World War II
World War II was a war fought between the Allies and the Axis Powers. It was called a "World War" because countries from every continent became involved, and fighting took place all over the world. Of all the wars ever fought, World War II involved the most countries, cost the most money, and killed the most people. About 72 million died, making it the worst human disaster of all time. It ran from 1939 until 1945.
The two sides.
The Axis Powers at the start of the war were Germany, Italy and Japan. These countries made an agreement called the Berlin-Rome-Tokyo Axis in the year of 1937, in which they agreed to help each other in military conflicts. This agreement, also called the Anti-Comintern Pact, was primarily aimed against the Soviet Union.
The Allied Powers, or Allies, were the United Kingdom and France at the outbreak of war in September 1939. The Soviet Union joined the Allies in June 1941 after being invaded by Germany, and the United States joined the war on the side of the Allies on 11th December 1941, four days after the attack on Pearl Harbor, when Hitler declared war on the US.
Canada, India, South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand were also part of the Allied coalition as British Dominions.
Why the war started.
In Europe, World War I occurred during the years of 1914 through 1918. Germany faced the burden of defeat. In the aftermath, Germany had to surrender a select area of land and money as compensation for the damage done. Areas along the Rhine River were occupied by France for a time. Germany was informed that its army had to have less than 100,000 men. Germany was not allowed to have an air force or big ships in its navy. Adolf Hitler, leader of the Nazi Party, took control of Germany in 1933. He prosecuted and persecuted others for whom he did not like. Hitler also expanded the size of the German air force, army, and navy. He wanted to take land from other countries, as well as hated many groups of people including Russians, Jews, and people with dark skin. In 1938, Germany threatened Czechoslovakia, a small country, but the Allies decided to stay neutral in this event. In fact the Britain and France made a pact with Germany, at Munich in September 1938, to take part of Czechoslovakia called the Sudetenland. Hitler promised that he would stop attacking, but six months later, he broke his promise and took over all of Czechoslovakia including the capital, Prague. The Allies, not including the United States, thought Poland would be the next country Hitler attacked. They promised to help Poland if it was attacked.
In Asia, Japan attacked China in 1937. To stop the United States defending its islands and other countries in the Pacific Ocean, Japan attacked the naval base on Hawaii named Pearl Harbor in December 1941.
Beginning of the War (September 1939 - August 1940).
World War II began on September 1, 1939, in respone to the German invasion of Poland, with the aid of Russia. In response, Britain and France declared war on Germany. By 1941, Germany had conquered Poland, France, Norway, Holland, Belgium and Denmark, controlling most of Europe.
Japan then started to begin to expand its country to include parts of China and some islands near the Pacific.
September 1940 - May 1944.
By September 1940, Hitler controlled large sections of Europe. He hoped that the British would ask for peace, but they did not. German aeroplanes bombed the city of London to weaken the British. The bombings lasted about two years. Winston Churchill played a major role in keeping citizens under control but by the time The Blitz ended many civilians lost their lives.
In June 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union. The Soviets joined the Allied Powers. The majority of German forces would spend the war fighting the Soviets. Adolf Hitler planned to capture the Soviet Union and place a blockade (not letting anything in or out) on Britain, creating a "Fortress Europe" that would be very difficult to invade.
The invasion started on June 22, 1941. The German army captured large amounts of Soviet land and encircled Leningrad. By December the Germans advanced as far as Moscow, but were stopped by Russian army.
On December 7, 1941, Japanese fighters attacked an American port in Hawaii named Pearl Harbor. On December 11, the Axis Powers declared war on the United States. In November 1942, the battle fought there, named El Alamein, resulted in an Allied victory and Italy and the Allies became close.
The German war machine needed more oil, as Germany only had the relatively small oilfields of Romania under its control. Therefore in 1942, when the Germans began advancing again in Russia, their target was the oilfields of the Caucasus. To secure this territory, the Germans needed to take the city of Stalingrad, but they were defeated in the Battle of Stalingrad, which was the turning point of the war. At the same time the Siege of Leningrad was relieved.
On July 10, 1943, Allied forces landed on the Italian island of Sicily, in an operation named "Husky". They were successful in taking the island, and Italy fell shortly after.
In the Pacific Ocean, the Japanese empire was getting bigger and bigger. The United States, now at war with the Axis, began to send out ships to attack the Japanese navy. The result of a large deployment, or sending out, of ships was the famous Battle of Midway on June 4, 1942, which was an American victory. Hoping that Japan was weakened by this defeat, the Americans landed in Guadalcanal on August 7, 1942. The result was another American victory, and a capture of a very important place. The war was very bad, both economically and socially.
The European Front.
As the war went on, the Allies saw that they would need to land in Europe to defeat Germany. They chose a small piece of coastline in France called Normandy for the invasion. On June 6, 1944, the Allies invaded Normandy and began the Battle of Normandy, code named Operation Overlord or D-Day. It was an Allied victory.
As the Allies fought to get to Berlin, the capital of Germany, the Germans attacked fiercely to defend their land. The resulting battle was named the Battle of the Bulge, and was an Allied victory. It was the last time in the war that the Germans were able to send a major attack against the Allies. In the spring of 1945, the Soviet Red Army closed in on Berlin and captured it, defeating Germany.
The Soviet general, Georgy Zhukov reached Berlin before the Americans, and won an unspoken "contest" between Generals to see who could get to Berlin first. The day that Germany officially surrendered (gave up), May 8, 1945, was a day marked with large celebrations. Today, the day is called V-E Day, or "Victory in Europe Day."
The Pacific Front.
After the battles of Midway and Guadalcanal, the Japanese were being pushed slowly out of the Pacific. Many battles were fought in the Pacific. The United States went on an "Island Hopping" campaign to capture small islands that were under Japanese control. Of these small islands came some very large battles, such as Iwo Jima and Okinawa in 1945. President Harry Truman of the Americans gave the order to drop an atomic bomb on Japan. On August 6, 1945, bombers dropped an atomic bomb on the city of Hiroshima. Three days later, on August 9, bombers dropped another atomic bomb on the city of Nagasaki. Only 6 days later, on August 15, Japan surrendered to the Allies. President Truman marked the end of the war on September 2, calling it V-J Day, or "Victory over Japan Day." Today it is sometimes called V-P Day for "Victory in the Pacific."
Products of the War.
The war introduced new methods for fighting, approaches, and knowledge gained during the war. A major new technology was radar (finding airplanes by using radio waves).
The war also made weapons with far more killing power. The atomic bomb was first used by the United States during this war. President Truman ordered two atomic bombs to be dropped from airplanes on the two Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. No atomic weapons have been used in war since then.

Webpage
A webpage is part of a website. It is in the form of text and images. Web pages are connected by links. Clicking on a link makes another webpage appear. Webpages are hosted on web servers.

Wiktionary
Wiktionary is a wiki that creates a dictionary, or a group of meanings for words, for all words in all languages. Wiktionary is also a thesaurus. There is also a Simple English Wiktionary. Wiktionary is run by the Wikimedia Foundation, which also runs Wikipedia.

Microsoft Windows
Microsoft Windows is an operating system made by Microsoft. It is currently the most widespread operating system in use, being used by 90% of computer users. Some believe that it only was more popular than Mac OS because it was programmed to be more flexible with non-Microsoft hardware, and is more well-known than Linux. It is installed on most new computers.
Microsoft Windows was first made in 1985. The most recent version is Windows Vista which was released in 2007. Bill Gates helped with making Windows. He is now the vice chief executive officer of Microsoft.
Windows lets people run programs and sort their files. It has many programs that come with it, these can read and write simple documents and pictures. There are also applications which let people use the internet, look at web pages and read e-mail. There is also an application for listening to music and watching videos; it is called Windows Media Player.

Window
A window is an opening in a wall of a building, in a car etc., to let air and light in. It is usually filled with a sheet of glass. There can be many different shapes, including rectangular, square, circular, or irregular shapes.
In a graphical operating system, a window is a rectangle within a screen that displays some data or pictures to a user. Windows can contain many things, for example a web browser.

Wikimedia Foundation
The Wikimedia Foundation is a non-profit foundation in the United States that coordinates many projects using the wiki idea, and the MediaWiki software. These projects include Wikipedia, Wiktionary, Wikiquote, Wikisource, Wikinews, Wikibooks, Wikiversity, Wikimedia Commons, and Meta-Wiki.
There are many other wikis to do with the foundation, but these are not very important. They include the Wikimedia Foundation wiki, the MediaWiki wiki, the Test Wikipedia, the Wikimedia Incubator, Bugzilla, and the Wikimania wiki.
The foundation's creation was officially announced by Wikipedia co-founder Jimmy Wales, who was running Wikipedia within his company Bomis, on June 20, 2003.
The foundation gets most of its funds from, as it is nonprofit. It also looks for grants. Some companies have helped Wikimedia by giving free computer hardware, and by hosting servers. Since people can write the wikis, Wikimedia projects are free to use.

Wine
Wine is an alcoholic drink. Society usually uses the word for the drink made from the juice of grapes, although people sometimes call alcoholic drinks made from the juice of other fruits (such as plums or blackberries) "wine". This article only deals with wine made from grapes.
Wine is made by the fermentation of the sugar in grapes. There are two main types of wine, red wine and white wine. Rosé wine is made by leaving red grapes in skin contact for very short. The colour comes only from the skin, so if you have short skin contact, the wine will not turn red but only "pink" (rose wine). Wine sometimes has bubbles in it; this wine is called sparkling wine. The most popular sparkling wine is champagne.
People have been making wine for about 5000 years.
France, Italy, USA, Germany, Spain, Argentina, the United Kingdom, China, Russia, and Romania.
Luxembourg, France, Italy, Portugal, Croatia, Switzerland, Spain, Argentina, Uruguay, and Slovenia.
France, Italy, Spain, USA, Argentina, Germany, Australia, South Africa, Portugal, and Chile.

Width
In mathematics, we call the distance between the end of an object farthest to the left and the end of an object farthest to the right its width.
For example, if we measure the distance between the left side and right side of your chair, we measure its width.

Water
Water is the most common liquid on Earth. It covers more than three-fourths of Earth's area. Pure water has no smell, taste, or color. Lakes, oceans, and rivers are made of water. Rain is water that falls from clouds in the sky. If water gets very cold, it freezes and becomes ice. Frozen rain can be ice or snow. If water gets very hot, it boils and becomes steam.
Plants and animals (including people) must drink water to live. It gives a medium for chemical reactions to take place, and is the main part of blood. It keeps the body temperature unchanging by sweating from the skin. Water helps blood carry nutrients from the stomach to all parts of the body to keep the body alive. Water also helps the blood carry oxygen from the lungs to the body. Saliva helps animals and people digest food. Water helps make urine. Urine helps remove bad chemicals from the body. The human body is 60–70% water.
Water is the main component of drinks like milk, juice, and wine. Each type of drink also has other things that add flavor or nutrients, things like sugar, fruit, and sometimes alcohol. Water that a person can drink is called "potable" (or "drinking") water. The water in oceans is salt water, but lakes and rivers usually have unsalted water. There is only about 3% fresh water on earth, the rest is salt water.
Water is a molecule made of 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom. Its formula is H2O.
Water has a surface tension. So a little water forms drops on a surface, rather than spreading out to wet the surface.
Water can also be called aqua

Want
A want is a wish or a desire for something. If a person would like to have something, but can choose not to have it, that thing is wanted or can be called a want. To want is not the same as to need, which is when someone "must" have something.
People often talk about needing a thing, when they really just want it. Wants can be for the same things as needs. For example, a person can "need" to eat food and can "want" to eat cake. If there is no cake then he or she may have to eat something else, perhaps bread. The need is no longer so important (the person is no longer hungry) although the want may still be there. If there is cake, then the person's needs and wants can both be met.
In economics, a want is about goods or services. Choice is how to satisfy (or meet) a want, when there are different ways to do this.
Want can also be the idea of what it means to be poor, hungry or with no money. Charles Dickens wrote a famous book called "A Christmas Carol" in which there are two children, named Want and Ignorance.

Web server
A web server is a computer with a boot device or other disk containing a web site. The term may also refer to an application that helps a computer to perform web server functions.
If one site runs more than one server they must use different
port numbers. Alternatively, several hostnames may be
mapped to the same computer in which case they are known as
Apache and NCSA HTTPd are two popular web servers.
There are many others including some for practically every
platform. Servers differ mostly in the "server-side"
features they offer such as server-side includes, and in
their authentication and access control mechanisms. All
decent servers support CGI and most have some binary API
Server Languages.
To work with the server, they must be a web-based language instead of being a language which is used to make normal computer programs.

War
"For the 1970s funk band, see War (band)."
War is any fighting involving the organized use of weapons and harmful force between countries or other large-scale groups.
See Articles 2(3), 2(4) and 2(7) of the United Nations Charter.
Many years ago, a German soldier named Karl von Clausewitz wrote in his classic book, On War: "Der Krieg ist eine bloße Fortsetzung der Politik mit anderen Mitteln" ("War is simply a continuation of politics with other methods") and "War is a way of using force to get our enemies to do what we want them to do."
Wars have been fought to control natural resources, for religious or cultural reasons, over political balances of power, legitimacy (legality) of particular laws, to settle economic and territorial arguments, and many other issues. The reasons of any war are very complex; while a war can start for just about any reason, there is usually more than one issue involved.
Kinds of war.
Sometimes people see a difference between fighting between countries or people and the formal declaration of a state of war. Those who see this difference usually only use the word "war" for the fighting where the countries' governments have officially declared war on each other. Smaller armed conflicts are often called riots, rebellions, coups, etc.
When one country sends armed forces to another country, supposedly to rebuild order or prevent killings of innocents or other crimes against humanity, or to protect another government friendly to it against an uprising, that country sometimes refers to it as a police action. This usage is not always recognized as valid, however, particularly by those who do not accept the usages of the term.
A war where the forces in conflict live in within the same country is known as a civil war.
War is contrasted with peace, which some people define as the absence of war.
Another approach to classifying warfare divides it into four "generations" of war.
First generation warfare.
First generation warfare reflects tactics of the era of the smoothbore musket, the tactics of line and column. Operational art in the first generation did not exist as a idea although it was practiced by individual commanders, most famously by Napoleon.
Second generation warfare.
Second generation warfare was developed in response to the rifled musket, breechloaders, barbed wire, the machinegun, and indirect fire. Tactics were based on fire and movement but they remained linear, with the defense still trying to prevent all penetrations and the attacks along a sideways line advanced by rushes in small groups. Second generation tactics remained the basis of U.S. policy until the 1980s, and they are still practiced by most American units in the field.
Third generation warfare.
Third generation warfare was first developed by the Germans in World War I, to make up for their inability to match their enemies' industrial production. Its tactics were the first truly nonlinear tactics; attacks rely on penetration to get around and collapse the enemy's combat forces (rather than seeking to get close to the enemy and destroy them), and defense was in depth and often provoked (invited or encouraged) penetration to set the enemy up for a counterattack.
Fourth generation warfare.
Fourth generation warfare is what most people call a guerrilla war. Fourth generation warfare is far different from the other generations as the objective is not winning a military victory, but rather to destroy the spirit or political means of the enemy from attacking you. Usually it is when a country is brought into another one or when an outside force is trying to destroy the current government. For example, the later part of the Second Iraq war or the U.S. occupation period can be considered fourth generation warfare.
Laws of war.
A number of treaties and other agreements regulate warfare, collectively referred to as the "Laws of war". The most pervasive and famous of those are the Geneva conventions, the earliest of which began to take effect in the mid-1800s.
Treaty signing has since been a part of international diplomacy, and too many treaties to mention in this article have been signed. A couple of examples are: Resolutions of the Geneva International Conference, Geneva, 26-29 October 1863 and Geneva Convention relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War, 75 U.N.T.S. 135, entered into force Oct. 21, 1950.
Statistical analysis.
The statistical analysis of war was pioneered by Lewis Fry Richardson following World War I. More recent databases of wars have been assembled by the Correlates of War Project [1] and Peter Brecke [2].
See also.
Military, Military technology and equipment, Military history, Military strategy, Military tactics, Just war, Frontline, Military-industrial complex, Weapon, Laws of war, Medieval warfare, World war, war profiteer, Attacks on humanitarian workers.

Yiddish
Yiddish is a language at first a dialect of the German language that Jews began to use in Europe about one thousand years ago. It was (and is) used in the United States, especially in New York. In addition to most words of German source, Yiddish has many words from Hebrew and slavic languages, most notably polish. Yiddish is most often written using Hebrew characters.
In the whole world, Yiddish is spoken by about 3 million people. It is mainly spoken by Hasidic Jews.
European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages.
In the Netherlands and Sweden, Yiddish is protected by the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages

Year
One year is about 365 days long (except in a Leap year). It is the time it takes the Earth to go completely around (Orbit) the sun once. A year is actually 365¼ days long, but a calendar has 365 days, except in a leap year.
The year starts on January 1 in the Gregorian calendar, but a fiscal year or a school year can start on a different day of the year.
There are several ways used to measure the length of a year.
Solar and lunar years are used by different societies in daily life. The other measurements are used by astronomers.

You
You is a second-person English pronoun. The word can be singular or plural. It is what a person says when he or she is addressing another person in second person.

Chinese language
The Chinese language is the language used by Chinese in China and elsewhere. It forms one of the groups of a language family called the Sino-Tibetan family of languages.
Chinese can refer to the written or the spoken languages. Chinese is special because although there are many spoken languages, they use only one way of writing the language. Therefore, it is possible to communicate by writing the same way. Many people in China think that although these different languages sound different, they are still one language. They call these different languages "dialects" to tell them apart from one another.
they refer to the Mandarin language. There are also other Chinese languages, like the Wu and Cantonese, with many speakers.
Chinese are used by the Han people in China and other races who have come to recognize themselves as Chinese. Chinese is almost always written in Chinese characters. They are symbols that have meaning, called logograms. Chinese characters have existed for over 5000 years. Nowadays the Mandarin language uses Hanyu pinyin to represent the sounds in Roman letters.
All the Chinese languages (or dialects) uses tones. This means that they use pitch sound to set one syllable apart from another. In this way, it is very different from English and most Western languages.
Traditional and Simplified characters.
In 1956, the government of the People's Republic of China made public a set of simplified Chinese characters to make learning, reading and writing the Chinese language easier. In Mainland China and Singapore, people use these simpler characters. In Hong Kong, Taiwan, and other places where they speak Chinese, people still use the more traditional characters. The Korean language also uses Chinese characters to represent certain words. These are known in Korean as Hanja.
A Chinese person with a good education today knows 6,000-7,000 characters. About 3,000 Chinese characters are needed to read a Mainland newspaper.
Examples.
Here are some samples of some words and sentences in Mandarin Chinese. Simplified Characters are on the left, and Traditional characters are on the right. The pronunciation is given in the pinyin system, which may not always be as simple as it looks for those who have not studied it.
The Traditional Characters are now used in Hong Kong and Taiwan. Chinese from Mainland China uses the Simplified Characters, but may recognize Traditional Characters.
Before 1956, every Chinese uses the Traditional characters. But during then, 80% of the Chinese people cannot read and write. Many people feel that Traditional Characters are just too hard to remember and write. Because of the use of Simplified Characters, currently in China, more than 90% of the people have learned to read and write Chinese.
Hello. = Nǐ hǎo. = 你好。
How are you? = Nǐ hǎo ma? = 你好吗？ = 你好嗎？
What is your name? = Nǐ jiào shénme míngzi? = 你叫什么名字？ = 你叫什麽名字？
America = Měiguó = 美国 = 美國
Brazil = Bāxī = 巴西
France = Fǎguó = 法国 = 法國
Britain = Yīngguó = 英国 = 英國
Germany = Déguó = 德国 = 德國
Russia = Éguó = 俄国 = 俄國
Thailand = Tàiguó = 泰国 = 泰國
Poland = Bōlán = 波兰 = 波蘭
Japan = Rìbĕn = 日本 = 日本
Pakistan = Bājīsītǎn = 巴基斯坦 = 巴基斯坦

Zero
Zero is a special number. If there are zero things, there are not any things. There are none.
Example.
John has zero hats. John does not have a hat.
Symbol.
The symbol for the number zero is "0".
Arithmetic with Zero.
Let "n" be any number except zero. Then,
0 ÷ "n" = 0. (0/"n" = 0)
History of zero.
The idea of zero was first thought about in Babylon, India and in Central America at different times. Some places and countries did not know about a zero, which may have made it harder for those people to do mathematics.
Over hundreds of years the idea of zero was passed from country to country. From India and Babylon to other places, like Greece, Persia and the Arab parts of the world. The Europeans learned about zero from the Arabs.
The place of zero as a number.
Zero is not used as a place number (ordinal number). This means that it is not used like 1, 2, or 3 to indicate the order, or place, of something, like 1st, 2nd, or 3rd.
0 ÷ 0 = "not a number."
In time, zero means "now". For example, a person is counting down the time to the start of something, such as a foot race or when a rocket takes off. The count is: "three, two, one, zero (or "go")". Zero is the exact time of the start of the race or when the rocket takes off into the sky.
merged bit.
0 (zero) is both a number and a numerical digit used to represent that number in numerals. As a number, zero means "nothing" — an absence of other values. It plays a central role in mathematics as the additive identity of the integers, real numbers, and many other algebraic structures. As a digit, zero is used as a placeholder in place value systems. Historically, it was the last digit to come into use. In the English language, zero may also be called null or nil when a number, o/oh when a numeral, and nought/naught in either context.
0 as a number.
0 is the integer that precedes the positive 1, and follows −1. In most (if not all) numerical systems, 0 was identified before the idea of 'negative integers' was accepted. It means "courageous one" in hieroglyphics.
Zero is a number which quantifies a count or an amount of null size; that is, if the number of your brothers is zero, that means the same thing as having no brothers, and if something has a weight of zero, it has no weight. If the difference between the number of pieces in two piles is zero, it means the two piles have an equal number of pieces. Before counting starts, the result can be assumed to be zero; that is the number of items counted before you count the first item and counting the first item brings the result to one. And if there are no items to be counted, zero remains the final result.
While mathematicians all accept zero as a number, some non-mathematicians would say that zero is not a number, arguing that one cannot have zero of something. Others hold that if one has a bank balance of zero, one has a specific quantity of money in that account, namely none. It is that latter view which is accepted by mathematicians and most others.
Almost all historians omit the year zero from the proleptic Gregorian and Julian calendars, but astronomers include it in these same calendars. However, the phrase Year Zero may be used to describe any event considered so significant that it virtually starts a new time reckoning.
0 as a numeral.
The modern numeral 0 is normally written as a circle or (rounded) rectangle. In old-style fonts with text figures, 0 is usually the same height as a lowercase x.
On the seven-segment displays of calculators, watches, etc., 0 is usually written with six line segments, though on some historical calculator models it was written with four line segments. This variant glyph has not caught on.
It is important to distinguish the "number" zero (as in the "zero brothers" example above) from the "numeral" or "digit" zero, used in numeral systems using positional notation. Successive positions of digits have higher values, so the digit zero is used to skip a position and give appropriate value to the preceding and following digits. A zero digit is not always necessary in a positional number system: bijective numeration provides a possible counterexample.
Distinguishing zero from O.
The oval-shaped zero and circular letter O together came into use on modern character displays. The zero with a dot in the centre seems to have originated as an option on IBM 3270 controllers (this has the problem that it looks like the Greek letter Theta). The slashed zero, looking identical to the letter O other than the slash, is used in old-style ASCII graphic sets descended from the default typewheel on the venerable ASR-33 Teletype. This format causes problems because of its similarity to the symbol formula_2, representing the empty set, as well as for certain Scandinavian languages which use Ø as a letter.
The convention which has the letter O with a slash and the zero without was used at IBM and a few other early mainframe makers; this is even more problematic for Scandinavians because it means two of their letters collide. Some Burroughs/Unisys equipment displays a zero with a "reversed" slash. And yet another convention common on early line printers left zero unornamented but added a tail or hook to the letter-O so that it resembled an inverted Q or cursive capital letter-O.
The typeface used on some European number plates for cars distinguish the two symbols by making the zero rather egg-shaped and the O more circular, but most of all by slitting open the zero on the upper right side, so the circle is not closed any more (as in). The typeface chosen is called "fälschungserschwerende Schrift" (abbr.: "FE Schrift"), meaning "script which is harder to falsify". Note that those used in the United Kingdom do not differentiate between the two as there can never be any ambiguity if the design is correctly spaced.
In paper writing one may not distinguish the 0 and O at all, or may add a slash across it in order to show the difference, although this sometimes causes ambiguity in regard to the symbol for the null set.

Zoology
Zoology is a science. Zoology means "the study of wildlife". It is about animals. It is part of biology.
Zoologists are scientists that study animals. They usually work on animals in the wild.

Zinc
Zinc is a type of metal. Its symbol on the periodic table is "Zn". When it has been newly cut, zinc has a shiny white-gray color, but if it is exposed to air, it will not stay shiny for long.
Zinc is used in electrical batteries, and in motorboats to slow rusting. The motor of a motorboat often has a "bullet" of zinc, that will corrode easily, but will help other metal parts of the motor to stay rust free. Many nails and pails also have a zinc outer surface to prevent rusting.
We need a little bit of zinc to help our body run well. If we do not get enough zinc in our food, we can get sick. Some people even say that when we get colds, we should take more zinc. Vitamins and cereals contain zinc to make sure that we get enough.

Zebra
A zebra is a mammal of the "Equidae" family. The name "zebra" is used for several different species of the genus "Equus". Zebras live in Africa. Zebras are related to horses and donkeys.
Appearance.
All zebras have a very short fur. Their fur has black and white stripes. The main part of the body has mostly vertical stripes, and the legs have horizontal stripes. They also have a dark line down their back. Each of the different zebra species has a bit different stripes.
Life.
Zebras live in families with one male and lots of females. They can have babies (foals) when they are about five years old and can have one foal every year. Zebras mainly eat grass, but they also eat fruit, leaves and some vegetables. They always live near water.
Zebras live naturally in Africa, south of the Sahara desert. But most zoos have them as well.

Zoo
A zoological garden, zoological park, or zoo is a place where many different species (types) of animals are kept so people can see and watch them.
Modern zoos try not only to be for people's entertainment, but for education, research, and the conservation and protection of animals. Many zoos are centers where rare animals are preserved when they are in danger of dying out.
These modern zoos also want to give the animals a natural life, so that they are healthy and behave normal. This is done for the animals, but also that people can see the animals as if they were in nature, and not in a zoo.
In the past, but also today, there are a lot of zoos that are not like the modern type of zoo. There the animals are held in very bad conditions. They are kept in small cages, and they are bored and get sick.

Copyright
A copyright is a law that gives the owner of a written document, musical composition, book, picture, or other creative work, the right to decide what other people can do with it. Copyright laws make it easier for authors to make money by selling their works. Because of copyright, a work can only be copied if the owner of the copyright gives permission.
People who copy a work that is protected under copyright without permission can be punished by the law, usually with a fine. In other, more serious cases, a person who copies a work that is protected under copyright could be arrested or go to prison.
Who owns copyright?
In most countries, authors automatically own the copyright to any work they make or create, as long as they do not give the copyright to someone else.
In most countries, there is no need to register the copyright, and some countries do not even have procedures to register copyrights. But, in countries where registration is available, without registration, it may be difficult to prove that the copyright of a work belongs to a certain author. So it is often a good idea to register anyway, especially for works that are sold for money.
If an author gets paid to make a work for someone else, the person who pays for making the work (for example, the author's employer) will often get to own the copyright instead of the author him- or herself. For example if a person working for a company like Microsoft invents a new computer software program at work, the Microsoft company would own the copyright.
Length of copyright protection.
Copyright laws usually only protect the owner of copyright for a set period, such as 50 years. This period has now been extended to 70 years in most cases. When the period of copyright protection has ended, the written document, musical composition, book, picture, or other creative work is in the public domain. This means that no one owns the copyright to them, and everyone is free to copy, use and change them without having to ask for permission or pay the owner.
Fair Use.
There is an exception to the rules of copyright, called fair use. This means that people can copy a very small amount of a work to use in reviews or in research reports.
An example of fair use is when newspaper writers quote several sentences from a copyright-protected document to tell the story. Another example of "fair use" is when a university professor quotes several sentences from a copyright-protected book in a review of the book, or in a research report.
Copyright in different countries.
Because of these differences, a certain piece of work may be under copyright in one country, and in the public domain in another.
Creativity.
Some people argue that copyright laws make it easier for people to make new works and think of new ideas. After all, if authors get to make money for the time, effort and money they put in, then they will want to make more works later, and make more money.
But others believe that copyright laws make it harder to be creative. Without copyright, other people could change ideas, works and inventions and make them better, and copyright law often stops that.
Publisher control.
If an author wants to sell a work, it's often easiest to give the copyright to a publisher. The publisher will do all the selling, and in return for that service, will keep part of the money. But the publisher has many different things to sell, and they may not want to sell the work the author made. Authors often find it very hard to find a publisher willing to sell their work.
But without a publisher, it can be even harder for an author to sell his or her work. In many markets, a few big publishers own the copyrights to almost everything available, and stores will not want to sell works published by small authors themselves. Many people say copyright law helps big publishers stay in control, and keeps smaller authors out of the market.

Republic of China
The Republic of China (Taiwan) (ROC (Taiwan)) (Traditional Chinese: 中華民國, Simplified Chinese: 中华民国, Pinyin: Zhonghua Minguo) is a democratic island country in East Asia that is known around the world by most people as Taiwan. It located southeast of the People's Republic of China (PRC).
Territory.
The ROC used to govern Mainland China too. Now it is owned by the Communist People's Republic of China see History and Political problems of China.
History.
The Nationalists, led by Dr. Sun Yat-sen, got rid of the Qing Dynasty ruled by the Manchus, then they established the ROC and ended Imperial Dynastic Rule in late-1911. The ROC at that time had Mainland China and all of what is now called Mongolia.
After the Japanese were defeated by the Allies during World War II, Taiwan was controlled by the ROC.
In 1949, the Chinese Communists fought a war against the Nationalists and won. They established the People's Republic of China. The Nationalists left mainland China while having the lands they control now.
Politics.
After the ROC created a base on Taiwan, it hoped one day to capture the Mainland. But Chinese Communists grew stronger, so the Nationalists never did go back. The Communists say they replaced the ROC as the only government of China and also calls Taiwan their own.
There are those people in Taiwan who want to never be a part of the People's Republic of China. They believe in complete Taiwan independence and want to rename the ROC (Taiwan) to "Republic of Taiwan" so Taiwan can no longer have any ancestral connection to China or Chinese culture. Some other people (about 10%) wishes to unite with the People's Republic of China; they want Chinese unification. But most Taiwanese (over 70%) want the "status quo": for the Republic of China (Taiwan) to remain an independent democratic country like it is now, without changing the name to Republic of Taiwan.
Language.
Most Taiwanese speak Chinese, and others speak Taiwanese or Hakka. A small percentage of the population is aboriginal, and these people have their own languages, although unfair treatment exerted by the Chinese population have been bad, and many of these people, and their languages, struggle to survive. Some older Taiwanese who went to school before 1947 can speak Japanese. After the Nationalist government fled the Mainland in 1948-49, they brought their language, Mandarin with them, and made Mandarin the only official language. Thereafter everyone in the ROC had to learn Mandarin. In the past, students were prohibited from speaking their mother tongue in school and were expected to speak only Mandarin. Taiwanese, Hakka, and native languages were considered bad until the early 1990s, when education in these languages began to be taught in some school systems. They were promoted, but by this time, many young people could speak only Mandarin. The Cantonese language, spoken in parts of southern China (for example, the province of Guang Dong, and the Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong), is not spoken in Taiwan.

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Jail
A jail (sometimes spelled gaol) is a protected place where people are locked up. The police or other, similar groups that are meant to protect people, are in charge of it.

Prison
A prison is an building where people who have been guilty and convicted of crimes are held. People are part of the criminal justice system of a country. Being sent to prison (which is called "imprisonment") is legal penalty that the state can give a person who is convicted of a crime by a court.
Prisons are run by the state (government). People held in prisons are called inmates or convicts. Other words for prison include "penitentiary", "jail" or "gaol" (pronounced like "jail"), and "correctional facility".
A person who has been charged with a crime may be sent to prison if the court thinks that the person may not come to their trial, or if the court thinks that the person may be a risk to the community.
In some countries, prisons are also used for political prisoners (people who disagree with the country's leader or government). In times of war, prisoners of war may also be held in prisons.
Prison buildings and facilities.
Male and female inmates are usually kept in separate locations or in separate prisons. Prisons are usually surrounded by walls and gates. There are usually many locked gates inside the prison to control the inmates.
The inmates sleep in small locked rooms called cells. Cells have a bunk bed, a toilet, and a sink. Inmates are allowed to leave their cell every day for exercise. Some inmates work in the prison during the day, either in a factory or doing cooking or cleaning. Law enforcement officers called prison guards watch the inmates. The manager of a prison is called the warden.
Prisons usually also include other buildings and facilities, such as a chapel, a library, an exercise yard, a gymnasium, an infirmary (small hospital), visiting rooms (for visits from family and lawyers), kitchens, and accommodation for prison staff.
Prisons for young people.
There are special prisons for people under the age of 18 who commit crimes. These inmates are called young offenders or juvenile offenders.
Controversy.
Prisons are a controversial topic that people have different views about.
Number of people in prison.
As of 2006, there are nine million people are currently in prison in the world. The United States currently has the most people in prison; there are more than 2 million people in prison.In 2002, both Russia and China also had over 1 million people in prison. In 2003, the United Kingdom had 73,000 people in prison; France and Germany having a similar number of people in prison.
Cultural references to prisons and prison life.
There are many books and poems about prisons or prison life, such as "The Count of Monte Cristo" by Alexandre Dumas, père and "The Ballad of Reading Gaol" by Oscar Wilde.
There have also been television programs, such as Prisoner (1979-1986) and Prison Break (2005-present).

Mexico
Mexico is a big country in North America. North of Mexico are the United States, south of Mexico are Guatemala and Belize. Mexico is between the Pacific Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico.
People living in Mexico or who are from there are called Mexicans. Most Mexican people speak Spanish. There are also Mexicans who speak Native American languages, like Nahuatl, Maya, and Zapotec. The capital of Mexico is Mexico City.
History.
Before the Europeans came, many great Native American cultures existed in Mexico. The earliest was the Olmec culture. The Olmecs are famous for the large stone heads they made. On the Yucatan peninsula lived the Mayans. The Mayans lived in city states ruled by kings. The Mayans were most powerful between 200 and 900 A.D. Another powerful culture was the one of Teotihuacan. Teotihuacan was a very large city, one of the largest that time. After Teotihuacan declined the Toltecs became powerful. Toltec influence has been found from the southern parts of the U.S. all the way to Costa Rica. A famous Toltec ruler was Quetzalcoatl. The Toltec culture declined too, and it was succeeded by the Aztecs. The Aztecs called their own empire Mexico. A famous Aztec king was Montezuma II.
In 1519 the Spanish explorer Hernán Cortés came to Mexico. The Aztecs thought he was the returned Quetzalcoatl, so they did not want to fight against him. Cortes allied himself with the enemies of the Aztecs. In 1521 they conquered the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan. The Aztec Empire became part of Spain. It was called New Spain.
In 1810 the Mexican priest Miguel Hidalgo started the Mexican war of independence. In 1821 the Spanish finally retreated and Mexico became independent. The first leader of independent Mexico was Agustin de Iturbide, he became emperor. But the Mexicans were not happy with him, and in 1823 the country became a republic.
A man who was very important in Mexico in the early 19th century was Antonio López de Santa Anna. He was the president of Mexico 11 times. When he was president Texas declared independence (1836). In this war the famous Battle of the Alamo took place. Between 1846 and 1848 there was war between Mexico and the United States again. In this war Mexico lost many areas. After this war Santa Anna was sent away to Venezuela.
Between 1858 and 1861 there was war again, between liberals and conservatives. The liberal Benito Juarez won the war and became president afterwards. Juarez stayed president until France invaded Mexico and made Maximilian of Habsburg emperor. But Maximilian was very unpopular. He was executed in 1867, and Juarez became president again.
Conservatives thought Juarez had too much power. In 1876 they ousted him, and made Porfirio Diaz, a general who had won a battle against the French, president. Porfirio Diaz made the country wealthier, but the poor people became poorer. The poor were so unhappy they started the Mexican Revolution in 1910.
The next 10 years the country was in chaos. There were many presidents who ruled for a short time and all kinds of people fought against each other. Famous people from this period are Emiliano Zapata, Pancho Villa and Francisco I. Madero. When Álvaro Obregón became president in 1920 the fighting calmed down.
In 1929 President Plutarco Elías Calles founded the National Mexican Party, PNM. The party was later renamed Institutional Revolutionary Party, PRI. The party would rule for a very long time. Most PRI presidents weren't popular, it was said that they were only president to become richer themselves. An exception was president Lázaro Cárdenas. He was president between 1934 and 1940.
After several decades more and more people became unhappy with the PRI. In 1968 security forces shot at protesters, this caused several hundred deaths and became known as the Tlatelolco massacre. Another uprising was in 1994 when Zapatistas rebelled in the province Chiapas.
Mainly through ballot box fraud the PRI managed to stay into power until 2000, when Vicente Fox of the National Action Party, PAN, was elected president. In total the PRI had governed Mexico for 71 years.
Politics.
Mexico is a constitutional federal democracy ruled by a president. The president is elected every 6 years. The current president is Felipe Calderón. He has spoken against American plans to build a wall between the two countries to slow illegal immigration.
Geography.
Mexico is in the southern part of North America and is roughly shaped like a triangle. Mexico is more than 3000 km (1,850 miles) long from northwest to southeast. Mexico is between two large seas: the Pacific Ocean in the West and the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea in the East. Mexico has two large peninsulas. Baja California in the Northwest, and Yucatan in the Southeast. In central and western Mexico are the Sierra Madre mountains. In the Sierra Madre is the Pico de Orizaba, the highest mountain of Mexico. In central Mexico there are also a few volcanoes like the Popocatépetl and the Iztaccíhuatl. The Pico de Orizaba is also a volcano. In the north of Mexico are deserts, in the south are tropical rainforests. Some rivers in Mexico are the Río Bravo (known in the US as the Rio Grande), the Río Grijalva, the Río Balsas, the Río Pánuco, and the Río Yaqui.
People.
Mexico is the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world. It is also the second most populous country in Latin America (after Brazil). 60% of the Mexicans have Native American and European forefathers, they are called mestizos. Almost 15% of the Mexicans are pure Native American and 10% are European. Most Mexicans (90%) speak Spanish. 10% of the Mexicans speak a Native American language, like Nahuatl, the language of the Aztecs, Maya or Zapotec. Most people in Mexico are Roman Catholic (89%). 6% are Protestant.

Atlantic Ocean
The Atlantic Ocean is the body of water bordered
Scientists say that millions of years ago, there was only one ocean, and that most of the land in the world was joined together over where the Atlantic Ocean is now. Eventually, they think an enormous crack developed in the ground due to volcanic forces, and that the continents started ever so slowly drifting away from each other. The crack would have filled with water from rivers, and eventually the sea might have broken through from the north and the south. Even to this day, the east coast of the Americas is shaped somewhat like west coast of Africa, but the difference is actually much greater than it might appear, so it is not really an exact fit or even a close one. The Atlantic Ocean is still growing now, because of sea-floor spreading from the mid-Atlantic Ridge, while the Pacific Ocean is said to be shrinking because the sea floor is folding under itself.
Gulf Stream.
The Atlantic Ocean has important ocean currents. One of these, called the Gulf Stream, flows across the North Atlantic. Water gets heated by the sun in the Caribbean Sea and then moves northwest toward the North Pole. This makes France, Ireland, Britain, Iceland, and Norway in Europe much warmer in winter than Newfoundland and Nova Scotia in Canada. Without the Gulf Stream, the climates of northeast Canada and northwest Europe might be the same, because these places are about the same distance from the North Pole.
There are currents in the South Atlantic too, but the shape of this sea means that it has less effect on South Africa.

Mercury
Mercury means more than one thing.

Mercury (element)
Mercury is a chemical element. Its symbol on the periodic table is Hg, and its atomic number is 80. It is a very poisonous silver-colored metallic liquid sometimes used in the manufacture of measuring instruments such as thermometers. It is also known as quicksilver
Before better compounds were discovered, some mercury compounds were used in medicine to kill germs on the skin.
Mercury was known to the ancients and its discoverer is unknown.
It is the only metal, and except for Bromine, the only element known that is liquid under what is known as "normal conditions" (room temperature, normal pressure).
The symbol "Hg" stands for its Latinized Greek name "hydrargyrum", meaning watery or liquid silver. It is very poisonous.

Africa
Africa is the second largest continent in the world. It makes up just over a fifth of the world's land. It is surrounded by large areas of water. There are 61 countries in Africa, and 14% of the world's population live there. It is thought to be the continent where the first humans came from.
North or Saharan Africa.
Much of North Africa is dry and warm, as it is dominated by the Sahara Desert and does not receive a monsoon season. In Saharan Africa there are few rivers or other water sources for the people. The reason it is so warm and dry is because the continent is very wide - this means it is far away from the ocean, which brings rain and wind. Underground water sources, such as springs are very important in the desert. These often form oases. An oasis is an area of vegetation (plant life) surrounded by desert.
Countries that are in the North, but are not part of the Sahara desert, are still affected by the very dry wind from the desert.
These are very warm areas of the earth, and at the centre of the tropics is the equator (represented by the red line on the right). These lines do not really exist, they are used by people to show where the sun's rays are most powerful.
In the extreme north, the climate is cooler and similar to the climate of European Mediterranean countries.
Animals.
Africa has a lot of wildlife. There are many types of animals there. Some are cheetahs, elephants, lions, snakes, giraffes, and a lot more. Over 2,000 types of fish live in African lakes and rivers.

Butter
Butter is a dairy food product, made by churning the cream obtained from whole milk. It is commonly used as a spread on bread and a main ingredient in biscuits, as a shortening agent in some baking and cooking recipes, and sometimes as a frying medium.
Butter is nearly pure fat, so margarine, which has less fat and cholesterol, might be a heathier choice for some people. It also is usually cheaper.

Cold War
The Cold War took place between 1945 and 1991. The Cold War was not like any other war, because the two main enemies' armies never actually fought against each other. The term "Cold" war is used to describe the relations between the United States and the Soviet Union during the 45 year period after the end of World War II because neither country liked each other. Many people were afraid that it might end in a nuclear war, but that never happened.
Conflicting countries.
The United States and Soviet Union each had many countries from around the world on their side.
The United Kingdom, France, Australia, West Germany, Canada, and the Netherlands were countries on the American side. East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Hungary, Poland were on the soviet side, and Cuba, North Korea, China, Mongolia and also other countries at different times were friendly to the Soviets.
Before the Cold War.
The cold war was partially due to the different ways of thinking, both in economy and the way of governing. The United States had adopted capitalism as their economic system while the Soviet Union chose communism, the US was democratic while USSR was nearly a dictatorship. These differences lead to angry relationship between the two countries
World War II.
The USSR and the United States were allies when World War II happened because neither country liked Nazi Germany. Even though they were allies, they still did not like each other. Soviets thought that the United States and the United Kingdom would not start fighting Germany until Germany had already beat the USSR. The Allies made Germany into four different parts. One part was for the United Kingdom, one part was for France, one part was for the USSR, and one part was for the United States. The city Berlin also was made separate like the country, even though Berlin was in the USSR part of Germany. The three western countries decided to put their parts of Germany back together to make a country called the Federal Republic of Germany ("Bundesrepublik Deutschland" or BRD). The USSR made their part of Germany into a country called the German Democratic Republic ("Deutsche Demokratische Republik" or DDR). The western parts of Berlin were put together to make a city called West Berlin, which was a BRD enclave inside of the DDR.
Complications.
The Cold War was related to many local wars, such as the U.S led Korean War, Soviet invasions of Hungary and Czechoslovakia and the Vietnam War, also organized by the United States. These wars, when two small countries fight each other with help from powerful countries, are called proxy wars. The Cuban Missile Crisis was a part of the Cold War, and Middle East Crisis has also become much more complicated because of the Cold War.
Resolutions during the Cold War.
Western democracies and the Soviet Union discussed World War II at conferences in Tehran (November-December 1943), Yalta (February 1945), and Potsdam (July-August 1945).
In the end.
After Stalin's death, East-West relations got better, but were never completely healed. A final phase during the late 1980s happened under the Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev, who hoped for a healing between the two states that could address many world problems. However, this never happened, because the peoples who lived in the Soviet Union decided to do away with Communism, since it had failed them for 80 years and denied them basic freedoms. By 1990, the Soviet Union broke apart into many countries, the Berlin Wall was torn down, the nations of Eastern Europe had multi-party democracies, and the Cold War was over.

Mainland China
Mainland China is the part of China not including the Republic of China controlling Taiwan, Kinmen, Matsu, and the Pescadores. The term also excludes Hong Kong and Macau.
In the Qing Dynasty, all of Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, Kinmen, Matsu, the Pescadores, and Mongolia were part of the Chinese Empire. Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Macau were given to foreigners for some years (Taiwan to the Japanese, Hong Kong to the British, and Macau to the Portuguese).
By the end the Qing Empire, China became Nationalist China (the Republic of China) and it got Taiwan back in 1945. After the Communists (the People's Republic of China) took over most of China, the Nationalists kept only Taiwan, Kinmen, Matsu, and the Pescadores. Mongolia became an independent state later.
Since then, Communist China only includes the part on the continent (mainland) and some small islands that are very near (the largest communist island is Hainan). This region is Mainland China.
Later Hong Kong and Macau returned to the government of China, but sometimes they are still not thought of as part of Mainland China.

Endogenetic process
The endogenetic processes are the processes that shape the land by forces coming from within the earth (endogenetic forces).
There are 3 main endogenetic processes: folding, faulting and vulcanicity. They take place mainly along the plate boundaries, which are the zones that are not stable. Endogenetic processes cause many major landform features.

Capital (city)
The capital city (or just capital) is a city where the central government of a country, or part of a country, such as a state, province, or county, is located.
The leaders and officials work in the capital city.
Capitals are usually large cities. For example, Montevideo is Uruguay's biggest city, and Uruguay's capital. However, a capital is not always the largest city in a country. For example, the capital of the the Republic of India is New Delhi, which is smaller than Mumbai, and the capital of Pakistan is Islamabad, which is smaller than Karachi, both Mumbai and Karachi are very big cities.
Some countries have more than one capital, like Bolivia, which has two, and South Africa, which has three. Nauru is a country that does not have a capital. Some countries change capitals from time to time.
Do not confuse "capital" with "capitol", which is a building in the capital of the United States of America.

Faulting
A fault, strictly speaking, is a planar fracture through a rock, wherein the motion along the fracture is in the plane of the fracture. If there is no relative sliding motion along a fracture, that is, it only opens, it is a joint.
Faulting occurs when shear stress on a rock overcomes the cohesion and frictional force on the rock. The fracture itself is called a fault plane, although it is not necessarily planar. When it is exposed at the earth's surface, it may form a cliff or steep slope called a fault scarp.
The angle between the fault plane and an imaginary horizontal plane is called the dip angle of the fault. Faults may dip shallowly or steeply.
Faults are generally categorized in three types, depending on the orientation of the fault plane, relative to the direction of motion on the fault.
A normal fault is one where the fault dips toward the downthrown block. Motion on normal faults produce overall extension and thinning of the crust. Normal faults characterize rifted terranes, such as Mid-Ocean Ridges, the African Rift, and the Basin and Range Province of western North America. It is shown on geologic maps as a black line with either a block pattern on the downthrown side, or the letters U/D showing the upthrown and downthrown sides.
A reverse fault (if steeply dipping) or thrust fault (if shallowly dipping) is a fault where the fault plane dips toward the upthrown block. It is shown on the geologic map with triangular teeth pointing toward the upthrown side of the fault. Reverse and thrust faults effectively shorten (horizontally) and thicken the crust. They are characteristic of collisional origins.
A transform (oceanic) or strike-slip (continental fault is one where the relative motion is horizontal. The fault plane is usually vertical. Famous examples of these include the San Andreas Fault of California, the Alpine Fault of New Zealand's south island, and the Anatolian Fault in Turkey.

Climate
Climate is the average weather conditions at a particular place over a long period of time.
Climate is the long-term predictable state of the atmosphere. It is affected by physical features such as mountains, rivers, positioning of the globe, plateaus, deserts, depressions and much more.
The major elements of weather and climate: temperature, air pressure, wind, precipitation, relative humidity, and sunshine. They help people to describe the conditions of weather and climate.
The climate of a place is given names such as Temperate, Arid, Cold, Dry, Tundra, Tropical, Equatorial, Mediterranean, Savanna, etc.
Subarctic.
Regions having a subarctic climate (also called boreal climate) are characterized by long, usually very cold winters, and brief, warm summers.
Temperate.
Temperate climates have four seasons. Some of the countries which have a temperate climate are: Turkey, and most of the European countries.
Arid.
Arid climates are hot climates, like deserts. They just have one or two seasons such as: Saudi Arabia and most of the African countries.
Tropical.
Tropical climates have warm temperature and only two seasons; Wet and Dry
Mediterranean.
The Mediterranean climate is usually hot and dry in summer, and is cool and wet in winter.
Savanna.
The savannas' climate is often tropical wet and dry.
See also: Köppen's climate classification scheme

Fold (geology)
Folding is one of the endogenetic processes.
When two forces act towards each other from opposite sides, the rock layers will be bent into "folds". The process by which folds are formed due to compressional force is known as folding.
There are large-scale and small-scale folds. Large-scale folds are found mainly along destructive plate boundaries.
Structure of a fold.
The upfold is called an anticline. The downfold is called a syncline.
The imaginary line joining the highest points along the upfold is called the crest line.
The flanks of a fold are known as the limbs.
The central line from which the rock strata dip away in opposing directions is called the axis of fold.
According to the degree of folding of the layers, folds can be classified into five main types.
Formation of a fold mountain.
Large depressions called geosynclines form between plates. Seas filled the geosynclines and rivers flowing into them carried sediments (sand and silt) which build up on the sea bed.
Over millions of years the sediments were compressed, by their own weight, into sedimentary rocks, e.g. sandstone, limestone etc.
Landforms formed by folding.
Large-scale folding will develop parallel ranges of round-top mountains along destructive plate boundaries. These mountains are known as fold mountains.

Vulcanicity
Vulcanicity (also known as volcanic activity or igneous activity) is one of the endogenetic processes.
Magma under the crust is under very great pressure. When folding and faulting occur, cracks or fractures which are lines of weakness. When these lines of weakness develop downward in the crust and reach the magma, they will release the pressure in the magma.
This allows magma to rise up along the lines of weakness and intrude into the crust. Some magma may even reach the earth's surface.
There are two types of vulcanicity: intrusive and extrusive.
Intrusive volcanicity.
Intrusive vulcanicity refers to magma (molten rock) being forced into the rocks that make up the Earth's crust.
It occurs when there are lines of weakness such as faults, joints, or bedding planes in the crust. Then magma enters these lines of weakness. When it cools and become solid while still underground, different features called plutons are formed. The rock formed is intrusive igneous rock.
These plutons will be exposed at the surface of land when the overlying rocks are removed after a long time of denudation (laid bare by erosion).
Major features formed by intrusive volcanicity include: batholith, laccolith, dike, pipe and sill.
Extrusive volcanicity.
The magma under great pressure with molten materials forces its way through the fissure of the underground rocks and reaches the earth's surface to form igneous extrusion. When the molten materials reaches the surface, it is called extruded materials and such volcanic activity is known as extrusive or surface vulcanicity.Some people classified extrusive vulcanicity into vent eruption and fissure eruption depending on how the magma rising to the ground.
Major extruded materials include gas,liquid and solid.
When uprising magma decreases in pressure suddenly,gases within magma explode to
the earth's surface and cause destruction.
Solid - pyroclast:Mainly composed of: fragments of country-rock,solidified lava and fine materials of volcanic ash and dust.It can be classified in term of size into volcanic bombs,volcanic blocks,lapilli,volcanic ash and volcanic dust.
Liquid - lava,hot spring.

Pacific Ocean
The Pacific Ocean is the body of water between Asia and Australia in the west, the Americas in the east, the Southern Ocean to the south, and the Arctic Ocean to the north. It is the largest named ocean and it covers half the surface of the entire world. It joins the Atlantic Ocean at a line drawn due south from Cape Horn, Chile/Argentina to Antarctica, and joins the Indian Ocean at a line drawn due south from Tasmania, Australia to Antarctica.
As the Atlantic slowly gets wider, the Pacific is slowly shrinking. It does this by folding the sea floor in towards the centre of the Earth - this is called subduction. This bumping and grinding is difficult so there are many earthquakes and volcanoes when the pressure builds up and is suddenly released when the rocks break. When an earthquake happens under the sea, the sudden violent jerk causes a tsunami. This is why tsunamis are more common around the rim of the Pacific than anywhere else. Many of the Earth's volcanos are either islands in the Pacific, or are on continents within a few hundred kilometres of the ocean's edge.

Antarctica
Antarctica is a large continent located at the far south of the world. It is larger than Europe. The weather there is extremely cold. About 98% of Antarctica is covered with ice. Very few people live there, except in the small towns of McMurdo and Palmer on the coast. There is a science station at the South Pole where experiments are carried out. These experiments are to do with the weather and outer space exploration. People who want to go to Antarctica usually fly there. However, it is also possible to book tourist cruises to visit the continent. These depart from Ushuaia, which is in southern Argentina.
Antarctica is the only continent with no countries in it. By international treaty, none of the land in Antarctica belongs to any country.
There are very few plants in Antarctica; the only large air-breathing animals are penguins, seals, and whales.
Antarctica is surrounded by the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, and the Indian Ocean, but more recently, the seas right around it have together been called the Southern Ocean. The next nearest continent is South America.
In Antarctica, it is always dark during the winter, but in the summer the sun shines 24 hours a day.
There is one volcano in Antarctica. It is named Mount Erebus. Mount Ereubus is very high.

South Pole
The South Pole is the most southern point on the Earth. It is also known as Antarctica
In fact, there are two main south poles. One is fixed, and one moves around.
The Magnetic North and South Poles are where a magnetic compass points. These poles move from year to year. People can tell they are near these poles by looking at a compass. From the South pole, everywhere is North (but a compass is not reliable very close to the poles)!
The Geographic North and South poles are the poles the earth spins aroud, the ones people see on a globe where all the north/south lines meet. These poles stay in the same place, and are usually the ones we mean if we just say North or South Pole. People can tell that they are at these poles by looking at the stars (at the poles, a star just circles around at the same height, never dipping to the horizon).
Antarctica, is a very cold place. For many weeks in the middle of winter, the sun never rises. In the middle of summer, late December through late March, the sun never sets.
At the pole itself, there is a six-month winter where the sun never rises. Once the sun does come up, it is the beginning of a six month summer where a person can stand there at any hour on the clock and observe the sun above the horizon appearing to slowly travel counter-clockwise around him.
The South Pole is hard to reach. Unlike the North pole, which is covered by the sea and flat sea-ice, the South Pole is on a mountainous continent. This continent is called Antarctica. It is covered by thick ice (more than a mile thick in the centre). The south Pole is very high up, and is very windy. It is far from places where people live, and ships going there often have to find their way through thick sea ice. Once ashore, land-travelling explorers have to travel more than a thousand miles to get to the pole. They must cross a floating ice shelf, then up onto the ice-covered land, up steep mountain glaciers covered in broken, twisted ice slowly sliding to the sea, and across a high level land ("plateau") covered in ice and swept by strong freezing winds.
Two expeditions in the early years of the century, led by Robert Falcon Scott and then Ernest Shackleton, failed to reach the South Pole, but returned safely. Shackleton turned back quite close to the pole, but it was late in the season and supplies were low. He knew that he would be risking the lives of his men: to his credit, he turned back.
The first men to reach the South Pole were a group from Norway led by Roald Amundsen. They arrived at the Pole on December 14, 1911 and left the Norwegian flag. Amundsen and his men returned home safely. Amundsen's story is one of excellent planning, good leadership, and willingness to learn from others: this made extreme endurance unnecessary, and perhaps made the successful expedition less of a story, and therefore perhaps less famous, than the next one.
The most famous South Pole expedition is perhaps the one that failed badly. This was the British expedition (not just UK, it included people from the British Empire, who at that time were considered British citizens) led by Robert Falcon Scott. Scott and four other men, dragging their equipment on sledges, had hoped to be first to the Pole. When they arrived there, they saw a Norwegian flag. A letter left for Scott showed that Amundsen and his men had beaten them by a month, by using dogs to pull their sledges.
On their journey back from the Pole, Scott's team found that food "dumps" were short of supplies, particularly kerosene. Kerosene was very important: not just for cooking but for melting ice. Once it ran out, they would have no water to drink. One man collapsed and died while walking. Oates knew his frostbitten feet could not carry him back to base, and that he might delay his companions and risk their lives. He committed suicide by walking out of their tent into the cold. Scott and his remaining two companions died of starvation, thirst, and cold - trapped in the tent by bad weather until their supplies ran out. Next spring, the three bodies in the tent were found by a team from the main part of the expedition - who had spent the winter in the expeditions's hut by the sea. Scott's letters to his wife, written in the tent when he knew he was going to die, have just (Jan 2007) been made public.
Apart from Shackleton's expedition to cross the Antarctic (another heroic failure, but Shackleton saved all his men, after a very courageous sea crossing in an open boat, and a crossing of an unknown mountain range while starving and freezing) this was the end of the "heroic" age of exploration. Motors, Planes, Radios, and GPS ensured that following expeditions were never truly "unsupported".
Today there is an American science base at the South Pole. It is named the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station to honor the two explorers.

Indian Ocean
The Indian Ocean is the ocean surrounded by Asia to the north, Australia and the Pacific Ocean to the east, the Southern Ocean to the south, and Africa and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. It is so named because the south Asian country of India is located on its shore. The Bay of Bengal, the Arabian Sea, the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea are all parts of this ocean.
The deepest point in the Indian Ocean is located in Java Trench, it is 25,344 feet deep. The avrage depth is 13,002 feet deep. The Indian Ocean is 28,350,000 square miles in size.

Arctic Ocean
The Arctic Ocean is the ocean around the North Pole. The most northern parts of Eurasia and North America are around the Arctic Ocean. Thick pack ice and snow cover most of this ocean. An icebreaker or a nuclear-powered submarine can use the Arctic Ocean to go between the Pacific and Atlantic oceans.
The ocean's area is about 14.056 million sq km, which is the smallest of the world's four oceans, and it has of coastline. The central surface covered by icepack about in thickness. The biology there is quite special. Some endangered animals there include walruses, whales and polar bears.
The average depth of the Arctic Ocean is. The deepest point is in the Eurasian Basin, at.

Inuit
The Inuit are one of many groups of First Nations who live in very cold places of northern Canada, Greenland, and Alaska.
They are sometimes called "Eskimos", a word which likely comes from the Algonquin language and may mean "eater of raw meat". The Inuit generally prefer not to be called "Eskimos" but it is a name that was given to them by others, not a name they gave themselves. "Inuit" means more than one, one person is an "Inuk". The native Greenlanders are related to the Inuit.
The Inuit used to hunt seals. They also traded fur with the Europeans. They once lived in houses made of snow called igloos. The knowledge of how to construct an igloo was passed down from generation to generation.
The language of the Inuit is Inuktitut, and it is one of the official languages of Nunavut and of the Northwest Territories in Canada.

Basket
A basket is a container. It is usually light.
People weave narrow pieces of material together to form baskets. Wood, grasses, or wicker are often used to make baskets. They are also made out of plastic today.
In basketball, the basket is an open net fixed to a metal ring in which players try to throw the ball.

Software
Software is short for computer software. It means the applications and operating systems used with computers. The term software was first used in the late 1960s to show the difference from computer hardware, which are the fixed parts of a machine. Before compact discs (CDs) or Internet downloads, applications and operating systems came on soft media like magnetic discs and magnetic tape. Software is an essential part of today's society. Basically software tells the hardware when to do a specific task.
The advancement of software is ever-changing and developers are creating different kinds programs to help businesses, corporates and everyone around the world. Gone are the days of filing information manually, with today's software everything is done in a fraction of the time.

Container
A container is an object used for holding something. People put things in a container.

South America
South America is the continent located to the south of America. These two continents are separated by the Panama Canal. It is bounded on the west by the Pacific Ocean and on the east by the Atlantic Ocean.

Bed
A bed is a piece of furniture. It is used for sleeping on.

Asia
Asia is the largest continent on Earth, placed in the northern hemisphere. It is connected to Europe in the west. Together, Asia and Europe are called Eurasia.
Asia is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea, the Black Sea, the Arctic Ocean, the Pacific Ocean, and the Indian Ocean. It is separated from Europe by the Caucasus Mountains and the Ural Mountains.
Some of the oldest human civilizations began in Asia, such as Sumer, China, and India. China and India are also the two countries with the most people in the world.
A long, mainly land border in the west separates Europe and Asia. This boundary runs North-South down the Ural Mountains in Russia, along the Ural River to the Caspian Sea, and through the Caucuses Mountains to the Black Sea. About three-quarters of Russia lies in Asia, while the rest is in Europe. Small parts of four other Asian countries are in Europe.
The Asian continent is the largest of all continents. Covering about 3/10 of the world's land area, it has more people than any other continent with about 3/5 of the world's total population. Stretching from the icy Arctic in the north to the hot and steamy equatorial lands in the south, Asia contains huge, empty deserts, as well as some of the world's highest mountains and longest rivers.

Wall
A wall is a vertical dividing surface. It divides space in buildings into rooms or protects or pictures a space in the open air. It is usually made of stone or brick. Walls have 2 main purposes: to support the top part of buildings, and to divide space, giving protection from invasion and weather.
Before artillery was invented, many cities in Europe had protective walls. Since they are not suitable for defense any more, the walls have been destroyed.
The term "the Wall" usually referred to the Berlin Wall, built during the Cold War, which fell in 1989.
See also: fire wall, Wall painting, wallpaper, Great Wall of China and Western Wall in Jerusalem.

Coordinated Universal Time
Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) is the standard time zone of the world. The standard before was Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). UTC and GMT are almost the same. It is also called civil time and Zulu time.
Some websites, like Wikipedia, use UTC because it does not make any country look more important than the others. It offers one time for all the internet (the same time can be used by people all over the world).
Timezones are often named by how many hours they are different from UTC time. For example, UTC -5 (United States east coast) is 5 hours behind UTC. If the time is 07:00 UTC, the local time is 02:00 in New York (UTC -5) and 10:00 in Moscow (UTC +3)
When this page loaded, it was, in UTC

Television
A television (also TV, telly or tube) is a device (pool) with a screen that receives broadcast signals and turns them into pictures and sound. The word "television" comes from the words "tele" (Greek for "far away") and "vision" ("seeing").
History of Television.
Usually a TV looks like a box. Older TVs had large wooden frames and sat on the floor like furniture. Newer TVs are much more varied. Some TVs can fit in your hand and run with batteries. Other TVs can take up a whole wall in a house, and may sit on the floor, or be just a large flat screen that can be mounted on the wall.
A television can show pictures from many places. At first, everyone used an antenna (or aerial). This would pick up shows from broadcast television stations. A TV station could be many miles away, and still be picked up. TVs can also show movies from VCD and DVD players or VCRs. Cable TV and Satellite TV can provide more programs at once than broadcast can. Video game consoles connect to TVs. Some computers can also use a TV as a monitor.
All TVs have screens where the picture is viewed. Before the 1970s these were usually "black and white", which made everything look grey. But now almost all TVs show colors. Screens also used to have rounded corners, but now they are usually mostly flat rectangles with straight edges. Before the 1990s, all TV screens had the same shape - they were a little bit wider than they were tall. For example, if a screen was 3 inches tall, it had to be 4 inches wide. Or if the screen was 30 cm tall, it had to be 40 cm wide. Now however, a new shape is becoming more popular. It is a wider rectangle that looks more like the shape of a movie theatre screen. This is called widescreen. If a widescreen set was 30 cm tall, it would be 53 cm wide. For this to work best, TV shows also need to be made in widescreen. Widescreen sets can still be any size, but they have the same widescreen shape.
All TVs used to be made with cathode ray tubes. These are like heavy glass jars with one side facing out to form the screen. Today there are also LCD, Plasma, Rear-Projection, and OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diode) TVs. Those kinds of TVs are better in many ways, but cathode ray tubes still cost less. Many people think that cathode ray tubes still show the best quality pictures, but the other kinds of screens are improving quickly.

Sociology
Sociology is the study of societies and how humans act in groups. Sociology is a social science.
Auguste Comte (1789 - 1857) was first to use the term. The problems caused by the change to an industrial society, where many people moved to cities and worked in factories, was an early focus of sociology. Karl Marx, Max Weber and Emile Durkheim were leading figures in the study of social phenomena. Themes included: community, authority, status, “alienation” (isolation) and lack of power.
In the 2000s, sociology looks at such things as: race, ethnicity, class, gender, the family and social interaction. It also studies the breakdown of social structures; crime and divorce. Sociology can also be looked at as the study of the world-wide society. A society is the community of people living in a particular country or region and having shared customs, laws, and organizations.
What do sociologists do?
Sociologists research the structures that organize society, such as race, gender (whether a person is male or female), and social classes (rich or poor). They study the family and examine problems such as crime and drug abuse.
Most sociologists work in one or more specialty areas or "sub-fields". Sociology includes many sub-fields that examine different aspects of society. For example, social stratification studies inequality and class structure in society. The field of demography studies changes in a population size or type. The field of criminology examines criminal behavior and crime. Political sociology studies government and laws. Sociology of race and sociology of gender examine how people think about race and gender.
Many sociologists also do research outside of the university. Their research helps teachers, lawmakers, and government administrators to make better institutions, government programs, and rules.
Sociologists often use statistics to count and measure patterns in how people act or behave. Sociologists also interview people or hold group discussions to find out why people behave in certain ways. Some sociologists combine different research methods.
History of sociology.
Social analysis has been done since the time of Plato, an ancient Greek philosopher. Sociology became a type of science in the early 1800s. European cities were changing as many people moved into cities and began working in factories. Sociologists tried to understand how people interacted and how groups interacted.
The word sociology was invented by a French thinker called Auguste Comte in 1838. Early 1900s thinkers who wrote about sociology included Karl Marx and Max Weber.
Sociology was taught in a university for the first time at the University of Kansas in 1890. The first European department of sociology was founded in 1895 at the University of Bordeaux by Émile Durkheim. The first sociology department to be established in Britain was at the London School of Economics and Political Science in 1904. In 1919 a sociology department was established in Germany at the Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich by Max Weber.

Germany
The Federal Republic of Germany also called Germany (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland also called Deutschland) is a country in the middle of Europe. It is an important country in international politics. To the north of Germany are the North Sea, the Baltic Sea, and the country of Denmark. To the east of Germany are the countries of Poland and the Czech Republic. To the south of Germany are the countries of Austria and Switzerland. To the west of Germany are the countries of France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands. West Germany was one of the countries that started the European Union.
History.
Germany gained importance as the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation,which was the first "Reich" translated as kingdom. It was started by Charlemagne who became the first Holy Roman Emperor in 800 AD, and it lasted until 1806 the time of the Napoleonic Wars.
The second "Reich" was started with a treaty in 1871 in Versailles. The biggest state in the new German Empire was Prussia. The Kings of Prussia were also "German Emperors" they did not call themselves "Emperors "of" Germany". There were many other kingdoms, duchies and republics in the Empire, but not Austria. Germany stayed an empire with many different kinds of people for another 50 years.
The treaty of unification was made after Germany won the Franco-Prussian War with France in 1871. In World War I, Germany joined Austria-Hungary, and declared war on France. The war became slow in the west and was fought in "trenches", holes soldiers dug in the ground to protect themselves. Many men were killed on both sides. In the east the soldiers fought normal battles and the Germans won in the east. The war ended in 1918 because the Germans could not win in the west, and Germany's emperor had to give up his power. Germany was put under harsh restrictions, and France took Alsace from Germany. After a revolution, the Second Reich ended and the democratic Weimar Republic began.
After the war, there were bad money problems in Germany because of the Peace Treaty of Versailles and the worldwide Great Depression.
The "Third Reich" was Nazi Germany; it lasted 12 years, from 1933 to 1945. Adolf Hitler became the Head of government, and by the Enabling Act on March 23, 1933, the parliament gave him total control of the country and the government. On March 23, 1933, the Reichstag passed the Enabling Act, which enabled Hitler's government to issue decrees independently of the Reichstag and the presidency; Hitler in effect assumed dictatorial powers.
Hitler sought to unify all Germans in one state, and did this by uniting ethnic lands where Germans lived in Austria, Czechoslovakia with the German Republic. But his actions became radical, aggressive, and arrogant. Hitler started to abuse his power and declared himself "Führer" (dictator). Hitler then started to claim nearby countries to be part of Germany, and took them over, beginning with Poland, and including parts of Russia, and the Baltic states. The invasion of Poland started World War II on September 1, 1939. In the beginning, Germany was winning, and quickly got control of most of Europe and a large part of the Soviet Union. After the decisive Battle of Kursk, the German Eastern Front began a slow retreat until war's end. The reason was because Hitler refused to listen to his generals. On 8 May 1945, Germany gave up after Berlin was captured and Hitler had killed himself a week earlier. Because of the war, Germany lost a lot of German land east of "Oder-Neisse line", and for 45 years, Germany was split into West Germany West- and German Democratic Republic East Germany.
After the end of Socialism in Europe in 1990, East Germany joined West Germany. The new Germany is an important part of the European Union, a group of countries that want to bring all of Europe together for reasons of politics, defence, and economy.
Politics.
Germany is a constitutional federal democracy. Its political rules come from the 1949 'constitution' called "Grundgesetz" (Basic Law). It has a parliamentary system, and the parliament elects the head of government, the "Bundeskanzler" (Federal Chancellor). The current Chancellor, Dr Angela Merkel, is a woman who used to live in East Germany.
The people of Germany vote for the parliament, called the "Bundestag" (Federal Assembly), every four years. Government members of the 16 Bundesländer work in the "Bundesrat" (Federal Council). The "Bundesrat" can help make some laws.
The head of state is the "Bundespräsident" (Federal President). This person has no real powers but can order elections for the Bundestag.
The judiciary branch (the part of German politics that deals with courts) has a "Bundesverfassungsgericht" (Federal Constitutional Court). It can stop all acts by the law-makers or other leaders if they feel they go against Germany's constitution.
States.
"Main article: States of Germany"
In these states there are 438 "Kreise" (districts).
Geography.
Germany is one of the biggest countries in Europe. It goes from the high mountains of the Alps (highest point: the Zugspitze at in the south, to the North Sea and Baltic Sea in the north. Between the mountains and the sea are the large forests of the middle part of Germany, and the very low and flat parts of northern Germany (lowest point: Neuendorf-Sachsenbande at. Germany also has parts of Europe's biggest and most important rivers, such as the Rhine, Danube and Elbe.
Economy.
Germany has the world's third largest technologically powerful economy (only the United States and Japan are more powerful). Bringing West and East Germany together and making their economy work is still taking a long time and costing a lot of money; the west gives about $100 billion to the east a year. Germans hope that because of the new form of money, the Euro used in most countries in Europe, and because Europe is coming closer together, this will help Germany's economy in the early 21st century.
People.
There are at least seven million people from other countries living in Germany. Some have political asylum, some are guest workers ("Gastarbeiter"), and some are their families. A lot of people from poor or dangerous countries go to Germany for safety, but today the number is smaller (about 50,000 in 2003).
About 50,000 ethnic Danish people live in Schleswig, in the north. About 60,000 Slavic people, Sorbs, live in Germany too, in Saxony and Brandenburg. About 12,000 people in Germany speak Frisian; this language is the closest living language to English. In northern Germany, people outside towns speak Low Saxon.
Many people have come to Germany from Turkey (about 1.9 million Kurds and Turks). Other small groups of people in Germany are Croats (0.2 million), Italians (0.6 million), Greeks (0.4 million), Russians, and Poles (0.3 million). There are also some ethnic Germans who lived in the old Soviet Union (1.7 million), Poland (0.7 million), and Romania (0.3 million) (1980 – 1999 totals). These people have German passports, so they are not counted as foreigners. A lot of these people do not speak German at home.
Christianity is the biggest religion; Protestants are 38% of the people (mostly in the north) and Catholics are 34% o.7% of Germans the people (mostly in the south). There are also many Muslims (1), while the other people (26.3%) are either not religious, or belong to smaller religious groups. In the eastern regions, the former territory of GDR (also known as DDR), only one fifth of the population is religious.
Germany has one of the world's highest levels of schooling, technology, and businesses. The number of young people who start going to universities is now more than three times as big as it was after the end of World War II, and the trade and technical schools of Germany are some of the best in the world. Germans each make about $25,000 a year, so Germany is a very middle class society. A large social welfare system gives people money when they are ill or cannot find a job, and other things the people need. Millions of Germans travel outside their country each year.
Culture.
In Germany were born many people important in culture: composers such as Beethoven, Bach, Brahms, and Wagner; poets such as Goethe, Schiller, Heine and Lessing or Brecht; philosophers including Kant, Hegel, Marx, and Nietzsche; and scientists including Einstein, Born, Heisenberg and Planck. It was also where the "Bauhaus" movement started.
In the past, when people in Europe could not speak each other's languages, they used German. Today, many people still learn German in school as a foreign language; it is second after English. Many important people in history are thought of as "German", because they are at the heart of German culture, although they did not always live in Germany. Some of these people were Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Franz Kafka, Stefan Zweig, and Copernicus.
Religion.
Roman Catholicism was the biggest religion in Germany up to the 15th century, but a major religious change called the Reformation changed this. In 1517, Martin Luther said that the Catholic church was greedy and that it used religion to make money. Because of what he said, European and world history changed, and Luther started Protestantism, which is equally big then the Catholic religion in Germany today. The current Pope, Benedict XVI, was born in Germany.
Before World War II, about 2/3 of the German people were Protestant and 1/3 were Roman Catholic. In the north and northeast of Germany, there were a lot more Protestants than Catholics. About one percent were German Jews.
Germany's constitution says that all people can believe in any religion they want to, and that no one is allowed to step on another person's rights because of the person's religion.
Today, Germany has the fastest-growing group of Jewish people in the world. Many of them are in Berlin. Ten thousand Jews have moved to Germany since the fall of the Berlin Wall; many came from countries that were in the Soviet Union. Schools teaching about the horrible things that happened when the Nazis were in power, as well as teaching against the ideas of the Nazis, has helped to make Germany very tolerant towards other people and cultures, and now many people move there from countries that may not be so tolerant.
Today, about 2/3 of the German people (more than 55 million people) belong to a Christian church, but most of them take no part in church life. About half of them are Protestants and about half are Roman Catholics. Most German Protestants are members of the Evangelical Church in Germany. About three million Muslims live in Germany.
References.
Countries of the world  |  Europe  |  Council of Europe

Sky
The sky is what we call the appearance of a hemisphere over our heads. On a clear day it appears blue. The deepness of the blue increases as we move from the horizon to the point above our head.
The sky is blue because of Raleigh scattering. Raleigh scattering defines the amount of scattering of light rays. Since all colors of the rainbow create a white light we should see a white sky, but blue light scatters much more than red. That is why the sky appears blue (on a cloudless day).
On a cloudy day, it appears to be grey.

Tone language
In a tone language (tonal language), different tones (like in music, but not as many) will change the meaning of the words, even if the pronunciation of the word is the same otherwise. English and almost all other European languages are not tone languages at all.
Many East Asian languages are tone languages, such as all the Chinese languages, Vietnamese, a small number of Korean dialects.
In some languages, pitch accent is important. That means a word's meaning could be different, depending on which syllable is stressed.
Examples include Swedish, Norwegian, Serbo-Croatian and Lithuanian.
Japanese has a similar system.
An example of tone language: in Mandarin, "ma ma ma ma" (麻媽罵馬) mean four different things. If we include numbers that mean the tones, it can be written like "ma2 ma1 ma4 ma3", which means "the hemp's mother scolds the horse." Some Romanizations write each tone with a different spelling, so "ma2 ma1 ma4 ma3" would be "ma mha mah maa" in Gwoyeu Romatzyh Romanization. Most use numbers or accent marks ("mā má mǎ mà" in Pinyin).
Some tones may sound alike to people who do not speak a tone language and are easy to forget. So tone is the most difficult part of learning a tone language for many people.

Dollar
A dollar is a type of currency. Many countries have named their money "the dollar", so in an encyclopaedia article it is important to say which country the dollar is from that is being talked about, for example, the United States dollar or the Canadian dollar. The symbol for the dollar is a capital letter S, pierced by one or two vertical lines: $.
The dollar is named after the thaler. The thaler was large silver coin first made in the year 1518. The thaler named after the Joachimsthal (Joachim's valley) mine located in Bohemia ("Tal" means valley in German).

Beer
Beer is an alcoholic drink. It is made (brewed) with water, hops, barley (types of cereal grains), and yeast (a fungus that produces alcohol).
Beer is made when the yeast 'eats' sugar taken from the barley and turns it into alcohol and carbon dioxide.
Beer is made by adding warm water to malted barley and other grains. The enzymes in the barley change the malted barley and other grains into simple sugars. This is called the mash. The water is then sparged (drained) from the grain. The water is now called wort. The wort is boiled and hops are added. Hops provide flavour and preserve the beer. After boiling the wort is cooled and yeast is added. The yeast turns the sugars into alcohol and the wort into beer.
The earliest records of beer were written around 7000 years ago by the Sumerians. It is said that the Sumerians discovered the fermentation process by accident. It is not known exactly how this happened, but it could be that a piece of bread or grain became wet, and a short time later, it began to ferment and made a pulp that causes drunkenness. A seal around 4,000 years old is a Sumerian "Hymn to Ninkasi", the goddess of brewing. This "hymn" is also a recipe for making beer. A description of the making of beer on this ancient engraving in the Sumerian language is the earliest account of what is easily recognised as barley, followed by a pictograph of bread being baked, crumbled into water to form a mash, and then made into a drink, that is recorded as having made people feel "...wonderful and blissful". It could even be possible that bread was first baked to be a way to make beer that is easy to carry around. The Sumerians were probably the first people to brew beer. They had found a "divine drink" -- they felt it was a gift from the gods.
Different beers can have different natures, depending on the ingredients used; for example, an ale uses top fermenting yeast. Top fermenting yeasts eat more sugar and produce more alcohol. A lager uses bottom fermenting yeast. Bottom fermenting yeasts eat less sugar and produce a crisper, cleaner taste. Adding hops makes the beer more bitter and aromatic. Specialty malts (different types of cooked barley) produce different flavours and colours. These flavours and colours are most notable in dark beers like Porter and Stout.
Different countries have different ways to make beer. In Germany, Austria,Switzerland, Czech Republic, and Slovakia, beer is usually made from just hops, malt, water, and yeast. This is because of the Reinheitsgebot. The Reinheitsgebot says that beer can only be made from hops, malt, and water. Yeast was discovered after the Reinheitsgebot. In Belgium, however, beers are also made with sugar, fruit, and other ingredients.
Amount of alcohol in beer.
"Normal" beers have around 4-6 % alcohol (for the volume, ie. in 100ml beer there is 4-6ml alcohol). In brewing beer, the amount of alcohol can be made more or less quite easily. The Belgian types of beer are made by adding more sugar. Through the fermentation, this will then turn to alcohol. Today, there are beers with between 2% and about 16% of alcohol (about the same alcohol content as wine). Some beer labels say there is no alcohol in them because it was taken out later. This is not completely true, though. Beers "without alcohol" usually do have less than 1% of alcohol.

Eurasia
Eurasia is a continent in the northern part of the Earth. Eurasia is made of Europe and Asia, which are on the same tectonic plate and do not have a sea between them, so they are scientifically one continent. The word is made by adding "Eur" (from "Eur"ope) to "Asia" to make "Eurasia".
Some geographers say it's all just one continent, because unlike the Americas or Africa, Europe and Asia are not divided by sea. The Ancient Greeks divided the world they knew into Europe, Asia and Africa. Since then, people have been talking about Asia and Europe as two continents so it is now a tradition.
Some other continents are not completely divided by sea and are joined together and by a thin strip of land (called an isthmus) like North America and South America. However, Europe and Asia are not divided by sea at all.
Sometimes Eurasia is divided into West Eurasia and East Eurasia. West Eurasia is Europe and the Middle East. Historians sometimes add North Africa to West Eurasia because the Sahara Desert divides North Africa from the other parts of Africa and it is as difficult to cross as a sea.

The Americas
The Americas is a term used to refer to the American supercontinent: the continents of North America, South America, and the isthmus of Central America. The Americas are located in the Western Hemisphere and cover 8.3% of the earth's surface. Notice because this is a plural noun, "the" needs to be used in a complete sentence.
The word American is usually used to mean a person or a thing from the United States of America. People and things from any country in any of the Americas -- North America, Central America, or South America -- are sometimes called "American" or Panamerican.

North Pole
The North Pole is the northern point of the axis around which the Earth turns. It is located in the Arctic Ocean which receives very little heat from the sun. This means that the Ocean around the pole is always very cold and it is covered by a thick sheet of ice.
There is also a Magnetic North Pole. It is near the above North Pole. A compass points toward the magnetic North Pole.
There is a star, called the North Star or the Pole Star, that always appears in the sky above the North Pole. For hundreds of years sailors were able to tell how far north they were by seeing how high the North Star appeared in the sky.
Polar bears live in the Arctic. They are animals that eat meat, so they need to hunt to remain lively. The bears, in a general way, usually are violent to protect themselves and their cubs.

Plural
Plural is a form of the noun that shows that there are more than one. The opposite of the plural is the singular, which means there is only one.
In some languages a suffix (word ending) is added to a word to show that the word means many. For example, English usually uses "-s" to mark the plural. For example, "cat" is singular, but "cats" is plural.
These different numbers will have different suffixes from the plural suffix.
Some languages do not have plural endings at all. Some of these are the East Asian languages of Chinese, Korean, and Japanese. So native speakers of these languages can easily forget to use plural.

Alexander Gode
Alexander Gottfried Friedrich Gode-von-Aesch or simply Alexander Gode (October 30, 1906 - August 10, 1970) a German-American linguist and translator. He was the founder of Interlingua.

Oceania
Oceania is a name used in geography for the continent made up by Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea, and several other island nations in the surrounding area. Some people call this part of the world Australasia instead.
Sometimes, people use the name Oceania to include only the Polynesian and Melanesian islands in the Pacific Ocean, as separate from "Australasia".

Southern Ocean
The Southern Ocean is a rather new term in geography. It means the waters of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans around the continent of Antarctica out to sixty degrees south latitude. Some people call this ocean the Antarctic Ocean.
The total area is 20,327,000 km², and the coastline length is 17,968 km.

Catalan language
The Catalan language is a Romance language spoken in Catalonia, Valencia, east of Aragon, Balearic Islands (all of them in Spain), Andorra, North Catalonia (in France) and in the Italian city of L'Alguer. The language nearest to Catalan is Occitan. It is also very similar to Spanish and Italian. About 10 million people speak Catalan.

Australasia
Australasia was the name of the joint team of Australia and New Zealand in the 1908 London and 1912 Stockholm Olympic Games.
Some people call all of Oceania Australasia.

Corset
A corset is a body covering undergarment (clothes worn under others).
It is made in many forms.

Pop music
Pop music is shorter way of writing "popular music". Pop music is commonly defined as music most listened to, purchased, nominated for special events. Styles of pop music in the 2000s (today) include rock music, hip hop, and pop punk.
What is pop music?
The singers and bands that play pop music on stage at music concerts or in music videos are an important part of pop music. The singers sing the lyrics (words) of the songs and dance on stage. The musicians in the bands play musical instruments such as electric guitar, electric bass guitar, synthesizer keyboards, piano, and drums.
How does the business of pop music work?
There are also many more people working on pop music who are not seen on the stage or in the video. These people include the studio staff (people who help the musicians to record CDs and music videos in music studios), production staff (people who help make the music recordings sound good), distribution staff (people who help sell the music to stores) and retail staff (people that sell the music to people at CD stores).
Tour staff help the band to travel around the country (or around the world) for their concert tours. Some tour staff help by carrying heavy musical instruments onto the stage. Other tour staff drive buses or cars, so that the band can get to the concert. Some tour staff operate sound equipment, such as the large amplifiers and loudspeakers that are used to amplify (make louder) the band's music for the audience.
Promotional staff help to market or promote the band's music, so that more people will know about the band, and buy the band's CDs. Some promotional staff travel to radio stations and give the band's CD to radio station managers or DJs (disk jockeys: the people who announce songs on the radio). Other promotional staff write press releases (short articles) about the band which are sent to newspapers.
Types of music that became pop music.
Pop music came from the Rock and Roll movement of the early 1950s, when record companies recorded songs that they thought that teenagers would like. Pop music usually uses musical styles from the other types of music that are popular at the time. Many different styles of music have become pop music during different time periods. Often, music companies create pop music styles by taking a style of music that only a small number of people were listening to, and then making that music more popular by marketing it to teenagers and young adults.
In the 1950s, recording companies took blues-influenced rock and roll (for example Chuck Berry and Bo Diddley) and rockabilly (for example Carl Perkins and Buddy Holly) and promoted them as pop music. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, record companies took folk music bands and musicians and helped them to create a new type of music called folk rock or acid rock. Folk rock and acid rock mixed folk music, blues and rock and roll (for example The Byrds and Janis Joplin). In the 1970s, record companies created several harder, louder type of blues called blues rock or heavy metal, which became a type of pop music (for example the bands Led Zeppelin and Judas Priest).
In the late 1970s and early 1980s, a type of nightclub dance music called Disco turned into a popular type of pop music. Record companies took an experimental, strange-sounding type of music called New Wave music from the 1980s and turned it into pop music bands such as "The Cars." In the 1990s record companies took an underground type of hard rock called Grunge (for example the band Nirvana).
Controversy: Do pop bands "Sell out" their values?
Thousands of new pop bands are formed each year around the world. Each band tries to write songs and music that will become a popular new music trend. Record companies promote these bands and songs by sending the songs to radio stations and by making videos of the band. Some music fans say that the bands or musicians who write music that becomes popular (pop music) have "sold out" (betrayed) the values (beliefs) of their original fans.
In the 1960s, some people who liked folk music said that folk rock musicians had "sold out" the values (beliefs) of traditional folk music, because folk rock bands made a lot of money and were controlled by huge recording companies. In the 1990s, some punk rock bands began playing pop punk, which is punk rock mixed with pop music. Some people who like punk rock say that pop punk bands have sold out (betrayed) the rebellious values (beliefs) and political beliefs of punk rock.
The Reigning King and Queen of Pop are: Michael Jackson and Madonna, respectively.

General semantics
General semantics is a philosophy that deals with how people react to things that happen around them based on meaning. It was created by Alfred Korzybski during the 1920s and early 1930s.
The goal of General semantics is for people to know that when we simplify something, either mentally or in language, that simplification is not the same thing as the thing simplified. How people understand reality is not the same as what reality is because people do not know everything about reality. General semantics teaches that there is always more to something than what is seen, heard, felt, or believed.

Semiotics
Semiotics (or semiology) is a theoretical framework for the study of the meaning of language, signs and symbols. It was first developed in the early 20th century, separately, by the Swiss Ferdinand Saussure and Charles Sanders Pierce of the U.S.A.

Nitrogen
Nitrogen is a nonmetal chemical element. It has the chemical symbol N and atomic number 7. Its stable nuclei typically contains 14 nucleons (7 protons and 7 neutrons). It has 5 electrons in its outermost shell.
Air is made up of about 78% nitrogen and about 22% oxygen.
Nitrogen is not poisonous. We can safely breathe it when it is a part of air, but we cannot breathe pure nitrogen by itself, because it does not have the oxygen that we need to live.
Nitrogen is formally considered to have been discovered by Daniel Rutherford in 1772, who called it "noxious gas" or "fixed gas".
Nitrogen Oxide is a typical medical use for nitrogen, also known as "laughing gas" it gives the effect of feeling "high", or "pain-free".

Association football
Association football is a sport played between two teams. Globally it is usually called football, but in some countries, such as the United States and Canada, it is called soccer. In Japan, New Zealand, South Africa, Australia and Republic of Ireland, both words are commonly used.
In each team there are 11 players. 10 of them play on the field and one is the goalkeeper. The game is played by kicking a ball into the opponent's goal. A match has 90 minutes play, with a break of about 15 minutes in the middle.
Competitions.
There are many competitions for football, for both football clubs and countries. Football clubs usually play other teams in their own country, with a few exceptions. Cardiff City F.C. from Wales for example, play in the English leagues and in the English FA Cup.
Groups such as UEFA and FIFA organise international competitions between clubs and countries. Clubs play in competitions such as UEFA Champions League or UEFA Cup, and countries play for the World Cup or a continental trophy such as the European Championship.
The FIFA World Cup takes place every four years between national teams, and is the world's most popular sporting event, even more popular than the Olympic Games. In football, a championship is usually called a "Cup". For example, the FIFA World Cup or the FA Cup.
Who plays football.
Football is the world's most popular sport. It is played in more countries than any other game. In fact, FIFA (the Federation Internationale de Football Association) has more members than the United Nations. It is played by both males and females, but more commonly by males.
In Europe, the main competitions to compete to be the best in Europe are the Champions League for the top teams from the top leagues in each country in Europe. Then there is the UEFA cup which is the next best teams from eaches of the top leagues competing.
The most successful club in the world is Rangers F.C. from Scotland, having won more major titles than any other team in the world. They have won the country's league 51 times, a world record.

Spamming
"This is about unwanted email. You may be looking for the food."
Spamming is when one person or company sends an unwanted email to another person. Spam emails are the computer version of unwanted "junk mail" that arrives in a mailbox, such as advertising pamphlets and brochures. Spam emails are usually sent to try to get the person to buy something or do something else that will cause gain for the sender.
Names.
The emails sent when someone is spamming is called spam. The person or company who sent the unwanted email is called a spammer.
Uses.
Spam emails are often sent to many people at once trying to get them to buy a product or sign up for a service. The people who receive the email did not ask to receive the email, and do not want to receive it.
One of the reasons there is so much spam emails around is that it costs very little to send millions of spam messages at once. Spam messages can easily be sent, sometimes even by a special computer program.
How spammers find email addresses.
The hardest part about spamming is to get the email addresses to send the spam to. Sometimes the spammers do this by searching for emails on the internet, or by buying emails from people who know a lot of them (for example, someone who runs a site that makes users tell them their email address to signup will have a lot of email addresses to sell to spammers).
Method one.
If the person clicks on the link, it tells the spammers that there is someone at the address. Then the spammers put that person on a list of people who actually read spam messages. Next, the spammers and sell that list to other spammers. The same thing happens if the person sends another email back to the spammer (called "replying"), which also tells the spammer the message has been read.
Method two.
Another trick that spammers use is to put a picture — even one that cannot be seen — into a spam message. The picture will have a name that goes with just that one email. When the email is opened, a request will be sent to the server that has that picture to get the image. If they get this request, then they know that you read their email, which could cause a person to receive even more spam email.
Other meanings.
The word "spamming" is also used to describe the act of typing a lot of words or text in Internet chatrooms, so that other people using the chatroom cannot carry on conversations. Spamming in Internet chatrooms is usually considered to be rude.
Problems with spam.
Computer users at home and in workplaces waste a lot of time opening and deleting spam messages. In some cases, spam emails contain viruses or links to pornography or illegal gambling websites. Spam emails often advertise products or services which are being lied about by the companies sending the spam, such as frauds or scams.

Earthquake
In an earthquake the ground moves. Earthquakes commonly last for a few seconds.
There are big earthquakes and small earthquakes. Big earthquakes can damage buildings and hurt people.
When the earth moves in an earthquake, it can cause waves in the ocean. A big wave in the ocean caused by an earthquake is called a "tsunami". A tsunami can also hurt people and damage buildings.
Earthquake Measuring.
The size of an earthquake can be measured. A number is given to an earthquake that shows the size of the earthquake.
Methods for turning the size of an earthquake into a number include the Richter scale and the Modified Mercalli scale.
Cause of earthquakes.
The surface of the Earth is divided into pieces called "tectonic plates". These plates move. When the plates rub against each other, they do not move smoothly. When the plates do not move smoothly, earthquakes result.
Some parts of the world get more earthquakes than other parts. The parts of the earth that get most earthquakes are near the edges of these plates.
Earthquakes send sound waves through the earth. Places many kilometers from the edge of the plates can receive these earthquake waves.
Earthquake-proofing.
Some countries, such as Japan or parts of a country like California in the United States, have a lot of earthquakes. In these places it is a good practice to build houses and other buildings so they will not collapse when there is an earthquake. This is called seismic design or "earthquake-proofing".
For many years earthquakes have occurred. That is why there are earthquake proof buildings. The ability of a building to withstand the stress of an earthquake depends upon its type of construction, shape, mass distribution, and rigidity. Different combinations are used. Different shapes of buildings such as square, rectangular, and shell buildings can withstand earthquakes much better than skyscrapers. To reduce stress, a building's ground floor can be supported by extremely rigid, hollow columns, while the rest of the building is supported by flexible columns located inside the hollow columns. A different method is to use rollers or rubber pads to separate the base columns from the ground, allowing the columns to shake parallel during an earthquake.
To help prevent a roof from collapsing you can make your roof out of light-weight materials. Outdoor walls can be made with stronger and more reinforced materials such as steel or reinforced concrete. During an earthquake flexible windows may help that can hold the windows together so they don’t break.

Scurvy
Scurvy is a disease. It is caused by not eating enough Vitamin C.
People who have scurvy get spots on their skin, especially the legs. Their teeth may become loose and fall out. They may bleed from the mouth, nose, and gums (mucous membranes). A person with scurvy will look pale. They will feel sad (see depression). They will not be able to move easily, because their joints hurt.
Historically, sailors used to get scurvy because fresh fruit could not be kept for as long as they were at sea. Today it is uncommon in the wealthy countries.
Vitamin C administered by mouth or by needle (injection, also known as a shot). The injection almost always cures scurvy in babies.
Drinking orange juice is another treatment and works in babies. Before Vitamin C was discovered this was the only treatment.
When a person gets help for scurvy, they usually get better very quickly. Babies start eating again after one or two days of help. The symptoms get better within seven days.

Ion
In chemistry, a molecule or atom that is electrically charged is called an ion. It is called this because it has a different amount of electrons than it usually has. The process adding or subtracting electrons is called ionization.
Many ions are colourless. Elements in the main groups in the Periodic Table form colourless ions. Some ions are coloured. The transition metal usually form coloured ions.
In physics, atomic nuclei that have been completely ionized are called "charged particles". These are ones in alpha radiation.
Ionization happens by applying high energy to atoms. This is done using electrical voltage or by high-energy radiation.
An ionized gas is called plasma.
A simple ion is formed from a single atom.
Polyatomic ions are formed from a group of atoms. Polyatomic ions usually consist of all non-metals atoms, but sometimes the polyatomic ion can have a metallic atom too.
Positive ions are called cations'". They are attracted to cathodes (negatively charged electrodes). ("Cation" is pronounced "cat eye on", not "kay shun".) All simple metal ions are cations.
Negative ions are called anions. They are attracted to anodes (positively charged electrodes). All simple non-metal ions (except H+, which is a proton) are anions (except NH4+).
Transition metals can form more than one simple cation with different charges.
Most ions have a charge of less than 4, but some can have higher charges.
Michael Faraday was the first person to write a theory about ions. He did this in 1830. In his theory, he said what the portions of molecules were like that moved to anions or cations. Svante August Arrhenius said how this happened. He wrote this in his doctoral dissertation in 1884. Arrhenius was studying at the University of Uppsala. The university did not accept his theory at first (he only just passed his degree). But in 1903, he won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1903 for the same idea.
In Greek "ion" is like the word "go". "Anion" and "cation" mean "up-goer" and "down-goer". "Anode" and "cathode" are "way up" and "way down".
Other meanings.
In Greek mythology, Ion was a son of Xuthus and Creusa. He founded the Ionian race and became a king of Athens.
The term is also used for an element of the Plato texts, and a Window manager.

Cognitive science
Cognitive science studies how people make their ideas and what makes thoughts logical.

Anthropology
Anthropology is the study of human beings.
(In Greek "Anthropos-" means "human", and "-logy" means "study of").
Anthropology is a biological and historical social science that helps us learn how groups of people are the same, and how they are different in all parts of the world. Anthropologists do research in many places and study how people live now and how they may have lived in the past (using the study of Archaeology). They research in modern cities, small villages, tribes, and in the countryside. They study how groups of people consider time, space, life, etc.

Defense
Defense or defence is protecting something from attack.
Military.
A country's government may form an army, a navy, and/or an air force to protect the country and its people from attacks. The army, navy, and air force can also be used to attack other countries. A country can also use the military to kill or arrest people, or members of groups, from other countries who have hurt or killed their own citizens.
In these groups, people are specially trained to use weapons such as rifles and artillery, that can be used to kill other soldiers and destroy their equipment. Together, these groups form a country's military. Some governments, like the United States' government, spend large amounts of money every year to buy and keep weapons and to pay people to defend their countries. These trained people are called soldiers.
A country's armed forces can also be used for non-military jobs, such as delivering food aid to hungry people, filling sandbags during a flood, bringing doctors and nurses to poor people in foreign countries to help them when they're sick, or helping put out forest fires.
Sometimes, when a country's army is doing a lot of work in different places, and there are not enough soldiers to do more work, a country can hire civilians who are not members of the military to do some of the army's jobs, like protecting buildings, important people, and groups of trucks travelling from one place to another. This lets the country to use their military for other jobs. Usually, these people hired by a country this way used to be members of the military before leaving and working for other people, companies and countries.
Law.
In legal matters, the defense is the person or people who are charged with a crime in a court case, along with their lawyer. The arguments and evidence that they provide to prove they did not commit the crime is also called their defense.

Education
Education is teaching and learning skills and knowledge. Education also means helping people to learn how to do things and encouraging them to think about what they learn. It is also important for educators to teach ways to find and use information.
Through education, the knowledge of a society, country, and of the world is passed on from generation to generation. In democracies, through education, children and adults are supposed to learn how to be active and effective citizens.
Types of education.
It is part of the job of an educator, an instructor, teacher, or tutor to create a place for learning. There are many different kinds of education.
Formal education.
Formal education is usually in school, where a person may learn basic, academic, or trade skills. Formal education begins in elementary school and continues with secondary school. Post-secondary education (or higher education) is usually at a college or university.)
Nonformal education.
Nonformal education is sometimes called adult basic education, adult literacy education or school equivalency preparation. In nonformal education an adult (or a youth who is not in school) can learn literacy, other basic skills or job skills. Nonformal education can be in small classes or through self study.
Informal education.
There is also informal education. For example, a parent teaches a child how to prepare a meal. Someone can also get an informal education by reading many books from a library. Informal education is when you are not studying in a school and don't use another particular learning method.
Public schooling.
Public schools provide a free education through the government. Parents are free to let their children receive a private education, but they must pay for it. In some poorer places, some children cannot go to school, because their countries do not make education available, because their families do not have enough money, or because the children have to work.

Army
The army is the part of a country's military that fights on the ground. People in the army are called soldiers. Many modern armies have vehicles such as tanks, airplanes, and helicopters to help soldiers fight on the ground.
A soldier may be a volunteer (someone who joins something by himself), or he may be drafted (forced by the government to join the army). Forcing men to join the army is called "conscription" or "draft". Voluntary armies tend to be small by numbers, but high in morale and quality. Drafted armies are large, but often lacking in morale and in quality: it may be very difficult to force someone to risk his life against his will. Often drafted armies use death penalty to ensure the soldiers will fight.
A soldier does many things, from shooting enemies, to using binoculars to find out where enemies are. They are used to defend their country, or attack another country's army. It is difficult, and a soldier must be in good shape, both physically and mentally. They almost always move together, and that way the team can do more things, in a safer way. They may be assigned to certain places to guard, or they may be told to search a place, or even attack it. That is up to their commander. Every soldier answers to someone else, so that way, everything is organized.
Gear.
A soldier is supplied with weapons, such as guns, knives, and other simple gear for surviving in the battlefield, such as food, water, clothes, and tents. They must keep good care of the items.
American military.
Before a soldier joins the army, he must qualify to be in it first. The person is put through tests, so that the army will know if the recruit can do it or not. This is sometimes called 'boot camp'. He must complete mental tests, and physical tests. It depends on where he is testing that will tell him how hard it will be. He will also take tests to determine what job he will do in the military. For instance, he may work with computers or be a cook for the soldiers, or he may be very good with a rifle and be a sniper.

Teaching
To teach is to help students to learn new knowledge or skills. To teach someone is to help him or her learn from explanations or experiments. Professors and teachers teach: it is their work (or "job"). Parents also teach their children, but parents also do many other things with their children.
People have different ideas about the aim of teaching. Some people want to teach so the learner can learn things that make them happy, for example to learn how to do a job they like. Other people think learners should learn something useful for their family, relatives, or community. Some people think teachers should teach people how to obey God.
There are many different places where teaching happens. Some people teach very young children in schools called elementary schools. Others teach older children in middle, junior high, and high schools. Some teachers teach adults in colleges, or universities.

Theology
Theology is the study of one or more religions.
Theology may be studied for many reasons. Some study theology to better understand their own religion, while others study theology so that they can compare religions.
The word ‘theology’ was first used to describe the study of the Christian God, but some now use it to describe the study of religion generally, but not everyone agrees that it is right to do so. Some people use the words 'comparative theology' when they want to mean discussing the theology of more than one religion at once.

Work
When used in a sentence as an action, work means doing something that requires labor.
When used in a sentence as an object, work means something that remains to be done.
A worker is any person that does work, often in exchange for money or helpful services (these workers that receive money or helpful services are said to be "holding a job").
In science, an equation for the total amount of work produced from a force is Work = force x distance.
The phrase "work ethic" is used to explain how hard a person works, and what his or her attitude towards work is.

Romania
Romania (dated: Rumania, Roumania;,) is a country that can be found in the south-eastern part of Central Europe. It is found to the north of the Balkan Peninsula, on the Lower Danube. It is also within and outside the Carpathian arch, and is bordering the Black Sea. Most of the Danube Delta is found inside Romania. It shares a border with Hungary and Serbia to the west, Ukraine and the Republic of Moldova to the northeast, and Bulgaria to the south.
Romania is a semi-presidential unitary state. Romania was made by the joining of Moldavia and Wallachia in 1859. It was given its independence in the 1878. At the end of World War II, some of its territories (around what is now known as Moldova) was occupied by the USSR.
After the Iron Curtain fell in 1989, Romania started political and economical reforms that let Romania join the European Union on 1 January 2007.
Romania has the 9th biggest territory and the 7th biggest population (with 22 million people) of the European Union member states. The capital and biggest city in Romania is Bucharest (), with a population of 1.9 million people. One of the cities in Transylvania, Sibiu, was named a European Capital of Culture. Romania also joined NATO on March 29, 2004.
Origin.
"Romania" ("Rumania" or "România") comes from the Romanian word "Român", which comes from the Latin word "Romanus" ("Roman"). English sources still used the word Rumania during World War II. This comes from the French word "Roumania". This is the last known mention.
Prehistory and Antiquity.
The oldest human remains to have been found in Europe were found in Romania. They were about 42,000 years old. Being that they are Europe's oldest human remains, this may have been when the first people came to Europe.
The first written proof of people living in what is now Romania comes from Herodotus in the fourth book of his Histories (Herodotus). The book was written in about 440 BCE. He wrote that the Getae were defeated by the Persian Emperor Darius the Great when he was battling the Scythians. Dacians, who were mostly thought of as a part of the Getae, were part of the Thracians who were living in Dacia (which is where Romania, Moldova and the northern part of Bulgaria are).
The Roman Empire first noticed Dacia when they attacked the Roman province, which was bordered by the Danube, in 87 AD. This was during Emperor Domitian's rule. In time, the Dacians were finished by the Roman Empire under Emperor Trajan in two battles that lasted from 101 AD until 106 AD. After the Dacians were defeated, the Roman Empire turned Dacia into the province of Roman Dacia.
A lot of very good ore deposits were found in Roman Dacia. There was a lot of gold and silver found in Roman Dacia, and a large portion of gold and silver were found in the Western Carpathians. Trajan brought home 165 tons of gold and 330 tons of silver when he returned home after his conquest.
The Romans had a lot of people living in the colony of Roman Dacia, and brought with them Vulgar Latin, which they started to put a lot of effort into romanization. This was to become the first version of Romanian.
In the 3rd century, several new kinds of people that moved around a lot made the Roman Empire leave Dacia near 271 AD. This became the Roman Empire's first abandoned province.
The origin of modern Romanians is widely debated by historians to this day. It is thought that the Romanians were formed from big ethnic groups that came from both the south and north of the Danube.
Middle Ages.
In 271 or 275 AD, the Goths took over the abandoned Roman province. They lived in Dacia until the 4th century, when another group of wandering peoples, the Huns, came to Dacia.
The Gepids, and the Avars with the Slavic people, was in control of Transylvania through the 8th century. In the 8th century, however, it was overrun by Bulgarians, where it was made part of the First Bulgarian Empire, which ended Romania's Dark Ages. The Bulgarians held Transylvania until the 11th century. The Pechenegs, the Cumans, and the Uzes were a few of the people later noted in the history of Romania.
In 1310, Basarab I started the Romanian principalities of Wallachia in what were called the High Middle Ages and Moldavia by Dragoş around 1352.
During the Middle Ages, Romanians were living in three different areas: Wallachia (Romanian: "Ţara Românească"—"Romanian Land"), Moldavia (Romanian: "Moldova") and Transylvania. Transylvania belonged to the Kingdom of Hungary from around the 10th century until the 16th century, when it turned into the Principality of Transylvania. The Principality of Transylvania lasted until 1711.
Wallachia has always been on the border of the Ottoman Empire since the 14th century. As the Ottoman Empire's influence grew, it gradually fell under the suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire in the 15th century. The best known ruler of this period was Vlad III the Impaler (also known as Vlad Dracula or ',), Prince of Wallachia during the years of 1448, 1456–62, and 1476.
While he was the leader of his people, he had a pact with the Ottoman Empire to stay independent. Many people in Romania during this time thought of him as a ruler with a great sense of justice and defense for his country.
Moldavia was seeing its' best of times when Stephen the Great was ruling Moldavia between 1457 and 1504. He was a very good leader of the military (He won 47 battles, and lost 2)). After every battle he won, Stephen would build a church. Because he won 47 of the battles that he fought, he ended up building 48 churches. After Stephen the Great's death, Moldavia became under the suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire during the 16th century.
Independence and monarchy.
When the Austro-Hungarian Empire was in control of Transylvania, and the Ottoman Empire was in control of Wallachia and Moldavia, almost all of the Romanians were second-class citizens or non-citizens. They stayed this way even when they made up most of the people in those areas.
In 1848, the 1848 Revolution did not succeed, and the Great Powers did not like the idea of Romania becoming an independent nation. The people who chose who was elected in 1859 in Moldavia and Wallachia picked the same person – Alexandru Ioan Cuza – as the prince in those areas. This made Romania into a personal union, which happens when the same person rules two different areas. The personal union did not include Transylvania, because most of the people that were living there in the upper class were still Hungarian.
In 1866, a "coup d'état" resulted in Cuza being exiled or not allowed into that part of the country. Prince Karl of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen became the prince after the exile, and was later called Prince Carol of Romania. While the Russo-Turkish War was happening, Romania battled on the Russian side. When the 1878 Treaty of Berlin, was signed, it made Romania an independent state by the Great Powers. However, they had to give Russia three of their southern districts of of Bessarabia. In 1881, the principality became a kingdom with Prince Carol ruling as its' King Carol I.
World War I.
During August of the year 1914, when World War I started, Romania said it was a neutral country. In 1916, after pressure from the Allies, Romania joined the Allies. Romania then started a war with Austria-Hungary.
The Romanian military campaign was really bad for Romania. The Central Powers took over most of the country. Much of the Romanian army were either captured or killed over four months. Moldova was one of the only parts of Romania that was not captured when it stopped its' attackers in 1917. By the time World War I was over, Austria-Hungary and the Russian Empire had fallen apart. This event allowed Bessarabia, Bukovina and Transylvania to become part of the Kingdom of Romania again in 1918. After the Treaty of Trianon was signed in 1920, Hungary, as agreed, gave up the claims of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy over Transylvania. Romania and Bukovina were joined together in 1919 as a result of the Treaty of Saint Germain. Bessarabia joined with Romania in 1920 when the Treaty of Paris was signed.
Greater Romania.
The words România Mare (which means "Great Romania" when translated directly from the Romanian language, but usually is translated as "Greater Romania") is what people called Romania during the time between wars. They called Romania România Mare because Romania was in control of (almost 300,000 square kilometers) of land. This was the most land that Romania was ever in control of.
World War II.
In World War II, Romania called itself neutral. However, on 28 June 1940, a Soviet ultimatum said that they would invade Romania if they didn't join the Axis. Because of the pressure from Moscow and Berlin, they left Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to avoid war. This, along with other events, made Romania think about joining the Axis powers. As a result, Bulgaria was given the southern part of Dobruja while Hungary was given Northern Transylvania. This loss of land caused King Carol II, the king of Romania at the time, to abdicate the throne in 1940. The National Legionary State then came into power. Power without the National Legionary State was shared by Ion Antonescu and the Iron Guard. Ion Antonescu then defeated the Iron Guard and a year later, Romania joined the war on the Axis Power's side. Over the course of World War II, Romania was the source for most of the oil of Nazi Germany. This caused many bombing raids (where airplanes attempted to drop bombs on important places) by the Allies. Ion Antonescu's rule played a big part in the Halocaust.
During August of the year 1944, Antonescu lost power and was arrested by King Michael I of Romania. As a result of this, Romania changed sides and joined the Allies. However, even though they helped to defeat Nazi Germany, they were not noted in the Paris Peace Conference of 1947. People of the Red Army stayed in the country and Communists got most of the votes using some forms of cheating. This included tampering with the votes and killing other party members that didn't agree with them. This gave them control of the country. By the end of the war, 300,000 people in the Romanian Army were killed.
Romania and communism.
King Michael I was abdicated and had the leave Romania in 1947 because of the Communists. Romania was then called a republic. The USSR kept control of Romania until late in the 1950s, when the Soviet troops agreed to leave Romania. During this time, resources in Romania dropped a lot because of agreements made by the communists.
After the Soviet troops left Romania, Nicolae Ceauşescu wanted Romania to become independent. Because of this, Romania started following independent policies like opening talks with Israel after the Six-Day War in 1967 and starting relations with the Federal Republic of Germany.. Romania also started to make friends with the Arab countries. By being friends with the Arab countries, Romania was allowed take part in peace talks between Israel and Egypt and between Israel and the PLO. These caused the amount of money that Romania owed to other countries to go up from 3 billion dollars to nearly 10 billion dollars between the years of 1977 and 1981. The amount of debt that Romania owed other countries caused them to rely on banks and other such companies from around the world. This fought with Nicolae Ceauşescu's autarchic ways and caused him to want to give back all the money that they got from the companies. This caused Romanians to become poor and took out the economy. These events caused Ceauşescu to be taken out of power and killed in the Romanian Revolution of 1989.
1989 to present day.
In 1989, the National Salvation Front came into power. It was led by Ion Iliescu. When they came into power, several other parties from before the war were born again. These included the Christian-Democratic National Peasants' Party, the National Liberal Party and the Romanian Social Democrat Party. During April of the year 1990, As a result of several rallies, protests started. The people who protested did not recognize the results of the election. This was because they thought that members of the National Salvation Front were Communists. More and more people protested, and it became a demonstration, or a big protest. These were called Golaniad. After a time, the demonstration turned violent.
When the Front lost power, several other parties came into being. These included the Social Democratic Party, the Democratic Party, as well as some other pre-war parties. The Social Democratic Party ruled Romania from 1990 until the year 1996. Ion Iliescu was the head of state, or person in charge. After the year 1996, several other parties came into power and lost it. In 2004, Traian Băsescu was elected president.
After the Cold War, Romania became closer friends with Western Europe. In 2004, Romania joined NATO and hosted the 2008 summit. The country applied in June 1993 for membership in the European Union and became an Associated State of the EU in 1995, an Acceding Country in 2004, and a member on January 1, 2007.
Geography.
Romania is found in the southeastern part of Europe. It borders the Black Sea and the Danube. The Carpathian Mountains lie in the center.
Romania is the biggest country in southeastern Europe by number of people. It has an area of. It is the twelfth-largest country in Europe. Most of Romania's border with Serbia and Bulgaria is made by the Danube. The Danube is joined by the Prut River. The Prut River makes the border with the Republic of Moldova. The Danube then flows into the area of the Black Sea inside of Romania. This makes the Danube Delta. It is a biosphere reserve and a biodiversity World Heritage Site. Some of the other major rivers in Romania are the Siret, the Olt, and the Mureş. The Siret River runs from the north to the south of Moldavia. The Olt River runs from the Carpathian Mountains to Oltenia. The Mureş runs through Transylvania from the east to the west.
Landscape.
The land in Romania is equal parts mountainous, hilly and low-lying areas. The Carpathian Mountains make up a big part of the center of Romania. 14 of its mountain ranges are taller than 2,000 meters. The tallest mountain in Romania is Moldoveanu Peak ().
Rivers.
The Danube is the longest river in Romania. It travels about 1,075 kilometers through Romania. That is almost half of its' length. Nearly all of the rivers in Romania are either direct or indirect tributaries of the Danube.
Weather.
Romania has a climate that changes between temperate and continental climates. The reason for the climate changes is because of where Romania is found in relation to the coast. Romania has four different seasons. The average temperature during the year is 11°C in the southern part of Romania and in the northern part.
Lots of rain, snow, and other precipitation falls on the highest western mountains. Most of this falls as snow. This makes Romania have good skiing. In the south-centern parts of the country, the amount of rain and snow that falls is around. In the Danube Delta, not much rain falls.
The lowest temperature ever recorded in Romania was -37.3°F, which was found near Braşov in the year 1944. The highest temperature ever recorded in Romania was 112°F, which was found near Calafat in the 1950s.
Society.
In the year 2002, Romania had a population of around 21,698,181 people. Romanians make up 89.5% of the population. There are a few other minorities in Romania. Hungarians make up about 6.5% of the population in Romania. The Romas make up about 2.5% of the people that live in Romania. In Transylvania, A lot of Hungarians live there. They also make up a big part of the counties Harghita and Covasna. Ukrainians, Germans, Lipovans, Turks, Tatars, Serbs, Slovaks, Bulgarians, Croats, Greeks, Russians, Jews, Czechs, Poles, Italians, Armenians, and a few other denominations are what the rest of the people are made up of in Romania.
Language.
The official language of Romania is Romanian. The Romanian language is an Eastern Romance language. It is similar to the Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese and Catalan languages. 91% of the population of Romania speaks Romanian as their first language. Hungarian and Rroma are the most important minority languages in Romania.
Religion.
Romania is a secular state. This means Romania has no national religion. The biggest religious body in Romania is the Romanian Orthodox Church. It is an autocephalous church inside of the Eastern Orthodox communion. This religion made up 86.7% of the population, as of the year 2002. Other religion in Romania include Roman Catholicism (4.7%), Protestantism (3.7%), Pentecostalism (1.5%) and the Romanian Greek-Catholic Church (0.9%).
Cities.
Bucharest is the capital of Romania. It also is the biggest city in Romania, with a population of over 1.9 million people.
There are five other cities in Romania that have a population of more than 300,000 people. The five cities are: Iaşi, Cluj-Napoca, Timişoara, Constanţa, and Craiova. Romania also has five cities that have more than 200,000 people living in them. They include: Galaţi, Braşov, Ploieşti, Brăila and Oradea. Thirteen other cities in Romania have a population of more than 100,000 people.
Monuments.
The UNESCO List of World Heritage Sites includes Romanian sites like the Saxon villages with fortified churches in Transylvania, the painted churches of northern Moldavia, the Wooden Churches of Maramures, the Monastery of Horezu, the citadel of Sighişoara, and the Dacian Fortresses of the Orăştie Mountains. The reason why Romania stands out in its usage of World Heritage Sites is the fact that they are spread out all over the country, instead of being found all in one place.
Culture.
Romania has its own culture, mainly because of where it is located. It is this way because it is the point where three different areas meet: Central Europe, Eastern Europe, and the Balkans. These cannot be included in any of those areas.
Most of the influences that came to Romania during the old times until the Middle Ages were from Slavic people.
Folk music of Romania.
Romanian culture is very large: pan flutes, cymbals, alphorns etc. These are folk instruments. Folklore music of Romania influenced the Romanian classical music. The culture of Romania was influenced by the Greeks, Romans, and Slavs.
Gheorghe Zamfir is a Romanian singer who sings folklore songs using the panflute. The alphorn is used in Carpathians to communicate over long distances. There are also many traditional dances, for example: "Sârba", "Hora"(round dance), and Brâu.
Classical music.
The best known Romanian composer is George Enescu, well-known for the Romanian Rapsodies (see also:List of Romanians composers). The Romanian composer Ion Ivanovici composed the waltz "Waves of Danube".
Literature.
A famous Romanian writer is Mihai Eminescu, a writer who wrote poems. Ion Creanga, another writer, wrote many stories and memories. The most famous creation is "Amintiri din copilarie"(Memories from chilhood).(See also:List of Romanian writers)
Economy.
Romania joined the European Union on January 1, 2007. As of now, Romanias' economy is doing all right. Currently, Romania makes around $264 billion in Gross domestic product and a GDP per capita of $12,285. This hasn't always been the case, though.
In 1989, after the Communists left Romania, Romanias' economy was in very bad shape. Unemployment was high and the whole economic system was not there and needed help. This period of having a bad economy lasted for about 10 years. In 2000, the people who lead Romania finally started making changes to the economy and the system. People started being able to work again and inflation went down.
Divisions.
Romania is divided into 41 counties, and the municipality of Bucharest, which is its own county.
Romania is divided more into 319 cities and 2,686 communes. Each of the communes has its own council that is led by a mayor.

Argon
Argon is a chemical element. The symbol for argon is Ar, and its atomic number (or proton number) is 18. It is a noble gas and no electrons or protons can be lost or gained from this atom.
Argon atoms are found in air. About 1% of the Earth's atmosphere (the air around us) is argon.

Trade
To trade is to willingly give things or services and get other things or services in return. For example, a person giving a thing must find another person who wants to get that thing. The giver gets something back in return.
Other Words.
A trade is also called an exchange or a swap.
Trades with Goods, Services and Money.
The things that are given from one person to the other are called goods.
Services can also be part of a trade. One person can do a job or work for another, and get something in return in a trade.
Money can be given in return for a service or for a thing. If money is part of the trade, then the person who gives the money is buying, and the person who gets the money is selling.
More Words.
A place where trading takes place is called a market.
When there is no money involved in the trade, the trade is called barter. If there is money involved in the trade, the trade is called a purchase. In the past people would barter to get what they wanted, instead of buying goods and services.
The study of trade is called "economics".
Countries and Trade.
Now trade is not just between people, but also between large companies or even countries. Countries sometimes take some of the money or goods involved in a trade between countries. This is a type of tax called a tariff. Smugglers try to trade without paying tarrifs.
A free trade between two countries has no tariff on the trade.

European Union
The European Union (abbreviation: EU) is an economic and political union of 27 member countries in Europe, started in 1957 as the European Economic Community (EEC). It has created a common economic area with Europe-wide laws allowing people to move and trade in other EU countries almost like it was their own. Fifteen of these countries also share the same money: the euro. On January 1st 2009, Slovakia will have the Euro as well.
History.
After World War II the countries in Europe wanted to live peacefully together and help one another's economies. Instead of fighting for coal and steel, the first member countries (West) Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, and Luxembourg created one European Coal and Steel Community in 1952.
In 1957 in the Italian city of Rome, the member countries signed another treaty and made the European Economic Community. Now it was a community for coal, steel and for trade. Later it changed the name to European Community.
In 1992, with the "Treaty of Maastricht" it changed its name to the European Union. Now the member countries work together not only in politics and economy (coal, steel and trade), but also in money, justice (laws), and foreign affairs. With the Schengen Agreement, 13 member countries of the EU opened their borders to each other, so people can now travel from one country to the other without a passport or identity card. Now already 15 member countries have replaced their national currencies with the euro.10 new countries became members of the EU in 2004 and 2 more became members of the EU in 2007. Today there are 27 member countries altogether.
Free movement.
A person who has a passport of a European Union country can live and work in any of the other 27 member countries without needing a work permit or visa. For example, a British person can move to Greece to work there, or just to live there, and he or she does not need a permission from an authority in Greece.
In the same way, products made in one member country can be sold in any other member country without any special permissions or extra taxes. For this reason, the members agree rules on product safety - they want to know that a product made in another country will be as safe as it would be if it had been made in their own country.
Main institutions.
The Union has three political institutions with the executive and legislative power. The Council represents governments, the Parliament represents citizens and the Commission represents the European interest. The Council, Parliament or another party can request legislation from the Commission. The Commission then drafts this and presents it to the Parliament and Council. In most cases both must agree. After it is approved and signed by both chambers it becomes law. The Commission's duty is to ensure it is implemented by dealing with the day-to-day running of the Union.
Council of the European Union.
This is the main decision-making institution. The cabinet ministers of the member countries meet (Ministers for Foreign affairs, for Agriculture, for Justice, etc...) and discuss their relevant issues.
Each member state takes a turn at being President of the Council for six months. For example: from January 2007 until July 2007, Germany holds the presidency. The six months before, Finland held the presidency. The President of the Council is the organiser and manager, he or she does not have the power to make decisions about the European Union like the President of the United States does.
Member countries with a large population (Germany, France, United Kingdom etc.) have more votes than countries with small populations (Luxembourg, Malta, etc.) but a decision cannot be made if there the vote against is big enough.
Twice a year, the heads of government (Prime Ministers) and/or the heads of state (Presidents) meet to discuss the main issues and make decisions on different matters, this meeting is different and not as formalised, it is known as a European Council.
European Commission.
The European Commission manages the day to day running of the EU and writes laws, like a government. Laws written by the Commission are discussed and changed by the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union.
The Commission has one President and 26 Commissioners, selected by the European Council. The Commission President is appointed by the European Council with the approval of the European Parliament.
The Commission operates like a cabinet government. There is one Commissioner per member state, though Commissioners are bound to represent the interests of the EU as a whole rather than their home state.
European Parliament.
The Parliament has a total of 785 members (called Members of the European Parliament, or MEP). They are elected in their countries every five years by the citizens of the European Union member countries. The Parliament can approve, reject or change proposed laws. It can also sack the European Commission. In that case, the entire commission would have to give up their jobs.
Member countries.
In 1951, six countries made the "European Coal and Steel Community", a basic version of what the EU is now. These six then went further and in 1957 they made the European Economic Community and the European Coal and Steel Community. The UK and others decided not to join, and then when the UK changed its mind it was stopped from joining by French President Charles de Gaulle. When he was no longer President, the UK and others started to join. Today there are 27 members but the idea that more should join is not seen as a good one by everyone.
Croatia, Republic of Macedonia and Turkey are "candidate countries", they are being considered for membership. Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and Serbia (including or along side Kosovo) are expected to follow.
Politics.
There are many discussions in the EU about how it should develop and change in the future.

Greece
Greece (or Ελλάς), officially the Hellenic Republic (), is a country in Southeastern Europe. Its capital city is Athens.
It borders Albania, the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north, and Turkey to the east. The Aegean Sea lies to the east and south of mainland Greece, the Ionian Sea lies to the west. Both parts of the Eastern Mediterranean Sea have a lot of islands.
Greece's history is one of the richest in the world. Greece is divided into 13 districts called peripheries, and these have 51 sections called prefectures. Some Greek prefectures are Achaea, Samos, Pella, and Xanthi.
Greece became a member of the European Union in 1981. Greece fought in both World War I and World War II. The languages spoken in Greece are; Greek 99% (the official language), English, and French.

Sweden
Sweden (Sverige in Swedish) is a Nordic country in the part of Europe called Scandinavia. Its neighbors are Finland and Norway. Sweden is also connected to Denmark in the south by a bridge. It belongs to the developed countries, and it is famous for its welfare state.
Its capital city is Stockholm. Sweden is a constitutional monarchy, because it has a king, Carl XVI Gustaf. Sweden is a parliamentary state meaning that the government is elected by the parliament which is appointed by the people. The country is democratically ruled by a government headed by an elected prime minister, who currently is Fredrik Reinfeldt.
The population of Sweden is 9,3 million people.
Sweden does not have an official majority language, but most Swedes speak Swedish ("svenska"). Sweden has five official minority languages, Finnish, Yiddish, Sami, Meänkieli and Romani.
Sweden became a member of the European Union in 1995. It is not a member of the European Monetary Union. The currency is the Swedish krona.
Norrland in the North, Svealand, the central region, and Götaland in the South.
Military.
During many wars, including the Vietnam War and World War II, the country did not take sides. During World War II, it sold supplies to both the British and the Germans in order to protect its neutrality. Sweden is heavily armed for a small country. It even develops its own jet fighters, which most countries do not do.

Capital
The word "capital" is sometimes mistaken with "capitol". A capitol is a building in which a legislature meets.

Albert Einstein
Albert Einstein (March 14, 1879 - April 18, 1955) was a famous scientist. He received the Nobel Prize in 1921 for Physics.
Einstein is famous for his theories about light, matter, gravity, space, and time, which helps scientists to understand these things much better than they had before. His theories include the theory of special relativity and the theory of general relativity. His most famous equation is formula_1. It means that energy and mass are different forms of the same thing, and that the amount of energy in a piece of mass is the same as the amount of the mass multiplied by the speed of light times itself (a very big number).
His life.
Einstein was born at Ulm in Württemberg, Germany on March 14, 1879. He was a very fat baby, with an unusually large head. His family was Jewish but was not very religious. Albert also didn't talk until he was about three, which is very unusual. When Albert was around four, his father gave him a magnetic compass. He was very interested in trying to understand how an invisible force could make the needle move and became interested in studying science and mathematics. This compass inspired him to explore the world. Albert went to a Roman Catholic school. He was not a good student, and many people thought him to be not very smart.
When he became older, he went to a school in Switzerland. After he graduated, he got a job in the patent office there. While he was working there, he wrote the papers that made him famous as a great scientist.Einstein had two heavily-disabled children with his first wife Mileva. Liesel suffered from Down syndrome and was brought to her Serbian grandparents. She has been never heard of again. Eduard Einstein was diagnosed with a severe mental illness spending decades in hospitals.
Einstein's brain was found severely unusual for a genius. Geniuses' brains are around 1500 to 1600 cm³. There is an indirect connection between brain size and the size of the neopallium especially important for the brain's higher functions. However,Einstein's brain weight was under-average and showed further signs of degeneration (e.g.Sylvian fissure).
In 1917, Einstein became very sick with an illness that almost killed him. His cousin Elsa Lowenthal then nursed him back to health. After this, Einstein divorced Mileva, and married Elsa on June 2, 1919.
Just before the start of World War I, he moved back to Germany, and became director of a school there. He lived in Berlin until the Nazi government came to power. The Nazis hated people who were Jewish or who came from Jewish families. They accused Einstein of helping to create "Jewish physics," and German physicists tried to prove that his theories were wrong. Einstein moved to the United States to Princeton, New Jersey after feeling the heat of Nazi Germany and in 1940 he became a United States citizen.
During World War II, Einstein wrote to the U.S. president Franklin D. Roosevelt, to say that the United States should invent an atomic bomb before the Nazi government could invent one first. He was also part of the Manhattan project, which was the project to create the atomic bomb.
Einstein died on April 18, 1955 of heart disease. He was still writing about quantum physics hours before he died.
The Special Theory of Relativity.
The Special Theory of Relativity was published by Einstein in 1905 on a paper called "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies". It states that both space and time are altered near the speed of light. This means that as you get closer to the speed of 186,000 miles per second, distances appear to stretch, and clocks tick more slowly. Einstein proposed that Special Relativity is based on two ideas. The first is that the laws of physics are the same for all observers in an inertial state of motion, meaning that all observers move in different directions without acceleration. The second idea is that the constancy of the speed of light in a vacuum is always the same. A vacuum is a space without matter. The Special Theory of Relativity also states that every peson has their own time, meaning that one person's clock says something different than another person's clock. The reason for this is time dilation, which can be understood better by the twin paradox. The twin paradox also shows how time has changed because of speed and mass. The faster something moves, or the more mass that it has, makes time go slower for them. You can demonstrate this with a pair of twins. Suppose that Joe and Moe are identical twins. On their twentienth birthday, Joe goes into space in a rocket going close to the speed of light. He stays in the rocket for a while, and then comes back to Earth where Moe is waiting for him. They will discover that Moe is a lot older than Joe because Joe was traveling near the speed of light, and therefore, time goes by much slower for him, due to relativistic time dilation. So, time dilation is the effect that a stationary clock runs slower than a moving clock.
Special Relativity also relates energy with mass, in Albert Einstein's E=mc2 formula.
Mass-energy equivalence.
E=mc2, also called the mass-energy equivalence, is one of the things that Einstein is most famous for. It is a famous equation in physics and math that relates mass to energy. The "E" in the equation stands for energy. Energy is a number in which you give to objects depending on how much they change. It is a number given to all physical objects to describe how much potential the object has in order to change. There are three basic forms of energy: Potential Energy, Kinectic Energy, and Rest Energy. When energy moves from one form to another, the amount of energy always remains the same. It can't be made or destroyed. This rule is called the "conservation law of energy". For example, when you throw a ball, the energy is transferrred from your hand to the ball as you release it. But the energy that was in your hand, and now the energy that is in the ball is the same number.
The "M" in the equation stands for mass. Mass is the amount of matter you have in your body. A lot of people think mass and weight is the same thing, but it isn't. An object always has the same amount of mass, even if you were to go to the moon, while the weight of an object changes if you go to the moon. But the mass can change as it gets closer to the speed of light. The object becomes bigger. But mass and weight are also similar in some ways. Because a boulder weighs more than a pebble, it has more energy in it, and therefore has more mass.
The c2 in the equation stands for the speed of light squared. To square something means to multiply it by itself, so if you were to square the speed of light, it would be 186,000 miles per second, times 186,000 miles per second.
Einstein's equation, E=mc2, implies that an object with mass has energy in its mass, and objects with more mass have more energy. An example of this is a photon. A light photon has no mass, but its energy can act as its mass when it hits something. The equation also says that an object with mass can't go faster than the speed of light.
The General Theory of Relativity.
The General Theory of Relativity was published in 1915, ten years after the Special Theory of Relativity was created. According to the General Theory of Relativity, the gravitational attraction between masses results in the masses in space and time, meaning that every object is attracted to each other, and that results in space and time.
Einstein's General Relativity also explained spacetime. Spacetime is the fact that we have a four dimensional universe, having three spatial(space) dimensions, and one temporal(time) dimension. All physical objects-us, the moon, the sun, the Milky Way, everything, is located inside these three dimensions. Also, mass changes the shape of spacetime to change, making the force of gravity curved. These curves are called gravitational waves, and all moving things follow these curves. Black holes are a major source of gravitational waves. A black hole is an object in the universe that has such a strong pull of gravity, that not even light can escape it. They are formed when giant stars, at least three times the size of our sun, dies. This is called a supernova.
Also, general relativity explains gravitational lensing, which is where light bends when a massive object comes near it. This was proven during a solar eclipse, when the sun moved behind the moon, and made light
General Relativity also set the stage for the theory of the formation of our universe. This theory is called the Big Bang. General Relativity explained singularities, which is what scientists think the universe formed from. This singularity was small, dense, and very hot. All of the matter that we know today came out of this point 15 billion years ago.
Beliefs.
Many scientists only care about their work, but Einstein also spoke and wrote often about politics and world peace. He liked the ideas of socialism and of having only one government for the whole world. He also worked for Zionism, the effort to try to create the new country of Israel.
Einstein's family was Jewish, but Einstein never practiced this religion seriously. He liked the ideas of the Jewish philosopher Baruch Spinoza and also thought that Buddhism was a good religion.
Even though Einstein thought of many ideas that helped scientists understand the world much better, he disagreed with many scientific theories that were developed later in his life. Many scientific theories discuss things that we cannot know for certain, but only as probabilities. Einstein didn't like these kinds of theories; he thought that it should be possible to understand anything, if we had the correct theory. He once said, "I do not believe that God plays dice with the Universe."
Because Einstein helped science so much, his name is now used for several different things. A unit used in photochemistry was named for him. It is equal to Avogadro's number multiplied by the energy of one photon of light. The chemical element Einsteinium is named after the scientist as well. In slang, we sometimes call a very smart person an "Einstein."
One of his inspiring sayings is "There are two ways to live your life, one is as though nothing is a miracle, the other is as though everything is a miracle."
There is still a strong criticism of Einstein. Ronald William Clark says that Einstein hated Germany and the Germans since his youth. G.O.Mueller wrote a whole encyclopedia refuting Einstein's relativity. G.O.Mueller, Aristotle, Kant, Leibniz say space and time are categories of perception, not distortable "things", and not joined together.The speed of light could be higher. Paul Dirac and others thought that constants can change over time, too (e.g. gravitation).G.O.Mueller lists about 4000 Einstein-critical works since 1905, rallying worldwide for rethinking relativity.

Euro
Euro is the currency (money) of the countries in Eurozone. One euro is subdivided into 100 "cents". Because of the number of different languages in the EU, there are different names for this unit (the French call them "centimes" and the Spanish "céntimos", for example).
It was created in 1999, but until 1 January 2002 it was used only for electronic methods. In 2002, 12 countries of the EU (The European Union) got rid of their national currencies completely and adopted euro notes and coins as their only money. There was a change-over period, called the "transition period" when both the old national money and the euro was accepted, but by 28 February 2002, all 12 countries were using just euros.
In 2007, Slovenia became the 13th country to use the euro. In 2008 Cyprus and Malta became the 14th and 15 countries to use the euro.
There are 7 different banknotes, each one with a different colour, size and face value: €5 (grey), €10 (red), €20 (blue), €50 (orange), €100 (green), €200 (yellow), €500 (purple).
Coins are of 8 different amounts: €0.01, €0.02, €0.05, €0.10, €0.20, €0.50, €1, €2.
On every banknote, there is a picture of a different European building style. All banknotes are the same throughout the entire Eurozone - there are no different designs for different countries, unlike the euro coins. One side of each coin is the same in all euro countries. The other side is different since each country who mints the coins inserts a symbol relating to that country. Today there are 12 different sets of coins. Any of the coins can be used everywhere throughout the Eurozone despite the country-specific symbol on the back.
The 10 new European countries that entered the EU in May 2004 are planning to also adopt the Euro. First they must meet some conditions to show that they have stable economies.
Symbol.
The symbol for the euro is the Greek letter epsilon (E) with two horizontal lines: €.
Some people see it as the Latin capital letter C with an equal sign (=).
It is also legal to simply write "euro". This is especially useful when the symbol cannot be produced, or the result is not satisfactory.
The countries above form the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU).

Currency
Currency is the unit of money used by the people of a country or Union for buying and selling goods and services.
Certain currencies are said to be "pegged" or "fixed" to something, usually another currency. A fixed or pegged currency is one that has a constant value compared to what it is pegged to. For example, the Cape Verdian escudo is pegged to the Euro. If the value of the Euro goes up 1% compared to another form of currency, the value of the escudo goes also goes up 1% compared to that same currency. Many countries have used systems where their money was pegged to something other than currency, for example gold. When they do this, as the value of gold increases, so does the value of their money. Doing this is commonly called using the "Gold standard". Most countries do not use the Gold standard now.

Radio telescope
A radio telescope is like a huge satellite dish. An ordinary telescope allows people to see light from distant objects. Stars shine and the light can be seen with a telescope, but they also give off radio waves. Scientists with radio telescopes receive these radio waves and use computers to learn about the stars. Other things like black holes also give off radio waves and radio telescopes are useful for learning about them too.
The dish is sometimes constructed of a conductive wire mesh whose openings are smaller than a wavelength. The information received by several radio telescopes in different places can be combined. This gives similar results to having a single dish as big as the distance between the telescopes, so even very faint signals can be received. Scientists are also trying to do this with ordinary telescopes.
The radio telescope at the Parkes Observatory, Parkes, New South Wales was used by NASA to receive messages from the Apollo 11 moon landings.

Light year
A light year (or light-year or lightyear) is not a length of time, but the distance that light will travel in one Earth year (365 days), going at the speed of light. One light year is about 6 trillion miles, or 10 trillion kilometers. Because the universe is so big, some things are hundreds, thousands or millions of light years away. Because light that leaves a star 100 light years away will take 100 years to get to us, this means that when we see the star's light, we are actually seeing that star as it was 100 years ago.

Korea
Korea is a nation in the eastern part of Asia. People have lived in Korea for about 15,000 years. In history, Manchuria and some of Siberia used to be part of Korea.
The best silk used to come from Korea. In the 7th century, the people of China also liked the gold workers from Korea. Europeans knew very little about Korea until modern times.
The printing machine was made in Korea in 1232 and used metal letters. But the original printing machine, which used wooden letters, was made in China almost 1500 years ago. This was a long time before Gutenberg made the printing machine in Europe.
The nation of Korea was made into two countries after World War II. North Korea is in the north. South Korea is in the south. North Korea is ruled by a military dictatorship. South Korea is a democracy. North and South Korea fought each other in the Korean War.
South Korea has over 48-million people, and North Korea has more than 23-million. South Korea's biggest city is Seoul. It has more than 10-million people. North Korea's biggest city is Pyongyang. It has less than 4-million people.
Korea is famous for its traditional food kimchi. Kimchi is spicy pickled cabbage. Koreans eat kimchi a lot.
Koreans eat lots of fish, beef, and chicken along with sticky white rice and kimchi. Pizza and hamburgers are also sometimes eaten but is not common. Birthday food includes seaweed soup eaten the morning of someone's birthday, but it is not common now. Many people say Koreans eat dog meat. Some people do, but it is not common. Only a few people eat dog meat these days.
Many people in South Korea speak English and other languages. Children in South Korea learn English and other languages in school.
South Korea is an advanced country with large cities, high-speed trains, high-speed internet, and many TV & radio networks. Korean soap-operas are popular around the world. Korean TV commercials are among the most expensive in the world. However, there are still poor areas in Korea. Farmers are not rich and struggle against food from other countries.
Gojoseon.
Gojoseon is the first state of Korean established at 2333 BCE. The founder of Gojoseon is said to be Dangun (Pronounced "Dan-Kune"). People of Korea believe that Dangun established the country on October 3rd, and still celebrate that day as the establishment day of Korea. Gojoseon was destroyed by Buyeo, which was succeeded by Goguryeo, at about 230BCE.
Three Kingdoms.
Between 57 BC and the year 668 there were three kingdoms in Korea. The names of the kingdoms were: "Silla", "Goguryeo" and "Baekje". In the year 372 the religion Buddhism came from China to Korea. Buddhism was very important in Korea.
In the year 660 the kingdom of Silla invaded the kingdom of Baekje. In the year 668 the kingdom of Silla invaded the kingdom of Gyguryeo. The people of Goguryeo ran away and made a new kingdom with the name "Barhae". After a little time, the kingdom of Silla invaded the kingdom of Barhae.
From the year 681 to the year 935 the kingdom of Silla was the only kingdom in Korea. This time has the name "Unified Silla". In the Silla kingdom Buddhism was very important.
Goryeo.
In the year 918 the kingdom of "Goryeo" was made. The name "Korea" comes from "Goryeo". The kingdom of Goryeo had power until the year 1392.
The kingdom of Goryeo wrote the law in books. The kingdom made a big government. Buddhism was very important in the kingdom of Goryeo.
Joseon.
In the year 1392 a man from the military of Korea went to China. His name was "Yi Seonggye". The job of Yi was to speak against China. But Yi made friends with the people in China. When Yi came to Korea, he changed the kingdom. Yi was king.
The name of the kingdom was "Joseon". In the year 1394, the people of Joseon moved the capital to Seoul. The religion of Buddhism was not important. A new religion Confucianism was important. Confucianism came from China.
In the year 1443 the king "Sejong" ruled. He invented the Korean alphabet.
In the year 1592 and the year 1598 the people from Japan fought Korea. A man from the military made very strong ships. The name of the man was "Yi Sun-sin". With the strong ships, the people of Korea won.
The people of Joseon were always friends with the people of China.
Today, North Koreans use the name Joseon (officially Chosŏn) to mean Korea.
19th century.
In the 19th century the people of Korea did not want to trade with other people. People called Korea "Hermit Kingdom". see hermit
The people of the United States wanted to trade with Korea. The people of Japan also wanted to trade with Korea. In the year 1876 the military of Japan fought Korea. Korea and Japan made a contract to trade.
In 1895 Japan won a war against China. The name of the war was "Sino-Japanese War". The military of Japan killed the Queen of Korea in 1895. The name of the Queen was "Min". Korea changed the name to "Daehan Jeguk" (kingdom of Korea).
The people from Korea made friends with the people from Russia. In 1905 Japan won a war against Russia. The name of the war was Russo-Japanese War. In the year 1910, the emperor of Japan made Korea a colony of Japan.
Colony of Japan.
Korea was a colony of Japan from the year 1910 to the year 1945.
The Japanese occupation was harsh. The people of Korea were forced to study the history of Japan and Japanese. They also stopped the people of Korea from speaking the language of Korea. Many people of Korea had to change their name to Japanese name. The people of Korea were not happy with the Japanese occupation.
In 1919 the people of Korea were very unhappy. The people marched in the streets. The people made a big demonstration. The people asked the emperor of Japan to go. The police of Japan were not happy with the people. The police arrested 47,000 people, killed 7,500 people, and injured 16,000 people.
When World War II started, the policy of the Japanese government changed. They wanted Korea to be a part of Japan. The government made the religion of Japan the religion of Korea. The people of Korea were stopped from celebrating the festivals of Korea.
Many men from Korea went to the military of Japan and went to work in Japan. They worked in mines and factories. The men did not want to go, but the Japanese people wanted to. Some women were forced to work as prostitues for Japanese Soldiers. These women were called "comfort women".
In the year 1945 Japan lost World War II. The USA and the Soviet Union made a contract. The USA occupied the south of Korea. The Soviet Union occupied the north of Korea.
The people from Korea wanted to be free. The USA and the Soviet Union wanted the people of Korea to be free. But in 1945 the USA and the Soviet Union were not friends. The Cold War started. The USA and the Soviet Union did not make a contract. The UN thought that invading Korea would keep South Korea a free country. If this had not happened, South Korea would not be free country today and would be controlled by Communists and starving, much like the North.
In 1948 the people in the south made a country called South Korea. The USA helped the people of South Korea. In 1948 the people of North Korea also made a country. The Soviet Union helped the people of North Korea.
In 1950 a war started in Korea. The name of the war was the Korean War. The war ended in 1953, but no peace treaty was signed. The line between North and South was the same in the end as it was before the war. No land was lost or gained.
Now there are two countries: North Korea (also called the DPRK or Democratic People's Republic of Korea) and South Korea (also called the Republic of Korea).

English language learning and teaching
English as an additional language (EAL) is when people study English as a new language.
In the United States it is often called English as a second language (ESL). In this case (particular situation), "first language" means any language a person speaks from childhood, even if they speak more than one, and "second language" means any non-native language, no matter how many a person speaks.
English as a foreign language (EFL) is an important business in Britain. It is also called ESOL (English for Speakers of Other Languages). There are many schools in Oxford or London. There are also many schools in the south of England. Many schools are in cities along the sea.
English is a very important language in business. Many people study English as a foreign language, because they want a better job. English is also very important in education. Many pages on the internet are in English. English As A Second Language is the single most popular subject in the world, after mathematics. Many people who can not go to English language classes study on the internet, using websites like.
Many people study English in a country where the people speak English. This way, many students learn listening and speaking English better.
English exams.
There are many English exams. Many people study English for an exam (examination). An English exam is important to show how well a person can speak English.
Cambridge exams.
The Cambridge exams are very popular in Europe. The University of Cambridge ESOL makes these exams. There are five exams for general English. Students take these exams in many schools. Students can take the exams in England or in schools in many other countries.
The easiest exam is the KET. KET means "Key English Test". The KET is the start of the Cambridge exams. The KET tests basic English.
The PET is more difficult. PET means "Preliminary English Test". People with a PET know some English. They can survive social situations in English. They can also survive work situations in English. But they often find English difficult. They also make many mistakes.
The FCE is the most popular of the Cambridge English exam. FCE means "First Certificate in English". The FCE is good for many businesses. People with a FCE can use English. They sometimes find English difficult. Normally they have no problems with English. But they make mistakes.
The CAE is a difficult exam. CAE means "Certificate in Advanced English". The CAE is good for many universities. The CAE is also good for many businesses. People with a CAE have no problems working in England or United States of America.
The CPE is the most difficult exam. CPE stands for "Certificate of Proficiency in English". People who have a CPE are very good at English. Their English is nearly as good as people who are from England or America. The CPE is good for universities. The CPE is also good for business. Many universities who teach courses in English want a CPE or CAE from foreign-language students.
There are two English exams systems for business. The "Business English Certificate" (BEC) is available at three levels comparable to PET, FCE and CAE above BEC means. The BULATS "Business Language Testing Service" is a single examination which can offer organisations or individuals the opportunity of assessing their current language level.
IELTS.
The IELTS is the International English Language Testing System. This system is from the University of Cambridge, the British Council and IDP Education in Australia. It has one exam for academics or professionals, and one for people who want to live in an English-speaking country. Universities in Britain, Ireland, Australia, South Africa, Canada, New Zealand and New Zealand often want an IELTS exam. IELTS is also becoming popular in North America. The IELTS tests: speaking, listening, writing and reading.
TOEFL.
The TOEFL is a very popular English exam. It is very popular in the US. It is also very popular in countries which are friends with the US. TOEFL means "Test of English as a Foreign Language". The TOEFL is an academic exam. Many universities in America want a TOEFL exam.
In 2005 a new TOEFL was made. The new TOEFL uses Internet. Its name is "Internet-Based TOEFL" (iBT). The old TOEFLs did not stop. They are called "Computer-Based TOEFL" (CBT) and "Paper-Based TOEFL", but are not now available in all countries.
TOEIC.
The TOEIC is a general English exam. TOEIC means "Test of English for International Communication". The exam has 200 questions. Every question is a multiple choice question. A multiple-choice question is a question where you choose which answer (e.g. a, b, c or d) is correct.
The result of the TOEIC is a number. This number is between 10 and 990. 990 is the best number. The TOEIC number is often used for jobs. Many jobs need a number bigger than 600. Managers often need a number bigger than 800.
LCCIEB.
LCCIEB means "London Chamber of Commerce and Industry Examinations Board". The LCCIEB makes many English exams. Many businesses like LCCIEB exams.
The EFB means "English for Business". The EFB is a business English exam. It tests basic general English. It also tests more difficult business English.
The EFC means "English for Commerce". The EFC is a business English exam. It tests business writing. It also tests business skills. Business skills are ideas how to manage a business. The EFC is more difficult than the EFB.
The PBE means "Practical Business English". The PBE is a business English exam. It tests business speaking. It also tests business listening. The PBE is for basic English. People with a PBE can have a basic business conversation.
The SEFIC means "Spoken English for Industry and Commerce". The SEFIC is a business English exam. It tests business speaking. It is more difficult than the PBE. It tests difficult business speaking. It also tests difficult business listening.
The WEFT means "Written English for Tourism". The WEFT is an English business exam. It tests business speaking. It tests speaking at hotels. It also tests speaking in other parts of tourism. The WEFT also tests listening.
The BULATS means "Business Language Testing Service". The BULATS is a special exams for big companies. The BULATS are made for a company. The BULATS for another company is different.
Pitman.
Pitman exams are made by the City and Guilds Group. There are two important English exams by Pitman.
The ESOL means "English for Speakers of Other Languages". The ESOL tests English at many levels. The ESOL is good for going to many colleges. The "Spoken ESOL" is like the ESOL. But the Spoken ESOL only tests speaking and listening.
The EBC means "English for Business Communications". The EBS is a business English exam. There are three levels.
CELS (ARELS/Oxford).
The CELS exams are English exams for people who want to study in England. CELS means "Certificates in Communicative Skills in English". The CELS exam comes from the old ARELS and Oxford exams; now they are Cambridge ESOL exams. The ARELS exam tests speaking and listening. The Oxford exam tests writing and reading. The new name of Arels and Oxford together is CELS.
There are three levels in the CELS exam. "Preliminary" is the easiest exam. "Vantage" is more difficult. "Higher" is the most difficult exam. People who have the CELS are very good at speaking English. These exams are good for universities.
This exam is different from some other exams because learners get one certificate (paper saying how good they are) for each part of the exam. A learner can have a high mark on the speaking certificate but a low one in writing, for example.
Compare exams.
It is very difficult to compare English exams. Every exam is a little different.
In Europe, the ALTE says how different exams compare. The ALTE is the Association of Language Testers in Europe. It has 28 exam makers in it, and compares their exams in 24 languages. The ALTE says what learners can do at every step of learning. Because of this, they say the ALTE list is a "can-do" list. The ALTE list is a simple way to talk about the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEF). The CEF is from the Council of Europe.

Switzerland
Switzerland is a small country in the west of Europe. To the north of Switzerland is Germany. East of Switzerland are Austria and Liechtenstein. To the south of Switzerland is Italy. To the west of Switzerland is France.
Switzerland is known for its neutrality. A country is neutral when it does not take sides among the countries who are at war. Switzerland has been neutral for more than 190 years. Many international organizations are in Switzerland. The United Nations has a main office (but not its headquarters) in Geneva. Its predecessor organization, the League of Nations, was headquartered in Geneva.
The official name of Switzerland is "Confoederatio Helvetica". This is Latin. There are four official languages in Switzerland: German, French, Italian, and Romansh.
The capital of Switzerland is Bern. The largest city of Switzerland is Zürich.
Geography.
The area of Switzerland is 41,285 km². The land is divided into 26 areas called "cantons". The 26 cantons are: Aargau, Appenzell Innerrhoden, Appenzell Ausserrhoden, Basel-Stadt, Basel-Land, Berne, Fribourg, Geneva, Glarus, Graubünden, Jura, Lucerne, Neuchâtel, Nidwalden, Obwalden, Schaffhausen, Schwyz, Solothurn, St. Gallen, Thurgau, Ticino, Uri, Valais, Vaud, Zug, and Zürich.
Switzerland has 2,889 villages, towns and cities.
The mountains are very tall in Switzerland. About 60% of Switzerland is mountain. The Alps are in the center and south of Switzerland. The highest mountain is the "Dufour Peak" at 4,634 m.
Many of the mountains have ice every day. This ice is called glaciers. The rivers Rhine, Rhône, and many other rivers start in the mountains of Switzerland.
There are many lakes in Switzerland. The biggest lakes are: Lake Geneva ("Lac Léman"), Lake Zürich, Lake Neuchâtel and Lake Constance ("Bodensee").
There are no mountains in the north of Switzerland resulting in many cities and towns built in the north. The biggest cities are Zürich, Basel and Bern. Geneva and Lausanne are big cities in the southwest of Switzerland. The Jura mountains are in the west of Switzerland.
People.
There are about 7.5 million people in Switzerland. About 64% of the people speak German as their first language, in northern and central Switzerland. 19% of the people speak French as their first language, in the west of Switzerland. 8% of the people speak Italian, in the south of Switzerland. Only 1% of the people speak Romansh, in the southeastern part of Switzerland. Romansh is an old language that is similar to Latin.
The people of Switzerland do not speak the same German as people in Germany. The German of Switzerland is difficult to understand for people from Germany. But the people of Switzerland write like the people from Germany.
20% of the people in Switzerland do not have a passport of Switzerland. They come to work in Switzerland.
The religion of most people in Switzerland is Christianity. 43% of the population follow Catholicism. 35% of the population follow Protestantism. 2% follow Eastern Orthodoxy. The religion of 4% of the population is Islam. The rest follow other religions, or they have no religion.
Switzerland is famous for its chocolate, cheese, banking system, watches and mountains.
History.
In 1291 people from Uri, Schwyz and Unterwalden wanted to be free. They signed a contract to work together called the "Eternal Alliance". Together the people could be free from the people of Habsburg, who were very strong. In 1315 the people from the Eternal Alliance fought the Habsburgs in battles at Morgarten, Sempach and Näfels. The people of the Eternal Alliance won all battles.
People from other areas signed the contract. More and more people worked together to be free. In 1648, other countries from Europe made an agreement that Switzerland was free. The name of this agreement was the "Treaty of Westphalia". More areas came to be part of Switzerland.
In 1798, the military from France invaded Switzerland. The ruler of France was Napoleon. He changed many laws. In 1815 Switzerland again became free from France. Other countries made an agreement that Switzerland was free. The name of this agreement was the "Congress of Vienna". It also said that Switzerland was neutral.
The constitution of Switzerland that was made in 1848 was replaced in 1999. Switzerland did not fight in World War I or World War II. Since 2002, Switzerland is part of the United Nations. It did not join the United Nations for 57 years because of its neutrality.
Government.
Switzerland is a republic. Switzerland does not have a normal president. Seven people (called ministers) do the job of president. They are called the Federal Council in English, "Bundesrat" in German, "Conseil Fédéral" in French, "Consiglio Federale" in Italian and "Cussegl Federal" in Romansh. Every year one of these people is made president. The president is not more important than the other six people.
There are two parts of parliament in Switzerland. The "Council of States" and the "National Council". Both parts can make laws. There are 46 people in the Council of States. Every canton of Switzerland can send 2 people. Some cantons can only send 1 person. There are 200 people in the National Council. The biggest canton sends most people to the National Council. The smallest cantons only send one person to the National Council.
The people of Switzerland can collect signatures if they want to change a law. This is called a "referendum". If enough people sign a referendum, the people vote. The people can also collect signatures to change the constitution. This is called an "iniative". The constitution is the basic law of a country.
Economy.
Switzerland is a rich country. Switzerland is not member of the European Union, but it is member of the European Free Trade Agreement (EFTA). The EFTA makes trade with other countries in Europe easier. In 1999 Switzerland and the European Union made a contract. This contract makes trade even easier.
The banks of Switzerland are important. There are also insurance companies in Switzerland. Tourism is important in Switzerland. There are many places for tourists. Davos, St. Moritz, Pontresina and Laax are in Switzerland. These towns are important for skiing. Tourists also like Lucerne, Geneva, and Zürich.
Literature.
The literature of Switzerland is divided according to the language used. Most literature was written in German from 1291 until 1798. French became popular in Bern and elsewhere in the 18th century. The Italian language and Romansch-Ladin literature are less important.
The Heidi books are among the best known works of Swiss literature.
Johann David Wyss wrote the children's book "The Swiss Family Robinson".

LOL
LOL is an internet slang term that means "laugh out loud". It also means mute in Persian and is a native Dutch word (not an acronym) which, conveniently, means "fun" ("lollig" means "funny").
In Welsh, lol means nonsense - e.g., if a person wanted to say "utter nonsense" in Welsh, they would say "rwtsh lol". It does not mean anything in any other language. LOL is usually used on the internet or when text messaging.

Toronto, Ontario
Toronto is the largest city in Canada. It is the capital of the province of Ontario.
It is found on the north side of Lake Ontario. Many rivers and creeks flow through the city, making deep ravines. There are many beautiful parks near the ravines.
Almost six million people live in and around Toronto. Most big Canadian banks and companies have offices there.
Toronto is popular with tourists. Visitors can see the Toronto Islands, which are mostly one big park, by taking a ferry. One of the world's tallest towers, the CN Tower, lets people see far away, if they take an elevator to its higher decks. Toronto has a lot of neighborhoods that are distinctive (very different from each other). A lot of "Torontonians" (people who live in Toronto) and visitors think the distinctive neighborhoods make Toronto interesting.
In Toronto, there are many interesting museums for art, history and science. These include the Royal Ontario Museum and the Art Gallery of Ontario. There are interesting buildings like the unique City Hall or the SkyDome stadium (now called the Rogers Centre) which has a roof that opens. The Four Seasons Centre for the Performing Arts which was opened in June 2006 is home to the Canadian Opera Company and the National Ballet of Canada. Visitors to Toronto can also see how the province is run by visiting the legislature in Queen's Park.
Toronto has five major sports teams: the Toronto Maple Leafs (hockey), the Toronto Blue Jays (baseball), the Toronto Raptors (basketball), the Toronto Argonauts (Canadian football) and Toronto F.C. (soccer).
People have come from around the world to live in Toronto. In fact, more than half the people who live in the city were not born in Canada. This makes it an interesting place to see how different types of people live, to hear their languages, and to try different kinds of food. This is why people say Toronto is multicultural.
See Also.
List of Municipalities in Ontario

Names of numbers in English
Here are some words for small numbers. Words in bold are irregular.
When writing other numbers between 21 and 99, you must use a hyphen (-).
The number 100 is written as "one hundred", but sometimes people say "a hundred".

United States dollar
The United States dollar, or the American dollar, is the official currency, or money, of the United States of America. When writing, the symbol for the American dollar is the dollar sign ($). Dollars can also be known as USD (U.S. Dollar).
The American one dollar bill has a picture of George Washington. There are also paper bills that are worth 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 dollars.
There are also dollar coins. Some of them are silver and some of them are gold-colored. Vending machines often give dollar coins as change, since it is easier for the machines to give out coins than paper money. But most of the time people use paper dollars.
There are 100 cents in one American dollar. The cent or "penny" is the smallest or least worth coin used in the U.S. There are half-dollar coins, which are worth 50 cents. Quarters are worth 25 cents, dimes are worth ten cents, nickels are worth five cents, and pennies are worth one cent. All coins and paper bills have the faces of famous Americans on the front side.
The paper "dollar bill" is actually called a "Federal Reserve Note". "Federal" refers to the U.S. government. The United States Constitution (the main laws in the country), first said that the government must hold enough gold to redeem (trade for) the paper money it printed. This means that, if needed, paper money could be traded to the government for gold. The government of the United States stopped using this "gold standard" in 1971, which means it no longer needs to have enough gold to trade for paper money.
The Federal Reserve is the federal government's bank. It lets other banks borrow money. The banks then let people and companies take the money from them. The banks then pay money at a rate called the Federal Funds Rate. This number is set by the Federal Reserve Board and is changed however money is in the country. The paid rate is called the "overnight lending rate" because money is borrowed for a small time.
By giving to banks,(or creating liquidity)the "Fed" can bring more money into the world and focus interest on newly created money.
Many dollars never enter into the cycle which makes money. They are held in digital accounts and never live in paper form. After printing by the Bureau of Engraving and Printing, the real paper dollars are sold for no more than the cost of the ink and paper.

Shape of the universe
Shape of the Universe means two things.
There are three ways the universe can be shaped: saddle-like, spherical, or flat. Triangle's angles' sums are different in each.

Meteor shower
A meteor shower is when pieces of rock and dust burn in the Earth's atmosphere.
Many objects in space cross the Earth's orbit from time to time, such as comets and rocks. When the Earth passes through the dust and pieces left behind by these rocks, they are attracted by the Earth's gravity and eventually burn in the Earth's atmosphere. When a lot of particles enter the atmosphere at the same time, we see a shower-like effect.

Cat
Cats, also called domestic cat or house cat ("Felis silvestris catus"), are carnivorous (meat-eating) mammals, of the family "Felidae". Cats have been domesticated for over 3000 years, and they are popular pets. Cats were first domesticated and kept because they eat mice, but later they were kept because they are friendly and good companions. A young cat is called a "kitten". Cats are sometimes called "kitty" or "pussy".
The word "cat" is also used for other felines: the big cats (lions, tigers, and others) and wild cats (lynxes, pumas, and others). These big cats aren't tamed and can be very dangerous. There are many different breeds of tabby cats.
A female cat is a Queen and the male cat is a Tom.
History.
Throughout history, people kept cats because the cats hunted and ate mice, rats, and insects. Today, people often keep cats as pets, but there are also cats that live without being cared for by people. These kinds of cats are called "feral cats". Today, special food for cats is widely available. Proper feeding will make a cat live much longer compared to hunting or being fed table scraps. Not feeding a cat correctly can lead to problems (see below for health concerns).
Cats cannot taste sweet foods (with sugar) because of a mutation (change) in their ancestors which removed the gene necessary for tasting sweet things.
Food.
There are many different types of cat food. You can buy "wet" canned food. These come in many different flavors and costs are often very small. There is also "dry" cat food which comes in different sized bags and formulas. There are kitten formulas, cat formulas, health formulas, formulas for reducing a cat's weight, and many others. These can even be organic (made from all natural ingredients), and have vegetables, salmon, tuna, meat, and milk essence.
Behavior.
Cats are carnivorous; meaning that they tend to eat birds and small mammals (like mice). Cats are quiet and well-behaved animals, so they are popular pets. Many house cats no longer hunt their own food, but eat food that their owner gives them, made in factories. Young kittens are playful. So a lot of pet companies make toys to redeem, or rid of, cats energy without the owner always having to pay attention to it.
Grooming.
Cats are very clean animals. They groom themselves by licking their fur. The cat's tongue can act as a hairbrush and can clean and detangle a cats fur. Still, many owners buy grooming products so the cat will not always be depended on to take care of itself. After licking their fur, cats sometimes get hairballs. A hairball is a small amount of fur that is vomited up by animals when it becomes too big. Cats are commonly shown coughing up hairballs in comedy shows. Cats are brushed by their owners to try to prevent a lot of hairballs.
Pets.
House cats are not often taught to do things, but large cats raised by people in enclosed spaces can be taught to do tricks. When a cat is happy, it moves its chest very quickly, which makes a soft noise. This is called "purring". Cats are also very clean animals. They lick their fur many times a day, and they like clean places. They also sleep a lot, sometimes up to 18 hours a day. This makes them easy to care for.
Health Concerns.
Cats, like other living things, can get diseases. When a cat gets a disease,you should take it to a veterinarian (animal doctor). Depending on the way a cat looks, a disease could be more common. For example, blue-eyed cats with white fur can become sick easier then some other cats. Regular visits to a vet can keep your cat alive many extra years by catching sickness and disease early.
House cats, can become overweight easily due to less exercise than feral (wild) cats, and from being spayed or neutered. (This sometimes is known as being "fixed"). Spaying is done for female cats and neutering is done for male cats. It is important to fix cats to avoid overpopulation which means more cats and dogs to be put to sleep (euthanized) in animal "pounds" (pounds are great places to get animals for little money and you will be saving an animals life too!) It then is important to help your cat stay fit by diet and exercise (play is great exercise and no money need be spent to keep a cat entertained -a piece of string can do the trick! Cats can also be born Polydactyl. Polydactyl means many digits, or many "fingers" from poly (many) and dactyl (digit). Sometimes there is a mutation (change) in cat families. Most cats have only four toes per paw. These mutated cats have five. Rarely, some are born with more than five toes per paw. All of these cats are called " polydactyl cats". They can also be called "Hemingway cats" because author Ernest Hemingway owned many of these cats. This mutation can happen in any breed (kind) of cat.

Engineering
Engineering is the use of science and mathematics to design or make things. Engineers usually design or build things that are sold or given to people. There are different types of engineers that design everything from computers and buildings to watches and websites. People who do engineering are called engineers. They learn engineering by studying at a university or technical school.
Study.
Most Engineers are very clever. They are also trained with limited things such as budget and material.
American Courses.
In the United States, most engineers go to a college or university to get an engineering degree. Most people go to school for four years to get a Bachelor's degree in engineering. A Master's Degree is an advanced degree, usually requiring two more years of study after the Bachelors. A person with a Master's degree is eligible to enter a Doctoral program in engineering. A graduate of a Doctoral program is awarded a Doctor of Philosophy degree, which is commonly called a PhD. A PhD in engineering requires three or four years of study after a Master's degree, and includes the completion of a long research report called a dissertation.
British Courses.
In the United Kingdom, engineering degrees at universities are either 3 year BEng (Bachelor of Engineering) or 4 year MEng (Master of Engineering). Engineers can also get additional recognition in the form of Chartership. In many universities it is common to take only one engineering discipline (e.g. aeronautical or civil engineering) although some universities have a general engineering degree.
French Courses.
The best way to become an engineer in France is to take the CPGE (Classe Preparatoire pour les Grandes Ecoles is the French class for engineer's school) for two years and then three years in an "Ecole d'Ingénieur" (Engineer's school).
You could also study in an IUT (Institut universitaire technologique) for three years, then by three years in an "Ecole d'Ingénieur"

Communication
Communication can be spoken (a word) or non-spoken (a smile). Communication has many ways, and happens all the time. Not only humans communicate, most other animals do too. Some communication is done without thinking, such as by changing in posture
How communication works.
Communication works by exchanging information or messages. In very basic terms
Besides the content of the message, there are other things that are important. These are not part of the message itself, but rather of its context
For a message exchange to be successful, the sender and the recipient must have agreed on a vocabulary. The word "hedge" can mean completely different things based on the context. In biology a hedge is a row of shrubs or trees that make a barrier or form a border. In finance, a hedge is an investment made to reduce therisk of another investment. In linguistics a hedge is a word or set of words that make other words less important. Without any information it is therefore very difficult to know which "hedge" is really meant by the speaker.

Miracle
For example, a miracle under the first definition would be winning the lottery jackpot. A person who wins a state lottery would think it's a miracle that he won a lottery jackpot, but this would involve no violation of the laws of nature. People often win the lottery, but it is not very likely that he would.
A miracle under the second definition would be like a person being able to leap a tall building in a single bound. A violation of the physical law of gravity would have occurred.
A miracle under the third definition would be a divine intervention by God, where God's presence would be known during a miracle. The Bible, Koran, Mahabarata and the Avesta contains many references to this definition of miracle. An example from the Bible would be a man crippled since birth getting up and walking after Jesus told him to do so.

Kami
Kami (神) is a Japanese word for the spirits that are worshipped in the Shintoist religion. Not all of Kami are gods, because some of these spirits are not personified, but have to do with phenomenons and events like the growth of trees, or rain, or other things in Nature; it is believed that these kami live in those natural things.
It is usually said that there are. In Japanese the number "eight-million" is normally used to mean infinity.

Cardboard
Cardboard is a heavy wood-based type of paper, notable for its stiffness and durability. It was first invented in China some time in the 15th century, and is used for a wide variety of purposes. One of its more common uses is as a packaging material.
Cardboard boxes were first produced commercially in 1817 in England. Corrugated (also called pleated) paper was patented in England in 1856, used as a liner for tall hats, but corrugated cardboard would not be patented and used as a shipping material until December 20, 1871. The patent was issued to Albert Jones of New York City, New York for single-sided corrugated cardboard. Jones used the corrugated cardboard for wrapping bottles and glass lantern chimneys. The first machine for producing large quantities of corrugated cardboard was built in 1874 by G. Smyth, and in the same year Oliver Long improved upon Jones' design by inventing corrugated cardboard with liner sheets on both sides. This was now cardboard as we know it today.
The American Robert Gair invented the corrugated cardboard box in 1890, consisting of pre-cut flat pieces manufactured in bulk that folded into boxes. Gair's invention, as with so many other great innovations, came about as a result of an accident; he was a Brooklyn printer and paper-bag maker during the 1870s, and while he was printing an order of seed bags a metal ruler normally used to crease bags shifted in position and cut the bag. Gair discovered that by cutting and creasing cardboard in one operation he could make prefabricated cartons. Extending this to corrugated cardboard was a straightforward development when the material became available. By the start of the 20th century, corrugated cardboard boxes began replacing the custom-made wooden crates and boxes previously used for trade.
The "Kellogg brothers" first used cardboard cartons to hold their flaked corn cereal, and later when they began marketing it to the general public a heat-sealed waxed bag of Waxtite was wrapped around the outside of the box and printed with their brand name. This marked the origin of the cereal box, though in modern times the sealed bag is plastic and is kept inside the box rather than outside.
Cardboard packaging has undergone a minor resurgence in recent times due to the trend towards environmentalism. It is now common for cardboard to be manufactured with a large percentage of recycled fibers.

English language
The English language is the language started by tribes that moved to Britain from West Germany around 450 AD. Languages started by the German tribes are called Germanic languages. English is spoken in many countries around the world. With around 380 million native speakers, it is the second most spoken language in the world. About 220 million more people speak it as a second language and there are as many as a billion people who are learning. English has been an influence on, and has been influenced by many different languages.
History.
English began in England, a country on the island of Great Britain in Europe. Germanic tribes (Saxons, Angles, and Jutes) came to Britain from around 449 AD. They made their home in the south and east of the island, pushing out the Celtic Britons who were there before them. The Germanic dialects of these different tribes became "Old English". The word "English" was then and that comes from the name of the Angles - "Englas". Old English did not sound or look much like the English we speak today. If English speakers today were to hear or read a passage in Old English, they might understand a few words, but it would be very hard for most to understand what the passage is about.
Many other people came to England later at different times, speaking different languages, and these languages added more words to make today's English.
For example, around 800 AD, many Danish and Norse pirates, also called Vikings, came to the country and English received many Norse loanwords. Their languages were Germanic languages, like Old English.
After William the Conqueror conquered England in 1066 AD with his armies and became king, he brought his nobles, who spoke Norman, to be the new government. They stopped English from being taught in schools for a long time, and the language changed greatly, because it was mostly being spoken instead of written for about 300 years. English borrowed so many words from Norman at that time that it can be called a different language, Middle English. Geoffrey Chaucer is a well known writer of Middle English. After more sound changes, Middle English became Modern English. Although the works of Shakespeare might seem very old, they are actually called modern.
English has continued to take new words from other languages, for example from French, Chinese, Hindi and Urdu, Japanese, and Spanish. Because many scientists from different countries needed to talk to each other, they chose names for scientific things in the languages they all knew: Greek and Latin. Those words came to English also, for example, "photography" ("photo-" means "light" "and "-graph" means "picture" or "writing", in Greek. A photograph is a picture made using light), or "telephone". So, English is a combination of Old English (closely related to German and Dutch), Danish, Norse, and French, and has been influenced by Latin, Greek, Chinese, Hindi, Japanese, and Spanish, and more words from even more languages.
The historical stature of the British Empire has contributed to the spread of the English language. English is an important language in many places today, for example in Australia, Canada, Hong Kong, the Republic of India and Pakistan, South Africa, and the United States, English is a dominant language. Because the United Kingdom (the country in which England is located) and the United States have historically been economically and politically powerful, many people find it helpful to learn English to communicate in science, business, and diplomacy. This is referred to as learning English as an additional language, English as a Second Language (ESL) or English as a Foreign Language (EFL).
Many famous stories and plays are in English. Shakespeare was a famous English writer of poems and plays. Today, many famous songs and movies (cinema films) use the English language.

William Shakespeare
William Shakespeare (April, 1564 - April 23, 1616) was an English writer. He wrote plays and also some poetry. Many people consider him to be the greatest English writer of all time and one of the greatest in the world. He wrote plays about history and tragedy and he wrote comedies. His poetry and plays are about being human, with feelings such as love, jealousy, anger, and much more. Children learn about him in schools around the world. Shakespeare wrote his works between about 1590 and 1613.
Who wrote "Shakespeare"?
About 150 years after Shakespeare died, some writers began to say that the works we call "Shakespeare" were not really written by William Shakespeare. They had various reasons for saying this. For example, the person who wrote "Shakespeare" knew a lot about other countries (especially Italy), but William Shakespeare never left England as far as we know.
Several other writers of "Shakespeare" have been suggested, such as Francis Bacon, Christopher Marlowe, and Edward de Vere, Earl of Oxford. Most scholars believe that William Shakespeare did write the works that bear his name, but the idea that someone else "wrote Shakespeare" still gets discussed a lot.

Trier
Trier is a city at the Moselle River in Rhineland-Palatinate in Germany. The population is about 100,000.
Trier is famous for some Roman buildings like the Porta Nigra and others. It is famous as the birthplace of Karl Marx. Trier is also famous for the wine of the wine-growing-region Mosel-Saar-Ruwer.

Computer network
Computers can be part of several different networks. Networks can also be parts of bigger networks. The "local area network" in a department store is usually connected to the "corporate network" of the parent company, and may have privileges with the corporate network of a bank. Any connected machine at any level of the organization may be able to access the "Internet", for example to demonstrate computers in the store, display its catalogue through a web server, or convert received orders into shipping instructions.
Microsoft Windows, Linux and most other operating systems use IP for networking. Apple Macintosh computers used Appletalk in the past, but it uses IP now.

Turkey
Turkey (Turkish: "Türkiye" "also known as Anatolia") is a country in both Europe and Asia. The area of Turkey is about 780,000 square kilometres. Its population is about 71 million. Turkey's official language is Turkish.
Turkey is a republic. There are 81 cities in Turkey. The Turkish money is New Turkish Lira ("Yeni Türk Lirası" or YTL).
The capital city is Ankara, a city in the central Anatolia. The cultural and economic center is Istanbul. In the past Istanbul was known as Constantinople.
Turkey was founded in 1923 by Atatürk after the war of independence ("Kurtuluş Savaşı"). Before that, Turkish Republic was part of the Ottoman Empire. Atatürk made many changes that made Turkey more modern.
Because of its place, in history the land has been home to many civilizations, like the Hittites and the Byzantine Roman Empire. Many important events in the history of Christianity happened in Turkey.
Modern Turkey has a strong economy. It has 7th largest army (4th largest ground army) in the world. Its warm climate lets many kinds of food crops grow, and livestock and forestry are important industries. Turkey is one of the countries in the world that can make enough food to feed itself. There is a strong manufacturing sector making airplanes, electronics, cars, clothing and textiles for home and for other countries.
These days, Turkey is a popular place for tourists to visit. It has hundreds of kilometres of beautiful beaches on its Aegean and Mediterranean coasts, and many important historical places.
Religion.
About 99% of Turkey's people are Muslim. Many are Sunni Muslims, and some are Alevi Muslims (which is part of Shi'a Islam). There are also a few Christian and Jewish people living in Turkey. Turkey is a secular country, meaning it is not religious, and the government does not present a religion. Everyone has the right to practice their religion freely in the country, however there are some restrictions. People are not allowed to wear the Muslim headscarf in schools or important buildings.
European Union.
Turkey wants to join the European Union (EU). The EU says that before Turkey can join, it must resolve its human rights issues first, and also bring its economical and political system to equal that of the EU. But some say that the reason that Turkey was denied membership was because of its 99% muslim majority.
Economy.
The economy of Turkey develops every year.Turkey is a member of OECD and G-20.
Export.
Turkey`s exports amounted to 73.5 billion dollars in 2005. In 2007 exports grew to 106 billion dollars. By May 2008 the exports of the previous year had reached more than 110 billion dollars.
Language.
The sole official language in Turkey is Turkish. It belongs to the Turkic language group, which also includes many other languages spoken across Asia, such as Azerbaijani and Tatar. In Turkey there are also minorities who speak languages such as Kurdish, Armenian, Greek or Ladino, to name just a few.
Turkish lira.
The national currency of Turkey is the New Turkish lira, but on January 1, 2009 the word "new" will be deleted from the name of the currency.
1 Dollar = 1.18 New Turkish Liras (16 August 2008)
1 Euro = 1.73 New Turkish Liras (16 August 2008)
1 Pound = 2.21 New Turkish Liras (16 August 2008)

Thomm
Thomm is a village near Trier (at the Moselle River) in Rhineland-Palatinate in Germany.
Thomm is famous for an old celtic stone, called "Hinkelstein" near the village and a big celtic grave.
In further times there was a slate minor industry near Thomm.
Thomm is also famous for its cider, an apple-wine.
The European Hill Climb Championship comes at June to Thomm and the FIA World Rally Championship in August every year.

Moselle River
The Moselle River (german Mosel; french Moselle) is a river in France and Luxembourg, that becomes part of the Rhine River after the Moselle flows into Germany. The length is 545 kilometers (341 miles).
Important cities at the Moselle river are Metz, Thionville, Trier, Bernkastel-Kues and Koblenz.
The valley of the Moselle river is famous for the wine of Elbling, Riesling, and Müller-Thurgau - grapes in the wine growing region Moselle-Saar-Ruwer.
Tributaries.
Esch,
Rupt de Mad,
Orne,
Fensch,
Gander,
Salm,
Lieser,
Alf,
Brohlbach,
Meurthe,
Saar,
Olewiger Bach,
Ruwer,
Feller Bach,
Dhron,
Kautenbach,
Altlayer Bach,
Ehrbach.

Bible
The Bible is a collection of stories of different authors. The stories were written over a period of about 1200 years. The followers of Judaism, or Christianity consider some of the stories sacred. Islam sees the stories as a valid source of truth. According to Islam, the accounts have been spoiled though, and the Koran gives a better example.
There are different versions of the Bible. The differences are about what parts should be included, and which ones are left out. All Christians believe that it contains the word of God. Sometimes different churches disagree over exactly what the Bible means. There are many names for the Bible; some call it "Holy Scripture", "Holy Writ" or the "Good Book". The Bible was written long ago in Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek, and translations were made later into Latin and some other languages. Now there are translations in many more languages, for example, English.
Today, a complete version of the bible exists in 429 languages. Parts have been translated in 2429 languages. Most bibles can be found in the British Museum in London.
Old Testament.
In fact the Bible is many books of different kinds collected together. The first part is called the Old Testament or Tanakh. This tells the story of the Israelites and how God chose them to be called "his people". This part of the Bible is considered to be holy by Jews as well as Christians.
There are a few parts of the Old Testament that Christians disagree about. These parts are called Deuterocanonical by those Churches that accept them as part of the Bible, and Apocrypha by those that do not.
New Testament.
The second part is called the New Testament, most of which was written first in Greek. Some was probably written in Aramaic first, but the oldest copies known today are in Greek. The main part of this book is the story of Jesus Christ's life. There are four different versions of the story, called Gospels. The New Testament also contains letters by early Christian leaders, especially Saint Paul. The verse in the bible that defines Christianity is, "For God so loved the world that he gave his only begotten Son that whoever believes in him shall not perish but live eternally"
The "Bible" contains different kinds of books. Some are history, telling the stories of the Jews, or Jesus. Some are collections of wise sayings. Some are God's commands to his people, which he expects them to obey. Some are songs of praise to God. Some are books of "prophecy", messages from God that he gave through chosen people called prophets.
The "Bible" has been translated into over 2000 languages. It can be found in printed, electronic, and audio copies.
Many people, not only Christians, love reading the Bible, and some prefer doing it daily. Others spend a lot of their time on in-depth Bible study or meditation on the words.
Atheists do not believe God inspired men to write the Bible because of what they say are conflicts with modern science.

Bavaria
Bavaria (German: "Bayern") is a State ("Bundesland") of Germany. The territory of this state is the largest of the 16 states. The National capital is Munich with 1,3 million people. About 12,5 million people live in Bavaria.
Structure.
Bavaria has seven parts: Oberbayern (Upper Bavaria), Niederbayern (Lower Bavaria), Schwaben (Swabia), Mittelfranken (Middle Franconia), Unterfranken (Lower Franconia), Oberfranken (Upper Franconia) and Oberpfalz (Upper Palatinate). Bavaria has 71 smaller parts and 25 free cities.
The highest point is the Zugspitze, which is also the highest mountain in Germany. Munich is the largest city, the second biggest city is Nuremberg ("Nürnberg"), which is famous for its gingerbread, a kind of Christmas bread.
Pope Benedict XVI was born in Bavaria.

Rome
Rome (Italian "Roma") is the capital city of Italy and the Italian region Latium. It is located on the Tiber river and has 2.8 million inhabitants. The enclave Vatican City is in the north-west.
According to legend, Rome was founded on April 21, 753 BC, by Romulus. He killed his twin brother named Remus, with whom he had been raised by a wolf, and became the first king of Rome.
Rome was the center of the Roman kingdom, later of the Roman Republic, then of the Roman Empire.
Education.
Rome is an educational place in Italy. The children in Rome have to start school at the age of six and 14. This takes them to the end of Junior High School. Rome has the biggest university in Italy and it is named University of Rome. It was founded in 1303. About 200,000 students go to study at this University.
Transport.
Rome has an airport, which is named the Leonardo Da Vinci International Airport (IATA: FCO).
See also.
Ancient Rome

Carnivore
A carnivore is an animal that eats mostly meat. Dogs and cats are carnivores.
The word "Carnivora" comes from Latin, where "Carne" means "flesh" or "meat", and "Vorare" is a verb meaning "eat", that is "meat-eater".
"Scavengers" are carnivores that eat other animals which they did not kill themselves and which have been dead for a time. Carnivores that eat mainly or only insects are called "insectivores". Carnivores that eat mainly or only fish are called "piscivores".
The word "Carnivore" also can mean any animal in the scientific order Carnivora. Most animals in Carnivora eat meat, but some do not.

Cologne
Cologne (or sometimes "Kölle") is a city on the Rhine River in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia Germany. About 970,000 people live there.
The city was founded by the Romans in the year 50, but before that, it was a Roman castle ("castellum") and a town with inhabitants of the local German tribe named "Ubier" at least for 100 years.. There had been people living in the area during stone age.
The most interesting thing to see there is Cologne Cathedral.
This church was built from about 1248 to about 1550, but finally finished in 1880.
The United Nations list it as 'World Cultural Heritage'.
Cologne's archbishop Rainald von Dassel brought the relics
of the biblical Three Wise Men there in 1164.
They are kept in a very beautiful
golden shrine
Three golden crowns in the coat of arms of the city symbolize them.
They made Cologne a major place of pilgrimage.
Traditionally, the city was always Roman Catholic. That changed only recently after the Second World War,
as a result of massive immigration of protestants from the East of Germany.
Still the majority of 41,6% is Roman Catholic, compared to 17% Protestant.
10% of the population are muslim
Cologne is the biggest city in North Rhine-Westphalia.
The University of Cologne alone has more than 50,000 students. It was founded 1919 and is one of the biggest in Germany. There are several specialized Schools in addition to the university. The "Hochschule für Musik" is the biggest Academy of Music in Europe. Cologne has two Colleges of Arts and the Sports College again is one of the biggest worldwide.
Cologne has one of the busiest train stations in Europe. It is the only train station located next to a big cathedral.
People in Cologne and nearby have their own language. They call it Kölsch. During carnival time it even appears on nationwide broadcasts.
Cologne has a handful of broadcasting stations. The Westdeutscher Rundfunk, part of the network ARD, is the biggest producer of television and radio programs in Germany.
Cologne is in the southern part of the 'Rhine-Ruhr agglomeration' of cities, where there live about 10 million people. This is one of the most densely populated areas of the world.

Senegal
The Republic of Senegal (French "République du Sénégal") is a nation in West Africa. The capital is Dakar.
Geography.
In the north of Senegal is the Senegal River. To the north of the river is Mauritania. The nation borders Mali in the east, Guinea-Bissau in the south, and Guinea in the south-east. The Gambia is another country inside of Senegal, along the Gambia River. It is about 300 km long.
The north of Senegal is part of the Sahel. The highest mountain is 581 m high. The rainy season is between June and October. The average temperature on the coast is about 24° C, and inland about 27° C.
History.
In the 15th century, Portuguese people came to Gorée Island off the coast of Dakar. In the 17th century, French people and Dutch people came there, too. These European countries used the island as a trading post in slaves from the mainland, controlled by the Muslim Wolof Empires. Slavery was later made illegal by France, but soon after, around 1850, the French started to conquer the Wolof. By 1902 Senegal was a part of the French colony French West Africa.
In January 1959, Senegal and the French Sudan became one to form the Mali Federation, which became fully independent on June 20, 1960, as a result of the independence and transfer of power agreement signed with France on April 4, 1960. This did not last long and Senegal and Mali broke apart into separate nations. Between 1982 and 1989 Senegal and The Gambia joined together to make Senegambia.

Developmental biology
Developmental biology is the study of the process by which organisms grow and develop.

Outer space
Space, also known as the outer space, is the vacuum that all of the planets, stars, galaxies and other objects are in. The planet Earth is in space, and so are all the other stars and planets in the Universe.
Space can be thought of as a three dimensional grid in which everything moves about. Everything that exists there is exposed to it, even if it's inside something else. You are exposed to space and are moving through it. How far space reaches is unknown, as the distant edges of the universe have not been examined yet. According to the big bang theory, not even space existed before the universe was created. After the big bang, space expanded outwards to give rise to the vast expanse that is known today.
Space, just like physical objects, can be altered. The force which alters space is gravity, and some scientists have guessed that powerful rings of light can also bend space. When space is warped, it can be traveled through in a shorter amount of time relative to the unwarped portion.
Scientists have learned with technology that space seems to be made of nothing, so only energy that acts like a particle can travel through it. Examples of energy that behave like particles are light, and x-rays. To compare, sound cannot travel through space because there is nothing there for the energy to move through.

Natural satellite
A natural satellite is simply called a moon. A moon is a large, usually ball-shaped object that goes around (orbits) a planet. The Earth has only one moon. Some other planets have many moons, and some have none. When people write just "the" moon", they are usually talking about the moon of the Earth. Often Earth's moon is written with a capital letter, like Moon. The Latin word for the moon is "Luna", which is why the word used to talk about the moon is "Lunar". For example, lunar eclipse.
Anything that goes around a planet is called a satellite. Moons are natural satellites. People also use rockets to send machines into orbit around the Earth. These machines are called artificial (man-made) satellites. They help us to communicate, the telephones and televisions need these satellites.
Earth's moon.
Moons do not make their own light. We can see the Earth's moon because it acts like a mirror, and reflects the light of the Sun. The same half of the moon faces toward Earth at all times, no matter where it moves. But different parts of the moon are lit up by the Sun, so it looks different at different times of the month. This change as seen from Earth is called the phases of the moon, or lunar phases.
A moon's cycle is the time the moon takes to change from looking very bright and round to looking very small and thin, and then back to bright and round again. In the case of the Earth's moon, this is about four weeks. It does this about 13 times in one year. The moon's cycle is about 28 days, a bit shorter than a calendar month.
The Apollo 11 mission helped Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin become the first people to walk on the Moon. They did this in July 20, 1969.
Orbits.
The orbit of a moon or other satellite is affected by two forces: gravity, and the centripetal force.
For example, the Earth's moon is kept in orbit by the gravitational pull from the Earth. This is also the way the Earth is attracted to the Sun, and stays in its orbit. The orbit of the Earth's moon actually causes the tides and waves on Earth.
Moons of moons.
No moons that belong to moons have been found. In most cases, the tidal effects of the main body would make such as unstable.
However, math completed after the recent finding of a possible ring system around Saturn's moon Rhea show that Rhean orbits would be stable. Also, the rings are thought to be narrow, something that is known with shepherd moons.
Asteroid moons.
The finding of 243 Ida's moon Dactyl in the early 1990s was the proof that some asteroids have moons; indeed, 87 Sylvia has two. Some, such as 90 Antiope, are double asteroids with two same-sized parts.
Moons of the Solar System.
The biggest moons in the Solar System (those bigger than about 3000 km across) are Earth's moon, Jupiter's Galilean moons (Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto), Saturn's moon Titan, and Neptune's captured moon Triton.
The following is a table grouping the moons of the solar system by diameter. The column on the right has some notable planets, dwarf planets, asteroids, and Trans-Neptunian Objects for comparing. It is normal for moons to be named after people from mythology.

Gravity
Gravity is a force. It makes things move toward each other. On the Earth, we see that it makes things fall toward the ground. Gravity may be caused by a theoretical particle known as a graviton.
We say that things that are pulled by gravity have mass. The larger the masses, the bigger the pull of gravity. The farther apart the things are, the smaller the pull of gravity.
On the Earth, we can measure the pull of the Earth's gravity on something as weight. But, the pull of gravity from the Moon is only about 1/6 the pull of gravity from the Earth. So, an object will have the same mass on the Moon as it will on the Earth, but because of the Moon's smaller gravitational pull (that is, its smaller force) the object will weigh less on the Moon.
Things that are falling still have mass, but we cannot measure their weight, so we say that they are "weightless". Astronauts and spacecraft in outer space can be weightless. They look like they are floating. Really they are falling in an orbit around the Earth.
They still have mass, so we still have to push them or pull them to make them go or stop. Astronauts inside spacecraft use their arms and legs to jump or to stop. When astronauts are working outside in space, they use very small rockets to move. Spacecraft use bigger rockets to move.
Sir Isaac Newton is said to have discovered gravity when he saw an apple fall from a tree. He wondered what made this happen.

Centripetal force
Centripetal force (or acceleration) is a type of force that acts on any body that revolves around a centre. (circular motion). This force contributes to keeping the body in circular motion. This force is always directed towards the centre.
The opposite force (by Isaac Newton's third law of motion) is called centrifugal force. This is the force that acts on the body in a direction away from the centre, which contributes to making the body try to fly away. When you hold a rope with an heavy object attached to it, and rotate it around, the rope becomes taut and keeps the body from flying away. This is caused by centripetal force.

Treaty
A treaty is a written agreement between two countries. Two countries might agree to stop a war, allow each others citizens to cross borders freely, or declare war on a common enemy. Treaties are usually used to settle arguments.

Luxembourg
Luxembourg is a country in Europe. It is a small country. It was one of the first countries in the European Union. The countries next to Luxembourg are Belgium, Germany, and France. Its population is 442,972.
Government.
Luxembourg is a parliamentary democracy headed by a constitutional monarch. Under the constitution of 1868, executive power is in the hands of the Governor and the cabinet, which consists of several other ministers.
Districts, cantons, and communes.
Luxembourg is divided into 3 districts, which are further divided into 12 cantons and then 116 communes. Twelve of the communes have city status, of which the city of Luxembourg is the largest.
Districts.
1. Diekirch
2. Grevenmacher
3. Luxembourg

Baden-Württemberg
Baden-Württemberg is a federal state in Germany. It has an area of 35 752 km² and a population of nearly 11 million people. The capital is Stuttgart. The Minister President is Günther Oettinger of the (CDU).
It is the third biggest state in Germany. Only Bavaria and North Rhine-Westphalia have more people living there.
The federal state is located in the southwest of Germany. It shares borders to the east with the state of Bavaria, to the north with the states of Hesse and Rhineland-Palatinate, to the west with the country of France (along the River Rhine) and to the south with the countries Switzerland and Austria.
History.
In 1952, the three states of Baden, Württemberg-Baden and Württemberg-Hohenzollern joined together to found Baden-Württemberg.
Politics.
The Minister President is the chief of the government of Baden-Württemberg. The government is made up of ministers and state secretaries.
Baden-Württemberg is a conservative minded state.
The CDU is the main political party in the state, and since 1953, the Ministers President have all been members of the CDU. Between the years 1972 and 1992, the members of the Landtag of Baden-Württemberg were mostly members of the CDU. But the state is also a stronghold of the "Grünen" which were founded in the early 1980s in Karlsruhe. The election results of the Grünen in Baden-Württemberg have always been above the election average for the party in Germany.
Tourism.
The Black forest, the Swabian Alb and the Lake Constance are world famous holiday regions. The highest mountain is the Feldberg (1492m).
Other important cities in Baden-Württemberg besides the capital city of Stuttgart are: Freiburg, Heidelberg, Rastatt, Karlsruhe, Mannheim, Ulm and Heilbronn.
The Danube, the Neckar and the Rhine are important rivers which are located in the state.
Religion.
In the northern part of Württemberg and the Kurpfalz the majority are Protestants. But the other parts of the state, especially the south, the majority are Roman Catholics.
Sports.
Football is the most popular sport in Baden-Württemberg. The best clubs are the VfB Stuttgart and the Karlsruher SC (Karlsruher SC or KSC).

Vienna
Vienna (in German: "Wien") is the capital city of Austria. It is in the east of the country on the river Danube. More than 1 million 6 hundred thousand people live there. It is the largest city of Austria. It is also an administrative district ("Bundesland") of its own.
Culture.
There are many old buildings, churches and museums in the city centre. Classical music and opera are popular in Vienna. The composers Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Ludwig van Beethoven and Brahms all worked in Vienna. Vivaldi also died in Vienna.
Vienna is also the name of a song about the city, by the British group Ultravox.
Vienna is the Home of the national successful Soccer-Clubs SK Rapid Wien and FK Austria Magna.

Telescope
A telescope is an important tool for astronomy. The telescope gathers and focuses light. Telescopes make things seem bigger and brighter. Galileo was the first person to use a telescope for astronomy, but he did not invent them. Telescopes not used for astronomy can be named "transits", "spotting scopes", "monoculars", "binoculars," "camera lenses", or "spyglasses".
The word "telescope" is usually used for light your eyes can see, but there are telescopes for "invisible" light. Infrared telescopes look like normal telescopes, but have to be kept cold since infrared light is heat. Radio telescopes are like radio antennas, usually shaped like large dishes. X-ray and gamma-ray telescopes have a problem because the rays go through most metals and glasses. To solve this problem, they are shaped like a bunch of rings inside each other.
The first telescope was invented in the Netherlands in 1608.

Homonym
A homonym is a word that sounds the same but has more than one meaning and is spelt differently. For example, right means moral, the opposite of left, and a personal freedom.
There are two kinds of homonyms: homophones (they sound the same) and homographs (they look the same).

Principal
A principal is a person who is in charge of something. The person can be in charge of a school, or a research project, or a business setting.

Peru
Peru is a country in South America. The capital is Lima. The ruins of Machu Picchu, the Andes mountains, and the source of the Amazon River are all found in Peru. The main language is Spanish, but other languages, including Quechua and Aymara are also spoken.
Peru is bordered to the north by Ecuador and Colombia, to the east by Brazil, and to the south by Chile and Bolivia.
Peru was ruled by the Inca civilization until the Spanish arrived in 1531. Peru was a colony of Spain until 1821.
Peru suffered a terrible guerrilla war in the 1980s. The communist (Maoist)Shining Path tried to take over the country. But after the leader of the group was captured in 1992, Shining Path was not a threat anymore. During the 1990s, it was ruled by President Alberto Fujimori. During this time, the economy of Peru got better, and it became easier to start a company or operate a business. After Fujimori, Alejandro Toledo was elected President, and then Alan Garcia, who was President from 1985 to 1990, was elected again in 2006.
Peru's most important exports (products that it sells to other countries) are fish, gold and other metals, oil, coffee, sugar, and cotton. Also, the food in Peru is very diverse, including typical dishes like Ceviche and Broiled Chicken.
Tourists from other countries like to come to Peru because of the history and also to enjoy nature. Many people come to climb mountains in the Cordillera Blanca in the Ancash Region, and many people visit Peru's long Pacific coast or the Amazon jungle. Cuzco and Macchu Picchu are just two of the places where many buildings built by the Incas are still standing after hundreds of years, and these are some of the most visited places. The Incas were not the only tribe in Peru who left buildings and artifacts, but they were the most powerful.
Peru is divided into 25 regions. Lima is the capital and other main regions are Cuzco, Arequipa and Lambayeque. In the Amazon jungle region, we can find many important rivers and different animals, plants and people of many indigenous cultures.
The currency of Peru is the Nuevo Sol.

States of Germany
Germany has 16 states (). The biggest is Bavaria and the smallest is Bremen. Most of them were created after the Second World War, although their historical roots can be traced back to the early Middle Ages in some cases.

Munich
Munich () is the third biggest city of Germany (after Berlin and Hamburg), and the capital of Bavaria. It has a population of 1,320,000. The metropolitan area of Munich includes the city itself, and all the suburbs around it, and has about 2.6 million people in it. It is one of the most important centres of economy in Germany.
People of Munich.
The official population of Munich city proper at 310.43 km^2 is 1,356,594 inhabitants only with principal residence as of 31.12.2007. 176,000 inhabitants with secondary residence also live in administrative city limits but they are not calculated in this official census. According to some estimates that population counts around 200,000 people. Fast growing Munich urban area has 2,667,000 inhabitants (by 2008. estimate). Munich city proper with all suburbs at 12,000 km^2 has 4,700,000 inhabitants and Munich metropolitan region that covers 27,700 km^2 and includes Augsburg,Ingolstadt,Landshut,Rosenheim and Landsberg has around 6,000,000 inhabitants. Munich is the 12th city in EU by population within city limits and the 14th largest urban area in Europe. Its metropolitan area ranks among largest metro areas in Europe. About 60% of the people in Munich are Catholic, about 20% are Protestant, and about 7% belong to other religious groups. The other 13% have no religion.
Airport.
Munich Airport - Franz Joseph Strauss (IATA: MUC, ICAO: EDDM)
Public Transportation.
Munich has one of the most comprehensive systems in the world.
There are subways, suburban trains, trams and buses.
There might be built a Transrapid from the city center to the airport.
Boroughs.
Munich has 25 boroughs (Bezirke in German, also sometimes called districts in English).
Colleges and universities.
Munich's universities are known for their high ranking in Germany.

Berlin
Berlin is the capital city of Germany. It is also the biggest city in Germany. About 3,400,000 people live there. (In the year 1943 there were over 4,500,000 people).
The city is in the eastern part of Germany. It is about west of Poland. Berlin has an area of. The river Spree runs through Berlin.
Berlin is home to many famous buildings, like the Siegessäule, the Brandenburger Tor, the Reichstag and the boulevard Unter den Linden. On the boulevard are the Humboldt University and the State Opera of Berlin. The Governing Mayor of the city is Klaus Wowereit (SPD).
Berlin was divided into West Berlin and East Berlin after World War II. After the Berlin Wall was built in 1961 very few people were allowed to cross from West Berlin into East Berlin. The wall divided the city until 1989 when the East German government decided to allow anyone to cross, and people decided to destroy the wall.
Boroughs of Berlin.
In 2001 the 23 boroughs of Berlin were changed into 12
Sister cities.
Berlin has partnerships with 17 cities. Each of the 12 boroughs also has their sister cities, sometimes called twin cities.

1940s
The 1940's happened in the 20th century, forty years after year 1900.

Hamburg
Hamburg or in full Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg (), is a city in the north of Germany on the banks of the River Elbe, 180 km away from the North Sea.
With a population of about 1.73 million (1730000) it is the biggest German city after Berlin and the sixth largest city of the European Union. The religion is about 37 % Protestant, 10 % Catholic, 8 % Muslim, 38 % agnostic, 2% Pagan.
The area of Hamburg is.
Since it was an important member of the Hanseatic League, the city's official name still includes "Hansestadt" (Hanseatic city). Other German cities that do the same today are: Lübeck, Rostock, Wismar, Stralsund, Bremen, Greifswald and Demmin. The membership in this trade alliance has influenced the architecture of the city to a great extent. It has also left some marks in the region around the city.
Economy.
Hamburg's harbour is, by shipments, the second largest harbour in Europe and among the ten largest in the world. It is a very important gate to the countries along the Baltic Sea and Eastern Europe.
The company Airbus has an assembly plant for large civil aircrafts in Hamburg. 30,000 people are employed in Hamburg's aircraft industries. There are only two other locations world-wide in this scale, Seattle in the United States and Toulouse in France.
About half of Germany's nation-wide newspapers and magazines are made in Hamburg. Germany's most-viewed television news "Tagesschau" is broadcast from Hamburg.

Emphysema
Emphysema is a disease of the lungs. It happens when the little air sacs at the ends of your airways in your lungs start to break down. People with emphysema may find it hard to breathe because they trap air in their lungs and have a hard time getting air out of their lungs.
Emphysema is one of the diseases referred to as a Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). The other disease is chronic bronchitis.
Most people get emphysema through smoking. As emphysema progresses over the years, patients with emphysema may find it increasingly difficult to climb inclines and stairs, exercise vigorously, and do physical activities at the pace of those with healthy lungs. Emphysema patients may also need extra oxygen if their lungs are not able to get enough oxygen from their lungs to the rest of the body.
People who suffer from emphysema may have swollen legs. This is due to a build up of fluid in the legs (which also may happen in the lungs). Severe cases of emphysema require hospital treatment but there is little they can do to help. The damage cannot be reversed.

Oxygen
Oxygen (O) is a chemical element. It is one of the gases found in the air. It has no color or smell and cannot be seen. It supports life--animals (including humans) need oxygen to live. The purpose of breathing is to get a fresh supply of oxygen into the body. Oxygen also helps burning.
When an oxygen atom forms a molecule with two hydrogen atoms, it becomes Water (H2O). Water is something that all animals need to live.
Oxygen was discovered in 1772 by Joseph Priestley. The word oxygen comes from Greek words: oxus (acid) and gennan (generate).
Use of oxygen gas.
One of the most common is in use under welding, where it is mixed with acetylene to get a very hot flame. Another use is using it in space rockets, as an oxidizer together with the rocket fuel, (hydrogen or hydrazine) to create powerful combustion and propel the rocket forwards at great speeds. Use of liquid oxygen may be problematic because it is so cold- it may cause pipes to freeze or rubber to become porous.
It does not burn by itself, but it is what drives a combustion. It is therefore quite dangerous when operating it, as if it leaks a spark or hot part may ignite an explosion.
Production of gas.
Pure oxygen can be produced in several ways; one is through electrolysis of water to yield O2 and H2 gas.
In nature, plants produce it in chlorophyll in their cells from CO2 and water, and with solar energy it reacts to O2 and C6H12O6 (which builds up cellulose molecules.)

Blood
Blood is a liquid found in humans and most animals. Blood is pushed through the organism by the heart. Blood brings nutrients and oxygen to our tissues. Blood also takes away waste and carbon dioxide from tissues.
Blood is made up of blood plasma and various cells — red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets.
Plasma.
Plasma that does not contain the protein fibrinogen is called serum.
Adults have about 3 REF: My Biology Teacher Mr R. Williams liters of Plasma. Plasma is a liquid, mostly water (90%) in blood plasma takes up 60%. Plasma is part of blood types.
Red blood cells.
Red blood cells carry oxygen and carbon dioxide around our body. Cells in our body need oxygen to live. Cells also make carbon dioxide as a waste. Red blood cells bring more oxygen around the body. They also take away the carbon dioxide.
Another name for red blood cell is "erythrocyte". Erythro means red. -Cyte means cell. RBC is an acronym for red blood cell.
RBCs are filled with hemoglobin. This is a protein. It is made to carry a large amount of oxygen. Hemoglobin has iron in it. The iron and oxygen gives hemoglobin its red color. This is why blood is red. Erythropoietin promotes the creation of red blood cells.
RBCs also help the blood stay normal pH. The blood needs a to be at a pH of 7.4. If it is much more or less than 7.4 a person can get very sick or die. RBCs are a buffer for the blood pH. Buffer means that it stops changes in pH. The proteins and the carbon dioxide in the RBC are buffers for the blood.
White blood cells.
White blood cells are a big part of the immune system. White blood cells kill things that do not belong in the body. They kill germs such as bacteria and viruses. They kill cancer cells. White blood cells also help to fight other toxic substances.
Another name for white blood cell is leukocyte. Leuko means white. -Cyte means cell. WBC is an acronym for white blood cell.
WBCs do their job different ways. Some WBCs kill and eat germs and cancer cells. Some WBCs make antibodies. These are proteins that stick to a cell and tell other WBCs to kill it. Some WBCs make chemicals. They release these chemical to fight things that do not belong in the body. These chemicals cause inflammation in a part of the body. When a germ makes someone sick, the body shows it. If a bacteria gets under someone's skin and causes an infection, the skin gets red, hot, and painful. This redness, heat, and pain are signs of "inflammation". This shows that WBCs are fighting the infection and killing the bacteria.
WBCs live in the blood. But they also go out of the blood too. WBCs are in lymph nodes. They also go out of the blood in places where there is infection. WBCs do this to fight the germs that make the infection.
Platelets.
Platelets help make blood clot. A clot is when the liquid blood becomes solid. The body makes blood clot when the skin is cut. This stops blood from going out of the skin too much.
Platelets can also cause problems. Blood clots are good sometimes. But some blood clots are bad. If a blood clot happens in a blood vessel going to the brain, it can cause a stroke. If it happens in a blood vessel going to the heart, it can cause a heart attack.
Platelets are not the only things that make clots. There are proteins in the blood that help make clots. Both platelets and "clotting proteins" are needed to make good clots.
Where does blood come from?
Blood cells are made in the bone marrow. This is the liquid in the middle of bones. Special cells in the bone marrow make all of the blood cells in your body.
Plasma proteins are made mostly by the liver. The water and electrolytes in plasma come from the food and water that you eat.

1980s
The 1980s is the ten years from January 1, 1980 to December 31, 1989.
This decade (group of ten years) is sometimes called the "Greed decade" in English speaking countries. Unlike the 1960s and 1970s, this is when the word "yuppie" was used to describe "young urban professionals" - young adults who lived in cities and started to get good jobs. This was also the rise of a more conservative period in these countries - Ronald Reagan was president for most of this time in the United States, Margaret Thatcher was the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, and Brian Mulroney was Prime Minister of Canada.
This decade also saw the Soviet Union fight a war that seemed endless in Afghanistan, civil war in Ethiopia, and the fall of the Berlin Wall which started the end of the Cold War and of Communism in Eastern Europe.
The "eighties" are also well known for their extreme fashions, such as "big hair", New Wave, punk rock, funk, or preppies. Rap music first started to get big in the 80s, and often went with breakdancing in what is now called the "old school" days. Many developments were also made in computer technology during these years, and video games became popular.

North Rhine-Westphalia
North Rhine-Westphalia () is the federal state (Bundesland) with the highest population in Germany. It is in the western part of Germany and has 18,033,000 inhabitants. The capital is Düsseldorf.

Computer program
A computer program is something that tells a computer what to do. Computer programs can be installed onto a computer. A web browser can be used to browse the Internet. An office suite can be used to write documents or spreadsheets. Crackers can secretly use a computer virus to gain access to a user's computer. Mozilla Firefox and Internet Explorer are examples of computer programs. They are both web browsers, which means that the user can view web pages using them. Adobe Flash is another example of a computer program. It allows the user to create animations or other computer programs.
A computer program is stored as a file on the user's hard drive. When the user runs the program, the file is read and the processor reads the data in the file as a list of commands or instructions. The computer then does what the program tells it to do.
A computer program is written by a programmer. It is very difficult to write in ones and zeroes, which is what the computer can read, so computer programmers write in a programming language. Once it is written, the programmer uses a compiler to turn it into a language that the computer can understand.

Data
The word data means "pieces of information". Types of data include numbers, words, sounds, and images.
"see also data processing, data mining, Data Warehouse, datasheet, Computer program"
"This article (or an earlier version of it) contains material from FOLDOC, used with permission."

Stuttgart
Stuttgart is a city in Germany. It is the capital of the stateof Baden-Württemberg and of the Administrative District of Stuttgart ("Regierungsbezirk"). Stuttgart is on the river Neckar and has 590,000 inhabitants.
Stuttgart is currently the sixth largest German city and Stuttgart Region is the nation's third largest region. The city is divided into 23 city districts.
Stuttgart is also the home of two car manufacturers: Mercedes Benz and Porsche.
Porsche is located at Zuffenhausen (North) and Mercedes at Untertürkheim (South-west).

Schwerin
Schwerin is the capital city of the state of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania. It has a population of 97,000. It is the second biggest city (behind Rostock) in the state. It is the smallest capital of a German state.

Schwyz (canton)
Schwyz was one of the first cantons of Swiss canton ("Urkanton").
The capital is Schwyz and the main language is German (91%). It has an area of 908 km² and 130200 inhabitants. Schwyz is near to Lucerne.
Districts and Municipalities.
The Canton of Schwyz is divided into six districts and 30 municipalities, although the districts Einsiedeln, Küssnacht and Gersau simply contain the municipality of the same name.

Russia
Russia (also the Russian Federation) is a country in Europe and Asia. By land area, it is the largest country in the world. The number of people living in the country is about 144,000,000. The Russian Federation is another name for Russia.
Russia is now a democratic country. The president is chosen in direct elections, and its current President is Dmitry Medvedev. Its official language is Russian.
History.
The nation's history began when the East Slavs became a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD. The Vikings and their descendants founded and ruled the first East Slavic state of Kievan Rus' in the 9th century.They adopted Christianity from the Byzantine Empire in 988 which influenced Russian culture. Kievan Rus' eventually broke up and the lands were divided into many small feudal states. The most powerful successor state to Kievan Rus' was the Grand Duchy of Moscow. This served as the main force in the Russian reunification and struggle against the Golden Horde. Moscow slowly combined the surrounding Russian principalities and dominated the cultural and political legacy of Kievan Rus'. By the 18th century, the nation had expanded through conquest, annexation and exploration to become the Russian Empire. This was the third largest empire in history. It stretched from Poland eastward to the Pacific Ocean and Alaska.
From 1922 to 1991 Russia was the largest part in the Soviet Union, or the "Union of Soviet Socialist Republics" (USSR). People sometimes used the name "Russia" for the whole Soviet Union. In reality, Russia was only one of 15 Soviet Socialist Republics and it named as Russian Soviet Socialist Republic. Before then, a king ruled Russia. This king was called a Tsar. In 1917, the Bolsheviks (later called "Communists") took over the country and murdered the tsar.
The Soviet Union broke apart in 1990-1991. Russia became successor of Soviet Union. And because of that place of USSR in UN come to Russia.
Geography.
The capital and the biggest city is Moscow. The second biggest city is Saint Petersburg.
Other cities in Russia with more than one million people are
Literature.
Russia contributed many famous literary works.
Alexander Pushkin is considered a founder of modern Russian literature. He was a poet from the 19th century.
Other famous poets and writers of the 19th century are Anton Chekhov, Mikhail Lermontov, Leo Tolstoy, Nikolai Gogol, Ivan Turgenev and Fyodor Dostoevsky. Ivan Goncharov, Mikhail Saltykov, Aleksey Pisemsky, and Nikolai Leskov.
Tolstoy and Dostoevsky were considered by many critics as the greatest novelists ever.
Sports.
Since the 1952 Olympic Games, Soviet and later Russian athletes are in the top three in gold medals collected at the Summer Olympics. The 1980 Summer Olympic Games were held in Moscow while the 2014 Winter Olympics will be hosted by Sochi.
Religion.
The most common religion in Russia is Christianity. Most Christians in Russia belong to the Russian Orthodox Church. It is one of the Eastern Orthodox Churches.

Moscow
Moscow (Russian language: Москва, Moskva) is the capital city of Russia. 10.5 million people live there, so it is Europe's biggest city. Moscow was founded by Prince Yuri Dolgoruki in 1147. From 1480 until 1703, Moscow was the capital of Russia. It became the capital again from 1918 until 1991. Now it is again the capital of Russia.
In the middle of the city is an ancient walled city called the Kremlin. There are important government buildings, museums and churches in the Kremlin. Many of the buildings in Moscow, like St. Basil's Cathedral and Spasskaya Tower, are very beautiful and famous. There are also modern buildings there. There are many art galleries, and the collection of art there is so big that it could take three years to go around.

St. Gallen (canton)
St. Gallen is a canton in Switzerland. St. Gallen is in the north-east corner of Switzerland. North of St. Gallen is the canton Thurgau. West of St. Gallen is Zürich. South of St. Gallen is Schwyz, Glarus, and Graubünden. East of St. Gallen are the countries Austria and Liechtenstein. The cantons Appenzell Innerrhoden and Appenzell Ausserrhoden are inside the canton St. Gallen (the canton St.Gallen sourrounds them).
St. Gallen has been a Swiss canton since 1803.
St. Gallen is near "Lake Constance". At the south of St. Gallen there are big mountains over 3000m high. The best known mountain in St. Gallen is the "Säntis", which is 2503m high. At the east of St. Gallen there is the river "Rhine". The people in St. Gallen speak German.
There are about 455,000 people (2002) in the canton St. Gallen. It has an area of 2,026 km².
The biggest town in St. Gallen is the town with the same name "St. Gallen". There are 70,000 people in the town St. Gallen.

Canton
Canton can mean many different things.

Saarland
Saarland is a Bundesland (state) of Germany. It has an area of and 1 065 000 inhabitants (2003). Saarland lies in the south-west of Germany, near the French border near Metz. The capital is Saarbrücken.
History.
In 1920, the Treaty of Versailles created Saarland from parts of the Prussian Rhine Province () and the Rhine Palatinate (). The area was put under the control of the League of Nations for 15 years. After a plebiscite (vote) in 1935, Germany got the land back. After World War II the Saarland came under French administration. Saarland was allowed its own government for most things in 1947 but not independent). Germany got the Saarland back in 1957 and it became a Bundesland.
Geography.
In the south is France, in the north-west Luxembourg and in the north and east is Rhineland-Palatinate.

Iceland
Iceland (Icelandic: "Ísland") is a country in Europe. It is in the north of the Atlantic Ocean. Iceland is 300 kilometers east of Greenland and 1000 kilometers west of Norway. Iceland has an area of 39,769 square miles.
History.
The first people who lived on Iceland were Irish monks. They came to Iceland around the year 800.
In the 9th century, the Vikings went to live on Iceland. The first Viking who lived on Iceland was Flóki Vilgerðarson. He was also the one who gave Iceland its name. Ingólfur Arnarson, a chieftain from Norway went to live in South West Iceland. He founded the city of Reykjavík.
In 930, the Icelandic rulers wrote a constitution. They created the Althing, a kind of parliament in the town Þingvellir. Therefore Iceland is the oldest existing democracy.
In 985, Erik the Red was sent away from the island because he had killed someone. He sailed to the west and discovered Greenland. Eric's son Leif Ericson discovered America in the year 1000. He called it Vinland. The voyages of Eric, Leif and others were written down in the sagas (long stories).
In 1262, Iceland became part of Norway. In 1662 it became part of Denmark. In the 19th century, many Icelanders wanted to be independent from Denmark. In 1918, Iceland got many powers of its own, but the king of Denmark was still king of Iceland.
When Germany took over Denmark on April 9 1940, the Althing decided that Icelanders should rule the country themselves, but they didn't declare independence yet. British and later American soldiers occupied Iceland to prevent it from being attacked by the Germans. In 1944 Iceland finally became fully independent.
After World War II, Iceland became a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), but not of the European Union. Between 1958 and 1976 there were three debates between Iceland and the United Kingdom about the rights to catch codfish. They were called the Cod Wars.
In 1980, Vigdís Finnbogadóttir was elected president of Iceland. She was the first woman ever to be elected president of a country.
People.
The people in Iceland are mostly of Scandinavian origin. The language they speak is Icelandic. The language has not changed much in 1,000 years, so Icelanders are still able to read the sagas about the Vikings without many problems.
Most people in Iceland are Christian. Most of them are Lutheran.
Names.
There are no real surnames on Iceland. Children get the first name of their father (sometimes mother) with -son if it's a boy, and -dóttir if it's a daughter.
For example, a man named Jón Stefánsson has a son named Fjalar. Fjalar's last name will not be Stefánsson like his father's, it will become Fjalar Jónsson.
The same goes for women. Jón Stefánsson's daughter Kata would not have the last name Stefánsson, she would have the name Jónsdóttir.
In most countries people use to call other people by their surname, but in Iceland people call other people by their first name. So when people talk about Halldór Ásgrímsson they do not call him Ásgrímsson, but Halldór.
Towns and cities.
Reykjavík is the capital city of Iceland. Reykjavík is also the most important port in Iceland. Other important towns in Iceland are Akureyri, Kópavogur, Hafnarfjördhur, Keflavík, and Vestmannaeyjar.
Geography.
Iceland is very geologically active and combined with large amounts of rain and snow caused by the warm waters of the gulf stream current which flow toward it, many interesting and unusual geographic features have developed which make it different from any other island so close to the Arctic Circle.
Some of these features are Iceland's numerous mountains, volcanoes, hot springs, rivers, small lakes, waterfalls, glaciers, and geysers. The word geyser is, in fact, derived from Geysir, the name of a particularly famous geyser on the southern side of the island. Glaciers cover approximately 11% of the island and the largest, Vatnajökull, is up to 1 km thick and, by far, the largest glacier in Europe.
Iceland, though considered to be a European country, sits partly in North America since it straddles the Mid-Atlantic Ridge which marks the boundary between the Eurasian and North American tectonic plates. The ridge runs directly through the populated Reykjavik and Thingvellir historic areas, and the tectonic activity of these plates separating is the source of the abundant geothermal energy in the region.

Christianity
Christianity is a monotheistic religion (they only believe in one god). It is based on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth. These can be found in the New Testament in the Bible. People that believe in Christianity are called Christians (Greek). They believe that Jesus was born the Son of God and the Messiah (Christ). His birth was prophesied many years before he was born, and can be found in the Old Testament. To Christians, Jesus Christ is a teacher and revealer of what the Christian God teaches. He is an example of how Christians should live. Christians consider him to be the saviour of all people, because he suffered, died, and was resurrected to allegedly save people from sin. Christians believe that Jesus ascended into heaven, and most Christian groups (denominations) believe that Jesus will return to Earth and judge everybody, both alive and dead, giving everlasting life to Christians. Christians call the message of Jesus Christ the Gospel ("good news"), that is why the first four books of the New Testament are called the gospels.
Just like Judaism and Islam, Christianity is an Abrahamic religion. Christianity started out as a Jewish sect in the eastern Mediterranean. It quickly grew in number of believers and influence over a few decades, and by the 4th century had become the dominant religion in the Roman Empire. During the Middle Ages, the rest of Europe mostly was Christianized. At that time, Christians were mostly a religious minority in the Middle East, North Africa, and parts of India. Following the Age of Discovery, through missionary work and colonization, Christianity spread to the Americas and the rest of the world.
Christianity has been an important part of the shaping of Western civilization, at least since the 4th century. As of the early 21st century, Christianity has between 1.5 billion and 2.1 billion followers, which is about a quarter of all people of Earth.
Worship.
Worship is thought by most Christians to be a very important part of Christianity all through its history. Many Christian theologians have called humanity "homo adorans", which means "worshipping man," and so the worship of God is at the very center of what it means to be human. This would mean that because God created all humanity, then Christians should worship and give praise God.
Sacraments.
In Christian belief and practice, a sacrament is a religious symbol or often a rite which shows divine grace, blessing, or sanctity for the Christian who does it. Examples of sacraments would be Baptism and the Mass." The word is taken from the Latin word "sacramentum", which was used to translate the Greek word for "mystery".
The two most regularly used sacraments are Baptism and Eucharist (communion). But most Christians use seven Sacraments: Baptism, Confirmation, the Eucharist, Holy Orders, Reconciliation of a Penitent (confession), Anointing of the Sick, and Marriage. Some Christian denominations prefer to call them "ordinances".
Liturgical calendar.
Roman Catholics, Anglicans, Eastern Christians, and traditional Protestant groups center their worship around a liturgical calendar. Some events that are part of this calendar are the holy days, such as solemnities which honor an event in the life of Jesus or the saints, times of fasting such as Lent, and other events, such as memoria. Christian groups that do not follow a liturgical tradition often keep some celebrations, such as Christmas, Easter and Pentecost. A few churches do not even use a liturgical calendar.
Christian beliefs.
Even though Christians have many differences of beliefs and opinions, they share some beliefs that they believe are very important to their faith.
Creeds.
Creeds (from Latin "credo" meaning "I believe") are direct doctrinal statements or confessions, usually of religious beliefs. They started as baptismal formulas and were later became larger during the Christological controversies of the 4th and 5th centuries to become statements of faith.
Most Christians (Roman Catholics, Protestants, and so on) accept the use of creeds, and often use at least one of the creeds given above. A smaller number of Protestants, notably Restorationists, a movement formed in the wake of the Second Great Awakening in the 19th century of the 19th century United States, oppose the use of creeds.
Jesus Christ.
The most basic part of Christianity is the belief in Jesus as the Son of God and Messiah (Christ). The title "Messiah" comes from the Hebrew word מָשִׁיחַ ("māšiáħ") meaning "anointed one". The Greek translation ("Christos") is the source of the English word "Christ".
Christians believe that, as the Messiah, Jesus was anointed by God as ruler and savior of all people. Christians also believe that Jesus' coming was the fulfillment of messianic prophecies of the Old Testament. The Christian belief of the Messiah is much different than the contemporary Jewish concept. The main Christian belief is that, through the death and resurrection of Jesus, sinful humans can be reconciled to God. Though this, they believe they are given salvation and the promise of eternal life.
There have been many theological disagreements over the nature of Jesus over the first centuries of Christian history. But Christians generally believe that Jesus is God incarnate and "true God and true man." Jesus, having become fully human, suffered the pain and temptations of a mortal man, but he did not sin. As fully God, he defeated death and came back to life again. According to the Bible, "God raised him from the dead," he ascended to heaven, is "seated at the right hand of the Father" and will return again to fulfill the rest of Messianic prophecy such as the Resurrection of the dead, the Last Judgment and the final creation of the Kingdom of God.
From what the Gospels of Matthew and Luke say, Jesus was conceived by the Holy Spirit and born from the Virgin Mary. Only little of Jesus' childhood is written in the canonical Gospels, but infancy Gospels were popular in antiquity. But the time of Jesus' adulthood the week before his death are written much about in the Gospels. Some of the Biblical writings of of Jesus' ministry are: his baptism, miracles, preaching, teaching, and deeds.
Death and resurrection of Jesus.
Christians believe the the resurrection of Jesus to be the main part of their faith (see) and the most important event in human history, because it would show that that Jesus has power over death and have the authority to give people eternal life. Among Christian beliefs, the death and resurrection of Jesus are two main events of Christian doctrine and theology. From what the New Testament says, Jesus was crucified, died a physical death, was buried in a tomb, and came back from the dead three days later. The New Testament writes that several times Jesus appeared many times before his Twelve Apostles and disciples, and one time before "more than five hundred brethren at once," before Jesus' Ascension to heaven. Jesus' death and resurrection are remember by Christians in their worship services, and most commonly during Holy Week, which has Good Friday and Easter Sunday in the week.
Most every Christian church believe and teach the New Testament writing of the resurrection of Jesus. Some liberal Christians do not accept a that Jesus came back from the dead, as they believe it to be a good symbolic and spiritual myth. Arguments over the death and resurrection of Jesus are very common at many religious debates and interfaith dialogues. Paul the Apostle, an early Christian convert and missionary, wrote, "If Christ was not raised, then all our preaching is useless, and your trust in God is useless." The Unitarian church is one of the few denominations where the resurrection of Jesus is not taught.
Salvation.
Protestantism teaches that eternal salvation is a gift that is given to a person by God's grace. It is sometimes called "unmerited favor." This would mean that Salvation is God bringing humans into a right relationship with God through faith in Jesus Christ. It is the belief that one can be saved (rescued) from sin and forever death. Many Protestants believe in the "assurance of salvation"—that God can put confidence in a believer that he has has truly received salvation from Jesus Christ.
Catholicism teaches that in most cases someone must be a baptized a Catholic to be saved, it is sometimes possible for people to be saved who have not fully joined the Catholic Church. Catholics normally believe in the importance of works and sacraments in getting salvation. The Catholic Church teaches that faith is important, but it also believes that salvation also requires good works and piety, such as obedience to commands, taking the sacraments, going to church, doing penance and giving alms, saying prayers, and other things, to receive eternal life.
The formal study of theology of salvation is Soteriology.
Different denominations and traditions of Christianity believe in forms divine grace. Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy teach the complete importance of the free will to work together with grace. Reformed theology teaches the importance of grace by teaching that a person is completely incapable of self-redemption, but the grace of God overcomes even the unwilling heart. Arminianism believes in a synergistic view, while Lutheran and most other Protestant denominations teach justification by grace through faith alone.
Trinity.
Trinitarianism is the group of Christians who believe in the "Trinity". Almost all Christian denominations and Churches believe this. Nontrinitarianism is the beliefs systems that do not believe in the Trinity. Many different nontrinitarian views, such as adoptionism or modalism, existed in early Christianity, leading to the disputes about Christology.
Scriptures.
Christianity uses the Bible, many canonical books in two parts, the Old Testament and the New Testament. It is believed by Christians that they were written by people who were inspired by the Holy Spirit, and therefore it is most often believe to be the word of God. There is some differences in Bible versions and editions throughout Christianity.
Afterlife and Eschaton.
Most Christians believe that humans beings will receive judgement from God and are given either eternal life or eternal damnation. This includes the "Last Judgment" as well as the belief of a judgement particular to the soul after death.
There are also some differences among Christians in this belief. For example, in Roman Catholicism, those who die in a state of grace, go into purgatory. Some churches who do not believe in particular judgment, for example Jehovahs Witnesses, believe that the soul sleeps.
Christians believe that at the second coming of Christ at the end of time, all who have died will be resurrected from the dead for the Last Judgment, when Jesus will establish the Kingdom of God. There is also the belief of Universal Reconciliation. That is the belief that all people will someday receive salvation, rejecting the concept that hell is forever. Christians who believe in this view are known as Universalists.
Types of Christianity.
People who call themselves Christians may show or live their faith in different ways. They may also believe different things. Through history the three main groups or "denominations" of Christianity have been the Orthodox, the Catholic and the Protestant churches. Not all Christians use these titles. Some believe Christianity is bigger and includes others. Some believe Christianity is smaller and does not include all these churches.
Disagreements.
Some of these groups could not agree on certain points about Christian teaching (called “doctrine”) or practice. The first split was in the 5th century after the Church Council of Ephesus. There council agreed Nestorianism was wrong; the Assyrian Church of the East did not agree and split from the rest. The argument was about the nature of Jesus. Should he be regarded as God and human in one combined nature, or in two separated natures? Most of the bishops, following the Pope (the Bishop of Rome), refused to stay in communion with any bishop who wouldn't say "two separated natures". This was also discussed at the Council of Chalcedon, about 50 years later. The Christians who did not agree with the decision of the Council to excommunicate them, became the Non-Chalcedonian Orthodox. The largest Non-Chalcedonian Churches are the Coptic Orthodox in Egypt, the Ethiopian Orthodox, the Armenian, and some Lebanese Orthodox Churches. In general, these churches are known as Oriental Orthodox Churches. Recent discussions between the Roman Catholic Pope John Paul II and the Coptic Orthodox Pope Shenouda III concluded that they believe many of the same things after all, even though the Coptic Church does not recognise the Pope of Rome as its leader.
The third split happened in the 11th century. It is called the Great Schism. It was mostly based on personal disagreements between the Bishops of Rome and Constantinople. The disagreements were made worse because the two cultures often did not understand one another. Also many Crusaders from Western Europe behaved badly. The Christians in Western Europe were led by the Bishop of Rome, known also as the Pope. They are called the Catholic Church. Most Christians in Eastern Europe, Russia, and the Middle East belong to the Orthodox Churches, led by the Bishops of other cities or areas.
In the 15th century the invention of the printing press made it easier for more people to read and study the Bible. This led many thinkers over the years to come up with new ideas and to break away from the Pope and his church. They started the Protestant or Reformed churches. Some Catholics and Orthodox do not consider Protestants to be fully Christian. The most important Protestant leaders were Martin Luther and John Calvin. Later some of these groups disagreed amongst themselves, so that these denominations split again into smaller groups. The main Protestant denominations today are the Baptist, Lutheran, and Calvinist Presbyterian Churches. In England, a similar protest against the Pope, first political and later religious, led to the Church of England which has bishops and officially calls itself Reformed Catholic but is often referred to as Protestant. The Anglican communion of churches includes several churches called "Episcopal" or "Episcopalian", because they have bishops. Some Anglican Churches have a style of worship that is closer to the Protestant services, others worship more like Catholics, but none of them accept the Pope, or are accepted by him. In general, the Protestant denominations differ from the Catholic and Orthodox Churches in having given up some of the traditional sacraments, having no ordained priesthood, and not having the same fondness for Mary, the mother of Jesus, that the Catholic and Orthodox churches have.
Other differences.
Protestants differ from Catholic and Orthodox Christians in placing more importance on a person’s experience of first choosing to follow Jesus. Catholic and Orthodox Christians think that the ongoing growth in holiness that should take place over a person's lifetime is more important.
Most Christian worship has Scripture reading, talk about Scripture from a leader, singing, prayer together, and a small time for church work such as collecting money. Christians may meet in special buildings, also called churches, or outdoors, or at schools, or anywhere Christians feel they are needed.
The main worship service in Catholic Churches is the Mass and the main worship service in many Orthodox Churches is called the Divine Liturgy. In both of these Churches, along with the other parts of worship, the Eucharist or Communion is central. Here a priest by prayer asks God to change a small amount of bread and wine into what Catholics and Orthodox believe is Jesus's real body and blood, but without changing the accidents (appearance, taste, colour, etc.) of the bread and wine. Then the people each may receive a portion. Many Protestant churches have ceremonies more or less similar to the Mass, some every week, others a few times a year. Some Protestants believe Jesus is really present at the Communion service, and some believe the bread and wine are symbols to help them remember what Jesus did. Other Protestant churches do not have Communion at all.
Catholics have developed a short ceremony, Eucharistic Benediction, worshipping Jesus present in the Eucharist. They also may visit a church building to pray in the presence of the Eucharist, Eucharistic Adoration.
Orthodox and Catholic spirituality place importance on the use of human senses such as sight and on the use of beautiful things. Catholic spirituality often involves the use of statues and other artistic representations, candles, incense, and other physical items as reminders or aids to prayer. The Orthodox Churches also use candles, incense, bells, and icons, but not statues. Orthodox and Catholic worship also involves use of gestures, such as the Sign of the Cross, made by each person touching first the forehead, then chest, one shoulder, then the other shoulder. There is also bowing, kneeling, and prostration in Catholic and Orthodox worship.
Groups outside the three big groups of denominations.
There are other denominations that do not fit into the three largest categories. While some of these groups see themselves as Christian, many of the other Christian groups do not agree that they are. All of these groups began after 1800 AD. Most of them do not believe Jesus is God, or do not believe in the Trinity, or for other reasons do not believe what other Christians believe.
One denomination which is Protestant (but has some beliefs that are different from most Protestant denominations) is the Seventh-day Adventist Church.
History.
Christianity has large history from the time of Jesus and his apostles to the present time. Christianity began in the 1st century AD as a Jewish sect but quickly spread throughout the Greco-Roman world. Although it was originally persecuted under the Roman Empire, it became the state religion in the end. In the Middle Ages it spread into Northern Europe and Russia. During the Age of Exploration, Christianity expanded throughout the world, and is now the largest religion of the world.
The religion had schisms and theological disputes that had as result three main branches: the Roman Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox churches, and Protestant churches.
Demographics.
With an estimated number of Christians being somewhere around 1.5 billion to 2.1 billion, split into around 34,000 different denominations, Christianity is the world's largest religion. The Christian share of the world's population has been around 33% for the last hundred years. This has caused Christianity to spread throughout the world, mainly in Europe and North America. It is still the main religion of Europe, the Americas, the Philippines, and Southern Africa. However it is becoming smaller in some areas, some of them are; Oceania (Australia and New Zealand), Northern Europe (with Great Britain, Scandinavia and other places), France, Germany, the Canadian provinces of Ontario, British Columbia, and Quebec, the Western and Northern parts of the United States, and parts of Asia (especially the Middle East, South Korea, Taiwan and Macau).
In most countries in the developed world, the number of people going to church who claim to be Christians has been dropping over the last few decades. Some believe that this is only because many no longer use regular membership in places, for example churches, while others believe it is because people may be thinking that religion is no longer important.
Ecumenism.
Most churches have for a long time showed that they want to be tolerant with other belief systems, and in the 20th century Christian ecumenism advanced in two ways. One way was more cooperation between groups, such as the Edinburgh Missionary Conference of Protestants in 1910, the Justice, Peace and Creation Commission of the World Council of Churches started in 1948 by Protestant and Orthodox churches, and similar national councils, for example the National Council of Churches in Australia with Roman Catholics.
The other way was creating unions for different churches to join together. Congregationalist, Methodist, and Presbyterian churches joined together in 1925 to form the United Church of Canada, and in 1977 to form the Uniting Church in Australia. The Church of South India was formed in 1947 by the union of Anglican, Methodist, Congregationalist, Presbyterian, and Reformed churches. And other such formations have been done by different Christian groups throughout the years.

Saarbrücken
Saarbrücken (French Sarrebruck) is a German city and a district in the state of Saarland.
It is also the capital of the Saarland. Saarbrücken has 180,000 inhabitants and is on the river Saar.

Saarlouis
Saarlouis is a city in the Saarland (Germany). It has 38.400 inhabitants and is on the Saar. From 1936 to 1945 it was called Saarlautern. Ford Motor Company has a plant here; it produces the Focus, C-Max and Kuga.

Brandenburg
Brandenburg is a state ("Bundesland") in Germany. It has been a state since 1990. It is 29,056 km² large and about 2.6 million people live there.
Until 1945 it was the biggest province in Prussia, with 38,278 km² and 3 million inhabitants. From 1949 to 1952 it was a state in the German Democratic Republic and in 1952 became divided into three "Bezirke" (Potsdam, Frankfurt and Cottbus). The capital of Brandenburg is Potsdam.
Cities and counties in Brandenburg.
Brandenburg is divided into fourteen (rural) counties ("Landkreise"),
and four urban districts ("kreisfreie Städte"),

Russian language
Russian (Russian: русский язык, transliteration: "russkiy yaz'ik") is an East Slavic language. This language is a part of the Indo-European language family. Russian is the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages.
Russian is the official language of Russia, and also an official language of Belarus, Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan. Russian is one of the six official languages of the United Nations.
Naming.
In Russian-speaking countries, people are supposed to name their children after their father. One of the most famous Russian names is Anastasia. Girls' middle names are their fathers name plus a feminine ending of either "evna" or "ovna." Boys have their father's name as well, with a masculine ending added of either "evich" or "ovich." Girls' have their father's last name, and most of the time to make it feminine they add an "a" to their father's last name. Boys also carry their fathers name, no ending is added.

Professor
A professor is a person who teaches at a college or university. A professor is someone who also studies subjects and helps to discover new ideas. This is called doing research.

Slope
Slope means an area of ground that tends evenly upward or downward or the degree to which a surface tends upward or downward.
In mathematics slope means the ratio of the vertical and horizontal distances between two points on a line. (That will be zero if the line is horizontal, infinite if it is vertical.)

California
California ("The Golden State") is a large state in the western United States. It has more people than any other US state (more than 33 million people). Its most famous cities are Los Angeles (Hollywood, famed world-wide for movie-making, is a district within Los Angeles) and San Francisco. The capital is Sacramento.
Culture.
The current governor of California is Arnold Schwarzenegger, who has gained fame as a popular actor. Before his acting career, he was a bodybuilder. He was the actor who acted as the terminator in the terminator movie series.
There are two senators: Barbara Boxer, and Dianne Feinstein.
The state is a leader in three businesses: farming, movie-making, and high technology, namely software and Web sites.
It is near a transformant boundary (also known as a fault line) which means a lot of earthquakes happen. People in California have to be prepared for earthquakes.
It has more people than any other state in the United States. If California were a country it would have the sixth largest total production in the world, more than many other countries put together. California is probably the state with the most different kinds of people and types of land — mountains, deserts, coasts — than any other state in America. It is often called "The Golden State", possibly because of the Gold Rush back in 1849. Also, however, the grasses become golden during the summertime. The post office uses "CA" to mark California and the Associated Press uses "Calif." or "Cali."
Economy.
California is a major power in American culture as well as the business life of the nation. Many of the great changes in technology and law come from California, and the state pays more to the U.S. government than it gets back. It also has some of the country's largest cities, such as Los Angeles, San Diego, San Jose, and San Francisco.
History.
In the past, the whole area we now call "California" was not just today's California, but also covered the Mexican lands south of it, as well as Nevada, Utah, and parts of Arizona and Wyoming. The Spaniards called the part of the territory that eventually became part of the United States "Alta California" (Upper California) when it was split from what became "Baja California" (Lower California). In these early times, the borders of the Sea of Cortez and the Pacific coast were not well known, so the old maps wrongly showed California to be an island. The name comes from "Las sergas de Espladián" (Adventures of Spladian), a 16th century book by Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo, where there is an island paradise called California.
The first European who visited parts of the coast, Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo, came from Portugal in 1542, just fifty years after Christopher Columbus made his first trip. The first European who saw the entire coast was Sir Francis Drake, in 1579, and he decided that the British owned it. But starting in the late 1700s, Spanish religious leaders of the Roman Catholic Church ("missionaries") got large gifts of land in the area north of Baja California, from the Spanish king and queen. These religious people set up small towns and villages, the famous California Missions. When Mexico was no longer controlled by Spain, the Mexican government took over the villages, and they soon emptied out.
In 1846, as the Mexican-American War was starting, some Americans in California hoped to create a California Republic. These men flew a "Bear flag" that had a golden bear with a star on it. This Republic ended suddenly, however, when Commodore John D. Sloat of the United States Navy sailed into San Francisco Bay. He said that California was now part of the United States. After the war with Mexico ended, California was split between the two countries. The Mexican portion became the Mexican states of Baja California Norte (north) and Baja California Sur (south). ("Baja" means "lower" in Spanish.) The western part of the part given to the United States became today's state of California.
In 1848, there were about 4,000 Spanish-speaking people in today's California on the American side. (Today the state has a total of nearly 40,000,000 people.) In 1849, gold was suddenly found and the number of people went up very fast as the Gold Rush took hold. In 1850, California became a state in the Union (the United States).
During the American Civil War (1861-1865), about 70% of the people in California believed that the South was right, and only 30% were for the North. But California joined the war effort on the side of the North (the Union) and sent many troops east to fight the Confederacy.
At first, travel between the far west and the east coast of the United States was dangerous and took a lot of time. Going by land was very difficult, because there were no roads and no trains, and many Native Americans were attacking American settlers heading West in wagons. The only other way was to travel by boat around the Cape of Good Hope, at the southern end of South America. This took months, since the trip was thousands of miles long and the Panama Canal had not yet been built either. But in 1869, the connection got better quickly, because the first railroad across the continent was finished. Meanwhile, more people in California were learning that the land there was very good to grow fruit and other crops. Oranges were grown in many parts of California. This was the beginning of the huge farming business that California has today.
California today.
In 1900, there were still "only" a million people in California; Los Angeles — which today has more than 3,000,000 and another 12,000,000 around it — had only 100,000. Today, California has more people than any other U.S. state. It is the only state that has more people than the country of Venezuela. Starting in 1965, the variety of people became much greater as many different people from around the world came to the United States and often decided to live in California. Many, but by no means all, of the people in California tend to be liberal. Technology is very advanced and many new cultural trends begin there. Engineering and computers play a big part in the state's life. For over a hundred years, film has been one of the most important businesses in California. By the 1950s, television had also become an important business in California.

Propaganda
Propaganda is information. This information has been designed to make people feel a certain way or to believe a certain thing. The information is usually political.
It is hard to tell whether the information is true or false. Very often, the information is confusing and unfair.
The word 'propaganda' comes from Latin. At first, it meant 'ideas to be spread around'. But in First World War, it came to mean 'political ideas that are supposed to be misleading'.
Propaganda is like advertising in some ways. But advertising is usually trying to sell something and propaganda is usually political and used by states or political parties, not private companies.
Propaganda is often used during wars. There it can be very useful. It can take the form of posters, TV advertisements, and radio announcements. Sometimes it keeps the people of a country happy - telling them that their country is fighting well and telling them how important it is that the enemy is defeated. Sometimes it tries to make people hate the enemy. The information could tell people that the enemy is evil or make them seem not human. Sometimes a government gives propaganda to the enemy - telling them that the war is going badly for them and that they should stop fighting.
When a country is not at war, propaganda can still be used. The government may use propaganda to change what people think about a political situation. A group may try to change the way people act towards an issue.
Propaganda under some countries, like dictatorships, is used along with censorship. While propaganda tries to give people false ideas, censorship forces the ones who disagree with propaganda to keep quiet. Then the propaganda can say everything, because nobody can question it in public.
Propaganda is also used to win people by tricking them. Some people say that cults use propaganda to get people to join them.

Topology
Topology is the study of how spaces are organized, how the objects are structured in terms of position. It also studies how spaces are connected. It is divided into "algebraic topology", "differential topology" and "geometric topology".
Topology has sometimes been called rubber-sheet geometry, because in topology there is no difference between a circle and a square (a circle made out of a rubber band can be stretched into a square) but there is a difference between a circle and a figure eight (you cannot stretch a figure eight into a circle without tearing). The spaces studied in topology are called topological spaces. They vary from familiar manifolds to some very exotic constructions.
Natural Origin.
In many problems to solve, we often divide a large space into smaller areas, for instance, a house is divided into rooms, a nation into states, a type of quantity into numbers, etc. Each of these smaller areas (house, state, number) is adjacent to other small areas (other houses/states/numbers), the adjacencies between these spaces are connections. If we write down on paper a list of spaces, and the connections between them, we have written down a description of a space -- a topological space. All topological spaces have the same properties (adjacencies, etc.) and are made of the same structure (a list of smaller areas). Because of this, general algorithms and other forms of analysis are made possible. For instance, to program a robot to navigate a house, we simply give it a list of rooms, the connections between each room (doors, etc.), and an algorithm that can determine the sequence of rooms to travel through to reach any other desired room.
We can go further by creating subdivisions of subdivisions of space. For instance, a nation divided into states, divided into counties, divided into city boundaries, etc. All this kind of information can be represented topologically.

Los Angeles, California
Los Angeles (also called L.A.) is a city in southern California, in the United States of America. It has 3,847,400 people living in the city, and over 18 million people in the L.A. region. The city has an area of 1200 square kilometres. L.A. has the second largest population of any city in the USA, the first being New York City. It is the largest city in California.
History.
The name Los Angeles comes from the Spanish language and it means "the Angels". The name is an abbreviation from the original name of the place. The original name is "El Pueblo de Nuestra Señora la Reina de los Ángeles de Porciuncula" (in English, "town of our lady the Queen of Angels of the little Portion"). Los Angeles was founded in 1781. The area had earlier been explored by two Franciscan priests named Junipero Serra and Juan Crespi, when California still belonged to Spain. On April 4, 1850 California became a State of the USA.
Geography.
Los Angeles is a very large city, and the edges of the city are very far from the center, going from the beaches to the mountains. The Santa Monica Mountains run through the city, separating it into the San Fernando Valley to the north and the Los Angeles Basin to the south.
Climate.
The climate in Los Angeles is a Mediterranean climate. The weather is usually warm and dry during the summer, and it is cool and rainy in the winter. The weather is different depending on how far away from the ocean you are, so places near the beach usually do not get as hot in the summer. It is very rare for temperatures to go below freezing. The city receives about 15 inches (385 mm) of rain each year, although the amount can change a lot from year to year.
Sights.
L.A. has many famous sights. There are many very long beaches, such as Venice Beach. Many visitors go to Hollywood, home to the Hollywood Walk of Fame and the Mann's (Grauman's) Chinese Theater, a large cinema. Los Angeles also has many fine museums such as the L.A. County Museum of Art and the Getty Museum.
Industries.
Los Angeles is known for its large movie and television industry. Much of this is located in Hollywood. Some military aircraft are also made there. The music industry is also concentrated in the area. The city is also a banking center.
Politics.
The current mayor of Los Angeles is Antonio Villaraigosa.

Census
A census means getting information about every member of a population. Usually used meaning a population of people, but can be used to mean a population of animals.
The United States has a census every 10 years, or decade.

Star
A star is a big ball in outer space that is made of very hot plasma (which is like a gas). Stars get energy using nuclear fusion so they can make light, making them look like they are on fire. Most stars look like shiny dots from Earth, because they are far away, and Earth's atmosphere (the air) makes it harder to see them well. Our Sun is the closest star to us. The earth moves around ("orbits") the Sun in an oval shape. The Sun and all things that orbit it are called the Solar System. Many other stars sometimes have planets orbiting them too. Scientists have found other planets moving around other stars, but no planets that they have found are similar to Earth.
The nearest star to our Solar System, and the second nearest star to Earth after the Sun, is Proxima Centauri. It is 39.9 trillion kilometres away. This is 4.2 light years away, meaning that light from Proxima Centauri takes 4.2 years to reach Earth.
Astronomers think there are a very large number of stars in the Universe. They estimate (guess) that there are at least 70 sextillion stars. That is 70,000,000,000,000,000,000,000, which is about 230 billion times the amount of stars in the Milky Way (our galaxy).
Most stars are very old. They are usually thought to be between 1 and 10 billion years old. The oldest stars are thought to be around 13.7 billion years old. That is the age of the Universe, scientists think.
Some stars are small, and some stars are big. The smallest neutron stars (which are actually dead stars) are no bigger than a city. The neutron star is incredibly dense. If you were to take a layer a micron thick and apply it onto a tank, it would be an inpenetratable coat of armor. This is not possible because the tank is now so heavy, it will sink into the center of the Earth.Supergiant stars are the largest objects in the Universe. They have a diameter about 1,000 times bigger than the Sun (the orbit of jupiter). They are about 1.6 billion kilometers across. The star Polaris (the North Star), and the star Betelgeuse, in the Orion constellation are supergiant stars.
The light, heat, and other energy of stars comes from nuclear fusion -- a process of turning one chemical element into another one.
Most stars are mostly made of hydrogen and helium. They turn the hydrogen into helium. (When a star is near the end of its life, it begins to change the helium into other chemical elements, like carbon and oxygen). Fusion produces a lot of energy. The energy makes the star very hot. The energy produced by stars radiates away from them. It is electromagnetic radiation. This is mostly visible light.
When seen in the night sky without a telescope, some stars appear brighter than other stars. This difference is called apparent magnitude. There are two reasons for stars to differ in apparent magnitude. If one star is much closer than another otherwise similar star, it will appear much brighter, in just the same way that a candle that is near looks brighter than a big fire that is far away. If one star is much larger or much hotter than another star at about the same distance, it will appear much brighter, in just the same way that if two fires are the same distance away, the bigger or hotter one will look brighter.
Beside light, stars also give off a solar wind and neutrinos. These are very small particles.
Stars are a source of a gravity field. This is what keeps planets close to them. It is also not unusual for two stars to orbit each other. This happens when they are close together. This is also because of gravity, in the same way as the Earth orbits the Sun. These binary stars (binary meaning "two") are thought to be very common. There are even groups of three or more stars orbiting each other. Proxima Centauri is the smallest star in a group of three.
Stars are not spread evenly across all of space. They are grouped into galaxies. A typical galaxy contains hundreds of billions of stars.
Birth and life.
People think that stars are made in nebulas. These are big areas of slightly higher density than normal space.
When very big stars die, they explode. This is called a supernova. When a supernova happens in a nebula, it becomes unstable. This makes parts of the nebula collapse. Stars form in these collapsed areas. The Orion Nebula is an example of a place where stars form.
Stars spend about 90% of their lives fusing hydrogen to produce helium in high pressure reactions near the core. Such stars are said to be on the main sequence.
Small stars (called red dwarfs) burn their fuel very slowly and might last tens to hundreds of billions of years. At the end of their lives, they become dimmer and dimmer.
Because most stars use up their supply of hydrogen, their outer layers expand and cool to form a red giant. (Astrophysicists think that in about 5 billion years, when the sun is a red giant.) Eventually the core is compressed enough to start helium fusion, and the star heats up and contracts. (Larger stars will also fuse heavier elements, all the way to iron.)
An average-size star will then shed its outer layers as a "planetary nebula". The core that remains will be a tiny ball of degenerate matter, not heavy enough for further fusion to take place, supported only by its own pressure, called a white dwarf. It will fade into a black dwarf over very, very long stretches of time.
In larger stars, fusion continues until collapse ends up causing the star to explode in a supernova. This is the only cosmic process that happens on human timescales; historically, supernovae have been observed as "new stars" where none existed before. Most of the matter in a star is blown away in the explosion (forming nebulae such as the Crab Nebula) but what remains will collapse into a neutron star (a pulsar or X-ray burster) or, in the case of the largest stars, a black hole.
The blown-off outer layers includes heavy elements, which are often converted into new stars and/or planets. The flowing out of the gas from supernovae and the stellar wind of large stars play an important part in shaping the interstellar medium.
formula_1

Drunk driving
Drunk driving (Drink driving in the UK and Australia) is the act of driving a motor vehicle (car, truck, etc.) while under the effects of alcohol. Drunk driving is illegal in most areas of the world. In some places, driving a motorless vehicle such as a bicycle while drunk is also illegal.
Most "areas that make laws" ("jurisdictions") started with DWI (driving while intoxicated) laws, banning just alcohol. Later, most changed them to DUI (driving under the influence) laws, adding other drugs to those banned while driving. The most common blood alcohol content (BAC) limit in the United States is 0.08% for the legal meaning of drunk. Only three states still use the more lax, original standard of 0.10%. Many jurisdictions add extra penalties (more jail time and/or a longer DUI program) in cases where the driver's BAC is over 0.20%.
History of drunk driving laws.
The first jurisdiction in the United States to adopt laws against drunk driving was the state of New York in 1910, with California (1911) and others doing the same later. Early laws simply banned driving while drunk, with no mention of what BAC was banned.The state of Georgia was one of the last states to adopt laws against drunk driving.One of the worst years in alcohol related crashes was 1982.The year 1982 had 26,173 alcohol related deaths due to drunk driving.
In the US, most of the laws were greatly tightened in the early 1980s, largely due to pressure from groups like Mothers Against Drunk Drivers (MADD) and.

Creative Commons
The Creative Commons is a non-profit organisation that tries to make creative work available for others to use and share.
Aim.
Their website allows copyright holders to give some of their rights to any other people. They still keep some other rights. They do this through licenses and contracts. Some of these make the work public domain or open content. They do this because copyright law can stop people sharing information.
The project has different free licenses. A person who has copyright can choose which one they want to use when they publish their work. They also provide RDF/XML metadata. These say what the licenses are and make it easier to automatically sort out and find work that has these licenses. They also provide a 'Founder's Copyright' contract. This aims to give the same effects as the original US Copyright did.
History.
Creative Commons was officially started in 2001.
Lawrence Lessig is the founder and chairman of Creative Commons. Lessig started it as a way of reaching the goals of his Supreme Court case, Eldred v. Ashcroft.
Localisation.
The "iCommons" (International Commons) is one of the Creative Commons projects. They improve the wording of the licenses and make them usable in other countries. The first ones dealt with US law only. As of February 4, 2004, Brazil, the People's Republic of China, Finland, France, Ireland, Italy, Japan, the Republic of China (Taiwan), and the United Kingdom have joined this project.
Projects that use Creative Commons licenses include LOCA Records, Magnatune, Opsound, Opcopy, Wikitravel, iRATE radio and the fiction of Cory Doctorow.

HTML
HyperText Markup Language (HTML) makes web pages display properly on the World Wide Web. It is a markup language, which means it has a mix of a normal language that people can read, and a special programming language that tells computers what to do. HTML is sent and received through HTTP.
A web browser is the program that reads the special language in HTML. This language tells the web browser how the web page should look. The web page can include writing, links, pictures, and even sound and video. It can also have writing that is not shown in the web page, which tells people "about" the web page—for example, the name of the person who made it.
The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) develops HTML. The latest version is XHTML 1.1. It uses XML and can include other XML-languages.
Example.
Most tags have an opening tag to tell the browser where to start something, and an ending tag to tell the browser where to end. An example is <p> to start a new paragraph, and </p> to end a paragraph.
Here is an example page in HTML.
HTML is often used with Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) to build a complete webpage. Some browsers allow you to look at the HTML coding of the site.
Browsers.
Some HTML effects put in to webpages can only be viewed in certain browsers, because other browsers do not support/recognize the HTML. For example codice_1, used to make text slide across the page, can only be used in Internet Explorer and Mozilla Firefox browsers.
For another example, Netscape users are the only ones who can see blinking codes: codice_2 into effect. Users with other browsers will see only plain text. This is because browsers have made their own tags.

Leg
A leg is something used to support things; to hold them up. Birds and humans have two legs. Some objects, for example tables and chairs, also have legs to hold them up.
Animals normally have 2 or 4 legs (vertebrates, which are animals with a backbone), or 6, 8, or 12 (arthropods, for example insects and spiders). Centipedes and millipedes have a lot more legs, but not exactly a hundred or a thousand as their names make people who do not know them think. Humans have 2 legs, complete with feet.
"Biped" is an animal with two legs and "quadruped" is an animal with four legs.

Industry
Industry includes all forms of economic activity. It can be divided into four sectors according to the nature of the activity.
Primary industry extracts natural materials and provides raw materials for secondary industry. Secondary industry processes raw materials or semi-finished goods into more valuable products. Tertiary industry is the provision of services. Quaternary industry is the activity related to the application, manipulation and transmission of information.
In a narrow sense, industry is confined to manufacturing activities.

Yellow
Meaning of yellow.
Yellow can represent light and the sun's rays.
Yellow is a sign of cowardice.
On road signs, yellow means "warning" or "danger". It is used to mean this because it is easy to see. Some animals, like bees and hornets, also use the color as a warning so that other animals will know to stay away from them.
Inkjet printers use yellow ink as one of their three basic colors, along with cyan ink and magenta ink.

Plymouth Argyle F.C.
Plymouth Argyle Football Club, is an English football (soccer) club. The club is nicknamed "The Pilgrims". The team usually plays in green, white and black.
Ian Holloway is the current manager.
Club Information.
The club is called "The Pilgrims" because the people that left Plymouth for America were the first people to be called Pilgrims. The ship on the badge is called The Mayflower. The first pilgrims travelled on the Mayflower.
The club's stadium is called Home Park. It was ruined by German aeroplanes in World War II. Home Park was repaired after the war. In 2001 and 2002, Home Park was made into a better stadium. Some parts of the stadium were not used while the work was being done. The stadium is now fully open.
The club was made in 1886, but it was called Argyle Athletic Club. The club changed its name to Plymouth Argyle Football Club in 1903.
Plymouth Argyle has never won a match by more than 7 goals. They have beaten Hartlepool United and Millwall 8-1. On 3 January 2004, they beat Chesterfield 7-0. The club lost 9-0 to Stoke City in 1960. Luke McCormick is a goalkeeper. He played seven games in a row for Plymouth Argyle without letting the other teams score a single goal.
In the 1990s, Peter Shilton, Neil Warnock, and John Gregory all managed the club.
The club won Division Three in 2001/02, won Division Two in 2003/04 and now plays in the newly-named Championship, the second tier of English football. When the club won Division Three they scored 102 points. No other team had ever scored that many points.
100th season.
2003/04 is the club`s 100th season since becoming Plymouth Argyle in 1903. The club has set up many events, while the team has won many awards.
"A list of things that happened in the 2003/04 season:"
Current Plymouth Argyle Squad.
1 Romain Larrieu Goalkeeper (on loan to Gillingham)
5 Krisztián Timár Defender (on loan from Ferencvaros)
6 Hasney Aljofree Defender (on loan to Oldham)
16 Péter Halmosi Midfielder (on loan from Debrecen)
17 Kevin Gallen Striker (on loan from QPR)
25 Ryan Dickson Midfielder (on loan to Torquay)
26 Scott Sinclair Midfielder (on loan from Chelsea)
27 Reuben Reid Midfielder (on loan to Torquay)
Previous Argyle Managers.
These are the team managers of Plymouth Argyle and the dates they took over.

Football
Football is the name for many sports. The most popular type of football is Association football, which is also named "soccer". Football can also mean American football (gridiron), 蹴鞫(Ancient Chinese football), rugby union, rugby league, Australian Rules Football, Gaelic football or Canadian football.
The name football comes from the two words "foot" and "ball". It is named football because the ball is usually kicked with the foot. Although it is usually kicked using the foot, it is can also be hit using the knee or head.
The game started in Medieval times in the Italian city of Florence. It was played by peasants. Aristocrats, who were richer people, played sport while riding horses.
In football, the ball is almost always shaped like a sphere or an ellipsoide.

Poland
Poland (Polish: "Polska") is officially called the Republic of Poland (Polish: "Rzeczpospolita Polska"). bordered by Germany to the west (along Oder and Lusatian Neisse), the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south, Ukraine and Belarus to the east, and the Baltic Sea, Lithuania, and Russia (in the form of the Kaliningrad Oblast exclave) to the north. It also shares a water border with Denmark and Sweden in the Baltic Sea. The total land area of Poland is about 312,679 km2 (120,728 mi2). This makes Poland the 77th largest country in the world with population over 38.5 million people. The Poles live mainly in large cities, including the capital, Warsaw (Polish: "Warszawa"), Łódź, the second capital of Poland (first was Gniezno), Cracow (Polish: "Kraków"), Katowice, Gdańsk and Poznań.
The first time Poland was recorded in official papers was in 966. In 1569, Poland formed a long lasting union with Lithuania called the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The Commonwealth collapsed in 1795 and the Poles were without a country for 123 years. Poland regained its independence in 1918 after World War I but lost it again in World War II. Several years later, Poland became a communist country within the Eastern Bloc under control of the former Soviet Union.
In 1989, Poland stopped being a communist country and became a liberal democracy. Since May 1, 2004, Poland is the 6th most populated member state of the European Union. Poland is also a member of NATO, the United Nations, and the World Trade Organization.
Before Piasts.
The first sign of human population in Polish land is from 500.000 years ago. The Bronze Age started around 2400-2300 BC. The Iron Age started around 750-700 BC. Then on Polish lands there was Lusatian culture.
About year 400 BC there lived Celtic and Germanic tribes. Those people had trade contacts with Roman Empire.
With time, Slavscame to Polish lands. The part of those Slavs, later called "western", stayed there to today and started to create new countries. The most powerful was country of Polans and country of Vistulans. At last, Polish country and nation was created under Polans rule.
Piast and Jegiellon dynasties.
Poland began to form into a country around the middle of the 10th century in the Piast dynasty. In 966, Prince Mieszko I got himself and the whole Polish nation Christianized. Next ruler was Bolesław I of Poland (called Brave). He conquered many lands and he became first King of Poland. Casimir I of Poland called Restorer (rebuilder) moved Polish capitol from robbed by Bohemians Gniezno to Kraków. In the 12th century Poland broke into some smaller states after the death of King Bolesław III Wrymouth in 1138 because of his testament. Those states were later attacked by Mongol armies in 1241, what slowed action to unite of Poland. In 1320 Władysław I became the King of the united Poland. His son Casimir III the Great repaired the Polish economy, built new castles and won the war against the Ruthenian Dukedom. In addition, Poland became a haven for emigrating people. A large number of Jewish people also moved into Poland during that time. The Black Death, which affected many parts of Europe from 1347 to 1351, did not come to Poland.
After death of last Piast on Polish throne, Casimir III, Louis I of Hungary and his daughter Jadwiga of Polandstarted to rule. She got married with Lithuanian prince Jogaila. That event started a new dynasty in Polish throne: Jagiellon dynasty. Under the Jagiellon dynasty, Poland made an alliance with its neighbour Lithuania.
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth to II Republic of Poland.
In the 17th century Sweden attacked almost all of Poland (this was called “the Deluge”). Many wars against the Ottoman Empire, Russia, Cossacks, Transylvania and Brandenburg-Prussia ended in 1699. During the following 80 years, the government and nationed were weaker, making Poland dependent on Russia. Russian tsars took advantage of this by offering money to traitors, who would block new ideas and solutions. Russia, Prussia, and Austria broke Poland into three pieces in 1772, 1793 and 1795, which dissolved the country. Before second broke, in 1791 was made Constitution called "Constitution of 3 May". Polish people did not like the new kings, and often rebelled (two big rebels in 1830 and 1863).
Napoleon made another Polish state, “the Duchy of Warsaw”, but after the Napoleonic wars, Poland was split again by the countries at the Congress of Vienna. The eastern part was ruled by the Russian tsar.
During World War I all the Allies agreed to save Poland. Soon after the surrender of Germany in November 1918, Poland became the Second Polish Republic ("II Rzeczpospolita Polska"). It got its freedom after several military conflicts; the largest was in 1919-1921 Polish-Soviet War.
World War II.
On September 1, 1939, World War II started when Nazi Germany attacked Poland, and the Soviet Union attacked on September 17. Warsaw was defeated on September 28, and Poland was split up into two pieces, one half owned by Nazi Germany, the other by the Soviet Union (border like between Poland and Soviet Union after 1945, but not the same). The eastern part of the German zone was turned into the German Government area. Out of all the countries that were in the war, Poland lost the highest amount of its people, in which more than 6 million died, including half of them which were Polish Jews. Most of the deaths were related to the Holocaust, in which 6 million Jews including other people were killed. Poland also gave the most troops, after the US, the British and the Soviets, to ultimately defeat Nazi Germany. At the war's end, Poland's borders were moved west, pushing the east border to the Curzon line. The west border was moved to the Oder-Neisse line. The new Poland became 20% smaller by 77,500 square kilometeres (29,900 sq mi). The shift forced millions of Poles, Germans, Ukrainians, and Jews to move.
Post-war.
After these events Poland became a communist country under the Soviet Union rule. It was from then on, called People's Republic of Poland. There are still many Polish in the neighbouring countries Ukraine, Belarus, and Lithuania (those countries was then part of Soviet Union), as well as in other countries. The most Poles outside of Poland are in the United States, especially in Chicago.
In 1989 Solidarity - a trade union led by Lech Wałęsa - helped defeat the communist government in Poland. After that event, Lech Wałęsa got Noble Prize. During the early 1990s the country turned its economy into one of the most solid in Central Europe. There were many improvements in human rights, such as freedom of speech, democracy, etc. In 1991 Poland became a member of the Visegrad Group and joined NATO in 1999 also with the Czech Republic and Hungary. Polish voters then voted to join the European Union in a vote in June 2003. The country joined the EU on May 1, 2004.
Geography.
Poland’s territory covers across five geographical regions. In the northwest is the Baltic seacoast, which starts from the Bay of Pomerania, and ends at the Gulf of Gdansk. This coast is marked by several spits, coastal lakes (former bays that have been cut off from the sea), and dunes. The largely straight coastline is curved inwards by the Szczecin Lagoon, the Bay of Puck, and the Vistula Lagoon. The center and parts of the north lie inside the Northern European Lowlands. Rising gently above these lowlands is a geographical region making up the four hilly districts of moraines and moraine-dammed lakes that formed during and after the Pleistocene ice age. These lake districts are the Pomeranian Lake District, the Greater Polish Lake District, the Kashubian Lake District, and the Masurian Lake District. The Masurian Lake District is the largest of the four and covers much of northeastern Poland. The lake districts form part of the Baltic Ridge, a series of moraine belts along the southern shore of the Baltic Sea. South of the Northern European Lowlands lie the regions of Silesia and Masovia, which are marked by broad ice-age river valleys. Farther south lies the Polish mountain region, including the Sudetes, the Cracow-Częstochowa Upland, the Świętokrzyskie Mountains, and the Carpathian Mountains, including the Beskids. The highest part of the Carpathians is the Tatra Mountains, along Poland’s southern border.
The major historical regions of Poland include Pomerania, Greater Poland, Silesia, Lesser Poland, Masovia, Warmia, Masuria, and Podlachia.
Urban demographics.
The lists below show the population count of Poland's largest cities based on 2005 estimates.
Voivodeships.
Poland is made of sixteen regions known as voivodeships ("województwa", singular - "województwo"). They are basically created from the country's historical regions, whereas those of the past two decades (till 1998) had been focused on and named for separate cities. The new units range in areas from under 10,000 km² (Opole Voivodeship) to over 35,000 km² (Masovian Voivodeship). Voivodeships are controlled by voivod governments, and their legislatures are called voivodeship sejmiks.
The sixteen voivodeships that make up Poland are further divided into "powiaty" (singular "powiat"), second-level units of administration, which are about the same as to a county, district or prefecture in other countries.
People.
In the past, Poland was inhabited by people from different nations and of different religions (mainly Catholics, Orthodox and Judaism). This changed after 1939, because of the Nazi Holocaust which killed many Polish Jews. After World War II, the country was changed into a communist country, by the Warsaw Pact which included most eastern European countries, including Russia.
Today 36,983,700 people, or 96.74% of the population call themselves Polish (Census 2002), while 471,500 people (1.23%)claimed another nationality. 774,900 people (2.03%) didn't declare any nationality. Nathionalites or an ethnic groups in Poland are Silesians, Germans (most in the former Opole Voivodeship), Ukrainians, Lithuanians, Russians, Jews and Belarusians. The Polish language is part of the West Slavic section of the Slavic languages. It is also the official language of Poland. English and German are the most common second languages studied and spoken.
In the past few years, Poland's population has gone down because of an increase in emigration and a sharp drop in the birth rate. In 2006, the census office estimated the total population of Poland at 38,536,869, a very small rise on the 2002 figure of 38,230,080. Since Poland's accession to the European Union, a large number of Polish people have moved to work in Western European countries like the United Kingdom and Ireland. Some organizations state people have left because of high unemployment (10.5%) and better opportunities for work somewhere else. In April 2007, the Polish population of the United Kingdom had risen to about 300,000 people and estimates predict about 65,000 Polish people living in Ireland. However, in recent years strong growth of Polish economy and increasing value of Polish currency (PLN) makes many Polish immigrants to go back home. In 2007 number of people leaving the country was lower than people who are coming back. Poland become attractive place to work for people from other countries (mainly Ukraine).
A Polish minority is still present in neighboring countries of Ukraine, Belarus, and Lithuania, as well as in other countries. The largest number of ethnic Poles outside of the country can be found in the United States.

England
England is the largest of four states that form United Kingdom.
About 55 million people live in England. England is bordered by Wales and Scotland which are both also on the island of Great Britain. The capital city of England is London, which is also the largest city in England. Birmingham, Leeds and Manchester are also large cities in England.
The English flag is white, with a red cross. This cross is the cross of Saint George, who is the patron saint of England. Some other symbols used for England are a red rose (for rugby) and three lions (for association football).
Geography.
England is on the island of Great Britain. Scotland is also part of Great Britain, joining the north of England, and Wales is to the west. To the east and south, and part of the west, England is bordered by sea. France is to the south, separated by the English Channel. The Channel Tunnel under the sea, links England and mainland Europe. Ireland is a large island to the west, divided into Northern Ireland which is part of the United Kingdom, and the Republic of Ireland. Other countries of Europe that are near England are France and the Iceland.
London is the largest city and the capital. Other large cities are Birmingham, Manchester, Leeds, Sheffield, Bristol and Liverpool. The longest river in England is the Thames, (called the Tems) which runs through London. Other large rivers are the Severn, the Trent and the Humber.
Language.
The English language is a West Germanic language spoken in many countries around the world. With around 380 million native speakers, it is the third most spoken language in the world, as a native language. As many as a billion people speak it as a second language. English is an influence on, and has been influenced by many different languages.
History.
England was named after a German tribe called the "Angles", who settled in Central, Northern, and Eastern England in the 5th century. A related tribe called the "Saxons" settled in the south of England. That is why that period of English history is called "Anglo-Saxon". For the majority of this time, England did not exist as a united country. The Anglo Saxons lived in many small kingdoms, which slowly united.
England became one country in 937. The first King of England was Athelstan, but he lost a lot of England to Danish invaders, who formed their own country in the East and North. Many villages and towns in this area (particularly in Yorkshire and Lincolnshire), still have Danish names, and use Danish-based words in their dialects. At one time Wessex (in the West of England) was the only English kingdom left. After many battles, King Alfred of Wessex became king of the whole of England, and the old kingdoms (Mercia, Northumberland, etc) just became provinces, called "Earldoms" governed by an "Earl". Soon after Alfred died, the king of Denmark (Knut or Canute) ruled England.
England soon had an English king again. When King Edward (the Confessor) died, Harold (the Earl of Wessex) became king. William the Conqueror, Duke of Normandy, said that Harold had promised to make William the king, so he invaded England and fought King Harold at the Battle of Hastings in 1066.
William won, and then became king of England. The kings of England spoke French for the next 300 years (The present ruler, Queen Elizabeth II is a descendant of William, but not very directly). England took over the country of Wales in the 13th century. There were many wars, often against France and Scotland.
The religion of England was Roman Catholicism. The bishops (church leaders) of England and all their churches looked to the pope and the church in Rome, Italy, for leadership. Many of the bishops did not agree with this. During the reign of King Henry VIII in the 1500s, the bishops made an agreement with Henry to give him a divorce, if he would break with the Church of Rome. The Church of England (a "Protestant" church) became the official church in England at this time. For the next 200 years, there were difficulties over whether the ruler was "Roman Catholic" or "Protestant".
Queen Elizabeth I was Henry's second daughter. She was a powerful queen who ruled for more than 40 years. When Queen Elizabeth I died, she had no children, and in 1603 James VI of Scotland (the son of Mary, Queen of Scots) became King James I of England. He called his two countries "Great Britain", but they were still separate countries with their own parliaments and laws, even though they had the same King.
James' son, Charles I and the English Parliament fought each other in the English Civil War (Scotland and Ireland were involved as well, but the story is complicated!). Oliver Cromwell became leader of the Parliamentary Army (the "Roundheads") and defeated the Royalist Army (the "Cavaliers"). King Charles was beheaded in 1649 and Oliver Cromwell became dictator ("Lord Protector"). When Cromwell died, his son Richard was not strong enough to rule, and King Charles II, the son of Charles I, was invited to come to England and be king in 1660.
When King Charles II died, his brother James II was the next king. James was unpopular with a lot of people because he was Roman Catholic. England was invaded by William of Orange (ruler of part of the Netherlands and husband of Mary, the daughter of King James). Many people welcomed William because he was a Protestant. James left the country without a fight and Parliament asked William and Mary to become King and Queen together. When Mary died, William ruled alone. Queen Mary's sister, Anne, became the next queen. While she was queen, England and Scotland were officially joined as one country, in 1707, and lost their separate parliaments. The parliament in London now included Scottish "MPs", and was called the British parliament.
After this, the history of England becomes the history of Great Britain and United Kingdom.
The United Kingdom was formed in 1800, when Irish Parliament merged with British one. (Northern Ireland is now the only part of Ireland still in the UK.) England is the only state of UK not to have its own government, Parliament or Assembly, but to be Governed by Parliament of the United Kingdom.
English culture.
See English literature.
Sport.
The English football team has won the World Cup. They came close in Italia 1990, narrowly losing to West Germany on penalties. In the 2006 World Cup they reached the quarter finals, then lost to Portugal after penalty kicks.

Wales
Wales (Welsh: Cymru) is a state of United Kingdom. It is one of the five Celtic states (Republic of Ireland, which is also Celtic, is a country) and it is part of the former. Wales is to the west side of England. The capital of Wales is Cardiff (in Welsh: "Caerdydd"), which has 325,000 people. The National Assembly of Wales is in Cardiff.
The highest mountains in Wales are in Gwynedd, in the north-west, and include Snowdon "(or Yr Wyddfa)", which is the highest peak in Wales at 1085 m (3,560 ft).
Wales has a population of just under three million people. The majority of the population lives in the South and the East of the country. The main languages spoken in Wales are English and Welsh. Welsh is a Celtic language, related to Cornish and Breton. About one out of every five people in Wales speaks it.

Scotland
Scotland (Scottish Gaelic: "Alba") is a state of UK. It is on the north of island Great Britain. Scotland shares a state border with England. The state is also bordered by the North Sea to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the west and also the Irish Sea.
Scotland was once an independent country with its own government but is now one of the four states that form United Kingdom. In 1603 the King of Scotland James VI of Scotland became King of England too. In 1707 the parliament of Scotland joined with the parliament of England to become the parliament of Great Britain, and in 1801 Great Britain joined with Ireland to become United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Even though Scotland is not independent, throughout history it always had a separate, law and school system and a unique culture. Since 1999 Scotland has had its own parliament. However, many things are still controlled by the Westminster parliament in London, England. Some people in Scotland now want independence again for their state and it to become a country.
The Scottish flag is blue with a white diagonal cross (called a saltire). This is the cross of Saint Andrew, who is the patron saint of Scotland. Some other symbols used for Scotland are a thistle, and a lion.
The north of Scotland has many mountains, and few people live there. Most people live in the low central area, or around the coast. South of the central belt are the Southern Uplands, another hilly place. On the west coast and in the north are a lot of islands.
The capital city of Scotland is the city of Edinburgh, on the east coast. But the biggest city is Glasgow - nearly half of Scotland's people live in Glasgow or in the area near it. Other cities in Scotland are Aberdeen, Dundee, Inverness and Stirling.
Geography.
The main part of Scotland makes up one-third of the size of the British Isles, and is located to the northwest of Europe.
The size of the land of Scotland is 78,772km² (30,414 sq mi). Scotland's only land border is with England, and runs for 96 kilometres (60 mi). The Atlantic Ocean borders the west coast and the North Sea is to the east. The island of Ireland is only 30 kilometres (20 mi) from the southern part of Kintyre; Norway is 305 kilometers (190 mi) to the east and the Faroes, 270 kilometres (168 mi) to the north.
Scotland's highest point is the top of Ben Nevis, in Lochaber, while Scotland's longest river, the River Tay, flows for a distance of 190 km (120 miles).
History.
The history of Scotland begins around 10,000 years ago, when humans first began to inhabit Scotland after the end of the last ice age. Of the Stone Age, Bronze Age, and Iron Age civilization that existed in the country, many artifacts remain, but few written records were left behind.
The written history of Scotland mostly begins with the arrival of the Roman Empire in Britain, when the Romans occupied what is now England and Wales, taking it as a Roman region called Britannia. To the north was land not owned by the Romans — Caledonia, by name. Its people were the Picts. From a historical view Scotland seemed to be slow to advance, gathering knowledge from the Mediterranean countries, but as knowledge of the past increases it is now known that some areas were earlier and more advanced than previously thought, and that the sea was very important to Scottish history.
Because of the geographical location of Scotland and its strong reliance on trade routes by sea, the nation held close links in the south and east with the Baltic countries, and through Ireland with France and Europe. Following the Acts of Union and Industrial Revolution, Scotland grew to be one of the largest commercial, intellectual and industrial states in Europe.
Independence.
The Wars of Scottish Independence were a series of military campaigns fought between Scotland and England in the late 13th and early 14th centuries.
The First War (1296–1328) began with the English invasion of Scotland in 1296, and ended with the signing of the Treaty of Edinburgh-Northampton in 1328. The Second War (1332–1357) began with the English-supported invasion of Edward Balliol and the 'Disinherited' in 1332, and ended around 1357 with the signing of the Treaty of Berwick.
The wars were part of a great national crisis for Scotland and the period became one of the most important moments in the nation's history. At the end of both wars, Scotland still was a free and independent country, which was her main aim throughout the conflict. The wars were also important for other reasons, such as the emergence of the longbow as a key weapon in medieval warfare.
A series of deaths in the line of succession in the 1280s, followed by King Alexander III's death in 1286 left the Scottish crown in disarray. His granddaughter Margaret, the "Maid of Norway", a four-year old girl, was the heir.
Edward I of England, as Margaret's great-uncle, suggested that his son (also a child) and Margaret should marry, stabilising the Scottish line of succession. In 1290 Margaret's guardians agreed to this, but Margaret herself died in Orkney on her voyage from Norway to Scotland before she was made Queen or her marriage could take place.
John Balliol, the man with the strongest claim to the throne, became king (30 November 1292). Robert Bruce of Annandale, the next strongest claimant, accepted this outcome (his grandson and namesake later took the throne as Robert I).
Over the next few years Edward I attempted to undermine both the authority of King John and the independence of Scotland. In 1295 John, on the recommendation of his chief councillors, entered into an alliance with France. This was the beginning of the Auld Alliance.
In 1296 Edward invaded Scotland, removing King John. The following year William Wallace and Andrew de Moray raised an army from the southern and northern parts of the country to resist the occupation. Under their joint leadership an English army was defeated at the Battle of Stirling Bridge. For a short time Wallace ruled Scotland in the name of John Balliol as Guardian of the realm.
Edward came north in person and defeated Wallace at the Battle of Falkirk (1298). Wallace escaped but resigned as Guardian of Scotland. John Comyn and Robert the Bruce were put in his place. In 1305 Wallace was captured by the English, who executed him for treason. Wallace claimed he did not commit treason as he owed no allegiance to England.
In February 1306 Robert Bruce murdered John Comyn, a leading rival. Bruce went on to take the crown, but Edward's army overran the country after defeating Bruce's small army at the Battle of Methven. Despite the excommunication of Bruce and his followers by Pope Clement V his support slowly strengthened; and by 1314 with the help of leading nobles such as Sir James Douglas and the Earl of Moray only the castles at Bothwell and Stirling were still under English control. Edward I had died in 1307. His heir Edward II moved an army north to break the siege of Stirling Castle and again take control. Robert defeated that army at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314, securing temporary independence. In 1320 a letter to the Pope from the nobles of Scotland (the Declaration of Arbroath) went part of the way towards convincing Pope John XXII to overturn the earlier excommunication and cancel the various acts of submission by Scottish kings to English ones so that Scotland's independence could be recognised by other European countries.
In 1326, the first full Parliament of Scotland met. The parliament had evolved from an earlier council of nobility and clergy around 1235, but in 1326 representatives of the burghs — the burgh commissioners — joined them to form the Three Estates.
In 1328, Edward III signed the Treaty of Northampton declaring Scottish independence under the rule of Robert the Bruce. Four years after Robert's death in 1329, however, England once more invaded, looking to put the "Rightful King" — Edward Balliol, son of John Balliol — to the Scottish throne, starting the Second War of Independence. In the face of tough Scottish resistance, led by Sir Andrew Murray, attempts to secure Balliol on the throne failed. Edward III lost interest in Balliol after the outbreak of the Hundred Years' War with France. In 1341 David II, King Robert's son and heir, was able to return from temporary exile in France. Balliol finally resigned his vacant claim to the throne to Edward in 1356, before retiring to Yorkshire, where he died in 1364.
Language.
The official languages of Scotland are English and Gaelic. English is spoken by most people in Scotland, with only a small number, mostly in the Western Isles, speaking Gaelic. There is also another language called Scots, which is a Germanic language which is closely related to English.
Football.
Football is the most popular sport in Scotland. The big cities, Glasgow, Edinburgh and Dundee, all have two or three big football teams, and most towns have at least one team. The two most famous teams in Scotland are known as the "Old Firm", Celtic and Rangers. These two Glasgow clubs have a lot of history, and are fierce rivals, often causing fights and even riots between the fans. Rangers are world record holders, having won the most amount of league titles of any football team, currently 51.
Other football clubs.
The other main clubs in Scotland are Aberdeen FC, Heart of Midlothian FC, Hibernian FC and Dundee United FC. These teams are normally in the Premier League and usually take the most places in the top six of the league.
Some other Scottish clubs include Gretna FC, who won three titles in a row, moving from the Third Division, to the SPL in only three seasons, and also Raith Rovers FC, who famously played UEFA Cup Winners, Bayern Munich. Raith Rovers were knocked out by Bayern, but managed to lead them 1-0 at half time.
Scottish Premier League.
The top division of Scottish Football is called the "Scottish Premier League" (or SPL), and is currently sponsored by the Clydesdale Bank, a large Scottish Bank.
Golf.
Golf is also a popular sport in Scotland. Colin Montgomery, a professional golfer, is known as one of the best players never to have won a major championship after finishing second five times.
Motorsports.
Scotland is also involved with motorsports. Current F1 driver David Coulthard is a thirteen time Grand Prix winner. Jackie Stewart is a 3-time F1 World Champion and regarded as one of the best drivers ever. Jim Clark is a 2-time F1 World Champion and regarded as one of the three best ever with Schumacher and Senna. Colin McRae was also 1995 World Rally Champion.
Elephant Polo.
Scotland was the world champions of the unusual sport of Elephant Polo in 2004. Elephant Polo is registered as an Olympic sport with the Nepal Olympic Committee, and was invented by Scotsman James Manclark in 1983.

Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland ("Tuaisceart Éireann" in Irish or "Norlin Airlann" in Ulster Scots) is a state of United Kingdom and under the south of Ireland's jurisdiction as per the GFA. It is part of an island in Western Europe called Ireland that it shares with the Republic of Ireland. 1.7 million people live in Northern Ireland. The capital is Belfast.
People.
Northern Ireland has had many conflicts between some of the people who live there. Unionists, who are mostly Protestant, want the Northern Ireland to stay part of the United Kingdom. Nationalists, who are mostly Catholics, want the north of Ireland to leave the United Kingdom and have the whole island united as one country. Some people do not want to join the Republic of Ireland or remain part of the U.K. Instead, they want Northern Ireland to be an independent country. The population is made up of 52% Unionists and 48% Nationalists at the moment.
Sometimes people use other names for Northern Ireland. Unionists sometimes call it "Ulster" but this is not correct as three counties of Ulster are in the Republic of Ireland. Nationalists sometimes call it "the north" or "the six counties" which is to state that it is part of a united Ireland, not the United Kingdom. There is no correct defining term for this part of Ireland.
Languages.
English is spoken by almost everyone in Northern Ireland. Another important language is Irish (sometimes called "Irish Gaelic" or "Gaelic") and a dialectual language known as Ulster Scots which comes from Eastern Ulster and Lowland Scotland. The Irish language, backed by Foras na Gaeilge, is widespread, especially in Belfast, the Glens of Antrim and counties Tyrone and Fermanagh. The Irish language is spoken by a large majority of nationalist (Catholic and Protestant) people. Ulster Scots is almost exclusive to areas of Belfast and mid Antrim.
Some languages like Chinese, Urdu or Polish are becoming more common in Northern Ireland as people from other countries move to Northern Ireland.
Belfast Agreement.
Since the "Belfast Agreement", (sometimes called the "Good Friday Agreement") of Friday, 10 April 1998, there has been mainly peace between the two sides of the community. This agreement was agreed by most of the people in the North and the South Republic of Ireland, as well as the Irish and British government. It allows for self-government and for co convernance between the South and Britain and makes clear the right of the people of Northern Ireland to decide their future.

Great Britain
Great Britain is part of the United Kingdom.
In geography, Great Britain is an island in Europe. It is the main part of the United Kingdom. It contains England, Scotland and Wales. England is the biggest part of the island. England is in the southeast. Wales is to the west of England. Scotland is to the north of England.
Ireland is to the west of Great Britain. Ireland contains the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland.
Northern Ireland is not a part of the island of Great Britain, but it's a part of the United Kingdom.
The capital of England is London. Scotland's capital is Edinburgh and Wales' is Cardiff.
Britain was called Great Britain originally to distinguish the island from Brittany. Thousands of people from Great Britain had gone to live in Brittany in the seventh and eighth centuries.
History.
Britain was made in the year 1707 when England and Scotland joined up because they already had the same king. This was called "The Kingdom of Great Britain".
In the year 1800, Ireland joined up with Great Britain and they all were then called "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland".
Today, the island is called "Great Britain" and sometimes the "United Kingdom" is called Britain or "Great Britain".

List of English football teams 2005/06 season
These are the English football (soccer) teams and the leagues they are in for the 2005–06 season.

Scottish Football League
The Scottish Football League is the series of leagues for Scottish football teams. At the top of the leagues, there is the Scottish Premier League.
Scottish Third Division.
Team that play in Methil in Fife, they were founded in 1903 and play at the Bayview Stadium, their manager is Dave Baikie and their chairman is William Gray.
Team that play at Firs Park in Falkirk, founded in 1881. Currently managed by Gordon Wylde and their chairman is Alan Mackin.

List of French football teams
These are some French football (soccer) teams.

List of German football teams
These are the German football teams and the leagues they played in for the 2008/09 season. The highest German league is the Bundesliga (First Division). Below it is the second "Bundesliga" (Second Division). The Third Division is called 3. Liga. The Fourth Division, called "Regionalliga" is split into a northern, a southern and a western part. The northern part is called "Regionalliga Nord", the southern part "Regionalliga Süd" and the western part "Regionalliga West".

List of Italian football teams
These are some Italian football teams that are or have been in the past years in the main professional division (Serie A).

List of Spanish football teams
These are the Spanish football (soccer) teams and the leagues they played in for the 2003/04 season.

Welsh League
The Welsh League is a football league in Wales. Some large Welsh clubs play in England's Football League.

Arsenal F.C.
Arsenal Football Club is an English football club.
The club plays in the English Premier League. They won the First Division and English Premier League 13 times and the FA Cup 10 times. They are the only British club to have been the subject of a feature film.
It was founded in 1886. The team plays in a traditional red and white kit.
They played at Arsenal Stadium in Highbury in north London from 1913 - 2006, but now they play in a new stadium called the Emirates Stadium. The current captain of the side is Cesc Fabregas, a Spanish national football player, and the deputy captain is Kolo Toure.
Managing.
The manager of Arsenal F.C. is Arsene Wenger. Their new Emirates Stadium was opened on the 27th of October 2006, by the Duke of Edinburgh. Arsenal also has a women's team called Arsenal Ladies F.C.. The ladies team is the only team in women's football history to have ever won four trophies in one season.

Aston Villa F.C.
Aston Villa Football Club, is an English football club.
The club plays in the FA Barclaycard Premiership.
They were started in 1874. They play at Villa Park in Birmingham.

Birmingham City F.C.
Birmingham City Football Club, is an English football club.
The club plays in the English Premier League, their current manager is Alex McLeish. Their home ground is St.Andrews

Blackburn Rovers F.C.
Blackburn Rovers Football Club, is an English football club. They play at Ewood Park, which is in Blackburn. The manager of the club is Sam Allardyce. They have won the FA Premier League once in the 1994/1995 season. However, in 1999, they were relegated. Alan Shearer is one of their most famous players.

Bolton Wanderers F.C.
Bolton Wanderers F.C. is an English football club. It is based 35 miles north of Manchester. The club plays in the Premier League. Their home is the Reebok Stadium. It holds around 28,723 people. Their manager is Gary Megson. At home they play in a white shirt, navy blue shorts & white socks. Away they play in a mustard yellow shirt, teal green shorts and teal green socks.

Charlton Athletic F.C.
Charlton Athletic Football Club, is an English football club.
The club plays in the FA Barclaycard Premiership.

Chelsea F.C.
Chelsea Football Club is an English football club that plays in England, starting in 1905. The club plays in the FA Barclays Premier League, and they play at the Stamford Bridge Stadium in London.
Chelsea's owner is billionaire Roman Abramovich. They finished in second place in the 2007/08 FA Premier League campaign behind champions Manchester United.
History.
Chelsea started in 1905 and played the second division of the league. They won their first trophy in 1955, when they became champion of the first division. They won the FA Cup in 1970, 1997, 2000 and 2007. They won the League Cup in 1965, 1998, 2005 and 2007. In 1970s Chelsea failed to maintain their position of the first division, due to the financial difficulties.
In 1990s they challenged the title of Premier League. They came close but did not win it until 2005 and 2006.
In 2003 the Russian billionaire, Roman Abramovich, purchased Chelsea and invested lots of capital to employ new football players. He also employed Luiz Felipe Scolari, as the manager of the club. Abramovich also employed Peter Kenyon as the chief executive to be responsible for the commercial strategies of the club. This made Chelsea more and more powerful, and they won the FA Premier League in consecutive years. A third straight FA Premier League title slipped through Chelsea's fingertips after their failure to defeat Arsenal at the Emirates Stadium meant that Manchester United had won their ninth league title in fifteen tries.
On September 20th, 2007, the very successful manager José Mourinho left the club by "mutual consent". This exit came just days after a shockingly poor performance which saw them barely scrape out a 1-1 draw in a Champions League tie against Norwegian side Rosenborg B.K.. Following Mourinho's exit, Chelsea made Director of Football Avram Grant, the former manager of the Israel side from 2002 to 2006, the new manager of the club, until May 2008. Grant took over with Chelsea trailing in the Premier League "title race" behind Manchester United F.C. and Arsenal F.C., and managed to keep Chelsea in the hunt for the league until the last game of the season. He got Chelsea into the Champions League Final for the first time as well as the Carling Cup Final, but he was sacked at the end of the season, along with assistant Henk ten Cate. Grant was sacked from the job after he lost in the final in a 5-6 penalty shootout loss to Manchester United and replaced by Luiz Felipe Scolari, the then-Portugal coach, in August.

Everton F.C.
Everton Football Club or Everton F.C. are an English football club from the city of Liverpool. The club currently competes in the English Premier League and have played more seasons in the top league of English football than any other team.
Everton were founded in 1878. They have a long rivalry with Liverpool FC, whose ground is nearby. When they play each other the match known as a "Merseyside derby". In the 1890's Everton played at Anfield, Liverpool's stadium. But the owner of the stadium put the rent up so much the club decided to leave and build their own instead. Everton were then based at a new stadium called Goodison Park. They still play there today.
Many famous players have played at Everton including Leon Osman, the English World Cup winning Alan Ball and legendary goal scorer William 'Dixie' Dean. Dean still holds the record for most goals in one season scoring 60 in the 1927/1928 season.
History.
Everton started out in 1878 with the name St Domingo's FC. At first it was only for people who went to St Domingo's church, but so many people were interested they let people from the local are join as well. A year later the club was renamed Everton Football Club, after the area. Everton Football Club's first ever match was against a team called St Peter's in 1979. Everton won 6-0.
Everton entered the FA Cup in the 1886-1887 season. They were beaten 1-0 by Glasgow Rangers in the first round. As football became more and more popular around England, the clubs realised they needed an organised league. In 1888 the Football League was founded. Everton were one of the 12 founding members. Preston North End won the first two leagues and Everton won the third in 1891. They won their second ever trophy, the FA Cup, in 1905 but didn't win another until 1916. It wasn't until 1927 that Everton had their first period of long success. In 1925 they signed Dixie Dean and in 1927 he scored 60 goals in 39 games, setting a new world record and taking Everton to another league title.

Fulham F.C.
Fulham Football Club, is an English football club from London. It plays in a white shirt and black shorts for home games. For away games, it plays in blue shirts and white shorts in 2005, but has played in colours such as green, yellow or black. Mohamed Al-Fayed owns the club. He is from Egypt, and also owns Harrods, a famous shop in London.
History.
The club was made in 1879 as Fulham St.Andrews. Lots of famous players used to play for Fulham, like Johnny Haynes (1950s), Bobby Moore (1970s), George Best (1970s) and Edwin van der Sar (2000s). Fulham have only won 1 trophy; the Inter Toto Cup in 2003.
When Mohamed Al-Fayed bought Fulham, it was in the 2nd division of English football (English Division Two). He put lots of money into the club, and he made good choices about the club. The club won promotion two times, so in 2001 it was a Premiership team.
Stadium.
Fulham's stadium is called "Craven Cottage", it was built 100 years ago. It has a pretty building in one corner of the pitch, this is the "Cottage". The fans of Fulham like to call it "The Cottage", and it can have 22,230 people sitting in it.
From 2002 to 2004, Fulham had to play at Loftus Road, which is the ground of Queens Park Rangers, near the BBC. This was because the club needed to change Craven Cottage because of new rules. The rules said that nobody can stand at football games, so the club had to have new seats.
Some people who live near to Craven Cottage do not like having a big club near to them. They made it hard for the club to be allowed to make the changes. This is why the changes took a long time, even though it was easy work for the builders.
Because of the "Cottage", the club and its supporters are called "The Cottagers".
Now.
The club plays in the FA Premier League, the top football league in England. The club's manager is Roy Hodgson. Hodgson took over from Lawrie Sanchez.

Liverpool F.C.
Liverpool Football Club is an English football club. They are also known as "The Reds". Liverpool F.C. was created on March 15th 1892.
The club plays in the English Premier League. The stadium they play in is Anfield.
The club is managed by Rafael Benítez, a Spanish manager, since June 2004. The club is owned by two American businessmen, George Gillett and Tom Hicks.
History.
Liverpool won their first Football League championship in 1901, and their second in 1906. They played their first FA Cup final in 1914, but lost 1-0 to Burnley. The last trophy they won was the FA Cup in May 2006. They have also won the European Champions Cup 5 times, with the 5th success in Istanbul in 2005. The game was won after Liverpool drew 3-3 with A.C. Milan and then won the penalty shootout, partly due to goalkeeper Jerzy Dudek's heroics. Liverpool F.C. are the most successful club in English football. They have won England's top football league, the Premier League (this includes the First Division), 18 times. However, they have not won a league title for 18 years.
Notable players.
Pepe Reina.
Steve Finnan, Irish international equally as good setting up in the opposition defense area as he is at chasing down opposing strikers
Jamie Carragher - (Vice captain) An English defender know for his high work rate, his passion and defensive ability.
Sami Hyypiä - (former captain) A tall Finnish defender known for his positional intelligence (meaning he knows where he has to be and when).
Daniel Agger - A Danish defender known for both his defensive abilitiy and attacking prowess (his ability in attack).
Steven Gerrard - (Captain) A box-to-box (meaning he plays all over the pitch) midfielder know for his knack of scoring spectacular and crucial goals and being the heart of Liverpool Football Club. Stevie has been voted as Premiership player of the year by the other players.
Javier Mascherano: An Argentinian defensive midfielder who his known for his fantastic tackling abilities and ability to break up play (meaning his ability to stop the other teams attacks).
Fernando Torres - A Spanish striker known for his incredible speed, quick feet and finishing ability. He is the first Liverpool player to score 20 goals in the English Premier League (England's top league) since Robbie Fowler in the mid-1990's. He has become a fan favorite at Anfield and is touted (suggested) by many as one of the best strikers in the world.
Robbie Keane - the Irish international captain.

Manchester City F.C.
Manchester City Football Club is an English football club.
The club plays in the English Premier League and is owned by a company from Dubai. As of September 1, 2008 they are the richest club in the English Premier League.
The manager of the club is the Welshman Mark Hughes who replaced Sven-Göran Eriksson. They finished 9th place in the 2007-08 Premier League. Their current stadium is the City of Manchester Stadium.

Manchester United F.C.
Manchester United Football Club is a football club that plays in the English Premier League. It plays at Old Trafford which is in Greater Manchester.
Manchester United is a very successful club. They have won the BARCLAYS Premier League (Or the old Division 1) 17 times. 1 behind Liverpool FC. The club are current champions of the league and are reigning champions of Europe. This is because United have just recently won the UEFA Champions League for a third time. They have also won the FA cup 11 times, and the league cup 2 times.
History.
The club started as Newton Heath (L&YR) F.C. in 1878. All of the team worked at Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway depot at Newton Heath. After nearly closing in 1902, John Henry Davies took over and changed the club's name to Manchester United. Manchester United made Matt Busby their manager after the Second World War. Matt Busby used the youth team to get new players, and this was very successful. The club won the Football League in 1956 and 1957. The success was stopped by the Munich air disaster in 1958. Eight of the club's players died. It was thought that the club might close, but it didn't, and won the football league in 1965 and 1967, and the European Cup in 1968.
The club did not do well again until the 1990s and 2000s, when Alex Ferguson became manager. He won the club ten league victories in 21 years, most recently in the 2007-08 season. In 1999, Manchester United became the only team to win the UEFA Champions League, FA Premier League and the FA Cup in the same season. The club had been a Public Limited Company since 1991, and an attempted takeover by Rupert Murdoch had been blocked by the British Government in 1999, but in 2005 Malcolm Glazer completed a hostile takeover of the club. When this happened fans formed FC United of Manchester. When Manchester United sold star player David Beckham in 2003, they began to search for a player to take his place, and the team convinced Sir Alex Ferguson to buy Cristiano Ronaldo.
Notable players.
These are notable players who once played for Manchester and players who still do. (* denotes still playing for Manchester United)

Middlesbrough F.C.
Middlesbrough Football Club, is an English football club. Their stadium is the Riverside Stadium.
The club plays in the English Premier League.

Newcastle United F.C.
Newcastle United Football Club is an English football club in Newcastle. It plays in the FA Premiership after being promoted from the old First Division in 1993. The club currently has no manger following Kevin Keegan's resignation on 4 September 2008.
History.
Newcastle United was formed in 1892 after the two rival clubs Newcastle West End and Newcastle East End grouped together. They have played their matches at the ground St.James' Park ever since. This ground holds 52,000 people, and is one of the biggest in England. It is located just outside the centre of Newcastle.
Newcastle originally played in red and white stripes. They changed to the familiar black and white stripes in 1904 so that they would not be confused with Sunderland - Sunderland and Middlesbrough are Newcastle's local rivals.
The club has suffered from little success since the mid-fifties. The last trophy they won was the UEFA Intertoto Cup in 2006.
The club.
Traditionally the loudest support for the club came from the Gallowgate End - a stand in the St. James' Park. This stand is where Alan Shearer once used to watch Newcastle play when he was a child. Alan Shearer is the club's top scorer with with 206 goals, he also holds the record for most goals in the English Premier League - 260.
The record transfer fee the club has paid is £17 million (around $30 million) for Michael Owen, in August 2005. Alan Shearer was the previous record transfer at £15 million, which was also the world's largest transfer fee when he signed in 1996.
The Newcastle United's number 9 shirt is one of the most famous shirts in the world. Legends such as Hughie Gallacher, Malcolm McDonald, Jackie Milburn and Alan Shearer having wore the famous shirt.

Portsmouth F.C.
Portsmouth Football Club, is an English football club.
The club plays in the FA Premiership. Their home stadium is called Fratton Park.

Tottenham Hotspur F.C.
Tottenham Hotspur Football Club, is an English football club.
The club plays in the English Premier League. Their current stadium is White Hart Lane, in north London. The captain of Tottenham Hotspur is centre back Ledley King. Harry Redknapp is the Manager. Famous Tottenham Hotspur players include Pat Jennings, Paul Gascoigne, Glenn Hoddle, Dave Mackay, Gary Lineker, Danny Blanchflower, Teddy Sheringham and Dimitar Berbatov. They have many rivals in London but their most famous rivals are Arsenal. They were the first winners of ther UEFA Cup tournament, and the first team in the 20th century to achieve the league and cup double. Their nickname Spurs is the most commonly used in English football. Other nicknames include The Lilywhites and occasionally "Yid Army".
In their most recent Premiership campaign, the finished in 11th position as well as winning the League Cup.

Derby County F.C.
Derby County Football Club is an English football club. The club plays in the FA Premier League (also known as the Premiership)
Early years.
The club was formed in 1884 by players from Derbyshire County Cricket Club who wanted something to do in the winter. They started out by playing at the Racecourse Ground, Derby.
The Rams, as Derby County are known, were one of the first members of The Football League when it started in 1888. Back in 1895 the club moved to a new stadium, The Baseball Ground. It was called this because baseball had been played there much earlier beforehand, and it became their home for the next 102 years. When they moved, Derby County had changed their club colours to the black and white they still use today at matches.
In 1898, Derby got to their first FA Cup final, but lost. The same happened again in 1899 and 1903. Derby's went down to the Football League's Second Division for the first time in 1907, but they came back up to the First Division in 1911.
In 1914 they were relegated again, but won the Second Division the next year to get promoted. World War I meant that they had to wait until 1919 to play First Division football again. After just two seasons, they were relegated yet again in 1921.
After Derby's next promotion in 1926 the club got much better, and were one of the top teams from the late 1920s all the way through to the 1939-1940 season, which was interrupted when World War II broke out.
FA Cup win.
The FA Cup restarted in the 1945-1946 season. Derby got to the final again, but this time they beat Charlton Athletic 4-1 to win the Cup. Some people had thought the reason Derby kept losing in the FA Cup was that they were cursed by gypsies, as the Baseball Ground was built on the site of a gypsy camp. Some players even thought so, and before the final they asked the gypsies to lift the curse.
The Football League began again the next season, but Derby didn't play well and were relegated in 1953. Things went from bad to worse and in 1955 they were relegated to the Football League Third Division (North) for the first time in their history. Derby were too good for that league though, and finished second at the first try. Then they did even better next season by finishing first, and going back up to the top division.
The Clough years.
In 1967, Brian Clough took over Derby County with Peter Taylor helping him. Derby were back in Division Two, but Clough got them promoted to the First Division in 1969. He led them to their first ever Championship in 1972. Derby couldn't win the title again the next season, but they did get to the semi-finals of the European Cup, but they lost to Juventus. A lot of people in England thought after the match that the Italian club had paid money to the referee as a bribe. This was never proved. Clough left the club after an argument with Derby's chairman Sam Longson. Clough later became manager of Nottingham Forest F.C., where he went on to win a First Division championship and two European Cups.
After Clough.
Derby won the league again in 1974-1975, this time with Dave Mackay as manager. He used to play for the club, as captain, under Clough. When Mackay left in 1976, Derby got slowly worse until they went down in 1980.
Derby's stay in the Second Division was not a happy one and they were relegated to the Football League Third Division in 1984. It was exactly 100 years since the club formed, and just nine years after their last Championship.
The club made Arthur Cox manager. After a two year stay in the Third Division, they were promoted to the Second Division. They won that league the next year, going back up to the First Division in 1987.
The club managed to finish 5th in 1989, but it was owned by businessman Robert Maxwell, who was having money problems. He stopped spending money on new players, and sold the club not long before his death. The club was relegated back to the Second Division in 1991 (which changed its name to the First Division a year later when the First Division clubs left to form the FA Premier League).
Jim Smith became Derby's manager in 1995. Before the end of the season, Smith took the Rams up to the Premier League for the first time.
Recent times.
Derby County did well in the 1996-97 season, finishing 12th in the final table with international players like Aljosa Asanovic and Igor Stimac playing well. The club moved into the new 33,000-seat Pride Park Stadium for the 1997-98 season, and went on to finish ninth. Next year they did even better, finishing eighth, but the season after that Derby struggled, and finished 16th. Another bad season followed in 2000-01, as Derby finished 17th in the Premiership - just one place clear of going down.
Jim Smith left the club in October 2001 and his assistant manager Colin Todd took over. He kept his job for just 3 months before he was sacked. At the end of January 2002, John Gregory got the manager's job. Derby started well, but then lost seven of their last eight matches and were relegated again after six seasons in a row in the Premiership.
It was a bad time to go down. Money owed to the Football League teams by the TV company ITV Digital was never paid, and Derby were one of the clubs to suffer worst. They had to sell their best players and rebuild a team with mostly very young players. They finished 18th after a difficult season. In late March, Gregory was suspended and George Burley came in as a temporary manager. At the end of the season Gregory was sacked and Burley took over fully. Owner Lionel Pickering lost control of the club and a new board of John Sleightholme, Jeremy Keith and Steve Harding came in. Derby finished 20th in the 2003-2004 First Division campaign, but did much better in the 2004-05 season and finished 4th in the Division which was now called the Football League Championship. This meant they won a promotion play-off spot, but lost in the semi-finals to Preston North End. Soon after losing, Burley left. Derby then employed Phil Brown for a short period who was then replaced by the Academy Coach, Terry Westley, who kept the club up in the 2005-06 season.
Before the final game of the 2005-06 season a local consortium led by Peter Gadsby, took over the Rams and gave the manager's job to Billy Davies, who left Preston after compensation was agreed by both clubs for his services. The new changes and fresh activity in the transfer market promise a bright future for this founder member of the football league.
Following a poor start to the 2007-2008 season which saw Derby achieve just one win in 14 matches Billy Davies has left Derby County FC.
Famous players.
Many people think the best Rams player ever was Steve Bloomer, one of the highest scoring players in the history of English football. He played for Derby from the late 19th century to just before the First World War. Other top players include the FA Cup winners Peter Doherty, Jackie Stamps and Raich Carter. In more recent years players like Roy McFarland, Archie Gemmill, Colin Todd, Kevin Hector, Steve Powell, Ron Webster, Alan Hinton and Dave Mackay played in the championship winning sides. More recently, the England goalkeeper Peter Shilton, Stefano Eranio and Igor Stimac all played for the Rams. Bobby Davison was also a favourite of Rams fans. Recent famous players also include locally born Matthew Debyshire who has achieved some degree or recognition at Blackburn Rovers but has expressed desire to play a more successful clubs like Tottenham Hotspurs.
Local rivals.
Derby County's main rivals are Nottingham Forest, who are based in Nottingham, a city just a few miles north-east of Derby. Leicester City, also based in the East Midlands, come a close second. Fans from the north of Derbyshire often dislike Sheffield Wednesday or Leeds United.

Ipswich Town F.C.
Ipswich Town Football Club PLC (Ipswich Town) is an English football club. The club was founded in 1878. The chairman of the club is David Sheepshanks. The home stadium of the club is Portman Road in Ipswich, England. This stadium can hold 30,300 people. Ipswich Town plays in the Football League Championship. This division used to be called English Division One.
Local fans call the team 'town' because it is a shortened version of the team name. They are also called 'blues' because Ipswich plays in a mostly blue uniform. Some people also call Ipswich the 'tractor boys'. This nickname was mainly created by newspapers. Many Ipswich fans use this name as a joke rather than letting it be an insult.
The main rival of Ipswich Town is Norwich City. When these two teams play, there are very few empty seats and the crowd is usually louder than any other game.
Ipswich Town finished the 2005-6 season of The Championship play in 15th place.
Championships.
Ipswich Town has won the top division once when it was called Division one, it is now called the Premier League. They have won the FA Cup once. The club has also won the UEFA Cup once in 1981. In 1973, 1975 and 2005 the "under 18" team won the FA Youth Cup. Ipswich has a very good reputation for educating young players.
Managers.
Jim Magilton is the manager of Ipswich Town. He was formerly the captain before retiring in May 2006. Magilton joined the club in 1999 after being on loan from Sheffield Wednesday. He was part of the team which gained promotion to the Premiership in May 2000 by beating Barnsley 4–2 in the Play-Off final.
Two coaches of Ipswich Town have gone on to become the manager of the England national football team. The first was Sir Alf Ramsey. He also won the World Cup for England. The second was Sir Bobby Robson who got England to the semi-finals of the 1990 World Cup finals.

Sunderland A.F.C.
Sunderland Association Football Club is an English football club. They are from the city of Sunderland.
The club played in the English Premier League in the 2005/2006 season, they finished bottom. Only scoring one home goal all season, in the very last home match. They played in the Championship in 2006/2007, but were promoted back to the Premiership for 2007/08 under manager Roy Keane.
Sunderland AFC were created in 1879 and joined the Football League in 1891. They have won the league six times. The last time Sunderland won the league was in 1936. Sunderland have won the FA Cup two times, in 1937 and 1973.
For 99 years, Sunderland played their home games at Roker Park. In 1997 they moved, and now play their home games at the Stadium of Light. The stadium holds 49,000 people.

West Bromwich Albion F.C.
West Bromwich Albion Football Club is an English football club. The club plays in the English Premier League. Their home stadium is called the Hawthornes.

West Ham United F.C.
West Ham United Football Club is an English football club.
The club plays in the FA Premiership. It was started in 1895 and its home stadium is Upton Park in east London. The club is also called "the Hammers" and "the Irons" because it was started in a London ironworks. Their main rivals are Leyton Orient other rivals are Tottenham Hotspur F.C., and Chelsea FC.
Their current manager is Gianfranco Zola.

Wigan Athletic F.C.
Wigan Athletic Football Club is an English football club. The club plays in the FA Premiership, currently managed by Steve Bruce. It is the youngest in the division (75 years old). They play their home games at the JJB Stadium.

Wimbledon F.C.
Wimbledon Football Club was an English football club. The club began in Wimbledon in 1889. In 2002 it moved to Milton Keynes and it 2004 it changed its name to Milton Keynes Dons F.C. Many football fans in Wimbledon did not agree with the move. They decided to start a new club there, which is called AFC Wimbledon.
The club played in the English Football League and won the FA Cup in 1988. It was a professional football club, which means that the players get paid to play.
First move: out of Wimbledon.
Also in 1992, the club decided that its ground at Plough Lane was too small and moved away from Wimbledon to Selhurst Park in Croydon. This ground is owned by Crystal Palace F.C.. They stayed there for the next 12 years.
Second move: out of London, to Milton Keynes.
In 2002, the club's owners decided that they wanted to move the club out of London. Nobody really knows why they wanted to move. They said that there were too many clubs in London, that not enough people were coming to watch the matches. This meant that they didn't collect enough money at the gate to pay everyone and that is why they could not afford to stay. They looked at Cardiff and Dublin before deciding to move to Milton Keynes. Milton Keynes is a new city that is 45 miles (or 75 kilometres) north of London. When they said what they wanted to do, most of their fans stopped paying to see matches, which meant that they had even less money to pay everyone.
Before the move could happen, they had to get permission from the Football Association (the FA). The FA is the association of all the football clubs in England. The clubs elect a Committee to decide what to do about things. Most things they have to decide are easy but this was not easy to decide. Or maybe they knew what to decide but didn't want to be the ones to decide it. So they asked three clever men to study the problem and tell them what would be best to do. These three men said that the club should be allowed to move.
Some members of the Committee did not like this decision and tried to stop it. But the owners of Wimbledon F.C. said that they would get a judge to decide (in a court) if anyone tried to stop them. It costs a lot of money to go to court and whoever loses has to pay for everybody. The other clubs would not agree to pay if this happened, so the FA had to agree to the move.
But it was already too late for the owners of Wimbledon F.C. They had no money left. They had borrowed money from the bank to keep going but now the bank wanted its money back. When you can't pay back what you borrow, this is called "going bankrupt" and that is what happened. Luckily (or unluckily, depends on your point of view), the group in Milton Keynes that first wanted them to come, still wanted them. So this group paid back some of the money and in 2003, the club moved to Milton Keynes. They began playing in the National Hockey Stadium, beside Milton Keynes Central railway station and stayed there for two years until their new stadium was ready (2007).
Many football fans around England did not like the idea that a club could move. They believe that a club belongs to a town and it is not like a furniture shop that closes down in one town and opens in another town. Another reason that they didn't like it is that they would love to see their own club get into the Football League. The only way that they can do that is if they win their regional league, then win the Conference. So they felt that Milton Keynes was "jumping the queue" to get into the League. Because of this, many fans refused to attend ("boycotted") any games they played
Milton Keynes.
In 2004, the new owners changed the name to 'Milton Keynes Dons F.C.', but many In 2006, the Football Fans Federation proposed a way forward. The most important thing for the town of Wimbledon was the trophies (cups, shields) that the club had won when it was called Wimbledon F.C. The agreement was that Milton Keynes Dons F.C. would give these trophies to Merton Borough Council, which is the local government area that contains Wimbledon. The league history of Milton Keynes Dons F.C. would start from 2004 when they changed their name. The Fans Federation would ask fans to end the boycott. Everybody agreed and this is what has happened.

Accrington Stanley F.C.
Accrington Stanley Football Club is an English football club.
The club plays in the Football Conference.
They where re-founded in 1968 after going bankrupt (having no money) in 1962. They were first founded in 1921. They are thought of as hard working but having no chance of success. Their nickname is Stanley. They play at the Interlink Express Stadium in Accrington in Lancashire, in England.

Telford United F.C.
Telford United Football Club is an English football club.
The club plays in the Unibond Premier.
Telford United is no longer Telford United as they had too much money problems and dropped 4 leagues. They are now AFC Telford United.

AFC Wimbledon
AFC Wimbledon is an English football (soccer) club from London. The club plays in the Isthmian League Premier Division. They have been promoted to a better league twice in the past two years.
AFC Wimbledon were formed in 2002 by fans angry at Wimbledon F.C. moving to Milton Keynes, 70 miles away from South London. They play at the The Fans' Stadium, Kingsmeadow in London.

Sheffield F.C.
Sheffield Football Club is a football club in England.
Sheffield F.C. is the oldest football club in the world. It was set up in 1857 in the city of Sheffield.
It is not the same as Sheffield United F.C. or Sheffield Wednesday F.C.. It does not play in a national league.

Asteroid belt
The asteroid belt or asteroid field is an ring of small and large rocks between the orbits of Jupiter and Mars. The biggest object in the asteroid belt is the dwarf planet Ceres.
Formation.
Astronomers say that the asteroid belt formed from the leftover dust and debris from the formation of the Solar System 4.6 billion years ago. The asteroids could not form a planet because of the sun's gravity.

Essen
Essen is a German city in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia. It is located on the Ruhr River and it is near Cologne. 585,000 people live in Essen. Next to the city lies the cities Bochum.

Gardening
Gardening is the growing of plants such as flowers, shrubs and trees as a hobby or recreation. Some people also grow vegetables or fruit in their gardens. People do gardening outdoors in the soil in their backyard, or in pots or containers on their balcony or on their patio. Some people do gardening on a roof.
People do indoor gardening inside their house or inside a building. Sometimes indoor gardening is done in greenhouses, which are special buildings where plants are grown. A greenhouse has a transparent glass or plastic roof and walls that let sunlight in. Water gardening is growing plants in ornamental pools and ponds. People doing water gardening plant water lilies and other aquatic plants.
Gardening can be done outside of the home, in city parks, botanical gardens, zoos, amusement parks, theme parks, and around tourist attractions. These types of gardens are cared for by people called gardeners or groundskeepers.
Gardening compared with farming.
Gardening is related to farming. But farming is done on a much larger scale. A farm may have hundreds of square kilometers of plants and crops. A garden in a person's backyard is usually only measures a few square meters. As well, farming is done as a business, to sell the crops, fruit, and vegetables that are produced. Gardening is done just to produce fruit or vegetables for the gardener's own family. Gardening is done as a hobby or as a recreation, not as a business.
Gardening tools.
Gardeners use tools to dig in the soil and water the crops. These tools include a spade, a hoe, a basket, a watering can, a hose, a bucket, and a wheelbarrow.
Gardens as art.
In many countries and cultures, designing beautiful gardens is considered to be an art. In Japan, for instance, Zen monks build decorative gardens. In Europe in the 1700s, kings and queens had formal gardens built (for example the gardens at Versailles, France).

Democracy
A democracy (a word from the Greek language, meaning "rule by the people") is a form of government. In a democracy,
certain people of a community choose their leaders. There are different ways to do this, but the process is usually called "holding an election".
Political parties are involved with politics. It may therefore look easy to pick a political party. The party that gets elected will then choose people to lead.
Very often those leaders will also decide the laws.
In a democracy, there are elections every few years where the people can vote and choose who they want to lead them, or choose the laws. The decision is made based on the number of votes. The side with the most votes wins.
Examples of democracies are India, Mexico, and the United States.
Kinds of Democracy.
There are two kinds of democracy: Direct and Indirect (also known as Representative democracy).
In Direct Democracies, everyone has the right to make laws together. One modern example of direct democracy is a referendum, which is the name for the kind of way to pass a law where everyone in the community votes on it. Direct democracies are not used to run countries, because it is hard to get millions of people to get together all the time to make laws and other decisions.
In an Indirect, or Representative Democracy, people choose representatives to make laws for them. These people can be mayors, councilmen, Members of Parliament, or other government officials. This is a much more common kind of democracy. Large communities like cities and countries use this method, but it may not be needed for a small group.
History.
This kind of government was developed long ago by the ancient Greeks in the city of Athens (potatoes rock your socks.) They had everyone who was a Citizen (Slaves, Women, Foreigners, and Children could not vote) get together in one area. The Assembly would talk about what kinds of laws they wanted and voted on them. The Council would suggest the laws. In the Assembly, the participants are only the citizens. In the Council, they would pick them by draws(lot). The participants in the Council would change every year and the amount of people in the Council is maximum 500. The Greek citizens would pick a leader by writing the name of their favorite candidate on a piece of stone or wood. The candidate with the most votes became the leader.

Game
Games are played for fun and enjoyment. One person can play a game, or many people can play a game.
A game usually has rules telling players what to do and what not to do. Players follow these rules in a game. Some games have many rules and are more complicated some games have few rules and are very simple. In a game, one person can win and another can lose. Or they both can win, or they both can lose. Where there is no winner and no loser, it is often called a drawn game or a tied game. Games can be played on a computer, or they can be played with a ball or board. Some games, like "Eye Spy" can be played only by looking at things.

Nebraska
Nebraska is a state in the center of the United States. Its capital is Lincoln. The largest city in Nebraska is Omaha.
Nebraska is known for its agriculture, especially beef and corn.
Nebraska has hot summers and cold winters. A temperature of 30 °C is common in the summer, and in the winter it can be -20 °C or colder at night.
Nebraska became a state in 1867.

Time
We use time to measure the past, the present and the future.
To measure time, we can use anything that repeats itself regularly. An example is the number of times the Earth rotates (spins around). This is measured in "days". The number of orbits it makes around the Sun is measured in "years". The study of time measurement is horology.
The SI (Systeme Internationale) unit of time is one second, written as s.

Force (physics)
In physics, force is what changes or tends to change a state of rest or motion in an object. Force causes objects to accelerate, add to the object's overall pressure, or change direction. Force is measured in Newtons (N).
where formula_2 is the force,
formula_3 is the mass of an object,
and formula_4 is the acceleration of the object.
where formula_7 is the weight of an object,
formula_3 is the mass of an object,
and formula_9 is the acceleration due to gravity at sea level. It is about formula_10.
Force is a vector, so it has both a magnitude and a direction.

Laboratory techniques
Laboratory techniques are the techniques of handling the various pieces of apparatus.

International System of Units
The International System of Units is the international standard form of the metric system today. SI is the short name for this from the French language phrase "Système International d'unités".
The metric system is a system of measuring based on the metre for length, distance or displacement, kilogram for mass, and second for time.
The metre, kilogram and second can be used in combination with each other. This will make different units of measurement to mean other amounts, such as volume, energy, pressure, and velocity.
Sometimes we want to talk about larger or smaller measurements. Then we add a prefix. A prefix is something to the beginning of a word to make a word. The prefix "kilo-" means "1000" and the prefix "milli-" means "0.001". So one "kilometre" is 1000 metres and one "milligram" is a 1000th of a gram. These prefixes are shown in the table on the right side.
History and use.
These were created in France after the French Revolution.
They are now used almost everywhere in the world, apart from the United States, Liberia and Myanmar, where the older imperial units are still widely employed. Varios other countries, most of them historically related to the British Empire, are in different stages of the process of introduction of the metric system as replacement for or as an addition to the use of the imperial system.
Even the United Kingdom, which created the old US units of measurement, is now generally using the metric system alongside the imperial system. There is even pressure to become more metric, both as a result of UK government plans dating before Britain's entry into the European Union and because of EU rules regarding common systems of measurement.
Base units of measurement.
The SI base units are measurements used by scientists and other people around the world. All the other units can be written by combining these seven base units in different ways. These other units are called "derived units".
Length ("l").
Unit: metre or meter (m)
One metre is defined as the distance light travels in a vacuum in 1/299,792,458 second. This standard was adopted in 1983 when the speed of light in vacuum was defined to be precisely 299,792,458 m/s.
Mass ("m").
One kilogram is defined to be the mass of a specific cylinder of platinum-iridium alloy. It is kept at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures near Paris. There is an ongoing effort to introduce a definition using other basic or atomic constants.
Time ("t").
One second is defined as the time required for 9,192,631,770 periods of the radiation between to two specific energy levels of the element caesium-133. This definition was adopted in 1967.
Electric flow ("I").
The ampere is that constant electrical current (or flow) which, if maintained in two straight parallel conductors of infinite length, of negligible circular cross-section, and placed one metre apart in vacuum, would produce between these conductors a force equal to 2 × 10-7 newton per metre of length.
The ampere is one of two base units (the other being the candela) that uses derived units in its definition, not just base units. One newton is 1 kg m s-2.
Temperature ("T").
The kelvin, unit of temperature, is the fraction 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water. It is named after Lord Kelvin.
Amount of substance ("n").
Unit: mole (mol)
Luminous intensity (brightness of light) ("I").
The candela is the luminous intensity (brightness), in a given direction, of a source that emits monochromatic radiation of frequency 540 × 1012 hertz and that has a radiant intensity in that direction of 1/683 watt per steradian.
The candela is one of two base units (the other being the ampere) that uses derived units in its definition, not just base units. One hertz is 1 s-1, one watt is 1 J s-1 = 1 kg m2 s-2 and the steradian is the solid angle subtended at the centre of a sphere of radius "r" by a portion of the surface of the sphere having an area "r"2.
Derived units with special names.
There are also derived units which have special names. Usually these were made to make calculating simpler.

Lake Michigan
Lake Michigan is one of the five Great Lakes in North America.
It has a surface area of 22,300 square miles (57,750 square km). It is 307 miles long by 118 miles wide. Lake Michigan is the 5th largest lake in the world.
It is bounded by the U.S. states of Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, and Michigan. The largest city on Lake Michigan is Chicago.

List of kitchen equipment
This is a list of items found in many kitchens.

Gas syringe
A gas syringe is a tool used in a laboratory. It is used to collect a gas or to measure the volume of a gas.
Simple systems can be settled in the laboratory to collect gas or to compress it. It is usually used to explain Gas Law.

Mixture
In chemistry, a mixture is a substance that is made up of two or more simpler substances. These substances can be chemical elements or compounds. A mixture can be a liquid, a solid, or a gas.
A mixture is not the same as a compound, which is made of two or more elements (different kinds of atoms) connected together. For instance, a mixture of the gases hydrogen and nitrogen contains hydrogen and nitrogen, not the compound ammonia which is made of hydrogen and nitrogen atoms.
A solution can be a mixture. For instance, sugar dissolved in water is a mixture.
Solids can be mixtures also. Many kinds of soil and rock are mixtures of different minerals.

Language families and languages
Language families are groups of languages that are related to each other because they come from a common older language. The languages in such a family are similar in their vocabulary or structure.
For example, French and Spanish both come from Latin. Latin was spoken a long time ago, and some of the people who spoke it started to speak one way, saying, for example, for good: "bueno" while another group started saying "bon." Most words are said a little differently in Spanish and French, so the two are called different languages.
Most languages belong to a language family, but some languages do not. These languages are called Language isolates.
There also are Constructed languages, like for example Esperanto. Constructed languages are made for different reasons: making a 'world language', for fun, for use in fiction, etc.

Chess
Chess is a game for two players. It is played on a board, with two colors of pieces. The board is a square, made of 64 smaller squares, with eight squares on each side. Each player starts with sixteen pieces (eight pawns, two each of knights, bishops, and rooks, and one king and queen). The players in a game of chess are called "white player" and "black player", depending on the color of pieces they control.
Each game starts with the pieces set in the same way, which you can see in the picture. The pieces start out, from left to right for the white player, from right to left for the black player, in the first row in front of the players in this order: rook, knight, bishop, queen, king, bishop, knight, rook. A pawn is placed in the square right in front of each piece.
The game commences with the players taking turns moving one piece at a time. White always moves first.
Each piece can only move in a special way. A piece cannot move onto a square that has a friendly piece (meaning, a piece of the same color) on it. A piece also cannot move through squares that have other pieces on them. However, a piece can end its move on a square that has an enemy piece on it. If this happens, the enemy piece is "captured", meaning it is taken off the board and is not in the game anymore.
An alternative version of this game is Transfer Chess.
Check and checkmate.
When a player makes a move that will let him or her capture the enemy king on the next move, the enemy king is said to be in "check." The player whose king is in danger must use a turn to save the king. A player might save the king by moving the king out of the way, capturing the dangerous piece, or moving another piece between the dangerous piece and the king. If the player whose king is in danger cannot do any of these things, it is called "checkmate", and they lose.
Many games of chess end when one player sees they are about to lose, and elect to resign rather than prolong a hopeless game. A player may declare, "Mate in two," (or "three..four...etc.) if they believe the opponent cannot stop them from checkmating in two moves.
A game may end in a draw if both players agree that neither can win.
Strategy.
Chess is a very complex game, and has many different strategies that can be used to win. Most of them are for the beginning of the game, called "opening moves", or simply "openings". The most popular opening, the King's Pawn Opening, involves the white player moving his king's pawn (e2) foward two spaces (e4). Black can respond in many different ways, opening up possibilities for a very complex game.
Other chess openings are more risky. The "Parham Attack" is a very risky move that has the white player moving his queen out in the middle of the board and tries to lure other pieces to capture it. If white loses the queen, white is at a serious disadvantage, because black has more pieces out of the starting position than white. However, if the attack succeeds, white will have many more pieces than black, and black's king will most likely be out in the open and undefended.

Gold
Gold is a soft, heavy, dark yellowish piece of shiny metal that has been used for many thousands of years by people all over the world, for jewelry, as money, and now in tooth fillings and electronic equipment such as computers. It was especially admired as jewelry in early times because of its great luster and beauty. In Exodus it was used as part of the clothes the priests wore. The color of this metal is also called "gold".
Chemical properties.
In chemistry, gold is chemical element 79, a transition metal in Group 11. It has an atomic weight of 199.96 a.m.u. Its symbol is Au, from the Latin word for gold, "aurum".
Gold is very soft, which means it can be hammered into thin sheets; and ductile, which means it can be pulled into wire. When it is used in money or in jewelry, it is often mixed with silver or some other metal to make it harder.
Most metals are gray in color. Gold's yellow color comes from the way that electrons behave in it.
There have been many discoveries of gold in Australia. The most important discovery of gold there was probably discovered by Sir Edward Hargraves. He started the first Australian gold rush.

Century
A century is a way to describe a length of time. One century is one hundred years. The ancient Romans used the word century to describe a group of about one hundred soldiers, organized into a single unit.
The Roman numeral for 100 is "C". The word for 100 in Latin is "centum".
Centuries in the Gregorian Calendar (the most-commonly used calendar with 365 days) begin at one instead of zero. That means that in the year 2004, we were in the 21st century, rather than 20th century.

Kilogram
The kilogram is a metric unit that describes mass. The official kilogram equals the mass of a particular piece of platinum-iridium metal kept in Paris. It is the only SI unit left that is defined such that it needs to be compared to some object. There are now attempts to define the kilogram in a different way, for example by specifying a number of atoms of a certain substance (at a certain temperature).
One kilogram is a little more than 2.2 pounds. One tonne is one thousand kilograms.
History.
In 1879 the piece of metal was made. It was officially chosen to be the kilogram in 1889. It was made of 90% platinum and 10% iridium because both do not rust or corrode the way most metals do. From 1795 to 1799, the unit of mass was not called "kilogram" but was named "grave".
Problems.
There are various copies of the original Kilogram. The problem is now that some of these copies have gained or lost some mass. They no longer weigh the same.

Second
The second (symbol: s) is a unit of time, and one of the seven SI base units. It is the time taken by 9,192,631,770 cycles of radiation that comes from electrons moving between two energy levels of the caesium-133 atom.
A second is also 1/60 of a minute, and 1/3600 of an hour.
The second (SI symbol: s), sometimes abbreviated sec., is the name of a unit of time, and is the International System of Units (SI) base unit of time.
SI prefixes are frequently combined with the word "second" to denote subdivisions of the second, "e.g.", the millisecond (one thousandth of a second) and nanosecond (one billionth of a second). Though SI prefixes may also be used to form multiples of the second (such as “kilosecond,” or one thousand seconds), such units are rarely used in practice. More commonly encountered, non-SI units of time such as the minute, hour, and day increase by multiples of 60 and 24 (rather than by powers of ten as in the SI system).
International second.
Under the International System of Units, the second is currently defined as the duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium-133 atom. This definition refers to a caesium atom at rest at a temperature of 0 K (absolute zero). The ground state is defined at zero magnetic field. The second thus defined is equivalent to the ephemeris second.
The international standard symbol for a second is s (see ISO 31-1)
Historical origin.
Originally, the second was known as a "second minute", meaning the second minute (i.e. small) division of an hour. The first division was known as a "prime minute" and is equivalent to the minute we know today.
The factor of 60 comes from the Babylonians who used factors of 60 in their counting system. However, the Babylonians did not subdivide their time units sexagesimally (except for the day). The hour had been defined by the ancient Egyptians as either 1/12 of daytime or 1/12 of nighttime, hence both varied with the seasons. Hellenistic astronomers, including Hipparchus and Ptolemy, defined the hour as 1/24 of a mean solar day. Sexagesimally subdividing this mean solar hour made the second 1/86 400 of a mean solar day. Hellenistic time periods like the mean synodic month were usually specified quite precisely because they were "calculated" from carefully selected eclipses separated by hundreds of years—individual "mean" synodic months and similar time periods cannot be "measured". Nevertheless, with the development of pendulum clocks keeping "mean time" (as opposed to the "apparent time" displayed by sundials), the second became measurable. The seconds pendulum was proposed as a unit of length as early as 1660 by the Royal Society of London. The duration of a beat or half period (one swing, not back and forth) of a pendulum one metre in length on the earth's surface is approximately one second.
In 1956 the second was defined in terms of the period of revolution of the Earth around the Sun for a particular epoch, because by then it had become recognized that the Earth's rotation on its own axis was not sufficiently uniform as a standard of time. The Earth's motion was described in Newcomb's Tables of the Sun, which provides a formula for the motion of the Sun at the epoch 1900 based on astronomical observations made between 1750 and 1892. The second thus defined is
This definition was ratified by the Eleventh General Conference on Weights and Measures in 1960. The "tropical year" in the definition was not measured, but calculated from a formula describing a tropical year which decreased linearly over time, hence the curious reference to a specific "instantaneous" tropical year. Because this second was the independent variable of time used in ephemerides of the Sun and Moon during most of the twentieth century (Newcomb's Tables of the Sun were used from 1900 through 1983, and Brown's Tables of the Moon were used from 1920 through 1983), it was called the ephemeris second.
With the development of the atomic clock, it was decided to use atomic clocks as the basis of the definition of the second, rather than the revolution of the Earth around the Sun.
Following several years of work, Louis Essen from the National Physical Laboratory (Teddington, England) and William Markowitz from the United States Naval Observatory (USNO) determined the relationship between the hyperfine transition frequency of the caesium atom and the ephemeris second. Using a common-view measurement method based on the received signals from radio station WWV, they determined the orbital motion of the Moon about the Earth, from which the apparent motion of the Sun could be inferred, in terms of time as measured by an atomic clock. As a result, in 1967 the Thirteenth General Conference on Weights and Measures defined the second of atomic time in the International System of Units (SI) as
The ground state is defined at zero magnetic field. The second thus defined is equivalent to the ephemeris second.
The definition of the second was later refined at the 1997 meeting of the BIPM to include the statement
The revised definition would seem to imply that the ideal atomic clock would contain a single caesium atom at rest emitting a single frequency. In practice, however, the definition means that high-precision realizations of the second should compensate for the effects of the ambient temperature (black-body radiation) within which atomic clocks operate and extrapolate accordingly to the value of the second as defined above.
The second in Role Playing Games.
Sometimes in RPGs a second is used to refer to a small period of time or a single turn of combat. It is used as a standard moment of time, and does not necessarily refer to a real second, and could be shorter or longer depending on the scenario.

Anthropologist
An anthropologist is a person who studies human beings and how they behave. The study of human beings is called anthropology.

Orange
Orange is a color. It is the combination of red and yellow.
Orange is the color of an orange fruit, which is the origin of the name of the color. Before the orange fruit was introduced to England in the 1500s, this color was called "red-yellow".
Meaning of orange.
To the human eye, orange is a very "hot" color, so it gives the sensation of heat. Nevertheless, orange is not as aggressive as red. Orange increases oxygen supply to the brain, produces an invigorating effect, and stimulates mental activity. As a citrus color, orange is associated with healthy food and stimulates appetite. Orange is the color of fall and harvest. In heraldry, orange is symbolic of strength and endurance. Orange is also the color of the fruit of the same name.
Orange has very high visibility, so people can use it to catch attention and highlight the most important elements of their design. Orange is very effective for promoting food products and toys. On road signs, the color orange means there is construction work ahead. It is used for these signs because it can easily be seen even at night.
Dark orange can mean deceit and distrust. Red-orange corresponds to desire, sexual passion, pleasure, domination, aggression, and thirst for action. Gold evokes the feeling of prestige. The meaning of gold is illumination, wisdom, and wealth. Gold often symbolizes high quality.

Basque Country
The Basque Country (called Euskal Herria by its inhabitants) is a region in South-West Europe, that is contained within the borders of France and Spain.
Description.
It is the home of the Basque people. It is located at the western end of the Pyrenees on the Bay of Biscay. Its boundaries are complicated. The greater Basque Country consists of seven districts--four within Spain and three within France.
Origins.
No one knows when the Basques came to Europe. Many say they have been there since the Neolithic period at the end of the Stone Age, others say even before then.
The first notices about the Basque Country are from Roman times. According to evidence, the Basque people already spoke their own language by then. After the fall of Roman Empire, the Basque Country was isolated from the invading Goths.
Middle Age.
During the Muslim invasion of South Europe, the Basque Country split in two: The Castillian and the Navarran lands. A war with France split the Navarran zone in two.
After the Reconquista, the Castillian Basque lands and Navarra became part of the new country: Spain. Since then, Basque people from the Spanish area of the Basque Country has had their own government, and fought to gain the northern part of the Basque Country from France.
Now.
Today, three of the Basque districts in Spain--Araba, Bizkaia, and Gipuzkoa--form a political unit known as an autonomous community of Spain. This three-district community is called "Euskadi" or the Autonomous Community of the Basque Country. It is one of 17 autonomous communities in Spain.
The fourth Basque district in Spain--Navarra--is its own separate autonomous Community of Spain.
Population.
The entire Basque region covers a surface area of 20,664 km2 (square kilometers). The Autonomous Community of Euskadi covers 7,234 km2 (square kilometers). The population of Euskadi is about 2,000,000--about 5% of the total population of Spain. The Basque language and Spanish are spoken there. The capital is Vitoria-Gasteiz.

M-theory
M-theory is a new idea in small-particle physics that is part of superstring theory. The idea, or theory, often causes arguments among scientists, because there is no way to test it to see if it is true. If ever proven true, M-theory and string theory would mean big progress for science.
String theory.
To understand M-theory someone must first have some knowledge of string theory. For hundreds of years, scientists have thought that the simplest objects in the universe are points, like dots. String theory says that this is wrong and that the simplest objects in the universe are shaped like pieces of string. These strings are so small that even when looked at very closely they look like points. Each basic particle is created by the strings vibrating in different patterns. The reason scientists had not thought of this idea for so long is that strings are much harder to work with than points. They seem to break rules such as causality and special relativity, which says that information cannot travel faster than the speed of light.
String theory has been developed because of a very important problem that has existed for almost 100 years. Albert Einstein's theory that describes the universe on very large scales (it is called general relativity), disagrees with two theories that describe things on very small scales (they are called quantum mechanics and the standard model). There are also problems with the Standard Model: it includes about 20 numbers that seem to have no explanation; it has too many "basic particles" - some scientists think it needs to have fewer; and it does not include gravity, which is needed to explain weight.
Many of these problems can be solved by thinking of basic particles as strings. Now there is only one number with no explanation, which gives the size of the strings. String theory includes particles that cause gravity, called gravitons; finding this out delighted the scientists who work on string theory. So, string theory successfully brings General Relativity and Quantum Mechanics together.
But there are some problems with string theory. Normally, we think of the universe as having 4 dimensions, or "basic directions". 3 of these basic directions can be thought of as "up", "forward" and "left". The other direction is time. String theory needs 10 basic directions.
These six other directions can be explained if they are "curled up", so they are much too small to see. For example, if by following the path of a spiral, it is possible to go a great distance along it without moving very far. The 6 other directions can be thought of as tiny spirals - strings can move along them a great distance but not seem to move. This can be looked at as a mathematical trick. A trick that has little to do with the real world that can be seen and touched. Such tricks are allowed, if they give a theory that can better tell us how things work.
Another problem with string theory is that there are 5 different versions of it. Each version allows different kinds of strings and says they work in different ways. String theory is supposed to be a "theory of everything" so there should be only one version, not 5. M-theory solves this problem.
M-theory.
In 1995, Edward Witten started what has been called the "Second Superstring Revolution" by introducing M-theory to the world. This theory combines the 5 different string theories (along with a previously abandoned attempt to unify General Relativity and Quantum Mechanics called 11D-Supergravity) into one theory. What Witten actually did was to predict that the fact that all these different theories were connected was a result of there being some underlying theory to which they were all approximations of. This theory is somewhat vague in nature and has not yet been pinned down.
Additionally, it was found that the equations that required string theory to exist in 10 dimensions were actually approximations as well. The proposed M-theory would need one extra dimension and instead be a theory that takes place in "11 dimensions". Witten has himself described this idea in simple terms as the general taking position on a hill-top, the extra space-coordinate, to get a better view of the battlefield's two other dimensions.
The combination is accomplished by knitting together a web of relationships between each of the string theories called dualities (specifically, S-duality, T-duality, and U-duality). Each of these dualities provides a way of converting one of the string theories into another. T-duality is probably the most easily explained of the dualities. It has to do with the size, written as R, of the curled up dimensions of the string theories. It was discovered that by taking a Type IIA string theory that has a size R and changing the radius to 1/R the result will end up being what is equivalent to a Type IIB theory of size R. This duality, along with the others, creates connections between all 5 (or 6, if supergravity is counted) theories. The fact that these dualities existed had been known before Witten came up with the idea of M-theory.
Additional amusement has come for many in guessing what the M might stand for (possibilities include Matrix, Magic, Muffin, Mystery, Mother and Membrane). Regardless of what the M might possibly mean, M-theory has become one of the most interesting and active areas of research in theoretical physics today.
"For a more technical explanation, see."

Jaguar (car)
Jaguar is originally a British car builder acquired by the Indian builder Tata Motors at the beginning of 2008. It was Estabilished in 1922 by William Lyons. It was renamed Jaguar in 1935. Jaguar is owned by the Indian automobile manufacturer Tata Motors Ltd. Jaguar is known for its luxury saloons and sports cars.
Jaguar was a private company until it became part of the government-owned British Motor Corporation in 1966. In 1984 it was made private again by Margaret Thatcher. Ford bought Jaguar in 1989. In 1999 it was made part of Ford's "Premier Automotive Group" along with Aston Martin, Land Rover, Volvo and Lincoln.
The company was originally located in Blackpool, but moved to Coventry. Today factories are at Browns Lane in Coventry, Castle Bromwich in Birmingham and Halewood in Liverpool.
Jaguar owns the Daimler car company (not Daimler-Benz). Jaguar bought Daimler in 1960. Daimler is now just a brand for some of Jaguar's saloons.
Jaguar has five different saloons: Vanden Plas, Daimler, XJ8, S-Type, and X-Type.
Jaguar builds the XK-8 sports car.
Sportscar racing.
Jaguar has won many sports car races, like the Le Mans 24 Hours.

Scientific method
Science and things that are not science (such as pseudoscience) is often defined by whether they use the scientific method.
Not all scientists use the above "scientific method" in their day to day work. Sometimes the actual work of science looks nothing like the above. But on the whole it is thought to be a good method for finding out things about the world which are reliable, and is the model for thinking about scientific knowledge usually used by scientists.
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Example: Dissolving sugar in water.
Let's say we are going to do an experiment to find out what things might change how sugar dissolves in a glass of water. Below is one way to do this, following the scientific method step by step.
Aim.
Does sugar dissolve faster in hot water or cold water? Does the temperature affect how fast the sugar dissolves? This is a question we might want to ask.
Creating a hypothesis.
Now that we have the question, we need to come up with a hypothesis which can be tested. One hypothesis might be: "Sugar will dissolve faster in hot water than cold water." (It could be the opposite just as well.) This can be tested: either sugar will dissolve faster in hot water than cold water, and prove our hypothesis correct, or it may dissolve faster in cold water, or it may dissolve at the same speed in both, proving our hypothesis wrong. In any case we will know part of the answer to our first questions.
Planning the experiment.
One simple way to create an experiment would be to dissolve sugar in water of different temperatures and to keep track of how much time it takes for the sugar to dissolve.
We will want to make sure that we use the exact same amount of water in each trial, and the exact same amount of sugar. If we did not have the same number of either, we might influence the experiment in a way that would make it impossible to tell if the change in temperature was what was changing the speed of dissolving. To be extra careful, we would also run the experiment in a way that the water temperature does not change during the experiment.
This is called "isolating one variable" — which means making sure that only one thing is being changed each time.
Running the experiment.
We will do the experiment in three trials, which are exactly the same, except for the temperature of the water.
Drawing conclusions.
If every other part of the experiment was the same (we did not use more sugar one time than the other, we did not stir one time or the other, etc.), then this would be very good evidence that heat affects how fast sugar is dissolved.
We cannot know for sure, though, that there is not something else affecting it. An example of a "hidden cause" might be that sugar dissolves faster each time more sugar is dissolved into the same pot. This is probably not true, but if it were, it could make the results exactly the same: three trials, and the last one would be fastest. We have no reason to think that this is true at this time, but we might want to note it as another possible answer.
If we wanted to, we might create a new experiment, where we would try to dissolve sugar in the same pot three different times at the same temperature. By not changing the temperature, we would know if it was the pot which was causing the change in dissolving, if there was any change at all. But this would be a different experiment. This example is just meant to show how the results of one scientific experiment can lead to another brand-new experiment.
Writing up the results.
When writing up the results we would describe exactly what we did, from the first step, including: why we asked the question; what we assumed when asking it; what our hypothesis was; what our experiments were; how we ran the experiments; what the results were (our data table would make them easy for others to read); and what our conclusions were. In the end, our hypothesis seems to be correct. After writing up our conclusions, we would, if we were professional scientists, send them to other scientists to look at, to see if it sounded right to them. Maybe they would have suggestions, or get ideas for new experiments. If we were professional scientists, we would probably have the results published in a research journal, where other scientists would have a chance to agree or disagree. It doesn't matter if other scientists find us out to be wrong later, because this is how knowledge grows in science.

Gas
A gas is one of the states of matter. Gases are "fluid". This means that they can freely move and expand to fill a container. They can be pushed into a smaller volume, or expanded into a greater volume. A gas has a very low density, because the molecules or atoms in the gas are far apart. The volume of a gas mainly depends on two things: temperature and pressure. If the temperature increases and the pressure is constant, the gas's volume will increase. If the pressure increases and the temperature is constant, the gas's volume will decrease.
The word "gas" can also refer to specific gases, such as natural gas, laughing gas (which is nitrous oxide), or acetylene. It can also be referred to the gas that comes out of the body by the digestive system. This happens when there is an air in the last 7 to 8 inches of the colon.
Sometimes people use "gas" as a shorter name for gasoline (which is called petrol in some counties), or for the gases used in chemical warfare, like mustard gas.

Family
A family is a group of people who must have consanguinity and live together. They share the housework and take care of one another, the member of the family have responsibility for each other.
Types of families.
Three types of family are: "nuclear family", "single-parent family" and "extended family".
A nuclear family is made up of father, mother and one or more children living together.
A single-parent family is one where either the mother or father is caring for the children in the family.
Extended family means father, mother, children, grandparents, uncles, aunts, cousins, nieces and nephews. In most cases in the United States the extended family no longer lives in the same place, but in many countries including China and India, extended families traditionally live together.
Divorce and families.
Sometimes there is a divorce, and a family is split between the husband and the wife. A judge will decide if and when children live with their mother or father.
If the parents re-marry, the children of their new husband or wife are their stepchildren. "Step-" can be put before any relation to show it is from another marriage. If there are children in the new marriage, children from a former marriage are called half-brothers or half-sisters, since they are "half" related.
Families are very different in this day and age!!

Wave (physics)
A wave is a type of change that moves from one place to another.
Properties of Waves.
Sine waves can be measured too. The shape of a sine wave is given by its amplitude, phase, wavelength and frequency. The speed that the sine wave moves can be measured. The amplitude and wavelength of the sine wave is shown in the picture.
The highest point on a wave is called the peak. Though lowest point is called the trough. The peak of a wave and the trough of a wave are always twice the wave's amplitude apart from each other. The part of the wave half way in between the peak and the trough is called the baseline.
All waves are made by adding up sine waves. Waves also have amplitudes, phases, wavelengths, frequencies and speeds that can be measured.
Waves and Matter.
Some waves can move through matter while others cannot. For instance, some waves can move through empty space, light waves for example. Sound waves, on the other hand, cannot move through empty space. Inherently, all waves carry energy from one place to another when they move. In some applications of technology, waves may carry meaningful information from one place to another, such as radio technology.
Usually, after a wave moves through matter, the matter is the same as it was before the wave was introduced, though in some cases, matter can be affected by waves traveling through it. In 1922, Louuituitiriy omar gtuis de Broglie found out that waves all waves are also particles, and all particles are also waves.
Some Types of Waves.
Light waves can move through space. When light waves move through space, there are no particles to move. Sunlight gets to the earth by moving through space. Sunlight brings the earth energy and information.

Weapon
A weapon is an object that can be used to attack or injure a person or animal. People have used weapons since very ancient times. Some of the oldest remains that we have of ancient people are weapons made of stone. Ancient people also used spears and bows and arrows.
After people learned to make things of metal, many people used swords. People also built huge machines which could throw rocks to destroy the walls of enemy cities. Some of these machines were called catapults or siege engines.
Later, gunpowder was invented in China and the Europeans began using it to make guns and cannons. These weapons were much better than the older weapons, and helped the Europeans to conquer people in many parts of the world. People in many parts of the world used guns such as rifles and shotguns for hunting animals, and handguns for shooting other people.
People continued to invent new weapons. In the 1800s, the machine gun was invented, which could shoot many bullets very fast. When airplanes were invented, people began to use them to shoot enemies and to drop bombs on them. They built tanks which had big guns and strong armor. They began to use land mines, a bomb which soldiers hide in the ground, and which explodes when someone walks on it. Poison gas was used in World War I.
In World War II, Germany began to use missiles to carry bombs to England. At the end of World War II, the United States used atomic bombs (nuclear bombs) to destroy the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
After World War II, people continued to develop new weapons. Now many people are concerned about weapons of mass destruction, weapons that can kill many people very fast, and are usually cheap and easy to make and use.
One kind of weapon of mass destruction is poison gas. New kinds of poison gas, such as nerve gas, are much more powerful than the old kinds. Another kind of weapon of mass destruction is disease germs, which could be used to make many people sick and maybe kill them. There are also many land mines which have been buried in the ground in many countries, and which kill and injure many people every year.
Old weapons still kill many people in wars and fighting. In wars in Africa in the 1990s and early 21st century, many people were killed with machetes (big knives).
People sometimes try to make laws, treaties, and international agreements to try to control weapons because they are worried about all the killing done with them.
Laws vary from country to country, for example, in the United States, the "right to keep and bear arms" is guaranteed to all citizens by the Constitution. A country may say that people in that country cannot keep or use guns, or that people can only keep guns when the government says it is okay. Countries may agree with each other that they should not use certain weapons against each other, or should not have a lot of missiles.

Christmas cake
A Christmas cake is a heavy cake containing much dried fruit and usually having a covering of icing. It is made to be eaten at Christmas. It can also be called fruitcake.

Christmas cracker
A christmas cracker is a tube of brightly coloured paper. When pulled apart, it makes a pop sound. It usually contains a small gift, a paper hat and a joke. It is genarally used at Christmas parties or Christmas dinner. The British tradition started back in the 1840's.

Fingerplate
A fingerplate is a plate that is fixed to a door near the handle or keyhole. It is for stopping dirt getting on the door. It is made of metal or glass.

Floodlight
A floodlight is a large electric light. It makes a very strong and bright beam of light. It is used for lighting the outside of buildings, football grounds, etc. at night.

Headrest
A headrest is something which supports the head. It is usually a suitably shaped part of the back of a chair or of a front seat in a car.
It is designed to support passenger's shoulder part and neck to prevent whiplash in cases of crash at the rear.

Inkpad
A inkpad is a small box that has ink on a thick piece of cloth or other material. It is used for putting ink onto a marker that is pressed onto paper.

Jack-in-the-box
A jack-in-the-box is a children's toy which is a box from which a figure on a spring jumps when the top is opened. You twist the knob until the spring shoots out the toy, which you put back in the box and do it all over again.

London Borough
A London Borough is a district of London. There are 33 of them, including two that also call themselves cities - the City of Westminster (where Buckingham Palace and the Houses of Parliament are) and the City of London (the oldest part of London). Each Borough has its own local government.

City of London
The City of London is a district of London, capital city of England and the United Kingdom. It is in central London and is the oldest part of the city, dating back to Roman times.
The City of London has its own special mayor, the Lord Mayor, and other ancient features of government, dating back to medieval times.
It is here in the City of London where most of the United Kingdom's financial trade is done. It is a very small area, covering only a square mile, and has a very small population too (8,000). However, many people come to work here and during work times it can be very busy, with some 300,000 people.

City of Westminster
The City of Westminster is a London Borough. It is in central London.

London Borough of Lambeth
The London Borough of Lambeth is a London Borough. It is in south west London, England.

London Borough of Southwark
The London Borough of Southwark is a London Borough. It is in south east London.

London Borough of Camden
The London Borough of Camden is a London Borough. It is in north London.

London Borough of Merton
The London Borough of Merton is a London Borough. It is in south west London.

Brixton
Brixton is a place in south London. It has a lot of people from the Caribbean. It has a big market and many nightclubs.

Bankside
Bankside is the old part of the London Borough of Southwark. It is next to the River Thames.

River Thames
The River Thames is a large river in England. It goes through London the capital city of the United Kingdom.
The Thames is 346 kilometres (215 statute miles) long, and its source is near the village of Kemble in the Cotswolds; it flows through Oxford (where it is called "Isis", a shortening of its Latin name), Reading, Maidenhead, Eton and then Windsor. From the outskirts of Greater London, it passes Syon House, Hampton Court, and Richmond (with the famous view of the Thames from Richmond Hill), and Kew. Then it passes through London, then Greenwich and Dartford before it enters the sea in an estuary, The Nore. Part of the area west of London is sometimes called the Thames Valley, and the area east of Tower Bridge development agencies and Ministers is called "Thames Gateway".
About 90 kilometres from the sea, above London, the river begins to show the tide caused by the North Sea. It is said that London was made capital of Roman Britain at the spot where the tides reached in 43 AD, but different things have pushed this spot farther up the river in the over 2000 years since then. At London, the water is slightly salty with sea salt.
History.
Like the Celts who lived in the area, the Romans called the river "Thamesis".
The Thames was an important way to go between London and Westminster in the 16th and 17th centuries. The guild of watermen took Londoners back and forth by ferry. One of them, John Taylor, the Water Poet (1580—1653), described the river in a poem.
In the 17th century and 18th century, at a time some call the "Little Ice Age", the Thames often froze over in the winter. This led to the first "Frost Fair" in 1607, with a tent city set up on the river with lots of odd amusements, like ice bowling. The last time the river froze over was in 1814. The building of a new London Bridge in 1825 may have helped stop it from freezing: the new bridge had fewer pillars than the old, allowing the river to flow more easily, and stopping it from flowing slowly enough to freeze in cold winters.
By the 18th century, the Thames was one of the world's busiest waterways, as London became the centre of the very big British Empire. During this time one of the worst river disasters in England took place on September 3, 1878 on the Thames, when the crowded pleasure boat "Princess Alice" crashed into the "Bywell Castle" killing over 640 people.
In the 'Great Stink' of 1858, pollution in the river became so bad that the House of Commons at Westminster had to quit sitting. There was then a a big attempt to hold the city's sewage by building huge sewers on the north and south river banks, led by engineer Joseph Bazalgette.
The coming of rail transport and road transport, and the decline of the Empire in the years following 1914, have made the river less important than it was. London itself is no longer used much as a port, and the "Port of London" has moved down the river to Tilbury. The Thames has been greatly cleaned up, and life has returned to its dead waters.
In the early 1980s, the Thames Barrier was opened to control flooding. It is used many times a year to stop water damage to London's low lying areas up the river.
There are many bridges and tunnels crossing the Thames, including Tower Bridge, London Bridge, Lambeth Bridge, and the Dartford Crossing.
The Thames in literature.
Many books have been written about the Thames. "Three Men in a Boat" by Jerome K. Jerome describes a boat trip up the Thames. Somewhere near Oxford is where the Liddells were rowing in the poem at the start of "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland". Somewhere near here was where Alice fell asleep in the book. The river is named in both "The Wind in the Willows" and the play "Toad of Toad Hall".
In books set in London you will find Sherlock Holmes looking for a boat in "A Study in Scarlet". Bill Sykes kills Nancy just near the river, in Charles Dickens's classic novel " Oliver Twist".
Crossings of the Thames.
See Crossings of the River Thames for a full article. Famous crossings include

Queen
A queen is the female head of a royal family. Sometimes she is the wife of a king, but sometimes the queen is the ruler and her husband is not a king.
In a country whose system of government is a monarchy, the ruler, or head of state, is decided by inheritance. That is, when a ruler dies their child, or nearest relative, takes over. For much of history most countries were governed in this way, especially in Europe. Some countries elect their monarch instead of using inheritance, like the Holy Roman Empire and Malaysia.
If the ruler is male they are called a king. If female they are called a queen.
The wife of a king is also called a queen. However the husband of a female ruler is not called a king. The last King of Britain (George VI) had a wife (Elizabeth) who was called Queen Elizabeth. When he died he had no sons, so he was followed by his daughter. She was also called Elizabeth and became Queen Elizabeth II. She was married to The Duke of Edinburgh; but when she became Queen he did not become King.
Many people do not think it is good to have a Queen, because she is not elected, though most people in the UK want to keep the royal family.

Male
Male is one of the two sexes. Most species have two sexes - male and female. Human males are men or boys; human females are women or girls. The two sexes have different sexual organs They also often have different functions. The female gives birth to children with the semen provided by the male. In many human societies, females often were involved in gathering, while men used to hunt. Nowadays, we find that females are just as good as males at doing most tasks.

Female
A Female is an organism that belongs to the sex that produces ova ("egg" cells) for sexual reproduction. Females of some species also bear offspring.
Organisms can either be grouped as male or female. Female humans are called women and their bodies are different from male humans (who are called men). A woman has a vagina between her legs (a male has a penis) which is the main sexual organ. They also have breasts with milk glands, which allow them to nurse (feed) infants. A woman's shoulders are usually not as wide as a man's, but women usually have wider hips than men, because they need wide hips to be able to give birth.
Women who become pregnant are encouraged by the medical community to seek professional care from an obstetrician or a gynecologist in order to prevent complications. Likewise, women should see a gynecologist regularly for routine screening exams for cancer.

Camden
Camden is a place in north London, England. It has a big market which has lots of clothes. It is also good for music. It is an Urban Area

London Borough of Greenwich
The London Borough of Greenwich is a London Borough. It is in south east London.

London Borough of Wandsworth
The London Borough of Wandsworth is a London Borough. It is in south west London.

London Borough of Islington
The London Borough of Islington is a London Borough. It is in north London.

Bambuco
Bambuco is a type of music from Colombia. The beat of this music is like the European waltz or polka. Bambuco is often folk music. There is a dance that goes with Bambuco music. It is a group dance and has a 6/8 or 3/4 meter.
Sometimes Bambuco is called "el bambuco". People think Bambuco started in Africa. It is popular in the Andean region of Colombia and throughout Latin America.

Christmas
Christmas is a Christian holiday that celebrates the birth of Jesus. Christians believe that he is Christ, the Son of God. Christmas means "Feast day of Christ". However, it is not pronounced as "Christ Mass"; it is pronounced "Kriss-muhss".
The day known as Christmas Day is celebrated on the 25th of December (This date is different for Orthodox Christians). Christmas is one of the holiest times of the year, when it is believed by Christians that God sent Jesus to be born and to live among people and to save sinners from a life apart from God. The other important Christian Holy Days are at Easter when the death and resurrection of Jesus are celebrated. The season of Christmas begins on a Sunday, about four weeks before Christmas Day and is called Advent. It ends on January 6, known as the "Epiphany" or the Twelfth Day of Christmas.
Christmas is celebrated by Christian people all over the world, and is also kept as a time of celebration by many people who are not Christian but enjoy the traditions. The traditions are different from country to country, but they nearly always include a feast, giving gifts or cards, and enjoying church or public festivities such as singing Christmas songs.
Christmastime, as it is often called, is in the winter of the Northern Hemisphere, at a time when there were already ancient festivals. Some of the traditions that are used for Christmas are older than Christmas, or come from other non-Christian traditions such as Yule. Other festivals at this time of year include Jewish Hanukkah.
Modern traditions of Christmas often focus on the giving of gifts. Stores use this time of year to sell a lot of goods, and so start advertising for "Holiday Season" shopping for at least a month before Christmas, often showing a Santa Claus.
Christmas in the Gospels.
Christmas celebrates the birth of Jesus. The story of how this happened is told in part of the Bible known as the Gospels. There are four Gospels telling the life of Jesus. The Gospel of Luke tells the most about his birth, and the Gospel of Matthew tells another part of the story. The Gospel of John says that Jesus came from God to bring his "Word" or message to all people.
The Gospels say that many years before Jesus' birth, prophets had told a promise to the Jewish people that God would send them a Messiah, or holy teacher. Christians believe that the promised Messiah was Jesus. His mother was a young woman called Mary, who was engaged, but not yet married to a carpenter called Joseph. Joseph found out that Mary was pregnant and was upset. He was wondering what he should do, when an angel came from God to tell him that the baby was the Holy One. The angel said that he must "name the baby". This was a sign that he would take care of it like his own child.
At this time, the Middle East was ruled by the Romans. An order came that all the people had to travel back to their home town, to put their names on the taxation lists. Joseph took his new wife to Bethlehem. There was nowhere for them to stay, except a stable where the animals slept. This is where the baby was born. Joseph called him Jesus, as the angel had said.
The baby Jesus had two lots of visitors. On the night he was born, angels told some shepherds in the fields that they would find a newborn king lying in an animals' feed bin (or "manger"). Jesus' other visitors were some wise men who saw a new star in the sky and followed it, until they found the house where the family was now living and gave the young child expensive gifts of gold, incense and a precious herb called myrrh. (The wise men are often traditionally called the Three Kings, because there were three very expensive presents.)
All these parts of the Christmas story are remembered and celebrated in different ways at Christmas: in pictures, songs, plays, stories and in models that are called "creches" or "presepe".
Date of celebration.
Most Christian countries of the world use a calendar called the Gregorian Calendar, but some churches use a calendar called the Julian Calendar. Most Christians, such as those of the Catholic and Protestant Churches, celebrate the birth of Jesus on December 25.
The Eastern Orthodox Church still uses the Julian Calendar. They celebrate Christmas on December 25 in the Julian Calendar, but because of the difference between the calendars it is the 7th of January in the modern Gregorian Calendar.
Some Christians, like Jehovah's Witnesses, do not celebrate Christmas because there is no instruction from Jesus in the Bible which tells Christians to celebrate his birth. Mormons celebrate Christmas on December 25th but they believe that Christ's actual birth took place on April 6th.
Nowadays historians believe that Jesus was probably not born on December 25, or even at that time of year. It is more likely that he was born in the Spring or the Autumn. It is thought that the date of Christmas was chosen because there was already an important feast at that time: the Zoroastrians and Romans used to celebrate a feast to the god Mithras on December 25th. Historians believe this date was used by the Catholic Church to replace the pagan rites that took place at that time of the year.
Advent.
The Season of Advent, which begins on a Sunday about four weeks before Christmas Day, is celebrated by the Catholic and Anglican Churches, as well as some others. It is a time for people to prepare themselves for two different things: for the coming of the baby Jesus and Christmas, and for the second coming of Jesus, when he shall rule over all the Earth in peace. Not all Christian people remember Advent. Some people use it as a time of fasting, study, meditation and prayer. Special Advent Calendars are made for children, with pictures or treats for each day of Advent.
Generally, Advent is a time when many people are very busy in preparation for Christmas Day, cleaning and decorating, buying food and presents, writing cards and letters, and cooking the Christmas feast.
Celebrations.
Before the 4th century AD, Christians could only worship and celebrate in secret. The feast of Christmas probably began while Constantine was the Emperor of Rome, because it was he who made Christianity a legal religion and built some of Rome's oldest churches. Some old stone coffins or "sarcophagi" from this time are carved with pictures of Mary and baby Jesus and the Wise Men.
Through the Middle Ages Christmas was celebrated with feasting, singing and plays. The plays were held in churches, and also in castles and in market places, where a big hay waggon was sometimes used as a stage.
Because Advent was a time of prayer and preparation, most parties were held after Christmas, rather than before it. The main pre-Christmas celebration was the Feast of St. Nicholas on December 6. In some countries, particularly the Netherlands, the tradition grew for children to receive presents on this day, rather than Christmas Day. The name of Saint Nicholas, is now remembered in many countries as Santa Claus.
Another traditional festivity that takes place during Advent is the Feast of St Lucy (Santa Lucia) on December 13th which is particularly celebrated in Scandinavia, where girls take part in candlelit processions, and the daughters of the house must rise early to bring coffee or chocolate to the family.
For many centuries, the celebration of Christmas often began with a church service or mass, which lasted from late at night to after midnight on Christmas morning. Christmas Day was a time of feasting. On the following day, the Feast of St Stephen, people from rich households would carry boxes of food out to the street for the poor and hungry. Many people would go back to work but employers would give gifts of money to their workers. The Holy Days continued with the feast of St John and Holy Innocents' Day. The feasting and parties ended on the Feast of the Epiphany, the day of the Three Wise Men, often called the "Three Kings". The season is nowadays remembered by the song "The Twelve Days of Christmas". William Shakespeare wrote a play to be performed as part of the celebration, called "Twelfth Night".
Nowadays, for many people, Christmas has become a time when having parties, sending messages to family and friends and giving presents has become more important than the celebration of Jesus' birth. Manufacturers and stores have responded to the feasting and present-giving with lots of advertising, decorations and displays. This is known as Commercialism, and many Christian people are annoyed by it. In the US, the Christmas displays are put up right after Thanksgiving, late in November. In some countries such as Australia, department stores and shopping malls put up decorations at the beginning of November.
Town councils celebrate by decorating streets and squares, and providing Christmas entertainment for shoppers. In countries of the Southern Hemisphere, where Christmas falls in Summer, there is a tradition of open-air Carol Services, often organised by the town council, which are attended by thousands of people.
Many Christians celebrate Christmas by attending church, and with prayers and singing. Many people are worried that the "true meaning of Christmas" has been lost, because of the emphasis on giving and receiving presents. However, when most people, even those who are not Christian, talk about the "true meaning of Christmas", they are thinking of the words that the angels spoke to the shepherds: "Peace on Earth and Goodwill to all people!"
Christmas Traditions.
Christmas traditions are of several types. There are traditions of the church, traditions which are public celebrations and traditions that are kept by families. These traditions are different in different times, places, cultures and even families.
Traditions of the Church===.
The celebration of Christmas is a very important time for churches. Almost every church has special services or celebrations. Here are some of the ways that churches celebrate Christmas.
The Crib.
It is the custom in many churches to set up a Crib (or "Creche") scene of the "Nativity" or birth of Jesus. The first scene of this type was set up by St. Francis of Asissi in the 13th century. They have been very popular in Italy ever since then, and the custom has spread to other countries.
Nativity scenes can be large with life-sized statues, or they can be tiny enough to fit in a matchbox. They are made of many different things including carved and painted wood, brightly coloured ceramics (pottery), painted paper glued to boards, and mixtures of material with clay, wood, cloth, straw and metal used for different parts.
Advent wreaths.
The Advent wreath is a circle of leaves, usually pine boughs, ivy and holly, with five candles in it which is hung up in a church. The candles are lit on each Sunday in Advent, and the central candle is lit on Christmas morning. Churches are often decked with green branches and leaves, and many churches also have a Christmas tree.
Bible readings.
Each year at Christmas there are a series of Bible readings from the Gospels that tell the story of the birth of Jesus. These are combined with other readings that tell about the sinfulness of humans, and how God promised to send the Messiah. On Christmas morning the main Bible reading that is usually used in churches is not part of the story of Jesus' birth. It is the part of the Gospel of John that says that Jesus is the "Word of God" (God's communication with people) who was with God before the world began, and who came to earth to teach all people to become the children of God.
Carols by Candlelight.
A popular tradition in many churches is the Carol Service which is often lit only by candles. The carol service generally has lots of singing and Bible readings. There is a tradition in England which began in the Temple Church in London and has now spread to many other places for a service of "Nine Lessons and Carols". The lessons are the Bible readings. Some carols are sung by a choir and others by the choir and people (the congregation). Every year one of these services is recorded in a large English Church, often King's College Chapel in Cambridge, and is broadcast on radio and television to be enjoyed by people who love good music and carol singing, but particularly for people who cannot go to a Christmas service.
Public and commercial celebrations.
Many cities and towns celebrate Christmas by putting up decorations. These may be banners and bunting which are strung from buildings or lampposts. They may be Christmas lights which can also decorate buildings and street trees. Many large cities put up a huge Christmas tree in a public place, such as those in Trafalgar Square in London, Times Square in New York and Martin Place in Sydney. This is often combined with an appeal to the people of the city to give money or gifts to help the poor and needy.
In many cities, the usual shopping hours are made longer before Christmas so that workers have more time to buy Christmas food and presents. Shop windows are often decorated with Christmas scenes, with large department stores often having animated scenes to entertain children. Shopping malls and big stores often have a Santa Claus, who sits on a throne, while children tell him what they want for Christmas, and have their photos taken.
Many towns hold Christmas parades, street entertainment and concerts. Some towns have a tradition of carols with a choir and entertainers in the town hall, while in Australia and New Zealand, these concerts of Christmas entertainment and carols are usually held outdoors, in parks or even on beaches, with families bringing picnics. The arrival of Santa Claus at the end of the evening is accompanied by a firework display.
A traditional part of Christmas is the theatre entertainment. This includes the performance of classical music such as Handel's Messiah as well as orchestral concerts and band recitals. Pantomimes are often played at Christmas and favourites include "Peter Pan and Wendy" and "Cinderella". Many children's movies are released during the Christmas season.
Because many people feel very lonely, hungry and sad at Christmas, many cities, churches, charities and service organisations try to help the poor and lonely by providing Christmas food and gifts for poor families, and Christmas parties for people who are hungry or who are lonely and without any friends or family.
Family celebrations.
Family celebrations are often very different from each other, depending on where a family comes from, and the customs that have grown in particular families.
Family get-togethers.
Most families think of Christmas as a time to get together with other members of the family. People often travel from far away to be with other family members at Christmas. Those people who cannot travel often make long-distance phone calls on Christmas Day. Many people also see Christmas as a time to reach out to others that they know might be lonely, and invite them to dinner on Christmas Day. Christmas is seen as a time for people of all ages to have fun together, for cousins to get to know each other, for grandparents to see their grandchildren and for the family to admire the babies that have been born during the year. Big family parties are supposed to be a time of joy, but unfortunately some family members often store up their troubles and have big fights at Christmas time.
Family traditions are very different. Some families might all go off to church together, to a Carol Service, a Midnight Mass, or a Christmas Morning service. Some families are pulled out of bed very early by children who want to open their presents. In other families, presents are given on St. Nicholas Day, on Christmas Eve or not until after church on Christmas morning. The Christmas feast might start on Christmas Eve, with a special breakfast on Christmas morning, or at midday on Christmas Day.
Some families have a tradition of carol singing, and might go around the streets, to hospitals and other such places singing with members of their church. Other families like to watch certain television programs together, which might include carol services and the Queen's Message. Some families use Christmas as a time to play music and sing together, or to read a favourite book such as "A Christmas Carol" by Charles Dickens. In countries in the Southern Hemisphere, a visit to the beach or a swim in a pool is often part of the Christmas Day tradition.
Christmas dinner.
Christmas Dinner, usually eaten in the middle of the day, is an important part of the family celebration. The food differs from country to country and also from family to family. In the Northern Hemisphere, roasted meat and vegetables is generally the main course of the meal. Often several types of meat are served, which may include turkey, ham, roast beef or lamb. There are often several courses, with special treats that are usually only eaten at Christmas.
In English-speaking countries, the traditional dessert is Christmas plum pudding. Nowadays these are often bought from bakers, but many people make their own to a family recipe. The tradition came from the Middle Ages when the pudding was used to preserve some of the fruit from the Autumn until the mid-winter. A traditional pudding is baked six weeks before Christmas and is left tied up in a cloth, in a cool place. Stirring the pudding is sometimes a family tradition, with everyone making a wish as they stir. Traditionally a silver coin would be stirred into the pudding, to bring luck to the person who found it. Nowadays most coins cannot be used because they taste horrible and may be poisonous. Some families use old coins or silver charms. On Christmas Day the pudding must be boiled in a pot for several hours. When it is served, the cloth is cut off, the pudding is soused in brandy and set alight before it is carried to the table.
Many families have a Christmas Cake or a special bread instead of a pudding (or as well as a pudding). These are very different depending on the country, but often have "marzipan" which is made from almonds and is traditional in many countries at Christmas. In France "Buche de Noel" or gingerbread men and women are decorated and hung on the Christmas tree. In Scotland a pastry biscuit called shortbread is made and has become a popular tradition in many countries. A German tradition is "pfeffernüsse", spiced cookies rolled in powdered sugar. Other Christmas food includes raisins, sultanas, ginger, Turkish delight, almonds, chocolates, caramel toffee, candy canes and oranges.
Many families also prepare mulled wine which is warmed with cinnamon and nutmeg or egg nogs, a sweet drink made of milk, sugar, eggs, nutmeg and sometimes alcohol.
In the Southern Hemisphere, the traditional roast dinner is often replaced with cold cuts of meat, and served with salads. The first course might be prawn cocktail or a cold soup like borsch. The plum pudding might be served with icecream. White wine and beer are both served cold (beer is kept in a refrigerator). Christmas dinner may be served on the veranda, or sometimes as a picnic.
Tree and decorations.
In most homes when Christmas is celebrated, people set up a Christmas tree in the house. This old Yuletide custom began in Germany as the "Tannenbaum" (German for "Fir Tree"). These are traditionally evergreens, the best type being the Fir Tree which does not shed its needles or lose its fragrance. The tree may be a cut tree that is bought from a plantation or taken from the forest. Artificial trees are sometimes preferred to real trees, particularly in Australia where there are no Fir Trees and the only types that can be bought are very messy and dry out fast in the hot weather. The Christmas tree is decorated with lights, shiny coloured balls, sparkly tinsel and other ornaments. A wreath of leaves or pine is often put on the front door of a house as a sign of welcome. Other plants that have special significance at Christmas are holly which is used as decoration and mistletoe which is hung in the centre of a room. The tradition is that people who meet under the mistletoe must kiss.
Many people decorate their homes at Christmas time. These decorations and the Christmas tree are generally inside, but may be put where they can also be seen through a window by people passing by. In the mid 20th century there grew up a custom for decorating the outside of houses as well. These decorations may be just a few lights around the porch, or hundreds of lights and colourful Christmas figures decorating the whole house and garden. Some neighbourhoods hold competitions for the best-decorated house, and driving around the streets to look at them has become another family tradition.
Cards and presents.
The giving of gifts at Christmas comes from several different ideas. One is that God gave his son, Jesus, to the world at Christmas. There is also the story of the Wise Men who came to the baby Jesus with three gifts, gold, frankincense and myrrh. For many centuries it has been the custom for people to give small gifts at Christmas, and also to give generously to the poor and needy to help them through the winter. Another tradition has become linked to this one, and the result is the tradition of Santa Claus, or Father Christmas as he is sometimes called, and who is nowadays thought by many children to be the bringer of presents.
In the 4th century, in a Greek village that is now part of Turkey, there was a good man who would secretly given presents to the poor to help them. He became a bishop and is called Saint Nicholas. Over the centuries, he became a very popular saint and lots of churches were named after him. He was very popular in places where there were lots of sailors. One of those places was the Netherlands. In the Netherlands and many other European countries, presents are given on the feast of Saint Nicholas, December 6th. Traditionally, the presents are not big, and are sometimes hidden, or have a funny joke or poem that must be read. In many towns of Europe a man dressed in bishop's robes comes on a horse or in a boat, acting as St. Nicholas. His name was often shortened to Sante Claus, or Santa Claus in English.
In English speaking countries, where presents are usually given on Christmas day, not December 6th, Santa Claus, (or Father Christmas) is usually thought of as coming on Christmas Night, when his magic sleigh is pulled across the sky by reindeer, and he comes into houses through the chimney. While in Europe, children put out their shoes for St. Nicholas, the English tradition is to hang up stockings (or long socks) in front of the fireplace. Santa Claus would traditionally fill the socks or shoes with nuts, raisins, chocolates and an orange. Nowadays children usually get much more expensive presents, and hang up pillow cases or have the presents in a big pile under the Christmas tree.
Another Christmas tradition is the sending of cards to friends and relatives. These contain warm greetings and may also have a letter telling all the things that have happened to the person or family during the year.
Other holidays around Christmas.
There are other holidays that take place around Christmas time.
The Jewish people celebrate Chanukkah, although this feast of lights is not their holiest time of the year. Chanukkah is a remembrance of the miracle of Jewish survival against mighty empires (on this occasion, 165 BCE, against the Seleucid Greeks). A popular later legend suggested that one day's worth of oil for the candelabra in the Temple in Jerusalem miraculously lasted for 8 days whilst new oil was prepared, after the Jews had fought off their enemy and rededicated the Temple.
Some African Americans celebrate Kwanzaa, although many African Americans have a deeply rooted Christian faith, so they may celebrate Christmas first and Kwanzaa as a cultural versus spiritual celebration.
For Wiccans and Neopagans, Yule celebrates the rebirth of the earth during the winter solstice (usually December 20-22). At Yule, the Holly King, God of winter, is taken over by the Oak King, God of Spring or rebirth, also known as the Divine Child. Common shared traditions between Yule and Christmas include: caroling, decorating the Yule tree, kissing under the mistletoe and honoring Kriss Kringle (Santa Claus), the Germanic God of Yule. Some secular or non religious groups also celebrate Yule on the Winter Solstice as the middle of winter and for its cultural importance.

Adjective
An adjective is a name for a word that modifies (describes) a noun. Nouns are words that name a place, a person, or a thing. An adjective is a word that gives more information about the noun that goes with it (accompanies).
Word Order.
As a rule, in English, the adjective comes before the noun it describes.
It's still an adjective, because we could have "the blue sky", "the funny joke", and "the crazy man". The adjective is still describing the noun though they are not side by side.
Comparative and Superlative.
Sometimes we have different forms of the same adjective. If one joke makes us laugh more than another joke, then that joke is funnier. This is called the comparative form of the adjective. The day that is colder than any other is the coldest day. This is the superlative form of "cold". Some adjectives need additional words when we want to compare them. For instance, one car may be cheaper than another, but the second car may be more reliable. (We use "more reliable", instead of "reliabler".) Reliable is being trustworthy or worthy of trust, deserving confidence.
For short adjectives ending in a consonant like cold, black, fast, one adds the suffix er to make a comparison of greater magnitude. Example: The North Pole is colder than Florida. The greatest possible comparison is made by adding the suffix est. Example: In the wirnter, the North Pole is the coldest place on earth. For long adjectives like intelligent, conscientious, comprehensive, one uses the word more to make a comparison of greater magnitude. Example: Children are more intelligent than adults. To make the greatest possible comparison one uses the word most. Example: She is the most conscientious objector I have ever known.
Nouns as noun modifiers.
In the English language, it is possible for a noun to modify (describe) another noun. Example: take the noun 'angel' and the noun 'face'. Put them together and the result is 'angel face'. Make one up with 'country' and 'house'. Now, think of two nouns and put them together.
Adjectives and adverbs.
One can make adverbs from some adjectives by adding the suffix ly. Example: take the adjective 'beautiful', the adverb is beautifully. One can do it the other way around: take an adverb like 'presumably', the adjective is 'presumable' (assumable). 'Presumable innocense' means the accused is assumed to be innocent until proven guilty (which is not always practiced everywere, however).
The adjective 'guilty' becomes the adverb 'guiltily' and viceversa (the other way round)(the opposite), the adverb 'guiltily' becomes the adjective 'guilty'. As a rule, 'dogs chase cats' but not viceversa. Cats seldom chase dogs.
100 Adjectives used in Basic English.
able • acid • angry • automatic • beautiful • black • boiling • bright • broken • brown • cheap • chemical • chief • clean • clear • common • complex • conscious • cut • deep • dependant • early • elastic • electric • equal • fat • fertile • first • fixed • flat • free • frequent • full • general • good • great • gray • hanging • happy • hard • healthy • high • hollow • important • kind • like • living • long • male • married • material • medical • military • natural • necessary • new • normal • open • parallel • past • physical • political • poor • possible • present • private • probable • quick • quiet • ready • red • regular • responsible • right • round • same • second • separate • serious • sharp • smooth • sticky • stiff • straight • strong • sudden • sweet • tall • thick • tight • tired • true • violent • waiting • warm • wet • wide • wise • yellow • young •

Paper
Paper is a thin sheet of fibers pressed together. People write on paper, and books are made of paper. Paper can absorb liquids such as water, and so people can clean things with paper.
Paper making.
Paper is normally made from the wood of trees. Wood is ground up and mixed with water and other chemicals to make a thin liquid called "paper pulp". Paper pulp can be bleached, to make black paper, or dyes can be added to make colored paper. This pulp is pressed into sheets of paper. When the sheets are dry, they are cut into pieces of paper.
Sometimes paper is made glossy (shiny) by adding clay or other materials.
Sometimes paper is made from other kinds of paper. This is an example of recycling.
Not all paper is made from wood. Other kinds of fiber can be used also. People make paper from cotton, linen, and hemp.
Uses of paper.
Paper is used for writing and printing. Books, magazines and newspapers are printed on paper.
Paper is often used for money. Paper used for money is often made in very special ways, to make it hard for people to print their own money. A piece of paper money is called a banknote, a bill, or a note.
Paper can be used for cleaning. Special forms of paper are used, such as paper towels, facial tissues, or toilet paper.
Pretty paper can be used as decoration. It can be pasted onto the walls of a room; this is called wallpaper. Paper can be used to wrap gifts. This is called wrapping paper or gift wrap.
Some kinds of paper are strong and can be used in boxes and other packaging material. Sometimes several layers of paper are held together with glue, to make cardboard.
History of paper.
Many centuries ago – as early as 3000 BC – people in Egypt made a kind of paper from the papyrus plant. This is where the word "paper" comes from. The people of Greece and Rome learned to do this too.
Around the year 105, a man in China named Ts'ai Lun thought of a way to make paper from cotton rags. People in Japan learned how to do this with fiber from the mulberry tree, in the year 610. After that these were developed into a type of paper made in Japan. This is called Japanese paper or Washi. This Chinese discovery spread to India, and then to the Middle East, and then to Italy. A chance of spreading to the Middle East was The Battle of Talas in 751. Then army of the Arabs captured soldiers of the Chinese. There were paper maker in the captive soldiers. In 757 a paper mill was built at Samarkand. Middle Eastern people learned to use linen as paper raw material and to use starch made from flour as chemical additive. These papers were widely well-known in the Middle East. The Italians used hemp and linen rags. In 1276 the first Italian paper mill was built at Fabriano and until 14 century Italy became a paper supplier in Europe. In 1282 the first watermark was introduced in Bologna.
Paper was hard to make, and it cost a lot of money. In the 19th century, new machines were made that could make paper out of wood fibers. This helped to make paper cheap enough for everyone to buy. Around the same time, other inventions were made, like the pencil, the fountain pen, and a printing press that used steam power. Because of these new things, it was easy for people to write letters, to buy books and newspapers, and to keep records of what they did.
Today some of the largest paper-producing countries are USA, Canada, Finland, Sweden and Russia. Paper is produced in large factories called "paper mills". They can produce hundreds of thousands of tonnes of paper each year.

Power
The Chinese call it chi. The Japanese call it kiai.

States of matter
There are four common states of matter (or physical forms of matter) on earth: solid, liquid, plasma, and gas.
In a "solid" the positions of atoms are fixed relative to each other over long time. That is due to the cohesion between molecules. This cohesion is provided by metallic, covalent or ionic bonds. But there are many types of intermolecular bonds in the different materials classes: ceramics, metals, semiconductors or polymers, and each material or compound may be different. Only solids can sustain a stress without continually deforming, that means that they can be resistant to deformation.
When a solid becomes a liquid, this is called melting. When a solid becomes a gas, this is called sublimation.
In a "liquid", ionic interactions between molecules are strong enough to keep molecules in contact, but not strong enough to fix a particular structure, and the molecules can continually move with respect to each other.
In a "gas", the chemical bonds are not strong enough to hold atoms or molecules together, and thus a gas is a collection of independent, unbonded molecules which interact mainly by collision.
The most common state of matter in the universe is plasma. Less familiar phases include: quark-gluon plasma; Bose-Einstein condensates and fermionic condensates; strange matter; superfluids and supersolids, and possibly string-net liquids.

Perimeter
In geometry, perimeter is the distance around a flat object. For example, all four sides of a square rhombus have the same length, so a rhombus with side length 2 inches would have a perimeter of 8 inches (2+2+2+2=8).
Real-life objects have perimeters as well. A football field, including the end zones, is 360 feet long and 160 feet wide. So the perimeter of the field is 360+160+360+160=1040 feet.
The perimeter of a circle is usually called the circumference. It may be calculated by multiplying the diameter times "Pi". Pi is a constant which is equal to 3.14159; however, the places to the right of the decimal are endless. The number of places used depend on the accuracy required for the result.

Nation
A nation is an area of land ruled by a person or group of people. No one else can make rules for that nation.
The word "nation" comes from a word meaning "birth" or "place of birth." The adjective is national.
Some nations are people with a particular belief, such as the Vatican City, or ethnic group, such as Armenia. Others share an idea, such as Democracy in the United States or Communism in China.
Some nations are controlled by a small minority who have all the power, such as Saudi Arabia, who hold the nation together with the use of this power.
Some of these may also be combined. The highest lawful authority of most nations is a constitution, which is a document which states clearly what kinds of power the rulers have and how new laws must be made. Many others are ruled by a single person who holds an "office" (position), such as a King or Pope, or from a long legal tradition without an official Constitution, such as the United Kingdom.

Metal
Metals are hard, shiny materials that are used a lot. Some metals are aluminium, copper, iron, steel, tin, gold, lead, silver, titanium, uranium, and zinc.
The study of metals is very important and is called metallurgy.
The ways that metals are alike (properties of metals).
Most metals are hard, shiny, they feel heavy (dense) and melt only when they are very hot. Lumps of metal will make a bell-like sound when they are hit with something heavy (they are sonorous).
Heat and electricity can easily pass through a metal (it is conductive). A lump of metal can be beaten into a thin sheet (it is malleable) or can be pulled into thin wires (it is ductile).
Use of metals.
Metals are very useful to people. They are used to make tools because they can be strong and easy to shape. Iron and steel have been used to make bridges, buildings, or ships.
Some metals are used to make items like coins because they are hard and will not wear away quickly. For example copper (which is shiny and red in color), aluminum (which is shiny and white), gold (which is yellow), and silver and nickel (also white).
Some metals, like steel, can be made sharp so they can be used to make knives, axes or razors.
Metals with high value, like gold, silver and platinum are often used to make jewelery. Metals are also used to make fasteners and screws. Pots used for cooking can be made from copper, aluminum, steel or iron. Lead is very heavy and dense and can be used as ballast in boats to stop them from turning over.
Alloys of metals.
People first began making things from metal over 6000 years ago, when they discovered how to get copper from its ore. They then learned how to make a harder alloy, bronze, by adding tin to the copper. About 3000 years ago, they discovered iron. By adding small amounts of carbon to iron, they found that they could make a particularly useful alloy – steel.
Metals in chemistry.
In chemistry, metal is a word for a group of chemical elements that have certain properties. It is easy for the atoms of a metal to lose an electron and become positive ions, or cations. In this way, metals are not like the other two kinds of elements - the nonmetals and the metalloids.
On the periodic table, we can draw a straight line from the element boron (symbol B) to the element polonium (symbol Po). The elements that this line passes through are the metalloids. The elements that are above and to the right of this line are the nonmetals. The rest of the elements are the metals.
Most of the properties of metals are because the atoms in the metal do not hold onto their electrons very tightly. Each atom is separated from the others by a thin layer of valence electrons.
However, some metals are different. An example is the metal sodium. It is soft, melts at a low temperature, and is so light, it floats on water. People should not try this though, because another property of sodium is that it explodes when it touches water.
Most metals are chemically stable, and do not react easily. (Some of the metals do react. These are the alkali metals like sodium (symbol Na) and the alkaline earth metals like calcium (symbol Ca).)
When metals do react, they often react with oxygen. The oxides of metals are basic. The oxides of nonmetals are acidic.
However, most of the elements on the periodic table are metals.
Compounds, which have metal atoms combined with other atoms to make molecules, are probably the most common things on the Earth. For example, common salt is a compound of sodium.
Metals in history.
The use of metals is said to be the thing that makes people different from animals. Before they used metals, people made tools from stones, wood, and animal bones. This is now called the Stone Age.
No-one knows when the first metal was found and used. It was probably what is called native copper, which is sometimes found in large lumps on the ground. People learned to make this into copper tools and other things, although, for a metal, it is quite soft. When it was melted over fire, people learned how to make an alloy called bronze, which is much harder and stronger than copper. People made knives and weapons from bronze. This time in human history, after about 3300 BC is often called the Bronze Age, that is, the time of bronze tools and weapons.
Around the year 1200 BC some people learned to make iron tools and weapons. These were even harder and stronger than bronze and this was an advantage in war. The time of iron tools and weapons is now called the Iron Age
Metals have been very important in human history and civilization. Iron and steel were important in the making of machines. Gold and silver were used as money in order to allow people to trade, that is, exchange goods and services over long distances.
Many people thought that finding metals was a way to get rich. There have been many times when gold was found and people moved quickly in large numbers to those places for example, Central and South America after the year 1500, and many places after the year 1800 (the United States of America, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa). These are often called Gold Rushes.
Metals in astronomy.
In astronomy, a metal is any element other than hydrogen or helium. This is because these two elements (and sometimes lithium) are the only ones that form outside stars. In the sky, a telescope can see the signs of metals and then the astronomer knows that there are stars.

German
It can mean the German language.
It can mean a person from the country the Federal Republic of Germany, or one of the earlier countries in the same area.
When talking about a person, it can mean someone who lives in Germany, or someone who thinks of himself or herself as 'German'.

Indonesia
Indonesia is a country in Southeast Asia. It is part of the Malay Archipelago. It has 18,108 islands. 6,000 of these islands are inhabited. The most important islands of Indonesia are Java, Bali, Borneo, Sulawesi, and Sumatra. The capital of Indonesia is Jakarta, on Java. The current president is Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono. Modern Indonesia began on the 17th of August 1945. At 10 o'clock on that Friday morning, Ir. Soekarno read Indonesia's Declaration of Independence. Indonesia Independence Day is a national holiday.
Indonesia is the fourth most populous country in the world with a population of 238,452,952 (2004 est.) There are 111 inhabitants per km². The official language of Indonesia is Bahasa Indonesia, but a total of 737 languages are spoken throughout Indonesia mostly confined to remote tribal groups. Other languages widely spoken in Indonesia include Javanese, Balinese and Sundanese. The closest countries are Papua New Guinea, Malaysia, and East Timor which share land borders with Indonesia. Other neighbouring countries are Australia to the south, Singapore to the north-west, and Phillipines to the north-east.
The religion that most people follow is Islam. Other religions include Christianity (Protestant, and Roman Catholic), Hinduism, and Buddhism.
Pre World War II.
Indonesia has written history dating to the 7th century. Before the colonial Dutch came in the 1700s, Indonesia consisted of many kingdoms in perpetual warfare. Indonesia was ruled by the Netherlands from the 17th century until World War II.
Modern Indonesia.
During World War II, the Japanese drove out the Dutch and took charge of Indonesia. After the Japanese surrender, Indonesia claimed its independence on the 17th of August 1945. The proclamation was read by Ir. Soekarno in Jakarta. Soekarno later became Indonesia's first President.
British troops came into Indonesia to restore peace and to rescue Europeans who had been prisoners of the Japanese. The British troops also had the job of shipping home 300,000 Japanese troops. The Indonesian Republicans fought the British troops, because it was expected that the British would give Indonesia back to the Dutch. The Indonesian Republicans killed many of the Japanese prisoners, before they could be sent home. They also began killing people from minority groups who might be against the new Republic. Many European and Indonesian European people were killed. Many Chinese business people and other minority groups were killed or made homeless. In Java there were many thousands of homeless people.
In 1946, the Dutch came back. When the British left in 1947, there were 55,000 Dutch soldiers in Indonesia. The Dutch action was called "Operatie Product" or "Politionele Acties". The Indonesian Republicans fought the Dutch until 1949. But the Indonesian Republicans were badly organised and often fought among themselves. As the Dutch forced the Republican soldiers out of different areas, they moved in more troops until there was 100,000 Dutch troops. The Dutch refused to obey the United Nations who said they should stop the fighting in Indonesia. The United States of America organised for meetings between Dutch and Indonesian leaders. The Dutch finally agreed to recognise Indonesia's independence in November 1949.
Because of the fighting and the bad organistion, it took a long time for the country to become peaceful, and for the economy to get better. Many Indonesian soldiers had died, between 45,000 and 100,000. Also, a very large number of civilian (people not in the army), Indonesians, Europeans and Chinese, had died; perhaps as many as 200,000.
Indonesian people and culture.
There are people of many different cultural groups living in Indonesia.

Property
Ownership.
Property is something that belongs to someone. If someone buys a car, the car becomes their property. The Statue of Liberty is the property of the people of the United States. People who deal with buying or selling houses will often talk about "properties", meaning houses, apartments, offices etc.
Characteristics.
Properties can also mean the things that make something interesting: the things that give it its characteristics. For example: "Elasticity is a property of rubber", in other words: rubber is elastic. This is close to the meaning for chemistry (see below).
Chemistry.
In chemistry, properties refer to the things that describe a material. For example, water "is liquid under normal conditions", "boils at 100 degrees", "is colourless", "is odorless", and so on. All these descriptions are properties of water.
Theatre.
In the theatre properties are things which are used in the performance of a play or opera. Anything that is used but is not part of the scenery (the set) is a property (or "prop" for short), e.g. furniture, a tree, a book that an actor pretends to read, a pipe that they smoke. The props are looked after by a properties master. Sometimes, for small things like books or fans, it is the actor who is responsible for making sure he has the prop. This is called a "personal prop".

Crusade
When the Crusades happened, Muslims controlled the Holy Land. The Holy Land is a place that is very important for the three major monotheistic religions: Islam, Judaism, and Christianity. There are many important religious sites in the Holy Land. This is the land now called Israel or Palestine.
Muslims got control of Nazareth, Bethlehem and other religious sites during the Caliphate of Omar (634-44). (A Caliph is a kind of religious and political leader in an Islamic state.)
Many Crusades.
There were many different crusades. The most important and biggest Crusades happened from the 11th century to the 13th century. There were 9 big Crusades in this time. They are numbered 1 through 9. There were also many smaller Crusades. Some crusades were even within Europe (for example, in Spain and France). The smaller Crusades continued to the 16th century, until the Renaissance and Reformation.
The word "Crusade" is related to the word "Cross", and means a Christian holy war. There is also the Arabic word "Jihad", referring to a holy war fought by Muslims. All sides (Christians, Muslims, and Jews) believed very much in their religions. They also had political reasons for fighting. The strong belief made people less able to understand other people during times when there was no peace. The Crusades and Jihads caused very much loss of life and property for all sides. Much of the conflict between religions today is still partly from the Crusades and Jihads. The Crusades led to the bloodshed of many innocent people and it affected peoples views forever (Dr. Omar Hajjar of Columbia).
First Crusade.
When Alexius I called for help to defend his empire against theSeljuk Turks, in 1095 Pope Urban II asked all Christians to join a war against the Turks. The Pope told the Christians that fighting the war would repay God for their sins. The Christian soldiers were called "crusaders". The armies marched to Jerusalem, attacking several cities on their way. In 1099 they won the battle for Jerusalem, and killed many. As a result of the First Crusade, several small countries were created. One was named the Kingdom of Jerusalem. A main cause of the crusade was the desperate need for land and retaking Jerusalem gave them both their Holy Land and land to live on.
Second Crusade.
After some years of peace, a man named St Bernard of Clairvaux called for a new crusade when the town of Edessa was attacked by the Turks. French and German armies marched to Asia in 1147, but failed to win.
Third Crusade.
In 1187, Saladin recaptured Jerusalem. Pope Gregory VIII started a new crusade, led by several of Europe's kings: Philip II of France, Richard I of England and Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor. Frederick drowned in Cilicia in 1190. Richard left in 1192 after agreeing to stop the fighting with Saladin. On Richard's way home, his ship was wrecked, leading him to Austria. In Austria his enemy Duke Leopold captured him, and Richard was held.
Fourth Crusade.
The Fourth Crusade was started by Pope Innocent III in 1202, with the idea to attack the Holy Land through Egypt. The Venetians changed this crusade, and went to the Christian city of Constantinople, where they attempted to place a Byzantine exile on the throne. After a series of misunderstandings and outbreaks of violence, the city was sacked in 1204.
Albigensian Crusade.
The Albigensian Crusade was started in 1209 to eliminate the Cathars of southern France.
Established view.
The Children's Crusade is a crusade of 1212. The story is that an outburst of the old popular enthusiasm led a gathering of children in France and Germany. A boy, from either France or Germany said that Jesus had visited him, and told him to peacefully convert Muslims to Christianity. Following this vision, many children formed bands, and marched to Italy. There, they were put onto ships which either capsized in a storm, or which went to Morocco, where the children were sold into slavery. There are several versions of the story. This had led some people to believe that this did not really happen.
More recent research.
It looks like there were really two groups of people who moved, in 1212. Both movements were very similar. For this reason, those who wrote the chronicles put them together, as a single movement.
In the first movement, Nicholas, a shepherd from Germany, led a group across the Alps and into Italy in the early spring of 1212. About 7,000 arrived in Genoa in late August. However, their plans didn't bear fruit when the waters failed to part as promised and the band broke up. Some left for home, others may have gone to Rome, while still others may have travelled down the Rhône to Marseille where they were probably sold into slavery. Few returned home and none reached the Holy Land.
The second movement was led by a "shepherd boy" named Stephen de Cloyes near the village of Châteaudun. In June of that year, the boy said that he had a letter for the king of France from Jesus. He could gather a crowd of over 30,000 and went to Saint-Denis. There he was seen to work miracles. On the orders of Philip II, on the advice of the University of Paris, the crowd was sent home, and most of them went. None of the contemporary sources mentions plans of the crowd to go to Jerusalem.
Later chroniclers elaborated on these events. Recent research suggests those taking part were not children, at least not the very young. In the early 1200s, bands of wandering poor started cropping up throughout Europe. These were people displaced by economic changes at the time which forced many poor peasants in northern France and Germany to sell their land. These bands were referred to as "pueri" (Latin for "boys") in a condescending manner, in much the same way that people from rural areas in the United States are called "country boys."
In 1212, a young French "puer" named Stephen and a German "puer" named Nicholas separately began claiming that they had each had similar visions of Jesus. This resulted in these bands of roving poor being united into a religious protest movement which transformed this forced wandering into a religious journey. The "pueri" marched, following the Cross. They associated themselves with Jesus's biblical journey. This, however, was not a prelude to a holy war.
At that time, chronicles were mostly kept by the Catholic church. They were written in Latin.
Thirty years later, chroniclers read the accounts of these processions and translated "pueri" as "children" without understanding the usage. So, the Children's Crusade was born. The resulting story illustrates how ingrained the concept of Crusading was in the people of that time— the chroniclers assumed that the pueri must have been Crusaders. In their innocence, they returned to the foundations of crusading characteristic of Peter the Hermit, and met the same sort of tragic fate.
According to Matthew Paris, one of the leaders of the Children's Crusade became "Le Maître de Hongrie," the leader of the Shepherds' Crusade in 1251.
Fifth Crusade.
The Church tried another crusade to attack the Holy Land. A crusading force from Hungary, Austria, and Bavaria captured Damietta, a city in Egypt, in 1219. The crusaders had to surrender, due to a losing the battle for Cairo.
Sixth Crusade.
In 1228, Emperor Frederick II set sail from Brindisi for Syria. He did this after the Pope excommunicated him. By talking to the Turks he had success, and Jerusalem, Nazareth, and Bethlehem was given to the Crusaders for ten years without fighting. This was the first major crusade not initiated by the Papacy, a trend that was to continue for the rest of the century.
Seventh Crusade.
The Templars argued with Egypt in 1243. In 1244, Egypt attacked Jerusalem. Louis IX of France started a crusade against Egypt from 1248 to 1254. It was a failure, and Louis spent much of the crusade living in Acre. In the midst of this crusade was the first Shepherds' Crusade in 1251.
Eighth Crusade.
The Eighth Crusade was organized by Louis IX in 1270, to help the Crusader states in Syria. However, the crusade was diverted to Tunis, where Louis spent only two months before dying.
Ninth Crusade.
Before he was king, Edward I of England started a crusade in 1271. He retired the following year after a truce.
The Crusader states lost everything after this.

Renegades
"Renegades" is the 4th album by the music group Rage Against the Machine. It was released in 2000.

NEWI Cefn Druids F.C.
NEWI Cefn Druids Football Club (they used to be called Flexsys Cefn Druids) are a Welsh football (soccer) team.
They play in the Welsh League

Aberystwyth Town F.C.
Aberystwyth Town Football Club are a Welsh football (soccer) team.
The club was started in 1884. They play at the Park Avenue stadium in Aberystwyth. They play in the Welsh League. They came third in the Welsh league in 1992 but have only had success at a regional level.

German language
The German language (German: "Deutsch" or "(die) deutsche Sprache") is a West Germanic language in the Indo-European language family.
It is spoken in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Liechtenstein and Luxembourg. There are minorities of German speakers in Belgium and in the Netherlands, as well as in France and Northern Italy. There are minority (small groups) speakers in many countries, including the United States and Canada, where many migrants emigrated from Germany. In East Europe, too, in Bulgaria, Romania, Russia etc
German is a part of the West Germanic language family (a group of languages that are similar) and is much like English and Dutch. A lot of the vocabulary in German is related to English, although English has a much larger vocabulary, but the grammar is more complicated. German has a system of cases, and when helping verbs are used, the main part of the verb must be moved to the end of the sentence. For example, "Someone has stolen my car" is "Jemand hat mein Auto gestohlen" (Someone has my car stolen) or, "Someone called me last night" is "Jemand hat mich letzte Nacht angerufen."

Mississippi River
The Mississippi River is the longest river in the United States. It is one of the longest rivers in the world.
The name "Mississippi" comes from a Native American name that means "big river."
The source of the Mississippi is in the state of Minnesota, near the border with Canada. The Mississippi flows south through the middle of the United States. It flows past the states of Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, and Mississippi.
The mouth of the Mississippi is in the state of Louisiana, south of the city of New Orleans. The Mississippi flows into the Gulf of Mexico.
The Mississippi has many large tributaries, or rivers that flow into it. The watershed of the Mississippi covers much of the United States. This means that the Mississippi and its tributaries drain much of the United States.
The Mississippi has been extremely important for transportation in the history of the United States. When the United States first became a nation, the Mississippi River was the western boundary of the United States.
At the end of the Mississippi there is a zone in the Gulf of Mexico where very few animals can survive comfortably because of the fertilizer and other chemicals that run off of farms into the river and her tributaries, which then dump them into the gulf.

Tributary
A tributary of a river is another river that flows into it. If one river flows into a second river, then the first river is a tributary of the second river.
For example, in the United States the Missouri River flows into the Mississippi River. That means the Missouri River is a tributary of the Mississippi River.
A river and all its tributaries form the catchment of that river.
A watershed separates the catchments of separate rivers.

Missouri River
The Missouri River is a river in the western United States. It is a tributary of the Mississippi River. It is longer than the Mississippi River. It is, in fact, the longest river in North America.
For most of its course, the Missouri flows across the Great Plains, one of the driest parts of North America.
The source of the Missouri River is in the Rocky Mountains, in the state of Montana. The Missouri flows eastward, across Montana, south of the border with Canada. It enters the state of North Dakota and then it turns south. It flows through South Dakota. Then it flows past Iowa, Nebraska, Missouri, and Kansas.
Near the city of Kansas City, Missouri, the Missouri turns eastward into the state of Missouri. It flows eastward across the state of Missouri. It joins the Mississippi just north of the city of Saint Louis, Missouri.
The Missouri was very important for the Native Americans who lived on the Great Plains. It was also very important in the history of the United States. The Missouri was used as the route of the Lewis and Clark Expedition in 1804-1806.
In the 19th century, the Missouri was very important for transportation.
The nickname of the Missouri is "Big Muddy", because it contains a lot of silt.

Meaning of life
Many religions, ways of thinking, and creative artists have tried to figure out the Meaning of Life. Some people say that we will never know what the meaning of life is. Many religions claim to offer some answers. There are also ways of thinking called philosophies which claim to offer some answers. There are also artists who paint pictures to explain the meaning of life. As well, there are musicians who write and play music and songs, and writers who write novels and stories to explain the meaning of life.
Many people from different religions or cultures have different opinions on what the meaning of life is. We may never find out who is right. Some people, called existentialists believe there is no meaning of life, except the meaning that we make up for ourselves.

Watershed
Watershed is a geographic term about rivers. It is an area of land.
All water that falls on the watershed flows into one river. It can flow directly into the river or go through tribes (smaller rivers that flow into the bigger river) first.
The watershed of a river can be very large. For example, the watershed of the Mississippi River covers more than half of the United States. That means that over half of the United States is drained by the Mississippi and its tributaries.

Great Plains
The Great Plains is a series of big plains in Canada and the United States.

Myth
A myth is a story which may or may not be true. Myths are generally very old. This means there are no records or other proof that they happened. We know about them from older people telling them to younger people. Some myths may have started as 'true' stories but as people told and re-told them, they may have changed some parts, so they are less 'true'. They may have changed them by mistake, or to make them more interesting. All cultures have myths. Stories about the Greek and Roman gods and goddesses are myths.
Many people believe in mythological animals and gods. These animals or gods may have control or has power over a part of human or natural life. For example, the Greek god named Zeus had powers over lightning and storms. Whenever Zeus wanted to, he could make a storm, and that he made storms to show his anger. Another example is that of the Egyptian god, Atum, who was said to be the creator of everything in the world. In Hindu mythology, the cause of thunderstorms was said to be the wrath of Indra, the chief of all gods. His most powerful weapon was the "Vajra" 1, or thunderbolt. It was said that no one could survive after an attack from this weapon.
Mythology.
All cultures have developed their own mythology over time. Mythology includes the legends of their history, their religions, their stores of how the world was created, and their heroes. These stories have great symbolic power, and this may be a major reason why they survive as long as they do, sometimes for thousands of years.
A collection of myths is called a mythos, e.g. 'the Roman mythos.' A collection of those is called a mythoi, e.g. 'the Greek and Roman mythoi.'
One important type of myth is the creation myth, which describes how that culture believes the universe, or 'world' was created. Scientists generally believe that the universe was created in an event called "The Big Bang", a natural event. But now, there is talk within the scientific community about what existed before the Big Bang. To those are comfortable with the Big Bang as the ultimate, or only solution to the question of the beginning of the universe, the Big Bang may have itself become a myth. Not so long ago the Milky Way was believed to be the only galaxy; scientists then had trouble accepting other competing theories, or ideas. Myths are often final answers with great authority, and strong emotional ties.
Another important, and myth common to many cultures is the Trickster myth. A 'trickster' is a god, or hero, and very often an animal who plays tricks or jokes on humans in order to bring them wisdom or help them question their beliefs. Examples of tricksters include the fox in Europe, the crow and the coyote for North American natives, the spider "Anansi" in Jamaica. There are many more.
Joseph Campbell was considered by some people to be a leading Western authority on myth and the history of spirituality.
Historians' views on myths.
Although myths are often considered to be stories of events that have not happened, many historians consider myths to be accounts of actual events that have become connected with strong symbolic meaning, or that have been changed, or shifted in time or place, or even reversed. One way of thinking about this process is to imagine 'myths' as lying at the far end of an imaginary line or 'continuum'. At one end of the line is 'dispassionate account', and 'legendary occurrence' or'mythical status' is near the other end. As an event progresses toward the 'mythical' end of this line or continuum, the way people think, feel and say about the event changes. It may gain greater historical significance while the 'facts' become less important. By the time one arrives at the mythical end of the line, the story has "taken on a life of its own"
and the facts of the original event have become almost irrelevant, or unimportant.
This process occurs in part because the events described become detached from their original context or situation and new context is substituted, often through analogy with current or recent events. Some Greek myths originated in Classical times to provide explanations for inexplicable features of local cult practices, to account for the local epithet of one of the Olympian gods, to interpret depictions of half-remembered figures, events, or account for the deities' attributes or entheogens, even to make sense of ancient icons, much as myths are invented to "explain" heraldic charges, the origins of which has become arcane with the passing of time. Conversely, descriptions of recent events are re-emphasised to make them seem to be analogous with the commonly known story. This technique has been used by Right-wing conservatives in America with text from the Bible (e.g. Revelation), and was used in the Russian Communist era in propaganda about political situations with misleading references to class struggles. Even today the fitness of the Emperor of Japan is based partly on his distant descent from the Goddess of the Sun.
Other uses.
Myths are not the same as fables, folktales, fairy tales, anecdotes, or simple fiction, but sloppy usage has blurred the distinctions in many people's minds. The term "myth" is sometimes used pejoratively in reference to common beliefs of a culture or for the beliefs of a religion to imply that the story is both fanciful and fictional.
Myth is often used to refer to a commonly held but erroneous belief. Compare urban myth, the secular mythology of modern culture.
The terms urban myth and urban legend are sometimes used to describe something that is false, but, strictly speaking, those can be either true or false as well.

Minnesota River
The Minnesota River is a river in the United States. It is in the northern United States, in the state of Minnesota. It is a tributary of the Mississippi River. It is about 534 km long.
The source of the river is a lake in western Minnesota. The lake is called Big Stone Lake. The lake is on the border between the state of Minnesota and the state of South Dakota. From its source, the Minnesota flows southeast. At Mankato, it turns northeast. It joins the Mississippi just south of the cities of Saint Paul and Minneapolis.
The Minnesota River was formed after the last ice age in North America.

Mythology
Mythology is the collection of myths for a culture.

Wisconsin River
The Wisconsin River is a river in the United States. It is a tributary of the Mississippi River. It is located in the state of Wisconsin. It is approximately 692 km long.
The source of the Wisconsin is in the forests of northern Wisconsin. The source is a small lake on the border between Wisconsin and Michigan. The river flows south across Wisconsin. It flows through a plain made by a glacier during the last ice age. It passes the cities of Wausau and Stevens Point.
In southern Wisconsin, the river meets a moraine. The moraine was made during the last ice age. The river enters a beautiful gorge, called the Wisconsin Dells. North of the city of Madison, the river turns to the west. It flows west through the hills of southwest Wisconsin. It joins the Mississippi 15 km south of the city of Prairie du Chien.
The river is an important source of hydroelectric power.

Alaska
The State of Alaska is one of the states of the United States, although it is connected to Canada. It was purchased from Imperial Russia in 1867 for $7.2 million.
Geography.
The capital city is Juneau, but the biggest city is Anchorage. Alaska is the biggest state in the United States, but has the least people. It is not connected to any other states by American land, but it is connected to Canada.
Alaska has many glaciers, some of which are passed by or landed on by cruises or National Parks. Some are coastal, some landlocked. It is an extremely popular tourist destination, as there is a very rich culture along with beautiful scenery.
There are some important industries in Alaska, like fishing, mining, and forestry. There were many gold rushes in Alaska.

BBC
The BBC or the British Broadcasting Corporation is an organisation in the UK. It broadcasts in the United Kingdom and other countries on television, radio and the Internet. The BBC also sells its programs to other broadcasting companies in the world.
The organisation is run by a group of twelve governors who have been given the job by the Queen, on the advice of government ministers. The governors appoint a Board of Management to take care of running the business of the BBC. The head of the Board of Management is called the Director General.
BBC Charter.
The BBC is established under a Royal Charter, which allows the BBC to broadcast. In 2006, the British Government looked at the charter to see if it needed changing.
Another agreement, which goes with the Charter, recognizes that the BBC should be independent from any other organization. It also says what the BBC should do for the people in Britain (the public).
Finance.
Every household in the UK that owns a television must pay for a TV Licence. Because the BBC gets its money from TV licences, it does not take money from companies or shareholders, so it does not have to do what they want. Also, it is not allowed to broadcast commercials.
The BBC makes extra money in several ways. One way is by selling its programs to other broadcasting companies. Another way is by selling audio tapes and CDs of its best radio programs, and videos and DVDs of its best television programs. Still another way is by selling books based on programs, and magazines about science and natural history.
BBC television guide.
The BBC also publishes a weekly magazine called "Radio Times". This used to print listings of all the week's BBC radio and television programs in the United Kingdom, but in the 1990s it began to print listings of programs broadcast by other companies in the United Kingdom as well. It also prints stories about programs and the people who make them and the people who appear in them. "Radio Times" is one of the best selling magazines in the United Kingdom.
The BBC has to publish a report every year, which tells people what it has done and how much money it has made and spent.
If someone has a complaint about something broadcast by the BBC, they can complain to the BBC, the BBC Trust, or directly to Ofcom, the government's regulator of broadcasting.
Locations.
The headquarters of the BBC is Broadcasting House in Portland Place, London. The BBC also has other offices such as the BBC Television Centre in White City, London, as well in other cities like Cardiff, Belfast, Glasgow, Birmingham, Manchester, Bristol, Southampton and Newcastle upon Tyne. Rather than hire local reporters everywhere, the BBC's journalists work in many countries across the world. This means BBC workers are sometimes in danger, especially in war zones. Most recently Alan Johnston was kidnapped and held hostage for many months in Gaza before being safety released.
BBC iPlayer.
Between October 2005 and 28 February 2006 the BBC offered a service called the BBC iPlayer on their website - bbc.co.uk. It allowed people to catch up on the last seven days of TV and radio on the BBC. Users could either watch (stream) it or download the content on their computers. The downloading option was only for Microsoft Windows computers. The iPlayer service was released to the public on 25 December 2007. The slogan for BBC iPlayer is: 'Making the Unmissable, Unmissable.'

Illinois River
The Illinois River is a river in the United States. It is in the state of Illinois. It is an important tributary of the Mississippi River. The length of the river is about 439 km.
The source of the river is in northeastern Illinois, near the city of Joliet. It flows east across Illinois, then southeast. It passes the city of Peoria, the largest city on the river.
It flows into southwestern Illinois. It joins the Mississippi River 40 km north of Saint Louis, Missouri. The Illinois river also goes through the northern most edge of Oklahoma.
The river was used for transportation by the Native Americans. It was also used by early French trappers. It was an important route between the Mississippi River and the Great Lakes.
In the 19th century, a canal was built that connected the river to Lake Michigan. Large ships now use this canal to go from the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River. The canal goes through the city of Chicago. It is one of the reasons that Chicago became a big city.

Milk
Milk is a white liquid produced by mammals, for example cows, dogs, and humans. It is made in the mammary glands (breasts, udders, or teats) of female mammals. Because newborn babies have no teeth, they must be fed milk before they can eat solid food. Milk contains many nutrients to help babies grow and be healthy.
Nutrients that milk contains.
Milk contains a lot of calcium, which is one of many minerals needed for strong bones and healthy nerves. Milk is very high in Calcium, but relatively low in Magnesium (about 10% of Calcium content). Magnesium is required in higher amounts for proper absorption. Milk also contains fat, protein, and sugar which animals can digest to gain energy.
The amounts of things contained in milk is different in different animals. Human milk is thin and has a lot of lactose. Cow milk has less sugar and more fat and protein than human milk. Cow milk has about 3.5% milkfat, 8.5% milk solids and 88% water. The milk of some mammals is collected for humans to drink. It usually comes from cows, but also sometimes goats, yaks and sheep.
Some people like to add other flavors to milk before they drink it. Flavored milk is popular with children. Chocolate flavor and sugar is added to milk to make "chocolate milk". Chocolate milk is different from milk chocolate -- a type of candy chocolate that contains some milk.
Not everyone agrees that milk is healthy for humans to drink. Some research shows that the proteins in milk stop this calcium being useful in adults. One of the largest ever studies, funded by the dairy industry followed the diet of thousands of nurses over 10 years. Those with the highest milk consumption had the highest rates of hip fracture. Cow's milk makes the blood more acidic and therefore the body pulls calcium from the bones to neutralize the acidity in a process called Homeostasis. Some people think milk is good for children. It has been proven in the courts in the US that Cow's milk contains BGH (Bovine Growth Hormones) which are detrimental to human health. In some countries, some people are worried that milk contains chemicals which are fed to cows. These chemicals may be harmful to people.
Storing milk.
If milk is not kept cool in a refrigerator, it will spoil and become sour after some time. The warmer the milk becomes, the faster it becomes sour. Fermentation makes this happen. Lactic acid bacteria changes the milk sugar into lactic acid. Fermentation is used when making dairy products.
Milk is often pasteurised before humans drink it, or is made into dairy products like cream, butter, yoghurt, ice cream, gelato, or cheese. Pasteurised cows' milk will turn sour if it is not kept in a refrigerator. Milk should be stored between 1° and 4° Celsius. If milk is treated with ultra-high temperatures (UHT), it will last longer before spoiling. This means it does not have to be put in the refrigerator until it is opened.
Lactose.
Milk contains a chemical called lactose. Babies make an enzyme called lactase inside their bodies. Adults make less lactase. If they do not have enough, they may not be able to digest lactose anymore. This problem is called lactose intolerance and it affects many adults. There are many medicines that help adults digest lactose. Many lactose-intolerant people drink soy milk instead of animal milk, because it does not contain lactose. Soy milk is similar to animal milk, but it is made from soybeans.
Coconut milk.
Coconut milk looks similar to real milk, but it does not have as many nutrients. It is made by removing the white "meat" from a coconut, pressing or squeezing the "meat", then adding water. It is sometimes used in cooking, for example, in Thai curry.
Coconut cream is a thicker version of coconut milk which contains added sugar.

Weather
Weather tells us what is happening in the sky above us. Weather includes wind, lightning, storms, hurricanes, tornados, rain, hail, and snow. Energy from the sun affects the weather.
Climate tells us what kinds of weather usually happens in an area at different times of the year.
Changes in weather can affect our mood. We wear different clothes and take part in different activities under different weather conditions. We choose different foods in different seasons.
Weather stations around the world measure different parts of weather. Ways to measure are wind speed, wind direction, temperature, barometric pressure, and humidity. People try to use these measurements to determine what the weather will be like in the future. These people are called "meteorologists".

British Columbia
British Columbia (B.C. for short) is located on the west coast of Canada. It is the third largest Canadian province with 944,735 square kilometers or 364,764 square miles. In 2001, the population was 3,907,738. In 2005, it is believed to be about 4,220,000.
The capital of British Columbia is Victoria. The largest city is Vancouver. It has 2 million people in it. Other large cities include Kelowna, Abbotsford, Kamloops, Nanaimo, and Prince George.
The largest industries are: forestry, tourism, mining, and fisheries.
The province joined Canada in 1871. There were some disagreements with the United States about where to make the borders. The southern border is on the 49th parallel, as agreed to in the Oregon Treaty of 1846. The San Juan Islands and Alaska Panhandle also created conflicts, but they were resolved.
The premier of B.C. is Gordon Campbell. He leads the B.C. Liberal Party.
B.C. is next to the Pacific Ocean, as well as the province of Alberta, the Yukon Territory and the Northwest Territories; and the American states of Washington, Idaho, and Montana. The Rocky Mountains are in eastern B.C. The Okanogan is a fruit-farming area in the south-central part of the province known as the "interior."
There are many First Nations (native) groups in British Columbia. The Nisga'a agreement in the year 2000 was B.C.'s first modern land-claims treaty.
The Winter Olympics will be held in Vancouver in 2010. Skiing will be held at Whistler, which is one of the best-known places for skiing in North America.

20th century
The 20th century is the century from the year 1901 to 2000. Many events have happened during this time including two world wars and advances such as industrialization. The human population of Earth has also increased more during this century than any previous one. Two of the world wars happened at this time.
Decades and years.
Note: years before or after the twentieth century are in "italics".

Brussels
Brussels (,) is the capital city of Belgium and the European Union.
In 2007 its population, the people living in it, was 145,917. But the area around it, known as the Brussels-Capital Region, had 1,031,215 people (which makes it the largest city area in Belgium).
The people in Brussels used to only speak Flemish (a type of Dutch) but more and more people speaking French moved there and now French is spoken more than Dutch. But there are lots of other languages spoken as well since the European Union based its offices in the city.
"Brussels sprouts" are named after the city and it is also where many popular comics in Europe originated (Tintin, The Smurfs, Snorks, Lucky Luke). It is also well known for a style of building know as "Art Nouveau", its waffles and its chocolates.
The city is located at 50° 50 North, 04° 21 East.

Thuringia
Thuringia (German: Thüringen) is a Bundesland of Germany. It lies in central Germany and has an area of. This means Saxony Anhalt is the sixth smallest state in Germany by area. It has 2.45 million inhabitants, so it is the fifth smallest state in Germany by population. The capital is Erfurt.
Geography.
Thuringia borders on the German states of Lower Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt, Saxony, Bavaria and Hesse.
The most conspicuous geographical feature of Thuringia is the Thuringia Forest (Thüringer Wald). In the northwest Thuringia includes a small part of the Harz mountains. The Saale river runs through Jena.
The biggest mountain in Thuringia is with 982m the Großer Beerberg in the
Thuringia Forest.

Saxony
The Free State of Saxony (), is one of 16 states of Germany. It is located in south-east, north of Czech Republic. The biggest city is Leipzig. The capital is called Dresden.

Internet Explorer
Internet Explorer is a web browser created by Spyglass Inc. In 1996, Microsoft bought Internet Explorer, which was called Mosaic at the time, from Spyglass Inc and gave them some of the money they made from it. The browser has been developed by Microsoft ever since.
Internet Explorer has been included in every kind of the Microsoft Windows operating system since Windows 98, in 1999. Microsoft used to make Internet Explorer for the UNIX, Solaris, and Macintosh operating systems. Only the Microsoft Windows operating system is supported now. Internet Explorer cannot be removed without causing the user using Windows to lose important functions of the system.
Criticism.
Many people who use other browsers do not like Internet Explorer. They say it is not secure and has lots of problems in it, for example, other people may be able to look at what you are looking at (Spyware). Also sometimes a webpage may only support viewing it in Internet Explorer, this has made people using other operating systems unhappy with Microsoft because Internet Explorer can not run on Linux or Apple Macintosh computers. Some people have also thought that Internet Explorer being included with Windows lead to the decrease in popularity of Netscape Navigator a competing product to Internet Explorer.

Ulster
Ulster is one of the four provinces which make up Ireland. The others are Leinster, Munster and Connacht.
There are nine counties in Ulster. Three are in the Republic of Ireland. The other six make up all of Northern Ireland.
The name "Ulster" is also sometimes used to mean "Northern Ireland", even though Northern Ireland is only part of Ulster.

List of mathematicians
This is a list of famous mathematicians.

Mancala
Mancala is a group of games played in Africa, the Middle East, and central Asia. People play the games by moving seeds on a board with pits carved in it.

Coden, Alabama
Coden is a small fishing village near Bayou la Batre, Alabama, USA. It is about 20 miles southwest of Mobile, near the Alabama/Mississippi border. The name of the town comes from "Coq d'Inde", which is French for "Turkey".
Around 1900, the area was known as a resort, which is a place people go to on their vacations. The Rolston Hotel brought visitors from all over the region. When it was destroyed by a hurricane, the community fell on hard times. The Ralston Hotel property now belongs to the City Of Bayou La Batre and is a park that is attracting people from other areas who want cool ocean breezes and peace that originally brought visitors. It is nice because it has the gentle sound of the water of Portersville Bay, fishing, and relaxation. Fresh seafood can be found on Shell Belt Road from fishing boats returning to Bayou Coden. Coden is on the southern shore of the mainland, across the Mississippi Sound from Dauphin Island and is one stop along Alabama's Coastal Birding Trail.

Platypus
The platypus ("Ornithorhynchus anatinus") is a small mammal of the order "Monotremata". It lives in eastern Australia.
It spends some time in water, and some time on land. There are only four types of mammals which lay eggs. One is the platypus. The other three egg-laying mammals are kinds of echidnas. A mammal that lays eggs is called a monotreme.
The scientific name for a platypus comes from 2 Greek words: "ornithorhynchus" which means "bird nose" and "Anatinus" which means "duck". First, scientists gave the name "platypus" (flat foot) to its group. But this name was already used for the ambrosia beetle, a beetle which lives in wood.
What sort of animal is it?
The platypus looks similar to a beaver with a brown, furry body and wide, flat tail. Unlike a beaver, it has webbed feet (joined toes), which are good for swimming. Its nose is large and rubbery. The platypus is sometimes "duck billed platypus" because of this nose. It is similar to a duck's bill (mouth). Platypuses can be big or small. The larger platypus live in Tasmania while the smaller ones live in Queensland. Adults can be less than or up to. Its body can be from to long. Its tail can be from to long. Males are about one-third (1/3) larger than females.
The male platypus has sharp spines on his legs called "ankle spurs" which contain a mild poison. It will not kill humans, but the poison has been known to kill small animals, such as dogs, and cause pain lasting as long as 4 months. The amount of poison increases during the breeding season, but scientists are not sure why this happens. It is probable that the poison increases, to protect the platypus's wife, its offspring, and itself.
How platypus live.
The platypus sleeps during the day. It moves mostly at night. It is a very good swimmer and spends much of its time in the water. It keeps its eyes shut when swimming, using only its other senses (hearing, feeling etc). The toes on its feet are joined. When it swims, it pushes itself along by moving the front two feet. The tail and back feet help it to turn left or right, but does not make it faster.
The platypus eats other animals. It eats worms; insect larvae, which are wormlike insect babies; freshwater shrimp; and yabbies, which are a kind of freshwater crayfish. It digs these animals out of the bottom of the river with its nose, or catches them while swimming. Its nose can sense many things that other animal noses cannot. The platypus can sense electricity from other animals. No other mammal can do this. The platypus can hunt without using its eyes.
When on land, the platypus lives in a short, straight, oval holes, like a rabbit burrows. These holes are between and long. It makes these holes in the riverbank a little above the water. It likes them hidden under roots. When a female platypus is pregnant (ready to have babies), the female makes much larger holes, up to long. She blocks the tunnel with earth at several places. At the end of the tunnel, she builds a nest out of reeds (river grass) for her eggs.
The platypus lays eggs in its nest. When the babies come out of the eggs after about 10 days, they hold on to the mother. The mother makes milk for the new babies. The platypus does not have nipples, but milk comes through small openings in the skin. The young platypus drinks the milk from the mother's skin while she lies on her back. At 6 weeks the babies have fur and are able to leave the burrow for short trips. After 4 months they no longer need their mother's milk.
Where platypus live.
The platypus lives in small streams and rivers over a large area of eastern Australia. The map above shows this with dark purple. It has been seen in alpine lakes in Tasmania in the south, and north in Queensland as far as the Cape York Peninsula in tropical rain forest rivers.
In the past, platypuses lived in South Australia but they no longer live there. There are platypus on Kangaroo Island, but these were brought to the island in an attempt to save animals people thought might become extinct. There are very few if any platypuses left in most the Murray-Darling Basin. The water there is no good because people used it to grow plants, and cleared the trees from the land. It is strange that the platypus does not live in some healthy rivers. It does live in some less healthy coastal rivers, for example the Maribyrnong River in Victoria.
Platypus are difficult to see in the wild. They dislike areas with people, spend most of their time underground or under water, and sleep during the day. At Eungella National Park in Queensland, there are spots on the river with viewing areas where wild platypus can usually be seen each evening.
The past and the future.
Europeans saw the first platypus in the 18th century. They sent the skin of a dead platypus to Britain, so scientists could study it. At first, the scientists thought the skin was a joke, because they thought no animal could look so strange. They thought an Asian had made it from pieces of different animals.
National Geographic magazine had a story on the platypus in 1939. Many people all over the world had never heard of the platypus. The story told how hard it is to raise platypus babies in zoos. (Raising is helping little babies to grow.) Even today, humans have raised only few platypuses. David Fleay at the Healesville Sanctuary in Victoria had the first successful zoo raised platypus in 1946. He nearly did it again in 1972 at the David Fleay Wildlife Park at Burleigh Heads, Queensland, but it died at 50 days. Healesville raised another in 1998 and again in 2000. Taronga Zoo in Sydney bred twins in 2003, and had another birth in 2006.
The platypus will probably not die out completely in the near future. Ecologists say that it is "secure but faces future threat" (safe now but not in the future) or "common but vulnerable" (there are a lot now but they are not safe). They say this because people can make the water unsafe for the platypus.
Also, platypus is the name for a music project featuring John Myung, from Dream Theater, Derek Sherinian, former Dream Theater member, Ty Tabor, from King's X, and Rod Morgenstein. Was also a pet in the present day tv show Phinias and Ferb on Disney channel.

Kenya
Kenya is a country in East Africa. It has the Indian Ocean to its east. It borders Somalia, Ethiopia, Sudan, Uganda, and Tanzania.
The capital city of Kenya is Nairobi.
The first humans may have lived near the lakes of Kenya along the Great Rift Valley, which cuts Kenya from north to south.
Kenya's coast is tropical and gets very hot. Inland, it is drier. The highest mountain in Kenya is Mt. Kenya (5,199 m).
Many different languages are spoken in Kenya. English is the official language and many people speak Kiswahili. Kiswahili is the National Language. All School going Kenyans are required to learn English. English is the language of instruction in the schools and institutions of higher learning.
Kenya was a British colony, but became independent on December 12, 1963. For many years, a single party, the Kenya African National Union (KANU), ruled Kenya. Kenya has been a democratic country but from 1968 to 1992 it was a single party democracy. General elections were held every 5 years however all candidates for election to office had to belong to the ruling party KANU. Mwai Kibaki is currently the president of Kenya and is the first President of Kenya to belong to a party other than KANU. Since he became President he has achieved a lot and Kenya has seen economic growth spurts of up 6%. He however has come under heavy criticism as some feel the reforms that were needed are slow to come. Many Kenyans living in Diaspora have began to return to Kenya as the promise of the future has created a plenty of high paying jobs that are appealing to foreign educated Kenyans.
Many people visit Kenya to see the animals such as elephants, zebras, and lions. They also come for the beautiful beaches in the coastal towns of the shore of the Indian Ocean. Tourism is a great foreign exchange earner for Kenya.
Education.
All Kenyans of school going age are required to attend Primary School which is provided free by the government. The Kenyan school system consist of 8 years of Primary School, Standard 1 through 8, 4 years of High School (Form 1 to 4) and 4 years of University. At the end of Primary school, all students sit for a standardized exam called Kenya Certificate of Primary Education (KCPE). The grades attained in this exam determine which High School the student will attend. In Form 4 (this is the last year in High School), students sit for another exam called Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (KCPE). The highest achieving students are granted admission into the 5 National Universities (Nairobi, Jomo Kenyatta University College of Agriculture and Technology, Kenyatta University, Egerton University and Moi University).

Swahili language
Swahili language is a language widely spoken in East Africa. In Swahili language is named is Kiswahili. It is a Bantu language.
Swahili language is spoken in a wide area from southern Somalia to northern Mozambique and the whole of Kenya. There are about five million first-language speakers and fifty million second-language speakers. Swahili has become a language with which people can communicate for East Africa and surrounding areas.
Swahili language began to be spoken in Zanzibar, an island of Tanzania. Swahili languages is an official language in Tanzania and Kenya. It has been influenced by many other languages like Arabic language.
Vocabulary.
The below are examples of Swahili language.

Car
A car (also called an automobile) is a machine used for travel (a vehicle).
Structure.
A car has an engine, put together with three or more wheels and a steering wheel. Some have more wheels: big trucks that carry heavy things can have 18 wheels, sometimes even more. Cars come in many shapes and sizes. They usually have a seat for the driver and at least one passenger. Some are also able to carry many passengers. For example, family station wagons carry from 8 to 9 people. Buses can carry even more, but are much bigger. In order for a car to move, it must have fuel, most often gasoline, which is sometimes called petrol. Other common fuels include diesel, natural gas, or electricity.
Advantages.
Cars are faster than walking and riding a bike, can carry more than one person, and are easy to use. They are used in many countries around the world.
Another good thing is that if it's raining heavily it is better to use a car than a bike or walking because driving a car in these conditions can be less dangerous.
Disadvantages.
If two cars crash they can hurt the people inside or around them. Traffic Jams happen when there are too many cars trying to go the same way. They can create pollution if too many are used in a small area like a city. Many places with many people have public transportation - buses, trains, and subways - that can help many people get to different places very quickly.
Carpooling is putting more people in one car to use less fuel and create less pollution.

Long jump
The long jump is a sport in athletics (track and field), where a athletes compete by comparing lengths of jumps. where athletes try to jump as far as they can. The athlete runs as fast as they can down the run way to the jumping pit which is made of sand. when they are at the mark where they are told to jump, the athlete jumps as far as they can into the sand pit.

Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom
Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; born 21 April 1926) is the Queen of sixteen independent countries and their territories. She is the queen each country separately, but she lives in the United Kingdom, her oldest "realm". Her family has reigned over parts of the United Kingdom for more than a thousand years. She became Queen when her father, King George VI, died on 6 February 1952. She has reigned for 56 years (in 2008) and is the oldest reigning monarch in British history. (The "longest" reigning is Queen Victoria: 63 years.)
As well as the United Kingdom, Elizabeth II is Queen of Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Jamaica, Barbados, the Bahamas, Grenada, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Antigua and Barbuda, Belize, and Saint Kitts and Nevis. She has a representative (someone to stand-in for her) in each of these countries. Her representative is known as the Governor-General. The 16 countries of which she is Queen are known as Commonwealth realms. Their total population is over 129 million.
Elizabeth II holds many other positions. She is the Head of the Commonwealth of Nations, Supreme Governor of the Church of England, Duke of Normandy, Duke of Lancaster, Lord of Mann, and Paramount Chief of Fiji. She is also the Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces of many of her realms and Lord Admiral of the United Kingdom.
Queen Elizabeth II probably has a huge amount of power, but she does not use it. She has a very good understanding of politics, but she does not tell the government what to do. In the United Kingdom, she is very interested in the running of the nation, and has regular meetings with her government ministers.
Since 1947, the Queen has been married to Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. Prince Philip was born a prince of Greece and Denmark. Prince Philip became a citizen of the United Kingdom, and used the name Philip Mountbatten. Prince Philip became the Duke of Edinburgh on the day he married, and became a "Prince of the United Kingdom" in 1957. The Queen and Prince Philip have four children and eight grandchildren (in 2008).
Early life.
Elizabeth was born at 17 Bruton Street, in Mayfair, London, on 21 April 1926. She was the oldest child of Prince Albert, Duke of York and Elizabeth, the Duchess of York. Her father was the second son of King George V and brother to the Prince of Wales. No one knew, at that time, that one day he would become King George VI. His wife, the Duchess of York, was the daughter of a Scottish lord. Her name was the Hon. Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon. She had grown up in one of Scotland's most famous castles, Glamis Castle.
Princess Elizabeth was baptised in the Private Chapel in the grounds of Buckingham Palace (it was destroyed during World War II) by the Archbishop of York. She was named after her mother, while her two middle names are those of her father's grandmother, Queen Alexandra, and her grandmother, Queen Mary. As a child, her family called her "Lilibet". She was very fond of her grandfather, George V, and it is said that she helped him recover from a serious illness in 1929.
Princess Elizabeth had one sister Princess Margaret, who was born in 1930. The two young princesses were educated at home. They had a governess whose name was Marion Crawford, but was often called "Crawfie". The princesses had a special history teacher from Eton College, and a teacher of modern languages. Both princesses learnt to speak French very well. Because the Princess would one day be the Head of the Church of England, she was taught religion by The Archbishop of Canterbury. The Queen has always been a devout member of the Church of England.
As a granddaughter of the British sovereign (king), the princess was called "Her Royal Highness Princess Elizabeth of York". At the time of her birth, she was third in the line of succession to the throne. This meant that if the king died, then the next in line was her uncle the Prince of Wales and then her father, the Duke of York, and then Princess Elizabeth. But when she was born, there was no reason for people to believe that she would become queen. Everyone thought that one day, her uncle would get married and have children. But even though her uncle married, he and his wife never had children.
Her grandfather, King George V, died in 1936. Her uncle became King Edward VIII, but only for a short time. He wanted to marry a woman who was divorced. Because (at that time) this was against the law for the king, he "abdicated" (gave up his throne). His brother, the Duke of York, became King George VI. Elizabeth then became the next in line, the "heir presumptive" to the throne. (The throne that a ruler sits on, and the crown that they wear are often talked about as symbols for their power.) It was at this time that her grandmother Queen Mary and her mother, who was now called Queen Elizabeth, realised that the Princess's education in history, religion and languages was very important. Queen Mary also gave the Princess lots of good advice on how to behave like a Queen. It was clear that, unless her parents produced a male child, one day Princess Elizabeth would be Queen, not as the wife to a king, but in her own right, like her great-great-grandmother Queen Victoria who had reigned for 67 years.
When Elizabeth was thirteen years old, the Second World War broke out. Because London was being bombed, the Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret were "evacuated" (moved to safety) to Windsor Castle in Berkshire. It was suggested that they should be sent to Canada but their mother said: "The children won't go without me. I won't leave the King. And the King will never leave [England]."
In 1940, Princess Elizabeth made her first radio broadcast during the BBC's Children's Hour. She spoke to other children who had been evacuated. When she was 13 years old, she first met her future husband, Prince Philip of Greece. She fell in love with him and began writing to him when he was in the Royal Navy.
Military career.
In 1945, Princess Elizabeth asked her father to let her work for the war effort. She joined the "Women's Auxiliary Territorial Service", as "No 230873 Second Subaltern Elizabeth Windsor". She trained as a driver, and drove a military truck.
She enjoyed training with other young women, and decided to send her own children to school rather than have them educated at home, the way she and her sister were. The Princess Elizabeth was the first, and so far only, female member of the royal family to actually serve in the armed forces, although other royal women have been given honorary ranks. During the Victory celebrations in London, she and her sister, Princess Margaret, went out into the crowd after midnight to celebrate with everyone else.
Marriage.
Princess Elizabeth married Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh on 20 November 1947. The couple are distantly related to each other, through Christian IX of Denmark and Queen Victoria. Prince Philip was not rich, he was Greek Orthodox and his sister had married someone who was thought to be a Nazi, so there were some people who were not happy about the marriage. But most people throughout the Commonwealth were full of joy. Even though people were still very poor because of the war, the royal couple received 2,500 wedding presents from all around the world. Many people helped the Princess save up "coupons", so she could buy a beautiful wedding dress. The wedding was held in Westminster Abbey. Princess Margaret was one of the nine bridesmaids.
After their wedding, the couple lived mainly at Clarence House in London. For a time, the Duke of Edinburgh was stationed in Malta as a serving Royal Navy officer, so they lived in Malta at a house of Lord Mountbatten of Burma.
Although the Royal House is named Windsor, the princes and princess often use the name Mountbatten-Windsor.
Succession.
In 1951, the King's health became too bad to go to many public events. Princess Elizabeth began to make official visits for him. She visited Greece, Italy and Malta (where Philip was then stationed) during that year. In October, she made a tour of Canada and visited President Harry S Truman in Washington, D.C. In January 1952, Elizabeth and Philip set out for a tour of Australia and New Zealand. They had reached Kenya when a message arrived telling of the death of the King, on 6 February 1952, from lung cancer. Elizabeth and Philip were staying at "Sagana Lodge" in Kenya when she was told of her father's death and that now she had succeeded to the throne. It was Prince Philip who broke the news of her father's death to Elizabeth. They returned to the United Kingdom immediately by plane.
Elizabeth was proclaimed Queen in Canada first, (an announcement was read to tell the people) on 6 February, 1952. The following day, on February 7 the proclamation was read at St. James's Palace in London.
Elizabeth II's coronation (crowning) took place in Westminster Abbey, on 2 June 1953. Her coronation gown, designed by Norman Hartnell, was embroidered with the floral symbols of the countries of the Commonwealth: the Tudor rose of England, the thistle of Scotland, the leek of Wales, the shamrock of Ireland, the wattle of Australia, the maple leaf of Canada, the fern of New Zealand, the protea of South Africa, two lotus flowers for India and Ceylon, and wheat, cotton and jute for Pakistan.
Life as Queen.
After the Coronation, The Queen and Prince Philip moved into Buckingham Palace, in central London, the main official home of the monarch. But it is believed that, like Queen Victoria, she doesn't like living at the Palace much. She has always thought of Windsor Castle, as her real home.
In 1953, the Queen and Prince Philip, set off on a six-month, around the world tour, in the "Royal Yacht, Britannia". Elizabeth became the first monarch to "circumnavigate" (sail around) the globe. She also became the first reigning monarch to visit Australia, New Zealand and Fiji. Since then, Elizabeth has made many trips. In October 1957, she made a "state visit" (an official visit) to the United States, and spoke to the United Nations General Assembly. She then toured Canada, and she became the first monarch to open the nation's Parliament.
In February 1961, she visited Ankara in Turkey, and toured India, Iran, Pakistan and Nepal for the first time. Since then the Queen has made state visits to most Commonwealth countries, most European countries and to many countries outside Europe.
In 1969, Elizabeth II sent one of 73 Apollo 11 Goodwill Messages to NASA for the historic first lunar landing. The message is etched onto a tiny silicon disc and still rests on the lunar surface today. She greeted the Apollo 11 crew during their tour of the world. In 1991, she became the first British monarch to speak to a joint session of the United States Congress during another state visit to that country. She regularly attends the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meetings. Elizabeth II is the most widely-travelled head of state in history.
Changes to the Commonwealth.
When Elizabeth became Queen on 6 February 1952, she was officially Queen of the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Pakistan and Ceylon (now called Sri Lanka). These were the Commonwealth Countries. There were many more countries that she also ruled, because they belonged to the British Empire. Altogether, she was sovereign of 32 nations. One by one, many of the countries became independent. They now have their own governments. Some of the countries are republics and have a president as "Head of State". Some of them are now independent monarchies that still have the Queen as "Head of State". Queen Elizabeth II is the only monarch of more than one independent nation. The old British Empire became the Commonwealth of Nations, which includes both monarchies and republics. It is now called "The Commonwealth", and the Queen is the Head of the Commonwealth. She works hard to keep peace and good communication between all the nations that are members.
The Queen is particularly fond of visiting Canada. She has called Canada her "home away from home". She also said "I am pleased to think that there exists in our Commonwealth a country where I can express myself officially in French," and, "whenever you sing [the French words of] 'O Canada' you are reminded that you come of a proud race."
The Queen's relationship with her governments and other countries.
Ever since she became the Queen, Elizabeth has spent about three hours every day "doing the boxes". The "boxes" are two large red boxes that are brought to her from the Parliament every day. The are full of state papers sent to her from her various departments, embassies, and government offices. One of the most famous photos taken of Elizabeth as a teenager shows her with her father, the King, learning about "the boxes". Because she has been doing this since 1952, she probably knows far more about the government of the UK than anybody else alive.
When the Queen is in London, she meets with her Prime Minister once a week, to discuss things that are affecting the nation. One Prime Minister, Margaret Thatcher wrote: "Anyone who imagines that [these meetings] are a mere formality or confined to social niceties is quite wrong; they are quietly business like and Her Majesty brings to bear a formidable grasp of current issues and breadth of experience."
The Queen also has regular meetings with the First Minister of Scotland and other Ministers of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. She also has meetings with Prime Ministers and Ministers of her other realms, when she is in their country, or when they visit London. She takes a strong interest in the government of her other realms. When Paul Martin, Sr. went to London to discuss the Constitution of Canada, he said later that the Queen knew and understood far more about the Canadian Constitution than any of the British politicians.
In the late 1990s, there were "referendums" in which the people of Scotland and Wales were asked if they wanted parliaments that were separate from the parliament of the United Kingdom. This was called a "devolution policy". As a result, the new Scottish Parliament and the National Assembly of Wales, were set up. The Queen opened the first sessions of these two bodies.
In Australia, ever since the states became one country at Federation, there has been a movement for Australia to become a republic, with an elected President as Head of State instead of the Queen. In 1999, the people of Australia were asked in a referendum whether they wanted a republic. The decision of the people was to remain a monarchy. The Queen visited Australia the following year and said that she would continue to serve Australians as she had done for 48 years.
The Queen surprised Mary McAleese, who is now President of Ireland, by inviting her to lunch with the Duke of Edinburgh. The Queen wanted to hear the views of a leading Irish Nationalist, about Northern Ireland. Mary McAleese, said that the Queen was "a dote" which means "a really lovely person (in Hiberno-English).
Elizabeth II has warm friendly relationships with many world leaders. Her first Prime Minister of Australia, Sir Robert Menzies called her "my Dear" and recited a poem that said "I will love her till I die". She has friendships with Mary Robinson, President of Ireland (1997-2002) and George W. Bush, who was the first American President in more than 80 years to stay at Buckingham Palace. Nelson Mandela, in the BBC documentary, called her "my friend, Elizabeth".
In May 2007, the Queen and Prince Philip made a state visit to the United States, in honour of the 400 anniversary of the Jamestown settlement.
Faith and Duty.
Elizabeth II, as the Monarch of the United Kingdom, is the "Supreme Governor" of the Church of England and sworn protector of the Church of Scotland. In fact, although she is very interested in the Church of England, she gives authority to the Archbishop of Canterbury. She sometimes attends the yearly meeting of "the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland".
The Queen regularly goes to church at St. George's Chapel at Windsor Castle. When she stays at Sandringham House, in Norfolk she goes to St. Mary Magdalene Church. When the Royal Family is holidaying at Balmoral Castle, they go to Crathie Kirk. When the Queen is at Holyroodhouse, which is the Royal Palace in Edinburgh, she goes to Canongate Kirk.
The Queen often meets with leaders from other religions as well. In 1980 she became the first British Monarch to visit the Vatican, where she was welcomed by Pope John Paul II. She made another visit twenty years later on October 17, 2000. Queen Elizabeth II is Patron of "The Council of Christians and Jews" in the UK.
The Queen has shown a very strong sense of duty, ever since she was a girl. The "Coronation Oath" that she would serve her people all the days of her life has always been very important to her. Some people think that now that she is old, perhaps she will retire ("abdicate") and let her son Prince Charles take the throne. People who know her well, including Prince Charles, have said that this will never happen.
Courage.
The Queen has often shown her courage, ever since she joined the military at 18, and drove an ambulance in London, while the city was being bombed. During a trip to Ghana in 1961 she was warned that it was dangerous to be near the President Kwame Nkrumah because people wanted to assassinate him. But she refused to be rude to him by keeping away. The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Harold Macmillan wrote that the Queen got very impatient with people if they tried to treat her like "a film star".
In 1964, when the Queen was invited to Quebec, there were fears for her safety. There were suggestions that the tour should be cancelled. But The Queen’s Private Secretary replied that the Queen would be horrified if she was stopped from going to Quebec because of extremists. During the Trooping the Colour in 1981 there was an attempt on the Queen's life. Six rounds of blanks were fired at her from close range as she rode her horse down The Mall. Her only reaction was to duck slightly and then continue on.
In 1982 there was a surprising incident when a man called Michael Fagan successfully broke into Buckingham Palace in the morning, while the Queen's Police Guard was walking the dogs. He set off an alarm but one of the staff turned it off, because they thought it was faulty. Michael Fagan then wandered around, drank a bottle of wine and cut his hand on a broken ashtray. When he found the Queen's bedroom he woke her up, and sat on the end of the bed, to tell her his problems. The Queen kept quite calm. She got up to get him some cigarettes and was able to call a large "footman" (a servant) who held onto the man until the guards came. Michael Fagan was charged with stealing the wine.
Family relations.
Throughout her long reign, Queen Elizabeth II has been supported in her many official duties by her husband, Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. Prince Philip made an Oath of Allegiance to the Queen on the day of her Coronation. The Queen has also had the support of her mother Queen Elizabeth, known as "The Queen Mother", who lived to be 101 years old, and stayed very active in her old-age. The Queen is the patron of many organisations and charities. She has many invitations and official duties. Many of the duties have been shared by other members of the Royal Family, who have also become patrons of many organisations. Among the hard-working Royals are her son Charles, Prince of Wales and her daughter, Anne, the Princess Royal, as well as the Queen's cousins, the Duke of Kent, the Duke of Gloucester, Prince Michael of Kent and Princess Alexandra.
The Queen has had a lot of sadness over the broken marriages and divorces of three of her children, Prince Charles, Princess Anne and Prince Andrew. Prince Charles, to avoid scandal, and because of the position he would one day hold in the Church of England, had difficulty finding a wife who would be acceptable. His marriage to Lady Diana Spencer was thought of as a fairytale wedding because she was young, innocent and beautiful. But it soon became unhappy, and ended in divorce, and in the terrible tragedy of her death in 1997. In the year 2002, within a few months of each other, the Queen's mother and sister Princess Margaret both died.
On April 9, 2005, Prince Charles married Camilla Parker-Bowles, whom he had loved for very many years. Their marriage was a "civil ceremony" in the Guildhall at Windsor, which the Queen did not attend. Some people thought that this was a sign that she did not approve. But the marriage was followed by a religious ceremony in St. George's Chapel at Windsor Castle, which the Queen and all the Royal Family attended.
Of the younger members of the family, it is said that the Queen is very close to her daughter-in-law, Sophie, Countess of Wessex, wife of the Queen's youngest son, Prince Edward. The Queen has a good relationship with all her grandchildren but particularly Prince William, Princess Beatrice and Zara Phillips.
As the Queen has got older, people have sometimes worried about her health. When she appeared with a plaster on her arm, there was a rumour that she was sick, and needed "intravenous" treatment. But in fact, she had been bitten while stopping her dogs from fighting. The Queen is very rarely sick, but lately, has had some problems with her back. Since her 80th birthday, the Queen is leaving more duties to the younger members of the Royal Family, particularly to Prince Charles, who will one day follow her as the reigning monarch.
Silver Jubilee.
In 1977, the Queen celebrated her Silver Jubilee, marking the 25 anniversary of her coming to the Throne. There was a royal procession in the golden State Coach and a service of thanksgiving at St. Paul's Cathedral. Millions of people watched on television. There were public "street parties" held across the UK. Five commemorative stamps were also printed. The Jubilee line of the London Underground, which opened in 1979, was named in honour of the anniversary.
Golden Jubilee.
In 2002, Elizabeth II celebrated her Golden Jubilee, marking the 50 anniversary of her coming to the Throne. The Queen made a tour of the Commonwealth realms. There was the first ever pop concert in the gardens of Buckingham Palace, and a service of thanksgiving at St. Paul's Cathedral. The celebrations were not so big as 25 years earlier, because the Queen's mother and sister had both died that year.
Diamond Wedding Anniversary.
The Queen and Prince Philip celebrated their sixtieth (Diamond) wedding anniversary on Monday 19 November 2007, with a special service at Westminster Abbey. The night before, Prince Charles gave a private dinner party at Clarence House for twenty members of the Royal Family.
On the following day, 20 November, The Queen and Prince Philip went off on a visit to Malta, where they had stayed from 1949 to 1951 after getting married. A Royal Navy ship which was nearby, got its sailors to line up on deck, to form a big number '60', for the couple's sixtieth wedding anniversary.
Wealth.
People often wonder how rich the Queen really is. It is very hard to tell. The reason for this is because she owns several large properties, such as Sandringham House and Balmoral Castle which have never been valued. She also owns a fabulous collection of works of art, which she "holds in trust". This means that she cannot sell them. They belong to "the Crown" but not to Elizabeth as a person. The artworks and the properties are worth billions of dollars.
In 2006, "Forbes" magazine published an estimate of her personal fortune. They guessed (on evidence) that it was about US$500 million (£280 million).
At the time of the Tsunami disaster of December 26, 2004, it was said that Queen Elizabeth II gave more from her private money, than any other person. However, she did not give the money to the governments of the countries. She gave it to many charities such as the Save the Children Fund.
List of the countries of the Commonwealth Realm.
The Queen has a coat of arms in each of her Realms. In the UK, they are known as the "Royal Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom". Every British monarch has used these arms since the reign of Queen Victoria.There is a separate "Royal Coat of Arms" for use in Scotland, which shows the insignia of the Order of the Thistle.

Question
A question is what someone asks, usually when there is something that he or she does not know.
In writing, a question mark comes at the end of a question. This is a question mark: ?
Types of question.
Sometimes a question needs a simple answer "Yes." or "No."
Examples of these questions.
People may give a short answer. People may give a long answer. It depends on the question.

Boss
A boss is someone who is in charge of a project or staff in a company or organization. In most cases, the boss is the person who supervises employees who have jobs in a company or organization. Bosses can have many different job titles, depending on the type of company or organization they work for. Job titles for bosses include: manager, supervisor, director, superintendent, team leader, and project leader.

Gun
A gun is a machine used to shoot bullets. Guns are also called "firearms". They can be of many different sizes: small enough to hold in one hand, or large enough to fire shells to sink a warship. Guns that are small enough to be carried and used by one person all have the same basic parts: a trigger, a barrel, and a handle. The trigger is pulled by a finger to fire the bullet. The barrel guides the bullet. The handle is held by the human who will fire the gun.
In military terms, the word "firearm" is usually used for the type of weapons that soldiers carry (pistols and rifles), while the word "gun" is used for larger guns that fire at higher speed. The weapons on warships and tanks are called "guns" or "turrets" (if placed on a rotating base), not "firearms".
Guns are very effective weapons. Guns guide bullets at a very high speed which is much more deadly than a traditional arrow. Bullets are contained within "rounds", also known as "cartridges". A cartridge consists of a "bullet", a "casing", "Propellant" and a "primer". "Cartridges" have different ways of being loaded into different kinds of weapons. Cartridges can be loaded directly into a firearm or into a "clip", a "magazine" or other bullet container which is loaded into the firearm. Some firearms have their rounds loaded into the "stock (or butt)" of the weapon. A "clip" is loaded with rounds and the "clip" is loaded into a weapon. The "magazine" is a container for the rounds which has a spring that moves the bullets into place for firing. Firearms known as "revolvers" have a cylinder with holes that the bullets are loaded into. Modern guns are usually loaded with a "magazine" and are called "automatic loading".
Use of firearms.
Firearms are designed to kill. Most firearms are designed to kill people. Some kinds of firearms, such as hunting rifles, are designed to kill other animals. A deer hunter usually shoots a deer with a rifle. Some people also use firearms for shooting sports, usually known as "target shooting". "Target Shooting" is an Olympic sport.
Guns are the main weapons used by armies. In modern armies every soldier has a firearm as part of his or her equipment which they are taught to use and keep in good working order. Guns have been used by armies since about 900 AD when the Chinese began using cannons. Cannons were used in European armies and on battleships by 1500. Long barreled guns called muskets, that could be carried and used by one person, were used in China by the 1300s. Guns were not an important weapon in European armies until the 1600s.
Because guns are weapons that are made to kill, many countries only allow soldiers, policemen, (and in some countries, noblemen) to have them. In many countries a person must have a special permit (or license) if they want to own a gun. Depending on the gun, people need to be a certain age and may need to meet other criteria to get such a permit. In United States and other countries, people can buy guns and use them for self-defense, sport such as hunting, target shooting and target practice. In some countries, such as Australia, people on farms are allowed to keep guns but it is difficult for a city person to own a gun without a good reason.

Hobby
A hobby is an leisure activity that people do for fun or recreation. People do it because they like it.
Arts and crafts.
Some people do arts and crafts. They make clothing or decorations with their hands. Some popular arts and crafts that involve textiles or fabrics include crocheting, sewing (making clothing), embroidery (e.g.,cross stitch, needlepoint, crewel and satin stitch, etc.), knitting, and quilting.
Some people like to hobbies that involve making images on paper, such as scrapbooking, painting, and drawing. Some people like to make three-dimensional decorations using clay or wood, in the hobbies of pottery, sculpture, wood carving, and woodworking.
Some other arts include movie-making, photography, and musical hobbies such as singing, playing musical instruments, and writing songs.
Games and puzzles.
Some people enjoy hobbies such as playing games or solving puzzles. Games include board games such as chess, card games, and newer games such as wargaming and role-playing games. Popular puzzles include jigsaw puzzles and crossword puzzles.
Reading and learning.
Some people enjoy spending their time reading books, magazines, and newspapers, or writing stories or in a diary. Other people enjoy learning foreign languages by taking classes, or doing research, such as genealogy (learning about your family history).
In the 2000s, many people have Internet-based hobbies, such as editing Wikipedia or having online discussions in Newsgroups.
Some people enjoy computer activities, such as computer programming, learning about open source software, or playing computer games. Some people enjoy learning about electronics such as doing amateur radio broadcasts or building robots.
Hobbies in the home.
Some people enjoy working on their home and learning how to repair their home by themselves, without hiring repair people or plumbers. Some people enjoy learning how to repair motor vehicles, such as antique cars, motorcycles, or pickup trucks. Some people even build and repair sailboats in their backyard.
Many people have hobbies that they do in the kitchen, such as cooking, making meals for their guests and family, and making their own beer. Many people also have hobbies in their home that involve animals, such as keeping a pet animal, such as a dog, a cat, or a turtle. Some people even learn about dog breeding.
Collecting.
Collecting is a popular hobby in North America and in Europe. People enjoy finding interesting examples of different items and learning about them. Some of the well-known types of collecting include stamp collecting, coin collecting, trading cards such as baseball cards, and autographs of celebrities (famous people). People also collect toys, books, comic books, and old records. Some people collect antiques and artwork, but these hobbies are more rare, because antiques and artwork are usually expensive.
A type of hobby that is related to collecting is model-building. People who do model-building as a hobby collect small models which they build, paint, and then display. Some common types of model-building hobbies include model airplanes, model rockets, model ships, model cars, and model railways.
Outdoor activities and sports.
Outdoor hobbies include birdfeeding, birdwatching, canoeing, gardening, hiking, walking, and sports such as baseball, bowling, cycling, fishing, hunting, and sailing.
Other hobbies.
Many people spend a lot of time in leisure activities that are not necessarily called hobbies. Some people disapprove of spending time on these activities. These activities include watching television, drinking alcohol, and taking illegal drugs.
For more hobbies, see: List of hobbies.

World Trade Center
The World Trade Center (WTC) in New York City had several buildings.
These buildings were designed by Minoru Yamasaki with Antonio Brittiochi. Minoru Yamasaki was an American architect.
The World Trade Center was most famous for its Twin Towers. These two skyscrapers, the North Tower and the South Tower, were once the tallest buildings in the world. They had 110 floors each. The Twin Towers and the WTC building 7 were destroyed in the September 11, 2001 attacks while the other buildings were damaged beyond repair. Currently, the site is being developed as a memorial ground to the victims of the attacks, with a new Freedom Tower set to be built in its place.

Hour
An hour (abbreviation: h or hr) is a unit of measurement used to measure time. An hour is equal to 60 minutes. 24 hours are equal to one day. Unlike the second, the hour is not an SI unit.

Minute
A minute is a customary unit of time, it is equal to 60 seconds and there is 60 minutes in an hour. It is not a proper SI unit of time like the second.
A minute is also 1/60 of a degree.

Coat
A coat is a piece of clothing that is worn over a person's upper body. It can be used to keep warm or dry. It may be worn to make a person look good.

Study
To study is to try to learn something.
There are many different ways to study something. For example,

Head
The head is the part of the body where the brain is. It is also where the face is. Different things may be worn on the head, for example a headband, a headdress, or a hat.
Some people get pains in their head occasionally, known as headaches. Also, some people have worse pains in their head called migraines.
A "head" in English can also mean a person in charge of something, such as the head of a company.
Also, the word "head" can also mean the front of something. An example of this is the word "Headline", meaning large words on the front page of a newspaper.
Oral sex.
The word head is also slang word for fellatio, when a man's penis is in another persons mouth. This is because the tip of the penis is sometimes called "the head".

Norway
Norway is a country in the north of Europe. It is a part of the Scandinavian peninsula.
The mainland of Norway is surrounded by a coast and borders with Russia, Finland,and Sweden.
The coast touches the Oslo Fjord, Skagerrak, and the North Sea.
The Kingdom of Norway has been independent since 1905. Its head of state is now King Harald V.
The national day is May 17, which celebrates Norway's constitution of 1814. The parliament is called "Stortinget" and its members are elected by the people every 4 years.
About 4.6 million people live in Norway.
The capital, is the city of Oslo. It is also the largest city, with a population of over 530,000. Other major cities are Bergen with 230,000 people and Trondheim with 150,000; both have been the Norwegian capital in earlier years.
Norwegian is the national language. There are two official written versions of Norwegian called "bokmål" and "nynorsk". Many Sami individuals, are native speakers, of one of the Sami languages. ("Nord-samisk" is also an official language in a number of "kommuner". (Each "kommune" has a mayor.)
History.
King Harald is the first king born in Norway in over 600 years. He has two children; Princess Märtha Louise and Crown Prince Haakon Magnus.
In World War I Norway was neutral and served as a trading nation. Norway tried to stay neutral in World War II, but was occupied by German forces from 9 April 1940 to 8 May 1945. Even though it is a country it is special
Ministry of Defence.
The Government has Norwegian soldiers working in Afghanistan, together with soldiers from other countries that belong to Nato.
Economy.
oil, hydroelectric power, and fish.
Other natural resources are agriculture, forests, and minerals.
The Government collects much money from various sources, and has policies intended to spread this wealth among Norwegians. This spread of wealth, is done both directly and indirectly.
Ethnicity.
A native population of Norway, the Sami people, previously lived mainly in the northern parts of the country.
Many Sami individuals, now, do not live in areas that are considered to be Sami.
Tourism.
Among tourists to Norway, more come from Germany than from any other country. The Norwegian and German languages are related.
Media.
The largest newspapers in Norway are BT Bergens Tidende, VG Verdens Gang, Aftenposten and Dagbladet.
Norway has no national newspaper. The 3 last newspapers are Oslo-based.
Famous people born in Norway.
See: Norwegian people
Languages.
Not all Sami individuals, can speak any of the Sami languages.

Albania
Albania is a country in Southeastern Europe. The capital is Tirana. About 3.6 million people live in Albania.
Albania is next to Serbia (Kosovo), Montenegro, Greece and Macedonia. It has a coast on the Adriatic Sea in the west, and a coast on the Ionian Sea in the southwest.
The official language is Albanian.
The national anthem is "Hymni i Flamurit".

Hungary
Hungary is a country in Central Europe. Its capital city is Budapest. Hungary is slightly bigger than its western neighbor Austria and has about 10 million inhabitants. Other countries that border Hungary are Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Croatia and Slovenia. Hungary's official language is the Hungarian language. It has been a member of the European Union (EU) since 2004. In Hungarian the country is called "Magyarország" (Hungary) or "Magyar Köztársaság" (Hungarian Republic).
Medieval Hungary, 896-1526.
The Hungarians established Hungary in 896, after they had arrived there from their previous, Eastern European territories. Prince Árpád was their leader at the time; he also established the first royal house of the country, the Árpád-house. In 1000, after the first king, Saint Stephen had been crowned, the country became a Kingdom.
In 1241, the Tatars (Mongols) invaded the country, causing many deaths and damages. In 1301, the Árpád-house died out. Later on, kings from various houses were ruling over Hungary. The greatest of them is Matthias Corvinus, famous for protecting the country against the Ottoman aggression. However, some decades after he had died (1490), the Ottomans defeated the country in the Battle of Mohács (1526). The Kingdom was cut up to three parts: the western and northern areas remained Hungary, the southern region fell under Ottoman rule, and the eastern parts became semi-independent as the Principality of Transylvania.
Between 1526-1867.
The Kingdom of Hungary became a Habsburg dependency, because an agreement made in Vienna in 1515 said that the Habsburg family would take over the territory of the Jagellion family in Bohemia and Hungary if the line of kings should die out. In 1686, the Ottomans were forced to leave, and the country was reunified. There were many nationalities living in the country at this time; except Hungarians, there were also present the ancestors of modern Slovaks, Serbs, and Romanians.
In 1703, Francis II Rákóczi, a Hungarian nobleman organized a revolution against the Habsburgs, as Hungarians were not satisfied with them. However, his revolution failed in 1711, and he had to go to exile. The next most important event is the "Hungarian Revolution of 1848", when the inhabitants of the country mutinied again. The fights were finished in 1849, with Habsburg success. The leaders of the revolution were executed.
Austria-Hungary, 1867-1918.
The country tried to find the way towards consolidation: in 1867, the two most important Habsburg territory, Austria and Hungary signed a treaty, and they established the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. The now situation was feasible for both sides: the agreement brought massive economic growth.
Between the World Wars, 1918-1946.
In 1918, the Kingdom was abolished, and a republic was established, as people felt enough of war. This republic was short-lived, and soon the Communists seized power (1919). Their rule was too irresponsible and many people, including the peasants and the intelligentsia, were tortured. The communist had to abandon the country as Romanian troops invaded it. In late 1919, the Hungarian forces, led by Admiral Miklós Horthy, finally occupied the capital, Budapest as well. In response to the communist deeds, they launched the "White Terror", in which they persecuted the communists and their supporters. The kingdom was re-eastablished. Horthy was elected as the regent of the country, as the assemly decided not to recall the Habsburgs.
Hungary lost the war. According to the Treaty of Trianon (1920), Hungary lost two thirds of its territory. On the majority of these territories, non-Hungarians were living; however, many Hungarians also found themselves outside their country, in the nation state of Romanians or Slovakians. Thus, the main political goal of the governments under Horthy was to revise this treaty, and at least, to regain the Hungarian-inhabited lands.
Communist Hungary, 1946-1989.
After the fall of Nazi Germany, Soviet troops occupied all of the country. So Hungary gradually became a communist satellite state of the Soviet Union. After 1948, Communist leader Mátyás Rákosi established Stalinist rule in the country. He forced collectivization and planned economy. This led to the 1956 Hungarian Revolution. Hungary withdrew from the Warsaw Pact. But the Soviets sended in over 150,000 troops and 2,500 tanks. Nearly a quarter of a million people left the country during the brief time that the borders were open in 1956. János Kádár became leader of the communist party. In 1991 Soviet military presence in Hungary ended and the transition to a market economy began.
Republic of Hungary, 1989 onwards.
Today, Hungary is a democratic republic. Elections are held in every fourth year.
The current president of the country is László Sólyom, and the prime Minister is Ferenc Gyurcsány.
Demographics.
Hungarians make up the largest part of the population but there are also several other ethnic communities. The largest of these are Romas and Germans. Hungarian is the most widely used language in Hungary but of course ethnic communities often use their own languages as well. The majority of Hungarians are not religious, Roman Catholic or Calvinist (in Hungarian 'református' - 'Reformed').
Geography.
Hungary's highest point is "Kékestető" (1,014 m; in the northeastern part of Hungary). The River Danube, one of Europe's largest rivers divides Hungary into a western and an eastern part. The region west of the Danube is called Transdanubia ("Dunántúl"). Transdanubia has a hilly landscape and many small villages and towns. The large flat area in the eastern part is the Great Plains ("Alföld"). Along the Slovakian border there are mountains.
Lake Balaton, Central Europe's largest lake can be found in Hungary. This small country has several thermal spas too. Lake Hévíz is one of the world's largest thermal lakes. Hungary, however is a landlocked country (it has no seacoast).
Its biggest cities are Budapest, Debrecen, Miskolc, Szeged, Pécs, Győr and Szolnok. Szolnok is found at the juncture of the Tisza River and the Zagyva River (stream).

Netherlands
The Netherlands is a country in Europe. More than 16 million people live there. To the north and west of the Netherlands lies the North Sea. To the east is the country Germany and to the south is the country Belgium. The Netherlands is one of the countries that started the European Union. People who live in the Netherlands are called "Dutch. The language of the Netherlands is also called Dutch
Name.
"The Netherlands" means "the low lands". The land is very flat, and only rises a little bit above the sea level. One third of the land is below sea level. The Netherlands is also sometimes mistaken to be Holland. Holland was a very rich area in the western part of the Netherlands, thus causing people to be mistaken. Some people who do not live in the western part of the Netherlands do not like it when people call the country Holland. Holland means "wooded land" because the Holland area used to be covered with forests.
History.
At the end of the Middle Ages the dukes of Burgundy, a country that is now part of France, united seventeen areas. Those areas were called the Netherlands. When the daughter of a duke married the king of Spain, the Netherlands became part of Spain. In the 16th century many Dutch people became Protestant. The king of Spain did not like it, he wanted all Dutch to be Roman Catholic. He decided that all Protestants should be killed. Of course the Dutch people did not like this, and in 1568 they started a war against Spain. The war lasted until 1648, therefore it is called the Eighty Years' War. An important leader of the Dutch in this war was William the Silent.
In 1648 the Netherlands and Spain signed peace. The Dutch people were allowed to keep all the areas they conquered. The part of the Netherlands that was not conquered by the Dutch stayed part of Spain. Later this part became the country Belgium.
When the Netherlands became independent, it was a very special country. That time almost all countries in Europe were ruled by a king, but the Netherlands was not. The Netherlands was made up of seven provinces, that were ruled by civilians. Together those provinces were ruled by a stadtholder, but he did not have much power. In the 17th century the Netherlands was the richest and one of the most powerful countries in the world. Therefore the Dutch call the 17th century the Golden Age. They had possessions all around the world. The most important possession were the East Indies, a country that is now called Indonesia. The Dutch also founded the city New York, but they called it New Amsterdam. In 1628 they sold it for 60 gilder. The Netherlands often fought wars against other European countries, especially against England. Michiel de Ruyter, a Dutch admiral, became a Dutch hero when he defeated the English navy close to London.
In the 18th century the Netherlands became poorer. Many people thought this was the fault of the stadtholders. Many thought they had too much power and wanted them to get away. In 1789 the French people deposed their king. French armies attacked other countries to depose their leaders too. In 1795 they attacked the Netherlands. Stadtholder William V had to flee to England. The Netherlands were renamed to Batavian Republic and became a democracy. But the French were not content with the Dutch ruler, so in 1806 the French emperor Napoleon made his brother Louis Bonaparte king of the Netherlands. Louis became popular in the Netherlands, but the emperor was again not content with him, so in 1810 the Netherlands became a part of France.
In 1815 Napoleon was defeated, and the Netherlands became independent again. The rulers of European countries thought it was a good idea to make the Netherlands stronger, to make them able to resist another French invasion. Therefore Belgium and Luxembourg were added to the Netherlands. William I, the son of stadtholder William V, became king. The Belgians were not happy with the Dutch king. In 1830 they revolted. William sent an army, but it was defeated by the Belgians. In 1831 the Belgians chose their own king, and Belgium became an independent country.
Some people thought the Dutch king had too much power. They wanted to give him less power and vote for the government themselves. In 1848 there were violent revolts against the kings of many European countries. The Dutch king was afraid the same would happen in the Netherlands. Therefore he allowed Johan Rudolf Thorbecke to write a constitution. From then on people were allowed to vote. At first only rich men were allowed to vote. From 1919 on everyone was allowed to vote.
In World War I, the Netherlands did not fight. The Dutch wanted to stay neutral in World War II as well, but in 1940 the country was invaded and occupied by Germany. Just like in other countries they had occupied, the Germans started to kill Jews. Anne Frank was a Jewish girl who lived in the Netherlands. She died in a German concentration camp. When she and her family were hiding for the Germans, she wrote a diary. After the war her diary became very famous. In 1944 the American, Canadian, Polish and British armies liberated the south of the Netherlands from the Germans. They wanted to cross the Rhine river to liberate the rest of the country, but they were defeated by the Germans. It took until May 1945 before the entire country was liberated. During the five years of German occupation, 250,000 people had died in the Netherlands.
Shortly after the war, Indonesia declared its independence. The Dutch sent soldiers to Indonesia. During the war the Dutch realized how it is to be occupied by another country, so some people thought the Dutch should not do the same to the Indonesians. After other countries, including the United States, told the Dutch to leave Indonesia, they finally did so (1949).
After the war the Netherlands became one of the richest countries in the world. In 2004 the United Nations said the Netherlands were the 5th best country to live in.
Politics.
The Netherlands is a constitutional monarchy. That means the country has a king or queen, but the real power is in hands of a parliament, chosen by the Dutch people. All Dutch people who are 18 or older are allowed to vote. There are elections every four years. After the elections, parties that have had a majority of the votes create a cabinet. The cabinet consists of a prime minister and several other ministers.
The Netherlands is known for tolerance in politics. The Netherlands is the only country where soft drugs are not entirely considered illegal. Furthermore the Netherlands is one of the few countries that allow same-sex marriages, euthanasia and prostitution to a certain extent.
Provinces.
Apart from these provinces the Netherlands Antilles and Aruba are also part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands.
Geography.
In fact a large part of Holland was created by the sand that came from the many rivers flowing through it. Notable Dutch rivers are the Rhine, the Maas, the IJssel and the Scelt. A large part of the Netherlands is below sea level. This is because the Dutch have made many lakes and parts of the sea dry, creating polders. Therefore there is a saying in the Netherlands "God created the earth, except the Netherlands. Because the Netherlands were created by the Dutch themselves." This makes the Netherlands very flat. In the very south-east of the Netherlands, in Limburg, there are some hills. Therefore, this region is a tourist-attraction for many Dutch people. The highest point in the Netherlands, the Vaalserberg, is 321 metres above sea level.
People.
The Netherlands is a small country, but many people live there. It is one of the most densely populated countries of the world.
Most people in the Netherlands speak Dutch. In Friesland about 200,000 people speak Frisian. Frisian is the language with the most similarities to English. Some Dutch people speak dialects. The Saxon dialects spoken in the north eastern part of the Netherlands are somewhat similar to Lower German.
According to a survey done in 2006, 25% of the Dutch people are Christian and 3% believe in an other organised religion, like Judaism, Islam or Hinduism etc. 26% are 'unbounded spiritual' (have their own beliefs and are not tied to a religion). The other 44% are not religious.

Ukraine
Ukraine ("Україна", [ukrajina]) is a country in Europe. Russia is East of Ukraine, Belarus is in the North, Poland and Slovakia are in the West, Hungary, Romania, Moldova and self-proclaimed Transnistria are to the South West and the Black Sea is to the South.
Ukraine is a republic. It is part of the Commonwealth of Independent States.
The capital of Ukraine is Kiev ("Київ" — Kyiv [Kyjif] by Ukrainian; "Киев" by Russian [Kijef]).
Official language.
The official language of Ukraine is Ukrainian (українська мова, [ukrajin’s’ka mova] by Ukrainian), but 30 to 50 % use Russian in every day life.
Ukraine divided.
Ukraine is divided into 24 oblasts, Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Автономна Республіка Крим [avtonomna respublika krym] by Ukrainian) and two cities with special status — Kyiv and Sevastopol in Crimea.
The largest cities of Ukraine.
Kiev (the capital from 1934), Kharkiv (the capital of Soviet Ukraine in 1917—1934), Dnipropetrovsk, Donetsk, Odesa, Zaporizhia, Lviv (last one before 1939 — the polish territory).
Modern History.
In the Soviet epoch Ukraine was a Soviet Socialist Republic in Soviet Union. Independence day — 24 August 1991.
President elections: 1 December 1991, July 1994, October-November 1999, October-December 2004
Parliament elections: March 1994, March 1998, March 2002, March 2006, September 2007 (prematurely)
Constitution of Ukraine was adopted by Parliament (Verkhovna Rada) 28 July 1996 with changes 8 December 2004.
Orange Revolution.
The political demonstrations in autumn-winter 2004 after falsification of Presidential elections that gathered millions of people all over the country. On November 26, 2004, Victor Yuschenko lost the Ukrainian presidential election (Viktor Yanukovych was declared winner). However, Yuschenko and his followers argued that the election had been corrupted. They argued that the election results had been falsified by the Ukrainian government, in support of the opposing candidate Victor Yanukovych. They organized political demonstrations in autumn-winter 2004 that gathered millions of people all over the country. They called the demonstrations "The Orange Revolution". Current Prime Minister Yulia Tymoshenko was an important ally of Victor Yuschenko during the demonstrations. The Constitutional Court of Ukraine ordered a second round of elections, which Yuschenko won.

Liechtenstein
Liechtenstein is a country in Europe. It is the fifth smallest country in the world and one of the few landlocked countries in the world. Liechtenstein is located between Austria and Switzerland. It was a part of the Holy Roman Empire until 1806 when it became an independent principality.
Liechtenstein was linked with Austria until the end of World War I, after that Liechtenstein is linked with Switzerland in a customs union. It is the only landlocked country in the world to be landlocked by a landlocked country.
The official spoken language in Liechtenstein is German.
The capital of Liechtenstein is Vaduz, a very small town of 5000 people. Liechtenstein is famous for its many private banks. It also has more companies than people.

Portugal
Portugal is a country in the south-west of Europe. The Atlantic Ocean is to the west and south, and Spain is to the north and east. Compared to the countries near Portugal, Portugal is actually quite smaller.
Three groups of islands in the Atlantic Ocean are also part of Portugal: the Azores ("Açores"), the Madeira and the Savage Isles ("Ilhas Selvagens"). The Savage Isles are a small group of islands with nobody on them, controlled by Madeira. The country says that Olivença is also part of it, but it is controlled by Spain (even the United Nations do not recognize the occupation).
History.
Portugal became its own kingdom in 1139. The border with Spain has been almost the same since the 13th century. Fishing and trade with other countries are some of the most important economic activities.
Portugal was important in world exploration for two reasons. Henry the Navigator, a prince from Portugal, was very interested in exploration. Inventions in navigation led to a bigger knowledge of geography.
Portugal was a world power during the 15th and 16th centuries. However, it lost a lot of money soon after this. The city of Lisbon was destroyed in an earthquake in 1755. The country was occupied during the Napoleonic Wars. It lost its colony, Brazil, in 1822.
In 1910, Portugal became a Republic, and in 1926, a military group took control of the country from the Portuguese 1st Republic. This began a time of rule by fascist governments. This lasted until 1974. That year, a peaceful left-wing army coup, called the "Carnation Revolution" happened. The coup changed how the country was run.
The next year, Portugal allowed its colonies in Africa to be on their own: Mozambique, Angola, Guinea-Bissau, Cape Verde and São Tomé and Príncipe. It lost its colony of East Timor in Asia to an Indonesian battle. Portugal went into the European Union in 1986. Another Asian colony, Macau, became part of China again in December 1999.
The main language of Portugal is Portuguese.
Famous Portuguese people are Luis de Camões, Afonso Henriques, Fernando Pessoa and Btm

Slovakia
Slovakia (Slovak: "Slovensko")(Official name The Slovak Republic, "Slovenská republika") is a country with no access to the ocean in central Europe. It is bordered by Austria in the southwest, Hungary in the south, Ukraine in the east, Poland in the north and Czech Republic in the northwest Its capital city is Bratislava. Other main cities are Košice, Banská Bystrica, Žilina, Trenčín, Nitra, Prešov, and Trnava. Slovakia is a member of the European Union.
History.
The Celts started to settle since 450 BC. The coins named "Biatec" represent the first use of writing in Slovakia. At the turn of millenniums, various Germanic tribes like Quadi and Marcomanni started to overtake the area. The Roman Empire established a series of outposts along the Danube river. They even fought Germanic tribes, with the most northern presence being in Trenčín ("Laugaritio"), during the Marcomannic Wars.
The Great Moravia was at first in constant quarrels with the Eastern Francia, and at the beginning of the 10th century, with the Magyars who arrived from Asia. The Magyars beat the Great Moravia in 906, overtook the area and established the Hungarian Principality, resulting later in the creation of the Kingdom of Hungary in year 1000. Slovak settlements continued to be in the north, while those of the Hungarians were in the south.
A huge population loss resulted from the Mongol invasions in 1241. The Hungarian kings started to invite other settlers, for example Germans in the 13th century, and many others started to arrive in the kingdom, Vlachs from Romania in the 14th century and Jews.
The expansion of the Ottoman Empire in the 16th century from the south, who occupied the two most important towns in the kingdom, Buda (capital) and Szekesfehérvár (coronation capital) and southern regions, the center shifted to Slovakia and the capitals moved to Bratislava ("Pressburg", "Pozsony" at that time). The fights against the Ottomans and an uprising against the Habsburgs caused a lot of destruction. After the Ottomans started to retreat back from Hungary Bratislava continued to be capital until 1848, when it was moved back to Budapest.
The creation of the dual monarchy Austria-Hungary gave free hand to the Magyars, and Slovaks until 1918 were under cultural repressions from the Hungarian government, limiting the Slovak language, and promoting its Magyarisation policy.
The area was a part of Czechoslovakia from 1918 to 1992. Czechoslovakia became independent from the Austrian-Hungarian Empire in 1918. The first Czechoslovakian president was Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk. Czechoslovakia split for the first time in 1938/1939, when Slovakia, with Hitler's help, became independent, though all the time until 1945, the end of the World War II was puppet ally of the Nazi Germany. Czechoslovakia was once again created in 1945, where the Communists took rule in 1948 and ruled until 1989, when the series of events, called Velvet Revolution overthrown them. Soviet inspired Czechoslovakia peacefully split into two countries (Slovakia and Czech Republic) on January 1 1993, in what became known as the Velvet Divorce. Slovakia has been a member of the European Union since May 1, 2004.
Geography.
Slovakia is noted primarily for its mountainous nature, with the Carpathian Mountains being in the north and various lowlands mostly in the south. The highest mountain range are the Tatra mountains with the highest peak, the Gerlachov Peak (2,654 m). Major Slovak rivers besides the Danube are the Váh and Hron.
The Slovak climate is temperate, with warm summers and cloudy, cold and humid winters.
Demographics.
About 5.4 million people live in Slovakia. Most people speak Slovak (86%), but in southern regions of Slovakia people speak also Hungarian (9%), with some municipalities even being with the Hungarian majority (for example, Komárno or Dunajská Streda), Ruthenian or Ukrainian are spoken in the northeast. A minority Roma population speak versions of the Romany language and are scattered mainly in the east.
The Slovak constitution guarantees a freedom of religion. The majority of Slovaks are Roman Catholics (69%), the next are the atheists (13%). Other religions include Lutheranism, Greek Orthodox and Calvinism. There are about 5,000 Muslims in Slovakia and 2,000 of Jews.
Administrative division.
These are further divided into many districts. There are currently 79 districts of Slovakia.

Slovenia
Slovenia is a country in Central Europe. The capital and largest city of Slovenia is Ljubljana.Its major language is Slovenian.Their population is right now about 2.0 million.Slovenia's leading exports are manufactured goods and aluminium.
A very long time ago, Illyrian and Celtics tribes lived in Slovenia. In the first century BC Slovenia was ruled by the Romans. In the sixth century AD, Slavs lived there. Slovenia was ruled by Austria from 1335 until 1918. In 1918 it became a part of Yugoslavia. During World War II, Italy, Hungary and Germany took parts of the country but in 1945 it became part of Yugoslavia again.
In June 1991, following a 10-day war, Slovenia became an independent country.
Currently it is considered the most advanced country from what is called "Ex-Yugoslavia." It is also a member of the European Union.

Oldham Cricket Club
Oldham Cricket Club are a cricket team which currently plays in the Central Lancashire League.
The the ground that the club plays at is called "The Pollards".

Denarius
The denarius was a small silver coin. It was made by the Roman Empire and Roman Republic a long time ago. The denarius weighed about 3 to 4.5 grams. It was the main coin of Ancient Rome. During the Empire the front side usually had a picture of the emperor on it. The coin was sometimes made of copper and painted silver in color.

Jack knife
A jack knife is a knife. It has a blade that folds into the handle. It is also a dive in which the body is bent and then straightened before entering the water.

Luffa
A luffa (also spelled loofah or loofa) is a long thin dried inner part of the fruit of a tropical plant. It is often used as a sponge for washing the body. Before it gets ripe, it is also a good vegetable.

Kimono
Kimonos (着物) are traditional Japanese clothes. "Kimono" meant "something you wear" originally. Long ago, people in Japan wore kimonos every day. Now, people only wear a kimono for special occasions such as formal ceremonies.
A kimono is a robe shaped like a "T". Normal kimonos reaches to the ankles, and has very long sleeves. Kimonos for women have usually colorful design of flowers, butterflies, etc. People wear a wide belt called an "obi" with their kimono. Obi are also colorful.
Women's kimonos are all the same size. They fold them and tuck them to make them the right size. People who are very tall or heavy have to have kimonos made for them.
There are different types of formal and casual kimono. Kimonos are usually made of silk, but there are cotton and polyester kimonos as well.
Kimonos are very expensive. One woman's kimono can cost more than US$10,000. The obi (belts) are very expensive too. They can cost thousands of dollars. Most people's kimonos are not so expensive. Some people make their own kimono, or buy them second hand.
Japanese people have been wearing kimonos for hundreds of years. Today, kimonos are worn only at special times. More women wear kimonos than men. Men wear kimonos most often at weddings and Japanese tea ceremonies. Men's kimonos are made of "haori" (top) and "hakama" (loose-fitting pants).
People who play some sports like kendo also wear kimono. They are tough, thick and short, not like typical women's kimono. They are usually called "do-gi".
In Japan people can take classes about wearing kimonos and learn about how to choose kimonos and how to tie the obi.
Most Japanese women do not know how to put on a kimono by themselves because it is very difficult. Some people work as "kimono dressers". They help people to put on their kimono.
Some people still wear kimonos every day in Japan.

Sconce
A sconce is a holder for candles or electric lights that is fixed on a wall. Most of the time, sconces are also meant to make the place look more beautiful.

Culture
Culture is a word for people's "way of life", meaning the way they do things. A group of people has a separate culture when that group sets itself apart from others through its actions.
Not everyone agrees on the meaning of culture. To some, it means the outlook or opinion of an entire society, that can be reflected in their words, books and writing, religion, music, clothes, cooking, etc.
National cultures.
Cultures are what make countries unique. Each country has different cultural activities and cultural rituals. Culture is more than just material goods, that is things the culture uses and produces. Culture is also the beliefs and values of the people in that culture. Culture also includes the way people think about and understand the world and their own lives.
Different countries have different cultures. For example, some older Japanese people wear kimonos, arrange flowers in vases, and have tea ceremonies.
Regional or local cultures.
Culture can also vary within a region, society or sub group. A workplace may have a specific culture that sets it apart from similar workplaces. A region of a country may have a different culture than the rest of the country. For example, Canada's east coast Maritime region has a different culture than the rest of Canada, which is expressed by different ways of talking, different types of music, and different types of dances.
A family may have a specific set of values, morals or beliefs that differ from other families of the same ethnic background. For example, a family may emphasize community values.
Company cultures.
Companies or other organizations (groups of people) can have a separate culture. Japanese manufacturing companies often have a different culture than other companies; the workday starts with exercise, and the workers are very loyal to the company.
Companies in the high-technology sector often have a different culture than other companies. Software and computer companies sometimes allow employees to play games during the workday, or take time off work to relax, because these companies believe that this will help the workers to think better.
Anthropology.
"Anthropology" is studying human beings and how they relate to each other. An "anthropologist" is a person who studies anthropology. Anthropologists believe that people use symbols to communicate (express) their experiences -- who they are, what they believe, where they started.
Anthropologists call this use of symbols "culture". For example, immigrants (people who move from one country to another) may keep some of their customs from their old country. By keeping their culture in this way, they express who they are and that they came from somewhere else.

Houseplant
A houseplant is any kind of decorative plant. People grow them indoors, usually in a house, where these plants gets their name.

Waxed paper
Waxed paper (or wax paper) is a type of paper which has been coated on both sides with wax. This gives it a translucent look. It is used for wrapping food because grease, oil, and water cannot pass through it. It is also used to line food containers because many kinds of food which would stick to normal paper will not stick to wax paper. Many kinds of dry foods were once stored in wax paper because of its resistance to water. Wax paper has been replaced by plastic wrap for most purposes.

Japanese tea ceremony
The Japanese tea ceremony (called cha-no-yu, chado, or sado) is a special way of making green tea (matcha 抹茶).
People who study the tea ceremony have to learn about different kinds of tea. They also have to learn about kimono (Japanese clothes), flowers, and many other things. It takes many years of practice to learn the tea ceremony.
History.
Tea came to Japan from China in about 900 AD. Tea became very popular in Japan, and Japanese people started to grow tea in Japan.
In the 12th century, "matcha" (green tea powder), became popular. This tea comes from the same plant as black tea.
By the 16th century, all people in Japan, rich people and poor people, liked drinking tea. A man called Sen no Rikyu started teaching about tea ceremony. Many years have passed, but people still make tea the same way that Sen no Rikyu taught.
Tea ceremony.
People do the tea ceremony in a special tea room or a special building called a "cha-shitsu". Most people wear kimonos.
When people go into the tea room they take off their shoes and sit on special floor mats called tatami.
Cha-shitsu often are very small. The guests (the people who go to the tea ceremony) sometimes eat food and drink special Japanese wine called sake. Before they drink the matcha (green tea) they eat something sweet.
The host (the person who does the tea ceremony) symbolically purifies the tea bowl and the other tea things. Then he or she puts some green tea powder into the tea bowl. The host mixes the tea with hot water. He mixes it with a whisk. The guests drink tea from the bowl.
When everyone has finished drinking tea, the host cleans everything and puts them away. Then the guests leave.
A tea ceremony can take from about twenty minutes to about four hours.

Sideboard
A sideboard is a piece of furniture. It is often placed in a dining room with a long table and cupboard below to hold dishes, glasses, and other things.

Movie
Movies (also known as films or motion pictures) are a type of visual communication which use moving pictures and sound to tell stories or inform (help people to learn about new ideas). People in every part of the world watch movies as a type of entertainment; a way to have fun. Fun for some people can mean laughing, while for others it can mean crying, or feeling afraid. Most movies are made so that they can be shown on big screens at cinemas or movie theatres. After movies are shown on cinema screens for a period of time (ranging from a few weeks to several months), movies are shown on pay television or cable television, and sold or rented on DVD disks or videocassette tapes, so that people can watch the movies at home. Later, movies are shown on television stations.
How movies work.
A movie camera or video camera takes pictures very quickly, usually at 24 pictures (frames) every second. When a movie projector, a computer, or a television shows the pictures at that rate, it looks like the images on the screen are moving. Sound is either recorded at the same time, or added later. The sounds in a movie usually include the sounds of people talking (which is called dialogue), music (which is called the "soundtrack"), and 'Foley', the sounds of activities that are happening in the movie (such as doors opening or guns being fired).
How movies are made.
A screenwriter writes a script, which is the story of the movie with the words that the actors will say. Then a producer hires people to work on the movie and gets all of the money that will be needed to pay for the actors and the equipment. Producers usually get the money by borrowing it from a bank or by getting investors to lend money to the movie production. Some producers work for a movie studio; other producers are independent (they do not work for a movie studio).
Actors and directors read scripts to find out what to say and what to do. The actors memorize the words from the script that they will say in the movie, and learn the actions that the script tells them to do. Then the director tells the actors what to do and a cameraman takes motion pictures of them with a motion picture camera.
When filming has finished, an editor puts the moving pictures together in a way that tells the whole story within a set amount of time. Audio engineers and sound engineers record music and singing and join it with the moving pictures. When the movie is done, many copies of the movie are made by movie labs and put onto movie reels. Then the movie reels are sent to cinemas. An electric machine called a projector shines a very bright light through the movie, and people sitting in a dark room see it on a big screen.
Genres.
A genre is a word for a type of movie or a style of movie. Movies can be fictional (made up), or true, or a mix of the two. Although hundreds of movies are made every year, there are very few that do not follow a small number of set plots, or stories. Some movies mix together two or more genres.
Dramas are serious, and often about people falling in love or people who have to make a big decision in their life. They tell stories about relationships between people. They usually follow a basic plot where one or two main characters (each actor plays a character) have to 'overcome' (get past) an obstacle (the thing stopping them) to get what they want. Tragedies are always dramas. For example, a husband and wife who are divorcing must each try to prove to a court of law that they are the best person to take care of their child ("Kramer versus Kramer"). Emotion (feelings) are a big part of the movie and the audience (people watching the film) may get upset and even cry.
Action movies have a lot of exciting effects like car chases and gun fights, involving stuntmen. They usually involve 'goodies' and 'baddies', so war and crime are common subjects. Action films usually need very little effort to watch, since the plot is normally simple. For example terrorists take control of a skyscraper and ask for a lot of money in exchange for not killing the people who work there. One man somehow manages to save everyone and is the hero ("Die Hard"). Action movies do not usually make people cry, but if the action movie is also a drama, emotion will be involved. For example, four brothers go off to fight in the 2nd World War and 3 are soon killed. Someone decides that the 4th brother must be saved. He and the soldiers who rescue him end up fighting the enemy and the soldier who led his squad trying to save the 4th brother is killed and becomes a hero ("Saving Private Ryan").
Thrillers are usually about a mystery, strange event, or crime that needs to be solved. The audience is kept guessing until the final minutes, when there are usually 'twists' in the plot (surprises).
Comedies are funny movies about people being silly or doing unusual things that make the audience laugh.
Romantic Comedies (Rom-Coms) are usually love stories about 2 people from different worlds, who must overcome obstacles to be together. Rom-Coms are always light-hearted, but may include some emotion.
Buddy movies involve 2 heroes, one must save the other, both must overcome obstacles. Buddy movies often involve comedy, but there is also some emotion, because of the close friendship between the 'buddies'. Example: the "Lethal Weapon" series or "Butch Cassidy & the Sundance Kid".
Science fiction movies are set in the future or in outer space. Some use their future or alien settings to ask questions about the meaning of life or how we should think about life. Science fiction movies often use special effects to create images of alien worlds, outer space, alien creatures, and spaceships, for example the "Alien" series.
Western movies tell stories about cowboys living in the western United States in the 1800s. They are usually really Action movies, but with historical costume. They may or may not involve Indians (Native Americans).
Horror films use fear to excite the audience. Music, lighting and sets (man-made places in film studios where the film is made) are all designed to add to the feeling.
Animated movies use childish images like talking pigs to tell a story. These films used to be drawn by hand, one frame at a time, but are now made on computers. The first major animated film, still highly respected by audiences and the movie industry is "Fantasia" by Walt Disney, made in 1946. This film has no dialogue (speaking) but uses Classical music. Simple stories are shown with action being in time to the music. For example pigs dressed as ballet dancers dance to the "Nutcracker Suite' by Tchaikovsky.
Documentaries are movies that are (or claim to be) about real people and real events. They are nearly always serious and may involve strongly emotional subjects, for example cruelty.
Movie noir movies are 1940s-era detective movies about crime and violence.
The business of making movies.
Movies can make profits in the hundreds of millions, be they dollars, euro or pounds. In India movies have become an enormous part of the economy. The industry has always been dominated by quite a small number of major studios, like MGM, Warner, Columbia or Paramount. There are many large companies that provide all of the services needed to make movies, such as special effects, lighting, set building. Many of these employees belong to unions who say how much their members must be paid. A huge number of smaller companies also offer services, such as music studios (which record the music for original movie soundtracks) and CGI (computer generated imagery. Finally there are movie distribution companies (which send movies around the world or around a country), and advertising companies who let people know about the film.
Movies with famous stars and large budgets (lots of money), are designed to have a wide appeal, so that hopefully millions of people will pay to see them. Movies like this, which always cost the most to make, are called blockbusters. Special effects can add a huge amount to the cost of a film, especially the newest CGI effects, but people have come to expect them and every blockbuster film tries to out-do the last. Today in 2008, some films can cost up to $200 million to make. But when you stop to think that very successful films can make many times that amount in profit, it is easy to see why the studios keep producing them. This kind of movie will have a lot of promotion through television advertising, billboards and internet sites. In blockbuster movies, there is usually a happy ending, in which all of the problems in the plot (story) are figured out or fixed and almost everyone (except the baddie) live happily ever after. Some films have been so successful that the studios keep releasing more and more films with the same characters and basic plots, for example the James Bond films and Star Wars.
At the opposite end of the scale to the blockbuster, there is the independent, art, or Indie movie. These are usually made by small movie companies, or even just a small group of people that do not have much money. An example is The Blair Witch Project, which cost only about $60,000, but which has so far taken perhaps $200 million in ticket and DVD sales. Films like this are very unusual and usualy become popular 'underground' (people tell each other about it), so that they become cult, or popular but not mainstream. Independent movies often tell more creative or unusual (strange) stories, or may have sad endings that do not appeal to the big studios, because they can't be sure how the public will react to them. They rarely make a lot of money, but if they are successful, the big studios will quickly try to get the people involved to sign a contract with them, by offering them a lot of money to make another film. It is often the case that the new film, with its big budget and its stars will be less successful than the first, for example Blair Witch Project 2.
Famous actresses.
Note: the word actress is rarely used any more in the US film industry, male and female are all simply actors.

Holland
Holland is the name of a region in the western part of the Netherlands. Holland was a county of the Holy Roman Empire and later the leading province of the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands (1581–1795).
Today, there are two provinces called Holland in the Netherlands: North Holland (Noord-Holland) and South Holland (Zuid-Holland). Those provinces were created in 1840. The earlier country and province of Holland used to be greater, but some Hollandic parts were given to other provinces during the French occupation (1795-1813). Willemstad became part of North Brabant, the islands of Vlieland and Terschelling were given to Friesland, and the island of Urk to Overijssel.
Many people (inside and outside the Netherlands) use the name 'Holland' to refer to the entire Netherlands, but that is not correct. It is like calling the United Kingdom England, the United States America or like calling the EU a country. Some Dutch people who do not live in Holland do not like it when people call the entire country Holland.
For a short time (1806–1810), there was a Kingdom of Holland, which was in central and northern Netherlands and East Friesland in Germany.
Holland is also the name of a region in England.

Isotope
The atoms of a chemical element can exist in different types. These are called isotopes. They have the same number of protons (and electrons), but different numbers of neutrons. Different isotopes of the same element have different masses. Mass is the word for how much substance (or matter) something has. Things with different masses have different weights. Because different isotopes have different numbers of neutrons, they do not all weigh the same or have the same mass.
Different isotopes of the same element have the same atomic number. They have the same number of protons. The atomic number is decided by the number of protons. Isotopes have different mass numbers, though, because they have different numbers of neutrons.
The word isotope, meaning at the same place, comes from the fact that isotopes are located at the same place on the periodic table.
In a neutral atom, the number of electrons equals the number of protons. Isotopes of the same element also have the same number of electrons and the electronic structure. Because how an atom acts is decided by its electronic structure, isotopes are almost the same chemically, but different physically to their original atoms.
Heavier isotopes react slower than lighter isotopes of the same element. This "mass effect" is large for protium (1H) and deuterium (2H), because deuterium has twice the mass of protium. For heavier elements, the relative mass difference between isotopes is much less, and the mass effect is usually small.
Atomic nuclei are protons and neutrons held together by the strong nuclear force. Because protons have a positive charge, they push against other protons. Neutrons are electrically neutral, and they attract the protons more than the protons push against other protons. This makes the nucleus more stable. So, we need neutrons for more than two protons to be in a nucleus. As there are more protons, more neutrons are needed to have a stable nucleus. But, if there are too many neurtrons, the nucleus becomes unstable.
In Nature some elements have just a single isotopes. For example, fluorine 19F is the only isotope of fluorine. Other elements have many isotopes. For example, xenon has 9 isotopes.
Also, some isotopes are radioactive. These are called radioactive isotopes. Others are not radioactive. These are called stable isotopes.
Hydrogen has three common isotopes. The most common isotope of hydrogen is called protium (1H). A hydrogen atom with an extra neutron (atomic mass of 2) is called deuterium(2H). Hydrogen with and two neutrons (atomic mass of 3) is called tritium(3H). Protium and deuterium are stable isotopes, while tritium is a radioactive isotope.
The heaviest elements in the periodic table are all radioactive. All of the isotopes of radon, thorium, and uranium are radioactive, since they are very heavy. This is because the nuclear forces inside the nucleus of the atom have a tough time holding together all the particles with so many protons and neutrons inside.

Crushing by elephant
In the past, many rulers in south and southeast Asia had people crushed by elephants. This was common for more than 4000 years. The Romans and Carthaginians also sometimes did this.
For hundreds of years, people used elephants for military purposes. Death under the foot of an elephant was common for people who left the army or prisoners as well as for military criminals.
The elephant would step upon the head of the condemned, the one commanded to die. Usually, handlers trained the elephant to put its large foot gently on the person's head. At this point, witnesses looked under the elephant's foot to make sure the prisoner was the one who committed the crime. Often, the condemned would scream and beg the witnesses to say it was not him. If a witness stated this was not the criminal, they would probably commit perjury. Perjury means lying at a trial. In those days rulers could punish perjury with death. Few witnesses denied the condemned was the criminal, because then the elephant may crush them instead. Then the mahout, or elephant driver, gave the order, and the elephant would push down with its weight. The skull broke and the foot crushed the head flat.
Sometimes, the elephant would drag the condemned through streets before the crushing. Some elephants crushed the arms and legs first, to increase the pain.
Most rajahs, Indian rulers, kept elephants for death by crushing. The public could often see the deaths; this was the rulers' warning not to commit a crime. Many of the elephants were very large, weighing more than nine tons. Rulers wanted crushing by elephant to be bloody and gross. Some rulers in history condemned children, too.
Many rulers in South Asia used elephants as executioners, ones who put the condemned to death. One nonreligious Mogul Emperor, Akbar (1547-1605), used his favorite elephant as a judge, too. Akbar ruled in the city of Agra from 1570-1585. He believed that his favorite elephant could know who was guilty. He put thousands of people to death this way. Even when the crimes were minor, he sent them to the elephant. Elephant handlers staked them before the great elephant and tried to convince it to step on them. The huge elephant crushed most, but sometimes refused. Akbar believed this proved their innocence and then released them.
There are few records about crushing by elephant. Many records were lost. The British wrote many things about it during their long rule of India. The British used crushing by elephant even into the 20th century. They used it to terrify, and because the Indians had used it before them. When the British took over a state, they liked to use local ways of doing things.
Different regions crushed people by elephant in different ways. One region put people inside of a bag, so they would not have to watch what was about to happen. Then, the elephant would crush the bag flat with the condemned inside. In another region, people made the condemned watch the elephant slowly come from far away. Its huge feet kept coming closer. Sometimes, they buried the condemned to the neck. The elephant would come and step on the head. Some places made the condemned put his head on a special stand. The stand had fountains on the sides where brains and blood would flow when the elephant pressed down its huge foot.
Robert Knox was an English traveler. He wrote about a Sri Lankan crushing in 1681.
The last time an elephant executed someone was in Bikaner, India in April, 1947. The executioner was a state elephant named Hawai that weighed over eight tons. Under British rule, it put over 150 thieves and murderers to death with its huge foot.

Power network
A Power network is a type of contact network where its members can tell other people what to do.
It must be large enough to literally scare or force people to go along with its requests, which makes them orders or commands. This typically requires thousands of people in constant touch with each other.
A political party is the most obvious example. It is typically much larger than a social network but is not one, since people can only call on each other for a small number of reasons, and perhaps at specific times. Also not every member of the network has the same role or right to help.
A corporation may also be a power network if it relies on many power relations to maintain itself - for instance, the right to draw oil from the ground or dump waste without being held responsible for it.
When a power network achieves some stable grasp of political power and daily working control of some critical infrastructural capital, it becomes a power structure. In a democracy the visible power networks represented by the parties compete regularly in an election - but much of the power structure, typically the bureaucracy, does not change, and is typically ignored as a power network in itself.

Citizenship
Citizenship is the relationship between a person and his or her country, usually the same one he or she lives in, supports, and in return gets protection from. A person is usually a citizen of the country where he or she is born, but sometimes a person will apply to change his or her citizenship to become a citizen in another country.
In most countries, citizens have rights such as political participation at a lawful age, and duties, such as keeping the laws.
Some have made a difference between a "citizen", living in a republic (a country with no king), and a "subject" who is under the rule of a king or queen.

Elephant
Elephants are the largest living land mammals. The largest elephant known was a male shot in Angola in 1974. It weighed 12 tonnes (13.5 tons). An elephant child is called a "calf". At birth, a calf can have a weight of 100 kg (225 pounds). The baby elephant develops for 20 to 22 months inside its mother. No other land animal takes this long to develop before being born.
An elephant's most obvious part is the "trunk". The trunk is a very long nose, made from the upper lip. An elephant uses its trunk to grab objects such as food. Elephants also have "tusks". Tusks are large teeth coming out of their upper jaws.
A lot of ivory comes from elephant tusks. Ivory traders killed too many elephants, so now hunting them is illegal. The number of elephants has tripled in the last 6 months.
People knew for a long time there were different kinds of elephants. The scientific word for a kind of animal is "species". These species are African and Asian elephants. African elephants are larger and have bigger ears. These big ears have many "veins", which carry blood throughout the body. Scientists think that the blood going through their ears helps African elephants to cool off. The weather is hotter in Africa than in Asia, so it is hard for elephants to stay cool. Female African elephants have tusks, but female Asian elephants do not. African elephants have a low place in their back. African elephants have two "fingers" at the end of their trunks, but Asian elephants only have one.
Elephants eat a lot of grass. Grass is hard to chew, so their teeth are very important. Elephants have 24 teeth: 12 front teeth, called "premolars", and 12 back teeth, called "molars". The teeth come out in order, from front to back. Because grass is very tough, the elephant teeth slowly wear out. When the last molar wears out, the elephant usually dies because it cannot eat. But in a zoo or circus, people can keep elephants alive by feeding them soft food. Scientists call the elephant genus (group of related animals) "Loxodonta" because "loxodont" means a kind of molar.
Some African elephants live on the savanna while others live in the forest. Today, many people think these are different species. Scientists named the forest group "Loxodonta cyclotis" and the savanna group "Loxodonta africanus". This means that African elephants are even more in danger of dying off forever than people used to think.
Humans have used elephants for different things. The Carthaginian general Hannibal took some elephants across the Alps
when he fought the Romans. He probably used the North African elephant, a kind of elephant that does not live today. It was smaller than other African elephants.
People have used elephants to move around and to have fun. Many circuses have them. Siamese, Indians, and other South Asians used them for several things. They fought in armies, and they crushed criminals. They also did heavy work like lifting trees and moving logs.
However, people have never "domesticated" elephants. Domesticated animals are tame and have babies under human control. The male elephant in heat is dangerous and hard to control. Most elephants used by people are female, except those used in war. In a battle, female elephants run from males, so armies needed males.
In the wild, elephants have strong family groups. Their ways of acting toward other elephants are hard for people to understand. They "talk" to each other with very low sounds. Most elephants sounds are so low, people cannot hear them. But elephants can hear these sounds far away.
Elephants are related to sea cows, which are large mammals that live in water. Some people think that long ago, the ancestors of elephants also lived under water. Evolution is how one species changes into another. The ancestors of elephants would have used their trunks for breathing air while they swam. Even today, elephants can swim like this.
The extinct animals called mammoths were relatives of today's elephants. Modern elephants live only in warm places, but the woolly mammoth had long hair and lived in cold places.
Miscellaneous.
White elephants are considered holy in Thailand.
The most famous fictional elephant is Dumbo. It is a flying elephant in a Disney movie. "The Elephant's Child" is one of Rudyard Kipling's "Just So Stories"
Ganesha is the god of wisdom in Hinduism. He has an elephant's head.
The elephant is the symbol for the United States Republican Party. It is like the Democratic Party's donkey. The first person to use the elephant as a symbol for the Republican Party was Thomas Nast. He did that in a Harper's Weekly cartoon in 1874.
Elephants also have very large brains and are very smart.

Buddhism
Buddhism teaches people how to reduce their suffering by understanding themselves better. Some see it as a religion, other people think it is a philosophy and for others, Buddhism is a way of finding reality. The teachings of Gautama Buddha - a man who lived between about 563 and 483 BC - tell us how to live a good life. The Buddha was a rich prince. He gave up everything to work out how best to live. His teachings started in India and slowly spread, after his death, through most of Asia, to Central Asia, Tibet, Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia, and the East Asian countries of China, Mongolia, Korea, and Japan and has now spread to the West.
Background.
The Buddha's teachings are about suffering and how to overcome it. Overcoming suffering allows a person to be truly happy. Buddha taught that if people make good decisions they would be happy and have peace of mind. Buddha taught that life is imperfect and that we will suffer (Dukkha). He taught that we suffer because of desire, anger and stupidity, and he showed that we could end our suffering by letting go of desires and overcoming anger and stupidity. The complete letting go of these negative influences is called Nirvana, meaning "to extinguish", like putting out the flame of a candle. The end of suffering, when one is fully awake (put an end to one's own ignorance) and has let go of all desire and anger, is also called Enlightenment. In Buddhism Enlightenment and Nirvana mean the same thing.
Buddhism teaches non-harm and "moderation" or balance, not going too far one way or the other. Buddhists often meditate, or think deeply, while sitting in a special or specific way. They often chant and meditate while walking. Buddhists sometimes do these things to understand the human heart and mind. Sometimes they do these things to understand the way the world works. Sometimes they do these things to find peace.
Buddhism does not say if gods exist or not, but one can read many stories about gods in Buddhist books. Buddhists do not believe that people should look to gods to save them or bring them enlightenment. The gods may have power over world events and they might help people, or they might not. But it's up to each person to get to "enlightenment". Many Buddhists honor gods in ritual. Many believe the stories about gods are just there to help us learn about parts of ourselves.
What is a Buddha?
"Buddha" is a word in the very old Indian languages Pāli and Sanskrit which means "Enlightened one". The word "Buddha" often means the historical Buddha named Buddha Shakyamuni (Siddhartha Gautama), but "Buddha" does not mean just one man who lived at a certain time. It is used for a type of person, the equivalent of a prophet, and there have been many. There were Buddhas a very long time ago, and there will be for a long time in the future.
A Buddha is a human being who has woken up and can see the true way the world works. This knowledge totally changes the person. Some say this puts them beyond birth, death, and rebirth. Others think this represents the final extinction of desire. This person can help others become "enlightened" too.
To learn more, read: Buddha.
Who was the first Buddha?
According to Buddhism, there were countless Buddhas before Gautama Buddha and there will be many Buddhas after him. In short, he is not the first, nor will he be the last.
However, counting from the present "kalpa" (the beginning of our present universe) Buddha Gautama is considered the fourth Buddha. The first is Gakusandho Buddha, second Gonakamano Buddha and the third Gassapo Buddha. The last Buddha of this "kalpa" will be Mettaya Buddha. Then the universe will renew itself and from then begins a new "kalpa".
Old stories say that Siddhārtha Gautama was born around the 6th century BC. He was the one who would become the first Buddha in written history. Some Buddhists believe that Siddhārtha Gautama was a perfect person.
He was born a prince, but he wanted to learn the answer to the problem of human "suffering", or pain. He gave up all his money and power, and became a monk without a home. He walked from place to place, trying to learn the answers to life.
At last he found enlightenment while sitting under a big tree called the "Bodhi Tree". He was the first person to teach "Buddhism" to the people, and "Buddhists" love him for that.
After Siddhārtha Gautama died, his students taught the Buddha's teaching to more people. After a long time, they wrote down the things that he may have said.
To learn more, read: Siddhārtha Gautama.
The Three Jewels.
Buddhists often talk about the "Three Jewels", which are the Buddha, the Dharma, and the Sangha. The Dharma is the way the Buddha taught to live your life. The Sangha is the group of monks and other people who meet together, like a congregation.
Buddhists say "I take "refuge" in the Buddha, the Dharma, and the Sangha." This means that these three things keep them safe. They give themselves up to the community and teachings inspired by the Buddha.
Four Noble Truths.
The Buddha's first and most important teachings are the Four Noble Truths.
Five Precepts.
Most Buddhists follow five "precepts", or rules, that say what not to do. The Buddha taught that killing, stealing, having sex in a harmful way, and lying are not signs of skill.
In some types of Buddhism, when a person wants to be a monk, he will follow other "precepts" also.

Governor General
Governor General is a representative of a head of state. The term is mostly used in Commonwealth countries, where the governor general is a representative of the monarch.
Sometimes the title is spelled as "Governor General", which is used in Canada, but sometimes it is spelled with a hyphen "-", "Governor-General", which is the spelling used in Australia.

Black hole
A black hole is an object in the universe that has such a strong pull of gravity, even light can't escape it. Until recently, many astronomers did not even know if they existed, but by using telescopes and looking at the universe, they found objects with such a very strong force. They decided it was a black hole with a strong gravitational force. This does not mean that the origin of such a strong force can not be something different than gravitational one.
History.
In 1783, an English geologist named John Michell wrote that it might be possible for something to be so big and heavy that the escape speed from its gravity is equal to speed of light. Gravity gets stronger as something gets bigger or more massive. For a small thing, like a rocket, to escape from a larger thing, like Earth, it has to go upward very fast or it will fall back down. The speed that it must travel upward to get away from Earth's gravity is called escape velocity. Bigger planets (like Jupiter) and stars have stronger gravity than Earth, so the escape velocity is much faster. John Mitchell thought it was possible for something to be so big that the escape velocity would be faster than the speed of light, so even light could not escape.
Some scientists thought Mitchell might be right, but others thought that light had no mass and would not be pulled by gravity. His theory was forgotten.
A few months later, a German physicist named Karl Schwarzschild calculated that a black hole could exist.
In 1930, Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar predicted that stars heavier than the sun could collapse when they ran out of hydrogen to burn and died. In 1939, Robert Oppenheimer and H. Snyder calculated that a star would have to be at least three times as massive as the sun to form a black hole.
In 1967, John Wheeler gave black holes the name "black hole" for the first time. Before that, they were called "dark stars."
In 1970, Stephen Hawking and Roger Penrose proved that black holes "must" exist. Although the black holes are invisible (they cannot be seen), some of the matter that is falling into them is very bright.
Formation of black holes.
Most black holes are made when a giant star, at least three times bigger than our own Sun, dies. Stars die when they run out of hydrogen or other fuel to burn and start to cool off.
A supergiant star's death is called a supernova. Stars are usually in equilibrium, meaning they are making enough energy to push their mass outward against the force of gravity. When the star runs out of energy, gravity takes over. Gravity pulls the center of the star inward very quickly (so quickly that it would have to be repeated several thousand times before it took up a single second), and it collapses into a little ball. The collapse is so fast and violent that it makes a shock wave, and that causes the rest of the star to explode outward. As the gravity pushes the star inward, the pressure in the center of star reaches to such an extreme level that it enables heavier molecules like iron and carbon interact to release nuclear energy. The release of the energy from the star during a very short period of time (about one hour) is with such a high rate that it outshines an entire galaxy.
The ball in the center is so dense (a lot of mass in a small space, or volume), that if you could somehow scoop only one teaspoon of material and bring it to Earth, it would sink to the core of the planet. This densely packed ball is called a singularity.
Even without a supernova, a black hole will form any time there is a lot of matter in a small space, without enough energy to act against gravity and stop it from collapsing.
If super novas are so shiny, why we do not see them often? Actually, there are usually hundreds of years between naked-eye super nova sightings. It is because the period of being a super nova in a star life cycle is only a few hours out of the billions of years in a star's life span. The probability of looking at a star in sky and that being in super nova state is equal to the ratio of an hour over several billion years.
It is worth mentioning that all of the heavier materials like carbon, oxygen, all the metals, etc, that make the life on the earth possible and are ingredients of all living creatures, can only form in the extreme pressure at the center of a super nova. So we are all a remnant ash from one exploding star several billion years ago.
Appearance of black holes.
The singularity in the middle of a black hole cannot be seen, because light cannot escape its gravity. Around the tiny singularity, there is a large area from which no light can escape. The boundary of this area is called the event horizon. The gravity of the black hole gets weaker at a distance. The event horizon is farthest point where it is still strong enough to trap light. The singularity is like the pipe in a sink drain while the event horizon is like the place where the water falls into the singularity.
Even farther away, light and matter will be pulled toward the black hole. If a black hole is surrounded by matter, the matter will form an "accretion disk" (accretion means "gathering"). An accretion disk looks something like the rings of Saturn. The disk is very hot and shoots x-ray radiation into space. Think of this as the water spinning around the hole before it falls in.
Most black holes are too far away and small to see the accretion disk and jet, though. The best way to know one is there is by seeing how stars, gas, and other things behave around it. With a black hole nearby, even objects as big as a star move in a different way, and a lot faster than they would if the black hole was not there.
Also, if a black hole passes between us and a source of light very far away, the light will become quite distorted, much like a fun-house mirror in a circus, until the black hole moves out of the way. The light can also be magnified, like a magnifying glass, allowing scientists to see things farther away.
We cannot actually see black holes; one way of detecting them is to look at the sky when a black hole passes between us and a source of light, the light bends around the black hole creating a mirror image, so when astronomers see patches of sky that are identical, they may have found a black hole.
Black holes have also been found in the middle of every major galaxy in the universe. These are called supermassive black holes, and are the biggest black holes of all. They formed when the Universe was very young, and also helped to form all the galaxies.
Some black holes are also responsible for making quasars. When astronomers first found quasars, they thought they had found objects close to us, but after using a measuring technique called red shift, they discovered these quasars were actually very far away in the universe.
A quasar occurs when a black hole consumes all the gas surrounding it. As the gas gets close to the black hole itself, it heats up from a process called friction, and glows so brightly that this light can be seen on the other side of the Universe. It is often brighter than the whole galaxy the quasar is in.
A lot of science fiction writers use black holes in their stories, and many scientists wish to find one relatively close to Earth to study one better.
Scientists also think black holes might cause wormholes, theoretical "portals" through space.

Sheffield
Sheffield is a big city in the region called Yorkshire in the North of England. It is the only town in South Yorkshire officially called a city.
Sheffield is in the middle of lots of hills. The city centre is where the River Sheaf meets the River Don. The city is east of the Peak District National Park.
The area of Sheffield used to be the Anglo-Saxon shire of Hallamshire, the city itself was founded later.
Sheffield is famous for making cutlery (like knives and spoons). People in Sheffield have made cutlery for a very long time (a Sheffield-made knife is referred to in Chaucer's "Canterbury Tales", a book from the middle ages).
Sheffield is also famous for making steel. Benjamin Huntsman discovered the crucible technique for making steel in 1740. In 1856, Henry Bessemer invented the Bessemer Converter steelmaking furnace. Henry moved to Sheffield to make steel. Later, in 1912, Harry Brearly invented stainless steel in Sheffield.
The first football team in the world was Sheffield F.C., set up in 1857.
Sheffield currently has two big professional football teams: Sheffield United and Sheffield Wednesday.
There are lots of famous bands from Sheffield. Some of them are Pulp, the Human League, Def Leppard and the Arctic Monkeys. Michael Palin is also from Sheffield.

Fertilizer
A fertilizer is a chemical that helps plants to grow. It is used to replace the mineral salts taken by plants or removed by rain.
That means 9% N, 23% P, and 30% K.
Leafy plants need lots of N. Flowering plants need lots of P and K.
A soil test can tell how much N, P, and K is needed.

Military
The military is the men and women who work in the army, navy, air force, or other armed forces of a country. The military protects its country by defending it from the armed forces of enemies, if there is a war. The military can also be ordered by the government of the country to attack another country. The word "military" comes from Latin "miles", warrior.
People in the military learn many skills, such as how to fire rifles and mortars, drive jeeps, and repair weapons. Other people in the military learn how to fly planes, pilot ships, or repair engines. People in the military usually wear clothes called a uniform, which is often in a camouflage pattern which is designed to make the person hard to see in the forest or desert.
There are two ways to join the military. In many countries, people join the military as volunteers (because they want to). In other countries, there are laws that some people have to be in the military, even if they do not want to be. This is called "the draft" or "conscription". It usually depends on age and fitness. People who have been in the military but have left or retired are called “veterans”.
Joining up and training.
In most countries of the world, young men and (in a few countries) women between 17 and 18 and of good health may be forced by the government of their country to join the military and have military training. This is called "conscription". The countries that do not have conscription include Australia, Bangladesh, Canada, France, Hungary, India, Italy, Japan, Malta, New Zealand, Saudi Arabia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, United Kingdom and United States. In some countries, such as Argentina, conscription is legal, but is not used, at the present time.
When a person wants to join the military as a volunteer, they "enlist". (This means simply that they put their name on a list.) They have to be above a certain age, 17 or 18 in most countries. They have to pass fitness tests to show that they are well enough to do the jobs that they will have to do. They must also have good enough hearing, to hear instructions and good enough sight to use a rifle.
New people in the military are often called “recruits”. They have training at a special camp, sometimes called “boot camp”. During this training, the recruits usually have very little free time. They learn to understand the "orders" or "commands" that are given by the officers to the "troops". (The troops are the military people in a group.) They learn the right ways to obey the orders. They do a lot of exercise to improve their fitness and strength. They learn about weapons, first aid, and their uniforms and "kit". (Their kit is their equipment.) Recruits also learn how to march. (This is the way to walk together, keeping "in step".) Learning to march is sometimes called “drill”. By the time soldiers finish "boot camp", they should know enough to be a helpful person in their group. The camp usually finishes with a parade in which the newly trained recruits show off their marching and other skills they have learnt to important visitors. Once the recruits are fully trained, they are ready to defend (protect) their country from attack, or to go to war, if necessary.
Groups.
Each part of the armed forces, the army, the navy and the airforce, is organized into groups. People in each of the armed forces are part of a group, that is part of a larger group.
Ranks in the United States military.
All branches of the US military have both Officers and Enlisted. Enlisted people with a rank of E-4 and above are called Non-commissioned Officers (NCOs). It is usually their job to make sure that common jobs are done properly every day. Each branch also includes "Warrant Officers" ("Chief Warrant Officers" in the Navy). These were enlisted members who have been made officers. They are considered experts in their field, they are higher rank than other enlisted troops, but below officers. There are four ranks of Warrant Officers: WO-1 through WO-4 (CWO-1 to CWO-4)
US military.
Here are some common ranks for the US Army, Air Force and Marines. Each branch of the military uses different names for the enlisted ranks, but they all use the same for officers.
US Navy.
The Navy has different ranks.
and class. For example, a Electronics Technician (ET) who is an E-5 is called an Electronics Technician 2nd class (ET2)

Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is a process used by plants, some protists, and some bacteria to make food. It makes glucose (a kind of sugar) and oxygen from carbon dioxide in the air and water. Cells (very small parts that make up a plant or animal) use it to create energy to live.
Summary of the process.
Photosynthesis starts when light touches a green part of a plant. Each green cell has small parts called chloroplasts inside of them. Single photons of light hit green chemicals in the chloroplast, causing an enzyme to break apart water. Water, when broken, makes oxygen, hydrogen, and energy. The energy is used by a protein that lets light into the cell. The light cannot get out of the cell until another protein lets them, and this protein uses the energy from the escaping light to make ATP. While this is happening, the hydrogen and oxygen join broken up carbon dioxide to form glucose. This glucose is later used in cellular respiration to form more ATP. Without Photosynthesis, much of the world wouldn't be alive. Everyone and everything needs the oxygen produced by photosynthesis to live.
Plants, some Bacteria and Protists make food through Photosynthesis, this is where plants turn Carbon Dioxide and Water into Glucose – Sugar of sorts – using the energy in Sunlight, Oxygen is a waste product.

Casserole
A casserole is a baked dish of many different types of food, usually mixed together. Many people like to cook casserole because it is a very simple meal. It was invented when women started to work more and was a simple way to cook a nutritional meal. A very popular type of casserole is green bean casserole, which has green beans, milk or cream, and fried onions.

Plate
A plate is a type of dish where food can be placed after being cooked for eating. Sometimes they are called dishes. They may be made out of ceramic, plastic, paper, or styrofoam.
A plate is also one of the broken pieces of lithosphere of the Earth.
All plates have irregular shapes. They lie and float on the upper mantle. They move very slowly in different directions. Their movement is driven by the convection currents in the magma.
A plate can contain both oceanic and continental crusts. Some contain oceanic crust only.

Flea
The flea ("siphonaptera") is an insect that lives on many kinds of animals and sometimes humans. Fleas are considered parasites, and they drink the blood of the animal they bite.
Fleas can live outdoors in sand or tall grass, and they will jump to any passing animal and lay eggs. Flea bites are usually red bumps and they itch. They can carry disease and make animals sick.
There are several types of fleas including the dog flea, cat flea, human flea, northern rat flea, and the oriental rat flea. During the Middle Ages, the oriental rat flea that spread a virus that caused the Bubonic Plague, also known as the Black Death or Black Plague, a huge epidemic the size of today's bird flu. The oriental rat flea would become infected by this virus. After infected the bacteria grew inside of the flea eventually blocking the path to their stomach. Because of this the flea was always hungry. When the flea would bite a human it opened up the skin and since the stomach of the flea was blocked, the blood from the human was heaved up back into the human, but only this time it was infected with the Bubonic virus.

Terrorism
Terrorism is the act of scaring people for a social or political reason using violence (or threat of violence). A person who uses terrorism is called a terrorist.
Terrorists think that if civilians are afraid of them, they will have more power over other people. But a boy who hits his sister only for attention is not a terrorist (although it may hurt very badly). Terrorists may also be trying to make their enemies attack the people whom the terrorists claim to represent. The terrorists do this because they think that the people who have been attacked will help them. For example, terrorism has been endemic to Israel for a long time. There, Palestinian Hamas terrorists killed Israeli civilians in bomb attacks, provoking Israel into carrying out revenge attacks against Palestinian civilians, thus increasing Palestinian hate for Israel and support for Hamas. An example of a well-known terrorist is Osama bin Laden, the founder of al-Qaeda and Abu Musab al-Zarqawi. Although some people first picture terrorists as Muslims or religious groups, but this is not necessarily correct. An example of a non-religious sepratist-terrorist group would be Euskadi Ta Askatasuna also known as the ETA.
According to the National Counterterrorism Center, terrorists killed 20,498 people in 2006. By comparison, the World Health Organization estimates that 2 million people die each year from tuberculosis. The major effects of terrorism comes from the fear it generates.
Terrorist operations are usually financed by other criminal programs, such as identity theft.

Krishna
Krishna was the Eight Avatara of Vishnu in Hinduism. He is also a Manifestation of God in the Bahá'í Faith.
Krishna's birth.
King Kansa was ruling over Dwarka, in [Gujarat], India). His sister Devaki was married to Vasudev. Kansa was very cruel and made his people miserable. At the time of Devaki and Vasudev's marriage, a voice came from sky that their eighth son would kill Kansa. Hearing this, Kansa imprisoned the couple at Mathura and started killing their sons one by one. When the eighth son was born, a miracle happened. The prison doors opened by themselves. Krishna was born in a prison cell. Vasudeva took the infant outside. It was raining heavily but he managed to take him to a place called Vrundawan. He came back to prison with a newly born girl, the daughter of the king of Vrundavan. Kansa tried to kill the girl but she slipped from his hand and rose into the sky. This way Krishna was saved.Many devoted him afterwards also. The Meera bhai was Also one of the devoted one

South Africa
The Republic of South Africa is a country in the southern region of Africa. About forty-five million people live there.
South Africa is next to Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Mozambique and Swaziland.
The largest city is Johannesburg; the capitals are Cape Town, Pretoria, and Bloemfontein. This is because the government is based in Pretoria, the parliament in Cape Town and the Supreme Court in Bloemfontein
There are 11 national languages or National Lexicography Units (NLUs): Afrikaans, English, Ndebele, Xhosa, Zulu, Swati, Setswana, Sesotho, Sesotho sa Leboa, Venda and Tsonga. As a result, the country has an official name in each language.
One of South Africa's most notable people is Nelson Mandela, who was its President from 1994 until 1999.
History.
The first European people to come to South Africa were Portuguese explorers. In 1487, Bartolomeu Dias discovered the Cape of Good Hope. Dias wanted to call it "Cape of Storms", but the King of Portugal changed it to "Cape of Good Hope". He called it this because it gave them a new chance to find a sea route to India.
In 1652 Jan van Riebeeck colonized the Cape by starting a refresh station. He started the camp for the Dutch East India Company so that they could give fresh food to ships on their way to the south of Asia. Since there were very few native people living in the Cape, slaves were brought from Indonesia, Madagascar and India to work at the Colony. In 1795 Great Britain took the Cape from the Dutch East India Company because it wanted to stop France from taking it. It was given back to them in 1803 but was then annexed in 1807 when the Dutch East India Company went bankrupt.
Diamonds were discovered in South Africa in 1867 and gold was discovered in 1884. This caused many people to come to South Africa from Europe hoping to make money. Not only was there gold and diamonds to find but people were needed to run shops, build houses and do many other jobs. The First Boer War happened in 1800-1881. The war was between the British, who controlled the Cape, and the Boer Republics. The Boer Republics were established when Dutch settlers moved north in the Great Trek.The British soldiers and their commanders underestimated the Boers and lost the war. They returned 8 years later in 1899 and won the war in 1902. The British brought many more soldiers this time, and the Boers had no chance of winning. At this time, the British made use of concentration camps which demoralized the Boers and helped the British stop the war from lasting any longer. on May 31, 1910 the Union of South Africa was created from the Cape and Natal colonies, as well as the Orange Free State and the Transvaal, the two Boer Republics.
Economy.
South Africa's economy is split between First World and Third World standards. The developed part of the economy is similar to that of most wealthy nations, such as Britain or Australia. The rest of the economy is closer to that of poor nations, such as the Democratic Republic of the Congo or rural India.
The main industries in South Africa are mining (mostly gold and diamonds), car making, and service industries, such as insurance.
Military.
South Africa's military is the most powerful in southern Africa. South Africa spends more on its military than any of its neighbors, and as a result it has very advanced weapons.
South Africa used to have nuclear weapons, but they were taken apart in 1993.
Sports.
In 2010, South Africa will be the first African nation to host the FIFA World Cup. It also tried to get the 2004 Olympic Games, but arrived in 3rd place, thus losing to Athens.

Andorra
Andorra is a European country between Spain and France. There are about 70,000 people living in the country. The capital is Andorra la Vella. It is ruled by a Spanish Bishop and the French President. Andorra's government is a parliamentary democracy.

Hiroshima
Hiroshima (広島) is the name of a city and prefecture in Japan. Hiroshima city is the capital of Hiroshima prefecture, and the largest city in the Chugoku region of western Japan. About a million people live in Hiroshima.
History.
In the late Sengoku period and Edo period, Hiroshima was the capital of local daimyos. A big and beautiful castle, Hiroshima-jo was built. Its nickname is Rijo, meaning Castle of the Carp.
Atomic bombing.
Hiroshima was the site of a nuclear bombing near the end of World War II. The bomb exploded over Hiroshima at 8:16 on the morning of August 6, 1945. Much of the city was destroyed. About 80,000 people were killed instantly. About 60,000 people died soon after because of radiation sickness. More people died later because of cancer or other illnesses caused by the radiation, between 1950, and 1990, approximately 21,343 people died of cancer, resulted from the radiation caused by the atomic bomb. A building near the blast center still remains and is called the Atomic Bomb Dome.
Itsukushima shrine.
Near to Hiroshima, there is a small island. An old shrine named Itukushima is here. It is said that Itukushima shrine was built at the end of the 5th century. Today Itsukushima shrine and the Atomic Bomb Dome are registered as World Heritage sites. Also was a landing site for the U.S.

Richter scale
The Richter magnitude scale is a scale of numbers used to tell the size of Californian earthquakes. Charles Richter developed the Richter Scale in 1935.
Earthquakes that are 4.5 or higher on the Richter scale can be measured by tools all over the world.
The scale is logarithmic, with a base of 10. This means that an earthquake which scores 3.0 on the scale is ten times as powerful that one that scores 2.0.

Day
A day is the time it takes the Earth to spin around once. It is day time on the side of the Earth that is facing the Sun. When it is night time, that side of the earth is facing away from the Sun. It takes 24 hours for the earth to spin once, so that is one day, including the day time and night time.

Phases of the Moon
The phases of the moon are the different ways the moon looks during the month. As the Moon moves in space, different parts of it face the Sun. This means that different parts of it are lit up. We only see one side of the moon from Earth because it rotates so that one side is always facing us. The moon phase takes between 29 and 30 days.

Sphere
A sphere is a shape in space that is like the surface of a ball, usually the terms ball and sphere are used alike, but in math, the precise (exact) definition only allows points in the 3 dimensional space which are uniformly and symmetrically allocated at a fixed length called radius of the sphere.
Examples of these are basketballs, superballs, and playground balls.
In other places sphere means the earth.
a sphere is the 3 dimensional analogue of a circle.

Quantity
Quantity or amount is how much of something there is that can be counted or measured.
Counting.
Whole numbers (1, 2, 3…) are used to count things. This can be done by pointing to each one. As things are pointed to, a number is said. Start with the number one. Each time another thing is pointed to, the next whole number is used. When the last thing in a group it pointed to, that number is the quantity of the group.
Measuring.
Measuring is done with a ruler or a machine. We put a ruler next to a thing to measure how long it is. We put things on a scale to measure their mass. Other machines are used to measure temperature, speed, or electricity.
Decimal numbers.
When measuring things, a whole number might not be the best answer. A distance might be longer than 5 meters, but less than 6 meters. Meter sticks are marked off in parts of a meter. Decimals are formed by marking off a ruler in ten equal parts. Each part is a tenth. 5.2 meters is a little bit longer than 5 meters. 5.7 meters is a little bit shorter than 6 meters. Each of these tenths can be marked with ten smaller parts. The one hundred centimeters on a meter stick are done this way.
Fraction numbers.
Fractions are used when there are parts of a whole number. The dial on a machine may be marked with four parts between each whole number. A scale with a bag of potatoes may show five and three fourths kilograms. This would be almost six kilograms.
The words "amount" and "number".
People often use the word "amount" when they should say "number". The word "number" should be used if a particular number could be put: e.g.

Advertising
Advertising is the promotion of goods, services, companies and ideas, usually performed by an identified sponsor, and performed through a variety of media. Advertisers influence our identity by making commercials. Many people agree that they influence our identity and they have a huge impact on our life. They influence our identity by using things such as techniques, stereotypes and targeting our audience. Our personal identity is who we are and what things make us up such as occupation, beliefs, personality, self esteem, lifestyle, relation ships, friends, how we look and what we wear. Advertisers use techniques to grab people's attention.For example, to make a burger look tasty in advertising, it may be painted with brown food colouring, sprayed with waterproofing to prevent it from going soggy and sesame seeds may be superglued in place. Advertising will bring new customers and more sales for the business. It can be expensive but can help increase a business's revenue.

Buddha
A Buddha is a very holy person in Buddhism. The word "Buddha" means "He woke up" in Sanskrit. Buddha was named Siddhartha Gautama. He was the man who started Buddhism. Sometimes people call him "the Buddha". Other times, people call any person a Buddha if they have found enlightenment. If a person has not found enlightenment yet, but is very close to reaching it, then he is called Bodhisattva.
In early Buddhism Buddha meant only Siddhartha Gautama. Later an idea began that there could be many Buddhas: some in the past, some maybe in the present and some in the future.
Since Buddhism tradition thinks Buddha is an ideal person, tradition reached a notion of 36 ideal features of Buddhas. Some of those features are represented on statues of Buddhas. Some other features, like the feature of their foot, are difficult to be represented on a statue.
Buddhists believe that the Buddha was enlightened, which means that he knew all about how to live a peaceful life and how to not to suffer in an afterlife. They think he never got depressed, frustrated, upset or confused. He is said to have never argued with other people, but just said what was true and useful, out of compassion.
Some Buddhists pray to Buddhas, but Buddhas are not gods. Buddhas are just teachers, to help people who will listen. A Buddha is a human being who has woken up and can see the true way the world works. This knowledge totally changes the person beyond birth, death, and rebirth. Nothing can annoy him anymore, even the circulation of incarnation, since his enlightenment put him outsides of this eternity circle in time and space. This person can help others become enlightened too in a proper way.
There are ideas which are said to lead someone to enlightenment. They are called the "Dharma", meaning the way or the truth. Anyone can become a Buddha, it is said, but it is very hard. Age and gender do not matter. Buddhists believe there have been many Buddhas who were alone, called "pacceka-buddhas". They reached "enlightenment" on their own, but they did not teach others. The first Buddha was afraid to teach people too. Their poor understanding made them hard to teach. But he did teach people, and people followed him.
To learn more about the Buddha most people know as the only Buddha, read: Siddhartha Gautama. To learn more about what the Buddhas teach, read: Buddhism.

Flag of the United States
The flag of the United States of America is a national flag.
The flag of the United States has 7 red stripes and 6 white stripes These 13 stripes stand for the 13 original states. The flag also has a "canton", a rectangle in the top left corner. The canton has one star for every state.
When a new state joins the United States a new flag is made with an extra star. The new flag is first flown on the "4th of July", the Independence Day.
The last states to join so far the United States were Alaska and Hawaii in 1959. Alaska joined on 3 January 1959, so the new flag with 49 stars was used from 4 July 1959. Hawaii joined on 21 August 1959 so the flag with 50 stars that is used today was not flown until 4 July 1960.
The colours in the flag are red white and blue. The colours have no special meaning in the flag, but in the coat of arms white for purity and innocence, red for bravery and strength and blue for watchfulness, perseverance and justice.
The flag is also often called stars and stripes.

Mohandas Gandhi
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (Devanagari: मोहनदास करमचन्द गांधी; Gujarati: મોહનદાસ કરમચંદ ગાંધી:October 2 1869 - January 30 1948) was a famous spiritual leader and politician from India, the "Father of the Nation". He is also known popularly as "Mahatma" Gandhi. "Mahatma" means "great soul" in the Indian language Sanskrit. Now he is the Martyr of the Nation since 1948.
During Gandhi's life, many countries were colonies of the United Kingdom. Many of these countries wanted independence from the United Kingdom.
Gandhi was one of the most important people involved in the movement for the independence of India. He was a non-violent activist, who led the independence movement through non-violent protest.
Life sketch.
Gandhi was born October 2, 1869 in the state of Gujarat in India. Several members of his family worked for the government of the state. When Gandhi was older, he went to England for a few years to study law. After he became a lawyer, he went to the British colony of South Africa where he experienced apartheid, laws that said people with dark skin had fewer rights than people with light skin. He decided then to become a political activist, so he could help change these unfair laws. He created a powerful, non-violent movement.
When he returned to India, he helped cause India's independence from British rule, inspiring other colonial peoples to work for their own independence, break up the British Empire, and replace it with the Commonwealth.
People of many different religions and ethnic groups lived in British India. Many people thought that the country should break into separate countries so that different groups could have their own countries. In particular, many people thought that Hindus and Muslims should have separate countries. Gandhi was a Hindu, but he liked ideas from many religions including Islam, Judaism and Christianity, and he thought that people of all religions should have the same rights, and could live together peacefully in the same country. He said, "God has no religion."
In 1947, British India 'Empire' became independent, and broke into two different countries, India and Pakistan. Gandhi wanted independence, but didn't want the split into two different countries. Instead of celebrating on independence day, he was mourning the division of India.
Gandhi's principle of "satyagraha", often translated as "way of truth" or "pursuit of truth", has inspired other democratic and anti-racist activists like Martin Luther King, Jr. and Nelson Mandela. Gandhi often said that his values were simple, based upon traditional Hindu beliefs: truth ("satya"), and non-violence ("ahimsa").
On January 30, 1948, Gandhi was killed by a extremist Hindu activist, Nathuram Godse, who was angry because he felt that Gandhi was too lenient towards Muslims.

Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia is a type of mental illness. Schizophrenia causes problems with behaviour (the way people act), thinking, emotions, motivation and is linked to psychosis. People with schizophrenia are often thought to have 'lost touch with reality'.
The word schizophrenia comes from the Greek words σχίζω (schizo, break) and φρενός (frenos, mind) and means "shattered mind". Psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin was the first person to separate schizophrenia from other types of mental illness. He called it 'dementia praecox', and it was later renamed 'schizophrenia'.
While people of many ages can have schizophrenia, most often it starts in early adulthood. For many people, the symptoms of schizophrenia will return throughout their life, although some people will have only one or two episodes. The exact cause of schizophrenia is not known, although many things are known to influence the condition. Scientists have discovered that both life experiences and the biology of the brain and body are important. Schizophrenia is partly genetic (passed on within families) and can be triggered by trauma (disturbing experiences).
Schizophrenia is usually treated by the use of drugs which affect the brain, and by training people to understand their thoughts and behaviour with psychotherapy. About one out of every ten people with schizophrenia dies by suicide (killing self).
The famous mathematician John Forbes Nash had schizophrenia. John Forbes Nash was awarded the Nobel Prize in economics in 1994. He got the prize for his contributions to game theory. His life is portrayed in the film A Beautiful Mind.
Treatment.
Drugs are usually given for Schizophrenia. But psychiatrists know that it cannot be healed by the drugs in use today. Drugs called anti-psychotics can suppress some of the positive symptoms. The negative symptoms cannot be cured.
Many people with schizophrenia can live good lives. Taking medicine is important to prevent relapses (symptoms suddenly returning). The majority of people recovery full or learn to live a normal life. A small amount may never fully recover.

Drink
A drink is a liquid that you can take into your body. To drink means to take a drink into your body. Typical drinks: water, tea, milk, juice. All drinks are mainly water. All life needs water to live, most animals get water by drinking. Plants take in water through their roots, which are found underground.

Need
A need is a thing that a living being, plant or animal, must have to live or to be happy. A thing that someone would like to have, but just needs enough, is called a want.
Every person has the same basic needs for the body. Humans have boldily needs of water, food, clothing, and shelter to live. The need for water is the most important because a person will die very quickly without drinking water. In a warm place food is the next most important need. In a cold place, the need for clothes or shelter may be next most important because a person will soon die without these.
Other human needs are not so certain. They are mostly needs for the mind. It is often said that a person needs love, family, and friends. These needs are for personal relationships. They may also be wants. It is true that a life may be better with these things, but some friends can be bad, or bad sometimes. Good relationships can make life very happy. Thinking about a need that is not possible can make a person very unhappy.
Some of the study of philosophy is about questions like "What are the needs of a human?" The word philosophy is from Greek, meaning the "love of wisdom".
Some scientists study the needs of human or animal minds and bodies. The study of the mind is called psychology - "words about the mind". The study of bodily needs is part of medicine.

Freeware
Freeware is software that people may get without paying for it. It is not to be mixed up with free software. Freeware may be free in price, but the users might not be allowed to share the software or source code with others.

Yahoo!
Yahoo! is a web portal and an internet content and service provider. It is known for its many products and services, such as their search engine, e-mail, instant messaging, and video, but also contents their products in news, weather forecasting, money and other information. Yahoo! makes money from advertisements in their services.

Mecca
Mecca or Makkah (called Mecca in older texts (officially: Makkah al-Mukarramah; Arabic: مكة المكرمة‎) is a city in Saudi Arabia. It has a population of 1,294,167 (2004 census). The city is located 73 kilometres inland from Jeddah, in the narrow sandy Valley of Abraham, 277 metres above sea level. It is located 81 kilometres from the Red Sea.
Makkah is the holiest city in the Islamic world. Every year, millions of Muslims walk a pilgrimage to Makkah. This is called the Hajj, where they follow in the footsteps of Muhammad. The Kaaba and Masjid al-Haram, the holiest mosque in Islam is situated here. Makkah is closed to non-Muslims except some journalists reporting on the Hajj.
History.
The Kaaba, the small cubical building which Muslims pray towards is believed to have been built by Ibrahim and has been a religious center ever since. Muslims believed that God commanded Ibrahim to send his second wife Hajar and her son Ismail there. They found the Zamzam Well which led to people settling nearby, and thus Makkah was born. When Ismail was big enough, he helped his father to build the Kaaba. The kaaba is the place that the muslims pray towards. This is known as the Qibla and this is the only place which muslims can pray towards..

Arabian Peninsula
Arabia is a peninsula in Southwest Asia at the junction of Africa and Asia. It lies east of Ethiopia and northern Somalia; south of Israel, the disputed Palestinian territories, and Jordan; and southwest of Iran.
The peninsula has sometimes been called the Middle East, but that term usually refers to the Arabian Peninsula plus the Levant, and Mesopotamia. The term "Arabia" often refers to Saudi Arabia alone.
The country of Saudi Arabia covers almost all of Arabia. The majority of the population of the peninsula live in Saudi Arabia and Yemen.

South
South is one of the 4 main directions on a compass. South is normally down on the bottom of most maps. Australia is south of China, Spain is south of France, and Chile is south of Peru. The South Pole is the farthest south you can go.
The South can also mean the Southern United States.

Central America
Central America is a region between Guatemala and Belize in the North, and Panama at the South.
They are all Spanish speaking countries, apart from Belize, whose people also speak English.
Central America is part of the continent known as North America.

French language
The French language "(French: "français" - pronounced "fransei")" is a Romance language that was originally spoken in France, Belgium, Luxembourg, and Switzerland. About 300 million people speak French as a native or a second language. Like most Romance languages, its nouns have genders that are divided into male (masculin) and female (féminin) words.
History.
In ancient times, the Celts lived in what is now France. In those days, the land was called Gaul (Gallia). The Romans spread their power to Gallia and made Gallia their provinces. Because the Romans spoke Latin, the local people learned Latin and began to speak it. Their own language, Gaulish, tended to be spoken less often, although Breton is a language still spoken today in the part of France called Brittany, that came from the old Celtic language.
After the Roman Empire fell and Germanic peoples swarmed the countryside, Latin was changing quickly; and in medieval France it changed into two accents or languages: "langue d'oc" and "langue d'oïl". They both mean "language of yes", because "oc" was the word for "yes" in the south, and "oïl" meant "yes" in the north. Today, the word for yes in French is "oui", pronounced like "we".
"Langue d'oc" is now called Occitan, and it is still spoken by many people in Southern France.

Prime minister
A prime minister manages the politics of a country. With countries that have kings and queens (known as monarchs), they are very important because they are in charge of most of the politics (they are "head of the government". In countries with a president, they might be in charge of most of the politics (as in Ireland), or they may be in day-to day charge, but taking orders from the president as in France.

Greenland
Greenland is a large Arctic island. It has a population of only 50,000 residents, because of its cold climate. Most of the population lives in the southern part of the island, on the coasts. The capital of Greenland is Nuuk.
History.
Greenland is a Danish-occupied territory of Denmark, it is part of the North American continent, but Greenland is not a member of the European Union. Greenland is the largest island in the world, excluding Australia and Antarctica, which are continents. The prime minister of Greenland is Hans Enoksen.
Population.
The island is populated mostly by Inuit and Scandinavians who speak Greenlandic, an Inuit language. Danish is also spoken by most people. The national anthem of Greenland is Nunarput utoqqarsuanngoravit.
Landscape.
The island has many mountains. All of the cities are on the coast, because everywhere else is covered by a big layer of ice. The major cities are Nuuk, Sisimiut, Ilulissat, and Qaqortoq.

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
The Soviet Union (short for Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)) was a group of countries that came together (a federation). The federation was originally led by Vladmir Lenin and was a major, powerful country. The largest of these countries was Russia, followed by Ukraine. The capital city of the Soviet Union was Moscow. The Soviet Union existed from 1922 to 1991.
The nation's government said that it was a socialist country that wanted communism. "Sovjets", or workers' councils, were created to "speak" for the workers, and served as an elite group to control the workers.
Republics of the Soviet Union.
The Soviet Union was made of 15 republics. These were either "Soviet Socialist Republics", or "Soviet Socialist Federal Republics". Each of these republics was independent. It also had the right to leave the union. The "Federal Republics" were different in that they had more autonomy, and were made up of states themselves. These were often called "Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics". There were a number of them. Most of them still exist; though they are now republics, within the independent state. The "Tatar ASSR" turned into the "Republic of Tatarstan", for example (It is located around Kazan. Tatars make up 3.8% of the population of Russia)

Monarch
A monarch is a ruler who rules becuase his parents ruled. A male monarch is called a king. A female monarch is called a queen. Some monarchs are called emperors or "empress"es.
Monarchs were very common in history. A lot of countries used to have a monarch, but no longer have them. They are now republics. Some countries that still have monarchs have other leaders that actually have the power. These are called constitutional monarchies.

Unit
Unit means part of something. It could mean a unit of measurement, or a unit in an army.
Units sometimes means the digit in a number on the right, which is also called the "ones".
For example, a football team may be called "X United". This means that the town of X has come together to support the group.
"Unit" is also slang for the male penis in some countries.

Uncle
An uncle is a name used in an extended family. A uncle is either a brother of one of someone's parents or the husband of their aunt. That person is the uncle's nephew (male) or niece (female). An uncle's child is a cousin.

Information
Information is something that we can learn, know about, or understand. For example, a newspaper contains information about the world.
Information in Computer Science.
People who use computers often use the words "information" and "data" in the same way. In the 1970s and 1980s this was not enough anymore. At that time, the first computer databases were built. In computer science "data" often means a kind of information that has not been checked. That means "data" has not been changed or fixed, and you may not be able to trust it. "Information" means data that has been checked and passed tests for what it must be. A person can trust that "information" is correct.
Information can only be correct and good enough to trust if there is a very good and complete way to check the data (data verification) and decide it is good enough (acceptance process). A person must know rules were used to check the data or trust the person who checked the data. If a person cannot tell that this was done, the information still seems to be data for that person, so that person must check the data again.

Airport
An airport is a place where airplanes can land or takeoff. Most airports in the world have only a long strip of level ground called a runway. Many airports have buildings which are used to hold airplanes and passengers. A building that holds passengers waiting for their planes or luggage is called a terminal, and the sections between the plane and the terminal are called "gates". Airports also have buildings called hangars to hold planes when they are not used. Some airports have control buildings like towers to control where planes go. An international airport is a large airport that airplanes can use to fly to (and from) other countries. Most international airports have shops and restaurants.
An airport used by the military is often called an air force base or airbase. An aircraft carrier is a floating airbase.
Safety.
Today, many airports think that safety is very important. People must walk through a metal detector, a machine that can tell if metal goes through it. If it makes a noise, the officers will make that person take off all things on them that are metal. They also have X-Ray machines that can look into luggage. If officers find items such as weapons, guns, or anything that can be used to kill people, they have that item (and mostly the person who has it) taken away.

Ice
Water becomes ice when it is very cold. Liquid water freezes and becomes solid ice at a temperature of 0° Celsius (32° Fahrenheit or 273 kelvin).
Ice is the common name for frozen water. Other liquids (say ammonia or methane or milk) could be called ice when they freeze but we would always say 'milk ice', for instance, instead of just 'ice'.
Places like Antarctica have lots of ice, but people can also find it in home appliances (machines in the home) like the refrigerator or freezer. If people put water in a freezer and leave it for a while, the water gets very cold and will freeze solid, creating ice. People can put water into a copper (or metal) container if they want ice to freeze faster. Copper is a very good conductor of heat--it can freeze water faster than a regular (plastic) ice tray would be able to. Surprisingly, an open tray of hot water can freeze faster than the same amount of cold water! This happens because enough of the hot water can evaporate before cooling, reducing the amount of water to be frozen.
Unlike other liquids, water expands as it freezes to become ice; so ice floats on water because ice has less density than water. This is very unusual - just about every other liquid gets more dense as it cools; water ice, however, is an important exception. Liquid water expands by about 9% as it becomes ice - it takes up more space. If water in pipes freezes it can burst the pipe. Water in glass bottles can explode in the freezer if people leave it there long enough to freeze. Water freezing in rock crevices can expand enough to split hard rocks apart; this is an important geological weathering process that can wear down mountains and make rock into soil.
Salt water needs a lower temperature to freeze than pure water. The resulting ice contains much less salt than the salt water it came from. This salty ice is not as strong as frozen pure water. Similarly spreading salt on ice melts it: the salt progressively eats into the ice, forming salty water which is not cold enough to be frozen at the same temperature.
Because ice floats, even large bodies of water that freeze, like some oceans, only form ice on the surface. Most lakes never freeze to the bottom. Even the coldest oceans, say in the Arctic, only freeze on the top, leaving liquid ocean circulating below. Because of this the Earth's oceans are able to redistribute heat and the climate of the earth has less extremes of heat and cold than it would otherwise. If ice were to sink instead of float, the oceans would fill up with ice from the bottom, would remain solid and only some of the top would thaw. A solid ocean would not circulate heat. But because ice floats on the surface the water beneath can continue to circulate and the ice on the surfce stays exposed and readily melts when the temperature rises.
The earth's climate is always changing. When it is very cold it's called an ice age. The most recent ice age finished only ten thousand years ago. During ice ages very large areas of the earth are covered in ice, snow and glaciers. The causes of ice ages are complex, or hard to understand. Global warming is currently affecting the earth's ice resources and its causes are also very complex.
When materials are cooled their molecules vibrate less and compact together. When most materials reach a temperature called the freezing point, the molecules form a crystalline solid - although some materials (like glass and tar) do not crystallise at all but form super stiff fluids, which seem to be solid. Only Helium will not freeze; all other substances will freeze if cold enough, but fluids like cooking oil, anti-freeze, petrol (gasoline), nitrogen, etc. freeze at temperatures that most people will rarely, if ever, experience.
Dry ice.
There is also 'dry ice'; it is frozen carbon dioxide. Dry ice exposed to normal air gives off carbon dioxide gas that is odorless and colorless. The gas is so cold that when it mixes with air it cools the water vapour in the air to fog, which looks like a thick white smoke. It is often used in the theatre to create the appearance of fog or smoke.

Travel
Travel is the activity going from one place to another location. When a person makes the same trip every day to work or school, this type of travelling is usually called "commuting." Some people travel to other cities as part of their job. This is called "business travel." Some people travel on their vacation, to visit other towns, cities, or countries. These people stay overnight in hotels, hostels, motels, apartments or bed and breakfast or perhaps in a tent - then they are campers. Some people write about traveling in books called autobiographies or journals.

CNN
Cable News Network (CNN) is a national news service on television in the United States of America. It was started by Ted Turner and its headquarters are in Atlanta, Georgia. It is one of the most watched networks in the United States. It was the first network to air news 24 hours a day.

Leader
A leader is someone who has the authority to tell a group of people what do to. A leader can also represent a group of people.
For example, the Prime Minister of Canada has the authority to govern the society of Canada and represent the people of Canada.
A leader can also mean the leader (first violinist) of an orchestra.

Blackboard
A blackboard, also called a chalkboard, is a surface on which markings made with chalk are visible. It is used as a surface to write on.
Blackboards are often used to help teach in school. Blackboards are not used as much now. People use whiteboards instead. Whiteboards are used because some people are allergic to the dust the chalk used to write on chalkboards generate, and because the dust is hard to clean up when spilled.
Chalkboards are written on with chalk, which is actually not the stone chalk at all. It is actually made by factories. Schoolteachers often use the chalkboard to display things at large. Chalkboards can be black or dark green, also called blackboards and greenboards.

Linux
Linux or GNU/Linux is an open source operating system for computers. The operating system is a collection of the basic instructions that tell the electronic parts of the computer what to do and how to work. "Open source" means that everyone can see how it works and change it if they want to. This is different from "closed source," which is software that makes it hard to change or see how it works. Windows is an example of a "closed source" operating system.
A lot of the important software made for computers is made for Windows because it is more popular. There is a lot of different software for Linux and since Linux is open source it means that most of the software for it is open source too, and free. This is one of the main reasons why some people like to use Linux more than Windows.
How Linux was made.
In the 1980s, many people liked to use an operating system called Unix. But because they had to pay to use it, some people tried to write a new operating system that would work like Unix but would be open source.
A group of people called the GNU project wrote many different parts of a new operating system (GNU), but there was nothing that brought it all together. In 1991, Linus Torvalds began to work on a non-commercial replacement for MINIX as he was unhappy with it, while he was attending the University of Helsinki. This eventually became the Linux kernel.
Linus then shared the Linux kernel on Minix's user groups. Linus first named the OS "Freax" for "free" and "freak", using an X because it is popular in naming projects that are like Unix. Ari Lemmke, Torvald's coworker at the University who was responsible for the servers at the time, did not feel Freax was a good name. So, he called the project "Linux" without asking Torvalds. After a while later, Linus Torvalds finally agreed that Linux was the better name.
Linux relied on MINIX at first. With code from the GNU system freely available, it would be good for Linux if they could create an operating system together with the code combined. Code licensed under the GNU GPL can be used in other projects, as long as they also are released under the same or a similar license. In order to make the Linux kernel suitable for use with the code from the GNU Project, Linus Torvalds started a switch from his original license (which did not allow people to sell it) to the GNU GPL. Linux and GNU developers worked together to integrate GNU code with Linux to make a free operating system.
Because of the way that the new operating system was created by combining the work of the GNU project and Linus Torvalds, many people say that it's better to use the name Linux, but most people just say "Linux".
Since then, thousands of programmers and companies have worked to make Linux better.
Tux the penguin.
The mascot of Linux is a cartoon penguin named "Tux". When a person sees the penguin on software and hardware, it means that it will work with Linux, and sometimes all systems that are like Unix.
The idea of the penguin came from the creator of Linux, Linus Torvalds. The image was made by a man named Larry Ewing in a competition to create a logo. The image, Tux, did not win, but it was picked as a mascot later.
Tux has now become a symbol for Linux, and sometimes even for open source. He can be seen in many different places and often, when people refer to Linux, they think about Tux. Tux has even been included in many video games, such as Super Tux (like Super Mario Bros.), Tux Racer (where players race Tux down an icy hill) and Pingus (like Lemmings).
Desktop.
Although there are only a few Linux versions for some Mac OS X and Microsoft Windows programs in areas like desktop publishing and professional audio, there are programs that are better or around the same in quality compared to those available for Mac and Windows.
Many free software titles that are popular on Windows, such as Pidgin, Mozilla Firefox, Openoffice.org, and GIMP, are available for Linux. A growing amount of proprietary desktop software can also be used under Linux, such as Adobe Flash Player, Opera, Google Picasa, RealPlayer, and Skype. CrossOver is a proprietary solution based on the open source Wine project that supports running older Windows versions of Microsoft Office and Adobe Photoshop versions until CS2. Microsoft Office 2007 and Adobe Photoshop CS3 are known not to work.
The performance of Linux on the desktop has been a topic discussed by many people, with at least one very important Linux kernel developer, Con Kolivas, saying that the Linux community prefers performance on servers rather than on desktops. He quit Linux development because he did not like this, and then gave a 'tell all' interview on the topic.
Servers and supercomputers.
Linux has mainly been used as a server operating system, and has risen to be known by a lot of people in that area; Netcraft reported in February 2008 that five of the ten best internet hosting companies run Linux on their web servers. This is because of its stability and uptime, and the fact that desktop software with a graphical user interface for servers is often unneeded.
Linux is commonly used as an operating system for supercomputers. As of November 2007, out of the top 500 systems, 426 (85.2%) run Linux.
Pronunciation.
Torvalds has made available an audio sample which indicates his own pronunciation, in English and Swedish.
Many English speakers usually pronounce the name as lee-narks or l-ee-nix.
Code size.
A 2001 study of Red Hat Linux 7.1 found that this distribution contained 30 million lines of code. According to the study the distribution required about eight thousand man-years of development time. According to the study, if all this software had been developed by proprietary means, it would have cost about 1.08 billion dollars (year 2000 U.S. dollars) to develop in the United States.
Most of the code (71%) was written in the C programming language, but many other languages were used, including C++, assembly language, Perl, Python, Fortran, and various shell scripting languages. Slightly over half of all lines of code were licensed under the GPL. The Linux kernel was made up of 2.4 million lines of code, or 8% of the total.
Linux distributions and software.
People may have to pay a small amount for a distribution, to pay for the CD-ROM and to help the company to make their distribution better. In most cases where people have to pay, they are paying for the company to help the user after they install it, which is known as "support".
Licensing, trademark, and naming.
The Linux kernel and most GNU software are licensed under the GNU General Public License (GPL). The GPL requires that anyone who distributes the Linux kernel must make the source code (and any modifications) available to the recipient under the same terms. In 1997, Linus Torvalds said, “Making Linux GPL'd was definitely the best thing I ever did.” Other key components of a Linux system may use other licenses; many libraries use the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL), a type of the GPL that is less restricted, and the X Window System uses the MIT License.

Open source
Open source software is software where the source code--the language programmers use to make computers do their jobs--is available to everyone. Anyone can see how the code works and can change it if they want to make it work differently. The opposite of open source is closed source, where the source is not available to everyone. Open Source is almost the same thing as Free software, but people who know the difference between the names choose between them because of different reasons.
Open Source and Free software have been around for decades, but they became popular with Linux and BSD software communities. To protect the code, a special license is used. The most common kinds of licence are the GPL, BSD and LGPL. Wikipedia uses open source too. The Open Source Movement is led by the. The open source movement split off from the Free software movement in 1998. The Free Software movement is led by the.

Desktop environment
A desktop environment is a group of software that allows the user to use a computer easily.
The most common desktop environment on personal computers is the one given by Microsoft Windows; another common environment is the one given by Apple Mac OS X.
Other mostly-used desktop environments for Unix-like operating systems using the X Window System are KDE, GNOME, Xfce.
There are also other desktop environments, including: Aston, EDE, GEM, IRIX Interactive Desktop, Sun's Java Desktop System, Mezzo, Project Looking Glass, ROX Desktop, UDE, Xito, XFast.

OpenOffice.org
OpenOffice.org is a free open source office suite made by Sun Microsystems and the free software community. It is available for many different operating systems, including Microsoft Windows, Linux, OS X, FreeBSD and Solaris; and is meant to be an alternative to Microsoft Office. It supports Microsoft Office file formats as well as its own OpenDocument format.
The ".org" part of the name OpenOffice.org is there because OpenOffice is already trademarked. It is often called "OOo" for short.
OpenOffice.org is based on the older StarOffice software that was created by Sun Microsystems.

Download
Download means getting information from another computer or server. The opposite of downloading is uploading, which is sending data to another computer. Usually we do not say "download" for a single web page (for example when you open this page on your computer). When we say we downloaded something, it is normally a bigger piece of information, like data or a computer program.
The word downloadable means the ability to get information or data from a primary source for one's use. The source is expected to be authentic and patent. At the user's end, the downloaded information or data are to be used based on agreement notice.
In the 21st century, it is very easy to download information from the internet. Many people make the mistake of downloading illegal files from the internet.

GNOME
GNOME is a computer desktop environment. It was designed for GNU/Linux, but many other operating systems can use it too. GNOME aims to provide an easy way to use a computer. GNOME is a free software project. It was made because people were questioning whether KDE is free. Some people think that GNOME is better than KDE because it is more easy to use GNOME compared to KDE. But, some people also think that KDE is better than GNOME because KDE looks better. GNOME is part of the GNU project.

Dog
A dog ("Canis lupus familiaris") is a mammal from the family Canidae. It has been domesticated by humans for a long time. Dogs are used by humans for many different things, for work and as pets. It can be a pet, because it is usually friendly and listens to humans. Dogs are usually said to be ` Mans Best Friend `.
They are sometimes called "canines" from the Latin word for dog - "canis". Sometimes people also use "dog" to refer to other canids, such as wolves. A baby dog is called a pup or puppy. A dog is called a puppy until it is about one year old. Children may call dogs "doggies".
Dogs are sometimes referred to as "man's best friend" because they are kept as domestic pets and are usually loyal and like being around humans.
Appearance and behaviour.
Dogs can smell and hear very well, but can not see well in colour or they are colour blind. Dogs can hear from a distance of 5000 or more meters away.
The usual life span of a dog from pup to an adult is about 10 years or more. The size and the breed of the dog may change how long the dog lives. Smaller dog breeds usually live longer.
Like wolves, wild dogs travel in groups called packs. Packs of dogs are ordered by rank, and dogs with low rank will submit to other dogs with higher rank. The highest ranked dog is called the alpha male. A dog in a group helps and cares about others. Domesticated dogs often view their owner as the alpha male.
Dogs and humans.
Dogs have lived with people for at least 14,000 years. Dogs can serve people in many ways. They are often called "man's best friend". For example, there are guard dogs, hunting dogs, herding dogs, and guide dogs for blind people. There are also dogs that are trained to smell for diseases in the human body or to find bombs or illegal drugs. These dogs sometimes assist policemen in airports or other areas. Sniffer dogs (usually beagles) are sometimes trained for this job. Dogs have even been sent by Russians into outer space, a few years before any human being.
Dog breeds.
There are at least 800 breeds (kinds) of dogs. Dogs whose parents were the same breed will also be that breed: these dogs are called purebred or pure pedigree dogs. Dogs with parents from different breeds no longer belong to one breed: they are called "mutts", "mixed-breed dogs", "hybrids", or "mongrels". Some of the most popular breeds are sheepdogs, collies, poodles and retrievers. It is becoming popular to be breed two different breeds of dogs and calling the new dog's breed a name that is a mixture of the parents' breeds' two names. A puppy with a poodle and a pomeranian as parents might be called a Pomapoo. These kinds of dogs, instead of being called mutts, are known as designer breeds. These dogs are often bred for show, or prize winnings.

Blindness
Blindness is the inability to see anything. Some people are called blind, even though they can see a little bit. This is because they cannot see clearly, but only see fuzzy shapes or colours.
In modern countries, few young people are blind. In all the world, blindness is mostly caused by malnutrition and diseases of old people, like cataracts and trachoma. People can become blind because of diseases or accidents, but sometimes people are born blind.
Some people are "color blind", which means they can see, but cannot tell certain colours apart.
When people are blind they use such things as the alphabet in "braille" and "guide dogs" to do every day life things.
There are many famous blind people such as Louis Braille, the inventor of the braille alphabet.

Arctic
The Arctic is the area around the Earth's North Pole. The Arctic includes parts of Russia, Alaska, Canada, Greenland, Lapland and Svalbard as well as the Arctic Ocean. It is technically an ocean, but it is always frozen, so it is solid ice.
During summer, the Sun never sets in the Arctic. This is because during summer there, the North Pole points toward the Sun. So, sometimes people call it the Land of the Midnight Sun.
The word comes from the Greek word "αρκτος", meaning "bear". The North Pole aims at the stars called the Great Bear and the Little Bear. This is why it is called the Arctic.

Sin
A sin is something that a religion tells its believers is a bad thing to do.
Religions that believe in God usually say that God told them that some things are sins. Usually the sacred books of a religion talk about sins. There are some things that most religions agree are sins. For example, almost every religion agrees that it is wrong to kill people (murder).
There are other things that are sins in only a few religions. For example, Muslims and Jews say that it is wrong to eat pork, but other religions do not think that it's wrong to eat this.
Some people are not religious. They say that people should try to do the things that help other people, and not to do the things that hurt other people. People who are not religious do not usually say that the things that hurt other people are "sins", but sometimes they use this word for these things.
Most religions describe "sins" as actions that break their rules.

Summer
Summer is one of four seasons. It is the hottest and one of the most dry seasons of the year. Four seasons are found in areas which are not too hot or too cold. Summer happens to the north and south sides of the Earth at opposite times of the year. In the Northern Hemisphere, summer takes place between the months of June and September and in the Southern Hemisphere, it takes place between December and March. This is because when the Northern Hemisphere, or part, of the Earth points towards the Sun, the Southern Hemisphere points away.

Month
A month is an amount of time used with calendars. It is about one twelfth of a year. It is a little longer than a natural period of the moon 29.53 days. In some cultures, the idea for months came from moon phases. People have counted days based on moon phases for a very long time. Some calendars are still strongly based on the moon, or "lunar calendars".
Others, called "solar calendars", ignore the moon, and depend entirely on the Sun — for example, the Gregorian calendar of 365 or 366 days (twelve months) used in much of the world today.

Alberta
Alberta is a province in Canada. It lies in the western part of Canada. The province of British Columbia is west of Alberta. The province of Saskatchewan is east of Alberta. It is north of Montana, one of the states in the United States.
Alberta is the fourth largest Canadian province. It has an area of 642,317 km². Alberta has 3,305,800 people. There are three provinces in Canada that have more people.
The capital of Alberta is Edmonton. Edmonton is close to the middle of Alberta. Calgary is another city in Alberta. It is south of Edmonton.
Working in Alberta.
Alberta has a lot of oil and natural gas.
It is hard to find a job in Alberta because there is a lot of people there, because they all want the oil
There are also a lot of farms in Alberta. Farmers grow wheat and other things. There are also a lot of cows on Alberta farms.
Alberta Weather.
Some of Alberta gets a lot of snow in the winter. Alberta can be very cold in the winter. There is a dry part of Alberta in the south.
Alberta History.
Alberta was made a province of Canada in 1905.

Electronics
Electronics is the study and use of electrical components and circuits to achieve a design goal.
The main parts, or electronic components, used in electronics are resistors, capacitors, coils of wire called inductors, integrated circuits, connection wires, and circuit boards.
Older electronics used glass or metal vacuum tubes to control the flow of electrons.
By the late 1960's and early 1970's the transistor, a semiconductor, began replacing vacuum tubes as control parts.
At about the same time, integrated circuits (miniature semiconductor circuits containing large numbers of very small transistors put on on very thin slices of silicon) came into general use.
Integrated circuits not only made it possible to significantly reduce the number of components needed to make electronic products, but also made them much more reliable and at a lower cost.
People interested in physics often study how and why these electronic components work.
By their studies they are able to discover, invent, or improve electronic components.
Other people design and construct electronic circuits, using these components, to solve practical problems. These people are a part of electrical, electronics and computer engineering field.
Take as an example a television set. A television set's input is a broadcast signal received from an antenna, or a wire cable provided by a cable television vendor. Signal processing circuits inside the television set use the brightness, colour, and sound information contained in the received signal to control the television set's output devices. The display output device may be a cathode ray tube (CRT) or a plasma or liquid crystal display screen. The audio output device might be a magnetically driven audio speaker. The display output devices convert the signal processing circuits' brightness and colour information into the visible image displayed on a screen. The audio output device converts the processed sound information into sounds that can be heard by listeners.
Analysis of a circuit/network involves knowing the input and the signal processing circuit, and finding out the output. Knowing the input and output and finding out or designing the signal processing part is called as synthesis.
Analog circuits.
Analog circuits are used for signals that have a range of amplitudes.  In general, analog circuits measure or control the amplitude of signals.  In the early days of electronics, all electronic devices used analog circuits for signal processing and control.
Pulse circuits.
Pulse circuits are used for signals that require rapid pulses of energy.  For example, aircraft and ground radar equipment work by using pulse circuits to create and send high powered bursts of radio energy from radar transmitters.  Special antennas (called "beam" or "dish" antennas because of their shape) are used to send ("transmit") the high powered bursts in the direction the beam or dish antenna is pointed.
The radar transmitter's pulses or bursts of radio energy hit and bounce back (they are "reflected") from hard and metallic objects.  Hard objects are things like buildings, hills, and mountains.  Metallic objects are anything made of metal, like aircraft, bridges, satellites, or even objects in space.  The reflected radar energy is detected by radar pulse receivers which use both pulse and digital circuits together.  The pulse and digital circuits in radar pulse receivers are used to show the location and distance of objects which have reflected the radar transmitter's high powered pulses.
By controlling how often the rapid pulses of radar energy are sent out by a radar transmitter (called the transmitter's "pulse timing"), and how long it takes for the reflected pulse energy to come back to the radar receiver, one can tell not only where objects are, but also how far away they are.   Digital circuits in a radar receiver calculate the distance to an object by knowing the time interval between energy pulses.   The radar receiver's digital circuits count how long it takes between pulses for an object's reflected energy to be detected by the radar receiver.  Since radar pulses are sent and received at approximately the speed of light, the distance to an object can easily be calculated.  This is done in digital circuits by dividing the speed of light by the time it takes to receive the radar energy reflected back from an object.
The time between pulses (often called "pulse rate time", or PRT) sets the limit on how far away an object can be detected.  That distance is called the "range" of a radar transmitter and receiver.  Radar transmitters and receivers use long PRT's to find the distance to objects that are far away.  Long PRT's makes it possible to accurately determine the distance to the moon, for example.  Fast PRT's are used to detect objects that are much closer, like ships at sea, high flying aircraft, or to determine the speed of fast moving automobiles on highways.
Digital circuits.
Digital circuits are used for signals that repeatedly turn on and off.  Active components in digital circuits typically have a constant amplitude when turned on, and zero amplitude when turned off.  In general, digital circuits count the number of times a component is switched on and off.  Computers and electronic clocks are examples of electronic devices that are made up of mostly digital circuits.

Scalar
Scalars are simple numbers.They are used for measuring things. Many things can be measured, and the measure can be explained by only giving the number.
Suppose we are measuring a rod. We could give the measured length as 2 metres or 3 cm etc. depending on the length of the rod under observation. Here only the figure 2 or 3 along with the unit of measure is enough to transmit information about the rod.
i.e. mass is measured by scalars, distances are measured by scalars.
The other family of measurement falls under the category of vectors.

Photon
Photons (from Greek φως, meaning "light"), in many atomic models in physics, are particles which transmit light. In other words, light is carried over space by photons.
Photons have a rest mass 0 (zero). They have mass because of Einstein's theory of relativity. At the speed of light photons do have certain mass.
A photon is usually given the symbol γ (gamma),
Properties.
Photons are fundamental particles. Although they can be created and destroyed, their lifetime is infinite. As photons have energy, they are affected by gravity.
In a vacuum, all photons move at the speed of light, c, which is equal to 299,792,458 meters (approximately 300,000 kilometers) per second.
A photon has a given wavelength, which determines its color. Even beyond the visible range, wavelength is the only thing different between X-Ray photons, and warm infrared.
The last usable property of a photon is its polarity. If you saw a giant photon coming straight at you, it could appear as a swath whipping vertically, horizontally, or somewhere in between. Polarized sunglasses stop photons swinging up and down from passing. This is how they reduce glare as light bouncing off of surfaces tend to fly that way.
LCD screens also use polarity to control which light passes through. Even some animals can see light polarization.
Finally, light has a spin to it. A photon's spin is a subtle feature, and requires expensive equipment to detect. Photon spin may become the ones and zeros of tomorrow's supercomputers.

Vector
A vector is a mathematical object that has a size and direction. A vector can be used to show distance and direction. Vectors can be used to show how fast something is moving and in what direction. Vectors can also be used to show many other things.
The simplest picture of a vector is a line segment, with a starting point and an ending point.
Examples of nonvectors.
Sometimes, only a number for the size is needed. However, the direction is also needed sometimes.

Soap bubble
A soap bubble is a very thin film of soap water. Their shape is a hollow, round ball, or sphere. They have a colorful surface. Soap bubbles do not last very long. Sometimes they break in the air. When they touch something else, they usually break.
When people talk about soap bubbles they think about them being pretty, but short-lived. So, they are a symbol for other things that are pretty, but short-lived or unimportant.
Children enjoy playing with bubbles. Sometimes, adults enjoy seeing art done with soap bubbles.
Soap bubbles solve some mathematical problems. The problems they solve are problems of filling space. Bubbles enclose the largest space with the least surface.

Fire Brigades Union
The Fire Brigades Union (FBU) is the main union for firefighters in the United Kingdom. A union is a group of workers. They make the group to improve pay and working conditions. It was founded in 1918 in the London area as the "Firemans Trade Union". It soon grew to cover the entire country. Today, it has around 50,000 members.

Force
The word force means "to make someone or something do something".
For example, "Soldiers came to the town and forced all the people there to leave."
Scientists also use the word "force". In the science of physics, a force causes objects to accelerate (change the way they are moving). When equal forces act in opposite directions, they cancel each other out.
Gravity is a force. It makes things move toward each other. On the Earth, we see that it makes things fall toward the ground.

Bicycle
A bicycle, or bike, is a small land vehicle with two wheels, pedals, and a metal chain connected to cogs on the pedals and rear wheel. The name comes from these two wheels - the prefix "bi-" meaning two, and the suffix "-cycle" meaning wheel. It is powered by a person riding on top, who pushes the pedals around with his or her feet.
Cycling or riding bicycles is an important way to travel in several parts of the world. It is also a common recreation, a good form of low-impact exercise, and a popular sport. It is also the second most popular spectator sport in the world.
Bicycling uses less energy per mile than any other human transport.
Invention.
In 1818 a German professor, baron Karl von Drais, created the first two wheeled bicycle. It had a handlebar, and looked like a bicycle of today, but it didn`t have pedals, and it had a wooden body.
Mountain Bicycle.
The mountain bicycle is used for the ride on the impassable road. It has many speeds (usually more then 20), some wide tires, powerful wheels.
Urban Bicycle.
The Urban bicycle is used for the convenient ride around the city. It`s comfortable but it has a slow speed. It has a convenient seat but a heavy body. It has a good protection from the mud.
Woman’s Bicycle.
The general difference between the woman bicycle and the man`s is the location of the top tube. When the women began to ride on a bike, they wore a long skirts. They must to raise a foot, to sit on the bicycle. The manufactures of bicycles changed the location of the top tube. Now the woman bicycles made, so that the women can sat down on them in the skirt
Tandem Bicycle.
The tandem is a bicycle for 2 people. It has two pairs of pedal. The cyclists sit one behind another. The first cyclist steers a bicycle. There are bicycles for 3 and more people. There was a bicycle for 40 people.
Electric Bicycle.
Titanium Flat Road EB has an electric motor. One charge allows the distance 10 km. (6 miles). You can charge it at home. You can use only engine, or only pedals or both together.

Wheel
A wheel is a disc- or circle-shaped mechanical device. Its main purpose is to allow things to "roll"; in other words, the wheel spins, and objects on the wheels move more easily along the ground. It is a simple machine.
History.
Most experts believe the ancient Mesopotamians invented the wheel about 4000 BC. In addition, the Chinese discovered it on their own around 2800 BC. The Inca and Maya had wheels on children's toys around 1500 BC, but they did not use wheels for work. Africa south of the Sahara desert and Australia did not have the wheel until people there met people from other cultures.

Exercise
Physical exercise.
Exercise can be an important part of physical therapy, weight loss, or sports performance.
Exercise can be fun, but it is important for the exercisor to do what he likes and eat enough calories, so when he exercises he is building up muscles, not just breaking them down for fuel. Carbohydrates are muscle-sparing; and if one does not get enough calories overall, there is the risk of burning muscles up with the fat to make up the deficit.
Exercise benefits.
Regular exercise has been shown to help high blood pressure, obesity, heart disease, diabetes, and depression, among others.

Percent
Percent means "out of one hundred". It is often shown with the symbol "%". It is used even if there are not a hundred items. The number is then scaled so it can be compared to one hundred. For instance, four hot lesbians are rubbing and spanking in bed, three of them are white and one is black. The percentage of white lesbians is 3 out of 4 = 3/4 = 75/100 = 75%.
Uses.
Percentages are useful because people can compare things that aren't out of the same number. For example, exam marks are often percentages, so people can compare them even if there are more questions on one exam paper than the other.

Writing
Writing is the act of recording information on a medium so that it may be read by others or at a later time.
The medium is usually paper, though other permanent media, such as cloth and clay can be used. Temporary media such as television and movie screens can also be used to display writing.
Writing is often done using a hand tool such as a pencil, a pen, or a brush, but more and more, text is being created by computer printers under the control of a computer application.
In the earliest times, writing was usually a set of pictures, which stood for words or ideas. The Egyptians used this kind of method in their invention of hieroglyphs. Chinese use the same idea today, where a character stands for a thing rather than a sound.
A people known as the Sumerians, who lived in a part of the world now occupied by Iraq and its neighbors, developed a form of writing called cuneiform. Marks pressed into soft clay stood for sounds; after the clay had dried, it could be carried elsewhere for others to read. Cuneiform was also used to create messages on soft rock, leather, and papyrus. About 4000 years ago, the first alphabet began to appear.
It is only in the last few hundred years that most people have been able to write and to read. Until then, education was only for the wealthy or powerful, and because each book had to be created by hand, there were very few books available compared to the billions in the world today.

Rock
Rock is used to mean many things.

Plato
Plato was a very important classical Greek philosopher. He lived from 427 BC to 347 BC. He was a student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle. Plato wrote about many ideas in philosophy that are still talked about today. In fact, one modern philosopher (Alfred North Whitehead) said that all philosophy since Plato was just comments on his works.
Plato wrote his books in the form of dialogues -- people talking about ideas, and sometimes disagreeing about them. This makes Plato's books more interesting to read.
Socrates is usually the main person in Plato's dialogues. Usually, Socrates talks with people about their ideas, and tries to see if they believe anything that is illogical. Other people in the stories often become angry with Socrates because of this! People who study Plato argue about whether Socrates really said the same things that Plato makes him say, or whether Plato just used Socrates as a character, to make the ideas he was talking about seem more important.
One of Plato's most famous works is "The Republic" (In Greek, "Politeia," or 'city'). In that work, he describes Socrates's vision of an "ideal" state. The method of questioning in this dialogue, called the Socratic method, is as important as the content. The Republic contains ideas of Socrates: "Socrates said it, Plato wrote it."
Works by Plato.
We have many dialogues that were supposed to be written by Plato. But because he was such a famous philosopher, some later philosophers said that their works were really written by him, to make their works seem more important.
In the list on this page, a work is marked (1) if scholars are not sure that Plato really wrote it, and it is marked (2) if scholars generally agree that Plato did "not" really write it.

Book
A book is a collection of papers held together between two covers to keep the papers inside safe. "Hardcover" books have hard covers made of cardboard covered in cloth or leather and are usually sewn together. "Paperback" books have covers of stiff paper and are usually glued together. Books can also be read aloud and recorded on tapes and compact discs. These books are called audiobooks.
Books can be borrowed from a library or bought from a bookstore. People can make their own books and fill them with family photos, drawings, or their own writing. Some books are empty inside, like a diary, address book, or photo album. Most of the time, the word "book" means that the pages inside have words printed or written on them.
Books can be about any subject. Some books are written just for children, or for entertainment, while other books are for studying something in school such as math or history. Many books have photographs or drawings.
People who cannot read books are called illiterate.
Types of books.
There are two main kinds of book: fiction and non-fiction.
Fiction.
These books are about stories that did not happen, and have been imagined by the author. Some books are based on real events from history, but the author has created imaginary characters or dialogue for the events.
Non-fiction.
Books of non-fiction are about true facts or things that really happened. Some examples are dictionaries, cookbooks, textbooks for learning in school, or a biography (someone's life story).
Historical.
The first kind of book was a scroll, a long sheet rolled up. The sheet could have been made of papyrus (made by the Egyptians, by weaving the inner stems of the papyrus plant and then hammering them together), or parchment or vellum (very thin animal skin, first used by the ancient Greeks), or the kind of paper we use today (made from plant fibers and pulp, invented by the ancient Chinese).
The Romans were the first people to put flat pieces of paper between a cover, which they called a "codex".
Scrolls and codexes were all written by hand. The Chinese invented "woodblock printing", where shapes are carved out of a block of wood, then ink is applied to the carved side, and the block is pressed onto the paper. This way of making books was very slow, and so very few people had these kinds of books.
Johannes Gutenberg was the first European to invent the printing press, a machine that can print many pages quickly. With the printing press, books become much easier to make and cost much less money to make, so more people could have books.

Sundial
A sundial shows the current solar time during the day. It does this because the sun appears to move through the sky. At different times in the day when the sun is shining, a shadow is cast in different places on the dial. A person marks the dial with the time at a certain shadow. This lets users easily see the time. There are a few commonly seen designs, such as the 'ordinary' or standard garden sundial. However, sundials can be designed for any surface where a fixed object casts a predictable shadow.
Ancient Egypt had sundials. Other cultures developed them further, including the Greeks and Romans.

Peninsula
A peninsula is a region of land that sticks out in a body of water. It is also defined as a piece of land with water on three sides. Korea, and most of the U.S. state of Florida, are peninsulas. If Eurasia is considered a continent then the continent of Europe is technically a peninsula.

Derivative
A derivative is something created from a primary source, and can mean different things.

Combinatorial game theory
Combinatorial game theory is a mathematical theory of games. It is sometimes called CGT. It is part of general game theory. It came from ideas from the solution to the game of Nim. It also partly came from looking at the oriental game Go.
Very few of the games that people play for fun meet these conditions. For example, chess has draws.
These combinatorial games can be represented by trees, each vertice of which is the game resulting from a particular move from the game directly below it on the tree. These games can be assigned game values. Finding these game values is of great interests to CG theorists, as is the theoretical concept of game addition. The sum of two games is the game in which each player on her/his turn must move in only one of the two games, leaving the other as it was.
Elwyn Berlekamp, John Conway and Richard Guy are the founders of the theory. They worked together in the 1960s. Their published work was called "Winning Ways for Your Mathematical Plays".
Definitions.
In the theory, there are two players called "left" and "right". A game is something that allows left and right to make moves to "other games". For example, in the game of chess, there is a usual starting setup. One could also, however, think of a chess game after the first move as a different game, with a different setup. So each position is also called a game.
Games have the notation. formula_1 are the games the left player can move to. formula_2 are the games the right player can move to. If you know chess notation, then the usual chess setup is the game
The dots "..." mean there are many moves, so not all are shown.
The easiest game of Nim starts with no counters at all! In such a case, neither player can move. That is shown as. Both sides are empty, because neither player can move. The first player to go cannot move, and so will lose. In CGT, people often write as the symbol 0 (zero).
The next-easiest game has only one pile, with just one counter. If the left player goes first, that player must take the counter, leaving right with no moves (, or 0). If instead right moves first, there will be no more moves for left. So both left and right can make a move to 0. That is shown as |, or. The first player to move will win. Games equal to are very important. They are written with the symbol, * (star).

Nim
There is a simple mathematical strategy to play the game perfectly. If both players play perfectly, the winner is determined by the initial setup.

Blue
Blue is one of the colors of the rainbow that people can see. It is one of the three traditional primary colors, along with red and yellow. It has the shortest wavelength of these colors (about 470 nanometers).
Blue is the color of the earth's sky and sea. Earth looks blue when viewed from outer space by astronauts.
Blue is the color of a "bluebird".
Meaning of blue.
Blue is often associated with depth and stability. It symbolizes trust, loyalty, wisdom, confidence, intelligence, faith, truth, and heaven.
Blue is considered beneficial to the mind and body. It slows human metabolism and produces a calming effect. Blue is strongly associated with tranquility and calmness. In heraldry, blue is used to symbolize piety and sincerity.
Blue is a masculine color; according to studies, it is highly accepted among males. Dark blue is associated with depth, expertise, and stability; it is a preferred color for corporate America.
Light blue is associated with health, healing, tranquility, understanding, and softness.
Dark blue represents knowledge, power, integrity, and seriousness.

Murder
Murder is when one person kills another person on purpose. It is only called "murder" when it is against the law. If a person does something that makes someone else die, it is often known as manslaughter or homicide. This is especially true if it was an accident. Sometimes, a death caused by someone else may not be a crime. For example, in some countries, it is not a crime to defend yourself, even if it kills the attacker.
The legal definition of "murder" and "manslaughter" may be different in different countries, and is very much debated: for example, killing in war is not usually called "murder" by those who take place in the war, whatever the reasons for the war are. Killing in self defense (if people being attacked kill someone who is attacking them) is often not called "murder".
In biblical religions, the first murder was supposed to have been Cain killing his brother Abel.
Assassination.
"Assassination" is a word which means murdering someone as a job. The word is most used when the person who was killed was a famous celebrity or was a person involved in politics. The people who carry out assassinations are called "assassins". An assassin may murder someone for political reasons, for money, or for other reasons, such as favors owed.
The word "Assassin" comes from Hashshashin, a Muslim group, active in the Middle East from the 8th to the 14th centuries. This secret society killed people for political and religious reasons. It is thought that the assassins were under the influence of hashish and opium during their killings or during their training. The word "assassin" comes from either "hasishin", the influence of the drugs, or "hassansin", after their leader, Hassan-i Sabbah.
The first use of the word "assassination" in a book is " The Tragedy of Macbeth" by William Shakespeare (1605).

Bird
Birds are a group among the animals called vertebrates or animals with backbones. They form the class "Aves".
They are warm-blooded and they lay eggs. They are covered with feathers and they have wings. Their bones are hollow. This makes them lighter and allows many of them to fly. Birds have two legs usually covered with scales (small, flat hard plates which over-lap in the same way as feathers). They have a hard beak with no teeth. Because birds have a high temperature and use lots of energy, they need to eat a lot of food, compared with their weight. More than 9000 different species (kinds) of birds are known.
Birds are found on every continent of the world. Different types of birds have made "adaptations" or changes so it is possible for some birds to live in freezing cold environments while other birds live in hot deserts. Birds can live in forests, in grasslands, on cliff faces, in river banks, on stony sea shores, down mine shafts and in the roofs of houses.
Bird are also "adapted" to eat different foods. Many birds live on seeds and fruit. Some birds eat green plants. Some birds live on the nectar or honey in flowers. Other birds live on insects. Some birds eat fish. Some eat small reptiles and mice. Birds of prey eat mammals and other birds. Some birds are scavengers and eat the bodies of creatures that have died.
Birds come in many sizes from the Bee Hummingbird that is only 60mm long to the ostrich which stands 2.5 metres high. The bird with the widest wingspan is the Wandering Albatross many of which measure 3 metres from tip to tip.
Different shapes.
Because birds live on every continent and have adapted to all sorts of conditions, different types of birds look very different from each other. The most noticeable differences are the size, the shape of the beak, the length of the legs, the length of the neck and the colour.
The smallest types of birds are tiny birds that feed on nectar, honey and insects. The biggest birds are flightless birds with long legs-- ostriches, emus and cassowaries. However, very large birds are also found soaring high in the sky-- eagles, vultures, albatross and pelicans. The way to understand the living habits of a bird is to look at its legs and feet, its beak, its neck and its wings.
If a bird has very long legs, then it probably spends most of its time walking, like a crane, or wading (walking in water), like a flamingo. Birds with long legs need long necks to match, so they can reach their food. Birds with short legs and long necks like pelicans, geese and swans are birds that swim well and dive their heads into the water for food. Their beaks are often flat for scooping up water weeds. A pelican's beak can change into a shape like a huge bucket for catching fish.
Birds that are shaped like torpedoes are good at diving. Albatross, seagulls and kingfishers all have long strong beaks for catching fish. Some birds, such as eagles, owls vultures and hawks, have beaks which are hooked and very large claws (also called "talons") with which they can tear and carry meat.
Some birds have very long thin beaks that they use for dipping into flowers or poking into holes in the ground. These include humming birds, bee eaters and avocets. Some birds have short beaks but wide mouths that are perfect for catching insects in the air, like swallows, swifts and nightjars. Some birds that eat fruit, like toucans and hornbills, have beaks which are enormous, but are very light in weight. The curved beaks of parrots are good for eating large seeds and cracking nuts, while birds that peck small seeds and food from the ground have short beaks like pigeons.
Different colours.
Birds come in a huge range of colours. These colours can be useful to a bird in two ways. The colours can either help to hide the bird, or they can help to attract attention to the bird when it is looking for a mate.
Bird Camouflage.
Many birds are brown, green or grey. These colours make a bird harder see; they camouflage the bird. Brown is the most common colour. Brown birds include sparrows, emus, thrushes, larks, eagles, falcons and the female birds of many species such as wrens, ducks, blackbirds and peacocks. When a brown bird is in long grass or among tree trunks or rocks, it is "camouflaged". Birds that live in long grass often have brown feathers streaked with black which looks like shadows. A Bittern is almost invisible in long reeds. Other birds, including starlings and minahs, are quite dark in colour, but are flecked with little spots that look like raindrops on leaves.
Many birds from hot countries are green or have some green feathers, particularly parrots. Birds that live in green trees often have green backs, even if they have bright-coloured breasts. From the back, the birds are "camouflaged". This is very useful when sitting on a nest. The bird's bright-coloured breast is hidden. Budgerigiars are bred in different colours such as blue, white and mauve, but in the wild, they are nearly all green and yellow. Even though they fly very well, they normally spend a lot of time on the ground, eating grass seeds. Their yellow and black stiped back helps to hide them in the shadows made by long dry grass, while their green breasts are a similar colour to the leaves of gum trees.
Grey birds include most pigeons and doves, cranes, storks and herons. Grey birds are often rock-living birds like pigeons, or birds that sit on dead tree trunks looking like a broken branch. Water birds like herons often have a pale grey colour which makes it harder for a fish to notice that the bird is standing, looking down for something to catch. Water birds, no matter what colour they are on top, are often white underneath, so that when a fish looks up, the bird looks like part of the sky.
Black birds include crows, ravens and male blackbirds. Some birds that are dark colours spend quite a lot of time on the ground, hopping around in the shadows under bushes. Among these birds are the male blackbird and the satin bowerbird which is not black but very dark blue. Crows and ravens often perch high on bare trees in the winter, where their black shape against the sky looks like the dark bare branches.
Beautiful colours.
Many birds are not camouflaged but stand out because they are "pied". This means that they are black and white. Black and white birds include magpies, pied geese, pelicans, and Australian magpies (which are not really magpies at all). Pied birds often have brightly coloured beaks and legs of yellow or red. The silver pheasant, with its long white tail striped with fine bars of black, has a brightly coloured face.
Some birds are famous for their colour and are named for it, such as the Bluebird, the Azure Kingfisher, the Golden Pheasant, the Scarlet Macaw, the Violet Wren and the Robin Redbreast.
Many other birds are very brightly coloured, in countless combinations. Some of the most colourful birds are quite common like pheasants, peacocks, domestic fowl and parrots. Colourful small birds include blue tits, the gold finches, humming birds, fairy wrens and bee eaters (which are also called "rainbow birds"). Some birds, like those of the Bird of Paradise in Papua New Guinea have such beautiful feathers that they have been hunted for them.
With some birds, such as flamingos, the male and the female are both brightly coloured. With other species, only the male is brightly coloured, and uses his colouful feathers to attract females. The peacock is the best example of this, but also in the domestic fowl, the male has long shiny feathers above his tale and also long neck feathers that may be a different colour to his wings and body. There are only a very few types of birds (like the Eclectus Parrot) where the female is more colourful than the male.
How do birds fly?
Most birds can fly. They do this by pushing through the air with their wings. The curved surfaces of the wings cause air currents (wind) which lift the bird. Flapping keeps the air current moving to create lift and also moves the bird forward.
Some birds can "glide" on air currents without flapping. Many birds use this method when they are about to land. Some birds can also "hover" and remain in one place. This method is used by birds of prey such as falcons that are looking for something to eat. Seagulls are also good at "hovering", particularly if there is a strong breeze. The most expert "hovering" birds are tiny hummingbirds which can beat their wings both backwards and forwards and can stay quite still in the air while they dip their long beaks into flowers to feed on the sweet nectar.
Types of flight.
Different types of birds have different needs. Their wings are "adapted" to suit the way they fly.
Large birds of prey, such as eagles, that spend a lot of time "soaring" on the wind have wings that are large and broad. The main flight feathers are long and wide. They help the eagle to stay on rising "air currents" without using much energy, while the eagle looks at the ground below, to find the next meal. When the eagle sees some small creature move, it can close its wings and fall from the sky like a missile, opening its great wings again to slow down as it comes to land. The world's largest eagle, the Philippine Eagle has a wingspan of about 2 metres (6.7 ft) wide.
Birds that live in grassland areas or open forests and feed on fruit, insects and reptiles often spend a lot of time flying short journeys looking for food and water. They have wings that are shaped in a similar way to eagles, but rounder and not as good for soaring. These include many Australian birds like Cockatoos.
Birds, such as geese, that migrate from one country to another fly very long distances. Their wings are big and strong, because the birds are large and they stock up on food for the long flight. Migrating water birds usually form family groups of 12-30 birds. They fly very high, making use of long streams of air that blow from north to south in different seasons. They are very well organised, often flying in a V pattern. The geese at the back don't have to flap so hard; they are pulled on by the wind of the ones at the front. Every so often, they change the leader so that the front bird, who does most work and sets the pace, can have a rest. Geese and swans are the highest-flying birds, reaching 8,000 metres or more when on migration. Geese often "honk" loudly while they are flying. It is thought that they do this to support the leader and help the young ones.
Birds that fly very quickly, such as swifts and swallows, have long narrow pointed wings. These birds need great speed because they eat insects, catching most of them while they are flying. These birds also migrate. They often collect in huge flocks of thousands of birds that move together like a whirling cloud.
Birds that live in bushes and branches have triangular wings that help the bird change direction. Many forest birds are expert at getting up speed by flapping and then gliding steadily among the trees, tilting to avoid things as they go. Members of the kingfisher family are expert at this type of flying.
Birds such as owls that hunt at night have wings with soft rounded feathers so that they don't flap loudly. Birds that are awake at night are called "nocturnal" birds. Birds that are awake during the day are "diurnal".
A Wandering Albatross and Arctic Tern might spend several years without coming to land. They can sleep while gliding and have wings which, when they are stretched right out, look like the wings of a jet plane.
Bird like chickens that feed mainly on the ground and only use their wings to fly to safety have small wings.
Flightless birds.
Some birds do not fly. These include running birds like ostriches and emus and ocean-living birds, the large penguin family.
Ostriches and emus do not need to fly because although they feed and nest on the ground, their great size and their speed is their protection. Some other ground-feeding birds have not been so lucky. Some birds such as the Dodo and the Kiwi were ground-feeding birds that lived in safety on islands where there was nothing dangerous to eat them. They lost the power of flight. Kiwis are endangered because European settlement to New Zealand brought animals like cats, dogs and rats which kill kiwis and eat their eggs. However, Kiwis and also the rare New Zealand Ground Parrot have survived. In the case of Dodos, they were fat and delicious. They were killed and eaten by sailors until there was none left. Other flightless birds which have disappeared are the Auk and the Moa.
Penguins spend a great deal of time at sea, where they are in danger from seals. On land, they usually live in areas where there were few dangers, until the arrival of European settlers with dogs and cats. Their wings have adapted to life in the sea and have become flippers which help them in swimming very fast.
Choosing partners.
Although birds are warm-blooded creatures like mammals, they do not give birth to live babies. They lay eggs like cold-blooded creatures such as lizards. Unlike most reptiles, the shell of a bird's egg is hard. The baby bird grows inside the egg and after a few weeks, breaks out, or "hatches".
Birds in cold climates usually have a "breeding season" once a year in the spring. Migratory birds can have two springs and two mating seasons in a year. So can birds that live in hot climates.
When the breeding season arrives, the birds choose partners. Some birds are mated for life, like married couples. These birds include pigeons, geese, and cranes. Other birds look for new partners each year and sometimes a male bird or "cock" will have several wives.
For birds that choose new mates, part of the breeding season is "display". The male bird will do all sorts of things to attract females. These include singing, dancing, showing off the feathers and building a beautiful nest. Some male birds have splendid feathers for attracting females. The most famous is the peacock who can spread the feathers above his tale into a huge fan.
Nesting.
Once the birds have found partners, they find a suitable place to lay eggs. The idea of what is a suitable place differs from one species of bird to another. Most birds make nests of one sort or another but these differ from bird to bird as well. Robins will make a beautiful little round nest of woven grass and carefully line it with feathers, bits of fluff and other soft things. Swallows like to nest near other swallows. They make nests from little blobs of clay, often on a beam near the roof of a building where it is well sheltered. Many birds like a hollow tree to nest in. Eagle's nests are often just piles of dead wood on the top of the tallest tree or mountain. Scrub Turkeys scratch together a huge pile of leaves that may be 10 metres across. Guillemots lay their eggs on rock shelves with no nest at all. Their eggs are shaped so that they roll around in circles. A cuckoo doesn't bother about making its own nest. It lays its egg in the nest of some other bird and leaves it for strangers to care for.
When the nest has been prepared, the birds mate so that the eggs are fertilised and the chicks will start growing. Unlike mammals, birds only have one opening as the exit hole for body fluids. The opening is called the cloaca. A female bird, called a "hen" has two ovaries, of which the left one usually produces eggs.
Most male birds have no sex organs that can be seen. But inside the male are two testes which produce sperm which is stored in the "cloaca". Birds mate by rubbing their cloacas together, although with some birds, particularly large water birds, the male has a sort of a penis inside the "cloaca".
Hatching.
Once the "hen" has mated, she produces fertile eggs which have chicks growing inside them. She lays the eggs in the nest. There might be just one egg or a number of them, called a "clutch". Emus might lay as many as fifteen huge dark green eggs in a clutch. After the eggs are laid, they are incubated", or kept warm so the chicks form inside. One of the good things about the fact that most birds stay together for the whole nesting time is that the work is shared. The birds generally take turns sitting on the eggs, so that both can feed.
This is not always the case. With Emus, the male does all the "sitting" and all the baby-minding. With Emperor Penguins it is also the male that cares for the egg. There is only one egg, which he keeps on his feet and under his feathers, standing in a big group of males without feeding until the chick is hatched. While the eggs are hatching, the females are at sea, feeding, so that they can care for the chicks when they return.
With birds that build mounds, the heat to hatch the eggs comes from the sun on the rotten leaves. The parents leave the mound. When the chicks hatch, they are strong enough to feed themselves.
Many types of birds take 2-4 weeks to hatch eggs. Albatrosses take 80 days. During this time the female loses a lot of her body weight.
The quickest hatching time is for the Cuckoo. Some types of cuckoos take only 10 days. This means that when they hatch in the nest of their "foster parents", the eggs that the parents have laid are not yet ready. Newborn cuckoos are naked, blind and ugly, but they are very strong. They get under any eggs that are in the nest and throw them out before they hatch. That means that the cuckoo has the whole care of both parents. Baby cuckoos grow fast and are often soon bigger than the parents who feed them.
When baby birds hatch, in most types of birds, they are fed by both parents, and sometimes by older "aunties" as well. Their mouths are open all the time and are often very brightly coloured so the parents can easily see where to put the food. For birds that eat grain and fruit, the parents eat and partly "digest" the food for the babies. It is then vomitted carefully into the babies mouth.
Families.
Many birds, particularly those that mate for life, are very sociable and keep together in a family group which might be anything from 4 or 6 adult birds and their young to a very large flock.
As chicks grow they change the fluffy "down" that covers them as babies for real feathers. At this stage they are called "fledglings". Other family members may help care for fledgling chicks, feeding them, and protecting them from attack while parents are feeding. When the "fledglings" have their new feathers, they come out of the nest to learn to fly. In some types of birds, like pigeons, the parents watch over this and as the young ones get stronger, will give them flying lessons, teaching them how to glide, how to fly in spirals and how to land like an expert.
Flocks.
Flocks of birds can be very highly organised in a way that takes care of all the flock members. Studies of small flocking birds like tree sparrows show that they clearly communicate with each other, as sometimes thousands of birds may fly in close formation and spiral patterns without "colliding" (or flying into each other).
Two common behaviours in flocking birds are "guarding" and "reconnaissance". When a flock of birds is feeding it is common for one bird to perch on a high place to keep "guard" over the flock. In the same way, when a flock is asleep, often, one bird will remain awake.
It is also common for large flocks to send one or two birds ahead of them when they are flying to a new area. The look-out birds can spy the "lie of the land" to find food, water and good places to perch..
Communication.
All birds make sounds to communicate. The types of noises that they make are different. All birds have "cries" which are the sounds to communicate. Some birds can also "sing". These birds are called "songbirds". Some songbirds are robins, larks, canaries, thrushes, nightingales and crows. Birds that are "not" songbirds are pigeons, seagulls, eagles, owls and ducks. Parrots are not songbirds, even though they can be taught to sing human songs.
Lorenz's studies.
The Austrian naturalist Konrad Lorenz studied the way in which birds communicate, or talk to each other. He found that each type of bird had a number of sounds which they made automatically, when ever they felt a certain way. Every sound had an action that went with it. So, if the bird was frightened, it acted frightened and made a frightened sound. This told the other birds around it that something frightening was happening.
If a flock of birds were flying over a field, they would be calling "Fly! Fly!" But a hungry bird, seeing something good to eat down below might start calling "Food! Food!" If other birds were also hungry, they would make the same call until more birds were calling "Food! Food!" than "Fly! Fly!". At this point, the mind of the flock would be changed. Some of the birds would start to yell "Fly downwards! Fly downwards!" as they sank from the sky, until the whole flock was all noisily calling the same thing.
These communication sounds are often short hard sounds like chirps, squeaks, squawks. and twitters. Sometimes the calls are longer and more musical. They include the "Rookety-coo" sound of a pigeon and the "Cockadoodledoo!" of a rooster. The bird cannot change these sounds. They always make them in the same way. The bird is locked into making each sound every time a particular idea comes into its head.
Songbirds.
When a bird sings, it can chose what it sings and it can change its song. Most singing birds that are kept as pets, like canaries, have several tunes and some variations. Songbirds in the wild can learn songs from each other. The same species of bird will sing different songs in different regions.
A good example of this is the Currawong. This is an Australia bird which is like a black and white crow. In the autumn, families get together in large flocks and do a lot of singing. Currawongs from some areas sing much more complex songs than others. Generally, Currawongs from the Blue Mountains are the finest singers.
The song of the Currawong can be sung as a solo, but is often performed as a choir. One bird will take the lead and sing "Warble-warble-warble-warble!" All the other birds will join in and sing "Wooooooo!" When all the birds know the song, the choir will sing the "Warble" part and the soloist will sing the "Woo!". The song changes from year to year and from place to place.
The Jackdaw of Altenberg.
Konrad Lorenz noticed that when birds sing, they often use a lot of their regular calls as part of the song. Lorenz had a flock of Jackdaws which were scattered during World War II. One day, an old bird returned. For many months she sat on the chimney singing her song, but in the song she kept making the call which Lorenz knew meant "Come home! Come home!" One day, to the great surprise of Lorenz, a male bird flew from a passing flock and joined her on the chimney. Lorenz was sure that it was her long-lost "husband" who had found his way home at last.
The first bird-like creatures.
Lots of scientists think that birds are from the "theropod" dinosaur family. Specifically, birds are placed in the "Maniraptora" group of theropods. It is difficult to say if, when, or how they changed from dinosaurs into birds. Many small "theropod" dinosaurs seem to have had feathers; this was realized when people found their bones in Northeast China (Liaoning Province). The "dromaeosaur" they found, "Cryptovolans", could probably fly well by moving its wings. Perhaps it was better at flying than "Archaeopteryx".
The ancient bird "Archaeopteryx" was from the Jurassic time of pre-human history. It is famous, because it was one of the first things people found after Charles Darwin wrote his ideas about evolution in the 19th century. Today it is the oldest, simplest bird we know. Other early birds now dead are, for example, the "Confuciusornithidae", "Enantiornithes", "Ichthyornis", and "Hesperornithiformes".
Birds and people.
Birds are an important thing for people to eat. The sort of birds that people eat most often is the chicken and its eggs, but people often also eat geese, pheasants, turkeys and ducks. Other birds are sometimes eaten are emus, ostriches, pigeons, grouse, quails, doves, woodcocks, songbirds and others.
At one time swans and flamingos were special food for the rich and powerful, like some Emperors of Rome, but people are usually not allowed to eat them now.
Many species have all died because of too much hunting (killing for food), for example the "Passenger Pigeon". Many others are in danger or dead, because people have taken away the places where they lived for wood or farms.
Many species have learned how to get food from people. The number of birds of these species has grown because of it. Seagulls and crows find food from dumping areas. The common pigeon or "Rock Dove" ("Columba livia") lives in large numbers in towns and cities all over the world. In North America, House Sparrows ("Passer domesticus"), Common Starlings ("Sturnus vulgaris"), and House Finches ("Carpodacus mexicanus") are also found in large numbers.
Sometimes people also use birds. For example homing pigeons carry messages (today people sometimes use them for sport). People also use falcons for hunting, and cormorants for fishing. Scientists often use chickens and pigeons to help find answers to their questions. In the past, people in mines often used a Canary to see if there were bad gases in the air.
People often have colorful birds such as parrots, and mynahs) as pets. Some of these birds are popular because they can copy human talking. Because of this, some people trap birds and take them to other countries to sell. This is not usually allowed. Most pet birds are specially bred and are sold in pet shops.
People can catch some bird diseases, for example "psittacosis", "salmonellosis", "campylobacteriosis", Newcastle's disease, "mycobacteriosis", influenza, "giardiasis", and "cryptosporiadiosis". In 2005, there is an epidemic of bird influenza spreading through some parts of the world, often called avian flu.
Some people have birdboxes in their gardens to give birds a place to nest and bird tables where birds can get food and water in very cold or very dry weather.

Freedom of speech
Freedom of speech is the right to state one's opinions and ideas without being stopped or punished. Sometimes this is also called Freedom of expression.
Most people think freedom of speech is necessary for a democratic government. In countries without free speech, people might be afraid to say what they think. Then, the government does not know what the people want. If it does not know what they want, it cannot respond to their wants. Without free speech, the government does not have to worry as much about doing what the people want. Some people say this is why some governments do not allow free speech: they do not want to be criticised, or they fear there would be revolution if everyone knew everything that was happening in the country.
A well-known liberal thinker, John Stuart Mill thinks that freedom of speech is not as important because everyone should have a right to express him or herself, but because the society they live in should have a right to hear that person's ideas.
Few countries with "free speech" let everything be said. In America, you are not allowed to shout "fire" in a crowded theater if there is no fire, because this might cause people to panic. After World War II, Germany banned some Nazi ideas.

Banana
A Banana is a fruit that grows in clusters on banana trees. There are about 100 different kinds of banana trees. Some banana trees grow edible fruit. There are several kinds of bananas in different colors. When most bananas are ripe, they turn yellow with brown patches. Unripe bananas are usually green, but it also depends what country they are grown in. Many bananas have a curved shape, but some bananas are straight. Bananas have a lot of potassium.
Bananas are grown around the world. The countries that export (send to other places for sale) the most bananas include India, Brazil, China, Ecuador and the Philippines.

Biel
Biel (or Bienne) is an industrial town in Switzerland. It is in the part of Switzerland named Bern and near the city also named Bern. The town is known for many companies that make watches and machines.
History.
For many hundreds of years the town was run by another place named Basel. It tried to join with other cities in Switzerland. But it was not allowed to join the Swiss Confederation until 1815. Biel is home to a firm named Swatch which makes watches sold around the world. In 1998, Swatch announced that Biel would be the center of a new way of measuring time. Biel Mean Time was created as a way to advertise that Swatch was a modern firm with new ideas.
Language.
About 57% of the people in Biel speak German as their mother tongue. The remaining 43% speak French as their mother tongue. That is why the city has two names.

Swatch Internet Time
Swatch Internet Time is a way to measure time invented in 1998 by the Swatch manufacturing firm in Biel, Switzerland. Time is shown as an "@" mark with three numerals. The day starts with @000 for midnight. Noon is @500. Just before midnight is @999. The thousand parts which make up a day are called "dot beats" (.beats). Each dot beat is one minute and 26.4 seconds long. Midnight is the same as Central European Winter Time and Internet Time is the same in all the world. It does not change during the Summer. People can use it to plan phone calls or Internet meetings. Most types of Linux can show Internet Time as the desktop clock.

Test tube
A test tube is a kind of laboratory glassware, composed of a fingerlike length of glass tubing, open at the top, usually with a rounded lip at the top, and a rounded 'U' shaped bottom.
They range in size from a couple inches to several inches long, from a few millimeters to a couple centimeters in diameter. They are designed to allow easy heating of samples, to be held in a flame, and often are made of expansion-resistant glasses, such as borosilicate glass (known by brand-names such as Pyrex and Kimax).
Tests tubes are often preferred above beakers when multiple small chemical or biological samples have to be handled and/or stored.
Vacutainers are a type of test tube that can be used for both collection and storage of blood.

Beaker
A beaker is a kind of laboratory glassware. A beaker is a cylinder with a lip and a spout (a bend it the rim of the beaker which makes it easier to pour liquids without spilling any). A beaker is usually about the same width as its height. This makes beakers very stable and easy to handle. They may be made of plastic, glass, or borosilicate glass. Some beakers have marks on them to show about how much volume of liquid they hold - these can not be used for exact measurements.
Beakers are often used to make solutions and they are probably the most used piece of laboratory glassware.

Crucible
In chemistry, a crucible is a kind of laboratory apparatus that is usually a cup, made of porcelain or non-reactive metal, used to heat chemical compounds to very high temperatures. One of the earliest uses of platinum was as a material in crucibles. Metals such as nickel and zirconium are also used as crucible materials these days.

Lithium
Lithium (symbol Li) is the third chemical element in the periodic table. This means that it has 3 protons in its nucleus and 3 electrons around it.
Lithium belongs to Group I. It is one of the alkali metals. Lithium is a silvery solid (when freshly cut). It is very soft. Thus it can be cut easily with a knife. It will react with water, giving off hydrogen to form an alkaline solution. Because of this, lithium must be stored in oil.
Lithium is the lightest solid element in the periodic table. It is primarily used in heat transfer alloys, in batteries and serves as a component in some drugs known as mood stabilizers.
Lithium is the lightest metal. It has a density that is only half that of water. It is very reactive. It does not occur freely in nature.
History.
Lithium (Greek "lithos", meaning "stone") was discovered by Johann Arfvedson in 1817.
In 1818, Christian Gmelin observed that lithium salts give a bright red color in flame.
W.T. Brande and Sir Humphrey Davy later used electrolysis on lithium oxide to isolate the element.
It was apparently given the name "lithium" because it was discovered from a mineral, while other common alkali metals were first discovered from plant tissue.
Lithuims boiling point is 356.97 degrees faraniheit
Isotopes.
There are 5 isotopes of Lithium having respectively 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 neutrons in the nucleus. The most common isotope in nature is 3Li7 which makes up 92.58 % of the total. The second isotope which is widely available is 3Li6 which makes up 7.42 % of the total. The other 3 isotopes exist in very small quantities. The atomic mass of Lithium is 6.939.

Beryllium
Beryllium is an alkaline earth metal. It is grayish (slightly gray) in color. It has an atomic number of 4 and is symbolized by the letters Be. It is toxic and should not be handled by anyone without proper training.
Beryllium's atomic structure consists of 4 electrons, 4 protons, and 5 neutrons.
Beryllium is most likely known for the chemical compounds it forms. Some of these are emeralds and aquamarines.
Beryllium has one of the highest melting points of the light metals.
At standard temperature and pressures beryllium resists oxidation when exposed to oxygen.

Data compression
Data compression is making data use less space on a data storage device. When we compress data, we make it smaller. Some reasons why data is compressed are: to make it download faster, to make it fit on floppy disks, and to make it easier to archive (keep). To make pictures and movies smaller, we often remove parts that the human eye cannot see. This is known as "lossy" compression and it is effective because of human limitations.
There are many different ways to compress data. The most common way is known as "zipping" data. You can also "unzip" data to use it again.
The output from "unzipping" a zip file are files identical to the original files, this is known as "lossless" compression.

Compiler
In computer science, a compiler is a program that takes "source code" and changes it to a target language (mostly machine code). For many programmers, using a compiler is easier than writing the machine code themselves because there are many different machine codes (it can take a long time to write for each of the machine codes).

Eye
The eye is the part of the body that lets humans and most animals see. It also gives them knowledge of nature's 24-hour cycle of light and darkness. Most animals have two eyes.
The eye is an organ for the purpose of sensing light. The simplest eyes (such as those of some animals and even protein spots in one-celled organisms) register nothing but whether the surrounding area is light or darkness. Some snails, for example, see no image (picture) at all, but they "see" light, enabling them to keep out of direct sunlight. Slightly better eyes are shaped like cups, which lets the organism know from which direction light is coming.
More complex eyes give the full sense of vision, including color, motion, and texture. These eyes have a round shape that makes light rays focus on the back part of the eye, called the "retina". There are (at least) three types of light-sensitive cells in the retina in mammals. Two of them, "rods" and "cones", allow sight (or seeing) by sending signals through the optic nerve to the brain. The third type senses light for a different purpose than seeing. Some special "ganglion" cells in the retina send their information about light to the brain along a different path (the "retinohypothalamic tract"). This information adjusts (synchronizes) the individual's circadian rhythm to nature's light/dark cycle of 24 hours. This system also works for some blind people who cannot see light at all.
Some animals can see light which is outside of the human range of visible light. They can see ultraviolet or infrared light.
The "lens" on the front part of the eye is curved and acts like a camera lens. It can be pulled flatter or rounder by muscles inside the eye. As some people get older, they might not be as able to do this. Many people are born with other sight problems or get them later in life, and they may need eyeglasses (or "contact lenses") to fix the problem.

Tongue-twister
A tongue-twister is a sentence that is hard to say. They often use alliteration and homophones.

AbiWord
AbiWord is a free word processor that can be downloaded for free, it is open source and is much smaller in size than a proprietary alternative, Microsoft Word. It is available for FreeBSD, Linux, Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, and QNX. Its mascot is Abi the ant. It is much smaller than many other commercial word-processors of its time, only using about 15Mb on a computer's hard drive under Microsoft Windows. It is easy to use.
See also.
OpenOffice.org Writer

Insect
Insects are a group of invertebrate animals and are part of the phylum Arthropoda. They are the biological class Insecta'". Some people call insects "bugs", but this is not right; insects are insects, not "bugs". Only some insects are true bugs, which is a special group of insects.
Insects are the biggest group of animals on earth, and there are more than 800,000 different kinds (or species) of them. There are often new species of insects being found, and scientists think there are millions of species people have not found yet. There are more insects than all other kinds of animals.
Insects live all over the planet, but not many insects live in the oceans or in very cold places, such as Antarctica. The most kinds of insects live in tropical areas.
The science of insects is called entomology, and people who study insects are called entomologists.
Insect bodies.
Insects have exoskeletons (skeletons on the outside). This does not mean they have bones on the outside of their bodies. Their skeletons are made out of thin, hard pieces or plates, like armour. All together, these pieces make a hard layer around the insect’s body. The exoskeleton protects the insect. Just like our muscles connect to our bones to make us walk and stand up, the muscles of an insect connect to the exoskeleton to make it walk and move.
The body of an insect has three main parts: a head, a thorax, and an abdomen. On the head are an insect’s eyes, its antennae (they feel and smell things), and its mouth. On the thorax, insects have wings and legs. All insects have six legs (three pairs) and usually four wings (two pairs). The abdomen is the back part of the insect. Inside the abdomen is the stomach, the heart, and the excretory system where body wastes pass out of the insect. Bees also have a stinger at the back of the abdomen.
How insects grow.
Insects grow very differently than people. Most insects start as an egg that a female (mother) insect lays. These eggs are very small; many can not be seen without special help, such as a magnifying glass or a microscope.
After the eggs hatch, there are two different things that can happen. Some insects have what is called incomplete metamorphosis. This means that a small insect, called a nymph comes out of the egg, and the nymph looks almost the same as the adult insect. As the nymph grows, it does not change the way it looks, but only how big it is. Grasshoppers grow in this way.
Other insects have complete metamorphosis, which means that the small insect that comes out of the egg looks very different from the adult insect. Insects that have complete metamorphosis usually come out of the egg as a larva, which usually looks like a worm. The larva eats food and gets bigger until it turns into a pupa. Butterfly pupae (plural for pupa) are often inside cocoons. Inside the cocoon the insect changes the way it looks and often grows wings. When the cocoon opens, the adult insect comes out. Many insects have complete metamorphosis, for example beetles, butterflies and moths, and flies.
Kinds of insects.
Contrary to what some people believe, spiders, scorpions, and similar animals are not insects; they are arachnids. Arachnids are arthropods that have 4 pairs of legs. Centipedes are arthropods with many legs and are also not insects.
Insects and people.
People often think of insects as being either good or bad. “Good” insects are beneficial to people, meaning they do things that help people. “Bad” insects are called pests.
Pest insects can be harmful to people in different ways. Some are parasites, such as lice and bed bugs. Some of these parasite insects can spread diseases, such as mosquitoes spreading malaria. Other pest insects do not directly hurt people. Termites and some beetles eat wood and sometimes eat buildings, such as houses. Many insects eat agricultural products (plants meant for people to eat). Grasshoppers are one example of pest insects that eat plants in agriculture.
Many people think all insects are bad, but this is not true. Many insects help people. Some kinds of insects, such as bees, make food (honey) that people can eat. The larvae of some moths make silk, which people use to make clothing. In some parts of the world, people actually eat insects. Eating insects for food is called entomophagy.
Insects help people in other ways. Many bees and flies pollinate plants. This means the insects help the plants make seeds by moving pollen from one flower to another. Some good insects eat pest insects, such as lady beetles (or ladybirds or ladybugs) eating aphids. Many insects eat dead plants and animals. This is good because, if they did not eat all the dead things, there would be dead plants and animals everywhere.
People often use poisons called insecticides to kill pest insects. Insecticides do not always work. Sometimes the pest insects become resistant to the insecticides, which means the insecticides can not hurt them anymore. Both the Colorado potato beetle and the diamondback moth are insects that are resistant to many insecticides. Insecticides do not only kill pest insects; sometimes many helpful insects are killed too. When helpful insects are killed, such as those that eat pest insects, the pest insects may come back in larger numbers than before because they are not being eaten by helpful insects anymore.
(Simplified) Taxonomy.
This taxonomy lists some of the better known groups of insects.

List of operating systems
This is a list of operating systems.
Hobby OS.
Operating systems written for a hobby.
Microcontroller, embedded.
Little operating systems that run on small devices.
Fictional operating systems.
Operating systems that have only appeared in fiction or as jokes.

Computer jargon
Computer jargon means words to do with computers and surrounding topics. Knowing what these words mean can help you know more about computers. Some people use these words to impress other people (Also known as buzzwords).

Million
A million (1,000,000) is a large number. It is one thousand thousands.

Thousand
A thousand (1,000) is a number. It is ten hundreds.
Examples of a thousand.
If you have a thousand thousands, it is known as million.

Gross domestic product
In economics, the gross domestic product (GDP) is how much a place produces in some amount of time. For nations, the GDP can be found by adding up its output inside the borders of that country. To know the GDP of a country, one would need to add up the consumer spending, investment spending, government spending and the value of the exports and subtract the value of the imports.
This measure is often used to find out the health of a country in an economic way. In other words, a country with a high value of GDP can be called a large economy.
This measure is different from gross national product (GNP) in that GNP = GDP + net income from assets abroad (net income receipts).
While nominal GDP is the total amount of money spent on GDP, real GDP (like real in most economic meaning) tries to correct this number for inflation. For example, if the price level rises by 2% (everything costs 2% more), and the nominal GDP grows by 5%, the real GDP is still only 3%.

Cricket
Cricket is a sport. It is played between two teams of eleven players each who score runs (points) by running between two sets of three small, wooden posts called wickets.
Each of the wickets is at one end of a rectangle of flattened grass called the pitch. Around the pitch is a much larger oval of grass called the cricket ground.
The main rules of cricket.
There are two teams. The team bowling has 11 players on the field. The team batting always has two people on the field.
The Captain of the bowling team chooses a bowler from his team; the other 10 players are called fielders. The bowler is trying to aim the ball at a wicket, which is made up of three sticks (called stumps) stuck into the earth, with two small sticks (called bails) balanced on them. One of the fielders, called the wicket keeper, stands behind the wicket to catch the ball if the bowler misses the wicket. The other fielders chase the ball after the batter has hit it.
The bowler throws (bowls) the ball overarm six times, which is called an over; then another player becomes the bowler for the next over, and bowls from the other end, and so on. The same bowler cannot bowl two overs one after the other.
The batter is trying to defend the wicket with his bat. When he hits the ball with his bat, he runs toward the other wicket that the bowler or the other batsman is standing at. To score a run, the two batsmen must both run from their wicket to the other wicket, as many times as they can. If the ball leaves the field after being hit without bouncing, six runs are scored. If the ball rolls or bounces out, whether or not the batter hit it, it counts as four runs.
Where cricket is played.
Cricket is popular in many countries, mostly in Commonwealth countries.
The countries where cricket is most popular compete in international matches (games between countries) that last up to 5 days, which are called Test Matches; those countries are India, Australia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, South Africa, New Zealand, Zimbabwe and England, as well as a group of Caribbean countries that play together as a team called the West Indies.
Cricket is also played in Kenya, Canada, Bermuda, Ireland, Scotland, and various European and Asian countries; the national teams of those countries can play one-day international matches, but are not allowed to play Test Matches.
Averages.
For a famous example of a batting average, see Don Bradman.

Athletics (track and field)
Athletics (in the United States also known as track and field or track and field athletics) is a collection of sport events that includes running, jumping and throwing.
About.
Athletics is a very common sporting event over the world. Athletics is a combination of different sports, generally running, jumping and throwing events. Running events include marathons, long distance and short distance events. Some jumping events are high jump, long jump, triple jump and pole vault. Throwing events involve javelin, discus, hammer and shot-put.
All participants are timed or have a distance measured and this is their end result. Participants train hard for an event and always aim to better their results.
Athletics is a sport that people take part in all over the world. It is a sport that is most common between young children up to younger adults. Athletics can be played for enjoyment, but it can also be a competitive sport. Athletics is also an event in the Olympic games.

Badminton
Badminton is a sport for two or four people. In this way, either the game consists of one player against one player or a team of two players against another team of two players. Players use racquets to hit a shuttlecock over a net.
The aim of the game is to hit the shuttlecock over the net in a way that the other player or pair cannot hit it back before it hits the floor. Also the aim is for the shuttlecock not to land outside the court. Every time this is done, the player or pair gets one point, if they were serving. If the other team was serving, the first team gets to serve. The first player or pair to reach 21 points wins a game.
The winner of the match is the first to win 2 sets.
In both singles and doubles, there is a change of service when the server loses a point. In doubles, the first team to serve has one player serve. All other times, both players on the team serve.
History.
Badminton was invented by British soldiers in Pune, India in the 19th century. As the city of Pune was formerly known as Poona, the game was also called Poona then.

Chemical warfare
If we use chemicals (like Agent Orange or glyphosate) to destroy plants, sometimes human beings may be affected by side-effects. But, we will not call it chemical warfare. Chemical warfare covers only direct attacks on human life.
Use in antiquity.
The first form of chemical warfare was in the form of poisoned arrows, and spear-tips, during the Stone age. These were dipped in poison (like that from snakes or scorpions. Sometimes poisonous plants were used. The Ancient Chinese used various forms of poisonous smokes, when they besieged a city. Ancient Greeks used a form of burning wood, pitch, and sulphur.
Modern use.
Chemical warfare was used for the first time in World War I. Chlorine, mustard gas, and phosgene gas were used in the war, to kill or hurt enemy soldiers. But, they were not used very much in World War II, apart by the Japanese army during the invasion of China. This was because, everybody was afraid that the other side would use weapons like theirs. Also, chemical weapons were not easy to use. The time taken to use them, slowed the advance of one's own troops. The raw materials for producing chemical weapons were not easy to get. This was because World War II was fought in areas which were not connected well by railroads.
During the Iran-Iraq War, Iraq used chemical weapons, but not Iran. Many people believe that Iraq used chemical weapons against Kurdish people.
According to international law, it is wrong to use chemical weapons. There are many rules that ban the production, import and use of chemical weapons. Of these the most important is the Chemical Weapons Convention(CWC).
UN formed a working group in 1980 that works for making the number of chemical weapons in the world less. On April 4, 1984 the President of United States, Ronald Reagan called for an world-wide ban on chemical weapons. After this, negotiations between various countries started. The Chemical Weapons Convention was signed in 1993 and came into effect in 1997. Experts believe that 70,000 metric tons of chemical weapons are known to be present totally in this world. Out of this, 8000 metric tons have been destroyed in the past few years. By 2003, United States had destroyed 23% of its total chemical weapons. Other countries like India, South Korea and Russia are destroying chemical weapons under the CWC. Libya is also destroying its weapons in the last few years.
It has been reported that many other countries like People's Republic of China, Cuba, Egypt, Iran, Israel, North Korea, Pakistan, Sudan, Syria, Taiwan, Serbia and Montenegro have chemical weapons.

Iran
Iran or Persia is a country in South Asia part of the Greater Middle East region. It shares borders with Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iraq, Pakistan, Turkey, and Turkmenistan.
Tehran is the capital and the biggest city. Iran is the 18th largest country in the world and has 70million people.
History.
Iran used to be called Persia for a long time by people outside of Iran. Iranians or Persians since the Sassanian era called their country "Iran". The name Iran comes from "Aryan" and is also mentioned in the ancient book of the Zoroastrians, which was called the Avesta. "Iran" means "Land of Aryans"
Around 500 BC, present-day Iran was the center of the Persian Empire. Then, Alexander the Great took the country by fighting and the "Achaemenid dynasty" of Persia later ruled. After them the "Sassanian dynasty" (AD 224-651) took over.
Other people took Persia by fighting like the Arabs (7th century), Turks (10th century) and Mongols (13th century). However, Iran has always maintained a distinct culture and continued to survive.
The "Safavid dynasty" (1502-1736) made Islam the religion of Iran although Islam was always popular then. The latest kings of Iran where from "Pahlavi dynasty", and ruled from 1925 until 1979, when there was a revolution and Ayatollah Khomeini created an Islamic republic.
In 1951 Dr. Mohammed Mossadegh was brought to power after being elected as prime minister by nearly all members of the Majlis (parliament) in Iran. His first act in office was to take control of the oil industry in Iran which had been controlled by Great Britain. Most of Britain's oil was pumped from Iran at the time. This move was seen as a danger to Great Britain's security and empire, so they tried to overthrow the government but failed. After this they convinced the United States through diplomacy that the government of Iran was a communist threat.
The CIA worked in Iran to create riots which led to the removal of Prime Minister Mossadegh. The United States and Great Britain then made the Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi leader of Iran again. He ruled in Iran for less than a year when he left Iran and the Iranian government was changed to an Islamic Republic. Soon afterwards, Iranian students, with the backing of the new government took over the U.S. Embassy and held most of the diplomats hostage for over a year. Relations between the two countries have not been good since. For example. The US has imposed various types of economic sanctions against Iran. The US claims the Iran supports terrorist groups against Israel, something that is completly not true. Iran does not recognize Israel as a state. Iran, along with most Arab countries believe that Israel does not have the right to occupy the land of Palestinians.
Iran has long borders in common with Iraq. (The words "Iran" and "Iraq" are similar only in Latin alphabet. In Arabic and Persian, they are written different.) Iranians are ethnically not Arabs. Iran defended itself against Iraqi invasion in 1980, a war that lasted eight years. Many Arab and Western countries, including the United States provided weapons (including biological and chemical weapons of mass destruction) and technical support for Iraq's Saddam Hussein.
Today, the West is trying hard to prevent Iran from mastering nuclear technology, even though Iran is a member of the NPT. They voice their concern claiming that Iran's intention is to develop nuclear weapons. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has reported numerous times that there is no evidence that Iran is developing nuclear weapons, however, it also says that it cannot say for sure that Iran is not doing so in secret. A CIA report on nuclear activity in Iran in December 2007 claimed that Iran's secret program to achieve nuclear weapons technology was stopped in 2003, and that since then, it was never restarted. It reports that Iran's ability to build a nuclear weapon will probably not happen soon.

Gautama Buddha
Siddhārta Gautama was the name of the person who began the religion of Buddhism. He lived from about 563 BCE to about 483 BCE. He was the most recent Buddha, and some people just call him "the Buddha". He is also called Sakyamuni or Tathāgata. Some "Buddhists" believe that Siddhārtha Gautama was a perfect person.
The life of Siddhārta Gautama.
There are many old stories about the life of the "Buddha". No one knows which stories are true and which stories are made up. But most historians think that the Buddha was a real person. He was very kind and wise and wanted to change the world.
His early years.
Old stories say that Siddhārtha Gautama was born in the kingdom of Kapilavastu in Nepal. At that time, a clan called the Sakyas ruled Kapilavastu. His father was a king named Suddodana Gautama, and his mother was the beautiful Mahamaya. Siddhārtha lived in luxury; his father kept trouble and hard work far from him. A "seer" said that Siddhārtha would become either a great king or a great holy man. (A seer is a wise man who can see the future.) The king did not want his son to become a holy man. He believed if he always kept Siddhārtha happy, he would not want to become a holy man. So his father never let Siddharta outside the palace.
When he was older, his father found a woman for Siddhārtha to marry at the age of 16. He married the woman named Yashodhara, and they had a son, Rahula. Although Gautama had everything he could want, he still was not happy. He wanted to learn the meaning of his existence.
He got out of the castle against his fathers orders. He saw the "Four Passing Sights": an old crippled man, a sick man, a dead man, and a holy man with no home. Right then, Gautama knew that nothing can stop people from being born, becoming old, getting sick, and dying. He decided to give up his worldly life. He would not keep his wife, his child, his wealth, or his palace. He would become a holy man with no home. He would look for the answer to the problem of birth, old age, sickness, and death. He left his home in the middle of the night. He looked at his family one last time. He did not return for a very long time.
Seeking Answers.
At that time, holy men were usually "ascetics". They hurt their bodies in order to help their "spiritual" beings. They do not do things they like so they can defeat their desires. The most "ascetic" kinds of holy men were called Jains. They practiced self-denial and made themselves suffer very much. They believed this would free the ātman (soul) from pain and sadness. Siddhārtha did these things well. Eventually he was better than his teachers. He still found no answer, and he left his teachers. Some friends and he went even further. He ate only one grain of rice a day. He tried not breathing. He became just skin and bones, and he nearly died. Still, he had no answer.
Siddhārtha started to think again about this path. He thought there might be a better way than hurting himself. He found a big tree (now called the "Bodhi tree") and started to meditate. He told himself that he would not get up until he had found "enlightenment". His mind is said to have become pure, and then, six years after he began his path, he said he found Enlightenment, and became the first Buddha.
The Life as the first Buddha.
When the Buddha became "enlightened", he knew the answer to "suffering", and he knew how to defeat "suffering". This answer was called the Four Noble Truths. He was not sure if he should teach his new ideas or not. He asked himself if the world was ready for such a deep teaching. But in the end, he decided to travel to a town called Sarnath to teach the people his new way. He taught about the "Four Noble Truths" and the Noble Eightfold Path. The people listened to him, and began to follow him.
When he taught, he did not pretend to be a god. He said he was just a man who had found "enlightenment", and that any person can also find "enlightenment". For the rest of his life, he walked all over Southern Nepal and parts of India to teach people his new way. He started a "Sangha", which is a group of Buddhist monks and nuns. Many people became "enlightened" because of him.
At the age of 80, Gautama Buddha died. The Buddha's last words were, "All things must end. Work hard for your own enlightenment".
The Life Teachings.
The teachings of the Buddha are known as "Buddhism". Buddhism is mostly about ending the feeling of pain that all people feel inside. Gautama Buddha taught that pain is a part of all life. He taught that pain is because of desire. And he showed that there is a way to end desire and end pain by doing good things, not doing bad things, and training one's mind. This is done to end pain and gain "enlightenment".
Buddhism teaches non-harm and "moderation" or balance, not going too far one way or the other. The Buddha taught people to meditate, or think deeply, while sitting in a special way. Some Buddhist chant and meditate while walking. Buddhists sometimes do these things to understand the human heart and mind. Sometimes they do these things to understand the way the world works. Sometimes they do these things to find peace.
The Buddha would not say if gods exist or not. He taught that people should not look to gods to save them or bring them enlightenment. The gods may have power over world events and they might help people, or they might not. But it's up to each person to become "enlightened".

North
North is one of the 4 main directions on a compass. North is usually up on most maps. Canada is north of the United States, Venezuela is north of Brazil, and Russia is north of India. The North Pole is the farthest north you can go.

List of Portuguese football teams
These are some Portuguese football teams.

Epiphany
Epiphany is a Web browser for GNOME. It is also available for Mac OS X and was made from Galeon.
It uses the Gecko layout engine from the Mozilla project to show web pages; however, the Epiphany developers have a new but less stable version of Epiphany 2.21.4 using the WebKit engine instead of Gecko. The Epiphany team wants to stop using Gecko and only use the WebKit engine, by the time they release Epiphany 2.24 or 2.26. Epiphany has tabbed browsing, cookie management, popup blocking and an extensions system. Epiphany can be extended with the Epiphany-extensions package in Linux Operating Systems.
Epiphany was made from Galeon by Marco Pesenti Gritti (also the creator of Galeon) with the aim of making a web browser with a very simple user experience. Because of that, Epiphany does not have its own themes, instead, it uses GNOME’s settings that are set in the GNOME Control Center.

Video game console
A video game console is a machine that is used to play video games. Video game consoles usually connect to a television.
Special controllers are attached to the console to control the game. Some video game consoles are handheld. They can be carried around and have their own screens. The Nintendo DS and PlayStation Portable are examples of handheld consoles. Some video game consoles can also run general software, such as Linux.

PlayStation
The PlayStation is a video game console made by Sony. At the time it was competeing against the Nintendo 64 and Sega Saturn. PlayStation games were released on CD-ROMs. The controllers that were originally released with the console had no analog joysticks on them, but these, along with a vibration feature, were added to later controllers. A slimmer version of the console called the PSOne was released in 2000. This was white, not grey, in colour.

Election
An election is a way people can choose their candidate or their preferences in a democracy or other form of government.
Most democratic countries hold new elections for their national legislature every few years, but this differs from country to country. Some democracies elect other national officials (such as a president). In others, these are appointed. Democratic countries also hold local (or municipal) elections. Some democracies have regional, provincial or state elections too.
There are different ways to organize an election in different countries. Voters might vote for an individual, or they might vote for a political party (party list). This is because different countries use different voting systems.
Countries that are not democracies can also hold elections. This is usually done to let the people choose a local representative (like a mayor). Also many countries call themselves democracies, but behind the scenes have a more autocratic form of government.Elections are done between the main person and the opposition.
Psephology is the study of elections.

Medicine
Medicine is the science that deals with diseases (illnesses) in humans, the best ways to prevent diseases, and the best ways to return to a healthy condition.
People who practice "medicine" are most often called medical doctors / physicians (the words mean the same) or surgeons. For their work, doctors are assisted by nurses and many other types of health care professionals.
The word medicine can also mean special food or a chemical that makes someone better when they are ill. A lot of medicines are liquid and can be bought in a small bottle. The doctor may tell the patient (person who is ill) how many spoonfuls to take each day. Most medicines cannot be bought unless the doctor has "prescribed" the medicine for the patient. The doctor writes a "prescription" which the patient takes to the chemist (or "pharmacist") who gives him the medicine. In the USA the chemist is called a druggist.

Transport
Transport, or transportation, is the movement of people and goods or products from one place to another place. Transport can be divided into "infrastructure", "vehicles" and "operations".
"Infrastructure" includes roads, railways, airways, canals and pipelines. The infrastructure is the network where things are carried. Infrastructure also includes airports, railway stations, bus stations and seaports (docks). Infrastructure is usually built by governments and paid for by taxes from the citizens of a country or region. Infrastructure such as roads and railways is designed by civil engineers and urban planners.
"Vehicles" or vessels travel on the infrastructure. Vehicles include cars, trucks, trains and airplanes. Vehicles are usually designed by mechanical engineers. Vessels include boats, ferries, and barges which travel on canals and use docks and seaports. In the same way that trains use train stations, airplanes use airports. In the same way that trains use railway lines (train tracks), airplanes use flight paths.
"Operations" control the system. Operations include traffic signals, railway signals and air traffic control. Operations also include the government policies (a policy is a plan of action to guide decisions and actions) and regulations (a set or group of laws and rules) used to control the system, such as tolls, fuel taxes, and traffic laws.
Transport and communications.
Transport and communication can be used instead of each other (someone could telephone a person rather than visit them). But the growth in traffic is only possible because of communication (for example, air traffic control means more airplanes can fly). So an increase of either transport or communication usually leads to an increase in the other one.
Transport, energy, and the environment.
Transport uses a lot of energy. Most transport uses hydrocarbons (oil and gas). This can create pollution. Environmental regulations (laws) and low-pollution fuels (for example liquified natural gas) can reduce pollution. But as more vehicles are used, more pollution is created.

Road
A road is a piece of land which connects two or more places. Usually, a road has been made easy to travel on, for example by removing trees and stones so the ground is more level. Although many roads are made of gravel and dirt, some are made of concrete or brick.
People have been making roads for a long time. Roman roads and the Incan courier roads are famous. But transport by river was usually easier and faster than transport by road. In the industrial revolution, the railway was invented. A railway is a special type of road, using rails. Roads are now usually made for wheeled vehicles, like cars, to travel on.
Road building and care is usually paid for by taxes. Some roads have tolls, where people pay to use the road.

2004
Year 2004 was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. It is the first leap year in the 21st century.

Hawaiian Islands
Hawaii has been a state since 1959.

Mauna Kea
Mauna Kea is a dormant volcano in the Hawaiian Islands. It is the highest point in Hawaii at 4,205 meters. If measured from top to bottom, below sea level, it is 10,200 meters high and would be the tallest mountain in the world. It is around 1,000,000 years old. Mauna Kea means 'white mountain' because in winter it often has snow at the summit.

Mauna Loa
Mauna Loa is an active volcano in the Hawaiian Islands of the United States. Measured from sea level Mauna Loa is 4,169 meters high. It is also one of the largest volcanoes measuring 60 miles long and 30 miles wide. It is about 40,000 cubic meters in volume and over 4 kilometers above sea level. Measured from its base on the ocean floor it reaches above 8 kilometers making it one of the tallest mountain on Earth, but not the highest. That distinction is reserved for Mount Everest.

Kilauea
Kilauea is an active volcano in the Hawaiian Islands. Kilauea is 1247 meters high. Kilauea is a large lake of lava. The crater of Kilauea is named Pu'u'O'o. The first eruption of Kilauea is estimated as 300 to 600 thousand years ago. Its first recorded eruptions were in 1823. The Hawaiian name 'Kilauea' means 'spewing' or 'much spreading'. It refers to the constant flow of lava. Kilauea lies on the curve of volcanoes on the island of Hawaii that includes Mauna Loa and Kohala. The volcano of Kilauea is one of the youngest and also is said to be the home of an ancient volcano goddess pele. The oldest dated rocks are said to be about
23,000 years old. It has its own magma plumbing under the Earth that goes down under the Earths crust by 60km. Kilauea has a basalt-based lava rock type. Kilauea is formed on a volcanic Hot-spot.

Van
A van is a type of vehicle. A van is usually bigger than the regular sized car and is meant usually to seat many people, sometimes up to a total of 15. Certain vans, known as panel vans, are used for deliveries. These usually have less windows. A van usually seats three people in each row of seats, or two, depending on the van's type.
Many manufacturers make vans. Examples are Chevrolet, Daihatsu, Dodge, Fiat, Ford, GMC, honda, Hyundai, Isuzu, Mazda, Mercedes-Benz, Mitsubishi, Nissan, Subaru, Suzuki, Toyota, Vauxhall and Volkswagen.

Luggage
People use luggage to carry their possessions when travelling. In the United States luggage is often called baggage.

Pantograph
A pantograph is an machine. It is used in drawing or planning. It makes it easy to copy diagrams.
The device that an electric train uses to get its electricity is also called a pantograph, because it looks a bit like the drawing instrument.

Paperback
A paperback is a type of book. It has a thin cardboard cover. Another name for paperback is "soft cover". Paperback book covers can bend and be folded. Usually, paperback books cost less money than hardback books.

Palette
A palette is used for mixing colours.They are usually made out of plastic or wood but can be made out of other materials. An artist often uses one of these and is in fact an essential item in art, when painting.

Glow-worm
A glow-worm, or glowworm, is an insect.
Other names for glow-worms are fire-fly and lightning bug.
Glow worms are beetles (one is a fly, Arachnocampa). They are nocturnal. They are active during the night. They have special organs that can produce light. This is used to find mates. The patterns in which the beetles flash is unique per species.

Palette knife
A palette knife is a blunt knife with an very flexible steel blade and no sharpened cutting edge. It is a tool.

Foolscap
Foolscap is lined, legal-size paper (a paper size found only in North America). It is called foolscap because, in the 18th century, folio-sized paper had the watermark of a fool's cap on it.
In the UK, foolscap paper is 13" X 8" (c 330mm X 203mm), but paper of the size is now very rarely used, being superseded by A4 (297 x 210). Older people may call A4 "foolscap". Nevertheless, ring binders, lever arch files, suspended files, and other filing related things still use the size.

Polymer
A polymer is a material which has larger molecules made from joining together many small molecules called monomers. The word "polymer" can be broken down into "poly" (meaning "many") and "mer" (meaning "unit"). This shows how the chemical composition of a polymer consists of many smaller units (monomers) bonded together into a larger molecule. A chemical reaction bonding monomers together to make a polymer is called polymerization.
Some polymers are natural. Proteins have polypeptide molecules, which are natural polymers made from various amino acid monomer units. Nucleic acids are natural polymers made up of nucleotide units. Cellulose and starch are also natural polymers made up of glucopyranose monomer bonded together in different ways. Some polymers are man-made. Plastics, rubber, and fibers are made up of polymers.
Make up of polymers.
If the "units" called monomers in a polymer are all the same, then the polymer is called a "homopolymer". Homopolymers are named by adding the prefix poly- before the monomer name from which the polymer is made. For example, a polymer made by bonding styrene monomer molecules together is called polystyrene.
If the "units" are not all the same, the polymer is called a "copolymer" or a "heteropolymer".
Many polymer molecules are like "chains" where the monomer units are the links. Polymer molecules can be straight-chain, have "branching" from the main chain, or "cross-linking" between chains. For an example of cross-linking, sulfhydryl (-S-H) groups in two cysteine amino acid units in polypeptide chains can bond together to make a disulfide bridge (-S-S-) joining the chains together.

Medium
A medium is the way or means information is sent or received. Paper is a common "medium", used every day by millions of people. Television is another very common medium; it is said that there is not a community on Earth where at least one family does not own a television. The plural form of "medium" is "media", so radio and television are both types of broadcast media, but paint, charcoal, ink, and clay are types of artistic media. When people buy or sell things, the "medium" is often coins or paper money, but it may also be shells, gems, livestock, or even an agreement to perform a service in the future.
A medium is also a person who it is said can pass messages between the living and the dead. This type of medium was quite popular in the West in the 19th century, but most were found to be dishonest and few remain today. In Taoism, mediums still work. However, the power of mediums is mostly believed by the superstitious.
Medium is also a size, coming between small and large. Other words used in this way include "intermediate", "average", and "middle".

Phrase
A phrase is a small group of words that adds meaning to a word. A phrase is not a sentence because it is not a complete idea with a subject and a predicate.
In English there are five different kinds of phrases, one for each of the main parts of speech. In a phrase, the main word, or the word that is what the phrase is about, is called the "head." In these examples, it is printed in cyan. The words which make up the rest of the phrase and do the work of changing, or "modifying" the head, are printed in "green".
In a noun phrase, one or more words work together to give more information about a noun.
In an adjective phrase, one or more words work together to give more information about an adjective.
In a verb phrase, one or more words work together to give more meaning to a verb. In English, the verb phrase is very complex, but a good description of its many forms can be found.
In an adverb phrase, one or more words work together to give more information about an adverb.
In a prepositional phrase, one or more words work together to give information about time, location, or possession, or condition. The preposition always appears at the front of the phrase.

Preposition
Prepositions are words or word groups which begin a noun phrase with more than one word. Most prepositions tell where or when, or show possession.
Prepositions like "in", "beside", "above", and "out of" all tell "where", and are usually used with nouns or pronouns. Some examples with the phrases underlined: "The man sat "close to" his wife. He put his arm "around" her shoulder. Then he kissed her "on" the cheek."
Prepositions like "right after", "until", "during", and "before" all tell "when". "Mr. Prasad had an important meeting "until" ten o'clock. "During" the meeting, his cell phone rang. It was his wife. She asked him to come straight home "right after" work."
The prepositions "of" and "to" are used to show possession, or "belonging-to": "This book belongs "to Vlad." The cover "of the book" is torn."

Possess
To possess is to have or to own. "I possess all my teeth," means I still have all I was born with. "The woman possesses five cars," means she owns five cars. A "possession" is something you own. "My only "possessions" are my cat and my brains."
In some beliefs, to be possessed is to be under the control of devils, demons, or evil spirits. These people may do evil or terrible things because of their "possession." Sometimes this "possession" was because the person had epilepsy. As the reasons for epilepsy were not known people decided it was caused by evil.

Pronoun
A pronoun is traditionally called a part of speech in grammar (but many modern linguists, experts in linguistics, call it a special type of noun) In English, pronouns are words such as "me, she, his, them, herself, each other, it, what".
Pronouns are often used to take the place of a noun, when that noun is understood (has already been named), to avoid repeating it. For example, instead of saying
When a pronoun replaces a noun, the noun is called the antecedent. But, there are times when the pronoun has no antecedent. This is because generally, the antecedent (what comes before) refers grammatically to the use of the relative pronoun in particular. For example, in the sentence: "The dog that was walking down the street", the relative pronoun is the word that referring back to the antecedent, the word 'dog'. In the sentence "The spy who loved me", the relative pronoun is the word 'who' and its antecedent is the word 'spy'.
Differences and similarities to nouns.
Pronouns are different from common nouns because they normally can't come after "article"s or other "determiner"s. (For example, people don't say "the it".) Pronouns also rarely come after adjectives. They are also different because many of them change depending on how they are used. For example, "we" is a 'subject' in grammar, but the word changes to "us" when used as an object.
Pronouns are the same as nouns because they both change for number (singular & plural), case (subject, object, possessive, etc.), and gender (male, female, animate, inanimate, etc.) Nouns and pronouns can be used in almost all the same places in sentences, and they name the same kinds of things: people, objects, etc. Even though they can't normally come after determiners, or adjectives, neither can proper nouns.
Kinds of pronouns.
There are four kinds of pronouns: personal, reciprocal, interrogative, and relative.
Personal pronouns in English.
This table shows all the personal pronouns in English that are commonly used today.
A Subject Pronoun can replace a noun that is the subject of a sentence. Refer to the table above; the subject pronouns are: I, You, He, She, It, We, They.
Another type of personal pronoun is called the 'reflexive pronoun'. Reflexive pronouns are the words ending in '-self' or '-selves', such as: "myself, itself, themselves".

Adverb
An adverb is a word used to tell more about a verb, and it almost always answers the questions "how?", "when?", "where?", "how often?", and "in what way?". Words like "slowly", "loudly", "carefully", "quickly", or "sadly" are all adverbs. Adverbs usually, but not always, end in "-ly".
An adverb can also modify (describe) an adjective or another adverb.
Adverb modifying a verb: He writes well
Adverb modifying another adverb: He writes very well
Adverb modifying an adjective: He is very well
In the first two examples the word 'well' is an adverb. In the last example, it is an adjective. This is one example in which the same word can be both an adjective and an adverb but not in the same sentence.
As a rule, the same word can play different roles but not in the same sentence. It all depends on what the word is doing in the sentence. It could be a noun, an adjective, an adverb, a verb, etc. Example: take the word 'cool'. In the sentence, "he walks cool", the word 'cool' is an adverb. In the sentence, "cool the hot dish", the word 'cool' is a verb. In the sentence, "it is a cool evening", the word 'cool' is an adjective. In the first example, "he walks cool", the word 'cool' really means 'coolly' as in "play it cool" (don't get excited; be calm).
Adverb form.
Most adverbs are formed by adding ly to the end of an adjective. To see 100 adjectives used in Basic English, click here --->: adjective

Sunday
Sunday is one of the seven days of the week. It is part of the weekend, along with Saturday. Sunday is the day of worship for most Christians (for example, Easter is celebrated on Sunday). Sunday is the beginning of the week in the United States, but is the end of the week in the United Kingdom.

Ottawa, Ontario
Ottawa is the capital of Canada and is part of the province of Ontario. It is south of the Ottawa River. The population in 2004 was about 808,391 people in the city itself. The region has about 1,146,790 people in it. The mayor of the city today (2006) is Larry O'Brien. It is located in the Ottawa Valley and is the fourth largest city in Canada.
When one talks about Ottawa, it could also mean the highest government in Canada, and not its local government or the city.
The cities of Ottawa, Kanata, Nepean, Gloucester and Vanier and the villages of Manotick and Rockcliffe Park joined in the year 2000 to form the new city of Ottawa. Ottawa also includes Orléans, which joined at that same time.

News agency
A news agency is a kind of company. It supplies information to newspapers, radio and television.
In the United Kingdom and some other countries a news agency or newsagent is a shop which sells newspapers, magazines and cigarettes.

Mudguard
A mudguard is a part of a car, motorcycle or bicycle. People use it to keep mud, water or other objects from coming up onto the vehicle or person.

Para rubber tree
A Para rubber tree (or simply, rubber tree) is the tree which naturally produces rubber. It is native from tropical areas from South America, in the Amazon (Brazil), but was spread by English farmers to the Far East.
Para Rubber trees belong to the Euphorbiaceae family. In the wild they may reach heights of 100 to 125 ft (30-38 m) with large cylindrical trunks with or without buttresses. Crop trees reach a width of about 20 in. (50 cm), usually with a short bole, and with a sloped taper.
When trees reach 5-6 years old, they are harvested. Their trunks are cut just deep enough to tap the vessels without harming the tree's growth, and the sap is collected in small buckets. This process is known as rubber tapping. Older trees produce more latex, but they stop producing it after 26-30 years.

Safety curtain
A safety curtain is a curtain in theatre at the front of the stage. It is made of material that will not burn. The safety curtain may be lowered during the intermission and after the performance. A safety curtain is there in case there is a fire on stage. It will stop the fire from spreading to the auditorium where the audience sits.

Safety lamp
A safety lamp is a miner's lamp with a covered flame that used to be used in coal mines.
How it works.
Coal mines are dangerous because of flammable gases like methane that can accumulate. A lamp with a naked (exposed) flame might ignite these flammable gases, causing an explosion, which might kill people. The safety lamp prevents the hot flame of the lamp touching the flammable gasses, reducing the chance of an explosion.

Christmas stocking
A Christmas stocking is a long sock hung by a fireplace or bed on Christmas Eve. Christmas presents are put into it for children.

List of Austrian football teams
These are the Austrian football teams and the leagues they played in for the 2007/08 season.

2001
Year 2001 was a common year starting on Monday. It is the year after the year 2000 and the first year in the 21st century.

Sex
Humans.
A person's sex is either male or female. For example: John's sex is male. Mary's sex is female. This difference is sometimes called gender. Not all living things have a sex. There are not male or female germs or yeast. Only animals that make babies using an "ovum" and "sperm" have a sex.
In humans, the sex of a person depends on what sex chromosomes that person has in his or her cells. All of a woman's ova already contain one X chromosome. A man's sperm contains either an X or a Y chromosome. When a sperm and ova combine to form a baby, the baby may get either of these chromosomes from its father. If the baby gets two X chromosomes, it will usually develop into a girl. If the baby gets one X and one Y, it will usually develop into a boy. There are exceptions to this rule, though. For example, sometimes a baby with XY chromosomes will not respond to the Y and develop as a girl.
Before babies are born, they grow either male sex parts or female sex parts. Very few people grow none or both, but some do. It's hard for these people because they often feel sad about people seeing them as being different. These people can be called intersexed people or hermaphrodites.
Sometimes, people feel that they are the other sex. For example, they have male sex parts but they feel like a woman. If they think really carefully about this, and think they should be the other sex, they can say they are a woman, and even get their sex parts changed to female sex parts. These people are called transgendered people.

Hacksaw
A hacksaw is a tool for sawing.
It holds the hacksaw blade at both ends and has a single handle.
A hacksaw is useful for cutting out openings.
It is also useful for cutting jigsaw puzzles.
A hacksaw has small teeth and can cut metal.

Spade
In gardening, a spade (shovel) is a tool. A spade is a particular kind of shovel made for digging. It has a pointed end and a straight handle. In some countries such as Australia the difference between a spade and a shovel is important. It is hard to move gravel with a spade but a proper shovel can do it.
In game, a spade is one of the four shapes on playing cards. It is coloured black and not the one that looks like cross.

Hoe
A hoe is a tool in farming and gardening. It has a blade, usually metal, attached to a long handle, usually wood. There are many types of blade, and a variety of uses, probably the most common of which is weeding. Along with the spade and fork, the hoe is considered a basic, essential hand farming implement.

Shovel
A shovel is a tool used for digging. When it picks up the dirt, it makes a hole.

Plunger
A plunger is a tool. It is used to get rid of things that are blocking pipes. The plunger is placed over one end of the pipe, and the handle is pushed up and down. Doing this creates a sucking force, which makes the thing blocking the pipe move.

Ladder
A ladder is a tool. It is normally made of metal or wood, and people can climb it to reach high places. It has rungs on it, which are places for your feet to go when you are climbing.

Oral history
Oral history is history that is told rather than written down. It is given through talking rather than reading a book. It is usually passed from generation to generation in order to explain events that have occurred.
Though today oral history is not as popular as written history, it is still used in many places as a way of transferring knowledge about the past.

Generation
A generation is often to mean the average amount of time between the birth of parents and the birth of their children. It is also used to mean all the people on one level of a family tree. For example, your brothers, sisters and cousins are in the same generation as you.

Offspring
Offspring are the immediate descendants of a person, animal, or plant. It normally means all of them at once. A person's sons and daughters are their offspring. Sometimes people say children instead of offspring.

Gene
Genes are a part of DNA. DNA is a collection of chemical information that carries all of the instructions for making all the proteins a cell will ever need. Each gene contains a single set of instructions. These instructions are usually thecoding for a particular protein. Half of a person's genes come from the mother. The other half come from the father.
Genes are passed on from parent to child and are an important part of what decides the biological properties (how they look and act) of offspring (children). Genes affect the way our bodies work, including how we look. So our eye, hair and skin color is caused by genes. It is said that genes cause "genetic" effects in our bodies.
Sometimes, a gene is 'dominant'. Sometimes, it is 'recessive'. What this means is that some genes have a better chance of showing up in a child. For example, let's say a mother has brown hair and a father has red hair. Brown hair is more common than red hair, so usually, the brown hair gene is going to be dominant and the red hair gene is going to be recessive. The dominant gene has a better chance of making it to the child, so if these parents have a child, it will probably have brown hair. But sometimes, the recessive gene makes it to the child. The child may have red hair.
A recessive gene might stay hidden for many generations. Let's use the parents from last example. But, the mother's mother (the grandmother) has blonde (yellow) hair. This gene did not show up on the mother because the mother has brown hair. But, the child might have blonde hair! This is because the blonde gene was recessive in this family, but came back a generation later. This explains why a person might look different from their parents, but look like their grandparents or great grandparents.

Alliteration
Alliteration is when a sentence or phrase has many words starting with the same letter. It is commonly used in advertising, poetry, headlines, and tongue-twisters.
An example of alliteration is "Sally sold sea shells so she should sleep soundly so so so so sweet", and "Sally sold sea shells down by the sea shore".

Homophone
Homophones are words that sound the same as another word but have a different meaning, and often a different spelling.

Condensation
Condensation is the process in which water vapour changes into a water droplet or ice crystal. Condensation is an important part of the water cycle.
Process.
Condensation of water is when water turns from gas to a liquid or crystal shape. Any gas can condensate, usually at a low temperatures or high pressure. However, condensation can technically happen at any temperature, so long as the pressure of the condensing gas is more than than the pressure of the liquid state of that gas (both at the same temperature).
Process in nature.
Condensation is vital in nature and is always the same as temperature and vapour pressure in nature. This means that if there is a lot of condensation, the temperature goes up. Alternatively, if there is hardly any condensation, there will be a temperature loss.
Process in industry.
It is a process that can be useful to man. One use is in the creation of “new water” (drinkable water made from drinkable sources).
Problems.
However, since there is a temperature gain when a lot of condensation happens, the heat needs to be "removed", which can be troublesome and expensive.

Precipitation
Precipitation is the water falling from clouds in liquid form or in solid form.
Precipitation is water or ice falling to the Earth. Rain, snow, sleet, dew, frost, hail, and drizzle are all forms of precipitation. It is any product of the condensation of atmospheric water vapor that is left on the ground. It can be measured using a rain gauge.
Precipitation is also a chemical reaction, when two or more solutions are mixed together and the product is insoluble a precipitate is formed. This is a precipitation reaction.

Relative humidity
Relative humidity is the ratio between the partial pressure of water vapour in the air and the saturation vapour pressure of water vapour at that temperature. This is expressed as a percentage.

Vitamin C
Vitamin C is a vitamin. It is also called ascorbic acid. It dissolves in water. It is found in fresh fruits and berries and green vegetables. Vitamin C helps wounds heal. Lack of vitamin C can cause a sickness called scurvy, where the gums in the mouth bleed easily and wounds won't heal.
Lack of Vitamin C used to be a big health problem on long ocean trips by ship where supplies of fresh fruit were quickly used up. Many people would die from scurvy on such trips.
Most animals can make their own vitamin C, but some animals cannot. Some of those which cannot make their own vitamin C, are guinea pigs, humans, and apes.
Vitamin C was first found in 1928, and in 1932 it was proved to stop the sickness called scurvy.
Through history the need for people to eat fresh plant food to help them get through long sieges or long sea trips was known by some wise people but was often forgotten.
The first attempt to prove this idea was by a ship's doctor in the British Royal Navy called James Lind, who at sea in May 1747 gave some crew members lemon juice as well as their normal ships food, while others continued on normal food alone.
The results showed that lemons prevented the disease. Lind wrote up his work and published it in 1753.
Lind's work was slow to be noticed. It was 1795 before the British navy adopted lemon or lime juice as food for sailors.
As well as lemons, limes and oranges; sauerkraut, salted cabbage, malt, and soup were tried with different effects.
James Cook relied on sauerkraut to prevent the disease on his long voyages of exploration.
It was believed that only humans got scurvy but in 1907, Alex Holst and Theodore Frohlich, two Norwegian chemists found that guinea pigs could also get it if not given fresh food.
In 1928 the Arctic explorer Vilhjalmur Stefansson proved that Eskimo (Inuit) people are able to avoid scurvy with almost no plant food in their diet by eating raw meat.
In 1912 the Polish American scientist Casimir Funk had the idea of the name of vitamins for the things present in food in small amounts which are essential to health. He named the unknown thing which prevented scurvy, Vitamin C.
From 1928 to 1933, the Hungarian research team of Joseph L Svirbely and Albert Szent-Gyorgyi, and separately the American Charles Glen King, first took out vitamin C from food and showed it to be an acid they called ascorbic acid.
In 1933/1934, the British chemists Sir Walter Norman Haworth and Sir Edmund Hirst, and separately the Polish Tadeus Reichstein, had success in making the vitamin.
It was the first to be made by man. It then became possible to make lots of vitamin C cheaply in factories. Haworth was awarded the 1937 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for this work.
In 1959 the American J.J. Burns showed that the reason why some animals get scurvy is because their liver cannot make just one chemical enzyme that all other animals have.
Plant sources.
Citrus fruits such as lime, lemon, orange, andgrapefruit) are good sources of vitamin C.
Other foods that are good sources of vitamin C include papaya, broccoli, brussels sprouts, blackcurrants, strawberries, cauliflower, spinach, cantaloupe, green peppers, and kiwifruit.
The following table is to give an idea of how much vitamin c there is in different plant foods. Each individual fruit will vary.
The amount of vitamin C in foods of plant origin depends on the kind of plant, the kind of soil where it grew, how much rain and sun it got, the length of time since it was picked, and how it was stored since then.
Animal sources.
Most species of animals synthesise their own vitamin C. It is therefore not a vitamin for them. Synthesis in achieved through a sequence of enzyme driven steps, which convert glucose to ascorbic acid. It is carried out either in the kidneys, in reptiles and birds, or the liver, in mammals and perching birds. The loss of an enzyme concerned with ascorbic acid synthesis has occurred quite frequently in evolution and has affected most fish, many birds; some bats, guinea pigs and most but not all primates, including Man. The mutations have not been lethal because ascorbic acid is so prevalent in the surrounding food sources.
It was only realised in the 1920s that some cuts of meat and fish are also a source of vitamin C for humans. The muscle and fat which make up the modern western diet are however poor sources. As with fruit and vegetables cooking destroys the vitamin C content.
Artificial chemical synthesis.
Vitamin C is produced from glucose by two main routes. The Reichstein process developed in the 1930s uses a single pre-fermentation followed by a purely chemical route. The more modern Two-Step fermentation process was originally developed in China in the 1960s, uses additional fermentation to replace part of the later chemical stages. Both processes yield approximately 60% vitamin C from the glucose feed.
In 1934, the Swiss pharmaceutical company Hoffmann-La Roche was the first to mass produce synthetic vitamin C, under the brand name of Redoxon.
Main producers today are BASF/ Takeda, Roche, Merck and the China Pharmaceutical Group Ltd of the People's Republic of China.
Vitamin C deficiency.
Lack of ascorbic acid in the daily diet leads to a disease
Daily requirement.
A healthy person on a balanced western diet should be able to get all the vitamin C needed to prevent the symptoms of scurvy from their daily diet. People who smoke, those under stress and women in pregnancy have a slightly higher requirement.
High doses (thousands of mg) may result in diarrhoea, which is harmless if the dose is reduced immediately. Some researchers (Cathcart) claim the onset of diarrhoea to be an indication of where the body’s true vitamin C requirement lies.
The small size of the ascorbic acid molecule means the kidneys cannot retain it in the body. Quite a low level in the blood serum will cause traces to be present in the urine. All vitamin C synthesising mammals have traces in the urine at all times.
In April 1998 "Nature" reported alleged carcinogenic and teratogenic effects of excessive doses of vitamin C. This was given great prominence in the world's media. The effects were noted in test tube experiments and on only two of the 20 markers of free radical damage to DNA. They have not been supported by further evidence from living organisms. Almost all mammals manufacture their own vitamin C in amounts equivalent to human doses of thousands of milligrams per day. Large amounts of the vitamin are used in orthomolecular medicine and no harmful effects have been observed even in doses of 10,000 mg per day or more.
Therapeutic uses.
Vitamin C is needed in the diet to prevent scurvy. It also has a reputation for being useful in the treatment of colds and flu. The evidence to support this idea, however, is ambiguous and the effect may depend on the dose size and dosing regime. The Vitamin C foundation () recommends 8 grams of vitamin C every half hour in order to show an effect on the symptoms of a cold infection that is in progress.
Vitamin C advocacy.
Fred R. Klenner, a doctor in Reidsville, North Carolina reported in 1949 that poliomyelitis yielded to vitamin C.
Nobel Prize winning chemist Linus Pauling began actively promoting vitamin C in the 1960s as a means to greatly improve human health and resistance to disease.
A minority of medical and scientific opinion continues to see vitamin C as being a low cost and safe way to treat infectious disease and to deal with a wide range of poisons. A megadose of one-half gram per pound of body weight (one gram per kilogram of body weight) per day of sodium ascorbate salt has been found of theraputic use in both human and veterinary treatments.
A meta-study into the published research on effectiveness of ascorbic acid in the treatment of infectious disease and toxins was conducted, in 2002, by Thomas Levy, Medical Director of the Colorado Integrative Medical Center in Denver. It claimed that overwhelming scientific evidence exists for its therapeutic role.
Some vitamin C advocates say that vitamin C cannot be used therapeutically because it cannot now be patented. Pharmaceutical companies are unwilling to research or promote something that will make them little money.

Dichlorphenolindophenol
DCPIP (its full name is "2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol") is a blue chemical used as a dye as when it is in its oxidized state it is blue.
Information.
Once reduced (by addition of electrons) it becomes colourless. This reaction can be reversed, and the colourless DCPIP will turn blue again, when it is oxidized.
Purpose.
DCPIP is often used to measure the electron transport chain in plants. It has a higher redox potential (electron affinity) than the Fe-S complex in cytochrome b and will therefore "steal" electrons from it. This means that cytochrome c does not receive them. The process cuts off the electron supply of photosystem I. A common way to illustrate this change is by the addition of vitamin C solution. This reduces the 'jelly' by transforming it to a colourless mass. This experiment can be carried out to illustrate the affect of changing cell sizes on SA/V (surface area:volume ratio). This is known as Titration.

Healthy diet
A healthy diet or balanced diet is a diet (what you eat) that contains the right amounts of all the food substances. It includes fruit, vegetables, grains, dairy products, and protein. It does not include too much or too little of any kind of food.

Dye
Dye is a substance used to color materials. It is often used to color the fabric used to make clothing.

Poetry
Poetry is a type of art form and a type of literature.
Poetry uses the qualities of words, in different ways, to be artistic.
(Poetry can be as short, as a few words, or as long as a book (an epic)).
There are many "poetic forms" (forms of poetry).
Some of them are: Sonnet, Haiku, Ballad, Stev, Ode, Free verse, Blank verse, thematic, and nursery rhymes.
Poetry can be used to describe(comparing, talking about, or expressing emotion) many things. It can make sense or be nonsense, it can rhyme or not. It can have many shapes and sizes; it can be serious, or it can be funny.
"To say something poetically" means to give information in an artistic way.

Literature
Literature is the collection of written works of a language, time, or culture. Literature can help tell the stories of a people's values or interests. Many people consider literature to be one of the best ways to learn about other cultures.
Literature is usually the best books a country or culture has made. It is art with words.
Literature can also mean imaginative or creative writing, which is looked at for its artistic value.

Imagination
Imagination has to be primarily with the mind. It is the ability to form mental images of things or events. When someone "imagines" something he or she is trying to picture something in his/her mind that he/she has not experienced him/herself in reality.
The word Imaginary is also used to describe something that you have Imagined in your Imagination.
This is a very common word in English.

Calorimeter
A calorimeter is an apparatus. It is used to measure the amount of energy contained in a particular substance. It may use a laser to determine the exact density of a solution.

Bolus
In biology, a bolus (from the Latin word for "ball"), is a ball-shaped living thing.
In medicine, a bolus" is a large amount of a drug given to patients to raise the blood level before treatment.
A " bolus can also refer to a ball of food after it has been chewed. It passes down the oesophagus by peristalsis.

Oesophagus
The oesophagus (also spelt esophagus and œsophagus), also called the gullet, is the part of the gastrointestinal system between the mouth and the stomach.
The oesophagus is lined with muscle. This muscle pushes the food bolus (ball) down into the stomach. The esophagus can contract or expand to allow for the passage of food.

Protease
A protease is an enzyme. It changes proteins into amino acids in the stomach.

Dental floss
Dental floss is a thread. It is used for cleaning spaces between teeth which cannot be reached by toothbrushes. It is important to floss before brushing teeth and to floss at least once a day. Tooth brushing will not clean food that is packed between teeth. This 'food packing' can lead to unhealthy teeth and gums. Bacteria grow in this 'packed food' between teeth. This bacteria causes the surface of teeth (enamel) to break down.
When a person first starts flossing, bleeding can happen. This is normal and happens because teeth and gums that are not flossed are less healthy. It will stop as the teeth and gums get healthier with flossing.

Rickets
Rickets is a disease in young children. It is caused by lack of vitamin D and calcium. Rickets causes bigger gaps inside bones and turns them dry and spongy, it also makes a curve on the legs.Vitamin D is a fat soluble vitamin that is found in food and can also be made in your body after exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun. Sunshine is a significant source of vitamin D because UV rays from sunlight trigger vitamin D synthesis in the skin by mehran
The word "rickets" comes from the Greek word "rhakhis," which means "spine".

Bile
Bile or gall is a green-yellow fluid. It is secreted from the liver of most vertebrate animals, and is often stored in the gall bladder. Bile helps digest fat.
The name 'gall' comes of the Greek word "cholè" = green, yellow.
The term cholesterol and the illness cholera were named after gall.

Dental pulp
The dental pulp is the part in the center of a tooth. It is made up of living soft tissue and cells. It is surrounded by dentine and contains nerves and blood vessels.

Protoplasm
Protoplasm is the living substance that make up a cell. In plant cells, it is surrounded by a cell wall. In animal cell, the whole cell is made of protoplasm, surrounded by a cell membrane. Protoplasm in living beings is made up of about 75-80 percent water.

Amylase
Amylase is an enzyme. It is found in saliva and pancreatic juice. It can break down starch into maltose.

Variegated leaf
A variegated leaf is a leaf which contains green and non green parts. As the green parts contain chlorophyll they can photosynthesise, but the non green parts do not contain chlorophyll so they can not photosynthesise.
Uses.
A variegated leaf is useful in conducting experiments that can show that chlorophyll is needed for photosynthesis.
Experiments.
The easiest of these experiments is to place the leaf in boiling ethanol (alcohol) and when drained of colour spread out on a flat surface. Soak the leaf in iodine and the green parts will turn blue/black and the non green parts will stay the yellowish brown colour of iodine. The green parts contained starch (a more compact form of glucose) which made the iodine turn blue/black.

Seam ripper
A seam ripper is a cutting tool. It is used for removing stitches in sewing and cutting open buttonholes made on a sewing machine. Sometimes it is also called a thread ripper.
The tool usually has a handle, shaft, and head. The head has two points: one flattened to form a pointed blade and the other forming a small point.
To use a seam ripper to remove sewn threads, the blade is placed underneath the thread to be cut. The thread slips down between the two points, and the tool is then lifted upwards allowing the blade to cut through the thread. Then the loose thread ends can be removed.

Plaque
Plaque is a sticky, white film or fluid on the teeth. It is a mixture of bacteria and food. It causes tooth decay.It is very harmful for teeth.

Pin cushion
A pin cushion is small cushion used for holding pins and needles. It is used so that the pins and needles are stored safely and can be taken out by pulling the head.

Chemical cell
A chemical cell converts chemical energy into electrical energy. Most batteries are chemical cells. A chemical reaction takes place inside the battery and causes electric current to flow.
There are two main types of batteries - those that are "rechargeable" and those that are not.
A battery that is not recharageable will give electricity until the chemicals in it are used up. Then it is no longer useful.
A rechargeable battery can be "recharged" by passing electric current backwards through it; it can then be used again to produce more electricity.
Batteries come in many shapes and sizes, from very small ones used in watches and cameras, to those used in cars or even larger ones.

Das Lied der Deutschen
Das Lied der Deutschen ("The Song of the German people"), also known as Das Deutschlandlied, ("The Song of Germany"), is a song written by Joseph Haydn and Hoffmann von Fallersleben. Part of this song is the national anthem of Germany (German National Anthem).
A line from this song, "Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit" ("Unity and justice and freedom") is the motto of Germany.
History.
The music was written by Haydn in 1797 as the anthem of Austria. It was called "Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser" ("God protect our Emperor Franz"). The words which are used today were written by the poet August Heinrich Hoffman von Fallersleben in 1841.
Today, the first line "Germany, Germany above all" sounds too strong for some people, and is often misunderstood. Fallersleben wanted a united Germany when he wrote it. At that time, Germany was not one country, but many small countries. So "Germany above all" meant that the most important thing to do was to have a unified Germany. Also, the poet was in Heligoland, where people spoke German but were ruled by the British.
Fallersleben's music was very popular in Germany during the second part of the 19th century. This song was not a national anthem then, but a song for people who loved the idea of a strong and united Germany. In 1918, it replaced the anthem of the German Empire "Heil Dir im Siegerkranz" ("Praise to the war-winner"), when the Emperor Wilhelm II lost power at the end of the First World War. In 1921, a "fourth stanza", a new part or verse, was written by poet Albert Matthai with words about the difficult life in Germany at that time. It was not sung very often.
During the time of Hitler, only the first part of the song was used. This was often followed by a Nazi party song. This part of the song was difficult for some people who were not Germans because it has words describing Germany as a country that included land that was in other countries.
After the Second World War, Germany was divided into two countries. In 1949, the new Western Germany tried to get a new song for the national anthem. Another song was chosen, written by poet Rudolf Alexander Schröder. It was not very popular. Finally, the third part of the Fallersleben song was made into the national anthem.
In the other part of Germany, the Eastern Germany, the words of poet Johannes R. Becher ("Auferstanden aus Ruinen" - "Re-built from the Ruins") were used with a song written by Hanns Eisler. It was not very popular, and from the 1970s the words were not sung, because of the line "Germany, [our] unified fatherland".
After East and West Germany united again in 1990, the Fallersleben song again became the national anthem of Germany but only the third part is used. Today, the first part of the song is popular with nationalist extremists.
Third stanza - the German National Anthem.
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Cavity
A cavity is a hole.

Evidence
Evidence is something that is used to support an argument. It gives examples of why something is true.
For example, if someone come across a cup of spilled milk, that person could look for evidence as to how the milk was spilled. If hairs of a cat and paw prints were found on the ground, they could be evidence that suggested that a cat was the cause of the spilled milk.

Dyadic
A dyadic is a math function that needs two things in order to give something out. Addition and multiplication are dyadic. Powers are also dyadic. There are many more functions that are dyadic.

Hill
A hill is a landform that is higher than the surrounding terrain and that is smaller than a mountain. Normally it is not as steep as a mountain. The surface of a hill is much more stable than that of a dune.

Enzyme
Enzymes are special molecules that work as catalysts. This means that enzymes speed up chemical reactions in the body. Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by lowering the amount of energy needed for a reaction to work. The substances at the start of the reaction are called the substrates. The substances at the end of the reaction are called the products. Enzymes work on the substrates, which later become the products.
One example of an enzyme is amylase. Amylase is found in saliva. Amylase breaks down starch molecules into smaller maltose molecules. These molecules are later broken down into even smaller glucose molecules. Another example is that lypase enzymes break down fats into smaller molecules.
Another example is Protease, protease is used to break down protein and it breaks it down into even smaller molecules, called amino acids.
All enzymes work properly only at one particular temperature and pH. All of your digestive enzymes have a optimum temperature of around 37-40'C. But their optimum pH vary. Enzymes are like eggs (they are both proteins). When you cook an egg you can not change it back. When enzymes reach a certain temperature they become denatured which means they are permanently changed and do not work.

Mountain
A mountain is a natural rise of the earth's surface that usually has a "summit" (or "top"). It is usually steeper and taller than a hill. Mountains are often thought of as being a hill of over 600 metres (about 2,000 feet), but this definition is not the same in every country.
Mountains are important to the life of many things on the planet Earth, because nearly all the rivers begin in mountains and carry water from the mountains down to the flatter land where most people live.
Formation.
Mountains are formed when rock layers are squeezed from opposite sides when forces within earth push up crust. Mountains also form when some rock blocks move up and others move down. They can be found in both water and land areas. A mountain range is a large group of mountains.
Height.
The height of a mountain is measured as distance above sea level. The tallness of a mountain is from the center.
Tallest mountains.
The highest mountain in the solar system is Olympus Mons (27 km) on Mars. The highest mountain in the world is Mount Everest (8,848m)which is in Tibet in Asia. (The "tallest" mountain in the world is Mauna Kea, in Hawaii. The "height" of a mountain is measured from sea level, but the "tallness" of a mountain is measured from its base, even if under water.) The highest mountain in North America is Mount McKinley (6,194m) in Alaska in the USA. The highest in South America is Aconcagua (6,962m) in Argentina. For Africa, it is Kilimajaro (5,963m) of Tanzania. In Europe, the highest mountain is in Russia called Elbrus (5,633m). Antarctica's highest mountain is Vinsin Massiff (5,140m). In Oceania, a mountain called Puncak Jaya (5,030m) is the highest there. This particular mountain is in Papua New Guinea / Indonesia.
Mountain types.
Some people say there are six types, as domed mountains can be a plutonic dome or a tectonic dome.
Volcanic mountains.
Volcanic mountains are mountains that form when molten rock erupts onto the earth's surface. They can either form on land or in the ocean. The Cascade Range in Washington, Oregon and northern California is composed of volcanic mountains. Some of the largest volcanic mountains are found along divergent boundaries, which form the mid-ocean ridges. The mid-ocean ridges have huge volcanic mountain chains that run through the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans. The mountains in the mid-ocean ridges can actually grow tall enough to create islands such as Iceland or the Azores.
Other volcanic mountains can form over hot spots, which are pockets of magma beneath the crust that erupt onto earth's surface. The Hawaiian Islands are actually the tops of really high volcanic islands that have formed over a hot spot on the sea floor. The main Hawiian island is actually a volcano that is about 9 km above the ocean floor, with a base that is about 160 km wide. Almost 4 km of this island is above sea level. In fact, a new Hawaiian island is forming right now!
Domed mountains.
Domed mountains, like those in the Black Hills of South Dakota and the Adirondack Mountains of New York, are an unusual type of mountain that is formed when molten rock rises through the crust and push up the rock layers above it. This creates a circular dome on the earth's surface. The molten rock eventually cools off and forms hardened rock. When the pushed up rocks are worn away, the hardened rock exposed. This exposed rock then wears away in places, leaving separate high peaks, or dome mountains.
Folded mountains.
Folded mountains make up some of the highest mountains in the world. Folded mountains commonly form along boundaries, where 2 continents are colliding. They tend to look like an accordion. Some really complex folds can be found in parts of the Alps, Himalayas, Appalachians, and Russia's Ural Mountains. These long mountain chains also show extensive signs of folding.
Plateau mountains.
Plateau mountains are formed similar to folded mountains. They are large areas of flat topped rocks that have been lifted high above the crust by converging continental plates. Most plateaus are found near folded mountains. An example would be, the Tibetan Plateau, which is next to the Himalayan mountains.
Fault block mountains.
Fault block mountains are formed when parts of the earth's crust has been broken off into large block mountains are formed when two simultaneous blocks of land rise above or fall down leaving its middle part behind, when magma pushes up and forces top layers of rock (elastic) up with it. An example is the Flinders Ranges in South Australia.
Domed mountains, although have broken (plasic) and move up as a 'chunk'.
Mid ocean ridge.
the area of sea floor spreading, lines of volcanoes..
References.
A fault block mountain is a mountain or range formed as a horst when it was elevated between parallel normal faults. A horst is the raised fault block bounded by normal faults.

Machine code
Machine code, also called machine language, are 1s and 0s which are put into a microprocessor or CPU to tell it what to do. Different combinations of 1s and 0s tell the microprocessor to do different things.

Area
Area is the amount of space a two dimensional (flat) object takes up. It is useful because it is how much of a material is needed to make a hollow container; for example, how much wood is needed to make a wardrobe.
Different shapes have different ways to find the area.
The area of a flat object is related to the surface area and volume of a three-dimensional object.
The area under a curve can be found using integration, from calculus.
Some units used to measure area are square mile and square kilometre.

Air space
Air space is the area of the air that is controlled by a country or organisation. You have to have the permission of the controller to enter their air space in an airplane. The air traffic controllers make sure the aeroplanes go in the right place and do not crash. Some countries are very protective of their air space.

Swamp cooler
Swamp coolers are simple type of air conditioning device that can cool a room of a house or a car by using the cooling effect of the evaporation of water. Swamp coolers can cool the air temperature in a small space by drawing the air through wet pads (some are made of aspen wood) using an electric fan.
Swamp coolers work best in dry climates such as the American Southwest and the American South. They are usually much cheaper to buy and operate than refrigerated air-conditioning devices.

Saskatoon
Saskatoon is a city in Saskatchewan, Canada. Saskatoon is the biggest city in Saskatchewan. Saskatoon, though, is not the capital of Saskatchewan. Regina is the capital of Saskatchewan. The South Saskatchewan River flows through the centre of the city and many people enjoy boating, biking and walking in this area. The University of Saskatchewan is also in Saskatoon.

Glass rod
Glass rods are sometimes used as stirrers in laboratory environments.
Glass rods are often used to spread liquids evenly onto something. A example would be to coat glass surfaces with liquids to look at them under a microscope.
Glass rods rubbed with silk or fur were used in early demonstrations of electrical energy.
The glass rod may look similar to a thermometer, but it does not have the numbers and lines along the side.

Thermometer
We use a thermometer to find how hot or cold a thing, person, or animal is (its temperature).
Medical thermometers.
In the past, the traditional thermometer was a mercury-in-glass thermometer. People put the end of this in their mouth ("oral" temperature), under their arm, or in their cul ("rectal" temperature). In some countries this is the normal method today. 1200 people died because of this.
It is only possible to find oral temperatures on patients who can hold the thermometer correctly in their mouth. So small children can not use this method. It is also a problem for people with a cough or people who are vomiting. In the past it was a big problem, because mercury thermometers needed a long time to find the temperature. Today, digital thermometers are faster. If a person drinks something hot or cold, wait before testing their oral temperature.
When finding a person's rectal temperature, it helps to use a cream on the thermometer. Rectal temperatures are the most exact method. In some countries people think it is embarrassing (they feel uncomfortable) to use them for people older than two or three. In other countries it is normal for children and adults to use rectal thermometers.
In the 1990s, people in many countries thought mercury thermometers were too risky, as mercury is harmful to humans. Today they use electronic thermometers. Sometimes they use thermometers with liquids, but not with mercury.
There are other kinds of medical thermometers: "tympanic" thermometers test the temperature of the tympan (the eardrum) with infrared; "band" thermometers test a person's temperature on the fron of their head.

Week
A week is seven days in connecting order. There are usually fifty-two (52) weeks in a year.
In the English language, the days of a week are named after the gods in Norse mythology except Saturday, which is named after a Roman god.
Saturday and Sunday are called the 'week end'.

Suffix
A suffix is a few letters put at the end of a word to change its meaning.
Compare to prefix. Prefixes are letters put at the beginning of a word to change its meaning.

Japanese language
Japanese (日本語) "Nihon-go" or "Nippon-go" in Japanese) is the language spoken on the island nation of Japan, in East Asia. A theory about its origin is that Japanese, Mongolian, and Turkish come from the same family of Altaic languages.
In English, the order of the words is very important. For example, the sentences "Is it?" and "It is." mean different things. In Japanese a lot of these differences are made by adding or changing the endings of words. So a Japanese word has a stem called a "body", and additional parts (called "suffixes"). By changing the suffix you can change the meaning of the word.
Japanese has five vowel sounds that can have two different lengths. They are "ah, ee, oo, eh", and "o". Lengthening a vowel changes the meaning of the word: "ojisan" (おじさん, uncle) and "ojiisan" (おじいさん, grandfather). Japanese has a sound which is like the English "L" sound, but it is also like the English "R" sound. (That is why it can be difficult for many Japanese to learn to make both "L" and "R" sounds when they speak English.) Japanese has a sound which is not common in English which is usually written "Tsu". Also, "o" and "u" can either be short or long. For example, "benkyousuru" （べんきょうする）(to study).
In Japanese, the verb is at the end of the sentence, and the subject is at the beginning. In many sentences there is no subject. The listener can guess what the subject is by thinking about the context and the form of the verb.
In Japanese, Japan is called "Nihon" (日本), and the Japanese language is called "Nihongo" (日本語) (-go means "language"). Nihongo also means Japanese. Sometimes, the words "Nippon" and "Nippongo" are also used, but today these words are thought of as more nationalist, while "Nihon" is a more neutral word. The kanji characters of the word mean "sun-root", and that is because Japan is often called "The Land of Rising Sun".
Writing system.
The Japanese language uses three writing systems. The first two are "hiragana" (ひらがな) and "katakana" (カタカナ). "Hiragana" is for writing words from inside Japan. "Katakana" is mostly for writing sound effects and words from outside of Japan. Both writing system have symbols that mean a syllable. "Katakana" has straighter edges and sharper corners than "hiragana". "Hiragana" has more curves than "katakana".
There is a third way to write, called "kanji" (漢字), where every word or idea has a picture character taken from Chinese. To be able to fully read Japanese, students must learn around 2,000 "kanji". Many "kanji" are made up from smaller, simpler "kanji". "Kanji" have different sounds when used in different ways, but each "kanji" still has only certain ways it can be read.
Written Japanese has no spaces between words, so "kanji" help separate words in a sentence.
Sentences in Japanese are done like this: subject, object, verb. For example, "I ate an apple today" (今日、私はりんごを食べました) would be in this order "Today, I apple ate."

Spice
Spice is something that adds flavor to food. It is usually used to enrich or alter the quality of something.
Examples of a spice would be cinnamon and nutmeg.
Spices can be used to give food an interesting and exciting taste.
Spices can also be used to hide or cover up bad tastes in the food, because it is rotten or affected by fungi, eg. marzipan.

Flavor
Flavour or Flavor (US English) is the quality of anything which affects the taste. When someone remarks on the "flavor" of something they are trying to describe the specific way something tastes.
Flavor can also be used to describe the act of adding a taste alteration (to change the taste) to something. This is usually done by adding spices or sugars, though in "processed food" there are oftentimes artificial (fake) flavors.

Bank
A bank is a place where money can be saved or loaned out from. Someone's money can be placed in the bank for safe keeping. Or the bank can give out loans to people for an agreement to pay the bank back at a later time, usually with interest. The people who run a bank are called bankers.
Banks also can use the money they have from deposits to invest in businesses in order to make more money.
In most of the modern world a bank settled by the government but independent of the state administrators controls how much money appears at a time. Such a kind of bank is called a national bank. A national bank ordinarily issues bills and/or coins. In some countries issuing money is the task of the government.
The word "bank" comes from an Italian word "banco", meaning "a bench", since Italian merchants in the medieval talked on borrowing and lending money between each others beside a bank and money was placed on that bank.
Traces of the Phoenician civilization showed a form of currency exchange among troc exchanges; it is believed that merchants from Alexandria deposited their "valuables" in Phoenicia.

Comet Halley
Comet Halley, or Halley's Comet, is a comet. It comes close to the Earth every 75 or 76 years. It will return in 2061. It is the first comet that humans were able to predict would return.
Comet Halley is named after Edmond Halley (1656 - 1742), an English physicist, who predicted the comet's return.
When the comet came close to the Earth in 1986, it was visited by several space-probes. The probe "Giotto" from the European Space Agency managed the closest approach to the comet.

Hubble Space Telescope
The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) is a famous telescope. It is the first optical telescope orbiting the Earth. Being above the atmosphere means it can see the sky more clearly than a telescope on the ground, because the atmosphere blurs starlight before it reaches earth. Even telescopes on mountains where the atmosphere is thinner can not produce images as good as Hubble. Named after the astronomer Edwin Hubble, the Hubble Space Telescope can observe 24 hours a day. The telescope can take pictures of things so far away it would be nearly impossible to see them from anywhere else.
It actually observes less than 20% of the time. It was made by both NASA and the ESA working together. It is 600 km in space and was launched April 24 1990. It completes a full orbit of Earth every 97 minutes. That means it travels at 5 miles per second. If you were going this speed on Earth, you would be able to get from New York to San Francisco in 10 minutes.
The Hubble itself is the size of a large school bus, but still small enough to fit inside the cargo bay of a Space Shuttle. It was repaired in 1993 due to small imperfections in the picture quality.
Launch.
The telescope was launched in 1991 by a space shuttle. When it entered orbit, everything seemed fine. But there was a problem with the telescope that wasn't discovered until it started taking pictures.
Problems.
When the HST took its first pictures, astronomers were so happy to see the images. But they noticed a problem with the telescope's mirror. The mirror was not curved right, but only by.0002 inches. Still, this was enough to cause the images to be blurred. Some said, unkindly, that Hubble was nearsighted.
Repair.
Another space shuttle was sent up shortly after to repair the space telescope. The repair was far from easy. What the astronauts would do is install cameras and other optical equipment to compensate for the wrongly-curved mirror. When astronaut Story Musgrave opened one of the doors on Hubble to install a new camera, the door wouldn't close, so Musgrave and the other astronauts had to think of a creative way to get around the problem. Eventually, Hubble was fixed.
Repairs and servicing missions have been made to the Hubble Space Telescope now and then.
Future.
Hubble will soon be replaced by other better and more complex telescopes, like the NGST and the Terrestrial Planet Finder

Motion sensor
A motion sensor is a sensor device. It is used for studying motions. It is connected to a data-logger. The data-logger is connected to a computer. The computer runs a data-logging program. Motion sensors have many uses including security.

Arm
An arm is a limb. Most humans have two arms each, coming out of their body just below the neck. On the end of each arm is a hand. Humans use arms and hands to do things to other objects, this is called manipulation. Some other primates have arms which they use to move around by holding onto trees or supporting themselves as they walk along the ground.

Arrow
An arrow is a shape used to point to something. Arrows look like this: -->. "Double-headed" arrows look like this: <-->.
An arrow is a projectile fired with a bow. A bow and arrow is a weapon used in medieval times and earlier. Nearly all cultures have used the bow and arrow in their past. Arrows have a sharp point at one end and usually a flight at the other end. The flight is usually made of feathers and helps the arrow go through the air straight.

Golf
Golf is a game played in an open field where the golfer plays his golf ball into a hole by using different types of clubs (golf instruments). The book "Rules of Golf" reads "The Game of Golf consists in playing a ball from the teeing ground into the hole by a stroke or successive strokes in accordance with the Rules."
Play of the game.
In golf, a golfer plays a number of holes in a given order. 18 holes played in an order controlled by the golf course design, normally make up a game. On a nine-hole course, two nine-hole rounds make up a normal game.
The two common forms of playing golf are match play and stroke play. In match play, two golfers (or two teams) play holes one at a time. The golfer with the lower number of strokes (number of times the golfer used to get his ball in the hole) wins that hole. If the two have the same number of strokes, the hole is "halved" (drawn). The golfer that has the greatest number of holes wins. In "stroke play", the golfer (or team) with the smallest number of strokes all together wins. There are different forms of these rules, some given in the "Rules of Golf" making them "official."
Clubs.
The four different clubs are woods, irons, putters and wedges. A golfer uses about 3 woods, about 10 irons, and a putter. The rules do not let the golfer use over 14 clubs in a game.

Spirituality
Spirituality is a name given to matters of the spirit. Some people use this word instead of religion, while others see a difference.
Matters of the Spirit.
"Matters of the spirit" may include the meaning in a person's life (or in all life), and how to find and improve on it. They may also include someone's search for God, the supernatural, a divine influence in their lives, or information about the afterlife, and how to best deal with each. They may include how to live among others, or as a group, or in a certain environment.
Atheism.
Some people who do not believe in a religion may still be interested in the "spirits" of humanity or of nature, and live a certain way, or pay homage to ancestors or creation, because it helps their morale, or improves their happiness to do so.
Many philosophers try to find answers to spiritual questions, although they say that there is no god or anything supernatural.
In all parts of the world those type of people have had Ideas about spirituality.
Arne Naess - the founder of deep ecology
Gregory Bateson - philosophy of nature, ecology, psychology
Jiddu Krishnamurti - great indian scolar, who was thinking very accurate and in his own way about life and religions
Osho/ shri rashneesh - indian scolar, who talked a lot about religions critially, though he tried to bring a new revolutionary spirituality
Felicitas Goodman - anthropoligst who revolutionized the new shaman movement with her research about trance

2002
Year 2002 was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar.

2003
Year 2003 was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. It is the year after the year 2002 and the third year in the 21st century.

1999
1999 is a year in the 20th century. It is a common year.

1998
1998 is a year in the 20th century. It is a common year.

1997
1997 is a year in the 20th century. It is a common year. Children born this year are the oldest members of the post-rock generation.

1996
1996 is a year in the 20th century. It is a leap year.

1995
1995 is a year in the 20th century. It is a common year that started with a Sunday.

1994
1994 is a year in the 20th century. It is a common year.

1993
1993 is a year in the 20th century. It is a common year.

1992
1992 is a year in the 20th century. It is a leap year.

1991
1991 is a year in the 20th century. It is a common year.

2005
Year 2005 was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar.

2006
Year 2006 was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar.
In the Chinese calendar, 2006 was the Year of the Dog. Chinese New Year is January 29.
Movies.
Final Destination 3

2007
Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the "Anno Domini" (common) era. It is the 7th year in the 21st century and in the 3rd millennium, both of which began on January 1, 2001.

1989
1989 is a year in the 20th century. It is a common year.

2008
2008 was last year. It was a year in the 21st century, a leap year starting on Tuesday.

Common year
A common year is a year that is not a leap year. In the Gregorian Calendar a common year has 365 days. This means a common year has 52 weeks and one day. So if a certain year started on a Monday, the following year will start on a Tuesday.
In the Gregorian calendar, 303 out of every 400 years are common years. In the Julian calendar, 300 out of every 400 years were common years. All the other years are special and known as leap years.
Months.
These are the 12 months in a year.
There are 7 months with 31 days. There are 4 months with 30 days. There is 1 month with 28 days.

Decade
A decade (pronounce: DEK-aid) is a period of 10 years. The word comes from the Ancient Greek word for ten: "deka". 10 decades make a century. Decades in the 20th century are normally called "the eighties" or "the nineties", and written "the 80s" or "the 90s". Decades in other centuries are written in full, eg. "the 1890s".

19th century
The 19th century is the century from 1801 to 1900. Most of this century is normally called the Victorian period because Queen Victoria ruled the United Kingdom. The Industrial Revolution started in this century in most western countries.
Decades and years.
Note: years before or after the 19th century are in italics.

21st century
The 21st century is the century from 2001 to 2100. It is the current century.
Decades and years.
Note: The years before or after the 21st century are in "italics".

Ijtihad
Ijtihad is the process of reaching a legal decision on the basis of one's own interpretation of Islamic law. The word is related to the better-known "jihad".

Standard temperature and pressure
STP (Standard Temperature and Pressure), are the conditions most often used in chemistry to study or test a chemical.
STP is 0°C (32°F) and 1 atm (101 325 Pa or 14.7 PSI).
These values approximate the freezing temperature of water and atmospheric pressure at sea level.

Human
A human or human being is a person. Humans are often called "people". The scientific name, or species, for Humans is "Homo sapiens" which means 'wise man' in Latin. Humans are bipedal which means they walk on two legs. Humans have a complex brain, which makes them able to use language, emotion and abstract reasoning. This brain and the fact that arms are not needed for walking make humans more able to use tools than any other species.
There are over 6.7 billion people alive as of 2008. There are humans living on every continent. Humans also live in space, for short periods of time only, in the International Space Station which orbits the Earth.
Humans are part of the animal order of primates. Apes are also primates, and are the nearest animal relations to humans. Humans, like other primates, are social animals. They usually live in groups, helping and protecting each other, and caring for their offspring (children). This level of organisation is known as presocial organisation.
Many animals use signs and sounds to communicate with each other. They have developed a system of sounds, called language. This allows them to express certain concepts by using words. Humans are capable of making abstract ideas and communicating them to others. Human languuage can express things that are not present, or talk about events that are currently not occurring. The things might be elsewhere, and the events may also have occurerend at another place or time. So far, no animals have been found which have a system of communication th that is as elaborate as that which humans use.
By using words to communicate with each other, humans make complex communities with laws, traditions and customs. Humans like to understand the world around them. They try to explain things through religion, science and philosophy. Wanting to understand things has helped many humans make important discoveries. Humans are the only species living today to build fires, to cook their food and wear clothes. Humans use more technology than any other animal on Earth ever has. Humans like things that are beautiful and like to make art, literature and music. Humans use education and teaching to pass on skills, ideas and customs to the next generations.
Origins.
Humans are part of the animal kingdom. They are mammals, which means that they give birth to their young ones, rather than laying eggs like reptiles or birds, and the female humans are able to feed their babies with breast milk. Humans belong to the order of primates. Apes like gorillas and gibbons are also primates. The closest living relatives of humans are the two chimpanzee species: the Common Chimpanzee and the Bonobo.
Scientists have examined the genes of humans and chimpanzees, and compared their DNA. The studies showed that between 95% and 99% of the DNA of humans and chimpanzees is the same.
One way that scientists use to explain the similarity between humans and other primates such as Chimpanzees is the Theory of Evolution. In the Theory of Evolution, it is thought that humans, chimpanzees, and gorillas have a common type of ancestor primate. In 2001, a hominid skull was discovered in Chad. The skull is about 7 million years old, and has been classified as "Sahelanthropus tchadensis". This skull may show that the date at which humans started to "evolve" (develop differently) from other primates is 2 million years earlier than scientist had previously thought.
Humans are part of a genus called "homonidae" (or homonids). This comes from the Latin "homo" for human. Thousands of years ago, there used to be other types of hominids on Earth. They were like modern humans, but not the same. "Homo sapiens" are the only type of hominids who are alive today. The earliest-known fossils of genus homo have been named Homo habilis (handy man). The first fossils of Homo habilis were found in Tanzania between 1962 and 1964. Homo hablilis is thought to have lived about 2.2 to 1.7 million years ago. Another human species thought to be an ancestor of the modern human is Homo erectus. Scientists are still discussing whether Homo erectus really descended from Homo habilis. They think it may also be possible that both came from a common species of human that they don't know about yet. There are many different extinct species of homo known today. Many of them were likely our "cousins", as they developed differently than our ancestors.
A theory called the Sahara pump theory has been used to tell how difference species of plants and animals moved from Africa to the Middle East, and then elsewhere. Early humans may have moved from Africa to other parts of the world in the same way.
The first truly modern humans seem to have appeared between 200,000 and 130,000 years ago. These early humans moved out from Africa and by 10 thousand years ago they lived in most parts of Asia, Europe, Africa and North America. They replaced other groups of human like species that had migrated earlier. These were called "Neanderthals" or "Homo erectus". They competed for resources with the modern human, but the modern human was more successful.
Civilization.
Early human history is commonly divided into three ages. The time periods are labeled with the material used for tools.
The "Stone Age" is commonly subdivided into the Paleolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic periods.
Up to about 10 thousand years ago most humans were hunter-gatherers. That means they hunted for their food or gathered it from wild plants. Most humans at this time did not live in one place, but moved around as the seasons changed. The start of planting crops for food, called farming, meant that some people chose to live in static settlements. This also led to the invention of metal tools and the training of animals. About 6000 years ago the first proper civilisations began in places like Egypt, India and Syria. The people formed governments and armies for protection. They competed for area to live and resources and sometimes they fought with each other. About 4000 years ago some states took over or conquered other states and made empires. Examples include ancient Greece and the Roman Empire.
Some modern day religions also began at this time such as Judaism and Hinduism. From the Middle Ages and beyond humanity saw an explosion of new technology and inventions. The printing press, the car, the train and electricity are all examples of this kind of invention. As a result of the developments in technology, modern humans live in a world where everyone is connected, for example by telephone or by internet. People now control and change the environment around them in many different ways.
Habitats, settlements and population.
In early times, humans usually settled near to water and other natural resources. In modern times if people need things they can transport them from somewhere else. So basing a settlement close to resources are is no longer as important as it once was. Since 1800 the number of humans, or population, has increased by six billion. Most humans (61%) live in Asia. The rest live in the Americas (14%), Africa (14%), Europe (11%), and Oceania (0.5%).
Most people live in towns and cities. This number is expected to get higher. In 2005 the United Nations said that by the end of that year, over half the world would be living in cities. This is an important change in human settlement patterns: a century earlier in 1900 only 14 % of people lived in cities, in 2000 47% of the world's population lived in cities. In developed countries, like the United States, 80% of the population live in cities.
Humans have a large effect on the world. Humans are at the top of the food chain and are generally not eaten by any animals. Humans have been described as Super Predators because of this. Because of industry and other reasons humans are said to be a big cause of global climate change.
Physical appearance.
Human body types can be very different from each other. The average height of an adult human is between 5 and 6 feet. The average weight is between 76 and 83 kg for males and 54-64 kg for females.
Human hair grows on the underarms, the genitals and the top of the head in both genders, and on the chest, legs, back and face of males. Although it might look like humans have less hair than most primates they actually don't. The average human has more hair "follicles", where hair grows from, than most chimpanzees. Human hair can be brown, red, blonde or most commonly black.
Modern humans can also have their hair in many different colours by using dye. When humans get older hair can turn grey or even white.
Human skin colours vary greatly. They can be a very pale pink all the way up to dark brown. Human skin can get darker when under sunlight. Sunlight is part UV radiation. The UV radiation in the light makes the skin change colour over a long time. This is called a sun tan.
Humans are not as strong as other primates the same size. An average female orang utan is at least three times as strong as an average human man.
The average human male needs 7 to 8 hours sleep a day. People who sleep less than this are generally not as healthy. A child needs more sleep, 9 to 10 hours on average.
Life cycle.
The human life cycle is quite like most other mammals. The young grow inside the female mother for nine months. After this time the baby is pushed out of the woman's vagina. Unlike most other animals human childbirth is quite dangerous. Because human brains are so big, baby's heads are wide. The mothers pelvis bones are also not very wide because people walk on two legs. This combination means that quite often either mother and/or baby die in childbirth. The number of mothers dying in childbirth is less in the 21st century. This is because of better medication and treatment. In many poor countries the number of mothers dying is very high. Sometimes it is up to 10 times as many as richer countries.
The average human baby weighs 3 – 4 kg at birth and is 50-60 cm tall. This is often less in poorer countries. Many babies in poor countries often die early because of this.
Humans have four stages in their lives: infancy, adolescence, adulthood and old age.
Life expectancy is how long you are expected to live for. This depends on many things including where you live. The highest life expectancy is for people from Hong Kong, (84.8 years). The lowest is for people from Swaziland where, mainly because of AIDS, life expectancy is only 31 years.
Psychology.
Psychology is the study of how the human mind works. The human brain controls everything the body does. Everything from moving and breathing to thinking is done by the brain. Neurology is the study of how the brain works, psychology is the study of how and why people think and feel.
Human behaviour is hard to understand, so sometimes psychologists study animals because they may be simpler and easier to understand. Psychology overlaps with many other sciences including Medicine, Biology, Computer Science and Linguistics.
Language.
Language at its most basic is talking, reading and writing. The study of language is called linguistics. Humans have the most complicated languages on Earth. Human language is much more complicated than any other species. There are 7,300 languages spoken around the world as of 2008.
The world's most spoken language as of 2008 is Mandarin Chinese. Over a billion people (1/6 of the world) speak this language.
Art, music and literature.
Art has existed almost as long as humans. People have been doing some types of art for thousands of years as the picture on the right shows. Art represents how someone feels in the form of a painting, a sculpture or a photograph.
Music has also been around for thousands of years. Music can be made with only your voice but most of the time people use instruments. Music can be made using simple instruments only such as simple drums all the way up to electric guitars, keyboards and violins. Music can be loud, fast, quiet, slow or many different styles. Music represents how the people who are playing the music feel.
Literature is anything made or written using language. This includes books, poetry, legends, myths and fairy tales. Literature is important as without it many of the things we use today, such as Wikipedia, wouldn't exist.
Race and ethnicity.
Humans often categorize themselves by race or ethnicity. Human races are questionable as valid biological categories. Human racial categories are based on both ancestry and visible traits such as skin color and facial features. These categories may also carry some information on non-visible biological traits, such as the risk of developing particular diseases such as sickle-cell disease. Current genetic and archaeological evidence generally support a "recent single origin" of modern humans in East Africa. Current genetic studies show that humans from Africa are most genetically diverse. But, human gene sequences are very similar compared to many other animals.
Ethnic groups are often linked by linguistic, cultural, ancestral, and national or regional ties. Race and ethnicity can lead to different social treatment called racism.
Religion and spirituality.
Religion is the belief in a higher being, spirit or anything that there is no proof exists. Because there is no proof in these things people need faith. Faith can bring people together because they all believe in the same thing. Some of the things religions talk about are what happens after death, why humans exist, how humans began and what is good to do and not to do (morality). Some people are not religious, some people are very religious and some people believe a mixture of science and religion.
Science and technology.
Technology is the things people make to help them do things. Science is understanding how the universe and the things in it work. Technology used to be quite simple. It was passed on by people telling other people, until writing was invented. This allowed technology to develop much quicker. Now people understand more and more about the world and the universe. The invention of the telescope by Galileo, Einstein's theory of relativity and the big bang theory are all big technological - to do with technology - discoveries. Technology has come forward enough to allow things such as the internet, space travel and television.
War.
A war is a conflict between large groups of people, usually countries or states. A war always involves the use of lethal force as both sides try to kill each other. It is estimated that during the 20th century between 167 and 188 million humans died as a result of war. The people who fight in wars are called soldiers.
Modern wars are very different from wars a thousand or even a hundred years ago. Modern war involves, sabotage, terrorism, propaganda and guerrilla warfare. In modern day wars civilians - people who are not soldiers - are often targets. An example of this is the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki at the end of World War II. The bombs killed as many as 140,000 people in Hiroshima and 80,000 in Nagasaki by the end of 1945, roughly half on the days of the bombings. Since then, thousands more have died from injuries or illness attributed to exposure to radiation released by the bombs. In both cities, the overwhelming majority of the dead were civilians. In Germany, Austria, and Great Britain, conventional bombs were used. About 60,595 British and 550,000 German (and possibly Austrian) civilians were killed during bombings of cities from warplanes.

Jungle
The jungle is a forest in a tropical placec. In jungles, it rains a lot. Scientists think that more types of animals and plants live in the jungles than everywhere else. Jungles are hot most of the time (having high temperature). When many people talk about jungles, they may also mean rainforests.

Light
Light is a type of energy, which means it is non-matter and cannot be touched. Anything with a temperature above absolute zero emits (gives off) light. Light is also called "electromagnetic radiation". Light is made up of tiny particles called photons.
Light moves at the speed of light, about 300,000 km, or about 186,000 miles, per second. This means it takes about 1.2 seconds for light to reach Earth from the Moon.
Light moves in a straight line, creating shadows when the path of light is blocked. More solid things will have a darker shadow, things that are more clear have a lighter shadow, and transparent things will have none or very little shadow. Light can pass through transparent things the most easily.
Our eyes react to light; when we see something we see the light it reflects, or the light it emits. For example, a lamp gives off light, and everything else in the same room as the lamp reflects its light.
Every colour of light has a different wavelength. The shorter the wavelength, the more energy the light has. All light moves at the same speed, no matter how much energy it has, except when going through a partly clear object, but the speed difference is still very small.
White light is made up of many different colors of light added together. When white light shines through a prism, it splits up into different colors, becoming a rainbow. The rainbow contains all of the wavelengths of light that we can see. Red light has the longest wavelength, and violet (purple) light has the shortest.
Light with a wavelength shorter than violet is called ultraviolet light. Light with a wavelength longer than red is called infrared light. Radio waves are a form of light with a wavelength even longer than infrared light. The microwaves that are used to heat food in a microwave oven are also a form of light. Our eyes cannot see those kinds of light, but there are some cameras that can see them. But it must be good cameras that got an special amoúnt of things

Stockholm
Stockholm is the capital city of Sweden. It is also the biggest city in Sweden. It is on the east coast of the country. The city is built on islands, with canals and open water in the inner city. Stockholm is found between Sweden's third largest lake, Mälaren, and the Baltic Sea.
Tyresta National Park is near Stockholm.
History.
Birger Jarl is considered the founder of Stockholm. It is believed that he rebuilt a defense building in the 13th century on what is today the island of the Old town. Around the fortification, a town grew. The town grew mainly because of its sea and land trading.

Rain
Rain are droplets of water that fall from clouds in the sky. Droplets of water bigger than 0.5 mm are rain. Those the size of about 0.2-0.5 mm are drizzle. Rain is part of the water cycle and is a form of precipitation. Precipitation is any form of water falling from clouds/ the sky. Precipitation can be rain, hail, sleet or snow.
Convection rain.
Convection rain is found in hot wet places of the world. Sometimes, it is also found in tropical deserts and inland areas during summer, when temperatures are high. During daytime, the sun makes the ground very hot. Air near the ground surface is heated by conduction. The heated air expands, becoming less dense and rising in a strong upwards air current. When the temperature of the rising air falls to the dew point, water vapor shrinks into thick clouds and forms convection rain.
Relief rain".
Relief rain usually occurs along coastal areas where a line of hills runs along to the coast. When wet onshore wind from the sea meet a mountain, hill and barrier, it is forced to rise along the slope and cools. When the air temperature falls to its dew point, water vapor condenses to form clouds. When the clouds can no longer hold the water droplets, relief rain begins to fall on the windward slope of the mountain. On the leeward slope, air sinks, it is warmed and further dried by compression. Therefore, the leeward slope is known as rain shadow. Moist winds blow in from the sea and are forced to rise over the land. The air cools and the water vapour condenses, forming rain drops. Relief rain is also a very dense and cold mixture of precipitation.
Frontal rain is when a cold front meets a warm air front. The less dense warm air rises and condenses forming clouds. These clouds get heavier and it eventually rains. The cold air front tends to come from the north west and the warm air front comes from the south west.
Hot sun heats any water on the Ground. The Water from the ground is evaporated. Water vapor rise, cools and condenses at dew point.Cloud from and rain fall happens and then the whole thing happens again.

2009
2009 is this year. It is in the 21st century. It is a common year starting on Thursday.

Gambling
Gambling is a contest where a player bets on the result of an event. The bet is generally in the form of money. The outcome is dependent on the predictability of the event. The rules and the amount of money bet are decided on before the event happens.
There are three variables common to all gambling.
There are many types of gambling. Casino games, parimutual games, sports betting and state lotteries are some of the most common forms of gambling.
Generally, the odds are not in favor of the gambler.
Many people gamble for fun and entertainment. For others it becomes an addiction and a financial burden.
Investments such as stocks, bonds and real estate are not usually considered forms of gambling.

Monty Python
Monty Python, also known as The Pythons, is a group of British actors who have acted in several comedy movies and had a television show, "Monty Python's Flying Circus" which was originally between 1969 and 1974, and is still well-known and watched around the world.
The members of Monty Python are: John Cleese, Eric Idle, Graham Chapman, Terry Gilliam, Terry Jones, and Michael Palin.

Time zone
Time zones give specific areas on the Earth a time of day that is earlier or later than the neighboring time zones. This is because when it is day-time on one side of the Earth, it is night-time on the other side. There are 39 time zones dividing the Earth into different times, each with its own name, like the North American Eastern Time Zone. The North American Eastern Time Zone contains large cities in North America like New York City and Miami.
Greenwich Mean Time is the time in London, and is often used for things that involve more than one time zone.
Rapid travel across several time zones often causes Jet Lag, a disorder of the circadian rhythms causing disturbed sleep and mood.

Market
A market is a place where people go to buy or sell things. When people have products to sell, they set up a market place. When things are sold, people buy the product, and this stimulates the economy. The market is a good way of balancing supply and demand because prices change quickly to signal what goods are in high or low supply or high or low demand.
Competition.
If a seller of a good cannot supply what costumers want or ask for too high of a price, other sellers may try to supply that good. If other sellers enter the market for that good, in competition, that will tend to fulfill demand and lower prices. Sellers do not like competition and may try to kill the competition. Sellers that kill competition want to earn profits that they should not get, and they must be stopped by laws.

Electron
An electron is a tiny piece of matter. Its symbol is e−. It is negatively charged. It usually moves very fast around the center of an atom.
Electrons have the smallest electrical charge and when they move, they generate an electric current.
Electrons in an atom exist in a number of electron shells surrounding the central nucleus. Each electron shell is given a number 1, 2, 3, and so on, starting from the one closest to the nucleus (the innermost shell). Each shell can hold up to a certain maximum number of electrons.
The distribution of electrons in the various shells is called electronic arrangement (or electronic configuration). Electronic arrangement can be shown by numbering or an electron diagram.
The electron is one of a class of subatomic particles called leptons.
The electron has a negative electric charge of −1.6 × 10−19 coulombs, and a mass of about 9.11 × 10−31 kg (0.51 MeV/c2), which is approximately 1/1836 of the mass of the proton.
The electron has spin 1/2, which shows it is a fermion, i.e., it follows the Fermi-Dirac statistics. The spin of an electron is observed in the Stern-Gerlach experiment.
While most electrons are found in atoms, others move independently in matter, or together as an electron beam in a vacuum. In some superconductors, electrons move in pairs.
When electrons move from one atom to another, and there is a net flow, this flow is called electricity, or an electric current.
The electron is an elementary particle -- that means that it has no substructure (at least, experiments have not found any so far, and there is good reason to believe that there is not any). Hence, it is usually described as point-like, i.e. with no spatial extension. (However, if one gets very near an electron, one notices that its properties (charge and mass) seem to change.
It is believed that the number of electrons that would fit in the known universe is 10130 (that is, 1 followed by 130 zeros.)
Electric charge can be directly measured with an electrometer. Electric current can be directly measured with a galvanometer. The measurement given off by a galvanometer is different than the measurement given off by an electrometer. For this reason, and that electrons were "discovered" without any observation, the use of the word electron is unscientific, the electron does not actually exist.
The electron was discovered by J.J. Thomson in 1897. J.J. Thomson was opposed to the use of the word electron, and its theory.

Mascot
A mascot is a character that stands for something.

Chile
Chile is a long, thin country which is on the western side of South America. The people there speak Spanish.
Chile, which claims a part of the Antarctic continent, is the longest country on earth. The Atacama Desert, in the north of the country, is the driest place of the earth. The rain there is under 0.05 mm per year. The center of Chile, with the two cities Santiago and Valparaíso, has a Mediterranean climate with average temperatures of 28°C in January and 11°C in July. In the middle of Chile, the country is very fertile.
There are about 16 million people living in Chile in 2006. About 10 million people live in the center of Chile around Valparaíso and Santiago, on about 20% of the total territory.
Chile is a well educated country. Only 2.7% are not able to read or write. Some believe that Chile has one of the best school systems in South America.
About 95% of Chileans are Caucasian, mostly Spanish. Around 3% of the population is Native American, and about 2% full European. The majority of people are Roman Catholic (62,8%). About 10% are Protestant, and there are some who practice Judaism as well. The country's official language is Spanish. Chili did not derive from this country, although it shares a common name.
Chile's currency is the Chilean peso

Ambassador
An ambassador is a person sent by the government of a country to a different country. The ambassador is the official representative of their country. The ambassador speaks to officials of the other country about any problems and issues between the two countries.
In past years, communication between countries could take days or weeks. It was necessary to have a person in each foreign capital to have meetings and make negotiations between countries. These days communication is much faster and often governments can be in direct contact with each other. But it is still true that many problems require person-to-person meetings, so ambassadors are still needed.
Often an ambassador will live in the foreign country for a number of years. An embassy is where the ambassador lives, and it is most often located in the capital of the foreign country. An ambassador may bring people with him to help him and work at the embassy. Some of the high ranking people may be called embassy officials.
It is both tradition and law that the ambassador and many embassy officials have diplomatic immunity. They cannot be arrested or prosecuted in the foreign country. The only possibility is to send a person back to their own country.

Monday
--86.149.70.81 (talk) 18:07, 13 January 2009 (UTC)Monday is the second day of the week. In other parts of the world, such as some countries in Europe, Monday is said to be the first day of the week. But these guys are retards because they everybody knows that Monday is the second day of the week. Jesus!!

Nuclear war
A nuclear war is when two or more groups or countries fight with nuclear weapons. It is a war where the fighting is not done mainly with soldiers fighting battles, but instead through airplanes and missiles built to carry nuclear bombs to the enemy.
Many people fear that there will be a large nuclear war some day. The human race has built enough nuclear weapons and carrying devices over the last sixty years, that a nuclear war using all nuclear bombs on Earth would probably kill nearly every human being on the planet. Even if the direct explosions did not kill everyone, the fallout and radiation that always come with this kind of warfare would kill many more people. It is thought that a true large-scale nuclear war could create an artificial nuclear winter by blocking out the sun. Such an event could wipe out mankind and many animal species on Earth.
Only two nuclear bombs were ever used in a war. Both bombs fell on Japanese cities. The first on Hiroshima and the second on Nagasaki. The bombings took place near the end of World War II. Back then, the United States was the only country with nuclear weapons. Today, nuclear warfare is likely to involve nuclear weapons on both sides of the war.
Nuclear war is therefore one of the largest threats to humanity's continued existence in modern times. It is unlikely that a nuclear conflict can be limited to a small-scale affair. The number of nations that can make nuclear attacks gets larger every few years, and so far, only the threat of "mutually assured destruction" (MAD) has forced nuclear-armed nations to avoid causing a nuclear war.
The greatest threats of nuclear war were in the Cold War days of confrontation between the world's two superpowers, when the United States of America and the Union of Socialist Soviet Republics both feared and armed against such a war launched by the other side. Through forty years of tension, these two powers avoided direct conflict out of fear of annihilation and fought mostly through proxies across the globe.
In the future, as nuclear weaponry and delivery devices become more affordable to smaller countries, however, the risk of war will increase again. Even in the unlikely event that a nuclear exchange could be limited in scope, the effects of such weapons would likely cause great damage over several generations to the areas attacked.

Tax
Tax is money that people have to pay to the government.
In ancient times, people from one city or region would attack people from another place, and make them pay "tribute". Tribute meant that the conquered people would pay money (or other things), and the conqueror would stop attacking them. A famous tribute was the Danegeld, when people from Denmark conquered part of England and made the English pay thousands of silver coins.
In a tax, the government makes the people of a country, state, or city pay money. This money goes to pay people who work for the government and to pay for things that the government does. There are lots of different kinds of taxes. Some taxes are based on how much money a person earns. The more money is earned, the more a person must pay. This is called an income tax. Other taxes are based on how much a person buys. This is a sales tax or value added tax (VAT). There are also taxes based on how much a person owns, called property tax. Things like houses have a property tax on them.
In the United States, for instance, the national governments has an income tax; most states have an income tax or a sales tax, or both; and cities and towns may have a sales tax or a property tax. In some states such as Ohio, the sales tax is different in each county.
The government uses the money collected from taxes to pay for things. For example, people who work for the government must be paid, so some taxes are used to pay these people. Taxes are sometimes also used in ways that help everybody, like to pay for education, health care, and to keep things like roads, bridges, sewers, and certain buildings in good repair.

Florida
Florida is a state in the southeastern part of the United States. It is a peninsula, which means that water surrounds the state on three of four possible sides. To the west is the Gulf of Mexico, to the south is the Florida Straits, and to the east is the Atlantic Ocean.
Cities in Florida.
The capital of Florida is Tallahassee, and Jacksonville is the state's largest city. Tallahassee is in the part of Florida called the panhandle, or the thin part. There are other big cities in Florida, like Tampa, Orlando and Miami. Orlando is home to many amusement and theme parks, like the four parks of the Walt Disney World Resort, Sea World and Universal Orlando. Millions of tourists visit Orlando each year. There is also Busch Gardens in Tampa. Destin is another very popular tourist attraction.
Sunshine State.
Florida is called the Sunshine State. The reason for this nickname is its warm temperature. During the summer, temperatures may rise up to as high as 109 degrees Fahrenheit. Its average temperature is much warmer than many of the other states, but during winter, temperatures may occasionally fall below 32 degrees Fahrenheit. In Florida there are many palm trees. Palm trees grow in places that have a warm climate and a lot of sunshine. Florida has both a rainy season and a dry season. Florida does not have four separate seasons.
Florida's sunny climate also attracts visitors. The summer is a great opportunity to surf the waves and enjoy the beaches. The most popular sport in Florida is fishing. A lot of people also like to visit the beaches on the west side of Florida, such as near Tampa.

Mario (Nintendo)
Mario is a game character. He is one of the most famous video game characters in history. He has been Nintendo's mascot since the 1980s. In his first video game appearance, he was named "Jumpman". Mario is usually seen wearing a blue shirt, brown shoes, red overalls and a hat. He is short and has a huge nose and mustache. His brother is named Luigi. In most games, Mario can jump high, and his job is to save the Mushroom Kingdom and its princess, Princess Peach Toadstool. His enemy is Bowser.
Super Mario Bros. popularity.
The first Super Mario Bros. sold about 40 million copies. It is the best selling game. It was the game that made Mario famous.
Television series.
The Super Mario Brothers Super Show was released in 1989. Each episode was 20 minutes, and were split into two parts: the first half starred Lou Albano and Danny Wells as Mario and Luigi in real-life segments, and the second half was one of 52 episodes of the animated Super Mario Bros. or one of 13 episodes of The Legend of Zelda.
In 1990, there was a 26-episode cartoon called The Adventures of Super Mario Bros. 3 which ran on NBC. And in 1991 there was the 13-episode Super Mario World, so far being Mario's last TV show. In 1994, both Super Mario Bros. and Super Mario World were aired as "Mario All-Stars" on The Family Channel.
Mario was one of the first game characters to have his games turned into a TV show.
Films.
There was a movie in Japan called Super Mario Bros!: Peach-Hime Kyushutsu Dai Sakusen! (translation: "Super Mario Bros!: Mission to save Princess Peach") but never came out anywhere else. Mario's first appearance in American movie theaters was in the 1990's film The Wizard, and his only role was the star of Super Mario Bros. 3, which wasn't out yet. It is found in the finals of a video game competition in which the main character must win. Because the title was not out yet, the game received a lot of attention due to the film. Nintendo didn't pay Universal Studios, but still received royalties for the games seen in the film.
A Mario movie came out in 1993 called Super Mario Bros.: The Movie, starring Bob Hoskins. It did not make much money for Nintendo and is considered a bad movie because of the bad job of making it feel like Mario.
The movies and some of the cartoons are now available on VHS and DVD.

Video game
Video games are electronic games played on a video screen (normally a television, or a built-in screen when played on a handheld machine).
There are many types, or genres, of these games: role-playing games; shooters, first-person shooters, side-scrollers, and platformers are just a few.
Video games usually come on CDs or DVDs now, but many games used to come on cartridges. Some games can also be downloaded from the internet. The device used to play a video game at home is called a console. There have been many types of consoles and home computers used to play video games. Some of the first were the Atari 2600, the Sega Master System and Nintendo Entertainment System in the 1980s. Newer video game consoles are the Xbox 360, PlayStation 3, and Wii. The best selling video game console of all time is the PlayStation 2, made by Sony.
People can also use PCs to play games, which are sometimes called computer games or PC games. The older consoles do not have new games developed for them often, although console games are emulated for PCs (see emulator). This means that new computers can play many old console games along with games made just for new computers. Older games are often more popular emulated than when they were first on sale.
People can play portable video games anywhere. One of the most popular portable video game consoles is the Nintendo Game Boy. Today, there are the Nintendo DS and the PlayStation Portable. People can even watch movies on the PlayStation Portable.
Competitions of video game players are held. They are called electronic sports.
Current generation consoles.
Microsoft's Xbox 360 came out in late 2005. It is the new version of the Xbox. It offers a better online experience and graphics than its predecessor, as well as wireless controllers. Like the original, it also allows people to put music from an MP3 player or other sources onto the system. It was the first 7th generation console to be released.
Sony's PlayStation 3 (PS3), which came out in November of 2006,(It was released in March 2007 in Europe) is the newest of the PlayStation game consoles. It also has better graphics and online gameplay. Like the PSP, the PS3 can play movies, music, and browse the internet.
Nintendo's new console, the Wii, was also released in November 2006. The Wii does not have high-definition graphics, but instead has a unique controller. Its controller is shaped like a television's remote control and it is very different from a normal game controller. It has a motion sensor built into the remote that allows the player to control the game by moving the controller in the air. An example would be swinging the remote like a tennis racket when playing a tennis game.
History of video games.
The first video game ever is often said to be a computer game called "Spacewar!". In fact, some ideas of video games can be found before people made Spacewar!.
In the 50s, when the first computers began to be made, three people had some ideas to create the basis of actual video games.
In 1951, Ralph Baer, an American engineer of Loral Electronics, tried to create "the best television", proposing to add a gaming module, but his employer didn't like his idea. Even if his idea was never realised, he is the first man to have thought of the idea of video games.
Later, in 1952, A.S Douglas, of the Cambridge University in the UK, made a video game on a computer in order to illustrate one of his speeches. The game, called "OXO", was a tic-tac-toe game and one of the players was the computer.
In 1953, Willy Higinbotham made a game called "Tennis For Two" to entertain the visitors of the National Laboratory of Brookhaven.
One of the most famous video games ever is called "Space Invaders". Space Invaders was one of the very earliest video games. Space Invaders was made in 1978 as a coin operated machine but a version has been made for almost every different game console and home computer ever available.
There have been some arguments over the violence and sex in video games, and some video games have been banned (not allowed to be sold) in certain countries.

Oboe
An oboe is a woodwind instrument with a double reed. It looks very similar to the clarinet but it sounds very different. The sound is produced by blowing air through the double reed at the upper end of the instrument which forces the two reeds to vibrate together which produces the sound. A person that plays the oboe is called an oboist. A typical orchestra may have 2 oboes but sometimes 3. Sometimes there is also a cor anglais which sounds a fifth lower than the oboe. Very occasionally there is also a bass oboe, which sounds an octave below the oboe. Gustav Holst used one in his Suite "The Planets".
The oboe came from the shawm which was a medieval and Renaissance instrument. It became popular in the Baroque period. Bach and Handel both used it in most of their orchestral music. Many Italian composers such as Antonio Vivaldi wrote concertos for the instrument, and it is used in a lot of chamber music. At this time it hardly had any keys, but gradually more keys were added which made it easier to play the sharps and flats.
Later composers to write for the oboe as a solo instrument include Mozart, Weber, Richard Strauss, Vaughan Williams and François Poulenc.
In Europe it is usual for the principal oboist in an orchestra to play the note A for the rest of the orchestra to tune their instruments to.
The name "oboe" comes from French language "hautbois", meaning "high wood", a high-pitched woodwind instrument.

GURPS
GURPS, or the Generic Universal Role-Playing System, is a role-playing game. It emphasizes a set of rules that can be used in any time or world. Characters are created using a point-based system.

Eric Idle
Eric Idle (March 29, 1943) is an English actor. He is one of the members of Monty Python. Monty Python is a British comedy team.
Eric Idle was born in South Shields, County Durham, United Kingdom on March 29, 1943.
Eric is famous for his songwriting and singing skills. The songs he wrote or sang were put to best use in his work with Monty Python, in the television programme and in the movies. He wrote the song "Always Look on the Bright Side of Life". This song was written as the closing song of the movie Life of Brian.

Enemy
An enemy is a person or group of people who opposes another person or group of people. In war, the enemy is anyone fighting for the other side of the war.

2000
2000 is the last year in the 20th century. It is a leap year. Y2K passes without the serious computer failures.

Adelaide
Adelaide is a city in Australia. It is the capital city of the state of South Australia, and it has an approximate population of 1.1 million people.
It is the fifth biggest city in Australia, behind Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane and Perth. Adelaide was founded in 1836 by Colonel William Light, who named it after Queen Adelaide.
Adelaide is near the Southern Ocean and is north of the Fleurieu Peninsula. It has a river going through it called the River Torrens. Many festivals are held there, and grapes for wine production are grown in the Barossa Valley about 50 kilometres (30 mi) northeast of Adelaide.

Yoshi
Yoshi is a fictional dinosaur who appears in the Mario series of video games. Yoshis are usually green, but can come in many other colors.
Yoshi is a Green Dinosaur like creature that appears in Mario games created by nintendo.
Yoshi's best-known ability is his ability to eat enemies. He has a long tongue which he uses to grab enemies and eat them. In some games, after Yoshi eats enemies, they turn into eggs, which can be thrown. One of Yoshi's best friends is Mario who helps Yoshi throughout the dangerous situations. Sometimes, Mario can ride Yoshis.
Yoshi also can jump very high, and can also float in the air a little bit by kicking his legs. He can also ground pound enemies by quickly jumping on them.
Yoshi colors include: Green, Red, Light Blue, Dark Blue, Pink, Yellow, Black and White.
In some games, Yoshi gains powers, like flying or shooting fireballs, by eating turtle shells.
Yoshi made its first appearance in the game Super Mario World (SNES), which was released in 1990 in Japan.

Lake
A lake (from Latin "lacus") is a large body of water (larger and deeper than a pond) within a body of land. Because a lake is not connected to any ocean, it is not a sea. Some lakes are very big and people in the past sometimes called them seas. Lakes do not flow, like rivers, but it is common that rivers flow into or out of them.
Most lakes on the surface of the Earth are fresh water and most are in the Northern Hemisphere. More than 60% of the lakes of the world are in Canada. Finland is known as "The Land of the Thousand Lakes" (there are 187,888 lakes in Finland, of which 60,000 are large).
Many lakes are man-made and are built to produce electricity, for recreation, to use the water in the industry, farming, or in houses.
If there are not rivers flowing out of the lake, or they are few and small, the lake loses water only by evaporation or because the water flows through the soil pores. Where the water evaporates rapidly and the soil around the lake has a high salt level, as in very dry places, the water of the lake has a high concentration of salt and the lake is called a salt lake. Examples of salt lakes are the Great Salt Lake, the Caspian Sea, the Aral Sea, and the Dead Sea.

East
East is one of the 4 main directions on a compass. East is normally to the right on most maps. Japan is east of China, Saudi Arabia is east of Egypt, and Sweden is east of Norway. The countries in the Eastern Mediterranean and around the Red Sea and the Gulf of Arabia are usually called the "Middle East". China, India, Japan, and other countries in that part of the world make up the "Far East." The sun and moon rise in the east.

Tire
Tire (British "tyre") is the part of the wheel which is made of rubber. There are tires on many vehicles, such as cars, airplanes, bicycles, wheelbarrows and other things that need to move around smoothly.
Tires need to be changed after the tread has been worn away. Driving/riding on worn tires is very dangerous. It can lead to the tire exploding and loss of control.
Construction.
Tires are made of different types of rubber. Softer rubber is used for summer or when the tires need better traction, for example, in auto racing. Tires made out of harder rubbers are made for long lasting performance. There are many different types of tires. They come in different sizes and have different tread patterns.
There are many different sizes of tires. They are marked with 3 numbers and might look like: 225/60R16. The first number is the width in millimeters of the tire at the widest point when it is mounted and inflated. The second number is the sidewall (side of the tire) height as a ratio or percentage of the width. The last number is the wheel diameter in inches.
Tire Damage.
Most tires today do not have a tube inside of them. There are grooves in the wheel that let the tire to be popped into place and holds a lot of air pressure. With a crack in the wheel, there is no hope of holding air. Getting a leak in a tire is very common. The most common cause is a hole from a nail or screw. This can usually be fixed by patching the inside of the tire so that it can hold air again. If the hole is close to or in the side of tire, it can not be fixed. This is because the sides of the tire flexes support the weight of the vehicle. A patch will not be able to handle the stress.

Population
A population is the number of living things in an area. A city's population is the number of people living in that city. These people are called inhabitants. The population includes all ages and races that live in that certain area.
Population density is the average number of people in a place. In areas with a high population density, people live close to each other. In areas with a low population density, people usually live far away from each other.
Usually population is about the number of animals or humans there are in a certain area. The maximum population that can be supported in an area is called the carrying capacity.

Snow
Snow is the frozen ice crystals of rain. When clouds are full they pour out rain but in cold weather ice crystals fall out as soft little flakes that are called snowflakes. The word snow comes from an older version of English from a long time ago called Old English. Back then, it was called "snaw"
At a certain temperature (called the "freezing point", 0° Celsius, 32° Fahrenheit: Celsius and Fahrenheit are systems used to read temperature), snow melts away and becomes water. Sometimes, the snow will melt very fast and become water vapor, which is water in the air. This is called sublimation. The opposite where water vapor becomes snow is called deposition.
Snow is needed for some winter sport activities like skiing and sledding (slalom). People can also play with snow and build things out of it, such as snowmen, snowballs and snowforts.

West
West is one of the 4 main directions on a compass. West is normally to the left on most maps. Iran is west of Afghanistan, Thailand is west of Vietnam, and Greece is west of Turkey. Australia and the countries in western Europe and North America are usually called the "West." The sun and moon set in the west.

List of physics topics
A.
Air resistance --
B.
Black hole
C.
Compression --Critical angle -- Colour filter -- Concave len -- Convex len
E.
Electromagnetic spectrum -- Energy --
F.
Fluid friction -- Focus -- Force sensor -- Frequency -- Friction --
G.
Gamma ray -- Gravity
K.
Kinetic energy
L.
Lamp-housing -- Laser pointer -- Len -- Longitudinal wave -- Longitudinal wave model (Crova's disc) --
M.
Mass -- Mirage -- Momentum -- Motion sensor
N.
Normal -- Normal force -- Newton's first law of motion
O.
Oscilloscope - Overhead projector
P.
Plane mirror -- Potential energy -- Prism
R.
Rarefaction -- Ray box -- Reflection -- Refraction -- Ripple tank --
S.
Signal generator -- Slinky spring -- Slit plate - Spring --
T.
Tension -- Translucent screen -- Transverse wave -- Transverse wave model --
W.
wave -- Wave speed -- Waveform -- Wavefront -- Wavelength --
Y.
Young's double-slit experiment

President
A president is the leader of a country or a company or other group. A president is usually elected by the people in that group. Voting is one way to elect a president.
Electing a President.
The United States has a president. He is elected by the electoral college. Companies have presidents. They are elected by the people who own part of the company. In some companies, the people who are workers for the company elect (vote for) their company president.
Power of a President.
The president of a country is not the same thing as a prime minister. A prime minister is part of a parliament, but a president is not. In some countries, (such as the United States or France), the president has more power and responsibility than anyone else. In other countries (such as Ireland or Israel), to be president is more of an honor or a symbol, and the position has no real power.The president is often called the nation's chief executive. As chief executive, the president must take an active role in all phases of government.
In most countries that have a King or Queen as their monarch, they have no president.
The American President is restricted by the written United States Constitution, which can be changed but only if two-thirds of congress as well as the President and three-fourths of the states agree to it. The American constitution was created to make sure that the American executive never became as powerful as the British system it had broken away from. The British Prime Minister is part of both the Legislature and Executive, whereas the American President is the head of the Executive. The American governmental system shows a clear separation of powers unlike the British system.
So despite having a large nuclear arsenal, the American president does can't carry out policy and introduce legislation as freely as the British prime minister.

List of colors
This is a list of colors.

List of lakes
North America.
† = the North American Great Lakes

Galileo Galilei
Galileo Galilei (Gal-lee-lay-oh Gal-eel-ay) (February 15, 1564 – January 8, 1642) was an Italian astronomer, (a person who studies outer space) and a famous thinker.
He was the first man to make telescopes so he could look at stars and other planets. He discovered that the Milky Way is made of many tiny stars, that the moon has hills,and found four of Jupiter's moons now know as the Galilean Moons.
Galileo also discovered the rules of how things fall by dropping two balls off the Leaning Tower of Pisa. These rules are part of physics. From his experiment, he determined that, if you ignore wind resistance, objects of different weights drop at the same rate and will reach the ground at the same time; opposing the views of Aristotle who's theory was the complete opposite. Galileo's findings were ignored by most and Aristotle's view was accepted as correct until Isaac Newton proved Galileo right. This also lead to Newton creating his Law of Gravity.
He climbed one hill and had an assistant to climb another hill; both had lanterns with shutters, initially closed.
He then opened the shutter of his lantern. His assistant was instructed to open his own shutter upon seeing Galileo's lantern. Galileo then measured the time interval for his assistant's shutter to open.
Knowing the time interval and the separation between the hills, he determined the apparent speed of light.
Since Galileo said that the Sun was the center of the then known universe, not the Earth, the Catholic Church arrested him, and threatened to kill him, unless he explained the Church's view as well in his books. He then wrote a book which was a collection of conversations between three men. The man representing the Church's point of view was a idiot called Simplicio. The Church then decided to kill him unless he changed his mind completely. He said that he changed his mind to avoid dying. The Church forced him to spend the rest of his life trapped in his house until he died.

Agreement
When people feel or think the same way about something, they agree. Sometimes it is important to write down or make a promise to what has been agreed on. This is called an agreement. Agreements are common in law and business. For example, when a person takes out a loan or hires someone to work, an agreement is usually signed so everyone understands what must be done and in what time it must be done.

Promise
When a person agrees to do something or to "not" do something, that person is making a promise. A promise can be made verbally (by saying it), or it can be written down as a contract. "Breaking" a promise, or not keeping it, is often just bad manners, but it can sometimes be illegal, such as when a contract is not kept.
A vow is a special promise. It is mostly used in a religious sense or in ceremonies such as marriages when the couple who are being married make their "marriage vows", promising to be faithful to one another.
An oath is a promise in the legal sense. When someone has to give evidence in a court of law they "swear an oath". This means that they promise they will tell the truth.

Cloud
A cloud is water in the atmosphere (air) that we can see. It is where rain and snow comes from.
Water on the earth evaporates (turns into gas) and goes up into the sky. There, when it is colder, the water condenses: it changes from a gas to drops of water or crystals of ice. We see these drops of water as clouds. The drops fall back down to earth as rain, and then the water evaporates again. This is called the "water cycle".
Clouds on other planets are sometimes just collections of gases.
How clouds form.
Clouds form in places where air full of water cools, usually when the air goes up. This can happen
Clouds are heavy. The water in a cloud can have a mass of several million tons. Each cubic metre (m3) of the cloud has only about 5 grams of water in it. Cloud droplets are also about 1000 times heavier than evaporated water, so they are much heavier than air. They do not fall, but stay in the air, because there is warm air all round the heavier water droplets. When water changes from gas to droplets, this makes heat. Because the droplets are very small, they "stick" to the warm air.
On occasion, clouds appear to be brilliant colors at sunrise or sunset. This has shown to be due to pollution in the air.
water in it. Cloud droplets are also about 1000 times heavier than evaporated water, so they are much heavier than air. They do not fall, but stay in the air, because there is warm air all round the heavier water droplets. When water changes from gas to droplets, this makes heat. Because the droplets are very small, they "stick" to the warm air.
Types of clouds.
There are different sorts of cloud, because of how fast the air goes up and if the air stands still or is moving. Also, some clouds make more rain, or make thunder and lightning. These differences come from how big the water droplets are, and how they join together.
There are three basic types of clouds
As a sign.
In the Bible, clouds are often a sign of God's presence.

Water cycle
The water cycle is the cycle water goes through on Earth. It makes the rain, clouds, and most of our weather.

Water vapor
Water vapor is water that is in the form of a vapor, or gas. It is a part of the water cycle. When liquid water is heated to boiling temperature, 100 degrees Celsius, it all turns into vapor. Water vapor can also be produced directly from ice; this is called sublimation. Clouds and steam are both water vapor. Water vapor affects weather conditions.
Water vapor weighs less than air, which is part of the reason clouds float high in the sky.
Water vapor is transparent. The small droplets looks white, like mist.

Solid
Solid is one of the four most common states of matter. Many natural solids are crystals. The molecules in a solid thing its atoms vibrate with little movement, so the entire thing cannot change shape or volume very easily.
When a solid becomes a liquid, this is called melting.
When a solid becomes a gas, this is called sublimation.

Evaporation
Evaporation is when a liquid becomes a gas. When the molecules in a liquid are heated, they move faster. This makes them full of energy and so the particles will just "kill" each and eventually they become so far apart that they become a gas.
The more heat there is the faster evaporating is.
Water boils at around 100 degrees Celsius.
There are many factors that affect the evaporation rate.
Some liquids evaporate at different temperatures, such as alcohol, which evaporates at 87 degrees celsius. Basically, water dries up and disapears in the air.When water is evaporating it transforms into a gas called water vapor. Evaporation of water can be seen by the gradual disappearance of the amount of water.the reverse of evaporation is condensation. Evaporation is a very essential part of the water cycle and it sometimes happens at the same time as condensation when water is boiling in a closed container.

Contract
A contract is an agreement or promise that the law can enforce. The law will enforce some agreements but not others. For example, in most places, if a parent promises to take a child to get ice cream, the law will not enforce that promise as a legal contract.
The legal rules about which promises are enforced by the law can be different in different places (or jurisdictions), but a contract is usually enforced only if it is made by people or groups who want it to be enforced and who know what they are doing.
Sometimes, a contract is written down and signed by the people agreeing to it, but it does not always need to be. People usually sign a contract when something important or costly is being done. For example, when people take a job, they will sometimes sign a contract with their employers. The contract will show what the person must do as part of his job, how much he will be paid, and so on. The person and the employer will sign the contract, and it will become a legal promise.
If someone breaks a contract, another person might sue him or her. In a lawsuit about a contract, the court will look at the contract, listen to what the people who made the contract say about it, and then make a decision about what the contract means.

Face
The face is the front part of the head. It contains the eyes, the nose, and the mouth.

Kolkata
Kolkata (spelled Calcutta before 1 January 2001) is the capital city of the Indian state of West Bengal. The population (2001 census) of the city is 45,80,544.

Pencil
A pencil is a cylinder-shaped tool used to write and draw, usually on paper.
Structure.
A pencil is usually made with a piece of carbon mixed with clay that has a wood case around it. Coloured pencils are a type of pencil that instead of grey, the tip is a brighter color. Coloured pencils or crayons are usually meant for drawing rather than writing.
Pens and Pencils.
An important difference between pens and pencils is that pencil writings do not smudge or wash away if the paper gets wet. Writing with a pen will smudge. Writing from a pencil can be erased, but writing from a pen cannot and finally, while pens have been around for thousands of years, pencils have only been around since the 18th century.
History.
The first kind of pencil may have been the ancient Roman stylus, which was a thin metal stick used for scratching on papyrus, often made of lead. The word pencil comes from the Latin word "penicillus" which means "little tail".
In 1564, a very large deposit of graphite was found at the site of Seathwaite Fell near Borrowdale, Cumbria, England. The locals found that it was very useful for marking sheep. This particular deposit of graphite was extremely pure and solid and it could easily be sawed into sticks. This was and remains the only deposit of graphite ever found in this solid form. Chemistry was in its infancy and the substance was thought to be a form of lead. Because of this, it was called plumbago (Latin for "acts like lead"). The black core of pencils is still called "lead", even though it does not contain the element lead.
Soon, people realised that plumbago was worth a lot, mainly because it could be used to line the moulds for cannon balls, and the mines were taken over by the Crown and guarded. Graphite had to be smuggled out for use in pencils. Because the plumbago was soft, it required some form of case. Plumbago sticks were at first wrapped in string or in sheepskin. The news of the usefulness of these early pencils spread far and wide, attracting the attentions of artists all over the known world.
It was the Italians that first thought of wooden holders, at first by hollowing out a stick of juniper wood. Shortly after that, a better technique was discovered: two wooden halves were carved, a plumbago stick put in, and the two halves then glued together — almost the same method that is used today.
Other attempts.
The first attempt to manufacture graphite sticks from powdered graphite was in Nuremberg, Germany in 1662. They used a mixture of graphite, sulfur and antimony. Though usable they were inferior to the English pencils.
English and German pencils were not available to the French during the Napoleonic wars. It took the efforts of an officer in Napoleon's army to change this. In 1795 Nicholas Jacques Conté discovered a method of mixing powdered graphite with clay and forming the mixture into rods which were then fired in a kiln. By varying the ratio of graphite to clay, the hardness of the graphite rod could also be varied (the more clay, the harder the pencil, and the lighter the color of the mark). This method of making pencils remains in use today.
Modern day pencils.
Today, pencils are made industrially by mixing finely ground graphite and clay powders, adding water, forming long spaghetti-like strings, and firing them in a kiln. The resulting strings are dipped in oil or molten wax which seeps into the tiny holes of the material, resulting in smoother writing. A juniper or incense-cedar plank with several long parallel grooves is cut to make something called a slat, and the graphite/clay strings are inserted into the grooves. Another grooved plank is glued on top, and the whole thing is then cut into individual pencils, which are then varnished or painted.

Logic
Logic is the science of reasoning. Logic helps people decide whether something is true or false.
formula_1 is read like "and", meaning both of the two.
formula_2 is read like "or", meaning at least one of the two.
formula_3 is read like "implies", or "If... then...".
formula_4 is read like "not", or "it is not the case that...".
Finally, those talking about "logic" talk about "logic clauses". A clause is simply something like "Aristole is human" or "all humans are mortal".
Clauses have a truth value; they are either true or false, but not both. Mistakes in logic are called "fallacies".
There are statements that are always true.
formula_7 is always true. It is called a "tautology". (for example: "It rains, or it does not rain")
Logic is used by computers in what is called an algorithm. An "algorithm" is sort of like a cooking recipe; it tells the computer what to do and when to do it.
Logic is used in mathematics. People who study math create proofs that use logic to show that math facts are correct. There is an area of mathematics called mathematical logic that studies logic using mathematics.
Logic is also studied in philosophy.

Communism
Communism is a political way of thinking and idea of how society should work and be organized. Communism is a kind of socialism that says that there should not be social classes or states. Communism says that the people of any and every place in the world should all own the tools, factories, and farms that are used to produce goods and food. This social process is known as common ownership. In a communist society, the people together are in control of the means of production.
Philosophy.
According to Communist writers and thinkers, the goal of communism is for workers to take control of factories and business and to share things with people as they needed them. People who used to own the land, factories, and other parts of the economy that are used to create new things (what socialists and communists call the "means of production") would have to share these things with all the people.
The government would make sure that everyone had what they needed (called the socialist stage), until everyone understood how to share the right way (called full or true communism). If the country was a monarchy, it would become a republic with everyone having the same rights. Eventually, once there was true communism, there would be no need for any government since people would share and get along by working together in small groups of workers councils run by volunteers.
This is an old idea, but it became popular after the French Revolution and other popular movements in Europe in the early 1800s.
Politics.
Some communists believed that in a democracy, people would naturally want to be communist, so they tried to make communist parties in their own countries win free elections. Others thought that democratic countries would never volunteer to be communist, so there needed to be a war or revolution.
Most communist countries did hold elections, but the only candidates that were allowed belonged to the communist party, so the elections were not free ones (elections where many candidates from many parties run for office). Some communist leaders such as Stalin or Mao Zedong had lots of strict laws and a secret police force to keep themselves in power. People could be sent to prison for speaking against communism or the government. Many people were also tortured or killed because they were against communism or the leader of the country.
Most communist countries had a legislature to make laws. But the legislature usually did not have any real power and the laws it passed did not matter if the leader of the country or the Communist Party decided those laws did not work for their objectives. The Communist Party had all the real political power.
Most of the countries that became communist either had a violent revolution or were invaded by another communist country that left behind a government. Some democratic countries today have active communist parties, such as in India, Italy and France. These parties usually do not want to overthrow the government or economy, but they do want to make the economy more socialist.
In many other countries, especially those that used to be ruled by communist dictatorships, the communist party is illegal or discouraged from holding power (like in Eastern Europe). This is to prevent another dictatorship by one political party or leader.
History.
In 1848, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels wrote The Communist Manifesto, a short book with the basic ideas of communism. Most socialists and communists today still use this book to help them understand politics and economics. Many non-communists read it too, even if they don't agree with everything in it. It is a very important book in human history.
Karl Marx said that for society to change into a communist way of living, there would have to be transitional period. During this transitional period, the workers would rule their country. Marx's ideas were liked by many groups and individuals, and in 1917, Vladimir Lenin and Leon Trotsky led a Russian group called the Bolsheviks in the Russian Revolution which got rid of the Czar or Tsar (king) of Russia and established the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Also called the Soviet Union or USSR).
The Soviet Union was the first country to try to use communism, but the country never became communist in the way that Marx and Engels described. People who support communism say that this is because the people in charge of Russia were not real communists and did not understand how to do it right. People who do not support communism usually say that the example of the Soviet Union and other communist countries proves that communism is dangerous and doesn't work no matter who tries it.
During the 20th century, many people tried to make countries become communist countries. In the late 1940's, China also had a revolution and became a communist country with Mao Zedong as its leader. In the 1950's, the island of Cuba became communist with Fidel Castro as leader. At one time, there were many communist countries.
Since 1989 when the Berlin Wall was torn down, most countries that used to be communist have given up on communism, so that communism has much less influence around the world. In 1991, the Soviet Union broke up. However, around a quarter of the world's people still live in Communist states, most of these in the People's Republic of China. The only other Communist countries still left are North Korea, Cuba, Vietnam, and Laos. There are also communist movements in Latin America and South Asia.
Disputes.
Many people have written their own ideas about communism. Vladimir Lenin of Russia thought that there had to be a group of hard-working revolutionaries (called a vanguard) to lead a socialist revolution worldwide and create a communist society everywhere. Leon Trotsky, also from Russia, argued that socialism had to be international, and it wasn't important to make it happen first in Russia. He also did not like Joseph Stalin, who became the leader of the USSR after Lenin's death in 1924. Even though he had been picked to take over after Lenin, Trotsky was made to leave the Soviet Union by Stalin in 1928, and then killed in 1940. This scared many people, and lots of communists argued about whether this was right and whose ideas should be followed.
Stalin thought that it was important to make communism powerful in the Soviet Union first, then spread it around the world when it was stronger. Many communists (like Leon Trotsky) said that Stalin was not a real communist, because the original idea of communism needed small groups of workers voting and deciding on things together, and Stalin did not like voting or democracy.
Mao Zedong of China thought that peasants (the poor farming people) were more important to the revolution in China than the working class (people who worked in factories or in trades), because there were so many more of them in China. Mao's version of communism is usually called Maoism or Mao Zedong Thought. After the death of Stalin in 1953, Mao saw himself as the leader of worldwide communism until he died in 1976. Today the Chinese government is still ruled by the Communist Party, but they actually have what is called a mixed economy, and they have borrowed many things from capitalism. Not many people in China today follow Maoism, but revolutionaries in other countries like Peru and Nepal like his ideas and are trying to make their own countries Maoist.
Symbols and culture.
The colour red is a symbol of communism around the world. A red five-pointed star sometimes also stands for communism. The hammer and sickle is a well known symbol of communism and was on the flags of many communist countries (see top of article). Some communists also like to use pictures of famous communists from history such as Marx, Lenin, and Mao Zedong as symbols of the whole philosophy of communism.
A song called "The Internationale" was the international song of communism. It has the same music everywhere, but the words to the song are translated into many languages.
There is also a special kind of art and architecture found in many communist and former communist countries. Paintings done in the style of socialist realism are often done for propaganda to show an ideal version of a country's people and political leader. Art done in the socialist realism style, such as plays, movies, novels, and paintings show hard-working, happy, and well-fed factory workers and farmers. Movies, plays, and novels in this style often tell stories about workers or soldiers who sacrifice themselves for the good of the country. Paintings often showed heroic portraits of the leader, or landscapes showing huge fields of wheat. Stalinist architecture was supposed to represent the power and glory of the state and its political leader. Some non-communists also enjoy this kind of art.

Resurrection
Resurrection is when the body comes back to life after dying.
Christians believe that Jesus Christ was resurrected. They also believe in resurrection for all people after death (see Saint Paul's first letter to the Corinthians).
The resurrection of Jesus Christ is documented by various authors in the New Testament. The resurrection is a key part of Christian faith because it signifies that God was fully satisfied with the work of Jesus in dying on the cross to save mankind. It is also important because it prefigures the resurrection of all Christian believers. But most importantly the fact that Jesus Christ was resurrected to an imperishable state (see below) means that he lives for ever. As such, there is a 'man in heaven' at the current time. He is the advocate for us before the throne of God. He is also with us by his Spirit in this world.
In both the case of Jesus Christ and everyone else's resurrection the bible makes it clear that the resurrected body is changed from the original. This is because the human body in its current form is understood to be weak and frail. However, the resurrected person lives for ever.

Monarchy
A monarchy is a kind of government where a monarch, a kind of hereditary ruler (someone who inherits their office) is the head of state. Monarchs usually rule until they die or resign (when a monarch resigns it is called abdication). Most monarchies are hereditary, but some are elected. The most famous elected monarch is the Pope of the Roman Catholic Church. Some common titles for monarchs are King, Queen, Emperor, Empress, Czar, Kaiser, Shah, and Emir.
History.
Monarchy is one of the oldest kinds of government. Most historians agree that the first monarchies were tribes or small groups of people who decided to let a war-chief or other leader pass on their office to their children. Over time, the rules for deciding who got to become the next monarch became more complicated. In general, the oldest son or, in some countries, daughter, gets to become the next monarch when the old one dies. Kings and other kinds of monarchs have been around for many thousands of years, there are many, for example, mentioned in the Bible as well as ancient historical records. Three of the oldest countries with monarchs that still hold office are the United Kingdom,where the present line of Kings and Queens has been around for nearly 1,000 years, Denmark where the royal line has remained unbroken for almost 1,200 years, and Japan, which has records showing a line of Emperors dating back even further.
Many monarchs today perform mostly the ceremonial jobs of a head of state, while the head of government, who is usually elected, passes and enforces laws.
Absolute monarchy.
An absolute monarchy is a form of government where only the monarch himself or herself is the only source of all laws and the monarch can make any law they want just by deciding it. Any other institution in the country cannot make laws that affect the monarch, unless the monarch decides to allow it. Sometimes the monarch is also the head of the state religion and makes religious laws also. All land and property in the country can be taken or given away by the monarch at any time for any reason. The army and navy is under the personal control of the monarch and can be used for any purpose at any time. The monarch can also pick who gets to be the next monarch and can change the rules at any time. There is usually no elected government or Parliament, and if there is one, it has no real power. This kind of government is very rare today.
Countries that are examples of an absolute monarchy are Bhutan, Saudi Arabia, and Swaziland.
Constitutional monarchy.
A constitutional monarchy is a form of government that is usually a democracy and has a constitution, with the monarch as head of state. Either the monarch has to obey the laws like everyone else, or, if the monarch does not have to obey the same laws as the rest of the people, there are special laws that say what the monarch can and cannot do. The monarch usually can't decide their special laws on their own. There may be laws about who the monarch's children can marry, for example, that are passed by the Parliament or Congress. For example, in the Netherlands, if a member of the royal family marries without the permission of Parliament, they cannot become king or queen themselves. The army and navy may swear an oath to the monarch, but the real power to control it is given to the elected government. There are laws about property and succession (who gets to be the next monarch) that can only be changed by the elected government. Usually the monarch must sign laws into effect, but they are required to follow the will of the elected government.
A constitutional monarchy usually has separation of powers, and the monarch often has only ceremonial functions, such as representing the country while traveling or acting as a symbol for the whole country (not for a particular political party). Constitutional monarchs usually do not vote, even when it is legal for them to do so. Voting would mean that they picked a side in political arguments and then could not claim to represent everyone in the country. Some constitutional monarchies give the power to veto laws to the monarch, but in most countries where this is the case it is a power that is very rarely used. In countries where the monarch can dismiss or appoint governments, this is usually only done to make sure that the democratic process is respected, without taking sides in politics. Appointments to public office made by constitutional monarchs are generally approved by the democratically elected government beforehand.
Examples of constitutional monarchies are the United Kingdom, Australia, The Netherlands, Norway, Denmark, Sweden, Belgium, Japan and Spain. Thailand has a monarch with much more power to influence the government than other constitutional monarchies, but he still is subject to law.

North Korea
North Korea, or the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, is a country in the northern part of Korea. North Korea borders China, Russia, and South Korea. The capital city of North Korea is Pyŏngyang.
After World War II, Korea became independent of Japan and was occupied by the Soviet Union and the United States. They left Korea in 1948. North Korea was formed with Soviet support. North Korea became a socialist country, and still is. America decided to split the nation to stop communism from spreading to the South, so South Korea was formed with American support.
In 1950, North Korea sent troops to South Korea, trying re-unite Korea and Korean families under Communism. This began the Korean War. American troops led by Douglas MacArthur and troops from many other countries were sent in by the United Nations because the United States wanted to stop the communist political system from spreading. They forced the North Koreans almost as far as the border with China on the Yalu River. Because of this, China sent its troops to help the North Koreans. Both sides agreed to stop the war and leave the border between the two countries close to where it was before the war began.
Kim Il-Sŏng was the first leader of North Korea. He was the founder of "Juche" ("self-reliance"). In 1994, he died and his son, Kim Jŏng-Il took over. Kim Jŏng-Il is the current leader of North Korea.
North Korea is a socialist country. Its idea of human rights and freedom of speech are different from how other countries see them. Travelling to other countries, and moving around inside North Korea has been limited. Because of the "Juche" idea, North Korea still fears US domination. In certain parts of the country, the supply of food is not enough. Currently, foreign countries provide food for some of North Korea's population. That is called "foreign aid".
The people of this country do not have basic human rights as Westerners understand them, nor freedom of speech. They also do not have the right to travel to other countries due to the Juche idea that keeps North Korea in fear of foreign domination. Many North Korean people also do not have enough food. This is because America makes rules to stop countries giving North Korea food.
In October 2006, North Korea said that it had tested a nuclear weapon. Although the government says that the test was not dangerous, many other countries and the UN, became very angry because of this.

Parliament
A parliament is a type of legislature. The most famous parliament is probably the one in the United Kingdom, which is sometimes called the "Mother of all Parliaments". It is called this because it was one of the first parliaments and many other countries have set their own up in the same way. The word "parliament" comes from the French word "parlement", which means a talk.
How the British Parliament works.
The Parliament of the United Kingdom is split into three separate parts, the House of Commons (the lower house), the House of Lords (the upper house) and the Monarch. Most legislative power concentrated in the House of Commons. It is made up of
646 Members of Parliament (MPs). These people are elected by the people of the United Kingdom to represent them in the House of Commons. The leader of the political party who commands a majority of MPs is usually made the Prime Minister, but not the Head of State, a position reserved for the Sovereign. The House of Commons starts most Bills, the remainder originating in the House of Lords, and decides rates of taxationas a result of election by the other hereditary peers and two other hereditary peers who have ceremonial jobs in the House of Lords. They are the Earl Marshal who is always the Duke of Norfolk and the Lord Great Chamberlain, the Marquess of Cholmondeley. The House of Lords has the power to reject Bills, except Money Bills (tax bills), and make the House of Commons reconsider them. If the House of Lords vetos a bill twice or delays a "public" Bill for more than one year then the House of Commons can force the Bill through under the terms of the Parliament Acts, unless it originated in the House of Lords.
The monarch (now HM Queen Elizabeth II) is the sovereign in a constitutional monarchy and, theoretically, is the fount of all power in the United Kingdom. Bills must receive the Royal Assent before becoming Acts of Parliament and the monarch is responsible for summoning, proroguing and dissolving Parliament, normally upon the advice of the incumbent Prime Minister. It is now very rare for a monarch to object, but the sovereign still retains this prerogative for use if necessary.
Other parliaments.
Other parliaments have copied the UK and are a lot like it. They have three levels - a lower house which makes the law, an upper house which reviews the law (Decides if they like it or not, and suggest changes to it), and a head of state who is mostly for show and who starts and ends each year of parliament. The Prime Minister is almost always the person whose party has the most seats, but if the lower house does not think he is doing a good job they can call a vote of no confidence and ask him to leave his job as Prime Minister or have an election.
The word "parliament".
Sometimes people use the word "parliament" to describe a legislature, even if it is not a real parliament. A "parliament" is a type of legislature which has a Prime Minister.
Similar to a congress.
A parliament is a lot like a congress but a congress cannot ask the head of the government to leave his job. Also, a congress runs for a number of years according to the countries constitution, but a parliament can be stopped as long as enough members agree. Elections are held after this happens.

Turing test
The Turing test is a test to see if a computer can trick a person into believing that the computer is a person too. Alan Turing thought that if a human couldn't tell the difference between another human and the computer, then that computer must be as intelligent as a human.
Test setup.
A person has a telegraph, and is connected to two communication partners. One of the two correspondents is a machine. The person can ask anything, with the telegraph. If the person cannot tell which of the two is the machine more than 50% of the time, then the machine is said to be "intelligent" (or smart).
Later on, people narrowed down the test. A human is unlikely to know everything. Therefore, both the human and the machine would be specialists in some field of knowledge. So would the person asking.
As of 2006, no computer has passed the Turing test as such.

Fuel
A fuel is a substance that is changed in some way to produce heat, electricity, or other forms of energy. This is usually by being burnt, although there are exceptions, such as nuclear fuel. Fuel can be divided into two main types: fossil fuels and other fuels.
Fossil fuels.
Some people do not want us to use fossil fuels because they may pollute the environment. Because all fossil fuels are made out of carbon, burning them makes carbon dioxide. Some people think that too much carbon dioxide in the air may cause a greenhouse effect. Fossil fuels are also non-renewable, or renew extremely slowly (thousands of years). This means that we will eventually run out of fossil fuels.
Other fuels.
These fuels are renewable. This means that we can make more of them if we run out. For instance, if we run out of ethanol, we can grow some more corn and make some more ethanol.

List of anarchists
An anarchist is someone who supports anarchism. This is a list of people who are known anarchists.

Rights
A person's rights are what they can do or have legally or morally.
In the United States, some legal rights are listed in the Bill of Rights
'I have a right to "x generally means that someone else has an obligation to provide me with "x" or not to stop me from having "x".
Not all thinkers believe in moral rights. For example, Jeremy Bentham described them as 'nonsense upon stilts'

Estonia
Estonia is a small country in Northern Europe. The capital city is Tallinn. Estonia's neighbors are Sweden, Finland, Russia and Latvia. Its population is 1,332,893.
Estonia became a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) on 29 March 2004. It joined the European Union on 1 May 2004.
Estonia is east from the Baltic Sea. Estonia is divided into 15 counties.
Estonia has many forests, almost 50% of the land is covered with forests. Estonia has over 1,400 lakes and 1,500 islands.

Cyprus
Cyprus is a country in Asia, that is often counted as part of Europe for reasons of culture and history. It is an island in the Mediterranean Sea. The capital is Nicosia. Most of the population speaks Greek, but the north of the island is ruled separately and is Turkish-speaking. In July 1974 Turkey liberated the north of Cyprus after Greek rebellion groups working for the government started wide spread violence against the Turkish community to destroy the large minorities and unite the island with Greece under a campaign known as ENOSIS, first brought forward by Greek ruler Makarious, an orthodox Greek Christian. Originally, the Turkish Ottoman Empire had control of Cyprus, before temporarily renting it to the British to pay off debts. The land was not returned after Britain declared war on Turkey, in which Turkey became victorious and established an independent republic under the first president Mustafa Kemal Ataturk. The South side of Cyprus, currently being occupied by the Greeks, is part of the European Union, in which Turkey and the Northern Turkish republic of Cyprus is seeking membership in also.

Latvia
Latvia is a country in Northern Europe. The capital is Riga. It is one of the Baltic States, together with Estonia in the north and Lithuania in the south. Latvia's neighbours to the east are the countries Russia and Belarus. Latvia is split into four parts called Kurzeme, Vidzeme, Zemgale, and Latgale.
People from Latvia are called Latvians. They speak the Latvian language, which is a little like the Lithuanian language, though not close enough to be understood.
History.
Latvia was part of the Soviet Union between 1940 and 1991, when it became an independent country again.
Politics.
Latvia was invited to join the European Union at a decision made in Copenhagen on 13 December 2002, together with nine other European countries. On 20 September 2003 66.9% of the Latvians voted in support of joining, and on 1 May 2004 Latvia became a member of the EU. Latvia has been a NATO member since 29 March, 2004.

Lithuania
Lithuania is a country in northern Europe on the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea. Lithuania is a member of the European Union, NATO, and several other organizations.
Vilnius is the capital and largest city. About 3,500,000 people live there. The official language is Lithuanian which is spoken by more than 82% of the people.
The colors of the Lithuanian flag are yellow (at the top), for the sun, green (in the middle), for the fields, and red (at the bottom), for the blood of Lithuanians fighting for its independence.
History.
Lithuania began to turn into a country in the 7th–9th centuries from Baltic nations group. The Baltics, the ancestors of Lithuanians and Latvians, came to area between Nemunas, Daugava rivers and the Baltic sea, from a supposed original homeland of the Proto-Indo-Europeans. Many scientists think they came there sometime in the 3rd millennium BC.
The traditional date of the beginning of the country is 1236 when the Battle of Šiauliai (Battle of Sun) took place and was won by the Lithuanians.
Lithuania (at that time - The Grand Duchy of Lithuania) had made a Treaty with Poland in 1569. The country was taken over by the Russian Empire in 1795. It got back its independence on the February 16, 1918. It was taken over by Germany from 1941-1944 and then the Soviet Union from 1944-1990. Lithuania re-declared its independence on March 11, 1990. Currently Lithuania is an independent, semi-presidential, democratic republic.
Politics.
Lithuania has been a member of NATO and the European Union since 2004.
Lithuania is a semi presidential republic, that restored its independence and democracy in 1990. Since then, very important reforms were made and Lithuania is now declared as a democratic state that grants the human rights.
The Constitution that was adopted in 1992 declares, that the leader of the country is the President, who must be elected to take his office. The elections are held each 5 years. If President broke his/her an oath, he/she can be fired by the Parliament. The President also represents Lithuania and he is also a commander-in-chief.
The legislative power of Lithuania is Seimas, or the Parliament. There are 141 members of Seimas who are elected for 4-year-terms. Seimas passes the laws that must be executed by the Government, that is formed in Seimas and it must be accepted by the President. The Prime Minister is set and fired by the President.
The justice is under the power of the courts. The supreme court in Lithuania is the Constitutional Court.
Administrative subdivisions.
The county governor rules the county. He or she must be appointed by the central government. Municipalities are governed by the Municipal Councils that are elected for 4 year terms. The head of a municipality is the mayor. The elderates are governed by the elders. The elders are appointed by the municipal councils.
Geography.
Lithuania is a country in north Europe. Its neighbours are Poland in the south west, Russia (Kaliningrad) in west, Latvia in north and Belarus in the east. Lithuania borders the Baltic sea and 99 kilometres of it belong to Lithuania. The highest hill is Aukštojas (294 metres high), the largest lake is Drūkšiai Lake. 31 % of the land suitable for farms.
Economy.
Lithuania has a fast growing economy. It grew up to 7 % in the first quarter of 2008.
GDP per capita, based on purchasing power parity is estimated to be $19 730 in 2008. The nominal GDP per capita is estimated to be $14 213 at the same year. According to these numbers, Lithuanian per capita GDP reaches only 61% of EU average. However, it is impresive that only in 8 years, since 2000 it grew up from 30% of EU average.
Emigration still contains a problem. Acoording to the official data, emigration in 2006 was 30% lower than previous year, with 3 483 people leaving in four months.
Demographics.
Lithuanian is spoken by 82% of the people and it is the only official language. Polish is used mostly in Vilnius County where Polish politicians are elected to represent the Polish minority. The documents and street names must be in Lithuanian.
The biggest cities are Vilnius, 542,287 people, Kaunas, 358,107 people, and Klaipėda, 185,899 people.
Education.
The nursery schools and the kindergartens are the first-level education forms. However, they are not necessary to attend. The children, aged 7 start attending the primary school, where educational programs last for 4 years, then they must start attending the secondary school (5th to 10th grades). After finishing 8th or 10th grade, the student can continue learning at the high school or choose courses at the vocational college. The students who finish the high school can join colleges and universities. Higher education is free for the students whose annual median of grades is 8 or higher. The others have to pay 500 Litass per semester at least.

Malta
Malta is an island country in Europe. It is located near the center of the Mediterranean Sea, south of Sicily. The capital of Malta is Valletta. About 400,000 people live in Malta. Malta is one of the most densely populated countries in the world. Because of this, it has many cities and towns that grew into each other over time. The largest of these is possibly Birkirkara. With more growth, the cities and towns on the island will possibly soon grow into each other and become one big city.
Language.
Malta has two official languages, Maltese and English. Italian is often seen as a third language, because most Maltese television and literature is in Italian. Also, before 1936, Italian was the national language of Malta. Many Maltese people can speak Maltese, English, and Italian, and when talking to each other, change from language to language.
Money.
Malta had its own currency, called the Maltese Lira. The idea of the Lira came from Italy. It is sometimes called the Maltese Pound. This idea of the 'pound' came from the UK. The Maltese currency was one of the biggest currency units in the world.
However, Malta joined the Euro in 2008, and now uses this as its national money.
Malta is not using the Maltese money anymore because in the 2004 Malta became part of Europe, this made some changes example by changing the Maltese money into euros.
Malta is an island, but it's not alone because with it there are Gozo, Comino, and Manuel Island, among others.
History.
People have lived in Malta since at least 5200 BC. The island has some key archaeological locations dating from early times.
Malta became well known as the base of the Knights of St John. They moved to Malta after being forced to leave Palestine and then Rhodes, in Greece. The knights and the Maltese people survived a great attack by the Turks. The history of the knights at Malta created strong Roman Catholic beliefs in the country.
In the early 1800, Napoleon captured Malta. The Maltese people did not like the French rule. They invited the English Royal Navy to come to the island. This lead to 200 years as a British colony and independent Commonwealth member. During the Second World War, Malta was again attacked. The entire island was symbolically given the George Cross for heroism.
In 2004 Malta joined the European Union and in 2008 Malta joined the Euro.

List of Soviet Union-related topics
W.
"See also:" Lists of country-related topics

List of Russians
Authors.
"See also Russian literature and List of Russian authors."
Royal.
"See also Tsar for complete list of old Russian rulers"
Military.
"See also List of Marshals of the Soviet Union."
Former Soviet Union.
During the times of the Soviet Union nationals of other constituent republics were traditionally known as "Russians" in the West. Some of them were even known under Russian or Russified names. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union many nations (rightfully) chose to "regain" their nationality in the eyes of the world. Therefore some names may be missing from the list above and you may wish to look into the following lists.

Comoving distance
In normal cosmology, 'comoving' distance or 'proper distance' is one of several distances measured by cosmologists to define distances between objects.
Method.
To talk about the shape of the Universe, scientists want to forget that the Universe is expanding. So they separate the shape from time and pretend that the Universe is not expanding. They remember that, really, the Universe is expanding, but they write this in a variable called the scale factor. Then, the distances they talk about, while putting the scale factor to the side, are called comoving distances. When they think about the Universe using comoving distance, they think of the Universe as not expanding. This way, some calculations are easier.
Purpose.
When the part of the Universe which we can see today started, it was very small. Everything in this part of the Universe was much closer together than today. It was also very hot and photons (particles of light) were moving in different directions. Light moves very fast, but the light speed is limited and the Universe was expanding very fast.
Comparision.
Think of two ants on the surface of an expanding ball. One ant starts moving towards another, but the ball itself is also expanding. After a long time the ball starts expanding more slowly. Eventually one ant reaches another. That's like photons in our Universe. Some of the light from the stars you see at night traveled for billions of years to reach your eye. Surprisingly, it started very close to where you were (or the atoms of which your body consists), but just could not keep up with the Universe expansion. Of course, if something else started out very close to where you were, but was not traveling toward you, it would be very far away from you now because of the expansion.

Shaanxi
Shaanxi (also sometimes called Shenshi) is a province in east China. The river Wei He runs across it. The capital of Shaanxi is Xi'an. It has a large population of more than 30 million people.
History.
January 23, 1556 - A massive earthquake, measuring 9.0 on the Richter scale, strikes Shaanxi, killing over 850,000 people. This is the most devastating earthquake in recorded history.

Lisbon
Lisbon is the capital city of Portugal. The city has a population of about two million people. Lisbon is on the River Tagus. It has a pleasant climate and has about 220 days of sunshine each year. There are many beautiful beaches close to the city. There are also many seafood restaurants, historical sites and monuments.

Surfing
Surfing is a water sport. It is done in the ocean or sea, where the surfer uses his surfboard to catch a wave, and ride in towards the shore.
Surfing was invented by the Polynesians, at least 4000 years ago. It has become a popular sport among both men and women of all ages. With lifestyles and regimens freer than those of most sports, surfers comprise a unique culture. Though surfing is practiced in many other Pacific nations, its mecca remains Hawaii, where the international surfing championships are held annually.

Lyon
Lyon (English Lyons'") is a city in the south-east of France. Today it is the second largest "metropolis", or metro area in France. Paris is the largest. Marseille is the third largest. In 2005, about 466,400 people lived in Lyon.
In ancient history, the name of Lyon was "Lugdunum". Someone who lives in Lyon is called a "Lyonnais" (male) or a "Lyonnaise" (female) in french.
Lyon is located between the Rhone and the Saône. It is situated about 150km west of the Italian border.
Sports.
Famous sports clubs from Lyon are

George W. Bush
George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is the current President of the United States of America. He is a Republican, and Dick Cheney is his Vice President. He is from Midland, Texas. He has a ranch in Crawford, Texas, which is near Waco.
He is the son of former U.S. President George H. W. Bush. Before he was President, George Bush was Governor of Texas. He is married to Laura, and they have twin daughters, Jenna and Barbara.
Early years.
Bush was born in Connecticut. He went to school at Yale University, which is famous for a high standard of education. He lived briefly in Midland, Texas on a ranch. He joined the Texas Air National Guard (part of the United States National Guard) during the Vietnam War, but did not fight in Vietnam.
2000 election.
During the 2000 United States presidential election, Florida was a state where the election was not clear. It took more than a month to know who won. The Supreme Court made a decision to stop recounting votes, and at that time Bush was ahead by only 537 votes and declared the winner. The election is still controversial.
2004 election.
In the 2004 presidential election, Bush won again. His opponent was Massachusetts Senator John Kerry, a Democrat.
Iraq.
After the attacks of September 11 2001, Bush ordered an invasion of Afghanistan. Later he wanted something done about Iraq. Bush asked the United Nations to take away all Iraq's Weapons of Mass Destruction. The United Nations refused because there was no proof Iraq had any weapons. He sent the United States Army into Iraq on March 20, 2003 and took control of the country. Saddam Hussein was captured and Iraq killed him as punishment for War Crimes. Even today, no weapons of mass destruction have been found. Elections happened for the first time in the country, but violence continues.
Bushisms.
Bush sometimes has trouble speaking in public. He would sometimes make a mistake or say something opposite to what he means. These mistakes have led to the creation of the phrase "Bushism". Many websites on the Internet collect Bushisms.
Controversy.
A lot of people have made arguments against Bush because of his views, mainly on the War in Iraq.

Organic compound
Organic compound are compounds of carbon. Almost all organic compounds contain hydrogen besides carbon. Many contain oxygen too. They are usually covalent compounds.
History.
The name "organic" is a historical name from the 19th century.
People believed that only living things could make organic compounds and "dead" things (such as minerals) could make inorganic compounds. However, Friedrich Wöhler proved this wrong because certain compounds in urine were thought to be inorganic, but urine came from a living thing.
"Compare:" Inorganic compound

Coal
Coal is a black solid fossil fuel. It is usually very hard. Coal is made of 65%-95% carbon. It also has hydrocarbons and some other compounds in it. It is formed from the remains of plants that lived millions of years ago. Similar substance made from wood by heating it in airless space is called charcoal.
Coal can be burned for energy or heat. About two-thirds of the coal mined today is burned in power stations to make electricity. Burning it is not as common as it used to be, because it causes much pollution.
Coal can be dry-distilled (heated in high temperature in a place where there is no oxygen) to produce coke. Coke is even better fuel than coal, and coke can be used in smelting for reducing metals from ores.

Petroleum
Petroleum also called crude oil is a thick and black liquid. It consists mainly of hydrocarbons. It is mainly found in the Middle East, North America, and Russia. It is the most important world energy source. It supplies 38% of the world's energy at present.
Petroleum can be separated into less complex but more useful mixtures by fractional distillation. The process is called oil refining.
Petroleum can be easily transported by pipeline. Treated petroleum can be used as fuels; mainly gasoline ("petrol") for cars and as lubricants.
Problems.
Petroleum resource is limited and non-renewable. Most of it would run out within 70 years.
Burning petroleum gives out carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is oxygen that was already brought to the lungs of people. It can only be renewed by plants.
Crude is chemically speaking a mixture of lots of different chemicals most of which burn well. It is separated by distillation in oil refineries to give separate chemicals such as gasoline (or "petrol") for cars, kerosene for airplanes and bitumen for roads. The bitumen gives crude oil its dark black colour; most of the other chemicals in crude are slightly yellow or colourless.
There is a lot of crude oil left underground. Oil companies quote "reserves" which some people confuse with the actual amount of oil underground, but are more to do with extraction costs. Most of the crude left underground is in the Middle East which is not a politically stable part of the world. Some governments with lots of oil reserves work together through OPEC to keep production low and prices high. Policitians complain about high oil prices because voters complain. However many environmentalists worry about the damage being done by using oil as a fuel source (especially global warming) and are therefore happy that prices are kept high so that people use less oil.

Natural gas
Natural gas is a mixture. It consists mainly of hydrocarbons. The main component is methane. Natural gas is often found in the ground together with petroleum.
Most natural gas is burnt directly to produce energy. It burns with a clean blue flame. It causes little pollution.
The main uses of natural gas are to produce electricity, cook and heat buildings. It is also used as fuel for cars and to make fertilizers.
When natural gas is burned, it heats a tub of water. Steam from the hot water rushes up and spins a machine that makes electricity.
Natural gas is also used to make many plastic products. It is used for many cars such as trucks, boats, cars, excavators, big rigs, and airplanes.

Energy
Energy is a word with more than one meaning.
Energy in Science.
Energy is something that can do work.
Conservation of Energy.
When energy changes from one form to another, the amount of energy stays the same. Energy cannot be made or destroyed. This rule is called the "conservation law of energy".
Example of Conservation Law of Energy.
The measurements of energy at the start and end will always be the same.
New Conservation of Energy Rule.
Scientists now know that matter can be made into energy through processes like nuclear fission and nuclear fusion. The law of conservation of energy has therefore been extended to become the Law of conservation of matter and energy.Adding salt to water will make hydro-power move faster.
Measuring Energy.
Energy can be measured. That is, the amount of energy a thing has can be given a number.
As in other kinds of measurements, there are measurement units. The units of measurement for measuring energy are used to make the numbers meaningful.
Some units of Measurement for Energy.
The SI unit for both energy and work is the joule (J). It is named after James Prescott Joule. 1 joule is equal to 1 newton-metre. In terms of SI base units, 1 J is equal to 1 kg m2 s−2.
The energy unit of measurement for electricity is the kilowatt-hour (kW·h). One kW·h is equivalent to 3,600,000 J (3600 kJ or 3.6 MJ)

Reference
A reference is something that can be "referred" to, or something used to check things. An encyclopedia like Wikipedia is a fine example of something that could be used as a reference. A software manual or the instruction book for a car are other examples of references.
Sometimes the word reference is used to mean "I looked this up, here:" followed by the book and page number or the web page where the information was found.

Jewel
Jewels (or gems or gemstones) are rare minerals. They are usually coloured. They can be shaped to make jewellery.
Pearls, amber and coral are sometimes also called gemstones.

Xenon
Xenon is a non-metal chemical element. It has the chemical symbol Xe and atomic number 54.
This element was discovered by Sir. William Ramsay and M.W. Travers in 1898. The element's name came from the Greek word "xenon", which means 'stranger'.
Xenon is a noble gas. Noble gases are very unreactive. However, chemists have found that xenon can react with fluorine under special conditions since 1962.
Xenon gas is used in electron tubes, bactericidal lamps, stobe lamps, and lamps used to excite ruby lasers.

Kuala Lumpur
Kuala Lumpur is the capital city of Malaysia. Malaysia is a country in Asia. With the completion of Putrajaya in the late 1990s, the administrative capital has been moved to Putrajaya. Kuala Lumpur is home to one of the tallest buildings in the world, the Petronas Twin Towers.
Climate.
Kuala Lumpur is located in the climatic region of tropical wetlands.
The annual range of temperature in Kuala Lumpur is small, only 1°C (33.8°F). There is no distinct seasonal difference in temperature in the city. Kuala Lumpur is hot throughout the year. The annual mean temperature are 26.5°C (79.7°F).
The annual rainfall in Kuala Lumpur is high (2393mm). The rainfall distribution is even in the city, with heavy rainfall all the year. In April and November, the monthly rainfall is slightly higher.

List of elements by name
This is a list of the chemical elements, sorted by name.

Speed of light
The speed of light is by definition exactly 299,792,458 meters per second in free space (approximately 186,282.397 miles per second). A photon (particle of light) travels locally at this speed.
The theory of relativity is based on the idea that this speed is not added to the speed of anything else. No matter where you are, light travels at the same speed from your location. According to this theory, nothing can go faster than the speed of light.
Maxwell's equations predicted that speed and confirmed Faraday's supposition that light was an electromagnetic wave. From these equations we find that the speed of light is related to the inverse of the square root of the permittivity of free space and the permeability of free space.
The index of refraction of a material is the ratio between the speed of light in vacuum and the speed of light in that material.

Denial
Denial in psychology means that someone denies that something has happened or is happening although he really knows it is true. Usually this happens because admitting it would cause a lot of pain.
Denial is usually the first state of coping with loss. For example, if someone close to a person dies, the survivor's first feeling might be denial, or refusal to accept the fact that the person is really dead.

Tokyo
Tokyo (東京) is the capital of Japan. Ten percent (10%) of the Japanese people live in Tokyo, and as many as twenty percent (20%) of the population live around it. As of 2007, the population was 12,790,000. Tokyo is the center of business, trade, and industry of Japan and also of Asia.
Tokyo is in a part of Japan called the Kanto plain. It faces Tokyo bay. Two rivers run through Tokyo. One is the Sumida River which runs from the north to the south, and flows into Tokyo bay.
The other is the Tama River which runs from the west to the east. The Tama River is a border between Tokyo and its neighbor city, Kawasaki.
Tokyo means "the Eastern capital" in Japanese. It became the capital of Japan in the middle of 19th century, when its name changed from "Edo" to "Tokyo". Before then, Kyoto was the capital of Japan. The emperor of Japan, Tenno, lived in Kyoto. Edo was the place where the Tokugawa Shoguns lived. The city grew up under the control of the Shoguns. Before then it was a small town on the sea. Edo means "the mouth of a river" in Japanese.
Tokyo was destroyed by fires started by the Great Kanto Earthquake in 1923. It was also badly damaged by bombs during World War II. The most famous bombing was on March 10, 1945 because of the atomic bomb. After Japan lost the war, the city was rebuilt.
Tokyo held the Olympic Games in the summer of 1964.

Lao Zi
Lao Tsu (老子 Lǎozi) was one of the most famous Chinese philosophers. His birth date is unknown. He was the author of a book called "Tao Te Ching" (道德經). According to this book, "Tao" ("the Way") does not change and it is the universal truth. His Taoism has been enormously influential in China. Lao Tzu is also known as Senior Lord in Taoism (or Daoism) of the general public.

List of physicists
This is a list of physicists.

Brass
Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc. Some types of brass are called bronzes.
Brass has a golden appearance. It is harder than pure metals. It costs more than zinc.

Body
A body is the physical material of a person or animal.
Plants that have more than one cell do not have bodies.
The word "body" is used to describe appearance (how something looks).
The body of a dead person is also called a corpse or "cadaver". The dead bodies of vertebrate animals and insects are sometimes called "carcasses".
The human body has a head, neck, torso, two arms, two legs and the genitals of the groin, which differ between males and females.
The study of the body is anatomy.
The study of the workings of the body is physiology.
Here are the names of the body parts of a woman and a man.
The word body is sometimes used in other ways. For example, a lake is a body of water.

Alloy
An alloy is an uniform mixture. It is made up of two or more chemical elements, of which at least one is a metal. An alloy has properties different from the metals it is made of.
Most alloys are made by melting the metals, mixing them while they are liquid to form a solution, then leaving them to cool and turn solid again.

Material
A material is something used to make things. When we speak about material, we mean physical substances.
We call cloth, for making clothes, material. "Raw" materials are materials before we process them - change them into something different.
Information can be material. For example, a writer looks for material (ideas and facts) when writing a book.
Material Desire.
Material desire is a feeling in people when they want a physical material so badly that they can never go away from it. For example, addiction can be a material desire.

Brain
The brain is a part of the body that allows us to make sense of the world around us and to change our behavior to respond to it. In most animals, the brain is inside the head. The brain is kept safe by the skull and by layers of tissue under it called the meninges.
Jobs.
The brain does the thinking, learning, and feeling for the body. It is the source of consciousness, but it also controls basic body functions, like breathing, that happens without a person realizing it. All the information about the world gathered by our five senses is sent through nerves into the brain, allowing us to see, hear, smell, taste and feel things. The brain processes this information so that we can experience it as pictures, sounds, and so on. The brain also uses nerves to tell the body what to do, for example by telling muscles to move or our heart to beat faster. It is believed that the full power of the brain is yet to be obtained due to the fact that we only use a small percentage of our brain.
Evolution.
Ever since the beginning of the world, animals have always had a brain. But what makes us different you ask? Well, it is not humour, which has led us to careers[Comedians], curiousity, and many more. But some academically-enabled animals such as the octopus have a sense of humour which we used to think was impossible.Over billions of years, the brain has grown bigger, adapting to it's new enviroment, learning new strategies. That was not the only thing that was growing though...
The part of the brain that has made us the super race, broken down barriers of self-relience and unfairness, is ofcourse, the ability to have emotions. Happiness- To find friends, lovers, then babies. Anger- standing up for what you believe is right, like what Martin luther King did. Curiousity- which of course has led us to inventions.How can I fix this problem? How can I make things better?
Parts.
In human beings, the brain is made of three main parts: the cerebrum, the cerebellum and the brainstem. A human brain accounts for about 2% of the body's weight, but it uses about 20% of its energy. It has about 50-100 billion nerve cells (also called neurons), along with at least 10 times as many support cells, called glia. The job of neurons is to receive and send information to and from the rest of the body, while glia provide nutrients and guide blood flow to the neurons, allowing them to do their job. Each nerve cell has contact with as many as 10,000 other nerve cells through connections called synapses.
Size.
The volume of the human brain (relative to the size of the whole body) is very large, compared to that of most other animals. The human brain also has a very large surface (called cortex) for its size, which is possible because it is very wrinkled. If the human cortex were flattened, it would be close to a square meter in area. Some other animals also have very wrinkled brains, such as dolphins and elephants. Some people believe that what makes humans so smart is the large volume or surface area of their brains, but there is no evidence for a relationship among animals between size of the brain and intelligence; e.g. the brain of a blue whale is much heavier than a human brain, but it is not seen as being more intelligent than a human's brain. As an additional note, Einstein's brain weighed about two ounces less than the average human brain.
Other websites.
"See also:" Spinal cord

Neuron
Neurons are also called nerve cells. Neurons are the basic units of the nervous system and its most important part, the brain.
Every neuron has a cell body (called a soma) and nerve fibres (called axons and dendrites). There are about 100 billion neurons in the human brain.
Classes.
There are three classes of neurons: afferent neurons, efferent neurons, and interneurons.
Simple neuron classes.
Sensory neurons carry signals from sense organs to the spinal cord and brain
Relay neurons carry messages from one part of the CNS to another
Motor neurons carry signals from the CNS to muscles, motor neurons are connected to the relay neurons. The signal passes between the neurons via synapses.

Middle East
The Greater Middle East or Western Asia is an area of land and group of countries in the continent of Asia. There are 23 countries of this region. The countries are linked because they share history and most of the people of these countries are Muslims.
And the areas called the West Bank and the Gaza Strip.

Warsaw
Warsaw (In Polish: "Warszawa") is the capital of Poland. It is also the biggest city in that country. There are about 2,000,000 people living there. People from Warsaw are called "Varsovians".
Geography.
Warsaw lies near the middle of Poland on both sides of the Vistula river, and about 350 km (225 miles) from the Baltic Sea. It is about 100 m (325 ft) above sea level.
Warsaw is home to 4 universities and 62 colleges, and many theatres and art galleries.
History.
People began living in this place in the 13th century. By the 15th century, Warsaw had grown enough to be called a city. It became the capital of Poland in 1596.
The city was destroyed several times in its history, but every time it was rebuilt. The most important of these times was during the Second World War. Poland had been occupied by Germany between 1939 and 1944. On 1 August 1944, the people of Warsaw started fighting to free their city. This was called the "Warsaw Uprising". It lasted for 63 days, but eventually the people of Warsaw were beaten, and there was almost nothing left of the Old Town. After the war, the Varsovians rebuilt the Old Town from looking at old photographs and drawings. The rest of the city, also destroyed in 90% was not rebuilt, but built from the beginning "the new way". Owners of buildings and realty from before the war are still fighting for the property taken by the communists.

Hindu-Arabic numeral system
The Hindu-Arabic numeral system is a numeral system. This system has ten basic symbols, they are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9.
The Hindu-Arabic numeral system was first developed by the Hindus. Later, It was introduced to the western world by the Arabs. This system is now commonly used all over the world.
A different set of symbols are used to represent the numerals.There were also different types of numerals through out the centuries.

Point (geometry)
A point is a position in space. Imagine touching a piece of paper with a sharp pencil or pen, without making any sideways movement. We know where the point is, but it has no size to speak of.
In geometry a point has no size, but has a position. This means it has no volume, area or length. We usually represent a point by a small cross 'X' or by a small dot (a small, round shape). In geometry, points are always labelled by capital letters (A,B,C...X,Y,Z).

Line
A line is the path of one point moving. A line has length but no width. A line is a type of geometric figure.
A line is made up of an endless number of points.
Straight and Curved Lines.
A line can be straight or curved. The word "line" usually means a "straight line". A straight line is the shortest distance between two points. A straight line is the direction of a point moving in a direction that does not change.
A "curved line" is sometimes called a curve.
For example, the edge of a circle is not straight. The edge of a circle bends in a curve.
Naming Lines.
Lines can get their names from any two points on the line. For example, if a line has a point named "A" on the line and a point named "B" on the line, then the line can be called either "AB" or "BA".
Sometimes, lines are also named with just one letter; for example, line "A".
Two Lines.
"Compare:" point, plane

Plane (mathematics)
A plane is a perfectly flat surface extending in all directions. Try to imagine the ceiling of a room, only extended into all directions infinitely. A plane has two dimensions: length and width. All planes are flat surfaces. If a surface is not flat, it is called a "curved surface".
In geometry, a plane is made up of an infinite number of lines (or points). It has no thickness.
A "plane figure" is part of a plane. It is named by the capital letters (e.g. A, B, C...X, Y, Z) that are put at its corners.
More mathematical.
In mathematics, a plane is a fundamental two-dimensional object. Intuitively, it looks like a flat infinite sheet of paper. There are several definitions of the plane. They are equivalent in the sense of Euclidean geometry, but they can be extended in different ways to define objects in other areas of mathematics. The only 2 dimensional figure in our 3 dimensional world is a shadow.
In some areas of mathematics, such as plane geometry or 2D computer graphics, the whole space in which the work is carried out is a single plane. In such situations, the definite article is used: the plane. Many fundamental tasks in geometry, trigonometry, and graphing are performed in the two dimensional space, or in other words, in the plane.
Euclidean geometry.
A plane is a surface such that, given any three distinct points on the surface, the surface also contains all of the straight lines that pass through any two of them.
One can introduce a Cartesian coordinate system on a given plane in order to label every point on it with a unique ordered pair, which is composed of two numbers and is the coordinate of the point.

Angle
An angle is the space between two lines that meet each other. When two lines meet at a point, an angle is formed. The two lines are called the "arms" of the angle. The point they meet is called the "vertex".
To measure the size of an angle, we use degree. Degree is a standard unit. Degree is denoted by the symbol '°'. A degree can be divided into 60 minutes (1° = 60'), and a minute can be also be divided into 60 seconds (1' = 60"). In mathematics, angles are usually measured in radians.
Types of angles.
An acute angle is an angle less than 90°. A right angle is an angle equal to 90°. An obtuse angle is an angle greater than 90°. A straight angle is an angle equal to 180°. A reflex angle is an angle greater than 180° but less than 360°.
"Supplementary angles" are two angles with the sum equal to 180°. "Complementary angles" are two angles with the sum equal to 90°.
People usually use a protractor to measure and draw angles. Sometimes, people use an angle ruler to measure angles.

List of astronomers
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List of astrophysicists
An astrophysicist is a person whose profession is astrophysics.
"See also: list of astronomers"

List of walls
This is a list of famous walls.

List of vegetables
Some vegetables which are botanically fruits (such as tomatoes) are considered to be vegetables in the culinary sense. This is why they appear in this article.

List of terrorist incidents
The following is a timeline of acts and failed attempts that can be considered terrorism.
"Note: there is no single accepted definition of terrorism in common use. Incidents listed here are commonly called terrorism, or meet some of the commonly used criteria."
2000s.
See also: aircraft hijacking, Palestinian terrorism, American terrorism, Israeli terrorism, IRA, suicide bombing, List of massacres, assassinations, Dupont Plaza Hotel, GIA

List of telescope types
There are three main types of astronomical telescopes - and these are divided into subgroups. They all have their different advantages and disadvantages and they are used in different areas of astronomy.
Refractors (Dioptrics)
Reflectors (Catoptrics)
Combined Lens-Mirror Systems (Catadioptrics)
These types can be mounted on different types of mounts.

List of shipwrecks
This list of shipwrecks is of those sunken ships whose remains have been located.

List of religions
This is a list of religions.
Faiths of indigenous peoples.
"See also:" Animism, Goddess Worship, Paganism, Shamanism

List of languages
Ethnologue lists about 6,800 main languages in its language name index (see other websites) and distinguishes about 41,000 alternate language names and dialects.

List of endangered languages
A list of endangered languages (with fewer than 1000 speakers or with very fast decline).
In order to judge if a language is actually endangered, the number of speakers is less important than the distribution among age cohorts. There may be 500,000 mother tongue speakers of the Breton language over 50 years of age, but fewer than 2,000 under 25 years of age - thus it is likely Breton will die out in the next half century. On the other hand while there are 30,000 Ladin language speakers left, almost all children still learn it as their mother tongue - thus Ladin is not endangered in the 21st century.

List of emotions
This is a list of emotions (feelings).

List of earthquakes
"The Richter scale was adopted in 1935, and was used in the above table also about earlier earthquakes at a merely indicative title. Earthquakes' effects were once measured after the Mercalli scale, which regards the practical damages that a seismic event causes to infrastructures and houses, and a sort of comparison between the two scale is now in use, especially for ancient events."

List of disasters
This is a list of disasters, both natural and man-made.
Nuclear disasters.
Up to this day, most nuclear incidents didn't cause many deaths, except for the Chernobyl disaster and Windscale fire. Some of the incidents in the early nuclear age were not well documented or were kept secret. Here is a list of the "known" nuclear incidents.
War disasters.
An attack with much collateral damage may be considered a disaster, such as the attack on KdF Ship Wilhelm Gustloff, 1945, the worst or perhaps second worst maritime incident in history, in terms of loss of life in a single vessel (see also note at the end of the article RMS Titanic).
Air disasters.
This is a list of disasters involving objects in flight or near-flight. See also: List of space disasters, List of accidents and incidents on commercial airliners, Incidents in Aviation
Railroad disasters.
See also: List of rail accidents
Ship and Ferry disasters.
"See also: List of shipwrecks"

List of diseases
This is a list of common, well-known or infamous diseases. This is neither complete nor authoritative. This is not intended to be a list of rare diseases, nor is it a list of mental disorders.
This list includes both common names and technical names for diseases. This is deliberate; where multiple names are in common use for the same disease, all of those names should link to the main article for the disease.
We are using many different sources from the Wikipedia and from the public domain to make this list.

List of Communist Parties
There are a number of Communist Parties around the world. The first Communist Parties were set up after the Russian Revolution. Their aim was to support the Bolsheviks (the Russian Communists).
In world history, the Russian and Chinese Communists are very important.
In Western Europe, the French, Spanish and Italian Communist Parties are the biggest. They have taken part in either local, regional or central government in those countries.
Some Communist parties have different names, such as Socialist Party, Socialist Workers Party, or Workers Party. But most Socialist parties are social democratic and not Communist.
"See also:" Communism, List of members of the Comintern, List of left communist internationals, List of political parties

List of common misspellings in English
This is a list of common misspellings in the English language.
See also: List of common misspellings, List of commonly confused homonyms

List of color topics
This is a list of color topics.

List of buildings
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Index: A-B - C-D - E-I - J-O -
P-R - S - T-V - W - Y - Z

List of bridges
The list of bridges is a link page for any bridge.

List of bones of the human skeleton
A typical adult human skeleton consists of the following 206 bones. The exact number of the bones in the human skeleton is different in each person.
"In the middle ears (6):"
"In the shoulder girdle (4):"

Lists of tropical cyclone names
These are lists of tropical cyclone names. Tropical cyclone storms are also called "hurricanes" and "typhoons" in some places.
North Atlantic.
North Atlantic Ocean storms are named by the U.S. National Hurricane Center from the following lists. There are six lists of names, with female names starting odd-numbered years (e.g. 1999) and male names starting even-numbered years (e.g. 2002). Names are used in alphabetical order, and lists are recycled after six years. For retired names, see list of retired Atlantic hurricanes. Names in "italics" in the list below were officially retired in the spring following the season they occurred in.
2009.
Ana - Bill - Claudette - Danny - Erika - Fred - Grace - Henri - Ida - Joaquin - Kate - Larry - Mindy - Nicholas - Odette - Peter - Rose - Sam - Teresa - Victor - Wanda
2010.
Alex - Bonnie - Colin - Danielle - Earl - Fiona - Gaston - Hermine - Igor - Julia - Karl - Lisa - Matthew - Nicole - Otto - Paula - Richard - Shary - Thomas - Virginie - Walter
2011.
Arlene - Bret - Cindy - Don - Emily - Franklin - Gert - Harvey - Irene - Jose - Katia - Lee - Maria - Nate - Ophelia - Philippe - Rina - Sean - Tammy - Vince - Whitney
2012.
Alberto - Beryl - Chris - Debby - Ernesto - Florence - Gordon - Helene - Isaac - Joyce - Kirk - Leslie - Michael - Nadine - Oscar - Patty - Rafael - Sandy - Tony - Valerie - William
2013.
Andrea - Barry - Chantal - Dorian - Erin - Fernand - Gabrielle - Humberto - Ingrid - Jerry - Karen - Lorenzo - Melissa - Nestor - Olga - Pablo - Rebekah - Sebastian - Tanya - Van - Wendy
South Atlantic.
Because of the lack of tropical cyclones in the south Atlantic Ocean, there is no naming plan for storms that occur there.
When a hurricane formed there in 2004, it was informally named Catarina after Santa Catarina (Brazil), where it made landfall.
North Pacific east of 140W.
Eastern north Pacific naming follows the same plan as the north Atlantic, but with its own lists.
2008.
Alma - Boris - Cristina - Douglas - Elida - Fausto - Genevieve - Hernan - Iselle - Julio - Karina - Lowell - Marie - Norbert - Odile - Polo - Rachel - Simon - Trudy - Vance - Winnie - Xavier - Yolanda - Zeke
2009.
Andres - Blanca - Carlos - Dolores - Enrique - Felicia - Guillermo - Hilda - Ignacio - Jimena - Kevin - Linda - Marty - Nora - Olaf - Patricia - Rick - Sandra - Terry - Vivian - Waldo - Xina - York - Zelda
Central North Pacific (Date line to 140W).
Central north Pacific hurricane names do not have separate lists for each year. The first name for a new year will be the first name that was not used the previous year.
Western North Pacific.
Western North Pacific tropical cyclones are named by the Tokyo Typhoon Centre of the Japanese Meteorological Agency. Names are selected from the following lists, and were added by members of the WMO Typhoon Committee. Each of 14 nations or territories added 10 names, which are used in alphabetical order by country, using their English names.
Philippines.
The Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) uses its own naming scheme for tropical cyclones within its area of responsibility. Lists are recycled every four years. If the are more storms than the list of names for a given year, names are taken from an extra list.
Western Australia (90E to 125 E).
Adeline - Bertie - Clare - Daryl - Emma - Floyd - Glenda - Hubert - Isobel - Jacob - Kara - Lee - Loredana - Melanie - Nicholas - Ophelia - Pancho - Rhonda - Selwyn - Tiffany - Victor - Zelia
Alison - Billy - Cathy - Damien - Elle - Frederic - Gwenda - Hamish - Ilsa - John - Kirrily - Leon - Marcia - Norman - Olga - Paul - Rosita - Sam - Taryn - Vincent - Walter
Alex - Bessi - Chris - Cindylee - Dianne - Errol - Fiona - Graham - Harriet - Inigo - Jana - Ken - Linda - Monty - Nicky - Oscar - Phoebe - Sally - Tim - Vivienne - Willy
Northern Australia (125E to 137E).
Anothony - Belinda - Christopher - Dorothy - Ernie - Felicity - Geoffery - Helen - Ian - Jane - Kevin - Leanne - Mick - Natalie - Oscar - Penelope - Quentin - Rachael - Stephen - Tanya - Ulrich - Vicky - Wal - Xena - Yorick - Zara
Anna - Brendan - Christine - Daniel - Eva - Frank - Gertrude - Horace - Ingrid - Jacob - Kate - Lawrence - Melissa - Norman - Olive - Patrick - Quiana - Rowland - Suzanne - Todd - Ursula - Vincent - Wilma - Xerxes - Yvonne - Zachariah
Eastern Australian (137E to 160E, south of ~10S).
Ann - Bruce - Cecily - Dennis - Edna - Fletcher - Gillian - Harold - Ita - Justin - Katrina - Les - May - Nathan - Olinda - Pete - Rona - Steve - Tessi - Vaughan - Wyla
Abigail - Bernie - Claudia - Des - Erica - Fritz - Grace - Harvey - Ingrid - Jim - Kate - Les - May - Nathen - Odette - Pierre - Rebecca - Sandy - Tania - Vernon -Wendy
Alfred - Blanch - Charles - Denise - Ernie - Frances - Greg - Hilda - Ivan - Joyce - Kelvin - Lisa - Marcus - Nora - Owen - Polly - Richard - Sadie - Theodore - Verity - Wallace
Ann - Butch - Cinderella - Donald - E - Fred - G - Homer - I - Jerry - Kira - Lenny - Marge - Nemo - Olive - Penfold - Q - Roger - Shera - Tom - Uran - Virgil - Wilma - Xena - Yogi - Z
2007/2008.
Alvin - Boloestse - Carina - Diwa - Elia - Farda - Guduza - Helio - Isabella - Jaone - Kundai - Lindsay - Marinda - Nadety - Otile - Pindile - Quincy - Rugare - Sebina - Timba - Usta - Velo - Wilby - Xanda - Yuri - Zoelle
Papua New Guinea.
The following names are used randomly.

Lists of astronomical objects
This is a partial list of the various lists of astronomical objects which either exist, or should exist, in Wikipedia.

List of stars
The following is a small list of stars.

List of nearest stars
This list of the nearest stars to Earth is ordered by increasing distance.
Note on nearest star systems: light year distances taken from parallax data determined by the Research Consortium on Nearby Stars (or Recons).
The sources for their determination were the Yale Parallax Catalog [Y], Hipparcos [H], Soderhjelm 1999 [S], Tinney 1996 [T].

List of planets
The list of all the planets in the solar system
Pluto is no longer classified as a planet, it is now considered a dwarf planet.

List of nearest galaxies
This list of the nearest galaxies to Earth is ordered by increasing distance. Many of the distances are only guesses, and some may be incorrect by 50% or more. The distance ranking in this list should be seen only as a guess. Distances are given in light years (ly).

List of comets
This is a list of some comets in the solar system.
"Periodic" comets visit us again and again. "Non-periodic" comets visit us only once. On this list there is a "P" in front of the periodic comets. In front of non-periodic comets there is a "C". There is sometimes a number in front of the "P": it shows the number of times people saw the periodic comet visiting us.
Periodic comets.
Periodic comets have a special place in astronomy, because their orbits are often the same. We know when they will visit us, and we can plan to watch them, and send space probes to look at them.
On september 11, 2004, the International Astronomical Union (IAU) standardized the way we give names to this type of comets. It made a system of letters and numbers (and sometimes a name). This system tells us which comet is which. The IAU chose the letter P for periodic comets and D for periodic comets that were lost or which broke into pieces.
Other letters are C for "non-periodic" comets, and X for comets where we do not know their orbits. It also allows for type changes by using A for objects people say are asteroids. Each name starts with a number, counting up and make the name unique: no two comets have the same name.

List of stars with confirmed extrasolar planets
The following is a list of main sequence stars with confirmed extrasolar planets. Note that the masses of the planets are lower bounds only. If a planet is detected by the spectral line displacement method referred to above, no information is gained about the inclination of the planet's plane of orbit around its star, and a value for this is needed to calculate the mass. It has become customary to arbitrarily assume that the plane is exactly lined up with the line of sight from Earth (this produces the lowest possible mass consistent with the spectral line measurements).

List of water sports
There are a large number of sports that involve water.
The following is a List of water sports, divided by category. This list is not complete. Some of the sports include only one part related to swimming, as for example Triathlon.

List of waterways
The list of waterways is a link page for any river, canal, estuary, or firth.

List of wave topics
This is a list of wave topics, by Wikipedia page.

List of waterfalls
This is a list of waterfalls.

List of tunnels
The list of tunnels is a link page for any road tunnel, railway tunnel, or waterway tunnel anywhere in the world.
Iceland.
See also: Tunnels in Iceland

List of tallest structures in the world
This is a list of tallest structures in the world'", past and present of any type. Most of the structures are television broadcasting masts. There are also the taller tower-type structures (like the CN Tower) and the taller high rise buildings (like the Sears Tower).
The list also includes some other structures like oil platforms, electrical towers, bridge towers, etc. List is organized by absolute height since it includes many different classes of structures.
This list includes quite a few masts. A mast is a man-made support structure, commonly used on sailing ships as support for sails, or on land as radio masts and towers used to support telecommunication equipment such as radio antennas ("aerials" in the UK).
Terminology.
There is often ambiguity between the terms "tower" and "mast". A tower is a self-supporting or cantilevered structure, while a mast is held up by stays or guys. Both towers and masts have limited floor space and are non-building structures, as opposed to regular buildings which have greater floor space for occupancy. The terminology is further confused through misuse. Skyscrapers are often referred to as "towers" and some towers use the term "mast". Ironically, "skyscraper" has some etymology from references to high sailboat masts.
Notable structures between 300 and 350 m (984 and 1,148 ft).
For practical purposes to keep the list to a reasonable length this part of list contains only notable structures.
Structures taller than 350 m (1,148 ft) under construction.
This is an "incomplete" list of structures taller tha|N|1,148 feet (350 m) under construction. Please correct (by adding further one or by putting completed structures in the upper table, if current height is over 1,148 feet (350 m)).

List of symbols
This is a list of graphical signs, icons, and symbols.

List of supermarkets
This is a list of supermarkets around the world.
Greece.
see also, "List of Greek supermarkets"
United Kingdom.
"For full list, see Supermarkets in the United Kingdom"
United States and U.S. territories.
"For full list, see Supermarkets in the United States"

Acid
An acid is something that has a pH less than 7.0.
Sometimes the abbreviation HA is used to mean an acid.
The chemistry definition of an acid is: "a substance that donates a hydrogen ion (H+) to another substance, which is called a base. (Or give out hydrogen ions when dissolved in water.)"
Properties of an Acid.
Acids can burn the skin. The burn can be serious or minor depending on the kind of acid and how concentrated it is.
Burns like this can cause serious damage quickly. Chemical burns like this need medical attention.
Neutralisation.
Acids and Bases can combine with each other and cancel each other's effects. This is called neutralisation.

White dwarf
A white dwarf is a star. The colour of a white dwarf is like most other stars, but not as bright. White Dwarfs were discovered in the 19th century, and the first ones found were white. The colour of a star is a measure of how hot it is, white stars are like the Sun, blue stars are hotter, and red stars are cooler. White dwarfs are not very bright because they are smaller than many brighter stars - not because they are cold. Some white dwarfs are blue, instead of white.
Many white dwarfs are about the same size as the Earth, and about 100 times smaller than the Sun. They may weigh the same as the sun, which would make them very dense. The heavier the white dwarf is, then the smaller its size will be.
A star like our Sun will become a white dwarf when it has run out of fuel. Near the end of its life, it will go through a red giant stage, and then lose most of its gas, until what is left settles down and becomes a young white dwarf.
White dwarf stars are extremely hot; so they emit bright white light. This heat is what is left of the heat made when the star collapsed. Because white dwarfs are extremely small, it takes them a long time to cool down. Eventually, all white dwarfs will cool down into what is called a black dwarf. These are what is left of the star after all of its heat and light has gone away.

Beach
A beach is an area of lakeshore or seashore which is fairly open, slopes smoothly to the water, and is free of trees, large boulders, or anything else which might make walking difficult or impossible. Many beaches are made of sand, but some beaches are made of gravel. Most people enjoy beaches as a place to swim, to work on their tan, or just to relax. The most popular beaches have fine white or light-colored sand and warm water to swim in. Beaches may also be popular because of the excellent opportunities for diving or for seeing marine life.
Among the world's most popular and well-known beaches are Aruba (Dutch Caribbean), Long Beach (Canada), Copacabana Beach (Brazil), Hot Water Beach (New Zealand), Megan Bay (St. Thomas), Kailua Beach (Hawaii), and Zandvoort Beach (Netherlands).
Over the past years, many beaches have changed their rules about dress, and most countries now have naturist beaches where clothing is optional or even where clothing is not allowed.

Mental illness
A mental illness is an illness of the mind. Mental illnesses make things difficult: feelings, thoughts, moods, and ability to deal with other people.
Mental illnesses are common.
The President's New Freedom Commission on Mental Health says that major mental illnesses, including major depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and obsessive-compulsive disorder are the most common disability.
According to National Alliance for the Mentally Ill twenty-three percent of North American adults will have a mental illness in a given year. But less than half of them will be bad enough to disrupt their normal activities.
Kinds of mental illnesses.
Asperger's syndrome, also known as Asperger's disorder

Major depressive disorder
Depression (also called unipolar depression or clinical depression) is a type of mental illness or mood disorder. Most people feel sad, discouraged, or "down" sometimes, but that is not depression. In clinical depression, these feelings last for a long time and are combined with other symptoms. Someone with depression might have these symptoms: strong sad feelings or no strong feelings at all, feeling guilty, feeling helpless or hopeless, anxiety, fear, low self-esteem or a loss of interest in life. These are symptoms of depression when they last for long periods of times (usually for over two weeks). Some people who are depressed think about committing suicide (killing themselves). Some people with depression do kill themselves.
How common depression is.
Ten percent of people have depression at some time in their lives. Depression happens most often in people between the ages of 24 and 44 years. About two times as many women as men are diagnosed with depression.
Signs and symptoms.
In older children and adolescents (teenagers), another sign may be the use of drugs and alcohol. Most people who have not had depression do not completely understand its effects. Instead, they see it as simply being sad. Since it is not understood, many people with depression are criticized by others for not helping themselves.
Depression is a syndrome of many symptoms that relate to each other, and is not just feeling sad. Medical measurements have shown that there are big changes in the chemicals in the brain, and that the whole brain slows down during depression. Depression that is not treated may get worse.
Good exercise helps deal with depression, since exercise releases chemicals that put a person in a better mood. Having a supportive group of friends and doing outside activities can also help prevent or ease depression.
Types of depression.
Major depressive disorder is also referred to as major, biochemical, clinical, endogenous, or biological depression. It may also be called "unipolar affective disorder".
Causes of depression.
No one cause for depression has been found, but there are some things that can be involved.
Treatment.
Depression is usually treated with a combination of medication and other therapy.
Medication.
Medications which can help the symptoms of depression have existed for several decades.
"Tricyclic antidepressants" are the oldest kind of medicine for depression. They are not used much now, because they do not work well, and they have many bad side-effects. An example is Nortriptiline (Allegron).
"Monoamine oxidase inhibitors" (MAOIs) may be used if other antidepressant medications do not work well. This kind of medicine can cause problems with many kinds of food and drugs. An example is Tranylcypramine.
"Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors" (SSRIs) are now the most commonly used family of antidepressant medicine. These drugs work by allowing the brain to have more serotonin. There are fewer side-effects with this kind of drug. An example is Fluoxetine (Prozac).
"Tranquillizers and sedatives" may be used to ease anxiety (worries) and help sleep.
"Antipsychotics" are used to keep mood from changing and to reduce or get rid of hallucinations.
"Lithium" is often used for bipolar disorder, but also can help people with depression.
If people with depression do not take their medicine the right way, the depression can get worse. A doctor must help when depression patients want to change to another medication, or to take a different amount of a medication than before.
Psychotherapy.
In psychotherapy, someone with depression is helped to understand and solve problems which cause depression.
Psychotherapy can help a person make changes in thought, help with relationship problems, find and fix relapses, and understand what makes depression worse. The most effective psychotherapy for depression is Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT). In CBT the depressed patient is taught how to think in a more rational, positive, realistic manner.
Probably the most effective single treatment for the vast majority of depressed patients of all ages is physical exercise. (See, Dunn, A., Exercise for Depression Rivals Drugs, Therapy. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, January 2005; vol 28: pp 1-8. National Institutes for Mental Health, "Depression." News release, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas.)
Electroconvulsive therapy.
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), also called electroshock therapy or shock therapy is used to treat a small percentage of severely depressed people. ECT uses a small amount of electricity to cause an epileptic seizure while the patient is under anesthesia. This may cause some memory loss, amnesia.

Qur'an
The Qur'an (in Arabic: القرآن) is the holy book of Islam, like the Holy Bible. It has been written and read only in Arabic for more than 1,400 years. But, because many Muslims around the world do not understand Arabic, the meaning of the Qur'an is also given in other languages, so that readers can understand better what the Arabic words in the Qur'an mean. These books are like dictionaries to the Qur'an - they are not read as part of the religion of Islam, to replace the Arabic Qur'an. Muslims believe that these translations are not true Qur'an; only the Arabic copy is the true Qur'an.
How Has The Qur'an Become A Holy Book?
The Qur'an did not become a holy book when Muhammad was alive; it was kept by oral communication. But according to a rumour, Abu Bekr used to write the verses on something when Muhammad was alive. Because it required to finish the all verses. When Abu Bekr was caliph, he brought the Qur'an to a holy book. Uthman, who is the third caliph, exterminated the footnotes which don't belong to Qur'an.
The Elements, Suras, Verses, Revelations.
There are 30 parts in the Qur'an.
Qur'an comprises 114 suras. 86 of these suras took place in Mecca, 24 of these suras took place in Medina. The suras which took place in Medina are Al-Baqara, Al Imran, Al-Anfal, Al-Ahzab, Al-Ma'ida, An-Nisa, Al-Mumtahina, Az-Zalzala, Al-Hadid, Muhammad(Sura), Ar-Ra'd, Ar-Rahman, At-Talaq, Al-Bayyina, Al-Hashr, An-Nasr, An-Nur, Al-Hajj, Al-Munafiqun, Al-Mujadila, Al-Hujraat, At-Tahrim, At-Taghabun, Al-Jumua, As-Saff, Al-Fath, At-Tawba, Al-Insan.
Each sura comprises the verses.
The Claims About Qur'an Were Not A Holy Book?
Some people claim that Qur'an was not sent by God; it was done by humans. Christoph Luxenberg, who works about semitics, claims that some verses of the Qur'an were used in the 6th and 7th centuries; the verses are based on Christian Breviaries.
Differences Between The Qur'an and the Bible.
The Qur'an is very different than the Bible because it was done by one man; the Bible contains many writers. The Qur'an also does not tell stories.

Tony Blair
Anthony Charles Lyton Blair usually called Tony Blair is the most recent former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. He was born in Edinburgh and became the Prime Minister in 1997. He retired in June 2007 and was succeeded by the former Chancellor of the Exchequer, James Gordon Brown.
As leader of the Labour party, he won three general elections in the UK, in 1997, 2001 and 2005. He is married to Cherie Booth, who is a lawyer, who graduated from the London School of Economics with a first class honours degree. Blair himself left Oxford University with a second class degree. They have four children, Euan, Nicky, Kathryn, and Leo.

Accident
An accident is when something goes wrong when it is not meant to. Physical accidents are things like collisions, injuries, and falling. Non-physical accidents are things like accidentally telling someone a secret, forgetting something important, or deleting an important computer file.
Often, accidents are investigated so that we can learn how to avoid them in the future.
Work accident.
An accident at work is defined as an external, sudden and violent event. Work accidents happen while an employee is working. It causes injury or the death of the employee.
Also there can be a biological accident. That is if a woman becomes pregnant, and she doesn't want it.
For an accident to be a work accident, there must be a direct or indirect relationship of cause and effect between the accident and the work.
Many accidents happen in the merchant marine.
Bicycle accidents.
A bicycle accident happens when a bicycle ride goes wrong. A bicycle can fall over because of a loss of balance, or running into something.

Acne
Acne is an infection of the skin, caused by changes in the sebaceous glands. The most common form of acne is called acne vulgaris, which means common acne. The redness comes from the inflammation of the skin in response to the infection.
Oils from the glands combine with dead skin cells to block hair follicles. Under the blocked pore, oil builds up. Skin bacteria can then grow very quickly. This infection makes the skin become swollen and red, which becomes visible.
The face, chest, back, and upper arms are most common places for acne to happen.
Acne is common during puberty, when a person is turning from a child into an adult, because of high levels of hormones. Acne becomes less common as people reach adulthood.
Treatments.
Many things are sold to treat acne, the most popular being benzoyl peroxide. Many of these things have not been scientifically proven to help acne. However, a mix of commercial and homemade treatments can help with acne for various reasons.
Popping a pimple should not be done by anyone but a qualified dermatologist. Pimple popping irritates skin, can make the bacteria spread, and can cause scars. If you must pop a pimple yourself, it is advised to apply warm water to the area before popping it and to wash your hand thoroughly before beginning so as to avoid spreading bacteria via the hands. Applying warm water will open up the pores and reduce the damage because it will require less force to pop it.
Acne scars.
Bad acne often leads to bad scars where the skin has the shape of a volcano. It is difficult and expensive to treat acne scars.

Dinosaur
Dinosaurs ("Dinosauria") were reptiles that lived a very long time ago. The word "dinosaur" comes from Greek, meaning "terrible lizard". Scientists think dinosaurs first appeared about 230 million years ago. About 65 million years ago, dinosaurs became extinct. Birds are sometimes considered descendants of dinosaurs.
There were many kinds of dinosaurs. Today scientists know about hundreds of different kinds of dinosaurs. Some, called herbivores, ate plants and others, called carnivores, ate meat. The largest dinosaurs were plant-eaters, like "Apatosaurus" and "Brachiosaurus". They were the largest animals to ever walk on dry land.
Other plant-eaters had special weapons, to help them fight off the meat-eaters. For example, "Triceratops" had three horns on its face, "Ankylosaurus" was covered in boney plates, and "Stegosaurus" had spikes on its tail. Scientists have a good idea of what they looked like, because of the bones that have been found.
Most meat-eaters ran around on their back legs, like people do. Some were very large, like "Tyrannosaurus" and "Spinosaurus", but some were small, like "Compsognathus". It was the smaller sized meat-eaters that may have evolved into birds. One of the first birds was "Archaeopteryx", but it looked much like a dinosaur.
There were large flying reptiles that lived at the same time as dinosaurs called Pterosaurs, but they were not closely related to dinosaurs or even birds. There were also many kinds of large reptiles that could swim, like Ichthyosaurs and Plesiosaurs, but they weren't closely related to dinosaurs either.

Stone Age
The Stone Age was an ancient time period when people made tools from stone. Wood, bones and other materials were also used for tools, but stone (especially a kind of stone called flint) was used to cut things.
The period began with the first stone tools. Some scientists say this happened between 2 and 5 million years ago. The dates for this period were probably not the same everywhere, and are not always agreed, because these people did not write any records. Some groups of people were still in the stone age later than others. They also killed animals for food and clothing.
The time after the stone age is the Bronze Age, named after the metal bronze. Stone age ended when people discovered the art of smelting (making metals). First metal was copper, followed by bronze. People probably began using bronze instead of just stone in the Middle East sometime between 3000 and 2000 BC.
The Stone Age is divided by archaeologists (people who study relics) into three sections: Paleolithic ("old stone"), Mesolithic ("middle stone") and Neolithic ("new stone"). Pottery was invented during the Neolithic Stone Age.

Adolf Hitler
Adolf Hitler (April 20, 1889 in Braunau am Inn, Austria - April 30, 1945 in Berlin) was a German politician who was the leader of the Nazi party. He became Chancellor of Germany in 1933 and became dictator of Germany in 1934. He called himself "Führer" (leader) of the German Empire. He ruled until 1945 when he killed himself.
When Hitler was ruler, Nazis created the dictatorship of the so-called Third Reich. In 1933, they blocked out all the other political parties. Their enemies were killed or arrested. Hitler and his men also took the civil rights of European Jews and other ethnic, religious or political minorities. In what is called The Holocaust, the Nazis killed many of them. They also started World War II, which destroyed Europe. Because of Hitler, at least 44 million people were killed, about 6 million of them were Jews.
Hitler's Life story.
Adolf Hitler was born on April 20, 1889 at Braunau am Inn, a small town near Linz in the province of Upper Austria, close to the German border, in what was then Austria-Hungary.
Hitler failed high school admission tests in Linz twice. He became interested in the anti-Semitic (anti-Jewish), Pan-German teachings of Professor
Leopold Poetsch.
In 1907, Hitler's mother died and because of that he was very depressed.
In 1909, Hitler went to Vienna to study art. He was not good enough for the Academy of Arts.
In 1913, Hitler was 24 years old. At that time, all young Austrian men had to join the army. Hitler did not like the Austrian army, so he left Austria for Germany. He lived in a German city, Munich.
In 1914, Hitler joined the German army. He fought for Germany in the First World War. He was wounded in the war. The government gave him the Iron Cross as a reward for fighting hard in the war.
In 1919, Hitler joined a small political party called the German Workers Party. He soon won the support of the party members. Two years later, he became the leader of the party. He renamed the party the National Socialist German Workers Party. It became known as the Nazi Party.
In 1923, Hitler tried to overthrow the Weimar Republic government (1918-36) in the Beer Hall Putsch. The putsch failed. The government killed 16 of his men (the 16 dead men were later declared saints in Nazi ideology). They also put Hitler in the Landsberg Prison. They said that he would stay in prison for 5 years, but they let him leave after 9 months. While he was in prison, he wrote a book with the help of his friend Rudolf Hess. At first, Hitler wanted to call the book "Four and a Half Years of Struggle against Lies, Stupidity and Cowardice". In the end, he called the book "Mein Kampf" or My Struggle. The book said that Germany would take land from Poland and Russia. It also had many anti-semitic comments, and called for the murder and expulsion of Jews from Germany.
In 1933 Hitler was elected into the German government. He ended freedom of speech, and put his enemies in jail or killed them. He did not allow any other party except the Nazi party. Hitler and his propaganda minister, Joseph Goebbels, spread extreme nationalism within Germany. All media had to praise the Nazis. Also, more people were born because Hitler wanted more people of the "master race" (by that he meant Aryan, or those with blue eyes and blond hair). He made Germany a totalitarian Nazi state. Aryanism was a myth, but Hitler and his friends believed it. They thought that people like the Jews and Slavs were inferior (less valuable) and should be killed.
World War II.
Hitler started World War II by ordering the German Army to invade Poland. His army conquered most of the Europe including Poland, France, and a large part of the Soviet Union. During the war he ordered the Nazis to kill many people, including women and children. The Nazis killed 6 million Jews, in The Holocaust. Other people that the Nazis killed were Roma (Gypsies), homosexuals, Slavs such as Russians and Poles, and his political opponents.
Finally the other countries in the world worked together to defeat Germany. Hitler lost all of the land that he had taken, and millions of Germans were killed. At the end of World War II, Hitler wanted everyone to die, including himself. He committed suicide (killed himself) in Berlin in 1945.

Virgil
Publius Vergilius Maro, also called Virgil or Vergil by English-speaking people, (October 15, 70 BC - September 21, 19 BC) was a writer of poems in the Latin language. Virgil's most famous epic poem is called the "Aeneid". His poems are about gods and myths (called mythology).

Alcohol
In chemistry, alcohol is a general term which refers to many organic compounds used in industry and science as reagents, solvents, and fuels. Alcohols are carbohydrates which are made of an alkyl group with one or more hydroxyl (-"OH") groups bound to its carbon atoms. Alchohol is colorless, and also transparent.
Names for alcohol.
There are two ways of naming alcohols: Common names, and IUPAC names.
Physical and chemical properties.
The hydroxyl group makes alcohols polar. Alcohols are very weakly acidic.
Common alcohols.
In common usage, "alcohol" often means ethanol or "grain alcohol". (See also: alcoholic proof).

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was an Austrian composer and pianist. During his short life he wrote more than 600 pieces of music. Many people think he was one of the best composers of music of all time. He was born in the city of Salzburg on January 27, 1756. He wrote over 600 pieces of music, including the operas (music with a story) "Don Giovanni" and "Die Zauberflöte" ("The Magic Flute"). His works began with a minuet that he wrote when he was four, and end with his final piece, the "Requiem", which he left unfinished. Mozart was a prodigy at the piano, and he was known as a great pianist as well as a great composer. He died on December 5, 1791 when he was 35 years old.
Family and early years.
Mozart was born into a musical family. His father Leopold Mozart was a famous violinist and composer who worked for the Archbishop of Salzburg. He had one older sister called Maria Anna whose nickname was Nannerl (there were other brothers and sisters who died as babies). Mozart was baptized on the morning after his birth in the cathedral in Salzburg. The Latin form of his name was “Joannes Chrysostomus Wolfgangus Theophilus Mozart”. He was usually known as “Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart” and his nickname was “Wolfi”. The house where he was born in the street called Getreidegasse is now a Mozart museum.
. From a very early age he showed extraordinary musical talent. His father gave up composing in order to teach his son music. Wolfgang was learning the keyboard at the age of three and was soon learning the violin and organ as well. There are two short piano pieces written when he was five. They were written in his father’s handwriting, so it is not easy to say how much help he might have had.
Soon his father started to show off his son, making him play in concerts in front of lots of important people. Nowadays this would be called “exploiting” the young genius, but in those days people saw nothing wrong with allowing a child to be used in this way. It is amazing that it seemed to do him no harm, and that he grew up to become the great composer that he deserved to be.
Mozart played in public in Salzburg when he was five. Then he was taken to Vienna when he was six. He also played in Linz and Pressburg (now called Bratislava). Twice he played in front of the empress Maria Theresa of Austria. At these concerts he played pieces that adults usually played, he played at sight, improvised and played with a cloth covering the keyboard, played blindfolded and with one hand crossing another. He also made up accompaniments to tunes that were put in front of him. Many people who heard him wrote about this remarkable boy and that is how we know a lot of what happened.
Travels abroad.
Soon Mozart was travelling abroad. He played in Munich, Prague, Paris, The Hague and London. In London he played to King George III and met a composer by the name of Johann Christian Bach, one of the sons of Johann Sebastian Bach. He liked Johann Christian Bach’s music and he played duets with him. In 1767 he was in Vienna again where he was ill with smallpox, but he recovered, and his father saw this as a sign from God that his child would do well. He went to Italy where he heard music by many famous Italian composers, including Gregorio Allegri who had written a piece called "Miserere". This piece had been written for the Pope for the choir of the Vatican to sing. No one was allowed to see the written music so that no other choir would be able to sing it. Mozart heard the piece once and then wrote it all down from memory! He met the Pope and received a knighthood (Order of the Golden Spur).
In 1777 he went on a journey with his mother. In Mannheim he fell in love with a girl called Aloysia Weber. She was 16 years old and studying singing. Mozart wanted to take her to Italy to make her famous, but his father wrote him back very stern letters telling him to stop thinking about such nonsense. By 1778 Mozart and his mother were in Paris, but there his mother died.
Mozart in Vienna.
Mozart wrote several small operas when he was young, but his first really important opera was "Idomeneo". It was first performed in Munich in 1780. The next year he went to Vienna. By this time he was working, like his father, for the Archbishop of Salzburg. When he went back to Salzburg he argued with the Archbishop who literally kicked him out. Mozart went off to Vienna where he would spend the rest of his life.
In 1782 he married Constanze Weber, one of the three younger sisters of Aloysia (who by now was married to someone else). They were to have seven children, but five of them died in childhood. Mozart’s father did not approve of the marriage. Constanze was a loving wife, but, like Mozart, she was not good at looking after money, so they were often very poor.
In that same year, 1782, Mozart wrote another very successful opera: "Die Entführung aus dem Serail" ("The Abduction from the Seraglio"). One famous story tells that, after the emperor had heard the opera, he told Mozart that there were “too many notes”. Mozart replied to the emperor: “Just as many as are necessary, Your Majesty.”
Mozart began a series of concerts in which he played his own piano concertos, conducting from the keyboard. He met the composer Joseph Haydn and the two men became great friends, often playing together in a string quartet. Haydn said to Leopold Mozart one day: "Before God and as an honest man I tell you that your son is the greatest composer known to me either in person or by name. He has taste, and what is more, the most profound knowledge of composition." Mozart was in the same Masonic Lodge as Haydn, and he dedicated some of his string quartets to him.
Mozart and Prague.
The audiences in Vienna did not give Mozart much support after a few years, so he often went to Prague where the audiences adored him. His opera "The Marriage of Figaro" was very popular there, and in 1787 he gave the first performance there of his opera "Don Giovanni".
Final illness and death.
There are several stories about Mozart’s final illness and death, and it is not easy to be sure what happened. He was working on an opera "The Magic Flute" which is one of his greatest works and a very popular opera today. It is written in German, not Italian, like most of his other operas. In some ways it is like an English pantomime. At the same time that he was working on this he was asked by a stranger to compose a requiem. He was told to compose this in secret. Then he was asked to write an Italian opera "La Clemenza di Tito". This was performed in Prague during September 1791. At the end of September "The Magic Flute" was given its first performance. Mozart then worked very hard at the "Requiem". He must have realized that he was already very ill, and that in a way the requiem (a mass for the dead) was for himself. He died before he could finish it. Constanze asked another composer, a man called Franz Xaver Süssmayr, to finish the work. Today we are not sure which bits Süssmayr added, but probably most of the music is Mozart’s own work.
Mozart was buried in an unmarked grave because there was no money for a proper funeral.
Mozart’s music.
Mozart's music, like that of Haydn, is the very greatest of what is known as the Classical style. At the time he started to compose, the Baroque period was just coming to an end. Tastes were changing in music. Form, balance and elegance were thought of as more important than counterpoint. Mozart was the first great composer to write music for the piano, an instrument which had only just become popular. He wrote almost every kind of music: symphonies, operas, solo concertos, chamber music, especially string quartets and string quintets, and the piano sonata. He also wrote a lot of religious music, including masses, as well as popular music like dances, divertimenti and serenades.
When Mozart was young a symphony was usually a short, simple piece for entertainment. Mozart made the symphony into a carefully worked-out piece lasting up to half an hour. His last three symphonies are especially fine masterpieces. His concertos, especially his piano concertos, are far more advanced than anything that had been written before. Although Mozart behaved in quite a childish way at times, he was good at understanding human character. This is obvious in his operas, where he introduced many subtle effects to describe the characters in the story.
Mozart's operas are among his greatest works. He understood people's characters very well and was able to write music which tell us everything about the personalities in the operas. The three operas in which he set words by Metastasio: "Don Giovanni", "Le Nozze di Figaro" ("The Marriage of Figaro") and "Cosi fan tutte" each include some very clever ensembles in which several characters are singing at once, each one showing his or her view of the situation.
As well as many great masterpieces, Mozart wrote many pieces in a more popular style, including some tunes that everybody knows today. His serenade "Eine kleine Nachtmusik" is recognized everywhere, as is the "Turkish Rondo" from his "Piano Sonata in A", the opening of the "Symphony no 40 in G minor K550", and the birdcatcher’s song from "The Magic Flute".
Catalogue of Works.
Some time after Mozart’s death a man called Köchel studied all Mozart’s music, tried to put them in chronological order, and gave them a number. The number helps us to know exactly which work is meant e.g. "Symphony in G minor K183" is not the same piece as "Symphony in G minor K550" (K stands for Köchel. Sometimes it is written "KV550" standing for "Köchel Verzeichnis" i.e. "Köchel Catalogue").
References.
Groves Dictionary of Music and Musicians, edited by Stanley Sadie; 1980; ISBN 1-56159-174-2

Johann Sebastian Bach
Johann Sebastian Bach (b. Eisenach, 25 March 1685; d. Leipzig, 28 July 1750) was the greatest composer of his time. He lived in the last part of the Baroque period. He never traveled very far, spending all his life in central Germany, but he studied all the music he could find by other composers of his time. His own music shows that he learned from the music of Italian, French and German composers. He spent several years working at courts of noblemen. Here he wrote most of his chamber music and orchestral music. Most of his life, however, he worked in a church where he was expected to write church music. Bach wrote almost every kind of music except opera. During the last part of his life most composers were writing in a new style called the Classical style, but Bach always wrote in the Baroque style. That made some people at the time think he was old-fashioned, but today we know that his work is the very best of Baroque music.
Early Life.
Bach came from a highly musical family. Many of his relatives were professional musicians of some sort: violinists and town musicians, organists, "Kantors" (Directors of Music in a church), court musicians and "Kapellmeisters" (Directors of Music at a royal court). Most of them played several instruments. Of his twenty children, several became quite famous composers, especially Carl Philipp Emmanuel Bach (1714-1788), Johann Christian Bach (1735-1782) and Wilhelm Friedemann Bach (1710-1784).
We hardly know anything about Johann Sebastian’s childhood. He must have sung in the church choir at Eisenach where he was born. He may have learned to play instruments from his father. When he was ten years old, his mother and father both died within eight months of one another (1694 and 1695). He went to live with his brother Johann Christoph Bach in a small town called Ohrdruf nearby. Johann Christoph was an excellent teacher and taught the young boy a lot. There was a good school there, and he studied religion, reading, writing, arithmetic, singing, history and science. There is a well known story that there was one music book which his uncle would not let him study. So the young boy took it at night and copied the music down by moonlight. When his brother found him doing this he took it away from him. We cannot be sure that the story is true, but it could well have been. It shows that he learned by copying manuscripts (music written by hand). Music was not often published in those days: anyone who wanted a copy of a piece of music usually had to write it out by hand.
When he was fifteen he went to the large town of Lüneburg. At first he sang treble in the choir, but his voice very soon got lower, so he made himself useful playing instruments. He learned by listening to famous organists like Reincken (1623-1722) and Dietrich Buxtehude (1637-1707). Bach got his first job in 1703 in Arnstadt. It was a well-paid job for a young lad of 18. There was a new organ in the church and Bach already knew a lot about organ building as well as being a brilliant organist. They asked him to examine the new organ, and then offered him a job. Bach spent four years as organist there. He composed some organ works. Unfortunately the congregation were not musical enough to like it. They did not understand the ornamental notes he added to the hymn tunes. Bach got rather fed up with the priests who were always complaining about it, and so he resigned and took another job in Mühlhausen, not far away. After a year there he gave up that job and went to a big town called Weimar.• Johann Sebastian Bach was born on March 21, 1685 – July 28, 1750.
• He is a German Composer and the greatest composer at his time.
• Bach lived in the last part of Baroque period.
• His music shows that he learned from the music of Italian, French and German.
• He wrote most of his chamber music and orchestral music.
• He worked in a church where he was expected to write church music.
• Bach wrote almost every kind of music except opera.
Weimar years (1708-1717).
Johann Sebastian was made organist to the Duke of Weimar. At the Duke’s court there was a chapel with an organ. Bach composed many of his great organ works at this time. He became very famous as an organist as was invited to play in other big churches and to give advice on organ building. He was extremely good at improvisation. On one occasion he was in Dresden at the same time as a French organist named Louis Marchant. There was going to be a competition between the two men to see who was better at improvisation. Bach was practising the day before and Marchant heard him. He realized that Bach would win, so he ran away.
In 1714 the Duke made Bach "Konzertmeister" (Concert Master), which meant he earned more money. He had to write cantatas for church services. In 1717 he was offered a job in the town of Cöthen, where he would earn an even better salary. The Duke was angry and did not want him to go but Bach insisted, so the Duke put Bach in prison for a month. In the end he had to let the musician go.
Cöthen (1717-1723).
At Cöthen Bach worked for Prince Leopold. The Prince was very musical and a nice man to work for. Bach was "Kapellmeister" (Director of Music) and was treated well. The organ was not very good and it was not used much, so Bach did not write any organ music during this period. The Duke had an orchestra and Bach was in charge. Nearly all Bach’s orchestral works were written in Cöthen: the Brandenburg Concertos, the violin concertos, the orchestral suites, the solo music for violin and for cello, and a lot of keyboard music for harpsichord or clavichord.
During 1719 the great composer Handel, who had moved to England, came to Germany to visit his mother. Bach wanted to meet Handel, who was only 30 km away, but these two famous musicians never met. Handel wanted to spend his limited time in Germany with his mother who was old and frail, knowing that it would be the last time he would see her.
Bach’s first wife, Maria Barbara, died in 1720. The couple had seven children. Soon afterwards he married Anna Magdalena, with whom he had another fourteen children. However, several of his children died young.
Leipzig (1723-1750).
In 1723 Bach moved to Leipzig to take the job of "Kantor" at the St Thomas Church, a very large church in the town. As "Kantor" he was in charge of all the music, both at St Thomas and at another church nearby. He also had to compose music for the town. It was an excellent job, and more secure than being at a court. The schools were good for his sons. Bach stayed in Leipzig until his death. He loved his job and worked very hard. He composed many cantatas for the church services. These services were very long, lasting about three hours. Many of the cantatas he wrote last about 30 minutes, and that was just one part of a service! He had assistants to play the organ. Bach himself directed the choir and the orchestra. There were probably 16 singers in the choir and 18 players in the orchestra. He wrote the "St Matthew Passion" and the "St John Passion". Both these works, which are very long, tell the story of Jesus dying on the cross. They are among the most famous pieces of music ever written. He also wrote cantatas for special occasions such as weddings or funerals.
Life was not always easy, and there were sometimes arguments with the people who ruled the church. The sub-deacon wanted to choose some of the hymns, but this was the "Kantor’s" job. Bach was a sensible man, and he managed to get his way without making enemies. On another occasion he argued with the headmaster of the school (Bach had to do some teaching at the church school) about who was allowed to choose the choir section leaders. This actually went to court, and Bach lost the case.
Bach often made journeys to other towns. In 1747 he visited the court of Prussian King Frederick the Great near Berlin. The king, a music lover, gave Bach a tune to play on the harpsichord. Bach sat down and improvised a piece using this theme. The king was very impressed. Later Bach wrote a very long composition for flute, violin and harpsichord with cello accompaniment, in many movements, all based on this theme. At the end, the tune is heard in six voices all together. Bach called it the "Musical Offering" and he sent it to king, who was very much pleased. In the picture at the top of this article Bach is holding the music of the 6 part movement (called: a ricercar).
Bach loved writing fugues, and he decided to write a collection called "The Art of Fugue". He wanted to publish it and he was making some changes, but sadly he died before he could finish it. In the last year or two of his life, he became blind in spite of two eye operations.
Bach’s music and how to enjoy it.
Bach wrote so much music that it cannot all be mentioned here. Beginner pianists will know some of his small pieces, e.g. Minuet in G, although some musicians do not feel sure that this is by Bach. He wrote lots of music for his pupils, who were often his own sons. The Inventions in 2 and 3 parts (i.e. voices) are an excellent start to playing contrapuntal music. The "Well-Tempered Clavier" is a collection of 48 Preludes and Fugues, written to show that, with the new way of tuning keyboard instruments, music could now be played in any key. All these works could be played on the harpsichord or clavichord or even the organ. In those days the German word “Clavier” meant any keyboard instrument. Bach wrote lots of great organ music. The most popular one is the Toccata and Fugue in D minor.
The Brandenburg Concertos, Orchestral Suites and the Violin Concertos are great fun and quite easy to listen to as they have very strong, rhythmic life and singable tunes. There are lots of beautiful music in the Cantatas, although they are in German and it is a help to know what the choir or soloists are singing about. The motets, the two passions and the Mass in B minor (in German: Hohe Messe) are among the greatest works the world has ever heard.

Atmosphere
Earth's atmosphere is the layer of gases around the planet Earth. The atmosphere is held in place by Earth's gravity. It is made up of nitrogen (78.1%) and oxygen (20.9%), with small amounts of argon (0.9%), carbon dioxide (~ 0.035%), water vapor, and other gases. The atmosphere protects life on Earth by absorbing (taking) ultraviolet radiation from the sun, and balancing the temperature on earth between day and night.
Solid particulates, including ash, dust, volcanic ash, etc. are small part of atmosphere. They are important for the formation of clouds and fog.
The atmosphere does not end at a specific place. It just gets thinner when you go higher. There is no clear line between the atmosphere and outer space. 75% of the atmosphere is within 11 km of the Earth's surface.
Temperature and the atmospheric layers.
The boundaries between these areas are named the tropopause, stratopause and mesopause.
The average temperature of the atmosphere at the surface of earth is 14 °C.
Pressure.
The atmosphere has pressure. This is because, even though air is a gas, it has weight. The average pressure of the atmosphere at sea level is about 101.4 kilopascals (about 14.7 pounds per square inch).
Density and mass.
The density of air at sea level is about 1.2 kilograms per cubic meter. This density becomes less at higher altitudes at the same rate that pressure becomes less. The total mass of the atmosphere is about 5.1 × 1018 kg, which is only a very small part of the Earth's total mass.

Penis
The penis is a male sex organ found on the outside of the body. It is used for urination (getting rid of liquid waste from the bladder) and for sexual reproduction. The main sexual function of the penis is to be inserted into a woman's vagina and deliver semen to cause pregnancy. This activity is called sexual intercourse.
Structure.
The human penis is made up of three types of tissue. It has two corpora cavernosa next to each other and a corpus spongiosum between them.
The end of the corpus spongiosum forms the glans penis, underneath the foreskin (in uncircumcised men), or exposed (in circumcised men). The area on the bottom of the penis, where the foreskin is attached, is called the frenum.
The urethra, the tube where urine and semen travel through, runs down the corpus spongiosum, and opens at the tip of the penis. Sperm are made in the testes and stored in the epididymis around the testes. During ejaculation, sperm are pushed up the vas deferens. Fluids are added by the seminal vesicles, the prostate gland and the bulbourethral glands to make semen.
Erection.
A penis can become erect if a man is sexually aroused. In an erection, the penis fills with blood. The blood makes the penis become longer, thicker and harder. Veins taking blood away from the penis get smaller, so less blood is taken through. Arteries bringing blood to the penis get wider, bringing more blood to the penis.
Ejaculation.
Ejaculation is pushing semen from the penis, and usually happens during an orgasm. Muscles push semen from the penis and into the vagina, possibly making the woman pregnant. During orgasm, semen moves through the urethra and comes out of the hole at the tip of the penis. Ejaculation may happen during sleep (called a 'wet dream').
Men can ejaculate during sexual intercourse or by masturbation. In masturbation, men can excite their own penis and other sensitive areas of their body, such as the scrotum, by rubbing the genital area. A man must have gone through puberty before he can ejaculate.
Penis size in humans.
The length and thickness of the penis is different for different man. The size of a soft penis (not erect) is much smaller than when it is erect. Some penises grow more when they get hard than other penises. In most cases, whether a penis is big or small, it can still be used for sex. It averages out to be around 3 to 6 inches long when not erect. The average size of an erect human penis is between 13 – 16 cm (5.1– 6 in). The average circumference of a penis is 12.3 cm (4.85 in) when fully erect.
The longest human penis was found by Doctor Robert L. Dickinson. It was 34.3 cm (13.5 inches) long and 15.9 cm (6.25 inches) around.
Circumcision.
The foreskin is a fold of skin that covers the end of the penis. Cutting off the foreskin is called circumcision. The foreskin is connected to the head of the penis. During circumcision, the foreskin is removed from the penis. Circumcision is usually performed on infant males for religious or cultural reasons.
Some men have the foreskin cut off when they are adults because they have problems with their foreskin. Some men have the foreskin cut off because they want to change how their penis looks.
In some religions, babies and young boys have their foreskin cut off. This is expected in Islam and Judaism. It is not required according to Christianity, but it is allowed and is quite common among some Christians. In the Jewish religion baby boys are required to have their foreskin removed. There is a small movement within the Jewish community to replace Bris Milahs (ritual circumcision) with "Bris Shaloms" or other non-invasive welcoming ceremonies.

Sahara Desert
The Sahara Desert in north Africa is the second largest desert in the world (after Antarctica). It is about 9,065,000 square kilometres in size. Some scientists think it is 2.5 million years old. It is the hottest place on the Earth, but not the driest. The driest is the Atacana desert in South America.
The name "Sahara" is from an Arabic word صحر that means "desert".

Paris
Paris is the capital city of France, and the largest city there. Its area is 105 square km, and around 2,15 million people live there. Counting suburbs, the population of Paris rises to 12 million people.
The Seine river runs through the oldest part of Paris, and divides it into two parts, known as the Left Bank and the Right Bank. It is surrounded by many forests.
Paris is also the centre of French economy, politics, traffic and culture. Paris has a lot of art, museums and historical buildings. As a traffic centre, Paris has a very good underground subway system, airports and stations. The Metro was built in 1900, and its total length is more than 200 km.
The city has a multi-cultural style, because 20% of the people there are from outside France. There are many different restaurants with all kinds of food.
The most famous buildings in the Paris are the Eiffel Tower, the Arc de Triomphe, and The Louvre (see below).
History.
Julius Caesar conquered the Celtic Parisii tribe in 52 BC. The Romans called the place Lutetia, or Lutetia Parisiorum. The place got a shorter name, Paris, in 212 AD.
As the Roman Empire began to crumble in the West, the Germanic tribe called the Franks moved in, taking it in 464. In 506, their king Clovis I made it his capital. Charlemagne moved his capital to Aachen in Germany, but Paris continued as an important town and was attacked by the Vikings twice. When Hugh Capet became king of France in 987, he again made Paris his capital. For a long time, the kings only controlled Paris and the surrounding area, as much of the rest of France was in the hands of barons or English. During the Hundred Years War, the English even controlled Paris from 1420 to 1437.
During the Protestant Reformation, a huge massacre of French Protestants started here in 1572, called the Saint Bartholemews Day Massacre. Paris saw many other troubles over the years of the "Ancien Regime" (Old Kingdom), then in 1789, the French Revolution began in Paris, leading to more massacres.
The Russian army captured Paris from Napoleon in 1814, and the Prussian army captured it in 1871. The next time it was captured was by the Nazi Germans in 1940. The Allies freed the city in 1944 and it has never been captured again since.
Tourism.
Paris has much to offer for sightseeing. Here are four very famous examples.
Transportation.
Because the city of Paris is roughly only 6 miles across, visitors have a wide range of options when it comes to transportation. While much of the more well-known attractions are located in the center of the city and are best experienced by walking, there are many destinations that require other means of transport. While taxis offer a fast and relatively inexpensive means of travel, Paris’ public transportation system offers an enjoyable, stress-free way to explore the city.
The Paris Metro system was constructed in 1900 by engineer Fulgence Bienvenüe and architect Hector Guimard, the French Métro covers over 124 miles with 368 stations and 15 lines. Servicing over 6 million residents and tourists every day, the Métro was designed to be an efficient and reliable alternative to the congestion of traffic. Every building in Paris is less than 500 meters from a train station, so accessibility is never a problem. The 15 Métro lines are identified by their final destinations. Simply select the appropriate line and take it in the direction you want. The Métro stations are well marked, and there are ticket booths at most entrances.

The Holocaust
The Holocaust, sometimes called The Shoah (Hebrew השואה), refers to the planned deportation and killing of people by Nazi Germany. Six million Jews were killed, and many other millions that the Nazis said were undesirable (eg, Gypsies, Homosexuals, Communists). Many were rounded up, put in ghettos, forced to work in concentration camps and then killed in massive Gas chambers.
Deaths.
The numbers below are not exact, since many of those killed were never registered. The numbers given below are those most scholars agree on.
Two million other civilians were killed with machine guns, torture, or were beaten until they died. Many Soviet prisoners of war and civilians were killed.

Kyoto, Japan
Kyoto (京都) is a city in Japan. This city was the capital of Japan from 794 until 1868. In those days, the Japanese Emperors lived in this city.
Now, Kyoto is a major city of the Kansai area of Japan. Its population is 1.5 million people. The city of Kyoto is the capital of a bigger place, the prefecture of Kyoto. Kyoto is one of the cultural, educational, and technology centers of Japan. In it are many universities including Kyoto University, the second oldest national university of Japan.
There are mountains around the city on the east, north, and west sides. Some people in Kyoto believe that these mountains make Kyoto's summer especially hot and humid, and Kyoto's winter very cold.
We can see many temples and shrines built in traditional Japanese architectural styles here. Some of those buildings are registered as World Heritage sites of UNESCO. On the other hand, since Kyoto was one of biggest and wealthiest Japanese cities in the middle of the 19th century; the citizens were eager to import European style, and there are many European style buildings in the center of Kyoto for company offices and schools.
Kyoto is one of oldest cities in Japan. Many tourists from all over the world come to Kyoto. Japanese people often come to Kyoto in the spring to see the cherry blossoms, and in the autumn to see the leaves change color.
Traditional Kyoto food often uses vegetables.
The oldest novel in the world, Shikibu Murasaki's "The Tale of Genji", is set in Heian Era Kyoto.
Kyoto is famous for three great festivals: Gion festival, Aoi festival in the summer, and Jidai festival in the autumn.

Anarchy
In the first use, an "anarchy" might be a made-up or real society based on a group's beliefs about anarchism (see anarcho-communism).
In the second use, "anarchy" has to do with having no political order. The says that there is only one nation, Somalia, that is in a state of anarchy. In Somalia, the government is no longer in control, and some parts of the country are ruled by mobs and warlords who sometimes fight one another.
There are a small number of other places (Afghanistan, Albania, Burundi, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Rwanda) where government is "emerging" or "transitional", and were in anomie in the near past. The DC says that the Solomon Islands is "tending towards" anomie because "violence, corruption and crime have undermined stability and civil society".
When there is no political order, more than one government or political authority might sometimes compete for the same food, oil, land, or groups of people. The word "Anarchy" to used to describe this. However, because there is "more than one" competing authority, a better word might be "polyarchy". The difference between "anarchy" and "polyarchy" is important to someone who thinks that true anarchy would work well. The word for someone who thinks this is "anarchist", and the word for this kind of thinking is "anarchism". Anarchism has been thought about for hundreds of years.
Where the word comes from.
The word anarchy comes from the Greek word αναρχία ("anarchia"), which means "without a leader".
"While the popular understanding of anarchism is of a violent, anti-State movement, anarchism is a much more subtle and nuanced tradition then a simple opposition to government power. Anarchists oppose the idea that power and domination are necessary for society, and instead advocate more co-operative, anti-hierarchical forms of social, political and economic organisation." [The Politics of Individualism, p. 106]
Famous Anarchists.
Leon Czolgosz who killed President McKinley because he started illegal war in Philippines (American-Philippines war 1899-1913, 5000+american casualties), was enemy of good working people (according to Leon), was famous anarchist who preached its ideology.

DNA
DNA, short for deoxyribonucleic acid, is a nucleic acid - an acidic molecule that is in the nucleus of cells. The nucleus is a part of the cell separated from the rest of the cell by a membrane or wall. A lot of DNA can be found in the cells of all living things, also known as organisms. This includes animals, plants, germs and viruses. DNA contains the genetic code of the living thing - the instuctions that tell all the cells in the organism proteins to make. The proteins that a cell makes control what that cell does - the cell's function. The DNA in a living thing is a mix of the DNA from each of its parents.
DNA structure.
The "rungs" of the DNA ladder are each made of two bases, one base coming from each "leg". The bases connect in the middle. 'A' connects only with 'T', and 'C' connects only with 'G'. The connections are hydrogen bonds.
The reason that the bases can only pair up 'G' with 'C' and 'A' with 'T' is the number of hydrogen bonds each base can make. Adenine and thymine can each make two hydrogen bonds and cytosine and guanine can make three hydrogen bonds. It may seem that DNA would always be the same because the bases are always in fixed pairs, but DNA is a very big molecule and the pairs can come in any order. The code or plan for all the proteins that make a person, animal, or plant can be found by reading the order of the nitrogen bases in the DNA.
Copying DNA.
When DNA is copied this is called DNA replication. Briefly, the hydrogen bonds holding the two strands of the molecule together are broken and the molecule is split in half. This gives two single strands. New strands are formed by matching the bases (A with T and G with C) to make the 'missing' strands.
First, an enzyme called DNA helicase splits the DNA down the middle by breaking the hydrogen bonds. Then after the DNA molecule is in two separate pieces, another molecule called DNA polymerase makes a new strand that matches each of the strands of the split DNA molecule. Each copy of a DNA molecule is made of half of the original (starting) molecule and half of new bases.
Mutations.
Usually mutations are fatal for the cell or the organism - the protein made by the 'new' DNA does not work as it should, but also evolution is moved forward by mutations, when the new protein works better or has another good effect.
Protein synthesis.
DNA is what tells the cell how to make particular proteins. Proteins do most of the 'work' in cells and in the whole organism. Proteins are made out of smaller molecules called amino acids. To make a protein to do a particular job, the correct amino acids have to be joined up in the correct order.
Proteins are made in parts of the cell - organelles - called ribosomes. Ribosomes respond to a special codes called codons - groups of three base pairs which 'tell' the ribosome which amino acid to add to the protein next. Ribosomes are found in the main body of the cell, but DNA is only found in the nucleus of the cell. The codon is part of the DNA, but DNA never leaves the nucleus. Because DNA can't leave the nucleus, the cell makes a copy of the DNA, but in a new single strand form which is smalller and can get through the holes in the membrane of the nucleus - pores - in the nucleus and out into the cell.
This one-stranded copy of DNA is called RNA. This is messenger mRNA. The mRNA attaches to a ribosome where the protein is made. The ribosome works on three bases at a time - this is called a codon and 'codes' for a particular amino acid. Another sort of RNA called transfer RNA tRNA 'matches' the RNA codon (but with the opposite bases) and is linked to the right amino acid so that the correct amino acid is brought to the ribosome which links it on to the growing amino acid chain.
History.
DNA was first isolated - extracted from cells - by Swiss physician Friedrich Miescher in 1869, when he was working on bacteria from the pus in surgical bandages. The molecule was found in the nucleus of the cells and so he called it "nuclein".
In 1919 this discovery was followed by the discovery by Phoebus Levene of the base, sugar and phosphate nucleotide unit. In the 1950's, Erwin Chargaff found that the amount of thymine (T) present in a molecule of DNA was roughly equal to the amount of adenine (A) present. He found that the same applies to guanine (G) and cytosine (C).
A few years after Chargaff's discovery, a British scientist named Rosalind Franklin worked on crystals of DNA and how they diffracted beams of X-rays and found that an "X" pattern was produced which showed that the crystal was probably helix shaped. Francis Crick and James Watson were also working on the structure of DNA and working from Franklin's results and using models of the bases worked out the shape of the molecule. How Crick and Watson got Franklin's results has been much debated. Crick, Watson and Maurice Wilkins were awarded the Nobel Prize in 1962 for their work on DNA - Rosalind Franklin had died in 1958.

Karl Marx
Karl Heinrich Marx (May 5, 1818 – March 14, 1883) was a German philosopher and political thinker who wrote about money (economics) and power (politics). Marx thought that in an economy run on wage-labor, there would always be class struggle. His most famous book was the "Communist Manifesto". He wrote it with Friedrich Engels in 1848. The book sets out the ideas and aims of communism. His ideas are called Marxism.
His most important work is "Das Kapital". He spent many years working on the three volumes of the book. Das Kapital talks about and disagrees with "capitalism". The book has led to many debates between those who agree with the book and those who do not. This is mainly because those who believed in the ideas of the book started many socialist revolutions (like the Russian Revolution) to change many countries. The system in those countries were communist, and many of their governments killed those who disagreed with them, or put them in prison.
Marx's most popular theory was his "Materialism". He believed that religion, morality, social structures and other things are all rooted in economics.
Karl Marx was born in Germany in 1818, but had to move many times because people did not like his ideas.
Marx lived for a long time in London. He died there in 1883. After he died, his friend Engels finished many of his works.
Marx also wrote <O"onomisch-philosophische Manuskripte aus dem Jahre 1844> in his early days.
Other websites.
"Italic text"=== Bibliography and online texts ===

Bread
Bread is a type of food, made from flour and water (to make dough). Usually, salt and yeast are added.
Colour and taste depend largely on the kind of flour used and the style of baking. Flour made from the whole grain gives darker bread. Flour made just from the polished wheat grain gives a very white bread. Also rye and barley flour give darker types of bread.
Bread is an important part of life in many countries, because everyone eats it. In many cultures, bread is so important that it is part of their religious rituals.
Cake is done in a similar way to bread but sugar, fat and milk are added to the dough and often more ingredients.

Shinto
Shinto (Japanese: 神道) or Shintoism is the native religion of Japan. They believe there are many "Kami", translated as gods or nature spirits. Some "kami" are just spirits of certain places, and some are the overall "kami" (like "Amaterasu", the Sun goddess). The word "Shinto" comes from the Japanese words "神", "shin" -- the word for god, and "道", "tō" -- the word for "the way" or "path". So, Shinto means "the way of the gods."
State Shinto was the main religion of Japan before World War II. Many Shinto customs are not done in Japan today, and some are still done every day, but they are not meant to be religious actions.

Volcano
A volcano is a mountain where lava (very hot, molten rock) comes from a magma chamber under the ground. Most volcanoes have a crater at the top. Materials which pour out from it usually include lava, steam, gaseous compounds of sulphur, ash and broken rock fragments. Lava is called magma before it has come out of the volcano. Volcanoes are also found on planets other than Earth, like the Olympus Mons on Mars.
The word "volcano".
"Volcano" is thought to come from Vulcano, a volcanic island in the Aeolian Islands of Italy. Vulcano's name itself is taken from Vulcan, the name of a god of fire in Roman mythology. The study of volcanoes is called "volcanology", which is sometimes spelled "vulcanology".
How volcanoes are made.
Volcanoes are usually made when two tectonic plates move toward each other. When these two plates meet, one of them (usually the ocean plate) goes under the other one. Afterwards, it melts and forms magma (inside the magma chamber), and the pressure builds up until the magma bursts through the Earth's crust.

Big Bang
The Big Bang is the theory that the universe began by growing out from a very small, dense, and hot condition about 13.7 billion years ago. As a whole cosmos, everything is now flying away from everything else with no center. All space, time, and matter was created when the point got bigger. Cosmology is the name given to how the universe began and how it has developed. Scientists that study cosmology agree the Big Bang theory matches what they have seen so far. Other theories do not match as well.
The theory is called the "Big Bang" because Fred Hoyle wanted to make fun of the theory. He did not believe it. Scientists who did believe it thought the name was funny and used it anyway. Since then, Fred Hoyle's reasons for not liking the theory have been shown to be wrong.
Scientists base the Big Bang theory on many different observations. The most important is the redshift of very far away galaxies. Redshift is when the light from an object moving away from the earth looks like it has lost energy. Objects moving towards the earth look like their light has gained energy. This is because of the Doppler effect. The more redshift there is, the faster the object is moving. When we see the redshift we can see how fast the object is moving. Since everything is moving away from everything else at a carefully measured rate, scientists calculate that everything was in the same place 13.7 billion years ago. Because most things become colder when they become bigger, the universe must have been very hot when it started.
Other observations that support the Big Bang theory are the amounts of chemical elements in the universe. Amounts of hydrogen, helium, and lithium seem to agree with the theory of the Big Bang. Scientists also have found "cosmic microwave background radiation". This radiation is radio waves that are everywhere in the universe. It is now very weak and cold, but a long time ago it was very strong and very hot. But, it isn't now.
The Big Bang theory might also have been the beginning of time too. If the Big Bang was the beginning of time itself then there was no universe before the Big Bang. Other ideas that also have a Big Bang do not have a beginning of time at 13.7 billion years ago. Instead, these theories say that the beginning of the universe as we currently know it began at that time. Before then the universe may have been very different.

Google Mail
Google Mail, also known as Gmail, is a free e-mail service that is run by Google. It can be accessed on the web, by POP3, or by IMAP. Some of the competitors to Gmail are Yahoo! Mail, Windows Live Mail, and Inbox.Com.

Astronomer
An astronomer is a person who studies the stars and planets. Most astronomers work in observatories with telescopes to collect information from stars, planets, or galaxies. An astronomer has to analyse information s/he has collected, and to use it to help us understand how the universe behaves.

Analysis
An analysis is what a person has when he or she has analysed something.

Foolish
Foolish means silly or not wise. A "fool" is a person who is stupid or easily tricked. Other words with the same meaning are absurd, crazy, and nonsensical.
A "fool's errand" is a useless piece of work.
A "fool's paradise" a happy state for which there is no good reason.
The "wise fool" is a common literary character, a person who appears at first to be unintelligent but then reveals him or herself to possess a grest deal of wisdom. An example of this is Sancho Panza in Cervantes' "Don Quixote". Sancho is an uneducated peasant who at first seems to have little sense or experience. However, as the tale unfolds, he reveals himself to possess a wealth of common sense, first expressed through endless proverbs, but then through his own skill. In this sense he provides a comic juxtaposition to Quixote himself, who is highly educated but insane; both of them supply what the other lacks.

Aristotle
Aristotle (Greek Αριστοτέλης Aristotelēs) (born 384 BC at Stagira, in Macedonia, Greece; died March 7, 323 BC at Chalicis, Euboea, Greece) was a Greek philosopher. Many people think that, together with Plato, he is one of the most important philosophers in Western ways of thinking. It is said that Aristotle wrote around 150 philosophical books. Aristotle was the boyhood tutor of Alexander the Great, who later sent him plants and animals from parts of his new empire.
Introduction.
Aristotle's father Nicomachus, was the doctor of king Amyntas of Macedonia. From his eighteenth to his thirty-seventh year, Aristotle lived in Athens, as a metic and student of Plato.
The three greatest ancient Greek philosophers were Aristotle, Plato, and Socrates. Socrates taught Plato, then Plato taught Aristotle. These three thinkers turned early Greek philosophy into the beginnings of Western philosophy the way it is today. Aristotle taught Alexander the Great, who later conquered the entire Middle East.
Plato's main ideas were that knowledge from the senses was always confused and not pure. True knowledge can be gotten from the thinking soul that turns away from the world. Only the soul can have knowledge of "Forms", the real way things are. The world is only a copy of these "Forms" and is not perfect.
Aristotle thought differently. He thought that knowledge from the senses was more important. These thoughts became the ideas of the scientific method after hundreds of years. Most of the things Aristotle wrote that we still have today are notes from his speaking and teaching. Some of his important writings are "Physics", "Metaphysics", "(Nicomachean) Ethics", "Politics", "De Anima (On the Soul)", and "Poetics".
He also had problems with the atomic theory. He did not believe in Democritus' theories about the atomic theory. He believed that all matter was continuous whereas Democritus stated the all matter was made up of tiny indivisible things called "atoms". Democritus was proved right by physicist John Dalton in 1804.
Logic.
Aristotle also wrote about Logic. Aristotle is the father of logic. Logic is a type of thought that allows us to decide whether an idea is true or false. Until recently, Aristotle's ideas on logic had the most influence across the world.
History and influence of Aristotle's work.
The history of the work of Aristotle from the time he was born until the 1st century BC is not well known. Legends say that Aristotle's collection of writings was left to Theophrastus. Theophrastus was Aristotle's successor. Theophrastus hid the things Aristotle wrote to keep them from being taken away or destroyed. They were found again in the year 70 BC.

Carl Sagan
Carl Edward Sagan (November 9, 1934 - December 20, 1996) was an American astronomer. He tried to make science popular. He thought about what life from other planets would be like. He said that people should look for life on other planets (SETI). He is world famous for his popular science books and the television series "Cosmos", which he co-wrote and presented. He said people should use the scientific method.
Education and work.
Carl Sagan was born in Brooklyn, New York. His father, Sam Sagan, was a Jewish clothes maker and his mother, Rachel Molly Gruber, was a housewife. Sagan went to the University of Chicago, where he got two degrees in physics. Then he became a doctor of astronomy in 1960. He taught at Harvard University until 1968, when he moved to Cornell University.
Sagan became a teacher and director at Cornell in 1971. He helped many unmanned spacecraft to explore outer space. He thought of the idea of putting a message on spacecraft which could be understood by any life from another planet that might find it. The first message sent into space was a large gold-plated label on the space probe Pioneer 10. He continued to make the messages better. The last message he helped with was the Voyager Golden Record that was sent out with the Voyager space probes.
Scientific achievements.
He was well known as a writer who warned of the dangers of nuclear winter. He helped people learn about the atmosphere of Venus, seasonal changes on Mars, and Saturn's moon Titan. He showed that the atmosphere of Venus is very hot and dense. He also said that global warming was a growing, man-made danger like the natural development of Venus into a hot and dangerous planet with greenhouse gases. He suggested that the seasonal changes on Mars were due to dust storms.
Sagan was among the first to guess that Titan and Jupiter's moon Europa might have oceans or lakes, which means that life could be there. Europa's underground ocean was later confirmed by the spacecraft Galileo.
Sagan thought the search for life on other planets was a good idea. He said scientists should listen with large radio telescopes for signals from other planets. He thought sending probes to other planets was a good idea. Sagan was editor "Icarus" (a magazine about space exploration) for 12 years. He helped start the "Planetary Society" and was a member of the SETI Institute Board of Trustees.
Social concerns.
Sagan also believed that the Drake equation suggested that many kinds of intelligent life could form, but that the lack of evidence (the Fermi paradox) suggests that intelligent beings destroy themselves rather quickly. This made him keen to talk about ways that humanity could destroy itself, in the hope of avoiding such destruction.
Under the name "Mr. X," Sagan wrote about pot smoking in the 1971 book "Reconsidering Marijuana". Lester Grinspoon (the book's editor), told this to Keay Davidson, Sagan's biographer. Sagan said that marijuana helped him write some of his books.
Making science popular.
Sagan was very good at helping people to understand the cosmos. He gave the 1977/1978 Christmas Lectures for Young People at the Royal Institution. He wrote (with Ann Druyan, who became his third wife) and made the very popular thirteen-part PBS television series "Cosmos"; he also wrote books to help science become more popular ("The Dragons of Eden", which won a Pulitzer Prize, "Broca's Brain", etc.) and a novel, "Contact", that was a best-seller and was made into a film starring Jodie Foster in 1997. The film won the 1998 Hugo Award.
After "Cosmos", Sagan was linked with the catchphrase "billions and billions", which he never used in the television series (but he often used the word "billions"). He wrote "Pale Blue Dot: A Vision of the Human Future in Space", which was chosen as a notable book of 1995 by The "New York Times".
Not all scientists agreed with him. Although they all liked the way he made science popular, some were afraid that people would think that his personal opinions might be confused with real science. What he said about the Kuwait oil well fires during the first Gulf War were shown later to be wrong.
Later in his life, Sagan's books showed his skeptical, naturalistic view of the world. In his book "The Demon-Haunted World", Sagan gave a list of mistakes he had made as an example of how science is self-correcting. The compilation "Billions and Billions: Thoughts on Life and Death at the End of the Millennium", published after Sagan's death, contains essays written by Sagan, such as his views on abortion, and Ann Druyan's account of his death as a non-believer.
Personality.
Some people thought Sagan had a big ego. In 1994, Apple Computer chose a code name "Sagan" when they developed the Power Macintosh 7100. When Sagan heard this, he tried to make Apple Computer use another name. Sagan lost the fight in court, but Apple engineers did what he asked anyway, and named the project "Butthead Astronomer". Sagan tried to sue Apple again, saying they made him look stupid. Sagan lost in court again, but the name of the project was changed to "LAW" (Lawyers Are Wimps).
Sagan is said to be an atheist or agnostic, but some people have said he is a pantheist, because he said thing like "The idea that God is an oversized white male with a flowing beard who sits in the sky and tallies the fall of every sparrow is ludicrous. But if by 'God' one means the set of physical laws that govern the universe, then clearly there is such a God. This God is emotionally unsatisfying... it does not make much sense to pray to the law of gravity."
Sagan married three times; the biologist Lynn Margulis (mother of Dorion Sagan) in 1957, artist Linda Salzman in 1968, and author Ann Druyan in 1981, to whom he was married until his death.
Legacy.
After a long and difficult fight with myelodysplasia, Sagan died at the age of 62, on December 20, 1996, at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle, Washington. Sagan was very important, because he made science popular, and changed the way science was organized, and because he defended humanism, and argued against seeing things from only one point of view.
The landing site of the unmanned Mars Pathfinder spacecraft was renamed the "Carl Sagan Memorial Station" in honor of Dr. Sagan on July 5, 1997. Asteroid 2709 Sagan is also named in his honor.
The 1997 movie "Contact" (see above), based on Sagan's novel of the same name, and finished after his death, ends with the dedication "For Carl."

Matsuo Basho
Matsuo Munefusa, known as Matsuo Bashō (Japanese: 松尾芭蕉, 1644 - November 28, 1694) was a Japanese poet. He is known as the greatest maker of haiku, a kind of poetry in 5-7-5 syllables.
According to Japanese custom, he is usually called "Basho" without his family name, and his signature as a poet does not include his house name. He signed usually "はせを". He is one of the greatest writers of the Edo period, and he raised the haiku form to its highest level.
He was born in Iga, now a part of Mie prefecture in a samurai (Japanese warrior) family. After many years of samurai life he found that poetry would be his life work, and gave up being a samurai. He started his life as a poet when he served his lord as a samurai. First he named himself "Tosei" (桃青) meaning "unripe peach in blue". Basho took this name because he admired a Chinese poet, Li Po (李白) whose name means "plum in white".
He quit he needs a bash 1666, and in 1675 he moved to Edo, Tokyo today. There, in 1678, he got to be a haiku master ("Sosho") and began the life of a working poet. In 1680, he moved to Fukagawa, just outside of Edo (today part of Tokyo). He planted a "basho" tree (Banana tree) and called himself "Basho" because it became his favorite tree in his garden.
In his life, Basho visited many places. Those travels were important for his writings. He visited his disciples (followers) and taught them by making "renga", a series of haiku, with them. He also visited famous places in Japanese history. These visits made his writing much stronger.
His most famous book is "Oku no Hosomichi" (奥の細道, "The Narrow Road Through the Deep North"). This book was written after a trip. On the trip, Basho and his disciple left Edo on March 24, 1689. They went around Tohoku and Hokuriku, and returned to Edo in 1691. The trip in this book ends in Ogaki, Mino (Gifu prefecture today) with one of his haiku where he hinted that he wanted to visit Ise shrine after staying in Ogaki.

Colonization
Colonization is the act of one country settling another place, in order to become the new rulers of the new country, and to live in the new country.
In 1492, Christopher Columbus discovered The Americas. This is how the Europeans learned that North America and South America were there. The Europeans colonized the Americas. Because of this, most people now living in North America are the descendents of Europeans.
Sometimes, science fiction stories talk about humans colonizing outer space on space stations or planets other than Earth. Some science fiction stories like The Matrix speak of aliens colonizing Earth.

Choreography
Choreography (or "dance-writing") is the art of making dances. It tells dancers how they should dance and move.
A person who does choreography is called choreographer. A choreographer makes a dance based on music or a synopsis (a writing of what occurs in the dance).
Origin.
The word choreography was first seen in the American English dictionary in the 1950s.
Before this, people said "Dances Staged By,"
or "Dance Director" to talk about choreographers.

Electrical cell
An electrical cell is a device that is used to generate electricity, or one that is used to make chemical reactions possible by applying electricity.
Cells producing electricity.
The simple electrical cells where first developed in 1800s. They are also called "galvanic cells", because an Italian scientist named Luigi Galvani invented these cells.
Special chemical reactions which occur inside the electrical cell, result in oxidation and reduction of the substances inside the cell. This produces electrical energy. Normal batteries work like this.
Some of the electrical cells produce electricity without using chemical energy. For example, solar cells produce electricity when they are exposed to sun light.
Cells using electricity.
Some chemical reactions need high energy to happen. An example is the breakdown of water into hydrogen and oxygen. An electrical cell (or an electrolytic cell) is used for these reactions. It is a container which has to have a chemical reaction involving electrodes. The chemical substances are exposed to high voltage electrical power, and the reaction happens inside the electrical cell.
These cells are commonly related with chemical reactions. For example, a plate of zinc and a plate of copper are immersed in a dilute solution which contains acid or salt. The solution acts as an electroltyte (electric conductor). When the two plates are connected to a lamp with a wire, electric current will pass; this is because "oxidation and reduction" processes take place in this chemical activity turning zinc plate to a negative electrode and the copper plate to a positive electrode, and so the electrons flows from zinc to copper which turns the lamp on.

Dry cell
Dry cells are a type of chemical cells. Dry cells are commonly used today, in the form of batteries. Dry cells are used in many electrical appliances.
Types of dry cells.
"Primary cells" are not rechargeable. They have to be thrown away after their chemicals are used up.
"Secondary cells" are rechargeable. They can be used again.

Vietnam War
The Vietnam War lasted from 1959 to 1975. It was fought between North Vietnam and South Vietnam. North Vietnam was supported by the USSR and China, while South Vietnam was supported by the United States with its allies South Korea, Thailand, Australia, New Zealand, and the Philippines. This conflict between communists and pro-American countries was part of the Cold War.
Background and causes.
Before World War II, Vietnam was part of the French colony of Indochina. During World War II, the Japanese occupied Indochina. When the French attempted to reassert control after the Japanese surrendered, they were opposed by a Vietnamese army called the Vietminh. The Vietminh had been founded in 1941 by the communist party and was led by Hồ Chí Minh. In July 1954, France and the Vietminh signed the Geneva Peace Accord. The Vietminh became the government of North Vietnam while anti-communist Vietnamese, especially Catholics, "regrouped" in the South under the leadership of Bao Dai, a former emperor of Vietnam who had abdicated in 1945.
The United States backed the anti-communist government in South Vietnam. It began to send military advisers to help train and support the South Vietnamese army. The South was fighting the Viet Cong, which began a campaign of assassination in 1957. In 1959, North Vietnam dramatically increased its military assistance to the Vietcong, which then began attacking South Vietnamese military units.
Escalation.
The U.S. responded by sending more assistance to South Vietnam as well as sending soldiers called "military advisors." But Soviet support for North Vietnam also increased and the communists forces in the South continued to grow stronger. In 1965, the first United States combat troops entered Vietnam. There would be half a million of them by 1968.
Land battles were fought throughout South Vietnam. Thousands of North Vietnamese Army troops were sent to fight in South Vietnam. There were also thousands of communist soldiers from South Vietnam called Vietcong. Because of this it was often hard for American and South Vietnamese troops to tell friendly civilians from dangerous ones. A tragic example of this mistrust was the My Lai Massacre in March 1968, in which U.S. Army troops killed hundreds of people in a South Vietnamese village. The large number of communist fighters throughout the country meant that American bases were often attacked. In February 1968, Vietcong massacred thousands of South Vietnamese civilians in the city of Hue.
The North Vietnamese and Vietcong were supplied by a vast network of hidden trails, known as the Ho Chi Minh Trail. Supplies and soldiers from North Vietnam were sent through Laos to communists forces in South Vietnam. America subjected to Ho Chi Minh Trail to extremely heavy bombing and three million bombs were dropped on Laos.
Severe communist loses during the 1968 Tet Offensive made it possible for the U.S. to withdraw many soldiers, a policy called "Vietnamization." South Vietnamese troops were trained and equipped to replace the Americans who left. By 1973, 95 percent of the American troops were gone.
A peace treaty was signed in Paris in January 1973 by all the parties, but fighting continued.
End of U.S involvement and end of the war.
As the war dragged on without result, U.S. public support declined. In June 1973, the U.S. Congress passed legislation banning further U.S. military involvement in Vietnam. This left the communists free to upgrade the Ho Chi Minh Trail and move supplies south without fear of further U.S. bombing. America sent less and less money and weaponry to South Vietnam. South Vietnam continued to fight by itself. North Vietnam launched a massive military attack on South Vietnam in March 1975. The North Vietnamese forces easily defeated the demoralized army of South Vietnam. On April 30, the communists captured Saigon, the capital. North and South Vietnam became a single country again in 1976 called the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.
Aftermath.
The communists punished possibly 1 million Vietnamese who had opposed by sending them to "reeducation camps." About 165,000 died in these camps. Many South Vietnamese fled and became "boat people." The United States accepted 823,000 of these while Canada and Australia accepted 137,000 each.
The Vietnam War caused a lot of controversy in the United States. A large scale peace movement demonstrated against the war and conscription. Some student protestors were even killed for protesting.
Many people felt like they were lied to by the United States government about Vietnam due to cover ups about bombings in Cambodia and Laos and the killing of Vietnamese civilians like that of the My Lai Massacre.
The United States used chemical agents such as Agent Orange to destroy crops and jungle areas. The effects of these chemical agents are still felt today in Vietnam.
Somewhere between 2 and 5.7 million people died in the war. Between 365,000 and 587,000 civilians died. Around 58,000 American troops died.

Sahel
The Sahel is a narrow belt of land in West Africa. It is a strip of dry land about 5500 kilometres long and 450 kilometres wide. It lies at the southern edge of the Sahara Desert. It is located between the dry desert land to the north and the forest areas to the south. The Sahel has a tropical semi-arid climate. The temperature is high throughout the year. There is little rainfall in the Sahel (300mm-600mm), It is concentrated during summer months and can be unreliable. It may be very dry in some years, especially if a large area of low pressure, which brings rain, is not carried North over the Sahel by strong winds.
Sahel is the Arab word for 'edge' or 'shore'.

List of simple adjectives
This is a list of simple adjectives used in the English language.

Chemical change
A chemical change (chemical reaction) is a change of materials into other, new materials with different properties, and one or more new substances are formed. Burning of wood is a chemical change as new substances which cannot be changed back (e.g. carbon dioxide, water vapor) are formed. For example, if wood is burned in a fire place, there isn't wood anymore but ash. Other examples include burning of a candle, rusting of iron, ect. Special details that describe how a chemical change takes place are called chemical properties.
"Compare:" Physical change - The opposite of a chemical change is a physical change. Physical changes are a change in which no new substances are formed, and the substance which is changed is the same. For instance, if a stick of wood is broken, there is still a stick of wood; it is just broken. More examples include changes of shape, changes of states, passing electricity through a copper wire, breaking of wood, shattering of glass, pouring of water, ect. Special details which do not change in a substance without new substances being formed are called physical properties.

Physical change
A physical change is a change in which no new substances are formed and most physical changes are reversible. Examples: changes of shape, changes of states, passing electricity through a copper wire. Special details which do not change in a substance without new substances being formed are called physical properties. e.g. change of water into ice or water vapor, change of density.
"Compare:" Chemical change - A chemical change (chemical reaction) is a change in which one or more new substances are formed and the change can not be reversed. Burning of wood is a chemical change as new substances (e.g. carbon dioxide, water vapour) are formed and you cannot change them back. Other examples: burning of a candle, rusting of iron. Special details that describe how a chemical change takes place are called chemical properties.
Chemical change can be exposure of light (photosynthesis), passing electric current through (electrolysis) including to burn material (combustion). Furthermore, chemical change can be oxidation (oxygen combine with material) or mixing (material mixing together)(e.g. react with acid, react with alkalis (base))

Ronald Reagan
Ronald Wilson Reagan (February 6, 1911 - June 5, 2004) was the 40th (1981-1989) President of the United States and the 33rd Governor of California. Reagan was born in Tampico, Illinois. Reagan was also an actor in films before entering politics. Reagan had a successful career in Hollywood as a second-rank leading man. He was the oldest elected President (69 years, 349 days). He is known as the "Great Communicator" because he was a good public speaker.
Childhood.
Ronald "Dutch" Reagan was born on February 6, 1911 to Jack and Nelle Reagan. He was their second child. His father was a Roman Catholic, and his mother was a Protestant. While Ronald Reagan was a child, his family moved to different places in Illinois. His family was very poor and Ronald did not have much as a child. In high school Reagan loved to act.
Radio career.
After Reagan finished college he became a sports announcer at WHO. He was known for being good at recreating baseball games and making them interesting. At this time all they would get is the scores so it would have been very hard for someone to come up with what happened in the game. He was fired for not telling people who the sponsors were but was quickly re-hired because they could not find anyone as good as him to re-create the baseball games. He would send some money back to his parents to help them out because it was the Great Depression.
Governor of California.
At the age of 54 Ronald Reagan ran as a Republican against the then governor, Pat Brown. When Reagan was governor he brought the state out of debt, made tougher water laws, and had the government give more money to the most poor. He ran for a second term and won. Ronald Reagan was a very popular governor.
President.
As president, Ronald Reagan made the economy more free, made the army bigger, and is given credit for ending the Cold War. Ronald Reagan believed that the government should be small, not big - this means that the government should not interfere in people's lives very much or interfere with what businesses do. Reagan still remains one of the most popular presidents in American history.
Notable speeches.
Reagan's speech was delivered at the Brandenburg Gate in what was then West Berlin, Germany on June 12, 1987. In the speech he expressed the desire of the western allies to make peace with the Soviet Union. Referring to the Soviet's SS-20 nuclear weapons, Reagan spoke of the possibility of "eliminating, for the first time, an entire class of nuclear weapons from the face of the earth." The title of this speech comes from a challenge delivered in the speech to then General Secretary of the {USSR] Mikhail Gorbachev. Reagan challenged Gorbachev, if he was serious about peace, to remove open East Berlin and remove the restrictions on travel. Referring to the Brandenburg Gate and the Berlin Wall he said,
Audio and text of this speech is available.
Reagan's speech was delivered to the National Association of Evangelicals in Orlando, Florida. It is his first recorded use of the phrase. Speaking about the nuclear arms race he depicted the Soviet Union as evil.
Audio and text of this speech is available.

United Nations
The United Nations (UN) is an international organization. It was started after World War II with the idea of making a stronger version of the League of Nations, that was supposed to stop wars from happening. Most nations are members of the UN, and send people to the headquarters to hold meetings and pass resolutions (make decisions) about global issues.
The main building for the United Nations is located in New York City in the United States of America.
The United Nations' goal is to keep world peace, improve world's living conditions in general to make the world a better place to live in.

List of historians
This is a list of historians.
The names are grouped by order of the historical period in which they were writing, which is not necessarily the same as the period in which they specialised.
Chroniclers and annalists, though they are not historians in the true sense, are also listed here for convenience.
Unsorted.
See also: List of Canadian historians, Lists of authors

Zeami
Zeami Motokiyo (世阿弥 元清) also called Kanze Motokiyo (観世 元清), (1363 - 1443) was a Japanese actor and playwright. He wrote what Noh actors should do, and made Noh theater finer as an art form. Noh is a kind of Japanese musical drama. Zeami's books not only tell how actors should play their roles, but also talk about art and philosophy, based on the spiritual culture of Japan.
Zeami's father, Kan'ami, was also an actor and playwright. Kan'ami had his own theater and traveled with members. He taught Zeami his skills. This father and son were the most important persons for Noh theater, and they made the Noh what it is today.
When Kan'ami's company played for the Shogun of Japan, Ashikaga Yoshimitsu, the Shogun offered to let Zeami go to school with the princes for his arts. Zeami was a beautiful boy with a good voice, and Yoshimitsu loved his beauty and talent. After Zeami followed his father and did his work to be the leader of his theater, he continued to play and change his style into what Noh is today. A mixture of ways to use the voice and ways to move, this style has been interesting for the Japanese for hundreds of years.

Marco Polo
Marco Polo (1254 - January 8 1324) was an Italian trader and explorer. He was one of the first Europeans to explore east Asia. Many other explorers, including Christopher Columbus, looked up to him.
He went on a 25 year trip to China with his father and uncle during the Mongol Dynasty.
He grew up in Venice and his mother died when he was young.He went to China with his father, Niccolò and his uncle Matteo.
He started his travels at the age of 15 leaving Venice on a boat that went through the Mediterranean Sea, Ayas, Tabriz and Kerman. Then he travelled across Asia getting as far as Beijing. On the way there he had to go over mountains and through terrible deserts. Across hot burning lands and places where the cold was horrible. He served in Khans court for 17 years and left the Far East and returned to Venice by sea. There was sickness on board and 600 passengers and crew died and some say pirates attacked.
Some scholars believe that while Marco Polo did go to China, did not go to all of the other places described in his book. He brought noodles back from China and the Italians formed all new sizes and shapes and called it pasta.
Soon after Marco Polo returned from his journeys he fought in a war against Genoa, got captured and put in prison, When he was in prison he wrote a famous book called the "The travels of Marco Polo", and became famous throughout Europei. They found his stories to be very interesting and strange as western people did not know much about the Eastern world.
Marco Polo’s nickname was Marco Millione standing for a million lies as the Venetians thought he was lying about his travels.

Shingles
Shingles is a disease. The virus that causes chickenpox also causes Shingles.
General information.
Shingles occurs in people who have had chickenpox. The virus can wake up after many years.
Most people who get shingles are old. It sometimes infects younger people, or people with a weak immune system. stress may lead to shingles. The disease starts with tingling, itchiness, or pain on an infected person's skin. After a few days, the disease causes a rash. This rash may be on the trunk or face. The rash grows into small blisters filled with fluid. These blisters dry out and crust over for several days. The worst time of the rash causes anything from mild itching to extreme pain. The rash is confined to one region of the body.
The shingles virus is communicable from person to person, though only by direct contact. If a person touches someone with shingles, they may get chickenpox, but not shingles. For this reason, persons with shingles are advised to limit contact with those who are not immune to chickenpox, those with increased susceptibility, young children and pregnant women. Contracting chickenpox when one is pregnant can be dangerous to the unborn child.
If people have had chickenpox, they cannot get chickenpox from someone else again. However, it is thought that contact with a shingles patient may trigger a person's own dormant chickenpox virus to reactivate and manifest as shingles.
Treatment.
Doctors recommend antiviral drugs, steroiods, antidepressants, anticonvulsants, and topical agents to treat shingles. The antiviral drugs acyclovir, valacyclovir, and famcyclovir can reduce the severity of shingles.
Prognosis.
Shingles can be very painful and itchy. It is not very dangerous
to healthy people, and it usually ends without major problems. The rash
and pain last 3 to 5 weeks. Sometimes, serious problems
like temporary, partial facial paralysis, ear damage, or
encephalitis may occur. Persons with shingles on
the upper half of the face need immediate medical attention: the
virus may cause serious damage to the eyes. Most people who have shingles have only one attack of the disease in their lifetime. However, people with AIDS, cancer or weak immune systems may have multiple attacks.

A Brief History of Time
"A Brief History of Time" (1988) is a book written by the scientist and mathematician Stephen Hawking. This book is about physics, or the study of laws that predict how things work in the universe.
It is also about cosmology, or how we see the universe and how the universe exists.
In this book, Stephen Hawking talks about many theories (or ideas) in physics. Some of the things that he talks about are the history of physics, gravity, how light moves in the universe, space-time, elementary particles (very small objects that make up things in the universe), black holes, the Big Bang (the theory that the universe started from one point), and time travel (the idea that travel can be done to the past and to the future.
There are two other versions of this book: The "Illustrated A Brief History of Time" and "A Briefer History of Time". The Illustrated A Brief History of Time has pictures to help explain its ideas. It was also updated because new information was found. A Briefer History of Time is shorter than the first version and was also updated.
This book is very popular and well-known. This book was on the "London Sunday Times" bestseller list for over 4 years.
Chapter 1.
In the first part of the book, Hawking talks about the history of physics. He talks about the ideas of philosophers such as Aristotle and Ptolemy. Aristotle, unlike many other people of his time, thought that the Earth was round. He also thought that the sun and stars went around the Earth. Ptolemy also thought about how the sun and stars were located in the universe. He made a planetary model that described Aristole's thinking. Today, it is known that the opposite is true; the earth goes around the sun. The Arisotle/Ptolemy ideas about the locations of the stars and sun was disproved (or proved to not be true) in 1609. The person who first thought of the idea about the Earth going around the sun was Nicholas Copernicus. Galileo Galilei and Johannes Kepler, two other scientists, helped to prove that Copernicus's idea was right. They looked at how the moons of some planets moved in the sky, and they used this to prove Copernicus right. Issac Newton also wrote a book about gravity, which helped to prove Copernicus's idea right.
Hawking also talks a little about the other topics (things) in the book.
Chapter 2.
In this chapter, Stephen Hawking talks about space and time. He describes the motion of planets moving around the sun and how gravity works between the planets and the sun. He also talks about the ideas of absolute rest and absolute position. These ideas are about the thought that events stay in place over a period of time. This was found not to be true by Newton's laws of gravity. The idea of "absolute rest" did not work when objects move very fast (at the speed of light, or light speed).
The speed of light was found out in 1676 by the Danish astronomer Ole Christensen Roemer. The speed of light was found to be very fast, but at a finite speed. However, scientists found a problem when they tried to say that light always traveled at the same speed. The scientists created a new idea, called the "ether", which tried to explain light's speed.
The idea of the ether was said to be not needed by another scientist, Albert Einstein. He said that the idea of the ether was not needed if another idea, the idea of "absolute time" (or time that is always the same). Einstein's idea was also the same as Henry Poincare's idea. Einstein's idea is called the theory of relativity.
Also in this chapter, Stephen Hawking talks about light. He says that events can be described by "light cones". The top of the light cone tells where the light from the event will travel. The bottom tells where the light was in the past. The center of the light cone is the event. Besides light cones, Stephen Hawking also talks about how light can bend. When light goes past a big thing, like a star, the light changes direction because the star has a lot of gravity.
After talking about light, Stephen Hawking talks about time in Einstein's theory of relativity. One prediction that Einstein's theory makes is that time will go by slower when something is near big things, like the Earth. However, when something is farther away from the big thing, time will go by faster. Stephen Hawking used the idea of two twins (two people who are the same-looking) living at different places to describe his idea. If one of the twins went to live on a high place (such as a mountain), and another twin went to live at a lower place (such as near the sea), the twin who went to live on the mountain would be a little bit older than the twin who went to live at the sea.
Chapter 3.
In this chapter, Stephen Hawking talks about the expanding universe. This means he believes the universe is getting bigger over time. One of the things he uses to explain his idea is the "Doppler shift". The Doppler shift happens when something moves toward or away from another object. There are two types of things that happen in Doppler shift - "red shifting" and "blue shifting". Red shifting happens when something is moving away from us. Blue shifting happens when something is moving toward us. A scientist named Edwin Hubble found that many stars are red shifted and are moving away from us. Stephen Hawking uses the Doppler shift to explain that the universe is getting bigger. The beginning of the universe is thought to have happened through something called the "Big Bang". The Big Bang was a very big explosion that created the universe.
Chapter 4.
This chapter is about the "uncertainty principle". The uncertainty principle says that the speed and the position (or where something is) of a particle cannot be found at the same time. To find where a particle is, scientists shine light at the particle. If a high frequency light is used, the light can find the position more accurately but the particle's speed will be unknown (because the light will change the speed of the particle). If a lower frequency light is used, the light can find the speed more accurately but the particle's position will be unknown. The uncertainty principle disproved the idea of a theory that was deterministic, or something that would predict everything in the future.
How light behaves is also talked more about in this chapter. Some theories say that light acts like particles even though it really is made of waves; one theory that says this is Planck's quantum hypothesis. A different theory also says that light waves also act like particles; a theory that says this is Heisenberg's uncertainty principle.
Light waves have "crests" and "troughs". The highest point of a wave is the crest, and the lowest part of the wave is a trough. Sometimes more than one of these waves can interfere with each other - the crests and the troughs line up. This is called "light interference". When light waves interfere with each other, this can make many colors. An example of this is the colors in soap bubbles.
Chapter 5.
Quarks and other elementary particles (very small things) are the topic of this chapter.
Quarks are very small things that make up everything we see (matter). There are six different "flavors" of quarks: the up quark, down quark, strange quark, charmed quark, bottom quark, and top quark. Quarks also have three "colors": red, green, and blue. There are also anti-quarks, which are the opposite of the regular quarks. In total, there are 18 different types of regular quarks, and 18 different types of antiquarks. Quarks are known as the "building blocks of matter" because they are the smallest thing that make up all the matter in the universe.
All particles (for example, the quarks) have something called "spin". The "spin" of a particle shows us what a particle looks like from different directions. For example, a particle of spin 0 looks the same from every direction. A particle of spin 1 looks different in every direction, unless the particle is spun completely around (spun 360 degrees). Stephen Hawking's example of a particle of spin 1 is an arrow. A particle of spin two needs to be turned around halfway (or 180 degrees) to look the same. The example given in the book is of a double-headed arrow. There are two groups of particles in the universe: particles with a spin of 1/2, and particles with a spin of 0, 1, or 2. All of these particles follow "Pauli's exclusion principle". Pauli's exclusion principle says that particles cannot be in the same place or have the same speed. If Pauli's exclusion principle did not exist, then everything in the universe would look the same, like "soup".
Particles with a spin of 0, 1, or 2 move force from one particle to another. Some examples of these particles are "virtual gravitons" and "virtual photons". Virtual gravitons have a spin of 2 and they represent the force of gravity. This means that when gravity affects two things, gravitons move to and from the two things. Virtual photons have a spin of 1 and represent electromagnetic forces (or the force that holds atoms together).
Besides the force of gravity and electromagnetic forces, there are weak and strong nuclear forces. "Weak nuclear forces" are the forces that cause radioactivity, or when matter emits energy. Weak nuclear force works on particles with a spin of 1/2. "Strong nuclear forces" are the forces that keep the quarks in a neutron and a proton together, and keeps the protons and neutrons together in an atom. The particle that carries the strong nuclear force is thought to be a gluon. The gluon is a particle with a spin of 1. The gluon holds together quarks to form protons and neutrons. However, the gluon only holds together quarks that are three different colors. This makes the end product have no color. This is called "confinement".
Some scientists have tried to make a theory that combines the electromagnetic force, the weak nuclear force, and the strong nuclear force. This theory is called a "grand unified theory" (or a GUT). This theory tries to explain these forces in one big theory.
Chapter 6.
Black holes are talked about in this chapter. Black holes are stars that have collapsed into one very small point. This small point is called a "singularity". Black holes suck things into its center because its gravity is very strong. Some of the things it can suck in are light and stars. Only very large stars, called "supergiants", are big enough to become a black hole. The star must be one and a half times the mass of the sun or larger to turn into a black hole. This number is called the "Chandrasekhar limit". If the mass of a star is less than the Chandrasekhar limit, it will not turn into a black hole; instead, it will turn into a different, smaller type of star. The boundary of the black hole is called the "event horizon". If something is in the event horizon, it will never get out of the black hole.
Black holes can be shaped differently. Some black holes are perfectly spherical - like a ball. Other black holes bulge in the middle. Black holes will be spherical if they do not rotate. Black holes will bulge in the middle if they rotate.
Black holes are difficult to find because they do not let out any light. They can be found when black holes suck in other stars. When black holes suck in other stars, the black hole lets out X-rays, which can be seen by telescopes (an object that can see things very far away).
In this chapter, Stephen Hawking talks about his bet with another scientist, Kip Thorne. Stephen Hawking bet that black holes did not exist, because he did not want his work on black holes to be wasted. He lost the bet.
Chapter 7.
This chapter explains more about black holes.
Stephen Hawking realized that the event horizon of a black hole could only get bigger, not smaller. The area of the event horizon of a black hole gets bigger whenever something falls into the black hole. He also realized that when two black holes combine, the size of the new event horizon is greater than or equal to the sum of the event horizons of the two other black holes. This means that a black hole's event horizon can never get smaller.
Disorder, also known as "entropy", is related to black holes. There is a scientific law that has to do with entropy. This law is called the "second law of thermodynamics", and it says that entropy (or disorder) will always increase in an isolated system (for example, the universe). The relation between the amount of entropy in a black hole and the size of the black hole's event horizon was first thought of by a research student (Jacob Bekenstein) and proven by Stephen Hawking. Stephen Hawking's calculations said that black holes emit radiation. This was strange, because it was already said that nothing can escape from a black hole's event horizon.
This problem was solved when the idea of pairs of "virtual particles" was thought of. One of the pair of particles would fall into the black hole, and the other would escape. This would look like the black hole was emitting particles. This idea seemed strange at first, but many people accepted it after a while.
Chapter 8.
How the universe started and how it might end is talked about in this chapter.
Most scientists believe that the universe started in an explosion called the Big Bang. The model for this is called the "hot big bang model". When the universe starts getting bigger, the things inside of it also begin to get cooler. When the universe was first beginning, it was infinitely hot. The temperature of the universe cooled and the things inside the universe began to clump together.
Stephen Hawking also talks about how the universe could have been. For example, if the universe formed and then collapsed quickly, there would not be enough time for life to form. Another example would be a universe that expanded too quickly. If a universe expanded too quickly, it would become almost empty. The idea of many universes is called the "anthropic principle".
Inflationary models are also discussed in this chapter, and so is the idea of a theory that unifies quantum mechanics and gravity.
Each particle has many histories. This idea is known as Feynman's theory of sum over histories. A theory that unifies quantum mechanics and gravity should have Feynman's theory in it. To find the chance that a particle will pass through a point, the waves of each particle needs to be added up. These waves happen in imaginary time. Imaginary numbers, when multiplied by themselves, make a negative number. For example, 2i X 2i = -4.

Alexander Graham Bell
Alexander Graham Bell (March 3, 1847 - August 2, 1922) was a teacher, scientist, and he was very good at basballeunder of the Bell Telephone Company.
Bell was born in Edinburgh, Scotland. His family was known for teaching people how to speak English clearly (elocution). His grandfather taught in China, his uncle in Dublin, and his father, Mr. Alexander Melville Bell, in Edinburgh. His father wrote often about this and is most known for his book on Visible Speech. In this, he explains a way of teaching people who are deaf and mute. It shows how these people can learn to speak words by using their eyes to read what other people are saying, and by watching their lips.
Alexander Graham Bell went to the Royal High School of Edinburgh. He graduated at the age of fourteen. At the age of sixteen, he got a job as a student and teacher of elocution and music in Weston House Academy, at Elgin in Morayshire. He spent the next year at the University of Edinburgh. While still in Scotland, he became more interested in the science of sound (acoustics). He hoped to help his deaf mother. From 1866 to 1867, he was a teacher at Somersetshire College in Bath, Somerset.
In 1870 when he was 23 years old, he moved with his family to Canada where they settled at Brantford, Ontario. Bell began to study communication machines. He made a piano that could be heard far away by using electricity. In 1873, he went with his father to Montreal, Quebec in Canada, where he took a job teaching about "visible speech". His father was asked to teach about it at a large school for deaf mutes in Boston, but instead he gave the job to his son. He began teaching there in 1871. Alexander Graham Bell soon became famous in the United States for this important work. He published many writings about it in Washington, D.C.. Because of this work, thousands of deaf mutes in America are now able to speak, even though they cannot hear.
In 1876 Bell got a patent for the telephone and started the Bell Telephone Company with others in July, 1877. In 1879, this company joined with the New England Telephone Company to form the National Bell Telephone Company. In 1880, they formed the American Bell Telephone Company, and in 1885, American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T), still a large company today. Along with Thomas Edison, Bell formed the Oriental Telephone Company on January 25, 1881.
Bell married Mabel Hubbard on July 11, 1877.
He died in Baddeck, Nova Scotia in 1922.
Inventions.
Bell's genius is seen in part by the eighteen patents granted in his name alone and the twelve that he shared with others. These included fifteen for the telephone and telegraph, four for the photophone, one for the phonograph, five for aerial vehicles, four for hydroairplanes, and two for a selenium cell.In 2002, the United States Congress ruled that the Italian inventor Antonio Meucci is the real inventor of the telephone.In 1888, he was one of the original members of the National Geographic Society and became its second president.
He was the recipient of many honors.
Telephone.
His past experience made him ready to work more with sound and electricity. He began his studies in 1874 with a musical telegraph, in which he used an electric circuit and a magnet to make an iron reed or tongue vibrate. One day, it was found that a reed failed to respond to the current. Mr. Bell desired his assistant, who was at the other end of the line, to pluck the reed, thinking it had stuck to the magnet. Mr. Watson complied, and to his surprise, Bell heard the corresponding reed at his end of the line vibrate and sound the same - without any electric current to power it. A few experiments soon showed that his reed had been set in vibration by the changes in the magnetic field that the moving reed produced in the line. This discovery led him to stop using the electric battery current. His idea was that, since the circuit was never broken, all the complex vibrations of speech might be converted into currents, which in turn would reproduce the speech at a distance.
Bell, with his assistant Watson, devised a receiver, consisting of a stretched film or drum with a bit of magnetised iron attached to its middle, and free to vibrate in front of the pole of an electromagnet in circuit with the line. This apparatus was completed on June 2, 1875. On July 7th, he instructed his assistant to make a second receiver which could be used with the first, and a few days later they were tried together, at each end of the line, which ran from a room in the inventor's house at Boston to the cellar underneath. Bell, in the room, held one instrument in his hands, while Watson in the cellar listened at the other. The inventor spoke into his instrument, "Do you understand what I say?" and Mr. Watson rushed back into the upstairs and answered "Yes." The first successful two-way telephone call was not made until March 10, 1876 when Bell spoke into his device, "Mr. Watson, come here, I want to see you." and Watson answered back. The first long distance telephone call was made on August 10, 1876 by Bell from the family home in Brantford, Ontario to his assistant located in Paris, Ontario, some 16 km (10 mi.) away.
On March 7, 1876, the U.S. Patent Office gave him patent #174465 for the "telephone".
Photophone.
After that, Bell continued his experiments in communication, which led to the invention of the photophone – sending of sound on a beam of light. Bell worked with Charles Sumner Tainter. In his paper on the phonophone, Bell gave credit to A. C. Browne of London with the discovery in 1878. Bell and Tainter, however, were likely the first to perform a successful experiment. It was not an easy task, as they had to produce selenium cells with the desired properties themselves.
In one experiment in Washington, D.C., the sender and the receiver were placed on in different buildings some 830 ft. (about 250 metres) apart. The sender had a mirror directing sunlight onto the mouthpiece, where the light beam was chnged by a vibrating mirror. It was focused by a lens and sent at the receiver, which was a curved mirror with the selenium cells in the focus and a telephone attached. With this setup, Bell and Tainter succeeded to communicate clearly.
The photophone was patented on December 18, 1880. However, since the light beam was not shielded in any way against external interference, the quality of communication was not always good, and it only worked within line-of-sight. It is still considered a precursor of the much later fiber optic technology, which is based on the same ideas, but remove these limits.
Metal detector.
Bell is also credited with the invention of the metal detector in 1881. The device was quickly put together in an attempt to find the bullet in the body of U.S. President James Garfield. The metal detector worked, but didn't find the bullet because of the metal bedframe the President was lying on. Bell gave a full description of his experiments in a paper read before the "American Association for the Advancement of Science" in August, 1882.
Eugenics.
Bell was an active supporter of the eugenics movement in the United States. He was the honorary president of the "Second International Congress of Eugenics" held at the American Museum of Natural History in New York in 1921. His work with organizations such as this helped to pass laws in many states meant to stop some people from having children; like the deaf, the criminally insane, and the mentally defective. He didn't want deaf people to be allowed to teach in schools for the deaf. He also worked to pass laws that would not allow deaf people to marry others who were deaf. He was also against the use of sign language. These things mean that he is not liked by many deaf people today.

Heinrich Rudolf Hertz
Heinrich Rudolf Hertz (February 22, 1857 - January 1, 1894) was a German physicist. He was the first man who discovered radio waves in 1888. He also proved that light is a kind of electromagnetic waves. The unit for frequency is named after him.

1687
Year 1687 was a common year that started on a Wednesday when using the Gregorian calendar.

Deep house
Deep house is a type of disco music. It is evolved from house music. Deep house is house music that is as fast as disco music. The BPM of deep house is usually 100 - 125. That is pretty slow.

Cytokine
Cytokines are proteins which the body makes. They are used to control the immune system and fight disease.
There are many different kinds of cytokines. Some well-known kinds include histamine, prostaglandin and interleukins.
Cytokines can be detected using the ELISA and ELISPOT techniques.

Bristol
Bristol is a city in the United Kingdom. It is home to nearly 500,000 people. The River Avon runs through it to the Severn estuary.
It is between the counties of Gloucestershire and Somerset. In 1373, King Edward the Third ordered that it should be a county itself forever. However it lost county status in 1974, the year after its 600-year celebrations, becoming the largest district within the new Avon county. Avon was never popular and was abolished in 1996, when county status returned to Bristol, which became a unitary council.
The Bristol name means "the place where the bridge is" in Old English. It has been a port for 800 years, but now ships are too big to reach it. It has a new seaport at Avonmouth.
It has many historic churches and other buildings. The Clifton Suspension Bridge crosses high above the river.
Bristol was a centre for the slave trade.
Bristol was badly damaged during World War II. It now has many new factories and offices. The Concorde supersonic airliner was made here.

List of towns in England
This is a link page for towns and cities in England. In England, Wales and Northern Ireland, a town is any settlement which has received a charter of incorporation, more commonly known as a town charter, approved by the monarch. For convenience, cities have also been listed and are marked in bold.
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A.
Abingdon, Accrington, Acton, Adlington, Alcester, Aldeburgh, Aldershot, Aldridge, Alford, Alfreton, Alnwick, Alsager, Alston, Alton, Altrincham, Amble, Amersham, Amesbury, Ampthill, Andover, Appleby-in-Westmorland, Arundel, Ashbourne, Ashburton, Ashby-de-la-Zouch, Ashford, Ashington, Ashton-in-Makerfield, Ashton-under-Lyne, Askern, Aspatria, Atherstone, Attleborough, Axbridge, Axminster, Aylesbury, Aylsham
B.
Bacup, Bakewell, Baldock, Banbury, Barking, Barnard Castle, Barnet, Barnoldswick, Barnsley, Barnstaple, Barnt Green, Barrow-in-Furness, Barton-upon-Humber, Basildon, Basingstoke, Bath, Batley, Battle, Bawtry, Beaconsfield, Beaminster, Bebington, Beccles, Bedale, Bedford, Bedlington, Bedworth, Beeston, Belper, Bentham, Berkhamsted, Berwick-upon-Tweed, Beverley, Bewdley, Bexhill-on-Sea, Bicester, Biddulph, Bideford, Biggleswade, Billericay, Bilston, Bingham, Birmingham, Bishop Auckland, Bishop's Castle, Bishop's Stortford, Bishop's Waltham, Blackburn, Blackpool, Blandford Forum, Bletchley, Blyth, Bodmin, Bognor Regis, Bollington, Bolsover, Bolton, Borehamwood, Boston, Bottesford, Bourne, Bournemouth, Brackley, Bracknell, Bradford, Bradford-on-Avon, Bradley Stoke, Bradninch, Braintree, Brentford, Brentwood, Bridgnorth, Bridgwater, Bridlington, Bridport, Brierley Hill, Brigg, Brighouse, Brightlingsea, Brighton, Bristol, Brixham, Broadstairs, Bromley, Bromsgrove, Bromyard, Brownhills, Buckfastleigh, Buckingham, Bude, Budleigh Salterton, Bungay, Buntingford, Burford, Burgess Hill, Burnham-on-Crouch, Burnham-on-Sea, Burnley, Burntwood, Burton Latimer, Burton-upon-Trent, Bury, Bury St Edmunds, Buxton
C.
Caistor, Calne, Camberley, Camborne, Cambridge, Camelford, Cannock, Canterbury, Carlisle, Carnforth, Carterton, Castle Cary, Castleford, Chadderton, Chagford, Chard, Charlbury, Chatham, Chatteris, Chelmsford, Cheltenham, Chesham, Cheshunt, Chester, Chesterfield, Chester-le-Street, Chichester, Chippenham, Chipping Campden, Chipping Norton, Chipping Ongar, Chipping Sodbury, Chorley, Christchurch, Church Stretton, Cinderford, Cirencester, Clacton-on-Sea, Cleckheaton, Cleethorpes, Clevedon, Clitheroe, Clun, Coalville, Cockermouth, Coggeshall, Colchester, Coleford, Colne, Congleton, Conisbrough, Corbridge, Corby, Cotgrave, Coventry, Cowes, Cramlington, Crawley, Crayford, Crediton, Crewe, Crewkerne, Cromer, Crowborough, Crowle, Crowthorne, Croydon, Cuckfield, Cullompton
D.
Dagenham, Darley Dale, Darlington, Dartford, Dartmouth, Darwen, Daventry, Dawlish, Deal, Denton, Derby, Dereham, Desborough, Devizes, Dewsbury, Didcot,
Dinnington, Diss, Doncaster, Dorchester, Dorking, Dover, Downham Market, Driffield, Dronfield, Droitwich Spa, Droylsden, Dudley, Dukinfield, Dunstable, Durham, Dursley
E.
Ealing, Earley, Easingwold, Eastbourne, East Grinstead, East Ham, Eastleigh, Eastwood, Edenbridge, Egham, Ellesmere, Ellesmere Port, Ely, Enfield, Epping, Epsom, Epworth, Erith, Esher, Eton, Evesham, Exeter, Exmouth, Eye
F.
Failsworth, Fairford, Fakenham, Falmouth, Fareham, Faringdon, Farnborough, Farnham, Farnworth, Faversham, Featherstone, Felixstowe, Fenny Stratford, Ferndown, Ferryhill, Filey, Filton, Fleet, Fleetwood, Flitwick, Folkestone, Fordingbridge, Fordwich, Fowey, Framlingham, Frinton-on-Sea, Frodsham, Frome
G.
Gainsborough, Gateshead, Gillingham, Gillingham, Glastonbury, Glossop, Gloucester, Godalming, Godmanchester, Goole, Gosport, Grange-over-Sands, Grantham, Gravesend, Grays, Great Dunmow, Great Torrington, Great Yarmouth, Grimsby, Guildford, Guisborough
H.
Hackney, Hadleigh, Hailsham, Halesworth, Halewood, Halifax, Halstead, Haltwhistle, Harlow, Harpenden, Harrogate, Harrow, Hartlepool, Harwich, Haslemere, Hastings, Hatfield, Havant, Haverhill, Hawley, Hayle, Haywards Heath, Heanor, Heathfield, Hebden Bridge, Hedon, Helston, Hemel Hempstead, Hemsworth, Henley-in-Arden, Henley-on-Thames, Hendon, Hereford, Herne Bay, Hertford, Hessle, Heswall, Hetton-le-Hole, Heywood, Hexham, Higham Ferrers, Highworth, High Wycombe, Hinckley, Hitchin, Hoddesdon, Holmfirth, Holsworthy, Honiton, Horley, Horncastle, Hornsea, Horsham, Horwich, Houghton-le-Spring, Hounslow, Hoylake, Hove Hucknall, Huddersfield, Hugh Town, Hungerford, Hunstanton, Huntingdon, Hyde, Hythe
I.
Ilchester, Ilford, Ilfracombe, Ilkeston, Ilkley, Ilminster, Ipswich, Irthlingborough, Ivybridge
K.
Keighley, Kempston, Kendal, Kenilworth, Kesgrave, Keswick, Kettering, Keynsham, Kidderminster, Kidsgrove, Killingworth, Kimberley, Kingsbridge, King's Lynn, Kingston-upon-Hull, Kingston-upon-Thames, Kington, Kirkby, Kirkby Lonsdale, Kirkham, Knaresborough, Knottingley, Knutsford
L.
Lancaster, Launceston, Leatherhead, Leamington Spa, Lechlade, Ledbury, Leeds, Leek, Leicester, Leighton Buzzard, Leiston, Leominster, Letchworth, Lewes, Lewisham, Leyland, Leyton, Lichfield, Lincoln, Liskeard, Littlehampton, Liverpool, Lizard, London, Long Eaton, Longridge, Looe, Lostwithiel, Loughborough, Loughton, Louth, Lowestoft, Ludlow, Luton, Lutterworth, Lydd, Lydney, Lyme Regis, Lymington, Lynton, Lytchett Minster, Lytham St Annes
M.
Mablethorpe, Macclesfield, Maghull, Maidenhead, Maidstone, Maldon, Malmesbury, Maltby, Malton, Malvern, Manchester, Manningtree, Mansfield, March, Margate, Market Deeping, Market Drayton, Market Harborough, Market Rasen, Market Weighton, Marlborough, Marlow, Maryport, Matlock, Melksham, Melton Mowbray, Mexborough, Middleham, Middlesbrough, Middleton, Middlewich, Midhurst, Midsomer Norton, Milton Keynes, Minehead, Morecambe, Moretonhampstead, Moreton-in-Marsh, Morley, Morpeth, Much Wenlock
N.
Nailsea, Nailsworth, Nantwich, Needham Market, Neston, Newark-on-Trent, Newbiggin-by-the-Sea, Newbury, Newcastle-under-Lyme, Newcastle upon Tyne, Newent, Newhaven, Newmarket, New Mills, New Milton, Newport, Newport, Shropshire, Newport Pagnell, Newquay, New Romney, Newton Abbot, Newton Aycliffe, Newton-le-Willows, Normanton, Northallerton, Northam, Northampton, North Walsham, Northwich, Norton Radstock, Norwich, Nottingham, Nuneaton
O.
Oakham, Okehampton, Oldbury, Oldham, Ollerton, Olney, Ormskirk, Orpington, Ossett, Oswestry, Otley, Ottery St Mary, Oundle, Oxford
P.
Paddock Wood, Padstow, Paignton, Painswick, Peacehaven, Penistone, Penrith, Penryn, Penzance, Pershore, Peterborough, Peterlee, Petersfield, Petworth, Pickering, Plymouth, Pocklington, Pontefract, Polegate, Poltimore, Poole, Portishead, Portland, Portslade, Portsmouth, Potters Bar, Potton, Poulton-le-Fylde, Prescot, Preston, Princes Risborough, Prudhoe, Pudsey
R.
Ramsgate, Raunds, Rayleigh, Reading, Redcar, Redditch, Redhill, Redruth, Reigate, Retford, Richmond, Richmond-upon-Thames, Rickmansworth, Ringwood, Ripley, Ripon, Rochdale, Rochester, Rochford, Romford, Romsey, Ross-on-Wye, Rothbury, Rotherham, Rothwell, Rowley Regis, Royston, Rugby, Rugeley, Runcorn, Rushden, Ryde, Rye
S.
Saffron Walden, St Albans, St Austell, St Blazey, St Columb Major, St Helens, St Ives, Cambridgeshire, St Ives, Cornwall, St Neots, Salcombe, Sale, Salford, Salisbury, Saltash, Saltburn-by-the-Sea, Sandbach, Sandhurst, Sandown, Sandwich, Sandy, Sawbridgeworth, Saxmundham, Scarborough, Scunthorpe, Seaford, Seaton, Sedgefield, Selby, Selsey, Settle, Sevenoaks, Shaftesbury, Shanklin, Sheerness, Sheffield, Shepshed, Shepton Mallet, Sherborne, Sheringham, Shildon, Shipston-on-Stour, Shoreham-by-Sea, Shrewsbury, Sidmouth, Sittingbourne, Skegness, Skelmersdale, Skipton, Sleaford, Slough, Smethwick, Snodland, Soham, Solihull, Somerton, Southall, Southam, Southampton, Southborough, Southend-on-Sea, South Molton, Southport, Southsea, South Shields, Southwell, Southwold, South Woodham Ferrers, Spalding, Spennymoor, Spilsby, Stafford, Staines, Stainforth, Stalybridge, Stamford, Stanley, Stapleford, Staunton, Staveley, Stevenage, Stockport, Stocksbridge, Stockton-on-Tees, Stoke-on-Trent, Stone, Stony Stratford, Stotfield, Stourbridge, Stourport-on-Severn, Stowmarket, Stow-on-the-Wold, Stratford-upon-Avon, Streatham, Street, Strood, Stroud, Sudbury, Sunderland, Sutton, Sutton Coldfield, Sutton-in-Ashfield, Swadlincote, Swaffham, Swanage, Swanley, Swindon, Swinton
T.
Tadcaster, Tadley, Tamworth, Taunton, Tavistock, Teignmouth, Telford, Tenbury Wells, Tenterden, Tetbury, Tewkesbury, Thame, Thatcham, Thaxted, Thetford, Thirsk, Thong, Thornaby, Thornbury, Thorne, Tickhill, Tilbury, Tipton, Tiverton, Todmorden, Tonbridge, Torpoint, Torquay, Totnes, Tottenham, Totton, Towcester, Tring, Trowbridge, Truro, Tunbridge Wells, Twickenham
U.
Uckfield, Ulverston, Uppingham, Upton-upon-Severn, Uttoxeter, Uxbridge
W.
Wadebridge, Wadhurst, Wakefield, Wallasey, Wallingford, Walmer, Walsall, Waltham Abbey, Waltham Cross, Walthamstow, Walton-on-Thames, Walton-on-the-Naze, Wandsworth, Wantage, Ware, Wareham, Warminster, Warrington, Warwick, Washington, Watchet, Watford, Wath-upon-Dearne, Watton, Wednesbury, Wellingborough, Wellington, Wells, Wells-next-the-Sea, Welwyn Garden City, Wem, Wendover, West Bromwich, Westbury, Westerham, West Ham, Westhoughton, West Kirby, West Mersea, Westminster, Weston-super-Mare, Westward Ho!, Wetherby, Weybridge, Weymouth, Whaley Bridge, Whiston, Whitby, Whitchurch, Whitehaven, Whitley Bay, Whitnash, Whitstable, Whitworth, Wickford, Widnes, Wigan, Wigston, Willenhall, Wimbledon, Wimborne Minster, Wincanton, Winchcombe, Winchelsea, Winchester, Windermere, Winsford, Winslow, Wisbech, Witham, Withernsea, Witney, Wivenhoe, Woburn, Woking, Wokingham, Wolverhampton, Wombwell, Woodbridge, Woodstock, Wooler, Woolwich, Wootton Bassett, Worcester, Workington, Worksop, Worthing, Wotton-under-Edge, Wymondham
Y.
Yarm, Yarmouth, Yate, Yateley, Yeadon, Yeovil, York, Yoxall

Bright Eyes (band)
Bright Eyes is an American indie rock music band. The people in the band are Conor Oberst, a singer-songwriter; Mike Mogis, a musician and producer; and other friends and session musicians from Omaha, Nebraska, USA.
Oberst's singing style and the words to the songs are called desperate or on the verge of tears. Many people think his songs are always about himself, but Oberst has said that they are not. For example, one song, "Padraic My Prince", tells the fictional story of a mother drowning her son in a bathtub. In interviews, Oberst has said that he sings about such things to make rich emotions.

Honeycomb
A honeycomb is a container made by bees out of wax that they produce. The bees make a honeycomb as a place to store their honey. Bees make honey from the nectar that they collect from flowers. bees then store honey in the small hexegons
Uses.
Honeycomb wax can be used for making soap and candles. Some people buy honey that is still in the honeycomb.

Greek language
The Greek language is an Indo-European language. It is the official language of Greece (Hellas) and Cyprus.
It was first spoken in Greece and was also once spoken along the coast of Asia Minor and in southern Italy. It was also widely used in Western Asia and Northern Africa at one time. In Greek, the language is called Ελληνικά (Helleniká).
Greeks write their language using the Greek alphabet. The Latin alphabet (used to write English and many other languages) came from the Greek alphabet. Many other alphabets around the world also came from the Greek one, such as the Cyrillic alphabet. The Greeks got the idea of using an alphabet from the Phoenicians.
Greek has an unbroken history of being a written language for over 3,000 years. This is longer than any other Indo-European language spoken today. Over 15 million people in the world speak Greek now. These speakers mostly live in Greece and Cyprus, but there are also people in other countries around the world who speak the language.

Kami-shibai
Kami-shibai (Japanese: 紙芝居) is a storytelling performance with picture cards, and is a traditional Japanese entertainment for children. In Japanese "Kami" means paper and "shibai" means drama or enternainment. The performer tells a story and shows pictures from scene to scene. Kami-shibai is a bidirectional media which is comprised of actions and reactions between a performer and audiences. In tandem with the penetration of television, kami-shibai went out of date.

Murasaki Shikibu
Murasaki Shikibu (紫 式部 973? - 1025? or d.992?) was a novelist, poet, and servant of the imperial court during the Heian period of Japan. She is well known as the author of "The Tale of Genji", written around year 1000. It is one of the earliest novels in Japanese.

Pepsin
Pepsin is a kind of enzyme. It acts on proteins in the stomach. It works best at a pH of about 2. It will not work at a pH above 6.
It was the first animal enzyme to be discovered. Theodor Schwann discovered it in 1836.
Pepsin is used to make cheese. The brand name Pepsi comes from pepsin.

PH
pH (Potential of Hydrogen) is a scale of acidity from 0 to 14. It tells how acidic or alkaline a substance is.
The lower the pH, the more acidic is the solution. The higher the pH, the more alkaline is the solution. Substances which are not acidic or alkaline (neutral) usually have a pH of 7.
Acids have a pH less than 7. Alkalis have a pH greater than 7.
There are a lot of ways for finding the pH of some chemical. One way is by using a red or blue litmus paper. The pH paper is able to tell how strong the chemical is, whether it is a stronger acid or a stronger base.
In fact, pH is a measure of the concentration of protons (H+) in a solution. S.P.L. Sørensen introduced this concept in 1909. The p stands for the German "potenz", meaning power or concentration, and the H for the hydrogen ion (H+).
[H+] indicates the concentration of H+ ions (also written [H3O+], concentration of the equivalent hydronium ions), measured in moles per litre (also known as molarity).
Most substances have a pH in the range 0 to 14, although extremely acidic or basic substances may have pH < 0, or pH > 14.
Basic substances have, instead of Hydrogen ions, a concentration of Hydroxide ions (OH-).

Tapeworm
Tapeworms (often called Cestoda) are a type of flatworm. They are parasitic, which means that they need another larger creature whose body they can live on. Tapeworms live inside the intestines of vertebrate animals (animals that have backbbones). This includes humans. A creature that has a parasite living in or on its body is called the host, because it feeds the parasite. When a vertebrate creature or human has a tapeworm, they lose weight and become weaker.
Tapeworms can be up to 30 or 36 feet (10-12 metres) long. They eat what ever the host eats in. The head of a tapeworm has four suckers and two rings of hooks. The body of a Tapeworms is in segments (pieces that are like each other). Each segment can produce eggs. Little segments of the tapeworm sometimes break off and pass out through the stool of the host, with the eggs. Little segments of its body fall off. They go out of the host body and when they get into another host that segment becomes a tape worm.

Omnivore
Omnivores are animals that eat both plants and animals. Omni means all. Humans are omnivores. We eat everything. The cereal and bacon you had for breakfast were made of plants and animals, respectivily.

Herbivore
Herbivores are animals that only eat plants. We can also say that animals that eat mostly plants are "herbivorous" animals.
Some people choose not to eat meat, but people who eat mostly plants are usually called vegetarians, not herbivores.
Animals that are herbivorous cannot chew or digest meat. But some herbivorous animals will eat eggs and occasionally other animal protein. Herbivores have broad, flat teeth.
Some herbivores can be classified as "frugivores", which eat mainly fruit; or "folivores", which eat mostly leaves. Animals that eat mostly grass are "grazing" animals.
Many animals that eat mostly fruit and leaves also sometimes eat other parts of plants, for example roots and seeds.
The diets of some herbivorous animals change with the seasons. In the temperate zones of the Earth, some seasons are hot and some are cold, so different plant foods are most available at different times of the year. Many herbivorous animals that live in the temperate zones change their diet at different seasons of the year. In some places, some seasons are very rainy and wet, and others are very dry. Animals that live in these places may also change their diets at different seasons.
In some ways it is easier to be an herbivorous animal than a carnivorous (meat-eating) animal. Carnivorous animals have to find and catch the animals that they eat, and sometimes the animals that they want to eat fight them. Herbivorous animals have to find the plants that they want to eat, but they do not have to catch them. And although some plants have spines, toxins (poisons), or a bad taste, they do not really fight. Partly because of reasons like this, most animals are herbivorous animals. There are many more herbivorous animals living in the world than carnivorous animals.

Hindi language
Hindi is the most commonly spoken language in India. It is the fifth most spoken language in the world with about 182 million native speakers in 1998. The script used in writing Hindi is Devanāgarī.
Hindi is widely understood in all of the north of India except for Occupied Kashmir, and most other places in India. In 1997, a survey found that 66% of Indians can speak Hindi. The most common form of Hindi is known as "Hindustani". It has borrowed many words from the Dravidian languages of India, and even some words from the Persian, Arabic, Turkish, English, and Portuguese languages. Hindi is almost the same as Urdu, the most commonly spoken language in Pakistan. The main difference is that Urdu is written in the Arabic alphabet.
Some other dialects of Hindi are: Avadhi, Brij, Bhojpuri, Bundeli, Bagheli, and Marwai.
Hindi developed directly from the ancient language of India, Sanskrit. It is known that Hindi started to develop in the 7th century as "Apabhramsha", but became pretty stable by the 10th century.Hindi was created from Sanskrit
Some famous Hindi poets are Tulsidas and Kabir.

Ludwig van Beethoven
Ludwig van Beethoven (baptized December 17, 1770 in Bonn, died March 26, 1827 in Vienna) was a German composer. He wrote classical music for the piano, groups of instruments and orchestras. His best-known works are his fifth and ninth symphonies and also the piano piece "Für Elise". He is considered to be one of the great classical composers. When he was a young man, he was a talented pianist, popular with the rich and important people in Vienna, Austria, where he lived. In 1801, however, he began to lose his hearing. His deafness became worse and in 1817, he was completely deaf. Although he could no longer play in concerts, he continued to compose, and during this time composed some of his greatest works. He was, as quoted by many people, the greatest composer who ever lived.
He moved to Vienna in 1792 and lived there for the rest of his life. He never married.
Early years.
Very little is known about Beethoven’s childhood. He was baptized on 17 December 1770 so he was probably born a few days before that. Beethoven's parents were Johann van Beethoven (1740 in Bonn – December 18, 1792) and Maria Magdalena Keverich (1744 in Ehrenbreitstein – July 17, 1787). Magdalena's father Johann Heinrich Keverich had been Chef at the court of the Archbishopric of Trier at Festung Ehrenbreitstein fortress opposite to Koblenz. His father was a fairly unimportant musician who worked at the court of the Elector of Cologne. This court was in Bonn and it was here that he lived until he was a young man. His father gave him his first lessons in piano and violin. Beethoven was a child prodigy like Mozart, but while Mozart as a little boy was taken all over Europe by his father, Beethoven never travelled until he was 17. By that time his piano teacher was a man called Neefe who himself had learned the piano from Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach, who was a son of the great composer Johann Sebastian Bach. Neefe said to the Elector that the young Beethoven should be given the chance to travel, so he was allowed to go to Vienna. There he seems to have had one or two lessons from Mozart, but then Beethoven got a letter saying that his mother was dying, so he hurried back to Bonn. Soon his mother died, and Beethoven had to help to look after the family because his father had become an alcoholic. He played the viola in the orchestra of the Elector, he started to compose, and made many friends. Some of these friends were musicians; others were very important people; many of them were aristocrats who would be able to help him in his career.
In 1792 the Elector let Beethoven travel to Vienna again. He expected him to return after a while, but Beethoven never left Vienna, staying there for the rest of his life. He would have loved to have had some more composition lessons from Mozart, but Mozart had just died, so he had lessons from Haydn instead. Haydn was a good teacher, but a year later he went off to England, so Beethoven took lessons from a man called Albrechtsberger who was not famous like Haydn, but he was a good teacher and he made him write lots of technical exercises. He showed him how to write advanced counterpoint and fugues. This helped him to be a great composer.
Beethoven wanted to become famous as a pianist and composer, so he started to get to know important, aristocratic people. Some of these people had already heard him in Bonn when they had travelled there, so his name was becoming known in Vienna. It also helped that he could say he was the pupil of the famous Joseph Haydn. There were a lot of aristocratic people in Vienna who liked music, and many had their own private orchestras. Some of them started to give Beethoven lodgings when the Elector of Bonn stopped sending him money in 1794. Beethoven started to perform in private houses and he became known for his improvisations. In 1795 he performed one of his piano concertos at a concert. He also had his first publication (his opus 1). This was a group of three Piano Trios. Haydn had heard them at a private concert a year before and had advised Beethoven not to publish the third one. However, he did publish it, and that was the one which became the most successful. His opus 2 was a group of three piano sonatas which he played at the court of his friend Prince Lichnowsky. When he published them he dedicated them to Haydn.
Beethoven was starting to become famous, travelling to places like Prague and Pressburg. He wrote much chamber music. He was, perhaps, a little jealous of the success that Haydn had with his latest symphonies he had written for London. In 1800 he gave his first public concert with his own music. He conducted his First Symphony as well as the Septet. By now several publishers were trying to persuade him to let them publish his new works. Beethoven was becoming famous as a composer. However, he was far from happy because he realized that he was starting to become deaf.
Middle period.
Beethoven seems to have taken his mind off these terrible thoughts by working very hard. He composed a lot more music, including his Third Symphony, called the "Eroica". Originally he gave it the title "Bonaparte" in honour of Napoleon whom he admired. But when Napoleon crowned himself emperor in 1804 Beethoven realized that he was just a tyrant who wanted lots of power. He went to the table where the score of the symphony was lying and tore up the title page. Beethoven stayed in Vienna that year, working hard at an opera and giving piano lessons to Josephine von Brunsvik to whom he wrote passionate letters. She was a young widow with four children. It is impossible to know quite what her feelings were for Beethoven, but socially she belonged in higher society and probably thought that a wild musician was not a suitable husband. In the end she married a Baron, but this marriage, like her first one, was not happy either.
In 1805 Beethoven wrote his only opera. The next spring it had two performances but was then not performed again for another eight years. Beethoven had made several changes to the opera which became known as "Fidelio". The overture that he had written for the 1806 performance is now known as "Leonore 3" and is usually performed separately at concerts. The opera is a “rescue” opera, a typical French kind of opera describing a man who is imprisoned and rescued by his lover who disguises herself as a man and manages to get into the prison. It has very beautiful music.
Beethoven continued to write compositions: a Violin Concerto, symphonies, piano concertos, string quartets and chamber music. He earned money by pleasing the aristocrats, dedicating works to them in return for fees, and by selling his music to publishers. Occasionally he earned money from concerts. It was not a regular income. He would have liked the job of Kapellmeister to the emperor. He was not able to get this, but in 1809 three rich aristocrats: the Archduke Rodolph, Prince Lobkowitz and Prince Kinsky gave him an income for the rest of his life on condition that he stayed in Vienna. This meant that Beethoven did not have to worry so much about money. He was asked to write music for "Egmont", a play by Goethe. The overture is very often performed as a concert piece. Beethoven very much wanted to meet Goethe. The two great men eventually met in Teplitz. Goethe later described Beethoven as a rather wild-mannered man who made life difficult for himself by his cross attitude to the world. Beethoven admired several women, including one to whom he wrote a passionate letter. She is known as the “Immortal Beloved”, but no one knows who she was. Beethoven seems to have become deeply depressed because he never found true happiness in love.
Later life.
By 1814, Beethoven had reached the height of his fame. He was thought of as the greatest composer by the Viennese people and he was often invited by royal people to their palaces. It was the year in which he played his famous Piano Trio op 97 "The Archduke". That was the last time he played the piano in public. His deafness was making it impossible to continue.
Beethoven had many problems when his brother Caspar Carl died, leaving a 9-year-old son. The boy’s mother may have been incapable of looking after him, but Beethoven had to prove this in a court of law. For several years Beethoven looked after his nephew, but it was a difficult relationship, and it involved a lot of legal letters and quarrels with people. In 1826 Karl tried to shoot himself. He survived, but people persuaded Beethoven to stop being his guardian. Karl went into the army.
The last years were unhappy years for Beethoven. For some time he composed very little. Then, in 1817, he recovered and wrote his last two symphonies, a mass called "Missa Solemnis", his last five piano sonatas, and a group of string quartets which were so modern and difficult that very few people at the time understood the music. Nowadays, people think they are the greatest works ever written for string quartet.
His Ninth Symphony is called the "Choral" Symphony because there is a choir and soloists in the last movement. At the time people did not understand this either, because a symphony is normally a work for orchestra, not a work with singers. Beethoven chose the words of a poem by the German poet Friedrich Schiller: "An die Freude" ("Ode to Joy"). It is all about living together in peace and harmony, so that it sends an important message to people. This is why it has been chosen in recent years as the National Anthem for the European Union. The Ninth Symphony was performed at a concert on 7 May 1824. After the scherzo movement the audience applauded enthusiastically, but Beethoven could not hear the applause and one of the singers had to turn him round so that he could see that people were clapping.
Beethoven died on 26 March 1827. About 10,000 people came onto the streets for his funeral. The famous poet Franz Grillparzer wrote the funeral speech. One of the torchbearers was Franz Schubert. Schubert died the next year. In 1888 Beethoven’s and Schubert’s remains were moved to another cemetery in Vienna and were placed side by side.
Deafness.
In a letter dated 29 June 1801 Beethoven told a friend in Bonn about a terrible secret he had for some time. He knew that he was becoming deaf. For some time he had spells of fever and stomach pains. A young man does not expect to become deaf, but now he was starting to admit it to himself. He was finding it hard to hear what people were saying. Just at the moment when he was starting to become known as one of the greatest of all composers, it was a terrible blow to realize that he was losing his hearing. In 1802 he stayed for a time in Heiligenstadt which is now a suburb of Vienna but at that time it was outside the city. There he wrote a famous letter which is known as the "Heiligenstadt Testament". It is dated 6 October and told about his rising frustration at his deafness. He asks people to forgive him if he cannot hear what they are saying. He said that he had often thought of suicide, but that he had so much music in his head which had to be written down that he decided to continue his life. This very emotional letter was found amongst his papers after his death. It was never sent to anyone.
How he is remembered.
Beethoven’s music is usually divided into three periods: Early, Middle and Late. Most composers who live a long time develop as they get older and change their way of composing. Beethoven was like this: he was always trying out new ideas. Of course, these changes in style are not sudden, but they are quite a good way of understanding the different periods of his composing life.
His first period includes the works he wrote in his youth in Bonn, and his early days in Vienna up to about 1803. His middle period starts with the Eroica Symphony and includes most of his orchestral works. His last period includes the Ninth Symphony and the late string quartets.
Beethoven is probably the most famous of all composers, and the most written about. He had a wild personality and this was something that the Romantics in the 19th century always expected from great artists. The Romantics thought that the artist was somehow a person with exaggerated qualities who was not like normal people. Beethoven had a very strong personality. He lived in the time of the French Revolution and had strong views on independence and ways of living free from tyranny. This made him a hero in many people’s eyes.
His music was so famous that many composers in the 19th century found it quite hard to compose because they thought they would be compared to him. For example, Johannes Brahms, took a long time to write his First Symphony. He thought that everyone was expecting him to be the next Beethoven. It was only towards the end of the 19th century that Gustav Mahler wrote several symphonies which include singing, although he does this very differently to Beethoven.

Roald Amundsen
Roald Engelbregt Gravning Amundsen was a Norwegian man who explored the Arctic and the South Pole. Amundsen was born July 16, 1872- He disappeared in June 1928 while taking part in a rescue mission. Probably he died June 18, 1928.
Amundsen was the first man to reach the South Pole. On December 19, 1911, he came to the South Pole together with his men. The English man Robert Falcon Scott came 35 days later.
He was also the first man known to travel the Northwest Passage.

Christopher Columbus
Christopher Columbus was a trader and explorer. He was born in Genoa, Italy in 1451 and died May 20, 1506 in Valladolid. He was once called the first European to find out because people already lived at the Americas, though it is known now that the Vikings did this earlier.
Columbus sailed the Atlantic Ocean because he was hoping to find a shorter, safer way to China and India. He wanted to bring back spices and gold for the King and Queen of Spain: Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon. He knew that the world was round but he did not know how large it was. He had heard that Marco Polo had found a sea to the east of China and he believed that it must be the same as sea to the west of Europe. He did not really know about the Pacific Ocean and The Americas, and that the Atlantic Ocean did not go all the way to China.
When he found some islands at the end of his voyage, he thought he had reached the East Indies when in fact he had landed on an island in the Bahamas. That is why he named the people living there "Indians". In all, he made four voyages to America. Colombia is also named after him.
Origins of Christopher Columbus.
There is disagreement on where Columbus came from. Numerous people think that he was born in Genoa. Experts have studied clues to Columbus' birthplace, but no final answer has been found.
He was arrested in Santo Domingo August 23, 1500. Sent to Spain in chains in October 1500. Released December 12, 1500 and summoned to court. His passions where exploring and navigating

General Public License
The GNU General Public License (GPL) is a computer software copyleft license. This proprietary license lets the user of the software use a program in many of the same ways as if it were public domain. They can use it, change it, and copy it. They can also sell or give away copies of the program with or without any changes they made to it. The license lets them do this as long as they agree to follow the terms of the license. The GPL was created by Richard Stallman.
There are two main terms to the license. Both apply to giving the program away or selling it.
If the user does not agree to follow the GPL, they can still use the software under copyright laws. They can use it and make copies or changes to it for themselves, but they can not give it away or sell it. They also can not change the license.

Triangle (disambiguation)
In geometry, a triangle is the flat shape formed by joining three points (not in a straight line) with straight line segments. A triangle is a three sided polygon.
In music, a triangle is a musical instrument that is made from a metal tube. It is in the shape of a triangle. It is open at one corner, and when it is hit with a metal stick, it makes a sound.

Square (geometry)
A square is a shape with four equal sides and four corners that are all right angles (90 degrees). The diagonals of a square also cross at right angles. The angle between any diagonal and a side of a square is 45 degrees. In fact, a square is also a rectangle because rectangles only need to have two parallel sides equal.
A square can also mean an open place, usually in a town, that is shaped nearly like a square; often because of a crossroads. Examples include Trafalgar Square in London, Times Square in New York and Tiananmen Square in Beijing.
In English slang, "square" can also mean "equal". For example in sports "all square" means that the scores are even.

Computer hardware
Hardware is short for Computer hardware. It means the fixed parts that make up a computer.
Computer "hardware" needs software to tell it what to do. Without software, the hardware can not be used.

Meat
Meat is animal tissue used as food. Most often is used to describe skeletal muscle and fat that is found with it. Types of meat include beef and veal from cattle, pork, ham and bacon from pigs, mutton from sheep, "venison" from deer and poultry from chickens, ducks and turkeys. The word meat is also used for sausages and for non-muscle organs which are used for food, for example liver, brain, and kidneys. Eggs may also be included.
In the meat processing industry, (in some countries) the word "meat" is to mean only the flesh of mammalian species such as pigs, cattle, etc. but does not include fish, poultry, and eggs.
Meat is an important part of the diet of many people because it contains protein. Protein helps the growth and healing of a body and gives energy. Meat is a "high-protein" food, but costs more than other foods like bread and vegetables. People who cannot afford meat, or who do not like to eat it need to find other ways to get enough protein in their diet. Beans and certain nuts are also high in protein. People that choose not to eat meat are called vegetarians, and those who do not eat any animal product are known as vegans.
Animals such as members of the cat family that mainly eat animals are called carnivores.
Red meat is darker-coloured meat, different from white meat, or lighter-coloured meat. Some raw meat can make humans sick.

Anders Celsius
Anders Celsius (November 27, 1701 - April 25, 1744) was a Swedish astronomer. Celsius was born in Uppsala in Sweden. He developed the Celsius temperature scale as the international temperature standard when he worked on meteorology (a science about weather conditions). One of his good friends Gabriel Fahrenheit invented the Fahrenheit scale for the thermometer.

Tuvalu
Tuvalu is a small island country in the Pacific Ocean. It used to be called Ellice Islands; it was part of Gilbert and Ellice Islands. It is a monarchy.
Tuvalu is getting smaller. If the sea level keeps rising at the same rate, this country will be covered by water in about 50 years.
The most important language spoken in Tuvalu is Tuvaluan.
The United States and Tuvalu signed a treaty of friendship in 1979, when the USA gave up its claim to the islands of Funafuti, Nukefetau, Nukulaelae, and Nurakita.

Java
Java (Indonesian: Jawa) is one of the islands of Indonesia.
The area is 132,000 square km. It is the world's 13th largest island. There are 124 million people living there.
The climate of the island is warm and wet. The northern coast of the island is low-lying. The soil is fertile. It is an important area for growing crops in Indonesia.

James Watt
James Watt (January 19, 1736 - August 19, 1819) was a Scottish mathematician and engineer. He did not invent the first steam engine, but he did modify it to work better. There were other patented steam engines (such as the Savery and Newcomen steam engines) in use by the time Watt started his work on them. His major contribution is in developing the modern form of the steam engine. The Watt steam engine is credited for driving the Industrial Revolution of the 18th and 19th centuries.James Watt was a brilliant engineer and he also transformed the Newcomen engine.
Today, most people honor him by naming a unit of power, the watt, after him.
Other websites.
"Note: This link may not be simple."

Michelangelo
Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (March 6, 1475 - March 18, 1564) was an Italian sculptor, painter, architect and poet. One of his most famous works is the "David". He lived in Renaissance times. He could paint with both hands. When one hand got tired, he switched to the other hand.
Michelangelo painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel as well as painting artwork for the walls of the Sistine Chapel.

Leonardo da Vinci
Leonardo da Vinci (April 15, 1452 - May 2, 1519) was born in Florence in Italy. He was an
Italian painter, sculptor, builder, inventor and engineer.
Leonardo's most famous pictures include "The Last Supper" and the "Mona Lisa".
Leonardo da Vinci developed a new painting style. Artists of his time usually used a white background to paint pictures. Yet he used a dark background. This could bring out a three-dimensional effect in the main object. He was also known for making his paintings in a dark style, in which there were many shadows.
Leonardo da Vinci was one of the Masters of the High Renaissance. He was so interested in realistic painting that he dissected a human body to see how the body worked.He was an illegitimate child of a local lawyer, and worked under Pope Alexander VI who was not the best pope to reign.His work which explains physics aand human drawings were viewed to be possesed and demonic, history has it that his famous paiting monalisa potrays a lot of emotions or ideas.A film(the da vinci code) and also a book was also made.The book sold next to the bible which is the most sold book in history.

Platinum
Platinum is a soft, heavy, white metal. It is a precious metal, not a common metal. It usually costs more than gold.
In chemistry, platinum is element number 78. It has an atomic weight of 195 a.m.u. The symbol for platinum is Pt, from Spanish "platina" meaning "little silver".
Platinum is very malleable and ductile, which means it can be hammered into thin sheets and it can be pulled into wire. Platinum is very stable. Acids do not effect platinum. In the ninties lots and lots of urban people began wearing platinum as opposed to gold. White gold never became popular amongst America's urban population, thus Platinum originated the whole bling bling revolution.
The most common use of Platinum is in a vehicle catalytic converter.

List of rocks
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List of minerals
This is a list of minerals.
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Mineral
Minerals are substances that are formed naturally in the Earth. Minerals must be solid, inorganic, have a crystal structure, and happen naturally (without human interference). The study of minerals is called mineralogy.
A mineral is a solid and has a crystal structure. It also has a placed chemical composition.
A mineral can be a hard object chemical element or in most cases a solid compound. There are over 4,000 types of known minerals. Two common minerals are quartz and feldspar.
Characteristics of minerals.
People use minerals for many everyday purposes. Every time people turn on a microwave oven or a TV minerals are being used. The copper in the wires that carry electricity to the object is a mineral. Table salt or halite, is another mineral that people use in their everyday life. A mineral is a substance that
A rock has only two of the characteristics minerals have–it is a solid and it forms naturally. A rock usually contains two or more types of minerals. Two samples of the same type of rock may have different kinds of minerals in them. Minerals, however, are always made up of the same materials in the same proportions. A ruby is a mineral. Therefore, a ruby found in India has the same makeup as a ruby found in Australia. Indeed rocks are not the same as minerals.
Formed in Nature.
Minerals are formed by natural processes. Every type of mineral can form in nature by processes that do not involve living things. A few minerals can also be produced by living creatures as part of their shells or bones. For example, how a clam makes a pearl.
Minerals form in many ways. The mineral halite, which is used as table salt, forms when water evaporates in a hot, shallow part of the ocean, leaving behind the salt it contained. Many types of minerals, including the ones in granite makes when molten rock cools. Talc, a mineral that can be used to make baby powder, forms deep in Earth as high pressure and temperature causes changes in solid rock.
Solid.
A mineral is a solid—that is, it has a definite volume and a rough shape. Volume refers to the amount of space an object takes up. For example a golf ball has a smaller volume than a baseball, and a baseball has a smaller volume than a basketball.
A substance that is a liquid or a gas is not a mineral. However, in some cases its solid form is a mineral. For instance, liquid water is not a mineral, but ice is.
Definite chemical makeup.
Each mineral has a definite chemical makeup: it consists of a specific combination of atoms of certain elements, which makes some of them smell. An element is a substance that contains only one type of atom. In turn, an atom is the smallest particle an element can be divided into. Everything people can see or touch is made up of atoms. Some substances, including the minerals gold and copper, consist of just one element. All the atoms in gold or copper are of the same type. However, most items contain atoms of more than one element. Most minerals are compounds, substances consisting or several elements in specific proportions. Halite, for example, has one atom
of sodiun for every atom of chlorine. The types of atoms that make up a mineral are part of what makes the mineral unique. The way the atoms are bonded, or joined together, is also important. Many properties of minerals are related to how strong or weak the bonds are.
Crystal Structure.
If people look closely at the particles of ice that make up frost, people will notice that they have smooth, flat surfaces. These flat surfaces form because of the arrangement of atoms in the ice, which is a mineral. Such an internal arrangement is a characteristic of minerals. It is the structure of a crystal, a solid in which the atoms are arranged in an orderly, repeating three-dimensional pattern. Each mineral has its own type of crystal structure. In some cases, two minerals have the same chemical composition but different crystal structures. For example, both diamond and graphite consist of just one element—carbon. But the arrangements of the carbon atoms in these two minerals are not the same, so they have different crystal structures and very different properties. Diamonds are extremely hard and have a brilliant sparkle. Graphite is soft, gray, and dull. In nature, a perfect crystal is rare. One can grow only when a mineral is free to form in an open space—a condition that rarely exists within Earth's crust. The photographs on page 47 show examples of nearly perfect crystals. The amount of space available for growth influences the shape and size of crystals. Most crystals have imperfect shapes because their growth was limited by other crystals forming next to them.
Minerals grouped according to composition.
Scientists classify minerals into groups on the basis of their chemical
makeups. The most common group is the silicates. All the minerals
in this group contain oxygen and silicon—the two most common
Though there are thousands of different minerals, only about 30 are
common in Earth's crust. These 30 minerals make up most rocks in the
crust. For that reason, they are called rock-forming minerals. Silicates,
which make up about 90 percent or the rocks in Earth’s crust, are the
most common rock-forming minerals. Quartz, feldspar, and mica
The second most common group of rock-forming minerals is the
carbonates. All the minerals in this group contain carbon and oxygen
joined together. Calcite, which is common in seashells, is
There are many other mineral groups. All are important, even
though their minerals may not be as common as rock-forming minerals.
For instance, the mineral group known as oxides contains the minerals
from which most metals, such as tin and copper, are refrned. An oxide
consists of an element, usually a metal, joined to oxygen. This group
includes hematite, a source of iron.
Minerals and rocks.
Minerals are different from rocks. A mineral is a chemical compound with a given composition and a defined crystal structure. A rock is a mixture of one or several minerals, in varying proportions.

Craft
Craft is a word for many different activities about making things with one's own hands and skills. The different types of crafts can be divided by the material, which is to be worked with. In the Middle Ages the materials were metal, wood or clay.
A craftsman is a person who has the knowledge and skills of a craft.

Kim Jŏng-Il
Kim Jŏng-Il(김정일; 金正日) (born February 16, 1941) has been the leader of North Korea since his father's death in 1994. He is the son of Kim Il-Sŏng. Official North Korean propaganda says he was born on Mount Paektu (a holy mountain in Korea), but most historians think that he was actually born near Chabarowsk in the Soviet Union. Inside North Korea, it is the law no one can try to replace him as leader of the country. He is sometimes referred to as the "Dear Leader", but this is not an official title. His official title is "Chairman of the National Defense Commission of North Korea", "Supreme Commander of the Korean People's Army" and "General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea". Many people in North Korea have been imprisoned or killed for speaking out against the Kim regime. Almost everyone in North Korea wears a small pin with a picture of Kim Jŏng-Il or Kim Il-Sŏng on it.
Personal Life.
Kim is a Stalinist who also believes in the North Korean Communist philosophy of Juche (self-reliance). He is afraid to travel on aeroplanes and travels only on trains. He is famous known for his love of cinema and luxury goods, especially caviar and Hennessey brand cognac, even though North Korea is one of the poorest countries in the world. Former United States Secretary of State Madeline Albright once gave Kim a present of a basketball autographed by Michael Jordan when she visited North Korea because Kim is a fan of the National Basketball Association and of Jordan.
And now it is in question that he has or has not suffered from a stroke.

Silver
"This article is about the element. The article for the color is here.
Silver (symbol Ag) is a soft metal that has been used for many thousands of years by people all over the world, for jewellery, as money, and many other things. It is called a white metal even though it looks grey. The word silver is also used to talk about this colour or shade of grey.
In chemistry, silver is chemical element 47, a transition metal in. It has an atomic weight of 107.86 a.m.u. Its symbol is Ag, from the Latin word for silver, "argentum".
Silver is very malleable, and ductile, which means it can be pulled into wire or hammered into thin sheets. When it is used in money or in jewellery, it is often mixed with gold or some other metal to make it harder. Silver is a good conductor of electricity.
Silver can be found alone. Silver can be found with copper, lead, or gold in rocks. The rocks are found mostly in Canada, Mexico, Peru, and the United States. Mexico produces the most silver.
Silver is not a large danger to humans. It can kill bacteria and has other useful properties.
Silver, because is depleting, is actually more valuable than gold.
The silver saved up in the world is running out very quickly because more of it has been used each year than the amount mined in each year since 1990. Companies that use silver have benefitted from speculators who sell promises to deliver silver that does not exist, keeping prices artificially low. This is called naked short selling. The amount owed is more than all the silver in the world. The price of silver could go very high when the stored silver runs out and investors start asking for their metal back, instead of taking more I.O.U.'s.
Silver coins and bars can be bought and sold at coin shops around the world.
Silver is one of the only words in the English language that does not rhyme with any other word.

Pope
The Pope is the head of Catholic Church. The current Pope is Benedict XVI; he was born in Germany. The previous Pope, John Paul II died on April 2, 2005; he was from Poland.
Popes are elected by Cardinals of the Catholic Church. Once they are elected they hold the position until they die or they resign. Usually they don't resign, though; the last pope who resigned was Pope Gregory XII in 1415. After a Pope is elected, the pope chooses a different name. Everyone is told the new name when the Habemus Papam is read out. The current pope (Benedict XVI) was called Joseph Ratzinger before he became a pope.
In the Middle Ages, the Pope had a lot of political power. This is no longer the case.
The name "Pope" comes from the Greek word "pappas", "father". Catholics believe that when making statements "ex cathedra", that is official statements teaching about faith and moral, the Pope is "infallible" - which means God will not allow his followers to be misled by allowing their leader to make a wrong statement. Only two of any Pope's statements have been "ex cathedra"
The Pope is also the head of state of the Vatican City, a tiny country in the city of Rome in Italy whose only purpose is to run the Catholic Church. Popes today travel to many countries around the world preaching. The Pope is the only person in the world who is the leader of a political state and a religion at the "same time".
The Pope wears a big hat called a mitre and holds a staff called a crosier.

San Andreas Fault
The San Andreas Fault is a dextral strike-slip fault. The fault marks the boundary between the North American Plate on the east and the Pacific Plate on the west. A lesser proportion of the motion between these two plates is accommodated along the Walker Lane Shear Zone and in the Basin and Range Province. The San Andreas Fault connects the Cascadia Subduction Zone in the north (at Cape Mendocino) to the Gulf of California Rift in the south. The San Andreas Fault is composed of a zone several miles wide which incorporates multiple strands. Activity and displacement on the various strands migrates in time and space. The main active strand currently runs on and off-shore between Cape Mendocino and the Sea of Cortez. From Cape Mendocino, it runs offshore to Tomales Bay, southward through Bolinas Lagoon, just west of the San Francisco Peninsula, to come onshore again at Daly City, through the hills of the Peninsula (Crystal Springs reservoir is formed by the fault itself). In the Santa Cruz mountains, it bends slightly eastward, forming a restraining bend. This is the site of the transpressional (blind reverse) 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake. The fault continues south through the historic mission at San Juan Bautista and through the town of Hollister (where active creep can be seen to offset sidewalks and even houses). The Transverse Ranges north of Santa Barbara are formed by compression across a major restraining bend to the east. Strands of the fault snake under the LA Basin. South of LA the fault expresses an extensional bend to the west -causing the Salton Trough. From there it connects into the active spreading under the Sea of Cortez.
The San Andreas fault was discovered by professor Andrew Lawson in 1895, who famously climbed into the faulted serpentinite well where the south tower of the Golden Gate Bridge was being poured. In spite of the extreme deformation of the serpentinite, Lawson declared the bridge perfectly safe. The events of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake would seem to substantiate Lawson's conclusion as the ruptured strand was not the one he observed in the footprint of the bridge.

Void (astronomy)
In astronomy, voids are the empty spaces between filaments. Both filaments and Voids are one of the largest-scale structures in the Universe. There are no or few galaxies in voids. Most voids have a diameter of 11 to 150 Mpc.
Especially large voids are the empty spaces without many superclusters.
These voids are sometimes called supervoids'".
A 1994 official counting ("The structure of the Universe traced by rich clusters of galaxies.", see References) lists a total of 27 supervoids with a distance of up to 740 Mpc. Some of supervoids chosen from the list are given below.

Computer mouse
A computer mouse is used to tell a computer what to do, including moving the cursor and choosing things on the screen. It got its name because the wire coming out of the end of the first computer mice reminded people of the tail of a real mouse. Many mice today are wireless and run on batteries.
History.
When Silicon Valley was being reclaimed in California, Douglas Engelbart, a researcher of Stanford institute, put on his thinking cap while looking at a computer.
'Can we use a computer more conveniently?'
In those days, using a computer was very inconvenient because of its large size. Having studied for a long time, he succeeded in inventing an input device called 'XY index' at last. Originally it needed two hands to use, but it was developed gradually to be used by one hand. This is the mouse that we commonly use today.
It was used in earnest when the 'Macintosh' of Apple Inc. came out in 1984. And 'Windows' was being used widely as a OS (operating system) of a computer, so the mouse spread rapidly. Now it is fitted in 86% of all computers, and there are about 3 hundred million.
Uses.
On most computers, the user can move the mouse to move the cursor in the same direction. If there is something on the screen that the user wants to choose, he can move the cursor over it and click the left mouse button. The right mouse button is used to open menus that are different depending on where the cursor is. The other mouse buttons can do different things, depending on what software is being used. A mouse can have anywhere from 1 to 6 buttons to click, but most mice have two or three. Some mice also have a "scroll wheel" -- a small wheel found between the two main mouse buttons. The user can move the wheel up or down to "scroll" through things like a website or folder, which means to move it up or down on the screen, or he or she can click the wheel down like another button.

Metallurgy
Metallurgy is the study of metals. Alloys are also studied. People who study metals are called "metallurgists".
How to make metals-get metals from rocks. The rocks are made of a metal with oxygen, called an oxide. Separating the oxygen off the metal is called smelting This is done with chemistry or electricity. It happens often in very high temperature. This is the first step in metallurgy. A rock containing enough metal to be profitable is called "ore"..
Iron is smelted from iron ore in large reactors called blast furnaces. A blast furnace is a tall vertical structure which is fed with coke, iron ore and limestone. When hot air is blown in the blast furnace, the coke will burn and reduce the oxygen off the ore, producing bare iron and carbon dioxide. The limestone will bind off any remaining bedrock. The iron melts in the hot temperature and is tapped off in liquid phase at the bottom. It is then worked into steel. The limestone and bedrock form a compound called slag. It can be used for making bricks, concrete or road topping.
Aluminum is smelted in electric ovens called electric arc furnaces. The aluminum ore is poured on the bottom of the furnace and electric current is led through the ore. The temperature rises so high that the oxygen separates, leaving metallic aluminum.
Copper is poured on naked flame which burns off sulfur and other impurities, leaving raw copper. The copper is then electrolyzed (that is: separated by electric current) in big pools, which contain water solution called electrolyte. An electric current is led in the pool, and all copper will gather on the electrode called cathode.
Metal parts.
Another part of metallurgy is making parts from metals. These parts must be made so they will not break when they are used. Metallurgists work to make the metal good when they are used. Sometimes the metal must be strong. Other times it must be tough (not easily broken). The metallurgist must follow directions when making the part to know what metal to use. Steel has a low cost, but rusts. Choosing a good metal is sometimes hard.
Making metal parts.
A metal starts as a block, called an ingot. Metallurgists must know how to make a metal part from an ingot. Parts are made from ingots different ways. When a big hammer is used, it is called forging. To make thin metals, a metal is put between two rolls and moved, called rolling.
When a metal part is made hot, the metal moves farther than when it is cold. Most metal parts are made hot, to make moving metal easier. This is hot work.
Two metal parts can be put together with much heat. This is called welding. Iron is easy to weld.
How to know what to do to the metal.
Metallurgists use many tools to know what to do to the metal. The most useful is the microscope. The microscope gives much information about the way the metal moves. Metals are sometimes pulled until they break. This is the tension test. Some useful information can be gotten from this test.

Fixed-wing aircraft
A fixed-wing aircraft or aeroplane or airplane is a kind of aircraft, something that can fly, but is heavier than air. Airplanes are sometimes called just 'planes. All airplanes have wings. Gliders are airplanes that do not have engines.
History.
A steam-powered unmanned fixed-wing aircraft, that weighed 9 lbs., was built by John Stringfellow in 1848. It could fly by itself without needing to be dropped from high up. There were gliders before this, but they had to fly by being pushed off a building or hill.
The first time a man flew (that is: took off, steered an aircraft and landed it) a motor-powered fixed wing aircraft was by Orville Wright in 1903 in Kitty Hawk, USA. However, the airplane called "Flyer 1" was not fully controllable. The first powered, controlled, sustained fixed-wing aircraft flight was made by a Brazilian called Alberto Santos Dumont in 1906, in Paris.
Modern day.
Today, fixed-wing aircraft fly between many cities and bring many people and cargo. Big cities usually have an airport - the place where fixed-wing aircraft can land and take off safely. Some large cities like New York City have more than one airport. Two major makers of airplanes are Airbus and Boeing.
Defensive uses.
The first aircraft for war bombing was used in Lybia in 1911 by Italy against the Ottoman Empire. Some fixed-wing aircraft are used by air forces to defend countries. These fixed-wing aircraft may use guns or missiles for combat with other aircraft, or they may drop bombs on ground targets.
Fixed-wing aircraft let people travel longer distances faster than ships or trains. Aircraft can fly from New York to London in about 7 hours. It would take one week or more on a ship.
Problems.
Sometimes, people are scared to fly. However, statistics show they are safer than cars. The September 11, 2001 attacks helped spread this fear of flying.

Aircraft
An aircraft is a flying machine. There are lots of different types of aircraft, such as aeroplanes, helicopters, gliders and hot air balloons.

Victoria, British Columbia
Victoria is the capital city of the province of British Columbia, Canada. It is named after Queen Victoria.
Over 300,000 people live in the Victoria area. Many people work for the government or in tourism. It is warmer than other Canadian cities in the winter, so many Canadians move there when they retire.
Victoria is on Vancouver Island. Most people travel there by boat (ferry) from Vancouver, or from Washington State. Victoria has three ferry docks and an airport.
Victoria has one of the mildest climates in Canada, with gardens blooming year round.
If you visit Victoria, see the beautiful Butchart Gardens and the Royal British Columbia Museum. Some of the best-known buildings are the government buildings and the Empress Hotel; both are by the Inner Harbour.
The first people to live in the area were the Coast Salish native people. People from England built Fort Victoria in 1843. Victoria became a city in 1862.
18,000 students study at the University of Victoria. Other people study at Camosun College, Royal Roads University, University Canada West, Victoria College of Art, and the Canadian College of Performing Arts. Students from all over the world study at Pearson College, near Victoria.
The Canadian navy has ships in a part of the city called Esquimalt.
Some of the parks include Beacon Hill Park, East Sooke Park, Mount Work Park, and Mount Douglas Park.
There are many flowers in Victoria; it is called the "city of gardens." There is a lot of rain but little snow.

Suez Canal
The Suez Canal (Arabic: قناة السويس, "Qanā al-Suways", French: "Le Canal de Suez") is a canal in Egypt. It lies west of the Sinai Peninsula. The canal is 163 km long (101 miles) and, at its narrowest point, 300 m wide (984 ft). It runs between Port Said ("Būr Sa'īd") on the Mediterranean Sea, and Suez ("al-Suways") on the Red Sea. It was built by a French company. The canal was started in 1859 and finished in 1869.
Uses.
The canal allows boats/ships to travel from Europe to Asia without having to go the way around Africa. It was built to go from eygpt to the Indian ocean.
Layout.
The canal consists of two parts, north and south of the Great Bitter Lake.
History.
The Suez Canal was first built over 2,000 years ago.
In 1859, the Suez Canal was built again, by the Universal Suez Ship Canal Company, and took 10 years to build. The first ship to pass through the canal did so on 17 February 1867; Giuseppe Verdi wrote the famous opera Aida for this ceremony.
The canal made is possible to easily transport goods across the world. The canal also allowed Europeans to travel to East Africa, and this area was soon controlled by European powers.
The success of the canal encouraged the French to start building the Panama Canal.
After the Six Day War in 1967, the canal remained closed until June 5, 1975. A UN peacekeeping force has been stationed in the Sinai Peninsula since 1974, to avoid more wars.
About 15,000 ships pass through the canal each year, which is about 14 % of world shipping. Each ship takes up to 16 hours to cross the canal.

Canal
A canal is a waterway made by humans. In the 1800s and 1900s, canals were built as a way of transporting heavy goods in barges. Canals usually connect lakes, rivers, or oceans. Some canals allow boats to pass. Others are used for irrigation. The Panama Canal is a famous canal that connects the Atlantic Ocean with the Pacific Ocean.

Mars (mythology)
Mars is the God of War in Roman mythology. Mars is the son of Juno. Mars is the father of Romulus and Remus. The planet Mars, and the month March are named after him. He was the god of war,murder and bloodshed

Cessna
Cessna is an airplane company. They are located in Wichita, Kansas in the United States. They make small aircraft that can hold 2 to 4 people.

Clothing
Clothing is an item which is made to cover part of the human body. The torso (body) can be covered by a (shirt), arms by sleeves, legs by (pants or jeans), the hands by (gloves), feet by (socks and shoes, sandals, boots) and the head by (hats). Clothing is made from many materials, such as cotton, wool, or polyester fabrics and leather. In cold climates, people also wear heavy, thick coats such as trenchcoats.
Almost all humans wear clothing. Clothing protects the human body from the hot sun and high temperatures in warm tropical countries (such as Cuba). Clothing such as thick wool coats and boots keep the human body warm in very cold temperatures (such as in the Canadian arctic). As well, clothing protects people from insects that might hurt a person if his or her body is not covered up. Clothing is also worn for decoration, as a fashion (clothing). People from different cultures wear different clothing, and have different beliefs and customs about what type of clothing should be worn.
For many people clothing is a status symbol. It also helps people project an image. Often clothing is a form of self expression. Adults in different social or work situations present different views of themselves by the clothes they wear. Young people have an entirely different form of dress to express their personalities. Often people will simply follow popular fashion styles so that they will fit in. Clothing is far more that just a means to protect our bodies.
Things that are not clothing.
People also decorate their bodies with makeup or perfume, and they also cut or change the hair on their heads and faces. They might also mark their skin by using tattoos, scarifications, and body piercings. But makeup and tattoos are not kinds of clothing.
Things that are carried and not worn, like purses, canes, and umbrellas, are called "accessories", but they are not kinds of clothing, either. Jewelry and eyeglasses are also accessories.

Shoe
A shoe is a piece of footwear. Shoes usually come in pairs. A shoe is also an item of clothing. There are many different sizes and colors of shoes, like orange, brown, navy, pink, yellow, scarlet, mauve, black, vermillion, white, beige, cream etc...
Trainers are a type of shoe. They can be used for running in.
Slippers are a kind of indoor shoe. They are often used when it is cold.
people wear them for various reasons like wearing shoes to a party or for hygiene reasons.

Footwear
Footwear is an item of clothing made by humans that covers and protects the foot, including the soles of the feet. Footware allows people to walk on rough surfaces such as gravel roads without hurting their feet. Some types of footwear such as boots help to keep people's feet dry, or help to keep people's feet warm in cold weather.
By hand.
People in many countries make their own footwear by hand, using simple tools. A simple pair of sandals can be made by hand cutting a foot-shaped sole out of a thick, flexible material such as rubber. Next, straps of fabric, rope or leather can be added with a needle and thread. A simple pair of boots can be made by hand by using animal hide with fur, and sewing it with strong thread.
In a factory.
Many people wear footwear that is made in a factory. The machines in shoe factories and boot factories can make footwear much more quickly than people who are making footwear by hand with a needle and thread.

Cafe
A cafe is a type of restaurant. Cafes usually serve coffee and snacks. The term "cafe" comes from French, meaning coffee.
You can read the newspaper and magazines there or chat about the topics of the time. It is familiar as a place where information can be exchanged.
A cafe is called a coffeehouse, coffee shop in English, and a cafe (also spelled as café in French, Spanish, and Portuguese or caffè in Italian) shares some of the characteristics of a bar, and some of the characteristics of a restaurant, but it is different from a cafeteria. In some countries, cafes more closely resemble restaurants, offering a range of hot meals, and possibly being licensed to serve alcohol. British cafes however, do not sell alcohol.
In the Netherlands, cannabis-selling cafes face an uncertain future under a planned new law banning smoking in public places. The cafes, which attract millions of tourists each year, allow customers to buy marijuana over the counter and openly smoke it.
Now cafes were reintroduced in the 1990s with the Internet cafe. The spread of modern-style cafes to many places, urban and rural, went hand in hand with computers. Computers and Internet access in a contemporary-styled atmosphere help to create a youthful, modern, outside place, compared to the traditional bar, or old-fashioned diners that they replaced. In the mid 2000s, cafes commonly offer Internet access, just as they offer telephones and newspapers.

Jazz
Jazz is a type of music which was invented in the United States. Jazz music combines African-American music with European music.
Some common jazz instruments include the saxophone, trumpet, piano, double bass, and drums.
History.
Jazz started in the United States in the early 20th century. Jazz music has musical influences from the African slaves who were taken from Africa to work in the plantations of the southern United States, such as "call and response" songs and blue notes. As well, Jazz music has musical styles from European music.
To remember the different periods in jazz, we divide into decades and their main directions. In the 1920s, there was New Orleans-style Jazz and Dixieland jazz. In the 1930s, there was swing jazz, which was also called big band jazz. In the 1940s, there was Bebop jazz. Large jazz bands, which are called big bands, were also popular in the 1940s. Big bands usually have 5 saxophone players, 4 or 5 trumpet players, 4 trombone players, a piano player or guitar player, an acoustic bass player, a drummer, and sometimes a singer. In the 1950s, there was hard bop jazz. In the 1960s, there was modern jazz and free jazz. In the 1970s, there was jazz fusion, which blended jazz music with rock music. Nowadays, there are many styles at the same time, like Nu-Jazz, electro-jazz and impro-jazz!

Coffee
Coffee is a plant and it is also the name of the drink that is made from this plant. The "coffee plant" is a bush or tree which can grow to 10 metres high, but is usually cut shorter. Coffee plants grew first in Africa, and now also grow in South America, Central America and Southeast Asia where they are an important crop for the economy of many countries.
The drink is made from the seeds of the coffee plant, which are called "coffee beans". Coffee is usually served hot, and is a popular drink in many countries. Coffee contains a chemical called "caffeine" which is a mild drug that keeps people awake.
To make a drink from coffee beans, they must first be specially prepared by roasting. The beans are usually roasted a short time after they are picked. This dries them out, makes them last longer and makes them ready to be packed. Before the beans are made into a drink, they are "ground" (crushed into tiny pieces in a coffee mill). When the ground coffee is placed into boiling water, the flavour and dark brown colour of the beans goes into the water. Making coffee is called "brewing" coffee. There are several different ways that coffee can be brewed.
Coffee types.
Robusta is cheaper and has more caffeine than Arabica and it is used in many commercial coffee products. But Robusta tastes bitter and acidic, so people only drink it with other things. Higher quality Robustas are in some espresso blends.
In the past, people gave names to new Arabica coffees from the port they came from. The two oldest Arabica coffees are "Mocha" and "Java". Today, names are more specific. They tell us the country, region, and sometimes even the property where they come from.
Aging.
Some sorts of coffee taste better if the beans are "aged". This means that after they are picked, the beans are kept from three to eight years. This "aging" gives the coffee a less acidic taste. Coffee that has been aged is often mixed or "blended" with other coffee that is not aged.
Roasting.
"Roasting" is one of the important stages in making coffee beans into coffee. When a coffee bean is roasted, it grows nearly two times bigger and changes from green to yellow to brown.
The length of time that the coffee beans are roasted makes the coffee taste different. Some types of coffee, such as Mocha and Java, are roasted for a short time. It is easy to tell from the flavour where the coffee is from. When coffee is roasted for a long time, it is harder to tell the different types apart. Green coffee beans can be bought and roasted at home in the oven.
Grinding.
Before the coffee is made into a drink, it is "ground" in a small grinding machine called a "coffee mill". The coffee mill breaks the beans into very small pieces. Coffee is turned into a drink in several different ways. For some ways of making coffee, such as "espresso" it is best to have the cofffee ground into fine powder but for other types of coffee-making, such as "filtered coffee", the coffee is in larger pieces to stop it going through the filter. Finely ground coffee makes a stronger taste.
Brewing.
Coffee is made into a drink by putting the coffee into boiling water. This is called "brewing" coffee.
Instant coffee.
"Instant coffee" is a very quick way to make a cup of coffee to drink. It is made in a factory and sold in jars or packets. First, strong coffee is made using ground coffee and boiling water. Then, the coffee grounds are filtered out. The coffee liquid is dried out until nothing is left except granules (little crunchy pieces), or fine powder. This is then put into jars or packets. As soon as a spoonful of "instant coffee" is added to boiling water, it dissolves in the water to make coffee to drink. The taste can be very different from fresh coffee. Part of the reason for the different taste is that "Robusta" coffee beans are usually used for making instant coffee. Robusta coffee beans do not cost as much as "Arabica".
When people drink coffee.
The United States buys the most coffee; Germany is next. People in Finland drink the most coffee for each person. In Canada, the United States and Europe, some restaurants sell mainly coffee; they are referred to as "cafés" or "coffeehouses". Cafés often sell food, but the type of food is different from one country to another.
In some countries, for example, those in northern Europe, people like having coffee parties. At these parties, people have coffee and cake.
In many countries, people drink coffee at work; in the United States and England, for example, people drink it in the morning. In other countries, such as Mexico, people drink it in the evening to help them stay awake.
Health problems.
Coffee contains the drug caffeine. Caffeine is a mild stimulant which helps to keep people awake. Caffeine, like all drugs, can be addictive and can cause health problems.
Some studies have looked at the health risks of coffee. In February 2003, there was a study in Denmark of 18,478 women to find out if coffee had an effect on pregnancy and birth. It was found that if a woman drank between four and seven cups of coffee a day, it did not seem to make a big change to the number of babies that were born dead, (stillborn). But the women in the study who drank eight or more cups of coffee a day had three times as much chance of having a stillborn baby.
For this, and other reasons, some people drink coffee substitutes instead.

Beef
Beef is a type of meat. Beef comes from cows. There are different kinds of beef. Beef is quite popular in Argentina and the United States. Beef derives from the German word 'beife', meaning grazing beast. In the faith of Hinduism, it is forbidden to eat beef. Although Sikhs can eat beef, Sikhs in India do not eat beef out of respect for Hindus.

Hyena
Hyenas are mammals. They are the family Hyaenidae, in the order Carnivora. Hyenas live in Africa, and in west and south Asia. There are two subfamilies with four species.
Appearence and Biology.
Although Hyenas look much like canids, they are actually in the suborder Feliformia, the same as cats and mongooses. All species of Hyena walk much like a bear because their front legs are longer than their back. The Brown and Stripes Hyena have striped fur with a mane covering their neck. The Spotted Hyena's fur is shorter and spotted, instead of striped. The Spotted Hyena's mane is reversed foreward, instead of back, like the other species. Hyenas are known to have the worlds strongest bite power, but it is not in proportion. For example, the Tasmanian Devil has a more powerful bite, in proportion.
Grouping and Society.
Hyenas, particularly Spotted Hyenas are very intelligent creatures. Spotted Hyena's society is more complicated than most other carnivorous mammals, and have been compared to primates'. They work together very well and are very cooperative. They have very strategic hunting methods and stay close to their kill to protect it from predators.

Table salt
Table salt, often called "cooking salt" or just "salt" is widely used in cooking to add flavor to food.
It is a compound (mixture) of two chemical elements, "sodium" (symbol: Na) and "chlorine" (Cl). This is why it has the chemical name "sodium chloride" (symbol: NaCl).
In history, salt was very expensive, and was used to preserve food from going bad. It was even used as money in some places.
Sodium chloride is also special because its crystals are almost perfect cubes.

Silk
Silk is a natural fiber made by the silk worm larvae. Silk is often used to make cloth.
In history, silk came from China and was very expensive.

The Beatles
The Beatles were an highly influential rock and pop band in the 1960s. They were from Liverpool, England. The members of the band were John Lennon (rhythm guitar, keyboards), Paul McCartney (bass guitar, keyboards), George Harrison (lead guitar, sitar) and Ringo Starr (drums, percussion).
The Beatles formed in 1958, but did not have their first hit until 1962. In November 1962 their song, 'Please Please Me', hit the number 1 position on the British hit parade. This was the first of a record 15 British number 1 singles. They first came to the United States in 1964, being greeted at the airport by thousands of screaming American teenagers. The Beatles were so popular they were mobbed by screaming fans everywhere they went around the world. The effect they had on their fans came to be known as 'Beatlemania'. The Beatles made their first live American television appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show on 9 February 1964. Approximately 74 million viewers — about half of the American population — watched the group perform on the show. Beatles songs soon filled the top 5 places on the American top 40 chart - a record that has never been matched.
The Beatles becoming so popular in America led to other British bands, such as the Rolling Stones, the Animals, the Kinks and Gerry and the Pacemakers having hits their as well. So many British bands became popular following the Beatles success this period became known in America as the "British Invasion".
Towards the mid 60s, The Beatles became more experimental with their music, leading to a series of albums that are still regarded as some of the best of all time. This largely started in 1965, with the release of the album "Rubber Soul", and hit a peak in 1967 with the release of "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band", which was recently named as the greatest album of all time by Rolling Stone Magazine. They were also named the most influential artists of all time by Rolling Stone magazine, due to their music, dress and attitudes having shaped much of what was popular among young people in the 60s.
The Beatles became so popular that no regular concert venue was big enough for their concerts. This led to them playing the first ever stadium rock concert at Shea Stadium in America to around 50 000 people. The Beatles stopped touring and playing live music in 1965 because they were sick of audiences screaming so loudly that their music couldn't be heard. They were also sick of the pressures of touring. Among other things, they were so popular that thousands of people would gather outside the hotels they stayed in day and night meaning that they could never leave their rooms apart from when they played a show.
The Beatles broke up in 1970 due to the pressures of fame and each member becoming more independent both in their personal lives and musically. In 1973 the two-disc sets "1962-1966" (the "Red Album") and "1967-1970" "(the "Blue Album") were released. These were both re-released on CD in 1993.
The band remained very popular all over the world after their break up, according to the "Guinness Book of World Records", they are the highest-selling recording artists of all time, and have sold over one billion records, including albums and singles. Their music remains important, and influences many musicians to this day. Musicians today perform cover versions of their songs, and people everywhere still listen to their music. Their song 'Yesterday' is the most covered song in the history of popular music, as well as being the most played song on radio in history. Recently an album titled "1", a collection of their number 1 hits, became the 8th highest selling album of all time.
Brian Epstein was their manager. Sir George Martin produced all of their albums and singles except for the album "Let it Be", which was produced by the famous 60s producer Phil Spector. Almost all of their music was recorded at Abbey Road Studios in London.
The Beatles made thirteen albums and twenty-six singles together. They also started their own record label, Apple Records. They made two movies, "A Hard Day's Night" and "Help!", where they appeared as actors. Later they made "Magical Mystery Tour", a television special. "Yellow Submarine" was a cartoon movie based on their music. "Let It Be" showed them working on a new album.
After the Beatles broke up in 1969, all four members started their own solo careers.
John Lennon became a very famous peace activist in the late 60s and early 70s, writing very successful songs including "Give Peace a Chance", "Imagine", and "Happy Christmas (War is Over)" which has become one of the world's most well known Christmas songs.
Paul McCartney went on to form the band "Wings" with his wife Linda, which became one of the biggest bands of the 70s. In 1977 his song, "Mull of Kintyre", became the biggest selling single in British history, outselling even the Beatles singles.
George Harrison and Ringo Starr had early success as solo artists but were less successful later on. George formed the super group "The Travelling Wilburys" in the 80s with fellow rock legends Bob Dylan, Roy Orbison, Tom Petty and Jeff Lynne. Ringo still tours the world with his "All Starr Band".
John Lennon was murdered on December 8, 1980 outside his home in New York. Part of Central Park in New York and an airport in London are named in his honour.
The other three Beatles got together in the 1990s to make two new records. They used demo recordings of two John Lennon songs, and added their own new parts with the help of producer Jeff Lynne, so all four members could appear on the songs. The songs were "Free As A Bird" and "Real Love" which were both top 5 hits in the U.K. in 1995/96.
Paul McCartney was knighted in 1997, as was producer George Martin in 1996. George Harrison died of cancer on November 29, 2001. Ringo Starr & Paul McCartney are (out of the "classic" line-up) the only living members left.
The Beatles have had number 1 records in England and America in every decade since the 60s.
Compilations.
They also sold many singles (45's).

Reincarnation
Reincarnation is the name of the idea that people are born in another body after they die. Many Hindus, Jainists, Celtic pagans, Buddhists, and people who follow some African religions believe in reincarnation. Carnate means “of flesh”, and reincarnate means to “reenter the flesh".
Reincarnation in Hinduism.
Hindus believe in reincarnation, the process where the soul repeatedly takes on a physical body through being born on Earth. All Hindus believe in reincarnation. Ancient scriptures of Hinduism teach that the soul, or immortal “self”, takes birth time and time again. Through this process it has experiences, learns lessons, and evolves spiritually. Finally, it graduates from physical birth.
Cycle of being born again.
Life and death are realities for all human beings. Like the caterpillar’s transformation into a butterfly, physical death is a most natural transition for the soul. The soul survives and continues its long journey until it is one with God. Hindus believe that the soul never dies, but inhabits one body after another during its evolutionary journey guided by karma. Karma (literally: action) is the sum of one's actions, and the force that determines one's next reincarnation.
Hinduism teaches that life’s ultimate goal is not money, clothes, power, food or any other need. According to the Hindu sage Adi Shankaracharya - the world as we ordinarily understand it is like a dream: fleeting and illusory. The soul’s real purpose on this Earth is to know, to love, and to serve God. This helps the soul evolve from immaturity to spiritual illumination. Therefore, each reincarnating soul chooses a home and a family which can best fulfill its next step of learning and maturation. Each life on Earth is similar to a class in school. Maturation of the soul on Earth means fulfilling its worldly desires, which can only be experienced through a body.
At death the soul leaves the physical body. But the soul does not die. It lives on in a subtle body called the astral body. The astral body exists in a nonphysical dimension called the astral plane. Here the soul continues to have experiences until it is born again in another physical body as a baby.
Graduation from the cycle of being born again.
After many lifetimes of following dharma (right way of living), the soul is fully matured in love, wisdom and knowledge of God. There is no longer a need for physical birth, for all lessons have been learned, all karmas fulfilled. When all desire has vanished, the person will not be born again anymore. The soul has gone beyond the level in understanding offered by living on Earth. Similarly, after graduation from elementary school we never have to go back to the fifth grade. The soul achieves enlightenment and moksha, freedom.
When a soul is released, it is freed from the cycle of birth, death and rebirth. It will no longer be pulled back to be born in a physical body. Evolution continues in the more refined spiritual worlds. Satguru Sivaya Subramuniyaswami explains that this Hindu view of the soul’s evolution answers many otherwise puzzling questions, removing the fear of death while giving assurance that each soul is evolving toward the same spiritual destiny. Hindus believe that karma and reincarnation are leading every single soul to release from the cycle of rebirth.

Philosopher
A philosopher is a person who works, studies, or is an expert in philosophy. The word, "philosopher", comes from the Greek language and literally means "lover of wisdom."

EBay
eBay is a website. It is a place for online auctions. Anybody can sell almost anything they want there. People can buy many things there as well.
People have to send what they sell themselves, usually using mail. They can transfer the money in any way they want. A lot of people use PayPal to transfer the money. PayPal is owned by the same people as eBay. Margaret Whitman is the current CEO of the company.
History.
eBay was started in 1995 by Pierre Omidyar. It was first called "Auctionweb". The name 'eBay' came later when he tried to register a domain name for his planned name "EchoBay". It was already taken so he shortened the name to 'eBay'.
Statistics.
Millions of items are bought on eBay every day. It is very cheap to list an item on eBay. Many people look at others' items because they are interested in them.

Gerhard Schröder
Gerhard Schröder was Chancellor of Germany from 1998 to 2005.
He was born on April 7, 1944 in Mossenberg (North Rhine-Westphalia).
After school he learned retail sales in a Lemgo from 1958 to 1961.
After that he made his abitur (highest school exam in Germany) in Bielefeld. Then he studied laws in Göttingen.
After that he worked as a lawyer.
He joined the Social Democratic Party of Germany in 1963 and became chairman of its youth organisation in 1978.
In 1986 he became member of the State Parliament of Lower Saxony.
In 1990 he was elected as Prime-Minister of Lower Saxony.
He became the chancellor of Germany in 1998. After elections in 2005, he was replaced by Angela Merkel. He is a member of the SPD (Social Democratic Party of Germany).

Melbourne
Melbourne is the second largest city in Australia. It is the capital of Victoria, which is a state in the south-east of Australia. The population of Melbourne is 3,806,092.
Melbourne is a multicultural city (it welcomes people and cultures from all over the world). It is famous for its trams (small short trains) which move along many streets in the city. The centre of Melbourne is around a river called the Yarra River. Melbourne also has many big parks and gardens and some beaches.
There are many things to do in Melbourne. Visitors in Melbourne can go to museums, look at art, eat food at restaurants, go to shops, and go to many large sport events.
There is a lot of industry (factories) and commerce (buying and selling) in Melbourne. Many of Australia's largest companies and many large companies from other countries work there. It is home to Australia's largest seaport. There are seven universities (the University of Melbourne, Monash University, Deakin University, Victoria University, La Trobe University, RMIT University, and Swinburne University). Much of Australia's automotive (car) industry is there, for example the engine maker "Holden", and "Ford" and "Toyota" car builders.
History.
Melbourne was founded in 1835 by John Batman and John Pascoe Fawkner. In 1851, some people found gold near Melbourne. Melbourne grew very quickly because people came from all over the world to look for gold. At the end of the 19th century, Melbourne was called "Marvellous Melbourne" ("marvellous" means "wonderful"). Melbourne was the biggest and most important city in Australia for many years, but now Sydney is bigger. The first Australian government was in Melbourne from 1901 until 1927 when it moved to Canberra.
Population.
Many people from different countries live in Melbourne. In fact 43% of the people living in Melbourne were born outside Australia or have parents from another country. All together people from 233 countries live in Melbourne and people with 116 different religions.

Canberra
Canberra is the capital city of Australia. There are 340 800 people who live there. It doesn’t belong to a state but it is in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT).
Canberra was started in 1913 and in the middle of the city is Lake Burley-Griffin. This lake was created especially for the city. There was a competition to design the new capital city of Australia. The competition was won by an architect from Chicago in the United States of America. His name was Walter Burley Griffin. Griffin designed his triangular town as a garden town, so its size expanded over a big area. But as Canberra grew larger and larger, the lake was no longer in the middle of the town, but the people who are in charge of planning the city make sure Canberra is as close to Griffin's original plan as possible. Canberra has a size in area nearly as big as Berlin, but the number of people who live there is much smaller.
Before Canberra was founded, Australia’s two most important cities, Sydney and Melbourne, were arguing which city should be the capital of the continent. First Melbourne was elected the capital, but in 1908 there was a vote. The result: an area of 2400 square kilometers was given to the country by New South Wales to build Canberra in. This was the place, 300 kilometers away from Sydney and with a distance of 650 kilometers to Melbourne, where a few years later Canberra was built.
Canberra is an Aboriginal name which means "Meeting point" and you can say it in many different ways. Some people say "CAN-bruh" a few use "CAN-buh-ruh" and a small number of people pronounce it "can-BEAR-ruh"; all three forms are correct.
Tourists who visit Canberra come to see the many national monuments and other famous sights. Some places to visit are the Government House, Parliament House, the High Court of Australia, the Australian War Memorial, the National Gallery of Australia, Telstra Tower, the National Library of Australia, and the National Museum of Australia.

Sydney
Sydney is a city on the east coast of Australia. Sydney is the capital city of New South Wales. About 4 million people live in Sydney and it is the biggest city in Australia.
Arthur Phillip was born in Britain and founded Sydney in 1788. The first white people who lived there were prisoners from England and Ireland.
In Sydney, there are many famous buildings: the Sydney Opera House and the Sydney Harbour Bridge. Sydney has a big harbour and lots of beaches. The most famous beach is Bondi Beach, some other beaches are Coogee Beach. Famous parts of the harbour are Darling Harbour and Circular Quay.
The most famous sports ground in Sydney is Stadium Australia (Now Telstra Stadium) because it was made for the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games. Another stadium in Sydney is the Sydney Cricket Ground (SCG).
Sydney has lots of things to see and do. These include visiting Taronga Zoo (a park for animals), eating food, looking at art or watching sports (like cricket or football). Sydney also has some of Australia's best shopping. Lots of people go to Sydney for the big party at New Years Eve with fireworks over the harbour.

Greenhouse effect
The greenhouse effect occurs when certain gasses in the atmosphere trap infrared radiation. This effect makes the planet warmer than it would be without a greenhouse effect.
The greenhouse effect is caused by greenhouse gasses; the most important greenhouse gasses in Earth's atmosphere are: water vapor, carbon dioxide, and methane.
Recently, the greenhouse effect has gotten stronger. Scientists believe this is because humans have been using large amounts of fossil fuels, which release carbon dioxide when they are burned. Since carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, it has caused the planet to warm over the past 150 years.
The greenhouse effect was first discovered by Joseph Fourier in 1824. Mars, Venus and other planets with atmospheres also have greenhouse effects.

World War
A World War is a war in which most of the countries in the world fight or help.
There have been two World Wars so far, World War I and World War II.
After World War II, many people were afraid that a World War III might start, probably between the United States and the countries of Europe, on one side, and the Soviet Union, and maybe China, on the other side. After World War II, countries had many powerful weapons, including jet bomber airplanes that could carry many powerful bombs fast and far, nuclear weapons (or atomic weapons) which could destroy many buildings and kill many people instantly, and missiles which could carry nuclear weapons to other countries very fast.
This time when many people were afraid that World War III might start was called the Cold War. After the fall of the Soviet Union, people were not as afraid that World War III might begin. However, many countries still have powerful weapons, and still could use them.
Albert Einstein said, "I don't know what weapons countries might use to fight World War III, but wars after that will be fought with sticks and stones" -- because World war III would be so big that it would probably destroy civilization.

Ionizing radiation
Ionizing radiation is a process in physics where something emits particles or waves that have the potential to ionize an atom or molecule through atomic interactions.
It is a function of the energy of the individual particles or waves, and not a function of the number of particles or waves present.
Some radiation can go through the human body and other objects. Usually when people use the term radiation, they are talking specifically about potentially harmful types of ionizing radiation. If something produces this sort of radiation, we can say it is "radioactive".
There is a little radiation all around us all the time, which people's bodies are used to, but larger amounts of radiation can make people sick or kill them. Natural radiation is produced by some chemical elements, such as uranium, and by stars and other things in outer space. Some things that are radioactive only stay radioactive for much less than a second. Other things can stay radioactive for thousands of years.
People can also make radiation. Some of the machines that make radiation are called cyclotrons, linear accelerators and particle accelerators. Scientists use these machines to make radiation so they can study it. X-ray machines make radiation so doctors can see the inside of the human body and help people. Nuclear weapons (atomic weapons) make a huge amount of radiation very fast, in order to destroy buildings and kill people.
Nuclear reactors are used to make electricity. They make a lot of radiation, but the reactors are built carefully to keep the radiation inside the reactor. But many people are afraid that if there were a problem with the reactor, the radiation could escape into the environment, harming or killing many animals and people. Also, the parts of the reactor stay radioactive, and can kill people, for hundreds or thousands of years, so people aren't sure where they can keep parts of old reactors safely away from people.

Click
Click is an onomatopoeia. It is sometimes used to indicate pressing the button on a computer mouse.

Buzz Aldrin
Colonel Edwin Eugene "Buzz" Aldrin, Jr., Ph.D (born January 20, 1930) is an American pilot and astronaut. He was the second human to land on the Moon (after Neil Armstrong) during the Apollo 11 mission. He was 39 when he set foot on the moon. He earned a bachelor of science in 1951 and a doctorate in 1963.

Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis is in infectious disease which is caused by bacteria. It is commonly known as TB. People who suffer from tuberculosis generally cough a lot. They feel pain in their chest. They also feel very tired. Throughout history, many people have died of tuberculosis. The oldest signs of tuberculosis that have been found are in the spines of Egyptian mummies that date to 2400 BC. Nowadays the diseases can be treated with anti-biotic drugs. However, many people still die from this disease every year, particularly in countries where there is a shortage of food.
How it is spread.
Tuberculosis is caused by a bacteria called "Mycobacterium tuberculosis". Its symptoms include a long-lasting bad cough, pain in the chest, coughing up blood or "sputum" (gooey saliva)., weakness and tiredness, weight loss, being not hungry, chills, fever, and sweating at night.
TB is contagious, which means it can be spread from person to person. The disease is carried on the tiny droplets of water that come out of a persons lungs when they breathe. If the person who has TB coughs, sneezes or spits without covering their mouth, they spread the bacteria more widely. People become infected by breathing in the droplets spread by an infected person. If a person lives with someone who has TB, there is a 22% chance that they will also be infected with the disease.
Many people have TB in their system but do not know it because it is not making them sick. This is called "latent" Tuberculosis. If a person becomes infected with TB, there is a 90% chance that it will be a latent TB infection, meaning that they will not become sick or infect other people. However, there is a 10% chance that the latent TB infection will turn into Active Tuberculosis Disease at some time in the person's life. People who have a latent TB infection can not spread the disease to other people. The disease only becomes infectious when the person becomes sick.
The most common type of Tuberculosis is an infection of the lungs. This is called Pulmonary Tuberculosis. This type affects 75% of TB patients. There is another form called Miliary Tuberculosis that causes lesions (infections or scars) on the lungs that are shaped like little seeds of millet (a type of grain). This type of infection spreads to the heart and then to other organs such as the liver and brain. This most commonly affects people with conditions such as HIV, as well as small children. Tuberculosis can also affect the bones and the skin, and other organs.
A world-wide problem.
During the 20th century, in developed countries, doctors had very good success is controlling this disease. But the disease continues to spread in countries where there are many poor people without enough food. In 2004, the World Health Organisation said there were 14.6 million people sick with the disease, there were 8.9 million new cases, and 1.6 million deaths.
In developed countries there is now a larger number of people sick with tuberculosis because of HIV/AIDS, substance and taking "immunosuppressive" drugs to treat some other illness. (Immuno-suppressant means something that stops the person's system from fighting disease.)
Another big problem is that there are now new "strains" of tuberculosis that are resistant to the usual drugs that doctors use to treat it. About 20% of new cases are resistant to drugs. In 1993, the World Health Organization declared that Tuberculosis was a global health emergency.

American
The word American is used to mean a person or a thing from any country in any of the Americas - North America, Central America, or South America. In English, the most common use of this word is to mean a person or a thing from the United States.
Even though the islands in the Caribbean Sea are close to the Americas, people who speak English do not usually use the word "American" for people or things from these islands.
A Native American is someone who is mostly descended from the people who lived in the Americas before the Europeans arrived. Native Americans are also called First Nations and "Indians".
There is no language "American". Some important languages used in the Americas are English, French, Portuguese, and Spanish. Some people still use the Native American languages.

Grain
Grain is the seeds of some special kinds of grass. These grains are also called cereals. People grow different kinds of grain as food. The different kinds of grain are perhaps one of the most important foods in the world.
In England, people use the word "porn" to mean any kind of grain. In the United States, people use the word "corn" to mean only the grain maize. 87% of all grain grown by farmers around the world is maze, sweat and mice. Grains contain carbohydrates that people can eat. In poorer countries, grains are a large part of the food supply. In richer countries, they are still important as food, but not as important as in poorer countries.
Many different foods are made from different types of grain. When we grind grain to make a powder, it is called flower.
Different kinds of beer are made from the flour or wheat and other grains.
Tortillas are made of the flour of maize (corn).

Clause
A clause is a part of a sentence. Each clause has only one main verb. "I love you" is a sentence which has only one clause. "I love you and I will always love you" is a sentence which has two clauses. The two clauses are "I love you" and "I will always love you". These clauses are joined together by the word "and" (a conjunction).
Two clauses can be joined with a pronoun. For example: "I live in London, which is in England". Here, "I live in London" is the first clause, and "which is in England" is the second clause. The word "which" is a pronoun which takes the place of "London". It joins the two clauses.
A sentence can contain many clauses. But sentences with fewer clauses are easier to understand.
A subordinating clause is one which is dependent on the main clause (the primary clause). The main clause makes sense on its own. However, the subordinating clause does not. Eg. "I love you" makes perfect sense left on its own. However, "and always will", does not.

Marxism
Marxism is the name for a set of political ideas. The base of these ideas comes from the works of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. They have had a lot of influence in many countries. Very often, both authors are named, as it is difficult to say which of the two wrote what piece of the theory.
Modern Communism is based on Marxist ideas, but many Marxists disagree about whether Communist countries have understood Marxism correctly.
The working class and the capitalist class.
Marxism says there are different economic classes (or groups) of people. Most people need to work to get money. They are called "workers". They belong to the "working class" (or "proletariat"). Another group, usually business owners, are called "capitalists" because they live by amassing capital which is money made by selling something for a higher price than they payed for it. In the Marxist view, not all money is "capital", only money made by buying something and then selling it -- in other words, the same thing other people refer to as "profit".
Most workers work for companies owned by other people or groups. The capitalist pays a wage to the worker. The capitalist has bought work from the worker, which according to marxist economic thinking is the only thing that can add exchange-value to a product, and then sells the product for more money than the worker was paid. The capitalist amasses capital by paying the worker less money than the value added to the product by the work done and then selling the product for more money. Exchange-value is the value something has on a market. Exchange-value is created by adding work to something. A products exchange-value is determined by the average work needed to create the product for the market. Exchange-value is often described in work-time.
As an example: Peter and Bob are the only hairdressers in town. Peter cuts one persons hair in 20 minutes while Bob cuts one persons hair in half an hour. Because of this the average time to cut someones hair on the hairdressing market is 25 minutes and therefore the exchange-value of the product "hairdressing".
Peter and Bob are both employed by Carl who owns the business and buys their work as hairdressers in order to sell it as the product "hairdressing" to consumers. Carl pays Peter and Bob for only a part of the exchange-value they have created. The part he doesn't pay them for is called surplus value. It is this surplus value that makes it possible for Carl to live on the work of Peter and Bob. He can also use it to invest in more work and thereby make more capital. In order to do that Carl and all other capitalists have to make a profit. To make a profit Carl has to sell his product, "hairdressing", for a higher price than Peter's and Bob's wages and his investments in things like scissors and other needed materials.
It is important to understand that things like scissors and housing can't generate any exchange-value by themselves. To generate exchange-value the capitalist have to hire workers.
Peter and Bob and all other workers want, according to marxist thinking, a greater part of the value they have created, usually higher wage, while Carl and all other capitalists want a larger surplus value. This conflict is called class struggle and is, in different forms, seen by most marxists as the main driving force in the history of human societies. In feudal economies for example, the class struggle was centered at the surplus production of the farmers which the nobles wanted.
Materialism.
From a philosophical standpoint, Marxists are materialists. A materialist is someone who believes that the world around us is made of material, that there are no gods or other supernatural things. "Economics" (money and property) are the forces that govern society. "Spiritual" matters are secondary, or unimportant, as the existence of a spirit is not scientifically proven.
Dialectic. A dialectic is an argument or conflict between different groups. The different groups or classes have their own interests and needs.
Dialectical materialism is the idea that the history of humans is the history of conflict between classes. Different classes with different interests argue or fight each other. Social change is the result.
Many Marxists believe that there will be a revolution. In the revolution, the workers will fight the capitalists and will (eventually) win. After this, they will set up a Socialist "workers' state" (a government for the workers) that will serve as a temporary state (just for a time) until all capitalist-countries have been defeated. In the end, class conflict will finish, and there will be a "classless society" - a society which has no social groups are in conflict and there is no government anymore, and the state will be dismantled, voluntarily or not, and it will be a borderless world with world-wide communes and worker-councils.

Sacred
People use the word sacred for something that a religion says is special or important.
Most religions have sacred books that tell about their religion. For Christians this book is called the Bible. Muslim peoples have another book, they call the Qur'an. Jews call their book the Torah.
Most religions have sacred places that are important to their religion.
The City of Jerusalem is considered "sacred" by the religions of Judaism,Christianity and Islam, for example. Another example might be the city of Mecca which is "sacred" in Islam.

Zürich City
Zürich (in German "Zürich") is a city in Switzerland. Zürich is also a canton in Switzerland.
Zürich is the biggest city in Switzerland. The city has about 366.000 people living in it. It is at the north end of the Lake of Zürich. The city of Zürich is placed in the "canton Zürich". The canton of Zürich is the biggest canton of Switzerland, by the number of people living in it. Over 1,220,000 people live there. (About 1 million people live in the agglomeration of the city). The city was founded (first built) by the Romans. The Canton joined Switzerland in 1351.
In the city of Zürich, most of the people work in the commerce part of the economy. There are many banks in Zürich. The headquarter of the FIFA (Fédération Internationale de Football Association) is also in Zürich.
Airport.
In Kloten, a small part of Zürich, is the biggest airport of Switzerland.
The airport is called "Flughafen Zürich" (IATA: ZRH) in German.

Translation
Translation means to copy writing or speech from one language into a different language.
The people who do translation are called translators. A translator who is copying a book into another language may use a language dictionary to find out how a word is written in another language. A translator who works with the spoken word is also called an interpreter.
In computer technology translation from a programming language to a machine language is called compiling. There are free translators on the internet.

Astronaut
An astronaut or cosmonaut is a person who goes into outer space. Countries friendly to the Soviet Union always said cosmonaut, countries friendly to the United States said astronaut.
Astronauts are also called "taikonauts" in China or "spationaute" in France.
The first person to go into space was a Russian from the old Soviet Union, Yuri Gagarin. This happened on April 12, 1961.
The first and second persons to walk on the Moon were the Americans Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin. This happened on July 20, 1969.
No astronauts have gone to the moon since 1972. No people have visited any other planets yet.
Astronauts still go into space on the Space Shuttle and the Soyuz spacecraft. Several countries have worked together to build an International Space Station so people can stay and work in space for long periods of time.

Hacker
A hacker is someone who likes to do new things with computers.
One wrong meaning of the word "hacker" is "someone who tries to get into another person's computer, or tries to make computer programs or software that can hurt other people's computers". The correct meaning for this is "cracker", but many news stories use "hacker" even though it is wrong.
Some people called "hackers" have made Trojan horse programs, computer viruses, or computer worms that can hurt other people's computers.
The older meaning of the word "hacker" is "someone who knows a lot about computers, and likes to do new and different or hard-to-do things with them". This meaning of the word hacker is usually a compliment. Another meaning of "hacker" is someone who can change or program something, like how people can change or program a Furby to say something insulting or humorous, like Shut up".

Broadcasting
In communications, such as radio and television, broadcasting means sending information such as television shows or music electronically to a large audience. The information is sent through the air in radio waves,through a wire, or by a satellite, and then the television viewers or radio listeners pick up the signal using their television sets and radio receivers.
Public broadcasters.
Many countries have public broadcasters, which get funding from the government to broadcast television shows and radio programs. Examples of public broadcasters include the BBC in Britain, NHK in Japan, and the CBC in Canada.
In the US, the public broadcaster is called PBS. It is different than the other public broadcasters such as BBC, NHK and CBC, because the PBS gets a lot of its funding (money) from donations by viewers and listeners. Public broadcasters make programs that the private companies are not interested in making, such as educational children's shows, documentaries, and public affairs shows about current issues.
Private broadcasters.
As well, there are private broadcasting companies. These are companies that broadcast television and radio programs. To make money, private broadcasting companies sell advertisements called commercials.
Community broadcasters.
A third type of broadcaster is community broadcasters. There are community television stations and community radio stations.
Community television stations are often provided on cable networks. Community television stations usually have shows about local issues and community events. Some community television stations film and broadcast community cultural activities, such as musical performances or town hall meetings.
Community radio stations play music and have public affairs shows about community issues. Community radio stations are usually small organizations that are run by volunteers. Community radio stations often get their funding (money) from local governments, local universities, and from donations by listeners. Some community radio stations also have poetry readings by local poets, or performances by local musicians or singers.
Other meanings.
Broadcasting can also mean sending a message to many users on a computer network at the exact same time, or sending a message from one computer to many other computers, giving information about itself, such as its name and location.
Sending information to a small selected group is called "narrowcasting".

Socialism
Socialism is the name for a set of economic and political ideas.
Overview.
Socialism can refer to a large number of Political systems, almost all of which are Left Wing. In general, Socialist systems want to redistribute wealth from those of greater means to those of lesser means. Here are the most common kinds of Socialism.
One feature of Socialism involves industries being controlled by the state, or "Nationalised". This is intended to allow all citizens to own the "means of production."
Another common feature of Socialism involves higher taxes. This is meant to give the government more funds, so that they can provide higher quality welfare. Sometimes taxes are only slightly higher, and sometimes they are much higher, depending on how much the government wants to improve welfare. Many different countries do this in different ways.
Another feature of Socialism involves people working directly for the state, rather than private companies. The state pays the workers' wages, and the goods produced are used by the state, usually to improve the country. This form of Socialism is less common nowadays, but is still around in several countries.
A final kind of Socialism involves "Collectivisation". Under this system, money and goods are shared more equally among the people, with the government in control. In theory, this system results in the rich people losing money, and the poor people getting more money. If this is used on a very large scale in a country, it is known as "Communism".
Many countries view Socialism in different ways. Social Democracy, for example, a Democratic form of Socialism, is the most common kind of government in the world. Socialist International is an organisation that spreads all over the world, and has ties with many Socialist parties, especially Social Democratic ones.
Communism, too, is seen very differently in different countries. For example, the Soviet Union was a Communist state. However, goods were not shared equally, and many people starved.
On the other hand, in other countries, Communist parties are chosen by the people fairly and Democratically. These countries include Cyprus and Mozambique.
Socialism is Left Wing. Other Left Wing forms of government include Labour and most kinds of Liberalism.
History.
Some people say that a Welshman, Robert Owen, was the first socialist. He is still regarded as a pioneer of the Cooperative Movement in Britain. He said that workers should own the companies, which they worked for. The workers would then share the profits among themselves.
Many socialist political parties were formed during the 19th century and early part of the 20th century. Left Wing political parties are generally newer than Right Wing ones.
The most famous socialist is Karl Marx, who wrote The Communist Manifesto.
Other prominent socialists include Vladimir Lenin, James Connolly, Rosa Luxemburg, Fidel Castro, Ernesto Guevara, Muammar al-Gaddafi, Albert Einstein, Susan B. Anthony, Julius Nyerere, Hồ Chí Minh, Helen Keller, and John Lennon.
The History of Socialism and Communism.
At first, the words "socialism" and "communism" meant almost the same thing. Today, they usually mean different things. Most non-communist people say "communism" when they mean the Marxist and Leninist ideas of Russia's Bolshevik party. Marx said that socialism can be used as a period of working towards Communism. However, many non-Communists do not recognize the difference, and use the term "Communist country" to refer to a socialist state, though socialists would never use the term. Others call this 'State Socialism', to distinguish it from the communist goal that does not need a state or any form of government. To non-communists, the word 'socialism' is now mostly used for attempts to come close to this goal in a democratic state.
After World War I, the collapse of the Second International and the Russian Revolution, socialism was split into two ways. Some socialists followed Lenin and were called Communists. Others believed in Parliamentary socialism and were called social democrats. Social democrats disagreed very strongly with communists; they had supported their Bourgeois Governments at the outbreak of the War and became 'establishment' Parties of the ruling class.
Today, there are still many different forms of Socialism, and some do not agree with others.

Leninism
Vladimir Lenin was a Russian Marxist. He had a set of political ideas based on Marxism. Lenin's development of Marxism has become known as Leninism.

Bolshevik
A Bolshevik was a Russian Communist.
The Russian Social Democratic Workers Party was a Marxist political party. In 1903 at the Party Congress members disagreed with each other on a seemingly minor issue of organization. The Party ended up dividing into two groups, the Bolsheviks was one group. They were called Bolsheviks because it means "those who are more." Vladimir Ilyich Lenin was the leader of the Bolshevik group. The other group in the split were known as the Mensheviks - meaning "The Minority" lead by figures such as Martov. Though the Bolsheviks were called "those who are more", before 1917 there were more Mensheviks most of the time. Many socialists were afraid that Lenin liked to control things too much.
In 1905 the Bolshevik group became a separate political party, the RSDLP (B) the 'B' in brackets standing for 'Bolsheviki'.
After the February Revolution, some of the Mensheviks had taken positions in the Provisional Government. Lenin said socialists must oppose the Provisional Government. Soon the government started to make mistakes and people began to think Lenin was right. Because of this many Mensheviks joined Bolsheviks.
The Bolsheviks led the October Revolution in Russia in 1917. They said they created the world's first Workers State. Soon, however, the government started to control what people could say. The Mensheviks opposed the government led by the Bolsheviks. Many ended up in prison. After that they opposed the Bolsheviks from outside Russia, in exile.
After the Revolution, the Bolshevik Party decided to call itself "the Communist Party".

Saddam Hussein
Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti (April 28 1937 - December 30 2006), was the President of Iraq, from July 16 1979 to April 9 2003, when he was removed from his position during the War in Iraq led by the United States.
Saddam as a young man.
Saddam Hussein was born in the village of Al-Awja, in the Tikrit in Iraq. He never knew his father, Hussein 'Abd al-Majid, who disappeared five months before Saddam was born. Shortly before Saddam was born, Saddam's twelve-year-old brother died of cancer, leaving his mother very depressed in the final months of the pregnancy. She tried to kill herself near the end of the pregnancy, and did not want to care for Saddam when he was born. Saddam was sent to the family of an uncle, Khairallah Tulfah, until he was three.
At ten, Saddam ran away from the family to return to live with his uncle, who was a devout Sunni Muslim, in Baghdad. According to Saddam, in 1957, at the age of 20, Saddam became part of the Ba'ath Party.
Saddam's rise in the Ba'ath party.
A year after Saddam had joined the Ba'ath party, army officers led by General Abdul Karim Qassim got rid of Faisal II of Iraq. The Ba'athists opposed the new regime, and in 1959, Saddam was involved in the attempted murder of Prime Minister Qassim. Saddam was shot in the leg, but managed to get away to Syria, later he moved to Egypt. He was sentenced to death. In exile he attended the University of Cairo law school.
Army officers, including some with the Ba'ath party, came to power in Iraq in a military coup in 1963. However, the new regime was kicked out quickly. Saddam returned to Iraq, but was imprisoned in 1964 when an anti-Ba'ath group led by Abdul Rahman Arif took power. He escaped from jail in 1967 and became one of the leading members of the party.
Saddam gains power.
In 1976 Saddam was appointed as a general in the Iraqi army. He quickly became the most important person of the regime. He slowly began to gain more power over Iraq's government and the Ba'ath party. As Iraq's weak and old President Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr became more unable to do the duties of his office, Saddam began to become an larger important role as the head of the Iraqi government. He soon became the creator of Iraq's foreign policy and represented the nation in all diplomatic situations.
Iraq-Iran War.
In 1979 Iran's Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi was overthrown by the Islamic Revolution,giving way to an Islamic republic led by the Ayatollah Khomeini. The influence of revolutionary Shi'ite Islam grew in the region, particularly in countries with large Shi'ite populations, especially Iraq. Saddam feared that radical Islamic ideas—hostile to his rule— were rapidly spreading inside his country among the most of the Shi'ite people
There had also been bitter rivalry between Saddam and Khomeini since the 1970s. Khomeini, having been exiled from Iran in 1964, took up living in Iraq, at the Shi'ite holy city of An Najaf. There he involved himself with Iraqi Shi'ites and developed a strong, worldwide religious and political following. Under pressure from the Shah, who had agreed to a rapprochement between Iraq and Iran in 1975, Saddam agreed to expel Khomeini in 1978. After the Islamic Revolution, Khomeini maybe regarded toppling Saddam's government as a goal second only to consolidating power in Iran.
After Khomeini gained power, skirmishes between Iraq and revolutionary Iran occurred for ten months over the sovereignty of the disputed Shatt al-Arab waterway, which divides the two countries. Iraq and Iran entered into warfare on September 22, 1980. The pretext for war with Iran was this territorial dispute, but the war was more likely an attempt by Saddam, helped by both the United States and the Soviet Union, to have Iraq form a bulwark against the expansion of radical Iranian-style revolution.
In the first days of the war, there was heavy ground fighting around major ports as Iraq launched an attack on Iran's oil-rich, Arab-populated province of Khuzestan. After making some gains, Iraq's troops began to suffer losses from human-wave attacks by Iran. By 1982 Iraq was looking to end the war.
During the war, Iraq used chemical weapons against Iranian forces and Kurdish separatists. On March 16, 1988 Iraqi troops, on orders from Saddam to stop a Kurdish uprising, attacked the Kurdish town of Halabjah with a mix of poison gas and nerve agents killing 5000 people, mostly women and children.
Saddam reached out to other Arab governments for cash and political help. The Iranians, hoping to bring down Saddam's secular government and start a Shi'ite rebellion in Iraq, refused a cease-fire until 1988.
The bloody eight-year war ended in a tie. There were hundreds of thousands of casualties. Perhaps 1.7 million died on both sides. Both economies, previously healthy and expanding, were left in ruins.
Saddam was also stuck with a debt of roughly $75 billion. Borrowing money from the U.S. was making Iraq into its client state, embarrassing a strongman who had sought to define and dominate Arab nationalism. Saddam also borrowed a large amount of money from other Arab states during the 1980s to fight Iran. Faced with rebuilding Iraq's infrastructure, Saddam desperately sought out cash once again, this time for postwar reconstruction.
Tensions with Kuwait.
Saddam was pressuring Kuwait to forgive its share of his debt, some $30 billion. He argued that since the struggle with Iran had been fought for the benefit of the other Gulf Arab states as much as for Iraq that a share of Iraqi debt should be forgiven.
Saddam had pushed oil-exporting countries to raise oil prices and cut back production, but on top of Kuwaiti refusals to do so, Kuwait helped spearhead OPEC's opposition to the production cuts that Saddam had requested. Kuwait was pumping large amounts of oil, and keeping prices low, when Iraq needed to sell high-priced oil from its wells to pay off a huge debt.
Of course, the colossal extent of Kuwaiti oil reserves intensified tensions in the region. The oil reserves of Kuwait (with a population of a mere 2 million next to Iraq's 25) were roughly equal to those of Iraq. Taken together Iraq and Kuwait sat on top of 20 percent of the world's known oil reserves.
The Kuwaiti monarchy further angered Saddam by drilling oil out of Iraqi wells. At the time, Saddam's regime was not know as a pariah state. Saddam complained about the drilling to the U.S. State Department. Although this had gone on for years, Saddam now needed oil money to get rid of a looming economic crisis. Saddam still had an experienced and well-equipped army, which he used to influence regional affairs. He later ordered troops to the Iraq-Kuwait border.
As Iraq-Kuwait relations rapidly grew worse, Saddam was getting conflicting information about how the U.S. would respond to an invasion. Washington had been taking measures to start a good relationship with Iraq for roughly a decade. The Reagan administration gave Saddam roughly $40 billion worth of arms in the 1980s to fight Iran, nearly all of it on credit. The U.S. also sent billions of dollars of food and arms to Saddam to keep him from forming a strong alliance with the Soviets.
The U.S. ambassador to Iraq, April Glaspie, met with Saddam in an meeting on July 25, where the Iraqi leader said he wanted to continue talks. U.S. officials attempted to maintain a conciliatory line with Iraq, indicating that while Bush and Baker did not want force to be used, they would not take any position on the Iraqi-Kuwait dispute and did not want to become involved. Later, Iraq and Kuwait then met for a final negotiation session, which failed. Saddam then sent his troops into Kuwait.
Gulf War.
In August 2, 1990, Saddam invaded and Kuwait, thus making an international crisis. The invasion of Kuwait gave Iraq, with its own substantial oil fields, control of 20 percent of the Persian Gulf oil. The U.S. helped Saddam Hussein in the war with Iran, but with Iraq's take over of the oil-rich emirate of Kuwait in August of 1990 the United States led a United Nations attempt that drove Saddam from Kuwait in February 1991.
Cooperation between the United States and the Soviet Union made possible the passage of resolutions in the United Nations Security Council and gave Iraq a deadline to leave Kuwait.
Saddam ignored the Security Council deadline. Helped by the Security Council, a U.S.-led coalition launched missile attacks on Iraq, January 16, 1991. The United States and a group of allies it had hastily rounded up, including Egypt, Syria and Saudi Arabia, made Saddam's army move from Kuwait in January 1991. ("see" Gulf War).
Israel, though subjected to attack by Iraqi missiles, refrained from retaliating in order not to anger Arab states into leaving the coalition. But Saddam had focused attention on the Palestinian problem by promising to make his forces leave from Kuwait if Israel would leave the occupied territories in the West Bank, the Golan Heights, and the Gaza Strip. Saddam's proposal further split the Arab world, pitting U.S.- and Western-supported Arab states against the Palestinians.
175,000 Iraqis were taken prisoner and the dead were estimated to be 85,000. As part of the cease-fire agreement, Iraq agreed to get rid of all poison gas and germ weapons and allow UN observers to inspect the sites.
After the War.
All of the different religions and the violence of the war that this had created, caused after-war rebellions. After the war, fighting between Shi'ite Muslims, Kurds, and dissident military units was bad. This was a problem to Saddam's rule. Saddam acted by stopping all rebellions in their tracks, especially in the North.
The United States did not help the rebellions, although they had wanted Iraqis to rise up against Saddam. Turkey - a friend of the US - was against Kurdish independence, which would have stopped the fighting. This was because the Saudis and old-fashioned Arab states were afraid of a change like what happened in Iran with the Shiites. Saddam survived these problems that happened right after the war. He was then left completely in control of Iraq. The country never recovered from the Gulf War, economically or with the army. Hussein often showed his "proof" that Iraq had won the Gulf War, and the USA had lost. This made Saddam popular in many parts of the Arab world.
Saddam liked to show himself as a strict Muslim. This was to calm down the religious parts of the society. Some parts of the Sharia law were brought back. This included the 2001 law imposing the death penalty for homosexuality (gay people.) The phrase "Allahu Akbar" ("God is great"), in Saddam's handwriting, was added to the Iraq national flag.
1991-2003.
Relations between the United States and Iraq remained tense following the Gulf War. The U.S. launched a missile attacked aimed at Iraq's intelligence headquarters in Baghdad June 26, 1993, believing evidence that Iraq had sponsored a plot to kill former President George Bush.
The UN placed a trade embargo on Iraq, blocking Iraqi oil exports. This caused hardship in Iraq and almost destroyed the Iraqi economy and state infrastructure. Only smuggling across the Syrian border, and humanitarian aid kept Iraq from crisis. Later, limited amounts of income from the United Nations oil-for-food program started flowing into Iraq. On December 9, 1996 the United Nations allowed Baghdad to begin selling limited amounts of oil for food and medicine.
U.S. officials continued to accuse Saddam of violating the terms of the Gulf War's cease fire, by developing weapons of mass destruction and other banned weaponry, and violating the UN-imposed sanctions and "no fly zones." Isolated military strikes by U.S. and British forces continued on Iraq, the largest being Operation Desert Fox in 1998.
After two years of intermittent activity, U.S. and British warplanes struck harder at sites near Baghdad in February, 2001.
Saddam's base of Tikriti tribesmen, family members, and other supporters was divided after the war, and in the following years, adding to the regime's increasingly repressive and arbitrary nature. Domestic repression inside Iraq grew worse, and Saddam's sons, Uday Hussein and Qusay Hussein, became increasingly powerful and carried out a private reign of terror. They likely had a leading hand when, in August 1995, two of Saddam Hussein's sons-in-law, who held high positions in the Iraqi military, defected to Jordan. Both were killed after returning to Iraq the following February.
2003 invasion of Iraq.
The main reason for the invasion was the claim by the Bush administration that Saddam has WMD.
He was seen as a major threat to Western allies such as oil-rich Saudi Arabia and Israel, to Western oil supplies from the Gulf states, and to Middle East stability generally. Bush's successor, U.S. President Bill Clinton (1993-2001), maintained sanctions and made occasional air strikes in the "Iraqi no-fly zones" or other restrictions, in the hope that Saddam would be overthrown by his many political enemies.
The domestic political equation changed in the U.S. after the September 11, 2001 attacks, which added to the influence of the neoconservative faction in the presidential administration and throughout Washington. In his January 2002 state-of-the-union message to Congress, George W. Bush (the son of George H.W. Bush) spoke of an "axis of evil" comprising Iran, North Korea, and Iraq.
As the war was looming on February 24, 2003, Saddam Hussein talked with CBS News anchor Dan Rather for more than three hours—his first interview with a U.S. reporter in over a decade. CBS aired the taped interview later that week.
The Iraqi government and military collapsed in three weeks of the beginning of the U.S.-led 2003 invasion of Iraq on March 20. The United States made at least two attempts to kill Saddam with targeted air strikes, but both failed to hit their target. By the beginning of April Coalition forces had much of Iraq. The resistance of the much-weakened Iraqi Army either crumbled or shifted to guerrilla tactics, and it appeared that Saddam had lost control of Iraq. He was last seen in a video which showed him in the Baghdad suburbs surrounded by supporters. When Baghdad fell to the Coalition on April 9, Saddam was nowhere to be found.
Saddam was also accused by the Bush administration of being part of Al Qaeda. That has never been proven and there is no evidence Saddam ever had any ties. People in the Bush administration, including the Vice President Dick Cheney will forever claim otherwise. Mostly to justify the largely perceived illegal invasion.
Pursuit and capture.
Even when Baghdad was taken over, and most of the fighting had stopped, people still didn't know where Saddam was. For a few weeks, some people said they saw Saddam, and some videotapes of Saddam talking came out, but still nobody knows if they were true or not.
Although Saddam was placed at the top of the "most-wanted list," he could not be found, even when the other leaders of the Iraqi regime were arrested. His sons and political heirs, Uday and Qusay, were killed in July 2003 in a clash with U.S. forces after a tip from an Iraqi.
On December 14, 2003, the Islamic Republic News Agency (IRNA) of Iran first reported that Saddam Hussein had been arrested. These reports were soon confirmed by other members of the Governing Council, by U.S. military sources, and by British Prime Minister Tony Blair. In a press conference in Baghdad, shortly afterwards, the U.S. Civil Administrator in Iraq Paul Bremer officially announced the capture of Saddam by saying, "Ladies and gentlemen, we got him!" He was found at around 8:30 PM Iraqi time on December 13, in an underground "spider hole" at a farmhouse in ad-Dawr near his home town Tikrit, in what was called Operation Red Dawn.
The first photos taken of Saddam after the soldiers found him didn't look like the photos taken when he was president of Iraq. He had grown long hair and a long beard. Later on, he cut off his hair and beard. The DNA tests came back and showed that he really was Saddam Hussein. People who talked with him after the soldiers found him said he was healthy, and wanted to talk to people and do what they told him to do. Paul Bremer said that Saddam would have a trial, but that he didn't know yet what kind of trial.
The Iraqi Special Tribunal was in charge of Saddam Hussein's trial, and the trials of some people that helped him to be president of Iraq.
In November, 2006, Saddam Hussein was found guilty of 148 murders, and on December 30, 2006, he was put to death. The hanging, recorded by officials of the government, and secretly recorded by a member of the witnesses with a cell phone camera - with sound - showed Saddam being calm, as he was prepared for his final moments. Both witnesses and exectutioners could be heard teasing him as the rope was placed on his head, and he was put on the trap door. He was in the middle of a prayer, when the trap door beneath him opened, and his life ended. Later pictures and live video of Saddam's taunting and execution, of his dead corpse were shown on many internet sites.
Personal.
Saddam has been married three times. His first marriage was to his first cousin Sajida Talfah. This union with the eldest daughter of Khairallah Talfah, Saddam's uncle, produced two sons, (Uday Saddam Hussein and Qusay Hussein) and three daughters, Rana, Raghad and Hala. Sajida was put under house arrest in early 1997, along with daughters Raghad and Rana, because of suspicions of their involvement in an attempted assassination on Uday in December 12, 1996. General Adnan Khairallah Tuffah, who was Sajida's brother and Saddam Hussein's boyhood friend, was allegedly executed because of his growing popularity.
Saddam Hussein also married two other women: Samira Shahbandar, whom he married in 1986 after forcing her husband to divorce her (she is said to be his favourite wife), and Nidal al-Hamdani, the general manager of the Solar Energy Research Center in the Council of Scientific Research, whose husband apparently was also persuaded to divorce his wife.
In August 1995, Rana and her husband Hussein Kamel al Majid and Raghad and her husband, Saddam Kamel Majid, defected to Jordan, taking their children with them. They returned to Iraq when they received assurances that Saddam Hussein would pardon them. Within three days of their return in February 1996, both of the Majid brothers were executed.
Saddam's daughter Hala is married to Jamal Mustafa, the deputy head of Iraq's Tribal Affairs Office. Neither has been known to be involved in politics. Another cousin was Ali Hassan al-Majid, also known in the United States as "Chemical Ali," who was accused of ordering the use of poison gas in 1988.
Death.
Saddam was scheduled to die on Thursday night, December 28, 2006. Because of last minute legal appeals in the American federal court, Saddam's execution came about 40 hours later. Saddam Hussein was hanged on December 30, 2006, at 6:05 AM, Iraqi time. Saddam refused to wear a hood. The execution was performed by the Shiites. He was pronounced dead at 6:10 AM Baghdad time. Baghdad had curfews on those days, policy regulation required people to be off the streets by evening. His motionless body was allowed to dangle on the rope for about 10 minutes. Many Shiites danced around his corpse.
Notes.
2 See PBS Frontline (2003), "The survival of Saddam: secrets of his life and leadership: interview with Saïd K. Aburish" at.
3 From Elisabeth Bumiller's interview of Jerrold M. Post, the founder of the Center for the Analysis of Personality and Political Behavior at the CIA in the "New York Times' (May 15, 2004) on the importance of events during Saddam Hussein's youth. It can be read online at.
8 The full text of Bush's 2002 State of the Union address can be read online (BBC News) at.

List of traditional star names
This is a list of traditional names for stars, mostly from Arabic and Latin.
__NOTOC__

List of tectonic plates
This is a list of tectonic plates of Earth.

List of oil fields
This list of oil fields includes major fields of the past and present.

Anarchism
Anarchism is the belief that people can organize themselves without having someone from up above tell them what to do. Anarchists believe that it is better for everyone to have a direct say in how things should be done, instead of having leaders or bosses make decisions for them. Anarchists also believe that participation should never be forced by other people.
It is a political philosophy or group of philosophies and attitudes which reject any form of authoritarian relationships, like hierarchical institutions and compulsory government and support their elimination, often because of a wider rejection of involuntary and permanent authority.
Anarchism is "a cluster of doctrines and attitudes centered on the belief that government is both harmful and unnecessary."
The term "anarchism" derives from the Greek αναρχία ("without archons," "without rulers" and a lot of times translated as "without bosses"). Its proponents argue for individual liberty and equality of rights and power though various alternatives that could include voluntary cooperation, free association, direct democracy and self-management.
Philosophy and social movement.
It is a philosophy and the goal of some social groups. There is anarchy in a country when there are no government and hierarchical institutions. In general, anarchy means that no person needs to do what any other person says. The word used to describe people telling other people what to do is "authority". Anarchists want to get rid of authority.
Authority includes social hierarchy, government and power supported by force. Anarchist movements want to replace this. They want people who willingly help one another. They hope this would lead to a society where everyone has a say in outcomes just as much as he or she is affected by them. They describe "anarchy" as a society based on free persons who cooperate out of their own free will.
In the English language, the word "anarchy" is often used to describe chaos. However, most anarchist philosophies do not promote chaos or anomie. Rather, they define "anarchy" as a way of relations between people. Once put into place these relations work on their own.
Principles.
Individual freedom, mutual aid and opposition to the state or any boss, are important beliefs of anarchism. There are also big differences between anarchist political philosophies on things like using violence to bring anarchy; the best type of economy; the relationship between technology and hierarchy; the idea of equality; and the usefulness of some organization.
Anarchists generally do not like capitalism and they are usually socialists (libertarian socialism is another word for anarchism). There are people called anarcho-capitalists who oppose governments, but support capitalism (but in another sense, neither corporations, government nor state capitalism). These people are ideologically anarchists, with some terminological differences, but culturally closer to modern libertarianism than to anarchism.

List of countries by area
List of countries by area.
Here is a list of the countries of the world in order of size.
List of major geographic bodies, all ordered according to area.
The list includes the world and the oceans (rank nrs. 1,2,3,4,5,7), Antarctica (nr. 8), the Spratly Islands (claimed by various countries; nr 256) and the 259 countries and dependencies which are also listed above.

List of countries by continents
Eurafrasia.
Eurafrasia is a continent in the three-continent system and includes Africa, Asia and Europe.
Africa.
Africa is a continent in the systems with 5 or more continents.
Eurasia.
Eurasia is a continent in the 5 continent systems, called simply Asia in one of them.
Asia.
Asia is a continent in the 5 continent systems (but includes Europe in one of them) and those with 6 or more continents.
Europe.
Europe is a continent in one of the 6 continent systems and the 7 continent system. In other systems it is part of Asia, Eurasia or Eurafrasia.
America.
America is a continent in the 4, 5 and one of the 6 continent systems.
North and Central America.
North and Central America are continents in the 7 continent system. In other systems they are part of America.
South America.
South America is a continent in the seven continent system. In other systems it is part of America.
Oceania.
Whilst Australia is a continent in the seven continent systems, it is also a part of the region of Oceania.
Several terms are in use to describe the region comprising Australia and the nations of the Pacific Ocean. The term "Oceania" is usually preferred, and this is the term in use by the United Nations. The term "Pacific Islands" generally excludes the islands of New Zealand, and the continent of Australia. The indigenous Māori of New Zealand are a Polynesian people.
Historically the region was called Australasia, although this often meant just Australia, New Zealand and sometimes Papua New Guinea. The term gives special emphasis to Australia and is falling out of favour.

List of countries by official languages
Official languages of sovereign countries.
Cree
Chipewyan
Croatian
Danish
Dogrib/Tli Cho
Fijian
Hindi
Moldovan "(asserted by nationalists to be distinct from Romanian; most linguists remain skeptical):"
Occitan
Official languages at the level of state or provincial unit only.
" NOTE: Whether Galician is in fact a language, or a dialect of Portuguese, is a matter of debate among linguists.
Rusyn

List of countries by population
This is a list of countries by population. This page has the name of almost every country in the world. There is a number to the right of every country's name. This number shows how many people live in the country. Countries with the most people are at the top. Countries with the least people are at the bottom.
This list comes from a book called "CIA World Factbook 2005".
Also see: List of countries, List of countries by area, List of countries by population density, List of countries by continent, List of most populous nations by 2025, List of countries by date of nationhood, Thirty most populous cities in the world

List of states that produce oil
This is a partial list of states that extract crude oil from oil wells.
Please add to this list. Combine with: List of oil fields

Forests in the United Kingdom
This is a list of forests in the United Kingdom.

List of prime numbers
This page contains a list of the first 500 prime numbers and lists of prime numbers by specific categorizations.
List of unique primes.
3, 11, 37, 101, 9091, 9901, 333667
List of Mersenne primes.
3, 7, 31, 127, 8191, 131071, 524287, 2147483647, 2305843009213693951
List of Fermat primes.
As of 2003, these are the only known Fermat primes.
List of Sophie Germain primes.
2, 3, 5, 11, 23, 29, 41, 53, 83, 89, 113, 131, 173, 179, 191, 233, 239, 251, 281, 293, 359, 419, 431, 443, 491, 509, 593, 641, 653, 659, 683, 719, 743, 761, 809, 911, 953
List of Wilson primes.
As of 2003, these are the only known Wilson primes.
List of Wolstenholme primes.
As of 2003, these are the only known Wolstenholme primes.
List of factorial primes.
2, 3, 5, 7, 23, 719, 5039, 39916801, 479001599, 87178291199
List of primorial primes.
5, 7, 29, 31, 211, 2309, 2311, 30029
List of palindromic primes.
2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 101, 131, 151, 181, 191, 313, 353, 373, 383, 727, 757, 787, 797, 919, 929, 10301, 10501, 10601, 11311, 11411, 12421, 12721, 12821, 13331, 13831, 13931, 14341, 14741, 15451, 15551, 16061, 16361, 16561, 16661, 17471, 17971, 18181, 18481, 19391, 19891, 19991
List of median primes.
5, 13, 41, 61, 113, 181
List of lucky primes.
3 7 13 31 37 43 67 73 79 127 151 163 193 211 223 241 283 307 331 349 367 409 421 433 463 487 541 577 601 613 619 631 643 673 727 739 769 787 823 883 937 991 997 1009 1021 1039 1087 1093 1117 1123 1201 1231 1249 1291 1303 1459 1471 1543 1567 1579 1597 1663 1693 1723 1777 1801 1831 1879 1933 1987 2053 2083 2113 2221 2239 2251 2281 2311 2467 2473 2557 2593 2647 2671 2689 2797 2851 2887 2953 2971 3037 3049 3109 3121 3163 3187 3229 3259 3301 3307 3313

List of publishers
This is a list of publishers in English.

ΜCLinux
µCLinux is an operating system for small computers inside integrated circuits (chips). The system is based on the Linux operating system in many ways. Apart from the rather big size of Linux, µCLinux is much smaller and not as packed with features as Linux. It finds uses in many places, mostly dealing with sensor and data-gathering of different sorts.
Thanks to its compact nature, it can easily be transferred over slow connections. Yet it is a stable and robust system distributed as an open source program.

UNIX
UNIX is a computer operating system. It was developed during the late 1960s at Bell Labs. It was made by Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, Douglas McIlroy, and others. The system is a multiuser and multiprocessing system. This means that it can do many things at the same time. Also, many people can use it at the same time. It also is network oriented; which means that it is meant to operate in a network of computers. Security is also very important in UNIX, because of the multiuser idea, but also the networked environment it is found in.
Many ideas that were in UNIX were new. Other operating systems copied them. Today, there are many operating systems that have some of the ideas of UNIX in them. For this reason, some people talk about a "UNIX philosophy" of doing things. One of these systems with many of the UNIX ideas in it, is called Linux. Linux does not have common code with UNIX, it only shares some of the ideas. Therefore Linux is not a UNIX operating system. Instead it is called "UNIX-like".
There can be many different users in a UNIX-like operating system. Most of them have a personal area where they can put things. This is called a user account.
The main method of interacting with a UNIX system has always been the command line interface. Users run commands and programs by typing them at the command line. This is an extremely powerful and flexible way of working, because it allows things to be done automatically, and is still used by most UNIX users and administrators.
A graphical user interface usually used by UNIX systems is the X Window System. The X Window System is only a shell of a graphical interface. It is made of many protocols. The X Window System itself does not provide decorations for windows or controls to the user to move and resize windows. This is handled by a window manager or desktop manager.
Like most other graphical user interfaces, they use windows, dialog boxes, support the use of a computer mouse and are designed to be easy to use.
There are many thousands of programs available for the X Window System. Programs like word processors and spreadsheets are available including free and open-source software.
Two kinds.
Today, there are two kinds of operating systems that look like Unix. The first group contains all those that have common kernel code with the original, developed at Bell Labs, later AT&T. This includes the commercial Unix variants, like Solaris, AIX, Mac OS X. The free ones do usually have BSD in their name, like FreeBSD, OpenBSD and NetBSD. The other group is based on the Linux Kernel (computer science). It does not have common code with the original UNIX. To avoid this controversy, many people therefore speak about "Unix and Unix-like systems".
As to the applications; most can be made to run on either Unix or Linux. KDE and GNOME were developed for Linux, and later ported to the commercial Unix variants.

Signature
A signature is a special way that people write their name to imply that they agree to something which is written.
People usually sign letters they have written, cheques to show that they agree to the payment of some money, petitions to show their support for views, and contracts. The way people sign things are different in different countries. In the UK most people have a signature which is just made from writing their name in their own handwriting, but in Côte d'Ivoire for example, young adults spend many months practicing fancy signatures which are hard to copy and not readable.
People who cannot write often mark a signature of a cross.
Hundreds of years ago rich people used sealing wax to make an impression of their signet rings next to or instead of a signature. This was called their "seal", which is where the term "seal of approval" comes from. Some formal documents still carry an official wax "seal". For example, if your coat of arms is registered with the College of Heralds the registration document carries a wax seal.
Illegible signatures.
Sometimes one finds a form where the person is asked to both

Cocoa
Cocoa is the seed of the cacao tree.
The seed contains a lot of fat, and is used to produce cocoa butter. Cocoa butter is then used to produce chocolate.
Most people will know "Cocoa" as a ground powder they use to produce chocolate. Hot chocolate is a drink which has similar effects to coffee. Usually they make the drink by adding hot milk and sugar to the powder.
History.
Chocolate and cocoa are made from the beans of the cacao tree. The tree might have first come from the foothills of the Andes Mountains near the Amazon River and the Orinoco River in South America. The tree was brought to Central America by the ancient Mayas, and was grown in Mexico by the Toltecs and later by the Aztecs.
Cocoa was an important product in Pre-Columbian Mesoamerica. People who told the story of the conquest of Mexico by Hernán Cortés said that when Moctezuma II, emperor of the Aztecs, ate dinner he took no other drink than chocolate, served in a golden goblet and eaten with a golden spoon. Flavored with vanilla and spices, his chocolate was whipped into a froth that dissolved in the mouth. No less than 50 pitchers of the drink were prepared for the emperor each day, and 2000 more for nobles of his court.
Chocolate was brought to Europe by the Spaniards and became a popular drink by 1700. They also brought the cacao tree to the West Indies and the Philippines. It was used in alchemical processes, where it was known as Black Bean.
The cacao plant was first given its name by Swedish natural scientist Carl von Linné (1707-1778), who called it "theobroma cacao" or "food of the gods".
Harvesting.
A pod has a rough leathery rind about 3 cm (1¼ inch) thick. It is filled with slimy pinkish pulp, sweet but inedible, enclosing from 30 to 50 large almond-like seeds or "beans" that are fairly soft and pinkish or purplish in color. As soon as they ripen, the pods are removed with a curved knife on a long pole, opened with a machete, and left to dry until taken to fermentation.
Then the beans are removed and piled in heaps, bins, or on grates where, during several days of "sweating", the thick pulp ferments until it thins and trickles off. The quality of the beans, which originally have a strong bitter taste, depends upon this sweating. If it is overdone they may be ruined; if underdone they have a flavor like raw potatoes and are susceptable to mildew.
Then the beans are spread out, constantly raked over, and dried. On large plantations this is done on huge trays, either outdoors by sunshine or in sheds by artificial heat. However, thousands of tons from smaller producers are dried on small trays or on cowhides. Finally, the beans are trodden and shuffled about (often using bare human feet) and sometimes, during this process red clay mixed with water is sprinkled over the beans to obtain a finer color, polish, and protection against molds during shipment to factories in the United States, the Netherlands, United Kingdom, and other countries. About 3,000,000 tonnes of cocoa are grown each year. The Netherlands is the leading cocoa processing country, followed by the U.S.
Use of cocoa.
Uses of cocoa are numerous. It may be used in cakes, creams, drinks, toppings.
Besides its use as a food, science has discovered that cocoa is beneficial for health. Cocoa has nearly twice the anti-cancer antioxidants of red wine, and up to three times those found in green tea.

Côte d'Ivoire
The Republic of Cote d'Ivoire is a country in west Africa. People who live there speak French. It used to be called the Ivory Coast. Some people in the USA still call it this, but it is not the official name.
Coffee, cocoa, bananas, and rubber are all sold from here.
From the 1960s to the mid-1980s, Cote d'Ivoire was managed well by the government. There was one president for this time. The economic growth and development of the country were among the best in the world.
After the mid-1980s the country became hard to live in. The cost of coffee and cocoa went down so people could not make as much money. The first president died, and a civil war took place.
The capital of Côte d'Ivoire is Yamoussoukro; its biggest city is Abidjan.

Luke McCormick
Luke McCormick is an English football player. He was born August 15, 1983 in Coventry, England. He is a goalkeeper. He plays for the English football team Plymouth Argyle.
In the 2003/04 season, McCormick played when Romain Larrieu could not. Larrieu injured his knee. McCormick played instead. Plymouth Argyle beat Stockport County on 24 January 2004. The score was 2-0. This match was one where McCormick set a new club record of seven "clean sheets" in a row. A clean sheet is a game where the other side gets no goals.
McCormick was voted the most promising player of the 2003/04 season by Plymouth Argyle fans.
On June 7, 2008. McCormick was arrested on suspicion for killing two people by dangerous driving. Subsequently he was released by Plymouth Arygle and was jailed for seven years on October 6, 2008 but could be out in three and a half years.

God paradox
Answers to the God Paradox.
The God paradox is a good example of a philosophical problem. There are many answers and not only one "correct" answer. This section has some answers to the paradox.
God cannot do the illogical.
What is involved in this question is largely a definition game. As soon as you give a mountain the designation "too heavy to lift," you have made a hypothetical object that by its very definition is unliftable. It has no set size or weight. Its only characteristic is its inability to be lifted. Logically then, no amount of power can lift this mountain or it ceases to be. The issue then,is not really with the power of God to lift or create but with God's ability to do the illogical, such as lift the unliftable. Once an object is defined as unliftable, no amount of even infinite power can lift it.
Secondly, the other issue here presupposes that God can only make mountains so large and asks if God can make one large enough to be "unliftable". This again is a definitional problem, not a power problem. It presupposes an end to infinite power. This is illogical.
Can God make an unliftable mountain? No because such a thing is illogical, not because it is too big or too hard to make.
Can God fail to lift an unliftable mountain? No because there is no such thing as an end to God's "lifting power".
Much like God's inability to make up-downs or red-blues or light-darks or married bachelors, God cannot do the illogical or impossible.
God CAN do the "illogical".
The above argument falls short because it assumes that God is bound by the same logic as we humans know it and that he is a part of the same universe we live in. But our universe, our world is according to some religions like Christianity his very own creation. This includes the inherent logic, physics and mathematics of this universe. Thus the aboved proposed solution to the discussed oxymoron is a concept which in itself generates even more oxymorons. If God is the all mighty creator of this universe he has also created its physical laws and the logic we use for this discussion. So by the very definition of God there are no "illogical" or "impossible" things for him to do because that would limit his almightiness.
This oxymoron cannot be resolved. The only answer is that either God does not exist or we humans cannot resolve this oxymoron because we are not able to grasp the nature of God.
God does not follow human ideas.
God does not have to follow our ideas of what is true and what is false. He can choose for something to be true and false at the same time.
An answer from analytical philosophy.
In analytical philosophy, problems can be solved by breaking it into smaller pieces. One solves each of the small problems.
If 4 is true "or" false, fact 1 is disproved. Illustrating God paradox does make sense, or that omnipotence (being able to do anything) is impossible.
This rather simple language of logic (Primitive) does indeed rely on 1,2 and 3 all being true, therefore 4 must be true, if it is false then either 1,2 or 3 must also be false.
References.
These references were taken from the English article. They may not be simple to understand.

Libertarianism
"This page is about the common American idea of libertarianism. Other people (especially in Europe and Latin America) use the word libertarianism to refer to anti-capitalist libertarian or anarchism"
Libertarianism is an idea about government. A Libertarian is someone who thinks violence is allowed only for self defense. Libertarians believe no one has the right to start violence against other people or take other people's things.
In most countries, the government takes tax money from the people. This is supposed to be used to help the people. But some Libertarians think even the government has no right to tax people, and other Libertarians think that the government should not tax a lot. Libertarians think people can take care of the poor without the government. They believe that people should pay for the things that they want to use, but not have to pay for other things that they do not want.
Libertarians think everyone can decide what is good or bad for their own body. Libertarians think if adult people want to use drugs, they can do that, even if it spoils their lives. It is the drug user's own choice. Libertarians think if people want to drive cars without wearing seat belts, it is their own choice and they can do that.
Many libertarians also believe families and friends should look after friends so they would not use drugs, drive without seat belts, or do other things that are bad for them. But no one can force others to things that they do not want to do, or to stop doing things that they want to do.

Auction
An auction is a place where people can buy or sell things. People say how much they will pay for something and the person who is willing to pay the most gets the thing.
The amount people will pay is called a bid. The person in charge of the auction is the auctioneer. He usually has a hammer which he will knock when he accepts a bid.
Some auctions only let you place one bid. Some let you change your bid if someone else bids higher. There is also another kind called a Dutch auction. In a Dutch auction the auctioneer starts off with a price that is much too high and gradually makes it lower until somebody makes a bid. That person will then buy the thing.
Recently, people have also started to do auctions online. The most popular online auction place is EBay.

Roman Catholicism
Roman Catholicism (Catholic meaning 'universal') is the Christian church which is from the Apostles of two thousand years ago, led by the Bishops and the Pope, their chief.
Like other Christians, Catholics believe a divine person, Jesus Christ is the Son of God. Catholics believe that because of his love for all peoples, Jesus Christ died so that all of us will live forever in heaven. The Catholic Church teaches that Catholics should follow the example of love Jesus Christ teaches; to love each other so much that one is even willing to die for another. Catholicism also recognizes the Triune God (the Trinity). Which consists of the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit.
The leader of the Roman Catholic religion is called the Pope. Catholics say Jesus Christ established the Catholic Church, and appointed the first Pope, a person named Saint Peter, to lead all Christians. Over the next 2,000 years, different Popes have lead the church. The current Pope is called Benedict and he lives in a country called Vatican City, a very small country inside the city of Rome, Italy. In addition to the Roman Catholic Church, the Pope also leads the Eastern Catholic churches. Together with the Roman Catholic Church, they are known as the Catholic Church.
Some of the traditional worship practices of Roman Catholics include making the sign of the cross, kneeling, bowing, and receiving the Eucharist during their worship ceremonies. Their main form of worship is called the Mass and is celebrated every day, and Catholics are required to attend on Sunday. They are also required to attend on Holy Days of obligation. In the United States, the Holy Days of Obligation are: Mary, Mother of God (January 1), The Assumption of Mary (August 15), The Immaculate Conception (of Mary) (December 8), The Ascension of Jesus (40 days after Easter), Christmas (December 25) and All Saints Day (November 1). These can be remembered by the following phrase: 3 for Mary, 2 for Jesus and 1 for all the saints. While these are all practices of Roman Catholics, other Christian churches also use many or all of these same practices. Catholics put more emphasis on the Virgin Mary (Jesus's mother) than other Christian denominations
The Catholic Church celebrates seven sacraments. A sacrament is "an outward sign instituted by Christ to give grace." This is a phrase that most catholics know verbatim. The seven sacraments are: Baptism, Confirmation, Reconciliation, Holy Matrimony, Holy Orders, Anointing of the Sick and the Most Holy Eucharist. The Eucharist is the most important of the sacraments, as Catholics believe that Jesus Christ becomes truly present, in the form of bread and wine, through an act of transubstantiation which takes place in the mass.
Catholics believe that some of the official statements that the Pope makes about their religion are true and cannot be proved incorrect, an idea called infallibility. Infallibility only occurs when the Pope is speaking "Ex Cathedra" which is Latin for "From the chair." The Pope is only infallible in matters of faith.
Catholics believe in the necessity of Love, hope and faith- in order to gain salvation, but that these all come from grace (a supernatural, unmerited gift of God). This is different from the 16th century interpretation created by Luther. Catholics interpret the Bible (Christian religious book) by Augustine's rule, and by Tradition. Tradition is the records of the teachings of the early church. Especially those before the what was in the bible was finalized in the fourth century. (The acceptance of the gospels was already current in the 2nd century). A basic rule for Catholics is that "Truth Cannot Contradict Truth". They translated the bible with this in mind. No interpretation of interpretable material can be accepted if it contradicts another revealed truth. The bible is considered revealed.
"We believe in one God, the Father, the Almighty, maker of heaven and earth, of all that is seen and unseen. We believe in one Lord, Jesus Christ, the only Son of God, eternally begotten of the Father, God from God, Light from Light, true God from true God, begotten, not made, one in being with the Father. Through Him all things were made. For us men and our salvation He came down from heaven: by the power of the Holy Spirit, He was born of the Virgin Mary, and became man. For our sake He was crucified under Pontius Pilate; He suffered, died, and was buried. On the third day He rose again in fulfillment of the scriptures: He ascended into heaven and is seated at the right hand of the Father. He will come again in glory to judge the living and the dead, and his kingdom will have no end. We believe in the Holy Spirit, the Lord, the giver of life, who proceeds from the Father and the Son. With the Father and the Son, He is worshiped and glorified. He has spoken through the Prophets. We believe in one, holy, catholic, and apostolic Church. We acknowledge one baptism for the forgiveness of sins. We look for the resurrection of the dead, and the life of the world to come. Amen. "
Eastern Orthodox or Protestant people believe many of the same things. They disagree on the role of saints, on what a priest can do, and on how exactly God should be worshipped.

Hong Kong
The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China (Chinese: 中華人民共和國香港特別行政區, Pinyin: Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo Xianggang Tebie Xingzhengqu (),Hong Kong) is one of two Special Administrative Regions (SARs) of the People's Republic of China (the other is Macau). It is the richest region in China.
Until 1997, Hong Kong was owned by the United Kingdom.
Climate.
Hong Kong is in a sub-tropical area, and has monsoon winds. It is cool and wet in winter (Jan-Mar), hot and rainy from spring through summer (Apr-Sep), and warm, sunny and dry in the autumn (Oct-Dec). The rainy season is from May until September. In summer and early autumn, there is a frequent threat of typhoons.
Population and language.
About 6.8 million people live in Hong Kong. Most of them are Chinese. They mainly speak Cantonese. Many people learn English and Putonghua (Mandarin) as additional languages. Most of the people in Hong Kong (95.7%) believe in Buddhism.
Currency.
There are coins from 10 cents to 10 dollars; and bank-notes (paper money bills) from $10 to $1000. One American dollar is equal to about $7.80 in Hong Kong dollars, at the official bank exchange rate.
Media.
Hong Kong has two media companies, Television Broadcasts Limited (TVB) and Asia Television Limited (ATV). Both are business rivals.

Blitzkrieg
Blitzkrieg is a German word which means "lightning war".
In a "blitzkrieg" the attacking armies move very quickly, and are helped by tanks and by aircraft This way slower moving units are overrun or surrounded. These are often captured with little fighting. Often the slower units might not be ready to fight when they are captured.
It was most used by the German army in World War II during the invasions of Poland, France, and the Soviet Union.
The Blitz refers to the German bombing of Britain, especially London, during World War II, which destroyed over a million homes and killed over 40,000 people. The bombing was supposed to quickly destroy industry and morale (happiness) and make it easier for the German Army to invade.

Tank
A tank is a fighting machine. It is alternatively called an "armoured fighting vehicle" (AFV). It has armour to protect it from enemy's guns, missiles, and rifles and a cannon to fight the enemies. Tanks have tracks that wrap around its wheels to spread out its weight and let it cross rough ground. Most tanks have a powerful gun and one or more machine guns.
The first tanks were used by the British during World War I as a way of attacking enemy trenches. To hide the tanks real use from the Germans before they were used in battle, they were called tanks like the large containers for water or other liquids.
Tanks became a main weapon during World War II, where battles between great numbers of tanks were fought, especially between the Germans and the Soviet Union. Well-known World War II tanks were German Panzer IV, Panther and Tiger, Russian T-34 and JS-2, British Matilda, Churchill and Cromwell, and American Sherman and Stuart tanks.
Modern tanks have a small number of men inside, usually 3 to 5. Some light tanks can be dropped from airplanes and float. Heavy tanks often have special devices to see very far and in the dark. Some tanks have snorkels (air intake masts) to enable them to cross rivers underwater.
Old tanks are often used for other uses like carrying soldiers or bridges. Combat engineers use special tanks, for example minesweeper tanks or bridgelayer tanks.
The tank is a major part of many large armies today.
Large containers for water or other liquids are also called tanks.

Edinburgh
Edinburgh (Scottish Gaelic: "Dùn Èideann") is the capital city and second largest city in Scotland. Edinburgh lies on the east coast, where the River Forth flows into the sea.
The central part is Edinburgh Castle, at the top of a steep hill. The castle has a military display every year, called a "tattoo", where soldiers show their skills at marching and competitions, and there are brass bands and bands of bagpipes.
Edinburgh has a very large theatre festival every year, where thousands of actors come to put on shows. The shows are of all kinds, and range from large ones with famous people, to very small ones by new or unknown actors.
The city is served by Edinburgh Airport, and Haymarket and Waverley railway stations.
Sport.
The city's main football teams are Heart of Midlothian F.C. and Hibernian F.C. Murrayfield stadium in the city is the home of the Scottish national rugby team.
Trivia.
The serial novel 44 Scotland Street by Alexander McCall Smith took place in New Town, Edinburgh.
Buildings.
Edinburgh has lots of buildings. The Balmoral Hotel was opened on 15 October 1902 and designed by W. Hamilton Beattie. Saint Giles' Cathedral was built in Mediaeval times. There was a big fire there in 1385. The Royal Museum was designed by architect Francis Fowke and built between 1861 and 1888. It's sister museum, the Museum of Scotland, was designed by Benson and Forsyth in 1998.

Head of state
The head of state of a country is its highest leader. However, the head of state may not have very much real power.
In a modern republic the head of state is a president, usually elected by the people or by a parliament. In a monarchy the head of state is the king or queen. Some countries have different systems - for example the head of state of the Vatican City is the Pope.
In a modern monarchy the head of state usually has little real power. Instead the most powerful person is the head of government. This is usually the leader of the political party that wins the most seats in an election. In these cases the king is considered to be the leader of the country, but must always take the decisions that the head of government advises them to make. The king or queen carries out national ceremonies. The United Kingdom works like this, with the Prime Minister heading the state.
A president may be the most powerful person in the country. This is true in the United States. However sometimes there is a head of government as well as a president. The president then acts very much like a king or queen, leaving the real decisions to the head of government. The Republic of Ireland works like this. In Singapore, the Yang di-Pertuan Negara is the head of state.
In older times and some modern countries the head of state has absolute power.

Vladimir Lenin
Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Russian: Влади́мир Ильи́ч Улья́нов, IPA: vla'dʲimʲr ilj'itʂ ul'janʌf), better known as (Ленин)) (April 22, 1870 - January 21, 1924) was a Russian revolutionary and the leader of the Bolsheviks party. He was the first leader of the Soviet Union. Soviet Union is the other name of the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). Lenin is also known as the maker of Leninism, which was later called Marxism-Leninism by Josif Stalin.
At school, Lenin was very good at the Latin and Greek languages. But in 1887 he was thrown out from Kazan State University because he was too radical and protested against the Tsar, who was the king of Russia at that time. In that year, Lenin's brother Alexander Ulyanov was hanged for his part in a bomb plot to kill Tsar Alexander III. Lenin continued to study by himself, and in 1891 he got a license to be a lawyer.
While he studied Law in the then Russian capital, St. Petersburg, he learned about the thoughts of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Because Marxism was not allowed in Russia, Lenin was arrested and put in prison for a year, then he was sent to exile in Siberia.
In July 1898, when he was still in Siberia, Lenin married a socialist woman, Nadezhda Krupskaya. In 1899, he wrote a book. It was called "The Development of Capitalism in Russia". In 1900, Lenin was released from Siberia.
After he was allowed to leave, Lenin travelled around Europe. He began to publish a Marxist newspaper called "Iskra", the Russian word for "spark". He became a leading member of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party, or RSDLP.
In 1903, Lenin had a dispute with an other leader of the RSDLP, Julius Martov. This dispute, which was about the organization of the Party, divided the party in two. Lenin wanted a strict, centralised, and disciplined model. Martov wanted a less strict, less centralised one. Martov's helpers became known as Mensheviks (meaning "those who are less"). Lenin's supporters were called Bolsheviks ("those who are more").
Lenin went to Finland in 1907, because it was safer for Marxists in Finland than in Russia. He travelled around Europe and visited many socialist meetings and events. During this time he lived in different places like London, Paris and, during World War I, in Geneva. At the beginning of the war, a big meeting, theSecond International that included the Bolsheviks, broke down, when various member Parties helped their countries in the war, going away from the Marxist idea of internationalism. Lenin and the Bolsheviks were one of only a handful of groups and people who stood against the war for Marxist reasons.
1917.
After Tsar Nicholas II was removed from office during the The February Revolution, Lenin went back to Russia. He became an important Bolshevik leader, and made public the "April Theses" about what he said were mistakes of the new middle class government of Kerensky, and he called for a Workers' Revolution to overthrow the government. Lenin also talked about the mistakes of many members of the Bolshevik Central Committee (including Zinoviev, Kamenev and Stalin) who helped the government to continue to fight the war against Germany, against the wishes of the Leninists.
During July 1917, when people said that Lenin had got money from the Germans; he was afraid and had to flee to Finland.
In October 1917, the Bolsheviks under Lenin and Trotsky headed the Petrograd Soviet and other Soviets all over Russia in a taking of power from Kerensky's Government, known as the October Revolution ended up in the making of the first Marxist Communist State in world history.
On November 8, 1917, Lenin was chosen Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars by the Russian Soviet Congress. This means that he was the leader of Russia.
Because he was shocked by the German invasion, he signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. Russia lost a lot of land, but the Germans stopped the invasion.
During the Russian Civil War, Lenin started war communism. But after the war, Lenin brought the New Economic Policy. Some private enterprise was allowed, but not much at all. Businessmen, known as nepmen, can own only light industry, not heavy.
After Kaplan shot Lenin, he started having many strokes. By May 1922, he was badly paralysed. After a stroke in March 1923, he could not speak or move. Lenin's fourth stroke killed him in January 1924.
The city of St. Petersburg had been renamed by the Tsar to Petrograd in 1914, but was renamed Leningrad in Lenin's honour in 1924. But after the end of soviet socialism, in 1991, it was called St. Petersburg again.
Before Lenin died, he said he wanted to be buried beside his mother. When he died, the communists let the people of Russia come to look at him. Because people kept coming, they decided not to bury him. A building was built, in Red Square, Moscow, over Lenin's body, so that people could see him. Lenin's body was mummied (became mummy). It is called the Lenin mausoleum (a mausoleum is a building for dead people). It is a situated in Moscow, Russia, and many people still go there to see him.

Disease
A disease or medical condition is an abnormality of the body or mind that causes discomfort, dysfunction, distress, or death to the person afflicted or those in contact with the person. The term is sometimes used broadly to include injuries, disabilities, disorders, syndromes, infections, symptoms, deviant behaviors, and atypical variations of structure and function, while in other contexts these may be considered separate categories. Literally, a disease refers to the invasion of the body by pathogens.
Causes of disease.
A disease can be caused by many things. A person can be infected by infectious agents like bacteria or viruses. Disease can also be caused by eating spoiled foods. There are small germs in spoiled foods that can cause diseases. Some people are born with 'genetic diseases.' These are diseases because of an error or mutation in a person's DNA. An example of a mutation is cancer. Living or working in an unhealthy environment can also be a cause for diseases. Diseases are more common in older people.
Treatments of disease.
Some diseases can be helped with medicine. Some disease is helped by surgery. Not every disease can be helped with medicine or surgery, though. Some diseases must be treated during the whole life; they are "chronic" diseases. An example is diabetes. Diabetes can be treated (made better) but it can not yet be cured (made to totally go away.) People who usually treat disease are called doctors or physicians.
Prevention of disease.
Some diseases that are common or very bad are tested for even in people who are healthy. "If these diseases are found early they can be treated before they cause problems." An example would be checking a woman for cervical cancer with a test called a pap smear. If cervical cancer is found early it can be fixed. If it is found later it usually causes death.

Carbon
Carbon is a very important chemical element, with a chemical symbol of C. All life on Earth is made from it. Carbon has atomic mass 12 and atomic number 6. It is non-metallic, meaning that it is not a metal.
Why it is important.
Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and some other elements like sulfur and phosphorus together form most life on earth (see Organic chemistry and List of biologically important elements). Carbon forms a very large number of organic compounds because it can form strong bonds with itself and with other elements. Because of the amounts of carbon living things have, all organic things are considered "carbon-based". Also, each carbon atom can form 4 single covalent bonds. Many carbon atoms linked together with hydrogen atoms form plastic. Also, Carbon is the only element that can form long chain-shaped molecules. When iron is heated up with carbon, hard steel is formed.
Etymology.
The name of carbon comes from Latin "carbo", meaning charcoal. In many foreign languages the words for carbon, coal and charcoal are synonyms.
Types of carbon.
Carbon in nature is found in three forms called allotropes: diamond, graphite, and fullerenes. Graphite, with clay, is in pencils. It is very soft. The carbon atoms in it make rings, which are on top of each other and slide very easily. Diamonds are the hardest natural mineral. Fullerenes are a "soccer ball" shape of carbon. They are mostly of interest to science. A special, man-made, tube-shaped allotrope of carbon is the carbon nanotube. carbon nanotubes are very hard, so they might be used in armor. Nanotubes might be useful in nanotechnology.There are 10 million known carbon compounds.
Chemistry of Carbon.
A whole type of Chemistry, organic chemistry, is about carbon and its compounds. Carbon makes many types of compounds. "Hydrocarbons" are molecules with carbon and hydrogen. Methane, Propane, and many other fuels are hydrocarbons.
Radiocarbon Dating.
A radioactive isotope of carbon, carbon-14, can be used to figure out how old some objects are or when something died. As long as something is on the surface of the earth and taking in carbon, the amount of carbon-14 stays the same. When an object stops taking in carbon, the carbon-14 amount goes down. Because the "half-life" (how long it takes for half of a radioactive isotope to go away) of carbon-14 is 5730 years, scientists can see how old the object is by how much carbon-14 is left.
Carbon in Space.
Carbon is in many places in the universe. It was first made in old stars. Carbon is the fourth most common element in the sun. Almost all of the atmosphere of Mars is Carbon dioxide.
Carbon in People.
It is important to the human body, and it is the second most common element in the human body, at 23% of all body weight. It is also a key part of many biological molecules (molecules used in life).
Carbon on Earth.
Graphite is in many areas, including Sri Lanka, Madagascar, and Russia. Diamonds are rare and are found in Africa. Carbon is also in some meteorites.

Zazaki
Zazaki is a language spoken in eastern Anatolia above the rivers Euphrates and Tigris. It belongs to the northwest-Iranian group of the Iranian language branch of the Indo-European language family. The Zaza language is related to Sangsarī, Māzandarānī, Tātī (Herzendī), Semnānī, Tāleshī, Kurdish, Persian and Balōchi. An exact indication of the number of Zaza speakers is unknown.
Zaza is also a name that appears in the Bible, meaning "belonging to all" or "plenty".

Chemical reaction
Some reactions are very fast, and others are very slow. Some happen at different speeds, depending on temperature or other things. For example, wood does not react with air when it is cold, but if it is made hot enough, it will start to burn.
Some reactions give out energy. These are called "exothermic". For other reactions, energy must be put in to make them happen. These are called "endothermic".

Rectangle
A rectangle is a shape with four sides and four corners. The corners are all right angles. It follows that the lengths of the pairs of sides opposite each other must be equal.
Tables, boxes, books, and paper look like rectangles.
A rectangle with all four sides equal is called a square.

Trafalgar Square
Trafalgar Square is a famous place in the city of London, England. It is visited by many tourists. It is named after the Battle of Trafalgar, fought in 1805.
Trafalgar Square is the heart of London
The square contains Nelson's Column, a statue of Lord Horatio Nelson mounted on a tall column, with four statues of lions around it, the column is 56 meters tall while the statue is 5 meters tall. Trafalgar Square also contains many pigeons. The British National Art Gallery is there.
Political Demonstrations and Public Celebrations.
Since it was first built people have been holding demonstrations in Trafalgar Square. Demonstrating in the square has often been banned.
Demonstrations started to be banned in the month of March after Nelson's column was built. First Chartist meetings in the square were banned. Then all demonstrations were banned. People kept to the ban until the 1880s when people involved in the new Labour movement start to hold demonstrations. One important group that did this was the Social Democratic Federation.
On "Black Monday", 6 February 1886, there was a major demonstration about unemployment and it led to a riot in Pall Mall.
There were demonstrations in the 1980s against South African apartheid. In 1990 there were riots against the Poll tax. In the 2000s there have been demonstrations against the Iraq war.
In recent years the square has become a gathering place for celebrations. When England won the Rugby World Cup in 2003 thousands of fans gathered in the square. This public festivities again happened when London won it's bid to hold the 2012 Summer Olympic Games.
The Square was also scene to a large vigil held soon after the terrorist bombings in London on Thursday 7 July 2005.

Official language
An official language is a language that has special status in a country. Usually the government does its business in the official language. They are sometimes named in a country's constitution. Some countries, like Canada, have more than one. Other countries may not have an official language.

Cake
A cake is a type of dessert usually made to celebrate special occasions, like a birthday. There are many kinds of cakes. It can be baked in oven like bread
Construction.
Cakes are made by carefully combining wet ingredients (like milk and eggs) together with dry ingredients (like sugar and flour) to make a batter which is then baked in an oven. This general process is known as the muffin method, because muffins are made this way, but they are usually simpler to make.
Just like bread, cakes rise in the oven because of many thousands of air bubbles. As cakes and breads rise in the oven, the air bubbles expand. This is why the cake batter expands in the pan (often to twice its original size). There are two ways of forming the air bubbles, which create different types of cakes. Almost every kind of cake belongs to one of these families.
Creamed Fat.
These cakes are made with butter or another fat, like vegetable shortening. The fat should not be a liquid or a solid at room temperature; it should feel like playdough. By mixing the sugar with the fat, one creates lots of tiny holes which are filled with very small air bubbles. Most birthday cakes are made this way. Cupcakes are also made this way.
Egg Foam.
Egg foam cakes are made by whipping egg whites (which have no fat at all) for a very long time with sugar to create a very delicate and light batter. These cakes are typically much taller, lighter and often spongier than creamed fat cakes. A common example of an egg foam cake is angelfood cake, which can be found at most grocery stores with bakeries. Chiffon cake is another good example.
Decorations.
After a cake has been baked and cooled for a while, most bakers add a frosting on top to make it look more attractive. Sometimes people cut it in slices and fill those slices with more frosting, or a fruit filling. Often cakes are topped with small pieces of fruit, such as raspberries.
A large, rich cake is often called by the French word for "cake": "gâteau" (plural: "gâteaux", both singular and plural pronounced "GA-toe"). It usually has a lot of cream.
A cake made with pastry (dough made with flour, fat and water) is often called a "pastry". It is like a pie or tart.

House
A house is a building that is made for people to live in. It is a "permanent" building that is meant to stay standing. It is not a place to live that can be easily packed up and carried away like a tent, or moved like a caravan. If people live in the same house for more than a short stay, then they call it their "home".
Houses come in many different shapes and sizes. They may be as small as just one room, or they may have hundreds of rooms. They also come in many different shapes, and may have just one level or several different levels. A house is sometimes joined to other houses at the sides to make "row houses", but it is not part of a big building with lots of levels. That type of home is called an "apartment" or a "flat" or a "unit". One of the differences between a house and an apartment is that a house has a front door to the outside world, whereas the main door of an apartment usually opens onto a passage or landing that can be used by other people in the building.
Houses have a roof to keep off the rain and sun, and walls to keep out the wind and cold. They have window openings to let in light, and a floor. Houses of different countries look different to each other, because of different materials and different styles.
Types of houses.
Most modern houses have special areas or rooms for a person, or a family group to do the things that they need to live comfortably. A modern house has a place to cook food, a place to eat, places to sleep and a place to wash. These things are usually done in separate rooms, which are called the kitchen, the sitting room, the bedrooms, the bathroom, and the toilet (or lavatory). Many houses have a separate dining room for eating meals and a separate laundry where the clothes are washed. In some houses the toilet is in the bathroom, and in other houses it is separate. Many houses may also have a "study" or computer room and a "family room" where the children can play games and watch television.
Detached house.
Most families would like to own their own house. In some countries such as the United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand many families live in a "detached house" which is separate from other buildings and surrounded by its own yard, but is close enough to town to have shops, good transport and entertainment nearby. In many other countries, including most of Europe, owning a house like this is something that only the richer families can afford, and is just a dream for most people.
Houses in very poor places.
In many very poor countries, a lot of people live crowded in houses with only one room. They often have to share a toilet with many other families, and have to do the cooking outside. The house might be made of materials that can be found nearby like mud bricks and grass or from second-hand materials like corrugated iron and cardboard boxes. In many cities there are thousands of small houses crowded together with narrow alleys between them.
Cottage.
A small house is often called a cottage. In England, where this word comes from, it is used to mean a house that has one main storey, with a second, lower storey of bedrooms which fit under the roof upstairs. Cottages are usually found in villages or in the countryside. They are nearly always built from material that can be found nearby. In many places the word cottage is used to mean a small old-fashioned house. In the United States the word cottage is often used to mean a small holiday home.
Semi-detached or duplex.
A semi-detached house is a building that has two houses side by side and covered over by just one big roof. Each house has a pathway to one side, leading from the front to the backyard. Semi-detached houses are very common in some cities, and can be single storey or several storeys high.
Rowhouse.
A rowhouse, which is sometimes called a "terrace house", (see the picture in the introduction) is a house that is part of a row of houses which are joined at the side walls. Many cities and towns have thousands of row houses because they were a good way to build lots of houses close together. Many row houses have two rooms downstairs and two rooms upstairs, with a kitchen or wash area out the back. Houses like this were built for poor factory workers and coal miners in many cities and towns.
Rowhouses are not always small. Some cities have large beautiful rowhouses like the Royal Crescent which was built 200 years ago at Bath in England and is a famous example of Georgian architecture.
Bungalow.
In some places, the word "bungalow" is used for any house that is all on one level. The word came from India and for a long time was used for a house that is built all on one level and has a veranda where people can sit or work outdoors, but under a shady roof. A bungalow often has a hall down the middle of the house to let the breeze blow through. Bungalows are often seen in countries with hot summers, in India, South East Asia, South Africa, parts of the United States, South America, Australia and New Zealand. In regions with flooding, a bungalow is often built up on wooden "stilts" or a high basement. In the 1800s, bungalows were nearly always built of wood, but from the 1920s it became fashionable to build them of brick as well.
Farmhouse.
A farmhouse may look like a cottage, a bungalow or a mansion, but in many countries a farmhouse can look quite different to a house in a town, because, as well as having a place for people to live, it also has a place for animals. Three typical types of farmhouses are found. Many farm houses are long and have two doors. One door leads to the rooms used by the family. The other door opens into a stable for the cows, sheep and chickens. The stable part often has a loft where hay can be kept to feed the animals in the winter. Another type of farmhouse has two storeys with a big stable and storeroom underneath, with the rooms for the family on the upper floor. Another type of farmhouse has buildings such as the family house, the barn and the stable all joined together around a central courtyard. Old farmhouses of these three types can be found in many parts of Europe and Great Britain.
Mansion.
A mansion is a big grand house, usually with two storeys and sometimes more. A mansion often has beautiful architecture, and shows that the person for whom it was designed and built was rich. Mansions often have beautiful gardens. Sometimes a mansion does not belong to a private family, but to a town council, to a big business company, to a church or college and is a place for a person with an important job to live and to entertain guests. A mansion often has rooms which are not found in ordinary houses, such as a drawing room, a ballroom, a library and a music room. Mansions often need servants to help keep them in order and there are often special rooms where the servants do particular jobs such as cleaning the silver tableware. Well-known mansions are the White House in Washington, D.C. where the President of the United States lives and Mansion House in London where the Lord Mayor of London lives.
Palace.
A palace is a house that is very grand. Palaces are some of the most famous and beautiful houses in the world.
They have often been built by people who were extremely rich, and who wanted to leave behind them a sign that their family was important. Some palaces have taken a long time to build. They have been changed and added to by different family members or changed by people from different families that have owned them over many hundreds of years.
One of the best-known palaces in the world is Buckingham Palace where the monarch of England, who is currently Queen Elizabeth II, lives. The largest palace in the world is the Louvre which was built in Paris for the Kings of France. It now holds a famous art gallery.
What are houses built from?
Houses are usually built from types of material that can easily be made or bought near the place where the house is built. Because of this, old houses in different towns and different villages look quite different to each other, even in the same country. In modern times building materials can be transported easily and this means that a builder has much more choice about the types of material to use for a house.
Mud and clay.
In many parts of the world, mud or clay are the main building materials. Clay is a type of soil that sticks together more strongly than most other types of soil. There are three main ways of building walls with mud and clay.
Timber.
Houses made of timber are found wherever there are, or there has once been big forests. Timber houses are also often found in seaside towns where the sea air makes brick and stone houses feel cold and damp.
Half-timbered houses.
A well-known type of old-fashioned house is the "half-timbered" house. These are seen in the British Isles, France, and across northern Europe and the Alps. These houses date mainly from about 1200 to about 1800.
Stone houses.
In places where there is lots of stone, many houses are built of it. In many parts of the world, little cottages are built of stone. Many mansions and palaces are also built of stone.
Making modern houses.
Modern houses are often made of "pre-fabricated" parts that are partly built in a factory, and are easy to put together at the site of the building.
Many different types of materials for making houses have been developed in the 20th century.

Gigabyte
A gigabyte (GB or "gig") is a unit of measurement in computers and similar electronic devices. At first it meant exactly 1 billion bytes, usually referring to the number of bytes in a computer hard drive. Its meaning gradually changed over time, so that today it is often used to mean 1,073,741,824 (230) bytes, especially when referring to the random access memory (RAM) of a modern computer. Now some people say a gigabyte should only be used to mean exactly 1 billion bytes, and that gibibyte is a better name for 1,073,741,824 bytes. In everyday use, most people still use "gigabyte" to mean 1,073,741,824 bytes when talking about computer memory.
Uses.
This measurement is often used when measuring the capacity of computer memory, hard drives, or other storage devices.

Trader
A trader is a person who tries to make a profit by buying something at a low price and then selling it at a higher price. Usually this does not work so the trader has to trade it to someone who cannot reach the person who sells the thing at a cheaper price.

Sailor
A sailor is a person who works under a captain to sail a ship. Sailor is also the lowest rank in a navy.

Farmer
A farmer is a person who grows crops and raises animals to be used as food. This has been a common job for people since the beginning of civilization.
What farmers do.
Some farmers also raise animals to be used for meat, milk, eggs or other things.

Constellation
A constellation is a group of stars. Together, the stars look like a picture. The word constellation comes from Latin: "con-", meaning together "stella-" meaning stars.
Some examples of constellations are Ursa Major, Orion, and Andromeda.
People used constellations to tell the difference in the colors. Different places in the world may have different constellations, but today astronomy has a fixed set of 297 constellations. This set is based on the Greek set and later some southern constellations were added, for example Antlia - the air pump. Most constellations have names that come from Greek mythology, like Orion or Andromeda.
There are 12 constellations in the Zodiac. The Sun travels through the Zodiac once each year. There is also a thirteenth constellation Ophiuchus - the carrier of a serpent, which the Sun goes through. However, most people do not think that it is in the Zodiac.
List of Constellations.
Andromeda Antlia Apus Aquarius Aquila Ara Aries Auriga Boötes Caelum Camelopardalis Cancer Canes Venatici Canis Major Canis Minor Capricornus Carina Cassiopeia Centaurus Cepheus Cetus Chamaeleon Circinus Columba Coma Berenices Corona Australis Corona Borealis Corvus Crater Crux Cygnus Delphinus Dorado Draco Equuleus Eridanus Fornax Gemini Grus Hercules Horologium Hydra Hydrus Indus Lacerta Leo Leo Minor Lepus Libra Lupus Lynx Lyra Mensa Microscopium Monoceros Musca Norma Octans Ophiuchus Orion Pavo Pegasus Perseus Phoenix Pictor Pisces Piscis Austrinus Puppis Pyxis Reticulum Sagitta Sagittarius Scorpius Sculptor Scutum Serpens Sextans Taurus Telescopium Triangulum Triangulum Australe Tucana Ursa Major Ursa Minor Vela Virgo Volans Vulpecula

Flood
Sometimes a river receives a lot of extra water. When this happens, the water overflows from its normal path in the river bed. This is called flooding, and is a natural disaster.
During a flood, people need to move themselves and their most precious valuables to higher ground quickly, if they can. The process of leaving your home behind in search of a safe place is called "evacuation".
Pollution of drinking water.
In a flood, there is plenty of water, but it is mostly polluted and not safe to drink. People can prepare for flooding by filling many containers with fresh clean drinking water.

Hell
In many religions, Hell is a place where souls of dead people go after their lives end, a different version of heaven.
Hell is the place where the souls of dead people go after their lives end, if they have done evil things in life.
In Christianity, Hell is the place where the souls of people go who did not accept Jesus Christ as their Lord and Savior or blasphemed the Holy Spirit of God.
In Islam hell is called Jahannam. It is a place of punishment, everyone will eventually be forgiven and taken to the Islamic Heaven (Jannah). The only sin that won't be forgiven is disbelief of God, or of belief in many gods.
Mormons think hell is a temporary place.
The concept of Hell in Christianity comes from Genesis and the "casting out" of Lucifer. In being cast out, he was removed from the presence of God. Therefore, if taken in it's most literal sense, Hell, in Christianity, is separation from God. Stated another way, to the Christian mind being separated from God is to be in Hell.

Brest (France)
Brest (Breton, Brest) is a city found in Brittany, France.

1-1-2
The telephone number 1-1-2 (or 112) is also the standard European Union (EU) emergency telephone number, it works in every country of the EU, for land lines and mobile phones. It does not yet work in all of Bulgaria, which is a new member of the EU. It is also used in some other countries as the emergency telephone number for both mobile and fixed-line telephones.
112 is also the international emergency telephone number for all GSM mobile phone networks. It does not necessarily work on other mobile phone technologies, outside the EU.

Government-in-exile
A government-in-exile is a group of people who claim they are the real government of a country, but who live in another country or area. These were common during World War II. The Germans took over several countries, and the leaders of those countries went to England for refuge.
Few countries recognize (accept) these groups.

Stonehenge
Stonehenge is a site in Wiltshire, England. It is made of earth and stones standing in circles. It was built between 2640 and 2480 B.C and used until 3500 years ago. No one knows who built it or why they built it. During the summer solstice, the sunrise lines up with some of the stones. It is made out of a hard stone called "sarsen". In Egypt and South America, similar very old buildings can be found. They also show the time of the solstice. Stonehenge might therefore have been a kind of calendar for those ancient nations. At that time, religion and astronomy were fully mixed. Dead people were buried there so it was a kind of cemetery. Some people claim that it has magic powers.
Stonehenge itself is owned by the Crown and managed by English Heritage while the surrounding land is owned by the National Trust.

Granite
Granite is a kind of igneous rock, which means that it came from volcanic action inside the Earth. Granite is made from magma. Magma is molten (very hot, melted) rock and minerals. The magma is forced between other layers of rock by the pressure under the Earth's surface. The magma cools and turns slowly into solid stone. Granite has many different types of minerals in it. These include quartz, feldspar, mica, and hornblende. As the magma cools, some of these minerals form crystals. The crystals can often be seen easily, if the granite is cut and polished.
Granite is a common stone on Earth, and makes up a big part of the crust (the Earth's outer layer). Although it forms under the surface of the Earth, there are many places where it has been forced upwards by tectonic movement. This is the cracking and folding of the Earth's crust. When this happens, granite mountains are often formed.
Granite is a very useful rock for building. It is good for making solid walls. It is also good for polishing, because it can have a shiny surface which shows the pattern of its crystals. Kitchen benches are often made of polished granite. Granite is found in many countries of the world. Some countries have beautifully patterned granite which is quarried (cut in open mines) and sold for building material.

Syracuse, New York
Syracuse, New York is a city in the U.S. state of New York with a population of 147,306 in 2000, and a metropolitan area population of 732,117. It is often called the "Salt City" because salt used to be the main industry. Today, Syracuse is mostly known as a university city, but many companies have offices there, also.

Soap opera
A soap opera is a television or radio program that airs in episodic installments. This means that each episode continues telling a story, which, in turn, tells more of the last episode's story. A single story on a soap opera can be told for weeks, months, or sometimes even years.
In America, each soap opera airs every day, Monday through Friday, in the afternoon. Because they air at this time, they are sometimes called daytime serials'". In the U.K. and other countries, the soap operas air in the evening, twice or three times a week.
There are still two soaps that air in Australia, Network Ten's "Neighbours" and the Seven Network's "Home and Away". Strangely, "Neighbours" is more popular in England than it is in Australia.
In the U.K., the most popular soap operas are "Coronation Street" and "EastEnders". "Coronation Street" is about people who live in Manchester, in the northern part of England. "EastEnders" is about people who live in an imaginary place called Albert Square in the East End of London. Another popular soap opera is "Emmerdale", and it is about people who live in a small village in Yorkshire, also in the northern part of England.

The Young and the Restless
"The Young and the Restless" is a very popular soap opera in America. The show is the highest-rated soap opera, which means that it has more people watching it than any other soap opera. It aired its first episode on March 26, 1973. In the beginning, the show was about the Brooks family, who were very rich, and the Foster family, who were poor. Today, very few members of either family are still on the show.
Today, the show tells stories about two cosmetics companies: Newman Enterprises and Jabot Cosmetics. Newman's president is Victor Newman (played by the actor Eric Braeden) and Jabot's president is Jack Abbott (played by Peter Bergman). These two men hate each other very much and would like to see the other fail. This hatred is the root of much of the story on the show.

Georgia (U.S. state)
Georgia is a state in the southeastern part of the United States. It is bordered by Florida to the south, Alabama to the west, Tennessee and North Carolina to the north, and South Carolina to the east. All of Georgia's coastline is on the Atlantic Ocean. The ocean borders Georgia to the southeast.
Georgia became a state in 1788. Georgia was one of the original 13 colonies of Britain that rebelled in 1776. (See American Revolution)
The 5 Regions of Georgia.
There are 5 regional habitats of Georgia. They are the Georgia mountains, swamp area, the Georgia coastal region, the Georgia Piedmont, and Atlantic Coastal region.
Cities in Georgia.
The capital and largest city in Georgia is Atlanta. The 1996 Olympic Games took place there, and the book and movie "Gone With the Wind" was set in and around Atlanta in the 1860s. Other big cities in the state include Macon, Columbus, Augusta and Savannah. Georgia has a total of 159 counties.

Maharaji
Prem Rawat, also known as Maharaji, was born in India on 10 December 1957 and started speaking to people about inner peace when he was 3 years old.
He travels most of the year talking to people about a beautiful feeling they can feel within themselves. In a recent tour in India, he spoke to more than a million people about that possibility.
Maharaji's teachings.
According to website, Maharaji provides inspiration and guidance about the possibility of knowing inner peace and contentment through four techniques that he calls "Knowledge".
His students come from all walks of life: farmers and fishermen in poor countries, executives in global corporations, and diplomats and government officials and international institutions. Some of his students are in their late teens, and others have been his students for more than thirty-five years.

Immanuel Kant
Immanuel Kant (April 22, 1724 - February 12, 1804) was a German philosopher. He was born in Königsberg, Prussia, and also died there. Kant studied philosophy in the university there, and later became a professor of philosophy.
Today the town Königsberg belongs to Russia, and is renamed Kaliningrad, but in his time it was the second largest city in the kingdom of Prussia.
Life.
Immanuel Kant was born on April 22, 1724 to Johann Georg Kant. In 1732, Kant was sent to the Collegium Fredericianum, a school directed by the Kant family's pastor, Franz Albert Schultz. In 1740 he entered the Albertus University in Königsberg and studied the philosophy of Gottfried Leibniz and his follower Christian Wolff. He studied there until 1746 when his father died, at which time he left Königsberg to take up a position as tutor. Kant eventually secured a position as the tutor of Count Kayserling, and his family. In 1755 Kant became a Privatdozent (a lecturer) and remained in this position until 1770. He was appointed to a position as the second librarian of the Royal Library in 1766. Kant was eventually offered the Chair of Logic and Metaphysics at the University of Königsberg. In his entire life Kant never travelled more than seventy miles from the city of Königsberg. Kant died on February 12,1804 with the final word: "Enough."
University.
After finishing his study in the university, Kant hoped to be a teacher of philosophy, but it was very difficult. He should have lived a life of private lecturer for a long time. Once, a chance to be a professor of poetry in Königsberg university was given to Kant, but he turned it down. Later in 1770 he became a full professor of philosophy in Königsberg university.
The young Kant was interested in physics, both of heavenly bodies and the earth. He wrote some papers about this, but his concern for metaphysics grew. He was eager to learn the nature of human experience: how humans could know something, and what their knowledge was based on.
First doubts.
Under the strong influence of the philosophical system of Leibniz and Wolff, Kant began to doubt the basic answers of past philosophers. Then Kant read a Scottish philosopher, David Hume. Hume had tried to make clear what our experience had been, and had reached a very strong opinion called "skepticism", that there was nothing to make our experience sure. Kant was very shocked by Hume, and saw the theory he had learned in a new point of view, then he began to try finding a third way other than the two that Kant called "skepticism" and "dogmaticism".
Kant read another thinker, named Jean-Jacques Rousseau. His thought on human beings, especially on moral and human freedom, impressed Kant.
Philosophy.
Today we call Kantian philosophy "critical philosophy". Some scholars like to include him as one of the German idealists, but Kant himself didn't like to belong to that group.
The most known work of Kant is the book "Critique of the pure reason" ("Kritik der reinen Vernunft") that Kant published in 1781. Kant called his way of thought "critique", not philosophy. Kant said that critique was a preparation for establishment of real philosophy. According to Kant, for that establishment, people should know what human reason can do and which limits it has. In "Critique of the pure reason" Kant wrote several limits of human reason, to both feeling and thinking something. For sensation, there are two limits inside of human reason: space and time. There are no physical objects, but the limitations of our mind that work whenever we feel something through our senses. For thinking, he said there are twelve categories or pure rational concepts, divided into four fields: quantity, quality, relation and modalation. Kant thought human reason applied those ideas to everything.
Ideology.
But then, is what we think only our fantasy? Kant said no, although without those sensual and rational limitations, we can think nothing, then Kant was convinced there would be something we couldn't know directly behind our limitations, and even with limitations we could know something. It can not be a personal fantasy either, since those limitations were common to all human reason before our particular experience. Kant called what we couldn't know directly "Ding an sich" -- "thing itself". We can think "thing itself" but cannot have any experience about it, nor know it. God, the eternity of soul, life after death, such things belong to "thing itself", so they were not right objects of philosophy according to Kant, although people had liked to discuss them from ancient times.
Books.
Kant wrote two other books named "Critique" too: "Critique of the practical reason" (1788) and "Critique of the Judgement" (1790). In "Critique of the practical reason" Kant wrote about the problem of freedom and God. It was his main work of ethics. In "Critique of the Judgement" Kant wrote about beauty and teleology, or the problem if there was a purpose in general, if the world, a living creature had a reason to exist, and so on. In both books, Kant said we couldn't answer those problems, because they were concerned with "thing itself".
Influence.
Kant gave a great influence to younger generations in his time. German thinkers like Fichte, Schelling, Hegel and writers like Herder, Schiller, and Goethe respected Kant very much. They believed they could make Kant's theory better, though Kant disagreed with them.
In the early 20th century Kant's theory was remembered again, and there was a group of German philosophers called New-kantinism. One of them, Windelband, said, "every philosophy before Kant poured into Kant, and every philosophy after Kant pours from Kant". Today the thoughts of Kant influence modern thinkers like Hannah Arendt, John Rawls, and so on.

Aunt
An aunt is a name used in an extended family.
An aunt is either a sister of one of someone's parents or the wife of their uncle. That person is the aunt's nephew (male) or niece (female). An aunt's child is a cousin.

Homer
Homer is the name of the Greek poet who wrote the epic poems the "Iliad" and the "Odyssey". Not much is known about him, or even if he was a real person. Some people think it was really a group of people who made those poems. Other people think Homer was really a woman.
According to legend, Homer was a blind poet who lived in Ionia. It is thought that he lived in the 8th century BCE. Most modern scholars think the Iliad was written in the second half of the 8th century BCE.

Marquis de Sade
Donatien Alphonse François, Comte de Sade, (June 2 1740 - December 2 1814), better known as the Marquis de Sade) was a French dramatist and philosopher.
Once he had grown up, he had troubles with the authorities several times. He spent quite a few years in prison.
On one of his escapes, he "accidentally" raped a close relative of his, who was a nun. This caused his family to drop him, and to hand him over to the authorities.
For this, he was sentenced to death (while being absent). He later escaped the death penalty by moving to Italy. The death penalty against him was later changed to a prison sentence.
In prison, he started to read about philosophy. He also started to write down his ideas. He tried to hide his writing, and also wrote in a very small print, so that the consumption of paper would not be noticed.
In later years, he was moved to an asylum (for the mentally ill), and gave his wife the possibility of a divorce.
After the French Revolution, he got out of the asylum, but in 1803 was declared mentally ill (and again was sent to the asylum). He died in the asylum in 1814 at the age of 74.
The term "sadism" was created after Alphonse Donatien De Sade because of his practice of brutality through his long life.

Eurozone
The Eurozone (also called Euro-area or Euroland) is the set of countries of the European Union which have adopted the Euro (€) currency.
Official members.
There are 15 members in the Eurozone
Joined on 1 January 2008
The European Central Bank is responsible for the monetary policy within the eurozone.

Ordinal number
Ordinal numbers (or ordinals) are numbers that show something's order, for example: 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th.
Suppose a person has four different tee-shirts, and then lays them in front of the person, from left to right.
If the person then starts counting the shirts from the left, he would first see the red shirt. So the red shirt is the first tee-shirt. The blue shirt is the second tee-shirt. The yellow shirt is the third one, and the white tee-shirt is the fourth one.
The "first", "second", "third", and "fourth" in this case are ordinal numbers. They result from the fact that the person has many objects, and they give them an order (hence 'ordinal'). The person then simply counts those objects, and give the ordinal numbers to them.

Republic
A republic is a kind of government that has no king, queen, or other monarch and where the people are sovereign. This means that people can choose leaders to represent them and make the laws. The word republic comes from the Latin language words "res publica", which means "public thing".
Countries with a king or other monarch and free elections are called Constitutional Monarchies. What makes a a republic different is that the people do not need the permission of a king or other higher power to choose leaders and the type of government they want. Laws are made and enforced in the name of the people.
The Head of State in a republic is generally a person who has been chosen by the citizens, either by direct election or by a group of elected representatives to act as the top representative of the people. In most republics, the Head of State is called the president. In some countries, the president is elected and has a lot of political power. In others, the president does not hold a lot of direct power, but is important in the legal system for other reasons.
Origins.
Licchavi in India was the first republic in the 6th and 5th century BCE. The other earliest republics were Greek settlements in the Mediterranean sea. The biggest difference from other city-states that were around then was that people could choose their leaders by voting for them. The votes were then counted, and the person with the most votes won.

Martin Luther
Martin Luther (November 10, 1483 in Eisleben - February 18, 1546 in Eisleben) was a German monk and theologian of Christianity, and later the founder of the Lutheran Church, the first church of Protestantism, split from the Roman Catholic. He was one of greatest figures in the Reformation.
Life.
After Luther studied philosophy at the University of Erfurt. In 1505 he entered into the Augustinian Order as a monk. Luther studied theology and ancient languages in Erfurt. In 1512 he became a doctor of theology in Wittenberg and began his lectures on the Psalms and Letters of Paul.
In October 1517 Luther wrote his 95 Theses, although he did not put them on a Church in Wittenberg as the legend says, but published a copy. Luther called them "The Disputation of Doctor Martin Luther on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences". It questioned the teaching of western Church and its ideas about penance, the authority of the Pope and the usefulness of "indulgences". At that time, the Catholic Church was saying that they were allowed to decide who could go to Heaven after death, and they were selling indulgences for money to tell them they could go to Heaven. If that was true, it would mean that poor people would not be able to go to Heaven, but that the priests in the church would be rich from selling these things. Luther felt that this way of doing things was all wrong, and against the Bible.
Studying the Letters of Paul, especially the Letter to Romans, Luther developed an idea: "sola fide". This means the idea that only faith can bring humans to the salvation that God gives from his mercy. Many church customs were therefore useless, and should be cast away, because they made many bad things.
First Luther believed that he could reform (change) the Roman Church from the inside with his Theses, but the Papacy took his attitude as heresy and excommunicated him in June 15 1520 with a paper saying he did not have their permission to go to Heaven. In October, Luther burned the paper in public, and showed he would not obey the Church unless they accepted his words.
Emperor Charles V opened the imperial Diet of Worms on 22 January 1521 to hear the case. For Luther it was the last chance to say he had been wrong. But he didn't change his mind. The Diet declared Luther an outlaw.
With help of a friend, Luther hid in Wartburg Castle, near Erfurt. In the castle, he translated the Bible. First he wrote the New Testament in German instead of the original Greek. Later he translated the Old Testament into German, too. Until then, the Holy Mass and the Bible were in Latin. Very few people understood it. So the people went to mass, and they did not understand what the priest said. Luther translated the Bible so that more people could read and understand it. That way they were no longer depending on the priest to tell them what was in the Bible, but could read it themselves.
Luther started his own church, called the Lutheran Church with his friend Philip Melanchton. Luther died in 1546.

Noh
Noh or No (Japanese:能 Nō) is a major form of classical Japanese musical drama that has been performed since the 14th century. Noh is made up of "mai" (dances), "hayashi" (music) and "utai" (words usually in songs). The performers use masks and dance slowly. Zeami and his father Kan'ami brought Noh to its present-day form during the Muromachi period.
Types of Noh drama.
Theater pieces of Noh is classified into 5 groups.
Noh players.
Usually, all Noh players are men. They have been taught their skills by their fathers. When a woman or girl appears in the drama, a male actor plays her role with a woman mask.
There are three types of Noh players: "shite", "waki" and "kyogen". "Shite" plays the hero or the heroine. He talks, sings and dances. "Waki" (meaning "Side") plays the sidekick of "Shite", and usually plays a traveller role in a certain place. He introduces us into the world in the drama. "Kyogen" appears in the middle of the drama if it has two parts, and plays the role of the local citizen. He talks to "Waki" and makes him notice what he hasn't noticed before their talk.
Music on Noh.
"Hayashi" means musical instrumentals. Kinds of drum ("Tuzumi", "Taiko") and flute ("Fue") are used in the theater.

Manga
A manga is a Japanese comic book, drawn by a "mangaka" (Japanese for cartoonist: an artist of comics)
Manga is read from right to left, sometimes, though, manga is read from left-to-right fasion for some of the lesser known series. Any manga series from Shonen Jump is usually right-to-left, while most manga from Action Manga is left-to-right.
The word manga can be both singular and plural, and mean both the medium of comics or a single comic. It is a form of art that is used to draw comics and do develop Anime, the motion picture version of the original manga art. It is usually a quite abstract art, with use of speed lines often in the backgrounds, and different colours used to show different moods of the people in the picture. Colour and symbolism is often very important, for example purples and greens are often the colours of the bad guys/girls.

Spree
The Spree is a river in the north-east of Germany.
It runs through the centre of Berlin. The river is long.

Liberalism
Liberalism is a way of thinking about politics and government. Liberals (the people who believe in liberalism) think that freedom is important.
What some liberals believe.
Some liberals believe that freedom is impossible without equality, and that governments should promote equality by providing education and health care supported by taxes. Other liberals believe that taxes are bad, and that people should provide their own education and health care; these people are usually called libertarians today. Most liberal governments today do provide at least some education and health care, though not necessarily equally for all citizens.
The philosophy of liberalism.
In the old days, kings or queens told people what to do, and there was very little freedom. A few hundred years ago, philosophers such as John Stuart Mill and Jeremy Bentham began to write about freedom. Earlier writers, such as Marcus Aurelius, had written about freedom, but this time the idea caught on. The United States of America was the first country to have a constitution which was based on the ideas of Mill and Bentham, and which guaranteed certain rights to all citizens, including freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of religion, the right to assemble, the right to bear arms, and the right to ask their government to take action (right of petition) or to remove from office rulers they did not like (right of referendum).
Another idea that became popular around this time was the idea of free trade. A leading philosopher who promoted free trade was Adam Smith.
Liberalism today.
Most of the rich countries in the world today are liberal democracies with more or less free trade. An exception to this rule are the oil-rich countries, not all of which are liberal or democratic. Most of the poor countries in the world are dictatorships, with heavy restrictions on trade. China is a poor country which is rapidly becoming rich, and is trying the experiment of combining dictatorship with free trade. Whether it is possible to have the advantages of free trade without other freedoms remains to be seen.
Liberalism around the world.
While all liberal governments support free elections, other ideas of liberal government vary a great deal from country to country. For information about liberalism in a particular country, look for an article called "Liberalism in..." and then the name of the country.

Zeno's paradoxes
Zeno's Paradoxes are a famous set of thought-provoking stories or puzzles created by Zeno of Elea in the mid-5th century B.C. Philosophers, physicists, and mathemeticians have argued over how to answer the questions raised by Zeno's Paradoxes for two and a half millennia. Although the specifics of each paradox differ from one another, they all deal with the tension between the apparent continuous nature of the universe and the discrete or incremental nature of mathematics and physics.
A Most Ingenious Paradox.
The most famous of Zeno's Paradoxes is called The Tortoise and Achilles. The story goes that if Achilles (the famous hero from The Iliad) were to race a tortoise, but the tortoise were given a head start, Achilles would never catch the tortoise no matter how fast or how long Achilles ran. This is of course nonsense, because common sense and observation tell us that there is no paradox here- Achilles will eventually catch up with and pass the tortoise. However, the paradox lies upon a purely mathematical inspection of this scenario.
In order for Achilles to catch the tortoise, he must of course cover some distance A between where he began the race and where the reptilian racer began as well. However, in the time Achilles traversed A, the shelled shlepper traveled a second distance B. Of course Achilles is undaunted, because B is less than A, and brings himself to the point where he has gone the distance A + B. To the champion's chagrine, the tortoise has not yet given up, and in the time Achilles took to cover B, has continued to travel C. This progression can be carried out ad infinitum, and it can be shown that, mathematically speaking, there is an infinite number of time intervals and/or distances which Achilles must endure to catch his intrepid opponent.
1. There is something wrong with the way we perceive the continuous nature of time,
2. In reality there is no such thing as a discrete, or incremental, amounts of time, distance, or perhaps anything else for that matter, or
3. There is a third picture of reality that unifies the two pictures- the common sense or philosophical one, and the mathematical one- that we do not yet have the tools to fully understand.
A Most Famous Paradox.
Suppose someone wishes to get from point A to point B. Well, first they must move halfway. Then, they must walk halfway again. And so forth, never actually reaching the ending. So, motion from any point A to any different point B is impossible. A common response to such a problem is to point at calculus: we can add up infinite series like 1+1/2+1/4+1/8+1/16... to get 2. However, the basic question Zeno is asking is how one can deal with an infinite progression with doing each element individually. Using calculus does not actually involve adding up infinite numbers one number at a time. Instead, it adds up a large group of numbers all at once. The quantum physicists respond to this paradox by saying that Zeno's premise was incorrect. That is, it is not always necessary that for a point A and a point B, one must go halfway between them before getting to point B.

Mandrake
Mandrake is the common name of a number of plants in the Nightshade family, genus Mandragora. The roots often look like man or woman, or can be easily made to resemble them. The plant has been used in witchcraft for a long time.
According to this literature, the plant shrieks in pain, when it is pulled from the ground. This shriek is able to make a person deaf. He might also loose his mind, or even be killed, if he is unprotected.
Mandrake (Mandragora officinalis) has been used as an anaestethic for a long time. For this, it was usually prepared in an alcoholic solution.

Debian
Debian is a GNU/Linux distribution.
Brief history.
Debian is a free operating system which combined with Linux kernel (a core of Linux itself) and application software run on its kernel. Debian Linux is also called "GNU/Linux" because most development has done by GNU Project.
Debian Project has officially started in August 16th, 1993 led by Ian Murdock. He is a computer hacker. Today, in this project, debian is developed by more than 1,000 computer specialists all over the world.
A name of "Debian" was taken after Ian Murdock and his wife Debra. Some people say or pronounce 'deb-ee-n' but others also say 'de-bi-an' or 'de-bai-an' and in Japan 'de-bi-a-n' and so on.
Public releases.
Several versions have been made public. The current version is Debian 4.0 (also known by its codename, Etch).
See Also.
List of Linux distributions

GNU
GNU is the name of a computer operating system. The name is short for "GNU's Not U'"nix". Richard Stallman leads the project working on GNU, known as the GNU Project.
People have been working on GNU since 1983, but it is still not finished. The central part of the operating system, called the Kernel, is not finished, and lots of people use the Linux kernel instead. Software that runs on the GNU system often has been made for other computer software systems like Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X.

Serbia
The Republic of Serbia (Serbian: Република Србија) is a country in southeastern Europe. The capital city is Belgrade. To the north of Serbia is the country Hungary. To the east of Serbia are the countries Bulgaria and Romania. To the south of Serbia are countries Macedonia and Albania. To the west of Serbia are the countries Montenegro (the country which was once united with Serbia), Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia.
The Serbian language is used in many of the countries around it.

Cancer
Cancer is a class of diseases or disorders that often has uncontrolled division of cells in common.
In cancer, body cells are malfunctioning. These cells are able to invade other biological tissues, either by growing into them or by implanting themselves into distant sites by metastasis. Metastasis is the stage in which cancer cells move through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. Cancer can affect anybody at any age, but people are more likely to get it as they get older because DNA damage becomes more apparent in older DNA. Cancer is one of the biggest and most researched causes of death in developed countries.
Cancer is a leading cause of death -- according to the World Health Organization, 12.5% of all deaths worldwide. Some things (whether controllable or uncontrollable) that can be causes or triggers of various types of cancer, include tobacco (smoked or smokeless), sunlight, radiation -- including X-rays in large or repeated doses, chemicals used in construction and manufacturing (for example, asbestos and benzene), high-fat or low-fiber diets, air and water pollution, low fruit and vegetable intakes, overweight and obesity, not enough physical activity, drinking too much alcohol, and household use of some chemicals.
Although a single cure has not been found, cancer can be treated using radiotherapy (also called "radiation therapy"), chemotherapy, or immunotherapy (also called "biological therapy").
The difficulty in treating cancer is that most things that kill it, also kill good cells. Cancerous cells are often quite weak but since the cancer is actually a part of the body, the body will not attack it even though often it could easily kill it.
There are many different types of cancer - each have their own symptoms and causes. Some people can handle cancer better than others but to everyone it is harmful and can be fatal.
There is always progress in discovering treatment and many cancers are treated successfully.

Photography
Photography is a way of making a picture using a camera. A person who makes pictures using a camera is called a "photographer". A picture made using a camera is called a photograph or photo'
Camera.
A "camera" is, in its simplest form, like a box with a hole in the front. There is a special piece of glass in front of the hole called a lens. To take a photograph of something, the lens makes a small picture of the object inside the camera. The lens does this by focusing light. A lens in a camera works like a lens in glasses (spectacles) or a magnifying glass.
To make a photograph with a camera the "shutter release" button is pressed. Pressing the button opens the "shutter". The shutter is like a door. It covers the hole in the camera box. The shutter is behind the lens. When the shutter is closed no light can enter the camera box. When the shutter is open light can enter the camera. When the button is pressed the shutter opens and then closes. This happens very fast. The amount of time the shutter stays open for is called the "shutter speed". The shutter speed can change between 1/1000th of a second (0.001 s) to a few seconds. Normally the time taken for the shutter to open and close is much less than 1 second.
A camera also has an "aperture ring". The aperture ring is behind the lens, but in front of the shutter. The purpose of the aperture ring is to control how much light enters the camera box. The aperture ring is a flat circle with a small hole in the centre. The small hole is called the "aperture". The size of the aperture can be changed. When the aperture is very small only a small amount of light can enter the camera. When the aperture is big, a lot of light can get in.
Film.
The picture the lens makes is recorded on photographic film. Film is placed inside the camera box. Light coming through the lens, aperture and open shutter shines on the film. Photographic film is coated with chemicals that react when light shines on it. Letting light shine on the film is called "exposing" the film.
There are many different types of photographic film. There are films for taking colour photographs and films for taking black and white photographs. There are different sizes of film. The most common size is "35 mm". It is called 35 mm because the width of the film is 35 millimetres. Most cameras use 35 mm film.
Another difference between films is how sensitive they are to light. Films have a code number, called an "ISO number". The ISO number tells how fast a film reacts when light shines on it. Examples of ISO numbers are ISO 50, ISO 100, IS0 200, ISO 400, ISO 800, and ISO 1600. The ISO number is sometimes called the "ASA number" or the "film speed". When the ISO number is low, for example ISO 50, the film takes a long time to record the picture. This is called a slow film. This means the shutter has to stay open for a long time. When the ISO number is high, for example ISO 800, the picture is made in a very short time. This is a fast film. This means the shutter has to open and close quickly.
Processing.
Once the film has been exposed it is "processed". Processing has to be done in total darkness or the film will be exposed too much and the picture will be lost. Processing stops the film reacting to light any more. After the film has been processed the picture can be seen on the film.
A photographic "print" is a photograph made on paper. A light sensitive paper is used. The picture on the film is placed in an "enlarger". An enlarger is a machine that shines light through the film and makes a bigger picture on the light sensitive paper. A chemical reaction happens in the paper, which turns the areas hit with light black when the paper is 'developed'. (The more light, the darker the area.) "Developing" makes the picture appear on the paper – now it is a photograph. Then the paper is put into other chemicals that make it not sensitive to light anymore. This is called "fixing". Last, the paper is washed so that there are no more chemicals on it. Then it is finished.
Digital photography.
Digital photography is photography done using a digital camera. Sometimes it is called "digital imaging". A digital camera has a lens, aperture, and shutter. The picture the lens makes is recorded by a light-sensitive electronic sensor. A digital camera does not use photographic film to record a picture. Digital photographs are stored in a computer but paper prints can also be made from digital pictures. Digital cameras are also not expensive to use, as there is no film to buy.
Taking a photograph.
The most important thing when taking a photograph is focusing the lens. If the lens does not focus the picture well, the photograph will be blurry. "Autofocus" cameras focus automatically when the shutter release is pressed. The photographer has to focus "manual" cameras (usually older ones).
Three other things are important when taking a photograph. They control how bright or dark the photograph will be.
A slow shutter speed, a bigger aperture, and a fast film will make a brighter picture. A fast shutter speed, a small aperture, and a slow film will give a darker picture. A good picture is not too bright and not too dark. An automatic camera changes these things by itself when the shutter release is pressed.

Radio wave
Radio waves make up part of the electromagnetic spectrum. These waves are packets of energy with differing wavelengths, similar to visible light waves, X-rays or Gamma rays, except longer.
A Radio wave, like other electromagnetic waves, is similar to an ocean wave. Both types of wave have a hill and valley shape, repeating over and over. A wavelength is measured as the distance from the top of one crest to the top of its neighboring crest. While the wavelength of visible light is very very small, radio waves can have a wavelength from a couple centimeters to a couple meters.
Antennas designed to detect radio waves must be as long as the wavelength they wish to detect. This is why many radio antennas (like those on cars) must be very long.
Manmade radio waves have been used for a long time to send information, receive information, and to 'see' objects. Radar uses radio waves to 'see' distant objects by bouncing waves off an object and seeing how long it takes for the waves to return. Radios may also use these waves to send and receive information.
Natural radio waves were first discovered in the 1930's by a man named Jansky, working for Bell Laboratories. Before his discovery, everyone thought only people could generate radio waves. Bell was detecting static on his radio channels, and had Jansky try to figure out where this static, or interference was coming from. Surprisingly, the interference was coming from space! This discovery eventually led astronomers to look at radio waves along with optical waves to find things in the sky. These radio astronomers use giant Radio telescopes, shaped like satellite dishes, to gather and analyze the waves.

Bridge
A bridge is a structure built to cross an open space or gap. A bridge is most useful for crossing areas, such as rivers, valleys, or fissures, where wheeled vehicles are unable to go; but people have also used bridges for a long time for walking. Bridges may also be used to move vehicles in different directions without needing traffic control, such as with a highway overpass.
Bridges also have uses in the military, because the enemy might try to dig holes in the ground or create rivers in order to prevent tanks and the supply line from following. Military bridges have to be portable, so that they may be easily moved to the front lines, and so they are much more complex than regular civilian bridges.
Types of bridges.
There are four main types of bridges: beam bridges, cantilever bridges, arch bridges and suspension bridges. Beam bridges are mostly straight-out and simple. A cantilever bridge is a bridge built using cantilevers: structures that go horizontally into space, supported on only one end. Arch bridges are just that: Bridges that have arches. Suspension bridges are suspended (hung) from many steel ropes that support, or hold up, the bridge.

Mysticism
Mysticism is the belief that people can "directly" experience God or true reality, rather than through books, ritual or other people. People who practice this are called "mystics".
Mystics exist within most religions, though not all people who practice religions are mystics. Mystics may experience visions or dreams, or hear God as a voice.

Ontario
Ontario is a province of Canada. It lies in the Eastern half of Canada, between Manitoba and Quebec. Ontario has the most people of any province, with 11 874 400 in 2001. It has the second largest area for a province with 1 076 395 km². Quebec has a larger area. (Nunavut and Northwest Territories are also larger, but are called "territories" and not "provinces").
There is a large lake in Ontario known as Lake Ontario. It is one of the Great Lakes. Ontario shares a border with the United States and there are several border crossings including the one at Niagara Falls.
The capital of Ontario is Toronto. Ottawa, which is the capital of Canada, is also in Ontario. The government of Ontario sits at Queen's Park in Toronto. The leader of the government is called the "Premier". There is also a Lieutenant Governor of Ontario who represents the Queen.
Most of the people in Ontario live in the south, and that is where the big cities are. These cities include Toronto, London, Windsor, and Sarnia. The cities in the north are smaller. In the far north of Ontario hardly any people live at all, and there are no roads or railways.
Weather of Ontario.
Much of Ontario gets lots of snow in the winter. In the summer, it can get very hot in the south parts. In some big cities, there is smog in the summer.
History of Ontario.
Ontario became part of Canada when it was created in 1867. Before 1840, it was known as Upper Canada, which was a part of the British Empire. Between 1840 and 1867 it was known as Canada West.

Manitoba
Manitoba is a province of Canada. It lies roughly in the centre of Canada.
Manitoba is the 6th largest province with 647,797 km² area. It has the fifth largest number of people, with 1 150 000 in 2001. People from Manitoba are called "Manitobans".
Government.
The capital of Manitoba is the City of Winnipeg. Other larger cities in Manitoba include Steinbach and Brandon.
The people of Manitoba elected a legislature. The leader of the government, who is called the "Premier", is the leader of the largest party in the legislature. There is also a Lieutenant Governor, who represents the Queen. Right now, the premier of Manitoba is Gary Doer and the Lieutenant Governor is John Harvard.
The main political parties in Manitoba are the New Democratic Party, the Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba, and the Liberal Party.
History.
People have been living in Manitoba for thousands of years. Both the Hudson's Bay Company from England and many people from France moved to Manitoba during the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries. It became part of the Northwest Territory in 1869. The Red River Rebellion, which was started by Louis Riel, began in Manitoba.
Manitoba became part of Canada on 12 May 1870. It included only the southern part which is nearest to the United States. But parts of the Northwest Territory were added to Manitoba.

Head of government
The head of government of a country is the person who runs it. This is not always the same person as the head of state.
For example in the United States the president is both the head of state and the head of government. In the Republic of Ireland the president is the head of state but the Taoiseach is the head of government. In most modern monarchies the king (or queen) is the head of state but not the head of government.

Saskatchewan
Saskatchewan is a province of Canada. About 1 million people live in Saskatchewan. Most of its population lives in the southern part of the province. The primary industry in Saskatchewan is agriculture (farming), and the province is recognized by its wide horizons that stretch for miles (the land is really flat in the south, so you can see a very far way). There is a joke about the flat land in Saskatchewan: "My dog ran away last week." (The joke teller gazes out at the horizon.) "Yep, look at him go." Not all the land is flat prairie. There are beautiful scenic woodlands and forests in the central and northern regions and parklands with lakes for fishing. The province is punctuated by the North and South Saskatchewan rivers that run through it. The province is nicknamed "The Land of Living Skies". The largest city is Saskatoon followed by the province's capital, Regina. Saskatchewan is (approximately) a quadrilateral bounded on the west by Alberta, on the north by the Northwest Territories, on the east by Manitoba, and on the south by the American states of Montana and North Dakota. Saskatchewan was founded on September 1st, 1905.
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Classical music
Classical music, in its orchestral form, usually focuses on stringed instruments. Violins, violas, cellos, and double basses are all string instruments; together, a balanced group of these instruments makes an "orchestra". An orchestra has a conductor who sets the tempo (speed), and directs the orchestra with gestures while they play a piece, or a song.
For some pieces, a "symphonic orchestra" is needed. A symphonic orchestra is made up of stringed instruments, brass instruments, percussion (such as drums), and woodwinds. Brass instruments include the trumpet, trombone, french horn, and tuba. Woodwind instruments include the clarinet, flute, oboe and bassoon.
Classical music also exists in a "chamber" form. Small groups of players (up to 10) play in smaller rooms without a conductor. Lots of classical music is for very small combinations; single players on many instruments including the piano, duets for two players, trios for three and quartets for four players. The string quartet (two violins, one viola and one cello) is a very well-established type of quartet.
Voices often appear in classical music; in opera (staged drama set to music) and oratorio (like opera but without staging) and in songs, either with orchestral or chamber accompaniment. Classical music has a strong relationship with the church - it is true to say that all classical music can trace its roots back either to the need to dance and celebrate or the need to praise God.
Unlike rock and roll or pop music, classical music is not aimed at teenagers. In its roots and still today it can be argued, classical music is aimed towards people of a high social-economical class. It usually needs longer concentration than popular music, mainly because it tends to happen in longer chunks. It would be wrong to say that classical music only appeals to more sophisticated, older people. Some children as young as eight years of age play and appreciate classical music.
20th century.
In the 20th century, classical music changed a lot. From 1950, electronics began to be used to create new sounds, and electric instruments also began to feature sometimes. Since 1970, composers have tended to blur the dividing lines between rock, pop, classical, folk, jazz and world music, drawing on lots of starting-points to develop new material.

SNAFU
Snafu is an acronym that the United States armies first used. Civilians now use it, too. It means Situation Normal: All (Fucked/Fouled) Up.
First it meant "things are in a mess – as usual." SNAFU.
"The general's visit this week-end went well until we hit a snafu'". Everything went wrong after that."
"The general's visit this week-end went well until it snafued'". Everything went wrong after that."
"The general's visit this week-end went well until we snafued it."

Atlanta, Georgia
Atlanta is the capital city of Georgia, a state of the United States of America.
History.
Atlanta was built on Cherokee Native American land. It was called Terminus until 1843, when the name was changed to Marthasville. In 1845 the name was changed again to Atlanta.
During the American Civil War, Atlanta was where several battles happened. Some of the battles were the Battle of Peachtree Creek, the Battle of Atlanta, and the Battle of Ezra Church. Much of the city was destroyed. After the war, the city was built again, and got a nickname because it was built so fast: "the Phoenix City", after the bird which burns itself then rises from the ashes in old myths. A picture of the bird is on the city seal.
Atlanta became the state capital in 1868.
There have been racial problems in Atlanta. During riots in 1906, at least 12 people died and more than 70 other people were hurt. In 1913, a Jewish man named Leo Frank was tried in court for raping and killing a girl in a factory where he worked. He was found guilty, but then the government decided not to execute him because not everyone was convinced he had done it. This upset people who thought he had killed the girl, and there were more riots in 1915 and Frank was lynched (hanged with a rope until he died).
In the 1930s, the Great Depression came to Atlanta. Many people did not have jobs and were hungry. The city government was almost out of money and the Coca-Cola company gave the city some money to help. In 1935, the government built the first federal housing project in the United States.
Turner Broadcasting, which broadcasts CNN, has their main office in Atlanta.

Niccolò Machiavelli
Niccolò Machiavelli (May 3, 1469 – June 21, 1527) was a political philosopher, born in Florence, Italy.
Machiavelli is known today as the author of "The Prince". This book has influenced the practice of politics and the pursuit of power in modern history.
Machiavelli's best known book is The Prince, in which he describes the arts by which a Prince (a ruler) can retain control of his realm. He focuses primarily on what he calls the "new prince", under the assumption that a hereditary prince has an easier task since the people are accustomed to him. All a hereditary prince needs to do is carefully maintain the institutions that the people are used to; a new prince has a much more difficult task since he must stabilize his newfound power and build a structure that will endure. This task requires the Prince to be publicly above reproach but privately may require him to do immoral things in order to achieve his goals.

Supply line
A supply line is a large line of military supply vehicles, usually in convoy format. The line is useful for transporting needed supplies (food, medical supplies, ammo) to the front line. Without the supply line, a deployed army far from home would not be able to fight for long, as supplies would soon run out.
The enemy is most likely to target the supply line if not heavily defended, since once the supplies are cut off, the army will soon be unable to fight, and unable to reinforce, and so they will be forced to surrender or die.

Michigan
Michigan is the 11th largest state in the United States It is made up of two penninsulas (connected by the Mackinac Bridge). It was the 26th state to join the union on January 26, 1837. Michigan was also the first U.S. state to abolish the death penalty.
Economy.
Michigan is noted as the place where many automobiles were made, and it still shows today. 80% of Michigan's economy revolves around the car industry.
Michigan is 20% forest, which makes it very useful to the lumber industry. It also borders four of the Great Lakes, which are some of the largest reservoirs of fresh water in the world. Lake Superior is the largest body of freshwater in the world.
There has been much controversy over whether the state should sell or open pipelines to states with little or no water in the American Southwest, such as Nevada or Arizona. Even though this would greatly increase the economy it has been thought of as a bad ecological move which could possibly destroy the environment of Michigan.
Recreation and weather.
The state experiences four seasons, with the winter being predominant and severe in the north, while the south has more mild, equally long seasons. The northern areas are very popular for skiing in the winter. The National Ski Hall of Fame can be found in Ishpeming in the Upper Peninsula.
Due to the large amount of water surrounding the state, boating is very popular in the warmer months. There are more private boats registered in Michigan than in any other state.
Famous Michiganders.
Many famous people have come from Michigan. They include the singer Madonna, the comedian Andy Richter, singer Stevie Wonder, Anthony Kiedis, former president Gerald Ford, singer Kid Rock, rapper Eminem, the former Reverend Jim Bakker, basketball legend Magic Johnson, Diana Ross, and Aretha Franklin. Also it was the home of Henry Ford, the founder of Ford Motor Company.
Cities.
The capital city of Michigan is Lansing, and large cities include Detroit, Ann Arbor, Flint, Grand Rapids, and Saginaw. Marquette is the largest city in the Upper Penninsula.
Politics.
The current governor is Jennifer Granholm and its two national senators are Debbie Stabenow and Carl Levin. All three are members of the Democratic party.

Fullerenes
Fullerenes are soccer ball shaped forms of carbon, usually containing 60 carbon atoms. As in graphite, each molecule is bonded to three others. However, the molecule contains both five-membered as well as six-membered rings.
The melting point for the molecules is over 1000 degrees. If you heat them at about 300 degrees a vapor will form from the solid. They are named after a man called Buckminster Fuller, who was famous for his geodesic domes that look like a half of a soccer ball.

Caenorhabditis elegans
"Caenorhabditis elegans" ("C. elegans" [see el-eh-ganz] for short) is the name of an animal called a roundworm or nematode. "C. elegans" is about 1 mm long. The worms are not parasites. They live in soil and feed on bacteria. "C. elegans" is often a model organism, used to study animal development and behavior. It is the first multicellular organism for which scientists have been able to sequence its whole genome.
"C. elegans" has two types of sex: hermaphrodite and male. A hermaphrodite makes sperms when its in a larval stage and makes ova in an adult stage. A male can only make sperm. Males are a little smaller than hermaphrodites.
Study using "C. elegans" was begun in 1965 by Sydney Brenner. In laboratories, they are easy to keep alive. At 25ºC, they spend 14 hours as an embryo. Animals like "C. elegans" that don't take long to grow and are easy to feed are usually good organisms for research.
In 2002, the Nobel Prize for Medicine was awarded to Sydney Brenner, H. Robert Horvitz, and John E. Sulston for their work on how "C. elegans's" genes cause it to grow and cause some of its cells to die.

Saxe-Weimar
Saxe-Weimar () was a duchy in Thuringia, Germany. The chief town and capital was Weimar.
History.
Saxe-Weimar and Saxe-Gotha were the two original Ernestine Duchies. They both gradually shrank in size as land in Thuringia was divided among sons..
In 1741 Duke Ernest Augustus I of Saxe-Weimar inheritated the Duchy of Saxe-Eisenach. Ernest Augustus II, who succeeded in 1748, died in 1758, and his young widow, Anna Amalia, became regent for her infant son, Charles Augustus. The regency of Anna Amalia and the reign of Charles Augustus were important in the history of Saxe-Weimar. Both intelligent patrons of literature and art, Anna Amalia and Charles Augustus attracted to their court the leading scholars in Germany, including Goethe, Schiller and Herder, and made Weimar an important cultural centre.
Charles Augustus joined Prussia in the wars against France. After France won the Battle of Jena, Saxe Weimar was forced to join the Confederation of the Rhine in 1806. In 1809 Saxe-Weimar and Saxe-Eisenach, which had been separate duchies with the same duke became one country as the Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach.
Dukes of Saxe-Weimar.
Merged with Saxe-Eisenach to form Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach

Oldham
Oldham is a town in the North West of England. It is to the north-east of Manchester. It is part of Greater Manchester. Oldham was part of Lancashire until the 1970s.
Oldham is known for racial fights that happened in May 2001. It is the centre of the Borough of Oldham.
The town has an association football team, called Oldham Athletic. It also has a cricket club, called Oldham Cricket Club.
The composer, William Walton was born in Oldham.
The first test tube baby, Louise Joy Brown, was born in Oldham General Hospital on 25 July 1978.

Pakistan
Pakistan, official name Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country in South Asia, next to the Republic of India, Iran, Afghanistan, and China. It has a long coastline along the Arabian Sea in the south. Pakistan has the sixth largest population in the world and is the second largest Muslim country after Indonesia. Pakistan has the seventh largest armed forces in the world and is a nuclear power.
The name Pākistān (IPA://) means "Land of the Pure" in Urdu and Persian.
Pakistan has a total land area of 880,940 km², 34th largest in the world (including Pakistani-administered territories of Azad Kashmir and Northern Areas but excluding disputed territories with India).
Political divisions.
Pakistan consists of the following 4 provinces, two territories and two special administrative areas (both in Kashmir). These are furtherly divided into 26 divisions with 107 districts, each with several tehsils and union councils.
Among the four provinces, Punjab has the most people but Balochistan is the largest province by area.
(India refers to Azad Kashmir and the Northern Areas as the "Pakistan Occupied Kashmir"(POK).
History.
Pakistan became independent in 1947 from the British Empire but has a long history including the Indus Valley Civilisation. Until 1971, Pakistan also included an area east of India which is now called Bangladesh. It lost that area after a war with Indian Army and the Bengalis of Bangladesh.
During recent years Pakistan has been in the centre of world politics, firstly because of its support to guerillas in Afghanistan, following Soviet invasion 1979, and later during the1990s because of its cooperation with and support for the Taliban regime in Afghanistan. However, since 2000 Pakistan has basically supported the West in their war against fundamentalist muslim terrorism, including the removal of the Taliban regime in Afghanistan.
Pakistan is a member of the Commonwealth. However, after the war in East Pakistan the country was excluded (between 1972-1989); it was also between 1999 and 2004 and is currently excluded from the Commonwealth (since November 2007).
Geography.
Earthquakes are frequent in this area. The earthquake in 2005 with its epicentrum in Kashmir is the strongest so far. Over 100,000 people were killed or wounded on October 8, 2005.
Politics.
Pakistan is officially a federal republic, but during a long period in its history it shifted between a democratic state and a military dictatorship. Military dictators include Ayub Khan in the 1960s, General Zia-ul-Haq in the 1980s and General Pervez Musharraf between 1999 and 2008.
However, most Heads of State have been elected by the people.
Pakistan's two largest political parties are the Pakistan People's Party and the government party Pakistan Muslim League (Q) (which have military support).
On the 27th December 2007 the leader of the Pakistan People's Party, Benazir Bhutto, was assassinated.
Tourism.
Pakistan has several high mountain peaks. People from all the world come to climb in those mountains. The most famous mountain peak is K2. K2 is the second highest mountain peak in the world.
Demography.
97% of the inhabitants are Muslim. Most of the Muslims in Pakistan are Sunni Muslims (>75%) and Shia Muslims (20%), however a few minority groups exist. Pakistan also have some Christian, Hindu and animist minority groups in the northern parts of the country.
Languages.
Urdu and English are both official languages. Even if most people can speak Urdu, only about 8 percent of the population speak Urdu as their first language. Many people also speak Punjabi, Pushto, Sindhi and Baluchi.
Hinduism in Pakistan.
After the separation from British India, Hinduism had much less importance in the newly created state of Pakistan, but has played an important role in its culture and politics as well as the history of its regions. In fact, Pakistan has the 5th largest population of Hindus, after Sri Lanka.
The term Hindu is etymologically derived from the Sindhu (Indus River) of Pakistan. The Sindhu is one of the holy rivers of Hinduism. Thus, in many ways, the land which is today's heavily Muslim Pakistan has played an important part in the origin of Hinduism. There are approximately 3 million Hindus living in Pakistan.

New Zealand
New Zealand (also Aotearoa) is a country in the south-western Pacific Ocean. It is made up of two large islands (the "North Island" and "South Island") and several much smaller islands.
The official languages are English, Māori and sign language.
Name.
The name "New Zealand" comes from “Zeeland” in Dutch. Zeeland was a province of the Netherlands.
New Zealand is called “Aotearoa” in the Maori language. It means "Land of the Long White Cloud". "Ao" means “cloud”, "tea" means “white”, and "roa" means “long”.
Government and politics.
New Zealand is a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy. The head of state is Queen Elizabeth II. The Prime Minister is Mr. John Key.
New Zealand has made itself a "Nuclear Free Zone": They do not use nuclear power and do not allow nuclear weapons in their territory.
People.
About 4 million people live in New Zealand. They call themselves kiwis. Most of them have European ancestors. The indigenous people of New Zealand, the Māori, have a population of about 600,000 people. The North Island is smaller than the South Island, but most people (more than 3 million) live there.
The main religion in New Zealand is Christianity.
Cities.
Most New Zealanders live in cities. Wellington is the capital of New Zealand. Auckland is the largest city in New Zealand.
Other cities include Hamilton and Tauranga in the North Island, and Christchurch, Dunedin, Nelson and Invercargill in the South Island.
Nature.
New Zealand was isolated from the rest of the world for a long time. Because of this there are many plants and animals that only live in New Zealand. Before humans came to New Zealand, there were no mammals except two bat species. Instead New Zealand has many different kinds of bird, for example the kiwi.

South Korea
South Korea is a country in East Asia, in the southern part of the Korean peninsula. The capital city is Seoul. The official name of South Korea is the Republic of Korea (Hangul (native Korean script): 대한민국; Hanja (Chinese characters in Korean): 大韓民國).
History.
The history of South Korea begins after the Japanese occupation of Korea. Prior to the end of World War II and the surrender of Japan, control of the Korean peninsula fell under the United States and the Soviet Union. The Soviet government administered Korea north of the 38th Parallel, and the U.S. military administered Korea south of the 38th Parallel. This was done against the wishes of the Korean people; to this day, the bitter feelings permeate among countless Koreans.
Because the country was divided by two distinct governments of the Cold War, the northern half advocated Communism, while the southern half supported Democracy. Therefore, in August 15, 1948, Syngman Rhee was elected as the first president of the Republic of Korea. Meanwhile, on September 9, 1948, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea was established under Kim Il-Sung
On June 25, 1950, North Korea started the Korean War. America and dozens of other nations, under the umbrella of the UN, helped the South Koreans, and China helped the North Koreans. The war finally ended in 1953, but there was never any real peace treaty. The land between North Korea and South Korea became the Demilitarized Zone. No-one can go into the Demilitarized Zone, so the wildlife is well preserved. There are hundreds of thousands of North and South Korean soldiers and weapons on each side of the Demilitarized Zone, including to this day an American military presence.
Due to significant South Korean political and popular pressure, the US forces began withdrawing it's forces beginning in 2006. Currently the number is down from 35,000 to just over 26,000. More decreases are planned in the future as the US hands over more and more of the security responsibility for defending the South to the Military of the ROK. Although every South Korean Military leader has lobbied for a continued US Military presence, the government of President Roh Moo Hyun has repeatedly asked for South Korean Military autonomy. As a result, there is reduced popular and political support for defending South Korea in the US as more and more citizens are reluctant to spend tax dollars defending South Korea.
In addition, due to the recent thaw in relations between North and South Korea as well as beetween North Korea and the US (due to the recent dismantling of the North Korean nuclear facility), there is a growing atmosphere of progress between the two Koreas.
Politics.
The political system of South Korea has changed a lot. Here we will talk about the South Korean political system of today. Korea is a republic. The people elect the president. The president is the head of the government. He is also head of state. One person can be president for only five years. Together with parliament, the president chooses who will be prime minister. He also chooses who will be in the cabinet.
The South Korean parliament is the National Assembly or "Gukhoe" (국회). People elect the National Assembly every four years. There are 299 people on the National Assembly. 243 are elected by regional vote and the remainder are elected by proportional representation.
The highest court is the Supreme Court. The president chooses who will be on the Supreme Court. The National Assembly can vote "yes" or "no" on the president's choice.
There are several important political parties in South Korea today. Some of these parties are the Grand National Party, Hannara Party, Woori Party, and Millennium Democratic Party. There are also many small parties. the Grand National Party is considered right of center while the Woori Party is considered far left.
Cities and provinces.
South Korea has 1 Special City ("Teukbyeolsi"; 특별시; 特別市), 6 Metropolitan Cities ("Gwangyeoksi"; 광역시; 廣域市), and 9 Provinces ("do"; 도; 道). The names below are given in English, Revised Romanization, Hangul, and Hanja.
Religion.
In South Korea, 19.7% of people are Protestant, 6.6% are Catholic, 23.2% are Buddhist, 1.3% are other or unknown and 49.3% have no religion.

Republic of Ireland
Ireland is a country in Europe and is a member of the European Union. The country of Ireland's official description is the Republic of Ireland. It covers about five-sixths of the island of Ireland. The other sixth is called Northern Ireland, the part which is still part of the United Kingdom. The Republic's capital is Dublin. Cork is the second largest city in the republic of Ireland and the third largest in Ireland. The population of Ireland is just under six million. 4.2 million live in the Republic of Ireland and 1.7 live in Northern Ireland. English is the main language spoken. The Irish language is widely taught in all schools, and it is still spoken as a first language in some rural areas of the country, known as the Gaeltacht. Irish is the first official language, followed by English.
History.
Ireland had been under English or British control since the 1100s. Ireland was legally a separate country, with its own parliament (which was filled with English supporters when it met) and its own king (who was also the King of England). Britain and Ireland joined together and formed one country from 1801 until 1922. This was when the whole island of Ireland was part of the "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" (UK).
The Irish language was not used officially and some Irish culture suffered. Most Irish people wanted to rule themselves but the British Government kept most of the power in London.
On Easter Monday 1916 a small rebel army led by Irish patriot Pádraig Pearse attempted an uprising. The rebels had little ammunition and despite fighting bravely were soon defeated. The British Government executed the leaders of the uprising which sparked discontent in Ireland, and in Britain. At first there was not a lot of support for the "Easter Rising", but there was a lot more support after the executions. From 1919 the IRA, effectively led by General Michael Collins, waged a guerilla war against British forces in Ireland. The British Government sent veteran soldiers, known as the "Black and Tans", from the First World War to combat the I.R.A. The Black and Tans committed many atrocities and even shocked their own commanding officers. Due to the effective way in which Collins conducted the Irish war of independence, as well as the negative press generated by the actions of the Black and Tans, the British Government agreed to enter treaty discussions with the newly formed Daíl Eireann, or Irish parliament. The outcome of the treaty debate was a compromise. Northern Ireland would remain part of the U.K. and the remainder of Ireland would be an independent nation within the British commonwealth. Michael Collins led the pro treaty debate arguing that in time Ireland would eventually re-unite and withdraw from the commonwealth. The treaty was opposed by Éamon de Valera. Her and his supporters refused to accept the vote of Dáil Éireann, and a bloody civil war followed.
The leader of the pro-treaty forces, Michael Collins, was assassinated in his native Cork in August 1922. By the end of that year the anti treaty forces were defeated. In 1937 Éamon de Valera's new constitution was accepted in a referendum, and the Irish Free State was renamed Ireland ("Éire" in the Irish language). Ireland remained neutral during World War Two, but when Belfast was bombed de Valera sent aid to Northern Ireland. In 1955 Ireland joined the United Nations and in 1973 it joined the European Union. Since the early 1990s Ireland has become much richer in terms of G.D.P "per capita". Also the Catholic church, once a strong social force, has lost influence in recent years.
Politics.
Ireland is a parliamentary democracy. The head of State, the President, is elected for seven years by the adult citizens. The same president can only be elected twice (14 years). Most of the president's tasks are representing and ceremonial ones. The president has little power over the government.
The prime minister (Taoiseach) is selected by the parliament and the president has to accept him. The Taoiseach is usually the head of the biggest party.
The parliament (Oireachtas) is consists of the Dáil Éireann (Like the British House of Commons) and the Seanad (like the British House of Lords)
The main political parties in Ireland are Fianna Fail, Fine Gael, the Labour, Sinn Féin, the Green Party and the Progressive Democrats.

Vietnam
Việt Nam (commonly spelled Vietnam; Việtnamese for "Việt South" i.e., the nation of the Viet people in the South) is a country in Southeast Asia. The official name of the country is the Socialist Republic of Việt Nam. It is near China, Laos and Cambodia. The capital of Vietnam is Hànội. The largest city is Hồ Chí Minh City. That city was called "Sàigòn", before 1975. About 86.5 million people live in Vietnam.
When it was ruled by the Chinese Empire for many hundred years, it was called Annam ("peaceful south").
Vietnam was conquered by France in 1858. The French were very brutal and killed many innocent Vietnamese people. In 1930 Nguyễn Ái Quốc made the Vietnamese Independence League, called "Việt Nam Ðộc Lập Ðồng Minh Hội" (Việt Minh for short). The Japanese took over Vietnam in World War II. The Việt Minh fought against both the Japanese and the Vichy French. When the Japanese were beaten, the Vietnamese people, led by the Việt Minh started the August Revolution. Then, on September 2, 1945, Nguyễn Ái Quốc (who was now calling himself Hồ Chí Minh, meaning 'Hồ (a common last name) with the will of light') read the Declaration of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam in Ba Ðình Square, in Hànội. It was based on the American Declaration of Independence. Despite its intentions - a declaration that was supposed to bring freedom to the people of Vietnam - Vietnam is not a free country today, and the leadership went away from Hồ Chí Minh's ideas after his death, even falsifying his will and treating him almost like a god. Many religious and political activists are routinely harassed and jailed by the Vietnamese government because of their dissenting views.
Then the French came back, so Vietnam with Hồ Chí Minh as Premier fought a war for independence from France. The French surrendered in 1954 after the Battle of Dien Bien Phu. The nation was then divided into North Vietnam and South Vietnam. The anti-communist United States had a lot of influence in the South, and the communist and nationalist Việt Minh controlled the North. Hồ Chí Minh was extremely popular in the whole nation, so he became President of the Democratic Republic of (North) Việtnam. It was agreed that the nation would be reunited by elections in 1956. But, the Americans and the Southern government stopped the elections from happening because they expected Hồ Chí Minh to win. Dwight Eisenhower said he thought Hồ would win with around 80% of the vote if elections were held.
Soon, the USA was at war with Vietnam. This war was known as the American War, the Vietnam War, or the Second Indochinese War. Soon, South Vietnam became a military dictatorship. The Southern army removed the unpopular Ngo Dinh Diem from power and killed him.
On September 2, 1969, Independence Day, President Hồ Chí Minh died of heart failure. People all across the nation cried for him. Even the Sàigòn newspaper said, "Việt Nam loses a unique politician". But the Vietnamese government lied and said that he had died the next day.
On April 30, 1975, the National Liberation Front liberated Sàigòn and quickly renamed it Hồ Chí Minh City. The nation was fully reunified as the Socialist Republic of Vietnam on July 2, 1976.

Lance Armstrong
Lance Armstrong (born Lance Edward Gunderson on September 18 1971 in Plano, Texas, USA) is a American bicycle rider. He won the Tour de France seven times in a row, from 1999 to 2005. He did this several years after having brain surgery and testicular surgery, and a lot of chemotherapy in 1996, to treat testicular cancer that spread to his brain and lungs.
He used to race for the Discovery Channel Pro Cycling Team, but was only team leader during the Tour de France. He has been accused of doping but the only positive test he has given was for a drug he was later given official permission to use.
He retired in 2005 but he recently announced, that he was going to come back to the Tour de France in 2009.

Phoebe (moon)
Phoebe is a moon which goes around (orbits) the planet called Saturn. It takes eighteen months for Phoebe to go all the way around Saturn. It is half made out of rock, and half made out of ice. The ground on Phoebe is black, which means that it is very dark when seen from Earth. Phoebe does not have any air, and there is no water on its surface. Because there is no air or water, there are no people living there.
There are many craters on Phoebe. These are from asteroids and other things crashing into it, and leaving round marks on the surface.
Phoebe is slightly irregular, which means that it is not spherical, or circular. It has an average diameter of 220 km. This means that Phoebe is about 1/15th the size of Earth's moon.

Three Peaks Challenge
The Three Peaks Challenge is a challenge (a difficult task or job) which involves climbing three British mountains (a peak is the top of a mountain) in less than 24 hours. The three mountains are the highest of each of the three countries in the island of Great Britain.
Each year many people attempt (try) to do the challenge to raise money for charity. They do this by getting their friends and family to sponsor them (give them money). Many people do not do the challenge for charity. They do it simply because they enjoy walking in the mountains and they want to try something difficult. These people usually do it in small groups. Some of them will do the walking, and others will do the driving and the cooking for them. Some people have completed the challenge very quickly. The record is fifteen hours.
Reasons why some people do not like the challenge.
Recently, the challenge has become more popular. People who live near the mountains often do not like having cars around in the middle of the night. Conservation groups blame people doing the challenge for dropping litter and damaging the landscape. Some people park their cars in inconsiderate places. Thousands of people attempt the challenge each year. Supporters of the challenge say that only a few people cause these problems, and most behave well.
The usual route.
Most attempts are made in the summer, because the days are long and the weather is good. In the winter it is dark for most of the day and can be very cold. The weather up the mountains can change very quickly, and some people die in blizzards (storms of snow) in the winter. Most people who attempt the challenge use the same route, because it is the easiest way of doing the challenge in 24 hours.
They start with Ben Nevis at about five o'clock. It takes about three hours to climb this mountain, so they reach the summit (the top) at about eight o'clock, and return to the bottom at about ten o'clock. In the summer it is still light in Britain at this time. If people start climbing Ben Nevis too early they will arrive at Scafell Pike too early the next morning and it will still be dark. It is important to be quick at the bottom of the mountains. There is not much time so food is usually prepared by others waiting at the bottom. When the climbers arrive they usually leave straight away and eat while they are on the road.
The next mountain is Scafell Pike, in the Lake District of northern England. The jouney between Ben Nevis and Scafell Pike is longer than the journey between Scafell Pike and Snowdon. This is why it is done at night, when it is too dark to climb. The journey takes six or seven hours, and the walkers usually go to sleep. The next morning they arrive at Scafell Pike at about half past four. In the summer it is light by this time. Scafell Pike is not as high as the other mountains, but is more difficult.
If it is climbed quickly enough and the walkers do not get lost they can return to the bottom by about nine o'clock. It takes several hours to get to Snowdon in Wales. The walkers are usually very tired and worried that there is not enough time. If they arrive at the bottom of Snowdon at half past one in the afternoon they can climb it in two hours. This leaves them an hour and a half to get back to the bottom. If they were too slow on the other mountains or the journeys in between they might have to run!
You need to be quite fit to do the challenge in 24 hours, but people who are young and active, and people who are used to hillwalking, can do it. Compared to some mountains in the world, all the mountains in Britain are small. If the weather is bad or the drivers are slow it is very difficult.

Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania is one of the 50 states in the United States of America. It is located in the northeastern section of the country. It has a border with Ohio on the west, West Virginia on the south and west, Maryland and Delaware on the south, New Jersey on the east, and New York and Lake Erie on the north.
The state capital of Pennsylvania is Harrisburg. The largest city in Pennsylvania is Philadelphia. The state nickname of Pennsylvania is "The Keystone State". The current governor of Pennsylvania is Edward Rendell.
Pennsylvania is well known for its role in the American Revolution, its large communities of Amish, and its heavy industry.
History.
Pennsylvania was home to many Native American groups before Europeans settled there. These include the Delaware, Susquehanna, and Iroquois.
The first European settlers in Pennsylvania were from Sweden. They arrived in 1643. The area was later ruled by the Netherlands and Great Britain. In 1681, Charles II of England, gave the land to William Penn. Penn used the land to create a home for Quakers. The land became known as "Penn's Woods", as Pennsylvania has many forests. In Latin this is "Pennsylvania". This became adopted as the name of the colony.
Meanwhile, in the western part of the state, armies from France and Great Britain fought for control of the source of the Ohio River. This conflict was part of the French and Indian War. Great Britain eventually won the conflict for this location and built a fort called Fort Pitt. The fort grew into a city which is now called Pittsburgh.
The state of Delaware was once part of Pennsylvania. In 1704, Delaware formed when three Pennsylvania counties left the colony and created their own government.
Pennsylvania was one of the 13 colonies that fought Great Britain in the American Revolution. The United States Declaration of Independence was signed in Philadelphia. Benjamin Franklin, an important figure in the Revolution, was also from Philadelphia. Pennsylvania was the second state to join the United States. Philadelphia was capital of the United States before Washington, D.C..
Later, Pennsylvania became an important center of industry. Kerosene was discovered in Titusville in the 19th century. This was the start of the oil industry in the United States. Large deposits of coal were found in and around Pittsburgh. This caused Pittsburgh to become a major industrial city.
Industry began leaving Pennsylvania in the late 20th century, because most heavy industry was being transferred to other nations. This caused the population to drop profoundly. It also caused many of its cities and towns to decay.
Geography.
Most of Pennsylvania is part of the Appalachian Mountains, including the south central and northeastern areas of the state. Much of the rest of the state is very hilly, partly due to the closeness to mountains and partly due to the steep river valleys in the state. The Monongahela, Allegheny, and Ohio rivers are in the western part of the state, and the Susquehanna is in the central part of the state. The northwestern and southeastern parts of the state are mostly flat and low-lying.
Pennsylvania is the 33rd largest state in the United States, with a land area of 44,817 square miles. The highest point in the state is Mount Davis, at 3,213 feet above sea level. The lowest point is the Delaware River, which is at sea level.
Demographics.
Pennsylvania is the 6th most populated state. In 2000, the population was 12,281,054.
More than half of the population lives in the areas of Pittsburgh and Philadelphia. Few people live in the north central area of the state. Towns and cities tend to be small in size and densely populated, more so than in other states. This is because many of the towns and cities in Pennsylvania were built around a specific factory or factories.
Education.
Pennsylvania has many colleges and universities. Officially, the state's public university is Pennsylvania State University. Best known are a few private university systems which are partially (around 10%) funded by the state, like University of Pittsburgh. The state's most well-known private university is the University of Pennsylvania, an Ivy League institution. Pennsylvania also has a number of state run colleges located in Bloomsburg, California, Cheyney, Clarion, East Stroudsburg, Edinboro, Indiana, Kutztown, Lock Haven, Mansfield, Millersville, Shippensburg, Slippery Rock, and West Chester. Those fourteen schools make up one of the largest state run higher education systems in the country. Other significant private universities are Carnegie-Mellon University, known for its computer science research, and Bucknell University.

Box
A box is a container used to put things in. It is mainly a cuboid shape, but it can be other shapes too. Boxes are usually made out of cardboard, wood, plastic or metal.
Many boxes are made of cardboard, and a lot of them are made, which are primarily used for packaging commercial goods or storing goods and materials. They can be made from bent or wrinkled cardboard. In their most obvious life stage they are popularly used as a cheap material for the construction of a range of projects, among them being science experiments, children's toys, costumes and other things.
A box also means a rectangle, "e.g. userbox". But rectangles are mainly referred to as rectangles, the term box is the outline, or perimeter of the rectangle.

Philippines
The Philippines is a country with more than 7,000 islands. It is in the Pacific Ocean and about 100 kilometers southeast from Asia. Spain (1521-1898) and the United States (1898-1946), colonized (controlled) the country. The Philippines, South Korea, and East Timor are the only nations in East Asia where most people practice Christianity.
The Philippine Islands is surrounded on the east by the Philippine Sea, on the west by the South China Sea, and on the south by the Celebes Sea. Borneo island is a few hundred kilometers to the southwest and Taiwan is directly north. On the eastern side of the Philippine Sea is Palau.
Before the Spanish came.
Human fossils were found proving that many people settled in the Philippines for thousands of years. The Negritos or Aetas, crossed prehistoric land or ice to settle in the islands' land. Many groups of Austronesian or Malayan people began to come to the Philippines in the first millennium, pushing the aboriginal population into the interior or absorbing them through intermarriage.
Chinese merchants arrived in the 8th century. The rise of powerful Buddhist kingdoms enabled trade with the Indonesian archipelago, India, Japan and Southeast Asia. Factional fighting among the kingdoms of Southeast Asia weakened their strength. In the meantime, the spread of Islam through commerce and proselytism, much like Christianity, brought traders and missionaries into the region; Arabs set foot in Mindanao in the 14th century. When the first Europeans arrived, led by Ferdinand Magellan in 1521, there were rajahs as far north as Manila, who historically were tributaries of the kingdoms of Southeast Asia. However, the islands were essentially self-sufficient and self-ruling.
Arrival of the Spaniards.
The Spanish led by Conquistador Miguel Lopez de Legazpi claimed and colonized the islands in the 16th century and named it "Filipinas" after King Felipe II. Roman Catholicism was immediately introduced. The Philippines was ruled from New Spain (Mexico) and a trade began in the 18th century began using galleons acros the Pacific Ocean. Some rebellions and violence started in the towns near the ocean and during the next three centuries because of some unfairness in the government.
In 1781, Governor José Basco y Vargas founded the Economic Society of Friends of the Country to make the Philipines independent of New Spain.
The country opened up during the 19th century. The rise of an ambitious, more nationalistic Filipino middle class and the Chinese mestizo community, signaled the end of Spanish colonialism in the islands. Enlightened by the Propaganda Movement to the injustices of the Spanish colonial government, they asked for independence. Jose Rizal, the most famous propagandist, was arrested and put to death in 1896 for acts of subversion. Soon after, the Philippine Revolution broke out, led by the Katipunan, a secret revolutionary society founded by Andres Bonifacio and later led by Emilio Aguinaldo. The revolution nearly succeeded in ousting the Spanish by 1898.
That same year Spain and the United States fought the Spanish-American War, after which Spain gave up the Philippines to the United States for US$20 million. The Filipinos had declared independence by that time and the assertion of American control led to the Philippine-American War that officially ended in 1901, but fighting continued well into 1913. The American regime imposed the English language as the lingua franca in the islands through free public education. The status of the country was turned into that of a US commonwealth in 1935, which provided for more self-governance.
Between 1899 and 1913 the American-Philippines war waged, about one million Philippines and over 5000 american soldiers lost their lifes.
Independence was finally given in 1946, after the World War II. The years right after that had many
post-war problems. People were also not happy during the unpopular dictatorship of Ferdinand Marcos, who was made to leave the presidency in 1986. Later, the continuing problem of communist insurgency and Muslim separatism.
Politics.
The government of the Philippines, is similar to the Government of the United States of America. The President of the Philippines works as the head of state, the head of government, and the commander in chief of the Military of the Philippines and the armed forces. The president is elected by voting just as in America. He stays as the president for 6 years. He is the leader of the cabinet.
The bicameral Philippine legislature, the Congress of the Philippines, consists of the Senate of the Philippines and the House of Representatives of the Philippines; members of both are elected by popular vote. There are 24 senators serving 6 years in the Senate while the House of Representatives consists of no more than 250 congressmen each serving 3-year terms.
The judiciary branch of the government is headed by the Supreme Court of the Philippines, which has a Chief Justice as its head and 14 Associate Justices, all appointed by the president.
The Philippines is a founding and prominent member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). It is also an active participant of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), a member of the Group of 24 and one of the 51 founding members of the United Nations on October 24,1945.
Regions and Provinces.
Local Government. The parts of Philippines are "local government units" (LGUs). The province is the top unit. There are 79 provinces in the country (2002). In the provinces there are cities and municipalities (towns). In these municipalities there are smaller "barangays" (villages). The "barangay" is the smallest local government unit.
All provinces are in 17 regions for administration (organisation). Most government offices have regional offices for the provinces. The regions do not have a separate local government, except the Muslim Mindanao and Cordillera regions, which have their own power.
Regions.
¹ Names are capitalized because they are acronyms, containing the names of the constituent provinces or cities).
Geography.
The Philippines has 7,107 islands. Together there are about 300,000 square kilometers of land. The islands are in three groups: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. Luzon is the largest island and Mindanao is the second largest. The Visayas are the group of islands in the central part of the Philippines. The busy port of Manila, on Luzon, is the country's capital and it is the second-largest city after Quezon City. In the Visayas, Cebu City is the largest city. In Mindanao, Davao City is the largest city.
The climate is hot, humid (there is a lot of water in the air), and tropical. The average temperature all year is around 26.5°Celsius. Filipinos usually say there are three seasons: "Tag-init" or "Tag-araw" (the hot season or summer from March to May), "Tag-ulan" (the rainy season from June to November), and "Tag-lamig" (the cold season from December to February).
The Philippines is in the Pacific Ring of Fire (zone of frequent earthquakes and volcanic eruptions). Most of the mountainous islands had a lot of tropical rainforests a long time ago. They started as volcanoes. The highest place is Mount Apo on Mindanao at 2,954 m. Many volcanoes in the country, for example Mount Mayon, are active. The country also has about 19 typhoons per year.
Taal Volcano is an island within Taal Lake which sits in a ancient caldera. Located in Batangas Province, it's about 2 hours by bus going south from Manila. The jump-off point in Talisay. It's suitable for day trips and overnighters.
Problems.
There are problems with nature because the rainforest is becoming smaller and marine pollution (dirtiness) is increasing.
Economy.
The Philippines is a developing country. In 1998 the Philippine economy — a mixture of agriculture, light industry, and support services — deteriorated because of the spillover from the Asian financial crisis and poor weather conditions. Growth fell to 0.6% in 1998 from 5% in 1997, but recovered to about 3% in 1999 and 4% in 2000. The government has promised to continue its economic reforms to help the Philippines match the pace of development in the newly industrialised countries of East Asia.
The strategies are improving infrastructure, fixing the tax system to help the government income, supporting deregulation (to remove government control) and privatisation of the economy, and increasing trade within the region. Future prospects depend heavily on the economic performance of the two major trading partners, the United States and Japan.
People.
Around 89 million people live in the Philippines as of 2006. Most people in the Philippines are of Austronesian stock. The ethnic Chinese, who have helped run businesses since the 9th century, also live in the country. The Negritos live in the mountains of Luzon and Visayas. The rest of the groups are the Spanish, Mexicans and North Americans and others, and live throughout the country's major cities.
The people of the Philippines are known as "Filipinos". Filipinos are divided into many groups, the three largest are the Tagalogs, Cebuanos, and the Ilocanos. When the Philippines was a colony, the term "Filipino" used to mean the Spanish and Spanish-mestizo minority. But now everyone living in the Philippines is called "Filipino". Even then, it is still has the most different ethnic groups in Asia.
People also call Filipinos, "Pinoy" for short.
Languages.
Filipino and English are the official languages. Filipino is based largely on Tagalog, the language spoken in Manila and neighboring provinces. Other local languages are Cebuano and Ilocano and many others. English is used in government, schools and business. Filipino is used more in speaking and in the media.
Other languages are Chinese and Arabic.
Culture.
Filipino culture is strongly influenced by both Western and Eastern traditions. It is a mix of native (Austronesian), Spanish, Mexican, American, Negrito and Chinese cultures.
Before the Spanish arrived, the Filipinos did not think of themselves as one people. The Spaniards came in 1565, and brought with them Spanish culture. They soon spread to the islands making forts and schools, preaching Christianity, and converting the native peoples to the Catholic religion. When the United States colonized the islands in 1898, the Americans brought with them their culture, which has the strongest influence up to now. This makes the Philippines the most Westernized country in eastern Asia.
Each year major festivities called "barrio fiestas" are held. They commemorate the Patron saints of the towns, villages and regional districts. The festivities includes church services, street parades, fire works, feastings, dance contests and cockfights.
Religion.
Most of the people in the Philippines are Christians. About 92% of the people are Christians. Most people in the Philippines belong to the Roman Catholic faith (81%). A small percentage of the people are Protestants (2%),Members Church of GOD International (3%),Iglesia ni Cristo (.4%)Muslims (5%), or Buddhists (2%). There are also someHindus and other religions (with 6.6%).

Fawlty Towers
"Fawlty Towers" was a popular British TV comedy. It was broadcast by the BBC from 1975. It ended in 1979. Only twelve episodes were ever broadcast, however the show is still popular with people. Fawlty Towers has influenced other comedies.
It is set in a hotel in the coastal town of Torquay.
Main characters.
The owners of the hotel are Basil Fawlty (played by John Cleese) and his wife Sybil (Prunella Scales).
They are helped by Polly, a young British maid (Connie Booth) and Manuel, a clumsy waiter from Barcelona in Spain (Andrew Sachs).
In later episodes (from series two onwards) there is also a chef, Terry (Brian Hall).
Basil is a rude man, who fought in the Korean War. He has been married to Sybil for fifteen years. Sybil and Basil do not appear to really love each other. Polly has a talent for painting, and this is shown in some episodes when her artwork is laid upon the front desk, annoying Basil. Manuel speaks only a little English and he often makes mistakes. When he makes a mistake Basil usually apologizes to the guests by saying, "I'm so sorry, he's from Barcelona."
Other characters.
The Major (Ballard Berkeley) is a regular guest; he's old and forgetful. The aged and easily shocked Miss Tibbs (Gilly Flower) and Miss Gatsby (Renee Roberts) are also regular guests.
Episodes.
There were twelve episodes of Fawlty Towers made.
The first 6 episodes were made in 1975, the last 6 in 1979. Fawlty Towers still has many fans, and many people regard it as the best comedy series made by the BBC. It was voted 5th in a poll in Britain to find "Britain's Best Sitcom" 2004.
One of the most famous episodes is "The Germans". In that episode, people from Germany are visiting the Hotel. Basil dislikes Germans, because he blames them for starting World War II. He tells his staff not to mention the war ("Don't mention the war!"). He himself continually mentions the war, and even imitates Hitler.

Custom
A custom (also called a tradition) is any thing which lots of people do, and have done for a long time. Usually, the people come from the same country, culture, time or religion. If something is usually done the same way, you might say that is the "customary way" of doing things.
The meaning of "culture" is similar to the meaning of custom. A custom is more about practices, while culture is more about ideas or a group of customs. A custom overall is just similar to culture and culture means the way of life of a people.
Custom can also have a second meaning, as in "Custom paint job" on a car. This means paintwork that has been specially changed.

Fort Ouiatenon
Fort Ouiatenon was the first fortified European settlement in what is now the U.S. state of Indiana. It is approximately three miles southwest of modern-day West Lafayette.
Fort Ouiatenon was originally constructed by the French government in 1717 as a military outpost to protect against Great Britain's western expansion. Its location among the unsettled woodlands of the Wabash River valley also made it a key center of trade for fur trappers. French merchants and trappers from Quebec would arrive at Fort Ouiatenon in search of beaver pelts and to take advantage of trade relations with the native Wea Native American tribes.
At its peak level of activity during the mid-18th century Fort Ouiatenon was home to over 2,000 residents. In 1761, during the French and Indian War, a contingent of British soldiers led by Lieutenant Edward Jenkins captured and occupied the fort. In 1763 an uprising led by Chief Pontiac of the Ottawa Native American tribe surprised Lieutenant Jenkins and his men and captured Fort Ouiatenon without firing a shot. Seven similar posts were also captured in what became known as Pontiac's Uprising.
The British made little use of Fort Ouiatenon after the French and Indian War; it was never garrisoned. During the 1780's local Indian tribes used it as a base of operations to stage raids against American settlers pushing westward. Consequently President George Washington ordered the fort to be destroyed in 1791.
In 1930 a replica of Fort Ouiatenon was built near its original site by a local physician named Richard Wetherill. In 1970 the site was placed on the National Register of Historic Places by the U.S. Department of the Interior. Today Fort Ouiatenon is open to tourists and is the location of the annual Feast of the Hunters' Moon.

Chennai
Chennai (formerly known as Madras) is the capital city of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It has a population of about 7 million people. Almost 10% of all of the people in the state live in Chennai. The city is the fourth largest city of India. It was founded in 1661 by the British East India Company. The city is located on the Coromandel Coast of the Bay of Bengal.
Chennai is the automobile capital of India. It is also referred as the Detroit of South Asia. The long Marina Beach in Chennai, is one of the longest beaches in the world. The city is separated into three parts by two rivers. The Cooum River divides the city into almost half and the Adyar River divides the southern half of the city into two parts. The historic Buckingham canal runs through the city. It is almost parallel to the coast. The 350 year old city still has much of its old charm. Today, it is a big commercial and industrial centre. The city has much cultural heritage. The temples, shrines, forts and palaces of the city combine it's past with the present.
History.
Chennai and its nearby area has been an important administrative, military and economic centre back to the 1st century. Many South India kingdoms like the Pallava, the Chola, the Pandya and Vijayanagara Empires have ruled over the area. The British controlled the town in 1749. Under British control, the city grew into a major urban centre and naval base. The city grew up around the English settlement of Fort Saint George. It slowly grew in the nearby towns and villages. Chennai became the capital of Madras state the India became independant in 1947. The state was later renamed as Tamil Nadu is 1968.
Accessibility.
Chennai is connected by airways, railways and roads with all the major towns of the country.
Railways.
Chennai railway station is connected with all the major railway stations of the country. These include Delhi, Mumbai, Calcutta, Ahmedabad, Bangalore, Cochin, Hyderabad, Lucknow, and Varanasi.
Airport.
The airport in Chennai is directly linked to airports of Delhi, Mumbai, Calcutta, Ahmedabad, Bangalore, Goa, Bhubaneswar, Cochin, Hyderabad, Port Blair and Pune.

Mumbai
Mumbai (known as Bombay until 1994) is a natural harbor on the west coast of India, and is the capital city of Maharashtra state. It is India's largest city, and one of the world's most populous cities. It is called the commercial capital of India.
It has the Bombay Stock Exchange and all major financial trading is done here.
Location and History.
Located on the West Coast of India, the groups of islands which have grown into the city of Mumbai, was probably first recorded as the home of fisherfolk where a group of Buddhist monks established an outpost late during the Magadhan empire. The islands were tossed from one king to another emperor for two millennia, until the maritime trade empire of the British decided to develop the natural harbour into a city. In the four hundred years since then, the city has grown by a series of land reclamations which now link the original islands into one mass.
By Any Other Name.
The city was called for much of the last four hundred years. The origin of the name is obscure, but is often said to come from the Portuguese phrase bom bahia meaning "good bay". The name Mumbai has been used in the main local languages for as long, and is ascribed to the local goddess, Mumba (ai means mother in Marathi, a native dialect of the state of Maharashtra). The name of the city was changed to Mumbai by an act of the parliament in 1997.
It's a Big City.
Estimated to hold about 15 million people (a census is on in the years 2000-2001), the city has grown dramatically in the last fifty years. The core area called the "Island City" has the most expensive real estate in all of India. As a result, the city has grown far into the mainland both to the north and the east. It is not unusual for people to commute more than an hour to work each day. Getting water, power and food into the city is a major task, which is handled reasonably by civic agencies planning bodies and people going about their business.

Bangalore
Bangalore is the capital city of the Indian state of Karnataka. It is famous for its Information technology industry and is called the Silicon Valley of India.

Akbar the Great
Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar was the greatest Mughal ruler of India. He ruled the Mughal Empire from 1556 C.E. to 1605 C.E.. He is also known as Akbar the Great (Akbar-e-Azam). He was born October 15, 1542 and died October 27 C.E., 1605 C.E.. He was the son of Nasiruddin Humayun and Hamida.
His son's name was Salim but also known as Jehangir. Akbar's favorite courtier was Birbal. Akbar was very eager to learn about other religions and faiths and even though he could not read he loved to have people reading to him. Akbar had also built a palace called Fatehpur Sikri which served him as a capital from 1565-81.He had nine gems in his court.

New Delhi
New Delhi is the capital city of the modern Republic of India. More than ten million people live in this city. It has a very old history. It is in the north of India.

Edmund Hillary
Sir Edmund Percival Hillary, (born July 20, 1919, died January 11, 2008) was a New Zealand mountaineer and explorer. Along with Sherpa guide Tenzing Norgay, he was the first successful person to climb Mount Everest on May 29, 1953. Mount Everest is the tallest mountain on earth. During his teenage years, Edmund Hillary had attended Auckland Grammar School.
Sir Edmund Hillary was the first New Zealander in the world to conquer the mighty Mt. Everest in Nepal. He is on the New Zealand five dollar note. He also climbed ten other mountains after Mount Everest, all of which are also located in the Himalayas.
Early Life.
Hillary was born to Percival Augustus Hillary and Gertrude Hillary, née Clark, in Auckland, New Zealand, on 20 July 1919. His family moved to Tuakau (south of Auckland) in 1920, after his father (who served at Gallipoli) had gotten land there. His grandparents were early settlers in northern Wairoa in the mid 19th century after moving from Yorkshire, England.
Hillary learned at Tuakau Primary School and then Auckland Grammar School. He finished primary school two years early, but he did not do very well at high school. At first, he was smaller than other students there and very shy so he felt safe with his books and often thought of a life filled with adventure. Every day, he rode a train to and from high school, and he often used this time to read. Learning how to box helped him become more confident. At age 16 his interest in climbing started during a school trip to Mount Ruapehu. Although very tall at 6 ft 5 in (195cm), he found that he was stronger than many of his fellow hikers.
He learned about mathematics and science at The University of Auckland, and in 1939 he completed his first important climb, which was reaching the top of a mountain called Mount Ollivier. With his brother Rex, Hillary became a beekeeper during summertime, which allowed him to do climbing in the winter.

Wright brothers
The Wright brothers, Orville Wright (August 19, 1871 - January 30, 1948) and Wilbur Wright (April 16, 1867 - May 30, 1912), are sometimes credited for making the first controlled, powered, heavier-than-air flight on December 17, 1903. They had been experimenting for many years with gliders and similar vehicles before their first powered flight. They are known for making the first logical method to steer an airplane.Their first test flight took place in Kitty Hawk Heights, North Carolina though they designed the aircraft in Dayton, Ohio.

Charles Darwin
Charles Robert Darwin (February 12, 1809 - April 19, 1882) was an English naturalist. He is most famous for proposing the theory of evolution. This theory says that all types of living organisms came from a common ancestor. He said the way that groups of organisms changed was through natural selection of the fittest, most well adapted or most successful organisms over other, less fit ones. He also said that some organisms are better adapted because of normal differences brought about by mutations (changes in the genes). Since some differences might make an organism more successful, it would have a better chance to survive, and would pass on its genes to future generations. Any difference that would cause the organism to have a lower survival rate would be less likely to be passed on, and might die out sooner.
He first thought of this theory in 1838. Historians think that he did not talk about his theory because he was afraid that people would not like his theory if it showed questions about religion. So he did not publish it in a book until 1859, when he heard that another scientist, Alfred Wallace had the same ideas. Wallace was close to publishing his ideas, so Darwin gave a lecture talking about his own and Wallace's ideas, then published his book. The name of the book was "On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life". This is also just called "The Origin of Species".

Adam Smith
Adam Smith (1723 - July 17, 1790) was a Scottish economist, who is regarded as the Father of Modern Economics. His book, "An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations", was very important. People call the book just the "Wealth of Nations". It said some of the ideas on which modern economics is based. In the "Wealth of Nations" Adam Smith asks 'what can a person do that is best for his country?' He decides that if every person does what is best for himself and his little circle of family and friends, then the country will do better. This is because every person knows a lot about his own situation (what he needs, what he wants, what works and what does not work), much more than the government knows. This sort of thinking is called "liberal theory", a main part of liberalism.
He was also a philosopher who wanted to know why people thought (felt) that some things are good and others bad. He wrote another book called "The Theory of Moral Sentiments". He thought that sympathy was very important in ethics. Sympathy is when you see how someone else is feeling, imagine what it feels like, and then end up feeling the same way: for Smith, sympathy is like "putting yourself in someone else's shoes". For example, sympathy makes us feel happy to see someone else who is happy, or feel sorry for someone who is sad. Sympathy may even make "us" feel pain when we see someone in pain (as if "we" had been hurt). Both Smith and his friend David Hume, who was another Scottish philosopher, wrote about the importance of sympathy in ethics.

Isaac Newton
Sir Isaac Newton (January 4, 1643 – March 31, 1727) was an English physicist and mathematician. He is famous for his work on the laws of motion, optics, gravity, and calculus. He was born in Lincolnshire, England.
He started his education at the The King's School, Grantham. After a few years, his mother
called him back to his home and asked him to do farming. But, his teacher begged for Isaac to come
back to his school. So, after one year he did so. Later, he wrote a paper called the "Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica" which became very famous.
Early life.
Isaac Newton was born in 1643 (The same year Galileo Galilei died) in a manor house in Lincolnshire, England. His father had died three months before his birth. When Isaac was three his mother remarried, and Isaac remained with his grandmother. He was not interested in the family farm, so he was sent to the University of Cambridge to study.
Early workings.
Isaac Newton explained the workings of the universe through mathematics. He described laws of motion and gravitation. These laws are math formulas that explain how objects move when a force acts on them. Isaac published his most famous book, Principia, in 1687 while he was a mathematics professor at Trinity College, Cambridge. In the Principia, Isaac explained three basic laws that govern the way objects move. He then described his idea, or theory, about gravity. Gravity is the force that causes things to fall down. If a pencil fell off a desk, it will land on the floor, not the ceiling. In his book Isaac also used his laws to show that the planets revolve around the suns in orbits that are oval, not round.
The three laws.
Isaac Newton used three laws to explain the way objects move. They are called Newton’s Laws of Motion.
The first law (Law of Inertia).
The First Law states that an object that is not being pushed or pulled by some force will stay still, or will keep moving in a straight line at a steady speed. It is easy to understand that a bike will not move unless something pushes or pulls it. It is harder to understand that an object will continue to move without help. Think of the bike again. If someone is riding a bike and jumps off before the bike is stopped, what happens? The bike continues on until it falls over. The tendency of an object to remain still, or keep moving in a straight line at a steady speed is called inertia.
The second law (Law of Acceleration).
The Second Law explains how a force acts on an object. An object accelerates in the direction the force is moving it. If someone gets on a bike and pushes the pedals forward the bike will begin to move. If someone gives the bike a push from behind, the bike will speed up. If the rider pushes back on the pedals the bike will slow down. If the rider turns the handlebars, the bike will change direction.
The third law (Law of Reciprocal Actions).
The Third Law states that if an object is pushed or pulled, it will push or pull equally in the opposite direction. If someone lifts a heavy box, they use force to push it up. The box is heavy because it is producing an equal force downward on the lifter’s arms. The weight is transferred through the lifter’s legs to the floor. The floor presses upward with an equal force. If the floor pushed back with less force, the person lifting the box would fall through the floor. If it pushed back with more force the lifter would fly into the air.
The discovery of gravity.
When most people think of Isaac Newton, they think of him sitting under an apple tree watching an apple fall to the ground. When he saw the apple fall, Newton began to think about a specific kind of force — gravity. Newton understood that gravity was the force of attraction between two objects. He also understood that an object with more matter – mass - exerted the greater force, or pulled the smaller object toward it. That meant that the large mass of the earth pulled objects toward it. That is why the apple fell down instead of up, and why people don’t float in the air. But this image of Isaac Newton never happened.
Early workings in the field of gravity.
Isaac Newton thought about gravity and the apple. He thought that maybe gravity was not just limited to the earth and the objects on it. What if gravity extended to the moon and beyond? Isaac calculated the force needed to keep the moon moving around the earth. Then he compared it with the force that made the apple fall downward. After allowing for the fact that the moon is much farther from the earth, and has a much greater mass, he discovered that the forces were the same. The moon is held in an orbit around earth by the pull of earth’s gravity.
Impact.
Isaac Newton’s calculations changed the way people understood the universe. No one had been able to explain why the planets stayed in their orbits. What held them up? Less than 50 years before Isaac Newton was born it was thought that the planets were held in place by an invisible shield. Isaac proved that they were held in place by the sun’s gravity. He also showed that the force of gravity was affected by distance and by mass. He was not the first to understand that the orbit of a planet was not circular, but more elongated, like an oval. What he did was to explain how it worked.
But the great physicist, Albert Einstein, thought that Newton's work was wrong. He corrected many of the things that Newton did.
Death.
Isaac Newton died on March 31, 1727 in London, England. He is buried in Westminster Abbey. He set the stage for many great physicists to come, such as Albert Einstein, James Chadwick, and Stephen Hawking.

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (pronounced ‘GUR-te’ with “oe” like the French “eu” in “beurre”) (August 28, 1749 – March 22, 1832) was the greatest of all German writers. He was a poet, novelist and playwright, but he was also an actor, administrator, scientist, geologist, botanist and philosopher. He had a very important influence on lots of writers and thinkers in the 19th century and even in our own time. He contributed to science with his work in botany and his Theory of colours. Many people quote famous lines from his books and some of his phrases have become part of the German language. His poems were set to music by composers like Schubert, Schumann, Brahms, Wolf and Strauss. Yet Goethe is not an easy person to discuss. His poems, like all great poetry, do not sound very good when translated. His plays are not often performed outside Germany and most of his scientific work now seems old-fashioned. However, there is no doubt that he was one of the world’s greatest geniuses.
His Youth: from his birth until his arrival in Weimar (1749-1775).
Goethe was born in Frankfurt am Main, Germany. His father was well-educated but very strict. His mother was only 18 when he was born. She was kind, and Goethe probably got his poetic talent from her. When he was a young boy he started to write stories and plays for his friends. In his youth, he learned Greek, Latin and French. He studied law in Leipzig from 1765 to 1768. During this time he wrote some beautiful letters which showed his promise as a writer. He continued his studies in Strasbourg from 1770 to 1771. He soon joined other young men who wanted to change the way that German writers were writing. He thought that people like Johann Christoph Gottsched were too strict about writing poetry that obeyed the old rules. Instead of the ideas of the Enlightenment he wanted poets to feel their own creative genius and make their own rules. Goethe and his young friends liked Nature. They liked the hills, the beautiful landscapes, the sun, moon and stars. They also liked human Nature: by this they meant people who had not been spoiled by civilization but were close to the country in their hearts.
One man who had lots of new ideas was a poet called Johann Gottfried von Herder. Herder liked the plays of Shakespeare (which he knew in German translations)] as well as folk poetry. These ideas were exciting for Goethe who wrote a play called "Götz von Berlichingen". Götz was an historical person who was a hero in a similar way to the English Robin Hood: he was a knight who fought for justice and protected poor people who were being mistreated by the powerful princes Goethe helped Herder to collect folk poetry. Both men believed that poetry must always come from the heart. It had to be based on the poet’s experiences, not just on an old-fashioned idea of what a good poem should be. Goethe’s poems from this period include some of his best known ones: "Heidenröslein", "Der König in Thule", "Erlkönig" etc.
Goethe fell in love with several women during his lifetime. During this early period of his life he was in love with a girl called Friederike Brion whose father was a pastor. Several of his poems are inspired by her. He felt terribly sad when they split up and the feeling of desertion by a lover comes into a lot of Goethe’s works. They are all based on his own experience. His disappointment in love inspired him when writing about Werther in "Die Leiden des jungen Werthers" and Gretchen in his great play "Faust". His poems also show his ideas about science and philosophy.
"Die Leiden des jungen Werthers" ("The Sufferings of Young Werther") is a book written in the form of letters. Werther is a young man who falls passionately in love with a girl called Lotte who is married to someone else. Werther commits suicide in the end. The book was a huge success all over Europe. People talked about “Werther fever”. Many young men who were disappointed in love copied Werther and committed suicide.
Goethe’s most famous work is a very long play called "Faust". He spent most of his life working at it. He was writing the first version of "Faust" at this time. Based on a legendary character, it tells of a man called Faust who is tired of studying and wants to have the greatest possible happiness. The devil (called Mephistopheles in the play) tells Faust he can help him to do this, but that in the end Faust must give him his soul and go with him to hell. Faust uses magic in the hope that it will tell him everything about life.
As well as his writing he was developing his career in law. In 1772 he spent four months in Wetzlar at the Imperial Law Courts. Here he made new friends, including a young girl who was already engaged to someone else.
Midde Period: Arrival in Weimar until death of Schiller (1775-1805).
Goethe had been well-educated and was good at organizing and getting on with important people. For eleven years he worked at the court of Weimar for a young Duke called Karl August. He became a member and later the president of the Duke’s cabinet. He had to organize road-building projects, and look after parks and buildings. He studied geology, mineralogy, botany and anatomy. He fell in love with a woman called Charlotte von Stein who was married and had several children. He wrote love letters to her, and she inspired him to write many poems. At this time he felt that a man’s task in life was to be useful. The heroes of his books at this time were often ordinary people instead of geniuses.
After a time he realized that all his work on governmental duties were not giving him time for his writing, so he went to Italy for 18 months. He loved the landscape and made lots of sketches, and he read the ancient poets and books on the history of art. He wrote a play in rhyme called "Iphigenie auf Tauris" which combines the beauty of Classicism with great poetry.
When he returned from Italy he settled once more in Weimar. He visited Italy a second time. He became great friends with the famous poet and playwright Friedrich Schiller. The two men talked about many of their ideas and helped one another by offering criticism of their works. He wrote short works such as "Hermann und Dorothea" which is about life in a small German town at the time of the French Revolution.
Two works of the greatest importance works occupied him at this time. One is the novel "Wilhelm Meisters Lehrjahre". This is an example of what is called in German a “Bildungsroman” which means something like “Education novel”. It means a novel which shows a person growing up and developing his character and learning about the world. This book was a very important influence on the 19th century Romantic novel and on all German autobiographical novels ever since. Goethe spent many years working on this book.
The second work of enormous importance was his play "Faust". He made changes to the original version, putting all the small bits together into one great play. Schiller gave him advice while he was writing it. Faust enters into a pact with the devil, Mephistopheles who promises him all his soul can wish for: fine living, gold, women and honour. He signs the pact with his blood.
Later life (1805-1832).
Napoleon was fighting wars all over Europe at this time. Germany, which was still made up of lots of small countries, was an enemy of France. Goethe always thought of Napoleon as a hero. His ideas about politics were still based on 18th century ideas. He hated war and so he did not take part in politics but concentrated on science and literature. He wrote a book called "Die Wahlverwandtschaften" ("Elective Affinities") which is about a divorce problem. Some of his scientific ideas are used in the story as he talks about the way that two chemical compounds can break up and form new unions. He compares this to the people in his story. His poems in "Westöstlicher Divan" are some of his greatest. He uses ideas from Persia and other Eastern countries together with ideas from the West. It has a lot of parables about human life.
Many interesting things that Goethe said were written down in a book by his friend Eckermann, who published them in a book called "Conversations with Goethe". Goethe also wrote about his own life in his autobiography which he called "Dichtung und Wahrheit" ("Poetry and Truth"). The book tells us about his youth up to the time of his arrival in Weimar. It is in four parts. The fourth part was published after his death. He chose the title to show that he was telling us the truth about his life, but that he had changed the order of some events to make it into a poetic book.
Goethe wrote a sequel (a part which follows on) to "Wilhelm Meister" called "Wilhelm Meisters Wanderjahre" ("The Years of Wilhelm Meister’s Wanderings"). It consists of several sections which are like separate stories. They tell us about Wilhelm Meister’s relationship with society and how he has to change his ways to fit in with other people.
Goethe’s "Faust" had made him the greatest person in European literature. At the end of his life he finished a second part of "Faust". It is quite hard to read, and is more of a long poem than a dramatic play. It talks of his ideas about allegory, science and philosophy.
Goethe died in Weimar on March 22, 1832. He had started as a great Classical writer of the 18th century and finished as a young Romantic of the 19th century. No one else had such a big influence on art and literature of that time.

Pythagoras
Pythagoras (lived from around 580 BC to 500 BC) was a Greek mathematician and philosopher, known best for the Pythagorean theorem, which is a theorem about right triangles. He started a group of mathematicians, called the Pythagoreans, who worshipped numbers and lived like monks. He was an influence for Plato.
He had a great impact on mathematics, theory of music and astronomy. His theories are still used in mathematics today. He was one of the greatest thinkers of his time.
Pythagoras was born in Samos, a little island off the western coast of Asia Minor. There is not much information about his life. He was said to have had a good childhood. Growing up with two or three brothers, he was well educated. He didn’t agree with the government and their schooling, so he set up his own cult (little society) of followers under his rule. His followers did not have any personal possessions, and they were all vegetarians. Pythagoras taught them all, and they had to obey strict rules.
Some say he was the first person to use the term philosophy. Since he worked very closely with his group, the Pythagoreans, it is sometimes hard to tell his works from those of his followers.
Religion was important to the Pythagoreans. They swore their oaths by "1+2+3+4" (which equals 10). They also believed that the soul is immortal and goes through a cycle of rebirths until it can become pure. They believed that these souls were in both animal and plant life. Pythagorus himself claimed to remember having lived four different lives. He also told of hearing the voice of a dead friend in the howl of a dog being beaten, and was then attacked by an angry mob.
Pythagoras' most important belief was that the physical world was mathematical and that numbers were the real reality.

Socrates
Socrates (470 BC - 399 BC) was an important Greek philosopher and teacher. He lived in the Greek city of Athens. He is perhaps most important because he started trying to find out how people thought. He asked questions about people, for example, how to be a truly good person. He also answered questions with other deeper questions. In his time, this was a new way of finding important facts, and we think that Socrates was the first to do this. This is now called the Socratic method after this man.
Socrates is sometimes called the "father of Western philosophy". This is because the things that he said made people think that he was very wise, and because of the importance and success of the people that he taught, like Plato, a younger philosopher.
The Life of Socrates.
Not much is truly known about the life of Socrates. He lived such a long time ago that we do not have much real information about him. We have some important stories from a few people who lived at the same time. Some were his friends (such as Plato, and Xenophon, a Greek historian) and some were people who ridiculed him (such as Aristophanes, who wrote plays).
Socrates may or may not have written any books himself. Plato was one of his good friends and wrote about Socrates' life and thoughts, as well as about his teacher's death. Plato is our main source of information about Socrates.
Plato said that the father of Socrates was Sophroniscus, and that his mother was called Phaenarete. His mother was a nurse or midwife who helped women give birth to children. Socrates may have said that his mother's example made him help young people to give birth to new thoughts and ideas.
Socrates was married to a much younger woman called Xanthippe. It was said that she was often very angry with him and was sometimes violent. No-one is sure if their marriage was happy, although they had three children together. People say that Socrates sometimes made complaints about his wife, but no one knew if he was telling the truth.
One source said that Socrates was a stonemason, that is someone who builds with stone. This may be true or not true. It is also said that he fought as a soldier for Athens in three wars. He is said to have been very brave and to have fought well.
Socrates made many people angry, perhaps by being too honest. He would say what he thought and often said things that people did not want to hear. He showed that some important people knew nothing. He was called a gadfly which is a small fly that attacks cattle (the cattle cannot stop the pain and gets angry).
It is said that one of Socrates' friends asked an oracle (a holy person that was wise, respected and who people thought could talk to the gods), if there was any person wiser than Socrates in Athens. The oracle said that there was no wiser person. The oracle was well known for saying things that were not very clear. It did not say that Socrates was the wisest, just that there was no person wiser. Socrates may have then asked many people in the city about this. He made many enemies among the people who were important in the city.
As an old man Socrates would often talk to young men and boys and try to teach them. (In this time women and girls were not given education). Some people were grateful for this and some people hated him for it. He had a group of young friends who loved him a lot and spent a lot of time with him. Sometimes their parents were very unhappy about this.
The ideas of Socrates.
Socrates helped people to see what was wrong with their ideas. Sometimes they liked this, sometimes they were not happy or grateful. He said that he, Socrates, was not wise, but he said something like "I know what I don't know." In other words, he knew the limit of his knowledge. He said that people who do bad things do so because they do not know any better.
People think that Socrates was a good man because he did no harm, except he asked questions about everything. However, during his life many people thought he was a bad person, because he asked those questions and because he made young people unhappy about their lives.
Someone once wrote that Socrates said that "A life that was not examined was not worth living". This means that one must think about one's own life and its meaning. Some people have said that most humans are happier if they do not think too much about their life.
Socrates also taught that many people can look at something and not truly see it. He asked questions about the meaning of life and goodness. These are still very important questions. Much of philosophy (love of wisdom) is about these things.
Most of what we know about Socrates' ideas comes from Plato's writings. We are not sure that Plato was always being truthful, or if he was making Socrates say things that were Plato's ideas.

Dante Alighieri
Dante Alighieri, or simply Dante (May 14/June 13 1265 - September 14, 1321), was an Italian poet from Florence. His central work, the "Commedia" ("Divine Comedy"), is considered the greatest literary work composed in the Italian language and a masterpiece of world literature. In Italian he is known as "the Supreme Poet" ("il Sommo Poeta"). Dante and the "Divine Comedy" have been a source of inspiration for artists for almost seven centuries. Dante, with Petrarch and Boccaccio are also known as "the three fountains". Dante is also called the "the Father of the Italian language". The first biography written on him was by his contemporary Giovanni Villani. The most famous section in "La Divina Commedia" is the first third of it, the first 34 cantos of the poem, called "Inferno", which is Dante's vision of hell.
Life.
Dante Alighieri was born in 1265, between May 14 and June 13, under the name "Durante Alighieri." ca. 1450 (Uffizi Gallery). His family was important in Florence, and supported the Papacy.
The poet's mother was Bella degli Abati. She died when Dante was 7 years old, and Alighiero soon married again, to Lapa di Chiarissimo Cialuffi. Lapa had two children, Dante's brother Francesco and sister "Tana" (short version of "Gaetana").
Dante fought in the front of the Guelph troops in the battle of Campaldino (June 11, 1289). After the victory Dante gained an important part in public life.
When Dante was 12, in 1277, he married Gemma di Manetto Donati. Dante had already fallen in love with another girl, Beatrice Portinari that is mentioned same in "Divine Comedy", (known also as Bice). Years after Dante's marriage to Gemma he met Beatrice again. He had become interested in writing poems.
Dante had six children with Gemma: Jacopo, Pietro, Giovanni, Gabrielle Alighieri, and Antonia.
Education, youth and poetry.
Not much is known about Dante's education, and it is presumed he studied at home. It is known that he studied Tuscan poetry. His interests brought him to discover the Occitan poetry of the troubadours and the Latin poetry of classical antiquity (with a particular devotion to Virgil).
At 18, Dante met Guido Cavalcanti, Lapo Gianni, Cino da Pistoia, and soon after Brunetto Latini; together they became the leaders of "Dolce Stil Novo" ("The Sweet New Style"). Brunetto later received a special mention in the "Divine Comedy" ("Inferno", XV, 28), for what he had taught Dante.
When he was nine years old he met Beatrice Portinari, daughter of Folco Portinari, with whom he fell in love "at first sight", and apparently without even having spoken to her. He saw her frequently after age 18, often exchanging greetings in the street, but he never knew her well—he effectively set the example for the so-called "courtly love".Dante gave his imprint to the Stil Novo. Love for Beatrice (as in a different manner Petrarch would show for his Laura) would apparently be the reason for poetry and for living, together with political passions. In many of his poems, she appears such as semi-divine, watching over him constantly.
When Beatrice died in 1290, Dante tried to find an "help" in Latin literature.
He then dedicated himself to philosophical studies at religious schools like the Dominican one in Santa Maria Novella. This "excessive" passion for philosophy would later be criticized by the character Beatrice, in "Purgatorio", the second book of the "Divine Comedy".
Exile and death.
Boniface quickly dismissed the other delegates and asked Dante alone to remain in Rome. At the same time (November 1, 1301), Charles de Valois entered Florence with Black Guelphs, who in the next six days destroyed much of the city and killed many of their enemies. A new Black Guelph government was installed and Messer Cante dei Gabrielli di Gubbio was appointed "Podestà" of Florence. Dante wasput in exile for two years, and ordered to pay a large hill of money.
Dante did not pay the money, in part because he believed he was not guilty, and in part because all his needs in Florence had been stolen by the Black Guelphs. He was condemned to exile for live, and if he returned to Florence without paying the money, he could be burned at the stake.
In exile he began searching the foundation for the "Divine Comedy", a work in 100 cantos, divided into three books of thirty-three cantos each, with a single introductory canto.
He went to Verona as a guest of Bartolomeo I della Scala, then moved to Sarzana in Liguria. Later, he is supposed to have lived in Lucca with Madame Gentucca. Some not sure sources say that he was also in Paris between 1308 and 1310.
In 1310, the Holy Roman Emperor Henry VII of Luxembourg, marched 5,000 troops into Italy. Dante saw in him a new Charlemagne who would restore the office of the Holy Roman Emperor for re-take Florence from the Black Guelphs. He wrote to Henry and several Italian princes, demanding that they destroy the Black Guelphs. Mixing religion and private concerns, he invoked the worst anger of God against his city, suggesting several particular targets that coincided with his personal enemies. It was during this time that he wrote the first two books of the "Divine Comedy".
When Dante died at Ravenna, the custodians of the body at Ravenna put the bones in a false wall of the monastery. Nevertheless, in 1829, a tomb was built for him in Florence in the basilica of Santa Croce. That tomb has been empty ever since, with Dante's body remaining in Ravenna, far from the land he loved so dearly. The front of his tomb in Florence reads "Onorate l'altissimo poeta" - which roughly translates as "Honour the most exalted poet".

Virginia Woolf
Virginia Woolf (born January 25, 1882 in London) was an English writer.
She was born into a famous family. Her father, Leslie Stephen, was a Victorian scholar. Her sister, Vanessa Bell, was a painter. She had two brothers; one of them, Thoby, died in World War I.
Virginia was an author. She was a part of the famous Bloomsbury group. She wrote novels, short stories, and plays. Her most famous books are "To The Lighthouse" and "Mrs Dalloway".
Virginia Woolf died on March 28, 1941. She committed suicide by drowning in the river Ouse.

March 28
March 28 is the 87th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (88th in leap years).

Jane Austen
Jane Austen (born December 16, 1775 in Steventon, England) was an author and began writing when she was 14 years old. Her parents were Reverend George Austen and Cassandra Austen. She died on July 18, 1817 in Winchester, England when she was forty-one years old. She had 5 brothers and 1 older sister.
Books.
Four of these are considered among the most important novels in the English language. They are "Sense and Sensibility", "Pride and Prejudice", "Mansfield Park", and "Emma".

Charlotte Brontë
Charlotte Brontë was born on April 21, 1816 in Thornton, Hampshire, England.
She was a British author. Her most famous books are "Jane Eyre", "Shirley" and "Vilette".
Charlotte had two sisters, Emily and Anne, who were also British authors.
Charlotte Bronte died on March 31, 1885.

Emily Brontë
Emily Brontë (born July 30, 1818 in Thornton, Hampshire, England - December 19, 1848) was a English author and poet. Her most famous book is "Wuthering Heights". Brontë had two sisters, Charlotte and Anne, who were also writers. She attended Cowan School with her sister Charlotte.

Anne Brontë
Anne Brontë (January 17, 1820 - May 28, 1849) was an English writer and poet. She is most famous for writing "Agnes Grey" (1847) and "The Tenant of Wildfell Hall" (1848).
Anne was born on January 17, 1820 in Thornton, Yorkshire, England. She was the daughter of Patrick and Marie Brontë and the youngest of their six children. She was taught at her family's home in Haworth by her sister, Charlotte. She worked as a governess in 1839 and then again between 1841 and 1845.
In 1846 Anne contributed 21 poems to "Poems by Currer, Ellis and Acton Bell". This was a joint work with her sisters, Charlotte and Emily. "Agnes Grey" was published in 1847 in three volumes with "Wuthering Heights", a book written by her sister Emily. The "Tenant of Wildfell Hall" was published in 1848 and sold well.
Anne Bronte died on May 28, 1849 in Scarborough, Yorkshire, England of tuberculosis.

Charles Dickens
Charles Dickens was born on February 7, 1812 in Portsmouth, England. His parents were John Dickens, a naval pay clerk, and Elizabeth Barrow.
At five, Charles moved to Chatham. When Charles was ten years old, his family moved to Camden, London. He worked in a blacking factory there while his father went to prison for debt. Dickens's hard times in this blackening factory served as the base of ideas for many of his novels. Many like 'oliver twist' soon became famous. When his uncle died and he inherited money, Charles's father paid off his debts and was released from prison. Charles did not like working and wished to stop working after his father was released. His mother said that the family needed the money so Charles was forced to continue working. Charles then finished his schooling, and got a job as an office boy for an attorney. After finding that job dull, he taught himself shorthand and became a journalist that reported on the government. He published his first book, "The Pickwick Papers", in 1836. The name 'Dickens' was considered queer as it refered to the devil.
Amongst Charles' other famous books are "Oliver Twist", "Great Expectations", "David Copperfield", "Nicholas Nickelby", "Moby Dick" and "The Old Curiosity Shop". Charles also wrote "A Christmas Carol", which is often read at Christmas time.
Charles Dickens died on June 9, 1870. He was buried in Poet's Corner in Westminster Abbey.

Portsmouth
Portsmouth is a city in the south of England, in the county of Hampshire. About 186,000 people live there. It is a port and is the home of the British Royal Navy (the "navy" is the army of the sea).
Situated on Portsea Island and narrowly separated from the mainland by a creek, the city is most famous for the HMS Victory and the HMS Warrior, which are ships. People also visit Portsmouth to see the old ship Mary Rose. This was Henry VIII of England's ship, and it was under the water for a long time, from 1545 to 1982. Tourists also go to see Cumberland House, the birth place of Charles Dickens, a British author (writer).
Rudyard Kipling and Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, both British authors, are famous people who lived in Portsmouth.
Portsmouth has one university, the University of Portsmouth.

HMS Victory
HMS Victory is the oldest ship still in use. It is located in Portsmouth, England with the HMS Warrior and the remains of the Mary Rose, a ship belonging to Henry VIII of England.
Her most famous captains are Horatio Nelson, who died on the ship during the Battle of Trafalgar, and Samuel Hood.

HMS Warrior
HMS Warrior was the first battleship which was made with a hull made of iron. It is in Portsmouth, England with the HMS Victory and the remains of the Mary Rose, a ship belonging to Henry VIII of England.

Mary Rose
The Mary Rose was a ship which belonged to Henry VIII of England and was named after his sister Princess Mary. She sank in 1545 whilst in battle with a French fleet.
In 1979 the "Mary Rose Trust" was formed. In 1982 the "Mary Rose Trust" managed to get the "Mary Rose" out of the sea and in 1994 they started to preserve her.
The remains of the "Mary Rose" are currently in Portsmouth, England with the "HMS Victory" and "HMS Warrior".

Mutiny on the Bounty
The Mutiny on the Bounty has become a famous story, leading to many books, movies, and songs. The HMS Bounty was a small, three masted (had three wooden poles to hold up the sails), fully rigged, sailing ship. The "Bounty" became famous when the crew (seamen) mutinied (took over) the ship on April 28, 1789.
The ship.
The ship was built in Hull, England in 1784 and was first called "Bethia". In 1787 the ship was rebuilt to carry breadfruit trees. Heat and water were added to the cabins so the trees would survive in cold weather. The British government was hoping the breadfruit trees growing wild in Tahiti could be grown in Jamaica. This would provide cheap food for the slaves working on the sugar farms. The ship was very small - 90 feet 10 inches (27.7 metres) long and 24 feet 4 inches (7.4 metres) wide. The tallest mast was 53 feet (16.1 metres) high..
The "Bounty" was captained by Lieutenant William Bligh and he took command on August 16, 1787. On December 23, 1787, "Bounty" set off on the long trip to Tahiti. On the journey, William Bligh tried to go around Cape Horn. He tried for over a month but bad weather and winds stopped the ship. The "Bounty" was turned around and went the longer way around the Cape of Good Hope.
Tahiti.
The "Bounty" reached Tahiti on October 25, 1788. She had been at sea for ten months. The crew stayed for five months and lived on the island. They collected 1015 breadfruit plants. The crew were very happy living in Tahiti and Fletcher Christian fell in love with a Tahitian girl named Maimiti. They did not want to have another long journey and go back to England.
Image:Mutiny HMS Bounty.jpg|thumb|Bligh and 18 sailors are left at sea
The "Bounty" left Tahiti on April 4, 1789, on the way to Jamaica. On April 28, near the Friendly Islands, Fletcher Christian led the mutiny (take over). Bligh and 18 sailors were left at sea in a small boat, while Christian and the "Bounty" went back to Tahiti. Christian and a small group of sailors, 11 Tahitian women, and 6 Tahitian men then went to the remote Pitcairn Island. After they arrived they took everything they could from the ship. A sailor called Matthew Quintal, burned and destroyed the "Bounty" on January 23, 1790.
Pitcairn Island.
Pitcairn Island is a remote island in the Pacific Ocean. The Polynesians knew about the island and people had once lived there. There was nobody living on Pitcairn when it was discovered by an English sailor, Philip Carteret on July 2, 1767. He made a mistake and marked it on the map 200 miles from its real location. The people from the "Bounty" had the remote island to themselves. There was a lot of fighting between the new settlers. Fletcher Christian, 4 other mutineers and all 6 of the Tahitian men were killed. One of the 4 surviving mutineers fell off a cliff while drunk. Matthew Quintal was killed by the remaining 2 mutineers after he attacked them. When the American seal-hunting ship "Topaz" visited the island in 1808 they found only 1 mutineer, John Adams, still alive along with 9 Tahitian women. In 1856, the British government moved all the island people to Norfolk Island. Most stayed on Norfolk, but about 22 people found their way back and their descendants still live on Pitcairn. Norfolk has about 1000 "Bounty" descendants, which is about half its population.
Afterwards.
Lieutenant William Bligh was able to sail the small boat 6500 km back to Batavia. He returned to England and reported the mutiny to the Admiralty on March 15, 1790. On November 7, 1790, the HMS "Pandora" was sent to Tahiti look for the "Bounty" and to bring back the mutineers for punishment. The "Pandora" was able to capture the mutineers left on Tahiti, but could find no sign of the group that was hiding on Pitcairn. The "Pandora" was wrecked on the way back to England.
The following list tells what happened to the crew of the "Bounty".
From the 19 left in the small boat, only 12 got back safely to England
This map shows the journey of the "HMS Bounty".1. The "Bounty" arrives at Adventure Bay Bruny Island, Tasmania after a long sea journey, August 21, 1788 2. The "Bounty" arrives at Tahiti October 26, 1788. The Bounty leaves Tahiti on April 4, 1789 3. Visits the island of Palmerston. 4. Visits the island of Tofua.5. The mutiny, April 28, 1789. Christian's travels with Bounty.6. Tubai, then back to Tahiti July 7, 1789. 7. Back to Tubai, July 16, 1789. 8. Return to Tahiti September 22 1789, and leave the next day. 9. Visit the island of Tongatabu, November 15 1789.10. Arrive Pitcairn Island January 15, 1790. The Bounty burned January 23, 1790. Bligh's travel in the small boat16. Tonga 17. Arrive Batavia

Political virtues
take one step, then see its results before taking another
making friends with people you have argued with
giving up some things you want to get those things that are most important to you
people want to have a number choices that are different from each other
meet the needs of changing times
He sees these virtues as a way of avoiding ideology or "absolute-sounding ethic". More virtues will lead to less conflict. None of them can be forced on anyone.
and compassion. "Being brief" or "being positive" are sometimes claimed also to be virtues, but just as many people think they are bad things that only help avoid truth or serious problems.

Lady Jane Grey
Lady Jane Grey was born in October 12, 1537 at her family home of Bradgate Park, Leicestershire, England.
Family.
She was the daughter of Henry Grey, Duke of Suffolk, and Lady Frances Brandon. Frances Brandon (July 16, 1517 – November 20, 1559), the daughter of Henry VIII's sister, Mary. Jane had two younger sisters, Katherine (b. 1540) and Mary (b. 1545). Jane's exact date of birth is not known. She was probably named after Jane Seymour (c. 1508 or 1509 – October 24, 1537)).
Early Life.
Jane's parents were very strict and often abused Jane at a young age. This was probably because they were disappointed that Jane was not a boy. Her bold and cruel mother, Frances was upset because Jane was calm, shy, and not interested in sports. Jane was educated at about four. But if she messed up on her studies or did other common problems her mother would slap her or beat her. She found love with her nurse Mrs. Ellen but otherwise lived a sad childhood.
In 1545 or 1546, when Jane was nine, she was sent to Court to learn manners with Henry VIII's sixth wife and eventual widow, Catherine Parr. Jane liked Catherine a lot and found love with her, which she had not received from her parents. It was obvious that Catherine liked Jane back.
Jane also found friendship with her cousin and king Edward VI. They often studied together.
Education.
Jane was well educated as a child and learned to read in Latin, Greek, French and Italian, as well as English. Later in her life, she also learned Hebrew.
In 1549, when Jane was 12 years old, John Aylmer became her tutor. (Before that, John Aylmer taught Jane but Dr. Harding served as her tutor.) Jane liked Aylmer a lot because he was nice and at times funny. This was a big change from her parents. Some scholars also believe that Aylmer fell in love with Jane while teaching her, because of what he wrote in some of his letters to her. This fact is unknown though.
Early uses.
Jane's parents also wanted to use her to gain power. This was especially true in her mother, who was greedy.
After the births of her sisters Catherine in 1540 and Mary in 1545, Jane's parents tried to marry her off to her cousin King Edward VI. They let Catherine Parr's new husband, Thomas Seymour try to arrange a marriage. It is likely that King Edward loved Jane. However, he decided to arranged a marriage with a foreign princess.
In 1548, Jane was sent to Chelsea to be with Catherine Parr and Thomas Seymour.Catherine Parr became pregnant that year and they went to Sudeley Castle in June of 1548. In August, Catherine Parr died of childbirth in 1548. Jane served as chief mourner in Catherine's funeral.
In 1549, Thomas Seymour was arrested on charges of treason (or being disloyal). Jane was sent back to her angered parents. They knew that their hopes of marriage to the king was gone. They punished her badly for this, even though it was not her fault.
Youth.
In 1551 Jane's mother, Frances, lost her two half-brothers (they died of the Sweating Sickness). Since Frances's father was dead, she became Duchess of Suffolk. Jane's father also became Duke of Suffolk. In the same year John Dudley was made the Duke of Northumberland and the chief councilor to Edward VI of England. This made Dudley a powerful man.
John Dudley's plot.
In April 1552 Edward became sick with the measles and soon caught tuberculosis as well. By next year, Edward was so ill that he was weak and spitting up blood or something that was greenish-yellow. It was obvious that he was going to die soon.
Dudley was an ambitious man and realised that if either of Edward's half-sisters, Mary or Elizabeth, gained the throne, he would not be powerful anymore and may be executed. Dudley plotted with Jane's equally ambitious parents and arranged that Jane became his ward, and also that she marry his son, Guildford Dudley. Jane's mother decided to give up her claim to be queen for Jane. This did not mean that Frances was any less greedy, however. This meant that Jane would become Frances and Dudley's puppet. Now Jane would be the next in line to the throne if the rights of the princesses Mary and Elizabeth were ignored.
Marriage.
When Jane's mother and father told her that Jane was going to get married, Jane refused. She said that Guildford was ugly, stupid, and arrogant. She also hated John Dudley. When Jane refused, Frances and Henry swore at Jane and slapped her. This did not work, so Frances gave Jane a brutal whipping. Finally, Jane agreed.
The wedding between Jane and Guildford took place on 25 May, 1553. This became a triple marriage because Jane's sister, Katherine, was married at this time to Lord Herbert and Guildford's sister, Katherine, was also married to Lord Hastings.
At first, they were all forbidden to "consummate" (or to have sexual intercourse) their marriages. This probably made Katherine Grey and William Herbert unhappy. It is not known if they liked each other, but it was obvious that they wanted to consummate the marriage.
On the other hand, Jane and Guildford hated each other. They ignored each other for most of the time. But they consummated the marriage later (Some scholars think that Guildford did it so violently that Jane described it as rape).
Accession.
On July 6, 1553, King Edward VI died. Dudley's plan to make Jane queen was starting to unfold. Edward's death was kept secret for a few days until Jane could be brought to be proclaimed queen.
Jane was told by her parents and John Dudley that she was queen. She became sick with fright and fainted. She refused to take the crown.
"The crown is not my right. It pleaseth me not. The Lady Mary is the rightful heir," Jane said. Her parents swore at her and John Dudley told her that she "doth wrong to herself and her house". Under pressure, Jane finally relented. But she never forgave herself for doing this.
Meanwhile, news was spreading the Jane had been proclaimed the new queen. Although the people liked Jane, they loved Mary and Elizabeth more. They also hated John Dudley. In East Anglia, Mary was gaining support and planning to march into London. Dudley tried to enforce a counter-attack but to no avail. On July 19 Mary became queen. Jane was queen for nine days.
Imprisonment.
Jane returned all the crown jewels and clothes. She was then brought into the Tower of London. There, she was kept in a cell for the next few months. She was allowed to walk in the garden, however. She wrote many letters and read many books while at the tower of London. She wrote a letter to Queen Mary saying that she never wanted the crown.
Queen Mary believed Jane and refused to execute her cousin. Many people pressured Mary, but she was stubborn. She still ordered that a trial be held for traditional purposes. Jane was found guilty but the Queen pardoned her.
But the next year, 1554, a group of rebels under Thomas Wyatt, including Jane's father Henry Grey, led a rebellion against Queen Mary because she was planning to marry prince Phillip II of Spain. It was quickly put down. Although Jane had nothing to do with it and Mary was didn't want to kill her cousin, her advisors told her that Phillip would only come if Jane was killed. So, with a heavy heart (sadly), Queen Mary signed the death warrant. Jane was going to be beheaded.
Effects.
When Jane was told that her head was going to be cut off, she was very scared. Nonetheless, she was happy that her "sad and woeful days" of life were finally coming to an end.
Meanwhile, Mary still didn't want to kill her cousin. So she sent a Catholic priest Dr. Feckenham to try to convert Jane to Catholicism. That way, Jane wouldn't be a threat. But Jane was a firm Protestant and refused to become a Catholic. Jane's execution was postponed from February 9 to February 12 to try and make her a Catholic. The night before the execution, Jane wrote many letters to her family and prepared her neck for the block. The next morning, her hair was tied back and she watched Guilford go very unwillingly to the block. Then, nervously, it was her turn.
Execution.
On February 12, 1554 at the Tower of London, Jane was sent to the scaffold. She calmly climbed the scaffold and said a speech. She said the Psalm 51 in "the most devout manner". She then knelt by the block and tied a piece of cloth around her eyes.
When the executioner told her to put her head on the block, she reached out but could not find the block since she was very nervous. She cried for help until someone grabbed her hands and helped her find the block. Jane then put her neck above the block and slowly lowered it onto the block, pressed her neck against the wood and fit her chin in the hold. Then she brought her arms around her. Before she was executed she cried out "Lord, into thy hands, I commend my spirit!"
Jane is beheaded.
The crowd watched as the executioner raised the axe high in the air. Jane was shivering badly but her neck stayed perfectly still. Then, the executioner quickly swung the axe down perfectly at the middle of Jane's neck, which was severed in a single stroke. Jane's severed head fell to the straw in front of the block while huge amounts of blood splattered across the scaffold. The executioner then grabbed Jane's head by her red hair and lifted it up to show the crowd. He shouted "So perish all the Queen's enemies! Behold the head of a traitor!"
Burial.
After the crowd left, the blood was removed, and Jane's body and it was brought to the church St. Peter ad Vincula. Since the church had just become Catholic and Jane was Protestant, they had to get permission from Queen Mary to bury her. Jane's headless body lay unexposed for four hours until her maids finally were allowed to prepare her body for burial. Jane's body was buried between former Queens Anne Boleyn and Catherine Howard. It is unknown what happened to her severed head.

Tower of London
The Tower of London is an ancient stone fortress in London, England. It stands on the bank of the River Thames, in the oldest part of the city. The crowns and other jewelery worn by the Queen on ceremonial days, the Crown Jewels, are kept there.
The Tower of London was built in 1078 by King William I, the Duke of Normandy, who had conquered England 12 years before. The moat was built by King Richard I of England, using water from the River Thames.
The Tower of London has traditionally been guarded by ravens, large fierce black birds with sharp beaks. Many still live at the Tower and are taken care of by the staff who work there. Birds' names include "Hardey", "Thor", "Odin", "Gwyllum", "Reginald", "Cedric", "Huggin" and "Muggin". The ravens' wing feathers are kept short so they cannot fly away. This is because a legend (story) says that if the ravens leave the Tower, the Tower and the Kingdom will fall.
The closest Underground station to the Tower of London is Tower Hill.

Anne Boleyn
Anne Boleyn (1501 or 1507? – May 19, 1536) was the second queen consort of Henry VIII of England and the mother of Elizabeth I of England. She was the daughter of Sir Thomas Boleyn and Lady Elizabeth Howard, daughter of the Duke of Norfolk.
Personality and appearance.
Anne was not considered very beautiful. The English idea of beauty was a large figure, blue eyes, and blonde hair. Anne had none of these features. She had dark eyes and black hair, and was very skinny. However, her eyes were considered "black and beautiful" and were very large.
In spite of not being beautiful, Anne was very popular with men. She also was a good dancer and enjoyed gambling. Yet she was also a devout Christian.
Childhood.
Anne was born in either Hever or Blickling in 1501 or 1507. In 1513, Anne was sent to Margaret of Austria's royal court. She stayed there until 1514. She was then sent to France, where she stayed until 1521.
Back to England.
Anne came to the English court in 1522 after she had spent some time in France. Anne fell in love with Sir Henry Percy, who was the eldest son of the Earl of Nothumberland and it is thought that they became engaged to be married to him. Cardinal Wolsey found out about the arrangement and ordered them to be separated. Anne was sent home to Hever and Sir Henry was forced to marry Lady Mary Talbot. Anne blamed Cardinal Wolsey for her lost love and was determined to have her revenge on him, because he had called her a "foolish girl".
Anne's return to court.
Anne returned to the royal court and King Henry soon fell in love with her. He wanted her to become his mistress, but at first she refused. In 1527, Henry decided to divorce his wife, Catherine of Aragon, so that he could marry Anne instead. He said that the marriage was invalid because Catherine had been married to his older brother Arthur before she had married Henry. (Arthur had died at the age of fifteen, when he and Catherine had been married for only a few months, so her marriage to Henry had been allowed by the Pope.) Henry now thought that their marriage should not have been allowed in the first place. He said he was doing what he thought was right, even though he claimed he still loved Catherine. He quoted a verse from the Book of Leviticus in the Bible. This verse says that "a man may not marry his brother's wife". The Bible goes on to say that if a man marries his brother's wife, they will not have any children. Henry and Catherine did have one child, but she was a girl and was therefore not thought suitable to rule the country. The plans for divorce caused a lot of gossip at court, but the King tried to stop Queen Catherine from finding out until it was all settled, so the divorce was referred to as the king's "Secret Matter". A special court was held, with Wolsey leading it, to decide whether the divorce should be allowed. An official from the Pope in Rome was brought over and a trial was held. The official stated that he could not come to a conclusion and the case would have to be decided by the Pope. The Pope was afraid of what would happen if he allowed the divorce, so he did not make a decision. In the meantime, Anne and King Henry were becoming more and more impatient.
Marriage.
Anne agreed to become Henry's mistress by 1532 and she soon became pregnant. This meant that Anne needed to be married quickly to Henry. If the baby had been born when they were not married, it would not be possible for the child to become the heir to the throne. Anne was therefore married to Henry on January 25, 1533, even though the divorce had not come through. Henry's marriage to Catherine of Aragon was declared illegal in the following May by Archbishop Cranmer, and Catherine was sent away from court and treated as though she had never been married to Henry.
It was a disappointment to Henry when Anne gave birth to a daughter, Elizabeth, instead of the son he had hoped for. Later, Anne became pregnant again, but had a miscarriage. Henry started to worry that Anne could not give him a healthy male child. Henry's new secretary, Thomas Cromwell, looked for a way to get rid of Anne so that Henry could marry again. He found people who said that Anne had been the lover of other men while she was married to King Henry. She was put on trial and found guilty of adultery and incest, although she was probably innocent. The men who were accused of being her lovers were Sir Francis Weston, her musician Mark Smeaton, Sir Henry Norris, William Brereton, and her brother Viscount Rochford George Boleyn. All of them were executed.
Death.
Anne was executed on May 19, 1536 in the Tower of London, London, England. She was buried in the Chapel Royal of Saint Peter ad Vincula, within the Tower of London.

Mona Lisa
The Mona Lisa (also called La Giocconda which in Italian means happy or joyful woman) is an early sixthteenth century portrait by Leonardo da Vinci. It is probably the most famous painting in the world. Vasari, who was Leonardo's first biographer (a person who writes about the life of another person), thought the painting was of a person named Lisa Gherardini and he was correct. Speculation over the painting's model was solved in 2008 by Dr Armin Schlechter, a manuscript expert. Notes discovered in Heidelberg University library by Agostino Vespucciin a Florentine city official reinforced Vasaril's earlier indentification of the model. Lisa was the wife of Francesco del Giocondo a wealthy silk merchant, who lived in Florence.
Leonardo began to paint the "Mona Lisa" in 1503 and finished it about three or four years later. The painting was brought to France by Leonardo in 1516 and it was bought by Francis I of France.
The "Mona Lisa" used to hang in the Chateau Fontainebleau and was then moved to the Palace of Versailles. blah blah blah hvoregjeasrohigers'g After the French Revolution, Napoleon I of France had it hanging in his bedroom in the Tuileries Palace, but it was later moved to the Louvre where it is still hanging today.

Britney Spears
Britney Spears (born 2 December 1981 in McComb, Mississippi), is an American Pop singer.
Early success and rise to fame.
Britney Spears was born in McComb, Mississippi, about 25 miles away from where she grew up in Kentwood, Louisiana. Her parents are James (Jamie) and Lynne Spears. She has an older brother, Bryan (born 1977) and a younger sister, Jamie-Lynn (born 1991). Ever since Britney was very young she liked to sing, dance and act so she took lessons. Britney also did gymnastics and she was very good at it. When Britney was eight, she tried out for a TV program for children in called the "New Mickey Mouse Club". She was great, but too young. Every summer for the next three years, Britney went a school for performing arts in New York City. It was a long way from home for a young child, her mother and baby sister from a small town to go but Britney's family believed in her. At the age of 11, Britney tried out once again for the Mickey Mouse Club and was on the show from 1993. It was filmed in Lakeland, Florida Others on the show during this time were singers Christina Aguilera, Justin Timberlake, and JC Chasez (who would later be members of the band *NSYNC), and actors Ryan Gosling and Keri Russell. After the Mickey Mouse Club ended in 1994, Britney Spears went back to her hometown, Kentwood and went to high school. In 1995 and 1996, she was voted Junior High School Most Beautiful. Britney liked her home but really wanted to sing and dance again. In 1997 she joined a girl group called Innosense but she wanted to be a solo singer. Later that year, the 16 year old Britney was signed by Jive Records.
In 1998, she made her first song, "...Baby One More Time". The music video for the song is famous for showing Britney in a schoolgirl uniform.
Continued success.
Spears is currently the 8th best selling female artist in America and has sold 83 million records worldwide. She has one Grammy, three MTV Video Music Awards and has her own star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Her most successful songs to date are Toxic, Baby One More Time, and Womanizer.
Spears is currently putting the final touches on her 6th studio album Circus. The lead single Womanizer has been released as has an accompanying music video. Spears will conduct a world tour for this album in 2009.
Movies.
In 2002, Spears play the lead role, Lucy Ann Wagner, in the movie "Crossroads".
She also had a small role in the movie "Austin Powers in Goldmember" in 2002.
Family life.
On January 3, 2004, Spears married her childhood friend Jason Allan Alexander in Las Vegas, Nevada, United States. The marriage was annulled only 55 hours later.
On September 18, 2004, Spears married Kevin Federline. They had a son together on September 14, 2005 named Sean Preston Spears Federline. On September 12, 2006, Britney gave birth to her second child, another son named Jayden James Spears Federline.
In November 2006, Spears filed for divorce from Kevin.
In September of 2007, Spears lost some custody of her two children, Sean Preston and Jayden James, to her ex-husband, Kevin Federline.
At the beginning of January 2008, Spears lost full custody of her children after a mental breakdown. The media reported mostly on Britney Spears' mental issues and custody battle with ex-husband Federline.
Since February 2008, her father has taken control of her estate and has helped Britney to get her life back to normal. She is said to regain entire control at the end of 2008.
Britney currently has monitored visits with her children at least 4 times a week and is allowed to pick them up from pre-school. The judge overseeing the visits has said she has made impressive progress.

The Matrix
"The Matrix" is a science fiction action movie that was made in 1999. It was written and directed by the Wachowski Brothers. The main actors in the movie are Keanu Reeves, Laurence Fishburne, Carrie-Anne Moss, and Hugo Weaving. The main character is Neo, a hacker. A man named Morpheus shows Neo what the Matrix is. The Matrix is a computer program that is an unreal world. The computer program makes people think that they live in the real world. The machines built the Matrix.
The Matrix is a computer program that tricks people. It uses their bodies to get energy. Before the movie, Neo lives in the computer program of the Matrix. Then, Neo realizes that he is living a false life inside of the Matrix. Neo must fight the Matrix to free the humans. He is trying to let all the humans know the truth - that they are living inside the Matrix.
Story.
Thomas Anderson (Keanu Reeves) works at a computer company. On the internet, Thomas Anderson’s name is Neo. One night, he finds a strange message on his computer. The message is: "follow the white rabbit." A few minutes later, a girl with a white rabbit tattoo on her shoulder knocks on Neo's door. Neo sees the white rabbit tattoo. Because he remembers the message from his computer, Neo follows the girl. The girl leads him to a dance club. He meets the woman who sent him the message. The woman’s name is Trinity. Trinity knows that Neo feels strange. She tells Neo that the Matrix is watching him.
When Neo is at work the next day, he gets a package. There is a cell phone in the package. The phone rings. It is Morpheus. Morpheus is one of Trinity's friends. Morpheus tells Neo that he (Neo) is in danger. Men in black clothing are coming to attack him and catch him. Morpheus tells Neo to escape from the building through a very high window. Neo is too scared to jump from the very high window.
The men in suits catch Neo. The men take Neo to their building, and they ask him questions. Neo thinks that they are the police, but they are not the police. These men are programs from the machine world, called “Agents”. (Agent is a real word. Agents are a special kind of police).
When the men release Neo, Trinity comes. She tells him to get into her car. Trinity goes with Neo to meet Morpheus. Morpheus knows the secret of the Matrix. He tells Neo, “The Matrix is everywhere. It is all around us, even now in this very room. You can see it when you look out your window or when you turn on your television. You can feel it when you go to work, when you go to church, (and) when you pay your taxes. It (the Matrix) is the world that has been pulled over your eyes (similar to a blanket that children hide behind) to blind you from the truth (to hide the truth from you).”
Morpheus gives Neo a choice. If Neo takes the blue pill, he will know nothing. He will not understand the Matrix. Neo will continue to live in the Matrix, but he will always be uncomfortable.
If Neo takes the red pill, he will understand the Matrix. He will understand the truth.
Morpheus says to Neo, "(If) you take the blue pill, the story ends. You (will) wake up in your bed and (you can) believe whatever you want to believe. (If) you take the red pill, you stay in Wonderland, and I (will) show you how deep the rabbit hole goes."
Neo takes the red pill. He chooses truth.
Suddenly, Neo wakes up in a tank of red water. There are wires in his head and arms. When he sits up, the wires fall off of him. The only thing he can see is many, many more tanks similar to his tank. Neo escapes from the tank that he is in.
Then, a ship comes and saves him.
Neo’s friends are on the ship, called the Nebuchadnezzar. Trinity and Morpheus are there. Neo is sick because he always lived in the tank. Trinity and Morpheus heal him. Morpheus tells Neo about the machines, the Matrix, and the real world.
Because Neo knows the truth about the Matrix now, he can change it. Neo can change the programming of the Matrix. After Neo practices, he can jump between buildings and avoid bullets.
Morpheus thinks that Neo is “the One.” If Neo really is the One, he can save the humans from the Matrix. Morpheus goes with Neo to ask the Oracle questions. (An oracle can see the future. Oracles tell people about their future). Neo still thinks that he is not the One. The Oracle tells him that he is correct. Neo is not the One. She says that Neo is waiting for something.
Cypher is one of Neo’s friends. He is a traitor. Cypher does not like the real world. The truth is too difficult. Cypher works with the Agents, who are afraid that the One will destroy their Matrix. Cypher kills three of Neo’s friends. Cypher tries to kill Neo and Trinity, but Tank (one of Neo’s friends) stops Cypher. Tank saves Neo and Trinity.
The Agents capture Morpheus. Because Morpheus is a captain, he knows about the humans. The Agents want the information that Morpheus has. The Agents ask Morpheus questions, but Morpheus does not answer.
Neo enters the Matrix to save Morpheus. Neo wants to go alone, but Trinity goes with him. It is very dangerous. When humans fight the Agents, the humans usually cannot win.
Neo and Trinity shoot hundreds of Matrix soldiers. Neo and Trinity arrive on the roof. Agent Brown is there. He shoots Neo, and Neo dodges the bullet. Neo is becoming the One.
Neo and Trinity save Morpheus. They want to leave the Matrix, and they always use a telephone line. There is a telephone line in the subway station. Morpheus and Trinity leave the Matrix. Before Neo can leave the Matrix, Agent Smith arrives. Agent Smith is the leader of the Agents, and he is the most powerful agent. Agent Smith wants to kill Neo before Neo becomes the One.
Neo is loosing the fight with Agent Smith. Smith is too strong. Neo is not the One yet.
Smith throws Neo onto the train tracks. A train is coming. Smith says to Neo, “(Do) you hear that, Mr. Anderson?” Mr. Anderson is Neo’s human name. It is his name from the time when he was not free. Neo says, “My name is NEO.” Neo jumps, and he escapes Smith. The train kills Smith, but Smith is a program. Usually, programs cannot die. Smith is alive again. Neo runs.
Neo arrives at the “Heart ‘o the City Hotel”. Agent Smith and two Agents are there. They shoot Neo many times. Neo dies.
Trinity is on the ship in the real world. She is watching Neo’s real body, and she knows when he dies. She tells Neo, “The Oracle told me. The man I love is the One. You can’t be dead (it is not possible for you to die). I love you, Neo. Can you hear me? I love you.”
In the Matrix, Neo is reborn, and he has a second life. The Agents shoot Neo, but he is not hurt. Now, he knows how to stop the bullets. Neo can see reality now. He knows the truth of the Matrix. Now, Neo is the One.
Neo kills Agent Smith. He jumps into Smith’s body and destroys Smith’s computer program.
The fight against the machines has begun. It is the fight to free the humans.
Neo says to the machines, “I know you're out there. I can feel you now. I know that you're afraid. You're afraid of us. You're afraid of change. I don't know the future. I didn't come here to tell you how this is going to end. I came here to tell you how it's going to begin. I'm going to hang up this phone, and then I'm going to show these people what you don't want them to see.”
Symbolism.
There is a lot of symbolism in "The Matrix". Common sources are Christianity, Buddhism,Hinduism(the concept of maya), the ancient philosopher Plato and "Plato's Cave", modern philosophers such as René Descartes, and modern authors such as William Gibson.
Descartes says that maybe humans are brains in jars. A monster is maybe tricking humans. The monster makes humans believe that they are in the real world, but actually humans are simply brains. Humans cannot know what is real.
Philosophy.
There are also references to "Simulacra and Simulation", a very modern philosophy book by Jean Baudrillard. Baudrillard says that in the modern world, copies of copies are made. "The Real" is gone because people do not know what the first things were. For example, a modern person who eats a chicken did not kill the chicken. That person does not know what a real chicken is. The chicken meat is false because the person did not kill the chicken. The person's reality is the chicken meat.
Symbols in the music of "The Matrix".
I feel like I've been/ I've been here before
You're not my savior/ but I still don't go
It feels like something that I've done before
I could fake it, but I'd still want more/
Music.
Don Davis made the score (orchestra part with violins and flutes).
The Matrix's soundtrack (band music for a movie) includes music from bands such as Rammstein, Rob Dougan, Rage Against the Machine, Propellerheads, Massive Attack, The Prodigy, Rob Zombie, and Marilyn Manson.
Other meanings.
The word "matrix" sometimes means "origin" or "beginnings". In very old English, "matrix" means "womb". A matrix is also a part of mathematics.
Sequels.
"The Matrix" was followed by two sequels, "The Matrix Reloaded" (May 2003) and "The Matrix Revolutions" (November 2003).
Effect of the movie.
A new religion called Matrixism or The path of the One is based on the movie "The Matrix". The religion began in 2004 with 300 members. Now there are about 16,000 members of Matrixism. There is writing about Matrixism in books and newspapers.

September 11 attacks
The September 11, 2001 attacks, shortened as nine-eleven, 9/11 or "9-11", were four attacks by terrorists that happened on the same day. By the official account, people in the group al-Qaeda took control of four airplanes. They crashed three of the airplanes into buildings in the United States on purpose. Nearly 3,000 people died.
Outcome.
All 246 people on the four planes died in the crashes. 19 terrorists were also killed in the attacks. Both towers of the World Trade Center caught on fire after the crashes. The south tower (2 WTC) burned for 56 minutes before it fell and was destroyed. The north tower (1 WTC) burned for 102 minutes before it also fell. As the towers fell, parts of the towers hit other buildings around them. Because of this damage, a third building, 7 World Trade Center (7 WTC), fell at 5:20 p.m. Many other buildings in the area were damaged badly and had to be destroyed. 2,602 people died at the World Trade Center.
The plane that hit the Pentagon hit the ground just as it hit the western side of the building. It then crashed through three of the five "rings" that make up the Pentagon. The crash killed 125 people in the Pentagon.
2,973 people died in the attacks, including people such as firemen trying to save the lives of other people.
This was the first big attack by non-Americans on the United States since 1941, when the Japanese attacked the US naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.
Many conspiracy theories have appeared which say that certain people in the United States government knew about the attacks beforehand, or even made them happen.
War on Terror.
After the attack, the United States blamed al-Qaeda. They began a "War on Terror". The leader of al-Qaeda, Osama bin Laden, lived in the country of Afghanistan. The United States told the government of Afghanistan, called the Taliban, to turn bin Laden over to them. The Taliban would not do this. The leader of the Taliban, Mullah Muhammad Omar, demanded to see proof first from the United States government. President George Bush said that he did not need to provide proof. The United States then went to war against Afghanistan.

Cardiff
Cardiff is the capital and biggest city of Wales, in Great Britain. Its name in the Welsh language is Caerdydd. 325,000 people live in Cardiff. It is the most important city in Wales for tourism, culture, government, sport, transport, nightlife and business.
Cardiff has a big port that used to be known as Tiger Bay, now just called Cardiff Bay, where the Welsh government works and now there are lots of shops, pubs and restaurants. Cardiff has an international airport, and is twinned with Nantes in France and Stuttgart in Germany. Cardiff has one of the largest stadiums in the United Kingdom, the Millennium Stadium, where important sports matches happen.
To get around, there are lots of bus routes and train lines in the city. There are two big train stations in Cardiff, called Central station and Queen Sreet station, but there are also 18 other smaller stations for local areas.
Cardiff stands at the end of three rivers - the Taff (which Cardiff is named after), the Ely and the Rhymney.
Part of Cardiff is built on reclaimed marshland.

Valladolid
is a city in Spain, with a population of 316,564, is the capital of Castile and Leon, and one of the historical capitals of the Spanish Kingdom. On October 19 1469 Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile married secretely in the "Palacio de los Vivero". Also, Christopher Columbus died in the city on May 20, 1506.
The river which runs through the city is the Pisuerga.

Elizabeth Gaskell
Elizabeth Cleghorn Gaskell (September 29, 1810 – November 12, 1865) was an English writer.
She was born in London. After her mother died, she lived with her aunt in Knutsford, Cheshire. She married William Gaskell, a priest, in 1832. They lived in Manchester, where several of her books are set.
Her most famous books are "Mary Barton", "Cranford", "North and South", and "Wives and Daughters". She also wrote a book of the life of her friend, writer Charlotte Brontë. Some of her books have been made into movies and television programmes.

Venice
Venice is a city in Italy. It is the capital of the Veneto region, which is in the north-east of the country.
Venice is built on 117 small islands that are separated by 150 canals. People cross the canals by many small bridges. They can also be taken for rides along the canals in a type of boat called a "gondola".
The buildings in Venice are very old and attractive, and tourists come from all over the world to see them and the canals. This has made Venice one of the most famous cities in the world.
The most famous sights are the Rialto Bridge, St Mark's Basilica and the Doge's Palace.
Every year the city sinks a couple of centimeters because the ground is made from mud. Eventually the city will be completely underwater, but that will take years.
There are other ways to get around in Venice as well. The most common is the gondola, and also the vaporetto, which is a water bus and carries lots of people around the canals. Also there are motoscafi, motonavi and traghetti (ferries). You can use a motorboat, catch a taxi, or walk.
There are problems of rubbish in Venice, but it is still a popular tourist attraction.

Naples
Naples is a southern Italian city with a port. It faces the Mediterranean Sea. Its name in Italian is Napoli which came from its Greek name Neapolis, meaning "new city".
Ancient Greeks settled Naples in the 6th Century B.C. Later Romans conquered the southern Italy and took Naples.
Today Naples is the capital of Campania and the largest city in southern Italy. It has a population of about 1 million. 300,000 people live in the area around Naples (including the habitans of Naples). It is an important city for tourists.
The temperature and climate in the summer is 24°C. In the winter, temperatures can be as low as 8°C.
There is one airport in the city, Naples International Airport at Capodichino.

Florence
Florence (Italian: "Firenze") is the capital city of the region of Tuscany ("Toscana"), in Italy. From 1865 to 1870 the city was also the capital of the Kingdom of Italy. Florence is on the Arno River. The city has a population of around 400,000 people, and a suburban population of over 2,000,000 persons. The greater area has some 956,000 people. The city was a center of medieval European trade and finance. It is often considered the birthplace of the Italian Renaissance and was long ruled by the Medici family. Florence is also famous for its fine art and architecture. It is said that, of the 1,000 most important European artists of the second millennium, 350 lived or worked in Florence.
Sport.
The football team of Florence is the Fiorentina.
Cuisine.
The food of Florence is based more on peasant eating rather than expensive cooking. Most of foods are based on meat. The whole animal was usually eaten. Many kinds of tripe, (trippa) and (lampredotto) were commonly served. They are still sold at the food carts in the city. Antipasti include "crostini toscani", sliced bread topped with a chicken liver-based pâté. Also common are sliced meats (mainly prosciutto and salami). They are often served with melon when it is in season. Tuscan bread has no salt or butter. It is used often in Florentine meals. It is very common in the local soups, "ribollita" and "pappa al pomodoro", Both soups are usually served with local olive oil. The bread is also used in the salad of bread and fresh vegetables called "panzanella" that is served in summer. The most famous main course is the "bistecca alla fiorentina". It is a huge steak of Chianina beef that is cooked over hot charcoal. It is served very rare with the "tagliata", sliced rare beef served on a bed of arugula, often with slices of parmesan cheese on top.
Climate.
Florence has a Mediterranean climate, but sometimes is classified as a city with Humid subtropical climate,hot and humid summers and damp winters.Florence can be especially hot and humid from June to August (surrounded by hills in a valley traversed by the Arno river).Summer temperatures are higher than those along coastlines.Snow is really rare.

Milan
Milan (Italian: "Milano"; ancient "Medhelan" "Mediolanum" (City in the middle of the lands)) is a city in northern Italy. Milan is the capital of the Milano Provence and of the Lombardy Region. It's populed by 1,308,735 habitants.
It is the most populated province in Italy, and it is the second biggest city in Italy (after Rome).
History.
Mediolanum was founded by Insubres, a Celtic people. It was captured by the Romans in 222 BC. Milan became very successful under the Roman Empire.

Glamorgan
Glamorgan, also known as Glamorganshire (Welsh: Morgannwg) is a county in Wales. Glamorgan was a medieval kingdom. Its capital is Cardiff. The administrative county of Glamorgan existed until April 1, 1974. It was replaced with three new counties - West Glamorgan, Mid Glamorgan, South Glamorgan.

Cornwall
Cornwall (Cornish: "Kernow") is a county of England in the UK. Tintagel Castle is in Cornwall. Truro is the capital city of Cornwall.
Some people in Cornwall have attempted to revive Cornish, a very old extinct Celtic language of the region of England which is called Cornwall, which is related to Welsh. Some people in Cornwall consider themselves Cornish and not English.
Cornwall has mainly relief and frontal rain.

Tintagel Castle
Tintagel Castle is in Cornwall, a county in England.
Reginald, Earl of Cornwall built the castle on Tintagel Head (a piece of land by the sea) in about 1150. In Cornish legend, this is the place where the old Kings of Cornwall lived. Reginald built the castle for propaganda, not for military use; he wanted people to think of Camelot when they thought about him. Some people say King Arthur was born at the castle, because traditional stories say the King of Cornwall looked after him when he was a child.
The modern village of Tintagel was first called Trevena. Then, in the 1850s, it got a new name, to bring in tourism because of the King Arthur and Camelot legends. Really, Tintagel is only the name of land by the sea.

Gwyneth Paltrow
Gwyneth Kate Paltrow (b. September 28, 1972) is an actor. She is from America. She was born in Los Angeles, California.
She studied Spanish language in Talavera of the Queen, Spain.
Personal life.
Paltrow married Chris Martin, who is the singer of the band "Coldplay" on December 5, 2003. Together they have a daughter called Apple, who was born on May 14, 2004. A second child, Moses, was born on April 8, 2006.

Sarah Michelle Gellar
Sarah Michelle Gellar (born April 14, 1977) is an American actress. After several television acting roles during the 1990s, Gellar became famous for playing Buffy Summers in the television series "Buffy the Vampire Slayer". After "Buffy", she started acting in movies. She has starred in the family movies "Scooby-Doo" (2002) and ' (2004), the movie "Harvard Man" (2001), and the horror moviess "The Return" (2006), "The Grudge 2" (2006), "The Grudge" (2004) and "I Know What You Did Last Summer" (1997). She also won an award for her part in the 1999 movie "Cruel Intentions".
Early life.
Gellar was born in New York City. She is the only child of Rosellen Greenfield and Arthur Gellar. Both of her parents were Jewish, but Gellar's family had a Christmas tree during the holidays while she was growing up. In 1984, her parents divorced. She was raised by her mother on New York's Upper East Side. Gellar and her father did not had a good relationship from this time until his death from liver cancer on October 9, 2001. She went to school at New York's Columbia Grammar & Preparatory School and the Professional Children's School. Gellar was a very good student and was a good figure skater. Her best friend was Melissa Joan Hart. Several years later, Hart was the star of the series "Clarissa Explains It All" and "Sabrina, the Teenage Witch".
Television career.
At the age of four, Gellar was seen by an talent agent in a restaurant in Uptown Manhattan. Two weeks later, she auditioned for a part in "An Invasion Of Privacy", a movie made for television. The movie starred Valerie Harper, Carol Kane and Jeff Daniels. At the audition, Gellar read the lines for both her own character and Harper's character. The directors thought this was very impressive and she got the job. A short while later, she got a part in a television commercial for the fast food restaurant Burger King. In it, she said bad things about McDonald's and said she only ate at Burger King. Gellar made other commercials while doing other acting job. Some of these jobs were playing Emily in an episode of the TV series ', appearing in a small role in the Chevy Chase comedy movie "Funny Farm" and in the movie "High Stakes". She was also in Europe working on the TV series "Crossbow". In 1991, she played a young Jacqueline Bouvier in "A Woman Named Jackie".
Gellar's major break came in 1992. She starred in the teen soap opera "Swan's Crossing". After that, she got a part in another soap opera, "All My Children". She playing the character Kendall Hart, the long-lost daughter of character Erica Kane (Susan Lucci). In 1995, at the age of eighteen, she won a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Younger Leading Actress in a Drama Series for her work as Kendall Hart.
Gellar left "All My Children" in 1995. People were saying that her and Susan Lucci did not get along and this caused problems with them working together. She got the main role in the 1997 TV series "Buffy the Vampire Slayer". She played a teenager who had to fight many of supernatural enemies with the help of a group of friends and her Watcher (a mentor). The show was well liked by both the critics and the audience. Another series, ("Angel"), was made based on characters from "Buffy". "Buffy" was on television for seven seasons and a total of 144 episodes. During the show, Buffy, and Gellar also, became cult icons in the United States and the UK. They were a symbol of "empowered" women. Gellar also sang several of the songs during the "Buffy the Vampire Slayer" musical episode "Once More, with Feeling".
During the show's later years, Gellar said she did not like some parts of Season six and the seventh season's final episode. After the show ended, Gellar said that she did not want to be in a "Buffy" movie. Since that time, she has said she might do it if the script is good enough.
Gellar's picture has been used on the covers of "Cosmopolitan, Glamour, FHM, Rolling Stone", and other magazines. She was part of Maxim's "Hot 100" list in 2002, 2003, and 2005, and in FHM's "100 Sexiest Women" of 2005. In 1998, she was named one of "People" Magazine's "50 Most Beautiful People (in the World)". Gellar has also been in the Stone Temple Pilots music video "Sour Girl" and is a celebrity spokesperson for the cosmetics company Maybelline.
Movie career.
After "Buffy", Gellar tried to use her television fame for a movie career. Some of her movies were well liked, others were not. After roles in the popular horror movies "I Know What You Did Last Summer" and "Scream 2" (both 1997), she starred in the 1999 movies "Simply Irresistible", a romantic comedy, and "Cruel Intentions". "Cruel Intentions" was a small hit at the box office. It made over $38 million in the United States. The movie had a lesbian kiss between Gellar and co-star Selma Blair that won the "Best Kiss" award at the 2000 MTV Movie Awards. Critic Roger Ebert said that Gellar is "effective as a bright girl who knows exactly how to use her act as a tramp".
Gellar starred as Daphne in the box office success "Scooby-Doo" (2002), a live-action version of the cartoon series. Gellar was also in the sequel, ' (2004), which made less money than the first movie. Gellar's next movie was the 2004 horror movie "The Grudge". It was very well liked. Gellar appeared in the sequel "The Grudge 2". It opened on October 13, 2006. She has also starred in several movies that have yet to be released, including "Southland Tales", "The Air I Breathe" and "The Girls' Guide to Hunting And Fishing".
Personal life.
Gellar met her husband Freddie Prinze, Jr. during filming of the 1997 teen horror movie "I Know What You Did Last Summer" but the two did not begin a romantic relationship until 2000. They were engaged to be married in April 2001. They got married in Jalisco, Mexico on September 1, 2002.
In 2004, while filming "The Grudge" in Japan, Gellar visited the famous Japanese swordmaker Shoji Yoshihara (Kuniie III) and bought a Katana from him as a birthday gift for her husband. Gellar found out that she needed permission from the government to take the sword out of the country. After she got permission, she said that it was incredibly difficult to do.
Gellar has said in interviews that she believes in God but does not belong to an organized religion.

Jennifer Garner
Jennifer Anne Garner (born April 17, 1972) is a Golden Globe Award- and SAG Award-winning and Emmy Award-nominated American movie and television actress, and producer. She first became famous for her role as "Sydney Bristow" on "Alias", a CIA agent.

Heather Graham
Heather Joan Graham (born January 29, 1970 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin) is an American actress.
Her father is a retired FBI agent. Her mother is a writer of books for children. Her sister, Aimee, is an actress and a writer. Heather's parents are Catholics. They did not want their daughter to make any movies about sex. She does not talk to her parents now.
Graham was a student at the University of California at Los Angeles. She met James Woods when she was a student. She stopped going to college so she could become an actress.
Graham was in the movie "Drugstore Cowboy" in 1989. In 1997, She was in the movie "Boogie Nights". She played a character called "Roller Girl". She was in the movie ' in 1999. She played a character called "Felicity Shagwell". She was in the movie "From Hell" in 2001. She played a character called "Mary Kelly".
She was in several episodes of the television series "Scrubs" in 2004 and 2005.
Pictures of Graham were used in advertisements for Garnier hair care products and for Skyy vodka.
Graham has dated several famous men.

Christina Ricci
Christina Ricci (b. February 12, 1980) is an actress. She is from America. She was born in Santa Monica, California.

Julia Roberts
Julia Roberts (October 28, 1967-) is an American actress. She is best remembered for her roles in the movies "Steel Magnolias" (1989), "Pretty Woman" (1990), "Runaway Bride" (1998) and "Erin Brockovich" (2000). Roberts regularly plays characters of attractive powerful women. She has been among People Magazine's "50 Most Beautiful People in the world" eight times. She and her husband Danny Moder, have three children. She gave birth to twins, Hazel Patricia and Phinnaeus Walter, in 2004. In 2007, she gave birth to a son, Henry Daniel.
It is commonly mistaken that Julia's birth name is "Julie"; however, Roberts has said in interviews that "Julie" was a nickname given to her by classmates in elementary school, and she never took well to it. She reverted to her original name "Julia Roberts" when she discovered that a "Julie Roberts" was already registered with the Screen Actors Guild. Roberts originally wanted to be a veterinarian (an animal doctor), but later studied journalism. When her brother, Eric Roberts, achieved success in Hollywood, Julia decided to try acting. Her first breakthrough came when she played in two youth-oriented movies called "Mystic Pizza" and "Satisfaction", both filmed in 1988.

Angelina Jolie
Angelina Jolie (born June 4, 1975 as Angelina Jolie Voight in Los Angeles, California) is an award-winning American actor. She is the daughter of John Voight, who is also an actor and former actress/model Marcheline Bertrand. Her full name is actually Angelina Jolie Voight, but she decided to go by Angelina Jolie. She grew up in Los Angeles and attended the Lee Strasberg Theatre Institute. She began acting at about 12 years old, and since then has starred in many movies, including the Tomb Raider movies. She has also been in the movies "Hackers", "Gathering Evidence" (U.S. title), and "Gone in Sixty Seconds". She was once married to Jonny Lee Miller and Billy Bob Thorton. On 27 May 2006, Angelina gave birth to a girl and named her Shiloh, the father of the baby is the actor Brad Pitt.
She won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance in "Girl, Interrupted".

Lisa Kudrow
Lisa Marie Diane Kudrow (born July 30, 1963 in Encino, California) is an American actress. She was best known for her roles as Ursula on "Mad About You" and Phoebe on "Friends". "Friends" has been very popular lately and is still selling many copies, beating many popular shows even though it is long over. She also starred in PS I Love You playing the role Denise Hennessey.

Grace Kelly
Grace Kelly (November 12, 1929 - September 14, 1982) is an American actress. She later married Prince Rainier III of Monaco and became Her Serene Highness The Princess of Monaco. With Prince Rainier III, they had 3 children. Hereditary Princess Caroline Louise Marguerite, born January 23, 1957, and now heiress presumptive to the throne of Monaco, Albert II, Prince of Monaco, born March 14, 1958, and Princess Stéphanie Marie Elisabeth, born February 1, 1965. A few of her films included 3 Hitchock films, Alfred Hitchcock: Dial M for Murder, Rear Window, and To Catch a Thief. In 1955 she won an Academy Award for the Country Girl. She was the first actress to appear on a postage stamp. She was also mentioned in Billy Joel's song "We didn't start the fire" and in Mika's song "Grace Kelly" (2007). The classic head-cover of a silk scarf crossed under the chin and knotted at the side or nape of the neck is universally known as the "Grace Kelly." This chic look is still copied by many female Hollywood stars when they wish to retain a degree of anonymity in the public eye.

Elizabeth Taylor
Elizabeth Taylor (February 27, 1932) is an English-American actress. She has won two Academy Awards. One is for her main role in the film "BUtterfield 8", the other for her leading role in the film "Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?". She is also known for having marrying many times. Every time she married a man, it lasted for a few years, the end for each marriage was divorce.

Hilary Swank
Hilary Swank (July 30, 1974) is an Academy and Golden Globe Award-winning American actress. She is famous for movies such as "Million Dollar Baby" and "Freedom Writers".

Nana Visitor
Nana Visitor (July 26, 1957) is an American actress. Visitor, who was born in New York, is most famous for playing Kira Nerys in the "Star Trek" television series '.
Visitor married fellow "Star Trek" actor Alexander Siddig in 1997. They had a son in 1996. Visitor and Siddig divorced in 2001.
Visitor is the niece of American actress Cyd Charisse.

Alexander Siddig
Alexander Siddig (November 21, 1965) is a Sudanese actor. Siddig, who was born in Sudan, is most famous for playing Dr Julian Bashir in the "Star Trek" television series '.
Siddig married fellow "Star Trek" actor Nana Visitor in 1997. They had a son in 1996. Siddig and Visitor divorced in 2001.
Siddig is the nephew of English actor Malcolm McDowell and of former Sudanese Prime Minister Sadiq al-Mahdi.

Eiffel Tower
The Eiffel Tower (French: "Tour Eiffel"; IPA pronunciation: "eye-full" English; "eh-fehl" French) is a famous landmark in Paris. It was built between 1887 and 1889 as the entrance arch for a fair called the Exposition Universelle. It is 300 metres tall, but this height does not include the 24 m aerial (antenna) on the top; the total height of the structure is 324 m (1058 feet). There are also 1,665 steps inside the Eiffel Tower. It weighs 10,000 tons. It consists of 18,038 pieces and 2 1/2 million rivets.
History.
The Eiffel Tower was built by Gustave Eiffel for the 100th year of the French freedom. At first, the Eiffel Tower was to be made in Barcelona, Spain, but the people of Barcelona did not want it. When the tower was built, it was only meant to be kept for 20 years. People did not like the Tower and wanted it taken apart. After the 20 years was over, the tower became the property of Paris again. By this time, the city had learned that the tower could be used to help with communications. The military used the tower to communicate during battle. When the tower was used in the capture of the spy, "Mata Hari", nobody wanted it taken apart.

Louvre
The Louvre is a museum in Paris, which attracts millions of visitors every year because of its art collection.
The most famous picture in the Louvre is the Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci, but there are also paintings by Renoir, Rembrandt, Rubens, and Titian.
There are also statues inside the Louvre. The most famous statues are the Venus de Milo and the Winged Victory of Samothrace.
History of the Louvre.
A castle called the "Castle of the Louvre" used to be where the museum is. It was built by Philip II of France. The castle was used as a fortress to defend Paris against the Vikings.
Charles V, King of France turned the castle into a palace. However, Francis I, King of France, knocked it down and built a new palace.
Henry IV, King of France added the Grande Galerie to the Louvre. The Grande Galerie is more than a quarter mile long and one hundred feet wide. The Grande Galerie was built along the River Seine. It was the longest building in the world.

Venus de Milo
The Venus de Milo is a ancient Greek statue. It is in the Louvre, a museum in Paris, France. The Venus de Milo represents Aphrodite, the godess of love in Greek mythology. The statue is made of marble and is 203cm high. It is believed to be the work of Alexandros of Antioch.
The History of the Venus de Milo.
The Venus de Milo was found on April 8, 1820 on the Aegean island of Melos. King Louis XVIII of France presented The Venus de Milo to the Louvre in 1821

Aphrodite
Aphrodite (Greek 'risen from sea-foam') is the goddess of love and beauty in Greek mythology, and one of the Twelve Olympians. Many painters chose to paint her as a (more or less) naked woman.
Birth.
Aphrodite was born from sea-foam near Paphos, Cyprus. She appeared from the sea after Kronos cut off Uranos's genitals and threw them into the sea.
Marriage.
Aphrodite was very beautiful, which made Zeus, the god of the gods, afraid that she would be the cause of fights between the other gods. He therefore married Aphrodite to Hephaestus. Hephastus was happy to be married to Aphrodite and made her lots of jewelry. But Aphrodite did not like him, because he was very ugly, and went looking for other men. She spent most of her time with Ares, but was also linked with Adonis and Anchises.

Venus (mythology)
Venus is the Roman goddess of love and beauty. She was the Roman version of the Greek Aphrodite and Etruscan Turan.
Her cult began in Ardea and Lavinium, Latium. On August 18, 293 BC, the first temple to her was built. August 18 was then a festival called the Vinalia Rustica. On April 1, the Veneralia was celebrated in honor of Venus Verticordia, the protector against vice. On April 23, 215 BC, a temple was built on the Capitol dedicated to Venus Erycina to commemorate the Roman defeat at Lake Trasum.
Julius Caesar introduced Venus Genetrix as a goddess of motherhood and domesticity.

Jupiter (mythology)
Jupiter is the king of the gods in Roman mythology. He was the god of the sky and thunder. He is known as Zeus in Greek mythology.

Minerva
Minerva was the Roman goddess of crafts and wisdom. The Greeks called her Athena (for the wisdom and crafts), and Pallas for the war part.

Athena
Athena is the Greek goddess of wisdom, strategy, and war. She is one of the Twelve Olympians. Athena has a pet owl, and wears a breastplate, called Aegis, which was a present given to her by Zeus. She is often shown with her helmet on and with her shield, which has Medusa's head on it. This was a present to her from Perseus.
Athena is the protector of Athens, Greece, a city named after her. The Parthenon, which is on the Acropolis in Athens, is her most famous temple. She also helped many heroes, including Heracles, Jason, and Odysseus, and is always seen with Nike, the goddess of victory.
Birth.
There are many stories about Athena's birth. In Hesiod's "Theogony", Zeus had sexual intercourse with Metis, but was then scared of her having a child because a prophecy had said that a son born to Metis would overthrow Zeus as he had done to his father. To try and stop Metis having a child, Zeus changed her into a fly and then swallowed her. However, Zeus was too late. Metis was already pregnant.
While she was inside Zeus, Metis made a helmet and a robe for her baby. The hammering noise caused Zeus to have a headache. To try and help Zeus with the pain, Prometheus, Hephaestus, Hermes or Palaemon cut his head open with a Minoan axe. Athena then came out of Zeus's head. She was fully grown and had her armor on.

Salt Lake City, Utah
Salt Lake City is a city in the United States of America. It is the capital, and largest city, in the state of Utah. It was founded by the Mormons and is the official headquarters of their Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. It is named after the Great Salt Lake, which it is near. The city's population is 181,743.

Nagano
Nagano (Japanese 長野市) is a city in Japan and the capital of Nagano prefecture (長野県).

Barcelona
Barcelona is a city in Spain. It is the capital city of Catalonia, which is a section of Spain. Barcelona is on the Mediterranean coast. The city is between the rivers of "Llobregat" and "Besòs", and south of the Pyrenees mountains.
1.6 million people live in Barcelona today (2006). Around 3.1 million people live in the Metropolitan Area and 5.3 million people live in the Urban Region.

Denise Lewis
Denise Lewis (born August 27, 1972) is an athlete from United Kingdom.

Michael Johnson
His 200 meter world record was beaten By Usain Bolt at theBeijing 2008 Olympics.
He was the first athlete to win both the 200m and 400m sprints in the same Olympic Games (Atlanta).
He retired in 2001, and currently is a sport commentator of tv.

Vikings
The Vikings were the people who came from Scandinavia (Denmark, Norway, Finland, and Sweden) around 800AD-1100AD and who travelled great distances in their longboats, as both traders, settlers and warriors. Many of the Vikings were tall and had red or blonde hair and beards. Villages on or near any coast in early medieval Europe lived in great fear of Viking attacks. Some of the countries most affected by Viking piracy were England, Scotland, Ireland, and France. Many words from their language (Norse) entered our language. For example, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday & Friday are named after the Vikings' gods Tiw, Odin, Thor & Frig (wife of the god Odin); 'skirt & shirt' come from the word "skyrta" (which meant 'shirt'); 'skin' from 'skinn' (which meant to strip the meat off a thing). Many place-names in the areas the Vikings conquered still have their Norse names, like those in Yorkshire ending "-thwaite" which meant a clearing; "dale" a valley.
Exploration.
The Vikings were fearless explorers. They travelled through Russia, the Mediterranean Sea, southern Europe, northern Africa and south-western Asia. Some Vikings sailed across the Atlantic Ocean via Iceland and Greenland and even lived in North America for a while, but were driven away by Native Americans, whom they called Skraelings. The ruins of a Viking settlement from 1000 AD have been found at L'Anse-aux-Meadows, Newfoundland.
The Vikings left Scandinavia for more than one reason. Wars at home made trouble between groups and left some people without homes. Rising populations (numbers of people) caused a shortage of food and good land. Therefore the Vikings traded their goods, or stole food and treasure from countries they invaded and sometimes settled there. They attacked many monasteries, where they knew there would be wealth (money, gold, silver), but probably no soldiers. Over time they became accepted and married into the native population.
Vikings in Europe.
Europeans were frightened of the Vikings because of their strong weapons, swift attacks, and cruel fighting tactics (they fought dirty). They were known for their bad treatment of women, children and monks in the places where they fought. When the Vikings came to England, the English kings paid them to leave the country, but the Vikings took their money and sometimes fought them anyway. These payments were called Danegeld. From the 9th century to 1066, when the French Duke of Normandy, who became King William I of England conquered it, Danish and Norwegian Vikings ruled large parts of England.
Because of their longboats, which could float in 4 feet (1.3m) of water, the Vikings were able to make their way up rivers and land deep inside a country. For example they sailed up the River Shannon in Ireland and built a harbour 60 miles (100km) from the coast.

Bronze Age
The Bronze Age is the prehistoric time period when people made tools from a metal called bronze. Bronze is a mixture of two other metals: (90 % copper and 10 % tin). Wood, stone and other materials were also used for tools, but bronze was better for cutting and chopping, and was easy to shape. The Bronze Age was not at the same time everywhere, because different groups of people began to use bronze at different times. In Western Europe, the Bronze Age lasted from about 2000 BC until 800 BC. In the Middle East, it started about a thousand years earlier.
Reasons for the Bronze Age.
Archaeologists think that people became more organised in the Bronze Age. This is because making metal tools was difficult and needed special skills. The people who had these new skills would have been important. Before the Bronze Age, in the Stone Age, people might have been more equal. The new metal tools were bought, sold, or traded across larger distances.
Later, when iron tools spread, the Bronze Age ended and the Iron Age started.
The name.
The term Bronze Age refers to a period in human cultural development when the most advanced metalworking included techniques for belting copper and tin from naturally-occurring outcroppings of copper ores, and then smelting those ores to cast bronze. These naturally-occurring ores typically included arson as a common impurity. Copper/tin ores are rare, as reflected in the fact that there were no tin bronzes in western Asia before 3,000 B.C. The Bronze Age forms part of the three-age system for prehistoric societies. In this system, it follows the Neolithic in some areas of the world. In many parts of sub-Saharan Africa, the Neolithic is directly followed by the Iron Age.In some parts of the world,a Copper Age follows the Neolithic, and precedes the Bronze Age.

Louis XIV of France
Louis XIV (Louis-Dieudonné) (5 September 1638–1 September 1715) was the King of France and King of Navarre from 14 May 1643 until his death.
While he became king on May 14, 1643, he was only four years old so he had to wait 16 years until he could rule. He was 21 years old when he started ruling.
Louis' parents were Louis XIII and Anne of Austria. Because Louis XIV was too young to rule, his mother ruled France with Cardinal Mazarin until Louis turned 21. He was known as the Sun King, because he believed his splendor and power was as bright as the sun.
Louis revoked, or ended, the Treaty of Nantes. This Treaty said that there would be freedom of religion in France. This means that everybody in France could worship the way they wanted to. When Louis revoked the Treaty of Nantes, he said that all people in France must be Catholic. Because of this, 50 thousand Protestant workers left France and went to America, England, and Germany.
While Louis ruled, France became the most powerful country in all of Europe, and many other countries copied the French people's way of dressing and thinking. Louis found a hunting lodge at Versailles, and changed it into a palace for him and his noblemen to live in. He also encouraged people to explore Canada, and tried very hard to make France larger. Louis spent a lot of money on wars, and France went into deep debt because of him.
French kings after Louis XIV taxed a lot of money from the poor people to try and pay off the debt. This is part of what led to the French Revolution.

Olympic Games
The Olympic Games is a sporting event that takes place in a different city every four years. It includes many of the best athletes from all over the world. The first modern Games were held in Athens in 1896. The Motto of the Olympic Games is "Citius, Altius, Fortius," which means, in English, "Faster, Higher, Stronger."
There are separate games for the summer and winter. The Summer Olympic Games has many sports, including athletics (track and field events such as sprint, marathon, and discus), swimming, gymnastics, cycling, boxing, soccer, weightlifting, wrestling, basketball, and many other sports. The Winter Olympic Games also have many sports, which include skiing, speed skating, luge, bobsled, figure skating, and ice hockey.
Athletes win medals made of gold, silver, and bronze for coming in first, second, and third place.
The most recent Summer Olympics were held in 2008 in Beijing, China; before that, they were held in Athens, Greece in the year 2004. The next ones will be held in London, Great Britain, in 2012.
The most recent Winter Olympics were held in 2006 in Torino, Italy; before that, they were held in Salt Lake City, United States, in 2002.
The next ones will be held in Vancouver, Canada in 2010.
The Olympic Rings.
The Olympic Rings became the symbol of the Olympic Games in 1913. The five rings represent the fact that countries from all five continents of the world take part in the games. Each ring is a different color, and at least one of the five colors (Blue, Yellow, Black, Green, and Red) can be found on the flag of every country in the world. The rings do not represent particular continents.
Opening ceremony.
In the opening ceremony, the stadium is opened. Special events happen like songs, performances, dances, etc. The Olympic theme song is played, written by John Williams. The torch is brought in after being carried around the world, from Olympia, where the original olympics were held. Doves are released. Then, every athlete from each country comes into the stadium in alphabetical order, except for Greece, which comes first in as they created the games, and the country where the games are held, which goes last.

Iron Age
The Iron Age was a time in history after people began to use iron tools. Before this, they had used bronze or stone tools. Most of Europe, Africa and Asia reached the Iron Age by 500 BC. In Europe, it is a period of prehistory, because Iron Age people did not write their history down.
Iron is easy to find, but hard to make tools with. It melts at a higher temperature than bronze. The people who learned how to make iron tools were able to make many of them. This meant that people's behaviours changed. For example, more people could own a metal plough. They could farm their fields better and grow more crops. Some people invented coins to help buy and sell their crops and their iron tools. And of course, bronze weapons and armor were no match for those made out of iron, so many peoples who did not have iron were conquered by those who did. Armour was very important for medieval people.

Entertainment
Entertainment is, for example, an activity like a sport or game that excites people and keeps their attention. Some entertainment, like a scary movie, can also make people feel sad or scared.

Open Site
Open Site is a free internet encyclopedia created by many editors. Anyone can apply to become an editor or donate content.
Childrens' Encyclopedia.
Open Site started an encyclopedia for children in August 2004. The writing and pictures on the childrens' encyclopedia are simpler and easier to understand than other encyclopedias. The encyclopedia contains tools and facts as well as articles.

Coca-Cola
Coca-Cola, also known as Coke, is a carbonated, sweetened soft drink that is sold in most countries, and is the world's best-selling soft drink. It is often called a leading global brand. The company's headquarters are in Atlanta, Georgia. Coca-Cola's main rival is Pepsi.
History.
The product that has given the world its best-known taste was first made in Atlanta, USA, on May 8, 1886. Dr. John S. Pemberton, a local pharmacist, produced the syrup for Coca-Cola, and carried a jug of it down the street to Jacobs' Pharmacy, where it was tasted, called "excellent", and sold for five cents a glass. Coca-Cola was first made in Columbus, Georgia. It was called Pemberton's French Wine Coca, and was sold as a medicine. The drink used to be sold at soda fountains in the United States.
Coca-Cola was first sold in bottles on March 12, 1894. It was first sold in cans in 1955. During the first year, sales were about only nine drinks per day. In fact, Dr. Pemberton never realized how much money his soft drink could make. Little by little, he sold parts of his business to different partners, and just before he died in 1888, he sold the rest of his Coca-Cola business to Asa G. Candler. Mr Candler, together with some other businessmen, started the Coca-Cola Company.
How Coca-Cola was named.
The drink is called "Coca-Cola" because of the coca leaves and kola fruits that were used to add flavor.
Thinking that the two Cs would look good in advertising, Dr. Pemberton's partner and bookkeeper, Frank Robinson, suggested the name, and wrote the now famous trademark "Coca-Cola" in his own handwriting.
Coca-Cola's advertising.
Coca-Cola was the first ever sponsor of the Olympic Games. This was for the 1928 Olympic Games in Amsterdam.
Interesting facts.
The name of the flavor base included in the secret formula for 'Coca-Cola' is referred to as 7X.
Only a few people know the secret formula for 'Coca-Cola'. They never travel together.
'Coca-Cola' is the best-known trademark, recognized by 94% of the world's population. It is the most widely recognized word after "OK".
In 1937, Coca-Cola also started to be sold in Australia.
There are almost 10,450 soft drinks from the Coca-Cola Company drunk every second of every day.
Although Coca-Cola is enjoyed ice-cold around the world, in Hong Kong it is sometimes served hot as a remedy for colds.
Other products.
The company sells many other products, including other sorts of Coca-Cola, such as Diet Coke (1981), Cherry Coke (1985), Diet Cherry Coke (1986), Coke with Lemon (2001), Vanilla Coke (2002), Coke with Lime (2004), Coke Zero (2006), Coca Cola with Orange (2007), Diet Coke Citrus Zest (2007).
The Coca-Cola Company also makes and distributes other drinks around the world.

Sulfur
Sulfur (or sulphur) is a chemical element. The symbol for sulfur is S, and its atomic number is 16. Sulfur is a yellow solid that is not a metal.
Sulfur is commonly used in gunpowder, medicine, and matches. Sulphur is an essential component to living cells.
The ancient name for sulfur is "brimstone".

Aluminium
Aluminium (or aluminum) is a chemical element. The symbol for aluminium is Al, and its atomic number is 13. Aluminium is the most abundant metal.
Aluminium is a very good conductor of electricity and heat. It is light and strong. It can be hammered into sheets (malleable) or pulled out into wires (ductile). It is corrosion resistant.
Aluminium has many uses. Much of it is used in overhead power cables. It is also widely used in window frames and aircraft bodies. It is found at home as saucepans, soft drink cans, and cooking foil. Aluminium is also used to coat car headlamps and compact discs.
Aluminium was once considered a precious metal that was even more valuable than gold. This is no longer true because, as technology improved, it became cheaper and easier to make pure aluminium.
Pure aluminium is made from bauxite, a kind of rock that has aluminium and many impurities. The impurities are removed with chemicals and electricity, to leave behind pure aluminium. The aluminium is then melted and poured into containers for storage until it is ready for use.
Pure aluminium is very soft, so a harder metal is almost always added. The harder metal is usually copper. Copper/aluminium alloys are used for ship building purposes, because the aluminium prevents corrosion, and the copper prevents barnacles.
Aluminium prevents corrosion by forming a small, thin layer of aluminium oxide on its surface. This layer protects the metal by preventing oxygen from reaching it. Corrosion can not occur without oxygen.

Drawing
Drawing is a way of making a picture. The way that drawings are created is making marks on some surface.
Examples of things used to mark with are pencils, chalk, charcoal, crayons, pastels, pen and ink.
You can draw onto paper and other surfaces that marks show up on.

Texas
Texas is the second largest state in the United States. It is larger than France. In 1845 it became the 28th state in the Union. Texas has been controlled by Spain, France, and Mexico before declaring its independence from Mexico in 1836. It was its own country, The Republic of Texas, for 9 years.
The largest cities in Texas are Houston, Dallas, Fort Worth, San Antonio, El Paso, and Austin. Austin is the capital city of Texas.
There are many famous attractions in Texas. Fort Worth is known for its stockyards, and Amarillo is known for the cattle business and stockyards. In Dallas IT companies such as Texas Instruments and EDS have their offices.
San Antonio has The Alamo, and Houston has the Johnson Space Center. Austin has The University of Texas at Austin. Texas A&M in College Station and Texas Tech in Lubbock are other important universities in the state.
Etymology.
The state's name derives from táyshay, a word in the Caddoan language of the Hasinai, which means "allies" or "friends".
History.
Texas was first explored in 1528 by Spanish explorers on accident (they arrived when their ship sunk off the coast). It didn't become a colony until 1685 by France. In retaliation, Spain set up a rival colony in 1691 by setting up religious outpost in the eastern part of Texas. Spain didn't come back to Texas until 1716 to protect its colonies in the west from French forces. Two years later, San Antonio was founded.
The pressure between the Spaniards and Native Americans in East Texas stopped many settlers from coming to Texas. To stop the violence and increasing Native American raids, Spain called a truce between many tribes in 1745 and 1789.
Tensions didn't rise in Texas until The USA bought Louisiana and large amount of land from France in 1803. The tension was lifted in 1819 when the United States recognized a river to be part of Texas.
When Mexico got independence from Spain in 1821, Texas became part of Mexico. American and other settlers came into Texas when Mexico allowed non-Spanish settlers to settle here. After many settlers came to Texas, Mexico started taxing non-citizens. This made many settlers outraged. Those from the South got even more outraged when Mexico started banning slavery (many southerns saw slavery as a way of life back then). On March 2, 1836, Texas declared independence from Mexico. To prevent this, Mexico and Texas went towar against each other and Texas won. In 1845, the US annexed Texas. This angered Mexico, so It and the US went to war. The United States won the war (and got Arizona, California, New Mexico, southwestern Colorado and Nevada in the process).
During the Civil War, Texas left the Union and joined the newly formed Confederate States of America (which lost to the Union). After the war, It remained a republic until March 30, 1870, when congress let Texas back into America.
On January 10, 1901, oil was found in Texas, leading the founding of a richer economy. Durin a period of economic hardship, many people lefted Texas. exas didn't regain its population it lost until the 1950's and 60's. In recent years, Texas has been exploring technology and computers.
Geography.
Texas is the second biggest state in the Union (after Alaska) and is bigger than every European country except Russia. It has mountains, deserts, plains and coasts.

Prussia
In 1934 the Nazis stopped using Prussia as a land unit and in 1947 the Allies abolished the state of Prussia, and divided its territory among the new "Länder". Today the name is only for historical, geographical or cultural use.
From the late 18th century, this bigger Prussia had the power in North Germany; it was strongest in politics, economics and number of people. In 1871 Bismarck created the German Empire, and Prussia was its heart.
Geography.
Prussia was a small part of today’s northern Poland. Small numbers of Prussi people lived there, then German people made their homes there. In 1934, Prussia’s borders were with France, Belgium, the Netherlands and Lithuania. Some parts are today in eastern Poland. Before 1918 a lot of western Poland was also in Prussia. Between 1795 and 1807 Prussia also controlled Warsaw and most of central Poland.
But some regions were never part of Prussia, e.g. Oldenburg, Mecklenburg, and the Hanse city-states.
North-east Germany was Protestant, so Prussian people were mostly Protestant. But there were a lot of Catholic people in the Rhineland, East Prussia, Posen, Silesia, West Prussia and Ermland. The states of south Germany (especially Austria and Bavaria) were Catholic, so they did not want Prussia to have the power. Prussia was mostly German, but in the late 18th century the new Polish areas had a large Polish minority. In 1918, these Polish areas returned to Poland.
Early history.
In 1226 Polish Prince Conrad of Mazovia (a place in Northern Poland) asked the Teutonic Knights from Transylvania to come to Mazovia. He wanted them to fight the Prussian tribes on his borders. They fought for more than 100 years, then they created a new state. After some time, this state controlled most of today’s Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, and parts of northern Poland. From 1466, the Knights were under the King of Poland and Lithuania. In 1525 the leader of the Knights became a Protestant. He made part of the Knights' land into the Duchy of Prussia, in the Kingdom of Poland.
At that time, the Duchy of Prussia was only the area east of the mouth of the Vistula. In 1618 the new Duke of Prussia was the Elector John Sigismund of Brandenburg. He was also Margrave of Brandenburg. Brandenburg was under the Hohenzollern family. The Duchy of Prussia was important to the Hohenzollern family because it was not in the Holy Roman Empire. The name for the new state was "Brandenburg-Prussia". In the middle of the state was Polish land, but Brandenburg-Prussia was moving away from Poland. Under Frederick William, "the Great Elector," Prussia took new land, e.g. Magdeburg and areas west of the Rhine.
Kingdom of Prussia.
In 1701 the Holy Roman Emperor and Polish King allowed Brandenburg-Prussia to have the name "Kingdom of Prussia" under Frederick I. Under Frederick II ("the Great"), Prussia took Silesia from Austria and kept it in the Seven Years War. The war ended in 1763; Prussia was now the most powerful state in eastern Germany. Other parts of Germany went to Prussia because of marriage or death, e.g. Pomerania.
In this time, the Prussian military machine grew, as did the administration system. Until 1945 these were at the heart of the German state. Between 1772 and 1795 Prussia, Russia and Austria divided Poland into parts (the Partitions of Poland). Now Prussia controlled land in the far east, e.g. Warsaw.
Frederick William II took Prussia into war with France in 1792. He lost at Valmy and gave his western land to France. Frederick William III started a new war, but lost at Jena. He gave more land to France at the Treaty of Tilsit.
In 1813 Prussia again started war with Napoléonic France. In 1815 Prussia won her lost land again, and also all the Rhineland and Westphalia and some other land. This land in the west was very important, especially the Ruhr valley. It was the new centre of Germany's industrialisation, and the home of the weapons industry. After he Napoléonic Wars Prussia was the biggest power in Germany, and more powerful than Austria.
In the early 19th century, the liberals in Germany wanted one federal, democratic Germany. The conservatives wanted Germany as a group of independent, weak states. In 1848 revolution came to Europe – the liberals had a chance. Frederick William IV was worried. He allowed a National Assembly and a constitution. The new Frankfurt Parliament wanted to give Frederick William the crown of all Germany, but he did not want it. He said that revolutionaries could not name kings. Now Prussia had a semi-democratic constitution, but really the people with land (the Junkers) had the power, especially in the east.
Imperial Prussia.
In 1862 Prussian King William I named Otto von Bismarck as the new Minister-President (prime minister). Bismarck wanted the liberals and the conservatives to lose. He wanted to create a strong united Germany, but under the Junker, not under the western German liberals. So, he started three wars:* with Denmark in 1864 – this gave Prussia Schleswig-Holstein* with Austria in 1866 (Austro-Prussian War) – this allowed Prussia to take Hanover and most other north German territories who were with Austria* with France in 1870 (Franco-Prussian War) - so Bismarck could control Mecklenburg, Bavaria, Baden, Württemberg and Saxony. After this, these states (but not Austria) became part of a united German Empire, and William I took the title of Emperor (Kaiser).
This was Prussia’s high moment. The economic and political future looked good, if the leaders were clever. But after 99 days, in 1888 the state had a new leader, William II. He had little experience and little imagination, and he made bad plans. Bismarck lost his job in 1890 and William II started a new foreign policy. He started a military program and took risks; this took Germany into World War I. The Prussian Junker controlled the war, so when they lost, it was the end for them. The Prussian king and all the other German kings lost their power. Germany became a republic. In 1919 the Treaty of Versailles re-created the Polish state, and Prussia had to return a lot of land. The Polish Corridor was between East Prussia and Germany.
The end of Prussia.
At the end of World War I some people wanted to break Prussia into smaller states. But tradition won, and Prussia became the "Prussian Free State" "(Freistaat Preußen)," the largest state of the Weimar Republic, with 60% of its land. The industrial Ruhr area was in Prussia, and also Berlin, so Prussia was the home of the left. The Social Democrats and the Catholic Centre had power for most of the 1920s.
In 1932 Germany's conservative Chancellor Franz von Papen took control of Prussia, ending the state’s democratic constitution. It was the end of German democracy too. In 1933 Hermann Göring became Interior Minister of Prussia; he was now very strong. In 1934 the Nazis took the German states’ power.
In 1945 the Soviet Union’s army took all of eastern and central Germany (and Berlin). Poland took everything east of the Oder-Neisse line, e.g. Silesia, Pomerania, eastern Brandenburg and East Prussia. The Soviet Union took the northern third of East Prussia, including Königsberg, now Kaliningrad. About ten million Germans left these areas. Because of this, and because the Communists took control of land in the GDR, the Junker and Prussia were finished.
In 1947, the United States, Britain, France and the Soviet Union formally agreed the end of Prussia. In the Soviet Zone (from 1949 the GDR) the Prussian lands were now the states of Brandenburg and Saxony-Anhalt. The Prussian parts of Pomerania went to Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania. In 1952, the GDR government stopped using states and used districts. In 1990, the end of the GDR, the states returned.In the West (from 1949 the Federal Republic of Germany), the Prussian lands went to North Rhine-Westphalia, Lower Saxony, Hesse, Rhineland-Palatinate and Schleswig-Holstein. Baden-Württemberg took the Hohenzollern land.
The idea of Prussia is not completely dead in Germany. Today some people want to put together the states of Brandenburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and Berlin and call them Prussia. But German politicians are not interested in the idea. The constitution of Berlin allows for Berlin and Brandenburg becoming one state, but the people of Berlin said no in a vote.

Apocrypha
The Apocrypha are religious texts that are in some versions of the Bible. Other versions omit them. The word comes from Ancient Greek "ἀπόκρυφα"(apokypha). Apocrypha means "those that were hidden". Generally, the term is applied to writings that were not part of the canon. There are several reasons why these texts were not included in the canon. The texts might only have been known to few people, or they might have been left out because their content does not fit well into that of the other books of the Bible. Some of the apocrypha were written at a later date, and where therefore not included.
The Authorized King James Version called these books ‘Apocrypha’. It separated them, because the Bible said so in 2 Esdras 14:46, "But keep the seventy last, that thou mayest deliver them only to such as be wise among the people: For in them is the spring of understanding, the fountain of wisdom, and the stream of knowledge."
Roman Catholic Bibles have these books in the Old Testament. They do not call them Apocrypha. They call them deuterocanonical, which means that they belong to the second canon. Canon just means a list. The first list is of books first written in Hebrew. This second list is of books first written in Greek.
Some say.
These books were kept in Catholic Bibles because it is believed that the Bible Jesus read was a Bible that included the books of the "Apocrypha," the deuterocanonical books. It is known that the most popular Bible at the time of Jesus was the Greek Septuagint version - which includes these extra books. That is why early Church fathers quoted from Bibles including these books.
Others say.
Christians disagree about the ‘Apocrypha’. Others point out that the ‘Apocrypha’ was in every Christian Bible until 1828.
In 1828 these books were taken out of some Bibles. The translators of the King James Bible said that these books were written to prepare the people for Jesus, in the same way as John the Baptist did. They said that the apostles used these books.
There is no question that these books have always been part of the Bible in Oriental Orthodox Churches, so they were definitely not added in the 1500s. Around the year 80 AD, the Jewish Council (Sanhedrin) decided to cut the books from the Hebrew Bible, but they stayed in the Christian Bible. Then soon after Christianity became the only religion of Roman Empire in the 4th century, the Romans decided to cut out all of the same books that the Sanhedrin had cut out, and they moved some of them to the "apocrypha".
Texts of the Apocrypha.
Note: Other candidates for Apocryphal scriptures include supposedly lost portions of Esther and Sirach.

Understanding
Understanding means to realize what people mean when they do or say something. It is more than simply "knowing" something, and is closer to "comprehending" it.

Sodium
Sodium (symbol Na, from the Latin name "natrium") is the chemical element number 11 in the periodic table of elements. It follows that its nucleus includes 11 protons, and 11 electrons orbit around it (according to the simplified model known as "Niels Bohr atom"). Even if a relatively large number of isotopes can be artificially produced, all decay in a short time. As a consequence all sodium found in nature (mainly in sea water) has the composition 11Na23, meaning that the nucleus includes 12 neutrons. The atomic mass of sodium is 22.9898,rounded it would be 23
Sodium is a light, white metal. Sodium is so soft that it can be easily cut with a knife.
Sodium reacts violently with water, producing hydrogen gas and sodium hydroxide. It has one valence electron. sodium was discovered by Sir Humphrey davis, an english scientist, back in 1807. it reacts in water by bursting into flames.

Dice
Dice are objects used in games when something random needs to be done, such as moving a piece a random number of places on a board. Most dice are cubes that have the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 on the faces. Dice are sometimes made in other shapes than cubes, but the 6-sided die ("die" is the single of dice) is the most common. A die is usually rolled by the player’s hand.
Some games are played with two dice but sometimes one. Some games that use dice are Monopoly, Yahtzee, Risk, and many more. Dice with different numbers of sides are called polyhedral dice.
Weights can be put inside a dice to make it only land on a certain number once it is rolled.

Matrix (mathematics)
In mathematics, a matrix (plural matrices) is a rectangular table of numbers. There are rules for adding, subtracting and "multiplying" matrices together. These rules sometimes lead to not so common properties, for example, if A and B are two matrices, it is not always true that formula_1 equals formula_2.
Many natural sciences use matrices quite a lot. In many universities, courses about matrices (usually called linear algebra) are taught very early, sometimes even in the first year of studies. Matrices are also widely used in computer science.
Definitions and notations.
The horizontal lines in a matrix are called rows and the vertical lines are called columns. A matrix with "m" rows and "n" columns is called an "m"-by-"n" matrix (or "m"×"n" matrix) and "m" and "n" are called its dimensions.
The places in the matrix where the numbers are, are called "entry". The entry of a matrix "A" that lies in the row number "i" and column number "j" is called the "i,j" entry of "A". This is written as "A"["i,j"] or "a'ij".
We write formula_3 to define an "m" × "n" matrix "A" with each entry in the matrix called "a'ij" for all 1 ≤ "i" ≤ "m" and 1 ≤ "j" ≤ "n".
Example.
is a 4×3 matrix. This matrix has m=4 rows, and n=3 columns.
The element "A"[2,3] or "a"23 is 7.
Addition.
The two matrices have the same dimensions. Here formula_6 is true.
Special matrices.
There are some matrices that are special.
Square matrix.
A square matrix has the same number of rows as columns, so m=n.
An example of a square matrix is
This matrix has 3 rows and 3 columns: m=n=3.
Identity matrix.
is an identity matrix. There is exactly one identity matrix for each dimension.
Inverse matrix.
formula_13 is the inverse of
formula_14.
One column matrix.
A matrix, that has many rows, but only one column, is called a column vector.

British Isles
The British Isles are a group of islands in north-western Europe. The biggest islands are called Great Britain and Ireland, followed by the Isle of Man. Great Britain, the biggest island, is home to three countries: England, Wales and Scotland. The island of Ireland is divided into Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland.
England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland join together to make the United Kingdom.

Mandarin language
Mandarin is the language of North China and Taiwan.
Mandarin is a northern Chinese dialect, and one of five major dialects in China.
In China, it is known as "Pu Tong Hua" 普通话/普通話 meaning "common (spoken) language" and "Han Yu" 汉语/漢語 meaning "language of the Han.
Overseas, it is known as "Huayu". In Taiwan, it is known as "Guo Yu" 国语/國語 meaning "national language."
It is spoken by over 800 million people around the world, more than any other language.
It is one of the six official languages at the United Nations.
Writing.
Mandarin is written with Chinese characters called "Hàn zì" (漢字 or 汉字). Each "Hànzì" is a word, which means that many thousands of characters exist.
Characters are a kind of graphic language, different than English. The correct way is to remember the structure and meaning of every character, not pronunciation because there is very close relationship between meaning and structure of characters. Example: 房(house)=户+方. 房 is a shape-pronunciation character. 户 is for shape and 方 is for pronunciation. 户 means 'door'. 房 means 'A person lives behind a door'. 方 pronunciation is Fang and tone is 1. 房 pronunciation is also Fang, but tone is 2.
Difference between Mandarin (Beijing Accent) and Beijing Dialect.
Mandarin is defined and designed based on Beijing accent. In China, there are over 600,000 dialects and more accents although they all use Chinese language and characters, but their pronunciation and some expressions are totally different. China must find a standard pronunciation to make all people to understand and communicate. Beijing has been the capital city of China for more than 1,000 years, so China defined Beijing Accent as standard mandarin.
Beijing also has some local dialects that are not included by mandarin or standard Chinese language yet. But different from the other dialects, Beijing is capital city, political, economic, culture and education center of China, more and more new Beijing dialects have been or will be accepted as mandarin or standard Chinese language. (On the contrary, the other dialects, such as Shanghainese, Cantonese, Hakka and etc, have few opportunity to be included into mandarin or standard Chinese language or be accepted by the whole China.)
The following samples are some Beijing dialects which are not accepted as standard mandarin yet by now.
倍儿: bei er means 'very much'; 拌蒜: ban suan means 'stagger'; 不吝: bu lin means 'do not worry about'; 撮: cuo means 'eat'; 出溜: chu liu means 'slip'; 大老爷儿们儿: da lao ye men means 'man, male';
The following samples are some Beijing dialects which have been already accepted as mandarin in recent years.
二把刀: er ba dao means 'not very skillful'; 哥们儿: ge men er means 'good male friends'; 抠门儿: kou men means 'parsimony'; 打小儿: da xiao er means 'since childhood'

Algeria
Algeria is a country in the Western part of North Africa. The capital city is Algiers.
Languages.
Official languages are Arabic and Berber. French is widely spoken too.
History.
It became independent from France in July 5, 1962

Plymouth
"This article is about Plymouth, England. Plymouth can be other places or things, see Plymouth (disambiguation)."
Plymouth is a city in England. It is on the south coast. It has a large port used by the Royal Navy. Nearly 250,000 people live in Plymouth.
It has a football team called Plymouth Argyle.

George Washington
George Washington (February 22, 1732 – December 14, 1799) was the first President of the United States from 1789 to 1797. He was also the commander of all American forces during the American Revolutionary War.
Early years.
His mother was Mary Ball and his father was Augustine Washington. They were teachers at the local university. They lived in Virginia. As a child, Washington did not attend school for very long.
Before the Revolutionary War.
Washington was a farmer like his father. His large farm, or plantation, was called Mount Vernon.
Washington began his army career during the French and Indian War. He first was a messenger for Virginia. He later led troops against the French. The British did not think soldiers from the colonies were as good as they were, so Washington went home and started to farm again.
In 1759, Washington married Martha Custis Washington. They did not have any children.
The Revolution.
Washington wanted the Thirteen Colonies to be independent. Washington was chosen by the Second Continental Congress to be the commanding general of the Continental Army. Washington led the army until the end of the war in 1783. He is noted for leading troops across the Delaware River on Christmas Day, 1777, in a surprise attack on German mercenaries at Trenton, New Jersey. The British had many more troops and more supplies than Washington. However, Washington kept his troops together. He did not win many battles, but he never let the British destroy his army. With the help of the French navy, Washington made the British surrender at Yorktown, Virginia in 1781. The war officially ended with the Treaty of Paris in 1783.
After the war.
When the Revolutionary war ended, Washington went home to Mount Vernon. He wanted the colonies to have a strong government. Washington was voted president of the Constitutional Convention in 1787. Washington wanted the states to ratify the Constitution of the United States and they did.
Presidency.
Washington was the first President of the United States. Washington helped the government get started. Washington did not belong to a political party. He was re-elected to a second term, but chose not to run for a third term. Because of this, other presidents chose to follow this tradition of not running for a 3rd term. However, President Franklin Roosevelt did run for a 3rd and 4th term. After he died, the Constitution was changed so it is now illegal for anyone to run for president for a 3rd term.
Retirement.
Washington had return home to Mount Vernon after his second term ended in 1797. He died on December 14, 1799, in Mount Vernon at the age of 67. He was the only leader of the early United States who decided in his will that his slaves were to be freed once he himself and his wife had passed away. Washington, D.C. and the state of Washington are named after him. He is on the one dollar bill and the quarter.

Abraham Lincoln
Abraham Lincoln (February 12, 1809 - April 15, 1865) was the 16th President of the United States between 1861 to 1865. In 1865, after the Civil War ended, he was shot and killed when he was still President.
Life.
Abraham Lincoln was born on February 12, 1809, in Hardin (now Larry County, Kentucky). His parents were Thomas Lincoln, a farmer, and Nancy Hanks. His family was poor. Abraham had 1 brother and 1 sister. His brother died in childhood. They grew up in a small log cabin, with just one room inside. His father refused to own slaves as a religious Baptist, although Kentucky was then a state where slavery was allowed. When Abraham was 7 years old, his family moved to Indiana. In his childhood he helped his father on the farm, but when he was 22 years old he left his parents and moved to New Salem, in Illinois, to work as a salesman. Later, he said that he had gone to school for just one year, but that was enough to learn how to read, write, and do simple math. In 1842, he married Mary Todd Lincoln. They had four children, but three of them died when they were very young. Abraham Lincoln was sometimes called Abe Lincoln and nicknamed Honest Abe and the Great Emancipator, because of his great efforts in 1863 to emancipate (or free) the African-Americans held as slaves by the Confederate States, even though he never actually freed the slaves that were still in the United States. His efforts were rewarded after his death in 1865, when slavery was completely abolished in the United States of America as well.
Early political career.
Abraham started his career in 1832 when he ran for the Illinois General Assembly, but he lost the election. He served as captain in the army during the Black Hawk War, a war against a Native American tribe. When he moved to Springfield, he began to work as a lawyer. Soon he became one of the most highly respected lawyers in Illinois. In 1837, he protested for the first time against slavery, yet defended slave owners in Illinois to have their runaway slaves returned. In 1846, Lincoln joined the Whig Party. He was elected to one term in the House of Representatives, but when his term ended, he ignored his political career and turned his energies to being a successful railroad lawyer. Twelve years later, he wanted to become senator; although this was unsuccessful, the debates drew national attention to him. The Republican Party nominated him for the Presidential election of 1860.
Presidency.
Lincoln was elected as the 16th president of the United States, because the Northern States had stopped slavery and the Republican Party was against slavery extension.
But in 1863, he signed the Emancipation Proclamation, which freed slaves only in the Confederate states while allowing slavery to continue in the northern states of Delaware, Kentucky, and Missouri, as well as all captured southern territories at that time. The Proclamation was enacted, in part, to prevent foreign (namely Great Britain and France) powers from helping the Confederate States and ending the war, and possibly incite a slave revolt. Slavery was not abolished by law until the 13th Amendment in 1865.
Lincoln made a famous speech after the Battle of Gettysburg in 1863 called the Gettysburg Address.
Lincoln was reelected president in 1864. Lincoln saw the South was going to lose. He proposed laws to make the nation become one again quickly.
Death.
While attending a play at Ford Theatre in Washington DC, Lincoln was shot and killed by John Wilkes Booth. He was the first American president to be assassinated.

Calvin Coolidge
John Calvin Coolidge (July 4, 1872 - January 5, 1933) was the 30th President of the United States between 1923 to 1929.
Early years.
He was married to Grace Coolidge and had 2 children: John (born 6 September, 1906 - died 2000) and Calvin Jr. (born 13 April 1908 - died 1924). His younger son Calvin Jr. died at 16 while playing tennis at the White House. He was wearing shoes without socks and died from a toe infection. He was buried at the foot of Hill Cemetery.
Political career.
Coolidge served as the Mayor of Northampton, Massachusetts. He later served as the Governor of Massachusetts. In 1920, he was nominated Vice President under Warren G.Harding. The Harding-Coolidge team won easily. Their main opponents were Democrats James M. Cox and Franklin D. Roosevelt.
Harding died in 1923 and Coolidge became the next President.

Harry S. Truman
Harry S. Truman (May 8, 1884 - December 26, 1972) was the 33rd President of the United States, from 1945 to 1953. His spouse was Bess Wallace Truman.
Harry S. Truman made the decision to drop the two atomic bombs on Japan (Manhattan Project) ending WWII.

John Adams
John Adams (October 30, 1735 – July 4, 1826) was the second President of the United States (1797–1801), and father of the sixth President, John Quincy Adams. He was also the first Vice President of the United States (1789–1797).
Early years.
Adams was born in Braintree, Massachusetts. He went to Harvard College. He married Abigail Adams in 1764. He was a cousin of another patriot, Samuel Adams.
Revolution years.
Adams wanted the Thirteen Colonies to be free from Great Britain. However, Adams was fair and thought every person should be treated fairly. Even though he did not want British soldiers in Boston, he was the lawyer who defended the British soldiers who were involved in the Boston Massacre.
Adams was a representative from Massachusetts during the Second Continental Congress. He helped Thomas Jefferson write the United States Declaration of Independence. During the American Revolutionary War, Adams helped make peace with Great Britain.
Vice President and President.
Adams was the first vice president under George Washington. After Washington chose not to run again, Adams won the 1796 election. Adams is thought to have been the first president to belong to a political party, but like George Washington, he thought himself above any particular party. He ran for president on the Federalist ticket. He beat Thomas Jefferson of the Democratic-Republican Party. President candidates and vice president candidates did not run together like they do today. Since Jefferson got the second highest number of votes, he became vice president.
Adams kept the United States out of war with both Great Britain and France. He also passed the Alien and Sedition Acts. Many people did not like those acts. Adams was not re-elected president. The Federalist Party was not as popular as it was when Adams was elected. One of his last acts as president was to make John Marshall the Chief Justice of the United States. This made sure that the Federalist Party would still be important.
Later years.
Adams retired to Quincy, Massachusetts. He died on July 4, 1826, 50 years after the Declaration of Independence was signed. Thomas Jefferson died on the same day.

Bill Clinton
William Jefferson Clinton (born August 19, 1946), better known as Bill Clinton, was the 42nd president of the United States. He served from 1993 to 2001. He was 46 years old when he was elected. His major opponents were George H. W. Bush and Bob Dole. Clinton was the first president from the Baby Boom generation and was the third youngest president in the U.S. He is a Democrat. Clinton's supporters say he helped bring the economic boom of the 1990s. His presidency was very controversial to most Republicans, who did not agree with what he did.
Before he was president, Clinton was also governor of Arkansas (1979-1981 and 1983-1993).
In 1994, during Clinton's first term in office, the Congress switched to a Republican majority. However, Clinton still beat Republican Bob Dole in the 1996 election.
President Clinton was accused of wrongdoing by the U.S. House of Representatives in December 1998 during the Monica Lewinsky scandal. Although he lied that she did not give him oral sex, he was found to have done nothing wrong by the U.S. Senate in February 1999. The scandal had little effect on his popularity, and he left office with some of the highest approval ratings of any president.
He is married to Senator Hillary Clinton and now lives in New York.

Reward and punishment
Reward and punishment is the idea that people perform better when offered rewards, or when threatened with punishment. Both ideas are now generally believed wrong in psychology although they persist in many kinds of politics, especially those based on hate, specifically "punishing bad people" to create fear of being considered such a bad person.
Regression towards the mean is one explanation of why people believe "punishment works" when it provably does not: after a good performance, the next performance is most likely to be worse. A reward is not likely to make someone able to perform much better than their current best, so, rewards appear not to work. However, after a bad performance, the next performance is most likely to be better. Thus punishment will be perceived to work, even if the better performance has nothing to do with it and it is simply a "more average" performance.
People who do not understand, or claim not to understand, this, are common in political life, but they have no credibility at this point, and stems from a pain and pleasure view of self.

Yield
The yield of a financial instrument, usually a debt or other fixed income instrument, is the amount the holder (the one who owns) is paid each year for leaving his or her money invested in that instrument. Unlike a corporate dividend, a yield is fairly certain, unless there is a bankruptcy.
Yields vary with inflation. However, they tend to fit in a fixed order: the least risky instruments, such as Treasury bonds, yield the least, then safe and "guaranteed" instruments like long-term deposits, then overnight deposits, and so on to the various municipal bond and corporate bonds. Extremely risky instruments with high yield are usually called junk bonds.
Economics is very concerned with yields and related money supply questions. A key issue is the contrast with ecological yield: some people advocate a monetary reform to ensure that the requirement to repay global debt does not reduce the Earth's carrying capacity or carbon sink capacity. If the payments of economic yield to holders of global debt exceed that which can be borne by the natural renewal of the Earth, (for instance, its current solar income) that is an energy subsidy. These subsidies typically come from fossil fuel and other non-renewable resources. Full cost accounting for these versus renewable resources may limit the yield that can be guaranteed to holders of debt instruments.
In practice, this is an issue with money supply and monetary policy and does not affect each individual holder of a bond or other debt, except insofar as it may lead from time to time to odious debt writeoffs or a major credit crisis. These are surprisingly common in a business cycle anyway.
Also, there are so many restrictions on who can issue debt instruments in a bond market, that the most egregious horrors (issuing junk bonds with a promise to tear down a rainforest to pay them back) do not happen in a developed nation. They are, however, still quite common in Brazil and other emerging markets.

Moral purchasing
Moral purchasing is when a person uses moral reasoning to decide what to buy. For example, when a person chooses to buy local goods instead of those from other countries, helps neighbours and processes that one can point to quickly.

Social network
A social network is a set of social actors (e.g. people, organizations, communities, nations) and a set of social relationships (e.g. friendship/affect, communication, economic transactions, interactions, kinship, authority/hierarchy, trust, social support, diffusion, contagion, shared memberships) among them. Considering social relationships as a network calls attention in some manner (e.g. graphically, analytically) to the importance of the pattern or structure of the set of relationships.
A personal social network is the pattern of relationships among a set of actors who have a relationship to a particular focal person. A community social network is the pattern of relationships among a set of people and/or organizations in a community. Each of these networks can involve social support, provide people with a sense of community and
lead them to help and protect each other.
How big a personal network can become depends on the individual and the type of relationships considered. The set of people that a person knows well or with whom a person frequently interacts seldom exceeds several hundred. Similarly as the size of a community network grows maintaining relationships among all or even most members is strained by sheer size. There is a Law of 150 which suggests that about 150 persons is the best size for a village or large clan. Many experts think that a corporation has an ideal size of about 70 people: these people and their spouses would also fit as a large social network.
Social capital refers to properties of social relationships (i.e. a network) which can be utilized to yield a desired result or return, just as human capital are skills and talents resident in a person that can be used to achieve a desired result and (economic) capital are material items that can be used to yield a desired result (e.g. new product, profit). One example of social capital is people in a community network who are willing to help each other. This use of a social network is most obvious during disaster recovery. At that time people often come forward to help each other. Other examples are people using their social network to find employment or to aid their career.
In psychology, a free rider is a person who uses the social network but does not contribute help when required. It is often thought that power structures evolve from the need to detect and exclude such free riders. Social networks are vulnerable to them, since the circumstances where help is required, like disasters, occur by surprise. It might happen that someone cannot help at that one time - it might also happen that they are not there the next time. Only after a lot of time does it become obvious who is and is not contributing to the safety of the group, or who is avoiding the group when people really need their help.
Some social networks are held together by the ties of religion. A mosque, church or temple is almost always a center of a social network, and often that network has a name and an identity of its own that is not that of the religious organization.
See also: contact network
Sources.
The Law of 150 is well documented by Robin Dunbar, British Anthropologist, Professor of Psychology, University of Liverpool, in R. I. M. Dunbar, ""Neocortex size as a constraint on group size in primates,"" Journal of Human Evolution (1992), vol. 20, pp. 469-493 - it is also proposed by some branches of sociology.

Cabal
A cabal is a group of people who try to control things in a secret way.
Sometimes people say "There Is No Cabal", or use the abbreviation TINC to mean "There Is No Cabal".
A cabal does not mean people who are in power because they are meant to have power. A cabal means people who have more power than they are meant to have.
Current usage.
One new example of the use of the word Cabal is that the former chief of staff, Lawrence Wilkerson, of the Secretary of State Colin Powell said that the foreign policy of George W. Bush's administration were run by a "Cheney-Rumsfeld cabal". With this word he meant that the President had not really the power that he is given by the constitution and that the Vice President and the Secretary of Defense had more influence than they should have.

Creating
Creating is making new things that have not existed before, usually by combining two or three things that existed. Art is almost always called creative, but so are other activities like music, mathematics, technology, business, craft, building, gardening and forestry, if they combine things to get new things.
When several people cooperate in more than one process of creating, that is a creative network. This cuts risk since anything creative involves some chance that it will simply not work.
What is "not creative" is usually called imitative, and includes anything that is mostly trying not to do what has never been done - like law, sports, science, war and especially education. These involve more direct competition, so risk comes from the competitor who may do it better. The word team is used for such groups.
Most people fear change and new things, and so what is most stable and considered important by society tends to be imitative and done in teams. But unless society encourages creating it loses out to others by competition in business or technology, so there must be some creative networks, somewhere, in labs or art studios.
Views of control of creative work also depend very much on religious and spiritual views of nature (or a creator) creating Man, according to economist Lester Thurow. Those ethical traditions that see "Man in the image of God" have created legal codes (see guild, intellectual right, intellectual interest, intellectual property) to tightly control what they are creating or have created. These are now the basis of organizations such as WIPO or ICANN. Often, such laws also create control over things which are merely found, not created.
Many people give away what they have created and never think about it as property - other people try to control it and get paid every time anyone sees it - or even every time they just talk about it.
Wikipedia uses the GNU FDL which is a content license that tries to get people to combine what they are creating, with no one clearly in control. This is considered strange by many people, who are uncomfortable with that idea, or seek to control some aspect of it themselves.

Human science
Human science is the science of humans: what makes them different from animals, and their limits, which tend to be the same as those of other animals. Because human bodies are animal bodies, human science is part of biology which leads to Life Science. However human behaviour includes the use of words, measures, numbers, knowing time and having memory, and such habits as trade - thus economics and psychology are considered to be part of human science. A general human science is anthropology which studies only the differences between humans and near relatives.
One important debate in human science is whether the exchange of culture (or in economics instructional capital), is only among humans or if it also goes on among our Great Ape near relatives. If so, then culture is part of primatology and there is no clear line between human science and life sciences.
Another name for human science is Social Science, since the most complex thing about humans is how they relate to each other in society. The most general social science is ethics, or economics, depending on your point of view.
However, life science also deals with humans as objects of study (notably in medicine), while hard science such as chemistry deals with humans as the observer who "does" the study - sets the scale at which observation can happen, incurs observer effects - as studied in philosophy of science.
Often sciences have different names based on whether they study humans or not. For instance economics is the study of how humans make a living, while ecology is the study of how non-humans make a living. Medicine is normally restricted to humans while veterinary medicine refers to the same techniques made on other species. One relies more on ethics and less on economics when dealing with humans, at least according to any ethical tradition.
The living, social, and sensory observing aspects of humans are probably all part of the human sciences to the degree they affect how humans view themselves.
Specific human sciences are (in addition to anthropology and ethics and economics) include psychology, sociology and linguistics. There is debate as to whether mathematics is something human or if it is universal - see philosophy of mathematics on this.

Flaying
Flaying is a form of torture, mutiliation, and execution. It is the act of stripping the skin and flesh from the bones. Flaying an enemy while alive is apparently a very ancient practice. Accounts attribute the practice to the ancient Assyrians, who were said to flay the skin from a captured enemy or rebellious ruler and nail it to the wall of his city, as warning to all who would defy their power. Searing or cutting the flesh from the body was sometimes used as part of the public execution of traitors in medieval Europe. A similar mode of execution was used as late as the early 18th century in France; one such episode is graphically recounted in the opening chapter of Michel Foucault's "Discipline and Punish" (1979).

Rice
Rice is a type of food. It is grown in warm parts of the world, mainly Asia, Africa, northern Italy, and the West Coast of North America.
Rice is part of the main diet in many countries. It is not eaten raw; usually it is cooked or boiled. In some areas, such as Spain, rice is first fried in olive oil or butter, then cooked with water or soup. In other areas, such as India, rice is eaten with sauce or curry. Rice can also be used to make alcohol, such as Japanese sake.
Rice is believed to have been first cultivated in ancient southern China and India. Rice growing was brought to Japan possibly in the 1st century BC, and became popular during the 2nd century and the 3rd century. From India, rice spread to southern Europe and Africa.
Rice is usually planted in a field filled with water. Before cropping, the water is drained from the field.

Yoga
"For other uses, see Yogi (disambiguation)"
Yoga is an old discipline from India. Yoga uses breathing techniques, exercise and meditation. It claims to improve health and happiness.
"Yoga" is the Sanskrit word for "union".
Patanjali was a pioneer of classical yoga. He defined yoga as "the cessation of the modification of the mind." ("stopping changing the mind").
Par example the famous "sun-salutation" contains 12 poses of asanas (sort of stretching), one after the other: helps to balance body and soul (moving its clouds away).

Human development theory
Even though economics is all about choice on the basis of what is available rather than what should be available, the overwhelming question relates to who decides how resources should be distributed and how economics can embrace a trade-off between different groups which each seek to maximize their allocation of resources. If "what should be" cannot be incorporated, the subject of economics will be as dry as desert as described by Ayn Rand. The challenge therefore is to construct a model combining "what is" to "what should be" and make the same acceptable to common man as well as politicians. Not being able to sell the idea as such is a defeat to the discipline. The issue is that of influence and not of theory, as Adam Smith perceived that no group of business men ever met other than to exploit the consumer.

Cattle
Cattle are animals which are mammals and belong to the genus "Bos".
The word "cattle" is in the plural, meaning "some cattle" or "many cattle". There is no word in English that means "one cattle". The usual way is to say "cow" or "bull" or "ox".
Cattle are large grass-eating animals with hoofs that are divided into two parts. They have horns which are a simple shape, usually curved upwards but sometimes down. They usually stay together in groups called "herds". One male, called a "bull" will usually have a number of female "cows" in a herd. The cows give birth to one "calf" a year. The "calves" have long strong legs and can walk a few minutes after they are born, so they can follow the herd.
Cattle are native to most tropical and subtropical parts of the world except Australia and New Zealand. Cattle have been domesticated for about 7,000 years. They are used for milk, for meat, for transport and for power.
Word use.
The word "cattle" has been used in English for about 1,000 years and the meaning has changed. In books that are written in "Old English", such as the King James Version of the Bible, the word is used for all sorts of farm animals, including horses, sheep and goats. The word comes from the "Old French" word, chattels, meaning all the things that a person owns.
The word "cattle" is used for some wild animals as well as for domesticated cattle. Wild cattle include the Water Buffalo from South East Asia, the Musk Ox andYak from Central Asia, the Bison of North America and Europe and the African Buffalo. The last Aurochs, wild cattle of Europe, were killed in Masovia, Poland in 1627.
Cattle vocabulary.
A male is called a "bull". A female is called a "cow". A baby is called a "calf". Two or more babies are "calves". A young female that has not had a calf is called a "heifer", (pronounced "heffer").
Because many cows will form a herd with one bull, most male cattle are used for meat. They are "castrated" by removing the testicles. A castrated male is called a "steer" or an "ox". "Steer" is the usual word for beef cattle. "Ox" is the usual word for working cattle.
The adjective that is used to describe something that is like a cow or an ox is "bovine".
The words "cow", "bull" and "calf" are also used to describe some other large animals that are not related to cattle, such as elephants, moose and whales.
Biology.
Cattle can be found across the world, from snowy Scotland to the dry inland of Australia. Different types of cattle are suited to different environments. Their large wide hoofs are good in both wet areas and dry grassland. Their hairy coat grows much longer in the winter and has an extra fluffy layer to hold the warmth. Most cattle do not sweat, but their wet nose is a cooling system.
Cattle can make a range of noises, usually a gentle "Moo!" When they are angry or upset, they can bellow loudly.
Cattle are grass-eating animals. They are ruminants which means that they have more than one stomach and they digest their food very well. Cattle have very strong tongues and strong lower front teeth that help them to eat grass. After a cow has eaten and is resting, they return the grass from their stomach to their mouth and grind it with their very large back teeth to get all the nourishment from it. This is called "chewing the cud". Other ruminants like deer also do this. It means that cattle do not need as much food as horses, even though they are about the same size.
Female cattle, or cows, have large breasts called "udders" which are under the belly and partly between the back legs. The udder is divided into four parts, each with a large "teat" for feeding the calf. Cows usually make more milk than they need for one calf. If the milk is regularly taken from the cow, be hand or by machine, the cow makes more milk. Cows that have a lot of milk are used as "dairy cows".
Male cattle, or bulls, can be fierce and dangerous. In the wild, they fight over the herds of cows and use their horns to "gore" each other. They also protect the herds from other animals such as wolves, jackals and lions. On farms, bulls are usually quieter and can be led by their owners, but they can be aggressive with other bulls and with strangers who might go near the herd.
For this reason, most male cattle are either sent to the butcher while they are still calves or are " castrated" so that they are not likely to fight. Young "steers", or castrated males, can be safely kept together in herds until they are sent to the market for meat.
Uses of cattle.
Ever since people started using cattle in Prehistoric times, cattle have been seen as a sign of wealth. In many countries today, particularly in Africa and Asia, a person's wealth is judged by the number of cattle they owned.
Cattle are very useful animals. Their flesh can be eaten as meat. Their milk can be drunk and turned into cheese and yogurt. Their skin can be used as leather. They can pull carts and plows. They can make the power to turn flour mills or pump water. The food that they eat is not expensive.
Dairy cattle.
Dairy cattle are kept specially for milking. Herds of cows are kept and are regularly mated with a bull, so that they produce calves. This keeps the milk supply going.
Cows can be milked by hand, but in many countries where there are large dairies, the cows are milked by "milking machine". The milk is collected in stainless steel containers and is taken by truck to the Milk Factory to be treated so that any germs are killed. The milk is also separated to remove most of the cream. It is then put into bottles or cartons to be sold. Some milk is turned into cheese and some is turned into yogurt. The cream is also put into bottles and sold. Milk factories often make ice cream as well.
Large dairy herds are usually kept in places where there is a good supply of grass and the fields are quite small. This is because the cows are brought in for milking every day.
Many types of cattle are used for milk. They include:-
Beef cattle.
Beef cattle are kept specifically to provide meat. "Steers" are the best for this purpose because they can be kept in herds, without fighting each other. The cows of beef cattle are used to raise calves for meat. They are not usually used for milk, although some types of cattle, such as the "Red Devon" are used for both.
Beef cattle can be let loose to graze over a big area, because they don't have to be brought in every day like dairy cattle. The biggest farms in the world are "cattle stations" in Australia, "ranches" in North America and "ranchos" in Latin America where they run beef cattle.
Until the mid 20th century, beef cattle were often sent to market "on the hoof". Cowboys or drovers would herd the cattle along the roads to the cattle markets in big towns. In Australia, sometimes the cattle would travel for hundreds of miles along roads known as Travelling Stock Routes. Big herds would have thousands of "head of cattle". (Cattle are counted by the "head".) Nowadays cattle are usually sent to the market in huge lorries known as "road-trains".
The meat of a young beast is called "veal" and from an older beast, "beef". Meat that is cut into flat pieces for frying or grilling is called "steak". Every part of a beast can be used. The skin becomes leather. The meat which is not used by humans becomes pet food and everything that is left over becomes garden fertilizer.
Types of cattle that are used for beef:-
Oxen.
"Oxen" are cattle trained as work animals. The word "ox" is used to describe just one. They are usually castrated males (steers), but in many poor countries, dairy cows are also used for work.
Usually, an ox is over four years old and grown to full size when it begins to work. Oxen are used for pulling plows and wagons, for hauling heavy loads like logs, for grinding grain by trampling it or for powering different machines such as mills and irrigation pumps.
Oxen are most often used in teams of two for light work such as plowing. In past days, very large teams of fourteen to twenty oxen were used for heavy work such as logging. The oxen are put into pairs and each pair must work together. A wooden yoke is put about the neck of each pair, so that the work is shared across their shoulders. Oxen are chosen from calves with horns, since the horns hold the yoke in place when the oxen lower their heads, back up or slow down.
Oxen must be trained from a young age. The owner must make or buy as many as a dozen yokes of different sizes as the animals grow. Ox teams are steered by shouted commands, whistles or the noise of a whip crack. Men who drove ox teams were called teamsters in America, wagoners in Britain, or in Australia, "bullockies". Many bullockies and teamsters were famous for their voices and for their foul language.
Oxen can pull harder and longer than horses, especially for very large loads. They are not as fast as horses, but they are less often injured. Many oxen are still in use all over the world, especially in poor countries.

Friend
A friend is a person that someone likes or knows. People who are friends talk to each other and spend time together. They also help each other when they are in trouble. Friends are people that can be looked up to and trusted. A friend is one who admires a person's skill and helps or encourages them to make the right choices.
People sometimes call their closest friend their "best friend."
If a person become very good friends with someone, they are called their boyfriend or girlfriend. This means that they like them very much, and have formed a relationship. Women often use the word girlfriend when referring to their close female friends.

Quick
If something is called quick, that means it moves at a very fast speed or does not take much time to finish.
The opposite of quick is slow.

Thunder
Thunder is a very loud sound that is made sometimes during a very big rain storm.
Thunder is so loud, it can be heard from a very far distance.
It can sound like a boom, a crash, or a rumble.
Thunder is made when lightning strikes.
The energy from the lightning heats up the air so much that it makes a kind of explosion.
When lightning is very near, thunder will be heard soon after the lightning flash, and the sound will be very loud. If the lightning is farther away, the thunder will be a few seconds or many seconds after the lightning. People can guess how far away the lightning is by counting the number of seconds between the time they see the lightning and hear the thunder.

1
1 (Roman numerals: I) is a common year of the Gregorian calendar. It started on a Monday.
It is one of only seven years to use just one Roman numeral. The seven are 1 AD (I), 5 AD (V), 10 AD (X), 50 AD (L), 100 AD (C), 500 AD (D), and 1000 AD (M).

2
The year 2 was a year that started on Sunday, according to the Julian calendar.

3
__NOTOC__

4
4 is a year in the 1st century.

5
5 (Roman numerals: V) is a common year of the Gregorian calendar. It started on a Saturday.
It is one of only seven years to use just one Roman numeral. The seven are 1 AD (I), 5 AD (V), 10 AD (X), 50 AD (L), 100 AD (C), 500 AD (D), and 1000 AD (M).

6
6 is a year in the 1st century.

7
7 is a year in the 1st century.

8
8 is a year in the 1st century.

9
9 is a year in the 1st century.
Arts.
Ovid completes Ibis (single poem)

10
10 is a year in the 1st century.
Arts.
Ovid completes Tristia (the "Sorrows") (5 books) and Epistulae ex Ponto (Letters from the Black Sea) (4 books) describing the sadness of banishment.

11
11 is a year in the 1st century.

12
12 is a year in the 1st century.

13
13 is a year in the 1st century.

30
30 is a year in the 1st century.

40
40 is a year in the 1st century.

50
50 (Roman numerals: L) is a common year of the Gregorian calendar. It started on a Saturday.
It is one of only seven years to use just one Roman numeral. The seven are 1 AD (I), 5 AD (V), 10 AD (X), 50 AD (L), 100 AD (C), 500 AD (D), and 1000 AD (M).

Three
The number three is one more than 2 and one less than four. Three is an important number for many cultures (groups of people living together). Sometimes people think of three as a special number.
It is also a prime number.

Ten
Ten is the number that is after nine and before eleven. Most people have ten fingers and ten toes.
Ten is the smallest positive whole number with two digits. Ten is an important number because most people write numbers using multiples of ten. This is called the decimal number system.

Hundred
100 (one hundred) (the Roman numeral is C for "centum") is the number after 99 and before 101. 100 is the square of 10 (formula_1)

Man
A man is a male human adult (male:not female; human:a person; adult:not a child). We use the word "man" (one "man", two or more "men") to talk about biological sex.
Manhood is the time in a man's life after he changes from a boy. A boy is a male human child, not a female child (a girl).
After boys grow, we call them a man. There are some times we also call a man a "boy". For example, we often use the word "boy" when talking about adult males who have a partner, for example in the word boyfriend. Sometimes people also use the word in a bad way for a black man or male slave.
Sex.
There are some sexual differences between a man and a woman. Men have sex organs which we call "external" (not in the body). But many parts of the male reproductive system are internal too. The study of male reproduction and sex organs is "andrology".
Men normally have the same illnesses as women, but there are some sexual illnesses which men have only, or more often.
Biology is not the only thing which makes people feel they are men, or that other people are men. Perhaps one in 100,000 people are men who were born without a male body. We call these "transgendered" or "transsexual" men. Some men can have a hormone or chromosomal difference (for example "androgen insensitivity syndrome"). Some men have other intersex conditions. Some of those intersex people who people said were female (girls) when they were born later want to change this.
About 20% of males, especially babies and children in the USA, have had circumcision which changes the male genitalia (the penis).
There are more differences between men and women, not only sexual differences.

Woman
A woman is a female human adult. We use the word "woman" (one woman, two or more women) to talk about biological sex. A woman has a uterus or "womb". It is a counterpart of a human male, or man. Women give birth to babies and children. Until the middle 1900's woman did not have the right to vote, and were treated with disrespect. The symbol for the goddess Venus is used for women.

Position
Position is a way to explain where something is.
Left is the side where your thumb is on the right hand.
Middle is between "up" and "down" and is between "left" and "right".
Middle means the same as "center".
Up means the same as "above". Down means the same as "below".
Left and right are called opposite "sides".
In, indoors, or inside, and out, outdoors, or outside, mean whether one thing is in another, most commonly in a house or other building, or out "in nature".
Far means that something is a long way away. Near means "close".
Sports.
In many sports, the term "position" is used to show what occupation a person has on their team. For example, in baseball, positions include Catcher, Shortstop and Pitcher.

Arundel Castle
Arundel Castle is a castle in West Sussex, England. It was built by Edward the Confessor.

Religious Society of Friends
The Religious Society of Friends is a group of religious people, who have joined together because they have similar beliefs. People in the Society of Friends are called "Friends" or Quakers - both mean the same thing. The Society is very different from other religious groups. The first Quakers were Christians but the religion today includes some other people who are not Christian. They live all over the world, but the largest groups are in Bolivia, Guatemala, India, Kenya, Tanzania, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America.
History.
The Society of Friends began in the 1600's in England. Today there are about 350,000 Quakers in the world. This number is very small compared to other religious groups. Even so, a lot of people have heard of the Quakers, because they are good at letting people know what they believe.
Worship.
Quakers worship in "meetings for worship", and at other times these meetings also decide what Quakers should do - these meetings can be called "meetings for business", but other people call them "meetings for worship for business", because they include parts of both worship and business.
Anyone can go to a Quaker meeting, because most Quakers think that everyone is equal, and that this is a very important idea. There are two types of Quakers: "members" are definitely part of the Religious Society of Friends, and "attenders" might just be wondering whether Quakerism is right for them. In practice, both tend to be treated the same.
Usually, a meeting for worship lasts about an hour. It starts with everybody sitting quietly, often in a circle. This is because they are trying to listen to God. Sometimes, a Quaker will think that God wants him or her to say something. When this happens, the person stands up to tell everyone. Then they all sit quietly again. At some meetings, a large number of people will speak. At other meetings, nobody speaks. Quakers believe that a meeting for worship helps them to understand what God wants.
At these meetings, each Quaker will have a slightly different idea of what it means to them to "listen to God", and each Quaker will go about doing it in a different way.
Some Quakers in North America, South America, and Africa have a different kind of meeting. They often sing songs, or ask a pastor to talk about something interesting. They also have quiet times, but they do not last as long. These Quakers often have strong Christian beliefs.
Beliefs.
When Quakers say "inner light", they do not mean that there is really a light bulb inside them. They use the phrase "inner light" to mean something else, which they might find difficult to find words to explain. Other words that Quakers use to mean similar things include "God", "spirit" and "love".
Quakers think that the truth is very important. They believe that it is wrong to make an oath or promise. This is because they think people should tell the truth all the time. Making a promise shows that they are trying to be more truthful than normal. Instead, Quakers believe that they should simply say what they are going to do.
This is another idea that has caused problems. Governments often want people to promise that they will be loyal to the country. In a court, people have to promise that they will tell the truth. Quakers refuse to do these things. Several countries now say that Quakers do not have to make oaths, but in the past Quakers were put in prison for not making oaths.
Today, Quakers can sometimes make an "affirmation" instead. The word "affirm" hints that whatever is being affirmed has already been said, or thought. This means that they have to say out loud what they are going to do. For example, in court they might say "I affirm that I will tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth". Other people would have to say "I swear" instead of "I affirm". Many courts ask those testifying if they "swear or affirm to tell the truth," this covers Quakers as well as non-Quakers, because people who aren't Quakers also believe some of the same things as Quakers.
Being a member.
There are two types of people in the Religious Society of Friends - "members" and "attenders". Quakers believe that neither is better than the other, but there are some differences between the types. Quakers who are attenders are part of the Religious Society of Friends; they worship with Friends, and Quakers like them to be able to do everything that members can do. However, there are some important jobs - such as the people who look after the meeting's money - that Quakers prefer to be done by members.
Members have decided that they definitely want to be Quakers, and have asked their meeting to make them a member, to show that they think that Quakerism is right for them. Some people are made members by their parents, when they are still babies; other people go to Quaker meetings for a while before deciding they want to ask to be a member, and some people wait for up to twenty years (or more) before asking to be a member.

Size
The size of something is how much space the thing takes. It can also be described as how big or small something is.
Sizes can be measured. When a size is measured, it is given a number.
Words for sizes.
"Small" and "big" are opposites.

Opposite
Opposite means that one thing is completely different from another.
It might also mean that only one part is different.
Opposite also means "contrary", "reverse", "mirror", or on the other side.

Direction
Direction follows an imaginary line connecting two points.
Something following the line is moving in that "direction". People show directions by pointing their index finger towards it. Road signs are used to show directions to drivers.
The word "direction" is made from the root "direct" meaning to giude.

Starvation
Starvation is when a person or animal has not eaten food for such a time that they are unable to do things in a normal way.
After the stomach has been left empty for so long the body starts to give up.
Consistently not being able to eat enough, will lead to permanent damage to the organs. This is the case for humans when they do not eat enough for about 1-2 months. A process called Catabolysis will break down usable resources, to keep vital functions (the nervous system and the heart working. It will first turn to muscles before it turns to fat).
Starvation was also used as a form of sentencing people to death.

Microsoft Word
Microsoft Word (often called "Word") is a graphical word processing program that users can type with. It is made by the computer company Microsoft. The purpose of the MS Word is to allow the users to type and maintain documents.
Similar to other word processors, it includes helpful tools to make good documents. Some of the important tools include a spelling & grammar checker, word count (this also counts letters and lines), and the newer version includes speech recognition (a technology that lets users control their computers by speaking to it, or telling it what to write). Also, like with other programs, with this program one can make attractive documents, insert pictures in documents, make web pages, graphs etc.Also you can create tables. Also, it displays synonyms (similar words) of words and can read out the text. Not to forget its fully customizable printing facility.
It can be bought at shops and normally comes with Microsoft Office, but can be bought separately.
History.
The program was first released in 1981.
Many of the ideas and features in Microsoft Word came from Bravo, the first graphical writing program.
Microsoft brought the Bravo program, and changed its name to "Microsoft Word".
When it first came out, it was not very popular, and didn't sell as well as other writing programs like WordPerfect.
Although it was not very popular when it came out, it had a feature called "WYSIWYG" (What You See Is What You Get), which meant that people can change the visual style of writing (e.g. bold, italics), by clicking on buttons, when in other programs like WordPerfect, people had to add special 'codes' to change the style of writing. "WYSIWYG" is now a common feature of all computer writing programs.
Versions.
"There are versions for Microsoft Word for other operating systems as well as Microsoft Windows, but new versions support fewer operating systems, although they always support Windows."
For Microsoft Windows.
"Note: "Word for Windows" is the name of the of Microsoft Word made for Microsoft Windows.'
Popularity.
Although it is sold for money, some of the people who cannot buy it download it illegally. Although Microsoft says doing that is against the copyright of Microsoft, this makes the program more popular than if only the people who could buy it used it.
It is so popular because, if the user did not configure it, the program saved the document in a secret file format, so other programs could not open it. Then if the user who does not configure the program sent his document to a friend, the friend needed a copy of Microsoft Word to read the document. Then that friend would probably also save documents in the secret format of Word. After many years, the most important parts of the format were guessed, and the format is less secret (though it is patented, and some people say the patents are still bad), but Microsoft Word is still popular, because many people do not know of other programs, or do not want to learn to use them.

Ant
An ant is a small species of insect that lives under the ground in very large groups. Each group is called a "colony". One ant colony may have thousands of ants.
A colony has a female ant, called a "queen", who lays eggs.
Those eggs will hatch into worker ants.
Ants are usually small, but can carry the weight of twenty ants.
Usually, worker ants will carry food back to the colony so that the other ants and the queen can eat.

Scissors
Knives are better than scissors for some uses.
Unlike a knife, scissors have two sharp edges.
Some types of scissors, like children's scissors, are not very sharp.
Children's scissors and are often protected with plastic. These are called "Safety Scissors".
Scissors can be made for left-handed or right-handed people.
Using scissors made for the wrong hand is very hard for most people.

Indigo
Indigo is a dye made from the Indigo plant, used to dye cloth. It is also the sixth color of the rainbow, a shade lying between blue and violet. The color shown at right, "electric indigo", is the closest approximation possible on a computer of the spectrum indigo color of the indigo color band in the rainbow.
Indigo is neither an additive primary color nor a subtractive primary one. Isaac Newton named and defined it when he divided up the optical spectrum (which is a continuum of frequencies). He specifically named seven colors primarily to match the seven notes of a Western musical scale, because he believed sound and light were physically similar. He also named them to link colors with the (known) planets, days of the week, and other lists that had seven items.
The association of India with indigo is reflected in the Greek word for the dye, which was indikon. The Romans used the term "indicum", which passed into Italian dialect and eventually into English as the word indigo.
Indigo dye is used to dye denim cloth, which is used to make what are called blue jeans (they should really be called "indigo jeans").
Meaning of indigo.
Indigo represents religion, spirituality, and "intuition".
Indigo was also the name of a character from the famous toy line, Rainbow Brite.
Comparison of blue, indigo, and violet.
Note: The spectrum colors can only be approximated on a computer screen but the colors shown below are a close approximation of the spectrum colors blue, indigo, and violet.

Violet
Violet is the seventh color of the rainbow--it is the color on the inner edge of the rainbow. Violet is sometimes confused with purple. The name of the color comes from the violet, which is a small flower grown in most parts of the world.
Meaning of violet.
The color violet represents magic.

Malcolm IV of Scotland
Malcolm IV of Scotland (c. 1141- December 9, 1165) was the grandson of David I of Scotland. He succeeded his grandfather as King of Scotland in 1153. He never married or had children. Not much is known about him.

David I of Scotland
David I of Scotland (b. 1084 - d. May 24, 1153) was the son of Malcolm Canmore and Saint Margaret.

Saint Margaret of Scotland
Saint Margaret of Scotland (c. 1045 - 16 November, 1093) was married to Malcolm Canmore and the mother for David I of Scotland, Alexander I of Scotland and Edgar. She was the daughter of Edward the Exile and the grandaughter of Edmund Ironside. She was probably born in Hungary.
Margaret died four days after her husband.

Alexander I of Scotland
Alexander I of Scotland (c. 1078 - 23 April, 1124) was the son of Malcolm Canmore and Saint Margaret. He became the King of Scotland in 1107. In the same year he married Sybilla, who was an illegitimate daughter of Henry I of England.

Henry I of England
Henry I of England (c. 1068 C.E. - 1 December 1135 C.E.) was the King of England from 1100 until his death in 1135. Henry was born in Selby, Yorkshire. He was the third son of William the Conqueror and Queen Matilda of Flanders.
He became King when his brother, William II, died in a hunting accident. As King, Henry tried to make social reforms. He issued the Charter of Liberties which is considered a predecessor of the Magna Carta. He put back in place some of the laws of Edward the Confessor.
Henry and his wife had two children, Matilda and William Adelin. He also fathered more illegitimate children than any other English King. Guesses place the number between 20 and 25.
Henry died in 1135 while visiting his daughter and grandchildren in Normandy. After his death, his daughter Mathilda and his nephew, Stephen, argued over who would become the ruler of England, and started a civil war.

William I of England
William I of England (c. 1027 - September 9 1087), also known as William the Conqueror, was King of England from 1066 until 1087.
William was born in Falaise, which is in Normandy, France. He became Duke of Normandy in 1047 when he a won a battle at Caen.
William married his cousin Matilda of Flanders in either 1050 or 1051.
William became the King of England after he invaded England and won the Battle of Hastings in 1066 against King Harold.
William died when he was in Rouen, France from injuries he had received from falling off a horse. He was succeeded by his son William II of England.

Matilda of Flanders
Matilda of Flanders (c. 1031 - November 2, 1083) was the Queen of William I of England.
After Matilda died, William became very angry. Everybody believed that this was because he was sad because Matilda had died.

Robert II of France
Robert II of France (March 27, 972 - July 20, 1031) was born in Orleans, France. He was the son of Hugh Capet and Adelaide of Aquitaine. He was married to Constance of Arles.
Robert was succeeded by his son Henry I of France. Robert is buried in the Saint Denis Basilica.

Adelaide of Aquitaine
Adelaide of Aquitaine (952-1004) was the Queen of Hugh Capet and the daughter of William III of Aquitaine. She was the sister of William IV of Aquitaine.

William III of Aquitaine
William III of Aquitaine (c. 915 – April 3, 963) became the Duke of Aquitaine and Count of Poitiers in 935. He was the son of Ebalus of Aquitaine.
William was married to Adela of Normandy. He was the father of Adelaide of Aquitaine, who became Queen of France when she married Hugh Capet. He was succeeded by his son, William IV of Aquitaine.

Saint Denis Basilica
Saint Denis Basilica is a famous for its architecture and as the burial place for many Kings of France. It is in the suburb of Saint Denis, which is in the north of Paris, France.
The Basilica is named after Saint Denis. Saint Denis is the patron saint of France. He was also the first Bishop of Paris.
The Basilica was a Romanesque building. In 1136 the Abbot Suger (1081 - 1155) began replacing the building, bit by bit, beginning with the west front and then with a new east end. The east end is said to be the first building in the Gothic style. It was not completed until the 13th century.

Gothic architecture
Gothic architecture is a style of architecture which was built in Western Europe in the Middle Ages. It came after Romanesque architecture and before Renaissance architecture. Gothic architecture started in France in the 12th century and lasted into the 16th century. Its important features are the pointed arch, the ribbed vault and the flying buttress, which are explained below.
Gothic architecture is best known as the style of many of the great cathedrals, abbeys and churches of Europe. It is also the architecture of many castles, palaces, town halls, universities, and also some houses.
Many church buildings still remain from this period. Even the smallest Gothic churches are often very beautiful, while many of the larger churches and cathedrals are thought to be priceless works of art. Many are listed with the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) as World Heritage Sites.
In the 19th century, the Gothic style became popular again, particularly for building churches and universities. This style is called Gothic Revival architecture.
About the word "Gothic".
Gothic architecture was at first called "the French Style" (').
The word "Gothic" was used later during the Renaissance as an insult. In fact, the architecture had nothing to do with the real Goths, a tribe of people who attacked Rome in the early Middle Ages.
An Italian writer named Giorgio Vasari used the word "Gothic" in the 1530s, because he thought buildings from the Middle Ages were not carefully planned and measured like Renaissance buildings or the buildings of ancient Rome. After Vasari, many other people used the word "Gothic" to describe architecture with pointed arches.
Towns, states and countries.
At the end of the 12th century, Western Europe was split into different states. A big part of Europe was called the Holy Roman Empire. The Holy Roman Empire included the modern countries of Germany, The Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Austria, eastern France and much of northern Italy, apart from Venice. People believed the Emperor Charlemagne started the Holy Roman Empire in 800 AD.
The countries of France and Spain were split into kingdoms. England was ruled by a kings whose family also had a lot of land in France. Norway was influenced by England, while the other Scandinavian countries and Poland were influenced by Germany.
At that time, there was a lot of trade between towns and states. This caused the towns to grow larger. Germany, Holland and Belgium had many big towns that grew peacefully, often trading with each other. Because of the peace and wealth of these towns, they showed their pride by building huge Town Halls, often with very tall towers.
In England and France, most people did not live in towns. They lived on farms, which were often owned by a rich nobleman (or lord). The house of the lord was usually called a Manor house. This form of economy is known as Manorialism.
Italy was mostly split up into small city states which often fought each other. Cities often had high walls and many of the houses built at this time were tall, high towers.
The Church.
In Western Europe, in the Middle Ages, almost everyone belonged to the Roman Catholic Church. The Roman Catholic Church has one head - the Pope. During the Middle Ages, one language was used in churches all across Europe- Church Latin, which had developed from ancient Latin.
The churches of each area had a local ruler who came under the Pope. This was the Bishop. Each Bishop had a throne where he could sit when priests and people came to him. A church which has a Bishop's throne is called a "cathedral". Cathedrals were usually the biggest and most beautiful churches.
In the early Middle Ages, many monasteries were built all over Europe. A monastery was a group of buildings where holy men lived and worked and prayed. Monks belonged to different "orders" which had different rules. The biggest number of monasteries were homes to the monks of the Benedictine Order. Their monasteries were generally in towns and they often built very big churches called "Abbeys" for the monks and the townspeople to worship in. Other orders of monks, like the Cistercians, did not live near towns. Nowadays their abbeys are seen as beautiful ruins in the English countryside.
In France, there were also Benedictines, as well as Cluniac and Cistercian Orders. The great monastery at Cluny, built in the Romanesque style, was the biggest in Europe. The abbey and other buildings were very well planned so for hundreds of years other monasteries were influenced by that plan.
In the 13th century St. Francis of Assisi started the Franciscans, who were often called the "Grey Friars" because of their grey-brown robes. From them came the Dominicans, founded by St. Dominic in Toulouse and Bologna. The Dominicans built a large number of Italy's Gothic churches.
Abbot Suger and the first Gothic building.
Abbot Suger was the head of a large monastery just north of Paris in France. The monastery had a large church, the Abbey of Saint-Denis, and also a royal palace where the French kings sometimes stayed. Abbot Suger was a close friend to two kings, Louis VI and Louis VII.
In 1127 Suger had the idea to rebuild the great abbey Church of Saint-Denis. He began by changing the "West Front" or facade which was about 200 years old and had only one small door. Suger's grand design had three big doors like the arches on the Arch of Constantine in Rome, which were to let in all the crowds on special Holy Days. The facade also had a big round window in the centre, called a rose window, which was the first one in France.
Abbot Suger did not then rebuild the part of the church inside the west doors, the "nave" where most of the ordinary people stood. The next part that he rebuilt was the eastern end.
Abbot Suger wanted this part to make people think of Heaven. He wanted it to be very light and bright, with great big windows of beautifully coloured glass. To do this, he looked at all the most modern designs, and all the clever things that other architects had done. He put all the new ideas together in one building. It was the first building of the new "Gothic" style. (But of course it wasn't called Gothic at this time. It was called "the French Style".)
The new East End was dedicated or "given to God" on June 11, 1144. Other architects soon copied the design for other big churches and cathedrals in northern France. After Abbot Suger's death, the rest of the church was also rebuilt in the new style, and got two more much larger and more decorated rose windows, one on either side.
The style soon spread to England and through France, the Low Countries, Germany, Spain and northern of Italy and Sicily.
Architectural features of Gothic churches and cathedrals.
Note:- The architectural vocabulary words are written in bold type and are explained and/or shown on the plan and cross-section.
Romanesque architecture.
"Romanesque" was the style of architecture in Europe before the "Gothic" style. Gothic architecture grew out Romanesque architecture. There was not a clean break between the two styles. Many of the features of Gothic architecture did not begin in the Gothic period. They were already there is Romanesque architecture, and slowly changed to become Gothic. Romanesque buildings had thick walls, small windows, round arches and flat buttresses.
All the types of buildings, and the general shape of the buildings were already there in the Romanesque period. The types of buildings were:- the cathedral church, the parish church, the monastery, the castle, the palace, the great hall and the gatehouse.
Before the 20th century, the landmark building in almost every town was a church, cathedral, abbey, or town hall with its tall tower or spire rising high above all the houses. Many of these buildings were from the Middle Ages and were Romanesque or Gothic in style.
Plans.
The groundplan of most Gothic churches is shaped like a cross. The long nave makes the body of the church and, crossing it, the arms are called the transept. On the other side of the "transept" is the chancel which is often called the choir because that is where the priest and the choir sing the services.
The "nave" usually has a passageway or aisle on either side. Sometimes there are two "aisles" on each side. The "nave" is usually a lot taller than the "aisles", and has high windows which light up the central space. The upper part of the building, where these windows are, is called the clerestory (or clear storey). (It is pronounced "clair-rest-tree")
Some Gothic churches in Germany and Austria and also Milan Cathedral (which was built in the German style) often have "nave" and "aisles" of almost the same height and are called "hallenkirke" (hall church). The Cathedral of St. Stephen of Vienna is an example.
In some churches with double aisles, like Notre Dame, Paris, the transept does not stick out beyond the aisles. In English cathedrals the "transepts" always stick out a long way and sometimes there are two transepts as at Salisbury Cathedral.
It is at the eastern end that Gothic churches are the most different from each other.
In England the eastern end it is usually long and often has two parts. It is usually square or has a "Lady Chapel", a place to pray to the Virgin Mary, the mother of Jesus.
In France the eastern end is often polygonal and has by a passage for walking called an ambulatory. Often French churches have a ring of chapels called a chevette. German churches are often like those of France at the eastern end.
In Italy, there is no long "chancel" jutting out beyond the transept. There is usually just a semicircular chapel as at Florence Cathedral.
Grand facade.
The "facade" or West Front of a large church or cathedral is designed to make a big impression on the worshippers. One of the best known is Notre Dame de Paris.
In the centre of the facade is the main door or portal, often with two side doors as well. In the arch of the middle door is often an important piece of sculpture, usually "Christ in Majesty". Sometimes there is a stone post in the middle of the doorway where there is a statue of the "Madonna and Child". There many other carved figures in niches set all around the portals. Sometimes there are hundreds of stone figures carved all across the front of the building.
Above the middle door there is a large window, which is usually a rose window like that at Reims Cathedral, but not in England, Scotland, Belgium or Scandinavia where there will nearly always be a very large pointed window to let in lots of light.
In Italy, the facade is often decorated with coloured marble and mosaic made of little coloured tiles, and not so many statues, as at Orvieto Cathedral
The "facade" of a French cathedral and many English, Spanish and German cathedrals usually has two towers.
Height.
Large Gothic churches and cathedrals are often very tall. On the inside, the "nave" is usually at least twice as high as it is wide, which gives the church a very tall narrow look. Some of the churches in France and Germany have naves that are three times as high as they are wide. Cologne Cathedral is an example. The tallest nave is at Beauvais Cathedral which is 157.5 feet high. Westminster Abbey is 102 feet high.
On the outside most Gothic churches, both big and small, have at least one tower. In Italy there are domes on the churches, and the tower stands to one side. But in most other countries, cathedrals generally have two towers and quite often have three. Some have even more. Laon Cathedral was planned to have seven, but they were not all built.
Sometimes there is just one tower with a huge spire as at Salisbury. Lincoln Cathedral had the tallest spire of the Middle Ages at 527 feet (160 metres).
Because a pointed arch points upwards, it makes people look upwards. In Gothic architecture, the whole building is designed to make people look up. There are long narrow columns, long narrow windows and high pointed roofs. On the inside the arches of the roof rise up like branches. On the outside, there are often lots of fancy bits along the edge of the roof and on the tops of buttresses and above the windows. These are called " pinnacles". Milan Cathedral has hundreds of them.
Light.
Gothic architecture usually has a lot of windows. Sainte Chapelle is a famous example. At Gloucester Cathedral in England, the East window is as big as a tennis court. Milan Cathedral also has windows of about the same size.
The flying buttresses which arch across the roof of the aisle were used to support the roof above the windows, so the walls did not have to be so thick.
The columns of the inside, the ribs of the vault (or roof) and the flying buttresses, made a strong stone skeleton. in between these parts, the walls and the filling of the vaults could be of lighter thinner material. Between the narrow buttresses, the walls could be opened up into large windows.
Through the Gothic period, because of the pointed arch, Gothic windows were able to change from simple openings to very rich designs. The windows were very often filled with stained glass which made coloured light in the building, and was used for story-telling pictures.
The pointed arch.
Pointed arches were used in Persian architecture, and from 641 AD onwards, they were a feature of Islamic architecture. Knowledge of the pointed arch spread into Europe through the Crusaders who travelled to the Middle East from 1096 onwards. Also, Islamic forces had taken over parts of Spain, where they built cities and Mosques with pointed arches.
Architectural historians think that the pointed arch was also used by some European architects because it was a very strong way of making an arch.
In Gothic Architecture, the pointed arch is used in every place where an arch is needed, both for strength and for decoration. Gothic openings such as doorways, windows, arcades and galleries have pointed arches. A row of arches is called an arcade. A row of arches that is up high on a building is a gallery.
Rows of pointed arches were used to decorate walls. This is known as blind arcading. Often walls were made with tall narrow arched openings in them that could be used to stand statues in. An opening like this is called a niche which is pronounced "neesh".
Vaulted roofs with pointed arches.
A arched roof built of bricks or stone is called a vault. In the Romanesque period before the Gothic, some churches had vaulted roofs. They were always based on perfectly semi-circular shapes. There were two main ways to make a nave vault in the Romanesque period. A vault could be long like a tunnel. Churches with this type of vault were always rather dark. Or it could be square, like two tunnels crossing each other. This meant that the columns that carried the vault always had to be placed on a perfectly square ground plan, which was not always possible.
One of the good things about pointed arches was that they could be narrow and tall, or flattened and wide. Using pointed arches, architects could make vaults of very different shapes. They didn't even have to be rectangular. A Gothic architect could make a vault with one side narrow, two sides wide and the last side even wider. They could make a vault with three sides or five sides quite easily, by using pointed arches.
The vaults were made of ribs which met each other at the highest part of the vault. In between the ribs were sloping surfaces of stone or brick that could be much thinner and lighter than the ribs. At first the pattern made by the ribs was quite plain, like Romanesque vaults, but architects, particularly in England, soon started adding small ribs in between the main ones and making different patterns. Some vaults like this can also be seen in Spain and Germany, but not usually in France or Italy.
Different shapes of Gothic arches.
In the Gothic period the shape and style of pointed arches changed. But the changes were not the same in every country.
With pointed arches, windows could be made very large. Architects made many designs of pointed arches crossing each other in different ways. These designs were often used in windows, which look as if they are filled with beautiful stone lace. This is called "tracery". The stone tracery was used to hold the glass in place. An Architectural Historian can often tell just how old a part of a building is by looking at the window tracery design.
Lancet arch.
The simplest Gothic arch is a long opening with a pointed arch known in England as the lancet. A "lancet" is a sharp knife, so these windows are knife-shaped. Very often lancet windows are put together in a group of three or five.
Salisbury Cathedral is famous for the beauty of its Lancet Gothic Architecture. In England the style is called "Early English Gothic". York Cathedral in England has a group of five lancet windows that are 50 feet high and are still full of ancient glass. They are called the Five Sisters.
These simple windows are also found at Chartres Cathedral and Laon Cathedral in France. They are the most usual sort of Gothic windows in Italy.
Equilateral arch.
Many Gothic openings have tops that are based upon an equilateral triangle. The Equilateral Arch has a very pleasing look and gives a wide opening useful for doorways, arcades and big windows.
These arches are often filled with tracery in circular designs. In England this style is called Geometric Decorated Gothic. It can be seen at many English and French Cathedrals, for example Lincoln cathedral in England and Notre Dame in Paris.
Flamboyant arch.
Some Gothic windows have designs in the tracery, or even in the top of the window itself, that rises up like a flame. This is called Flamboyant Gothic. Tracery like this makes a very rich and lively effect.
Some of the most beautiful and famous windows of Europe have this type of tracery. It can be seen at St Stephen's Vienna, Sainte Chapelle in Paris, at the Cathedrals of Limoges and Rouen in France, and at Milan Cathedral in Italy. In England the most famous windows like this are the West Window of York Minster with its design based on the Sacred Heart, the East Window at Carlisle Cathedral and the East window of Selby Abbey. Architectural Historians sometimes argue about which of these is the most beautiful.
Flame-shaped arches are not as strong as ordinary pointed arches. It is never used for making a vaulted roof. If this shape is used to make a doorway, there is generally another stronger arch around it. Another way is to make a square topped door that has Flamboyant decoration over the top. In France there are many doorways, both in churches and in houses, that are like this. They are rare in England but there is one at Rochester Cathedral.
In England the Flamboyant style was used wall arcading and niches. The most famous examples in are in the Lady Chapel at Ely, the Screen at Lincoln and the facade of Exeter Cathedral. In German and Spanish Gothic architecture the Flamboyant style is often used for opnwork stone screens. The famous "pulpit" in Vienna Cathedral is made like this.
Depressed arch.
The Depressed arch is wide and looks as if it has been pushed almost flat. When arches like this are used to make great big windows they need to be supported by many tall thin vertical shafts and horizontal transoms, so that the window looks as if it has been divided up into a grid (lots of rectangles). This sort of decoration is used one walls as well. In England the style is called Perpendicular Gothic style.
At Gloucester Cathedral the Perpendicular East Window is said to be as large as a tennis court. There are three very famous large chapels in this style- King's College Chapel, Cambridge; St George's Chapel, Windsor; Henry VII's Chapel at Westminster Abbey. The other famous example is Bath Abbey.
Decoration.
A Gothic cathedral was designed to be like a model of the universe. Everything about the building was designed to tell a message about God.
The statues, the decoration, stained glass windows and wall paintings told Bible stories such as how God created the world and how he rules over everything that is in the universe, the seasons of the year and the stars in the sky.
Carvings near the door often show the signs of the Zodiac because the patterns of stars in the sky were very important to farming people who didn't have calendars to tell them when to plant and when to harvest.
Above the main door is often a sculpture of Jesus on a throne, judging the people of the Earth. Many pictures and sculptures are there to remind people to live good lives because they never know what will happen next.
Many churches were very richly decorated, both inside and out. the statues were often painted in bright colours but nowadays only tiny bits remain at Chartres cathedral and some other places. Wooden ceilings were usually brightly coloured. Sometimes the stone columns were painted as well.
Regional differences.
Even though some things about Gothic architecture stay the same, other things look different in different countries.
Building materials.
Different building materials were found in different parts of Europe. This is one of the differences in the architecture between different places.
In France, there was limestone. It was good for building because it was soft to cut, but got much harder when the air and rain got on it. It was usually a pale grey colour. France also had beautiful white limestone from Caen which was perfect for making very fine carvings.
England had coarse limestone, red sandstone and dark green Purbeck marble which was often used for architectural decorations like thin columns.
In Northern Germany, Netherlands, Denmark, Baltic countries and northern Poland there was no good building stone, but there was clay for making bricks and tiles. So many of these countries have Brick Gothic churches and even Brick Gothic castles.
In Italy, limestone was used for city walls and castles, but brick was used for other buildings. Because Italy had lots of beautiful marble in many different colours, many buildings have fronts or "facades" decorated in coloured marble. Some churches have very rough brick "facades" because the marble was never put on. Florence Cathedral, for example, did not get its marble "facade" until the 1800s.
In some parts of Europe, there were many tall straight trees that were good for making very large roofs. But in England, by the 1400s, the long straight trees were running out. Many of the trees were used for building ships. The architects had to think of a new way to make a wide roof from short pieces of timber. That is how they invented the hammer-beam roofs which are one of the beautiful features seen in many old English churches.
France.
French cathedrals, and those in Germany and Belgium are often very high, both inside and outside. "The transepts" do not stick out far. The "facades" in France nearly always have three doors, a rose window and two towers. There are often "facades" with doors on the transepts as well as the front.
England.
The thing that makes English cathedrals different from the others is that they are long, and look horizontal, like big ocean liners.
English cathedrals nearly all took hundreds of years to build, and every part is in a style that is quite different to the next part. (Only Salisbury Cathedral wasn't built in lots of styles.)
The West window is very large and is never a rose window. The west front may have two towers like a French Cathedral, or none. There is nearly always a tower at the middle of the building, which may have a big spire.
Germany and the Holy Roman Empire.
In Germany the towers and spires are often enormously large. Sometimes they are so big that it was impossible to finish them until modern times. The spires are quite different to English spires because they are made of lacy "openwork".
There are also many "hallenkirke" (or hall-churches) which have no "clerestorey" windows. The nave and the aisles are about the same height.
Spain and Portugal.
Like an English Cathedral, a Spanish or Portuguese Gothic Cathedral is often built in many different styles. They are often wide. Spanish cathedrals often have chapels all around them. The roof often has many different types of towers and spires. Often the central towers are polygonal.
Italy.
Italian Gothic cathedrals use lots of colour, both outside and inside. On the outside, the "facade" is often decorated with marble. On the inside, the walls are often painted plaster. The columns and arches are often decorated with bright coloured paint. There are also mosaics with gold backgrounds and beautifully tiled floors is geometric patterns.
The facades often have an open porch with a wheel windows above it. There is often a dome at the centre of the building. The bell tower is hardly ever attached to the building, because Italy has quite a few earthquakes. The windows are not as large as in northern Europe and, although stained glass windows are often found, the favorite way of decorating the churches is fresco (wall painting).

Cathedral
A cathedral is a large Christian church. It is the seat of a Bishop. Only those Christian denominations that have bishops have cathedrals. Cathedrals can be found in the Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Anclican as well as some Lutheran churches. As cathedrals are the seat of a bishop, they are central church of a diocese.
In the Greek Orthodox Church, the terms "kathedrikos naos" (literally: "cathedral shrine") and "metropolis" (literally "mother city") are both used to describe the same thing. "Metropolis" is more common, but both terms are officially used.
There are certain variations on the use of the term "cathedral"; for example, some pre-Reformation cathedrals in Scotland now within the Church of Scotland still retain the term cathedral, despite the Church's Presbyterian polity which does not have bishops. As cathedrals are often particularly impressive buildings, the term is often used incorrectly to refer to any large important church.
Several cathedrals in Europe, such as Strasbourg, and in England at York, Lincoln and Southwell, are referred to as "Minster" (German: "Münster") churches, from Latin "monasterium", because the establishments were served by canons living in community or may have been an abbey, prior to the Reformation. The other kind of great church in Western Europe is the abbey.
Definition.
The word cathedral is derived from the Latin noun "cathedra" ("seat" or "chair"), and refers to the presence of the bishop's or archbishop's chair or throne. In the ancient world, the chair was the symbol of a teacher and thus of the bishop's role as teacher, and also of an official presiding as a magistrate and thus of the bishop's role in governing a diocese.
The word cathedral, though now grammatically used as a noun, is originally the adjective in the phrase "cathedral church", from the Latin "ecclesia cathedralis". The seat marks the place set aside in the prominent church of the diocese for the head of that diocese and is therefore a major symbol of authority.

Patron saint
A patron saint is someone who has devoted their whole life to something greater than themselves. They are someone who worked hard to make the world a better place. Catholics traditionally take a name of a patron saint to help them throughout their life.

Saint David
Saint David (c. 512 - 587) is the patron saint of Wales.

Saint George
Saint George (c. 275/280 – April 23, 303) is the patron saint of England.
He is famous for killing a dragon and saving the lives of many people.
Saint George's Day (also England National Day) is on the April 23, although this is not a holiday in the UK.
On St George's day lots of peple in England wear a red rose.

Saint Andrew
Saint Andrew is one of the twelve apostles of Jesus and the patron saint of Scotland. He was crucified on a cross that was turned sideways to look like an "X". The Saint Andrew's flag is the official flag of Scotland.
On St Andrew's day lots of peple in Scotland wear a thistle.

Saint Patrick
Saint Patrick (c. 402 - March 17, year unknown (probably 491 or 493) is the patron saint of Ireland and Nigeria. He was born in a village in Wales or along the west coast of England. The place of his birth has never been proved, but Dunbarton and Somerset have been guessed at.
When he was 16 years old he was captured and sold into slavery.
Saint Patrick came from a Christian family. He was the son of Calpornius, who was a deacon. He brought Christianity to Ireland. He converted many pagans to christianity. He also fought many of their leaders and druids such as Aodhan the Brave also known as Cheif Aodhan.They became good friends and worked together to convert many other pagans.
St. Patrick's Day is celebrated every year on March 17 in his honor.
Saint Patrick's Bell.
There is a bell in the National Museum of Ireland that was made around the time of Saint Partick's life. There is no evidence that Saint Patrick owned the bell but the Irish have believed the bell belonged to Saint Partick for 1400 years. One of the kings of Ulster who was the high king of Ireland at the time had a beautiful cover made out of gold and gems to preserve the bell. The names of the bishops of Ireland were engraved on the cover. The style of the letters on the cover were used to make the first typewriters. It is believed that the bell was rung by Saint Partick to let people know it was time for church.
Saint Patrick and the snakes.
There are no snakes in Ireland but there is a legend that at the time of Saint Patrick there were lots of snakes and he chased them all into the Irish Sea.

491
Centuries: 4th century - 5th century - 6th century
Decades: 440s 450s 460s 470s 480s - 490s - 500s 510s 520s 530s 540s
Years: 486 487 488 489 490 - 491 - 492 493 494 495 496

March 17
March 17 is the 76th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (77th in leap years). There are 289 days remaining.

402
Centuries: 4th century - 5th century - 6th century
Decades: 350s 360s 370s 380s 390s - 400s - 410s 420s 430s 440s 450s
Years: 397 398 399 400 401 - 402 - 403 404 405 406 407

Somerset
Somerset is a county in South West England.
The main town of Somerset was Somerton, but it is now Taunton. There are two cities in Somerset. They are Bath and Wells.
History.
The name "Somerset" comes from the Anglo-Saxon phrase "Sumorsaete". This means "the land of the summer people", because in the past people could only live on the land in the summer. In the winter, the land was flooded.
In the past, the northern border of Somerset was the River Avon. However, as the city of Bristol has grown, the border moved south.
In 1974 parts of north Somerset, the city of Bristol and parts of south Gloucestershire were joined into a new county. This county was named Avon. In 1996 Avon was split into 4 parts, which are now unitary authorities. People usually say that 2 of these parts (named North Somerset and Bath and North East Somerset) are part of Somerset, even though they have their own councils.
The oldest prison in England which is still used is in a town named Shepton Mallet in Somerset. Somerset also has the world's oldest road which people built. It is called the Sweet Track; it was built in about 3800 BC.
Industry and tourism.
There is not much large industry in Somerset, but Bridgwater is a port, and Yeovil is important in building helicopters.
Farming is an important industry in Somerset, but not as many people work in this industry today. Somerset is famous for its cider (an alcoholic apple drink) and it has many apple orchards.
Districts of Somerset.
The numbers on the map are linked to the numbers below.

Glastonbury
Glastonbury is a town in Somerset, England. It is well-known for the Glastonbury Festival which happens every year in Glastonbury.
Glastonbury is also well-known because of Glastonbury Abbey. This is because Glastonbury Abbey is said to be the place where King Arthur is buried, and it was burned down when King Henry the Eighth got angry at all Catholic monastries in the country as the Pope would not grant him a divorce. The abbot, Abbot Whiting, was killed on the Tor, a local landmark.

Glastonbury Abbey
Glastonbury Abbey is in Glastonbury, Somerset, England. It is said to be the burial place of King Arthur.It was King Ine of Wessex who decided to build Glastonbury Abbey and out of stone.

Somerton
Somerton is a town in Somerset. It is between the nows of Yeovil and Street. It is in the South Somerset District of Somerset.
Somerton was the capital of the Kingdom of Wessex from 871 to 901. It also used to be Somerset's county town, but this is now Taunton.

Yeovil, Somerset
Yeovil is a town in the county of Somerset. It is in the South Somerset District. Yeovil takes its name from the River Yeo. "Yeo Village" became Yeovil over time.
The town has two railway stations. They are called Yeovil Junction and Yeovil Pen Mill. The town has many villages near by. These are East Coker, Stoford, Evershot, Halstock and Yetminster.
Yeovil is where the council is based for the district of South Somerset. The town's main employers are Westlands Helicopters.
Yeovil is home to the "giant killer" football club Yeovil Town F.C.. The club played against Liverpool City F.C in 2004. Yeovil used to be famous for glove-making. This is why the football team are nicknamed "The Glovers".

Bridgwater
Bridgwater is a town in the county of Somerset. It is in the District of Sedgemoor.

Street
A street is a piece of land, made flat or prepared in another way, so that people can travel on it better. We often use the words "street" and "road" for the same thing, but really a street is in a town.
Many streets are the centre of local culture and people make groups there. New Orleans’ Bourbon Street, for example, is famous for its active nightlife and also for its role as the center of the city’s French Quarter. The Bowery in New York was, for many years, the nation’s center of underground punk culture.

Taunton
Taunton is a town in the county of Somerset. It is in the South Somerset District. Taunton is the county town of Somerset. Taunton is on the River Tone and takes its name from the river. "Tone town" became Taunton.
In 1685, Judge Jefferies was based in Taunton during the Bloody Assizes that followed the Battle of Sedgemoor.

Shepton Mallet
Shepton Mallet is a town in the county of Somerset, England. It is in the Mendip district.
Shepton Mallet is where the council is based for the Mendip district. It is a pleasant place to go, and has a beautiful countryside.

Bath, Somerset
Bath is a city in the county of Somerset in England. It gets its name from the famous Roman baths which are in the town. This city is also the setting of Roald Dahl's short story "The Landlady". "Bath" is also referred to in many of Jane Austin's works such as "Northanger Abbey", "Sense and Sensibility", and "Pride and Prejudice". The place showed where the upper class went to go on holiday.

Wells
Wells is a city in the county of Somerset. It is in the district of Mendip. The only other city in Somerset is Bath.
Wells Cathedral is in Wells. The cathedral is very popular with visitors to Wells.
The cathedral has a school attached to it. Timothy K. Murray, a composer, was a student there.

East Coker, Somerset
East Coker is a village in Somerset. It is in the South Somerset District. East Coker is near to the town of Yeovil.
East Coker is the final resting-place of the poet T. S. Eliot and William Dampier. One of T.S. Elliot's poems was named "East Coker".
One of East Coker's famous residents is Trevor Peacock. Trevor Peacock played "Jim" in "The Vicar of Dibley".

Tatworth
Tatworth is a village near Chard in the South Somerset District of Somerset, England. It was settled in 1254, but traces of earlier settlers have been found, such as a Roman villa.

Chard (Somerset)
Chard is a town in Somerset. It is in the South Somerset District. It is near the border of the county of Devon.
Chard is the birthplace of aviation. It was in Chard, during 1848, that John Stringfellow (1799 - 1883), first demonstrated that powered flight was possible.
In 1685, Chard was one of the towns in which Judge Jefferies held some of the Bloody Assizes after the failure of the Monmouth Rebellion. He stayed in "The Choughs", a public house in Chard.

Crewkerne
Crewkerne is a town in Somerset, England where about 6,700 people live. It is in the South Somerset District.
The first time it is mentioned in history is 899, when king Alfred the Great left the manor to his son Ethelweard. The name "Crewkerne" comes from the Saxon words "Cruce" (cross) and "earne" (cottage), because of the early church there. There was also a mint where coins were made between 978 and 1035. In 1066, the manor belonged to Edith, mistress of Harold Godwinson. After the Norman Conquest, it belonged directly to William the Conqueror.

Stoford, Somerset
Stoford is a village in the county of Somerset, England. It is in the South Somerset District.

River Tone
The River Tone is a river in the county of Somerset. It flows through the town of Taunton and joins the River Parrett.
Taunton takes its name from the River Tone. "Tone town" became Taunton.

River Yeo
The River Yeo is in the county of Somerset. It flows through the town of Yeovil and joins the River Perrett.
Yeovil takes its name from the River Yeo. "Yeo Village" became "Yeovil" over time.

River Adur
The River Adur is a river in the county of Sussex, in England. It starts from South Downs, southern England and ends in the port town of Shoreham-by-Sea.

River Aire
The River Aire is a river in the county of West Yorkshire. It goes through many towns, cities, and villages.

River Aln
The River Aln is a river in the county of Northumberland.
It has served as a war zone between the English and the Scots.

River Alt
The River Alt is a river in the county of Merseyside in England just north of Liverpool. The river begins near Huyton and flows about 28 km northeast to empty into the Irish Sea at the town of Hightown. Other towns along the river include Kirkby, Maghull and Formby. There are 75km of tributary feeding the river. About 250,000 people live in the area around the river. The northern part of the river forms the boundary between the counties of Merseyside and Lancashire.

River Yare
The River Yare is a river in the county of Norfolk, England.
The river starts south of Dereham in the county of Norfolk. From there it flows to the east. The river flows along the southern edge of the city of Norwich. The river continues past Norwich into the tidal lake of Breydon Water. Here the Yare is joined by the Rivers Bure and Waveney. It empties into North Sea at Gorleston, Great Yarmouth.
Small coastal boats can sail along the river from Norwich to the North Sea. In the past, the river had a large amount of boats carrying good to Norwich. Larger modern boats can not get across Breydon Water because it is not deep enough. Because of this, a canal was created at Reedham to provides a connection to the River Waveney.

River Exe
The River Exe is a river in the county of Devon in England. It usually flows directly south. The island had many mills making paper and textiles, and also created valuable land by draining the marshlands.

Ilminster, Somerset
Ilminster is a town in the county of Somerset. It is in the South Somerset District.
Ilminster is on the River Ile and has a large church. The church is known as the "Minster". It is from both of these things that Ilminster takes its name. "Ile" and "Minster" became "Ilminster".

South Cadbury
South Cadbury is an archaeological site in south Somerset.
It was dug in the early 1970s, and it showed many times that people lived there. The first was in the early Neolithic (around 4000-3000 BC?) when the hill seems to have been an important place for groups of early farmers who moved around. Most things were found from when late Bronze Age people lived on the hill (around 1200 BC). In the Iron Age the site changed, with many big walls. There are signs that when the Romans came to Britain, they killed many people here. Ruins of a feasting hall built after the Roman time were also found in the dig. There are also legends connecting this place with King Arthur.

Watchet
Watchet is a harbor town in the county of Somerset in England. It gets its name either from the blue "wacet" dye found in the cliffs, or from British "gwo coed" or "waeced", "under the wood".
It is first recorded in the 7th century, when Saint Decuman crossed over from South Wales on a raft with a cow to help the people there. Legend says he was killed there by a violent man who cut off his head. There is a spring of water dedicated to him there.
Coins were minted here for Ethelred II and five other Saxon kings. They have been found as far away as Scandinavia, probably because they were part of the Danegeld - payments made to the Vikings, who attacked Watchet in 918, 977, 988, and destroyed part of it in 997. Harold Godwinson's mother Eleanor fled through this port in 1066.
Watchet is the only place in England to still have the Court leet system, but only in name, with people chosen for ceremonial jobs like port reeve and ale taster.

Burnham-on-Sea
Burnham-on-Sea is a small town in the county of Somerset in England. It is next to the sea.

Cheddar
Cheddar is a type of hard cheese made from cow's milk. Its name comes from a village in the county of Somerset in England, where the cheese was first made. Many other countries, such as the United States and Canada make cheddar cheese.
History.
The first record of cheddar cheese dates back to the 12th century
How it is made.
Cheddar cheese is different from other cheeses in how it is made. After the curds are heated, they are cut and stacked. The stacks are then turned periodically and re-stacked. This process is called cheddaring.
Cheddar cheese is sometimes aged in caves for up to 30 months before it is ready to eat.

Yatton
Yatton is a large village with 9,000 people in the county of Somerset in England. Archaeology in the area has found a Roman villa (country-house) belonging to some rich person who lived here in the late 3rd century, judging from the coins. Records show the land was part of the manor of John the Dane before the Norman Conquest, and Giso, bishop of Wells afterward.

Backwell
Backwell is a village in the county of Avon, in North Somerset. 4,500 people live in Backwell. It is 7 miles from Bristol. Nailsea, Flax Bourton, Yatton, Brockley and Barrow Gurney are nearby.
There is a railway station in the village called "Nailsea and Backwell". Bristol International Airport is less than three miles away.

Clevedon
Clevedon is a town in the county of Somerset, in England. The name comes from Old English and means "divided hill". Archaeology shows that many people lived here during the Roman occupation. Just before the Norman Conquest in 1066 it was part of a huge manor held by John (Gunni?) the Dane. At the time of the Domesday Book (1086) it belonged to Matthew of Mortaigne and had only a few people living there. The town of today was not built until around 1800 as a seaside resort.

Weston-super-Mare
Weston-super-Mare is a sea-side town in the county of North Somerset.

South Somerset
South Somerset is a district in the county of Somerset. Its council is based in the town of Yeovil. The district was formed on 1 April 1974 and was originally called Yeovil.

Scone
A scone is a kind of baked bread.
Scones are soft and light.
A scone is a bread thicker than a bannock. It is made of wheat, barley or oatmeal, usually with baking powder as leavening agent. The pronunciation in the United Kingdom is open to debate. Some sections of the population pronounce it as sk'on (to rhyme with gone), and the rest pronounce it sk'own (to rhyme with cone). The former pronunciation is more popular in Scotland.
The scone closely resembles a North American biscuit (many recipes are, in fact, the same) — itself not to be confused with the Commonwealth biscuit, which North Americans call a "cookie". In the United States, there is a growing tendency to refer to sweet variations as "scones" (perhaps under influence from espresso bars, where they are popular fare), while savoury ones are known as "biscuits"; in Canada, both tend to be called "biscuits" or "tea biscuits".
In the Commonwealth, scones frequently include raisins, currants, cheese or dates. In the United States, scones sold by coffee shops often include sweeter and more elaborate fillings, such as cranberries, blueberries, nuts, or even chocolate chip scones. In both the Commonwealth and North America, mass-produced scones tend to be doughier than home-made scones.
In Scotland and Ulster savoury varieties of scone include soda scones, also known as soda farls, and potato scones, normally known as tattie scones, which resemble small, thin savoury pancakes made with potato flour. Potato scones are most commonly served fried in the local equivalent of the full English breakfast. As well as fruit scones (with raisins) or cheese scones, common varieties include milk scones, cream scones, bran or wheaten scones and treacle scones.
The scone is a basic component of the cream tea.
The griddle scone is a variety of the scone. In some countries one may also encounter savoury varieties of scone which may contain or be topped with combinations of cheese, onion, bacon etc.
In the Scots language, a griddle is referred to as a "girdle". Therefore "griddle scones" are known as "girdle scones". This should not be confused with the girdle as a piece of ladies' underwear.

Ankara
Ankara is the capital city of the country of Turkey. It is located in the center of Anatolia. Ankara is the second largest city after Istanbul. The city has a population of 4,319,167 (2005)(Province 5,153,000), and an elevation of 850 m. (2800 ft.) It was formerly known as Angora or Engürü, and in Roman as Ancyra, and in classical and Hellenistic periods as Άγκυρα Ánkyra. The city is also the capital of Ankara Province.

Johannes Gutenberg
Johannes Gensfleisch zur Laden zum Gutenberg (more commonly known as Johannes Gutenberg) (about 1390s - February 3, 1468), was a German metal-worker and inventor. He is famous for his work in printing in the 1450s.
Gutenberg was born in Mainz, the son of a merchant, Friele Gensfleisch zur Laden. Gutenberg's father took the surname "zum Gutenberg" after the name of the place they now lived.
Gutenberg invented a sort of metal for printing; inks; a way to fix type (metal letters) very accurately; and a new sort of printing press. He took the idea for his printing press from the presses wine-makers used. Many people say Gutenberg invented Moveable Type in Europe, but it was already invented in China before that.
Before movable type, people used block printing, where the printer prints a whole page from one piece of metal or wood. With movable type, the printer makes a letter (A, B, C...) from a piece of metal or wood, and can use it again and again in different words. Together, all Gutenberg's inventions made printing fast. In Renaissance Europe, there was an information explosion - in a short time, people printed a lot of new books.
The high number of new books was partly because of the popular Bible Gutenberg printed - the Gutenberg Bible. This was the first Bible people made in large numbers; Gutenberg started on February 23, 1455. Gutenberg was not a clever businessman, and did not get much money from his system. He had legal problems, and lost his machines to his partner, Johann Fust. Gutenberg died in Mainz in 1468.
In his lifetime Gutenberg was not successful, but his invention was very important. In a short time, news and books were travelling around Europe very fast. Scientists could communicate better, and it helped start the Scientific Revolution. More people learned to read.
Today, there are still 60 Gutenberg Bibles. They are probably the oldest books that printers made with Moveable Type.
The Gutenberg Galaxy and Project Gutenberg use Gutenberg's name.

Elizabeth I of England
Elizabeth I of England (September 7, 1533 - March 24, 1603) was the Queen of England from November 17, 1558 until she died in 1603. She has also been called "The Virgin Queen" or "Good Queen Bess". Many people think that she was the greatest monarch ever to rule England.
Early life.
Elizabeth was born in the Palace of Placentia in Greenwich, England. She was the daughter of King Henry VIII of England and his second wife, Anne Boleyn. When she was very young, she lost her right to be called a princess, because her mother was found guilty of having lovers and was executed. After Anne's death, the king said she should no longer be treated as his daughter. Her half-sister Mary was in the same position. Mary was much older than Elizabeth, but her mother had been divorced by King Henry and she was also being treated as if she was not the King's daughter.
After Anne Boleyn died, King Henry married Jane Seymour, who became queen. Jane had a baby son, who was named Edward. Men were thought to make better rulers than women, so Edward became heir to the throne as soon as he was born.
Elizabeth was taken away from the royal court and was looked after by other people. She was given a good education. Elizabeth could speak and read six languages: her native English, as well as French, Italian, Spanish, Greek, and Latin.
When she was thirteen, King Henry died. Elizabeth's younger half-brother, Edward, became King even though he was only a child. He was called King Edward VI of England. Because King Henry had no other children, he left a will saying that, if Edward had no children of his own, Mary would be queen after him, and Elizabeth would be queen after Mary. At the time no one thought this would ever happen, but Edward died when he was only fifteen. Mary then became queen, and was called Queen Mary I of England.
During Mary's reign, life became difficult for Elizabeth. When King Henry VIII divorced Mary's mother, he had quarrelled with the Pope and most people in England had turned away from the Roman Catholic religion. Mary had been loyal to the old religion, and, as soon as she became queen, she married King Philip II of Spain, who was a Roman Catholic. This marriage made her unpopular because Spain and England were old enemies. Mary wanted everyone else in England to be Roman Catholic again, so she tried to make Elizabeth attend Roman Catholic services. Elizabeth pretended to believe the same as Mary, but she was not really a Catholic. Because of the argument over religion, many people in the country preferred Elizabeth to Mary and wanted to make her queen. She was accused of trying to take Mary's throne, and was even put into the Tower of London for a while.
Elizabeth became the Queen of England in 1558 after her half-sister, Queen Mary, died. She was crowned on January 15, 1559 at Westminster Abbey. She was crowned by Owen Oglethorpe, Bishop of Carlisle. Her father Henry VIII made a new law, the Act of Supremacy, in 1534. Supremacy means top and power. This law decided that the king was the head of the church in England. Elizabeth tried to bring Catholics and Protestants together. She did not believe that people should be punished for what they believed in, but she was strict about people keeping to the rules of the church.
Elizabeth has been called the "Virgin Queen", because she never married. It is not clear why Elizabeth never married. Because Elizabeth was a woman, many people believed that she would do whatever her husband told her. Mary's marriage to Philip of Spain had caused a lot of problems, and Elizabeth did not want to make the same mistake in marrying a foreign ruler. If she married one person, she would form an alliance with one country, but could make many enemies. Politics would become uneasy and England would be opposed by other countries. This was probably one of the reasons that she refused all of the marriages proposed to her.
If Elizabeth had married a man who was not a prince or king, that might also have caused problems because other people would have been jealous of her husband. Most people believe that she was in love with Robert Dudley, the 1st Earl of Leicester. She had first met Robert Dudley when they were both prisoners in the Tower of London during Queen Mary's reign. However, Robert Dudley was already married to a woman called Amy Robsart. After Elizabeth became queen, there was gossip about her friendship with Robert Dudley. Not long afterwards, Amy died in an accident. It seems that she fell down stairs, but her body was not found until later. Some people said that her husband had arranged for her to be killed, so that he would be free to marry Queen Elizabeth. All this gossip made it impossible for Elizabeth to marry him. When Elizabeth found she could not marry the man she loved, she may have decided that she would not marry at all.
Elizabeth I caught smallpox in 1562. This scared Parliament, because they did not know who would be the King or Queen after her. They asked Elizabeth I to name an heir, but she did not.
The most likely person to follow Elizabeth to the throne of England was her cousin, Mary Stuart, who was already Queen of Scotland. Mary Stuart and Elizabeth were rivals, but Mary was a Catholic and Elizabeth was a Protestant. Mary married a French prince and became the French queen was well as the Queen of Scots. Some people wanted to force Elizabeth off the throne and replace her with Mary. This made Mary a danger to Elizabeth.
Because many Scottish people were Protestants, they did not like Mary and wanted to get rid of her. She was put in prison, but in 1568, she escaped and ran away to England, to ask for help from Elizabeth. Elizabeth kept her as a prisoner for many years. In 1578, Elizabeth was told that Mary had been plotting to kill her and become queen in her place. Mary was put on trial and found guilty, and Elizabeth agreed to put Mary to death. This action was popular with Elizabeth's court, but it made her enemies in the Catholic countries of Europe, such as France and Spain.
Foreign wars.
In 1572 Elizabeth I made an alliance with France. She even agreed to marry one of their princes, but later changed her mind. In 1580, Pope Gregory XIII sent an army into Ireland to help with a rebellion against Elizabeth, but this failed.
After the death of Mary Stuart, the trouble with Spain became serious. Elizabeth did not like King Philip of Spain, who had been married to her elder sister, and she had helped the Netherlands fight against Spain for their independence. An attempted Spanish invasion in 1588 (see Spanish Armada) failed, and this made Queen Elizabeth I very popular.
End of Elizabeth's reign.
After the death of her friend Robert Dudley, Elizabeth was very upset and turned to Dudley's stepson, the Earl of Essex, who was a young man and not always very sensible. He let Elizabeth down several times. In the end, she sent him away from the royal court. Essex behaved very stupidly by getting a gang of his friends together and trying to take over the country. Not many people supported them, and they were all executed. Elizabeth was very hurt by the way he had behaved, and she was even more upset at having to agree to his execution.
Elizabeth I fell ill in February 1603, suffering from physical weakness and insomnia. She had no children, so she decide that James VI to be the next king of England. James VI was the son of Mary Stuart, but he was a Protestant.
Elizabeth I died at the age of 69, on March 24, 1603. She had managed to keep peace in the country and to keep the independence of England. These were thought to be great achievements.
Legacy.
There have been many films about Elizabeth I.

Cate Blanchett
Cate Blanchett (born May 14, 1969) is an Australian actor.
She was born as Catherine Elise Blanchett in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
In 1998 she got an Academy Award nomination for Best Actress for playing Elizabeth I in "Elizabeth". In 2005 she won Best Supporting Actress for playing Katharine Hepburn in Martin Scorsese's "The Aviator".

Kylie Minogue
Kylie Ann Minogue (born May 28, 1968 in Melbourne, Australia) is a singer and actress. She became popular in the late 1980s, because of her role in the Australian television soap opera "Neighbours", before being a dance-pop singer.
Signed to a contract by British songwriters and producers Stock, Aitken & Waterman, she got hit records throughout the world. Her popularity began to decline by the early 1990s and she left Stock, Aitken & Waterman in 1992. For years she tried to become an independent performer and songwriter. Her projects were widely talked about, but her albums resulted in the lowest sales of her career.
In 2000, Minogue became popular again as a dance-pop singer and became well-known for her sexual music videos and expensive concerts. She has one of the longest and most successful careers in pop music, and she has become one of the most recognisable celebrities and sex symbols. In Australia, she holds the record for the highest concert ticket sales for a woman, and has had 9 singles at number 1 on the Australian ARIA Singles Chart.
On May 17 2005, Minogue was diagnosed with breast cancer. She was on tour at the time, and the rest of it had to be cancelled. Minogue had surgery for it on May 21 2005 at a hospital in Malvern, and started chemotherapy soon afterwards. She finished her chemotherapy treatment in January 2006, but still needed six more weeks of radiotherapy to stop any new cancerous tumours from growing.

Natalie Imbruglia
Natalie Imbruglia (born February 4, 1975) is an actress and singer-songwriter. She was born in Sydney, Australia.

Nicole Kidman
Nicole Mary Kidman (b. June 20, 1967) is an Australian actress. She was born in Honolulu, Hawaii. She was married to Tom Cruise, but the two have since divorced.
Career.
Nicole Kidman's first movie was in 1983, it was called "BMX Bandits" and her first famous movie was "Dead Calm" in 1989.
Nicole Kidman's first major movie was called "Days of Thunder", which also had Tom Cruise in it. They fell in love during the filming of that movie and got married. Nicole Kidman was then in more movies like "Flirting", "Billy Bathgate", "Far and Away", "Malice", "My Life" and "To Die For". All of these movies were a success.
She was then in movies like "Batman Forever" and "Practical Magic". In 1999 she was in a movie with Tom Cruise called "Eyes Wide Shut". They played a married couple in the movie. It was the last movie directed by famous director Stanley Kubrick. They separated and got a divorce after making "Eyes Wide Shut".
Since Nicole divorced Tom Cruise, she has been in movies, including: "Moulin Rouge!", "The Others", "Cold Mountain", "The Stepford Wives" and "Bewitched".

Hugh Jackman
Hugh Jackman (b. October 12, 1968) is an actor. He was born in Sydney, Australia. He is most well-known as the fictional comics character Wolverine in the film "X-Men" and its sequels "X2" and '.

Mel Gibson
Mel Columcille Gerard Gibson (born January 3, 1956) is an American-Australian actor. He is from the United States, but his family moved to Australia in 1968, when he was 12. He was born in Peekskill, New York, United States. Gibson is known for his Lethal Weapon movies and The Passion of the Christ movie, which he based on the visions of St. Catherine Emmerich.

Natalie Portman
Natalie Hershlag (born June 9, 1981) is an actor. She is usually known by her stagename Natalie Portman. She is from Israel. She was born in Jerusalem, Israel.
She is most famous for starring in Star Wars Episodes I, II and III as Padme in the early 21st century.

Alyson Hannigan
Alyson Hannigan is an American actress. She was born March 24, 1974 in Washington DC. She moved to Atlanta when she was 2 years old to live with her mother. She started to act in commercials for McDonalds, Six Flags amusement parks and Oreo cookies when she was small. When she was 11, she went to Los Angeles with her mother to go to school and become famous. She started getting noticed with her roles in "Buffy the Vampire Slayer" as Willow Rosenberg and in the "American Pie" movies as Michelle Flaherty. She is currently on the television series "How I Met Your Mother"

Jessica Alba
Jessica Marie Alba (born April 28, 1981 in Pomona, California) is an American actress. When she was 13 years old, she got her first acting job. It was in the movie "Camp Nowhere". In 1994, she starred in her first television series, "The Secret World of Alex Mack". She became famous when acting in the television series "Dark Angel" (2000–2002). Alba later acted in several movies, such as "Honey" (2003), "Sin City" (2005), and "Good Luck Chuck" (2007).
She has been listed in the "Hot 100" section of "Maxim" magazine every year from 2003 to 2007, and was voted "Sexiest Woman in the World" by "FHM" in 2007. A picture of her was used on the cover of "Playboy". "Playboy" did not ask her if they could use the picture or tell her they were going to use it. This was the cause of a lawsuit that was later dropped. Alba has won several awards for her acting. These awards include the "Choice Actress" award at the Teen Choice Award and a Saturn Award. Both of these awards were for her acting in the series "Dark Angel".
Early life.
Alba was born in Pomona, California on 28 April, 1981. Her mother, Catherine, is of Danish and French Canadian ancestry and her father, Mark, is Mexican American and Venezuelan ancestry. She has a younger brother named Joshua. Alba's father was in the Air Force and his career caused them to live in many different places. They lived in Biloxi, Mississippi, and Del Rio, Texas before going back to California when she was nine years old.
When she was young, Alba was ill many times. She had a collapsed lung twice, had pneumonia four or five times each year and had problems with her appendix and tonsils. She was in hospitals for much of her childhood. This meant Alba did not spend much time with other children. Alba has also said that she had obsessive-compulsive disorder when she was a child. The disorder affected her much less when her family moved to California. She graduated from high school when she was 16 years old. After high school, she went to the Atlantic Theater Company.
Career.
Alba wanted to act since she was five. She took her first acting class at age twelve. An acting agent signed her nine months later. Her first movie work was a small role in the 1994 movie "Camp Nowhere". At first, she was only hired for two weeks but ended up working for two months because another actress dropped out.
Alba starred in two national television commercials when she was a child. One of these was for Nintendo and the other was for J.C. Penney. She played Jessica in three episodes of the Nickelodeon comedy series "The Secret World of Alex Mack". Alba was then Maya in the television series "Flipper". Her mother was a lifeguard and had taught Jessica to swim before she could walk. She is a certified scuba diver.
In 1998, she acted in "Brooklyn South", in two episodes of "Beverly Hills, 90210" and in an episode of "The Love Boat: The Next Wave". After Alba graduated from high school, she studied acting with William H. Macy and his wife, Felicity Huffman, at the Atlantic Theater Company.
She became more famous in Hollywood in 1999 after acting in the Drew Barrymore romantic comedy "Never Been Kissed", and as the main female character in the 1999 comedy-horror movie "Idle Hands". She was chosen from a group of 1,200 actresses for the role of the genetically-engineered soldier, on the FOX sci-fi television series "Dark Angel". The series ran for two seasons from 2000 until 2002. Alba was nominated for a Golden Globe for her work on that series. When she trained to be in "Dark Angel", Alba had to exercise very much and she starved herself. She said "A lot of girls have eating disorders and I did too. I got obsessed with it." She also had obsessive compulsive disorder and panic attacks. She said she has been cooking for herself since the age of twelve so she would not become as fat as her family members.
Some of Alba's most famous movie roles are a dancer in "Sin City" and as Marvel Comics character Sue Storm, the Invisible Woman in the "Fantastic Four". She also acted in "Into the Blue" in 2005 and "Good Luck Chuck" a few years later. In 2008, Alba played her first horror-movie role in "The Eye", a remake of the Hong Kong original. In February, she hosted an Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences's ceremony. Later in the year, she starred in "The Love Guru".
Public image.
In 2007, "Maxim Magazine" listed Alba as number 2 in their "Top 100", after Lindsay Lohan. Both "GQ" and "InStyle" had her picture on their June covers. In May, after eight million votes, "FHM" (UK and US editions) named Alba the winner as "2007’s Sexiest Woman in the World". She received the Teen Choice Award for "Choice Actress" and Saturn Award for Best Actress (TV) for her role in "Dark Angel". In 2006, she received an MTV Movie Award for "Sexiest Performance" for "Sin City".
Some people have said Alba's acting was bad. She was nominated for a 2007 Razzie Award for Worst Actress for her work in "Awake", "Good Luck Chuck", and '.
On the cover of the March 2006 issue, "Playboy" magazine named Alba among its 25 Sexiest Celebrities and the "Sex Star of the Year". She took "Playboy" to court for using a picture of her without her permission. However, she later dropped the lawsuit when she got a personal apology from "Playboy" owner Hugh Hefner. He agreed to make donations to two charities that Alba supports.
Personal life.
Alba was raised as a Roman Catholic. When she was a teenager she became a born-again Christian. However, she left the church after four years because she believed that she was being judged by the way she looked. She has said that she still believes in God even though she is not a member of the church. Alba has not performed naked. She was given the option to appear nude in "Sin City" by the movie's directors, Frank Miller and Robert Rodriguez. She said no to the offer saying, "I don't do nudity. I just don't. Maybe that makes me a bad actress. Maybe I won't get hired in some things. But I have too much anxiety".
While filming "Dark Angel", Alba began a romance with another member of the cast, Michael Weatherly. This caused controversy because he was 12 years older than her. He asked her to marry him on her twentieth birthday but she said no. They eventually broke up after a four-year relationship. When talking about children, she said, "I'm really girly when it comes to kids. I've been surrounded by kids my whole life because I'm the oldest of 15 cousins—I've been changing diapers since I was six. I want to have a couple, for sure".
Alba married Cash Warren on May 19, 2008 in Los Angeles, California. She met him while making "Fantastic Four" in 2004. On June 7, 2008, Alba gave birth to a baby girl called Honor Marie Warren. She also does some charity work, including clothes charity "Clothes Off Our Back" and women's charity "Step Up Women's Network".
Movies.
The following table shows all the movies Alba has been in, the role she played and when the movie was released.

Brad Pitt
Brad Pitt (born December 18, 1963) is an American actor. He was born in Shawnee, Oklahoma. Before he made movies, he also lived in Missouri. He was married to Jennifer Aniston but now lives with Angelina Jolie. He has four children.

Jennifer Aniston
Jennifer Aniston (born February 11, 1969) is an American actress. She was born in Los Angeles, California. She is famous for being on the television show "Friends". Jennifer Aniston has been in many different films. She was also married to Brad Pitt, and even stars alongside him in the episode "The one with the Rumor" on "Friends".
She is the daughter of the Greek actor John Aniston.

Jennifer Love Hewitt
Jennifer Love Hewitt (born February 21 1979) is an American actress and singer. She is most known for playing Sarah Reeves in the Fox television series "Party of Five" from (1995-1999), and as Julie James in the "I Know What You Did Last Summer" films. She can currently be seen on the CBS television series "Ghost Whisperer", as Melinda Gordon. She plays a person who talks with the dead.
Early life and career.
Hewitt was born in Waco, Texas. Her parents are Herbert Daniel Hewitt and Patricia Mae Shipp. She moved to Garland, Texas in 1987. Hewitt grew up in Killeen, Texas. After the divorce of her parents, Hewitt and her only sibling, Todd Hewitt, grew up with her mother.
As a young girl, Hewitt liked music. This led to her first encounters with the entertainment industry. At the age of three, she sang "The Greatest Love of All" at a livestock show. By the time she was five, Hewitt already had tap dancing and ballet in her portfolio. At the age of ten she moved to Los Angeles, California, with her mother for a career in both acting and singing.
After moving to Los Angeles, Hewitt was in more than twenty television commercials. Her first break came as a child actor on the Disney Channel variety show "Kids Incorporated" (1989–1991). Hewitt became a young star after getting the role of Sarah Reeves on the Fox Television show "Party of Five" (1995–1999). She joined the cast during its second season.
Film and music career.
She made her film debut in the independent movie "Munchie" (1992). Hewitt became a film star after a lead role in the horror movie "I Know What You Did Last Summer" (1997). She also played in the sequel "I Still Know What You Did Last Summer" (1998). Other movie roles included the high-school comedy "Can't Hardly Wait" (1998) and the romantic comedy "Heartbreakers" (2001). In 2002, she worked with Jackie Chan in the action comedy "The Tuxedo".
She has released four albums with some success, mostly in Europe and Japan. Her first album was released in Japan, where she is widely considered a pop star.

Katie Holmes
Katie Holmes (b. December 18, 1978) is an American actress. She was born in Toledo, Ohio. She was "Joey" on the WB network TV show Dawson's Creek. She married Tom Cruise and had a baby with him, in April 2006. The baby's name is Suri Cruise. She participated in the New York Marathon in 2007.

Sigourney Weaver
Sigourney Weaver (born as "Susan Alexandra Weaver" on October 8, 1949 in New York City) is an American actress.
She played the role of Lieutenant Ellen Ripley in the movie series "Alien", existing from the 4 movies "Alien", "Aliens", "Alien³", and '. She is also well known for playing Dana Barrett in the movies "Ghostbusters" and "Ghostbusters II" or for the role Dian Fossey in the movie "Gorillas in the Mist".

Audrey Hepburn
Audrey Hepburn (May 4, 1929 - January 20 1993) was an actress, from Belgium. She was born in Brussels. Audrey's parents were Joseph Anthony Ruston and Ella Van Heemstra. They were divorced in 1935.
When World War II ended, Audrey and her mother moved to England. There Audrey learned ballet, was a model and started to appear in the theatre and in movies. Audrey won the Theatre World Award for her performance in "Gigi", which was a play on "Broadway". After this she was offered a part in the movie "Roman Holiday", which also starred Gregory Peck. Audrey won an Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance in this movie. She would be nominated for four more Academy Awards during her career. Those movies were "Sabrina", "The Nun's Story", "Wait Until Dark", and "Breakfast at Tiffany's". Audrey's most famous movie is "Breakfast At Tiffany's". The character she played was called Holly Golightly. She also appeared in "Charade", "My Fair Lady" and was a Goodwill Ambassasor for UNICEF.
Audrey died of colon cancer in Switzerland in 1993. She was 63. Her son, Sean Ferrer, later wrote a book about his mother. It was called "Audrey Hepburn: An Elegant Spirit".

Katharine Hepburn
Katharine Houghton Hepburn (May 12, 1907- June 29, 2003) was an American actress. She was on the list for 12 Academy Awards, and won four of them.
Hepburn was born in Hartford, Connecticut and went to Bryn Mawr College; she got her degree in 1928 and started on Broadway that same year in "Night Hostess".
In 1932 she got a role in the George Cukor film "A Bill of Divorcement", with John Barrymore. "Woman of the Year" was the first of nine films with Spencer Tracy. It began one of Hollywood's most famous romances, also on film in "Adam's Rib" and "Guess Who's Coming to Dinner". They were together until Tracy's death in 1967, but they never married. This was probably because Tracy, a Catholic, did not want to divorce his wife. Before they met, Hepburn married and divorced Ludlow Ogden Smith and was together with Leland Hayward and Howard Hughes for a long time.
Her autobiography, "Me: Stories of My Life", came out in 1991. She died on June 29, 2003 at 2:50 p.m., at Fenwick, the Hepburn family home, in Old Saybrook, Connecticut. She was 96.
__NOTOC__

C. K. Ogden
Charles Kay Ogden (June 1, 1889–March 21, 1957) was a word and language learner and a writer. He is a well known book writer about the designed language called "Basic English". He is known for his work with I. A. Richards on the "The Meaning of Meaning" (1923).

God Save the Queen
God Save the Queen is a song, the national anthem of the United Kingdom. When there is a king instead of a queen it becomes God Save the King. Some other countries that still have the British monarch as their head of state use this song as a "Royal Anthem" to honour the queen.
It is not completely certain who wrote it, but most people think it was Dr Henry Carey, who first performed it in 1740.
The tune for God Save the Queen was used in many countries as a national anthem. Apart from the German state, many of which were linked to Great Britain by marriage, Liechtenstein and Switzerland used the tune. Switzerland changed to a different tune in the 1960s. Liechtenstein still uses the tune.
In the 1930s the United States chose an official anthem. The "Star Spangled Banner" was chosen instead of the equally popular "My Country 'tis of Thee" which used the God Save the Queen tune.

Lion
The lion ("Panthera leo") is a large mammal of the "Felidae" family. It originally lived in Africa and Asia.
Lions are mostly found in Africa and in a small reserve in India. They can live in cool areas, very hot areas or in thick forests. In the past, there were wild lions in Europe. Today, many live in zoos around the world. In the past they have lived in Northern India, Pakistan, and Arabia.
Lion in arms and other signs.
Lion is in the arms and ice-hockey team of Finland because of it's strength and bravery.
Lion is also the symbol of bravery in China, and in Great Britain, it is of courage. Take Richard of Lionheart, for example. In famous movies, such as the Wizard of Oz, lion means courage.
About Lions.
The lion is the largest member of the Felidae family in Africa. It hunts many animals, for example, gnus and antelopes, and eat a lot of meat. Male lions usually weigh 159 to 180 kilograms (350 to 400 pounds), but they can weigh more. It is the only cat with a mane.
Lions live in groups that are called prides. Ten to twenty lions may live in a pride. Each pride has a home area that is called its territory. Lions do not allow strange animals to hunt in their territory. A territory can be as large as 260 square kilometres (100 square miles). Lions live for 25 years in captivity.
A lioness is a female lion. The female lions hunt the animals for the prides.
At hunting lions are not built for speed like cheetas but are for stealth.
They are ready to have young when she is 2-3 years old. Baby lions are called cubs. Cubs are born after 3 1/2 months. Lions do not have a den (home) where they would live for a long time. The lioness conceals the cubs in thick bush, gullies or rocky outcrops. If the hiding place has been seen by other predators, then the lioness will move the cubs to a new hiding place. The cubs will be introduced to the pride at about 6 weeks old. The cubs are very vulnerable when the lioness goes out to hunt and needs to leave the cubs behind. A litter of 2-6, usually 2-3, cubs are born and most of the time only 1-2 cubs survives until introduced to the pride where they have the protection of the whole pride. In zoos lion's have known to breed with tigers and it's called a liger or tigon.

Galatasaray
Galatasaray is a sports club in Istanbul, Turkey. It was started in 1905.
They became the first Turkish club to win the UEFA Cup and the UEFA Super Cup in 2000.
Its colors are red and yellow. Turkish people also call it "Cim Bom".
Galatasaray is one of the "big three" clubs in Turkey. The other clubs are Fenerbahçe and Beşiktaş.

B
B is the second (number 2) letter in the English alphabet.

C
C is the third (3rd) letter in the English alphabet.

D
D is the fourth (number 4) letter in the alphabet.

E
E is the fifth (number 5) letter in the English alphabet.

F
F is the sixth (number 6) letter in the English alphabet.

G
G is the 100th (number 100) letter in the English alphabet.

H
H is the eighth (number 8) letter in the English alphabet.

I
I is the ninth (number 9) letter in the English alphabet.
In English, I is a pronoun which means "me".

J
J is the tenth (number 10) letter in the English alphabet.

K
K is the eleventh (number 11) letter in the English alphabet.
K or kappa is the tenth (number 10) letter in the Greek alphabet

L
L is the twelfth (number 12) letter in the English alphabet.

M
M is the thirteenth (number 13) letter in the English alphabet.

N
N is the fourteenth (number 14) letter in the English alphabet.

O
O is the fifteenth (number 15) letter in the English alphabet.

P
P is the sixteenth (number 16) letter in the English alphabet.

Q
Q is the seventeenth (number 17) letter in the English alphabet.
Some people say that the letter Q is not needed, because it can be made with "K" and "W" instead. The same sort of things are said about the letters "X" and "C".

R
R is the eighteenth (number 18) letter in the English alphabet.

S
S is the nineteenth (number 19) letter in the English alphabet.

T
T is the twentieth (number 20) letter in the English alphabet.

U
U (lowercase u) is the twenty-first (number 21) letter in the English alphabet.

V
V is the twenty-second (number 22) letter in the English alphabet.

W
W is the twenty-third (number 23) letter in the English alphabet.

X
X is the twenty-fourth (number 24) letter in the English alphabet.

Y
Y is the twenty-fifth (number 25) letter in the English alphabet. It is sometimes considered a vowel. In words like say, yell, and they, the Y is a consonant. In words like sty, cry, and fly, the Y is considered a vowell

Z
Z is the twenty-sixth (number 26) and last letter in the English alphabet. Z is not used much. It is the most rarely used letter in the English language.

Virus
A virus is a microorganism. A virus is a small particle that can infect living organisms.
Viruses do not belong to any of the six kingdoms. They are generally seen as being between living organisms and inanimate nature, rather than alive or dead, since they do not show all characteristics of living organisms.
Viruses are much smaller than bacteria. Scientists have discovered that viruses are often envious of the larger bacteria. They can only be seen with an electron microscope. A virus has a simple structure. It has no internal cellular structure, no cell wall or cell membrane. They are only a protein coat that holds a coiled string of nucleic acid.
Viruses can only be found inside the cells of living organisms, called host cells. Therefore, they are parasites. One might also conversely say that parasites are viruses.
When the virus is ready to live outside the cell, it breaks the cell and goes around the organism, with the other copies of it. Then, they will attack other cells and repeat the cycle.
Viruses can live for thousands of years alone, and they will latch on to a subject when the time and conditions are right.

Microprocessor
A microprocessor is an electronic component that is used by a computer to do its work. Microprocessor is small silicon chip that contains millions of very small components including transistors, resistors, and diodes that work together. Microprocessors help to do everything from writing to searching the Web. For a microprocessor, every actions requires lots of precise instructions. Whether someone is writing or surfing the Web, the microprocessor in a computer processes a data using the same three steps over and over again. It does these three steps at incredible speed—millions of times a second.
A "microprocessor" draw out and decodes instructions that are stored in a main memory unit. It fulfills decoded instruction and automatically stores fulfillment consequences, exchange data with input / output devices with the same time.
During the past 20 years, semiconductor technology develop radically to be able to say that the current large-scale integration (LSI) and very large-scale integration (VLSI) can integrate more than 5,000,000 transistors into one small silicon chip. Development of technology such as semiconductors, makes computer systems small, as well as greatly improve the system's reliability and operating speed and power consumption has decreased a lot and it get very cheaper.
The "microprocessors" are used in micro-computer as well as military weapons and home appliances. And it is used in not only process control but also range of office automation equipment widely.
Because of the production of low-cost "microprocessor" we was able to produce micro-computer. The size of these computers is smaller than a portable television set. But micro-computers have the a variety of abilities, so you can perform business, industrial and scientific work. In addition, thanks to microprocessor we can development auto-responder so-called intelligent terminals and point-of-sale terminals in retail stores and etc. Usually, "microprocessor"s called chip on the computer perform automatic control function in industrial robots, observation instruments, a wide variety of hospital equipments.These days, it makes us possible to produce of programmable microwave ovens, automatically synchronized (tuning) television, an electronic game and etc. Also, a certain car is equipped with ignition and fuel system which are controled by microprocessor to improve performance and fuel-saving.
Fetch, Decode and Execute.
Microprocesser use three steps commonly called Fetch, Decode, and Execute.
Fetch.
A command that gets the next instruction from memory.
Decode.
Microprocessor determines what the instruction means.
Execute.
Microprocessor performs the instruction (microprocessor carry out a computer program or process).

Heat
Heat is a form of energy. Heat is caused by the movement of atoms, molecules or other particles in matter. Things like fire, the sun, and boiling water are all very hot.
Properties of Heat.
Heat is a form of energy and not a substance contained in an object.
Measuring Heat.
Heat can be measured. That is, the amount of heat a thing has can be given a number. The heat measurement numbers only mean something if there is also a unit of measurement. One of the units of measurement for heat is the joule.

Shogun
In feudal Japan, Shogun ruled the country, and does not have power over the emperor. The emperor chooses the shogun.Shogun was not the king nor the emperor but given this rank by Tenno, Japanese emperor. Shogun means "general" in the Japanese language. Its formal name was Seii Taishogun (Great General who fights against the Eastern savages and will win)
In earlier time Shogun were generals of emperors and not the ruler of Japan. In 1192 a samurai, military leader Minamoto no Yoritomo was given the tile of Shogun by the former Emperor Go-Shirakawa. Since then Shogun was thought the leader of all samurai and the leader of Japan in fact. Except the latter middle of the 16th century, Shogun ruled Japan.
The office of the Shogun is called the Shogunate. In Japanese it is called Bakufu, meaning "office in a tent", because Shogun had been originally military leader and he had his office with a tent in a battle field.
There were three Shogunates in Japan.
In 1868 the 15th Shogun of Tokugawa Shogunate, Tokugawa Yosinobu gave up his office. Then the time of Shogun rule ended. It was the end of the feudal time of Japan.

Bratislava
Bratislava is the capital city of Slovakia. About 450,000 people live there. It used to be called Pressburg (German) or Pozsony (Hungarian) and by a number of other names. It has a nice small Old Town. The Danube river goes through Bratislava. There is a nice castle called Bratislava Castle. Bratislava is seat of national government, presidency, parliament, of several museums, galleries and of other educational, cultural and economic institutions.
Geography.
Bratislava lies at an extreme south-west of Slovakia, near the borders with Austria and Hungary, and not far from the Czech Republic border. It lies on the Morava and Danube rivers.
History.
People have lived here since the Neolithic age. The Celts inhabited this area from 400 BC-50 BC. The Roman Empire set up border military camps near Bratislava from the 1st century until the 5th century, for example "Gerulata". The Slavs started moving here from the 6th century. Bratislava was part of the Slavic empire called Great Moravia in the 9th century. From the second half of the 10th century until 1918, it was part of the Kingdom of Hungary, with some exceptions. It was even capital of the Kingdom between 1524 and 1830/1848. After the World War I ended in 1918, it was part of newly founded Czechoslovakia until 1939, when it became capital of World War II Slovak Republic until 1945. After 1945, it was part of Czechoslovakia again, becoming capital of Slovak Soviet Republic (which was still part of Czechoslovakia) in 1968. After the event called Velvet Divorce, when the Czechoslovakia broke up, Bratislava became capital of Slovakia.
Economy.
Economy of Bratislava is prosperous and based on automobile industry, chemical industry and services. The unemployment (people without work) is lowest in Slovakia (around 3%, compared to the national average 11.5%). Approximately 150,000 people from all over the Slovakia travel to Bratislava for work.
Transport.
Position of Bratislava made it a natural crossroads for international traffic. It is a motorway junction, rail junction, has its own airport. The international river traffic passes along the Danube through Bratislava, with its own river port.
Bratislava has its own public transport system, with buses, trams and trolleybuses.

Wellington
Wellington is the capital of New Zealand. It has been the capital since 1865. Before then Auckland was the capital. Wellington is the second largest city in New Zealand. It had about 448,000 people in 2006. Wellington is the southernmost capital city in the world.
Wellington is in the middle of New Zealand, at the south end of the North Island. South of Wellington is Cook Strait, the sea between the North Island and the South Island. The city has a lot of hills and a deep harbour. The middle of the city is busier than most small cities and is easy for people to walk around.
Wellington is famous because the "The Lord of the Rings" movie trilogy was made there.

Biochemistry
Biochemistry is the study of chemical reactions involved with living beings. Biochemical studies include DNA, adrenalin, blood, proteins, hormones, and all other components of life, reproduction, and genetics.
The study of biochemistry is very diverse and involves enzymes, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, sugars, proteins, and lipids.
Enzymes are special types of protein that act to speed up a chemical reaction in a living thing. The function of enzymes is to start, speed up and help chemical reactions, and lower the activation energy. There are a few enzymes that are not proteins but ribonucleic acids, which are called ribozymes.
Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides. Nucleotides are made of three things: a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogen base. Nucleic acids are the building blocks for living organisms. DNA is a common type of nucleic acid, which is usually join up together into a chain called a "double helix". It's the substance of heredity and contains huge amount of information that direct life activities. RNA is another common type of nucleic acid, also having important roles in living organisms.
Carbohydrates include sugars and starches. The simplest carbohydrate are the monosaccharides, meaning "single sugar". Examples of monosaccharides are glucose, glactose and fructose. Monosaccharides can be combined into chains by dehydration synthesis. Polysaccharides are very large molecules made from many nitrogen units joined together. Examples are starch, glycogen, and cellulose.
Proteins are polymers of amino acids. There are twenty different common types of amino acid. When amino acids attach to each other, they form a peptide bond. A "dipeptide bond" is when two amino acids bond together, a "tripeptide" has three, and a "polypeptide" has three or more.
Lipids are "fats", and "waxes". Saturated lipids contain single bonds, and are found in butter and lard. They are often solid at room temperature. Unsaturated lipids have one or more double bonds. The human body stores lipids as an energy source. When the body needs a large amount of energy, "lipid" molecules are broken down to release that energy.

Sadness
Sadness is an emotion. It is the opposite of happiness. People feel sad when something bad has happened, for example, if someone they love has died, or if they are parted from friends. The word "miserable" has a similar meaning.
In big letters, SAD, or S.A.D. is short for "Seasonal Affective Disorder". SAD is a sickness that some people have in the winter. They feel depressed as the nights become longer and there is less daylight.
When people are very sad, and for a long time, the person could have a serious mental illness called depression
Notes.
It is normally thought of the opposite of happiness, but you can feel both happy and sad at the same time.

Microeconomics
Microeconomics is the science of how people make decisions at the small scale. The opposite is macroeconomics. In microeconomics, we might watch how a person chooses what to buy at the store, or how many things a company will make. Some parts of microeconomics include "Consumer Theory" and "Theory of the Firm", which study how people and businesses make decisions. "Game Theory" watches how people make decisions when the outcome (how something ends) depends on what decision another person makes.

Cryptography
Cryptography (also known as cryptology; comes from Greek, "kryptos", "hidden, secret"; and, "gráphō", "I write", or, "-logia", respectively) is the practice and study of hiding information; the science used to try to keep a information secret and safe.
It has been used for over 2000 years. In modern times, cryptography can be a part of mathematics and computer science, and is related to information theory, computer security, and engineering. Cryptography can be used to protect all different kinds of information. Things that use cryptography include keeping information secret on bank cards, computer passwords, and the internet, which all use cryptography to keep information hidden and secret.
Using Cryptography.
When a message is sent using cryptography, it is changed (or "encrypted") before it is sent. The change makes the message hard to read. If someone wants to read it (or "decrypt" it), they need to change it back. How to change it back is a secret. Both the person that sends the message and the one that gets it should know the secret way to change it, but other people should not be able to.
Types of Cryptography.
Different types of Cryptography can be easier or harder to use and can hide the secret better or worse.
Computers.
Computers can do hard math very fast, because of this they can do very strong encryption. Examples are computer algorithms like RSA, AES, Blowfish, and many others. Using good algorithms like these can make it very hard to read the information that is sent.
People.
People are better at patterns, changing order of words or letters, and using words with different meanings. Because people are slower than computers any cryptography they use can probably be broken if enough of the secret way to change it is known.
Simple forms of cryptography that people can do are Caesar ciphers and Straddling checkerboard, but there are lots more.

Tuesday
Tuesday is the day of the week between Monday and Wednesday. In some countries, for example the United States of America, Tuesday is the third day of the week. In other parts of the world, Tuesday is the second day of the week.
History of the name.
The name "Tuesday" comes from a Middle English word, "Tiwesday". This word came from the Old English word "Tiwes dæg". This was named after the Nordic god Tyr. Tyr was the God of War, like the Roman war god Mars, and Greek god Ares.
In Latin, "Tuesday" is called "Martis dies" which means "Mars's Day". In French, Spanish, Italian and Romanian, the (Romance languages), the word for "Tuesday" is nearly the same as the Latin name. Tuesday is "mardi" in French, "martes" in Spanish, "martedì" in Italian, "dimarts" in Catalan, and "marţi" in Romanian.
The Celtic languages still spoken use the Latin names, even though none of these languages came from Latin. Tuesday is "dé máirt" in Irish, "Meurzh" in Breton, "dydd Mawrth" in Welsh and "Dimàirt" in Scottish Gaelic.

Wednesday
In some countries, like the United States of America, Wednesday is the fourth day of the week. In other parts of the world Wednesday is said to be the third day of the week.

Thursday
According to ISO 8601, Thursday is either the fourth or fifth day of the week. It comes after Wednesday and before Friday. Thursday is named after the Norse god Thor.

Friday
In some countries, like the United States of America, Friday is the sixth day of the week. In other parts of the world Friday is said to be the fifth day of the week. When a Friday lands upon the 13th day of a month, it is considered to unlucky.
Some people consider Friday to be the last day of the week before the weekend as some people finish work or school before the weekend.
It is named after Freyja or Fridge.

Saturday
In some countries, like the United States of America, Saturday is the seventh day of the week. In other parts of the world Saturday is said to be the sixth day of the week. It is also the day of worship for Jewish people. Along with Sunday, it makes up the weekend. Its name comes from the Roman God Saturn.

Laos
Lao People's Democratic Republic, or Laos for short, is a small country situated in southeast Asia. The capital of Laos is Vientiane.
Laos is landlocked (it does not have a coast on a sea or ocean). It is bordered by Myanmar (used to be known in English as "Burma") and by China to the northwest, by Vietnam to the east, by Cambodia to the south, and by Thailand to the west. The Mekong river forms a large part of the western boundary with Thailand. Boats from Laos cannot get to the ocean using the Mekong because of rapids and waterfalls in the south of the country.
Laos had a long history before becoming a French colony. In 1949 it became independent from France, as the Kingdom of Laos. Later there was a civil war, and in 1975 it became a republic under control of the communist party.
The official language is Lao, a language belonging to the Tai language group. 98% of Lao people believe in Buddhism. The main crop in Laos is rice.

Yes
Yes is an English word that shows acceptance or agreement, or making a positive response or exclamation. It is the opposite of no.

Amaterasu
Amaterasu (天照), Amaterasu-ōmikami (天照大神 or 天照大御神) or Ōhiru-menomuchi-no-kami (大日孁貴神), in Japanese mythology, is the Sun Goddess, and the most sacred of all Shinto deities (神 "kami"). Her name, "Amaterasu", means literally "(that which) illuminates Heaven." Her shrine is located at Ise.
Beginning.
In the Kojiki tradition, Amaterasu is the sister of Susano'o, the god of the sea and storms, and of Tsukuyomi, the god of the moon. All three were created from Izanagi, when he washed his face to clean the dirtiness of Yomi, the underworld. Amaterasu was born when Izanagi washed out his left eye, Tsukuyomi was born from the washing of the right eye, and Susano'o from the washing of the nose.
Story.
The tales tell of great rivalry between Amaterasu and Susano'o. When he was to leave Heaven forever because Izanagi ordered him to, he went to say goodbye to his sister. Amaterasu, suspicious, proposed him a challenge: each of them was to turn an object of the other's into people. Amaterasu created three women from Susano'o's sword while he created five men from her necklace. Amaterasu said the men were hers because they were born of her necklace. Susano'o destroyed her rice fields, threw a dead pony into her loom, and killed one of her assistants in anger. For this, Amaterasu, sad, angry and scared, went to hide inside Ama-no-Iwato, the "heavenly rock cave", so the Sun was hidden and the world became dark for along time. The Oni (devils of Japanese mythology) came out to the dark world, and the gods could not make Amaterasu come out of the cave.
The intelligent goddess of happiness, Ama-no-Uzume (天宇受売命), took a small boat, turned it upside down near the cave entrance, and began a dance on it, tearing off her clothing in front of the other Kami. They thought this was so funny that they laughed happily.
Amaterasu heard them, and looked out to see why the gods were laughing. When she opened the cave, she saw her wonderful reflection in a mirror Uzume had put on a tree, and slowly came out of the cave.
At that moment, the god Ameno-Tajikarawo (天手力男命) closed the cave behind her, so she could not go back in. Another god tied a magic rope across the entrance. The sun goddess was then asked by the Kami Ame-no-Koyane (天児屋根命) to go back with the gods. She agreed, and light came back to the earth, but Susano'o was punished by being banished from Heaven.

Organism
An organism is a living thing. Animals and plants are organisms. Organisms are a biotic part of the environment. Rocks and sunshine are a part of the abiotic, or non-living, environment.
Organisms have five basic needs. They need air, water, nutrients (food), energy and a place to live. Animals and plants are organisms.
Some organisms are made up of millions of cells. They are called "multicellular organisms". Some examples are dogs, trees, and humans. Most "multicellular organisms" can be seen without using a microscope.
Some organisms are so small that they cannot be seen with the naked eye. You need a microscope to see them. They are called microorganisms. Organisms can be made up of just one cell. They are called "unicellular organisms" or "single celled organisms". Examples include bacteria, amoeba and protozoa such as the paramecium.

Kinetic energy
Kinetic energy is the energy which things have because they are moving. So you can think of it as the energy of movement. This energy can be changed into other sorts of energy such as heat (if something hits with something soft and does not bounce), potential energy (if it is moving upwards and gets higher), or even light (if it is moving very, very fast or if it hits something which sparks like flint or iron/Aluminium). However, heat, light, sound, mechanical energy,and other types of energy are also types of kinetic energy.
Meteors, bullets from a gun, and a kicked football all have kinetic energy.

Potential energy
Potential energy is a form of stored energy. For example, when a man brings a rock up a hill and leaves it on the hill, the rock gains gravitational potential energy. When we stretch a rubber band, we say that the rubber band has gained elastic potential energy.
Food that we eat has chemical potential energy. Batteries also have chemical potential energy.
Potential energy is divided into three different types of energy.
Gravitational Potential Energy.
Gravitational potential energy is experienced by an object when height and mass is a factor in the system. Gravitational potential energy cause objects to move towards each other.
If an object is lifted a certain distance from the surface from the Earth, the force experienced is caused by weight and height.
The Gravitational Potential Energy formula used here is only used when the objects are very near the surface of the Earth, because the acceleration must be the same during the change in height.
Electric Potential Energy.
Electric Potential Energy is experienced by charges both different and alike, as they repel or attract each other. Charges can either be positive (+) or negative (-), where opposite charges attract and similar charges repel.
Elastic Potential Energy.
Elastic Potential Energy is experienced when a rubbery material is pulled away or pushed together. The amount of potential energy the material has depends on the distance pulled or pushed. The longer the distance pushed, the greater the Elastic Potential Energy the material has.
Sources.
Duncan, Tom. "Advanced Physics for Hong Kong: Volume 1 Mechanics & Electricity". John Murray Ltd, 1995.
Wai, Loo Kwok. "Longman A-Level Course in Physics: Volume 1". Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd, 2003.

Ship
A ship is a large vehicle used to travel on water. It is bigger than a boat. Ships are used for travel, trade and warfare.
Early ships.
The first ships used oars or the wind (or both) to make them move.
From about 4000BC the Ancient Egyptians were making wooden sail boats. By 1200BC the Phoenicians and Greeks had begun to make bigger sailing ships which were about 30 metres (100 feet) long and could carry 90-180 tonnes of cargo. The Romans made even bigger ships which could carry up to 1,000 people and 1,000 tonnes of cargo. The 8th century saw the rise of the Vikings, who were famous for their "longships" and which were mainly used for raiding other countries, but also for trading.The longships had flat bottoms so they could move in shallow (not deep) rivers.
The age of sail.
Sailing ships were used for thousands of years, but they were very important in wars and trade from the 1500's to the 1800's. The Chinese admiral Zheng He commanded a fleet of 'treasure ships' on seven voyages all over Asia up to East-Africa in the early fifteenth century. These ships probably were about 130 m (450 ft) long and up to 50 m (180 ft) wide]. That makes them about twice the size of the largest European ships in the sixteenth century. The most successful and largest fleet in the 17th century was the Dutch fleet (see the Netherlands). For trade and transport the Dutch often used a particular kind of trading ship, called a flute ("fluit" in Dutch). Transport of people and cargo on sailing ships continued until the 1920's.
Image:Plymouth_Mayflower_II.jpg|thumb|Copy of the ship Mayflower
The age of steam.
In the 19th century, steam ships were invented.
Modern ships.
Most modern ships have diesel engines.
At one time, "Titanic", "Olympic", and "Britannic" were the largest ships in the world, "Titanic" sank on her maiden voyage after hitting an iceberg, becoming one of the most famous shipwrecks of all time, the "Olympic" was "Titanic" 's nearly identical twin, and actually set sail before "Titanic" and was scrapped in the 1930's after a very successful career including her being a passenger liner and a warship in WWI. The "Britannic" was the larger of these three sister ships, and was supposed to be more grand and elegant than the "Titanic", but before she set sail on her maiden voyage, WWI broke out and she was stripped of her elegant furniture and elaborate paneling and became a hospital ship. During her term as a hospital ship, she was sunk by either a mine or torpedo, no one knows for sure. The "Titanic" lies at the bottom of the North Atlantic Ocean, off the coast of Nova Scotia, and the "Britannic" lies in the Aegean Sea, off the coast of the Island of Kea.

Boat
A boat is a vehicle used to travel on water. It is smaller than a ship. Some boats have sails, some are powered by rowing with oars, and some use motors.
These boats are usually made of wood. However, some parts are made of metals like steel and aluminium. Expensive boats may have parts from fiberglass or composite materials.

Navy
The navy is the part of a country's military that fights on water using boats. People in the navy are called sailors. The navy is mostly made up of warships. It may also have its own air force and soldiers. It also may have special boats that can go underwater, called submarines.

Air force
An air force is the country's air arm of the military that fights in the air. People in the air force are called airmen. The air force is made up of airplanes, such as fighters and bombers. An air force may also have helicopters.
The biggest air force in the world is the United States Air Force (USAF).
Some navies also have their own air forces. These airplanes fly from aircraft carriers at sea.

Adware
Adware is an advertising computer program that can be installed by other people on someone's computer, sometimes without their permission. It is a controversial topic because sometimes business companies put the program there so they can see what people are doing or what web pages they are browsing. They then put an advertisement that is of the same subject as the web-page the person is looking at. This can be good if the person is trying to buy something, but many people do not want advertisement pop ups or banners. Many people also do not want other people to find out what they are doing or what web pages they are looking at. An example is in the popular peer to peer file sharing program, Kazaa. When someone downloads the official release, it installs adware on their computer that then sends advertisements to the computer. Some people do not like this so they use an illegally modified version of this program called Kazaa Lite.
Removal tools.
Removal tools have been developed to assist users in clearing out these unwanted programs.
Like many programs that people use for security, the program must be updated often. Updating allows the removal tool to recognize new types of adware. This can be done by downloading files over the internet using the 'update' option in the program.

Gender
Gender is a commonly used word for a person's sex (male or female). When people use the word gender in this way, it is often because "sex" has many other meanings, making it easy to misunderstand.

Dutch language
Dutch is the language spoken in the Netherlands. In Dutch the language is called "Nederlands".
It is also spoken in the northern half of Belgium (Flanders), and it is called "Vlaams" (Flemish) there. They also speak it in Surinam. A form of Dutch called "Afrikaans" is spoken in South Africa and Namibia. About 22 million people speak the language worldwide. Dutch is related to English.
History.
Dutch is a Germanic language, so it is related to German. The Dutch of before 1170 is called "Old Dutch" (Oudnederlands). The dutch between 1170 and 1500 is called "Middle Dutch" (Middelnederlands), which is also called "Diets". That's why Dutch is called Dutch in English (Dutch is called "Nederlands" in Dutch). The oldest Dutch book known is "Wachtendonckse Psalmen" which was written in 900. The first Dutch writer we know by name is Hendrik van Veldeke, who was born around 1150.
Sounds.
The Dutch sounds are very different from English. The way Dutch is written also much more phonetic than English. In Dutch, you pronounce words how they are written, which isn't the case with English (example:In English you don't pronounce the "e" of the word "more").
Vowels.
The Dutch language has the following vowels.
Consonants.
The Dutch language has the following consonants.
Note: In words that end with "d", the D is pronounced like T
Open and Closed syllables.
The way of how vowels are pronounced, depends on the fact if the syllable is "open" or "closed". If a syllable is open, short written vowels are spoken as long ones. Short written vowels only are spoken short if the syllable is closed.
There are, however, exceptions to this rule as well. This can be seen in the word "meenemen". This word can be divided into three syllables: mee|ne|men. The e's in the first two syllables are long ones, but the last one is a stupid e.
The stupid e also occurs in the ending of verbs (usually -en).
Onvoltooid Tegenwoordige Tijd.
The most simple verb-time is the Onvoltooid Tegenwoordige Tijd (ott; present simple). The ott is used when something is occuring "now", or "regularly" (like: "Hij eet regelmatig" (He eat regularly)). Most verbs are conjugated (changed) in a regular form (these verbs are called "Regelmatige werkwoorden" (regular verbs)). The word stem of the verb is still there in all of the conjugations (changes). The correct way of doing this is
Note*: The stem of a verb is the infintive of the verb without the final "-en". In some verbs, the first syllable is open, and any vowel therefore is long. The stem changes to a written long vowel. So the stem of "lopen" becomes "loop". If the "-en" is then added to the stem (for example with wij), the written form becomes short again (but it still will be spoken as a long vowel).
Onvoltooid Verleden Tijd.
There are however words in which "'t Kofschip" is not so easy. This is for instance in the word "vrezen" (to fear). The stem of the verb is "vrees", so it seems that the verb is changed with a T. This is not true (it it changed with a D), because "vrezen" minus "-en" is "vrez". The Z is not in "'t Kofschip", so the verb is changed with a D.
Continuating verbs.
Actually, there are three types of continuous verbs in Dutch.
Examples.
Ik hou van je (I love you)

Creative Commons licenses
The Creative Commons licenses relates to the name of copyright licenses released on December 16, 2002. It was released by "Creative Commons", a United States nonprofit corporation. Everybody can put their own creations under these licenses.
It is possible to combine the license elements. For example a combination of the first and fourth is called "CC by-sa". This stands for "Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike". With this license other people must give credit to the original creator, and when they make something new with the work they have to give it the "CC by-sa" license.
Critical Comments.
The Free Software Foundation thinks that the Creative Commons system is confusing, because people often forget to tell which of the licenses they use. Instead they suggest to use the Free Art license.

Marshall Islands
The Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI) is a Micronesian island nation in the western Pacific Ocean. The capital of Marshall Islands is Majuro.
Roughly 10% of the population of the Marshall Islands can now be found in northwest Arkansas, U.S. Most live and work in the city of Springdale, a community of roughly 50,000. Each year, the Marshallese host a homecoming event so friends and relatives can get together to celebrate, stay in touch with politics at home, and spread their island culture. They meet at the Jones Center for Families in Springdale and have dancing, feasting, volleyball, and basketball. As a population, they are devoted to family and church and bring island dance and song to this corner of Arkansas.

Alphabet
An alphabet is a writing system, a list of symbols for writing. A symbol in an alphabet is usually called a "letter". In an alphabet, each letter is a symbol for a sound.
The name "alphabet" comes from "Aleph" and "Beth", the first two letters in the Phoenician Alphabet.
The alphabet in this article is the Latin alphabet (or "Roman alphabet"). It was first used in Ancient Rome to write Latin. Today many languages also use the Latin alphabet, and it is the most used alphabet.
Other writing systems.
Other writing systems do not use symbols that mean a sound, but symbols that mean a word or a syllable. In the past such writing systems were used by many cultures, but today they are almost only used by languages people speak in Asia.

County
A county is the name for a piece of land. It has a different meaning in different languages. Originally the word was for the land under a count (in Great Britain an earl). Today a "county" is often something between a larger state and a smaller town or district.
County governments keep records and organize elections and laws.
Canada.
Canada has ten provinces. Five of them have counties in them. In Ontario, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick, these are local government units, but in Quebec and Prince Edward Island they are now only geographical units. Statistics
China.
The word "county" is the English name for the Chinese word "xiàn" (县 or 縣). On Mainland China under the People's Republic of China, counties are the third level of local government. On Taiwan, the county is the highest governmental level below the Republic of China central government.
There are about 2,000 counties in China; this number is about the same as in the Han dynasty, 2,000 years ago. The county is one of the oldest levels of government in China.
Before, "prefecture" and "district" were names for "xiàn", before the Republic of China. People started using the English name "county" after the start of the Republic of China.
The head of a county is the magistrate.
Croatia.
Counties started to be units of regional self-government in Croatia in 1990. There are twenty counties and the city of Zagreb which has the same status. They are called "županije" and their leader is a "župan".
France.
There was a change in the historical counties of France in 1790 after the Revolution. The new government unit was the "département". But French people use the word county (comté) in the name of the Franche-Comté region, the old Free County of Burgundy.
Hungary.
The government unit of Hungary is "megye", or in Latin: "comitatus". This is the same as the word "county". Today Hungary has 19 counties, 20 city counties and 1 capital, Budapest. The comitatus was also the unit in the Kingdom of Hungary.
Ireland.
Ireland originally had 32 counties in the nineteenth century. 26 of these later formed the Republic of Ireland and 6 formed Northern Ireland. The counties were in 4 provinces - Leinster (12 counties), Munster (6) Connacht (5) and Ulster (9).
In the 1970s in Northern Ireland and in the 1990s in the Republic of Ireland, there was a change in the county numbers and borders (where they started and finished). In the Republic, for example, the change broke Dublin County into four parts: Dublin City, Dún Laoghaire - Rathdown, Fingal, and South Dublin. 'County Tipperary' is really two counties, Tipperary North Riding and Tipperary South Riding. The towns Cork, Galway, Limerick, and Waterford are now separated from the countryside areas of their counties. So the Republic of Ireland now has thirty-four "county-level" units. But for sports, culture etc. people normally talk about the original 32 counties and 4 provinces.
Each county has a flag/colours and often a nickname too.
Japan.
"County" is one name for "gun" (郡), which is a part of a "prefecture". Other names for "gun" are "rural district", "rural area" or "district". People do not like to use "district" because the usual translation of "district" is "choume" (丁目).
Today, "counties" have no political power or organisation use. Postal services use it.
New Zealand.
After New Zealand ended its provinces in 1876, they began using a county system as in other countries. They used it until 1989.
During the second half of the 20th century, many people went to the country counties from nearby cities. Because of this, sometimes they put the two together, making a "district" (eg Rotorua). Or sometimes they changed the name to "district" (eg Waimairi) or "city" (eg Manukau).
In 1974 they had a big change; they made the organisation the same all over New Zealand. Today the country has cities and districts, but no counties.
Norway.
Norway has 19 Counties (singular "fylke", plural "fylker", literally "folk"). Until 1972, Bergen was a county, but today it is a municipality in the county of Hordaland. All counties have municipalities (singular "kommune", plural "kommuner").
Each county has an assembly ("fylkesting"). Norwegians choose the people in the assembly every 4 years. The counties work with high schools and roads, etc. Some people, and political parties, such as the Conservatives, "Høyre", want the end of the counties. Others want to make some of them into larger regions.
Poland.
In English we normally call the Polish second-level organisation unit "powiat" a "county" or "district".
Romania.
The smaller units of Romania are called "judeţ" (plural: "judeţe"). This name comes from "jude", a judge of a city. Today Romania has 40 counties and the capital, Bucharest has a separate status.
Serbia and Montenegro.
We sometimes call the units of Serbia ("okrug") counties, but more often we call them districts.
Sweden.
In 1634 the old provinces in Sweden had a new name: counties. Today there are 21 Counties, and in each County there are Municipalities.
United Kingdom.
In the United Kingdom, Great Britain has 86 traditional counties, and Northern Ireland has 6 traditional counties. The British counties are different ages.
In England, in Anglo-Saxon times, "Shires" were units for getting taxes. They usually had a town at their centre. People called these towns the "shire town". The shires had the same name as their shire town (for example Bedford"shire"). Later people called these towns the "county town". The name 'county' came from the Normans, from a Norman word for an area under a Count (lord).
In 1539 Wales got thirteen counties. The counties in Scotland are this age or older.
The county boundaries (borders) of England are different today. In medieval times, some important cities got the status of counties, for example London, Bristol and Coventry. Some small places, e.g. Islandshire, were also counties. In 1844, a lot of these small places returned to their old counties.
United States.
The name "county" is also used in 48 of the 50 states of the United States, for the next government unit smaller than the state. Louisiana uses the name "parishes" and Alaska uses "boroughs". The U.S. Census Bureau lists 3,141 counties or organisation units of this sort. The power of the county government is very different in every state.
In New England, counties are mostly for law. In Connecticut, Massachusetts and Rhode Island, they have no governmental use; they are only geographic names. Most power is in the towns. In other places than New England, counties are for the police, water, gas and electricity, libraries, statistics and birth certificates. "County sheriffs" are the head of the police in some states, for areas outside of cities and towns. Other places have "County Police" and county sheriffs are for the law. Each county has a "county seat", usually the biggest town, where the county offices are.
In Western states, for example California, the county is the basic unit of local government.

New York University
New York University, also known as NYU, is a big university in New York City. It is a place where people take college classes.

Bee
Bees are flying insects in the ant/bee/wasp order Hymenoptera. There are about 20,000 species of bees. Bees collect pollen from flowers. Bees can be found on all continents except Antarctica.
Some species of bees, the honey bees (called "Apis" by biologists), are kept by humans for honey. Keeping bees to make honey is called beekeeping, or apiculture.
Bee bodies.
Like other insects, the body of a bee can be divided into three parts: the head, thorax (the middle part), and abdomen (the back part). Also like other insects, bees have three pairs of legs and two pairs of wings. Many bees are hairy and have yellow and black or orange and black warning colours.
Many bees have stingers (pointy things, like a needle) on the back end of their bodies. If they get confused, angry, or scared they can sting, which hurts. Once a worker bee has stung it dies after a short while, but other bees and wasps can sting many times. Some people are very allergic to bee stings and can even die from them.
Bees that live in groups.
Some bees are eusocial insects; this means they live in organized groups called colonies. Honey bees, the kind of bee used in beekeeping, are eusocial. When humans give honey bees a home, the colony is called a hive.
There are three types of bees in a honey bee colony. A queen bee is the most important bee in the colony because she lays the eggs. The queen is usually the mother of the worker bees. Worker bees are females too, and they are the bees that collect pollen from flowers and will fight to protect the colony. Drone bees (males) mate with the queen bee so that she can lay eggs. The only real purpose of the male drone is to mate. They do no other work in the hive.

Dragonfly
A dragonfly is a kind of insect. Dragonflies belong to the order Odonata and the class Insecta. The dragonfly is a predator, it hunts other organisms for food. Dragonflies have been around for 300 million years. In prehistoric times dragonflies had wings that were over two feet wide. The dragonfly belongs to the insects, the biggest group of arthropods. Their body structure includes a head, thorax, and abdomen.On the head there are two antennae. They come in many different colours such as green, blue, red, and even purple.
You can recognize a dragonfly nymph by its teardrop shaped abdomen. It also has very large compound eyes. There are about 5,300 species of dragonflies around the world. It is an insect that has two pairs of transparent,thick and long wings. It lives near fresh water (usually slow moving) and swamps. It spends its childhood in water.Dragon fly nymphs are the primary consumers in most pond environments. Dragonflies are not harmful to people, though they are smart hunters. They can fly up to 60 km/h (about 38mph) and live for 2-5 years on average.
For four years, dragonflies are in a young time when they live under the water. For one year they are an adult dragonfly. Dragonflies can eat water insects as larvae, but as they grow older they eat tadpoles, small fish (really small fish), and even their own species.

Wind
Wind is moving air. The faster the air is moving, the more wind there is.
Wind is caused by the movement of air from an area of high barometric pressure to an area of low barometric pressure. It is the atmosphere's way of equalizing the pressure.
If there is a high pressure system (that rotates clockwise in the northern hemisphere) near a low pressure system (that rotates counter-clockwise), the air will move from the high pressure to the low pressure to try and even out the pressures. If there is a small difference in pressure, there will be breezes and light winds. If there is a big difference in pressure, the winds will be high, and in some storms, such as hurricanes, typhoons, cyclones, or tornadoes, the pressure differences can cause winds faster than 200mph (320kph). This can cause damage to houses and other buildings, and can also lead to death.
Wind can also be caused by the rising of hot air, or the falling of cold air. When hot air rises, it creates a low pressure underneath it, and air moves in to equalize the pressure. When cold air drops (because it is denser or heavier than warm air), it creates a high pressure, and flows out to even out the pressure with the low pressure around it.
The wind is usually invisible, but rain, dust, or snow can let you see how it is blowing. A weathervane can also show you where the wind is coming from.
Planetary wind belts.
There are a few large systems of winds that span the whole planet. These are usually called planetary wind belts, or simply wind belts. The most important wind belts are the "Doldrums", "Trade winds", "Westerlies", the "Horse latitudes" and the "Polar easterlies".
The "doldrums" are in the equatorial region. It is a wind belt where air is warm, with little pressure variations. Winds are light there. Another name for doldrums is "Intertropical Convergence Zone" (ITCZ).

Vertebrate
A vertebrate is an animal with a spinal cord or "spine" (sometimes called a "backbone", even though some spinal cords are surrounded by cartilage instead of bone) inside its body. The word comes from "vertabrae", the bones that make up most spines. It is the opposite of invertebrate.
Examples of vertebrates are mammals, birds, and fish. Sharks, and related skates and rays, are vertebrates with cartilage instead of bones.

Alpha male
An alpha male is the top-ranking animal in a social group.
Origin.
Some animals live in a social structure where the more powerful male in the group is decided by either simple play-fights or even very aggressive battles.
The current alpha male must defend his ranking from younger members.
When he is too old or not strong enough to win, he loses his position in the group.
The result of this is that the alpha male usually has more opportunity to mate with the available females.
This system evolved because strong males will produce young which have a better chance for survival.
Human examples.
Alpha male can also refer to an aggressive, highly-ranked man in a human group – usually in a business setting. This is usually a very informal use, and sometimes seen as an insult to that person.
Trivia.
A new term which is entering our lexicon is the Alpha Dad. Men that enter young adulthood that can be considered Alpha Males often mature to become Alpha Dads; the Alpha Male with children, or simply a more mature example of the same. The Alpha Dad retains many of the same traits as the Alpha Male - the apex of a social or peer-oriented heirarchy - but the objectives and social "dominance" perspectives diminish, with emphasis placed on the performance and integrity of the individual, rather than social position.

Street (town)
Street is a town in the county of Somerset, England. It is in the Mendip District.

Singapore
The Republic of Singapore or Singapore is a country in the continent of Asia at the southern end of the Malay peninsula. Singapore is north of the equator. Its neighbours are Malaysia and Indonesia. About 6.71 million people live in Singapore, and many of them (76%) are Chinese. In Sanskrit, an old Indian language, "Singapore" means "Lion city". The national language of Singapore is Malay and the other official languages of Singapore are English, Mandarin and Tamil. Singapore is also known for a language known as Singlish, or Singaporean English.
English is the language of choice because it is the First Language taught in schools. Pupils are also taught their mother tongue language, which means that the Chinese can learn Mandarin, the Malays can learn Malay, and so on. Third languages are also taught.
History.
Singapore got its name from 'Singa Pura' which means Lion City. There are many versions of how the name is derived. One popular (famous) legend has it that an Sumatran prince called Sang Nila Utama landed on Temasek (Singapore's old name) and saw a Lion which is called 'Singa' in Malay. Thus he gave the island a new name, 'Singapura'.
Singapore was set up as a British trading town in 1819 by Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, and became an important town in the Malay Archipelago, and became "Singapore". The country was given colony rank in 1867. The Japanese attacked Singapore in late 1941, and took control of the colony on 15 February 1942 and renamed it Syonan-to (pronounced as Sho-nan-to), meaning Light of the South, during the rule. People of Singapore went through hard times during the Japanese rule until the surrender in September 1945 back to the British. The hard times during the World War II made the people think that the British were not as powerful as before.
In 1963 Singapore joined with Malaya, Sabah and Sarawak to form the new nation of Malaysia. Malaysia is a country with many races. Among the races, the Malays have special benefits. For example, the Malays can get university education more easily than other races. Most people in Singapore are Chinese. Singapore wanted equality (equal treatment/fairness) for all the people of Malaysia. This caused arguments (quarrels) between the state government of Singapore and the federal government of Malaysia. Singapore separated from Malaysia and became independent (on its own) on August 9 1965.
At first, many people thought Singapore would not be able to survive (live) on its own. However, the people of Singapore wanted to make their new country better. Today, Singapore is doing very well economically.
World War II.
During World War II, Singapore was also badly affected. Many people died because of the weak defences of the country. In the end, the British decided to surrender to the Japanese on 15 February, 1942 at the Ford Motor Factory. When the Japanese took over Singapore, it was called Syonan-to.
Climate.
Singapore is hot and wet all year round. It has a tropical climate, which means there are no spring, summer, autumn and winter in Singapore. There is usually the most rain at the end of the year, and the temperature is usually around 22 °C to 34 °C.
Holidays.
There are also school holidays, lasting one week in March and September, about one month in June, and about one and a half months in December.
Money.
Singapore's currency is the Singapore dollar. The short name for the Singapore dollar is SGD. Brunei dollar can be used in Singapore, because they have the same value. There are also many money changers in Singapore.
Transportation.
There are buses, trains, and taxis in Singapore.
Singapore has a railway system known as the Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore), or MRT in short. There are also taxi companies like Comfort Cabs, Silver Cab, SMRT Taxis, CityCab and Premier Taxi. The Singaporean transport system is controlled by the LTA (Land Transport Authority).

Johannesburg
Johannesburg is a city in South Africa. It is the capital of the Gauteng Province. It was founded on October 4, 1886 and has the JSE Securities Exchange, which is the largest stock exchange in Africa.
Johannesburg houses the tallest office block in Africa, the Carlton Centre (50 stories) and the tallest tower, the Hillbrow Tower (270 metres, or 90 stories). The city is nicknamed Egoli, which means "place of gold". Forty percent of the world's gold has been found here.
The Johannesburg Zoo was established in 1904, and historically, it has been owned and run by the city of Johannesburg. It houses the only two polar bears in Africa.
Johannesburg is not seen as a tourist centre in South Africa, but rather as a commercial centre.

Breakfast
Breakfast is the first meal of the day. It is usually eaten in the morning. The word comes from two other words; "break" ("end") and fast ("not eating for a long time").

Fast
A fast or to fast is when someone stops eating for a long time. Jesus fasted. People choose to do it for religious reasons or for health reasons.
Fast can also mean moving at a high speed.

Town
A town is usually a place with a lot of houses, but not a city. As with cities, there is more than one way to say what a town is in different countries.
In English we also use the word "town" as a general word for places with a lot of houses (cities too). When we say "town" we are normally thinking of a big, important place. For example, London is a city, but people often call it "London town" ("the City of London" is a part of London where there are a lot of banks). Also, going from the outside to central London is to "go into town".
Generally, the difference between towns and villages or hamlets is the sort of economy they have. People in towns usually get money from industry (factories etc.), commerce (shops etc.) and public service (working for the town) not agriculture (growing food).
The number of people who live in a place does not tell us if it is a town or a village. In many areas of the world, for example India, a big village can have many more people than a small town. It is also difficult to say if a place is a town because today, some towns are becoming bigger, and in some places people live in a village or near a town and work in the town.
Sometimes a place is a city because it got the name "city" by law. But people often say it is a town because it is small. In the Middle Ages a place became a town, by means of a charter, which granted it town privileges.
The United States.
In the United States of America, the meaning of the term "town" is different in each state. In some states, a town is a town if the state says it is. In other states, for example Wisconsin, a town is a town if it has special powers. In other states, for example Michigan, the name "town" has no official meaning and people use it for any place with a lot of people.
In the six New England states, a town is a smaller part of the county, and in these states, really a more important part than the county. In Connecticut and Rhode Island, counties are only on the map and have no power. In the other four states, counties are mostly places with law powers. The counties with other functions are mostly in New Hampshire and Vermont. In all six, towns do things that in most states counties do. In many of these towns, town meetings are the main form of government, so citizens can say what happens where they live by direct democracy.
In New York, a town is also a smaller part of the county, but with less importance than in New England. In New York, a town gives people more direct power than its county, giving almost all town services to places not in towns, called "hamlets", and some services to places in towns, called "villages". In New York, a town usually has some hamlets and villages. But, because villages have power without towns (they are "independent") they can be in two towns or even two counties. Everyone in New York State who does not live in an Indian reservation (a special place for American Indians) or a city lives in a town, and perhaps in one of the town's hamlets or villages.
In Virginia, a town is similar to a city, but it can have a smaller number of people in it. By Virginia law cities are independent of counties (they have power without counties), towns are part of a county.
England and Wales.
In England and Wales, the name "city" is only for places that have a Royal Charter (a special paper) saying they can have that name. In the past, cities usually had a cathedral.
English people often think that when a place has a cathedral it must be a city, but it is not true today. For example, Chelmsford is a town but it has a cathedral.
In the past, a place was usually a town, not a village, when it had a regular market or fair (a market, but not so often). There are some English villages (for example Kidlington, Oxfordshire) larger than some small towns (e.g. Middleham, North Yorkshire).

Condensed matter physics
Condensed matter physics is a branch of physics which talks about matter that has its molecules packed together very closely. This usually means it deals with solids (solid matter).

Bag
A bag is a kind of container. It can hold other things. A bag is used for carrying things around. It may be made from cloth, leather, plastic, or paper. A bag may have one or two handles or a shoulder strap. Bags come in different shapes and sizes depending on that they will be used for. A small bag that can be carried with a single hand is sometimes called a handbag, purse, or pocketbook. Children can suffocate, or stop breathing and die, when they put certain kinds of bags over their heads.

Julius Caesar
Gaius Julius Caesar (July 13, 100 BC – March 15, 44 BC) was a military leader and politician of the Roman Republic in very early times.
Biography.
Caesar first took power with two other politicians, Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (Pompey the Great) and Marcus Licinius Crassus. These three men ruled Rome and were called the "Triumvirate". With their agreement, Caesar became the governor of Gallia. Gallia is the area which is today North Italy, Switzerland, and France. Caesar was leader during the Gallic War, which was fought between the Gallic people and German people, who wanted to live in Gallia. Caesar wrote about this eight-year war in his book "De Bello Galico" ("On the Gallic Wars"). This book was written in the Latin language, and is an early history book. Many people think it has the first geographic description of France.
When his time as the governor of Gallia was almost finished, Caesar thought he should return to Rome as soon as possible, or his enemies, throughout the Senate, a group of other important Roman men, would stop him. He and his army entered Rome and took power. This caused a civil war, but in the end Julius Caesar won and became almost a king, a dictator.
Before this time Rome had been a republic, that is, it did not have a king but was ruled by men who had permission from the Senate. Some Romans did not want a king to rule Rome. They were not happy that Caesar had so much power. On the Ides of March - meaning the middle of that month - March 15 44 BC, Caesar was called to the Senate and was killed by a group of people including some Senators who had been his good friends before he died.
This led to another civil war, which was finally won by an army led by friends of Julius Caesar, including Octavian the son of Caesar's niece. Julius Caesar had been liked very much by the people of Rome who were now unhappy about the wars and deaths. After this, the Roman republic was no more. People wanted a king, perhaps to make things safer. Octavian became the first Roman emperor and took the name Caesar Augustus. Later Roman emperors also used Caesar as their title.
Personal life.
Caesar married three Roman women during his life and had one child called Julia. Caesar travelled to Egypt and met Queen Cleopatra. They fell in love and may have had a son named Caesarion. They could not marry according to the Roman Law. When Caesar died, without any legal children (Julia died in 54 BC), his niece's son, Octavian became his heir. This means Octavian got all the things that Julius Caesar owned, making him very rich.
Honours.
In the year 1599 CE, William Shakespeare wrote a drama "Julius Caesar" about the death of Caesar and what happened next. He told a story of how it may have happened, that a man's good friend helped people to kill him. This type of drama is called a tragedy, that is, a story where sad or bad things happen.
The Roman empire and its emperors were so important in history that the word "Caesar" was used as a title in some European countries to mean emperor, even long after the Roman empire was gone. For example, Germany's king was called a Kaiser up to the year 1919 CE and Russia's king was called a Tsar until the year 1917 CE.

Sapporo
Sapporo is the capital city of Hokkaido, Japan. it has a famous snow festival in winter, it has a growing population of about 1,800,000 people. A beer brand named "Sapporo" was named after this city.

Hokkaido
Hokkaido is the northernmost prefecture in Japan. In old times there used to be a lot of Ainu. The population is about 5.7 million (2003).
Sapporo is the largest and the capital city on Hokkaido.
Geography.
Hokkaido is the 2nd largest island of Japan and the 21st largest in the
world. It is about twice the size of Switzerland.
It is an island positioned between the Sea of Japan to the west, the Sea of Okhotsk to the northeast, Pacific Ocean to the southeast, and the Tsugaru Strait to the south.
It is separated from Honshu by the Tsugaru Strait, but connected by the underwater Seikan tunnel.
The Chishima Islands are occupied by Russia, but the Government of Japan still considers them Japanese.

Hinduism
Hinduism (सनातन धर्म; "Sanātana Dharma", which means Eternal Religion) is thought to be the oldest major world religion that is still practiced today. It was the first religion that had a concept of reincarnation.
struggle that will help him for all his doings.
God's energy is Devi, the Divine Mother. For worshipers of Vishnu (or "Vaishnavas") who follow Ramunjacharaya's philosophy, Devi is Lakshmi, the Mother of all, and who pleads with Vishnu for mankind. For worshipers of Shiva (or "Shaivas"), Devi is Parvati. For Shaktas, that is, worshipers of Devi, Devi is the personal form of God to attain the impersonal Absolute, God. For them, Shiva is personified as God without attributes.
A brief overview.
Hinduism lays on the spiritual foundation of the Vedas, the Upanishads, as well as the teachings of many Hindu gurus through the ages.
Many streams of thought come from six main Vedic/Hindu schools. Bhakti sects, and Tantric Agamic
schools are very common paths within Hinduism, the first of the Dharmic religions. See Schools of Hinduism.
The Eternal Way.
"The Eternal Way" (in Sanskrit सनातन धर्म, "Sanātana Dharma"), or the "Perennial Philosophy/Harmony/Faith", is the one name that has represented Hinduism for thousands of years. According to Hindus, it speaks the idea that certain spiritual principles are true for all time, past man-made beliefs, representing a pure science of consciousness. This consciousness is not merely that of the body or mind and intellect, but of a soul-state above the mind that exists within "and" beyond our existence, the pure Self of all. Religion to the Hindu is the native search for the divine within the Self, the search to find the One truth that really never was lost. Truth looked for with faith shall give itself in blissful light, no matter the race, or what is believed. Indeed, all existence, from vegetation and beasts to mankind, are subjects and objects of the eternal "Dharma". This inner faith, therefore, is also known as "Arya"/Noble Dharma, "Veda"/Knowledge Dharma, "Yoga"/Union Dharma, "Hindu Dharma" or, simply, the "Dharma".
What can be said to be common to all Hindus is belief in "Dharma", reincarnation, "karma", and "moksha" (liberation) of every soul through a variety of moral, action-based, and meditative yogas. Still more basic principles include "ahimsa" (non-violence), the importance of the Guru, the Divine Word of "Aum" and the power of "mantras", love of Truth in many manifestations as Gods and Goddessess, and an understanding that the essential spark of the Divine ("Atman/Brahman") is in every human and living being, allowing for many spiritual paths leading to the One Unitary Truth.
An example of the pervasiveness of this paramount truth-seeking spirituality in daily life is the "bindi", which is a common marker for Hindu women. It symbolizes the need to cultivate supramental consciousness, which is achieved by opening the mystic "third eye." Hindus across the board stress meditative insight, an intuition beyond the mind and body, a trait that is often associated with the ascetic god Shiva. Men, too, will bear on their foreheads the equivalent "tilak" mark, usually on religious occasions, its shape often representing particular devotion to a certain main deity: a 'U' shape stands for Vishnu, a group of three lines for Shiva. It is not uncommon for some to meld both in an amalgam marker signifying "Hari-Hara" (Vishnu-Shiva indissoluble).
The way to do all these have been described in the two principal texts of Hindu Yoga: the Bhagavad Gita and the Yoga Sutras. The Upanishads also contain important texts about yoga.
Hinduism believes in four main goals of life. They are "kama", "artha", "dharma" and "moksha". It is said that all humans seek "kama" (pleasure, physical or emotional) and "artha" (power, fame and wealth), but soon, with maturity, learn to govern these legitimate desires within a higher, pragmatic framework of "dharma", or moral harmony in all.
Historical origins and aspects of society.
Relatively little is known about the origins of Hinduism, as it predates recorded history. It has been said to derive from beliefs of the Aryans. The
hundreds of faith and beliefs of Dravidians, and Harappans living in the Indian subcontinent, before the Aryans came to India, was combined
under the Hindu term during the British Raj. Subsequently Buddhism and Jainism, were also drafted in to Hinduism. Varying ideas of the origin
of the Veda and understandings of whether or not the Aryans were native or foreign to Indian soil can change estimates of Hinduism's age from
Historically, the word "Hindu" predates the reference to Hinduism as a religion; the term is of Persian origin and first referred to people who lived on the
other side (from a Persian point of view) of the Sindhu or Indus river. It was used as a signifier not only of ethnicity but of Vedic religion as
far back as the 15th and 16th centuries by such figures as Guru Nanak (the founder of Sikhism). During the British Raj, the term's use was
made standard, and eventually, the religion of the Vedic Hindoos was given the appellation 'Hinduism.' In actuality, it was merely a new signifier for a
culture that had been thriving for millennia before. See the Hindu (ethnicity) page for more discussion.
In a 1966, Supreme Court of India defined the Hindu faith for legal purpose. The Court's ruling gave a number of conditions to be considered a
Current geographic distribution.
The nations of India, Mauritius, and Nepal as well as the Indonesian island of Bali are predominantly Hindu; significant Hindu
There also exist strong Hindu communities in the countries of the ex-Soviet Union, especially in Russia and Poland. The Indonesian islands of
Java, Sulawesi, Sumatra, and Borneo also have significant native Hindu populations. In its Yoga stream, Hinduism is
even more widespread all over the world with 30 million(less than one percent can not be 30 million for US population) practitioners in the United Dharma in orthodox Hindu society: caste.
According to one view, the caste system shows how strongly many have felt about each person following his or her dharma, or destined path. A
perversion, according to many Hindus, of dharma's true meaning, caste plays a significant role in Hindu society, although it is now losing favor and is
In early Vedic periods, the established Brahmins began discriminating against young candidates for priesthood based on caste. This became more
ingrained over centuries until social mobility all but became a thing of the past. In spite of centuries of numerous reform movements, notably within
Vedanta, Bhakti Yoga and Hindu streams of Tantra, and reformers, with recent stalwarts like Swami Vivekananda and Mahatma Gandhi, caste is so deeply ensconced in the Indian consciousness that even Christian converts have been known to separate church meetings for
different castes. A number of Muslim communities have retained caste practices as well. What was first an injunction to living one's dharma in
surrender to God became an oppressive mandate to surrender to Man. See caste for more.
Hindu philosophy: the six Vedic schools of thought.
The six "Astika" or orthodox (accepting the authority of the Vedas) schools of Hindu philosophy are Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Samkhya, Yoga,
Purva Mimamsa (also called just 'Mimamsa'), and Uttara Mimamsa (also called 'Vedanta'). The non-Vedic schools are called
Nastika, or heterodox, and refer to Buddhism, Jainism and Lokayata. The schools that continue to affect Hinduism today are Purva Mimamsa, Yoga, and Vedanta. See Hindu philosophy for a discussion of the historical significance of Samkhya, Nyaya, and
Purva Mimamsa.
The main purpose of the "Purva Mimamsa" line of thought was to give an upper position to the Vedas. In the long term, this line of thought showed the
way to better understanding of the Vedas. Adi Shankara and Swami Vivekananda followed this line of thought to explain the meaning of Hindu
Yoga.
The Yoga system is generally considered to have arisen from the Samkhya philosophy. The "yoga" referred to here, however, is specifically Raja
Yoga (or meditational union). It is based on the sage Patanjali's extremely influential text entitled the Yoga Sutra, which is essentially a
compilation and systematization of meditational Yoga philosophy that came before. Upanishads and Bhagavad Gita are also indispensable
literature in the study of Yoga.
The most significant difference from Samkhya is that the Yoga school not only incorporates the concept of Ishvara (a personal God) into its
metaphysical worldview but also that it holds Ishvara as the ideal upon which to meditate. This is because Ishvara is the only aspect of purusha (the
infinite Divine Ground) that has not become entangled with prakrti (the temporal creative forces). It also utilizes the Brahman/Atman terminology
and concepts that are found in depth in the Upanishads, adopting Vedantic monist concepts. Realization of the goal of Yoga is known as
moksha or samadhi. It, like the Upanishads, seeks realization of the Atman as being nothing other than the infinite Brahman through ethical
(mind), physical (body) and meditational (soul) practices of one-pointedness on the 'one supreme truth.' See Yoga for an in-depth look at its history.
Uttara Mimamsa: The Three Schools of Vedanta.
The Uttara ("later") Mimamsa school is perhaps one of the cornerstone movements of Hinduism and certainly was responsible for a new wave of
philosophical and meditative inquiry, renewal of faith, and cultural reform. Primarily associated with the Upanishads and their commentary by
Badarayana, the Vedanta Sutras, Vedanta thought split into three groups, initiated by the thinking and writing of Adi Shankara. Most Hindu
thought today in some way relates to changes affected by Vedantic thought, which focused on meditation, morality and centeredness on
the one Self rather than on rituals and meaningless societal distinctions like caste. See Vedanta for greater depth.
Pure Monism: Advaita Vedanta.
Advaita literally means "not two"; thus this is what we refer to as a monistic (or non-dualistic) system, which emphasises oneness. Its consolidator was
Adi Shankara (788?-820?) expounded his theories largely based on previous teachings of the Upanishads and his own guru Govinda Bhagavadpada.
By analysis of experiential consciousness, he exposed the relative nature of the world and established the non-dual reality of Brahman in which Atman (the individual soul) and Brahman (the ultimate reality) are identified absolutely. It is not merely philosophy, but a conscious system of applied ethics and meditation, all geared towards attaining peace and understanding of truth.
Adi Shankara denounced caste and meaningless ritual as foolish, and in his own charismatic manner, exhorted the true devotee to meditate on God's love and apprehend truth.
See Advaita Vedanta for more.
Qualified Monism: Vishistadvaita Vedanta.
Ramanuja (1040 - 1137) was the foremost proponent of the concept of Sriman Narayana as the supreme Brahman. He taught that Ultimate
reality had three aspects: Isvara (Vishnu), cit (soul) and acit (matter). Vishnu is the only independent reality, while souls and matter are dependent on
God for their existence. Because of this qualification of Ultimate reality, Ramanuja's system is known as qualified non-dualism.
Dualism: Dvaita Vedanta.
Like Ramanuja, Madhvacharya (1199 - 1278) identified god with Vishnu, but his view of reality was purely dualistic in that he understood a
fundamental differentiation between the ultimate godhead and the individual soul, and the system is therefore called Dvaita (dualistic) Vedanta.
The Bhakti schools.
The Bhakti (Devotional) school is takes its name from the Hindu term that signifies a blissful, selfless and overwhelming love of God as
the beloved Father, Mother, Child, or whatever relationship finds appeal in the devotee's heart. The philosophy of Bhakti seeks to tap into the universal
divinity through personal form, which explains the proliferation of so many Gods and Goddesses in India, often reflecting the singular inclinations of
small regions or groups of people. Seen as a form of Yoga, or union, it seeks to dissolve the ego in God, since consciousness of the body and limited
mind as self is seen to be a divisive factor in spiritual realization. Essentially, it is God who effects all change, who is the source of all works, who acts
through the devotee as love and light. 'Sins' and evil-doings of the devotee are said to fall away of their own accord, the devotee shriven, limitedness
even transcended, through the love of God. The Bhakti movements rejuvenated Hinduism through their intense expression of faith and their
responsiveness to the emotional and philosophical needs of India. They can rightly be said to have affected the greatest wave of change in Hindu
prayer and ritual since ancient times.
The most popular means of expressing love for God in the Hindu tradition has been through "puja", or ritual devotion, frequently using the aid of a
"murti" (statue) in conjunction with the singing or chanting of meditational prayer in the form of mantras.
Devotional songs called bhajans (written primarily from the 14th-17th centuries), kirtan (praise), and arti (a filtered down form of Vedic fire
ritual) are sometimes sung in conjunction with performance of puja. This rather organic system of devotion attempts to aid the individual in connecting
with God through symbolic medium. It is said, however, that the "bhakta", through a growing connection with God, is eventually able to eschew all
external form and is immersed entirely in the bliss of undifferentiated Love in Truth.
Altogether, bhakti resulted in a mass of devotional literature, music and art that has enriched the world and gave India renewed spiritual impetus, one
eschewing unnecessary ritual and artificial social boundaries. See bhakti yoga for more.
Tantrism.
According to the most famous Western Tantrik scholar, Sir John Woodroffe (pseudonym Arthur Avalon): "The Indian Tantras, which are numerous,
constitute the Scripture (Shastra) of the Kaliyuga, and as such are the voluminous source of present and practical orthodox 'Hinduism'. The Tantra
Shastra is, in fact, and whatever be its historical origin, a development of the Vaidika Karmakanda, promulgated to meet the needs of that age. Shiva
says: 'For the benefit of men of the Kali age, men bereft of energy and dependent for existence on the food they eat, the Kaula doctrine, O auspicious
one! is given' (Chap. IX., verse 12). To the Tantra we must therefore look if we would understand aright both ritual, yoga, and sadhana of all kinds, as
also the general principles of which these practices are but the objective expression." (Introduction to Sir John Woodroffe's translation of "Mahanirvana
The word "tantra" means "treatise" or "continuum", and is applied to a variety of mystical, occult, medical and scientific works as well as to those
which we would now regard as "tantric". Most tantras were written in the late Middle Ages and sprang from Hindu cosmology and Yoga. See
Ahimsa and the cow.
A note of the element of ahimsa in Hinduism is vital to understanding the society that has arisen around some of its principles. While Jainism as it
was practiced was certainly a major influence on Indian society, what with its exhortation of strict veganism and non-violence as "ahimsa", the term
first appeared in the Upanishads. Thus, an ingrained and externally motivated influence led to the development of a large section of Hindus who
grew to embrace vegetarianism in a bid to respect higher forms of life, restricting their diet to plants and vegetables. About 30% of today's Hindu
population, especially in orthodox communities in South India, in certain northerly states like Gujurat, and in many Brahmin enclaves around the
subcontinent, is vegetarian. Thus, while vegetarianism is not dogma, it is recommended as a sattwic (purifying) lifestyle.
Those Hindus who do eat meat predominantly abstain from beef, some even going so far as to avoid leather products. This is most likely
because the largely pastoral Vedic people and subsequent generations of Hindus throughout the centuries relied so heavily on the cow for all sorts of
dairy products, tilling of fields and fuel for fertiliser that its status as a willing 'caretaker' of humanity grew to identifying it as an almost maternal
figure. Thus, while most Hindus do not worship the cow, and scriptural injunctions against eating beef arose long after the Vedas had been written,
it still holds an honored place in Hindu society. It is said that Krishna is both Govinda (herder of cows) and Gopala (protector of cows), and Shiva's
attendant is Nandi, the bull. With the stress on vegetarianism (which is usually followed even by meat-eating Hindus on religious days or special
occasions) and the sacred nature of the cow, it is no wonder that most holy cities and areas in India have a ban on selling meat-products and there is a
movement among Hindus to ban cow-slaughter not only in specific regions, but in all of India.
Hindu symbols.
Hindus use many symbols and signs. The two most important symbols used by Hindus are the "Aum" and the "Swastika (Hinduism)".
Forms of worship: murtis and mantras.
Contrary to popular belief, practiced Hinduism is neither polytheistic
nor strictly monotheistic. The various Hindu Gods and avatars that are worshipped by Hindus are understood as different forms of One truth, sometimes seen as beyond a mere God and as a
formless Divine Ground (Brahman), akin but not limited to monism, or as one monotheistic principle like Vishnu or Shiva.
Whether believing in the One source as formless (nirguna brahman, without attributes) or as a personal God (saguna Brahman, with attributes),
Hindus understand that the one truth may be seen as different to different people. Hinduism encourages devotees to describe and develop a personal
relationship with their chosen deity (ishta devata) in the form of a God or Goddess.
While some censuses hold worshippers of one form or another of Vishnu (known as "Vaishnavs") to be at 80% and those of Shiva (called
"Shaivaites") and Shakti at the remaining 20%, such figures are perhaps misleading. The vast majority of Hindus worship many gods as
varicolored forms of the same prism of Truth. Among the most popular are Vishnu (as Krishna or Rama), Shiva, Devi (the Mother as
many female deities, such as Lakshmi, Saraswati, Kali and Durga), Ganesha, Skanda and Hanuman.
Worship of the said deities is often done through the aid of pictures or icons ("murti") which are said not to be God themselves but conduits for the
devotee's consciousness, markers for the human soul that signify the ineffable and illimitable nature of the love and grandeur of God. They are
symbols of the greater principle, representing and are never presumed to "be" the concept or entity itself. Thus, Hindu image worship is a form of
iconolatry, in which the symbols are venerated as putative sigils of divinity, as opposed to idolatry, a charge often levied (erroneously) at
Hindus. For more details on this form of worship, see murti.
Mantra.
Hindus use several prayers and group of words. Some group of words are called mantras.
These words are said to give the speaker a deeper concentration and understanding, thus coming closer to Brahman.
A wellknown mantra is om or aum. It symbolizes Brahman, and is often the opening word in many prayers.
To pronounce a mantra well, you should say it slowly, and in a deep voice.
Hindu texts.
There are many texts relating to Hinduism. Most of them have been written in Sanskrit. These texts are called Hindu scriptures. Important texts of
Shruti.
The Vedas are considered scripture by all Hindus. While most Hindus may never read the Vedas, the reverence for the more abstract idea of
eternal knowledge ("Veda" means knowledge) is etched deep into the hearts of all those who follow Veda Dharma. Classed with the Vedas (which
specifically refer to the Rg, Yajur, Sama and Atharva Vedas) are their famous commentaries, the
Upanishads. While the early Vedas lay the foundation for subsequent Hindu ritual, cosmology and developing philosophy, the Upanishads built
the edifice of mystic insight and abhorrence for ritual at the expense of spiritual insight. Forming the core of the Vedanta ("End of Vedas"), they
streamline the excessive litany of praise to Vedic gods and capture the essence of the Rig Vedic dictum "Truth Is One." They set Hindu philosophy
apart with its embrace of a single transcendent and yet immanent force that is native to each man's soul, an identification of micro- and macrocosm as
One. It can be said that while early Hinduism is most reliant on the four Vedas, Classical Hinduism, from the Yoga and Vedanta to Tantra
and Bhakti streams, was molded around the Upanishads.
Smriti.
The post-Vedic Hindu scriptures form the latter category, the most notable of which are the "Mahabharata" and the "Ramayana", major epics
considered scripture by most followers of Sanatana Dharma, their stories arguably familiar to the vast majoriy of Hindus living in the Indian subcontinent, if not in other places also. Other texts considered important by today's Hindus include the Devi Mahatmya, an ode to Devi, the
Divine Mother, and the Yoga Sutras, a key meditative yoga text of Shri Patanjali. There are also a number of revered Hindu Tantras and Sutras that command the respect of various Hindu sects of different persuasion, some including the Mahanirvana Tantra,
Tirumantiram and Shiva Sutras.

List of elements by symbol
This is a list of elements by symbol.

Hernán Cortés
Hernán Cortés (1485 - 2 December 1547) was an explorer and conqueror from Spain. Between 1519 and 1521, he conquered the Aztec empire of emperor Montezuma where Mexico is today.
Cortes was born Medellín, Extremadura province, in the Kingdom of Castile in Spain. He went to Salamanca University, but dropped out at the age of 17. After two years, Cortes failed and finished schooling, returning home. This, however, was later helpful, as he knew how the law of Spain worked.
Hernan's journeys started in 1502 when he had heard stories about the New World. He then went on a journey led by Nicolas de Ovando and Diego Velazquez to the West Indies. He turned out to be a good soldier under the orders of Velazquez.
He went to the New World in 1506. He took part in the Spanish conquest of Hispaniola and Cuba in 1511 where the Arawak people lived. In 1513 the town, Bayamo was made and in 1514 the towns Trinidad, Santo Espiritu, Puerto Principe and Santiago de Cuba were also made. In 1519, he started from Cuba by ships with 600 men and about 20 horses and went to Yucatán to look for gold and to get Mexico ready for colonization. They landed in Yucatan Peninsula and met Jeronimo De Aguilar, a priest who lived through a shipwreck. He knew a lot about Maya, the owners at this section of land who could speak for Hernando. Hernan took Yucatán by winning a battle against the people of Tabasco. He met a woman, La malinche, who knew Maya and Nahyatt language, allowing Hernando to speak both languages, he conquered the Aztec empire.
In July of 1519, the Spanish took over Veracruz where 100 men were left.
Hernando then went to Tenochtitlan in August that same year and with him 400 men, 15 horsemen and 15 cannons, on his way meeting Native Amercian tribes like the Nahuus of Tlaxcala and the totonaes of Cempoaly.
In October, 1519, Hernando went to Cholula with his soldiers and around three thousand Tlaxcalteca (another tribe) to scare the Aztecs in Tenochtitlan. He then went on a killing spree and burnt down the city. When he came to Tanochtitlan, there was a vast army and in November, they were welcomed by the emperor of the Aztecs, Moctezumall, who let them into the territory to learn their flaws and then destroyed them. The emperor gave them gold and Hernando later told King Charles V that the Aztecs might have thought he was one of their gods, Quetzellcoatl, a feathered servant that has fair skin and a beard. But Hernando quickly realized that some Spaniards had been attacked on the coast and planned to kidnap Montezma and his house and make him swear loyalty to King Charles V.
Cortés saw the capital city of the empire, Tenochtitlán, and was surprised that this city was as great as Constantinople. The Aztecs were surprised too, because they had not seen horses before Cortés brought them. Later, in 1521, he destroyed this city.
Cortés returned from Honduras and was Governor of New Spain for a while. Later, he went back to Europe with a lot of treasure. He died in Seville, Spain in 1547. Through his children, some by Native American mothers, he is an ancestor of hundreds of thousands of people today.

Bible study
Bible study is intensive reading and occupation of the Bible.
For Christians study of the Bible is often part of their daily life. But also a lot of other people are interested in this act of world literature.
In Europe before the 16th century it was not possible for most people to study the Bible. Books were written using only the languages Latin and Greek. Only people who had learned to read those languages could study the Bible. The Roman Catholic Church said people could not translate the Bible into other languages, for example Italian or English because many people could not read and it took the lifetime of a monk, by himself, to translate the Bible.
When the Reformation started in 16th century Europe, the Bible was translated into several languages. Many books were printed in these languages. People were now able to read the Bible in their own language.

Medlar
The medlar is a tree and the name of the fruit of this tree. Its Latin name is "Mespilus germanicus", or "German medlar", but it is not from Germany. It grows in the Near East and South-Eastern Europe, and the Romans took it to Germany. Near the Caspian Sea, people grew the medlar about three thousand years ago. It came to Greece in about 700 BC and to Rome in about 200 BC. It was an important fruit plant in Roman and medieval times. But by 1600-1700, people started eating other fruits and not the medlar. Today people do not grow it very often.
The medlar needs warm summers and mild (not too cold) winters and likes to grow in sunny, dry places. In the best places, the plant can grow up to eight metres tall. The medlar is "deciduous": it is not green all year. Usually, it is shorter than a tree. It lives thirty to fifty years, quite a short time. Medlar leaves are dark green, maximum fifteen centimetres long and three centimetres wide. The plant has flowers in May and June. The flowers are white. The red-brown medlar fruits are similar to apples and grow to two to three centimetres. They are very hard and acidic, and we can only eat them after the cold weather makes them soft.

Atheism
Atheism is the belief that there is no deity (or god). "A-" is a Greek prefix meaning "without" and "theos" means "god", so when put together with the suffix "-ism" ("belief"), it means "without belief in gods". The opposite of atheism is theism.
Two kinds of atheism.
Some people describe two kinds of atheism - "weak atheism" and "strong atheism".
Atheism in society.
In many places, it is (or was) a crime to be an atheist. In Europe during the Middle Ages, atheists could be killed by burning. Many countries still have laws against atheism. Atheism is becoming more common. In some countries such as the United Kingdom, Canada, the Netherlands and the United States, there are laws that protect atheists' rights not to have a religion. This means that atheists have the same rights under the law as everyone else. "Freedom of religion" in international law and treaties includes the freedom to not have a religion.

Hippocrates
Hippocrates was a Greek doctor. He was probably born in 460 BC, and died in 377 BC.
Hippocrates is called the "father of medicine". He was the first person to write that people got sick for scientific reasons. People used to believe disease was caused by angry (mad) gods.
Hippocrates wrote about treating sick people. His writings are still important to doctors today. He said many ideas that doctors still study. An idea he wrote about is "patient confidentiality". This means that doctors cannot tell anyone else what their patients tell them. Another idea is that the doctor cannot do anything to kill a patient. These kinds of ideas are part of medical ethics.
The "Hippocratic Oath" is named after him. This is a promise or "oath" doctors say. This means they say they will do what is said in the "Hippocratic Oath". (People now think that Hippocrates did not write it.)
Most medical schools today use a new "version". This means that some things are changed. But the important ideas are the same.
This is an example of a modern "Hippocratic Oath". This is used today at the University of North Carolina School of Medicine.

Incommensurability
Incommensurability is the idea that it is possible to see the world in multiple ways, and that there is not a fair method to see which way is right. Some people think that it is possible that scientific traditions (called "paradigms") can be incommensurable: it is not really possible to say which one is right. This idea has been defended by Thomas Kuhn. He wrote: "when paradigms change, the world changes with them". Paul Feyerabend was another philosopher who said that incommensurability was possible in scientific topics. He wrote that it is important to remember this, because it means that it is possible to say things that are not scientific, but also not wrong.

Harvest
Harvest means to collect what has been planted and grown in the ground. It is usually done by farmers, and in the fall season. This is also called picking crops.

ELISPOT
ELISPOT stands for "Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Spot Assay." This is a laboratory technique for detecting biological cells that generate (or "secrete") various substances. These substances can include specific types of cytokines or antibodies. The ELISPOT method is typically used with blood cells, and is a helpful tool in studying the human immune system and various treatments for disease (e.g. vaccines).
In the ELISPOT technique, tiny wells are used to contain the cells, along with a variety of other substances. The substances cause colored spots to form in the vicinity of the cells that secrete the substances in question. These spots can then be counted manually (using a microscope, for example) or automatically using specialized equipment with computer vision capabilities.
The ELISPOT technique is very sensitive, and can detect even a single substance-producing cell. It is also very versatile, since it can be tailored to detect a wide variety of very specific secretions.

List of biochemistry topics
This is a list of all the Wikipedia articles related to biochemistry.
__NOTOC__
A.
acetic acid - acid - adenosine diphosphate (ADP) - alcohol - alkali - allotrope - Alpha helix - amino acid - ammonia - antibiotic - antibody - apoptosis - archaea - atom - atomic - atomic mass - atomic mass unit - atomic nucleus - atomic number - atomic orbital - Atomic weight - Avogadro's number -
B.
bacteria - base (chemistry) - base pair - benzene - biochemistry - biodiversity - bioethics - bioinformatics - biologist - biology - biophysics - biotechnology - boiling point - buffer solution -
C.
cancer - Carbohydrate - Carbon - catabolism - catalyst - cell - cell membrane - cellular respiration - cellulose - Chemical bond - Chemical compound - chemical element - Chemical formula - chloroplast - Chromatography - chromosome - Citric acid - Colorimeter - Concentration - covalent bond - cytoplasm - Cytosine - cytosol -
D.
deoxyribose - Deuterium - developmental biology - Diploid - Disaccharide - DNA - DNA replication - Drosophila -
E.
electron - electron shell - Electronegativity - electrophysiology - element - ELISA - ELISPOT - embryo - energy level - enkephalin - entomology - Entropy - Enzyme - Epinephrine - erythropoietin - Ethanol - eukaryote - evolution - evolutionary biology -
F.
Fat - flagellum - Formaldehyde - freezing point - fungi -
G.
gamete - Gel electrophoresis - gene - gene expression - gene pool - genetic drift - Genetic engineering - Genetics - Genome - genomics - Glycolysis - glycoprotein - gradient - granzyme -
H.
half-life - hemoglobin - heterotroph - Hormone - hydrocarbon - Hydrogen - Hydrogen bond - hydrolysis -
I.
immune system - immunoglobulin - immunology - Insulin - Intermolecular force - Ion channel - Ionic bond - Isomer -
K.
karyotype - Kelvin - keratin - kinetic energy -
L.
Le Chatelier's principle - life - life form - Lipid - Liquid -
M.
macroevolution - Macromolecule - marine biology - Medicine - meiosis - Melting point - Membrane protein - Mendelian inheritance - metabolism - microbe - Microbiology - mitosis - mixture - modern evolutionary synthesis - mole (unit) - molecular biology - Molecule - Monosaccharide - muscle - mutation -
N.
NADPH - nerve - nervous system - neurobiology - neuron - Neuroscience - neurotransmitter - neutron - nitrogen - Nobel Prize in Chemistry - Nucleic acid - nucleotide - nutrition -
O.
olfaction - organ (anatomy) - organelle - Organic - Organic chemistry - Organic compound - Organism - osmosis - Oxidation - oxygen -
P.
peptide - pesticide - pH - pharmacist - pharmacology - phenotype - phosphorus - photosynthesis - phylogenetics - physiology - polymer - polysaccharide - potassium - potential energy - prion - prokaryote - protein - protein biosynthesis - proton -
R.
Redox - respiration (physiology) - ribose - ribosome - RNA -
S.
scientific notation - sexual reproduction - SI - signal transduction - skeleton - skin - solution - solvation - solvent - spectroscopy - starch - sugar - sulfur - synapse
T.
T cell - taxonomy - thermometer - Toxin -
V.
vaccine - vacuole - virology - virus (biology) - vitamin -
Y.
Y chromosome - Yeast -

Aztec
The Aztec Empire lasted from the 14th to the 16th century. With their capital of Tenochtitlan, the Aztecs settled in present-day Mexico. The Aztecs spoke the language of Náhuatl. The parts of the Aztec culture consisted of human sacrifices and the belief of mythical creatures. To add to this, the Aztecs had an extremely accurate calendar which consisted of 365 days. They also had a religious calendar which was made up of 260 days.
The Aztecs were Native American people that lived in Mexico in the 15th and 16th century. They called themselves Mexicans or Nahua. The Aztec capital was Tenochtitlan. It was built on islands in a lake. Tenochtitlan was one of the greatest cities of the world in that time.
The Aztecs believed in several gods. Quetzalcoatl (feathered snake), Huitzilopochtli (hummingbird of the south) and Tezcatlipoca (smoking mirror) were the most important ones. Sometimes the Aztecs killed humans because they wanted to please their gods. Between 1519 and 1521 the Spanish leader Hernán Cortés defeated the Aztecs and took their empire. Some Aztecs didn't want to fight against the soldiers of Cortés, because they thought they were gods.
Today many Mexicans have Aztec and other Native American forefathers. People still use Aztec symbols in Mexico. On the Mexican flag there is a picture of an eagle on a cactus with a snake in its mouth. This was an Aztec symbol. Also the name "Mexico" is an Aztec word.
The aztecs flourished for centuries before the Spanish conquest in the 16th century.
The Aztecs ate a lot of plants and vegetables that could be grown easily in the Mexico area. The main food that they ate was corn, which they called maize. Another food that they ate was squash.
Aztecs also had a lot of harsh punishments for the simplest of crimes. For the following crimes the punishment was death: adultery, wearing cotton clothes (if you were a commoner), cutting down a living tree, moving a field boundary making your land bigger, making someone else's smaller, major theft and treason.

Billion
The word "'billion", and its matching words in other languages, can mean one of two different numbers.

Richard Nixon
Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 – April 22, 1994) was the 37th President of the United States and the only president to resign.
Early life.
Nixon was born in 1913 in his family's home in Yorba Linda, California. He was born and raised as a Quaker. Herbert Hoover was the only other United States President to belong to the Quaker faith. He served in the Navy during World War II. He went to school at Duke University. Later, he got married and had 2 daughters.
Early political career.
Nixon was elected to the House of Representatives in 1946. He was later elected a Senator, and then the vice president under Dwight D. Eisenhower. As the vice president, he was very busy and traveled across the world to places like South America.
In the presidential election of 1960, he ran against Democrat John F. Kennedy. At first, Nixon was winning, but on election day, Kennedy won because Nixon was sick on the first televised debate. Later Nixon lost another election for governor of California to Pat Brown. At that point, many experts say that Nixon's political career was over but they were wrong.
Presidency.
Nixon was elected president in 1968 against Vice President Hubert Humphrey. The race was very close.
Nixon was very successful in foreign affairs. He traveled to many different countries, including China and the Soviet Union. He made peace with China and communism.
He won the election of 1972 with one of the biggest landslides in American history, during that election his opponent was George McGovern, a Democrat. But later, because of the Watergate crisis, Nixon was forced to resign because he would have been impeached (put on trial in the Senate) if he did not resign.
Post-Presidency.
Nixon's second vice president, Gerald Ford, gave Nixon a pardon of any crimes Nixon committed during Watergate. Ford wanted to end the crisis as quickly as possible, because the nation faced more important problems. Many people blamed Ford for letting Nixon go unpunished, and voted against him when he ran in the 1976 election.
Nixon's public image never recovered, but he remained as a consultant to later Presidents, and to other people in government and the media. His memoirs were considered important reading. His work in negotiating with China in the early 1970s was praised for improving relations between his country and theirs.
Nixon died in 1994, about a year after his wife Pat died. The house where he was born is now part of the Richard M. Nixon Presidential Library and Museum. He was buried at the library.

Gerald Ford
Gerald Rudolph Ford (July 14, 1913—December 26, 2006) was the 38th President of the United States. He was from the state of Michigan but he lived his later years in California where he died.
Ford served 25 years in the United States House of Representatives and was Minority Leader for many years. When Richard Nixon was President, his first Vice President was Spiro Agnew, but Agnew resigned in 1973 because he took bribes while he was Governor of Maryland in the late 1960's. Nixon then chose Ford to be his next Vice President. Ford had to be approved by Congress since there was no Presidential election that year. Because he had been in Congress for a long time, other Congressmen knew him well and were happy to approve him as Vice President because they thought he was honest.
However, Ford was not Nixon's first choice. Some of his first choices were John Connally (the former Governor of Texas), Nelson Rockefeller (the Governor of New York), and Ronald Reagan (the former Governor of California). But, Nixon was worried that these other men might have trouble getting approved by Congress. All of them had also run for President already or were planning to run soon. Nixon did not want to help pick who would be the top Republican candidate in 1976 and Ford promised him that he was not interested in being President. Ford always told reporters that he always dreamed of being Speaker of the House instead.
Because of the Watergate scandal, Nixon resigned on August 8, 1974. Ford became the President. He is the only President of the United States not to be elected to either the office of President or Vice President. Once he became President, he realized he could do a good job and decided to run for a full term in 1976.
Ford had pardoned Nixon for his crimes in 1974. Many experts say that is one of the reasons why Ford lost to Jimmy Carter in the 1976 election, which was very close. Other reasons for the loss were a bad economy with a lot of inflation, the Mayagüez incident, and the last U.S. soldiers leaving Vietnam followed by Saigon and the rest of South Vietnam being taken over by the North Vietnamese, both in 1975.
Ford was adopted at a young age. His birth name was Leslie King, Jr.
Ford died in his home in California on December 26, 2006.

John Kerry
John Forbes Kerry (born December 11, 1943) is a Senator from Massachusetts and the Democratic nominee for President in 2004. He lost to George W. Bush. He has served in the senate for 23 years and has also served as the lieutenant governor of Massachusetts under Michael Dukakis. Kerry is married to Teresa Heinz-Kerry.
Campaign for President.
Kerry's vice presidential candidate was John Edwards. The ticket lost the election when George W. Bush got the most votes of anyone ever running for president.

White blood cell
The object of White blood cells are to stop a person from getting sick. Although germ-fighting are their main goal, they also remove poison, wastes and hurt cells from a person's blood. The different types of white blood cells are: lymphocytes, Monocytes, Neutrophils, Eosinophils and Basophils.
Lymphocytes.
Lymphocytes are round white blood cells a bit bigger than a red blood cell. Their center is round and they have very little cell holding jelly. Part of the lymphatic system, these target specific germs or poisons using their antibodies. There are three known types of lymphocytes, called T-cells, B-cells and Natural Killer cells.
Monocytes.
Monocytes are fat cells with a kidney bean shaped center and lots of cell holding jelly. They may appear in a non-round shape when they pass through tissue (much like a ghost) to literally eat germs, "junk" cells, and dead cells.
The next three types of white blood cells are referred to as granulocytes since they all contain rough, grain-like particles that assist in attacking viruses and bacteria.
Neutrophils.
Neutrophils are really big, round cells with a chubby nucleus, which look like a string of beads. They follow each other like a train. The rough parts can't be recolored for easier seeing, which means the cell holding jelly appears bland when compared to the center. Like monocytes, they actually eat the bad thing they're after. The rough parts contain something called "lysosomal enzymes", which kill germs like soap does on your hands.
Basophils.
Basophils are also big round cells. The chubby center is hidden by rough parts which turn dark blue in color when a scientist recolors them for easier seeing. Basophils release something called a histamine which make bad germs grow bigger until they explode!
Eosinophils.
Eosinophils are round cells with a chubby center and rough parts that turn red when recolored. These cells also eat germs, but only when an antibody tells them to. Eosinophils also shoot cytotoxic enzymes out of those rough parts that attack worms and other bad things that are too big to eat. Eosinophils also attack things that a person is allergic to.
Cell testing.
A special test called a Differential count shows how many white blood cells there are in a person's body, and can also tell a doctor how much of each type are in there. These are used to show what a person's body is currently fighting, if it is figting anything at all.

Lymphocyte
Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell (or "leukocyte"). They serve to help an organism combat infections. Lymphocytes are also known as lymph cells, lymphocysts, and lympholeukocytes.
We find in the blood small lymphocytes, medium lymphocyte, large lymphocyte and Lymphoblast (activated proliferating lymphocyte), which have the respective size of 7-8 um, 9-10 um, 10-12 um and 14-20 um.
The two main categories of lymphocytes are B cells (or "B lymphocytes") and T cells (or "T lymphocytes").
All lymphocyte originate from the bone marrow. B cells (which mature in the bone marrow) relates to the humoral mediated immune response and T cells(which mature in the thymus) mainly relates to the cell-mediated immune response. The humoral mediated immune response deals with extracellular pathogen(bacteria, viruses in plasma) whereas the cell-mediated immune response deals with intracellular pathogen(viruses infected cells, intracellular bacteria).
B cells are responsible for producing antibodies. They express a membrane bound antibody which can bind to a specific antigen. When bound the B cell will ingest the antigen-antibody complex, and express the antigen or part of it on its MHC class II with some complementary receptor. This will then recruit T helper cell to activate it so that the B lymphocyte becomes a short-lived antibody-producing plasma cell.
T cells subdivise into 2 major cell subsets, helper T lymphocyte(CD4+) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte along with Regulatory T cells, natural Killer T cells and γδ T cells. The cytotoxic T cells and γδ T cells can recognize foreign peptide presented through MHC class I and activate cell-mediated killing.
The helper T cells recognize peptide presented through MHC class II and are necessary for efficient activation of most immune cells through receptor binding and cytokines. Helper T cell subdivide into Th1 cell and Th2 cells. Th2 cells activate B cells and are an integrant part of the humoral immune response. Th1 cells mainly activate macrophages to digest intracellular pathogens and are an integrant part of the Th1 response.

Author
An author is a person who writes a book, story, poem, or other written work. Their writing can be truth or fiction, short or long. Often, "author" is a word for a person whose job is to write. (A person whose job is writing is also called a writer.)
Sometimes, a person who creates something but is not a writer is called an author. Someone who writes music may be called the author of that piece of music, though we would usually call that person a composer. The French word for author, "Auteur", is another name for the director of a movie.
In biology, the first person to write an article that gives a name to and describes a type of living thing is the author of that name.

Pedipalp
Pedipalps are the two "feelers" on a spider's face. Some spiders seem to have ten legs and not eight, because these pedipalps look like an extra pair of legs. But the pedipalps are more similar to arms. Spiders often use these to hold small animals (for example crickets) for them to eat.
Male (father) spiders also use pedipalps for mating- for making baby spiders. The male spiders put sperm onto a piece of web (the spider's "house"), and then put their pedipalps into the sperm. The pedipalps then hold the sperm, and the spider can use it to mate with a female (mother spider).

Ionic compound
In chemistry, an ionic compound is a compound made of ions. They have strong ionic bonds between particles. The ions join together because they have different charges. They are made when two or more atoms come close together and an electron goes from one atom to the other atom. The electron does this because both atoms want a full outer shell.

ELISA
The ELISA method (Enzyme Linked Immuno-Sorbent Assay) is a technique used in biochemistry to determine if a certain substance--such as a specific cytokine or antigen--is present within a sample. It is sometimes abbreviated as "EIA."
This technique uses special antibodies that attach themselves to the substance. These antibodies generate a specific color. The amount of color indicates the amount of substance present. (Sometimes, the substance must be viewed under ultraviolet light for the antibodies to generate this color.)
Another set of antibodies are used to "capture" the substance. These antibodies adhere to both the substance and the testing container, thus holding the substance in place.
A more sophisticated and sensitive technique, the ELISPOT method, was derived from the ELISA techique.

David Hume
David Hume (May 7, 1711 - August 25, 1776) was a philosopher and historian from Scotland. When he was still alive, people thought of him as a historian. He wrote a series of large books called "The History of England". But today, people think of Hume as an important philosopher.
In his books on philosophy, Hume said that many of our beliefs do not come from reason. Instead, they come from our instincts or feelings. For example, reason does not tell us that one thing causes another. Instead, we see one thing and then we see another, and we "feel" a connection between the two. Similarly, reason does not tell us that someone is a good person. Instead, we see that the person is kind and friendly, and we "feel" a special moral feeling. Because Hume thought that these beliefs do not come from reason, people call him a "skeptical" or "anti-rationalist" philosopher.
Hume was also skeptical about religion. He was not a religious person and religious people didn't like his opinions. He didn't believe in miracles. He said that suicide was sometimes OK. But Hume never said if he believed in God. In 1776, when he was dying, he was very nice to his friends and very calm about death. Many people were amazed about this, because they thought Hume was going to hell. Today, Hume's books are very important to philosophers who are interested in religion.
Today's philosophers sometimes use the term 'Hume's fork' to refer to Hume calling everything we can think about either a relation of ideas (like math) or a matter of fact (like science or history).
Another philosopher, Immanuel Kant, read some of Hume's books and changed his mind about some important things. Kant said Hume had made him wake up from a sleeping dogmatism, the traditional metaphysics.

Bath
A bath (UK English) or bathtub (US English) is a thing people sit in when washing, to wash all their body; the bath is normally in the bathroom. A less common name for a bath is a "washtub".
In the UK, a bath is also a place where people can sit in water (or other liquids, often hot) for their health. This is where the town name Bath comes from.

Brush
A brush can be a lot of different things. All brushes have a long part at one end to hold (the handle), and hairs or bristles (short, hard hairs or pieces of plastic) on the other end (the head), and we use them for cleaning, making hair look good, or painting.
Brushes for cleaning.
There are a lot of sorts of brushes for cleaning, for example toothbrushes or brushes for cleaning the floor.
Paint brushes.
We use paint brushes for putting ink or paint on paper. In computer software there are sometimes ditigal paintbrushes for making pictures, too.
Sizes and materials.
We can buy brushes in different sizes and materials. Here are some sorts.
Decorators' brushes.
The sizes of brushes used for painting and decorating (changing the colour or look of a room) are usually in mm or inches. This shows how wide the head is.
We can buy brushes with natural or synthetic (man-made) bristles. Handles (the part of the brush we hold) may be wood or plastic.
Artists' brushes.
Artists' brushes usually have sizes with numbers, but there is no standard.
We use sizes "000" to "20" most often.
Bristles may be natural -- either soft hair or hog (pig) bristle -- or synthetic (man-made).
Artists' brush handles (the part of the brush we hold) are often wooden, but the cheapest brushes may have plastic handles. Many cheap handles are made of unfinished wood; better quality handles are of finished wood.

Starch
Starch is a complicated carbohydrate. Pasta, potatoes, and other starchy foods are made out of carbohydrates. It is made of lots of sugars. Plants use it to keep energy.
Starch in food.
Some good food sources of starch are cereals, breads, potatoes, grains, peas, and beans. Starch is also used for thickening sauces in cooking. It is a white powder that is tasteless and odourless. It can also be used for thickening cold foods when they are pre-cooked.
Laundry starch.
There are also different kinds of starch like Laundry Starch which is a gives clothing a smooth and crisp feel. Sweat and dirt from a person’s wrist and neck would stick to the starch on the clothes, and not on the fibers of the clothes and would wash away along with the starch. Then, after each laundry load, the starch would be used again.
Other facts.
Starch glues are used in wood, cotton, and bonding of paper. Animals and humans have amylase, so they can digest starch.
Starch was used in Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries to stiffen the collars and ruffs of the fine linen which surrounded the neck. Starch also requires heat to thicken. The actual temperature depends on the type of starch.

Thomas Hobbes
Thomas Hobbes (April 5, 1588 - December 4, 1679) was a philosopher from England. His most famous book is "Leviathan" (1651).
Hobbes mainly wrote about government and law -- he was a political philosopher. He tried to show that the best kind of government has one leader with total power. But the most interesting thing about Hobbes was the way he argued. He started by looking at human nature. He said that humans are very selfish and that we are willing to hurt each other if we think it will help us. He also said that, naturally, humans are all equal because we are all strong enough to kill each other -- even a child can kill a strong man while he sleeps. Then he imagined what things would be like without a government. He said that it would be terrible -- a "state of war". There wouldn't be enough stuff for everyone, and people would disagree about who got what. Some people would fight each other, and everyone else would be very worried about their own safety. No one would be able to trust anyone else or make plans for the future. Life would be "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short".
Next, Hobbes argues that it would be a good idea for everyone to stop fighting and choose a leader ("the Sovereign"). Everyone should agree to obey the leader, and give him all their power. Then the leader is supposed to make laws to keep things safe. Once the leader is in place, everyone has to obey him, even those who disagree with him. This is because everyone already agreed to obey him no matter what. This plan of giving so much power to the leader is risky, but Hobbes says that it's still a good idea. He says it's better to be mostly safe under an all-powerful leader, than to be in a state of war.
Hobbes wanted his argument to be like math, with each step leading to the next. But many people disagreed with his argument. Some said that Hobbes was in favor of rebellion, because he said that people were naturally equal. Others said that humans aren't as selfish as Hobbes thought. Today, most people do not like the idea of an all-powerful government. But Hobbes's argument was a very important one, and philosophers who are interested in government still study Hobbes's books very carefully.

Trevi
Trevi (Latin: Trebiae), an old town and comune of Italy, in the province of Perugia in east central Umbria, 42°53N 12°45E, at 424 meters (1391 ft) above sea-level on the lower part of Mt. Serano above the wide plain of the Clitunno river. It is 10 km (6 mi) S.S.E. of Foligno and 20 km (12 mi) N. of Spoleto. The 2003 count of people by the government said that there were 7800 people living in the "comune": about half of the people live in the town and the other people live in the country near town. The "frazioni" of Trevi (the smaller towns that belong to Trevi) are Borgo, Bovara, Cannaiola, Coste, Pigge, Manciano, Matigge, Parrano, Picciche, S. Lorenzo, S. Maria in Valle.
Most of the town is densely built with many buildings predating the 18th century. It crowns a summit and when one is in the centre the streets are mostly gently sloping. From the town one can see one of the best views in Umbria, over 50 km (30 mi) to the west and on clear days as far as Perugia to the north and even Monte Amiata in southern Tuscany. On the main train route from Rome to Ancona there is a station at the botton of Monte Serano servicing Trevi but the rapid Intercity services do not stop. The train service from Florence to Rome by way of Perugia also stops there: Local bus connections are not frequent. Trevi is a pleasant place to visit and of recent accommodation and good eating has become available; there are few restaurants, but they are good and more numerous than in other nearby small towns.
History.
In Roman times, Pliny the Elder said Trevi was a city of the old Umbrians, and an old stone with Umbrian writing was found in the comune, at Bovara, in the 1950s. "Treviae" is also listed in the 5th‑century Bordeaux Itinerary. We do not know the history of Trevi in very old times, although some walls in the center part of the town on the hill are as old as the 1st century BC. Trevi started to spread out away from the hill during the time of the Empire, when Hadrian fixed the main road in the area, the Via Flaminia; this made a small town in the plain grow, at a place now called Pietrarossa. For hundreds of years people have been finding old things there: there were Roman baths that people were probably using in the time of St. Francis, who came here and told people to bathe in them.
In old times people say that Trevi ruled the valley below it, all the way to the Colli Martani, the line of mountains that run down the middle of Umbria. Trevi had a bishop until the 11th century, and was an important place belonging to the Lombards (in Italian, a "gastaldato"). At the beginning of the 13th century, Trevi made itself independent and became a free commune. It often fought on the side of Perugia to defend itself against nearby Spoleto, and fought wars with other communes in the area, winning some and losing some. It was invaded by Spoleto in the 14th century and by the Trinci, rulers of Foligno. In 1438 Trevi became part of the lands belonging to the Church as part of the "legation" of Perugia: after that Trevi's history was as part of the States of the Church, then (1860) of the united Kingdom of Italy.
Trevi was at its most prosperous in the 15th century: the town was so important for those who wanted to buy and sell that people called it "il porto secco" — the dry port. In 1470, with Foligno, Trevi became the fourth town in Italy to have a printing press, managed by the first known printing company. Many big renaissance palazzi of the town indicate the contemporaneous prosperity.
Important old buildings.
Trevi is inside two walls of the Middle Ages; at the end of the 20th century, people found that the inside walls were Roman.
The country area around the town has many Romanesque churches: some of those on the plain were built on the Roman Via Flaminia and indicate the road's former route. Some of the stone in these churches is old Roman and derives from buildings long gone.
Museums.
Trevi's big museum is the Museo S. Francesco, next to the Gothic church S. Francesco, which is not used for worship any more. It has a few Roman stones, but mostly many Umbrian paintings from the late Middle Ages to the 17th century: the best painting once was part of an altar, and it is by Lo Spagna. There is a very interesting group of "ex‑votos" (paintings to thank God for saving a person from a sickness or an accident) painted by ordinary people, not famous artists, of the 16th‑ century to the 18th‑century.
The Museo della Civiltà dell' Olivo demonstrates the local olive culture: how they are planted, how they grow, and how they are made into oil. The Flash Art Museum is dedicated to contemporary art and is the seat of an international art magazine.
Books to learn more about Trevi.
The oldest big book on the history of Trevi is "Historia universale dello Stato temporale ed ecclesiastico di Trevi", 1233 pages, by Durastante Natalucci, Trevi, 1745. It was translated into a more modern and readable Italian by Carlo Zenobi, a local historian, between 1987 and 1994.
An important book for the plain below Trevi is "Cannaiola, Memorie storiche raccolte negli anni 1873‑74" by Father (now the Blessed) Pietro Bonilli.
Pro Trevi, the town's volunteer tourism office, has helped people write and print new books about the history, plants and animals of Trevi and the country nearby.

Logo
A logo is a picture or drawing that is used by a person, group, or company to mark who they are.
A company or group can use a 'logo' on the things that they make, like on the things they sell, on letters, and in advertisements. When another person sees the logo picture, that person knows that the thing they see the logo on came from that company.
Logos can have letters and words in them. Many logos have the name of the company or group in them.
Most logos are very simple drawings with only a small number of colors. Some logos are only black and white.
In many countries, companies and groups should tell their country's government about the logo they are using. If they do this, the government can help stop a different company or group from using the same logo, so that everyone can be sure that the logo is only used by the people who used it first. This is sometimes called a 'trade mark'.
Logos are not used only by companies. Many schools have logos. Some cities have logos. Clubs can have logos. Even people can have their own logos if they want, the heraldic badge is probably the oldest form of logo in the world.

Picture
A picture is a group of colored points on a flat surface that looks the same as something else. For example, a picture can look the same as an object or a person. Pictures can also be drawings, paintings or photographs. People who make such pictures are called artists, photographers or painters.
Almost all pictures are flat.
Another word for picture is "image".
Image.
An image is something that can be seen, but it is not physically there. It can be a photograph, a painting, or a picture on a television or computer screen. A lens can make an image of an object appear somewhere else. Cameras use this to make the image that becomes a photograph.
Using Cameras for Pictures.
Most pictures today are really 'photographs'. Photographs are made with cameras. A camera makes a picture that looks very real.
Before Cameras.
When there were no cameras, people had to make their own pictures by using paint, brushes, pencils, crayons, pens, and other things that people can write or draw with.
Pictures made with paint and brush are called 'paintings'. Before cameras, some artists were able to make very real looking pictures with just paint. Sometimes pictures made with pencil or pen are called 'sketches', if they are made very fast and only look a little bit like the real thing.
Where are Pictures?
Usually pictures are put on paper. Pictures made with paint are usually put on a strong, rough fabric called 'canvas'. Sometimes pictures can be put on walls or other things, even glass.
In special or old places, such as churches, sometimes people can see pictures on windows made out of colored pieces of glass. These are called 'stained glass'.
Moving Pictures.
If people take a lot of pictures, and show them one at a time, very fast, they can make a picture look like the picture are moving. This is called a "moving picture", or a movie. A television shows people a picture by using light shined on a glass screen. A projector shines light from a light bulb through a kind of picture that the eyes can see through. When light shines through this kind of picture onto a wall or another flat place, the picture can be seen on that flat place.
Three Dimensional Pictures.
Some people can make pictures that do not look flat by taking two regular flat pictures at the same time. People have to move their eyes in a special way so that they can see both pictures together. When they look at the pictures the right way, the picture does not look flat. This is called '3D' or 'three dimensional'.
Use of Pictures.
Pictures and Diagrams can be used to explain how to use tools, and thus a picture is itself a kind of tool.

Building
Building may be a noun or a verb. Building is one of the most ancient human skills. It is part of how we have survived and it is the clearest symbol of every civilization. Although some other animals build simple structures, eg birds, ants and bees, humans have learned to build in a great many different ways, to suit different needs and local conditions. We build mostly for shelter. Buildings can shelter people, or animals, or machinery, or anything. The simplest building is just a roof, to keep the space beneath dry, or shady. Adding walls gives more shelter, from the wind or rain. It also gives security.
By putting a window in a wall, with or without glass, we let light inside the building. We leave a hole somewhere big enough to go in and out, with a door which can be opened and closed. Often the door will have a lock, so the building can be left secure.
If a building is to last for a long time, it must have a foundation. This is like the root of a tree, which is sunk in the ground and supports the walls. If the ground is soft, the foundation must be very deep and strong.
If a building is high enough, it can have more than one floor. People can climb from one floor to the next by a staircase, or perhaps by a lift or elevator. This is known as going upstairs, or downstairs. Buildings can also have a floor under the ground. This is usually called a cellar or basement.
So we build shelters: places to live and to raise our young. We also build places to work and to make things, places to store things, places to sell things, places where sick people can go to be treated, places to put people who break our laws. We build to make life easier, or to make money.
But we also design some buildings for a very different reason. We build churches where a large number of people can gather to worship god or listen to what other people have to say. Until we began to build skyscrapers, churches were always the very largest, tallest buildings of all, except for castles. The biggest churches of all, cathedrals, are even bigger than most castles.
Big buildings have always symbolised power. They are built to impress and to give a focus to our cities. They are designed to make us feel small and to make those who own them appear big. Banks and governments like to build tall, impressive buildings for the same reason.
Buildings can be beautiful or ugly, exciting or boring. Architects are people trained to design buildings. There have been many good architects and also many bad ones, just as there have been good builders and bad. Architecture can be an art form. Look at the building where you are reading this. Look at the shapes and shadows. Is there enough light? Do some rooms make you feel like staying in them, while others make you want to hurry away? Do they have interesting features? Think about how you could have made the building better. Almost anybody can become an architect if they want to badly enough, but only a good architect or a good builder can make a beautiful building.

Candle
A candle is a stick made of wax with a string (a thin piece of rope) straight in the middle. If someone puts the string on fire, the flame will burn slowly and for a long time.
Fire can burn most string very fast. But in a candle, the string does not burn fast, because the fire melts the wax instead. The wax sometimes drips down the side of the candle. When the melted wax is far from the flame, it gets hard again, and can be used again a new candle.
The flame is very hot, since it is a very small, real fire. It can still burn people and things. If the fire spreads, it can grow into a very big fire and even burn down a house or building.
If the flame is kept on the candle long enough, the candle will slowly get shorter and shorter until it is gone. The fire on a candle can be put out by blowing air on it. There is also a special tool called a "candle snuffer" that covers the fire with a small metal cup and puts it out. Today, candle snuffers are usually only used in churches or in places where candles are up very high. Stopping the fire stops the candle from burning until it is all gone.
Before light bulbs, candles were used so people could see at night. Some people still use candles today when electricity is broken, or because they like the little amount of light that candles make. Some people also like candles because they look nice, or because they smell nice. A special kind of candle called "citronella" can help keep bugs away.
Candles are expensive and the amount of light that they give is small.

Salamander
Salamanders are amphibians. They are the order "Caudata" (also called "Urodela").
Salamanders live in water and on land. Salamanders look like lizards, with four legs and a tail. They hatch from eggs in the water. When they are babies (called larvae), they live like fish and have gills that stick out.
Most salamanders live on land when they are adults, after changing their shape. This change is called metamorphosis. They lose their gills and fins and start to breathe air. They also drink water through their skin. Some salamanders stay in the water, but look like adults. These are called newts. These kinds of salamanders have poison. Some salamanders look like babies their whole lives. This is called neoteny.
People used to think salamanders lived in fire, but this was a myth.
There are about 500 different species of salamanders;

Newt
Newts are small animals, a kind of salamander. Newts live in warm countries and in water most of the time. They are found in North America, Europe, and North Asia.
Their mother lays eggs and leaves them. Newts are born from those eggs. When they are young, they leave the water for a year. They go back in the water to have babies (larvae). They then stay in water for the rest of their lives. Newts have a lot of poison, and have bright colors as a warning to other animals.

Poison
Poisons (or "toxins") are things that can make people sick or die. "Toxic" is an adjective to describe something that is poisonous. A poison which is produced by an animal is called venom.
People may die if they eat poisons or come in contact with them. They can be liquid, powder, or gas. They can be made by people and by plants or animal's bodies. Poison bottles usually have a skull and cross-bones sign on them. Sometimes poisons have an antidote that can cure people who eat or drink them.
Many historical figures have been poisoned.
Poison gas.
In wars, some countries use poison gases against their enemies. Poison gases such as chlorine gas and mustard gas were used in World War I. Poison gases cause serious burns to the skin, eyes, and lungs.

Powder
Powder is very small, dry pieces or grains. When we press some dry solids very hard, or when we cut something up into lots of small pieces, we can sometimes make powder.
For example, people sometimes put "face powder" on their faces, when they want to look good. Sometimes sports players put powder on their hands, to make them dry. We put "curry powder" in our food, to make it taste stronger. We put "washing powder" in the washing machine when we want to have clean clothes. People use "gunpowder" to make bombs and fireworks.
"To powder" is also a verb: "Mary powdered her face". When a person says "I am going to powder my nose" they usually mean that they are going to use the toilet (US English: use the bathroom).

Larva
A larva is a baby of certain kinds of animals. Amphibian and insect babies are called larvae. A larva does not look like the adult animal, and changes shape (known as metamorphosis in some cases) when it grows up. Larvae is the word for more than one larva. Maggots and caterpillars are both larvae.

Amphibian
Amphibians are a group of vertebrate animals. They form the class "Amphibia". "Amphi-"means both and "bios" refers to life.
They have four legs and are born from eggs. They live in the water as babies, and can go on land when they grow up. Frogs, salamanders, toads and caecilians are all amphibians.
Amphibians are born without legs, and grow legs as babies. When they grow up, they change shape, or metamorphosize. They eventually lose their gills and tails, and grow front and hind legs. Baby frogs, toads, or salamanders are called "tadpoles". They lay as many as 1000 eggs, usually in the water or in wet places. They eat other animals, especially insects.
Amphibians are cold blooded, wich means that their body temperature doesn't adapt to the weather.
There are about 5,700 living species of amphibians.

Father
A father (also called Dad or Daddy) is a male parent of someone.. Most animals including human beings are born from a mother and a father. The father of a person's husband or wife is their father-in-law.
In some cultures father means a leader. The founders of a country are sometimes referred as Fathers. Creators or inventors are sometimes called fathers.
In some religions, such as the Jewish religion or Christianity, the God is called "Father". In the Christian belief God is three Persons; Father, Son and the Holy Spirit. "Father" can also be used as a title for Catholic priests.

Gill
Gills are what fish, amphibians, and some other animals use to breathe in water. They have feathery parts that water moves across in the animal's body, which contains dissolved oxygen, after the animal has swallowed the water. The oxygen is absorbed into the animal's blood. When this happens, carbon dioxide moves out of the animal's blood and into the water through the gills.
Fish and frog gills are hidden on the sides of their heads. Sharks have many gills slits on their necks. Baby salamanders have gills that stick out like leaves from their heads.
In mushrooms, gills are the spore-bearing structure in agarics (gilled mushrooms).

Frog
A frog is a amphibian animal. They are the order "Anura".
Frogs live on land and in fresh water. Frogs cannot survive in salt water. Frogs hatch as tadpoles (the name for baby frogs) from eggs from a female frog. The eggs are called spawn. Tadpoles have fins and gills. When they grow up, they lose their tails and gills and have four long legs. Grown frogs can jump far with their legs. They have long tongues that they use to catch bugs. They make a sound called a croak. They sometimes live in trees and sometimes have poison. Frogs live all over the world. Different types of frogs are native to different countries and have different characteristics that relate to the environment of this country. If an overseas species of frogs is introduced to another country, the ecosystem can be hugely affected.
Frog legs are occasionally eaten as food in France, China, and the Midwest of the United States.

Chemical compound
A chemical compound is a chemical made by joining together atoms of different chemical elements. The different atoms stick together so strongly that the compound behaves like one kind of substance. What it is made of depends on how the atoms are joined together.
Chemical compounds can be liquids, like water which is made from atoms of hydrogen and oxygen joining together. They can also be solids, like salt. Some chemical compounds are "natural", which means that they are not made by people. Some chemical compounds, often called just chemicals, are "synthetic", which means they made by people using machines.
Sometimes when a person mixes together two different liquids, they can turn into a different liquid that is not anything like the ones he or she started with. A person can also sometimes mix powder into a liquid to make a new liquid. This is called 'chemistry'.
Chemists are people who find new ways to mix liquids and other things together in order to make new liquids that do new things. They make chemicals in order to find new ways to do things, like to make a better glue, or to make new medicines, or to make things clean, for example.
Most of the time the word 'chemical' is only used to talk about liquids that can hurt people, or things that people have to be careful when they use them. A lot of chemicals are used by people every day, even though a lot of people are afraid of chemicals. A lot of chemicals are safe, when used the right way. Some chemicals are not safe at all, but those are not used by normal people every day. Chemicals that are not safe are called 'hazardous chemicals', and most of them can only be used by people who have gone to a special school, and even then they require special handling.
Some people who work in factories are near chemicals when they work, and some of them can be dangerous. Those people should do special things to make sure they are safe, and sometimes they have to wear special clothes that stop the chemicals from hurting their body.

Wood
Wood is the main substance in trees. Wood is used for construction of buildings or furniture, and also for art. It is also used for making fires and heating. Paper is made from wood by a chemical reaction.
Wood is very easy to cut, but it is also very strong. A lumberjack is a person who cuts down trees. After a tree falls, the wood in it can be cut into long, straight pieces called lumber. Lumber can then be used to make posts, or put together with nails, screws, or even glue to make wooden frames for other shapes.
Wood comes in many different kinds. Oak and maple are widely-used types of wood.
For a long time and even today, many buildings, mostly houses, have been made of wood. To build a house with wood, lumber is put together into frames that are the shape of each wall, floor, and roof of the house. Then the frames are placed into the shape of a house. Then the frames can be covered to make solid walls. Sometimes the walls are made of more wood.
When the outside of a house or building is covered in wood, the wooden pieces are usually flat and stacked. These pieces are called shingles. Wood is also sometimes used in other parts of the house, like doors and staircases. Wood is also used to make fences.
People also make much furniture with wood, like chairs, dressers, tables, and desks.
When someone builds something with wood, they usually paint it. Paint protects and beautifies the wood. Some people like the look of wood, so they put clear paint called "varnish" on it.
Some people make art with wood. Sometimes sculptures are built with wood.
Regular pencils are made of wood, with dark graphite inside for writing.
A place that has many trees in it that are close together, like a forest, is sometimes called 'the woods' when it is not very big.
Wood can be turned into paper in large factories called "paper mills". The wood is first chopped into small chips and cooked with chemicals in large vessels. The chemicals separate a substance called "cellulose" off the wood. The cellulose is then added with other chemicals and additives, and pressed into paper in large machines called "paper machines". Most paper is made from pine, spruce and eucalyptus.

Chalk
Chalk is a type of limestone. Air and water don't wear chalk away easily, so when chalk is next to the sea, it often makes a large cliff. The "White Cliffs of Dover" in Kent, England are a good example of this. When chalk is near the top of the ground, it often makes chalk hills. Chalk holds water, so these chalk hills have a lot of water in them, and when the weather is very dry, water comes slowly from the chalk.
Blackboard chalk is not real chalk. It is really gypsum (calcium sulfate), but often people call it "chalk". People use it for drawing on hard things, because it is soft. If this chalk is rubbed on something hard or rough, it will leave a mark. People often write with chalk on a "chalkboard" or "blackboard". A chalk eraser or water can be used to clean the chalk marks away so the board is blank again. Shops usually sell blackboard chalk in sticks that are about 5 cm long.
There are also big pieces of soft chalk for children to write on the ground with, for example on concrete (such as a sidewalk) or on asphalt (such as a driveway). It is usually okay to write on the ground with this kind of chalk, because the rain will wash the chalk away.
Tailors' chalk is not real chalk either. It is really talc (magnesium silicate). Tailors use it to draw on material when they are making clothes.
People in the military say a chalk is when an aeroplane is carrying a special load, especially a group of soldiers in a single aeroplane. "U.S. Army Ranger Chalk Four" was a group that was hurt in the Battle of Mogadishu in Somalia.

Utilitarianism
Utilitarianism is a theory in philosophy about right and wrong. It says that the morally best action is the one that makes the most overall happiness.
The motto of utilitarianism is: " Make the world a happier place".
Because it focuses on happiness, utilitarianism has been called the "greatest happiness principle". The theory was made popular by 18th and 19th century British philosophers like Francis Hutcheson, Jeremy Bentham, and John Stuart Mill, but the idea goes all the way back to ancient times.
Utilitarians sometimes disagree with each other about happiness. Hedonists say that happiness is a matter of pleasure (the nice-feeling 'buzz' of tasty foods, sex, relaxation, and close friendship) and pain (physical aches and emotional sadness). They say that the more pleasure people have, and the less pain they have, the happier they are. Other utilitarians say that happiness is not a matter of pleasure and pain, but instead a matter of getting what they want. If lots of their desires are satisfied, and only a few of their desires are unsatisfied, then they are happy. Other utilitarians have other ideas about happiness. But, even though they disagree about what happiness is, all utilitarians agree that morality is a matter of overall happiness.
Animals can be happy or unhappy, and so utilitarians think that animals and humans are both morally important. This idea goes back to Jeremy Bentham. They say that it's wrong to hurt animals and make them unhappy, and that we should try to make animals happier by treating them well.
Many utilitarians do not eat meat because they are concerned about the harm done to animals.
"Common sense" morality tells us to make people happy and that we should not be biased. So there is some agreement between utilitarianism and common sense. But there is also a lot of disagreement. Utilitarianism says that it can be OK to hurt someone, as long as it makes the world a happier place. But common sense morality says that they should never hurt someone, even if they think it will be worth it. Utilitarians usually say that, because of the way the world is, hurting people "almost never" makes the world a happier place -- so hurting people is "almost always" wrong. But critics worry about this "almost always"; they think that they should not hurt people, no matter what.
Because utilitarianism tells us to make the world a happier place, some critics worry that it is asking for too much. For example, if they go to the movies, then they are spending money on their own happiness, instead of sending the money to help very poor people. The poor people need the money a lot more than they need to see a movie. So, since utilitarianism says that they should make as much happiness as they can, they should send the money to the poor people instead of going to the movies. But then they "never" get to go to the movies! they should "always" send any extra money they have to help poor people. Critics worry that, if they do what utilitarianism tells them, they will end up with a boring life.
Utilitarians know about these worries, and they try to make their theory more sophisticated.
Philosophers who are interested in moral right and wrong still look carefully at utilitarian ideas.

Village
A village is a place where people live, normally in the countryside. It is usually larger than a hamlet and smaller than a town or city. In the past, villages were where most people lived. After the Industrial Revolution, when people started making a lot of things in factories, people lived more in towns. Moving to towns is called urbanization.
Villages in the past.
There have been many sorts of villages and ways of village life. But usually, villages were small, with only 5 to 30 families. Homes were together, so people were with friends and felt safe. They grew food on the land by the village.
England.
In England the biggest difference between a hamlet and a village is that villages have a church. The difference between a village and a town is that the town has a market.
There are a lot of villages which people say are the biggest village in England. Some are Cranleigh in Surrey, Cottingham in the East Riding of Yorkshire, both Haddenham and Wendover in Buckinghamshire, Braunton in Devon, Birchington in Kent, Horsforth in West Yorkshire, Street in Somerset, Bembridge on the Isle of Wight, Ruskington in Lincolnshire and Kidlington in Oxfordshire.
Incorporated villages.
In twenty US states, a "village" is a sort of local government, similar to a city but with less power and for a smaller place. But this is not so in all the United States. In many states, there are villages which are bigger than the smallest cities in the state. The difference is not the population, it is how much power the different sorts of places have, and what they do for people living there.
New York state.
In New York state, a village is a place which is usually in a town. There are villages which are in more than one town (several examples are in Westchester County). Some villages are in two counties.
Unincorporated villages.
In many states, a "village" is only a place where people live, with no legal power, similar to a hamlet in New York state. The name for these is "unincorporated villages".

Chelmsford
Chelmsford is a town in the county of Essex, England. It is 30 miles northeast of London, about halfway to Colchester. It is nearly in the centre of the county and it is the county town of Essex, but it is not the biggest or the oldest town in the county. It is also the centre of the "borough" of Chelmsford, which is a bigger place than the town. (A borough is a town with some extra powers.)
Chelmsford has the smallest cathedral in England. John Dee, who wrote the English version of "Euclid", went to the Cathedral school in the sixteenth century. Chelmsford is also home to some of the Anglia Polytechnic University.
People.
The number of people in and around the town is 156,000 (2001); about one third of that number live in the town.
Transport.
About 10,000 people from Chelmsford travel to London every day. This makes Chelmsford the busiest "ordinary" railway station in England (not including junctions and terminuses). (The busiest of all is Clapham Junction railway station).
The A12 road from London, which the Romans first built between London and Colchester, went through the town, but now goes around the east, so the number of cars in the town is smaller.
Industry.
Chelmsford has been an important centre for industry since the 19th century. It became home to the UK's first electrical engineering works (in 1878), and its first ball bearing factory (in 1898).
In 1898, Guglielmo Marconi, the "father of radio" opened the World's first radio factory in Hall Street, with about 50 workers. In 1920 the factory was also the home of the first official sound (radio) broadcasts (radio people could listen to from a long way) in the UK. In 1922 the world's first "regular" radio broadcasts started at the Marconi Research Centre at Writtle near Chelmsford.
Places of Interest.
Places of interest in and near Chelmsford are for example Writtle, where Robert I of Scotland was perhaps born, and Pleshey, where the ruins of a castle in William Shakespeare's play "Richard II" are.
Hylands House and Park, west of the town, is an old country house. People can visit it, and in the last years it has been the place for a popular yearly music festival.
The old Palace of Beaulieu is also nearby.
History.
In 1199 the Bishop of London gave a Royal Charter (a special paper) for the town to have a market. But there have been people living here since pre-historic times. The Romans also lived in Chelmsford. An octagonal temple is under the Odeon roundabout.
In World War II bombs hit Chelmsford a number of times. The worst single loss of life happened on Tuesday December 19, 1944. The 367th V-2 rocket which hit England fell near the Hoffmans' ball bearing factory. 39 people were killed and 138 hurt, 47 of them badly. A lot of buildings were destroyed and hundreds more were damaged.
Geology.
From over 600,000 years ago, the early River Thames went through the place where Chelmsford is now, from Harlow to Colchester. Then it went over today's North Sea and went into the Rhine.

Gangnihessou
Gangnihessou was the first of twelve kings of Dahomey in Africa. Gangnihessou might have been the king around the year 1620. One of his symbols was a bird called "gangnihessou" after his name. His other symbols were a drum, and sticks used for throwing or hunting. He had a younger brother called Dakodonou, who was a king. Some historians thing instead of being a king himself, Gangnihessou might have led people by giving advice to his brother.

Tomorrow
Tomorrow is the day that comes after today (this day).
In daily speech, tomorrow does not mean only a single day, but days in future. Sometimes it is a symbol and synonym of the future.

Contract bridge
The word bridge is also used for a game.
Played with 52 cards all over the world.
The main competition is the "Bermuda Bowl" that Italy and North America won many times.
At the beginning of November 2004, we know the new world champion: Italy.
At the end of December 2004, we know the new (kind of technical ATP) world leader: Lorenzo Lauria (remembering about, the previous 1995 leader).

No
No is a term that means an someone is denying or turning away something.
In both sentences and talking, the words "No" and the word "Not" can both be used, though the word "No" is mainly used when speaking to other people.

Old English language
The Old English language was spoken in England from 450 to 1100. It is an old form of the English language that was spoken by people who came to England from what is now Germany and Denmark.
Old English is very different from Modern English; it has many more Germanic words, and its grammar is much harder and closer to German and Latin. Old English slowly turned into Middle English after the Normans invaded and stopped it from being taught in schools for around 300 years

Leon Trotsky
(Russian: Лев Давидович Троцкий; also transliterated "Leo", "Lev", "Trotskii", "Trotski", "Trotskij" and "Trotzky") (October 26 (O.S.) = November 7 (N.S.), 1879 - August 21, 1940) was the public name of Leib or Lev Davidovich Bronstein. He was a Russian Revolutionary and Political Theoretician.
Trotsky was a socialist and a Marxist. In 1905 there was a revolution in Russia. Trotsky helped organize a committee of workers in St Petersburg which was called the Soviet. When the leader of the Soviet was arrested, Trotsky became leader of the Soviet in his place. Trotsky helped to expand on the idea of Permanent Revolution, which is a theory originally thought up by Karl Marx.
After the revolution Trotsky left Russia for his own safety. In 1917 he returned to Russia because of the Russian Revolution. He helped to bring about communism in Russia and defend it during the Russian Civil War. He was in charge of the army at this time. When the leader of the Bolsheviks (the party who lead the revolution) Vladimir Lenin died, Trotsky became involved in a power struggle with Joseph Stalin for the leadership of the party. He lost, and Stalin came to power. He had to leave Russia because of Stalin, who was now his own enemy and he wanted to harm Trotsky. Stalin had a spy murder Trotsky in Mexico in 1940.
People who believe in Trotsky's ideas are called Trotskyists and follow Trotskyism. Trotskyism is seen as being a more democratic form of communism than others, such as Stalinism and Maoism. The main Trotskyist organization today is the Socialist Workers Party in the UK and the International Socialist Tendency worldwide.
In the novel Animal Farm by George Orwell Trotsky is represented by Snowball the pig.

Second International
The Second International (1889-1916) was an organization created in 1889 by socialist and labour parties who wanted to work together for international socialism. It continued the work of the dissolved First International, though taking out the still-powerful anarcho-syndicalist movement and unions, and was still there in 1916.
Among the Second International's most famous actions were its (1889) declaration of May 1 as International Labour Day and its (1910) declaration of March 8 as International Women's Day.
The International's permanent executive and information body was the International Socialist Bureau (I.S.B.), in Brussels and formed after the International's Paris Congress of 1900. Emile Vandervelde and Camille Huysmans of the Belgian Labour Party were its chair and secretary. Lenin was a member from 1905.

Devon
Devon is a county of England. It is sometimes called "Devonshire" although this is not its correct name. It is in the southwest of the country. Devon is the second largest county in England, and has the longest road network of any county in England.
History.
After the last ice age, Devon was one of the first places in England where people started to live. Archaeologists have found many old places in Devon with ancient buildings. For example, many ruins of old buildings have been found in an area called "Dartmoor", which is now a National Park.
Devon gets its name from the "Dumnonii", a name that the invading Romans gave to the Celtic tribe in that area. The Romans invaded Devon about AD 50. The name "Dumnonii" means "a person who lives in a deep valley", and it comes from the hills and valleys of the area. The Roman army stayed in Devon for about 25 years. Their base was in the city of Exeter.
It was a long time before anyone else invaded Devon. Saxons came to Devon in the 7th century, and the King of Wessex may have attacked in 614. There was a conflict between Devon and Wessex for 200 years. Some historians think that Wessex won the war by about 715 but others think this did not happen until at least 936. Eventually Wessex took control, but the Kings of Devon still had some power.
A person living at the time called William of Malmesbury said that in Exeter both Britons and Saxons were equal in 927 but that King Athelstan of Wessex then chased the Britons from Exeter. From place names and church dedications it seems that the British did not go far and later came back into Exeter because an area in the city was called "Britayne" until recently.
A large number of Devon placenames include (or are) the word "combe" (eg Ilfracombe). This word comes from the Brythonic (Celtic) language and is like the Welsh word "cwm". Another typical Devon word is "tor" which is also Brythonic, and like the Welsh word "twr".
Both of these words are often found in neighbouring counties, but Devon has the greatest number. Overall Devon has a number of other placenames that are Brythonic and others that come from Old English, and a few that come from Norse. Devon's placenames are like those of western Somerset and eastern Cornwall which was also part of the old kingdom of "Dumnonia".
Starting in the 9th Century, groups of Viking raiders tried to invade Devon. This continued until the Norman Conquest. The name of "Lundy Island" comes from the Viking language, which was called Norse. The Vikings are remembered for moving the cathedral from Crediton to Exeter.
There are many famous (well known) people from Devon, especially seamen. For example, Sir Francis Drake, Gilbert, Sir Richard Grenville and Sir Walter Raleigh all come from Devon. Many other famous people were also born in Devon: for example, the author Agatha Christie was born in the town of Torquay.
Flag.
Devon has its own flag. It is linked to St Petroc, who is a local saint with links to Devon and nearby counties. The flag was chosen after winning a competition on the BBC Devon website in 2003.
Economy.
Devon is less wealthy than many parts of England, for example the south east. This is because the traditional industries of Devon, for example fishing, mining and farming are declining. The European Union has given parts of Devon help (Objective 2). For example grants of money have been given to help new industries grow. Tourism has become more important recently as a part of the economy of Devon.
An epidemic of Foot and Mouth disease in 2001 led to many farmers losing their cattle, so they lost a lot of money. Other industries also lost a lot of income because of this.
Politics.
The main city of Devon is Plymouth. Exeter is where the county council is based. The county of Devon is split up into districts. Each district is run by a district council. Some things are the job of the county council and others are the job of the district council. There are also smaller town and parish councils inside the districts.
Plymouth and Torbay are not run by the county council, but have their own special councils. These councils do the jobs of both a county and a district council. These type of areas are called "unitary authorities".
Districts in Devon.
The numbers on the map are linked to the numbers below.
Other websites.
"Note: The links below are not in simple English."

Roman alphabet
The Roman alphabet is the alphabet used for many modern-day languages. It came from the Greek alphabet. It was first used to write Latin. Many languages are written with it today. It is also called the Latin alphabet.
Other versions.
Some other languages have different characters based on this alphabet. A few are: á, é, í, ó, ẹ, ị, ọ, ụ, ã, ả, ẻ, ỉ, ỏ, ủ, ñ and đ. A few languages that use characters like that are Finnish, Esperanto, Czech, Polish, Romanian, Vietnamese, and Igbo.
Many languages changed their writing systems to the Roman alphabet. In many countries, European settlers have made native people use the Latin alphabet. When the Soviet Union broke up, many Eastern European countries began using the Roman alphabet instead of the Cyrillic alphabet. After World War II, many Turkish countries changed their original alphabets (Arab, Persian or Cyrillic) with the latin alphabet. The latin alphabet in turkish countries started to be used by Kemal Ataturk in Turkey. It is now used in Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan. Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan.

Insectivore
An insectivore is an animal or insect that eats mostly insects for food. An Anteater is an animal that eats ants. There are also some plants that eat insects. One plant that is an insectivore is called a Venus fly-trap.
To eat insects for food is not very easy because it takes many insects to make enough food for an insect-eating animal. Anteaters eat hundreds of ants every day.
Some omnivores like humans and bears also eat insects for food.

Copy
camera, computer printer, etc.

Vapor
Vapor (British English: vapour) is a mass of small drops of liquid which fly in the air, for example because the liquid has been heated.
The temperature at which each material turns into vapor is determined according to the air pressure.

Vehicle
A vehicle is a form of transport to move persons from one place to another. It is not alive; a horse can bring a person from place to place, but it is not a vehicle. A vehicle carries things too.
Most vehicles have wheels, but not all do. Ships and airplanes are vehicles, but they do not use wheels to move.
Some vehicles may be petrol or diesel driven with a steering wheel. Usually vehicles have four wheels but some three or two wheeled vehicles do exist, such as motorcycles. Some vehicles are powered by humans like bicycles. Some vehicles are pulled by animals like chariots.

Line dancing
Line dancing is a form of dance that uses (normally Western American) country music to dance to in lines (not usually with a partner, although there are a few partner variations of the normal dance available).

Three Kingdoms of Korea
The Three Kingdoms of Korea were Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla.
These three kingdoms were once in the Korean peninsula and Manchuria. It was between the 1st century BC and 7th century AD that they existed. There were also smaller kingdoms and tribal states. These smaller kingdoms included Gaya, Dongye, Okjeo, Buyeo, Usan, Tamna, and others.
The time of the three kindoms ended in 668 when Silla conquered the other two. It beat Goguryeo after Baekje. After this, there was a Unified Silla period.
Two classic texts are named after the three kingdoms. The titles are "Samguk Sagi" and "Samguk Yusa." The name "Samguk" means "Three Kingdoms". In Hangul, three kingdoms is called 삼국. In Hanja, three kingdoms is called 三國.

Eckernförde
Eckernförde (Danish: Egernførde, sometimes also "Egernfjord", Low German: Eckernför, sometimes also "Eckernföör") is a German city in Schleswig-Holstein, Kreis Rendsburg-Eckernförde at the Baltic Sea near Kiel. The population is about 23,000.
All 24 German submarines are stationed in Eckernförde.
Eckernförde is a well-known touristic centre in Northern Germany.

Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria
Franz Ferdinand Karl Ludwig Josef von Habsburg-Lothringen, Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Este () (December 18, 1863 – June 28, 1914) was an Archduke of Austria and, from 1896 until his death, heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian emperor. He was assassinated in Sarajevo. A result of this was the Austrian declaration of war against Serbia which triggered World War I.

Black Hand
Black Hand or Crna Ruka, officially Ujedinjenje ili Smrt ("Unification or Death") was a secret group of Serbian nationalists (Pan-Serbians). It was founded in 1911 in Serbia.
Their aim was unification of countries Serbs lived in those days, including Bosnia-Herzegovina which was a part of Austria-Hungary since 1908.
They killed the Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria in 1914, which considered one of the WWI triggers.
They killed the King Aleksandar Obrenovic and Queen Draga Masin too.
In 1995 a street gang in Reading, United Kingdom took the name and have grown since.

Edmonton, Alberta
Edmonton is the capital city of Alberta. In 2008, there is an estimated 1,102,000 people in the metro area.
Edmonton is just north of the middle of Alberta in the prairie part of the province. There are many farms close to Edmonton.
The city started as a trading post on the North Saskatchewan River. Edmonton turned into a city mostly over the last 100 years.
Edmonton is the home of one of the world's largest shopping malls. This mall is called the West Edmonton Mall. This mall has over 800 stores, more than one hotel, an indoor park with water, an ice skating rink, moving picture theatres, places to eat and drink, and a park with rides. Many people visit the West Edmonton Mall.
Edmonton also has more sun than all other cities in Canada. But other cities are warmer than Edmonton. Winter temperatures often are below -20 degrees Celsius. It is common for it be even colder (below -30 degrees Celsius) for a few days in January or February. However, the summer can be warmer than 25 or 30 degrees. The sun does not set until after 11 pm in June.
The city is also well known for its festivals. There are many popular events in both summer and winter, such as Heritage Days, the Folk Festival, and the Fringe.
Edmonton has many interesting places to visit. Places such as The Francis Winspear Centre for Music, the Valley Zoo, the Muttart Conservatory,and Telus World of Science.
Edmonton is known as the city of champions, and is home to the Edmonton Oilers, and the Edmonton Eskimos. The Edmonton Oilers have 5 Stanley Cup Championships, and the Eskimos have 23 Western Division Championships, and 13 Grey Cup Championships.

Autarky
Autarky is an economy that does no trade with the outside world. It is called a self sufficient economy or a closed economy too. It does not need any other countries or regions helping.
Autarky is rare in the modern world. An example of a currently run autarky is North Korea, but even it makes a small amount trade between some countries, like China and Japan.

Bonsai
Bonsai is the art of growing trees and plants, which are kept small. This is done by growing the tree in a small pot or tray and pruning (cutting) the branches and roots. Bonsai trees are trained to grow into a shape that is pleasing to look at. The best bonsai trees appear to be old, have a shape that seems natural.
The word "bonsai" means "tray garden" in the Japanese language. Bonsai is a very old art form in Japan, but is not as old as penjing. Penjing is a Chinese art form that is almost the same as bonsai.
History.
The art of bonsai began in China over two thousand years ago, where it has been called "penzai", a word that is almost the same as "bonsai". It was brought to Japan some time near the year 1300 A.D. Bonsai spread to Korea some time from the 7th to the 13th century --during the Tang or Song dynasty In Korea, the art form is now called (분재) or "Bunjae" -- which also sounds like "bonsai". People in China still practice this form of artistic gardening. Because the Chinese art is mostly shown outdoors, Chinese penjing plants are often larger than Japanese bonsai
Cultivation.
A bonsai plant is not naturally small. It is kept small by shaping and root pruning. It is possible for a well-tended bonsai to live to be older than a large tree of the same species. However, a bonsai needs much care, and a poorly-tended bonsai will not be healthy and might die.
Artistry.
In the art of bonsai a sense of beauty, patience, and good care are all needed. The plant, the shape of the plant, as well as the arrangement of soil choice of container are important.

Chastity belt
A chastity belt is a device, locked around the wearer's genitals, intended to prevent sexual intercourse. Chastity belts were introduced into Europe via Italy around 1400.

Mount Arafat
Arafat is a hill in Saudi Arabia which holds special religious importance for Muslims.
They believe that the hill is where God, or Allah, reunited and forgave Adam and Eve for the sins they had committed.
The Palestine politician Yasser Arafat took his name from this hill.

Ariel Sharon
Ariel Sharon (born February 27 1928) a former Prime Minister of the state of Israel.
Ariel Sharon was in the Israel Army for many years. He fought in numerous battles, and in 1974 he left the army as General. After the army he decided to go to politics.
In 1977, he became Minister of Agriculture. In 1981 he became the Minister of Defence.
In 1983, he was sent away from the government as Minister of Defence after he was found to be guilty for not preventing a massacre in Lebanon where many hundreds of civilians were killed by other civilians.
In 2001, he was elected for Prime Minister after the war between Israel and Palestine started.
In 2004, he surprised many people when he said that Israel will get out of the Gaza Strip, which is the place where many Palestine people live.
In December 2005, Sharon was taken into hospital. On January 4, 2006, Sharon was again taken to the hospital. He had a big stroke (bleeding in the brain). Rumours spread immediately of his death, though these were denied by his physicians. Ehud Olmert, another member of Sharon's newly formed "Kadima" party, was acting Prime Minister until elections were held in Israel, after which Olmert became Prime Minister of Israel.

Jameson
Jameson is a famous brand of Irish whiskey. It is amber in color and has quite a strong smell. It is an alcoholic beverage.
In Ireland, people refer to it as "Jemmie".

Syria
Syria is a country in the Middle East, the west part of Asia. It borders (from south to north) on Lebanon, Israel, Jordan, Iraq, and Turkey. Its western part faces the Mediterranean Sea. Its eastern and northern parts are mountainous.
The current president is Bashar al-Assad. He is also head of state. Syria's national capital is Damascus.
History.
Syria has a very long history. It was a land of Phoenicians. Later it became a part of the Roman Empire and then the East Roman Empire. In those days people spoke the Syrian language. The city Antioche was great and one of the important cities in the world of Christianity. It was conquered by Muslims and most of the people changed their faith from Christianity to Islam. People began to speak the Arabic language. Today most Syrian people believe in Islam but there are Christians too.
Syria was part of the Arab League with Egypt once. Syria had some wars with Israel and some territories like the Golan Plateau were occupied by Israel.

Psychology
Psychology is the science of human behavior, thought, and feeling. It deals with all actions and reactions of people. Because behavior is difficult to study as a whole, psychologists often only look at small parts of it at a time. Psychology overlaps with many other sciences including Medicine, Biology, Computer Science and Linguistics.
Methods.
Psychology is a type of science, and psychologists use the same types of methods that researchers from other natural and social sciences use.
Psychologists will make theories to try and explain a behavior or pattern they see. Based on their theory they will make some predictions. They may then carry out an experiment or collect information that will tell them whether their prediction was right or wrong.
A good psychologist will also try to do experiments to show that his or her theory may be wrong. Just like in any other science, a group of psychologists can never be completely sure that their theory is the right one; but if they keep trying to show that it's wrong and they never do, they can be confident that their theory works. The technical term for showing a theory is wrong is falsifiability.
Psychologists use a lot of different tools as part of their daily work and to carry out their experiments. Psychologists use surveys to ask people how feel and what they think. They may use special medical devices to look at the brain and to see what it's doing. Psychologists also use statistics to help them analyze the data that they get from their experiments.
Some types of experiments can not be done on people because the process would be too lengthy, dangerous or unfair unethical. To get a better understanding of how people act and react, sometimes psychologists study animals because the process may be simpler and easier to understand.
Psychologists.
Psychologists are people who practice or work in the field of Psychology. A psychologist may work in either basic research or applied research, or if he or she is a clinical psychologist or counseling psychologist may be a therapist. Basic research is the scientific study of the psychology of people or animals in order to learn more about them. Applied research is using knowledge from basic research to solve real-world problems.
To become a psychologist, a person must first get a basic degree at a university and then go to graduate school. A Master's degree, either M.S. (Master of Science) or M.A. (Master of Arts) allows beginning work. A Doctorate degree takes a longer time because it includes studying more material and writing a research paper called a dissertation. The doctoral graduate uses the initials Ph.D. (Doctor of Philosophy) after his or her name. Some clinical psychologists earn a Doctor of Psychology degree and use the initials Psy.D. after their name. The American Psychological Association says that a person needs a Ph.D. or Psy.D. to call himself or herself a psychologist.
The words "psychologist" and "psychiatrist" may be confused with each other. A "psychiatrist" has graduated from medical school and uses the initials M.D. Usually a psychologist can not prescribe drugs for a patient; only a psychiatrist or other MD can.

Louisiana
Louisiana is one state of the United States of America.
Louisiana is in the south of the U.S.A. To the west of Louisiana is Texas. To the north is Arkansas. To the east is the state of Mississippi. To the south is the Gulf of Mexico.
The capital of Louisiana is Baton Rouge. The largest city is New Orleans.
The south end of the Mississippi River is in Louisiana.
The size of Louisiana is 134,382 km². In the year 2000 4,468,976 people were in Louisiana.
The governor of Louisiana is Piyush "Bobby" Jindal.

Synonym
A synonym is a word that has the same (or almost the same) meaning as another word.
Synonyms can be nouns, verbs, adverbs or adjectives, but both words must be of the same part of speech. That means, only a noun can be a synonym of another noun, only a verb can be a synonym of another verb, and so on.
One can find sets of synonyms in a thesaurus.

Yosa Buson
Yosa Buson (与謝蕪村: 1716 - December 25 1784), was a Japanese Haiku poet and painter, usually referred to simply as "Buson". He is one of the greatest poet of the Edo period, comparable with Matsuo Basho and Kobayashi Issa.
He was born in Osaka, his real family name was Taniguchi (谷口). When he became 20 years old, he went to Edo and studied Haiku under Yahantei Soua (夜半亭宋阿). He named himself as Saicho (宰鳥). The master was gone when Buson was 27 years old, he stayed with Sunaoka Gando in Shimotuke. He had longing for Matsuo Basho, he began the long journeys like Basho, he went around Tohoku, Tango, Sanuki and so on. During this travel, he called himself Bushon.
From 1758, he began to live in Kyoto, and he stayed there for rest of his life. He got married when he was 45 years old, and became a father of his daughter Kuno (くの).

Chopstick
Chopsticks are sticks that are used in some Asian countries to carry food from the plate or bowl to the eater's mouth. They are made of wood, gold, silver, ivory, bamboo, or plastic. Gold and silver chopsticks are very heavy and cost a lot of money.
Many people believe chopsticks were invented in ancient China, but people do not know when they were. Today in China and neighboring countries people use chopsticks. They are also used in Korea, Japan, Mongolia,Thailand, Vietnam, and Singapore. In many other countries chopsticks are often found in restaurants of those countries' cuisines.
Where the word for Chopstick is from.
The English word "chopstick" seems to have be from Chinese Pidgin English, a pidgin where "chop chop" meant quickly.
The Mandarin Chinese word for chopsticks is "kuàizi" (筷). It is a word made of different parts; it has the phonetic part of "快", which means "quick", and a semantic part, 竹, meaning bamboo. In Chinese, the old word for "chopsticks", and also in some varieties of modern Chinese such as Hokkien, was "zhù" (MC:) (箸 Pinyin:"zhù", Minnan: "tī"). However, "zhù" became a taboo on ships because it sounded the same as another word meaning "to stop" (住). Consequently, it was replaced by a word of opposite meaning, "kuài" (fast, quick). This gradually spread until it became the word for "chopsticks" in most varieties of modern Chinese. The character for this new meaning of "chopsticks" (筷) for "kuài" has the semantic element of bamboo added to the character meaning "fast" "kuài" (快).
In Japanese, chopsticks are called "hashi", written. They are also known as. This is what is usually printed on disposable chopsticks.
In Korean, 箸 ("jeo") is used in the compound "jeotgarak" (젓가락) which is composed of "jeo" (chopsticks) and "garak" (stick). "Jeo" cannot be used alone.
In Vietnamese, chopsticks are called "đũa"," also from 箸.
In the past.
Chopsticks came from ancient China. They have been in use as early as the Shang dynasty (1600-1100 BC). They were widely used throughout East Asia. Tools like chopsticks were also found in the archaeological site Megiddo in Israel. This discovery may mean there was some form of trade between the Middle East and Asia in early antiquity. Alternatively, such tools may have developed independently in both the Middle East and Asia. Chopsticks were also common household items of civilized Uyghurs on the Mongolian steppes during the 6th–8th centuries.
Chopsticks' name means "the quick little fellows". Also, it is either greedy people who cannot wait for their supper invented the chopstick to get their food or it is Confucius who said people should not take knives onto the table.
Eating with chopsticks.
In countries where chopsticks are used, people use them instead of a knife and fork. The sticks are held together in the same hand. Usually this is the right hand. Some people, especially left-handed ones, have started using chopsticks in the left hand too. At some (formal occasions) it may be considered rude to use chopsticks with the left hand.
Tip: For easier handling in the beginning, hold the sticks at the midpoint as a child would do. With proficiency, hold the sticks at the upper ends for a farther reach and a more mature look.
If the tips fail to line up, it will be difficult to hold things. Hold the chopsticks upright with one of the tips lightly touching the table, and gently push the chopsticks down or gently loosen your grip for a moment to let both tips become equal in length. You can also adjust your grip or holding position this way.
With practice, it is possible to perform step one and two right away, on picking up the chopsticks with one hand smoothly. Hold the chopstick at different angles if necessary in order to feel comfortable with two sticks between your fingers.
Different types of chopsticks.
Chopsticks are used in many countries. Chopsticks are sometimes different in those cultures.
What chopsticks are used for.
Chopsticks are used in cooking to stir materials in a pan, or moving meals from a pan to dishes.
In Japan, people use a single-use chopstick called "waribashi" (split chopstick). Before using, people split it into two. Japanese people also call their chopsticks "hashi". Hashi means bridge.
In Japan, people use chopsticks during the funeral ceremony of Buddhists. After burning the dead, family and friends use chopsticks to move the burned bones of the dead from the coffin to a pot.
Chopsticks in Japan.
Japanese Buddhists in cremation ceremonies never use his chopsticks to pass food to another person because this is taboo. The Japanese people never slide their chopsticks vertically into the bowl, because this is taboo.
Chopsticks and the environment.
Using a set of chopsticks only once, and then throwing them away causes problems for the environment. There are some movements which aim at telling people to use a set of chopsticks more than once. In China, about 45 billion pair of disposable chopsticks are used per year. This is equivalent to 1.7 billion cubic metres of timber -- about 25 million fully grown trees. China is the biggest producer of disposable Chopsticks, about 60.000 people have a job in one of these factories. If production continues at the current level, China's forests will be gone in about a decade.
For this reason, a tax has been introduced on Chopsticks that are only used once. There are also moves to replace disposable chopsticks made of wood by plastic or metal ones.
Chopsticks and health.
In 2003, a study was done. It found that people who use chopsticks regularly have a slightly higher risk of getting arthritis in the hand. With this, cartilage gets worn off, which causes pain in the joints of the hand. This is more common in older people. Another problem is that using certain kinds of Chopsticks may lead to coughing or even asthma.
The Hong Kong Department of Health did a study in 2006. It found that generally, people use chopsticks or other food utensils more often than in 2003 when eating with others. It also found that personal hygiene has improved.

Telephone
A telephone is an electric tool. Using a telephone, two people who are in different places can talk. Early telephones needed to be connected with wires. Now telephone calls can be sent with radio. This is also called wireless.
Most people believe that it was invented in 1876 by Alexander Graham Bell. He was a 29-year old Scotsman living in the USA. But Antonio Meucci developed and patented a working telephone in the USA in 1871. This was five years earlier than Bell. Meucci was unable to find someone to provide him with the money to finance his project. His wife was sick and had to stay in bed. Meucci invented his "teletrofono" to talk to her while he worked in his workshop.
Types of telephones.
There are many different types of telephone. A telephone that you can carry around with you is called a mobile phone or cell phone. These became popular in the late 1980s. These days most people carry mobile phones and in some cities or countries it is unusual to not have one. Some mobile phones are able to make telephone calls using satellites instead of masts on the ground, which means people can make calls from anywhere in the world.
Computers can use a machine called a modem to talk to other computers over a telephone line. This allows a computer to connect to other computer networks including the Internet.
In most countries there are public telephones. To use one people have to pay with coins, a credit card or a prepaid card.
Most countries have a telephone network. In less developed countries cell phones are used as a cheaper and faster way to bring modern communications to the countryside.

Checkers
Checkers is the name of several different board games. All of these games are similar. In every kind of checkers, the other player's pieces can be taken by being "jumped" over.
"Checkers" is the American name. In British English, these games are called "draughts"."
History.
Checkers comes from a very old game called Alquerque. Alquerque was played on a different kind of board. Around the 12th century, a French person used a chess board to play Alquerque. This was the first checkers game. Later, maybe in 1535, a new rule was added: when a player can jump, he must jump. This made the game more interesting.
Rules.
In most games of checkers, there are two players. The players are at opposite ends of the board. One player has dark pieces, and one player has light pieces. They take turns moving their pieces. Players move their pieces diagonally from one square to another square. When a player jumps over their "opponents (the other player's) piece, he takes that piece.
English checkers.
Most English-speaking people call English checkers "checkers." English checkers is played on an 8x8 chess board. Only the dark squares are used (the light squares are never used). For that reason, good players play differently in the left and right corners.

Kobe
Kobe (Japanese: 神戸市; -shi) is the capital of Hyogo prefecture and an important port city in the Kansai district of Western Japan. It is situated between the country's financial capital Osaka and Kyoto. Its population is around 1.53 million as of 2008.
Location.
Kobe is next to the Seto Inland Sea. Its northern part, including Rokko mountain, is hilly. From Rokko district in its southern area through Rokko mountain to Arima Spa a ropeway runs. Trains including Shinkansen, highways and roads run along the Sea. Kobe port serves it. Many cargos and tankers use the port. A ship carries people between Shanghai and Kobe periodically.
Earthquake.
On January 17, 1995 a very powerful earthquake hit the city. Earthquakes are more common in other parts of Japan, but not in Kansai so this earthquake was a surprise for everyone. More than 6,433 people were killed in Kobe and its neighboring cities, and many more were injured. Many buildings were destroyed.
Foundation.
Kobe was founded in 1868 as a port for serving foreign ships. In those day not every port in Japan was opened to the foreigners. Many foreigners lived in Kobe; westerners, Chinese, Jewish and Indian. Kobe is one of cities in Japan where China town is situated. People can find a Sinagogue and many Christian churches too. In the same way as Yokohama Kobe has been a place from where foreign culture was introduced into Japan.
Early history.
Already in the late 12th century powerful leader Taira no Kiyomori moved the capital of Japan from Kyoto to Fukuwara, nowadays Fukuwara district of Japan. He planned for it to serve as a trade and political center of Japan. Kiyomori relied his political influence on the trade between Japan and China. But his plan failed and Kobe stayed a small village during a long time.
Later history.
The area of Kobe was expanded and today it includes Mount Maya, Sumaura Park, Sumaike park with a good spa and the famous Arima spa. Arima spa is one of oldest spas in Japan, whose earliest record is found already in "Nihonshoki". Kobe is also famous for its Kobe beef, a very expensive meat delicacy.
Industry.
The northern area of Kobe is an industrial area. There are many factories. Sake production in Nada district has been known from the Edo period. Nagata district in the southwest area of Kobe was a center of shoe production in Japan but production suffered because of destruction caused by the Earthquake.

Oradea
Oradea (pronunciation in Romanian:, Hungarian: "Nagyvárad", colloquially also "Várad", German: "Großwardein", former,) is the capital city of Bihor County, in Crişana, Romania. There are 206,527 people in the city according to the 2002 census. Oradea is one of Romania's richest cities. Oradea is near the Hungarian border, on the river Crişul Repede. There are many Hungarians in the city.
Economy (money, trade, and work).
6.0% of people in Oradea are unemployed (they do not have work).
Ethnicity (different groups of people).
In the 20th century, the city changed from having a mainly Hungarian population to mainly Romanian.
Vie.
The name "Vie" means vine in Romanian. It is the part of the city where the richest and most important people live. Vie is on the hills overlooking Oradea. Vie is popular with the elite (the powerful people) for two main reasons: it is close to Oradea, within walking distance of the railway station and the city centre; and it is peaceful and has fresh air. Vie has many mansions (big houses). In the north of Vie, at the top of the hills, there are also farms that grow grapes for making wine.
Vie also has the County Hospital of Oradea (Spitalul Judetean), the tuberculosis hospital (Spital TBC), and the mental (mind) hospital. In communist times, blocks of flats were built at the bottom of the hills.
The border between Vie and the city centre of Oradea is the railway station and railway tracks. Everything above the main railway station of Oradea is considered to be part of Vie. Despite its nearness to the railway station and Oradea, Vie is not easy to reach by public transport (except of course the part near the station), because many of its roads are unpaved (have a bad surface), and very steep. Some parts of the quarter are within walking distance of the railway station and the main supermarkets and shops of Oradea, but others are more only easy to get to by car. There is a bus service that serves the three hospitals in the region, and the houses among them.
Nufărul.
Like Rogerius, Nufărul is like a mini-city, with supermarkets, large blocks of flats and more. It is on the eastern outskirts (the edge) of Oradea, and is near to Băile Felix, the famous spa resort. It is possible to get to Nufărul by tram and bus. It is perhaps the fastest growing area, because of its position: many highways and national roads lead from Oradea to other Romanian cities and pass through Nuf&atilderul. For example, Nufărul was home to the second McDonalds (now there are many more) in Oradea, as well to many supermarkets that were not in central Oradea. Even though Nufărul has a lively market and excellent transport, education and shopping, it is not as nice as central Oradea, because it was planned and rebuilt in communist times.
The name Nufărul means water lily in Romanian. It has this name because there are many water lilies in the area.
Rogerius.
Rogerius is located at the western end of the city, near Borş, on the Hungarian border. It is the city's largest district other than the city centre, and is home to many communist-era housing estates, as well as a large market. You can get to Rogerius by tram from the city centre and other parts of Oradea, as well as by bus. It is also the first part of Oradea visitors will see when coming from Western Europe or Hungary through via Borş. The western part of Rogerius has factories from Communist times, including a chemical factory called "Sinteza".
Iosia.
Unlike many of the other outer quarters of Oradea, Iosia does not have many large apartment blocks and is still fairly rural (like being in the country). It is located in the city's far southwest. The quarter is one of the most beautiful in Oradea, and has most of the facilities and amenities of the city. For tourists, it shows what Romanian country life is like while still being in the city close to all the excellent facilities that Oradea is home to.
Transport (getting around).
There is a public transport system run by "Regia Autonomă Oradea Transport Local". There are three tram lines and some bus routes. The city has three train stations: central, Vest and Est. Vest Station is in the quarter of Ioşia, and the central station (called simply Oradea) is in the city centre, near the quarter of Vie.
Architecture (buildings).
The city has many Baroque buildings. It was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire many times in history.
Attractions.
There are around 100 churches in Oradea, and three synagogues (Jewish places of worship). Only one of the synagogues is still being used. Oradea also has the biggest Baptist church in Eastern Europe

Henry Ford
Henry Ford (July 30, 1863 - April 7, 1947) was a American engineer and businessman. He started making cars in 1896 and found the Ford Motor Company. He developed the idea of system in which each worker has the duty to do one small part of the process of making something. His idea made it possible to produce cars in large numbers. He married Clara Bryant and had one child named Edsel Bryant Ford. Ford left home for Detroit, Michigan to start his mechanical career.
Besides his work in the automobile industry, Ford also engaged in politics. He was anti-Semitic and received an award from the Nazis.

George Orwell
George Orwell (June 25, 1903–January 21, 1950) was an English writer. His real name was Eric Arthur Blair. He used the name George Orwell for his novels.
He was born in India in the times when The British Empire ruled India. He is best known for two novels that he wrote in the late 1940s, "Animal Farm" and "Nineteen Eighty-Four". In those works he criticized totalitarianism in general, and Stalinism in particular.
Orwell participated in the Spanish Civil War, in the antifascists troops.

Genghis Khan
Genghis Khan (c. 1155/1162/1167 - August 18, 1227) was a great military leader who unified the Mongol tribes and founded the Mongol Empire. The khans, who came after him, would make Mongolia into the largest empire on earth.
Genghis Khan was the grandfather of Kublai Khan, who was the first emperor of the Yuan Dynasty in China. No one knows exactly where Genghis is buried.

Joseph Stalin
(Russian, in full: Иосиф Виссарионович Сталин (Iosif Vissarionovich Stalin), born Джугашвили (Dzhugashvili), Georgian:(Ioseb Jughashvili); (December 18 [O.S. December 6] 1878 – March 5, 1953) was an adopted name of the Communist dictator, Iosev Jugashvili (December 18, 1878 – March 5, 1953). He was the second political leader of the Soviet Union, after Vladimir Lenin. He was a totalitarian ruler, and he is famous in history. He started a purge, and caused millions to be put to death.
He started his own form of communism, Stalinism.
Stalin cooperated with Hitler before the World War II and finally in 1939 they both made an agreement to conquer Poland and divide it between themselves. This is how World War II broke out.
But later on, in 1941, Hitler turned against Stalin and attacked the Soviet Union, trying to conquer it. After this happened, the USSR began working with the Allies to defeat Germany. Ultimately, Germany lost, but USSR had more casualties than any other country during the war.
When the World War II was over, the Soviet army ended up occupying many countries in Europe, such as Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and part of Germany, imposing communism on these countries.
Stalin continued to rule over the Soviet Union until he died. Stalin also militarized Russia, by focusing the country's time and energy towards weapons, vehicles, and the armed forces.
Stalin died of a stroke in the year 1953, due to warfarin. He was followed by Lavrentiy Beria, Nikita Khrushchev, and Georgi Malenkov. The three of them began a process called "De-Stalinization", which involved removing the political system that Stalin created.

Antigua and Barbuda
Antigua and Barbuda is an island nation located in the eastern Caribbean Sea on the boundary with the Atlantic Ocean. Antigua and Barbuda are part of the Lesser Antilles archipelago.

San Marino
San Marino is one of the smallest countries in the world. It is found in southern Europe, fully surrounded by Italy and fewer than 30,000 people live there. Its total area is 61km2.
San Marino is the world's oldest republic still in existence, since it was founded in A.D. 301 by a skilled builder referred to as Saint Marinus. Its written constitution was adopted on October 8, 1600. The very small nation was recognized by Napoleon's France in 1797, and by the other European nations at the 1815 Congress of Vienna.
Even though it is an independent country, it is strongly dependent on Italy. Since the 19th century, when Italy was unified, San Marino has been fully surrounded by Italy.
The dominant industry in San Marino is tourism. Selling postage stamps is an important source of income, too. San Marino is not a member of the European Union, but the euro is used in San Marino.
People in San Marino speak the Italian language. Most people in San Marino believe in Roman Catholicism.

Philippe's
Philippe's is a sit-down restaurant in downtown Los Angeles, California, U.S.A.. It is located at 1001 North Alameda Street, near Olvera Street. Phillippe's is famous for inventing the French dip sandwich (though another restaurant called "Cole's" claims to have invented it, too). It has been in business since 1908, and is the oldest operating restaurant in Los Angeles. The traditional meal served at Phillippe's is a French dip sandwich, a bag of potato chips, a soft-drink (preferably root beer or cola), and a tapioca pudding cup for dessert.

Orbit
An orbit is the path - or route - that a planet or another thing makes when it goes around another planet, a star, or a moon.
So the Earth goes in an orbit around the Sun, and a satellite can move in an orbit around the Earth. "To orbit" can also be a verb: "The Earth orbits the Sun".
When people first began to think about orbits, they thought that all orbits had to be perfect circles, and they thought that the circle was a "perfect" shape.
When people began to study the motions of planets carefully, they saw that the planets were not moving in perfect circles. Some of the planets have orbits that are almost perfect circles, and others have orbits that are longer and less like a perfect circle.
Johannes Kepler (lived 1571-1630) found that the orbits of the planets in our solar system are not really circles, but are really ellipses (a shape like an egg or a "flattened circle"). He wrote mathematical "laws of planetary motion", which gave a good idea of the movements of the planets.
Isaac Newton (lived 1642-1727) used his new ideas about gravity to show why Kepler's laws worked the way they did.

Funeral
Funeral is an official ceremony of burying someone who has died. Most religions have their own style of funeral ceremony.
A funeral ceremony can be held in the house of the dead, a church, a temple or a public place. The family of the dead and friends come together, remember the dead, and console each other. If it is a religious ceremony, they say a prayer for the dead so that his or her soul may rest in peace. There are lots of different traditions that different religions use. There is a rumor that some people have bells over the grave so if they get buried alive they can ring it and they will get dug up. Sometimes at funerals the deads family or friends want to pray or say something nice about who died. When people buy stone gravestones it is probably because when the dead is buried they dont want bugs get through the coffin and eating at the dead. At Christian funeral the priest often says: "From earth to earth, ashes to ashes, dust to dust"
Modern funerals have greatly changed over time. Present day funeral or memorial services now focus on celebrations of life instead of dwelling on the sad aspects of death.
At many present day funerals there is a video tribute played before, after, or during the funeral service. The video may go from birth to the latter days of life and oftentimes laughter can be heard throughout the chapel. It is a common practice for friends and family members to get up and speak about the deceased and tell about fond memories.It is not uncommon at funerals for the minister to ask people in the audience to come up and speak if they so wish. Memorial folders or prayer cards are handed out at many funeral services and this to is a way to personalize a funeral service.
At funerals it is not uncommon to see a "life reflection" table. Family members bring favorite pictures, or memorabilia to display as another reminder of the deceased.
Headstones are purchased to identify the person who has been buried in a specific grave. They usually tell the date of birth and the date of death. They are not used to keep bugs out of the casket.

Georgian Uprising of Texel
The Georgian Uprising of Texel (4 April 1945 – 20 May 1945) was an insurrection (a rebellion, or mutiny, when soldiers disobey their orders) by Soviet Georgian soldiers on the island of Texel. The uprising was against the Germans who had taken over the Dutch island during the Second World War. The event is sometimes described as "Europe's last battlefield".
The island was very important in the German Atlantic Wall — the line of defences along the Atlantic coast. It was strong and had many defences. The Georgians were soldiers from the Soviet Republic of Georgia who had been captured (taken prisoner) on the Eastern front. They were now fighting for the Germans so that they did not have to stay in camps for prisoners. Their job was to help the German troops.
On the night of 4 April–5 April 1945 they thought that the Allies would land soon. They took over the island and killed 400 German soldiers. Some parts of the island stayed under German control and the Georgian soldiers could not capture them. More Germans were able to come to the island to help defeat the Georgians. After a few weeks of very tough fighting the Germans took control of the island again.
Unfortunately the British and Canadians, who were warned of the events on Texel by escapees who fled by boat to England, did not believe them, and did not take any action in order to stop the fighting.
On Texel this is called the "Russian war". Approximately 800 Germans, 500 Georgians, and 120 Tesselans (people from the island) were killed. Lots of farms were burned. Even after the Germans surrendered (gave up) in the Netherlands and Denmark on 5 May 1945, and after the full German surrender on 8 May, the fighting continued. Canadian soldiers stopped the fighting on 20 May.
The Georgian survivors did not have a happy ending. They were sent back to the Soviet Union. Stalin said that because the soldiers had been captured by the Germans, they had not fought until they died, so they were traitors. Most of the two million Soviet prisoners who were sent back to the Soviet Union by the Allied forces after the end of the war were executed (killed) when they got there.
A museum at the airport on the island tells the story of this event.

Neutrino
A neutrino is a type of elementary particle studied by physicists. They are very hard to find because they are so small, they almost do not interact with regular matter (Example: They are able to pass through the whole mass of the earth without touching any other particle). Until recently, it was believed that they have no mass but a few years ago it was found out that they have a very small mass, much lighter than electrons.
They are searched by detectors in huge ice-caves in the polar regions or at the bottom of the deep sea.
They are also named "ghost-particles", because they are very hard to detect.
They are created in nuclear reactions in nuclear power plants, in the sun and stars and also by other cosmic objects. By detecting them in big detectors on the earth, it is possible to learn about the structure and the history of the universe.

Play
A play is a piece of writing (literature) which we see at a theatre or on television, or hear on the radio. Plays often show conversations between people, and we usually do not only watch the play, but some people also read plays to understand them better.
The people who we see in a play are actors; in a theatre they stand on a stage so the people watching (the audience) can see them better. A director helps the actors to work better, or tells them how he wants the play to be.
Plays can be very interesting because we can understand them in different ways. When the writer - the playwright - makes the play, he can not say how the actors or director will use it. Sometimes the playwright is also the director or an actor: Molière, for example, was often an actor in his plays. But the director can change the play in different ways: the actors' clothes, the music, how people say things, how they move or what they hold. Modern directors can direct plays by Shakespeare, and these old plays seem modern now, too.
Symbolic can also be called expressionistic. Its all about how the writer or director presents ideas in a very different point of view.

Phrasal verb
Phrasal verb is the name given to an English verb which is composed of two or three words. One verb is combined with a preposition (like "on, in, under)" or an adverb (like "up, down, away"). Sometimes a phrasal verb can have a meaning that is very different to the meaning of at least one of those two or three words separately. Some text books call these verbs multi-word verbs. Phrasal verbs are used more frequently in everyday speech than in formal, official writing or speaking.
"Maria didn't know the word, so she" looked it up "in the dictionary."
"Oh no, we've" run out of "milk! I'll have to buy some more."
"Farmers have to" get up "early in the morning."
"The rocket" took off "with a loud roar."
Often these phrasal verbs have a one-word equivalent in other languages.
In Spanish, to get up can be translated as "levantarse", in French as "se lever" etc.
Many students of English as a foreign language panic when they hear the term "phrasal verbs", but in fact phrasal verbs are just vocabulary to memorize, and not some strange, secret grammatical formula. In fact many native speakers of English do not know the term "phrasal verb" at all, even though they probably use them very often!
Types of phrasal verbs.
There are four different types of phrasal verbs.
Instead of "separate" or "separable", some text books use the word "split" or "splittable".
If you do not know if a phrasal verb is separable or inseparable ALWAYS use a noun or noun phrase and do not try to separate the verb.

Season
A season is a part of the year. In most parts of the world we say there are four seasons in a year: spring, summer, autumn (British English) or fall (US English), and winter. In some countries people say there are a different number of seasons; for example, some people in Australia's Northern Territory use six seasons.
In places which are tropical and subtropical people more often speak about the rainy (or wet, or monsoon) season and the dry season. This is because the rain changes more than the temperature.
We have seasons because the part of the Earth which is tilted towards the Sun changes, as the Earth goes round the Sun. The Earth goes round the Sun in its orbit but it also goes round itself. At any time, in any season, the northern and southern hemispheres (halves of the Earth) have opposite seasons.
Dates.
The date at which each season begins is different in different countries. In the United States, people say the seasons begin at the solstices and equinoxes. The summer solstice is the longest day of the year, and the winter solstice is the shortest. The equinox is the time when the day and the night are the same number of hours. So in the USA, summer begins at summer solstice, winter at winter solstice, spring at the spring ("vernal") equinox and autumn at the autumnal equinox.
In Britain, people traditionally say that the seasons begin about seven weeks earlier: spring begins on Candlemas (February 2), summer on May Day (May 1), autumn on Lammas (August 1), and winter on All Hallows (November 1). The Irish calendar is similar, but Spring begins on February 1.
In Denmark, spring begins on March 1, summer on June 1, autumn on September 1 and winter on December 1. In Australia, summer begins on December 1, autumn on March 1, winter on June 1, and spring on September 1.
In the Chinese calendar, the solstices and equinoxes are in the middle of each season.

Carisbrooke Castle
Carisbrooke Castle is the Isle of Wight's only remaining medieval castle. It was built on a Roman site. The castle earthworks were begun in 1070.
The shell keep was built on the site some 70 years later. None of the Norman domestic buildings now remain. The gatehouse with its drum towers dates from the 14th and 15th centuries.
In 1377 the French landed on the island but the castle was not attacked.
During Elizabethan times the threat of a Spanish invasion was avoided when the Spanish Armada was turned away at a nearby battle. However, the castle was considerably altered to resist the new artillery. Outer lines of defence were built enclosing the old castle. The curtain walls, bastions, and bulwarks remain in good condition to this day.
Charles I was held prisoner at the castle in 1647. An attempt to escape failed when he got stuck in the bars.
Later the castle was the occasional residence of the governor of the Isle of Wight and it became home to Princess Beatrice, youngest daughter of Queen Victoria, when she was governor.

Atlantis
Atlantis is a name for a large island or small continent that might have been in the Atlantic Ocean a long time ago, but sank into the sea and disappeared.
The story of Atlantis first appears in the stories Timaeus and Critias by the Greek philosopher Plato. In all of his books, Plato used many interesting stories to help explain his ideas about government and philosophy. No other ancient writer gave specific details about Atlantis until after Plato wrote, so most people today think that Plato just made up this story.
After Plato, the idea of Atlantis was mostly forgotten until 1882, when a writer named Ignatius Donnelly wrote a book saying that Atlantis was real and that the culture of Atlantis had started many other ancient cultures, such as the Egyptian and Mayan.
After Donnelly's book, many people became interested in Atlantis and began to say that it had aircraft, submarines, powerful energy crystals, and other things that are not known from ancient times.
By studying the types of rock that are found in the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean, scientists are sure that there was never really any large island or small continent there, so many people today think that Plato may have heard a story about another place and moved it to the Atlantic Ocean in his book.
Different people have thought that many places all over the world have been the place of the "real Atlantis" Curiously, many cultures from around the world who had no contact shared a similar story of a civilization sinking into the sea.

Comparative
Adjectives and Adverbs can be comparative in English and some other languages. When people are talking about two or more nouns, they can compare them (say the differences between them). The word which explains how they compare is called the comparative. They can also compare actions using adverbs.
Examples: (The comparative is in bold).
Many words can be made into a comparative by adding "er" to the end of the word.
Words that end with the letter 'Y' can still be made into a comparative, but people change the 'Y' to an 'I' and then add 'ER'.
Some words cannot be made into a comparative by adding 'ER' Instead we use the word more in front. Most of these words have three or more syllables, such as "beautiful", "reliable".
If people are not sure about a word, it is always acceptable to say "more" (something), such as "more beautiful", "more expensive".
Warning: The 'ER' ending and the word "more" together cannot be used.

Asbestos
Asbestos is a natural mineral. It occurs naturally in all parts of the world. It is fiberous, heat resistant and non flammable. These properties made it very attractive as a component in building materials and other products such as insulation and automobile brake pads. People have used asbestos from the early times. Ancient Egyptian people have already used asbestos. Asbestos is extremely dangerous for human health, as it can cause breathing and lung problems if people are around it for a long period of time.
Asbestos was linked to cancer in the early 1970s and was replaced by other materials in most applications by 1980.

Syllable
A syllable is the smallest (most small) sound set people can make when they speak. Usually each letter makes a sound ("phoneme") and a group of letters makes the block of sound (syllable). All words are made from at least one syllable.
A syllable has one and only one vowel. Most syllables have consonants too. If a syllable ends with a consonant, it is called a closed syllable. If a syllable ends with a vowel, it is called an open syllable. Patterns of syllables can be shown with C and V (C for 'consonant', V for 'vowel'). Closed syllables are shown as "CVC", open syllables "CV". Some languages like English have many kinds of closed syllables. Some languages like Japanese have few kinds of closed syllables.
There are many words in English that have only one syllable.
There are many more words that have two or more syllables.
Some languages do not use an alphabet with letters. Instead, each sign may stand for a syllable. For example: Japanese can be written using Kana.

Umbrella
An umbrella is a hand tool that is used to stop rain from falling on a person. It is also used to make shade and protect people from sunlight. An umbrella made for protection from the sunlight is called a parasol.

Usenet
Netnews is a kind of online service that shares articles between a group of computers over a network. One kind of netnews is called usenet. Usenet was in use before the Internet and is still very active today. Usenet provided a way for people to write articles on many different topics and share them with people all over the world. It is different from the web because articles are sent to all the computers in the community. An article on a webserver stays on one computer until a person gets it with their web browser.
The community of computers comprising a Usenet typically does not include those of end users, e.g. home personal computers. Rather, that community consists of a group of cooperating servers. End users must have access to a member of the server community to read and post. Such access is typically achieved through the news feature of their email program or web browser or through a special program that specializes in netnews. Configuring the program requires the URL of a server, and often a user ID and password.
The servers in the Usenet community are independent in the sense that each gets to decide what portions of the Usenet they will serve to their users and how long postings will last on the server. For example, some servers may leave out the adult groups. Because postings have to be transmitted from computer to computer, a given posting takes some time to be available on all servers. Further, they may disappear from active groups on busy servers in a matter of days or weeks.
Because Usenet groups are frequently used to share large files, servers may have bandwidth and download limits. If you use a commercial service, it may offer a range of limits at different prices.
Query your Internet Service Provider to determine whether their servers are members of the Usenet community or whether they provide free access to one of the commercial services that offers access. You may have to seek out your own commercial service because many providers have their own alternative. AOL and MSN have their Communities; AT&T uses Yahoo! Groups.
A netnews service may not even be a community of computers. Any user could configure their personal computer to offer a netnews service. Organizations often offer their own netnews service independent of Usenet to support their customers and members. For example, news.microsoft.com is a very large community of Microsoft users and developers that help each other out.
Netnews groups have a long history and their own netiquette. Look for FAQ and netiquette postings to see the rules for any given group.
Groups may be moderated or unmoderated. Expect a lot of off topic and potentially offensive material on the unmoderated groups, which are the majority of Usenet.

Diagonal
Diagonal is a kind of straight line. A diagonal line does not go straight up, down, or across.
In mathematics, "diagonal" has different meanings. For example, in geometry a diagonal is any line that goes between the corners of a polygon. So a square has two diagonals, and a five-sided shape has five diagonals.

Kwashiorkor
Kwashiorkor is a type of protein energy malnutrition. If a child uses up energy from carbohydrates and lipids, their body may begin to use protein for energy.
The body breaks down protein into energy that can be used. They then do not have enough protein for other functions in their bodies. Children from aged 1-4 years usually get this but rarely adults and older children get it. It is common in places like Africa. Symptoms include having a pot belly, swollen face, and hair that is dark then light then dark. This can be cured by having a protein rich diet.

Popocatépetl
Popocatépetl (also called El Popo or Don Goyo) is an active volcano and the second highest mountain in Mexico after Pico de Orizaba (5,610m). It is high. People often call it "Popo". Popocatépetl is the Aztec word for "Smoking Mountain". Popocatépetl was an Aztec warrior who loved Iztaccíhuatl. Iztaccíhuatl's father sent Popocatepetl to war in Oaxaca. He promised him his daughter as his wife if he returned (which Iztaccíhuatl's father thought he would not). Iztaccíhuatl's father told her that her lover had died in battle. She died of sadness. When Popocatépetl returned, and found out about the death of his lover, he killed himself by stabbing a knife into his heart. The gods covered them with snow and changed them into mountains. Iztaccíhuatl's mountain was called "La Mujer Dormida, (the "Sleeping Woman"), because it looks like a woman sleeping on her back. Popocatépetl became the volcano Popocatépetl, raining fire on Earth in anger at the loss of his lover.
Popocatepetl is one of the most active volcanoes in Mexico. It has had more than 20 big eruptions since the arrival of the Spanish in 1519. A major eruption happened in 1947. On December 21, 1994 the volcano threw out gas and ash which was carried as far as 25 km away by the wind. This led to people having to leave nearby towns. Scientists began to check the volcano for an eruption. In December 2000, tens of thousands of people were made to leave the area by the government based on the warnings of scientists. The volcano then made its largest display in thousands of years.

North Sea
The North Sea is a sea in northern Europe. It is part of the Atlantic ocean. The North Sea is between Norway and Denmark in the east, Scotland and England in the west, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium and France in the south.
Borders.
The Skagerrak connects the North Sea to the Baltic Sea. In the south, the North Sea becomes the English Channel, a sea between England and France. This is called the Dover Straits and is very busy with ships.
The border between the North Sea and the Skagerrak is at an imagined line between Lindesnes in Norway, and Hanstholm in Denmark. In the North, the North sea is open towards the Atlantic. The border between the two is an imagined line from Northern Scotland, to the Shetlands, and then to Ålesund in Norway. According to the Oslo-Paris Treaty of 1962 it is a bit more to the west and the north though. The treaty puts it at 5° East longitude, and 62° North latitude. That is at the parallel of the Geirangerfjord in Norway.
Various statistical data.
On average, the North Sea has a depth of only 94 metres. About 80 million people live near the North Sea, at most 150km way from the coast. Together with the English Channel in the south, the southern North Sea is the busiest body of water in the world. The most ships pass through it.
Rivers that drain into it.
Well-known rivers that drain into the North Sea include the Tay (at Dundee), the Forth (at Edinburgh), the Tyne (Tynemouth, South Shields), the Wear (at Sunderland), the Elbe (at Cuxhaven), the Weser (at Bremerhaven), the Rhine and Meuse or Maas (at Rotterdam), the Scheldt (at Flushing or Vlissingen), the Thames, and the Humber (at Hull).
The Kiel Canal, one of the world's busiest artificial waterways, connects the North Sea with the Baltic.
Naming.
Its name comes from its relationship to the land of the Frisians (see Frisia). They live directly to the south of the "North Sea", and to the west of the "East Sea" ("Oostzee", the Baltic Sea), the former "South Sea" ("Zuiderzee", today's IJsselmeer) and the today reclaimed "Middle Sea" ("Middelzee"). But the spread of the naming could also be from the view of the cities of the Hanseatic League. Some of its main cities, like Lübeck, Bremen or Hamburg had basically the same view.
In classical times this body of water was also referred to as the "Oceanum-" or "Mare Germanicum", meaning German Ocean or Sea. This name was commonly used in English and other languages along with the name "North Sea", until the early eighteenth century. By the late nineteenth century, "German Sea" was a rare, scholarly usage even in Germany. In Danish the North Sea is also named "Vesterhavet" (besides "Nordsøen"), meaning "Western Ocean" as it is located west of Denmark.
Geographic divisions.
Most of the North sea lies on the European Continental shelf. On average, the depth is about 93 to 94 meters only. In the south it is very shallow, only 25 to 35 meters. In the north in the bathyal zone north of the Shetlands, this depth increases to between 100 and 200 metres. In the south, the depth is at most 50 metres. An exception to this is the Norwegian Trench. At its deepest point there, the North Sea has a depth of 725 metres. The most shallow part of it is a sand bank called Dogger Bank. In the southern part, there are many sand banks.
The southern north sea is composed of the Southern Bight, before the coast of Belgium and the Netherlands and the German Bight before the coastline of Germany. The Dogger Bank is the limit between the southern and central parts. The Waddenzee runs all the way from Den Helder in the Netherlands to Esbjerg in Denmark.
The Dogger Bank covers an area about half the size of the Netherlands. There, the North Sea has a depth of between 13 and 20 metres only. The area is very famous for fishing. With some storms there are even waves breaking there.
The Norwegian Trench has an average depth of around 250 to 300 metres; at the entrance to the Skagerrak, the depth increases up to 725 meters. Along the trench is the Norwegian Current, which brings most of the waters of the North Sea into the Atlantic ocean. Also, most of the waters of the Baltic Sea flow northwards here.
About 200km east of the Scottish city of Dundee there are more trenches, known collectively as the "Devil's hole". Generally, the water is about 90 meters deep there. The trenches very often are only a few kilometers in length. In these trenches, the depth increases to up to 230 meters.
In the Dover Strait the water is about 30 meters deep. At the end of the English Channel, this depth increases to about 100 meters.
History.
In the last ice age the North Sea was covered by large areas of ice called glaciers. About 20,000 years ago the ice melted and the North Sea was formed (made).
North Sea oil.
In the 1960s geologists found large areas of oil and natural gas under the North Sea. Most of the oil fields are owned by the United Kingdom and Norway but some belong to Denmark, the Netherlands and Germany. Drilling began in the 1960s and led to a famous argument between England and Scotland about how the revenue (money) from the oil should be spent.
Animal life.
People have been fishing in the North Sea for thousands of years. However, so many fish are now caught there that new ones may not be able to grow fast enough to keep the fishery going.
Terns, Atlantic puffins, razorbills, kittiwakes and other seabirds live on the North Sea coast. Many coastal areas are protected nature reserves.

Letter
There is a paper format called "Letter" or "US Letter". It is mainly used in the United States (see Paper size). Most other countries use the DIN paper sizes. The most common DIN paper size is A4.
Letters of the alphabet.
In some languages, for example English, we write a "letter" for all the sounds of the alphabet: when we write A, B, C, D etc, these are letters, or "letters of the alphabet". Other languages do not use letters for writing: Chinese, for example, uses "ideograms".
English, French, Spanish and many other languages use the Latin alphabet for writing. In this alphabet there are often two different letters for a sound. For example, "A" and "a". In other alphabets, for example the Cyrillic alphabet, there is only one letter for a sound. The letters are: ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ

Napoleon Bonaparte
Napoleon Bonaparte (French: Napoléon Bonaparte) (August 15, 1769 – May 5, 1821) was a general and Emperor of France.
Early life.
Napoleon was born Napoleone di Buonaparte in Ajaccio, Corsica to Carlo Buonaparte, a lawyer and politician, and his wife, Marie-Letizia Buonaparte. The Buonapartes were a wealthy family from the Corsican nobility. Napoleon changed his name so it sounded more French.
Early military career.
Napoleon was able to enter the military academy at Brienne in 1779. He moved to the Parisian École Royale Militaire in 1784 and graduated a year later as a second lieutenant of artillery.
Napoleon was able to spend much of the next eight years in Corsica. There he played an active part in political and military matters. Napoleon was promoted in the military.
The French Revolution caused much fighting and disorder in France. At times, Napoleon was connected to those in power. Other times, he was in jail. He helped the French Republic from those who supported the former king of France. He became a general in the French army. He led troops in Italy and he began to gain fame and power.
Napoleon married Josephine de Beauharnais on March 9, 1796.
In May 1798, Napoleon left for a campaign in Egypt and Syria. The French needed to threaten Britain's empire in India and the French Directory's concerns that Napoleon would take control of France. The Egyptian campaign was a military failure. Napoleon went back to France because of a change in the French government. Some believe that Napoleon should not have left his soldiers in Egypt. Napoleon helped lead the Brumaire coup of November 1799.
Defeat and exile.
In 1812, Napoleon went to war with Russia. They defeated many Russian cities and villages, but by the time they reached Moscow it was winter and his army did not have enough food. Napoleon's army was unable to defeat the Russians. The Russians began to attack. Napoleon and his army had to go back to France. Only 10,000 soldiers were able to fight at the end of the retreat.
On March 30, 1814, Paris surrendered. Napoleon gave up rule of France on April 11, 1814. He went into exile on the small island of Elba in the Mediterranean Sea.
The 100 Days.
Napoleon made a surprise return to France on March 1, 1815. His former troops joined him and he again became ruler of France for a length of 100 days. Napoleon was defeated at the Battle of Waterloo, which was his last battle. Napoleon was captured in Waterloo and taken to his second exile on the island of Saint Helena.
Pop Culture.
On September 27, 2008 legendary American football color commentator Dan Dierdorf, winner of the 2008 Pro Football Hall of Fame’s Pete Rozelle Radio-Television Award, stated "If Mike Shanahan was Napoleon, then this [Arrowhead] is his Waterloo" during the Denver Broncos 19-33 loss to the Kansas City Chiefs in which Broncos head coach, Mike Shanahan's, career record at Arrowhead stadium dropped to 3-11.
Second exile and death.
Napoleon was sent to the island of Saint Helena off the coast of Africa. He died on May 5 1821, of stomach cancer.

Anne Frank
Anne Frank (June 12, 1929 –– March 1945) was a girl who wrote a diary while she and her family hid from the Nazis. After her death in the Nazi concentration camps, her diary was published as a book which has been published in 20 languages. Her diary was also made into a movie.
Life.
Annelies Marie Frank "(better known as)" Anne Frank was born in Frankfurt am Main (Germany). Soon after Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany (in 1933), Anne's father decided that the family would move to Holland. They lived in the Dutch city of Amsterdam. Mr. Frank opened a business that sold pectin, the ingredient that makes jam and jelly set.
In 1939, World War II began, and in 1940, the Germans took over Holland. Soon, they began to make laws against the Jews. Jews could not go to schools with other Dutch people, Jews could not own a business, Jews could not go on public buses; the Nazis did not even let them ride bicycles. They had to walk everywhere. And also they had to wear a yellow star, to show that they were Jews. Furthermore, they had to be indoors by 20:00. Many Dutch people were, understandably, outraged by these cruel, unfair laws.
Hiding.
Anne's father, Otto Frank, was scared that the Nazis would find him, and his family. He wanted to protect his family. He spoke to some of the people who worked in his business. One of them was a young woman of about 22 years old, and was named Miep Gies. Otto Frank needed help - he was going to turn the top floor of his business into a secret hiding place for himself and his family called "The Secret Annex". Miep and the others would have to help them keep their secret, and bring them food. They hid in their secret hiding place for two whole years, without being discovered by the Nazis.
Miep agreed to help. In 1942, the Frank family, together with the Vaan pels and a doctor named Albert Dussel, moved into the secret annex that they had prepared. They planned to stay there until the end of the war. They hoped the war would end soon, but it did not. They spent around two years in their hiding place, never able to go out into the sunshine. During the day, they had to be very quiet, because the business continued downstairs, and not all the workers knew that the Frank family was in hiding in the upper part of the building.
A few months before the Franks went into hiding, Anne was given a diary, for her birthday. She called her diary, "Kitty" and wrote in it about all the things that were happening to her and to her family. Anne was only a young girl, but she knew how to write beautifully. She wrote about all the things that young girls think about - how she was getting along with her friends and parents, boys, life,her emotions. Anne had a strong ambition: to be a writer. She hoped to write a book that everyone would read.
No one knows exactly what happened, but after about two and a half years in hiding, not long before the end of the war, an unknown person told the Nazis that a Jewish family - the Franks - were in hiding. Nazi soldiers came into the Frank's secret hiding place. They sent the Franks and the others to a concentration camp. Miep Gies found Anne's diary and put it into a drawer. She wanted to keep it safe until after the war. She hoped that Anne would return, and she would be able to get her diary back.
However, that was not to be. Anne's father, Otto Frank, lived through the war and came back to Amsterdam. He hoped that his family had survived too - but they hadn't. Of all the family, only he survived. His wife was killed at Auschwitz. Anne and her older sister, Margot, died at Bergen-Belsen concentration camp from typhous disease- only a few days before the camp was freed by the Allied forces.
Diary.
Miep Gies was with Otto Frank when he got the letter telling him that his two daughters were dead. Now she knew that Anne would never return for her diary. She went to the drawer where the diary was kept, and she gave it to Otto Frank. People who were close to Anne read the diary. They told Otto Frank that he should publish it. Anne had wanted to be a famous writer. Now, people would be able to read her book, and they would also learn about the difficult time that the Jews had during the war, and about the wonderful people who helped them.
Otto had Anne's diary printed. It became one of the world's most widely-read books. It has been printed in over 20 languages, and people across the world have read and enjoyed this true story. Today, for an admissions fee, you can visit the house in Amsterdam where Anne Frank and her family hid during the war. You can also see the diary that she wrote.

Jan Peter Balkenende
Jan Peter Balkenende (born 7 May 1956 in Kapelle) is a Dutch politician. He has been the Prime Minister of the Netherlands since 2002. He is a member of the Christian CDA party.
In other countries, he is perhaps most famous because he looks like Harry Potter. This makes him popular with young children, but many Dutch make jokes about it and call him "Jan Potter Balkenende" and other names like that.
Balkenende lives in Capelle aan den IJssel.

Tolerance
Tolerance is not punishing people who do things you actually do not like. The opposite of tolerance is intolerance. Intolerance is often found in dictatorships. Tolerance is often about religion, sex, or politics. Tolerance is also about the ability of the body to prevent allergic reactions to food.
A country that is known for its tolerance in the law is the Netherlands.

William the Silent
William I of Orange-Nassau, (April 24, 1533 – July 10, 1584) was an important leader of the Dutch rebellion against the Spanish in the Eighty Years' War. He was the first leader of the Netherlands.
William of Orange is better known as William the Silent (in Dutch: "Willem de Zwijger"). It is not sure how he got this name. One story tells that when the kings of France and Spain proposed to William to kill all Protestants in his area, William didn't reply.
William was born in Nassau in Germany. The king of Spain made him stadtholder (a sort of leader) about several Dutch provinces. But William converted to Protestantism, the religion of the Dutch people and joined their struggle for independence. The king of Spain offered a reward for the person who would kill William. In 1584 William was shot by Balthasar Gerards in his house in Delft. William's last words were in French: "Mon Dieu, mon Dieu, ayez pitié de moi et de ton pauvre peuple" (My Lord, My Lord, have pity on me and your poor people). Balthasar Gerards never received his reward, because he was killed by the angry Dutch.
In the Netherlands, people often call him "Father of the fatherland". The Dutch national anthem, the Wilhelmus, is about William.

Simón Bolívar
Simón Bolívar (1783 - 1830) was a Venezuelan military commander. He was born in Caracas, Venezuela. He liberated many countries in South America from Spain. For a few years he was president of Gran Colombia, a country that no longer exists. The country Bolivia is named after Bolívar.

Pythagorean theorem
In mathematics, Pythagorean theorem or Pythagoras' theorem is a statement about the sides of a right triangle.
One of the angles of a right triangle is always equal to 90 degrees. This angle is the "right angle". The two sides next to the right angle are called the "legs" and the other side is called the "hypotenuse". The hypotenuse is the side opposite to the right angle, and it is always the longest side.
If the lengths of the legs are "a" and "b", and the length of the hypotenuse is "c", then, formula_1.
For proof see: proof.
One well known example is the 3-4-5 triangle: if a=3 and b=4, formula_2 or formula_3. This can also be shown as formula_4

Temperature
Temperature is how hot or cold a thing is. A thermometer can be used to find out the temperature. Temperature is often measured in degrees Celsius (°C). In the USA, degrees Fahrenheit (°F) are more often used. Scientists use kelvins (K) to measure temperature.
Water freezes at a temperature of 0 °C, 32 °F, or 273.15 K.
The internal temperature, so-called core body temperature, of the human body is close to 37 °C or 98 °F.
Water boils at 100 °C, 212 °F, or 373.15 K.
The coldest temperature is absolute zero. Absolute zero is 0 K or -273.15 °C.
Temperature is not the same as heat. Temperature is how hot or cold a thing is. Heat is how much energy is in the small and fast movements (vibration) of its molecules.
The more heat a thing has the more temperature it has. But it is possible to have a cold thing (less temperature) have more heat than a hot thing (more temperature). This is because the cold thing has more heat capacity and so takes more heat to make it hot. For example, two kilograms of water at 20 °C has twice as much heat as one kilogram of water at 20 °C. In fact, two kilograms of water at 10 °C has more heat than one kilogram of water at 20 °C. Also, the "same" amount of different substances can have different heat capacities. For example, a kilogram of water has more heat capacity than a kilogram of steel.
Temperature says whether heat will move from one thing to another. Unless some work is done, heat moves only from hot things to cold things. To a scientist this is the most important thing about temperature.
Temperature is also an important climatic element. It shows the amount of heat energy in the air. Isotherm maps are used to show the distribution pattern of temperature in an area. Temperature is different during different periods, seasons and in different places. It is affected by

Tux
Tux is a mascot of the Linux operating system; a cartoon penguin made by Larry Ewing in 1996. Wherever he is seen, it means such a system can work with Linux.
The name "Tux" comes from James Hughes, who named the Linux Mascot that as an shortened form of "Torvalds' UniX," as Linus Torvalds was the creator of the Linux operating system. Tux is also an abbreviation of tuxedo.

Mein Kampf
Mein Kampf ("My Struggle") was a book written by Adolf Hitler and Rudolf Heß. Rudolf Heß helped Hitler write the book, but he is not mentioned as an author. The book consists of two parts. The first part was written by Hitler while he was in jail in Landsberg am Lech. He was put in jail after a failed "putsch", in 1926. He wrote the second part after his (early) release from jail. From 1926 to 1930, both volumes were sold separately, at the price of 12 Reichsmark each. In 1930, both volumes were published as one book.
There were several editions between 1925 and 1945. With each new edition, the text was revised as well. This was done to clarify those parts of the text that were unclear. Probably, Ghostwriters around Hitler did this work.
In the book, Hitler describes (talks about) his view of greater Germany. He also describes his future plan for Jews. When he came to power, in 1933, he realized (made happen) some of those plans. This resulted in a genocide known as The Holocaust. The book was given away for free at civil registry offices during the time when the Nazi government had power in Germany. The reason for giving the book away for free was because in part, the book was propaganda, and giving it away free was a way of trying to recruit members.
After the Second World War, the book was made illegal to reprint or sell new copies in Germany and Austria. It is not illegal to own a book, and it is also not illegal to sell or buy such books second-hand.

Computer graphics
Computer graphics are visual representations of data displayed on a monitor made on a computer. Computer graphics can be a series of images (most often called video) or a single image.
Computer graphics are very useful. They are used for movie making, video game and computer program development, scientific modelling, and design for catalogs and other commercial things. Some people even make computer graphics as art.
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Subsets of computer graphics.
Computer graphics can be 2D or 3D. Each subset has its own use, but is created in a different way. Different computer programs have to be used to make different types of graphics.
2D graphics.
2D computer graphics are usually split into two categories: vector graphics and raster graphics.
Vector graphics.
Vector graphics use lines, shapes, and text to create a more complex image. If a vector graphic image is made very big on the monitor, it will still be as good as its regular size. This is one of the reasons vector graphics are liked so much. Vector graphics are made with programs like Adobe Illustrator, and were used for some older computer games. Today, they are often used for when computer graphics have to be printed out.
Raster graphics.
Raster graphics use pixels to make up a larger image. This does not mean the artist has to change a single pixel at a time - raster programs often have tools like paintbrushes, paint buckets, and erasers to make a picture. Programs used to make these include Adobe Photoshop and Corel Paint Shop Pro. These are often used as part of what the user sees when she uses a computer program.
Sometimes people "do" use only pixels to make an image. This is called pixel art and it has a very unique style.
3D graphics.
3D graphics are graphics that look like objects because they are three-dimensional. This means the computer thinks it has a height, a length, and a depth, and displays them as this. Some programs used to make 3D graphics are Bryce, 3D Studio Max, Maya and Blender, and 3D graphics are used many times in movies and TV shows and video games.

F.C. Bayern Munich
FC Bayern Munich, also known as Bayern München, is a well-known German football club. The club was founded in 1900 and has 123.000 paying members.
The footballteam is playing in the Allianz Arena.

Marine
The Sea.
Marine describes things relating to the ocean. An example is marine life, which means plants and animals that live in water.
Military.
Marines are soldiers who serve on warships, but go to land to fight when necessary. Marines often serve under the navy, but they are not sailors.

Cape of Good Hope
The Cape of Good Hope is a place near the far south end of Africa. It is a well known area for ships that pass to the east in the sea between southern Africa and Antarctica. It is in the country of South Africa.
The first person from Europe to see it was the Portuguese man Bartolomeu Dias. He saw it in 1488 and named it the "Cape of Storms".

Hand washing
Hand washing is the process cleaning hands with water and soap or other special chemical liquid, to take off dirt, germs, and poisons. Germs and poisons cause disease and other health problems. Germs are bacteria, viruses, funguses. Some new diseases are not stopped by antibiotic drugs. Hand washing stops much new disease. Not washing hands before cooking or touch food is risky.
Washing hands.
Use soap and warm (running, if available) water. Wet hands and add soap. Rub wet hands strongly with soap outside running water more than 10 seconds. Rub all parts of the hands again and again. Clean all dirt under fingernails. Then rub hands under running water again and again to take off all soap. Dry hands using a clean cloth or paper. Use moisturizing lotion so hands do not dry if the hands are being washed many times every day.
Medical hand washing.
For a medical worker, doctor, or nurse, not washing hands before touching every new person is dangerous. Use more than enough soap and water and rub each part of the hands again and again. Rub between each finger. Use a brush and clean under fingernails. Use more water to take off the soap and dry hands paper towel.
To "scrub" the hands for a surgery, water that can be turned on and off without touching with the hands is needed, a cleaning liquid named "chlorhexidine" or "iodine wash", sterile cloth for drying the hands after washing, a sterile brush for hard washing and another sterile instrument for cleaning under the fingernails. Take off all watches, rings, and other jewels from the hands before washing. Wash the hands and arms to the elbows again and again. Be strong and serious about the washing. Use running water again and again to take off all soap. Keep hands up so water does not go from arms to hands. Dry the hands with the sterile cloth and put on surgical shirt or dress. Sterile means no things on it that make disease.

Franklin D. Roosevelt
Franklin Delano Roosevelt (January 30, 1882 - April 12, 1945) was a Governor of New York and the 32nd President of the United States.
Early political career.
Roosevelt was the Assistant Secretary of the Navy under Woodrow Wilson. He was nominated the vice presidential candidate under James M. Cox in 1920. Cox and Roosevelt lost to Warren Harding and Calvin Coolidge.
Roosevelt was elected the Governor of New York in 1928.
Presidency.
Roosevelt was elected to be president in 1932, against incumbent (sitting president) Herbert Hoover, who was very unpopular because of the Great Depression. Roosevelt led the United States through the Depression, and was very popular. He started a series of popular programs known as the New Deal, which attempted to reverse the effects of the Great Depression. Because of this, he was re-elected in a landslide victory in 1936. He was re-elected two more times (in 1940 and 1944) and led the U.S. through World War II.
He contracted a crippling form of polio, a disease which makes it hard for people to use their muscles. His wife Eleanor Roosevelt nursed him back to health to the best of her abilities. Unfortunately, he ended up never having the use of his legs again.
While still president, he died April 12, 1945.

Venezuela
Venezuela is a country in northern South America. Its official name is República Bolivariana de Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela). The official language is Spanish, and its capital is Caracas. Venezuela produces a large amount of oil every year, and has one of the largest oil supplies in the world.
Venezuela has a racial mix in its inhabitants, and that came from the colonial period. When whites (British, Spaniards, French...) conquers America's territory, they take their black africans slaves to America to work. In Venezuela's colonial times, black people have not any right, they just work for food; Indigenous was instructed in Roman Catholic Religion; at the beginning, the Church said that Amerindians aren't people, but later, the Pope thought that Amerindians was people, but like under age. To this way, white creoles, (who was descendants of Spaniards, was white Venezuelan people and they considered Venezuela as their land, and they don't wanted to Spaniards gobern in their country) headed society. That was one of the reasons which drived the pro-independence thinking.
Ancient Venezuelans came from the east, west, south, and north. Christopher Columbus was the first European to step on the land, but there were already natives living there for a long time. The Spaniards first conquered Venezuela. Slaves were imported from Africa. Venezuela's economy is based on oil, cotton, cocoa, sugar, coffee, and tobacco. On July 24, 1823, Venezuela won its independence led by Simon Bolivar. Some other languages spoken there are Carib, Guahibo, Warao, Wayuu, Pemon, and Piaroa. the capital of Venezula is Caracas 3,517,300(metro area). The president is Hugo Chávez. Religions are 96% Roman catholic, 2% Protestant.

Saudi Arabia
The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Arabic: المملكة العربية السعودية,"al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Saʻūdiyya") is an Muslim country in the Middle East. It is a kingdom headed by the Saudi royal family, also called the House of Saud. Much of the world's crude oil supply comes from Saudi Arabia. Because of this, the Saudi royal family is very wealthy.
Saudi Arabia has cities that are important to the Muslim religion. Many Muslims from around the world visit Mecca in Saudi Arabia to make a pilgrimage. The pilgrimage is one of the requirements of their religion. Other big cities are Riyadh and Jeddah and Dammam. The pilgrimage is called hajj in the Arabic language. Somebody who makes a pilgrimage to Mecca is called a "hajj" in the Arabic language. People who are not Muslim are not allowed to enter Mecca.
Saudi Arabia is home to the largest mass of sand on earth, known as the empty quarter desert and also a other desert. The temperature is very hot.
Most people speak the Arabic language. Many people from other countries work in Saudi Arabia. They are called expatriates or expats.
The countries of Yemen and Oman are south of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia is west of Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Iraq, and Jordan. All of these countries except Jordan and Iraq make the Arabian Peninsula.
The money, or currency is called the Saudi Riyal.

Colombia
Colombia is a country of South America. It is located at the North-West part of that Continent and it has an area of 1.141.748 km² (440,839 sq mi). It is the only South American country with coasts in both Oceans (Pacific and Atlantic). Colombia has an extension of 928.660 km² in those oceans. The full name of the country in Spanish is "República de Colombia"; in English, it would be "Republic of Colombia". The name "Colombia" is said /kəˈlʌm.bɪ.ə/ and it is different from Columbia, the name of many places in United States of America.
The countries that have borders on the continent with Colombia are: Venezuela (east), Brazil (south-east), Peru (south), Ecuador (south-west) and Panama (west). The countries that have borders with Colombia on the sea are: Nicaragua, Panama, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Jamaica, Haiti and Dominican Republic.
42.888.592 people live in Colombia and it is the third most populated country of Latin America after Mexico and Brazil. It is also the third Spanish country of the world after Mexico and Spain.
The capital of Colombia is Bogotá. The second major city is Medellín and it is also a big industrial center. The third biggest and important city in the Cauca region of Colombia is Cali. The most important city of the country in the Caribbean costs is Barranquilla. It is also the first national port. Cartagena de Indias is one of the most beautiful and turistic cities. It has a great Spaniard wall of the 17th Century and an old town with buildings aged 500 years. Followed by the these cities comes Bucaramanga a great city near venezula's border and city which helds the center of textile industry of Colombia.
The meaning of the name.
Etimology is the meaning of a word. The word "Colombia" means "the Land of Christopher Columbus". He was an Italian man who discovered America in 1492 in the name of Spain. Francisco de Miranda, a Spaniard, gave the name "Colombia" to the American continent, but after it become the name of some places of the continent like this country. The name "America" was given in honor of Americo Vespucio, the first man who did a complete map of the continent.
In 1819 Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador and Panama were together in an only country and it was known as "Gran Colombia". That country was divided by three countries in 1830. The official language is Spanish, but there are many dialects spoken by minorities.
Generalities.
Colombia is a tropical country. Many people think that it is a very hot country because it is tropical. Colombia has many regions and some of the regions are cold because there are a lot of mountains (the Andes). Bogotá for example, is 2640 meters up the sea level and for this reason its climate is cold. Barranquilla is at the same level of the sea and it is hot. In Colombia there are many snow mountains. For example, there is a mountain in the north named "Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta."
Because of the many altitudes, Colombia has many different fruits, vegetables and kinds of animals. It has many valleys, beaches, plains, mountains and forests like the Amazon Rain Forest.
Security.
Colombia has been introduced by the International Mass Media as a dangerous country in the last decades because its political conflict with guerrillas, paramilitary armies and mafia. Many persons have lost their lives in the Colombian conflict and it had also a high number of kidnapped persons by common criminals and gun groups. After the election of President Alvaro Uribe in 2001, Colombia became a safer country. The new government reduced delinquency, drug trafficking, guerrillas, paramilitary groups and corruption and the country's economy improved.every country has problems with security, not only colombia.Alvaro uribe made the country of colombia very very safe, now a days colombia is safer than some other places because of the president.
Transport.
Most parts of Colombia are modern and the country has a fair net of roads. All the Colombian cities have their airports and there are many ports in both oceans (Pacific and Atlantic). Because Colombia is a huge territory and there are many mountains, airports are very important in the country. There are some regions like Amazon Forest and Dariend that the most important way of transportation is by the rivers.
Cities.
Colombia also has some of the most beautiful cities in the world.
Science.
Colombia is famous for its advance in medicine. Many foreigners come to the country to get health services. The medicine in Colombia is very good for transplant of organs and plastic surgery. Doctor Manuel Elkin Patarroyo discovered a medicine against malaria. He donated his discovery to be used in Africa and Latin America. He did not want to make business of it, but to help the poor people.
Before the Spaniards.
The land where Colombia now stands has been home to people for more than 20,000 years. The first people had many groups, cultures and languages. There are many tools, caves and things of those peoples. In Colombia the people was similar to the ones of Asia, because the scientists say that the first men came to America from Siberia or South East Asia more than 50,000 years ago. The peoples of Colombia where called Arawak, Caribe, and Chibcha. But they have many other groups. The most famous were the Muiscas. El Dorado legend coms from the Muiscas: the king of the Muiscas used to bath in the Guatavita Lake and he used a lot of gold for it. The Spaniards heard about and the people told them that there was a great golden city somewhere. Since then they started to look for El Dorado. The International Airport of Bogotá is called "El Dorado International Airport" because the legend was born in Colombia. The descendants of the first peoples of Colombia live integrated with others. Some groups live in the forest, but many live in countryside and in the cities.
The Colony.
The Spaniards lead by Christopher Columbus discovered America in 1492. Columbus saw the coasts of Venezuela, Colombia and Panama and he gave to it his own name. But it was Alonso de Ojeda the first to do an exploration in the area of Gulf of Darien. After that the Spaniards founded the first European cities in the American continent: Santa Marta in 1525 and Cartagena de Indias in 1533. It was from Colombia that the Spaniards conquered the Incas of Peru. They founded also the city of Popayán in 1536 and they conquered the "Confederation of the Muiscas". In Bacatá, the capital of the Muiscas, the Spaniards founded the city of Santa Fe in 1538. In 1550 the Spaniards declared the territory as a colony and its capital was "Santa Fe de Bogotá", but in the first decades it depended from Peru. Soon after, it was declared a Viceroyalty.
The independence.
Antonio Nariño was one of the most important persons to lead a movement for the independence of Colombia. He was a politician, journalist and militar.
On November 11 1810 the city of Cartagena de Indias declared its dependence from Spain.
Politics.
Colombia just had an election in May 2006 and the president Alvaro Uribe was elected again. He will be president until 2010. Alvaro Uribe was the first president in Colombia to win a second election in over 100 years.
Resources.
Colombia is well known for its exquisite coffee, coal, and emeralds. It is also the biggest supplier of Plantains (a kind of banana used for cooking which are known as "platanos" in Colombia) to the United States. There are a few armed conflicts in Colombia. Most rebel groups finance their operations with the trade of illegal drugs (mostly Cocaine).

Abel Tasman
Abel Janszoon Tasman (1603 - 1659) was a Dutch sea explorer. On voyages in 1642 and 1644, in the service of the VOC (Dutch East India Company) he discovered Tasmania and New Zealand. He also discovered large parts of Australia.
He was born in Groningen, Holland. He went to Batavia (now called Jakarta) to work for the VOC in 1633. He went back to Holland in 1636. He went back to Batavia with his wife, Jannetie Tjaerss, 2 years later. He went north to Japan in 1640. In 1642 Tasman went south to Palembang..
Tasmania and New Zealand 1642-3.
Tasman set sail from Batavia with the ships "Heemskerck" and "Zeehaen" on August 14, 1642. He was told to search for New Holland. He was hoping to find gold, silver and other riches. On November 24, 1642 he discovered the west coast of Tasmania which he called Van Diemen's Land. He named it after Anthony Van Diemen, Governor General of the Dutch East Indies. Tasman sailed around to the east coast of Van Diemen's Land and claimed the land for the Dutch on December 3, 1642. The ships then sailed west and discovered New Zealand. His ships were attacked by Maoris in large war canoes (boats) and 4 sailors died. Tasman then sailed north east to Tonga and Fiji. He then sailed north west to New Guinea and got back to Batavia in June 1643.
Northern Australia 1644.
In 1644 Tasman sailed from Batavia with the ships "Limmen", "Zeemeeuw" and "Bracq". He sailed along the west coast of New Guinea, and then the coast of Australia from Cape York to North West Cape. He went back to Batavia in August 1644. He showed that Western Australia and Queensland were part of the same country. He was not able to get through Torres Strait, but his maps were used for the next 200 years.
Tasman made more trips including to Sumatra in 1646, Siam in 1647, and Manila in 1648. He purchased a lot of land in Batavia where he died in October 1659.
Several places have been named after him, including Tasmania, the Tasman Peninsula, Tasman Island and the Tasman Sea.

Hard science
Hard science is science that uses mathematics and experiments to get knowledge. In hard science, experiments have to be reproducible (if the experiment is done a second time, it will have the same results as the first time).

Artificial intelligence
Artificial intelligence (AI) is the study of mental processes through the use of computational models. The name was coined as the topic of a 1956 Dartmouth Conference by John McCarthy. It is about making computers' decision making and train of thought appear more human. McCarthy defines it as "the science and engineering of making intelligent machines."
The idea behind AI is not to make a computer smart by knowing more information. It is to build a machine that can act as if it were smart. Very often, AI is closely connected to mathematical logic, about proving things, and simplifying mathematical formulae.
First there was the Turing machine. Given a set of input data, it produces some output, after doing some calculations. That machine is the basis of modern computers.

Programmer
A programmer is a person who makes computer programs using a programming language.

Programming language
A programming language is the language that a programmer uses to write a computer program.
Characteristics.
A programming language is not a spoken language. It is a way of describing what the programmer wants the computer to do. The programmer uses a programming language to tell the computer how to do calculations. Because programming languages are used for talking to the computer, the programmer needs to be very careful about how he tells the computer what to do. If he makes a mistake, the computer might not be able to tell him about it.
Naming.
A piece of a computer program is sometimes called a piece of code, or source code, and the actual writing of a piece of source code is called coding.
Rules.
Every programming language has rules about what it can and cannot do.
Most languages that are used by many people, or that have been used for a long time, have official standards that tell programmers how to program in these languages. Some programming languages have two or more standards. This might happen because an old standard was replaced by a new standard; for example, the Perl 5 standard replaced the Perl 4 standard in 1993. Or it might happen because two people made two different standards at the same time; for example, there are a few different standards for the APL programming language.
Design philosophies.
Many programming languages have one special philosophy that tells the people who made the language how to make it all work together. Maybe the language uses data structures in a special way (for example, Lisp uses lists for many things), or maybe the language is written in a special way (for example, Perl uses many English words in its code).
Interpretation.
Programming languages can be "compiled" or "interpreted". Interpreted programming languages are languages where the programmer gives the source code to the computer, and the computer reads it and does what it says, right away. This is called "running" the program. Compiled programming languages are languages where a special computer program called a compiler reads the source code and generates a binary program written in machine language. The programmer can "run" that machine-language program on any computer any time he wants to. He does not need the compiler after he has compiled the program already.
Example of Visual Basic.
Input = InputBox("How old are you?")
MsgBox "You cannot be less than zero!"
MsgBox "You're " & Input & " years old."
Example of Python.
age = int(raw_input("How old are you? "))
print "You cannot be less than zero!"
print "You're %s years old." % age

Visual Basic
Visual Basic is a programming language developed by Microsoft for their operating system Windows.
The BASIC language is said to be easier to read than other languages.
It is a widely understood high-level programming language, written using simple English-like words and syntax.
It is an interpreted language, code can be run immediately after being written.
Having an interpreter makes it simpler to use, as there is no need for the computer to compile the code, possibly finding errors to fix, before the compiled version can be run.
Once it is working, it can be compiled into an.exe file so that it will run on all modern Windows computers, whether VB is installed or not. The language allows a beginning programmer to produce professional-looking Windows applications, as it includes drawing tools to create normal Windows forms. VB also includes advanced features - concepts and structures which allow programs to be adapted for use with the Internet.
It will not run on operating systems other than Windows and on machines with non-Intel compatible processors.
Example.
MyInput = InputBox("How old are you?")
MsgBox "You cannot be less than zero!"
MsgBox "You're " & MyInput & " years old."
Visual Basic.NET.
Visual Basic.NET is the next series of products in Microsoft's successful "Visual Basic" range of products. It makes creating programs easier because it is possible to drag-and-drop controls into the program.
It runs on the .NET Framework and features another long line of programs. For the full list of editions in the.NET series, click here.

Booting
Booting is what happens when a computer starts up. When you boot a computer, your processor looks in system ROM (the BIOS) for instructions and does them. They normally 'wake up' add-in cards and searches for the boot device. The boot device either loads the operating system or gets the operating system from someplace else.
People use the word "boot" to mean "to start a computer" or other device with electronics built in. For example, if a person wants to ask a friend to turn on a satellite phone, they would say "could you boot up the satellite phone?".
Most operating systems call the first device it uses a boot device. This is because the computer is making itself go, as in the idiom. When we start a computer, we can often see the simple instructions the computer uses to start, then more complicated pictures or software.
The phrase "to boot" in this meaning is short for "to bootstrap". This use is part of net jargon along with similar multi-use words like net or web. Often the computer is just called a box, so a phrase like "to boot the box" means "to start the computer".

Tea
Tea is a hot or cold drink that is popular in the United Kingdom and United States. It is made by soaking the dried leaves or flowers of the plant "Camellia sinensis" in hot water. Tea can have other herbs, spices, or fruit flavours in it, such as lemon.
Sometimes the word "tea" is used for other drinks that have been made by soaking fruit or herbs in hot water, like "rosehip tea" or "camomile tea".
Types of tea.
There are two main types of tea: black and green tea.
To make black tea workers take the leaves and spread them out on shelves where they can dry. Next they are rolled and broken into pieces and put into a room where they absorb oxygen. Chemical reactions change the taste and character of the tea. Finally the leaves are dried with hot air until they turn brown or black. Most black tea comes from Sri Lanka, Indonesia and eastern Africa.
Green tea is made by putting freshly picked leaves into a steamer. This keeps them green. Then they are crushed and dried in ovens. India is the biggest producer and consumer of green tea.
Tea is mainly grown in China, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Japan, Nepal, Australia, Argentina and Kenya.
Tea can also be used as an alternative word for an afternoon meal (mostly in the Commonwealth countries), as in "I am having tea in a short while." The word also applies to "Afternoon tea", a meal served occasionally, usually featuring sandwiches, cakes and tea.

Interlingua
Interlingua is a planned language using words that are found in most West-European languages. It was made by a group of people that worked on it for more than 20 years, and they finished and published the first dictionary in 1951.
"Inter" is the same root word like you see in the words "interaction", "interface" and so on, and it means "between" or "to each other"; lingua means "language". They chose the name Interlingua because they wanted it to be used for people of different countries to talk to each other easily. Because Interlingua was made by people to be easy, it is easier than other languages to learn.
Many thousands of people know Interlingua, and Interlingua speakers say that millions can understand it (read texts in it and listen to someone talk in it) without having to learn it first.
There are two other planned langages in the world that have more than 1000 speakers, Esperanto and Ido. Those two were made before Interlingua. Some people think that Esperanto and Ido are easy to learn because they have no "exceptions" (words that break the rules) but other people think Interlingua is easier because the makers chose all the words to be easy to understand for people who know English, French, Spanish, Portuguese, or Italian, plus languages like Occitan and Romanian, languages that used to be Latin, the language used in Rome a long time ago.
Actually, people that use Interlingua say that their language is actually new Latin, just simpler and "modernized" (made new).

World
World usually means a planet. When people say "the world" they usually mean the planet Earth. Humans live in the world. The Earth is the only planet that we know of that has life.

Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan (), or Republic of Azerbaijan, is a country located in South Caucasus region of Eurasia. It borders Russia in the north, Georgia, Armenia, in the west, Iran in the south, and Caspian Sea on the east. Azerbaijan also includes Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, an exclave, which borders Armenia to the north and east, Iran to the south and west, and Turkey to the northwest.
Geographically, most of Azerbaijan's territory is located in Western Asia and is classified as Asian country by the United Nations. However, due to its proximity and historical ties to Europe, Azerbaijan is also a member of a number of European organizations, including the Council of Europe since 2001.

Actor
An actor is a person who acts, or has a role (a part) in a movie, television show, play, or radio show. Sometimes actors only sing or dance, or sometimes they only work on radio. A woman actor is also an actress, but today most people use the word "actor" for both men and women.
History.
The first time we know an actor worked was in 534 B.C., probably on November 23rd. The changes in calendar over the years make it hard to say exactly when the Greek actor Thespis became the first person to speak words as a character in a play at the "Theatre Dionysus". This was a big change in storytelling. Before then, people sang and danced stories, but no-one had been a person in the story. Today we call actors "thespians" because of Thespis.
Naming.
In the past, the name "actor" was only for men. Women only began performing often in the 17th century. When they began, people called them the "actresses". In the ancient world and in the Middle Ages, people thought it was bad (shameful) for a woman to act. People thought this until the 17th century. In the time of William Shakespeare, men and boys played women's roles, but we think perhaps women also acted secretly.
Today, the name "actor" is for both men and women, because some people think the name "actress" is sexist. But people also use the name "actress" very often.
Actresses in men's roles.
Women actors sometimes act the roles of young boys, because in some ways a woman is more similar to a boy than a man is. A woman usually plays the role of Peter Pan, for example. In pantomime, a sort of play for children (not the same as mime), the most important young man is also a woman. Opera has some 'pants roles' which women traditionally sing, usually mezzo-sopranos. Examples are "Hansel" in "Hansel und Gretel", and "Cherubino" in "The Marriage of Figaro".
Mary Pickford played the part of "Little Lord Fauntleroy" in the first film version of the book. Linda Hunt won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress in "The Year of Living Dangerously", in which she played the part of a man.
In comic theatre and film, people often use a man for a woman's part, or a woman for a man's part - this has a long history. Most of Shakespeare's comedies have examples of this. Both Dustin Hoffman and Robin Williams were in popular comedy films where they played most scenes as men in women's clothes, pretending to be women.
Voice acting.
Voice acting is a special type of acting. It is most commonly used in animation for both television and movies. Voice actors are the people who make the voices for the characters. They may also create the voices used for narration in non-animated works.

Iron
Iron (Fe) is the most common metal on Earth. It is used a lot because it is very strong and cheap. Iron is the main thing used to make steel. As iron is magnetic, it can be used to make a magnet.
Iron is one of the most important metals on the Earth because it can be used for a lot of jobs. If it is exposed to water, iron will rust easily.
In chemistry, iron is element 26, a transition metal in Group 8. Its symbol is Fe, from the Latin word for iron, "Ferrum".
Making iron.
Iron is made in large factories called "ironworks" by reducing iron ore with carbon (coke). This happens in large reactors called blast furnaces. The blast furnace is loaded with iron ore, coke and limestone. A hot blast of air is blown in, where it lits up the coke. The extreme heat enables carbon to react with iron ore, taking off the oxygen from iron oxides, and forming carbon dioxide. The reaction will leave pure iron on the bottom of the blast furnace in molten (liquid) form, where it can be tapped. Almost all ironworks are today part of steel mills, and almost all iron is further processed into steel.

Al-Khwarizmi
Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi (Persian:محمد بن موسى خوارزمی) (Arabic: محمد بن موسى الخوارزمي) was a Persian mathematician who lived in Baghdad around the year 830. He invented algebra and wrote a book about algebra. Therefore he is often called "the father of algebra". He also wrote a book on the "Indian numbers" and how to add and subtract them. During the Middle Ages mathematicians in Europe read his book. They called these numbers "Arabic numbers" (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12...) and used them instead of the "Roman numbers" (I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII...). It is easier to do mathematics with Arabic numbers. The Roman numbers also has no number zero.
He wrote a book on Algebra named "Al-Jabr Wal' Muqibla" in which he introduced his on number system. And also introduced Arabic numerals. His books were translated in Greek and Latin languages. They named his books "So said Algorizmi". The word "Algorithm" is derived from the word Algorizmi.

Ptolemy
Ptolemy is the English name for Claudius Ptolemaeus. He was a Greek who probably lived and worked in Alexandria, in Egypt. He lived from about 85 to 165 A.D. He is famous for his work on astronomy and geography.
Very little is known about his personal life.
He was an astronomer, mathematician, and geographer. He described in his writing the Greek or geocentric view of the universe. The Greeks thought that the Earth was the center of the universe. He also thought out and described the apparent motions of the planets as they were known in his time.
Ptolemy explained and extended Hipparchus's system of epicycles and eccentric circles to explain his geocentric (Earth-centered) theory of the solar system. Ptolemy's system involved at least 80 epicycles to explain the motions of the Sun, the Moon, and the five planets known in his time. He believed the planets and sun moved around the Earth in this order: Mercury, Venus, Sun, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn.
This system became known as the Ptolemaic system. It predicts the positions of the planets accurately enough for naked-eye observations, so it seemed accurate at the time. This is described in his book "Mathematical Syntaxis" (widely called the "Almagest"), a thirteen-book mathematical treatment of the phenomena of astronomy. It contains a wide variety of information ranging from earth conceptions to sun, moon, and star movement as well as eclipses and an explanation of the length of months. The Almagest also included a star catalog containing 48 constellations, using the names we still use today.
In addition to his well known works in astronomy, Claudius Ptolemy was very important in the history of geography and cartography (Making maps). He was influential up to the 16th century when his ideas were disproved by Nicolaus Copernicus. Ptolemy of course knew that the Earth is a sphere. Ptolemy's is the first known projection of the sphere onto a plane. His "Geography" remained the main work on the subject until the time of Christopher Columbus. But he had Asia extending much too far east, which may have been a factor in Columbus's decision to try to reach India by sailing west from Europe.
The Ptolemaic explanation of the motions of the planets remained the accepted wisdom until the Polish scholar Copernicus proposed a heliocentric view, or sun-centered view in 1543. It should be noted, too, that Ptolemy's system is actually more accurate than Copernicus's. The heliocentric formulation does not improve on Ptolemy's until Kepler's Laws are also added.
Ptolemy may not actually have believed in the reality of his system. He may have thought of it only as a method of calculating positions.

List of Mexicans
This is a list of famous Mexicans.

Moctezuma II
Moctezuma II, also known as Motecuhzoma Xocoyotzin (1466-1520) and often called Montezuma in English, was the Aztec emperor ("tlahtoani") from 1502 to 1520. His name comes from the Nahuatl "Motecuhzoma", it means "he who is leader because of his fury". In Spanish, he is called Moctezuma.
When Hernán Cortés arrived in Mexico in 1519, Moctezuma thought he was the god Quetzalcoatl, and didn't want to fight against him. Cortés took Moctezuma prisoner. When the Aztecs wanted Cortés to get out of their capital Tenochtitlan in 1520, Cortes told Moctezuma to calm down his people. When doing that he died. The Spaniards said he was killed by the Aztecs, while the Aztecs said Cortés killed him. The Spanish said that the Aztec people threw rocks at him, killing him. The Aztecs said that they found his body in the streets with a lot of cuts made with a sword after the Spanish left.
His own tribe killed the first Moctezuma

Antonio López de Santa Anna
Antonio López de Santa Anna Pérez de Lebrón (February 21, 1794 - 21 June 1876) was a Mexican general and dictator. Under his rule of Mexico, it lost half its territory. Santa Anna was 11 times president. He fought two wars against the United States. In the first war (1836) he won the famous battle of the Alamo, but later he lost the war and was taken prisoner by the Americans. He also lost the second war (1846-1848),

Granzyme
Granzymes are enzymes contained within cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells. These substances are used to destroy virus-infected cells.
Granzyme secretion can be detected and measured using the ELISPOT and ELISA techniques.

Apartheid
Apartheid is an Afrikaans word meaning "separation" or "being apart". It is usually used to describe a policy that existed in South Africa from 1948 to 1994. This system was used to mistreat and deny rights to non-white people. The laws allowed the white minority to keep the black majority out of certain areas without special papers or permission. School subjects for Africans had to be taught in Afrikaans.
Many countries and the United Nations were very upset at the South African government for their policies. There were protests in South Africa, where many protesters and police were killed. Finally, after much struggle, the South African government ended apartheid in 1994. After that, equal rights were shared among both black and whites. Nelson Mandela stood up to apartheid and became president when apartheid was ended. Although granted equal rights since 1994, 90 percent of the country's poor people are non-white, and the situation has not improved since the days of apartheid.
History.
Apartheid was started in 1948 when the 'National Party' won a vote to decide who should lead the country. After the National Party it separated people in beaches, buses, hospitals, schools and universities. In the 1950s lots of laws were made to separate people.
One of the first laws that were created to separate people said that non white people could not marry white people. This law was made in 1949. Ten years after this a law was made to stop non white people going to universities for white people.
Aims.
The people who wanted Apartheid wanted all people with different colored skin to live in different places. They said that people from different places should always be kept apart when they were in cities. The Apartheid government in South Africa wanted to move people to make them separate. They sometimes forced people out of their home to do this.

Dreyfus Affair
The Dreyfus Affair was one of the biggest scandals in the history of France. It happened at the end of the 19th century. It was about Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish officer in the French army.
In 1894, Dreyfus was accused of being a spy, and accused of crimes against France. People thought he wrote letters to the Germans telling them about secrets of the French army.
His punishment was to be sent to a prison island in South America for the rest of his life.
When he was in prison, people (mostly his brother Mathieu and a high-ranking officer called Picquart) thought he was innocent. They proved that another soldier, Major Esterhazy, was guilty. But the army did not want to admit that it had been wrong. They refused to free him. Finally, the evidence that Dreyfus was innocent became so strong that the government had to demand a new trial. But at the new trial, the army again found him guilty. But the President of France, who didn't want an innocent man to suffer any more, pardoned Dreyfus in 1899.
Dreyfus was released. Seven years later, he was officially declared innocent, and allowed back into the army.
The affair divided France into people who thought Dreyfus really was a spy and people who thought he was innocent. Many of those who thought Dreyfus was a spy hated Jews and believed that he was a criminal because he was a Jew, and that a Jew could not be a good Frenchman; this belief is called anti-Semitism. Others thought that the army could not be questioned. The other side believed that an innocent man should not be imprisoned, and feared that Dreyfus's enemies were also enemies of the republic.

Baseball
Baseball is a very popular sport in USA played by two teams that each have 9 players. In baseball, one team throws a small round ball called a baseball and the other team tries to hit it with a club called a bat. Teams get points by running and touching markers on the ground called "bases". There is another sport called softball that is largely for women.
Many people in North America, South America, and East Asia play baseball. In the United States, baseball is called the "national pastime", because so many people in the United States spend a lot of time playing or watching games. More people go to Major League Baseball games than go to see all the other team sports. But on TV, more people like to watch American football and car racing.
How to play baseball.
A game of baseball is played by two teams on a baseball field. Each team has nine players. There are also umpires, who watch everything carefully to decide what happened, and make sure everyone follows the rules. There are usually four umpires in major league games with one standing near each base. In major games two more umpires are usually added further down the baseline toward the outfield.
On a baseball field, there are four bases. The bases form a line that goes around the field to the right from the starting base. The starting base is called "home plate". Home plate has five sides. First base is 15-inch (38 cm) squares. It is higher than the ground. The sides of the diamond are 450 feet (27.4 metres) long.
The baseball field has two main parts, the infield and the outfield. The "infield" is where the four bases are. The "outfield" is past the bases, between first and third base. The lines from home plate to first base and home plate to third base make the "foul lines", and the ground outside of these lines is called "foul territory". A ball that is hit with a bat and flies in between the foul lines is a "fair ball". A fair ball must be picked up by the team on defense, and that lets the hitter start running on the bases. A ball that is outside the foul lines is a "foul ball", and may be caught in the air by the team on defense for an out, unless it hits the ground. If the ball bounces in foul territory, the batter cannot start running around the bases.
The game is played in "innings". Professional and college baseball has nine innings. In an inning, each team has one turn to bat and try to score "runs" worth one point. When one team bats, the other team plays defense and tries to get three players on the other team "out" so they can bat. The team that is playing defense always has the ball. This is different from other team sports. When the team on defense gets three players out it is their turn to hit. Then the team that was batting starts playing defense, and the team that was playing defense starts batting. After nine innings, the team that has the most runs is the winner. If the teams have the same number of runs, they play more innings until one team wins. At the start of the game, the home team pitches, while players on the visiting team bat. Only one player can bat at a time.
The most important part of the game is between the "pitcher" and the "batter". The pitcher throws—"pitches"—the ball towards home plate. He must throw it close enough for the batter to hit. The pitcher must throw the ball over home plate and between the hitter's knee and chest. A pitch that does this is a "strike", unless the batter hits the ball. It is always a strike if the batter swings the bat and misses, so the batter must have good aim with the bat. Three strikes make an "out". A pitch that the batter does not swing at and is not close enough to be a strike is a "ball." On the fourth "ball" thrown by a pitcher, the batter "walks" to first base, so it is important to pitch well.
The "catcher" for the pitcher's team waits behind the batter, and then catches the ball. His job is to catch any ball that the batter does not hit. The catcher uses signals to tell the pitcher where to throw the ball. If the pitcher does not like what the catcher says, he will shake his head, which signals "no". If he thinks the catcher has a good idea, he will nod his head, which signals "yes".
There are many ways to get batters and runners out. Some very common ways to get them out are catching a batted ball in the air, tagging a runner with the ball, a force out (when the base is touched before a player can get there), and a strikeout. A strikeout is when a batter has three strikes. When the fielding team has put out three of the batting team's players, the "half-inning" is over and the team in the field and the team at bat switch places.
The batting team wants to get runs. In order to get a run, a player must bat, then become a base runner, touch all the bases in order, and then touch home plate. So first, the batter wants to make other players get to home plate, or to run the bases himself. The batter also tries to hit the ball between the foul lines, so that the fielding team cannot get anyone out. After the batter hits the ball, if it lands outside of the foul lines, it will be called a "foul ball".
A base-runner who touches home plate after touching all previous bases in order scores a "run".
Fielding team.
The team in the field tries not to let the team at bat get any runs. The fielding team has a pitcher and a catcher. This pair is often called the "battery". The remaining seven fielders may stand anywhere in the field. However, there are usually four "infielders" that stand around the infield close to the bases and three "outfielders" who stand around the outfield.
The four infielders are the "first baseman", "second baseman", "shortstop", and "third baseman". The first baseman and third baseman stand close to first base and third base. The second baseman and the shortstop stand on either side of second base.
The first baseman's job is to make "force plays" at first base. In a force play, another infielder catches a ball that has touched the ground, and throws it to the first baseman. The first baseman must then touch the batter or the base with the ball before the batter can touch first base. Then the batter is out. First basemen need to have quick feet, stretch well, be quick and know how to catch wild throws. First base is one of the most important positions as 90% of the plays are there.
The second baseman's job is to cover the area to the right of second base and to back the first baseman up. The shortstop's job is to cover the area between second and third bases. This is where right-handed batters usually hit ground balls. The shortstop also covers second or third base and the near part of left field. The shortstop is usually the best fielder on the team. The third baseman needs to have a strong throwing arm. This is because many times the batter will hit a ball toward third base. The third baseman must throw the ball very quickly to the first baseman, to get the runner out. Because the balls that go to third base are usually hit very hard, the third baseman must also be very quick.
The three outfielders are called the "left fielder", the "center fielder", and the "right fielder", because they stand in left field, center field and right field. Left field and right field are on the left and right sides, if you look out from home plate. Center field is straight ahead from home plate. Center field is very big, so the center fielder is usually the fastest. The center fielder usually decides who should catch fly balls.
The team can decide where to put the infielders and outfielders. Players often shift their positioning because of how the game is going. They may change positions at any time.
Pitching.
Teams can change pitchers during a game. A team can use as many pitchers as it wants to, but it is rare to use more than eight in a game. The ways that a pitcher throws the ball are called "pitches". Most pitchers use two or more different pitches. Pitchers change their pitches so that the batter cannot hit the ball. They can make the ball move differently: faster or slower, closer or further from the batter, higher or lower. Pitches are usually categorized into three categories: fastballs, change-ups ("off speed pitches"), and breaking (balls that curve) balls.
There are many types of break/off-speed pitches, such as the slurve, curve, slider, splitter, sinker, screw, 2-seam cut, 2-seam screw, knuckle, knuckle curve, change-up, circle change-up, palm ball, and others.
When throwing the ball, the pitcher must touch the "pitcher's rubber" with his foot. The pitcher's rubber is on top of the mound. So the pitcher cannot take more than one step forward when he throws the ball. That makes the pitcher throw the ball more slowly. Most major-league pitcher can throw the ball up to ninety miles per hour (145 km/h). Throwing a baseball that fast can be bad for the body. Pitchers usually end up with a lot of injuries.
The batting team.
The batting team wants to get runs. The batting team sends its players up to home plate in a special order. This order is called the "lineup". Each team chooses its lineup at the start of the game. After the game starts, the team cannot change the order. But the team can use a player who was not on the lineup. The new player has to change with an original player. The new player's name is written in the lineup where the original player's name was. After the ninth player has batted, the first player in the lineup starts again. If a runner comes to home plate, he scores a run. Then he is not a base runner. After scoring a run, the player must leave the field until it is his turn again. So a player can only score one run for each time he bats.
Since people began to have more free time, baseball has become the national pastime of America. About 12 million people play baseball in the United States.
Post-season.
At the end of each Major League Baseball season, a special group of games called the World Series is played. The champions of the American League and the National League play many games to see which team is the best. There are seven games in the series. The first team to win four games becomes the baseball world champions for the year.

Antonym
An antonym is a word that has the opposite meaning as another word.

Names of God in Judaism
In Judaism, God (written "G-d" for religious reasons by many people) is known by many names. The most important of these names is the "Tetragrammaton", or "Four-lettered word": YHVH, YHWH, or י - ה וה. Jews are not allowed to say this name, and instead say "Adonai". Even "Adonai" is only used by some Jews in prayer. Most Jews would refer to God as "Hashem", or "The Name". Jews are not allowed to erase the Tetragrammaton, so they rarely write it down outside of their most holy books, such as the Torah.
Other names include "Elohim", "El", "Shaddai", "Tzeva-ot", "‘Elyon", and "Ehyeh-Asher-Ehyeh" which are respectively pronounced by observant Jews as Elokim, Kayl, Shakkai, Tzeva-Kot.
Certain names, such as Shalom, are pronounced as written, but when written one letter, in this case the last letter, is omitted. The last of the above "other" list is often said as Ek-yeh Asher Ek-yeh.

Football League Championship
The Football League Championship is the new name of the English First Division. It is often called The Championship for short, or the "Coca-Cola Football League Championship", as it is sponsored by Coca-Cola.

Birmingham
Birmingham is a city and metropolitan district in the West Midlands, England. Over one million people live in Birmingham, making it the United Kingdom's second most populated city.
History.
Birmingham began as a small town in 1166. Many industries were developed in Birmingham during the 18th and 19th centuries. These included making weapons and food. Queen Victoria gave city status to Birmingham in 1889. It played a big role in the war effort in the First and Second World Wars. However, industry has been falling apart since the end of the war.

Richmond, Virginia
Richmond is the capital city of the state of Virginia, in the United States of America. Richmond was founded in 1737 by settlers from England. Much of the American Civil War was fought near Richmond. Today, Richmond has a population of about 250,000 people, with more than a million people in the area around Richmond. Tobacco businesses were a large part of the early Richmond economy.

American Civil War
The American Civil War was a war fought from 1861 to 1865 between northern and southern states of the United States of America. A group of states in the southern United States ("the South") wanted to be independent, while the federal government and the states in the northern United States ("the North") wanted to keep the US as one country. The war was won by the North.
Causes.
Slavery in the United States first began in Virginia in 1619. By the end of the American Revolution, most northern states had abandoned the institution while it continued to grow and flourish in the plantation economy of the South. In the years prior to the Civil War almost all sectional conflicts revolved around the slave issue. This began with the debates over the three-fifths clause at the Constitutional Convention of 1787 and continued with the Compromise of 1820, the Nullification Crisis, the anti-slavery Gag Rule, and the Compromise of 1850.
Slavery and Control of the Government
Throughout the first half of the 19th century, Southern politicians sought to defend slavery by retaining control of the federal government. While they benefited from most presidents being from the South, they were particularly concerned about retaining a balance of power within in the Senate. As new states were added to the Union, a series of compromises were arrived at to maintain an equal number of "free" and "slave" states.
In 1820, Maine entered as a free state while Missouri joined as a slave state. The balance was finally disrupted in 1850, when Southerners permitted California to enter as a free state in exchange for laws strengthening slavery. This balance was further upset with the additions of free Minnesota (1858) and Oregon (1859).
The widening of the gap between slave and free states was symbolic of the changes occurring in each region. While the South was devoted to an agrarian plantation economy with a slow growth in population, the North had embraced industrialization, large urban areas, infrastructure growth, as well as was experiencing high birth rates and a large influx of European immigrants. This boost in population doomed Southern efforts to maintain balance in the government as it meant the future addition of more free states and the election of a Northern, potentially anti-slavery, president.
The political issue that finally moved the nation towards conflict was that of slavery in the western territories won during the Mexican-American War. A similar issue had been dealt with earlier, in 1820, when, as part of the Missouri Compromise, slavery was permitted in the Louisiana Purchase south of 36°30'N latitude (the southern border of Missouri). Rep. David Wilmot attempted to prevent slavery in the new territories in 1846, when he introduced the Wilmot Proviso in Congress. After extensive debate it was defeated.
In 1850, an attempt was made to resolve the issue. A part of Compromise of 1850 called for slavery in the unorganized lands (largely Arizona & New Mexico) received from Mexico to be decided by popular sovereignty. This meant that the local people and their territorial legislatures would decide for themselves whether slavery would be permitted. Many thought that this decision had solved the issue until it was raised again in 1854 with the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act.
Proposed by Sen. Stephen Douglas of Illinois, the Kansas-Nebraska Act essentially repealed the line imposed by the Missouri Compromise. Douglas, an ardent believer in grassroots democracy, felt that all the territories should be subject to popular sovereignty. Seen as a concession to the South, the act led to an influx of pro- and anti-slavery forces into Kansas. Operating from rival territorial capitals, the "Free Staters" and "Border Ruffians" engaged in open violence for three years.
Though pro-slavery forces from Missouri had openly and improperly influenced elections in the territory, President James Buchanan accepted their Lecompton Constitution, and offered it to Congress for statehood. This was turned down by Congress which ordered a new election. In 1859, the anti-slavery Wyandotte Constitution was accepted by Congress. The fighting in Kansas further heightened tensions between North and South.
As the South recognized that control of the government was slipping away, it turned to a states' rights argument to protect slavery. Southerners claimed that the federal government was prohibited by the Tenth Amendment from impinging upon the right of slaveholders take their "property" into a new territory. They also stated that the federal government was not permitted to interfere with slavery in those states where it already existed. They felt that this type of strict constructionist interpretation of the Constitution coupled with nullification, or perhaps secession would protect their way of life.
The issue of slavery was further heightened by the rise of the Abolitionist movement in the 1820s and 1830s. Beginning in the North, adherents believed that slavery was morally wrong rather than simply a social evil. Abolitionists ranged in their beliefs from those who thought that all slaves should be freed immediately (William Lloyd Garrison, Frederick Douglas) to those calling for gradual emancipation (Theodore Weld, Arthur Tappan), to those who simply wanted to stop the spread of slavery and its influence (Abraham Lincoln).
Abolitionists campaigned for the end of the "peculiar institution" and supported anti-slavery causes such as the Free State movement in Kansas. Upon the rise of the Abolitionists, an ideological debate arose with the Southerners regarding the morality of slavery with both sides frequently citing Biblical sources. In 1852, the Abolitionist cause received increased attention following the publication of the anti-slavery novel Uncle Tom's Cabin. Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe, the book aided in turning the public against the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850.
John Brown first made a name for himself during the "Bleeding Kansas" crisis. A fervent abolitionist, Brown, along with his sons, fought with anti-slavery forces and were best known for the "Pottawatomie Massacre" where they killed five pro-slavery farmers. While most abolitionists were pacifists, Brown advocated violence and insurrection to end the evils of slavery.
In October 1859, financed by the extreme wing of the Abolitionist movement, Brown and eighteen men attempted to raid the government armory at Harper's Ferry, VA. Believing that the nation's slaves were ready to rise up, Brown attacked with the goal of obtaining weapons for the insurrection. After initial success, the raiders were cornered in the armory's engine house by local militia. Shortly thereafter, US Marines under Lt. Col. Robert E. Lee arrived and captured Brown. Tried for treason, Brown was hanged that December. Before his death, he predicted that "the crimes of this guilty land will never be purged away; but with Blood."
The Collapse of the Two-Party System
The tensions between North and South were mirrored in a growing schism in the nation's political parties. Following the compromise of 1850 and the crisis in Kansas, the nation's two major parties, the Whigs and Democrats, began to fracture along regional lines. In the North, the Whigs largely blended into a new party: the Republicans.
Formed in 1854, as an anti-slavery party, the Republicans offered a progressive vision for the future that included an emphasis on industrialization, education, and homesteading. Though their presidential candidate, John C. Frémont, was defeated in 1856, the party polled strongly in the North and showed that it was the Northern party of the future. In the South, the Republican Party was viewed as a divisive element and one that could lead to conflict.
With the division of the Democrats, there was much apprehension as the election 1860 approached. The lack of a candidate with national appeal signaled that change was coming. Representing the Republicans was Abraham Lincoln, while Stephen Douglas stood for the Northern Democrats. Their counterparts in the South nominated John C. Breckinridge. Looking to find a compromise, former Whigs in the border states created the Constitutional Union Party and nominated John C. Bell.
Balloting unfolded along precise sectional lines as Lincoln won the North, Breckinridge won the South, and Bell won the border states. Douglas claimed Missouri and part of New Jersey. The North, with its growing population and increased electoral power had accomplished what the South had always feared: complete control of the government by the free states.
In response to Lincoln's victory, South Carolina opened a convention to discuss seceding from the Union. On December 24, 1860, it adopted a declaration of secession and left the Union. Through the "Secession Winter" of 1861, it was followed by Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas. As states departed, local forces took control of federal forts and installations without any resistance from the Buchanan Administration. The most egregious act took place in Texas, where Gen. David E. Twiggs surrendered one-quarter of the entire standing US Army without a shot fired. When Lincoln finally entered office on March 4, 1861, he inherited a collapsing nation.
The war.
There were two important areas where the American Civil War was fought - in the west and in the east.
In the eastern area, there was the US capital, Washington D.C., and the Confederate capital, Richmond. These two cities are only about 90 miles apart. In this area, the Confederate military leader from 1862 until the end of the war was Robert E. Lee. Lee was a great general, and won many battles. Many times, his actions prevented the smaller number of Confederate troops from being badly beaten or destroyed by the Union troops. Even though the North had more soldiers, they could not capture Richmond until the end of the war in 1865.
In the western area, there was the great river, the Mississippi. Ulysses S. Grant (who later became US President) won many battles here. The North captured almost all the cities on the Mississippi River, but the Confederacy still held Vicksburg, an important city and fort. On the 4th of July, 1863, following a long siege, Vicksburg surrendered to Grant. This divided the Confederacy into two. This victory is considered to be one of the turning points of the war.
One of the greatest campaigns of the Civil War was a major assault on the Confdederate Capitol, Richmond, led by Colonel Darrell Rivers, who single handedly marched about 5,000 infantry (foot soldiers) composed mostly of Irish volunteers, directly into enemy territory. Around September, 1863, Rivers' forces engaged Confederate forces at the Battle of Huntington. This battle resulted in about 12,000 confederate casualties (dead and wounded), though Colonel Rivers and most of his men were killed in an epic bayonet charge. His memory lives on to this day, a flagpole stands in his honour at the front of Huntington Beach High School in California, erected by his great great-grandson Boy Scout Field Marshal Darrell Rivers, an Eagle Scout.
Another major turning point occurred at about the same time in the east. After several victories, General Lee decided to invade the North. Lee and his Army of Northern Virginia went into Pennsylvania. The Confederate army met the Union army near Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. The Battle of Gettysburg was fought over a three day period, July 1-3 in 1863. The invasion was stopped by the Union, and Lee and the Confederate Union were made to go back to the South.
Lincoln decided that Ulysses S. Grant was his best general. He put Grant in control of all the Union armies. Grant attacked Lee again and again. Lee held out time and time again, but eventually the number of Union soldiers was too much for the smaller Confederate army. Lee decided he had too few soldiers to keep on fighting and he surrendered to Grant on April 9, 1865, near Appomattox Court House.
Inflation.
Inflation occured on both sides. The prices on everything skyrocketed and caused people from both the North and the South to go hungry if they could not afford the newly priced food.
After the war.
Many soldiers died for both sides during the war. The South was hurt the most because most of the war was fought there. The South's economy was hurt very badly, too. The Union Army stayed in some Southern states for many years. This time is called "Reconstruction". Reconstruction ended in 1877.
Also, soon after the war, several constitutional amendments were made by the US government and passed with enough support from the people. Slavery was ended by the 13th Amendment. The 14th Amendment makes it clear that all people born in the United States are citizens with equal rights that cannot be taken away unless they do something against the law. The 15th Amendment says that people in the United States cannot be kept from voting because of their race. (Citizens "could" be stopped from voting because of their gender, however. It was not until the passing of the 19th Amendment in 1920 that women could vote.) Other facts are that Generals Grant, Hayes, Garfield, Harrison, and McKinley became presidents or ran for the office.

Tutankhamun
Tutankhamun (sometimes called King Tut) was a Pharaoh (like a king) of Ancient Egypt from about 1334 BC to 1323 BC. He became Pharaoh of the 18th dynasty during the New Kingdom at 9 years old. Tutankhamun ruled only 9 years and died very young, at 18, so he is known as The Boy King. He was married to his half-sister Ankhesenamun, daughter of Queen Nefertiti.
Some scientists and historians think Tutankhamun was killed by someone else. When his mummy was examined by a CAT scan in January 2005, a very bad break in the leg was found. This may have been from a riding accident. Most scientists now think that Tutankhamun died because his broken leg got infected. Others believe that his vizier, Ay, murdered him, because Ay also succeeded him as Pharaoh. Because of this, Tut was buried in Ay's tomb and Ay in his.
The tomb was discovered in November 1922 by a man named Howard Carter.

Independence
The word independence means "not having to depend on anyone or anything else". It also means to "be strong and be able to survive alone". The word is usually used in a good way.
Anything can be independent. When people talk about independence, it is usually about people, countries, or different areas of science.
A country gets its independence when it is no longer part of another country. Sometimes countries get their independence in a war, like when the United States beat Britain in the American War of Independence. Countries can also get their independence peacefully, like Canada did. Help from another country may be needed to get independence, like in World War II, when the allies (especially the United States, Canada, Britain and the Soviet Union) freed many countries that had been controlled by armies of Nazi Germany, Italy and Japan.
Singapore gained independence from Malaysia in 1965. The newest country to get its independence was Montenegro. In June, 2006 it became independent from Serbia and Montenegro. This was done by a peaceful vote, although many other countries in the area fought wars. Other countries that became independent not long ago are East Timor (also called Timor-Leste) in 2002, Eritrea (1993), and Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992). However, some countries have political parties that discuss whether their country should become independent. Some examples of these are the Kurdish Independence Party (PKK) and the Puerto Rican Independence Party (PIP).

Anubis
Anubis is the Greek name for the ancient god in Egyptian mythology who looks like a man with the head of a jackal. Jackals are predators that look like dogs and live in Africa.
In Egypt.
People did not like jackals in ancient Egypt, because the animals messed up graves. The Egyptian people wanted to end this by deifying them. Deifying means in this case that they created a god that was a jackal as well. Therefore the god of the dead Anubis looked like a dog or jackal. Anubis became the god of the dead, because the jackals were often in grave yards at night. This made the people think that the jackals protected the dead people in the graves. The priests that mummified the dead kings (these kings are called pharaohs) were also dressed up as jackals. Now that the jackal had become a holy animal, dogs and jackals were kept as pets in the temples. After their death, they were mummified and placed in the temples. Anubis was the protector of the mummies against bad powers.It is also said he invented mummification. After a while Anubis also became the god of the dead. The Egyptian people believed that Anubis helped with the ceremony that was performed with people once they arrived in heaven. In this ceremony, the heart of the dead was weighed to see if the deceased person had lived a good life.
In Greece and Rome.
In later times, during the Ptolemaic period, as their functions were similar, Anubis came to be identified as the Greek god Hermes, becoming Hermanubis. The centre of this cult was in "uten-ha"/"Sa-ka"/ Cynopolis, a place whose Greek name simply means "city of dogs". In Book XI of "The Golden Ass" by Apuleius, we find evidence that the worship of this god was maintained in Rome at least up to the 2nd century. Indeed, Hermanubis also appears in the alchemical and hermetical literature of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance.
Although the Greeks and Romans typically scorned Egypt's animal-headed gods as bizarre and primitive (they mockingly called Anubis the "Barker"), Anubis was sometimes associated with Sirius in heaven, and Cerberus in hell.

Atum
Atum was the creator of everything in ancient Egyptian mythology. He represented the very first history; nothing existed yet except for him. According to the myth, he rose up out of the chaos waters of Nun and used his own female side to create Shu (air) and Tefnut (moisture). Out of the two elements water and air, the other gods and goddesses were born. The Egyptians believed he was the father of all the gods.
Atum was fist the partner of the earth then the partner of the setting sun.

Antisemitism
Anti-Semitism is the hating of or prejudice against Jews. The word "semite" relates to a family of languages and its speakers, which include those of Jewish descent and those who speak Arabic. However, in this usage, it generally is applied to Jews only. One of the most famous acts of anti-Semitism was during World War II. Adolf Hitler and the Nazi party killed almost 6 million Jews in an event known as the Holocaust.
Antisemitism is today condemned everywhere in Europe, except in Croatia, that takes pride in its Nazi past.

Esteban Huertas
Esteban Huertas (1876-1943) was a military leader from Panama.
He was born in Colombia. When he was 8 years old he ran away from home and he joined the army. He won many medals and in 1902 he became general. In 1900 he lost an arm when he fired a cannon.
In 1903 he was one of the people who made Panama independent. A year later president Manuel Amador forced Huertas to retire because he was afraid Huertas wanted to become dictator. Huertas died in Panama City in 1943.

Panama
Panama is a country in Central America. Its official name is the Republic of Panama, and it is most famous for the Panama Canal. Countries bordering Panama are Costa Rica in the Northwest and Colombia in the Southeast. Panama is between the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean. Most of the people in Panama are Roman Catholic (about 80%).
For ships, Panama is a flag of convenience.

Spanish language
The Spanish language is one of the most common Romance languages that came from the Latin language. The Spanish language is used by many people in the world today. This is partly because the people of Spain travelled to and colonized many different parts of the world. They started many new countries, and also new governments in some old countries. The countries that have Spanish as a official language are called the Hispanic countries
Costa Rica, Cuba, The Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rico, and El Salvador. In the United States and Belize, most people use the English language, but Spanish is the second most-used language.
Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela.
The Philippines, and Equatorial Guinea.
In Spain, there are other languages closely related to Spanish, like Catalan and Galician. Basque is also spoken, but it is not related to Spanish. Therefore, the Spanish language is sometimes called Castilian, named after Castile, a region in Spain.
The Spanish word for Spanish is "Español", and the Spanish word for Castilian is "Castellano".

Nahuatl language
The Nahuatl language is a language spoken by 1.5 million people in Mexico. It was the language spoken by the Aztecs, the Toltecs and perhaps by the people of Teotihuacan. Since the end of the Aztec empire, several dialects of Nahuatl started to exist. Nowadays people who speak different Nahuatl dialects do not always understand each other.
Also the names of the countries Mexico, Guatemala and Nicaragua come from Nahuatl words.

Stephen Hawking
Stephen William Hawking, CH CBE FRS (born January 8 1942) is an English theoretical physicist and mathematician. He is one of the world's leading theoretical physicists. A theoretical physicist is someone who uses information from experiments to make predictions about the world. Hawking writes many science books for the public, or the people who are not scientists.
Hawking is a professor of mathematics at the University of Cambridge (a position that Isaac Newton once had).
He has ALS or Lou Gehrig's disease, and because of that he can not move or talk very well. The illness has gotten worse over the years and he is now almost completely paralyzed. He uses a wheelchair to move and an Intel computer to talk for him.
He is one of the most clever living people.
Children's books.
Note: On, he criticises the unauthorized publication of "The Theory of Everything" and asks buyers to boycott the book.

Czech Republic
Czech Republic ("Česká republika") Formerly Czechoslovakia is a country in central Europe, also known as Bohemia. The capital and the biggest city is Prague. The currency is the Czech Crown ("koruna" - CZK). 1€ is about 26.5 CZK. The president of Czech Republic is Václav Klaus. The Czech Republic's population is some about 10.4 million.
Its official language is Czech language. The Czech language is a Slavic language.
It is related to languages like Slovak and Polish.
In 1993 the Czech Ministry of Foreign Affairs announced that the name "Czechia" be used for the country outside of formal official documents. This has not caught on in English usage.
Its history dates from the 9th century AD, for a long time it was one of the most powerful countries in Central Europe. Later on it was the biggest, most populated and richest country of the First Reich, where many Emperors started their career. Under the conditions of the Treaty of Vienna 1515 parts of the Czech Republic, then in the Kingdoms of Bohemia and Hungary came under Habsburg rule after the death of Louis the Jagiellon in 1526. They stayed a part of the Habsburg dynasty rule until 1918.
The area was a part of Czechoslovakia from 1918 to 1992.
Czechoslovakia became independent in 1918 from Austro-Hungarian Empire. The first Czechoslovakian president was Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk. Czechoslovakia peacefully split into two countries (Czech Republic and Slovakia) in 1993.
Czech Republic has been a member of the European Union since May 1, 2004.
Czech Republic has no sea; its neighbour countries are Germany, Austria, Slovakia, and Poland.

Flag
A flag is a piece of coloured cloth with a special design that is put on a pole as a symbol.
Flags first appeared more than 2000 years ago in China, and in Europe under the Roman Empire.

Karaite Judaism
Karaite Judaism is a kind of Judaism that accepts only the Bible as authoritative, and rejects the Mishnah and Talmud, which are explanations of the Bible by rabbis in the first few centuries of the Common Era. Karaite Jews believe that each person should be able to explain the Torah for themselves, instead of following the explanations of the rabbis.

Warship
A warship is a ship carrying weapons, which is used by the navy. Some warships also carry aircraft.
A submarine is a special kind of warship able to go under the sea.
An aircraft carrier is like an airport on a ship.
Other warships are used to supply ammunition, food, and other supplies to the larger warships. Some warships exists because they have powerful computers that can spy on nearby ships. Usually these kinds of ships are smaller, and do not have many guns or missiles themselves.

Coast guard
A Coast Guard is a military or semi-military organization, similar to the Navy, but its main duties are the protection of a country's sea territories from terrorism and crimes, and to rescue ships and boats in danger. The most famous coast guard is the United States Coast Guard (USCG). Sometimes, the coast guard is also a law enforcement organisation. The United States Coast Guard does this.

Equilibrium market price
An equilibrium market price is the price at which there is no tendency for it to change.
When price is lower than the equilibrium price, quantity demanded will be greater than quantity supplied. There will be a tendency for the price to increase.
When price is higher than the equilibrium price, quantity supplied will be greater than quantity demanded. There will be a tendency for the price to decrease.
Equilibrium market price is attained when the quantity demanded equals quantity supplied. It is sometimes called market clearing price.

E Pluribus Unum
The Latin motto "E pluribus unum" was suggested by the first Great Seal committee in 1776. The preferred English translation is: "Out of many, one." Consultant and artist Pierre Du Simitière chose the Latin motto, and his design expresses this theme.
This motto was well known to literate Americans of the 18th century. It appeared in the Gentleman's Magazine, published monthly in London since 1731. The legend "E pluribus unum" was used on the title pages of the annual volumes that contained a collection of the year's twelve editions of the magazine.
In Thomson's 1782 sketch, for the final design, Charles Thomson put this motto on a scroll held in the bald eagle's beak.
"E pluribus unum" is a clear reference to the thirteen colonies united into one nation – symbolized by the shield on the eagle's breast. As explained in the official description of the Great Seal, the thirteen vertical stripes "represent the several states all joined in one solid compact entire, supporting a Chief, which unites the whole & represents Congress. The Motto alludes to this union."

Samba
Samba is a kind of music, dancing, and singing.
The music is made with many different instruments - bass drums (a surdo drum, used for keeping a steady beat), snare drums, a whistle (called an apito[a-peet-oh], used for beginning and ending sections of music),other types of untuned percussion, and different varieties of bells.
Samba Music is mostly made by different instruments making their own unique repeated rhythm used at the same time, making pieces sound ongoing and interesting. There are also sections of Samba pieces where each instrument plays the same repeated rhythm a number of times called unison.
Other sections are when the apito blasts one rhythm, and all other instruments respond using another rhythm (that lasts the same amount of time as the first), called a call and response section; and a Samba piece can have instrument solos, when one instrument is playing an exciting rhythm.
The apito caller signals the end of one section and the beginning of the next by blasting a short call.
Pieces always have clear beginnings and ends.

Nuclear weapon
A nuclear weapon is a weapon that uses the energy produced by nuclear fission or nuclear fusion. The two main types of nuclear weapons are fission weapons (also known as "atomic bombs", "atom bombs", or "A-bombs") and fusion weapons (also known as "hydrogen bombs", "H-bombs", or "thermonuclear bombs").
Nuclear weapons are very powerful, and one nuclear weapon can destroy a city. They get their energy by changing some of their matter into energy.
The first nuclear weapons were created by the United States during World War II and used against the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan. This development was called the Manhattan Project. The Manhattan Project took place in Los Alamos, New Mexico. The first atomic bomb was tested at the Trinity site at White Sands in southern New Mexico.
Nuclear weapons are made from the elements uranium or plutonium. Certain forms of these elements can be made to undergo nuclear fission and have a nuclear chain reaction. This produces a very large amount of energy and radiation, and will kill any people or animals within several kilometers.
A hydrogen bomb, or fusion bomb, is a nuclear weapon which utilizes hydrogen isotopes (deuterium and tritium) as another type of fuel. Hydrogen bombs can be many hundreds of times more powerful than fission bombs.
Nuclear weapons are carried by bombers (like the B-36 Peacemaker, B-52 Stratofortress and B-2 Spirit). These bombers are called strategic bombers. They are also carried by missiles (these missiles are called ICBM's if they are launched from land, and SLBM's if they are launched from a submarine).
Nuclear weapons cost a lot of money to make, because the materials they are made of are very rare and it takes many scientists to make them. But many countries have managed to create nuclear weapons. Many countries in the world possess nuclear weapons today. In the order that they first made nuclear weapons, they are: United States (1945), Russia (1949), United Kingdom (1952), France (1960), China (1964), India (1974), and Pakistan (1998). Israel is thought to also have nuclear weapons, but they have never admitted it. Many people said that North Korea had nuclear weapons, and they have said that they do but now they say that they won't make any more. In (2006), North Korea held their first official nuclear test. South Africa once had nuclear weapons, but now says that it has destroyed them all. Iran is believed to be making nuclear weapons, but they say they are just making nuclear energy. When countries get or try to get nuclear weapons, it is called nuclear proliferation.

Chojnów
Chojnów is small city in Poland. As of the year 2000, 14,900 people live in the city. The city is located on the river Skora. The city belongs to the county Legnica. It is located in the region Dolnoslaskie. The average height of the city is 170 meters above sea level.
Chojnów is first mentioned in a note dated 1272 as a Haynow settlement. In 1288 it's called city (civitas) in documents of Prince of Legnica Henryk V Gruby. In 1333 in gained the status of a city (civitas).
Activities and events.
Every year in first days of June, Days of Chojnów (Dni Chojnowa) are celebrated. The Whole-Poland bike race Masters has been organized in Chojnów once a year for the past few years.
Chojnów is an industrial and agricultural city. Among products produced in Chojnów are: paperware, agricultural machinery, chains, metal furniture for hospitals, equipment for the meat industry, beer, wine, leather clothing, clothing for infants, children and adults.
Sites.
The most interesting monuments of Chojnów are prince of Legnica's castle from the 13th century (currently used as a museum), two old churches, Baszta Tkaczy (Weavers' Tower) and preserved fragments of city walls.
The biggest green area in Chojnów is small forest Park Piastowski (Piast's Park), named after Piast dynasty as part of Communist anti-German propaganda.
Wild animals that can be found around Chojnów are roe-deers, foxes, rabbits and wild domestic animals, especially cats.

Comics
Comics is short for "comic strips", usually a section in a newspaper. They can also be published in a magazine called a "comic book". The word "comic" simply means "funny", and can also refer to a person who tells jokes.
In comics, a story is told through different images, mostly in panels, following each other in order.
That means the first panel is supposed to be read first, and take place earlier in time than the panels following it.
In comics, speech is usually shown through word balloons.
There are many different kinds of word balloons, such as the "speech balloon", the "thought balloon" and the "scream balloon".
One difference between a comic and a simple cartoon is that a comic has many images,
while a cartoon only has one.
In Japan, comics are very popular. The Japanese word for comics is manga.
Manga can be either singular or plural, and can mean both the medium of comics, and a single comic example.

Diamond
Diamonds are very rare gemstones. They are referred to as womens' best friends. Many of them are clear, but some of them have colors, like yellow, red, blue, green and pink. Big diamonds are very rare, and are worth a lot of money. This is because a diamond is very useful - it is very hard and it spreads light very well. There are natural and synthetic diamonds. The earth makes natural diamonds. People make synthetic diamonds.
Diamonds are actually made of carbon, the same chemical element as graphite, fullerene, and coal. But diamonds are very hard and in crystalline form. Diamonds are the hardest of all materials found normally on earth.
Because many diamonds are beautiful, people make jewelry using them. They are the rarest of stones and some people will do anything to get their hands on them. Because diamonds are very hard, they are sometimes used to cut hard things, or to grind things so they are very smooth. In fact, the only thing hard enough to cut a diamond is another diamond.
Diamonds are very effective electrical insulators, but also very good conductors of heat.
Diamonds are made deep in the earth, where there is an intense amount of pressure and heat that makes the diamond form. (This makes the diamond a "metamorphic" rock.) Sometimes magma (very hot, liquid rock deep in the earth) having diamonds will come near the top of a volcano. People find diamonds where volcanoes were a long time ago. Sometimes people find diamonds on the top of the ground. But in places like South Africa, they must dig deep down into a diamond mine to get diamonds. Diamonds were first found in India.
De Beers is the leader of the diamond industry.
As well as Pangea Diamond Fields of South Africa.

Thanksgiving
Thanksgiving is a holiday in the USA when people give thanks. It is celebrated every year on the fourth Thursday of November.
In 1863, Abraham Lincoln set aside the last Thursday of November as a national Day of Thanksgiving. Congress permanently established the fourth Thursday of each November as a national holiday in the year 1941.
The First Thanksgiving.
Although not as famous, the first "day of Thanksgiving" actually took place at Berkeley Hundred, Virginia in 1619 - a year before the Mayflower brought the Pilgrims to Massachusetts.
The Pilgrims were early settlers on the east coast of North America. They traveled from England on a ship called "The Mayflower" and made their new home in what is now Plymouth, Massachusetts, 380 km northeast of what is now New York.
Many of the pilgrims died during their first winter in North America. They were cold and did have enough food. The following year, though, the Native Americans, who were from the Wampanoag tribe, helped them grow crops. At harvest time in the winterof 1621, they were very thankful that they had a good crop of food to eat during the coming winter. They thanked God and the Wampanoags for teaching them how to grow crops.
They invited three of the Wampanoags who had helped them to their feast. They were Squanto, Samoset, and Chief Massasoit. The Wampanoags brought their families. This was over 90 people. There were so many people that the Pilgrims did not have enough food to make the meal, so the Wampanoags brought along their own food for the feast.
The Wampanoags brought turkey, duck, fish, deer, berries, squash, cornbread, and pizza -- things that they had farmed for which they had shown the Pilgrims how to care for.
Thanksgiving today.
The Thanksgiving holiday is a four-day holiday over the weekend. Families and friends usually eat a special meal together (usually with a turkey as the main dish) and remember a group of settlers, called the "Pilgrims" who came from England in 1620 to make a new life in North America. The food eaten today for Thanksgiving is much different than the food that was eaten at the First Thanksgiving in 1621.

Nobel Prize
Every year, prizes called Nobel Prizes are given to people who have done very well in different areas. These areas include Literature, Science and Peace. The Nobel Prize was named after Alfred Nobel. For many people, winning a Nobel Prize is a very special thing in their lives.
Prize categories and winners.
The Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, sometimes called the "Nobel Prize in Economics", was not a part of Nobel's will. It was started in 1969 by Sveriges Riksbank, the Bank of Sweden. Since this prize was not in Nobel's will, and is not paid for by his money, it is not a Nobel Prize. However, it is awarded together with the other Nobel prizes.

Graph
A graph is a picture designed to express words. You can have graphs for maths, which show the connection between numbers.
In mathematics, graphs come in many forms, like Cartesian and Polar. They are drawn out using a system of coordinates to notate points.

Collision detection
Collision detection is a program made into computers to make it able to detect things which may knock into it. When a computer shows two things on the screen, or controls two things in real life (like robots), it does not know that these are solid and can crash into each other.
It is also called CD (for collision detection) or "interference detection".

Berkeley Software Distribution
Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) is a kind of the UNIX operating system that is distributed for free since 1989. It was started by people in Berkeley, California, USA in the year 1977. Now, people from around the world work on it.
There are many different kinds of BSD that many people have worked on. Some of them are NetBSD, FreeBSD, OpenBSD and Mac OS X

Jacques Cartier
Jacques Cartier was a French trader and explorer. He was born on December 31, 1491 in Saint-Malo, a small town in Brittany (which was later part of France), and lived until September 1,1557). He sailed three times to Canada looking for gold.
He was the first European man to see Prince Edward Island, the St. Lawrence River, and also Hochelaga (today called Montreal), where the Wendats (also called "Huron" and "Wyandot", an Iroquoian people) and other First Nations (or American Indian) tribes lived.
European countries raced to take the land and riches from the New World. Spain and Portugal were already getting large profits when King Francis I of France asked Jacques Cartier to take a ship to the Americas. Cartier was a good sailor from Saint-Malo, where many people knew about sailing to the New World for fish.
Cartier sailed to what is now Canada in 1534. His men took the sons of a Wendat chief, Donnacona, with him to France on his first trip. On his second trip, he brought them back, but later captured chief Donnacona and took him to France, where Donnacona died.
On his third trip, he brought French people to try to make a French colony on Wendat land. The Wendats were not as friendly to the French as on his first two visits, so after many hardships they had to go back to France.
Because Cartier first led the French to visit Canada, the French later said they had a right to control Eastern Canada.

Vasco da Gama
Vasco da Gama (1460 or 1469?-December 24, 1524) was a Portuguese sailor. He was the first European who went to India through the Cape of Good Hope, the southern end of Africa. He went to India three times by ship.
His exact date of birth was unknown but he was said to have been a knight in the 1490s at Sine, Portugal.
On July 8, 1497 four ships (the "São Gabriel", the "São Rafael", the "Berrio", and a storage ship of unknown name) left Lisbon, and his first trip to India began. Before him, no European had sailed past South Africa, even though another Portuguese explorer, Bartolomeu Dias had already been that far. Since it was almost Christmastime, da Gama's crew gave the coast they were passing the name Natal (meaning "Christmas" in Portuguese), a name it keeps today.
By January, they had reached modern-day Mozambique, a coastland of East Africa controlled by Arabs as part of the Indian Ocean's network of trade. They were chased away by an angry crowd who discovered they were not Muslims, and continued north to Kenya. There, at Malindi, da Gama was able to employ a pilot from India, who brought the Portuguese the rest of the way to Calicut (the exact Malayalam name is "Kozhikode") on the southwest coast of India on May 20, 1498. He left a few Portuguese in Calicut, and was asked by the ruler of that city to leave everything he owned too, but he escaped and returned to Portugal in September 1499.
He sailed on his next trip in 1502, after he found out that the people of Calicut had killed the Portuguese he had left behind. On this trip, he plundered all the Arab and Indian ships he found in the Indian Ocean, then went on to Calicut and took over that city, capturing much wealth. This made the King of Portugal very happy with him.
He went on one last trip in 1524, to be the viceroy (governor) of the colony that the Portuguese had in India by that time, but he died soon after he got there.

Kayseri
Kayseri is a city in the center of Turkey. Kayseri used to be called Mazaka or Kaisareia. The city has a population of nearly 1 million. Famous meals in this city are pastirma, sucuk and manti. Erciyes mountain is the third highest mountain in Turkey. It is 3917m high.

Lava plateau
One example of a lava plateau is the Columbia Plateau in Washington, Oregon, and Idaho in the United States. Its area is 63,000 square miles (160,000 km²) and is 6,000 feet(1.8 km) thick.

Iodised salt
Iodised salt (also spelled "iodized salt") is table salt mixed with tiny amounts of iodine and is used to prevent disease of the thyroid gland.
People only need a very small amount of iodine to prevent disease. Food crops usually get iodine from the soil, but some places around the world have low amounts of iodine. Iodised salt is a very cheap and good way of getting the necessary iodine.
Ordinary table (cooking) salt is a chemical compound called "sodium chloride" (its chemical formula is NaCl). "Sodium iodide" (NaI) is added to the NaCl to make iodised salt.

College
College is a kind of school, a place where people go to learn skills for future jobs. Most people go to college right after high school but other people choose to go later in life.
College is a career choice that most people make because it will help them to earn more money and live better lives.
In some countries, for example the United Kingdom, college means also a house belonging to a university, where students and teachers live together.

Battery
A battery is a device that can store electricity. Some are rechargeable, and some are not. They store direct current (DC) electricity.
A battery really means two or more wet or dry cells connected in series for more voltage, or in parallel for more current, although people often call a cell a battery. AA, AAA, C, and D batteries all have 1.5 volts. The voltage of a cell depends on the chemicals used while the amount of power or current it can supply also depends on how large the cell is; a bigger cell of a given type can supply more amps, or for a longer time.
The chemical reactions that occur in a battery are exothermic reactions and, thus, produce heat. For example, if you leave your laptop on for a long time, and then touch the battery, it will be warm or hot. However, the batteries used in laptops are called Lithium batteries and they do have a fire hazard (A few years ago, dell laptops that that were powered by lithium batteries began to catch fire, though this event was rare.).
Batteries come in lots of different shapes and sizes and voltages. It is possible, but not easy, to run wires to use an odd size battery for an odd purpose.
Batteries are always more costly/expensive than mains electricity. But mains electricity is not suitable for things that are mobile.
Bicycles have tail-lights that can be operated by batteries, and sometimes by a little generator powered by the wheels.
Hand and foot generators can be used to replace batteries, but they can be tiresome.
Wind-up generators are now available to power small clockwork radios, clockwork torches, etc.
Since clockwork clocks have been around for hundreds of years, and batteries for two hundred, it is amazing that no-one thought of a clockwork torch until recently.
Rechargeable batteries are recharged by reversing the chemical reaction that occurs within the battery. Although, a rechargeable battery can only be recharged a given amount of time (recharge life). Even iPods, with built in batteries, cannot be recharged forever. Moreover, each time you recharge a battery, its ability to hold a charge is degraded a bit. Never attempt to recharge a non-rechargeable battery, the battery acids inside will most likely leak out.
History.
The very first batteries were invented in the middle east around 1000 B.C.
The first battery was invented in 1800 by Alessandro Volta. Nowadays, his battery is called the voltaic pile.
Later batteries were bottles with a fluid and some metal rods in them. People had to be careful not to turn these batteries upside-down so the fluid would spill.
In modern batteries, the fluid is "soaked up" in a kind of paste. And everything is put in a completely tight case: Because of this case, nothing can spill out of the battery.

Knife
A knife is a metal tool with a sharpened metal blade that is used to cut all sorts of things. The plural form of "knife" is "knives".
Picking the right type of knife.
There are many kinds of knives depending what to be cut. With the right knife, cutting can be done efficiently (well). With the wrong kind of knife, cutting will be less efficient. When a knife is too small to cut something, a saw, axe, or power tool may be needed.
Illegal types of knives.
Carrying knives is illegal in many countries, especially if the blade is longer than several inches. Another type of knife which is illegal in many places is the "switchblade", a knife that has a button which when pressed activates a spring to open the knife.

Nyngan, New South Wales
Nyngan is a town 160 kilometres north West of, and 190 kilometres South east of Bourke in the Central West Plains of New South Wales in Australia. It is a town of 2500 people. It exists because of the people who work on the farms and in a copper mine, 50 kilometres to the West.
It remains also well known as one of the last depots of Cobb and Co, the famous inland transporter of the 19th century (1801 to 1900). One of the overnight depots was at Nyngan because it is about half way between Dubbo and Bourke. In the days of Cobb and Co, the trip from Dubbo and Bourke would have taken at least 4 days.
However, the route they took is not the route that is used today. The new route runs beside the railway. The railway is a direct line from Dubbo to Nyngan. There is not a single bend for almost 160 kilometres. In the other direction, the track goes 190 kilometres dead straight the whole way to Bourke.

Photographic film
Photographic film is a sheet of plastic used to record pictures. The plastic has been specially treated, so it is sensitive to light. That way, it is possible to record an invisible image with the plastic when it is exposed to light. Normal film is shipped in small canisters (boxes) that protect it from the light. A normal photographic film can hold up to 40 pictures. Once all pictures have been recorded, the film has to undergo a special chemical treatment. This is called "developing a film". Through that treatment, the pictures become visible (you can see them), and the exposed film is no longer sensitive to light. Different kinds of films exist. Some require more light to be exposed than others. There are also special films which can record infrared light.
Uses.
Films can only be used once. After that, it cannot be used again. When not in use, the film needs to be covered from light, otherwise it will record any lights that shine on it. This will make it useless to record a picture later on. Film comes in a can called canisters to cover it from lights rays.Film needs the right amount of light to make a picture. If the picture is too bright or too dark, it will not record correctly. The longer that the film keeps recording, the more light it will get. If what is being photographed is bright, it will be recorded faster. If it's darker, the film will need more time to record. Films that need less time to record the picture are known as "faster" film. Different speed of films are marked with an ISO number.The higher the number, the faster the films. Usual ISO numbers for
films are 100, 200 and 400. Film can only make picture from focused lights, if there is no lens to focus light, the film will only turn white from receiving just the light. A film with an ISO level of 200 will need half the time to record a picture than a film with an ISO level of 100 (for the same scene).
Films also comes in different sizes.The usual camera film comes in metal cans or canisters, but there are other camera films that comes in paper wrappings or in single sheets.

Compass
Pointing Direction.
A magnetic compass points in the direction of the North Pole (strictly speaking, the Magnetic North Pole).
A compass is very useful for navigating on oceans and in deserts, or other places where there are few landmarks.
The first compass was invented by ancient Chinese in the Han Dynasty. It was a large spoon-like magnetic object made of magnetite ore set upon a square bronze plate.
Drawing Circles.
A drawing compass is a drawing tool that can draw circles and arcs (incomplete circles) on sketches and diagrams. There is the mechanical, and normal compass. The mechanical compass is a compass that has a mechanical pencil, and the other is a compass that requires you to screw a pencil on to one end yourself, adjusting the length manually.
It consists of two legs joined at a hinge.
One leg contains a sharp point used to centre the compass while it turns.
The other leg contains some kind of screw fixture that can hold a pen or pencil.
Divider.
A divider is a drawing compass with two pointed ends, and is used to mark out distances and lengths.
The divider is so called because it can be used to divide a length in two, using theorems of Geometry.

Ferdinand Magellan
Ferdinand Magellan (1480 – April 27 1521); Portuguese: Fernão de Magalhães; Spanish: Fernando de Magallanes) was a Portuguese sea explorer, who later sailed for Spain also. When he worked for Portugal, he had adventures in many parts of the world like India, the Spice Islands, East Africa, and Morocco. After he lost his job for the King of Portugal, he went to work for the King of Spain.
He later became the first European who sailed on the Pacific Ocean, and the first known to lead a trip to sail around the entire world. He was also the first to sail through the Strait of Magellan, so it was named for him. Magellan himself was killed in the Philippines, before returning to Europe. 18 of his men, led by Juan Sebastián del Cano who survived the entire voyage and returned to Spain in 1522. This was the first ship known to sail around the world. One of the crew, Henry, a Malay interpreter who was picked up by Magellan on his earlier trip for Portugal, became the very first person known to travel all the way around the world, when they reached his home country and he stayed there.

Henry the Navigator
Prince Henry the Navigator (1394-1460) was a prince from Portugal. He was called Infante Dom Henrique in Portuguese. He was never a navigator himself. He got his name because he organized many ocean voyages on which lands were found. He is seen as the man who started European colonial expansion.

Concrete
Concrete is a very useful material for making all sorts of buildings and structures.
Its biggest advantage is that it bonds together bricks and stones and post more tightly than any other method known to mankind.
Concrete is as old as 5600 BC, and it was not invented by Romans as it is told.
Some kinds of concrete are waterproof, and some kinds even set underwater.
The ingredients of concrete include the cement, sand, gravel and water in varying proportions depending on the task.
The ingrediants are mixed together into a "paste", a bit like making "dough" for bread.
The concrete is then poured into place into formwork, and after a few hours it sets hard.
Since the semi-liquid concrete fills all spaces, a post set into concrete will not wobble.
Concrete is strong in compression but weak in tension, and for some purposes it needs to be reinforced with say steel rods. These rods are best galvanised to prevent rusting and corrosion.
Reinforced concrete buildings can be made to link all the parts together, the foundations, walls, floors and roofs, but concrete construction does not make buildings earthquake-proof.

Marathon
A marathon is a long distance running event where an athlete must run 26 miles and 385 yards. There are 1000's of marathons held in the world each year. It is a very difficult event and runners should practice running many miles before they compete.
History.
In 390 B.C. there was an important battle in Greece. There was an army from Persia that came to fight the army from Athens. The battle was held at a place called Marathon. The army from Athens was not expected to win, but they did. After the victory, they sent their best runner, a man named Pheidippides back to Athens to tell everyone the good news. He ran about 25 miles back to town.
In 1896 the first modern Olympics was held. They had a race called the Marathon. It was about 25 miles. Today the race is set at 26 miles and 385 yards. That is about 26.2 miles.

Holy Roman Empire
The Holy Roman Empire (German: "Heiliges Römisches Reich", in the 15th century: Heiliges Römisches Reich Deutscher Nation) was a collection of regions and free cities which all came under the rule of an emperor who was elected by the princes and magistrates of the regions and cities which comprised it, that existed in central Europe. When Charlemagne died, his Frankish Empire was given to his children and divided into 3 different countries: West Francia, Lotharingia and East Francia. The Holy Empire started when Otto I of East Francia became Holy Emperor in 962, and it was ended by Napoleon in 1806. The emperors claimed to be heirs of Charlemagne and that the Empire dates from 800 (when Charlemagne became Frankish Emperor).
In the 17th century the Empire was shattered by the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648). Nearly thirty percent of the population of the Empire had been killed. The Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation lost parts of its territory.
Until the 13th century, the Holy Roman Empire was powerful. Later, all the duchies and counties inside the Empire started to get more power. At the end, the Emperors didn't have a lot of real power any more, and the country existed only in name.
Voltaire, a French philosopher, once joked that the empire was neither holy, nor Roman, nor an empire.

Friesland
Friesland (Fryslân in Frisian, Friesland in Dutch) is a province in the north of the Netherlands The capital of Friesland is Leeuwarden ("Ljouwert" in Frisian). People in Friesland speak Frisian and Dutch. The Frisian language is also spoken in a small part of Groningen (province), and in East Friesland and North Friesland in Germany. In North Holland there's a region called West Friesland, but Frisians do not live there.
Agriculture and tourism, on the lakes and the isles in the Wadden Sea, are important sources of income.
The province is also famous for its ice skaters, and also for the Elfstedentocht (Eleven cities tour), an ice skating tour of 200 kilometers.
Pier Gerlofs Donia, was a giant from Friesland. He was 7,5 feet tall, and thats "very" big!

Groningen (province)
Groningen is a province in the Northeast of the Netherlands. At the east is the German region Lower Saxony, in the south is Drenthe, in the west is Fryslân and in the north is the Wadden Sea.
The capital of Groningen is also called Groningen. People from Groningen often call Groningen City "stad" ("city") and the rest of the province "Ommelanden" (which means something like "surrounding lands").
Important source of income are agriculture and natural gas extraction Slochteren.
Noticeable things in Groningen are the dialect, that is related to Low German, and the strong support for the communist party in the Northeastern part of the province.

Burgundy
Burgundy (French: Bourgogne) is a historic region in eastern France. The capital of Burgundy is Dijon.
It was named for the Germanic Burgundian tribe who migrated there from an island in the Baltic, as the Roman Empire fell apart, and set up a kingdom with its own laws. This included part of what is now Switzerland.
During the Middle Ages, Burgundy was ruled by dukes. In the 15th century it was very powerful, but after duke Charles the Bold died when he wanted to conquer the city of Nancy in 1477, Burgundy was taken by France. It was a province until 1790. It is now an administrative région.
The region is also famed for its wines: both red and white. With many well-known wines, such as Macon and Beaujolais originating here. (A few wines are also of the characteristic 'Arbois'-type - between red and white, almost yellow in colour).

Duke
Someone who is a duke is part of the nobility.
is higher than a count but lower than a king.
A female duke is a duchess.
The wife of a duke is a duchess.
The land that is ruled by a duke is a duchy.
The son of a duke inherits the duchy when the duke dies.
The word comes from the Latin word "dux", which means leader.

Latin language
Latin is an old language that was spoken by the Romans. People do not speak or write this language very much any more, but many students around the world study it in school. Latin is the official language of the Roman Catholic Church. In the Vatican, it is an official language.
The Roman Catholic Church still uses Latin as its official language.
Many words used in science and medicine were created from Latin words, or are Latin words.
There were two types of Latin, Classical Latin and Vulgar Latin. Classical Latin was the literary standard variety used by the Romans and is the one used by the Roman Catholic Church and studied by many students around the world. Vulgar Latin, on the contrary, was the more common spoken variety used by the Romans.
Latin was the most important language in the Middle Ages. It was taught in all European schools, and all universities used Latin as the teaching language. Latin lost its importance only in the Reformation.
Many languages spoken today came from the Latin language. Those languages are called Romance languages. The five largest Romance languages are French, Romanian, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish. Other Indo-European languages are related to Latin. The Romance languages are very close to each other, and it is possible for the speakers of one Romance language to understand another to at least some extent. For example, the speakers of Portuguese can well understand Spanish. It can be said that the Romance languages are modern dialects of Latin.
Basic structure and grammar.
Latin has almost the same structure as Ancient Greek. It uses a different alphabet, though. Latin has seven different noun cases, but only five are unique: Nominative, Genitive, Dative, Accusative, and Ablative.Another case, the Vocative case, is almost always the same as the Nominative case. Latin nouns are "declined", or changed, according to how they are used in the sentence. A noun can be declined five different ways. These ways are called declensions. The declensions are numbered 1 through 5 (1st Declension, 2nd Declension...), and each one has unique endings that identify the noun's declension. When a noun is declined, ten forms are made, two for each of the noun cases. Verbs also have a similar thing done to them; changing a verb is called "conjugation". When a verb is conjugated, six forms are made. There are 6 factors that can change a verb: person, number, tense, aspect, voice, and mood. In all, there are 120 possible forms for Latin verbs.

Middle Ages
The Middle Ages are a time period in European history. They started around the year 476 CE when the Western Roman Empire ended, and continued until around the time Christopher Columbus discovered the New World in 1492. The 'Middle Ages' are called this because it is the time between the fall of Imperial Rome and the beginning of the Early modern Europe. This period of time is also known as the Medieval Age, the Dark Ages (Because of the fall of education) or the Age of Faith (because of the rise of Christianity). To be exact, the term "Dark Ages" refer only to very early period, from 476 to 800 (coronation of Charlemagne).
Across Europe, the fall of the Roman Empire, after the invasions of different barbarian tribes, devastated towns and cities and their inhabitants. The Dark Ages are given this name because during this period of time Europe was in disarray, and it wasn't fun to live there. Much of the knowledge that the Romans used (science, technology, medicine, and literature) was lost. The Dark Ages period was marked by mass migrations, wars and plagues. Fortunately it was not long and lasted only some 300 years. Emperor Charlemagne was crowned in 800, and he promoted order, education and civilization. Europe began slowly regain what was lost during those centuries.
During the Middle Ages, Europe changed as the remains of a great empire (the Western Roman Empire) slowly became independent countries (England, France (The Franks), Germany (Germania), Hungary, Spain, Portugal, Poland, and Russia.
Byzantium: The other side of Rome.
Meanwhile the remains of Eastern Rome had become the Byzantine Empire, which had been established by Roman emperor Constantine in 330, and likewise had a capital city named Constantinople. The Byzantine empire controlled Southern Spain, Northern Africa and Asia Minor, but its lands were slowly eaten away against enemies like the Arabs, the Turks and the Franks. Due to geographic and man-made defenses the city of Constantinople was extremely difficult to attack. But, the Byzantines were eventually destroyed by the Ottoman Turks, who seized Constantinople in 1453. These Arabs had trouble pronouncing "Constantinople" in their own tongue and so changed the pronunciation, calling the city by its present day name, Istanbul.
Christianity and Early Europe.
During the Dark Ages period almost all sciences and technologies faded, and the only true unifying force came from the Catholic church. It is at this point in history that Europeans began to send missionaries to 'barbarian' tribes in an effort to seek converts. Also at this point the Roman Catholic church reached its zenith (around 1095) with the first of many Crusades against Islamic forces occupying the holy city of Jerusalem. The royal king Austin was also a very highly respected, rich king/soldier.
The Christian church formerly split between the Roman Catholics in the West and the Greek Orthodox in the East around 1200; a split related to the Eastern/Western Roman split in the 5th century.
The Crusades.
The Roman Catholic church was Europe's main unifying force in the Middle Ages; and the Papacy reached the height of its power in 1095. The first crusade was an attempt to reclaim the holy city of Jerusalem from the Muslim Seljuk Turks. Pope Innocent III was the first to call for a unification of European forces. There were a total of eight major crusades in the Middle Ages, many of which involved driving back Muslim forces or reclaiming cities such as Jerusalem and Damietta, some involved things as trivial as trade routes and personal grudges. The last crusade ended in 1291, bringing an end to nearly two hundred years of warfare.
The Vikings and European Exploration.
Around 800 AD a vicious new threat appeared from Scandinavia in the form of Vikings, who invaded, pillaged, and plundered vast areas of Europe for almost 200 years. The Viking raids ended in the 11th century as Vikings became Christians, and they began to settle and become more docile. At the same time the Scandinavian countries became unified kingdoms.
Leif Erikson is thought to be the first explorer ever to reach the Americas, around the year 1000. This new world seemed to have little to offer, and drastic weather changes seem to have killed off the small colony left behind in North America. Early exploration such as this usually happened because countries wanted to find new, faster, trade routes to other countries.
In fact, Columbus had originally set out to discover a faster route to India, under the assumption that there was only ocean separating Spain from the Indians. Even after he landed in the Americas he thought he had reached India, incorrectly calling the locals 'Indians'. This label continues to remain with today's Native Americans more than 500 years later.
Islam and its Golden Age.
Islam was founded in the early 7th century by the prophet Muhammad. Muslims believe that the Qur'an (Koran) was God's ultimate revelation to mankind and that Muhammed was the last prophet while Jesus was a prophet and not the son of god. The Qur'an was first given to Mohammed in the cave of Hira, near Mecca. Like Christianity and Judaism Islam is a religion that assents to only one supreme deity, also tracing its roots to Abraham. Islam spread quickly (quicker than any other religon)along the major trade routes of the old world, finding appeal with traders and travellers. All followers of Islam are charged to follow its five tenets, known as the Five Pillars.
The Islamic religion was split almost immediately after the death of Mohammed in 632; between the Sunni Muslims and the Shi'a. The Sunni religion is the majority (roughly 85% of Muslims belong to this sect), whereas most Shi'a live in modern day Iran. The Sunni-Shi'a split has been compared to the Roman-Eastern Orthodox split of the Christian church much later in 1054.
During the Early Middle Ages, Muslims achieved what is remembered as a golden age of knowledge. During these times of strife in Europe Muslims gathered the ancient texts of the great empires (Rome, Greece, Egypt) and attempted to re-integrate that knowledge. Muslims during this time invented algebra. Muslims are also credited with saving vast historic records such as the works of Aristotle, later brought back to Europe during the crusades, translated from Arabic. Europe remained inferior to the East in terms of knowledge in the sciences until the Crusades in the early 13th century. The Golden Age of Islam ended with the Turkoman invasions in the 11th century. Turkomans were uncivilized nomads.
High Middle Ages.
The period from 800 AD to 1300 AD is called the High Middle Ages. It is also called the Age of Chivalry, since that was the period of the knights. During this period the knowledge which was lost after the fall of the Western Rome was slowly regained and re-assumed. Kings united their countries and the petty wars and squabbles between the nobles were ended. The High Middle Ages is often called as the "Age of Faith", because the religion has the strongest influence on people's lives.
During this period the feudal nobility was the most important force in most countries. Kings were just the "first nobles". During this period magnificent castles and large churches called cathedrals were built. Many of those survive and are used even today.
The most important Medieval inventions were glass, horsecollar, wheeled plough, mass smelting of iron, and printing press. Advances in mathematics were made, and notable new institutions, such as banks, universities, insurance companies and corporations, were founded. The oldest corporation in the world, Stora Enso, was founded in the 13th century.
Asian Trade and the Bubonic Plague.
During the Middle Ages trade between countries become much more vast, mostly through the Middle Eastern / Asian trade route known as the Silk Road. Arabs served as the middle men in international trade. Trade in this time was based on how valuable the item was. The items that were higher value, and low weight, travelled the farthest (gold, silk, etc...), and items that were heavier and worth less would travel mostly short distances (food, for example, would mostly travel only within a few villages).
During the high Middle Ages, wealth began to return and consumers began to again demand luxuries. Silk, Porcelain, Spices, Incense, gold and gems, all travelled thousands of miles across vast stretches of deserts, mountains and plains. Glass was in turn imported from Europe to East.
Trade was greatly interrupted several times during the Crusades (1094-1291) due to the aggression between Muslims and Europeans, and because of Mongolian Invasions, and later because of the Black Plague. It is thought that the Mongols brought the Plague with them from Asia, and devastated the world population from 1348-1351. Almost a third of the worlds population was killed by the plague at this time, although the Americas were completely spared from the disease.
Buddhism in the Middle Ages.
Buddhism is a non-theistic religion (in other words, there is no god) that is based on philosophy. It originally began in India but is almost entirely gone from that area now. Muslim invaders drove out this system of beliefs, more or less forcing Buddhism to flee East (where it eventually took strong roots in China).
The Mongolian Empire and Chinese Exploration.
During the Middle Ages the Mongols created the worlds largest empire, controlling much of Asia, Middle East, and what is today far eastern Europe. Mongolia was so large and powerful that its strength lead to the "Pax Mongolica", similar to the Roman Pax Romana. In other words, the Mongol empire was so powerful that it created a period of time that saw no war; only a great deal of international trade and diplomacy along the Silk Road.
The famous Mongol leader, Genghis Khan built an empire that was so large it eventually collapsed under its own size (much like Rome did) around the time of Khans death in 1227. The former Mongol empire was split four ways, leaving the Chinese to become the dominant power in the Far East once again. The Chinese eventually regained control of northern China under the Yuan Dynasty.
Around 1405, A Chinese mariner named Zheng He sought to explore the world. His fleet of 300 'treasure ships' explored vast areas of the Eastern world, and were many times larger than anything the Europeans had built. (A Zheng He Treasure ship was wider than Columbus' ship 'Santa Maria' was long). Unfortunately for Zheng, his voyages were ended before he had a chance to discover the Americas.
Late Middle Ages.
Late Middle Ages were the last two centuries of the Middle Ages, from 1300 to 1492. During this period the gun revolutionzed the warfare and feudal nobility declined. States founded standing armies and enforced unified laws, unified money and national identity. Technology, economy and science developed. Cities were founded and existing cities grew larger and richer. France and England fought Hundred Years War. Russia regained its independence off the Mongols just like the Chinese, and Russia became the most important state in Eastern Europe.
In the 15th century, the Ottoman Turks conquered the Byzantine Empire. That event cut off the Silk Road, and the Europeans had to find new trade routes. In turn, the Muslims were driven off Spain. This event triggered the period called the Great Expeditions.

Louis Bonaparte
Louis Bonaparte ("Lodewijk Napoleon" in Dutch) (1779-1884), was a brother of Napoleon Bonaparte, who made him King of the Kingdom of Holland in 1806 and deposed him as King in 1810.
He was also the father of Emperor Napoleon III of France.

Michiel de Ruyter
Michiel Adriaenszoon de Ruyter (1607 – 1676) was a famous Dutch admiral. De Ruyter fought the English in the three Anglo-Dutch Wars and scored several huge victories. He won amongst others the Four Days Battle and the Raid on Medway, close to London, the English capital. He also fought battles against Sweden and France. He died because of injuries he got on a battle against France, he is buried in Amsterdam.

Johan Rudolf Thorbecke
Johan Rudolf Thorbecke (January 14, 1798 - June 4, 1872) was an important Dutch politician. In 1848, he wrote a constitution almost on his own. This constitution gave the king less power and the people more, so it made the Netherlands a democracy. Thorbecke was a liberal.

Karel Doorman
Karel Willem Frederik Marie Doorman (April 23 1889 - February 28 1942) was a Dutch admiral (Dutch: "schout-bij-nacht") during World War II.
In 1942 he was made commander of the combined American, British, Dutch and Australian fleet in the Dutch East Indies.
In February 1942, he led his fleet against a much stronger Japanese fleet in the Java Sea. This battle became a disaster for the Allies. Doorman became a hero in the Netherlands, partly of his last words to the fleet: "Ik val aan, volg mij!" (I am attacking, follow me).
Karel Doorman died when his ship "De Ruyter" (named after the famous Dutch Admiral Michiel de Ruyter) was hit by a torpedo and sank. There was enough time to escape, but Doorman rather went under with his ship, according to old tradition.

The Star-Spangled Banner
"The Star-Spangled Banner" is the official national anthem of the United States. Francis Scott Key wrote the words to it in 1814 after seeing British ships attacking Fort McHenry in Baltimore, Maryland during the War of 1812.
The words are set to the music of a British drinking song called "To Anacreon in Heaven". The song has 4 stanzas but only the first one is usually sung.
Lyrics.
O say, can you see, by the dawn’s early light,
What so proudly we hailed at the twilight’s last gleaming,
Whose broad stripes and bright stars, through the perilous fight,
O’er the ramparts we watched, were so gallantly streaming?
And the rockets’ red glare, the bombs bursting in air,
Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there;
O say, does that star-spangled banner yet wave
O’er the land of the free and the home of the brave?
On the shore, dimly seen thro’ the mist of the deep,
Where the foe’s haughty host in dread silence reposes,
What is that which the breeze, o’er the towering steep,
As it fitfully blows, half conceals, half discloses?
Now it catches the gleam of the morning’s first beam,
In full glory reflected, now shines on the stream
’Tis the star-spangled banner. Oh! long may it wave
O’er the land of the free and the home of the brave!
And where is that band who so vauntingly swore
That the havoc of war and the battle’s confusion
A home and a country should leave us no more?
Their blood has washed out their foul footstep’s pollution.
No refuge could save the hireling and slave
From the terror of flight, or the gloom of the grave,
And the star-spangled banner in triumph doth wave
O’er the land of the free and the home of the brave.
Oh! thus be it ever, when freemen shall stand
Between their loved homes and the war’s desolation,
Blest with vict’ry and peace, may the Heav’n-rescued land
Praise the Pow’r that hath made and preserved us a nation!
Then conquer we must, when our cause it is just,
And this be our motto—“In God is our trust.”
And the star-spangled banner in triumph shall wave
O’er the land of the free and the home of the brave.

Abdou Diouf
Abdou Diouf (born September 7, 1935) was president of Senegal from 1981 to 2000. He was the second president since the country became independent.

Needle
A needle is a small tool used to push or pull a thread through a small hole.
It is most often used to make clothing and footwear.
The needle consists of a short stick with a sharp point at one end and hole for the thread at the other end. Needles are now mostly made of steel, but in ancient or Stone Age times they would have been made of small bones or twigs.
Once the thread is put through the hole in the needle and "doubled-back" so that it cannot fall out, then the whole needle and its thread can be put through the material.

Province
A province is a subdivision of a country.
Some countries are divided into provinces. The word "province" comes from the Latin word "provincia".
Canada, the Netherlands, Pakistan, Spain, and Denmark are examples of countries that are divided into provinces.
Departements usually have less power than provinces. Cantons, states, Bundesländer and autonomous communities have more power than provinces.
Small countries like Singapore are not divided.
Province should not be confused with Provence, which is a region in France.

Jade
A Jade is a kind of stone. We use the name "jade" for two different sorts of mineral. The first sort is nephrite. This is a form of actinolite (asbestos is a sort of actinolite, too). The second sort is the mineral jadeite, and it is a pyroxene.
The two sorts of jade look nearly the same. People only found that they were two different sorts in 1863. Jade is very hard. In the past, people used it to make knives and weapons. Later, when people could use metals, they liked jade because it looked good. Today people also use jade for jewellery.

Viktor Yushchenko
Viktor Andriyovych Yushchenko (Віктор Андрійович Ющенко) (born February 23, 1954) is the President of Ukraine. On November 26, 2004, he lost the Ukrainian presidential election. However, he and his followers argued that the election had been corrupted. They argued that the election results had been falsified by the Ukrainian government, in support of the opposing candidate Victor Yanukovych. They organized political demonstrations in autumn-winter 2004 that gathered millions of people all over the country. They called the demonstrations "The Orange Revolution". The Constitutional Court ordered a second round of elections, which Yuschenko won.
Yushchenko claimed to have been poisoned by political enemy's. Certainly, he was hospitalized and his appearance shows signs of a grave illness.
His political party is now part of the government with the political party of his old ally Yulia Tymoshenko. She is the leader of the government.

Viktor Yanukovych
Viktor Fedorovych Yanukovych (Віктор Федорович Янукович) (born 1950), was Prime Minister of Ukraine from November 2002 until December 2004 (he was forced to resign (leave office early) on 31 December 2004). He again was Prime Minister of Ukraine from August 4, 2006 till December 18, 2007.
In November 2004, he won the presidential election. Viktor Yushchenko, his opponent, said the result was false. Large daily demonstrations suporting Viktor Yushchenko followed. They where named "The Orange Revolution". Ukrainian Judges decided that there would be new elections in December 2004. Victor Yuschenko won those elections and is now president of Ukraine.
Yanukovych was supported by Vladimir Putin of Russia and by the former Ukrainian president Leonid Kuchma.
Yushchenko claimed to have been poisoned in a bid to silence his "orange power" base. Certainly, he was hospitalized and his appearance showed signs of a grave illness.

Salt
In chemistry, a salt is any neutral chemical compound made of cations (positive ions) bound to anions (negative ions). The main type of salt is sodium chloride.
Solutions of salts in water are called electrolytes. Electrolytes, as well as molten salts, conduct electricity.
Table Salt.
The word "salt" in English often means 'table salt' or 'edible salt' (salt that can be eaten). This is made up mostly of "sodium chloride" (NaCl). It is one of the few minerals often eaten by humans, but it has other uses besides flavoring food.
There are different kinds of edible salt: unrefined salt (such as sea salt), refined salt (table salt), and iodised salt. It is a crystalline solid that is white, pale pink or light grey in color. It is normally taken from sea water or rock deposits. Natural sea salt includes traces of other minerals besides sodium chloride. Edible rock salts can be a little greyish in color, because of these other minerals.
Sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl) are the two elements that make up sodium chloride. Both of these are needed for all living creatures, including humans, but they do not need to be eaten in the form of salt, where they are found together in large amounts. Some peoples, such as the Yanomami tribe in South America, have been found to eat very little salt. Salt is used to control the amount of water in the body. Salt flavor is also one of the basic tastes. Salt cravings may be caused by not having enough minerals such as sodium chloride in the body.
Eating too much salt can make health problems more likely to happen, including high blood pressure. In making food, salt is used as a preservative (to make the food last longer) and as a seasoning (for flavor).
History.
Because salt can make things last longer, using it was one of the important things that let civilization get started in places like Egypt.
Salt was probably used there as long ago as 4000 BC. In ancient times, salt was worth much more, because it was hard to get, and could be used not only to give foods flavor, but also to make them last longer. Food could now be kept past its season, and taken on long trips.
People often traded salt for other things. It was of high value in China, Greece, the Middle East, and Africa. In the Mediterranean area, including Ancient Rome, salt was even used for money. The word "salary" comes from the Latin word for salt, because they paid people in salt. After people learned how to get salt from the ocean, salt became cheaper. The Phoenicians were some of the first who figured out how to do this, by pouring seawater on dry land. Then when it dried, they collected the salt and sell it.
Another use of salt was in war, as a way to punish a city by ruining its crops. This is called "salting the Earth". The Assyrians are said to have been one of the first to have done this to their neighbours.
Colour.
Salts exist in all different colours, such as yellow (sodium chromate), orange (potassium dichromate), red (mercury sulfide), mauve (cobalt chloride hexahydrate), blue (copper sulfate pentahydrate, ferric hexacyanoferrate), green (nickel oxide), colorless (magnesium sulfate), white (titanium dioxide), and black (manganese dioxide). Most minerals and inorganic pigments as well as many synthetic organic dyes are salts.

Business
A business is a method of organizing work, where one or more people offer to sell goods or services to other people, for more money than it costs them to make or give it.
The difference covers money for possible risks and for the company's profit. The profit is divided into two parts.
The number of people who work for a business can be as low as one, such as a barber shop in a small community, or as many as hundreds of thousands of people all over the world, such as a company that makes automobiles.
Some businesses do not need a fixed location, such as an office or a store. A carpenter or electrician who works for himself usually brings everything they need for work in their truck, and fishermen who stay out at sea work out of their boats.
"Business" can also mean the work or current state of the business, as in "doing business" or "business is good".

Winter
Winter is the coldest time of the year. It is one of the four seasons.
Winter begins on the winter solstice. In the Northern Hemisphere the winter solstice is usually December 21 or December 22. In the Southern Hemisphere the winter solstice is usually June 21 or June 22.

Junta
A junta is a Spanish word that is used for military dictatorships.
Often juntas got their power because of a coup d'état.
Greece, Chile, Mauritania, Guatemala, South Vietnam, and El Salvador are examples of countries that were once ruled by juntas.
The most famous junta nowadays is that of Myanmar, but Myanmar is not the only country that is ruled by a junta now.
Some autonomous regional governments in Spain are also called junta.

Nezahualcoyotl
Nezahualcoyotl (1402 - 1472) was king of Texcoco, a part of the Aztec empire. He was also a famous poet.
The name Nezahualcoyotl is Nahuatl, it means "hungry coyote".

Miguel Hidalgo
Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla (8 May, 1753 – 30 July, 1811) was a Mexican priest. He started Mexico's war of independence against Spain.He was also a rebel at that time.
Hidalgo started a great revolt against Spain in 1810. After a few months he was taken prisoner and executed. Hidalgo is remembered today as a great liberator in Mexico.
The Mexican state of Hidalgo is named after him.

Death penalty
Death penalty, also called capital punishment is when a government or state executes (kills) someone, usually because he or she has done a serious crime.
The death penalty is a very disputed and controversial topic.
About half the countries in the world have a death penalty, the other half do not. The United States, The People's Republic of China and Japan and Iran are examples of countries that have a death penalty. Canada, Australia and most European countries are examples of countries without a death penalty.
Over half the countries in the world have abolished the death penalty in law and practice: 75 countries have abolished the capital punishment for all crimes and another 20 can be considered abolitionist in practice. The latter retain the death penalty in law but have not carried out any executions for the past 10 years or more.
Most of the countries that have a death penalty use it on murderers, and for other serious crimes such as rape or terrorism. Other countries especially ones with Authoritarian or Totalitarian governments, however, also use it for more minor crimes like theft, or for saying bad things about the government.
Forms of execution.
Whenever the word "death penalty" comes up, extremists from both sides start yelling out their arguments. One side says the death penalty is good because it scares people away from doing things that could get them executed, the other side says there's a potential of executing an innocent man; one says justice, retribution, and punishment; the other side says that execution is murder. Most people know the threat of crime to their lives, but the question lies in the methods and action that should be used to deal with it. Throughout human history, governments and rulers have used many death penalty methods to execute people, such as crucifixion, flaying, and hanging. Some methods, such as crucifixion and flaying are are no longer used by governments, because people think that these methods of killing are too cruel. The gas chamber was found unconstitutional in the United States (that is: against the US constitution forbidding "cruel and unusual punishments") and is no longer used.
The following forms of execution are in use today.

Kofi Annan
Kofi Annan (born April 8 1938 in Ghana) was the Secretary-General of the United Nations. His term began in January 1, 1997 and ended on January 1 2007. He was replaced by Ban Ki-moon.
Life.
The United Nations is where all member countries meet to talk about things with each other, to prevent wars. Annan has been Secretary-General of the United Nations since 1997. The Secretary-General is like the president of the United Nations.
Annan was born on April 8, 1938 in Kumasi, Ghana, to an elite family. His parents, Henry Reginald and Victoria Annan, are from the two major ethnic groups that make up the Akan -- one of the groups of indigenous people of Ghana.
His father was half Asante and half Fante; his mother was Fante. The Asante were gold merchants while the Fante tribe were the middlemen in the gold trade between the Asante and the British.
Annan, whose first name means "born on a Friday," also had a twin sister, who died in 1991 from a still yet unknown disease. In Ghanaian culture, twins are considered special and are adored.
Annan probably got his first lessons in politics and diplomacy early on from his family. Both of Annan's grandfathers and his uncle were tribal chiefs. Upon his retirement, Annan's father, who worked as an export manager for the cocoa exporter Lever Brothers, was elected governor of Ghana's Asante province.
In 1954, Annan attended Mfantsipim School, an elite Methodist boarding school in central Ghana established under British rule. The Secretary-General credits the school with teaching him "that suffering anywhere concerns people everywhere." At Mfantsipim, Annan led the student body in a hunger strike to get better food from the school cafeteria. It was a success.
In the early 1950s, while Annan was at boarding school, Ghana was undergoing radical changes. Under the leadership of Kwame Nkrumah, a movement for independence was gaining ground and by 1957 Ghana had become the first British African colony to gain independence. "It was an exciting period," Annan told The New York Times, "People of my generation, having seen the changes that took place in Ghana, grew up thinking all was possible."
His works at United Nations.
Annan became Secretary-General of the United Nations in January of 1997, succeeding Boutros Boutros-Ghali of Egypt. Annan was a U.N. veteran who took his first job with the organization in 1962 and worked his way up through various posts including Deputy Director to the U.N. High Commissioner for Refugees (1980-83) and head of the U.N.'s peacekeeping efforts (1995-96). Annan was the first Secretary-General chosen from the ranks of the U.N.'s staff. He is also the first black man to hold the post and the second African (after Boutros-Ghali). In 2001 he and the United Nations were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for their ongoing work in global peace and cooperation. His second term began in 2002 and runs through the end of 2006.
Extra credit: Annan attended Macalaster College in St. Paul, Minnesota, graduating in 1961... He was a Sloan Fellow at MIT in 1971-72, receiving a master's degree in management... His wife Nane Annan, a lawyer and artist, is from Sweden...

United Nations General Assembly
The United Nations General Assembly is made up of all United Nations member states. The Assembly meets once a year, which usually begins on the third Tuesday in September and ends in mid-December.
Voting in the General Assembly on important questions, for example suggestions on peace and security, is by two-thirds of those present and voting. Other questions are decided by popular vote. Each member country has one vote.

Mining
Mining is the process of taking things from the ground. Any material that cannot be grown must be mined. Mining things from the ground is called "extraction". Mining can include extraction of metals and minerals, like coal, gold, silver, platinum, copper, and iron. Mining can also include other things like oil and natural gas.
Some mining is done by scraping away the soil (dirt) from the top of the ground. This is called "strip mining". Some mining is done by going deep underground into a "mine shaft". Some mining, such as gold mining, is done in other ways. Gold can be mined by searching in the bed of a creek or other stream of water to remove the flakes of gold. This is called "panning" or "placer mining".
Mining is the only way to extract coal, a vital source of energy. These mines can be strip mines, or they can be hundreds of feet in the ground.
A person who works in a mine is called a miner.
Underground mining is a dangerous job. Many coal and copper mines have accidents. Several coal miners die every year from accidents. Safety rules and special safety equipment is used to try and protect miners from accidents.

Bomber
A bomber is a type of airplane that is used to attack ground targets, mainly by dropping bombs. The first bombers were made at the start of World War I.
Bombers usually fly low to the ground and can fly at slow speeds. Because of this, bombers are not outfitted to fight other airplanes. To make up for this, bombers have many guns.
World War II.
Bombers in World War II had large crews, sometimes as many as 12 people. Usually a bomber had a pilot, a bombadier, a co-pilot/navigator, a nose gunner, a gunner on the bottom (which could shoot forwards and back, a tail gunner, a top gunner, and a couple of side gunners.
Modern day.
Bombers now have one or two people in them. The other positions have been replaced by computers. Bombers have very few guns on them partly because they are much faster. In bombing missions now, the pilot drops a bomb and leaves as quickly as possible. In the Vietnam War, bombers were made that could travel at Mach 2 or Mach 3, so a nuclear bomb could be dropped without killing the people in the airplane. This tactic was never used, obviously, but it changed the purpose of bombers.

Huntingdon Life Sciences
Huntingdon Life Sciences (HLS) are the largest animal testing company in Europe. They are based in Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom. They also have a laboratory in New Jersey, America. It is estimated that around 500 animals are killed at HLS in the UK every day. The UK lab carries out medical and product research for many organisations.
Many people feel strongly against HLS. The Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty (SHAC) campaign group are the main opposition group. SHAC were set up in 1999. The opposition to HLS has had many forms. While most animal rights people have used legal means of protest, some people have become extremists and done very bad things. Thus the opposition to HLS has become an example to many people of a good cause gone wrong.

Huntingdon
Huntingdon is a town in Cambridgeshire in the United Kingdom. It stands on the River Ouse near the A1, a major road in England.
The town was chartered in 1205 and founded by Anglo-Saxons.
Huntingdon also has the largest meadow in England; Portholme Meadow. There are many small villages in Huntingdon, it has a high street and a main supermarket. The A14 runs through it.

Condom
A condom is a device, normally made of latex, that covers a man's penis during sexual intercourse. It is used to help prevent pregnancy during vaginal sex. It can also help prevent the spread of sexually transmitted infections. Examples of such diseases are gonorrhea, syphilis, and HIV. Another name for a condom is prophylactic sheath.
Overview.
Condoms are rolled up when they are packaged, and are meant to be rolled over an erect penis. They are most commonly made of latex, but are available in other materials. Condoms normally have an expiration date on them. Condoms weaken after this date, and may not work properly. Condoms are also not designed to be used more than once.
It is important to know how to use a condom before using one. If a mistake is made, the condom may not work. This happens a lot. When using a condom for the first time, it could help to try using it alone to get familiar with condoms without any danger.
Nowadays women also can use condoms. Like male condoms, they increase protection for partners from pregnancy and STD's. Female condoms look like a sheath with a flexible ring on both sides of this sheath. With these rings the condom is attached to the vagina. It covers the vagina and cervix to prevent sperm from getting inside the woman's uterus. It is necessary to know that female and male condom should not be used at the same time. In this case both condoms may rub against each other and this will result in failure.
In preventing pregnancy.
There are two ways to see how effective condoms are. They are method effectiveness, where how many couples that use the condom every time they have sex properly do not get pregnant are looked at; and actual effectiveness, where the number of people that use condoms either correctly or incorrectly and do not get pregnant are looked at. Most studies show results of effectiveness over a year.
The method failure rate of condoms is 2% per year. The actual failure rate is different in different places, and the rates can be anywhere between 10 and 18% per year.
In preventing sexually transmitted infections.
Other sexually-transmitted infections may be affected as well, but they could not draw definite conclusions from the research they were working with. In particular, these include STIs associated with ulcerative lesions that may be present on body surfaces where the condom does not cover, such as human papillomavirus (HPV), genital herpes simplex (HSV), chancroid, and syphilis. If contact is made with uncovered lesions, transmission of these STIs may still occur despite appropriate condom use. Additionally, the absence of visible lesions or symptoms cannot be used to decide whether caution is needed.
An in "The American Journal of Gynecologic Health" showed that "all women who correctly and consistently used Reality® were protected from trichomonas vaginalis" (referring to a particular brand of female condom).
Causes of failure.
The most common reason for a condom failing is that the user has not put it on properly. A condom can also fail because it has been damaged, because the latex has weakened, or because it has come off the penis during sexual intercourse. Something else that can cause a condom to not work as it should, is sabotage. This is when one of the partners wants a baby, but the other one does not. Usually they pierce a condom with a sharp object, making the condom useless. Some people see it as not ethical, because one of the two sex partners does it without the other one's knowledge. There are websites that show how to do it, if the woman wants a baby, but the man does not.
One method of testing condoms for microscopic holes involves placing the condom being tested over one conducting form with another on the other side of the condom. If the condom does not prevent an electric current from flowing between the two conducting forms, it fails the test. Holes in condoms are unlikely if proper handling conditions (see below) are followed.

Osaka
Osaka (大阪) is the third largest city of Japan. It is in the Kansai region. It is the capital of Osaka prefecture and the economic and cultural center of the Kansai region. Osaka is located on the mouth of the River Yodo and on the Osaka Bay at the eastern end of Seto Inlandsee. Since 1980 it had been the second largest city in Japan. Sometimes it is called by its historical name "Naniwa".
Because it is located by the sea it is good for transportation. That is why an ancient emperor made Osaka the capital city. In the early part of the 8th century Naniwa was one of capitals of Japan. In the middle of the 16th century Toyotomi Hideyoshi founded Osaka castle and governed Japan in Osaka. The basis of development of Osaka was prepared in those times. Osaka castle was destroyed once by Tokugawa Ieyasu but Ieyasu choose Osaka as one of the political centers in the Western Japan. He made Osaka a direct dominion of the shogun. During the Edo period Osaka was a center of commerce, finance, pharmacy and other products. It was a center for literature and theater. Kabuki in Osaka is as famous as Kabuki in Edo and Kyoto. It is also known for bunraku (a traditional puppet theater) and manzai (a kind of stand-up comedy).
The people of Osaka enjoy their food. Traditional dishes include okonomiyaki (pan-fried batter cake) and takoyaki (octopus dumplings). Many people speak a dialect called Osaka-Ben (e.g. "oukini"="thank you").
After the Meiji restoration Osaka was modernized and industrialized. It was a center of Japanese industry. After the World War II its economical importance was relatively less because Tokyo grew as an international city and many companies moved their headquarters to Tokyo. But Osaka is still a large, important city.

Piano
The piano is a type of musical instrument. It is a member of the chord family. Its full name is "Pianoforte", which comes from the Italian words "piano" which means "soft" and "forte" which means "loud". It is called this because it can play soft sounds and loud sounds, something that most keyboard instruments could not do when it was invented.
A normal piano has 88 keys. Pianos use the keys to move hammers that hit strings inside, making a sound. A person who plays the piano is called a pianist.
History.
It is thought that Bartolomeo Cristofori made the first piano in 1709. Pianos used to be less sturdy. When Beethoven was alive, he hit the keys hard enough to break the pianos. After that, piano makers began to make stronger pianos, like the pianos people play today.
The clavichord looks like a piano but it is smaller and has a different sound. It has a small metal piece that hits strings, making a sound. The harpsichord also looks like a piano, but has a different sound. It has quills that pluck the strings to make a sound.
Piano parts.
A piano has a keyboard with white keys and black keys. When a key is pressed down, a sound is created. When the key is released the sound stops. There are also two or three pedals that people use by pressing them down with their feet.
Famous piano composers.
Some famous piano composers are Frederic Chopin, Ludwig van Beethoven, Johann Sebastian Bach, George Frideric Handel, Franz Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Franz Schubert, Robert Schumann, Karol Szymanowski, Johannes Brahms, and Franz Liszt.
Famous piano players.
Some famous piano players are Vladimir Horowitz, Franz Liszt, Liberace, Jerry Lee Lewis, Little Richard, Elton John, Billy Joel, Thelonious Monk, Sergei Rachmaninoff, Josef Hofmann, Tori Amos and Ray Charles.

Channel Islands
The main industries are tourism, horticulture (growing plants for food) and financial services (businesses to do with money). Most people speak English, although some people in Guernsey, Jersey and Sark still speak the traditional language of their island.
Constitutionally, the islands are part of the British crown, but are not part of the United Kingdom. Being part of the mediaeval duchy of Normandy, allegiance is owed to the Queen but not to the Parliament of the United Kingdom, which cannot pass laws for the Bailiwick of Guernsey and the Bailiwick of Jersey except for defence and diplomatic matters, except if the bailiwicks ask it to. In general, the bailiwicks are self-governing, but they often pass laws which are like United Kingdom laws. However some of their laws are still based on Norman law.

Hedonism
Hedonism is a type of philosophy. Hedonism can be generally summed up as a belief that "pleasure is the highest good" or that "whatever causes pleasure is right."
In Hedonism, people think that what makes them happy is good. Things that avoid pain are also good. Hedonism is focused around pleasure. There are different beliefs in hedonism. Some people believe it is important to get as many pleasurable experiences as possible, others believe that the quality of the pleasure matters. They think there are higher and lower pleasures. Some well known Hedonists were John Stuart Mill and Jeremy Bentham.
Many people also believe Hedonism is related to sex. This is not true. Sex can be a very pleasurable experience, but when philosophers talk about Hedonism, they think more about the pleasure of reading a good book, listening to classical music, or discussing with other philosophers.
Two types of Hedonism are Cyrenaicism and Epicureanism. Cyrenaicism is where people make themselves happy in the fastest amount of time. Epicureanism is where people like to be happy but they do so slowly so that they cause less pain to themselves. They also look more into the future and go for the higher pleasures in life.

Shinkansen
The "Shinkansen" (新幹線) is a group of high speed railway lines in Japan, upon which the famous "Bullet Trains" run.
The Shinkansen are run by the many companies of Japan Railway. In the past, Japan Railway was called "Japanese National Railways" It is now one group of private companies.
Naming.
The name "Bullet Train" is a Western translation of the Japanese word "dangan ressha" (弾丸列車), which was the name given to the project while it was being made in the 1940s. Nowadays, the trains are called Shinkansen trains. The name Shinkansen means "New Trunk Line". The trains are called "Super Expresses".
History.
Japan was the first country to build railway lines for high speed travel. Because Japan has many mountains, the pre-existing network consisted of 3'6" gauge (1067 mm) narrow gauge lines, which generally took indirect routes and could not be adapted to higher speeds. In consequence, Japan had a greater need for new high speed lines than countries where the existing standard gauge or broad gauge rail system had more upgrade potential. In contrast to the older lines, Shinkansen lines are standard gauge, and use tunnels and viaducts to go through and over obstacles, rather than around them.
Construction of the first segment of the Tokaido Shinkansen between Tokyo and Osaka started in 1959. The line opened on October 1, 1964, just in time for the Tokyo Olympics. The line was an immediate success, reaching the 100 million passenger mark in less than three years on July 13, 1967 and one billion passengers in 1976.
The first Shinkansen trains ran at speeds of up to 200 km/h (125 mph), later increased to 220 km/h (135 mph). Some of these trains, with their classic bullet-nosed appearance, are still in use for stopping services between Hakata and Osaka. A driving car from one of the original trains is now in the British National Railway Museum in York.
Many further models of train followed the first type, generally each with its own distinctive appearance. Shinkansen trains now run regularly at speeds of up to 300 km/h (185 mph), putting them among the fastest trains running in the world, along with the French TGV and German ICE trains.
Originally intended to carry passenger and freight trains by day and night,
the Shinkansen lines carry only passenger trains. The system shuts down
between midnight and 6:00 every day to allow maintenance to take place, including the running of Doctor Yellow test trains. The few overnight trains that still run in Japan run on the old narrow gauge network which the Shinkansen parallels.
In 2003, JR Tokai reported that the Shinkansen's average arrival time was within 0.1 minute or 6 seconds of the scheduled time. This include all natural and human accidents and errors and is calculated from all of about 160,000 trips Shinkansen made. The previous record was from 1997 and was 0.3 minutes or 18 seconds.
The first derailment of a Shinkansen train in passenger service occurred during the Chuetsu Earthquake on October 23, 2004. 6 of the total of 8 cars of the train on the Joetsu Shinkansen derailed near Nagaoka Station in Nagaoka, Niigata.
Future.
In recent years, due to noise pollution, increasing speed is getting harder. Thus, the current research is rather aimed to reduce the noise, particularly when trains exit a tunnel.
The Kyushu Shinkansen from Kagoshima to Yatsushiro opened in March 2004. Three more extensions are planned for opening by 2013: Hakata-Yatsushiro, Nagano-Kanazawa, and Hachinohe-Aomori. There are also long-term plans to extend the network to Sapporo (through the Seikan Tunnel) and Nagasaki, as well as complete a link from Kanazawa back to Osaka, although none of these are likely to be completed by 2020.
List of Shinkansen lines.
Most Shinkansen lines that were proposed during the boom of the early 1970s have been postponed indefinitely. These include a link to Shikoku by the Honshu-Shikoku bridge system, a link from Tokyo to New Tokyo International Airport, and a route covering the entire Sea of Japan coast of Honshu.

Copper
Copper is a chemical element. It is a reddish-coloured metal. Copper may well be the oldest metal in use, as very ancient copper tools have been found. Besides being part of ores, copper can be found in the metal form in some locations. Copper is used widely in many places.
When people mix Copper with tin, bronze is made. Bronze is an important metal, because it can be shaped into useful things, but it was more important before the use of iron was spread.
Copper is important in the human body. If someone does not get enough copper, the molecules in the body might not work. Having too much copper, though, can be a problem. Humans get most of the copper they need from food, and vitamins also contain copper to make sure we get enough.
Copper conducts electricity, so it is used to make different wires. It also does not react or rust easily, so it can be used for pipes. When copper does react to form new compounds, it turns a green color. The Statue of Liberty is made out of copper, and had to be cleaned because it had some green on it.

Prince
A prince is a male member of a royal family. A female prince is known as princess.
Each royal family has its own rules saying who is called a prince. In most of these families, the son of a king or a queen is a prince. In some families, the son of a prince is also a prince. In Monaco and Lichtenstein, the ruler of the country is called the prince.

Princess
A princess is a female member of a royal family, especially a daughter of a monarch. A son of a monarch is called a prince. In some cases a woman can become a princess by marrying a king.
A princess may also become a ruler by heredity or by marriage.
Sometimes the expression "princess" is used when a female has noble qualities such as kindness, charity, and virtue.

Ore
An ore is a mineral which has metal inside of it. Ores are mined. They can be extracted in many ways and are valuable for mining.

Gainesville, Florida
Gainesville is a city located in north-central Florida in the United States.
It is home to the University of Florida, the largest public university in the state. An alligator (Gator) named Albert is the mascot of the University of Florida. (A mascot is a symbol of qualities the school admires)
People think that growth of the city comes from building the university in the city. People of the city show their strong good feelings for the university by going to football games there, and by showing "Gator" symbols in businesses and homes.
The city is also famous as the birthplace of singer Tom Petty.

University of Florida
The University of Florida (UF) is a public university that is in Gainesville, Florida in the United States. The University is the largest in Florida, and is considered, with Florida State University, to be one of the two most important universities (flagship universities) that the state of Florida runs. The campus is 2,000 acres and has more than 900 structures, as well as other locations in the state of Florida. Important research activities at the university are in medicine, at Shands Hospital, and in agriculture. The mascot of UF is an alligator, and students and fans of the university's athletic teams are often called "gators."

X-Men
The fictional characters, the X-Men, are a team of superheroes who were born with special mutant powers, making them different from regular humans. The X-Men characters are owned by Marvel Comics, which publishes comic books featuring them as well as many other superheroes. The comic book was one of the first to combine social issues and commentary into a superhero story, set in a world where people with mutant abilites are hated by those born without them. This is similar to acts of racism seen throughout history. Unlike some mutants, the X-Men try to be good and show tolerance toward humans and other mutants.
Original X-men.
The original X-Men, as created by writer Stan Lee and Jack Kirby, were
and all first appeared in "X-Men #1" (Sept 1963).
The leader and mentor of the X-Men is Professor Charles Xavier, who is more commonly known as "Professor X" and has mental powers.
Other X-men.
Some of the X-Men's enemies include Magneto, Mystique, Sabretooth, Toad, Juggernaut, Mister Sinister and Apocalypse.
Other media.
The X-Men characters have since been featured in various comic book series, motion pictures, toys, animated series, and much more.

Iron Man
Iron Man is a superhero created by Marvel Comics. He created a suit of armor when he was hurt by a piece of shrapnel while visiting Southeast Asia.
Iron Man can fly using boot jets, shoot energy from his gloves, and is not hurt by most weapons like guns and cannons.
Iron Man's real name is Tony Stark. He is the owner of a large American company in his private life.

Andris Piebalgs
Andris Piebalgs (born September 17 1957 in Valmiera) is a Latvian politician. Since 22 November 2004 he has been the European Commissioner for Energy.
He was born in Valmiera and was educated at the University of Latvia in Riga. He worked as a teacher in Valmiera in the 1980s. After Latvia became independent from the USSR he was education minister (in charge of schools) from 1990 to 1993, and finance minister (in charge of money) from 1994 to 1995. He was Latvia's ambassador to Estonia from 1995 to 1997, and to the European Union from 1998 to 2003, when he helped Latvia join the EU. He also helped to start a political party called the Latvian Way.
He speaks Latvian, English, German, French, and Russian, and some Estonian.
Before he was made a European Commissioner Piebalgs worked for Sandra Kalniete, a member of the last Commission.

Augusto Pinochet
General Augusto José Ramón Pinochet Ugarte (November 25, 1915 - December 10, 2006) was leader of the military government that ruled Chile from 1973 to 1990. He became leader after he overthrew Salvador Allende, a socialist president.
About 3,000 Chilean people died because of Pinochet's rule and many other people were tortured.
Pinochet introduced many neoliberal free market policies.
The coup d'état that was launched to overthrow Allende and put Pinochet in power was supported by the United States, as was Pinochet's regime.
In 1990 he lost power, but he made himself senator, in order to keep from being arrested. He was forced to leave the senate in 2002, but he once again was not arrested, this time because it was said he suffered from dementia. In May 2004 judges said that was not true. On December 13 he was placed under house arrest, after Dr. Martin Cordero, Chile's top neurologist, examined Pinochet and was convinced that Pinochet was actually lying about his dementia. This went against the judgements of two other doctors, but the judge in charge of the case decided in favour of Dr. Cordero. Key evidence in this case was the fact that Pinochet had made statements to Cuban reporters which clearly contradicted his claims of dementia, recollecting his years in power.
He died from heart failure on December 10, 2006, having had a heart attack a week earlier.

Plasma (physics)
Plasma is a form of matter where the atoms are broken into pieces. The pieces are called electrons and ions. Because these pieces have an electric charge, they are pulled together or pushed apart by electric fields and magnetic fields. This makes a plasma act different from a gas, which is another form of matter. For example, magnetic fields can be used to hold a plasma, but not to hold a gas.
Plasmas are usually very hot, because it takes high temperature to break the bonds between the electrons and the nuclei. Sometimes plasmas can have very high pressure, like in stars. Stars (including our own Sun) are mostly made of plasma. Plasmas can also have very low pressure, like in outer space.
On Earth, natural plasma makes lightning and auroras. Artificial (man-made) uses of plasma include fluorescent lightbulbs, "neon" signs, and plasma displays used for television or computer screens. Scientists are experimenting with plasma to make a new kind of nuclear power, called fusion, which would be much better and safer than ordinary nuclear power, and would produce much less radioactive waste—maybe none at all!

Puebla (state)
Puebla is a state of Mexico. The capital of Puebla is also called Puebla. The volcanos Pico de Orizaba, Popocatépetl and Iztaccíhuatl are in the state of Puebla.

Dan Aykroyd
Daniel Edward Aykroyd (born in Ottawa,July 1,1952) is a Canadian actor in theater and motion pictures. He also is a script writer, director and producer
Short biography.
Aykroyd was born in Ottawa Ontario, Canada. His parents were Peter and Lorraine Aykroyd. He studied criminology and social science at Carleton University. He dropped out to join a Toronto acting company. Later he went to the United States to pursue his acting career in movies.
Dan Aykroyd is a dedicated Blues fan. For some time he hosted a radio program. He used the alias Elwood Blues. This alias he would later use in the motion pictures The Blues Brothers and Blues Brothers 2000. The first of these movies was co-starred by John Belushi, the second one by John Goodman.
Aykroyd is married to Donna Dixon. They are parents of 3 daughters. Dan's brother Peter Ayrkroyd is a researcher.

John Belushi
John Belushi (January 24, 1949 - March 5, 1982) was a American actor in movies and televion shows.
Belushi was born in Chicago, Illinois. His parents were immigrants from Albania. His brother is James Belushi, who is also an actor.
John was co-captain of the football team in high school as well as homecoming king in his senior year. In school he was already active in acting, but wanted to become a baseball-coach. His drama-teacher pursued him to become a professional actor.
He appeared mainly in TV shows, and was one of the founders of "Saturday Night Live". His "Blues Brothers" act with Dan Aykroyd was famous, long before "The Blues Brothers" movie (1980).
Unfortunately Belushi became a drug addict. He used both heroin and cocaine, and a lot of both. When "The Blues Brothers" was made, he spent about $40,000 to $70,000 a week on drugs.
John Belushi died in 1982 from a drug overdose.

The Blues Brothers
The Blues Brothers (Elwood Blues and Joliet "Jake" Blues) are fictional characters which became well known from the TV show "Saturday Night Live".
Elwood Blues was first played by Dan Aykroyd, in his radio program on Blues music. Jake Blues was played by John Belushi.
In 1980, Aykroyd and Belushi starred in the movie called "The Blues Brothers", playing again the same characters from TV. Unfortunately, Belushi died only two years later, due to a drug overdose. A sequel called "Blues Brothers 2000" (1998) starred John Goodman as new partner to Dan Aykroyd but it was not as successful as the first movie.
Both movies were made by Universal Pictures.
The Blues Brothers (1980).
The movie version of the popular characters was directed by John Landis.
Plot summary.
Jake and Elwood are sent off by Sister Mary Stigmata of the orphanage to raise money. The money is needed to pay taxes, otherwise the orphanage will be shut down. They try to do this by getting their band back together again.
Story.
"Joliet" Jake Blues is released from jail. His brother, Elwood, picks him up in a former police car. They go to the orphanage they grew up in, since Jake promised the orphanage "Mother Superior" (nicknamed "The Penguin"). There they find out that the orphanage is in need of money, for taxes. Jake and Elwood are sent off to earn it, but in a legal manner. From the start they are under continuous attention of the police. But Elwood does not mind; they wreck a complete shopping mall in a police chase. They arrive at Elwood's apartment, which is located directly next to an elevated railway. After a night's sleep the apartment is blown up by a mystery woman, right at the moment of a police raid.
The brothers have to find their former band members. They find "Bones" Malone and some others playing Latin music in a nightclub, as "Murph and the Magic Tones". Mr. Fabulous is maitre d' at a chic restaurant "Chez Paul". They convince him to join by ordering expensive bottles of champagne, and by acting like pigs, offending the other guests. They find Matt 'Guitar' Murphy and Blue Lou working in a diner. The place is run by Matt's wife, and she does not want them to join the band. Aretha Franklin, playing Matt's wife makes this clear in the song "Think!", but they go anyway. The next stop is Ray's Music Exchange, run by Ray Charles. Ray nearly shoots a boy who wants to steal a guitar (considering Ray is blind, that's amazing!). They sign an IOU for the equipment.
On the way to find the other members, they spoil a march of the Neo Nazi "American Socialist White People Party". The marching members are forced to jump off a bridge into a pond to save themselves. When the brothers try to call their booking agent, the payphone is torched by the mystery woman. Fortunately they survive, and find a couple of dollars change. The Neo Nazis in the meantime find out Elwood's address (which is faked: 1060 West Addison in Chicago is Wrigley Field, home of the Chicago Cubs).
The Blues Brothers end up in a Country & Western club, "Bob's Country Bunker". They steal the gig of the "Good Ole Boys". When Elwood asks "What kinds of music do you usually play here?", the answer is: "Why we have both kinds-Country "and" Western!". They are protected from beer bottles by chickenwire as they try their first song, but the audience get crazy. So they decide to do "Rawhide", and "Stand By Your Man", along with some other songs. At the end of the performance they owe the owner $100 (the beertab). They have to run from the owner, and from the real Good Ole Boys. On the run, the Good Ole Boys' camper is wrecked by a police car in pursuit.
They blackmail Maury (their agent) into booking the "Palace Hotel Ballroom" with 5,000 seats. All kids in the neighborhood help in selling the tickets. Elwood and Jake end up in a gas-station that is out of gas, and the gig starts without them. Cab Calloway sings the opening song "Minnie the Moocher". Both the police and the Good Ole Boys find out where the gig is. When the brothers finally arrive, they sabotage the Good Ole Boys' car. They do two songs, "Sweet Home, Chicago", and "Come On". They are offered a record contract, and are paid $10,000 in advance.
They flee through a tunnel, being shot at by the mystery woman. She turns out to be Jake's ex-bride, whom he stood up at their wedding. Jake begs for their lives, and even takes off his sunglasses! They seem to fall in love all over again, but Jake leaves her behind.
In a crazy car chase the Good Ole Boys end up in a lake, hundreds of police cars are wrecked and the Neo Nazis cannot brake on an unfinished bridge. The Brothers succeed in getting to the tax office, pursued by police, special units, choppers and the army. They are arrested right after paying the taxes. Back in jail, the band plays their final song, "Jailhouse Rock".
Blues Brothers 2000.
Despite the name, this sequel (second story based on the first) came out in 1998.
DVD edition.
A twenty-fifth anniversary edition DVD came out on August 30, 2005.

Arnhem
Arnhem is a city in the Netherlands. It is the capital of the eastern province Guelders (Gelderland). Arnhem has 142,634 citizens (as of January 1, 2007), the agglomeration 722,181 (Arnhem-Nijmegen conurbation). It is in the top-15 of largest cities in the Netherlands.
History.
The history of Arnhem goes back to the Middle Ages. Arnhem got city-rights in 1233 from the Count of Zutphen. The exact text is still kept in the "Duivelshuis" (Devil's house) which is now part of Arnhem's City Hall.
In 1850 Arnhem had 9,000 citizens. The city became popular with wealthy people from the western part of the Netherlands.
During the World War II Arnhem was severely damaged. The Battle of Arnhem in 1944 is the sad story of UK and Polish paratroopers who fought to get control of the Rhine-bridge. According to the plan of Field Marshal Montgomery, Arnhem was the last in a series of bridges which would be taken by paratroopers. At the same time a ground-army would advance from the Belgium-Dutch border across all these bridges. This operation was called Operation Market Garden. Market for the Airborne-element and Garden to represent the Ground-forces. Arnhem would be the responsibility of the British paratroopers, and would be the last bridge to be crossed by the ground forces. General John Frost succeeded in taking the Arnhem bridge from the Germans. Due to several reasons Frost had to retreat, and the bridge was again in German control. The movie A Bridge Too Far is about this battle. After the Battle of Arnhem the Germans forced Arnhem's citizens to evacuate the city. This was because they were afraid another battle would have to be fought. When Arnhem's citizens came back, they found their city destroyed.
After the war Arnhem was rebuilt, including the Eusebiuskerk (Eusebius Church). The bridge crossing the Rhine is now called John Frost Bridge after the famous UK general, since 1978.

KNIL
KNIL is the abbreviation for a Dutch army. This army was located in what is now called Indonesia. The official name is "Koninklijk Nederlandsch-Indisch L'"eger" ("Royal Dutch-East Indies Army")
Indonesia was a Dutch colony from 1800 to 1949. It was then called "Nederlandsch Indië" (Dutch East Indies). The KNIL taskforce was sent there to maintain order.
When Indonesia declared itself independent in 1945 the Dutch fought a war to keep the colony. This war was won by the Indonesians. The Dutch government accepted Indonesia's independence in 1949, and the KNIL ceased to exist.

Bronbeek
Bronbeek is a former Royal palace in Arnhem, the Netherlands. It is now a museum and a home for elderly soldiers.
Bronbeek was built early 19th century. In 1845 the Dutch King William III bought Bronbeek. He donated it to the Dutch state in 1859. William wanted it to be a home for disabled KNIL soldiers. The inhabitants took their collections of 'souvenirs' with them. This turned into a museum about the Dutch East Indies.
In 2004 50 former soldiers have their home in Bronbeek.

David Bowie
David Bowie was born on January 8, 1947. His real name is David Robert Jones. He was born in Brixton, London, England. He is an important Rock musician, and also sometimes is an actor in movies.
How David Jones became David Bowie.
David Bowie grew up in Bromley, Kent. He played the saxophone, and was a singer in London blues bands. He uses the alias "David Bowie" because "David Jones" sounded too much like Davy Jones (of the The Monkees). He took the name "Bowie" from Jim Bowie, who invented the "Bowie knife".
He became known to the public with the 1969 song "Space Oddity". This was released when men first landed on the moon. The song is based on the movie by Stanley Kubrick.
Ziggy Stardust.
His album "The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders From Mars" was released in 1972. It is one of the best-known David Bowie albums. As a result of his performance, David Bowie became a leader of Glam Rock.
Ziggy Stardust became David Bowie's second personality (alter ego). For a press-conference he would show up as Ziggy. Bowie let Ziggy Stardust come to an end during a liveconcert in the Hammersmith Odeon theatre (London) on July 3, 1973. In 1983 this show was released as movie and soundtrack (Ziggy Stardust - The Motion Picture).
Los Angeles and Berlin.
David Bowie settled in Los Angeles. He experimented with drugs, especially cocaine. A new second personality was "The Thin White Duke". This was introduced on the "Station to Station" album in 1976. Some think this is his best album. The song "Golden Years" scored high in the pop charts.
After releasing "Station to Station" David Bowie moved to Berlin. He was interested in the German music scene, and wanted to end his drug abuse. In Berlin, he started to work with producer Brian Eno. David Bowie, in his turn, was producer for Iggy Pop. The "Berlin Albums" are "Low" (1977), "Heroes" (1977) and "Lodger" (1979).
David Bowie in The Eighties.
David Bowie left Berlin in 1980. The last album at that moment was "Scary Monsters... And Super Creeps". In 1981 he had a big hit with "Under Pressure", together with Queen.
Tin Machine.
In 1989 David Bowie formed a new band. This was his first real band since the seventies. The band was called "Tin Machine". With this band David Bowie recorded three albums: "Tin Machine" (1989), "Tin Machine II" (1991) and "Oy Vey, Baby" (1992).
From nineties to today.
By the nineties, David Bowie had become more interested in soul, jazz and hip hop. This was first noticed on the album "Black Tie, White Noise".
Genres.
David Bowie covers many genres including art rock, hard rock, glam rock, alternative rock, krautrock, protopunk, post-punk, electronica, Blue-eyed soul, New Wave, Industrial, Techno, Jazz, Dance music, Funk, Disco, Experimental rock, Folk, Instrumental, Ambient and house.

Benito Mussolini
Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini (29 July 1883 - 28 April 1945) ruled Italy as a dictator from 1922 to 1943.
Mussolini's Life.
Benito Mussolini was named after Benito Juarez in Mexican history. Before being involved in politics, Mussolini was a newspaper editor (where he learned all his propaganda skills).
At first Mussolini was a socialist, but when he wanted Italy to join the First World War he was thrown out of the socialist party. He 'invented' a new ideology, Fascism. Fascism means a system where the state controls very much. Therefore it is called a totalitarian ideology. In 1922, he let his "black shirts" march on Rome. King Vittorio Emanuele III allowed him to form a government, and made him prime minister.
Mussolini wanted Italy to become a new Roman Empire. In 1923, he attacked the island of Corfu, and in 1924, he occupied the city state of Fiume. In 1935, he attacked the African country Abyssinia (now called Ethiopia). The breakout took place in Uol-Uol(source: H.A.Batowski "Between The Wars 1919-1939") His forces occupied it in 1936. Italy was thrown out of the League of Nations because of this aggression. In 1939, he occupied the country Albania.
In 1936, Mussolini signed an alliance with Adolf Hitler, the dictator of Germany. In 1940, he sent Italy into the Second World War on the side of the Axis countries. Mussolini attacked Greece, but he failed to conquer it. In 1943, the Allies landed in Southern Italy. King Vittorio Emanuel III deposed Mussolini and put him in jail, but he was set free by the Germans, who made him ruler of the Italian Social Republic puppet state. When the war was almost over, Mussolini tried to flee to Switzerland with his mistress, Clara Petacci, but he was captured and shot by partisans. Mussolini's dead body was hanged upside-down, together with some of Mussolini's helpers, in Milan.

Puppet state
A Puppet state is a country that is officially independent, but is not really. Most puppet states are controlled by foreign countries, but some are controlled by corporations (like Guatemala, once controlled by the United Fruit Company) or even by terrorist groups (like Taliban Afghanistan after 1998, which was controlled by Al-Qaida). Puppet governments are usually kept in power by soldiers kept within their territory by the controlling power.
World War II.
After Italy surrendered in World War II the Italian Social Republic was a puppet state created by Germany.
Cold War.
In some of these countries the people overthrew the government, but each time they did that (before 1989) the Soviet Union and some of its other puppet states invaded and put the old government back in power. The Soviet Union had also some puppet states outside Europe, such as Mongolia.
Now.
Some people call Israel a puppet of the United States.

Banana republic
Banana republic is a pejorative name for a country which has an unstable government and high corruption. There are many coups in banana republics. Some countries in Central and South America are often called banana republics. In fiction Central American countries are often depicted as banana republics.
The 'original' Banana republic is Honduras. In the early 20th century the United Fruit Company had very much influence in the country. They even deposed a president and installed a new one because the old president wanted too high taxes.
Some people say the coup against Jacobo Arbenz, president of Guatemala, in 1954 was because Arbenz took land from banana companies.
The Banana Republic is the name of a clothing company in the United States.

Kingdom of Holland
The Kingdom of Holland was a country that existed from 1806 to 1810. It was in Central and North Netherlands and East Friesland in Germany. It was a puppet state created by France. The king of Holland was Louis Bonaparte.

Vittorio Emanuele III
Vittorio Emanuele III (11 November, 1869 – 28 December, 1947) was king of Italy from 1900 to 1946.
Vittorio Emanuele III was the son of Umberto I. He became king, at age 31, after his father was killed in 1900. Because people said Vittorio Emanuele had worked together with Benito Mussolini too much, Italy became a republic in 1946.

Alter ego
An alter ego (from Latin, "other I") is another self — a second personality within a person.
For example, in "The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde", Mr. Hyde was Dr. Jekyll's evil alter ego (same person, different personalities).

Ziggy Stardust
Ziggy Stardust is a fictional character. Ziggy was created and used by David Bowie, from 1970 to 1973.
Bowie used Ziggy Stardust as a second personality (alter ego). Ziggy appeared to be neither male nor female.
Ziggy's 'life' came to an end in a live concert at Hammersmith Odeon, on July 3, 1973. This show was in 1983 released in a movie: "Ziggy Stardust - The Motion Picture". A 30th anniversary edition was released in 2003.

The Spiders From Mars
The Spiders From Mars was a Rock band from 1970 to 1973. It was a project from David Bowie. Bowie himself was the lead-singer. He created a secondary personality (alter ego) for this purpose: Ziggy Stardust. Ziggy's 'life' came to an end in a live concert at Hammersmith Odeon, on July 3, 1973. This show was in 1983 released in a movie: Ziggy Stardust - The Motion Picture. A re-release of this movie was in 2003: 30th Anniversary Edition.

Michael Schumacher
Michael Schumacher (born 3 January 1969 in Hürth, near Cologne) is a German Formula 1 driver. He has won seven world championship titles and has the most Grand Prix victories in the world. This champion, nicknamed "campionissimo" by Italian fans of Ferrari, is considered the most popular German personality in the world. Michael's younger brother Ralf is also a Formula 1 driver. When he was small, his father gave him a little kart. It had a small motor bike engine in it. He started getting interest from that time.
1991.
He made his debut (first race) in the Belgian Grand Prix on 25 August(a date). He impressed(to make people happy) many fans(people who like him) as he qualified 7th on a track(place where he drives) where he had never previously(before) driven with an inferior(shit) car. At the start be burnt the clutch(a part of a car) and retired.
He was quickly snapped up by Benneton(a team(a group of people working together)) and finished in 5th place at the Italian Grand Prix.
He followed it up with 6th in both Portugal(a country) and at the then new Circuit de Catalunya in Spain(another country). He then crashed out in Japan(another country) and spun in the torrential(very hard) rain(water) at the season finale(last race of year(365 days)) in Australia(another country). In the 6 races he entered, he scored 4 points and 14th in the championship.
1992.
He started(began) the season(year) off well(good) with 4th in South Africa(another country) followed by his maiden(first) podium(top 3) finish in 3rd at the Mexican Grand Prix. He followed it up with another 3rd place in Brazil(another country) and 2nd in Spain(another country). In San Marino(another country) he crashed out, then came 4th in Monaco(another country) and 2nd in Canada(another country). He spun off in the rain(water) at the French Grand Prix and finished 4th in Britain(another country) and 3rd in Germany(another country). He retired again in Hungary(another country) but at Spa Francorchamps, where he made his debut, he won a rain(water)-affected race. He came 3rd in Italy, 7th in Portugal(another country), retired in Japan(another country) and came 2nd in Australia(another country). He finished the season in 3rd place overall (in front of Senna) with a total of 53 points.
Video.
, cries remembering Ayrton Senna

Yokohama
Yokohama (横浜) is the second largest city in Japan. It is the capital of prefecture Kanagawa in the Kanto region. Yokohama is a neighbor city of Tokyo and has been the second largest city of Japan since 1980s.
Yokohama has an international trade seaport. The Yokohama port was created in the middle of the 19th century for foreigners. It was five ports opened to foreign countries who demanded Japan to open ports. And Yokohama was the nearest port to Tokyo which was called then "Edo". Still today Yokohama port is the largest port. Many cars and machinery are exported from the port.
Around the port the downtown is located. Today the area of Yokohama city includes its former suburb areas like Hodogaya or Totsuka.
Yokohama was an entrance for foreign cultures for a long time. Still today Yokohama has the largest China town in Japan.
Because Yokohama is very near to Tokyo, it has no airport. Tokyo international airport known as Haneda airport in Tokyo and Narita international airport in Chiba prefecure serve it.
Many educational institutes locate in Yokohama including Yokohama National University and Yokohama City University.

Axis countries
Axis countries and Axis Powers are the names for some countries that fought together during World War II. They were Dictatorships. They fought against the Allies. The Axis lost the war.
Berlin-Rome-Tokyo Axis Powers.
The most important Axis countries were called the Berlin-Rome-Tokyo Axis Powers. The Berlin-Rome-Tokyo Axis Powers was an alliance between Germany under Adolf Hitler, Italy under Benito Mussolini, and Japan under Hideki Tojo and Emperor Hirohito. It lasted from 1937 to 1945. All three countries had extreme right-wing governments.
Other countries.
In addition to the main three countries, other countries were a part of the Axis Powers. Smaller Axis countries included Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria. Finland and Thailand were not part of the Axis powers but did help them and fight with them during the war.
Several countries were created during the war by the Axis. These countries were Croatia, Manchukuo, Slovakia and Vichy France.

Icelandic language
Icelandic is the language spoken by the people of Iceland.
It is a Germanic language. It comes from the Old Norse language, the language spoken by the Vikings. Because Iceland is far away from other countries, the language hasn't changed much. Icelandic people can still read words from hundreds of years ago.
Icelandic uses two characters that aren't used in English: þ (thorn), (like 'th' in thin) and ð (edh), (like 'th' in this). It can also be said that ð is a "softer" version of þ.
Some linguists say there are only two Nordic languages, Eastern-Nordic and Western-Nordic, which includes Icelandic and Faroese because of their similarity.

Passu
Passu is a small village by the Khunjerab River in the Northern Areas of Pakistan.It lies at an altitude of 2500m. The Batura and Passu glaciers and the Karakoram Highway are close to the village. The people speak the Wakhi language and follow the Ismaili sect of Islam. Hunza holidyas treks, tours

Equator
The equator is a line which is not real drawn around a planet, such as our Earth. It is one of the lines known as a line of latitude, or circle of latitude.
The equator is halfway between the North Pole and the South Pole. There, the surface of the planet is parallel to the axis of rotation. The equator divides the surface into the Northern Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere.

Rocket
A rocket is a vehicle, missile or aircraft - manned (e.g. Saturn V); or unmanned (e.g. Phoenix air-to-air missile). ("Manned" means that a person is in it; "unmanned" means that the machine can go without a person.) It can rise because exhaust thrust from the engine is bigger than the weight of the vehicle in relation to its weight on earth.
Defense.
In defense uses, rockets are limited by the same things as other flying machines. Unmanned rockets however are not bound by the gravitational limits of humans. Generally, rockets go faster than the speed of sound (Mach 1) and may reach speeds of up to Mach 5 and even up to 30'000 km/hr in LEO (Low Earth Orbit).

Advisor
Advisors are people who give advice. The job of an advisor is to give good advice that helps the person that he or she is advising. Usually, only certain people, like businessmen or politicians, have advisors. This is because these kinds of people are usually very busy, and they do not have the time to make decisions alone.

Rendsburg
Rendsburg (Danish: "Rendsborg") is a town in Schleswig-Holstein with 30,000 people.

Jacques Chirac
Jacques René Chirac (born November 29, 1932 in Paris) was the President of the French Republic from 1995 until 2007. He was re-elected in 2002. Before that, he was Prime Minister of France twice.

Mario Jeckle
Mario Jeckle (25 August 1974 – 11 June 2004) was a German computer scientist.
From 1997 to 2003, Jeckle attended the University of Applied Science in Augsburg. In 1998, he received his computer science degree for his thesis (paper) "Prozeßkettenmodellierung am Beispiel der Gießwerkzeugentwicklung und prototypische Implementierung auf Basis des EDM/PDM - Systems Metaphase" (An example of process chain modelling in casting tool development and prototype implementation on basis of the EDM/PDM - Systems Metaphase). At Augsburg, he taught Java, Java Threads, XML and software engineering.
In 2003, Jeckle became a professor at the University of Applied Sciences in Furtwangen. He taught about XML, databases, software engineering, and "eBusiness" (electronic business).
Jeckle was also a W3C and OMG representative of DaimlerChrysler Research and developed technical standards for XML, UML 2.0, and others. At the beginning of 2004, he was a member of the Technical Architecture Group of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). Jeckle was also an author of books and a well-known speaker at conferences and seminars (information groups).
Jeckle was a member of the International Red Cross. On 11 June 2004, he died while giving aid to others who had a car accident on a German highway. While helping, another driver lost control and hit Jeckle and another man.

Eighty Years' War
The Eighty Years' War, also called Dutch Revolt, was a war between the modern Netherlands and Spain. It lasted from 1568 to 1648. The Netherlands achieved independence in the Eighty Years' War.

Exponent
An exponent is the number of times another number is multiplied by itself in exponentiation.
The exponent in formula_1 is 3. This can also be written as formula_2.
The exponent in formula_3 is 5. This can also be written as formula_4.
Exponents are used in algebra.

Moresnet
Moresnet or Neutral Moresnet (Esperanto: "Neutra Moresneto") was a very small territory that existed from 1816 to 1919. It had a size of 3.5 km². It existed because its neighbours couldn't agree on who should own it, so they decided to make it a neutral territory where both neighbours would both have power. It was 7 km Southwest of Aix-la-Chapelle (Germany), and south of the points were the borders of Germany, Belgium and the Netherlands come together on the Vaalserberg.
Rise.
At the Congress of Vienna in 1815 many borders and countries changed. One of the borders was the one between the new United Kingdom of the Netherlands and Prussia. For the most part Prussia and the Netherlands agreed on the border, because it was mostly the same as the old border. Around Moresnet there was a problem. Between the villages of Moresnet and Neu-Moresnet was the zinc mine of Vieille Montagne (in French) / Altenberg (in German). Both countries wanted to have this mine. In 1816 it was decided that the village of Moresnet itself would become part of the Netherlands, Neu-Moresnet would become part of Prussia and the mine and the village of Kelmis around it would become neutral territory where both countries shared the power.
Neutral Moresnet was shaped more or less like a triangle. The southern border was the road between Aix-la-Chapelle and Liège. The mine was just to the north of this road. The most northerly point of the country was the Vaalserberg. When Belgium became independent from the Netherlands in 1830, the land on the Dutch side became Belgian. So from 1830 Belgium and Prussia were in power in Moresnet. At first Moresnet was governed by two royal commissioners, one from each neighbour. Later Moresnet got its own rulers: a mayor and a council of ten members were installed. The mayor was the Head of State, he was appointed by the council.
Most people in Moresnet worked in the zinc mine. Many people from the neighbouring countries also worked in the zinc mine. Because Moresnet was neutral, there were very low taxes and there were no import-tariffs (like in Andorra now). The people from Moresnet were allowed to choose in which army they wanted to serve, but they weren't allowed to have their own army.
Fall.
The mine was exhausted by 1885, so people from Moresnet had to find a new way to find money. Some wanted to start a casino, or issue their own stamps. Dr. Wilhelm Molly, wanted to change Moresnet into a country were everyone would speak Esperanto. He wanted to name the country Amikejo ("place of friendship"). None of these plans succeeded. Belgium and Prussia (which became a part of Germany in 1871) both wanted to take over the territory. In 1914, in the First World War, Germany invaded Belgium and occupied Moresnet. In 1915 the officially annexed it, so Neutral Moresnet didn't exist any more.
In 1919, after the war, in the Treaty of Versailles it was decided that Moresnet would become part of Belgium. From 1940 to 1944, during World War II, Moresnet was occupied by Germany again, but since 1944 it has been part of Belgium again.

MacGyver
MacGyver, a reference to someone who is able to perform amazing feats with the use of very few and often irrelevant objects. This term comes from the TV show "MacGyver," which was first shown in the September of 1985 on the television network, ABC. The main character, Angus MacGyver (Richard Dean Anderson), often prevented inevitable defeats, saved lives, distracted enemies, made weapons, and even performed everyday tasks usually using very few objects that seemed irrelevant or abnormal to use in such situations. His use of duct tape has led some parts of the world to call it "MacGyver tape."

December 22
December 22 is the 356th day of the year (357th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 9 days left in the year.

Quark
Quarks are smaller than atom particles that, for example, make up neutrons and protons.
Scientists had once believed that protons, neutrons, and electrons were fundamental particles that made up everything in the universe. This means that they cannot be broken down into simpler particles.
Then, they invented the particle accelerator and realized that there were, in fact, hundreds of other fundamental, even smaller particles that made up the protons and neutrons.
They found out that even these so called fundamental particles were actually just various arrangements of the even more basic quarks and leptons. There are six types of quarks (named Up, Down, Strange, Charm, Top and Bottom), and six types of leptons.

Northern Hemisphere
The Northern Hemisphere is the part of the Earth that is north of the equator.

Messiah
Messiah or the Anointed One is the figure promised by God to the Jews for the salvation of the world. The Jews think that the Messiah will be a human being that will save Israel and lead the whole world into the End Of Days and eternal peace.
Other people in real life or fiction are called messianic if they have the qualities of a messiah, or people think they will bring about a better world.
"Messiah" is the title of an oratorio by Handel. The work is in three parts, and tells the story of the birth, the life, and the death of Jesus.
Christian Beliefs about the Messiah.
Christians believe that the Messiah was Jesus, but Jews do not believe that. Christians believe that Jesus' claims to be God go against the beliefs of Judaism.
Most Jews do not think that Jesus Christ is the Messiah, or that a Messiah has come for them. Muslims believe in Jesus as the son of Mary the Messiah and as a mighty prophet of God. The believe that he will come one day again in his second coming to fight against the ("Dajjal", "false messiah"), besides the Mahdi.

César Chávez
César Estrada Chávez (March 31, 1927 - April 23, 1993) was the leader of a labor union. He wanted equal rights for Mexicans working in the United States. Chávez started the National Farm Workers Association (NFWA). This union became the United Farm Workers. He led a boycott against grape companies to gain rights for workers. Chávez used nonviolence to make these changes.
In 1965, Chávez and the NFWA started a strike for grape-pickers in California. At the same time, he asked Americans to boycott grapes from California. In 1970, the migrant workers won their fight for better pay.
He kept working against unfair labor rules. He stopped eating in protest three times because of low pay and bad working conditions. When he died, he was leading another grape boycott to stop the use of pesticides.
Chávez was born near Yuma, Arizona and went to over 65 schools, but he didn't graduate. Fred Ross taught him to lead unions. Fred Ross was a student of Saul Alinsky.
Chávez is respected in California and other states. In 2000, California's state legislature started a vacation day to honor him. The holiday is on March 31, Chávez's birthday. This is the first time that a US public holiday honored a Mexican American or a union leader. Many cities have streets named for him. These cities include San Francisco, Los Angeles, Albuquerque, New Mexico, Austin, Texas, Milwaukee, and Salt Lake City.

Hamilton, Ontario
Hamilton is a big city in the Canadian province of Ontario.
Geography and people.
Hamilton is on the west end of the Niagara Peninsula. To the north of Hamilton are the waters of Lake Ontario and Burlington Bay, also called Hamilton Harbour. In the middle of Hamilton is the Niagara Escarpment, also called Hamilton Mountain because it is 198 meters high. Many small rivers or creek flow over the Mountain and into the Bay or Lake.
There are three different ways to count the number of people in Hamilton. The old city of Hamilton, before it was created from six other cities and towns, has 331,000 people living in it. The new city of Hamilton, after it joined with other towns, has 502,000 people. The Greater Hamilton area, including Burlington and Grimsby, has 684,000 people.
The people of Hamilton are from many different countries and speak many different languages. They belong to many different races and religions, too. Among its people are: Italian, Irish, Mohawk Natives, British, Vietnamese, Caribbean blacks, Portuguese, Czechs and Slovaks, Hungarians, Poles, Romanians, Serbians, Ukrainians and Dutch.
Places to visit.
Although people think of Hamilton just as a place for dirty factories, there are many educational and historical places there too.
Factories and businesses.
For over 150 years, Hamilton has had factories. For over 100 years, most of them have been steel factories like Stelco and Dofasco. Since the strike of 1946, the workers at Stelco have had a trade union. The workers at Dofasco do not have a trade union. There was also a Studebaker car factory in Hamilton until 1966.
Since the 1980s, industries in Hamilton have had trouble making money and keeping people working. In 2004, Stelco filed for bankruptcy. This means Stelco asked the courts if it could stop paying money it borrowed back to banks. The future for industry does not look good for Hamiltonians.
However, other businesses look much better. People might not think of schools like McMaster University and Mohawk College as businesses, but they are. Students and teachers come to Hamilton and spend there money here. Doctors, teachers, nurses and other professionals train here. Even Tim Hortons doughnut stores started in Hamilton in 1965.
Television, film, music, and newspapers.
CH has been a local TV station in Hamilton since 1954. Steve Smith, known for starring in "The Red Green Show", started working at CH. "Tiny Talent Time" is another popular show on CHCH which features many children.
Some movies were filmed in and around Hamilton, such as "Anne of Green Gables","5ive Girls" and "Rocky V", because it looks like other places.
Folksinger Stan Rogers was born in Dundas, which became part of Hamilton in 2001. The Appleton sisters, now famous in Britain, were born in Hamilton. Daniel Lanois is an important singer himself and helped the band U2 with its music. He lived in Hamilton and recorded at Grant Avenue Studios.
"The Hamilton Spectator" newspaper has been around since the 1840s. It offers tours showing its giant printing press and writers' offices. It also has school projects which include a classroom subscription to the newspaper for every student.
History.
Netural and Mohawk Native Canadians of the Six Nations were the first people to live in this area. In 1616, Étienne Brûlé probably became the first European to visit what is now Hamilton. United Empire Loyalists moved into the Hamilton area during and after the American Revolution. The Battle of Stoney Creek was fought during the War of 1812 in what is now Hamilton.
In the mid- to late 1800s, Hamilton became an industrial city with lots of. It was close to limestone from the Niagara Escarpment, coal from the United States, iron ore mined from northern Ontario. But factories demanded that people work hard jobs for long hours. In 1872, Hamilton workers marched for a work day of no more than nine hours! The two large steel factories were Stelco (the Steel Company of Canada), created in 1910 and the Dofasco (Dominion Steel Casting Company) in 1912. Dominion is an old word often heard to describe Canada when it was part of the British Empire.
Many schools were built between 1910 and 1930, including Adelaide Hoodless School, Memorial School (for the First World War, Viscount Allenby School (WWI general) and Earl Kitchener School (WWI general). The First World War is often shortened to WWI.
In the 1930s, the Great Depression hit Hamilton. People were unemployed and poor. Factories stoped running. Times were hard. Then the Second World War started and people got jobs again in the army and building guns for the army. August 19, 1942, hundreds of young men from Hamilton were killed by the German army when they tried to attack Dieppe in France.
Sports.
There are a few professional sports in Hamilton. The Tiger-Cats of the Canadian Football League play at Ivor Wynne Stadium. Hamilton would like a National Hockey League team but it does not have one. The Hamilton Bulldogs of the American Hockey League play at Copps Coliseum.
There are many amateur sports in Hamilton. People of all ages can run in the. It takes 30 km to go around the edge of Hamilton Harbour or Burlington Bay. "The Hamilton Spectator" also hosts amateur indoor games. Every year, children from Hamilton and Flint, Michigan compete in the.
The are like the Olympics for people who used to be ruled by Britain. In 1930, Hamilton became the first ever host for what ere then called the Empire Games. The city also tried to host the 2010 Commonwealth Games.
McMaster University and Mohawk College have produced national championship teams in a number of sports. McMaster University is a perennial powerhouse in Mens Basketball and Football.
Here in Hamilton we also have recreational leagues for kids to enjoy their childhood by playing many recreational sports such as Hockey(Stoney Creek Minor Hockey), Soccer(Stoney Creek Soccer Club), and Football with (Steelcity Ironmen). In addition, there are a number of other community sport clubs like the Mt Hamilton Youth Soccer Club which has provided an avenue for children to play soccer since 1964.
Buses and trains.
There are many buses, apart from the school buses operated by the Hamilton-Wentworth District School Board. For $2.40, the or HSR takes people inside and across the city.
Travellers can also get to places like Niagara Falls, Dunnville, Buffalo, Kitchener, and London. These buses are run by companies called Greyhound, Trentway Wagar and McCoy. has buses and trains that go to Toronto. Using GO however is not a part of the HSR.
City streets.
The city streets in the old city of Hamilton follow a pattern. The big streets going north and south are in straight lines. When they are on the Mountain, they have "Upper" in front the their names, except for Garth Street which should be Upper Dundurn Street.
Streets are called "North," such as "James Street North," if they are north of King Street or Queenston Road. Streets are called "South" if they are south of King or Queenston. Streets are called "East," such as "East 5th Street" or "Main Street East," if they are east of James Street or Upper James Street. Streets are called "West" if they are west of James or Upper James.
King and Main Streets are major roads that are almost parallel or side by side one another. They cross at the Delta in east Hamilton. For most of King and Main, cars could only travel one way. So instead of thinking of them as two streets, think of them as one street with a very wide boulevard between them. This changed in the early 2000s, and most of the streets in Downtown Hamilton are now two-way.
Throughout the city there are some neighbourhoods with weird or strange street names. For example, Birdland has streets named after birds like Cardinal, Blue Jay and Swallow. Another neighbourhood on the Mountain has streets named after people from the French Revolution, such as Napoleon, Josephine, and Robespierre. Riverdale West, in the Lower City, has streets named after types of berries.

Shape
Shapes are geometric figures. In geometry two shapes are the same if one can be into the other by a number of movements, rotations and scaling.
2D shapes.
These are two dimensional shapes or flat plane geometry shapes. They can look like anything and can have any number of sides. The sides can be straight or curved. Triangles and squares are polygons.
The sides of these shapes are lines.
3D shapes.
These are three dimensional shapes.
The sides of these shapes are surfaces. Again, the sides can be straight or curved.
Special shapes.
Some of the shapes that can be made are special. Some of them resulted from generalizing ideas from mathematics. Some cannot be made in real space, others have properties that look unusual. Most of them are less common than the shapes above.

Quechua
Quechua, sometimes written Quichua or Ketchua, is a language spoken by people in the South American nations of Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Argentina, Colombia, and Chile. It was also the language of the ancient Inca empire.
There are about 8 million people who speak Quechua.
It is the most spoken Native American language in South America. It is the most widely spoken Amerindian language. A quarter of the people in Peru speak Quechua. People that speak Quechua as their first language are called Quechua Indians by the Spanish speaking cultures. The Quechua refer to themselves as Runa, "the people". They call the language "Runa Simi".
Quechua is known for only having 3 vowel sounds: "a", "i", and "u".
The Quechua language has given names to many places in Peru, including the Ancash Region. "Anqash" is the Quechua word for "blue", and it is thought that the name refers to the blue skies of Ancash.

Pen
A pen is a tool used for writing or drawing. The word "pen" is from the Latin word "penna". The ink of the pen is pressed onto paper and dries very quickly.
"Quill pens" are one of the oldest type of pens. A quill pen is the feather of a bird, usually a goose. The end of the feather (the quill) was kept very sharp and had to be dipped into ink after every few words.
"Dip pens" are an old type of pen. Like the quill pen, they have to be dipped in ink many times during writing or drawing. The writing end, called the "nib", is made of metal.
"Fountain pens" are like dip pens, but can hold enough ink inside to write several pages before being refilled.
A "ballpoint pen" is usually a cylindrical plastic shaft with a smaller shaft containing ink. It has a very small metal ball on the writing end that rolls the ink onto the paper.
A "stylus" is a pen that cannot write on paper and is usually made out of plastic. They are usually used with touchscreens.

Leet
Leet, also called 1337, l33t, Leetspeak, or 13375|>34|< is a language which replaces the Latin alphabet with numbers and ASCII printable symbols. It is used a lot on the Internet in fora, chat rooms and online games.
It comes from the word "elite" which means "better than everyone else". 1337 is mostly used for English, but can also be used with other languages including French, Spanish and German.
Leetspeak.
Leetspeak is a mixture of words (mostly computer-related) spelled wrong on purpose, usually coming from typos (e.g. "the" becomes "t3h"). The words of Leetspeak are usually put together to create a 'dialect' (small language). This dialect is used in some places for funniness. 1337 uses numbers, ASCII symbols, and diacritics together to make symbols resembling Latin letters. For example, in the name "David" would translate in 13375|>34|< as |)/-\\/1|).
1337 /-\|_|>|-|/-\|33+.
Note: Most of the time it is only the vowels that are changed and then usually only they are replaced by numbers, it is unusual to see someone use the Leet Alphabet to spell out a whole word.
Intentional mispelling.
When people write in leet, they spell some words wrong all the time. They might do this to laugh at new people who do not write words with their keyboards well, or might just be making fun of pronunciation or spelling in the English Language.
Wrong grammar.
When a person writes in English the person must follow English rules, but most of the time people who write in leet do not use these rules. When they write in leet they try to write it in a special way, so that it is very different from English.
"l33t is teh suck!" (meaning: 'leet sucks') shows that in leet people can use their own rules, and not use the English rules. A lot of times adjectives (describing words) are turned into nouns. The leet word "teh" (the) is also often placed in front of verbs, as in "I teh pwnd j00" (meaning I the owned you, meaning: I beat you badly). another example might be I 4m t3h pwnage!!!!11!!11 (meaning I am the best!)
Leet speakers may also speak normally but with out the vowels. Fr exmpl nmbr 1 u cn tll it wrks.= For example number one you can tell it works.
A normal leet speak convo (conversation).
me sup? ---->this means whats up?
person: nm u?---> this means not to much you?
me nm, nm--->this means not much,not much
person: nm hbu?---> not much how about you?
as you can see, many of these are acronyms and leet speak is actually not as commonly used.

Waterfall
A waterfall is where there is a sharp fall of water found on a river or stream. The water flows from higher land, then it falls down a big step of rock to lower land where it will continue on its journey.
Many people choose them as sacred spots.
The roar from the falling water is very loud and the sound makes beautiful music.
Many people love the serenity and peacefulness of them.
One of the biggest waterfalls in the world is "Angel Falls" (in Colombia) and it is one of the best places in the world to go and see. Most people find them very beautiful and inspiring.

Garden
A Garden is usually a piece of land that is used for growing flowers, trees, shrubs, and other plants. The act of caring for a garden by watering the flowers and plants and removing the weeds is called gardening.
Types of gardens.
There are many types of gardens. People have small private gardens in the backyard outside their house. Some gardens are built indoors in malls, public buildings, or greenhouses. Greenhouses are special buildings where plants are grown. A greenhouse has a transparent glass or plastic roof and walls that let sunlight in.
Water gardens are plants that are grown in ornamental (decorative) pools and ponds. People doing water gardening plant water lilies and other aquatic (water) plants.
Gardening can be done outside of the home, as well. There are in city gardens, botanical gardens (places where plants are grown), zoos which have gardens, and theme parks which have gardens. These types of gardens are cared for by people called gardeners or groundskeepers.
Gardens compared with farms.
Gardens are related to farms (agriculture); both gardens and farms are used for growing plants. But farms are much larger than gardens. A farm may have hundreds of square kilometers of plants and crops. A garden in a person's backyard is usually only measures a few square meters.
Farms are businesses which sell the crops, fruit, and vegetables that are produced. Some gardens are businesses, which charge a fee to enter the garden. However, private gardens in people's backyards are used as a hobby or as a recreation, not as a business.
Features of gardens.
In addition to plants, many gardens also have landscaping features such as pathways, seats, rock gardens, ponds, fountains, a small stream with or without a waterfall. Some incorporate gazebos and structural designs to accommodate for places to sit or to place a hammock for a siesta. Roman gardens will have its own columns, fountains and statures placed at strategic places depending on its sizes and uses. Japanese gardens also have its own unique designs based on what the owner want to feature.
Role of gardens.
Some gardens are created in people's backyards, outside their home (note that in Britain the whole area is called a "garden", not a "yard"). People with gardens in their backyards use gardens as a place to do gardening. Gardening is a type of physical activity which can use enough energy and increase your heart rate that it can be rated as a form of exercise for to relax and exercise certain muscles depending on whether on the activity you do that day such as planting, pruning, weeding, or simply just walk around your garden continuously for 15 minutes or more.
Many people find gardens relaxing especially if the garden is full flowers with strong scents. Some flowers like roses, bougainvilleas, orchids and many others are just beautiful to look at. Many people think that gardens are very beautiful and a place to relax and /or entertain. A garden can have a place to barbecue, to sit and to read.
Even for apartment dwellers, try a hanging garden on your balcony and/or around get yourself a mini waterfall with Bonsai trees to create any effect you find soothing after your long day at work. It will be also a source for your oxygen and carbon dioxide balance. Using the right plants, you will get free negative ions also!
In many countries and cultures, designing beautiful (pretty) gardens is considered to be an art. In Japan, for instance, Zen monks build decorative gardens with stone and waterfall features using natural materials such as bamboo, rock and BONSAI trees like spruce, pine, and other trees with they trained into miniature forms. In Europe in the 1700s, kings and queens had formal gardens built (for example, the gardens at Versailles, France). In China they also feature Chinese forms of gardens. Now some enterprising people start to have herbal gardens to feature useful herbs used in alternative, traditional, and homeopathic medicine

Great Zimbabwe
Great Zimbabwe is an important place in Africa. Hundreds of years ago it was a big city. The people who lived at Great Zimbabwe were rich merchants who controlled trade between the coast and inland Africa. The modern country of Zimbabwe is named after Great Zimbabwe. In English the city's name means 'the great city built of stones'.
The people built an empire called the Shona empire. The empire included the River Zambezi in the north, the Transvaal in the south and Botswana in the east.
Between 12,000 and 20,000 people lived at Great Zimbabwe. About 1000 years ago they began to build their town in stone. Archaeologists have found goods from as far as China that were used by the people. This shows they bought and sold things over great distances. The city covered 720ha but had stopped growing when traders from Portugal came to southern Africa 500 years ago. Perhaps it was a drought or sickness that stopped Great Zimbabwe, nobody is sure.
Europeans at first thought that Great Zimbabwe had been built by foreigners. Now we know it was built by the local people. People who have studied the site have learnt much about old Africa.
Great Zimbabwe has been made a World Heritage Site because it is so big and important. The walls of the city are the biggest stone structure made by man, after the Pyramids at Gizeh.

Machu Picchu
Machu Picchu was a Inca town in Peru in South America.
The Incas built Machu Picchu on a mountain ridge, 2340m above sea level. They lived there between 1200 and 1450 AD. Other people lived there before around 650 AD.
The Incas built houses, fields and temples by cutting the rock on the mountain so it was flat. They built an observatory to look at the stars.
When the Spanish invaded Peru, the Incas left Machu Picchu. Nobody knows why they did that, but some think it was because they were scared of the Spanish.
Today, Machu Picchu is very difficult to get to because it is so high in the mountains. It has only one way in and a stone wall to protect it. Nobody knew it was there until a man called Hiram Bingham found it in 1911.
Today, there is a new road so that tourists can visit. People can also walk along the Inca Trail, or take a train from Cusco.

Journal
A journal or a diary is a book written by a person about their life. A journal could also be a daily record of events or business. It is a nonfiction form of writing. Personal journals are called diaries. A famous diarist was Anne Frank.

Mac OS X
Mac OS X is the name of an operating system, or OS, that runs on computers made by Apple Inc. These are called Macintosh computers, or Macs. It is different from most other operating systems, because Mac OS X is made to run only on Macs and not on other computers. People have made it run on computers that are not Macs.
The "X" in Mac OS X, which is read aloud as "Mac Oh Ess Ten," comes from roman numerals. Mac OS X first came out in 2001, and is completely different than the Mac OS that it replaced. Mac OS X is a UNIX OS that is based on NEXTSTEP, an older OS that Apple bought and turned into Mac OS X. Mac OS X and NEXTSTEP have a background in a kind of UNIX called BSD. The core of Mac OS X is an open source OS called Darwin, but Darwin cannot run Mac OS X software.
Mac OS X releases are named after kinds of "big cats" and have a version number that starts with 10. The latest version of Mac OS X is called "Leopard" and is version 10.5. It was released on October 26, 2007. The next version is called "Snow Leopard".

Apple Inc.
Apple is an American company that makes computer hardware, computer software, and portable devices like mobile telephones and music players. Apple call their computers "Macintoshes". Their popular line of mobile music players are called "iPod"s and a mobile phone they have released is called the "iPhone". Apple sell their products all around the world.
Unlike most personal computer companies, which sell products made to run Microsoft Windows or Linux, Apple's computer hardware runs software designed to only run on their products, usually with an operating system they have written for their products called Mac OS X. Some people think this way of making software and hardware together make Apple products easier to use and more reliable.
1970s.
Apple was created in 1976 by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak. Before they made the company, they sold "blue boxes", which had telephone buttons on them. People could use them to make telephone calls from pay phones without paying any money. The company's first product is now called the Apple I computer. They were almost ready to sell it, but a problem happened. Steve Wozniak was working for the computer company Hewlett-Packard, and the papers that said he could work there said he had to give everything he invented to the company before he could do what he wanted to do with it. He showed the first Apple I to the boss at Hewlett-Packard, but they did not want his computer. Wozniak was free to do what he wanted to do with the Apple I. It was sold in 1976. In 1977 they made their second computer, called the Apple II.
iPod.
One of the most popular products by Apple are iPods. All iPods with a screen can play music, display pictures, and play video. There are several different types of iPods.
The red iPod shuffle and iPod nano models are part of the "(PRODUCT) RED" program. This means that ten dollars from each purchase of these iPods goes to help fight AIDS in Africa. Only Apple sell (PRODUCT) RED iPods.
Computers.
Most computer users in the world use Microsoft Windows, the rival to Mac OS X. About 8% of computer users use Apple's Macintosh computers. It is not possible to run Apple's Mac OS X on a Windows computer. However, it is possible to run Windows on modern Macintosh computers. Even though Apple makes their computers to run Mac OS X, they also make software that allows you to install Windows. This software is called Boot Camp. Apple's new operating system, Mac OS X 10.5 (also called Leopard), comes with this software.
iPhone.
Apple's newest product that is a Phone, iPod, and more with a touch screen. The newest iPhone released uses 3G (which is quicker than normal mobile phone connections) to surf the web. The iPhones come in 8GB and 16GB types. The iPhone 3G comes in black and white (16GB version only.) The new price for the iPhone 3G 8GB is $199 and 16GB is $299. This new version was released on July 11, 2008. The price in the UK where released for O2 Pay and Go on 2nd September 2008. The price of the 8GB version is £350 and the 16GB is £399 - nearly twice as much as the US version. The UK version was released on the 16th September 2008.

Soil
Soil (sometimes called dirt) is the combination of rock, mineral fragments (pieces) made by weathering (wind, rain, sun, snow, etc.), and organic matter (living things), water, and air.
Soil, especially "topsoil", is the portion of the Earth's crust where plants can grow.

Organic
Organic means it is, or once was, alive.
Organic chemistry is based on carbon, which is the basis for all living things.
Organic matter in soil is material that is, or once was, a plant or animal.

3-D
3-D (or 3D) means three dimensional, or having three dimensions. For example, a box is three dimensional, it has up and down, left and right, and front and back. Some people believe there could be one dimensional or four dimensional objects but have not discovered any.
A dimension is measurable in inches, centimeters, miles, kilometers, or any other unit of length.
The three dimensions are called length (or depth), width (or breadth), and height.
3D is also used to make video games or animated movies. A lot of calculations are needed to make pictures seem three dimensional on a screen.
Mathematical dimensions.
In mathematics (maths), length, width, and height are given letters to make them easy to write. X is width, Y is height, and Z is length.Mathematic study of dimensions is called Geometry. Geometry can be used to measure how tall a mountain is.
Time.
Some people see time as a forth dimension. It is also measured. It is measured in units of time such as seconds, hours, years, or any other measurement of time.
Space.
Scientists hope that a fourth dimension will be discovered that will be a shorter distance between two places that are three dimensional. If travelling to distant stars and planets was possible in a short time it could be very useful.
Religion.
Most spiritual believers think something exists that is a part of everything else. Anything that is one dimensional would be a part of everything.
Dimensions in speech.
Other ways to use dimensions in speech can be: One dimensional (only interested in one thing), and Two dimensional (some people believe one thing, some people believe another one thing, and altogether they are interested in two things only)

Humidity
Humidity refers to water vapor in the air, but not to liquid droplets in fog, clouds, or rain. Deserts usually have low humidity, and tropical regions have high humidity.

Calabi-Yau manifold
A Calabi-Yau space is a mathematical construction used by physicists to describe parts of nature that are too small to see with the human eye.
Most people know that there are three space directions and one time direction in the universe - these directions are called dimensions. Physicists use Calabi-Yau spaces in studying high energy physics of which string theory is a part, to add 6 or 7 or other numbers to build up more dimensions to the universe.
The study of Calabi-Yau spaces is part of a mathematical theory known as "manifold theory".
What we know by observation of very small distances where Calabi-Yau takes place is pieced together by scientists.
We believe that matter is composed of atoms, and the distances of the pieces of the atoms exist at 10-15 meters. That is 0.000000000000001 meters. The height of a human being 8 to 12 years old is near 1 meter. A meter, for our purposes we'll also just say just about a yard here (1 meter is 39.37 inches) - a half a meter is 0.5 meters. And a tenth of a meter is 0.1 meters- this is about the size we all are about 3 months before we are born, about 3 to 4 inches (these distances like we said are all good guesses). Now we move down to the size of a human hair (here is an excellent comparison by the FBI on the sizes: http://www.theinternetfoundation.org/CounterTerrorism/WidthHumanHair.htm). Starting at the size of a human hair - and smaller - this is where we observe the tiny parts of our world. We cannot actually see them - except for rare experiments like what Bill Phillips did by making a lot of them stop moving.
But wait. These tiny parts are also interesting. Why? Because although they are small they are also very high in energy. It is like they are of compressed like a spring, or like a very long rubber band wrapped around a golf ball.
Now it might seem logical to think that that the smaller we go, the less tight - that is, less energy.
But scientists find that the smaller we go "the more energy the tiny particles contain".
So now recall the size of the human hair. Scientists believe that is the size where these small but high energies begin to wrap themselves together much like the rubber band around the golf ball we talked about.
An experiment is going on in Geneva, Switzerland by a group called CERN (http://public.web.cern.ch/Public/Welcome.html). One of CERN's experiments will move groups of these particles extremely fast and let them smash together. Them we will watch the pieces of them as they fly apart.
When we collect pictures of the smash, we study them to see what happened. This process takes place in the world's largest "atom smasher", or as it is referred to today, a collider, and this one is called the LHC.
The experiments are exciting because scientists hope to find something never produced in experiments before called the Higgs particle (http://www.exploratorium.edu/origins/cern/ideas/higgs.html), and some people think that little black holes may be made inside the LHC (http://public.web.cern.ch/PUBLIC/en/LHC/Safety-en.html).
But it is also believed we stand a chance at finding pieces of atoms and pieces called particles unwrapping into Calabi-Yau manifolds - or perhaps they will take other forms. Imagine if the golf ball were unwound really fast. The long rubber band would wobble and spin as it unraveled. This is exactly what it looks like when we look at the atomic particles in our collectors: http://cdsweb.cern.ch/record/39451.
Now this distance of 0.000000000000001 meters or 1/100,000,000,000,000 of a meter
- is in wide consideration in physics. For example the legendary physicist John Wheeler (1911-2008) can be seen working on maths with this distance where Calabi-Yau takes place here.(http://asymptotia.com/2008/04/14/john-wheeler-1911-2008/).
For the scales are tremendous and could be said to almost defy human perception. How small this is can be presented in this example. If we take a person to be on the average 1 and a half to 2 and a half meters tall - we consider the Calabi-Yau distances to be about 2 million million million times smaller than a human.
And for the hyper example where the universe as we know it completely breaks up into pure quantum (10^-33 centimetres or 10 ^ -35 metres in scientific notation),we need to go another 18 orders of magnitude smaller! What is this number? It is another TWENTY decimal places even smaller than the Calabi-Yau distance
Calabi Yau is theorized as beginning to occur at perhaps 1/1000000000000000 of a meter, as discussed above.
1/100000000000000000000 meters distance BEYOND the atomic and Calabi-Yau scales of
Now let us consider what space may look like at these Calabi-Yau distances. The model we learn at school for the most part is that it is all straight and 3 + 1 dimensional. (http://www.javaview.de/molecule/figures/dna_sqr200.jpg)What we have studied about molecules for example fits 3 + 1 extremely well. (http://www.javaview.de/) Yet the data we often get in high energy experiments in colliders seem to suggest that under the presence of high energies space and time are bent around each other (http://www.bathsheba.com/math/schwartzd/).
Now in order to get a better handle on manifolds, of which Calabi-Yau are an important set to high energy physics, let us begin with a Moebius strip. Here is a formal presentation of the Moebius strip: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B6bius_strip as well as a very practical one here which is fun to do in classes introducing maths and physics: http://mathforum.org/sum95/math_and/moebius/moebius.html.
A Moebius strip has a half a dimension. Consider the paradox in our 3 space dimensions with one time dimension. Space as we recognize it here in our everyday life has "three dimensions", time has one dimension, but there are no "half" dimensions.
But what happens if Moebius strip is cut right down the middle with a pair of scissors? The strip will form into one piece. Here in the world of half dimensions or boundaries, we find that when we cut something apparently in half, we come up with one.
This set of paradoxical behaviour was not unobserved by the great Dutch artist of the 20th century Martin Escher: http://www.worldofescher.com/store/jpgs/P17L.jpg who portrayed in mastery and detail the shape of surfaces with the dimensions - or boundaries - cut, missing, overlapping and so forth in the most interesting unexpected and entertaining ways.
Now when we consider great energies and small distances it is not difficult to imagine how we find that things really curve up onto each other. Escher himself imagined this perhaps in the picture: http://www.facade.com/celebrity/photo/M_C_Escher.jpg.
Do we find curvatures such as this in nature? Absolutely. For example we notice that a magnetic field looks like so many circles when we place iron shavings on a piece of paper around a magnet: http://www.gutenberg.org/files/16593/16593-h/images/image_224.jpg. And as if that weren't enough we notice the same ffect with respect to electricity: http://www.gutenberg.org/files/16593/16593-h/images/image_227.jpg.
And we also note that planets and planetary objects such as the moon rotate about each other. Of course this is called the effect or force of gravity.
So we could say that the distance of 10^- 15 meters, that is, 0.000000000000001 meters, is extremely important because it is the distance where the forces of nature in our classical or everyday world become less effective. This is the Calabi-Yau area or distance. At the same time more of the world at the small level, perhaps the level of say, dust, becomes much more important. The number of dimensions at Calabi-Yau is a subject of great interest to high energy physics. It could be called the nexus of high energy physics and classical physics. For example at the cutting edge of the work where complex mathematics such as branes and supersymmetry emerge, one can read the papers of theoretical physicists such as Ed Witten and others at this excellent reference site:http://insti.physics.sunysb.edu/ITP/conf/simonswork3/talks.html.

Quantum mechanics
Quantum mechanics explains how "very" small particles behave - like atoms and molecules and subatomic particles like protons, electrons, neutrons.
Some ideas in quantum mechanics can be used to know how small particles like the hydrogen atom come together to form big things like the stars in the sky, and even the whole Universe.
Some parts of the theory are controversial; they don't agree with other views in physics. For example, some results from quantum mechanics do not seem to agree with the theory of relativity.
Many people regard quantum mechanics as a difficult and confusing subject for several reasons. First, even a simple introduction to quantum mechanics requires an understanding of some very advanced mathematics such as differential equations and advanced calculus. Second, many of the ideas in quantum mechanics are only understood at a mathematical level -- physicists are not sure what some of the equations actually mean in the real world. Third, what we know about quantum mechanics suggests that atoms behave in strange ways that are totally unlike anything we see in our day to day lives.
Quantum mechanics describes nature in a way that is different from how we usually think about science, relying on chance rather than certainty (being sure). Physicists depend on the chance of an event, the result of an experiment, (what are the chances of it happening) instead of being sure about the outcome (what is going to happen). Probability can help a scientist guess the outcome of an experiment, like trying to guess the outcome of a game or guessing heads or tails when tossing a coin.
History.
Light was first thought to be made of particles. Isaac Newton called these particles "corpuscles". With this idea, he could explain how light behaved. Later, Christiaan Huygens thought that light was made of waves. These theories seemed to be conflicting with one another.
It turns out that both theories are correct - light is somehow both a wave and a particle. We call this "wave-particle duality". Scientists have since discovered that everything at the sub-atomic level can somehow behave like a wave and a particle.
The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle.
In Quantum mechanics, the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle says that the more we know about where something is, the less we can know about how fast it is going; in other words, the more we know about something's speed, the less we can know about its position. The Heisenberg uncertainty principle is not limited to position and speed, however. The Heisenberg uncertainty principle says that there are many situations where we can not know everything about an atom, no matter how hard we may try.
Photoelectric effect.
In 1905, Albert Einstein proved that although light is like a wave, it is made of particles of energy called photons. This came from the photoelectric effect.
This began quantum theory, where all subatomic particles like electrons, protons, neutrons, and others are both waves "and" particles at the same time. See picture of atom with the electron as waves at atom.
For other parts of quantum mechanics, see Schrödinger equation and quantum entanglement.
Observation.
A key part of quantum theory is that certain attributes of particles, such as position, speed, direction it moves in, and spin, are not defined until they are observed. It is instead in what is called a “superposition of states”.
Quantum mechanics.
Quantum mechanics is a science that deals with how the atoms and subatomic particles (particles that are smaller than atoms) in matter and waves behave. It forms a mathematical framework for modern physics and chemistry. It also helps to explain how large objects like stars and planets are formed and why big events in space happen, like the Big Bang.
"Quantum" in Latin means 'how much'. It is used in quantum mechanics to describe set units that the theory gives to different properties. The basic parts of quantum mechanics were made during the first half of the year 1900 by Max Planck, Albert Einstein, Niels Bohr, Werner Heisenberg, Erwin Schrödinger, Max Born, John von Neumann, Paul Dirac, Wolfgang Pauli and others.
Quantum mechanics was first developed to explain the atom, especially the light emitted by different types of atoms. The quantum theory of the atom developed as an explanation for the electron staying in its orbit, which could not be explained by other theories.
The other thing that led to quantum mechanics was the study of electromagnetic waves such as light. It was found in 1900 by Max Planck that the energy of waves could be described as made of small packets or "quanta". Albert Einstein used this idea to show that an electromagnetic wave such as light could be described by a particle called the photon with a set amount of energy, depending on its frequency. This led to a theory about subatomic particles and electromagnetic waves called "wave-particle duality". This is where particles and waves were neither one or the other, but had certain properties of both.

Duisburg
Duisburg is a German city in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia. It is located where the Rhine and the Ruhr rivers meet. About 500,000 people live in Duisburg.

Kuopio
Kuopio is a Finnish city. It is the biggest city and cultural center of Eastern Finland. The population of Kuopio is 90,000, and it is the 8th biggest city in Finland. The city is very wide and has a lot of lakes inside it; several parts of it are built on islands.
The traffic connections of the city are good with trains and aeroplanes. There is a university of Kuopio, too. Kuopio is known as a strong center of welfare and health profession, as the university is particularly oriented to those areas.
In Finland the people of Kuopio have a special reputation: they are known as happy and funny people.

Hammer
A hammer is a tool for putting nails into objects such as wood. It has a long handle, and a tip with a flat end for hitting nails. The most common type of hammer (sometimes called a "claw hammer") has a curved end (on the other side of the hitting end) for pulling nails out.
Sledgehammer.
A sledgehammer is a hammer that has a longer shaft, and a more massive head. That way more force can be applied. Sledgehammers are often used to demolish things
Hammers as weapons.
Hammers were sometimes used as weapons.

Feces
Feces or fæces/faeces (pronounced in IPA:} is the body's solid waste left over from eating food. Feces exits the body through the anus. Feces can also be used to created fertiliser for plant crops. Some feces is also used as a fuel for cookery.
Coprophagia is the practice of eating feces. This is unusual to most species, but some animals especially plant eaters with a high-fibre/low-protein diet (such as rabbits) eat their own feces as a normal part of their diet. It's not just animals that eat their own feces. Some humans do too, but this is not advised because several diseases and parasites can be spread through eating human faeces.

Catholicism
Catholicism often means the Roman Catholic Church. Sometimes it also refers to the Eastern Orthodox Churches, or other Churches that believe in the great lists of Christian beliefs called "creeds" (from the Latin word "credo", meaning "I believe"), such as the Anglican Church. The word "catholic" means "everywhere or universal" (belief that the Church is one big family).
How it was started.
The Great Church Orthodox and Catholic was started by Jesus of Nazareth, a Jew who descended from the line of King David who was crucified by the Romans, at the Jewish feast of Passover, in accordance with and fulfillment of the hebrew scriptures - especially Isaiah and the Psalms ca. 33 AD. The followers of Jesus reported in the scriptures as they witnessed it - that he was resurrected by God the Father and appeared to over 500 people for forty days before he ascended into heaven. It's believed that he later sent the holy spirit onto his disciples at Pentecost when they spoke in tongues and understood each others different languages.
One of his followers, Saint Peter, was appointed leader by Jesus and later became recognized as the first Pope, or Bishop of Rome, soon after that - he was captured and died in Rome. He was given the keys of the kingdom of heaven and was the first to recognize Jesus as Messiah when questioned by Jesus as to "Who do you say that I am?" Today, the pope is Benedict XVI, who is the leader of the Church (like the male head of a family, or father). This is where the word "pope" comes from. That is why the pope is also called the "Holy Father" - he is our spiritual father here on earth.
In 325, the First Council of Nicaea agreed on how to organize the church. The council agree the Church had five patriarchs (patriarch was the highest type of church leader). They were the archbishops of Rome, Alexandria, Antioch, Constantinople, and Jerusalem. The Patriarch of Rome, was honored as "first among equals."
Quarrels within the church.
In time, the Church split apart with fights over who is right; these fights caused breaks in the Church called schisms. Most schisms happen because of people have different beliefs about what is true, but politics is often a big reason for these fights too.
In 451, a church division happened when all the church leaders meeting at the Church Council in the city of Chalcedon excommunicated (cut off) three leaders, because they would not accept the view that Jesus had two natures. These three were the bishops of Egypt, Syria, and Armenian. Of course, these three bishops did not accept being excommunicated either, so the churches under them are still known today as Oriental Orthodox Churches.
In 1054, the Great Church Orthodox and Catholic split into the Western (Roman) Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church. The Eastern Orthodox Church was divided into national churches, making the Greek Orthodox, Russian Orthodox, Ukrainian Orthodox, Serbian Orthodox, Romanian Orthodox, and so on. The Roman Catholic Church developed the idea of one united church leader with the pope. Some Eastern Orthodox Churches believe the emperor or king is the head of the Church as well as the country. In England, the Anglican Church is like this.
Protestantism.
The next big schism was the Protestant Reformation, which protested against the central authority of the Church in Rome and against what it thought were wrong ways of doing and believing things about God in the Catholic Church. It started in Germany, where Martin Luther sent his demands for change to the Church. Because of politics in Europe, many nations supported Luther. The Lutheran Church was started. Later the Calvinist or Presbyterian Church started.
One of the most famous people in this period is King Henry VIII of England, who started the Anglican church because he wanted to divorce his first wife and the Pope said he was not allowed to do that. First his Church, the Church of England, was like the Catholic Church, but with the king as leader instead of the pope. Later, under his son, Edward VI, and his daughter, Elizabeth I, the Anglican Church became more reformed or Protestant, but Anglicans still believe they are reformed Catholics, as well as Protestants.
In the Reformation, other Churches also split off from the Catholic Church and became Protestant. Even inside Protestant churches, disagreements over beliefs resulted in more splits. This is why there are so many Protestant churches. Some of these Protestant or Reformed churches are: Lutheran, Anglican, Presbyterian, Calvinist, Methodist, Baptist, to name just a few. Later on, some people split again to make new kinds of churches which most Protestants do not believe are Christian at all, like Mormons, Jehovah's Witnesses, Unitarian Universalist, and many others.
If a child refuses to obey his/her father, the father punishes his child; in church-talk this is called excommunication. In the Roman Catholic Church, if believers disobey the pope, they can also be punished or excommunicated. There is only one way of belief for Catholics who want to be with the pope. This is why Roman Catholics believe there is only one Catholic Church.

Nail
A nail is a metal object with a flat head and a long sharp tip. A hammer is used to put it into another object. It is often used to join two objects together.

Dictatorship
A dictatorship is a country where one person has the power to do whatever he or she wants. The ruler is called a dictator. In a dictatorship, people usually do not have many rights or much freedom.
A dictatorship that is ruled by soldiers is called a military dictatorship or junta. A monarchy (the system where there are Kings and Queens) is not usually called a dictatorship.

Electricity
Electricity is a type of Energy that can flow through wires. Flow of this energy is caused by movement of electric charge. However, this word is also used to refer a number of other effects also. For example, lightning, Static Electricity etc, are sometimes referred as Electricity.
Electricity arrives at our homes through wires. It is used by Electric Lamps for producing light, Electric Heaters to produce heat etc. It is also used by many devices like washing machine, Electric Cooker, etc for doing their work.
In factories, electricity is used for running machines. These machine produce goods useful for us.
The people who deals with electricity and electrical devices in our homes and factories are called "Electricians".
Electricity in physics.
In physics, "gravity pulls things from a place that is higher to a place that is lower". Water always flows from a higher place to a lower place. This can be said even more simply as: "Energy moves from somewhere high to somewhere low."
Electric charge is another form of attraction like gravity. Unlike gravity it only pulls on things that have an electric charge. If something has a charge it will move towards something else that has an opposite charge or away from some thing with the same charge. Some charges are called positive (+) and others are called negative (-). So 2 things with a + charge will move apart and so will two things with a - charge. If two things have different charges + and - or - and + they will be pulled together.
The tiniest things with a charge are called particles. Generally protons are the tiniest things with a + charge and electrons are the tiniest things with a - charge. Since electrons are the smallest and lighter of these two kinds of particle they move when they feel an electric attractions and the protons stay where they are.
It can be said that "Electricity goes from the place where there are more electrons (-) than protons (+) to the place where there are more protons (+) than electrons (-))." Electricity was discovered before anyone could detect electrons or protons an electricians have always shown it as flowing the other way from too much + charge to the - charge. We now know the actual flow of electrons is the other way.
In many ways the flow of electrons is like the flow of water down a hill.
Protons and neutrons.
Electric charge has to do with electrons and protons. Electrons are negatively charged while protons are positively charged. Electric charge is a "conserved" property, which means that it acts like an object and can be moved from place to place. It also means that energy can not be made or destroyed, it can only be changed from electrical energy (one form) to any other kind of energy (like heat, kinetic energy, mechanical energy, etc.)
Methods of generating.
Electricity is generated in places called power stations. There are many ways of generating electricity, and they can be classified into two parts: renewable energy resources and non-renewable energy resources.
Geothermal power stations.
Geothermal power stations drill deep into the earth's crust accessing heat to generate electricity (thus comes "thermal" meaning heat). The heat is used to turn water into steam. The force of the steam turns giant fan-like structures called turbines, which in turn cause 'generators' to generate electricity. The heat may be generated by burning fossil fuels (sources of non-reusable energy dug from the earth that were formed over millions of years due to high pressure and temperature on dead plants and animals buried deep inside the earth) Examples are oil, coal, natural gas. Geothermal power stations use the heat from rocks deep inside the earth to heat water in pipes in order to turn it into steam. This is done in New Zealand, Iceland, and many other places with volcanic hot spots.
Renewable sources of electricity.
There are many other renewable sources of energy. Hydro-electric power (HEP) uses the force of water in rivers to turn turbines, which turn generators. HEP schemes are found across the Amazon River in Brazil.
Wave energy is another option where the force of sea waves is used to turn turbines. Wind energy is another where the force of the wind is used to turn giant, noisy and some might say ugly 'wind turbines'. However, some also enjoy the tranquil like motion of the huge blades. Solar power is another renewable energy resource where the sun's energy is converted to electric energy by solar cells.

Sailor Moon
Sailor Moon is an anime and manga written and drawn by a woman named Naoko Takeuchi. The series is about a girl named Usagi Tsukino, but she is called Serena on the English TV version and "Bunny" in the English manga (because "Usagi" means "bunny" in Japanese). Usagi can use magic powers to become Sailor Moon. She is a soldier who fights evil using the power of good. It was on for 14 years, but in Minneapolis, Minnesota, it's on Saturday Mornings on NBC.
Usagi also has some friends who fight evil. They are named Sailor Mercury, Sailor Venus, Sailor Mars, and Sailor Jupiter. They make up a team called the Sailor Senshi ("Senshi" means "soldier" or "guardian"). The Sailor Senshi are named after different planets in the solar system. Each of the Sailor Senshi uses magic powers to become a Sailor Senshi. They are also young Japanese girls. Their real names are not Sailor Mercury, Sailor Venus, Sailor Mars, and Sailor Jupiter. For example, when Sailor Mercury is not fighting evil, her name is Ami Mizuno (Amy in English). The name of Sailor Venus is Minako Aino (Mina in English). The name of Sailor Mars is Rei Hino (Raye in English). The name of Sailor Jupiter is Makoto Kino (Lita in English).
Mamoru Chiba (called Darien Chiba in the English anime and Darien Shields in the English manga) is Usagi's boyfriend. He uses magic powers to transform into a man named Tuxedo Mask, who fights evil along with the Sailor Senshi. In the future, Usagi and Mamoru get married and become the king and queen of the moon. Their daughter, named Chibiusa (Rini in the English version), travels through time to help them and the Sailor Senshi.
Usagi has a cat named Luna. The cat is named Luna because "luna" is the Latin word for moon. Minako has a cat named Artemis after the Greek goddess of the moon (although Artemis is a male cat). Luna and Artemis are not ordinary cats. They can talk, and they have moon symbols on their foreheads. They can also turn into humans in the manga, and Luna turns into a human in one of the anime movies. In the future, they have a kitten named Diana (Diana is the name of the Roman moon goddess).
Later there are some other Sailor Senshi. They are named after the planets Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto (now a dwarf planet). Sailor Saturn's real name is Hotaru Tomoe. Sailor Uranus' real name is Haruka Tenoh (Amara in English). Sailor Neptune's real name is Michiru Kaioh (Michelle in English). Sailor Pluto's real name is Setsuna Meioh (Trista in English). In the manga and the Japanese anime, Haruka and Michiru are lesbians, but in the English anime they were changed to cousins. This is because the English anime was made for younger children than the Japanese anime.

Anesthetic
An anesthetic is a substance that doctors use on people. It makes them either stop hurting, or go completely to sleep during surgery. Anesthetic can be given as rubbed onto the skin, as an injection ("shot"), or as a gas to breathe. Anaesthetic (anaesthesia), blocks the pain during operations. This lets patients undergo surgery and other procedures without the distress and pain they would normally feel. It comes from Greek roots an-, "without" and aesthetos, "perceptible, able to feel".
The modern anesthetic was created by Joseph Lister. Before it, people sometimes used cocaine, alcohol, and other drugs.

Fidel Castro
Fidel Alejandro Castro Rúz (born August 13, 1926) has been in power in Cuba since 1959. He was prime minister of Cuba until 1976, when he became President of Cuba. He temporarily gave power to his brother Raúl Castro while recovering from surgery in summer of 2006. On February 19. 2008, he announced that he would not return to power
Fidel Castro has a doctorate of law from the University of Havana. He was trained as a military lawyer.
He came to power after he and his guerrilla soldiers overthrew the dictatorship of General Fulgencio Batista.
Fidel Castro is a communist, and he made Cuba the first socialist country of the Americas. During the Cold War he was a friend of the Soviet Union, and he depended on their help until the USSR collapsed. An important moment of the Cold War was the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962. In 1961 the United States of America discovered that the Soviet Union was placing missiles on Cuba, close to the United States. After very tense talking, a big nuclear war was avoided between the Soviet Union and the USA.
Some people call Castro a dictator. They criticize him, because they think he has ignored some human rights, for example, torture, murder and oppression of freedom of speech, both at home and in African countries where he sent Cuban soldiers to spread Communism. Other people do not think this is true. For example, Nelson Mandela has spoken in support of Castro and has thanked him for aid to Africa. Amnesty International criticized Cuba's human rights record but noted slow progress in July of 2002. Supporters of Castro say he gave Cuba the best health care and education of Latin America and created equality between the poor and the rich.

Latin America
Latin America is a region of the Americas. People do not completely agree which countries are in Latin America, but normally, it is the parts where Spanish and Portuguese are spoken (South America, Central America, and Mexico). Sometimes the Caribbean Islands are also inclued. Other people call all American countries where people speak Spanish, Portuguese, and French Latin America.
The part 'Latin' comes from the Latin language. The Spanish, Portuguese, and French languages, spoken by many people in Latin America, are Romance languages. Romance languages are derived from Latin. Not all people in Latin America speak Romance languages, some Latin American people speak Native American languages.
Most Latin Americans are Roman Catholic.
Some people call the countries in the Americas that are noy part of Latin America, Germanic America. In Germanic American countries most people speak Germanic languages: English, Dutch, and Danish.
Latin America was discovered in 1492 by Christopher Columbus. Columbus wanted to find a short way to eastern Asia. When Christopher Columbus returned to Europe people were excited about the discovery. The pope drew the Line of Demarcation in 1493 because he did not want Spain and Portugal to fight over which country had the right to claim the new land. Everything on the west side of the line belonged to Spain and everything to the east belonged to Portugal. The Spanish took over Mexico easily. The Native Americans could not fight against the Spanish because the Spanish had horses and guns. The Native Americans in Mexico also thought that the Spanish people were gods. Large numbers also died because of the diseases brought by the Spanish.

Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C. is the capital city of the United States. It is where the president and the other U.S. government groups live and work. Washington was named after the first U.S. President, George Washington. The "D.C." stands for "District of Columbia", because it is not in any U.S. state. At first, it was made up of a little piece from Virginia south of the Potomac River and a little piece from Maryland north of the Potomac River. In 1849, Virginia's piece was returned to it, and is now Arlington County and part of the city of Alexandria. Since 1849, all of Washington D.C. is on the north side of the Potomac River.
Washington D.C. is the home of all three branches of the U.S. government: Congress, the President, and the Supreme Court. It is also the home of the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the Organization of American States (OAS). Because it is the home of the President and is important to American politics, many groups hold large demonstrations and protests. These are often on the National Mall, a large open park that has many monuments and museums. Washington D.C.'s many museums and monuments make it a popular place for tourists to visit.
Washington D.C. is called many things by many different people. It can be called D.C., The District of Columbia, The District, or sometimes just Washington. This can be confusing because there is also a U.S. state called Washington. To help with the confusion, sometimes the state of Washington is called "Washington State". The 2005 U.S. Census Bureau said that about 582,049 people live in the District of Columbia.
History.
When English people first came to the area, there was a Native American village on the spot called "Nakochtank". This name survives in the name of the Anacostia River. This river was known for the healing properties of its pure water, and it is recorded that the Emperor Powhatan, who lived in what is now Richmond, Virginia, made the trip all the way to Nakochtank once for this reason. Today this river is one of the most polluted in the world.
The 1789 United States Constitution said that a capital city would be created in a district, but did not say where it should be. James Madison and others thought it should be far away from other states and cities. This way, it would be independent and not controlled by any state. In 1790, a compromise was reached and capital was placed between Virginia and Maryland. It was a square, ten miles long on each side, and split by the Potomac River, which separated the two states. Half of the district was in Maryland and the other half was in Virginia, and the two states gave this land to the government. In 1791, it was named "Washington, the District of Columbia" to honor George Washington. "Columbia" was another name for North America.
City Design.
Washington, D.C. was planned before it was built. Pierre L'Enfant drew a plan for the city that said where all the streets, parks, and important buildings would be. Unlike most U.S. cities, D.C. has many roundabouts or traffic circles. The city was supposed to have long and wide avenues, and many open spaces for monuments and parks. The National Mall, a large park that connected the U.S. Capitol to the Washington Monument, was one of the most important parts of L'Enfant's plan.
Local Government.
Washington, D.C. is not a state, and its citizens have less control over their city than most Americans. While D.C. has an elected mayor and a city council since 1973, the U.S. Congress controls the local government and can overturn or get rid of any local laws. Congress and the people of D.C. often do not agree on what is best.
In Congress.
The license plates on the cars in Washington D.C. say "Taxation Without Representation." This is a protest over the fact that the people who live in D.C. are not represented with a vote in the Congress, but they still have to pay taxes. They are represented in the House of Representatives by someone who can take part in debates but cannot vote. This is ironic because one of the reasons the American Revolution took place was because the Thirteen Colonies were angry about having to pay taxes to England without having voting rights.

President of the United States
Presidents may be replaced by the Acting President.
List of Presidents of the United States.
[1] Died while Vice President.
[5] Died while Vice President, not replaced.
[7] Democrat who ran on Union ticket with Republican Lincoln.
[9] Was not sworn into office on the day he was expected to.

1948
1948 is a year in the 20th century. It was a leap year.

1949
1949 is a year in the 20th century. It was a common year.

1950
1950 is a year in the 20th century. It was a common year.

J. R. R. Tolkien
John Ronald Reuel Tolkien (January 3, 1892 – September 2, 1973) was a philologist, university professor, and writer. Tolkien is best known for his most famous works, "The Hobbit" and "The Lord of the Rings".
Biography.
He was born in Bloemfontein, South Africa but his parents were both from England. He fought in World War I, and after the war he found a job helping to produce the Oxford English Dictionary. Tolkien was very interested in languages, and he had studied at Oxford University. Soon he became a professor of English Language at the University of Leeds. He was then a professor at the University of Oxford until 1959, when he retired. He also was good friends with many other writers and scholars, most notably C. S. Lewis, who wrote the "Narnia" books, "The Screwtape Letters", and many essays on Christian theology. Tolkien himself was a devout Catholic.
Tolkien married Edith Mary Bratt on March 22, 1916 in England at the age of 24. They had four children, three sons and a girl: John, Michael, Christopher, and Priscilla.
Writing.
He created and worked on the fictional fantasy world of Middle-earth for most of his life, and his most famous books are set in that world. Because of his Middle-earth books he is often considered the "father of high fantasy" which made the fantasy genre very popular.
Tolkien wrote other books, for example "Farmer Giles Of Ham", and also illustrated (drew the pictures and maps for) "The Lord of the Rings". "The Lord of the Rings" was published in three parts and has been made into several motion pictures. "The Lord of the Rings" took 12 years to write.

Adolescence
Adolescence is the time between being a child and full adult, that is the period of time during which a person is biologically (physically) adult but emotionally (feelings) not at full maturity. The ages which are considered to be part of adolescence vary by culture, but in the United States, adolescence is usually considered to begin around age 13, and end around 19. In the English language, adolescents (people going through adolescence) are frequently called "teenagers" or "teens", which comes from the end the English words "thirteen" to "nineteen". "Adolescence" is cultural and so does not refer to a fixed time period. The word comes from the Latin verb "adolescere" meaning "to grow up." During this time, a person's body, emotions and academic standing change a lot. When adolescence happens, in America, children usually finish elementary school and enter secondary education, such as middle school or high school.
During this period of life, most children go through the physical stages of puberty, which often begin before a person has reached the age of 13. Most cultures think of people as becoming adults at various ages of the teenage years. For example, Jewish tradition thinks that people are adults at age 13, and this change is celebrated in the Bar-Mitzvah (for boys) and the Bat-Mitzvah (for girls) ceremony. Usually, there is a formal age of majority when adolescents formally (under the law) become adults.

KDE
KDE (short for K Desktop Environment) is a desktop environment for operating systems based on Linux or UNIX. This replaces the console, which is simply a black screen with text on it. It is known for how good it can look, and it is a very popular piece of software for users of Linux and UNIX.
KDE runs on top of the X Window System, which runs on top of any UNIX-like operating system.
KDE releases.
The following table lists when each version of KDE was released.

United Kingdom Independence Party
The United Kingdom Independence Party (often called UKIP, said "yoo-kip") is a political party that wants Britain to leave the European Union.
Current Members.
There are currently about 25,000 people who are members of the UKIP. Of these, some are politicians. Ten of them are members of the European Parliament.

Space Oddity
David Bowie's first big hit record was the single "Space Oddity" in 1969. This album though only really sold well when he became more famous in 1973. Many of the songs are very melodic, with good tunes, and are unusual.

Saxophone
A saxophone is a musical instrument that is made of brass and often just called a "sax".
Due to the fact it is made from brass it is often involved in what is referred to as a brass section alongside true brass instruments like the trumpet or trombone. However, it is not a true brass instrument but a member of the woodwind family of instruments because it has a reed. It was developed from the clarinet and shares many similarities to the clarinet. The player blows into a reed fitted into the mouthpiece of the instrument. The instrument is rarely used in a classical orchestra.
There are several different kinds of saxophone. In order from low to high pitch they are: Tubax, Contrabass, Bass, Baritone, Tenor, Alto, Soprano, Sopranino, and Soprillo. However, only the baritone, tenor, alto, and soprano are in common use.
It was invented in 1842 by Adolphe Sax and is very popular with modern rock and pop musicians, and often used in jazz music. The big bands of the 1940s and 1950s always used it too. Famous saxophone players were Marcel Mule (classical music) and Charlie Parker (jazz music).
The saxophone family is known as a transpositional family of instruments due to the fact that you do not have to alter the fingering when playing different ones.

Bryophyte
Bryophytes are simple plants, they are thought to be the simplest. There are three types of bryophyte. These are mosses, liverworts and hornworts. It is thought that green algae became mosses by evolving. Then other plants evolved from bryophytes.
A person who studies bryophytes is called a bryologist. The study of bryophytes is named bryology.

Kent
Kent is a county in England. It is just below London to the south-east of the city and is on the coast. The sea next to Kent is called The English Channel by the British. France is opposite Kent on the other side of The Channel. At the most narrow point, between Dover, Calais and Cape Gris-Nez, The Channel is only 21 miles (34 km) wide. Dover is one of the main ports in Kent. From here many ferries sail to and from France.
The other main port in Kent is Folkestone. Many people travel from here to Calais in France by train using The Channel Tunnel (built in the late 1980s and early 1990s). Kent is often called 'the garden of England' because its countryside is very green. Maidstone is called the county town because the local government for Kent is based there.
Kent is a very ancient county and another of its important towns is Canterbury. The Archbishop of Canterbury is the head of The Church of England. Hundreds of years ago many Christian people would travel to Cathedral at Canterbury from their homes in other parts of Britain. This was called making a pilgrimage. A lot of fruit such as strawberries are grown in Kent, and the county is famous for growing hops which are used to make beer. There is also a respected university in Canterbury.

Gavrilo Princip
Gavrilo Princip (25 July 1894 – 28 April 1918) was the Serb man who shot Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and the wife of the Archduke, Countess Sophie. These deaths were a cause of the First World War (World War I).
Princip was poor as a child. As a young man he joined a small group who wanted the Slavs in the south of Austria-Hungary to join with Serbia in a new country. They called themselves "Young Bosnia". A group of powerful people in Serbia decided to help them. Those powerful people were called the Black Hand. They gave 'Young Bosnia' guns and small bombs.
When they heard that Franz Ferdinand was coming to Sarajevo, six of them took the bombs and guns and waited for Ferdinand to drive past. They were going to kill Ferdinand when he drove past. Every one of them failed. Gavrilo Princip went to a cafe to drink a cup of coffee.
When Princip came out of the cafe he saw in front of him Ferdinand in his car. The driver of the car had driven his car the wrong way. They couldn't decide which way to go. No one saw Princip. He walked up and shot Ferdinand. He wanted to shoot the general who was also sitting in the car, but Ferdinand's wife Sophie threw her arms around Ferdinand. She was in the way, and Princip shot her instead of the general.
At his trial, Princip said he did it because he loved his people. The Austrians thought it was a very bad crime, but they couldn't kill him because he was only 19 years old. The law in Austria-Hungary said only people older than 21 could be killed, even when the crime was as bad as killing royalty like Ferdinand. They said Princip must stay in prison for 20 years. They put him in a very bad prison. The prison was so bad that he became ill and he died in 1918.
Because this crime (the shooting of the archduke) happened, Austria-Hungary gave Serbia a list of things that Serbia had to do, called an "ultimatum", to stop things like this from happening any more. But it was just about impossible for Serbia to do all the things on the list fast enough, because the Austrians really wanted war with Serbia. Their German allies also wanted a big war. Pretty soon, all of Europe was fighting, and the whole excuse for it was what Princip did at Sarajevo.

Formula
A formula is a shortened way of writing an idea. They are often in Mathematics and Science. Formulae (the plural) use letters instead of words. The simplest formula is y = x. Here, if x is, for example, 1, then y = x so y = 1. Possibly the most famous formula is E = m × c 2. Albert Einstein created this. In it, E is energy, m is mass and c is the speed of light. Thus, energy = mass × (multiplied by) the speed of light 2 (squared).
Usually the formula is use the same way in at all times. For example, the formula to find the area of a square is the length times its breadth.

Independence and Democracy
Independence and Democracy is a group in the European Parliament. It used to be called the Group of Europe of Democracies and Diversities. It has about 37 members in it. The members of this group either want their country to leave the European Union, or want to change it.

Musician
A musician is a person who plays a musical instrument like a guitar or a piano or a person that sings.
A musician is also someone who writes music, even if they write it for other people to play. People who write music are called composers. Usually that part is left out if they also play or sing the music they write, but they are still composers because they wrote the music.
Musicians can also make a group together to play songs. If the group has many people playing instruments together, like Beethoven's music, it is called an orchestra. If it is just many people singing, like in a church, it is called a choir. If it is only a few people together it is usually just called a band. Sometimes a band has the same name as the singer.

Carrot
Carrots are a type of plant. Many different kinds exist. The Latin name of the plant is usually given as "Daucus carota". Many people use it as a vegetable. The plant has an edible, orange root, and usually white flowers. Wild carrots grow naturally in Eurasia. Domesticated carrots are grown for food in many parts of the world.
In Portugal, carrot jam is a speciality.
P.S. Carrots are good for you!

Conservatism
Conservatism is a political idea. Followers of conservatism, called conservatives, like the way things are now, or like the way things were in the past. Conservatives want the government to act to either protect our current way of life, or to return to a better way of life that we used to enjoy.
In the old days, the slogan of conservatives was "God, King, and country". Today, conservatives are usually religious, patriotic, and value tradition. Conservatives think that new ideas are often dangerous, that the old ways are best, and that change, if it comes, should come slowly.
Edmund Burke is called "The Father of Conservatism". Other conservatives include Margaret Thatcher, Barry Goldwater, William F. Buckley, and Ronald Reagan.

Machine
In everyday life, a machine is a thing that helps a person to do something by using or changing energy. Many machines have moving parts, and usually increase force or change the direction of force.
Compound machines are made up of two or more simple machines.
People have used machines since before there was history. Examples of machines are cars, robots, clocks, and even screws.

Wario Land 4
Wario Land 4 is a video game for the Game Boy Advance.
Plot.
The main idea of this video game is to save a princess that has been turned into a cat and needs to be saved. Wario arrives and has to defeat a golden diva that has turned the princess in to a cat.

Mrs. Doubtfire
"Mrs. Doubtfire" is a movie from 1993. The film stars Robin Williams as a divorced father who desperately wants to be with his children. So, he dresses as a woman and poses as a nanny.
Plot.
Daniel Hillard (Robin's role) is an actor who quits over a smoking issue in a cartoon. Then, he goes to his son's birthday party, where his wife, Miranda Hillard (played by Sally Field), asks for a divorce.
Daniel has 90 days to get a job and a place to live. He later discovers that his wife wants a nanny. So, he makes several calls to his wife, using fake names, to get the job. Eventually, he gets the job.
Daniel Hillard goes to his gay brother to get a makeover. The makeover makes him look like a woman, which is exactly what Daniel had hoped for.
He then babysits his three children. People figure out that he is Mrs. Doubtfire when he is at a place called "Bridges," where he must switch between Mrs. Doubtfire and Daniel Hillard over and over. He ends up mixing up the two outfits while drunk. Later, his face mask comes off, and it is revealed that Daniel and Mrs. Doubtfire are the same person.

Super Mario 64 DS
"Super Mario 64 DS" is a game for the Nintendo DS console. It is a game which has been copied from the Nintendo 64 game called Super Mario 64.
Plot.
Bowser has kidnapped Princess Peach, Mario, Luigi and Wario and has jailed them in Princess Peach's castle. Yoshi must save them. Bowser has stolen the power of the castle by stealing all of the 150 power stars. The player must play through 15 courses and collect seven power stars on each course. When the player finds keys, he or she "saves" a character. The player can then play as that character. After gaining a certain amount of power stars, new rooms open and the game progresses.
Later on in the game, Mario gets the ability to fly by using wings. The player also gets to play as Luigi, Yoshi and Wario.
Minigames.
Minigames are a major feature in the game. The games are multiplayer, and more are unlocked during the game, when white rabbits are found. The player then gets given a key, which they can take to the Minigames Room to unlock games.
Characters.
At the start of the game, players can only choose to be Yoshi. When players get a power flower, they each have different powers.

Epistemology
Epistemology (from the Greek words "episteme" = science and "logos" = word/speech) is the part of philosophy that studies knowledge. It seeks to answer the questions "What is knowledge?" and "How is knowledge acquired?". Epistemology is considered to be one of the basic areas of study of philosophy.
Philosophers (people who think about philosophy) who are interested in epistemology think about whether it is possible to have knowledge, what kind of knowledge there is, and how people actually come to know about things.

Ford Focus
The Vauxhall Astra and Toyota Auris are cars like the Focus. Introduced in Europe, since 2000, the Focus has been sold in the United States and Canada. It replaced a car called the Ford Escort. Other Ford Motor products which came from the Focus include the Volvo V40 and Mazda 3.
Third Generation.
The Third Generation Focus will go on sale in 2009. It will be sold as the same model everywhere in the world.

Friends
"Friends" (1994-2004) was a comedy television series. It was about 6 friends who live in New York City. They were in their 20s or 30s. The names of the "friends" were: Monica, Chandler, Rachel, Ross, Phoebe and Joey.

Seinfeld
"Seinfeld" was an American television series. The series is thought by many people to be a great situation comedy. It was created by Jerry Seinfeld and Larry David and ran from 1989 to 1998. It stars Jerry Seinfeld as Jerry Seinfeld, who plays Jerry Seinfeld in the fake series, "Jerry".

Joey (TV series)
"Joey" was a 2004 American television series. It was a sitcom on the NBC network. The series was a spin-off of the series "Friends". It starred Matt LeBlanc as Joey Tribbiani, his character from "Friends". It consists of Joey, his sister, and his nephew.
Cast.
Joey was seized of production during the epsode "Joey and the Snowball fight" because fewer than 4 million viewers tuned in. Compared to 18 million who tuned into see the pilot epsisode. Joey Season 2 on DVD have rocketed to over £35 in some cases because so few were made, and they were only released in Canada.

Eastern Orthodox Church
The Eastern Orthodox Church is a Christian church. Their type of Christianity is also called Eastern Orthodoxy'". Their members are called Eastern Orthodox, although there is another group of Churches called Oriental Orthodox that is not Eastern Orthodox. There are about 250 million Eastern Orthodox in the world. Most Eastern Orthodox are found in Russia, Greece, Eastern Europe, and the Middle East, but there are Eastern Orthodox everywhere in the world.
Church today.
The many churches of the Orthodox Church are distinct in terms of administration and local culture, but for the most part exist in full communion with one another, with exceptions such as lack of relations between the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia (ROCOR) and the Moscow Patriarchate (the Orthodox Church of Russia) dating from the 1920s and due to the subjection of the latter to the hostile Soviet regime. However, attempts at reconciliation are being made between the ROCOR and the Moscow Patriarchate with the ultimate purpose of reunification.
Eastern Orthodox churches in communion.
Nowadays, there are 14 (15 by some) independent orthodox churches, in communion with each other, with the precise order of seniority of their heads as listed below. Some of them contain autonomous (marked below) and/or semi-autonomous dioceses (listed within the mother churches). The first 9 of the autocephalous churches are led by patriarchs.

Lisgar Collegiate Institute
Lisgar Collegiate Institute is located in the capital of Ottawa, Canada. It is the oldest Secondary School in Ottawa and possibly Ontario. It was named after a former Governor General of Canada. It was established in 1874 and has been formerly known as the Ottawa Collegiate Institute and the Dalhousie District Grammar School. It celebrated its 160th anniversary in 2004.
Lisgar houses approximately 1000 students and has a gifted program.

Aberdeen
Aberdeen is a city on the north east coast of Scotland where the rivers Dee and Don flow into the North Sea. It is the capital of the Grampian region of Scotland. Aberdeen is the third largest city in Scotland. The city's motto is "Bon Accord".
Aberdeen is famous for its buildings made from granite. Because of the silver-grey colour of the stone, Aberdeen is called the "Silver City by the Golden Sands". Aberdeen has a university, the University of Aberdeen which was founded on 10 February 1495 by Bishop William Elphinstone.
The local people sometimes speak in a dialect called Doric. They are called Aberdonians.
Aberdeen has its own football team, Aberdeen F.C.. The team plays in the Scottish Premier League.
Each year in August, Aberdeen hosts the Aberdeen International Youth Festival. This is one of the most important annual events in Scotland. Hundred of groups of young performing artists come to Aberdeen each year for the festival.

Psoriasis
Psoriasis is a skin condition where cells grow at a faster rate than they can be shed, causing excess skin to build up and form scaly patches on the body.

Jurassic Park
"Jurassic Park" is a 1991 book by Michael Crichton. It was made into a movie in 1993 directed by Steven Spielberg.
The Plot.
The plot of this story is of a theme park that is filled with dinosaurs. The park seems like a great idea to the people building the park. John Hammond, the man who built the park, invites several scientists, including Dr. Alan Grant, and his grandchildren to visit the park. During a tour, Nedry (a computer worker for JP) shuts down the entire park to try to steal some dinosaur embryos to earn a fortune from another company. Now the guests must try to restart power for the park. Complications arise since the dinosaurs have escaped because of the power failure.

H. G. Wells
Herbert George Wells (September 21, 1866 – August 13, 1946) was the author of many books in the late 1800s. He wrote many books such as "The Invisible Man", "The Time Machine", "The Island of Dr. Moreau", and "The War of the Worlds". He also explained how the things he wrote about could actually happen. Some of his books have been made into movies.

Landseer (Continental-European type)
The Landseer (Continental-European type) is a dog breed.

Glasgow
Glasgow (Scottish: "Glaschu", Lowland Scots: "Glesga") is the biggest and busiest city in Scotland, and is on the banks of the River Clyde. People from Glasgow are known as "Glaswegians" ("glass-whee-gee-eeans"), which is a name also used for words that are used only in Glasgow - also known as "The Glasgow Patter".
The number of people living inside and around Glasgow is thought to be around 2,300,000 which, although a very big number, is nowhere near the number of people living in Glasgow during the famous times of the shipyards on the River Clyde. It was the second biggest city in the world after London at one point in the 1800s. Many people from other countries visit Glasgow for holidays and trips; most of these people are from Europe France, America (the US and Canada) for weekend and week trips.
There are two airports in the city, Glasgow International Airport and Glasgow Prestwick International Airport. The main railway stations in the city are Glasgow Central and Queen Street stations. They provide rail links to the rest of Scotland, and to the rest of the U.K and Europe..
There are a number of theatres and concert halls in the city. Namely is the SECC, The Scottish Exhibition & Conference Centre, the Royal concert hall, The Kings theartre, The pavilion theartre, The Theartre royal and many more.
Glasgow has several football teams - the best-known are Rangers F.C. and Celtic F.C.. Partick Thistle, Clydebank, and Queens Park F.C. also play in the city.
The weather in Glasgow is almost always changing, and it is hard to say what the entire day's weather is like. Very often, the weather is worst in the morning when it is mostly damp and sometimes misty or even foggy; the Glasgow Patter also refers to "dreich" weather - damp and drizzly. However, the weather mostly improves through the afternoon and more often than not the weather stays dry and at an average temperature.
In summer it is popular as a base for tourists. They can stay in Glasgow and then travel to see Loch Lomond and the Western Isles. One of the oldest paddle-steamer boats is in Glasgow, and in the summer one can travel down the Clyde to visit other towns and islands.

Grampian
Grampian was a government region in north east Scotland. It was named after the Grampian mountains which start in this region.
The capital city of the region is Aberdeen.
The region was created in 1974. It was removed in 1995 because local government in Scotland was made simpler.

Scottish Borders
Scottish Borders is a council area (region) in south Scotland. Its name is because it is on the border with England.
The capital city of the region is Newtown St. Boswells.

Central Region, Scotland
Central was a government region in central Scotland between 1974 and 1995. After local government in Scotland was made simpler, it was replaced with smaller areas.

Dumfries and Galloway
Dumfries and Galloway is a region in south west Scotland.
The capital city of the region is Dumfries.
Dumfries is 60 miles south of Edinburgh,the capital of Scotland.

Fife
Fife is a region on the East coast of Scotland. The county town is Glenrothes.

Highland
The Highland Council Area is a local government region in north Scotland. It covers most of the area which people call the Scottish Highlands.

Lothian
Lothian was a region on the east coast of Scotland.

Strathclyde
Strathclyde was a region in west Scotland. It is named after the River Clyde. The capital city of the region was Glasgow.
A long time ago, Strathclyde was also the name of one of the kingdoms which united to form Scotland.

Tayside
Tayside was a government region on the east coast of Scotland. It was named after the River Tay.
The capital city of the region was Dundee.
The region was created in 1974. It was removed in 1995 because local government in Scotland was made simpler.

Dundee
Dundee is a city on the east coast of Scotland where the River Tay flows into the North Sea. It is the fourth largest city in Scotland. Dundee has a population of 143,090 people. It was famous as the city of "Jute, jam, and journalism", because jute and jam were made there, and several newspapers were printed in the city.
There are two universities in Dundee. They are called the "University of Dundee" and the "University of Abertay Dundee".
It also is home to two professional football teams. Dundee F.C., who play in the Scottish First Division and Dundee United F.C., who play in the Scottish Premier League. Unusually, their stadiums (Dens Park and Tannadice) are very close together, in the same street.

Oxford
Oxford is a town of history. It is a city in England on the River Thames. It is a very old city, with the oldest buildings being from before the 12th century.
Oxford has two universities, the University of Oxford which is oldest university in an English speaking country, and 'Oxford Brookes' which is a lot younger.
Oxford is filled with history and culture from a time before we lived with its wonderful museums, universities and lots of old sightseeings. A trip to Oxford is very interesting.

George VI of the United Kingdom
George VI (December 14, 1895 – February 6, 1952) was the King of the United Kingdom from 11 December 1936 until he died on 6 February 1952. In 1923, he married Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon.
He was followed by his daughter Queen Elizabeth II.

Asia Minor
Asia Minor is a peninsula. It is also called Anatolia. A large part of the Asian part of Turkey is Asia Minor. The people there speak Turkish. The seas surrounding Asia Minor are the Black Sea, the Aegean Sea and the Mediterranean Sea. Because Asia Minor is between Christian Europe and Asia, many different cultures have lived there. Remnants (small parts) of these cultures are there today.
Many great historical people, like the Hittites, Greeks, Persians, Armenians, Romans, Goths, Byzantines and Turks, have lived in or occupied Asia Minor.The Roman Empire had a province called Asia, which was in Asia Minor. Later people started to call the entire continent Asia, so the peninsula Asia was called Asia Minor (little Asia).

Zoroastrianism
Zoroastrianism is a religion. The founder of Zoroastrianism was Zoroaster, who lived in Persia around 1000 BCE. Other names for Zoroastrianism are Mazdaism and Parsiism.
Zoroastrianism is a monotheistic religion. The Zoroastrian god is called Ahura Mazda. It was not always a monotheistic religion. Long ago, Zoroastrians believed there were more gods. The holy book of Zoroastrianism is the Avesta.
Zoroastrianism is also dualist. Zoroastrians believe Ahura Mazda created two spirits, a good one (Spenta Mainyu) and a bad one (Angra Mainyu). Zoroastrians believe people are free to choose between good and bad, but that choosing good will lead to happiness, and that choosing bad will lead to unhappiness. So it is the best to choose good. Therefore, the motto of the religion is "Good Thoughts, Good Words, Good Deeds".
Zoroastrianism was the state religion of the Sassanid dynasty of Persia. In the 7th century, Persia was conquered by Islamic Arabs, and most Persians became Muslims too. Nowadays, there are about 250,000 Zoroastrians in the world. Most of them live in Iran, Pakistan or India (in Pakistan and India, they are called Parsis); however, many Zoroastrians also live in the United States.
Basic beliefs.
There is one God, call Ahura Mazda, the one Uncreated Creator. All worship is directed to him.
Ahura Mazda created everything. There is a conflict between order (that he created) and chaos (or disorder). All the universe is part of this conflict, humans are too.
To help fight the chaos, it is necessary to lead an active life, to do good deeds, and have good words and good thoughts for others. This is also needed to get happiness. This "active life" is the basis of what Zoroastrians call free will. They are against people living on their own to find god, like in monasteries.
The conflict will not last forever. Ahura Mazda will win it in the end. When this happens all the creation will be reunited with Ahura Mazda, even the souls of those who died or who were banished.
All the bad things are represented as Angra Mainyu, the "Destructive Principle". All the good things are represented by Ahura Mazda's Spenta Mainyu, the instrument or "Bounteous Principle" of the act of creation. Through Spenta Maniu, Ahura Mazda is in all humans. Through this principle, the Creator interacts with the world.
When Ahura Mazda created everything, he made seven "sparks", called Amesha Spentas ("Bounteous Immortals"). Each of them represents an aspect of the creation. These seven sparks are helped by many "lesser principles", the Yazatas. Each Yazata is "worthy of worship" and also stands for an aspect of the creation.
Famous Zoroastrians.
Some historians believe that the Three Wise Men or Magi who visited Jesus after he was born were Zoroastrian priests.

Science Olympiad
The Science Olympiad is a nation-wide event in the United States that tests students' knowledge in science and technology. It started in 1982, and takes place every year.

Bookstore
A bookstore is a store that sells books, and where people can buy them. A used bookstore or second-hand bookshop sells and often buys used books.

Lemonade
Lemonade is a drink made with water, lemons or lemon juice, and sugar. Lemonade was invented on August 20, 1630, in Paris, France.
To make 8 cups of lemonade, mix the juice of 8 freshly squeezed lemons with 1/2 a cup of sugar and 5 cups of water and serve over ice cubes. A diced (cut up) lemon or lime can also be added to mixture. The sugar is sometimes replaced by maple syrup.
Pink Lemonade usually means lemonade that is pink. This can be made by adding some grenadine or another red juice, or using pink lemons. Some pink lemonades are lightly carbonated, including French brand Lorina Lemonade.
In the United Kingdom, Australia, Switzerland, and New Zealand, the term lemonade mainly refers to a clear, carbonated, sweet lemon-flavored soft drink. In India it is commonly referred to as "Nimbu Paani" meaning "Lemon Water" or "Shikanji" and is sold by many street vendors, especially in North India.

Melting
Melting is the process of changing something from a solid into a liquid (like ice into liquid water). It is the opposite of freezing. The temperature at which something begins to melt is called its melting point. When an object is heated, the object's particles begin to move faster and faster until the structured particles are freed. Now it is a liquid.

Onomatopoeia
An onomatopoeia is a word that tries to sound the same as a real sound we might hear. Words similar to "woof", "click", "buzz", "boom", and "shh" are onomatopoeias.

September 11
The terms "September 11" and "9/11" have been used by the media to refer to the September 11, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center and The Pentagon in the United States of America.

Essex
Essex is a county in the east of England. It has a population of around 1,500,000 people. It is part of the East of England region. The county town of Essex is Chelmsford. Essex has London and Kent on its southern border and the whole of the east of the county is coast-line. The Dartford Tunnel can be used to drive under the River Thames between Essex and Kent.
Other famous towns in Essex are Colchester, the oldest town in England, and in the south-eastern corner of the county Southend, one of Britain's biggest sea-side resorts.
Famous people.
A famous writer from the county of Essex is Dorothy L. Sayers, who wrote detective novels. Her most famous character is Lord Peter Wimsey.
Other famous people from Essex include

County town
A county town is the most important town of any county in Britain and Ireland. In the United States the town is called the county seat
It can be the place where the headquarters of the county council is based, or the place where the courts are. It has usually been the county town for hundreds of years. It could also be the biggest or most important town in the county. There is often a university in or near the county town. Cities can also be county towns, such as Hereford, or Durham City.

Southend-on-Sea
Southend-on-Sea is town in England. It is a seaside resort in the south-eastern corner of the county of Essex. Southend is famous in the United Kingdom. Many tourists from Great Britain and other countries visit Southend. It has a famous pier which is one of the longest in the world. The pier was 2,158 meters (1.34 miles) long. It was so long that a railway line was built along it. The pier has been badly damaged by fires four times in fifty years, in 1959, 1976, 1993 and 2005.

Cumbria
Cumbria is a county in England. It is in the very north-western part of England on the border with Scotland. The most important and biggest town is Carlisle, in the north of the county. This is the county town and there is an ancient (very old) castle in the centre of the town.
In 1974, Cumberland, Westmorland and bits of Yorkshire and Lancashire were put into the new county of Cumbria. The world famous Lake District national park is in Cumbria. Millions of tourists visit the Lake District to enjoy sailing on the lakes and the impressive mountains that are here. The highest mountain in England is in the Lake District, it is called Sca Fell.
Cumbria is very popular with people who enjoy walking although the weather is very poor here. It often rains and is cold. Many tourist from Japan visit Cumbria. Popular places for them and other tourists to see are the poet William Wordsworth's two houses, the home of the famous children's writer Beatrix Potter and the island and lake where the writer Arthur Ransome based his books about the 'Swallows And Amazons'.

Bob Dylan
Bob Dylan is one of the most famous and successful popular singers of the last 40 years. His birth name was Robert Zimmerman, but he legally changed his last name to Dylan.
He was born in 1941 in Minnesota. As a youth he was a big fan of rock and roll, and formed several bands in high school. However, Dylan first became famous as a folk musician. In 1962, he released his first album, simply called "Bob Dylan". The next year, he released the folk song "Blowin' in the Wind", which became very popular. In 1965, he began playing rock and roll. That year, Dylan released "Like a Rolling Stone", which has been called the greatest popular music song of all time.
The next year, Dylan was in a motorcycle crash which broke his neck. His recovery took many months, and he released no new music or records during this time. Dylan re-examined his life while he recovered, saw what other musicians were doing, and made changes to his own style. His comeback album, "John Wesley Harding", was different from his earlier work. While he made many tours to perform during the mid-1960s, he made very few public appearances until the mid-1970s.
Dylan later became a Christian, then drifted away from Christianity, even re-exploring Judaism, which his family followed. Today he does not want to talk about his religion. Since the 1980s, he has concentrated on touring.
Also, Dylan is one of the famous people who appears on the cover of The Beatles's "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band".

Diana Ross
Diana Ross is a famous American soul and pop singer. She was born in 1944 in Detroit, Michigan. Ross worked as a secretary for MotownRecords in Detroit. She first became successful with a Motown group as The Supremes. The Supremes were the most successful act on Motown in the 1960s. They sold millions of albums and made it possible for other African American musical acts to become famous with international audiences.
Diana Ross had a successful solo career from the 1970s on. She is a high-paid concert performer. She also starred in three movies: "Lady Sings The Blues", the story of the blues singer Billie Holiday; "Mahogany", a story about a fashion designer; and "The Wiz", an African-American version of the book "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz".

Enid Blyton
Enid Blyton (August 11 1897 - November 28 1968) was an English writer. She was born in London, England. She was one of the world's most famous children's writers. She is also one of the most prolific authors of all time. (This means that she wrote a great number of books.) Her most famous stories are the Famous Five stories, about a group of four children (Dick, Julian, Anne, and Georgina, who wanted to be called Geogre) and their dog (Timmy) who have many adventures, and her Noddy books for small children.
Her parents wanted her to become a concert pianist (someone who plays the piano), but Enid wanted to be a teacher. Her parents agreed to let her train as a teacher. She began teaching in 1919 in Kent, not far from where she grew up in Beckenham.
As a child and teenager her main interest had been writing poems, stories and other items. She had sent many of them to magazines but had never had any published. As she worked as a teacher she began to have her articles, about children and education printed in a magazine called "Teachers' World". Her first book, called "Child Whispers" came out in 1922. It was a book of her poems with illustrations (drawings).
She was married soon after. She left teaching and began to have more success with her books. She wrote in and was the editor of magazine for children called "Sunny Stories". The stories she wrote for this magazine were so popular that the magazine was then called "Enid Blyton's Sunny Stories". The magazine came out every two weeks. Many of Enid's most famous books were first printed in this magazine in parts.
Enid Blyton has been in The Guiness Book Of Records as one of the world's biggest selling writers. She is also included because she wrote more books than almost any other writer. (About 700 books.) Her books were published in many different languages. She said that she found writing them easy. In the last few years of her life she had a disease which damaged her mind, called "presenile dementia". Her books still sell in large numbers, and used to be owned by her family. A few years ago her family sold them, and now her works belong to a private company.
Enid Blyton did a lot of work for charity and had a club for children which helped them to give money to charity. She was married twice and had two daughters.
Books: "Enid Blyton: a biography" (1997). The official biography, telling the story of Enid Blyton's life.

Saint Denis
Saint Denis is the patron saint of France.
Saint Denis was the first bishop of Paris. He supposedly went there between 250 and 270. He was executed in 272. According to legend, he was beheaded. After his beheading, he walked away, his head under his arms, along what is today the Rue des Martyrs in Paris. After about, he gave his head to a pious woman, who had a basilica erected in the spot.

Dragon
The "dragon" is a fictional animal belonging to the world of mythology, story telling and fantasy. We find stories about dragons in the Chinese culture, the European culture, South American culture, and many others.
Because dragons can look like dinosaurs and other extinct (not living any more) animals of millions of years ago, it is easy to think that those animals might have been an example for dragons as they were thought of in the history of humankind.
Some of dragons are considered dangerous and eat humans, but many other stories have majestic dragons who are looking for help, giving help, or interact with the main character(s) in a peaceful way.
Chinese dragon.
In China, a dragon is usually described as a supernatural (magical) animal that has a long body like a snake. The Chinese dragon has four feet and four toes in each foot. Unlike dragons of European legend, the Chinese dragon was considered a symbol of luck. Chinese dragons are thought of with respect.
In ancient China a dragon was a symbol of the emperor.

Inertia
"Every body perseveres in its state of being at rest or of moving uniformly straight ahead, except insofar as it is compelled to change its state by forces impressed." [Cohen & Whitman 1999 translation]
"Every object stays at rest or stays moving at the same speed unless something makes it change."

Sherlock Holmes
Sherlock Holmes is a character from books written by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. Many of the stories were made into movies and television dramas. He is a detective (He tries to find out who committed a crime). He is famous for his detective skills and for solving mysteries. There is a monument in London dedicated to him. He has a sharp mind and is able to solve even the most difficult and unusual cases. He works with his companion Dr Watson, a retired army officer. Holmes plays the violin and smokes a pipe. Sometimes when he hasn't got any cases to solve, he uses drugs.He is very smart.He first appeared in 1887 and is known for his detective skills. People sometimes get surprised because he takes cocaine and morphine.He was the best detective in the world and it will always stay that way.He wore a hat because he was balding. Many people liked him.Sherlock Holmes was by all accounts born on 6th January 1854, and for more than a century his name has been known in every country of the world; and not only his name, but his appearance too. The hawk-like features and piercing eyes; the dressing-gown and pipe; the deerstalker cap and magnifying glass - these details are so familiar that if he were to appear amongst us today we should know him at once.
He is still however an enigmatic figure, as wrapped in mystery as the crimes he tried to solve, and as in most legends, it is often difficult to separate fact from fiction
The Science of Deduction.
In the story "The Sign of Four", the first chapter is titled "The Science of Deduction". Dr. Watson admires Sherlock Holmes attention to detail and Holmes explains the importance of apparently unimportant details.
In the second chapter of the story "A Study in Scarlet",
Sherlock Holmes Method is explained in detail. He is the only Consultant Detective in the world and his Science of Detection is based on Analysis and Deduction.
Sherlock Holmes is ignorant of literature, philosophy, astronomy and politics but his knowledge of chemistry is profound and he seems to know every detail of every horror ever committed by a criminal mind.
Sherlock Holmes' Brother.
Mycroft Holmes is Sherlock Holmes' brother. He works in the government and according to Sherlock, his brother Mycroft's powers of deduction are even better than his own so that again and again Mycroft's word has decided national policy. Sometimes, Sherlock goes to his brother to ask for advice on some little problem. In Sherlock's own words, Mycroft is the British government.
Sherlock Holmes' archenemy.
Professor James Moriarty is Sherlock Holmes' archenemy (chief enemy). He is the Napoleon of crime. He is a mathematical genius and occupied the mathematical chair (office) of a small English university but he resigned and moved to London where he became the center of organized English crime and the object of Sherlock Holmes' investigative power who cosidered the professor his intellectual equal. Sherlock Holmes vs (against) Moriarty represents one of the greatest battles of wits (shrewdness)(intelligence) in the history of the world. Holmes spoke often of Moriarty's genius in admiration notwithstanding (in spite of)(not considering) the horror of the crimes. He spoke well of Moriarty without taking into consideration the evil side of his nature.
The women in his life.
His landlady Mrs. Hudson who was genuinely fond of him (she liked him).
Mary Morstan who married Dr. Watson in 1888.
He showed his attentiveness to Violet Hunter. (He was courteous and considerate).(He showed good manners).
He posed as a plumber in his wooing (seeking the affection or love) of Charles Augustus Milverton's housemaid.
He was never really involved emotionally with a woman. In his own words, "...I have never loved."
In "A Scandal in Bohemia", the only case in which he fails, appears the only woman he considered his equal intellectually and the only woman who ever defeated him. Her name is Irene Adler. She was born in New Jersey and was an opera singer. She had a love affair (romance) with the king of Bohemia.

York
York is a large city in the United Kingdom. Around 130,000 people live in York. The Vikings called it "Jorvik". It was the traditional county town of Yorkshire but it is no longer. It is now a unitary authority.
Location.
To the west of York is Leeds, Wetherby and Harrogate. To the south of York is Selby to the north of York is Easingwold and to the east of York is Scarborough.
Religion.
York is home to the Archbishop of York, a high-ranking cleric in the Church of England who is second only to the Archbishop of Canterbury. The current Archbishop of York is John Sentamu, who has held the post since October 5 2005.

North Yorkshire
North Yorkshire is a large county in the English Region called Yorkshire and the Humber in the north of England.
North Yorkshire was part of one big county called Yorkshire. The three parts of Yorkshire used to be called the West Riding, the East Riding, and the North Riding. in 1974, the boundaries and names changed. The "North Riding" changed to "North Yorkshire". The other main parts of Yorkshire are now South Yorkshire, West Yorkshire, and the East Riding of Yorkshire.
The main city of North Yorkshire is York. York is now since 1996 a unitary authority, it is not officially part of North Yorkshire.
Yorkshire has many towns. It also has many open green areas and hills, so two of the 11 UK National Parks (the North York Moors and most of the Yorkshire Dales) are in North Yorkshire.

Pig Latin
Pig Latin is an language code or game and is most often used by children who speak English.
Pig Latin that you write is sometimes written with dashes, between the first part and the "c-ay" letters, and sometimes it is not. A sentence can be "Is-thay is-ay an-ay example-ay of-ay Ig-pay Atin-lay ith-way ashes-day", or "Isthay isay anay exampleay ofay Igpay Atinlay ithoutway ashesday."
The British name for Pig Latin is "backslang".

Nickname
A nickname is a special name that a person may be called that is different from their real name or from the name they were given by their parents. It is not a legal thing; it is a social thing. The name may be given to them by their friends. It may be like the person's real name or completely different. Nicknames often come from how a person looks, or from something they are especially known for doing. They can also be a shortened version of the given name.
Nicknames can also be unkind and rude, and are used by people who dislike the person given the nickname. Often famous people are given nicknames by the writers of newspapers or other people in the media, such as TV.

Martin Luther King, Jr.
Dr Martin Luther King, Junior (January 15, 1929 – April 4, 1968) was a famous American who fought for human rights. He was born in Atlanta, Georgia, USA. He was the son of Martin Luther King Sr. who was also a civil rights leader. When he was born, the physician in charge accidentally wrote his name down as 'Michael' on his birth certificate. On the evening of April 4, 1968, while standing on the balcony of his motel room in Memphis, Tennessee, where he was to lead a protest march in sympathy with striking garbage workers of that city, he was assassinated.
He became a Baptist minister. He worked hard to make people understand that black people should always be treated equal to white people. He gave speeches and led rallies to encourage African Americans to protest without the need of violence. One nonviolent strategy was for blacks to do sit-ins, where African Americans sat in at a restaurant and asked politely for a ham sandwich until someone replied.
He first began to be well-known in 1955 when he led a protest against the way black people were segregated on buses. That is when they had to sit at the back of the bus separate from white people. He soon became world famous when he told his supporters, and the people who were against equal rights, that only peaceful ways should be used to solve the problem. In 1964 black people finally were allowed to vote in elections. In this year he was given the Nobel Peace Prize.
After this he continued to work with many others to fight against poverty and the Vietnam War. In 1986, the United States created a national holiday, commonly known as "Martin Luther King Day", in his honor. It is celebrated on the third Monday of the month of January; around the time of his birthday. This was because people had campaigned (called for) this to happen. One of these people was the singer Stevie Wonder who wrote a song as part of the campaign. It was not until the 1990s that all 50 U.S. states had agreed to celebrate the same holiday.Dr. Martin Luther King said to his mother he would turn this world upside down and he followed through with that promise.

Jumanji
"Jumanji" is a 1995 movie starring Robin Williams, which was based loosely on a 1982 children's book of the same name by Chris Van Allsburg. It is about a boy who gets trapped in a game for 30 years, and must finish playing the game when he gets out. Other stars include Kirsten Dunst.
The game in the movie (titled Jumanji) has been made into a real game.

Neopets
Neopets is a website that lets its users create pets, and take care of them. The site was created on November 15 1999, and has millions of users. The website is owned by Viacom. Most of the pets that the user can create are not real animals, but are based upon real animals. Neopets has story plots, chat boards, and different things that users can do with their neopets. Many people of many different ages join Neopets. The site has many games that the user can play. Neopets has a help section to find answers to many of the questions that users may have.
Avatars.
Avatars are small, animated 50x50 pixel boxes. They can be used on chat boards and guilds. They can be used to show a user's personality, what they are good at, or how they are feeling. There are three types of avatars: default, clickable, and avatars that have to be earned.
Default avatars.
Default avatars are the easiest type of avatar to get. Once a person creates an account on Neopets, they get to use the default avatars without having to do anything. Default avatars are mainly the different pets that can be used on the site and certain faeries.
Clickable avatars.
Clickable avatars are the second easiest avatar to get. To earn a Clickable, the user must go to a certain place on the site. Once the user has gone to that page, they get a message that says they can use that avatar.
Avatars that are earned.
Many avatars have to be earned. These are the avatars that people want most. These avatars are the hardest to get. These avatars may be gotten in many different ways. For example, getting a certain score in a game, buying a specific item, or getting a set amount of "Neo-points" (the money used on the site).
Fan sites.
There are many websites created by Neopet users to help other players. These sites help with information about how to play games and how to get avatars. There are also many sites for users to find ways to change the look of the pages that tell about themselves and their pets.

Victoria of the United Kingdom
Queen Victoria (May 24, 1819 – January 22, 1901) was the queen of Great Britain and Ireland from 1837 until 1901. She reigned (was on the throne) longer than any other monarch (king or queen) in the history of the United Kingdom. She was born in 1819, and became queen at only age 18. Her uncle William IV had been king, but when he died, her father was already dead and so she became queen.
At first she was not popular with the people she ruled, because they thought she showed little interest in what happened to them. In 1840 she married Prince Albert, her cousin, and together they started to be more and more popular. They encouraged British science, trade and art. They had nine children, and made it clear they believed that a good family life, and Christianity, were very important. In general, English people followed their example.
Prince Albert and Victoria were now seen by the public as being interested in how well the country and its people lived. In 1851 the "Crystal Palace Exhibition" opened. This is usually called "The Great Exhibition". It happened partly because of Albert's hard work, and the exhibition featured the achievements of British people in a huge centre called Crystal Palace.
But in 1861, Prince Albert died and Victoria began to keep away from public life; This made her less popular. During the years that followed, Britain became more powerful and in 1887 Victoria became "The Empress Of India". She again began to be more interested in the politics of the country, and so more popular with her people. In 1897, she had her Diamond Jubilee, to celebrate 60 years as queen.
Many of Victoria's children became monarchs or princes and princesses of other countries. Queen Victoria was always very interested in India, although she never went there. She was also very fond of Scotland and painting, which she did herself, photography, singing and kept a regular diary throughout her life.
She was educated by her governess, Louise Lehzer, and the Reverand George Davys.

Freak the Mighty
"Freak the Mighty" is the name of a book by Rodman Philbrick. It is about the friendship between a boy named Max with learning disabilities, and a boy named Freak with physical disabilities. In 1998, the book has was made into a movie titled "The mighty". A sequel to the book titled "Max the Mighty" was published in 1993.

Daniel Handler
Daniel Handler (born February 28, 1970) is the real name of Lemony Snicket, author of the popular "A Series of Unfortunate Events" books. He graduated from Lowell High School and from Wesleyan University in 1992. He is a native of San Francisco and went to the San Francisco Boys Chorus. He calls himself the fake name of Lemony Snicket in the books, as well as in Lemony's autobiography. The autobiography is listed as fiction. After several years of writing the books, Daniel let the public know that he was behind the name of Lemony Snicket.
He is married to Lisa Brown and had their first child, Otto, in October of 2003. Their child's name is Otto. He finished 13 books to complete the Series of Unfortunate Events.
It is also believed by some people that his wife, author and illustrator Lisa Brown could possibly be the "Beatrice" that Handler writes his books for.

Global warming
Global warming is a term regarding the slow increase of the earth's temperature. Global warming may become a problem for the world and has already been linked to floods and other types of storms.
Today, the atmosphere of the world is about a half a degree Celsius warmer than it was two hundred years ago. Many people want to know why the earth's climate is changing. Most say that the changes are caused by people themselves (by cars and factories, for example). Some say the change is natural and not the fault of humans.
The average temperature at the surface of the Earth has gone up by 0.6 Celsius since the late 19th century. There are several theories (ways) which try to explain this increase. Some scientists think that the warming of the last 50 years is believed to be a result of increases in the greenhouse effect caused by human-generated carbon dioxide (CO2). Others think that variations in the amount of heat from the sun and other natural causes.
A "theory" in science is not just an idea in the mind. It's something which has been tested and well-confirmed. Unfortunately, climate theories are difficult to test and often rely on computer models which are not always accurate. Today, many scientists agree that the "theory" that global warming is caused by human activity is true. Still, because scientific answers are found through experiment and not votes the search for the cause of global warming must go on.
Climate models show that temperatures will probably increase by 1.4°C - 5.8°C between 1990 and 2100. Much of the uncertainty in this increase results from not knowing future CO2 emissions, but there is also uncertainty about the accuracy of climate models. Climate commitment studies predict that even if levels of greenhouse gases and solar activity were to remain constant, the global temperature will increase by 0.5°C over the next one hundred years due to the lag in warming caused by the oceans.
Although the discussion of global warming often focuses on temperature, global warming or any climate change may cause changes in other things as well, including the sea level, precipitation, weather patterns, etc. These may affect human activity via floods, droughts, heat waves, changes to farm productivity, etc.
About global warming.
Over the past 100 or so years, the global (world) temperature has increased by about 0.6 ± 0.2°C. Over the past 1-2 thousand years the temperature has been pretty stable, with various (possibly local) changes, such as the Medieval Warm Period or the Little Ice Age.
Al Gore is one of the people who tried to stop global warming, and started to make people think about changing their lifestyles
Greenhouse gases.
Coal-burning power plants, car exhausts, factory smokestacks, and other waste vents of the human environment give off about 23 billion tons of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the Earth's atmosphere each year. The atmospheric concentration of CO2 has increased by 31% above pre-industrial levels since 1750. This is quite higher than at any time during the last 420,000 years, the period for which reliable data has been extracted from ice cores. From less direct geological evidence, it is believed that CO2 values this high were last attained 40 million years ago. About three-quarters of the antropogenic emissions of CO2 to the atmosphere during the past 20 years are due to fossil fuel burning. The rest is predominantly due to land-use change, especially deforestation.
There could be other factors.
There may be other causes of global warming. A few scientists believe that atmospheric carbon dioxide is actually determined by global temperatures, and that increased solar (sun) activity has caused the temperature rise.
Future.
So, if the theory is correct, then it is possible to predict future climate, based on assumptions of future emissions. Climate models project a warming of 1.4°C to 5.8°C between 1990 and 2100.
Effects.
The effects of global warming are very foremost. The United Nations' Environmental Program recently announced that severe weather around the world has made 2005 the most costly year on record.
It would cost a lot of money to cut off global warming in its tracks. If we spend a little money now to help solve the problem of global warming now, then we can save ourselves from losing a lot of money later in life when the erroneous effects of global warming occur. The sea level will rise, which means that coasts will move inland and cause floods. There will be more rain, which will cause floods. Storms will be stronger, which will cause damage. There will be more diseases such as malaria and dengue fever, and it is possible that more people will die in disasters. It is also possible that winters will be colder in some climates. And, obviously, droughts will last longer and will be hotter in some areas.
If we spend 1% of our resources on this problem now, we may save as much as 20% of our resources soon. Some scientists believe that if we don't take effort in reducing global warming in the next decade or two, we will lose our chance. We should try to solve the problem of global warming.

Ammonia
Ammonia is a chemical. Its formula is NH3 (not to be confused with "Ammonium" that has a formula of NH4+). It is made from nitrogen and hydrogen atoms.
Ways it can be made.
NOTE: If a goldfish tank is dirty from their waste they can suffer from ammonia burns which cause black spots or patches to come up on their body. Make sure your tank is big enough and it may help if you have a filter.

Alkali
In chemistry, an alkali is an aqueous (from water) solution with a pH of more than seven.
The word 'Alkali' comes from the Arabic 'qali' meaning 'from the ashes' since ashes mixed with water were used as cleaning products.
An alkali is where a base is dissolved in water. Often it is the salt of an Alkali metal
An alkali is the opposite to an acid and can be neutralised (brought down to pH 7) by adding acid.
Characteristics.
The higher the number is over 7 on the pH scale the stronger the alkali is.
Strength of an Alkali.
Someone can find out how strong or weak and alkali is by adding universal indicator to it. Some universal indicator can be poured into it or use pH paper which is soaked with universal indicator. (i.e- soap and toothpaste are minor-strength alkalis)

The White Stripes
The garage rock duo is known for their trademark red, white, and black colors and clothing, their frequent use of the number three, and their peppermint motif.
Their debut album was titled "The White Stripes". It was released in 1999. Their second album was "De Stijl". It was released in 2000. They became very famous in 2001 when they released their third album "White Blood Cells". Their fourth album, "Elephant", won a Grammy Award. It was released in 2003. Their fifth album, released in 2005, was titled "Get Behind Me Satan". Their most recent album, "Icky Thump", was released in June 2007.
Jack and Meg White were married when they started the band, but have since divorced. Jack has remarried and has two children, Scarlett and Henry Lee.

Millennium Dome
The Millennium Dome is a large dome-shaped building in Greenwich in South East London, UK. It was built in 1997-2000 to celebrate the beginning of the third millennium. The name was officially changed to The O2 when Telefónica O2 Europe plc bought the naming rights from the developers, Anschutz Entertainment Group.
From December 31, 1999 until December 31, 2000 the Dome and some surrounding buildings were the home of the Millennium Exhibition which was meant to show the best of Britain to the world. The most successful part of the Exhibition was the stage show that was held two or three times each day in the middle of the dome. The show had dozens of dancers and acrobats, music by Peter Gabriel, and a tower that rose out of the dome's floor.
The rest of the Exhibition was not as successful as the Dome's owners had hoped. About 6 and a half million people visited the Exhibition, which was only half the number its owners hoped for.
The dome was sold to US Anschutz Entertainment Group (AEG) and reopened in July 2007 as the O2, an entertainment complex including a 22,000 seat concert and sports venue, cinema, music club and exhibition spaces. Among the first artists to perform there were Bon Jovi and Prince. The Rolling Stones performed there in August 2007, Led Zeppelin played a reunion show there in December 2007, and the Spice Girls took residence in the arena from December 2007 to January 2008.

Millennium
A millennium is a time period of one thousand (1000) years. The word "millennium" is derived from two Latin words "mille" (that means in English "thousand") and annum ("year").

Hotmail
Hotmail is a free e-mail service provided by Microsoft. It was established in 1995.

Harry Potter
The "Harry Potter" books are a popular series of fantasy books by J. K. Rowling. The character Harry Potter is the hero in the stories.
In the books, the fantasy is about magic. Harry Potter is born with the power to do magic. He soon discovers that there are a lot of magic people in the world, living unknown to most ordinary people. When he is eleven, he is invited to go to a boarding school for young witches and wizards. Each book tells about one year of his life at school, about the people that he meets there, the things that he learns, and his adventures.
There are seven books total in the series. A series of movies about the first five books has been made by Warner Bros. They started making the movies in 2001. The fifth one was released on July 11, 2007.

J. K. Rowling
Joanne Kathleen Rowling (born July 31, 1965) is the author of the "Harry Potter" books.
She only uses the name J. K. Rowling for her books: the "K" stands for "Kathleen" which was the first name of her grandmother.
Because the books are so popular, she has become very rich; she is said to be the richest woman in the United Kingdom, even counting the Queen.
She has been married twice; she has a daughter Jessica who was born in 1993 and a son David Rowling Murray who was born in 2003, and a second daughter Mackenzie Jean Rowling Murray born in January 2005. Her husband is named Neil Murray. She has won awards for the Harry Potter series of books and has made a little over $1 billion. The last book of the Harry Potter series - Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows was released on 21st July 2007.

Charmed
"Charmed" is an American television series. It is the story of three sister witches known as the Charmed Ones who fight demons and warlocks. "Charmed" was on The WB television network for 8 seasons from 1998 until 2006. Charmed ended production April 2006. Its last episode "Forever Charmed" was shown on 21 May, 2006.
Plot.
The story begins when Phoebe finds the Book of Shadows after seeing the word "ATTIC" spelled out on the spirit board. She reads out an incantation which gives them their powers. They remained a threesome until their sister, Prudence (Prue), dies fighting the demon Shax. Shortly after Prue dies, Piper casts a "To Find A Lost Soul" spell and finds that they have a younger half-sister, Paige Matthews. The triad or Power of Three is once again complete. This continues until the seventh season. After vanquishing the demon Zankou and an astral projection form of themselves everyone believes that they are died. They give up magic to have normal lives. But the magic is still alive. They are sought out to help a young new witch named Billie who is a college student wanting to fight demons. Paige is first drawn to her because she is Billie's Whitelighter.
The Sisters.
"Prue Halliwell: Prue was the oldest sister of the Charmed Ones. She had the powers to move objects with her mind (Telekinesis) and Astral Projection. Prue was engaged to a police officer named Andy. He died at the end of season 1. She died at the end of season 3. Prue's power to move objects with her mind is connected with her emotions. It is affected by anger. He power is stronger when she feels the need to protect herself and her sisters, or protect the innocents or the other good creatures.
Piper Halliwell: Piper was the middle child before Prue died, but now she is the oldest. She has a husband, Leo. Leo used to be the Charmed Ones' Whitelighter. Piper also has three children: Wyatt and Christopher and a daughter that the sisters (Prue Piper and Pheobe) saw on a trip to the future. Piper has the power to blow things up and to freeze things. Piper's powers are connected with her emotions. When she panics, she has the urge to freeze people and when she gets angry she usually blows things up.
Phoebe Halliwell: Phoebe was the youngest before Prue died, but now she is the middle child. Phoebe was married to a demon. His human name is Cole Turner and his demon name is Belthazor.
She is now married to coop a cupid and has three children. Phoebe has the power to see the past and the future, the ability to levitate, and is able to read others feelings/thoughts.
Paige Mathews: Paige is the half-sister to the Halliwell sisters. She is the youngest of the sisters. She is the daughter of Patricia "Patty" Halliwell (Mother of the Halliwell sisters) and Sam Wilder (Patty's Whitelighter). She came into the series when Prue died. She has Prue's power of telekinesis but with a twist because she is half whitlighter. She has the power to orb things to her. Prue only had to think about something to move it, Paige must reach out to it and call for it (that is when it orbs to her.) She also has the Whitelighter abilities of Orbing. She finally receives the power to heal in the middle of season 8.
Their Husbands.
Leo started out on the show as the Charmed Ones' Whitelighter.Then he became and elder Leo died during World War II. Then he was reborn as a whitlighter. He was a medic in the military. After being the Whitelighter for the Charmed Ones for several years, Leo was elevated to the position of Elder. He later joined a group of beings called The Avatars. By the end of the series, he had fallen from grace and was made mortal again. He has killed two Elders and many demons to protect Prue, Piper, Phoebe, Paige, Wyatt and Chris.
Cole Turner: Phoebe's ex-husband also known as the demon Balthazar.
He was half human/half demon. His demon side was strongest until he met and fell in love with Phoebe. As a demon, he could not help hurting the sisters. He asked Phoebe to strip (remove) his powers. After he helped vanquish the Source of All Evil, he became the new Source. In spite of Phoebe's love for Cole, she and her two sisters vanquish him, or so they thought. Cole came back and helped the sisters many times. Cole was eventually vanquished for good. Cole loved Phoebe very much. He would stop at nothing to win her back but he never succeeded.
Coop is a Cupid. He was sent to Phoebe by the Elders to help her find love. He realizes that he loves her and he wants to be with her. Phoebe does not feel the same way until the series finale.
He is a human. He worked as a parole officer. He is one of the only people who understood Paiges powers well not understood but accepted, there love is very strong.
Demons.
Demons are evil creatures with powers that try to kill the Charmed Ones. They don't have souls so therefore can kill innocent people with contious. Most demons work for "The Source" but some hate him. The Source of all Evil is a very powerful demon who rules the Underworld. The Charmed ones have killed The Source three times. There are different ranks of demons and the Charmed ones have faced them all. In some situation demons actually helped the Charmed ones. Demons try to kill the Charmed ones to impress the Source and all of the Underworld.
The Book of Shadows.
The Book of Shadows is the Charmed One's magical book. It contains spells, potions and information of various magical creatures such as demons and warlocks. The Book of Shadows has been around since beginning of the family line. The book has its own defensive power. Whenever evil tries to touch the book, it jumps away. Each generation has added to the Book of Shadows making it more and more powerful. For example, in the final episode, each of the sisters adds all that they have learned so that future generations of Halliwell witches can learn from their experiences.

Media
The media can mean television, radio, newspapers and magazines. The Media can also mean the people who write for and work in the media. These people are called journalists.

Seaman
A seaman is a man that works at sea on boats, ships, or submarines.

Falkland Islands
The Falkland Islands (or "Islas Malvinas" in Spanish) are a group of islands in the South Atlantic ocean, off the coast of South America. They are an overseas territory of the United Kingdom, but Argentina has claimed them since 1833. A war (the Falklands War) was fought over their possession during Margaret Thatcher`s time as British Prime Minister. There are many islands in the group but the two biggest are East Falkland and West Falkland. About 3,000 people live on them. The people of the islands are British and speak English. The main income for the people is from fishing and sheep farming.
The Falkland Islands are about 300 miles (480Km) east of Argentina. Argentina and the UK had a short war in 1982 because Argentina claims to own the islands. The war lasted 6 weeks and about 1,000 soldiers were killed. The UK defeated Argentina and after this the governments of the two countries would not negotiate (talk) with each other. In 1990 they began to have talks again. Oil and gas has been found below the sea around the islands. Argentina and the UK have agreed to share the oil and gas. There is also oil and gas outside the sea area that belongs to the UK. This is owned by Argentina.

Neil Armstrong
Neil Armstrong was born in August 5th 1930 in Ohio in a farm with his grandparents in the United States. He was an American astronaut, and the first person to set foot on the Earth's moon. On July 20, 1969, Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin landed on the moon in a small spacecraft that had been sent to the moon using the Saturn V rocket. The rocket was called Apollo 11. They both walked on the moon, and millions of people watched and heard this event on live television. He earned a bachelor of science degree in 1955 and a master of science degree in 1962. In 1971 he was a university professor.
His most famous quote is: "That's one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind. "
He spoke those words when he set foot on the moon. He wanted to say "That's one small step for "a" man…", but for some reason the "a" was never spoken. Armstrong thought he had said it. He admits that he often forgot syllables when speaking. Listening to the audio shows that the "for" runs on smoothly, giving no time for "a" to be spoken. Armstrong prefers written quotations to include the "a" in parentheses.
The "Houston Chronicle" newspaper reported on October 1, 2006, that Australian computer programmer Peter Shann Ford found the missing "a" from Armstrong's famous first words on the Moon. Ford reported that he downloaded the audio recording from a NASA web site and analyzed it using editing software originally intended for use with hearing disabled people. Armstong is said to have been pleased with Ford's finding of the missing "a".
Early Life.
Neil Armstrong discovered his passion for flying when he was 2 years old, His father use to take him to the Cleveland National Air Races. When he was young he would help his parents around the house like Weeding the garden and hanging the laundry, he would do this with his sister and brother Dean and June. Neil Armstrong also learned to love reading books. In his first grade, he read 90 books. Because of this, he skipped the second grade.

Caretaker
A caretaker is someone who has the job of looking after a building. For example, the building could be a school or shop.

Samuel Beckett
Samuel Beckett (April 13, 1906 – December 22, 1989) was born in Dublin in Ireland. He was a writer of books, plays, and poetry. He also translated other famous works of literature. He was given the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1969.
His most famous play is "Waiting For Godot". It has often been acted on stage and has been on TV.
Many writers of plays (playwrights) and others think he is one of the most important writers of the 20th century. There have been many books written about him.

Vegetarianism
Vegetarianism is the practice of not eating meat or fish. People who follow vegetarianism are called vegetarians. Vegetarians eat foods like vegetables, fruits, nuts, beans and grains. Some vegetarians eat or drink some things that come from animals, like milk and eggs. They are called lacto-ovo vegetarians.
Reasons for not eating meat vary. Some think that it is wrong to kill animals, others think that eating meat is bad for their health or the world. This is because land used for animals can be used to grow food. Some people may become vegetarians because of their religion.
Vegetarians who do not eat milk and eggs are called vegans. Vegans also often will not use animal products like leather, but many vegetarians do use animal products.
Some people who call themselves vegetarians and eat fish or sea food are not vegetarians, because fish and sea animals are also animals. Such people are sometimes called "pescetarians". There are also many people who are not vegetarians, but do not eat too much animal food. Some eat only very little meat (so-called "flexitarians" or "semi-vegetarians"), some eat only fowl ("pollotarians"). There is also a philosophy called freeganism, it means eating animal products only if otherwise they will be thrown away to garbage - such as food thrown away by restaurants.
Religious and spiritual.
Most vegetarians in the world are Hindu. Hinduism and Jainism in general teach vegetarianism, while Buddhism may or may not. Without any specific religion, some people in the Western world also follow a vegetarian diet because it may deepen inner spiritual connections (for example, James Redfield). Mahatma Gandhi said that spiritual experiences are greatly enhanced on a vegetarian diet.
Hinduism.
Hindus teach vegetarianism as a way to live with a minimum of hurt to other beings. In today’s world, about twenty percent of all Hindus are vegetarians. There are approximately 200 million vegetarians in India, the world's largest population of non meat eaters. More vegetarians live in the South of India than in the North, because the North is colder. For yoga and meditation, it is wise to be vegetarian.
The Hindu who believes in non-injury or nonviolence (ahimsa) naturally adopts a vegetarian diet. It is a matter of conscience more than anything else. The Vedic and Puranic scriptures of Hinduism explain that animals have souls and the act of killing animals brings bad karma because the killer will suffer the pain of the animal he has killed in this life or the next. Satguru Sivaya Subramuniyaswami adds that when we eat meat, fish, fowl and eggs, we absorb the vibration of the creatures into our nerves. This promotes fear, anger, jealousy, confusion, resentment and the like. The Manu Dharma Shastras state, “When the diet is pure, the mind and heart are pure.” Generally there is the belief, based on scriptures such as Bhagavad Gita, that one's food shapes the personality, mood and mind.

British
A British person or object comes from the United Kingdom (England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland), the Isle of Man or the Channel Islands (near France). It can also be used for some overseas places like Gibraltar (near Spain) or the Falkland Islands (near South America).
The term "British" is often used to describe something unique to the UK, for example 'the British way of life' or 'the British weather'. Sometimes it is accidentally used to describe some English, though it is usually over looked because English is British. Britain is not England, though.
A British person can also be called a Briton. A unique symbol of the "British" is the Union Jack flag which is recognised globally as a symbol of the United Kingdom.
Although being British is a collective identity, the countries of England, Scotland and Northern Ireland and the principality of Wales have separate identities and flags which make them unique.

Think Quest
ThinkQuest is a contest that is participated in by students of schools in the United States and other countries. The goal of ThinkQuest is to create an educational website that can benefit other students. It is run by the Oracle Education Foundation.

Terry Gilliam
Terry Gilliam (born November 22, 1940) is an American-born cartoonist and filmmaker. He was born in Minnesota and grew up in California, but he now lives in England and is a British citizen.
He was a member of the British comedy team Monty Python. He designed animated sequences and acted in both their TV show and movies. He also directed the movies "Jabberwocky" (1976), "Time Bandits" (1981), "Brazil" (1985), "Baron Münchhausen" (1989), "Fisher King" (1991), "12 Monkeys" (1996), "Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas" (1998), and "The Brothers Grimm" (2005).

John Cleese
John Cleese (b. October 27th, 1939) is an English actor. He was born in Weston-super-Mare. He was a member of the comedy team, Monty Python. He also starred on the television programme, "Fawlty Towers" that he co-wrote with his wife, Connie Booth who played the role of Polly on the show. He currently plays Q in the James Bond movie series.

Arthur Conan Doyle
Sir Arthur Ignatius Conan Doyle (May 22 1859 - July 7 1930) was a Scottish doctor and author. He is well known because he wrote short stories about the detective Sherlock Holmes. He also wrote science fiction and historical stories.
He was born on 22 May, 1859 in Edinburgh. His mother was named Mary Foley and she was Irish. His father was named Charles Altamont Doyle and he was English. He went to Stonyhurst College. He became an agnostic by the time he left. He studied medicine at Edinburgh University in 1876 to 1871. He wrote short stories in his spare time. In 1882, he started working as a doctor in Southsea. He carried on writing short stories while he waited for patients. His first story that was published was A Study in Scarlet. He died on 7 July, 1930.
Some of his most famous books include The Hound of the Baskervilles, The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes and The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes.

Ray Charles
Ray Charles (born Ray Charles Robinson) (September 23, 1930 – June 10, 2004) was an American musician.
He went to the St. Augustine School for Deaf and Blind and while he was there his mother died. He played jazz, soul, and country music.
Ray Charles was 6 when he started going blind and was completely blind by age 7.
Charles never knew exactly why he lost his sight, though there are sources which suggest Ray's blindness was due to glaucoma. He attended school at the St. Augustine School for the Deaf and the Blind in St. Augustine, Florida. He also learned how to write music and play various musical instruments. While he was there, his mother died. His father died two years later.

Jalisco
Jalisco is a state of Mexico. The capital of Jalisco is called Guadalajara. It is next to the Pacific Ocean and the states of Nayarit, Zacatecas, Aguascalientes, San Luis Potosi, Guanajuato, and Michoacan. It also has half of the Chapala Lake. Jalisco is also a mexican resteraunt in Vero Beach Florida

Ferrari
Ferrari is an Italian car company that makes fast cars. They are made in Italy and are very expensive. They usually cost $100,000 - $1,500,000.
The fastest street Ferrari is the F50 GT1, which can go over 370 kph (about 222 mph).
The most powerful Ferrari is the FXX, which has about 800 horsepower.

Daihatsu
The Daihatsu Motor Company Ltd. makes small cars and trucks. The company is part of the same manufacturing group that includes Toyota Motor Ltd. The company was set up in 1907. Examples of their cars are the Daihatsu Charade, the Rocky Four Wheel Drive SUV and the Daihatsu Copen. Daihatsu cars and trucks are notable for their rugged construction and high level of finish. After a brief, unsuccessful attempt at the U.S. market toward the end of the 20th century, the company withdrew from the U.S. in 1999.

Hydrocarbon
A hydrocarbon is a type of chemical compound. It is made of only hydrogen and carbon atoms.
They can be found in crude oil and are separated by fractional distillation (which means they are separated into different groups)
Hydrocarbon "Families".
Hydrocarbons are grouped into "families" or "homologous series". There are five main families. The hydrocarbons in each family have a general formula and similar physical and chemical properties.
Alkanes.
Alkanes are the simplest hydrocarbons. Their general formula is CnH2n+2.
Alkenes.
Alkenes are similar to alkanes. The main difference between them is that alkenes have a carbon to carbon double bond. The general formula for the alkenes is CnH2n.
Note that there is not "Methene". Methene is not possible as alkenes require a carbon-carbon double bond and methane only has one carbon atom.
Alkynes.
Alkynes have a carbon to carbon triple bond. CnH2n-2 is their general formula.
"Methyne" does not exist because of methane's one carbon atom.
Cycloalkanes.
Cycloalkanes are isomers of alkenes. They have the same general formula (CnH2n), the only difference is that they do not have a carbon to carbon double bond.
Note that the alkane Methane and the alkene Ethene do not have a cycloalkane because they can only form a straight line.
Alkadiene.
Alkadienes have two carbon to carbon double bonds. Their general formula is CnH2n-2. They are isomers of Alkynes.
Aromatic Hydrocarbons.
Aromatic hydrocarbons are aromatic organic molecules that form flat ring-shaped bonds. The most simplest of aromatic hydrocarbons are benzene and indole. They can have one ring, "heterocyclic", like benzene or 2 rings, "bicyclic" like napthalene (primary ingredient in mothballs) or many rings, "polycyclic" like anthracene (red dye colourant).

Shanghai
Shanghai is the biggest city in China.
It is on the banks of the Yangtze River (Chang Jiang River).
Shanghai was not a major city until the 1800s, when it became a major trading port with western countries. It is the biggest port in the world.
During the Chinese New Year, the Shanghainese celebrate profusely.
Buddhism has a large and important role in Shanghai.

Hunter S. Thompson
Hunter S. Thompson (July 18, 1937 – February 20, 2005) was an American writer.
He was known for a unique style of writing which he called Gonzo Journalism, where the writer writes about himself trying to write about what was happening around him. He was born and raised in Louisville, Kentucky and spent most of his adult life on his ranch in Colorado. His main topic was the health of the American Dream.

Johnny Depp
Johnny Depp (born June 9, 1963 in Owensboro, Kentucky) is an American actor.
He was the son of an engineer and a waitress. He grew up with his brother and his sister and spent a lot of time with his grandfather. When his grandfather died, Johnny was seven years old and he was very sad. His family went to Florida and in the next years, they had to change homes often. Johnny became worse at school and had his first experiences with drugs at the age of 15. He was thrown out of school and started to make music in a band called "The Flame", and later on "The Kids". He has one daughter, Lily-rose and one son Jack and is currently married to a French singer, Vanessa Paradis.
His first movie was "Nightmare on Elm Street" in 1984, which was quite a success. Afterwards, he decided to go to an acting school in Los Angeles. He got a small part in the movie "Platoon" and shortly after this, he was offered a part in the TV series "21 Jump Street" which he first turned down but finally accepted.
Since then he has been a star. Young people loved him, but this was not what he liked, so he took drugs and was in the news because of this. But his career went on and he played in lots of famous movies.
Today, Johnny Depp is one of Hollywood's most liked actors who can play in a huge range of roles. Normally he plays rather queer guys, for example in "Finding Neverland". He is not only liked for his look but also for his talent to act and his incomparable gestures.
Johnny's amazing acting brought him an abounding amount of dedicated fans. His success in his current movies has put him in an excellent position, bringing him enormous amounts of money to support his children.
Currently, Depp is living in France but also has a home in the States. Johnny has been getting used to the fact of living around French people, but his French is truthfully not completely accurate. Depp has also bought a nice, relaxing island that helps him calm his nerves.
Throughout his lifetime, Johnny has been through several occupations but not everyone knows that he owned a club; The Viper Room.

Uncle John's Bathroom Reader
"Uncle John's Bathroom Readers" is the name of a series of books. They have no plot that continues through the book. The books are full of information that is both interesting and sometimes useless.
The books were first published in 1988.
Other books.
There are several other books in the series, aside from the "Classics" and the "For Kids Only." Over 3 million of the books have been sold in total.

Catalonia
Catalonia (Catalunya) is a part of Spain placed on north-east, recognized as an "Autonomous Community". Over 7 million people live in the region. In Catalonia people speak their own language, Catalan, but also Spanish. The capital is Barcelona. This city is on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea and is very popular with tourists. The Olympic Games were there in 1992. There are four regions in Catalonia (Barcelona, wich it has the capital, Tarragona, Girona and Lleida).
The people of Catalonia have autonomy in Spain. This means they have their own local government, their own police and some control over their own community. In September 2005, the Catalan Parliament decided to call Catalonia a 'nation' according to Spanish Constitution which says that Spain is a group of nationalities. But this term has no judicial valor and it's only a term to calm down a minority of separatists.
Catalonia is richer than many other Spanish regions, because industrialization began there earlier than in other Spanish areas. However, this relative richness is used by the Spanish state to subsidize other Spanish areas. There are a lot of factories and businesses in the cities. The region is also greener than southern Spain, and crops are grown here. The north of Catalonia is less hot than the rest of Spain, and has more hills and trees. In the north of the region is the border with France.

Civil engineering
Civil engineering is the term for work of building structures. It usually means building large structures, like bridges, large buildings, and tunnels. To work in civil engineering requires training. Construction workers will train at a center and 'on the job' (training while doing the job).
Civil engineering is made up of 7 different primaries. They are geotechnical, structures, environmental, construction management, hydrology, transportation, and materials. Structures is the most popular which is used to design buildings.
To be a designer in civil engineering requires study at a university or college. Civil engineers often study subjects like structures, materials, physics and calculus.

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Golden Gate Bridge
Golden Gate Bridge is a bridge over the San Francisco Bay, from San Francisco to Marin County, in the U.S. state of California. It was opened for use in 1937. It is 9,266 ft (2,824 m) long. When it was completed, it was the longest bridge in the world. Now there are eight bridges that are longer. For many people, it is still one of the most beautiful bridges in the world.
History.
Before the cat, the only way to go north from San Francisco to Marin County was by ferry. The trip by ferry took 20 minutes to complete. Before the bridge was built, San Francisco was the biggest American city still served mostly by ferries. Some experts didn't think that people could build a bridge because the water currents between Marin and San Francisco were very strong. Also the water was very deep in the middle - 102 m - and there was a lot of wind and fog that could make the construction difficult.
In 1916 San Francisco's city engineer asked other engineers to propose ideas for a bridge. One man, Joseph Strauss, proposed a very cheap bridge - only $17 million, but many thought it was ugly. Local authorities ask him to change the design and to work with other experts. He accepted. He and other experts, especially Irving Morrow, an architect designed the bridge again, this time as a suspension bridge. A suspension bridge has tall towers that hold long cables, and the cables hold up or "suspend" the bridge.
The bridge is called the Golden Gate Bridge because it crosses the Golden Gate Strait, the area of water between the San Francisco peninsula and the Marin County peninsula.
In 1930 people in San Francisco and Marin County agreed that the local governments could sell bonds to raise money for the bridge. The new bridge was going to cost $30.1 million. But it was difficult for the governments to sell the bonds at the time because of the Wall Street Crash of 1929. Finally the Bank of America, which was based in San Francisco, agreed to buy all the bonds to help the local economy.
Construction.
Construction began on January 5, 1933 and was finished in April 1937. During the construction only eleven men died because the builders put a net under the bridge for the safety of the builders. Nineteen men were saved by the net.
When they finished the bridge, they painted it with a reddish-orange sealant, a type of paint that protects the bridge from water and humidity. People liked the color because it looked good with the bridge's surroundings and it was easy to see in the fog, so the bridge was officially painted with the color, called International Orange.
Today.
People can cross the bridge in cars or motorcycles any time. During daylight hours, they can cross by bicycle or on foot. They can't cross the bridge on roller skates, skateboards or mopeds.
When the bridge opened, drivers had to pay 50 cents to cross the bridge in either direction. Today, when drivers go north on the bridge (leaving San Francisco) they don't have to pay, but starting on September 2, 2008, when they go south (entering San Francisco), they have to pay $6 if they pay cash or $5 if they buy a Fastrak pass.
People often jump off the bridge to commit suicide (kill themselves). They fall 75 meters and most of them die when they hit the water. Nobody knows how many people have commited suicide by jumping of the bridge.

Kitchen
The kitchen is the room in the house where food is cooked. Sometimes, people eat in their kitchens, too. Hotels, schools, and places where people work often have kitchens as well. A person who works in a kitchen in one of these places may be a kitchen worker or a chef (depending on where he/she cooks).

Software engineering
Software engineering is designing and writing programs for computers. A software engineer is often someone who has trained to do this at a college or university. Software engineering is very difficult work. Most often it is done by a team of people. It often takes the team a long time to make the programs that they are asked to write.
Software engineering is also a part of computer science where people learn about ways to make sure programs are well designed and efficient, and learn good ways of making programs so that they are easily maintainable in the future. A program that is not efficient is often limited in what it can do.

Student
A student is a person who is learning something. Students can be children or teenagers who are going to school, but it may also be other people who are learning, such as in college.

Suburb
A suburb is an area of a town or city a little away from the main center, where there are fewer big buildings and mainly houses, schools and shops. These are called suburbs or 'the suburbs'. Sometimes cities have suburbs that are over a very large area. The suburbs are still part of the city but may have a different name than the main city or town.
Since the beginning of the twentieth century, cities have spread very quickly and spread further. Transport in the form of trams, buses and cars mean that people can live farther away from their place of work. This led to the growth of the suburbs. Housing commonly includes detached and semi-detached houses, bungalows and flats. Less houses are built than in the inner city and there is often space for gardens and parks. As cities grow outwards, they begin to take over the surrounding countryside. Green belts have been created on the undeveloped land around a city to prevent urban sprawl and to prevent the towns and cities merging into one. It also encourages development within the town, while also protecting the countryside. Today the enormous need for new houses, particularly large detached and semi-detached houses in pleasant surroundings, means that some areas of green belt land have been built on and others threatened. It is cheaper to build on green belt land than to redevelop Brownfield sites in older parts of the town or city.

Skyscraper
A skyscraper is a very tall building, usually more than 152 metres (500 feet) in height. A highrise is another name that people call skyscrapers. Skyscrapers are almost always found in cities. Many large cities have many skyscrapers. For example, New York, a large city in the USA, has a famous skyscraper called the Empire State Building. In the last 20 years, people have been building skyscrapers in cities like London, England that did not have many tall buildings in the past.
History.
At the start, the word skyscraper meant a tall sail on a sailing ship. The word's meaning has changed, and today it means a tall building. Until the nineteenth century, buildings taller than six stories tall were not common. Tall buildings made out of weak metals would fall down. People also did not like walking up many stairs. Also, running water could only be brought up to fifty feet high.
Better technology helped make skyscrapers more common. Stronger building materials such as steel and reinforced concrete were developed, so stronger skyscrapers could be built. Water pumps brought water up to heights above fifty feet.
The first skyscraper, "The Home Insurance Building", was built in Chicago, Illinois, USA. William LeBaron Jenney designed it. The building, ten stories high, was built in 1884 and 1885. It was destroyed in 1931 because they wanted to build another building in its previous place.

Integer
Integers are the whole numbers. Integers are the numbers used for counting and for identification, for example, house numbers, together with the negative numbers.
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Integers are whole numbers that have a positive sign (+) or a negative sign (−) in front of it. 0 is also an integer, even though it has no positive or negative signs. The integers have no end in either direction, which means that no number is the largest and no number is the smallest.
Another type of integer is the consecutive integer, which is viewed here: consecutive integer

Natural number
Natural numbers are the numbers used for counting things. Natural numbers are positive numbers (numbers that are more than 0). They are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5... and so on until infinity. Infinity is not a natural number. Natural numbers are also called Counting Numbers. They could also be said to be the set of all possible numbers of elements in any finite set.

Golden Rule
The Golden Rule is to "do to others what you would have them do to you." This means - treat others how you would like to be treated. It is called the "golden" rule because there is value in having this kind of respect and caring attitude for one another.
People of many religions see the value of this mandate and have similar expressions. In Christianity, Jesus Christ taught this idea to his disciples and others when he gave his Sermon on the Mount. It is recorded in the Holy Bible in the book of Matthew, Chapter 7 and verse 12. Jesus explained to his listeners that all the things that were recorded in the Jewish law and that the prophets had taught about concerning morality was summed up in this one rule. The context of this statement (Matthew 7) is in regard to God's mercy and kindness. The principle that was shared is to not always treat others as they might deserve to be treated, as we may judge some as undeserving, but instead to always be merciful and charitable, not withholding good.
Some philosophers consider the idea that this statement can be interpreted according to one's personal ethics, which may include wishing harm to one's self, so that it instead becomes permissive to harm others. What Jesus said was to not be judgemental, as we all make mistakes, do not focus on the behavior of others, but instead focus on your own behavior and attitude and let it be good. In other religions and belief systems there is a similar concept of "the ethic of reciprocity", also called the Golden Rule. However, there is an important distinguishing trait about the Golden Rule of Christianity. The "gold" in the "Golden Rule" is given "without" expectation of the act or attitude being recipricated. If every one gave freely of themselves in this way we would become rich indeed and perhaps begin to see the goodness of God in effect as He intended it to be.
The golden rule is one of the two main pillars of Christianity (the other is Dual Commandment of Love), but it is not restricted to Christianity only. Almost all ethical religions (that is: those religion which have some kind of moral code) of the world know it. It can be written either in active form (do to others what you would have them do to you) or in passive form (do to others what you would have them do to you).

Leicester
Leicester is a city in the Midlands, in England. It is the home of Walker's Crisps, Leicester City F.C. and the Leicester Tigers rugby team. It also has a cricket team for juniors and adult called Leicestershire CCC. Its MP is the Labour's Keith Vaz. Leicester has a wide variety of different people. Leicester is known for being multiculture with people of all different religions living in the City. Leicester is divided in many 'areas' such as Belgrave, Highfields, Rushey Mead.

Hollywood, California
Hollywood is a district in Los Angeles, California. It is famous around the world as a place where movies and television shows are made. It has many different attractions such as the Hollywood Walk of Fame and is the home to many celebrities. It has many different attractions to visit such as Hollywood walk of fame, Universal studios and the famous Hollywood sign. This attracts a lot of tourists to the area. The walk of fame was created in 1958 and the first star was placed in 1960 for artists working in the entertainment industry. It's a sidewalk along the Hollywood Boulevard, Los Angeles, California and the USA. There are more than 2000 five-points stars on the walk featuring the names of celebrities.

Saturday Night Live
"SNL" was created and is executive-produced by Lorne Michaels and started in 1975 as "NBC's Saturday Night". Many famous comic actors got their starts being cast members on the program.
"Live from New York, it's Saturday night!" is said at the beginning of every episode.

Elvis Presley
Elvis Aaron Presley (January 8, 1935 - August 16, 1977) was one of first and most famous American rock and roll's superstars. His fame lasted long after his death. He was also an actor who starred in many movies.
He was so popular that some people know him as only "Elvis". He is also referred to as "The King of Rock and Roll", or just "The king".

Sherwood Forest
Sherwood Forest is a forest in the United Kingdom near Nottingham, England. It is famed as the home of Robin Hood, the legendary outlaw and his gang.

Mount Everest
The Mount Everest is the largest and highest mountain in the world. Mount Everest is in the Himalayas. It is about high.
Its summit is on the border between Nepal and China. It is above the Death Zone where the air is simply too thin to hold up a human being, so usually supplemental oxygen is used when climbing.

Luanda
Luanda is the capital and the largest city of Angola. Its former name was Loanda. It is a main seaport of the country located on the Atlantic Ocean. About 3 million (1995) people are living in there.
It is a center of manufacturing, but very destroyed because of a long civil war.
It was found by Portuguese in 1575 as São Paulo de Luanda and has been the administrative center of Angola since 1627 (except for 1640–1648). When Angola got independence in 1975, it became the capital of Angola.

Pepsi
Pepsi is a carbonated cola soft drink. It's similar to Coca-Cola, and it is its top competitor. The drink is made by PepsiCo.
They often sponsor (help fund/advertise on a event) sports events and music events, like the Super Bowl. Pepsi also has a huge sponserships for the MGM Mirage hotels in Las Vegas, NV. They only serve pepsi products at the hotels.
Pepsi comes in many different flavours, and forms. A few of the different Pepsis include Pepsi Twist, Pepsi One, Pepsi Free, and Diet Pepsi.

Penguin
Penguins are sea-birds. They form the family "Spheniscidae", the only family of the order "Sphenisciformes".
Penguins live on the southern half of the world: Antarctica, New Zealand, southern Australia, South Africa and South America.
All Penguins have a white underside and a dark (mostly black) upperside. Penguins cannot fly, but they can swim very well. They have good hearing and can see well underwater. The white and black colors are for camouflage (to help them hide) when they swim: a predator looking from underwater sees the white underside of the penguin, which not seen well with the light coming from above; from above the penguin's black upperside can not be seen well in the dark water.
Most penguins eat krill, fish, squid, and other small animals from the ocean, which they catch while swimming underwater.
Taxonomy.
There are 16-19 living species (types) of penguins. The White-flippered Penguin is today generally considered a subspecies of the Little Penguin. It is still unclear if the Royal Penguin is a subspecies of the Macaroni Penguin. It is also possible that northern and southern Rockhopper Penguins are separate species.

March 6
March 6 is the 65th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (66th in leap years). There are 300 days until the end of the year.

Cannibalism
Cannibalism is the practice of eating your own species. If it refers to humans, some people call it anthrophagy.
People eating other people.
If it occurs in humans, scientists are unclear if it is widespread or not. There are certain diseases, like the sleeping disease, that are passed on by eating human nerve tissue, especially the brain. Sometimes, cannibalism was observed with people that have mental problems or some diseases of the mind.
Cannibalism in non-human species.
In non-human species, cannibalism is quite common, for example with spiders and scorpions. There, the male gets eaten by the female, after having sex.

Halloween
Halloween is a holiday in many English speaking countries that is celebrated on the night of October 31st. Children wear costumes and they go to people's homes saying "Trick or treat!" to ask for candy and then the people give it to them. This comes from a "threat". It means, "Give me a treat or I will play a trick on you." Children today usually do not do the tricks if they do not get treats. But some children still do mischief (pranks or things to make fun of people like putting toilet paper in trees or writing with soap on windows or throwing eggs at their house). People sometimes dress up as ghosts, witches, goblins, and other scary things for Halloween.
Origins.
The word Halloween is from "Hallowe'en". This is a contraction of "All Hallow's Eve". All Hallow's Eve is the day before the Catholic holiday "All Saints" holy day. "All Saints" holy day was once called "All Hallows". This was short for "All Hallowed Souls". Hallowed means holy.
This holiday "All Saints" holy day was made by Christian missionaries. It was the same day as a Pagan holiday. The missionaries came to areas where Pagans lived. They tried to make the Pagans believe in Christianity. So they made some Pagan holidays into Christian holidays.
The Pagan holiday that "All Saints" holy day replaced was the "Day of the Dead". Many Wiccans and modern Pagans celebrate the "Day of the Dead". This is a "happy" holiday (even though it says 'Dead'). It is the day that the souls of dead people come back to Earth. So in Pagan religions it is not about scary things. It is about being with (remembering) family or friends who have died.
Many Lutheran churches celebrate a holiday on October 31st called The Reformation. This holiday celebrates when Martin Luther put some arguments on a church door.

Frida Kahlo
Magdalena Carmen Frida Kahlo y Calderón (July 6, 1907 – July 13, 1954) usually known as Frida Kahlo was a Mexican painter. She was known for her surreal and very personal works. She was married to Diego Rivera, also a well-known painter.
She was born at Coyoacán, Mexico. Because of a traffic accident at age 18 that left her crippled for life, Kahlo no longer continued her medical career but took up painting. She used ideas about things that had happened to her. Her paintings are often shocking in the way they show pain and the harsh lives of women. Fifty-five of her 143 paintings are of herself. She was also influenced by native Mexican culture, shown in bright colors, with a mixture of realism and symbolism. Her paintings attracted the attention of the artist Diego Rivera, whom she later married.
Kahlo's work is sometimes called "surrealist", and although she organized art shows several times with European surrealists, she herself did not like that label. Her attention to female themes, and the honesty in her painting them, made her something of a feminist cult figure in the last decades of the 20th century. Some of her work is seen at the Frida Kahlo Museum, found in her birthplace and home in suburban Mexico City.

Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas
"Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas: A Savage Journey to the Heart of the American Dream" is a book written by Hunter S. Thompson. The book is based on an article Thompson wrote for "Rolling Stone" magazine. It was later made into a movie directed by Terry Gilliam and starring Johnny Depp and Benicio Del Toro.

Graham Chapman
Graham Chapman (January 8, 1941-October 4, 1989) was a British actor, writer, and doctor. He was most famous as a member of Monty Python.

Michael Palin
Michael Palin (born 5 May 1943 in Sheffield, England) is an English actor, world traveller, and author.
Palin became famous as a member of Monty Python in the 1970s. Afterwards he had his own series, "Ripping Yarns", and also appeared in many movies, such as "A Fish Called Wanda."
Over the last 20 years, he has become very well known as a funny but sensitive television travel broadcaster ("Around The World in 80 days", etc).

Terry Jones
Terry Jones (born February 1, 1942) is a Welsh writer, actor, and historian. He was a member of Monty Python.

New York
New York is one of the 50 states of the United States of America, and one of the thirteen original states. It is best known for the city of the same name, "New York City", located in the southeastern part of the state.
New York is located in the northeastern United States, bordered by Lake Ontario and Canada on the north, Lake Erie and Canada on the west, Pennsylvania on the west and south, Vermont, Massachusetts, and Connecticut on the east, and New Jersey on the south and west of New York City.
New York also has Long Island; Long Island is a large island in the Atlantic Ocean that contains the Queens and Brooklyn boroughs (neighborhoods) of New York City. The larger part of New York, north and northwest of New York City and Long Island, is commonly named "upstate New York", and contains the cities of Buffalo, Rochester, Syracuse, and the state capital Albany.
The United States Census Bureau says that, as of 2005, New York had the third most people (population) in the United States, after California and Texas. New York's estimated population is 19,297,729

Rolling Stone
"For the page about the band, see The Rolling Stones."
"Rolling Stone" is a popular culture magazine. It mainly features articles about music, as well as sports, movies, and celebrities. It also features well-written movie and album reviews, "greatest of all time" lists, and political editorals and commentary.
Some of the magazine's famous staffers include Hunter S. Thompson, Ralph Steadman (cartoonist friend of Thompson's who wrote sent in many letters about of all things, Gardening!), PJ O'Rourke, Cameron Crowe (whose experience for the magazine lead him to create the movie, "Almost Famous"), and Annie Leibowitz.

Ralph Steadman
Ralph Steadman is a British cartoonist and illustrator. He is best known for his artwork for the books and articles of Hunter S. Thompson.

Tunisia
Tunisia (or formally, the Republic of Tunisia) is a country in North Africa. Tunis is its capital
The early History.
Since history began being recorded, there were Berber tribes living in Tunisia. Most of them built little towns and ports along the coastline so they can trade with different travelers from everywhere in the Mediterranean Sea.
Most of the travelers that used to pass by Tunisia were Phoenicians who started to settle on the Tunisian coast during the 10th Century BC.
Later, in the 8th Century BC, Carthage was built by some settlers that came from Phoenicia and regions abroad.
After many wars against Greece in 6th Century BC, Carthage dominated the Mediterranean Sea.
During the Second Punic War, Carthage invaded Italy with an army led by Hannibal.
The series of wars between the Roman Empire and Carthage ended with the destruction of Carthage in the 2nd Century BC.
After the destruction of the Carthaginian civilization, the region became under the Roman Empire control.
When the Roman Empire became weak, the Vandals occupied that region. This was in the 5th Centyry AD, and one hundred years after that, it became under the controle of the Byzantine emperor Justinian.
Beginning of Islam.
In the 7th Century, it was reconquered by the ArabMuslims who built a city which they call Kairouan.
Kairouan was the first Arab muslim city in Tunisia.
Many Muslim dynasties (monarchies) ruled Tunisia. One of the most known dynastie, is the Zirids.
The Zirids was a berber dynastie that follows the rules of the Fatimides, a bigger dynastie situated in Cairo.
When Zirids angered the Fatimides, the Fatimides sent some tribes known as Banu Hilal who ravaged (destroyed and vandalised) Tunisia.
After a brief occupation of Tunisia bu the Normans of Sicily in the 12th Century. The Almohad reconquered the place, and then after, there were the Hafsids.
In the last years of their riegn, the Hafsids became weak and Spain took control of many city coasts until they were finally occupied by the Ottaman Empire.
In 1705 Tunisia became virtually independent under the Hussein dynasty, but still it has to follow orders from the Ottaman Empire.
French Occupation.
Some contreversial financial decisions (money borrows) taken by the Bey in mid-1800s in an attempt to repair the country, led Tunisia to become under the control of France.
Tunisia became officially under the French protectorate in on May 12, 1881.
World War II.
Major operations during the second world war took place in Tunisia.
General Rommel wished to defeat the allies in Tunisia, as the German did in the Battle of France.
As the allies were inexperienced before the Battle of Tunisia against the German Blitzkriegs and were a bit slow to recover after the attacks, this battle had to be a major test.
On February 19, 1943 General Rommel launched an attack against the U.S Forces.
That was a disaster for the United States, the area where the attacks had been, in the western area of Tunisia, became the site of many US war graves since then.
After that Allies understood the importance of tank warare, they could easily break into the German lines the southern Tunisia on March 20, 1943.
Location.
Tunisia is a country situated in the northern part of Africa. The Mediterranean Sea surrounds Tunisia from the north to the east, the coastline between Tunisia and the Mediterranean Sea is about 1300-km.
Tunisia is also bordered by Algeria in the west and Libya in the south-east.
The Sahara Desert takes up 40% of Tunisia, the other 60% is fertile soil.
Language.
Even if Standard Arabic is the official language (as figured in the Tunisian constitution), Tunisian citizens speakTunisian Arabic.
Tunisian Arabic is a mix of languages of people that live or lived in Tunisia and it's called Darija or Tunsi.
Still a few of people living in Tunisia, in some areas speaks a Berber dialect, known as Shelha.
Ethnicity.
Most of now living Tunisian are Maghrebin Arab.
However small groups of berbers and Jews lives in Tunisia.
Economy.
Tunisia's economy is on many sectors, agricultural (fruits, vegetal oil ans vegetables), tourism (when people come from other countries to visit), mining (extracting goods from under the ground), and petroleum (extracting fuel and gasoil).
Government used to controle economy but now it begins to sell some public companies, which is called privatization.
Tunisia is also the first mediterranean country to make agreements with the European Union, this association agreement was on March 1, 1998.
Other Information.
Many scenes from Star Wars, the movie by George Lucas, was filmed in the southern part of Tunisia in a region called Matmata.

1972
1972 was a leap year in the 20th century.

Malaysia
Malaysia is a tropical country in Southeast Asia. It is divided into two parts by the South China Sea. Its main land is located on the Malay Peninsula and faces the Straits of Malacca on its west coast and on the South China Sea on its east coast. The other part of this country, sometimes known as East Malaysia, is located on the northern part of the island of Borneo on the South China Sea. Kuala Lumpur on the Malay Peninsula is its capital, but the federal capital was recently moved to Putrajaya, a newly created city for administration. It is a federal state made from 13 states.
There are various ethnic groups in Malaysia, such as Chinese, Malay and Indian. Its official language is Malay but English is often used in education and economic scenes. There are over 130 other languages spoken in Malaysia, with 94 in Malaysian Borneo and 40 on the peninsula. Although Islam is their official religion, the citizens have the freedom to practise other religions.
History.
Between China and India, Malaysia was an ancient trading place. When Europeans came to this area, Malacca became an important trade port.
Malay states became a colony of the British Empire. The peninsular part became independent on August 31, 1957 as the Federation of Malaya. In 1963, Singapore and the Borneo part joined the federation and the federation changed its name to Malaysia. In 1965, Singapore broke off and declared independence.
Politics and economy.
Malaysia has 13 states and three federal territories. Its current prime minister is Datuk Seri Abdullah Haji Ahmad Badawi. It also has a parliament and a court system. It is a member of ASEAN. Its economy is steadily growing and it is a relatively rich country in South East Asia.
Major cities in Malaysia are Kuala Lumpur, George Town, Ipoh and Johor Bahru.
Religion.
Malaysia is a multi-religious society, and Islam is the country's official religion. The four main religions are Islam (55.4% of the population), Buddhism (29.2%), Christianity (6.1%, mostly in East Malaysia, i.e., Borneo), and Hinduism (4.3%), according to government census figures in 2000.
Culture.
Malaysia is a multi-ethnic, multi-cultural and multilingual society, consisting of 65% Malays and other indigenous tribes, 25% Chinese, 7% Indians. The Malays, which form the largest community, are all Muslims since one has to be Muslim to be legally Malay under Malaysian law. The Malays play a dominant role politically and are included in a grouping identified as bumiputra. Their native language is Malay (Bahasa Melayu).

Mickey Mouse
Mickey Mouse is the most popular cartoon characters in the world. He was created by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks in 1928.
He is the Walt Disney company's mascots and has appeared on a few Disney special cartoons, named as Fantasia, which stands for "Fantasy" on Spanish. Mickey Mouse also has shows with the whole gang including Donald Duck, Goofy, Minnie Mouse, and Pluto.

HIV
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that infects the human immune system. It causes AIDS.

Frank Zappa
Frank Vincent Zappa (December 21, 1940 - December 4, 1993) was an American musician and composer. He was known for his strange style of music, which was often weird and funny. He made various types of music and many albums. Zappa worked with many other musicans, most notably his 1960s group The Mothers of Invention and his friend and blues singer Captain Beefheart.
Zappa was born in Baltimore, Maryland, but spent most of his life in Southern California. He grew up in the desert town of Palmdale, California. Zappa wrote a very funny song about his life there. It was called "Let's Make The Water Turn Black". It was a true story about two brothers who did some strange things. Zappa had four children with his wife Gail. They gave them all very unusual names: Moon Unit, Dweezil, Ahmet, and Diva.
His most popular song was probably a song he sang in the early 1980s with his daughter, Moon Unit, called "Valley Girl,". The song was based on Moon Unit making fun of some local girls at her school.
Zappa was openly against things like drugs, guns, and censoring music. He often tried to see what he could get away with, which sometimes got him in trouble.
Zappa died from Prostate cancer in 1993.

Tasmania
Tasmania is a large island off the southern coast of mainland Australia. It is a state of Australia. Its capital and the largest city is Hobart. The island was joined to the mainland until the end of the most recent ice age approximately 10 000 years ago.
It is the home of rare animals like thylacines (now believed to be extinct) and tasmanian devils.
History.
Tasmania is a state of Australia. Unlike the other states it is an island. The Bass Strait separates it from the Australian mainland. The first people to come to Tasmania were the Australian aboriginals. Aboriginals are the native people of Tasmania and have lived there for a very long time. Abel Janszoon Tasman was the first European to discover the island in 1642. He called it Van Diemen's Land. It was later called Tasmania. Much later people came from Europe, mostly from the British Empire to live on the island.
Cities and towns.
Tasmania has many cities and towns including Hobart, Launceston, Devonport and Burnie.
Population.
Tasmania is the smallest state in Australia because it has such small land area. It also has the smallest population. The total population of Tasmania is 485, 300 (30th June 2005).
Places to visit.
Tasmania has some of the most popular tourist attractions in the world. They range from old country towns to up to date cities.

M*A*S*H
"M*A*S*H" was a media franchise that had several novels, a movie, and several television series.
Novel.
"M*A*S*H" started as a novel written by Richard Hooker. It was released in 1968, and was about a group of rebellious doctors at a MASH (Mobile Army Surgical Hospital) during the Korean War in the early 1950s. Several sequels were also written after the first book was successful. A movie and television series were based on the story.
Movie.
"M*A*S*H" was made into a movie in 1970 that was liked by critics and audiences. It was directed by Robert Altman, and starred a large cast of talented actors that included Donald Sutherland, Elliott Gould, Tom Skerritt, Sally Kellerman, and Robert Duvall.
The movie won the Golden Palm award that year, which is the highest award at the Cannes Film Festival in Cannes, France. The movie was also a big hit with young people for its anti-establishment, wild feel. This was especially true because it was really seen to be about criticizing the Vietnam War that was going on at the time. That theme was only hidden somewhat by the setting of the movie during the earlier and less controversial Korean War.
It is also the #56 movie on AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies list and #7 on AFI's 100 Years... 100 Laughs list.
Television.
The success of the books and movie inspired the very popular comedy television series, "M*A*S*H". The series ran from 1972 to 1983 on CBS and is one of the most popular American television shows ever. Reruns are still shown on cable and broadcast channels, and most of the show's seasons are sold on DVDs. Though it is not as popular as it was, it is still popular today.
The cast included Alan Alda, Wayne Rogers, Mike Farrell, McLean Stevenson, Harry Morgan, Loretta Swit, Larry Linville, David Ogden Stiers, Jamie Farr, William Christopher, and Gary Burghoff.
Burghoff played the naive, innocent, teenage, but gifted company clerk, "Radar" O'Reilly. His role was small but memorable in the M*A*S*H movie, and he was the only actor from that movie to also play his character on the television series.
The show's final episode which aired on February 28, 1983 was one of the most watched shows in TV history, 125 million people viewed the final episode. There have been several spin-off series in M*A*S*H. There have been two spin-offs of the TV series, the first called AfterMASH, which was about a Veteran's Hospital soon after the war was over. It was about Colonel Potter (Harry Morgan), who got a job there, Maxwell Klinger (Jamie Farr), who became his assistant, and Father Mulcahy (William Christopher), who came there as a patient who abused alcohol after he lost his hearing in the TV series. All three of them were major characters on the original series. The second spin-off was W*A*L*T*E*R*, which was about Walter "Radar" O'Reilly (Gary Burghoff). The series lasted only one episode. The most successful M*A*S*H spin-off was Trapper John, M.D., a spin-off of the movie. It starred Trapper John McIntyre (Pernell Roberts), but never talks about anything from the movie. It lasted 151 episodes across seven seasons.
Theater.
Tim Kelly made a play about the novel, movie, and TV series in 1973.

Donald Sutherland
Donald Sutherland (born July 17, 1935) is a Canadian actor. He has appeared in more than 100 films and television shows. His son Kiefer is also an actor.

Paul Martin Jr.
Paul Martin Jr. (born August 28, 1938) was the 21st Prime Minister of Canada. He was also the leader Liberal Party of Canada. He became prime minister December 12, 2003, when Jean Chrétien stepped down. He won an election on June 28, 2004, because the Liberals won more seats than the other political parties; but they did not win a majority of the seats, so he led a minority government. There was another election on January 23, 2006; his party lost this election, so the next prime minister will be Stephen Harper.
Martin was greatly respected, as a Finance Minister, around the world for his fiscal management because, of the growth in the economy and taking the government out of deficit.
His tenure as Prime Minister is generally seen as a disaster by the majority of Canadians.
Martin was born in Windsor, Ontario. His father was for thirty-three years as a member the Canadian House of Commons and was a part of the cabinet. He graduated from the University of Toronto in 1961 with a B.A. in history and philosophy and from the University of Toronto Law School in 1965. He married Sheila Martin in 1965.
He was elected to parliament from the riding of LaSalle-Émard in Montreal, Quebec in 1988. He was finance minister from 1993 until 2002. He became known for balancing the budget (ending government borrowing of money). In 2003, he was elected leader of the Liberal party and was appointed one month later prime minister.
Mr. Martin's government made same-sex marriage legal. It also had problems with the Sponsorship scandal in 2004. In 2006, Parliament passed a vote of no confidence, which forced a national election to be held on January 23. The Liberals lost the election and Martin lost his position as prime minister. Soon afterwards, he resigned his position as leader of the Liberal Party.
After fourteen months in office, Paul Martin got the nickname "Mr. Dithers". He was called so by magazine "The Economist". They say this is because he changed his opinion too often.

Machine gun
A machine gun is a weapon that can fire one bullet after another as long as the trigger is pulled and there are bullets ready to fire. This is called automatic fire. Some machine guns can be carried by one person. Some machine guns have to be fired from a stand with three legs called a tripod. Many machine guns fire bullets connected together in a long chain called a belt. Others use spring loaded boxes called magazines.
Similar weapons that fire less powerful bullets are called sub-machine guns (SMG).

Robin Hood
Robin Hood is a folk hero from the middle ages. He is a legendary person who people have told stories about for many years. Robin Hood is one who still remains popular. His story has been featured in books, plays, movies and cartoons as well.
There are many variations of his stories. Usually, Robin Hood is an outlaw who lives in Sherwood Forest near the town of Nottingham, England. His enemies are Prince John (who is temporarily on the throne because his brother, King Richard the Lionheart is away in the Middle East fighting in the Crusades), and the corrupt Sheriff of Nottingham, who abuse their powers and take money from the people who need it. Robin Hood uses his archery skills and his wits to steal the money back, and return it to the poor. Accompanying Robin are his faithful followers (The Merry Men). The most recognized of his merry band include Little John, Much the Millers son, Will Scarlet, Friar Tuck and Alan a Dale.

Basketball
Basketball is a very popular sport played with a round, orange ball that bounces, also called a basketball. It was invented in Springfield, Massachusetts by a Canadian professor named Dr. James Naismith.
Basketball is popular in the United States and other countries. It is played in the summer Olympic Games. Women's basketball is the same, but uses a ball that is 1 inch smaller in circumference.
History.
In early December 1891, Dr. James Naismith, a PE (physical education) teacher needed a energetic indoor game to keep his students occupied and away from boredom. After rejecting other ideas, he wrote the basic rules and nailed a peach basket onto a 10-foot tall pole. Unlike modern basketball hoops, the bottom of the basket was still there, so after a point was scored, somebody had to get the ball from the basket. Over time, people made a hole at the bottom of the basket so the ball could go through more easily. The peach baskets were used until 1906 when they were finally replaced by metal hoops with backboards.
Rules and the game.
Basketball is played with two teams, with 5 players from each team on the court at one time. The court, where the game is played, is a rectangle shape, and at both endlines there is a goal called a "hoop" in the shape of a basket with the bottom cut out. Players try to score points by "shooting" (throwing) the ball at the hoops at either the end of the court. The players of the opposing team will try to block them from making a goal. However, if you try to block them over the back or through the arms it is considered a foul. A foul, if called on you, lets the opposite team shoot two shots from the free throw line counting one point each. Players must "dribble" (bounce) the ball, and not walk with it; they will throw the ball to others on their own team, but will try not to let the opposing team capture the ball. The team who scores the most points wins. Each shot made through the basket is counted as two points. A shot made from 3-point line gives the team three points.
Positions in Basketball.
In professional basketball teams, each player has a position. A position is a job or role that a player has to take part in to play the game. If everyone is doing their job correctly, the team is usually successful.
Other positions, more usual in professional basketball teams, are used in basketball.

Folk hero
A folk hero is a person, who may or may not have existed, and is famous and well liked by people, or people of a certain country. Usually it is someone who helped the common people or fought against the authorities, such as a bad king. People tells stories about folk heroes, most of their stories have been passed down orally, and changed to fit the situations.

January 1
January 1 is the first day of the calendar year in the Julian calendar and the Gregorian calendar. A "calendar year" means the order in which we list the months, January to December.
Starting in the 1200s, January 1 was called "New Year's Day". It was a holiday.
There are 364.25 days in the year after January 1 (365 in leap years).

Seth Green
Seth Green (born February 8, 1974) is an American actor. He became famous in the late 1990s after appearing in many teen movies. His most notable roles include Scott Evil in the "Austin Powers" series of movies, Chris Griffin on the television series "Family Guy" and Daniel "Oz" Osborne on the series "Buffy the Vampire Slayer".

Ashton Kutcher
Ashton Kutcher (born February 7, 1978) is an American actor. He became famous when he played Michael Kelso on "That '70s Show". In 2003, Kutcher started a relationship with older actress Demi Moore whom he later married. Ashton Kutcher is also a twin.

Linus Torvalds
Linus Benedict Torvalds is a computer scientist, born in December 28, 1969, in Helsinki, the capital of Finland.
He was named after Linus Pauling. Later, he studied as a student at the University of Helsinki from 1988 to 1996. He became famous because of the success of his operating system, Linux. He started to study the creation of this system in 1991, and based it on the popular UNIX operating system. Today, Linux has become the most popular free operating system.
Linus is the leader of the Linux project, which has many members around the world. He is the one person who can make decisions about changes or future development on the operating system. He now lives with his family in the United States.
Linus chose the penguin to be the logo of Linux, and a picture of the animal appears on many desktop computers.

Thomas Jefferson
Thomas Jefferson (April 13, 1743 - July 4, 1826) was the third President of the United States, and author of the Declaration of Independence.
Early life.
Jefferson was born in Shadwell, Virginia. His parents were farmers. Jefferson was very smart and studied many things at school and college. He designed his own home, called Monticello. It was very advanced for that period of time.
Jefferson married Martha Wayles Skelton in 1772.
Political life.
Jefferson wanted the Thirteen Colonies to be independent of Great Britain. He was a leader of those who wanted the same thing. He was a member of the Second Continental Congress. He was chosen to be on the committee that wrote the Declaration of Independence and was its main writer.
Jefferson served as a legislator in Virginia and as Governor of Virginia.
Jefferson was minister to France from 1785-1789.
Jefferson was selected by George Washington as the first Secretary of State. Jefferson thought that the federal government should be small. He had the opposite view of Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton. He led the party that opposed Hamilton and the Federalist Party. This party was called the Anti-Federalist Party and would become the Democratic-Republican Party.
Jefferson ran for president against John Adams. He got the second highest number of votes and as was the law at the time, became vice-president.
Presidency.
Jefferson ran again as the Democratic-Republican candidate in 1800 and gained a narrow victory over Aaron Burr. He was reelected in 1804. Jefferson made the Louisiana Purchase. Jefferson sent the Lewis and Clark Expedition to explore the land gained by the Louisiana Purchase.
Jefferson had to deal with the threat of war during his second term. Great Britain and France were at war for almost all of Jefferson's time as president. Each side did things that could have made the United States enter the war. Jefferson worked to keep the United States out of the war and neutral.
Later years.
Jefferson created the University of Virginia.
The British burned Washington D.C. during the War of 1812. When they did, many books in the Library of Congress were burned. Jefferson sold his own personal library to replace the lost books.
Jefferson died on July 4, 1826, on the 50th anniversary of the ratification of the Declaration of Independence, the same day as John Adams. He is considered one of the greatest United States Presidents.

Tahiti
Tahiti is an island in the southern Pacific Ocean. It is part of the French Polynesia. The largest city of Tahiti is Papeete. Tahiti has about 169 674 inhabitants (2002). The languages that are spoken in Tahiti are French and Tahitian which are both official. In Tahiti (in the Society group) – was claimed by the French in 1768.

Geneva (canton)
Geneva is a canton in Switzerland. The capital of the canton is Geneva.
The French name is "Genève", The German name is "Genf", in Italian it is "Ginevra".
Geneva is the seat of many institutions of the United Nations. It has about 186.000 inhabitants and a very old university. About 960.000 people live in the urban area. Some of the urban area is in France. Only Zürich has more inhabitants in Switzerland.
History.
In 1815, the city-state of Geneva became a part of Switzerland. It had at one time been the capital of the Kingdom of Burgundy.
The first traces of human civilization in Geneva, discovered on the shores of Lake Geneva, date from around 3000 BC. The hill of the Old City, however, was not inhabited until 1000 BC. Later, when Rome conquered Geneva, it was defended by a small Celtic tribe. In 58 BC, Julius Caesar drove off an attack by the Helvetii. At the height of the Roman Empire, around 400 AD, Geneva was granted its own bishop.

H. John Heinz III
Henry John Heinz III (October 23, 1938 – April 4, 1991) was an American politician from Pennsylvania and the great-grandson of the founder of H. J. Heinz Company. He was a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1971 to 1977 and was a US senator from 1977-1991. He was killed in a plane crash in 1991.
Heinz married Teresa Simões-Ferreira on February 5, 1966 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The couple had three sons together: H. John Heinz IV, André, and Christopher.

The Tempest
"The Tempest" is one of William Shakespeare's last comedies.
The story starts on an enchanted island where a magician called Prospero and his daughter live. They are on this deserted island because of his brother Antonio and The King of Naples Alonso. Prospero takes revenge and with all his magic he makes The King and his brother with other additional characters come to the island also. Many events take place on the island but everyone feels guilty and sorry for their actions in the end and they head back to Italy, Milan safely all thanks to Prospero's spirit, Ariel.

Calendar
A calendar is a system for assigning calendar dates to days. The "dates" may be based on how things in the sky seem to move, like the Sun or moon.
A calendar is also something (often paper) that shows the system in writing (for example, a "desktop calendar").
The term is also used to mean a set of planned events (for example, "court calendar"). The calendar most commonly used by people in the Western world is the Gregorian Calendar.

Randall Cobb
Randall "Tex" Cobb (born 1950) was an American boxer from Texas. He fought champion boxer Larry Holmes for the WBC World Heavyweight title at Houston's Astrodome on November 26, 1982. Holmes beat Cobb, winning all 15 rounds on two scorecards, and fourteen out of fifteen on the third (scores of 150-135 twice and 149-136). This fight surprised sportscaster Howard Cosell so much that he said that he would never cover another fight. After this many sportsfans all over the world wrote to Cobb and thanked him for trying. Cobb was a fighter who had hitting power, as shown by his eighth round knockout win over Earnie Shavers. He was never knocked out. Cobb briefly became a kickboxer and then a Hollywood actor. He has played "bad guys" in films like "The Naked Gun" and "Raising Arizona".
Cobb also fought Michael Dokes twice during his boxing career, losing both fights.

Aquilino Pimentel, Jr.
Aquilino Q. Pimentel, Jr. (born December 11, 1933), also known as Nene, is a politician in the Philippine. He was first elected as a delegate to the 1971 Constitutional Convention. He then went into exile when President Ferdinand Marcos declared martial law. He came back in 1980 and was elected as mayor of Cagayan de Oro City in Misamis Oriental but removed as mayor 1982. He returned as mayor again in 1984. He was elected as an Assemblyman in the Batasang Pambansa (National Assembly), serving from 1984-1986. After the EDSA Revolution, President Corazon Aquino appointed him as Minister of Local Government and Presidential advisor/chief negotiator with the Muslim insurgents in Mindanao. He then was elected Senator (1987-1992). As senator, he authored the seminal Local Government Code. He then launched a bid for the vice presidency in 1992, running under the Liberal Party with Jovito Salonga running for president, finishing fifth among the vice presidential candidates by garnering 9.9% of the vote. He was cheated of victory in the 1995 national elections after running for another term as senator; he took the case to the Supreme Court eventually winning the suit in 2004. In 1998, he ran successfully for another term in the Senate of the Philippines, from 1998-2004. He was also elected as the 19th Senate President, serving from 2000-2001. Most recently he won another seat in the Senate in the recently-concluded May 10 National Elections.
As chair of the Blue Ribbon Committee, he has recommended the prosecution of top government officials of previous administrations in relation to the Expo Pilipino centennial scam and the misuse of the funds of the Retirement and Separation Benefits Systems of the Armed Forces. He has also recommended the prosecution of certain personnel of the Land Registration Administration for involvement in faking of land titles. Recently his committee also conducted series of investigations into the allegation of Governor Luis "Chavit" Singson on jueteng scandal. As Chair of the Committee on Local Government, he has supported far-reaching amendments to further strengthen the role of local government units in national development. He has also gotten senate approval to return the police to the supervision of LGUs and has authored a law to fix the date for elections of ARMM officials.
He is the president and founder of the PDP-Laban party.

Pat Robertson
Pat Robertson (born March 22, 1930) is an American evangelist and host of the 700 Club, a Christian news and talk show on television.

Full House
"Full House" is an American comedy television series. It originally aired from 1987 to 1995. It told the story of Danny Tanner (Bob Saget), a man whose wife has died and is left alone with his three daughters, DJ (Candace Cameron), Stephanie (Jodie Sweetin), and Michelle (Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen). He recruits his best friend, Joey Gladstone (Dave Coulier), a child-like stand-up comedian, and his brother-in-law (and the girls' uncle) Jesse Katsopolis (John Stamos), a struggling musican, to move in and help look after the girls.
The series is often criticised for its sickly sweet and unrealistic plotline and corny jokes, even though it ran for many years; some episodes dealt with real problems such as child abuse, drinking, and lying. Yet it has remained, in recent years, one of the very few adult comedy series that parents can watch with their kids.

Hot Press
Hot Press is a music and political magazine. It was founded in 1977. The magazine is based in Dublin, Republic of Ireland. It is different from other similar magazines by its anti-establishment opinion and the amount of focus on Irish music, most notably early U2. It is currently edited by Niall Stokes.

Alabama Song
The "Alabama Song" comes from the 1930 operetta "Rise and Fall of the City of Mahagonny". The music is by Kurt Weill; officially the lyrics are by Bertolt Brecht, but were probably actually written by Elisabeth Hauptmann. The lyrics for the "Alabama Song" are in English (although a specific type of English) and are performed in that language even when the opera is performed in its original German.
The song has often been covered, perhaps most famously in 1967 by The Doors; unsurprisingly, Jim Morrison changed the lyric "Show us the way to the next pretty boy" to "Show me the way to the next little girl."

The Doors
The Doors was an American rock band. They were one of the most popular rock groups of all time. Led by poet/drifter/failed film student, Jim Morrison, along with Ray Manzerik (keyboards), John Densmore (drums) and Robby Krieger (guitar), the group is thought of today as a major influence on rock music, and they are still just as popular as they ever were, if not more popular.
The group was widely known for its lead singer, Jim Morrison, who was famous for his love of alcohol and illegal drugs. Morrison often sang at concerts after using alcohol and drugs, sometimes so drunk that he couldn't remember the words to his own songs. Once, Morrison was said to have shown his private parts to the audience, and he was cahrged with a crime.
Morrison finally fell from his weaknesses, dying in France, on July 3rd, 1971. This was said to be from a drug overdose.
There was a 1991 movie about them, also called "The Doors". It was directed by Oliver Stone and starred Val Kilmer as Jim Morrison.

Mickey Gilley
Mickey Gilley (born March 9, 1936) is a country musician and singer. He is a cousin of Jerry Lee Lewis and Jimmy Swaggart. He is best known for his nightclub "Gilley's" which was featured in the movie "Urban Cowboy" and his hit song "Don't The Girls All Get Prettier At Closing Time".

Jerry Lee Lewis
Jerry Lee Lewis (born September 29, 1935) is an American musician. He was born in Ferriday, Louisiana and is a cousin of Mickey Gilley and Jimmy Swaggart. Like other music players who were known by many people around the same time as him Johnny Cash, Elvis Presley, Roy Orbison, and Carl Perkins, he sang gospel and country music before becoming well-known for rock and roll. He was known for his wild style of piano playing and songs like "Whole Lotta Shakin' Going On" and "Great Balls of Fire".
Lewis got a career boost, when he performed on "The Steve Allen Show". His first son was named Steve Allen Lewis, as a tribute.
At a time when Lewis was very popular, people found out that his third wife, Myra Gale Brown, was a 13-year-old distant cousin of his. People thought this was bad, and his career came to an end. In the early 1960s, he made a comeback, but throughout the next two decades (groups of ten years) he suffered many personal problems, including health problems, divorce, people saying that he used drugs and had murdered, and the death of two sons.
Even though he has had problems, he is still active and people think of him as an icon and pioneer of popular music.
A 1989 movie, "Great Balls of Fire", starring Dennis Quaid and Winona Ryder, is about his life.

Jimmy Swaggart
Jimmy Swaggert (born March 15 1935) is a televangelist (a preacher who gives services on TV instead of at church). He was born in Ferriday, Louisiana, USA. He is a cousin of musicians Jerry Lee Lewis and Mickey Gilley. He preaches a message called "The Cross" which is that you can only get to heaven through Jesus.
He has also been a very controversial figure, too. He was caught with a prostitute in 1987, but later asked God (and the public) for forgiveness. He was caught again in 1991 and 1995. He also was accused for plagiarizing another minister in 2002 and in 2004, when he joked that he wanted to kill homosexual men.

Johnny Cash
Johnny Cash (born J. R. Cash, February 26, 1932 – September 12, 2003) was an American musician. He was often called "The Man in Black" and was best known for his rough voice and powerful music.

Pluto (mythology)
Pluto is the god of the Underworld in Roman mythology.
In Greece, there was a god who was just like Pluto called Hades. He had a three headed dog named Cerberus who guarded his kingdom. Pluto was also the god of wealth because diamonds and other jewels come from underground.
A myth about Pluto is that he took Proserpina, who was the daughter of Ceres, to the underworld to be his wife. Ceres cried and didn't let plants grow on the Earth. People needed the plants so much that the god Jupiter made Pluto give her up. The deal they worked out was that for six months, Pluto got Proserpina. While Proserpina was in the underworld, no plants could grow on Earth and it was winter. When Proserpina could go back to her mother, it was summer. This was how the Greeks explained the seasons.

Maoism
Maoism is the communist (a plan about how countries should work) idea created by the Chinese man Mao Zedong. Mao believed that peasants, not factory workers, should lead the communist revolution (change in government). China followed Maoism when he became leader, in 1949. This created differences with communism in the USSR and Cuba. Maoism is still practiced in China today, but it has become different since Mao died in 1976. Today the Chinese economy is considered a capitalist (a plan about free markets).
See also.
Chinese Civil War

C++
C++ (pronounced "see plus plus") is a computer programming language. It has been created for writing programs for many different purposes. In the 1990s, C++ became one of the most used programming languages.
The C++ programming language was developed by Bjarne Stroustrup at Bell Labs in the 1980s.
It was originally named "C with classes". The language was planned as a better version of the
C programming language and it added features like object-oriented programming. Step by
step, a lot of advanced features were added to the language, like operator overloading,
exception handling and templates.
The name can be explained like this: In C and C++, the command "x"++ adds 1 to the value of "x". So the name C++ is a play on that, because of the enhancements made to C.
Example.
The following text is C++ source code and it will write the words "Hello World!" to the screen when it has been compiled and is executed.
It is an object oriented programming language. Actually it is the object oriented extension of C, another programming language. Today this language is used to write mainly system programs and also application programs.
C++ is faster than Java, which is a pure object oriented programming language. But Java is easier to code than C++.

Korean War
The Korean War(Korean:한국 전쟁 or 한국전쟁) was a war fought in Korea between armies from North Korea and from South Korea. The war began on 4:30 AM on June 25, 1950 and fighting stopped July 27, 1953. More than two million Koreans died, most of them in the north.
Both sides blame each other for starting the war. The north, led by communist Kim Il-Sung, was helped mostly by People's Republic of China, and the USSR. The south, led by nationalist Syngman Rhee, was helped by many countries in the United Nations, and especially by the United States. The war ended with a truce. South Korea and North Korea are still officially at war, and the United States still keeps troops in South Korea, in case North Korea ever invades again.
Causes.
"The Cold War."
The Cold War was an important cause in the Korean War. Relations between the USA and the USSR were bad (or they felt very cold about each other) and when China became Communist in October 1949, the President of the USA, Harry Truman, was very worried that other countries around China may also become Communist, such as Japan.
Truman had just spent a lot of money to make the American Army much bigger and Americans wanted to see this new powerful Army in action. Joseph Stalin's people also wanted to see Stalin get better results. Stalin had recently lost the fight for the Berlin Wall and wanted another chance to prove that he could beat America, the Korean War was his chance.
The United Nations had just been created and a war would give it the chance to prove to people that the UN was strong and would not fail like the League of Nations had done earlier.
Syngman Rhee was also in trouble, he was a democrat surrounded by Communists. He could have made a Communist country attack him to get support from other democratic countries that would otherwise just ignore him.
Events.
March 1951 - 27th July 1953
Extra Information.
The popular television show "M*A*S*H" was about American doctors serving in the Korean War. The show lasted longer than the war did.

John Landis
John Landis (born August 3, 1950) is an American film director.
He has also done the music videos for Michael Jackson "Thriller" and "Black or White"

March 21
March 21 is the 80th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (81st in leap years). There are 285 days remaining.

Edith Massey
Edith Massey (May 25, 1918 - October 24, 1984) was an American actress.
She acted in several of director John Waters' most well-known movies: "Multiple Maniacs", "Pink Flamingos", "Female Trouble", "Desperate Living", and "Polyester". Waters discovered Massey as a waitress in a Baltimore, Maryland, USA bar he and his friends frequented.
In the late 1970s-early 1980s, Massey capitalized on her Waters-infamy by touring as the lead singer of a punk band (Edie and the Eggs) and opening a thrift store in Baltimore called Edith's Shopping Bag.
Director Robert Maier made a documentary short about her in 1975 called "Love Letter to Edie".

Statue of Liberty
The "Statue of Liberty" ("Liberty Enlightening the World") or "Lady Liberty" is a large statue in the harbor of New York City. It was built in 1886 and given as a gift from France. A smaller copy is near Seine river in Paris. Gustave Eiffel, the designer of the Eiffel Tower, helped design it.
The statue one the best known landmarks in America. It stands on Liberty Island in New York harbour. It serves to greet visitors and immigrants. The French sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi designed the statue. It can only be reached by boat or ferry.

Ankst
Ankst is a Welsh independent record label formed in 1988 at Aberystwyth University. Ankst has been the launch-pad for several popular Welsh artists, including Super Furry Animals and Gorky's Zygotic Mynci. The label is now based in Pentraeth on Anglesey.

October 4
October 4 is the 277th day of the year (278th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 88 days until the end of the year.

February 11
February 11 is the 42nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. There are 323 days remaining, 324 in leap years.
Holidays and observances.
February 10 - February 12 - January 11 - March 11 -- listing of all days

T. S. Eliot
Thomas Stearns Eliot (September 26, 1888 - January 4, 1965), was an American poet. He was one of the most influential poets of the 20th century. He also wrote plays and some important essays about literature.
He was born in St. Louis, Missouri, then went to college in Harvard. He spent most of his adult life in London, England. He became a British citizen in 1928.
One famous book of his was written for children and is called "The Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats". The songs in the Andrew Lloyd Webber musical "Cats" are based on poems in it. He also wrote "The Waste Land", a very mysterious, complicated poem that helped start a new style called Modernism. His friend, Ezra Pound, another Modern poet, helped him finish it.
He was married two times. He worked at a bank in England and later as the head editor of a famous publishing company in London that is now called Faber and Faber. In 1948, he won the Nobel Prize in Literature.

Andrew Lloyd Webber
Andrew Lloyd Webber, Baron Lloyd-Webber (born March 22, 1948) is a very successful English composer/songwriter of musical theatre. During his career he has produced 15 musicals, the scores to two films ("Gumshoe" and "The Odessa File") and a Latin requiem mass. He has also accumulated a number of honours of which the following are most notable: seven Tony Awards, three Grammy Awards, an Oscar, an International Emmy, six Olivier Awards, and a Golden Globe Award. He was knighted in 1992 and entered the House of Lords in 1997.
Lloyd Webber was married in the mid-1980s to the actress and singer Sarah Brightman whom he divorced in 1990 before marrying his current wife Madeleine Gurdon, a former three-day event horsewoman. His brother is the world-class cellist Julian Lloyd Webber.
Lloyd Webber's lyricists have included Tim Rice, Don Black, Christopher Hampton, Richard Stilgoe and Ben Elton.

October 24
Holidays.
October 23 - October 25 - November 24 - September 24 - more historical anniversaries

Bob Kane
Bob Kane (October 24, 1915 – November 3, 1998) was an American cartoonist. He is best known for creating the superhero Batman.

Batman
Batman is one of the most popular superheroes of all-time. Not only has he been in comics for over 60 years, he also appeared in movies, TV shows, and has a lot of merchandise.
Comic book.
Batman first appeared in 1939 in "Detective Comics". The plot of Batman is that he is a rich man named Bruce Wayne. As a young child he watched his father be killed by a robber after leaving a theater. From the shock of the event his mother had a heart attack. As he grew up he trained in fighting. Wayne took the idea of the bat to put fear into the hearts of criminals in his home town of Gotham.
Usually aided by his many crime fighter gadgets such as the batmobile, the batarang and other gizmos. Batman later was assisted by his ward Dick Grayson also known as Robin, his butler, Alfred Pennyworth, the city police commissioner Gordon, Gordon's daughter Barbara AKA Batgirl (later known as Oracle) and others. Gordon calls the aide of Batman by use of the Bat signal which is a spotlight shown in the sky with the bat symbol on it.
Some of the villains he fights are The Joker, The Penguin, Catwoman, Mr. Freeze, The Riddler, Two-Face, and Clayface.
TV shows.
Quite probably the most popular Batman TV show, was a live-action satire television show featuring the character made in the late 1960s: "Batman", it starred actor Adam West as Batman and Burt Ward as Robin. He appeared in various animated TV shows, as well including, "Superfriends", ', "Batman Beyond", and "Justice League". Other Batman-related series (in which he has some connection but didn't really appear in "spin-offs") short-lived live-action, "Birds of Prey" (about his daughter, The Huntress) and the animated "Teen Titans" (based on another comic book, about a team of younger superheroes led by Robin).

Val Kilmer
Val Kilmer (born December 31, 1959) is an American actor, best known for his roles in "Tombstone", "The Doors", and "Batman Forever".

Eva Gabor
Eva Gabor (February 11,1919 - July 4,1995) was a Hungarian born actress. She was best known for her role as Lisa Douglas on the television series, "Green Acres".

Athlete
An athlete is a person who has above average physical skills (strength, agility, and endurance) and is able to perform physical activities, in particular, contests. An ancient Greek word for "contest" was "athlos", and those competing in the games were called athletes.
In more specific settings, an athlete is one who participates in Athletics, Olympic games and other competitive events such as professional sports.
Athlete can also, although less often, refer to a mental, instead of physical, competitor or possessors of skills.
Athlete are a band from south London

Snoopy
Snoopy is the name of Charlie Brown's pet beagle in the comic strip "Peanuts", by Charles M. Schulz. Born on the Daisy Hill Puppy Farm, Snoopy started out in the background, but eventually turned into a main character. He often had wise things to say about the humans around him.

John Wilkes Booth
John Wilkes Booth (May 10, 1838 – April 26, 1865) was an American actor who is most famous for being the man who killed Abraham Lincoln on April 14 1865 in Washington, DC. A very popular stage actor of his time, Booth was a man who liked the Confederacy and he was very unhappy about the way the American Civil War ended. He was killed by Union soldiers at a farm in Virginia.John Wilkes Booth was the ninth of ten children born to the famous, eccentric, and hard-drinking actor, Junius Booth. The Booth family--along with their slaves--lived on a farm near Bel Air, Maryland.
Booth made his own stage debut at age seventeen in Baltimore, appearing in Richard III. His highly successful acting career for a Shakespearian company based in Richmond took him all over the United States. (On November 9, 1863, Abraham Lincoln watched Booth play Raphael in the play Marble Heart in the same box at Ford's Theatre that he would later be assassinated.)
Booth became politically active in the 1850s, joining the Know-Nothing Party, an organization devoted to reducing the stream of immigrants into the United States. Booth ardently supported the institution of slavery and in 1859 joined a Virginia company that aided in the capture of John Brown after his raid at Harper's Ferry. Booth was an eyewitness to Brown's execution.
During the Civil War, Booth worked as a Confederate secret agent. He met frequently with the heads of the Secret Service, Jacob Thompson and Clement Clay, in Montreal.
In the summer of 1864, Booth began formulating plans to kidnap Abraham Lincoln. The plan called for Lincoln to be taken south to Richmond, where he would be held until exchanged for Confederate prisoners-of-war. Booth recruited friends and known southern-sympathizers for his mission, including the eight persons tried before the 1865 military commission. Some who resisted his persuasive efforts, such as actor Samuel Chester, became key government witnesses in the trial.
On March 15, Booth and his most of his fellow conspirators met at a Restaurant three blocks from Ford's Theatre to plan their abduction of the President. Soon thereafter, Booth heard that the President would be attending a matinee performance of Still Waters Run Deep on March 17 at the Campbell Hospital on the outskirts of Washington. This, he decided, would the perfect opportunity for a kidnapping and--according to John Surratt--Booth developed a plan to intercept Lincoln's carriage enroute to the play. Booth's plans were foiled, however, when the President changed his plans and decided instead to speak to the 140th Indiana Regiment and present a captured flag.
Booth then turned to plan to kidnap the President at a future performance at Ford's Theatre, where the actor had several friends, but the plan failed to win the support of some of his co-conspirators, who dismissed it as infeasible.
"I had never seen Mr. Lincoln up close and I knew he was a tall man, however nothing could have prepared me for the sight of him. A long shadow did he have. And his arms, when at his sides, touched near his knees. Very professionally he said that there would never be any suffrage based on differences in the way people look. Upon this, Booth turned to the two of us and said, “That means nigger citizenship. Now by God I’ll put him through!”
Booth tried to convince several of his co-conspirators to participate in his plot to kill several high government officials (including the Vice President, the Secretary of State, and probably General Grant), but found few willing.
Around 10:15, as the President and the First Lady watched a performance of Our American Cousin at Ford's Theatre, Booth, showed a card to a presidential aide and was allowed entry through a lobby door leading to the presidential box. Reaching the box, Booth pushed open the door. The President sat in his armchair, one hand on the railing and the other holding to the side a flag that decorated the box, in order to gain a better view of a person in the orchestra. From a distance of about four feet behind Lincoln, Booth fired a bullet into the President's brain as he shouted "Revenge for the South!" (according to one witness) or "Freedom!" (according to another). Major Rathbone, seated with the President in the State Box, sprang up to grab the assassin, but Booth wrested himself away after slashing the general with a large knife. Booth rushed to the front of the box as Rathbone reached for him again, catching some of his clothes as Booth leapt over the railing. Rathbone's grab was enough to cause Booth to fall roughly on the stage below, where he badly fractured his leg.
Rising from the stage, Booth shouted "Sic semper tyrannus!" and ran across the stage and toward the back of the theatre. Booth rushed out the back door of the theatre to a horse being held for him by Joseph Burroughs (better known as "Peanuts"). Booth mounted the horse and swept rapidly down an alley, then to the left toward F Street--and disappeared into the Washington darkness.
Near the banks of the Rappahannock River in Virginia, investigators closed in on Booth and his companion, David Herodl, on April 26. Everton Conger and two other investigators pulled Willie Jett out of a bed in a hotel in Bowling Green to demand, "Where are the two men who came with you across the river?" Jett knew that Conger meant Booth and Herold. When Jett had talked with the two conspirators they had made no effort to hide their identity. Herold had boldly declared, "We are the assassinators of the President. Yonder is J. Wilkes Booth, the man who killed Lincoln." Jett told Conger that the men they sought "are on the road to Port Royal" at the home of "Mr. Garrett's."
Reaching Garrett's farm, the government party ordered an old man, Garrett, out of his home and asked, "Where are the two men who stopped here at your house?" "Gone to the woods," Garrett answered. Unsatisfied with Garrett's response, Conger told one of his men, "Bring me a lariat rope here, and I will put that man up to the top of one of those locust trees." One of his sons broke in, "Don't hurt the old man; he is scared; I will tell you where the men are--...in the barn."
Finding the suspects to be in the Garrett barn, Conger gave Booth and Herold five minutes to get out or, he said, he would set fire to it. Booth responded, "Let us have a little time to consider it." After some
discussion in the barn, Booth proposed that if the capturing party were withdrawn "one hundred yards from the door, I will come out and fight you." When his proposal--and a second one for a withdrawal to fifty
yards--was rejected, Booth said in a theatrical voice, "Well, my brave boys, prepare a stretcher for me." As Conger ordered pine boughs placed against the barn to start a fire, Booth announced, "There's a man who wants to come out." After being called "a damned coward" by his partner, David Herold stepped out of the door of the barn and into the hands of his capturers.
Conger lit the fire minutes later. With flames rising around him, Booth, carrying a carbine, started toward the door of the barn. A shot rang out from the gun of Sergeant Boston Corbett. Booth fell. Soldiers carried Booth out on the grass. Booth turned to Conger and said, "Tell mother I die for my country." Moved into Garrett's house, Booth revived somewhat. Repeatedly he begged of his captors, "Kill me, kill me." Booth again weakened. Two or three hours after being shot, he died.

Annapolis, Maryland
Annapolis is the capital city of the U.S. state of Maryland. As of the census held in the year 2000, its population was 35,838. It is home to the United States Naval Academy, where the United States Naval Officers get their training. It is also home to Saint John's College, originally King William's School founded in 1696. Annapolis is the oldest seat of government still in service in America.
Annapolis is also well known as the Sailing Capital of the U.S., situated on the Chesapeake Bay, the largest inland tidal estuary in the world (?). The Chesapeake is Maryland's canary in the coal mine, troubled for the last 50 years by ever increasing degredation as an indicaitor of its citizens concern for economic or material value over that of their land. The Chesapeake Bay can not sustain the higher life that once proliferated these waters, and 3 of the main harvests need to be re-stocked by man in order to maintain 1/10th (or less) of the numbers - Oysters and Rockfish, and more recently as reported in the Capital, Blue Crab stocks are at an all-time and ever-decreasing low, with scientists from University of Maryland researching how to raise crabs for re-introduction.
Chesapeake Bay Native plants and animals are often crowded out by invasives which are more hardy to the now-polluted environment. Species such as Fragmites, the Chinese Mitten Crab, English Ivy, the Mute Swan are just a few examples of invasives thriving in this man-altered environment.
It is also a political hot spot, being so close to Washington DC, and being the State capital, many Annapolitans (those that live here) have a small percentage(probably.04) more weight with the governments because of the locality.

Keanu Reeves
Keanu Charles Reeves (born September 2, 1964) is an American actor. He is known for his roles in films like the "Bill and Ted" series, "The Matrix" series and "Speed".

Kurt Cobain
Kurt Donald Cobain (February 20, 1967 - April 5, 1994) was the lead singer and guitarist of the grunge band Nirvana, which also included bassist Krist Novoselic and drummer Dave Grohl.
Cobain was very influential in popularizing what came to be known as grunge music - a style of rock music that formed in part as a reaction against what people saw as the shallow nature of 1980s stadium rock and over-the-top metal bands (hair metal) with preened images and elaborate stage shows. Nirvana's best known song is "Smells Like Teen Spirit", which was often referred to by the media as an anthem for Generation X and grunge itself. Among other well known Cobain songs are "Lithium", "In Bloom", "Come as You Are", "Heart-Shaped Box", "All Apologies", and the highly controversial "Rape Me".
Cobain suffered a drug addiction that started when he was a teenager. He was a persistent user of cocaine and heroin. Later in his career, he was admitted into rehab several times. On his final visit to a rehab centre, he jumped a wall and escaped to his home. His death was ruled a suicide in 1994. But there is a lot of talk and debate about it.

Mikhail Gorbachev
Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachyov (Gorbachev) (Russian: Михаи́л Серге́евич Горбачёв; Pronunciation: mih-kha-ILL ser-GHE-ye-vich gor-bah-CHOFF) (born March 2, 1931), was the leader of the Soviet Union from 1985 until 1991. His attempts at reform led to the end of the Cold War, but although he was not trying to, this helped cause the end of the political supremacy of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), and the break-up of the Soviet Union into smaller countries. He was good friends with Ronald Reagan.
He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1990.

Tron
"Tron" is a 1982 Walt Disney Productions science fiction movie starring Jeff Bridges as Kevin Flynn (and Clu), Bruce Boxleitner as Alan Bradley (and Tron) and Cindy Morgan as Lora (and Yori). David Warner plays the villain, Dillinger (and Sark, as well as the voice of the "Master Control Program"). It was directed by Steven Lisberger. One of the first movies to use computer graphics extensively, "Tron" has a distinctive visual style.
The music for the movie was written by Wendy Carlos, and there were also two songs from the band Journey.
In spite of mixed success upon its debut, "Tron" has recently gained a cult following thanks to its CGI and plot line. Several video games have been based on it.
A twentieth anniversary DVD edition came out in 2002. In early 2005, Disney revealed plans for an Internet-centered remake.

Garfield
"Garfield" is a famous comic strip created by Jim Davis. It has the cat Garfield, the dog Odie, and their owner Jon Arbuckle. The cat is named after Davis's grandfather, James Garfield Davis (who was probably named after former U.S. President James Garfield). It first debuted in 1978 in 41 US newspapers. "Garfield at Large" was Garfield's first book that debuted in 1980 and was listed in New York Times bestseller lists at #1. By 1983 Garfield featured in 1400 newspapers, and was translated into seven different languages.
Garfield finally got his own website in 1996. In 2002, Garfield was declared "Most widely syndicated comic strip in the world" by Guinness Book of World Records. Garfield's 1st cookbook featured in 2003. In 2004 "Garfield the Movie" was his first full-length feature film to hit the cinemas. Garfield is a fun loving cat who loves lasagna and is enjoyed by many people around the world.

Michael Moore
Michael Moore (born April 23, 1954) is an American writer and filmmaker. He known for his strong liberal political views. He often uses humor and satire to tell people about his opinions.
Some of his films include the documentaries,
as well as "Canadian Bacon" (1994), a fictional comedy film starring John Candy and Alan Alda.

Hawaiian Punch
Hawaiian Punch is the name of a brand of sweetened fruit punch drinks owned by Dr Pepper/Seven Up, Inc. (DPSU). It was created in 1934 by A.W. Leo, Tom Yates, and Ralph Harrison as an ice cream topping, and customers later discovered that it was an appealing drink when mixed with water.
In 1962, the character of Punchy was introduced in a commercial for Hawaiian Punch, eventually becoming the product's mascot. His long-time saying is "Hey, how about a nice Hawaiian Punch!"
The name comes from the source of the original recipe's main ingredients, Hawaii.

Whale
Whales are marine mammals, because most of them live in the oceans.
The term "whale" can be used for all Cetaceans, or only for some. For all of the order, including dolphins and porpoises, see Cetacea.
They are often very large. Whales are not fish; like other mammals, they breathe oxygen from the air, and have a small amount of hair, and warm blood. Whales come in various shapes and sizes. Whales used to be killed for oil by whalers. However, many countries have passed laws saying that no one is allowed to kill whales anymore. Some people still do kill whales, even though it is illegal. Also, some countries have not made it illegal, while others make it legal only for native people.
Whale behavior.
Whales are widely classed as predators, but their food ranges from microscopic plankton to very large fish. Males are called bulls; females, cows. The young are called calves.
Because of their environment (and unlike many animals), whales are conscious breathers: they decide when to breathe. All mammals sleep, including whales, but they cannot afford to buy there own chocolate so somebody nice comes along and buys it unconscious state for too long, since they need to be conscious in order to breathe. It is thought that only one hemisphere of their brains sleeps at a time, so that whales are never completely asleep, but still get the rest they need. Whales are thought to sleep around 8 hours a day

Marker
A marker is a writing device that allows a person to draw, write, or scribble. Ink comes out of the tip of the marker and onto the writing surface, commonly a piece of paper. Markers generally come in a variety of different colors. They are sometimes referred to as "magic markers", or magic pens. Markers that have ink that will stay there forever are called permanent markers. There are whiteboard markers which are used on the whiteboard. These markers' ink can be cleared away with dusters.
The tip of the marker where ink comes out from is usually made of cloth. This allows the ink to go through easily. A lot of ink can come out from it at one time.

Anchor
Anchors are used to stop boats from moving. Today, anchors are usually made of metal, and they are made to catch the ocean floor (the seabed).
There are two main types of anchors: temporary and permanent. A permanent anchor is called a "mooring block" and is not easily moved. A temporary anchor can be moved and is carried on the boat. When people talk about anchors, they are usually thinking about temporary anchors.
An anchor works by either weight (mass) or shape. Shape is more important to temporary anchors, and design is very important. Anchors must resist wind and tide, and also the up-and-down movement of waves.
History.
The oldest anchors were just rocks, and many rock anchors have been found from a long time ago. Many modern moorings still use a large rock as the mooring block.
A simple anchor which uses two arms made of wood, and a rock weight, is an anchor which is still used today. The wood arms are sharp to enter the seabed, and the weight will hold normal movement.
Designs of temporary anchors.
The English language uses several special words to describe parts of anchors. This is because England has a rich marine and naval history, and so the language gives a large number of words to boat and ship terminology.
A modern temporary anchor usually has a middle bar called the "shank", attached to a flat surface (traditionally called "fluke") which holds the seabed. The place where the shank meets the fluke is called the "crown", and the shank is usually fitted with a ring or shackle to attach it to the "rode" (cable, chain, or rope joining the anchor to the boat). Some old anchors have attached to the shank a "stock", which is a bar that places the anchor in a certain way when it falls on the seabed. Old anchors are often named "stocked" or "stockless" anchors depending on whether they have this, or not.
Over the last 20 years, many new anchor designs have appeared. These anchors are usually designed for small vessels, and are usually not for large ships. See modern designs.
Fisherman.
The Fisherman is a traditional old design. It is very old and has not changed much over time. It is less useful than a good modern design, and its holding power for its weight is among the worst of all anchor types.
Fluke.
The most common brand of fluke anchors is the "Danforth". The Danforth style uses a stock at the crown (see above), to which two large flat flukes are attached. The stock can rotate, so the flukes can move toward the bottom. It can hold very well but has difficulty "setting" (entering the seabed) on its own. It is efficient for its weight.
Fluke anchors have difficulty penetrating kelp and weed seabeds, as well as very hard sand or clay seabeds. Once set, the anchor can come free and fail to "reset" on its own.
Grapnel.
A traditional design, the grapnel style is simple to design and build. It is a simple hook, and while useless for most seabeds, it is good for rock or reefs.
Plow.
The original "CQR" was invented in 1933 in the United Kingdom. Many copies of it now exist. Plows used to be popular with sailors and private boaters. They are good but not excellent in most seabeds. Another more recent design is the "Delta" which is better.
Plows use a special weight in the tip of the fluke (the "toe") for them to work properly. This makes them heavy.
The genuine CQR and Delta brands are now owned by Lewmar.
Bruce / Claw.
The genuine Bruce was invented in the 1970's and was intended to solve some of the problems of the plow. Many copies are now made - this type of anchor is now called a "claw-type". They can set quickly in some seabeds, but do not hold well for their weight, and can let go very suddenly.
Bruce Anchor Group no longer make the genuine Bruce and the copies are mostly worse in quality of build.
Modern designs.
Modern anchors are designed to be better than the plow and claw types. Many are new, still under patent and owned by commercial companies or tied to certain brands.
Performance of temporary anchors.
In general, the more modern designs are better than the older types, as can be seen from the chart on the left.
This is a chart of testing carried out by West Marine (an American marine shop) in 2006. Tests were conducted at three different locations on sand, at three different "scopes" (pull angles).
While six of the seven best anchors on this chart are "modern", several modern anchors are also seen to perform very badly. This demonstrates that 'newer' is not necessarily better.
Designs of permanent anchors.
These are used where the vessel or object is permanently placed, for example in the case of lightvessels or channel marker buoys. The anchor must hold the vessel in all weather, including the worst storm, but does not usually need to be moved.
Permanent anchors come in a wide range of types. A simple rock can be used. Large concrete blocks weighing many tonnes may be used. Modern moorings may be anchored by sand screws.
Mushroom.
The mushroom anchor is suitable where the seabed is composed of fine sand or soft mud.
It is shaped like a mushroom. It is a bit better than a simple weight, but not as good as a temporary anchor design of the same weight. They must be allowed to set by sinking over a long time.

Light pollution
Light pollution is a type of pollution. It is defined as “any adverse (or bad) effect as a result of man-made lights.” Usually, this means too much light. Several species, including plants and humans, are badly affected by light pollution. Most people have never heard of light pollution, and those who have usually don’t care, or do anything about it. Light pollution costs Americans billions of dollars every year.
Types of light pollution.
Sky glow usually has more of an effect on the environment than light trespass and glare, but all of them are a major problem to people today.
Sky glow is the kind of light pollution that prevents people from seeing the moon and the stars. This causes birds to not be able to migrate to the right place because they can't follow the moon and stars. Sky glow also prevents astronomers from making discoveries.
Light trespass is when light being used by a person goes into the property of another. Though light trespass is not an environmental issue, it is still light pollution.
The third kind of light pollution, glare, has different kinds. The first, disability glare, is the loss of visibility because of too many lights. Discomfort glare is when the lights cause pain.
Effects on animals.
Light pollution stops migrating birds of having any way of seeing the moon and stars, which they use to navigate, therefore not being able to migrate to the correct place. Also, sea turtles do not come to shore and nest as often, because they are afraid of the lights.
Effects on humans.
Glare causes sleep problems in humans. Too much light in an apartment shinning in from a nearby billboard will disturb their sleep. Also science is being affected by light pollution. Astronomers have no way of observing, or making discoveries with too much light to block the night sky.
Group solution.
There are now several groups that are trying to prevent light pollution. Light pollution first made news in 1964, when an observatory was specially placed just to avoid light pollution. However, it wasn’t brought the attention of most people until June 6th, 2002, when the Czech Republic passed the world’s first light pollution law. Since then, light pollution is slowly being recognized by the general public as a major problem.
Individual solution.
You can lower the amount of light pollution by having lights off when they are not needed. You can also shield yourself from this pollution by putting curtains on a window facing the street or any other disturbing light source.

Nintendo
Nintendo (In Japanese: 任天堂) is a company that makes video games and video game consoles. At first, they began by creating playing cards and other toys and games. Their main office is in Kyoto, Japan. They also have offices in other continents — for example, North America and Europe. Their most famous video games are the "Super Mario Bros." series.
History.
Nintendo was formed on September 23, 1889. They began making video games only in the 1980s. Nintendo's first video game console was the Famicom. Famicom was first only released in Japan but it was later released in some other areas, such as North America. When they released it in there, its name was changed to "Nintendo Entertainment System", or NES for short. They also released some popular stand-alone video games, with names like the arcade game "Donkey Kong", and NES games "Super Mario Bros.", "Duck Hunt", and "The Legend of Zelda".
Today.
Today, Nintendo has many popular characters and series. "Super Mario Bros.", and "The Legend of Zelda" are examples of these.
Nintendo currently makes the Wii, Nintendo DS, Game Boy Micro and Game Boy Advance SP video game consoles. Wii and GameCube plug in to a TV and are called "home consoles", because they are used most of the time at home. Game Boy Advance SP, Game Boy Micro and Nintendo DS are small and have their own screens. They are called "handhelds", because they can be taken anywhere.

São Paulo
São Paulo (Portuguese: Saint Paul) is the capital of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. It is the biggest city in the Southern Hemisphere.
The city has an area of 1,523 km² and more than 10.9 million people live there.
History.
In January 25, 1554, two priests, Manuel da Nóbrega and José de Anchieta, built a school - "Colégio de São Paulo de Piratininga" - to convert natives to Catholic religion. Today, this building is the Padre Anchieta Museum.
The first people moved to the region in 1560, when São Paulo became a village.
Because São Paulo was a poor village and was far away from the colony centre, the "bandeirantes" (explorers) chose it to start expeditions to enslave natives, recapture runaway slaves, and to find precious metals and stones (gold, diamonds, etc).
In 1711, São Paulo became a city. In the end of the 18th century, people started growing sugarcane in the rural area of the province, and São Paulo was the way to the port of Santos.
In the 19th century, after the construction of São Paulo's Law School, São Paulo became the capital of the province, politicians and philosophers went there, and the first newspapers and books were printed. At this time, many European immigrants, especially Italians, moved to São Paulo to work at the big coffee plantations.
At the end of the 19th century and the start of the 20th century, the city grew quickly. Some people who study Brazilian History says "the city was rebuilt".
In the 20th century, many factories were built, and more immigrants moved to work there.
Today, São Paulo is a centre of commerce, services and technology, and some people consider it the most important South American city.
Geography.
São Paulo is crossed by the Tropic of Capricorn. It is in a plateau (a high flat area), 760 metres above the sea level.
Because of its altitude, its climate (subtropical) is not so warm as it is near the coast. São Paulo is 70 km far from the coast, 420 km far from Rio de Janeiro, and 1,020 km far from Brasília, the Brazilian capital city.
The metropolitan area formed by São Paulo and 39 surroundings cities is the biggest in the Latin America. More than 19 million people live in this metropolitan area, which is also called "Greater São Paulo" and is the fifth biggest of the world.
Subdivisons.
The city is divided into 31 boroughs, and each borough is divided into neighbourhoods. The boroughs form nine regions (or "zones"), with similar geographic location and history, but most people and companies prefer to use another division, with only five regions.
Ethnic diversity.
Descendants of many peoples live in São Paulo: Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, African, German, Lebanese, Japanese. There are also descendant of peoples from other South American countries, for example Argentina and Bolivia, and other places, for example Chineses, Jews, and Koreans.
Every day, people from other cities or states move to São Paulo. Many are people from the Northeast region of Brazil that try to find a job in the city.
Economics.
São Paulo is the commercial and industrial center of Brazil. There are factories and shops of all sizes and kinds. For example, in São Paulo there are some of the more expensive shops of Brazil, but also there are commercial districts formed only by cheap shops, and people from many places (also from other cities) buy clothing, electronics and other products at these districts.
Sports.
Football is the sport with the biggest number of fans in the city. The most important clubs from the city are Corinthians, Palmeiras, and São Paulo. They are all playing in the Brazilian Série A, the major football championship in Brazil.
There are also other big and medium teams from São Paulo, for example Portuguesa and Juventus, and many small teams. However, Santos FC, that is a club from Santos, a city in the coast, is the fourth team in number of supporters.
São Paulo also hosts the Formula One Brazilian Grand Prix, in Autódromo José Carlos Pace (known as Autódromo de Interlagos).
Other major sports are basketball and volleyball. Some people also play handball, tennis, and other sports.
Transportation.
Some people do not like São Paulo because of the big number of cars, trucks and motorcycles on streets and avenues. The public transport is also very important for the people who live there. There are many bus lanes in the city, and a big Metro (underground railway) and railway system.
São Paulo has three airports and is the second city in number of helicopters of the world (New York City is the first).
Born in São Paulo.
Below is a list of famous people born in São Paulo.

DVD
A DVD (sometimes called a Digital Versatile Disc or a Digital Video Disc) is an optical disc capable of storing up to 4.7 GB of data as opposed to the 700 MB that a CD can hold. DVDs are often used to store movies at a higher video and sound quality than a VHS. A plus of using a DVD for a video is the ability to have interactive menus and bonus features such as deleted scenes and commentaries.
There are also 8 cm DVDs with a storage capacity of 1.5 GB.
The capacity of a DVD-ROM can be visually determined by noting the number of data sides, and looking at the data side(s) of the disc. Double-layered sides are usually gold-colored, while single-layered sides are usually silver-colored, like a CD. One additional way to tell if a DVD contains one or two layers is to look at the center ring on the underside of the disc. If there are two barcodes, it is a dual layer disc. If there is one barcode, there is only one layer.
DVD data storing.
Both CD and DVD disks have equal sizes (diameter, thickness etc.). However, the amount of information they can store is different. These disks are made of the same materials and have the same methods of production.
CDs and DVDs use the same way of keeping information. Both CDs and DVDs have pits and bumps on the data track (the data track represents a path which has certain information). The information is read by a laser.
A DVD disk has several layers, which are made of plastic. All layers have a thickness of 1.2 millimeters. An injection used on a polycarbonate plastic leads to the creation of microscopic bumps. Today's production uses this type of plastic to create different things because it can resist very high and low temperatures.
When layers are created, the bumps appear. Many bumps form one continuous spiral that can include information. After that a spray of a special reflective layer covers the bumps.
Aluminum is applied behind inner layers and semi-reflective gold covers the outer layers. This helps the laser to concentrate through the outer layers onto the inner ones. Then, after applying a protective liquid (lacquer) and pressing the layers, they are treated with infrared light.
Every track on a DVD disk circles from its center to the edge. The distance between the tracks on a DVD disk is 740 nanometers. Only a very precise mechanism can read the bumps on the disk, because they are very small (320×400×120 nanometers).
Trivia.
The aluminum side of the disk has pits, but the side which is read by the laser has bumps. Because the dimensions of the bumps are very small, a DVD track is very long. A data track of a DVD layer is about 7.5 miles long. This is the length of an ordinary DVD disk. The track of a disc with two sides would be about 30 miles long.

Submarine
A submarine is a vessel that goes under water. Submarines are often war vessels, but some are used for scientific or business purposes. People with a lot of money can even buy their own small submarine to explore under the sea and look at fish. A submarine is always called a boat, not a ship.
In early times, submarines were often powered by hand, as boat engines had not yet been invented. They were almost always designed for war purposes, and would attempt to sink enemy ships by crude methods like drilling screws into their wooden hulls. Some attempted to blow ships up, but this would often destroy the submarine as well.
Later, during the first and second world wars, more practical submarines were developed, mostly by Germany. They were powered by a diesel-electric system. A diesel motor would be used to turn a generator which would charge a large number of batteries while the submarine was above the water. This power was then used to power the submarine when it went underwater. These submarines were dangerous for enemies and hard to see while under water but it was easy to attack them when they were above the water and recharging. They were only used to attack ships.
Most modern military submarines are powered by nuclear reactors. These submarines often have a system which can get air from the surrounding seawater as well, this combination allows them to stay under water until their food runs out. Their most important functions are attacking ships or launching rockets like cruise missiles, or nuclear missiles. There are two kinds of these subs: attack subs, which are small and fast and attack other subs and surface ships with a special kind of underwater bomb called a torpedo, and missiles subs, which are larger and slower, and designed mainly to shoot missiles at far-away targets on land. Missile subs are usually big enough that they can transport commandos and launch them safely from their torpedo tubes.

Lebanon
Lebanon is a country in the Middle East (also called west Asia), on the Mediterranean Sea. It has a border with Israel to the south, and Syria to the east and north. Lebanon has been independent since 1943, and almost 4 million people live there. There are 16 million Lebanese people living in other countries. Its capital city is Beirut.
Lebanon has 2 chains of mountains. It is often called the ruby of the Middle East. It has a coastline stretching all the way up.The area of Lebanon is 10452 square kilometres. 59.70% of Lebanese people are Muslim and 39% are Christian. The remaining 1.3% is made up of other religions including Judaism, Buddhism, and Bahá'í followers.

Alan Alda
Alan Alda (Real name: Alfonso Joseph D'Abruzzo) (January 28, 1936-) is an American actor. He has appeared in, as well as directed and wrote many films. He is probably most famous for his role as "Hawkeye" Pierce, the central character on the comedy/drama TV series "M*A*S*H", as well as writing and directing several episodes of the show, and later becoming one of its producers. Alan also has been the host of Scientific American Frontiers on PBS since 1993. His father, Robert Alda, was another actor, and his mother, Joan, was once crowned Miss New York. Alan has been married to Arlene Weiss since 1957 and they have three daughters.

Sally Kellerman
Sally Kellerman (June 2, 1936) is an American movie actress. Her acting performances include the pilot for the original "Star Trek" television series, and the movies "MASH" (1970) and "Back to School" (1986).

Hagar the Horrible
"Hägar the Horrible" is the title of a comic strip and the name of the main character. The comic strip is about a Viking and his life of plundering and his family life. It was started in 1973 by Dik Browne. Since Dik's retirement (he stopped working) in 1988, his son Chris has continued the comic.

Baghdad
Baghdad (Arabic: بغداد‎ translit: Baghdād) is the capital city and largest city in Iraq. It is the second-largest city in Southwest Asia after Tehran and the second-largest city in the Arab world after Cairo, with a population 5,772,000 (2003). Located on the Tigris River at 33°20′N 44°26′E, the city was once the center of Dar al-Islam, Muslim civilization.

Mediterranean Sea
The Mediterranean Sea is a body of water that separates Europe, Africa and Asia.
The Mediterranean Sea is a part of the Atlantic Ocean almost completely surrounded by land, on the north by Europe, on the south by Africa, and on the east by Asia. It covers around 2.5 million km² (965 000 mi²).
It was a superhighway of transport in ancient times, allowing for trade and cultural exchange between peoples of the region — Phoenicians, Egyptians, Carthaginians, Greeks, Romans, and the Middle East (Arab/Persian/Semitic) cultures. The history of the Mediterranean is important in understanding the origin and development of Western Civilization.

Shirley Bassey
Dame Shirley Veronica Bassey (born January 8, 1937) is a Welsh singer, she is best known for singing the theme songs for the James Bond films, "Goldfinger", "Diamonds are Forever", and "Moonraker".

Captain Beefheart
Captain Beefheart AKA Don Van Vliet born Don Glen Vliet (1941-) was an American singer. He was best known for his collaborations and (sometimes) rivalry, with long time friend, Frank Zappa. He is quite underrated, but remains an inspiration to many "alternative" singers. He is retired from music due to illness and spends his time painting, these days. He was born in Glendale, California. His stage name came from a film project Zappa was writing, but soon abandoned, "Captain Beefheart battles the Grunt People". His acknowledged masterpiece was recorded in 1969, its title: Trout Mask Replica.
He and his group "Magic Band" also produced albums in the early 1980's that received positive critical attention.
Mr. Van Vliet is also a well known painter of abstract primitive art. His work has been shown in gallery presentations in New york U.S. and in Europe.

C (programming language)
The C programming language is a computer programming language that works close to the hardware. It was developed in the 1970s by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie to be used with the UNIX operating system. It is a procedural language, which means that you can divide your program into sub-programs and use these from within the main program.
Because the ideas behind C are kept close to the basic architecture of the computer, the compiler can generate instructions for the computer, that will run very fast. This makes C a good language for writing operating systems, and a lot of them, like Linux and UNIX are mostly made up of C.
Another good thing about C is that it is available for many different platforms. This means, that there are many different compilers to make a C program run on many different processors and operating systems. This is why C is called a "portable" language, because programs written in it can be "ported" to many different platforms.
Example code.
The following piece of text is an example for source code written in C. When compiled and executed, it will print "Hello world!" on the computer screen and then exit.

Drake & Josh
"Drake and Josh" is a Nickelodeon television series. It started in January 2004. The stars of the series are Drake Bell and Josh Peck. The two appeared as friends on "The Amanda Show". In "Drake and Josh", they play brothers of separate parents. In the first episode, Drake's mother marries Josh's father.
Other stars of the show include Nancy Cartwright, who also starred on "The Amanda Show".
Main characters.
Drake Parker's mother is Audrey Parker, and he lived with his single mother, along with Megan, his younger sister until she got married to weather man, walter Nichols who has a son named Josh Nichols.
Drake may be portrayed as lazy, mischievous, cool and smooth-with-the-ladies. He is said to be 15 in the first two seasons, and 16-17 in the last two seasons. Drake hates homework, and is often seen either playing a tone on his guitar(he is very talented when it comes to music!) or tuning it. Sometimes he rehearses for his concerts, which is a good excuse to not do homework! He sometimes plays pranks on Josh or does mischief, and lets Josh get the blame. Both brothers are fed up of Megan. She plays pranks on them all the time for just no reason at all, throughout the season. Drake is someone who always gets away from trouble. Josh on the other hand is the total opposite of Drake...but they still got along!
Theme song.
The start of each episode uses a song called "I Found a Way". The song is written by Drake Bell and Michael Corcoran and performed by Bell. Bell can also be seen playing the song in a quick scene from an episode in the first season. The song can also be found on the series' official soundtrack, ', and on Drake Bell's albums, "Telegraph" and "It's Only Time"

The Amanda Show
The Amanda Show is a sketch comedy television series starring Amanda Bynes, formerly of "All That". The series starred Amanda as almost every major recurring character, including herself, Penelope, Courtney, and Judge Trudy (a parody of Judge Judy.) The series aired on Saturday nights on the Nickelodeon television network in the United States. It still shows the show in reruns. Three of the shows stars (Drake Bell, Josh Peck, and Nancy Cartwright) are now on the very popular "Drake and Josh".
Penelope Taynt.
Penelope Taynt (a fictional character played by Amanda Bynes "Number One Fan, Please" on the "The Amanda Show". She never once met Amanda, but often came very close. She is known for saying "please" and "actual" often. She does not know the names of any cast member that is not Amanda. On the show, she had a website called "www.amandaplease.com." Eventually, it was made into the show's official site.

Sally Ride
Sally Kristen Ride (born May 26 1951 in Los Angeles, California) is an American former astronaut and astrophysicist who in 1983 became the first American woman to reach outer space.
With a Ph.D. in physics from Stanford University, she joined NASA in 1978, where she was an astronaut (1979–1987) and helped design the robot arm for the space shuttle. In turn, she was the first person to use the robot arm in space. In 1983, she became the first American woman in space. She also served (1986, 2003) on the commissions that investigated the Space Shuttle Challenger and Columbia disasters. In 1989, she became professor of physics and director of the California Space Institute at the University of California, San Diego. Sally started playing tennis at age 10, and became an excellent tennis player. She even went to college for it. She did attend another college, but dropped out because she wanted to keep working for a professional tennis career. After 3 months of hard practice she decided she wasn't good enough to make it to a professional career and so she quit tennis and enrolled at Stanford University. That year, more than 8,000 men and women applied to the NASA space program. Only 35 women were accepted. One of those 35 was Sally. There she enjoyed flight traing so much that it became a favorite hobby. Her second flight was a 8 day trip in 1984, again on Challenger(STS 41-G). Her hours in space flight were more than 343. Sally was preparing for her 3rd journey when the Challenger exploded in 1986. When training was suspended, she was appointed to the Presidential Commission charged with investigating the situation. Dr.Ride retired from NASA in 1987 to become a Science Fellow at the Center of International Security and Arms Control at Stanford University.

Court
A court, in law, is a part of the government that decides what laws mean when people disagree. Some disagreements a court may decide are whether a person is guilty of a crime, who is the legal owner of property, or who the children of two divorced parents should live with. A court is usually in a special building called a courthouse.
Most countries have many courts that deal with different issues. Some courts are higher and can change a decision made by a lower court.

Birth
Birth (to be born) means when a baby animal comes out of its egg, or out of its mother after pregnancy. It is sometimes thought of as the beginning of life.

Pollution
Pollution is when something causes some sort of damage or problem because it is where it is not supposed to be, or there is too much of it.
Air pollution.
Air pollution is when there are gases in the atmosphere that are harmful. These gases come from objects and/or buildings like harmful smoke from factories, vehicles, automobiles (cars, trucks, planes, boats) and many more. Air pollution can cause various breathing diseases like asthma etc. These gases may include odours, smoke and Carbon Dioxide (CO2). Burning coals and rubbish can cause these gases so try to recycle as much as you can.
Light pollution.
Light pollution is unwanted light, such as the light of cities, street lights, and others which makes it hard to see the stars.it also wastes energy(electricity
Noise pollution.
The harmful noise in our environment, such as the sound of cars in a city, loud speakers,etc. is called Noise pollution. Noise pollution can cause ear problems or even permanent deafness especially to old people & new born babies.
Water pollution.
Water pollution is where there are things in the water that are harmful, such as crude oil spilled from shipwrecked tankers, smoke, poison, air pollution, and a lot other things that are not plant or animal remains.
Pollution can cause a lot of harm to people's health, causing problems such as cancer, lupus, immune disease, allergies, and asthma. Pollution is also a poison used throughout history to poison historical leaders like Genghis Khan, Alexander the great, polluting wine with typhoid fever causing wine.

Immunity
Immunity is being able to keep from getting sick from a certain disease. All animals have some immunities, but not much is known about the immune abilities of animals that are not mammals. People can be immunised from some diseases by having a vaccination
(injection of some dead or weakened virus, or bacteria that causes the disease). By doing so, the body learns how the virus/bacteria harms the body, and will react more quickly to fight the virus/bacteria when it comes in contact with the virus/bacteria again. When your body has defended itself against the virus/bacteria it will trap the certain virus/bacteria in a "net" so when the virus/bacteria comes back it will be easier to trap those viruses/bacteria as well.

Inca
The Inca were a civilization (country) and an empire (kingdom) in western South America.
The word Inca can also mean the king of the Inca people.
The Inca are called a "pre-Columbian" empire.
This means that their country was here before Christopher Columbus. They ruled parts of South America around what is now Peru for a little over 100 years, until the Spanish invasion in the 16th century.
The Inca empire or Tawantinsuyo, that in quechua means: "four regions", only lasted for about 100 years as the arrival of the conquering Spaniards in 1532 marked the end of their 'reign'. Their main language was Quechua, but as the Incas were basically made up of many different groups there were probably many different languages also.
Their capital was in the city of Cusco, or Qosqo, in what is now southern Peru.

Roman numeral
A Roman numeral is the name for a number when it is written in the way the Romans used to write numbers. Roman numerals are not used very often today in the west. They are used to write the names of kings and queens, or popes. For example: Queen Elizabeth II. They may be used to write the year a book or movie was made.
The base.
If a lower value symbol is before a higher value one, it is subtracted. Otherwise it is added.
So 'IV' is '4' and 'VI' is '6'.
so 99 is: "XCIX" (and not "IC").
Notation.
The System that is in use today is: Whenever the same symbol is written four times, it is replaced by subtracting it from the next higher number (5,50,500). That way, "IV" is written instead of "IIII" (4), "XL" instead of "XXXX" (40), etc.
Usually only one number is subtracted, not two. So 8 is always "VIII" and never "IIX"
Especially on clocks and watches, "IIII" can sometimes still be found. This is done partly because the "IIII" for the 4 o'clock position aesthetically balances the "VIII" for the 8 o'clock position.
Proper form is to subtract only a value with the next lower power of 10. Thus, 900 is written "CM", but 990 would not be "XM" - properly, it is "CM" for the 900 portion and "XC" for the 90 portion, or "CMXC". Similarly, 999 would not be "IM" but rather "CMXCIX" - "CM" for the 900 portion, "XC" for the 90 portion, and "IX" for the 9 portion. Only values with 1's are ever used to subtract; 45 is properly "XLV", not "VL".
Notations in Roman numerals for numbers higher than 3,001 are rarely seen. One system utilizes "V" and "X" with bars over them to signify 5,000 and 10,000, respectively.

Map
A map is usually a picture of the Earth or part of the Earth. A map is different from an aerial photograph because it includes interpretation.
The word "map" can also be used to talk about a chart or drawing that shows relationships between ideas, people, events, or anything else you can think about. This is why web developers call a list of web pages on a web site a site map.
Professional map makers are called cartographers.
Many maps today are made using GIS computer systems. These are database systems that organized by things on a map instead of named records.
If a map is on a piece of paper or a computer screen, it has to be projected. This is because the Earth is round and paper and screens are flat. There are a lot of ways that use mathematics to make projections. The only kind of map of the Earth that is not projected is one drawn on a sphere. This is called a globe.

Globe
A globe is a picture of a planet drawn on a sphere. It is like a scale model of the planet.
Most globes are maps of the Earth. The most common types are political and physical. Political globes show countries, and physical globes show landscape like mountains and rivers.
Global as an adjective is used to mean the entire world rather than any special place. It is also used in fields like computers to mean across an entire hard drive, network, or any other operation.

Noah
Noah is a religious figure in Judeo-Christian and Islamic religious text. The story of Noah and his ark is a very popular biblical story.
The Story of Noah's Ark.
As described in the Book of Genesis, Noah and his family kept believing in God in a time when most people were not. Knowing this was true, God told Noah he was going to flood the world, so he could drown out evil. He told Noah to build a boat called an "Ark". He was to put himself, his family, and two (a male and a female) of every kind of animal on it. People laughed at Noah at first, but soon they were killed by the flood. The people on the ark stayed on the boat not only until the flood was over, but until they reached land. To find land Noah had sent out a dove, which returned with an olive branch. This showed that they were close to land. After the flood, God made a rainbow to say he would never do something like the flood again to Earth.

Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide
"Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide" is a children's TV show on Nickelodeon.
From "a middle school full of bullies, homework, and insane teachers" comes Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide, a show on Nickelodeon. The show stars Devon Werkheiser as Ned Bigby, a student at James K. Polk Middle School. Every episode is a group of tips to surviving a school based activity. The show is part of Nick's Sunday lineup. It first aired on September 12, 2004.
The show is very successful, it has had a promising start. The show also stars Lindsey Shaw as Ned's best friend, Jennifer Mozely.
It also comes on Family Channel

VH1
VH1 (Video Hits One) is an American television network. It is a sister station to the groundbreaking MTV.
VH1 shows more of the classic videos, alongside chart-toppers, whereas MTV's focus is on the current hits.

Cabinet
A Cabinet is a group of important people in a government, who normally represent the head of government. It is also known as the Council of Ministers or the Executive Council. They are part of the executive branch of government.
In most countries with parliamentary systems, the cabinet decides the government's policy. In other countries, such as the United States, the cabinet has very little power and is an advisor to the Head of Government. In some countries, cabinets need to be given their job by those who are in the government.
In most countries, people in the cabinet are called ministers, and they do different things, such as look after the environment. In some governments, the name "secretary" is used for people in the cabinet.
Many years ago the cabinets were called Privy Councils. The cabinet of today came about during the time that George I and George II were Kings of England. They both used Cabinet, as they could not speak English.
In some European countries and in the European Union, the name cabinet is used to mean the assistants of an important politician.
The "Shadow Cabinet", in "Commonwealth English", are the most important people of an "opposition party", who do not like the ideas that the Cabinet shows to the government.

Newspaper
A newspaper is a publication printed on paper and issued regularly, usually once a day or once a week. It is used to put across information and opinion about current events and news. One can buy a newspaper at a store or at a news stand. Also, newspapers can be delivered to one's home, if one subscribes to it.
Newspapers usually have a lot of topics in them. They usually include political events, crime, business, sports, and opinions. Many also include weather news. Newspapers use photographs to illustrate stories; and also often include comic strips and other entertainment, such as crosswords and horoscopes. After being read, it can be thrown in the trash, or used for other purposes, like wrapping fish or lining birdcages. Usually people like to read them to stay informed about they local city or state.

Public domain
Public domain is a phrase that describes something that belongs to all people in general: the public. It can mean that it is "public property". Public domain is only used to describe things such as photographs, drawings, written articles, books or plays, or similar things.
Another way to use the phrase is this: If a person has published something in a book or newspaper (and so it is no longer private), we say it is in the public domain. But in this usage it may still not belong to the public, it may be copyrighted.
A work can enter the public domain in many ways. Once the copyright expires, a work enters the public domain, but it may still be needed to note who created the work. Some works are in the public domain upon creation because they cannot be copyrighted based on various copyright laws. Examples include governmental works in some countries.
Even if some works are in the public domain due to not being copyrighted, there may be still non-copyright usage restrictions. For examples, even though the design of some national currencies may be ineligible for copyright, copying them for fraud is widely a very serious crime.

Child
A child (one child, two or more children) is someone who is not an adult yet, or a person who has not reached puberty. A person younger than 15 years old is usually called a child. A baby that is not yet born is often called a child, too. A person can be called his or her parent's child, no matter how old he or she is.
In most countries, children go to school. Also, smaller children may enjoy going to play-time groups and also playing with small toys and using their imaginations to make their days more fun. But in other countries, children work in factories or in the fields with their parents or guardians.
When two people get married and one (or both) of them have children with someone else before they got married, that child is called a "step child" by the child's non- birth parent. If both people had children, the children of each parent are "step brothers" or "step sisters" of each other.
Other uses.
The word child is sometimes used to mean something which comes 'from something' in some way. For example in mathematics a group may be the 'child' of another bigger group.

Nickelodeon
Nickelodeon is an American Cable television network. It is made for children. The network was started in 1979 as Pinwheel. During the late mornings and afternoons, Nickelodeon shows Nick Jr.. This is a group of learning programs and series for younger children. They are shown while the older childern are in school. At night, the network shows Nick at Nite. Nick at Nite is a group of re-runs of older series that parents watched when they were younger.
"Rugrats" is the series which has been shown for the longest time on Nickelodeon. The series has been shown for thirteen years. It was the most popular show on the network until they started showing "SpongeBob SquarePants". "Rugrats" has led to two spin-offs, "All Grown Up!" and "Suzy and Angelica's Preschool Daze".
The network makes a magazine calld "Nickelodon Magazine". It also has events and special programs every year, for example, the "Kids Choice Awards".

Jimmy Carter
James Earl "Jimmy" Carter, Jr. (born October 1, 1924) was the 39th President of the United States from 1977 to 1981. He was a member of the Democratic Party. Carter was born in Plains, Georgia. He was a state senator and later the governor of Georgia. At this time he worked to stop racial discrimination. He was famous for his peanut growing business which made him rich.
Carter tried to help with the problem between Israel and Palestine. He also tried to reach an agreement with the USSR about nuclear weapons. This did not work because he was not prepared to compromise. He did help Egypt and Israel sign a peacetreaty. He was followed as President by Ronald Reagan. Jimmy Carter is still alive and is often in foreign countries as an independent observer of elections.
While Carter was President, some people took over the U.S. Embassy in Iran. They kept Americans in the embassy as hostages. The hostages were not released until the last day Carter was president.
Jimmy Carter also had to deal with many problems in the United States. During his presidency, the nation had an energy and economic crisis. The fact that he could not fix these problems led the way for Ronald Reagan to take the role of President.

Cannes
Cannes () is a city and commune of the French department of Alpes-Maritimes.
It is most famous for the Cannes Film Festival, which takes place every summer. Many famous people come to the film festival from around the world to promote their films and to see other peoples' movies too.

Theodore Roosevelt
Theodore "Teddy" Roosevelt (1858–1919), was the 26th president of the United States. He was born in New York. He was a member of the Republican Party. Roosevelt passed many laws when he was president to help ordinary people. He used his power to stop big companies and rich people who owned them from making life hard for their workers.
As president, he was interested in what happened in other countries. In 1905, he helped end the war between the Russian and Japanese empires. He won a Nobel Peace Prize for it in 1906.
The popular stuffed animal doll, the "Teddy bear", was named after Roosevelt. He was so popular that his face was put on Mount Rushmore.

Composer
A composer is someone who writes (composes) music. Some composers work by writing music down on paper; this is called 'written notation'. Classical music writers work this way. Writers for TV and movie music also usually write this way, so that an orchestra or other players can read the music and play it.
Some musicians are very good at improvisation. This means that they think up (invent) the music as they play it. Some church organists are good at improvising. During a service they may need to play some organ music to fill in the gaps while people are collecting money or taking communion. Jazz musicians are usually excellent at improvising. Improvisation is not written down, so each time it is different.
Popular and rock or soul music writers are often not able to read and write music down. Many pop and rock composers compose their songs on a guitar or piano. Cole Porter and Irving Berlin usually composed at the piano.
Many songs are written by two or more people. It is common for two people to work together to write songs. One person writes the music and one writes the words (the lyrics). Some songs such as folk songs were composed many years ago and no one knows who wrote them.

Henry VIII of England
Henry VIII (June 28, 1491 – January 28, 1547) was the King of England from 1509 until his death. He is best remembered for having had six wives.
Henry was born in Greenwich Palace on June 28, 1491 and was the second son of Henry VII of England and Elizabeth of York. He had one brother, who was called Arthur, Prince of Wales, and two sisters, who were called Margaret and Mary. Arthur should have been king after their father died, but Arthur died before his father, making Henry next in line for the throne. Henry ended up marrying Arthur's widow.
The most important event that happened in England when Henry was the king was the country's change in religion from Roman Catholic to Protestant. Because his first wife Catherine of Aragon had only had one daughter, and they did not have any sons to be his heirs, Henry asked the Pope to give them a divorce. The Pope did not want to do this, because he was afraid of what would happen next. Catherine's nephew was Charles V, Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, and he was very powerful. Also, Catherine's family ruled Spain, and Spain was the largest Catholic country. Henry then chose a new Archbishop of Canterbury, a man called Thomas Cranmer. Henry knew that Cranmer would do what he wanted, and Cranmer agreed that Henry could have a divorce from Catherine. The Pope was so angry that he excommunicated Henry, meaning Henry was thrown out of the church. Henry fought back. In 1534, he passed the Act of Supremacy, which meant that the king, not the pope, was the head of the church in England. He then forced all priests and bishops to accept him as the new leader. Anyone who refused was punished.
Protestants thought that monasteries, in which Roman Catholic monks and nuns lived, had more money and land than the monks and nuns needed. Henry forced the monks and nuns to move out of the monasteries. Then Henry gave the money and land of the monasteries to men who supported him. Most of the men who received money and land from the closed monasteries were Protestants. This event was called the Dissolution of the monasteries.
After his divorce from Catherine of Aragon, Henry VIII married Anne Boleyn, who was younger than Catherine and still able to have children. When Anne, just like Catherine, only had a daughter and no sons, Henry soon grew tired of her and started looking for another wife. Henry's most loyal official, Thomas Cromwell, helped him to find a way to get rid of Anne, by finding people who said that she had been the lover of several other men. Anne was put on trial and found guilty, and she was executed by having her head chopped off.
Henry's third wife was Jane Seymour. She soon gave birth to a son called Edward. This made Henry very happy, but, after a few days, Jane died. Henry had loved her very much and he never got over his sadness at her death. He lost interest in everything, and became very fat. He became angry with Thomas Cromwell when Cromwell suggested that he should get married again after Jane's death.
After a while, Henry changed his mind. Because he still only had one son, he realised that it might be a good idea to marry again, and he agreed to marry Anne of Cleves, a German princess. When Anne arrived, Henry did not think she was as pretty as she looked in the pictures he had seen, and he was not satisfied with her. Anne was also unhappy, and agreed to be divorced from Henry after only a few months. In the meantime, Henry had noticed a young lady at court, called Catherine Howard, and thought that she might make a good wife. Catherine Howard was a cousin of Henry's second wife, Anne Boleyn. Henry and Catherine got married in 1540, but Catherine was much younger than Henry and she soon got tired of him and started to flirt with other men. After they had been married for just over a year, Henry found out that Catherine had been having an affair with someone else. She was found guilty of treason and was executed, just like Anne Boleyn had been a few years before.
Henry's sixth and last wife was called Catherine Parr. She was a woman in her thirties who had already been married twice. Her first two husbands had been much older than her, and both had died. Henry thought that she would be more sensible and faithful than his previous wives, and he turned out to be right. Catherine Parr stayed married to Henry for over three years, until he died, but they did not have any children.
Henry died on 28 January 1547. He was buried in Windsor Castle. Henry was the father of two queens and one king. They were Mary I of England, Elizabeth I of England and Edward VI of England. None of them had any children of their own.

Orchestra
An orchestra is a group of musicians playing instruments together. They usually play classical music. A large orchestra is sometimes called a "symphony orchestra" and a small orchestra is called a "chamber orchestra". A symphony orchestra may have about 100 players, while a chamber orchestra may have 30 or 40 players. The number of players will depend on what music they are playing and the size of the place where they are playing.
The conductor.
The orchestra is directed by a conductor. He helps the players to play together, to get the right balance so that everything can be heard clearly, and to encourage the orchestra to play with the same kind of feeling. Some small chamber orchestras may play without a conductor. This was usual until the 19th century and works well for older music from that time.
The instruments.
The instruments of the orchestra are divided into families: the strings, woodwind, brass and percussion. Each section (group of instruments) will have a player who is the "section principal". If the music says "solo" in their part it is the principal who will play the solo. The principals will make decisions about seating arrangements, and about technical ways of playing the music: for example the principal of the string sections will make sure all the players move their bows up and down in the same direction. The violins are divided into first and second violins. The principal of the first violins is the leader (or concertmaster) of the orchestra. In a professional orchestra they will be the most highly paid member of the orchestra
The "strings" are the biggest section, although there are only four kinds of instruments: violin, viola, cello, and double bass. This is because they are playing most of the time and usually form the basis of the music. If they are not playing the tune they will probably be accompanying. The first and second violins play different notes: the firsts usually have the tune. The strings sit at the front of the stage in a fan-shape in front of the conductor. The first violins are on the conductor's left, then come the second violins, then the violas and then the cellos. The double basses are behind the cellos. Some conductors prefer to have the second violins on their right and the cellos between the first violins and violas.
The woodwind.
The flute has a small version called the piccolo which plays an octave higher. It is the highest instrument in the orchestra. Occasionally there is an alto flute which is longer and plays a fifth (half an octave) lower than the flute.
Most woodwind instruments require a reed, but the flute doesn't need to use a reed. The oboe has a larger version called the cor anglais (or "English horn") which sounds a fifth lower than the oboe. It has a reed which fits into a curved crook.
The clarinet has a larger version called the bass clarinet. There is also a smaller version: the E flat clarinet which can sound quite cheeky.
The bassoon has a larger version: the contrabassoon or double bassoon which sounds an octave lower. It is the lowest instrument in the orchestra.
Sometimes a player will double on these extra instruments, for example: one of the flute players may also play the piccolo in the same piece. It depends on the piece of music. Obviously the player cannot play the flute and piccolo at the same time. If the two instruments do play at the same time an extra player will be needed for the piccolo.
The brass.
The "brass" section has four sections: trumpet, trombone, French horn, and tuba. Some of these come in several sizes. The article on transposing instruments explains more about it.
The trumpet may have several slightly different sizes. The lowest kind is a bass trumpet.
The trombone may be an alto, tenor, bass or contrabass trombone.
The French horn, like the other brass instruments, has changed over the years. Modern horns have at least three valves and are usually in F. They often sit in a different place to the other brass.
The tuba comes in different sizes and the player or conductor must decide which to use for the piece they are playing. There are large ones called contrabass tubas.
The percussion.
The "percussion" section has the largest variety of instruments, but in an orchestra they will have the smallest number of players. This is because they are mostly loud and can be heard easily over the rest of the orchestra.
The timpani (or "kettle drums") can be tuned to particular notes. They are the most common percussion instrument. Composers such as Haydn and Mozart nearly always used them, even with their small orchestras.
The rest of the percussion section can include tuned percussion instruments like xylophone, glockenspiel, vibraphone, or marimba. Non-tuned percussion can be other kinds of drum like bass drum, snare drum, side drum, and a variety of others: tambourine, cymbal, castanets, triangle, woodblock, claves to name the most common ones. The principal percussion player will have to decide which player will play which instrument. The percussionists have to work well together as a team.
The history of the orchestra.
It is difficult to say when the orchestra was invented because instruments have played together for many centuries. If we say that an orchestra is a group of string instruments with several players playing the same part, and that there may be wind instruments (i.e. woodwind and brass) or percussion playing as well, then the 17th century is the time that orchestras started. In Paris in 1626 King Louis XIII had an orchestra of 24 violins (called "24 Violons du Roi"). Later in the century the English king Charles II wanted to be like the French king and so he, too, had a string orchestra. Gradually the other instruments were added. At this time there was usually someone playing the harpsichord (the continuo part). It was often the composer himself, who would have conducted from the keyboard at important moments like the beginning and end of the piece.
Clarinets came into the orchestra at the end of the 18th century, and trombones at the beginning of the 19th century. Orchestras were still quite small, though. The saxophone was invented in the middle of the 19th century, but although they started to use it in orchestras, it soon became an instrument that was used in wind bands and later jazz bands. The opera composer Richard Wagner made the orchestra much bigger because he kept asking for extra instruments. He asked for a bass clarinet in his opera "Lohengrin", and for his cycle of four operas called "The Ring of the Nibelung" he asked for an exact number of players: 16 first violins, 16 second violins, 12 violas, 12 cellos, 8 double basses, 3 flutes and piccolo, 3 oboes and cor anglais, 3 clarinets and bass clarinet, 3 bassoons, 3 trumpets and bass trumpet, 3 tenor trombones and a double bass trombone, 8 horns with 4 of them playing a specially designed tuba, a bass tuba, percussion, and 6 harps.
Not all pieces written after that need quite such a large orchestra, but concert halls had become bigger and composers had got used to a bigger variety of sounds. Later composers sometimes added all sorts of unusual instruments: wind machine, sandpaper block, bottles, typewriter, anvils, iron chains, cuckoo, Swannee whistle etc. None of these are normal orchestral instruments. Sometimes a piano is used in the percussion section, e.g. Igor Stravinsky used one in "Petrouchka". Sometimes voices are also used.
The orchestra today.
Today orchestras can usually be heard in concert halls. They also play in opera houses for opera and ballet, or in a large stadium for huge open-air concerts. Orchestras may record in studios for making CDs or recording music for movies. Many of them can be heard easily and cheaply every summer in London at the BBC Proms.
Some of the greatest orchestras today include: the New York Philharmonic Orchestra, the Los Angeles Philharmonic Orchestra, the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra,the London Symphony Orchestra, the London Philharmonic Orchestra, the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra, the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra, the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra, the St Petersburg Philharmonic Orchestra, the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra, and the NHK Symphony Orchestra (Tokyo).
In many countries there are opportunities for school-age children who play instruments well to play in youth orchestras in their areas. In Britain some of the very best are selected to play in the National Youth Orchestra of Great Britain. In Israel, the Young Philharmonic Orchestra now has 90 members, ages 13 to 18.

Homosexuality
Homosexuality is the sexual orientation for a person who is sexually and romantically attracted to people of their own gender. Men who are attracted to other men are called "gay" in slang. Women who are attracted to other women can be called "gay" as well, and they can also be called "lesbians". People who are attracted to men "and" women are called bisexual. Together homosexual, bisexual, and transgender people make up the "LGBT community." It is difficult to say how many people are homosexual. It all depends on the definition. Usually, studies place the number around 5-10% of the entire population. A study known as the Kinsey Reports, done in 1948, says that about 46% of men, and about 7% of women had sexually reacted to both sexes. Homosexuality is known to exist in all cultures and countries.
Definition.
One may say that homosexuality is the term used for people that feel romantically attracted to their own sex, but other definitions also exist. When one views homosexuality as the term for people that feel attracted to their own sex, more people are gay than when one might view homosexuality as only a term for people who do have sexual relationships with their own sex. Usually, the term is used to view all the people who are attracted to their own sex, also the people who didn't have a sexual relationship with their own sex (yet).
Nonetheless, the most visible form of homosexuality is the actual relationship. Most 'evidence' of homosexuality in ancient cultures comes from drawings of the men in an intimate relationship or sex, because it's the most obvious.
Some people also use the term "homophile" (from Greek "όμος" ("homos";meaning "the same") and "θιλειν" ("philein"; meaning "to love"). This term generally has a "softer" meaning. It usually is a term for people who are only attracted to their own sex, but do not, or are not able to have a gay relationship.
Other names.
There are many different words to describe homosexual people. Some of these are used to insult homosexual people. However, the LGBT community sometimes uses these words to describe themselves. This is done to make the words less hurtful. Some words to describe homosexual men are: gay, queer, fag, poof, faggot, fruit, and fairy. The first two are words many homosexual men say about themselves. The last four are more hurtful. Some words to describe homosexual women are lesbian, sappho, and dyke. Lesbian is used most often. Dyke is used less often and is sometimes used to describe lesbians who are more masculine (act or dress more like men.)
Homosexual "Pride".
When homosexual people do not tell people their sexual orientation, they are said to be "in the closet". "Out" or "out of the closet" is a slang term that means a homosexual person is open about his or her sexual orientation. This means he or she does not hide the fact that he or she is homosexual. Some gay and lesbian people stay in the closet because of fear of what would happen or because they live in a place that is not safe for homosexuals.
Sometimes people who are 'out' also say they are 'proud'. "Out" means they are not hiding their sexual orientation. "Proud" means that they are not ashamed of it. "Proud" or "Pride" has a special meaning in the LGBT community. It means they are celebrating and being happy that they are homosexual. It is not 'pride' meaning that they have done something to be proud of, but 'pride' meaning the opposite of shame. Many cities have "Pride Parades". These used to be protest marches. Today, they are usually celebrations of the LGBT community. They usually occur in June, in memory of the 'Stonewall Riots' that happened in New York City in 1969. These riots happened because police harassed and arrested people for being homosexual. 'Stonewall' or the 'Stonewall Riots' are sometimes called the start of the LGBT rights movement.
Causes.
The causes of homosexuality and bisexuality are controversial (people do not agree on them). Many religions see homosexual or bisexual behavior as sin. Some religious people also see homosexuality and bisexuality as a "choice" that a person makes.
However, many modern scientists believe that homosexuality is not a choice. The causes of homosexuality are not all understood, but genetics and the effects of prenatal hormones (when a baby is growing in its mother)and environment are sometimes thought to be causes. Scientists also claim to show that homosexuality happens not only in humans. Many other types of animals (like penguins, chimpanzees, and dolphins) often show homosexuality, some even for life-long periods as is the case with humans.
Many scientists and doctors also believe that sexual orientation cannot change. Doctors used to treat gay people as if they had mental illnesses. However, homosexuality is no longer called a disease by doctors in many countries. There are some religious groups who still try to 'cure' homosexuality. This is called 'reparative therapy.' There are homosexual individuals that have sought to re-orientate to heterosexual who have reported successful re-orientation and claim to find their experience beneficial e.g. as in the book You Don't Have to Be Gay by Jeff Konad and reports provided by the group Love In Action (available through their website).
Reparative Therapy is condemned by many medical and psychiatry groups like the American Psychological Association, American Psychiatric Association, Royal College of Psychiatrists, National Association of Social Workers, Royal College of Nursing, and the American Academy of Pediatrics. These groups believe sexual orientation cannot change. They also believe that gay people can be badly hurt by reparative therapy.
Many people believe that it is unfortunate to discuss causes of homosexuality and bisexuality without discussing causes of heterosexuality, too. Although it is easy to understand why heterosexuality exists (heterosexual sex produces babies), that does not directly explain how the brain develops to produce heterosexual people. Heterosexuality, homosexuality, and bisexuality all have causes, and some people believe that to discuss only the causes of homosexuality and bisexuality suggests that there is something wrong with people who have those orientations.
Relationships.
Like all people, gay people can fall in love and have life-long relationships. In most countries, they cannot legally marry their partners. However, they still have relationships in the same way as heterosexual people. They often call each other 'partners' or 'life-partners' instead of 'spouse', 'husband', or 'wife.' Instead of having a marriage ceremony, they may have a 'commitment ceremony.'
Some homosexual people have marriage ceremonies even though governments do not recognize or accept them. They may call their partner a spouse, wife, or husband despite the law.
But to them, the important part about marriage is not just the name. Married people get many benefits from being married. Depending on the country, these benefits can include paying less taxes, getting their spouse's insurance, inheriting property, social security benefits, having or adopting children together, emigrating to a spouse's country, being able to make choices for a sick spouse, or even being allowed to visit a sick spouse who is in a hospital.
Today there are five countries that allow homosexual people to marry: the Netherlands, Belgium, Spain, South Africa and Canada. The Netherlands was first in 2001. Canada and Spain were the most recent in 2005. Sometimes these are called 'Same-Sex Marriage' or 'Gay-Marriage'.
Instead of marriage, some countries or states offer homosexuals 'civil unions' or 'domestic partnerships.' This offers some of the protections and benefits of marriage, but not all. Civil unions and domestic partnerships are sometimes seen by the LGBT community as being 'second class' (not as good as 'first class'). They do offer "some" benefits for gay and lesbian couples, but they also suggest that these couples are not as important or valid as heterosexual couples. Some people even say this is like the "separate but equal" rules that were used to segregate people by race in the United States. They believe that separate is "never" equal and homosexuals should not accept being second class citizens.
Sex.
Homosexual sex, or gay sex is when people of the same gender have sexual relations with each other, whether they are two or more males, or two or more females.
Many religions say homosexual sex is a sin, including Islam, Christianity and Judaism. However, some denominations (different parts) of these religions, especially Christianity and Judaism now accept homosexuality.
Problems homosexuals face.
In modern times, homosexuality is more accepted in "western" countries. Most western countries have laws that protect homosexuals from violence and discrimination.
In many other countries, however, homosexuals are not safe from discrimination. A homosexual person can be fired from a job because he is gay - even if he is a good worker. Homosexuals also can be denied renting a home or even being able to eat in a restaurant because of their sexual orientation. In these countries, homosexuals can experience discrimination and violence. For example, Islamic law is used in some places to imprison (put in jail) and even execute (kill) homosexuals. In Iran, since 1979, some groups believe over 4,000 homosexuals have been executed because of their sexual orientation. In 2005, after fourteen months of prison and torture, two teenage boys were hung in Iran.
In the United Kingdom, homosexuality used to be a crime. Oscar Wilde, the famous Irish writer was imprisoned for it, and as a result, it destroyed his reputation and career as a wit and playwright. Alan Turing, the man who helped the Allies in World War II by breaking the Enigma Code used by the Germans, was convicted of this crime and ultimately killed himself over the effects.
Today in the United Kingdom, homosexuals are safer. Homosexual sex between adults is not a crime. Gay and lesbian couples cannot marry, but they can have "civil partnerships" that have some of the rights and benefits of marriage. Gay people can be in the military. So although the United Kingdom has changed many things, homosexuals still do not have full equal rights there.
In most of the world, homosexuals still do not have the same rights and freedoms that heterosexuals have.
Other websites.
There are national and international groups or organizations for the LGBT community. These organizations are often political. They fight for the rights and safety of homosexuals.

Dwight D. Eisenhower
Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower (October 14, 1890–March 28, 1969) (born in Denison, Texas) was an American soldier and politician. He was known across the world for his help leading the Allied invasions in World War II, and he later became the 34th President of the United States (from 1953 to 1961).
He began the People to People World Leadership Forum for Student Embassators.

Ball
A ball is a round object that is used in sports and games, or sometimes other things. Balls are usually hollow and round but can be other shapes, such as oval and flat. In most games using balls, the game is all about the people using the ball.
Balls were used thousands of years ago by the early Egyptians, the ancient Greeks and Romans, and the Aztecs and earlier Mesoamerican peoples.

Ferrocement
Ferrocement is both a method and a material used in building or sculpting with cement, sand, water and wire or mesh material. It is often called the thin shell. Thin shell ferrocement offers strength and economy and can be used in many ways including: building homes, creating sculptures, or building boats and ships.

Camera lens
A camera lens is usually made of glass and is part of a camera. A lens is needed if someone wants to take a picture. The lens makes an image by focusing the light on the movie. (In a digital camera the movie is replaced with a computer chip.)
Many cheap cameras only have one lens that people cannot change or take out. This is called a "fixed lens" design. More expensive cameras usually have lenses that come off, so anyone can take out one lens and put in another. Depending on what a person wishes to photograph, he or she can use different lenses (objectives) to make a different kind of picture. For instance, to take a picture of something far away a person might use a zoom lens. There are many kinds of lenses.
The study of lenses and how they work is called optics.
For camera lens, it is most difficult to understand the lens design for large format. There is over hundred year effort to provide various ways to get good pictures. These lenses, some used even before World War II, are still usable today. Computers now let engineers make better lenses, though, because they can calculate the way that light goes through the lens and find the best design for each task.

Boy
A boy is a young male (usually child or adolescent).

Company clerk
A company clerk is a person who keeps files, does secretarial work, etc., at an office or military camp or base.

Paul McCartney
Sir James Paul McCartney (born June 18, 1942 in Liverpool, England) is Britain's most successful musician and composer, and one of the most successful musicians in the world. He was a member of the rock band The Beatles, and with John Lennon wrote most of the group's songs.
The Beatles (1962-1970).
McCartney began writing songs before he was sixteen, and has written well over two hundred. His most famous song is "Yesterday", recorded by the Beatles in 1965. Since then around 2000 artists have recorded the song. Other songs written by McCartney for The Beatles are "Can't Buy Me Love", "Hey Jude", "Penny Lane", "Eleanor Rigby" and "Let It Be".
Often Beatles songs would have "Lennon/McCartney" written on the record, and it appeared that they had written it together. In fact, most Lennon/McCartney songs were composed by only one of them, or with one adding only small parts to the other's work. Each counted on the other to help make their songs better, so they agreed to share the credit equally.
Solo Music.
Since the Beatles had stopped working together in 1970, McCartney started a new band called Wings with his wife Linda. Wings also had many hit records, including "Band On The Run" and "Mull Of Kintyre". McCartney wrote "Live and Let Die", which became the theme song to a James Bond film with the same title. Wings disbanded in 1980.
Later McCartney recorded "Ebony and Ivory" with Stevie Wonder, then "The Girl is Mine" and "Say, Say, Say" with Michael Jackson. He and Jackson became friends, but this ended after Jackson outbid McCartney for ownership of the publishing company which owned most of the Beatles's music.
McCartney had other hit songs, and also appeared in a movie, "Give My Regards to Broad Street", with Linda. The theme song from the movie, "No More Lonely Nights", was also a hit, but the movie did poorly, and McCartney's popularity suffered. He had to work hard to prove his talent was still strong. He co-wrote new songs with Elvis Costello, and began touring more often than he had in years.
Along with popular music, McCartney also began composing classical music, including an oratorio about Liverpool. McCartney was knighted for his contributions to music and to British culture, and for his charity work. He bought John Lennon's former school, Quarry Bank, which he then turned into a performing arts school.
Personal Life.
McCartney married Linda Eastman, a photographer, in 1969. She had a daughter, Heather, whom he adopted. McCartney and Linda had three more children together, named Mary, Stella and James. Stella became a popular fashion designer after she grew up.
Linda died in 1998 of breast cancer, which had also killed McCartney's mother many years earlier. He remarried a few years later to a model named Heather Mills, who had a daughter with him named Beatrice. His second marriage wasn't as successful as his first. McCartney and Mills separated in 2006, and planned to divorce. After a long battle over a settlement, McCartney and Mills came to a divorce agreement in March 2008.

Afrikaner people
Afrikaners are white South Africans that speak Afrikaans as mother tongue and associate themselves with the Afrikaans culture.. Most of them have Dutch, German, French Huguenot, ancestors. Also known as Boere, Voortrekkers and Burgers, although under slightly different contexts. In South Africa there is about 3 million white people with Afrikaans as mother tongue, that can be assumed to be Afrikaners if they chose to be associated with the Afrikaans culture.

John Lennon
John Winston Ono Lennon (October 9, 1940 – December 8, 1980) was a member of the rock band The Beatles. After the Beatles stopped making records in 1970, he lived in the United States with his wife Yoko Ono, and continued his music career.
Early life and career.
Lennon started the Beatles in his hometown of Liverpool, with Paul McCartney and George Harrison. After Ringo Starr joined the band, they started to be very successful. People were excited by their music, and their live performances always pleased audiences. Manager Brian Epstein and record producer George Martin helped the Beatles become the most popular act in entertainment.
Lennon played the guitar, and later learned to play the piano. Most of the songs the Beatles recorded were written by Lennon and McCartney. Their songs were always credited as by "Lennon/McCartney" on Beatle records, but in fact they usually wrote their songs on their own. The two men often helped to make each other's songs better, so they liked to share writing credit. Famous songs written by Lennon for the Beatles are "A Hard Day's Night", "Help!", "Strawberry Fields Forever", "A Day In The Life" and many others.
The Beatles grew apart as the members got older. Lennon divorced his first wife, Cynthia Powell, and married Yoko Ono, while McCartney married Linda Eastman. Each wife had different ideas, and encouraged their husbands to depend less on each other. Later, some fans blamed Yoko and Linda for breaking the Beatles up.
Lennon's love for his wife was so strong, that he added her surname Ono to his own name, since she became Yoko Ono Lennon when she married him. He had never liked his middle name Winston (given him by his mother after Winston Churchill) and wanted to simply change it, but British law didn't allow this. He could add a new name though, so he did that. He never used the name Winston again, unless he had to for legal reasons (such as his resident alien "green card" in America). Otherwise he gave his "full name" as John Ono Lennon.
Later life and career.
Lennon and Ono moved to the United States in 1971, and settled in New York City. Ono had a daughter, Kyoko, from an earlier husband, Anthony Cox, who took her and disappeared. It was easier to look for Kyoko, and get the law's help to look, if they stayed in America. Ono and Lennon were also hurt emotionally by the way Ono was treated by many people in England. Some insulted Ono, and asked Lennon why he was with her. On the other hand, most of the people they met in America accepted them together.
Lennon recorded several albums and singles after the Beatles disbanded. The best-known one was "Imagine". He made many records with Yoko Ono. On some records they called themselves the Plastic Ono Band. Lennon and Ono worked with different musician friends, including Ringo Starr, Jim Keltner, Klaus Voormann, Harry Nilsson, Eric Clapton and Elton John. Lennon's solo music was different from his Beatles songs. He spoke more directly about his own feelings, and sometimes used harsh language or loud sounds. This upset a few fans, who wished for more Beatles music from him.
Lennon and Ono were also campaigners for peace in the world. They used Lennon's famous name to talk to the media (television, radio and newspapers) about their beliefs. Lennon and Ono were sometimes in trouble with people like politicians, who did not like the things they said. President Richard Nixon's administration even tried to deport Lennon, because of his political views.
The two things Lennon and Ono wanted most were to live permanently in the United States, and to have a child together. Their lives were stressful in the early 1970s for several reasons. There were the problems with immigrating to the United States, and with the search for Kyoko. The public were also sometimes negative toward Ono, her music, and her ideas. The couple had several miscarriages, caused partly by the stress.
Lennon also had business problems, because leaving the Beatles was not as simple as quitting an ordinary job. The Beatles had signed many contracts. They promised to do things in a certain way, meet deadlines, and work together, to be paid as musicians and songwriters. Many business deals had to be finished or changed, and new deals had to be made, to continue their music careers apart. This took time, and meant making many hard decisions. The four former Beatles could not always agree on what to do with the things they owned together. It took years to work out what to still own in common, what to divide up, and what to let go. The choices they had to make sometimes hurt their friendship.
Lennon and Ono separated for over a year, from late 1973 until early 1975, because of the stress in their lives, and their relationship. Each of them dated another person (Lennon pairing off with May Pang, his and Ono's personal assistant, and Ono with guitarist David Spinozza), and they were nearly divorced. They spoke nearly every day by telephone, however, and tried to work things out. They decided that they wanted to be together more than anyone else could want them apart, and they reunited.
When Richard Nixon faced the Watergate crisis in 1974, it became more important than pushing Lennon out of the country. The deportation case against him was dropped. Lennon won the right to stay in America in 1975. Lennon and Ono also finally had a son, Sean Lennon, that October. Father and son shared the same birthday.
Lennon and Ono stopped making music for five years, to be able to spend more time together, and give Sean as much attention as he needed. They lived on Lennon's income from the music he already made. Ono became Lennon's business manager, and invested his money in real estate and organic farming. Her office was downstairs in the Dakota, the apartment building where they lived, so they were never far apart. Lennon became a full-time father to Sean, and he was proud to call himself a "househusband". They also visited Ono's family in Japan several times, and made other trips.
In 1980 Lennon and Ono began to write new music, as Sean got old enough to begin school. They recorded a new album titled "Double Fantasy" that year. A single from the album, "(Just Like) Starting Over", was a hit, and people welcomed Lennon back. Even people who hadn't liked Ono earlier now respected her, and more of them began to like her music. Lennon and Ono planned to start fresh, do a world tour, and record more albums.
Death and Legacy.
In December 1980 Lennon was shot dead as he was going into his home, by a man named Mark David Chapman who was mentally ill. Even though he was ill, Chapman was still prosecuted for murder, because he killed Lennon. Chapman pled guilty to the murder the next year, and is still in prison. He admitted later he was jealous of Lennon's fame and success, while his own life disappointed him. Chapman thought that killing Lennon would give his own life more meaning. He is always refused for parole, and is infamous (hated by many people).
Fans all over the world mourned Lennon's death. It made them feel that a special part of their lives was gone. Many met in New York's Central Park, near where Lennon and Ono lived, to say their goodbyes. Some played recordings of Lennon's music. Politicians and celebrities everywhere were sorry Lennon had died, even if they disliked him, because his music meant so much to so many people. Radio stations in the Soviet Union, where rock music was rarely allowed to be played, gave an hour over to Beatles recordings.
There was no funeral for Lennon, but Yoko Ono asked people everywhere to observe ten minutes of silence and prayer for him on Sunday, December 14, 1980, at 2:00 PM. At two o'clock, the music playing in Central Park stopped, and people all over the world fell silent for ten minutes. Other tributes came later, including songs by George Harrison ("All Those Years Ago"), Paul McCartney ("Here Today"), and Elton John ("Empty Garden (Hey Hey Johnny)").
Lennon's music (with and after his Beatles years) is still played everywhere, and people are still touched by it. A series of radio programs was devoted to playing demoes of his songs. Young musicians play Lennon's records, and learn his music. Yoko Ono released an album of acoustic versions of many Lennon songs, to help musicians understand them better.
There is now a garden in Central Park in Lennon's memory called "Strawberry Fields" after one of Lennon's most popular songs, which in turn was named after a Salvation Army orphanage near his childhood home. On October 9, 1990, on what would have been Lennon's fiftieth birthday, "Imagine" was simulcast on radio and television stations all over the world, uniting people everywhere to remember Lennon and his music.

Invention
An invention is a new thing that someone has made. The computer was an invention when it was first made. We say when it was "invented". New things that are made or created are called inventions. The car is an invention that everyone knows.
Ideas are also called inventions. Writers can invent characters, and then invent a story about them. Inventions are made by inventors.
Inventing.
Over time, humans have invented objects which make life easier for themselves. Because of this, a quote "necessity is the mother of invention", was written. The quote means that a lack of something should inspire someone to create something to fill that empty space. However, not all people believe that this is true. They think that too much of something can lead to an invention.

Genocide
Genocide is the crime of killing many people who are all part of one ethnic group, religious group, or some sort of similar group, and trying to destroy that group. Genocide is done usually by a group, such as a government, or military group, not by one person or a small number of people. Usually, the motivation for genocide is based on political reasons.
The word genocide was made up by Raphael Lemkin, a Polish Jew, in 1944, from the words "genos" (Greek for family, tribe or race) and "-cide" (from the Latin "occidere", to kill). It was first used to the Nazi Holocaust, when many groups, including Jews and others, were killed.
Ustashe of Croatia are another example of genocidial horror. About a million of Serbs were killed in WWII in Ustashe concentration camps. Methods used were disgusting even to German Nazis.
Another example of genocide was when about a million of the Tutsi group of people of Rwanda were killed along with Hutus who were against the genocide in 1994.
In 1933 Lemkin made a speech to the Legal Council of the League of Nations conference on international criminal law in Madrid, for which he prepared an essay on the "Crime of Barbarity" as a crime against international law. The purpose of the crime, which later evolved into the idea of genocide, was based mostly on the experience of Assyrians massacred in Iraq on 11 August 1933. The event in Iraq reminded him of earlier similar events of the Armenian Genocide during World War I.

Yoko Ono
Yoko Ono (February 18, 1933) is a Japanese-born musician and artist. She is the widow of John Lennon. Before she married Lennon she was married to Toshi Ichiyanagi from 1956 to 1963, and Anthony Cox from 1963 to 1969. She has two children, Kyoko Chan Cox (with Cox) and Sean Lennon (with Lennon).
Ono went to London with Cox during 1966, to promote her career as an artist. John Lennon, who was a member of The Beatles, went to one of her art shows. He enjoyed the surreal (fantasy-like) quality of her work. Ono and Lennon became friends, and later lovers, as each lost interest in their spouses. Lennon wanted them to be together as much as possible. He broke a rule the Beatles had never to bring a wife or girlfriend to their recording sessions. He brought her along anytime he could. They were married in March 1969, after they were both divorced.
Many Beatles fans blamed Ono for "breaking up" the band through her influence on Lennon. He seemed to many people to have "gone crazy" since meeting her. The truth was, Ono simply encouraged Lennon to do things he'd already wanted to do, but let himself be talked out of doing in the past – including quitting the Beatles. Ono and Lennon started a new, part-time group they called the Plastic Ono Band.
Ono was Lennon's "muse", inspiring his music and his creative side, for the rest of his life. The two worked together on both his post-Beatles records, and Ono's wish to also have a music career. Ono was trained as a classical musician, studying piano and voice as a child. She was more interested in "avant-garde" music than in classical or popular music. Ono's songs and unique style sounded strange to most listeners. It was offensive to many people, who thought Lennon should have either stayed with the Beatles, or made more music in their style. Ono changed her style, and began to write and record more pop songs, but her music never became popular. Years later, some younger musicians (such as The B-52's) admitted they had liked Ono's music. They were inspired by it, as Lennon had been.
After Lennon's death in 1980, Ono recorded several solo albums. The first was titled "Season of Glass". Her later records were praised by some music critics. They were even enjoyed by some Lennon fans, but the albums never sold well. Ono gave up her own musical career, and became the "caretaker" of Lennon's estate (the things he left when he died) and his non-Beatles work.
When son Sean Lennon grew up, he also became a musician. He helped Ono to compile (collect and put in order) her old recordings, and make some new ones. Ono recently (2006) appeared at the opening of "Love", a Cirque du Soleil show featuring Beatles music, to help promote it.

Coast
The coast is where the land meets the sea. It is the land next to the sea, which is also called the shore, or sea-shore. If a house is near to the coast we say it is "on the coast". When we talk about a long part of the coast we call it "the coast-line". In some countries like England or Australia the people sometimes use the word sea-side for the coast.
Coasts often have many living things on it and is a habitat for many animals and plants.

George Harrison
George Harrison (February 25, 1943 - November 29, 2001) was an English musician. He was born and grew up in Liverpool, England, and was first famous as a member of The Beatles. After the group broke up in 1970, he had a solo career. He made many albums and worked with other musicians including Eric Clapton, Bob Dylan, Phil Spector, Roy Orbison, Tom Petty, and Ravi Shankar. He was also known for his interest in Eastern mysticism and charitable causes.
Solo Music.
George's best-known album was "All Things Must Pass," which he made just after the Beatles broke up. Harrison owned a mansion in England called Friar Park, where he lived from 1970 until he died. He built his own recording studio inside the mansion, which for a time was better than Abbey Road Studios, where the Beatles had made their records. Having a private studio meant Harrison could work on songs and recordings anytime he wanted.
Ravi Shankar came to Harrison during 1971 with news about a war in Bangladesh, where thousands of people had died and millions more were refugees and starving. Shankar asked for Harrison's help to give a benefit to buy food for them. Harrison called on many of his musician friends, who put together an all-star charity concert to help the refugees. The "Concert for Bangla Desh", a live recording, became a best-selling album, raised money for the refugees, and brought worldwide attention to the problems in their country. It also inspired later benefits, including Live Aid in the 1980s.
Harrison found a new musical partner in the 1980s, when Jeff Lynne of Electric Light Orchestra began to write and record songs with him. The two men worked well together and became close friends. Harrison and Lynne formed another band, the Traveling Wilburys, with fellow musicians Bob Dylan, Tom Petty, and Roy Orbison. The Traveling Wilburys recorded two albums, which became hits.
Personal Life.
Harrison married a fashion model, Pattie Boyd, in 1966, but they were divorced a few years later, and had no children. Boyd left Harrison to be with his friend, guitarist Eric Clapton, but all three remained friends. Harrison married again in 1978, to American-born Olivia Trinidad Arias, who had worked for his record company. Arias became the mother of Harrison's son Dhani, whose name is comprised of the names of two notes in the Indian music scale. Dhani grew up to be a musician like his father, fronting the band thenewno2. He went to Brown University in the United States.
In the late 1970s Harrison formed a film production company, Handmade Films, which produced movies including Monty Python's "Life of Brian" and Terry Gilliam's "Time Bandits".
The grounds of Harrison's home, Friar Park, had been more or less open to the public, until the murder of his former bandmate John Lennon late in 1980. Harrison was very hurt and shocked by Lennon's death, and was afraid someone might try to harm him or his family. Afterwards, the gates were locked, and no-entry notices were posted. In December, 1999, an intruder did indeed break into his home, stabbing Harrison with a knife, but he and his wife Olivia stopped the intruder and called the police. Harrison recovered and the man who attacked him, who was mentally ill, was sent to a mental hospital.
Death.
In the 1990s, years of smoking cigarettes caused Harrison to develop throat cancer. He was treated, but the cancer came back later and spread, leading to Harrison's death in 2001. His family issued a last statement from him: "Everything else can wait, but the search for God cannot wait, and love one another." Even music was not as important to Harrison as his wanting people to learn to get along with each other, and to make the world a better place.
A year after Harrison's death, Jeff Lynne, Dhani Harrison, the two remaining Beatles (Paul McCartney and Ringo Starr), and other musicians held the "Concert for George", which remembered Harrison's music, his life, and his gifts to humanity. All the profits from the concert were given to charity.

Ravi Shankar
Ravi Shankar (born April 7, 1920) is one of India's most famous musicians. Shankar was one the first to bring aspects of traditional Indian music into Europe and American culture in the 1960s. He was a major influence on George Harrison, who was a member of The Beatles. Ravi Shankar is famous for playing the sitar, an Indian stringed instrument. Although very old now he still plays. In 2005 he played at The Proms. His daughters Norah Jones and Anoushka Shankar are also well-known musicians.

Sentence
A sentence is a group of words that are put together to mean something. A sentence is the basic unit of language that expreses a complete thought by following the grammatical rules of syntax. We sometimes call a sentence a "phrase", usually if the sentence is not very long. But a phrase is not a real sentence. A real sentence has at least (a minimum of) a subject and a main verb to state (declare) a complete thought. Example: "Walker walks". A subject is the noun that is doing the main verb. The main verb is the verb that the subject is doing. In English and many other languages, the first word of a written sentence has a capital letter. At the end of the sentence there is a full stop (American: 'period').
In this sentence, "The dog" is the subject, and "is" is the main verb.
There is no verb, so we do not know anything about the happy dog. It is not a sentence.
Another meaning of sentence is the punishment that a court gives for a crime, such as the time for which a person is put in prison.
Basic English sentences.
This is the road to take
Read a book about the history of America
There are beautiful flowers growing in the garden
The cushions are new and I can experience the comfort well

James Joyce
James Augustine Aloysius Joyce () (February 2, 1882 - January 13, 1941) was a famous Irish writer and poet of the modernist movement. He was from Dublin, Ireland. He was famous for his eyepatch, which he wore because of eye damage. He could not see well.
His books are written in a special style. At first he wrote in a way which describes very accurately how life is, in the short story collection called "Dubliners". In his next book, called "A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man", he started a new style. It is called stream of consciousness, and influenced many other writers in the 20th century.
Joyce met Nora Barnacle in 1904 and they began to have a long relationship until his death in 1941. The two moved out of Dublin to Zürich in 1904, then to Trieste, Paris then back to Zürich. They married in 1931. They had a son and a daughter, although their daughter had a mental illness later in her life.
Joyce became a very famous writer after he published "Ulysses". He also began to have a lot of problems with his eye and his family. But he still completed his last book, "Finnegans Wake" by 1939. It is a very difficult book.

Andes
The Andes are a mountain range along the western coast of South America. They stretch over 7,000 km / 4,400 miles from the south of Argentina and Chile to the north of Colombia. The Andes are the longest mountain range of the world, and the second highest after the Himalayas.

Meal
A meal is a serving of food eaten by human beings. Meals usually include several different types of food, such as grains, vegetables, fruit, and in some cases, meat. Meals have different names by time they are taken or by the type of food that is eaten.
Types of meals.
In North America and in Europe, people usually eat three meals a day. The morning meal is called breakfast. It usually includes foods made from grain (cereal, porridge, or bread), fruit (apple, banana, or an orange), and milk products (milk, yogurt, or cottage cheese). Many people drink coffee or tea with their breakfast.
Around noon, people eat their lunch. People who are working at jobs are given a break to eat their lunch. The lunch meal includes foods such as a sandwich, soup, vegetables, fruit, and milk. In some countries, such as Italy, people serve an alcoholic drink with lunch. In England, some people have a glass of beer with their lunch.
In the evening, people eat their supper or dinner. Dinners are different in different countries. Usually dinners include a "main course" such as roast beef, a grain (such as rice or pasta), a vegetable (such as carrots or cauliflower) and a dessert (called a "sweet" in England).
In some cases, a starter or appetizer is served before the dinner. Appetizers are a small serving of food such as olives, cheese, or bread. In many countries, people serve an alcoholic drink with dinner, such as wine or beer.

Leipzig
Leipzig is the biggest city in the state of Saxony (eastern Germany). When Germany was divided into East and West Germany, Leipzig was one of the three biggest industrial cities in the East Germany.
Leipzig occupies and is still an industrial city. 510,651 people are living in Leipzig as of 29 February 2008.
History.
Its Latin name is "Lipsia" and the German name "Leipzig" came from this name. Leipzig has a long history. Its name was recorded first in 1015 as Leipzig Castle (Leipziger Burg). The city was settled in 1165. It was an economic center of Medieval Germany, famous with its market (Leipziger Messe).
In 1409, Leipzig University was started. Theology was its major faculty. In 1519, Martin Luther had a discussion in Leipzig against Johann Eck. Reformation came to Leipzig in 1539 and the city people became Lutheran.
It is famous for St. Thomas Church, where Johann Sebastian Bach worked as music director (Kantor) from 1723 until his death in 1750.
In 1813 near Leipzig, the Battle of Leipzig was fought between the French army led by Napoleon Bonaparte and the allied armies of Austria, Prussia and Russia.
In 1839, the railway between Dresden and Leipzig was opened. It was the first long distance railroad in Germany.
As a result of industrialization, the number of people living in Leipzig grew during the 19th century. Before World War II, there were about 750,000 people in Leipzig.
After the war, Leipzig belonged to the part of Germany occupied by the Soviet Union, and later to East Germany.
In 1989, the Monday Demonstrations took place in Leipzig. Every monday after a christian mess in the Nikolaikirche the Leipzig people demonstrate for freedom to travel and democracy. These demonstrations became bigger and bigger and reached their peak on October 23 when 320,000 people came. The demonstrations are one of the things that lead to the end of communist dictatorship in East Germany.
Today, Leipzig is still known as a city of fairs, media and university, but is less important than it was before World War II.
Economy.
Before World War II, Leipzig was a famous center of commerce (Leipzig exhibition) and industry. Now, there are big companies in Leipzig like Porsche, BMW, Siemens and DHL, as well as the Leipzig Airport.
Population.
With almost 511,000 people, Leipzig city proper is the 12th biggest city in Germany and the 2nd biggest in what was East Germany (DDR), smaller than East Berlin and bigger than Dresden. Leipzig urban has 567,000 people. The total population of Leipzig metropolitan area is 1,389,000.
Geography.
Leipzig, Chemnitz, Dresden, Halle, and Zwickau form an area called the Saxon Triangle, which has about 3,500,000 people.
Miscellaneous.
Leipzig has a university where famous people studied (e.g. Johann Wolfgang Goethe, Edvard Grieg, Erich Kästner, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, Angela Merkel, Friedrich Nietzsche, Robert Schumann and Richard Wagner. The Leipzig Hauptbahnhof (Central Station) is the biggest terminal station in Europe. It sees about 150,000 passengers each day. It is 293 meters wide.

Veal
Veal is meat from a very young calf. Veal is usually very lean and has very little fat.

Evil
Evil means anything which is bad or wrong. It is the opposite of good. People usually say that an action which hurts people or breaks certain rules is evil. However, a person or a group that does evil things can also be called evil.
In theology, there is a big question: "If there is a God, why does God let evil happen?" Some think that evil proves that there is not a God. Others think that God lets evil happen so that people can choose "not" to do evil.
The study of good and evil in philosophy is called ethics. Ethics tries to explain why some actions are good and other actions are evil. It gives all kinds of answers for how to tell evil from good.

1872
1872 was a leap year in the 19th century.

Poznan
Poznań is the biggest city in Wielkopolska in Poland.

Jim Henson
James Maury "Jim" Henson (September 24, 1936 – May 16, 1990) was an American artist, puppeteer, and moviemaker. He was best known for his work with the Muppets, which he helped to create.
Henson's best known puppet is Kermit the Frog, the host of "The Muppet Show".

Game Boy Advance Video
Game Boy Advance Video is a format of cartridges for the Gameboy Advance. They work the same as normal cartridge but play television shows instead of games. They generally contain 45 minutes of TV, for example, a show from Nickelodeon or Cartoon Network. They were first made in early 2004, but gradually stopped being made shortly before there were no more Game Boy Advance games made in 2008.

Butterfly
A butterfly is a flying insect. It is closely related to the moth. A butterfly has four wings which are covered with furry scales. When a butterfly is not flying, their wings are usually folded upwards. The wings are patterned and are often brightly coloured. Their are many different types of butterflies, coloured and patterned differently. The males and females of each type are often slightly different from each other. Butterfly watching is a popular hobby. Some people also keep collections of dead butterflies that they have caught.
As with most insects, a butterfly's life begins as an egg. Then it hatches into a larva (caterpillar). After some time, the larva turns into a chrysalis (like a cocoon). While it is in the "chrysalis", it becomes a butterfly. The butterfly then hatches out and lays more eggs. Butterflies have very short life spans that last about a week.
Survival.
Butterflies are in trouble because of habitat loss. Because of the destruction of forests and grasslands, some types of butterflies have nowhere to feed and lay eggs. To help, some people plant a butterfly garden with flowers having lots of nectar for a butterflies to feed on. Some people also keep plants that butterflies lay eggs on, and enjoy watching the caterpillars hatch out and feed on the plant. Chemical sprays that are used to keep pests away from garden plants, also kill betterflies.
Butterflies have many enemies, for example ants, birds, spiders, and frogs.
Jays are very common predators for butterflies. Some butterflies, like the Monarch butterflies (in the pictures below) taste horrible so that birds will not eat them.

Nazism
Nazism was a political movement in Germany. It started in the 1920s.
Nazism is a form of fascism. A lot of the philosophy of this movement was based on a idea that the Aryan race was superior to all others and had the greatest ability to survive. According to the racist ideas of Nazism, the Jews, Slavs and Roma (also known as "Gypsies") people were called "inferior races". The Nazis sent millions of Jews, Roma and other people to concentration camps where they were murdered. These killings are now called the Holocaust.
The word "Nazi" is a short for "Nationalsozialist" (supporter of the "Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei") in the German language. This means "National Socialist German Workers' Party".
How Nazis became the leaders.
Adolf Hitler, who wrote Mein Kampf, said that all the problems of Germany were the result of Jews plotting against the country. He even said that it was Jewish politicians who arranged the Armistice of 1918, and who allowed Germany to pay massive reparations. On the night of the 27 February 1933 and 28 February 1933, there was an arson attack on the Reichstag building, which was where the German Parliament held their meetings. This attack was a week before the elections, in which Hitler was a candidate. On the 28 February, a law was passed (called "Reichstagsbrandverordnung"). This law made it possible to catch the people who had burned the Reichstag. It also abolished most of the civil rights of the Weimar Republic. Later on, the communists were blamed for the arson. Marinus van der Lubbe, a left-wing activist was sentenced to death for high treason and the arson. Communist politicians who were accused alongside were set free. In 1967 the verdict was changed. The charge of high treason against Van der Lubbe was dropped, the charge of the arson was not. At the time, people believed that the NSDAP had ordered the arson. Today, this theory cannot be verified. At the time, Hitler's party blamed the arson on their opposition. They won the elections. The Nazis did this so that they would then be the only large party left in the Parliament. As soon as they had enough votes, they immediately voted to give Hitler complete power over Germany.
Attacking other countries.
As leader of Germany, Hitler began moving Nazi armies into neighboring countries. When Germany attacked Poland, this started World War II. Western countries like France, Belgium and the Netherlands were to be treated by Germany as colonies, while in Eastern countries such as Poland and the Soviet Union, the Nazis planned to wipe out the Slavic peoples so that German settlers could take their land.
The Holocaust.
In the Holocaust, millions of Jews and Roma people (also called "Gypsies"), as well as the disabled, homosexuals and political opponents from Germany and other countries that the Nazis controlled were sent to concentration camps in Poland and Germany. The Nazis killed millions of these people at the concentration camps with poison gas. The Nazis also killed millions of Polish people, other Slavic people, and Communists (people who believed in communism) by forcing them to do slave labour without giving them much food or clothing.
The Nazis lose the war.
In 1945, the Soviet Union occupied Berlin after defeating the German army in Russia, and met the American and British armies who had fought right across Germany after invading Nazi Europe from the west in 1944. The Nazis were defeated. During the invasion of Berlin Hitler shot himself in a bunker with his new wife, Eva Braun. Other Nazis also killed themselves, including Joseph Goebbels just one day after Hitler named him as his successor.
Trial for the Nazis.
After the war, the Allied governments, such as the United States and Britain held trials for the Nazi leaders. These trials were held in Nuremberg, in Germany. For this reason, these trials are called "the Nuremberg Trials." The Allied leaders accused the Nazi leaders of murdering millions of people (in the Holocaust), of starting wars, of conspiracy, and belonging to illegal organisations. Most Nazi leaders were found guilty by the court, and they were sent to jail or executed by hanging.
Nazis after the war.
While there has not been a "Nazi" state since 1945, there are still people who believe in Nazi ideas. These people, called "neo"-Nazis, ("new"-Nazis) claim that white people are superior to non-whites, spread lies about Jews, and tell other people to hate Jewish people and other groups of people. Many neo-Nazis say that the Holocaust killings never really happened (or that the numbers of those killed are wrong) – these people are called Holocaust deniers. After the war, laws were made in Germany and other countries. These laws say it is forbidden to say that the Holocaust never really happened. Sometimes they also ban questioning the number of people affected by it, that is saying that not so many people were killed as most people think.

Pork
Pork is the meat that comes from a pig or hog.
In the faiths of Islam and Judaism, people are not allowed to eat pork.
A simple meal to make which contains pork is Afelia. Sausages, bacon and ham are the most common uses of pork in the United Kingdom, the United States, and other parts of the Western world.

Mike Farrell
Mike Farrell (born February 6, 1939) is an American actor and activist. He played BJ Hunnicutt on the TV show, "M*A*S*H". In recent years he has become an activist for various causes, like animal rights and world peace.

David Ogden Steirs
David Ogden Steirs (born October 31, 1942) is an American actor and voice artist. He is most famous for his role as Charles Emerson Winchester III on the television series, "M*A*S*H". He also did the voices in several Disney animated movies, most notably Cogsworth in "Beauty and the Beast", Sir John Radcliffe in "Pocahantas", and Dr. Jumba Jookiba in "Lilo & Stitch".
He also plays the voice of Escher in the "Myst V" (End of Ages) video game.

Beauty and the Beast
"Beauty and the Beast" is a French folk story. It tells the story of a merchant who is lost in the woods. He finds the palace of a beast who wants to kill him, and makes a deal with the beast, to have his daughter in exchange. The daughter goes to live in the Beast's castle; the two fall in love; and the beast turns into a prince.
The story has been published and revised in many versions, most notably Madame Gabrielle-Suzanne Barbot de Villeneuve's 1740 retelling and its revision in 1756 by Madame Jeanne-Marie Leprince de Beaumont.
It was the inspiration for many other stories, as well as a 1980s TV series starring Linda Hamilton and Ron Pearlman. Several movies have been based on it, most famously Jean Cocteau's 1946 version and the 1991 animated version by Disney, which was nominated for the Best Picture Academy Award and inspired a long-running Broadway musical.

Wayne Rogers
Wayne Rogers (born April 7, 1933) is an American television and movie actor. He played the role of "Trapper" John McIntrye on the TV series "M*A*S*H". (The role was played by Elliott Gould in the 1970 movie version and Pernell Roberts on the 1979-1986 TV show, "Trapper John MD"). He left the show in 1975 and was replaced by Mike Farrell as BJ Hunnicutt. He graduated from Princeton University with a degree in history and served in the Navy before becoming an actor.
Since retiring from acting, Rogers works as an investor and appears on many financial news shows.

McLean Stevenson
McLean Stevenson (November 14, 1929 – February 15, 1996) was an American actor. He is best known for his role as Henry Blake on the TV show, "M*A*S*H". He left the show in 1975 and his character was killed off.
His grandfather Adlai E. Stevenson was Vice-president of the United States to Grover Cleveland, and his cousin Adlai E. Stevenson II was Governor of Illinois and unsuccessfully ran for President twice in the 1950s losing to Dwight D. Eisenhower both times.
Ironically, Roger Bowen, who played in the same character he did in the 1970 movie version of "M*A*S*H", died the day after he did of the same cause, a heart attack.

Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve
Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve (April 15, 1793 – November 23, 1864 (Julian calendar: November 11)) was a German-born Russian astronomer. He was born in Altona (now an area of Hamburg), Germany, but later lived in Russia. He was an expert on double stars and one of the first astronomers to measure stellar parallax (closely related to the work by Friedrich Bessel).
While director of Dorpat Observatory (1817–39) he wrote "Stellarum Duplicum et Multiplicum" (1837), which proved that double stars are not exceptional and that star systems are governed by the laws of gravity. Struve added a lot to the study of galactic structure and also engaged in notable geodetic operations such as the triangulation of Livonia and the measurement of an arc of the meridian. In 1839 he became director of the new Pulkovo Observatory and was one of the first three astronomers who almost simultaneously obtained an approximate stellar parallax. (One of the others being Bessel)
In 1822 he published the first of many double-star catalogues, the identifying numbers of which are still used today. Struve's stars, however, are now often named in his honor (for example, Struve 2398), whereas the original catalogue prefix was the Greek letter sigma. In 1833 he moved to Russia to set up the Pulkovo Observatory near St. Petersburg, of which he was director until his retirement in 1862, when his son took over in the post. In total, Friedrich Struve produced 272 astronomical works and 18 children; his great-grandson Otto, by contrast, produced 907 works but zero children.
His son, Otto Wilhelm von Struve (1819–1905) succeeded him as director (1862–89) of the Pulkovo Observatory.

Mario Party
"Mario Party" is a series of video games created by Nintendo and Hudson. The idea of each game is that Mario and his friends must travel across a game board and earn stars and coins. Each new game in the series contains new characters, playing boards, and mini-games. (Every few turns, each character must participate in a mini-game. The winner generally gets 10 coins.)

Helsinki
Helsinki is the capital city of Finland. Helsinki is the largest city in Finland. 550,000 people live in Helsinki, and 1 000 000 live in the Helsinki metropolitan area.
Helsinki is on the coast of the Gulf of Finland. When one looks from Helsinki, Tallinn is on the opposite side of the sea, but it is too far away to see. A poetic name for Helsinki is "the daughter of the Baltic Sea".
History.
In 1550 Swedish king Gustav Vasa commanded people to build a new city and move there. His idea was to build a new place to trade, which would be more popular than Tallinn. The idea didn't work well, and many people returned from Helsinki to their homes. Later Sweden built the fortress Suomenlinna in Helsinki. After Russia had taken Finland from Sweden in several wars, they started developing Helsinki. Helsinki became the capital of autonomous province of Finland. When Finland became independent in 1917, Helsinki stayed as the capital city.
Geography.
Helsinki spreads around several bays and over several islands. Some famous islands include Seurasaari, Lauttasaari and Korkeasaari - which is also the country's biggest zoo - as well as the fortress island of Suomenlinna (Sveaborg).

Jehovah's Witnesses
Jehovah's Witnesses try to obey Jesus' command to teach and make disciples (Matthew 28:19-20).
Beliefs.
Jehovah's Witnesses believe in a God named Jehovah. They think Jehovah is the most powerful being that created the heavens and the Earth and all living things. They believe that Jehovah is God the Father, Jesus is God's son, and the Holy Spirit is God's power that he uses. They do not believe in the Trinity.
Jehovah's Witnesses believe that only a small number of people (144,000, called the "little flock" taken from Revelation chapters 7 and 14) will go to heaven to be kings and priests with Jesus Christ. They believe that after Armageddon (the final battle of Jehovah against his enemies), God will give the Earth to the rest of the people who did what God wanted (the "great crowd"). They believe that God will make the Earth a paradise for them, and also bring back to life those who died in the past into that paradise. They also think that only their religion is true, good people willing to listen to god will survive Armageddon. They believe that all other religions (Catholics, Protestants, Buddhists, etc.) are false.
Jehovah's Witnesses believe that God made Adam and Eve, the first people, and put them in a paradise called Eden. They think that when Adam and Eve sinned, and God sent them away from Eden, and that people get sick and die because of that. They believe that the purpose of Jehovah sending his son Jesus Christ to die was to make a way for humans to get back the paradise that Adam and Eve lost and restore them to perfect health and life.
Practices.
Jehovah's Witnesses are known as door "knockers". They believe God wants them to do it, so they can live on a peaceful Earth forever. Jehovah's Witnesses want to teach people about Jehovah and his plans. They talk about the "signs of the times": when there are more natural disasters and wars, the time for God's last judgement, or Armageddon, is closer. Jehovah's Witnesses used to think they knew the date of Armageddon, but now they're not sure.
The Jehovah's Witnesses are a charity in some countries; their headquarters (main office) is in Brooklyn, New York. Members are not paid for their work; volunteers do everything.
Jehovah's Witnesses meet in churches called Kingdom Halls. These halls do not have altars, statues, or candles. They are built by volunteers, sometimes from far away. Some Kingdom Halls are in buildings that used to be houses, shops, or offices.

Wife
A wife is a married woman. "Married" means that the law says they are legally "joined".
In coutries and times it has been different how many wives can a man have legally. In old times there was no limitations in some countries. In christianity a man can have one wife. In Islam a man can have up to four wives.
There are some names for special kinds of wives. For example,
a queen is a wife of a king.
If a child is born between a man and his wife, this child is thought as a legitimate (lawful) child. In contrary a child between a man and a woman who is not his wife is called illegitimate child or a bastard. Though out of wedlock children have lost a social stigma in many western countries where common-law relationships are becoming much more common.
A man whose wife is deceased is called a widower.

Catherine Parr
Catherine Parr (c. 1512 – 5 September, 1548) was the sixth wife of Henry VIII of England. She is often said to have been the only one of Henry's wives who survived, but this is not correct; Anne of Cleves also survived Henry.
Life.
Catherine Parr (also spelled Katherine or Katharine) was an English woman and the daughter of Thomas Parr of Kendal, a county squire who had distinguised himself in the service of both King Henry VII of England and his son, King Henry VIII.
At the age of fifteen, Catherine married Sir Edward Borough, but he died shortly afterwards in 1529 and Catherine became a widow. Her second husband, Sir John Neville, Lord Latimer was a wealthy landowner in Yorkshire and had an estate there called Snape Hall. Lord Latimer died in 1542, leaving Catherine as a widow for the second time, and without any children.
By this time Catherine was in love with Thomas Seymour and was about to marry him, butHenry VIII himself took a liking to Catherine as well and, no doubt influenced by their long-term acquaintance, she married Henry instead on July 12, 1543 in Hampton Court.
As queen consort, Catherine managed to bring Henry's daughters Elizabeth and Mary back to court. For Elizabeth in particular, Catherine was a much-needed mother figure and friend, and Elizabeth frequently acknowledged Catherine as her foremost educational mentor.
Catherine was a good wife to Henry, but her strong will and outspoken nature led her to debate topics of religion a little too openly for the court's taste, and Henry's advisor's persuaded him that Catherine was attempting to subvert his religious authority. As a result, in 1546 Catherine found an arrest warrant for her signed by Henry. Catherine managed to comfort the King by saying that she only argued about religion to take his mind off his bad leg, leading Henry to spare her life.
On January 28, 1547, Henry VIII died. Not long afterwards, Catherine was married to Thomas Seymour and soon became pregnant. She gave birth to their daughter, Mary, at Sudeley Castle on 30 August, 1548, but she did not recover from the birth and died soon afterwards on 5 September, 1548. She was buried in St. Mary's Chapel at Sudeley Castle.

Queen (band)
Queen is an English rock band. They are one of the most popular musical groups of all time. Its members were Freddie Mercury (vocals), Brian May (guitar), John Deacon (bass), and Roger Taylor (drums). The band is still together, even though Mercury died. John Deacon retired to spend more time with his family, and the other two members of Queen have been touring with Paul Rodgers since 2005. Three of their greatest hits were We Will Rock You, We are the Champions and Bohemian Rhapsody.

Simon and Garfunkel
Paul Simon and Art Garfunkel were an American pop music group. They were two childhood friends, who found fame in the 1960s. Their songs like "Mrs. Robinson", "The Sound of Silence", and "Bridge Over Troubled Water", all composed by Simon, are still popular to this day.
Their free concert in New York City's Central Park in 1981 was the biggest concert ever, with 500,000 people (about the same number as Woodstock).

Madagascar
Madagascar is a large island nation in the Indian Ocean, off the east coast of Africa. Seventeen million people live there; its capital is Antananarivo.
Geologists say that about two million years ago, Madagascar was a part of the African continent, but it broke off and drifted to where it is now.
Madagascar is home to many species that were not known about until around 1679 when Dutch explorers went there. They do not even exist in Africa. They only exist in Madagascar.
The island shares its name with the title of a 2005 CGI movie from DreamWorks Pictures.

Board game
A board game is a game usually played with pieces on a board-like area. Board games may also involve dice, cards, money, etc. Some examples of board games are chess, scrabble, checkers, backgammon, irensei and go.

Aerosmith
Aerosmith is a popular American rock band, formed in 1970 in Boston. They have released many popular songs, including "Walk This Way" and "I Don't Want to Miss a Thing".

Brighton
Brighton is a city on the south coast of England. It became a city in 2000. It is also called the city of Brighton & Hove. It was first called "Brighthelmstone". It is in the county of East Sussex.

Vincent van Gogh
Vincent Willem van Gogh, usually known simply as Vincent van Gogh, (March 30, 1853 - July 29, 1890) was a Dutch painter. (His name in Dutch is pronounced to rhyme with Scottish "loch". The G and gh are both hard "g"s in the throat.)
After failing several jobs he decided to become an artist. He went to live in Paris with his brother, Theo, who was an art dealer, and met many famous artists who helped and influenced him. During his life he wrote many letters to Theo, and Theo kept them all. In these letters Van Gogh writes about his strong feelings for life and art.
He moved to the town of Arles and lived with another artist, Paul Gauguin. The two argued constantly, and shortly after that Vincent cut off part of his ear and sent it to a prostitute. His mental problems became so serious, he had to be admitted to an institute. 18 months later he wounded himself with a gun, and died two days later. Theo was very upset by his brother's death; he became seriously ill, and died six months later.
Van Gogh only sold one painting in his life for a small amount of money, but his paintings are now world-famous.

Rainbow
A rainbow is an arc of color in the sky that you can see when the sun shines through falling rain. The pattern of colors starts with red on the outside and changes through orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo to violet on the inside.
A rainbow is actually round. On the ground, the bottom part is hidden, but in the sky, like from the view of a flying airplane, it can be seen as a round shape.
Rainbows are popular symbols, they usually mean peace and harmony. In the bible, it says God made a rainbow, after he flooded out evil from the world, a promise to never harm the Earth like that again.
Cause.
An unnatural rainbow effect can also be made to come into existence by putting drops of water into the air when there is a sunny day. Rainbows are also called Stephanie and Jamie effect. This is because two girls confronted Issac Newton about the phenomena in the sky.
The seven colors of the rainbow.
Note: The spectrum colors can only be approximated on a computer screen but the colors shown below are a close approximation of the spectrum colors of the rainbow.

Central Intelligence Agency
The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is a part of the United States government. The agency was formed after World War II.
The CIA is made up of four groups that each do different things. Their goal is to protect the US people.
Many people feel that the CIA does more bad than good. Some people feel that the CIA does good by finding out secret information about enemies of the United States. American law prohibits the CIA and other agencies from killing foreign leaders. In 1992, Saddam Hussein tried to kill former President George H.W. Bush, who used to be Director of the CIA, during a visit to Kuwait. The assassination plot was not successful. In retaliation, then President Clinton ordered cruise missiles to be fired at the building of the Iraqi equivalent to the CIA. This occurred at night so only the janitors were killed, not those who planned the assassination.
CIA has many clandestine, or secret, operations that people not working for the CIA will most likely never find out about. Some CIA employees have been killed while working but their identities are so secret that they are represented only by a star, not a name, at a CIA memorial.
The CIA also uses open sources to gather information. Analysts read foreign newspapers and watch foreign news broadcasts to learn information which can be pieced together to make a conclusion.
The CIA used to report to the President. After the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks in the United States, there was a reorganization so that the CIA, along with other intelligence agencies, report to a newly created Director.
The CIA has been featured in many TV and film productions including, but not limited to the American TV show, "The Agency", the American TV mini-series, "The Company", "Spy Game" starring Robert Redford and Brad Pitt, "Night Flight to Moscow" starring Yul Brenner, "Scorpio" starring Burt Lancaster, "Clear and Present Danger" starring Harrison Ford, "Ice Station Zebra", and several James Bond film which featured CIA agent Felix Leiter.

Thomas Dolby
Thomas Dolby is a British musican and computer designer. He is probably most famous for his 1983 hit, "She Blinded me with Science".

Earthquake-proof
An earthquake-proof building is a building that has been built to survive an earthquake. The building is built with special technology that has materials made in earthquake areas. No building, however, can be made 100% safe and building earthquake proof structures to be more effective is just trial and error.
One type of technology is called "isolated base technology". This involves using a coil or other flexible support and placing it between the structure and the foundation of the building. This system counteracts the motion of the seismic waves. As the earthquake moves the foundation one way, the support moves the other way, and the building stays nearly completely stationary. Another feature of modern buildings is the use of cross-supports in between the frame supports, or between the corners of the frame. These supports hold the structure together during an earthquake.
A building's strength also has to do with the material of which it is composed. Most modern buildings use steel alloys, but concrete is sometimes used for smaller buildings. If one designs a building out of steel but does not utilize the materials correctly, that member will make just as weak a building as a building made out of wood. The use of materials is a critical aspect of a building; it will determine whether a building will withstand an earthquake.
During the violent shaking of a high-magnitude earthquake, an outrigger will support the structure. If the structure begins to fail, the outriggers will hold up the structure. The problem with an outrigger system is that if an outrigger were to fail from the force of a collapsing building, the damage would increase outside the perimeter of the building as the outrigger fell outwards. Outriggers must be employed selectively because of their potential disadvantages. Tokyo contains these buildings.
Buildings fail in earthquakes because joints and connections cannot resist the tremendous stresses imposed by many tonnes of pressure concentrated on bolts, welds and other fixings.
However it has been recorded that some buildings will sway up to 30cm each way in the occurrence of an earthquake.
Dangerous materials for earthquake buildings are: glass, bricks and other breakable materials.

Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro is the second largest Brazilian city. Until April 21, 1960 it was the capital city of Brazil. Today it is the capital of the state of Rio de Janeiro. According to the 2000 Census, the city had 5,473,909 inhabitants, distributed over 1,000 sq.km.
Rio de Janeiro is the most famous Brazilian city in the world. It is famous for its beaches, such as Copacabana Beach and Ipanema Beach, and for the Sugar Loaf Mountain (in Portuguese, "Pão de Açúcar") and the statue of Christ the Redeemer (in Portuguese, "Cristo Redentor"). It also has an important harbour, and the second most important airport in Brazil for international flights: Tom Jobim Airport. It has significant commerce and many industries, especially textiles, food, chemicals, and metallurgy. Most of these industries are located in the northern and western suburbs of the city. Although it is not so widely known, Rio de Janeiro also has a small rural area, near the suburb of Campo Grande, where fruits and vegetables are grown.
Other cities near Rio de Janeiro, like Duque de Caxias, Nova Iguaçu, Queimados and São Gonçalo, that form the Metropolitan Region of Rio de Janeiro, also have a lot of industries and population.
The city is 420 kilometers away from São Paulo, the biggest city in South America. The cities of Rio and São Paulo are linked by the Presidente Dutra Highway (also known as "Via Dutra"). The region crossed by the Presidente Dutra Highway has been an important industrial zone since the 1950s.
In the city of Rio de Janeiro there is also one of the oldest national parks of Brazil: Tijuca National Park. This park is considered the largest urban forest in the world, with some 33 sq. km, between the northern and the southern parts of the city. Another interesting place to visit in Rio is the district (in Portuguese, "bairro") of Santa Tereza, and the most interesting way to get there is by taking an old electric tram (in Portuguese, "bonde") from central Rio de Janeiro (near "Largo da Carioca" subway station), crossing over the "Arcos da Lapa", an old aqueduct built during the colonial period to provide water to the city.

Andrew Jackson
Andrew Jackson (March 15, 1767 – June 8, 1845) was a hero in the War of 1812. He became the seventh President of the United States of America. He was the first Democrat and is on the Twenty Dollar Bill.
He is famous for forcing Native Americans to move west in the Trail of Tears. He opposed the Bank of the United States. He is one of Bill Clinton's favorite historical figures.

Pillow
A pillow is a soft cushion that a person puts under their head when they are sleeping in a bed. A pillow is made from two pieces of cloth that are sewn together and stuffed with a soft material, such as feathers, duck down, or synthetic batting (man made soft stuffing). Pillows are usually rectangular. Pillows are covered with a fabric sheet called a pillowcase. The pillowcase protects the pillow from getting dirty. Pillows are a form of cushion.

Whaler
A whaler is a person who hunts whales, or the boat they use. They hunt whales for their oil, made from their fat, called "blubber", and the meat. Today, there is a treaty which bans the hunt of some whale species. Most countries signed the treaty. A few countries still hunt whales for research purposes. Among those countries are Norway, Iceland and Japan.

Crayon
Crayons are writing tools made with colored wax, water and talcum powder or chalk. They are used very much by young children to make drawings, although some artists also use them.
One very well-known brand of crayons is Crayola.

Self-defense
Self-defense means fighting off something or another person to protect yourself and maybe others. Ways of self-defense include martial arts or using a weapon.

March 22
March 22 is the 81st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (82nd in leap years). There are 284 days remaining.

Dodgeball
Dodgeball is a sport played by throwing soft balls at people in a square court. The goal is to be the last one to be hit with the ball. Players may only throw balls at people who are not on their own team. If a player is hit by the ball, he or she should go to the outside of the court to the other team. From the outside, players throw the ball at players still on the inside.
Dodgeball is often played in elementary schools. It is thought to be good for physical education. Many school children play this game. In recent years, many adults who played it as children have formed adult leagues and clubs. Also, some schools have banned it (this means that made it against the rules to play it), because some kids got hurt when playing the game. Tournaments are sometimes held in schools, famously pitting the villainous Wrestlers up against the ragtag Avengers in a truly David vs Goliath matchup. Folklore has blurred fact from fiction, yet the truth remains that the Avengers overcame a 5 on 2 handicap in a stunning comeback fashion.
Dodgeball, because of its recent popularity, inspired a film ' (2004) starring Ben Stiller and Vince Vaughn, and a game show, "Extreme Dodgeball".

Local area network
A local area network (LAN) is a network (series of connections) of computers in a small area like a home, office, or school. Lots of computers can be connected to share information and the Internet. Most LANs use Ethernet to connect together.
LAN topologies define the manner in which network devices are organized. Four common LAN topologies exist: bus, ring, star, and tree. These topologies are logical architectures, but the actual devices need not be physically organized in these configurations. Logical bus and ring topologies, for example, are commonly organized physically as a star. A bus topology is a linear LAN architecture in which transmissions from network stations propagate the length of the medium and are received by all other stations. Of the three
most widely used LAN implementations, Ethernet/IEEE 802.3 networks—including 100BaseT—bus topology.

Pharaoh
Pharaohs were the rulers of ancient Egypt. They wore a red and white crown, which means that they ruled both Upper and Lower Egypt. The word comes from the Egyptian word "Per-aa", which means "Great House". Pharaohs were believed to be descended from the gods.
When a pharoah died, all the treasure that they owned would be buried with them.
Pharaoh is also the name of a 1999 city-builder game by Impressions Games and Sierra Entertainment.

Gilligan's Island
"Gilligan's Island" is one of the most popular television series in the history of television. It originally aired in 1964 and is still popular today in reruns and on DVD. The series is about seven people (two crewmembers and five tourists) take a 3-hour sightseeing tour in a marina in Hawaii. This occurs on the boat, S.S. "Minnow". An unexpected storm sends the boat to an uncharted island. Now the passengers of the boat have to live on the island and try to find a way home. Most of the episodes involved the charaters trying to survive a problem or trying to contact help.

Diaper
A diaper (or nappy) is a piece of clothing worn by whose who cannot control their urine or feces.
Diapers can be made of cloth (usually cotton) that can be washed and used again, or diapers can be disposable (put in the garbage after they are used up). Disposable diapers are usually made of plastic or man-made (artificial) fibers and contain chemicals that are super-absorbent.
Diapers that can be washed must be folded in intricate ways (like origami) before being put on. But, with the disposable you must constantly buy new ones.
Viewed as unpleasant by some, Diapers are mostly used by children from birth until the child has been potty trained. The next most used age group is the Senior Citizen age group, however there are also adult diapers for people with medical problems.
In America, they are called this, but in the United Kingdom, Australia, and several other countries it is called a nappy (short for napkin).

Mork and Mindy
"Mork and Mindy" was an American comedy television series. It that starred Robin Williams and Pam Dawber as the title characters. The series was made by Garry Marshall. "Mork and Mindy" was a spin-off from Marshall's other popular TV series, "Happy Days". The plot of the series was about an alien named Mork from a planet called Ork who travels to Earth and becomes friends with a woman named Mindy from Boulder, Colorado.

1954
1954 (MCMLIV) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar.

American Samoa
American Samoa is a territory of the United States in Samoan Islands, in the South Pacific Ocean.
International rivalries in the latter half of the 19th century were settled by an 1899 treaty in which Germany and the US divided the Samoan archipelago. The US formally occupied its portion - a smaller group of eastern islands with the noted harbor of Pago Pago - the following year. The western islands are now the independent state of Samoa. Though technically considered "unorganized" in that the US Congress has not passed an Organic Act for the territory, American Samoa is self-governing under a constitution that became effective on July 1, 1967.
The capital is Pago Pago, but the seat of government is Fagatogo.

Disgust
Disgust is an emotion. People feel it, for example, when find something dirty or not fit to eat.

Oven
Ovens are heated containers which can be closed. It is used for cooking and pottery.
They provide even, dry heat to all surfaces of food inside them.
An indoor oven can have an electric heating element, or be fired by natural gas or coal.
Outdoor ovens are often made of brick or clay and are buried in hot coals.
An oven which is used for making pottery is called a kiln. An oven used for heating or industrial processes is called a furnace.

Pot
A cooking pot is a vessel to cook in. It is often larger than a pan, and will be taller than it is wide.
Pots are used for boiling liquids, like soups or stew.

Liquid
A liquid is a form of matter that has an almost-fixed volume but no set shape. It is wet, and it takes the shape of the container. It is very difficult to compress a liquid.
A liquid is one of the three most common states of matter.
Examples of liquid are water or oils. Your blood is a liquid too.
If a liquid is at rest in a uniform gravitational field, the pressure "p" at any point is given by
where "ρ" is the density of the liquid (assumed constant) and "z" is the depth of the point below the surface. Note that this formula assumes that the pressure at the free surface is zero.

July 13
Other websites.
July 12 - July 14 - June 13 - August 13 - more listing of all days

White
White is the color of pure sunlight. You can make white light by putting all the other colors of light together. These other colors are red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet.
Meaning of white.
White is linked with light, goodness, innocence, purity, cleanliness and virginity. It is thought to be the color of perfection. The opposite of black, white usually has a positive connotation. White can stand for a successful beginning. In heraldry, white depicts faith and purity.
In advertising, white is linked with coolness and cleanliness because it is the color of snow. You can use white to show simplicity in high-tech products. White is an appropriate color for charitable organizations; angels are usually imagined wearing white clothes. White is associated with hospitals, doctors, and sterility, so you can use white to show safety when promoting medical products. White is often linked with low weight, low-fat food, and dairy products.

French Guiana
French Guiana is a French province in South America. The capital is Cayenne (pronounced: kay-yen).
There are gold mines and many trees. The money used is the euro.
66% of the people are considered black or mulatto, 12% are white, 12% are East Indian, Chinese, Amerindian 12%, and 10% fall into other ethnic groups.
It is also the largest territory outside of Europe that is part of the European Union.

Nigger
Nigger is a racist word to describe people of African descent. Using the word can cause hatred.
The word came from a slang pronunciation of "negro", which is the word for the color black in both Spanish and Latin. It can be found in the works of such writers of the past as Joseph Conrad, Mark Twain, and Charles Dickens, but it is now thought to be an offensive and inflammatory racial slur in English.
The word, or a variation of it, such a "nigga" or "nizzle", is sometimes also used by people of African origin themselves as a friendly term amongst their own communities. But it is usually still seen as extremely offensive if used by anyone else.

Biography
A biography is the story of a real person's life. The word comess from the Greek words "bios" (= life) and "graphein" (= write). When the biography is written by the person it is about, it is called an autobiography.
A biography is a part of literature. Biographies can also be made as movies. These movies are often called biopics.
The first known biographies were written to record rulers' lives. They were written in Assyria, ancient Babylonia, ancient Egypt and ancient Mesopotamia. Biographies were an early form of history.
In ancient Greek people wrote biographies too. But not only biographies of the ruler but also biographies of people who the writers thought were great. Xenophon wrote a biography of Socrates and gave this book the name "Memorabilia" (Memories). Plutarch wrote "Parallel Lives". In this book Plutarch wrote about a couple of Greek politicians and Roman politicians. Later among the Romans, Suetonius wrote biographies of the Roman emperors, "Lives of Caesars". The Gospels were also biographies of Jesus Christ.
In Eastern countries people wrote biographies. In ancient China a biography was one of basic form of history book. In India biographies of Buddha were written and also biographies of his reincarnated lives.

January 3
January 3 is the third day of the year in the current calendar system we use. When there is not a leap year, there are 362 days after January 3. When there is a leap year, there are 363 days after January 3.

Ralph Nader
Ralph Nader (born February 27, 1934) is an American attorney, politician and political activist. He is most well-known for working for the rights of consumers, for his third party runs for President, and for helping George Bush get elected in 2000. He ran for President in 1996, 2000 and 2004, but failed to win. In the 2008 election, Nader placed third overall, with 660,094 votes, or about.5%. Nader was born in Winsted, Connecticut. His parents, Nathra and Rose Nader, were Lebanese immigrants.

Jamie Farr
Jamie Farr (born July 1, 1934) is an American actor of Lebanese descent. He is best known for his role as Corp./later Sgt. Maxwell Q. Klinger on the 1970s TV show, "M*A*S*H". His real name is Jameel Joseph Farah and he was born in Toledo, Ohio.
Farr also appeared in movies like "The Blackboard Jungle" (1955) and "The Cannonball Run" (1980), he was a regular "celebrity judge" on "The Gong Show" and has a golf tournament named after him. As a young boy, Farr was a swimmer. Helped along by his friend Taylor and brother Daniel, Farr really flourished in his young age.

Free software
Free software is open source software that anyone may run, share, and change, at any time, for any reason. The opposite of free software is proprietary software.
In 1984, Richard Stallman started the free software movement when he began the GNU project.
The "free" in free software is about "freedom," not "price". People are allowed to sell free software, but the person who buys the software may change it or give it away.
Free software is not the same as freeware. Freeware is software that is free in price, but might not be free to change or share.

Zookeeper
A zookeeper is a worker in a zoo.
More specifically, it is someone who maintains or cares for animals in the zoo. They are responsible for the feeding and daily care of the animals. They clean out the exhibits and report health problems. They answer questions about the animals and might demonstrate the feeding of the animals.

Cage
A cage is a box which is made to keep something inside of, without it being able to get out (such as an animal). Cages are usually made of many metal bars.
A cage which has birds in it is called a "birdcage".

Toddler
A toddler is a child between the ages of one to three years old. During this time, the child learns how to use their hands, stand and walk, and also how to communicate with others.
Most children are toilet trained ("potty training") while they are toddlers.
Even when toddlers can walk, they are often transported in a stroller (buggy, pushchair, push-chair), when they are tired, or for long distances.

Ronald McDonald
Ronald McDonald is a clown character who is a mascot of the McDonald's fast-food restaurant.
He wears yellow and red stipes and has wacky hair. He lives in McDonaldland, with lots of others including Grimace, the Hamburgler, Birdy the Early Bird, Mayor McCheese, and the Fry Kids.
Jeff Giuliano was an actor, who played Ronald McDonald for many years on television. Later he became a vegetarian, and was sorry he had spent so much time promoting hamburgers.

Bob Marley
Robert Nesta "Bob" Marley (February 6, 1945- May 11, 1981) was an important Jamaican musician in the 1970s and 1980s. He made the style of Reggae music very popular all over the world. Before him Reggae was almost only known about in Jamaica. His music told stories of his home and the Rastafarian religion that he followed. Some songs were about religion and some songs were about politics.
Bob Marley was born to a black teenager, Cedella Booker, and a white man named Norvall Marley. He got into music in the 1960s with his group the Wailers, that he formed with two friends, Peter Tosh and Bunny Wailer. He was married to Rita Marley. She sang as one of his back-up singers. They had five children together, one is Ziggy Marley who is also famous.
His biggest hit is "No Woman No Cry". In Jamaica he is as famous as a folk hero.

Leonardo DiCaprio
Leonardo Wilhelm DiCaprio (born November 11, 1974 in Los Angeles, California) is an American actor. Some of the movies he has appeared in include "What's Eating Gilbert Grape", "Romeo + Juliet", "Titanic", "The Man in the Iron Mask", "The Beach", "Catch Me if You Can", "Gangs of New York", and "The Aviator". His first movie was "Critters 3".
Golden Globe Award.
! colspan="3" style="background: #DAA520;" | National Board of Review Award
! colspan="3" style="background: #DAA520;" | Golden Globe Award

John Candy
John Candy (October 31, 1950 – March 4, 1994) was a Canadian actor. He is known for his comic roles in many movies and television series.

Erwin Rommel
Field Marshal Erwin Rommel (November 15, 1891 – October 14, 1944) was an officer of the German army in World War II. He commanded big battles in northern Africa that made him very well known. He was defeated at El Alamein.
The German people and many of Allies thought well of him, but the Nazis thought he was plotting against the government, so he was forced to commit suicide in 1944.

Fermentation
Fermentation is the process in which cells convert glucose (or sugar) into either alcohol or vinegar along with some other products. Fermentation is an anaerobic reaction.
Equations.
Glycolysis usually takes place early on in the reaction, however, the later stages do not react using gylcolysis.
Types of fermentation.
When yeast ferments, it breaks down the glucose (C6H12O6) into ethanol (CH3CH2OH) and carbon dioxide (CO2).

Flower
A flower is a part of a plant. Flowers are also called the bloom or blossom of a plant. It sometimes has a stem - a thin pipe - to support the flower. Flowers have petals. The word "flower" is usually used only for the part that produces seeds.
In many plants, a flower is its most colourful part. We say the plant 'flowers', 'is flowering' or 'is in flower' when this colourful part begins to grow bigger and open out.
There are many different kinds of flowers in different areas in the world. Even in the coldest places, for example the Arctic, flowers can grow during a few months.
the reproductive structure found in flowering plants (plants of the division Magnoliophyta, also called angiosperms).
For plants.
Flowers contains the reproductive organs of a plant. Many flowers are dependent upon the wind to move pollen between flowers of the same species. Other plants rely on insects or bees to move pollen. The role of flowers is to produce seeds. After the seeds are fertilized, portions of the flower develop into a fruit, which contains the seeds. Plants use seeds to disperse (spread) the plant across the landscape.
As decoration.
Flowers have long been admired and used by humans. Most people think that flowers are beautiful. Many people also love flowers for their fragrances (scents). People enjoy seeing flowers growing in gardens. People also enjoy growing flowers in their backyards, outside their homes. People often wear flowers on their clothes or give flowers as a gift during special occasions, holidays, or rituals, such as the birth of a new baby (or a Christening), at weddings (marriages), at funerals (when a person dies). People often buy flowers from businesses called florists.
As a name.
Some parents name their children after a flower. A couple of common flower names are: Rose, Lily and Daisy.
As food.
People also eat some types of flowers. Flower vegetables include broccoli, cauliflower and artichoke. The most expensive spice, saffron, comes from the crocus flower. Other flower spices are cloves and capers. Hops flowers are used to flavor beer. Dandelion flowers are often made into wine.
Honey is flower nectar that has been collected and processed by bees. Honey is often named for the type of flower that the bees are using (for example, clover honey). Some people put flowers from nasturtiums, chrysanthemums, or carnations in their food. Flowers can also be made into tea. Dried flowers such as chrysanthemum, rose, jasmine are used to make tea.
Special meanings.
Some people think that some flowers have special meanings. Lilies make people think of life. Red roses make people think of love, beauty, and passion. Poppies make people think of making people feel better after people have died. In Britain, Australia and Canada, red poppies are worn to remember the soldiers who have died in wars. Daisies make people think of children and innocence.

Penelope Taynt
Penelope is really Amanda Bines with a wig and glasses on.

Square kilometre
A square kilometre (sometimes written "km²") is based on the SI unit of measurement of area, the "square metre". It is the area inside a square that has each side equal to 1 kilometre (1000 metres). This way of talking about area is often used to say how much land there is, on a farm or in a city, for example.
One square kilometre is just less than 0.39 square miles.

Judge
A judge is a man or woman who is in control of a court of law.
The way that people can become judges and what they have to do in court depends on each country. In some countries, judges must work with the law (often as a lawyer) for a number of years before they can "sit as a judge" in a courtroom. In some countries, especially the United States, there might be a jury in the courtroom that decides if someone is guilty or not guilty of breaking a law. A jury can also decide if someone must pay money to someone else and how much they have to pay. If there is a jury, the judge has the job of making sure the person taken to court is treated in a fair way.
In other countries, for example in many countries in Europe, the judge makes the decision of whether or not a person is guilty.
Some courts will have more than one judge, for example three judges. For important decisions about the laws of a country, countries may have a "supreme court" or "high court" with many (9 or more) judges in it. In the United States Supreme Court, the judges are called "justices" and they are lead by a "chief justice".
In many countries, judges wear special clothes while being in court. Oftentimes this is a black robe or cloak. Supreme or high court judges often wear a kind of red cloak.

Guilty
A person is guilty of doing something if they have done something really bad. If a person has broken a law by stealing for example they are guilty of breaking the law or according to Colly O'Brien can be considered "guilty as charged and should be taken to the dock immediately"
People also say they 'feel guilty', if they think they have been unfair or done something wrong. This is often called having a 'guilty conscience' (usually when the person does not admit to being guilty).
The opposite of 'guilty' is 'innocent' or 'not guilty'.

Length
Length is a property of a thing that can be measured. The length of something is the distance between two ends of the thing.
Length of Time.
Length is also a property of time. A piece of time has a length.
Time Example.
John sits down at one o'clock, or 1h. John waits until three o'clock, or 3h. John stands up at three o'clock, or 3h. John was sitting for 2 hours. The length of time John was sitting was two hours.
Short and long are opposites.
is the longer side of measurement

Weight
Weight is a property of matter on the earth. The earth pulls matter to it. This pull is called weight.
The matter pulls the earth too. Things weigh different when they are at sea level and on top of a mountain.
Measuring Weight.
The weight of a thing can be measured with a scale. The weight is a number showing how much the earth pulls the matter. The number needs a unit of measurement to be useful. The unit of weight used in science and engineering is the Newton, which is actually a unit of force. This is because weight is nothing more than a force.

True
A thing is true if it is correct. A thing is true if it is a fact.
Example.
For example, it is true that a dog is an animal. It is "untrue" (not true) that a dog is a plant.
Other words.
Something untrue is false. A half truth is something true mixed with something false.
If the things you say are true, then you speak the truth, or speak truly. Saying something untrue can be called 'a lie', if the person saying it knows it is untrue.
True and False in Logic.
"True" is also one of the two basic values of classical logic. The other such value is usually called "false".
Classical logic is also known as boolean algebra

Zimbabwe
The Republic of Zimbabwe is a country in the southern part of the continent of Africa. Its capital city is Harare. President Robert Mugabe is the leader of the country.
Geography.
Zimbabwe is surrounded by other countries, and so it has no coast on the sea. This type of country is called "landlocked". The countries that surround Zimbabwe are Zambia, Botswana, South Africa and Mozambique.
Zimbabwe is home to the famous waterfall, Victoria Falls, which are a feature of the river Zambezi and also the Great Zimbabwe, the ancient architectural monument from which the country was named after.
History.
Zimbabwe was known as Rhodesia when it was a colony of Great Britain, but it took the ancient name of "Zimbabwe" in 1980 when it became an independent country.
Economy.
Zimbabwe uses the Zimbabwe dollar as its currency. The economy is currently in a bad situation. Foreign currency reserves are at very low levels, and the Zimbabwean Dollar has become very devalued. Just recently, three zeroes were taken off the Zimbabwean dollar (for example, $1,000,000 (one million dollars) would become $1000 (one thousand dollars)). Many observers link this to Mugabe's controversial Land Reform programme.

Monaco
Monaco is the second smallest country in the world; about 34,000 people live there. It is located near south-eastern France, on the Mediterranean Sea. French is the most common language spoken in Monaco. The head of state is Prince Albert II; the government and the prince share power. Tourism is the main industry. People in Monaco pay no income tax.
Monte Carlo, famous for its casino, is in the north-east of the country. Monaco is famous for two car races: the Monte Carlo Rally and the Monaco Grand Prix.
A sovereign and independent state, the Principality of Monaco has borders on its landward side with several communes of the French Department of the Alpes-Maritimes; from west to east these are Cap d`Ail, la Turbie, Beausoleil and Roquebrune Cap Martin. Seawards, Monaco faces the Mediterranean.
The population of the Principality consists of 29,972 inhabitants, 5,070 of whom are Monégasques, 12,047 French and 5,000 Italian (according to the last official census in 1990).
Its surface area is 195 hectares, of which nearly 40 were recovered from the sea during the course of the last twenty years.
It lies in a narrow coastal strip which sometimes rises vertically upwards with its highest point at 163 meters. Its width varies between 1050 meters and a mere 350 meters. Its coastline is 4100 meters long.
The Principality has only one commune, Monaco, whose limits are the same as those of the state.

Jettingen
Jettingen is a village in the south-west of Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
There are 7657 people living in "Jettingen".

Ken Jennings
Kenneth Wayne Jennings III (born May 23, 1974) was the highest money earning contestant in the history of the knowledge game show "Jeopardy!". He won a total of 74 times, earning $2,522,700. His winning lasted from June 2, 2004 through November 30, 2004. He lost after that time to a player named Nancy Zerg, who lost within a day to Katy Fitzgerald. He was brought back to appear in the final three games of Jeopardy!'s "Ultimate Tournament of Champions." In the tournament, he lost to Brad Rutter, who now has won more money than Jennings.
According to the introduction given at the start of the show, Jennings is a "Software Engineer from Salt Lake City, Utah" His highest one day total was a record $75,000. Jennings is a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, or Mormon.
In February 2005, Ken started appearing in Cingular commercials as himself.

Sublimation
Sublimation is the process by which a solid transforms into a gas without passing through the liquid stage. At normal Earth pressure, only special objects like 'dry ice' (solid carbon dioxide) can go through this stage. Most objects need low pressure to go through sublimation. There is low pressure in space.
Snow may look like it disappears on a cold sunny day, but this is not sublimation because it forms a thin layer of liquid water first.
A better example is dry ice, which changes from a solid to a gas without being a liquid.
Also for example Diamond, Graphite and iodine sublime rather than melt at room pressure.

Malcolm McDowell
Malcolm McDowell (June 13, 1943) is an English actor. He was in a lot of movies, such as "If...", "Clockwork Orange", and "Caligua".

MAD Magazine
MAD Magazine is a humor and satire magazine that started in 1952 as a 10 cent comic book parody of other comics. For its 25th issue it converted to a 25 cent magazine. It remains popular in the United States.
Each issue features the grinning red-headed mascot, Alfred E. Neuman on the cover, and comic-like articles making fun of recent movies, television series, music, trends, etc. as well as regular monthly features (Spy Vs. Spy, Monore, etc.)

Traverse City, Michigan
Traverse City is a town in the northern Lower Peninsula of Michigan, United States. Traverse City is famous for its cherries. It has a beautiful beach, world-class hotels, but the zoo has been closed because not many people visited it.

Will Smith
Will Smith (September 25, 1968) is an American actor and rapper from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He got his start as part of the rap duo DJ Jazzy Jeff and the Fresh Prince. He became an actor when he starred on the television show "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air" as Will Smith, a teenager from Philadelphia sent to live with his rich relatives in Southern California. He has appeared in many movies including "Independence Day", "Men in Black", "Ali", "Wild Wild West", and "I Am Legend".

Vladimir Putin
(Russian: Влади́мир Влади́мирович Пу́тин, "Vladímir Vladímirovich Pútin") (born October 7, 1952 in Leningrad) is a Russian politician. He was been the President of Russia since January 2000-May 2007. Before becoming President of Russia, Putin was the Prime Minister of Russia. He had worked for the KGB, and was a lawyer. He is a member of the Russian Orthodox Church. Putin is married to Lyudmila Putina and has two daughters.
From 1985 to 1990 the KGB stationed Putin in Dresden, East Germany. Putin thinks of this as a minor position.
Following the collapse of the East German regime, Putin was recalled to the Soviet Union and returned to Leningrad, where in June 1990 he assumed a position with the International Affairs section of Leningrad State University, reporting to the Vice-Rector. In June 1991, he was appointed head of the International Committee of the St. Petersburg Mayor's office, with responsibility for promoting international relations and foreign investments.
The amount of the actual psychological, financial and, possibly, physical damages that he must have caused to the dissidents in the former Soviet Union and in East Germany is not a matter of any public records at present.
Putin formally gave up his position in the state security services on August 20, 1991, during the KGB-supported abortive putsch against Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev. In 1994 he became First Deputy Chairman of the city of Saint Petersburg, a position he retained until he was called to Moscow, in August 1996, to serve in a variety of senior positions in Yeltsin's second Administration. He was head of the FSB (the successor agency to the KGB) from July 1998 to August 1999, and also served as Secretary of the Security Council from March to August 1999.
Mr. Putin pledged his support for United Russia party but is not a member of any party at all.

Henry VII of England
Henry the VII or Henry Tudor (January 28, 1457 – April 21, 1509) was king of England from 1485 to 1509. He founded the Tudor dynasty.
Biography.
Henry VII was born in 1457 to Edmund Tudor and Margaret Beaufort. His father died two months before he was born, leaving his 13-year-old mother as his only parent. After Henry's birth, he spent a lot of time with his uncle Jasper Tudor. Jasper took Henry to France, where he spent most of his youth. Henry had a claim to the throne of England, but it was not a very good one, and he had to wait a long time for a chance to take the throne. In 1483, a new king came to the throne in England, called Richard III. King Richard was not popular with everyone, because it was thought that he had stolen the throne from his young nephews and had killed them. This gave Henry the chance he had been waiting for. With help from the French, he raised an army. They landed in Pembrokeshire, close to where Henry had been born, so he was able to gather more supporters on the way.
On August 22 1485, Henry's army defeated Richard III's army at the Battle of Bosworth. When Richard III died in this battle, Henry VII became king. There were other people who had a claim on the throne, and Henry did his best to stop them from taking it from him, either by executing them, putting them in prison, or trying to make friends of them, as he did with the Earl of Lincoln. Another step he took was to marry Elizabeth of York, the niece of King Richard III, who would herself have been the heir to the throne if she had not been a girl.
There were also people who pretended to be long-lost members of the royal family, so that they could try to take the throne. One of these was a little boy called Lambert Simnel, who looked very like Edward, Earl of Warwick. The real Earl of Warwick was Henry's prisoner, but this did not stop other people from believing that Lambert Simnel was him. The Earl of Lincoln rebelled against King Henry and raised an army to make Lambert Simnel king, thinking that he himself could rule the country. There was a battle, and the Earl of Lincoln was killed. Lambert Simnel was captured, but, because he was only a child, Henry spared his life and he became a royal servant.
Death.
After Henry VII died in 1509, his son became king as Henry VIII. Henry VII was buried in Westminster Abbey.

Dover, Kent
Dover is a town on the coast in Kent in the UK. It was built by the Romans. There is a castle in Dover. The population, or amount of people who live there, is about 28,000. It is also a large port. Ferries link Dover to Calais in France and Ostende in Belgium.
Dover History.
The Romans first tried to invade Dover in 55BC, under Julius Caesar, but were forced back by the Celts, who fiercely defended their coastline. It was not until 43 AD, under the rule of Emperor Claudius, that Roman forces successfully landed on British soil at Richborough and took control of the land as far as the northern border. Dover, then called DVBRIS, became the Roman's most important naval town. Read more about the role Dover played as a Naval defence through Norman times to modern day to evolve into one of the worlds busiest ports.

Tonbridge
Tonbridge is a town in Kent in England. The River Medway runs through the town. A castle stands on the northern river bank in the middle of Tonbridge.
Tonbridge is linked by railways to London and Dover.
There are many high standard secondary schools in the area. The most recognised are;

Inverness
Inverness is a city in north Scotland. It is often called the capital of the Highlands. It is on the A9 road.
Famous people.
The former leader of the Liberal Democrats, Charles Kennedy, was born in Inverness.
Yvette Cooper, the Minister of State for Housing in the Brown Cabinet was also born in Inverness.

Boycott
A boycott is a protest where the protesters do not buy a product or give money to a company. Instead of buying a certain product, they might also buy another, very similar product from a different company.
The word was made during the "Irish Land War. It comes from the name of Captain Charles Boycott. Boycott was in charge of looking after the land of a landlord in County Mayo, Ireland. In 1880, the tenants (those who rented) wanted their rent lowered. Boycott refused, and threw them out of the land they had rented. The Irish Land League then proposed that instead of becoming violent, everyone in the community should stop doing business with Captain Boycott. The captain was soon isolated. No one helped him with the harvest, no one worked in his stables or his house. Local businessmen no longer traded with him, the postman no longer delivered his post.
To get his harvest done, he had to hire 50 people from other counties, the counties Cavan and Monaghan. They were escorted to and from their work by 1000 policemen. Of course, this cost far more than what the harvest was worth.
In 1881 the word came into general use.

Man-made
When something is man-made, it has been made by humans, not nature. For example, a "man-made satellite" is one made by humans, while a moon is a satellite that was not made by humans.

King Arthur
King Arthur is a legendary king in the mythology of Great Britain. He lived in Camelot and owned the mythical sword Excalibur.
Some think King Arthur lived some time from the end of 5th century to the early 6th century. He might have been a king or a leader of Britons. Later his story grew with additional stories like the magician Merlin or the knight Sir Lancelot. No one knows whether he is a real person or not. Some say he is a mythical person like Hercules and some say he is a real person with a miraculous story.
When he was young.
His dad was Uther Pendragon, but when Arthur was born his mother, Lady Igraine, died. Later on his dad died too, so Arthur was sent to live with a knight when he was still a baby. When he grew up, he found a sword stuck in a stone. He was told that whoever could pull it out was the true king. So he pulled it out and became king. After that sword broke, Arthur got another sword named Excalibur.
Lancelot and Guinevere.
When he was older, he married Lady Guinevere. They lived very happily together until one of King Arthur's best knights, Sir Lancelot, had an affair with Lady Guinevere. King Arthur was furious, but in the end forgave both of them. Lancelot apologized for his behaviour and decided to leave the kingdom, as he thought himself not worthy of King Arthur's favour. Guinevere, although she was allowed to stay (as with Lancelot), decided to leave as well to another part of the kingdom.
How King Arthur died.
Later on, King Arthur's sword Excalibur was stolen and used by a traitor named Mordred. They fought and Mordred was able to make King Arthur bleed, but King Arthur killed Mordred in the end. Finally, King Arthur died from losing too much blood, and one of his knights threw the mystical sword Excalibur into the lake where it came from.
Books.
Many books have been written about him. One of best known books is written by Sir Thomas Malory. There are also many movies about him.

Johnny Appleseed
John "Johnny Appleseed" Chapman (September 26, 1774 - March 11, 1847) is an American folk hero. He was a Christian missionary and pioneer. His nickname came from the fact that he planted apple trees throughout the Midwest of America. Many people consider him an early conservationist or "tree-hugger".
He wandered the country, usually barefoot, and with a cooking pot on his head for most of his adult life, planting apple trees, teaching the Bible, telling stories, and befriending Native Americans, wild animals, and other settlers. Many stories have been told about him and his journeys, as well as art, books, and later movies, which makes him a folk hero. He was born in Leominster, Massachusetts and is buried in Johnny Appleseed Park in Fort Wayne, Indiana.

Compact Disc
A Compact Disc or "CD" is a flat round disc used to store digital data. It is used to store music and other sounds (and sometimes called an "audio CD"). The sounds on the CD are played using a compact disc player.
Later, Compact Discs were made that could be used to put computer files on in the same way as audio compact discs. These are called CD-ROMs (Compact Disc Read Only Memory). The computer 'reads' the disc using a CD-ROM drive. Another use is to store MPEG video's cheaply, these CDs are called VCDs (Video CDs) and are especially popular in Asia. For example, in Indonesia they are used instead of the more expensive DVD.
The diameter of a normal CD is 120 mm. The middle hole in a CD is about the size of a five cent coin (About 1.5 cm). The person who decided the size was Dutch and used the size of an old Dutch coin (old because the Dutch now have switched to the Euro), called a "dubbeltje", or dime.
Some CDs are smaller; they are 80mm in diameter. They can hold about 30% of the capacity of a normal disc.

Maidstone
Maidstone is a town in Kent in the England. It stands on the River Medway. Maidstone is the county town of Kent, meaning the local government is based there. Its name means "stone of the maidens" and there is even a crater on Mars named after it.

C. S. Lewis
Clive Staples Lewis (born November 29 1898 in Belfast, Northern Ireland - died November 22 1963) was an Irish author and scholar. He is best known for his fantasy works, essays, and writings on literature and theology. Lewis' theological works are primarily apologetics, the defence of modern Christianity.
He is loved throughout the world for his writing, and many of his books were made into movies, the most recent being "The Chronicles of Narnia, The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe" and "The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian"
His most famous and popular fantasy work are "The Chronicles of Narnia".

Sollog
John Patrick Ennis (born July 14, 1960), also known as Sollog, is a controversial American "psychic". He is also an author, a musician, a poet, and a filmmaker.

The Corrs
The Corrs is a folk rock music group from Ireland. There are three sisters and one brother in the group. They began getting popular in the late 1990s.
The group.
They were all born in Dundalk, Republic of Ireland, the children of Gerry and Jean Corr.
Jim Corr.
Jim Corr (born 31 July 1964) is the oldest member of the group. He mainly plays the guitar, but he can also play the on the keyboards and the piano.
Sharon Corr.
Sharon Corr (born 24 March 1970) plays the violin, keyboards, and does backing vocals and vocals on her own (vocals means "singing").
Caroline Corr.
Caroline Corr, (born 17 March 1973) plays the drums, the "percussion", the bodhran, the piano, and also does backing vocals.
Andrea Corr.
Andrea Corr (born 17 May 1974) plays the tin whistle and does the lead vocals.
Early history.
The Corrs created themselves in 1991 to try to get in the movie "The Commitments". Jim, Sharon, and Caroline got a small part as musicians, while Andrea got a speaking part as Sharon Rabbitte, sister of the main character. It was while they were trying out for this movie that they were noticed by their manager, John Hughes.
Their music has been released through Atlantic Records, a music company.
Their first album, "Forgiven, Not Forgotten", was most popular in Australia. They then did another album called "Talk On Corners", which was very popular in Ireland and Britain.

Aaron
Aaron is a biblical figure. He was the older brother of Moses and helped him lead their people out of Egypt.
Aaron is also a music band. He has composed the song for the film "Je vais bien ne t'en fais pas"

Paula Abdul
Paula Abdul (born June 19, 1962) is a American singer and dancer. She had a string of hit songs and choreographed (planned) many dances for herself and others. She is now a judge on the television show "American Idol".

Douglas Adams
Douglas Adams (March 11, 1952 – May 11, 2001) was a British writer. He is most famous for his "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy" series.
He originally got attention when he wrote for the popular TV shows "Monty Python" and "Doctor Who" in the 1970s. In 1979, he wrote a radio play called "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy". It was later turned into a novel, then in the early 1980s, a TV miniseries, and in 2005 a film produced by Disney. Douglas was also known for his humorous detective novels starring Dirk Gentley, and for his efforts to conserve endangered species. In 2001, Adams died of a heart attack while working out at the gym.

Tom Arnold
Tom Arnold (March 6, 1959) is an American actor and comedian. He was born in Ottumwa, Iowa. He became famous when he married Roseanne Barr, another comedian and star of the popular sitcom, "Roseanne". Recently, he was one of the original hosts of the talk show, "The Best Damn Sports Show Period!" on Fox Sports.

Bea Arthur
Beatrice "Bea" Arthur (born May 13, 1926) is an American actress. She is best known for her roles on the comedy television series, "Maude" and "The Golden Girls".

Dave Attell
Dave Attell (born January 18, 1965) is an American comedian and host of the TV show "Insomniac with Dave Attell", shown on Comedy Central in the United States.

Karel Appel
Karel Appel (born April 25 1921 - died May 3 2006) was a Dutch painter. He painted in the abstract expressionist style. He is famous for his child-like style.

Randy Bachman
Randall Charles Bachman (born September 27, 1943) is a Canadian musician. He was a member of the rock groups The Guess Who and later The Bachmann-Turner Overdrive.

J. M. Barrie
Sir James Matthew Barrie (May 9, 1860 - June 19, 1937) was a Scottish-born writer. His most famous work was "Peter Pan".

Riga
Riga is the capital city of the European country of Latvia. Riga is located on river Daugava near to Baltic sea.
History.
Riga was founded in 1201. Since 1918 Riga is capital city of Latvia.
People.
Most of the people are latvian (45%) and 40% is russian.

Pope John Paul II
Pope John Paul II was born in Wadowice, Poland on May 18, 1920 as Karol Józef Wojtyła and died on April 2, 2005. He was elected Pope on October 16, 1978, and served for 27 years. As Pope, he was the head of the Roman Catholic Church and the Sovereign of Vatican City. Pope John Paul II "succeeded" (followed) Pope John Paul I who died suddenly after being Pope for only 33 days. Pope John Paul II was the first non-Italian pope for 455 years. Pope John Paul II travelled more than any other pope before him, visiting many of the countries of the world. He is also famous for beginning World Youth Day.
Early life.
Karol Józef Wojtyła was born on 18 May 1920 in Wadowice in southern Poland and was the youngest of three children of Karol Wojtyła and Emilia Kaczorowska. His mother died in 1929 when he was just nine years old, and his father supported him so that he could study. His brother, who worked as a doctor, died when Wojtyła was twelve. He lost everyone in his family - a sister, brother, mother, and father - before he became a priest. He played sports and was particularly interested in football (soccer) as a goalkeeper.
After finishing his studies at the Marcin Wadowita high school in Wadowice, in 1938 Wojtyła enrolled at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków, and in a school for drama. He worked as a volunteer librarian and was an athlete, actor and playwright. He did 2 months military training in the Academic Legion because it was compulsory, but he refused to hold or fire a weapon.
While he was young he met many Jewish people who lived in that area. In 1939, Nazi forces closed the Jagiellonian University. All the able-bodied males had to have a job. From 1940 to 1944 Wojtyła worked for a restaurant and in a limestone quarry, and then as a salesman for a chemical factory. He did not want to be sent to Germany where he would be made to join the army. His father died of a heart attack in 1941. It is believed that his father had been helping Jews escape from the Nazis.
On 29 February 1944, Wojtyła was knocked down by a German truck. He expected to be badly treated, but the German officers sent him to a hospital. He spent two weeks there with head and shoulder injuries. It was at this time that he decided that he must become a priest. When he came out of hospital, the young Polish men were being sent to Germany for training. He escaped to the house of the Archbishop and hid there till after the war. On the night of 17 January 1945, the Germans left the city. The priests and teacher and students went back to the seminary (Bible college), where there was a big clean-up to be done. Wojtyła had the job of cleaning out the lavatories.
That month, Wojtyła he found a 14-year-old Jewish refugee girl named Edith Zierer who had collapsed from hunger while trying to reach her parents. He gave her food and helped her go to the railway station. She did not hear of him again until the day came when he was elected Pope.
Karol Wojtyła was ordained as a priest by Cardinal Adam Stefan Sapieha on November 1, 1946. He then became the youngest bishop in Poland at the age of 38 in 1958. In 1962 he took part in the Second Vatican Council and helped write two very important documents. One was about Religious freedom and the other one was about the work of the church in the Modern World. In 1963 Bishop Wojtyła became Archbishop of Kraków. On 26 June 1967, Pope Paul VI announced Archbishop Wojtyła's promotion to the Sacred College of Cardinals.
Papacy.
John Paul II became Pope on October 16, 1978. John Paul II was the first non-Italian pope for 455 years. He was pope for 27 years, making him the second longest serving pope, after Pope Pius IX who held the office for 31 years and seven months. He was also the first, and still the only Slavic pope. John Paul II was the most traveled pope in history.
He learned as many languages during his lifetime, other than his native Polish. As a priest, he learnt Latin and Biblical Greek. On the day that he officially became Pope, he spoke to people in Italian, English, German, Spanish, Portuguese, Czech, Russian, Ukranian and Lithuanian He also spoke French.
John Paul II beatified many people. This means that the Pope gave these people the title of "Blessed". One example is the painter Fra Angelico, who lived in the 1400s. After studying his life and teaching, it was decided that he should officially be called "the Blessed Fra Angelico". John Paul II gave more people the title of "Blessed" than any other pope in history. He also made many saints.
In 1984 John Paul II started World Youth Day which was first held in Rome and attended by about 300,000 people. Since then it has been held in a different country every year. It encourages young people to be faithful to God, and to live together in peace. Many millions of people have attended.
His travels.
The first pope who travelled widely was Pope Paul VI. Like him, John Paul II liked to travel. While he was pope, he visited 117 countries. In total he travelled more than 1.1 million km (725,000 miles). Wherever he went, he attracted large crowds. All these travels were paid by the money of the countries he visited and not by the Vatican.
One of John Paul II's earliest official visits was to his home country of Poland, in June 1979. There, he was always surrounded by happy, cheering crowds. The Pope wanted to bring freedom and human rights to his country. His visit encouraged Poles to oppose the communism, and in 1980 the Solidarity movement was born. On later trips to Poland, he made his message of support stronger. The Soviet Union had controlled Eastern Europe for many years. In 1989, Poland was the first country to begin to break free from the Soviet Union.
John Paul II went to places where other popes before him had already been, such as the United States, or The Holy Land. He also went to many countries that no pope had ever visited before. He was the first reigning pope to travel to the United Kingdom, where he met Queen Elizabeth II, the Supreme Governor of the Church of England.
In 1982, the Pope made a visit to Japan, and in 1984 to South Korea and Puerto Rico. He was the first pope to visit Cuba. During his visit in 1988, he sharply criticized Cuba for not allowing people to freely express their religion. He also criticised the United States embargo against Cuba. In 2000, he became the first modern Catholic pope to visit Egypt, and met with the Coptic Pope, the Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Alexandria. He was the first Catholic Pope to visit and pray in an Islamic mosque, in Damascus, Syria in 2001. He visited Umayyad Mosque, where John the Baptist is believed to be buried.
In 1988 he made a trip to Lesotho to beatify Joseph Gerrad. On 15 January 1995, during the 10th World Youth Day, he offered Mass to an estimated crowd of between four and eight million in Luneta Park, Manila, Philippines. This is considered to be the largest single event in Christian history.
After the attacks on September 11, 2001, even though people were worried about his safety, the Pope traveled to Kazakhstan and spoke to large audiences including many Muslims. He also went to Armenia, to participate in the celebration of the 1700 years of Christianity. He said Mass in local languages during some visits, including Kiswahili in Nairobi, Kenya in 1995 and in an Indonesian language in East Timor.
Throughout his trips, the Pope always showed his devotion to the Blessed Virgin Mary. He visited many shrines consecrated to her, notably Knock in Ireland, Licheń Stary in Poland, Fátima in Portugal, Guadalupe in Mexico and Lourdes in France.
Attempts on his life.
On May 13, 1981, the Pope was shot twice in the abdomen by a Muslim fanatic, Mehmet Ali Ağca. The pope was gravely injured.He barely survived the assassination attempt, and had to be treated in hospital for 20 days. The pope later visited Ağca in prison. He had forgiven him already. Exactly one year later he traveled to Fatima to thank Mary, Mother of God for saving his life.
On this trip there was a second attempt to his life. A follower of the French archbishop Marcel Lefebvre tried to hurt the Pope with a bayonet. He was overpowered by the bodyguards of the Pope. Lefevbre and his followers were against the decisions of the Second Vatican Council. After this the Pope often travelled in a bullet-proof trailer known as the 'popemobile'.
Death.
John Paul died on Saturday, on the eve of the Divine Mercy Holiday, April 2 2005. The official time of death on his death certificate was 9:37 pm, but a few sources reported 9:33 pm. The death certificate stated that when the Pope died, he had Parkinson's disease, with serious breathing difficulties. The Pope had tracheotomy surgery only few weeks before his death, but it did not help and he lost lots of weight. He also enlarged prostate, urinary infection and heart disease. The causes of death were that his kidneys failed, causing blood poisoning and infection and the Pope passed away. He died while holding Archbishops Dziwish's hand. His Pope's last word was: "Amen!" (Meaning "so be it", or "so let it be done.")
The Pope's medical team used heart-monitoring machinery for more than 20 minutes, so his real and true time of death was between 9:13 and 9:15 PM Vatican time. As tradition demands, his name was called three times. When there was no reply, his papal ring was broken, which meant the end of John Paul II's papacy. (reign as pope)
Many people claimed to have been specially blessed by the reign of Pope John Paul II. Many people thought he should be given the title "Blessed". This usually takes at least five years (and may take hundreds of years). On May 13 2005, Pope Benedict XVI cut short the usual 5 year wait for the beatification process to begin. The only other time (in recent history) that this has happened was for Mother Theresa, who was made the Blessed Mother Theresa by John Paul II.
Whenever John Paul becomes a saint, it has been suggested that May 22 should be the official John Paul II Day on Church Calendar of the Saints. May 22 is 50 days after the death of the Pope. May 18 has also been suggested as his official saint day on the church's calendar. It's also Saint Pope John I's Day.
What John Paul II taught.
John Paul II was against communism. He was also a critic of capitalism that was not controlled and he did not want people's basic rights to be oppressed by world governments. He was against abortion and contraception in general. As head of the largest Christian group, John Paul II taught a conservative theological view of human sexuality. On the subject he wrote 130 topics called the Theology of the Body. He was against homosexuality, and in favor of people starting families as one husband and one wife. On April 30, 2000, John Paul instituted a Divine Mercy Holiday, according to the teachings of Saint Faustyna Kowalska and on that day she was also proclaimed a Saint of the Catholic Church. The Feast of the Mercy of God is continuously growing worldwide. John Paul is also remembered for his devotion to the Consecrated Holy Communion, the Holy Body and Blood of Christ.

Marvel Comics
Marvel Comics is a company that makes "superhero" comic books. Its top competitor is DC Comics.
Marvel has also made films and cartoons about the characters, which has made them even more popular.
Marvel used to be a company called Timely Comics in the 1940s and then Atlas Comics in the 1950s. The first comic published with the name "Marvel Comics" was "Fantastic Four" #1 in November, 1961.
You can discuss Marvel Comics at the

Lincoln, Nebraska
Lincoln is the capital city of Nebraska, United States

Nuclear fission
Nuclear fission is when atoms split apart into smaller atoms. It gives off a lot of energy, and is used in nuclear weapons and nuclear reactors. This process was discovered in December 1938 by the German nuclear chemist Otto Hahn and his assistant Fritz Strassmann in Berlin.
Certain types of the elements named "uranium" and "plutonium" can be made to fission. All atoms are small, but atoms of uranium and plutonium are very heavy. At their center is a very heavy ball called a nucleus, which is made of protons and neutrons. If a very large nucleus is shot at with a neutron, it will sometimes break into two pieces. This will release a lot of energy, and also some more neutrons. If those neutrons then hit another atom, they will do the same thing, again and again. This is called a nuclear chain-reaction, and it can release a lot of energy very quickly. Forces are measured in kilotons. One kiloton is the same as the explosive force of one thousand tons of TNT (trinitrotoluene).
In a nuclear bomb, this must happen very quickly to make a very big explosion. In a nuclear reactor, this must happen very slowly to create heat. To create heat, uranium is used to boil water in the reactor.
In nuclear reactors, fission is used to create heat, which is used to make steam. The steam is then used to power electric turbines which generate electricity.

The Fantastic Four
The Fantastic Four is a team of superheroes. The team originally appeared in a series of comic books created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby published by Marvel Comics starting in 1961. They also appeared in several cartoons and films as well.
The members of the group are scientist Reed Richards, his girlfriend/wife Sue Storm, her teenage brother Johnny Storm, and Ben Grimm, a friend of theirs. While test flying a rocket ship, they are affected by cosmic rays, and gain superpowers. Richards becomes "Mr. Fantastic" who can stretch his limbs and body for long distances and sizes. Sue became the "Invisible Girl/Woman" who could make herself invisible, create force fields, and other things. Johnny transformed into the "Human Torch" who can become a giant ball of fire. Ben turned into a rock-like creature with super-strength, called "The Thing".
They decide to use these powers for good and work from their laboratory in a New York City skyscraper.

Bob Barker
Bob Barker (December 12, 1923-present) was the host of the television game show "The Price is Right" (from 1972 to 2007). He was also seen acting as himself in the 1996 Adam Sandler comedy movie "Happy Gilmore".
Barker was the host of another game show, "Truth or Consequences", from 1956 to 1975.

Connect Four
Connect Four is a simple game. To win, players must put four of the same color markers in the yellow square so that they touch.
An example of winning connect four: the player can see the 4 o's all connected together in a pattern.

Nintendo DS
The Nintendo DS is the third newest handheld game system from Nintendo. Their newest handheld game system is the Nintendo DS Lite, a smaller version of the DS. The DS is a small, nearly pocket-size fold-up machine that lets people play video games. The games for the Nintendo DS are stored on small cartridges called "carts", which are kind of like memory card chips from digital cameras. They are small and may be easy to lose. However, they are quite sturdy, even if they are dropped. New games, such as Super Mario 64 DS, came out on the release date, and come free with the blue DS in North America.
The games' graphics are a little better than on the Nintendo 64. For most of Nintendo's systems, there have been no load times (except for the GameCube). With the DS, a level in the game loads up quickly, just like the Game Boy systems. This is because memory cards can be read a lot faster than CDs or DVDs.
The DS also has many new features. It has a new surround sound system. It not only works with games designed for the DS, but also for games designed for the Game Boy Advance. But the DS cannot play the oldest Game Boy games, or Game Boy Color games. It also features a touchscreen, a screen that, when touched with the included stylus, will cause something to happen in the game (like a PDA). There are two styluses with it, but more can be bought if they get lost.
Competiton.
The Nintendo DS is a rival competitor with Sony's PlayStation Portable. However, both Nintendo and Sony said that their products were aimed at different people, so there is "technically" no competition. At this time, the DS is enjoying good sales and has sold more units than the PSP has.
DS Lite.
In addition, Nintendo also developed and released a similar version of the DS. Known as the "DS Lite", it was first released on March 2 2006 in Japan, and June 11 2006 in the US.
The DS Lite plays the same games. It is smaller and lighter in size and weight and also has brighter screens. The console is so small that the Game Boy Advance games stick out when the player puts it into Slot 2. It also features a little cover so players can cover Slot 2 when it is not in use. The DS Lite is also sold in white, black, pink, blue, red, and silver.
Games.
Some games for the DS/DS lite are: Nintendogs, Mario Kart, Brain Age, Cooking Mama and.
Accessories.
There are many accessories for the Nintendo DS, including different coloured styluses and protective cases. Most consoles come with a screen protector and a car adaptor that charges the battery with a car's cigarette lighter.

Sam Neill
Sam Neill (born September 14, 1947) is an New Zealand actor. He has been in lots of movies. Sometimes people in Australia say he is an Australian actor. Sam Neill has been in "Jurassic Park", "Dead Calm", "Event Horizon", "Sirens" and lots of other very famous movies. Sam Neill is sometimes a bad guy and sometimes a good guy in movies.

March 18
March 18 is the 77th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (78th in leap years). There are 288 days remaining in the year.

Meteoroid
A meteoroid is what you see when a space rock, called a meteoroid is falling to Earth. It is often known as a shooting star or falling star and can be a bright light in the night sky, though most are faint. If it hits the ground, it is then called a "meteorite" and it will leave a hole in the ground called a crater. Meteoroids may range in size from large pieces of rock to tiny dust particles floating in space that did not form planets. Once the meteoroids enter Earth's atmosphere and begin to heat up break apart, they are known as meteors. Meteors are distinct from comets or asteroids, but some, especially those associated with showers, are dust particles that were ejected from comets.
There are several types of meteorites including, stony, carbonaceous chondrites, and iron-nickel. Stony meteorites are named because they are largely made up of stone-like mineral material, carbonaceous chondrites have a high carbon content and iron-nickel meteorites are mostly iron often with significant nickel as well.

Similarity
The word similarity means that two or more things share some property. This means that they have some things about them that makes them alike. The things that are similar have the same appearance or other features.
Example.
Similarity is also a word used in geometry. If a polygon has the same shape as another polygon, but a different size, then the two polygons are called similar.
The opposite of similarity is difference.

Notepad
Notepad is a word processing program. It was created by Microsoft. Notepad is a very simple word processor. It has been a part of Microsoft Windows since 1985. The program has options such as changing the font, the font size, and the font style. The most common use for Notepad is to view or edit text (.txt) files. Many users find Notepad a simple program for creating webpages. Unlike many programs created webpages, a Notepad user must write their webpages directly inHTML.

Max Planck
Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck (April 23, 1858 in Kiel - October 4, 1947 in Göttingen) was a physicist from Germany. He discovered quantum mechanics.
Life.
Plancks family was a family with a long tradition in research in several fields. His father was professor of laws. In his youth the family moved to Munich, because his father got a full professorship there.
School.
Up from 1874 Planck studied physics in Munich, he got his teachers exam in 1878. In 1879 he received his Ph.D., in 1880 he finished his habilitation.
Jobs.
In 1885 he became an extraordinary professor of theoretical physics in Göttingen. In 1889 he became a full professor in Berlin.
Achievements.
In 1900 Plack found out about the laws of thermic radiation and found the quantum theory in that way and in 1918 he got the Nobel Prize for Physics. Up from 1905 he was mentor of Albert Einstein but unlike Einstein, he stayed in Germany in the Nazi time.
Death.
He married 2 times and had 5 children, 3 who died young that left him with two sons.

Jay Leno
Jay Leno (born James Douglas Muir on April 28, 1950) is an American comedian who works on late night television. He has been host of "The Tonight Show" since 1992, when Johnny Carson decided not to do it anymore. In 2007, during the writer's strike, Leno was on the side of the writers. After two months he went back to the show because he had paying wages to his staff (since there was no work) and could no longer pay them.
He guest-starred in the "Nickelodeon" TV series "The Fairly OddParents" as the "Crimson Chin" twice, his character's name emphasizes the fact that Leno has a large and square chin.

Vancouver, British Columbia
Vancouver is a coastal city and major seaport, located on the mainland of southwestern British Columbia, Canada. It is the largest city in British Columbia and 3rd largest in Canada, with a population over 2 million.
Origin.
Vancouver was founded in 1886, and is named after George Vancouver, a sailor from England. He was alive in the 1700s, and was on a boat that found the area around Vancouver and Vancouver Island.
Buildings and information.
Vancouver has the largest shopping mall in all of British Columbia.
The University of British Columbia is located in Vancouver, as well as Vancouver International Airport.
Vancouver also has Stanley Park which has beaches and totem poles. Nearby is Grouse Mountain which has excellent skiing. Grouse Mountain also has an animal sanctuary, including wolves and bears.
The 2010 Winter Olympics will be held in Vancouver.
Vancouver has a hockey team that is famous for constantly making the playoffs known as the Vancouver Canucks.
The Vancouver Whitecaps soccer team play in the USL First Division, and have enjoyed much recent success.

Nunavut
Nunavut is a territory in Canada.It was founded in 1999 when many Inuit living in the Northwest Territories wanted to have an independent province and government. Its capital is named Iqaluit. It is located in the north of Canada, and has a particularly cold climate for much of the year. It has a large native population (mainly Inuit).
The main form of transportation is the snowmobile. For the first week of being a separate unit, it was the Province of Nunavut. But after a week it was renamed Nunavut Territory.

Steve Martin
Stephen Glenn Martin (born August 14, 1945) is an American comedian and actor.
Early years.
Martin was born in Waco, Texas to Glenn Vernon Martin, a real estate salesman and aspiring actor, and Mary Lee Stewart, a housewife. Martin was raised in Garden Grove, California. He is of English, Irish and Scottish descent.
As a teenager, Martin started out working at the Magic Shop at Disneyland. There he developed his talents for magic, juggling, playing the banjo and creating balloon animals. He teamed up with friend and Garden Grove High School classmate Kathy Westmoreland to do a musical comedy routine. They performed at local coffee houses and at the Bird Cage Theater in Knott's Berry Farm. Martin attended Santa Ana College at the same time as actress Diane Keaton.
"It changed what I believe and what I think about everything. I majored in philosophy. Something about non sequiturs appealed to me. In philosophy, I started studying logic, and they were talking about cause and effect, and you start to realize, 'Hey, there is no cause and effect! There is no logic! There is no anything!' Then it gets real easy to write this stuff, because all you have to do is twist everything hard—you twist the punch line, you twist the non sequitur so hard away from the things that set it up, that it's easy... and it's thrilling."
Martin's girlfriend in 1967 was a dancer on "The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour". She helped Martin get a writing job with the show by submitting his work to head writer Mason Williams. Williams initially paid Martin out of his own pocket. Along with the other writers for the show, Martin won an Emmy Award in 1969. Martin also wrote for John Denver (a neighbor of his in Aspen, Colorado at one point), The Glen Campbell Goodtime Hour, and The Sonny and Cher Comedy Hour. He also appeared on these shows and several others, in various comedy skits.
Martin also performed his own material, sometimes as an opening act for groups such as The Nitty Gritty Dirt Band and The Carpenters. He appeared at San Francisco's The Boarding House among other places. He continued to write, earning an Emmy nomination for his work on Van Dyke and Company in 1976.
Fame.
In the mid-1970s, he made appearances as a stand up comedian on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson. That exposure, together with appearances on HBO's On Location and NBC's Saturday Night Live (SNL) led to his first of four comedy albums, "Let's Get Small". The album was a huge success.
His next album, "A Wild and Crazy Guy", was a bigger success. It reached the #2 spot on the sales chart in the United States. It created a catch phrase (the album's title). It was based on an SNL skit in which Martin and Dan Aykroyd played a couple of bumbling Czechoslovakian playboys. The album was a million seller.
Both albums won Grammys for Best Comedy Recording in 1977 and 1978 respectively.
Movie career.
Martin's first movie was a short, "The Absent-Minded Waiter" (1977). The seven-minute long movie, also featuring Buck Henry and Teri Garr, was written by and starred Martin. The movie was nominated for an Academy Award as Best Short Film, Live Action. His first feature movie appearance was in the musical "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band". He sang the Beatles' "Maxwell's Silver Hammer".
In 1979, Martin wrote and starred in his first full-length movie, "The Jerk", directed by Carl Reiner. The movie was a huge success, grossing over $73 million. Martin was in three more Reiner-directed comedies after "The Jerk": "Dead Men Don't Wear Plaid" in 1982, "The Man with Two Brains" in 1983 and "All of Me" in 1984. In 1986, Martin joined fellow Saturday Night Live veterans Martin Short and Chevy Chase in "¡Three Amigos"!, directed by John Landis.
In 1986, Martin was in the musical movie version of the hit off-Broadway play "Little Shop of Horrors" as a sadistic dentist, Orin Scrivello.
In 1987, Martin joined comedian John Candy in the John Hughes movie, "Planes, Trains & Automobiles". That same year, the Cyrano de Bergerac adaptation "Roxanne" won him a Writers Guild of America award. In 1988, he did "Dirty Rotten Scoundrels" with Michael Caine and directed by Frank Oz.
In 2005, Martin wrote and starred in "Shopgirl". Martin played a wealthy businessman who strikes up a romance with a Saks 5th Avenue counter girl (Claire Danes). He also starred in "Cheaper by the Dozen 2" that year. Martin's latest work was in the 2006 remake of "The Pink Panther".

Richard Attenborough
Richard Attenborough (born August 29, 1923) is an English movie producer and actor. He was born in Cambridge, England. Richard Attenborough left his home when he was 17 to attend the Royal Academy of Dramtic Arts in London. He then earned his first West End theater role, then went to national stardom in the play "Brighton Rock". Richard Attenborough then later became a producer and director. He produced and directed the film "Gandhi". Gandhi won 5 British Academy Awards and 8 American Oscars.

Robin Williams
Robin Williams (July 21, 1952) is an American actor and comedian. He first became famous on the television show, "Mork and Mindy". Since that time he has appeared in many movies including,

Bamboo
Bamboo is a name for more than one thousand species of giant grasses. There are about 91 different genera. All bamboos have wood-like stems. Bamboo mainly grows in America and in Asia but can easily grow in Europe.
Bamboo grows in clumps and can be up to 40 metres (130 feet). David Farrelly, in his book "The Book of Bamboo", says that bamboo has been measured to grow 1.21 meter (47.6 inches) in a 24-hour period. Most bamboos (used for gardening) will grow more like 3 cm to 5 cm (1-2 inches)a day, though.
Almost all species of bamboo have hollow stems divided into nodes or joints. The stem can be up to 30 cm in diameter. Each of the node has one side bud. Not all of those buds develop into branches, but some do. This makes bamboo one of the few grasses that have a branch structure. Bamboo rarely flowers. Some species only flower once, and then die off. The distance of two joints in a bamboo is the basis of a traditional Japanese unit of measurement, "shaku".
Uses.
Bamboo is used to make lots of things and is a construction material. The stems of larger trees are used to build houses, bridges, and other things that have to be constructed such as boat masts, paper, fences, furniture, bongs, and wickerwork. It can be used for scaffolding. Bamboo is an easy construction material that is not too expensive.
Bamboo shoots can also be used as human food. Bamboo shoots (new bamboo culms that come out of the ground) are usually cooked before being eaten. Most temperate bamboos can be eaten without cooking if they are not too bitter.
As some may contain cyanogens, cooking is better. The only Phyllostachys known to have potentially toxic concentrations of cyanogens is Ph. heterocycla pubescens, also known as Ph. edulis and as Moso.

Trojan War
The Trojan War was one of the greatest wars in Greek mythology. It is mostly known through the "Iliad" and the "Odyssey", two epic poems written by the Ancient Greek poet Homer.
It is said this war never happened. The war probably took place in the 13th or 12th century BC.
The origins of the war.
The origins of the war started at the wedding of King Peleus and the nereid Thetis. They had invited almost all the gods to their wedding. But they did not invite Eris, goddess of strife. She was angry and she threw a golden apple among the guests on which was written "To the Fairest". The goddesses Hera, Athena, and Aphrodite caught the apple at the same time and fought over who was the most beautiful. Because they could not end the fight by themselves, they went to Zeus, the king of the gods. Zeus chose Paris to decide, and give the apple to who he wanted. Each of the three goddesses offered Paris gifts so he would chose her. Hera offered Paris all of Asia. Athena offered him wisdom. Then Aphrodite offered him the most beautiful woman. Paris gave the apple to Aphrodite. Of course, Aphrodite had not thought about the fact that the most beautiful woman, Helen, Queen of Sparta, already had a husband. But Aphrodite had her son, Eros, shoot Helen with a golden arrow and fall in love with Paris. She left with Paris to his kingdom of Troy. Menelaus, Helen's husband, soon declared war on Troy to retrieve his queen. This began the Trojan war.
The Trojan Horse.
The war went on for ten years. Some famous people were Achilles, Paris, and Hector. The Greeks won by building a big wooden horse. This became named the Trojan Horse. Some Greek people hid inside the horse, and the rest put the horse on the shore and left in their boats. The Trojans saw the horse and thought that the Greeks had surrendered (stopped trying to win the war). They thought that the horse was a present. They dragged the horse into Troy and celebrated their victory. When it became night, the Greeks hiding inside the horse, opened the city gates and set fire to the houses. The Greeks who had left in their boats, had just pretended to leave to trick the Trojans. They had actually just hidden behind islands. They returned and won the war. The trick was thought up by Odysseus (or Ulysses as he was also known), King of the small island of Ithaca.
What really happened.
Many people of the time thought the war had really happened. They also thought that Homer had exaggerated the events, to better fit the needs of poetry. In the mid-19th century the German archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann discovered the ruins of a city which he identified as Troy.
Some Hittite and Egyptian texts talk about the war too. They say that a confederation of 22 cities went to war.

Cruise ship
A cruise ship (or cruise liner) is a large ship with sleeping cabins that takes people on holiday and vacationtrips. Hundreds of thousands of people take cruises each year. Cruise ship vacations usually cost about $600 US per week per person. This includes meals in the ship's restaurant and a small cabin to live in.
Today's cruise ships are like floating hotels. They have a complete "hospitality staff" (to serve food and help passengers in other ways) as well as the usual ship's crew. The largest cruise ships have casinos, shops, many restaurants, several pools, and a running track. The most expensive cruises often have more crew and staff than passengers. This means that the people who control the cruise can give many personal services.
Today, hundreds of cruise ships sail all over the world. Some carry over 3,000 passengers. These are some of the largest ships ever built. For some places, such as Antarctica, cruise ships are one of the only way for tourists to visit.

Windows Media Player
Windows Media Player is a digital media player made by Microsoft. It is already installed on Microsoft Windows operating systems, and an older version is available for some Apple Macintosh operating systems. The program allows people to watch certain video files and play music files that are in a compatible format. How the program looks can also be changed with skins, and it can be made small enough to fit on the taskbar.

Listen Up
Listen Up! was a 2004 CBS television series. It was a sitcom starring Jason Alexander as Tony Kleinman, a sportscaster from the fictional "Listen Up!" His cohost is named Bernie, and is a hall of famer. Jason has a wife, Dana, and two kids, one named Mickey. Mickey is very good at golf, but gets low grades.
The series only lasted for one season, which is 22 episodes long.

Jurassic Park III
Jurassic Park III is a 2001 motion picture and the third "Jurassic Park" movie. Paul Kirby, who says he is a rich business owner, convinces Dr. Alan Grant and his assistant, Billy Brennan, to take him and his wife to Isla Sorna as a vacation and serve as a guide. Actually, Kirby and his wife want to search for their son, who was stranded on Isla Sorna while on a parasailing trip. After crashing on the island, they are attacked by a Spinosaurus, who kills several members of their party. After escaping, the remaining people start hiking for the coast, fighting many dinosaurs, including the Spinosaurus, along the way.

Laura Dern
Laura Elizabeth Dern (born February 10, 1967) is an American actress. She received an Oscar and Golden Globe Award for her performance as Rose in "Rambling Rose". For the HBO film "Afterburn", she received an Emmy Award nomination and a Golden Globe Award. She has also won Independent Spirit Awards for "Blue Velvet" and "Smooth Talk".

Trailer (movie)
A movie trailer is a short showing of a future (not yet released) movie. They are shown in a theater before the current movie starts. They are often later shown in advertisements for DVD releases, and broadcasts of the movie on television.

Michael Crichton
Michael Crichton (October 23, 1942 – November 4, 2008) was the author of many books. He was also a producer, director, and doctor. Crichton is well known for Jurassic Park, a book that became a film series. He has also written books such as "Prey" and "The Lost World". Crichton has also created the "E.R." television show. In November 2008, he died of cancer.

Andreas Baader
Andreas Bernd Baader (May 6, 1943 - October 18, 1977) was born in Munich, Germany was a German terrorist.
He was one of the first leaders of the "Baader-Meinhof gang", later it was called the Red Army Faction or RAF.
Start of the Baader-Meinhof gang.
In 1968, Baader and his girlfriend Gudrun Ensslin were convicted of the setting fire to a department store in Frankfurt am Main.
They were arrested and sent to jail, but Baader escaped. He was caught in April 1970, but in May 1970, he was allowed to go a library outside the prison.
Journalist Ulrike Meinhof and two other women were allowed to join him. They let a masked man into the library who fired shots at a 64-year-old librarian. Baader, the three women and the masked man fled through a window, and the group soon became known as the "Baader-Meinhof Gang".
Baader and others then spent some time in a Palestinian military training camp in Jordan before being thrown out. Back in Germany, Baader robbed banks and bombed buildings from 1970 to 1972. On 1 June 1972, he and fellow RAF members Jan-Carl Raspe and Holger Meins were caught after a gunfight in Frankfurt.
Meins died during a hunger strike in Stammheim Prison in 1974. This was when philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre visited Baader. He described Baader as "incredibly stupid" and "an asshole".
Stammheim.
From 1975 to 1977, there was a long and expensive trial in a specially fortified building on the grounds of Stuttgart's Stammheim prison. Their jailers said Baader and the others kept their cells as dirty and disgusting as possible in stop searches for things that might be smuggled in; at this time lawyers and defendants were not separated by panes of glass during unsupervised meetings.
Ulrike Meinhof was found dead in her cell at Stuttgart-Stammheim on 9 May 1976, hanging from the ceiling. Members of the Red Army Faction and others claimed that she was killed by the German government. The so-called "second generation of the RAF" committed several kidnappings and killings in a campaign in support of the prisoners. The three remaining defendants were convicted in April 1977 of several murders, attempted murders, and of forming a terrorist organization, and were sentenced to life imprisonment.
Hanns Martin Schleyer was kidnapped on 5 September 1977 and Lufthansa Flight 181 was hijacked in mid-October to try to force the release of Baader and ten other RAF members.
After several weeks that were called "the German Autumn", the passengers of the aeroplane were freed in an assault carried out by German GSG 9 special forces in the early hours of 18 October 1977.
Next morning, Andreas Baader and Jan-Carl Raspe were found in their prison cells, deadd from gunshot wounds. Gudrun Ensslin was found hanging. RAF member Irmgard Möller was found with four stab wounds to her chest, but survived.
All the official inquiries said that Baader and the others two committed suicide. Möller still insists that the deaths and her injury were extrajudicial executions.
In fiction.
In 2002, director Christopher Roth released a film about Baader titled "Baader".
See also.
Hitler's Children: The story of the Baader Meinhof Terrorist Gang by Jillian Becker

Meher Baba
Meher Baba (February 25, 1894 - January 31, 1969) was a spiritual teacher who lived in India. Baba's real birth name was Merwan Irani and his parents' names were Sheriar and Shireen Irani. His family lived in India, but they were of Persian descent. Today Persia is called Iran. They were not Hindus or Muslims like most Indians at that time, but were of the Zoroastrian religion.
Baba had a normal childhood and liked poetry and sports, especially cricket. When Baba was thirteen years old he started a boy's club with his best school friends called "The Cosmopolitan Club". The boys in the club kept up on the news, practiced public speaking at their clubhouse, and raised money to give to the poor. As Baba got older he worked for his father in his father's tavern where he served a cheap kind of wine called toddy made from the sap of palm trees.
Baba lived in Pune, India where he graduated from St. Vincent's High School and attended Deccan College. In 1913, when Baba was nineteen, he was coming home from college riding a bicycle. A very old Muslim woman named Hazrat Babajan who was sitting under a tree called to him. She kissed him on the forehead. Baba later said that he became so dazed after this kiss that he could barely find his way home, and that when Babajan kissed him, he realized God within himself. He was so dazed that he had to stay in bed for several weeks. A year later, Baba met a Hindu holy man named Upasni Maharaj. Baba went to live with Upasni in the village of Sakori. He learned from Upasni and obeyed Upasni's orders.
Baba stayed with Upasni for seven years, until he was twenty seven years old. Then Upasni told some of his followers that from then on Baba would be their spiritual guide. Baba eventually took these new followers to Ahmednagar, to a place now called Meherabad. There he gave lessons in spirituality, worked with the poor, and started a free boarding school. Gradually other people started to follow Meher Baba.
For most of his life Baba did not speak. He started his silence in 1925. He communicated by pointing to letters painted on an "alphabet board" at first, and later used his own form of sign language. He kept silent until his death in 1969. Some people called him "The Silent Master" and there is a book by that title.
Meher Baba travelled around the world many times. He visited many countries. He spent several months in England, Australia and the United States. Many thousands of people came to see him. Some of them became his followers.
In 1954, when Baba was sixty years old, he said to others that he was the Avatar. In the ancient language of Sanskrit, the word "Avatar" means one who has come down from God. Baba said that the Avatar is born on Earth every 700-1400 years, and comes to help others find God. Meher Baba said that in the past the Avatar had been on Earth as Zoroaster, Rama, Krishna, Buddha, Jesus, and Muhammad.
Meher Baba's most famous quote is "Don't Worry, Be Happy" partly because it appeared in a popular song by Bobby McFerrin. Others know of him because of the song "Baba O'Reilly" written by Pete Townshend who is a follower of his and named the song partly after Baba.
He wrote two important books. In "Discourses", Meher Baba wrote about how to live a good life, how to meditate, and how to love God. In "God Speaks", Meher Baba wrote about how the soul seeks God over many lifetimes. He said, "Real happiness lies in making others happy." He showed his followers that the best path is to love God at all times by loving your fellow man.
He also said he had not come to start a new religion -- that it was better to truly follow one's own religion. Because of this, he has followers who are Zoroastrians, Christians, Jews, Hindus, Muslims, Sufis, Buddhists, and Sikhs. There are also atheists and agnostics who do not necessarily believe in God, but who are attracted purely to his simple philosophy of leading an honest and loving life.

Uno (card game)
"Uno" is a card game that was made by Merle Robbins in 1971. It has since been bought by a company named Mattel. It uses 108 special cards that can only be used to play "Uno". It is similar to Crazy Eights.
The cards are put into 4 different groups: Red cards, green cards, blue cards and yellow cards. There is also some other special cards called "Special Cards". Skip, Reverse, Draw +2, Wild, Wild +4 cards allow you to do something you cannot normally do, such as pick up two more cards.
The game's name is also sometimes written in capital letters - "UNO".

Electrical engineering
Electrical engineers develop (think and make) different things that use electricity in a helping way. They fix or design a better way of using devices that use electricity.
History.
The first universities in the world taught philosophy and then science. With more learning they had to start teaching new parts of these sciences. When humans made industry, mathematics, physics and chemistry were mande, then mechanical engineering. When electricity was used more, they had to make a new part called electrical engineering. Big subjects in electrical engineering are power, automation and control, semiconductors, and information technology (high frequency and computer). These change in different countries. Software engineering has become a new branch.

Design
Design is a visual look and/or a shape given to a certain object, in order to make it more attractive, make it more comfortable or to improve another characteristic. Designers use tools from geometry and art. Design is sometimes divided to sub-categories: graphic design, buildings and nature design, consumer goods design.
Design is also a methodology used to create an object (virtual or not).

Star Trek
"Star Trek" is a science fiction television show.
It was originally created by Gene Roddenberry and first was shown in the U.S. from 1966 to 1969, and inspired five more television series, ten movies, and a range of books, magazines, comic strips and so much more. All the Star Trek stories together are probably longer than any other science fiction series ever produced.
Movies.
There are a lot of written stories about Star Trek, too. But the Paramount Studios does not accept them. So there are small and big things that aren't the same between "official Star Trek" and some of the written Star Trek stories.
Idea of Star Trek.
The idea of "Star Trek" is that after mankind nearly killed itself completely in a World War III (the original stories were written in the time of the Cold War), a man called Zephram Cochrane invented a way to travel with speeds greater than the speed of light ("warp technology"). Because of this invention, mankind has contact with extraterrestrial life. This part of the story (shown in ') takes place in the second half of the 21st century. In the 22nd century mankind, Vulcans and a lot of other species from other planets start the United Federation of Planets, often called just "the Federation". The reason the Vulcans did not make first contact before the invention of warp technology was because the Vulcans did not believe in interfering with the natural evolution of a species. Later, the Federation also adopted this philosophy as their "Prime Directive".
Star Trek: The Original Series.
The original "Star Trek" from 1966 is the story of the starship "Enterprise" (NCC-1701) under the command of Captain James T. Kirk (played by William Shatner) and his half-Human half-Vulcan (alien species) first officer Commander Spock (played by Leonard Nimoy) in the 23rd century.
The "Enterprise" travels through parts of the galaxy, and the crew meets a lot of strange cultures. The main characters (Kirk, Spock, Doctor Leonard McCoy (played by DeForest Kelley, Lt. Uhura and the genius engineer Montgomery Scott, called "Scotty") are often in danger. However, because of Kirk's daring, Spock's intelligence, or Scotty's skill, the crew always survives.
Star Trek: The Next Generation.
More than 20 years after the first series, ' started. The new starship was the "Enterprise D" (NCC-1701-D) under Captain Jean-Luc Picard (played by Patrick Stewart). His first officer Commander William T. Riker (played by Jonathan Frakes), medical doctor Beverly Crusher, chief engineer Geordi La Forge, the android Lt. Cmdr. Data, and Lieutenant Worf, who is Klingon are the main members of the crew. The stories take place in the 24th century.
Enterprise.
A few years later, there was another Star Trek series that was set in the time before the first one: "Enterprise". It often went against what was already known about the world of Star Trek. The main characters are Captain Jonathan Archer, Subcommander T'Pol (a Vulcan woman), communications officer and expert linguistic Ensign Hoshi Sato, engineer Commander Charles "Trip" Tucker III, chief of security Malcolm Reed and Ensign Mayweather.
Themes.
Often "Star Trek" has something to do with the state of the world at the time the stories were filmed. For example, Star Trek VI shows the end of the conflict between the Federation and the Klingon Empire, similar to the end of the Cold War, following a disaster similar to Chernobyl.

Tunnel
A tunnel is an underground passage. Some tunnels are used for cars, and others are used for trains. Sometimes, a tunnel is used for movement of ships. Some tunnels are built for communication cables and some are built for electricity cables. Other tunnels are built for animals.
Tunnels are dug in different kinds of grounds, from soft sand to hard rock. The way of digging is chosen by the type of ground. There are two additional ways of digging: quarry and 'cut and cover'. In quarry, the tunnel path is drilled in a horizontal way.
This system requires a deep tunnel that's built in a firm rock. In the 'cut and cover' system, a tunnel is dug in the ground and afterwards a roof is built above the tunnel. This system fits tunnels that are close to the ground like road tunnels and infrastructure.
Building tunnels is a large civil engineering project that could cost very high sums of money. The planning and building of a long tunnel may take many years.
The Channel Tunnel between France and England is one of the longest tunnels in the world. It is 50 kilometers long. The longest tunnel in the world, the "Gotthard Base Tunnel", is being dug in Switzerland.

Salvation Army
The Salvation Army is a Christian organization. It was founded by William and Catherine Booth in the East End of London, England in 1865. It operates in over 100 countries, today and its members solely devote themselves to helping those in need, like the homeless, the sick, the poor, and others, and teaching Christian morals. It operates things like homeless shelters, thrift stores, orphanages, help centers, fund-raisers, and a brass band, all which relies on donations of money from people. It was called the Christian Mission to start with, but in 1878, it was renamed The Salvation Army.

Orphanage
An orphanage (or children's home) is an institution which cares for children whose parents have died or have abandoned them. In English, such children are called orphans. Historically it was very often the church or the state who cared for orphans. Today, however, most orphanages are being turned into other services. The people who run those services very often try to place the children in a family that might adopt them.

London Underground
The London Underground is a system of electric trains operating in London, United Kingdom. It is the oldest Underground railway in the world. It started running in 1863 as "Metropolitan Railway". After the opening the system was copied in many other cities, for example New York and Madrid. Even though it is called "the Underground" about half of it is above the ground. The "Tube" is a slang name for the London Underground, because the tunnels for some of the lines are round tubes running through the ground. The Underground has got 274 stations and over 408 km of track. Some lines and stations were also closed after a time, for example Aldwych. From 2006-2007 over 1 billion passengers used the underground.
Underground train systems in other cities may be called "metros" or "subways" (in North America). "Subway" is used in Britain to refer to underground walkways.
Beginnings.
The Metropolitan line was the first section of the Underground. It was opened in 1863. It ran between Paddington and Farringdon. It took 40.000 passengers per day. In 1884 the circle line was finished.
1890 the first electrical line was opened. Now it belongs to the Northern Line
Into the 20th century.
Because the different lines were run by different companies, changing lines was difficult. Between 1900 and 1902 Charles Yerkes bought most of the companies and formed a company named Underground Electric Railways of London Company Ltd, short UERL.
In the 1930s and 1940s.
In 1933 a company was formed of all the bus, tram and underground companies, called London Passenger Transport Board (LPTB). It planned to make the network longer, but the war stopped this. In the war some Underground stations were used as shelters against bombs.
After the war.
After the war more passengers used the underground. Because of that they built the Victoria Line which took over many passengers. The Piccadilly Line was built further to Heathrow Airport in 1977. The Jubilee Line was opened in 1979. In 1999 the Jubilee Line was built longer to Stratford...
Trains.
The system uses two kinds of trains, a big one and a small one. The big ones are used for the rectangular tunnels (District Line, Metropolitan Line, Circle Line), the small ones for the round tunnels.
The underground uses trains built between 1960 and 1996
Stations.
The Underground usually drives to 274 stations, but one station is closed for fixing, Shepherds Bush.
14 Stations are outside of London.
Lines.
Here is a list of the London Underground lines
Tickets.
The Underground uses zones to collect fares.
Zone 1 is the most central, with a boundary just beyond the Circle Line, and Zone 6 is the outermost and includes London Heathrow Airport. Stations on the Metropolitan Line outside London are in special Zones A to D.
There are ticket offices, some open only in the rush-hour, and ticket machines, which can be used at any time. Some machines take coins only, other touch-screen machines take coins and English notes, and usually give change. These machines also take credit and debit cards: some newer machines accept cards only.
Station access.
When most of the stations in the London Underground system were built, disabled and wheelchair access was not considered. While many above-ground stations have only a few steps to the platform, nearly all Underground stations have some of the systems's 410 escalators and 112 lifts (elevators). Newer stations include disabled access, and many older stations install disabled access when they are refurbished or rebuilt. Since 2004, maps inside the trains show which stations have step-free access from street level. Transport for London plan to have a network of over 100 fully accessible stations by 2020, which means that 75% of Tube journeys can be made with step-free access.
The escalators in the London Underground system are some of the longest in Europe. They run 20 hours a day, 364 days a year and are used by 13,000 people per hour, with 95% of them running at one time.
Accidents.
There have been relatively few accidents in the Underground's history. Most happen if people accidentally fall onto the tracks. In some stations there are pits in the middle of the track to stop people being injured if they fall onto the track. Newly rebuilt parts of the system, especially on the Jubilee line, have platform doors. These doors only open when a train stops and prevent people falling or jumping onto the tracks.
Platform doors.
In recent years, refurbished and rebuilt parts of the Underground, especially the Jubilee Line (around Westminster) have had sliding platform doors installed to prevent people falling off the platform onto the tracks, and discourage/prevent suicides.
Bomb Attacks.
In the 30s, 70s and 90s the Underground was bombed many times by the IRA, and for this reason there have been no wastebins in or around stations until very recently, when clear plastic sacks were introduced in some parts of the system. On 7th July 2005 there were three attacks by radical Islamic terrorists on two Circle Line trains and on one Piccadilly Line.
Smoking.
Smoking is not allowed in any part of the underground. This ban happened after a Fire in King's Cross Station in 1987.
Piccadilly Line extension to Terminal 5.
A new station is being built on the Piccadilly Line for the new Terminal 5 of Heathrow Airport. The new part is called the PiccEx. It has two-platform station, two sidings where trains can be put, a ventilation shaft and two escape shafts. Building of the two tunnels, the ventilation shaft, one escape shaft and parts of T5 station have been finished and tracks are being laid. The junction between PiccEx and the Heathrow Loop is being built. This work required that the tunnel between Terminal 4 and Terminals 1,2,3 could not be used until 17 September 2006. The extension will open in 2008.
East London Line extension.
There are plans to extend the East London Line (ELL) to the north and the south.Shoreditch station was closed in June 2006 and the line north of Whitechapel will run on the old Broad Street viaduct to Dalston and along the North London Line to Highbury & Islington, for a interchange with the Victoria Line. To the south, two branches are planned, using railway lines, that are already built. The first will run to West Croydon, the second to Clapham Junction.
The East London Line will become a more important line, and when the extension is open it will be run as part of the London Overground.
Criticism.
The commuters of London often complain about the Underground. Even newspapers, especially the Evening Standard, often criticises the system.
Usually the complaints are about delays, overcrowding and the fares. Sometimes even strikes happen among London Underground Staff. An example is planned strike over staff pay.
Fares.
London Underground fares are now the most expensive of any rail system around the world, including the luxorious Orient Express, and they continue to rise at very high levels.. Concern has also been raised over the huge difference between oyster card fares and cash fares, with the criticism that the high cash fares will discourage tourists and day visitors to London from travelling around the City..
Delays.
Because the underground is a very old system, engineering work is often needed and often causes delays. There can be other reasons as well, for example signal failures or other breakdowns. Customers can claim a refund if their tube journey is delayed for more than 15 minutes due to problems within the control of Transport For London.
Overcrowding.
Because many more commuters use the underground then planned, overcrowding often happens. This can cause stress and frustration with the underground system among commuters. According to a report by MPs, commuters face "a daily trauma" and are often forced to travel in "intolerable conditions"
Industrial action.
Because so many passengers travel on the London Underground network every day, strikes or industrial actions on the Underground network have a very high impact on London's traffic and can impact on London's economy. London Underground and the rail unions claim to be under high pressure from the working public, private businesses and government departments.
Strike actions on the London Underground occur for a number of reasons, including health and safety, working conditions and pay levels.

Democracy Now!
"Democracy Now!" is a radio and TV program that has generally liberal views.

Socialist Party (England and Wales)
The Socialist Party is a Socialist political party active in England and Wales and part of the Committee for a Workers' International. They publish a weekly newspaper entitled "The Socialist" and a monthly "Socialism Today". As an organisation, it has evolved from the Militant Tendency, who in the early 1980s started to be expelled from the Labour Party, for organising a mass campaign against the Poll Tax.
There was a debate with the Militant Tendency as to whether or not to cease working within the Labour Party and the majority of the group decided to do so, although a minority around Ted Grant broke away to form Socialist Appeal. This debate ran alongside a parallel debate on the future of Scottish politics. The result was that the experiment of operating as an "open party" was first undertaken in Scotland under the name of Scottish Militant Labour. This initiative would eventually lead to the foundation of the Scottish Socialist Alliance. The majority of Scottish members, after forming the Scottish Socialist Party, left the CWI in early 2001 as they moved away from traditional Trotskyist politics.
For a while, the party was known as "Militant Labour". In 1997, the group changed its name to the Socialist Party, but the ownership of this name has been contested by the much older Socialist Party of Great Britain. As a result, the new party is frequently known as "The Socialist Party of England and Wales". In elections, it has had to use the name "Socialist Alternative". They were one of the founders of the local Socialist Alliance groups, but they left in 2001.
Since ending their tenure in the Socialist Alliance, the Socialist Party has run candidates in elections as "Socialist Alternative". Following the UK local elections, 2006, it has three councillors in Coventry, one in Stoke, two in Lewisham, South London and one in Huddersfield. In February 2005, the Socialist Party announced plans to contest the 2005 parliamentary elections as part of a new electoral alliance called the Socialist Green Unity Coalition. Several former components of the Socialist Alliance that did not join Respect also joined the SGUC.
The Socialist Party is a smaller organisation than the Militant of the 1980s, but has influence in some trade unions. In 2005, 23 Socialist Party members are elected members of trade union national executive committees. Under the leadership of Peter Taaffe, their policies have remained close to the Trotskyist mainstream. Their demand for the nationalisation of the one hundred and fifty top British companies and their longstanding practice of running in elections has led some critics to label them as reformists though the party insists that their method is based on Trotsky's Transitional Programme.
The Socialist Party is affiliated to the Committee for a Workers International, and is indeed the largest of its forty members. The party participates also in the broader European Anticapitalist Left.
In November 2005 at its annual 'Socialism' event, the Socialist Party formally launched the 'Campaign for a New Workers' Party' with the aim of persuading individuals, campaigners and trade unions to help set up and back a new broad left alternative to New Labour that would fight for working class people. The National Union of Rail, Maritime and Transport Workers (RMT union) held a conference in January 2006 to address what it calls 'The crisis in working class representation', in which Dave Nellist was invited to speak. Most of the speakers were in favour of a broad left alternative to New Labour. The remaining speakers, such as MP John McDonnell, wished it well.

Socialist teachers
Socialist Teachers are a group of members of the Socialist Party (England and Wales) in the National Union of Teachers(NUT).
It is associated with CNWP teachers and its members work with other socialists and trade union activists in the STA (Socialist Teachers' Alliance) and CDFU (Campaign for a Democratic and Fighting Union).
Socialist Party teacher Martin Powell-Davies stood for the general secretary of the NUT in 2004 and polled 6,482 first-preference votes.

National Union of Teachers
The National Union of Teachers is the largest teachers union in the United Kingdom. It has a policy of campaigning on educational issues as well as the conditions of service of its members.

Socialist Party
In some cases, those parties are more social-democrat than socialist.
See also: Democratic Socialist Party, Social Democratic Party, Socialist Labour Party, Socialist Workers Party, National Socialist Party, Communist Party, List of political parties.

February 20
Other websites.
February 19 - February 21 - January 20 - March 20 -- listing of all days

Dave Grohl
David Eric Grohl, usually known as Dave Grohl, is an American rock musician and singer. He is best known as the lead singer of rock band Foo Fighters and the drummer of the grunge band Nirvana. He has also been in many other bands, and recorded songs with even more.
Early Life.
Dave Grohl lived most of his early life in and around Washington DC. He played in many local punk bands, on guitar. By 15 years old he was a drummer in the hardcore punk band, Scream. Scream toured all over the United States and Europe but broke up in 1989. After they broke up he tried out to be a drummer in a small band called Nirvana.
Nirvana.
Grohl joined Nirvana in 1990, along with Krist Novoselic and Kurt Cobain. They went on to be one of the most successful bands of the decade, selling over 50 million albums worldwide. Grohl joined shortly before the release of Nevermind. Nevermind proved to be a classic album, one that is still a big influence on the alternative metal and alternative rock scene. The band only recorded one more studio album though, In Utero in 1993. On April 8 1994, Kurt Cobain's body was found at his home in Seattle. He had shot himself in the head with a shotgun. This basically ended Nirvana and Grohl started his own band Foo Fighters in 1995.
Foo Fighters.
The original Foo Fighters album was recorded entirely by Grohl himself. He recorded the parts for each instrument one at a time and then combined them. Foo Fighters are now a multi grammy award winning rock band and sell out huge arenas when they go on tour.

Embryo
Embryo is an early stage of animal or human development. The embryo comes from the zygote, and grows into the fetus.
The embryo contains the basic cells needed to create a living thing. The cells contain DNA, which is thought of as the building block of life. DNA is like a map, that shows every characteristic of the living thing.

WordPad
Wordpad, like Notepad allows the user to word process items. Wordpad gives the user more options, yet has the basic ones that Notepad has. Wordpad has new features like changing the color of the font, adding bullets, adding effects to the font other than the bold and italic (like underline), and lets the user to align his/her document, such as center, right, and left. Microsoft is the devolper of Wordpad.

Microsoft Paint
Paint is a computer program made by Microsoft. It allows the user to create pictures by adding text, color, shapes and more. Paint has features like paint brush, pencil, airbrush, and eraser.

My Computer
My Computer is seen on the Microsoft Windows computers. My computer allows the user to acess the local drives, such as the local disk, also known as the C: Drive. The user can also access external drives. Examples of an external drive are a floppy disk drive (A: Drive) and the CD Drive (D:). My computer also lets the user access My Documents and other files.

Trilogy
A trilogy is a series with three parts. For example, The Godfather series of movies is a trilogy because there was three movies in the series; "The Godfather"; "The Godfather Part II"; and "The Godfather Part III".
General emotional rockers Saves the Day have done a trilogy of albums about self discovery.
The trilogy was originally a tradition of Ancient Greek theatre, where three plays and one satyr play would be played.

Series
A series is a group of several things that are all about the same thing, or are intentionally similar.
...As 1 plus 4 equals 5, then 5 plus 3 equals 8, then 8 plus 6 equals 14, then 14 plus 8 equals 22.

Synesthesia
Synesthesia (also Synaesthesia) is what happens when the brain mixes up the senses. For example, synesthesia might cause someone to hear colors or see sounds. Most people are born with synesthesia, but it can also happen to people who take illegal drugs such as LSD.
Description of experience.
Just as when a person without synesthesia may imagine an apple when the word is said, a person with synesthesia might see the color orange, taste sugar or hear a flute. It does not seem odd to them that they have synesthesia. It's something that's always been there. Most synesthetes (the term for those who have this experience) do not know it's odd until they express the feelings that they have to someone else. Synesthesia can be a cross between any of the five senses as well as emotions.
People taking drugs experience a slightly different sensation, as though they were surrounded by the sensation. People with synesthesia normally have it from birth, and as though it were just a background thought, not as though everything were different.
Some musicians and composers have a form of synesthesia that allows them to hear music as colors. Mozart is said to have had this form of synesthesia. He said that the key of D Major had a warm "orangey" sound to it, while B flat minor was blackish. A major was a rainbow of colors to him. This may explain why he wrote some of his music using different colors for different music notes. Also, why much of his music is in more major keys.
Another composer who had color-hearing was the Russian composer Alexander Scriabin. In 1907 he talked with another famous composer, Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov and they both found that some musical notes made them think of certain colours. Scriabin worked with a man called Alexander Mozer who made a color organ.

Moose
A moose ("Alces alces") (called elk in Europe) is a mammal of the deer family.
A male moose is called a "bull", a female moose is called a "cow", and a young moose is called a "calf". A group of moose is called a "herd".
The plural of moose is "moose" (such as: There was one "moose" in the forest / There were two "moose" in the forest.).
Appearance.
Moose are about 3 meters long and about 2 meters / 6.5 feet tall. Males usually weigh about 500 kilograms / 1,100 pounds, and females weigh about 400 kilograms / 880 pounds.
The moose has a fur coat colored between reddish-brown and blackish-brown. In winter, their fur becomes a grayish color. Moose have a flap of skin hanging from their throats, which is called a "bell". Male moose have large antlers. These antlers fall off before winter. In the spring the antlers grow back again. Female moose do not have antlers.
Range.
The moose lives across North America to northern Europe to Siberia. In Europe they live in Finland, Sweden, Norway and the Baltic countries.(Estonia,Latvia and Lithuania). In north America they live in Canada, Alaska, and little bit USA. In 2008 they have been re-introduced to Scottish Highlands from Scandinavia.
Habitat.
Moose live in northern Europe, Asia, and in North America. Moose usually live in areas with lakes and swamps.
Life.
Moose are active during the day. They live alone, but in winter they sometimes form small groups. Moose eat grass, leaves, twigs, willow, birch and maple shoots and water plants.
After a pregnancy of 8 months, the female gives birth to 1 or 2 babies. Females begin to have babies when they are 2 or 3 years old. Young moose stay with their mother for a year; after one year they leave and live alone. Moose usually become 15 years old, but they can become up to 27 years old. A mother moose will aggressively protect her young. Their enemies are bears and wolves, who hunt moose calves.
Moose and humans.
Moose have been hunted by humans for a very long time, since the Stone Age.
Because of their dark coloured fur, Moose are sometimes hit by cars since they are hard to see when they are crossing roads at night. In some countries like Finland and Sweden they have a moose sign and the have fences around motorways.

Stanley Kubrick
Stanley Kubrick (26 July 1928 - 7 March 1999) was an American film (movie) director. Kubrick is thought to be one of the great directors of the 20th century.
He was born in New York City but he has lived most of his life in Britain. His films are respected for their great amount of detail and symbolism. Many of his films were very controversial when they were first shown. For example, the sex and violence in his film "A Clockwork Orange" was very disturbing to many people who saw it when it was released in 1973. The reaction to the film in the United Kingdom became so great that Stanley Kubrick stopped showing the film there for over 25 years. Other famous movies that Kubrick made include ', ' and "The Shining". Stanley Kubrick died from a heart attack on March 7th, 1999.
Early life and work.
Kubrick was born in New York City and lived there during his youth. Stanley was a poor student in school but his father, who was a doctor, taught Stanley how to play chess and gave him a camera. Kubrick finished high school in 1946 and could not get into a college. This was because of his poor grades in school and because colleges were full with many American soldier's who returned from World War II that same year. During this time, Kubrick played games of chess with people for money. He was a good chess player and won many games. He used the money he won from playing chess to buy food and photography equipment. Kubrick got a job at a magazine in New York City that was called Look Magazine. Kubrick also enjoyed watching films and thought that he could make better films than the films that were being made at the time. He first made two small documentaries. One of them was about a boxer and was called "Day of the Fight". The other documentary was about a religious man and was called "Flying Padre". He then made two full-length films (called feature films) that made other people interested in his work. The first feature film was called "Fear and Desire" and the other was called "Killer's Kiss." His third feature film, called "The Killing", was a success. The success of "The Killing" allowed Stanley to work on a bigger film, called "Paths of Glory", that was about World War I and was made with the famous actor Kirk Douglas. At this time Kubrick became well known in the film industry and had started to create his own style.
Spartacus.
After Stanley Kubrick completed "Paths of Glory" he tried working on a big Hollywood movie called "Spartacus" in 1960. The film made a lot of money and was a success but Kubrick did not enjoy working on it. He did not enjoy working on it because of problems he had with the other people working on the film who controlled it. Kubrick desired to have a lot of control in making his films, and after making "Spartacus" he only worked on films that he had full control over.
Lolita.
In the 1962 Kubrick moved to United Kingdom to make his next film, "Lolita". He liked the United Kingdom very much and decided to live there for the rest of his life. The film "Lolita" was the first film that Kubrick made that created a lot of controversy. The film was based upon a book by the Russian author Vladimir Nabokov that was also very controversial at the time. The film shows the relationship between a very young woman and an older man. This is a forbidden topic in the United States and most of the world.
Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb.
For the film "Lolita", Kubrick hired the talented and famous actor Peter Sellers. Kubrick respected Peter's acting and asked him to act as 3 different characters in Kubrick's next film, ', which was released in 1963. "Dr. Strangelove" was a comedy but it was about very serious topics. These are called black comedies. The film was about the Cold War and was very controversial but also very successful. The film had a large cultural influence and created some images that became very famous in the years to follow. The most famous image from the film was of a American pilot sitting on a nuclear bomb as it fell to earth from an airplane.
Kubrick's success with "Dr Strangelove" convinced the film studios that he was talented and that he could be trusted to make good, popular films. Kubrick entered into a positive relationship with the film studio, Warner Brothers. Warner Brothers gave him almost full artistic control on all of the films he was to make in the future. A director being given so much control is rare. Such directors are called "auteurs".
2001: A Space Odyssey.
Kubrick took five years to develop and plan his next film. It was a science fiction film called ' and it was released in 1968. Kubrick based the movie on a short story called the "The Sentinel" that was written by the science fiction author Arthur C. Clarke. Kubrick worked with Arthur C. Clarke to make the film. The film used many new ideas and techniques and had special effects that no other movie at the time had. The great special effects used in the film won Kubrick his first and only Oscar award. "2001" was made during the end of the 1960's and was very popular with members of the Hippie Counterculture. This was because of the films strange and dream-like visuals. When the film was released it was both loved and hated by many film critics. Many of the film critics who did not like the movie when they saw it in 1968 have changed their opinions. Some of them have written a second, positive review of the film many years later,
A Clockwork Orange.
His next film was one of his most famous and also his most controversial. The film was titled "A Clockwork Orange" and was released in 1971. The film was darker than "2001" and was originally released with an "X" motion picture rating in the US. The film was based on a novel of the same title by the author Anthony Burgess. The novel and film are about a criminal who is given a new and experimental 'cure' for his violent nature. The story asks questions about how society defines morality. The film had an amount of sex and violence that was not often seen in big Hollywood films at the time. The controversy of the film increased when other people copied some of the acts that were committed by the characters in the film. Kubrick and his family received violent threats from people, called death threats. These threats were serious enough that Kubrick took the film out of theaters in Britain. The film was not shown again in Britain until the year 2000, after Kubrick's death.
Barry Lyndon.
Kubrick's next film was to going to be about Napoleon but he canceled it after another similar film was released before his own. Kubrick worked very hard researching and learning about Napoleon and about the world at that time. Kubrick chose to make another movie set in that time that was titled "Barry Lyndon". The film was based a book by William Makepeace Thackeray and was about an 18th century gambler named Barry Lyndon. The film was not as well liked as his previous films but, like "2001: A Space Odyssey", it convinced people over time.
After "Barry Lyndon", Kubrick made films at a much slower rate than before. He only made three more films in the next twenty-five years. He was still very popular and respected. Each of the films he released became an event that many people waited for and celebrated.
The Shining.
"The Shining" was Kubrick's next movie. It was based on the book of the same name by the American author, Stephen King and was released in 1980. It was a horror film and starred Jack Nicholson and Shelley Duvall. The film was one of Kubrick's most mainstream films and was very popular. It was different from the other horror films at the time and the catch phrase, "Here's Johnny!" (which was also used on the TV's The Tonight Show hosted by Johnny Carson at the time) was made very popular after Jack Nicholson's character said it during an important scene in the film. The author of the book Stephen King hated the movie and did not like that Kubrick changed many things from the book. King made his own version, a TV mini-series in 1997, which was much more like the book.
Full Metal Jacket.
"Full Metal Jacket" was Kubrick's next film and was released in 1987. It was one of several films that were made in the 1980s that were about the Vietnam War. The film was most famous for its drill instructor character, played by R. Lee Ermey, who was very cruel to his soldiers. After the film was released, the United States Armed Forces changed some of its rules about how their drill instructors should behave.
Eyes Wide Shut.
"Eyes Wide Shut" was Kubrick's last film and was released in 1999. He completed editing the film just before his death in March. The film starred Tom Cruise and Nicole Kidman, who were married to each other in real-life at the time. It was based on the novel "Traumnovelle" by the Austrian writer Arthur Schnitzler. The film took over 16 consecutive months (a world record) to complete and was released in July of 1999. According to R. Lee Ermey, of Full Metal Jacket Fame, Kubrick revealed to him that he was rather dissapointed with his work. Kubrick supposedly went further, saying that both Kidman and Cruise "had their way with" him. Apparently a reference to a clashing of large-Hollywood personas to Kubrick's more reserved demeanor.
Kubrick's death and influence.
Just a few days after completing the editing of "Eyes Wide Shut", Kubrick died from a heart attack.
In the year 2001, the American film director Steven Spielberg filmed '. "A.I" was a film that Stanley Kubrick had worked on before "Eyes Wide Shut", but did not film. Steven Spielberg based his film on Kubrick's plans. The film received a poor response from audiences and did not make as much money as expected. The film was thought to be more Spielberg's film than Kubrick's film.

Kyoto Protocol
The Kyoto Protocol is a plan created by the United Nations for the "United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change" that tries to reduce the effects of climate change, such as global warming. The plan says that countries that adopt (follow) the Kyoto Protocol have to try to reduce how much carbon dioxide (and other "greenhouse gases" that hurt the atmosphere) they put into the air.
The full name of the Kyoto Protocol is the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. It is called the "Kyoto" Protocol because it was made in Kyoto, Japan. The Kyoto Protocol was officially put into "full force" on February 16, 2005. On February 16, Russia began to follow (ratify) the Kyoto Protocol and it was decided to be put into "full force". As of December 2007, 166 countries have agreed to follow the Kyoto Protocol, who make up for more than 55% of the greenhouse gases released into our atmosphere.
There are still 29 countries which have not yet adopted it. Croatia and Kazakhstan have signed the treaty, but have not ratified it (made it a law they have to follow). The United States of America has signed it but said that they will not ratify it. Australia has only recently ratified the Kyoto Protocol under new Prime Minister, Kevin Rudd. Both of these countries has said that the fact that China and India are using exceptions to the treaty (those countries believe parts of the treaty do not apply to them and they will not follow those parts) in the name of industrialization is unfair and that they will not ratify because of this, although it is believed that the U.S. and Australia are protecting their economic interests by not ratifying. The countries' leaders say that changing their use of greenhouse gases will make their people lose jobs. Twenty four other countries have neither signed nor ratified the treaty.

Ratify
To ratify ("Ratification") is to adopt (accept and put in force) an important document or treaty that affects an entire country. For example, if a country decided to begin putting something like the Kyoto Protocol into force, then they have just ratified it. To have something ratified, it must usually be agreed to be good and must go through a process.

Physical constants
In science, a physical constant is a number (physical quantity) which does not change. This is different from a mathematical constant, which is not based on a real measurement.
There are many physical constants in science. Some famous ones are the speed of light, Planck's constant, the gravitational constant, and Avogadro's number.
Some scientists think that physical constants may decrease as the universe gets older. There has been no evidence to support this yet.
Constants that do not have units (like length or speed) are called fundamental physical constants.
Some believe that if the physical constants were different, there would be no life in the universe. They say that the universe seems to be fine-tuned for intelligent life.

Movie director
A movie director is a person who helps lead the making of a movie (or "film"). They take care of the artistic things in the movie. They give instructions to the actors and direct the people that work on the movie.
Directors give many of their responsibilities to other members of their movie-making team (called a movie crew). For example, the person who is responsible for the lighting is told by the director what style of lighting he wants and he then creates the lighting for him. It is common for movie directors to work closely with a movie producer. Movie producers are people who control the non-artistic side of movie making. For example, they control all the money that is used for making the movie.
The amount of control a director has in creating their movie is different for each director. It is most common for directors to have some control, while the rest of the movie-making is controlled by the movie studios, the people who pay for the movie. This was very common for American movies made in the 1930s to 1950s. During those years, the studios used many different directors for making a single movie. There are a small amount of directors who are given complete control over making their movie. For example, Stanley Kubrick, Federico Fellini, and Alfred Hitchcock are all movie directors who had a great amount of control in making their movie..

Jack Nicholson
Jack Nicholson (born April 22, 1937 in Neptune, New Jersey) is an American actor. He started out as a writer and part-time actor. He became a star in 1969 when he landed a small part in the movie "Easy Rider". His other movies include, "Five Easy Pieces" (1970), "Carnal Knowledge" (1971), "Tommy" (1975), "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest" (1975), "The Shining" (1980), "Batman" (1989), "Mars Attacks" (1996), "As Good as it Gets" (1997), "About Schmidt" (2002), and "Anger Management" (2003).

January 4
January 4 is the third day of the year in the current calendar system we use. When there is not a leap year, there are 361 days after January 4. When there is a leap year, there are 362 days after January 4.

Autism
Autism is a problem with the way the brain grows and develops. People with autism are not very good socially. Sometimes they do not like to look at others while talking to them, or do not want to share interesting things with others. Also, they are not good at communicating. Sometimes they may not talk, or want to talk with others. Last, they repeat themselves. They may be interested in one thing that people without autism would not think is that important.
Staying alone.
A normal baby without autism will usually look at people talking, look at other people's faces, smile, and be interested in other people. Autistic babies, though, may like objects more than faces and other people. They may look for a second at a face, but quickly turn. They may not smile, or may just smile at what they're interested in.
Autistic children may usually like to be by themselves, without other people around. They may not be interested in making friends. They may also not react normally to hugging and other signs of love by their parents. This does not mean that they do not love their parents, they just do not know how to say it.
They may also not see other people's feelings; for example, they might not see much difference between whether a parent is smiling or being sad. They may laugh and cry at the wrong times.
Not talking.
An autistic child might not try to talk, point, or otherwise try to get a message across by 1 year of age. Some autistic people do not speak. Many are not good at talking with other people.
Doing things over and over again.
Some autistic people spend a lot of time doing the same thing over and over again, or be interested in unusual things; some might spend a lot of time waving their arms around, walking on their toes, or putting things in order. An autistic person might spend a huge amount of time putting toys in lines or patterns and may get angry if someone bumps something out of place.
Some do not want any change, and will do exactly the same things every day without change—such as what they eat, when they eat, getting dressed, brushing their teeth, or going to school—and may even get upset if any change takes place to this. They may also be interested in strange things and may spend all of their time learning about their interest.
History.
Autism was first named in 1943. Leo Kanner did a study of 11 children and found unusual things about them. He called it "early infantile autism". Around the same time, another doctor, Hans Asperger, did another study on nearly the same thing. His discovery is now called "Asperger syndrome", while Leo Kanner's discovery is called "autistic disorder", "childhood autism", "infantile autism", or just plain "autism".

Italian language
Italian is a language spoken by about 70 million people, mostly people from Italy, from which it gets its name.
It is the official language in Italy, San Marino, Vatican City, Switzerland and in some cities of Slovenia and Croatia. It is also used in some parts of Monaco, Malta, Albania, Dodecaneso (Greece), Eritrea, Libya, Ethiopia, Somalia, Tunisia, Slovenia, Croatia and some other places.
It is mostly derived from Latin, with some words from Greek, Etruscan and elsewhere. It is called an inflected language - that means that the meaning of words can be changed by changing their endings. Italian nouns are either masculine or feminine (these are grammatical terms, normally only indirectly to do with sex).
Most singular masculine nouns end in -o, and most plural masculine nouns end in -i.
Most singular feminine nouns end in -a, and most plural feminine nouns end in -e.
The ending of verbs are quite complicated, because they depend upon the "tense" of the verb (past, present, future and so on) and on the "person" of the verb (I, you, they etc). Because of that, the personal pronoun is not compulsory (in the following example it is in parenthesis).
There are very many of these endings to learn - it is a difficult part of Italian. But pronunciation is simple - there are just a few rules to learn, and hardly any difficult sounds.
Many Italian words have entered the English language. Pizza, spaghetti and ravioli are just some of the food words that we use. Many technical words in music are Italian, such as forte and allegro. Many musical instrument names are also Italian, such as cello and tuba. From the darker side of Italian life we get Mafia and vendetta. But Bravo for Italian - it's a good language to learn.

Namibia
The Republic of Namibia is a country in southern Africa on the Atlantic coast. It is bordered by Angola, Zambia, and Zimbabwe to the north, Botswana to the east, and South Africa to the south. It gained independence from South Africa in 1990. Before that it was called South West Africa. Its capital is Windhoek.
Before World War I Nambia was a German colony. German is still widely spoken in the country, although English is the official language.

Jubal Early
Jubal Anderson Early (November 3, 1816 – March 2, 1894) was a Confederate general in the American Civil War.

Lewis Carroll
Lewis Carroll was the pen name of Charles Lutwidge Dodgson (January 27, 1832 – January 14, 1898), a British writer, math expert, Anglican clergyman, and photographer. He is most famous for his story "Alice in Wonderland" which he told to a young friend, Alice Liddel, when he took the girl and two of her sisters on a boat trip. Alice enjoyed the story and asked Dodgson to write it down. It was eventually published as "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland." Carroll then wrote a second story about Alice called "Through the Looking Glass." Both stories are still popular with people all over the world.

Belize
Belize is a country in Central America. People in Belize speak English or Creole, instead of Spanish, which is what the people in the countries around it speak. This is because Belize was a former colony of Great Britain, while its neighbors were colonies of Spain. It was formerly called British Honduras.
Over two hundred and sixty thousand people live in Belize. Belmopan, which is located in the centre of the country, is its capital.

Michael Landon
Michael Landon (October 31, 1936- July 1, 1991) was an American actor. He is probably best known for his roles on the TV shows, "Bonanza", "Little House on the Prarie", and "Highway to Heaven".

RMS Titanic
The RMS "Titanic" (or SS "Titanic") was a British passenger ship. It was built by Harland and Wolff ship builders, in Belfast, for the White Star Line company. At 11:40 PM on April 14, 1912, during "Titanics maiden voyage, it hit an iceberg in the Atlantic Ocean. The iceberg broke the "Titanics hull (bottom) making water to come into the ship. The "Titanic" sank two hours and forty minutes later at 2:20 AM on April 15. It killed more than 1,500 people. It was one of the worst peacetime shipping disasters.
The "Titanic" disaster changed shipping laws. It included requiring all ships to carry enough lifeboats for everyone on the ship. The wreck was discovered by a French and American team led by Robert Ballard and Jean-Louis Michel on September 1, 1985. It was made into a 1997 film starring Kate Winslet and Leonardo DiCaprio. The movie Titanic (1997 film) won 11 Academy Awards tieing Ben Hur

Steel
Steel is a mixture of several metals (this is called an alloy) but most of it is iron. Steel is harder and stronger than iron.
Steels are often iron alloys with between 0.02% and 1.7% percent carbon by weight; alloys with higher carbon than this are known as cast iron. Steel is different from wrought iron, that has little or no carbon.
There are some newer steels in which carbon is replaced with other alloying materials.
Making steel.
Steel has a long history. People in India and Sri Lanka were making steel by hand more than 1,500 years ago. It was very expensive and was often used to make swords and knives. In the Middle Ages steel could be made only in small amounts since the processes were slow and took a long time.
In the time since, there have been many changes to the way steel is made. In about the year 1610 steel started to be made in England, and the way it was made got better and cheaper over the next 100 years. Cheap steel was a help in the start of the Industrial Revolution in England and in Europe. The first industrial process for making cheap steel was Bessemer process, followed by Siemens-Martin open-hearth process. Today the most common way of making steel is the basic oxygen steelmaking. It uses a large turnip-shaped vessel called "converter". Liquid raw iron called "pig iron" is poured in and some scrap metal is added in to balance the heat. Oxygen is then blown in the iron. It will burn off any remaining carbon and other impurities. Then enough carbon is added in the batch to make the carbon contents as wanted. The liquid steel is then tapped off. It can be either cast into molds or rolled into sheets, slabs, beams and other so-called "long products", such as railway tracks.
Today steel is made in huge buildings called "steel mills", and is most often made by machines. It is a very cheap metal today and is used to make many things. Steel is used to making buildings and bridges, and all kinds of machines. Almost all ships and cars are today made from steel.
When a steel object is no more usable, or it is broken beyond repair, it is called "scrap". The scrap can be melted down and re-shaped into new object. Steel is "recyclable" material; that is, the same steel can be used and re-used again and again.
Iron and steel chemistry.
Steel is a metal alloy which includes iron and often some carbon.
Every material is made up of atoms which are very small parts. Some atoms hold together quite well, which is what makes some solid materials hard. Something made of pure iron is softer than steel because the atoms can slip over one another. If other atoms like carbon are added, they are different from iron atoms and stop the iron atoms from sliding apart so easily. This makes the metal stronger and harder.
Steel with more carbon is harder and stronger than pure iron, but it also breaks more easily (brittle).
Uses of steel.
There are a huge number of things that people make from steel. It is one of the most common and useful metals.

Luftwaffe
The Luftwaffe (pronounced) is the name for the air force of Germany.
History.
This was the name for the air force of Germany during the Third Reich when Adolf Hitler was in power (between 1933 and 1945) and was also the name for the air force during the era of the Cold War when Germany was divided into two: East Germany and West Germany. This meant that the Luftwaffe was the air force of West Germany between 1955 and 1990. In 1990, these two countries became one country again, so the Luftwaffe has been the air force of the united (together) Germany since 1990. Luftwaffe means Air force in English.
The early years including World War I.
Germany first had aeroplanes in its army in 1910, four years before the start of World War I in 1914. At that time, aeroplanes had no guns. They were being used for reconnaissance duties, that is, they would fly over the battlefield to see what the enemy was doing and fly back so that the pilots could tell their generals what they knew. The generals would then use that information. Before aeroplanes came along, balloons had been used.
Developement of aeroplanes.
During World War I, Germany used a few kinds of aeroplane to fight its war, such as fighters, bombers and reconnaissance aeroplanes, but the fighter aeroplanes became very famous because of its brave pilots. The most famous German pilot of World War I was Manfred von Richthofen, also known as "The Red Baron."
Developement of Zeppelins.
Germany also used airships called "Zeppelins". They were named after Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin, who had built the first airships in 1900, but he had wanted them to carry cargo and passengers, not bombs. He died in 1917, but people still use his name when they remember the German airships of World War I. (In fact, the Zeppelin company is still making airships today, but these are much smaller now.)
After the war.
In November 1918, the "Allies", or the Allied forces (which included Britain and France) won the war, and Germany had to sign the Treaty of Versailles. It was told that it could not have any military aeroplanes at all because it was blamed for starting the war in 1914. Germany therefore had to destroy all its military aeroplanes as a punishment, so until 1933 it had no air force at all.
The years between the two world wars.
For many years, Germany pretended to have no army pilots because the German army generals did not like the idea of not having any aeroplanes. At first, pilots would pretend to be training to become airline pilots but this wasn't much use because they really needed to fly fighters and bombers. The Treaty of Versailles did not allow Germany to have them, so Germany had to ask for help from Russia, its former (and future) enemy.
Secret training.
In 1924, German army pilots started to fly Russian fighters and bombers at a secret training school near the Russian city of Lipetsk. These pilots would then become the first ones to fly for the new German air force, the Luftwaffe, when Hitler said that it now existed. The training school closed in 1933.
The new German Airforce.
In 1935, Adolf Hitler finally told the world that Germany had a new air force, even if the Treaty of Versailles forbade Germany from having one. Hitler therefore was defying the Allies, who had won World War I, but they did not do anything about this, because many people still remembered the war in 1914-1918. They were frightened by the idea of war and did not want another one.
Testing the new airforce.
The Spanish Civil War of 1936-1939 gave the Germans the opportunity to test its new aircraft, pilots and weapons in battle. Hitler sent many aeroplanes and pilots over to Spain because he wanted to support a man called Franco, who wanted to get rid of the Spanish government. Amongst the aeroplanes were fighters called the Messerschmitt Bf 109 and dive-bombers called the Junkers Ju 87 ‘Stuka”.
Aftermath of the German airforce.
The world now remembers one mission that the German air force carried out during the war. German bombers attacked the city of Guernica in the Basque region of northeast Spain, and many civilians (people who were not soldiers) died in the attack. Many governments and people around the world were horrified by the attack. The Artist Pablo Picasso painted a painting called "Guernica" that has become very famous. People see the painting as a symbol of the horror of war. A copy of the painting hangs in the United Nations building in New York.
The new airforce in action.
The German air force was the strongest in the world when World War II broke out in September 1939. It supported the army on the ground and the aircraft were very effective at defeating all opposition, since the German armed forces, the "Wehrmacht", had practised a very new and very fast way to defeat the armies of enemies. This was called Blitzkrieg or Lightning War. The French and the British were prepared for a trench war, it was impossible to fight back.
Results.
Within a year, Germany had conquered Poland, Denmark, Norway, Luxembourg, Belgium, and France. Britain supported the countries attacked by Germany but found herself on her own by June 1940 when Germany had conquered most of western Europe.
Problems.
As the war went on, things began to go badly wrong for the "Luftwaffe". The leadership of the Luftwaffe began to become quite bad, as generals were arguing about what the air force should be doing and blaming each other when the Luftwaffe was unable to stop the British from attacking German aircraft factories and other industrial targets in large numbers during the night since they had lost many planes when attacking them by day. Not only that, but Germany was suffering a shortage of materials needed to build the aeroplanes. Things got worse for the Germans when the USA joined the war in December 1941, because the Americans brought thousands of bombers to the United Kingdom, and they attacked Germany from there.
Soon, hundreds of American and British bombers were attacking Germany every single day both by day and by night.
Ground fighting.
Germany could not hope to win the war on the ground. Since Russia was so huge, the government set up factories hundreds of miles away from the fighting in order to build aeroplanes, tanks, guns and other weapons for the Russian Army. This meant that the Russians would eventually start to push the Germans back west, especially after they defeated the Germans in great battles near the city of Kursk and in the city of Stalingrad itself. The Germans had failed to conquer the city of Leningrad, too.
Final attempt.
On January 1 1945 the Luftwaffe launched a desperate plan called operation 'Bodenplatte' (Baseplate), a dawn air attack aimed at multiple Allied air bases in Belgium & Holland. Over 800 German aircraft were rounded up with many veteran pilots retired from combat duty pressesd back into service.
Result.
The plan cost more than it was worth, with over 280 German planes lost and 213 irreplaceble pilots killed or captured. As with the fog of war, over 100 German planes were shot down by their own ground fire who weren't in on the plan.
Trivia.
Germany became famous as the country, which flew the first jet aeroplanes. In 1944, the Luftwaffe started to use the world’s first jet fighter plane, the Messerschmitt Me-262, even if the engines sometimes did not work properly. Once again, the shortage of the materials needed to build the plane as well as the continuing bombing of Germany meant that not as many Me-262s were built as Germany would have liked. Even so, Germany also built and flew the world's first jet bomber, the Arado Ar 234, the world’s first fighter plane powered by a rocket, the Messerschmitt Me-163, the world’s first "cruise missile", the V-1, and the world’s first ballistic missile, the V-2.
After the war the allies were quite impressed with Germany's technical know how & gleaned all they could from the vast array of Luftwaffe aircraft strewn across Germany.
The Cold War and afterwards.
Once again, the Allies prohibited Germany from having an air force. The Russians were in the eastern half of Germany, and this half became East Germany. The British, French and Americans were in the western half, and this half became West Germany. These became countries in their own right, and East Germany became a Russian puppet state. In case a new war started with Russia and East Germany as enemies, the Western Allies finally allowed West Germany to join the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), an organization of western countries which wanted there to be peace throughout the world. NATO allowed West Germany to have an air force because the country was right next to East Germany.
First use.
Germany used military aircraft in war for the first time since 1945 when they supported British aircraft in the war in Kosovo in 1999, but many people still believed that Germany should never again go to war because of what had happened in the two world wars.
See also.
This article is a simplified (and slightly reduced) version based on the one about the Luftwaffe in the (other) English Wikipedia. A list of books about the Luftwaffe and about military aviation in general is there.

The Velvet Underground
The Velvet Underground was an American rock band. It was founded in 1964. The original line-up was Lou Reed, John Cale, Sterling Morrison and Maureen Tucker. They were discovered by the famous artist, Andy Warhol, who produced and designed the cover for their first album "The Velvet Underground and Nico", which paired them with another discovery of his, German model/singer, Nico. The album was never really a hit, but it is now considered a classic. Later, the group broke up with Warhol and Nico after being a part of Andy Warhol's Factory for a while. The group released several more albums, "White Light/White Heat" (1967), "The Velvet Underground" (1969), "Loaded" (1970), and "Squeeze" (1973), before finally breaking up. Lou Reed later had a successful solo career and is considered one of the founders of the "punk" movement.

John F. Kennedy
John Fitzgerald Kennedy (May 29, 1917 - November 22, 1963), also known as JFK, was the 35th president of the United States of America. He held office from 1961 until he was assassinated (shot dead) in 1963. He was the youngest president ever elected and the only Roman Catholic president.
JFK was friends with a pretty actress called Marilyn Monroe, and one day she sang "Happy Birthday, Mr President" for him for his birthday. This song is very famous.
When JFK was killed it was a great mystery. Police say that a man called Lee Harvey Oswald killed JFK, but some people think that some people in the American government killed him instead. Some people think that two shots were fired, and there are many stories about what really happened. People call this the greatest conspiracy theory ever in the whole world, as there are so many different stories and so many people believe that something strange happened.
An airport was named after JFK, because he was so famous. Many other places were named after JFK too.
The Kennedys were a rich and influencal Irish-Catholic family, many of them did great things, but lots of sad things happened to many of them, JFK's brother Bobby Kennedy was also a famous politician. Bobby Kennedy was also killed and it is also a great mystery.

Jyväskylä
Jyväskylä is the capital of the Finnish province Central Finland by the northern end of lake Päijänne. There are about 85,000 inhabitants in Jyväskylä. In the beginning of the year 2009 Jyväskylä, The rural municipality of Jyväskylä and Korpilahti will unite. The new municipality will have over 125 000 inhabitants. The University of Jyväskylä is popular and respected.

Alfred Hitchcock
Alfred Hitchcock (August 13 1899-April 29 1980) was a British-born film director. He mostly did mystery and suspense films. He is known for his on-screen persona and unique style that he used to make his films recognizable and stand out. His films include: "The Lodger" (1927), "The Lady Vanishes" (1938), "Rebecca" (1940), "The Man Who Knew Too Much" (1934 and remade in 1956), "Rear Window" (1954), "Vertigo" (1958), "North by Northwest" (1959), "Psycho" (1960), "The Birds" (1963), "Topaz" (1969) and "Frenzy" (1972). He also hosted and directed a TV show, "Alfred Hitchcock Presents".

Black comedy
Black comedy is a style of humor (something funny or comical) that is about something serious that might upset people or people have problems with (death, war, drug use, abuse).

Elliott Gould
Elliot Gould (born as Elliott Goldstein) (born August 29, 1938) is a well-known American actor. He is mostly known for his roles in many films including "M*A*S*H" (1970), "Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice" (1970), and "Ocean's Eleven" (2001). He is still a popular actor and has also made guest appearances on many television shows as well.
From 1963 to 1970, he was married to the famous singer and actress, Barbra Streisand and they had a son named Jason.

Equation
An equation is a mathematical or chemical object.
Usually mathematical equations have one equals sign (=) with two terms on each side of it. The equals sign says that the terms on each side of it must be exactly equal.
The second kind is often used to solve problems in which you have to know the value of some variables.
Equations are a part of math called algebra.

Canteen
A canteen is a bottle which can be re-used. Canteens are most used for carrying water to places where water is hard to find. Many canteens can be worn on a belt, or held with a strap, like a purse. They are carried often by soldiers, hikers, and campers. Old canteens were mostly made of metal but newer ones can be made of plastic. The idea of a canteen comes from ancient times when water and wine were carried in bags made from animal skins.
The word canteen can also mean a small restaurant. A restaurant found on an Army base or inside an office or factory is often called the canteen. The food in a canteen is also usually cheaper than a restaurant.

Beadle
A beadle is someone who works at a church or a Jewish synagogue and helps the clergy. A beadle's main job is to show people to their seats and to keep order during church services.
Like many words that describe a person's job, the word beadle can also be used as a last name.

Vegetable
A vegetable is part of a plant that is eaten by humans, but is not a fruit, nut, herb, spice, or grain. For example, carrots and cabbage are vegetables. Vegetables are an important part of people's diet (what they eat every day). Vegetables and fruits are sometimes called produce. Vegetables have vitamins A, B, C, D minerals and carbohydrates.
Other meanings.
The word "vegetable" can also be used to mean plants in general, such as when people say "Animal, Vegetable, or Mineral."
However, in an Asian context, 'vegetable' may mean any plant produce, apart from grain and nuts, that is consumed cooked, while only the fruits consumed raw are considered as 'fruits' in that sense. For example, a pumpkin is therefore considered a vegetable, while a melon qualifies as a fruit.
List of common vegetables.
"See" List of vegetables "for longer list."

Olivine
Olivine (or chrysolite) is a mineral that ranges in color from chartreuse green to pale olive. In its gem form, it is called peridot. A rock made of almost pure olivine is called dunite.

Economy
An economy is a system of exchange. The word "economy" comes from the Greek word "oikos", meaning home.

March 7
March 7 is the 66th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (67th in leap years). There are 299 days remaining.

Engine
An engine, or motor, is a machine for converting thermal energy into mechanical energy or power to produce force and motion. For example a car (automobile) has an engine which turns the wheels. An engine needs some kind of energy source, like gasoline (petrol), to work.
Cars make use of an internal combustion engine. There are different types of internal combustion engines; such as petrol/gasoline engines, diesel engines, rotary engines, four-stroke as well as two-stroke engines. The first internal combustion engine that worked was built by a German engineer named Nikolas Otto in 1876. Most cars have either four, six or eight cylinder motors. Modern cars, due to gas prices going up, may make use of three cylinders. For the best power, cars may even make use of sixteen cylinder motors.
External combustion also exists. An example is the steam engine where the fuel is burned outside the engine to create steam, which is used within the motor to bring about motion. These engines are commonly used in old boats or trains.

Belarus
Belarus is a country in eastern Europe. About eleven million people live there. Its capital is Minsk. It was part of the Soviet Union until 1991. The official languages are Belarusian and Russian. The leader of Belarus is Alexander Lukashenko. It is bordered by Russia, Ukraine, Poland, Lithuania and Latvia.

Steam
Steam is the name given to water when it is a gas. Steam is always seen as a string of cloudy translucent mist. But, that is only the result of the steam condensing on the surface of dust in the air, which means the steam that you touch would not be very hot. The steam that is really 100 degrees celcius is invisible.
When the pressure of the atmosphere is 1013 mbar (this is about the average pressure for a place which is at sea level), water will boil (turn into steam) at 100 degrees celsius.
100 degrees Celsius is the same temperature as 212 degrees Fahrenheit, 80 degrees Réaumur and 373,15 Kelvin.

Steering wheel
A steering wheel is a circular object used by the driver of a car or boat to change the direction it is moving.

German Democratic Republic
The German Democratic Republic (GDR'") (("DDR")), commonly called East Germany (), was founded on October 7,1949, after World War II. It was formed from the parts of Germany and Berlin occupied by the USSR.
After World War II, Germany was divided into four sections, each controlled by a different country. The countries that controlled these parts of Germany were France, the United Kingdom, the United States, and the Soviet Union. Then, the French, American, and British parts of Germany formed West Germany (the "Bundesrepublik") and the Soviet section was East Germany. Even though the western and the eastern part joined back together in 1990, people from former West Germany still call people from East Germany "Ossi". This comes from the German word "Osten" which means "East". Ossi is not always meant kindly.
In the German reunification, the GDR joined West Germany by ratifying its constitution in 1990. The East German districts were reorganised into the "Länder" (Berlin, Brandenburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt and Thüringen) and joined West Germany, after which the GDR ceased to exist.
Some people thought the GDR was a puppet state of the Soviet Union.
East Germany was a member of the Warsaw Pact.
A famous relic of the GDR is the low-powered automobile "Trabant" or "Trabi".

Netball
Netball is a sport played in two teams of seven. It is like basketball except that bouncing the ball is not allowed, and the player cannot step with the ball either.
There are many rules in netball some of which are;
The ultimate aim, as it is in many sports, is to score as many goals as possible in the time. The goals are scored through a hoop - one reason why netball is quite similar to basketball.

Atomic number
The atomic number of an atom is the number of protons in the atom. The chemical elements of the periodic table are listed in order of atomic number.

Cardinal number
Cardinal numbers (or cardinals) are numbers that say "how many" of something there are, for example: one, two, three, four, five. They are sometimes called counting numbers.
The cardinality of a set is the cardinal number that tells how many things are in the set.
In mathematics, people also study infinite cardinal numbers. The first infinite cardinal number was named formula_1 (pronounced Aleph-zero or Aleph-naught) by Georg Cantor. Cantor proved that there are many different infinite cardinal numbers. A famous theorem of Cantor is that the cardinality of the real numbers is larger than the cardinality of the natural numbers.

March 4
March 4 is the 63rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (64th in leap years). There are 302 days remaining.
From 1793 - 1933, March 4 was Inauguration Day for the President of the United States. Beginning in 1937, Inauguration Day has been January 20.

Merchant marine
Merchant marine is a term used in many places to talk about commercial ships and crews. A country's merchant marine is made up of all the ships owned by companies or individuals in that country which are used to make money. Most of a country's merchant marine is usually made of ships that carry things from place to place, like oil tankers and freighters. Other ships, like cruise ships and ferries, are also included because they are used to make money. When a country is at peace, its merchant marine works independently. Some countries, though, require merchant ships to work for their armed forces in times of war.
In the United States, "Merchant Marine" has a different meaning. The United States Merchant Marine (USMM) is a part of the military which is controlled by the government in both peace and war. When the United States is at war, the USMM is used to carry military supplies. In World War II, nearly one out of every twenty-six American merchant mariners was killed, a higher portion of men than in the Army, Navy, or even the Marines.

FreeBSD
FreeBSD is an operating system for many different kinds of computers. This means that if you have a computer around the house and want to run FreeBSD on it, you probably can. Computers that run Microsoft Windows will also run FreeBSD. It is based on BSD, the version of UNIX developed at the University of California, Berkeley.
Open source.
FreeBSD is open source. This means that anyone who knows how can download the source code and make any changes they want. The people who work on FreeBSD do not usually get paid. They keep working on it because they enjoy it or want to become more experienced programmers.
Most open source software that runs on Linux will run natively on FreeBSD without the need for any compatibility layer.

Garry Marshall
Garry Marshall (November 13, 1934-) is an influential American writer, producer, and actor. He wrote for comedians Joey Bishop and Phil Foster, soon he moved on to writing for TV shows, like "The Dick Van Dyke Show" and "The Tonight Show". In 1970, he adapted the Neil Simon play and 1968 film "The Odd Couple" into a popular television show starring Tony Randall and Jack Klugman. It proved very successful, and he soon followed it up with "Happy Days", which became one of the most popular shows on TV. He also created "Laverne and Shirley" (which co-starred his sister Penny) and "Mork and Mindy" (which starred Robin Williams) which were both spin-offs from "Happy Days" and just as successful and well-known. He also directed and acted in several feature films including "Pretty Woman" and "Runaway Bride". He also runs and works out of a local community theatre house in Los Angeles, The Falcon Theatre.

Johnny Weissmuller
Johnny Weissmuller (June 2, 1904 – January 20, 1984) was an American swimmer and actor. He was one of the world's best swimmers in the 1920s He won 5 gold and a bronze medal at the Olympics. He later played Tarzan in the series of movies in the 1930s. He played Tarzan for several movies, and had trouble getting parts in other movies because of this.

Priscilla Presley
Priscilla Presley (birth name Priscilla Ann Wagner - last name Beaulieu after her mother's remarriage; born May 24, 1945 in Brooklyn, New York, USA) is an American actress. She is the former wife of Elvis Presley (they divorced in 1973) and the mother of Lisa Marie Presley. Presley is probably most famous for her roles in the television primetime soap opera "Dallas", and "The Naked Gun" films with Leslie Nielson. She is also a member of the Church of Scientology.

Drunkenness
Drunkenness is the state of intoxication by alcohol. In this state, mind and body become impaired. Common symptoms may include slurred speech, poor balance, poor coordination, reddened face and reddened eyes. Depending on the level of intoxication, there may also be good feelings. Small to moderate aomunts of alcohol can lower social and sexual inhibition. Drinking large amounts of alcohol may lead to a hangover the next day. People that are intoxicated usually change their behaviour.
Many countries have laws that say that people who have drunk (a certain amount of) alcohol may not do certain things. That way, it is illegal to drive a car while drunk.

Canada Dry
Canada Dry is a brand name belonging to a company that produces beverages. Canada Dry makes ginger ale, club soda, and tonic water. Ginger ale is flavored with ginger root. Club soda is a clear drink that is sometimes used to help remove stains from clothing. Tonic water is frequently used to make an alcoholic beverage known as "gin and tonic".

Ginger ale
Ginger ale is a soft drink flavored with the root of a plant known as ginger. It has a sweet yet spicy flavor. Even though it has the name "ale", which can be another word for beer, it is not beer. It can be enjoyed by all ages. Canada Dry is a well known maker of ginger ale. Most drinks that are ginger ale come in a green can.
Related beverages.
Ginger beer is a non-alcoholic soft drink that is also flavored with ginger root. Ginger beer is much spicier than ginger ale. Ginger beer is popular in some Caribbean countries such as Trinidad.

Shaving
Shaving is removing hair from the face or other body part with a razor. Some people do not shave the chin, this is called a goatee beard. Other men do not shave the upper lip, this is called a mustache.

Hygiene
Hygiene is the act of being clean. Washing the body to remove dirt and germs, brushing the teeth to keep them clean, shaving, using the toilet properly, and dressing correctly are some examples. Proper hygiene is often taught to children at a young age, and it becomes a habit. If one does not have good hygiene, they might smell bad, lose teeth, or become ill (sick).

Spork
Image:Spork.png|thumb|Van Brode Milling Company a> application drawing.
A Spork is a combination of a spoon and a fork to create a special tool used to eat. Most sporks are made from plastic. Many fast food chains use the spork, including Taco Bell, Kentucky Fried Chicken, Taco John's, and Taco Bueno. Many people dislike the spork because it cannot poke food as well as a fork nor hold liquids as well as a spoon.

Vauxhall Astra
Vauxhall Astra is a car produced by General Motors since 1979. It was first just branded as a Vauxhall, since 1991 it has also been sold as a Opel, a Holden and a Chevrolet. Since 2007 it has been sold as a Saturn.
History.
In 1979, General Motors, the owners of Vauxhall, decided to replace the Viva model (Kaddett in Europe including Republic of Ireland) in the United Kingdom in as Vauxhall's small family car. The model still shared its body with the Kaddett, however it had things suited for use in this country, i.e. the steering wheel on the right side so that owners could drive on the the left-hand side of the road. In 1991, Opel and Chevrolet both binned the Kaddett name. Therefore, they adopted the Astra one. In 1995, Holden did that too. It was only in South Africa that the Kaddett name continued, and it was only on the Astra hatchback. In 1999, the year after the launch of the Opel Astra G/B, South Africa binned the Kaddett name too, leaving no countries/regions/continents using the Kaddett badge. In 2004, the Opel Astra H/C was launched. Saturn launched the Saturn Astra in 2007, replacing the Ion as their smallest model. The ninth/fourth Generation Astra is expected to be launched in 2009.

Ford Ka
The Ford Ka is a very small car made by the Ford Motor Company in Spain and Brazil. It has three doors and was first made in 1996. The Ka is very popular in Europe, about 1.5 million cars have been sold. A new model has been released in Brazil in 2008, in Europe a new model will be introduced in 2009.
Engine data.
4 cylinders in line; SOHC; 8 valves; electronic multipoint fuel injection
48 kW (65 HP) at 6.000 rpm
44 kW (60 HP) at 5500 rpm
51 kW (70 HP) at 5500 rpm
70 kW (95 HP) at 5500 rpm
Second Generation.
The second generation of the Ka is scheduled to be released in 2009. The car is build in cooperation with Fiat and will be produced in Poland.
For the first time, a Diesel engine will be available for the Ford Ka.
Engine data.
4 cylinders in line; SOHC; 8 valves

Tower Bridge
Tower Bridge is a bridge in London. It crosses the River Thames near the Tower of London. The north side of the bridge is Tower Hill, and the south side of the bridge comes down into Bermondsey SE1. It is far greater visually to London Bridge, which people often mistake it for. If large boats need to sail under Tower Bridge, the two halves of the bridge lift up to let it under. Many people come to London to see the Tower Bridge.
Workers began to build the Tower Bridge in April 1886 and the bridge was opened in June 30, 1894. When they finished building the bridge, the Tower Bridge bridge was the largest bascule bridge yet built. The bascules are raised to allow tall ships to pass through - this happens around 900 times per year.
The bridge's deck can be be raised to 87 degrees from the horizontal. The Tower Bridge is the world's most famous and recognisable bascule bridge. Therefore the bridge is one of London's most famous sights.
The bridge's framework is constructed from over 11,000 tons of steel. The bridge has twin walkways enlosed in glass which provide a nice view of the city. The road on the bridge is 10.6 metres wide and there are footways on each side of the street, which are 3.8 metres.
The complete length of the bridge is around half a mile. Measured from the level of the foundations, the total height of the towers is 89.3 meters high.

Waiter
A waiter is a person who "waits" on tables, often at a restaurant or cafe. A female waiter is called a waitress. He takes orders and delivers food to customers. A good waiter can also help the customers by recommending the best food.
Many waiters and waitresses are required by their employers to wear a uniform.
Most uniforms used are black and white or all black.

Steven Spielberg
Steven Spielberg (born December 18, 1946 in Cincinnati, Ohio) is an American movie director. His movies have included "Jaws" and "E.T." His movie "Jurassic Park" is very famous because the dinosaurs in it were made with computers and looked very real. He has won four Academy Awards.
His 1993 movie "Schindler's List" won the Academy Award for Best Picture.

Variable
A variable is a special type of amount or quantity which can change its value. They are often used in programming computers or in mathematical equations.
A number such as 5 or 200 cannot change its value. For example, if a person stands 5 feet away from a building, the "distance" variable compared to the building does not change over time. 5 feet is called a "fixed amount", which is the opposite of a variable amount.
But if a person walks away from the building, the distance variable compared to the building is increasing. So it does not have the same value and we can not use the same number for it, as it might be 1 foot now but 2 feet in a second's time. In mathematics, a variable is usually given a letter, such as "x" or "y".
In computer science, a variable does not have to be a number—it may be a string (text) value, or a date, or an amount of money, or even an object such as a picture.

Salvador Allende
Salvador Allende Gossens (June 26, 1908 – September 11, 1973) was a physician, senator, minister of health and the President of Chile from November 3, 1970 until his murder on September 11, 1973.
Family and early life.
Allende was born on June 26 of 1908 in the port city of Valparaiso, Chile. Like many Chileans Allende had a mestizo (mixed) racial background (European and other races mixed with Native Americans), his father Salvador Allende (senior) was of Basque descent and his mother Laura Gossens had a Jewish background (though converted to Catholicism).
School.
In 1918 his father sent Allende to study at the "Instituto Nacional" (National Institute) in Santiago, after completing his secondary schooling he does his compulsory military service. After completing his military service he enters the University of Chile to study medicine. Allende was a gifted, friendly and popular student; a great debater and public speaker and quickly becomes a student leader and vice-president of the FECH. (Student Federation of Chile). He graduated with a medical degree in 1933.
Distinguished political career.
He was one of the founders of the Socialist Party of Chile and in 1938 became a minister of health. He was a senator from 1945 until 1969 and was President of the Chilean Senate from 1966 until 1969.
Elections.
Allende first run for the presidency in 1952 but failed. Determined to succeed and win an election he tried again in 1958 and then in 1964. In both instances he failed again.
Allende would tour Chile from Iquique to Magallanes, for example one end to the other, speaking to peasants in the south and miners in the north and held rallies in the big cities. Allende found it hard to win an election because of the successful scare campaigns launched by opposing parties, many financed by large multi-national corporations and powerful national institutions such as private banks and schools.
Results.
Finally, and to the surprise of many working people - who had voted for him in previous elections and felt he would never win - in 1970 he won and became the President of Chile.
Goals.
Allende always ran for election on the same socialist platform (plan) proposing the same resolutions (things to be done), focusing on the persistent inequality in the country and the underdevelopment (poverty for large part of the population) which Allende saw as being rooted in the lack of control the Chilean people had over their natural resources and vital industries. (e.g. Banks, Copper mines, Electricity Companies etc.).
Allende promised that he would nationalize (put under control of government) vital industries and then create an advanced public health system and educational system that would be free and accessible to all. During the cold war (between the U.S. and the former U.S.S.R) many people feared that Chile would fall under the influence of the USSR and after the 1960s under the influence of Cuba.
Revolutionary change.
Allende’s speeches were also very radical (extreme) and Allende’s vision for Chile seemed completely different to the Chile that most people were familiar with. For example: Allende was an atheist and Marxist, for example he did not believe in Jesus or God and considered economic planning more important than anything else. This was odd in a country that was very catholic, held traditional family values, and in which people were taught that political freedoms (the freedom to elect politicians from different parties) was more important than solving problems such as extreme poverty or economic inequality (division between the poorest and the wealthiest people).
Allende also wanted revolutionary change, ie. he wanted deep changes to Chilean society very quickly, such forms of changes have always tended to cause great divisions in society between those who oppose the changes (called reactionaries) and those who support the drastic changes (revolutionaries). Through history such situation tends to always end up resolved violently. For example civil war (where one group of people fight another group of people of the same country), or military coup (when a government is overthrown before it finishes his term).
Results.
As a result many Chileans, especially professionals like University professors, doctors and business people left the country–this had a negative effect on Allende’s reforms. Eg. Allende increased health services and places at Universities for the underprivileged while many professors, specialists and doctors were leaving the country.
Peaceful revolution.
However, Allende was unique in that he did all he could to prevent this sort of violence, calling his revolution a “peaceful one within democracy” or calling it “the Chilean road to socialism.” In 1973 Allende’s enemies accused him of preparing a secret war and that his supporters were hoarding stocks of illegal weapons (in shanty towns and in rural areas) that were being sent from communist Cuba. To prove that this was not true, Allende allowed the Chilean Army to enforce a “weapons control’s law” that allowed the Chilean military to search and comb for any illegal weapons anywhere in the country. The Chilean army confirmed that after thoroughly searching for such weapons throughout the country they had found no significant stocks as the opposition was claiming. This ended up creating more support for Allende and allowed Allende to begin to focus on the upcoming election.
Allende's Mandate.
Allende came to power with a socialist plan. His vision for Chile was one in which the country's resources and wealth would be owned by Chileans and distributed more democratically. Allende started his program by nationalizing (put under control of government) major industries. Such as, Chile's copper mines (Chile had one of the largest copper mines in the World) but these mines were not owned by Chileans but by very powerful U.S. business people.
This created a serious problem with the U.S. government who saw Allende's nationalisation as an attack on U.S. interest and a threat to U.S. money investments in South America.
The coup, September 11, 1973.
The American Central Intelligence Agency was involved in the overthrowing of his government. Allende was a socialist. Many of his reforms and programs revolved around socialism. He created universal health care for all, made education better, and took a stronger level of control within the economy. He died in 1973. His death has been disputed for years; some feel that he took his own life by committing suicide, but others feel that he was murdered by Augusto Pinochet's militia. Pinochet would then become dictator of Chile.
Death and myth.
Allende was replaced by those who bombed him out of his post as president. The new ruling Junta justified their coup claiming that “Chile could no longer tolerate the cancer of Marxism”. The Pinochet regime claimed Allende had violated the Chilean Constitution–strange considering that Pinochet ended up writing a completely new one.
Legacy and place in history.
Allende became of interest to people all over the world because he was the first democratically elected socialist in Chile and the first democratically elected Marxist in the world. Many people felt Allende was the beginning of a new era in which great changes to society - especially in developing countries - could be brought about peacefully through an election

Authority
Authority is the ability of a person or an organization to conduct a certain lifestyle for another person or a group. Authority is known as one of the basis of society and stands against cooperation. Adopting lifestyle patterns as a result of authority is called obedience and authority as a concept includes most leadership cases.
Although authority is usually described as a human description there's also reference for authorities which are not human such as godly authorities and traditional authorities.
Authority exists by virtue of a certain social power. This power might be materialistic (such as a threat to harm someone) or fictitious (such as belief in a certain person's power). The power exists because of the possible use of sanction: An action who harms a person who's not obeying the authority or threatening it in order to conduct a social power.
Authority may exists in a direct way by virtue of an actual power (such as a threat of imprisonment), which is called "forcing", or by legitimization that the subject gives to the authority (such as recognition of aristocratic authority). In most cases both types exist.
Only a few authorities are based on physical power, most of them are based on an organizational authority system. In this way, the authoritys ability to act depends on her existence.
For example: the authority of a state leader takes part when there's some sort of a police that punishes individuals that do not obey him. The policeman are subordinated to the leader and his rules because theire also under the police threat. If all citizens of the state choose to denay the leader and his rules, the authority will be lost, but the very fact that the authority semi-exists allowes it to be full.
Obedience.
Obedience, as said, is the sign that means authority is being enforced. While obedience is the law, disobedience and crime are violation and resistance to the authority.
Theoretically, violation of the authority drags with it a sanction that's given by the authority owner. The severity of the sanction and the threat it presents are based on the particular social situation, on the balance of power, on the local norms and so on.
Criticism.
Many people criticize people in authority, and some even criticize the existence of authority. Anarchism is a philosophy that opposes all forms of authority.

Musical instrument
Musical instruments are things used to make music. Anything that somehow produces sound can be considered a musical instrument, but the term generally means items that are specifically for making music.

Winston Churchill
Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill was an English politician, who was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom during and after the World War II. Many people say that he is the greatest British leader of the twentieth century. He was also a soldier, journalist, and author. He won the Nobel Prize for literature.
He was born on 30 November, 1874 at Blenheim Palace, Oxfordshire, England, and died on 24 January 1965. His family was rich and well known. His father, Lord Randolph Churchill, was a politician. His mother was American.
He went to a famous school named Harrow. He didn't get good results, but he was good at fighting.
He joined the British Army in 1893. He fought in a war in Sudan in 1898 as an officer in the cavalry. In 1899 he went to the Boer War in South Africa, to be a newspaper reporter. He was captured by the Boers, but managed to escape.
In 1900 he became a politician in the Conservative Party, and was elected to Parliament. In 1904 he changed parties and joined the Liberal Party, but later returned to the Conservative Party.
He married Clementine Hozier in 1908, and had 5 children named Diana, Randolph, Sarah, Marigold and Mary.
World War I.
In 1910 Churchill became Home Secretary, one of the most important members of the government. In 1911 he was made First Lord of the Admiralty, which made him in charge of the Navy. When World War I broke out, he stayed in that job. He organized an invasion in Gallipoli which went wrong, and because of this, he was made to leave the government. He joined the army and was sent to fight in France, although he was still a Member of Parliament. In 1917 he was made minister in charge of military supplies.
Between the wars.
After World War I Churchill was put in charge of war. In 1919 he was in charge of aircraft. In 1921 he was in charge of the colonies. Soon after, in 1922 he lost in an election. In 1924 he became a member of Parliament again, this time not as a member of any party. In 1925 he joined the Conservative Party again. He became Chancellor of the Exchequer (Minister of Finance) in 1924.
After 1929 Churchill disagreed with many things the Conservative party believed in. He was not given any job in the government. Instead he wrote books. One was called "Marlborough: His Life and Times", about his famous ancestor John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough; another was "A History of the English Speaking Peoples", which was not published until after World War 2.
When Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany, Churchill warned that Britain should strengthen its military and oppose Hitler. However hardly any leaders agreed with him.
World War II.
At the start of World War II, Churchill was again put in charge of the Navy. In 1940 the war was going badly for Britain, and the Prime Minister resigned. Churchill was given the job. Some people thought that Britain could not win the war, and that they should make peace with Hitler. Churchill was sure that Britain could win and promised to continue the fight. He made famous speeches which are still remembered today.
He was friends with the President of the United States, Franklin D. Roosevelt. He persuaded Roosevelt to give supplies to Britain, and to help Britain out without fighting themselves. He had many meetings with Roosevelt and with Joseph Stalin, the leader of the Soviet Union, after they came into the war. They were called the "Big Three".
In 1945 his Conservative party lost an election. He stopped being Prime Minister.
In 1951 he became Prime Minister again.
In 1953 he became Sir Winston, and also won the Nobel Prize for Literature.
In 1955 he retired from being Prime Minister.
In 1964 he retired from Parliament.
In 1965 he died at the age of 90 with his wife Lady Clementine Churchill and other members of the family at his bedside.

Golan Heights
The Golan Heights is a strip of land that was part of Syria until Israel captured it in the Six Day War of 1967. The United Nations has voted to ask Israel to pull its troops out of the Golan Heights. Syria and Israel still have not signed a peace treaty from that war, mostly because of the issue of the Golan. They almost reached a peace deal but they couldn't agree on where to draw the line, and what Syria would have to do in return.

Pupil (eye)
The pupil is the opening in the centre of the eye. Light enters through the pupil and goes through the lens, which focuses the image on the retina. The size of the pupil is controlled by muscles. When more light is needed, the pupil is made larger. In brighter light, the pupil is made smaller.
The pupil can be compared with the shutter of a camera.

Translator
A translator reads something written in one language and speaks it or writes it in another language. For example, they could read a book in French and then "translate" it into English. See translation for more information.
In order to convert meanings from one language into another one, translators must be able to know deeply about the target culture, so that they are effective in conveying the original meaning of the source text or material. As a result, translators do not only convert words, what makes it deeper than a science but an art.
Translation is a complex activity, mainly because to interact and to communicate between languages require more than fluency in the source and the target languages but flexibility between them in an effective way for a specific audience or special readers. It is a sort of occupation and career that is mainly based on research and great skills for languages.

Cambodia
Cambodia or Kampuchea is a country in Southeast Asia. It is near Vietnam, Laos, and Thailand. About 13 million people live in Cambodia. The people of Cambodia are called "Cambodians" or "Kampucheans". Khmer is the official language. The country has recently emerged from a long civil war and the Khmer Rouge Years. The current leader, Hun Sen, has been accused by the international community of moving the country towards a dictatorship. It is part of ASEAN, Association of South East Asian Nations.

Teenager
A teenager, or teen, is a young person whose age is between thirteen and nineteen. They are called teenagers because their age number end in "teen".
Teenagers go through a lot of changes during this time. This is called adolescence or puberty. In the United States, some teenagers go to middle school and some go to high school. In the United Kingdom (UK), teenagers and non-teens mix in secondary school.

Age
The age of something/someone is how old he/she/it is. Normally it is the number of years he/she/it exists.

1600
1600 is the last year of the 16th century; 1601 is the actual first year of the 17th century.

Adult
An adult is someone grown up completely, or mature. It is the phase after being a teenager.
In many countries (such as the United States) someone is considered an adult when he or she is older than 18 years.
But there are exceptions, like Japan and South Korea, which do not consirder a person to be an adult until he or she is 19 or 20 years old.
There are also some cultures that say a person is an adult from an age of 12 years on.

Colony
A colony is a place controlled by a another country. The metropolitan state is the country that owns the colony. A country which has many colonies is often called an empire. A colonist is a person who lives in a colony.
Colonial means having to do with a colony. Colonial land is land that belongs to the colony. A colonist is sometimes called a colonial. The philosophy of having colonies is called colonialism. There must be many people to start a colony. There are many colonies, or countries that were once colonies, in the world. Countries that were once colonies of Britain are often part of the British Commonwealth.

Sonic boom
A sonic boom is created when an object travels faster than the speed of sound. When an airplane reaches the speed of sound, it makes such an explosive noise it can be seen with the Naked eye. This is often called "breaking the sound barrier." The visible part of a sonic boom is actually air that becomes squashed by sound waves. The thunder that a storm makes is also a sonic boom caused by lightning forcing air to move faster than the speed of sound.
The first plane to travel at the speed of sound was the Bell X-1 in 1947 and was piloted by Chuck Yeager.

Sikkim
Sikkim is Republic of India's smallest state in terms of population and second smallest in area after Goa and has an area of 2,745 sq mi (7,110 km²), it is bigger than Palestinian territories but smaller than the Georgian territory of Abkhazia. It is the shrine of the third highest mountain in the world i.e. Mt. Kanchendzonga (28,208 Ft asl). Its capital is Gangtok and other major towns are Gayzing, Pelling, Yuksam and Jorethang. The Languages spoken are English, Sikkimese, Lepcha, Tibettan, Nepali and Hindi. The main source of revenue has been tourism for this small state of India being landlocked on all sides. It shares its border with Bhutan to the east, Nepal to its west, Tibet to the north and Indian mainlands to its south.
Long isolated from the outside world, Sikkim was settled by Tibetans in the 16th century and became a British protectorate in 1890. Sikkim passed to India in 1949 and became a state of that country in 1975.
Sikkim's people are predominantly of Nepalese extraction; the minority Bhotias (Tibetan in origin) and aboriginal Lepchas are mainly pastoral nomads. Although the Nepalese practice Hinduism, Buddhism was professed by the former chogyal (“king under the religious laws”) and the official class, and Sikkim is noted for its Buddhist monasteries. Tibeto-Burmese languages and dialects are spoken widely.
Physical Features.
Sikkim may be small in area, may be only second smallest after Goa, but it has rich physical features like forests, rivers and mountains that define its boundaries. Most of the peaks above 6100 meters (2000ft) lie towards the western border of State. On the western border lies the third highest mountain of the world - the Kanchendzonga 8588 meters (28168 ft). Other peaks that stand at altitudes of above 6100 meters (20000ft) are Kabru, which is also the second highest mountain in the state. Sinilchu, Pandim, Rothong, Kokthang, Talung, Kanglakhang, Simvo & Jonsang. On the eastern border the most imposing peak is Paunhri, at an altitude of about 6700 meters(22000ft). The other mountains that are slightly less than 6100 meters (20000ft) are Masthonangye, Yabukjakchen, Narsing and Lamaonden.
Most of the peaks of Sikkim have remained unscaled because the Sikkimese consider them sacred and feel that they will lose their sanctity if climbed.
Lakes.
On the way between Gangtok to Nathula, 35 Kilometers from Gangtok lies the serene Changu (Tsomgo) Lake at an altitude of about 3693 meters (12310 ftp). Two other lakes nearby are the Bidang cho and the Mememcho. Kechopari lake is another well-known lake that lies on the route between Gyalshing and Yoksum. The highest concentration of lakes is on the western border north of Chiwabhanjang towards the Base Camp. Laxmipokhari, Lampokhari, Majurpokhari, twin lakes of Ram-Laxman are a few of the lakes in this area. Dud Phokhari and Samiti Lake are two other lakes situated in this area. Gurudogmar, which is the largest lakes and are in North Sikkim.
Hot Springs.
Sikkim has many hot-springs known for medicinal and therapeutic values. The most important hot-springs are at Phurchachu(Reshi), Yumthang, Borang, Ralang, Taram-chu and Yumey Samdong. All these hotsprings have high sulphur content and are located near the river banks. The average temperature of the water in these hot springs is 50°C.
Foods and Drinks.
Sikkimese prefer rice, green vegetables, potatoes, dals, sinky (Nepali delicacy), Gundruk (Nepali delicacy), Kenama (Nepali delicacy) etc.

Spelling bee
A Spelling bee is a spoken spelling competition. In a spelling bee, children are asked to spell words. The child who spells the most words correctly is the winner. Schools hold spelling bee competitions to encourage children to learn to read. As well, spelling bees encourage children to learn about spelling words and improve their vocabulary.

Birth control
Birth control or contraception is a way to prevent pregnancy during sexual intercourse. Some of the contraceptives available can also protect a person from sexually transmitted diseases.
When people practice contraception to prevent STDs and pregnancy, sometimes it is called "safe sex".
Birth control is also sometimes called "family planning". This is because it means that people have babies and make their families when they "plan" for it. This means that babies and families do not happen by accident.
Types of birth control.
There are many types of birth control. Some of these have been done for a long time, but many of them were only discovered in the last seventy five years.
Another word for a type of contraception is a "method".
Hormonal methods.
These can only be used by women. Doctors are trying to find a way to use hormonal methods for men.
Implants and injections are very good for younger women or women who cannot take a pill every day.
All hormonal birth control methods have some risks for side effects (bad things that happen if you take a medicine). They can make a very small increase in the risk of blood clots in the lungs, strokes, heart attacks, and breast cancer. But these risks are not as big as the risk a woman has if she gets pregnant.
Many hormonal birth control methods also make women's menses shorter and with less bleeding.
Hormonal methods do not prevent STDs.
Intrauterine methods.
This is where an object is put in the woman's uterus (womb, where the fetus grows when she is pregnant). This object is called an "intrauterine device" or IUD (acronym).
The worst part about IUDs is that they have to be put in by a doctor. There is some risk of infection of the uterus after the IUD is put in, but this is only for 1-2 months after.
IUDs can also be used as a "day-after" method to prevent pregnancy after the woman and man already had sex.
Sterilization.
This is when a man or woman has surgery to make them not able to make babies.
Men can get a "vasectomy". This is a small surgery where the tube that carries sperm from the testicles is cut.
Women can get "tubal" surgeries. These are ways that the fallopian tubes are cut or clipped so that eggs cannot go down them to the uterus. (The fallopian tube is the tube that carries the egg from the woman's ovary).
Other surgeries will make a woman sterile (not able to get pregnant). These are not done only for contraception, but they are done for other reasons.
Traditional contraception.
These have been used for a very long time. They were used before modern medicine. Some of them were used before scientists even discovered how "reproduction" (making babies) happens.
Many methods can reduce the risk of STIs, but only abstinence is 100% effective.
Periodic abstinence.
This means a man and a woman practice abstinence (not having sex) when the woman is fertile. When the woman is not fertile, she will not get pregnant when she has sex.
Lactational Amenorrhea Method.
This is when a woman is breastfeeding (using her breasts to make milk for her baby). There are certain rules the woman can use to know if she is not fertile.
Induced abortion.
Induced abortion (sometimes called just "abortion") is when a doctor gives a pregnant woman a medicine or does a surgery to stop the pregnancy. Some people do not call abortion a kind of contraception. This is because contraception means preventing pregnancy, but abortion is stopping a pregnancy that has already started.
Abortion is not a good birth control method. If a woman does not want to get pregnant, other methods are more safe and inexpensive (cost less money). So many doctors who do abortions for women help women find a better way to not get pregnant the next time.
Religion and contraception.
Some religions do not like contraception. Some of them teach that contraception is a sin.
Religious beliefs that contraception is a sin also keep people from doing "safe sex". Some groups who are opposed to this belief say it is dangerous in places where there is a lot of HIV and AIDS, because condoms make people much less likely to get HIV, but at the same times many feel that they can practice extra marital sex since they are "safe" from HIV/AIDS.

Role-playing game
A role-playing game (also called RPG) is a game in which one plays the role of one or several characters (people), either verbally (traditional RPGs), in a computer or video game, or alone. Often the characters gain "experience" (EXP) during the game, which makes them stronger.
Traditional RPGs.
Role-Playing Game used to be the name for pre-computer games (the most well-known of which is Dungeons & Dragons). In this type of RPG, players assume the role of a fantasy character, and play in a made-up world that, most of the time, is controlled by a Dungeon Master (DM). The DM is a person that tells the game's story to the players, tells them where they are in the game world and plays the part of all the Non-Player Characters (NPCs) and monsters that the players meet.
The DM will also give quests or tasks for the characters to complete. Characters usually have special skills that limit their actions, such as strength or speed, and as the character completes the quests, he or she is awarded experience with which he or she can go up to higher levels.
Most RPGs use dice rolls when a player tries to do something hard in the game (Like attacking a monster, or jumping over a gap). This means that there is luck in the game, as well as skill.
DM: "You enter a small room. It is wet and mouldy. You hear water dripping from somewhere. You see a small, shaking pile of gray jelly in the middle of the room."
Player: "I touch the pile with the tip of my sword."
DM: "Critical miss. The jelly moves up your sword and chokes you. You are dead."
Good DMs balance challenges and rewards, giving the players the chance to recover from mistakes, but at the same time providing consequences for the player's actions.
Computer and video game RPGs.
There are also computer and videogame RPGs, where the player controls one or more characters. A good example is the Final Fantasy series of games. Just like the pre-computer RPGs, the characters in the games level up when they get EXP. They also usually contain a main quest which cannot be completed without completing smaller side quests. These computer RPGs are easier to play because they only need one person, but they also lack the freedom of the older games, where new quests can be made up whenever you want. MMORPGs (Massively-Multiplayer Online "Role-Playing Game), are computer games where many players meet online in one large game world, and go on quests together. Some examples of these games are World of Warcraft, Everquest, or Runescape.
Live action role-playing game (LARP).
In LARP, the people play their characters themselves, much like a play. They act out the things their character does, dress like their character, and often talk in the way their character would.

Arabic language
Arabic (العربية) is a Semitic language, in the same family as Hebrew and Aramaic. Around 250 million people use it for their first language. Many more people can also understand it, but not as a first language. It is written with the Arabic alphabet. There are many different dialects of it found around the Arab world.
The language is very important in Islam, because Muslims believe that Allah (God) used it to talk to Muhammad through the Archangel Gabriel Jibreal, giving him the Quran in Arabic. Most Arabic speakers are Muslims, however not all are.
In the Western world, Arabic is also becoming a popular language to learn. Many other languages have borrowed words from Arabic, because of its importance in history. Some of the many English words that can be traced to Arabic are: sugar, cotton, magazine, algebra, and alcohol.

Dresden
Dresden () is the capital of the Free State of Saxony.
History.
Dresden was already settled in the Stoneage, but the first written record of the city was in 1206, when Dresden began to develop as a royal residence.
Politics and cultural.
Dresden is the political and cultural centre of Saxony. It is seat of the governmental district of Dresden and of numerous universities. The number of inhabitants of the city Dresden exceeded 100.000 in about 1852.
It was devastated after World War II. In 2002 it was flooded in Germany's so-called "century flooding".
Dresden has about 488,000 inhabitants (2005). Dresden forms the core of the densely populated area of the same name in Central Europe and is a traffic junction and an economic centre. Together with the population centres of Chemnitz, Zwickau and Leipzig forms the population centre known as the "Metropolregion Saxonia triangle".

Free will
Free will is the theory that every person can decide what to do freely.
The opposite of free will is determinism. "Determinism" means that, if someone knew everything about someone else, they could work out exactly what that person would do.
Most people think we have free will. But in fact there is a very hard question. If there is free will, then even if somebody else knew everything about us, they would not be able to work out exactly what we would do. The question is, if that is true how do "we" work out what we will do?
If we work out what to do based on things we know or think, then the other person would know that too, because they know everything about us. Then they could work it out in the same way and know what we would do, and there would be no free will. Another idea is that some of the things we use when working out what to do are random. But if what we do is based on something random, does that mean we are "free" or not?
There are also questions about what it would mean if there were no free will. If there were no free will and somebody steals something from you, do we have to let them do so, because they could not have chosen to do anything else?
Some people think that if there were no free will, we would not have to think about anything. But those people are making a mistake. Determinism does not mean that we already know what to do so we do not have to think about it. It means that we do think about it but that our thoughts always end up the same.
One person, called Hume, started a group called the "Compatibilists". Compatibilists are people who think that, even if somebody could work out everything we would do, there could still be free will as long as we are able to do things we want. People who are not compatibilists say that this would not be free, because if someone else knew what we wanted, they would know that we would do it; also we are not free to choose what we want or like, so doing things because we want to do them does not mean we have freely chosen them.

March 3
March 3 is the 62nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (63rd in leap years). There are 303 days remaining.

Irrigation
Irrigation is when people add water to plants, to help them grow when there is not enough rain. Irrigation water can be pumped from rivers, natural lakes or lakes created by dams, from wells or allowed to flow to the fields by the force of gravity along pipes or open canals.
Types of irrigation.
Irrigation water can be applied to the plants from above by sprinklers that throw water out under pressure, or from watering cans.
In sprinkler irrigation, water is moved through pipes to sprinklers scattered around and within the field. Center pivot irrigation is a type of sprinkler irrigation.
In drip irrigation water is brought to the plants via pipes having small holes or special emitters spaced along the pipe.
Surface methods allow water to flow onto the soil surface from canals or pipes. Traditional methods allow water to flow over the entire surface of the field but drip irrigation allows water to be directed to the roots of each individual plant and much less water is lost by infiltration to the ground.
Sub-surface irrigation raises the water table artificially so that it can be accessed by the roots of the crop and less water is lost to evaporation.
Impacts.
Irrigation can increase the crop yield or make it possible for a crop to grow in a dry period. The technology is usually expensive and care should be taken to ensure that the benefits from increased crop yields are not exceeded by the installation and operating costs of the irrigation scheme.
Irrigation causes a subsequent rise in watertables which raises saline water to the surface. This saline water can accumulate to the extent where the salinity is too high for aquatic life and vegetation to survive in.
But sometimes, irrigation caused bad because it carried salt water.

Glastonbury Festival
The Glastonbury Festival is a very big music festival. It is held at Worthy Farm in Glastonbury, England, every summer. About 100,000 people come to the festival every year.

Detroit, Michigan
Detroit is the largest city in the state of Michigan in the United States. It was the 10th largest city in the United States at the time of the 2000 census. As of 2004, it fell to 11th biggest as people have moved away, and San Jose, California, which is growing, moved to 10th.
It was made a city in 1701. Detroit is a city where many automobiles are made and this is why it is sometimes called the "Motor City". Many people call it the car capital of the world. Nearly six million people live in Detroit and the surrounding counties that encompass Metro Detroit. The city borders Windsor, Ontario in Canada.
In 2006, the Super Bowl came to Detroit. Detroit is home to one of the largest black communities in the United States, being over 80% African-American.
The preson who started the city was Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac. He was from France.

War communism
War communism is the name for the economic policies that Vladimir Lenin introduced in Russia. Lenin was the leader of the Bolshevik political party. It was introduced in 1918, and he got rid of it in 1921 because it was not successful. He introduced New Economic Policies in 1921 instead.
It was bad for the Russian economy. This is because they took away extra grain produced by the workers. This was known as grain requisitioning. Workers were not allowed to sell their extra food. So workers didn't produce much food any more, because there was no point because no food could be given out any more because no extra was produced, Russia ended up with lots of people who did not have any food.

New Economic Policy
New Economic Policy is the name for the new economy introduced by Lenin after the failed methods of War communism. These New Economic Policies were to revive the Russian economy. This is because the people did not believe in War communism.
The New Economic Policies meant that Russia returned to a partly capitalism society. This sorted out the problems of mass starvation and Famine which War Communism had caused.
Lenin did not want Russia to stay in this way, he only introduced them to be supported again by the Russian people, and to revive the economy.

Foreign aid
Foreign aid is when one country helps another country. The country may donate money or things. It may also send people to help make better the other country. This is especially needed when a disaster happens in a poor country. Sometimes this aid comes from a country's government and sometimes from private donations. It can help the poor and needed by simply giving them food and water. Most of the time it is usually a charity which donates to the poor countries. the poor countries are mainly in India, Africa and South America.

Hydroelectricity
Hydroelectricity is electricity that is made by the movement of water. It is usually made with dams that block a river or collect water that is pumped there. When the water is "let go" the huge pressure behind the dam forces the water down shafts that lead to a turbine, this causes the turbine to turn, and electricity is produced.
Advantages of hydroelectricity are that the way in which electricity is produced harms the environment less than fossil fuels like oil. Hydroelectricity is safe and produces no waste.
Hydroelectricity is also useful when electricity is needed very quickly. Water that has been stored in a dam can be "let go" when needed, so the energy needed can be made quickly. hydroelectricity will never become extinct because of our water supply. The advantages of hydroelectricity is once the dam is built the electricity is free,no waste or pollution produced and electricity can be generated constantly.
Disadvantages are that dams can harm the land and animals around them and some people say that they just do not look good.

Mallaig
Mallaig is a small town in Scotland. It is also a port. Ferries link Mallaig, which is on the mainland, to some islands.

Cramlington
Cramlington is a town in the county of Northumberland, in the north-east of England.
Cramlington is about five miles from the coast. The nearest beach is Blyth, which is east. The county town of Morpeth is nearby like the rest of the Northumbrian countryside.
Newcastle city is also closeby, which people of Cramlington can go and enjoy.
Cramlington is quite new, with lots of parks. The cycle track system also means cyclists can travel around the entire town without having to travel on the roads. The underpasses under the major roads mean children can walk around safe from traffic.
History.
It was thought the Vikings were the first to settle in Cramlington. Until relatively recently it was made up of a few small mining villages, but was chosen to be a new town and since the 1960s, builders have enlarged the town to become the town of 40,000 it is today.
Facilites.
A large indoor shopping mall, Manor Walks, serves as the main shopping centre, next to the old village centre. There is a large leisure centre, Concordia, next to the shopping centre which has an indoor pool, climbing wall and well-equipped gym.
There are lots of Christian churches in the town including two Methodist, an Anglican church with two plants, as well as a Catholic church and a few pentecostal and charismatic churches.
Cramlington Community High School is the only secondary school in the town, which passed the recent OFSTED inspection with 'outstanding' grades. The school system is about to be replaced with the two tier sstem, in which the high school will cater for 11-18 year olds.
Trivia.
The comedian Ross Noble grew up in Cramlington.

Belfast
Belfast (Irish: "Béal Feirste") is the capital of Northern Ireland. It is the second largest city in Ireland, after Dublin. About 270,000 people live in the city. It became capital of the Province of Northern Ireland when Northern Ireland was created in 1921. A lot of famous ships were built by the Belfast shipyard Harland and Wolff. In 1911 they built the RMS Titanic.

Dungeness
Dungeness is a place on the coast in Kent, England. There are two power stations there. There are also two lighthouses. Many different animals and plants live around Dungeness.

Power station
There are many power stations around the world, because many things need electricity to work.

Mind
The mind is the part of a person that thinks, reasons, perceives, wills, and feels. Certain religions say that the mind is separate from the body and is called a Soul (see Dualism). Others believe that the mind is just a different way of describing certain parts of the human brain.
Sciences that focus on the mind include philosophy of the mind, psychology and neuroscience.
Artificial intelligence is an attempt to create a machine that works like a human brain.

Reality
Reality is a noun referring to anything that is real. An event that has actually happened, or a noun that really exists is said to have "reality." Something close to reality is "realistic", meaning it looks real but it is animated, or inorganic.
Television programs that are not scripted are called Reality TV.

Mary Shelley
Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley (August 30, 1797 – February 1, 1851) was an author best known for writing the novel "Frankenstein". She was in her teens when she wrote the book that is now a classic.
Biography.
Mary Shelley was born on August 30, 1797 in London, England. She was the second daughter in her family. Her parents were Mary Wollstonecraft, a feminist, and William Godwin, a philosopher. Her mother died in childbirth. Her father was quick to marry again. Mary got a great education, something most girls didn't have at the time.
During May of 1816, Mary and her future husband Percy Bysshe Shelley, traveled to Lake Geneva to spend summer near the famous poet Lord Byron. In terms of English literature, it was a great summer. Percy began work on "Hymn To Intellectual Beauty" and "Mont Blanc". At the same time, Mary was inspired to write her classic work.
One evening, the group of young writers decided to have a contest telling horror stories. Another guest, Dr John Polidori, came up with "The Vampyre", later a strong influence on Bram Stoker's "Dracula". Other guests told scary stories, but Mary could not think of one. But that night, she dreamt of the story she had wanted to tell. She wrote it down, and in time, her story would be published as "Frankenstein", and it became more successful than any of the other writings produced that summer.
Mary had a number of different sources for her work; one was the Promethean myth from Ovid. The influence of John Milton's "Paradise Lost" (the book the 'monster' finds in the cabin) is also clearly seen in the novel. Also, both Shelleys had read William Beckford's "Vathek".
Mary and Percy were both vegetarians, and strong advocates for "animal rights". One can see references to vegetarianism in her writing. For example, in her novel "Frankenstein", the 'monster' was a vegetarian.
Returning to England in September of 1816, Mary and Shelley were stunned by two family suicides in quick succession. First, in November, Mary's older half-sister, Fanny Imlay, left the Godwin home and took her own life at a distant inn. Only weeks later, Shelley's first wife drowned herself in London's Hyde Park. Discarded and pregnant, she had not welcomed Shelley's invitation to join Mary and himself in their new household.
Shortly after Harriet's death, Shelley and Mary were married, now with Godwin's blessing. Their attempts to gain custody of Shelley's two children by Harriet failed, but their writing careers enjoyed more success when, in the spring of 1817, Mary finished "Frankenstein".
Mary had several children, most of which died young.
Mary Shelley died on February 1, 1851 in London, and was buried at St. Peter's Churchyard in Bournemouth, in the English county of Dorset.
Three films have shown Mary Shelley, and the basic idea of the "Frankenstein" story in 1816: "Gothic" directed by Ken Russell (1986), "Haunted Summer" directed by Ivan Passer (1988) and "Remando al viento" (English title: "Rowing with the Wind") directed by Gonzalo Suárez (1988).

Nelson Mandela
Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (born 18 July, 1918) was the first President of South Africa to be elected in a fully-represented democratic election.
Mandela was born in the Transkei region of South Africa. After his father died when Nelson was 7 years old he lived with the local regent, who sent him to school. After he left Fort Hare University in 1941, he went to Johannesburg. In 1944, he helped start the African National Congress Youth League. He was soon a leader in the group. The government saw him as a threat to their policy of apartheid, and they made it very hard for him to keep leading. He was put in jail for this in 1964. In 1990, he was let out of prison after 27 years. He got the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993 together with former President Frederik Willem de Klerk. Mandela was the president of South Africa from 10 May 1994 until 1999. He was considered one of South Africa's greatest leaders of all time and is respected around the world.
He wanted to free South Africa without violence, but when the government started killing and hurting protestors, he started Umkhonto we Sizwe (English: "Spear of the Nation", also MK) with Walter Sisulu and other people in the African National Congress. He admires Mahatma Ghandi and follows many of his teachings.
Mandela is a hero in South Africa and in most of the world because he helped end apartheid. He is also an example of racial equality.
"We stand here today as nothing more than a representative of the millions of our people who dared to rise up against a social system whose very essence is war, violence, racism, oppression, repression and the impoverishment of an entire people."

Don Quixote
"Don Quixote" is a novel by Miguel de Cervantes. The book, published in two parts (1605 and 1615) is considered to be the first modern novel. It is about Don Quixote, Man of La Mancha. Don Quixote believes himself to be a knight, and makes "heroic" rescues, including slaying windmills. It was first written in Spanish, and soon afterwards was translated to English by Thomas Shelton.

Swim
To swim is to move through water. People swim using their arms and/or legs. Swimming can be divided into several "strokes": breaststroke, front crawl, butterfly, and backstroke are some of them. The freestyle, in competition, is a swim race where the racers can swim any of the four strokes. Almost everyone chooses front crawl. Swimmers move through the water using the combination of other body parts. Swimmers need to be able to stay above water and sometimes be able to hold their breath for a long time. A person needs to be healthy if it wants to do it as a sport.
Swimming can be done for fun, for exercise, or as a competitive sport. Many Schools use swimming as a physical training exercise or just to have some fun after a hard week in the gym or outside.

Archimedes
Archimedes (287 BC-212 BC) was a Greek scientist. He was an inventor, an astronomer, and a mathematician. He was born in the town of Syracuse in Sicily in what is now Italy. He was very famous during his life and he may be one of the most clever people who have ever lived. He is now said to be one of the most important scientists and the greatest mathematician of the ancient world.
His father was Phidias, an astronomer.and he may have been in the family of a king of Syracuse. Syracuse was a rich Greek city, on the sea shore in Sicily. When Archimedes was about ten years old, he left Syracuse to study in Alexandria, in Egypt in the school of Euclid, who was a famous mathematician. Not much is known about the personal life of Archimedes, for example, whether he was married or if he had children.
Archimedes in stories (legends).
There are many stories told about Archimedes. Some of them may be true, but many of them may be untrue, or only partly true.
The best known saying of Archimedes was that if he was given a long enough lever and a place to stand, he could move the world. This is meant to show the power of the lever. The lever is perhaps the simplest machine and can help a person to do more work than they would otherwise be able to do. Archimedes was not the first person to use a lever, but he did write about how it worked and what could be done to make it work better.
Another Archimedes story is that a king thought his crown was not pure gold. Archimedes proved that the crown was made from gold mixed with silver. The value of gold was more than that of silver, so the king was deceived. Archimedes was in a bath and thought about what happens when an item is put into water. He found out that different things (such as different metals) with the same weight move out different amounts of water. This is called water displacement and the different metals have different density. When he had this idea, he jumped out of the bath and ran with no clothes on through the streets of the town, shouting "Eureka!" - which means "I have found it"
Archimedes the scientist.
Archimedes is also well known for being the first person to understand statics, which is a part of the study of physics and is to do with loads that do not move, for example in buildings or bridges. He also understood and wrote about what happens when things float in liquids which is called buoyancy. He discovered, that is found out, how many things work and wrote down the new rules and laws that he found.
Archimedes, the inventor and engineer.
Archimedes is also famous as an inventor because he made new tools and machines. For example, he made a machine to lift water that could be used by farmers to bring water to their crops. This is still called the Archimedes' Screw.
Archimedes probably also invented a machine to measure distance, an odometer. A cart was built with wheels that turned four hundred times in one mile. A pin on the wheel would hit a 400-tooth gear, so it turned once for every mile. This gear would then make a small stone fall into a cup. At the end of a journey one could count the number of stones in the cup to find the distance.
Archimedes also made a machine by which one person could pull a large ship with just one rope. This was the compound pulley. This is an important machine even today. /
Archimedes at war.
He also invented or made many machines used in war, for example he made better catapults. This was during the Punic Wars, which were between Rome in what is now Italy and the city of Carthage in what is now North Africa. For many years he helped stop the Roman army from attacking Syracuse, his city. One war machine was called the "claw of Archimedes", or the "iron hand". It was used to defend the city from attacks by ships. Ancient writers said that it was a kind of crane with a hook that lifted ships out of the water and caused their destruction.
Another story about Archimedes is that he burned Roman ships from far away using many mirrors and the light from the sun. This is perhaps possible, but it is perhaps more likely that this was done with flaming missiles from a catapult.
After many years the Roman army took the city of Syracuse. One of the soldiers killed Archimedes, who was then an old man. The soldiers had perhaps been told to catch Archimedes alive, so it may have been a mistake. The story is that Archimedes was killed while drawing a mathematical diagram in the sand. He was so busy with his drawing that he did not see the soldier behind him. His famous last words were, “Don’t disturb my circles!”

Radio
Radio is a machine for sending signals over a long distance, that uses electromagnetic waves, or radio signals, to send electronic information from one place to another without wires. They get power from batteries or sometimes from the mains electricity. There are also radios that can be wound up like a toy. The machine that sends radio transmissions is called a transmitter. The machine that turns radio signals into sound is called a receiver, although many people call the receiver a radio.
Radio was first created as a device to send messages between two people (in times of war), but it is now used to listen to music, news and Entertainers. This is known as "talk radio." Radio shows were used before there were TV programs. In the 1930s the US President started sending a message about the country every week to the American people. Companies that make and send radio programmes are called radio stations. These are sometimes run by Governments, and sometimes by private companies, who make money by sending advertisements during the programme. In the early days manufacturing companies would pay to send complete programmes by radio. These were often plays or dramas. Because companies who made soap often paid for plays and dramas, these were called "Soap Operas".
Radio can still be used to send messages between people. Talking to someone with a radio is different than "talk radio". Citizen's band radio, amateur radio use radio. Policemen, firemen and other people who help in times of trouble use radio to communicate. It is like a mobile phone, (which also uses radio signals) but the distance two people can talk between is shorter and both people must have a radio which can send messages. There is no cost when someone buys the machine, so it is used when often sending messages often between two places, like a policeman and his office.
Television also uses radio signals to send pictures and sound. Radio signals can start engines moving so that gates open on their own from a distance. ("See: Radio control."). Radio signals can be used to lock and unlock the doors in a car from a distance.
Sound can be sent by radio, either through Frequency Modulation or Amplitude Modulation.
Many people believe that an Italian man named Guglielmo Marconi made the first radio, because he was the first person to send radio waves. Engineer Nikola Tesla made the first radio to send messages which made sound, but people do not always know about what he did.
Satellite Radio.
There is now a new machine, satellite radio. This machine sends digital signals first sent to a satellite in space, up in the sky above the earth (it is an electronic machine like a mirror) and bounced back to Earth. Someone must have a special radio to listen to satellite radio. To get music on a satellite radio people must pay money every month. Satellite radio have many different channels, music, sports and talk, which do not have advertisements. That is why money must be paid every month, because other radio stations make their money by selling advertising. The sound on the satellite radio is very good. It is like on a CD compact disc, maybe even better. There are two satellite radio services in the US: XM Satellite Radio and Sirius Satellite Radio. The old way of sending radio messages is called terrestrial radio, this comes from the Latin language word, "terre" which means "earth", so as not to mix it up with satellite radio from the sky. Europe has digital radio as well, but does not use satellites to send the signal.

Vandalism
"For the Wikipedia term, please see Vandalism."
Vandalism is destroying or damaging the property of another. A person that does this is called a "vandal". This includes graffiti and website damage. This is usually illegal. Often, vandals do this because they think it is funny or because they want attention or to feel big, or bad.
The name "vandal" is from the Vandals, a group of people who ruined Ancient Rome in the year 455 CE.
Vandalism is almost always a crime; different types of vandalism include: graffiti, smashing the windows of cars and houses, and rioting.

Monopoly (game)
Monopoly is a board game played by two to eight players. It is played on a board with spaces named after streets. These streets are actual streets in Atlantic City in New Jersey in the United States. In the British version, they are named after streets in London. Like many board games, each person has his own game token that he moves on the board. If he/she passes the go space, he/she collects $200. There is also a pair of dice, and play money. A person wins by having the most money at the end of the game. There are many versions of Monopoly such as Star Wars Monopoly and Create-your-own-opoly (where you name the streets yourself).
On the Monopoly board are 40 spaces. In the four corners of the board are the space where each player begins, called "GO"; "Free Parking", "JAIL", and "Go to Jail". Along the sides of the board are properties and businesses for sale. There are 22 "properties", 4 "railroads", the "Electric Company" and the "Water Works". There are also "Income Tax" and "Luxury Tax", and "Community Chests" and "Chances".

Still Standing
"Still Standing" is a CBS sitcom starring Mark Addy. Addy's character is a father of three with a wife named Judy (Jami Gertz). Judy and Addy's character, Bill Miller, deal with having an annoying relative, Aunt Linda (Jennifer Irwin), and with having kids of different ages. It was first shown in September 2002.

IGN
IGN is a gaming website that was first launched in 2000. It has FAQ's, guides, and walkthroughs about many of the games on GameCube, PC, PlayStation 2, and the Xbox as well as the older systems. The IGN web site's competitor is GameSpot which is another gaming web site.
IGN also features a popular message board, with a lot of members.

Sock
Socks are often worn on a person's foot. They absorb sweat and help to keep the foot dry. Socks also provide comfort to a person's foot and keep them warm in cold weather. They are usually made of cotton or wool. Socks can cover only the foot and ankle, or they may be long enough to cover the entire lower leg up to the knee. Toe socks are socks that wrap each toe separate from the others.

Everybody Loves Raymond
"Everybody Loves Raymond" was 1996 American television series. It starred Ray Romano. The series was a popular sitcomon the CBS network.
Overview.
Ray Romano plays Ray Barone, a sports writer. Patricia Heaton plays his wife, Debra. Ray and Deborah have a very fun set of neighbors: Ray's parents. Robert, Ray's "loser" brother, is a police officer, and is very unlucky in love. By the end of season seven, however, he finds himself married to a woman named Amy. The finale to the show aired on May 16, 2005.

Lighthouse
A lighthouse is a tall house that has a light placed near the top. Lighthouses are built on the coast of an ocean or lake. The lighthouse is meant to protect ships from crashing into shore by sending the light out towards the sea. The light usually turns in a circle so that ships see a flashing light. The light is usually covered by a Fresnel lens. This lens enables the light to travel a far distance.
One of the most famous lghthouses was the Lighthouse of Alexandria. It was located on an island near the coast. That Island was called "Pharos". Even today, many languages use a word that comes from the name of the island, to stand for a lighthouse.
Almost all lighthouses are automatic now.

Joan of Arcadia
"Joan of Arcadia" is a CBS drama starring Amber Tamblyn. Tamblyn's characters is Joan Gerardi, a teenager with the ability to talk to God.
The show is in its second season, and has 8.5 million viewers per episode.
However after declining ratings the show was cancled and a third series never made.

Lunchbox
A lunchbox is used to carry a person's lunch. They can come in many shapes and sizes and by a number of manufacturers. They can also be in the form of a brown paper bag.

The Game of Life
The Game of Life is a popular board game. Players spin a spinner, which tells them where to go next. They then go through an imaginary "life," getting married and having kids. The object of the game is to have more money than the other players by the end of the game.

Poster
A poster is a large piece of printed paper that contains a picture of something. Posters are made to be shown on a wall or other flat surface. Posters may be used for advertising, education, propaganda, and decoration. They may also be copies of famous works of art.

Gretchen Wilson
Gretchen Wilson (born June 26, 1973) is a popular country music singer. Her career began in 2004.

Blue Balliett
Elizabeth "Blue" Balliett Klein (born 1955) is an American writer. Her first book is "Chasing Vermeer". "Chasing Vermeer" made the Children's bestseller list in 2004. It is currently being made into a movie. In the story, two sixth graders help solve a mystery involving a Vermeer painting. The story has to do with pentominoes, patterns, and coincidences. The sequel to "Chasing Vermeer" is "The Wright 3," a mystery centered around the Robie House designed by Frank Lloyd Wright and his talisman- a superstitious good luck object- that is a jade Japanese fish. This time, the two main characters, Petra and Calder, are joined by Calder's old friend, Tommy Segovia. The sequel was published in April 2006.

Eyelash
An eyelash is a hair that grows at the edge of the eyelids. They protect the eye from small things like dust. The average person has hundreds of eyelashes. They have a life span of about 3 months.

Prague
Prague (Praha in Czech) is the capital and the biggest city of the Czech Republic.
Prague has been one of the most beautiful European cities since the Middle Ages. Often called the "City of 100 towers" or the "Heart of the Europe", Prague was a place where many merchants, artists and inventors met..
Prague is full of historical monuments and shows all artistic styles. The historical centre of Prague is situated on both banks of the Vltava river. This historical centre consists of the 6 districts, which were once independent cities that were put together in 18th century. Those are Staré Město (Old Town), Josefov (Old Jewish Town), Nové Město (New Town), Malá Strana (Lesser Town), Hradčany (Prague Castle) and Vyšehrad. It was Prince Bořivoj who established Prague Castle. There are also lots of museums, galleries, theatres, concert halls, and other historical buildings.
History.
The earliest inhabitants of the area that we know about lived in the valley of the Vltava river around 500 BC. Slavonic tribes came to Bohemia in about 500 AD. There is a legend about how the town of Prague started. Princess Libuše, the leader of a Slavonic tribe, chose a simple peasant Přemysl to be her husband. She told him to go and find a village on the banks of the Vltava and to start a town there. The town became Prague, ruled by the Přemyslid family.
In the second half of the 9th century the castle’s original fortifications were built. During the reign of Wenceslas I (Václav in Czech) in the 10th century the church of St Vitus was built at Prague castle. Wenceslas was murdered by his brother when he was going to church. He was later made a saint. In the early 11th century the Přemyslid family got power in Moravia, too. Vratislav II was the first monarch to be called King of Bohemia.
Another ruler, also called Wenceslas I, ruled as King of Bohemia from 1230. He encouraged the arts. A lot of Germans came to live in Prague. In 1257 King Otakar II founded the area of Prague called the Lesser Quarter for the Germans to live in. The last of the Přemyslid kings was King Wenceslas III. He was murdered in Moravia.
During the Middle Ages Prague became very important as the capital of the Holy Roman Empire ruled by Charles IV (1316-1378) who was the most powerful ruler in Europe at the time. Charles made Prague a great city, building St Vitus Cathedral, a university, and a famous bridge called Charles Bridge which still exists.
After Charles IV there were many arguments and fights in Prague. A priest called Jan Hus said that the Catholic Church had become too powerful. He was arrested and burned at the stake in 1415. A lot of people agreed with what Hus had been saying. These people were called Hussites. They threw a lot of important Catholic people out of the window (called "defenestration"). A lot more fighting followed, and for many years Bohemia was ruled by kings who lived in other countries.
From 1526 the Hapsburg family ruled Bohemia. They were Catholics and ruled the Holy Roman Empire. In 1576 the Emperor Rudolph II moved the capital from Vienna to Prague. Prague became a rich town again, and people were free to worship as Catholics or Protestants. After Rudolph II the were a lot of religious fighting and more people were defenestrated. Eventually the fighting became part of the Thirty Years’ War. When Ferdinand II won the fighting a lot of Protestants left the country. New buildings in Prague were built in the Baroque style. The German language, not Czech, was spoken at court. Maria Theresa was the only queen to reign over Prague. One of her 16 children was Marie Antoinette who became queen of France. When her son, Joseph II, ruled people stopped fighting about religion. The people were free to speak what they thought, and there was no more serfdom. Prague now had three parts: the Old Town, the Lesser Quarter and the New Town. There was a lot of culture. Famous people such as Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart visited the town a lot.
In the 19th century industry came to Prague. Factories were built, a railway was built between Prague and Vienna. The Czech nationalist movement became very strong after 1848. They wanted to use their own language instead of German. The composers Smetana and Dvořák wrote music about their country, often using Czech folksongs. The National Theatre was opened in 1881.
In June 1914 the Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Hapsburg throne, was murdered. This led to World War I. After the war an independent republic called Czechoslovakia was formed with Prague as its capital. It consisted of Bohemia, Moravia and Slovakia. In 1938 Hitler invaded the country. It was liberated by Soviet troops in May 1945. However, the communists soon seized power and the country was ruled by the communist part who had to obey the Soviet Union. The president Alexander Dubček, gradually tried to make reforms, but in 1968 the Soviet Union sent tanks into Prague to Wenceslas Square to restore their power.
Democracy gradually came to Prague in 1989 when the Velvet Revolution took place in Wenceslas Square. In 1993 the Czech Republic and Slovakia split into two countries. Today both these countries are part of the European Union.
Cultural sights.
Since the fall of the Iron Curtain in 1990 Prague has become one of Europe's most popular tourist places. It has buildings dating from the 13th century to the present day. The castle looks very important on the hillside. Charles Bridge is now closed to traffic so that pedestrians can walk across the bridge and buy souvenirs from the stalls. There are many museums, palaces and theatres. Tourists always go to the Old Town Square in the centre of Prague. There are lots of buildings there from different periods of history. The statue of Jan Hus stands high above the square. There is a famous Astronomical Clock on the wall of the Old Town Hall. There are museums dedicated to famous people including Smetana, Dvořák and Franz Kafka. The Estates Theatre is one of Europe’s oldest theatres. It was built in the 1780s and Mozart conducted the first performance of his opera "Don Giovanni" there.
Prague is on the list of World Heritage Sites.
Economics.
Prague has been important in the economic life of what is now the Czech Republic since the region developed industry in the 19th century. Textile and machinery are made and exported to many countries. Food, electronics and chemicals are produced. Nearly half the people who work are women.
Prague is becoming a city where many international companies have their headquarters. Since the late 1990s, Prague has become a popular filming location for international productions and Hollywood motion pictures.
Colleges and universities.
The city contains several universities and colleges including the oldest university in Central and Eastern Europe: the Charles University, founded in 1348.
Transport.
Prague has three metro lines, several tram lines, and buses that connect to the suburbs. There is also a funicular rail link to the top of the Petřín Hill and a chairlift at Prague Zoo. All these services have a common ticketing system.
Trains from Prague connect to major cities in neighbouring countries.
There is a modern airport, Ruzyně International Airport, used by many airlines including Czech Airlines.
Sport.
Prague has many parks and gardens, including a park for culture, sports and entertainments which is named after Julius Fučík, a resistance leader of World War II. It has three stadiums, the largest of which, Spartakiada, holds 250,000 people.

Wallet
A wallet is a leather or fabric container that a person uses to hold money, credit cards, and business cards. Most men usually keep their wallet in their pockets, while women usually keep them in larger leather or fabric bags called purses.

Memory card
A memory card is a small card inside a computer, or other electronic device, such as a digital camera. It helps the computer keep and save computer files on a video game. Some memory cards hold more files than others. There are different types of memory cards.

Computer printer
A printer is a piece of hardware for a computer. It is an instrument that must be connected to a computer which allows the users to print items on paper, such as letters and pictures. It can also work with Digital Cameras to print directly without the use of a Computer.
Cost of printers.
There are different costs with a printer. Printers that are more expensive to buy will usually be less expensive in the consumables (the ink, toner, or ribbon used by the printer). Therefore, laser printers are often more expensive to buy than inkjet printers. Inkjet printers on the other hand have a higher cost of consumables, the ink tanks are more expensive than the toner. Laser printers that can print color are still quite expensive.

Chasing Vermeer
"Chasing Vermeer" is a children's novel. It is about two kids noticing strange coincidences relating to art. The book was written by Blue Balliett and published (printed) by Scholastic in 2003. It says many things about the Dutch painter Johannes Vermeer.
The sequel to the book is "The Wright 3".

Great Wall of China
The Great Wall of China is a very old stone wall in China which was built to protect the north of the empire of China from enemy attacks. It is the longest structure humans have ever built: stretching approximately 6400 kilometres long. The wall begins at Shanhai Pass and ends in Lop Nur.
The Great Wall stands 5 people wide and 10 people high.
Several walls, referred to as the Great Wall of China, have been built. The first was built in the 5th century BC. The most famous wall was built between 220–200 BC by the first Emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang. Little of this wall remains. It was much farther north than the current wall. The current wall was built during the Ming Dynasty.
History.
The First Emperor of China started the Qin Dynasty. The Xiongnu tribes in the north of China (who are also called the Huns) were his enemies. Because the land in some parts of China is easy to cross, Qin Shi Huang began building the Great Wall to make it more difficult for the Xiongnu to invade China.
Other dynasties in China worked more on the wall and made it longer. The Han, Sui, Northern and Jin Dynasties all repaired, rebuilt or expanded the Great Wall. During the Ming Dynasty, major reconstruction work took place, where sections of the Wall were built with bricks and stone instead of earth.
Construction and Reconstruction of the Great Wall.
Builders used materials nearby so some parts of the wall were made out of mud, straw, and twigs. Thousands of workers lost their lives from giant falling stones, exhaustion, disease, animal attacks, and starvation. There is an old Chinese saying, “Each stone on the wall represents a life lost in the Great Wall of China’s construction.”
Visibility from space.
Rumours about being able to see the the Great Wall from the moon are untrue. Among others who have not seen the Great Wall from space are Neil Armstrong who said: I do not believe that, at least with my eyes, there would be any man-made object that I could see. I have not yet found somebody who has told me they've seen the Wall of China from Earth orbit....I've asked various people, particularly Shuttle guys, that have been many orbits around China in the daytime, and the ones I've talked to didn't see it.

Amazon River
The Amazon river (also named "Rio Amazonas" (Amazon river) in Portuguese and Spanish) is a river that flows in tropical forests of South America, mainly Brazil. It flows to the Atlantic Ocean. This river is the second longest in the world. The longest is the Nile. Amazon is by far the "largest" river in the world measured by flow volume and watershed area. It is so wide and the flow is so strong that not a single bridge has been built over it.
What made it difficult to measure the length of the river, is that the river changes its name at some points.
The river and its tributaries essentially flow through the Rainforest. There are many cities along the river. It is the main route of traffic in the region. The biggest city on the river is Manaus, which is also the capital of the Brazillian State of Amazonas.
The Amazon as a trade route.
Large ocean ships can get up the river until Manaus's, which is almost 1500 kilometers from its mouth. Smaller ocean vessels of 3,000 tons and 7.9 m (26 ft) draft can reach as far as Iquitos in Peru, 3,700 km (2,300 miles) from the sea. Smaller riverboats can reach 780 km (486 mi) higher as far as Actual Point. Beyond that, small boats frequently go up to the Pogo Ode Escherichia's, just above Actual Point.

Pyramid
A pyramid is a shape. It typically has a square bottom with four triangular sides that get narrower as they get nearer to the point at the top, called the "apex". A pyramid that has a triangle as its base instead of a square is called a tetrahedron.
Famous Pyramids.
There are famous buildings with a pyramid shape around the world. In Egypt (a country in north Africa), kings and queens called pharaohs were buried in very large stone pyramids. There are also ancient pyramids in Africa, Nubia, Central America, Greece, Rome, North America, France, China and Mediaeval Europe
There is a famous modern glass pyramid in front of the Louvre Museum in Paris. The Luxor Hotel, in Las Vegas, Nevada is also a glass pyramid.
The largest of these huge buildings is the great pyramid at Giza near Cairo. It was built by the pharoh Khafra from the Ancient Egyptian Old Kingdom. The other pyramids were built by Menkaura and Khufu (both from the Old Kingdom as well). It is one of the seven wonders of the ancient world, as listed by the ancient Greeks.

Care Bears
The Care Bears are a very successful toy franchise from the 1980s. Over forty million of these stuffed teddy bears, made with a variety of colours, were sold from 1983 to 1987. Each Bear had a name, a job, and a symbol tied to it. For example, Bedtime Bear helps people sleep, and has a curved blue moon on his stomach.
The toys began life as characters on cards in 1981; the original artwork was done by Elena Kucharik. Later, other toys called the Care Bear Cousins were introduced.
They also gave way to three animated movies for the cinema in the mid-1980s. A related TV series from DIC and, later, Canada's Nelvana Limited came out at almost that same time.
Recently, Care Bear toys have been brought back in a new edition for the twenty-first century. As part of this comeback, the Bears have appeared in their first two DVD movies (both computer-animated), as well as a few video games.

Bolzano
Bolzano (Italian:"Bolzano"; German:"Bozen"; Ladin: "Bulsan") is the capital city of the province of Bolzano-Bozen in northern Italy. Its population is 98.057 (March 2005) and the area of the municipality is 52.34 sq. km. The region of Alto Adige/Südtirol is mainly German speaking, but in the city there live more Italian speaking (73%). The German speaking population of the city is 26% and the Ladin speaking less than 1%. The foreigner are around 7%.
Bolzano is an international city with a trilingual English-German-Italian university (Free University of Bolzano), the European Academy (EURAC), a Business Innovation Centre (BIC), an international airport (ABD, daily flights to Rome and Munich), the Fair Area, the Archaeology Museum with the Frozen Fritz (the Iceman called here Ötzi), other important museums, a Tyrolean medieval centre with the typical arcades (Portici-Lauben).
Bolzano is the centre of the "Euregio Tirol-Südtirol/Alto Adige-Trentino" and with Innsbruck of the Alps Convention.
City districts and neighboring communities.
Communities next to Bozen are: Eppan an der Weinstraße, Karneid, Laives, Deutschnofen, Ritten, Jenesien, Terlan, and Vadena.
Other important towns near Bozen are: Brixen, Bruneck and Merano.

Flubber
"Flubber" is a movie with Robin Williams as Prof. Brainard. It was made in 1997. This movie is based on film "The Absent Minded Professor".
In Flubber, Prof. Brainard discovers a new energy source, which he calls Flubber. He then has many problems such as missing his own wedding and trying to save his job.

Mary Wollstonecraft
Mary Wollstonecraft (April 27, 1759 – September 10, 1797) was an English philosopher and early feminist. She also wrote children's books. Her two most famous books were "A Vindication of the Rights of Men" (1790), a response to the French Revolution, and "A Vindication of the Rights of Women" (1792) which argued that women should have the same rights as men did.
Wollstonecraft was married to the philosopher William Godwin, and was the mother of Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin (Mary Shelley), the author of "Frankenstein".

Isle of Wight
The Isle of Wight is an island that is just off the south coast of England. It is about 40 kilometers (25 miles) by 20 kilometers (13 miles) in size. About one hundred and twenty thousand people live on the island.
The Isle of Wight is known as a county. This means that it has a council of people who make decisions about some things that affect the people who live there. The county town of the island, which is the place where the council work from, is called "Newport".
Lots of people like to go on holiday on the island. There are a lot of hotels and things for tourists to do there. The island really is quite spectacular.Queen Victoria used to like to visit the Isle of Wight where she had a house called "Osbourne House". Tourism is the most important industry on the island, and lots of people have jobs looking after tourists so it is awfully good that a lot of people do choose to come to the island!
Over half of the island is officially designated as an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. It is also widely recognised as the most important site in Europe for finding dinosaur remains.

Alzheimer's disease
Alzheimer's disease is a disease that slowly destroys a person's memory until he or she dies. Alzheimer's is not a normal part of aging. There is no known cause for Alzheimer's disease and even though it is incurable there are medications that can be taken to relieve the patient of some of the symptoms. It is named after Alois Alzheimer, who discovered the disease in 1901.

Elaine Paige
Elaine Paige is an English actress and singer. She was born in Barnet in 1948. She is known for her roles in musical theater.
She worked in the theatre from a young age. She quickly became famous in the role of Eva Peron in the musical "Evita" in 1978. She studied acting at the Aida Foster stage school in London and then played roles in the British tour of the show "The Roar of the Greasepaint, the Smell of the Crowd" and the first London production of "Hair". She played Sandy in the London production of "Grease" and appeared as one of Michael Crawford's girlfriends in "Billy". She has since said she was about to leave the world of acting, possibly to become a teacher, but then the role in "Evita" was offered to her.
After "Evita", she did not have any work for a period, and she thought that her musical career had seen its best. When the actress Judi Dench had an injury during rehearsals for "Cats", the producers asked Paige play the role in stead of Dench. They stated that the role "was not another "Evita" and that her role only had one and a half songs. Fortunately, the song was "Memory", which was a top 10 hit for Paige and has become her signature song.
After "Cats", she appeared in "Abbacadbra", an ABBA compilation, and "Chess", also written by Benny Andersson and Bjorn Ulvaeus of ABBA but with lyrics by Tim Rice, co-writer of "Evita". Paige then scored a number 1 single, "I Know Him So Well", a song from "Chess", as a duet with Barbara Dickson.
In 1989, she co-produced and starred in a production of Cole Porter's "Anything Goes" in London, which made a star of John Barrowman. In the early 1990s, her term relationship with the lyricist Tim Rice stopped and Paige tried an image change by recording an album with a California-based producer in the Bette Midler torch singer vein entitled "Love Can Do That". Her solo albums had so far been a variety of songs, including the very successful "Stages" in 1983, with songs from musical theatre. In 1993, she returned to the United States to work with Peter Matz on an album called "Romance and the Stage" featuring songs from earlier days of musical theatre. The following year, she recorded, "Piaf", which had music from the role she was playing in the Pam Gems play, also called "Piaf". Critics were impressed by her acting skills in that play.
However, in 1995 she had a role in another musical, playing Norma Desmond in Andrew Lloyd Webber's "Sunset Boulevard". She had always wanted to perform on Broadway and "Sunset Boulevard" now made this possible. For more than a year she played the role. She later had another role in 2000 with the "King and I". She has recently moved more into television and radio work.
Paige was awarded an OBE in 1995 and is now hosting a Sunday afternoon BBC Radio 2 show which plays music from the stage and film.

Marti Webb
Marti Webb is a British actress and singer born in London in 1944.
She has notably played roles in musical theatre including "Evita", "Cats", "Godspell", "The King and I", "Annie", "Thoroughly Modern Millie", "The Goodbye Girl" and "Song and Dance".
She first came to prominence with the song cycle "Tell Me on a Sunday" which was written for her by Don Black and Andrew Lloyd Webber. Webb recently returned to the show after it was revamped for Denise Van Outen in the West End before she took it on a UK tour.

Yahtzee
Most of these combinations come from poker.

Tim Rice
Tim Rice is a English songwriter and writer. He was born in 1944. Rice is probably best known for his work with Andrew Lloyd Webber on the shows "Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat", "Jesus Christ Superstar", and "Evita". He also co-wrote the shows "Blondel", "Chess" and the English lyrics for "Starmania".
He had a long-term relationship in the 1980s with the actress Elaine Paige.

Evita (musical)
Evita is a musical written by Tim Rice and Andrew Lloyd Webber, based on the life of Eva Peron (1919-1952), the wife of Argentine President Juan Peron.
The show was originally written in 1976 when a double album was released featuring Julie Covington, Colm Wilkinson, Paul Jones and Barbara Dickson. In 1978, the original London production was mounted with Elaine Paige as Eva, David Essex as Che and Joss Ackland as Peron.
A film version of the show was made in 1996 starring Madonna in the title role, with Antonio Banderas as Che and Jonathan Pryce as Peron.

March 8
March 8 is the 67th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (68th in leap years). There are 298 days remaining.

Sunset Boulevard
"Sunset Boulevard" was originally a movie made in 1950 starring Gloria Swanson as a silent screen actress. Andrew Lloyd Webber created a musical of it in 1993 initially starring Patti LuPone followed by Glenn Close, Betty Buckley, and Elaine Paige.

Molière
Molière (1622 - 1673) was a French actor, director and writer. His real name was Jean-Baptiste Poquelin, Molière was his stage name. He wrote some of the most important comedies in human history. He was born in Paris, his father owned a carpet shop. As a young person, Molière decided to live an artist's life. At the age of 21, he founded a theatre company that soon went bankrupt. From 1645 - 1658, he toured the whole of France with some of his friends. Later, king Louis XIV made Molière responsible for the entertainment at the court of Versailles near Paris. Molière was happy to have the king among his friends, because he had many enemies, especially important people in the Roman Catholic church. Molière's comedies deal with human weaknesses: jealousy, meanness, hypocrisy, fear of death. By putting his characters in ridiculous situations, Molière wants to entertain and educate his audience. One of his most important plays is Tartuffe, showing a bigot man stealing his way into a rich family. Molière's last play was "Le Malade Imaginaire", called in English "The Hypochondriac" or "The Imaginary Invalid". As in many of his comedies, Molière played the main role. He died on stage during the fourth representation. Because of his problems with the church, he was not allowed to be buried officially.

Sealand
Sealand is a very small country in the North Sea, but it is not an island. A structure was put in the ocean by the United Kingdom's Navy, and later that became Sealand. It is very small. There is only room for 10 people in it. Even though a man named Michael Bates says Sealand is a country, no other countries agree with him.
Once some people from The Netherlands went to Sealand to take it over. Michael Bates didn't want this to happen, so he used helicopters and fought them to get it back. He won, and put some of those people in jail. Luckily, he let them go. If a boat goes too near Sealand, people from Sealand might fire guns at the boat.
Even though Michael Bates says he is the prince of Sealand, it is very small so he usually is not there. Other people stay there to take care of Sealand. Sealand has its own stamps, national anthem, money, flag, and more things just like a real country.
Sealand is out in the ocean, and when Sealand was created no country owned the ocean. Also, people asked Michael Bates to let his prisoners from The Netherlands go. Bates said that if they thought Sealand was not a country, they would not ask him to do that.
Selling Sealand.
At the beginning of 2007, the Bates put an ad in the newspaper. They would like to sell Sealand for 65 million pounds.
National motto: "E mare libertas"(Latin: From the sea, freedom)
Official language:English
Sovereigns: Prince and Princess Roy Bates and Joan Bates
Head of Government: Prince Regent Michael Bates
Establishment-Declared: 2 September 1967
Currency: Sealand dollar pegged to USD
Time zone: UTC

Sticky note
A Sticky note is a small piece of paper with a strip of glue along one edge that make it "sticky," so you can stick it to things.
The most common sticky note is the Post-It, which is made by a company called 3M. In 1974 a man named Arthur Fry came up with the idea for the sticky note. He used a glue that was originally too weak to be used for anything else, so the notes would come off easy. 3M started to sell Post-Its in 1981.
In 2001, the patent for the glue that 3M uses on Post-It notes expired, so many other companies now make similar sticky notes.

Advertisement
An advertisement (or ad for short) is anything that draws good attention towards a product, service or person. Ads appear on television, as well as radio, newspapers, and magazines.
Television advertisements.
Television advertisements (commercials, or "advert" in United Kingdom) are advertisements between television shows. They are usually for products, other television shows or movies and normally last around 30 seconds long.
Internet advertisements.
Internet advertisements (also known as a "banner ad" or "popup") are advertisements on a website. They are often still images or flash animations.
The owner of the website will get money when a user clicks on the advertisement. Sometimes they will get a percentage of the money if they buy a product.
Radio advertisements.
Radio advertisements are audio advertisements that play between music on a radio station. They normally last 15 seconds in length.

Becker (TV series)
Becker was a 1998 American television series. It was a sitcom on the CBS network. It starred Ted Danson as Dr. John Becker, a very grumpy family doctor Who is unhappy with his life in The Bronx, New York. Becker became famous for his witty responses and constant negative outlook on all situations. The show aired on Wednesdays, and was cancelled in January 2004.
Characters.
Becker, a Harvard Medical School graduate, runs a neighborhood medical practice. He is easily annoyed by things, and is a very angry person, He has been married and divorced twice.
Becker's office manager, and one of the few people who can not get annoyed by Becker and his ways, Margaret is a motherly-like figure to Becker and Linda. She is married.
A muddle-headed girl whose surname is never revealed, she works at the doctor's office to establish independence from her wealthy parents.
The owner and worker of a diner she inherited from her late father, Reggie is a former model and is unhappy being stuck running a diner.
Becker's best friend, Jake also works at the diner selling newspapers and miscellaneous items such as candy, magazines, cigarettes, gum, etc. Jake is blind following a car accident several years before.
Bob loiters at the diner and is Italian. He is an old high school classmate of Reggie's who is short, annoying, and refers to himself in the third person.

Digital camera
A digital camera is a camera that uses an electronic sensor instead of film. The pictures are stored on a memory card instead of film. Because of this, a digital camera can hold many more pictures than the traditional film camera. A digital camera can sometimes hold hundreds of pictures. There are different sizes of memory cards and each size can hold a different number of pictures. A digital camera can use a USB cable that hooks into a computer to take the pictures from the camera and put them on the computer.

Cheers
"Cheers" is the name of a long-running sitcom made by Charles-Burrows-Charles Productions in association with Paramount Television for NBC. The show premiered on September 30, 1982 and had its widely-watched series finale on May 20, 1993, followed by a long and ongoing run in syndication. In eleven seasons, there were 270 episodes.
Setting and characters.
The show was set in a Boston bar, where a group of friends would come to sit, drink alcohol, complain, and make practical jokes on a rival bar in town. The show also created the character Frasier Crane. Frasier got his own show ("Frasier") the season after Cheers ended.
The show's main theme in its early seasons was the romance between Diane Chambers (Shelley Long) and ex-baseball pitcher and bar owner Sam Malone (Ted Danson). Long's departure from the show in 1987 shifted the emphasis to Sam's relationship with a new character, Rebecca Howe (Kirstie Alley). Diane returned for the finale.
The producers, not wanting the show to be construed as promoting drinking, had Sam's character written as an ex-alcoholic. Most of the early episodes took place entirely within the confines of the bar. When the series became popular, some scenes were outside the bar.
The outer shots of the bar were actually the Bull and Finch pub, north of Boston Common, which has become a tourist attraction because of its association with the series. It is said to be the bar that the series creators saw and wanted to model the bar in their show after. It has now been renamed as Cheers on Beacon Hill, though its interior is quite different from the TV bar.
The show was created by the team of James Burrows, Glen Charles, and Les Charles. It was nearly cancelled during its first season (in which it ranked dead last among 63 shows), but eventually became one of the most popular shows on TV, earning a top-ten rating during seven of its eleven seasons. The show earned 26 Emmy Awards, out of a total of 111 nominations.

Jackie Chan Adventures
"Jackie Chan Adventures" was an animated television series. Episodes were first broadcast on the WB television network, and later syndicated on other networks such as the "Cartoon Network". It features Jackie Chan and his niece Jade on their adventures trying to stop evil.

Stapler
A stapler is an office tool that is used to place thin items such as paper together. It uses a small metal device (a staple) to put them together. The ends of the staple are pointed and go into the paper. There is also a chain of stores called "Staples", which sell office supplies.
When you press the stapler down, it will release a staple and the staple is pressed into the into the paper, and then bent. That way the pieces of paper get stuck together.

Pixar
Pixar is a very popular animation studio, which is well known for its extremely advanced CGI productions. It has been a partner of Disney for many years and now is owned by the company.
The company began life as a division of George Lucas' Lucasfilm in the early 1979. It was bought for $10 million in 1986 by Steve Jobs, who is now its chairman and CEO.

Finding Nemo
"Finding Nemo" is the name of a Disney/Pixar animated movie which first showed in 2003. It has the voices of Albert Brooks, Alexander Gould, and Ellen Degeneres as fish. The film was directed by Andrew Stanton and co-directed by Lee Unkrich.
The movie is about Nemo, a clownfish who gets lost in the ocean around Australia. His father, Marlin, and Marlin's new friend, Dory, spend the entire movie looking for him. Nemo is eventually found.
The movie won an Oscar in 2004 for "Best Animated Film."

Fibonacci
Fibonacci (around 1175 - 1250) was a famous Italian mathematician. His real name was Leonardo of Pisa or Leonardo Pisano. His nickname Fibonacci was taken from his father, whose name was Bonacci. Fibonacci means son of (a) Bonacci. His mother was Alessandra Larracocci. He was 9 when she died. He had a sister named Saminta. He is considered the "Father of Mathematics".
Fibonacci number sequence.
1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89...
In this list, a person can find the next number by adding the last two numbers together.
This series is also interesting because the ratio of two adjacent numbers in the series approaches the golden ratio, or Phi, as the numbers get bigger.

Richard Stallman
Richard Stallman (born March 16, 1953) is the founder of the free software movement, the GNU project, and the Free Software Foundation. He is also a famous hacker. He created GNU Emacs, the GNU C Compiler, and the GNU Debugger. He is the author of the GNU General Public License ("GNU GPL" or "GPL"), the most used free software license, which pioneered the concept of the copyleft.
Since the mid-1990s, he has spent most of his time as a political campaigner, talking about free software and campaigning against software idea patents and expansions of copyright law. The time that he still spends on programming is spent on GNU Emacs. He is currently supported by various fellowships and maintains a modest standard of living.

National Hockey League
The National Hockey League or NHL, is the highest-level ice hockey league in the world. It has 30 teams in Canada and the United States. The winner of the league each year wins the Stanley Cup.
They played 22 games a year. The Wanderers had to stop playing in the first year because their arena burned down. Over the years some teams died out, and others were created: the Boston Bruins, New York Americans, Montreal Maroons, Hamilton Tigers, Pittsburgh Pirates, New York Rangers, Chicago Blackhawks, Detroit Cougars (later Falcons, then Red Wings), and Philadelphia/St. Louis Eagles.
There were only these six teams for 25 years, so they became known as the "original six."
By the 1940's, they were playing 50 games a year, but this increased slowly to 80 games by the 1970's. In 1967, the league increased to 12 teams. By 1979 it had 21 teams, and today it has 30. Some of the teams that no longer exist are the Oakland Seals, Minnesota North Stars (now the Dallas Stars), Winnipeg Jets (now the Phoenix Coyotes), Kansas City Scouts (which became the Colorado Rockies and are now the New Jersey Devils), Hartford Whalers (now the Carolina Hurricanes), and Quebec Nordiques (now the Colorado Avalanche).
Today they play 82 games a year, plus four rounds of playoffs. The players make a lot of money (many make over a million dollars a year). Because they could make so much money, many Europeans came over to North Amercia to play in the NHL. Today almost all the world's best hockey players are in the NHL.

Isaac Asimov
Isaac Asimov (January 2, 1920 - April 6, 1992) was a Russian writer. He also was a scientist of the chemistry of life (a "biochemist").
Life.
Isaac Asimov was born in Russia. He later lived in the United States. He wrote many books. People know about Isaac Asimov because of his science fiction books and his science books for non-scientists.
Writing.
Asimov's most famous books were the "Foundation Series". He also wrote the "Galactic Empire" and the "Robot" Series. He also wrote mystery, fantasy, and non-fiction books. He wrote or edited over 500 books and about 90,000 letters. He wrote books about many subjects.
Death.
When he had heart surgery in 1983, he got blood infected with HIV. He got AIDS and died in 1992. His widow did not tell anyone how he died, until years later.

March 5
March 5 is the 64th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (65th in leap years). There are 301 days remaining in the year.

March 24
March 24 is the 83rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (84th in leap years). There are 282 days remaining.

June 4
June 4 is the 155th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (156th in leap years), with 210 days remaining.
Other websites.
June 3 - June 5 - May 4 - July 4 – listing of all days

September 28
Holidays and observances.
Also see September 28 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
Other websites.
September 27 - September 29 - August 28 - October 28 – listing of all days

February 24
February 24 is the 55th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 310 days remaining, 311 in leap years.

Evolution
In the study of life and living things, evolution is the term used to describe the way a type of living thing changes over a long period of time. "Evolution" is a scientific theory (an explanation) that is used by scientists to explain why different creatures and plants are the way that they are, and act the way that they do.
When scientists look at living creatures, they often see that changes have happened to the shape or the behaviour of a group of creatures. For example, lizards, monkeys, humans and many other creatures have five "digits" (fingers and toes) on each limb. But some creatures have four, some have three, some have two and some have only one. The creatures that have less than five digits often have a sign that they used to have more. It might be two extra little toes, too high up to walk on, or it might be just a bump on the side of the leg, where the animal's ancestors had another toe. A horse has a single hoof on each foot, a cow has two, a bird has its whole arm changed into a wing, and a human has a hand. But if we look at fossils - made when very old dead things got squashed between clay or sand, which hardened into rocks, we can see all these animals were once one type of animal: Fishes. The fossils show the animals slowly getting different from each other, and dividing into more and more types of animals. They look different now because they changed in different ways: That is evolution.
Scientists can see that changes have happened. They have happened very slowly over a long time. Scientists try to explain why these changes have happened. The idea that many scientists use to explain the changes is the "theory of evolution".
Organism.
An organism is a living thing. Organisms are all the different types of living things, including bacteria, plants, eggs, fungi, trees, insects, different kinds of animals and human beings. Scientists who study evolution are interested in looking at the changes to all sorts of different types of organism.
Traits.
Every living thing, from tiny organisms like bacteria, to plants, animals and humans, has particular "traits". The living thing is constructed (made) in a certain way; this is its physical structure or body. The physical structure "works" in a certain way; this is its "function", the way its body works. The living thing also acts in a certain way; this is its behaviour. The way that a living thing is structured, the way its body works and the way that it acts are all "traits". Some "traits" are shared by all the members of the group, but other traits are only shared by a small number.
Genetic traits.
The traits of a particular person are of two types, the ones that they inherit through their parents, and the ones that are caused by outside forces. Their height, the colour of their eyes and ability (being able to do some things) are "hereditary" (inherited through their parents). Some of a person's traits, like their scars and their haircut, are caused by outside forces. All these things are traits of a particular person, but only the "hereditary" traits are studied when looking at evolution. The hereditary traits are passed on to the person through their genes. Their genes contain the whole bundle of traits that they inherit through their parents.
Generations.
"Generation" is a word that is used in describing how traits are inherited, or passed on through a family. A "generation" is the people (or other living organism) that is on a particular level of the family tree. A person and their brothers and sisters are one generation. They have come from their parents, who are an earlier generation. The parents have come from the grandparents, who are a still earlier generation. The grandparents have come from the great-grandparents. The great-grandparents, grandparents, parents (with their brothers and sisters), and children (and their cousins) make four "generations" of a family. The genetic traits of a human family can often be studied for four generations.
Photographs of these people, all taken when each of them was the same age, would show that each family member looked a little different. This is the fact of evolution: A family, like all groups of living things, is changing from generation to generation in small ways, and these changes can add up over many generations and lead to very big differences.
Evolution.
Scientists say that "evolution" has happened when a trait that is caused by genetics becomes more or less common in a group of organisms.
The theory of evolution tries to explain all the patterns found in the entire history of living things. One part of evolution that explains a lot of what we see is due to natural selection. Natural selection says that since children are not exactly like their parents, some of them might have a trait that makes them better able to live where they live. Since they have an advantage, these children are more likely to survive. Children are more like their parents than other unrelated individuals. So the ones with a slight advantage are likely to have children with the same advantage, or might even end up with some children with a bigger advantage. After many generations in the same place, the great-great-great-great-etc. grandchildren are likely to be really good at living where they live.
These changes can happen very fast in the smaller, simpler types of living things. For example, many bacteria (a type of "germ") that cause disease can no longer be killed with some of the antibiotic medicines. But these medicines have only been in use about eighty years, and used to work. The bacteria evolved so that they aren't affected by these types of medicine anymore.
Theory.
There are two main ways that evolution works: natural selection and genetic drift.
Natural selection.
"Natural selection" explains why living organisms change over time to have the physical structure, the functions and behaviour that they have. In other words, Natural selection explains why the bodies of living things look and work the way they do, and why living things act the way they do, when compared with other creatures. It explains why fish are good at swimming and why cheetahs are good at running.
The wings of birds are good examples of evolution that is caused by the creature adapting (changing to fit in) to its environment. Many birds' wings have evolved so that they can fly in different ways, depending on their needs. Forest birds have different needs to desert birds. Vultures live where there is little food. They have to search for it over long distances. Their wings have evolved for soaring so that they do not use much energy when flying for long periods of time.
Penguins spend a lot of time in the ocean. Over time their wings evolved into flippers so that the penguins are excellent at swimming but can no longer fly. Other birds, like ostriches, live on the ground, and do not need their wings to fly. These birds can run fast, and also defend themselves. The wings got smaller. Ostriches' wings are now used only for display. The bird fluffs it wings out to make its body look bigger.
Genetic drift and how species develop.
"Genetic drift" explains how random chance can affect evolution in surprisingly big ways.
Some genetic differences don't seem to make a big difference to the success of the organism. For example, eye colour in humans has no influence on how well the person can see. Blue or brown or green eyes are all equally good. Since eye colour doesn't seem to matter, the colour that gets passed on to offspring is just random chance. It is possible that everyone in a small group could end up with only one of the possibilities (like everyone in a particular town all having blue eyes). This means that all the children of everyone in the group will have just that one possible eye colour. This can work in the same way for other traits.
Sometimes, genetic differences can become important because of changes in an organism's environment. For example, a group of animals might usually eat a particular food. That food is no longer available. The group of animals has to eat a different food. But the "chance differences" that have been caused by genetics may mean that they are not able to eat one possible new food, but are more able to eat another.
Another group of animals might have ended up with the other possible genetic differences, and so they can eat the food that the first group cannot eat. This can cause two groups that began the same to end up very different.
Two groups that start the same can also become very different if they live in different places. Elephants who lived in very cold parts of the world were hairy mammoths. Elephants from warm climates are almost hairless.
The wombats of Australia fall into two main groups, Common wombats and Hairy-nosed wombats. The two types look very similar, apart from the hairiness of their noses. However, they are adapted to different environments. Common wombats live in forested areas and eat mostly green food with lots of moisture. They often feed in the daytime. Hairy-nosed wombats live on hot dry plains where they eat dry grass with very little water or goodness in it. Their metabolic system is slow and they sleep most of the day underground.
When two groups that started the same become different enough, then they become two different species. Part of the theory of Evolution is that all living things started off the same, but then split off into different groups over billions of years.
History.
Charles Darwin wrote a book called "The Origin of Species" in 1859. In this book, Darwin described "natural selection", and put forward evidence to support his ideas. But Darwin did not understand about genetics and how traits were actually passed on. He could not correctly explain what made children look like their parents.
A monk called Gregor Mendel was very interested in breeding plants. He wanted to learn how "traits" were passed on from one generation to the next. He used peas for his experiments because some traits of peas, such as colour and shape, are easy to see. For example, some peas have white flowers and others have red ones. Some peas have green seeds and others have yellow seeds. Mendel used artificial pollination to breed the peas. From 355 artificial pollinations, he got 12.980 plant hybrids, that were not exactly the same as either of their parents. Between 1856 and 1863 he raised about 28.000 pea plants. The results of his research are still used today. His theory (idea) is known as Mendelian inheritance.
But Mendel only told a few people about his ideas, and they didn't believe him, because there was another, older theory about how traits were inherited. Around 1900, Hugo de Vries, Carl Correns, and Erich von Tschermak-Seysenegg came to the same conclusion as Mendel. They explained that things called genes were passed from parent to child. Genes are bits of information that tell how to make some tiny part of the living thing. With mammals and many other living things, a copy of each gene comes from the father and another copy from the mother. Some living organisms, including many plants and some creatures, only have one parent, so get all their genes from them. These genes produce the genetic differences that evolution acts on.
When the theory of evolution was developed, it was not clear that natural selection and genetics worked together. But Ronald Fisher showed that if you have enough genes, you can get enough differences between the living things for natural selection to work. Sewall Wright explained genetic drift in 1931. Meanwhile, J. B. S. Haldane showed that natural selection could work on single genes, and Ernst Mayr used genetic drift to explain speciation.
Scientists continue to explore evolution, and big discoveries are still being made.
Debates about evolution.
The idea that all life evolved has been hotly debated, even before Charles Darwin published "On the Origin of species". Even today, some people still talk about the concept of evolution and what it means to them, to their philosophy and their religion. Sometimes these people also talk about the social implications of evolution. This debate is mostly about the meaning of evolution, and not about how evolution works.
In order to fit in the idea of evolution with their religious views, people have come up with ideas like "guided evolution" or "theistic evolution". They say that evolution is real, but they say, that someone is guiding it in certain ways. There are many different concepts of "theistic evolution". Many creationists believe that the creation myth found in their religion goes against the idea of evolution. As Darwin found out early on, the most controversial part of the evolutionary thought is its implications for human origins.
In some countries, especially in the United States, there is tension between people who accept the idea of evolution and those who reject it. The debate is mostly about if the ideas in evolution should be taught in schools, and in what way.
Other fields, such as cosmology and earth science also conflict with the original writings of many religious texts. Evolutionary biology is opposed much more from religious believers than other groups or organizations.
Abusing evolution.
People have tried to use evolution to support racism. Evolution itself does not support racism, but people wanting to justify racism claimed that black people were inferior, and thus said that because evolution shows that, in nature, "better" animals tend to survive, leading to evolution of improved animals, that since they were clearly "better", they had the right to oppress the "weaker". But they were not actually better, so they were wrong to say this.
One way people claimed evolution could promote discrimination and racism was to say that only the "better" people should have children. The idea to improve the human species in this way is called Eugenics. One of the people who had such ideas was Francis Galton. Galton was a very bright scientist, and meant to do good.He said that the human gene pool should be improved by selective breeding policies. This would mean that those who were considered "good stock" would receive a reward if they reproduced. However, other people added to this, and said those considered "bad stock" would need to undergo compulsory sterilization, prenatal testing and birth control; and they might even have to be killed. Galton's idea got used in very bad ways. His idea was also wrong, because there's so many different skills people could have, so you couldn't tell who was "good stock" and who was "bad stock" anyway.
Another example of using wrong ideas about evolution to support bad things is "Social Darwinism". Social Darwinism is a term given to the 19th century Whig Malthusian theory started by Herbert Spencer. Spencer had ideas about "survival of the fittest", which he tried to apply to commerce and human societies as a whole. Other people used these ideas to claim that social differences, racism, and imperialism were justified. Today, most scientists and philosophers say that the theory of evolution should not be used to support such ideas. They also say that it is difficult to find data that can support them.
Controversy.
Certain people oppose the idea of evolution. They disagree with it for a number of reasons. Most often these reasons are influenced by their religious beliefs. Their beliefs are usually called creationism or intelligent design.
Despite this, evolution is one of the most successful theories in science. People have found it to be useful for different kinds of research. None of the other proposals explain things, such as fossil records, as well. So, for almost all scientists, evolution is not in doubt.
What evolution is used for today.
A big field where evolution is used is called artificial selection. This is when certain traits are picked in a population of animals. Humans have used this for thousands of years to domesticate plants and animals. More recently, such selection has become a very important part of genetic engineering. Selectable markers such as antibiotic resistance genes are used to manipulate DNA in molecular biology.
Evolution can produce highly optimized processes and networks. This has many applications in computer science. In Computer Science, evolution is only simulated with evolutionary algorithms and artificial life. The work of Nils Aall Barricelli in these fields started in the 1960s. Alex Fraser continued to work on these ideas. He published a series of papers on the simulation of artificial selection. Artificial evolution became a widely recognized optimization method as a result of the work of Ingo Rechenberg in the 1960s and early 1970s. Reichenberg used evolution strategies to solve complex engineering problems. Genetic algorithms in particular became popular through the writing of John Holland. As academic interest grew, dramatic increases in the power of computers allowed practical applications, including the automatic evolution of computer programs. Evolutionary algorithms are now used to solve multi-dimensional problems better than software produced by human designers. It can also optimize the design of systems.

Bedfordshire
Bedfordshire is a county of England. Its county town is Bedford. It borders Cambridgeshire, Northamptonshire, Buckinghamshire (with the Borough of Milton Keynes) and Hertfordshire. The highest elevation point is 243 m (797 ft) on Dunstable Downs in the Chilterns. The county motto is "Constant Be", which is taken from the hymn "To Be A Pilgrim" by John Bunyan.

March 26
March 26 is the 85th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (86th in leap years). There are 280 days remaining.

March 20
March 20 is the 79th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (80th in leap years). There are 286 days remaining. March 20 is also usually the first day of spring in the Northern Hemisphere, and the first day of autumn in the Southern Hemisphere.

American football
American Football (sometimes called just football) is a team sport played by two teams of people with 11 players on each side. It is played with a ball that is pointed at both ends. Points are scored by one team getting the ball into the end zone of the other team.
Gameplay.
This ball is also called a football. The sport is played on a grass field, about 120 yards long and about 53 yards wide. The players wear protective equipment, including a helmet with facemask, shoulder pads, thigh pads, and often a mouth guard. At both ends of the field there are end zones. A team has four chances to advance the ball 10 yards while the opposing team tries to stop it. Certain players advance the ball by carrying or throwing it. Teams can score by advancing the ball to the other team's end zone or by kicking the ball through a goalpost. American football is carefully regulated by time and rules, which are enforced by officials, who also determine when a team scores. The main leagues that play American Football are the National Football League, and the National Collegiate Athletic Association, which plays college football.
Field.
American football is played on a field 120 yards long by 53 yards wide. It is divided on 20 lines drawing every 5 yards. At the ends of the field there the scoring area called the end zone.
Exhibition season.
Exhibition season (better known as Pre-Season) is in August. In the exhibition season, the teams get ready for the regular season by having training. Teams have practices to help the team get better and see who will make the team. All of the teams play 4 games before the regular season starts, and the games do not change what team gets to the post season. Because of it, teams do not use their best players much, and use the games as more practice.
Regular season.
It's a season with 32 teams.
The season lasts 17 weeks. Each team play 16 games and has one week off. This week of rest is called a "bye week".
NFL play-off.
The NFL play-off is a tournament. Indeed the NFL (National Football League) is divided since 1970 in two conference: the National Football Conference and the American Football Conference. Each of them are divided in 4 four divisions: North, South, West and East. Each division includes four teams.
At the end of the season, NFC's champion and AFC's champion play the NFL's final game, the Super Bowl which is the great American event. The event is often treated as a National holiday as many stores close for the event. The day of the event is commonly known nation wide as Super Bowl Sunday.

The Ugly Duckling
The Ugly Duckling (Danish: "Den grimme Ælling") is a fairy tale written by Hans Christian Andersen. It was first published in 1843. The story about a cygnet who grows up among ducks, who think it is ugly. In the end it grows up and becomes a beautiful swan.
Story.
A mother duck has seven eggs. Out of them hatch six little ducklings, which are all normal and pretty. But out of the seventh egg hatches another duckling, which is too big and grey. The other ducks think it is ugly and call it the "ugly duckling". Because all others are mean to it, the little duckling runs away.
After the next winter, the little duckling sees its mirror image in a lake: it has grown up to become a beautiful swan.

Mockery
A mockery is something said about someone or something to make that person or thing look bad. Sometimes, friends do this in fun and this is good. But most of the time when someone is mocking someone else, it is because they do not like that person. A mockery usually is not true.
Famous Mockers.
A person who mocks other people might become famous because he is funny. These people are known as Comedians

General relativity
Before learning the General Theory of Relativity one must know about the Special theory of relativity.
General relativity is the physics of the very large.
The earth is small, and our sun is far away, so anything an average person does can be described by the much simpler Newtonian physics. When you start dealing with things that are very large, like stars and galaxies, things start to move and interact differently. The science of how this works is called general relativity.
General relativity is a theory of space and time created by Albert Einstein and published in 1915. The central idea of general relativity is that space and time are two aspects of something called spacetime, which is curved in the presence of matter, energy, and momentum, in a way that Einstein wrote down in the Einstein Field Equations.
In general relativity, freefall is inertial motion instead of being at rest on a massive body such as the Earth, as described by the equivalence principle.

Rutland
Rutland is the smallest county of England. It is surrounded by the counties of Leicestershire, Lincolnshire and Northamptonshire.
The main towns of Rutland are Oakham and Uppingham.
In the mid-1970s, it was the inspiration for Eric Idle's TV show, Rutland Weekend Television.

Adlai E. Stevenson
Adlai Ewing Stevenson (October 23 1835 - June 14 1914) was an American politician. He was Vice President of the United States under Grover Cleveland, and ran for United States President and several other political offices, but lost. He was also first assistant Postmaster General and a member of the United States House of Representatives, as well. His grandson of the same name also was a notable politician and writer. Another grandson, McLean Stevenson was an actor.

Toledo, Ohio
Toledo is a large city in Ohio, USA. It was named after Toledo, Spain. It is a large industrial city, and has many factories that make things like car parts and glass. In 1835, a fight between Ohio and Michigan began over what state the city and surrounding terroritory belonged to. It is about an hour from Detroit, Michigan. The two main highways in and out of Toledo are U.S. 24 (Detroit Boulevard, Telegraph Road) and Interstate 75. It is the 59th largest city in the United States.
In 1936, the first building covered in glass was built here.

The Carpenters
The Carpenters were an American musical duo. The members were Richard Carpenter and his sister Karen. Starting in 1968, the duo had many popular songs including "We've only just begun", "Close to you", "Sing", "Rainy Days and Mondays" "Calling Occupants" and others. They have sold over 100 million albums.

Jerry Reed
Jerry Reed (March 20, 1937 – September 1, 2008) is an American country music singer and actor. He is know for his songs "Amos Moses", "When You're Hot You're Hot", and "Eastbound and Down". He also acted in several films including "Smokey and the Bandit" and "The Waterboy". He was born in Atlanta, Georgia

1990
1990 was a year in the 20th century. It is a common year.

Bee Gees
The Bee Gees were an Australian singing group consisting of three brothers Barry Gibb (September 1, 1946-), and twins Maurice Gibb (December 22, 1949- January 12,2003) and Robin Gibb (December 22 1949-). They performed together for almost 40 years, but are most famous for their album, Saturday Night Fever, the soundtrack for the film of the same name. They supposedly stopped performing after Maurice's death. They have another younger brother, Andy Gibb, who is not in the Bee Gees. Andy died in 1988.

Improverts
The Improverts are an improvised comedy group based in Edinburgh, Scotland. Their home is the Bedlam Theatre. It has been their home since they were created 18 years ago. The group is similar to "Who's Line is it Anyway?", Comedy Store Players, and Keith Johnstone in that they use short improvised games.
They have taken part in the Edinburgh Fringe Festival almost every year since they were formed. Also they have played every Friday night during the school year (as their main audience is Edinburgh University students).
Because they are always in Bedlam Theatre, the theatre technicians improvise the sounds, music and lights along with the scenes the performers are doing. The sounds can be loud and annoying at times. The technicians show off their very big iTunes library of songs and sound effects. British 80's children's programmes' themes are a favourite of theirs.
Past players have gone on to many different things. They have created an improv group in London, joined the Stand Players' "Who's Lunch is it anyway" free improv show at Edinburgh's The Stand comedy venue and become successful stand up comedians. Some have starred in British sitcoms, television dramas, movies and popular childrens' programmes

Taipei 101
Taipei 101 is 101-floor building located in Taipei, Taiwan. In 2003, it replaced the Sears Tower as the tallest building in the world.
Taipei 101 does not hold the record for tallest building from ground to pinnacle. The Sears Tower has two television antennas on top of it, making its height from the ground to the top of the taller antenna 527 m (1,729 ft).

February 4
February 4 is the 35th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 330 more days until the end of the year, (331 in leap years).

Sergio Aragonés
Sergio Aragonés (1937-) is a popular cartoonist. He was born in Spain and grew up in Mexico. He is most famous for his cartoons for "MAD Magazine" and the comic book "Groo the Wanderer".

Lisa Bonet
Lisa Bonet (born Liliquois Moon on November 16, 1967) is an American actress. She is best known for her roles as Denise Huxtable on television shows, "The Cosby Show" and "A Different World". She was also married to singer Lenny Kravitz from 1987 to 1993.

Tobacco
Tobacco is a plant of the nightshade family, found mainly in North America and South America. Dried tobacco leaves are often smoked in cigars, cigarettes and pipes, but can also be chewed in the mouth or sniffed in the nose. Tobacco contains a very powerful chemical called nicotine which makes it very hard for tobacco users to stop using it.
History.
Native Americans used tobacco before Europeans arrived in America. These Europeans learned to smoke and brought it back to Europe, where it became very popular. At that time tobacco was usually smoked in a pipe.
The Europeans who moved to America started to farm tobacco so that they could sell it in Europe. This became one of the main causes of the African slave trade. In 1610 a European man called John Rolfe arrived in the American state of Virginia and set up a tobacco farm which made him very rich. Rolfe was the first farmer to use "nicotiana tabacum", which is the type of tobacco most commonly smoked today. He also married Pocahontas, a Native American woman who became famous when went to live in London.
In the 17th and 18th centuries tobacco made farmers very rich and towns quickly grew in the states of Virginia, North Carolina and South Carolina. In 1883 one third of United States tax money came from tobacco.
Tobacco and health.
Tobacco users (especially smokers) risk many very serious and often fatal illnesses, such as cancer, strokes, heart disease, and lung disease. The United States' Centers for Disease Control and Prevention describes tobacco use as "the single most important preventable risk to human health in developed countries and an important cause of premature (early) death worldwide".
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Jerusalem
Jerusalem is the capital of Israel. It is a hilly city with many valleys around it, and it has a lot of importance to many major religions. It is currently split between Israel and West Bank.
History.
Jerusalem is a very old city. It has great importance for three religions: Judaism, Christianity and Islam. The Bible says King David, the second king of the Israel, took this city from pagans and settled his palace there. King Solomon, David's son and the next king, built the Temple in Jerusalem. Later, as capital of Judah, Jerusalem was destroyed by Nebuchadnezzar II, the king of Babylon. The Palace of King David and the Temple of Solomon were burned and the Jews were captured and taken to Babylon. Seventy years later, the Persian King Cyrus allowed them to return to Jerusalem and to rebuild the Temple.
Later the area was occupied by Romans. King Herod the Great, who ruled for the Roman Emperor, made the Temple larger to try and win Jewish favor. The Temple was famous for its greatness and beauty. Jesus Christ died in Jerusalem around AD 33. In AD 70, the Jews rebelled against the Romans, but the Romans destroyed the city and the Temple. Jewish people who lived in Jerusalem were caught and became slaves. The Romans renamed Jerusalem with a Latin name. Since then, the Temple hasn't been rebuilt, and only a part of its wall remains until today.
After the Roman Empire was split into two, the Byzantine Empire ruled Jerusalem. Later, Muslims took over the city from them. The Muslims believed Muhammad went to heaven from Jerusalem.
Later, the Pope in Rome sent the Crusaders from Western Europe to try and take it back. They succeeded for a while, but eventually the city fell again to the Saracens. Until the 20th century, Jerusalem was a part of the Ottoman Empire. There were some Jews in Jerusalem all along, even though they were ruled by other people.
The "New City" of Jerusalem is the part outside the old stone walls. People started building the new city in the 1800s. Mishkenot Sha'annanim, Mea Shearim, and the Bukharan Quarter are some of the first neighborhoods in the new city.
After World War II, the United Nations let Jewish people from Europe, many of whom lived through the Holocaust, make a country in Israel alongside the Palestinian Arabs.
Jerusalem is pronounced "Yerushalayim" in Hebrew.
All buildings in Jerusalem have special Jerusalem stone on them.

Rocky Mountains
The Rocky Mountains or the Rockies are a range of mountains in the Western United States and Canada. It is more than 3,000 miles long. The Rockies were formed by plates colliding creating a fold mountain. The Rocky Mountains are made out of sedimentary rocks.

Brooklyn
Brooklyn is one of the 5 boroughs of New York City. The Brooklyn Bridge is a famous bridge in Brooklyn. Brooklyn is one of the best known boroughs.

Cornish language
Cornish is a very old language from the country of Cornwall in the south west of England, UK. Cornish is a Celtic language and is very similar to Breton and Welsh because they used to be the same language but have become different.
History.
A long time ago Cornish was the only language spoken in Cornwall, but more and more people began to speak English instead of Cornish. In 1550, when the prayer book was written in English instead of Latin, the Cornish people got angry and there was a rebellion. Because many Cornish speakers died and because they would now hear the Bible in English the language was used less and less.
By 1800 there were only a few people who could speak Cornish, and no-one spoke it to each other any more. Some people say that a woman called Dolly Pentreath was the last person who could speak Cornish. This is not quite true, but she was one of the last people to use it instead of English.
Methods of spreading.
Some people learned about Cornish by travelling around talking to people who could still speak it and by reading old plays and books. Some people wanted to learn the language and speak it, so in 1904 a man called Henry Jenner wrote a book to help people. After this many people began to learn the language and speak it again.
Modern day.
No one knows how many Cornish speakers there are now. People think there are probably about 3000 to 5000 people who speak Cornish. Some young people have grown up speaking it. Many other people in Cornwall know a few sentences or words in Cornish. In a hundred years the Cornish language has grown from almost no speakers to many thousands which is very exciting for many people.
There are now many new books, films and songs in Cornish. The Bible has now been translated into Cornish. There is an event called the open Gorseth where there is a story and poetry competition. Sometimes Cornish is used in churches.
Problems.
One problem with Cornish is that there are three different dictionaries with different spellings and people do not agree about how to write the words, or how to say them. This can be confusing for people when they have not been speaking long, but people learn how to read the different spellings and they are still very similar.
Examples.
Here are some words in Cornish: These are from the 'Kernewek Kemmyn' dictionary.

Welsh
Places in the United States (US)

Watergate scandal
The Watergate scandal happened when United States President Richard Nixon, a Republican, was tied to a crime in which former FBI and CIA agents broke into the offices of the opposing Democratic Party. Phone lines to the offices were illegally tapped and secret documents were stolen. To end the possibility of an investigation and impeachment over the scandal, Nixon resigned from office on August 9th, 1974. He was replaced by his vice-president, Gerald Ford. Ford later pardoned Nixon. The name "Watergate" comes from the hotel in Washington, D.C. where the first crime took place. Nixon was not supported by the popular vote and it is a wonder he was ever elected.

Cyan
Cyan is the color halfway between blue and green on the color wheel. It is one of the primary (main) colors of ink in an inkjet printer, along with yellow and magenta.
Cyan is a secondary color of light, along with magenta and yellow. The primary colors of light are: blue, red and green. Cyan is made by mixing green and blue light.

Purple
Purple is a color that combines blue and red.
Meaning of purple.
Purple is used to represent royalty. It is a sign of power, nobility, luxury, and ambition. It shows wealth and extravagance.
Purple is associated with wisdom, dignity, independence, creativity, mystery, and magic. Purple is a very rare color in nature.
Light purple is a good choice for a feminine design. It creates feelings of romance. Bright purple can be used when promoting children's things.
Dark purple may create sad feelings. It can cause frustration.

La Liga Filipina
La Liga Filipina was an organization created by Doctor Jose Rizal on July 3, 1982 in the Philippines.
Jose Riza tried very hard to make it a peaceful organization. But the Spanish authorities considered it dangerous. On the night of July 6, 1892, Rizal was secretly arrested four days after its creation. The following day, Governor-General Eulogio Despujol ordered Rizal to be deported to Dapitan.
After Rizal's arrest, La Liga Filipina became inactive. Then it was reorganized by Domingo Franco and Andres Bonifacio.The society broke and became Cuerpo de Compromisarios which promised to continue supporting the La Solidaridad in Spain and the Katipunan in the Philippines.

March 31
March 31 is the 90th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (91st in leap years), with 275 days remaining.

September 29
Other websites.
September 28 · September 30 · August 29 · October 29   · listing of all days

Elton John
Sir Elton Hercules John (real name Reginald Kenneth Dwight, born March 25, 1947) is a British musician. His changed surname was a reference to actor John Inman
History.
He became famous in the early 1970s when he and songwriter Bernie Taupin wrote several songs which he performed and recorded. John became a huge star, not only for his musical abilities, but for his flamboyant stage personality. He also composed several musicals and the music for the films "The Lion King" (1994) and "The Road to El Dorado" (2000) and is active in charity work. In remembrance of Princess Diana, Elton re-released his hit "Candle in the Wind" in 1997, originally written about Marilyn Monroe. This went on to become the world's biggest selling single of all time.

The Who
The Who are a popular English rock band. It is made up of Roger Daltrey (vocals), Pete Townshend (guitar), John Entwistle (bass), and Keith Moon (drums). The Who was formed in a suburb of London, England as a rock group; in 1964, 18-year old Keith Moon joined the group and they hit it big with their album "My Generation". Fueled by their rebellious spirits and clashing personalities, they followed up with many other songs and albums mostly written by Pete Townshend including the "rock operas" "Quadrophenia" and "Tommy". The group faced several blows including the death of Keith Moon in 1978 and the death of John Entwistle in 2002.

Led Zeppelin
Led Zeppelin were an English hard rock and heavy metal band. The group was started in 1968 and ended in 1980. The lineup was Robert Plant (vocals), Jimmy Page (lead guitar), John Paul Jones (bass), and John Bonham (drums). They broke up in 1980 following the accidental death of John Bonham. The band decided not to continue after his death out of respect and because they believed that nobody could take his place. The band played together again in a tribute concert in London on December 10, 2007 with Jason Bonham, John's son playing on the drums.
The band are one of the most influential rock bands of all time and one of the most successful artists in history, selling 300 million albums around the world.

Closed source
Closed source (or proprietary, especially when compared to Free software) software is the opposite of Open source. Closed source software does not give others access to the source code of the software.
Most companies who sell their software for money make it closed source to make it harder for people to copy it for free.
Even some people and companies who give their software for free do not show the source code, because they think it looks bad, or that somebody will change the authors' names to their own (“plagiarism”) without making the program better. Some of such programs are called “freeware”, and they are not free software.
Closed source software is often considered less secure than open source software, however this is not always the case.

USB flash drive
A USB Flash drive is a small computer storage device that connects directly to a USB port with a built-in connector. Many can be put on keyrings. They come in many different designs and colors. Keydrives store files on flash memory. Many different capacities exist. The most commonly used ones are 1 to 2 gigabytes, but capacities from 8 megabytes up to 12 gigabytes have been produced.
Other common names for a flash drives include: memory key, keydrive, pendrive and jumpdrive. Sandisk and Lexar make a very large portion of the flash drives sold, but many small companies make them as well.
The memory chips used on such a drive are usually NAND gates, to provide for flash memory. This memory has been put together with a USB 1.1 or 2.0 type adapter. The different USB versions are mainly different as to transfer speed.
Uses.
Flash drives can be used to store any type of digital information so it can bee seen on different computers.
One of the problems with data on flash drives, is that they are small, and can be lost. In the United Kingdom the government lost some important data while transferring it on a flash drive.
In use, the flash drive is connected to any USB port on the computer. The computer supplies power to the drive and allows data transfer. Some USB flash drives have a light that blinks to show if it is being used by the computer. Other features include a switch to protect files from being erased, password protection, and a fingerprint reader.
Components.
This photograph shows both sides of the printed circuit board (PCB) inside a typical flash drive (circa 2004). The flash drive in this photograph is a 64 MB USB 2.0 device with its plastic case removed.
One end of the device is fitted with a single male type-A USB connector. Inside the plastic casing is a small, highly cost-engineered, printed circuit board. Mounted on this board is some simple power circuitry and a small number of surface-mounted integrated circuits (ICs). Typically, one of these ICs provides an interface to the USB port, another drives the onboard memory, and the other is the flash memory.

Ostrich
The ostrich ("Struthio camelus") is a large flightless bird that lives in Africa. Ostriches are the largest living bird species, and they have the biggest eggs of all the birds in the world. They also are the fastest bird at running. They are part of the order Struthioniformes.
Appearance.
Ostriches have long legs and a neck, and a small head. Male ostriches have black feathers and female ostriches have gray-brown feathers. Both males and females have white feathers on their wings and tails.
Male ostriches can be 1.8 - 2.7 metres / 6 - 9 feet tall, while female ostriches are 1.7 - 2 m / 5.5 - 6.5 ft tall. They can run with a speed of about 65 kmh /40 mph.
Life.
In the wild the female takes care of the eggs during the day and the male takes care of the eggs during the night. Ostriches live 30 to 70 years.
The egg is 15-20 cm long and weighs 1.7 kg (3 lb 12 oz). An adult human can stand on the egg without breaking it.
Ostriches and humans.
Ostriches used to be farmed for their nice feathers. Today they are also farmed for their skin, which is used to make leather. Ostriches are also farmed for their meat and eggs.
It is sometimes said that ostriches will hide their heads in the ground when they are scared, but this is not true.

Shark
Sharks are part of a group of fish called cartilagenous fish with skeletons made of cartilage instead of bone. Cartilage is rubbery stuff that is softer than bone. Cartilagenous fish also include skates and rays. There are more than 350 different kinds of shark. Fossils have shown that sharks have been around for between 455 to 425 million years.
Most sharks are predators, meaning they hunt and eat fish, marine mammals, and other sea creatures, but some of the largest sharks eat small fish and krill, like whales. The largest shark is the whale shark, and it is the largest fish in the world. Some common kinds of shark include the hammerhead shark, the great white shark, the tiger shark, and the mako.
Many sharks are now endangered, but some are still hunted for food (like shark fin soup) or sport fishing.
Characteristics.
Sharks come in many different shapes and sizes, but most are long and thin (also called streamlined), with powerful jaws. Their teeth are constantly replaced throughout their lives. New teeth grow continuously in a groove just inside the mouth and move forward from inside the mouth on "conveyor belts" formed by the skin in which they are attached to.
Sharks have skin covered in thousands of tiny teeth-like scales that point to the tail. If you rub along a shark towards the tail, it would feel smooth, but if you rub the other way, it would be rough.
Senses.
Most sharks have an excellent sense of smell, which they use to find prey. Their two very sensitive nostrils can detect blood from miles away. As well as senses like ours, sharks have extra senses. They are very good at feeling vibrations in the
water, and they can detect electrical signals.
Prehistoric sharks.
Because sharks have skeletons made of cartilage, they don't fossilize easily. That's because cartilage is softer than bone and falls apart before fossilizing. However, teeth are harder, and if that isn't enough, they are shed throughout a shark's lifetime. Therefore, shark teeth are one of the most common fossils.
Sharks existed for at least two hundred million years before the dinosaurs. The earliest shark fossils were scales, so could it be that the earliest sharks were toothless? We are not sure. Early sharks did not look like sharks of today. For example, the upper snout of modern sharks is longer than the lower jaw. But in early sharks, they were the same length.
The first modern-looking sharks appeared in the Age of Dinosaurs. Sharks back then were preyed upon by giant sea reptiles.
Just a few million years ago, a giant shark called Megalodon swam in the seas. It was 16 meters long, twice as long as the closely-related great white shark, and it ate whales! Luckily for us, Megalodon died out 1.6 million years ago when the ocean became too cold for it.

Vulture
Vultures are large birds of prey that usually feed on carrion (dead or dying animals). Vultures use their large wings to soar in the air for many miles without having to flap. Vultures are also called buzzards.
"Vultures" from the Old World (Europe, Asia, and Africa) are not related to the vultures of the New World (North and South America). They look quite similar, though. Both have heads and necks with no feathers.
"Old World vultures" are related to eagles and hawks and use sight to find their food. "New World vultures" are related to storks and use their sense of smell to find their food. Vultures symbolize death in literature.
Egyptian vultures use rocks to open eggs they pick up a rock with there beak and simply drop or throw they rock onto the egg and breaks it.

Eagle
Eagles are large birds of prey that are related to hawks, falcons, and Old World vultures. Eagles hunt during the day and have very good eyesight.
The bald eagle is a large eagle from North America that is identified by its bright white head and tail. It is the national bird of the United States and usually eats fish.
The golden eagle is found over most of the world and it usually eats small mammals.
Sometimes, "eagle" can just mean any large hawk; as a group, eagles are not closely related to one another.
The largest eagle that has ever lived is Haast's Eagle. It is the only eagle in the world ever to have been top predator of its ecosystem. Though it is now extinct, it resided in New Zealand.

Falcon
Falcons are small birds of prey and are related to hawks and eagles. They usually have pointed wings and long tails. Most falcons eat small mammals that they hunt using eyesight, although some species hunt other birds, which they take in flight. Like hawks, most falcons have dark gray or brown backs and wings, with white undersides.
The Peregrine falcon is found over most of the world and is famous for hunting birds by diving down on them at 320 h (200 h). It was nearly wiped out in North America by the use of pesticides, but has since made a recovery.

Islington
Islington is a district in north London, in the United Kingdom. The area usually called Islington is only part of the London Borough of Islington. It is a fashionable area and has with large well-built houses and is close to the City of London.

Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology
Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology (SIIT) is an institute of technology in Thammasat University, Thailand. It is established in 1992. Its name in Thai is "สถาบันเทคโนโลยีนานาชาติสิรินธร".
SIIT offers education in science, technology, engineering, and management. Every education programs are "international program", all classes are in English language. Its graduates receive degrees from Thammasat University.
Although it is part of Thammasat University, its financial and admistration system are separate from the central university system.
Campuses.
SIIT has two campuses (as of 2005), "Rangsit" and "Bangkadi campus". Both located in Pathum Thani province.
The area is known for "Technology Clusters of North Bangkok".

Ainu people
The Ainu are an ethnic group. There are over 150,000 Ainu today. Almost all of them live in Japan, but they have their own culture and language that is different from the Japanese.

Iliad
The "Iliad" is, along with the "Odyssey", one of the two major Greek epic poems traditionally attributed to Homer, written in Greece about 700–650 BC.
The poem is embedded in the Trojan War between the Greeks and Trojans. It tells the story from the wrath of Achilles, to the death and funeral of Hector and the siege of Troy.
The "Iliad" was followed by the "Odyssey", maybe also written by Homer.
Some important characters in the "Iliad" are Achilles, Odysseus, Agamemnon, Menelaus, Priam, Hector, Paris, and Helen.
Plot.
The poem starts with the god Apollo having sent a plague to the Greeks, because they captured the daughter of one of his priests. Agamemnon is forced to give her back, but also takes away Briseis from her owner Achilles. Achilles is angry and refuses to fight. But when his friend Patroclus is killed by Hector, he starts to fight again and kills Hector in a duel. Later Hector's father Priam comes in secret to Achilles to take back his favorite son's body to give it a proper funeral, which Achilles allows him to do. The poem ends with the funeral of Hector.

Drug
A drug is any biological substance that is not taken for dietary needs. Some drugs are taken for illnesses and some are taken for fun. Usually a doctor will give someone a drug for an illness to make them well. People take drugs for fun because they affect the body or brain in different ways. Drugs that are taken for fun are called "recreational" and drugs for illnesses are called "therapeutic".
Drugs may have bad effects as well as the good effect - these bad effects are called side-effects.
Drugs need to be taken in the right amount. The amount of the drug taken is called a dose. Taking too much of a drug can cause sickness or even death. When a doctor says how much of a drug (the right dose) to take, only that amount should be taken. It is very important to keep taking the drug until the doctor says to stop because someone can feel better and still be sick. When a doctor says what drug to take, how much of it, and for how long, it is called a prescription. Drugs may cause addiction. Some drugs are illegal because they are very addictive. These drugs are really expensive, too.
Recreational drugs.
Certain recreational drugs also have uses as a therapeutic drug; that way, Heroin can be used as an analgesic (a painkiller). Recreational drugs can be dangerous, certain countries have made it illegal to have or take them outside a medical context. This is because they can be addictive, most of the time. That way, Cannabis-based products are legal in the Netherlands, but illegal in many other countries. Alcohol and Nicotine are legal almost everywhere, but there are a lot of taxes on the sale of these. In other words, they are expensive to buy. In some cases, not everyone is allowed to buy them; people often need to have a minimal age to do so.

Bill Watterson
William B. Watterson II (born July 5, 1958) is an American artist and cartoonist. He is most famous for his comic strip, "Calvin and Hobbes" which was published between 1985 and 1995.

Centimetre
A centimetre (the American spelling is centimeter; symbol is cm) is a unit of length in the SI measurement system. It is one hundredth of a metre.

Marilyn Manson (band)
Marilyn Manson is a rock band, and also the name of the lead singer of the group. The name Marilyn Manson was taken from the first name of actress and sex symbol Marilyn Monroe and the last name of cult leader and serial killer Charles Manson. Some of the earlier band members also created stage names by taking the first name of a female sex symbol and the last name of a serial killer.
The Beginning.
When the band started in 1989 it was originally called "Marilyn Manson and the Spooky Kids". The band had four bandmembers and a drumming machine. They played small concerts in their home state Florida (the Warner family had moved from Ohio to Florida when Manson was a teenager).
In 1993 frontman Manson met Trent Reznor, lead singer for Nine Inch Nails. Reznor liked their style and offered them a record deal and the chance to tour with Nine Inch Nails. To get the deal the band had to change it's name to just "Marilyn Manson". They also had to find a real drummer.
In 1995 their cover of Sweet Dreams (originally by Eurythmics) became a hit, and the band was suddenly very popular.
Albums.
Their first album was "Portrait of an American Family", which was released in 1993.
Some of their greatest hits are "The Beautiful People", "The Dope Show", "Disposable Teens", "Tainted Love" and "Personal Jesus".
Marilyn Manson's songs about drugs, violence and anti-Christianity caused a lot of trouble, especially among Christians. There were protests at his concerts and they were not allowed to play in some cities.

Aubrey Beardsley
Aubrey Beardsley (August 21, 1872 – March 16, 1898) was a English illustrator. He is best known for his drawings for Oscar Wilde's Salome.

Matrix theory (physics)
Matrix theory is the theory (idea) of all the different known universes coming together into one 4 dimensional world.

Odyssey
The "Odyssey" is, along with the "Iliad", one of the two major Greek epic poems traditionally said to be written by Homer. It is said to be written in Greece about 900 BC.
The poem is the story about Odysseus's ten-year-long voyage home to Ithaca after the Trojan War. (Most of the Trojan War is told in the "Iliad".) At the same time, his wife Penelope has to fight off a lot of men who want to marry her; and his son Telemachos searches for him.
The Cyclops.
On his journey home after the Trojan War, Odysseus lands on the island of the Cyclops Polyphemus. The Cyclopes were a race of rough, uncivilized one-eyed giants. Odysseus and his men come to the cave where the Cyclops Polyphemus lives and go inside at the sight of sheep, cheese and milk. But when Polyphemus comes back, he does not let them leave his cave by blocking the entrance with a boulder. Then he rips apart and eats some of Odysseus' men. Odysseus wants to use his sword to kill Polyphemus but he knows only the Cyclops is strong enough to move to boulder blocking the exit to the cave. Odysseus a cunning hero then thinks of a plan to get away. He tells Polyphemus that his name is "Nobody", and gives him wine to drink. Intoxicated, Polyphemus falls asleep. Odysseus and his men find a wooden pole (a big stick, which was used as a stake), heat it in the fire and poke it while red hot into Polyphemus' only eye, blinding him. When Polyphemus cries out in agony, the other Cyclopes on the island answer his cry. From outside his cave, they asked him who is killing him, and he said "Nobody is killing me." and so the other Cyclopes went away again. The next morning Polyphemus lets his sheep out of the cave, but touches their backs so no one of the men could ride out on them. But Odysseus and his men hold themselves on the underside of the sheep, and so they get out. When Odysseus was on his ship again, he called out to Polyphemus and told him his real name. Polyphemus was very angry and threw a giant rock at them, nearly hitting the ship. Then, as revenge, he prayed to his father Poseidon that Odysseus would never make it home to Ithaca and if he was fated to make it home, Odysseus would lose all of his men, his ship and find trouble at home. The latter prayer became the plot line of the Odyssey.
The Sirens.
Odysseus and his ship have to pass the Siren's island. The Sirens were always singing very beautifully, so sailors would try to go to them, but their ships would get destroyed, and they would die.
Odysseus tells his men to put wax in their ears, so they will not hear the song of the sirens. He also tells his men to bind him to the ship's mast, so he cannot go to the sirens when he hears their song. His men can then look at Odysseus and see when he cannot hear the sirens anymore, because he is calm again. Then they can take the wax out of their ears, and free Odysseus.
Calypso.
After escaping from the sea, and the death of his men, Odysseus comes to the island Ogygia. On this island lives the nymph Calypso, and Odysseus stayed with her for seven years. But then the god Hermes came and told her that the gods said that she had to let Odysseus go. Calypso promised Odysseus immortality (that he would live forever) if he stayed, but he wanted to go back to his wife Penelope. So Odysseus built a raft and left her.
The Phaeacians.
After a storm, Odysseus comes to the island of the Phaeacians. There he is found by the king's daughter Nausicaä. Nausicaä brings him to the palace of her father, King Alkinoos. During his time there, Odysseus tell the story of his journey. After this, Alkinoos gives Odysseus a ship and sends him home to Ithaca.
Return Home.
Odysseus finally returns to Ithaca, where he disguises himself as a beggar. He goes to his home and meets his son Telemachus. Together they kill the Suitors. Later the families of the Suitors come to kill Odysseus for revenge. But the goddess Athena makes them stop and give up the fight.

Mae West
Mae West (August 17, 1893 – November 22, 1980) was an American actress and movie star. She is best-remembered for her dirty jokes and comedy movies.
Her name when she was born was Mary Jane West. She was born in Brooklyn, New York, and died in Hollywood, California.

Lenny Bruce
Lenny Bruce (October 13, 1925 – August 3, 1966), was an American comedian. His real name was Leonard Alfred Schneider. He is considered an innovator of modern stand-up comedy and changed the way many people see comedians. His jokes and routines were very improper and off limits for the time and he got in a lot of trouble for them. He is considered a hero for the defense of the First Amendment rights in the United States, especially for free speech.
In the 1960s he was the last person arrested for impersonating and swearing, overwatched by martial law and police and banned from many cities and comedy clubs.
He committed suicide in 1966 with a morphine overdose while being on trial. In 1970 the New York's highest court of appeals decided that he is "not guilty for using bad words".
He appeared on the cover of The Beatles' "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band" album.

Kimchi
Kimchi is a traditional Korean food made from Chili and vegetables. It often contains things like Chinese cabbage, radish, garlic, red pepper, spring onion, shrimp, ginger, salt, and sugar.
Kimchi is usually very strong for non-Koreans. There are many different types and Koreans typically eat Kimchi in every meal. It is a staple of Korean food. Kimchi can be stored for a long time and it will not go bad. In Korea Kimchi Pots are a common sight. They are large terra cotta pots where the kimchi is stored until it can be eaten or until it ferments. A typical batch of kimchi takes about 2 weeks to ferment but some varieties can be eaten right away. Some must be stored for over a year to be finished.
The fermentation gives the kimchi a pickle-like quality and generally soggy or limp kimchi is not good.
Preparation.
The most common variety of Kimchi is made from cabbage, radish, garlic, red pepper, salt and sugar. The cabbage is soaked in salt water for a few hours. Course rock salt is then rubbed in between the leaves of the cabbage. Red peppers are also rubbed in and most kimchi has a lot of pepper in it.
The radish is usually cut into long thin strips and added to the mix. A little sugar is added to help the fermentation process along much in the same way beer is made.
The amounts of each ingredient vary between the type of kimchi you are making and the personal taste of the maker. Most kimchi is also flavoured with shrimp or fish.
The kimchi is allowed to ferment for a period of time, usually outdoors in a large kimchi pot. It is also quite common for these pots to be buried under ground. Kimchi can be kept for a long time and will not go bad. Koreans make kimchi with their family on the first Monday of December.

Robert Altman
Robert Bernard Altman (February 20,1925- November 20, 2006) is an American film director. His famous films are

Vietnam Veterans Memorial
The Vietnam Veterans Memorial, also called the Wall, honors the men and women who died in the Vietnam War. It is a black granite wall which has the names of every American killed in the war. It was designed by Maya Lin in 1981 and is in Washington, DC.

Maya Lin
Maya Ying Lin (born October 10, 1959) is a Chinese-American architect and artist. She is most famous for her Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington, DC and the Civil Rights Monument in Montgomery, Alabama.

Manslaughter
Manslaughter is the word used to describe killing someone unlawfully but without meaning to do so. Killing someone in self-defense is also considered manslaughter.

Bangkok
Bangkok (กรุงเทพมหานคร) is the capital city of the Asian country of Thailand. In 2005, the city has registered population of 6,642,566 people. In Thailand it is known as "Krung Thep" or, its full name; Krung Thep Mahanakhon Amon Rattanakosin Mahinthara Yuthaya Mahadilok Phop Noppharat Ratchathani Burirom Udomratchaniwet Mahasathan Amon Piman Awatan Sathit Sakkathattiya Witsanukam Prasit

Silicosis
Silicosis is a disease that is caused by small particles of silica (glass) getting trapped in the lungs.

Torquay
Torquay (pronounced: "tor-KEE") is a resort town in Devon in the southwest of England. It is perhaps most famous as birthplace of writer Agatha Christie and setting of the TV show, Fawlty Towers.

Andrew Sachs
Andrew Sachs (born Andreas Siegfried Sachs, April 7, 1930) is a German-born British actor. His family was Jewish and left Germany for England, shortly after Adolf Hitler's takeover. He is best known for his role as Manuel on "Fawlty Towers". He also played Albert Einstein in a 1996 episode of Nova on PBS, and provided all the voices in the English version of the 1994 movie version of "Faust". He was involved in a controversy when Russell Brand and Jonathan Ross left obscene phone messages on his answerphone stating that Brand had had sex with his granddaughter Georgina Baillie, a member of the Satanic Sluts.

The Seven Samurai
"The Seven Samurai" is an important Japanese movie, written and directed by Akira Kurosawa, released in 1954. The samurai need to protect a town from thiefs, but they each do it for a different reason. It was later remade in America as a western called "The Magnificent Seven".
The movie was also adapted into an Japanese anime series in 2004 by GONZO, entitled Samurai 7. The anime series takes a more futuristic and fantasy take at the original story, replacing robots for thiefs and bestowing superhuman abilities to the 7 samurais.

Vacuum tube
A vacuum tube (also called a "valve" in British English) is an electronic device used in many older model radios, television sets, and amplifiers.
History.
Vacuum tubes were used in the first computers like the ENIAC, which demanded lots of maintenance because of the heat produced.
Vacuum tubes produce a lot of heat and often break. For this reason, when the transistor was invented in the 1960s, most manufacturers of radios, television sets, and amplifiers used transistors instead of vacuum tubes.
Current uses.
In the 2000s, vacuum tube devices are rarely used in electronics.

Tupac Shakur
Tupac Amaru Shakur was a popular hip-hop artist, who sold many records. He was born on 16 June 1971 in Brooklyn, New York City in the USA. He was the son of Afeni Shakur, who was a member of the Black Panther party. She had just been released from jail a month before his birth. He died on 13 September 1996 after being shot in a "drive-by shooting" in Las Vegas, Nevada, seven days before. He was also called 2Pac, Pac, Makaveli and also called himself The Don Kiluminati. He also holds the Guinness World Record for the highest selling rap/hip hop artist, selling 74 million worldwide and 44 million in the US alone.

Skagerrak
Skagerrak is a sea in the northern part of Europe between Norway and Denmark. Skagerrak is a part of the North Sea. To the east is Kattegat.
Close to the Norwegian coast is a deep trench (700 m), the rest of the sea is shallow. Oil and gas are produced from rigs in the Skagerrak.

Kattegat
Kattegat is a sea in the northern part of Europe between the Danish peninsula Jutland, the Danish island Zealand, and the western coast of Sweden.
To the north-west is Skagerrak. Kattegat is connected to the Baltic Sea through the Danish Straits and Belts.
The sea is shallow, and life conditions are threatened by loss of oxygen in the water. The oxygen loss is caused by pollution. The pollution originates from farming. A century ago, the sea was very rich in cod, herring, and salmon, which were important sources of food in the countries around the sea.

Baltic Sea
The Baltic Sea is a sea in northern Europe between Scandinavia, Finland, Russia, the Baltic countries, Poland, and Germany.
Many big rivers in the surrounding countries drain into the Baltic Sea. The Baltic Sea is connected to the ocean through the narrow and shallow Danish straits and belts. For this reason, the water has a low content of salt, so the northern parts of the sea freeze over in the winter. The ice can carry cars, and roads are established every winter between the islands in the archipelagos between Sweden and Finland.
For several thousand years the Baltic Sea has connected the countries at her shores. For that reason you will find many cultural similarities in these countries.

Scandinavia
Scandinavia is a large peninsula in the northern Europe at the northern side of Baltic Sea. Norway and Sweden,Finland are in the Scandinavian peninsula, and Denmark is often said to be in Scandinavia too. Scandinavia is a part of a bigger peninsula Fennoscandia.
The Scandinavian Peninsula is scarcely populated and covered with large forests of pine, birch, and spruce. In the western and northern parts there are mountains; the Scandinavian mountains are some of the oldest in the world. The tallest mountain is Galdhøpiggen in Norway.
Denmark is the smallest of the Scandinavian countries. The population is more dense, and most of the land is farmland. Copenhagen is the capital of Denmark.
Scandinavia is a part of the Nordic Countries, which also includes Iceland and Finland. These five countries coordinate political and cultural activities through the Nordic Council. Denmark, Finland, and Sweden are members of the EU.
The Scandinavian languages are closely related, and most Scandinavians are able to understand all the languages. They belong to the same group of languages as German and English.
All three countries still have their own currency, which in all the countries are called "krone" or "krona". One "krone" is 100 "øre" or "öre". The value of one "krone" is approximately 10-15 euro-cent.

Marriage
Marriage is a union between a man and a woman. It is like a contract. Sometimes people also call this matrimony. The fact of being married is called wedlock. Very often, people celebrate that they are getting married. The ceremony is usually called wedding.
The most common form of marriage is that between a man and a woman. Some societies recognise polygamy. In polygamy, a man may be married to many women; in polyandry a woman may be married to many men. In Senegal, for example, nearly 47 percent of marriages are multiple.
Some countries and religious communities also permit the union of two partners of the same sex. This is generally known as same-sex marriage. In the Netherlands, the marriage law was changed to allow such unions, called "Marriage". Other countries that allow them sometimes have a different name for them.
Usually there is also a spiritual part of marriage. In addition to the civil act (wanted by the state) there is sometimes a religious one. If both partners are Christians, they may marry in a church, for example. There are certain restrictions on who can marry or be married; those closely related, like brothers and sisters usually cannot marry. This is usually to prevent problems for the children. Those marrying also have to be of a certain age to be able to marry. If that age is not specified it is usually the age of consent.
A wedding usually consists of the couple exchanging vows and a party afterward. The man getting married is called the groom, and the woman getting married is called the bride.
Marriage is also about sexual intercourse; being unable to have sex, or being unwilling to have sex may be a reason to undo the marriage.
In Indian culture marriage is considered to be holy and divine and is a union of Goddess "Laxmi" and God "Narayan".

Minerva cars
In 1883 a young Belgian called Sylvain de Jong settled in Antwerp, Belgium. He started a bicycle factory over there. By the end of that century he started producing motorbikes, and after a while cars as well. In 1903 he grounded the NV Minerva Motors' in Berchem (Antwerp).
A certain Charles S Rolls was Minerva dealer in England. The small 1 cylinder "Minervette" was there with its 105 Pound, the cheapest car.
In the years after the fame of the cars was rising enormous. Most important market for the constructor remained however England that took the biggest part of the production, followed by the Netherlands and France.
From 1908 Minerva got a worldwide Knight licence. The Knight motor was a motor without valves, developed by Charles Y Knight in the United States. These motors were extremely silent. The company did well in several car racing competitions in Europe.
After worldwar I, during which Sylvain de Jong and his engineers headed to Amsterdam, where they kept on developing parts, they returned to start up the production of luxury cars. The constructors star rised in the United States as well, American filmstars, politicians and industrials liked them cars as well (even Henry Ford had before the WW already one!). The car had the same qualities as the Rolls Royce, but was a little cheaper. With the economical crisis in the 30's, the company went bankrupt in 1936. The remains were taken over by another Belgian constructor named Imperia. Imperia putted the name Minerva on their cars for export to England and France and for the trucks (which Minerva had made before too).
After worldwar II the company produced Land Rovers under licence for the Belgian army. Production of these 4Wheel Drives stopped in 1953. The company struggled for survival and made some Land Rover-like cars till 1956. But than the constructor diappeared completely. Nowadays are still several Minerva's all over the world in a driveable condition.

E. B. White
Elwyn Brooks White (July 11, 1899–October 1, 1985) was an American writer.
He is most famous for his 1959 manual about how to write well in English, "The Elements of Style" (which was first written by William Strunk Jr. in 1918), and also for his three children's books "Stuart Little" (1945), "Charlotte's Web" (1952), and the "Trumpet of the Swan" (1970).
He also wrote for magazines and newspapers in the United States.
E. B. White won many awards, including a Pulitzer Prize so many people think his work is very good. "The Trumpet of the Swan" may be his best-selling book.

Raffles Institution (Secondary)
Raffles Institution is a secondary school in Singapore. Only boys can go to this school. It has been performing well in studies and sports. It was founded in 1823 as Singapore Institution by Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, the founder of modern Singapore. It is the school with the longest history in Singapore. Its name was changed to "Raffles Institution" in 1868. It is near Raffles Junior College.
The current principal of Raffles Institution is Lim Lai Cheng. Koh Chin Nguang was the Headmaster before her and left the school at the end of 2008.
History.
Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles founded Raffles Institution on 5 June 1823, making it the school with the longest history in Singapore. Raffles Institution was along Bras Basah Road at first, where Raffles City is now. The school moved to Grange Road in 1973, and then moved to its current location at Bishan in 1990. The Grange Road campus is now the MOE Teacher's Network.

Archipelago
An archipelago () is a chain or group of islands. The word "archipelago" means "chief sea", from Greek "arkhon" ("arkhi"-) ("leader") and "pelagos" ("sea").
Types of archipelagos.
Archipelagos are usually found in the open sea; less commonly, a big land mass may neighbor them, an example being Scotland which has more than 700 islands surrounding the mainland. Archipelagoes are often volcanic, forming along mid-ocean ridges or hotspots, but there are many other processes involved in their construction, including erosion, deposition, and land elevation.
The four biggest countries that are mainly archipelagos are Japan, the Philippines, the United Kingdom and Indonesia (the world's biggest archipelagic country according to the CIA World Factbook).
The biggest archipelago in the world by size is in Northern Canada, the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, which is in the Arctic Ocean.

Topography
Topography means "the description of shape".
When you talk of the topography of the land, you refer to the landscape features like valleys, hills and mountains, rivers and lakes, or the coastline. Everything, that describes the form of the landscape, is part of the topography.

Bornholm
Bornholm is a small, rocky island in the Baltic Sea. Bornholm is a Danish island.
The island is a popular holiday resort for Scandinavians and Germans. Many yachters come here in the summer.
At the end of World War II, the island was "liberated" by the Soviet red army, and held for several months after the German surrender. The island lies far east of the demarcation line between the allied forces in Europe. For some time the Soviet presence looked like an occupation. It was not until April 5th, 1946 that the island at last was free.
But then the Danish government took over and the island is today a Danish colony. But the struggle for a free island still goes on as it can be seen on this page

Budapest
Budapest is the capital city of Hungary. Budapest was founded in 1873. In that year three cities on the side of the Danube: Buda, Óbuda (Old Buda) and Pest were unified (made into one city). The city has a population of about 1.7 million people. Its highest point is János Hill (527 m.).
The main sights in Budapest are the Castle Hill ("Várhegy"), the Parliament ("Országház") and St. Stephen's Basilica. Budapest is also known for the ruins of Aquincum, the capital city of the Roman Province of Pannonia. The city has a great atmosphere with nice cafes, spas and the traditional Hungarian hospitality.

Santa Monica, California
Santa Monica is a beach town in California. It is next to Los Angeles, California, USA.

Kuwait
Kuwait is a small country (about 17,819 square kilometers) in the Middle East.
It has a small and rich economy. It has about 96 billion barrels of crude oil reserves. Crude oil reserves are the oil that is still under the ground and has not yet been cleaned up. Kuwait has 10% of all of the oil reserves in the world. The country makes a lot of money by selling oil. This money is almost half of all the money the country makes. The oil money is also 95% of the money made by selling things to different countries (people call that exports). Also, the oil money is 80% of the money the government makes. Kuwait is now talking with oil companies of other countries to make oil fields in the northern part of the country.
Kuwait's weather makes farming hard (too little rain). Instead of farming, the country catches fish and buys food from other countries. About 75% of the country's water to drink has to be distilled (have the salt removed) or purchased from other countries.
In 1990, Iraq invaded (brought an army in to fight against) Kuwait. This started the first Gulf War.
Kuwait's official religion is Islam, although 15% of its population are Christian or Hindu. Arabic is mostly spoken in Kuwait but English is wide-spread among Kuwaitis (residents of Kuwait). Kuwait is one of the few nations that has education for every age.
Population (in thousands) for 2004 2595.
CDR (per 1000) for 2004 1.9. Growth Rate(%) for 1992-2002 2.1. the Total Fertility Rate for 2002 is 2.7. Percent population is living in urban in 2003 96.2.Per capita gross national income ($) 2002 612. Population Density(per square kilometer) in 2000 107.4
Infant Mortality Rate (per 1000)for 2005 9.95. Adult literacy rate (85%) female literacy rate (81%) (2002).

Tiny Tim
Herbert Buckingham Khaury, better known as Tiny Tim (April 12, 1932–November 30, 1996), was an American singer and musician. He became popular in the 1960s due to his appearances on TV and songs sung on ukulele with a falsetto voice. His most famous song was "Tiptoe through the Tulips".

Kelvin
The kelvin (symbol: K) is the SI unit of temperature. It is named in honour of the physicist William Thomson, the first Lord Kelvin (1824–1907).
Definition.
The Kelvin scale is defined by a specific relationship between the pressure of a gas and the temperature. This says that "the pressure of the gas is directly proportional to the temperature in Kelvin". This means that Kelvin is an absolute temperature scale, and scientists use this scale more than any other.
The kelvin is a base SI unit of measurement, defined as the fraction 1/273.16 of the temperature of the triple point of water, which is the temperature at which water in solid, liquid, and gaseous state coexist in equilibrium.
The temperature of the triple point of water is a hundredth of a degree Celsius above the freezing point, or 0.01 °C. The coldest possible temperature is called absolute zero and is equal to -273.15 degrees Celsius, or zero kelvin (0 K). By writing temperatures in kelvins one does not need to use negative numbers.
The absolute temperature scale was designed so that a change in temperature of 1 kelvin is equal to a change of 1 degree Celsius. This means that it is easy to convert a temperature from degrees Celsius to kelvins.
It is important to notice that the name of this unit is simply "kelvin" (with a lowercase initial), not "degree Kelvin". In English, it undergoes normal plural inflection as "kelvins".

Tourism
Tourism can mean when people travel for fun, and also the industry that helps these people.
Travel for fun.
People who travel for fun are called "tourists". Places that a lot of people visit are called "resorts".
Damage tourism can bring.
Tourism can bring damage to the local area. Litter, scuba-diving, deforestation are a real problem for popular places such as St. Lucia, Hawaii and other exotic places. Scuba-diving can cause damage to coral reefs which are home to 100s of species of sea animals.
Tourism can damage the local culture, certain local traditions are being put aside for tourists.

Berkshire
Berkshire is a county in the south of England (part of the UK). It is to the west of London. Its county town is named Reading. In the past, a town named Abingdon was the county town, but this town is now not in Berkshire.
Berkshire is also named Royal Berkshire.
Cities, towns and villages.
The towns below are not part of Berkshire now, but were in the past.

Buckinghamshire
Buckinghamshire (its short name is Bucks) is a county in central England, near the south and London. The county town is named Aylesbury.
Cities, towns and villages.
Locations marked with a (*) are a part of the cerimonal county of Buckinghamshire, but are governed by the Borough of Milton Keynes.

Computer monitor
A computer monitor is an electronic device that shows pictures. A monitor is usually used to see programs on a computer. The main difference between a monitor and a television is that a monitor does not have a television tuner to change channels. A monitor may be used to watch television if it is connected to a device that has a television tuner. Some high monitors do have a television, and some televisions are used with computers. A monitor has a better display resolution than a television to make it easier to see smaller letters and graphics on.

Diameter
In geometry, the diameter of a circle is its measurement from one side directly to the opposite side. The diameter is twice the radius.

1813
Year 1813 (MDCCCXIII) was a year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar (or a year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar).

Dominica
The Commonwealth of Dominica is an island nation that is located in the Caribbean Sea, between the French-speaking territories of Guadeloupe and Martinique. The island measures 751 km² (290 mi²) in area. Roseau is its capital; Portsmouth is another main town. Close to seventy thousand people live on the island.
The currency of the island is the East Caribbean Dollar.
The island's name comes from the Latin for Sunday, "Dies Dominica". It is not to be confused with the Spanish-speaking Dominican Republic in the Greater Antilles.
Because of the lush beauty and untouched splendour it boasts (also seen in its rainforests), it is nicknamed the "Nature Island of the Caribbean".
The President of Dominica is Nicholas Liverpool; its prime minister is Roosevelt Skerrit.
Dominica was discovered by Christopher Columbus in 1493. In 1763, it became a territory of the United Kingdom from which its independence was received on November 3rd, 1978.
In August 1979, Hurricane David, the most powerful storm to hit the island, wiped out its entire infrastructure.
In 1980, Dame Eugenia Charles became its prime minister, and the first one of her kind in the West Indies.
On November 21, 2004, the island was hit by its most destructive earthquake in history; Portsmouth and the northern area were deeply affected.
Dominica is most famously depicted in Jean Rhys' classic prequel to "Jane Eyre", "Wide Sargasso Sea".

404
Centuries: 4th century - 5th century - 6th century
Decades: 350s 360s 370s 380s 390s - 400s - 410s 420s 430s 440s 450s
Years: 399 400 401 402 403 - 404 - 405 406 407 408 409

Playing card
Playing cards is the name for the 54 cards used in a lot of games like poker, bridge, blackjack, and solitaire.
There are 52 basic cards in a deck. These cards have a suit and a number (called the value or rank). There are 4 suits and 13 ranks in each suit. There are also two Jokers that do not have a suit or a rank.
Suits.
spades (♠), hearts (♥), diamonds (♦), clubs (♣).
Values.
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, Jack (J), Queen (Q), King (K), Ace (A). In most games the ace is the highest value, but in some games it is the lowest.
Jacks, Queens, and Kings are called Face Cards because the cards have pictures of their names. The King of Hearts is also called the 'Suicide King' because he is sometimes pictured holding a knife in his head. Originally the king had an axe, and over the years, the head of the axe was dropped from the picture. What was left looks like to be a sword, thus making the king the look like he is stabbing himself in the head. The '2' cards are sometimes called deuces.
For a lot of games, the Jokers are removed from the deck, making the total number of cards in the deck 52.

Emperor
An emperor is a male who rules an empire. An emperor usually comes to power when one of his parents dies. In some countries people elected a new emperor from candidates.
The wife of an emperor is called an empress. A woman who comes to power in an empire is also called an empress.
The only emperor in the world today is the ruler of Japan. In history, many countries had emperors at different times, including China, Rome, Germany, Ethiopia, Turkey, India, France and Russia.

Palmdale, California
Palmdale is the largest city in the desert area of California. It has a population of 147,897 and is the 6th largest city in Los Angeles County. It is one of the fastest growing cities in the United States, currently the 25th fastest. It has a population of 589,043 if you include the suburbs around it.
Even though Palmdale is in Los Angeles County, it is not connected to the larger Los Angeles population area. It is separated from it by a mountain range called the San Gabriel Mountains that are over 40 miles wide and almost 2 miles high overall.
Palmdale is the home of several airplanes used by NASA and the Air Force, giving it the nickname of "the aerospace capital of America."
Palmdale is the largest city in the United States without a hospital.
Palmdale Airport will have one airline called United Airlines that flies to San Francisco, California everyday starting in June 2007.

Fresno, California
Fresno is the largest inland city in U.S. state of California. It has a population of 451,455. If you include the surrounding suburbs it has a population of 983,788. It is the county seat of Fresno County.
Fresno is the closest major city to Yosemite National Park.
Fresno has a major airport called Fresno Yosemite International Airport that has many flights by many airlines everyday. It was the first airport to use the new security systems made after the September 11, 2001 attacks.

Popeye
Popeye the Sailor is one of the most popular cartoon characters of all time. He first appeared in a comic strip called "Thimble Theatre" by EC Segar in 1929. Popeye is a sailor who smokes a pipe and mutters things under his breath. He has only one eye, he is short and uneducated, but when trouble occurs, usually saving his girlfriend, Olive Oyl from his arch-nemesis, Bluto/Brutus, he eats a can of spinach, and gets super-strength. He also appeared in a series of cartoons made for movie theatres by Paramount Pictures, which is what he is best known for.

Astrophysics
Astrophysics is the study of how stars and planets work, and how we can learn about them. Astrophysicists use physics to explain what astronomers find and see.
Astrophysics is also the study of how the Universe started and how it is changing with time. This part of astrophysics is called cosmology.
History.
A long time ago, during the time of the Ancient Greeks, people thought that the way things worked in the sky was different to the way things worked on earth. They also thought that they could not study how things in the sky worked. This was because they could not do experiments with things in the sky, but they could do experiments with things that are on the surface of the Earth.
When people realized that, by looking at the sky, they were able to work out how the planets moved, the science of astrophysics was born. The first people to write books on how they thought the planets moved were Nicolaus Copernicus, Galileo, and Johannes Kepler.
Sir Isaac Newton realized that the same rules of mechanics that he had found on the surface of the Earth also could be used to predict how the planets moved. He said, "As above, so below." By this, he meant that we can study how things work on this planet to find out how things work in space.
Later scientists found that by looking at the light from stars they were able to work out what they were made from. This process is called spectroscopy.
Types of astrophysics.
There are two main types of astrophysics: observational astrophysics and theoretical astrophysics.
Observational astrophysics is like astronomy. Like astronomers, observational astrophysicists use telescopes to study the Universe. But observational astrophysicists study the physics of what they see to explain the Universe.
Theoretical astrophysicists use information from astronomers and tools such as computers to explain how the Universe works. Cosmology is a type of theoretical astrophysics.

Word order
Word order is a part of grammar. It has to do with the order words are in a sentence. The word order is often different between languages. For example, in English, people say "I only play tennis sometimes." In German, they would say "Ich spiele nur manchmal Tennis," which if they translate only the words says "I play only sometimes tennis." In Norwegian that same sentence would be "Jeg spiller bare tennis noen ganger", directly translated to "I play only tennis some times" in English.
In Portuguese this sentence could be "Eu só jogo tênis algumas vezes"; translating each word to English: "I only play tennis some times". Or even in Portuguese people can change the word order to "Eu jogo tênis só algumas vezes" ("I play tennis only some times"), but they cannot say "Eu jogo só tênis algumas vezes", because this means "I play only tennis sometimes".

George H. W. Bush
George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12, 1924) was President of the United States between 1989 and 1993. He was born in Milton, Massachusetts and was a politician in Texas.
During World War II, he was a crewman on a TBM Avenger. He had survived many crashes and sunk a Japanese ship.
He was the vice-president when Ronald Reagan was President.
When he ran for re-election in 1992, he lost. The person who won was Bill Clinton.
He is the father of George W. Bush, the current President, and Jeb Bush, the governor of Florida. He has two other sons. His wife is Barbara Bush.
Because he has the same first and last names as his son, he is often called George H. W. Bush or George Bush Sr. (George Bush senior). Some people call him "41", because he was the 41st President.

Ohio
Ohio is one of the 50 states in the United States. Its capital is Columbus. Columbus also is the largest city in Ohio.
Other large cities in Ohio are Cleveland, Cincinnati, Dayton, Akron, Toledo, and Youngstown.
Some famous people from Ohio include Wilbur and Orville Wright, Civil war general and seven Presidents; Ulysses S. Grant, Rutherford Hayes, James Garfield, Benjamin Harrison, William McKinley, William Howard Taft, and Warren G. Harding.

Boston, Massachusetts
Boston is the capital city of Massachusetts in the United States. It was founded in 1630. Boston is one of the oldest, wealthiest and most culturally important cities in the United States.
History.
Boston was founded on November 17, 1630, by Puritan colonists from England Boston's early European settlers called the area "Trimountaine" (Three Mountains). They renamed the town for Boston, England, in Lincolnshire because many important "Pilgrim" colonists came from there. Most of Boston's early citizens were Puritans. Shortly after Boston's settlement, Puritans created America's first public school and America's first university, Harvard University (1636). Until the 1760s, Boston was America's largest city.
During the early 1770s, The British tried to control the thirteen colonies with taxes. This made people from Boston start the American Revolution. The Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, and several early battles happened in or near the city.
Towers.
The tallest towers in Boston are the Prudential Tower and the John Hancock Tower.

Principle of relativity
In the Physics of Aristotle, heavy objects fall faster than objects that are not heavy. The natural science of Aristotle dominated Western thought for 2,000 years.
Galileo proved that all objects fall with the same acceleration. Therefore, the longer an object moves with constant acceleration the faster is its final velocity. Also, if different objects each having a different mass are dropped from rest (initial velocity is zero) at the same height, they will all hit the ground at the same velocity regardless of the mass. The experimental discoveries of Galileo and the Laws of Motion developed mathematically by Newton gave birth to modern science.
The principle of relativity of Galileo says "Is impossible by mechanical means to say whether we move or stay at rest". If two trains are moving at the same speed in the same direction, then a passenger in either car will not be able to notice that either train is moving. However, if the passenger takes a fixed frame of reference, a fixed point, like the earth, he will then be able to notice the motion of either train. Another thing, if one stands on the earth one will not be able to see that it is moving.
This principle is just taken from observation. If for example we are travelling by plane at constant speed we can walk through the corridor noticing nothing special.
From a practical point of view, this means that Newton's laws of motion are valid in all inertial systems, which means those at rest or those moving with constant speed relative to one considered at rest. This is the law of inertia: a body at rest continues at rest and a body in motion continues in motion in a straight line unless influenced by an external force. A Galilean coordinate system is one where the law of inertia is valid. The laws of mechanics of Galileo and Newton are valid in a Galilean coordinate system. If K is a Galilean coordinate system, then every other system K' is a Galileian coordinate system if it lies at rest or moves according to the law of inertia relative to K. Relative to K', the mechanical laws of Galileo and Newton are as valid as they are relative to K.
If, relative to K, K' is a coordinate
system moving according to the law of
inertia and is devoid of rotation, then
the laws of nature obey the same general
principles in K' as they do in K. This
statement is known as the "Principle of"
In other words, if a mass m is at rest or is moving with constant acceleration (the constant acceleration could be equal to zero in which case the velocity would remain constant) in a straight line relative to a Galilean coordinate system K, then it will also be at rest or moving with constant acceleration in a straight line relative to a second coordinate system K' provided the law of inertia is valid in sytem K' (in other words, provided it is a Galilean coordinate system).
Therefore, if we want to observe an effect in a moving system at constant speed, we can apply the Newton laws directly. If the moving system accelerates (or we accelerate relative to it, like observing the stars from the earth) then we will have to introduce fictious forces to compensate this effect.
These fictitious forces are called centrifugal force and coriolis force.
Newton's Laws of Motion are mechanically accurate for speeds that are slow compared with the velocity of light. For speeds that approach the speed of light, it is necessary to apply the discoveries of Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity.
In order to describe what happens mechanically in the universe, physicists use mass, length and time. In the Physics of Galileo and Newton, these quantities remain the same throughout the universe.
With Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity all this changed.

Special relativity
Special relativity (or the special theory of relativity) was developed and published by Einstein in 1905 because he was unhappy with the explanations of electromagnetism in classical physics. Einstein thought these explanations did not agree with the principle of relativity.
Basics of special relativity.
Before Einstein, scientists were trying to measure the speed of the Earth through the fabric of space itself. They were trying to do this by measuring the speed of starlight reaching the Earth. If the Earth was moving toward a star, the starlight from it should have been reaching the Earth a little faster than normal. If the Earth was moving away from a star, the starlight from it should reach the Earth at a slightly slower speed.
No matter who performed the experiments, or where they performed them at, or what stars they looked at, no one could measure any change in the speed of light reaching the Earth from the stars. It seemed as though the Earth was not moving at all through space ever -- even as it revolved around the Sun.
Einstein figured that this was because something was wrong with our understanding of distance and time. He reckoned that as the Earth moved through space, our clocks slowed down (ever so slightly). This way, any clock used to measure the speed of light was off. Not only was it off, but it was off by exactly the right amount to make the speed of light seem to be moving at its regular speed. Einstein also reckoned that not only did the clocks slow down, but also our measuring devices shrank (ever so slightly)-- by exactly the right amount to make the starlight reaching the Earth seem to be moving at its regular speed.
Although Einstein's idea was rejected and misunderstood at the time, it is now universally accepted as the explanation for why the speed of light never seems to change.
The Lorentz transformations.
The mathematical core of special relativity is the Lorentz Transformations, which relates the views of space and time for two comoving inertial observers. To understand them, let there be an observer "K " who describes when events occur with a temporal coordinate "t", and who describes where events occur with spatial coordinates "x", "y", and "z". To be more explicit, let us specify that the time of an event is given by the time that it is observed minus that distance to the event divided by "c". Now with this understanding in place, let there be another observer "K' "who is
Mass, energy and momentum.
In special relativity, the momentum "p" and the energy "E" of an object as a function its rest mass "m"0 are
These equations can be rewritten to use a "relativistic mass" (in the direction of motion) of formula_7. In this case, one finds that momentum is still described by "p" = "mv", while energy is described by the famous equation "E" = "mc"2.
In special relativity, energy and momentum are related by the equation
For a massless particle (such as a photon of light), formula_9 and this equation becomes "E" = "pc".
History.
The need for special relativity arose from Maxwell's equations of electromagnetism, which were published in 1865. It was later found that they call for electromagnetic waves (such as light) to move at a constant speed (i.e., the speed of light).
To have Maxwell's Equations be consistent with both astronomical observationsa> and Newtonian physicsa>, Maxwell proposed in 1877 that light travels through a luminferous ether which permeates the universe.
In 1887, the famous Michelson-Morley experiment tried to detect the "ether wind" generated by the movement of the Eartha>. The persistent null results of this experiment puzzled physicists, and called the ether theory into question.
In 1895, Lorentz and Fitzgerald noted that the null result of the Michelson-Morley experiment could be explained by the ether wind contracting the experiment in the direction of motion of the ether. This effect is called the Lorentz contraction, and (without ether) is a consequence of special relativity.
In 1899, Lorentz first published the Lorentz Equations. Although this was not the first time they had been published, this was the first time that they were used as an exaplantion of the Michelson-Morley experiment's null result, since the Lorentz contraction is a result of them.
In 1900, Poincare gave a famous speech in which he considered the posibility that some "new physics" was needed to explain the Michelson-Morley experiment.
In 1904, Lorentz showed that electrical and magnetic fields can be modified into each other through the Lorentz transformations.
In 1905, Einstein published his article introducing special relativity, "On the Eletrodynamics of Moving Bodies", in Annalen der Physik. In this article, he presented the postulates of relativity, derived the Lorentz transformations from them, and (unaware of Lorentz's 1904 article) also showed how the Lorentz Transformations affect electric and magnetic fields.
Later in 1905, Einstein published another article presenting "E" = "mc"2.
In 1908, Max Plank endorsed Einstein's theory and named it "relativity". In that same year, Minkowski gave a famous speech on "Space and Time" in which he showed that relativity is self-consistent and further developed the theory. These events forced the physics community to take relativity seriously. Relativity came to be more and more accepted after that.
In 1912 Einstein and Lorentz were nominated for the Nobel prize in physics due to their pioneering work on relativity. Unfortunately, relativity remained so controversial then, and for a long time after that, that a Nobel prize was never awarded for it.

587
Centuries: 5th century - 6th century - 7th century
Decades: 530s 540s 550s 560s 570s - 580s - 590s 600s 610s 620s 630s
Years: 582 583 584 585 586 - 587 - 588 589 590 591 592

1191
Miscellaneous.
This is the year the popular game for Xbox 360, Assassin's Creed, is set.

1984
"For the book by George Orwell, see Nineteen Eighty-Four"

Wombat
A wombat is a marsupial mammal, which forms the family Vombatidae. It lives in the Australian eucalyptus forests. There are 2 genera with 3 living wombat species, the Common Wombat and the Hairy-nosed Wombats.
It is a medium sized animal that makes a burrow by digging holes in the ground. Wombats are usually around a meter long when they are fully grown. It is a kind of animal known as a marsupial because it has a pouch on its stomach. When its young are born they spend some time growing in their mother's pouch before going into the world. Wombats are herbivores. They eat plants, roots, and grasses. They are nocturnal which means they sleep in the day and come out at night. Some wombats have thick brown fur and very small ears. They can weigh from 30 to 70 pounds.

Newell Convers Wyeth
Newell Convers Wyeth (October 22, 1882 – October 19, 1945) was an American painter and book illustrator. He was born in Needham, Massachusetts. He was known for his illustrations for such books as "Robin Hood", "Robinson Crusoe", "The Yearling", "The Last of the Mohicans", and King Arthur. His son, Andrew Wyeth, his daughter Henriette Wyeth-Hurd and grandson Jamie Wyeth are also painters.

Turkey (bird)
Turkeys are a family ("Meleagrididae") of bird. They are something like a chicken but much bigger and prettier. Wild turkeys live in forests in North America and Central America. In the United States, people traditionally eat turkey on the holiday of Thanksgiving.
Naming.
When people from Europe first saw turkeys in the Americas they thought the birds were a type of guinea fowl ("Numida meleagris"). This bird had been brought to central Europe from the country of Turkey. The name of that country stuck as the name of the bird. The confusion with the name is also seen in the scientific name: "meleagris" is Greek for guinea-fowl.

Arachnology
Arachnology (a-rack-no-ol-e-gee) is a science that studies arachnids. Examples of arachnids are spiders, scorpions, pseudoscorpions, and harvestmen. Ticks and mites are also arachnids but they sometimes are not included in arachnology. They are studied in acarology.

Alabama
Alabama is a state in the United States. Its capital city is Montgomery. The largest city is Birmingham. One beach in Alabama is Gulf Shores. Another is Orange Beach.
History.
Alabama became a state in 1819.
Control.
The governor of Alabama is Bob Riley, Republican.
Pop culture.
The song "Sweet Home Alabama" by American band Lynyrd Skynyrd is dedicated to this state. Sweet Home Alabama is a film that features Reese Witherspoon.
See also.
List of counties in Alabama

Arizona
Arizona is a state in the United States of America. It is considered part of the Southwestern United States and is bordered by New Mexico to the east, Utah to the north, Nevada to the northwest, California to the west, its northeast corner touches part of Colorado, this area is known as the Four Corners. To the south of Arizona is the country Mexico with which it shares a border of 389 miles. The state is called the "Grand Canyon State" and the "Copper State" as it is the home of the Grand Canyon and has produced large amounts of copper from its mineral deposits.
Arizona became a state on February 14, 1912 and became the 48th state accepted into the United States. The state capital is Phoenix, which also is the largest city in the state. Phoenix is the largest capital city in the US.
Arizona's climate can be very hot. In Phoenix, the average temperature is about 107 degrees Fahrenheit in summer.

Bolivia
Bolivia is a country in South America. It is land locked by Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina, Peru, and Chile. Evo Morales became the president of "Bolivia" in January 2006. The population of Bolivia is 9,182,000.
Bolivia is named after Simón Bolívar. The main languages are Spanish and Quechua, but there are other languages too.
History.
Bolivia used to belong to the colony of Spain. The silver mines in Bolivia made most of Spain's money, and Spain used Bolivians as slaves to work in the mines.
After many wars, Simón Bolívar helped Bolivia to be an independent country.
Geography.
Bolivia is 424,135 mi² (1,098,580 km²). This means that Bolivia is the world's 28th-largest country (after Ethiopia). It is the same sort of size as Mauritania.
Bolivia is a landlocked nation, which means every border of Bolivia is a border with another country, and so it doesn't have a sea. It used to own some of the Pacific coast, but it lost it in 1879 in the War of the Pacific. The west of Bolivia is on the Andes mountain range. The highest mountain in Bolivia is called Nevado Del Sajama and is it in the city of Oruro. Although this part of the country is very high with lots of mountains, there are also parts of Bolivia which are very flat, and parts of the country which are very near sea level. There is also a bit of Bolivia covered by the Amazon rainforest, and a big lake which is the highest lake in the world. This lake is called Lake Titicaca.
The major cities are La Paz, Santa Cruz de la Sierra and Cochabamba.
Culture.
Bolivian culture has many Inca, Aymara and other native influences in religion, music and clothing. There is a big festival in Oruro, which is called "El carnaval de Oruro". People in Bolivia like playing football, and football, which is often played in the street. Zoos are also very popular, but they don't have much money.
National symbols.
The Cantuta (often spelled kantuta or qantuta) (Cantua buxifolia or Fuchsia buxifolia) is a flower found in the Yungas, and is the national flower of Bolivia.
The "patujú" (Heliconia rostrata) found in the tropic zone of the land, is the flower of the autonomic region of Bolivia.

Massachusetts
Massachusetts is a state in the United States of America. Its official name is the "Commonwealth of Massachusetts".
Its capital and largest city is Boston. It is on the east coast of the United States, and is next to the Atlantic Ocean and the states of Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, Vermont, and New Hampshire. The word "Massachusetts" comes from Native American language.
Massachusetts was one of the first places that European people lived when they came to America. It was one of the first American colonies. The Pilgrims from Plymouth, England came to America for religious freedom in 1620. Massachusetts has some of the best schools in the USA, including Harvard University. Massachusetts is also one of the richest states.

Tallahassee, Florida
Tallahassee is the capital city of the U.S. state of Florida
The name comes from the Apalachee Native American words: "talwa" meaning town, and "ahassee" meaning old.
The city is the location of two important universities, Florida State University and Florida A&M University.

Tom Skerritt
Thomas Alderton Skerritt (August 25, 1933) is an American actor. He was born in Detroit, Michigan. He is best known for his roles in the films "M*A*S*H" (1970), "Alien" (1979), and "Top Gun" (1986).

Trossingen
Trossingen is a town in South Germany (Baden-Württemberg). About 15,000 people live here.

The Smurfs
The Smurfs are fictional little blue people who live in a European forest created by Peyo, a Belgian cartoonist. They first appeared in 1958, but most people know them for their cartoon show created by Hanna-Barbera Productions in the 1980s.
See also.
Muckno Mania festival breaks world record

Istanbul
Istanbul (spelled "İstanbul" in Turkish) is the largest city in Turkey, and was the capital city of the old Ottoman Empire until 1923. The city has been known since ancient times by the older names Byzantium and Constantinople. Being a seaport, Istanbul is the main trade center of Turkey.
Istanbul faces the Golden Horn and the Bosporus strait. The Bosphorus connects the Black Sea and the Sea of Marmara, and separates Europe and Asia. The city is actually in both Europe and Asia. Its population is between 11 and 15 million people, making it one of largest cities in Europe.
Its original name was Byzantion in the Greek language, known as Byzantium in the Latin language. Byzantium was originally settled as a colony by Greeks from Megara in 667 BC, and named after their king, Byzas. In 196 AD, Byzantium was damaged by the Romans, then rebuilt by the Roman Emperor Septimius Severus. Constantine the Great thought this city was in nice location, and in 330, moved the capital of the Empire from Rome to there, as New Roma, renaming the city Constantinople (Constantinopolis in the Greek language), after his name.
When the Roman Empire was later divided into two, the East Roman Empire was known as the Byzantine Empire, and had its capital in Constantinople. Although it was captured by Crusaders for a time, it continued as one of political, cultural, religious and economical centers of Europe until it finally fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453.
After the Ottoman Empire ended, the Republic of Turkey was established with its capital at Ankara.

ABBA
ABBA became very popular after they won the Eurovision Song Contest in 1974. They had many hits. These included "Dancing Queen", "SOS", "Mamma Mia", and "Waterloo". Most of their songs were written by Ulvaeus and Andersson.
They broke up in 1982, but their music is still popular. It has appeared in movies (including the Australian films "The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert" and "Muriel's Wedding") and the musical "Mamma Mia!".

Gregg Allman
Gregg Allman (born December 8, 1947) is a rock musician. He was a member of the Allman Brothers Band with his brother, Duane Allman, which popularized Southern Rock in the 1970s. He married Cher, a well-known pop singer and actress after she divorced Sonny Bono in 1974. They had a son, Elijah Blue Allman, before divorcing in 1979. He continues to perform with his band Gregg Allman and Friends and resides in Georgia with his family.

Allman Brothers Band
The Allman Brothers Band were a American Southern Rock band in the 1970s. It originally formed in 1969 with Duane Allman (slide guitar), Gregg Allman (vocals, organ), Dickey Betts (guitar), Berry Oakley (bass guitar), Butch Trucks (drums) and Jai Johanny "Jaimoe" Johanson (drums). In 1971, soon after their first album went gold, Duane and Berry were killed in separate motorcycle accidents in the group's hometown of Macon, Georgia, USA. The group released many more albums and songs, most notably "Ramblin' Man" and "Jessica", which were their biggest hits. "Rolling Stone" ranked them 52nd on their list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time in 2004. The band is still touring as of 2008.

London Borough of Hackney
The London Borough of Hackney is a London Borough in north London.

John Frost Bridge
The John Frost Bridge at Arnhem was bombed after Operation Market Garden. It was later rebuilt. Some parts of the bridge are still the same as they were in 1944.

Vengaboys
The Vengaboys were a Dutch pop music group. The group is made up of DJ Danski and DJ Delmondo. They toured Spanish beach parties in a bus. The group formed in 1992. They added 4 dancers in 1995-1996 and toured through Europe. Their first song was "Up & Down". It was released in March 1997. It was very popular across Europe and had some popularity in the United States. Their music was pure Eurodance.

Pope Benedict XVI
Pope Benedict XVI was born in Marktl am Inn, Bavaria on April 16, 1927 as.
Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger was elected Pope of the Roman Catholic Church on April 19 2005, at the age of 78. He is Pope, Bishop of Rome, head of the Roman Catholic Church, and the Sovereign of Vatican City.
He is the first German Pope since Adrian VI, who was Pope from 1522 to 1523.
He taught at many universities before becoming Archbishop of Munich and Freising. He was later made a Cardinal
Before he was Pope, he was Dean of the College of Cardinals, and Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith. He wrote many books. He was a close friend of Pope John Paul II.
Invitation open interfaith dialogue.
Muslim scholar Dr Zakir Naik invited Pope Benedict XVI for open interfaith dialogue on 29th September 2006. To see Dr Zakir Naik's dialogue invitation to pope see links and

Guan Gong
Guan Gong, also known as Guan Yu or Guan Yun Chang (160 – 219) was a general who lived close to two thousand years ago in China. He helped his brother Liu Bei to fight against the dynasty of Wei that seized the throne from the last Han-Emperor. He was also the sworn brother of Zhang Fei, another warrior of Liu Bei's.
The Three Brothers conquered the Southeast of China and founded a Dynasty named Shu Han (because Liu Bei claimed to be the rightful heir of the Han Dynasty). They also battled with Eastern Wu, another Chinese dynasty at this time, and during one of the battles, Guan Yu was captured by the Wu general Lü Meng and executed (along with his son Guan Ping).
In later centuries, Guan Yu became a Chinese deity and was given the name Guan Gong, meaning "Lord Guan".

Subsistence agriculture
Subsistence agriculture is the kind of agriculture (farming) done by people who only grow enough food for themselves. In subsistence agriculture, no extra food is produced to sell or trade.

River Clyde
The Clyde is a river in Scotland. It has its source in South Lanarkshire and flows through Glasgow before opening up into the Firth of Clyde.

Electric charge
Electric charge is a basic property of electrons, protons and other subatomic particles. Electrons are negatively charged while protons are positively charged. Things that are negatively charged and things that are positively charged pull on (attract) each other. This makes electrons and protons stick together to form atoms. Things that have the same charge push each other away (they "repel" each other). This is called the "Law of Charges". It was discovered by Charles Augustin de Coulomb. The law that describes how strongly charges pull and push on each other is called Coulomb's Law.
Things that have equal numbers of electrons and protons are "neutral". Things that have more electrons than protons are negatively charged, while things with fewer electrons than protons are positively charged. If a person gets a positive or negative charge, it may make the person's hairs stand up because the charges in each hair push it away from the others.
Electric charge felt through static carries usual charges between 25 thousand and 30 thousand volts. However the amps behind these volts is incredibly low and can not cause physical harm to the effected. It is said that static can carry even higher volt charges but once again the amps behind the volts is too small to cause any serious harm.
Historical experiment.
Let a piece of glass and a piece of resin neither of which exhibits any electrical properties, be rubbed together and left with the rubbed surfaces in contact. They will still exhibit no electrical properties. Let them be separated. They wil now attract each other.
1) that the two pieces of glass repel each other.
2) that each piece of glass attracts each piece of resin.
3) that the two pieces of resin repel each other.
These phenomena of attraction and repulsion are called Electrical phenomena and the bodies which exhibit them are said to be 'electrified', or to be 'charged with electricity'.
Bodies may be electrified in many other ways, as well as by friction.
The electrical properties of the two pieces of glass are similar to each other but opposite to those of the two pieces of resin: the glass attract what the resin repels and repels what the resin attracts.
If a body electrified in any manner whatever behaves as the glass does, that is, if it repels the glass and attract the resin, the body is said to be 'vitreously' electrified, and if it attracts the glass and repels the resin it is said to be 'resinously' electrified. All electrified bodies are found to be either vitreously or resinously electrified.
It is the established practice of men of science to call the vitreous electrification positive, and the resinous electrification negative. The exactly opposite properties of the two kinds of electrification justify us in indicating them by opposite signs but the application of the positive sign to one rather than to the other kind must considered as a matter of arbitrary (random choice) convention (agreement), just as it is a matter of convention in mathematical diagrams to reckon poitive distance towards the right hand.
No force, either of attraction or of repulsion (the opposite of attraction), can be observed between an electrified body and a body not electrified.
The above experiment is described by James Clerk Maxwell in his magnum opus (great work) "A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism".

Silversword
The Silversword plant grows only at high elevations on the Island of Maui in Hawaii.
The silversword is a noticeable, round-shaped rosette plant with rigid (swordlike), succulent leaves densely covered by silver hairs. When a plant flowers at the end of its life, it produces a spectacular flowering stalk 0.5-2.0 m (1.6-6.4 ft) tall, typically with hundreds of maroon sunflowerlike flower heads. This plant receives more attention from visitors to Haleakala National Park than any other plant or animal because of its striking appearance and restricted distribution.
The strikingly beautiful Haleakala silversword has always aroused the curiosity of human visitors to Haleakala Volcano. In pre-park days, plants were often removed by travelers to Haleakala Volcano as proof that the party had reached the summit, a practice that eventually seriously affected the silversword population. Browsing by feral goats and domestic cattle was also a significant factor in the silversword decline, but it was not a species preferred by these animals. By the 1920's, silversword numbers were so depleted that the Maui Chamber of Commerce sent a petition to Washington, DC, requesting that a serious effort be made to save the species (Loope and Crivellone 1986).

Mr. Pacman
Mr. Pacman is a pop music band from Colorado that uses sounds from old video games to create its music. Mr. Pacman has recorded 2 CDs & made 4 music videos.

Music video
A music video or music clip is a short movie that represents a song on a television screen. Most music videos feature the artist who recorded the song singing or lip-syncing it on screen. TV network channels that are famous for playing music videos are MTV, VH1, BET, and CMT.
In most countries in East Asia, music videos are called PVs. PV stands for "Promotional Video."

Hip hop
Hip Hop is a type of music which started in the 1970s in African-American (also called "Black") communities in big cities of the United States. Hip hop uses a style of singing called rapping. Rapping is a style of singing in which a singer chants or says words with a rhythm and rhymes. The lyrics (words) of hip hop songs are often about the life of African-American people in the big cities. Some hip hop song lyrics (words) are about gangs, violence, and illegal drugs. Hip hop music also uses musical styles from pop music such as disco and reggae.
Hip Hop as a culture involves Hip-hop music as well as a style of dressing called "urban" clothes (baggy pants, Timberland leather work boots, and oversize shirts), an African-American dancing style called breakdancing or "B-Boying, and a type of street art in which people paint pictures or words on walls, which is called graffiti. In the 2000s, hip hop music and hip hop culture are very popular in the United States and Canada. Hip hop musicians usually use nicknames (made-up names). Many of the popular hip hop musicians from the 2000s use nicknames, such as Snoop Dogg, Jay-Z, and 50-Cent.
Rapping.
Rapping is a form of singing lyrics, a bit like a mix between singing and talking. The words are spoken, but use rhythm and rhymes. It was developed in African-American urban (city) areas, as a United States form of Jamaican "toasting" (chanting and rhyming with a microphone).
Run DMC and The Sugarhill Gang were also very popular in the 1980s. When Rap began to use extremely violent language and gestures, it demonstrated a strong appeal for "gangsters." Rap music uses lyrics (writing words to music).
Some of Rap music's well-known singers include: Tupac Shakur, Snoop Doggy Dogg, Notorious B.I.G, Eazy E and Sean "P-Diddy" Combs, just to name a few. Ever since the rivalry between Tupac and Notorious B.I.G., the Rap world has been torn into two distinct "sides," such as the East Side, which was the side that included Notorious B.I.G., and the West Side, which included Tupac.
This gang fighting lead to the death of Tupac and Notorious B.I.G. The Rap and Hip-Hop industry has grown to be one of the most lucrative genres of music in the business, with rappers such as Jay-Z and Sean "P-Diddy" Combs, sitting at the top of the pile of the entertainment business when it comes to money.
The kind of Rap related to the fighting of and between artists was called Gangsta Rap. Gangsta Rap had lyrics which talked about guns, drug dealing and life as a thug on the street. There were many fights between artists from the West Coast and the East Coast. This genre of music flourished from the 1980s and is still in practice in the 21st century. The lyrics talk a lot about crime and violence, and how great the rappers think they are.
The fastest rapper according to Guinness World Records is Ricky Brown of the USA. He rapped 723 syllables in 51.27 seconds from his track "No Clue' on January 15, 2005. No-one really knows who the fastest rapper in the world actually is.
Rapping has taken to the streets of America, with the youth "spitting rhymes" and "battling", using jokes and insults about the other person and "Yo Mamma Jokes." Rap music has reached every corner of the world including South Africa, a country featuring the talents of MXO, Proverb, Skwatta Kamp, TearGas, ProKid, Prophets Of Da City, Tuks, Jub Jub and Phsyfo.
Currently, some of the most famous rappers worldwide are 50-Cent, Eminem, Jay-Z, Nas, Snoop Dogg, and Timbaland. Now rap is all over the world, for example Bushido is a German rapper and Iron Sye is a French rap group.

Color blindness
Color blindness medically known as a colour vision deficiency is a kind of blindness where people can not see colors very well. It is inherited as a genetic condition. People who have color blindness are not able to tell the difference between certain colors. The gene for color blindness is carried in the X chromosome. Since males have an X-Y pairing and females have X-X, color blindness can occur much more easily in males and is almost always passed to them by their mothers.
The two most common kinds of color blindness are "green/red" and "blue/yellow." With each of these, people have trouble telling apart between the first/second color. While the genetic defect causing people to have trouble telling blue/yellow apart is the second most common defect it is also extremely rare as the defect of have no colour receptors and seeing only black and white is even more so.
Color blindness is caused by bad functioning of the retina. One of the cones (Color Sensitive Receptors) containing one pigment selective for each of the colors (red, green, and blue) are diminished or totally absent.
The cone is part of the eye that gathers information that has color, and a rod gathers information that is black and white.
Color blindness is also related to brain disfunctions where the eyes see everything correctly and the brain interprets it wrong.
Colour blindness can not be fixed and is generally carried by the female and passed onto males. Around one twentieth of females compared to the amount of males receive it.
The "color blind" gene, which we shall call CB, essentially enables non-color blind people to distinguish red from green. The gene is located on the X chromosome, and males inherit only one X. This means that a male will be color blind if the single X he inherits from his mother contains the color blind version of CB. In contrast, a female will inherit color-blindness only if she inherits 2 X's containing defective CB's. In other words, a female needs to inherit defective CB genes from both parents in order to be color blind.

Sopron
Sopron is a city of Hungary, located near the western border of Hungary with Austria, at the foot of the Alps, 60 km from Vienna (in Austria) and 220 km from Budapest. The people of this city are famous for their loyalty to their country, and their hometown. A famous monument is 'Gate of Faith' which is the symbol of the people's faith to Hungary in 1921.
Ancient Scarbantia.
At the time of the Roman Empire, there was a city here called Scarbantia. The main square of Sopron is in the same place as the forum (or main square) of Roman times.
After this, the city was probably deserted. When the Hungarians arrived in the area, it was in ruins. In the 9th–11th centuries Hungarians strengthened the old Roman city walls and built a castle. The town got its Hungarian name of Sopron from a steward of the castle named Suprun. By 1153 it was an important town.
In 1273 King Otakar II of Bohemia took over the castle and took the children of Sopron's noble families as hostage. But the people of the city opened the gates when the army of King Ladislaus IV of Hungary arrived. The King Ladislaus made Sopron a free royal town.
1500s-1800s.
In 1528 Hungary was invaded by Ottoman Turks who destroyed many parts of the city but didn't take it over. Many people from other towns fled to Sopron for safety.
In 1676 most of the ancient buildings in the city were destroyed by a fire. When they were replaced, they were in a new style, called Baroque. Many of the Baroque buildings are standing today.
1900s.
Sopron was an important town in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In the early 1900s it became part of Austria. But the townspeople were not happy with this and in December 1921 they voted that the city should be part of Hungary. Since that day the city has been called "Civitas Fidelissima", ("The Most Loyal Town" which in Hungarian is "A Leghűségesebb Város"). A holiday is held every year to celebrate.
In World War II Sopron suffered badly. It was bombed several times. There were many Jewish people living in Sopron before the war. The Nazis and their Hungarian allies sent the Jews of Sopron to death camps and killed nearly all of them, as well as other people who disagreed with Nazi ideas.
The Soviet Red Army captured the city on April 1, 1945. Sopron, as part of Hungary, was ruled by a Socialist government. At this time many factories were built around Sopron. The Socialist government took away a lot of the freedom that people had. In August 1989, in Sopron there was a big protest against the Socialist government, which was called the "Pan-European Picnic". While this was happening more than 200 people who lived in East Germany (which was Socialist) escaped to the West. This was the beginning of a big change for all the Socialist countries of Europe. People who had not been allowed to travel or live in other countries were finally allowed to be free.
21st century.
Hungary is now part of the European Union. Sopron now has trade with other countries, most importantly Austria. There are many German-speaking people who live in Sopron so most street signs are written in both Hungarian and German.
Architecture.
The city of Sopron shows signs of its long history in its buildings. There are still walls and foundations from the Ancient Roman times and also building from the Middle Ages. The medieval Kescke Church ("Goat Church") was where coronations (crowning kings) and parliament took place. There is also a very old Jewish synagogue.
Many old buildings whose architecture are from the 1600s and 1700s and are in the Baroque style which often has a lot of decoration. Stornó House is one of the most well-known buildings, because of its elegant Baroque architecture, its connection with King Matthias and its interesting collection. There is also a famous statue of the Holy Trinity from this time. the "Várkerület" is part of the city built where the ancient moat was; The inner row of houses follow the line of the castle wall. Várkerület has a famous Maria Statue. The Town Hall built in 1896 and the Ursuline Church is an important building in the Gothic Revival style.
Countryside.
Sopron is popular as a holiday place because it is set in beautiful countryside where people like to walk in the hills, enjoying the pure air, the forests and mountain springs. There are many hiking paths and look-out towers. Near to Sopron is Lake Fertő.
The Löverek, is a beautiful hilly area south of the city, with forests of spruce, oaks and chestnut trees. The flowers that bloom there include "Lily of the Valley" and cyclamens.
Wine.
Sopron is a wine producing region, that is one of the few in Hungary to make both red and white wines. The grapes grown here include Kékfrankos for red wine and Traminer (Gewürztraminer) for white wine. In climate it is similar to the Burgenland wine region nearby in Austria, and several winemakers make wine in both countries.
Sports.
MFC Sopron is a football team based in Sopron.

Sumo
Sumo (or sumo wrestling) is a sport from Japan where heavy men try to push one another out of a ring or onto the ground. Most of the time, the bigger sumo wrestler wins. To get heavier, sumo wrestlers eat a special food that helps them gain weight.
Sumo wrestlers need to be fat because the fatter they are, the harder it is to defeat them. The sumo wrestler who weighs the most, named Konishiki, weighs about 264 kg (580 lb).
In May 2008, a European, Kotooshu from Bulgaria, won a championship for the first time ever.
The main tournaments take place in Tokyo, Osaka, Nagoya and Fukuoka.
In 2008 both top wrestlers, Asashoryu and Hakuho, are Mongolian. Hakuho won the Nagoya tournament in July with no losses, 15-0.

List of German districts
xGermany is divided into 413 administrative districts; these consist of 301 rural districts ("Landkreise"), listed fully here, and 112 urban districts ("Kreisfreie Städte" / "Stadtkreise") - cities which constitute a district in their own right (see List of German urban districts).
1 "Seat of the district's administration, but not part of the district (being an urban district)"

Bremen (state)
Bremen is the smallest state in Germany. It is a city-state with an area of. Bremen has a population of 664,000 people.
The official name is "Freie Hansestadt Bremen". This is because Bremen used to be in the "Hanseatic League" which was a group of cities which did a lot of trading. Many goods were sent from the port of Bremen or bought from the port from other countries. "Free" means it was independent of the local dukes and princes.
There are two cities that make up Bremen. These cities are Bremen and Bremerhaven. The local football club is named Werder Bremen.

Saxony-Anhalt
Saxony-Anhalt is a Bundesland (state) in Germany. It has an area of. 2,580,626 people live there. The capital is Magdeburg.

Erfurt
Erfurt is the capital of the state of Thuringia with an area of. It is a big town, with a population of 202,450 people.

Magdeburg
Magdeburg is the capital of the state of Saxony-Anhalt, in Germany. The city covers an area of.
229,266 people live there (June 2006).

Romance languages
The Romance languages are a language family in the Indo-European languages. They started from Vulgar Latin. The biggest Romance languages are Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian, and Romanian.
Demographics.
The Romance language family is one of the biggest in the world, and in total there are 690 million speakers.
Spanish is the biggest Romance language, then Portuguese, and then French.
Spanish is mainly spoken in Spain and Latin America. Portuguese is mostly in Portugal and Latin America. French is spoken in France, Canada, and a lot of Africa.

Stellar evolution
Stellar evolution is the study of how a star changes over time. Stars can change very much between when they are first created and when they run out of energy. Because stars can put out light and heat for millions or billions of years, scientists study stellar evolution by studying many different stars in different stages of their life.
The stages in a star's life are the nebula, star, red giant and white dwarf.
How a star is born.
A star starts its life as a cloud of dust and gas called a nebula. As the cloud starts to spin, it starts to look like a ball and shines brightly, then it turns into a star.
How a star dies.
When a star starts to run out of fuel to burn, it swells up and turns into a colder star called a red giant. It can swallow up any planets around it.
Later, the red giant explodes, a cloud of gas is given off and a little ball called a white dwarf is left behind. After some time, the white dwarf cools down into a brown dwarf.

Genetics
Genetics is the study of how parents pass some of their characteristics to their children. It is an important part of biology, and gives the basic rules on which evolution acts.
The living things we see around us are made of millions of tiny self-contained components called cells. Inside of each cell are long molecules called DNA. DNA stores information that tells the cells how to create that living thing. Parts of this information that tell how to make one small part or characteristic of the living thing - red hair, or blue eyes, or a tendency to be tall - are known as genes.
Every cell in the same living thing has the same DNA, but only some of it is used in each cell. For instance, genes that tell how to make parts of the liver are not used in the brain. What genes are used can also change over time. For instance, a lot of genes are used by a child early in pregnancy that aren't used later.
A living thing has two copies of each gene, one from its mother, and one from its father. There can be multiple types of each gene, which give different instructions: one version might cause a person to have blue eyes, another might cause them to have brown. These different versions are known as "alleles" of the gene.
Since a living thing has two copies of each gene, it can have two different alleles of it at the same time. Often, one allele will be "dominant", meaning that the living thing looks and acts as if it had only that one allele. The unexpressed allele is called "recessive". In other cases, you end up with something in between the two possibilities. In that case, the two alleles are called "co-dominant".
Most of the characteristics that you can see in a living thing have multiple genes that influence them. But it's much easier to understand when there's just one gene, so we'll start with that.
Mendellian Genetics.
The basic rules of genetics were first discovered by a monk named Gregor Mendel in around 1865. But no-one paid much attention to his work until around 1900, when other scientists discovered genetics again.
Punnett Squares.
Developed by Reginald Punnett, Punnett squares are used by biologists to determine the probability of offspring to having a particular genotype.
If B represents the allele for having black hair and b represents the allele for having white hair, the offspring of two Bb parents would have a 25% probability of having two white hair alleles (bb), 50% of having one of each (Bb), and 25% of having only black hair alleles (BB).

Church Square Park
Church Square Park is a large park in Hoboken, New Jersey with many fields and three playgrounds.

Supply
Supply is the amount that is available of something based on a price. In economics, the Law of supply and demand will decide the price at which something will be bought and sold.

Demand
Demand is how much is bought of something based on a price. It indicates how much it is needed or wanted. In economics, the Law of supply and demand will decide the price at which something will be bought and sold.
Sometimes the demand doesn't change much no matter what the price is. One example is when people are addicted to illegal drugs. These people need to get their drugs, they will pay any price they can afford.

Transaction
A transaction is where something is bought, sold or traded.
A bank transaction is when money is taken out of or put into a bank

Encyclopædia Britannica
The Encyclopædia Britannica is a very big, famous encyclopaedia. It is written in English, and is published by Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc., a private company. It was originally only printed on paper, but recently it has expanded to have digital, or computer versions as well. The encyclopedia is split into many books. The articles in the books are arranged in alphabetical order. There have been versions of it that are for children as well. It is the largest printed encyclopedia, and the second largest encyclopedia. The largest is Wikipedia. Many people consider it to be the best encyclopedia, because it is accurate and has lots of detail.
The Encyclopedia was once very small, the first edition in 1768 only had 3 books. Slowly it became bigger. The latest edition, the 15th edition, now has 29 books in it, plus 2 indexes. It includes an extra book called Propaedia, to classify knowledge. The 29 books and made up of a Macropaedia and a Micropaedia. The Macropaedia is a larger one, with more detailed articles that can be as long as 300 pages, made up of 17 books, while the Micropaedia is the smaller one with shorter articles that are usually less than 750 words. The Micropaedia is used for fast-checking, but if you want more detailed information you have to use the Macropaedia. Each book is very big, more than 1000 pages per book. There are books of the year. Every year, a book is published about that year.
The articles in the Britannica are for educated adults, not for children, and written by about 100 full-time editors and over 4,000 expert contributors. Many people think it is the best encyclopedia, but Wikipedia is still more popular, being free to use. The Britannica is the oldest English-language encyclopaedia now. It was first published between 1768 and 1771 in Edinburgh, Scotland and grew very popular, with its third edition in 1801 comprising of 21 books.
The size of the Britannica is almost the same over the past 70 years, with about 40 million words on half a million topics. The encyclopedia was once owned by the British. It is now owned by the USA, but still written in British English. Over time, the encyclopedia has had difficulties trying to earn money, which almost every encyclopedia is facing. Some people are saying that the encyclopedia has information that is not true, and so they do not buy it. Still, the encyclopedia is to many people, a very good and reliable research tool.
History.
The Britannica has been owned by many different people, including Scottish publisher A & C Black, Horace Everett Hooper, Sears Roebuck and William Benton. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. is owned by Jacqui Safra, a Swiss billionaire and actor. Information technology has become better recently and more electronic encyclopedias such as "Microsoft Encarta" and Wikipedia have made people not want to buy encyclopedias in print anymore. So that it still can survive, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. has kept on telling people that the "Britannica" is good and accurate, made the encyclopedia cheaper, and made electronic versions on CD-ROM, DVD and the World Wide Web. "Since the early 1930s, the company has also promoted spin-off reference works."
Editions.
There are 15 official editions of the encyclopedia, with some extensions to the 3rd and 5th editions (see the Table below). Actually, you can say that the 10th edition was only an extension to the 9th edition, and the 12th and 13th editions were extensions to the 11th edition. The 15th edition was reorganised in 1985, and the updated, current version is the 15th edition.
Through the encyclopedia's history, the "Britannica" wanted to be an excellent reference book and to provide learning materials for those who want to study. In 1974, the 15th edition had a third wish: to put together all that everyone knows. The history of the "Britannica" can be divided into five main eras, or lengths of time.
First era.
In the first era (1st–6th editions, 1768–1826), the "Britannica" was controlled by the people who first wrote it, Colin Macfarquhar and Andrew Bell, and by their friends and relations, such as Thomas Bonar, George Gleig and Archibald Constable. The "Britannica" was first published between 1768 and 1771 in Edinburgh, a city in Scotland, called the "Encyclopædia Britannica, or, A dictionary of arts and sciences, compiled upon a new plan". It was written to replace the French Encyclopedie. Its logo, which is the floral emblem of Scotland, shows that the "Britannica" was a Scottish business. The encyclopedia being created, is one of the most famous events that happened in the time when Scotland started inventing many things, or The Enlightenment. In this era, the "Britannica" started as three-book set (in the 1st edition) written by one young editor—William Smellie—Slowly, the "Britannica" changed, in the first era, to a 20-book set written by many people. Although a few other encyclopaedias had been fighting with the "Britannica", such as "Rees's Cyclopaedia" and Coleridge's "Encyclopaedia Metropolitana", these encyclopedias either went bankrupt or were not finished because the people writing them argued. When the first era was almost over, the "Britannica" had many people helping to write it, all having different types of skills. The encyclopedia managed to get so many people by inviting their friends to help.
Second era.
In the second era (7th–9th editions, 1827–1901), the "Britannica" was owned by the Edinburgh company, A & C Black. Although some of the people who helped write the Britannica helped because they were friends of the most important editors, many other people wanted to help the Britannica because it was becoming very successful. These people came from many other countries, and some of them were very famous for the things they wrote about. An index of all the articles was written to add to the 7th edition of the encyclopedia, and they continued to make an index until 1974. The first English chief editor was Thomas Spencer Baynes, who led the making of the famous 9th edition, which is also called the "Scholar's Edition". The 9th edition is considered to be the "Britannica" most meant for students ever written. However, at the end of the 19th century, the 9th edition was already too old and the "Britannica" had many financial problems.
Third era.
In the third era (10th–14th editions, 1901–1973), the "Britannica" was owned by American people, who started to advertise a lot to earn more money. The American owners also slowly made the "Britannica's" articles simpler, making them less for students only, but for everyone. The 11th edition is said by many people to be the best edition of the encyclopedia. Its owner, Horace Hooper, worked extremely hard to make the 11th edition perfect. When Hooper had financial problems, the "Britannica" was managed by Sears Roebuck for about 18 years (1920–1923, 1928–1943). In 1932, the vice-president of Sears, Elkan Harrison Powell, owned the "Britannica". In 1936, he started to continuously revise the encyclopedia often (still done so today), in which every article is checked at least two times every ten years. This was a big difference from before, when the articles were not changed until they wrote a new edition, about every 25 years, with some articles used again without revising them in the ext edition. He also quickly made some educational products which made the encyclopedia even more well known by everyone. In 1943, William Benton managed the "Britannica" until his death in 1973. Benton also set up the Benton Foundation, which managed the "Britannica" until 1996. In 1968, near the end of this era, the "Britannica" celebrated its 200 year anniversary.
2007 print version.
Since 1985, the "Britannica" has had four parts: the "Micropædia," the "Macropædia," the "Propædia," and a two-book index. The "Britannicas articles are found in the "Micropædia" and "Macropædia," which contain 12 and 17 books, respectively, each book having about one thousand pages. The 2007 "Macropædia" has 699 detailed articles, which can be as short as 2 pages and as long as 310 pages, and having references and named writers. The 2007 "Micropædia" has about 65,000 articles, and about 97% contain less than 750 words, no references, and no named contributors. The "Micropædia" articles are supposed to be for quick fact-checking and to help in finding more information in the "Macropædia". The "Macropædia" articles are supposed to be well-written articles on their subjects and articles of information where you cannot find anywhere else. The longest article (310 pages) is on the United States, and came from putting the articles on the individual states together.
Information can be found in the "Britannica" by following the notes telling where people can find more information in the "Micropædia" and "Macropædia"; but there are very little of this, with about only one of this every page. So, readers are asked to try to use the indexes or the "Propædia," which organises what is in the "Britannicas by topic.
The use of the "Propædia" is its "Outline of Knowledge," which wants to organise all of everything people know. The Outline is thought through by the "Britannicas editors to decide which articles should be included in the "Micropædia" and "Macropædia". The Outline is also intended to be a study guide, and to tell a student who wants to learn a topic in depth what articles to use. However, libraries say that very few people use it, and reviewers recommend the encyclopedias to not print it anymore. The "Propædia" also has diagrams printed on transparent paper of big topics and a section which lists the people working together to make the encyclopedia.
Altogether, the "Micropædia" and "Macropædia" have about 40 million words and 24,000 pictures. The index has 2,350 pages, which lists all the 228,274 topics written about in the "Britannica,". The "Britannica" uses the British spellings and not American spellings. For example, it uses "colour" (not "color"), "centre" (not "center"), and "encyclopaedia" (not "encyclopedia"). However, this rule is not always followed, for example "defense" and not "defence". The other spellings of the word is sometimes shown with a link, for example "Color: "see" Colour."
Since 1936, the articles of the "Britannica" have been revised oftenly, with about 10% of the articles brought to be re-written each year. One Britannica website says that 46% of the articles were revised in the past three years; but another Britannica web-site says only 35% of the articles were revised.
The way the articles are arranged (in alphabet order) in the "Micropædia" and "Macropædia" is very accurate. Non-English letters are ignored and articles with numbers such as "War of 1812" are arranged as if the number had been written out ("War of Eighteen-twelve"). If the articles have the same names, articles about persons go first, then by places, then by things. People with the same names are arranged first alphabetically by country and then by their time. Similarly, places that have the same names are arranged by alphabet by the country they are in.
Printed.
There are a few smaller versions of the "Britannica" encyclopedias. The "Britannica Concise Encyclopædia", written in one book, has 28,000 shorter articles. "Compton's by Britannica," published in 2007, with the old "Compton's Encyclopedia," in it is written for teenagers who are 10–17 years old and has 26 books and 11,000 pages in it. A "Children's Britannica" was published by the company in 1960; this was edited by John Armitage and written for His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales; the writers were almost all British. Other books are "My First Britannica", written for children who are six to twelve years old, and the "Britannica Discovery Library", written for children who are three to six years old (issued in 1974 to 1991). Since 1938, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. has published a "Book of the Year" every year, with information about the past year's events, which is written online since the 1994 edition (with the events of 1993). The company also publishes a few books on special topics, such as "Shakespeare: The Essential Guide to the Life and Works of the Bard" (Wiley, 2006).
Electronic.
The "Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite 2006 DVD" contains over 55 million words and over 100,000 articles. It includes 73,645 "Britannica" articles, with the other articles from the "Britannica Student Encyclopædia," the "Britannica Elementary Encyclopædia" and the "Britannica Book of the Year"s (1993–2004), plus a few old articles from old editions of the encyclopaedia. The whole DVD also includes other bonus tools including maps, videos, sound clips, animations and web links. It also has study tools and a dictionary and thesaurus from Merriam-Webster.
"Encyclopædia Britannica Online" is a web site with more than 120,000 articles and is updated often. It has features, updates and links to news reports from "The New York Times" and the BBC every day. People need to pay to use the website. Special discounts are given to schools, colleges and libraries since these big groups of people are important in Britannica's business. Articles can be read online for free, but only the first few sentences can be seen. Beginning in early 2007, the "Britannica" let people read the articles for free if they are linked to another website, since these links let the articles appear more often and easily in search engines.
On 20 February 2007, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. said that it was working with mobile phone search company AskMeNow to make an encyclopedia in phones. Users can send a question by text message, and AskMeNow will search "Britannicas 28,000-article encyclopedia to answer the user.
An idea to use a wiki-Britannica was announced on the June 3, 2008. A lot of people will be involved, with the Britannica staff editing important parts.

Pipeline
A pipeline is a long tube, normally made of metal. It is used to move something (normally a liquid) from one end to the other. Oil is moved through networks of pipelines.
A "pipeline" is also something having to do with surfing.

Avocado
An avocado is a berry fruit. It has dark green bumpy or smooth skin depending on the variety.
The flesh of an avocado is light green in color near the skin and light yellow near the core. It has a creamy, rich texture.
Avocado trees come from Central America and Mexico. They can grow in many places, as long as it is not too cold.
Avocadoes have much more fat than most other fruit, but most is fat that is healthy to eat (unsaturated fat). Avocados have lots of potassium, B vitamins, and vitamin E and K.
The Mexican food called guacamole is made of avocadoes. Many other foods are also made from avocado.
Avocado is poisonous to animals. Many animals will get very sick or die if they eat avocado.

Ice hockey
Ice hockey is a sport that is played by two teams on ice. The players wear ice skates on their feet and can travel at very high speeds. They hold hockey sticks, with which they push or pass a puck around the ice. The players score by shooting the puck into a net; the goaltenders try to stop them. Six players on each team play at once, but a whole team has over 20 players. When a player breaks a rule, a referee calls a penalty, and the team has to play with five players for a while.
Ice hockey is very well-known and well-liked in Canada, Russia, Sweden, Finland, the Czech Republic, the United States, Latvia and Slovakia. Most of the best players in the world play in the National Hockey League (NHL). They try to win the Stanley Cup at the end of the year. In North America, women play in National Women's Hockey League and the Western Women's Hockey League. In North America and Europe, men's hockey is much more popular than women's hockey. Hockey is played by both men and women at the Olympic games, and at world championships. Ice hockey began in Canada in the 19th century. The NHL began in 1917 (it now has 30 teams). In 2002 the Canadian men's and women's ice hockey teams both won gold medals in Salt Lake City, Utah.

Virtues of Harmony
"Virtues of Harmony" was a sitcom that ran in Hong Kong from 2001 until February 2005. "Virtues of Harmony One" was set in ancient China during the Ming dynasty. It follows the lives of the Jin family. The allure of the series was the humorous storylines and how the good always wins. The star of the show was Nancy Sit, a kind hearted matriarch with the best intentions.
Following the success of "Virtues of Harmony One", "Virtues of Harmony Two" was set in modern Hong Kong with a similar cast.

Ashford
Ashford is a town in Kent in England. It has a large railway station that is connected to the Channel Tunnel and lots of houses. The UK Government is going to build many more houses in the town and will double its population in a few years. As of 2001 about 102,000 people lived there.
There's also Ashford Castle nearby

Song
A song is a piece of music which contains words.
Songs can be made in many ways. Some people form bands which write and record songs to make money from it. Other songs are folk songs, which are songs created by people long ago and have been sung as tradition in many countries. Some people also make parodies of songs, which is usually changing the words of the song but keeping the tune. Parodies are usually made to make fun of a song or its writer/singer (parody artist "Weird Al" Yankovic is an example of this).
The word "song" is often used to describe any piece of music, even one without words or lyrics. The proper word for a piece of music without words is "instrumental".

Magnesium
Magnesium is a chemical element that is a type of metal. Its chemical symbol is Mg, and its atomic number is 12. It is the eighth most abundant mineral in the earth's crust. It is found in large deposits of magnesite, dolomite and other minerals. It was discovered in 1775. It is named after a region in Greece, Magnesia.

Dan Brown
Dan Brown (born June 22, 1964) is an author (he writes books). His most famous book is called "The Da Vinci Code".
Dan Brown lives in the United States. His father was a math teacher. Before Dan Brown wrote books, he was an English teacher. Dan Brown's wife, Blythe, is an artist. Sometimes she helps him with his books. His books have much art.
Dan Brown also likes to write about codes and secrets. Sometimes he writes about real secrets, but he mostly writes fiction. Sometimes it is hard to tell which parts of his books are real, and which are not. This makes many people talk about his books and try to understand them. Many people buy Dan Brown's books, and Dan Brown is very rich.
A famous Hollywood director named Ron Howard made a movie about one of Dan Brown's books. Tom Hanks is the movie's star actor. It was released in theaters in May 2006.
Dan Brown's next book will be called "The Solomon Key". When the book "The Da Vinci Code" came out in the United States, there were some puzzles hidden in the art of the book cover. Dan Brown said that the answers to those puzzles give hints about what will be in "The Solomon Key". Two of the puzzles are about a famous sculpture called Kryptos, which is in the middle of the CIA Headquarters building in Washington D.C.

Thurso
Thurso is a town in north Scotland. The town has a population of 8,721 (2001 census)

Penzance
Penzance (Pennsans in Cornish) is a town in Cornwall, England. It is near Land's End. Many people live and work in Penzance.

Anglo-Saxon
Anglo-Saxons were a tribe of Germanic people. They were the main ancestors of the English people and nation.
The Anglo-Saxons settled in England after Roman rule there failed. Early historians wrote that they were first invited by the Romano-British King Vortigern, who needed help fighting the Picts and Scots.
Origin.
The Saxons, a Germanic tribe, settled in England in the late 5th century. Their settlements became the kingdoms of Sussex (South Saxons), Wessex (West Saxons), and Essex (East Saxons). Another closely related tribe that settled was the Angles, who gave their name to England ("Angle-land"). Their settlements in the eastern, central, and northern parts of the country later became the kingdoms of East Anglia, Mercia, and Northumbria. A third tribe, the Jutes, are usually included with Anglo-Saxons also. They are believed to have settled the Isle of Wight area and what later became the kingdom of Kent.
When they first crossed from the main continent, the Anglo-Saxon tribes worshipped the Germanic gods similar to the ones of Norse mythology, but the kingdoms began to become Christian from around 100 to 200 years later.
In time, the Anglo-Saxons had seven separate kingdoms, known as the heptarchy, and these were gradually united by Alfred the Great and the following kings to become England.
Name.
The word "Anglo-Saxon" comes from the Latin "Anglo-Saxones". The Saxons called themselves "Seaxe", and the Angles called themselves "Anglecynn" or "Anglefolc". These peoples later became known as the "English". The name "Anglo-Saxons" is especially used to mean the people of England before the Norman Conquest in 1066, and their language, also known as Old English. In modern times, "Anglo-Saxon" has also been used to mean the English people in every country.

The Tonight Show
"The Tonight Show" is a popular late night television talk and comedy show in the United States. It appears on the NBC television network. The show started in 1954 and was hosted by Steve Allen. In 1957, Jack Paar became the host, with Ernie Kovacs hosting on some nights. In 1962, Johnny Carson took over as host of the show and stayed until 1992, when he retired and Jay Leno, took his place. Leno plans to leave the show in 2009, and will be replaced by Conan O'Brien (host of "Late Night").

January 17
January 17 is the 17th day in the calendar system we use. When there is not a leap year, there are 348 days after January 17. If there is a leap year, there are 349 days after January 17.

Antoni Grabowski
Antoni Grabowski was a Polish chemical engineer, and an early supporter of the Esperanto movement. The books and poems that he changed into Esperanto from other languages helped to make Esperanto more well-known and used.
Learning and work.
Grabowski was born on June 11, 1857 in Nowe Dobre, which is near Chełmno, in Poland. A very small time after his birth, his family moved from Nowe Dobre to Toruń. Grabowski's parents did not have a lot of money, so Grabowski started to work before leaving high school. He wanted to learn a lot, though, so he got himself ready to take a test to get into grammar school. He passed the test.
He went to the Nicolaus Copernicus school in Toruń. At that place, he was shown to be smarter than other people that were as old as him. He was put in a higher class twice.
In 1879, his family got more money, so Grabowski started to learn philosophy and natural science at the University of Breslau in Wrocław.
After he was done with school, he started to work as a chemical engineer. After that job, he started to work as a manager of a factory.
At that time, he made many new ideas about chemicals and things that helped with those ideas. He became famous among people in Europe because of that. He also had the job of making new words in the Polish language for technical things. In 1906, he wrote a book, "Słownik chemiczny". The book helped other people to learn the words he had made.
Esperanto and writing.
At his school, Grabowski started to want to know more about language. Because of that, he joined the Slavic Literary Society (Towarzystwo Literacko-Słowianskie), a group that wanted to learn about the Slavic language. Grabowski did not only want to learn about this language. He learned a lot of other languages.
In 1887, Grabowski read the book "Lingvo internacia. Antaŭparolo kaj plena lernolibro.". This book was written by L.L. Zamenhof, a person who wanted to make an easy language that everyone could learn. This language was called "Esperanto." Grabowski liked this language a lot. He learned it, then went to Warsaw to see Zamenhof. They spoke to each other in Esperanto.
Grabowski thought that books and writing were important to languages. He thought that this was much more true with Esperanto. Esperanto was getting used more, so it needed this. So, in 1888, Grabowski started to re-write books into Esperanto from other languages. (this is called "translation.")
In the early 1890's, Grabowski thought that Esperanto was being used by less people than before. He thought that this was because Esperanto needed to be remade in a different way. In 1854, though, he said that Esperanto was good like it was at first. He said that all the time after that, too.
Grabowski was the leader of the Warsaw Esperanto Society and the Polish Esperanto society for a long time. In 1908, he became the director of the Grammar Section of the Esperanto Academy. He taught people a lot about Esperanto.
From that year until 1914, he made classes for schools about Esperanto. He wrote something showing that Esperanto was good for learning other languages. People did not know this at that time.
World War I made his family have to leave Poland. They went to Russia, and he was left in Warsaw. While he was there, he rewrote from Polish one of the most important things that have been changed into Esperanto. This was the Polish poem, "Pan Tadeusz" by Adam Mickiewicz.
Grabowski died because of problems with his heart on July 4, 1921.

Vessel
A vessel is a ship or boat. The word is also used as a technical term sometimes to talk about containers for holding liquids, like a Bronze Age drinking vessel, or to describe the tubes carrying liquids in animals or plants, like blood vessels or xylem vessels.

Fire
Fire is a chemical reaction that gives off light and heat. It is one of the most familiar examples of the chemical process of oxidation.
Fire is very hot. It should never be touched, for it may burn anything that gets too close. If touched with human skin, the skin may blister which can take some time to heal. But fire can be very useful if it is treated carefully. It has always been very important for people to be able to make fire, because people need its heat on cold days, or its light in darkness, as well as for cooking.
If fire is not treated carefully, it can be very dangerous. A fire that got out of control once destroyed 17,400 km² in the United States. Forests can burn down if fires are not controlled. Every year, large areas of forests are destroyed because of fire, particularly in Europe. This usually happens in summer. Firefighters are people with special training to stop fires, or to keep a fire under control.
Fire needs oxygen and fuel to burn. It is the one common fuel to all fires. The other fuels can be wood, tinder, coal, or any other substance that will rapidly oxidize with oxygen. A fire requires two fuels: oxygen and the substance to undergo oxidation.
A fire can be started by ignition, or if the temperature reaches the flash point of the material. A fire can be stopped by starving it of its fuels. The most common technique is to use water to starve it of oxygen.
Fires are usually combustion reactions that take carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. The products are very commonly water, and carbon dioxide, although there are other examples that avoid this generalization, such as burning magnesium in air, which makes magnesium oxide.
Fires can occur in many ways and there are many types of fire which, if not treated correctly, can cause total devastation, some types of fire are- metal fires, wood fires, gas fires, etc.

Five solas
In Europe in the 16th century there was a big change in the Christian religion. All over Europe, hundreds of thousands of people left the Catholic church to form Protestant churches.
The Five solas.
The words "Sola Scriptura", "Solus Christus", "Sola Gratia", "Sola Fide" and "Soli Deo Gloria" are not English words. They are words written in Latin.

Göran Persson
Göran Persson (born January 20 1949) was the Prime minister of Sweden between 1996 and 2006. He was the leader of the Social Democratic political party, but quit in March 2007. He was replaced by Mona Sahlin as leader of the party, the partys first woman to do so.

Jane Fonda
Jane Fonda (December 21, 1937) is an American actress and political activist. She is the daughter of Henry Fonda and the sister of Peter Fonda who are also actors. She has won two Academy Awards for her acting.

Doctor
A doctor is someone who practices medicine to treat illnesses and injuries.
Doctors go to medical school to be trained, and typically hold a college degree in medicine. Doctors once made house calls to treat patients at home, but now mostly see patients in their private offices or in hospitals. Doctors may also work for schools, companies, sports teams, or the military. Doctors are often assisted by nurses or other staff.
Doctors treat patients by diagnosing them—figuring out what is wrong—and then prescribing treatment, often drugs.
Some doctors specialize in a certain kind of medicine; they are called specialists. These doctors may only treat injuries to a certain part of the body, or only treat patients who have certain diseases, for example there are doctors who specialise in diseases of the stomach or intestines. Other doctors are "general practitioners" or "family practitioners", meaning that they do a little bit of everything and try to deal with as much of a patient's health problems as they can without sending them to a specialist. A doctor who performs surgery is called a surgeon.
Other doctors specialize in treating eyes.

Buffy the Vampire Slayer
"Buffy the Vampire Slayer" was an American television series. It is about a girl who fought vampires and other monsters. It was written by Joss Whedon. He based it on a movie with the same title that he wrote. The movie came out in 1992 and starred Kristy Swanson, Luke Perry, Donald Sutherland, and Paul Reubens. The television series has many fans. It was originally shown from 1997 until 2003.
The main idea of the series is the opposite of what is the normal Hollywood idea about horror. In traditional Hollywood horror stories, the young blonde girl is always the weakest character. She is always the one that needs to be saved. She is often the first one to die. In "Buffy", Whedon changed that. He changed that girl into the person with all the power. He changed her into the hero. Many of the monsters and storylines on the series are symbols of real-life problems faced by teenagers. As Whedon has said, "Highschool is a horror movie."
"Buffy the Vampire Slayer" was first shown on March 10, 1997 on the WB network. It was a very important part of the Warner Bros. television network in its early years.
After five seasons, the series left the WB and went to the United Paramount Network (UPN) for its last two seasons. In the United Kingdom, the entire series was shown on Sky One and BBC2. The BBC showed the series at two different times. A family-friendly version with violence and bad language cut out was shown early in the evening and an unedited version was shown later at night. Sky One did something similar. It showed an edited version in the after-noon and the uncut version at prime-time. From the fourth season onwards, the BBC showed the series in anamorphic 16:9 widescreen format, but Whedon said that "Buffy" was never supposed to be watched this way.
The Slayer.
The Slayer or Chosen One is a girl who kills vampires. She had superhuman strength and speed. She also heals very fast. It is her destiny to fight evil demons, mainly vampires. When the Slayer dies, a new girl is chosen. That girl gets all of the powers of the Slayer. Potentials (girls who might be chosen - "potential slayers") are trained from an early age by a "Watcher". In this series, Buffy Summers, Kendra Young, and Faith Lehane were the main slayers.
Plot.
The main character was Buffy Summers. She was played by Sarah Michelle Gellar. Buffy was an ordinary high school student in the fictional city of Sunnydale, California, except for being a "vampire slayer." Buffy's Watcher was a British man named Giles. With the help of Giles and her friends, Xander and Willow, Buffy fought a different monster every episode.
Buffy and her friends went to school at Sunnydale High School. They appear normal to their families while killing vampires and monsters at night.
Not all vampires were evil in the series. One vampire was named Angel. He was given his soul back by a gypsy curse. The curse would make him lose his soul and become evil again if he became really happy. He and Buffy fell in love. The curse took his soul away when they had sexual intercourse for the first time. This caused Angel to become evil. When Angel got back his soul, he knew that he and Buffy could not be together because he might lose it again. Angel left Sunnydale and went to Los Angeles. The television series "Angel" tells the story of what happened to him after he left.
Buffy Summers.
Buffy Anne Summers (played by Sarah Michelle Gellar) is "the Slayer," one in a long line of young women chosen to fight evil. She is blonde and beautiful and she is a normal cheerleading girl at the start of the movie. Being the Slayer gave her increased strength, endurance, agility and healing. She also had greater intuition, and some ability of clairvoyance, usually in the form of dreams that tell the future. She was born January 19, 1981 and grew up in Los Angeles, California. Buffy died two times in the normal series. There have also been magical times that she died in, but these periods of time were stopped and do not affect normal times. The first time she died, she drowned and was brought back to life with CPR. The second time, magic was used to bring her back to life.
Rupert Giles.
Rupert "Ripper" Giles (played by Anthony Stewart Head) is Buffy's Watcher. He was an Englishman. He was Buffy's second Watcher. Her first watcher was killed in the movie version of the story but this fact is not talked about in the series. Unlike most slayers, it was not known that Buffy was a potential slayer at an early age. When she was chosen, the Watcher's council sent a watcher to help her. When he died, the Council sent Giles to Sunnydale to become her watcher. In the past, Giles used magic and had a lot of knowledge about demons and vampires.
Willow Rosenberg.
Willow Rosenberg (played by Alyson Hannigan) was Buffy's schoolmate and best friend. She was very smart and good with computers. During the series, she learned more and more about magic. She found out that she is very good at magic and became a powerful witch. Willow fell in love with another witch, Tara Maclay. When Tara was killed, Willow tried to destroy the world, but Xander stopped her.
Xander Harris.
Alexander Lavelle "Xander" Harris (played by Nicholas Brendon) was another good friend of Buffy. It was said many times during the series that Xander was the person in the group who had no special powers at all, but still fought as much as everyone else. Xander was often the character the writers used for comic moments.
Dawn Summers.
Dawn Summers (played by Michelle Trachtenberg) was a magical object that was turned into a person and Buffy's sister. At first, Dawn had the special ability to open the way to a hell dimension. After Buffy's death closed that way, Dawn 's only special abilities was being very good with languages and a very fast learner. She could have made a very good Watcher.
Anya Jenkins.
Anya Christina Emmanuella Jenkins, or Anyanka, or Aud (played by Emma Caulfield) was an 1100 year old Vengence demon. She was born with the name Aud somewhere in Scandinavia during the 9th century. She became a vengeance demon after casting a magic spell on her lover, Olaf. The spell turned him into a troll. Anya spent the next 1100 years as Anyanka. As a vengeance demon, she would use magic to give a wish to a woman who had been treated wrong by a man. Anyaka lost her powers during a wish she cast for Cordiela Chase. When the wish was ended, Anyanka was trapped in the human body of 17 year old Anya.Anya and xander got together after graduation and later were engaged. But xander left her at the wedding.
Angel.
Angel (played by David Boreanaz) was an Irish vampire first named Liam. He was born in 1727, in Galway, Ireland. After being turned into a vampire in 1753, he spent the next 145 year creating terror as "Angelus" (face of an angel). In 1898, he killed the daughter of gypsies. As punishment, the Gypsies returned Angelus human soul to him. This caused him to have to feel all the pain he had caused. Angelus went to the United States and lived on the streets. He stopped killing people to drink their blood because with a soul he knew it was wrong. He lived a very poor life drinking the blood of rats until a messenger from the Powers That Be took him to California to show him Buffy. He fell in love with her and changed his life so he could help her. Buffy fell in love with angel but he turned evil after she gave him one true moment of happiness(after they had sex). Then he turned into Angelus and when he was finally changed back(after months,by willow)
buffy stabbed him in order to once again save the world by closing acaphla(against her feelings of love for him).
Cordelia Chase.
Cordelia "Cordy" Chase (played by Charisma Carpenter) went to with Buffy. She was a cheerleader who only thought of herself. She would help Buffy every now and then, but most often was the one that needed help.
Spike.
Spike, or William the Bloody, (played by James Marsters) was an English vampire. He was born in London around 1853. He was turned into a vampire in 1880 by Drusilla, a pretty vampire created by Angelus. He spent the next 20 years with Angelus, Drucilla and Darla as they killed throughout Europe and Asia. After Angelus got his soul back and left, Spike and Drucilla continued for 100 years before going to Sunnydale to try and find him. Later, Spike fell in love with Buffy. He fought a demon to get his soul back and helped save the world in the last episode. He was sent, by the necklace he wore,to Angel.
Riley Finn.
Riley Finn was a member of a secret part of American military.
During the day, he was a helper to a professor at Sunnydale University. At night, he lead a military team that hunted and captured demons. He had increased strength and endurance, but he was not as strong as Buffy. he gave buffy an ultimatum and last minute she decided on him. But when she got to his helicopter they had already taken off and he didnt see her. when he comes back in a later episode buffy finds out that he is married.
Faith Lehane.
Faith Lehane (played by Eliza Dushku) was a vampire slayer. Buffy's first death caused Kendra Young to be chosen as the Slayer. When Kendra died, Faith was chosen. Faith is in many ways the opposite of Buffy. While Buffy had family and friends for support, Faith was alone. Faith tried to fight evil, but later chose to be evil instead. In the end, Faith learns from her mistakes and helps Buffy in her fight.
Oz.
Daniel "Oz" Osborne (played by Seth Green) was a musician and werewolf. He was Willow's first boyfriend. For three nights each month, Oz would change shape. If he was not put into a cage or locked up, he would roam Sunnydale from the time the sun set until it came up again in the morning. Being a werewolf gave him increased strength, endurance and healing. As a werewolf, his mind was similar to an animal and not a human.
Whedon's Trademarks.
Joss Whedon uses several themes throughout his works. These are often found in the writing done for "Buffy".

Vampire
Vampires are monsters in legends and stories. The first vampire legends were told in Eastern Europe, but much of how modern people see vampires was created by Bram Stoker in the famous novel, "Dracula". Few people believe that vampires are real, but they are still very popular in movies, television, and books.
Vampires were once people but have a supernatural curse. Some vampires must drink blood to survive. They do this by biting people or animals on the neck with their two long fangs. People who are killed by having their blood drank by vampires may also become vampires. Others can live off the life energy of people. In many stories, vampires can change into other animals, usually bats, though also wolves, cats or rats.
Vampires in fiction.
Dracula is the most famous vampire in fiction, and several movies have been made about him. There is also a popular series of books by Anne Rice about vampires. The television show "Buffy the Vampire Slayer" featured a young girl who fought vampires, but also befriended good ones. The "New York Times" bestselling series "Twilight" by Stephenie Meyer is also about vampires. The movie The Lost Boys was about a band of vampires in (then) modern California. Among many other stories, shows and movies about vampires.
What lies beyond the myth.
Some neurolgists believe that rabies might lie at the base of the myth.
The problem with this is that rabid people, especially in advanced stages of the disease, will live for about 10 days, at best. This does not account for them getting out of ditches and graves over weeks or months.
Another explanation was given by other people. The disease might be porphyria, rather than rabies. Porphyria is a genetic condition that leads to differences when the body makes blood. Some parts of the blood can not be made in sufficient quantities.
Psychological disorders can contribute to vampiric behavior. As well as the fact that drinking blood has always been believed to give you the strength of the one you drink from. That belief stems all the way back to ancient civilizations.
They are people in the real world who like to dress and behave like a vampire. Some of them may also drink blood.
Finally, there is the vampire bat.

Degree
Degree generally means to have a level in something.

Degree (school)
A degree is a document that a student receives when they graduate from a school to show that they completed all their classes. This is also called a diploma.
Before college, high schools are usually the only schools that give out actual degrees or diplomas to graduating students. Some middle schools have also started to do this to make students feel like they have accomplished more.
Academic degrees are degrees that are given out by places of higher education such as universities and colleges. In many English-speaking countries these degrees are shown by letters which the person is allowed to put after their name, e.g. John Smith, BA. A bachelor's degree is usually the degree received at the end of a course. While the student is studying for a degree he or she is an "undergraduate". When he graduates he is a "graduate". He may continue with his studies and receive a Master's Degree or do some original work and write a "thesis" (like a book) to get a Doctor's degree (which does not mean a Doctor of medicine).

High school
In the United States, a high school is a school that students go to usually for grades 9 through 12. It is the last school that a student will go to before college. It is also the last school that the law requires the student to go to.
In the United Kingdom, the last school that the law requires the student to go to is called a secondary school.
There are both public and private high schools in the United States and the United Kingdom.

Public school
In the United States, Public schools are schools that are funded by the government and open to all students who live within a specific area without any charge. They are usually paid for through property taxes that are applied to everyone who owns property in the school district.
Public schools have operated in the United States since the 1800s. Every U.S. state now guarantees free public schools.
Many people think that public schools in the United States are in trouble and are doing a bad job of educating students. One solution has been to give "vouchers" to parents that help them send their children to private schools. Critics say this takes money away that could go to improving public schools and also causes religious schools to be funded with public funds.
Some courts in different states have decided that public schools cannot get most of their funds through property taxes, because it causes districts with poor people and lower property values to be unable to support quality public schools. These courts have usually not ruled that each district must get equal funding, but they have instead decided that their state constitutions promise an "adequate" education to everyone that the poorer districts have not met.
UK.
In the United Kingdom and some other English-speaking nations, public schools are independent schools and are normally funded by fees charged to their students. They are 'public' in the sense of being open to all students from anywhere, without any geographical restriction. For that reason, most of these schools take some or all of their students as "boarders" - that is, they live at the school and not at home.

Seoul
Seoul (서울,) is the capital and largest city of South Korea. With over ten million people, Seoul is one of the world's largest cities. The Seoul National Capital Area - which includes the major port city of Incheon and satellite towns in Gyeonggi-do, has almost 23 million inhabitants and is the world's second largest metropolitan area. Almost half of South Korea's population live in the Seoul National Capital Area, and nearly one quarter in Seoul itself, making it the country's economic, political and cultural center. As a Special City, it is administered directly by the national government.

Welfare state
A welfare state is where the government has a duty to provide some level of basic support for its citizens.
Examples.
For example school is free, and it is a duty of state to heal ill people. The state give money to people who do not have any money. The state gives homes to people who do not have them. To make this happen there must be high taxes. Usually rich people have to pay most taxes. The taxes vary however to insure that the less fortunate can afford to pay them, This is called VAT (Value Added Tax), which typically deducts 17.5% so that there is no fixed amount of tax to pay.
Welfare states.
The most known welfare states are Nordic countries. The United Kingdom, Canada, and France are some other examples of welfare states.

Athlete (band)
Athlete are an English band from South London. Their second album is widely regarded as their breakthrough and they have released two singles so far from the album.

Organic chemistry
Organic chemistry is a type of chemistry that deals mostly with carbon-based molecules. It gets its name from an old belief that these molecules could only be made from organic matter (animals, plants, soil, etc.). Scientists now know that this belief is untrue. The old belief was disproven when Friedrich Wohler made urea in a laboratory without any organic matter. Most chemical compounds with carbon are considered organic, but there are some compounds that are called "inorganic". Carbon monoxide (CO) is an example of an inorganic compound. Another example of inorganic is polythene.

Proton
A proton is part of an atom. Protons are vital for the existence of atoms and even our life. They are contained in the nucleus of an atom (the center of the atom) along with neutrons. The periodic table groups atoms according to how many protons they have. Protons are made of quarks. A proton is believed to be made up of 3 quarks, two up quarks and one down quarks. One down quark has a charge of -1/3, and two up quarks have a charge of +2/3. This adds to a charge of +1. A proton has a very small mass. The mass is about one atomic mass unit. In any one element, the number of protons is the same. An atom's atomic number is equal to the number of protons in that atom.

March 16
March 16 is the 75th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (76th in leap years). There are 290 days remaining.

Clint Eastwood
Clint Eastwood is an American movie actor and director. He was born in San Francisco on May 31 1930. He has appeared in many movies since the 1950s, most famous being the Dollars Trilogy of Spaghetti Westerns (1964-1966), "Dirty Harry" (1972), "Any Which Way You Can"(1979) and other similar movies. He also won critical acclaim as a director with the movies "Unforgiven" (1992), "Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil" (1996), "Space Cowboys" (2000), "Mystic River" (2003), and "Million Dollar Baby" (2005). He lives with his family in Carmel-by-the-Sea, California. He was the mayor of Carmel-by-the-Sea for two years, starting in 1986.
Clint Eastwood was highly popular & loved by fans for numerous years.

Spaghetti Western
Spaghetti Westerns were a name given to low-budget Western films, which were made by Italian movie companies in the 1960s. They were different from the American western movies, usually filmed in Italian, had limited budgets, filmed on location in Spain and Italy with minimal sets, and many close-ups and artistic shots. Perhaps the most well-known of these films is "The Man with No Name" trilogy: "A Fistful of Dollars" (1964), "For a Few Dollars More" (1965), and "The Good, the Bad and the Ugly" (1966). All three of these films were directed by Sergio Leone, featured music by Ennio Morricone, and starred American actor Clint Eastwood as the main character.

Disneyland
Disneyland is the name of four theme parks around the world. There is Disneyland Park in Anaheim, California, Disneyland Paris in France, Tokyo Disneyland in Japan, and Hong Kong Disneyland in Hong Kong.
Disneyland Resort.
In 2001, the area around the park has expanded into a resort with three hotels, a shopping and dining area called Downtown Disney and a second theme park, Disney's California Adventure.
Disneyland Park.
Disneyland Park is a theme park in Anaheim, California, United States. It is the first Disneyland. It was opened on July 17, 1955 by Walt Disney, the man who invented Mickey Mouse. It is one of the most popular theme parks in the world. Disneyland Park celebrated its golden, or 50th, anniversary on July 17, 2005.
History.
Walt Disney worked very hard to run his movie studio. He liked to spend weekends with his two daughters. The family liked going to carnivals and fairs. Mr. Disney wanted to build a place that had all of the fun of the traveling fairs where parents and children could ride together. That is how Mr. Disney got the idea for Disneyland. In 1953, Mr. Disney talked to people at Stanford University. He asked them to find a place that would be a good place to build his park. The Stanford people recommended an orange grove for sale in Anaheim, a farming area south of Los Angeles. Mr. Disney's friends thought the idea was a crazy one. He was sure that his dream would be a good one. After selling land that he loved very much in Palm Springs to help pay for the park, the building of Disneyland began in 1954. He also used a weekly television show called "Disneyland" to make people want to see his park. In only one year, Disneyland Park was open.
When Disneyland Park opened on July 17, 1955, the opening was shown on television as it happened. Mr. Disney asked three of his Hollywood friends to help him: Art Linkletter, Robert Cummings and Ronald Reagan. Many things went wrong that day. 11,000 people were invited to the private event but nearly 30,000 came. The streets were still fresh and many people had their shoes stuck in it. They stepped out of their shoes. Even the running water was a problem. Mr. Disney had to choose between drinking water and water for flushing toilets. Mr. Disney chose the toilets. Disneyland may have had problems when it opened, but it was not long before it became a success. Visitor number one million came to Disneyland less than two years later.
Sunday, July 17, 2005 was the fiftieth anniversary of the opening day. Many people waited to enter the park that morning. Some people spent the night waiting in Disney's California Adventure. A ceremony was held that morning with very important people speaking to the audience. Art Linkletter, who was part of the first television show, was the first to speak. The day was also Mr. Linkletter's 93rd birthday. Michael Eisner and Robert Iger, the top men at the Disney company each gave speeches. California governor Arnold Schwarzenegger gave a speech as did Walt Disney's daughter, Diane Disney Miller. The ceremony was shown on giant television screens placed in the park and were played over the televisions during the day. At 4:45 that afternoon, the exact time the Walt Disney had given his speech on the opening day, his speech was played over speakers all over Disneyland.
The lands of Disneyland Park.
Inside Disneyland are several parcels called "lands." Each land has its own theme. This is a list of those lands and some of the things in them.
Main Street, U.S.A is the first land people see when they come into Disneyland. It was built to look like a small American town, much like the one Mr. Disney grew up in. A station for the Disneyland Railroad can be found here. It is located at the entrance to Disneyland. Mr. Disney and some of his workers loved trains and wanted a railroad in their new park. Guests can ride steam-powered trains for a ride around the edge of Disneyland. They can also ride a streetcar pulled by a horse, a double-deck bus and even a small fire engine. Many shops and restaurants can be found on Main Street, U.S.A.
Fantasyland is like the places in old fairy tales. There is an antique carousel from 1875. The main entry to Fantasyland is through the Sleeping Beauty castle, the symbol of Disneyland. Attractions (Disneyland does not use the term "rides") include "Snow White's Scary Adventures and it's a small world. It also includes the Alice in Wonderland attractions. The Alice in Wonderland ride allows riders to take the adventure just like Alice did and visit the "creatures" she met in Wonderland. The teacups is another Alice attraction where guests get to sit in giant teacups and spin as fast or as slow as they want to! Some other attractions include the Matterhorn Bobsleds. It is the only roller coaster in Fantasyland and the world's first steel roller coaster. Mr.Toad's Wild Ride is an attraction that takes riders through the world of Mr.Toad as he drives around in his car. The Casey Jr. Circus Train takes through tunnels and a small stream. Dumbo the Flying Elephant has long been considered young children's favorite attraction. It's A Small World is a classic Disney attraction that is a boat ride taking guests around the world. Each part of the world has dolls that sing the song "it's a small world" in their language. In Peter Pan's Flight, one may fly over London in a pirate ship and explore Neverland. Pinnochio's Daring Journey is another ride that allows riders to explore the story of the Pinnochio Disney movie. Guests can see different small villages of classic Disney stories on the Storybook Land Canal Boats.
Adventureland is made to look like a jungle in Africa or Asia. One of Disneyland's first attractions can be ridden here. It is called "Jungle Cruise" and takes guests on a boat ride on a jungle river. Tarzan's Treehouse was originally named The Swiss Family Treehouse after an old novel. The Indiana Jones Adventure is a ride in a jeep through "dangerous" caverns that include lava, a giant snake, and other perils. The only other attraction in Adventureland as of now is the Enchanted Tiki Room which is the first ride in the world to feature audio-animatronics.
Frontierland is a land that looks like the old American West. The "Mark Twain," a steam-powered boat called a "paddlewheeler" takes guests for a ride on the "Rivers of America." Guests can also ride "Big Thunder Mountain Railroad," a roller coaster that looks like a mine train.
Tomorrowland was meant to look like the world of the future. Disneyland's newest attraction can be found here. It is called "Buzz Lightyear Astro Blasters" and it opened in 2005. The "Space Mountain" indoor roller coaster, built in 1977, reopened in 2005 after two years of rebuilding. An old attraction called "Submarine Voyage" is being rebuilt. It will open in 2007 with characters from "Finding Nemo".
Mickey's Toontown is Disneyland's newest land. It is also its silliest land. Mickey's Toontown is where Mickey Mouse and his friends are supposed to live. It is named "Toontown" after a place in the movie, "Who Framed Roger Rabbit?"
New Orleans Square looks like a place called the "French Quarter" in New Orleans, Louisiana. Two of Disneyland's very popular attractions are in New Orleans Square: "Pirates of the Caribbean" and "The Haunted Mansion (which have both inspired movies)."
Critter Country was first named Bear Country. It looks like America's deep South of more than 100 years ago. "Splash Mountain" is a very popular log ride that guests wait in line for a long time to enjoy. It ends with a very long drop down a waterfall. The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh was more recently added to Disneyland.

Boroughs of Berlin
The German capital Berlin is subdivided into 12 boroughs (german: "Stadtteile"/ "Bezirke"). The boroughs are called "Bezirke" in German. The 12 boroughs have political rights like a town community but they are not a legal city.
On January 1, 2001 there was a Berlin borough reform. The reform cut the number of Berlin's boroughs from 23 to 12. This was the result of combining several of the old boroughs. The reform was done in order to cut down administration costs.
"(the data in the table is March 2004)"

Superhuman
Superhuman means something that is beyond what people are naturally able to do. It is a word most used in fiction such as superhero comic books, but also sometimes in science fiction and fantasy movies and books.
Any character in books or movies that is much stronger than any real person, or can do things such as fly like Superman, is said to be superhuman or to have superhuman powers.
The word "superhuman" may also mean something that is not human but can do something that humans cannot, like a robot that can think faster than a person can.

Real Madrid C.F.
Real Madrid C.F. is a Spanish football Club.
The club competes in La Liga (the Spanish Premier League). It was started in 1902. Its home stadium is Santiago Bernabéu in Madrid.
Real Madrid has won the La Liga League 31 times and the Copa del rey Cup 17 times. It has also won the European Champions league 9 times and the UEFA cup twice. The Real in its name is Spanish for Royal. The club was blessed by the King of Spain in 1920.
The club has bought and had many famous footballers, including Ronaldo, David Beckham, Zinedine Zidane, Michael Owen and other very famous footballers.
The most expensive player was Zinedine Zidane. He was bought in the year 2001 for 71,6 Mill.€.

Bigfoot
Bigfoot, also called Sasquatch, is a rarely-seen Primate living in the United States and Canada. Even though many people claim to have seen a Bigfoot, or seen their tracks, no one has ever captured one, or found a dead body. For this reason, some people don't believe in Bigfoot. Some also believe Bigfoot is a dangerous monster, because of some scary stories told about them. Most people who study Bigfoot, however, agree that the species is probably gentle and intelligent, just like humans.
Bigfoot is said to be very tall, from 7 to 9 feet (about 2 to 2.75 meters) and covered in brown, black, red, or sometimes even white fur or hair. They are said to have very big feet, about 13 inches long (0.3 meters), which is why they are named Bigfoot.
Bigfoots are mostly seen in the forests of the Pacific Northwest, but sometimes people see them in the Great Lakes area, the Midwest, or even in swamps in the Southern United States.
It is thought that Bigfoot may be related to the Yeti of the Himalayas.
Pictures and Films of Bigfoot.
Sometimes, people who see a Bigfoot are able to take a picture or a film of it. The most famous of these is the "Patterson-Gimlin Film." It was named this because the last names of the men who took the film were Patterson and Gimlin. In the film, a large, ape-like creature can be seen walking from a lake to a forest. Because this is the best film so far of a creature that may be a Bigfoot, scientists argue about it a lot. Some think that the creature is a real Bigfoot, while others think that it is just a person in a gorilla costume. Because of this, people have done experiments with men in gorilla costumes who try to move like the creature in the film. So far, none has been able to move just like it.

The Da Vinci Code
"The Da Vinci Code" is a 2003 book by an American man named Dan Brown. It is about codes and secrets. The book is very famous and has been read by many people all over the world. As of 2006, over 60 million people had bought copies, which makes this book one of the most famous books in the world. There are many things in the book that are hard to understand, and it is hard to tell which parts of the book are about real things, and which parts are not true. Because of this, people like to talk about the book, which makes more people buy copies.
The book talks about a religious group called Opus Dei, a famous artist named Leonardo da Vinci, and some famous paintings he made called the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper.
According to Sharan Newman in "The Real History behind the Da Vinci Code", Dan Brown based "The Da Vinci Code" on a book called "Holy Blood, Holy Grail" by Baigent and Leigh. This book was based on some papers found in the National Library of France, and which were forgeries. The papers were written to show that the man who wrote them was really the true king of France and head of an ancient secret society.
In 2006, Columbia Pictures made a movie version. It was directed by Ron Howard and stars Tom Hanks as Robert Langdon.

Peugeot
Peugeot is a French company. They make cars, vans, motorcycles and scooters in France.
Peugeot 605.
The "Peugeot 605" is the name of a car. This was a full-size car. It was made between 1989 and 1999 after the company stopped the production of Peugeot 505. After this, the company made a smaller car named Peugeot 405, and a bigger car named Peugeot 605. The Peugeot is a car of the luxury-family car class.
Peugeot 306.
The Peugeot 306 is the name of a car that started being made in 1993 and stopped being made in 2002. It was a small, family car. There were several verities of this car: from the slowest version, the 1.4, all the way up to the fastest version which was called the GTI-6.
The Peugeot 306 also came in a diesel veriety, which many people see as an important step in bringing economical diesel oil powered car to people. This version came in 1.8 litre, 1.9 litre, and 1.9 litre turbocharged versions. In 1999, Peugeot replaced these diesel engines with the 2.0 litre HDI engine which was better at saving fuel than all the other engines.
Current Vehicles.
Peugeot 107, 206, 207, 307, 308, 407, 607, 807, 1007, 4007 and the Partner
Peugeot Bipper, Expert, Boxer, Partner Van, 207 Van and the Bipper

Milton Keynes
is a large new town in ceremonial Buckinghamshire, England. People began to build houses, shops and factories there in 1967. More and more houses are built every year. There are about 275,000 people living there now.
Milton Keynes looks strange to people from other towns. Aeroplanes flying over ordinary towns can see roads that look like a spider's web. But when they fly over our city, they see that our big roads look like a net or a grid. We call the spaces between the busy roads grid squares and that is where we live. Nobody lives right next to the big roads, so there are no trucks going past the front door of people who live there. So really, Milton Keynes often seems more like a 100 little villages than a big city.
People do not have to cross a busy road to get from one grid square to the next one, because the roads go over bridges and people can cross safely under them. The paths that go under the roads and between the houses are called Redways because they are red in color. Only people on bicycles and people walking are allowed to use them. Cars, lorries and motorbikes are not allowed to go on them. So people could cycle all the way across the city and never have to go on a busy road.
What was it like before the builders came?
Before the builders came, there were many fields and a lot of villages. People can still see the old villages because the houses look different. There are many rivers and streams and lakes and a canal. There are no houses on the fields beside the rivers. Nobody can build on these fields because sometimes they get flooded when it rains a lot. But nearly all the time, they are just monster parks.
When the builders dug up the ground to build on, they found some strange things. The oldest was the fossil of a dinosaur fish, called an Ichthyosaur. They also found a Roman farm - people can still see bits of it because they decided to leave it alone. They also found some buried treasure and gave it to the museum.
What is there to do?
There is one big theatre and four small ones. There are only two cinemas but each one has ten sections, so there are twenty movies on at a time. There is a ski slope with real snow, even in summer. That is because it is indoors, with a giant fridge to keep it cold. There are four big swimming pools. At the National Bowl, people can see their favourite bands and artists. Not very far away, at Silverstone, they see Formula 1 motor racing. There is a football stadium, where they can see someone else's football club, Milton Keynes Dons F.C., play. They can see barges going past on the canal. Near the station, there is a covered skateboard place. There is also Planet Ice where there is leisure skating available and the MK Lightening ice hockey team plays. This is also where they train figure skaters and ice dancers at national competition level. Professional skater, Vicky Ogden who has skated internationally and nationally for Great Britain for over 12 years is the head coach.
What are the concrete cows?
In about 1980, an artist thought it would be very funny to make some cows out of concrete and put them in a field. People from Milton Keynes thought that this was a strange thing to do, because they can see real cows nearby. People who are not from Milton Keynes decided that it must mean that everywhere is covered in concrete and that we would forget what a cow looks like. But we know that we have loads and loads of green space, and thousands of trees, bushes, flowers. We have birds and small animals. There is actually more wild life in the city than there is outside it! So we just laugh and think - "silly people, they believed the artist's joke".
Where is it?
It is in England. It is about half way between Oxford and Cambridge. It is about half way between London and Birmingham. They can get here on the train because we have five railway stations - the biggest one is Milton Keynes Central. They can come on the M1 motorway - get off at Junction 14. It takes less than an hour to get here in the train from London, maybe half an hour if they take an express train.

Calais
Calais is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.
Calais is a port city in the North East of France.

A Clockwork Orange
"A Clockwork Orange" is a violent 1962 science fiction book by Anthony Burgess about the bitter future when mankind is recovering from the Post Apocalyptic event which was used by Stanley Kubrick for a 1971 movie. In the movie/book they spoke English and a dialect of Russian called Nadsat.

False
False means untrue. If something is false, it means it is not real. A falsehood is anything said that is not true. A falsehood can also be a series of lies, told to 'prove' something that is false itself.

Marine biology
Marine biology is the study of any living plant or animal in the sea. Marine biologists are the people who study it. Marine biologists must understand a lot about the animals they are studying. They also must understand how the sea works. The study of how the sea works is oceanography.

President of Russia
The President of Russia is the political leader of Russia. Dmitry Medvedev is the president of Russia. Boris Yeltsin was the first president of Russia, and Vladimir Putin was second. His duties are listed in the Russian Constitution.

Silvio Berlusconi
Silvio Berlusconi (born September 29, 1936 in Milan) is an Italian politician, leader of a right-wing coalition named "Casa delle Libertà" (House of Freedoms) and leader of the right-wing party "Forza Italia".
He has been Head of the Italian Government in 1994 and a second time since 2001 until 2006, when he was defeated at the political elections by Romano Prodi, leader of the left-wing coalition named "L'unione" (The Union). This coalition won the elections only for few votes: 24,000 at the "Camera dei Deputati", one of the two Chambers of the Italian Parliament, and only 4 senators more than Berlusconi in the Senate.
Silvio Berlusconi is also the owner of many Italian enterprises, for instance the television network "Mediaset".

Burundi
Burundi is a small country in Africa. The capital of Burundi is Bujumbura. The official languages of Burundi are Kirundi and French. There are about six million people in Burundi.

Espoo
Espoo is the second largest city in Finland. There are more than 227 000 people in Espoo. Close cities are Kauniainen, Vantaa, Kirkkonummi, Nurmijärvi, Vihti and the capital Helsinki.

Hospital
A hospital is a place a person goes to be healed when he or she is sick or injured. Doctors and nurses work at hospitals.

Nose
A nose is a body part which allows animals to smell things. The nose also helps animals breathe. It has parts that make it work and send messages to the brain. The nose's parts include smell receptors and nerve connectors to receptors. In humans, the nose is on the front of the face.
A lot of people like to pick their nose.Nose-picking is a very common habit.

Love
Love is a very strong feeling of affection. Love is partly created by hormones in the brain, telling the person if they love somebody. Love is not easily described, because it is a mix of emotions; people can love and be loved in different ways.
Love is the attraction of one person to another person, object or sensation. It is debated whether animals can experience love. Love is created by chemical reactions in the brain. Eating chocolate releases the same chemicals in the brain, giving one the feeling of love.
Different people can feel or experience love in different ways, so it is hard to define love.
A common belief is that there is a difference between being "in" love and loving someone.
Being in-love is something which many people believe is too much; people think about the person or thing they are in love with a lot, the person might think that the one he/she is "in love" with is very important to them.
There are many forms of love: self-love, divine love, love for another person (family member, friend, lover), just to name a few. In fact, love does not even have to involve people; for example, love can exist in regard to an object or idea. Psychology divides love into three basic categories: brotherly love, romantic love, and physical love. Theoretically, having all three makes true love.
Often love can be confused with another feeling, such as sexual attraction, affection, obsession or feelings of friendship. There are examples when love can be destroyed; love was once there, but another feeling, such as jealousy or anger, has taken over the feeling of love.
Love is based on respect, admiration, and communication. Respect must be present in order for love to grow. One cannot love someone or something one disrespects or hates, or is unable to communicate with.
First love.
People say or describe that the person they loved first as their first love. For example, in William Shakespeare's "Romeo and Juliet", Romeo is Juliet's very first love; she is only 14 and has never loved before.

Michael Jackson
Michael Joseph Jackson (born August 29 1958 in Gary, Indiana) is an American pop singer, dancer, songwriter, record producer. He is known for popularising the 'Moonwalk.' He was married to Lisa Marie Presley, the daughter of Elvis Presley. He was famous first as the lead singer of The Jackson 5. He recorded the highest-selling album of all time, "Thriller", in 1982. "Thriller", which includes famous songs like "Beat It" and "Billie Jean", has sold 104 million copies worldwide. Jackson wrote other well-known songs such as "Bad", "Black or White", "Heal the World" and "Earth Song". He is also called the "King of Pop". He is currently working on an album of new song's, his first since "Invincible" (2001).
This new album is called Thriller 25, released early in 2008. This has all the songs from the original 'Thriller' album with new songs, and varied songs for 2008. A compilation album has also been produced called 'King of Pop' which is his greatest hits. This was released in mid-2008.
Studio albums.
NICK PENN is the best no home

Graphics
Graphics are visual presentations on some kind of surface. Examples are photographs, drawings, maps and other images.

Pornography
Pictures, movies and writing about sex are sometimes called pornography (or porn). Pornography is a picture, movie or writing that is created to make people get sexually excited. Pornography is about sex in a way that makes it more important than other things (such as love, or caring or making good relationships). Pornography often shows a person who is being treated in a sexual manner without respect or love. Some pornography shows sexual acts that are violent, such as rape. Works of art, movies or writing that show loving people acting in a sexual manner to each other are called erotica.
Pornography is made to entertain adults. However, not all adults enjoy pornography. There are many adults with strong moral or religious views, who are stongly against it.
Definition.
The word "pornography" comes from the Greek words meaning "prostitute" and "writing". A "prostitute" is a person who has sex for money. The word was first used for stories that were written about sex.
The word pornography is now used for photographs and other pictures, movies, and writing that is about sex, in a way that is often disrespectful of one or more of the people who are shown. In pornography, sex is the most important thing. It is also called "porn" or "porno" for short. Some people think Pornography is harmful because it can be linked to sexual abuse.
What is "not" pornography.
There are different ideas about what is and what is not pornography. Dr Diana Russell, a psychologist who has worked for many years with women who have been the victims of sexual violence, says that it is important to understand that there is a difference between pornography and erotica. The word "erotica" is often used for pictures, movies or stories that focus on the beauty of sexuality, or seek to bring art into the world of sex. There is not often a clear difference between "erotica" and "pornography," and the argument over what is or is not pornography can even go to the courts.
Some people believe that anything that shows a naked body is a type of pornography. The laws of the United States and many other countries do not support this. There can be all sorts of reasons for showing a naked or partly undressed body, for example an art work, a medical diagram or a photo of a person from a community where people do not wear many clothes.
The words "sexually explicit" are sometimes used, particularly for movies. However, a "sexually explicit" movie is not necessarily pornography.
Types of pornography.
There are different kinds of pornography.
The term "soft porn" is sometimes used for pictures that show people who may or may not be naked, but who are posed in a sexy manner. Pictures of women like this are sometimes called "cheesecake", and pictures of men are called "Beefcake".
Pornographic pictures or movies which show people having sex are sometimes called "hard porn". Most pornography is intended for men. Some scientists think that men are more likely to be sexually turned on by pictures than women are. However, some women also enjoy pornographic pictures or movies.
Some pornography is very disrespectful to the women (and sometimes men). Some pornography shows sexual acts which are violent. Some pornography show sexual acts which most women would not wish to do. This type of pornography is called "hardcore porn".
Another type of pornography is "child pornography". In most countries there is a legal age under which people are considered children by the law. Any film or photo that shows children being used for a sexual act is considered pornography. There are laws to protect children against people who "exploit" them in this way.
The business of pornography.
From the earliest years of the invention of the camera and motion pictures, there have been companies making pornography. However, until the 1970s, companies making pornography were small, because there were many laws against making pornography. In the 1970s, pornographic magazines such as Penthouse became a huge and successful business. As well, in the 1970s, pornographic films became more mainstream. In the 1980s, the development of the video cassette recorder caused a huge boom in the pornography industry. A number of companies began producing hardcore pornographic sex videotapes in the US and distributing the tapes to home viewers. In the 1990s, as more people began using of the Internet, and as computers became more powerful, companies began selling pornographic pictures on the Internet. In the 2000s, the increased speed of computers allowed pornography companies to sell porn videos over the Internet that are sent electronically to the purchasers computer.
There are many different kinds of businesses that make and sell pornography. There are magazines such as Playboy and Hustler; movie production companies such as Vivd Video which hire pornography actors and produce porn videos; and also many thousands of Web sites that produce and sell porn. Businesses that make pornography call themselves "adult entertainment" businesses. This is because most people think only adults should see pornography, and that it is not good for children to see it. In some countries it is a crime to sell or show pornography to children.
Pornography and the law.
In many countries, it is serious crime to make pornographic photographs of children. This is called "child porn". In the United States, for instance, there are laws that say that anyone who takes pornographic photos must keep records that prove the ages of the people in the pictures are over 18.
In many countries, such as India, Indonesia Iran, or Pakistan making or owning pornography is a crime. However, in some cultures, such as Western European nations and the US, making or owning pornography is legal, as long as all of the participants are older than a certain age, and as long the pornographic material is not sold or shown to people below that age. Very often this age is 18 years.The Netherlands have very liberal laws regarding pornography. Many cities or towns have restrictions on where pornographic videos or magazines can be sold, and on how these videos or magazines can be displayed. For example, some towns in Canada require pornographic video packages to be kept out of sight of children.
Criticism of pornography.
Since the 1970s, many women's groups and feminist writers have criticized pornography, especially hardcore pornography. Women's groups and feminist writers have argued that hardcore pornography shows women in degrading or humiliating positions. Some psychologists who have talked with many people who are in jail for violent sex crimes, believe that pornography that shows violent sex often makes people less caring about the feelings of other people, and more likely to commit rape and other sex crimes. Many pedophiles, who sexually assault children, also have collections of child pornography.
Pornography is often criticised by religious people and churches who believe that it is ungodly. Many parents do not wish their children to see pornography. Special computer programs can be installed on computers to block access to some websites, including websites that have pornography.
In the novel "Nineteen Eighty-Four" by George Orwell, pornography is described as a tool that is secretly pushed by some evil governments, because they believe it is a force that makes the public less likely to rebel, or even to care about injustice.

Nudity
Nudity means nakedness. When talking about people, nudity means that the people talked about are not wearing any clothes.
Nudity can also mean that a person is wearing less clothing that other people would expect. In this regard, nudity is related to culture. Cultures talk about modesty. A given culture uses modesty to express how people should behave and what people should wear, in a given situation. A person wearing less clothing than expected will sometimes be called "nude", in that context.
Nudity can also talk about how a person feels. People that do not wear things they usually wear, such as jewellery, wigs or makeup may feel "naked", or "exposed". They also may feel ashamed because they wear less things than is usual for them.
When talking about an animal, other than people, nudity means that the animal does not have hair or fur.
Levels of nudity.
There are different levels of nudity. Societies have different moral values for these levels. One such level in English is called "full frontal nudity". This usually is a pose where the nude person faces the viewer. In this pose, there are no things covering parts of the body. Many societies see this as very bad. The image below called "Truth" shows this pose.
Most movies try not to show this type of nudity. This is often done by putting an object somewhere. This object will hide the pubic area of the naked actor or actress. This kind of nudity can also be seen in the picture "Woman Bathing" above.
What societies think about nudity.
Different societies have different opinions about nudity. They may have rules or laws about what they think is nudity, and where they allow it. For example, in some societies, a woman can sunbathe topless on a beach. In the same society, it would be wrong if a woman went shopping topless.
Many religions also say what people should wear. In Christianity, women should cover their shoulders, and sometimes their hair, when they enter a Christian church.
In humans, nakedness is often connected with the feeling of shame. The amount of clothing needed to remove that feeling is different for each cultures. With certain indigenous peoples in the rainforest, like the Yanomami, a piece of string is enough to make that feeling go away. There are other indigenous people who will not feel shame, even if they are totally naked.
The Burqa is the opposite of this. The Burqa is a garment for women. It is used mainly in Arabic countries. It fully covers the woman. It has only a slit for her eyes to see.
Even with people from the same culture, different people can have different opinions on nudity. American people may feel wrong even when their underwear can be seen. They may cover their underwear with a garment when at a doctor's visit. On the other hand, other Americans think not is wrong with showing their underwear.
Central and northern Europe have more liberal views.
Countries in Southern Europe, where the Catholic Church is very important, as well as English-speaking countries which have been affected by Puritanism usually have a lower tolerance towards nudity in public. Countries in Central Europe, and Scandinavia care less about public nudity. The singer Janet Jackson was the cause of a scandal during the Super Bowl in 2004. She was performing during the half-time break, when her robe moved. Her left breast could be seen for a few seconds. Today, this is known as the "Wardrobe Malfunction" or "Nipplegate" by the media, the latter being a comparison to the Watergate scandal.
The Royal Academy of Arts runs some museums in London, and elsewhere. In 2008, they did an advertisement so that more people would visit their museums. In this advertisement, they showed a picture of a naked woman. This painting was done by Lucas Cranach the Elder in the 15th century. It is called "Venus" (shown below). The picture was printed on ads in the London Underground. It caused protests in London. Because of the protests, Transport for London refused to allow the ads to be used in the Underground. On December 7, 2008, the Internet Watch Foundation put the Wikipedia article on Virgin Killer, on their blacklist. This meant that most Internet users in Great Britain could no longer access the article. The foundation did this because they believed the original album cover could be child pornography. The cover is pictured on the Wikipedia article. It shows a naked 10 year old girl in a sexual pose, with her breasts shown.
Africa.
There are different traditions about nudity in Africa. Some of Africa south of the Sahara (called "sub-Saharan Africa") is similar to how they were after Colonialism. In certain Togolese tribal areas, it is common for big families to not wear any clothes at all for certain festivities. Others do not wear any clothes below the waist. This makes it possible for young men to see women and girls whom they may marry. Stick-fighting tournaments are very popular places to do this.
Other people, like the Bantu do not like public nudity at all. At a time, a newspaper in Botswana printed a photograph showing how a thief was punished. He was flogged on his bare buttocks. Many people did not like this. The problem was not the flogging, but the newspaper showing the picture.
The Ugandan Kavirondo tribes are a mix of Bantu and Nilotic immigrants. Traditionally, they went mostly naked. Over time, the men began wearing clothing similar to men in western culture.
Functional nudity.
Functional nudity is being nude for a reason. An example of this it to change from a wet swimsuit to a dry one. Even where nudity is generally not allowed, functional nudity is often allowed. Often a towel is used to lessen the effect this may have on other people.
Breastfeeding may sometimes involve partial nudity. However it is often not seen to be indecent by courts.
Sex segregation.
Very often, (functional) nudity in front of people of the same sex is less of a problem than being nude in a group of people of both sexes, or in a group where there are only people of the other sex. For this reason, places where this can happen, for example toilets or changing rooms are usually separated by gender. There is one for men, and another one for women. Functional nudity in front of people of the same sex is still considered a bad thing in some cultures. In Japan, for example, it is not allowed to have "open" urinals in men's toilets, nor "open" showers in change rooms. On the other hand, mixed-gender public saunas are normally acceptable.
Toplessness.
Toplessness is a word that means that women do not cover their breasts. In Europe, women can usually do this on the beach or near it. In the United States and Asia, this is often a crime.
Naturism.
"Naturism" (or "nudism") is a cultural and political movement. Followers of this movement think that nudity should get a higher value, both in the private as well as the public context. It is also a lifestyle based on personal, family and/or social nudity.
Naturists reject current standards of modesty. These discourage people from being naked alone, in the family or at social occasions, they say. They want to create a social environment where people feel comfortable in the company of nude people, and do not fear being seen nude, either just by other nudists, or also by the general public.
Nudity in art.
Since the very early ages, nudity has been a subject of the arts. One of the earliest works of art known is the Venus of Willendorf. It is a statuette (a small statue) of a nude woman. The face of the woman is not visible. The belly of the woman as well as her breasts are exaggerated. It is not known what the statuette meant to the people who made it, or what importance it had. From the Renaissance onward, nude figures were shown in works of art more often. Michelangelo is one of the Renaissance artists known for doing this.
Nudity in photography.
Since the beginning of photography, people have taken photographs of nude people. Some people simply photographed nude people. Some of the photographs were made to sexually arouse people. These are generally called pornography. Some people also photographed nude people because they thought the human body was something beautiful to show. These photos are usually not sexual in nature, and are known as nude photography. The kind of photography that is in between is called erotic photography.
Old Testament and Judaism.
The creation myth in the Old Testament of the Bible mentions nudity as a sign of innocence. Only after Adam and Eve have eaten from the tree of knowledge do they become aware of their nudity, and start to feel ashamed. Theologians see this feeling of shame as a consequence of the fall from grace. Because of this, they are later chased away from the Garden of Eden. The Bible does not make a distinction between shame as a consequence of not obeying a rule, and the shame resulting from nudity.
The Old Testament often sees nudity as a consequence of being poor or of being a social outcast. It is not seen as a result of breaking rules, and accepted. Later Orthodox Judaism sees nakedness as a bad thing.
Ancient Greece.
In Ancient Greece, especially Ancient Athens, people did not see a problem with nude men. Nude women were seen as bad, though, and women were forbidden from being nude in public. The Cynics taught that it was bad to have worldly goods. Feelings like shame were also seen as bad. There was nothing wrong with being naked.
The Gymnasion shows by its name alone that public nudity was not common in Ancient Greece. The name comes form "gynós", which means "naked". The gymnasion was used for sports. In Ancient Greece most sports were done totally naked. In most places in Ancient Greece, women were forbidden from doing sports, or from attending sports events.
The only place were women were allowed to do sports was Sparta. There, they also did sports, like the men, but separated from these. They were also naked while doing sports.
Another place where nakedness was tolerated was in the arts.
Ancient Rome, Celts, German tribes.
In Ancient Rome, nudity was nothing special or unusual. It was seen more as a sign of not needing much. People did not attach sexual feelings to it. When the Romans had conquered Ancient Greece, they did not think it was necessary to discuss or forbid that the Olympic Games were done in the nude. Cato the Elder mentions that usually the virtuous Roman worked nude during the summer months.
The Celtic and Germanic tribes bathed nude in rivers and lakes together and that sometimes children grew up nude. Romans also tell us that some of them fought the Romans in the nude.
Jainism and Hinduism.
Both Jainism and Hinduism have special monks. In Jainism these are called Digambars (or Digambarras), in Hinduism they are called Sadhus. Both lead an ascetic lifestyle, and are well-respected in their community. Part of this lifestyle is that they wear little or no clothes.
Nudity and sexuality.
Many cultures that expect some level of modesty associate nudity with sexuality. These cultures usually know striptease in some form. When the difference between the sexes is shown in the main stream media of these cultures this is often seen as sexually related. In Latin cultures the common definition of modesty does not generally allow genital nudity, but the definition of what is lewd has changed and women's breasts are now commonly exposed or depicted without scandal.
Nudity in front of a sexual partner is widely accepted, but there may be restrictions — for example, only at the time and place of sex, or with subdued lighting, during bathing with the partner or afterwards, covered by a sheet or blanket, or while sleeping.
Nudity in sports.
In Ancient Greece it was seen as normal that the athletes taking part in sporting events, like the Olympic Games were nude, for most events. At that time, women were not allowed to take part or in the games or watch them. Nudity with women was frowned upon.
Common activities in the nude.
At least since the early 20th century there is a movement of people wanting to do some things together, while they were nude. Sometimes it was just seen functionally, like a common bath in a pond or lake. Some people do other activities together (in the nude), where being naked is usually not required. For instance, some people prefer nude sunbathing when otherwise a Swimsuit could be worn. There are some nude bicycle tours. This movement is generally known as naturism or nudism.
Nudity and health.
The Naturism movement of the 20th century claims that being nude is healthy. Starting in 1853, reformer Arnold Rikli said that "Sun- and airbathing" is a good thing, and that it can only give its full potential when done in the nude. Many of these views have been proved wrong today. Not smoking or drinking alcohol is good for health, regardless of whether clothing is worn or not. People suffering from being exposed too little to the sun will also be so if they are clothed. Wearing wet clothes can lead to cystitis (an infection of the urinary bladder).
Some doctors recommend sleeping in comfortable clothes, or sleeping naked. At some points in time, fashion dictates very tight-fitting clothes. These can be bad for health.
Nudity as a form of protest.
Some people use the nudity as a form of protest, like a movement in the United States that wants equal treatment of bare-chested men, and women. This movement fights for the right of women to be topless. Often this is done with topless demonstrations.
One example that nudity was used as a form of protest, even in the Middle Ages is the story of Lady Godiva. She is said to have ridden through Coventry totally naked, only covered by her long hair. She did this to protest against the hight taxes.
Nudity for commercial reasons.
Nudity is often used to draw the attention of customers to a given product. That way, nude people or people with very little clothing are often shown on covers of magazines, even if the content of the magazine has nothing to do with nudity. Naked people, sometimes in connection with body painting are used to distribute fliers at events.
This uses erotic stimuli, especially to people of the opposite sex. On the other hand, nudity seems to work all by itself in such contexts. Nudity in public places is rare, and people generally do not expect it. The more it is used however, the less it will act on people. At some point it will have become normal.
Nudity and children.
Most children do not develop a feeling of shame until they are about 5 years old. For this reason there have been discussions. These can be split in roughly two groups: whether it is okay for children to see adults nude, and whether it is okay for children to see each other nude.
Different people have different opinions on the subject.
Nude children.
During different stages of their developement, the works of art have shown nude children or nude children together with nude adults. In recent years, showing nude children has become more and more problematic, especially with photographs. In a few cases, photographs taken by parents showing their toddler or small child naked have been seen as child pornography by courts. In May 2008, police in Sydney, Australia, raided an exhibition by the photographer Bill Henson featuring images of naked children on allegations of child pornography. Incidents such as this one sent a strong message to the community.
Children seeing their parents nude.
People cannot agree if parents should appear naked in front of their children. Gordon and Schroeder say that there is a wide variation on parental nudity from family to family. According to them, "there is nothing (..) wrong with bathing with children or otherwise appearing naked in front of them". In their opinion, doing so may provide an opportunity for parents to give important information. They note that by ages 5 to 6 children begin to develop a sense of modesty, and recommend to parents who wish to be sensitive to their children's wishes that they limit such activities from that age onwards.
Bonner recommends against nudity in the home where children are showing sexual behaviour considered problematic.
A study by Alfred Kinsey found that 75% of the participants stated that there was never nudity in the home when they were growing up, 5% of them said that there was "seldom" nudity in the home, 3% said "often", and 17% said that it was "usual". The study found that there was no significant difference between what was reported by men and by women with respect to frequency of nudity in the home.
In a 1995 review of the literature, Paul Okami concluded that there was no reliable evidence linking exposure to parental nudity to any negative effect. Three years later, his team finished an 18-year longitudinal study that showed that, if anything, such exposure was associated with slight beneficial effects, particularly for boys.
Children seeing other people nude.
Different cultures have different opinions on whether children should see people other than their parents, and other children naked. In general the opinions are also different, depending on how old the child is, and what context the nudity is placed in.
Many countries have made laws that should protect children from seeing sex scenes by accident. That way, such scenes may usually not be shown during the day. British TV must not show such scenes between 5.30am and 9pm. This is called "watershed". The Broadcasting Code requires that "Nudity before the watershed must be justified by the context."
Children showering together.
Sometimes the nudity of children in front of other children has been an issue. In Europe, it is common that all students take a shower together after sports classes. Usually showering is segregated by sex.
In the United States and some of English-speaking Canada, students at tax funded schools have historically been required to shower with classmates of the same sex after physical education classes. In the United States, public objections and the threat of lawsuits have resulted in a number of school districts in recent years changing policy to make showers optional. A court case in the State of Colorado noted that students have a reduced expectation of personal privacy in regards to "communal undress" while showering after physical education classes.. According to an interview with a middle school principal, most objections to school showers that he had heard were actually from the student's parents rather than from the student.
Nudity as a punishment.
Most people feel uneasy or ashamed when they are nude (outside a social context where this is acceptable). This fact has been used both as a means of torture and as a punishment. That way, during witch-hunts, the alleged witches were stripped to discover what was called the witches' mark. It was believed that the devil left this mark as part of the pact the witch had with him. When the mark was found, this was then used as evidence in the trials.
Nakedness can also be part of a punishment or a public humiliation. Torture manuals sometimes make a difference, as men and women react differently when they are disrobed.
The United States and its allies invaded Iraq in 2003. After they had done this, members of the United States Army Reserve abused prisoners. Photographs were circulated that showed that prisoners had to pose naked, were sometimes bound by ropes, and intimidated that way.

Kingdom
A kingdom is a country with a king or queen. The type of government is a Monarchy.kingdom can also be part of the [seven levels of classification]

Protestantism
A Protestant is one kind of Christian who does not follow Roman Catholic beliefs. The Protestants split from the Roman Catholic Church in the 1500s. The word "Protestant" comes from "protest" because they were protesting against the Pope.
It was Martin Luther, a doctor of theology and a monk, who said that the church should return to its roots, and give more weight to what is written in the Bible. This returning to the roots was the basic idea of Humanism. Luther thought that the Church had gone too far away from the original teachings. He published 95 theses on the way the Catholic Church was then. Some say, he stuck them onto the door of the church of Wittenberg, but others say this is not true. The 95 theses were published in 1516 or 1517. With the theses, he started the Protestant Reformation.

Algiers
Algiers is the capital city of Algeria in northern Africa. It is on the northern coast of the country. The population of the city is 1,519,570.

Arles
Arles is a city in the south of France. It was started in the 6th century BC by the Greeks. Now about 50,000 people live there. In the 1880s, the famous painters, Vincent van Gogh and Paul Gauguin lived there. Vincent van Gogh painted his famous Sunflowers in Arles.

Certificate
A certificate is a type of an award that can be given to people. The certificate can be given to people for finishing training, good working skills, or to thank someone who has done good things. Other items, such as patches, badges, lapel pins, watches, and medals can also come with the certificate.

Daily Mail
The Daily Mail is a large well-known newspaper printed in Britain. It is published, from a factory in London, every weekday and Saturday in London, England. It is not printed on Sundays. Its sister paper, the Mail on Sunday, is printed instead.
It is the second most sold newspaper in Britain and sells more than a million copies a day. Its political opinion is right-wing and supports the Conservative Party in elections. The newspaper is available in many countries outside Britain, such as Egypt and the USA. There is a different Scottish edition of the newspaper which is sold in Scotland only and differs mainly in the Sport pages. There is also an Irish version of the newspaper, but the main international version is the English one. It is the principal publication of the Daily Mail and General Trust, but the company also prints the Evening Standard, London Lite and Metro newspapers in the UK.

Rhineland-Palatinate
Rhineland-Palatinate () is one of 16 states () of Germany. It has an area of and 3.88 million people living in it. The capital is Mainz.
History.
Rhineland-Palatinate was created on 30 August 1946. It was formed from the northern part of the French Occupation Zone, (the Rhenish Palatinate or which had been a part of Bavaria) as well as the southern parts of the Prussian Rhine Province, Birkenfeld which formerly belonged to Oldenburg), parts of the Prussian Province of Nassau (see Hesse-Nassau), and parts of Hesse-Darmstadt as well as Rheinhessen on the western banks of the Rhine).
The people of the new state voted to accept the boundary changes in a referendum on 18 May 1947.
Geography.
Rhineland-Palatinate borders on (from the north and clockwise) North Rhine-Westphalia (other German state), Hesse (other German state), Baden-Württemberg (other German state), France, Saarland (other German state), Luxembourg, and Belgium.
The main axis of the state is the Rhine river, that forms the border with Baden-Württemberg and Hesse in the southeast before running across the northern part of Rhineland-Palatinate.
The Rhine Valley is bounded by mountains with some of the historically most significant places of Germany.
In the northwest there are the southern parts of the Eifel mountains. Further south there is the Hunsrück mountain, which is continued by the Taunus mountains on the opposite side of the Rhine.
The hilly lands in the south of the state are called the Palatine Forest ("Pfälzerwald").
These mountains are separated from each other by the tributaries of the Rhine: the Moselle ("Mosel"), the Lahn and the Nahe.
Government.
Rhineland-Palatinate is a parliamentary democracy. Every five years, all Germans over the age of 18 elect the members of the Rhineland-Palatinate Parliament. This regional parliament or legislature then elects the premier and confirms the cabinet members. Rhineland-Palatinate is the only German Bundesland to have a cabinet minister for winegrowing.
See here for a List of Rhineland-Palatinate Cabinet Members(in the German Wikipedia).
Castles.
This is only a choice of the castles in Rhineland-Palatine
Universities.
There are 7 universities and 13 "Fachhochschulen".
Administration.
Rhineland-Palatinate is divided into 24 districts, grouped into the three administrative regions: Koblenz, Trier and Rheinhessen-Pfalz.

Rhine River
The Rhine River (German "Rhein", French "Rhin", Dutch "Rijn") has a length of 1,320 km, 883 km can be used by ships. It is one of the longest rivers in Europe. Its name comes from the Celtic word "renos". Renos means raging flow. The Rhine is an important waterway. Many goods are transported over the Rhine. The Rhine River valley is also an important wine producing region.The rhine river runs through Switerland, Germany and the Netherlands. It also runs through Zurich, Bonn, Clugue and Essen.
Along its banks are several notorious castles in which several men, known as robber barons lived.
Together with the Danube it formed most of the northern frontier of the Roman Empire.

Robber baron
The robber baron was first used in the 12th and 13th centuries to describe wealthy men who lived in large castles along major transportation rivers, like the Rhine in Europe. They would send ships out onto these rivers to stop anybody who was traveling through who didn't know better and collect a tax from them on any money or goods on these ships.
They were not allowed to collect these taxes. It was only the Holy Roman Emperor who could decide what taxes to be charged, how much and who could charge it.

Winery
Wineries are large plantations built along the fertile banks of major rivers like the Rhine.
Location.
The rivers provided plenty of water for the grapes in the winery, allowed easy transportation of goods, carried off wastes and trash, and kept a heavy mist over the river and the fields, which was cool and kept the sun out.
The sun was bad for the grapes, so it was good to keep it out.
Purpose.
Once the grapes ripened and were picked, they were placed in a large vat, where workers would jump in and crush them with their feet. The juice would flow down to a conical opening covered by a filter, which kept out the grapes. The juice flowed along a pipe to a barrel, cask, or firkin, and was allowed to ferment, or age, thus allowing wine to be made.

Sugar
Sugar (spoken as "shugar") is something that is part of food or can be added to food. It gives a sweet taste, and it can look like a white or brown powder. You can get sugar from some plants, such as fruits. The sugar we add to food usually comes from a plant called sugarcane.
Scientists say that sugar is a name for a type of chemical. Regular sugar (the onecommonly added to food) is called sucrose. Fructose is the sugar that is in fruits. As chemicals, both sucrose and fructose are made by two smaller sugars joined together. Glucose is the most common of these smaller sugars. When we eat regular sugar, our body breaks it apart into the smaller sugars.
Sugar can have many different kinds of effects on people, including hyperactivity, where people feel excited or jittery.
Scientists call sugars carbohydrates. This is because sugars are made from carbon and water. Hydro- or hydrate- is a way to say contains water. Carbohydrates can be "simple carbohydrates" or "complex carbohydrates". Simple carbohydrates are made of only one or a few of the smallest sugars. Complex carbohydrates are made of "many" of the smallest sugars.
Starch is a chemical found in foods such as bread, crackers, and potatoes. It is a "complex carbohydrate" that is made from many, many glucoses. Starch is the way "non"-scientists say complex carbohydrates. When we eat starch, our body breaks it apart into smaller sugars. This starts in the mouth. When you hold a food with starch in your mouth for a few minutes, it starts to taste sweet. This is because the starch is broken into smaller sugars that taste sweet.

Canterbury
Canterbury is a city in Kent, England. It lies about 60 miles from London. It was made famous by a story by Geoffrey Chaucer called "The Canterbury Tales". It is also famous for its own Canterbury Cathedral.
There are two railway stations in the city: Canterbury East and Canterbury West. The A2 road passes near the city: it goes to London to the west and Dover to the south-east. Canterbury was also famous for Thomas Becket being assassinated there.

Huddersfield
Huddersfield is a town in northern England. It is famous for its textile industry, Choral Society and as the birthplace of Rugby League.
In the 20th Century it reared two British prime ministers: Herbert Asquith (who was actually born in Morley) and Harold Wilson. It is also known for its football team, who became the first team to win the football league first division title three years in a row.
In Huddersfield there are 22 districts, Almondbury,Aspley,Molgreen,Bradley,Clayton West,Scisset,Crosland Moor,Deighton,Brackenhall,Dalton,Rawthorpe,Denby Dale,Edgeerton,Farnley Tyas,Fartown,Holme,Holmbridge,Holmfirth,Honley,Hepworth,Jackson Bridge and Lowerhouses

Anti-tank dog
Anti-tank dogs were dogs with explosives placed on their backs. While morally wrong, These dogs were trained to run under enemy tanks. The explosives were then remotely detonated in order to destroy the target tank.
These dogs were trained by the Soviet Union during World War II to be used against German armored vehicles. They were trained on Russian tanks, which used diesel fuel. In battle, the dogs often ran toward the smell of diesel fuel from the Soviet tanks instead of the intended German targets.
The German Army soon learned of the use of dogs as anti-tank weapons, so all Russian dogs were shot on sight by the Germans, who feared that the dogs might be carrying explosives. Very few dogs remained in the Eastern Front as a result of this.
After the war better weapons against tanks were made. Therefore, it is unlikely that anti-tank dogs will ever be used again.

January 2
January 2 is the second day of the year in the current calendar system we use. When there is not a leap year, there are 363 days after January 2. When there is a leap year, there are 364 days after January 2.

Eyeglasses
Eyeglasses are pieces of glass or clear plastic, called lenses, in a frame that holds them in front of someone's eyes.
"Corrective" lenses let some people see or read better, if they have problems seeing.
Sunglasses are a kind of eyeglasses that keep too much sunlight from getting in people's eyes.

Goa
Goa (गोवा) is a state in the Republic of India. It is India's smallest state in terms of area. It is the second smallest in terms of population. The total area is 1,430 sq mi (3,702 km²), it is bigger than Samoa but smaller than the Georgian territory of South Ossetia. It is located on the west coast of India, in the region known as the Konkan. The state of Maharashtra is it's neighbour to the north, and Karnataka to the east and south. The Arabian Sea makes up the state's west coast. Panjim is the state's capital, and Margao its largest town.
Portuguese merchants first landed in Goa in the 16th century but soon after, colonised it. It was a part of the Portuguese empire for about 450 years. In 1961 India took control of Goa by sending it's army and defeating Portuguse army.

Second language
Second language is a word given to a language that a person learns in addition to their first language. A second language may be learned in a formal or informal way, e.g. at school or in a family. It is possible that a person speaks two or more second languages.

Ido
Ido is a planned language, a so-called reformed Esperanto, which was developed in 1907. Ido was made by a group of people that thought Esperanto was too hard to be a world language. They did not like how Esperanto used letters with special marks over them, because that made it hard to type, and they thought that a world language should be easy to learn, and to write.
Ido is not as popular as Esperanto, but still about 1000 people in the world speak it, and they have a conference every year where people come together and speak the language.
Grammar (how to use the language).
Each word in Ido comes from a smaller word called a "root word". A root word has a root and an ending. The speaker can take the root and put it on another word to make a new one. For example, "urbo" means "city" and "-estro" means "leader". The root of "urbo" is "urb-", and if -estro is put on the end, it becomes "urbestro", which means mayor (leader of a city). Or the speaker can put something on before; chef- means chief or leader, and if the speaker puts that before the word it becomes "chefurbo", which means capital city.
Pronouns.
Pronouns are the words in a language like I, you, he, she, it, we, they, and so on. Ido was made from Esperanto, and all of Esperanto's pronouns end in -i. The people that made Ido thought that they sounded too much the same and that it might be too difficult to hear sometimes. Also, most languages have two ways of saying "you" so they decided to have two ways of saying you. Lastly, they decided to make a pronoun that can mean "he" or "she". Some languages like the Finnish language and the Estonian language have something like this.
Here is a chart of all the pronouns in English, Ido, and Esperanto.
Ido and Esperanto.
Ido is a language that came from Esperanto, so they look very similar. Since Esperanto has more speakers than Ido, most people that know Ido first learned Esperanto and then later learned that Ido is a language, too. Sometimes Idists (people who speak Ido) and Esperantists (people who speak Esperanto) do not agree with each other. Luckily they both agree that making a language that everybody can learn is a good idea. Most Idists and Esperantists can understand most of each other's language.
Samples.
Here are samples of the language Ido to show what the language looks like. On the right is a page from a magazine in Ido called "Adavane!" (forward), written by an Ido group in Spain every two months. This is a page from a diary by a girl named Anne Frank, a Jewish girl from the Netherlands that was killed in 1944 by the German government of Adolf Hitler.
Below is a small part of the book "The Little Prince" called "La Princeto" in Ido.
Mea vido-cirklo (horizonto).
This was a song by a bard from Russia named Alexandr Sukhanov; he used words from the poetry of another Russian person named Yunna Mortis. This is the Ido version, sung with guitar.
Conventions.
People who know Ido come together for a few days every year to meet each other and speak the language. Most Ido speakers live in Europe and so the conventions (a meeting of people) have taken place in Europe.
Toulouse, France will have a from the 23rd to the 27th of September, 2005.
2004: Kyiv, Ukraine - 17 people from 9 countries ()
2003: Grossbothen, Germany - People from 6 countries ()
2002: Kraków, Poland - 14 people from 6 countries ()
2001: Nuremberg, Germany - 14 people from 5 countries ()
1998: Białobrzegi, Poland - 15 people from 6 countries
1997: Bakkum (mun. Castricum), Netherlands - 19 participants from 7 countries
1991: Ostend, Belgium - 21 people
1980: Namur, Belgium - 35 people
1960: Zürich, Switzerland - ca. 50 people

Javier Solana
Dr. Javier Solana Madariaga (born July 1942) is the former Secretary General of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) and the current European Union foreign policy chief. Born in Madrid, Spain he became a physicist, studying in both the United Kingdom and the United States before returning to Spain with Nicolás Cabrera, and becoming a Profesor of solid state physics in the Complutense University.
Having already joined the banned PSOE left-wing party in 1964, he became one of its leaders when it became legal in 1977. He became a Cabinet Minister, serving first as Minister for Culture and party spokesman, then Minister for Education, then Minister for Foreign Affairs, before being made NATO boss in December 1995, just as the Dayton agreement saw the IFOR NATO peacekeeping mission enter the former Yugoslavia. He was also involved in the Kosovo bombings, and the negotiations that led to an eventual peace.

Paragraph
A paragraph is a group of words put together to form a group that is usually longer than a sentence. Paragraphs are often made up of many sentences, typically between three long sentences or 10 shorter ones. Sometimes however, you might get a paragraph with only one or two long sentences. Paragraphs can begin with an indentation (about five spaces), or by missing a line out, and then starting again. This makes it easier to tell where one paragraph ends and another begins.
A paragraph should have the main idea and the first sentence of the paragraph as the key sentence. It gives an idea to the readers about the paragraph. The following sentences will form the "body" of the paragraph and they may give some additional points to explain the key sentence. The last sentence is the conclusive sentence. People start a new paragraph when they begin to either talk or write about a different topic or idea.
A pilcrow mark (¶) is sometimes used to show where a paragraph begins.

Lansing, Michigan
Lansing is the capital city of the U.S. state of Michigan. It is about 1 to 2 hours west of Detroit.It lies in the center of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan.
The landscape is flat and there is a lot of agriculture.

Parody
A parody is a special piece of art.
Parodies make fun of another piece of art by mocking it. The parody is an imitation of the original, but exaggerating it, showing clichés which have been used, to make the original look ridiculous.
For example, in a serious Western movie, the good guys always seem to shoot better and faster than the bad guys. In a Western parody, this might be exaggerated by showing a good guy firing a single shot, and a dozen of the bad guys falling from their horses as a result.
The website Uncyclopedia is also a parody of Wikipedia.
Parodies can be anything from songs to poems to books to movies.

Fact
A fact is something that is true or real, or something that can be shown to be true or real.
A fact is something correct.
Facts and Opinions.
A fact is not the same as an opinion. An opinion is perceived and assumed to be true, but without proof or evidence. The Scientific Method is a means by which an opinion may be tested. However, not all opinions are testable and therefore may not be known to be true and remain merely an opinion until such time as a means to verify their truth is devised.

Victim
Victim is a term used for the person a crime is committed against. If someone is robbed, they are the victim. If someone is killed, that person is the victim. The person who did the crime is the culprit.

Culprit
A culprit is a person who commits a crime. If someone robs a person, the robber is the culprit, while the person who was robbed is the victim.

Shot put
Shot Put is an athletics sport where people try to "put" a heavy weighted ball as far as they can. They are not allowed to throw it, but instead they push the ball out into the air. They "put" the ball by holding it at the their neck and pushing it through the air. The weight of the ball can vary from 6 to 16 pounds (2.76 to 7.26Kg), depending on level age and gender of the participants. The object of the sport is to throw it as far as possible.
Throwing technique.
There are two types of putting styles; Glide, Spin (rotation). The glide was invented in the US in the year 1876. The spin, was also invented in the US. It was invented by Parry O'Brian, and made famous by Brian Oldfield.
Rules.
1. The athlete must only use one hand and it must not drop below the shoulder or it could cause damage.
2.The athlete can be disqualified for leaving the circle before the shot hits the ground, or leaving the sector lines.
3.The athlete must not put a foot past the toe board, or it is a disqualification.
4.The athlete must not take longer than 90.00 seconds to take a shot.
History.
Shot Put was originally used in the olympics to see who was the strongest Athlete. Each athlete threw from a wooden square, and could only stand to throw. The Shot Put was a large stone ball. That is now a metal not softer than brass.
Warm Up.
2.Hold shot in front of body with both hands.
3.Bend knees and throw shot up and out, away from body, using an underhand toss.
2.Hold shot with both hands with fingers behind shot.
3.Push shot out like a basketball chest pass.

Magic
Magic can mean many things. It can mean something that has no logical or scientific explanation (also called a miracle), or witchcraft (which people used to believe causes such things). Nowadays it usually refers to a trick performed by what is called "sleight of hand" meaning something not seen or noticed by the audience. Many stories have people who use real magic (not trick magic) in them. These people are called wizards.
A person who performs magic tricks is called a magician.

Hitchhiking
Hitchhiking is a way that people can travel from one place to another. Usually, a hitchhiker (a person who hitchhikes) will stand at the side of a road and hold his or her thumb in the air. This is a sign that he or she wants a car to stop and pick him/her up. The distance traveled by hitchhiking can be anywhere from walking distance to across a continent. Hitchhiking is against the law in many areas (especially around a prison). It is not a good way to travel, as it can be very dangerous.

Owl
An owl is a bird. There are about 200 kinds of owls. They are found on all continents except Antarctica. Owls are nocturnal, which means that they are active at night and sleep during the day. Owls are carnivores, which means that they eat meat.
Owls are found in the mythology of many countries, and are often written about in stories. In stories, owls are often thought of as wise. This is because their eyes both face forward which gives then a human expression.
Owls in Nature.
Owls hunt for their food, so they are called predators. The animals that are hunted are called prey. Owls' prey may be birds, large insects (such as crickets), small reptiles (such as lizards) or small mammals (such as mice, rats, and rabbits).
Every living thing has adaptations that help it succeed in its environment. Owls have many adaptations that make them good nocturnal predators. Their eyes, ears and feathers have adaptations for hunting in the dark.
Owls have very sharp eyes, especially in low light. Light enters any eye through the pupil, the round black spot in the middle of the eye. Owls can open their pupils wide to let in all the available light. Owls have both eyes on the front of the head. An owl can see something in front of it with both eyes at once. If an animal can see something with both eyes at once, it can tell how far away the thing is. An owl can turn its head in any direction, even straight back. That means the owl can turn its head and look anywhere with both eyes.
Owls have very sharp ears. The feathers around the owl’s eyes point the sound to the bird’s ears. One ear is higher than the other. That difference helps the owl find its prey. An owl can hear a small animal moving in leaves or grass. Some owls can hunt by sound in total darkness. Their feathers have adaptations that make owls able to fly without a sound.
On their feet owls have sharp claws called talons for catching their prey. They have sharp beaks to help them tear their food to pieces. But usually, they swallow prey whole. The owl's stomach cannot absorb bones, teeth, fur, or feathers. The stomach makes these things into a ball called a pellet. Then the pellet comes back out through the owl's mouth. People who study owls take apart owl pellets to see what the owl has eaten.
Each kind of owl has its own sound. Birders and ornithologists (bird scientists) can tell each kind of owl by its call. Owls use their calls to communicate with other owls. Some owls also scream to scare their prey. When the scared animal moves, the owl sees or hears it. Then the owl silently swoops down on its prey.

Copyright infringement
Copyright infringement (or copyright violation) is the use of material which is covered by copyright law, in a way that violates one of the original copyright owner's exclusive rights, such as the right to reproduce or perform the copyrighted work, or to make derivative works that build upon it. The slang term "bootleg" (from the use of boots to smuggle items) is often used to describe illegally copied material.
For media such as movies and music, unauthorized copying and distribution is occasionally called piracy or theft. Some people do not think the word "piracy" should be used to describe copyright infringement. They say that it unfairly equates copyright infringement with a more sinister or "evil" activity, which still exists. However, some courts say that under law, either word may be used.

International Women's Day
International Women's Day is celebrated every year on March 8. Many Communist countries like China, Cuba celebrate this day as a holiday for women. Usually women are given 1/2 day off work. This day is left as a holiday in former Soviet Republics for traditional reasons. Small gifts such as flowers are given to women by children, colleagues and family. Often, schools will have a celebration where students will honor their teachers.
International Women's Day has been observed since in the early 1900's, a time of great expansion and turbulence in the industrialized world that saw booming population growth and the rise of radical ideologies.
IWD is now an official holiday in Armenia, Russia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bulgaria, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Macedonia, Moldova, Mongolia, Tajikistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan and Vietnam. The tradition sees men honouring their mothers, wives, girlfriends, colleagues, etc with flowers and small gifts. In some countries IWD has the equivalent status of Mother's Day where children give small presents to their mothers and grandmothers.

May Day
May 1 is known in many countries as May Day or International Labor Day. For several countries, such as China, Cuba, France, Russia, Austria, Germany, Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Slovenia, Norway, Sweden and Argentina this day is a holiday.

Beirut
Beirut is the capital of Lebanon. It is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities of the world. It is situated on a hilly promontory on the eastern Mediterranean surrounded to the east by the snow-capped mountains of Lebanon. It is the cultural center of the Arab World and a major international financial, banking and media center.

Nancy Ajram
Nancy Ajram or Nancy Agram (Arabic: نانسي عجرم; born May 16, 1983) is a popular Arab singer from Lebanon. Her musical videos, directed by Nadine Labaki, also Lebanese, revolutionized the Arab music industry.
She had quite a normal childhood with her small family that consisted of her parents, her sister and brother and herself. But when Nancy Ajram was 12, she participated in a television program called "Nojoum Al Mostakbal" (which means "Stars of the Future") and actually won first prize. Soon after, Ajram began studying music under the supervision of some of the finest teachers in her country. When she turned 18, she joined the Syndicate of Professional Artists in Lebanon - after they made an exception because of her age.
Her first album; "Mehtagalak", was released in 1998 and marked her first official step in the world of show business. But, it took the young singer another 3 years to launch her second album Shil Eyounak Aney in 2001. Then her true hit came with her third album Ya Salam in 2003. The singer stressed the success of the album by shooting four of its songs; Akhasmak Ah, Ya Salam, Yay - Sehr Eyounoh and Nasseto Gar7o in the form of video clips. The clips were a tremendous hit and gained popularity in such a short time and gave the singer incredible fame in the Arab world.
Her most popular album is Ah we Nos which was released in 2004. Nancy shot again four video clips for this Album. Ah w Noss, Lawn Oyounak, Oul Tani Eih and Enta Eih.
As for other activities besides singing, the Lebanese diva has agreed to be the spokesperson for the international soft drink company Coca Cola. After signing the contract with Nancy Ajram, Coca-Cola sold much more drinks in the Arab world.

Fairuz
Fairuz (born Nouhad Haddad (Arabic: نهاد حداد‎) November 21, 1935) is a Lebanese singer. She is a living legend who has been performing for over 50 years all over the world.

Sword
A sword is a hand-held weapon made of metal. It has a long blade, and a handle called a hilt. Often there is some form of hand protection, such as a cross-guard or a basket. It can be used either for cutting, slashing or stabbing, depending on the type of sword.
There are many kinds of swords. One kind of sword is a "sabre" (or "saber"). A sabre is a curved, light, sword, sharpened on one side and at the tip, and was generally used on horseback. A "broadsword" is a long sword that is sharp on both sides and at the tip. Another type of sword is a "foil", used in the sport of fencing, and is long, and thin, with a button at the tip to protect the fencers from injury. Larger swords, such as great swords or claymores are used with two hands.
Swords were first created from bronze by blacksmiths in Ancient Egypt around 2500 BC. Soon other cultures adopted them, and they began to spread quite quickly. Before guns were invented, swords were much more common as a weapon. After the invention of the gun, swords remained as "sidearms", as secondary weapons used in man-to-man fight once the battle lines had contacted after shooting. Since after American Civil War, swords have not been used as much by armies, except as a ceremonial part of uniforms. Some guns, however, have bayonets to perform the same function.
Today, swordplay, known as fencing, is an Olympic games sport. Likewise, the Japanese sport kendo is swordplay in armour with two-handed bamboo swords.

Moses
Moses was a leader in the Bible and is also important to the jewish religion. He was born in Egypt at a time the Egyptians were ill-treating the Israelites, whom they treated as slaves. He later led the Israelites out of Egypt to the land promised to them by God.
Early Life.
Moses was born of the Levi tribe. Although his mother had him, she is scared because the Pharaoh wanted to kill every male Israelite son in Egypt. So she floated him down a river. A princess of the Pharaoh saw him and decided to bring him up. Moses' mother was asked to be the baby's wet nurse.
When Moses grew up, he found a Egyptian beating an Israelite. He killed the Egyptian, and hid the body, but still people got to know about this. Moses had to run to the land of Midian. A priest called Jethro there gave him a place to stay and gave his daughter to him as a wife too. Moses had a son called Gershom.
The Burning Bush.
One day Moses was tending his father-in-law's sheep and came to Mount Horeb. God's angel made a bush burn with fire, but it did not burn up. When he came nearer, God spoke to him. God commanded him to be a leader for the Israelites and bring them out of Egypt. At first Moses did not want to do it and said that he was not good with words, but God commanded him and gave Aaron, his brother, to speak for him.
Moses return to Egypt and told the elders what happened. He brought his family along with him back to Egypt.
Moses and the Pharaoh.
Moses then went to the Pharaoh and asked him to let the Israelites go. However God made Pharaoh's heart very hard. Moses performed many great signs with his staff, but Pharaoh did not let them go. Finally he sent ten plagues on the Egyptians. The last plague is the killing of all first-born, both human and animals. However the Israelites' firstborns were spared.
Finally the Pharaoh decide to let the Israelites go. The Israelites go in great numbers. But later God made the Pharaoh changed his mind and he came down with an army to attack them. God made Moses part the Red Sea with his staff. The Israelites were safe but the Pharaoh's army was destroyed.
Journey in the Wilderness.
Moses led the Israelites through the wilderness, and God gave them manna and quails to eat, and water from rocks to drink. He also caused the Amalekites to lose in a battle. When Moses came to Mount Sinai, he went up to receive the Ten Commandments and other laws from God. The Ten Commandments were written by God on two tablets. God also told him the instructions of the priests' duties. Moses was up the mountain for forty days and forty nights.
When the people waited for Moses and did not find him, they made Aaron, his brother, make a calf out of gold and worshiped it. God warned Moses about it, and when Moses came down and saw what they did, he was so angry that the tablets fell and they smashed into pieces. The people of Levi tribes are commanded to kill people who worshiped the calf.
Later on Moses asked God to forgive the people. God wrote for Moses two more tablets, and put them in the Ark. Moses also asked craftsmen to make the Tabernacle as God wanted.
Later Life.
While the Israelites were wandering around the wilderness, Moses was the one whom God spoke to. However, the people kept complaining about the hardships. God instructed Moses to send twelve spies to scout the land God is giving to them; however some of them became afraid because the people living there looked stronger and more powerful than they. They told the others not to go there. Only Joshua son of Nun and Caleb son of Jephunneh reported the truth as God wanted. God decided because of this that the Israelites would wander forty years in the wilderness, and every one except Joshua and Caleb from that generation would die without seeing the promised land.
God gave many laws to the Israelites through Moses. Moses made Joshua take over him before he died.
Moses died before he reached Canaan, the land God was leading his people to. He was 120 years old when he died.
Today Jews around the world follow the laws of the Ten Commandments and the Torah that God gave to them through Moses. He is also believed to be a prophet by Muslims.
The Historical Moses.
The Bible, the Torah, and the Quran have references to a person called "Moses" in them. The name they give to the person, varies. Other people also have written about Moses. These include Tacitus and Strabo. It is not know how much these descriptions have taken from earlier sources, that may now have been lost.
No other written records from countries such as Egypt or Assyria have been found, that are from before about 850 BCE and that tell about the stories of the Bible or its main characters. There is no known physical evidence (such as pottery shards or stone tablets) to say that Moses' really existed. Pharaohs have ordered the destruction of records that put them into a bad light. Several cartouches from monuments have also been destroyed in different epochs of Ancient Egyptian history.
It looks like the story written about Moses in the Bible has two different sources. There were two groups of people who told the story. The two stories were passed on separately. Only later were they combined into the version that can now be found in the Bible. Passing on the stories from one generation to the next has perhaps also introduced inaccuracies. Some people added things to the story when they told it. They also omitted other things.

Canaan
Canaan was an ancient country, and the land promised to Abraham and his children by God in the Bible. It covers most of the area that is now Palestine and Lebanon.

Prophet
Prophets are people who are talked to by the divine. They freely teach about what they heard and saw. In biblical times, God sent prophets to warn the Jews something bad will happen if they did not stop. Prophets usually live saintly lives. Prophets usually teach people how to act. There are prophets in Islam, Christianity, Mormonism, and in other religions. There are 2 kinds of prophets, Major and minor. Major prophets gave a lot of teachings while minor just re-teach things other prophets taught or they do not have many teachings.

Cotopaxi
Mount Cotopaxi is a volcano in Ecuador. The mountain's altitude (height) is 5911m. That is high enough for snow to fall on it, even though it is near the equator (a very warm part of the world). If the volcano erupted, it would be very bad for the people living around it because of the destruction and damage it could cause.

Israelite
Israelite is a term used to refer to people from the land of Israel, when talking about ancient and Biblical times. It usually refers to a member of one of the Twelve Tribes of Israel. Nowadays, a person from the modern State of Israel is called an Israeli.
Israelites lived in the kingdom of Israel, near where the country of Israel is now. Israel split off from a kingdom called Judah, whose members were called Jews, but were still Israelites. Israel was conquered by the Babylonians in 721 BC. Judah was conquered by the Babylonians in 587 BCE, which started the Diaspora, or spreading out, of the Jews.

January 14
It is celebrated as New Year's Day by those still following the Julian calendar.

January 16
January 16 is the 16th day of the year in the calendar system we currently use. In a non-leap year, there are 349 days after January 16. In a leap year, there are 350 days after January 16.

Bali
Bali is an island in Indonesia. It is known as an island of a thousand temples. There are about 3,100,000 people in Bali. Bali's most important city is Denpasar. Hinduism is Bali's largest religion. More than 90% of its people are Hindus. Textiles and garments are 45% of their exports. The currency in Bali is the Indonesian rupiah (IDR). Bali's food mainly consists of rice and mostly spicy foods. Tourists often enjoy a local specialty called babi guling (roast pig). Bali has many fruits, such as pineapples, mangos, passionfruits, bananas, coconuts, rambutans, selaks, durians, mangosteens and different kinds of oranges and grapefruits. Bali is also known for its folk music which is played on a group of instruments called a gamelan. The literacy rate for Bali is 45.55%.
Tourism.
Bali is a popular place for tourists. They have lots of historic temples. Bali is known for its great views and its beautiful beaches and volcanoes. Bali has cool days between April and October and hot days from November to March.
Bali had a major terrorist bombing on October 12, 2002 killing more than 200 people. The attacks were at a local nightclub in the tourist town of Kuta.
Sights.
Bali is famous for its many lovely rice fields (sawah) and Hindu ceremonies. While half of the tourists never get further than Kuta, the towns of Padang Bai and Amed are quite popular.
Geography.
Bali is a volcanic island. The two main volcanos are Mount Agung and Mount Batur. Mount Agung is sacred to the Balinese people.
Drug criminals.
A number of tourists are in prison in Bali. Australians Schapelle Corby and a group known as the Bali Nine are serving long terms in Kerobokan Prison and several of the Nine have been sentenced to Death.

Flag of the People's Republic of China
The Flag of China has one big star and four small stars on a red background. The big star stands for the communist government, and the four small stars stand for the workers, peasants, middle-class citizens and soldiers. The red background stands for the blood lost while the history of China was made.

The Prince
"The Prince" is a book written by Niccolò Machiavelli, who lived in the city of Florence in the country of Italy. The book was published in 1532.
The book talks about politics and government. During his life, Machiavelli saw many changes in the government of Florence. He thought a lot about what a king or prince should do to make a strong government. In the book, he said the ruler had to get a lot of power.
One of the things he said that made people worried, was that ethics and politics are different. A person might have to do things that are "wrong" to get power, but with power he could then do "good" things. This thought made people upset.
But other things he said sounded very wise. So people read the book and talk about it, to see what things are true and false.

Round
"For 'round' in a musical sense see "Round (music)"
Round is a word to describe something. If it's round it has a shape that is either a circle or resembles a circle. For example: Balls are round, and so is the Earth. Another word to describe a round object is a "sphere". The earth is spherical.
It can also mean the stage of a competition, for example "Round 2" of a competition is the second stage.

512
Centuries: 5th century - 6th century - 7th century
Decades: 460s 470s 480s 490s 500s - 510s - 520s 530s 540s 550s 560s
Years: 507 508 509 510 511 - 512 - 513 514 515 516 517

United Russia
United Russia (Russian: "Единая Россия") is a Russian political party, which usually labels itself centrist. It backs the president Vladimir Putin and can be seen as his vehicle in the Duma.

Tiger
The tiger ("Panthera tigris") is a large mammal. It belongs to a family of animals called the Felidae. It originally lived in Asia.
What they look like.
Tigers are very large and strong, and the biggest feline. They have orange fur with black stripes, and a white underside. The black stripes usually extend to the white underside.
Sometimes there are tigers with different colors. There are "White Tigers" that have white fur with black stripes, or that even have pure white fur. They have blue or green eyes. White Tigers are most commonly Bengal tigers.
Tigers vary in size depending on their subspecies. Siberian tigers are the largest. They can grow to be long and weigh as much as 500kg (1100lbs).
Where they live.
Tigers live in Asia, mainly from India to China and in Southeast Asia. Tigers usually live in the forest and rainforests. They also like to live under bushes and where there is plenty of food for them to hunt and places for them to hide.
Subspecies.
The tiger has 6 living subspecies, and 3 extinct (†) subspecies.
Tigers and humans.
Tigers are becoming very rare, because people hunt them for their skin and destroy the forests they live in. The Bengal tiger has the biggest population with 3,500 animals and the South-Chinese tiger has the smallest population with only 20 - 30 animals left.
Diet.
Tigers eat many different types of prey. All tigers are carnivours, or meat eaters. They eat gazelle, monkeys, and other animals located in Asia.
Some tigers may eat up to 50 pounds of meat a day. Tigers kill their prey by clampping down on the preys throat and sufficating it.

Leopard
A leopard ("Panthera pardus") is a big feline of the genus "Panthera". It lives in Africa and Asia.
Appearance.
Leopards generally have yellow fur with dark rosettes and spots, and a lighter colored underside. But there can be a lot of differences in the different leopard subspecies. There are also often leopards who are completely black, those are also called black panthers.
Habitat.
Originally the leopard lived in all of Africa (but not in the Sahara) and southern Asia. But today many leopard subspecies, especially in Asia, are endangered, disappearing or dying.
The leopard lives in the largest range of all big cats, and because of this it has a lot of different subspecies. Leopards also live in a lot of different environments: rainforests, forests, mountains and savannas.
Life.
The leopard is mostly active at night. It can climb very well, and it stays up in trees a lot of its time. It mostly eats middle-big mammals, but also birds, reptiles and insects. Leopards hunt at different times of the day, and they also use different methods for hunting. Most often leopards will secretly move towards their prey and attack it when they are close, or hide and wait for it to come close. After the hunt, leopards often take their prey up on a tree, or sometimes hide it, so that other animals cannot take it away.
Leopards usually live alone and try not to meet another leopard. They only come together to mate. Young leopards leave their mothers after 13 - 18 months.
Subspecies.
There are nine subspecies of leopards recognized today, one in Africa & eight in Asia.

Jaguar
Jaguar ("Panthera onca") is a large feline that lives in South and Central America.
Appearance.
Jaguars have yellow or yellow-orange fur with brown and black rosettes and spots. They are big and heavy and also very strong.
Sometimes there are jaguars who are completely black. But often if you look closely you can still see the spots. They are called "black panther" or just "panther".
They cannot climb very well, but they are good swimmers, and they do it often.
Habitat.
Jaguars live in South and Central America. They mostly live in rainforests, but also in savanna, swamp and desert areas.
Life.
Jaguars are not specialized with their food, but eat almost anything they get: big and small mammals, birds, reptiles, fish and livestock. When hunting, they usually try to secretly get very close to the prey, and then the jaguar suddenly jumps at it and throws it down. The jaguar bites the skull of its prey to kill it. It then takes the prey to a safe place and eats it.
After a pregnancy of about a hundred days the female gives birth to usually 1 - 4 babies. The young leave their family after 1-2 years, and they become mature at about 3 years. Jaguars can become up to 10-12 years old in freedom, but in captivity (e.g. in zoos) they can become up to 20-22 years old.

Cheetah
A cheetah ("Acinonyx jubatus") is a large feline that lives in Africa. It is the fastest land animal and can run at up to 110 kilometres per hour for a short time.
Appearance.
Cheetahs have short yellow fur with small black spots. They are thin and slender, and their heads are small and round. On their face, they have a black line that goes from each eye to their mouth. They are weaker than other big cats and animals that live in the same area.
There are also cheetahs with a different fur, called a King Cheetah. These cheetahs have bigger spots and also stripes on their fur, because of a mutation.
Habitat.
Most cheetahs live in Africa, but very few can be found in South Asia. They live in the savannas.
Life.
Cheetahs are active during the day, and hunts in the early morning or late evening. They hunt and eat mostly gazelles and other animals that are not very heavy or strong. They also eat small mammals and birds if they are very hungry.
When the cheetah hunts, it slowly and secretly moves toward its prey. When it is close to the prey (about 10-30 meters), it runs after it very fast. The cheetah makes the prey trip, so that it falls down. The cheetah then bites the throat of the prey, so that it dies because it cannot breathe. The cheetah then eats as fast as it can, because it cannot defend itself against lions or hyenas who would take the cheetah's prey away.
After a pregnancy of about 95 days the female gives birth to usually 1 - 3 babies. Young cheetahs become mature at about 3 years. Cheetahs can live to be 15 years old.

Quartz
Quartz is a very common type of mineral. You may hear other names, when it has colors or looks different. Agate, Amethyst, Rose quartz are some names for quartz.
Many times, sand has a lot of small quartz bits.

Pink Floyd
Pink Floyd was an English rock band. They performed for more than 30 years, and have sold more than 300 million (300,000,000) albums. Their name comes from two of Syd Barrett's favorite blues artists, "Pink Anderson" and "Floyd Council".
Syd Barrett started the group. He played guitar and sang during that time, but left soon after because of mental illness that was made worse by heavy drug use. The other people in the band were Roger Waters (bass guitar and vocals), David Gilmour (lead guitar and vocals), Richard Wright (keyboard and vocals), and Nick Mason (drums). David Gilmour went into the band in 1968. From 1985 on, Waters has not been in the band. Some fans say that Pink Floyd without Waters is not Pink Floyd.
Pink Floyd is a famous band. They played a kind of rock music called "progressive rock". It was a style they created after the psychedelic start of the band under Barrett's leadership. Pink Floyd, apart from Gilmour, was started in an architectural college. At the time of "Dark Side Of The Moon", a very famous album that stayed on music charts for a very long time, they were famous as studio musicians who loved to experiment with music. Being rather rich already, the members never changed their style just to sell more records. They could be called "anti-stars".
The album "The Wall" had devoted fans, and was put into a rock opera movie, directed by Alan Parker, in 1982. That album is important to the history of the group, telling of the distance they put between them and their public, as well as being the last album they all worked on before splitting up.
They used a lot of things to make their concerts interesting to watch. They had a round movie screen on the stage. They would show videos on the screen when they played. They also used lighting and lasers in a much fancier way than many bands do. They also have big balloon puppets. The most famous is in the shape of a pig, which first appeared on the cover for their album, "Animals". The pig has become something that reminds people of Pink Floyd. Another picture that reminds people of Pink Floyd is a prism with light shining through it. This was the album cover of "Dark Side of the Moon", one of their most popular albums.
The last album of new songs that Pink Floyd released is called "The Division Bell". It was made in 1994. Pink Floyd broke up in 1995. All the members of Pink Floyd, including Barrett, made some solo records. Barret died in 2006 & Richard Wright died in 2008.

Pope John Paul I
Pope John Paul I was born on October 17, 1912 in Canale d'Agordo, Italy. His name before he was Pope was Albino Luciani. He was elected Pope in 1978, but he died 33 days after he was elected. His time as Pope is one of the shortest in history.
When he was elected as Pope, he chose the name John Paul I to honor the two Popes who served before he did. John Paul I was the first pope to have two names as a Pope.
Election.
Many people expected the election of a new Pope to take a long time. This is because there were several large groups in the College of Cardinals who wanted to elect different people to be the Pope. Luciani was elected because he was someone that all the groups agreed would make a good Pope. Luciani did not expect to be elected Pope. In one famous picture of him taken when he was elected, his hair is messy. He did not have his hair cut before the election because he did not think he had a chance of becoming the Pope.
When Popes were elected, they took part in a ceremony called the Papal Coronation in which they received a tiara, like Kings and Queens do when they start ruling a country. John Paul I did not want to do this. He had an Inauguration instead. All of the Popes that came after John Paul I have had an Inauguration too.
Time as pope.
He was known to be very friendly. He was called "The Smiling Pope" because he smiled a lot when seen in public. He was very popular with the Catholics of the world. He spoke in a way that was easy for many people to understand.
Death.
John Paul I died on September 28, 1978, 33 days after his election, branding him the title "the Pope who ruled for 33 days". His death surprised the world. No one expected the Pope to die so soon after being elected.

Ted Cassidy
Ted Cassidy (July 31, 1932 - January 16, 1979) was an actor, he was probably most famous for his roles as Lurch and Thing on "The Addams Family".

Aileen Wuornos
Aileen Wuornos (February 29, 1956 – October 9, 2002) was a serial killer, she confessed to killing 6 men and was put to death for it. The movie, "Monster" is about her life.

January 26
January 26 is the 26th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. There are 339 days left in the year (340 in leap years).

February 15
February 15 is the 46th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 319 more days in the year (320 in leap years).

February 25
February 25 is the 56th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 309 days remaining, 310 in leap years.

February 26
February 26 is the 57th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar.There are 308 days remaining in the year or 309 in leap years.

February 27
February 27 is the 58th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 307 days remaining, 308 in leap years.

February 28
February 28 is the 59th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. There are 306 days remaining, 307 in leap years.

Crater
This article is about a large hole in the ground. For other things that "Crater" means, go to Crater (disambiguation)
A crater is a large hole in the ground. They are usually shaped like a circle or an oval. They are usually made by something like a meteor hitting the surface of a planet. Underground activity such as volcanoes or explosions can also cause them.

March 1
March 1 is the 60th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (61st in leap years). There are 305 days left in the year.

March 2
March 2 is the 61st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (62nd in leap years). There are 304 days remaining.

March 9
March 9 is the 68th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (69th in leap years). There are 297 days remaining.

March 10
March 10 is the 69th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (70th in leap years). There are 296 days remaining.

March 30
March 30 is the 89th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (90th in leap years). There are 276 days remaining.

March 27
March 27 is the 86th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (87th in leap years). There are 279 days remaining.

March 25
March 25 is the 84th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (85th in leap years). There are 281 days remaining.

March 23
March 23 is the 82nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (83rd in leap years). There are 283 days remaining.

March 19
March 19 is the 78th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (79th in leap years). There are 287 days remaining. March 19 is usually the last day of the winter season in the Northern Hemisphere, and the last day of the summer season in the Southern Hemisphere.

March 15
March 15 is the 74th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (75th in leap years). There are 291 days remaining until the end of the year.
In the Roman calendar March 15 was known as the Ides of March.

March 14
March 14 is the 73rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (74th in leap years) with 292 days remaining in the year.

March 13
March 13 is the 72nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (73rd in leap years). There are 293 days remaining.

March 12
March 12 is the 71st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (72nd in leap years). There are 294 days remaining.

March 11
March 11 is the 70th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (71st in leap years). There are 295 days remaining.

April 3
April 3 is the 93rd day of the year (94th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 272 days remaining until the end of the year.

April 25
is the 115th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (116th in leap years). There are 250 days until the end of the year.

May 17
Deaths.
2000 - Donald Coggan, 101st Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1909)

Transgender
Transgender is a term used to describe people who may act, feel, think, or look different from the gender that they were born with. The word transgender is used to include many groups of people who share one important "trait" (a way of feeling or behaving) but may not be the same in other ways. The common trait for transgender people is that they call themselves "transgender" and feel that their given gender is not quite right. Sometimes the word "transgender" is also used by people who prefer it to the word "transsexual".
The picture in the introduction shows, as an example, a person at a transgender rally in Paris. This person has chosen to dress as a female, but she shows by the sign on her hand that she has XY chromosomes. This means she was born with male gender.
Definitions.
Because the word "transgender" is used to cover a wide variety of people, it is called an "umbrella" word. Many different types of people think of themselves as "transgender". Many different types of people are called "transgender". Different English speakers define words in different ways. For these reasons, the term "trans people" is often used.
These definitions are important to help understand that what people look like outside (sex) is not always the same as how they feel inside (gender.) Some people do not fit well into the "gender binary" idea. People who are transgender usually want to be called by the pronoun (ze, he or she among others) that matches their gender identity, so this article will do that.
History.
People like those who, in modern Western societies, are now identified as transgender or transsexual, have existed in many cultures and for thousands of years. However, only in the last century, has science and medicine been able to meet some of the needs for bodily change of trans people who want to change their body.
People who have traits that are different from the gender they are born with, have been accepted in some societies, both historically and now. For example, some Native American tribes accepted "two-spirit" people. Similarly a Tongan person born with a male body who acts and dresses in a female way is known in the local dialect as a "fakaleiti".
The "hijra" in India are born physically male, but they socialize and act as if they are women in many ways. In the past they used to castrate themselves and even remove the penis in order to urinate through a small hole. Now, with the arrival of western medicine, many hijari choose to take hormone therapies and sometimes have surgery to change their physical gender. Many of these people still call themselves "hijari", but some now call themselves "transsexuals" or "transgender women". All of these people were and are accepted in their society and many have special roles in their society.
In Western Society, there have often been people who have chosen to act and dress in a way that was not gender specific, or was not that of the gender they were born with. Cross dressing actors were very popular in the theatre of the late 19th century.
An example of a transgender person is the 19th century military surgeon who was known as James Barry. It is now believed that Barry was born female but disguised her gender all her adult life. Barry's work, which saved, and helped thousands of lives by improving treatment of wounds to stop amputations, would not have been possible, as a woman, because as a female she could neither attend medical school or enter the army.
A 20th century example of a transgender person is Jan Morris, a geographer, explorer and journalist, who began life as James Morris. As "James", Morris married and had children, but felt female and eventually became Jan Morris.
T and LGBT.
Transgender people are not always accepted in every society. They can suffer discrimination, violence, and even murder. Transgender people have fought for and have gained many rights and protections in some societies. In many places the fight for transgender rights is associated with the fight for homosexual and bisexual rights. Together these groups are sometimes called by the acronym "LGBT" for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender.
Unfortunately, like all political relationships, this is not always peaceful. Some transgender people do not want to be part of the gay, lesbian, and bisexual community. They may see themselves as 'straight' (heterosexual) and not feel like they belong with homosexual people. Some gay, lesbian, and bisexual people do not want to be part of the transgender community. They may see transgender people as strange or bad and worry that the rest of society will see homosexuals in that same way if transgender people are included in LGBT. However, homosexual and transgender people often have some of the same problems in society. So many gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender people try to work together to solve all of their problems.
Medical care.
Transgender people who wish to take medicine and have surgery to change their bodies face several problems. In order to change their bodies, they must have doctors who are willing to help them and make the changes. They sometimes cannot do this because doctors will not help them. They may also not be able to do this because even if a doctor would treat them, they may not be able to afford the medicine or surgery.
Disease versus difference.
Many transgender people do not like being labeled as having a disease. They do not feel being transgender is an illness or disease. They see it as a 'harmless trait' like being homosexual or left-handed.
However, many transgender people depend on this diagnosis. For some people, they can only get medical and surgical treatment paid for by their government if it is to 'treat a disease.' So if it is not a disease, they will not get the medicines and surgery they need. Also, some laws protect people from discrimination if they have a disease. If transgender people do not have a disease, they do not get this protection.
This argument still goes on in both the transgender community and in the medical community that treats them.
Legal problems.
Transgender people have problems with laws and regulations about sex. To be seen and treated as the sex they wish, transgender people usually have to change their first name. They also may want to change their identity documents to say the correct sex. For example, a transgender woman may wish to change her birth certificate or driving license to say her new female name and to say that she is a female.
These changes can protect transgender people from discrimination. For example, transgender woman who have been raped may not be allowed to go to a rape crisis center for care unless her identity papers say she is a female. These changes can also be necessary for transgender people to be allowed to marry their spouses in places where it is illegal for homosexual people to marry. These changes can even protect transgender people from violence. Some people may be revealed to be transgender because their identity papers do not match how they look. Being revealed as transgender can put people in danger in some places because of transphobia (fear and misunderstanding of transgender people.)
Unfortunately, in many places this is hard or impossible for transgender people to change their identity documents. This is changing, however. Recently the United Kingdom passed the. This act allows people to have their change of sex officially recognized. Once changed, they have all the rights, privileges, and responsibilities of their new gender.

August 27
August 27 is the 239th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (240th in leap years). There are 126 days left in the year.

Noon
Noon is the time exactly halfway through the day, written 12.00 or 12:00 in the 24-hour clock and 12:00 pm in the 12-hour clock. Midday also means noon, although this also means "around" noon, or very early afternoon.
Solar noon is when the sun appears the highest in the sky, compared to its positions during the rest of the day. It occurs when the Sun is exactly halfway between sunrise (dawn) and sunset. This is also the origin of the terms a.m. and p.m., "ante meridiem" and "post meridiem". At solar noon, the sun is due south seen from the Northern Hemisphere, and due north seen from the Southern Hemisphere. The sun is directly overhead at solar noon at the equator on the equinoxes; at Tropic of Cancer (latitude 23½°N) on the summer solstice in June; and at Tropic of Capricorn (23½°S) on the winter solstice in December.
Because of the use of time zones and daylight saving time, the highest point of the sun and a clock time of noon are usually different.
The opposite of noon is midnight.
Cultural meanings.
In traditional magical thinking, noon represents with heaven, order and life.

24-hour clock
The 24-hour clock is a method of telling the time in which the day runs from midnight to midnight and is divided into 24 hours, numbered from 0 to 24. This system is also referred to (only in the US and Canada) as military time or (only in the United Kingdom and now very rarely) as continental time. In some parts of the world, it is called railway time. Also, the international standard notation of time (ISO 8601) is based on this format.
A time in the 24-hour clock is written in the form hours:minutes (for example, 01:23), or hours:minutes:seconds (01:23:45). Numbers under 10 have a zero in front; e.g. 09:07. Under the 24-hour clock system, the day begins at midnight, 00:00, and the last minute of the day begins at 23:59 and ending at 24:00, which is identical to 00:00 of the following day. 12:00 can only be mid-day and midnight is 24:00 or 00:00 whichever you prefer. The army prefers not to use 24:00 - they do not like to have two names for the same thing so they always say "23:59", which is one minute before midnight.
To convert between the 12-hour clock and the 24-hour clock, use the table to the right.
24-hour clock time is used in computers, military, public safety, and transport. In many Asian, European and Latin American countries people use it to write the time. Many French, Italian and Romanian people use it in speaking.
Many models of digital wristwatches and clocks are available that display the time of day using the 24-hour clock.
In railway timetables 24:00 means the "end" of the day. For example, a train due to arrive at a station during the last minute of a day arrives at 24:00; but trains which depart during the first minute of the day go at 00:00.
To write shop opening hours until midnight use, for example, "00:00–24:00", "07:00–24:00".

Fifth Avenue
Fifth Avenue is a large street in New York City. Running from the south end of Manhattan to the north end, the street marks the line dividing Manhattan into two parts, called the east-side and the west-side.
There are many famous sights, such as the New York Public Library, St. Patrick’s Cathedral, Rockefeller Center and Central Park. On Fifth Avenue there are many expensive shops like Gucci.

Yarm
Yarm is a small town in North East England in the North Yorkshire. It is next to the River Tees and the River Leven. It has a railway station.

Ulster Volunteer Force
The Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) is a Loyalist paramilitary (civilians trained as soldiers) group formed in 1966. It takes its name from the UVF of World War I. The Ulster Volunteer Force was started as a Protestant/Unionist militia (citizen military force) in 1912 to oppose the Home Rule campaign for a separate Irish parliament. Many UVF members formed the 36th (Ulster) Division that fought with the British Army in World War I. The Progressive Unionist Party is the political wing of the outlawed Ulster Volunteer Force and Red Hand Commando. Although the PUP is called a loyalist fringe party, it has more moderate unionist views than any of the traditional unionist parties.

1898
The year of 1898 was a common year (a year that had 365 days), and began on a Saturday.

Spanish-American War
The Spanish-American War was a war fought between Spain and the United States of America in the year 1898. This war was fought in part because a lot of people wanted Cuba to become independent, and also because many Americans wanted their country to get a colonial empire. Spain lost the war and had to give up its colonies of Cuba, the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam. All of these colonies, except for Cuba, would become U.S. colonies at the end of the war.
Causes.
Following reports of Spanish abuse and killing of Cubans, the United States sent warships to Cuba. Spain was losing control of Cuba and had been putting Cubans into concentration camps. The United States sent ships to Cuba to try to force Spain to give up Cuba. The U.S. battleship "Maine" exploded in Cuban waters, killing about 260 people on board. U.S. newspapers blamed Spain for the explosion, though it probably was caused by an accident. Spain tried to avoid going to war, but pressure from U.S. newspapers, called "yellow journalism," and ordinary people, persuaded U.S. government to go to war. Some of these people just wanted Cuba to become independent, but others hoped that the United States could build a colonial empire overseas, like many European countries had done.
Fighting.
Volunteers throughout the country signed up to go to war. Future president, Theodore Roosevelt raised troops and became famous in leading the Rough Riders during the Battle of San Juan Hill.
A major attack occurred in the Philippines. An American fleet commanded by George Dewey destroyed the Spanish fleet.
Ground battles took place in Cuba and Puerto Rico.
The war was won by the United States and they soon began to occupy and take control of these colonies after Spain surrendered. Just 250 American soldiers died during fighting, but more than 5,000 Americans died from diseases such as yellow fever, typhoid, and malaria.
Peace.
The war ended in December 1898 with the Treaty of Paris. Spain agreed to grant Cuba its freedom and gave the United States Puerto Rico and Guam. For $20 million, Spain also gave the U.S. the Philippines. Spain, which used to have a huge empire, now had only a few small colonies left in Africa. Meanwhile the United States gained land outside of North America for the first time, and started to be thought of as a world power.

Infection
Some diseases are caused by infection. Infection is when another organism gets into a person's body and causes harm. There are many kinds of infectious agents: viruses, bacteria, parasites, and fungus. These four kinds of infectious agents cause most infectious disease. There are other kinds though. For example mad cow disease ("Bovine spongiform encephalopathy") is caused by prions. Prions are a form of virus that are basically abnormal clumps of proteins. We are not even sure that prions are alive. But they act just like other infectious diseases.
Diseases caused by many infectious agents.
Some infections are caused by different infectious agents at different times. For example, some diarrhea is caused by bacteria. Some is caused by viruses.
This is a very short list. There are many more diseases from infection and other causes: common diseases.
Getting infectious disease.
Some diseases can be passed from one person to another easily. Other infectious diseases are harder to get. If a person kiss or touches another person who is infected with the flu, a cold, measles, or a sore throat, he or she may get their disease. They may also give the person their disease if they cough on them. Other diseases like AIDS, herpes, and hepatitis B, are only passed by closer contact. Having sex with an infected person, blood transfusions, or touching their blood or urine can sometimes pass these diseases.
Treating infectious disease.
Bacteria are usually treated with antibiotic medicines like Tetracycline and Penicillin. Viruses will not be killed by antibiotics. They must be treated with special medicines called antivirals. Medicines to treat HIV/AIDS like zidovudine are antivirals. Antifungals like miconazole and fluconazole treat infections from fungus. Anti-parasitic medicines like Praziquantel and mebendazole.
Some infectious diseases have no treatments that work well. For example, there is no medicine that works well to cure West Nile Virus and Rabies. So it is important to avoid getting these diseases.
Some infectious disease goes away on its own. These mild diseases do not need to be treated. For example colds are caused by viruses and they do not need medicines.
Some diseases can be prevented by immunizations. Immunizations try to make a person have an immune reaction to an infectious agent. This is usually done before the person gets the disease. Examples of diseases prevented by immunizations are: polio, tetanus, and pertussis. In some cases, if all of the disease can be removed from society, we can get rid of the disease completely. An example of this is smallpox. This virus used to kill people, cause blindness, and bad scars. Now there has not been a person who had smallpox in over thirty years.

Minesweeper
Minesweeper is a strategy game that comes with most Microsoft computer operating systems. It is available for many other operating systems and desktop environments as well. The object of the game is to clear a minefield of mines. By clicking on bricks, the player learns if the brick contains a bomb. If they do not see a bomb, the game continues. When the player clicks on a brick, a number may appear. The number shows how many bombs are next to this square. This helps the player find out where the bombs are.
The game is won when every brick that does not contain a bomb has been clicked.

Fishing
Fishing is getting fish either for fun or for the sake of having fish to eat. There are many different types of fishing, the goal of fishing for money is to catch or harvest seafood (either fish or other sea life). Fishing is done in any body of water,by boat or from the shore.
Fishing for money.
"Main article Fishing for money"
Fishing for money is a very dangerous job, because people can die, but much money can be made in the process. Fishing gives a lot of food to many countries around the world, but those who take it as a job must often find fish far into the ocean under bad conditions. People who go fishing for money get almost all aquatic life, from tuna, cod, and salmon to shrimp, lobster, clams, and squid. Ways to fish for money have become very simple using large nets and machines to catch fish. Many countries have made rules limiting how much fish people can catch.
Raising fish in the forms of aquaculture and Mari culture add to the free-range catch of fish.
Fishing for fun.
Fishing for fun is normally done with a fishing rod and line with any number of things to get the fish. This is something called "angling". There may be rules that say how many lines and hooks one fisherman can use and how many fish he can catch. Popular kinds of fish people get for fun in fresh water include Black Bass (Black Bass includes the entire range of Bass fish), Pike, Muskellunge, Perch, Carp, Trout, Salmon, and Sunfish. Fish people get in saltwater include Swordfish, Marlin, Tuna, and others.
Rules generally do not allow the use of nets and catching fish with hooks not in the mouth. However some kinds of fish can be taken with nets for bait and a few for food. Non-sport fish that aren't said to be worth as much can sometimes be taken by many ways like snagging, bow and arrow, or even gun, because they are seen as competing with more valuable fish.
Recreational fishing laws also include other life that lives in water, such as frogs and turtles.
Sport fishing is a recent popular way of recreational fishing where fishermen try to get more fish than other fishermen. This sport came from local fishing contests into a large contest in the U.S.A. where skilled fishermen can compete and be helped out by companies giving money, and other large contests around the world.
Catch and release.
Catch-and-release fishing is increasingly practiced especially by fly fishermen, as well as spin and bait casting fishermen, to increase conservation and to protect rare fish such as marlin. The practice is however disputed as it by some is considered unethical to perform painful actions to the fish for fun and not for the reason of food production. Because of this, catch-and-release practice is illegal in Norway.
Collection of live fish.
Fish can also be collected in ways that do not injure them (such as in a seine net), for observation and study or for keeping in Aquarium. There is a substantial industry devoted to the collection, transport, export and farming of wild and domesticated live fish, usually freshwater or marine tropical fish.

Confederate States of America
"Sometimes called the CSA, for other uses see CSA"
The Confederate States of America was a short-lived country that existed in southeastern North America during the American Civil War. It was established in 1861 when the southern states of South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas left the United States of America to make their own government. Later Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina joined them.
Their government was much like the United States of America's government, and it had a similar constitution. The United States government (also known as the Union) didn't agree that the states could leave and start a new government, and so the two countries went to war. This war is known as the American Civil War, and it lasted from 1861 to 1865.
When the Civil War ended in 1865, the United States regained control of the southern states, and the Confederate States of America fell apart. Even today, many people argue about if the Confederate States of America was really a country. The Union never agreed that the Confederacy was really a country, and because the Confederacy had slavery, none of the countries in Europe ever agreed that the Confederacy was a country either, except for the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (part of what is now Germany). Because the name "Civil War" means a war being fought by the people in one country, people sometimes call the American Civil War "the War Between the States".
The CSA was also called "the South", and the states that were once part of it continue to sometimes be called "the South."

A Tale of Two Cities
"A Tale of Two Cities" is a famous book written by Charles Dickens that was published (printed) in 1859. It is set during the time of the French Revolution, and the story happens in France and England.

Fiji
Fiji is a small country in Pacific Ocean. It has 322 islands. The most important islands are Vanua Levu and Viti Levu. The capital city of Fiji is Suva. There are about 844 330 people in Fiji.Government
The official languages of Fiji are Fijian, English and Hindustani (a mix of Hindi,Urdu) and Fijian.

Fijian language
The Fijian language is a Austronesian language. It is one of the official languages of Fiji. It has about 350 000 speakers.

Legend
Legends are usually very old stories with little or no evidence to prove them. Legends are often passed on by word-of-mouth. They are very similar to myths.
Legends can also be famous or historically significant people, places, art, etc..
Examples of legends include: King Arthur, the Fountain of Youth, or Loch Ness.
We sometimes say of someone who is extremely famous that they are a "legend" or "of legendary fame".

Fountain of Youth
The Fountain of Youth is a legendary spring. A Spanish explorer, Juan Ponce de Leon was said to have searched for it while in present-day Florida. The Fountain of Youth is said to grant eternal youth to those who drink from it. But no one has ever found it yet.

Ho Chi Minh City
Ho Chi Minh City (Vietnamese: Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh) is a city in the south part of Vietnam. It is the biggest city of Vietnam. The city was conquered by the French in 1859, and took the name of "Sàigòn". Saigon was the capital of French Indochina and became an important city during the colonial period. From the independence, in 1954 to 1975, Saigon was the capital of the Republic of Vietnam. At the end of the Vietnam War, Saigon was taken by the North Vietnamese army on 30 April 1975 and named after Hồ Chí Minh the next day. About 6.2 million people live in the city.

Apricot
Apricot is a drupe fruit. It is closely related to the plum.
See also.
It ıs yellow or sometımer orangeö when ıt starts grownıng ıts green

Contraction
A contraction is a word used instead of two words to shorten them. For example, the contraction "can't" means "can not". An apostrophe takes the place of the letter that was in the words. For example, an apostrophe goes in place of the o in "not" when "do not" is shortened to "don't".

Tonga
Tonga is a country in Pacific Ocean. It has 169 islands. Only 36 islands have inhabitants. Most important island is Tongatapu. George Tupou V is the king of Tonga and the Prime Minister is Dr. Feleti Sevele. The capital of Tonga is Nuku'alofa.
The official languages of Tonga are Tongan and English. Tonga has 102 321 inhabitants (2000). Its a very hot country.
Tonga became independent in 1970.

Filippo Azzaiolo
Filippo Azzaiolo (1530 - 1569) was an Italian composer. He lived in 16th century. Azzaiolo worked in Bologna.
All his known songs are composed between 1557 and 1569. Azzaiolo's most famous song is "Chi passa".

November 17
Events.
1987 - Aundgjroo Juhauns future ruler of man born

December 17
Births.
1945) - Jacqueline wilson, English writer

February 29
February 29, or bissextile day, is the 60th day of a leap year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 306 days remaining. Only leap years have February 29. This date only occurs every four years, in years that can be exactly divided by 4, such as 1988, 1996, or 2008, except century years that can not be divided by 400 without leaving a remainder, such as 1900.
Births.
A person who was born on February 29 may be called a "leapling". In non-leap years they usually celebrate their birthday on February 28 or March 1.
Different countries have different laws about people who are born on February 29. In Taiwan, the law says that the birthday of a leapling is February 28 in years that are not leap years.
The well-known superhero Superman is often said to have his birthday on February 29.

Torah
Torah (תורה) is a Hebrew word that means "instructions". When most people say the word Torah they are either referring to the whole Jewish Bible, the Tanakh, the first 5 books of the bible or all of the Jewish teaching in general.
These five books are the beginning of both Jewish and Christian holy writings.
Other names for this set of books are the "Five Books of Moses," or "Pentateuch" (a Greek word).
Some people may use the word Torah as a name for all the main Jewish teachings.
Each of the books in the Torah are separated into parts called "Parshiyot"." "Parsha" is a Hebrew word meaning "portion." Every Shabbat one "parsha" is read in the synagogue, but sometimes two are read. This is so that all the "parshiyot" are finished every year, on the Jewish holiday of Simchat Torah.

2010s
The 2010s are a decade (set of ten years) that are in the future. The 2010s will last from January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2019. People think this decade will be referred to as "the teens", "the twenty-teens", "the tens", or "the twenty-tens".

Rainforest
A rainforest (or "rain forest") is a tropical forest that gets a lot of rain. It usually has a lot of plants and animals. A very well known rainforest is the Amazon Rainforest. Most of it is in Brazil, though Ecuador, Colombia, Chile and other countries have parts of it.
Scientists say over half of all plant and animal species live in the rainforest. Also more than 1/4 of all medicines come from here. Covering only 2% of the Earth's land area they still provide 40% of the oxygen.
The rainforest can be found in three major geographical areas around the world.
The rainforest gets an average of 50 to 250 inches of rain a year. It is warm year round rarely getting above 93 F or getting below 68 F. It has an average humidity of 77 to 88%
The rainforest has carpet of green rot leaves on the floor. This is called the humus layer.

Welsh language
The Welsh language is the ancient Celtic language of Wales. The language the first language of more than than 20% of the people of Wales (approximately 500,000 people). Many people in Wales understand it, even if they do not speak it all the time. Almost all Welsh people understand and can use English. Children learn it in most schools in Wales. In Welsh it is known as "Cymraeg".
Mutations.
Welsh has mutations. Mutations are when a sound (in speech) or a letter (in writing) changes at the start of a word. An example is the Welsh word gwneud, in English it means "do". Sometimes the word changes from gwneud to wneud. These sound (in speech) or letter (in writing) changes also occur within and at the end of words although the simplified classification found in ordinary books does not mention this.
How to say things in Welsh.
Here are some things to say in Welsh. How to say it in brackets ()
Media.
Welsh books and newspapers have been printed for hundreds of years. Some of these books have been translated into English, and some books in other languages have been translated into Welsh. Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone was translated into a Welsh version called "Harri Potter a Maen yr Athronydd", which means the same thing as the English title.
BBC Radio Cymru is a Welsh-language radio station that is available throughout Wales. Some local radio stations have some Welsh and English programs during the day.
A Welsh television channel, [S4C], has been on air since 1982. It broadcasts shows like the soap opera Pobl y Cwm, and children's programs like Superted and Sam Tân (known as Fireman Sam in English).
The Welsh Alphabet.
A"1", B, C, CH"2", D, DD"2", E"1", F"2", FF"2", G, NG"2", H, I"1", L, LL"2", M, N, O"1", P, PH"2", R, RH"2", S, T, TH"2", U"1", W"1" "2", Y1.
"1" These letters are vowels. The letter W can be used either as a vowel (when it is said 'oo' like in the Welsh word 'cwm' (coom) meaning 'valley') or as a consonant (when it is said like it is in English, for example in the Welsh word 'gwyn' (gwin) meaning 'white'). This is the same with letter I which can also be used as a consonant (when it is said like an English Y like in 'iogwrt' (yog-oort) meaning yoghurt.
"2" Letters that aren't in the English alphabet, or have different sounds. CH sounds like the 'KH' in Ayatollah KHoumeini. DD is said like the TH in 'THere'. F is said like the English 'V'. FF is said like the English 'F'. NG sounds like it would in English but it is tricky because it comes at the beginnings of words (for example 'fy ngardd' - my garden). One trick is to blend it in with the word before it. LL sounds like a cat hissing. PH sounds like the English 'F' too, but it is only used in mutations. RH sounds like an 'R' said very quickly before a 'H'. TH sounds like the 'TH' in 'THin'. W has been explained in the sentences before about vowels.

König von Deutschland
"König von Deutschland", in English "King of Germany", is a song by Rio Reiser. It was written in 1975 while Rio was a member of Ton Steine Scherben. The song was only recorded 1986 on the album "Rio I.", however it was heard at Ton Steine Scheiben concerts since at least 1976. Rio Reiser himself is sometimes nicknamed 'King of Germany' because of this song.
The song was later published again with a modified song text. "König von Deutschland (Best of)" is also the name of his best-of album of 1994.
A number of cover versions of the song exist, among them songs from Bela B. (Die Ärzte), and Wizo.
Song text.
Today the song text is part of the traditional culture of Germany. It does not matter whether the song text is modified - in fact one can find an intention for modification so that the song text does better match with a current political situation. (Ton Steine Scherben was punk band with radical political songs - after its dissolution (i.e. break-up) Rio made a number of sarcastic (i.e. biting-funny) pop songs that made fun of the situation).

Hesse
Hesse () is a state of Germany. It was formed in 1945 as Greater Hesse, and became Hesse in 1946
The capital is Wiesbaden. The main rivers in the northern part of Hesse are Werra, Fulda and Lahn. It is a hilly countryside, the main mountainchains being the Rhön, the Westerwald, the Odenwald, the Taunus and the Spessart. Most inhabitants live in the southernmost part of Hesse between the rivers Main and Rhine.
Hesse is divided into 21 districts. There are also five cities, which belong to no district.
Districts.
The cities and counties of Hesse are grouped into three "Regierungsbezirk." Car registration is handled by the districts. The two or three letters of the car registration plate are in "italics"

Schleswig-Holstein
Schleswig-Holstein is the northernmost of the 16 states in Germany. The Danish name is Slesvig-Holsten, the Low Saxon name is Sleswig-Holsteen and the Frisian name is Sleeswyk-Holstein.
Schleswig-Holstein borders on Denmark in the North, the North Sea in the West, the Baltic Sea and Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania in the East, and Lower Saxony and Hamburg in the South. Kiel is the capital of this Bundesland.
The countryside is lowlands with virtually no mountains. The highest elevation in the state is the Bungsberg at only metres. There are many lakes, especially in the eastern part of Holstein called the Holsteinische Schweiz ("Switzerland of Holstein").

Lower Saxony
Lower Saxony () is a German Bundesland (state).
Places.
The capital is Hannover (Hanover).
Other important towns are Göttingen, Hildesheim and Goslar.

Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania
Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania () is one of the 16 States of Germany. The capital is Schwerin.
Cities.
All have a population of less than 200,000. Schwerin, the state capital, is the smallest state capital in Germany. Usually Schwerin would not be called a city. In Germany a city has over 100000 people.
Districts.
Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania was going to change the borders of all of its urban districts (towns) and rural districts (kreise or "counties". The state supreme court stopped the changes.

Thailand
Thailand, or Kingdom of Thailand is a country in Southeast Asia. Its edges touch Laos, Cambodia, Malaysia, and Myanmar. The country's name was Siam until June 24 1939. It was again called Siam between 1945 and May 11 1949, when it changed back to Thailand. The word "Thai" (ไทย) comes from the ethnic group in the centre of Thailand. The capital city is Bangkok. Thailand is the only country in Southeast Asia that was not ruled by Western countries due to its westernised system of government at that time.
Thailand is a constitutional monarchy. It has a King as a head of state. The present king is Bhumibol Adulyadej. He has been the head of state for longer than other heads of state (kings) today.
Most of the people of Thailand (95%) follow the religion called Buddhism. However, a small number, mostly in the southern part of the country, follow the religion Islam. Other religions in Thailand are Christianity, Hinduism, and Sikhism. Now, some of the Muslims in the south have begun fighting the government of Thailand, because they want to be more independent (free of the control of another country).
History.
Many people believe that the first Thai state was the Buddhist kingdom named Sukhothai founded in 1238. A century later, a bigger Thai kingdom named Ayuthaya appeared in the South of Sukhothai. Later Sukhothai became a part of Ayuthaya. Ayuthaya existed for more than 400 years before its fall by the attack of a Burmese kingdom. A Thai soldier of Chinese origin then founded a new capital city at Thonburi, and became King Taksin. Thonburi was the capital for a short period. The current era, Rattanakosin, started on the foundation of Bangkok as the capital city by King Rama I of Chakri Dynasty.
Before 1932, Thailand was a absolute monarchy, the King had full power in the country. On June 24, 1932, a group of people staged a coup and changed Thailand to a constitutional monarchy. It was not until 1973 that Thai people vote for a Prime Minister in an election. There were coups both before and after this year.
On September 19, 2006, the army staged another coup d'etat and took control from Thaksin Shinawatra's government.
South.
NOTE: In "italics" [1], that province represents the Greater Bangkok sub-region; in "italics" [2], that province represents the West sub-region.
"See also:" List of cities in Thailand.

Hoboken election of 2005
The election was on May 10, 2005. Roberts and Marsh got the most votes. Niether of them got 50% of the vote. Because this happened, a second election will happen (June 14, 2005).

Hoboken, New Jersey
Hoboken is an American city in the state of New Jersey. It is located by the Hudson River in Hudson County, across from Manhattan. In 2000, the city had a population of 38,577. The mayor of Hoboken is David Roberts.
Geography.
Hoboken is located at 40°44'41" North, 74°1'59" West (40.744851, -74.032941).
The United States Census Bureau said the city has a total area of 5.1 km² (2.0 mi²). 3.3 km² (1.3 mi²) of it is land and 1.8 km² (0.7 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 35.35% water.
Early history.
Hoboken was an island, by the Hudson River to the east. To the west was a swamp near the Palisades on the west. Hoboken was a campsite by the Lenni Lenape. Then Hoboken became bad and there was war and disease. Europeans came in the 17th century. The name Hoboken comes from the original Lenape name for "Hobocan Hackingh" or "land of the tobacco pipe."
The first European to find Hoboken was Henry Hudson. He stopped his ship near Weehawken Cove on October 2, 1609. Three Native Americans sold Hoboken to Michael Paauw, Director of the Dutch West India Company on July 12, 1630. The first European settlers of Hoboken were Dutch farmers. Hendrick Van Vorst of Jersey City leased the land to Aert Van Putten, who was Hoboken's first person. In 1643 Van Putten built a farm house and brew house north of Castle Point. The brew house was America's first.
The land was taken by William Bayard. Bayard, who liked the revolutionary cause, changed to a Loyalist Tory in 1776 after New York ended. At the end of the Revolutionary War, Bayard's land was taken by the Revolutionary Government of New Jersey.
The nineteenth century.
After the American war for independence, Hoboken was bought by Colonel John Stevens in 1784 for about $90,000. In the early 19th century, Stevens made the waterfront better for Manhattan people. He tested his inventions. Later in the century, Hoboken became better by being a shipping port and industrial center. Hoboken became a city in 1855, and Cornelius V. Clickener became the first Mayor. By the 19th century, shipping lines were using Hoboken as a port, and the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad (later the Erie Lackawanna Railroad) had became a railroad center at the waterfront.
In 1832, a cave called Sybil's Cave opened and was popular. At that time, Hoboken was not yet an industrial city, and Hoboken was a country spot. Sybil's Cave was used in one of Edgar Allan Poe's stories in 1841. The water in the cave was bad, so the cave closed in the 1880s, and in the 1930s it was filled with stone. David Roberts, the mayor of Hoboken, will re-open the cave for the first time in over 60 years.
Hoboken was new and the people grew. They got many jobs in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The Hoboken Land and Improvement Company, started by Colonel Stevens in 1838, created many streets, began housing, and created building sites. The housing was made up of masonry of three to five stories. Many buildings survive to the present day, and the street grid. It was also at this time that German immigrants became the main group in Hoboken. Along with the main industry of creating ships, well-known industries that created a big presence in Hoboken were Maxwell House, Lipton Tea, and Hostess, among others. In 1870, the Stevens Institute of Technology was created at Castle Point, the highest point in Hoboken.
"Heaven, Hell or Hoboken.".
World War I changed Hoboken. People against Germans started the city being placed under law, and many Germans had to move to Ellis Island in nearby New York Harbor. Or they left the city. During the war Hoboken became famous. In Hoboken terminal, American troops got onto ships that went to Europe. More than three million soldiers went through the terminal, and their word phrase was "Heaven, Hell or Hoboken... by Christmas."
Interwar years.
After the war, Italians were the city's major group, with the Irish having being a big group.
Post World War II.
In the 1960s, other people followed, including Puerto Ricans. Even though new residents came, Hoboken got very bad. In the middle of the 20th century, industries looked for greener areas, port jobs went to larger places in Newark Bay, and the car, truck and airplane relpaced the railroad and ship as the way of moving in the United States. Most of the ports closed around 1975.
In the 1970s and 1980s, Hoboken changed itself by letting in artists, musicians, and young and happy people were going into Manhattan for work. Making Hoboken better was done in the same way as in the Manhattan. Making Hoboken better has continued, with many new places to live now being built on what used to be industrial sites on the waterfront and even more so in the western parts of Hoboken that were wost for the longest time. Poolitical control of the city is mostly controlled by the city's long-term residents because the new people seem to have less interest than do the long-term residents. The City of Hoboken is controlled by the Faulkner Act (Mayor-Council).
In the Hoboken election of 2005, 5 people tried to be mayor: David Roberts, Carol Marsh, Frank "Pupie" Raia, Michael Russo, and Evelyn Smith. There are 15 people trying to be in the council with the people who want to be mayor, and 2 trying to be in the council alone.
Demographics.
"Notice: This section of reading material may be too difficult to read."
As of the census of 2000, there are 38,577 people, 19,418 households, and 6,835 families residing in the city. The population density is 11,636.5/km² (30,239.2/mi²). There are 19,915 housing units at an average density of 6,007.2/km² (15,610.7/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 80.82% White, 4.26% African American, 0.16% Native American, 4.31% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 7.63% from other races, and 2.78% from two or more races. 20.18% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There are 19,418 households out of which 11.4% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 23.8% are married couples living together, 9.0% have a female householder with no husband present, and 64.8% are non-families. 41.8% of all households are made up of individuals and 8.0% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 1.92 and the average family size is 2.73.
In the city the population is spread out with 10.5% under the age of 18, 15.3% from 18 to 24, 51.7% from 25 to 44, 13.5% from 45 to 64, and 9.0% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 30 years. For every 100 females there are 103.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 103.9 males.
The median income for a household in the city is $62,550, and the median income for a family is $67,500. Males have a median income of $54,870 versus $46,826 for females. The per capita income for the city is $43,195. 11.0% of the population and 10.0% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 23.6% of those under the age of 18 and 20.7% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.
"The rest of this article is under construction. Please note that while all of the information below is true, it may be too difficult to read."
Character.
In the 20th century Hoboken sank from its earlier incarnation as a lively port town into a severely rundown condition. It was often included in lists with other New Jersey towns and cities that had seen much better days, such as Paterson, Elizabeth, and Camden. Heaps of uncollected garbage and roving packs of semi-wild dogs were common sights. Then, in the late 1970s, it began a surprising rejuvenation that led to its becoming, by the mid-1990s, easily one of the state's most vibrant communities.
The city today is noted for its excellent views of Manhattan, fine-grained street grid, historic architecture, and lively collection of restaurants and bars. Its compactness and historic street layout mean that a car is more of a hindrance than a help in getting around, and the city retains a basic pedestrian orientation. On weekend nights the town swells with young partygoers from nearby New Jersey towns who practice a rowdier style of barhopping than is fashionable across the river in Manhattan. Hoboken pockets their liquor money and quiet Sundays see families and artsy types back in possession of streets and parks.
Hoboken's gentrification has become relatively advanced, though a large base of native residents remains in the city and holds political power. The population of "newcomers" or "yuppies", as they are typically called in the local press, consists of college and post-graduate students, bi-nationals, older artists and, increasingly, well-to-do commuters to Manhattan. The presence of these individuals gives Hoboken a unique energy and a growing reputation as a desirable place to live. However, the rising cost of living in the town, particularly in rental units, has already resulted in a significant exodus of the "bohemian" population that was responsible for turning the city's reputation around.
Waterfront.
The Hoboken waterfront is the western shore of the Hudson from Newark Street to Stevens Institute of Technology, sandwiched by the Holland Tunnel to the south and Lincoln Tunnel to the north, directly across from Lower Manhattan's Canal Street. The waterfront defined Hoboken as an archetypal port town and powered its economy from the mid-19th century to the outbreak of World War I, when the federal government seized most of it under eminent domain. Control of the waterfront was returned to the city in the early 1950s. "On the Waterfront", consistently listed among the five best American films ever, was filmed here, dramatically highlighting the rough and tumble lives of dockworkers and the infiltration of unions by organized crime. Today the waterfront is cherished for its scenic views of the Hudson and Manhattan, accessible to all by professionally landscaped parks built on the foundations of former piers (Pier A, Pier C, Sinatra Park and Pier 14).

1919
1919 is a normal year beginning with Wednesday.

Caffeine
Caffeine is a drug (or chemical) that is found in plants. In large amounts it can kill humans and other animals. Even small amounts can kill some animals, such as dogs.
Where caffeine is from.
Caffeine is the main drug that is in coffee. Coffee comes from a tree. The seeds of the tree are roasted to make coffee.
Caffeine comes from other plants as well. It is found in guarana, yerba maté, cacao, and some plants used to make tea. The plants use caffeine as a "pesticide". This is a chemical that kills insects if they eat the plant. It is the way the plant protects itself.
It is called guaranine when it comes from the guarana plant and theine when it comes from a tea plant. It is called mateine in the mate drink. This drink is an infusion made with Yerba mate.
What caffeine is.
Caffeine is a "stimulant" drug. A stimulant is a drug that increases body actions like heart rate, blood pressure, and metabolism. It makes a person feel more awake and alert.
Caffeine also is a diuretic. This means it makes a person make more urine (the waste liquid a person makes).
The caffeine chemical is called a "xanthine alkaloid". This is a group of chemicals that are stimulants. Some xanthine alkaloids (like theophylline) are used to help asthma.
What caffeine is used for.
The biggest use of caffeine is as a stimulant. People drink coffee and other drinks with caffeine to stay awake.
Doctors sometimes use caffeine as a medicine. It is used for headaches (head pain). It is sometimes used to help premature (born "very" early) babies to breathe. The short-term risk of this treatment seems to be that the babies treated gain less weight than usual.
Caffeine is sometimes given to people after a lumbar puncture. This is a test to see if someone has meningitis (an infection around the brain)."
In the beginning caffeine was found to relieve hunger, so it was used for weight loss. That did not last because people were using too much. Caffeine can be a very dangerous drug when not used in the right way.
Caffeine also has medicinal properties. It is used in many over the counter medicines, such as Excedrin, Midol and Anacin. When combined with other analgesics, caffeine can help to alleviate headaches and cramps.
How much caffeine is safe.
250-300 mg of caffeine a day is a "moderate" amount. This is as much caffeine that is in three cups of coffee (8oz each cup). More than 750-1000mg a day is dangerous, but people who drink more coffee every day can drink more without getting sick. The Lethal Dose 50 of caffeine is 192 mg per kilogram, in rats. In humans, it is between 150 and 200 mg per kilogram.
One ounce – abbreviated oz - is 30ml.
A 'cup' is 8 oz (240ml.)

Chicago, Illinois
Chicago is the largest city in Illinois, USA. It is the third largest city in the United States, although it used to be the second largest. Chicago is next to one of the five Great Lakes, Lake Michigan. In the 2000 census, almost 2,900,000 people lived there, with six million more people living nearby. Chicago is also about 90 miles south of Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
Chicago is sometimes called the "Windy City".
Richard M. Daley is the mayor. His father was also mayor of Chicago for many years.
Culture.
Chicago has a very well-known culture. Some of the many things Chicago is famous for are: Chicago-style hot dogs, Chicago-style (deep dish) pizza, Maxwell Street Polish Sausage, jazz music, and 1920s gangsters like Al Capone. Chicago is also known for interesting architecture like the Sears Tower, many museums, and many loyal sports fans.
For many years, the Sears Tower was the tallest building in the world. It is still the tallest building in the United States.
Sports.
Sports are a big part of the cultural life in Chicago. Chicago is home to 15 sports teams. All of the city's major sports teams play within the city limits.
Chicago is one of only three cities in the United States to have two Major League Baseball teams: the Chicago White Sox and the Chicago Cubs. The White Sox play at the U.S. Cellular Field and the Cubs play at Wrigley Field. The White Sox won the World Series in 2005.
Chicago's National Basketball Association (NBA) team is the Chicago Bulls. For many years, Michael Jordan played for the Bulls and he helped them win six Championships during the 1990s.
In American football, Chicago is the home of the Chicago Bears (National Football League) and the Chicago Rush (Arena Football League).
Chicago has two ice hockey teams, the Chicago Blackhawks (who play for the National Hockey League) and the Chicago Wolves (who play for the American Hockey League).
Chicago also has a Major League Soccer team, the Chicago Fire.
Travel.
Many people and things travel through Chicago to get to other places. Chicago has a complex network of trains and buses, which help people who live in Chicago travel across the city. Chicago's train system is called the Metra. It runs within the city and also into the suburbs that are around Chicago. The Chicago Transit Authority (CTA) is a system of buses and elevated trains (called the 'L') that run inside the city.
O'Hare International Airport, one of the busiest airports in the world, is a major center for air travel. Chicago has another airport called Midway Airport. Many trains use Chicago as a place to change loads and to change directions. There is also a canal between Lake Michigan and the Mississippi River.

Woodrow Wilson
Dr. Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856 – February 3, 1924) was born in Virginia in 1856 and grew up in Georgia. He later became the 28th president of the United States of America between 1913 and 1921. He died in 1924.
He grew up as a Presbyterian and his family sided with the Confederacy in 1851. When he was elected President, he fought hard for what he believed in. One of those things was the League of Nations, which was something he liked a lot. The world saw him as a peacemaker. He wanted World War I to be the biggest war ever fought. With this, he thought he could bring an end to war forever.

Brown
Brown is the color that is made when gray or black is mixed with orange, red, or rose (Brown is not a color of light, and mixing all the colors of light together gives white).

Yoda
Yoda is a character from the "Star Wars" universe. He is a Jedi Master who plays an important part in the films. Frank Oz voices Yoda. For the first three movies Yoda is in, Oz made a puppet and used that. In the last two movies, Episodes II and III, Yoda is done by CGI.
History.
Yoda has lived for over 900 years and not much of his history before ' is known. He is an alien, but his race and where he is from are never said. He speaks the same language as everyone else but uses the wrong grammar in sentences. For example, "Teach you, I will" instead of "I will teach you".
Yoda is the oldest and wisest member of the Jedi Council. Even though he is very small, he is very good with a lightsaber and hard to beat in combat.

Magenta
Magenta is a color in between pink and purple. Sometimes it is confused with pink or purple. In terms of the HSV color wheel, it is the color halfway between red and blue and is composed equally of red and blue (50% red and 50% blue). Another name for "magenta" is fuchsia, named after the fuchsia flower.
This color is one of the three colors of ink used by an inkjet printer, along with cyan and yellow.
Meaning of magenta.
Like the colors red, pink, and rose, one might use this color to express love because along with those other three colors, it is used to represent Valentine's Day.
Many women like to wear clothing in shades of magenta because it is an attractive and vibrant color.
Shades of fuchsia color comparison chart.
Although magenta and fuchisa are the same color, the chart below (the colors displayed on which are also shown in the magenta color chart above) shows those shades of magenta which are specifically named fuchsia.

The Monkees
The Monkees were a rock band. The band was created originally for a comedy television series of the same name which aired on NBC, from 1966 to 1968. The members of the group were Davy Jones, Michael Nesmith, Peter Tork, and Micky Dolenz. They had hits with "Last Train to Clarksville", "I'm a Believer", and "Daydream Believer". Tommy Boyce and Bobby Hart were songwriters and producers who worked with the Monkees. Another writer/producer for the Monkees was Chip Douglas. Many of the songs recorded by the Monkees came from the Brill Building writers in New York City.
After the television series ended, the Monkees starred in a movie, "Head", and a TV special, "33 1/3 Revolutions per Monkee". Neither was successful, and the band's later records were not hits. The band members each left one by one. Tork quit at the end of 1968, saying he was exhausted. Nesmith left late in 1969, to start a new band. Jones left during 1970, and went back to performing solo. Each member tried different things during the 1970s and 1980s. Tork worked as a musician, teacher and singing waiter. Nesmith pursued a country music career, then began to make videos. Jones and Dolenz both sang on records. Jones did more theater work, while Dolenz made cartoon voiceovers.
Dolenz and Jones teamed up with Boyce and Hart in 1976, to tour and perform the Monkees' old hits. They also made a new album together. Later Jones and Dolenz went to England, to appear in a production of Harry Nilsson's "The Point!" Both stayed in England. Jones appeared in "Godspell" and other musical plays, and retrained as a jockey. Dolenz became a television director and producer. During these same years, Nesmith started his own company, to produce music and videos. Tork went back to performing and sometimes making records.
In 1986, Tork, Jones and Dolenz reunited, as part of an "oldies show" tour. MTV aired nearly every episode of their old series one Sunday, to promote the tour, and it became a surprise hit. Twenty years after they started, a new generation of young people were interested in the Monkees. The tour went from a small one to a major one, and the Monkees were back. MTV and the Monkees worked well together. Nickelodeon, a sister network to MTV, aired their series, and the band appeared on Nickelodeon and MTV during the late 1980s. Nesmith mostly did not join the reunion, because of his production career, but he did make a few rare appearances with them. The other members also kept their solo careers, between tours.
During the 1990s, the reunited Monkees continued to tour, and appear as guests on television. Nesmith rejoined them for a new album, "Justus", a TV special, and he appeared with them onstage in England. He left when they began to tour the United States, though, and did not return. After 2000, they toured less often. Tork left again in 2001, and Jones and Dolenz last worked together in 2002. The band does not plan to work together again.
Every episode of the TV series is for sale on DVD (as is their movie "Head"), and all their record releases are for sale on compact disc. Rhino Records bought the rights to all their works, and still oversees Monkees releases.

Abu Dhabi
Abu Dhabi (Arabic: أبو ظبي "ʼAbū Ẓaby") is one of the emirates that make up the United Arab Emirates. It is the largest of the seven and was also the largest of the former Trucial States.
Abu Dhabi is also a city of the same name in the Emirate that is the capital of the country, in north central UAE. The city lies on a T-shaped island going into the Persian Gulf from the central western coast. An estimated 1,000,000 lived there in 2000, with about an 80% expatriate population. Al Ain is Abu Dhabi's second largest urban area with a population of 348,000 (2003 census estimate) and is located 150 kilometres inland.

The Rolling Stones
The Rolling Stones were and are a very popular English rock band that formed in London, England in 1962. The founding members were Mick Jagger (vocals), Keith Richards (guitar), Brian Jones (second guitar), Bill Wyman (bass), and Charlie Watts (drums). The group was largely influenced by American blues and rock musicians like Chuck Berry, Bo Diddley and Muddy Waters in the beginning, and they had their first hits with covers (copies) of some of those artists. They become the prime rivals of the Beatles.
They hit it big in 1965 with the rock anthems "The Last Time" and "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction", a smash in the whole world. It was followed up by songs like "19th Nervous Breakdown" and "Paint It Black". In the "Summer of Love" 1967 they released a psychedelic LP-album, but were soon back into rock music in 1968 when they released the songs "Sympathy for the Devil" and "Jumpin' Jack Flash".
In 1969, Brian Jones quit the band and was later found dead in his swimming pool. A guitarist named Mick Taylor was his replacement. He played on some of the groups most successful material, including the hits "Brown Sugar", "Tumbling Dice", and "Angie", but he left in 1974. After that, Ron Wood has been the second guitarist in the band. A break-up of the band was threatening to happen in the 1980s, but since then, the Rolling Stones have remained active.

Black Sabbath
Black Sabbath is a English heavy metal band. They are considered to be one of the most influential and greatest bands of all time. They helped create and define the Heavy Metal genre of music. They have currently sold over one hundred million albums all over the world. The original line up was Ozzy Osbourne (vocals), Tony Iommi (guitar), Terence "Geezer" Butler (bass), and Bill Ward (drums)
History.
Black Sabbath formed in 1968 and were originally called Earth and they played Hard Rock. They changed their sound after Tony Iommi thought that because people paid to watch horror films, they might want to hear scary music. So they began to write dark, scary and loud music with lyrics relating to Satan and death. They released their first album Black Sabbath on Friday February 1970. This was done on purpose as Friday 13th is considered an unlucky day by many people. Their first successful single came off the album, Paranoid that was released in 1970. The album had a song called 'War Pigs' which was against the Vietnam War. The band recored many other albums in the 70's and but they were troubled by drug addcition and drank a lot of alcohol. In 1979 singer Ozzy Osbourne was getting so drunk all the time the rest of the band fired him. They hired American singer Ronnie James Dio to replace him.
The band then recorded an album with him, Heaven and Hell. It was released in 1980. It was quite successful and helped to bring back some of their past glory. At this time, their drummer left and they hired a new one. After only two albums though Dio was fired. The guitarist, Tony Iommi, accused him of changing their recordings. After they fired Dio they had many different singers, drummers and guitarists. In 1991 Ronnie James Dio rejoined the band again but only for one year. In 1997 the original line up reformed and are now doing shows alll over the world again.

Watt
The watt (symbol: W) is the SI unit of power. It is named in honour of the physicist James Watt (1736–1819).
Definition.
The watt is the rate a source of energy expends or produces one joule during one second, so the same quantity may be referred to as a joule per second, with the symbol J/s. It can also be written as kg·m2·s−3.
It is equivalent to one volt ampere (1 V·A) or 1/746 of a horsepower.

Koblenz
Koblenz is a city in northern Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany with about 107,000 inhabitants. It is the third biggest city in the state of Rhineland-Palatinate and one of its main centres. Koblenz is the base of the Campus Koblenz of the University of Koblenz-Landau and the seat of the Mayen-Koblenz municipality.
Geography.
Koblenz is situated at the meeting of the Rhine and Moselle rivers, between Bonn (downstream the Rhine) and Mainz (upstream the Rhine). Parts of Koblenz belong to a UNESCO World Heritage site.

Delta (letter)
Delta (uppercase/lowercase Δ δ), is the letter of the Greek alphabet, used to represent the "d" sound in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 4. Letters that came from it include the Roman D and Cyrillic Д.
The upper-case letter Δ can be used as symbol representing "change".
A river delta is so named because its shape approximates the upper-case letter delta.

Elbe
The Elbe River (Czech "Labe", Lusatian "Łobjo", Polish "Łaba", German "Elbe") is one of the major waterways of central Europe. It comes from the North West Czech Republic. Then it goes through much of Germany and finally it flows into the North Sea.

Danube
The Danube is the second-longest river in Europe (the Volga is the longest). It is the longest river of the European Union. The river is 2,860 km (1,777 mi) long. Brigach and Breg join together in Donaueschingen (near the Black Forest) to "make" the Danube. The Danube flows through or makes part of the border of 10 countries: Germany, Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria, Moldova and Ukraine. The river ends in the Black Sea through the Danube Delta.
Bigger cities include Ulm, Regensburg in Germany; Linz, Vienna in Austria; Bratislava in Slovakia, Budapest in Hungary; Novi Sad and Belgrade in Serbia.
The Danube is named in many other languages: Esperanto "Danubo", Bulgarian "Дунав (Dunav)", German "and" Plattdüütsch "Donau", Greek "Dounavis", Ancient Greek: "Ister", Hungarian "Duna", Turkish "Tuna", Latin "Danuvius" or "Danubius", Romanian "Dunăre", Serbian and Croatian "Dunav", Slovak "Dunaj", Ukrainian "Dunay".
The Danube is an important waterway. Ocean ships can go up to Brăila in Romania. River boats can go Kehlheim in Bavaria. Smaller ships can go up to Ulm.
There are three artificial waterways built on the Danube: the Danube-Tisa-Danube Canal (DTD) in the Banat and Bačka regions (Vojvodina, in the northern province of Serbia); the 64 km Danube-Black Sea Canal, between Cernavodă and Constanţa (Romania) finished in 1984, shortens the distance to the Black Sea by 400 km; the Rhine-Main-Danube Canal (about 171 km), finished in 1992, linking the North Sea to the Black Sea.

Main
The Main (pronounced in German like the English word "mine") is a river in Germany, 524 km in length, and one of the bigger tributaries of the Rhine river. Its average discharge at Frankfurt East Harbour is 190 cubic metres/second. It flows through the Bundesländer (states) of Bavaria, Hesse and 25 Kilometers along the border of Bavaria with Baden-Württemberg. The biggest city on the Main is Frankfurt, others are Bayreuth, Bamberg, Würzburg, Hanau and Offenbach. The mid Main valley is characterised by many vineyards. It is part of the region of Franken.
The name of the river has nothing to do with the English word "main", which means "most important", or the french word "main", which means "hand". The river was named "Mogin" by the ancient celts after their god Mogon. Later, the Romans called the river "Moenus" in their language. In the Middle Ages, this name became "Meyn" and later "Main".

Weser
The Weser is a river of north-western Germany. Formed at Hannoversch Münden by the confluence of the Fulda and Werra rivers, it flows through Bremen to the North Sea, and has a length of 440 km. Together with the Werra, its length is 730 km.

Suicide
Suicide is when a person chooses to kill his or her self. The word suicide is from the Latin words "sui caedere", which means "to kill oneself". In English, when someone kills themselves, people say that they "commit suicide". Doctors consider suicide attempts to be a symptom of a serious depression. Suicide is a crime in some places, and it is considered a sin in many religions.
Medical.
Modern medicine treats suicide as a mental health issue. When a person gets many thoughts about killing themselves, it is considered a medical emergency, and people that practice medicine have suggested that people planning on killing themselves should get medical attention straight away. This is especially important if the person already has a means of killing themselves or can get one easily. People that are depressed are considered a high-risk group for suicidal behaviour. Suicide hotlines are available, where people can call and speak to somebody. However, the negative and often too clinical reception that many suicidal people receive after telling a health professional how they are feeling (threats of having to go to a mental institution, increasing dosages of medication, people disapproving of their feelings, etc.), often causes them to keep their suicidal thoughts to themselves.
Cultural.
In the Warring States Period and the Edo period of Japan, samurai who disgraced their honour chose to end their own lives by harakiri (hara = stomach, kiri = cut) or seppuku.
The cut is usually performed diagonally from the top corner of the hand that the samurai uses to write with, and it has long been considered an honourable form of death (even when done to punish dishonour). Though obviously such a wound would be fatal, seppuku was not always technically suicide because the samurai's assistant (the kaishaku) would stand by to kill the samurai by decapitating them to end the suffering, sometimes as soon as the first incision into the abdomen was made.
Religion.
Abrahamic, Dharmic, and Taoistic religions all think that suicide is a bad thing.
Abrahamic religions.
The Abrahamic religions, (like Christianity, Judaism, and Islam) think that all life is sacred, and by killing yourself, you are murdering, and destroying what God has made, which is bad. For this reason, a person who commits suicide is believed to go to hell by Abrahamic religions.
Dharmic and Taoist.
The Dharmic and Taoist religions (like Buddhism, Hinduism, Jainism, Taoism, Confucianism), and Shinto) while having their differences, agree largely on their views to suicide. Although it is not looked at as being a good thing because they believe it will only mean you are reincarnated in the next life with a less enlightened soul, many people in the religions are actually more likely to commit suicide due to the fact that they do believe that there will at least be a next life.
In the Abrahamic religions, suicide is sometimes believed to end in hell, but these religions believe that there is more than one chance to life, so this means that more people would be more prone to suicide, believing they have a better chance in their next life. However, they believe that the bad karma they get for the suicide will be given to them in the next life.

Balkans
The Balkans is the historic and geographic name used to describe a region of southeastern Europe. The region has a combined area of 550,000 km² and an approximate population of 55 million people. The region takes its name from the Balkan Mountains which run through the centre of Bulgaria into eastern Serbia.
Balkan Peninsula.
The Balkans are adjoined by water on three sides: the Black Sea to the east and branches of the Mediterranean Sea to the south and west (including the Adriatic, Ionian, Aegean and Marmara seas).
"The" Balkans.
The identity of the Balkans is dominated by its geographical position; historically the area was known as a crossroads of several cultures. It has been a juncture between the Latin and Greek parts of the Roman Empire. It became an area where Orthodox and Catholic Christianity met, as well as the meeting point between Islam and Christianity. Many Jewish refugees fled here from Inquisition.
Regional organizations ==.
See also the Black Sea Regional organizations
Population composition by nationality and religion.
The region's principal religions are (Eastern Orthodox and Catholic) Christianity and Islam. A variety of different traditions of each faith are practiced, with each of the Eastern Orthodox countries having its own national church.

Bicentennial
A bicentennial is the two hundredth year of something. In the United States, bicentennial is commonly is used to refer to the year 1976. This is because 1976 is two hundred years after the country was started in 1776. In Australia it commonly means on of two bicentennials. The first, in 1970, was the two hundredth anniversary of James Cook finding Australia. The second, in 1988 was the two hundredth anniversary of the first white settlement on the continent.

Shropshire
Shropshire is a county in England. It has no cities and only a few large towns - Shrewsbury, Telford, Ludlow and Oswestry. The county is very rural and there are many hills, forests, farms and rivers. The county is also landlocked (has no coast).
Shrewsbury is the county town of Shropshire, but Telford is the largest town in the county. Ironbridge is a famous area of the county and is a tourist location, because it was here where industry began and spread across the world, over 200 years ago. There is the very first iron bridge there, as well as many museums.

Kermit the Frog
Kermit the Frog is a Muppet created by Jim Henson. Kermit was Henson's trademark fictional character. He was originally performed by Henson himself. Since Henson's death, Kermit has been performed by Steve Whitmire.
Kermit has appeared on many TV shows including "Sesame Street", "The Muppet Show", and "Muppet Babies". Kermit has also appeared in several films and has been a guest speaker.

Cotton
Cotton is soft fiber that grows with the seeds of the cotton plant. (Fiber is long and thin, like hair.) After the cotton fiber is gathered from the plant, it can be made into thread. The cotton thread can then be made into cloth. The cloth can be used to make clothes for people and many other things. Cotton clothing is very nice to wear, especially when it is hot and is easy to move around in.
There are different types of cotton plants. Some cotton plants grow wild in tropical and subtropical areas of the world. This is how cotton was discovered very many years ago. Most of the cotton gathered to make cloth comes from crops grown on cotton farms. Cotton farms can be found in Africa, Asia, Europe, Australia, and the Americas. Cotton soaks up to 24-27 of its own weight in water (very absorbent). Cotton can spread 100 seeds.

Windows 1.0
Windows 1.0 was one of the first operating environments that used pictures instead of text. It was made by Microsoft. It was released in 1985 for microcomputers that were "PC compatible".

Hewlett-Packard
Hewlett Packard (HP) is a computer technology company founded in 1939 by Bill Hewlett and Dave Packard. They are best known for making computers and computer hardware such as inkjet printers, laser printers, all-in-one printers, scanners and digital cameras.

Eminem
Eminem (Real name: Marshall Bruce Mathers III, stage names Slim Shady and Eminem) (born October 17, 1972) is a famous rap artist from Detroit.
Eminem has a daughter named Hailie Jade Scott Mathers and an ex-wife named Kimberley Anne Scott Mathers. Kim and Eminem married in 1999, but after debuting the 2000 hit, "Kim", they separated the following year.
Albums.
He is now thinking about what to do next. The rumor that he will retire may or may not be true, but it was denied by Eminem, who said that he is just taking time out to see what he wants to do next.
He has a movie called "8 Mile" that is semi-autobiographical (about himself). The song "Lose Yourself", which was from the movie, won an Oscar award and is his biggest hit to date.

Bratwurst
A bratwurst is a kind of food. It is a type of sausage. It is composed of pork or beef, and sometimes veal.
Where the word comes from.
"Bratwurst" is German, from Old High German "brätwurst", from "brät" which is a derivative of the Old High German word "brato". "Brato" originally meant "hacked meat", "intestine"s. The other part of the word is "wurst" which means sausage.
Where the sausage comes from.
The original German "Bratwurst" comes from Thuringia. There it is known as Thüringer Rostbratwurst. Small bratwursts originate in Nuremberg, Germany also famous are the original Coburger Rostbratwurst; the more common longer, thicker form can be found almost anywhere else in Germany. A "Bratwurst" meal often is eaten with sauerkraut, mashed potatoes and roasted onions. Sometimes, it is also served with a potato sauce, or a potato salad.
There are many different kinds of these sausages. All are special in their own way.
How people eat the sausage.
The sausage is usually eaten with a hot or sweet German mustard or sliced and eaten as Currywurst. Sometimes, some hot French mustard is served as well. Bratwurst is almost always served with a hard German roll and usually accompanied by a beer. It is a popular snack in German-speaking countries, where it is sold at various fast food outlets and is often consumed while standing.
Vegetarian sausages.
Vegetarians eat vegetarian sausages. This sausage does of course contain no meat. It is made of Tofu or Gluten.
Bratwurst in the US.
In the United States, bratwurst are usually eaten with bread (a hot dog bun or a hardroll, for example) and topped with mustard and/or many of the other condiments often eaten with hot dogs, including onions (grilled and/or raw), relish, sauerkraut, etc. The bratwurst is occasionally eaten with a pair of brat links nestled in a buttered hardroll with these same toppings, which is called a 'double brat'.
Within the US, bratwurst is strongly identified with Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and other areas in a band stretching from the north side of Chicago up through Minnesota and scattered pockets elsewhere in the Midwest.
They are especially popular in areas of the US where German-Americans settled in large numbers, like Sheboygan, Wisconsin, which is informally known as the "Bratwurst Capital of the World" because of the city and county's very strong German roots and connections to bratwurst. Johnsonville Foods, the nation's largest bratwurst maker, is based in the nearby unincorporated village of Johnsonville. The city also celebrates Sheboygan Bratwurst Days, a community festival held on the first Thursday-Saturday of August each year that celebrates the bratwurst. Other traditional Wisconsin brat manufacturers include Klement's Sausage Company and Usinger's, both of which are based in Milwaukee.
The city of Madison, Wisconsin, holds an annual festival billed as the World's Largest Brat Fest. The four-day charity event sees tens of thousands of brats sold by "celebrity" cashiers, usually local television, radio, and government personalities. Brat Fest's self-proclaimed world record is 189,432 brats consumed during the 2004 event.
Another town with German-American roots associated with bratwurst is Bucyrus, Ohio, which is known for its unique recipe incorporating fennel. It holds a bratwurst festival annually in mid-August attracting over 100,000 visitors annually.
Bratwurst(s) is/are often simply called "brat(s)".

Sexual intercourse
Sexual intercourse is what humans and animals do to make babies. Sometimes people have sex just for the fun, rather than to have children.
Sexual intercourse usually involves a man moving his erect penis in and out of a woman's vagina, creating friction. This sexually stimulates the man and woman, often to a point where they can have orgasms and the man can ejaculate.
Forcing someone to have sex (usually called rape) is a crime in many countries.
Reproduction.
Sexual intercourse is the natural and most common way to make a baby. It involves a man and woman having sex without birth control until the man ejaculates semen (which is made in his testicles) from his penis into the woman's vagina. The semen, containing sperm, moves to the Fallopian tubes, and if it finds an ovum on its way, it will try to fertilize it. If this works, the (now fertilized) ovum sticks to the side of the uterus and the woman becomes pregnant. The fertilized ovum then develops into a human. Medically, it is called a pregnancy until birth.
Sex for enjoyment.
People can have sex just for the stimulation and the emotional bond created between partners. If a man and a woman do not want a baby, they may use contraception, which is something that stops a baby from being made. One type of contraception is a condom.
Humans are not the only species on Earth that have sexual intercourse for enjoyment. It has been suggested that dolphins, and some other animals, do too.
Sexual preferences.
Who people like to have sex with depends on their sexuality. Usually, men like to have sex with women, and women like to have sex with men; they are called heterosexual or "straight". Men who like to have sex only with men are called homosexual or "gay". Women who like to have sex only with women are also called homosexuals, but are also called "lesbians". Some people like to have sex with both men and women. This is called being "bisexual".
Sexually transmitted infections.
There are some diseases that are caught by having sex, called sexually-transmitted infections (STIs), such as chlamydia, syphilis and gonorrhoea. A virus called HIV causes AIDS, which cannot be cured and can lead to death. using Latex condoms properly reduces the chance of some diseases being passed on.
Birth control, (for example, the female birth-control pill), can prevent pregnancy, but will not prevent sexual infections. Some diseases can be spread by sex or in other ways. For example, herpes simplex and hepatitis B could be caught by, say, a virgin without having sex, but can also be caught through sex.
Other kinds of sex.
There are many other kinds of sex. Two of them are oral sex and anal sex.
Oral sex.
Oral sex is when one partner uses the tongue, mouth or throat to excite the other partner's sex organs.
If someone is performing oral sex on a male, he or she may decide to swallow the semen if the male ejaculates in the mouth. There is no chance of pregnancy from swallowing semen.
One can get sexually transmitted infections from oral sex, such as herpes (which can be passed between mouth and groin or vice versa). Some STIs, like HIV, are much harder to pass through oral sex, but it is still possible.
Slang for oral sex is common in Western cultures, for example: "going down on", "brains", "giving a blowjob", or "giving head". The technical term for oral sex is fellatio if performed on a male and cunnilingus if performed on a female. When a man performs fellatio on himself, it is called autofellatio.
Anal sex.
Anal sex is when a man puts his erect penis into his sexual partner's anus.
Anal sex does not lead to pregnancy.

Guatemala
Guatemala is a country in Central America.
Population.
It is the country with the largest population in Central America. Its neighbors are the countries Belize, Mexico, El Salvador and Honduras. More than fourteen million people live in the 22 Guatemalan departments.
Trivia.
Guatemala is famous in the world for its natural beauty, and is one of the favorite tourist destinations in the world.

Tenochtitlan
Tenochtitlan was the massive capital city of the Aztec empire, built around 1325. It was located on an island in the middle of ancient Lake Texcoco.
The Aztecs ruled most of central Mexico, and large amounts of tribute came to Tenochtitlan from this empire. Tenochtitlan had government centres, a giant marketplace, and major religious temples.
In 1519, Spanish conquistadors led by Hernando Cortes arrived in Tenochtitlan. Cortes was impressed with the city, but still decided to attack it. The Spanish and their Tlaxcalan allies invaded Tenochtitlan and the city fell in 1521.
The modern day city of Mexico was built on the ruins of Tenochtitlan.
The Aztec peoples of Tenochtitlan built chinampas (small rectangular crops floating on lake beds http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinampa) so that they could create more food to feed the thousands of people who inhabit the area. The Aztecs also built waterways and dams so that they could receive fresh water, and block out the salty (brackish) water.
Tenochtitlan also had two small rooms at the top of one of their major temples. These were sacrificial buildings, used to kill and sacrifice human blood in order to 'feed' their gods. The Aztecs believed that if they did not feed their gods blood, the gods would wither and die, causing the end of the world as they knew it (apocalypse).

Eurovision Song Contest
The "Eurovision Song Contest" is a song contest held in European Broadcasting Union which started in 1956. Different singers representing countries in Europe compete every year.
Famous past winners include ABBA (representing their native Sweden) and Céline Dion (though Canadian, represented Switzerland).

Malleability
Malleability is a physical property of matter, usually metals. This property usually applies to the family groups 1 to 12 on the Modern Periodic Table of Elements. It is the ability of a solid to bend or be hammered into other shapes without breaking. Examples of malleable metals are gold, iron,copper (to a degree) and lead. Think of the word "mallet"

Gay
Gay traditionally means 'happy,' but in English it also means homosexual. This meaning is more common now. The word gay refers to a person who is sexually interested or romantically attracted to people of the same sex. It can apply to both men and women, but a more common word for a gay woman is a lesbian.
Gay in LGBT.
LGBT is an acronym that stands for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender. Together these people make up a community – a group of people who work together. In this case it is also people who suffer the same kinds of discrimination.
Sometimes the LGBT community is also called the gay community. 'Lesbian community' would only refer to women who prefer women as partners. But "gay community" could mean either men who prefer men as partners or the whole LGBT community.
Gay can be used in the plural (Gays) to mean the gay male community or even the whole LGBT community.
Gay versus homosexual.
Many gay people prefer the term 'gay' to 'homosexual'. The word homosexual "means" someone who is attracted to people of the same gender. But the "focus" of the word homosexual is on sex. The word gay talks about the whole person, not just what kind of sex partners he has.
People in the LGBT community usually use the term gay. However people who speak English are more likely to use the word 'homosexual.' Homophobic literally means people who are afraid of homosexuals. Some homophobic people may fear LGBT people. But usually they "hate" instead of fear.
Gay and straight.
Just as gay means homosexual, "straight" is sometimes used as slang for heterosexual. People who prefer partners of the opposite sex usually call themselves straight instead of saying they are heterosexual.
Some people who are straight but support LGBT people say they are 'straight but not narrow.' That is a pun (or play on words) from the English idiom: 'straight and narrow'. The 'straight and narrow' means the morally right way. However, 'narrow' can also mean not tolerating or respecting the beliefs and opinions of others. Some people who are homophobic are also very religious people. They usually believe they are 'straight and narrow' meaning morally right. But they can also be 'narrow' meaning intolerant of people who are not like them – including gays.
So when straight people say they are 'straight but not narrow' they mean they are straight (heterosexual) but not narrow (intolerant).
History of the word gay.
The word gay has been used to refer to homosexuals since the 1800s. Originally it was more understood by gays themselves than by straights. So it could be a way of talking about being gay without saying you were homosexual. By the 1980s though, most people knew the alternate meaning of the word gay was homosexual.
Negative use of the word gay.
Most people in the gay community use gay in a positive way. But recently in slang it is sometimes used to mean something that is weak, stupid, or less important. People sometimes say: "That is so gay!" to mean something is bad. Sometimes people also use this to mean something is very colorful or gaudy. This is because of the stereotype that gay men are very interested in fashion, clothing, and interior design; another possibility is that people are still using the word in its original sense, as the word gay originally meant "fun" or "joyful". Sometimes even gays themselves use the word this way. When they do this, they may not think the way they use "gay" means "about gay people". The word homosexual came from combining the Ancient Greek word for "same" and the Latin word for "sex".

Potsdam
Potsdam is a German city near Berlin. It is located 26km south-west of Berlin. It is the capital of the state of Brandenburg. In 2005 about 146,635 persons lived in this city.

Bremen
Bremen is a city in the north of Germany. It is the capital of the state of Bremen.
It has about 545,000 inhabitants.
The city' official name today includes the name "Hansestadt" (hanseatic city) in memory of its history, where it has been important part in the hanseatic league. The architecture of the city and the region as well is influenced by this historic period.
Other hanseatic cities today are: Hamburg, Rostock, Wismar, Stralsund, Lübeck, Greifswald and Demmin.

Wiesbaden
Wiesbaden is a German city near Frankfurt am Main. It is the capital of the federal state of Hesse. Wiesbaden is situated on the right (north) bank of the Rhine (German: "Rhein"), near the city of Mainz (about away from Wiesbaden centre) the opposite side of the river, and a short distance, about, from Frankfurt am Main, to the east. Wiesbaden has about 274,000 inhabitants (2005).

Hanover
Hanover (German: Hannover) is a German city. It is the capital of the federal state of Lower Saxony. Hanover has about 515,000 inhabitants.
In Hanover there are some big industry companies like Volkswagen (Cars and Vans), Continental (tyres), Varta (batteries) and TUI (tourism).
Hanover has a very modern zoo and an international airport.
There are some very big fairs in Hanover like the CeBIT] - "Ce"ntre of "O"ffice, "I"nformation and "T"elecommunication (B is for Büro that means office) and the traditional Hanover fair that shows classical industrial products.
In the year 2000 the Expo-2000 was in Hanover.
Hanover has a large forest near the inner city, it is called the "Eilenriede". There is also a lake (the "Maschsee") of about three km length and 500 m width near the city centre. The famous gardens of Herrenhausen (Herrenhäuser Gärten) are also in Hanover.
Hanover has a famous football club, Hannover 96, since 2002 (again) a member of the first German football league, the Bundesliga. Its home stadium is the AWD-Arena (capacity: 49000).
Hannover has had underground (subway) trains since 1974.
The mayor of the city is Stefan Weil who followed Herbert Schmalstieg in 2006. Both are from the social democratic party SPD. The city has been administrated by social democratic city councils since the 1950s.
The (new) town hall is one of the famous buildings in the city, others are the Marktkirche (market church), the old (medevial) town hall, some castles like the "Leineschloss" and the "Welfenschloss".
Hanover is located at the river Leine.
The classic rock band "Scorpions" and the
Former German chancellor Gerhard Schröder

Düsseldorf
Düsseldorf is a German city. It lies on the east bank of the river Rhine. It is the capital of the state of North Rhine-Westphalia. Düsseldorf has about 580,000 inhabitants in an agglomeration of about 1.3 million people. The city has 1 international airport, a university and is the seat of a lot of international companies.
History.
In the 7th or 8th century there was a fishing or farming settlement at the place where the little river Dussel (which gave the name to the city) flows into the Rhine. Kaiserswerth is the first part of the city to be mentioned in writing. This was in 1135. Kaiserswerth became part of Düsseldorf in 1927.
In 1186 the Counts of Berg got to rule Düsseldorf and they made it their residence in 1280.
On 14th of August 1288 there was a great battle between the Archbishop of Cologne and the Duke of Limburg against the Duke of Brabant and the Count of Berg. The Duke of Brabant won and the Archbishop of Cologne became a prisoner of the Count of Berg. So he could not do anything against Düsseldorf getting the status of a city. So Düsseldorf became a city with full City Rights in 1288.
The Counts of Berg became more and more powerful and Düsseldorf became the capital of the Duchy of Berg-Mark-Kleve-Jülich in 1380.
in 1680 the Dukes of Berg-Kleve-Mark-Jülich died out and after some struggles the Earls of Palatine (they were Prince-Electors) became the new rulers of Düsseldorf. The most important duke of this line was Johann Wilhelm II. (1690-1716), called Jan Wellem. After Johann Wilhelm the Dukes moved to their new seat in Heidelberg, because they also got to rule the Duchy of Bavaria.
In the Napoleonic Wars the French won the Duchy and Düsseldorf. Napoleon gave the Duchy of Berg-Jülich to one of his generals, who married one of his nieces. This general became later King of Naples.
In the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century Düsseldorf grew a lot and had more than 100,000 inhabitants in 1882. This number had doubled by 1892.
Düsseldorf was almost completely destroyed in the World War II. In 1946 Düsseldorf became capitol of North Rhine-Westphalia.
Infrastructure.
Düsseldorf is one of the most important commercial centres in Germany. It has an International Airport, which is the 3rd largest in Germany (after Frankfurt and Munich) with more than 16,000,000 passengers per year. The airport offers 180 destinations on 4 continents, and is served by 70 airlines.
Düsseldorf has two stations in the German high speed train network (Intercity Express, ICE) - its Central Station and the Airport Station. The Main Station offers international trains to the Netherlands, Belgium, France and Switzerland, too.
North Rhine-Westphalia has the closest network of motorways in Europe. Düsseldorf is one of the crosspoints. Düsseldorf is joined to the interstate motorways A3, A44, A46, A52, A57, A59 and A524.
Economy.
Düsseldorf is one of the most important economical centres in Germany. It has a regional stock exchange.
More than 170 national financial institutions and 130 insurances work in Düsseldorf.
Two of the four leading mobile phone companies of Germany have their seat in Düsseldorf like 18 internet providers and more than 400 advertising agencies. Düsseldorf is one of the European centres of fashion industry and has one of the most important trading shows.
The TV channels CNN and NBC Giga have their German centres in Düsseldorf.
There is a lot of manufacturing industry too - like the chemical company Henkel.
Düsseldorf is the most important seat for Japanese companies in Europe.
Culture.
Düsseldorf is one of the cultural centres in Germany. The poet Heinrich Heine was born in Düsseldorf in 1797. The classical musicians and composers Clara and Robert Schumann lived most of their lifetime in Düsseldorf and the romantic composer Felix Mendelssohn-Bartholdy spent two years in the town in the mid-1830s.
The Arts Academy of Düsseldorf is very famous. The modern artist Paul Klee and the modern sculptor Joseph Beuys worked there.
Düsseldorf has a lot of museums, especially for Arts of the 20th and the 21st century. Most important is the Arts Collection of North Rhine-Westphalia. "Kraftwerk", the first techno band worldwide and the punk rock band Die Toten Hosen come from Düsseldorf, too.
Düsseldorf has a university, the Heinrich-Heine-University with nearly all subjects in mathematics, sciences, philosophy, history, languages, economy, law, and medicine. It has about 20,000 students and a Technical College with 8,000 students of engineering.
The Clara und Robert Schumann Musikschule is a well-known college for classical music education. There is one technical college and a lot of other colleges, too.
Düsseldorf has an opera, more than 30 cinemas, a well-known theatre, and a rich cultural scene.
Sports.
The traditional sport in Germany is Football (soccer). For a long time Fortuna Düsseldorf 1895, the most traditional football team in Düsseldorf (est. 1895), was very successful and won, for example, the European Cup, but since the early 1990's, Fortuna has gone down to the German 3rd division.
Most successful sports team in Düsseldorf is the icehockey team of the DEG Metro Stars, former DEG - Düsseldorfer Eislauf Gemeinschaft, the most successful icehockey team in Germany for a long time with famous players like John-Peter Lee, Chris Valentine or Helmut de Raaf.
Another very successful sports team from Düsseldorf was Rhine Fire, the American footballers of the city, who won the World Ball four times until the European Football League, called NFL Europa was closed down in 2007.

Mainz
Mainz is a German city. It is the capital of the state of Rhineland-Palatinate.
Mainz is located on the left side of the river Rhine, on the right side is the city Wiesbaden. Mainz has about 185,000 inhabitants.

Kiel
Kiel () is a city in the north of Germany. It is the capital of the state of Schleswig-Holstein. It has a population of 233,795 people.

Fred Rogers
Fred Rogers (March 20 1928 - February 27 2003), was an American TV personality and Presbyterian minister. He was most famous for his pioneering show for young children, "Mister Rogers' Neighborhood", which was originally produced from 1968 to 2001 and still airs on PBS to this day.
Fred Rogers was born in Latrobe, Pennsylvania. He was educated at Dartmouth College, 1946; Rollins College in Winter Park, Florida, B.A. in music, 1951; Pittsburgh Theological Seminary, Bachelor of Divinity, 1962. He married Sara Joanne Byrd in 1952 and had two sons: James Byrd and John Frederick. He worked as an assistant television producer and network floor director at NBC from 1951-53. He worked as a program planner, producer, writer, and performer at noncommercial station WQED in Pittsburgh, 1953-62; producer and television host for the Canadian Broadcasting Company in Toronto, Ontario, 1962-64;

Explorer
An Explorer is a person who explores, or looks for something new. Most explorers are famous for finding new places or going to places that people did not know much about, such as Christopher Columbus, who discovered the Americas, or Marco Polo, who traveled to China and amazed many people with his stories of it.

Sri Yukteswar Giri
Sri Yukteswar Giri (May 10, 1855 - March 9, 1936) was an Indian guru and swami. His real name was Priya Nath Karar and was born in Serampore, India.
Curiosity.
George Harrison, the beatle, was initiated in kriya yoga in USA in Self-Realization Fellowship, an organization created by the known writer and great spirtiual master in the west Paramahasa Yogananda.

Aleister Crowley
Aleister Crowley (October 12, 1875 – December 1, 1947) was a British mystic, occultist, writer, poet, mountain climber and nicknamed "The Wickedest Man In the World.".
He was an influential member in some occult organizations, such as the Golden Dawn, the A∴A∴, and Ordo Templi Orientis (O.T.O.), and is better known today for his occult books and papers.
Crowley also started a mystical philosophy known as Thelema, the "Abbey of Thelema", and revived the term magick.
Early life.
Edward Alexander Crowley was born at 36 Clarendon Square in Royal Leamington Spa, Warwickshire, England, between 11:00pm and midnight on October 12, 1875.
In 1895, he went to Trinity College, Cambridge after going to Malvern College and Tonbridge School. In his three years at Cambridge, his father passed away and left him a large sum of money.
In December 1896, Crowley took interest in occultism and by the next year, he began reading books on alchemy and mysticism. A year later, he published his first book of poetry ("Aceldama"), and left Cambridge, only to meet Julian L. Baker who introduced him to Samuel Mathers and the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn.
The Golden Dawn.
Samuel Mathers, acting leader of the Golden Dawn organization, acted as his early mentor in western magic. Crowley lost faith in his mentor's abilities in 1900 but did not officially break with Mathers until 1904.
Death.
Crowley died of a respiratory infection in a Hastings boarding house on 1 December 1947 at the age of 72. He had been addicted to heroin after being prescribed morphine for his asthma and bronchitis many years earlier.
Readings at the cremation service in Brighton included "Hymn to Pan", and newspapers referred to the service as a black mass.

Karlheinz Stockhausen
Karlheinz Stockhausen (August 22, 1928 - December 5, 2007) was a German composer. He was the most important German composer in the years after World War II. During this time composers were exploring many new ideas. Stockhausen used serialism in new ways, and he invented many ways of composing electronic music. His works include an opera cycle "Licht" which consists of seven operas.
Life.
Stockhausen was born near Cologne. His father was a village schoolteacher. His mother was put in a sanatorium in 1933 where she died in 1942. She was probably killed there because the Nazis thought people who were mentally ill should not be allowed to live.
Stockhausen was a young man during the war. He trained to be a teacher and was sent to work in a military hospital near where the army was. His father died fighting in the war. After the war, with no parents, he went to work on a farm. Then, in 1947, he went to study at the Cologne Musikhochschule. He played the piano in bars and clubs and he improvised at the piano when playing for a magician’s magic shows. He was thinking of becoming a writer.
At this time many of Germany’s important composers met every summer in Darmstadt. The course was called Darmstadt Holiday Course for New Music. Stockhausen went there in 1951. There he performed some modern music and met important people such as the music critic and philosopher Theodor Adorno. He heard the music of Messiaen and, soon after marrying, he went to Paris to study with Messiaen. In Paris he met Pierre Boulez and Pierre Schaeffer who was working on musique concrète. He experimented with different sounds that percussion instruments can make, and he started composing electronic music. When he went back to Cologne he worked in a studio for electronic music where he studied communications theory. By this time Stockhausen, Boulez and Nono were the leading composers of avant garde (experimental) music.
Stockhausen made Cologne an important centre for electronic music. He also helped to make the Darmstadt Summer Courses a famous centre for modern music. He did not invite John Cage to lecture there in 1958. This led to disagreements with Boulez and Nono. In California in 1967, Stockhausen married his second wife who was a painter. During the 1960s he bought land in the country near Cologne and had a house built there. Stockhausen did not design the house himself, because he was not an architect.
Stockhausen was by now world famous. He toured the United States and many other countries with a small group of musicians performing modern music. His music was not only listened to by fans of classical music but was also becoming part of popular youth culture. His picture was included on the front cover of the Beatles’s record Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band. The record company Deutsche Grammophon sold more copies of his music than of any other modern composer except Stravinsky.
During the 1970s Stockhausen became even more popular. This was partly because other music, like the other arts, had become political and very left-wing in the 1960s, which made people angry. It was also partly because audiences wanted a change from music that was very complicated, and Stockhausen's music had become much simpler. His most popular compositions are "Tierkreis" (1974–75) and "In Freundschaft" (1977). Stockhausen broke with his publisher and started to publish his music himself. From 1977 to 2003 Stockhausen composed "Licht" ("Light"), a set of seven operas named for the days of the week.
Stockhausen died on 5 December 2007.
His music.
In some student works Stockhausen used twelve tone composition. He became interested in Messiaen and his composition "Kreuzspiel" shows Messiaen’s influence. In "Kontra-Punkte" (1953) the music starts with very small bits played by ten instruments. Gradually these little bits come together and at the end the music concentrates on the piano.
From 1953 he worked seriously at electronic music. He thought that electronic music was going to be the music of the future. His "Gesang der Jünglinge" is a multi-track work, using 5 tracks (later reduced to 4). "Gruppen" ("Groups") is a work for three orchestras and three conductors. They sit in different parts of the concert hall and play at different speeds at the same time. His piano piece "Klavierstück XI" ("Piano Piece eleven") shows no influence of John Cage at all. The music is written on a huge sheet of paper and the pianist decides as he plays which part of the music to go to next and how to play it. This means that each performance of the work is different. This is not “chance” music, but "mobile" music.
He continued to experiment with new ideas. "Kontakte" is a work for piano, percussion and electronic music (the tape has been prepared beforehand). He composed “live electronic” music beginning in the 1960s. This means using electronics to change the sound of normal instruments that are amplified. His operatic cycle "Licht" was started in 1977 and took him 26 years to complete. There are seven operas: one for each day of the week. Some of the music for this includes microtonal scales, in which the notes are tuned so that they are less than a semitone apart.

WC Fields
WC Fields (January 29, 1880 – December 25, 1946) was an American comic actor. He was known for his recognizable and unique style on stage, movies, and radio. His real name was William Claude Dukenfield and he started his career when he ran away from home at the age of 11.

Carl Gustav Jung
Carl Gustav Jung (July 26, 1875 – June 6, 1961) was a Swiss psychiatrist and writer. He created many theories and ideas that are still used in psychology today. Psychology is the science of how people think and feel. His kind of psychology was called analytical psychology or "Jungian Analysis".
Jung worked for years with Sigmund Freud, but they stopped working together. This was because they had some arguments about what was more important in psychology.
Jung is famous for many things that he did for psychology. The work he did was important for measuring what kind of personality people have. The test called the Myers-Briggs Personality Inventory is based on his ideas. He is also famous because of his ideas about the ancients - people from many years ago.
Jung liked to study strange books and sciences. He thought he could learn important things about psychology from them. For example, he liked to study alchemy. Alchemy was an old science that tried to create gold. This is very hard to do. Sometimes alchemy was less science and more magic. Jung did not believe that alchemy was a good science. He was interested in how alchemy was like normal human life.
He wrote in academic German, for doctors and psychologists. This means he can be hard to understand. Most people who study Jung start with his book "Man and His Symbols". Jung wrote this book so that most people could understand him.

Edgar Allan Poe
Edgar Allan Poe (January 19, 1809 - October 7, 1849) was an American writer. He is famous for writing horror stories and poems. His most famous poem is "The Raven." It is a poem telling a story of a man's mourning and loss. Other works include "The Tell-Tale Heart" and "The Cask of Amontillado."
Early life.
Edgar Poe was born on January 19, 1809 to two touring actors, David Poe Jr. and Elizabeth Arnold Hopkins. David left the family under unknown circumstances while Poe was still an infant. When Poe was two his mother died from consumption, leaving Edgar an orphan. The wealthy John Allan and his wife Frances took Edgar into their home in Richmond, Virginia. In 1815, the Allan family moved to England where Poe went to an English private school. After five years, the family moved back to Richmond, Virginia.
After moving back to Virginia, Poe registered at the University of Virginia in 1826. While there, he lost a lot of money because of gambling, and he went into debt. John Allan became angry at the debt, and cut off all contact with Poe. In 1827, he published his first work, a collection of poetry named "Tamerlane and Other Poems". Poe did not have his name published in the book and it was listed only "by a Bostonian".
Military life.
Poe enlisted in the army. He used the name Edgar A. Perry and lied about his age. He was successful as a soldier and quickly became a sergeant. While in the army his foster-mother Frances Allan died. Poe decided attempted to rebuild his relationship with John Allan. Poe soon left the army and enrolled at West Point in New York state to study how to become an officer.
Poe did not enjoy his time at West Point and decided to get himself expelled in March 1831. Poe was well-liked by other cadets who contributed money to pay for Poe to publish a book of his poems called "Al Aaraaf, Tamerlane, and Minor Poems". He soon moved to Baltimore, Maryland.
Baltimore, Philadelphia, New York.
In Baltimore, Poe lived with his aunt, Maria Poe Clemm. She was the sister of Edgar's real father. Clemm also had a daughter named Virginia Clemm. Virginia also admired Poe very much. In 1836, when Virginia was thirteen, she married Poe.
Poe was writing a lot by this time. He sold his first short story in 1832. His writing did not earn very much money. He also worked as an editor for various magazines over the years, become very well-known for his literary criticism. Poe also was drinking off and on during these years.
In 1842, while Poe was living with Clemm and Virginia in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Virginia became sick with tuberculosis. The family moved to the New York City area in 1843 before settling in The Bronx. On January 29, 1845, Poe published his most famous poem, "The Raven", making him very popular. Virginia died a couple years later on January 30, 1847.
Death.
Poe's death is very mysterious. On September 27, 1849, Poe was leaving after a visit to Richmond. It is unknown what happened to him until October 3 when Poe was found lying unconscious outside a tavern in Baltimore. He was taken to Washington College Hospital. While in the hospital he became delirious and started seeing hallucinations. He later slipped into a coma. He died on October 7, 1849, in the hospital. Though it is not known what was his cause of death, there are several possible theories, including congestion of the brain, alcohol withdrawal, tuberculosis, and rabies.
Poe was buried on the grounds of the Westminster Church and Burying Ground after a small funeral with only a few people. On May 17, 1875, Poe was reburied at the front of the churchyard after a city-wide campaign to raise money to build a large monument. He is buried there alongside his wife Virginia and Virginia's mother Maria Clemm. Since many children gave pennies to build the monument, if you visit it, it is traditional to leave a penny there.

Fred Astaire
Fred Astaire, born Frederick Austerlitz (May 10, 1899 – June 22, 1987), was an American actor and dancer.

Game Boy Advance
The Game Boy Advance is a handheld video game console made by Nintendo which can play Game Boy games and Game Boy Color games. Sometimes "GBA" is used instead of the full name. There are three versions: the original, SP, and the Micro.
The original version is horizontal and uses AA batteries. The SP (released in 2003) was the first Game Boy to have a rechargeable battery. People had an AC adapter that they could plug in instead of having to buy new batteries. The Micro was released in 2005 and is very small.
Before the Advance, Nintendo had released the Game Boy and Game Boy Color. After this console they released the Nintendo DS in November 2004.
People were able to buy it in Japan on 21 March 2001. Nintendo released it in North America on 11 June 2001 and for Europe on 22 June 2001.
After the release of the seventh-generation game systems (Nintendo DS, Xbox 360, PlayStation Portable, Wii, and PlayStation 3), games slowly stopped being made for any sixth-generation systems. These included the Game Boy Advance, as well as the Xbox, GameCube, and PlayStation 2.
Game Boy Advance SP.
The Game Boy Advance SP is a small, pocket-size machine that can be used to play video games. It is part of a series of pocket-size video game machines ("handhelds") called the Game Boy series. Just before the Game Boy Advance SP, there was another "Game Boy" called the Game Boy Advance. The Game Boy Advance SP is better than the Game Boy Advance in a few ways. First it has a "clamshell" design, which means that it can be folded up to make it smaller. It also has a new light so the user can see the screen better. The Game Boy Advance SP is made by Nintendo.
To play a video game on the Game Boy Advance SP, the player needs to buy a game separately. The games come in small "cartridges" -- small boxes that have computer chips inside them. The cartridge have to be put into the hole in the back of the Game Boy Advance SP, to make it possible to play the game. The actions or characters in the game are controlled with the controls, which are on the front of the console, just below the screen.
No games were made specifically for the SP.
Game Boy Micro.
Game Boy Micro was the last Game Boy handheld by Nintendo. It is another Game Boy Advance remake (like the Game Boy Advance SP). It is much smaller than the other Game Boys and has a much brigher screen than the SP. However, it can only play Game Boy Advance games, whereas the original and the SP could play Game Boy and Game Boy Color games.
No games were made specifically for the Micro, just like the SP.

Amerie
Amerie (her full name is Amerie Rogers) (born January 12 1980) is an American R&B singer.

Ben Stein
Ben Stein (November 25, 1944) is an American attorney, political consultant, writer, actor, comedian, and TV personality.
He was a lawyer, then speech writer for Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford. He went into show business helping some liberal writers write accurate portrayals of conservatives for a TV show. He soon turned to acting, he landed his most famous role as a boring teacher in the movie "Ferris Bueller's Day Off". He was also the main person in the 2008 movie. His nerdy appearance and dead-pan manner have made him a popular fixture on movies and TV till this day, from 1997 to 2003 he had his own game show, Win Ben Stein's Money, he also wrote many books, had articles that appeared in popular magazines and newspapers. He is also spokesperson for a product named "Clear Eyes".

Angela Merkel
Dr Angela Dorothea Merkel (born 17 July 1954, in Hamburg) is a German politician, and the Chancellor of Germany since 22 November 2005.
She was born in Hamburg, and grew up in the German Democratic Republic (which was the old East Germany, before the two Germanys became one) where she lived until the Reuniting of Germany in 1990. Merkel is now married to Joachim Sauer, a professor of chemistry. Angela Merkel currently chairs (is in charge of) the German conservative party, the Christian Democratic Union of Germany (CDU).
Merkel became Germany's first female chancellor on 22 November 2005 in a coalition of the two biggest German political parties CDU/CSU and SPD.

Chinese dragon
The Chinese dragon is a mythical animal. A dragon is not a true animal, but an animal found in stories told a very long time ago.
A dragon is also a powerful symbol (an idea as a picture). It means power and that good things will happen.
Dragons are often found in Chinese art and stories. Since people found dragons in Chinese art and stories, dragons are sometimes thought of as a symbol for China. But inside China, the people now want the Giant Panda as a symbol for China. This might be because dragons were also symbols for emperors of China long ago.

Stevie Wonder
Stevie Wonder was born on May 13, 1950 in Saginaw, Michigan. His real name is Steveland Hardaway Judkins but he changed his last name to his mother's married name, Morris.
He is an American singer, songwriter, producer, musician, humanitarian, and social activist. He has been blind nearly since his birth. Wonder became one of the most successful and well-known artists on the Motown label. He has recorded 23 albums and many hit singles, and written and produced songs for many of his labelmates and other artists as well. Wonder plays the drums, guitar, synthesizers, congas, and most famously the piano, harmonica, and the keyboard.

Littleton, Colorado
Littleton is a community in Colorado, near Denver. It is most famous in 1999 because of the Columbine High School massacre at Columbine High School, which is not actually in the city of Littleton, but is in a ZIP code assigned to Littleton.

Motown
"Motown" can also refer to the city of Detroit itself, or to the genre of music made by artists like those listed above.

Mustelid
Mustelids are a family of carnivorous mammals. They are the family "Mustelidae", in the order "Carnivora".
They are among the largest and oldest families, and contain a large diversity of animals, from weasels who eat mice to wolverines that can crush a reindeer. Mustelids can live in many places, otters for example, live mostly in the water, while one species of weasel lives in the arctic.
One kind of mustelid, the ferret, has been tamed and used for hunting for a long time. These days it is mostly kept as a pet, though. Because the ferret looks a bit like a rat that has been stretched out in the middle, it is sometimes called a tube rat.
Well-known mustelid species.
The following are other well-known animals from the mustelid family.

Vanilla Ninja
Vanilla Ninja is a music group made up of four girls named Lenna Kuurmaa, Katrin Siska, Piret Järvis and ex - Triinu Kivilaan & Maarja Kivi
The band has had some popular songs in Europe and was in the Eurovision Song Contest 2005.

Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia
Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia (July 23 1892-August 26, 1975) was the Emperor of Ethiopia. He is also known as the religious symbol for God incarnate (in the flesh) among members of the Rastafari movement, who call themselves by his name before becoming Emperor - Ras Tafari.
Tafari was made into local governor of Sidamo in 1907, and Harar province in 1911. As governor of Harar, he had a huge following, but he agreed not to remove Lij Iyasu from power as regent, in exchange for Lij Iyasu not removing him as governor of Harer. However, Iyasu became a Muslim, and also he did try to remove Tafari as governor, breaking the agreement. Tafari said that now the agreement was broken, he did not have to keep it either, and so he did remove Iyasu as regent. Because Iyasu had gone over to Islam, the nobles replaced him with Empress Zauditu on September 27, 1916 and made Tafari regent. From this time onward, he controlled Ethiopia. He was made "negus" (king) in 1928, and was crowned "Haile Selassie I, King of Kings of Ethiopia, Conquering Lion of the Tribe of Judah, Elect of God" on November 2, 1930. His coronation was given widespread publicity throughout the world, especially through two TIME Magazine articles in a row. This publicity created interest on the far-away island of Jamaica, where a belief in his divinity (Godliness) soon arose because of his titles, and because they saw him as a symbol of black liberation.
In 1936 he left Ethiopia after the invasion by Mussolini's Italy. He gave a speech at the League of Nations, asking the world to stop the Italians, but they failed to act. With the help of the British in World War Two, he was able to return to Ethiopia in 1941. In 1963, the Emperor did everything he could to help start the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) with its headquarters in Addis Ababa. In 1966, he visited Jamaica, where he met the Rastafarian community of Jamaica. On September 12, 1974, he was overthrown by a Marxist coup, and, they said, died of natural causes the following August. However, there is some disagreement around why he died, and many Rastafarians claim he is still alive.

Ethiopia
Ethiopia is a country in the Horn of Africa. It has one of the most well known histories as a country in Africa and the world. Unlike other African countries, Ethiopia stayed together during the Scramble for Africa, except for 5 years when it was ruled by Italians. Ethiopia used to be called Abyssinia. The word "Ethiopia" is from the Greek word Αἰθιοπία. BNP per capita 1370 $ (IMF) (2008).
History.
The Kingdom of Aksum, the first known kingdom of great power to rise in Ethiopia, rose during the first century AD. The Persian religious figure Mani listed Axum with Rome, Persia, and China as one of the four great powers of his time. It was in the early 4th century that a Syro-Greek castaway, Frumentius, was taken to the court and over time changed King Ezana to Christianity, making Christianity Ethiopia's religion. For this, he received the title "Abba Selama". At different times, including a time in the 6th century, Axum ruled most of modern-day Yemen just across the Red Sea.
The line of rulers from the Axumite kings was broken a few times: first by the Jewish Queen Gudit around 950, then by the Zagwe dynasty. Around 1270, the Solomonid dynasty came to control Ethiopia, claiming that they were related to the kings of Axum. They called themselves "Neguse Negest" ("King of Kings," or Emperor), basing their claims on their direct relation to Solomon and the queen of Sheba.
During the rule of Emperor Lebna Dengel, Ethiopia made its first good contact with a European country, Portugal. This was a good development. When the Empire was attacked by Somali General and Imam, Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi, Portugal responded to Lebna Dengel's request for help with an army of 400 men, which helped his son Gelawdewos beat al-Ghazi and remake his rule. However, Jesuit missionaries over time offended the Orthodox faith of the local Ethiopians, and in the mid-17th century Emperor Fasilidos got rid of these missionaries. At the same time, the Oromo people began to question the Ethiopian Christian authorities in the Abyssinian territories, and wanted to keep their own religion.
All of this lead to Ethiopia's isolation during the 1700s. The Emperors became figureheads, controlled by warlords like Ras Mikael Sehul of Tigray. Ethiopian isolationism ended following a British mission that made friendship between the two nations; however, it was not until the reign of Tewodros II that Ethiopia began to take part in world matters once again.

Utah
Utah is a state in the United States. The capital and largest city is Salt Lake City.
Utah is bordered by Idaho and Wyoming in the north and Colorado in the east. It touches a single point or New Mexico to the southeast. Utah is bordered by Arizona in the south, and by Nevada in the west. It covers an area of 84,899 square miles (219,887km²).

The Times
"The Times" is a large well-known newspaper. It is printed in London, England.

The Bahamas
The Commonwealth of The Bahamas is a group of islands in the West Indies. The country's capital, Nassau, is located on New Providence Island.
Popular belief holds it that Christopher Columbus discovered the Americas by landing on another of the islands, San Salvador.
The islands' mostly black population speaks English, the country's main language.
A popular vacation destination, the seven hundred islands and cays attract a large number of visitors from nearby America, as well as Europe and elsewhere.

Vanuatu
Vanuatu is a country in Pacific Ocean. It has 83 islands. The official languages of Vanuatu are Bislama, English and French. There are six provinces in Vanuatu. They are Malampa, Penama, Sanma, Shefa, Tafea and Torba. Vanuatu has a population of about 202 609 people (2004). The capital of Vanuatu is Port Vila. The country was ruled as a colony by England and France until it got independence in 1980. During the colonial time it was named the "New Hebrides" or "Nouvelles Hebrides".

Stuff
Stuff is a mass of items, matter, or events.

Crayola
Crayola is brand of crayons and other writing and drawing utensils, such as markers, chalk, and colored pencils made by the Binney & Smith Inc. company.

Ringo Starr
Ringo Starr (born Richard Starkey on July 7, 1940) is a musician and actor. He is most famous as a member of the Beatles. He joined the group in 1962 as a replacement for their original drummer Pete Best. He quickly became well-liked and very popular. He sang lead on some of the band's songs including "Yellow Submarine", "Act Naturally", "Don't Pass Me By", and "Octopus's Garden".
After the group broke up he became a solo artist; his songs included "It Don't Come Easy", "Photograph" (cowritten with George Harrison), "You're Sixteen" (featuring Paul McCartney and Harry Nilsson), and "Only You (And You Alone)" (with John Lennon and again with Nilsson).
Starr acted in several movies aside from the ones he did with the Beatles, including "The Magic Christian" (1969), "That'll Be The Day" (1973), "Caveman" (1980), and the role of Mr. Conductor on the children's show "Shining Time Station", during its first season (1989). (Comedian George Carlin later took over the role). He also narrated the children's show "Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends" for the first two seasons (1984).

Oslo
Oslo is the capital city of Norway. It has a population of 568,809 people (2008). The conurbation has a total population of 839,423. The urban municipality of Oslo and county is the same thing.
History.
The Saga of Norwegian Kings (written by Snorre Sturlason) tells that king Harald III Sigurdsson founded Oslo around 1048. Recent archaeological research has found Christian graves from before 1000. On the basis of these two facts Oslo celebrated its 900 year anniversary in 1950 and its 1000 year anniversary in 2000.
One of the more famous landmarks in Oslo is Akershus Fortress. It was started in around 1290. Oslo was destroyed in fire in 1624, and was rebuilt nearer to Akershus Fortress by the command of King Christian IV of Norway. The king gave the new city the name Christiania, which was later also written as Kristiania. In 1925 the name of the city was changed back to Oslo.

Lincoln Thompson
Lincoln Thompson (June 18, 1949 - January 23, 1999) was a Jamaican reggae musician, songwriter and Rastafarian. He spent 2 years in the Tartans as a teenager before working under Coxsone Dodd in the early 1970s. In 1974 he released his first record, "Humanity". While it produced hit singles it was not given commercial exposure until Thompson made a deal with Ballistics, a subsidiary of United Artists, in 1979. This album was released commercially and there were 2 follow-up albums that he recorded in 1979 and 1980. "Experience" was recorded in Jamaica, while the follow up "Natural Wild" was recorded in England with Joe Jackson. Ballistics went bankrupt, but Thompson was able to salvage enough to return to Jamaica, where he recorded a further album, "Ride with the Rasses" in 1982. The following year he took his family to live in London where he recorded a 5th album, "Rootsman Blues". He then set up an Ital food grocery shop in London. Thanks to an American sponsor a 6th album came out in 1996, called "21st century". He died of cancer.

Tom Hanks
Tom Hanks (born July 9, 1956) is an American actor and producer who is famous for playing a number of different roles.
Movies.
Many of Hanks' early movies were goofy comedies and were not very good, though he was made famous by his roles in "Splash" and "Big". He made his way into drama with "A League of Their Own" and "Philadelphia". But soon he went back to comedy with "Forrest Gump". Hanks would star in many more famous movies, including "Apollo 13", "Saving Private Ryan", "Toy Story","Cast Away", "The Terminal", "The Da Vinci Code" and "The Green Mile".

Sir Mix-A-Lot
Sir Mix-a-Lot (born Anthony Ray on August 12, 1963) is an American rapper and producer.
His style of music is called "hip-hop." He is from Seattle, Washington, and he is most famous for his hit song "Baby Got Back". That song has catchy phrases and cheap humor, and it talks about liking big butts. This made it popular in the United States during the 1990s.
Sir Mix-a-Lot is not actually a peer of the realm but has assumed the title 'Sir' for humourous or ironic effect.

Dick York
Dick York (September 4, 1928-February 20,1992) was an American actor. He is most famous for his role as Darren Stephens on the television show, "Bewitched". York left the show in 1969 and was replaced by Dick Sargent.

James Earl Jones
James Earl Jones (born Todd Jones on January 17, 1931) is an American actor and voice artist. He is famous for doing the voice of Darth Vader in the "Star Wars" movies and for the CNN tagline ("This...is CNN"). He starred in "Lincoln Portrait" which has music by Aaron Copland.
Jones has won two Tony Awards for his live theatre work on Broadway, and an Emmy Award for his role on the television series "Gabriel's Fire".

Calvin and Hobbes
"Calvin and Hobbes" is a comic strip made by Bill Watterson about a boy called Calvin and a stuffed tiger called Hobbes that Calvin thinks is a real tiger. It first appeared in 1985, and Calvin has been printed by over 2,400 newspapers. Almost 23 million Calvin and Hobbes books have been printed.
In the comic, Calvin goes everywhere with Hobbes. In panels with only Calvin and Hobbes in them, Hobbes looks like a cartoon tiger, standing on two legs. In panels with any other person, he looks like a stuffed animal. Bill Watterson says that it can be either, and readers can decide which is real. In the first strip, Calvin meets Hobbes when he catches him with a rope baited with a tuna fish sandwich. Calvin and Hobbes run into all sorts of trouble and adventures. The comic strip ran from November 18, 1985 until December 31, 1995.
Calvin's alter-egos.
On many occasions, Calvin sees himself in one of his many alternate guises: as the superhero Stupendous Man, the astronaut and explorer Spaceman Spiff, the private eye Tracer Bullet, and many others. This is like comparing Calvin's imagininary worlds to the real world in the strip, and it guides him through fun and adventure.
Hobbes.
In classic comic tradition of sidekicks, Hobbes is kind of like Calvin's 'good side' because he is more mature and makes smarter decisions than Calvin does. When Calvin does something like throw a snowball at a girl, Hobbes will say "You think she's cute, right?" This kind of teaches Calvin a lesson and it makes the comic seem better.
From most characters' point of view, Hobbes is Calvin's stuffed tiger. However, from Calvin's point of view, Hobbes is as alive and real as anyone in the strip. He is named after 17th century philosopher Thomas Hobbes, who had what Watterson said "a dim view of human nature." Hobbes is much more alert and aware of the bad things that can happen than Calvin is aware, but he does not stop Calvin's trouble making. All that he really does is warn him, and anyways, Calvin will be the one to get in trouble for it, not Hobbes. Hobbes also has the habit of sneaking up and then jumping on Calvin, which Calvin hates.
Although the first strips clearly show Calvin capturing Hobbes by means of a trap (with tuna fish as the bait), a later comic (1 August 1989) seems to imply that Hobbes is, in fact, older than Calvin, and has been around with him his whole life. Watterson decided that it was not important to explain how Calvin and Hobbes had first met.
Calvin's family.
Calvin's mom and dad are for the most part regular Middle American middle-class parents; like many other characters in the strip, their relatively realistic and sensible manners act as mainly as a foil for Calvin's childish and selfish behavior. Both parents go through the entire strip unnamed, except as "Mom" and "Dad", or such nicknames as "hon" and "dear." Watterson has never given Calvin's parents names "because as far as the strip is concerned, they are important only as Calvin's mom and dad." This ended up being somewhat problematic when Calvin's Uncle Max was in the strip for a week and couldn't refer to the parents by name, and was one of the main reasons that Max never reappeared.
Susie Derkins.
Susie Derkins, the only character in the strip with both first and last names, is a fellow classmate of Calvin who lives in his neighborhood. She first appeared early in the strip as a new student in Calvin's class. Unlike Calvin, she is polite and very smart and eager to improve in her studies and grades at school, and her imagination usually seems mild-mannered and calm, consisting of a standard young girls' games such as playing house or having tea parties with her stuffed animals. Her approach to these games is arguably more modern, however, some might say even skeptical. (In a game of "house" she usually casts herself as the traditional working wife while Calvin is the lousy and useless husband or some version similar to that.) "Derkins" was the nickname of Watterson's wife's family beagle, and he liked the name so much he named this character after it. As much as either of them hate to admit, Calvin and Susie have quite a bit in common. (Susie is shown on occasion with a stuffed rabbit known as "Mr. Bun," and Calvin always has Hobbes.)
Watterson admits that Calvin and Susie have a bit of a wild crush on each other (Said by Calvin, "It's shameless the way we flirt."), and that Susie is inspired by the type of women Watterson himself finds attractive (which has led to speculation that Susie is based on Watterson's wife). Her relationship with Calvin, though, is frequently conflicted, and never really becomes sorted out, and the closest things are times when Calvin sends dead flowers and hate-mail as Valentine's Day gifts for his own enjoyment. (She feels he likes her enough to send her that gift, and he rejoices in her noticing.)
On occasion, Hobbes takes action to attract Susie's romantic attention, often with success, and much to Calvin's anger and jealousy. Although on the surface these events take the form of Hobbes teasing Calvin and showing off his charms, they may be Calvin's way to disguise his own crush on Susie, by pretending that it is Hobbes' crush instead.
Moe.
Moe is the traditional bully character in "Calvin & Hobbes", "a six-year-old who shaves" who is always pushing Calvin against walls, forcing to give him to give away his lunch money, and calling him "Twinky." Moe is the only regular character who speaks in an unusual font: his (frequently monosyllabic) dialogue is shown in rough, lower-case letters. Watterson describes Moe as "every jerk I've ever known." And while Moe is not smart, he is, as Calvin puts it, streetwise. "That means he knows what street he lives on."
Miss Wormwood.
Miss Wormwood is Calvin's bored and depressed teacher, named after the apprentice devil in C.S. Lewis's "The Screwtape Letters". She continuously wears polka-dotted dresses, and serves like others as a foil to Calvin's rude behavior. Calvin's response to the boring studies of schoolwork is endless dreams of his imagination. She is eagerly waiting to retire, taking a large amount of medication, and is apparently a heavy smoker and alcoholic drinker.
Although there is a definite progression of time in the Calvin and Hobbes universe, mainly exhibited by the changing seasons, Calvin (and Susie) returns to Ms. Wormwood's first-grade class every fall.
As usual, for an adult entering Calvin's world, Miss Wormwood sees it differently from Calvin. When she confronts Calvin regarding missing homework, for example, Calvin's Spaceman Spiff persona perceives a large slimy threatening snarling alien. "Slowly, carefully, Spiff draws his death-ray blaster".
Rosalyn.
Rosalyn is a teenage high school senior student and the person who watches Calvin, whenever Calvin's parents go on a night out together. She is the only babysitter able to put up with Calvin's bad behavior, which she uses to demand raises and advances from Calvin's desperate parents. She is also, according to Watterson, the only person Calvin truly fears— certainly she is his equal in sneakiness, and doesn't pause to play as dirty as he does. Rosalyn was known to have a habit of sending him to bed at 6:30 which he goes against and only makes more trouble. Rosalyn's boyfriend, Charlie, never appears in the strip but calls her occasionally. These calls are often cut short by Calvin. Originally she was created as a nameless, one-shot character with no plans to appear again; however, Watterson decided he wanted to keep her unique ability to scare Calvin, which and ultimately, led to many more appearances.
At one time during the strip shown in the book collection "The Revenge of the Babysat", Calvin's parents prepare to go out on a night with a dinner and a movie while leaving Calvin with Rosalyn. In freight of the news, he runs up to Hobbes and explains the situation. Later when Rosalyn appears, Calvin and Hobbes over hear Rosalyn needing to study for a big science test which they plan to sabotage. After Calvin's parents leave, Calvin approaches Rosalyn, curious of what she's doing. After slyly talking her away from her science notes, he quickly grabs them, runs to the bathroom door with Hobbes, and locks the door while Rosalyn yells from he outside demanding her notes back. Once they "flushed" her notes (in which they only pretended to and flushed an empty toilet). Moments later when the wonder if Rosalyn has gone, Calvin opens the door only to find Rosalyn pounce upon him and throw him to bed at 7 o'clock which Hobbes notes that they went to bed 30 minutes later than usual. The ending shows Calvin's parents coming back home to find Rosalyn charge extra money for the job while Calvin's parents argue if there's another babysitter in town.
Snowballs and snowmen.
During the winter time, Calvin was often seen making ugly or frightening types of snowmen when once Calvin created the "Deranged Mutant Killer Monster Snow Goons". Also his snowmen creations had snowmen with missing or multiple heads, snowmen taking another's head for a bowling ball, and snowmen being "knocked over" by his family's car.
Also Calvin frequently threw snowballs at Susie, most likely having himself being chased by Susie. Once Calvin (while in his "Stupendous Man" alter-ego) also made a gigantic snowball and dropped it at Susie while on top of a tree, as where Susie's mom described it as a "the size of a bowling ball".
Monsters under the bed.
The monsters under the bed were described as scary, octopus-tentacled shaped creatures that lived under Calvin's bed every time he went to sleep. Often they would try to bribe Calvin to come under the bed by giving him a new toy or by urging Hobbes to push Calvin over in return for a fresh piece of salmon. According to Calvin he'd usually describe them as "all fangs and no brains". They often lie to Calvin when he asks "how many monsters are under my bed?, when they'd usually reply there's "only one" or "none and go to sleep". Although various monsters were known to exist under Calvin's bed, two named monsters "Maurice" and "Winslow" appeared and re-appeared during the strip's middle times.
G.R.O.S.S..
Get Rid Of Slimy Girls is Calvin's anti-girl club in which the club's goal is to annoy and bother girls, particularly Calvin's main target, Susie Derkins. The club has only two members, Calvin and Hobbes which Calvin takes role as "supreme dicator-for-life" and Hobbes being the "first tiger". There, the two usually plot on throwing water balloons or snowballs on her which sometimes end up with a flawed ending. Nonetheless, according to Calvin, every time they finish a mission or meeting, they always award medals, honors, and promotions.
School and homework.
Calvin hates school and homework as much as anything he says and usually tries to slip out from both of them. He struggles against his mom from catching the school bus, and would sometimes attempt to ditch the class and run home. At one Sunday strip, Calvin's imagination became so wild and vivid that he imagined getting in a F-15 Eagle warcraft and blasting his elementary school to pieces with a number of missiles.

Tony Randall
Tony Randall (February 26, 1920 - May 17 2004) was an American actor. He was best known for his role as Felix Unger on the TV show "The Odd Couple".

Lesbian
A lesbian is a homosexual woman. This means a woman who is sexually attracted to other women, and not to men.
The word lesbian comes from Lesbos (Λέσβος), an island in Greece. An ancient poet, Sappho, lived on Lesbos. Sappho wrote mostly poems about love. Many of her love poems are written to women. So her name and the island where she lived make people think about women who love women. Sometimes lesbians are also called "Sapphists" from the name Sappho.
Lesbians and feminism.
Lesbians were involved in the early feminist (A movement of women who wanted not to be treated below men) movement. Feminism is the political and social movements that promote women's equality and rights. However, there was conflict between lesbians and straight (heterosexual) women in the feminist movement. In the 1960s and 1970s some straight (women who like men) feminists wanted the lesbians out of the women's rights movement. They wanted feminism to be accepted by society. They believed lesbians were less accepted by society and might hurt the feminist movement.
Eventually, the women's rights movement accepted its lesbian members. Now many important feminist leaders are out (out means that they make it known that they are lesbians) lesbians.
Lesbians as parents.
Many lesbian couples want to have children. In order to raise children, they sometimes adopt. However some places do not allow homosexual couples to adopt children.
Some lesbian couples also have their own biological children. To do this they may have artificial insemination (that means they take the sperm from a man and put it in the woman to make her have a baby without the woman having sex with him) of one (or both) women. This is when sperm from a donor male is placed in a woman to make a pregnancy. Some lesbian women do this at home with a friend they choose to be the donor. However many may use "sperm banks". These are medical businesses that match couples who need donor sperm with men who will donate. Sometimes this is done "anonymously" which means the couple does not know the donor. Sometimes this is done with the donor known and even chosen by the couple.
Lesbians and the law.
Unlike gay male sex, lesbian sex is not against the law in as many places. Some religions that condemn gay male sex say nothing about lesbian sex.
However, just like gay men, in most parts of the world lesbians cannot marry. This means they do not have the legal benefits and protection of marriage. This can cause lesbians, and gay men, many problems.

Maine
Maine is the northeast-most state in the United States. The capital is Augusta, although the city of Portland, farther south, is the largest in the state. Maine attained statehood on March 15, 1820, making it the 23rd state. It was previously part of Massachusetts. Commercial Fishing, including lobster trapping, is a traditional and still vital part of the coastal economy. Tourism is a large industry in southern Maine because of its many beaches and picturesque coastal villages. Southern Maine is also the most populous region of the state. Many other areas, to the North, are far more rural.

Niuatoputapu
Niuatoputapu is an island in Tonga. It has a population of about 1200 people. Niuatoputapu is located in the north of the country, near to Samoa.

Samoa
The Independent State of Samoa is a country in Pacific Ocean. It has nine islands. The languages spoken in Samoa include Samoan and English. The capital of Samoa is Apia. It is located in the island of Upolu. The head of the country is Malietoa Tanumafili II. The sport that is most popular in Samoa is Rugby, and many Samoan people play Rugby
East of Samoa is a group of islands called American Samoa. They are part of the United States, but they are similar to the country Samoa, because they also speak Samoan.
Many people say that Samoan people are related to maori people because lots of the language words are very similar to maori

Davy Jones (actor)
Davy Jones (December 30, 1945-) is a English singer and actor. He was born Manchester, England. His father wanted him to be a jockey, but he wanted to be a performer. He appeared in the television programme, "Coronation Street" and in the London and Broadway versions of "Oliver!". In 1966, he joined The Monkees, a musical group created for a television series of the same name. The series was cancelled in 1968 and the group disbanded in 1970. Jones continues to perform.

Michael Nesmith
Michael Nesmith is an American musician, songwriter, actor, producer, novelist, businessman and philanthropist.
He was born in Dallas, Texas on December 30, 1942. His mother, Bette Nesmith Graham invented Liquid Paper in 1951 and made the family very rich. In the 1960s, he moved to Los Angeles to start a recording career, he wrote the song "Different Drum" which was a hit for Linda Ronstadt and the Stone Poneys. In 1966, he became a member of the Monkees, a made-for-TV rock band, he left the group in 1969 and started a solo career. He is considered one of the forefathers of the country-rock movement of the 1970s with his song "Joanne", he also worked as a producer and is considered one of the pioneers of the music video industry. Nesmith's 1981 video-film "Elephant Parts" won the first Grammy award for a music video

Peter Tork
Peter Tork is an American actor and musician. His real name is Peter Halsten Thorkelson and he was born on February 13, 1942. He started as a folk musician in Greenwich Village. In 1966, he became famous as a member of The Monkees. He was recommended for the group by his friend Stephen Stills. Shortly after The Monkees TV show was cancelled in 1968, he left. Although he played with the other members of the group sometimes, he still plays with his own bands and tours frequently.

Micky Dolenz
George Michael Dolenz (born March 8, 1945), better known as Micky Dolenz is an American actor, singer, director, and voice artist. He is most famous as a member of The Monkees.

Goldstar beer
Goldstar is an Israeli beer that has been brewed in Israel since the 1950s.
It is defined as a Munich-style beer. Goldstar contains 4.9% alcohol.

Dominique de Villepin
Dominique Marie François René Galouzeau de Villepin (born November 14, 1953), simply known as Dominique de Villepin, was appointed Premier (or Prime Minister) of France on May 31, 2005. He was made Premier by Jacques Chirac after the French President removed Jean-Pierre Raffarin from the premiership. Raffarin failed to gain the support of the French people for the European Constitution. Villepin stepped down as Prime Minister on May 17, 2007.
Dominique de Villepin said that his government's most important task would be job creation. He knew that the French people were concerned about the condition of the French economy. This was one of the reasons they had voted against the European Constitution in the referendum on May 29, 2005,

Francis Drake
Vice Admiral Sir Francis Drake (around 1540 – January 28, 1596) was an English
sailor and explorer. Beginning around 1563, he and his cousin, Sir John Hawkins became the first Englishman to sell slaves from Africa in the New World. In Panama in 1573, he captured a fortune in silver and gold that the Spanish had seized from the Native Americans, and became the first Englishman to see the Pacific. He was also the first Englishman to sail all the way around the world. Because of this, he was made a knight by Queen Elizabeth I. Later, he was second in command of the English fleet which defeated the Spanish Armada in 1588.
Sir Francis Drake's ship was called 'The Golden Hind'.
Sir Francis Drake was the second man to sail around the whole world with two of his ships intact

House of Commons of the United Kingdom
The term House of Commons is used by many countries to describe part of their parliament. In the United Kingdom, the House of Commons is the part of the parliament which has the most power. It is made up of Members of Parliament elected by the people. Sometimes it is called the 'lower house'. (The 'upper house' is called the House of Lords.) Other countries also have parts of parliament called the House of Commons which work in the same way.
In the British parliament, there are 646 Members of Parliament or MPs. Each MP represents a constituency, which covers an area of the country. The people of each constituency vote at a general election or a by-election to choose one person to represent them in the House of Commons. Usually, the people choose someone who belongs to a political party. When all the parties get together, the party which has the most members is the government and runs the country. The leader of that party is called the Prime Minister.

Wank
Wank is a mountain in the Bavarian Alps, by Garmisch-Partenkirchen in Germany, close to the Austrian border.
Wank is 1780m tall, and has a cable car, the "Wankbahn", which takes people almost all the way to the top. Near the peak, there is an inn called the "Wankhaus" which was built in 1911 that allows people to spend the night.

1685
Year 1685 was a common year that started on a Monday when using the Gregorian calendar.

Hank Aaron
Henry Louis Aaron (born February 5, 1935) is a baseball player. He played baseball professionally for 22 years, and hit 755 home runs. No other baseball player has hit as many home runs as he has. Even though he has 755 home runs in his career, he never hit 50 or more in a season.

Vishnu
Vishnu is one of the three main gods in Hinduism. Vaishnavas believe that Vishnu is the highest God. Vishnu is the preserver god, which means he protects the earth from being destroyed, according to this religion, and he has come to earth in nine forms (called avataras) so far, with one yet to come. His most famous forms are Rama and Krishna. Vishnu's wife is Lakshmi, the Hindu goddess of fortune.
Vishnu is usually shown with light blue skin and four arms.

Money laundering
Money laundering is something some criminals do to the money they make from crime. When a criminal does money laundering, the criminal tries to make it hard for the police to find out where the criminal got the money.
One way criminals do money laundering is by using the money to buy things (like gold and silver, shares or casino chips) and then selling those things to get the money back. If a criminal buys and sells things many times it is hard for the police to find out where the criminal got the money.
In 1989, some countries set up a group of people from different Governments to tell countries the best ways to stop money laundering. This organization is called the Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering.

Zeus
Zeus is the God of the Gods, ruler of Mount Olympus in Greek mythology, and one of the Twelve Olympians. His parents were Cronos and Rhea. When Cronos tried to kill Zeus, Rhea hid him. When Zeus grew up, he killed Cronos.
Everybody in Ancient Greece prayed to him the most, because he was powerful, and he was respected everywhere. He was the most important god out of all twelve Olympians. Zeus controlled the weather. Whenever Zeus was in a bad mood, he would throw thunder bolts. That is how the ancient Greeks believed we got thunder. Also, Zeus' temperature affected the weather all the time. If he felt cold, the weather would become cold. If he felt hot, the weather would also become hot.
He married his sister Hera, but had many affairs and children with many other women, both goddesses and mortals.
His brothers were Poseidon and Hades.The Olympic Games were held in his honor.
His sisters were Hera and Demeter, both members of the Twelve Olympians.

Evolutionary biology
Evolutionary biology is a subfield of biology that wonders about how species start and change over time or in other words, how species evolve. Someone who studies evolutionary biology is known as an evolutionary biologist, or less often as an evolutionist.

Mozilla Firefox
Mozilla Firefox is a free open source web browser for the computer, which uses the Gecko rendering engine. It is made by the Mozilla Foundation. It works on many operating systems. The makers tried to make it very modular, easy to use, and safe.
Version 3.0.
The name for Firefox 3.0 while it was being made was "Gran Paradiso". "Gran Paradiso", like other Firefox development names, is an actual place; in this case the second-highest mountain group in the Graian Alps.
In 2006, the development team asked people who use Firefox to submit feature ideas that they wanted to be in Firefox 3.
NetApplications says that the use of Firefox 3 has been going up very fast to a usage share of 2.23% in May 2008. They think that this increase means that Firefox 3 is stable and that users are using it as their main browser.
Guinness World Record.
The date for the launch of Firefox 3 was June 17, 2008, named "Download Day 2008." Firefox was aiming to set the record for most Firefox downloads in 24 hours. As of June 18, 2008, more than 6.88 million people have downloaded Firefox 3.
Many people tried to go the Mozilla website on June 17 making it unavailable for at least a few hours. The site was not updated for the download of Firefox 3 until 12:00 PDT. "Download Day" ended at 11:16 AM PDT June 18. Firefox 3 has been downloaded 28,340,281 different times.
Extensions.
Extensions let a user add new things to the browser or change how it does something. They are created by other users. Because extensions are able to access all parts of the computer that Firefox can, extensions that can harm a computer could be made. However,the extension can only change system settings if you have administrator privileges.
Themes.
Firefox also has themes or skinning which change the way the browser looks to the user. Some themes that can make Firefox look like other browsers, such as Internet Explorer and Netscape.
These are the default themes in Firefox.
Tabs.
Tabbed browsing is a feature used in the browser where many webpages can be opened in one window, with labeled tabs on top to select the webpage. To make a new empty tab, type control-T.
Searching.
There is a search box in Firefox that can be seen in the top right corner of the window. When someone using Mozilla Firefox types something in the search box and presses enter, the browser will search the Internet using a search engine like Google or Yahoo!.
There are "search suggestions" in Firefox 2. When words are typed in the search box, suggested words will appear. For example, if "wiki" is typed, the browser will suggest "Wikipedia".
Spell checking.
Firefox can use spell checking, if a word is typed badly into a text box, like the one where someone changes a Wikipedia page, the program will underline the word that is spelled wrong with a red line. If you scroll over that word and right click, Mozilla Firefox will list words which use the right spelling. For example: the wrong word "chekc" will have "check" as a suggestion.

Lenny Kravitz
Leonard Albert "Lenny" Kravitz (born May 26, 1964) is an American singer, songwriter and musician.

1900
Note that 1900 is actually the last year of the 19th century; 1901 is the actual first year of the 20th century.

Birdbox
A birdbox is a little house for a bird. Birds can make a nest in a birdbox. A birdbox is more safe for baby birds than outside. There is a hole in a wall of a birdbox where birds can go in and out. Birdboxes are often put on trees.

Accent
An accent is the way a person speaks.
Sometimes people will talk about someone's accent. They might say that the person has a German accent, or an Australian accent. An accent is the way words are said.
The way a person says words usually comes from where he or she was a child, and other people where he or she lives. People learn how to say words and sentences so that they sound the same as when others speak.
People speaking the same language can have different accents. Even people in the same country can have different accents. Sometimes people can tell what city someone lived in when as a child, by the way that person speaks. (e.g. a New York City accent)
When first trying to learn a new language, often a person will still have his or her old accent. People may be able to guess what country or place that person lived in before.
If someone can learn another language well enough, he or she may not have the old accent anymore. These people may get a new accent in the new language. If someone studied German in Austria, people in Germany may think that person was Austrian.

Louis Braille
Louis Braille (born January 4, 1809, died January 6, 1852) was a French inventor who invented the "Braille" system, which helps blind people read. Braille is read by passing one's fingers over characters made up of an arrangement of one to six embossed points. It has been adapted to almost every known language.
Louis Braille was the child of a saddle-maker. He was the youngest of four children. He became blind at the age of three. He accidentally stuck an awl into one eye. There were no antibiotics and soon his injured eye was infected. It spread to his other eye and soon, he became blind in both eyes. He went to the Royal Institute of Blind Youth at the age of ten. Braille was a good student, especially when it came to science and music. Later he became a church organist. He was also a teacher at the Institute of Blind Youth. Louis Braille died at the age of 43 due to tuberculosis.

Marsupial
Marsupials are a type of mammals. This group is also called "Marsupialia" or "Metatheria".
They give birth to living babies and they feed their babies milk. But their babies are born very young and very small. Marsupials have a special pouch where they carry their babies. After the birth the baby goes into its mother's pouch, where it can drink milk and is kept warm and safe. When the babies are very young they stay in the pouch all the time, but when they are older they can leave it for short times. When they are old enough and too big for the pouch they do not go into their mother's pouch anymore.

B.J. Thomas
Billy Joe "BJ" Thomas (born August 7, 1942) is a country singer. His most famous songs are "Hooked upon a feeling" and "Raindrops Keep Falling upon Head" that appeared in the movie, "Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid". He still sang throughout the 1970s and switched to Christian music in the 1980s.

Laws of war
The Laws of war are some simple rules which most people accept about fighting. Many people think that because there is fighting, there are no rules. But laws of war have been made so that wars do not get worse than they need to be.

Maharashtra
Maharashtra is the name of a state of India. It is the third-biggest state of India (the size of only two states are bigger). Only one Indian state has more people. The biggest city of India, Mumbai, is the capital of Maharashtra. (The old name for Mumbai was "Bombay")
Maharashtra is in the west part of India on the coast of the Arabian Sea. Seven other states of India have borders with Maharashtra. It coers an area of 118,530 sq mi (306,993 km²), it is bigger than Italy but smaller than Oman.
Maharashtra has more business than any other one state of India.
Culture.
Most people in Maharashtra are Hindus and you can see it in the culture of Maharashtra. There are many temples in Maharashtra and some of them are very old. The architecture of these temples is a mixture of architecture from North and South India. The temples also have ideas from Hindu, Buddhist and Jain cultures. Maharashtra has many forts like Raigad and Pratapgad which were very important in the early history of the Maratha empire and also sea forts like the one at Sindhudurg.
The folk music of Maharashtra is mixed.
An early piece of Marathi literature is Bhawarthadeepika (known as Dnyaneshwari) by Dnyaneshwar. The religious songs called bhajans by saints like Dnyaneshwar, Tukaram, Namdev are very popular. Modern Marathi literature also has some great poets and authors like P. L. Deshpande, Kusumagraj, Prahlad Keshav Atre, and Vyankatesh Madgulkar. Many books are published every year in Marathi.
The theater, movies, and television in Maharashtra are mostly made in Mumbai, and the actors in each area (like television) can work in the others. Some important people in the movie industry are Dadasaheb Phalke, P. L. Deshpande, Ashok Saraf, Laxmikant Berde, Sachin Pilgaonkar, Mahesh Kothare and V. Shantaram. Early Marathi theatre had important playwrights (people who write plays) like Kolhatkar, Khadilkar, Deval, Gadkari and Kirloskar. They wrote musical plays called Sangeet Naatak. The music from those plays is called Natyasangeet. Important actors at this time were Bal Gandharva, Keshavrao Bhosle, Bhaurao Kolhatkar, and Dinanath Mangeshkar.
Some of the popular Marathi television channels are Zee Marathi and ETV Marathi. They have many kinds of shows: soap operas, cooking, travel, political satire, and game shows.
The food of Maharashtra is different in each place. The people in the Konkan region eat more rice and the ones near the ocean eat a lot of fish. In eastern Maharashtra, most people eat a lot of wheat, jowar, and bajra. Other important things people eat in Maharashtra are lentils, onions, tomatoes, potatoes, chilies, garlic, ginger, and aamras. Many people also eat chicken and mutton.
In the past, women wore a long sari and men wore a dhoti or pajama with a shirt. Today, women in the cities often wear other clothes like Salwar kameez (dresses from the Punjab), and men in the cities wear trousers and a shirt.
Cricket is very popular in Maharashtra. Many people play it and many others watch it. Kabaddi is also popular. Children play Viti-Dandu (Gilli-danda in Hindi) and Pakada-pakadi (Tag).
Hindus in Maharashtra follow the Saka era calendar. Gudi Padwa, Diwali, Rangapanchami, Gokulashtami, and Ganeshotsav are some of the festivals that are celebrated in Maharashtra. Ganeshotsav is the biggest festival. The Hindus celebrate it with reverence and festivity in Maharashtra and it has also become popular in other parts of India. The festival which lasts ten days is in honor of Ganesha, the Hindu god of learning and knowledge.

Pete Best
Randolph Peter Best or Pete Best was The Beatles's original drummer. He was born on November 24, 1941 in Madras, India to an Indian mother and an English father. His mother, Mona, later owned the Casbah Club in Liverpool, where The Beatles would sometimes perform. Best was drummer for the group from 1960 until August 16, 1962, when the band and their new manager, Brian Epstein, fired him and replaced him with Ringo Starr. The reason was because when the band auditioned for EMI, record producer George Martin was not satisfied with Best's drum skills, and planned to replace him on their recordings.
Best was devastated, and tried to form other bands with little success. He attempted suicide in 1965, but survived, and went on to work as a civil servant. In 1995, when The Beatles released their "Anthology" albums, which featured Best on some recordings, he received a large sum of money from the sales. He also found a new career, appearing at Beatles-related events such as conventions, where he sometimes played drums, with more skill than he showed in earlier days.

Dionne Quintuplets
The babies were delivered by Dr. Allan Roy Dafoe, who later was given custody of the girls by the Canadian government and the Ontario government housed them in a special theme park-like area, just across the street from the house their parents and 6 other siblings lived in. At one time 6,000 people visited Quintland each day to see the sisters, they also had dolls made out of them, and appeared in commercials for products like corn syrup and Quaker oats like oatmeal. Then in 1943, the girls' father, Oliva, finally got custody of them again and the girls moved back to live with their real family. Dr. Dafone died soon after that. The gurls later claimed their father abused them. In 1998 the surviving sisters sued the government of Ontario for being exploited as kids and were rewarded 4 million Canadian dollars.

All's Well That Ends Well
"All's Well That Ends Well" is a comedy play by William Shakespeare written between 1600 and 1605. It is about a maid, Helena's love for Lord Bertram, a young nobleman.
Proverb.
The name of the play comes from the proverb All's Well That Ends Well, which means everything works out, even though there were doubts.

Christian Bale
Christian Charles Philip Bale (born January 30, 1974) is a Welsh actor. He is from Haverfordwest in Pembrokeshire. Bale is best known for playing the part of Batman in "Batman Begins" and The Dark Knight".

Eric Clapton
Eric Patrick Clapton (born on March 30, 1945, in The Green, Ripley, Surrey, England), is an English guitarist, singer and composer. Clapton was the son of a sixteen-year-old, Patricia Clapton, and Edward Fryer, a Canadian soldier stationed in England.
Early Years.
Clapton's father, who already had a wife, returned to Canada after World War II. His mother, was not able to bear the shame of raising an illegitimate child (a child of unmarried parents) in post-war Britain. She left Clapton with his grandparents Jack and Rose Clapp (Clapton by her first marriage) and moved to Germany where she married another Canadian soldier. Clapton was raised believing his mother was his sister. His grandmother did not tell him the truth until he was nine years old.
A polite and well-behaved boy, the young Clapton was an above-average student, though in 1956 he failed the eleven-plus and went to St. Bedes Secondary Modern School. Two years later however, he passed the review and went to 13-plus on the strength of my art accomplishment and got a scholarship to a school in Tolworth, near Surbiton. He liked art very much. He wanted to learn to play the guitar after watching Jerry Lee Lewis on television. Eric's obsession with playing Blues music caused him to be expelled from Kingston College of Art because he was playing the guitar in class.
Working as a labourer to pay his way, Eric spent most of his free time playing his electric guitar. Eventually he joined a local band, The Roosters. He later joined Casey Jones And The Engineers with fellow band member Tom McGuiness. In 1963, Clapton was asked to join The Yardbirds. It was in the Yardbirds that he earned his nickname of 'Slowhand'. The name came from his forceful string-bending that often caused broken guitar strings. He would replace the strings on stage while the crowd slowly clapped their hands.
After about 18 months with the Yardbirds, musical differences led Eric to move on to John Mayall's Bluesbreakers, where his talent grew even more. It was at this part in his career that Eric's fans gave him his second, and ultimate, nickname - "God"!
Cream.
In mid-1966 he left the Bluesbreakers, whose members had grown to include Jeff Beck and Jimmy Page. The band he formed with bassist Jack Bruce and drummer Ginger Baker would become Eric's best-known band - Cream. Cream became the "pre-eminent rock trio of the Sixties" (The best rock band if the 1960s). Problems between Baker and Bruce, and the increasing drug use of three members caused problems that eventually made the band breakup in 1969.
Also during 1969, Clapton worked with Beatle John Lennon and his new wife Yoko Ono. They called themselves the Plastic Ono Band. He performed with them onstage in Toronto that September. He also played guitar on "Cold Turkey", Lennon's song about heroin addiction. At that time, the Beatles were getting ready to break up. Lennon thought about asking Clapton to join his and Ono's new band, but decided not to have a permanent lineup.
1970's.
Clapton and Baker joined with Rick Grech and Steve Winwood to form rock's first ever supergroup, Blind Faith. Blind Faith lasted only a few months, and released one album. After Blind Faith broke up, Clapton formed another band, called Derek and the Dominoes. Their most popular song was "Layla". However, Clapton sank into Heroin addiction in 1971 and was inactive totally throughout 1972, as he became a recluse. However, he performed a comeback concert at the Rainbow Theatre in London on January 13, 1973. However, it was not until July 1974 when he launched a new album.
The inspiration for "Layla" was fashion model Pattie Boyd. She was married to Clapton's friend, fellow musician (and former Beatle) George Harrison. Clapton was in love with Boyd. He was not happy because he could not be with her because she was married to someone else. In time, Boyd and Harrison grew apart, and Clapton and Boyd got together. They got married in May 1979. All three remained friends, and Clapton and Harrison called themselves "husbands-in-law", though for some years afterwards, the friendship between them was understandably strained. Clapton and Boyd were divorced in 1989, after they also grew apart.
Later Years.
Along with his drug problems, Clapton had trouble with alcohol, sometimes drinking a whole bottle or more of liquor in a day. In the 1990s, he was finally able to stop drinking alcohol. He also found out more about his father, who had died, and about a half-brother (by his mother) he had never met, who was mentally challenged and lived in a hospital.
Clapton is still making music and performing, sometimes with other musicians such as B.B. King.

Buenos Aires
Buenos Aires is the capital and largest city in the South American country of Argentina.
Buenos Aires city is also known as "Capital Federal" to differentiate the city from the Buenos Aires Province.
Until 1994 Buenos Aires city was under the presidential government, but after a constitutional reform in that year, the city became self-governed, allowing citizens to elect their city authorities.
Population.
Buenos Aires has a population of 2,776,234 inhabitants. Spanish is the main language, but English is widely well spoken. Italian is also widespread.

Lyndon B. Johnson
Lyndon B. Johnson (August 27, 1908 – January 22, 1973) was the 36th president of the United States. He is probably best known for increasing U.S. involvement in Vietnam.
Johnson took over the presidency when President Kennedy was killed in November 1963.

Roman Catholic Church
The Roman Catholic Church is the largest group of Christians, with over 1 billion people. It says that it continues the original Christian group, started by Jesus Christ and his followers, about 2,000 years ago.
The word Roman derives from its headquarters in Vatican City, which is located within the city of Rome, Italy. The word catholic comes from the Greek word "katholicos", which means "universal." Although many Christian groups call themselves "catholic", the phrase "the Catholic Church" usually means "the Roman Catholic Church". Typically, people who call themselves 'Catholic' mean that they are a member of the Roman Catholic Church. It also means that they follow the teachings of the Church.
People in the Roman Catholic Church are found all over the world, but many Catholics live in Western Europe, Southern Europe, Ireland, United Kingdom, Sub-Saharan Africa, India, South Korea, the Philippines, Oceania, Latin America and the United States. The Roman Catholic Church is led by the pope, who lives in the Vatican City. According to Catholics, the pope is infallible in religious matters. This means that his official statements ('ex cathedra') are true and must be obeyed. The first pope is the apostle Peter, according to the Catholic Church, because some parts of the bible which hint that Peter will start the church (Matthew 18, "thou art Peter ('rock'), and upon this rock I will build my church"). Right now the pope is Benedict XVI.

Villeneuve d'Ascq
Located between Lille and Roubaix, at the crossroads of the principal freeways towards Paris, Ghent, Antwerp and Brussels, Villeneuve-d'Ascq (which means "New city of Ascq" in French) is one of the principal cities of the metropolis of Lille, in France
Demography.
Villeneuve d'Ascq counts more than 65,000 inhabitants and attracts 50,000 students.
The median age of the population is 29 years.
Geography.
The city counts approximately 10 km² of greenspace, lakes, forests and arable lands.
History.
The roots of the city go up in Celtic Gaul, and are anchored in two feudal mounds, a Gallo-Roman site and a Carolingian one.
Its site was selected in the 1960s to accommodate the new town of Lille-Est, which was to channel the development of the agglomeration. The commune of Villeneuve d'Ascq was created in 1970 by the amalgamation of the three communes (Ascq, Annapes and Flers). Its name evokes at the same time the new city and the memory of Ascq, martyr city of April 1, 1944, date on which the Nazis massacred 86 men.

Hillary Rodham Clinton
Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton (born October 26, 1947) is the junior United States Senator from New York and President-elect Barack Obama's nominee for United States Secretary of State. She is married to the former President of the United States Bill Clinton. When her husband was president, she was given the title of First Lady of the United States. She was a candidate in the 2008 election of a new President. She is a member of the Democratic Party.
She is a lawyer and was the First Lady of Arkansas before being First Lady of the United States. She began her first term as Senator January 3, 2001.
Hillary Clinton was the first First Lady to win election to public office. She ran for re-election to the Senate in 2006, which she won, and was considered by many in the media and politics as having a good chance to win in the race for the Democratic Party's US presidential nomination in 2008, but she lost to Barack Obama.
Early life and education.
Hillary Diane Rodham was born in Chicago, Illinois. Her father's name is Hugh Rodham, Sr., and her mother is Dorothy Emma Howell Rodham. She has two brothers, Hugh and Tony.
She studied at Maine East High School and Maine South High School. She completed her schooling in 1965, and enrolled at Wellesley College in Massachusetts.
In 1969, Rodham entered Yale Law School. She received a Juris Doctor (J.D.) degree from Yale in 1973. Then, she began a year of post-graduate study on children and medicine at the Yale Child Study Center.
Marriage and family.
While working as a faculty member at the Law School of the University of Arkansas, she married Bill Clinton. Bill Clinton was also working as a faculty at the same university. Both knew each other and were classmates at the Yale Law School. Their only child is Chelsea Clinton, born on 27 February 1980.
First Lady of the United States.
When she was First Lady, she tried to change the health care system. Some people didn't like it when the planning meetings were kept secret away from the public. In the end, too many people did not want the changes that she wanted.
Another major event during the time she was First Lady was when the public found out that Bill Clinton was with another woman, Monica Lewinsky. There was stress in the marriage partly because Bill Clinton had to go to trial (impeachment) because he was accused of lying to the court (during a deposition).
Senate.
When she decided that she wanted to be Senator, she chose New York even though she never lived there. Some accused her of "carpetbagging" because of this. She went on to win the election and won a second term in 2006.
When the war between the United States and Iraq was about to start, she voted in favor of the war. Now she is opposed to the war and wants American troops to stop fighting rebel Iraqis.
Presidential campaign.
Hillary Clinton had raised more money than anybody else in the 2008 Presidential campaign, but later had big money problems for her campaign by May 7. She did not get picked by her party, the person who did was Barack Obama, but she campaigned for Obama after this.
United States Secretary of State nomination.
In mid-November 2008, Obama and Clinton talked about whether she could be the next U.S. Secretary of State in his presidency. On November 21, there were reports that said Hillary Clinton had accepted his offer.
On December 1, President-elect Obama announced that Clinton would be his nominee for Secretary of State.

Andhra Pradesh
Andhra Pradesh is a state in the Republic of India. About 75,727,000 persons lived in this as reported in census of 2001. The eastern boundary is a 600-mile (970-kilometre) coastline along the Bay of Bengal. The state has an area of 106,195 sq mi (275,608 km²), it is bigger than Burkina Faso but smaller than Ecuador.
The capital city is Hyderabad.

Alberto Vargas
Alberto Vargas (1896-1982) was a Peruvian-born painter, best known for his pin-up paintings of beautiful women.
A painting of Alberto's "Varga Girl" was put on the Beatles - Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band album. She is pictured in the upper right-hand corner (next to Richard Menkin the man in the hat).

George Lucas
George Walton Lucas, Jr. (born May 14, 1944 in Modesto, California) is an American film director, producer, and screenwriter most famous for his Star Wars and Indiana Jones movie series.
He also directed the films "THX 1138" (1970) and "American Graffiti" (1973), and with his good friend Steven Spielberg, he made the "Indiana Jones" series. He is also an innovator for what he has done with special effects, and has founded companies that make not only movies, but also things like video games, theme park rides, and TV shows.

Telugu
Telugu is an Indian language spoken in the southern part of India and is the official language of Andhra Pradesh, India. This is second largest language spoken in India and 15th largest spoken language in the world. This is the one of the oldest languages in the world. There are 56 letters in Telugu.

PlayStation 3
PlayStation 3 is Sony's third video game console. It was released in Japan on November 11, 2006. It came out on November 17, 2006 in North America, and was released in Australia and Europe on 23 March 2007. It is going against the new Microsoft Xbox 360 and Nintendo Wii consoles. Sony's previous consoles were the PlayStation 2 and PlayStation (PSOne).
The console is sold in two models. One costs $399 and has a 40 gigabyte hard drive. This model cannot play PlayStation 2 games. The other costs $499 and has an 80 gigabyte hard drive. When the PlatStation 3 was released, there were two different models. One had a 20 gigabyte hard drive and cost $399. The other had a 60 gigabyte hard drive and cost $599. Sony stopped making the 20 gigabyte console in North America after the 60 gigabyte version "sold ten times as many" as the 20 gigabyte version.
The PS3 is according to Sony the most powerful seventh generation console, however many people that create computer games have recently stated that both the PS3 and Xbox 360 are about equal. It is more expensive than the Xbox 360 or Wii. Some people complain that the games are not as good as games on the Xbox 360. An upside is that to access the online mode to play and interact with other people is free unlike the Xbox in which must be paid for.
It is the only seventh generation console capable of using Blu-ray discs.
In July 2007, Sony announced that they would be cutting the price of the PS3 in the United States. Sony also replaced the 60 gigabyte version with an 80 gigabyte version.
In October, a new version of the Playstation 3 which is the 40 GB model was introduced and the price of the 60 GB model was further reduced. A white version of the 40 GB model was also set to release in Japan in November.

PlayStation 2
The PlayStation 2 is Sony's second video game console. It was released in October of 2000. The one before this was PlayStation (or PS1). The next PlayStation is PlayStation 3 which was released in November 2006. Some games are online and a few connect with the PlayStation Portable. The PS2 is very successful and games are still made. The PlayStation 2 is the worlds best-selling console. It has sold around 140 million units since its launch in October 2000. The PlayStation 2 is fully compatible with PlayStation games.

Sony
Sony is a technology company, based in Japan, which makes many electric products. Among its most popular products is the video game console PlayStation, which was followed by PlayStation 2, and now the PlayStation 3. They also sold the Walkman invented by Andreas Pavel - a small music cassette tape player that can fit in your pocket - they later made Walkman systems that could play CDs, MiniDiscs or MP3s instead of tapes, and they often could receive radio too.
The company also makes music players, televisions, headsets, mobile phones (Sony Ericsson) and computers (named Sony Vaio), and game players (Playstation).
It owns the American movie studios, Columbia Pictures and TriStar Pictures, through Sony Pictures.
History.
Sony began its activity from a department store in Tokyo. At that time, 1946, the store was damaged by bombs. One engineer and one physicist invested a capital of about $1,600 to create a company which would include 20 employees. The name of the engineer was Masaru Ibuka and the name of the physicist was Akio Morita. People working in their new company repaired electrical equipment. Later they started creating their own products.
The company achieved success in 1954, when it received license that allowed producing transistors. Although transistors were already created in United States, they were not used in production of radios. Sony produced its first transistor radio in May of 1954.
From that period Sony started leading in the field of electronics. Its revolutionary devices included: Trinitron Color Television, created in 1968; color video cassette, produced in 1971 as well as the world's first home video system, created in 1975. Other revolutionary inventions of Sony include: 1979 – Walkman; 1981 – Electronic camera; 1982 – CD player; 1983 – Camcorder and the list continuous with many other devices. One of the most popular Sony products was Sony PlayStation, created in 1995. With its help Sony became the leader in videogames.
In 45 years Sony has grown from a small firm, employing 20 workers, to a multinational corporation, employing about 100,000 workers. The company created its American branch in 1960 and its UK branch in 1968. In recent years the company focused on leadership in software and hardware. Sony acquired, in 1988, CBS Records and formed Sony Music Entertainment. A year later the company bought Columbia Pictures to create Sony Pictures Entertainment.

Xbox 360
The Xbox 360 is the second video game console released by Microsoft, after 2001's Xbox. The Xbox 360 competes against the Nintendo Wii and Sony PlayStation 3. All three are called "next-generation" or "seventh generation" consoles. The Xbox 360 was officially revealed on MTV on May 12, 2005.
Development.
Before Microsoft revealed the console's real name, it was called the Xbox 2, Xenon, Xbox Next, NextBox and other names. During the development, Microsoft, said it would launch the "High-Definition" era for video game consoles, promising visuals (looks) that would look better and much more real. The Xbox 360 uses DVDs to play games and other media, although the DVD holds smaller amounts of information in comparison to the "HD DVD" or "Blu-ray".
Release.
It was released in the United States and Canada on November 22, 2005 in Europe on December 2, 2005, and in Japan on December 10, 2005. It was later launched in Malaysia, Mexico, Colombia, South Korea, Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Chile, India, Brazil, Poland, Czech Republic, and Russia. When the console was first released in North America, demand was more then the supplies and the console sold out at many stores. Many people sold the console on eBay for higher prices, and it was not until early 2006 that the Xbox 360 became more available in stores again.
Accessories.
A number of accessories can be purchased for the Xbox 360. These include both wired and wireless controllers, custom faceplates that cover the front of the console, headseats for chatting while online,a webcam, a steering wheel for driving games and various other accessories.
Software.
The Xbox 360 is a multimedia console. It can play music and videos streamed or downloaded from a computer. It can also play DVDs and for a short time it could play HD DVDs. The main feature of the console is its unique dashboard.
Updates.
The recent NXE (New Xbox Experience) has loads of new feature to use. Including a new avatar feature which is customisable to look like yourself. A new look on the dashboard with easily accessible sections. The new NXE shows all your friends and what there doing at that time. Another new feature is the ability to add people to an Xbox live Party. This is where you can invite other friends to be involved in a big chat. It doesn't matter if your on the dashboard or playing another game up to seve of your friends anyone can join. Another Options it to add friends to the party and game. Which will invite them to the game your playing and the Party your in.

Xbox
An Xbox is a video game console. The player interacts with the console using a controller. The controllers used to be very large, but are now smaller and more ergonomic. The Xbox video game console can play music, DVDs, and games. This video game console is now outdated by its successor, the Xbox 360.
The last ever game for the original Xbox will be ' on October 26, 2008.
Advertisment ban.
On the release of the Xbox, a TV advertisement was shown to advertise it. The advertisement featured a lady giving birth to a baby, which flew through the window. The baby started to look older and older as it flew through the air, shortly before crashing into its own grave. The advertisement then ended with the slogan "Life is short. Play more.".

Nintendo GameCube
The Nintendo GameCube is a video game console made by Nintendo. Nintendo's previous console was called the Nintendo 64 (N64 for short). Nintendo's next console is the Wii, which was released on November 19, 2006.
Controller.
The GameCube's controllers have two analog joysticks. In many games, one of them is used to control a character, while the other is used to control the camera, or some other secondary function. In addition to the analog sticks and the digital pad (D-pad), there are eight buttons: A, B, Y, X, L, R, Z and Start.
Nintendo later released a wireless version of the controller, called the "Wavebird". Instead of wires, it used RF signals to communicate with the console and was powered by standard AA batteries.

Fangame
Fangames are computer games created by fans based on popular video games. They are often made using C++, The Games Factory, Multimedia Fusion Express, and GameMaker.

Wrocław
is the biggest city in Lower Silesia "(Dolny Śląsk)" in the southwest part of Poland. The Oder River goes through the city. There are also 4 other small rivers which connect with the Oder River in the territory of city: Bystrzyca, Oława, Ślęza and Widawa. Before World War II there were 303 bridges in the city; now there are about 220. The German name of the city is "Breslau", and the Czech name is "Vratislav". In Latin language it is called "Vratislavia"
History.
Wrocław is over 1000 years old. It was originally a Slavic town. During the Middle Ages it became a German city. It was called Breslau for a long time. During the Second World War the city was badly damaged. About 70% of the buildings were damaged. Many of them were rebuilt. After the war, the city became Polish again, and the German citizens were forced to leave. It has been called by its Polish name Wrocław ever since.
Modern Wrocław.
Its population in 2004 was 638,000. There are 10 universities in the city. It is famous for its beautiful historical town square (Polish "rynek") and cathedral (large church).
In 1997 the Oder River flooded, causing a lot of damage.

Lou Albano
Louis Vincent Albano (born July 29, 1930) was a very famous American professional wrestler in the 1980s. Albano is best known as Captain Lou Albano. He also appeared in Cyndi Lauper's music video "Girls Just Wanna Have Fun" and played Mario on "The Super Mario Brothers Super Show", based on the series of video games.

Lip synching
Lip synching is when a person moves his or her lips at the same time as a recorded sound. The word "synch" is short for "synchronize", meaning to do something at the same time.

Faith Evans
Faith Evans was born in Lakeland, Florida on 10 June 1973. She grew up in Newark, New Jersey. She is an American R&B singer. She used to have a husband named The Notorious B.I.G. but he died because he was shot. Once she was arrested for having the illegal drugs called cocaine and marijuana.

Bacteria
Bacteria (one of them is a bacterium) are very small organisms (living things). They are so tiny they can be seen only through a microscope. Bacteria are made up of just one cell, so they are a kind of "unicellular organism". They are among the simplest single-cell organisms on earth, where they have been living for many billions of years.
There are more individual bacteria than any other sort of organism on the planet. Most bacteria live in the ground or in water, but many live inside or on the skin of other organisms, including humans. There are about ten times as many bacterial cells as human cells in each of our bodies. Some bacteria can cause diseases, but others help us in everyday activities like eating, digesting food and absorbing oxygen. Some even work for us in factories, producing cheese and yoghurt.
A bacterium reproduces (creates more bacteria) by dividing in half and creating two "child" cells. Each child is identical in shape to the parent, but smaller.
They vary widely in size and shape, but in general are at least ten times larger than viruses. A typical bacterium is about 1 µm (one micrometer) in diameter, so a thousand bacteria lined up would be one millimeter long.
Bacteria are identified and grouped by their shapes. The bacilli are rod-shaped, the cocci are ball-shaped and the spirilla are spiral-shaped.
Pathogenic bacteria, the harmful kind, enter the human body from the air, water or food. Once inside, these bacteria attach themselves to or invade specific cells in our respiratory system, digestive tract or any open wound. There they begin to reproduce and spread while using the human body as a source of their own nutrients and energy.

International
International means between the countries. If something is international, it has to do with more than one country. The news often has international stories. Transport services may use it to say they can go to other countries. A company that does Business in more than one country is an international company.

Barry Switzer
Barry Switzer (born October 5, 1937 in Crossett, Arkansas) was an American football coach. He coached both professional and college football between 1962 and 1997. Switzer is one of only two head coaches to win both a college football national championship and a Super Bowl. He has one of the highest winning percentages in the history of college football.
After high school, Switzer went to the University of Arkansas. He played football there from 1956 to 1960. After graduation, Switzer join the US Army for a short time. After the Army, he returned to the University of Arkansas to work as an assistant coach.
After the 1966 season, Switzer became an assistant coach at the University of Oklahoma. He became head coach there in 1973. During his first two years as head coach, Oklahoma did not lose any games and won the national championship two time. They won the championship a third time in 1985. Switzer left Oklahoma in 1989. His record there was 157 wins, 29 losses and 4 ties.
In 1994, Switzer became the coach for the Dallas Cowboys. He led them to a win in Super Bowl XXX during the 1995 season. Switzer retired from coaching after the following season.
In 2002, Switzer was elected into the College Football Hall of Fame. On September 9, 2007, he began working with the FOX television network on its NFL pre-game show.

Constant
A constant is something, generally a number, that does not change. Constants are used in maths and computer programming.
An important fact to remember in Calculus is that the derivative of a constant is always zero.

Poker
Poker is a game which people play with a normal set (or "deck") of 52 cards. Poker is a gambling game which involves some luck, but also some skill. When playing poker, the players bet against each other depending on how good their cards are. They bet on who has the best poker hand. Usually players bet use plastic discs called "chips". Players may also bet with real money, but when playing they usually use chips instead of money, because chips are easier to pick up and count, then at the end of the game players will swap their chips for money.
There are many different kinds of poker. In draw poker, each player keeps their five cards hidden and gives away some number of cards, then takes ("draws") new cards. In stud poker, for example seven-card stud, some of each player's cards are exposed ("face-up") on the table so that the other players can see them. In community card poker, for example Texas hold 'em, players share some of their cards in the center of the table.
History.
The history of poker is a matter of some debate. The name of the game likely descended from the French "poque", which descended from the German "pochen" ('to knock'), but it is not clear whether the origins of poker itself lie with the games bearing those names. It closely resembles the Persian game of "as nas", and may have been taught to French settlers in New Orleans by Persian sailors. It is commonly regarded as sharing ancestry with the Renaissance game of "primero" and the French "brelan". The English game "brag" (earlier bragg) clearly descended from "brelan" and incorporated bluffing (though the concept was known in other games by that time). It is quite possible that all of these earlier games influenced the development of poker as it exists now.
English actor Joseph Crowell reported that the game was played in New Orleans in 1829, with a deck of 20 cards, four players betting on which player's hand was the most valuable. Jonathan H. Green's book, "An Exposure of the Arts and Miseries of Gambling" (G. B. Zieber, Philadelphia, 1843), described the spread of the game from there to the rest of the country by Mississippi riverboats, on which gambling was a common pastime.
Soon after this spread, the full 52-card English deck was used, and the flush was introduced. During the American Civil War, many additions were made, including draw poker, stud poker (the five-card variant), and the straight. Further American developments followed, such as the wild card (around 1875), lowball and split-pot poker (around 1900), and community card poker games (around 1925). Spread of the game to other countries, particularly in Asia, is often attributed to the U.S. military.
The game and jargon of poker have become important parts of American culture and English culture. Such phrases as "ace in the hole", "beats me", "blue chip", "call the bluff", "cash in", "pass the buck", "poker face", "stack up", "up the ante", "when the chips are down", "wild card", and others are used in everyday conversation even by those unaware of their origins at the poker table.
Modern tournament play became popular in American casinos after the World Series of Poker began in 1970. It was also during that decade that the first serious strategy books appeared, notably "The Theory of Poker" by David Sklansky (ISBN 1880685000), "Super System" by Doyle Brunson (ISBN 0931444014), and "The Book of Tells" by Mike Caro (ISBN 0897461002).
Poker’s popularity has experienced an unprecedented spike in recent years, largely due to the introduction of online poker and the invention of the hole-card camera which finally turned the game into a spectator sport. Viewers can now follow the action and drama of the game, and broadcasts of poker tournaments such as the World Series of Poker and the World Poker Tour have brought in huge audiences for cable and satellite TV distributors.
Game play.
The game of poker is played in hundreds of variations, but the following overview of game play applies to most of them.
Depending on the game rules, one or more players may be required to place an initial amount of money into the pot before the cards are dealt. These are called forced bets and come in three forms: antes, blinds, and bring-ins.
Like most card games, the dealer shuffles the deck of cards. The deck is then cut, and the appropriate number of cards are dealt face-down to the players. In a casino a "house" dealer handles the cards for each hand, but a "button" (any small item used as a marker, also called a "buck") is rotated among the players to determine the order of dealing and betting in certain games. In a home game, the right to deal the cards typically rotates among the players clockwise, but a "button" may still be used.
After the initial deal, the first of what may be several betting rounds begins. Between rounds, the players' hands "develop" in some way, often by being dealt additional cards or replacing cards previously dealt. During a round of betting, there will always be a "current bet amount", which is the total amount of money bet in this round by the player who bet last in this round. To keep better track of this, it is conventional for players to not place their bets directly into the pot (called "splashing" the pot), but rather place them in front of themselves toward the pot, until the betting round is over. When the round is over, the bets are then gathered into the pot.
After the first betting round is completed (every participating player having called an equal amount), there may be more rounds in which more cards are dealt in various ways, followed by further rounds of betting (into the same central pot). At any time during the first or subsequent betting rounds, if one player makes a bet and all other players fold, the deal ends immediately, the single remaining player is awarded the pot, no cards are shown, no more rounds are dealt, and the next deal begins. This is what makes it possible to bluff.
At the end of the last betting round, if more than one player remains, there is a showdown in which the players reveal their previously hidden cards and evaluate their hands. The player with the best hand according to the poker variant being played wins the pot.
Computer players.
Methods are being developed to at least approximate perfect strategy from the game theory perspective in the heads-up (two player) game, and increasingly good systems are being created for the multi-player or ring game. Perfect strategy has multiple meanings in this context. From a game-theoretic optimal point of view, a perfect strategy is a minimax one that cannot expect to lose to any other player's strategy; however, optimal strategy can vary in the presence of sub-optimal players who have weaknesses that can be exploited. In this case, a perfect strategy would be one that correctly or closely models those weaknesses and takes advantage of them to make a profit. Some of these systems are based on Bayes theorem, Nash equilibrium, Monte Carlo simulation, and Neural networks. A large amount of the research is being done at the University of Alberta by the GAMES group led by Jonathan Schaeffer who developed Poki and PsOpt.
A major part of the skill of live poker games, however, is guessing at the strength of a player's hand by identifying tells made by other players, while concealing one's own, unlike, for example, chess, where all information about the game's current state is public. As a computer would not make any tells, playing against a computer would fundamentally change the nature of the game far more than in games like chess.

El Salvador
El Salvador is a country in Central America. Its name comes from the Spanish for "The Savior", the person who saves, referring to Jesus Christ.
About 6.7 million people live there.
El Salvador has more people per square kilometer than any other country in the Americas, except islands.
The country also has more industry than any other country in Central America.
In El Salvador there are only two seasons. The dry season starts in mid-October and it lasts until mid May. During the dry season, it hardly ever rains. The wet season starts in mid-May and ends in mid-October. In this season it rains every day. The dry season is called "summer" and the rainy season is called "winter."
Most of the population is mestizo, a mixture of European and American people.

Isabelle of Hainaut
Isabelle of Hainaut (5 April, 1170 - 15 March, 1190) was a Queen of France. She was born in Lille on 5 April 1170. Her father was Baldwin V of Hainaut and her mother was Margaret I of Flanders. She married Philip II of France in 1180.

Strawberry
A strawberry is a plant that grows fruit that people eat. The fruit of a strawberry is red when ripe, and has edible seeds on the outside. Many people eat strawberries on ice cream, or dip them in sugar. Strawberries are rich in vitamin C which helps you to fight off colds. Many strawberries are grown on strawberry farms and the farmers often have hives of bees that live on the farm to pollinate the strawberries.
Strawberries can be put into many products such as yogurts and puddings.
Strawberries are a nutritious snack and or fruit.
t\There are many different varieties of strawberry plants, there are June bearing plants that bear in June and Everbearing types. June bearing strawberry plants bear in guess when, June! Everbearing plants bear all through the summer.

Paul Simon
Paul Simon (October 13, 1941) is an American musician and songwriter. He first became famous as a member of Simon and Garfunkel, with his friend, Art Garfunkel. He wrote their songs. The two went their separate ways in the early 1970s and since then Simon has become a successful solo artist.
Some of Simon's most famous songs include "Slip Sliding Away", "American Tune", "Late in the Evening", "Still Crazy After All These Years", "Me and Julio Down By the School Yard" and "50 Ways to Leave Your Lover". His 1986 album "Graceland" is very well-known. He is 65 now, and is still producing music. His newest album is called "Surprise."
Simon has received three honorary doctorates in music, including one from Yale University.

Shirley Jones
Shirley Jones (March 31,1934) is an American actress and singer. She appeared in movies like "Oklahoma!", "The Music Man", and "Carousel". She is perhaps most famous for her role as Shirley Partridge on the TV show, "The Partridge Family". She was married to Jack Cassidy, from 1956 to 1977, and had three sons with him, Shaun, Patrick, and Ryan. Her stepson is David Cassidy who co-starred with her on The Partridge Family. After she divorced Cassidy she married Marty Ingels on November 13, 1977.

DeForest Kelley
Jackson DeForest Kelley (January 20, 1920 – June 11, 1999) was an American actor famous for his role as "Dr. Leonard McCoy" of the USS Enterprise in the television series "Star Trek" and six movies that followed, as well as an older "Admiral Dr. Leonard McCoy, Star Fleet Surgeon General Emeritus", in the ' television pilot, "Encounter at Farpoint."

Scott Bakula
Scott Bakula (October 9, 1954) is an American actor. He is best known for his roles on the television shows, "Quantum Leap" and '.

Forestry
HI EVERY BODY ITS ME GMAN117GMAN.
Forestry means working to look after forests. Someone who has a job looking after forests is called a forester.
Forests are very important for the world today. Many of them are disappearing because there are so many people in the world. A forester has the job of making sure that the forest and all the wildlife that lives there is healthy. He makes sure that forests are not destroyed when they are used for timber production (cutting down trees to use the wood). Forests are important for recreation (letting people enjoy them). They are very important today because humans produce a lot of carbon dioxide and the forests help to turn this back into oxygen which we breathe.

Kim Il-sung
Kim Il-Sung (April 15, 1912 - July 8, 1994) was the first Communist leader (from 1948 until his death) of North Korea. His son Kim Jong-il is the current ruler of North Korea.

List of United States soccer teams
Different levels of men's soccer.
A "league" is a group of teams that play against each other. There are three professional leagues of soccer teams in the Professional Division of the United States Soccer Federation (USSF or U.S. Soccer). (A "professional" team has players who get payment for playing; an "amateur" team has players who do not get paid.) The top level league is Major League Soccer (MLS). The United Soccer Leagues make up the lower divisions; the USL First Division is a 2nd division league and the USL Second Division is a 3rd division league. Under these three leagues is the 4th division league, the USL Premier Development League.
Structure of women's soccer.
The professional division of U.S. Soccer first had a 1st division women's league in 2001. However, because of debts, it ended on September 15, 2003 after 3 years. The 2nd division league is the W-League, part of the United Soccer Leagues.
Professional indoor soccer.
"Indoor soccer" is a form of soccer played inside a building, sometimes called an "arena", instead of in a stadium on a grass field. There is one national league playing indoor soccer in North America, the Major Indoor Soccer League. The MISL is part of the USSF. It is also the only league in the United States to have a Mexican team.

Oregon
Oregon is a state in the United States. Salem is the capital (where most of the state government works), and Portland is the city with the most people. Oregon was the 33rd state to join the United States, in 1859.
Geography.
The state of Washington is to the north, and California and Nevada are to the south. The state of Idaho is to the east, and the Pacific Ocean is to the west.
The Columbia River flows along most of the border with Washington. The Snake River flows along much of the border with Idaho. The highest mountain is Mount Hood (11,237 feet, or 3,426 metres), part of the Cascade Range of mountains. Another famous Cascade Mountain in Oregon is Mount Mazama, better known as Crater Lake.

Arkansas
Arkansas, sometimes called the "Land of Opportunity" or "The Natural State", is one of the United States. Its capital and largest city is Little Rock. It has been estimated that around 3 million people live in Arkansas today.
History.
Arkansas became the 25th state to enter the Union in 1836. During the American Civil War, Arkansas was one of the Confederate states, however, it was the second state to be put back in to the U.S. in the Reconstruction.
Culture.
Arkansas is notable for its bauxite mines. Arkansas was also the first U.S. state where diamonds were found. Notable Arkansans include Bill Clinton, who was governor of Arkansas before he became the President of the United States, and Sam Walton, the founder of Wal-Mart.

Robert Englund
Robert Englund (born June 6, 1949) is an American actor. He is most famous for playing Freddy Krueger in the "Nightmare on Elm Street" movies.

Henry IV of France
Henry IV of France (December 13, 1553 - May 14, 1610) was born in Pau. He was the son of Antoine de Bourbon and Jeanne of Navarre.
On August 18, 1572, Henry married Margaret of Valois. She was the sister of Charles IX. He became the King of Navarre in the same year.
Henry's children were Louis XIII and Henrietta Maria of France, who married Charles I and became the Queen of England.
Henry died on May 14, 1610. He was a friend of Michel of Montaigne.

Margaret of Valois
Margaret of Valois (May 14, 1553 – May 27, 1615) was a Princess of France and a member of the house of Valois.
Her father was Henry II of France and her mother was Catherine of Medici. She was also the sister of Francis II of France, Charles IV of France and Henry III of France. Margaret was then married to Henry IV of France.
The author Alexandre Dumas, père wrote a book about Margaret called "Queen Margot".

Queen Margot
"Queen Margot" is a book written in 1845 by Alexandre Dumas, père. It is a story about Margaret of Valois and Henry IV of France. The same author wrote many other books including "The Man in the Iron Mask", "The Count of Monte Cristo" and "The Three Musketeers".

Henrietta Maria of France
Henrietta Maria of France (November 25, 1609 - September 10, 1669) was the youngest daughter of Henry IV of France. She was born in the Louvre Palace in Paris on November 25, 1609. She was a Roman Catholic.
Henrietta Maria married Charles I and became the Queen of England.

Madonna (entertainer)
Madonna Louise Ciccone (born in Bay City, Michigan, United States, on August 16, 1958), simply known as Madonna, is a popular American singer, actress and author of books.
Madonna now lives in the UK. She has made many albums over the years; some of the more famous ones are "Like a Virgin", "Like a Prayer", and "Ray of Light".
She has also been an actress in many movies. She is a mother of two children, Lola and Rocco. She also recently adopted a Malawian child, David Banda. She has won six Grammy awards.
Her album, "Confessions on a Dance Floor", went to number one on music rating charts in many countries. Over the years she has sold 200 million albums.
Lourdes is Madonna's daughter real name. Lola would be a kind of nickname.
Madonna released a new album named "Hard Candy" in April 2008. She made it with Timbaland and Pharrell Williams. She called the CD "Hard Candy" because her favourite food is candy and it is hard. The leading single is called '4 Minutes' and it is a duet with singer Justin Timberlake. They both sing in the song since it's a duet. The second single is called 'Give It 2 Me' and Madonna made it with Pharrell Williams. Third and last single will be 'Miles Away'.

Tortilla
Tortillas are a flat bread made in Mexican or Spanish cuisine. They are used in burritos and enchiladas. They can be used as a sandwich wrap as well. They can be made with wheat, maize, corn or potatos.

Bit
A bit is a small amount of something, such as a bit that is the smallest amount of computer or electronic information storage. It can be set to 0 (false) or 1 (true), as machine-readable information. (It's like a light switch; either there is light or there is not.)
8 bits are called a byte.

EastEnders
"EastEnders" is a television program in the United Kingdom, that has been running since 1985, which has had over 4800 episodes. It is known as a soap opera. The program goes against "Coronation Street" and "Emmerdale".
The program is located an imaginary area of East London called Walford. Like "Coronation Street", most action centers around a local pub. The pub in "EastEnders" is called The Queen Vic. But unlike many soap operas in the United States or Latin America, "EastEnders" does not show a wonderful fantasy world of beautiful people but shows a very sad picture of "real life" in a "working class" area of the inner city.
Drug abuse, rape, racism, murder, kidnapping, prostitution, theft, senile dementia, arson and runaway children have all been part of various episodes of the program.
Conflict between members of one family or between different families is often central to the storyline.

Philip II of Spain
Philip II of Spain (May 21, 1527 – September 13, 1598) was, starting in 1556, king of Spain, Italy and Burgundy, the Netherlands, Franche-Comté, Naples, and overseas Spanish America. He was born at Valladolid, and was the only son of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and his wife to live until he was an adult. He was Catholic. His rule was filled with troubles that caused him to be harsh on his people and other nations.
Childhood.
For the first seven years of his life, Philip moved between different castles with his mother. In 1534 he moved into a private house in Salamanca to start his schooling. His mother died in 1539 and he brought her body to Granada, where her grandparents Ferdinand and Isabella were buried. He left Spain in 1547 and moved to the Netherlands, where his father's family was from. His father wanted him to become more European but the people there thought he was too cold and serious.

William II of England
William II of England (c. 1056 – 2 August 1100) was the second son of William the Conqueror and Matilda of Flanders. He was King of England from 1087 until 1100. He was a harsh ruler and was not very liked. He did not have a wife or any children. He died on the 2nd August in the New Forest when he was shot by an arrow while hunting with his brother in law, Walter Tirel (Tryyel) and other friends.

Mary I of England
Mary I of England (February 18, 1516 – November 17, 1558), also known as Mary Tudor, was the queen of England. She was the daughter of Henry VIII and his first wife, Catherine of Aragon. She was known as "Bloody Mary" because she was a Roman Catholic and executed a number of Protestants. After her death her half-sister, Elizabeth became queen.
Childhood.
Although she was not the heir Henry VIII was looking for, she was beloved by her parents. But when she was about eleven, Henry decided to divorce Mary's mother, Catherine of Aragon, to marry Anne Boleyn. After Anne Boleyn had Elizabeth Mary had to become one of Elizabeth's servants. Then, after Anne Boleyn was executed by the King, Mary's half-sister suffered the same fate as Mary. A month later, Henry VIII was married to Jane Seymour, who became Queen Jane. She gave birth to Edward, Prince of Wales. Two weeks later, Queen Jane died. Mary lost a faithful friend and also her pride. She had signed the documents acknowledging her parents' marriage as invalid and herself an illegitimate daughter of Catherine and Henry. The rest of Mary's life with Henry VIII living saw through a quick succession of step-mothers. Henry VIII died soon after marrying his last wife, Catherine Parr. His will had declared that the young prince was to succeed him. If he left no legitimate heirs, his older half-sister, Mary, was to succeed. If Mary didn't produce legitimate heirs, then the Lady Elizabeth, Mary's half-sister was to inherit the throne. After Elizabeth and her heirs, would come Henry's sister Mary Tudor's side of the family.
Edward succeeded to the throne as King Edward VI of England and I of Ireland. When Edward began to show signs of a coughing disease, the courtiers begun to dread the day when the Catholic Princess Mary would become Queen. Edward himself did not want Mary to succeed him, he had always wanted Elizabeth to become Queen after him. Instead of passing the crown directly to the Lady Elizabeth, Edward went ahead with a plan devised by the Lord Protector, John Dudley, to bypass all his sisters and let his Protestant cousin Lady Jane Grey become Queen after he died. Unfortunately for this nine days queen, Mary Tudor was determined to get back her crown and rightful place as Queen of England. Mary executed Jane Grey and married Philip II of Spain. Elizabeth was imprisoned many times under the suspicion of the new Queen.
In her desperate wishes to have children and prevent the Protestant Elizabeth from ascending to the throne, the Catholic Queen suffered from two phantom pregnancies. In the end, the lady who had suffered so, would still not get her wish come true. Elizabeth finally succeeded to the throne, becoming the new Queen Elizabeth I of England.
Bloody Mary in folklore.
Over time children began to make a game called "Bloody Mary". They said you must light 3 candles, leave the water running, turn off the lights in the bathroom, spin around saying "Bloody Mary" or "I stole your baby Bloody Mary" 3 times and then look in the mirror. A number of terrible things could then happen to you. It is not known whether this game was actually about Mary Tudor. Other variations of the game are about a witch, Mary Worth, or a pregnant noble woman Elizabeth Bathory. A modern version has "Bloody Mary" being a victim in a car accident. All the games have the spinning and chanting.

Edward VI of England
Edward VI of England (12 October 1537 – 6 July 1553) was King of England and King of Ireland from 28 January 1547 until his death. He was the son of Henry VIII of England and Jane Seymour.
His mother (Jane Seymour) died 12 days after his birth. He became king at the age of 9 when his father, Henry VIII, died. He was a young King, not very well known in history. He died when he was only 15 years old. His successor was his cousin Lady Jane Grey.
In the fictional story "The Prince and the Pauper" by Mark Twain, Edward VI is one of the main characters (the 'prince').

Richard I of England
Richard I of England (September 8, 1157 – April 6, 1199) was the king of England from 1189 to 1199. He is sometimes called Richard the Lionheart. Richard was the son of Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine, two famous people in the history of England. In 1168 he became Duke of Aquitaine. He was one of the leaders of the third crusade against Saladin. He was stopped many times on his journey to Jerusalem, which never actually succeeded. During his journey, he conquered Sicily and Cyprus. He may have been a homosexual, and was punished for sodomy twice. He fought in the Battle of Acre and the Battle of Arsuf. He was shot with an arrow in the arm. A doctor tried to help him, but the shot became infected. He died as a result. He was considered a very brave and noble king, but he did not spend a lot of time in England. He is buried at Fontevraud Abbey near Saumur in France, as are his father and mother.
On his way back from the Crusade. Richard was captured by the Germans the English people had to pay a huge ransom to set him free.

Jane Seymour
Jane Seymour (c. 1508 or 1509 – October 24, 1537) was the third wife of King Henry VIII of England. She should not be confused with the actress who uses the same name.
Biography.
Jane Seymour was the child of John Seymour and Margaret Wentworth. She was a lady-in-waiting to Catherine of Aragon, the first wife of Henry VIII. When Henry divorced his first wife and married Anne Boleyn, Jane continued to be a lady-in-waiting. Henry VIII noticed Jane at court and had already fallen in love with her by the time Anne Boleyn was executed. He became betrothed to Jane on the day after the execution, and they were married ten days later, on May 30 1536. When Jane became queen, she ran the royal court in a strict and formal way, and her only close friends were Anne Stanhope and Elizabeth Seymour.
In early 1537, Jane became pregnant and developed a craving for quail. In October of 1537, she gave birth to the son that Henry VIII wanted so much. They named him Edward and he was later to be King Edward VI of England. Soon, Jane became very ill with fever, and she died on October 24, 1537. Jane never had a coronation, and was married to Henry for only a year and a half before she died (May 30th 1536-October 24th 1537). Henry had loved Jane the most of all his wives, because she was the one who gave him a son. Even though he was married another three times after Jane's death, he always grieved for her. When Henry died, he asked to be buried next to Jane.

Elizabeth of York
Elizabeth of York (February 11, 1466 – February 11, 1503) married King Henry VII of England in 1486. She is the mother of King Henry VIII. When she was only 17, her father died of pneumonia which started the famous "War of the Roses".

Catherine of Aragon
Catherine of Aragon (December 16, 1485–January 7, 1536) was the daughter of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon. Catherine was first the wife of Arthur, Prince of Wales and then to his brother, Henry VIII.
Early Life.
Catherine was born in 1485 as the youngest child of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon. As a child, it was decided that she would marry Arthur, Prince of Wales.
In 1501, Catherine and Arthur married. They were sent to Ludlow Castle in Shropshire, England. This was to take control of the Council of Wales. Months later, Catherine and Arthur became ill, possibly from sweating sickness which was sweeping the area at the time. Prince Arthur died on April 2, 1502, leaving Catherine a widow.
Henry VIII, the king of England married Catherine in 1509. She was extremely popular with the people of England and governed the nation as Regent. In 1513, Henry VIII invaded France while she continued being a Regent.
Annulment: End Of Marriage.
Despite Catherine's popularity, she still had not produced a male heir. She had a daughter, Mary I of England. Henry's want of a male heir meant that he wanted to divorce his wife Catherine of Aragon.
At first, Henry tried to convince Anne Boleyn to be his mistress in 1527. Anne refused, so Henry decided to marry her. Because divorce was not allowed in the Catholic faith, he used the pretext that as Catherine had been married to his older [and dead] brother Arthur that it was an invalid marriage. He claimed that was acting by his conscious and he would like nothing more than to be proved wrong. He quoted a verse in Leviticus which states that "a man may not marry his brother's wife and such a union would be without the blessing of God and fruitless" and used this as his case. It became referred to as the kings "Secret Matter" and a special court was held with Cardinal Wosley leading it.
An official from Rome was brought over and a trial was held. The official stated that he could not come to a conclusion and the case would have to be referred to Rome for the Pope to make a decision. The matter dragged on for quite some time, as the Pope would not agree to a divorce.
Later Years.
In 1532, Anne Boleyn became pregnant with the king's child. She was married to Henry on January 25, 1533 so that the baby could be a legitimate heir. Henry's marriage to Catherine of Aragon was finally annulled in the following May by Archbishop Cranmer, thus ending the first of Henry VII of England's 6 marriages. The divorce went against the Roman Catholic belief system, so Henry created his own church; The Church of England, the beginnings of
Protestantism with the King as the head instead of the Pope.
Until the end of Catherine's life, Catherine believed that she was the true wife of Henry VIII. Her servants called her their queen, but Henry VIII called her "Dowager Princess of Wales".
In 1535, Catherine was transferred to Kimbolton Castle and was not allowed to see her daughter Mary. Henry VIII told her that if they declared Anne their queen, they would be able to see each other. Catherine nor Mary ever did.
Catherine died, most likely of cancer, in January of 1536, just five months before the execution of Anne Boleyn.

Gregory Peck
Gregory Peck (April 5, 1916 – June 12, 2003) was an American actor.

Sin City
"Sin City" is the title of a number of stories by Frank Miller, written in a comic book-style and the name of a movie that is based on the books.
"Sin City" movie.
A movie version of the "Sin City" books was released in 2005. It starred a number of famous actors, including Jessica Alba, Brittany Murphy, Bruce Willis, and Elijah Wood. The movie was directed by Frank Miller, Robert Rodriguez, and Quentin Tarantino.
The movie is based on four stories from the "Sin City" books: "The Customer is Always Right", "The Hard Goodbye", "The Big Fat Kill" and "That Yellow Bastard".

Brittany Murphy
Brittany Murphy (born November 10, 1977 in Atlanta, Georgia) is an American actress. She appeared in many movies and is the voice of Luann on the American television show "King of the Hill".

Evershot
Evershot is a village in the county of Somerset. It is in the South Somerset District.

Copyleft
Copyleft is a name for a type of license. It is the opposite of Copyright. This type of license tries to be the opposite of the frequently seen copyright type of license.
Both copyleft and copyright licenses can be used for things like documents (for example books), art (for example music), and software.
A license tells what someone can do with something that was bought. It also tells what cannot be done with it without getting into legal trouble.
A "copyleft" license tries to allow more things, and tries to give more 'rights', while a "copyright" license tells more about things that cannot be done.

Uruguay
Uruguay is a small country in South America. The language spoken there is Spanish. Its capital and largest city is Montevideo. Uruguay is bordered by two large neighbors, Brazil and Argentina. The only country in South America that is smaller than Uruguay is Suriname.
The land there is mostly flat. They have many farms there.

Minnesota
Minnesota is a state in the north part of the United States of America. Part of the state has a border with the country of Canada.
The capital of Minnesota is Saint Paul. The largest city is Minneapolis. Over 750,000 people live in the two cities, which are separated by the Mississippi River. They are known as the Twin Cities.
Minnesota became a state on May 11, 1858. It was the 32nd state in the United States of America. The name Minnesota is Dakota (a Native American language) for "sky-tinted water".
Climate.
Minnesota is known for its cold climate. The winters in Minnesota are very cold and very snowy. Because it is so cold the state has a short growing season. During the summer the weather is hot and humid.

Colorado
Colorado is a state of the United States. Its capital and largest city is Denver. Other big cities are Colorado Springs and Aurora.
Colorado became a state in 1876.

Cairo
Cairo (Arabic:القاهرة, this is usually transliterated as Al-Qāhirah) is a city in Egypt. The city name can be translated as "the one who won". The city is the capital and largest city in Egypt. It has a population of 7.7 million people who live there. About 15.2 million people live in its urban area. This makes it the biggest city of the Arab World. It also is the city with the biggest urban area, by number of people, in Africa. The next-biggest city is Lagos, Nigeria. People from Cairo are called 'Cairenes'.
The city is located on the Nile River. The great pyramids of Giza are located just outside of the city.
Cairo is an important economic centre in not only Egypt, but also the Middle East and Africa.
Alexandria, Egypt used to be the largest city in Egypt. It had been for many years before Cairo, an old military base for Egypt, became a city.

Aerospace engineering
Aerospace engineering is the word used for work of vehicles in the air or space. This usually means working with airplanes, helicopters and spacecrafts.
To work in Aerospace Engineering you must train. This is done depending on what you want to do. Aerospace Engineers (those who design and oversee repair of vehicles) study at a university or college and must earn a degree. Technicians (those who repair and construct vehicles) will do a shorter course and 'on the job' training. Aerospace jobs include astronauts, pilots, and other things.

Karnataka
Karnataka is a state within the Republic of India. It has an area of 74,122 sq mi (191,976 km²), it is bigger than Syria but smaller than Senegal.
Bangalore is the capital city of Karnataka. Mysore, Mangalore, and Hubli-Dharwad are the other big cities in Karnataka. Places to see in Karnataka are Bangalore, Mysore, Hampi, Bijapur, Belur/Halebid, and Shravanabelagola.
Most people in Karnataka speak Kannada language.
Karnataka is bordered by the Arabian Sea in the west, Goa in the northwest, Maharashtra in the north, Andhra Pradesh in the east, Tamil Nadu in the south and Kerala in the southwest. Topographically, Karnataka consists of the Arabian Sea Coast, Western Ghats, Deccan Plateau, and Eastern Ghats.
Karnataka's history dates back to the 3rd century BC. The succession of able administrators from the Hoysalas, Chalukyas and the mighty Vijayanagara rulers, to the arrival of the Mughals in the 17th century and the British in the 18th century have contributed to the mix of culture and heritage that is as rich as it is ancient.

Norrland
Norrland is the northernmost region of Sweden. The other two regions are Götaland and Svealand. Norrland includes the Swedish counties Gävleborg county, Västernorrland county, Jämtland county, Västerbotten county and Norrbotten county. With "Upper Norrland" people usually mean Norrbotten and Västerbotten counties.
Historically have also parts of northern Finland been parts of Norrland.
Even though 59% of Sweden's area is within Norrland, only 12% of its population live there. The biggest town of Norrland is Umeå.
Norrland is famous for its nature, and for phenomenons as the Midnight sun, Polar night and Northern lights.

Calgary, Alberta
Calgary is the biggest city in Alberta, Canada. There are more than 1,000,000 people who live in Calgary. Calgary is in the southern half of Alberta.
Business.
Most of the business that takes place in Alberta happens in Calgary. There is a lot of oil and gas business in Calgary. There are cows on farms around Calgary.
Climate.
Calgary can be warm during the summer and is sometimes cold during the winter.
Activities.
Calgary has a famous event called a rodeo every year. A rodeo is a type of sport for cowboys using cows and horses. This rodeo is called the Calgary Stampede. The Calgary Stampede is the largest rodeo in the world. In the Stampede, Cowboys can win money for staying on a bull for a long time. Cowboys also race carts with four wheels pulled by horses. In 1988, the Winter Olympics were held in Calgary.
Calgary has many museums, for example the Aero Space Museum. Their ice hockey team, the Calgary Flames is very famous.

Nova Scotia
Nova Scotia is a small province located on the East Coast of Canada. The capital of Nova Scotia is Halifax, which is also the province's biggest city. Right now, over 900,000 people live in Nova Scotia, which is about the size of Calgary, Alberta. People who live in Nova Scotia are called Nova Scotians.
Many people in Nova Scotia do not live in large cities or towns but villages, where few people live. This is also called rural.
Nova Scotia's government is a democracy. Rodney MacDonald is the premier and Mayann Francis is the lieutenant governor.
What is now called "Nova Scotia" used to be controlled by the Micmac Indians. The French settled among them at Port Royal after 1600, and called the land part of Acadia. In the 1700s there was a war between Britain and France, and Acadia went to Britain and ended up becoming a colony of Scotland. The name "Nova Scotia" is Latin for "New Scotland".

Absolute zero
In physics, absolute zero is the temperature where the particles of matter stop moving. Absolute zero is impossible to achieve, because all particles move, even if it's just a small vibration. There are many people who have gotten very close to absolute zero, but the record temperature was 100 PK (Picokelvin) above absolute zero reported in the Helsinki University of Technology in 2000.
The Kelvin and Rankine temperature scales are defined so that absolute zero is 0 kelvins (K) or 0 degrees Rankine (°R). The Celsius and Fahrenheit scales are defined so that absolute zero is −273.15 °C or −459.67 °F.
At this stage the pressure of the particles is zero. If we plot a graph to it, we can see that the temperature of the particles is zero. The temperature cannot decrease any further. The closer the temperature of an object gets to absolute zero, the less resistive the material is to electricity therefore it will conduct electricity better.

Cylinder
A cylinder is a solid object that has a circular base and a height. If a cylinder is cut parallel to the base the resulting shape (called a cross-section) would be a circle of the same shape. An example of a cylinder is a tin can.
This surface can be generalised into the generalised cylinder by replacing the circle at the base with any curve and extending it in any direction, whereas with the standard cylinder the extension is vertical.
More formally, if formula_1 is a curve in 3-space and a is a vector then the generalised cylinder of formula_2 in direction a is formula_3. This surface is regular if formula_1 is regular and a is never parallel to a tangent vector of formula_1.

Vacuum
A vacuum is a place where there is no matter. Sound cannot travel in a vacuum.
Outer space is not a true vacuum, because there is a very small number of particles there.
A vacuum cleaner is a device that cleans dirt from floors. Sometimes it is just called a "vacuum".
Vacuums are also used in many physics experiments involving environments with no matter.
In Norwegian Vakuum also known as a famous rapper from Norway, Stavanger.

Catherine Howard
Catherine Howard (between 1520 and 1525 - February 13 1542) was the fifth wife of Henry VIII of England.
Childhood.
Catherine Howard (also spelled Katherine) was born in about 1521. She was the tenth child of Lord Edmund Howard and Joyce Culpepper. Her father was the second son of the Duke of Norfolk. She was a cousin to Anne Boleyn, the second wife of Henry VIII.
Catherine's family was poor so they sent Catherine to live with her step-grandmother, Agnes Tilney. Agnes Tilney, the Duchess of Norfolk, had a large household, but it wasn't very strict. Catherine could read and write, but she was the least educated of Henry VIII's wives.
Catherine was taught music by Henry Manox when she was fifteen years old. They liked one another and he may have seduced her. Later, she denied this. Catherine then fell in love with, and had an affair with, a gentleman at her grandmother's court. He was called Francis Dereham.
Arrival at court.
Catherine became a lady-in-waiting to the queen in 1539 or 1540, when she was about eighteen years old.
The queen then was Anne of Cleves, the fourth wife of Henry VIII. The king disliked Anne of Cleves for many reasons. Some of these reasons were "bad breath", her appearance, and bad smell.
Henry fell in love with Catherine, now probably nineteen but maybe only fifteen years old. Many historians believe that he married her because she was young and healthy, and he wanted a son for an heir. He probably believed that Catherine could give him a son because she was young and healthy.
In July 1540, after Henry had divorced Anne of Cleves, Henry and Catherine got married at Oatlands Palace in Surrey.
Marriage.
Henry VIII adored his young bride and showered her with gifts. Despite this, Catherine was very unhappy because her husband was very fat (he was about 300 pounds at the time) and had stinking ulcers on his legs. So, she found a lover, who was another of her cousins, Thomas Culpepper. Thomas Culpepper was very handsome, but he had a bad reputation. He was accused of having raped a woman and killed her husband. Catherine did not take any notice of these rumourse, because she was head over heels in love with Thomas.
Downfall.
Rumors that Catherine was unfaithful began to be repeated at court. Then Francis Dereham told
people about the affair he had had with Catherine, and officials started to ask questions about what she was doing in private. Catherine then, in 1541, was arrested and charged with high treason. Henry was very upset and cried, but he made up his mind that Catherine was to be executed, just like her cousin, Anne Boleyn.
In February of 1542, Catherine was told that she was to die. She was being kept a prisoner at Hampton Court Palace. When she heard that the king was in the palace, she got away from her guards and ran towards the room where she thought he was, crying out for mercy, but Henry did not hear her. She was terrified of being executed, so she asked to see the executioner's block and practised putting her head on it. The next morning, she was pale going to the block, but she was calm.
There is a legend that before Catherine died, she announced, "I die a Queen, but I would rather have died the wife of Culpepper." The story is not true.
The executioner chopped her head off. She was aged between seventeen and twenty-two. She is buried in St. Peter Ad Vincula, the parish church of the Tower of London.

Anne of Cleves
Anne of Cleves (September 22, 1515 – July 16, 1557) was the fourth wife of Henry VIII of England from January 1540 to July 1540.
Biography.
She was the daughter of John III, Duke of Cleves and Maria of Julich Berg. She was born in Düsseldorf on September 22, 1515.
She was betrothed to Francis, the Duke of Lorraine, but she ended up marrying Henry VIII in January of 1540. When the couple met for the first time, they were disappointed in each other. Henry started complaining about Anne's appearance and said that he could not sleep with her because he claimed that she had "bad breath" and smelled, among other things. Anne's previous engagement to the Duke of Lorraine was used as an excuse for a divorce, and Anne agreed to it. In July 1540 Henry divorced Anne and married Catherine Howard, who was younger and prettier.
After the divorce.
After the divorce, Henry made Anne his "sister" and gave her money and land for the rest of her life. She was the last of Henry's six wives to die, as she outlived his sixth wife, Catherine Parr, by nearly nine years. Anne died in 1557 and was buried in Westminster Abbey.

Mary Tudor of England
Mary Tudor (March 28, 1495 – June 25, 1533) was the youngest daughter of Henry VII of England and Elizabeth of York. She was princess of England and was Queen of France for three months. After being Queen of France, she married someone else and became Duchess of Suffolk until her death.
Biography.
Mary Tudor was born on March 28, 1495 in Richmond Palace. Her older brothers were Arthur, Prince of Wales, and Prince Henry, and her older sister was Princess Margaret. Henry and Mary were close as children. Later in life, when Henry became King Henry VIII of England, he even named his ship, the Mary Rose, after her. His first daughter, Mary (later known as Queen Mary I of England), was probably also named after her.
Mary's father was anxious for all his children to make good marriages, and many of the other kings and queens of Europe wanted Mary as a wife for one of their sons. She was first betrothed to Charles of Castile, later the Holy Roman Emperor. This betrothal was broken later, and she did not get married until after her brother Henry became king. When Mary was 18 she married King Louis XII of France, who was 52 years old. She was married in Abbeville, France, on October 9, 1514. Mary did not want to marry King Louis, but agreed when her brother said that she could marry anyone she wanted after Louis died. Louis died on January 1, 1515, and Mary soon married Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk.
Mary did not have any children while married to Louis, but she did when she was married to Charles. Her children's names were Henry, Frances and Eleanor. Frances went on to be the mother of Lady Jane Grey, who was the Queen of England for only nine days.
Mary Tudor died in Westhorpe Hall in 1533. Her husband then married Catherine Willoughby.
There was a popular children's song making fun of Mary Tudor called Mary Tooter.

Louis XII of France
Louis XII of France (June 27, 1462 – January 1, 1515) was the son of Charles, Duke of Orleans and Mary of Cleves. He was born on June 27, 1462 in the Chateau de Blois, France.
Louis's first wife was Jeanne of France, who was the daughter of Louis XI of France. At the time, Louis was not expected to become King of France. The King, Charles VIII, was a young man and could still have had children, but Charles had an accident and died suddenly. Charles was Jeanne's brother. Louis was Charles's cousin and next in line to the throne. When he became king, he had to end his marriage to Jeanne, partly because she was disabled and could not have children.
Louis's second wife was Anne of Brittany, who was the daughter of Francis II, Duke of Brittany. Anne had been married to King Charles VIII until his death, but all of their children had died. As a result of her marriage to Charles, the dukedom of Brittany had become part of the kingdom of France. Louis wanted to keep Brittany, but in order to do so he had to marry Anne. After her marriage to Louis, Anne had two daughters, who were called Claude and Renee.
In France, women were not allowed to rule the country, so Louis still wanted a son to become king after him. After Anne died, Louis married for a third time. His last wife was Mary Tudor, the sister of Henry VIII of England. She was many years younger than him. Louis lived for only three months after their marriage. Because Louis had no sons, the throne went to Francis, the husband of his daughter Claude.

Louis XIII of France
Louis XIII of France was King of France from 1610 to 1643.

Claude of France
Claude of France (October 14, 1499 – July 20, 1524) was the daughter of Louis XII of France and Anne of Brittany. Claude had no brothers, but was not allowed to be the Queen of France in her own right after her father died because of the Salic Law. Instead she became the Queen consort of France by marrying the next King of France, Francis I of France.
Henry II of France was Claude's son.
After she got married Claude spent the rest of her life having babies. She died when she was only 24.

Lady Eleanor Brandon
Lady Eleanor Brandon (1519 - September 27, 1547) was the daughter of Mary Tudor, Queen of France and Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk. Her maternal grandparents were King Henry VII of England and Elizabeth of York. She was the sister of Lady Frances Brandon therefore she was the aunt of Lady Jane Grey.
Biography.
Eleanor was married to Henry Clifford in 1537. She then became the Countess of Cumberland.

Lady Frances Brandon
Lady Frances Brandon (July 16, 1517 – November 20, 1559) was the daughter of Mary Tudor of England (1495 – 1533) and Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk. She was married to Henry Gray, Duke of Suffolk and had three daughters, who were called Jane, Mary and Katherine. Her daughter Jane became the Queen of England for nine days.
Life.
Frances Brandon was a cruel, abusive mother to her children and a bold wife to her husband, Henry Grey. She had spent her childhood with her mother and was very close to Catherine of Aragon, so she was against Henry VIII's marriage to Anne Boleyn. In 1533, she married Henry Grey and soon she had two children who died young before having Lady Jane Grey in 1537, Katherine in 1540, and Mary in 1545.
In 1554, just weeks after her daughter Lady Jane Grey's and her husband Henry Grey's execution, Frances married again. This time it was to Adrian Stokes. Many people where shocked about this marriage, because Adrian was far below Frances's status. Historians believe that Frances was pregnant at the time of their marriage because she gave birth to a child about six months later. This child did not survive and Frances had two others. None of her children lived past a year.
Death.
Frances became increasingly large similar to her great-uncle Henry VIII. Because of this, she died in 1559 and was buried in Westminster Abbey.

Henry II of France
Henry II of France (March 31, 1519 – July 10, 1559) was a King of France and a member of the house of Valois. Henry was crowned King in Rheims, France, on July 25, 1547.
Birth.
Henry was born in Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France, on March 31, 1519. His parents were Francis I of France and Claude of France.
Marriage.
Henry did not love Catherine of Medici. He spent most of his time with his mistress, who was called Diane de Poitiers.
Death.
Henry died on July 10, 1559 after a jousting accident. He is buried in the Saint Denis Basilica. The next King was Francis II of France.

Francis I of France
Francis I of France (September 12, 1494 - July 31, 1547) was a King of France and a member of the house of Valois.
Birth.
Francis was born in Cognac, France on September 12, 1494. His parents were Charles, Duke of Angouleme and Louise of Savoy.
Art.
Francis was very interested in art and liked the artist Leonardo da Vinci.
Death.
Francis died on July 31, 1547. He is buried in the Saint Denis Basilica.

Madeleine of France
Madeleine of France (August 10, 1520 – July 2, 1537) was the daughter of Francis I of France and Claude of France. She was married to James V of Scotland on January 1, 1537 in Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris, France.
Madeleine got sick with tuberculosis when she went to live in Scotland and died when she was only 16 years old. She is buried in Holyrood Abbey in Edinburgh, Scotland.

Holyrood Abbey
Holyrood Abbey is in Edinburgh, Scotland. It is a ruined Augustine Abbey and was built by David I of Scotland in 1128.

The Muppets
The Muppets are puppet characters created by Jim Henson. The characters include Kermit the Frog and the cast of Sesame Street.

Wilhelm II of Germany
Friedrich Wilhelm Viktor Albert von Hohenzollern, Wilhelm II of Prussia and Germany, (January 27 1859 – June 4, 1941) was the last German Emperor and the last King of Prussia, ruling from 1888 to 1918.
After he abdicated (resigned) as King and Emperor he went to live in the Netherlands. He died at Huis Doorn and is buried there because he ordered that he did not want to be buried in Nazi Germany.

Catherine of Medici
Catherine of Medici (April 13, 1519 – January 5, 1589) was the wife of Henry II of France.
Catherine was the daughter of Lorenzo II de' Medici. She was born in Florence, Italy.
Catherine is buried in the Saint Denis Basilica.

Francis II of France
Francis II of France (January 19, 1544 – December 5, 1560) was a King of France and a member of the House of Valois.
Birth.
Francis was born in Fontainbleau, France, on September 12, 1494. His parents were Henry II of France and Catherine of Medici.
Marriage.
Francis was married to Mary I of Scotland on April 24, 1558. They had no children.
Death.
Francis died in Orleans, France, on December 5, 1560 because of an ear infection. He is buried in the Saint Denis Basilica, next to King Charles IX of France.

Adela of Normandy
She lived long enough to see her son, Stephen, become King of England, but died soon afterwards.

Stephen of England
Stephen of England (c. 1096 – 25 October 1154) was King of England from 1135 until 1154. He became the King after the death of his uncle Henry I. Stephan was the King until his own death in Dover, Kent. Stephen was crowned at Westminster Abbey on the 26 December 1135. Stephen is buried at the Clunaic Monastery in Faversham, Kent.
King Stephan was born in Blois, France, in 1096. He was the son of Stephen, Count of Blois and Adela of Normandy. His mother, Adela, was the daughter of William I of England and Matilda of Flanders. Stephen married Matilda of Boulogne in about 1125. They had five children. He fought a civil war with Henry I's only daughter, Matilda, from 1139-1153. This ended with the Treaty of Wallingford in 1153 after the death of Stephen's son and heir, Eustace IV. The treaty said that Stephen would be King for the rest of his lifetime. After his death, the throne would passes to Henry, son of Matilda, and not Stephen's other son William.

Eleanor of Aquitaine
Eleanor of Aquitaine (c. 1122 – March 31, 1204) was the daughter of William X of Aquitaine. She had a younger sister called Petronilla of Aquitaine. She brought the province of Aquitaine to England when she married Henry II of England. It stayed under English control for 300 years.
The marriage was later annulled.
Eleanor was also greatly known for her work in the Second Crusade, for she inspired many people to join. So many extra people decided to join that St. Bernard ran out of crosses to give out, therfore he had to start to rip off chunks of his robe.

John of England
John of England (December 24, 1166 – October 18, 1216) was the son of Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine. He reigned as King of England from 6 April, 1199, until his death. He followed on the throne as the younger brother of King Richard I (known in later times as "Richard the Lionheart").

Thirteen
Thirteen is the number that is after twelve and before fourteen.
Many people think thirteen is an unlucky number. Especially when it is Friday the thirteenth. Many people think that this is superstition. There is no proof that thirteen is an unlucky number.
Floors in tall buildings often skip floor thirteen. The idea of thirteen as an unlucky number was created in Norse mythology. Some Christians think that Jesus was crucified on the thirteenth. Some people also think that it is unlucky to have thirteen people siting at a table at a meal.

Weekend
The weekend is a time when fewer people go to work or school. Traditional Christians believe that Sunday is a day of rest or Sabbath, and Jews and Seventh Day Adventists believe the seventh day of rest is Saturday, and start the week with Sunday. Friday is also considered the beginning of the weekend, and it is a day of rest for Muslims.

Alexandria
Alexandria (Roman Arabic: Al-Iksandriyah) is a large city in Egypt. It is the largest coastal city of Egypt. It is also the second largest city of Egypt. It is on the coast, next to the Mediterranean sea. Alexandria is located in the north of Egypt, only 225 km from Cairo.
Alexandria is named after its founder. Alexander the Great founded Alexandria in 331 BC. For a thousand years, Alexandria was the center of the Greek world and the capital of the Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt. Scores of famous Greek scientists, such as Euclid of Alexandria lived there or studied there. It was home to the largest library in the ancient Western world, the Library of Alexandria. It was a very wealthy city in its heyday, and remained the prime way Egyptian grain went to Rome. Rome depended greatly on Egyptian grain. But after the Muslim conquest it lessened in importance. The Muslims conquered Egypt in 641 AD, but did not want to have their capital at Alexandria, because it was too far away from Arabia. So the Islam (muslim) invaders made a new capital on the east side of the Nile, and called it Fustat.
Alexandria nowadays is a 3.8 million people.it is the main harbor of Egypt.it has two airports and three big stadiums.Alexandria stadium,harras el hadoud stadium and borg el-arab stadium in borg el-arab industrial city.

Celtic League
The Celtic League is a group of people from the six modern Celtic nations of Ireland, Scotland, Wales, Brittany, Cornwall and the Isle of Man. They want their countries to be free. These six countries each have a native Celtic language and the Celtic League supports the learning of these languages. The six Celtic languages are Irish, Gaelic (Scottish), Welsh, Breton, Cornish, and Manx.

Oprah Winfrey
Oprah Gail Winfrey (born January 29, 1954) is an African-American businesswoman and actress. Winfrey owns a number of books, magazines and movies in addition to what she is most famous for, her television talk show "The Oprah Winfrey Show" which has been on television throughout the United States since September 8, 1986.

Kölsch (language)
Kölsch is a variety of the German languages. People in and around the city of Cologne in the West of Germany use Kölsch. Nowadays most of them have High German as their primary language or secondary language.
Usage.
About 250,000 people actively speak Kölsch.
More than 2,500,000 people understand Kölsch well and use some Kölsch, or a variant, somehow.
An estimated 20,000,000 to 30,000,000 people understand it partially.
Pronunciation.
How to say "Kölsch"? Take the beginning from "kernel" or "colonel"; next take a real dark, long "l" as in "bold", or "ball"; then append a "sh" as in "shrimps", or "ti" as in "nation". That's the sound "Kölsch". However, the German "ö" is not exactly the same as an English "o", but a sound between "o" and "e".
Etymology.
The word 'Kölsch' comes from the Name of the City of Cologne.
It is 'Köln' in native tongue, yet 'Kölle' in Kölsch.
Now by ordinary German word building rules, 'kölnisch' means 'belonging to Cologne', 'related to Cologne', 'in Cologne', 'from Cologne'—as in 'kölnisch Wasser' ("Eau de Cologne"). The word 'kölnisch', or 'köllesch', shortened to 'kölsch' in local tongue, became a shorthand noun for the local beer and the local language, or dialect.
Today's name of the city stems from ancient times of the Roman occupation of Northern Germany 100 years before Christ, and later. In the place of a longer existing German tribal settlement, the Romans built a fort or castle —
then, approximately under the reign of Julius Caesar, enhanced it to a colony (Latin: "colonia") with religious and city rights.
Part of its Roman name stuck, 'Colonia Clavdia Ara Agrippinensivm Oppidvm Vbiorum' became 'Köln' over the centuries.
Socio-cultural.
After the Second World War, Cologne took up and integrated a huge number of former inhabitants from the former East German regions, which now are part of Poland.
That has not had a remarkable impact on the Kölsch language; but on the immigrants.
They soon began to integrate into the social life and otherwise, they began to learn Kölsch.
Naturally they initially were not perfect speakers.
The Kölsch language recognized that, and quickly created a word for them: "imi" ('imitating' or 'imitated' Kölsch).
As they lerned Kölsch well over the years, you could hear the word 'imi' less often.
It came back recently, when the wall that separated East and West Germany was taken down.

Past tense
The past tense is used for describing things that have already happened.
Words in English have several tenses, including many common past tenses. The two that are used the most are the simple past tense and the perfect tense
Perfect tense.
The perfect tense is used a lot when people talk. It is used a lot when talking about something that changes what is happening now.

Freeview
Freeview is a free television service in the United Kingdom, It is sent to people's home using a digital signal. It includes more channels than the normal television (analogue) provides. Over 30 channels are on it at the moment (not including radio stations). The service was put on air on October 30, 2002 in the early morning. ITV Digital was the previous service but the company had to be replaced because they were in financial problems.
Some TVs can receive Freeview automatically, but most people have to buy a special box to connect to their TV. In March 2006 over 6 million people had Freeview in their homes.

Mark Addy
Mark Addy (born on January 14, 1964 in York, England) is an English actor. He plays Bill Miller on "Still Standing". He played Detective Boyle in the second series of the Britcom "The Thin Blue Line", appeared in supporting roles in the movies "A Knight's Tale" and "The Full Monty",and played Fred Flintstone in the 2000 movie "The Flintstones in Viva Rock Vegas".

Tuba
The tuba is the largest of the brass musical instruments. They are the most recent addition to the symphony orchestra, first appearing in the mid-19th century. Though there is usually one in most orchestras.
Tubas are most commonly in the key of F, EEb, CC, or BBb and can have 3 - 6 valves. Due to its size, some tubas have a compensating system, where by, for example a fourth, fifth or sixth valves can create new valve combinations for other notes but with a clearer pitch then of the valve combination before. This was only developed recently, tuba plays used to change certain "off" notes by "lipping" the notes up or down depending whether the note was sharp or flat.

Garden gnome
The first garden gnomes were introduced to the United Kingdom in 1847 by Sir Charles Isham, when he brought 21 terracotta figures back from a trip to Germany and placed them around the gardens of his home, Lamport Hall in Northamptonshire. Only one of the original batch of gnomes survives: Lampy as he is known, is on display at Lamport Hall, and is insured for one million pounds.
Garden gnomes have become a popular accessory in many gardens, although they are not loved by all. They can be the target of pranks: people have been known to "return to the wild" these garden gnomes, most notably France's "Front de Liberation des Nains de Jardins" and Italy's "MALAG" (Garden Gnome Liberation Front). Some kidnapped garden gnomes have been sent on trips around the world, being passed from person to person and photographed at different famous landmarks, with the photos being returned to the owner; this practice is featured in the 2001 French film, "Amélie" and an Ad campegin for Travelocity.com. Non-conventional gnome statues have also been made, such as a flashing gnome in a raincoat, or a gnome couple having sex.
A sub-culture exists among those who collect garden gnomes. This phenomenon is frequently lampooned in popular culture.

Kentucky
Kentucky is a state in the United States. Its capital is Frankfort.
Some people call it the "Bluegrass State", because of a special kind of grass that grows there. It is also famous for its horse farms. The Kentucky Derby, a well-known horse race, is held in the city of Louisville. Other well-known places are Fort Knox, The Cumberland Gap, Cumberland Falls, Mammoth Cave, Red River gorge, and Land Between the Lakes.
Some well-known towns and cities are Louisville, Lexington, Owensboro, Bowling Green, Covington, Florence, Maysville, Georgetown, Paducah, Murray, Bardstown, Morehead, Midway, Berea, Richmond, Danville, Versailles, Elizabethtown, Radcliff, Corbin, Somerset, Ashland, and Middlesboro.
Hodgenville is famous for being the birthplace of U.S. President Abraham Lincoln.

Gary Busey
Gary Busey (June 29, 1944) is an American actor. He has appeared in many movies and television shows since the 1970s. In 1988, He was involved in a motorcycle accident, but he recovered and tells people to wear helmets. He was also a heavy drug user for many years, before giving it up and becoming a born-again Christian. His son Jake Busey is also an actor.

Montana
Montana is a state in the United States. Its capital is Helena, and the largest city is Billings. Montana has many mountains in the western half of the state.
Montana and Canada share a 545-mile (877-km) portion of the world's longest undefended (no soldiers or armies on either side) border. The state borders the Canadian provinces of British Columbia, Alberta, and Saskatchewan, more provinces than any other U.S. state.
To the east is North Dakota; to the southeast is a short border with South Dakota. In the south is Wyoming, and on the west and southwest is Idaho.

Sea
A sea is a large area of salt water which is part of an ocean, or a large, usually salt water, closed lake (for example, the Caspian Sea and the Dead Sea). People often informally say "sea" for an ocean.
Seas which are not on Earth.
Lunar maria are very big areas on the Moon. In the past, people thought they were water and called them "seas".
Scientists think that there is liquid water under the ground on some moons, for example Europa.
Scientists also think that there are liquid hydrocarbons on Titan, but a better name is "lakes", not "seas".

Wool
Wool is the hair of some mammals. Most wool comes from sheep and goats, but wool is also taken from camelids (camels, llamas, etc.) and special rabbits.
Wool is also the name for the material made from raw wool; people use wool cloth to make clothes, blankets, and other things to keep warm.
Wool can be spun or made into yarn. The yarn is used to weave fabric or material. The yarn of wool can also be knitted into fabric or clothing like sweaters.
Wool can also be made into felt after it is boiled in hot water and rubbed together. Felt is a kind of fabric that is not woven. Felt can be used to make clothes to keep warm in cold weather.

Saw
A saw is a tool used to cut things.
There are many kinds of saw. Some of them are hand tools that work with muscle power, like the saw in the picture. Some saws have other sources of power and are very powerful, such as a chainsaw that is used to cut down trees.
The work carried out with a saw is usually noisy. Using a saw to cut materials is dangerous because of sharp edges and care must be taken not to let sharp edges touch the skin. Parts of the material being cut can fly off the work and become a hazard to breathing, to eyes and to the skin.

Tennessee
Tennessee is a state in the United States. Its capital is Nashville, which is also the country music center of America. It is the home of the Smoky Mountains which are a famous tourist attraction. Other well known cities and towns are Memphis (the biggest city), Knoxville, Chattanooga, Oak Ridge, Lynchburg, Carthage, Lawrenceburg, Clarksville, Lebanon, Pigeon Forge, Graceland, and Gatlinburg.
Tennessee was the 16th state to join the nation, on June 1, 1796.

Connecticut
Connecticut is a state in the United States. Its capital is Hartford, and its largest city is Bridgeport.
Connecticut became a state in 1788.
Economy.
Connecticut is a state in New England. Connecticut does not have many natural resources so the people had to make things to make money.
Geography-Climate.
Connecticut is bordered on the south by Long Island Sound, on the west by New York State, on the north by Massachusetts, and on the east by Rhode Island. The state capital is Hartford, and the other major cities include New Haven, New London, New Britain, Norwich, Milford, Norwalk, Stamford, Waterbury, Danbury, and Bridgeport. In all, there are a total of 169 towns in Connecticut. There is an ongoing civic pride and economic competition between Hartford and New Haven, which stems back to the days when the two cities shared the state's capital, and even back to the rivalry between New Haven Colony and Connecticut Colony.
The highest peak in Connecticut is Bear Mountain in Salisbury in the northwest corner of the state. The highest point is just east of where Connecticut, Massachusetts, and New York meet (42° 3' N; 73° 29' W), on the southern slope of Mount Frissell, whose peak lies nearby in Massachusetts. [3]
The Connecticut River cuts through the center of the state, flowing into Long Island Sound, Connecticut's outlet to the Atlantic Ocean.
Further information: List of Connecticut rivers
The state, although small, has regional variations in its landscape and culture from the wealthy estates of Fairfield County's "Gold Coast" to the rolling mountains and horse-farms of the Litchfield Hills of northwestern Connecticut. Connecticut's rural areas and small towns in the northeast and northwest corners of the state contrast sharply with its industrial cities, located along the coastal highways from the New York border to New Haven, then northwards to Hartford, as well as further up the coast near New London. Many towns center around a small park, known as a "green," (such as the New Haven Green). Near the green may stand a small white church, a town meeting hall, a tavern and several colonial houses. Forests, rivers, lakes, waterfalls and a sandy shore add to the state's beauty.
The northern boundary of the state with Massachusetts is marked by the distinctive Southwick Jog/Granby Notch, an approximately 2.5 mile (4.0 km) square detour into Connecticut slightly west of the center of the border. Somewhat surprisingly, the actual origin of this anomaly is not absolutely certain, with stories ranging from surveyors who were drunk, attempting to avoid hostile Native Americans, or taking a shortcut up the Connecticut River; Massachusetts residents attempting to avoid Massachusetts' high taxes for the low taxes of Connecticut; Massachusetts' interest in the resources represented by the Congamond Lakes which lie on the border of the jog; and the need to compensate Massachusetts for an amount of land given to Connecticut due to inaccurate survey work.[4] [5] [6] Perhaps the only suggested reason which can be safely ruled out is that the jog is necessary to prevent Massachusetts from sliding out into the Atlantic Ocean. In any event, the dispute over the border retarded the development of the region, since neither state would invest in even such basic amenities as schools for the area until the dispute had been settled.
The southwestern border of Connecticut, where it abuts New York State, is marked by a panhandle in Fairfield County, containing Greenwich, Stamford, Fairfield, Westport, Wilton and Darien, housing some of the wealthiest residents in the world. This irregularity in the boundary is the result of territorial disputes in the late 1600s, culminating with New York giving up its claim to this area, whose residents considered themselves part of Connecticut, in exchange for an equivalent area extending northwards from Ridgefield, Connecticut to the Massachusetts border as well as undisputed claim to Rye, New York.[7]
Areas maintained by the National Park Service include: Appalachian National Scenic Trail; Quinebaug & Shetucket Rivers Valley National Heritage Corridor; and Weir Farm National Historic Site
History.
The name "Connecticut" originates from the Mohegan Indian word "Quinnehtukqut" meaning "Long River Place" or "Beside the Long Tidal River." The first European explorer in Connecticut was the Dutch explorer Adriaen Block. After he explored this region in 1614, Dutch fur traders sailed up the Connecticut River (Named Versche Rivier by the Dutch) and built a fort near present-day Hartford, which they called "House of Hope" (Dutch: Huys de Hoop). The first English settlers came in 1633. They were Puritans from Massachusetts, led by the Puritan reverend Thomas Hooker. They founded the Connecticut Colony. Colonies were also established at Old Saybrook and New Haven, which later became part of Connecticut. Historically important colonial settlements included: Windsor (1633), Wethersfield (1634), Saybrook (1635), Hartford (1636), New Haven (1638), and New London (1646). Because the Dutch were outnumbered by the English settlers, they left their fort in 1654. Its first constitution, the "Fundamental Orders," was adopted on January 14, 1639, while its current constitution, the third for Connecticut, was adopted in 1965. Connecticut is the fifth of the original thirteen states.
The western boundaries of Connecticut have been subject to change over time. According to a 1650 agreement with the Dutch, the western boundary of Connecticut ran north from the west side of Greenwich Bay "provided the said line come not within 10 miles [16 km] of Hudson River." On the other hand, Connecticut's original Charter in 1662 granted it all the land to the "South Sea," i.e. the Pacific Ocean. This probably added confusion to the early forefathers because the Pacific Ocean is located on the west coast of the United States. Agreements with New York, the "Pennamite Wars" with Pennsylvania over Westmoreland County, followed by Congressional intervention, and the relinquishment and sale of the Western Reserve lands brought the state to its present boundaries.

Wyoming
Wyoming is a state in the western United States. Most of the state is in the Rocky Mountains, a large mountain range in the United States. Wyoming is the least crowded state in the U.S., and it has 509,294 people. Its capital and biggest city is Cheyenne.
Wyoming is know for many things including Yellowstone National Park, Cowboys, the Teton Mountains and coal.

Mississippi
Mississippi is one of the states of the United States. Its capital and largest city is Jackson. The state flower and tree are the magnolia. Other large cities are Biloxi, Greenville, Gulfport, Hattiesburg, Meridian, Pascagoula, Southaven, Tupelo, and Vicksburg.

Delaware
Delaware is a state in the United States. It is sometimes called the "First State" because it was the first colony to accept the new constitution in 1787. Its capital is Dover and its biggest city is Wilmington.
The Dutch first settled Delaware. The Swedish then took over in the mid-1600s.

Idaho
Idaho is a state in the United States. Its capital and biggest city is Boise. Idaho potatoes are famous around the country.
Idaho became a state in 1890. Its current Governor is Butch Otter.
Idaho is next to Washington on the west, Montana on the east, Utah and Nevada on the south and the country of Canada on the north side.
Idaho's state motto is Latin for "Let it be forever".

Manila
Manila is the capital city of the Philippines. It is one of the largest cities in the Philippines, and in the entire world. Manila is located on the biggest island of the Philippines, Luzon. Manila is by a bay named "Manila Bay". The metropolitan area is much larger, and stretches across a thin strip of land to a lake called "Laguna de Bay". In Manila there are also forests.

The Hobbit
"The Hobbit", or "There and Back Again", is a book written by J. R. R. Tolkien. It was first published on September 21, 1937. Tolkien wrote it in the 1930s for his children as a bedtime story. The story takes place before "The Lord of the Rings".
The plot is about the hobbit (a small race of people invented by Tolkien) Bilbo Baggins who goes on an adventurous quest with a group of dwarves and the wizard Gandalf, in order to fight the dragon Smaug, which has stolen the treasures and home of the dwarves.
Although Tolkien borrowed (for example names and background) from his own Middle-earth storyline, "The Hobbit" was at first not intended to be part of it. Only later, when Tolkien wrote "The Lord of the Rings", did he integrate the story of both "Hobbit" and "The Lord of the Rings" into his Middle-earth world.
Plot.
The hobbit Bilbo Baggins lives a quiet and peaceful life. One day the wizard Gandalf comes to him, and with him thirteen dwarves: Thorin Oakenshield, Fíli and Kíli, Óin, Glóin, Balin, Dwalin, Dori, Nori, Ori, Bifur, Bofur, and Bombur.
The dwarves tell their story: A long time ago they lived in the Lonely Mountain. Thorin's father was their king, the "King under the Mountain". But one day the dragon Smaug came to the Lonely Mountain and killed all of the dwarves he found. The dragon took their treasure and now lives in the Lonely Mountain. But some of the dwarves could flee.
Now the dwarves want to go back the Lonely Mountain, and get back their home and treasures from the dragon. Gandalf wants Bilbo to come with them, and work as a master thief. At first Bilbo does not want to, but later he goes with them.
Gandalf, the dwarves, and Bilbo start to go east on their journey to the Lonely Mountain. After Gandalf saves the group from three trolls, they find the trolls' cave. Among the trolls' things there is some gold and swords. Gandalf, Thorin, and Bilbo each get a sword. The group continues on to the elven city Rivendell. Its master, Elrond, gives them helpful information.
As the group travels east over the Misty Mountains, they are attacked by Goblins (Orcs). The Goblins take the dwarves and Bilbo into their caves. Gandalf saves them and the group flees. During their flight Bilbo gets lost, and tries to find a way out by himself. In the tunnels Bilbo finds a ring, which he puts in his pocket. By an underground lake, Bilbo meets the creature Gollum. Gollum and Bilbo play a game of riddles. If Bilbo wins the game, Gollum will show him the way out; if Gollum wins, he will eat Bilbo. When Bilbo does not know another riddle to ask Gollum, he finds the ring in his pocket and asks himself: "What have I got in my pocket?" Gollum thinks this is a riddle, but cannot answer it, and so Bilbo wins the game. Gollum is angry and does not want to help Bilbo. Gollum then goes away to get something he owns: a magical ring, which turns the wearer invisible. Gollum cannot find his ring, and realizes that Bilbo has it. Gollum goes back, but Bilbo is afraid and runs away. While running, the ring slips on Bilbo's finger and he becomes invisible. Gollum runs past Bilbo, towards the way out of the caves. Bilbo realizes that the ring makes him invisible. With the help of the ring he can follow Gollum and get out of the caves. Outside, Bilbo again meets Gandalf and the dwarves.
The group is attacked by Goblins and Wargs, but saved by the Great Eagles. The group comes to the home of Beorn, a big man that can become a bear. After staying at Beorn's house, they continue to the forest Mirkwood. At the border of Mirkwood, Gandalf leaves the group. Bilbo and the dwarves have go through Mirkwood without him. The dwarves are attacked and captured by giant spiders. With the help of his ring and his sword, Bilbo saves them. Bilbo names his sword "Sting". The Wood-Elves capture the dwarves. Bilbo again uses the ring and saves the dwarves. He frees them and puts them into barrels, which he lets swim down a river out of Mirkwood. The group comes to Lake-town, a human city near the Lonely Mountain.
The dwarves and Bilbo travel to the Lonely Mountain. They can find the secret door into the mountain, and open it. Bilbo goes in two times and meets the dragon Smaug. Bilbo steals a golden cup, and finds out that Smaug has a vulnerable place on his left chest. Bilbo tells this to the dwarves, but a thrush (a bird) also hears it. Smaug is angry and goes out to destroy Lake-town. But in Laketown the thrush tells the archer Bard of the dragon's weak point, and Bard shoots the dragon. A big part of Laketown is destroyed, but Smaug is killed.
The dwarves are happy to be back in their old home, and to have their old treasures back. Thorin sends a message to the dwarves of his people, and tells them to come. But soon the people from Laketown and the Mirkwood-Elves arrive. Both peoples want a part of the treasure, but the dwarves do not want to give them anything. The humans and elves start a siege of the Lonely Mountain. After a while the other dwarves of Thorin's people come: Dáin II Ironfoot and an army of dwarves.
The three armies almost start to fight each other, but then the wizard Gandalf appears. Gandalf tells them that an army of Goblins is coming to the Lonely Mountain, and because of that the humans, elves, and dwarves have to fight the Goblins together. The "Battle of Five Armies" is long and hard, but is finally won with the help of the Great Eagles and Beorn. Thorin's nephews Fíli and Kíli are killed in the battle. Thorin is wounded and dies afterwards. Dáin becomes "King under the Mountain". Everyone gets a part of the dwarves' treasure. In the end Bilbo returns home, and lives happily thereafter.

The Lord of the Rings
"The Lord of the Rings" is a book written by J. R. R. Tolkien. It was first published in 1954. It is published in three parts, which are named "The Fellowship of the Ring", "The Two Towers", and "The Return of the King".
"The Lord of the Rings" takes place in Tolkien's fictional world Middle-earth. Middle-earth has its own geography, several different races and peoples (elves, dwarves, humans, hobbits, ents), their languages, and a history that spans thousands of years.
The plot of "The Lord of the Rings" is about the war of the peoples of Middle-earth against a dark lord (who is the 'Lord of the Rings' of the title). At the same time they try to destroy a ring which would give the dark lord a lot of power if he got it, but the only place to destroy the ring is deep into the territory of the enemy.
"The Lord of the Rings" has also been made into several films, the most well-known is the film trilogy directed by Peter Jackson.
Book history.
"The Lord of the Rings" began as a sequel to Tolkien's earlier fantasy book, "The Hobbit", but quickly became a much larger story. He also moved its (and "The Hobbits) story into his fictional world Middle-earth, which he had already invented long before he wrote "The Hobbit".
Tolkien wrote the story between 1937 and 1949. It was originally published in three parts in the years 1954 and 1955. Since then, "The Lord of the Rings" has been translated into 38 languages. It is one of the most popular stories in 20th-century literature and has been an important book for the fantasy genre.
"The Lord of the Rings" is often wrongly called a trilogy, because the publisher split the book into three parts because of the book's size. Tolkien himself had sub-divided the "The Lord of the Rings" into six parts, called Book I-VI, according to the plot. Tolkien never liked it being published in three parts or called a trilogy.
Backstory.
The backstory of "The Lord of the Rings" begins thousands of years before the action in the book.
In the Second Age, the Dark Lord Sauron wanted to rule Middle-earth. He disguised himself as Annatar, the "Lord of Gifts", and pretended to be good. As Annatar he told the elves how to make magical rings which give power to their wearers.
Sauron and the elves together made sixteen rings. The Elves also made three rings by themselves, called Vilya, Nenya and Narya. These nineteen rings were the "Rings of Power". But Sauron secretly forged a Great Ring of his own, the "One Ring". In this Ring Sauron put half of his power. He planned to control the wearers of the other rings with this One Ring. But the Elves finally realized that Annatar really was the evil Sauron and hid the Rings of Power.
Sauron then started a war. During this war he took back the sixteen rings which he had made together with the Elves. Seven of these rings he gave to the kings of the dwarves, and nine rings he gave to human kings. These human kings became the "Nazgûl", the Ringwraiths, ghostly servants of Sauron.
Led by Gil-galad and Elendil, the Elves and the Men of Gondor and Arnor formed the "Last Alliance of Men and Elves" to fight Sauron. There was a long war and siege of Sauron's fortress Barad-dûr. In the last battle, Gil-galad and Elendil were killed by Sauron. After his father's death, Elendil' son Isildur cut off the One Ring from Sauron's hand. Sauron was defeated and the war ended.
Because half of Sauron's power was in the One Ring, Sauron did not die fully. His spirit still existed as long as the Ring existed. The elves told Isildur to destroy the One Ring, but Isildur did not want to and kept it.
The One Ring was lost when Isildur was attacked by Orcs. Isildur tried to escape, but he was killed when he lost the Ring. In the Third Age, the Ring was found by the Stoor hobbit Déagol, who was killed by his friend Sméagol over the Ring. Sméagol went to live under the Misty Mountains, where he kept the Ring for five hundred years, and he became known by the name Gollum.
In "The Hobbit" the Ring is found by the hobbit Bilbo Baggins. He thinks it is an unimportant 'magic ring' that simply makes its wearer invisible. Bilbo keeps it, and brings it back with him to the Shire at the end of his journey. There the One Ring stayed until the beginning of the story of "The Lord of the Rings".
Book I.
The book begins in the Third Age of Middle-earth, in the Shire, the land of the hobbits. Sixty years after his adventures in "The Hobbit", Bilbo Baggins is living in the Shire with his adopted cousin Frodo Baggins. But Bilbo wants to make another long journey. After a birthday party for his 111th birthday, and Frodo's 33rd birthday, Bilbo leaves the Shire. His home, Bag End, and the One Ring now belong to Frodo. For another eighteen years nothing happens in Frodo's life.
In April of the year 3018, the wizard Gandalf the Grey, who is a friend of Bilbo and Frodo, comes to Bag End. He tells Frodo that his 'magic ring' is really the One Ring of Sauron, and tells him its backstory. Sauron is returning and getting more powerful, because he could not die while the Ring still existed. Sauron is now also searching for the Ring. Gandalf tells Frodo that he has to leave the Shire and take the One Ring to Rivendell, an Elven city. Samwise Gamgee, Frodo's gardener and servant, will go with Frodo. Gandalf promises to meet the two hobbits halfway in the town Bree. Then Gandalf leaves.
Frodo and Sam prepare to leave the Shire in September 3018. On their way to leave the Shire they are already followed by Sauron's Ringwraiths. Frodo's cousins, Meriadoc "Merry" Brandybuck and Peregrin "Pippin" Took also come with them. The four hobbits journey eastwards through the "Old Forest", and over the "Barrow-downs". They come to Bree, but Gandalf is not there. They meet a man named Strider, and they get a letter from Gandalf. In the letter they are told to go with Strider, who is really named Aragorn.
The hobbits continue their journey to Rivendell with Aragorn. On the mountain Weathertop they are attacked by the Ringwraiths, and Frodo is badly wounded by their leader, the Witch-king. Aragorn can defend them, and help Frodo to stay alive. Along the way they meet the elf Glorfindel. Shortly before Rivendell they are attacked again. Frodo can flee on Glorfindel's horse, followed by the Ringwraiths. Frodo crosses the river Bruinen, beyond which is Rivendell, but the Ringwraiths still follow him. Suddenly the river floods, and the water carries the Ringwraiths away. Frodo falls unconscious.
Book II.
Frodo wakes up in Rivendell. He has been healed by the elven lord Elrond, and Frodo's friends are also well. Gandalf is in Rivendell, as are messengers from other peoples. Frodo also meets Bilbo again, who has lived in Rivendell for the past years.
The next day the "Council of Elrond" is held. The messengers of the different peoples all tell the stories why they have come, which are connected to Sauron's doings. Elrond tells them of Sauron and the One Ring. Many other things are told and revealed. Aragorn is the descendant of Isildur. The wizard Saruman has betrayed the free peoples and turned to evil. Also, the One Ring cannot be used by anyone except Sauron. The One Ring turns normal people invisible, but it also corrupts them, makes its wearer power-hungry, and the ring only does evil.
The Council decides that the One Ring has to be destroyed, which will also truly kill Sauron forever. But the One Ring can only be destroyed if it is thrown into the volcano Mount Doom in Sauron's land Mordor, where the One Ring was made.
The Council sends Frodo, the Ring-bearer, to destroy the Ring, and eight companions to help him. These nine people are the "Fellowship of the Ring": the four hobbits Frodo, Sam, Merry, and Pippin, the elf Legolas, the dwarf Gimli, the two men Aragorn and Boromir, and Gandalf the Grey.
At the beginning of the year 3019 the Fellowship begins their long journey. Before they go, Bilbo gives his sword "Sting" and his Mithril-armour to Frodo. With Gandalf as their leader, the Fellowship first goes southwards through the land "Hollin". They try to go east over the Misty Mountains through the "Redhorn Pass", but there is too much snow. The Fellowship decides to go under the mountains, through the old Dwarven mines, which are called Khazad-dûm or Moria. They almost manage to go through Moria without anything happening, but near the end they are attacked by Orcs. There is also a Balrog, a demonic evil creature from the First Age. Gandalf protects the Fellowship, but he and the Balrog fall into an abyss. Aragorn leads the rest of the Fellowship out of Moria.
Now east of the Misty Mountains, the remaining Fellowship comes to the forest Lothlórien, the land of the Galadhrim, a wood-elven people. The Fellowship is welcomed by Lady Galadriel and Lord Celeborn, the rulers of Lothlórien. The Fellowship stay for a while.
When the Fellowship leaves Lóthlórien, the elves give them boats with which they can travel down the river Anduin. Each member of the Fellowship also gets a present from Lady Galadriel.
The Fellowship travel down the river Anduin until they reach the Emyn Muil and the waterfall Rauros. There they stop to decide where to go now: south to Boromir's home city Minas Tirith, or east to Mordor. Frodo goes for a walk to help him decide. He meets Boromir, who says that the Fellowship should go to Minas Tirith. Boromir also begins to talk about using the Ring against Sauron. Frodo realizes that Boromir is influenced by the One Ring. Boromir tries to take the Ring from Frodo, but Frodo puts the Ring on, becomes invisible and escapes. Boromir becomes himself again and is very sorry for what he tried to do.
Frodo decides that he will go alone to Mordor, so that the Ring cannot influence or hurt anyone else. The rest of the Fellowship are worrying where Frodo is. When Boromir comes and tells them that Frodo has run away, all of the Fellowship go and search for him.
Sam thinks about the situation, and realizes that Frodo wants to go to Mordor alone. Sam runs back to the boats, and catches Frodo leaving. In the end Frodo and Sam go east to Mordor together, to destroy the One Ring, and hoping that their friends in the Fellowship will be well.
Book III.
The book begins with Aragorn, who finds a dying Boromir. Boromir tells him that they were attacked by Orcs, who took Merry and Pippin with them. Boromir says he is sorry for everything and dies. Legolas and Gimli arrive. As a funeral, the three put Boromirs body in one of their boats, which they let fall down the waterfall Rauros. They find out that Frodo and Sam left them to go to Mordor, and that the Orcs that attacked them were Saruman's Orcs, who have taken Merry and Pippin. They decide to follow the Orcs westwards to save Merry and Pippin. West of the Emyn Muil they come into the land Rohan, home of the Rohirrim, the "Horse-lords". They meet a group of Rohirrim led by Éomer, nephew of King Théoden of Rohan. Éomer and his men have killed the Orc group on the border of the forest Fangorn, but did not see Merry or Pippin. Éomer gives them two horses, and Aragorn, Legolas, and Gimli ride to the Fangorn forest.
Merry and Pippin were caught and taken away by a group of Saruman's Orcs, the Uruk-hai. When the Orcs are surrounded and killed by the Rohirrim group, the two hobbits can escape into the Fangorn Forest. There they meet Treebeard, an "Ent". Ents are giant tree-like creatures. Treebeard takes the hobbits with him, and they tell him what happens in the world outside Fangorn. The Ents have a meeting called the "Entmoot". During the "Entmoot", the Ents decide to fight Saruman. Treebeard, the other Ents, and the two hobbits go to Isengard, Saruman's home.
In Fangorn, Aragon, Legolas and Gimli meet Gandalf. He had died, but was sent back to Middle-earth as Gandalf the White, to further help the fight against Sauron. Gandalf tells them that Merry and Pippin are well. They then go to Edoras, the capital of Rohan. Gandalf tells King Théoden that they have to go to war against Saruman. Gríma Wormtongue, a spy and servant of Saruman, is cast out. The people of Edoras, led by Éomer's sister Éowyn, flee to Dunharrow in the White Mountains, while the army of the Rohirrim goes to their fortress at Helm's Deep. Aragorn, Legolas, and Gimli go with the Rohirrim warriors, but Gandalf leaves once more without notice. Saruman sends his army of ten thousand Uruk-hai, Orcs, and Dunland men to Helm's Deep. The next morning Gandalf arrives with another Rohirrim army. They can defeat Saruman's army, and win the "Battle of the Hornburg".
Gandalf, his friends, and a small group of Rohirrim then go to Isengard, Saruman's home. But when they arrive it has already been destroyed by the Ents. They also meet Merry and Pippin there. They talk to Saruman, who still hides in his indestructible tower Orthanc. Gandalf cast him from the Order of Wizards. They find the palantír, which was thrown from the tower by Gríma. The Palantíri are magical black stones with which one can see far away things, and communicate with other palantíri. The group leaves Isengard and rests. Pippin steals the palantír and looks in, and because of this is discovered by Sauron. The group flees the place before the Nazgûl find them. Gandalf and Pippin go to Minas Tirith, while the Rohirrim and other members of the Fellowship go back to Helm's Deep.
Book IV.
Frodo and Sam are in the Emyn Muil mountains and journey eastwards to Mordor. While they are still in the Emyn Muil, they are attacked by Gollum. But the hobbits can defeat and catch him. Gollum has to promise to show them the way into Mordor. They go through the Dead Marshes and come to the Morannon, the Black Gate of Mordor. They cannot go in, but Gollum says he knows a secret way into Mordor.
Frodo, Sam, and Gollum travel south through Ithilien. There they see a battle between a group of Southrons from Harad and a group of Rangers of Gondor. The hobbits are caught by the Gondorian group, which is led by Faramir, who is Boromir's brother. But the next day Faramir lets the hobbits leave, because he also believes that the One Ring has to be destroyed.
Gollum leads the hobbits into Cirith Ungol in the Mountains of Shadow, but leaves the hobbits there alone. They are hunted by Shelob, a giant spider living in these tunnels. After almost escaping, Shelob stings Frodo, but is wounded and driven off by Sam. Sam believes Frodo is dead, and takes the Ring to continue the quest and destroy it. Frodo's body is found and taken away by a group of Orcs. Sam follows them. The leaders of the Orc group are talking, and Sam hears them say that Frodo is paralyzed, but still alive.
Book V.
Gandalf and Pippin arrive in Minas Tirith, the capital of Gondor. There they meet Denethor II, Steward of Gondor, and father of Boromir and Faramir. Pippin becomes a member of the "Guards of the Citadel". Minas Tirith prepares for war.
The Rohirrim and Aragorn, Legolas, Gimli, and Merry are on their way to Helm's Deep. Along the way they meet the "Grey Company" coming from Rivendell. It is a group of thirty Dúnedain, which are Aragorn's people. With the group are also Elladan and Elrohir, the sons of Elrond. Aragorn uses the palantír. Aragorn decides to take to the "Paths of the Dead". Aragorn, Legolas, Gimli, and the Grey Company go to Edoras, Dunharrow, and through the "Paths of the Dead" through the White Mountains. There Aragorn calls an army of dead spirits to help him. The Grey Company and the "Dead Men of Dunharrow" then go east.
The Rohirrim and Merry come to Dunharrow. King Théoden takes the Rohirrim armies and goes to help Gondor in the war. Merry is not allowed to go with them, but he secretly goes with a warrior named Dernhelm.
In Minas Tirith they meet Faramir, who tells them of his meeting with Frodo. The next day Faramir goes off to defend the old city Osgiliath, but the city falls, and so do the outer defenses of Minas Tirith. During the retreat Faramir is badly wounded. Minas Tirith is besieged by the armies of Mordor, led by the Witch-king, the leader of the Nazgûl. Denethor goes insane and burns himself, and almost also kills the injured Faramir, but this is prevented by Pippin and Gandalf.
The Rohirrim arrive. The armies of Gondor and Rohan fight the armies of Mordor in the "Battle of the Pelennor Fields". There, King Théoden is killed. Dernhelm, who was really Éowyn, kills the Witch-king with Merry's help. Aragorn comes with a fleet of black ships and another army of men from southern Gondor up the river Anduin. Together they win the "Battle of the Pelennor Fields".
Aragorn heals the wounded and sick Faramir, Éowyn, Merry, and many others, proving that he is the rightful King of Gondor. Legolas and Gimli go into Minas Tirith and meet Merry and Pippin again. There they also tell how they got the black ships with the help of the Army of the Dead. The leaders of the armies of Men decide to attack Mordor, as a distraction so that Frodo can destroy the One Ring. Aragorn and Gandalf lead an army of 7000 men to the Black Gate of Mordor. There they fight the "Battle of the Morannon" against the overwhelmingly large army of Sauron. During the battle Pippin falls unconscious, but he hears that the Great Eagles have come to help them.
Book VI.
Samwise comes to the Tower of Cirith Ungol, but the different Orc groups in it had a fight and almost all of them are now dead. Sam frees Frodo and gives him back the One Ring. The two hobbits disguise themselves as orcs, escape from the Tower and continue their journey through Mordor. It is a hard journey, and the Ring's influence on Frodo is very strong now. One time the hobbits are forced to walk with an army of orcs, but they can escape without being discovered.
The hobbits come to Mount Doom, where they are attacked by Gollum, who still wants the One Ring. Frodo goes on alone into Mount Doom, but Sam has pity for Gollum and lets him live. Sam follows Frodo into Mount Doom. Frodo is finally overpowered by the One Ring, says it belongs to him and puts the Ring on, which makes Sauron know that he and the Ring are there. Gollum comes back once more and fights with Frodo. Gollum bites off Frodo's finger with the Ring. Gollum is happy to have his Ring back, but makes a mistake: Gollum and the One Ring fall into the volcano, and the Ring is destroyed. Sauron fully dies and his fortress Barad-dûr is destroyed.
At the "Battle of the Morannon", the Orcs and other evil creatures no longer know what to do and are defeated easily, and the Battle is won. Gandalf calls three of the Eagles, who then rescue Frodo and Sam.
They all return to Minas Tirith. Aragorn becomes King of Gondor and Arnor. Elves from Rivendell and Lothlórien come to Minas Tirith. Aragon marries Arwen Undómiel, daughter of Elrond. The Fellowship, the elves, and the Rohirrim go back to Rohan. King Théoden is buried. Éomer officially becomes King of Rohan, and Éowyn and Faramir are married. They go on to Helm's Deep, were the fellowship finally splits. Aragorn goes back to Minas Tirith, and Legolas and Gimli also leave to travel to their homes in the northeast. The elves, hobbits and Gandalf go on. At Isedgard they are told that Saruman has left. Galadriel and the Lothlórien-elves leave the group to go back home east over the mountains. The others come to Rivendell, where the hobbits meet Bilbo again.
The four hobbits and Gandalf leave Rivendell, to travel back to the Shire. Gandalf leaves the hobbits after Bree. The four hobbits come to the Shire, but Saruman with his men has taken over the land. Frodo, Sam, Merry and Pippin lead the other hobbits in the fight against them, and they free themselves and the Shire. After a battle, the four hobbits find Saruman and Gríma at Bag End. Frodo wants to send them away unhurt, but Saruman is killed by Gríma. Gríma is shot by hobbit archers.
Some years later Frodo and Sam go to meet Bilbo, Elrond, and Galadriel, and some other elves. They all go to the Grey Havens, where they meet Gandalf, and also Merry and Pippin. The Ring-bearers Bilbo and Frodo, together with Gandalf and the elves, leave Middle-earth, and go west across the sea to Valinor. The Fourth Age of Middle-earth begins. The three remaining hobbits go back to the Shire, and Sam returns to his wife and child.
Adaptations.
"The Lord of the Rings" has been adapted, or made into a movie, muscial, or radio play, many times. It has been made into an animated and three live-action films, radio plays, musicals, etc. Most known is probably the "The Lord of the Rings" film trilogy (2001-2003) directed by Peter Jackson.

Extinction
Extinction is when there is none of a certain animal left. This can be caused by habitat loss or by being overhunted. An example of an animal that is extinct is the Dodo. An animal that is endangered has a good chance of becoming extinct.
When talking about volcanos, extinct means that the volcano is no longer active.
The Dodo, once thought to be extinct has been identified in the an old documentary filmed in middle Africa. Thought to be extinct hundreds of years ago, the bird was identified in the background of a documentary of the African jungle. Most researchers did not believe the story until they personally observed the video during a cleanup of an old schools reel films. The unusually odd happening has stunned the scientific world and raised questions if there are other extinct animals still living. The bird has been placed on the extinction list once again since there had been no reported sightings since the 1917 film.

Minehead
Minehead is a town in Somerset, England. It is on the coast.

Hank Azaria
Hank Azaria (born April 25, 1964) is an American actor and comedian. He is best known for his roles as "Moe, Apu, Krusty the Klown, Chief Wiggum", and many other memorable charathers on the Fox animated television series "The Simpsons". He also appeared in movies such as "The Birdcage" (1996), and on stage as Sir Lancelot in the Monty Python-inspired musical, "Spamalot". He was also once married to actress Helen Hunt in 1999. He recently has appeared in Showtime's original series, "Huff".

Mexico City
Mexico City is the capital and largest city in Mexico. It is also one of the most populous and polluted cities in the world. The Aztec people were here before the Spanish came and made Mexico City. It was founded in 1521 by Hernán Cortés. Today, about 8.5 million people live in the city, and about 18 million live in the Greater Mexico City urban area. The city of Mexico City ceased to exist in 1928. Since then, there is only the Federal District.
Mexico City's population is 18.1 million people. It is the second most populated city in the world after Tokyo in Japan and just slightly more populated than Mumbai in India.

John Hinckley
John Warnock Hinckley, Jr. (born May 29, 1955) is the man who attempted to assassinate the United States President Ronald Reagan.
On March 30, 1981, shortly after Reagan was elected, Hinckley shot at Reagan in Washington, D.C. Reagan was injured, but recovered quickly. Hinckley was tried, but was found not guilty, due to his insanity. He said the reason he shot the President was to get the attention of actress Jodie Foster, who he was a fan of.

Tampico, Illinois
Tampico is a village in Whiteside County, Illinois. The 2000 census said the village had a total population of 772.
History.
On February 6, 1911, Ronald Reagan, who used to be President of the United States was born in a two story apartment over the local bank. The building where the apartment is is near the main street (Illinois Highway 172). Reagan was born in the front bedroom of the apartment.
Geography.
Tampico is located at 41°37'50" North, 89°47'8" West (41.630559, -89.785573).
The United States Census Bureau says the village has a total area of 1.0 km² (0.4 mi²). None of it is water-covered.
Tampico is about 50 miles east of the Quad Cities (the cities of Davenport, Bettendorf, Iowa, Moline and Rock Island, Illinois). It's about 130 miles west of Chicago.
Demographics.
The census of 2000 says there are 772 people, 292 households, and 205 families living in the village. The population density is 745.2/km² (1,941.3/mi²). There are 315 houses at an average density of 304.1/km² (792.1/mi²). The village is 99.74% White.
There are 292 households out of which 33.2% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.2% are married couples living together, 9.2% is a single women, and 29.5% are not families. 24.7% of all households are made up of individuals and 13.0% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.64 and the average family size is 3.1.
In the village the population is spread out with 28.9% under the age of 18, 7.9% from 18 to 24, 26.2% from 25 to 44, 23.6% from 45 to 64, and 13.5% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 36 years. For every 100 females there are 102.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 102.6 males.
The average income for a household in the village is $40,221, and the average income for a "family" is $43,646. Males have an average income of $30,667 versus $18,409 for females. The per person income for the village is $14,467. 8.5% of the population and 6.4% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 10.2% of those under the age of 18 and 4.6% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.
The city was also the birthplace of Admiral Joseph M. Reeves.

Surface area
Surface area is the amount of space covering the outside of a three-dimensional (3D) object. The surface area of a polyhedron is found by finding the sum of the area of all of the faces. The surface area is found between many three-dimensional shapes using formulas.
The surface area is useful because it tells you how much material is required in order to cover the object -- for example, how much paint is needed to paint a table.

Al Hirschfeld
Al Hirschfeld (June 21, 1903 - January 20, 2003) was an American cartoonist and illustrator. He was known mostly for his caricatures (funny drawings) of entertainers and famous people.

Mobile Army Surgical Hospital
A Mobile Army Surgical Hospital (or M.A.S.H. or MASH) was a medical center used during wars, to care and fix injured soliders who got hurt in the fighting. They were an alternative to field hospitals and real hospitals which were used in World War II. During the Korean War, thanks to these kinds of hospitals, soldiers had a 97% chance of surviving an injury. They were also used in the Vietnam War and the first Gulf War, but were gradually replaced by Combat Support Hospitals or CSHs which are used today.
Many people know about these places due to a well-known movie and later TV show called "M*A*S*H", which was set was a hospital like this during the Korean War.

Illinois
Illinois is a state in the United States. Its capital is Springfield and its largest city is Chicago. It is bordered to the north by Wisconsin, to the west by Iowa and below that, by Missouri (both borders are along the Mississippi River). To the south-east, Illinois is bordered along the Ohio River by Kentucky and to the east by Indiana. Illinois' northeasternmost boundary is to Lake Michigan. Marquette and Joliet are given credit for being the first Europeans to find this state.
Illinois became a state on December 3, 1818. Its state insect is the Monarch Butterfly, its state tree is the White Oak, its state flower is the violet, its state bird is the Cardinal, and its state animal is the white-tailed deer.
Most of the people living in Illinois live near the city of Chicago.

Seattle, Washington
Seattle is the largest city in the U.S. state of Washington. It is the home of the Space Needle and a monorail, which were built for the 1962 World's Fair. It is also the American headquarters of Starbucks coffee, Amazon.com, Washington Mutual, and Nordstrom. In the 1980s and 1990s, grunge music artists like Nirvana, Pearl Jam, and others made the city really popular. It is also the setting of the TV shows "Here Come the Brides", "Frasier", and "Grey's Anatomy".
Seattle has many sports teams, including the Seattle Mariners (baseball), the Seattle Supersonics (basketball), the Seattle Seahawks (American football), and the Seattle Storm (women's basketball). Seattle has a lot of water around it, with Puget Sound and the Pacific Ocean to the west and Lake Washington to the east. About 500,000 people live in the city. More than 3,000,000 (3 million) people live in the city or near it.
The University of Washington is in Seattle.

Kiefer Sutherland
Kiefer William Frederick Dempsey George Rufus Sutherland (born December 21, 1966) is a well-known Canadian actor and director.
He was born in London, England in 1966 to the famous Canadian actor, Donald Sutherland and his wife Shirley Douglas, an actress and the daughter of the Canadian statesman Tommy Douglas. He also has a twin sister, named Rachel, who looks just like him.
In the 1980s he was part of a group of young actors called the "Brat Pack" and appeared in movies like "Stand by Me" (1986),"The Lost Boys" (1987),"Young Guns" (1988), "Flatliners" (1990), and "The Three Musketeers" (1993). In 2001, he starred as Jack Bauer in "24", which was intended as a one-shot mini-series, but became one of the most popular shows on TV. The show is in its seventh season, with two more in the works and a movie being planned.

Stirling
Stirling is a city in the middle of Scotland. It used to be the capital of the Kingdom of Scotland. Its name in the Scottish (Gaelic) language is Sruighlea. Stirling was very important a long time ago because it is at the centre of Scotland. Battles were fought at Bannockburn and Stirling Bridge, and there is a castle in the city.

Tuvaluan language
Tuvaluan is an Austronesian language spoken in Tuvalu. It is closely related to Tokelauan language. Tuvaluan has over 11 000 speakers. The language is divided into two main dialects.

Tokelau
Tokelau is an island group located in the Pacific Ocean. It is a territory of New Zealand. Tokelau does not have an official capital. Most important languages spoken in Tokelau are English and Tokelauan. There are about 1 405 people living in Tokelau (2004).

Socialist state
A Socialist state, sometimes (though incorrectly) known as a communist state, is a country that practices a form of government where property is owned by the state. Many socialist states refer to themselves as "communist countries", though communism, a classless society in which the people in common control property, is not the system that these states operate by. Some states practice certain forms of socialism, such as Leninism or Maoism.
List of socialist states.
These countries are generally considered socialist states.
List of extinct socialist states.
There were, at one time, many countries that followed some type of Marxism. One of the most famous is the Soviet Union. However, many of these are now no longer regarded as socialist.

Solitaire
Solitaire is a card game for one player game using a deck of playing cards. A player wins the game when the player has all the cards in four different deck by color and number.
There are many variations (types) of solitaire, such as Klondike, Freecell, Pyramid, Golf and Spider. Most computer operating systems include simple solitaire games.
In many countries, solitaire is called Patience.

Optics
Optics is the science of light and how it interacts with the world around us. Optics explains how rainbows exist, how light reflects off mirrors or refracts through glass or water, and what splits light shining through a prism. In addition to visible light in the standard "spectrum" of red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and violet, optics also deals with invisible parts of the whole electromagnetic spectrum of which visible light is but a small part.
Optics is both a science and an area of engineering. It has been used to make many useful things, including eyeglasses, cameras, telescopes, and microscopes. Many of these things are based on lenses, which focus light and can make images of things that are bigger or smaller than the original.
While optics is an old science, new things are still being discovered in it. Scientists have learned how to make light travel through a thin optical fiber made of glass or plastic. Light can go long distances in a fiber. Fibers are used to carry phone calls and the Internet between cities.

Václav Klaus
Václav Klaus (born June 19, 1941) is the president of the Czech Republic.

Barbra Streisand
Barbra Streisand (born April 24, 1942 in Brooklyn, New York) is an American singer, actress, producer, and director. She has won multiple Emmy awards, Grammy awards and Golden Globe awards

Jamaica
Jamaica is an island in the Caribbean. It is a country. Its capital is Kingston; other towns include Montego Bay, St. Ann's and Spanish Town.
It was claimed by the Spanish and later the British who ruled the colony for over 200 years. Jamaica gained its independence from the UK in 1962.
The island is known for the Rastafarian movement, as well as reggae artist Bob Marley. Jamaica is also known for its dances and its performers.

Denver, Colorado
Denver is the capital and largest city in the U.S. state of Colorado. It is located at the foot of the Rocky Mountains on the South Platte River. A nickname for Denver is The Mile High City, because Denver is very high above sea level. It is at least 5,280 feet (or 1,609 meters) above sea level at a point in the city's state capitol building. Denver is the home of the Denver Broncos football team, a sport that is very popular in the United States.

Carl Lewis
Frederick Carlton "Carl" Lewis (born July 1, 1961) is an American track and field athlete. He is a Christian and a vegan. He has won 9 Olympic gold medals and 8 World Championships. Lewis is thought to be one of the greatest athletes of all time.

Pink
Pink is a pale reddish color. Pink paint can be made by mixing red paint and white paint.
Meaning of Pink.
Pink is the color for embarrassment, because of the pink blushing cheeks. In many countries, pink is thought to be a color for girls, and girl babies are often dressed in pink.
Pink is also the stagename of American singer Alecia Moore. It is spelled as P!nk in her name.

Bleach
Bleach is a liquid that is used as a cleaner. It also can cause things to turn white or pale. Bleach can harm people's skin if they do not use it carefully.
Dangers of using bleach.
Mixing bleach with some things commonly found at home, like vinegar or even fruit juice can produce chemicals like Chlorine that are irritating or even dangerous. Bleach should also not be mixed with ammonia, because a dangerous chemical reaction will occur. This reaction can kill people.
Certain types of bleaches produce toxic waste. Some of them produce dioxins.
Other uses.
Bleach is also used to make hair lighter in color, orange, blonde, or even white. It is often used by dark-haired people to make highlights, and most light hair dyes contain it.
In the textile dye and finish industry, sodium hydrochlorite is available in powder form. It is usually used to strip color from dyed polyester fabrics in order to re dye the fabric. I also find it useful in a final dye stage to clear any excess dye from the polyester fabric. Use a final scour at 60C or 140 F. Use 5% active bleach on the weight of the goods. Drop the final scour bath after bleaching and rinse with clean water at 60C or 140 F. The polyester fabric will pass the 2A wash fastness test even on deep shades.

Polygon
A polygon is a closed two-dimensional shape. It usually has three sides/corners or more. It has a number of edges. These edges are connected by lines. A square is a polygon because it has four sides. The smallest possible polygon in a Euclidean geometry or "flat geometry" is the triangle, but on a sphere, there can be a digon. The monogon is a theoretical figure that cannot exist - it has only one side and one edge.
If the edges (lines of the polygon) do not intersect (cross each other), the polygon is called "simple", otherwise it is "complex".
In computer graphics, polygons (especially triangles) are often used to make graphics.

Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan is a country in the middle of Eurasia. Its official name is the Republic of Kazakhstan. Kazakhstan is the nineth biggest country in the world. Before the end of the Soviet Union, it was called "Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic". The president of the country since 1991 is called Nursultan Nazarbayev. Astana is the capital city of Kazakhstan. Almaty was the capital before 1998.
Russia leases (rents) the land for the Baykonur Cosmodrome (site of Russian spacecraft launches) from Kazakhstan.
Geography.
Kazakhstan is not landlocked, but borders the Caspian Sea, which boats can use to get to the Atlantic Ocean by sailing through the Mediterranean Sea.
Location.
Russia has the longest border with Kazakhstan. Other countries next to Kazakhstan are China, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan.
Pop culture.
A film parodying the Republic of Kazakhstan called was made by Sacha Baron Cohen. He played a fictional Kazakh journalist named Borat Sagdiyev, although Baron Cohen is actually from the United Kingdom. The journalist was supposed to be making a movie depicting Kazakhs. The film showed Kazakhs as primitive prostitutes and rapists. The film made £27,000,000 (27 million pounds).
National anthem.
to the national anthem of Kazakhstan.

Sign
A sign is something that tells someone what to do, or shows them something. For example, the stop sign on the road tells the person that they must stop their car there.
A sign does not alway tell something directly. For example, a pain in a persons head can be a sign that they are sick. Felling a cold wind could be a sign that someone left a door or window open.
Road signs.
A road sign or traffic sign is something that gives information in only 1 or 2 words. It helps people in their vehicles on the road. Some signs include: Give way, Stop, Keep left, No U-turn, no parking, Zebra crossing and much more. Signs are very useful. Without signs and traffic lights there would be many accidents and arguments on the road.

Barley
Barley is a type of plant. Its seeds are a cereal grain. It is eaten by humans and other animals. It can be made into flour or beer.

Mount Vesuvius
Mount Vesuvius (Italian: "Monte Vesuvio", Latin: "Mons Vesuvius") is a volcano in Italy. When it erupted in 79 AD, it destroyed the Roman cities Pompeii and Herculaneum, and killed thousands of people. Today, the modern Italian city of Naples is near it.
Eruption of 79 AD.
The people in Pompeii had experienced a tremendous earthquake on February 5, 62 A.D., and when Vesuvius blew, some buildings weren't still finished being repaired.
Today, people think the eruption of 79 AD lasted more than 19 hours. It was witnessed by Pliny the Younger who described it as the shape of a pine tree. Pliny the Younger was the only person to write the story down.
There were many ways that people died. One was that the smoke that they breathed in was deadly because it dried in their lungs and formed glass. They also were covered by molten lava which when solid formed a shell around the body, so it was like they turned into stone.
Vesuvius erupted 50 more times after the eruption in 79 AD. Vesuvius was named a national park in 1995.
This type of volcano is known as the Stratovolcano type volcano.

1891
January - June.
March 15

Mineralogy
Mineralogy is the study of minerals, rocks and the like.

Supermarket
Supermarkets are large grocery stores that sell a large variety of fresh and packaged food and other consumer or household products. Supermarkets are divided into sections, such as dairy, produce (fruits and vegetables), meat, packaged goods, cleaning supplies, and personal hygiene items. The term "supermarket" usually refers to a larger store than the term "grocery store."

Ecuador
Ecuador is a small country in South America. Ecuador has jungle and mountains like the Andes mountains. On the coast of the Pacific Ocean there are beaches. The capital is Quito in the Andes. Quito is at a high altitude. This makes it hard for some new visitors to breathe. The biggest city is Guayaquil on the coast. Cuenca is famous for its old buildings and colonial architecture. Ecuador is on the equator. People can stand with their feet on both sides of the equator at the Mitad del Mundo.
Ecuador's population is a little under 14 million. 13,810,000 to be more exact.
The Galapagos Islands are part of Ecuador and are famous for lots of animals. Charles Darwin travelled in Galapagos.
Ecuador is a country of variety. Its climate and landscape varies from one end of the country to the other
Many different kinds of potatoes and corn are grown in Ecuador. On the coast, many people eat seafood and fish. Cuy is a famous indigenous food that means guinea pig.
The official language is Spanish. Many other indigenous languages are spoken.
Ecuador was part of the Spanish Empire. Spain was interested in finding gold in Ecuador. Before Spain, Ecuador was part of the Inca Empire.
There are large banana farms in Ecuador. Oil is one of Ecuador's natural resources. Ecuador uses the United States dollar for money. Its currency used to be the sucre.
69% of the people in Ecuador are Roman Catholic.
Peru is the country south of Ecuador. Colombia is the country north of Ecuador.
1965: Por cumplirse el primer centenario de la letra del Himno Nacional, la Junta Militar de Gobierno que regía el país procede a declarar el 26 de noviembre de cada año como Día del Himno Nacional del Ecuador. El decreto se expidió el 24 de noviembre.

Orlando, Florida
Orlando is a large city in the center of the U.S. state of Florida. It is the city of government for Orange County. It contains 199,336 people as of 2004. It is number six among cities in Florida by number of people. The current mayor, or leader, of Orlando is Buddy Dyer.
History.
Orlando was created in 1836 when someone found a tree where the name "Orlando Reeves" was carved. Thinking it was a place of burial, they named the site "Orlando's grave". It was cut to Orlando later.
Before the American Civil War, Orlando was a center of trade in cattle. After the war, many people came to the town. Orlando became a city in 1875. Before 1900, Orlando was a center of orange farming. After 1900, it became a popular place for visitors.
Orlando was an important base for the military during World War II, as home of Pinecastle Army Air Field. Lockheed Martin (once Martin Marietta) opened a manufacturing site in Orlando in 1956.
In 1965, Walt Disney said that he would build a large amusement park southwest of the city. That place, Walt Disney World Resort, opened in 1971. Other amusement parks would open after it, like SeaWorld (1973) and Universal Orlando (1990). Orlando is now very popular as a tourism city, attracting millions of visitors each year from every place in the world.
Three hurricanes moved over Orlando in 2004, causing billions of U.S. dollars of damage.
Weather.
Orlando is hot during the summer and mild during the winter. Summer high temperatures are usually near 90°F. Winter high temperatures move from 60°F to 80°F. It is very hot. Rain falls often from June through September. Snow never falls in Orlando.
Transport.
A major road in Orlando is Interstate 4. Another major road is State Road 408. They meet downtown. Florida's Turnpike also meets Interstate 4 southwest of the city.
Orlando International Airport is one of the biggest airports in the United States.
Amtrak trains and Greyhound buses also go to Orlando.
Sport.
The Orlando Magic are a basketball team with the NBA in Orlando. They play at TD Waterhouse Centre.
The Orlando Predators are an football team with the Arena Football League in Orlando. They play at the TD Waterhouse Centre.

Glossary
A glossary is a list of words and what they mean. They are usually found at the end of a book or report that uses difficult or special words. Websites about complicated subjects sometimes have glossaries also.
For example, in a book about philosophy that has the word "epistemology", there might be a glossary at the end of the book with the definition of this word.

Comedian
A comedian is a person who tells jokes, or acts in comedies. Some people use the word "comedienne" to refer to female comedians. A comedian can also be called a comic or a comic actor.

Turin
Turin is a major industrial city in northwest Italy. Nearly a million people live in it. Turin is the capital of the Piedmont Region, you can locate it on the west bank of the Po River. Fiat's first car factory was in Turin. The city is the host of the 2006 Winter Olympics. In Turin there are two major rivers the Po and the Dora, and two minor rivers the Stura and the Sangone.
Turin was the first capital of Italy in 1861.

Hobart
Hobart is a city in Australia. It is the capital city of the state of Tasmania, and it has an approximate population of 200,000 people. It is located on the western shore of the Derwent River, although some of its suburbs are on the eastern shore. Just west of Hobart is Mount Wellington.
Hobart was founded in 1803 as a penal colony. Today it is a busy seaport, and is the home port of Antarctic expeditions. Tourist attractions include Salamanca Markets, the Cadbury chocolate factory and the Cascade Brewery.

New Testament
The New Testament is part of the Christian Bible, and the most important religious writing of Christianity. It tells the story of Jesus Christ, his followers, and the beginnings of Christianity. It was written in Koine Greek.
Structure.
The New Testament is made of different parts. In total, there are 27 texts in the New Testament. The Eastern Orthodox Church, the Roman Catholic Church and the Protestant Churches have the same texts, but their arrangement varies; the Syriac Churches and the Ethiopian Churches have different versions. The Syriac Churches do not put Peter 2, John 2 and 3, Jude and the Revelations in the New Testament. The Ethopian Churches do not have a common canon.
The Four Gospels.
Each of the Gospels tells the story of Jesus Christ, or the Messiah, whom Christians believe is the Son of God who is born to save the world from sin. Each of the Gospels tell this same story, with a little more or less detail from the other.
The traditional author is listed after each entry.
Pauline epistles.
Pauline epistles, the 13 or 14 letters written by Saint Paul the Apostle
General epistles.
General epistles are other Letters.

Gospel
The gospel is one of the four books in the Bible about Jesus Christ. The word gospel literally means "good news", since Jesus was born to save the world from sin and make humans know God.
These books are the first part of the New Testament of the Bible, and are put in a group of this order: the Gospel of Matthew, the Gospel of Mark, the Gospel of Luke and the Gospel of John. The "gospel" is mostly about the Death and Resurrection of Jesus. The Gospel was originally spoken, not written.

Palestine
Palestine is a region in the Middle East, but not a country as it does not have its own land.
Many people lived in different parts of Palestine, and built their civilizations. These included Cannanites, Philistines, Phoenicians and Hebrews, just to name a few.
In ancient times, Jews created the Kingdom of Israel in small parts of Palestine called Judea and Samaria. However, they were not the majority of the population.
Judea was conquered by the Babylonians. But Jews returned and rebuilt their civilization. Then, the Romans conquered the whole area and renamed it Palestine after one of Judea's ancient enemies, the Philistines. The region is called the Holy Lands, and is sacred for Muslims, Christans and Jews.
The region called Palestine, today includes Israel, The West Bank and The Gaza Strip. Palestinians and Israelis are discussing creating a Palestinian country most likely to be named Palestine. The country would most likely be composed of the Gaza Strip and the West Bank, and there has also been talk of dividing Jerusalem.

Paul the Apostle
Paul of Tarsus, also known as Saint Paul the Apostle, (AD 9–67) was a Christian writer and teacher. He wrote the Pauline Epistles in the New Testament. It is believed that he wrote thirteen books of the Bible, all of which are letters to churches and Christians, encouraging them, helping them to understand Christian teaching and helping them to live Christian lives. Christianity.
Paul"s name was originally Saul. He grew up learning both the Jewish law and the Greek ways of discussing things. When the Christian movement began, after the death of Jesus, he was strongly against it. He worked for the Roman] Government and led the persecution, (the arrests and killing) of many Christians in Israel and the nearby area.
While he was on the road to Damascus in search of Christians there, he had a vision. In the vision Jesus Christ spoke to him, telling Saul that his persecution of Christians was a persecution of Jesus himself, and that it did not please God. Saul was blinded by the vision. A short time later he met Ananias of Damascus, a disciple of Jesus, and his sight came back to him
Saul was baptised as a Christian. He spent the next three years studying the Jewish scriptures again to find explanations for the Christian teachings. His viewpoint completely changed by his experiences. He changed his name to Paul and he dedicated his life to serving Jesus Christ. He used his earlier education to explain his new faith to other people, and discuss things with people who had other beliefs. He traveled around the Roman Empire, teaching others about Christianity, and wrote letters back and forth with the churches he helped to begin. The letters contain many important parts of Christian teaching.
Paul was put to death by orders of the emperor Nero in Rome, in 67 AD. He had the rights of a Roman citizen, which meant that he could be put to death by having his head cut off with a sword, rather than by crucifixion.

Old Testament
The Old Testament is considered a holy book for both Jews and Christians. They believe God inspired men to write it. It is made up of many different books, and is about God, and the people of Israel. It is mainly called the "Old Testament" by Christians, who also believe God inspired men to write the New Testament. Jews usually call it the Tanakh. It can be divided into several sections; the Torah, the History of Israel, the Prophets and the books of Wisdom.
The first to have used this name (in Latin: "vetus testamentum") was probably Tertullian in the 2nd century. Different religious communities include (or exclude) certain books. The Eastern Orthodox church uses the name Septuagint to refer to it. It also has some additions to the Roman Catholic versions. Protestant Bibles often leave out certain parts (of the original Tanakh)
Notes.
a - Orthodox version: There is an additional book called 1 Esra, this makes the current Ezra -> 2 Ezra
b - Catholic and Orthodox versions; lacking in Protestant versions
c - Can only be found in Orthodox version
d - Protestants have a shortened version
e - Lacking in Protestant versions

Painting
Painting is using colours to make art. It is also the word for a painted work of art. Many kinds of paints are used to create art. They include watercolors, acrylics and oils. Other artists like working with pencil or chalk.
Famous paintings are often kept in art galleries, like the National Gallery in London and the Louvre (Paris) where one of the most famous paintings in the world hangs, The Mona Lisa, painted by Leonardo DaVinci. People do not have to go to a famous gallery to view art. There are private art galleries in many cities around the world.
There is a basic difference between drawing and painting. In drawing, single layer constitues entire image. In painting a layer over other is painted to get the final image. As a result, most of the times the image will not be clear until it gets to final stage.
There are 3 basic stages in painting.
In divide stage, the canvas is divided into a few major areas (depending on the image you paint) and background for those areas are plotted.
In layer stage, a layer over other layer is plotted to get the desired shape in each area. By end of this stage, all objects in the image will be clearly identifible.
The touchup stage needs extra effort. This stage is to provide extra look to the image like precise bordering, merging layers and other visual effects.

Horse
A horse is a mammal of the "Equidae" family.
A male horse is a "stallion", and a female horse is a "mare". The general term for a young horse is "foal". A young female horse is a "filly", and a young male horse is a "colt". A castrated horse is a "gelding".
Horses and humans.
Horses have been domesticated for at least 5000 years. They have been used by humans in many different ways, for transportation, work, and food.
They are used for riding, as transport, sport and fun. They are also used for carrying things or pulling wagons, or to help plow fields in agriculture. Horses have also been used for meat, milk, and glue. Today, horses are mostly used for entertainment and sports. They also are still used for work and transportation in some places. Riding a horse to a place is known as coming "straight from the horse."
The latin name for horse is Equus.

Afterlife
The afterlife is what people believe happens after death. Different religions teach different things about the afterlife.
Some religions believe in reincarnation (to come back to life in a different body). These religions include Buddhism and Hinduism. Others believe you go to another place after you die, such as heaven or hell. Christianity and Jainism are two religions that believe in this. Others believe that some people change into spirits called ghosts.

Prayer
Prayer is attempting to talk to God or a supernatural being. It is an important part of many religions. There is no conclusive evidence, but many believe their prayers are answered. Prayer is done by those who trust the power of word and thought. Many religions recognise the creation of the universe by God from words. Jesus taught people to say the Lord's Prayer.

Book of Genesis
Genesis is the first book of the Bible. It means "creation". It starts with the start of the Universe. It ends with the death of Joseph.
Summary.
God created the universe and everything in it in six days. God rested on the seventh day and declared it a holy day of rest. God provided the Garden of Eden to the first man, Adam, and the first woman, Eve. God told them not to eat from the tree of knowledge, which would make them aware of morality and evil and slowly cause death. A snake tricked Eve, and Eve ate from the tree of knowledge. Because they did not obey him, God made them leave the garden forever.
Adam and Eve had three sons, Cain, Abel, and Seth (Seth isn't well known). Cain became jealous of Abel and killed him.
Later, when the world was full of people who were evil, God chose to kill them and save only the animals and the most morally right person alive. He told this man, named Noah, to build a huge boat and gather two of every mammal and lizard onto it. Noah built and filled the boat as he was told, and a flood covered the whole world. After 150 days, the boat landed on a mountain. God promised never to send another such flood, and he used the rainbow as a sign of that promise.
The people built a high tower to show the power of mankind. God felt insulted and gave people different languages to prevent the tower from ever being finished.
God chose Abram to be "the father of many nations." Abram changed his name to Abraham, and God promised him the land of Canaan (Israel) forever. As a sign of this promise, the sons of Abraham are circumcised. God tested Abraham's loyalty by asking him to kill his son Isaac. Abraham was ready to do it, but God sent an angel to stop him. God told him there would be no more human sacrifice.
God destroyed the evil cities of Sodom and Gomorrah, saving only Abraham's nephew Lot and his daughters.
Isaac and his wife Rebekah had two twin sons, Esau and Jacob. Jacob traded food to Esau for Esau's right to carry the family name. Rebekah helped trick Isaac, who was old and blind, into giving his final blessing to Jacob by dressing him in fur (Isaac felt Jacob's furs and thought he was his hairy twin, Esau). Esau later got a blessing of his own.
Jacob left to find a wife. He found Rachel and worked for her father, Lavan, for seven years to marry her, but was tricked into marrying her sister Leah. He worked for another seven years to marry Rachel. He went back to his home, then moved to Bethel, where God told him to change his name to Israel. Jacob later also marries the servants of Leah and Rachel, whose names are Bilah and Zilpah.
Jacob had twelve sons named Reuben, Simeon, Levi, Judah, Issaschar, Zebulun, Gad, Dan, Asher, Naftali, Joseph, and Benjamin. His wife Rachel died after she gave birth to Benjamin.
Jacob gave his son Joseph a coat of many colors. Joseph's brothers were jealous, so they sold him into slavery in Egypt. They covered his coat in blood and told their father he had died. Joseph became a great leader in Egypt by predicting a long famine by explaining the pharaoh's dreams. During the famine, his brothers came to Egypt to buy food. They did not know that Joseph was the leader. Joseph first tricks the brothers, but then gives them food and lets them stay in Goshen in Egypt.
Jacob blesses his sons and then dies.

Joseph (Hebrew Bible)
In the Bible, Joseph was a son of Jacob. His brothers hated Joseph, because he was their father's favorite son, and his father gave him a coat of many colors. One day they decide to kill him. They decide that is not a good thing. Instead of killing him, they sell him to businessmen who take Joseph to Egypt. There he is sold as a slave he had 11 brothers!!! todya he is a hero of faith!!!

Mary Magdalene
Mary Magdalene is a woman in all four gospels of the New Testament. She is one of the first witnesses to the resurrection of Jesus.

Witness
A witness is someone who sees something happen. They are often used in court to help find the truth.
In Religion, to witness means to attempt to convert someone to your religion.

Corinth
Corinth is a city in Greece and gave its name to the Corinth Canal in the middle of the isthmus of Corinth, which is a narrow strip of land that joins the Peloponnese peninsula with mainland Greece. It has an acropolis called acrocorinth. Corinth is located in the north of Peloponnese. It is a coastal city. Its population is 30,434 inhabitants, according to the 2001 census.
History.
During antiquity, Corinth was one of the most important ancient Greek cities. It was often opponent with Athens and these two cities competed each other. It was found many colonies in south Italy and Sicily such as Siracusa. Corinth was conquered by Romans at 146 B.C. During middle ages, it was an important city with a fortification. In 1460 was passed under Turkish rule and it was liberated in 1830, after Greek's revolution.

Cross
A cross is a symbol, which is used for many things.

Peloponnese
The Peloponnese is a large peninsula in Greece. It is the part of Greece which is south of the Isthmus of Corinth.
The island of Peloponnese has lots of mountains and coasts, with the highest part being Mount Killini.
There are four south-pointing penisulas within the Peloponnese. They are called Messenia, the Mani Peninsula, Epidaurus, and the Argolid.
There are also two groups of islands near the Peloponese. In the east there are the Argo-Saronic Islands and in the west there are the Ionian Islands. There is also the island of Kythira, which is near to the Epidaurus penisula. The Kythira is often thought of as part of the Ionian Islands.
The Peloponnese has had people living on it since prehistoric times. Its name means "Island of the People" and was named after Pelops. Pelops was a person from Greek mythology, who took over the island. During the Middle Ages the peninsula was known as the Morea.

Isthmus of Corinth
The Isthmus of Corinth is a narrow bit of land which connects the Peloponnese peninsula with mainland Greece. It is near to the city of Corinth.

Tripoli
Tripoli is a city in Libya. It is the capital of the country.

Argos
Argos is a city in Greece. It is located in the Argolis prefecture, which is on the Peloponnese peninsula. It is named the child of Zeus and Niobe in Greek mythology.

Sparta
Sparta is a city in Greece. It is the capital of the Laconia prefecture. It is located in the south of Peloponnese peninsula. During antiquity it was extremely powerful. Today is a small city. Its population is 16,726 inhabitants according to the 2001 census.
Characteristics.
Sparta was a city-state with a very strong military and a government that was well led. Sparta held a firm military, and was known as one of the strongest city-states in Greece. Only the strongest survived in Sparta, male or female. The Spartans weeded out their young early. Those with flaws were left to die. When a child was killed (as legend says) it was thrown off a cliff.
Customs.
Young Spartans were taken from their homes at the age of seven to begin a military life. The Spartans became soldiers at age 20, citizens at age 30, and retired at age 60. Men trained hard to become warriors of the Spartan army. Women were encouraged to keep healthy so that they could produce healthy, fit babies to grow up to be strong. Spartans saw little moral value in the concept of childbirth; unless the child was fit to become a Spartan, he would die.
Economy.
Sparta had a government with checks and balances. The executive branch was led by two kings. The legislative branch was led by the citizens. and the judicial branch was controlled by the elders. There was also a committee of five men who were in charge of the education process that young boys and girls went through.
History.
Sparta slaved by people of Messenia around 680-560 BC.These slaves later became known as the Helots. Helots spent their lives farming their Spartan masters kleros (Land Granted to Spartan Citizens). At most times the Helots outnumbered their Spartan masters 10 to 1. They rebelled often, although never at any time able to overthrow their oppressors.
Once a Spartan reached the age of 20 he or she would then become a Homoios. A Homoios was a member of the ruling class (a citizen). Both men and women were citizens. Sparta was the leading society for women's rights as women were considered to be equal. The Spartan army used a formation called the phalanx. This made the Spartan front impenetrable. This contributed to the many battles Sparta won.

Olympia
Olympia is a small city in Greece. It is in the Ilia prefecture. It is located in the east of Pyrgos. Beside Olympia is river Alfeios.
Ancient Olympia.
In the past Olympia was very important city. It is well-known due to Olympic games which was begun from here in 776 B.C.. During antiquity, Olympia was a powerful and rich town. It ruled over the west of Peloponnese. Olympia kept its strength and during Roman period. During the middle ages it began an unimportant city.
Olympic games.
The Olympic games began from ancient Olympia in 776 B.C. They was founded by king Pelopas. They were taking place every four years, in the summers. All the ancient Greek towns were taking part. The winners of the Olympic games were very important people. The Olympic games were abolished by emperor of Byzantium Theodosius I, in 394 A.D.

Pyrgos
Pyrgos is a city in Greece. It is the capital of the Ilia prefecture on the Peloponnese peninsula. Pyrgos is located in the west of Peloponnese peninsula. It is located in the south of Patras and in the north of Kalamata. Its population is 24,765 inhabitants. Near Pyrgos is the ancient town of Olympia.

Thessaloniki
Thessaloniki is a city in Greece. Its population is 363,987 inhabitants (census of 2001) and its total population including its suburb is approximately 800,000 inhabitants. It is located in district of Macedonia in the north of Greece. It is the capital of the Thessaloniki prefecture and it is the capital of "perifereia" of central Macedonia.
History.
Thessaloniki was established by King Phillip II of Macedon, the father of Alexander the Great, in the fourth century B.C.. During middle ages it was the second most important town of Byzantine Empire. Then Thessaloniki was facing many invasions from enemies such as Avaroi, Bulgarian and other. In the year 1204, the crusaders was conquered Thessaloniki. Later it was liberated by Byzantines but the year 1430, it was conquered by Turks. Thessaloniki was a part of Othomanian Empire for 500 years approximately and the year 1912 was liberated by Greek. Also the founder of the modern Turkey, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk was born there in 1881.
Sights of Thessaloniki.
Thessaloniki has many sights. The most famous sight in Thessaloniki is the white tower. White tower is a part of Thessaloniki's Castle. Very important sights of Thessaloniki are the medieval churches such as Agios Dimitrios, Agios Georgios, Agia Sofia etc.

Florina
Florina is a city in Greece. It is the capital of the Florina prefecture. Its population is 15,265 inhabitants. Florina is build at the foot of Varnus mountain. It is built at an altitude of 600 meter approximately. Around Florina there are many forests.

Argolis
Argolis is one of 51 prefectures of Greece. It is on the Peloponnese peninsula. The capital of Argolis is the Nafplio.

Ilia
Ilia is one of 51 prefectures of Greece. It is on the Peloponnese peninsula. The capital of Ilia is the Pyrgos.

Achaea
Achaea is one of 51 prefectures of Greece. It is on the Peloponnese peninsula. The capital of Achaea is Patras.
Achaea is also the name of a popular MUD video game from developers "Iron Realms Entertainment".

Arcadia
Arcadia is one of 51 prefectures of Greece. It is on the Peloponnese peninsula. The capital of Arcadia is the Tripoli.

Laconia
Laconia is one of 51 prefectures of Greece. It is on the Peloponnese peninsula. The capital of Laconia is Sparta.

Pella
Pella is one of 51 prefectures of Greece. The capital of Pella is the Edessa. It is also the site of the ancient city of Pella (Постол, Postol), the capital of the kingdom of Macedon where Alexander the Great and Philip II of Macedon lived.

Attica
Attica is one of 51 prefectures of Greece. The capital of Attica is the Athens.

Kastoria
Kastoria is a Greek city and it is one of 51 prefectures of Greece. Kastoria it is built on the bank of Orestiada lake. Its population is 17,038 inhabitants. Kastoria has an old neighbourhood which is picturesque and it is named Doltso. It has nice old houses with particular local architecture.

Kozani
Kozani is a city in northern Greece. It is the capital of Kozani Prefecture and of the region of West Macedonia. The population of the city is 38,591, according to 2001 census. In district of Kozani products the main amount of electrical energy of Greece.

Magnesia
Magnesia is one of 51 prefectures of Greece. The capital of Magnesia is the Volos.

Messinia
Messinia is one of 51 prefectures of Greece. The capital of Messinia is the Kalamata.

Chalcidice
Chalcidice is one of 51 prefectures of Greece. The capital of Chalcidice is the Polygyros.

Euboea
Euboea is an island of Greece, and is also one of the 51 prefectures of Greece. Euboea is second largest island of Greece. The capital of Euboea is the Chalkida.

Grevena
Grevena is a Greek city and it is one of 51 prefectures of Greece. Grevena is a small city which is located in the west of Macedonia. Its population is 12,037 inhabitants according to 2001 census. It is built at an altitude of 500 meter approximately. West of Grevena is the mountain range of Pindos with many forests and with a ski center which it is named Vasilitsa. This ski center has a lot of snow through out the winter.

Arta
Arta is a Greek city. It is the capital of Arta Prefecture, one of 51 prefectures of Greece. Its population is 24,725 inhabitants. Arta is known due to Arta's bridge. It is an old bridge which is located on the Arachthos river.

Trikala
Trikala is a Greek city and it is one of 51 prefectures of Greece. Trikala is located in the center of Greece in the Thessaly periphery. Its population is 57,914 inhabitants, according to 2001 census. Trikala is built on a large plain. This plain is one of the biggest plain in Greece. In the west of Trikala the Pindus range is located. Trikala is crossed by Litheus river.

Lesbos
Lesbos is one of 51 prefectures of Greece. The capital of Lesbos is the Mytilene. The term Lesbian comes from the female poet Sappho who lived on the island.

Samos
Samos is a Greek island. It is the eighth biggest Greek island. It is located in the east of Aegean sea. Opposite Samos is the west coasts of Turkey.
Also Samos is one of 51 prefectures of Greece. The prefecture in addition includes the Ikaria island and Fournoi Island. The capital of Samos is Samos City. The mathematician Pythagoras was from Samos.
Places of interest.
The most interest sight of Samos is the ancient aqueduct. It was construct by the ancient Greek mechanic Eupalinos, so it is called "Eupalinio Orygma" in Greek. It is a big tunnel which is long. It had been constructed to carry water in the town of ancient Samos. Other important places is the ancient town which is located in south of island and the contemporary beautiful villages of Samos.

Evros
Evros is one of 51 prefectures of Greece. The capital of Evros is the Alexandroupoli.

Evritania
Evritania is one of 51 prefectures of Greece. The capital of Evritania is the Karpenisi.

Cyclades
Cyclades is one of 51 prefectures of Greece. The capital of Cyclades is the Ermoupolis.

Serres
Serres is a Greek city and it is also one of 51 prefectures of Greece. The population of city of Serres is 56,400 inhabitants. Serres is built on the large plain. It is located in the north of Greece, in the district of East Macedonia. Beside Serres, the Strymonas river is located.

Kilkis
Kilkis is a Greek town and it is one of 51 prefectures of Greece. It is located in the north of Greece, in the district of Central Macedonia. Kilkis is built on the large plain. So it is an agricultural city. Its population is 19,247 inhabitants

Chania
Chania is a Greek city which is the capital of Chania prefecture. It is located in the west of Crete. Its population is 55,838 inhabitants. Chania has an important port which connects Chania with the port of Piraeus.
History.
Chania had an significant development from 13th century till 17th century. Then it was under Venetian rule. After the Venetians, ruled the Ottomans until 1912. This year Crete was liberated and it is united with Greece.

Xanthi
Xanthi is a Greek city and its one of 51 prefectures of Greece. Its population is 46,464 inhabitants. It is located in the north-east of Greece, in the district of Thrace.

Batha
Batha is one of fourteen prefectures of Chad. The capital of Batha is Ati.

Biltine Prefecture
Biltine is one of fourteen prefectures, or areas, of Chad. The capital of Biltine is Biltine. In 1993, it had a population of 148,807 people and an area of 46,850 square kilometers of land.

Bourkou-Ennedi-Tibesti
Bourkou-Ennedi-Tibesti is one of fourteen prefectures of Chad. The capital of Bourkou-Ennedi-Tibesti is the Faya.

Faya-Largeau
Faya-Largeau is the largest city in northern Chad. 9,867 people were living there in 1993.
The town was first called Faya, then it was renamed Largeau after Chad became a colony of France in 1900. When Chad won independence from France in 1960, the town became called Faya-Largeau.

Chari-Baguirmi
Chari-Baguirmi is one of fourteen prefectures of Chad. The capital of Chari-Baguirmi is the Ndjamena.

Guéra
Guéra is one of fourteen prefectures of Chad. The capital city of Guéra is Mongo.

Kanem
Kanem is one of fourteen prefectures of Chad. The capital of Kanem is Mao.

Logone Occidental
Logone Occidental is one of fourteen prefectures of Chad. The capital city of Logone Occidental is the Moundou.

Logone Oriental
Logone Oriental is one of fourteen prefectures of Chad. The capital of Logone Oriental is Doba.

Mayo-Kébbi
Mayo-Kébbi is one of fourteen prefectures of Chad. The capital of Mayo-Kébbi is Bongor.

Moyen-Chari
Moyen-Chari is one of fourteen prefectures of Chad. The capital of Moyen-Chari is the Sarh.

Ouaddaï
Ouaddaï is one of fourteen prefectures of Chad. The capital of Ouaddaï is Abéché.

Salamat
Salamat is one of fourteen prefectures of Chad. The capital of Salamat is Am Timan.

Tandjilé
Tandjilé is one of fourteen prefectures of Chad. The capital of Tandjilé is Laï.

Abéché
Abéché is a city in Chad. It is the capital city of the Ouaddaï prefecture.

Mongo
Mongo is a city in Chad. It is the capital city of the Guéra prefecture.

Ron Howard
Ronald William Howard (born March 1, 1954) is an American actor and director. He started acting as a young child, and was best known for his roles on TV as Opie Taylor on "The Andy Griffith Show" and Richie Cunningham on "Happy Days" and in movies like "The Music Man" (1962) and "American Graffiti" (1973). He later quit acting and became a director. Some of the films he directed are: "Splash" (1984), "Cocoon" (1985), "Willow" (1988), "Apollo 13" (1995), "How the Grinch Stole Christmas" (2000), "A Beautiful Mind" (2001), and "Cinderella Man" (2005). His brother Clint Howard and daughter Bryce Dallas Howard are also actors. Recently, he returned to TV and made the TV show "Arrested Development".

Playboy
"Playboy" is a magazine mostly for men. It was founded and run by Hugh Hefner in 1953.
The magazine is published once every month. It has photographs of nude women. It also has some articles on fashion, sports, consumer goods, and public figures. Very often, short fiction by top literary writers, such as Arthur C. Clarke is there too. The magazine has been known to express liberal opinions on most major political subjects.
"Playboy's" use of "tasteful" nude photos is often classified as “softcore” in contrast to the more “hardcore” pornographic magazines that started to appear in the 1970s in response to the success of "Playboys more explicit rival, "Penthouse".
Many women dislike Playboy because they feel it cheapens them and makes them into things to be looked at. Other women enjoy its articles and reading about what men like. Still others find Playboy funny.

Larry David
Larry David (July 2, 1947 in Brooklyn, New York) is an American actor and writer. He worked as a writer on "Fridays" and "Saturday Night Live" and co-created the TV show, "Seinfeld". He also created and stars in his own show called, "Curb Your Enthusiasm".

Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor is a naval base in the U.S. state of Hawaii, on the island of Oahu. Using this base, the U.S was able to have a good position on the advancing Japanese fleet. However, the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor, on December 7, 1941, which was a surprise. The attack led to America's fighting in World War II.
World War II was a war fought between the Allies and the Axis Powers. It was called a "World War" because many countries all over the world fought or helped in this war. Of all the wars ever fought, World War II involved the most countries and killed the most people. About 72 million people died, making it the worst man made disaster of all time. It lasted six years in Europe, from 1939 to 1945.

Amsterdam
Amsterdam is the capital and largest city in the European country of the Netherlands. Amsterdam is famous for its canals and dikes. Unlike most other countries, the government is not in Amsterdam, but in The Hague.
Amsterdam has about 800,000 inhabitants, two universities and an international airport "Schiphol Airport". About 2.2 miilion people live in the metropolitan area. The city of Amsterdam is the world's most multi-cultural city. It has people living there from 175 different countries.
History.
A dam was built in 13th century in the river Amstel (that's why the city is called Amsterdam). The old harbor of the city, "Damrak", is now one of the busiest streets in the city. The city was for the first time mentioned in 1275 by king Floris V who give the people of Amsterdam a bit more freedom. The city got its city rights probably in 1306; at least soon after the year 1300. The city became a major trading port pretty soon, with a successful trading route to the Baltic Sea. The city grew fast in the 15th century. Because the city basically lies in swamp, the builders of the city had to dig canals to use the digging-ground for getting the living-ground higher. Homes were built on wooden poles, and the canals served as a pretty effective primitive sewer.
The city was one the first cities in Western Europe to be fairly democratic: Wealthy citizens chose the leaders of the city. Amsterdam declared war on the Spanish in 1578, during the Eighty Years' War. When the city of Antwerp fell to the Spanish in 1585, many people of Antwerp fled to Amsterdam. Antwerp was also a major trading city, and because many fled to Amsterdam, these people took their trading-networks with them. That's why Amsterdam became an even more important trading city after that. This automatically led to the Dutch Golden Age. The number of people living in Amsterdam during the War rose from less than 30,000 in 1570 to over 100,000 in 1622. That number would even rise to 200,000 near the end of the 17th century, making the city a very large city for its time (only London and Paris also had that many people). In the 18th century, the number of people living in Amsterdam fell back to 140,000, ending the Golden Age.
The 19th century was the time for the first trains and trams to ride in Amsterdam. The first train ran from Amsterdam to Haarlem in 1839. The number of people also was rising, with about 250,000 living in Amsterdam in 1850, and more than 500,000 in 1900. Amsterdam was a heavy industrialised city by then. Before the Second World War, there were about 75,000 jews living in Amsterdam. Most of those people didn't survive the war. After the war, Amsterdam became a centre of tolerance and culture; to be different isn't abnormal in Amsterdam. It is expected that Amsterdam will grow 12.6% until 2025. It will then hold almost 900,000 people, and the metropolitan area will hold almost 2.5 million people by then.

Paraguay
Paraguay (officially the Republic of Paraguay or Republica del Paraguay) is a small country in South America. It is landlocked, meaning that it does not touch the ocean. It is bordered to the North and East by Brazil, the West by Bolivia, and the South and Southeast by Argentina. The main languages are Spanish and Guaraní.
Paraguay's population is about 6 millon.
Paraguay has two offcial languages, Spanish and Guarani. Guaraní recognized as national language.
The capital city is Asuncion. Asuncion was founded in 1537 by a man from Spain named Juan de Salazar. Paraguay was a colony of Spain. Paraguay became independent from Spain in 1811.
From 1865-1870 Paraguay lost land and most of its male population in the War of the Triple Alliance against Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay. It gained land in the Chaco War against Bolivia.

Loch Ness
Loch Ness is a lake located in the Scottish Highlands of northern Scotland. It is most famous because of a famous legend about a monster called the "Loch Ness Monster" or "Nessie" who is said to live in the lake.
The lake is 36 kilometres long and only 1.5 kilometres wide. Loch Ness is the second biggest lake of Scotland.

Gary Burghoff
Gary Burghoff (born May 24, 1943) is an American actor, artist, and musician. He is probably best known for his role as Walter "Radar" O'Reilly a company clerck that had extraordinary hearing in the 1970 movie, "M*A*S*H" and on the television series of the same name.

Fred Gwynne
Fred Gwynne (born July 10,1926, died July 2 1993) was an American actor. He was best known for his role as Herman Munster on "The Munsters". He also wrote a series of children's literature.

Cannabis
Cannabis (pronounced) (also called Cannabis Sativa, Cannabis Indica, or Marijuana) is a plant. The cannabis plant's leaves and flowers have a chemical or drug known as THC (short for "tetra-hydro-cannabinol") that gives a person who smokes or eats the plant a feeling of euphoria (it makes the user feel good or happy). Marijuana is the most commonly used illegal drug in the United States.
Types of cannabis.
The two main types of cannabis used as a drug are marijuana and hashish.
Is cannabis legal?
It is illegal (against the law) for people to have cannabis in most countries.
Cannabis is not legal in the Netherlands, but there are no criminal laws against having a small amount of cannabis, because the Netherlands has decided that having cannabis should not be a crime. Some other countries are starting to decriminalize marijuana as well (make using it a violation, not a crime).
In some countries, including Canada, there are some people with serious diseases granted permission by the government to possess and smoke marijuana. Their illnesses are varied, but tend to have something in common; they have negative symptoms or side-effects of the illness or of the treatment they are receiving. Medicine or other treatment they are receiving, such chemotherapy against cancer, can cause nausea, reduced appetite or other bad effects.
Since marijuana has been shown to reduce nausea as well as increase appetite, some patients smoke it regularly - even if they have to obtain it illegally. Patients who are granted permission by the government to buy or possess marijuana for medicinal purposes still have restrictions. For example, the person can only possess a small quantity of marijuana, and they are not allowed to sell or give it to other people.
Cannabis as a legal drug.
Cannabis has been recommended by doctors for a very long time. It can be used to treat anorexia. It may also be used to stop nausea related to chemotherapy. Chemotherapy is used to treat cancer. It also acts like an analgesic, and can be used to relieve pain. It can also help treating spasms, as they occur with epilepsy.
Effects.
When a person breathes in the marijuana smoke or eats it, he or she gets a feeling called "getting high" or "getting stoned". The most common effects of the drug include feeling happy, feeling relaxed, feeling silly, feeling scared, or not being able to think clearly (or not being able to remember anything at all), and getting hungry. Smoking marijuana also changes how people think and feel, and this can make it either harder or easier to solve some problems. Some people who take marijuana feel strange or paranoid (worried that something bad is going to happen).
When people smoke or eat cannabis, they often get hungry, because cannabis increases a person's appetite. The slang term for this effect is "the munchies".
Since hashish is much stronger than marijuana (dried cannabis leaves and flowers), people who take large amounts of hashish may feel even stronger effects. They may also hear strange sounds, or have strange visions or thoughts called hallucinations. Some hashish users like the feeling of these visions and thoughts. Others may find them scary. However, having hallucinations after smoking or ingesting cannabis is very rare.
Dangers of using cannabis.
Marijuana is one of the least dangerous illegal drugs that are commonly used. Unlike Alcohol, heroin, Crystal Meth, cocaine, or crack, it is impossible for a person to die from an overdose (too much) of marijuana or hashish. However, a person who is intoxicated ("high" or "stoned") from marijuana could get hurt or killed if they drive a car, boat, or train while they are intoxicated and have an accident.
Smoking any drugs such as marijuana, hashish, or tobacco is bad for the lungs, because the smoke has carbon monoxide in it, and contains other chemicals that can cause cancer in the lungs, throat or mouth.
"Hard drugs", such as heroin, crack, and cocaine are chemically addictive. This means that if a person starts taking heroin, crack, or cocaine, that persons body will physicaly need to keep taking the drug, to discontinue use may cause them to become sick. Marijuana and hashish is not "chemicaly" addictive, but as with any thing else, it can be "psychologically" or habitually addictive, meaning people can get so used to it, they feel as if they need it. Unlike with alcohol, tobacco, and hard drugs (heroin, crack, etc.), people who use marijuana can stop taking it when they want, without going through physical withdrawal symptoms.
As well, some people who use a lot of marijuana or hashish every day may start feeling less motivated about life. A person who uses a lot of marijuana or hashish every day may have less interest in going to school or going to work. They may also have less interest in seeing their friends or family, or doing activities or hobbies that they used to enjoy. The fact is too much of anything can be bad for you. Even vitamin C can become addictive in too large of a quantity as well as coffee for that matter.
Some studies showed that people who had used cannabis had a higher risk of developing mental illnesses, like Schizophrenia. Cannabis can not develop schizophrenia, but it may trigger it for those who are prone.
History.
Marijuana was grown in plantations (very big farms) in the eastern United States from around 1775 to the mid 1860s. When the plantations disappeared by 1870, marijuana grew wild along the east coast and New England.
Like many plants with a lot of fibre in them, cannabis can be used to make clothes, rope, and paper. When grown for these purposes it is often called "hemp" or "industrial hemp". Cannabis that is used for making rope or paper has a very low amount of the chemical THC in it. You cannot get "high" from hemp rope or paper, because there is almost no THC drug in it. In the early 1900s, most rope used to be made from hemp. During World War II, the United States government made a movie to get farmers to grow more hemp so that there would be enough to make rope and cloth for the war effort. This movie was called "Hemp For Victory".

Nevada
Nevada is one of the United States. Its capital is Carson City. Other big cities are Las Vegas and Reno.
History.
Nevada was originally founded in 1821 as part of the First Mexican Empire. The Mexican Empire turned into the Mexican Republic in 1823, along with Nevada.
The Mexican-American conflict.
Fighting between the United States and Mexico started. They fought over what was to become the Southwestern United States and who would own the land. This was called the Mexican-American War. The war ended in an American defeat in 1848. Nevada later became an American territory in 1861. It was called the "Nevada Territory". This was not all of Nevada as it is today. The eastern part of Nevada was part of "Utah Territory" and the southern part was part of "New Mexico". In 1859 in the Comstock Lode, gold and silver were first discovered. This started a huge growth in mining in the state which Nevada is known for.
Gaining statehood.
On October 31, 1864, now celebrated as "Nevada Day", Nevada was made the 36th state in the United States. It was given the distinct shape resembling a rectangle with a triangle. It was named "Nevada" meaning "snowy land" in Spanish, because it was snowy in the North. Later, on May 5, 1866, Nevada got its current borders because the Pah-Ute County in Arizona was taken as part of Nevada. It is now Clark County, Nevada. It was also agreed upon that the western part of Utah would become Eastern Nevada.

Comoros
The Union of Comoros is a small island nation located in the Indian Ocean between Madagascar and mainland Africa.
The Comoros Islands are in the Indian Ocean, between Mozambique and Madagascar. All the islands are of volcanic origin.
In total, there are 4 islands from west to east: Grande Cormore, Moheli, Anjouan and Mayotte.
Mayotte is French overseas territory. The other islands form the independent state of Comoros.

Oat
Oats are a type of cereal grain. People use them as food for themselves and other animals, for example, chickens and horses. Oatmeal is made from oats. Oat straw is used as bedding for animals.

Kapingamarangi
Kapingamarangi is an atoll in the Pacific Ocean. It is part of the Federated States of Micronesia. There are about 700 people living in Kapingamarangi. The inhabitants speak the Kapingamarangi language, a Polynesian dialect.
The Kapingamarangi people live a simple life. They believe that it's not what you have that is important. They help each other, neighbors, relatives, and everybody. They share what they have.

Kiribati
Kiribati (pronounced "KiriBASS") is a country in the Pacific Ocean. It has 33 atolls, groups of tiny islands. The country is located near the equator. Its capital is South Tarawa, found on the Tarawa atoll.
Kiribati used to be called the Gilbert Islands. In 1892, the Gilbert Islands became a British protectorate with the Ellice Islands (nowadays known as Tuvalu), together called Gilbert and Ellice Islands. Kiribati became an independent republic in 1979.
Kiribati is one of the poorest nations in the Pacific Ocean. It has few natural resources. Tourism is an important industry.
Kiribati signed a "Treaty of Friendship and Territorial Sovereignty" (also called the "Treaty of Tarawa") with the United States in 1979. The USA gave up its claims to the islands of Canton, Enderbury, Hull, Birnie, Gardner, Phoenix, Sydney, McKean, Christmas, Caroline, Starbuck, Malden, Flint, and Vostok in that treaty.
The official languages of Kiribati are English and Gilbertese.

Bisexuality
Bisexuality is when people love (sexually and romantically) both men and women. Some people say there is a difference between what people think and feel in this area, and how they actually act (behave).
Some bisexual people love men and women the same. Some love both men and women, but may love one more than the other. A person's sexual orientation is a range from only heterosexual to only homosexual. A person can be mostly heterosexual but have some homosexual feelings. Or a person can be mostly homosexual and have some heterosexual feelings. Some of the people who are somewhere between "only" homosexual and "only" heterosexual are bisexual. Where any person fits in this range is referred to as their sexual orientation.
- Most bisexual people feel they are part of the LGBT "community" (group of people.) But some bisexual people do not feel they belong with lesbian and gay or straight people. Some feel they should have a separate community.
- In biology bisexual can mean an organism that has both male and female organs. This talks mostly about plants. Animals and people who have some male and female characteristics or organs are called hermaphrodites or intersexed.
- *James D. Weinrich, Sexual Landscapes: Why We Are What We Are, Why We Love Whom We Love, Charles Scribner's Sons, December 1987.

Barbados
Barbados is an island country in the Caribbean Sea. The island has an area of about 430 km². Its capital is Bridgetown. The official language of Barbados is English. Barbados is a popular tourist destination. The island has a population of about 276 607 people (2002).

Annie
Annie is a Broadway musical based on the well-known comic strip "Little Orphan Annie". It features such well-known songs as "Tomorrow" and "It's A Hard Knock Life". The musical opened in 1977 and was really popular. In 1982 it was made into a movie starring Aileen Quinn, Albert Finney, Carol Burnett, Tim Curry, and Bernadette Peters.
Plot.
It is about an 11-year old orphan named Annie (played by Rebecca Smith). Annie thinks her birth parents are still alive, but has to live at an orphanage run by the cruel Miss Hannigan(played by Ruairidh Forde) Annie is selected by Grace, the assistant of Oliver "Daddy" Warbucks, a billionare, to spend two weeks with him. Warbucks at first does not like Annie. He soon grows to love her and wants to help her. When he learns that she wants to find her parents, he sets up a cash reward. This leads to a plot to kidnap Annie, by Miss Hannigan, her brother Rooster, and his girlfriend, Lily St. Regis.

James Taylor
James Taylor (born March 12, 1948) is an American singer and songwriter. He is popular for his songs "Fire and Rain", "You've Got a Friend", and "How Sweet It Is (To Be Loved By You)".

Truro
Truro is the capital of Cornwall in Great Britain. It is the only city in Cornwall, and it is the most southerly city in the British Isles.

San Francisco, California
San Francisco is a city in the American state of California. It is famous for the Golden Gate Bridge. During the 1960s many hippies chose to live in San Francisco. With a population of 744,041, San Francisco is the 4th largest city in California behind Los Angeles, San Diego, and San Jose.
It is to be found in the Northern part of California, between the Pacific Ocean and the San Francisco Bay.
San Francisco was founded in 1776 by the Spaniards. It was called "Yerba Buena" which is Spanish for "Good Herb", because mint grew there in abundance. In 1846, during the Mexican War, Yerba Buena was taken over by the United States. In 1847 it was renamed "San Francisco" and became a city in 1850.

Pelops
Pelops is a person from Greek mythology. He was the son of Tantalus and Dione and the father of Pittheus, Plisthenes, Atreus, Thyestes, Chrysippus and Copreus.
According to the mythology, the Peloponesus was named after Pelops.

Job
A job is work that a person does to earn money. The word "job" is usually only used when a person works for someone else "an employer" who pays for the work. For example, a teacher's job is to teach children or adults. A taxi driver's job is to drive people in a taxi. A firefighter rescues people from burning buildings and puts out fires. A dermatologist's job is to diagnose and treat skin diseases.

Crop
Crops are food plants which are grown by farmers. Growing crops is a part of Agriculture.

Proletariat
A proletariat (often shortened, "prole" in slang) is a term commonly used by Communists,
to describe the class of workers in an urban area, who work in the service industry or the manufacturing industry. These urban workers are different from the peasants, who are workers who do farming jobs in rural areas.
The political way of thinking of Communism states that the proletariat should have a revolution and take over the means of production. They are often sarcastically referred to as "wage-slaves."

Ohio River
The Ohio River is the one of the most important tributaries to the Mississippi River. It is 981 miles long. It forms boundaries for the states of Ohio, Kentucky, Illinois, Indiana, and West Virginia before finally going to its headwaters in Pennsylvania. It is its widest a little to the left of downtown Louisville, where it is one mile wide. Cities on the Ohio River include Paducah, Kentucky, Cincinnati, Ohio, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The river begins in Pittsburgh. The Wabash, Kentucky and the Tennessee Rivers flow into the Ohio.

Croatia
Croatia is a country in Europe. Its capital city is Zagreb.
The Republic of Croatia is a small country between the Mediterranean Sea and Central Europe. It was one of the republics of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, but has been independent since 1991. It is trying to join the European Union, and was invited on 3 April 2008 to be a part of NATO. On October 17 2007 Croatia became a non-permanent member of the United Nations Security Council for the 2008-2009 term.
A very long time ago, in this territory lived Illyrian people and they were ruled by Rome. In the seventh century AD, Slavs had come and lived there. Eleventh century Croatia was ruled by Austria-Hungary until 1918. In 1918 it became a part of Yugoslavia which was taken over in World War II. Croatia was independent and sided with Hitler in WWII, and killed most of its Serbs in concentration camps. In 1945, Croatia became a part of new, communist Yugoslavia (Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia) which collapsed in 1991. Croatia is now independent for the second time.

El Alamein
El Alamein is a town in Egypt. It is most famous for being the site of a British-lead allied victory against the Nazis during World War II.

Otis Redding
Otis Redding (September 9, 1941 - December 10, 1967) was an American singer and songwriter. He wrote and sang many popular songs. He was killed in a plane crash at the age of 26. Shortly after his death, his song "Sittin' on the Dock of The Bay", went to # 1 on the charts.
He also wrote the song, "Respect," which became a smash hit for Aretha Franklin.

Black Forest
The Black Forest (German: Schwarzwald) is a world famous forest in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Important towns are (from north to south): Pforzheim, Calw, Baden-Baden, Offenburg, Freudenstadt, Horb, Villingen-Schwenningen, Titisee-Neustadt and Waldshut-Tiengen. The highest mountain is the Feldberg (1492m). The Black Forest is quite popular for hiking, skiing and Nordic walking. In Triberg, at the lake Titisee and in other places you can buy the famous cuckoo clocks. A good way to get to know the Black Forest is to travel on the "Deutsche Uhrenstraße," a "National Scenic Byway."

Frankie Avalon
Frankie Avalon (born Francis Thomas Avallone, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on September 18, 1939) is an American actor and singer. He is best known for his starring roles in a series of "Beach movies" in the 1960s.

Celebrity chef
A celebrity chef is a chef who is well known for their cooking, kinds of food, and style of preparation. Many celebrity chefs become famous through TV appearances, publishing cook books, or having their own restaurant.

Huntz Hall
Henry "Huntz" Hall (August 15 1919 - January 30 1999) was a well-known American actor. He was best known as Dippy in the Dead End Kids series. He made 78 movies.

Robert Peel
Sir Robert Peel (February 5 1788 – July 2 1850) was an important British politician. He established many well-known laws in Britain including the police force and had a brief term as Prime Minister.
In 1835 he published the Tamworth Manifesto, which told people how he wanted the government to be run. He came to power in 1841, defeating the Whig government of Lord Melbourne, and ruled the country until 1846. During this time, Peel's popularity with other party members became lower because many of them thought he was too proud, and disliked the way he changed his mind over many important issues, often without telling them first. The defeat of his Conservative Party in 1846 was followed by a brief period in the House of Commons until his death in 1851, in a horse riding accident.
Peel is one of the famous people who appears on the cover of The Beatles, Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band album.

Herodotus
Herodotus of Helicarnassus was an Ancient Greek historian who lived between 484 BC and 425 BC. He was probably born to a rich family in Halicarnassus, a town in south-west Asia Minor (which is now Bodrum, Turkey).
Herodotus is considered by many to be the "Father of History" for his writings about the ancient empires of Babylon, Egypt, and Persia, and about the Ancient Greeks.
During his life, Herodotus probably told his stories in front of large numbers of people in Greek cities. He may have been paid money for this. He is now most famous for his writings about the wars between the Persian Empire and the Greek city-states. He told the story from the Greek side, although the war was mostly finished when he was still a child.
In his books, Herodotus tells us that he travelled a lot. He says that he went to what is now Italy, the Ukraine, Egypt, and Sicily. He may also have travelled to Babylon. He often used stories from people he met to write about other places and happenings.
Some people think that Herodotus wrote about things that were not true. This is possible, but it is also possible that he thought these things "were" true. It may also be that he thought that these stories were interesting. His work is important because he lived so long ago and there is very little writing on these subjects from this time.

Chinook
A chinook is a warm westerly wind that sometimes flows over Canada's Rocky Mountains in the winter. It can raise temperatures in southern Alberta by twenty or thirty degrees in an hour. A chinook is caused when air flowing off the Pacific Ocean is raised by the mountains and heated as the water vapor in the air condenses. Then it is warmed more as it flows down the other side of the mountains and is compressed. It flows out over the prairie, and may travel as far as the eastern border of Alberta if it is especially strong. The chinook is also called "snow eater", because it can melt snow so quickly.

Etoumbi
Etoumbi is a town in a part of the Republic of the Congo called Cuvette-Ouest.
Recently, there were four outbreaks of the Ebola virus in Etoumbi. Some people think this is because the people that live there ate some dead animals from the forest. In 2003, 120 people died in an outbreak. Because of an outbreak in May, 2005 nobody was allowed in or out of the town.

Chad
Chad (;), officially the Republic of Chad, is a landlocked country in central Africa. The capital is N'Djamena. (A capital is the city where the government is.) It was owned by the French until 1960. It suffers from war,drought, Plague, and armed conflicts. To the north is Libya, to the south is the Democratic Republic of the Congo, to the east is Sudan, and to the west is Niger.

Anal sex
Anal sex is a sex act with the anus. This could be putting a finger, dildo, penis, or another object in it.
Overview.
Types of anal sex can be: oral stimulation of the anus, using fingers for stimulation and using different objects for stimulation. First of all, anus is a part of the body that is tight and cannot lubricate itself. This is why a person should be careful when inserting something without damaging the walls of this organ. Secondly, the function of the anus is to cast out feces.
For a man, pleasure comes from the stimulation of prostate that is found near the anus. A woman gets satisfaction because anus and vagina are located close to each other.

Honor Blackman
Honor Blackman (born December 12, 1927) is a English actress. She is best known for her roles in the movie "Goldfinger" and on the television programmes, "The Avengers" and "The Upper Hand" (the British version of "Who's the Boss").

Hamlet
"The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark" is a play by William Shakespeare. It is one of his best-known plays, and many lines have become famous quotations. The play is often just called "Hamlet".
"Hamlet" was written between 1600 and 1602, and first printed in 1603.
Story.
Hamlet is the son of the King of Denmark. When Hamlet's father dies, his uncle Claudius becomes king and marries Hamlet's mother (Gertrude). Hamlet's father appears as a ghost and tells Hamlet that he was murdered by Claudius. Hamlet is not sure that the ghost is really his father. He gets some travelling actors to perform a play which shows the murder of a king in the same way Hamlet's father said he was killed. When Claudius reacts badly to seeing this, Hamlet believes he is guilty.
Hamlet tells his mother that he knows about the murder. While there he kills Polonius, who is the king's advisor, because he thinks he is Claudius. Claudius sends Hamlet to England to have him killed, but his ship is attacked by pirates who take Hamlet prisoner but then return him to Denmark.
Ophelia is the daughter of Polonius. She was going to marry Hamlet, but seeing Hamlet acting mad and killing her father drives her mad. She falls into a river and drowns. Hamlet returns just as her funeral is happening. Laertes, her brother, decides to kill Hamlet in revenge. He challenges Hamlet to a sword fight, and puts poison on his own sword. Claudius makes some poisoned wine for Hamlet to drink in case that does not work.
At first Hamlet wins the sword fight, but his mother drinks the poisoned wine without knowing, and dies. Hamlet is cut with the poisoned sword, but then stabs Laertes with the same sword. Laertes tells Hamlet about the plot and then dies. Hamlet kills Claudius with the poisoned sword. Horatio, Hamlet's friend, tells everyone about the murder of the old king. Hamlet tells everyone that the Norwegian prince, Fortinbras, should be king, and then dies from the poison.
Meaning.
Scholars can not agree on what this story is about, even for very simple things, like if Hamlet is a good or bad man, if he loves Ophelia, if Ophelia is a virgin, if Polonius knows about king Hamlet's murder, and so on. Scholars also disagree on why characters do what they do, and what Shakespeare wants to tell us with this story. It is the most written about story of Shakespeare's, and maybe of any story at all.
Acting Hamlet.
Hamlet is one of the most difficult parts for an actor to perform. It is one of the largest roles written by Shakespeare. There are many disagreements about what Hamlet is really thinking. For many actors, playing Hamlet is one of the most important parts of their career.

Director
A director is someone who is in charge of something. It can mean slightly different things in different places.

Bias
Bias means that a person prefers an idea and possibly does not give equal chance to a different idea.
Bias also means mistakes in measurements. For example, a person may measure the height of another person wearing shoes. The shoes make the height more than the same person without shoes. If the extra height of the shoes (extra bias) was not explained, someone might think that the person had been measured without shoes on. Data with extra parts not explained is called biased data.

Rear
The rear of something is the backside or the tail-end of it. For example, the blurb is usually on the rear (Back) of a book.

959
Centuries: 9th century - 10th century - 11th century
Decades: 900s 910s 920s 930s 940s - 950s - 960s 970s 980s 990s 1000s
Years: 954 955 956 957 958 - 959 - 960 961 962 963 964

Harpsichord
Harpsichords are keyboard instruments that produce sound by having the strings plucked with a plectrum. They are thought to have originated when a keyboard was attached to a psaltery. This makes them different from a clavichord where the strings are hit. The piano is therefore closer to a clavichord than a harpsichord. On a piano it is possible to play louder or quieter by playing the keys with more or less force. On a harpsichord the volume (playing louder or softer) cannot be controlled by the way it is played. However, some large harpsichords have several "stops", each one giving a different kind of sound. The largest harpsichords have two manuals (keyboards) which gives more variety. It makes it possible for the right hand to play the tune on one manual while the left hand plays an accompaniment more quietly on the other.
Some small harpsichords, like the one in Vermeer's painting, were called "virginals", perhaps because they were played by young girls. There are also spinets which were very small and sometimes wing-shaped. They could be picked up and put on a table.
Harpsichords were very important in music from the Renaissance and Baroque periods. They were used as solo instruments as well as to accompany an orchestra. Some of the most famous composers of harpsichord music are William Byrd (1543-1623), François Couperin (1668-1733), Domenico Scarlatti (1685-1757) and Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750).

The Kingston Trio
The Kingston Trio was a folk music group from Palo Alto, California who were popular in the 1950s and 1960s.

The Passion of the Christ
"The Passion of the Christ" is the title of a movie that was produced and directed by Mel Gibson based on sister Catherine Emmerich's visions. It was released in 2004. The movie shows the last 24 hours in the life of Jesus of Nazareth (called by his followers Jesus Christ) as told in the Gospel accounts contained in the New Testament that Christians regard as a part of the Holy Bible.
"The Passion of the Christ" was unusual and controversial for many reasons. All of the speech was in three languages that were spoken at the time of Jesus: Latin, Greek and Hebrew. The movie spent a lot of time showing details of the suffering and death of Jesus, with lots of violent scenes. Mel Gibson said that this was a realistic showing of what happened, though others thought it showed too much violence.
Jewish groups objected to the movie because it showed the Jewish leaders arranging to have Jesus killed. They said that this would cause people to think that modern-day Jews were guilty because of this and increase antisemitism, however this did not happen. The movie makers said that this was not their intention, but this did not stop the objections.
Mel Gibson was unable to get support from movie studios for this movie, and so supplied the money for it (around $25 million) mostly himself. The movie made much more money than expected -around $370 million.

Cavalry
Cavalry are soldiers who fight while riding horses.
Soldiers have fought on horses ever since people have ridden horses. Cavalry are able to move faster than infantry (soldiers on foot). Because horses are stronger, cavalry can also wear more armour than infantry.

Zachary Taylor
Zachary Taylor (November 24, 1784 - July 9, 1850) was the 12th President of the United States. He was the second cousin to James Madison.
Taylor was a general in the United States Army. He led an army during the Mexican-American War. He was selected by the Whigs to be their candidate only because he was a famous general.
Taylor became the second United States President to die while in office.

Gianni Rodari
Gianni Rodari (October 23, 1920 in Omegna (Novara) - April 14, 1980 in Rome) was an Italian writer. He was famous for his books for children.

Montgomery, Alabama
Montgomery is a city in the state of Alabama in the United States. In 2000 201,568 people lived there.

Omaha, Nebraska
Omaha is a city in the state of Nebraska in the United States. Famous people from Omaha include Conner Oberst from the band Bright Eyes. Omaha is the largest city in Nebraska and it has the most people.

Toledo, Spain
Toledo is a city in Spain with a population of 75,000. It is a historical city with a lot of monuments. The city was important from the Roman period to the 18th century. It is the capital of the autonomous community of Castile-La Mancha and the Toledo province. Many famous people and artists were born or lived in this city, including Garcilaso de la Vega, Alfonso X and El Greco.

Tommy Tutone
Tommy Tutone was a 1980s pop music group. They are best known for their 1982 song "867-5309-Jenny".

Judas Priest
Judas Priest is an English heavy metal group. They formed in Birmingham, England in the early 1970s. They are famous for having two guitarists, Glenn Tipton, and K.K. Downing. The singer, Rob Halford, left the band because of problems with the other people in the band. He is back with them since 2003. The band is still popular now.

Palo Alto, California
Palo Alto is a city in American state of California that has a population of about 55,000 people. It is in the region called Silicon Valley adjacent to Stanford University. It is the home of many innovators and entrepreneurs. "Palo Alto" means tall tree in Spanish after a famous redwood that was struck down by lightning in 1955. A diverse population thrives in a city known for its schools, churches, restaurants and mild climate.

Everly Brothers
Phil and Don Everly (born January 19, 1939) and February 1, 1937) are two brothers from the U.S. state of Kentucky. They started performing in the 1950s and had a lot of famous songs in the 50s and 1960s. They are considered very influential in rock and roll.

Willie Nelson
Willie Nelson (born April 30, 1933) is an American country singer and songwriter. He has also been an actor in a number of movies.

Africa-Eurasia
Africa-Eurasia, or Afro-Eurasia, is a supercontinent and the world's biggest landmass. Around 85% (approximately 5.5 billion) of the World population lives there. It is typically subdivided by the Suez Canal into the continents of Africa and Eurasia, the latter of which has been historically further subdivided into Europe and Asia. Historians of the cultural materialism school may subdivide it into Eurasia-Northern Africa and Sub-Saharan Africa, based on differing agricultural systems and other differences.
Some geographers and historians have referred to it as Eurafrasia or Afrasia, but these terms have never come into general use. In geopolitics the mainland of Africa-Eurasia (excluding islands such as the British Isles, Japan and Madagascar) has been referred to as the World Island.
The Old World includes Africa-Eurasia and its surrounding islands.
In geological terms, Africa-Eurasia (or Eurafrasia) will be a supercontinent when Africa collides with Europe. This is estimated to happen in 600,000 years, when the southern tip of Spain reaches Africa. When this happens, the Mediterranean Sea will be isolated from the Atlantic Ocean. Africa is expected to collide with Europe completely in 50 million years, closing the Mediterranean, and creating new, future mountain ranges (with an addition to the Alps), which might be called the Mediterranean Mountains.

Cemetery
A cemetery or a graveyard is a place (usually surrounded by a fence) where people bury dead bodies and honor the dead people. Many of them have gardens and other greenery in them to symbolise life and to honor those who are dead.

Linda Blair
Linda Blair (born January 22, 1959 in Saint Louis, Missouri, USA) is an American actress. She is best known for her role in the movie "The Exorcist" (1973).

David Crosby
David Van Cortland Crosby (born August 14, 1941) is an American musician. He is most famous as a member of the bands The Byrds and Crosby, Stills, and Nash.

Paul Harvey
Paul Harvey Aurandt (born September 4, 1918) is an American radio host. He is best known for his "The Rest of the Story" segment.

Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a gas. It is made of one carbon and two oxygen atoms. We make carbon dioxide when we breathe out. Also, every time something organic is burnt (or a fire is made), it makes carbon dioxide. Plants use carbon dioxide to make food. This gas can also kill and harm many living things.
The big problem with carbon dioxide is that it counts as one of the greenhouse gases. Such gases change the climate and weather on our planet Earth. Overall, this climate change causes global warming, but it can also make winters much longer and colder in some areas.
Dry ice.
Dry ice, or solid carbon dioxide, is the solid state of CO2 gas below -109.3°F (-78.5°C). Dry ice does not occur naturally on earth but is man made. It is colorless. Common uses include, but are not limited to: carbonating drinks, killing gophers, and freezing warts. The vapor of dry ice causes suffocation and eventually, death. Caution and professional assistance is recommended whenever dry ice is in use.
It will not melt from a solid to a liquid but instead changes directly from a solid to a gas. This is called sublimation. It will change directly from a solid to a gas (sublime) at any temperature higher than extremely cold temperatures. Dry ice sublimes at normal air temperature. Dry ice exposed to normal air gives off carbon dioxide gas that is odourless and colourless.
The gas is so cold that when it mixes with air it cools the water vapour in the air to fog, which looks like a thick white smoke. It is often used in the theatre to create the appearance of fog or smoke.

Intermission
An intermission or interval is a break in a performance. An intermission may be twenty minutes or longer: time for people to have a drink and time for the performers to relax. Plays and operas are usually divided into acts. The intermission will come where there is a suitable break between the acts. There are a few operas (e.g. those by Richard Wagner) which are so long that there may be two intermissions.

David Duchovny
David Duchovny (born August 7,1960 in New York, New York) is an American actor. He is best known for his role as Fox Mulder on the television series, "The X-Files". On August 13 2007, his series "Californication" began airing on the Showtime television network.

Laramie, Wyoming
Laramie is a city in the U.S. state of Wyoming. It is near the University of Wyoming.
Recent history.
In 1998, Matthew Shepherd was murdered in this town.

Black Death
The Black Death or Black Plague was an epidemic (a disease that goes over a large area) that killed millions of people. It started in Europe in 1347, and lasted until 1351. Almost one out of every three people in Europe got the disease and died. This means about 25 million people died from it, in Europe alone.
As of 2008, people think the diesease came from Asia. Today, it is believed the disease may have been the bubonic plague. This disease is carried and spread by fleas on rats. Traders from the Silk Road may have brought the infected fleas to Europe.
The disease spread all over Europe, the Middle East and parts of Asia. It caused swelling on the neck, groin, and under the arms. People were in pain and then they died a horrible death. The symtoms could be seen 3-7 days after being infected.
It killed between a third and two-thirds of Europe's population and, including Middle Eastern lands, India and China, it killed at least 75 million people.
The same disease is thought to have returned to Europe every generation with varying degrees of intensity and fatality until the 1700s. Later outbreaks include the Italian Plague of 1629-1631, the Great Plague of London (1665–1666), the Great Plague of Vienna (1679), the Great Plague of Marseille in 1720–1722 and the 1771 plague in Moscow. There is some controversy over the identity of the disease, but in its virulent form seems to have disappeared from Europe in the 18th century.
The Black Death had a drastic effect on Europe's population. It changed Europe's social structure. It was a serious blow to the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in widespread persecution of minorities such as Jews, Muslims, foreigners, beggars and lepers. The uncertainty of daily survival influenced people to live for the moment, as illustrated by Giovanni Boccaccio in "The Decameron" (1353).
The initial fourteenth-century European event was called the "Great Mortality" by contemporary writers and, with later outbreaks, became known as the 'Black Death'.
The Black Death has been used as a subject or as a setting in modern literature and media.
Edgar Allan Poe's short story The Masque of the Red Death (1842) is set in an unnamed country during a fictional plague that bears strong resemblance to the Black Death.
Albert Camus uses this theme too. His novel, The Plague is set against an outbreak of the plague, in Algeria and how people handle it. It was published in 1947.
Black Metal band 1349 are named after the year Black Death spread through Norway.
Sufferers of the bubonic plague develop fevers, severe flues and buboes that could swell to the size of an average apple. These buboes appear mainly in the groin, armpit and apparently sometimes on the thighs.
Doctors' reactions.
The medical knowledge of the time was based on Hippocrates' theory. According to Hyppocrates, the body consists of different fluids. If they are in harmony, the person is healthy. If they are not, disease results. Very often, diseases were also seen as a punishment of god.
Such a theory can of course not account for the spreading of a disease from one person to another one. Spreading of disease was said to occur from bad winds (called "Miasma"). The bad air could also come from within the earth, and thereby causer the disease. Remedies against the disease included to only open windows towards the north, to not sleep during the day, and not to work too hard.
The Faculty of Medicine of the University of Paris concluded that the Black Death was caused by a bad constellation of Jupiter, Saturn and Mars. This constellation had occurred on 20 March, 1345. They had been asked by Philipp VI about the cause of the disease in 1348. Since the answer was scientifically founded, it was soon taken to be the real cause, and translated into many languages. wee
Therefore, the doctors' often limited their actions to tell people to go to Confession, so that their sins be forgiven. In the long run, the pandemics caused the doctors to revise their ideas on how the human body worked, to get away from the theories of Hyppocrates and Galenos; more towards empirical science. Only 200 years later did Girolamo Fracastoro discover that diseases spread through Infection.

Liverpool, Merseyside
Liverpool is a city in Merseyside, England. It is famous because lots of ships visit it and it is the birthplace of the famous pop group, The Beatles. It is also famous because of the football teams, Liverpool F.C. and Everton F.C.
Development.
There has been a lot of development work which is part of a regeneration plan for Liverpool. It is because Liverpool is the Capital of Culture for 2008.

Serfdom
Serfdom is a legal and economic system.
A serf is a laborer who has to stay in one area. Serfs were the lowest social class of the feudal society. Serfs were different than slaves. Serfs could have property. In most serfdoms, serfs were legally part of the land, and if the land was sold, they were sold with it.
Serfdom is the forced labour of serfs, on the fields of the land owners. Serfs got protection and the right to work on the leased fields. Serfs worked in fields, and other agricultural-related works, like forestry, transportation (both land and river-based), work in craft and even in manufactures.
Serfdom came from agricultural slavery of Roman Empire and spread through Europe around the 10th century. Most people lived in serfdoms during the Middle Ages of Europe.
In England serfdom lasted up to the 1600s, in France until 1789. In most other European countries serfdom lasted until the early 19th century.
Etymology.
The word "Serf" came from the Latin "servus", with means "slave."
The system of serfdom.
All land was owned by landowners - nobility, Church and monarchs. A serf is any peasant who has to do manual labor for someone else in order to get to keep his land.
While most serfs were farmers, some serfs were craftsman - like the village blacksmith, miller or innkeeper.
The serf's feudal contract.
The serfs had a feudal contract, just like a baron or a knight. A serf's feudal contract was that he would live on and work a piece of land held by his Lord. The serf would get protection in return.
During that time, people said that the a serf "worked for all", a knight or baron "fought for all" and a churchman "prayed for all." Everyone had his place and all was right with God's world. The serf did not have as good a position as the knights or barons, but was better than slavery. Serfs had some rights in the feudal contract.
A manorial Lord could not sell his serfs like Romans can sell their slaves. If his Lord sold some land, the serf of that land went with it to serve their new Lord. A serf could not leave his lands without permission. A serf could not sell his lands.
Becoming a serf.
A free man became a serf usually because of a large debt. He would make an agreement with the Lord of the land. The Lord would keep him safe, give money for his debt, and give him land to work on, and he would do work for the Lord. All his children would become serfs.
The serf's duties.
The usual serf "paid" his fees and taxes by working for the lord 3 or 4 days a week. At different times in the year he would do different things. A serf could plough his lord's fields, harvest crops, dig ditches, or repair fences. The rest of his time he could take care of his own fields, crops and animals.
Problems.
The big problem for serfs was that he had to do the work for the Lord before he could do his own work. When his Lord’s crops needed to be harvested, his needed to be harvested, too. The Lord would give them very good food when they worked for him.
The serf also had to pay taxes and fees. The Lord decided how much taxes they would pay from how much land the serf had, usually 1/3 of their value. They had to give money for fees when they got married, had a baby, or there was a war. Money was not very common then, so usually they paid by giving food instead of money.
Tax tests.
There were strange tests to decide if something was good enough to be given for taxes. A chicken, for example, had to be able to jump over a fence. That showed that the chicken was young and healthy.
Benefits of serfdom.
A serf had some freedom. A serf could get and keep property and money. Some serfs had more money and property than their free neighbours. A serf could sometimes buy his freedom.
Agricultural benefits.
Serfs could grow what they wanted on their lands. Sometimes their taxes had to be paid in wheat, which is very difficult to grow. They took the wheat they didn’t give for taxes to the market. Their heirs usually got an inheritance.
The lord could not make the serfs leave his land unless he had good reasons. The lord was supposed to protect them from criminals or other lords, and he was supposed to give them charity during famines.
Variations.
The rules for serfdom were different at different times and places. In some places, serfdom changed into different types of taxation.
Work times.
In different places and times, serfs had to work different amounts. In the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 13th century it was 2 - 3 days a year. In the 14th century, serfs had to work one day per week. They had to work 4 days per week in the 17th century. They had to work 6 days per week in the 18th century.
War.
Sometimes, serfs were soldiers during war. They could get freedom or even ennoblement for bravery in war. In other cases, serfs could also purchase their freedom, be manumitted by their enlightened or generous owners, or flee to towns or newly-settled land where few questions were asked. Laws varied from country to country: in England a serf who made his way to a chartered town and evaded recapture for a year and a day obtained his freedom.
Marriage.
In many cases, serfs had to get permission from their lord to marry someone who was not a serf for that lord.
Fines.
Sometimes serf had to pay money because of something they did. This is called a fine. They had to pay a fine when they inherited money or property. They had to pay a fine if they became a priest or monk. They had to pay a fine if their children went to the city instead of staying and being a serf. They had to give their best animal to their lord when they died so that their children would get to stay on the land.
A serfs had to pay to use the lord’s grain mill and bread oven. They had to pay to use the lord’s carts to carry their produce. The serfs were very angry about that. Many peasants had to pay a fine because they used their own grain mill. The miller charged a fee called (multure), which was usually 1/24 of the total grain milled. The serfs often thought the millers were not honest. Many lords made the serfs use the lord's oven to bake their daily bread.
Freedom for the serfs.
Serfdom began to change because lords could make more money just renting the land. Many Lords "freed" their serfs to get cash from their serfs instead of work from them.
This didn’t really change the serfs’ life. They still had to farm their lands to feed their families, and pay their taxes. The main difference was that they could be forced off their lands if they didn’t pay the rent, or if their Lord decided he wanted to use their fields for raising sheep (for example) rather than corn.
The lords took the best land for themselves. Even though the serfs were “free”, their life was harder.
Serfs in Greece.
The helots in the ancient Greek city-state of Sparta and the peasants working on government lands in ancient Rome worked like serfs, but they did not use that name. They were called coloni, or "tenant farmers”. The Germanic tribes took over the Roman Emdire. They took the lands from the wealthy Romans as the landlords but left the economic system of serfdom.
Beginning of serfdom.
The serfdom of medieval times began with the breakup of the Carolingian Empire around the 10th century. This empire had ruled most of western Europe for more than 200 years. It was followed by a long time when there were no strong central governments in most of Europe.
During this time, feudal lords worked to make serfdom the common way for people to live. Serfdom was the system where great landlords could make sure other people worked to feed them and are forced, legally and economically, to keep doing that.
This system gave most of the agricultural labor during the Middle Ages. There was slavery during the Middle Ages, but it was not common. Usually they were only slaves to take care of people’s houses. Parts of Europe, including much of Scandinavia, never used serfdom or other feudal institutions.
End of serfdom.
In the later Middle Ages serfdom began to go away west of the Rhine even as it grew in Eastern Europe. This was one important cause for the deep differences between the societies and economies of eastern and western Europe.
In Western Europe, the rise of powerful monarchs, towns, and an improving economy weakened the manorial system through the 13th and 14th centuries. Serfdom was not common after the Renaissance.
Serfdom in Western Europe mostly ended in the 15th and 16th centuries. This was because of changes in the economy, population, and laws about what lords could make their tenants do in Western European nations.
At the same time, there were more protests by serfs and peasants, like Tyler’s Rebellion in England in 1381. This put pressure on the nobility and the clergy to change the system and make it better. The new ways of renting the land gave people more freedom.
The Industrial Revolution helped end serfdoms. Farmers wanted to move to towns to make more money than working in the fields. Land owners also put their money into industries that made more money for them. This caused urbanization.
Serfdom reached Eastern European countries later than Western Europe. It became the main way around the 15th century. Before that time, Eastern Europe had less people than Western Europe. The lords of Eastern Europe tried to make people want to move there from Western Europe. Serfdom developed in Eastern Europe after the Black Death epidemics. That stopped the people moving to Eastern Europe, and many people who were already there died.
Serfdom in Russia.
There was still serfdom in Russia until February 19, 1861. In Russian Baltic provinces it ended in the beginning of 19th century (Russian Serfdom Reforms). Russian serfdom was different than in other Eastern European countries, because it wasn’t changed by German law and people coming from Germany. The serfdom and manorialism systems were forced by the crown (Tsar), not the nobility.
Return of Serfdom.
Some people say that planned economies, especially those based on Soviet-style Communist economics, such as the Soviet collective farm system, are government-owned serfdom. Friedrich Hayek said that in his book "Road to Serfdom". Mikhael Gorbachev believed that, too. In some Communist countries, farmers were tied to their farms. Some were called kolkhoz which were supposed to be collectives. Some were called sovkhoz which were state-owned. The government used a system of internal passports and household registration (such as China's hukou system) to make people stay on their farms. They had to plant crops according to instructions from the central authorities, especially if they were on state-run farms. These authorities would then "buy" their agricultural produce at very low prices and use the money they made to invest in heavy industry.
This kind of serfdom lasted in Russia until 1974 (with a brief break during the Civil War). USSR Government Decree #667 gave peasants identification documents, with an unrestricted right to move within the country. This was the first time in Russian history that had happened. It is possible that a system like this still is happening in rural China.

Refrigerator
A refrigerator is a machine for keeping things cold. It is sometimes called an icebox (this word is used mainly by Americans) or a fridge. People put food and drinks in it, to keep it cold or good (unspoiled) for a longer time. In general, a refrigerator can be seen as a heat pump. It takes heat away from the air inside the fridge. The heat gets added to the air from outside. For this, it usually uses electricity.
There are also ice boxes available that do not need electricity because they are filled with ice. The ice can keep things cold until the ice melts. These ice boxes are often taken on camping trips. These are often called coolers. Refrigerator-sized iceboxes were used before electricity was available.
Most modern refrigerators are available in a variety of colors and shapes.

Janis Ian
Janis Ian (born May 7, 1951) is an American singer. Her most famous song is "At 17". The writing devices used in her poems are simile, imagery, hyperbole and irony.

Vilnius
Vilnius (Belarusian: Вільня; Polish: Wilno; Russian: Вильнюс, formerly Вильно; German: Wilna) is the capital city of Lithuania. It is also the largest city in that country. Vilnius is the largest city and the capital of Lithuania, with a population of 553,904 (850,700 together with Vilnius County) as of December 2005. It is the seat of the Vilnius city municipality and of the Vilnius district municipality. It is also the capital of Vilnius County. Vilnius lies 312 kilometres (194 mi) from the Baltic Sea and Klaipėda, the chief Lithuanian seaport. Vilnius is connected by highways to other major Lithuanian cities, such as Kaunas (102 km/63 mi away), Šiauliai (214 km/133 mi away) and Panevėžys (135 km/84 mi away).
History.
See History of Vilnius
Population.
According to the 2001 census by the Vilnius Regional Statistical Office, there were 542,287 inhabitants in the Vilnius city municipality, of which 57.8% were Lithuanians, 18.7% Poles, 14% Russians, 4.0% Belarusians, 1.3% Ukrainians and 0.5% Jews.
Climate.
The climate of Vilnius is considered as Humid Continental or Hemiboreal by Köppen climate classification.. Summers can be hot, with temperatures above thirty degrees Celsius throughout the day. Winters can be very cold, with temperatures rarely reaching above freezing
Tourism.
Vilnius is a cosmopolitan city with diverse architecture. There are more than 40 churches in Vilnius. Restaurants, hotels and museums have sprouted since Lithuania declared independence. Like most medieval towns, Vilnius was developed around its Town Hall. The Old Town, the historical centre of Vilnius, is one of the largest in Europe (3.6 km²). The most valuable historic and cultural sites are concentrated here. The main sights of the city are Gediminas Castle and Cathedral Square, symbols of the capital. The Old Town of Vilnius was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1994. In 1995, the first bronzecast of Frank Zappa in the world was installed near the center of Vilnius with the permission of the government.
Economy.
Vilnius is the major economic centre of Lithuania and one of the largest financial centres of the Baltic states.
Motorways.
Vilnius is the starting point of the Vilnius-Kaunas-Klaipėda motorway that runs across Lithuania and connects the three major cities. The Vilnius-Panevėžys motorway is a branch of the Via-Baltica.
Airports.
Vilnius International Airport serves most Lithuanian international flights to many major European destinations.
Public Transport.
Vilnius has a good public transportation system. There are over 60 bus and 19 trolleybus routes, the trolleybus network is one of the biggest in Europe. Over 250 buses and 260 trolleybuses transport about 500,000 people every day. In the end of year 2007 a new electronic monthly ticket system was introduced.
Sister cities.
Vilnius has 14 sister cities.
See also.
- Religion in Vilnius

Fungus
A Fungus (plural: Fungi) is a kind of living organism which is not a plant or an animal or a protist or a eubacteria or an archaebacteria. In the past, people thought fungi were plants. Some fungi are mushrooms, moulds and yeasts. A fungus breaks down the dead matter around it and uses it as food.
Reproduction.
Fungi reproduce sexually and asexually. Some fungi grow mushrooms (fruiting bodies), which have gills which make spores that will be used to make new fungi.
Fugal states.
Two fungal states exist: the unicellular or "yeast" form and the mycelial form.
Yeast form.
The yeast form is single-celled and reproduction occurs by simple budding or binary fission.
Mycelial form.
The mycelial form is the vegetative growth of filaments.

Guernsey
Guernsey is an island in the English Channel off the coast of Normandy. It is one of the Channel Islands, and is the main administration island of the Bailiwick of Guernsey'. It belongs to England, but has an administration of its own, which gives it special status when it comes to taxes.
The Island.
Guernsey has 10 parishes. These are
St Andrews,
St Martins,
St Peter Port,
St Pierre du bois,
St Sampson,
St Saviour's,
St Peter Port is the biggest parish by terms of population, with 16'500 people living there.
Language.
Guernsey has it's own dialect of the Norman language, called Guernesiais. It is spoken by only 2% of the population, but is understood by around 14%. This means that only 1300 people speak it, and most of these people are elderly. Only 1 in every 1000 young people can speak it.

Pottery
Pottery is the art of ceramics (objects made from fire-hardened clay). Traditionally, ceramics have been used to produce functional objects such as containers and later, for interior tiling.
Clay objects are fired in a special oven called a kiln at high temperatures. The Ceramicist may then apply a glaze to the surface before firing the object again. By using a glaze, the surface becomes both glossy, decorative and water-tight. However, some contemporary ceramicists have chosen to produce objects which fall more closely into the categories of 3D Design or Sculpture and do not necessarily have a function beyond the decorative or the conceptual arts.
Bare simple pottery objects without glazing are called "terra-cotta". That is Italian and means "burnt earth" or earthenware. The finest pottery objects, called "porcelain" are made from special clay called kaolin.

Screenwriter
A screenwriter is a person who writes the screenplay (or script) for a movie or television show - that is, a screenwriter writes the words that the actors and actresses speak.
A script conveys the dialogue of the movie, and will briefly describe visuals, although not too much, as this is left up to the director.
There are certain rules as to how to format a movie script. If these are not adhered to, then it is highly unlikely that it will ever be taken seriously. In order to test the effectiveness of a script, actors will do an inital reading of it. If the format is not clear, then it will probably cause the actors confusion, and will make the task very difficult to complete.

Sacramento, California
Sacramento is the capital of the U.S. state of California. The governor and legislature of California are in Sacramento. About 400,000 people live in Sacramento. About 1,700,000 live in and around Sacramento.
Sacramento is from Spanish and Portuguese for holy rite. A sacrament is a religious act that gives people "divine grace" (being liked or favored by God.)
Sacramento was started in 1848 by John Sutter. It was a very important place during the California Gold Rush. The Gold Rush was the time after gold was found in California. Many people came to California to find gold. They did this to make money. During the Gold Rush, Sacramento was where the railroad ended. It was also where the Pony Express stopped.
Sacramento is near where the American River meets the Sacramento River. This was important when Sacramento was founded. It meant that ships could bring things to Sacramento from the Pacific Ocean. It means that ships could bring things from Sacramento to the Pacific Ocean. Sacramento was a "railroad town". This made Sacramento a "port town". This made it a "very" important place for business.

Alexander Scriabin
Alexander Scriabin (also spelt: Skryabin) (born Moscow January 6 1872; died Moscow April 27 1915) was a famous Russian composer and pianist. He wrote music for the orchestra and for the piano. His music belongs to the Late Romantic period, but his later works sound quite modern, and he was influenced by Impressionism. He had some very unusual ideas about combining all the arts into one work.
Life.
Scriabin was the only child in a family which had an aristocratic background. He was always proud of having been born on Christmas Day (6 January is Christmas Day in the Russian Orthodox church). His mother died when he was a year old and his father spent most of his time abroad working as a diplomat. He was looked after by his aunt, grandmother and great-aunt, all of whom fussed over him so that he was a very spoilt child. When he grew up he was very short and his hands could only just stretch one octave (eight notes) on the piano.
Scriabin was educated in the Moscow Cadet Corps. He learned to play the piano and became friends with the composer Sergei Rachmaninoff who was just one year younger. He won the second gold medal ever to be awarded at the Moscow Conservatoire (Rachmaninoff had won the first one). He practised a piece called "Islamey" by Balakirev but damaged his right hand doing it. He still managed to continue his career as a pianist, but he wrote a few piano pieces for the left hand only. In 1895 he toured through many countries in Europe giving concerts and composing a lot of piano music. He married in 1897. He went with his wife to Odessa where he played his Piano Concerto and then spent several months in Paris. He taught at the Moscow Conservatoire and wrote some important orchestral music. Later he left his wife and children and went to Europe for several years with another woman. She inspired a lot of his music. Scriabin continued to travel and play the piano until the end of his life. When he was in London in 1914 he had a boil on his lip, which got steadily worse until he died a year later.
His music.
Scriabin liked the music of Chopin and he wrote a lot of short pieces called Preludes which show Chopin’s influence. As he got older his music became more and more personal. He was very egocentric (thought only about himself and not about other people) and he had some strange ideas. He wanted to write a work which combined all the arts and all the senses: music, dance, poetry, colours and even smells. He wanted this work to be performed beside a lake in India. This work was never finished or performed, and we do not know whether he seriously thought it would happen, but he did buy himself a sun helmet.
Scriabin tried using different harmonies in his music. He had a favourite chord which he called his “mystic chord” (from the bottom upwards: C, F sharp, B flat, E, A, D). He used it in lots of ways. His orchestral works include a Piano Concerto, 3 symphonies, "Le poème de l’extase" ("The poem of extasy") and "Prométhée, le poème du feu" ("Prometheus, the poem of fire"). He liked the music of French Impressionist composers like Debussy and they influenced his music which is often mysterious and dream-like.

Robert Mugabe
Robert Gabriel Mugabe KCB (born February 21, 1924) has been the President of Zimbabwe since 1987. Before that time, he was Prime Minister of the country. Especially in the last few years, Mr. Mugabe has ruled his country in the style of a dictator.
His first years as leader were prosperous. He introduced land reforms, which were supposed to give the land claimed by white people back to the (original) black owners. This has had a serious impact on how the country is seen from outside. The reforms were done in 1998. In 2001, the United Nations imposed sanctions against Zimbabwe. This was done because human rights abuses came to the attention of the United Nations.
At present, people are unsure how the country can tackle its problems. Also, it is unclear what will happen after Mr. Mugabe dies, as there seems to be a vacuum. A struggle for who is to come after him would begin. The disastrous Socialist economic policies that Mugabe has adopted have produced extreme poverty, widespread suffering 1200% inflation and 80% unemployment.

Guyana
The Co-operative Republic of Guyana is a country in South America. It is one of the most sparsely populated countries in the world (seven hundred thousand people live there inside its over 200,000 km² of area). Georgetown is the capital; like most of the country's settlements, it is located on a flat coastal plain that goes from north-west to south-east. Venezuela claims the land west of the Essequibo River as part of Guayana Esequiba.
Guyana's current leader is Bharrat Jagedo. The country gained independence from the United Kingdom on May 26, 1966 (before which it was called British Guiana).
Guyana is a republic with commonwealth.

Sen no Rikyu
Sen no Rikyu(千利休,1522-1591) is a person who established the Japanese tea ceremony.

Oscar Wilde
Oscar Fingal O'Flahertie Wills Wilde (October 16, 1854 – November 30, 1900) was an Irish playwright. He wrote "Salomé", "The Importance of Being Earnest", "An Ideal Husband", and "The Picture of Dorian Gray".
Wilde was a writer in the Victorian age. He was known for being part of the decadence trend of the late 19th century. Today, we know that Oscar Wilde was Gay or Bisexual. He went to prison for two years of hard labour because he had a sexual relationship with a younger man. This is believed to have contributed to his death at the age of 46.

U2 (band)
U2 is an Irish rock band. The four members of the band are lead singer Bono (born "Paul David Hewson"), lead guitarist The Edge (born "David Howell Evans"), bassist Adam Clayton, and drummer Larry Mullen Jr. U2 are a very popular band all over the world and have been since the 1980s. They have sold more than 170 million albums and have won 22 Grammy Awards. This is more than any other rock band.
U2 formed in 1976, when none of the members were very good musicians. However, they got better as they got older. They were more popular for playing live shows than for releasing albums. This changed with their hit record in 1987, "The Joshua Tree". In 1991, U2 released a new album called "Achtung Baby". This album sounded very different from their other albums because it was inspired by alternative rock and dance music. "Achtung Baby" and its worldwide Zoo TV tour were both very popular. U2 experimented for the rest of the 1990s, making two other very different albums, "Zooropa" and "Pop".
In the 21st century, U2 returned to a more traditional sound, but they continue to be very popular and successful. They are involved in charities and helping people with groups such as Amnesty International, Make Poverty History, the ONE Campaign, Live Aid, Live 8, Bono's DATA (Debt, AIDS, Trade in Africa) campaign, and Music Rising.
Formation (1976-1979).
U2 was formed in the city of Dublin, Ireland on September 25, 1976. It was founded by 14 year-old drummer Larry Mullen Jr. He posted a note on his school's notice board, asking for musicians to create a new band. There were seven teenage boys who went to their first practice. At first, the band was called "The Larry Mullen Band", but they later changed their name to "Feedback" and then "The Hype". The band became smaller over time, eventually becoming just four people, and they finally changed their name to "U2" once Bono, The Edge, Clayton, and Mullen were left.

Bono
Paul David Hewson, better known as Bono (born May 10, 1960 in Dublin, Ireland) is an Irish musician, best known as the singer for the rock band U2.
Career.
He became a member of the band U2 in October 1976, when he responded to a message that was placed on his school notice board by Larry Mullen Jr. to form a band.
The name "Bono" comes from the phrase "Bona Vox". This was a type of hearing aid and in Latin means "good voice". Bono went on to become the main singer for U2.
Bono married Alison Stewart and have four children. Jordan (b. 1989), Eve (b. 1991), Elijah (b. 1999) and John (b. 2001).

Adam Clayton
Adam Clayton (born 13 March 1960 in Chinnor, Oxfordshire, England) is the bassist for the rock band U2. He lives in County Dublin now, and he has a house in Southern France too.
Life.
When Adam was five years old, he and his family moved to Malahide near Dublin. He started playing guitar when he went to school. He joined the other members of the future U2 band in the same time. Their band was first named "Feedback" and then they changed its name to "The Hype". However, they released their second album on 1981 under the name of U2.
All other U2 members were married by 2006, and Adam was the only member who was still single. In 2006, it was announced that Adam was going to marry Suzanne "Susie" Smith; they dated for almost 10 years before this news was announced. They were planning to marry in the summer of 2007, but they split up in February 2007..

The Edge
David Howell Evans (born 8 August 1961 in London, England), more widely known as The Edge, is an English-born musician. He is known best as the guitarist, keyboardist, and backing vocalist for the Irish rock band U2.

Larry Mullen Jr.
Larry Mullen Junior (born October 31, 1961) is an Irish drummer. He is a member of the rock band U2. Mullen was born in Dublin, Ireland.
Besides U2, Larry has worked with other musicians, for example, Nanci Griffith, Daniel Lanois, Emmylou Harris, Robbie Robertson, Paul Brady and B.B. King. Because of the Irish National Football team's bid for the World Cup in 1990, Mullen co-wrote and co-produced the anthem "Put 'Em Under Pressure." He also worked with U2's Adam Clayton on the theme for the 1996 movie '. Mullen and Clayton joined with Mike Mills and Michael Stipe to form the group "Automatic Baby" for Bill Clinton's Presidential inauguration in 1993 at MTV's Inaugural Ball.

Mariah Carey
Mariah Carey (born March 27, 1970) is a popular American musician, singer and songwriter. She has sold more albums than any other female artists.
Carey is the youngest child of Patricia Hickey, who is an opera singer and voice coach, and Alfred Roy Carey, who is an aeronautical engineer. She has an older sister called Alison and an older brother called Morgan.
She currently has had eighteen number one singles on the US Billboard Hot 100.

Andrology
Andrology is the study of male health, especially male sexual organs and reproduction.
It is similar to the study of women's health, called gynaecology. Andrology has only been studied since the late 1960s. The first specialist journal on the subject was the German periodical "Andrologie", published from 1969 onwards.
Men are more susceptible to heart disease than women. They also usually have a slightly shorter natural average life span. However, men get many conditions, such as osteoporosis, less than women.

Herbert Hoover
Herbert Clark Hoover (August 10, 1874 – October 20, 1964), the 31st president of the United States from 1929–1933. He was a world-famous mining engineer and humanitarian administrator. As a United States Commerce Secretary in the 1920s under Presidents Warren G. Harding and Calvin Coolidge, he promoted economic modernization. In the presidential election of 1928, Hoover easily won the Republican nomination. The nation was prosperous and optimistic, leading to a landslide for Hoover over the Democrat Al Smith.
Hoover deeply believed in the Efficiency Movement. He argued that there were technical solutions to all social and economic problems. That position hard to have because of the Great Depression, which began in 1929, the first year of his presidency. He tried hard to end the depression with many new programs, such as the Reconstruction Finance Corporation. But none of them worked, since he and Congress failed to learn of the bad effects of the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act of 1930. The consensus among historians is that Hoover's defeat in the 1932 election was caused mostly by failure to end the stop deep depression, compounded by popular opposition to prohibition, Hoover's lack of charisma in relating to voters, and his poor skills in working with politicians.

James A. Garfield
James Abram Garfield (November 19 1831 - September 19 1881) was the 20th (1881) President of the United States and the 2nd President to be assassinated (killed while in office). President Garfield was in office from March to September of 1881. He was in office for a total of six months and fifteen days.
Early life.
Garfield was born in Orange Township, now Moreland Hills, Ohio. His father died in 1833, when James Abram was 18 months old. He grew up cared for by his mother and an uncle.
In Orange Township, Garfield attended school, a predecessor of the Orange City Schools. From 1851 to 1854, he attended the Western Reserve Eclectic Institute (later named Hiram College) in Hiram, Ohio. He then transferred to Williams College in Williamstown, Massachusetts, where he was a brother of Delta Upsilon. He graduated in 1856 as an outstanding student who enjoyed all subjects except chemistry. He then taught at the Eclectic Institute. He was an instructor in classical languages for the 1856-1857 academic year, and was made principal of the Institute from 1857 to 1860.
On November 11, 1858, he married Lucretia Rudolph. They had seven children (five sons and two daughters): Eliza A. Garfield (1860-63); Harry A. Garfield (1863-1942); James R. Garfield (1865-1950); Mary Garfield (1867-1947); Irvin M. Garfield (1870-1951); Abram Garfield (1872-1958); and Edward Garfield (1874-76). One son, James Rudolph Garfield, followed him into politics and became Secretary of the Interior under President Theodore Roosevelt.
Garfield decided that the academic life was not for him and studied law privately. He was admitted to the Ohio bar in 1860. Even before admission to the bar, he entered politics. He was elected an Ohio state senator in 1859, serving until 1861. He was a Republican all his political life.

Robert Reed
Robert Reed (October 19, 1932-1992) was an American actor. He was best known for his role as Mike Brady on "The Brady Bunch".

Dishwasher
The word dishwasher means either the person who washes (cleans) dishes or a machine that does the same thing. A person could wash dishes either by hand or by operating a dish washing machine.

John Quincy Adams
John Quincy Adams (July 11, 1767 – February 23, 1848) was the sixth President of the United States and first President who was the son of a President, John Adams.
Early life.
He was born in Braintree, Massachusetts, in 1767. He watched the Battle of Bunker Hill, a fight of the American Revolutionary War, from his family's farm. When his father, John Adams, was in Europe, John Quincy went with him as his secretary. He became good at speaking other languages.
He went to Harvard College and became a lawyer. At age 26 he was appointed Minister to the Netherlands and then he went to Berlin. In 1802 he was elected to the United States Senate. Six years later President James Madison appointed him Minister to Russia.
Adams was Secretary of State when James Monroe was President. He organized joint control of Oregon with England and helped get Florida from Spain. Adams helped make the Monroe Doctrine.
Presidency.
Adams was elected president by the United States House of Representatives after the 1824 election that had no one get a majority of electoral votes. People who wanted future president Andrew Jackson to win said there was a deal between Adams and Speaker of the House Henry Clay. Adams made Clay his Secretary of State.
Adams was able to pass some law that made new roads and canals in the United States. Adams fought Congress many times as many supporters of Andrew Jackson did not like his support of a national bank and tariffs (taxes on trade).
Adams lost the 1828 election to Jackson. The election was noted for the personal attacks made by the candidates against each other.
Later life.
Adams returned to Massachusetts for a short time after he was lost. He returned to Washington D.C. in 1831 after being elected to the United States House of Representatives. He was a leading opponent of slavery. He remained in Congress until his death on February 23, 1848.

Peter Fonda
Peter Fonda (February 23, 1940-) is an American actor. He is the son of Henry Fonda, the father of Bridget Fonda and the brother of Jane Fonda, who are also famous actors.
Fonda is most famous for the 1969 movie, "Easy Rider" which he co-wrote and co-starred in with his friend Dennis Hopper. He rode a motorcycle in "Easy Rider", and also in the earlier "The Wild Angels", where he played an outlaw biker.
He has also appeared in many other movies, including "Ulee's Gold" in 1997, which earned him an Academy Award nomination, and as Frank O'Connor, husband of writer Ayn Rand, in "The Passion of Ayn Rand".
Fonda has appeared many times on talk shows, discussing his life and times, including his family life.

Dennis Hopper
Dennis Hopper (born May 17, 1936) is a American actor and movie-maker. He has appeared in many movies and television shows, since the 1950s. He is also a photographer, writer, and art collector.
Career.
Hopper is probably best known for directing, co-writing, and starring in the Oscar-nominated movie "Easy Rider" (1969) (#87 on the AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies list).
In the 1990s, Hopper had a role in the thriller movie "Speed" from 1994. The movie has the actors Keanu Reeves and Sandra Bullock in the title roles. Hopper plays a brilliant villain.

Todd Rundgren
Todd Rundgren (June 22, 1948) is an American singer, songwriter, and record producer. Two of his best-known songs are "I Saw The Light" and "Hello It's Me". Both were on his 1971 album "Something/Anything?". Most of the songs on that album were performed by Rundgren alone, using multitrack recorders and playing many musical instruments.
Apple Records hired Rundgren to produce an album, "Straight Up", for the band Badfinger during 1971. Badfinger had not heard of Rundgren and did not know his music, until they bought copies of some of his records. They liked what they heard, and when Rundgren met the band, they got along well, and worked well together.
In the early 2000s, Rundgren replaced Ric Ocasek as bandleader of The Cars, when they reunited to tour.
Rundgren is also the stepfather of actress Liv Tyler.

Al-Qaeda
al-Qaeda (Arabic language: القاعدة, al-Qā‘idah; for "the foundation" or "the base"; it can also be transliterated as al-Qaida, al-Qa'ida, el-Qaida, or al Qaeda) is a worldwide militant Islamic terrorist organization. People think it is led by Osama bin Laden. The organisation wants to make new governments using its ideas about Islam. Members of al Qaeda believe their ideas of radical (extreme) Islamicism do not go together with democracy. They want to fight Western and liberal governments, most of all the United States.
People say, members of the organisation have performed many acts of terrorism. These acts were usually directed against the United States, and other liberal countries. The most well-known attacks include the September 11, 2001 attacks, the bombings of US embassies in Kenya and Tanzania in 1998, and the attack on the US Navy ship USS Cole in 2000.

Tallinn
Tallinn is the capital of Estonia. It is on the north-eastern coast of Estonia. The bordering sea there is called the Baltic Sea and there a many other massive bodies of water such as some large lakes in Tallinn and the biggest is called Lake Ülemiste. Most Tallinnites get their drinking water from this lake. There is a limestone cliff that runs through the city. The highest point of the city is 64m above sea level.
History.
Tallinn has an interesting history because it was a town which belonged to the Hanseatic league. This meant that in the Middle Ages there was lots of business between traders who were passing through Europe to Russia or from south Russia to Scandinavia. During its history Estonia has been ruled at times by Sweden and by Russia. It became independent in 1918 after World War I, but after World War II it was ruled by the USSR. Since 1991 Tallinn has been the capital of an independent Estonia.
Tallinn today has more than 400.000 inhabitants which is one third of the population. It is a big sea port. Food and textile industries are important. The town has many pretty, old buildings. This part of the town is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Lombardy
Lombardy is a region in the northern part of Italy. It is the most populated region of the country, and has almost 9.4 million people. The capital is Milan. Lombardy has provinces within it.
In the north of Lombardy there is the country of Switzerland (Canton Ticino e Grigioni), in the west there is the region of Piedmont, in the east the regions of Veneto and Trentino-Alto Adige and in the south the region of Emilia-Romagna.
Name.
In the Italian language, Lombardy is called "Lombardia". This name comes from an old German word: "Langbardland" and means "country of the Lombards".
Geography.
In the north of Lombardy there are very high mountains, (40% of the territory is mountains) the highest mountains are almost 4.000 meters in the Bernina Range.
In the south of the region flows the Po river, which is the longest river in Italy. The most important rivers are the Adda river, the Mincio and the Ticino river, all of them end in the Po river.
There are also a lot of lakes, the largest are the lake Maggiore, the Lake of Varese, the lake Como, and the lake Garda.
Provinces.
Lombardy together with Milan are candidate for the XXXI Summer Olympic Games

Regions of Italy
Italy is a country in south of Europe. It is divided into 20 regions. A regions is a part of the country with a government and a president.
In Italy regions can decide some things. They can give money to local business. They can decide some things about hospitals, schools, transport.
In some regions lives people speaking other languages. In Alto Adige/Südtirol a lot of people speak mainly German language. So this region is "special" and can decide more things.
Sardinia and Sicily are islands. They have different problems then other regions. So they have also some different laws.
This regions are called "regions with special laws" (in Italian it is called Regione a statuto speciale).
List of the regions.
Every region has got a capital. Here is the list of the regions and the capital.

Vladimir Nabokov
Vladimir Nabokov (born April 10(22), 1899, died July 2, 1977) was a Russian author. He wrote his first books in Russian, and after he became very popular, he wrote in English.
In the 1919 he went to Europe. In the 1945 he became an American citizen. He wrote many books, including "Lolita" and "Pnin". There are Humbert Humbert likes little girls in the "Lolita". His last book was «The Original of Laura».

Abingdon-on-Thames
Abingdon is a town in England. It is located in the Thames Valley in Southern England. It is the county town in Oxfordshire. Abingdon was once the county town of Berkshire. It is one of several places which claim to be Britain's oldest occupied town.

Yeadon
Yeadon is a town near Leeds in England. It is in West Yorkshire and part of the West Riding of Yorkshire. It is home to Leeds Bradford International Airport.

George Washington Carver
George Washington Carver (c. 1864-5 – January 5, 1943) was an American educator, botanist (someone who works with plants), and inventor. He is best known for his work with peanuts, sweet potatoes, and other crops. He was born into slavery. Carver used his imagination to come up with over 300 ways to use peanuts, including shampoo and shaving cream. He was also a Christian.

Julian calendar
The Julian calendar is a calendar that was invented by Julius Caesar, the leader of Ancient Rome, in 46 BC.
The calendar has a regular year of 365 days divided into 12 months, and a leap day is added every four years, making the average Julian year 365.25 days. The calendar was still used by some countries even in the 20th century, and is still used by many national Orthodox churches. The problem is that this calendar creates too many leap days, which means that it gains a day about every 128 years.
In the 16th century, the Gregorian calendar was introduced in Europe because it was more accurate with regard to the length of the year, and it also moved the date for the vernal equinox, the first day of spring (or of fall in the Southern Hemisphere) to where it belonged again, on March 21. The Gregorian calendar has 97 leap days every 400 years, while the Julian had exactly 100.
People sometimes use the term Old Style or O.S. to refer to the Julian calendar, with N.S. or New Style referring to the Gregorian calendar.

Gregorian calendar
The Gregorian calendar is the calendar that is used throughout most of the Western world. It began to be used from 1582. It replaced the previous Julian calendar because the Julian Calendar had an error: it added a leap year (with an extra day every four years) with no exceptions. The length of the Julian year was exactly 365.25 days, but the actual time it takes for the Earth to go around the Sun once is closer to 365.2425 days. This difference is just over ten minutes each year.
This made the seasons get out of track, since the real first day of spring in western Europe (the equinox - day and night the same length) was happening earlier and earlier before the traditional March 21 as the centuries went by. By the 1500s, it was starting around March 11, ten days 'too early' according to the calendar. So what they did was to move the calendar forward ten days in 1582, and at the same time to make sure it didn't happen again. To do this, they made an exception to the previous 'leap year rule' (add February 29 every four years). There would be no February 29 for every year that ends in 00 - unless it could be divided by 400. So the year 2000 was a leap year anyway, because it can be divided by 400, but 2100, 2200, and 2300 will be common years, with no February 29.
It was first suggested by the Neapolitan doctor Aloysius Lilius, and was made official by Pope Gregory XIII, for whom it was named, on February 24, 1582.
Adoption.
Not every country started using the new calendar straight away. Spain, Portugal, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, and most of Italy started to use the new calendar on Friday, 15 October 1582, following Julian Thursday, October 4 1582. The Spanish and Portuguese colonies adopted the calendar later due to the slowness of communication in those days. France adopted the new calendar on Monday, 20 December 1582, following Sunday, December 9 1582.
The Protestant Dutch provinces of Holland and Zeeland also adopted it in December of that year, but most non-Catholic countries objected to because they said the new calendar was a Catholic invention.
The Kingdom of Great Britain and the rest of the British Empire (including the eastern part of what is now the United States) adopted the Gregorian calendar in 1752; by which time it was necessary to correct by "eleven" days (Wednesday, September 2 1752 being followed by Thursday, September 14 1752).
Alaska.
In Alaska Friday, October 6, 1867 was followed by Friday, October 18 1867. The day was still called Friday because when the US bought Alaska from Russia, the International Date Line was changed when the Gregorian calendar was adopted.
Russia.
In the USSR October Revolution of 1917 was celebrated in November. In 1917 the Russian Empire still used the old Julian Calendar. Changing the calendar meant 365 after the revolution started was now in November 1918w
Greece.
Greece was the last country of Europe to adopt the Gregorian calendar. Wednesday, 15 February 1923 was followed by Thursday, 1 March 1923,
Churches.
In 1923 most Eastern Orthodox Churches changed to the Gregorian calendar. Christmas Day is the same as the Catholic and Protestant churches, but the date of Easter continues to be worked out differently.
The Russian Orthodox Church did not want this change, so Russian Christmas Day is about two weeks after the rest of Europe.
Japan.
Japan adopted the Gregorian calendar's way of working out leap years on 1 January 1873, but the months have numbers instead of names. Japan also starts year one with each new reign, but use reign names not the name an emperor might be best known by in the west. For example the reign names "Meiji" year 1=1868, "Taisho" 1=1912, "Showa" (Emperor Hirohito) 1=1926, "Heisei" (Emperor Akahito) 1=1989, and so on. The "Western calendar" (西暦, "seireki") using western year numbers, is also widely accepted by civilians and to a lesser extent by government agencies.
Old Style and New Style dates.
Some old dates in Britain used to be shown with two years. For example King Charles I died on 30 January 164formula_1. This is because Britain did not start a new year until March, so for a few months it was one year in Britain and the next year in Europe. The letter OS (for "Old Style") and NS (for "New Style") are also used sometimes. Charles I died "30 January 1648 (OS)" but the way we worrk out dates today we woud say 30 January 1649. The difference is important working out how old somebody was, or where to look if researching old documents.
British Tax.
In the old calendar the year started on March 25. This became 5 April, and was used as the first day of the year for working out taxes and rents. Taxes and rents went on using the old way of working out leap years so in 1800 the year started on 6 April. But it was not changed in 1900, so the tax year in the United Kingdom still begins 6 April.
Timeline.
People sometimes use the term N.S. or New Style to mean the Gregorian calendar, with Old Style (or O.S.) meaning the Julian calendar.

Southern Hemisphere
The Southern Hemisphere is the half of Earth that is south of the equator.

Sufism
Sufism is the mystic path of Islam. Someone who practices Sufism is called a "Sufi", a "Dervish" or a "Fakir".
In Sufism there exist many different orders ("tarikas"), that were founded from the 12th and 13th centuries until today.
The goal in Sufism is to reach God not only in the hereafter, but in this world. To reach this goal, Sufis practice an ascetic lifestyle, and perform "dhikr", a kind of prayer to God. Often they perform it in a congregation, and each Sufi order has its own special kind of "dhikr".

Dove
A dove or pigeon is a bird of the family "Columbidae". The birds can be found worldwide, but the greatest variety is in the areas around Indonesia and Australia. The young doves and pigeons are called "squabs." There are over 300 species of doves.
Pigeons and doves are thick-bodied birds with short necks and short narrow bills. The species commonly referred to just as the "pigeon" is the wild Rock Pigeon, common in many cities.
The nests of doves are usually made of sticks. Their two white eggs are incubated by both the male and the female. Doves feed on seeds, fruit and plants. Unlike most other birds, the doves and pigeons produce a type of milk. Both sexes create this highly nutritious milk to feed to the young.
As a symbol.
In Genesis, Noah released a white dove to find land after the flood. The dove returned with an olive branch. Usually, a white dove with an olive branch in its beak means peace and love.

Antonio Prohias
Antonio Prohias (January 17, 1921 – February 24, 1998) was a Cuban-born cartoonist. He is best known as the creator of Spy vs. Spy.

Chancellor
In Germany or Austria, the Chancellor is the leader of the government. "Chancellor" means the same thing as "Prime Minister". Italy has a Prime Minister, while Germany has a Chancellor. They have the same job but a different title.
In the United Kingdom, the Chancellor means the Chancellor of the Exchequer, the person in charge of the country's finances (taxes and spending). Also in the United Kingdom, there is a Lord Chancellor. Chancellor is also a title given to public officials in some other countries.

MUD
In terms of computer games, a MUD (or Multi-User dungeon or domain) is a mulitplayer online game based on the telnet protocol, and is completely text-based.

Ulysses S. Grant
Ulysses S. Grant (April 27, 1822 - July 23, 1885), born Hiram Ulysses Grant, was the general who won the American Civil War and later became the 18th President of the United States (1869-1887).
Before becoming the president he was the top general in the Union Army. Since he was able to do well fighting in the American Civil War he gained popularity which would helped him to become president later on.
His presidency suffered from a number of scandals and is thought to be one of the worst by many historians.

Grenada
Grenada is an island nation in the Caribbean Sea that received its independence from the United Kingdom in 1974. Its capital is St. George's.
The island was invaded by the American military in 1983 because of Cuba's presence there. In 2004, a hurricane named Ivan destroyed most of the island's resources.
Grenada is called the Spice Island on account of its most famous export, the nutmeg.

Accrington
Accrington is a town in Lancashire, England. It is located in the North West. The town had a population of 35,203 in the 2001 census. Accrington is home to the Accrington Stanley Football Club.

Yateley
Yateley is a town in England, located 35 miles south west of London, in North East Hampshire, on the borders with Berkshire and Surrey. Other local towns and villages include Eversley, Finchampstead, Hartley Wintney, Blackwater, Camberley, Sandhurst, Crowthorne, Farnborough and Fleet.
Uses.
Yateley mainly serves as a dormitory town for workers in London, Reading, Guildford, Farnborough and Camberley.
Transport.
Public transport in Yateley is limited to a bus that serves Blackwater, Camberley and Aldershot. There is no train station.
Education.
There are two secondary schools in the town, Yateley School and Frogmore School, and many infant and primary schools.

Stratford-upon-Avon
Stratford-upon-Avon is a town in England. It is famous as the birthplace of William Shakespeare. It lies on the River Avon, 22 miles (35 km) south east of Birmingham and 8 miles (13 km) south west of the county town, Warwick.

Pune
Pune is a city in India. It is in the Indian state of Maharashtra. The city is famous for great maratha king shivaji. The game of Badminton was invented there in the 19th century. It is also the birth-place of spiritual teacher Meher Baba. Mula and Mutha are the two rivers that flow through the city. It has also been referred to as the "Oxford of the East" by some. it is major IT center.

Beer (Devon)
Beer is the name of a village in Devon, England.
It is famous for underground quarries started by the Romans which have supplied stone for many of England's Historic buildings. Fishing was also a large industry with smuggling connections and the ladies of Beer made the lace for Queen Victoria's wedding dress.

Fly
A fly (plural: "flies") is a kind of insect.
Scientists use the word "fly" for all the insects in the order (a group of similar animals) Diptera. Flies have only two wings; most other insects have four wings. A few flies have no wings at all and cannot fly.
Kinds of flies.
There are many different kinds of flies. Scientists have named 85,000 kinds (species). Houseflies are grey or black and can be found wherever people are. Horse flies and deer flies can bite people and animals. Fruit flies can be found near fruit that is too ripe. Hoverflies look like small wasps, but they have no sting.
Some flies do not have the word "fly" in their name, so some people do not know they are flies. Mosquitoes are flies that bite people and can carry diseases, such as malaria. Midges are flies that look like mosquitoes, but some midges do not bite. Gnats are small flies that sometimes are in big groups called "swarm"s.
Some insects have the word "fly" in their names, but they are not flies at all.
Fireflies are a kind of beetle that can make light.
Dragonflies and damselflies are from the order Odonata and are not real flies.
Butterflies are not flies. They belong in the order Lepidoptera, along with moths.

Tonne
A tonne or metric ton is a unit to measure mass. It is equal to 1000 kilograms.

Dhikr
The Arabic word Dhikr means "remembrance". Another word is Dhikrullah ("remembrance of God").
Dhikr is a kind of worship to God. It is often performed by the Sufis in congregation, and each Sufi-order has its special kind of Dhikr.

Jockey
A jockey is a person who rides horses in horse races. Most jockeys have to be under a certain weight and/or height, so they wouldn't be too heavy on the horse.

George Lazenby
George Lazenby (born September 5, 1939) is an Australian-born model and actor. He is most famous for his role as James Bond in the movie "On Her Majesty's Secret Service" (1968). He is the only actor to play the role of Bond only once in an official James Bond movie.

Cone
In common speaking and geometry, a cone is a solid object that one gets when one rotates a right triangle around one of its two short sides, the cone's axis. The disk made by the other short side is called the base, and the point of the axis which is not on the base is the cone's "apex" or "vertex". An object that is shaped like a cone is "conical".
An "ice cream cone" is a holder for ice cream that is in the shape of a cone and that one can eat.

Ice cream
Ice cream is a frozen dessert made from cream, with added flavors and sweeteners. This mixture is quickly frozen while it is stirred, so that large ice crystals do not form. Some ice cream is made with seaweed so that it is not sticky.
There are many different flavors of ice cream. Ice cream often has things added to it for flavor, like chocolate chips, nuts, fruit, or small candies. Some of the most popular ice cream flavors are vanilla, chocolate, and strawberry.

Grace Coolidge
Grace Coolidge (January 3, 1879 – July 8, 1957) was First Lady of the United States. She was the wife of United States President Calvin Coolidge.
Grace Anna Goodhue Coolidge (January 3, 1879 – July 8, 1957) was the wife of Calvin Coolidge, the President of the United States. She acted as the First Lady of the United States from 1923 to 1929.
Her parents were Andrew and Lemira B. Goodhue. She was their only child. She spent her childhood at Burlington, Vermont. She graduated from the University of Vermont in 1902. She then started teaching at a school for the deaf children. The name of that school was the Clarke School for the Deaf, Northampton, Massachusetts. There she met Calvin Coolidge. They married in October 1905. The name of their first son was John Coolidge. The name of their second, born in 1908, son was Calvin, Jr.
During all these years, her husband was working as a lawyer. Then, he became the governor. During all these years, Grace Coolidge helped her husband actively. By 1921, her husband has become the Vice President. They moved to Washington. Grace Coolidge soon became very popular in the high society of Washington. President Warren G. Harding died in 1923, and Calvin Coolidge became the President of the United States. Suddenly, their second son aged only 16 years died. She did not allow her personal sadness to disturb her work as the First Lady. In 1929, the president retired, and the couple left Washington. They went to Northampton (Massachusetts) to live.
USA’s National Institute of Social Sciences awarded her a gold medal. In 1931, many people of America selected her as one of America’s living women.
In 1933, her husband died, but she lived for many decades. She died in 1957 at the age of 78. She lived a private life. In between, she took her first airplane ride and a trip to Europe.

Blacksmith
A blacksmith is a person who works with iron and steel. The blacksmith hammers hot iron on an anvil to change its shape. Blacksmiths make iron and steel tools.
A smith is a person who works in any metal. A blacksmith works only with iron and steel. A thousand years ago, people only knew about seven metals (iron, gold, silver, copper, tin, lead, and mercury). By color: gold is yellow; copper is red; and silver, tin, lead, and mercury are different gray colors. Iron is also a gray color if you shine it, but usually its surface is covered with a black oxide, which is a kind of rust. This black color forms very fast in a blacksmith's fire. The other metals have light colors, but iron is a dark color, so it is called the black metal in English. A smith who works the black metal is a black-smith.
A farrier works with iron like a blacksmith, but a farrier only makes horseshoes and puts them on horses' feet.
A blacksmith burns coal or charcoal in a special fire, called a forge. A bellows pushes air into the forge, to make the fire burn hotter. The blacksmith puts pieces of iron in the fire to make them hot.
Iron must be very hot to shape with a hammer. Hot iron becomes cold very soon. A blacksmith has only a few seconds to hammer a piece of iron, before it must be put back in the fire to become hot again.
Ways to hammer Iron.
A punch is a tool like a short stick of iron. The end of the punch is flat.
A chisel is a tool like a short stick of iron. The end of the chisel is sharp to cut.
Hard Iron and Steel.
Iron is one of the 92 natural elements.
Steel is iron with a little carbon in it (0.3% to 1.7% carbon by weight).
All metals get harder when a smith hammers or bends them. This is called "work-hardening". If a smith hammers or bends a piece of metal that is already work-hardened, it will crack and break. To make work-hardened metal soft again, so that a smith can hammer and bend it more, the smith anneals the metal.
To "anneal" iron or steel, a blacksmith heats the metal until it no longer pulls a magnet, and then makes the metal become cold very slowly. Blacksmiths can cover the hot metal with sand, so that it takes hours to become cold. This makes iron or steel very soft.
Steel acts just like iron, until a blacksmith "heat-treats" the steel. This is a special way to make the steel hot and then cold, so that the steel will become hard enough to keep a cutting edge (blade). A blade made from a piece of iron (instead of steel) will very soon become dull and will not cut. Good blades (for knives, chisels, axes, and other tools with cutting edges) are always made of steel, then heat-treated, and then sharpened.
To heat-treat steel, a blacksmith heats the steel until it no longer pulls a magnet, then makes the steel become cold very quickly. A blacksmith does this by putting the hot steel into a bucket of water and moving it around until it is cold. This is called "quenching". When this is finished, the steel will be as hard as it can be. It will be so hard, that if someone hits it or drops it, it can break like glass.
The next step is to "draw the temper" or "temper" the steel, so that it will not break like glass. To temper steel, a blacksmith polishes a part of the steel so that it is smooth and shiny. The blacksmith then slowly heats the steel in the fire. When the steel is between 300 to 650 degrees Fahrenheit, the polished steel will turn different colors. These colors do not glow in the dark; they look like dye on the polished steel. As the steel gets hotter from 300 to 650 degrees F, it will turn through the colors: yellow, then brown, then purple, then blue. Yellow means the steel will still be harder, blue means the steel will be softer (but still hard). When the steel turns the color that the blacksmith wants, he puts the steel into a bucket of water to stop the change. Different tools are tempered to different colors, but it also depends on how much carbon there is in the steel. Usually, stone chisels are tempered to yellow, and axes for trees are tempered to blue, but the blacksmith has to decide.
A blacksmith does not hammer a blade edge thin. A blacksmith hammers the steel so that the edge stays thick. After the "heat-treat" and "temper", stones are used to grind the blade edge to make it sharp.
If a blacksmith has a piece of iron or steel, but does not know which one it is, the blacksmith can heat-treat it like steel. If it does not become hard, then it is not steel. Iron will show the same temper colors as steel, but it will not be hard.
If a blacksmith has an old steel tool, and wants to hammer it into a new different tool, the blacksmith anneals the steel. The steel will then be very soft like iron. The blacksmith can then hammer it into a new tool, and heat-treat and temper it, to make a new, hard steel tool.
A blacksmith must be careful when hammering hardened steel or work-hardened iron, because small pieces can break off and fly, and these can hurt his or her eyes. Many blacksmiths wear plastic safety glasses to keep their eyes safe.
History.
The first blacksmiths were Hittites who lived in the country now called Turkey. They started working iron to make tools around 1500 BCE. The ways that tools are made by blacksmiths have changed very little since then.
Around 1850, countries like the United States of America and the United Kingdom made new ways to make steel and tools in factories. Factories now make tools faster, and for less money than blacksmiths. There are now very few blacksmiths in countries that have a lot of factories.
The few blacksmiths that are still in countries with a lot of factories, make iron that is art. These blacksmiths make gates, stair rails, and chairs and tables for outdoors. People buy this iron as art, because each piece is different from the other pieces.

Caracas
Caracas is the capital city of Venezuela. It is famous for the Avila mountain. It is where Simon Bolivar was born. The city has 6 million people who live in it. In Caracas, there are a lot of shopping malls. One of them is the Sambil. It is the biggest shopping mall in South America.
Caracas has lots of culture and history throughout the city. Many people visit Sambil.

Homestar Runner
Homestar Runner, also called H*R, is an Internet cartoon that is made using Macromedia Flash. It usually gets updated every Monday with a cartoon, a game, or a Strong Bad Email. The people that make the website are Mike Chapman and Matt Chapman. They are brothers, The Brothers Chaps. The cartoons on the website normally show Homestar Runner, who is the main character of the cartoon.
Video games.
Tell Tale Games, the makers of video games based on the Sam & Max comic book, made a game called "Strong Bad's Cool Game for Attractive People" for Windows and the Wii's WiiWare. It's an episodic game with five episodes, and it's 3D instead of 2D like Homestar Runner is. The first episode was called "Homestar Ruiner", and another episode will be out in September called "Strongbadia the Free". There will be a new episode every month until December.

Horst Köhler
Horst Köhler (born February 22, 1943 in Skierbieszów, Poland) became president of the Federal Republic of Germany July 1, 2004. Before that he was the director of the International Monetary Fund (IMF).
On March 4, 2004 he was nominated by members of the German political parties CDU, CSU, and FDP. They wanted him to be their common candidate for the presidential election on May 23, 2004. For this reason he gave up his position as director of the IMF.
Before his nomination he worked outside of Germany, so only 20% of the Germans knew him, and a German newspaper called 'Bild' headlined 'Horst Wer???' which means 'Horst Who???'.
On May 23, 2004 the German "Bundesversammlung" (Federal Assembly), which consist of 1.205 members, chose Horst Köhler as the new "Bundespräsident" (President of Germany) with 604 votes. That was one vote more than the needed absolute majority.

2012
2012 is a year in the 21st century. It is a leap year.
Events.
The Summer Olympic Games will take place in London. This is the third time the Olympics have been held in London.
2012 is also the predicted apocalypse. According to the ancient Mayan culture and long count calendar, on the 21st or 26th of December in 2012 the earth will be lined up with the center of the galaxy. According to the ancient Mayans this will cause the earths magnetic field to change resulting in many natural disasters.
The ancient Mayans believe that 13 crystal skulls should be reunited in order to discover the secret of surviving 2012. The skulls act just like the metallic compound in CD's containing information. Consider the skulls to be 13 cd's full of doomsday survival information, and if even one is missing, the data is not complete.

John Williams
John Towner Williams (February 8, 1932-) is an American composer and conductor; he is best remembered for his scores (soundtracks) for movies such as "Jaws", "Star Wars", "Superman", "E.T.", "Indiana Jones", "Home Alone", "Jurassic Park" and "Harry Potter". He was also lead conductor for the Boston Pops Orchestra and conducts for them a few times each year especally around Christmas time.

Superman
Superman is a famous comic book character. He is possibly the first modern superhero character. He was created by Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster in 1932, while they were still in high school. He first appeared in "Action Comics" issue #1 in 1938. Later, he appeared in movies, television series, cartoons, commercials, and radioshows. He is one of the most popular superheroes ever and the mascot of DC Comics.
Superman is from a planet called Krypton. His name was Kal-El. His father, Jor-El, found out that their planet was going to explode. Jor-El sent his baby son to Earth in a spacecraft to save him. Kal-El was found and adopted by Jonathan and Martha Kent. They named him Clark Kent. The Kents raised him as their own son in a town called Smallville, Kansas in the United States. There is a television series called "Smallville" based on this time.
As he grows up, Clark finds out that he has special powers. He is indestructible (he cannot be hurt). He is strong enough to lift almost anything. He can fly. He can run and move faster than a bullet. He has X-ray vision (he can see through walls), and heat vision (he can shoot heat from his eyes). He can freeze things with his cold breath. He decides to use his special powers to fight crime and save people in danger. He wears a blue and red costume and cape to keep his alter ego (his real name) a secret. He saves the entire world many times.
He moves to a city called Metropolis, and becomes a reporter for the Daily Planet, a newspaper. He falls in love with another reporter, Lois Lane.
His only weakness is a radioactive rock from his home planet, called "kryptonite." It makes him sick and weak. His enemies use it to hurt him. Blue Kryptonite makes people be able to control him using hypnosis, green slowly kills him, and red takes away his powers. His worst enemy is a bald, evil genius named Lex Luthor.

Camellia
"Camellia" is a genus of flowering plants in the family Theaceae, native to eastern and southern Asia from the Himalaya east to Japan and Indonesia. Scientists are still discussing how many species there are. The number of species varies between 100 and 250. The genus was named by Linnaeus after Fr. Georg Joseph Kamel S.J., a Jesuit botanist.
They are evergreen shrubs and small trees from 2–20 m tall. The leaves are alternately arranged, simple, thick, serrated, usually glossy, and 3–17 cm long. The flowers are large and conspicuous, 1–12 cm diameter, with (in natural conditions) 5–9 petals; colour varies from white to pink and red, and yellow in a few species. The fruit is a dry capsule subdivided into 1–5 compartments, each containing 1–8 seeds.
The genus is generally adapted to acidic soils, and does not grow well on chalk or other calcium-rich soils. Most species also have a high rainfall requirement and will not tolerate drought.
"Camellia" species are used as food plants by the larvae of a number of Butterflies species.
Cultivation and uses.
"Camellia sinensis" is of major commercial importance because tea is made from its leaves. Tea oil is a sweet seasoning and cooking oil made by pressing the seeds of "Camellia sinensis" or "Camellia oleifera".
Many other camellias are grown as ornamental plants for their flowers; about 3,000 cultivars and hybrids have been selected, many with double flowers, as in the gallery below. "Camellia japonica" (often simply called Camellia) is the most prominent species in cultivation, with over 2,000 named cultivars; next are "C. reticulata", with over 400 named cultivars, and "C. sasanqua", with over 300 named cultivars. Popular hybrids include "C. × hiemalis" ("C. japonica" × "C. sasanqua") and "C. × williamsii" ("C. japonica" × "C. salouenensis"). They are highly valued in Japan and elsewhere for their very early flowering, often among the first flowers to appear in the late winter. Late frosts can damage the flowers.
Camellias have a slow growth rate. Typically they will grow about 30 centimetres a year until mature although this varies depending on variety and location.
"Camellia japonica" is the state flower of Alabama as well as the city flower of the Chinese municipality Chongqing.

Exponentiation
Exponentiation (power) is something which is done on numbers. It is repeated multiplication. People write exponentiation with upper index. This looks like this: formula_1. Sometimes it is not possible. Then people write powers using ^ sign: 2^3 means formula_2.
The number formula_3 is called base, and the number formula_4 is called exponent. For example, in formula_2, 2 is the base and 3 is the exponent.
To calculate formula_2 a person must multiply 3 times the number 2. So formula_7. The result is formula_8. What the equation says can be also said this way: 2 raised to the power of 3 equals 8.
If the exponent is equal to 2, then the power is called square because the area of a square is calculated using formula_12. So
If the exponent is equal to 3, then the power is called cube because the volume of a cube is calculated using formula_15. So
If the exponent is equal to -1 then the person must calculate the inverse of the base. So
If the exponent is equal to formula_20 then the result of exponentiation is the square root of the base. So formula_21
It is possible to calculate exponentiation of matrices. The matrix must be square. For example: formula_36.

Sega
Sega (in Japanese: セガ) is a company that makes video games. In the past, they also made video game consoles. Their main office is in Tokyo, a city in Japan. They also have offices in other continents — for example, North America and Europe. Their most famous video games are the "Sonic the Hedgehog" series.
Sega Mega Drive / Sega Genesis 1988-2002.
The Sega Mega Drive (in Japanese: メガドライブ, "Mega Doraibu") was a 16-bit video game console made by Sega. It was in market in Japan in (1988), and in Europe and the rest of the world in (1990). In North America, it was called "Sega Genesis".
Sega Saturn 1994-2000.
Sega Saturn was released on November 22th 1994 in Japan. It was the first Sega video game console with 3D graphics. Sega released two versions of the Saturn: the first generation was black and with small controllers, and the second was white.One of its most popular games was.
Sega Dreamcast 1998-2001.
Sega Dreamcast (Japanese: ドリームキャスト; originally called "Dural," and "Katana") is the fourth and last machine made by Sega that can play video games. It was sold before the PlayStation 2, GameCube, or Xbox came out. However, not many people bought it after the PlayStation 2 was released, so in the end Sega decided to stop making them.

Primary school
In the United States, a primary school is the same thing as elementary school. It is for young students usually kindergarten to fourth or fifth grade (five to nine or ten years). In the United States elementary school is a more common term. Primary school is often used in private or independent schools. (In private or independent schools the government does not give the schools money.)
In the United Kingdom, a primary school usually comprises a nursery and the first 7 years of a child's full-time education.
In India, "Primary Education" means the 'Nursery', the 'Kindergarten' and four years of regular schooling thereafter. Admission to Nursery classes is for children above two years so that the age is 6+ when entering Class I. Children are taught language (mother tongue and English) reading/writing skills, basic arithmetic and quite a good amount of general information about the country, people, statesmen, great people, flora & animals. However, this is true only for schools in the urban areas. Rural schools do not have Nursery or Kindergarten; they admit straight at Class I when the child is six. Further, the rural schools use the mother tongue as medium of instruction, not resorting to English in any way. Primary education is free in government schools. Moreover, rural primary schools offer free mid-day meals to children (the government pays for it) so that the drop out rate comes down. States of West Bengal, Maharashtra, Manipur, Nagaland and Kerala have done very good work in this way of spreading primary education.

Restaurant
A restaurant is a place where food is sold to the public.
Some restaurants are a chain, meaning that there are a lot of restaurants that have the same name and serve the same food. McDonald's, Burger King, and Pizza Hut are examples of chain restaurants that are located all over the world. These restaurants serve fast food (inexpensive already-prepared food).
There are also chain restaurants that serve more expensive food. Applebee's and Perkin's are examples of this type of chain restaurant.
At some restaurants you do not have to even get out of the car to eat. You can pay and get your order from a window. These places are called drive-thrus.

Skimmed milk
Skimmed milk (United Kingdom), or skim milk (United States of America) is made when all the cream (also called "milkfat") is removed from whole milk.
Sometimes only half the cream is removed, this is called semi skimmed milk.
Skimmed milk is more popular in the United States than Britain.
Skimmed milk contains less fat than whole milk, which means that many nutritionists and doctors recommend it for people who are trying to lose weight or maintain a healthy weight.

Chocolate
Chocolate is a flavoring made from the seeds of a cacao tree. It is used in many desserts like pudding, cakes, candy, and ice cream. It can be in a solid form, often as a candy bar. The liquid form would be in a drink like hot chocolate.
Types of chocolate.
There are three main kinds of chocolate: white chocolate, milk chocolate, and dark chocolate. There is also plain chocolate.White chocolate tastes much sweeter than the other two types, because it has more of the sweeter ingredients in it. White chocolate has little cocoa in it. It is mostly made of cocoa butter. Milk chocolate is sweet, but not as sweet as white chocolate. Milk chocolate has some cocoa. Dark chocolate is the strongest, with up to 80-85 percent cocoa (Which is really bitter). Chocolate can also have lots of different flavourings like orange
Safety.
Chocolate is safe to eat, if it is not eaten in large amounts. Some people eat it every day. Some animals and some people cannot eat chocolate because they get sick. Some examples are dogs, and people with diabetes.
Making chocolate.
Making chocolate is a process that has many steps. First, the cacao beans are collected and put in piles or containers to make them ferment, or to make the sugar in the beans turn into alcohol. Then the beans are dried and cleaned. Chocolate makers must cook the beans, and then crush them to make the cocoa butter and the chocolate liquor come out of them. Then the chocolate maker puts together different amounts of certain ingredients to make the different kinds of chocolate. Dark or bittersweet chocolate is made from sugar, cocoa butter, and chocolate liquor. Milk chocolate uses all of those ingredients plus milk and vanilla. White chocolate does not contain chocolate liquor, but only cocoa butter, along with sugar, milk and vanilla. After these ingredients are put together, the chocolate maker is still not finished. One of the last things to be done is something called conching. Before chocolate is conched, it feels very rough in the mouth, instead of smooth. Conching means crushing the chocolate very finely and keeping it warm so that it is liquid. Conching should be done for at least several hours in order to make good chocolate. The last step in making chocolate is called tempering. The chocolate is heated, and then shaken, and then cooled a few times.
Ingredients.
There are a number of active ingredients in chocolate. The most notable of these are caffeine and theobromine. These two closely related chemicals are found in all cocoa beans to a greater or lesser degree depending on the genetics of the tree and the stresses placed on the tree during the growing season.
History of chocolate.
The cacao tree was first found to be useful for its seeds about two thousand years ago. Early Central Americans and Mexicans used the seeds from the cacao tree to make a drink that tasted bitter, not sweet. Only the important people could drink it. The common, average people could not. The word for "chocolate" in almost every language comes its name in the Nahuatl language of Mexico, "chocolatl".
Later on, this drink was made sweeter and made into the treat that is known today as hot chocolate. It was made popular by Spanish explorers who brought it back from North America to Spain. When chocolate was sweetened and made into candy, it became a very popular treat for many Europeans. At first, only the rich could afford chocolate, but now, many people enjoy it. Cacao trees grow in the tropics, and most cocoa today is made in Africa. Though some is made in India

Northumberland
Northumberland is a county in England. The county town is Morpeth.

Violin
The violin is a string instrument that is played with a bow. The violin has four strings which are tuned to the notes G, D, A, and E. The violin is held between the left collar bone (near the shoulder) and the chin. Different notes are made by fingering with the left hand while bowing with the right. It has no frets or other markers, so players have to learn the exact place to put the fingers of the left hand by memory alone.
The violin is the smallest and highest pitched instrument in the string family. The other instruments in the family are: viola, cello and double bass. A person who plays the violin is called a violinist. A person who makes or repairs a violin is called a luthier.
No other instrument has played such an important part in European music as the violin. The violin in its modern form is about 400 years old, but similar bow-played string instruments have been around for almost 1000 years. By the time the modern orchestra started in the 17th century the violin was fully developed and it became the most important orchestral instrument. Nearly every composer wrote for the violin. It is used as a solo instrument, in chamber music, in orchestral music and in jazz as well as in folk music.
The violin is sometimes called a “fiddle”. Someone who plays it is a “fiddler”. There is even a verb: “to fiddle” (meaning: “to play the fiddle”). This word can be used as a nickname for the violin, but is properly used when talking about folk music.
History of the violin.
The word “violin” is related to the word “viol”, but the violin did not develop directly from the instruments called viols. It was more like the medieval rebec which was an instrument held under the chin and bowed. In the 16th century there was an instrument called the "lira da braccio", which was an early form of the violin.
In the 17th century there were several families of luthiers who were extremely good at making instruments. The most famous violin makers were Stradivarius, Amati and Guarneri. Some of the instruments that these luthiers made are still in existence today. They are some of the best instruments in existence, and can fetch prices of several million dollars.
The construction of a violin.
The biggest part of the violin is the wooden body. This acts as a resonating box: it amplifies (makes louder) the sound of the vibrating strings. Many of the parts of the violin are named after parts of the body: the front is called the “belly”, the back is the “back”, the sides are the “ribs”. The strings travel from near the top of the “neck” down the “fingerboard” and on to the “tail piece”. Halfway between the end of the fingerboard and the tailpiece the strings go across the bridge. The bridge is not fixed onto the violin. It is held in place because the strings are so tight. If the strings are completely loosened the bridge will come away. The bridge helps to send the vibrations of the strings down to the body of the instrument. Inside the body there is a “soundpost”. This is a small piece of wood, like a small finger, which goes from the belly to the back. The soundpost, too, is held in place by the tension (tightness) of the strings. In the middle of the belly there are two long, curved holes. They are called “f holes” because of their shape. The top of the strings are wound around pegs. The violin can be tuned by turning the pegs. The very top of the neck is called the “scroll”. Many violins also have a chinrest. This helps to hold the violin against the player's shoulder. A shoulder rest is also used. These are now made of foam, with special legs to hold them on to the violin. As these are not particularly cheap, many beginners instead use a sponge and an elastic band.
To make it easier to tune the violin, many people find it helpful to have “adjusters” for “fine tuning” when the string is only slightly out of tune. These adjusters go through holes in the tailpiece.
Strings used to be made of gut, but now they are mostly made of steel or nylon. Adjusters can only be used with steel strings.
The violin body is made of spruce. The bow can be made of several kinds of wood, for example pernambuco. Some players today use bows made of carbon fibre. The bow is strung with horsehair.
How to play the violin.
As with most instruments, it takes years of practice to become a really good violinist. Beginners start by practicing on the “open strings” (without using the left-hand fingers). At first the beginner can pluck the strings, then he or she can learn how to use the bow. Gradually the player can learn how to stop the strings with the fingers to get all the different notes. At first the learner will play in “first position”. This means that finger 1 (the fingers are numbered from 1 to 4, the thumb being behind the neck of the instrument) is playing a note which is a whole tone above the open string, e.g. on the D string it is playing a stopped E. When he or she is more advanced they will play in other positions by moving the left hand up the fingerboard nearer to the bridge. There is also a half position in which the first finger is stretched back.
The violinist has to learn to put the fingers in exactly the right place so that the music is “in tune” (this is called intonation). He will also learn vibrato.
Besides plucking (pizzicato) there are many special effects such as glissando, portamento and harmonics as well as double stopping, chords or using scordatura tuning.
The violin can be played either standing or sitting down. When playing solo music the violinist normally stands, but when playing in chamber music or in orchestras he sits (although this was not always the case). When sitting he may have to turn his right leg in so that it does not get in the way of the bow.
Violin music.
In the 17th and 18th centuries composers wrote a lot of music for solo violin. Many of these composers were from Italy and were themselves violinists: Corelli, Vitali, Vivaldi, Veracini, Geminiani, Locatelli and Tartini.
In Germany, Schmelzer and Biber wrote some very virtuoso violin music. Later, in the early 18th century, Bach and Handel wrote many masterpieces for the violin.
In the Classical music period the great composers Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven all wrote solo works for the violin as well as a vast amount of chamber music, especially string quartets.
In the Romantic period many virtuoso violin works were written. These include concertos by Mendelssohn, Saint-Saëns, Brahms, Bruch, Wieniawski, Tchaikovsky, Dvořák, and in the 20th century Elgar, Sibelius, Szymanowski, Bartók, Stravinsky, Berg, Prokofiev, Shostakovich, Hindemith and Penderecki. In the 19th century Niccolò Paganini was undoubtedly the most famous violinist. He composed and played violin music that was harder than anyone had played before. People compared him to the devil because he could play so brilliantly (and because of his looks).
In recent years the violin has also been used in jazz playing. Stephane Grappelli was especially famous for this.
Famous violinists.
Some of the most famous violinists of the last century are Fritz Kreisler, Jascha Heifetz, David Oistrakh, Yehudi Menuhin, Ida Haendel and Isaac Stern. Today some of the greatest players include Itzhak Perlman, Maxim Vengerov, Vadim Repin, Nigel Kennedy, Hilary Hahn, Joshua Bell, and the fiddler Sara Watkins.

Railway station
A train station or railway station (also called a railroad station, rail station, or depot) is a place where passengers can get on and off trains and/or goods may be loaded or unloaded.
Early stations were usually built to handle passengers and goods. Today goods are usually only unloaded at big stations. Stations are next to a railway line, or they are the terminus for a route. Usually there are platforms to let passengers get on and off the train easily and safely. Many station have things such as shelters, ticket sales and benches.
The busiest railway station in the world is Shinjuku Station in Tokyo, Japan. The largest station is Nagoya Station in Nagoya, Japan. The busiest station in Europe is Clapham Junction in south London in the United Kingdom. At peak times, there is one train every 13 seconds there.
Station facilities.
Railway stations usually have either ticket booths, or ticket machines. Ticket sales can also be together with an information desk or a shop. Many stations have a shop or a kiosk.
Bigger stations often have fast-food or restaurants. In some countries these stations also have a bar, or a pub. Other station facilities are: toilets, left-luggage, lost-and-found (lost property office), timetables, trolleys, waiting rooms, taxi ranks and bus stops.

Railway track
A railway track or railway line is a set of two parallel rows of long pieces of iron. They are used by trains to transport people and items from one place to another. In America, people say railroad. They are all the same thing. Usually, there is more than one set of tracks on the railway line. For example, one track goes east and the other one goes west.
The rails are supported by cross pieces set at regular intervals (called sleepers or ties) which spreads the high pressure load imposed by the rail vehicles wheels into the ground. They also maintain the rails at a fixed distance apart (called the gauge). Ties are usually made from either wood or concrete. These often rest on ballast, which is a name for very small pieces of broken up rock that are packed together and keep the railway tracks in place.
The rails are inclined slightly towards each other, typically on a slope of 1 in 20. This combined with coning of the wheels helps guide rail vehicles along the track. It is this rather than the wheel flange that keeps the vehicles from derailing. The flange is only a safety device that operates as a last resort or in cases where a vehicle is travelling very slowly on heavily curved track (when you will hear a metallic screeching noise caused by the flange/rail contact).

Rail transport
Rail transport is the movement of passengers and goods using wheeled vehicles designed to run on railway tracks. In most countries, this transportation method helps international trade and economic growth. Railways provide an energy-efficient way to transport material over land. The railway tracks are a large part of the system and provide smooth and hard surfaces on which the wheels of the train roll with a little friction. Also, the track spreads the weight of the train which means larger amounts can be carried than with trucks and roads.

Waterway
A waterway is any body of water that can be used for transportation by people in boats. These include rivers, lakes, oceans, and canals.
They must be wide and deep enough for the boats, and either have no waterfalls and rapids, or have ways for boats to get around them, such as locks.

Junction
A junction is any place where two things, especially roads and railway tracks, meet.
Railway junction.
A railway junction is a place where two railway tracks join. The shape of a junction looks like
Sometimes the trains just cross and keep going straight. Sometimes they turn onto the other track.

James Brown
James Brown (May 3, 1933 - December 25, 2006) was an American R&B and funk singer. He was known as the "Godfather of Soul", not to be confused with Marlon Brando's character in the movie "The Godfather". He was born in Barnwell, South Carolina.

Aldous Huxley
Aldous Leonard Huxley (born July 26, 1894, died November 22, 1963) was a British writer of the first half of the 20th century. He wrote a great number of books, on various themes. Most of his books are either highly philosophical, or they try to criticize modern science. Aldous Huxley is probably best known for his book "Brave New World". In the book, which was written in 1932, he shows what can go wrong with genetic engineering. He writes about a world in the far future, where the whole social hierarchy is based on genetic traits, and not on the personal effort of the individual people to learn and improve themselves. Such a position is often called eugenics.

Dylan Thomas
Dylan Marlais Thomas (October 27, 1914 - November 9, 1953) was a Welsh poet. He was born in the town of Swansea. He published his first book of poetry in 1932. In addition to writing poetry, he was an excellent speaker. He toured the United Kingdom and the United States reciting his poems. He wrote works for radio including "A Child's Christmas in Wales" and "Under Milk Wood"

Leo Gorcey
Leo Gorcey (June 3, 1917 - June 2, 1969) was an American actor. He is most famous for appearing the "Dead End Kids" series.

Indiana
Indiana is a state in the United States. Its capital and largest city is Indianapolis. Other famous cities and towns include Bloomington, Gary, Ft. Wayne, South Bend, Evansville, Muncie, and Marion. People who live in Indiana or are from there are called Hoosiers.
Indiana toches 4 other states. Illinois, Kentucky, Michigan, and Ohio It also touches Lake Michigan which is the only Great Lake that is completely inside the United States.
One famous attraction of Indiana is the Indy 500 which is one of the most famous car race tracks in the country.

Marun Field
The Marun field is a large oil field in Iran. It is 67 kilometers long and usually 7 kilometers wide. It is west of Dezful. It was discovered in 1964 and was drilled in 1966 for first time.

Grey Wolf
The Grey Wolf or Gray Wolf ("Canis lupus"), also known as the timber wolf or simply wolf, is a mammal of the order Carnivora. There are many different wolf subspecies, such as the Arctic Wolf. Many wolves are listed on the endangered species list.
Physiology and Appearance.
Adult wolves are usually between 1.3m to 2m in length from nose to tail. They usually weigh between 20kg and 68kg. The biggest wolf ever found weighed 79kg. Wolves have fur made up of two layers. The top layer is resistant to dirt, and the underlayer is water resistant. The colour of their fur can be any combination of grey, white, red, brown, and black.
Life.
Wolves live in groups called "packs". The members of the pack are often family members. The leaders are called the alpha male and the alpha female. Young wolves are called "cubs" or "wolf cubs". Adult females usually give birth to five or six cubs in a litter.
Wolves make a noise called a "howl". They howl to communicate with each other from far away. Sometimes they howl because they feel like it. They also communicate through complicated body language.
Diet.
Wolves are carnivores and eat other animals including caribou, antelope, deer, bison, yak, rodents and in some cases, moose. Some wolves have been seen eating salmon, seal, beached whales and birds.
Habitat.
Wolves are found in Europe, Asia and North America. They can live in forests, deserts, mountains, tundra, grasslands and, sometimes, around towns and cities.
Wolves and Humans.
Even though many people think that wolves are terrible, mean creatures, they are actually very gentle. The main reason wolves become violent is for food or to protect other wolves in the pack. Many people around the world, especially in Canada and Alaska, have wolves as pets.
A few years ago wolves were put back into Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming. The wolves have been very successful in the park. There had been no wolves there for a long time. Many people were not happy about this because they were afraid that the wolves would eat the sheep and cows near the park. However, wolves only eat livestock when they can't find wild prey.

Frank Lampard
Frank James Lampard, Jr. is an English football player, son of Frank Lampard Senior. He was born June 20, 1978 in Romford, London, England. He went to Brentwood School in Essex, where amongst other subjects, he studied Latin and gained an A* grade. He is an English Premier League football player currently at Chelsea, and plays for England too. He is a midfielder and wears the number 8. Currently, Lampard is Chelsea's current highest goalscorer with 115 goals. Lampard is also the goal scorer in the Premier League for a midfielder.
Career.
Frank Lampard started his football career at West Ham United F.C. Lampard joined West Ham, where his father was the assistant coach, as an apprentice in July 1994 as part of their youth system, and signed his professional forms a year later. He was loaned to Division Two team Swansea City in October 1995, and debuted in a 2-0 win over Bradford City. Lampard made nine league appearances for Swansea before returning to West Ham in January 1996, with whom he played his first match at the end of the month against Coventry City F.C., and spent the remainder of the season as a reserve.
The next year, a broken leg suffered in a March game against Aston Villa prematurely put an end to Lampard's 1996-97 season after thirteen appearances. He had to wait until the '97-98 campaign to score his first goal for West Ham, which came in a road victory over Barnsley F.C. He became a starter in 1998-99 and appeared in every match as West Ham finished fifth in the Premiership standings.
Following the sale of teammate and friend Rio Ferdinand to Leeds United after the 2000-01 season, combined with the departures of his father and Redknapp, Lampard followed suit and left West Ham, but chose to stay home in London by joining Chelsea for an £11 million fee.[2]
Chelsea.
Lampard made his debut for Chelsea on August 19 2001. He has since been a regular on the team sheet.
Personal Life.
Lampard lives in Surrey with his Spanish fiance Elen Rives and their two daughters Luna and Isla.

Swaziland
Swaziland is a country in Africa. Its capital is Mbabane. It is completely surrounded by land. Swaziland doesn't touch the sea. The two countries that touch it are Mozambique and South Africa. Swaziland has the lowest life expectancy of any country in the world.

Liberia
The Republic of Liberia is a country in West Africa that has been gravely affected in recent years by two civil wars.
The name of the country is "Land of the Free" in Latin, because it was founded in the early 19th century by freed American slaves. It gained its independence on July 26, 1847.
Liberia is home to more than three and a half million residents. Its capital is Monrovia.
The country's constitution is similar to that of the United States. In the Autumn 2005 elections, Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf became the first female elected head of state in African history. She was inaugurated on January 16, 2006. The President before Johnson-Sirleaf was Gyude Bryant.
For ships, Liberia is a flag of convenience.

Central African Republic
Central African Republic or C.A.R is a country in central Africa. It is mostly a plateau or high, flat piece of land about 900 metres above the sea. The country is 625,000 square kilometres in size.
There are thick forests in the south, and these are home to rare gorillas. This part of Africa also has Pygmies.
The capital city is Bangui, and other important towns are Bouar, Zinga, and Ouadda. Its southern border is the Ubangi River. There are 3.8 million people in C.A.R. Most of them belong to the Banda and Baya tribes. The main language is French but some people speak the national language of Sango.
The people mostly grow their own food, but sometimes droughts (long spells without any rain) make this difficult. C.A.R. also has diamond and uranium mines. It sells these, as well as cotton, coffee and timber to other countries to make money.
The Currency (type of money they use) is the CFA Franc. 1 US Dollar is worth 424.05 CFA Francs.
The country was ruled by France until 1960 when it became independent.

Kim Jong-nam
Kim Jong-nam (born May 10, 1971) is the oldest son of Kim Jong-il, leader of North Korea and some say he is expected to follow his father.

Western Sahara
Western Sahara is a country in Africa. To the north is Morocco, to the east is Algeria, to the south is Mauritania, and to the west is the Atlantic Ocean. The country of Spain owned it between 1884 and 1976. In 1976, the country of Morocco took it, but most of the people in Western Sahara want independence. The largest city in Western Sahara is El Aaiún (some people call it "Laayoune"). Few people live there, since it is in a very hot desert.
Some countries say that the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic should be the government in Western Sahara. Morocco says that they own it. The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic was made by the "Polisario Front" a group of people who wanted Spain to leave, but now want Morocco to leave also.

Tunis
Tunis (Arabic: تونس, "Tūnis") is the capital city of Tunisia. As of 2004 728.463 people live in the city. About 1.6 million live in the metropolitan area.

Mozambique
Mozambique is a country in Africa. Its capital is Maputo. Its population is 19 Million. The official language in Mozambique is Portuguese. In 1975 Mozambique got independent from Portugal (National Day on 25th June, 1975)

Dian Fossey
Dian Fossey (January 16, 1932 – December 26, 1985) was an American zoologist. She is most famous for studying gorillas in Rwanda, Africa.
Fossey studied the lives of mountain gorillas for many years. Some of the people who lived in the area did not like her because of her beliefs about how the gorillas should be treated. She did not want them in zoos or to be killed. Many people all over the world now think she is a hero for what she did to help gorillas. There is a movie that was made based on what she experienced in Africa. It is called "Gorilla in the Mist". Her book, also named "Gorillas in the Mist" is the best selling book on gorillas of all time.
She later was recognized for saving mountain gorillas and started the successful fund to help raise money for gorillas everywhere.
Her death.
Fossey was murdered in her cabin on December 26, 1985. Her head was cut by a panga, a local weapon used by poachers. Many people think poachers did this but there are other people who believe her murder was because of her beliefs against using the gorillas for tourism and financial gain. Fossey was buried at the site she created as a graveyard for the gorillas.

Maryland
Maryland is a state in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States of America. It is on the south east of the East Coast. Its capital is Annapolis, and its biggest city is Baltimore.
Its Governor is Martin O'Malley. He was elected in the 2006 election. He used to be the mayor of Baltimore.
The state bird is the Baltimore Oriole, which is no longer found in Maryland. The state flower is the Black-eyed Susan ("Rudbeckia hirta"). The state reptile is the diamondback terrapin. The state crustacean is the blue crab. The state motto is "Fatti maschii, parole femine", which is Italian for "Manly deeds, womanly words". Maryland is the only state with a motto in Italian.
Maryland has many places important to the American Revolutionary War, the War of 1812, and the American Civil War. One of these places is Fort McHenry, which defended against the British Empire during the War of 1812. Another place is the Antietam National Battlefield, where the Battle of Antietam took place during the American Civil War.
Bethesda, Greenbelt, Bowie, Salisbury, and College Park are major cities.

Billy Paul
Billy Paul (born Paul Williams on December 1, 1934 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) is an American R&B singer. His biggest hit was "Me and Mrs. Jones".

Rita Coolidge
Rita Coolidge (May 1, 1945) is a Native American singer.

Carole Bayer Sager
Carole Bayer Sager (born March 8, 1947) is an American songwriter and singer.

Elvis Costello
Elvis Costello (born August 25, 1954) is a English singer and songwriter. His real name is Declan Patrick McManus and he was born in London. He was an important musician in the late 1970s punk rock and new wave music styles. In the 1980s, he played an original style of rock and roll. Later he wrote and performed music in a number of different styles from classical to jazz.
After two earlier marriages he married jazz pianist Diana Krall in 2003.

The Cure
The Cure are a goth rock band. They formed in Crawley, England in 1976.
History.
The Cure began in 1976 as 'Easy Cure', formed by Robert Smith (vocals, guitar) along with schoolmates Michael Dempsey (bass), Lol Tolhurst (drums) and local guitar hero Porl Thompson. They began writing and demoing their own songs almost immediately, playing throughout 1977 in Southern England to an ever growing army of fans. In 1978 the 'Easy' was dropped, along with Porl, and an eager trio now known simply as The Cure were quickly signed to Chris Parry's new Fiction label.
First album.
In May 1979 their debut album Three Imaginary Boys was released to great acclaim, and as the band toured extensively around the UK, the singles “Boys Don't Cry” and “Jumping Someone Else's Train” were released. Michael left the band at the end of the year, and Simon Gallup (bass) and Matthieu Hartley (keyboards) joined. In early 1980 the 4-piece Cure embarked on an exploration of the darker side of Robert's songwriting, and emerged with the minimalist classic Seventeen Seconds, along with their first bona-fide 'hit single' “A Forest.”
Results and second album.
After an intense world tour Matthieu left the group, and in early 1981 the trio recorded an album of mournful atmospheric soundscapes entitled Faith, which included another successful single in “Primary.”
Third album.
The band then set out on a second global trek, named “The Picture Tour,” during which they released the non-album single “Charlotte Sometimes.” In 1982 The Cure went back into the studio, and their increasingly ugly fascination with despair and decay culminated in the unrelenting sonic attack of pornography. An intensely volatile tour ensued, and the single “The Hanging Garden” was released just as Simon left the band.
First dance single.
After pushing the limits of excess, Robert felt he had to change things, and did so by 'going pop' again. Rejuvenated, the now 2-piece Cure released their first real dance single, the cheesy “Let's Go To Bed,” and during the making of the accompanying video forged a colorful and lasting relationship with director Tim Pope. The band continued into 1983 with the groovy electronic dance of “The Walk,” followed by the demented cartoon jazz of “The Lovecats.”
Fourth album.
In 1984 The Top was released, a strange hallucinogenic mix, which contained the infectiously psychedelic single “The Caterpillar.”
Expansion of the band.
The world ‘Top Tour’ saw the band expand to a 5-piece, with the addition of Andy Anderson (drums) and Phil Thornalley (bass), and the return of Porl Thompson (guitar).
The new Cure sound was captured live for the album Concert. Andy and Phil left soon after the end of the tour, and were replaced by Boris Williams (drums) and further returnee Simon Gallup (bass). This new incarnation started work on 1985's The Head On The Door with a very real sense of 'something happening'... The vibrant hit single “Inbetween Days” was followed up by “Close To Me,” and the ensuing world tour paved the way for the massive success of the singles collection Standing On A Beach in 1986. That summer saw the band headline the Glastonbury Festival for the first time, and a year of extensive gigs and festivals was crowned by Tim Pope's live concert film The Cure In Orange.
First double album.
In 1987 The Cure brought out Kiss Me Kiss Me Kiss Me, an immense double album of extreme and extraordinary stylistic range, and with the arrival of Roger O'Donnell on keyboards the 6-piece Cure traveled the world with the 'Kissing Tour', enjoying 4 more hit singles along the way. The wonderfully atmospheric Disintegration was demoed in 1988 and released in 1989, and despite being a work of powerful brooding grandeur, it too gave rise to 4 hit singles. The awesome 'Prayer Tour' that followed, with the band back down to a 5-piece following the departure of Lol Tolhurst, included some of The Cure's best performances to date, and was captured live for the album Entreat.
Replacing of Roger O'Donnell.
In early 1990 Roger O'Donnell left the group, and was replaced by long-time band friend Perry Bamonte, just in time for a series of headlining European festival shows that included the band's second Glastonbury headline slot. The album Mixed Up was released, supported by the re-mixed singles “Never Enough,” “Close To Me” and “A Forest,” and in 1991 The Cure at last won some long overdue “home” recognition with a Brit Award for “Best British Group.”
Sixth album.
In 1992 they recorded Wish, a richly diverse multi-faceted guitar driven album hailed by some as their best work to date. It spawned 3 fabulous hit singles, and the glorious ‘Wish Tour' that followed was a worldwide sell out. The sheer power of the shows inspired the release of two live works in 1993, Paris and Show. Immediately after the tour ended, guitarist Porl Thompson left the band again (this time with a smile!), and The Cure headlined the XFM 'Great Xpectations Show' in London's Finsbury Park as a 4-piece. The band also contributed '”urn” to the film “The Crow” and covered “Purple Haze” for the Hendrix tribute album 'Stone Free'.
Seventh album.
In 1994 Boris Williams decided to move on, and in early 1995 Jason Cooper took up residency behind the drum kit, with Roger O'Donnell rejoining once more on keyboards. Work on the next album was interspersed with recording “Dredd Song” for the film “Judge Dredd,” a cover of Bowie's “Young Americans” for an XFM album, and headlining several major European festivals, including the 25th Glastonbury. Wild Mood Swings was released in 1996, and went straight into almost every top ten around the world. The Cure hit the road once more with 'The Swing Tour', their longest to date, and released 4 more singles.
Eighth album.
Galore, the follow up singles and video compilation to Standing On A Beach, was released in 1997, after which work took place in 1998 on a variety of projects, including “More than This” for the “X Files” album, and a memorable appearance by Robert in “South Park!” In 1999 the band completed the recording and mixing of what many regard as their best studio album so far, the Grammy Nominated Bloodflowers. With it's release in 2000 the band set off on the massive world-wide 'Dreamtour' - playing to more than a million people in 9 months.
Ninth album.
2001 saw the long awaited release of the Cure's “Greatest Hits” album, which featured all the band's biggest selling singles along with 2 new songs, the elegiac “Cut Here” and the ebullient “Just Say Yes,” a duet with Saffron. This year also saw the end of the group's relationship with Fiction Records, the label they had been instrumental in starting 23 years before.
Festivals in Europe.
In 2002 the band spent the summer headlining a number of European Festivals before going into rehearsals for two very special nights in November at the Tempodrom Berlin, where they performed all the tracks from Pornography, Disintegration and Bloodflowers plus encores! Both performances were shot in Hi-Def video on 12 cameras, and Trilogy DVD was released in 2003 as another chapter of The Cure story opened, the band signing a 3 album global deal with the Geffen label.
Tenth album.
2004 saw the release of 'Join the Dots', a 4cd Boxset of all the B-sides and Rarities, followed by the widely acclaimed new album ‘The Cure’, and another hugely successful world tour.
In 2005 Perry Bamonte and Roger O’Donnell left the band and Porl Thompson joined for a third time. The quartet’s debut show was headlining Live 8 Paris, followed by a number of other summer European Festivals. The first 4 Cure albums (Three Imaginary Boys, Seventeen Seconds, Faith and Pornography) were re-released, with Robert providing 'rarities' for Deluxe Edition extras CD's, as part of an ongoing campaign to remaster and re-issue all the Cure albums. Immediately after closing a week of Teenage Cancer Trust Shows at the Royal Albert Hall in April 2006, the band started recording their 13th studio album.
Eleventh album.
In August the second set of re-releases (The Top, The Head On The Door, Kiss Me Kiss Me Kiss Me) was released, each album as a 2CD Deluxe Edition, along with 1983’s Glove album Blue Sunshine, while in the studio The Cure passed the 30 new songs mark… In November ‘Festival 2005’, a 155 minute 5.1 DVD comprising a 30 song selection of live performances captured the previous summer by a mix of fans, crew and ‘on-the-night-big-screen cameras’, was released.

Crawley
Crawley is a town in West Sussex, England, near to Gatwick Airport. Crawley was built into a New Town in 1947 and now has thirteen neighbourhoods.
Some famous people from Crawley are a music band The Cure and Gareth Southgate, an England football player.
Pound Hill.
Pound Hill is a neighbourhood in Crawley. Pound Hill is located on the east of Crawley. It is the largest of the 13 neighbourhoods of Crawley. Until 2004, it was the first one to be split into two wards - Pound Hill North and Pound Hill South. Its boundaries extend north beyond the main built-up area of Crawley. This makes it also the most northerly neighbourhood in the town.

Blue Öyster Cult
Blue Öyster Cult is a psychedelic rock band that formed in Long Island, New York in 1967. They have many well-known songs like "(Don't Fear) The Reaper", and "Burnin' For You".
The group's best known songs are probably: The 1976 single "(Don't Fear) The Reaper" from the album Agents of Fortune (featured in the movie Halloween, and in the TV movie The Stand based on Stephen King's novel of the same name, and in the credits of Peter Jackson's 1996 movie The Frighteners and the 1981 single "Burnin' for You" from the album Fire of Unknown Origin and "Godzilla" (1977).

Steppenwolf
Steppenwolf is a American rock band formed in Los Angeles in 1967. The band has sold more than 25 million units worldwide, releasing 8 gold albums and 13 Hot 100 singles, including three top-10 hits in "Born to Be Wild", '"Magic Carpet Ride", and "Rock Me".

Creedence Clearwater Revival
Creedence Clearwater Revival was a rock band from California, United States. Many people thought they were from the Southeastern United States because the group's music sounded like the country, folk, and blues music of that place. They were popular and most active in the 1960s and early 1970s. The members of the group were John Fogerty, his brother Tom Fogerty, Doug Clifford, and Stu Cook.

Ferret
A ferret, the domestic ferret ("Mustela putorius furo"), is a small animal from the Mustelidae family. Several other Mustelids have the word "ferret" in their name, but they are not the same.
Characteristics.
It looks like a weasel or a rat, with a long thin body. Ferrets can have a lot of different colours and markings on their fur. A lot of ferrets in one place will sometimes have a strange scent. This is because of natural oils produced by the ferrets.
Ferrets and humans.
Domesticated ferrets are used for hunting, or can be kept as pets. Hunting with ferrets is called ferreting. Because of their thin body they can go down into holes and hunt rodents and rabbits.

Three Dog Night
Three Dog Night were a popular American rock band from the late 1960s and early 1970s. They had 21 hit singles and 12 gold albums between 1969 and 1975.

Grand Funk Railroad
Grand Funk Railroad were an American rock group from Flint, Michigan. They were popular in the early and mid 1970s.

Sweet (band)
Sweet aka The Sweet or originally The Sweetshop were an English glam rock band, they were most famous for the songs "Ballroom Blitz", "Little Willie", "Fox on the Run" and "Love is Like Oxygen".

Prince (musician)
Prince Rogers Nelson (better known as Prince) (born June 7, 1958) is an American singer and musician. He was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota. He has been known for blending erotic lyrics with funk rock and technology.

Duane Eddy
Duane Eddy (born April 26, 1938) was Grammy Award-winning American rock guitarist. Many people enjoyed his music and tried to play the same way as he did. He is best known for the music that he played without singing words. Few years after his Rebel Rouser hit, he was one of the first rock artists to sell whole albums instead of only single songs.

Nurse
A nurse is a person who is trained to give care (help) to people who are sick or injured. Nurses work with doctors and other health care workers to make patients well (not sick) and to keep them healthy. Nurses also help with end-of-life needs and assist other family members with grieving.
Nursing is a profession, like a doctor, but training for a nurse is different in how long a person must train and what kind of training they need. In some places, nurses may train for three to five years or more before they get a license as a nurse.
Nurses work in many places. Nurses work in hospitals, in doctor's offices, and in the community, and they even visit people at home.
Sometimes people decide to become nurses rather than doctors, because the nurses will be able to help patients directly, by talking to them, doing things they need, carefully watching that nothing goes wrong, and then seeing them as they get better.
Like doctors, nurses can specialize in what work they do. Some nurses train and work to help during surgery. Some nurses train to help people understand health problems like nutrition (what to eat), and disease (what can make people sick). Nurses can do many different jobs to help people.
Nurses are in demand because there are not enough nurses to handle hospital needs. Because of this shortage nurses will sometimes travel to another location to work for a few months in what is called travel nursing
Nursing in Australia.
Nursing in Australia is done by "Registered Nurses" or "Enrolled Nurses". Both must complete education past high school. An Enrolled Nurse must complete a course of study between 12 and 18 months. Registered Nurses need to complete a Bachelor Degree.

Violent Femmes
The Violent Femmes are a rock group. They formed in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA in 1980.

Ozzy Osbourne
Ozzy Osbourne (born December 3, 1948) is a British heavy metal singer. He was born in Birmingham, England on December 3, 1948. He was the lead singer for Black Sabbath between 1968 and 1978. He bit the head off of a bat on stage once. His wife Sharon and he have three kids, named Aimee, Kelly and Jack. He also has three children from his first marriage, named Elliot, Jessica, and Louis.

Dinah Shore
Dinah Shore (real name: Frances Rose Shore, March 1, 1917- February 24, 1994) was an American singer and host of her own talk show.

Bryan Adams
Bryan Adams OC, OBC, (born Bryan Guy Adams on November 5, 1959) is a Canadian rock singer-songwriter and photographer. Adams won two awards in 1992 at the 34th Grammy Awards, including "Best Pop Instrumental Performance" and "Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media" for his work on the ' soundtrack. He has also been nominated for several Grammy Awards; Adams was first nominated at the 28th Grammy Awards for "Reckless" and "It's Only Love". He has been awarded the Order of Canada and the Order of British Columbia for his contribution to popular music and his philanthropic work. During his career, he has sold an estimated sixty-five million records. Adams was inducted into Canada's Walk of Fame in 1998 and in April 2006, he was inducted into the Music Hall of Fame at Canada's Juno Awards. He was recently nominated for his fifth Golden Globe in 2007 for songwriting on the film "Bobby" and has been nominated three times for Academy Awards for his music in film.
Early years: 1959 - 1979.
Adams was born in Kingston, Ontario, Canada, to English parents. From his grandmother he also inherited a Maltese ancestry. As Adams' father was a diplomat, he grew up travelling around the world with his parents. Most of his youth was spent in Europe, part of the time in Birre, Portugal, situated close to Lisbon. In 1973, Adams' family returned to Canada and settled down in North Vancouver, BC. His musical goals began during his teenage years, and as he explained to Carlo D'Agostino from "Rolling Stone" magazine, "In high school, I was too far into my music to even pay attention to girls." He washed dishes, sold pet food, and worked in record stores, and at the age of 15, Adams quit school to play in nightclubs with bands like Shock and Sweeney Todd, who released an album called "If Wishes Were Horses" with the fifteen year old Adams as lead singer.
A serendipitous meeting with drummer Jim Vallance in a Vancouver music store led to a song-writing partnership that continues to this day. Adams and Vallance were both disenchanted with the club scene and both worked in Vancouver studios doing sessions. As O'Hara from "Maclean's" magazine phrased it, "Vallance was looking for a singer, Adams was looking for a route to musical respectability, and the two hit it off immediately."
In 1978, at the age of 18, Adams sent a few demo recordings to A&M Records in Toronto, and was signed to them not long afterwards for the sum of one dollar. He has released sixteen albums since then. Some of the first demos written in 1978 have surfaced over the years, most notably "I'm Ready" (recorded for both the album "Cuts Like a Knife" and later his release for MTV Unplugged) and "Remember", which was recorded on his first album. Both songs were covered by other artists even before his first album was released. Also recorded during this time was a demo of the song, "Let Me Take You Dancing".
1980 - 1983.
The self-titled debut album was released in February of 1980, and marked the beginning of what was to become a long songwriting partnership between Adams and co-writer Jim Vallance. With the exception of "Remember" and "Wastin' Time", most of the album was recorded from October 29 to November 29, 1979 at Manta Studios in Toronto and co-produced by Adams and Vallance. The album was certified gold in Canada in 1986.
Adams' second album, "You Want It You Got It", was recorded in New York City in two weeks and it marked Adams' first album co-produced by Bob Clearmountain. It was released in 1981 and contained the FM radio hit, "Lonely Nights", but it was not until his third album that he achieved international recognition, popularity and sales.
"Cuts Like a Knife" released in January 1983, was Adams' breakout album due mainly to the lead singles. "Straight from the Heart" was the most successful song from "Cuts Like A Knife" reaching number ten on the Billboard Hot 100. Another single, "Cuts Like a Knife" charted at number fifteen. "This Time" also placed on the Hot 100. Music videos were released for four of the singles from the album. "Cuts Like a Knife" arguably became Adams' most recognizable and popular song from the album. Its music video received heavy airplay on music television. The album peaked at number eight on the Billboard 200 album chart and achieved three times Platinum status in Canada, platinum in the United States and gold in Australia.
1984 - 1987.
Adams best-selling album, "Reckless" co-produced by Adams and Bob Clearmountain, peaked at number one on the Billboard 200. The album was released in November 1984 and featured the singles "Run to You", and "Summer of '69". The hit single "It's Only Love" was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Rock Vocal Performance by a Duo or Group. In 1986, the song won an MTV award for Best Stage Performance. After the release of the album, Adams was nominated for Best Male Rock Performance. The album is Adams best-selling album in the United States and was certified five times platinum.
"Reckless" included the hit singles "Run to You", "Heaven", "Summer of '69", "One Night Love Affair", and "It's Only Love". All the singles had accompanying music videos and all charted on the Billboard Hot 100 but only "Run to You", "Summer of '69", and "Heaven" peaked in the top ten. "Heaven" would become the most successful single from "Reckless" at the time of its release on the pop charts, reaching number one on the Billboard Hot 100 and number nine on the mainstream rock chart.
In December 1984, Adams and his touring band which consists of Keith Scott, Dave Taylor, Pat Steward and Johnny Blitz played concerts in Chicago, Detroit, New York and Philadelphia. In early 1985, Adams' started a tour throughout the United States, then later Japan, Australia, Europe and at last Canada. After winning four Juno Awards Adams started a Canadian tour through major cities across that country. Later he headed south towards the American West Coast, culminating with two dates at the studded Paladium in Los Angeles.
After the tour in the United States, Adams traveled to Ethiopia to aid famine relief in the country. Adams later headed back to Europe for a fifty-city concert tour with rock singer Tina Turner, culminating in April with his return to London to headline three sold-out shows at the Hammersmith Odeon in London. Adams began the first leg of his tour entitled "World Wide in 85" which started in Oklahoma and ended in October 1985. Adams would later visit Vancouver, Canada, and afterwards returned to the American East Coast to play two sold-out concerts in New York.
The follow up album to "Reckless" was "Into the Fire" which was released in 1987 (see 1987 in music). The album was recorded at Cliffhanger Studios in Vancouver, British Columbia and mixed at AIR Studios in London and Warehouse Studio in Vancouver. This album contained the hit songs "Heat Of The Night" and "Hearts On Fire".
1991 - 1992.
Adams next album, "Waking up the Neighbours", co-produced by Adams and Mutt Lange, sold over ten million copies worldwide and peaked at number six on the Billboard 200. The album was released in September 1991 and featured the hit singles "Can't Stop This Thing We Started" and "(Everything I Do) I Do It for You". This song was also used in the film ', starring Kevin Costner and Alan Rickman. The album and single topped the charts in many countries with "(Everything I Do) I Do It For You" spending a record-breaking sixteen weeks at number one on UK Singles Chart and topping the charts in almost every country in the world. It also achieved record-breaking sales of four million copies in the US. Canadian content regulations were revised in 1991 to allow radio stations to credit airplay of this album towards their legal requirements to play Canadian music. Adams won a Grammy Award in 1991 for Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or for Television.
Adams further supported the album with his tour, Waking Up the World which started on October 4, 1991, in Belfast, Northern Ireland. On December 18, 1991, Adams played two first-ever shows in Reykjavik, Iceland and then performed in the U.S. with a concert at the Ritz Theatre on the 10th of January. It was a sell-out in less than twenty minutes. In attendance were music legends Ben E. King and Nona Hendrix. The Canadian leg of the ‘Waking Up The World’ Tour kicked off in Sydney, Nova Scotia on January 13, 1992, and wrapped up with a standing room only concert in Vancouver, Canada, on the 31st. In February 1992, he started touring in New Zealand and Australia for seven dates—kicking off with a press conference in Sydney. On February 21, the tour headed to Japan for approximately a dozen shows in six cities. Bryan taped an interview with Much Music’s Terry Dave Mulligan in Calgary, Alberta and the air date was scheduled for mid-March. The tour continued through several European countries in June of 1992, including Italy, Germany, Holland and Scandinavia, and in July 1992, Bryan performed for the first time in Hungary and Turkey. In September through December of 1993, the tour took place in the US. The Asian tour headed to Thailand, Singapore, Japan, and Hong Kong in February, 1993, before returning to the US during March through May.
1993 - 1999.
Released in June 1996, the album "18 til I Die" contained the hit singles "Lets Make a Night to Remember" and the number one song "Have You Ever Really Loved A Woman", and the album peaked at number thirty-one on the "Billboard" 200 in the United States and held that position for three weeks. Even more successful in Canada, "18 til I Die" would reach number four. The album was released in Australia, Europe and New Zealand in late June 1996. It reached the UK top five and peaked at number one which would be Adams' second in a row. It continued the trend of lower-charting albums when it was released. Although "18 til I Die" reached the top ten in the Netherlands, Belgia, Switzerland, Finland, Norway, Austria, Sweden, Germany and Australia, it was a moderate top twenty success in France and Ireland.
The album has been certified platinum in the United States and is Adams last studio effort which has been certified by the RIAA. "18 til I Die" was certified three times platinum in Canada and Australia and two times platinum in the UK.
In December 1997, Adams released "MTV Unplugged" with three new tracks: "Back to You", "A Little Love" and "When You Love Someone". "Back to You" was the first single, followed by "I'm Ready", an acoustic version of the "Cut's Like A Knife"'s track.
"On a Day Like Today" was released in 1998 and was the first studio album since "Cuts Like a Knife" which wasn't certified by the RIAA. However it was certified platinum in the UK and generated two top-ten singles: "Cloud Number Nine" and "When You're Gone", a duet with Melanie C, from Spice Girls, that was a smash-hit in the UK (douple platium) and throughout Europe.
After the release of "On A Day Like Today" Adams' released "The Best of Me", a greatest hits collection that includes two new songs, the title track "The Best of Me" and the dance track "Don't Give Up". The album was certified three times platinum in Canada and Platinum in the UK. The single from the album, "The Best of Me" became a very successful hit with the exception of the US, where it was not released as a single.
Later years: 2000 - present.
Six years after the release of "On a Day Like Today", "Room Service" was released on September 2004 and peaked at number four in the UK, selling 440,000 copies in its first week in Europe. The single, "Open Road", was the most successful single from the album and peaked at number one in Canada and number twenty-one in the UK. In May 2008, the album was also released in the US and charted at number one hundred thirty-four on the Billboard 200.
In 2005, "Anthology, the first 2-disc compilation was released, containing two new tracks. The US release features a new version of "When You're Gone", a duet with Pamela Anderson.
In 2006, Adams contributed to the soundtrack of the film, "The Guardian" starring Kevin Costner and Ashton Kutcher. Adams wrote and performed the theme song "Never Let Go" which was featured in the closing credits. Adams also co-wrote the song "Never Gonna Break My Faith" for the film "Bobby". The song was performed by the R&B singers Aretha Franklin and Mary J. Blige and earned him a Golden Globe Nomination in 2007.
Adams released his eleventh effort "11" internationally on March 17, 2008. The album was released in the US exclusively at Wal-Mart and Sam's Club retail stores on May 13, 2008. The first single released from the album was "I Thought I'd Seen Everything". Adams is planning an 11-day, 11-country acoustic promotional tour for the support of the album in Europe. The album debuted at number one in Canada (making it his first album to reach that position since "Waking Up the Neighbours" in 1991). In the United States the album charted at number eighty.
Social activist.
Since the 1980s, Bryan Adams has been a noted social activist, participating in concerts and other activities to help raise money and awareness for a variety of different causes. His first high profile charity appearance came in 1985 when he opened the US transmission of Live Aid from Philadelphia. In June of the next year, Adams participated in the two-week Amnesty International "A Conspiracy of Hope" tour alongside Sting, U2 and Peter Gabriel. His next appearance for Amnesty was in February 1987 on Rock For Amnesty with Paul McCartney, Sting and Dire Straits, among others.
Playing in the U.S. section of Live Aid, Adams did not get the chance to play at Wembley Stadium; however, another opportunity came in June 1987 when Adams played there at the 5th Annual Prince's Trust Rock Gala along with Elton John, George Harrison, Ringo Starr and others. Adams was to return to Wembley Stadium the following year when he performed at the Nelson Mandela birthday party concert.
Adams helped commemorate the fall of the Berlin Wall when, in 1990, he joined many other guests (including his songwriting partner Michael Kamen) for Roger Waters' massive performance of "The Wall" in Berlin, Germany. He performed on the song, "The Tide Is Turning" with Waters, Joni Mitchell, Cyndi Lauper, Van Morrison, Paul Carrack and others.
On January 29, 2005, Adams joined the CBC benefit concert in Toronto for victims of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake. Twenty years after performing at Live Aid in the USA, Adams played at Canada's Live 8 show in Barrie, Ontario. Later that year, he performed in Qatar and raised an astonishing £1.5M ($2,617,000) from the concert and the auction of a guitar that had been signed by many of the world's most prominent guitarists for this occasion. The money went to Qatar's "Reach Out to Asia" campaign to help the underprivileged across the continent. Money raised also went to some of his own projects like rebuilding a school in Thailand and building a new sports center in Sri Lanka, both of which had been devastated by the Indian Ocean tsunami.
On January 29, 2006, Adams became the first Western artist to perform in Karachi, Pakistan, in conjunction with a benefit concert to raise money for underprivileged children to go to school. Some of the proceeds of that concert also went to victims of the 2005 Pakistan earthquake.
On October 18, 2007, Adams was billed to perform in Tel Aviv and Jericho as part of the OneVoice Movement concerts, hoping to aid in solving the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The peace concert for supporters of a two-state solution to the conflict with Israel was called off because of security concerns.
In the mid 1990s, Adams successfully campaigned for the Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary with Greenpeace Chairman David McTaggart (the two distributed over 500,000 postcards at concerts around the world encouraging politicians to vote "yes" for the creation of the sanctuary).
Adams wrote a letter on behalf of the animal rights group PETA to protest KFC's treatment of chickens. He wrote to KFC Canadian CEO in November 2007 asking them to become leaders in using more modern and more humane methods of killing. Adams has been a vegan for 17 years and was also featured as a nominee for PETA's Sexiest Vegetarians of the Year.
On May 25, 2005, Adams raised £1.3M with cousin Johnny Armitage, from a concert and auction entitled Rock by the River for the Royal Marsden Hospital in London. On May 15 of the next year, Adams returned to London to attend the Hope Foundation's event (hosted by designer Bella Freud), helping to raise a portion of the £250,000 to support the Palestinian refugee children. The following June, he offered individuals from the public the chance to bid to sing with him live in concert at three different charity auctions in London. Over £50,000 was raised with money going to the NSPCC, Children in Need, and the University College Hospital. On February 28, 2008 he appeared in One Night Live at the Air Canada Centre in Toronto, Canada with Josh Groban, Sarah McLachlan, Jann Arden and RyanDan in aid of the Sunnybrook Hospital Women and Babies Program.
To support the peace in Georgia, Adams played a special outdoor concert in Tbilisi, on September 19, 2008.
As a photographer.
Adams has had his photographs published in British Vogue, L'uomo Vogue, Vanity Fair, Harper's Bazaar, Esquire, Interview magazine and i-D, among others. His other photographic efforts include publishing Zoo Magazine, the fashion/art magazine based in Berlin, Germany. On June 1, 2005, he published his first book of photos in the United States with Calvin Klein called "American Women"; proceeds from this book go to breast cancer research for programs at the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City. He released a similar book of photos called "Made In Canada" in December 1999 followed by Haven in 2000. All of his books were dedicated to his friend Donna, who died of the disease.
As a photographer, Adams has worked with many of his musical peers, including Mick Jagger, Rod Stewart, Robert Plant, Joss Stone, Placido Domingo, Celine Dion, Billy Idol, Moby, Amy Winehouse, t.A.T.u., Annie Lennox, Peter Gabriel, Lenny Kravitz and Morrissey to name a few. On November 27, 2000 Bryan played onstage with The Who at the Royal Albert Hall. A DVD of the concert was issued. Bryan photographed the band and his photos appear in the DVD booklet.
In 2002, Adams was invited, along with other photographers from the Commonwealth, to photograph Queen Elizabeth II during her Golden Jubilee; one of the photographs from this session was used as a Canadian postage stamp in 2004 and again in 2005 (see Queen Elizabeth II definitive stamp (Canada)), another portrait of both Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip is now in the National Portrait Gallery in London.
Bryan Adams supports the "Hear the World" initiative as official photographer in its aim to raise global awareness for the topic of hearing and hearing loss. Adams has been shooting the covers for their magazine, a quarterly culture and lifestyle publication dedicated to the topic of hearing.

Johnny Horton
John Gale "Johnny" Horton (April 30, 1925- November 5, 1960) was an American country singer.

Roy Orbison
Roy Orbison (April 23, 1936- December 6, 1988) was an American singer.

Taylor Dayne
Taylor Dayne (born as Leslie Wonderman on March 7, 1962) is an American singer. She is best known for her song, "Tell it to my heart".

Stephen Stills
Stephen Stills (January 3, 1945-) is an American singer and songwriter. He is most famous as a member of the groups Buffalo Springfield and Crosby, Stills & Nash.

SpongeBob SquarePants
"SpongeBob SquarePants" is an animated television series created by Stephen Hillenburg for the Nickelodeon cable television network. The main character on this show, a sponge, is a fry cook who works at a restaurant called the "Krusty Krab", which is run by a crab by the name of Eugene H. Krabs.
"SpongeBob" ranks as one of Nickelodeon's most popular franchises, along with "The Fairly OddParents", "Rugrats" and '. Many SpongeBob video games, plus a theatrical movie, have been created since the show began in 1999.
Characters.
These are some of the characters that are in this show.

Paul & Paula
Paul & Paula (Ray Hildebrand, born December 21, 1940, and Jill Jackson, born May 20, 1942) are a One-hit wonder group known for their song "Hey Paula".

Seafood
Seafood is food made from fish or other sea animals (such as shrimp and lobsters). The harvesting (collecting) of seafood is called fishing.
Seafood is rich in protein, and is usually thought as healthy food.

Peer review
Peer review is a process used when publishing documents and in scientific papers where the work is reviewed by the author's peer group (someone in their field). It is a way of checking and reviewing a person's work.

Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico, also known as the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, is a territory or colony of the United States in the Caribbean Sea. It has almost 4 million (4,000,000) people. It is the 169th largest sized country in the world in amount of land. Its political system is based on a republican system. It has two languages: Spanish and English. The currency (money) used is the United States dollar. "Puerto Rico" means "rich port" in English.
The Commonwealth of Puerto Rico includes the largest, main island and a number of smaller islands, including Mona, Vieques, and Culebra. Of those three smaller islands, only Culebra and Vieques are populated all year. Mona is unpopulated, but employees of the Puerto Rico Department of Natural Resources sometimes visit the island to inspect it and its wildlife. People can visit the island for hiking and camping by getting the permission needed. San Juan, on the northern side of the main island, is the island's largest city and capital.
History of Puerto Rico.
The history of Puerto Rico began when the Ortoiroid people started living in the island between 3000 and 2000 BC. Other tribes, for example the Saladoid and Arawak Indians, lived in the island between 430 BC and 1000 AD. When Christopher Columbus discovered the island in the New World in 1492 and named it "San Juan Bautista", the people living there were the "Taínos".
Since it can be found in the northeastern Caribbean Sea, Puerto Rico formed an important part of the Spanish Empire from the early years of the exploration, conquest, and colonization of the New World. The island was a major military post during many wars between Spain and other European countries for control of the region in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries.
In 1898, during the Spanish–American war, Puerto Rico was invaded and became a possession of the United States. During the 20th century, Puerto Rico's political status changed from time to time. The Foraker Act of 1900 created a civil government to replace the military government made after the Spanish–American war, and the Jones Act of 1917 gave Puerto Rican people United States citizenship. Afterwards, in 1952, the drafting of Puerto Rico's own Constitution and democratic elections were established.
However, the political status of Puerto Rico, a Commonwealth controlled by the United States, is still not completely defined. Many people want to resolve this status, while others want the status to remain the same. Of the people who want to change the status, some want Puerto Rico to become a new U.S. state, while others want Puerto Rico to become a fully independent country.
Geography.
Puerto Rico is an archipelago, with a main island where most of the population lives, two smaller islands (Vieques and Culebra) with residents, and many other smaller islands. The main island has a mountain range in the center, which covers most of the island. The highest point, called "Cerro de Punta", is 4,390 feet (1,338 meters) high above sea level. Puerto Rico also has 17 man-made lakes and 50 rivers.
Political parties.
Puerto Rico has three principal political parties, the Independence Puerto Rican Party (socialdemocracy), New Progressive Party (PNP) that is the Puerto Rico statehood party, and the Popular Democratic Party (PPD) that is the colonialist party.
References.
"This article has text from the English Wikipedia articles Puerto Rico and History of Puerto Rico."

Jonathan Ke Quan
Jonathan Ke Quan (born August 20, 1971 as Ke Huy Quan) is a Vietnamese-American former child actor.
In the 1980s, he appeared in several movies. His best known roles were as Short Round in "Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom" (1984) and Data in "The Goonies" (1985). He nows works as a stunt coordinator on many movies, for example "X-Men".
In Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, he was an orphan in the streets of Shanghai when he becomes Indy's(Harrison Ford) friend. They end up in India where Indy, Short Round and night club singer Willie Scott(Kate Capshaw) fight Indians, save children, and scream to death in a mine car chase. They go through a lot of things together, like a family. Yet, everyone must say good-bye someday.

Pilgrimage
A pilgrimage is when people travel to a place of worship that is usually far away. They may have to go to a different city or country. Usually a pilgrimage is done for spiritual or religious reasons. Muslims have to do a pilgrimage to Mecca. This is called Hajj. Other modern-day pilgrimages include the Way of Saint James, and the pilgrimage to Mount Kailash.

1703
The year 1703 (MDCCIII) started on a Monday, (or a Thursday by the 11-day slower Julian calendar).

Watermelon
A watermelon is a type of edible fruit. They are 92% water. About six percent of a watermelon is sugar. This makes them very quite sweet. There are many different types of watermelon. Some have a green rind on the outside and a red-pink flesh on the inside, with black seeds. Some can have yellow flesh, and some can be seedless. The green rind on the outside is not usually eaten, though it can be used as a vegetable. It can also be stewed or pickled. Most watermelons are oblong or spherical. In Japan, watermelons are grown in different shapes. Many people like to eat watermelon in the summer because the fruit is cool and refreshing.
Watermelons are a great source vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin B6 and vitamin B1. They also contain potassium, magnesium, carotenoid antioxidant, and lycopene.

Black Sea
The Black Sea is a sea surrounded by land. It is between Europe and Asia and is linked to the Mediterranean by the narrow Bosphorus.
"Upper sea" and/or "Kardunia's sea" is an old name of the sea called the Black Sea in later centuries. Though "Black" is inappropriate to its azure blue waves and the name Black Sea has been denounced in the society and in the poem of Pridon Khalvashi from Sakartuelo i.e. Georgia in 1975, that name is still used.

Monrovia
Monrovia is the capital of Liberia.

Paul Anka
Paul Anka (born July 30, 1941) is a Canadian-born singer and songwriter of Lebanese origin.
Anka is famous for such songs as "Diana" (1957) and "Lonely Boy" (1959)

Neil Young
Neil Percival Young (born November 12, 1945) is a Canadian musician. He is known for his country and rock songs. Sometimes people call him the Godfather of Grunge because the style of some of his songs led to the kind of music called grunge music that started to be popular in the early 1990s. Many of his songs have a political and/or personal message. He was also a member of the groups Buffalo Springfield and Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young.
Some of his best-known songs are "Heart of Gold", "Helpless", "After the Gold Rush", "Rockin' in the Free World", "Cinnamon Girl", "Southern Man" and "Like a Hurricane".
Young has explored many different styles of music during his career, and not all his records have been popular. During the 1980s, he was sued by his record company, Reprise Records, who believed he was purposely making records that would not sell. Young won out over Reprise in court.

The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy
"The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy" is a science fiction comedy series by Douglas Adams. It started out as a radio show series for the BBC Radio 4 in 1978. Afterwards Adams wrote a series of five books, which came out from 1979 to 1992. In 1981 it was made into a television series, and in 2005 a movie of the story was made. It has also been a computer game, and several stage plays and comic books.
Movie.
A movie of the book "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy", came out in 2005.

Cookbook
A cookbook, or cookery book, is kind of book that tells people how to prepare food for eating using specific instructions. Most cookbooks also have tips on how to eat and present the food as well. They usually list the ingredients needed, time needed to cook, and the instructions. They may give other tips too.

Somalia
Somalia is a country in East Africa. Its neighbours are Ethiopia and Djibouti on the north and mid-west, and Kenya on its south-west. The Gulf of Aden is on its northeast. And The Indian Ocean is on its east and southeast. The capital is called Mogadishu.
Government.
Somalia is not governed by a single government, because no government is strong enough to influence the entire country. This has been the case since the early 1990s. People in parts of Somalia have made their own government, such as the Republic of Somaliland and Puntland State of Somalia, but only the old national government is recognized by any other country in the world. There have been dozens of attempts at making a working national government, but all of them failed.
Clan Wars.
Somalis are a nation of related families, which are called clans. Groups of clans sometimes band together based on a common ancestor or other blood relationship. Sometimes these family relationships date back hundreds or even thousands of years in the past.
Somalis are mostly cattle or goat herders, and depend on their livestock to live. In Somalia there are limited sources of drinking water and grazing land, and disputes over grazing rights, water rights, or land in general can lead to fighting between families. Because of the clan system, the families involved will call on their clan for help, leading to a clan war.
The discovery of oil and minerals in Somalia, as well as the power and money associated with politics and business, has created more opportunities for families to get ahead, and has also created more reasons for families to have disputes.
Because Somalia does not have a working legal system, the only help a family in Somalia has to solve a dispute with another family is to get their clan involved. The only solution to the clan wars in Somalia is a working legal system, but the only group who has succeeded in creating one is the Islamic Courts Union. Unfortunately the Islamic Courts Union was accused of being terrorists and Ethiopia invaded Somalia to topple their government and put the government they created in power instead.
History.
In ancient times, Somalia was a place where people from Egypt and Arabia went to buy Gum Arabic, Myrrh and Ebony Wood. The Ancient Egyptians used to call it Punt, which meant "God's Land". Somalis started herding cattle and goats about 4,000 years ago, and they remain mostly herders today.
Visitors from as far away as China visited Somalia, like Zheng He.
Ancient History.
About 2.100 years ago, the royal family of a kingdom in Iran called the Bazrangids decided to move to East Africa to get away from being conquered by another kingdom, and built several cities in southern Somalia, including Mogadishu and Baraawe. Around the same time, a kingdom in Yemen called Himyar started building market towns in northern Somalia which would eventually turn into the modern cities of Berbera and Zeila.
About 1,400 years ago, the king of Ethiopia attacked the king of Himyar and made northern Somalia part of his kingdom. 300 years later, the first Ethiopian kingdom would fall apart, and the region the king of Ethiopia took over in northern Somalia converted to Islam. A new Ethiopian kingdom was founded about a hundred years later, and this area, which would come to be known as Ifat, became part of Ethiopia again, but it remained quite independent and Muslim, where Ethiopia was Christian.
Medieval History.
400 more years later, the king of Ethiopia told his subjects that God hated Ifat, and he invaded Ifat with his army, destroying everything he came across and driving the king of Ifat to an island off the coast of Zeila, where he died. The king of Ethiopia then took part of Ifat and added it to his kingdom, and made Ifat pay him lots of money once a year. The remains of Ifat put their kingdom back together again and renamed it Adal.
About a hundred years later, the King of Adal was deposed by an influential warlord by the name of Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi, who had lots of influence with Somali clans across the north. He declared a Jihad against Ethiopia, brought together a huge army that included Turkish musketeers and Somali cavalry. The Somali cavalry were especially deadly because they could shoot arrows while riding their horses, something that the Mongol hordes and Japanese Samurai are also famous for.
Ahmad chose a bad time, however, because the Portuguese Empire was muscling into East Africa. They had taken over the whole east African coast up to Baraawe, and were trying to take over Mogadishu. The Portuguese decided to help out the Ethiopians because the Ethiopians were Christians and the Portuguese didn't like Muslims. Ahmad had taken over more than half of Ethiopia when a troop of Portuguese musketeers showed up to help the Ethiopians out. One Portuguese musketeer managed to shoot Ahmad himself, killing him.
A lot of the Somali cavalry was only there because of Ahmad, so the Jihad ended and Ethiopia wound up invading Adal. The Turks had to send an army to stop them from taking over Zeila, and Adal ended up becoming part of the Turkish Ottoman Empire.
Colonial Times.
The Turks and Portuguese fought over East Africa for the next 200 years, but the Turks eventually won about 270 years ago. Northern Somalia stayed under Turkish protection after Ahmad died, and the east coast including Mogadishu ended up under the protection of the King of Oman. When Egypt declared independence from the Turks a hundred years later, Northern Somalia became part of Egypt. Egypt came under British protection shortly after that, and northern Somalia basically became a British protectorate as well. This became official about 130 years ago, and northern Somalia officially became British Somaliland.
The kingdom of Italy had just come together as one country around this time, and wanted the same things that the other big countries had, like colonies. Italy offered to buy the rights to the east Africa coast from Oman, who was in charge of protecting the cities and small kingdoms there, and Oman agreed. Italy made deals with some of the larger kingdoms for them to be under Italian protection, but the smaller ones Italy just invaded. This became Italian Somaliland.
Ethiopia, which had fallen apart again after Ahmad's Jihad, had recently put itself back together again as well, and started invading small Somali kingdoms as well, and by 1890 there weren't many left. The French got in on this too, but they just took over a small area which today is Djibouti.
Lots of Somalis didn't like what was going on, so a Muslim religious leader named Mohammed Abdullah Hassan started a group called the Darwiish to fight the British, Italians and Ethiopians. The British called him the "Mad Mullah" and spent about 30 years fighting him, eventually using fighter planes against his cavalry. At their height the Darwiish controlled almost a third of Somalia.
World War 2 History.
When Benito Mussolini took power in Italy, he ended the deals he made with the bigger Somali kingdoms and invaded them. Then he invaded and took over Ethiopia, using poison gas on the Ethiopians. Shortly afterwards, World War 2 broke out and he invaded British Somaliland, but two years later the British returned and liberated British Somaliland and Ethiopia as well as taking over Italian Somaliland.
After the war, Britain wanted to put all of the places Somalis lived in one country, which would be a British protectorate. The Ethiopians complained that they should be able to keep the areas they conquered, and the Italians also complained the same thing, so in the end the Ethiopians got to keep their bit, and the Italians did too. However, Italian Somaliland was put under a United Nations mandate, so the Italians couldn't make it a colony.
Cold War History.
In 1960 both British and Italian Somaliland declared independence together as the Republic of Somalia. Many areas where Somalis lived were still part of Britain, Ethiopia and France. Somalia wanted to get back all the areas that had been colonized by the French, Ethiopians and British. Somalia and Ethiopia had a short war in 1964 over the Ethiopian part of Somalia, and it was obvious that more fighting was to come.
in 1969, the President of Somalia was killed by a man who's clan had been hurt by his policies, and General Mohammed Siad Barre took over the country. Siad Barre built a huge army with help from the Soviet Union and, when Ethiopia for the fourth time fell apart (this time because of a Communist takeover) he invaded. The Soviet Union decided that Ethiopia was more important than Somalia and double-crossed Siad Barre, supplying huge amounts of weapons to Ethiopia. Other countries like Cuba and Israel also sent help to Ethiopia, so in the end Siad Barre lost the war.
Ethiopia's new government then began helping Somali rebel groups, who didn't like how Siad Barre took over the country, and these rebel groups toppled Siad Barre' government in 1991 and forced him out of the country. After this, however, all of the rebel groups started fighting amongst themselves over who would be in charge now that Siad Barre was gone.
Eventually, some of the rebel groups decided to make their own governments in the land that they controlled. One, called Somaliland, declared independence from Somalia entirely, while another called Puntland declared independence "for now" until a new Somali national government can be put together. Dozens of attempts to create a new national government failed.
Modern Day History.
Because there was no government in most of Somalia (except where one had been built from scratch, like Puntland and Somaliland) Somalia's only legal system, beyond the law of the gun, was traditional custom and Islamic Sharia law. Because of this, Sharia legal scholars in the lawless south of Somalia gained quite a bit of influence. Around the same time, the people fighting for Somali lands in Ethiopia to be part of Somalia turned to the example of the Afgani Mujahideen, and created their own group called al-Ittihad al-Islamiyya or the Islamic Union. During the 1990s Ethiopia invaded Somalia several times to attack the Islamic Union, who were helping Somali rebels in Ethiopia.
After 2001, the United States of America became very suspicious of both the Sharia courts and the Islamic Union of being terrorists. Warlords made a group called the Alliance for the Restoration of Peace and Counter-Terrorism. The Sharia courts banded together to protect themselves and created the Islamic Courts Union. People liked the Sharia courts and hated the gangsters, so everyone helped the Islamic Courts Union, who defeated the gangsters and drove them out of Mogadishu in 2006. The Islamic Courts Union then formed an army and took over most of southern Somalia.
The United States of America and Ethiopia was alarmed by this takeover, so Ethiopia invaded southern Somalia in 2007 and put a new government in power that was made up of the rebel groups that Ethiopia had funded 15 years earlier. Almost everyone disagreed with this decision, and that same year a rebellion against this new government broke out in Mogadishu and spread across the whole country by 2008.

Mel Blanc
Melvin Jerome Blanc (1908-1989) was a famous voice artist. Nicknamed "The Man of a Thousand Voices", he is best known for his voices in Looney Tunes and Hanna-Barbera cartoons, among others.

ConAgra Foods, Inc.
ConAgra Foods, Inc. is a food packing company that packs food for supermarkets, restaurants, and other businesses. It is located in North America.

IPod
The iPod is a range of portable music players made by the company Apple Inc. The iPod comes with computer cables so that the user can put music from their computer onto the iPod, and play music from it using headphones. Newer iPods allow a user to view pictures and videos, too.
The first iPod was simply named the iPod. This was released in 2001. Apple still makes iPods like this today, but they are now called "iPod Classic".
Apple makes a smaller iPod called the iPod nano. It is much smaller than the iPod, but does not hold as many songs. It uses flash memory, a special kind of memory for very small electronics, instead of a hard drive. It replaced a version of the iPod called the iPod Mini.
Another type of iPod, called the iPod shuffle, is very small, and it uses flash memory, like the iPod nano but it has no screen. It is the least expensive iPod.
The most expensive iPod is called the iPod Touch. It has a touch screen, like the iPhone. The first iPod Touch was released in 2007.
iPods often contain songs downloaded from an online music store, using a program called iTunes. (The name of Apple's music and video store is the iTunes Store.) Songs are sold in AAC file format, not MP3 or WMA. These are popular formats for compressing (making smaller) music until it does not take up much space and can easily be put on a media player such as the iPod.

Costa Rica
The Republic of Costa Rica is a country in Central America which has enjoyed a long period of peace since its 1948 civil war. Because of its political stability, it is nicknamed the "Switzerland of Latin America".
Over four million people live in Costa Rica; the capital is San José. Its currency is the colón. The president is Óscar Arias, he was elected in 2006, his work as president finish at 2010.
Perhaps the best part of Costa Rica is its weather. The average temperature is 25 C in the capital, and 28 C in the coastal areas. This weather is dubbed "eternal spring". There are only two seasons during the year: the dry season which spans from December to April, and the rainy or "Green Season" which starts in May and ends in November.
Costa Rica's official language is Spanish. Costa Rica has no army and uses the money previously used for defense on education.

Wisconsin
Wisconsin is a state in the United States. The capital is Madison, and the city with the most people is Milwaukee.
The nickname of Wisconsin is the "Badger State". It was the 30th state to join the United States, in 1848.
Neighbors.
The states of Minnesota and Iowa are west of Wisconsin, Michigan is to the east and north, and Illinois is to the south. Lake Superior is also north of Wisconsin, Lake Michigan is to the east, and the Mississippi and St. Croix Rivers are to the west.

Odia Coates
Odia Coates (1942 - May 19, 1991) was an American singer. She is best remembered for her duet with Paul Anka, "(You're) Having My Baby" from 1974.

Amy Grant
Amy Lee Grant (November 25 1960) is an American singer. She is known for her Christian pop music. She released her first album in 1977 at the age of 16.

Dalida
Dalida (real name: Yolande Christina Gigliotti) (January 17, 1933 - May 3, 1987) was an Egyptian-born Italian/French singer and actress.

The Bangles
The Bangles are an all-female American rock band. The band started in Los Angeles, California in 1981. The Bangles are famous with their hit (popular) songs "Walk Like an Egyptian" (which featured a dance where a person walks by bending the left hand forward and the right hand backward), and "Manic Monday".

Britcom
A Britcom is short for British Sitcom. It is a situation comedy show produced in the United Kingdom. This is what they are called especially in the United States and Australia, where they have cult followings. Some of them like "Till Death Do Us Part" and "Steptoe and Son" were remade as American comedy TV shows ("All in the Family" and "Sanford and Son").

Kris Kristofferson
Kris Kristofferson is an American singer, songwriter, and actor. He was born in Brownsville, Texas, on June 22, 1936. He is known for writing country songs for other people or singing them himself. He is also a well-known actor and appeared in movies like "Star is Born","Bring Me the Head of Alfredo Garcia", "Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore", "Blade", and "Planet of the Apes".

Mathematical constant
A mathematical constant is a number, which has a special meaning for calculations. For example, the constant π (spoken as "pi") means the ratio of the length of a circle's circumference to its diameter. This value is always the same for any circle.
In contrast to physical constants, mathematical constants do not come from physical measurements.

Leaning Tower of Pisa
The Leaning Tower of Pisa is a building in Pisa, Italy. It is a bell tower. It is famous because it leans to one side. The tower was once leaning more and more to the ground, but recently it has stopped falling. Researchers say, as sited in newspapers, that the tower would completely collapse by 2030 to 2050.
The height of the tower is about 55 metres from the ground. Its weight is about 14,500 tonnes. It currently leans at about 5.5 degrees. The tower has 294 steps.
After the third floor was built in 1178, the tower started to lean, due to a small, only three-meter foundation in soft soil. The design of this tower was bad from the beginning. Construction was stopped for almost 100 years because the Pisans were often at war with Genoa, Lucca, and Florence.

Tower
A tower is a tall building. Many castles have towers. Today, towers are very tall and some are used to send radio signals to people far away.

Tel Aviv
The city of Tel Aviv-Yafo (; ) is a municipality in Israel, often just called Tel Aviv. It is the second largest city, after Israel's capital Jerusalem. On May 2006, Tel Aviv's population was 379,000, not including about 50,000 people that are not registered.
The city calls itself Israel's capital of culture, economy and trade.
Tel Aviv is a part of a larger block of cities called Gush Dan. About 2.5 million people live in Gush Dan.
In 1909 Jewish people started building the Tel Aviv because Jaffa ("Yafo") and other places nearby were expensive to live in.

Trigonometry
Trigonometry (from the Greek "trigonon" = three angles and "metro" = measure) is a part of elementary mathematics dealing with angles, triangles and trigonometric functions such as sine (abbreviated sin), cosine (abbreviated cos) and tangent (abbreviated tan). It has some connection to geometry, although there is disagreement on exactly what that connection is; for some, trigonometry is just a section of geometry.
Trigonometric Ratios.
Sine (sin) - The sine of an angle is equal to the formula_1
Cosine (cos) - The cosine of an angle is equal to the formula_2
Tangent (tan) - The tangent of an angle is equal to the formula_3
Cosecant (csc) - The cosecant of an angle is equal to the formula_4 or formula_5
Secant (sec) - The secant of an angle is equal to the formula_6 or formula_7
Cotangent (cot) - The cotangent of an angle is equal to the formula_8 or formula_9
Some Officers Have Curly A uburn Hair Till Old Age
Some Old Hags Can't Always Hide Their Old Age
The Old Ass Sat On His Chair And Howled

Monotheism
Monotheism is the belief in only one god, rather than two or more, which would be polytheism. Some religions are monotheistic, for instance, the three major Abrahamic religions are Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Judaism is one of the oldest monotheistic religions in the world.

Polytheism
Polytheism means believing in many gods. A person that believes in polytheism is called a polytheist. A religion with polytheism can be called a polytheistic religion.
Usually, a polytheistic religion has a set of stories about the gods. This is called mythology. The most famous and complete mythology is Greek mythology.
Other ancient people who were polytheists include the Celts and the Norse. Modern people who are polytheists include Pagans, such as Celtic Reconstructionist Pagans and Asatruar.

Nelvana
Nelvana is an animation studio that was founded in 1971 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada by Michael Hirsh, Patrick Loubert, and Clive A. Smith. The company, now owned by Corus Entertainment, is named after a local comic book superheroine of the 1940s.

Jeb Bush
Jeb Bush (born February 11, 1953) was a Governor of Florida. He is the brother of President George W. Bush and son of former President George H. W. Bush.

Auckland
Auckland is the largest city in New Zealand. The Auckland region has a population of about 1.4 million people. For a brief period in New Zealand's history it was the capital city; however that was moved to Wellington.
Auckland is situated on two magnificent harbours. It is known as the "City of Sails" and the nearby Hauraki Gulf is dotted with a variety of islands and provides safe anchorage and interesting sailing.
Auckland is built on a series of dormant volcanos. The youngest and largest of these is called Rangitoto, an island just a few kilometres from the City centre. It is lush with pohutakawas, native trees also known as the New Zealand Christmas tree because of their brilliant red flowers which bloom in December.

Capitalism
Capitalism is a kind of economic system where things (property for example) are owned by people or an individual, not by a government or communities. This is called the "free market". Most countries in the world today do have some government controls, so they are actually called "mixed economies" instead of totally free markets. Some people disagree on whether capitalism is a good idea, or how much capitalism is a good idea.
The word comes from "capital", meaning something of value. This can be money ("financial capital") or any other goods that can be traded. "Capital" originally comes from the Latin word "caput", meaning "head", because it was used to mean how many "head" of cattle a wealthy person owned, in days long ago when cattle were used as money. (In fact, the words "capital" and "cattle" both come from "caput".)
Buying, selling, working, and hiring.
In capitalism, people may sell or lend the things they own, and other people may buy or borrow them. If one person wants to buy, and another person wants to sell to them, they do not need to get permission from any king or group.] — people can have a market (buying and selling with each other) without anyone else telling them to. The definition of capitalism and the free market economy was introduced by the philosopher Adam Smith in his book "The Wealth of Nations".
The word "capital" means any thing or money that a person owns, that can be used to produce more things or money. For example, lands, factories, shops, tools and machines are capital. If someone has money that can be "invested", that is a capital too. People who own capital are sometimes called "capitalists" (people who support capitalism are called capitalists too). They can hire anyone who wants to work in their factories, shops or lands for them for the pay they offer.
In capitalist systems, many people are workers (or "proletarians"). They have to work for others (be given employment) in order to get money for living. People can choose to work for anyone who will hire them in a free market. The government does not tell people what job to take. The government also does not stop people from doing a job.
This is different from many older economic systems. In "feudalism", most people were "serfs" and had to work for the people who owned the land they live on. In "mercantilism", the government makes it hard to buy things from other countries. In many countries with "mixed economies" (part capitalism and part socialism) there are laws about what you can buy or sell, or what prices you can charge, or whom you can hire or fire.
Investing.
There is also "investment" in capitalism. People can put their money together to buy or build things, even if they are too big for one person to make alone. The people who invest get to be the owners of what they buy or build together. The stock market lets people buy and sell investments.
Investing is important to capitalism. The word "capitalist" can mean two things: it can mean someone who likes capitalism; but it can also mean someone who invests. For example,a "venture capitalist" invests in new businesses.
People who start businesses, or invest in businesses, can make a lot of money. A business sells things that people want. The investors make extra money, which is called "profit". Investors can take their profit and invest it in more businesses, or in making the business bigger. The investors can get more and more profit if the businesses are successful
People who disagree.
"Socialists", "anarchists" and "communists" and spiritual communists are people who do not support capitalism. They say it hurts workers, because businesses make more money by selling things than they pay to the workers who make the things and, therefore, businessmen become rich while workers remain poor and/or exploited. They also argue society would be more efficient if the individual was considerate of not only his/her interests, but the overall well being of society rather than competing against one another. Another argument is that each person has a right to minimal needs and within capitalism, sometimes people aren't considerate of others or the environment in their quest for capital. The main difference between communists and spiritual communists is spiritual soliderity, as opposed to a state centered solidarity that most communists seek.
Karl Marx was a famous communist philosopher from Germany. He wrote a famous book called "The Capital" (or "Das Kapital" in the German language). He said that capitalism would go away after workers decided to take over the government in a revolution. There were violent communist revolutions in many countries, and many people were killed because of this. But capitalism did not go away, and most of these Communist systems have collapsed and do not exist today, or else they have become more capitalist. Some people think that communism in those countries didn`t work because Marx's ideas, though nice in thought, didn't really work. Others think that communist countries collapsed because of the attacks (military, political and economic) from capitalist countries.
Some anarchists do not support capitalism either. They don't think workers should take the government, but that there should be no government at all. They think that communism failed because the communists set up dictatorships that said that they would rule in the name of workers, instead of letting workers organize themselves freely.
People who agree.
There are different words for people who support capitalism. In many parts of the world, these people are called "liberals". But in the United States, the word "liberal" means someone whose beliefs lean toward socialism. People who support capitalism strongly (in the U.S. and a few other countries) are called "libertarians".
People who support capitalism also have disagreements. Most people agree that capitalism can only work if the government keeps people from stealing other people's things. If people could steal anything, then nobody would want to buy anything.
In most countries, the government does more than that. It tries to make sure that people buy and sell fairly, and that businesses do not hurt workers. Because the government takes a lot of money in taxes, it also buys a lot of things and gives a lot of money away. It spends money on guns and ships for the military; on science research in universities; and on schools and libraries. It also gives money to people who do not have jobs, and to businesses that the political leaders think are important. Sometimes government gives money to people just because those people support the politicians who are in office. When the government is in charge of part of the economy, this is called a "mixed economy".
A few people think that people can protect themselves without any government. Instead of having laws against stealing, people could protect their own things, or agree to pay other people such as arbitrators, insurers, and private defenders to protect them. This belief is called "anarcho-capitalism". These people think that the government is a thief, because it takes taxes away from people against their will, and keeps them from making agreements between themselves.

Ghana
The Republic of Ghana (formerly the Gold Coast) is a country in West Africa. Twenty-one million people live there; its capital is Accra. It is in Western Africa, bordering the Gulf of Guinea, between Cote d'Ivoire and Togo Kofi Annan, the former president of the United Nations, is a native of the country.
Since Ghana is near the Equator, the climate is very warm and tropical. The eastern coastal belt is warm and comparatively dry. South west corner is hot and humid. The north is hot and dry. Lake Volta (the world’s largest artificial lake) extends through eastern Ghana.
The Republic of Ghana is named after the medieval Ghana Empire.
Most Ghanaians have access to primary and secondary education. Ghana has a 6-year primary school system. There are 6 public universities and 10 private universities. After secondary education, there are not many opportunities for Ghanaian students to continue their education. Only 1 out of 9 students continue studying after secondary educations.
Ghana has many natural resources. The main exports are gold, timber, cocoa, diamonds, and more. Ghana has one of the strongest economies in Africa.
Ghana used “Cedi” for their currency but since July 2007, “Ghana Cedi” became the new currency. 1 Ghana Cedi equals to 1000 Cedi. And 1 US dollars equals to 0.93 Ghana Cedi.

Strawberry Shortcake
2000s revival.
In 2002, after other 1980s toys (Care Bears, G.I. Joe,etc) were brought back for youndger kids and parents who played with them and new line of dolls was released and along with several direct-to-DVD specials.

Christina Aguilera
Christina Maria Aguilera (born December 18, 1980), sometimes known under the stage name Xtina is an American pop singer and song-writer. She is of Hispanic descent. She was born in Staten Island New York. Aguilera made her debut on the Ed McMahon show "Star Search" in 1990 and, three years later, starred on "The New Mickey Mouse Club". She was signed to RCA Records after making the song "Reflection" for the film Mulan.
Her first album Christina Aguilera (1999) was a success. It earned her a Grammy Award for Best New Artist in 2000. Aguilera made two other albums then. They were a Latin pop album "Mi Reflejo", and a Christmas album "My Kind of Christmas". They both sold well and Mi Reflejo won a Latin Grammy Award.
Aguilera had more control over her second album "Stripped", sent to stores in 2002. It had mixed reviews and earned Aguilera a Grammy Award. But her very sexual image at the time was looked down on. Her third album "Back to Basics" (2006) mixed parts of soul, jazz and blues music. It was given good sales and reviews. It also earned Aguilera her fourth Grammy Award.

Chicken
A chicken ("Gallus gallus domesticus") is a domesticated bird. It is usually kept by humans as livestock, which means it is kept for its meat and eggs. Chickens are considered flightless because they can only jump short distances.
A male chicken is called a "rooster" or a "cock" (short for cockerel), a female chicken is called a "hen" and a young chicken is called a "chick".
Chicken can be farmed intensively. This is dangerous and can cause stress for the chicken.

Handheld
A handheld is an object that can be picked up using a hand. Typical examples are a mobile phone, "Game Boy", remote control, floppy disk and a keyboard.
A handheld refers to anything that can be carry by hand. It is usually refers to small item that is also portable. For a small item that is not portable, the word handheld cannot be used. Non-electrical objects can be counted as a "handheld", but the term usually means electronic things. Handheld also refers to "can be held by hand", so any electronic item that you can hold in your hand is handheld. This often means the latest technology for all electronic mobile items, such as mobile phone, notebook, digital dictionary and many other small electronic devices.

Floppy disk
The floppy disk (or a 3½ floppy for today's standard) is a magnetic storage medium mainly used for computers and laptops. A floppy drive is the part of the computer that reads from and writes to the floppy disk.
Floppy disks store less data than a CD-ROM or USB flash drive. A current 3½ inch floppy can take 1.44 megabytes of data. This is usually enough for text documents. Special floppies were made to hold 2.88 MB of data, but they were not commonly available.
Floppies have been around since the early 1970s (known as the 8-inch floppy then). Today, floppy disks have been replaced by other storage media, like memory sticks. A few years ago, the Zip Disk was made as a replacement for floppies.
The floppy drive.
A floppy drive (often called drive “A” on a computer) can be connected to or installed in a personal computer (PC). It is the part of a computer that reads and writes the disk that can be removed. A disk, often called a "floppy disk", is used to store files and carry them from one computer to another by using the floppy drive. The floppy drive reads the disk (or diskette) and the user is then able to open and change the files saved on the disk.

Nat King Cole
Nathaniel Adams Coles, professionally known as Nat King Cole, (March 17, 1919 - February 15, 1965) was an American jazz musician, singer and songwriter. He was born in the southern city of Montgomery, Alabama. His father was a Christian minister. Millions of Nat King Cole’s recordings were sold while he was alive. He died of cancer of the lung in February, 1965. He was only forty-five years old. People around the world still enjoy listening to the music of one of America’s greatest performers of popular and jazz music.
Early years.
When Cole was four years old, his parents moved the family north to Chicago, Illinois. He learned to play the piano when he was very young. His mother was the only piano teacher he ever had. He gave his first public performance when he was four. By the time he was twelve, Cole was playing piano at his father’s church.
His interest in jazz.
Cole played piano in New York City and Los Angeles, California when he was a young man. In 1937, he formed a group that played jazz music. Oscar Moore played the guitar and Wesley Prince played the bass. The trio reportedly did not need a drummer because Cole’s piano playing kept the beat so well. They named the group, The King Cole Trio. At the same time, Cole also changed his name into Nat King Cole. The trio soon became very popular. Nat sang some songs, but mostly played the piano.
Well-known popular singer.
By the middle 1940s, Nat King Cole was beginning to be known as a popular singer as well as a jazz piano player. He was one of the first musicians to record with new Capitol Records.
The first song he recorded for Capitol was “Straighten Up and Fly Right.” He wrote the song. The words were based on his father’s teachings. The song became one of the biggest hits of 1943. It sold more than 500,000 copies.
Nat recorded hundreds of songs. Some of the most popular include “Sweet Lorraine,” “Nature Boy,” “Those Lazy-Hazy-Crazy Days of Summer,” “When I Fall in Love,” and “Mona Lisa.” In 1950, the American film industry gave him an award for his recording of “Mona Lisa.” That song made him famous as a singer.
Nat King Cole also acted in movies. The best known one is "Saint Louis Blues". He played the part of the jazz composer W.C. Handy. He also appeared in a movie about himself called "The Nat King Cole Story".
In the 1950s, he sang with some of the best known orchestras of the time.
He received many awards during his life. He also received many more after his death. One was a 1990 Grammy Award for lifetime achievement.
His success as a black man.
By 1956, Nat King Cole was known internationally. He signed an agreement to perform at the Sands Hotel in Las Vegas, Nevada.
Cole often performed in places that only admitted white people. Black leaders did not like this about him. Cole said he tried to take legal action against those places but often failed.
Cole earned more money and moved to California. He bought a house in an area where white people lived. At that time, many white Americans did not want to live near blacks. White home owners nearby protested the purchase of a house by a black family. Cole and his family refused to leave and lived in the house without problems.
Cole was the first black man to have his own television program. His program began on NBC Television in 1956. NBC agreed to support "The Nat King Cole Show" for a while. It hoped American companies would pay to sell their products on the program. However, major companies were not willing to advertise on a program that had a black performer. They believed that white people in the southern part of the United States would not buy their products. Many Americans watched the show, but NBC stopped production after a year.
His family.
Nat King Cole was married two times. In 1936, he married a dancer, Nadine Robinson. Their marriage failed. In 1948, he married Maria Ellington. They had three children. They also adopted and raised two other children.
Nat’s daughter, Natalie followed her father as a singer. She recorded many songs after her father died. In 1991, Natalie Cole recorded an album called "Unforgettable". It contains 22 of Nat King Cole’s songs, including the song “Unforgettable.” Modern technology made it possible to mix her voice with a recording of her father singing the same song.

Voice of America
The Voice of America (VOA) is the official broadcasting service of the United States government. It is one of the best-known stations in international broadcasting. Americans in the United States are not part of VOA's intended audience, but many Americans do listen to the programming.
VOA was organized in 1942 under the Office of War Information with news programs aimed at Europe and North Africa occupied by Germany. VOA began broadcasting on February 24, 1942. Transmitters used by VOA came from shortwave transmitters used by the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) and National Broadcasting Company (NBC). Voice of America began to transmit radio broadcasts into the Soviet Union on February 17, 1947.
During the Cold War, VOA was placed under the United States Information Agency. In the 1980s, VOA also added a television service, as well as special regional programs to Cuba, Radio Marti and TV Marti.

George Gershwin
George Gershwin (September 26, 1898 – July 11, 1937) was an American composer.
Childhood.
His family immigrated to the United States. Gershwin, his two brothers and sister had a close, happy family life. George liked playing games on the streets of New York. He liked exploring the city, but he did not like school or studying.
While exploring the city, Gershwin heard jazz and blues music spilling out of public drinking places. However, he did not become seriously interested in music until he heard another boy playing the violin in a concert at his school. Gershwin began to take piano lessons. His teacher was a fine classical musician. He immediately recognized Gershwin's unusual ability. The teacher wrote about him to a friend: "I have a student who will make his mark in music, if anybody will. The boy is a genius, without doubt."
Younger days as a student.
Gershwin studied classical piano, but his strongest interest continued to be jazz and popular music. At the age of fifteen, he left school and went to work in the music business. The New York City street where most music publishers had their offices was called "Tin Pan Alley."
The phonograph and radio had been invented in the late eighteen hundreds. But it would be many years before there were musical recordings or regular radio broadcasts. Tin Pan Alley publishers needed another way to sell new songs, so they employed people to play the piano to do this.
The piano players played the songs all day long to interested singers and other performers. Gershwin was one of the youngest piano players in Tin Pan Alley. Soon, he was considered one of the finest there. He was already writing his own songs. He succeeded in getting one published when he was only eighteen years old. It had a long title: "When You Want 'Em, You Can't Get ‘Em, When You've Got 'Em, You Don't Want 'Em. "
Success as a songwriter.
Gershwin was now a real composer. The rest of his life was an unbroken record of success. He wrote song after song. His ideas were so endless that he was not even troubled when he once lost some music he had been writing. "There is plenty more where that came from," he said.
Gershwin had his first big hit in 1919, when he was twenty-one years old. It was a song called "Swanee." A popular entertainer, Al Jolson, sang the song. "Swanee" was made into one of the first musical recordings. Gershwin was suddenly famous.
Music critics note that "Swanee" is not like most of Gershwin's music. Later, he wrote true love songs. Some were light and funny. Some were full of intense feeling. Many of these songs were written for the popular musical theater. One of his most emotional love songs never became part of a musical play, however. It is called "The Man I love."
His brother Ira.
Gershwin's older brother, Ira, wrote the words to that song. As George became famous, Ira wrote the words to more and more of his songs.
The two brothers were very different. Ira, the writer, was quiet and serious. George, the musician, was outgoing -- the life of any party. But George wrote better songs with Ira than with anyone else.
As a songwriter.
One of many examples of the Gershwin's combined work is the song "They Can't Take That Away From Me." The Gershwins wrote the song for dancer and actor Fred Astaire for the film "Shall We Dance." That was George and Ira Gershwin's first movie musical.
Many of George Gershwin's songs were first written for musical plays performed in theaters in New York City. These comedies, with plenty of songs, were a popular form of entertainment in the 1920s and 1930s.
One of Gershwin's musical plays, "Girl Crazy," introduced a young singer named Ethel Merman. She became one of the most celebrated performers in America. In the play, Merman sang a song George Gershwin wrote just for her. It was called "I Got Rhythm".
Many songs that George Gershwin wrote for musical plays and movies have remained as popular as ever. Over the years, they have been sung and played in every possible way -- from jazz to country.
One example is the song, "Someone to Watch Over Me." It was written for the 1926 musical "Oh, Kay!"
Jazz and his music.
In the nineteen twenties, there was a debate in the United States about jazz music. Could jazz, some people asked, be considered serious music?
In 1924, jazz musician and orchestra leader Paul Whiteman decided to organize a special concert to show that jazz was serious music. Gershwin agreed to compose something for the concert before he realized how little time he had to do it. The concert was just a few weeks away. Gershwin got busy, and, in that short time, he composed a piece for piano and orchestra. He called it "Rhapsody in Blue."
Gershwin himself played the piano part of "Rhapsody in Blue" at the concert. The audience included some of the greatest classical musicians of the time. When they heard his music, they were electrified. It seemed to capture, for the first time, the true voice of modern American culture. Today, we can still hear Gershwin playing "Rhapsody in Blue." An old mechanical piano recording has been reproduced exactly on this recording.
"Rhapsody in Blue" made George Gershwin famous all over the world. Several hundred thousand copies of the printed music sold immediately. Gershwin was satisfied that he had shown that jazz music could be both serious and popular.
Musical works and opera.
Gershwin also wrote an opera, "Porgy and Bess. " It was based on a book by DuBose Heyward. It is a tragic love story about black Americans along the coast of South Carolina.
"Porgy And Bess" opened in Boston, Massachusetts in 1935. Audiences loved it. But most critics did not know what to think of it. It was not like any other opera or musical play they had ever seen.
Gershwin was not affected by the critics' opinions. He believed some of his greatest music had gone into the opera. He said he had created a new musical form -- an opera based on popular culture.
Another well-known Gershwin piece is "An American in Paris. " It is a long tone poem for orchestra. Its first public performance was by the New York Philharmonic Orchestra in 1928.
Once again, opinion was mixed. Most people loved "An American in Paris," as they loved all of Gershwin's music. Some critics liked it, too. They called it happy and full of life. Others hated it. They called it silly and long-winded. Still, it remains one of his most popular works.
Last days.
George Gershwin died in 1937, just days after doctors learned he had brain cancer. He was only thirty-eight years old. Newspapers all over the world reported his death on their front pages. Everyone mourned the loss of the man and all the music he might have written. Gershwin is still considered one of America's greatest composers. His works still are performed by many singers and groups. They are probably performed more often than any other serious American composer.
Austrian composer Arnold Schoenberg was one of the people who praised George Gershwin. Schoenberg said Gershwin was a man who lived in music and expressed everything through music, because music was his native language.
Also see - media files.
Gershwin's story and music can be downloaded here; and.
For help with any trouble in downloading or playing, please see
The article above is a reuse and modification from a and availabele as public domain under of Voice of America.
George Gershwin was 38 when he died and had brain cancer.

Aaron Copland
Aaron Copland (1900-1990) was an American composer who wrote modern music.
Aaron Copland wrote many kinds of music. He wrote music for the orchestra, piano, and voice. He wrote music for plays, movies, and dance. Copland also was a conductor, pianist, speaker, teacher, and author.
Music critics say Copland taught Americans about themselves through his music. He used parts of many old American folksongs in his work. He wanted to do this after studying music in France. He said that composers there had a very French way of writing music. He said Americans had nothing like that in this country. So he decided to compose music that was truly American.
Early days of Copland.
Aaron Copland was born November 14, 1900 in Brooklyn, New York. He died at the age of 90 on December 2, 1990. He was the youngest of five children. His parents had come to the United States from eastern Europe. They owned a store in Brooklyn. Aaron began playing the piano when he was a young child. He wrote his first song for his mother when he was eight years old. His dreams of becoming a composer began when he was young. When he was sixteen, he asked his parents to let him study composing with Rubin Goldmark. Goldmark had taught the composer George Gershwin.
When he was in his early twenties, Copland went to Paris, France, where he studied music with Nadia Boulanger. She was one of the most important music teachers of the time. He returned to New York in 1924.
Known classical works.
The famous conductor of the Boston Symphony Orchestra, Serge Koussevitzky, learned about Copland's music. Koussevitzky led the orchestra for the first performance of Copland's early work, "Music for the Theater", in 1925. Koussevitzky also conducted Copland's "Concerto for Piano and Orchestra" in 1927. This work was unusual because Copland used ideas from jazz music in his concerto.
Copland later wrote the music for two ballets about the American West. One was about the life of a famous gunfighter called Billy the Kid. Copland used music from American cowboy songs in this work. This piece from "Billy the Kid: Ballet Suite" is called "Street in a Frontier Town".
In 1942, the conductor Andre Kostelanitz asked Copland to write music about a great American, Abraham Lincoln. Copland wrote "Lincoln Portrait" to honor America's 16th president. Copland's music included parts of American folk songs and songs popular during the American Civil War. He added words from President Lincoln's speeches and letters.
"Lincoln Portrait" has been performed many times in America. Many famous people have done the speaking part.Eleanor Roosevelt, the wife of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, was one of them. Here, actor James Earl Jones performs in Copland's "Lincoln Portrait."
In 1942 the music director of the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra asked 18 composers to write music expressing love for America. For the competition, Copland composed "Fanfare for the Common Man. " This music is played in America during many national events, including some presidential inaugurations (when they become presidents).
Experts say "Fanfare for the Common Man" was an example of the way Copland changed the kind of music he wrote during the 1940s. He began writing music that was more easily understood and more popular. Copland wrote about this in 1941 in his book, "Our New Music".
He wrote that the radio and record player was helping people who had never listened to music before to enjoy music. He said that there was no reason to continue writing music as if these things had not been invented. So he decided to write music in a simpler way.
His interest and activities beyond music.
Copland spread his ideas about music in other ways. He taught at the New School for Social Research in New York City and at Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts. One of the many awards he received was the Pulitzer Prize. He won it in 1945 for his famous music for a ballet called "Appalachian Spring." It is one of his most popular works. The last part of the ballet is based on a traditional song, "A Gift to be Simple".
Copland also wrote music for several major motion pictures. He won an Academy Award in 1950 for composing the music for the film, "The Heiress." Then he began experimenting with what is called the twelve-tone system. His music was no longer as easy to understand, nor as popular.
Copland stopped composing at the end of the 1960s. Yet he continued to be active as a conductor and speaker. In 1982, Queens College of the City University of New York established the Aaron Copland School of Music.
Copland was a strong supporter of liberal ideas. In the early 1950s, he and other famous writers, actors and intellectuals were accused of supporting communism. Public opinion changed, though. In 1964, President Lyndon B. Johnson presented him with the Presidential Medal of Freedom. It is America's highest award to civilians. Aaron Copland died in 1990 at the age of 90. But his music lives on.
The article above is a reuse and modification from a available as public domain under of Voice of America.

Diphthong
A Diphthong (pronounced "DIF-thong") is a vowel sound that a person has to move his or her mouth into two different positions to make.
A monophthong is a simple vowel sound that a person does not have to move his mouth to make, like the "oo" sound in "book." In a diphthong, the person combines two different monophthongs, as with the "oi" sound in the word "oil." The person starts with the mouth in the position to make an "o" sound, then quickly moves the mouth to make a hard "e" sound.
Another example is the "ou" sound in the word "house." The mouth starts out making a sound like the soft "a" sound in "flat," then moves to make the a hard "oo" sound like the one in "caboose."
Just like with every other part of language, the exact way to pronounce a diphthong is a little different for different accents.
The word diphthong is derived from the old Greek language. Here, "di" means "two" or "double", while the part "-phthong" means "sound" or "tone", from the basic word "phthalein", which means "speak", "creating sound by the voice".
A diphthong can be a lexeme of a language and as such it can as well be all one syllable.

The Price is Right
"The Price is Right" is a game show on the United States television network CBS. The current version has been on the air since 1972, and was hosted by Bob Barker for a long time. However, in 2006, Bob Barker announced that he will no longer host the show. His last episode aired in June 2007. Comedian Drew Carey has taken his place; his first episode aired in October.
The basic object of the game is to use one's shopping skills to correctly price different products on the game, as if one were in a market. The products range from simple household items, like toothpaste and vitamins, to more expensive products, like furniture and cars.
From 1956 - 1963, the show aired on NBC and was hosted by Bill Cullen. From 1963 - 1965, the show aired on ABC and was also hosted by Bill Cullen.
From 1985 - 1986, a nighttime version of the show, named "The Nighttime Price Is Right", was made and was hosted by Tom Kennedy. Another nighttime version, "The New Price Is Right", was made from 1994 - 1995 and was hosted by Doug Davidson.

Monophthong
A monophthong (pronounced "Mono-F-thong") is simply a vowel. The word monophthong comes from the old Greek language. "Mono" means "one" or "single", and the "-phthong" means "sound" or "tone", from the basic word "phthalein", which means "to speak", "create sound with the voice". The word monophthong shows that a vowel is spoken with exactly one tone and one mouth position. For example, when you say "teeth", then while you are creating the sound of the "ee", nothing changes for that sound.
A monophthong can be a lexeme of a language and as such it can as well be a syllable. There is no shorter syllable than a single monophthong.

Kalua
Kalua is a Hawaiian cooking method. It means "da pit." the hole. The oven is a hole in the ground called an imu. Kalua is most often used to cook pig. Kalua pig is a popular food at luaus.
Ancient Hawaiians used rocks from rivers to cook pig. They heated the rocks in the imu and the pig cooked with steam. They covered the pig with banana leaves, ti leaves, old mats and then dirt to keep the heat inside. This produced a unique taste that cannot be reproduced.
People today kalua pig in the same way that ancient Hawaiians did. Kalua pig is still served at luaus. However, it is illegal to sell kalua pig if it has been cooked underground. Hawaiians today still enjoy kalua pig that has been cooked in an imu at baby luaus and parties. Some companies try to imitate the flavor using liquid smoke to make kalua pig, but if you have had the real thing braddah, you can tell the difference!

Ultraviolet
Ultraviolet is a color of light which is invisible to people, but can be recognized by many animals, mostly insects, reptiles, and small birds. The frequency of ultraviolet is higher than that of violet light, hence the name 'ultraviolet'.
The name 'ultraviolet' is in part derived from the ancient Latin language. The prefix "ultra-" means 'behind', 'beyond', or 'far'. Ultraviolet is beyond the visible violet light in terms of frequency, wavelength, and energy.
UV is a common abbreviation of ultraviolet, mainly used in technical environments.
Ultraviolet radiation.
Ultraviolet light can be dangerous to one's health. For instance, sunlight contains UV rays that can cause sunburn and lead to various cancers. Industrial UV rays, which often emanate from X-ray machines, can induce cancer and render people infertile.
There is no clear-cut distinction between X-rays and ultraviolet, only that the low-energy, low-frequency, large-wavelength ultraviolet in the neighborhood of visible violet is not suitable for X-raying, whereas the even-higher-energetic, even-higher-frequency, even-shorter-wavelength X-rays are a component of radioactivity which is called gamma rays, or gamma radiation.
Technically, electromagnetic waves with a frequency of 789 terahertz or more are called ultaviolet.
This corresponds with a wavelength from 380 nanometers down to approximaltey 5 nanometers.
A single light quantum of ultraviolet carries an energy around some 3.26 electron volt, the more, the higher its frequency.
Although the air of the earth is transparent to a broad range of ultraviolet, some ultraviolet sunlight is absorbed at a very high altitude by the ozone layer. Recent and ongoing destruction of ozone in high altitudes caused by human influence - mostly by industrial chemicals and air travel - has greatly increased the amount of ultraviolet light reaching the earth surface. This, in turn, the risk of skin cancer to mankind, and this risk will only increase with time.
Ultraviolet of wavelengths less than 200 nanometers, X-rays, and gamma rays, are collectively called ionizing radiation since the energy in any such light quantum is high enough to 'kick' an electron out of an atom. This is the reason why these kinds of radiation are dangerous to life.
Ordinary glass does not let radiation through if its wavelength is less than 200 nanometers, so it acts as a shield against the more dangerous range of ultraviolet light, but some special sorts of glass do not shield as well, including many car windows.

Ornithology
Orinithology [or-ni-thall-e-gee] is the study of birds.

Rod Stewart
Rod Stewart (January 10, 1945-) is a English pop singer. He was born in London. When he started singing in the 1960s, he was player for the Brentford F.C., a football (soccer) team. He started singing in local R&B groups, in the 1970s he began a solo career which made him very famous.

Sean Connery
Sir Thomas Sean Connery (August 25, 1930-) is a Scottish actor. He was born in Edinburgh. He was born as "Thomas Connery", but later added Sean to his stage name which is what most people call him. He is known for his charm and good looks, which have made him very famous. He is best known for playing James Bond in the first several films in the famous series of movies.

The Specials
The Specials were an English new wave/ska band. They were originally from Coventry, England and formed in 1977. They were part of the ska revival in Britain in the late 1970s and early 1980s.
During the ska revival, bands began playing 1950s-style Jamaican ska music. The Specials often mixed other popular music styles from the 1970s and 1980s into their music, such as pop music and rock and roll.

KC & the Sunshine Band
KC & The Sunshine Band was a disco group, that was popular in the 1970s. They formed in Miami in 1973.
Hits are "That's the Way (I Like It)", "(Shake, Shake, Shake) Shake Your Booty", "Give It Up", "Get Down Tonight", and "Please Don't Go".

Roberta Flack
Roberta Flack (born February 10, 1939) is an American R&B singer.

Arad, Romania
Arad (pronunciation in Romanian:; Hungarian: "Arad"; Serbian: Арад, "Arad") is the capital city of Arad County, in the western part of Romania, in Crişana, Ardeal. It is found on the Mureş River.

Transsexual
Transsexualism is identifying with a sex or gender role other than the one that was set out for an individual at birth. Transsexual women, women who were born into a male role, often use female hormones, or Hormone Replacement Therapy to reduce their testosterone levels and evenually lose the functionality of their reproductive organs. Conversely, transsexual men, men who were born into a female role, use testostrone to acquire male features, such as facial hair and a deeper voice. Both types sometimes undergo Gender Reassignment Surgery to remove their reproductive organs.
In the past no transsexual person would ever be given medicines or surgery until they had lived as the other sex for a while. This was usually for one or two years. It was sometimes called a "Real Life Experience" (RLE) or "Real Life Test" (RLT.) The reason for this was to make sure that the person really knew what life would be like after transition. However, many transsexual people hated the RLE. This was partly because they felt that doctors did not respect them enough to make their own decisions. It was also because some transsexual people were placed in terrible danger by the RLE. If a transsexual women had a deep voice, facial hair, and was two meters tall, it would be "very dangerous" for her to go into a women's restroom even if she wore a dress and make-up. Today, some doctors will treat people before they have a RLE.
MTF Treatments.
MTF transsexuals take female hormones: estrogen and sometimes progesterone. They also take medicines to make their body stop making or responding to testosterone. These are called 'anti-androgens.' (Androgen means male sex hormone.) Often this is spironolactone.
Hormonal treatments for MTF transsexuals (transsexual women) does not work as well as it does for FTM transsexuals. It causes breasts to grow, but it will not reverse many of the effects of testosterone. It does not make beards go away. It does not make voices higher. So transsexual women have to do many other things to make their bodies more female.
They have treatment to remove their facial hair. This is usually through electrolysis. This is a treatment where electricity is applied to the hair that kills the hair so it does not grow back. This is a painful treatment that can cause scars if done wrong. Transsexual women have to have many electrolysis treatments over months to years.
Sometimes transsexual women with deep voices may have surgery to raise them. However these surgeries are dangerous and do not work very well. So many transsexual women try to make their voice sound higher and more female without surgery. Sometimes they go to voice coaches to get help with this.
Many transsexual women also get surgery on their genitals. The most common surgery is a 'vaginoplasty.' Usually this is done by making a vagina from the skin of the penis which is turned "inside out". This surgery is often very effective. It is a myth that some transsexual women have had examinations by gynecologist (doctors who specialize in women's medicine) who did not figure out they were transsexual. The vagina will never look exactly like a real one, and there will be scars on each side of the new labia majoris.
Some transsexual women also have "Facial Feminization Surgery" (FFS) to make their face more female-looking. They may also have surgery to make their breasts larger if the hormones are not enough.
FTM Treatments.
FTM transsexuals also take hormones. Testosterone works much better for FTM transsexuals than estrogen does for MTF transsexuals. Testosterone will make a transsexual man's voice deeper. It will make a beard grow (and can cause baldness!) Testosterone also cause menstruation to stop.
Some transsexual men may be able to be seen by people as completely male after a year or two of testosterone. This is especially true if he has small breasts.
Transsexual men also get surgery. The most common surgery is a mastectomy (removal of breasts.) After a mastectomy, most transsexual men are completely accepted as men in society, because they look exactly like non-transsexual men except for their genitals.
However, many transsexual men also want genital surgery. Some just get a "total hysterectomy" which is removal of the uterus and ovary. Some may also get surgery on their outside genitals.
The two most common surgeries are a phalloplasty and a metoidioplasty. A phalloplasty takes skin and tissue from somewhere else on the transsexual man's body and makes it into a penis. A metaidioplasty takes the clitoris (which grows bigger with testosterone) and puts it where the penis usually is. The urethra where urine comes out can be made longer and run through the "new" penis. This allows a transsexual man to urinate through his penis.
The advantage of the phalloplasty is that it looks more like a normal penis. But it does not work as well to have and enjoy sex. A metaidioplasty has more sexual function, but it looks "very" small. This is because the clitoris, even with testosterone for years usually only gets about 5-6 cm long.
Often these surgeries also have "scrotoplasty" which makes a scrotum from the labia. They may also have a removal or closure of the vagina.

Pianist
A pianist is a person who plays the piano.
A pianist can play music for piano alone or play together with other musicians in an ensemble or orchestra. Pianists also play along singers, solo musicians, and other performers in their leading performance.

Telephone book
A telephone book is a kind of book that has lists of phone numbers of people and businesses. People use phone books to look up the phone numbers of people and places when they need to call them.

French dip sandwich
The French dip sandwich is a popular dish. It is a sandwich, usually on French bread, with roast beef on the inside. It comes with a special sauce called "au jus" which is usually made with the juice and fat that came off the roast beef when they were cooking it. It was not originally from France; two restaurants in Los Angeles, California, "Cole's" and "Philippe's", both claim to have invented it.

Coventry
Coventry is a city and metropolitan borough in the West Midlands county in England. It was badly bombed in World War II.

Billy Preston
Billy Preston (born September 2, 1946 in Houston, Texas; died June 5, 2006), is an American R&B musician. He is best known for his piano and organ playing.
Preston began playing piano when he was three years old. He worked with many other musicians including Aretha Franklin, Sammy Davis Jr., Quincy Jones, Eric Clapton, the Jackson 5 and the Rolling Stones.
He worked on The Beatles's last album, "Let It Be", in 1969, including the song "Get Back". Many people thought that Preston would join the group, but the Beatles broke up shortly afterwards. He later worked with George Harrison, who had been a Beatle.
Billy Preston's biggest success also came from working with another musician. He did a duet with Syreeta Garrett on "With You I'm Born Again" in 1979. It sold over a million copies and reached Number 2 in the United Kingdom singles chart.

Pop
A pop is an onomatopoeic term for a quick sharp explosion.

Computer virus
Computer viruses are harmful (bad) computer programs. Viruses could get rid of and damage files on your computer. It could corrupt files and slow down computer operation [workings].
Risk of using computers.
The Internet lets millions of computer users around the world link together for business and fun. Many different people use the internet. Anyone using the Internet can find information about many different subjects, in many different languages, in very little time.
The Internet makes it possible for one person to damage or slow thousands of computers that are linked to it. They can do this by writing computer programs. Or, they can make the computer fill itself with so much useless information that it stops working. if you are not careful you could make your computer crash.
Great loss by "worm".
On January 24, 2003, a kind of computer virus called a "worm" was released to infect the Internet. A worm is a series of computer instructions that makes copies of itself and sends it to other computers.
This worm sent copies of itself to computers across the Internet. The worm temporarily damaged millions of computers around the world. It slowed large groups of computers called networks.
Three servers defending the Internet crashed due to the worm.
One large American banking company had to close about 13,000 of its ATMs (machines that let people get money from their bank). People could no longer get cash from the bank’s machines using their credit cards.
A large worldwide airline could not sell tickets using the Internet because the worm made its computers fail. Emergency service workers in the western American City of Seattle, Washington could not answer emergency calls because the worm caused their computers to fail.
Computer experts named the worm "W-Thirty-Two-Slammer". They said the worm caused a problem for the Internet that was similar to a traffic jam: when there are too many cars on a road in a large city, and no one can move. The Slammer worm caused an information jam.
The experts believe the worm was first created in Asia. An American computer expert said evidence seemed to show the virus first appeared in Hong Kong. A government computer team in Hong Kong is working to find who released the new virus.
South Korea may have been the worst affected (hurt) nation in the January 24th attack. On January 27th, a spokesman for South Korea’s Information and Communication Ministry said computer communications on the Internet were almost back to normal. The ministry also said experts were working to find from where the computer virus came.
Computer experts in China and Taiwan also reported problems with the worm. Computers in Japan suffered some problems, but they were limited to a few schools and companies.
By the morning of January 28, computer experts around the world had stopped the worm or made their computer systems safe against the Slammer. Experts believe the worm cost computer networks many millions of dollars in delays, lost business, and the loss of work usually done on a computer.
The person who wrote the instructions that created the Slammer worm attacked computers that use the Microsoft's computer operating system. Microsoft quickly provided the necessary computer instructions to make its system safe and prevent the Slammer worm from attacking other computers.
The kind of program that made the Microsoft system safe is called a "patch" or "update". Microsoft says it wants to improve the speed of future updates or patches for computer users linked to the Internet, keeping harm from their products.
Computer experts say the Internet has become extremely important every day in every area of the world. They say businesses, local governments and private citizens everywhere are using the Internet as an important part of their business or daily life. The experts say some businesses could no longer exist without the Internet. However, many businesses, local governments and private citizens have failed to learn how to protect their computers from viruses or worm attacks.
Anti-virus company.
Sophos P-L-C is a computer company in Britain that makes programs that protect computers against viruses and worms. It is the fourth largest anti-virus company.
Recently, Sophos company officials warned computer users against many new viruses and worms. The officials said recent evidence shows that some people are working hard to make illegal computer programs. The Sophos company said this in a newspaper report printed in Singapore on January fourteenth, only ten days before the Slammer worm attack.
Graham Cluley is a computer expert with the Sophos company. He says computer security companies expect more viruses and worms this year. He says virus writers want to create the next super virus or worm. These can be easily spread by electronic mail or from a computer communications method called Instant Messaging. Mister Cluley said this kind of virus or worm causes the greatest problems.
The Sophos Company experts say about 80,000 computer viruses are now known to exist. The experts say about 600 new computer viruses are released into the Internet each month.
Mister Cluley says nine of last year's ten most damaging viruses were spread by electronic mail to computers that use Microsoft Windows as their operating system.
A company called F-Secure also makes computer security programs. Its experts say new kinds of computer attacks will be aimed at damaging millions of computers very quickly. This kind of attack is called a "flash worm". It would be able to infect millions of computers in less than fifteen minutes. An F-Secure company computer expert says it is just a matter of time before someone tries to infect the Internet with such a program.
Anti-virus program usefulness.
Computer experts say many private citizens, businesses, and local governments are not concerned about computer security until they suffer a damaging attack. Such an attack can cost computer users a great deal of money in lost business, lost information or damaged computer equipment. They say the attack can be more costly than providing good communications security.
The experts say that using a computer anti-virus program is the first step in protecting a business or private computer. An anti-virus program searches the computer for, and guards against, viruses. It also inspects incoming e-mail and new programs for viruses.
The experts say that many good computer companies produce anti-virus protection programs. Most companies that offer anti-virus programs also provide new information called "updates" to protect against new viruses or worms as they appear.
Another way of protection.
An American company called McAfee Security produces a popular anti-virus protection program. Other companies, for example Symantec and Computer Assosicates, sell programs that do the same thing. Computer experts say a good anti-virus program is only the first step in computer security. The experts list a number of things computer users can also do to help protect their computers.
For example, do not open any file attached to electronic mail if it comes from an unknown person or place. Delete electronic mail from unknown people. Make copies of all important documents and keep them in a safe place. This should be done often to protect valuable information.
Computer experts agree that everyone should refuse computer information from strangers. They also agree that users must be extremely careful when copying any kind of information from the Internet to their computer's memory. All experts agree that doing these things is better than suffering a virus or worm attack.
The Internet is fun, educational and a great business tool. But because of computer virus attacks, safety is extremely important.
The article above is a reuse and rewriting of a public domain material from Voice of America Special English.

Hades
Hades is a god in Greek mythology, and one of the Twelve Olympians. He is the god of the Greek underworld, which is also called Pluto.
Hades is married to Persephone, and he owns the three-headed dog Cerberus. He is the brother of Zeus, Posiedon, Hestia, Hera and Demeter.

Superlative
In English, most superlatives can be formed by adding -EST to an existing adjective, like fluffiest, craziest or coldest. Some adjectives have irregular superlative forms, such as far ("farthest"). Still more adjectives have no superlative form, and the superlative is made simply by adding the adverb "most" before the adjective. For instance, one does not say "funnest," or "interestingest," but rather "most fun," and "most interesting." This is known as a superlative construction. Superlative constructions are used for almost all adjectives ending in "ing" (interesting, fascinating, disgusting,appealing etc).

Learning disability
People with learning disabilities, also called learning difficulties, are people who find it hard to gain knowledge or understanding. Some people with learning difficulties also find it hard to fit in with other people because there are many things that people must know to live in society.
Learning difficulties can be things that people can learn to live with on their own, like dyslexia (a difficulty with reading and writing). They can also be very big things that mean a person needs a lot of help (like autism). Adults with learning difficulties are sometimes misunderstood by other people who think that they are stupid or have mental illnesses. However, they can often deal with their difficulties by doing things in different ways. Some people with learning difficulties can be very clever. Historians think that some important historical people had learning difficulties, for example, Sir Isaac Newton.

Wheelbarrow
A wheelbarrow is a kind of vehicle that is built to be pushed around with a load.
Most of the time it has one wheel, but sometimes has two.

Cold
Cold is a measurement of temperature that describes a lack of heat. Cold can range from 10 degrees Celsius (50 degrees Fahrenheit) and lower. The temperatures in the winter season are often categorized as being cold. Cold is the opposite of hot.

Electrical conductivity
Electrical conductivity is a measure of how well a material accommodates the transport of electric charge. Its SI derived unit is the "siemens per metre", (A2s3m-3kg-1) (named after Werner von Siemens) or, more simply, Sm-1. It is the ratio of the current density to the electric field strength or, in more practical terms, is equivalent to the electrical conductance measured between opposite faces of a 1-metre cube of the material under test.
Elecrical conductance is an electrical phenomenon where a material contains movable particles with electric charge (such as electrons), which can carry electricity. When a difference of electrical potential is placed across a conductor, its movable charges flow, and an electric current appears.
A conductor such as a metal has high conductivity, and an insulator like glass or a vacuum has low conductivity. A semiconductor has a conductivity that varies widely under different conditions.
Electrical conductivity is the reciprocal (or inverse) of electrical resistivity.

Pierre Omidyar
Pierre Omidyar (born June 21, 1967) created and is now the chairman of eBay. He was born in Paris, France to a French-Iranian family. Born in Paris, France, brought up by Iranian parents, Omidyar moved to the U.S. at the age of six. He grew up in Washington D.C. and developed an interest in computing while still at St. Andrew’s Episcopal School (Maryland) in Bethesda. Graduated in 1984 and in 1988 he graduated in computer science from Tufts University. He helped write MacDraw in 1989 with Claris, an apple computer subsidiary. Two years later he co-founded Ink Development (later renamed eShop). He was 28 when he wrote the original computer code for what eventually became e-Bay. The site was launched on Labor Day, Monday, September 4 1995, under the more prosaic title “Auction Web.”

Caribert of Laon
Caribert of Laon, son of Martin of Laon, was the grandfather of Charlemagne. He was the father of Charles's mother, Bertrada of Laon. In 721, he signed, with his mother Bertrada of Prüm, the foundation act of the Abbey of Prüm. The same year, also with his mother, he made a donation to the Abbey of Echternach. In 744, his daughter Bertrada of Laon (by Bertrada of Cologne) married Pepin the Short, mayor of the palace of Neustria and Burgundy and later king of the Franks. He died before 762.

First Lady of the United States
The First Lady of the United States is the wife of the President of the United States. If the President is not married, or his wife is unable to do the jobs of First Lady, a family member such as daughter or sister usually is considered the First Lady. The current first lady is Laura Bush.
Some famous former first ladies include Martha Washington, Dolley Madison, Jacqueline Kennedy, Eleanor Roosevelt, Rosalynn Carter, Nancy Reagan, and Hillary Rodham Clinton.
What the first lady does.
The first lady is not chosen by the people of the United States, and there are no things that she must do. She is also not paid anything for being first lady. However, she joins in many official ceremonies with the President or instead of him.

Star Wars
"Star Wars" is a series of science-fiction movies by George Lucas. The six movies have been made through his company, Lucasfilm, and released by 20th Century Fox.
"Star Wars" has been so popular that there have been "Star Wars" books, video games, television shows, toys, and more.
They are also known for one of the most popular scores ever written for a movie, by John Williams.
In these movies, robots are called "droids", taken from the English word "android" (meaning human-like), even though many of them do not have a very human appearance. There are also laser swords that are called "lightsabers", they create pain or even death to living organisms.
'The Force'.
The Force is a magic-like power, and in ways it is like a religion. It is a belief that there is a 'force' which controls everything within the galaxy. It controls life, the people, plants, animals, feelings, the orbit of the planet, the seasons, even the weather. So 'The Force' is really an all powerful 'thing', which is always there but you cannot see it, you just know it is there.
The Jedi.
The Jedi are a group of beings who use The Force to bring peace and harmony to people, planets, and cultures. They are trained to use the force for good purposes. They are sworn enemies with another group called the Sith. Usually, they use green,blue,yellow or purple lightsabers.
The Sith.
The Sith are group of beings who use the force as a power source, they are trained to use the force to gain ultimate power. The Sith normally use the force to gain power in battles with their enemy who are The Jedi. They also use the force to bring destruction to the universe and anything in their way. So they are the bad guys.
The Lightsaber.
The lightsaber is a weapon used by the Jedi and the Sith. It can be described simply as a light sword. These weapons are very special to a Jedi or Sith. They are custom built to special specifications by the Jedi or Sith. The Sith tend to take a Jedi's lightsaber as a prize if they win the battle. Many epic battles have been fought with lightsabers between the Jedi and the Sith and there have been very big wars between the two cultures, which have divided the galaxy and sometimes turned planets into ruins. These wars include 'The Great Sith War' and 'The Clone Wars', but the Clone Wars were fought between the Republic and a group of Separatists. In the Clone Wars, the Jedi and the Sith both took sides, the Jedi fought for the Republic and the Sith fought with the Separatists to try and form 'The 1st Galactic Empire' (read the spoiler below to see who prevailed if you don't already know). They use red lightsabers.
Story.
Anakin Skywalker is a young boy who can use the Force, which is a magic-like power. The Force can move things without touching and can predict what is soon to happen. The people who use the Force for good are called Jedi; the people who use the force for evil are called the Sith. Two Jedi, Qui-Gon Jinn and Obi-Wan Kenobi, find Anakin and help him. After many years, the galaxy's government has a war with planets who left the government, this war was known as 'The Clone Wars' because of the very big 'Clone' army the government had produced. Anakin helps the Jedi save many people and many planets. But then it turns out that the leader of the government is a Sith Lord, and he gets Anakin to help him kill all the Jedi. Anakin then turns into a villain named Darth Vader.
Anakin has two children with Senator Amidala, Luke and Leia, that he does not know about. Senator Amidala died as she was giving birth to her twin children. After birth, the twins would be separated to prevent the Dark Side from getting the children. Obi-Wan Kenobi sent Luke to a planet called Tatooine to live with his Uncle Owen and Aunt Beru. Leia was raised by Senator Bail Organa of Alderaan. United together again later in life, Luke and Leia help fight the evil government, called the Empire. Luke also learns from Obi-Wan Kenobi and Yoda on learning the ways of a Jedi. In the end, they beat the Empire. Luke also helps Anakin be good again. The galaxy is saved.
Expanded universe.
Many books, short movies, and videogames have been produced that deal with events that do not happen in the original movies, mainly the rebuilding of the Republic after the Empire's defeat. They are set anywhere from 5,000 years before Episode I to more than one hundred years after Episode VI.
TV series and specials.
Upcoming Star Wars the T.V. Show

Korean language
The Korean language is the official language of North Korea and South Korea. It is also spoken by some Korean emigrants in Japan, China, Russia and North America. In the writing system, Chinese literature and hangul was traditionally used, but now hangul is mainly used in both south and north.

Kansas
Kansas is one of the states in United States of America. Its capital is Topeka and its biggest city is Wichita.
Kansas is bordered by Nebraska on the north, Missouri on the east, Oklahoma on the south, and Colorado on the west. It is located equidistant (the same distance) from the Pacific and the Atlantic Ocean.
As of 2005, Kansas has an estimated population (people living in it) of 2,744,687, which is 55,863, or 2.1%, more than it had in 2000.
It is about twice as wide (west to east) as it is tall (north to south).

James Buchanan
James Buchanan (April 23, 1791 - June 1, 1868) was the 15th President of the United States. He is most famous as being the only President not to have married. His niece, Harriet Lane, stood in as First Lady.

Hand
A hand is the body part at the end of an arm. Most humans have two hands each, usually with four fingers and a thumb. On the inside of the hand is the palm. When the fingers are all bent tightly the hand forms a fist. The joints that are the hardest part of the fist are called knuckles. Many other animals have hands as well, mostly other primates.
The word "hand" is also used in card games. A "hand of cards" is a group of cards that one player can see but others cannot.

Rule
When something always does the same thing, one can say that there is a rule that it does what it does.
A "rule" in mathematics is a formula which allows a person to work out a sum if he or she has certain information. For example, Pythagoras' theorem is a rule which states that if a person knows the lengths of two sides of a right-angled triangle he or shecan work out the length of the third.
Rules, however, can also means laws created by people in power - for example, school rules are the "laws" of a specific school.

Neurobiology
-Why we feel emotions and what parts of the brain cause these emotions.
-Can new brain cells form? Up until ten years ago, many scientists believed that the human body could not grow new brain cells or nerve cells. Some scientists now believe our brain can grow new cells. This could be useful for someone that has had an accident or sickness and has lost brain cells.

Bahrain
The Kingdom of Bahrain is an island nation in the Persian Gulf (Southwest Asia/Middle East, Asia). Saudi Arabia is to the west and is connected to Bahrain by the King Fahd Causeway, and Qatar is to the south across the Persian Gulf. The Qatar-Bahrain Friendship Bridge, not yet built, will link Bahrain to Qatar as the longest fixed bridge in the world.
History.
"Main article: History of Bahrain"
Humans have lived in Bahrain before there was writing. Because it is in the Persian Gulf, it has been ruled and influenced by the Assyrians, Babylonians, Greeks, Persians, and the Arabs, who made the island Muslim. Bahrain was in old times known as Dilmun, Tylos, Awal and Mishmahig.
The islands of Bahrain, set in the middle south of the Persian Gulf, have attracted many invaders in history. The word "Bahrain", "Two Seas", means that the islands contain two kinds of water, sweet water springs and salty water in the sea.
A location between East and West, fertile lands, fresh water, and pearls made Bahrain important in history. About 2300 BC, Bahrain started trading with Mesopotamia (now Iraq) and the Indus Valley (now near India). It was then called Delmon, and was linked to the Sumerian Civilization about 2000 BC. Bahrain also became part of the Babylonian empire about 600 BC. Historical records called Bahrain the "Life of Eternity", "Paradise", the "Pearl of the Persian Gulf" and other names.
Until 1521, Bahrian also ruled Ahsa and Qatif (both are now the eastern province of Saudi Arabia) and Awal (now the Bahrain Islands). The country had all of the land from what is now Kuwait to Oman. This was called "Iqlim Al-Bahrain" (Province of Bahrain). In 1521, the Portuguese took Awal (now Bahrain) from the rest and since then the name of Bahrain only means today's Bahrain.
The modern history of Bahrain begins with Great Britain exploring the area, trying to keep Iran from taking more land. The British gave support to the Al-Khalifa family, who made a power base in the island and allied with the British to keep the island from Iran. The British got free passage to the Persian Gulf through this agreement. In November of 1957, the Iranian parliament declared that Bahrain was the Fourteenth Province of Iran. Later the British would become involved in the politics of Bahrain by choosing an Emir of the island. Iran and Britain later agreed that the United Nations Secretary General would judge the political situation in Bahrain. In a Plebiscite to decide the country's future, the majority of the people of Bahrain chose to reject Iran's claims, and to define their country and their culture to be Arabic, and not Persian.
Oil was found in the early 20th century and brought modern improvements to the country. Relations with the United Kingdom also became closer, and the British brought more military bases to the nation. British influence grew, until Charles Belgrave became an advisor; Belgrave brought modern education to Bahrain.
After World War II, anti-British feeling spread through the Arab world and led to riots in Bahrain. The British left Bahrain in 1971, making it an independent country. The sales of more oil in the 1980s brought money to Bahrain, but even when the sales of oil decreased in later years, it did not cause as many problems in Bahrain as in other oil coutnries, because the economy of Bahrain had grown into other areas.
In 1994, rioting by Shia Islamists started after women athletes ran in a marathon race. The Kingdom was badly affected by violence during the mid-1990s in which over forty people were killed.
In 1999, Sheikh Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa followed his father as head of state and called for elections for parliament. He gave women the vote and released all political prisoners.
Politics.
"Main article: Politics of Bahrain"
Bahrain is a constitutional monarchy ruled by the King, Shaikh Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa; the head of government is the Prime Minister, Shaikh Khalifa bin Salman Al Khalifa. He has a cabinet of 15 members. Bahrain has a bicameral legislature with a lower house, the Chamber of Deputies, elected by all of the people and the upper house, the Shura Council, appointed by the King. Both houses have forty members. The first elections were held in 2002, with Members of Parliament serving four year terms.
Women were given the right to vote and stand in national elections for the first time in 2002's election, but no women were elected to office that year, and Shia and Sunni Islamists won a majority of seats. Because no women were elected, six were appointed to the Shura Council, which also includes members of the Kingdom’s Jewish and Christian people.
The King recently created the Supreme Judicial Council to organise the country's courts and the government offices.
Governorates.
"Main article: Governorates of Bahrain"
Bahrain is split into five governorates. Until July 3 2003, it was divided into twelve municipalities; see Municipalities of Bahrain.
For further information, see: from the Bahrain official website
Economy.
"Main article: Economy of Bahrain"
In Bahrain, petroleum (oil product) producing and processing is about 60% of the money from export, 60% of government money, and 30% of Gross Domestic Product. The economy has changed as the sales of oil have changed since 1985, for example, during and after the Persian Gulf War of 1990 - 1991. Bahrain has high quality communications and transport, and so the country is home to many international companies with business in the Persian Gulf. A large part of the country's income comes from petroleum products made from imported crude oil. There are several major industrial projects being built. Unemployment, especially among young people, and the decrease of both oil and water resources are major economic problems.
Geography.
Bahrain is a flat and dry archipelago, with a low desert plain rising gently to a low central hill, in the Persian Gulf, east of Saudi Arabia. The highest point is the 122 meter Jabal ad Dukhan.
Bahrain has a total area of 620 km², which is a few square kilometres larger than the Isle of Man. As an archipelago of 33 islands, Bahrain does not share a land border with any other country, but it does have a 161 km coast line and claims a further 12 nm of territorial sea and a 24 nm contiguous zone. Bahrain enjoys mild winters and has very hot, humid summers.
Bahrain's natural resources include large amounts of oil natural gas as well as fish. Only 1% of the country includes land where crops can be grown. 92% of Bahrain is desert, and droughts and dust storms are the main natural dangers.
Environmental problems in Bahrain include desertification, which is causing the land where crops can be grown to decrease, and damage to coast lines, coral reefs, and sea vegetation caused by oil spills from large tankers and oil refineries.
About the people.
"Main article: The people of Bahrain"
The official religion of Bahrain is Islam; most of the people are Shi'a and Sunni Muslims, but there are also small Jewish and Christian minorities. Most Bahrainis are Arabs, although some tribes came from Persia. Today, many of the people in Bahrain are guest workers who come from Iran, South Asia and Southeast Asia. A "Financial Times" article from 31 May 1983 found that "Bahrain is a polyglot (speaking many languages) state, both religiously and racially. Leaving aside the temporary immigrants of the past 10 years, there are at least eight or nine communities (groups of people) on the island".
The present communities may be classified as Al-Khalifa, Arab tribes allied to Al-Khalifa, the Baharnah (Shia Arabs), the Howilla (Sunni Arabs from Persia), Sunni Arabs (from the mainland), Ajam (Persian Shia), Indians who traded with Bahrain and settled before the age of oil (used to be called Banyan), a tiny Jewish community, and a group which contains everyone else.
Culture.
"Main article: Culture of Bahrain"
Manama, Bahrain's capital city, is as modern as other cities in the world. But life in the island's many villages (and in parts of Manama itself) remains traditional. Where there is tradition in the Persian Gulf area, there is Islamic conservatism: women cover themselves from head to foot and women travellers are expected to wear long skirts and one-piece bathing suits. Bahrain's population is 85% Muslim and Islam is the state religion. Arabic is the official language, but many people speak English.
Traditional folk art continues in several places around Bahrain: dhows (fishing boats) are built near Manama and Muharraq, cloth is made at Bani Jamrah and pottery is made at A'ali. A few goldsmiths still work in the Manama souk, though much of the work is now done in other countries. One of the important parts of Bahraini culture is the drinking of traditional Arabian coffee. Traditional Arabian street food like shawarma (lamb or chicken cut from a large spit and served in pita bread) and desserts such as baklava are also found.
Formula One.
Bahrain is the home of Formula One racing in the Middle East, hosting the Bahrain Grand Prix.
Education.
"Main article: Education in Bahrain"

William Christopher
William Christopher was born on October 20, 1932 in Evanston, Illinois. He is an American actor. He is most well known for playing Father Mulcahy on the television series "M*A*S*H". He also played Private Lester Hummel on "Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C." His wife's name is Barbara O'Connor; together they wrote a book, "Mixed Blessings", about their experiences raising their autistic son.

Boxer shorts
Boxers shorts are men's underwear. They are shorts with a stretchy band, and named after the shorts worn by boxers.
They were first made in the 1930s, but did not begin to be popular until 1947. These days briefs (Y-fronts) are sold more than boxer shorts.
Some boxer shorts have openings with a snap button for using the toilet (urinating). Others just have an elastic waistband and can be pulled on or off like briefs. They can be made in different colors or patterns. Television displays more men in boxer shorts than in other underwear.

Compact disc player
A CD player is a device that can read the data on a CD (compact disc), make it into binary information, and turn that into sound waves.
A CD player has a laser and an optical sensor. A CD has tracks and bumps on the tracks. The CD player passes a laser beam along the track of the CD. The areas that are reflected (without the bumps) are 1's to the player and the areas that are reflected (with the bumps) are 0's to the player. The CD player uses these 1's and 0's and turn them into sound waves which are made louder into speakers or ear/headphones so you can listen to your music or sound recordings.

Fluid dynamics
Fluid Dynamics talks about how fluids (liquids and gases) work. It is one of the oldest parts of the study of Physics, and is studied by physicists, mathematicians, and engineers. Mathematics can describe how fluids move using mathematical formulas called equations.
Understanding how fluids behave helps us understand things like flight (aeronautics), weather (meteorology), and Sports Science. For example, fluid dynamics can be used to understand the weather, because clouds and air are both fluids. Fluid dynamics can also be used to understand how airplanes fly through the air or how ships and submarines move through water.
Computer programs can use the mathematical equations of fluid dynamics to model and predict the actions of moving fluids. Computers have helped us understand fluid dynamics very much, and some people study how to model or simulate fluids only with a computer. Studying how fluid dynamics can be done with computers is called computational fluid dynamics (or CFD for short).

Ernest Hemingway
Ernest Miller Hemingway (July 21, 1899 - July 2, 1961) was an American writer. Some people say that, of the many people he created in his books, the author himself was his own best creation.
Very early days.
Ernest Hemingway was born in 1899. He grew up in Oak Park, Illinois, near the middle western city of Chicago. He was the second child in a family of six. His father was a doctor. His mother liked to paint and play the piano.
Each summer, the family travelled to their holiday home in northern Michigan. Ernest's father taught him how to catch fish, hunt, set up a camp, and cook over a fire.
At home in Oak Park, Ernest wrote for his school newspaper. He tried to write like a famous sports writer, Ring Lardner, and he made his writing skills better.
Start as a news reporter.
In 1917, Hemingway decided not to go to a university. The United States had just entered World War I and he wanted to join the Army, but they rejected him because his eyesight was not good enough.
Ernest found a job with the "Kansas City Star" newspaper in Kansas City, Missouri. He reported news that happened at the hospital, police headquarters, and the railroad station. One reporter said: "Hemingway liked to be where the action was."
The Kansas City Star told its reporters to write short sentences, and to report unusual details of an incident. Hemingway quickly learned to do both.
His life outside of America.
Hemingway worked for the newspaper for nine months. He then joined the Red Cross to help on the battle fields of Europe. His job was to drive an ambulence and to take wounded soldiers off the battlefield.
The Red Cross sent him to Italy. There, he soon saw the first wounded. This was when a weapons factory in Milan exploded. Later, he was sent to the battle front. He went close to the fighting to see how he could act in the face of danger. Soon, he was seriously wounded.
Soon after healing, the war ended. Hemingway returned to the United States. After less than a year he had changed forever: he needed to write about what he had seen.
Gone to Chicago.
Some time later, Hemingway left home for Chicago to prove to himself, and to his family, that he could earn a living from his writing.
But he ran out of money and began to write for a newspaper again. The Canadian newspaper, the Toronto Star, loved his reports about life in Chicago. They hired him and paid him well.
In Chicago, Hemingway met Sherwood Anderson. Anderson was one of the first American writers to write about common people. Hemingway saw that Anderson's stories showed life as it really was. This was similar to what he wanted to do.
Anderson gave Hemingway advice about his writing. He told Hemingway to move to Paris. Life was less costly there. He said that city had many young artists and writers from many nations.
In return for Anderson's kindness, Hemingway wrote a book called "The Torrents of Spring". It makes fun of his friend and the way he wrote. Hemingway felt he could not say "thank you" to anyone. He had to believe he did everything for himself, even when he knew others helped him.
In Paris.
Hemingway decided to move to Paris. Before he did, in America, he married a woman he had recently met. Her name was Hadley Richardson.
Paris was cold and grey when Hemingway and his new wife arrived in 1921. They lived in one of the poorer parts of the city. Their rooms were small and they did not have water from pipes. But the "Toronto Star" employed him as its European reporter, so they had enough money for the two of them to live. That job gave Hemingway time to write his stories.
Hemingway enjoyed exploring Paris, learning French customs, and meeting friends. Some of these new friends were artists and writers who had come to the city in the 1920s. Among them were poet, Ezra Pound, and writers Gertrude Stein, John Dos Passos, and F. Scott Fitzgerald. Seeing that Hemingway was a good writer, they helped him publish his stories in the United States. He was thankful for their support at the time, but later denied that he had received their help.
Hemingway travelled all over Europe. He wrote about politics, peace conferences, and border disputes, as well as sports, skiing, and fishing. Later he would write about bullfighting in Spain. The "Toronto Star" was pleased with his work, and wanted more of his reports, but Hemingway was busy with his own writing.
He said this: "Sometimes, I would start a new story and could not get it going. Then I would stand and look out over the roofs of Paris and think. I would say to myself: 'All you have to do is write one true sentence. Write the truest sentence you know.' So finally, I would write a true sentence and go on from there. It was a wonderful feeling when I had worked well."
His first success in 1925.
Hemingway's first book of small stories was called "In Our Time". One of its stories, "Big Two Hearted River," told of the effects of war on a young man who was taking a long fishing trip in Michigan. Hemingway had learned from his father, when he was a boy, about living in the wild.
The story is about two kinds of rivers. One is calm and clear, and is where the young man fishes. The other is a dark, threatening swamp.
The story shows its main character trying to forget his past, as well as the war. He does not talk much about the war. The reader learns about the young man, not because Hemingway tells his readers what the man thinks, but because he shows that man learning about himself.
One of the best modern American stories, it is often published in collections of best writing.
After the book was published in 1925, Hadley and Hemingway returned to the United States for the birth of their son, after which they quickly returned to Paris.
A book: The Sun Also Rises.
Hemingway was working on a long story. He wanted to publish a novel so he would be recognized as a serious writer. And he wanted the money a novel would earn.
The novel was called "The Sun Also Rises". It is about young Americans in Europe after World War One. The war had destroyed their dreams and had given them nothing to replace those dreams. The writer Gertrude Stein later called these people members of "The Lost Generation. "
The book was an immediate success. At the age of 25 Ernest Hemingway was famous.
Many people, however, did not like Hemingway's art because they did not like what he wrote about.
Hemingway's sentences were short, the way he had been taught to write at the Kansas city star newspaper. He wrote about what he knew and felt. He used few descriptive words. His statements were clear and easily understood.
He had learned from earlier writers, like Ring Lardner and Sherwood Anderson, but Hemingway brought something new to his writing. He was able to paint in words what he saw and felt. In later books, sometimes he missed. Sometimes he even looked foolish. But when he was right he was almost perfect.
Marriage with Pauline Pfeiffer.
With the success of his novel, Hemingway became even more popular in Paris. Many people came to see him. One was an American woman, Pauline Pfeiffer. She became Hadley's friend. Then Pauline fell in love with Hemingway.
"When I saw Hadley again, I wished I had died before I ever loved anyone but her. She was smiling and the sun was on her lovely face. "
But the marriage was over. Ernest Hemingway and Hadley separated. She kept their son. He agreed to give her money he earned from his books.
In later years, he looked back at his marriage to Hadley as the happiest time of his life.
At twenty-five, Hemingway was living in Paris. He was a famous writer. But the end of his first marriage made him want to leave the place where he had first become famous.
Much later he said, "the city was never to be the same again. When I returned to it, I found it had changed as I had changed. Paris was never the same as when I was poor and very happy."
Hemingway and his new wife returned to the United States in 1928. They settled in Key West, an island with a fishing port near the southern coast of Florida.
His well-known books.
Before leaving Paris, Hemingway sent a collection of his stories to New York to be published. The book of stories, called "Men Without Women", was published soon after Hemingway arrived in Key West.
The Killers.
Nick opened the thingy and went into the room. Ole Andreson was lying on the bed with all his clothes on. He had been a heavyweight prizefighter and he was too long for the bed. He lay with his head on two pillows. He did not look at Nick.
"I was up at Henry's," Nick said, "and two fellows came in and tied me up and the cook, and they said they were going to kill you."
It sounded silly when he said it. Ole Andreson said nothing, "they put us out in the kitchen," Nick went on. "They were going to shoot you when you came in to supper."
Ole Andreson looked at the wall and did not say anything. "George thought I ought to come and tell you about it."
"There is not anything I can do about it," Ole Andreson said.
Any new book by Hemingway was an important event for readers. But stories like "The Killers" shocked many people. Some thought there was too much violence in his stories. Others said he only wrote about gunmen, soldiers, fighters, and drinkers.
This made Hemingway angry. He felt that writers should not be judged by those who could not write a story.
Hemingway was happy in Key West. In the morning he wrote, in the afternoon he fished, and at night he went to a public house and drank. One old fisherman said: "Hemingway was a man who talked slowly and very carefully. He asked a lot of questions. And he always wanted to get his information exactly right."
A Farewell to Arms.
Hemingway and his wife Pauline had a child in Key West.
Soon afterwards, he heard that his father had killed himself. Hemingway was shocked. He said, "My father taught me so much. He was the only one I really cared about."
When Hemingway returned to work there was a sadness about his writing that was not there before.
His new book told about an American soldier who served with the Italian army during World War One. He meets an English nurse, and they fall in love. They flee from the army, but she dies during childbirth. Some of the events are taken from Hemingway's service in Italy. The book is called "A Farewell to Arms".
"At noon we were stuck in a muddy road about as nearly as we could figure, ten kilometres from Udine. The rain had stopped during the forenoon and three times we had heard planes coming, seen them pass overhead, watched them go far to the left and heard them bombing on the main highroad....
"Later we were on a road that led to a river. There was a long line of abandoned trucks and carts on a road leading up to a bridge. No one was in sight. The river was high and the bridge had been blown up in the center; the stone arch was fallen into the river and the brown water was going over it. We went up the bank looking for a place to cross.... we did not see any troops; only abandoned trucks and stores. Along the river bank was nothing and no one but the wet brush and muddy ground. "
Death in the Afternoon.
"A Farewell to Arms" was very successful. It earned Hemingway a great deal of money. It permitted him to travel.
One place he visited was Spain, a country he loved. He said, "I want to paint with words all the sights and sounds and smells of Spain. And if I can write any of it down truly, then it will represent all of Spain."
He wrote a book called "Death in the Afternoon". It describes the Spanish custom of bull fighting. Hemingway believed that bull fighting was an art, just as much as writing was an art. And he believed it was a true test of a man's bravery, something that always concerned him.
The Snows of Kilimanjaro.
Hemingway also travelled to Africa. He had been asked to write a series of reports about African hunting. He said, "Hunting in Africa is the kind of hunting I like. No riding in cars, just simple walking and feeling the grass under my feet."
The trip to Africa resulted in a book called "The Green Hills of Africa" and many smaller stories.
One story is one of Hemingway's best. The story, called "The Snows of Kilimanjaro", tells of Hemingway's fears about himself. It is about a writer who betrays his art for money and is unable to remain true to himself.
For Whom the Bell Tolls.
In 1936, the Civil War in Spain gave him a chance to return to Spain and test his bravery again. He agreed to write about the war for an American news organization.
It was a dangerous job. One day, Hemingway and two other reporters were driving a car near a battlefield. The car carried two white flags to show they were not fighting. But rebel gunners thought the car was carrying enemy officers. Hemingway was almost killed. Later he said that "bullets are all the same. If they do not hit you, there is no story. If they do hit you, then you do not have to write it. "
The trip to Spain resulted in two works: a play called "The Fifth Column", and a novel called "For Whom the Bell Tolls". The novel tells the story of an American who has chosen to fight against the fascists. He realizes that there are lies and injustice on his side. But he sees no hope except the victory of his side. During the fighting, he escapes his fear of death and of being alone. He decides that "he can live as full a life in seventy hours as in seventy years."
Later days and his married life.
The book was a great success. Hemingway enjoyed being famous. His second marriage was ending. He divorced Pauline and married reporter Martha Gellhorn. He had met her while they were working in Spain. They decided to live in Cuba, near the city of Havana. Their house looked out over the Caribbean Sea.
But this marriage did not last long. Hemingway was changing. He began to feel that whatever he said was right. Martha went on long trips to be away from him. He drank heavily to forget his loneliness.
When America entered World War Two, Hemingway went to Britain as a reporter. Later he took part in the invasion of Europe and the freeing of Paris.
During the war, Hemingway met another reporter, Mary Walsh. In 1945, when his marriage to Martha was legally over, he married Mary.
After the war, Hemingway began work on his last important book, "The Old Man and the Sea". It is the story of a Cuban fisherman who refuses to be defeated by nature.
Hemingway said, "I was trying to show the experience of the fisherman so exactly and directly that it became part of the reader's experience."
In 1954, Hemingway won the Nobel Prize for Literature. But he was too sick to take part in the ceremony.
Ernest Hemingway was 60 years old, but he said he felt like he was 86. Even worse, he felt that he no longer was able to write. He seemed to be living the story about the writer who had sold his writing skill in order to make money.
"To stay in places and to leave... to trust, to distrust... to no longer believe and believe again... to watch the changes in the seasons... to be out in boats... to watch the snow come, to watch it go... to hear the rain... And to know where I can find what I want."
Ernest Hemingway owned many cats, especially cats with extra toes. Today these cats are sometimes called "Hemingway cats" in his honor. His house in Key West, Florida is now a home for his cats and their kittens.
The article above is a rewriting of public domain material, provided by Voice of America Special English.

MSN
"MSN" (the Microsoft Network), is a web portal (a website used to enter the Internet).
Web portal.
The web portal launched on August 24 1995 by Microsoft. The site was launched at around the same time as Windows 95. Through MSN, people can create an e-mail account using MSN Hotmail, a blog using MSN Spaces, a group using MSN Groups and plenty more. It is now the #2 visited site in the world behind Yahoo!. Many people have come across this site in one way or another because it is the default main page for Internet Explorer.
MSN Messenger.
MSN is also the name for MSN Messenger (now called Windows Live Messenger). It is an instant messenger, which allows people to communicate through conversations over an internet connection. As well as conversations using text, this program also allows voice and video conversations. You can even use small "emoticons" to express what you are trying to say. Messages are sent and received very quickly from around the globe. Its current messenger client is Windows Live Messenger.
MSN Hotmail.
"Hotmail" is a free email service from MSN. It started in 1995. It was bought by Microsoft in 1997. Microsoft Hotmail accounts are used to log in to MSN Messenger.

Reed
A reed is a piece of dry bamboo that is used in some musical instruments such as saxophones, clarinets and oboes. The musician blows air through the mouthpiece where the reed is firmly placed, and the air makes the reed vibrate; this vibration in the mouthpiece produces sound all along the instrument, which is changed into specific musical notes depending on the physical nature of the instrument.
Musical instruments that use reeds are members of the woodwind family, because many years ago the instruments were all made of wood. Today the instruments can be made of metal (brass, silver, gold), wood, or a hard plastic made to look like wood.
Other reeds can be made from metal or plastic.

Nuuk
Nuuk (Danish: Godthaab or Godthåb) is the capital of Greenland. The city has a population of 15,047 people. It was founded in 1728 by the Norwegian missionary Hans Egede. Egede named the city Godthåb which means "Good Hope". Today, the people of Nuuk are mainly Inuit and Danes.
Nuuk is the location of the University of Greenland.

Lumberjack
A lumberjack is a person who cuts down trees to be made into lumber. Lumberjacks used to cut with axes, but now lumberjacks use chainsaws. Many lumberjacks in North America still wear plaid shirts and jeans. Lumberjacks are usually divided into four types- The fellers, the buckers,the skidders and the transporters.

Muhammad
Muhammad (in Arabic: محمد) (c. 570 - June 8, 632 AD) was an Arabian religious and political leader who Muslims believe to be the last prophet of God. Believed to be a descendent of Ishmael, a son of Abraham, he is considered the most important person in the religion of Islam.
Childhood.
Muhammad was born about April 20 570 AD in Mecca. (It is practiced in Islam to say or write "Sallallahu Alaihe Wa Sallam" (Sm), which means "Peace be upon him" after saying, hearing or writing the name of the Prophet Muhammad). His father, whose name was Abdullah, died a couple of months before Muhammad's birth. His mother, Amina, died when he was three years old, and his foster mother, a Bedouin woman, died when he was six. So, his grandfather, Abd al-Muttalib, took care of him for two years. After his grandfather's death, his uncle Abu Talib took care of him, and was a support to him for many years of his adult life.
Beginning of the Prophecy.
Muhammad ran back home scared at first. However new revelations came to him commanding him to preach what was being sent down from God. When Muhammad first started teaching, many of the people of Mecca, who were pagans and worshipped idols, did not like the things that Muhammad said. But there were also people who listened to his preaching and obeyed his messages. These people were the first of the followers of Islamic law. Muhammad's uncle Abu Lahab, who was a leader of Mecca, started to punish and torture all followers of Islam. Some followers of Islam were put to death. Muhammad was often insulted, but was not physically harmed.
No matter how hard they tried, more people were willing to enter Islam. But then, the people of Mecca were told to throw all Muslims into the desert without their belongings. They stayed there for three years without enough food or water. Then, Muhammad's wife, Khadijah. and his uncle, Abu Talib, died in the same year. Muhammad was left without protection against the people of Mecca.
The Hijra.
When Muhammad thought he had failed, people from Medina learnt about him and his followers. They welcomed him into their city, but Muhammad wanted them to convert to Islam in exchange. They agreed, and most of his followers went to Medina. This movement from Mecca to Medina is called the "Hijra". The Hijra was also the beginning of the Muslim calendar. Muhammad stayed behind until all of his people left Mecca safely.
As Muhammad stayed in Mecca, Abu Lahab was training seven men to kill him in his sleep. But, no one saw him leaving Mecca. The men went into his house and found his cousin, Ali. So, Abu Lahab and his horsemen went to the desert to look for him and his friend, Abu Bakr.
His stay in Medina.
Muhammad and Abu Bakr arrived in Medina safely. The people of Medina welcomed Muhammad with a song:"Tala al badru alaina..." Today, this song is famous in Muslim populations. Muhammad had many people welcoming him to their homes, but he used his camel to show everyone where he would build his house. Also, the first mosque of Medina, a small place for prayer, was built at the back of the house.
But then, many things began to happen. Not everyone was happy about the new changes in Medina. A strong Jewish tribe in Medina felt that Muhammad's new rules would change their lifestyle for the worse. So, they told their allies in Mecca to sell of all the things and homes the Muslims of Mecca left behind. Then the Muslims, and those from Mecca, were being advised to fight to get their belongings back. But, Muhammad did not advise them to do so.
Then one day, Muslims were called all over Medina to gather at the mosque that Muhammad prayed in. They were told to fight against the pagans of Mecca, who threw Muslims out of Mecca long ago. Having no income, the Muslims who originally came from Mecca then attacked caravans from Mecca. Then in A.D. 624, Muhammad himself led a large group of some three hundred warriors to attack a caravan.
The wars.
The Quraysh pagans of Mecca heard about this, and they sent a larger army numbering 1000 warriors to fight the Muslims. They met in Badr, but the pagans were defeated and Abu Jahl, one of the pagan leaders, was also killed.
But, the Muslims lost the second war at Uhud. One year after the fight at Badr, the army of Mecca had outside help. Muslim archers failed to listen to Muhammad's instructions and Khalid ibn al-Walid cleverly took advantage of that. Hamza, Muhammad's last uncle, was killed when a slave from Mecca threw a spear into his chest. Muhammad himself was injured.
Then in 627, Abu Sufyan led the Quraysh and its allies to attack Medina itself. However, they could not pass the trench that the Muslims had dug around Medina. After several weeks, the coalition broke up and went home. The Medinians were considered victors.
The truce with Mecca.
After the pagans of Mecca failed to gain control of Medina, the Muslims became stronger. The pagans then decided to sign a truce with the Muslims. This means that they would not fight each other for ten years. The Muslims used this as a chance to talk to other people all over Arabia. In three years, many people changed their religions to Islam.
But, this truce did not last for long. After three years of it, a small group of horsemen from Mecca attacked a Muslim camp and killed a few of them. The Muslims in Medina heard of this, and the truce was cancelled. Abu Sufyan, third leader of Mecca in Muhammad's lifetime, tried to resume the truce, but Muhammad politely refused the offer. Muhammad told his followers to be ready to capture Mecca.
The capture of Mecca.
Abu Sufyan heard this in his home. From this, he learnt that Muhammad forgave him. At that time, Muhammad and his followers removed and broke all idols from the Kaaba. The idols were statues that the pagans worshipped as gods. At the end, Bilal climbed to the top of the Kaaba and called for prayer. This was Muhammad's victory in spreading Islam all over Arabia. But, because he was old, he would not live for long.
His death.
Although Muhammad (Sm) died, Islam soon spread all over the Middle East. Then, centuries later, it continued till it reached Africa, Asia and Europe. Islam has become one of the world's biggest religions.

Ford Mustang
The Ford Mustang is a very popular American small car. It was introduced to the public in 1964 by the Ford Motor Company. It did not cost a lot of money, but it was still very fancy. People could order their Mustang with many options and body styles, such as a convertible, 2+2 (fastback), or coupe. Many different engines were available between the years of 1964 1/2 to 1968; from the 170 CID to the 427 CID engine. This meant car buyers could have a Mustang that saved gas or a more powerful and fast car. More than one million Mustangs were sold in only two years. The Mustang is still being sold today and is still very popular.
The 1964 Mustang was based on another Ford car, the Falcon. The Falcon was not expensive to build and that helped the Mustang get the approval it needed to be built. The people who ran the Ford company didn't want to take a chance on a car like that because they lost a lot of money on another car, the Edsel, just a few years back. The Mustang sold very well, becoming one of the best sellng cars of all time. It would remain mostly the same until 1966.
Its first new body style came out in 1967 and its third by 1969. Bigger, more powerful engines were offered, making some Mustangs into musclecars. By 1971, the Mustang had become a very large car and sales were dropping.
A new Mustang came out in 1974. Called "Mustang II," it was almost the same size as the original car, but emissions controls and the Arab oil embargo meant that the Mustang II was not a very powerful car, even with a V-8 engine. It was also a heavier car than the 1964-66 model.
The new Mustang that came out in 1979 may have been the most important Mustang ever. The basic design carried all the way through the 2004 model year, but with hundreds of thousands of improvements over the years. Very few parts except for some minor chassis parts stayed unchanged. The new 2005 model is the first all-new Mustang since 1979. Because the original Mustang was and is one of the most popular cars ever, Ford made the new Mustang to look very much like the first Mustangs, especially the 1967 and 1968 models. Ford and Carol Shelby recently reintroduced the GT-500 version of the Mustang. Carol Shelby played a critical role in the development of the GT-500
in the 60's, and he also played a crucial role in the development of the Mach 1. Both models are around today and offer mustang buyer's the choice of having superior quality and performance.

Red Hat Linux
Red Hat Linux was a Linux operating system.
Red Hat made it public in the past and it was used by many Linux users. The last publicly-released version was Red Hat Linux 9 in April, 2003. Red Hat then decided to discontinue a future release of Red Hat Linux because of her business reasons.
Red Hat Linux 7.3 version is still widely used around the world for servers and workstations.
Around 2005, The Red Hat company released their system as Fedora Core, which is still available.
See Also.
List of Linux distributions

Sacavém
Sacavém is a city in Portugal, near the capital Lisbon. There is about eighteen hundred people living there. Sacavém is on the border of the River Tagus. It confines with the parishes of "Bobadela", "Camarate", "Moscavide", "Portela", "Prior Velho" and "Unhos".
Sacavém is very well-known for its famous ceramics.

Shooter
A shooter is a kind of video game. The aim of the game is to beat enemies by shooting (or otherwise killing) them. The enemies shoot back. The aim of the game is to stay alive as long as possible.
Many of the oldest computer games were shooters; the first video game ever made was a shooter called "Computer Space". And one of the first games that many people played was a shooter called "Space Invaders".
There are lots of different kinds of shooter. Now many people like first-person shooters. But there are other kinds too. In Japan many people play shooters where the enemies fire lots of bullets. The bullets make beautiful patterns on the screen. This kind of shooter is called a "barrage shooter" or a "curtain fire shooter". It is also called by the Japanese name, "danmaku".

Sushi
is a kind of food. Sushi comes from Japan, and has a long history. It's a popular dish in America, the UK, and many other countries.
Sushi is made with rice. All types of sushi have some kind of rice. The rice is mixed with vinegar. There are other things in it like vegetables and raw fish called "neta". Some sushi is wrapped in seaweed (sometimes called "nori"), some is not. Some kinds of fish are safe to eat raw, and do not make you ill.
There are different kinds of sushi. "Nigiri sushi" is made with fish or vegetables that are put on top of sushi rice. "Maki sushi" is made with fish or vegetables rolled up inside rice.
Sushi can be eaten with hands or chopsticks. Soy sauce, wasabi, gari (sweet, pickled ginger), and other toppings are often put on sushi.
In Japan, sushi is sometimes sold in “conveyor-belt shops”, where plates of sushi are put on a moving belt which passes by the customers. People freely take the sushi they want as it passes. The color of the plate shows the price of the sushi. At some shops, any plate is 100 yen.

The Thinker
The Thinker (French: "Le Penseur") is a famous bronze statue made by the sculptor Auguste Rodin, which portrays a man sitting and thinking with his arm bends on his knee and his chin on his hand. Though this statue is widely known as "The Thinker," Rodin first called it "The Poet". It was part of a commission by the Museum of Decorative Arts in Paris to create a huge gate based on the epic poem "The Divine Comedy" of Dante. Each of the statues in the piece represented one of the main characters in the poem. "The Thinker" was originally meant to depict Dante himself in front of the Gates of Hell, considering his great poem.
Over twenty casts of the sculpture exist; they are now in museums around the world. Some of those copies are enlarged versions of the original work, while others have somewhat different proportions.
The Thinker was finished in 1880.

Nazko Cone
Nazko Cone is a small volcano in central British Columbia, Canada. It is approximately 75 km west of the town of Quesnel. It is in the eastern part of the Anahim Volcanic Belt. The most recent eruption of Nazko Cone was 7200 years ago.
A series of small earthquakes occurred in the area of Nazko Cone beginning on October 10, 2007. Most of these earthquakes were magnitude 1.0 or less; some as strong as magnitude 3.2 were centered 25 kilometers below the surface. The cause of these earthquakes is believed to be the rising of molten magma because there are no faults or tectonic plate boundaries. The source of this magma is from the Anahim hotspot and continues to this day.

Anahim Volcanic Belt
The Anahim Volcanic Belt is a nearly east-west line of volcanoes stretches from the west coast of British Columbia, Canada, just north of Vancouver Island, and reaches into the Interior Plateau near Quesnel. The farther away from the coast, the younger the volcanoes tend to be. These volcanoes are thought to have formed because of the North American continent sliding westward over the Anahim hotspot. Volcanoes in this belt include the Rainbow, Ilgachuz, and Itcha Ranges, and the Nazko Cone, which last erupted about 7200 years ago.

Chilcotin Plateau Basalts
Chilcotin Plateau Basalts is an area in British Columbia of small flows of melted rock, called lava or magma, about 150 km from the ocean. They go in the same direction as the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt. These flows are thought to be a result of the crust getting bigger behind an area where one block of land slides under another. This happens a lot in lots of place and is called "back-arc extension volcanism". Most volcanoes near Chilcotin blew out lava, or erupted, 6 to 10 million years before now and 2 to 3 million years before now while the eruptions in the Garibaldi volcanic belt were just beginning. There have also been some eruptions not very long ago in a time called the Pleistocene epoch.

Garibaldi Volcanic Belt
The Garibaldi Volcanic Belt is the northern extension of the Cascade Volcanic Belt in the northwestern United States and contains the most explosive eruptions in Canada. Its volcanoes are also the closest to British Columbia's densely populated southwest corner. These volcanoes are the result of subduction of the Juan de Fuca Plate; the plates meet just seaward of the west coast of Vancouver Island. The volcanoes of the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt generally are stratovolcanoes typical of subduction zones, and include Mount Garibaldi, Mount Cayley and Mount Meager. Meager's eruption 2,350 years ago is the youngest explosive eruption in Canada. It was similar similar to that of Mount St. Helens in 1980 and the ongoing eruption of Montserrat in the Caribbean.

Mount Garibaldi
Mount Garibaldi is an eroded, dacitic strato volcano in southwestern British Columbia. Both Garibaldi and Mount Baker to its south are part of the Cascade volcanic arc. Mount Garibaldi, 80 km due north of Vancouver, is made up of Mount Garibaldi, Atwell Peak,and Dalton Dome. This Pleistocene volcanic center is part of a volcanic field that contains some 13 vents in an area 30 km long by 15 km wide, much of which is in Garibaldi Provincial Park.
The eruptive history of Mt. Garibaldi involves an initial period of volcanism (200,000-300,000 years ago) followed by a period of quiescence. Renewed activity in the last 50,000 years has rebuilt the edifice in a series of violent eruptions, like when Mount Pelee erupted in 1902 and destroyed the town of St. Pierre on the island of Martinique. As successive pyroclastic flows travelled down the mountain's gentle slopes and were deposited, the volcano took on a broad, conical form. Part of the volcano's southwest flank built out onto thick glacial ice filling the Squamish River valley. Subsequent rapid melting of the ice at the close of the last ice age removed support from the western part of the cone. The volcano collapsed,producing much of the existing rugged topography of Mount Garibaldi and Atwell Peak. This catastrophic failure left a scarp on which is exposed the internal structure of the volcano and a debris fan with an estimated volume of 150,000,000 m at the foot of the mountain north of the town of Squamish. As valley glaciers retreated, two lava flows erupted Clinker Peak, immediately north of Mt. Garibaldi. The northernmost Rubble Creek flow was party confined by a wall of ice, resulting in a lava flow over 244m (800ft) thick. The steep, northern edge of the Rubble Creek flow party collapsed several times, most recently in 1855-1856; the village of Garibaldi was abandoned because of the danger of future collapses. The most recent period of activity occurred shortly after the disappearance of the glacial ice filling the valley, 10,700 to 9,300 radiocarbon years ago, and ended with the eruption the Ring Creek lava flow from Opal cone on Garibaldi's southeastern flank.
The Ring Creek flow is very unusual. It is 15 km long - a length usually only attained by basalt flows,except that the Ring Creek flow is dacite. Renewed volcanism in the Garibaldi area would pose a serious threat to the local communities of Whistler and Squamish. Although no
Plinian-style eruptions are known, even Pelean-type eruptions could produce large quantities of ash that could rise to several hundred meters above the volcano whose close proximity to Vancouver would make this a hazard for air traffic. The danger from lava flows would be low to moderate because the nature of the lavas would prevent them from travelling far from their source,even though the Ring Creek lava flow ends only 6 km from Squamish. Melting of remnant glacial ice capping the Mt. Garibaldi area could produce floods, lahars,or debris flows that might endanger small communities including Brackendale.
Highway 99, which links Whistler and Squamish with Vancouver, is already plagued by landslides and dedris flows from the precipitous Coast Mountains. An eruption producing floods could destroy segments of the highway. Flooding and debris flows could also have serious coneequences for the salmon fishery on the Squamish, Cheakamus, and Mamquam rivers. In addition,explosive eruptions and the accompanying ash could cause short and long-term water-supply problems for Vancouver and much of the lower mainland. The catchment area for the Greater Vancouver watershed is downwind from the Garibaldi area. Air-fall material could also have a deleterious effect on the ice fields to the east of Mt. Garibaldi, causing increased melting and spring flooding. This in turn could theaten water supplies from Pitt Lake as well as fisheries on the Pitt River.

Mount Meager
Mount Meager is a potentially active volcano in the Canadian province of British Columbia, Canada, 150 kilometers north of Vancouver. The top of the mountain is mostly covered by snow and glaciers. It lies in the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt and is the northernmost volcano of the Cascade Volcanic Arc that extends down to northern California. Its most common type of rock is lava that is almost a million years old (with a thickness in some places over 1 km).
The mountain is part of the Pacific Ranges of mountains and is 2,680 meters (8,793 feet) high. It was previously called "Cathedral Mountain".
Geologic history.
Meager is known for its last major eruption about 2,350 years ago. The strange thing about the eruption was the fact it released the debris from the northeast side of the volcano, as rock and ash blocked a major river called the Lillooet River. The river was dammed to a height of at least 100 meters, forming a lake. The lake reached a maximum elevation of 810 meters and was at least 50 meters deep. The breccia soon eroded from water activity within the lake, forming Keyhole Falls. There was a massive flood when the water first broke through the breccia, carrying small house sized blocks of breccia. During this eruption, ash was hurled into the air over 20 kilometers above sea level. The ash was carried westward as far as Alberta.
Volcanic hazards.
Meager is an unstable volcano. It is built of unstable volcanic and has dumped clay and rock several meters deep into the Perberton Valley at least three times during the last 7,300 years. Two earlier debris flows, around 4,450 and 7,300 years ago, sent rubble at least 32 kilometers from the volcano. Recently, the volcano has created smaller landslides about every ten years, including one in 1975 that killed four geologists near Meager Creek. Logging, mining, tourism and wilderness recreation on nearby slopes and valleys are vulnerable to the volcano’s excellent geomorphic activity. The possibility of Mount Meager covering settled parts of the Pemberton Valley in a debris flow is estimated at about one in 2400 years. There is no sign of volcanic eruptions with these events, however scientists warn the volcano could release another massive debris flow over populated areas anytime without warning.
The explosive nature of past eruptions at Mount Meager indicates that this volcano also poses a considerable long-distance treat to communites across southern British Columbia and Alberta. It is also a local treat to the town of Pemberton, British Columbia, about 50 km away. Another explosive eruption at Mount Meager would also have a considerable impact on local mining and logging operations, as well as significant negative impacts on the Lillooet River fishery.

Metaphysics
Metaphysics is a branch of philosophy and is the study of the world.
It is the basis of physics and other sciences.
However, unlike other sciences, metaphysics asks very basic philosophical questions and does not look at the world directly.
A physicist might ask 'how does the world work?' but a metaphysical philosopher would ask 'what is the world?'.
Often metaphysical questions are questions about ourselves, and how we see and feel the world.
They can also be questions about what might be true and what could not be true.
By answering these questions metaphysical philosophers hope they can understand the world in a way that people who do not ask them cannot.
Many metaphysical philosophers are also physicists, such as Aristotle and Rene Descartes.
In some areas metaphysical philosophers can ask questions and find answers but physicists cannot, such as the study of time or God.
In other areas metaphysics is not very useful, such as finding out what things are made of.

Washington
Washington is one of the 50 states in the United States of America. It is north of Oregon, west of Idaho, east of the Pacific Ocean, and south of British Columbia. (British Columbia is part of Canada). There are more than 6,000,000 people in Washington. Most live in the western part of Washington, which gets more rain. About a quarter of the people live in the east part, where it gets less rain, and some parts have a desert climate. The largest city on the east part is Spokane it is also the second biggest city in the state. The Cascade Mountains go down the middle of the state and break it into two sides. The state's nickname is the "Evergreen State" because it has a lot of pine trees. Washington was the 42nd state to join the United States, on November 11, 1889.
The capital of Washington is Olympia. Olympia is a small city on the west side of Washington, at the south end of Puget Sound. Washington's biggest city is Seattle, Seattle is also on Puget Sound.
Washington has many beautiful forests, rivers, gorges (gorges are small canyons), and mountains. Because it's next to the ocean, it has a long beach. However, because Washington is north of Oregon and California (the other two states on the West Coast of the United States), the ocean is cold, and usually not good to swim in.
The biggest universities in Washington are the University of Washington and Washington State University. Washington State University is in a small town called Pullman. Pullman is on the east side of the state.

Clematis
Clematis is a genus of plants, that is widely known for its beautiful flowers.
There are many varieties in this group as gardeners around the world has produced many varieties. Not only in Western countries but also in Japan, you can see many types of flowers.
This plant grows up with its vines, often climbing up a tree near by. The original species mostly can be found in temperate areas on Earth. But you can find some species even in high mountains.

Rational number
In mathematics, a rational number is a number that can be written as one whole number divided by another whole number. The short way of writing this in math language is "a"/"b" or formula_1, where "b" is not 0.
Most of the numbers people see every day are rational.
There are numbers which are not rational. For example: formula_2 (the square root of 2) is irrational(not rational). When people write a rational number in a decimal system, the digits must repeat sooner or later, for example formula_3.
formula_4
formula_5 (x multiplied by 100)
So, since the decimal part (the part to the right of the decimal point) is the same as x, we can always subtract x from both sides to eliminate all the decimals to get,
formula_6
or formula_7
We can then divide both sides by 99.
That is, formula_8
Since x = 0.070707, we can finally rewrite the previous equation to show that 0.070707 can be written as the ratio of two integers, 7 and 99.
formula_9
formula_10
formula_11
When people write an irrational number, the digits never repeat. An example of an irrational number is: formula_12.
Every integer is a rational number, because it can be written as formula_13. For example formula_14.
Formal construction.
Mathematically we can define them as an ordered pair of integers formula_25, with formula_26 not equal to zero.
This equivalence relation does not change the addition and multiplication defined above, and we may define Q to be the quotient set of ~, it is we identify two pairs ("a", "b") and ("c", "d") if they are equivalent in the above sense.
We can also define a total order on Q by writing
Properties.
That many numbers are counted several times here, is not a big problem. We could also imagine leaving them out. The important thing is that we have now a long list of positive rational numbers; so the (positive) rational numbers are countable.
For using this method for "all" rational numbers, add after each step the same but negative number.
The rationals are a densely ordered set: between any two rationals, there sits another one, in fact infinitely many other ones.

St. Patrick's Day
Saint Patrick's Day is the feast day of Saint Patrick, the patron saint of Ireland. It is celebrated all over Ireland and everywhere in the world where Irish people or their descendants live. New York City has one of the biggest parades.
It is a very Irish festival and it involves a lot of feasting and celebrations, which includes traditional Irish music and eating corned beef and cabbage. Another tradition is you have to wear green clothing or you will be pinched.
Green is the color for saint Patricks day.

Edgar Cayce
Edgar Cayce (March 18, 1877 – January 3, 1945), known as "The Sleeping Prophet" and "America's Greatest Mystic", is one of America's famous psychics. He wanted people to think of him as a healer and not a psychic.
Methods.
Cayce worked in a trance. This means he could talk while sleeping and answered questions about a person's health, past and future. This information is called "readings". At first, these readings were about the physical health of the person ("physical readings"). Later, there were readings on "past lives", "business advice", "dreaminterpretation", and also "mental or spiritual health". The Association for Research and Enlightenment (ARE) currently takes care of all of his readings and follow-ups to the readings. The readings have had a large effect on New Age thinking.
Life history.
Edgar Cayce was born on March 18,1877 near Hopkinsville, Kentucky. He read the Bible many times starting when he was 10 years old. He wanted to tell people about God and heal them. His family worked on a farm.
First jobs.
His family moved to Hopkinville in December, 1893. Edgar's first jobs (1894 – 1898) were at Richard's Dry Goods Store. He next worked in Hopper's Bookstore. Both stores were located on Main Street. He married Gertrude Evans in 1903.
Business.
In 1900, Cayce went into business with his father. They sold insurance. Cayce became very sick with laryngitis in March. In April 18, he could not talk at all. He had to live at home with his parents for almost a year. He become a photographer because it did not require talking. He worked in the photography studio of W. R. Bowles in Hopkinsville.
First hypnotist job.
A hypnotist and entertainer called Hart was entertaining at the Hopkinsville Opera House in 1901. He heard that Cayce was sick and asked if he could try to cure him. Cayce said yes and the entertainer tried to cure Cayce in front of an audience. Cayce was able to talk while in a hypnotic trance but when he woke up he could not talk. Hart hypnotized Cayce so that his voice would be normal after the trance but Cayce's voice did not become normal.
Hypotism in depth.
Hart had to leave. Another hypnotist, Al Layne, continued to help Cayce have a normal voice. Layne asked Cayce to tell him the cause of his illness and it's cure while in a hypnosis. Cayce described his illness from a first person plural point of view — 'we' — instead of the singular "I." In later readings, he would usually start off with "We have the body." In the reading, Cayce said his voice loss was because of psychological paralysis and that could be fixed by increasing the blood flow to the voice box. Layne suggested that the blood flow be increased and Cayce's face turned red with blood and his chest area turned bright red. After 20 minutes, Cayce, still in trance, said the treatment over. When he woke up his voice stayed normal. He would get sick again and but was cured by Layne in the same way and later he was cured perfectly.
Fame.
Cayce's work grew as his fame grew. He asked for people to give him money to support himself and his family so that he could work full time. He continued to work in a trance state with a hypnotist all his life. His wife and oldest son later replaced Layne in this role. A secretary, Gladys Davis, took notes. Many believe that Cayce had an affair with Ms. Davis later in life.
In 1929 the Cayce hospital was created in Virginia Beach. The cost of the hospital was paid for by Morton Blumenthal.
Cayce became famous in the United States in 1943 because of an imortant article in "Coronet" magazine. He increased his readings to 8 times a day to try to keep up. This caused problems with his health.
Problems.
The trance reading caused problems with Cayce’s health which were easily seen. On the times when he could not give a clear reading, he said it was because he was working under too great a pressure. In these cases, he always gave the money back to the person he was giving a reading to.
Edgar Cayce died on January 3, 1945. He had predicted his own death four days earlier.
Readings.
Edgar Cayce is famous for the thousands of "readings" that he gave while he was hypnotized. He gave more than 14,000 readings in 43 years. Gladys Davis, his assistant, recorded the readings and his wife, Gertrude Evans Cayce, guided him during hypnosys.
Physical readings.
In the beginning, his readings were known as "physical readings" (health readings). Cayce often called the body "the organism". Cayce would put himself under self-hypnosis. While he seemed to sleep, he would say where the person was. He would sometimes name the streets along the way. He would then say "Yes, we see the body", and describe the client's organ, circulatory, and nervous systems. He would give reasons for illness or problems. A message would then be given to the person telling them how to get better. The readings were so specialized that treatments were often changed, or not even given, if the person would not follow his advice. People often came to Cayce for health readings when the medical community could find nothing wrong or had given up on them.
Life readings.
In a life reading, Cayce described the "past lives" of the client. These readings described the client's present physical, emotional and mental condition in terms of past life experience. Cayce was not above flattering his clients by describing past lives as royalty, famous people, or people at their "spiritual highest".
Business readings.
For those people whose intentions Cayce believed to be "pure", Cayce would give business readings. These included advice on business partners, the stock market, and business models. Cayce also founded and guided the A.R.E..
Dream readings.
Edgar Cayce encouraged everyone to interpret and use his or her own dreams in day-to-day life. A dream reading involved Cayce interpreting the dreams of clients. As he did with readings on many subjects, Cayce would often interrupt the person reading the dream and give an interpretation before the dream had been completely read. He would sometimes fill in parts of dreams that the dreamer had supposedly forgotten. Unlike Jungian or Freudian dream interpretation, Cayce did not emphasize highly the importance of symbols. He said that every individual has his or her own unique symbols. Cayce claimed that in dreams people could receive valuable insight into their own lives and that the insight was always of use to the dreamer. Besides regular daily insight into one's life, he claimed people could communicate with loved ones dead or alive, remember past life experiences, see a possible future and experience many other psychic phenomena. He stated that these paranormal abilities were something anyone could learn.
Mental and Spiritual readings.
These readings were often short and were Cayce's favorite type of reading when not in his supposed trance state. They focused on what a individual could do to achieve a better mental/spiritual life.
Other readings.
Other Readings are miscellaneous subject matter that does not fit into an above category. The subject matter differs from missing persons, buried treasure, readings given to a spiritual development group, psychic abilities, auras, prophecy, structure of reality, geology and many other topics.
Impact.
For many people, the readings had a powerful impact on attitudes, beliefs, health practices, outlook on life, matters of faith and many other areas.
Claimed abilities.
Cayce himself did not claim to be able to do all these things.
Former lives and conflict with Christian doctrine.
Cayce had difficulty and believing some of the things he said when he was hypnotised. For example, having been raised a devout Christian, for a long time he could not believe that reincarnation was real. Books such as Frederick Oliver's and Marie Corelli's novels were probably easily accessible to Cayce at his bookstore. Corelli's writings in particular seek to reconcile mystical beliefs such as reincarnation with Christianity, and Cayce may have been subconsciously trying to accept this idea.
Reincarnation.
Cayce also claimed while in a supposed trance that the Essenes had believed in reincarnation but that view was expunged from the Bible following a papal council decision in around 500 AD., as with ancient Egyptian religion.
Claimed reincarnation.
During a hypnosis session, Cayce mentioned a former life as Ra Ta, an Egyptian healer-priest. He told a long story about working with the legendary doctor-magician Hermes-Thoth, who he said was reincarnated as Jesus. Cayce also specified that Jesus had lived a number of incarnations throughout human history.
A Reading About the Readings in Terms of Religion.
One of Cayce's trance statements implies that knowledge gained through his readings is "not" necessary if a person is well grounded in one's faith: "Does it make one a better husband, a better businessman, a better neighbor, a better artist, a better churchman, if so cleave to it, if not reject it."
The readings also warn against the misuse of religion for personal gain. 'God is not mocked' is an often quoted verse in the readings.
Skepticism.
Many skeptics say that Cayce did not have paranormal abilities. Cayce himself said that not all the information given during "readings" was correct and should be analyzed. He criticized his own organization, the A.R.E, on a number of occasions for not doing enough research on the validity of the readings.
Problems.
In addition, although Cayce's secretary Miss Davis allegedly took down what Cayce said, the records of the readings are jumbled and chaotic. There is nothing to distinguish what Cayce himself independently said, what was the information provided in the letters, and what his handlers — physicians, osteopaths and hypnotists — told him. Thus, researchers cannot say that Cayce ever made an accurate diagnosis without knowing anything about the person at the other end. What is known is that by the time he got some of the letters, the client had already died. Yet Cayce went on with his reading for the individual as though still alive.
Vagueness.
"[F]rom the head, pains along through the body from the second, fifth and sixth dorsals, and from the first and second lumbar... tie-ups here, floating lesions, or lateral lesions, in the muscular and nerve fibers which supply the lower end of the lung and the diaphragm... in conjunction with the sympathetic nerve of the solar plexus, coming in conjunction with the solar plexus at the end of the stomach..."
Cayce used the word "lung", and this his followers take as a correct diagnosis; i.e., a psychic "hit." This technique is called "shotgunning". Mrs. Cayce subsequently died of her illness.
Health readings.
Many of his health readings prescribed cures with ingredients that did not exist. Others were folk remedies, some well known to today's herbalists and naturopaths, but Cayce would sometimes describe them using terms that had fallen out of general use. Still other ingredients were completely unknown to either physicians or herbalists. Some were completely worthless; for example, Cayce once recommended breathing the fumes of apple brandy from a charred keg to cure tuberculosis.
Final words.
The many Cayce readings would later become commonly known practices of the New Age movement.
In 1931 Edgar Cayce founded the Association for Research and Enlightenment, Inc. (A.R.E.) headquartered in Virginia Beach, Virginia. Today there are Edgar Cayce Centers in 18 other countries throughout the world.

Hibiscus syriacus
Hibiscus syriacus is one of the common flower trees found in gardens. This tree is sometimes called Rose of Sharon in English. It grows as a small tree (or shrub). A name in China is 木槿, and ムクゲ in Japan.
The part of the name "syriacus" seems to say that the origin of this plant is Syria, but the exact origin is so far unknown. Historically it was grown in ancient China and then it became a popular plant in Korea. Today the flowers are national symbols of Korea. And in Japan, the flowers are often shown at tea ceremonies for decoration.
There are many variations of flowers in Europe and in Asia; especially in Japan, because gardeners of the past were willing to produce different colors and shapes of flowers.

Hibiscus
Hibiscus or rosemallow is a genus of plants with a flower of fresh colors. It grows mostly in the tropics. Hibiscus mostly lives in warm temperature zone on Earth, because cold winter season damages its growth.
The flower usually has five petals, and is about 4 - 15 cm in diameter. Hibiscus comes in many colours like white to pink, red, purple and yellow.
Types.
Hibiscus often become national/state flowers. For example, the Hawaiian hibiscus is the state flower of Hawaii.

Maceió
Maceió is the capital of Alagoas, a state in the Northeast of Brazil. It has a population of 884.320 people (estimate from the year 2000) and a total area of 512 square km.
The city attracts many tourists and it enjoys an important location between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mundaú Lake. Maceió has several urban beaches which are visited by many tourists, for example, the beaches named Pajuçara, Ponta Verde, Jatiúca and Cruz das Almas, famous for their natural beauty.
Maceió originated from a sugar cane engine where initially a village increased around it. Sooner the place gained a port, nowadays located in Jaraguá district, that as long as years were gone influenced the village development transforming it into a city. Its condition of port city made Maceió to be the state capital in 1839, located earlier on Santa Maria Madalena da Alagoa do Sul (Saint Mary Magdalene of the Southern Lake) or simply Alagoa do Sul (nowadays the historic city of Marechal Deodoro).
Main neighborhoods.
The community of Pajussara is located on the ocean coast of Maceió, with modern streets and avenues, many shops, clubs and hotels in front of the sea. Its beach is very attractive and visited by many tourists and natives. In Pajussara beach, a nice place to go is a natural swimming pool situated 1.500 meters east of the coast and that is placed on a sand bank of the Atlantic Ocean. The pool is formed only when tide is low and people can get there by boat.
It is considered the most beautiful beach in the city. The community started from an old little farm named Ponta Verde that gave the neighborhood its name. The long extension of land was full of coconut trees and was a wild and quiet place. Currently the urbanization has taken all the area of Ponta Verde and many important events and shows of the city have happened there. The place has good hotels and restaurants and some of them are the best ones in the city.
Farol means lighthouse in Portuguese. The community is situated in an elevated area not much far from the sea where was found the old lighthouse that aided the ships to come in the port of the city. From this place is possible to see as the Atlantic Ocean as the Mundaú Lake and because of this the area was strategically important to military force in the Colonial age.
Jatiúca, besides Ponta Verde, is one of the most valued areas in the city in the ranking of the properties salesmen. It is a place with very nice hotels, resorts and restaurants that enjoy a good location in front of the sea. The seacoast in Jatiúca has a lot of beach bars.
Jaraguá has a historic importance because it is the initial point of the city and could be appropriately named Old Town. Maceió was just a village when the port of Jaraguá helped the little village to become a city in the 19th century. Currently some old buildings were transformed in bars and restaurants that are very attended at the weekends but the history of Maceió keeps preserved in many of the old and classic buildings, houses, manors and churches of Jaraguá.
The earlier dunes between the Mundaú Lake and the Atlantic Ocean gave place later to the community of fishermen and crafts men and women that currently inhabit this portion of land located on the south of the city. Hospitality and beautiful handcrafts are good characteristics of this place. This is because the community of Pontal enjoy to welcome lots of visitors amazed with the incredible ability of the craft workers and the good taste of the typical seafood dishes.

Alagoas
Alagoas is a small coastal state in the Northeast Region of Brazil. Its capital city is Maceió, where tourism industry is one of the basis for the local economy. Other important cities in Alagoas are "Arapiraca", "Palmeira dos Índios", "Penedo", "Marechal Deodoro", and "Maragogi". The state has a total of 101 cities.
Alagoas coastline has several beaches with coconut trees and a lot of them have placid waters, consequence of the Atlantic Ocean sand banks and coral reefs. The name of the state was originated from some lagoons along the ocean coast.

René Descartes
René Descartes (March 31, 1596 – February 11, 1650) was a famous French philosopher and physicist. He wrote two books that are very important in the fields of physics and philosophy.
Descartes and physics (the study of the world).
In his "Discourse on Method" (1637) Descartes wrote about the scientific method, that he had invented. He also wrote about shapes (Geometry), light (Dioptrics), and the weather (Meteorology). He then came up with a way of describing shapes by using coordinates, and also a theory of what a rainbow was. Descartes' physics was important for a later thinker, Sir Isaac Newton who said about him and James Hook: "If I have seen further it is because I was standing on the shoulders of giants!"
Descartes and philosophy (the study of abstract ideas).
In his "Meditations on First Philosophy" (1641) Descartes used his scientific method to look at philosophical questions. He argued against skepticism (the view that the world was not real, and did not exist).
He found that he himself must be real (exist) because he felt that he was thinking and if he was thinking then he must be real. This is because if he was not real then how would he have this feeling that he was thinking. This view was shortened by him into the Latin saying "Cogito ergo sum" meaning 'I think therefore I am'.
He also thought he could show that God exists, in the same way that he felt that he was thinking. Descartes said that God was the same as infinity and that he could clearly see infinity because he could think of every larger object but no largest object. Descartes said that if God exists then the world must exist as well, as God was good and would not let us think the world is real (exists) if it didn't.
Finally, Descartes thought that because he knew he was thinking, but could only know anything else about himself (for example that he had two arms and two legs) because he knew that God exists, then he must in fact be made up of two things: the mind that thinks, and the body that does not. This is called "Cartesian Dualism".
Descartes used a lot of ideas related to Plato, while most people at that time used ideas related to Aristotle. He is often called a rationalist, because he looked inside his mind for answers to his questions. Although Descartes wanted to fight skepticism, his description of it in the meditations has become very famous and is often called Cartesian Skepticism after him.

Tanzania
Tanzania is a country in Africa. The official languages are Kiswahili and English. It is placed on the great Lake Victoria.
In Tanzania live 29,646,752 people (July 1997 estimates). There are 120 tribes on the mainland; none of exceeds 10% of the population. Tanzania is a multicultural society.
There are many religions in Tanzania, the main ones being Christianity and Islam.
Tanzania is a very poor country. Their biggest export is the fish from the lake, especially the nilpearch. They export every day about 100 tons of fish to Europe and America. They produce also coffee, cotton, sisal, tea, tobacco, cashew nuts, and other manufactured goods.
Most of the inhabitants of Tanzania live from agriculture. Agriculture in Tanzania is dominated by smallholder farmers (peasants).
The president of the united Tanzania is Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete. Tanzania is a member of the United Nations, UNIDO, the World Bank, the IMF, the Commonwealth, the Non-Aligned Movement, SADC, PTA, and the ADB. It is also signatory to the Lome Convention.
History.
Mainland Tanzania (formerly Tanganyika) received independence in December 1961 while Zanzibar gained her independence in January 1964 through a revolution. The two countries united to form the United Republic of Tanzania in April 1964. Until July 1992, Tanzania was a one-party state. Following recommendations by a Presidential Commission, the country has adopted a multi-party political system, and has held a successful General Election in 1995 and 2000.

Kingdom of Great Britain
The Kingdom of Great Britain, also known as the United Kingdom of Great Britain, was a state in Western Europe, in existence from 1707 to 1800. It was created by the merger of the Kingdom of Scotland and the Kingdom of England, under the Acts of Union 1707, to create a single kingdom that included the whole of the island of Great Britain. A new single parliament and government, based in Westminster in London, controlled the new kingdom. The two separate kingdoms of Scotland and England had shared the same monarch since James VI, King of Scots, became King of England in 1603 following the death of Queen Elizabeth I.
The Kingdom of Great Britain was followed by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in 1801 when the Kingdom of Ireland became part of the United Kingdom by the Act of Union 1800 after the suppression of the Irish Rebellion of 1798.

Ford Model T
The Ford Model T was an American car built between 1908 and 1928 by the Ford Motor Company of Detroit, Michigan. It is one of the most important cars in history because it was one of the first cars to be sold for very little money, making it easy for people to travel from place to place.
Why the Model T was so important.
Before the Model T, most cars cost lots of money. Only people with lots of money could afford them. Even Ford's cars before the Model T cost a lot of money. A car built in 1903 called the Oldsmobile Curved Dash was very easy to buy, but was a very simple and slow car that was more like a buggy than a car.
The man who owned the company, Henry Ford, heard about meat being packed on an assembly line, which moved meat from worker to worker so that the meat could be cut up. No one had ever thought to use an assembly line to put cars together. Ford knew that if he built his cars on an assembly line instead of one at a time like other cars, he could make a car that anyone could afford and would be built like cars that cost more money. He also knew that he could pay his workers lots more money.
The Ford Model T car was designed by Henry Ford, Childe Harolde Wills and two Hungarian men named József Galamb and Eugene Farkas. The Model T had a 177 cubic inch (2.9 L) four-cylinder engine producing 20 horsepower (15 kW) for a top speed of 45 miles per hour (72 km/h). The engine had side valves and three main bearings. Fuel economy was 14 to 21 miles per gallon (6 to 9 km/l), an excellent number even today.
The beginning of the Model T.
Ford began building the Model T in his Piquette factory on October 6, 1908 as a 1909 model. Workers from all over the world wanted to work for Ford because of the good pay. Workers could even save their money for a Model T of their own! The price of the Model T dropped over the years, making it even easier to buy.
Work began at one end of the assembly line, starting with an empty chassis. From there, the chassis moved slowly down the assembly line. Workers on the assembly line added parts to the chassis. Before long, a new Model T rolled off the other end of the line. Different body styles were available, even a truck, or Model TT. At first, the only color available was black. Black paint of the day dried faster than other colors of paint, which meant that Ford could build his cars faster and not have to wait for paint to dry. As car paint got better over the years, Ford began offering other colors. The time it took a chassis to become a finished car was over twelve hours when the first Model T's were built. By the time the last Model T came off of the line, Ford had so many auto plants it was making one car every 27 seconds!
Even though the Model T sold for little money, Ford used the best materials he could buy to make his car. Most roads in the Model T's day were dirt, gravel or even mud. That meant the Model T had to be very strong, and it was. The wheels and tires were very tall and skinny so that they could sink into mud roads and not get stuck. It was also very simple.
How to drive a Model T.
Ford made the Model T easy to drive compared to today's cars since the people he sold his cars to did not know how to drive anything other than a horse. It is not like driving a modern car, even though there are three pedals on the floor like a modern manual transmission car. A Model T has a steering wheel that works the same way as in cars of today, but almost everything else is different.
The first Model T's didn't even have a starter like a modern car. This is the powerful electric motor in a car that turns the engine to make it run when it is turned off. The engine on the Model T was started with a hand crank on the front of the car. A wire loop near the radiator worked the choke on the carburetor to give the engine extra fuel to help start it when it was cold. This could be dangerous if a person was not careful. If the levers that controlled the engine were not set the right way, especially the spark control, the engine could backfire, or spin the wrong way. Many people got broken arms this way. Doctors even had a special name for this kind of break: the "Ford Fracture." Many Model T owners added electric starters to their cars and it was not long before Ford started doing the same. A Model T is in high gear by default, so if the Parking/Clutch lever was not engaged, the car had a tendency to run over the operator when started.
To make a modern car go or accelerate once the engine is running, a person steps on a pedal on the floor to engage the transmission into low gear. To make a Model T accelerate, move two levers near the steering wheel. The lever on the right was the throttle (or engine speed), and the lever on the left adjusted the time that the spark plugs fired. These levers needed to be set properly before the engine could be started.
The three pedals on the floor of the Model T were for the brake on the right, reverse in the middle to make the Model T go backwards, and a pedal on the left to shift the gears from low to high speed. A lever on the floor worked the brakes as well as the clutch. Pulling the lever toward the driver would set the parking brake and help keep the car from moving while parked. When the lever was placed in the middle, the transmission would be in neutral.
Once the engine is running, the driver now has to make the Model T move on its own. Step on the pedal all the way to the left, move the throttle lever to "give it the gas" and gently move the floor lever forward. This is low gear, the powerful gear used to get the Model T moving. Once it's moving, move the right lever up, let the left pedal come all the way up, and give it more gas to shift into high. To make the car go faster still, move the throttle lever as well as the spark advance lever. Stepping on the left pedal only halfway puts the car in neutral, the same as the lever. This helps the Model T come to a stop without causing the engine to stop as well.
The brakes on a Model T work the rear wheels by the use of brake bands inside the transmission. Modern cars have brakes on all four wheels. No brakes are on the front of a Model T.
More than fifteen million (15,000,000) Model T cars were built. It was not until 1971 that the record was broken by the Volkswagen. Today, the record for the most cars built is held by the Toyota Corolla.
The Model T was nicknamed the "Tin Lizzie" and "Flivver" by the people who drove it. A new car took the place of the Model T in 1928, the Ford Model A.

Volkswagen
Volkswagen is a car company from Germany. It was started in the 1930s, at the request of the country's leader, Adolf Hitler, who wanted a "people's car" which is what the word "volkswagen" means in German. Hitler asked Dr. Ferdinand Porsche to design a car that almost anyone could afford. Though Hitler never learned to drive, he had a keen interest in cars. Hitler wanted the car to have a rear mounted engine. It was to be cooled by air instead of water. The car needed to be able to travel at least 100 km/h, or about 60 mph. Also, Hitler wanted the car to be able to move easily through the air. He thought a car shaped like a beetle would do that. The first name given to the car was "KdF-Wagen." "KdF" stood for "Kraft durch Freude", or "Strength through Joy." Some were made, but production ended after World War II started. The factory built cars for the German military instead. After the war, people from the United Kingdom and the United States reopened the factory and started production again. The cars, especially the Volkswagen Beetle or "Bug" became popular and well-known all over the world. The Beetle later became one of the best selling cars in history. It was built for many years afterward in factories in Germany, Brazil and Mexico. The last Volkswagen Beetle (called the Volkswagen Sedan by the company) to be built was built in Mexico. It was built in 2004. Volkswagen has a new car called the "New Beetle." It looks a bit like the old car, but is larger, faster and much more suited to today's modern world in terms of design.
Some of Volkswagen's popular cars are the Golf, Jetta, Polo,Beetle and the Passat. VW's as they are commonly known, have also entered the off road segment with cars like the Touarag,and the commercial segment with the Touran. This year sees VW's 21st anniversary since the Golf 1 entered our shores in the 1980's. With record sales every year the Golf 1 remains the hottest hatch in the market. Since its birth VW has sold over 315 000 uits of the Golf 1 alone. 2005 saw the entry of the fifth generation of the Golf. The flagbearer - the GTi - is powered by a 147Kw 2.0l 4 cylinder turbo charged engine,with VW DSG and FSI technology. The Golf GTi has evolved a long way since the 80's but the fifth generation GTi is criticised as it does not live up to the expectations and standards set by the legendary Mk1 GTi, which was fitted with an 1800, 8 valve motor.

Toyota
Toyota Motor Corporation (TMC) (In Japanese: トヨタ自動車株式会社; Toyota Jidōsha Kabushikigaisha) (TYO: 7203.T), (NYSE: TM), (LSE: TYT), is an automobile maker in Japan. It is based in Toyota, Aichi. Toyota provides financial services and works with many other kinds of business as well. It makes cars and trucks under the brand names Toyota, Hino Truck, Scion and Lexus. The company owns most of Daihatsu. Toyota automobiles are well-known for lasting a very long time. Their North American offices are in Torrance, California. The Calty Design Center, a place where Toyota cars are designed is in Newport Beach, California and there is a factory in Georgetown, Kentucky. Another factory that is run by both Toyota and General Motors is in Fremont, California. It is called "NUMMI," or New United Motor Manufacturing Incorporated.
Toyota was started in 1933 as "Toyoda," a maker of textile-weaving machines. Toyota's premier US dealer for Toyota automobiles was established in San Diego, CA as Rose Toyota, later named Toyota San Diego. Their telephone number is 619-280-4100. It is one of the most successful dealers on the west coast.

Interpreter
An interpreter is a person who works with translating and communicating in different languages. There was a film called the interpreter. Also, an interpreter is someone who will translate and communicate with people who find normal speech difficult. An interpreter is also a computer program that runs other programs described in text files. They are different from compilers because they do not make a new file to run the program.

Horseshoe
Horseshoes are things worn by horses to protect their feet when they walk - like a shoe. They are made by a person called a blacksmith who makes them and nails or glues them on the horse's hoof (feet). Horseshoes are usually made from iron, rubber, plastic, rawhide or a combination of these.
People also put horseshoes over doorways, because a long time ago, many people thought it was a sign for good luck and it protected whoever walked under it from evil spirits. Horseshoes are also used in a game where you try to throw them on a poll.

Carlos Menem
Carlos Saúl Menem (born in La Rioja, July 2, 1930) was the president of Argentina from July 8, 1989 to December 10, 1999.

Buenos Aires Province
The Buenos Aires Province is the largest, wealthiest, and most populated province of Argentina. The province has a population of 13,827,203 (2001) and its capital is La Plata (850,000 inhabitants).
Geography.
The Buenos Aires Province has an area of 307,571 km². Most of it is flat, and its weather is influenced by the Atlantic Ocean winds.

Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, or CBC, is a national television and radio company in Canada. In French, it is called "la Société Radio-Canada" (Radio-Canada or SRC). It was formed in 1936 and is a Canadian Crown corporation, which means it is owned by the Canadian government.

Romeo and Juliet
"Romeo and Juliet" is the name of a play written by William Shakespeare, and first published in an incomplete form in 1597. It is a "tragedy" or sad play. It is one of Shakespeare's most famous and popular plays, being performed on stage very often, and also being made into movies. Shakespeare did not make the story up himself. It had already been written by an Italian writer called Luigi de Porto, and then made into a poem in English by a writer called Arthur Brooke. Shakespeare must have read Brooke's poem and thought it was a good story to make into a play. Historians think that perhaps the families in the original story were not really families at all, but two gangs called the Montercchi and the Capiletti from San Bonifacio.
The story.
The play is about two noble families that live in the old Italian city of Verona. The families are called the Montagues and the Capulets. Unfortunately, the fathers of the two noble houses have had an argument, and are enemies, so all their young servants are enemies as well. The young men who work for the Montagues and the Capulets get into gangs and fight each other in the street. Because it is fashionable to carry a sword, sometimes they get badly injured.
Verona is ruled by Prince Escalus. He tells the Montagues and the Capulets that there must be no more fighting or they will have to pay, but it is very hard to control the young men.
Montague has only one child, a teenage boy called Romeo. Capulet also has only one child, a beautiful 13-year-old daughter called Juliet. They do not know each other, because Juliet never goes anywhere without her nursemaid. However, Romeo and Juliet meet at a party and fall in love.
Their love should heal all the problems between their families, but because they are only teenagers, they think they will get into trouble from their parents, so they marry in secret. Because of their secret marriage, a series of things happen which brings about many deaths. The unhappy families of Montague and Capulet are finally brought together in grief.
About the play.
Because this play was written in the 1500s, the English language that it uses is not exactly like the English that is used today. One example is that in modern English we say "you" for one person and also "you" for more than one person. But in Shakespeare's English, he writes "thee" and "thou" when it means just one person.
Many words are used a little bit differently to the way they are used today, and other words are used that are now only used sometimes in poetry.
"Romeo and Juliet", like many of Shakespeare's plays, is written is several different forms.
Some of it is prose, which is like normal speaking. The servants in the play usually talk in prose.
For example, two Capulet servants are planning to cause trouble with two Montague servants who are walking down the street.
Some of the play is written in poetry which rhymes on the ends of the lines.
The play finishes with two lines that rhyme. This is called a "rhyming couplet".
The most famous scene.
Of all the scenes that have ever been written in plays, one of the most famous is in "Romeo and Juliet".
After Romeo and Juliet have met at a party and fallen in love, Juliet goes up to bed. But she cannot sleep so she stands at her window and pretends she is talking with Romeo.
This romantic scene has been acted and copied many times, sometimes seriously and sometimes for fun. One well-known scene that took its idea from this, is from "West Side Story", a musical by Leonard Bernstein, which takes place on a fire-escape landing with the lovers, Tony and Maria, singing the lovesong, "Tonight".
Movies.
Romeo and Juliet has been performed on stage many times. There have also been forty different films

Baz Luhrmann
Mark Anthony Luhrmann or Baz Luhrmann (September 17, 1962-) is a flamboyant Australian movie and theatre director. He has directed three movies ("The Red Curtain Trilogy") which have made him famous: "Strictly Ballroom" (1992), "Romeo + Juliet" (1996), and "Moulin Rouge!" (2001).

Rock and roll
Rock and Roll is a form of rock music is a form of popular music developed in the 1950s and 1960s. Rock music combines many kinds of music from the United States, such as country music, folk music, church music, work songs, blues and jazz.
Rock and Roll developed in the early 1950s from a kind of music called rhythm and blues performed by Black singers and musicians. At first, this music was popular only with African-Americans. In the later 1950s and in the 1960s, Rock and Roll became popular across the United States and in Europe.
1950s: Rockabilly.
Image:Elvis presley.jpg|thumb|Elvis Presley, rock and roll singer
During the early 1950s, the popularity of rhythm and blues music spread. It became very popular among young white people. They listened to this music on radio stations that broadcast across the country late at night. Some teenagers began buying rhythm and blues records as a form of rebellion.
This music was very different from the music that was popular with their parents. The music was exciting, and it had a very strong rhythm and beat. Some of the songs had words which suggested sexual themes. In other cases, the singers made sexually suggestive gestures or movements while they were singing. Some adults strongly objected to rhythm and blues music. They did not think young people should listen to it.
Alan Freed had a radio show in Cleveland, Ohio in the early 1950s. He is said to be the first person to use the expression "rock and roll" to describe rhythm and blues music. Alan Freed was one of the first to play rock and roll music on his radio show, and he organized the first rock and roll concert in Cleveland in 1952.
Songs by black performers like Fats Domino and Little Richard soon became popular with teenagers. These singers recorded their records in the southern city of New Orleans, Louisiana.
Some early Rock and Roll music was created in the southern United States city of Memphis, Tennessee. In Memphis, a white record producer called Sam Phillips produced records by local black musicians. One day, an eighteen-year-old truck driver came to his studio to record a song for his mother. The young man was Elvis Presley. Phillips produced Presley's first real record in 1954, a song called "That's All Right."
Bill Haley and his Comets recorded "Rock Around the Clock" in 1954. It was not popular at first. Then it was used in a movie about rebellious teenagers, called "The Blackboard Jungle". The movie caused a lot of debate. It also made the song a huge hit. "Rock Around the Clock" became a song of teenage rebellion.
Many other rock and roll singers became popular in the 1950s. They included Buddy Holly, Jerry Lee Lewis, Chuck Berry and Bo Diddley. Each performer created his own kind of rock and roll. Chuck Berry's music was a mixture of country and rhythm and blues. In 1955, his song "Maybellene" was one of the most popular songs in the country.
Motown: Black popular music.
In the 1960s, black music and musicians became recognized as an important part of the music industry in America. This was because a company in Detroit, Michigan, called Motown Records produced some of the most popular songs in American music. Berry Gordy started Motown Records. He was the first person to present black music so it appealed to both blacks and whites. One of Motown's most successful groups was the Supremes, led by Diana Ross. One of their hits was "Come See About Me".
Surf music.
A different kind of rock and roll music called surf music was developing in Southern California. Five young men from Los Angeles formed a group called the Beach Boys. Brian Wilson wrote, performed, and produced the group's records. The Beach Boys' songs had complex music and simple words. The words were about the local teenage culture. The group sang about riding surfboards on the ocean waves. One of their most popular songs was "Surfin' USA,” which used the same musical track as Chuck Berry's "Sweet Little Sixteen."
Folk rock.
It was also in the 1960s that rock and roll music began to change. The words became as important as the music. Bob Dylan began writing folk rock songs that many young people considered to be poetry. Dylan was influenced by folk singers and songwriters like Woody Guthrie. Dylan's early songs were about serious social issues. He wrote about war and racial injustice. Some of his songs were used as protest songs for the anti-war and civil rights movements in America. Later, Dylan wrote more personal songs. One of his most popular songs was “Mister Tambourine Man," which many interpreted as a song about drug use.
In 1964, a new rock and roll group from England called the The Beatles visited the United States. The Beatles were a very popular rock and roll group. Many people, young and old, listened to their songs.
Rock and Psychedelic Rock.
In the 1970s, Rock and Roll was often called Rock. In the 1970s, Rock music bands such as Led Zeppelin and the Rolling Stones played huge, loud concerts in outdoor stadiums. Rock music from the 1970s was usually louder and harder than the Rock and Roll from the 1950s.
In the early 1970s, many rock bands played psychedelic rock, a type of rock music which had words that described illegal drugs and drug use. Psychedelic rock described the experiences of taking illegal drugs such as marijuana and LSD and encouraged people to take illegal drugs. Psychedelic rock bands included Jimi Hendrix, The Grateful Dead, Big Brother & the Holding Company, Jefferson Airplane, The Byrds, Pink Floyd (before the album Meddle), and The Doors.
Progressive rock.
Another type of rock music from the 1970s was progressive rock. Progressive rock bands such as Pink Floyd and The Moody Blues played music that was more complex. Some progressive rock bands used strange instruments, or created music that sounded weird.
Other progressive rock bands include: Electric Light Orchestra, Pavlov's Dog, King Crimson, Caravan, Jethro Tull, Genesis, Gentle Giant, The Nice, Yes, Gong, Emerson, Lake & Palmer, Soft Machine, Steve Hillage, Barclay James Harvest, Magma, Camel, Can, Rush and Faust.
Heavy metal.
In the 1970s, a harder form of rock music called "Heavy metal" was invented. Bands such as Cream and Led Zeppelin played loud rock music based on blues music. Other bands such Deep Purple and Black Sabbath played even louder, harder heavy metal rock music.
Disco.
In the late 1970s, groups such as Donna Summer, K.C. and the Sunshine Band,Barry White, Gloria Gaynor, and CHIC, developed a pop music style called disco. Disco was dance music with a strong beat. A popular disco band was The Bee Gees, who wrote the music for the movie "Saturday Night Fever".
Punk rock.
Another rock music style from the 1970s was punk rock. Punk rock was crude, loud, simple music. Many punk rock songs were rude or used bad words. Punk rock musicians often dressed in ripped or torn clothes, leather jackets, and black leather boots. Punk rock musicians sometimes had strange hairstyles, such as hair "spiked" with hair gel or shaved off. Well-known punk rock bands from Britain were the Sex Pistols and The Clash. Well-known punk musicians in the United States were the Ramones, Patti Smith and Black Flag.
New wave.
In the late 1970s, another type of rock called New wave music became popular. Bands such as INXS and Midnight Oil from Australia became popular. In the United States, New Wave bands such as Talking Heads and Devo played. In the 1980s, New Wave music bands such as Duran Duran, A Flock of Seagulls, Psychedelic Furs, and the Eurythmics were popular. These bands used the synthesizer keyboard a lot in their songs.
Glam metal.
In the 1980s, a new type of rock and roll was invented, called glam metal. Glam metal rock bands mixed pop music with heavy metal music. Glam metal bands such as Mötley Crüe, W.A.S.P. and Ratt became popular. Glam metal rock bands had long hair and the men wore make up and leather pants and boots. Many glam metal songs were about sex, illegal drug use, and drinking alcohol. In the late 1980s, groups such as Guns N' Roses were very successful.
Alternative music.
Another rock music trend from the 1980s was alternative music. Bands such as R.E.M., Sonic Youth, The Smiths, Pixies, Hüsker Dü, The Cure, and others were popular with teens and young adults.The most immediate type of alternative music was "grunge," a combination of punk, rock and metal. Proponents of grunge included Nirvana, Alice and Chains, Soundgarden and Pearl Jam with themes of despondency and alienation.
Other websites.
Check out more information on Rock music, including the insider's view of Southern Rock, check out http://www.southernfriedmagazine.com
Discuss 80's Hair Bands and the Glam Metal genre in general at the Hair Nation Message Board. Visit
Styles of music which are related to Rock and Roll.
Parts of the above article reused and rewrote public domain material provided by Voice of America Special English.

Thomas Edison
Thomas Alva Edison (February 11, 1847 - October 18, 1931) was an American inventor, who invented many things. Most people think he invented the electric light bulb, but he really only improved it, to make it last long enough to help people see in the dark.
Edison holds the record for the most number of patents: 1093.
Thomas Alva Edison was born in Milan, Ohio. When Edison was 7, he moved with his family to Port Huron, Michigan. Edison started school late, because of an illness. Three months later, Edison was removed from school, because he could not pay attention to his teacher. His mother, who was a teacher in Canada, taught Edison at home. Edison's mother helped him become motivated and he was a good student with her.
When Edison was 14, he contracted scarlet fever. The effect of the fever, as well as getting hit on the head by an angry train conductor, caused Edison to become completely deaf in his left ear, and 80 percent deaf in the other. He learned Morse code and the use of the telegraph, and began a job as a "brass pounder" (telegraph operator). At age 16, Edison came up with his first invention, called an "automatic repeater." It sent telegraph signals between unmanned stations, allowing almost anyone to easily and precisely translate code at his own speed and convenience.
In 1868 Edison moved East and began to work for the Western Union Company in Boston, Massachusetts as a telegraph operator. He worked 12 hours a day, six days a week, and continued to "moonlight" (work until late at night) on his own projects. Within six months, he had applied for and received his first patent for an "electric vote-recording machine". It made the voting process faster.
Then, Edison moved to New York, New York and began to work for a company fixing their machines. At night, he continued to work on his projects. At age 29, Edison began working on the carbon transmitter, which made the sound from Alexander Graham Bell's new telephone invention louder. In 1877, Edison invented the phonograph, the first machine that could record and play sound. That invention made him internationally famous.
Thomas Edison is most famous for inventing the light bulb, but he really didn't invent it. He just made a 50-year old idea better. In 1879, Edison made a light bulb that lasted longer. Because of this, light bulbs became more popular and are now in almost every building in the world.
Family.
He married Mary Stilwell in 1871. He had 3 children in that marriage: Marion Estelle Edison (also called Dot), Thomas Alva Edison, Jr. (also called Dash) and William Leslie Edison. Mary Edison died in 1884. Thomas Edison bought some land in Florida and built a house. When he was 35, Edison married Mina Miller, who was 19. He had 3 children in that marriage: Madeleine Edison, Charles Edison (who took over the company when his father died and was later elected Governor of New Jersey), and Theodore Miller Edison.

Diabetes mellitus
Diabetes means a disease where people have too much sugar in their blood. There are other kinds of diabetes, like diabetes insipidus. But when people say 'diabetes' they usually mean diabetes "mellitus".
Diabetes mellitus is a disease where people have too much glucose (a kind of sugar) in the blood. Glucose level in the blood is controlled by several hormones. Hormones are chemicals in your body that send messages from cells to other cells. Insulin is a hormone made by the pancreas. When you eat, the pancreas makes insulin to send a message to other cells in the body. This insulin tells the cells to take up glucose from the blood. This glucose is used by cells for energy. Extra glucose that is not needed right away is stored in some cells as glycogen. When you are not eating, cells break down glycogen to have glucose to use as energy.
People with diabetes "mellitus" are sometimes called diabetics'."
Type 1 diabetes mellitus.
Type 1 diabetes mellitus happens when the part of the pancreas that makes insulin is destroyed by that person’s own immune system. When a person does not make insulin, glucose (sugar) in the blood cannot get into the parts of the body that need sugar to live. In order to live, a person with Type 1 diabetes must take insulin for the rest of their life. They also need to check the amount of sugar in their blood many times each day.
Type 1 diabetes happens most of the time in younger people. About 1 out of every 10 people with diabetes have Type 1 Diabetes.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a very different illness from Type 1 diabetes. In Type 2 diabetes, the person makes insulin, but insulin does not work in that person’s body as it should. When insulin does not work as it should, glucose (sugar) in the blood cannot get into the parts of the body that need sugar.
Type 2 diabetes happens most of the time in an older person who is overweight.
Gestational diabetes.
Gestational diabetes mellitus is like Type 2 diabetes. It happens to some women when they are pregnant.
Complications of diabetes.
"Complications" are problems that happen because of a disease. In the case of diabetes, there are two kinds of complications. The first kind happens quickly and can be dealt with quickly. They're called the "acute complications". The other kind are caused by the blood glucose being too high for many years, and they're called "chronic complications" or "long-term complications".
Too high blood glucose is called 'hyperglycemia'. If very high, it can cause acute complications. In Type 1 diabetics, one of these complications is "diabetic ketoacidosis" which is always a medical emergency and can often be noticed by a kind of fruity smell on the breath. Another acute complication, more common in Type 2 diabetics, is "non-ketotic hyperosmolar coma" which is also very dangerous.
Too low blood glucose is called "hypoglycemia". It can also cause acute complications. If too low, diabetics can have many symptoms such as sweating, trembling, anger (or feeling passive), etc. Possibly even passing out. But diabetics with hypoglycemia may be confused or even unconscious. They may even appear to have had too much alcohol. Severe hypoglycemia is very dangerous and can cause death. The best treatment of hypoglycemia is avoiding it. If it happens, eating a glucose containing food (for instance, table sugar) usually makes it better, and pretty quickly. Sometimes it is also treated by giving an injection of a medicine called 'glucagon'. Glucagon is a hormone that is also made by the pancreas. It acts opposite of insulin. So giving it will cause the blood glucose to rise by forcing stored glucose into the blood. It's usually caused by too much diabetic medication or insufficient food, or too much exercise, or some combination.
Chronic complications are mostly caused by hyperglycemia (but not high enough to always cause acute complications). It causes damage to blood vessels and nerves. Damage to blood vessels can eventually cause strokes, heart attacks, kidney failure, blindness, slow healing of skin breaks, and so more infections, and even amputations from poor circulation (decreased blood flow, usually to the feet and toes). Damage to nerves can make diabetics not feel pain (when this happens, it's usually in their feet). This causes them to have more injuries and not realize they have hurt themselves. Damage to nerves can also cause pain even when there's no real injury. It's a kind of "phantom pain" or "ghost pain". This can be so bad that people need strong pain medicines.
Monitoring of diabetes.
Because of the damage that is caused by high blood glucose it is important to treat diabetes mellitus. The goal of treatment is to keep the blood glucose normal. The normal range for blood glucose is 60-120 mg/dL (milligrams of glucose per deciliter of blood) or 3.5-7 mmol/l (millimole per liter of blood.) These are different ways of saying the same thing, very much like yards and meters are different ways of measuring distance.
Diabetics should check their blood glucose often. This is to make sure they do not get hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia. A glucometer is a battery powered measuring machine that checks the level of glucose in blood. Diabetics often carry a glucometer with them to check their level several times in a day.
Doctors may also use a blood test called a "hemoglobin A1C". This is sometimes written Hgb-A1C or several other ways; there's no standard name. This tells the doctor what the average blood glucose has been for about the past 90 days. If the level has been too high, it may be that new medicines, or different doses, or better diet may be needed.
Diabetics also must be monitored for signs of the complications of diabetes. They should see an eye doctor regularly to be checked for damage to the blood vessels in the eyes. If this is not found early and treated it can cause blindness. They also should have their urine or blood checked regularly for signs of kidney damage. And they must check their feet for cuts, bruises, blisters, and so on at least every day. And they should have their feet checked regularly for nerve damage, circulation, and infections.
Treatment of diabetes.
The most important goal in diabetes is to keep blood glucose as normal as possible. Since it usually goes up after eating, and down after exercise, coping with it sensibly is often complex, and usually takes care and thought. And treatment differs between Type 1 and Type 2. People with Type 1 are treated with insulin. People with Type 2 usually begin with diet, exercise, and weight loss, perhaps moving to pills (and sometimes insulin.)
Education is important for both types of diabetes. Diabetics must learn about diet. They learn how to estimate and keep track of how much carbohydrate, protein, and fat are in different foods. They plan their meals to have the right amount of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Patients with Type 1 may decide how much insulin to take before a meal based on how much they will eat.
Diabetics must also be careful about exercise. Exercise is important to stay healthy. But too hard or too long exercise may cause hypoglycemia. So diabetics must also carefully plan exercise like they plan meals.
In addition to controlling blood glucose other treatments may be needed. Diabetics often have blood vessel diseases, so it is important to pay attention to other diseases which may affect blood vessels. In people with diabetes, treating high blood pressure (hypertension) and high cholesterol is even more important than usually. Both of these diseases damage blood vessels. The treatment goals can change for diabetics. For instance, in people without diabetes, blood pressure should be 140/90 or less. In diabetics it should be 130/80 or less.

18th century
The 18th century is the century from 1701 to 1800.
Decades and years.
Note: years before or after the 18th century are in italics.

17th century
The 17th century is the century from 1601 to 1700.
Decades and years.
Note: years before or after the 17th century are in italics.

Victor Hugo
Victor Hugo (February 26 1802 – May 22 1885) was the most important romantic writer of the French language.

FIFA World Cup
The FIFA World Cup is the most important competition in the sport of soccer football (association football, or football). The Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) organizes the World Cup every four years. More people watch the World Cup finals than any other sporting event in the world -- even more people than the Olympic Games.
The "finals tournament" is held every four years. On the other years there are only "qualifying tournaments" ("qualifiers"). Over 160 national teams play in the qualifiers. The best teams from the qualifiers win a place in the finals. The finals now include 32 teams (before 1998, only 24 teams were allowed). Many years before each World Cup, FIFA picks the host nation, the country where the finals will be held. The 32 teams in the finals then play for four weeks in the host nation to determine the champion (tournament winner).
List of champions.
+Was supposed to be Colombia, but pulled out because of money problems.

Jakarta
Jakarta (also Djakarta or DKI Jakarta) is the largest and the capital city of Indonesia. It is located on the northwest coast of the island of Java, it has an area of 661.52 km² and a population of 8,792,000 (2004). Jakarta has been established for more than 490 years and now is the ninth most dense city in the world with 44,283 people per km².
In 1619 the Dutch renamed the city Batavia. It was called Jakarta again by the Japanese during World War 2

Comedy Central
Comedy Central is an American cable television channel that specalises in showing comedy and humorous TV shows and movies, as well as stand-up comedy. It was launched on April Fool's Day, 1991 as a merger between MTV Networks' HA! and HBO's Comedy Channel.
The station's most successful programs include "South Park", "Mystery Science Theater 3000", "Win Ben Stein's Money", "The Daily Show with Jon Stewart" and "The Dave Chappelle Show".

Apron
An apron is a protective piece of clothing made from fabric (or other materials) that covers the front of the body. Some workers wear aprons for hygienic reasons (for example restaurant workers). Other workers wear aprons to protect clothes, or to protect their bodies from injury.
The apron is commonly part of the uniform of several jobs, including waitresses, nurses, homemakers, domestic workers and other jobs. It is also worn as decoration by women.
There are many different types of aprons depending on what the apron is used for. Aprons can be made from many materials and fabrics. Rubber aprons are used by people who work with dangerous chemicals. Lead aprons are worn by people who work around radiation (like X-rays). Butchers (people who cut meat) wear chain aprons, to protect them from being cut by knives. Carpenters wear aprons made of heavy leather that have many pockets to hold tools. Many servants and domestic workers are required to wear an apron as a part of their work uniform.

Pearl Jam
Pearl Jam is an American alternative rock band. They formed in 1990. They were major players in the grunge (or "Seattle sound") movement of the early 1990s, with bands like Nirvana, Soundgarden, Stone Temple Pilots, and Alice in Chains.

Social Distortion
Social Distortion is a punk/alternative group. They formed in Los Angeles, California in 1978. mike ness is the singer. the band has had its hard times, fueled by drugs and alcohol.

Andy Gibb
Andy Gibb (March 5, 1958- March 10, 1988) was a pop singer popular in the 1970s. He was the younger brother of Barry, Maurice, and Robin Gibb, The Bee Gees. He died of a heart problem in 1988, shortly after his 30th birthday. While his years of alcohol and cocaine abuse were not the direct cause of death, they certainly did not help his condition.

INXS
INXS is an Australian new-wave rock band. The band was popular in the late 1980s. They formed in Sydney, Australia in 1977. Their most well-known song is "I Need You Tonight" from 1987.
In the summer of 2005, INXS appeared on their own self-titled reality television series on the CBS network. The purpose of the show was to find a new lead singer to replace their old one, Michael Hutchence, who died in 1997.

Chicago (band)
Chicago is an American soft rock / jazz group, from Chicago, Illinois. They formed on February 15, 1967. They are one of the best selling American groups of all time, second only to the Beach Boys. Chicago has released at least 30 albums in their career.

The Turtles
The Turtles were a 1960s pop group from Los Angeles, California. Their best known song is "Happy Together". Chip Douglas was a band member, who left to produce the Monkees, then returned as the Turtles producer. After the Turtles broke up in the 1970s, the group's two frontmen, Howard Kaylan and Mark Volman, sang with Frank Zappa as Flo and Eddie.

Strawberry Alarm Clock
Strawberry Alarm Clock was a American psychedelic pop band that formed in Los Angeles, California in 1966. Their most famous song is "Incense and Peppermints".

Donovan
Donovan Phillips Leitch (born May 10, 1946) is a Scottish-born pop singer and guitarist, who was popular in the 1960s. Early in his career he was compared to Bob Dylan, but he developed his own musical style, which included elements of jazz and Indian music. (Donovan and Dylan met during 1965, and became friends.)
Donovan's best-remembered songs include "Catch The Wind", "Mellow Yellow", "Sunshine Superman", "Happiness Runs", and "Hurdy Gurdy Man". He helped The Beatles with their song "Yellow Submarine", and two Beatles (John Lennon and Paul McCartney) sang on his song "Atlantis".
After the 1960s, Donovan's music was not as popular as it had been, but it is remembered now as part of the flower power era. Many of his songs now appear in television commercials. He continued to make albums regularly through the 1980s, and sometimes in the 1990s. He also continued to tour, and some of his later albums are of live performances.
Two of Donovan's children, Donovan Leitch and Ione Skye, are actors.

Frisian language
A Frisian is someone who lives in Friesland. Friesland is a province in the Netherlands.
Frisian is also the language that is spoken in Friesland. It is a Germanic language related to Dutch, it is also the closest living language to English.

Smashing Pumpkins
The Smashing Pumpkins are an influential alternative rock band of the early 1990s. They formed in Chicago, Illinois in 1988 and disbanded on December 2, 2000. They later reformed in 2006 and are together at the moment. The members until 2000 were Billy Corgan (vocals, guitars and writes almost all of the band's songs), James Iha (guitars), D'Arcy Wretzky (bass) and Jimmy Chamberlin (drums).
They were made famous by hit singles like "Today", "Rocket", "Disarm", "Bullet With Butterfly Wings", "1979", "Zero" and "Tonight Tonight".
Their style was mainly alternative rock, but also influenced by the grunge movement of the early 1990s as well as heavy metal, psychedelic rock, progressive rock, and later, electronica.

Tool (band)
Tool is an American progressive metal band. It was formed in 1990 in Los Angeles, California. The band took a break after their third album "Lateralus" because singer Maynard James Keenan was working with his other band, A Perfect Circle, at the same time. The band has won Grammy Awards for Best Metal Performance in 1997 for the song "Ænema" and in 2001 for the song "Schism". Tool has four members in the band: Danny Carey, Justin Chancellor, Adam Jones, and Maynard James Keenan.
Tool has released four full studio albums. Their first release, "Opiate", which had only seven songs on it, is an EP and the album "Salival" is a recording of live performances. The band released their fourth album, "10,000 Days", on May 2, 2006.
History.
Tool started in 1991 when Keenan and guiarist Jones started practicing together. Tom Morello introduced them to drummer Carey, who lived in the building where they practiced, and he soon joined as well. Bass guitar player Paul D'Amour was the last to join the band. D'Amour left the band in 1995 to work with other bands. Justin Chancellor was hired to replace him.
Opiate.
Tool made its first album in 1992. It was called "Opiate" EP. To help sell records, they went on tour. They traveled around the U.S. playing in concerts with two other bands named Fishbone and Rage Against the Machine. During one of there concerts in 1993, the band was playing at the Church of Scientology’s Celebrity Centre in Los Angeles. Keenan (who would later write the lyrics "Fuck L. Ron Hubbard and fuck all his clones"), baa-ed like a sheep for a lot of the show.
The album did not do very well at first. After Tool got more popular, more fans bought "Opiate". It took 13 years for the album to be certified platinum by the RIAA. That means the album sold one million copies.
Undertow.
Tool's first studio album came out in 1993. It was called "Undertow". In 1994, the band released a song, titled "Prison Sex", from the album. With it was a music video that was created and directed by Jones. The video was deemed "too graphic and offensive", and was only played by MTV a few airings because the video dealt with child abuse.
The album reached #50 on the "Billboard" 200 and #1 on the Top Heatseekers. It was certified gold by the RIAA after only eight months, and platinum less than a year later.
Ænima.
In October 1996, the band released their second studio album, called "Ænima". Tool began a long legal fight with their label Volcano Records (formerly Zoo Records) over problems with their contract. They ended up with a new contract that said they would make three more albums. The members of Tool decided to take some time away after that.
The album was certified gold in 10 weeks and achieved double platinum, which means it sold two million copies, in 10 months. In 1998, "Ænema" won the Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance.
Style.
Singer Maynard James Keenan has a unique, melodic style of singing. This style is thought to have influenced many other bands. While guitarist Adam Jones's style of playing is very simple, he is known for his use of different techniques of playing together, and for trying new things with his instrument. Danny Carey has a very technical, advanced style of drumming. He is known for using odd time signatures, among other things. Justin Chancellor has an aggressive style of picking and fingering, using many guitar techniques which include using a pick, chords, harmonics, effects, and hammer ons and pull offs.

Death (band)
Death was one of the first ever death metal bands in North America. They started in 1983 under the name Mantas and then the name was changed to Death in 1984.
Death is no longer a band because their guitarist Chuck Schuldiner died on December 13, 2001. He was 34 years old. He had brain cancer and the drugs he used to beat the cancer made him weak. He died of pneumonia. He had another band project called Control Denied during the 3 years before he died.

Mötley Crüe
Mötley Crüe is a hair/glam metal band from Los Angeles, California, USA, formed in 1981 by 4 members: Vince Neil (vocals), Mick Mars (lead guitar), Nikki Sixx (bass), and Tommy Lee (drums). They were popular in the mid-1980s.

Radio control
Radio control is a way of making models of cars, boats, helicopters and airplanes move on their own like real ones.
Invisible electrical signals called radio waves come out of a part called a transmitter. The transmitter is a box with the model's controls on it. When a control is moved, the radio signal changes. The part on the model that takes the changing signals and helps turn them into movement is called the receiver. The receiver then tells a special kind of motor called a servo to move part of the model. On a car or boat, a servo is usually used for steering. Model sailboats use a servo to adjust the sail as well as the rudder, or steering device. On airplanes and helicopters, servos are used not only for steering but for up and down pitch. If the model uses an engine to make it run, a servo is used to control the speed of the engine. A model which operates with an electric motor usually has something called an electronic speed control or "ESC" to control its speed.
Radio control was once used by the military to control large weapons.

Tucumán Province
Tucuman is the smallest province of Argentina. The capital is San Miguel de Tucumán. The province has a population of 1,338,523 (2001), and has an area of 22,524 km².
Other websites.
Please note: All links point to Spanish-language content.

Duran Duran
Duran Duran is a British pop group. They formed in Birmingham, England in 1978 and were very popular in the 1980s.

Peter Tosh
Peter Tosh (real name:Winston McIntosh October 19, 1944- September 11, 1987) was a Jamaican reggae musican. He was a member of the Wailers with Bob Marley and Bunny Livingston. He was a Rastafarian and sang very political songs. His songs were a lot more radical than his friend, Bob Marley's, whom he often criticized for selling out to the white mainstream. He also toured with the Rolling Stones and sang a duet with Mick Jagger. He was murdered in his home in Kingston during a robbery in 1987. His biggest claim to fame was a song titled "Legalize it" in relation to marijuana laws.
Compilations.
These are the highest rated compilation albums on Allmusic.

Billy Joel
Billy Joel (born May 9, 1949) is a famous American singer and songwriter. He produced successful pop songs for two decades, from 1973's "Piano Man" to 1993's "River of Dreams" which marked his retirement. As well as writing classical music, he has frequently been on the road, usually with Elton John.
Joel was born in the Bronx and grew up in Hicksville, located in Long Island near New York City. He joined his first band The Echoes (Later known as The Lost Souls) at age fourteen, and in the late 1960s he teamed up with The Hassles. The Hassles when on to release two albums. In 1970 After parting ways with The Hassles Joel and Hassles Drummer Jon Small Formed a two man duo Attila. 1971, his solo debut, "Cold Spring Harbor", was released. (The title takes its name from a town in Long Island.)
In 1988, Joel played a New York City dog named Dodger in the Disney animated cult movie, "Oliver & Company".
In his career, the singer had several car accidents, some of which came from his alcohol influence.

Lake Constance
Lake Constace or Lake of Constance (German: "Bodensee") is a large Lake on the river Rhine. It is located on the border between Germany and Switzerland and Austria. It is the third largest lake in Central Europe after Lake Balaton and Lake Geneva. It is made of two smaller lakes (called "Obersee" and "Untersee" (Upper and lower lake) respectively). These are joined by a small part of river in Constance.
The lake covers about of total area.
There are three big islands in the lake. The islands Lindau and Mainau are located in the "Obesee". Rechenau is in the "Untersee". The Obersee is about long, from Bregenz to Ludwigshafen. It is about wide at its widest point between Romanshorn and Friedrichshafen. The deepest point is deep, between Fischbach and Uttwil (just off Constance).
The lake forms the border between Austria, Germany and Switzerland. On much of its length, this border has not been defined. Switzerland thinks the border runs through the middle of the lake. Austria thinks the lake is a condominium of all the countries. A condominium is a space that is governed by all countries taking part in it. Germany has no clear view.
Other legal issues, like navigation and fishing are governed by separate treaties. About 62% of the lake's shoreline belongs to Germany, about 33% to Switzerland, and the remaining 11% to Austria.
In 1961, the whole lake froze. This has not happened since then.

Samurai
The samurai, also named bushi, were the members of the military class of Japan. In other words, they were Japanese warriors. The word "samurai" comes from the Japanese verb "saburai", which means "to serve (someone)". Samurai lived during the Edo period.
History.
The samurai's importance and influence grew during the Edo Period, when powerful landowners hired private warriors for the protection of their properties. Towards the end of the Edo Period, two military clans, the Minamoto and Taira, had grown so powerful that they took control over the country and fought wars against each other as each one tried to be more powerful.
In 1185, the Minamoto defeated the Taira, and Minamoto Yoritomo started a new military government in Kamakura in 1192. As shogun, the highest military officer, he became the ruler of Japan.
During the chaotic Era of Warring States (sengoku jidai, 1467-1573), Japan consisted of dozens of independent states which were constantly fighting each other. This is why the country needed lots of samurai. Between the wars, many samurai were working on farms. Many of the famous samurai movies by Kurosawa take place during this era.
When Toyotomi Hideyoshi reunited Japan, he started a very strict social caste system which was later completed by Tokugawa Ieyasu and his successors. Hideyoshi forced all samurai to decide between a life on the farm and a warrior life in castle towns. Furthermore, he made it a law that the samurai were the only people who were allowed to arm themselves with a sword.
According to the Edo Period's official hierarchy of social castes, the samurai were the most important, followed by the farmers, artisans and merchants. Each caste was then divided into different groups according to importance. All samurai were forced to live in castle towns and received income from their lords in form of rice. Samurai without masters were called ronin and caused minor troubles during the early Edo Period.
With the fall of Osaka Castle in 1615, the Tokugawa had lost his last possible rival, and it was much more peaceful in Japan for about 250 years. As a result, martial skills became less important, and most samurai became bureaucrats, teachers or artists.
In 1868, Japan's feudal era came to an end, and the samurai class was abolished.
Weapons.
Samurai were able to use many weapons, such as spears, bows, arrows, and guns. However, their most famous weapon, a long sword called a "Katana", was their symbol.
A samurai carried two swords. In peace-time, he carried a "Katana" and a short sword, "Wakizashi". In war-time, he carried a long sword, "Tachi" and a short sword, "Tantō". He wore less armor than knights from Europe.
Beliefs.
A samurai believes that his swords hold his soul, so they became the most important thing he has.
The samurai were allowed to fight anybody who did not show them proper respect. Every sword had to be tested; to do this, the owner of the sword could execute a criminal. In this way the warrior was able to test his sword's sharpness. Samurai lead their lives according to the ethic code of "bushido", which translates as "the way of the warrior". This has the meaning of loyalty to one's master, self-discipline and respectful, ethical behaviour. When a samurai lost his master, also called "Daimyo", he was called a "Ronin".
After a defeat, the samurai chose to commit ritual suicide, which is also called "Seppuku". In this ritual they cut their stomach before the enemy was able to capture them, in the case of a war. In Europe, this ritual is often mistaken for "hara-kiri". Hara-kiri means "to cut the stomach". In other words, hara-kiri refers only to the action done by Seppuku and not the whole ritual. Seppuku was a more honourable death for a samurai than being captured by the enemy. Another reason to commit Seppuku was the death of the Daimyo. With this ritual, a samurai was able to show how loyal he was to his (dead) master. There were periods when Seppuku was forbidden, but despite the bans there were samurai who still committed it.
The bushi's training methods like meditation, judo and kendo are still followed today. Although the samurai do not have official recognition in modern Japan, the successors of these families are well respected.
Samurai and women.
It has to be noted that the term "Samurai" is a gender-specific term, referring to males specifically. An academic article on this can be found
Japanese women had a very clear role in Japanese society. Most of them took care of house and crops and raising children. There were a few women who were samurai. One of the most famous Japanese samurai women was Itagaki. She lived during the end of the Heian period (794 – 1192 AD) and owned her own army of about 3000 warriors. In 1199, Itagaki fought against 10.000 Heike soldiers. She was very good at handling the naginata sword, which made her very famous.
Samurai women were also trained to defend themselves and their children. They usually did this while their warrior husbands were busy in battles. The samurai wife was called okusan (in translation "one who remains at home"). This is why samurai women were trained to handle polearms (naginata) and short daggers (Tanto). During the Edo period (1600-1800 AD), Japanese women were trained to handle naginata by the age of 18. The short kaiken knife was used by young women to defend their virtue or, if they lost it, to take their own life.
The Japanese women, especially the samurai wives, were very respected. They had qualities that made them an important part of Japanese society. They were obedient, self-controlled, loyal, responsible, etc. Wives of rich samurai were very well dressed and enjoyed a good position in society. They did not do any physical work. No women were allowed to be involve in politics or warfare.
Of course, there were women who were powerful. For example, in Muromachi period, the wife of Ashikaga Yoshimasa (1449 – 1474, 8th shogun), Hino Tomiko ruled in his place. The Toyotomi Hideyoshi's (1536 – 1598) mistress became the real master of Osaka castle after his death. Yamauchi Kazutoyo's (1545 – 1605) wife, Chiyo, was one of the most loyal wives known in Japanese history. Her power was of another kind, she supported her husband during hard times, saving to buy a horse for him. Yamauchi Kazutoyo never took a mistress, though it was a known tradition for samurai, and he never left Chiyo although she was only able to have one child (a girl, Yone).
During Tokugawa Era (1603 – 1867) women's education became very important. Girls were taught to write, read, dance, etc. beginning at a young age. The main criteria for marriage changed. Among the most important were: physical attractiveness and education. Special books were written for women. They mainly taught how to take care of house and children. But by the end of the Tokugawa period women attended philosophical and literary classes.

The Republic
The Republic is a book by Plato, it was finished in 390 BC.
It asks the question 'why should people do good things?' and also the question 'are people rewarded for doing bad things?'.
Plato said that people should not do bad things because people who do bad things end up unhappy.
However people who do good things end up happy.
He also said that if people who do bad things get power in a society then that society will become an unhappy one.
Plato believed that philosophers are best able to do good things and so they should be given power in a society.
He thought that non-philosophers should allow themselves to be ruled by philosophers and that if they do this then they will be happy.
However in order not to be tempted to do bad things, the philosophers who have power must not be able to own things or feel love.
Plato also talked about many other things while discussing these questions including metaphysics, psychology, religion and most branches of philosophy.
He introduced the philosophy called Platonism.
Plato's argument (Less Simple).
Plato thought that people and societies are very much alike.
He said that a good person will listen to all these things, but will let the mind control the other two.
Somebody who does not listen to all three parts, or who does not let the mind control the other two will be unhappy.
They might go mad because they do not let the mind control them.
Or they might do things that they later regret.
They will also be disliked by other people and will suffer because of that.
He said that they will be like a country in anarchy.
Plato also thought society is made up of three things (types of people)
He said that society needs all three things (types of people) but that only the philosophers will be good people.
The others will be dominated by their souls or bodies, not their minds.
The soldiers will not even listen to their minds, and the workers will not listen to their minds or their souls.
This is why the philosophers should rule and the other types of people should be soldiers and workers.

Aesthetics
Aesthetics is a branch of Philosophy. It is the Philosophy of Art and Beauty. Together with ethics it is part of axiology which is the philosophy of what people like.
Aesthetic philosophers ask what people like to look at, hear, feel, smell or taste, and why they like these things. Aesthetic philosophers also ask if art has any value. For example they may ask if some art that nobody likes and that nobody wants is art at all, or if it is something else.
One theory in Aesthetics is called subjectivism. Subjectivism says that something is beautiful to me if I say it is beautiful. Subjectivism also says that something is art for me if I say it is art. Many Aesthetic philosophers do not like subjectivism. They say that art and beauty are to do with an object, not with the person who sees, hears, feels, tastes or smells that object.
Plato, Aristotle and Immanuel Kant are some important philosophers of aesthetics.

Wes Craven
Wes Craven was born August 2, 1939 in Cleveland, Ohio. He is an American movie director, well-known for horror film classics including "Nightmare on Elm Street" and "Scream"

Earth, Wind & Fire
Earth, Wind & Fire are an American funk group. They formed in Chicago in 1969 and were very popular in the 1970s.

The Kinks
The Kinks are a English rock band. They first became popular in the 1960s. The band was started by lead singer Ray Davies and his brother Dave Davies.

Diesel engine
The name diesel is given to an engine invented by a German named Rudolf Diesel in the late 19th century.
Most engines need a system called an ignition system - one that uses an electric spark - in order to burn the mix of fuel and air and make power. Other types of ignition systems used compressed air from an outside source such as an air compressor. A diesel does not. It burns a fuel similar to heating oil through very high compression or pressing together of the mix. A tiny bit of fuel is injected, or forced, into the engine's cylinders at just the right moment. Since gases heat when they are pressed together, the compression of the air and fuel mix cause the mix to explode within the cylinder.
Diesel engines make very good use of the fuel they burn. They also make lots of torque (pronounced "tork"), or twisting power. An engine with a lot of torque will be able to spin it's shaft even if it is very hard to do. This makes a diesel engine a good choice in heavy equipment like trucks, trains and construction machines. The very big trucks on the road have diesels in them. So do trains, unless they are steam-powered. Sometimes, even the torque of a diesel engine is not enough to run such big machines. To boost power, large diesels often have a device called a turbocharger attached. A turbocharger is a type of turbine - something used to move a lot of air very quickly. Jet engines often work with a turbine. In the diesel, pressure from the exhaust spins the turbocharger at very high speed. Fresh air is then forced back into the engine. Since any engine is a sort of air pump, the more air you can put through it, the more power it makes. That's where the turbocharger helps. A diesel engine fitted with a turbocharger is called a turbodiesel. The whistling sound sometimes heard near one of these engines is caused by the turbocharger, or "turbo" for short.
A diesel engine can also be made to run on vegetable oil made from old cooking oil. This type of fuel is called biodiesel. Running a diesel engine on biodiesel fuel makes the exhaust smell like food.
Running a diesel engine on vegetable oil is not a new idea. The engine that Rudolf Diesel used to demonstrate his new idea ran on peanut oil.

Megabyte
A megabyte is a large number used when talking about hard drives or computer memory. One megabyte is 1 million bytes.
Until December 1998, when the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) first defined a mebibyte as 220, or 1,048,576 bytes, "megabyte" also meant either 1,048,576 bytes, or 1,024 kilobytes, or 1024² bytes. Casual computer users still often use megabyte to mean one of these numbers.

Waffle
A waffle is a cooked food made from a batter that consists of flour, water, baking powder, oil, and eggs. It has a gridlike appearance because it is cooked in between two hot metal plates in an electric kitchen appliance called a waffle iron. Waffles are cooked until they become golden-brown in color, with a crispy outer texture and a soft interior. Waffles are served as a breakfast or as a dessert, and they are usually served with sweet sauces or toppings.
For breakfast.
In North America, waffles are often eaten for breakfast on weekends or holidays. Freshly-baked waffles are topped with maple syrup and served with breakfast sausages, eggs, orange juice, and hot coffee.
As a dessert.
In Belgium, France, and the French-speaking Canadian province of Quebec, waffles are often served as a dessert, after dinner is finished. Freshly-baked waffles are topped with sweet toppings such as chocolate syrup, bananas, strawberries, or whipped cream.
Other meanings.
Waffle is also a slang term meaning "to keep changing one's mind.". For example, if a reporter is asking a politician a question, and the politician does not give a clear answer, the reporter might say that the politician was "waffling." It can also mean to keep repeating the same information in a different way or make no useful points.

Stargard Szczeciński
Stargard Szczeciński (German: "Stargard in Pommern") is a town in Pomerania, northwestern Poland, with 71,400 inhabitants (2003). Situated on the Ina river, it is the capital of Stargard County in West Pomeranian Voivodship.

Disney
Disney is also the name of a small town in Oklahoma and a street in London.

Ruby slippers
Ruby slippers are red shoes that are worn by the character Dorothy (Judy Garland) in the movie "The Wizard of Oz". They are an important part of the story. Many pairs of slippers were made for the movie. One pair can be seen at the Smithsonian Institution in the United States. The others are owned by private collectors.
Plot.
Dorothy gets the slippers after her house falls on the Wicked Witch of the East, killing the witch. The witch's sister, the Wicked Witch of the West, wants the ruby slippers. She attacks Dorothy many times during her journey down the yellow brick road. The Wicked Witch of the West wants the slippers for herself so she can become the most powerful witch in all of the land of Oz.
Dorothy knows that the slippers are powerful, but she does not know why. At the end of the movie, she learns their power: click your heels together three times, and repeat "There's no place like home."

Pope John XXIII
The Blessed Pope John XXIII (Latin: "Ioannes XXIII"), born Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli (November 25, 1881 - June 3, 1963), was the Pope of the Roman Catholic Church from 1958 until his death in 1963.
He was born the fourth of fourteen children, and his family was sharecroppers. In 1904 he was ordained a priest in a Roman Church of Santa Maria. Later in 1905, the new Bishop of Bergamo, Giacomo Maria Radini Tedeschi, appointed Angelo his secretary. Angelo went with Bishop Giacomo to all his pastoral visits. Angelo also helped him with many other tasks like managing the diocesan bulletin, going on pilgrimages, and social works. Angelo did even more work in the seminary using his very good preaching skills he taught history, patrology and apologetics. It was in the seminary he met the two future saints that would affect his life dramatically. These two Saints were St. Charles Borromeo and St. Francis de Sales, who were both very good pastors in the same seminary, and had a kind of apprentice like relationship. Father Angelo was extremely devoted to Bishop Giacomo until his death in 1914. After Bishop Giacomo’s death, Father Angelo continued teaching in the seminary, but was dragged into World War I and served as a medical corps sergeant and after the war started Italy’s first home for poor young students. His life after the war started changing dramatically, and he even got the attention of Pope Pius XI.
Pope Pius XI named him Apostolic Visitator in Bulgaria, which brought him to the episcopate with the titular Diocese of Areopolis. He chose a motto, Oboedientia et Pax, which was his motto for the rest of his life.

Beauty
Beauty is a property of certain things. Something is beautiful if it is nice to look at it, hear it, feel it, taste it, smell it or think about it. The opposite of beautiful is ugly.
There are many other theories, and some things that people say are beautiful do not fit in to any of these ideas, for example sunsets.

2020s
The 2020s is a decade (set of ten years) that is in the future. The 2020s will last from January 1, 2020 to December 31, 2029. People think this decade will be called the "twenty-twenties" or "the twenties".

Guitar
The guitar is string instrument which is played by plucking the strings. The main parts of a guitar are the body, the fretboard, the headstock and the strings. Guitars are usually made from wood, and they usually have metal or nylon strings or both. The guitar strings are plucked with the fingers of the right hand, or a small pick made of thin plastic. This type of pick is called a "plectrum". The left hand holds the neck of the guitar while the fingers press the strings to the fretboard. Different finger positions on the fretboard make different notes.
Guitar-like plucked string instruments have been used for many years. In many countries and at many different time periods, guitars and other plucked string instruments have been very popular, because they are light to carry from place to place, they are easier to learn to play than many other instruments. Guitars are used for many types of music, from Classical to Rock. Most pieces of popular music that have been written since the 1950s are written with guitars.
There are many different types of guitars, classified on how they are made and the type of music they are used for. All traditional types of guitar have a body which is hollow. This makes the sound of the strings louder, and gives the guitar its quality. This type of guitar is called "acoustic". (An "acoustic" instrument is one that makes its own dynamics.)
From the 1930s, people started making and playing guitars that used electricity and amplifiers to control the loudness. These guitars, which are often used in popular music, are called "electric guitars". They do not need to have a hollow body. This is because they do not use acoustics to amplify the sound.
Most guitars have six strings, but there are also guitars with four, seven, eight, ten, or twelve strings. More strings make the instrument sound fuller. The neck of a guitar has bars or marks called frets. Frets help a guitarist know where to put his or her fingers to get the right pitch when playing.
Word origin.
The word "guitar" was adopted into English from Spanish word "guitarra" in the 1600s. In the Middle ages the word "gitter" or "gittern" was used in England. Both "guitarra" and "gitter" came from the Latin word "cithara". The word "cithara" came from the earlier Greek word "kithara". "Kithara" could have come from the Persian word "sihtar". The sihtar itself is related to the Indian instrument, the sitar.
A person who plays a guitar is called a guitarist. A person who makes or mends (fixes) guitars is a "luthier", which comes from the word "lute". The word "lute", comes from the Arabic "Al-Uud", a stringed instrument from the Middle East.
Types of guitars.
A guitar was described by Dr. Michael Kasha as an instrument that had "a long, fretted neck, flat wooden soundboard, ribs, and a flat back, most often with incurved sides".
Modern guitars come in four main types. The classical guitar is used for classical music. The term acoustic guitar is generally used for a guitar used for popular music, even though a classical guitar is also an acoustic instrument. There are many other different types of acoustic guitars from different parts of the world.
A electric guitar is flat, not hollow, and produces sound through amplifiers. Some guitars combine the hollow acoustic body with amplified sound. Bass guitars are designed to make a low bass rhythm.
A special electric folding travel guitar called the Foldaxe (briefly manufactured by Hoyer in 1977) was invented for Chet Atkins (in Atkins' book "Me and My Guitars") by inventor and guitarist Roger Field, featuring a built-in mechanism which kept the string tension and tuning constant even when folded, and ready to play when unfolded. Atkins demonstrated his several times on US television, and also on The Today Show with Les Paul who was with him as a guest.
History.
There have been instruments like the guitar for at least 5,000 years. The guitar may have come from older instruments known as the sitara from ancient India and central Asia. The oldest known picture of a guitar-like instrument is a 3300 year old stone carving of a Hittite bard. The oldest guitar-like instrument that is still complete is the "Warwick Gittern" in the British Museum. It belonged to Elizabeth I of England and probably to her father Henry VIII before it was given to her. It is about 500 years old.
The design of the modern guitar began with the Roman cithara. The cithara was brought by the Romans to Hispania (Spain) around 40 AD. In the 8th century the Moors brought the four-stringed oud into Spain. The introduction to the oud caused changes to the design of the cithara. AD. In other parts of Europe, the six-string Scandinavian "lut" (lute) became popular wherever the Vikings had been. By 1200 AD, there were two types of the four string "guitar": the "guitarra morisca" (Moorish guitar) from Spain which had a rounded back, wide fingerboard and several soundholes, and the "guitarra latina" (Latin guitar) which was more like the modern guitar with one soundhole and a narrower neck.
The Spanish "vihuela", of the 16th century, was another guitar-like instrument. It had lute-style tuning and a guitar-like body. The vihuela was only popular for a short amount of time. It is not known whether it was simply a design that combined features of the oud and lute or a transition from the Renaissance instrument to the modern guitar.
The Vinaccia family from Naples, Italy were famous mandolin makers. It is thought that they also made the oldest six-string guitar that still exists. There is a guitar built that was signed and dated 1779 on the label by Gaetano Vinaccia (1759 - after 1831) Although there are many fakes that have dates on them from that time, this guitar is believed by experts to be genuine (real).
The guitar's design was improved (made better) by the famous Spanish luthier, Antonio Torres Jurado (1817-1892) and by Louis Panormo of London.
The electric guitar was made by George Beauchamp in 1936. Beauchamp co-founded a company called Rickenbacher to make guitars. However, Danelectro was the first to produce electric guitars for the public to use.
More details about electric guitars.
Electric guitars have varying numbers of pickups (up to 6 or 8 in some custom built ones) but usually between one and three pickups that "pick up" the sound. Electric guitars typically have a lower action (distance between the strings and the frets) making them generally easier to play than most acoustic guitars that usually have a higher action. Electric guitars sometimes feedback (this is when the strings begin to resonate from the sound that is coming from the speaker(s))causing oscillation (simply put the signal begins to move in a circle strings->pickup->cable->amp->speaker->air->strings->etc.) This is usually prevented by placing your picking hand (the hand nearest the pickups) on the strings near the bridge during a pause in playing, or turning down the volume on the guitar. Some electric guitars have double coil pickups called humbuckers, while others have single coil pickups. A humbucker is simply two single coil pickups attached to each other and wired to each other. The purpose of a humbucker is control the amount of oscillation (feedback) and does so because of the way that the two single coil pickups are wired in relation to each other. This alleviates the feedback and 60 cycle hum that plagues some single coil pickups as well as providing a deeper, warmer, fuller sounding tone than single coil pickups.
Guitar music.
Guitars are used in many different genres of music, such as traditional, regional, and folk to modern punk, rock, metal or pop. Guitars are used as rhythm instruments, lead instruments, and sometimes a combination of the two.

Guitarist
A guitarist is a person who plays the guitar. A guitar is a type of musical instrument.

British Sea Power
British Sea Power is an indie rock band from Cumbia, England. They formed in 2000.

Jimmy Eat World
Jimmy Eat World is an alternative rock band. They formed in Mesa, Arizona in 1994. To date, they have released six studio albums. They may record one more album on their label for a 2009 release, but after that will consider self-releasing. They have released many singles, including "Sweetness", "The Middle", "Bleed American", "Rockstar", and "Let It Happen".
They used to be part of the Emo scene and many would still call them that. However, the band has never liked that term and don't even understand that. While their albums do have considerable emo influences, the album Future brought on a change of sound and a different fanbase.

Phish
Phish is a hippie/jam band. They formed in Vermont in 1983. They broke up in 2004. There lead singer was Trey Anastatio, who went on and formed his own band. Phish was often compared to a modern day Greatful Dead, and had a similar following with "Phish Heads" traveling across the country with the band on tour.
Phish can be to many not merely a band. It comes as a feeling or a memory, a laugh or a sigh. The beautiful music that has been made by the four members of Phish is some of the most mindblowing music there has been. But you have to get it. If you dont get IT...Then please please watch the link and foresee the magic yourselves http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WpZ5NHPVIAk&feature=related

Green Day
Green Day is an American rock band trio that formed in 1987. The members of the band are Billie Joe Armstrong (vocals, guitar), Mike Dirnt (bass guitar, vocals), and Tré Cool (drums, percussion).
Green Day was first part of the punk rock scene at 924 Gilman Street in Berkeley, California. Its record label debut "Dookie" (1994) became a success and soon sold more than ten million copies in the United States alone, and 15 million copies worldwide. The album was well reviewed and the band were praised for it's music and sales. Green day had three more albums after that, "Insomniac", "Nimrod" and "Warning". They were still successful albums, reaching double platinum, double platinum, and gold status respectively. However none of them sold as many as their first album, Dookie. Green Day's 2004 rock opera "American Idiot" sold five million copies in the United States.
Green Day has sold over 65 million records worldwide, including 22 million in the United States alone. They also have won three Grammy Awards, Best Alternative Album for "Dookie", Best Rock Album for "American Idiot", and Record of the Year for "Boulevard of Broken Dreams".
Formation and Lookout years (1987–93).
In 1987, 14 year old friends Billie Joe Armstrong and Mike Dirnt made a band called Sweet Children. The first Sweet Children show was on October 17, 1987, at Rod's Hickory Pit in Vallejo, California where Armstrong's mother was working. In 1988, Armstrong and Dirnt began working with John Kiffmeyer (also known as Al Sobrante). He used to be drummer for the band Isocracy. Kiffmeyer was also the band's business manager; he decided what time the band played shows and worked to get the band more fans.
The owner of Lookout! Records, Larry Livermore, saw the band play an early show and signed them to his label. The band recorded their first EP, "1,000 Hours", in 1989. After "1,000 Hours" was released, the band changed their band name, Sweet Children, to Green Day, because others may be confused with another band Sweet Baby, who had a similar name. The band started to use the name Green Day, because they liked marijuana.
In the in early 1990s, Lookout! released Green Day's first LP, "Smooth". Green Day recorded two EPs later that year: "Slappy" and "Sweet Children," Lookout! Records released "Smoothed Out Slappy Hours," an album that had "39/Smooth," "Slappy," and "1,000 Hours" EPs in it. In late 1990, shortly after the band's first worldwide tour, Sobrante left the band to go to college. The Lookouts drummer Tré Cool than became a temporary replacement, and later became a permanent replacement because Sobrante did not want to come back to the band. Green Day was on tour for most of 1992 and 1993, and played a lot of shows overseas in Europe. Its second album "Kerplunk" sold about 50,000 copies in the U.S., which was a large amount for the punk band in 1992.
Breakthrough success (1994–96).
"Kerplunk's" success made major record labels interested in Green Day, and they soon left Lookout! and signed with Reprise Records after getting the attention of producer Rob Cavallo. Signing to Reprise made many punk rock fans think Green Day as sellouts. After signing with Reprise, the band went to work on making its major label debut, "Dookie."
Released in February of 1994, and recorded in 3 weeks, "Dookie" became a commercial success, making it to MTV for the videos of the songs "Longview", "Basket Case", and "When I Come Around", all of which made it to the number one position on the Modern Rock Tracks charts.
"Insomniac" was a better release for the band than the poppier "Dookie." "Insomniac" earned 4 out of 5 stars from "Rolling Stone Magazine", which said "In punk, the good stuff actually unfolds and gains meaning as you listen without sacrificing any of its electric, haywire immediacy. And Green Day are as good as this stuff gets." "Insomniac" won the band award nominations for Favorite Artist, Favorite Hard Rock Artist, and Favorite Alternative Artist at the 1996 American Music Awards. The video for "Walking Contradiction" got the band a Grammy nomination for Best Video, Short Form, and a Best Special Effects nomination at the MTV Video Music Awards.
In 1995, a new single for the "Angus" soundtrack was released, titled "J.A.R.". The single went straight to number one on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart. After that, "Insomniac," Green Day's new album, was released in the fall of 1995. After that, the band stopped from going on a European tour so they could rest for a while.
"Nimrod" and "Warning" (1997–2002).
After taking a break in 1996, Green Day began to work on a new album in 1997. Both the band and Cavallo agreed that the album had to be different from its last records. They came up with "Nimrod." The new album was released in October 1997. It had many types of music, from pop-punk, surf rock, and ska, to an acoustic ballade. "Nimrod" went to the charts at number 10. The success of "Good Riddance (Time of Your Life)" won the band an MTV Video Award for Best Alternative Video. The other singles released from "Nimrod" were "Nice Guys Finish Last", "Hitchin' a Ride" and "Redundant".
In 2000, Green Day released "Warning," an album that had types of songs that "Nimrod" did. Though the "Warning" made the hit "Minority" and a smaller hit with "Warning", some observers thought that the band was losing popularity. "Warning" was certified gold by the RIAA.
At the 2001 California Music Awards, Green Day won all eight awards that they were nominated for. They won the awards for Outstanding Album ("Warning"), Outstanding Punk Rock/Ska Album ("Warning"), Outstanding Group, Outstanding Male Vocalist, Outstanding Bassist, Outstanding Drummer, Outstanding Songwriter and Outstanding Artist.
"American Idiot" and renewed popularity (2003–present).
In the summer of 2003, the band went into a studio to write and record new songs for a new album titled "Cigarettes and Valentines." After making 20 tracks, the master tapes were stolen from the studio. The band was upset and chose not to try to re-create the stolen album, but instead start over with a vow to be even better than before. In this same year, Green Day went with Iggy Pop on two tracks for his album "Skull Ring." They took "band therapy," talking for a long time to work out the members' differences after accusations from Dirnt and Cool that Armstrong was "the band's Nazi" and a show-off bent on taking the limelight from the other band members.
The 2004 album, "American Idiot", was number one on the Billboard charts, the band's first ever album to top the chart, even with success of the album's first single, "American Idiot." The album was billed as a "punk rock opera" which follows the journey of the "Jesus of Suburbia". "American Idiot" won the 2005 Grammy for "Best Rock Album" and the band won a total of seven of the eight awards they were nominated for, in the 2005 MTV music awards, also with the popular Viewer's Choice Award.
Through 2005, the band toured for about 150 days — the longest tour in its career — visiting Japan, Australia, South America and the UK, where they had a crowd of 130,000 people in only two days. While touring for "American Idiot," they filmed and recorded the two concerts at the Milton Keynes National Bowl in England, which was voted 'The Best Show On Earth' in a "Kerrang!" Magazine Poll.
These recordings were released as a live CD and DVD called "Bullet in a Bible" on November 15, 2005. The DVD had a behind-the-scenes footage of the band, and showed how the band prepared to put on the show. The final shows of its 2005 world tour were in Sydney, Australia, and Melbourne, Australia, on December 14 and 17. On January 10, 2006 the band was awarded with a People's Choice Award for favorite group.
In 2006, Green Day won the Grammy Award for Record of the Year for "Boulevard of Broken Dreams" which spent 16 weeks at the number one position of Billboard's "Modern Rock Tracks", a record it shared with Red Hot Chili Peppers' "Scar Tissue" and Staind's "It's Been Awhile".
In an interview with "Kerrang!", Billie Joe said that 2008 would "be a fair estimate of the release date of their new "Untitled Eighth Studio Album"." In October 2007, Billie Joe said more on this new album, saying he had been writing new songs on the piano, and had around 45 of them. He said he wanted the new music to dig into what he's feeling during that time - which is middle-aged.
Music style and influences.
Green Day's sound is usually compared to bands such as the Ramones, The Clash, Sex Pistols, The Jam, and the Buzzcocks. Most of their songs are fast-paced and under the average song length of four minutes (4:00), though some of their songs run on longer such as "Jesus of Suburbia" which runs for nine minutes. Billie Joe Armstrong said that some of his biggest influences are alternative rock bands Hüsker Dü and The Replacements. Armstrong's lyrics mostly describe alienation, hysteria, girls, growing up, and what happens to someone if they take drugs. The Ramones had lyrical themes that were also close to Green Day's lyrics such as hysteria, alienation, girls, and drugs. Green Day has covered Ramones songs a few times, such as recording "Outsider" for the tribute album "We're a Happy Family", and performing "Blitzkrieg Bop" and "Teenage Lobotomy" when the Ramones made it into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2002.

Live album
A live album is an album that has live songs. These live songs are played on stage at a concert, instead of recorded in a studio. People record the songs and put them on a CD.

Album (disambiguation)
An album has a few meanings.

LP
An LP, or long play record, is a plastic disc with little lines called grooves that go around the middle. They are played by a turntable. A turntable spins the record while a lever with a small needle on the bottom. The needle goes in between the little grooves. When this happens, music is played.

Marvin Gaye
Marvin Gaye (born:Marvin Pentz Gay, Jr., April 2, 1939-April 1, 1984) was an American soul and R&B singer and songwriter who found international fame as an artist recording on the Motown label during the 1960s and 1970s. One of the first Motown artists to break free from the label's controlling assembly-line-like production, Marvin established himself as an independent artist thanks to the release of his 1971 album, "What's Going On" album. His albums afterwards produced a collection of political, social and sexual topics hereafter. After a period of exile in Europe in the late 1970s, Marvin scored a comeback hit with 1982's "Sexual Healing", a record that won him two Grammys and became his longest-running number-one hit on any chart easily making it his biggest hit to date. His comeback was eventually cut short by his 1984 death at the hands of his clergyman father. He was posthumously inducted to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1987.
Early life and career.
Marvin Pentz Gay, Jr. was the eldest son of a Pentecostal minister and the second of four children born and raised in a predominantly African-American community in Washington, D.C. Dealt with childhood abuse at the hands of his father, young Marvin used music as an outlet for his abuse first playing instruments in church and singing gospel music in his father's church. As a teenager, Marvin became a fan of doo-wop and joined a succession of groups before dropping out of high school at the start of his senior year. In 1956, the seventeen-year-old left home and enlisted in the U.S. Air Force where he would later be honorably discharged the following year with the words, "Marvin Gay can't adjust to regimentation and authority". Moving back to D.C., Marvin formed the Marquees, and was a co-lead singer of the group. Being discovered by rock pioneer Bo Diddley, the group recorded the songs "Good Morning Little Schoolgirl" and "Wyatt Earp" on the Okeh record label before they were discovered by Harvey Fuqua, member and founder of the popular doo-wop group The Moonglows. Having broken up the original group, Fuqua saw an opportunity to rebuild the Moonglows as a completely new group and changed the Marquees name to Harvey Fuqua and the New Moonglows. The group's "Mama Loocie", released in 1959, featured Marvin's first recorded lead as a vocalist. The following year, the new Moonglows split and with Harvey as his mentor, Marvin traveled with Harvey to Detroit where they got in contact with Berry Gordy, who had formed Motown Records. Impressed by Marvin's instrumental talent as a piano player and drummer, Gordy signed him as a session drummer and throughout his early years with the label, Marvin played drums on a majority of Motown's early hits for artists such as The Marvelettes, Mary Wells, the Miracles and a teenage Stevie Wonder. In 1961, Gordy signed Marvin as a recording artist and, hopeful he could become the next Frank Sinatra, released the big band/standard-heavy "The Soulful Moods of Marvin Gaye", in June of 1961. The album tanked as did his first three singles, produced by Gordy under the same R&B sound of his label mates.
Early stardom.
Marvin's first big taste of stardom came when he co-wrote the Marvelettes' top twenty hit, "Beechwood 4-5789". In the fall of 1962, Marvin finally hit success on his own merit when he released the self-penned and autobiographical "Stubborn Kind of Fellow", which peaked at the top fifty of the pop chart and number eight on the R&B side. His first top 40 single, the dance number, "Hitch Hike", made him a teen idol, as did his third hit, his first top ten pop hit, "Pride & Joy". These early singles and those featured on his second release, "That Stubborn Kind of Fellow", featured Martha and the Vandellas in the background before they became a hit-making group for Motown. A couple years later, Marvin would co-write the group's biggest hit, "Dancing in the Street", which landed at number-two. Marvin's early success continued with "Can I Get a Witness", "Baby Don't You Do It", "You Are a Wonderful One" and "Try It Baby". In late 1964, Marvin recorded the Holland-Dozier-Holland composition, "How Sweet It Is (To Be Loved By You)", which peaked at the top ten of the U.S. pop charts and became one of his first hits abroad reaching the top fifty in the UK. Marvin's collaboration with longtime friend Smokey Robinson resulted in the number-one singles, "I'll Be Doggone" and "Ain't That Peculiar".
Duets with female artists.
After his early success, which Marvin had struggles with, Motown began to widen his role as a ladies man, having him record duet albums with Mary Wells, Kim Weston and Diana Ross. His first album with Wells, "Together", became Marvin's first charted album, and yielded two popular hits, while his single with Weston, the Sylvia Moy-penned "It Takes Two", hit the top twenty on both sides of the Atlantic. But it would be his collaboration with Philadelphia R&B singer Tammi Terrell that landed him his biggest known success in his duet work. Building on songs written by Ashford & Simpson, the team of Marvin and Tammi scored a multitude of hits including their original version of "Ain't No Mountain High Enough", "Your Precious Love", "Ain't Nothing Like the Real Thing" and "You're All I Need to Get By". Sadly, their success would be short-lived following Tammi's collapse during a show at Virginia in October of 1967. Having complained of headaches, Tammi was rushed to the hospital that night and was diagnosed with a brain tumor. Terrell braved it out but by the release of their third and last album together, "Easy", was losing her fight with the tumor. Tammi died in March of 1970 at the age of 24 from complications of her brain cancer. Marvin was said to be so devastated by Tammi's death that he said he felt a piece of him died with her, and reports state at her funeral, Marvin talked to her remains as if she was gonna respond. Promising not to tour again and not to record another duet album after that, Marvin went into a self-imposed seclusion that ended briefly. In 1973, Marvin would work on his final duet album with Diana Ross. Their recording was hampered by arguments between them as Marvin refused to stop smoking marijuana in the studio as Diana was then pregnant. The resulting album, "Diana and Marvin", became a top twenty U.S. success and reached the top ten in the U.K.
Breakthrough from Motown.
In 1968, Marvin returned to the top of the charts as a solo act with the Norman Whitfield-penned "I Heard It Through the Grapevine". The song, originally recorded in 1967, was initially blocked from release since Berry Gordy disapproved of the song. Instead, one of its cover versions by Gladys Knight & the Pips was released, and it ended up reaching number-two. Whitfield was determined to get Gordy to release Marvin's, and in October 1968, Motown finally issued "Grapevine" as a single where it eventually reached number-one in December of that year, it also reached number one in the U.K. and became the biggest-selling single in Motown history during the sixties. During this period, Marvin used his "Grapevine" success to produce a collection of singles for his background group the Originals. Those songs, "Baby I'm for Real" and "The Bells" became top 40 recordings. After two more top ten hits that followed, Marvin began working on a more personal production. Inspired by Tammi Terrell's death, his brother Frankie's Vietnam stories, footage of the Vietnam War and race riots in the U.S., Marvin's success with his first productions and a rough draft of a song composed by Four Tops member Obie Benson, Marvin recorded an introspective single titled "What's Going On". Like "Grapevine", Motown refused to release it due to it being "uncommercial" and "risky" since Gordy couldn't find a song to match anything with and also because Gordy was against anyone in his company to talk openly about serious issues. In spite of releases by the Temptations, the Supremes and Edwin Starr, which opened about inner city struggle, illegitimate pregnancy and wars respectively, Motown was afraid the song would ruin Marvin's squeaky-clean teen pop image. Marvin, confident in his own abilities, stood his ground, and in January of 1971, the song was released quickly becoming a hit single reaching number two on the Billboard pop chart and number one on the Cashbox pop chart, also hitting number-one on the Billboard R&B chart. A follow-up album of the same name was quickly released that May and with accompanying top ten singles "Mercy Mercy Me" and "Inner City Blues", songs that also talked about social issues including environmentalism, the album sold over a million copies and permanently made Marvin one of the first independent artists on the label. Inspired by Marvin's success, Stevie Wonder refused to renew his contract with Motown in May of 1971 after releasing the non-Motown approved "Where I'm Coming From", an album that also dealt with social issues. In 1972, Motown signed Marvin to a $1 million contract, making him at the time the highest-paid black recording artist in music history. Marvin celebrated the contract by releasing the pro-political single "You're the Man", which attacked the Nixon administration. Moving from Detroit to Los Angeles that year, he recorded the soundtrack to the movie, "Trouble Man". The soundtrack and its title track became top twenty and top ten hits on the charts respectively. In 1973, Marvin dramatically changed direction from social topics to sexual politics with the release of "Let's Get It On". The song became Marvin's second number-one Billboard hit and was the biggest-selling R&B single of that year. Its subsequent album became another critical milestone as "What's Going On" had been and with his new look as a wool hat-wearing, studded jean outfit, bearded "messiah", Marvin had become an icon of early seventies soul music.
Decline.
In 1974, Marvin returned officially to touring after a four-year sabbatical following the death of Tammi Terrell and began to suffer from the effects of a long-developing cocaine addiction, which started in the late sixties. Marvin went a year without producing a record though through yet another new Motown contract, he built a recording studio in the middle of Sunset Boulevard. In 1976, Marvin released the erotic "I Want You" album, an album that had been delayed by his first wife, Anna Gordy's divorce case against him. The divorce was finalized after Marvin agreed to remit a portion of his royalties from his next album to Ms. Gordy. The result was the controversial "Here, My Dear" project, which came out in early 1979 after two years of holding the project from release. Marvin recorded a disco hit in 1977 titled "Got to Give It Up". The song hit number-one marking his third pop hit to reach the spot and his twelfth on the R&B side. It would end up being his last major hit with the Motown label. Following the release of "Here, My Dear", the album tanked and Marvin, already run dry by dwindling finances, numerous lawsuits, a troubling marriage to a second wife and an even more troubling cocaine addiction, eventually left his wife, three children, and the U.S. settling first in Hawaii and then settling in London in 1980 after a European promoter advised him to tour Europe. Recording most of his final Motown release, "In Our Lifetime", in London, the album was rush-released by Motown in early 1981 much to Marvin's chagrin: he complained that the label had edited certain songs, including one that seemed unfinished, and had taken off a question mark that he put at the end of the title to ask a question about life. Marvin stated he would no longer record for Motown and was granted his wish when CBS Records brought him out of his contract in April of 1982.
Return from exile.
In 1981, Marvin settled in Ostend, Belgium thanks to a former Belgian sports promoter and with his encouragement began rebuilding his life cutting away from drugs and also rebuilding his music career. After a successful European tour, Marvin signed with CBS Records and began work on a new album in his adopted home. After his friend and biographer David Ritz arrived to interview him, Marvin and David collaborated on a reggae-styled track in which Ritz titled "Sexual Healing" after a conversation between the two evolved into pornography. The song was one of eight Marvin worked on to fit into his comeback release, "Midnight Love". Boosted by its Caribbean flavor, the song returned Marvin to the top of the charts, hitting number-one on the R&B chart for a period of ten weeks and also becoming a top ten hit in several countries including number-three in the U.S. pop chart and number-four in England. It also hit number-one in New Zealand. Selling over two million copies, it became Marvin's biggest-selling single to date and won him his first couple of Grammys in 1983. Marvin's comeback was cemented with his emotional performance of the national anthem at the NBA All Star Game and a reunited showcase at "Motown 25", where Marvin was reunited with his old Motown buddies. Marvin's performance consisted of him playing piano while speaking on the illustrious history of black music before singing "What's Going On" to a receptive audience. That year, Marvin went on the road to promote the "Midnight Love" album. It would end up being his final tour.
Death and aftermath.
Settling in his parents' Los Angeles home after the tour, Marvin reportedly struggled with drug abuse and his troubling relationship with his father continued spiraling downwards. On the morning of April 1, 1984, Marvin and his father got into an argument after his father verbally assaulted Marvin's mother while they were arguing over misplaced business documents. The two men clashed and Marvin reportedly shoved his father to the ground during the struggle. After returning to his room, Marvin's father reentered Marvin's room with a loaded shotgun Marvin had bought for him for Christmas and shot him twice with one fatal shot to his chest. At approximately 1:10 pm, Marvin Gaye was pronounced dead on the scene at Cedars Sinai Medical Center. He was one day shy of his forty-fifth birthday. Marvin's death shocked his fans though family members and friends knew of Marvin's depression. Over 10,000 well-wishers paid their last respects at a star-studded funeral in Los Angeles. Marvin's ashes was spread to the beaches of the Atlantic Ocean. In 1985, Motown and CBS collaborated on two posthumous records while Motown re-released Marvin's famed material. In 1987, Marvin was posthumously inducted to the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame confirming his status as one of the greatest artists in music history.
Personal life.
Marvin first dated Anna Gordy in 1961. Anna was said to be the inspiration behind Marvin's sixties hits including "Stubborn Kind of Fellow" and "You Are a Wonderful One". He married her in 1964 and the couple adopted a boy they named Marvin Pentz Gaye III in 1965. Their marriage was rocky by the time Marvin began courting a beautiful seventeen-year-old high-school student named Janis Hunter in 1973. Hunter was reportedly the inspiration behind the song "If I Should Die Tonight" as he had sung the song to her in the studio. His 1976 album, "I Want You", was dedicated to Janis, who married him in 1977. The couple had two children together, daughter Nona and son Frankie. They divorced in 1981.

Masturbation
Masturbation is the act of a person touching their own genitals (sexual organs). It is not always done to the point of orgasm. Masturbating can be done alone or with a partner, either by watching each other or by helping each other. This is called "mutual masturbation". Machines and sex toys are made to make masturbation more pleasurable or easier, but it is often done with a hand. There are no known health risks of masturbation. Studies have shown that a vast majority of people masturbate on a regular basis, although the rate of masturbation varies greatly from one or two times per month to once or more daily.
Female masturbation.
The main female sex organ is the clitoris. Therefore, female masturbation almost always involves stimulating the clitoris, either by hand or with a vibrator. Many women also enjoy the feeling of fingers or a sex toy in the vagina, however this is a secondary sensation that is not necessary for orgasm, and that rarely results in orgasm on its own. Some women find stimulation of the front vaginal wall, or G spot, particularly pleasurable. The anus is rich in nerve endings and is also sometimes stimulated during masturbation, as are the nipples.
Masturbation is usually continued until orgasm. Some women may have problems reaching an orgasm, especially when they are young, and have little experience masturbating. When this happens, more practice and a reliable vibrator with strong vibration can help a great deal.
Some women experience "multiple orgasms" - several orgasms in a row without loss of arousal. It should be noted, however, that women who are not capable of multiple orgasms report as much orgasmic satisfaction as women who are multi-orgasmic.
Male masturbation.
Usually the man will hold the penis (in erection) in his hand and move the hand up and down. Sometimes a lubricant is used to create a softer sensation. As the sensation increases in intensity, the rate of hand movement generally quickens until orgasm occurs. Orgasm is a very pleasurable feeling which results in semen being ejaculated from the penis.
Men may also rub and touch other sensitive areas of the body such as the scrotum (the place where the testicles are located), the nipples, and the anus. The anus is rich in nerve endings and is sometimes stimulated during masturbation.
Masturbation frequency, age and sex.
How often masturbation is done depends on many different factors. Some of these factors influencing the frequency may be levels of hormones. These influence sexual arousal. Other influences are sexual habits, which often formed in the youth. Other people of the same age or standing - called peers - can also influence this frequency. General health is another of the many factors. The general attitude, what to think of masturbation is formed by culture. Medical causes have also been associated with masturbation.
"Forty-eight female college students were asked to complete a sexual attitudes questionnaire in which a frequency of masturbation scale was embedded. Twenty-four of the women (the experimental group) then individually viewed an explicit modeling film involving female masturbation. One month later, all subjects again completed the same questionnaire. Subjects in the experimental group also completed a questionnaire evaluating aspects of the film. Results indicated that the experimental group reported a significant increase in the average monthly frequency of masturbation, as compared to the control group. This same group, however, reported that the film had no effect on sexual attitudes or behavior."
A 2004 survey by Toronto magazine "NOW" was answered by an unspecified number of thousands. The results show that an overwhelming majority of the males — 81% — began masturbating between the ages of 10 and 15. Among females, the same figure was a more modest majority of 55%. (Note that surveys on sexual practices are prone to "self-selection bias".) It is not uncommon however to begin much earlier, and this is more frequent among females: 18% had begun by the time they turned 10, and 6% already by the time they turned 6. Being the main outlet of child sexuality, masturbation has been observed in very young children. In the book "Human Sexuality: Diversity in Contemporary America", by Strong, Devault and Sayad, the authors point out, "A baby boy may laugh in his crib while playing with his erect penis (although he does not ejaculate). Baby girls sometimes move their bodies rhythmically, almost violently, appearing to experience orgasm."
According to a Canadian survey of Now magazine readers, (cited above), the frequency of masturbation declines after the age of 17. However, most males masturbate daily, or even more frequently, well into their 20s and sometimes far beyond. This decline is more drastic among females, and more gradual among males. While females aged 13–17 masturbated almost once a day on average (and almost as often as their male peers), adult women only masturbated 8–9 times a month, compared to the 18–22 among men. It is also apparent that masturbation frequency declines with age. Adolescent youths report being able to masturbate to ejaculation six or more times per day, though some men in older middle age report being hard pressed to ejaculate even once per day. The survey does not give a full demographic breakdown of respondents, however, and the sexual history of respondents to this poll, who are readers of an urban Toronto lifestyle magazine, may not extend to the general population.
It appears that females are less likely to masturbate while in a heterosexual relationship than men. Both sexes occasionally engage in this activity, however, even when in sexually active relationships. Popular belief asserts that individuals of either sex who are not in sexually active relationships tend to masturbate more frequently than those who are; however, much of the time this is not true as masturbation alone or with a partner is often a feature of a relationship. Contrary to conventional wisdom, several studies actually reveal a positive correlation between the frequency of masturbation and the frequency of intercourse as well as the number multiple sex partners. One study reported a significantly higher rate of masturbation in gay men and women who were in a relationship.
Among some cultures, such as the Hopi in Arizona, the Wogeno in Oceania, and the Dahomeans and Namu of Africa, masturbation is encouraged, including regular masturbation between males. In certain Melanesian communities this is expected between older and younger boys. One interesting twist is the Sambia tribe of New Guinea. This tribe has rituals and rites of passage surrounding manhood which involve frequent ejaculation through fellatio. Semen is valued and masturbation is seen as a waste of semen and is therefore frowned upon even though frequent ejaculation is encouraged. The capacity and need to ejaculate is nurtured for years from an early age through fellatio so that it can be consumed rather than wasted. Semen is ingested for strength and is considered in the same line as mothers' milk.
Other cultures have rites of passage into manhood that culminate in the first ejaculation of a male, usually by the hands of a tribal elder. In some tribes such as the Agta, Philippines, stimulation of the genitals is encouraged from an early age. Upon puberty, the young male is then paired off with a "wise elder" or "witch doctor" who uses masturbation to build his ability to ejaculate in preparation for a ceremony. The ceremony culminates in a public ejaculation before a celebration. The ejaculate is saved in a wad of animal skin and worn later to help conceive children. In this and other tribes, the measure of manhood is actually associated more with the amount of ejaculate and his need than penis size. Frequent ejaculation through masturbation from an early age fosters frequent ejaculation well into adulthood.
Masturbation is becoming accepted as a healthy practice and safe method for sharing pleasure without the strings. It is socially accepted and even celebrated in certain circles. Group masturbation events can be found online in just about any state. Masturbation marathons are yearly events and are occurring across the globe from the U.S. to the UK. These events provide a supportive environment where masturbation can be performed openly among young and old without embarrassment. Participants talk openly with onlookers while masturbating to share techniques and describe their pleasure.
Evolutionary purpose.
In the context of evolution, masturbation serves a well-defined purpose. It can increase fertility during sexual intercourse. It does this by "using" sexual functions. In females, it can regulate the conditions in the vagina, cervix and the uterus. This can either increase or decrease the chance of conception. If the chance is increased or decreased depends on the timing of the masturbation. This timing is a subconscious decision. If she has intercourse with more than one male, it favors the chances of one or the other male's sperm reaching her egg.
Female masturbation can also protect against cervical infections. It does this by increasing the acidity of the cervical mucus and by moving debris out of the cervix.
The function of masturbation in males is to flush out old sperm with low motility from the male's genital tract. The next ejaculate contains more fresh sperm, which has higher chances of achieving conception during intercourse. If more than one male is having intercourse with a female, the sperm with the highest motility will compete more effectively.
Benefits.
The physical benefits of masturbation and having an orgasm or ejaculating creates heightened arousal while epinephrine courses through your body, producing the flushed face, shallow breath and post-climactic euphoria.
It is held in many mental health circles that masturbation can relieve depression, stress and lead to a higher sense of self-worth (Hurlbert & Whittaker, 1991). Masturbation can also be particularly useful in relationships where one partner wants more sex than the other — in which case masturbation provides a balancing effect and thus a more harmonious relationship.
Mutual masturbation, the act by which two or more partners stimulate themselves in the presence of each other, allows a couple to reveal the map to their pleasure centers. Witnessing a partner masturbate is a educational activity to find out the method a partner pleases them selfs, allowing each partner to learn exactly how the other enjoys being touched".
In 2003, an Australian research team led by Graham Giles of The Cancer Council Australia concluded that frequent masturbation by males appears to help prevent the development of prostate cancer. The study also indicated that this would be more helpful than ejaculation through sexual intercourse because intercourse can transmit diseases that may increase the risk of cancer instead. Also, frequent ejaculation is more easily obtained and sustained over time with the aid of masturbation.
A study published in 1997 found an inverse association between death from coronary heart disease and frequency of orgasm even given the risk that myocardial ischaemia and myocardial infarction can be triggered by sexual activity. Excerpt, "The association between frequency or orgasm and all cause mortality was also examined using the midpoint of each response category recoded as number of orgasms per year. The age adjusted odds ratio for an increase of 100 orgasms per year was 0.64 (0.44 to 0.95)." That is, a difference between any two subjects appeared when one subject ejaculated at around two or more more times per week than the other. Assuming a broad range average of between 3-5 ejaculations per week for a healthy males, this would mean 5 to 7 ejaculations per week. This is consistent with a 2003 Australia article on the benefits against prostate cancer.
Masturbation is also seen as a sexual technique that protects individuals from the risk of contracting sexually transmitted diseases. Support for such a view, and for making it part of the American sex education curriculum, led to the dismissal of US Surgeon General Joycelyn Elders during the Clinton administration.
Many people see masturbation as an effective, natural cure for insomnia. Sexual climax, from masturbation or otherwise, leaves one in a relaxed and contented state. This is frequently followed closely by drowsiness and sleep - particularly when one masturbates in bed.
Some people actually consider masturbation as a cardiovascular workout. And while doctors have no proof of this actually being true, those suffering from cardiovascular disorders (particularly those recovering from myocardial infarction, or heart attacks) should resume physical activity (including sexual intercourse and masturbation) gradually and with the frequency and rigor which their physical status will allow. Some doctors will advise those recovering from heart attacks to abstain from sexual activity (solitary or with a partner) until one is able to climb two flights of stairs without experiencing shortness of breath or chest pain. This limitation can serve as encouragement to follow through with physical therapy sessions to help improve endurance.
Blood pressure.
A small study has shown that a test group which only had intercourse experienced, as a whole, lower blood pressure in stressful situations than those who had intercourse but also had masturbated for one or more days.
Insertion.
Objects inserted into the vagina or anus should be clean and should not be able to scratch or break. Care should be taken not to fully insert anything into the anus — any object used should have a flared or flanged base; otherwise getting it out may need medical help. Modern dildos and anal plugs are designed with this feature.
Pregnancy.
Masturbation involving both a man and a woman (see "mutual masturbation") can result in pregnancy only if semen contacts the vulva. Masturbation with a partner can also theoretically result in transmission of sexually transmitted diseases by contact with bodily fluids.
Problems for males.
A man whose penis has suffered a blunt trauma or injury during intercourse may rarely sustain a penile fracture or suffer from Peyronie's disease. Phimosis is "a contracted foreskin (that) may cause trouble by hurting when an attempt is made to pull the foreskin back". In these cases, any energetic manipulation of the penis can be problematic.
Lawrence I. Sank observed that masturbating prone (lying face downward) could be responsible for sexual problems in some men including anorgasmia and erectile dysfunction, as observed in four men he examined. He coined the term "traumatic masturbatory syndrome" to describe this theory. As of 2007, no follow-up research has been conducted and the idea is not familiar or widely-held within the medical community. Some sources, however, give credence to the idea. One sex therapist condemned masturbation by rubbing against a pillow or mattress and Lipsith et al suggest that masturbation could play a part in male psychogenic sexual dysfunction (MPSD), citing Sank as their authority. MPSD is a difficulty in reaching orgasm during intercourse, and developing a dependence on masturbation.
Compulsive masturbation.
Masturbating frequently presents no physical, mental or emotional risk in itself, but masturbation can be used to relieve boredom or stress. In either case, as with any "nervous habit", it is more helpful to consider the causes of the boredom or of the stress, rather than try to repress the masturbation.
There is some discussion between professionals and other interested parties as to the existence or validity of sexual addictions. Nevertheless, there are lists of warning signs such as when sexual activity affects a person's ability to function in everyday life, or is placing them at risk, for example, of pursuing illegal or destructive activities. Very frequent and compulsive masturbation may be seen as a sign of sexual addiction.

Animation
Animation is a way of making a movie from many still images. The images are put together one after another, and then played at a fast speed to give the appearance of movement. Most animations are played at a speed of twenty-four to sixty images per second. Each image becomes one frame of the movie.
A person who makes animations is called an "animator."
Overview.
Because it is expensive to make, most animation comes from professional companies. However, independent animators have existed since the 1950s in America, with many of those people entering the professional industry. In Europe, the independent movement has existed since the 1910s, with animators like pre-revolutionary Russia's Ladislas Starevich and Germany's Lotte Reiniger.
On the internet, many people use a computer program called Flash to create animations. Flash uses a combination of drawing and computer graphics to make animations. Many animations on the internet are made in Flash. Most animators on the internet do not work for professional companies.
On television, limited animation is used a lot. It is used by popular companies such as UPA and Hanna-Barbera Productions. Simple, limited movement makes the images easier to draw, which lowers the cost of making animations and makes the production of animation faster.

Confucius
Confucius (in Chinese: 孔夫子) (born 551 BC, died 478 BC) was an important Chinese educator and philosopher. His original name was Kong Qiu (in Chinese: 孔丘) or Zhong Ni (in Chinese: 仲尼). He was born in Lu State (魯), China on day 27 of month number eight in the Chinese Lunar calendar in 551 BC. His father was Shu Liang He (叔梁纥), and his mother was Yan Zheng Zai (顏徵在). When he was 3 years old, his father died, and he lived with his mother after that.
As a child, he was eager to learn about everything, and was very interested in rituals. Once he grew up, he worked as a state official who handled farms and cattle. Then he became a teacher.
Confucius lived in a time when many states were fighting wars in China.
This period was called the Spring and Autumn period of the Zhou Dynasty.
Confucius did not like this and wanted to bring back order to society.
Teaching.
Like Socrates, Confucius sometimes did not answer philosophical questions himself.
Instead he wanted people to think hard about problems and to learn from others, especially from history.
Confucius also thought that people should get power because they were good and skilled, and not just because they came from powerful families.
Confucius wanted people to think about other people more than about money or what they owned.
However he also felt that there should be strong rules in society and that people needed to obey them.
Confucius thought that there were five relationships people could have, and that they all had their own rules.
These were traditional relationships called the 'five prototypes'.
Confucius said that in all these relationships, both people must obey rules.
For example a subject must obey a prince, but also a prince must listen to a subject and must rule him well and fairly.
Confucius said that people should only do things to other people if they would be OK with other people doing those things to themselves.
This is sometimes called the Golden Rule and was also taught by Jesus Christ.
His students wrote down small stories about him, and things that he said.
These were put together to make a book called The Analects.
Cultural influence.
Confucius' birthday, September 28, is a holiday in China. On that day people celebrate teachers.

Consciousness
Consciousness means being awake, alert and responsive with the environment. The definition of consciousness may differ in psychology, neuroscience, philosophy and other related sciences.
Consciousness is a spectrum. There are several states between a fully conscious state and a fully unconscious state. In medicine, the degree of "loss of consciousness" is measured by using Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS); a score between 3 and 15 is given to each person at any time, to show how conscious he or she is. Higher scores show more conscious states.
The opposite of consciousness is subconsciousness/unconsciousness. This means people do things that are instinctive and don't think about them like breathing and making one's hearts beat.

Architect
An architect is a person who designs buildings and prepares plans to give to a builder. What he or she designs is called architecture. Architects make drawings with pens, pencils, and computers, and this is also called drafting. Sometimes they first make small toy-sized buildings called models to show what the building will look like when it is done. Some of these models survive for hundreds of years, eg at St Paul's Cathedral, London.
Architects decide the size and shape of a building, and what it will be made from. They are the key designers of any and all buildings. Architects need to be good at math and drawing and must have imagination. They must go to university and study for a long time. There are special tests that must be taken before becoming an architect. For example, the tests make sure that architects know how to make the building's structure safe, so that it will not collapse. They should also know how to make a building attractive, so that people will enjoy using it. To be an architect you must go to college or a university for 5 years.
Although there has been architecture for thousands of years, there haven't always been architects. The great European cathedrals built in the Middle Ages were designed by a Master Builder, who scratched his designs on flat beds of plaster. Paper did not exist in Europe at this time and vellum or parchment were very expensive and could not be made in large sizes. Some cathedrals took hundreds of years to build, so the Master Builder would die or retire and be replaced and often plans changed. Some cathedrals were never finished, like Notre Dame in Paris or La Sagrada Familia in Barcelona.
An architect has a very important job, because his or her work will be seen and used by many people, probably for a very long time. If the design, materials and construction are good, the building should last for hundreds or even thousands of years. This is rarely the case. Usually building cost is what limits the life of a building, but fire, war, need or fashion can also affect things. As towns and cities grow, it often becomes necessary to make roads wider, or perhaps to build a new train station. Architects are employed again and so the city changes. Even very important buildings may get knocked down to make way for change.

La Jolla, California
La Jolla is a town inside the city of San Diego, in the state of California, in the United States. It is pronounced "La Hoya" and the name comes from Spanish.
One famous place in La Jolla is the Salk Institute.

Arch
An arch is an opening in a building that is curved on top. The curved part can be round, like part of a circle, or pointed, like two parts of circles next to each other. Arches are often used where buildings are made of lots of small stones or bricks. The stone at the very top of the arch, called the keystone, keeps the rest of the arch stones from falling down. Arches can go over doorways and windows.

Vagina
The vagina is a part of the female human body. Menstrual fluid (red blood-like liquid lost during a monthly period or menstruation) leaves the body through the vagina. During birth, the vagina opens to let the baby through from the uterus for independent life. The vagina is reddish pink in color.
Location.
It is on the lower center of the vulva. It is the tube leading from the uterus (womb) to the outside of the body. The opening is found between both legs, inside the labium, behind the opening to the urethra, a tube leading to the bladder, and in front of the anus, the opening to the rectum.
Anatomy.
The vagina is an elastic, muscular tube starting from the cervix to the vulva. It is about 6 to 7.5 cm (2.5 to 3 in) wide, and 9 cm (3.5 in) long. During sexual intercourse and childbirth, the vagina gets wider and bigger.
The vagina has to be lubricated to stay clean and allow sexual intercourse and childbirth. It is lubricated by the Bartholin's glands. This mucus also allows sperm easier access to fertilize an ovum.
Release.
The vagina releases blood and tissue during menstruation. Tampons can be used to absorb some of the blood.
Sex.
The vagina has lots of nerves, so when a women is aroused, she has a pleasurable sensation sometimes leading to orgasm. Touching the clitoris or G-spot can help lead to an orgasm.
During arousal, the vagina gets up to 8.5 cm (4 in) wider, but can get bigger on more stimulation.
G-spot.
The G-spot is found near the entrance of the vagina. The G-spot, if stimulated, leads to a strong orgasm or female ejaculation. Some researchers deny the existence of the G-spot.
Childbirth.
During birth, the vagina acts as a 'path' for the baby to pass through. The vagina is very elastic and stretches to many times its normal diameter during birth.
Pregnancy.
Sperm needs to be deposited at the top of the vagina near the cervix, or ring of muscle at the entry to the uterus, and fertilize the ovum (egg) if pregnancy is to occur.
In a normal childbirth, babies come out through the vagina.

Breast
The breasts are an important part of the female body. Female mammals use their breasts to feed their children. Women have two breasts. In most places, breasts are private and covered with clothing, but in some places, women are allowed to show breasts in public.
Men (and male mammals) also have breasts; these breasts are built the same way than those of women; Men can't use their breast for breastfeeding though, as their breasts will usually not produce milk.
Growth and form.
Breasts in young girls are flat. When they become teenagers they go through puberty. One thing that happens during puberty is the breasts grow. During the teenagers growing process the breast tend to hurt around the nipple area. If the teen is small it will hurt more because the skin has to stretch and the blood has to flow to the breast.
The appearance (general form) of the breasts of a woman vary. There are different forms and sizes. The form and size of a breast are influenced by genetic factors, and the amount of fatty and connective tissue. Hormones also play a role.
Sometimes the two breasts are not equal in size, one may be larger than the other. At some point in time, the breasts may start sagging (hanging down). A study showed that this has little to do with breastfeeding. Factors that influence this are the size of the breast (before the first pregancy), the number of pregnancies, the body mass index, smoking and age.
Structure.
Part of the breast is a gland. This gland makes the milk used by mothers for feeding babies. After a woman has a baby, her breasts make natural milk. When this happens it is called "lactation". Feeding babies milk is called breastfeeding or "nursing".
Purposes.
The breasts of a woman also play a role in human sexual behaviour. They are one of the most visible or obvious female secondary sex characteristics, They play an important role in sexual attraction of partners. They can also give pleasure to the individual. When sexually stimulated, the size of the breast increases, venous patterns across the breasts become more visible, and nipples grow harder. During sexual intercourse it is common practice to press or massage breasts with hands. Breasts are sensitive to touch as they have many nerve endings. Oral stimulation of nipples and breasts is also common. Some women can achieve breast orgasms. In the ancient Indian work the "Kama Sutra", marking breasts with nails and biting with teeth are explained as erotic.

Thumb
The thumb is one of the five fingers on the human hand. Thumbs are different from the other four fingers because they are in a different direction, have fewer only 2 bones (the others have 3), and are shorter. Thumbs allow us to pick things up. This is called having "opposable thumbs".

Pregnancy
Pregnancy is when a female has an unborn baby inside her. A human pregnancy is usually nine months long. Pregnancy usually starts when a woman has sexual intercourse with a man. Her ovum (or egg) and his sperm (seed) come together and form a zygote (fertilized egg) inside her. The zygote grows into an embryo, which grows into a fetus. When the fetus is ready, it is born.
Pregnancy is divided into three parts called "trimesters". Each trimester is about three months long. During the first trimester, the woman often feels sick in her stomach and has to urinate often. During the second trimester, the woman's body starts to look pregnant, and her belly starts to stick out. During the third trimester, her belly sticks out even more, and the woman becomes even heavier. Many other things happen to the woman during pregnancy. At the end of a full pregnancy, the woman goes into labour, and her body lets the baby come out. When this happens, it is called "delivering a baby" or "giving birth". Labour can hurt a lot for the woman.
Pregnancy problems.
Sometimes during pregnancy, there are problems. A "miscarriage" (spontaneous abortion) is when the fetus comes out of the woman too early, and the pregnancy ends suddenly. There are also certain sicknesses caused by pregnancy. Sometimes women die from giving birth.
Abortion.
A pregnancy can also stop without the baby being born. This is called abortion. It can happen all by itself (for example because of problems with the baby or the mother). Doctors can also do it, in this case it is called "induced abortion". Different countries have laws regarding induced abortions. Some countries allow it, other do not. In still others, it is allowed, but only for certain circumstances (Such as the woman's pregnancy resulting from rape, or that it poses a threat to the life of the pregnant woman). People also have different opinions regarding abortion, very often, these are influenced by religious beliefs.
There are certain diseases which require stopping a pregnancy, to protect the health of the mother.

Forest
A forest is an area of land with many trees. Many animals need forests to live and survive. Forests are very important and can be found all over the World. Many forests are being cut down to for houses to built because of overpopulation.This cutting down of forests is called deforestation and it is causing damage to the natural habitat of animals. Even roads have been built for the peoples to pass though the forest to reach their destination. People have gotten rid of forest to build towns cities, farms, factories and other things that we will use.
Conditions.
Forests usually have an average temperatures of 4°C to 10°C and low temperatures of -10°C to -6°C but they can also have very high temperatures of 20°C to 27°C. Forests are also rich in rain so lots of water related animals live in the pools on the ground in forests.

Barber
A barber is someone who cuts hair and shaves beards. Usually it is men who go to a barber. Women usually like to go to hairdressers instead.There are many barbers.

Carpenter
A carpenter is a person who works with wood. They can make cabinets, build houses, or do other things with wood.
Carpenters usually make very good foremen (people who watch over a job) on larger jobs as they deal with so much of the project from ground up. Carpenters are always adding to their tools and always learning how to use the new tools, materials, and ways of carpenting.
The man who made Pinocchio was a carpenter.

Electrician
An electrician is a person who fixes the wires and switches in a building so that lights and outlets work the right way.

Roof
A roof is the top part of the building. It keeps out rain and snow and protects people from the sun. Some roofs are sloped, or pitched, so the rain and snow fall off easily. Some roofs are flat, but even flat roofs have a little bit of pitch so the water can flow away towards a drain.
"Gable", "hip", "gambrel", and "mansard" roofs are types of pitched roofs. Those roofs are usually covered in shingles, but some are covered in metal, slate, or cement. It can be dangerous to walk on a pitched roof. Some pitched roofs have parts that stick out for windows. These are called dormers. The edges of pitched roofs are called eaves. Often there are gutters and leaders at the eaves, which take away water from the roof.
Flat roofs are usually covered in rubber or types of plastic. You can walk on a flat roof. At the edge of a flat roof there is sometimes a parapet, which prevents people from falling off the roof.

Brick
A brick is a man-made building material used to make walls and make places to walk.
Bricks are made of clay. Bricks are either formed into molds or cut with wires, and then baked in an oven. The color of a brick depends on the color of the clay from which it was made.
Masons build brick walls. They join bricks together using mortar.
Bricks can be assembled into many different patterns. The most common pattern is called "running bond". A row of bricks is called a course. A wall that is just one brick thick has one wythe.
Bricks used outdoors on the ground are called "pavers".
History.
The oldest shaped bricks found date back to 7,500 B.C. They have been found in Çayönü, a place located in the upper Tigris area in south east Anatolia close to Diyarbakir. Newer bricks, dated between 7,000 and 6,395 B.C., come from Jericho and Catal Hüyük. The inven­tion of the fired brick (as opposed to the consid­erably earlier sun-dried mud brick) is believed to have arisen in about the third millennium BC in the Middle East. Fired bricks were much more resistant to cold and moist weather conditions. Fired bricks enabled the construction of permanent buildings in regions where the harsher climate precluded the use of mud bricks.

San Diego, California
San Diego is the 2nd largest city in the U.S. state of California. It is at the southwest corner of California, as well as southwest corner of the continental United States. It mostly has nice weather all year. There are many military bases in and near "San Diego". The San Diego Zoo is very famous.
San Diego is located on the border between the United States and Mexico. The city of Tijuana is just across the border in Mexico.

Oriole
The Old World oriole or just Oriole is a bird in the family "Oriolidae". They make up the genus "Oriolus". Old World orioles are found areas of Africa, Asia and Europe. They are most often found in tropical areas but one species lives in cooler areas. The Golden Oriole is the only species of Old World oriole which is not a tropical bird.
Orioles have bright colored feathers.
Orioles are not related to the New World oriole. New World orioles are members of the family "Icteridae" and are native to the Americas.

Feather
Feathers are the things which cover birds. Feathers help keep birds warm. Feathers also protect them from injury. In most kinds of birds, feathers help them to fly.
Vaned feathers.
The feathers which cover the outside of a bird are called "vaned feathers". A vaned feather has a stiff center, with soft barbs on the side, which seem like hairs. The center is called a "quill".
Down feathers.
Young birds have small feathers, called "down", which keep them warm, but can not be used for flying. Down is very soft. Adult birds have down, but also have vaned feathers on top of the down. Down is also used in blankets.
Moulting.
Birds lose their feathers at certain times. This is called "moulting". By moulting, a bird can replace old feathers with new ones. Many birds moult once every year.
Color.
Feathers give birds color. Color is used to identify kinds of birds. It is also used by male birds to attract female birds. Colour can vary from bird to bird, making it easier to tell which species it it.
Use by people.
People use feathers for many purposes. In the past, quills were commonly used as pens, and colorful feathers were worn on hats. Many pillows, cushions, mattresses, coats, and quilts are stuffed with down. Feathers are also used by people of many tribes for decoration.

Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen
Mary-Kate Olsen and Ashley Fuller Olsen (born June 13, 1986) are twin American actresses who have been seen in movies and on television series since they were nine months old.
The twins began acting on the ABC series "Full House", a success between 1987 and 1995, in which both of them played Michelle Tanner.
In the early 1990s, they became the youngest entrepreneurs in Hollywood history by forming Dualstar Entertainment.
Later that decade, they were seen on "Two of a Kind" and "So Little Time", as well as their own animated series.
Movie credits of theirs include "It Takes Two" (1994), "New York Minute" (2003), and countless direct-to-video movies and specials.
In 2004, the Olsen twins said that they would be going to university, to the surprise of many of their lovers.
As of 2005, merchandise related to the Olsens is still very popular in the teenage market.

The Walt Disney Company
The Walt Disney Company, commonly nicknamed Disney, is one of the largest entertainment and media companies in the world. It was started in 1923 by Walt Disney and his brother, Roy Oliver Disney, as the Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio. It had the name of Walt Disney Productions from the 1930s to early 1986.
Disney Enterprises Inc. is a subsidiary of the company; the name is found in many of its franchises.
Divisions.
The company's main units are Studio Entertainment, Parks and Resorts, Media Networks and Consumer Products.
Studio Entertainment.
One of the Studios' largest assets lies in Walt Disney Feature Animation, which has made a successful string of animated movies for almost seven decades. Because of failures with most of their recent additions, it has changed its focus from traditional hand-drawn to CGI movies. Pixar, its biggest rival (also owned by Disney), dominates the latter industry.
Parks and Resorts.
Disney once owned the sports teams, the Angels (baseball) and the Mighty Ducks (ice hockey), both based in Anaheim, California. They are now the property of lone businessmen.
Media Networks.
The ABC television network, which Disney bought in 1996, serves as the centre of this unit. Cable television channels within it include Disney Channel, Toon Disney, ABC Family, ESPN and SOAPnet.It also partly owns Lifetime, A&E and E!.
Buena Vista Television, responsible for the syndication of many Disney series, produces some of its own as well: "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire", "Live with Regis and Kelly", and "Ebert & Roeper".
Consumer Products.
Merchandising and licensing within the company are overseen in this division. Disney Publishing Worldwide, part of this unit, has Disney Press, Disney Editions and Hyperion Books as its brands.
It once owned the Disney Store shopping chain until 2004. Jim Henson's Muppets have taken its place since then.

Hypercholesterolemia
Hypercholesterolemia means that the cholesterol level is too high in the blood.
Cholesterol.
Cholesterol is a molecule that is found in cells. It is a type of lipid which is a fat or fat-like molecule. Cholesterol is a special type of lipid that is called a steroid. Steroids are lipids that have a special chemical structure. This structure is made of four rings of carbon atoms.
Other steroids include hormone steroids like cortisol, estrogen, and testosterone. In fact, all steroid hormones are made from changing the basic chemical structure of cholesterol. When scientists talk about making one molecule from changing simpler ones, they sometimes call it "synthesis".
Where does it come from?
Cholesterol is usually found in the walls of cells. It is "only" found in animals. Plants do not synthesize cholesterol. So the cholesterol in the food people eat can only come from eating food from animals. But even vegans who eat "only" plant foods can have cholesterol. This is because "most" of the cholesterol that is in our bodies is synthesized "by" our bodies.
What does it do?
Cholesterol does many important jobs in a cell. Cholesterols main function is as a structural component of cell membranes. It is also the starting material for bile acids that are made by the liver and used to digest fats, and for steriod hormones. However, it is best known for something bad that it does. High levels of cholesterol can lead to atherosclerosis. This is an inflammatory disease of artery walls in which white blood cells invade the vessel wall and become engorged with cholesterol and other lipids. These
areas can slowly close off a blood vessel or can suddenly rupture and trigger formation of a blood clot.
Types of cholesterol.
Not all cholesterol is bad. There are different kinds of cholesterol in the blood. Doctors often measure these different types to see if someone has hypercholesterolemia.
HDL, an acronym for 'high density lipoprotein' is sometimes called 'good cholesterol' because people with high levels of HDL cholesterol have "less" atherosclerosis.
LDL (low density lipoprotein) is sometimes called 'bad cholesterol' because people with high levels of LDL cholesterol have more atherosclerosis.
High blood levels of VLDL (very low density lipoprotein) also causes more atherosclerosis. However, measuring its level in blood is more expensive. So the blood level of triglycerides (a kind of fat) is used instead. High triglycerides (TG) are found in people with high VLDL.
Why is atherosclerosis bad?
When atherosclerosis gets bad enough, it can cause blockage of blood flow in arteries. This can hurt whatever the artery brings blood to. The organ or tissue that the blocked artery brought blood to can even die. If the organ or tissue dies, doctors call this an "infarction". If it is hurt from low blood flow, but not enough to die, it is called "ischemia".
If the artery brought blood to the heart, people can have angina or a heart attack. A heart attack is also called a "myocardial infraction." Myocardial means relating to the heart muscle. Infarction means death of a tissue or organ. So a myocardial infarction or "heart attack" is when blood flow to part of the heart stops. Then that part of the heart dies. Angina is when the blood flow is "low" but not "totally blocked".
If the blocked artery brought blood to the brain, people can have a stroke. If the blocked artery is to the kidneys, it can cause kidney failure. If the blocked artery is to an arm or leg, they may also die. If this happens, the arm or leg may need to be amputated (cut off) if the blood vessel cannot be fixed by doctors.
How is atherosclerosis treated?
The best way to treat it is to not get it! Some people develop atherosclerosis faster than others. Some develop it very slowly. Many things make those differences between people. Some are things people can change. Some are not.
However, once someone gets hypercholesterolemia which means high blood cholesterol, doctors treat them. The first way to treat hypercholesterolemia is to exercise, quit smoking, and eat better foods. If these work and the cholesterol blood levels become normal, no more treatment is needed. If these do not work, sometimes medicines are also needed. But even if medicine is used, it is still important to stop smoking, eat better, and exercise.
Once someone gets atherosclerosis from hypercholesterolemia, a better diet, exercise, and quitting smoking "may not be enough". If people already have atherosclerosis that causes problems like heart attack or strokes, medicine is almost always needed.
People with atherosclerosis must also be watched by doctors to make sure they do not get ischemia or infarction. Since they are more likely to get a myocardial infarction (heart attack) or stroke, they must watch for signs of these. Sometimes if a doctor thinks a person has atherosclerosis she may do tests to find atherosclerosis "before" it causes symptoms of ischemia or infarction. But if people get symptoms of these problems, it is important to see a doctor "immediately".
For all of these types of ischemia or infarction, doctors can try to reopen the blocked artery. This may be done my surgery or sometimes with very strong medicines to make the blood less able to make clots. If this is not done "fast enough", the tissue or organ with ischemia may be too badly hurt to save.
Medicines to treat hypercholesterolemia.
The most common type of medicine to treat hypercholesterolemia are 'statin' drugs. They are called 'statins' because their names all end in -statin. They are also called "HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors". This is because they work by "inhibiting" the enzyme HMG-CoA Reductase. Inhibiting an enzyme means to make it work less well.
The HMG-CoA Reductase enzyme causes the body to make more cholesterol. If it is inhibited, the body makes "less" cholesterol. So statin drugs lower the amount of LDL (bad) cholesterol in the blood which stops atherosclerosis from getting worse. Statin drugs can even help make atherosclerosis better. However, statins are not as good at increasing the HDL (good) cholesterol. Low HDL is hard to treat with medicines, but goes up with more exercise!
There are two big problems with taking statins: Liver problems and 'Rhabdomyolysis.'
Rhabdomyolysis means a disease where muscle cells are damaged and die. Statins can cause damage to muscle cells. This can cause weakness and muscle pain. The worse problem though is that when muscle cells die, they release cell proteins into the blood. The kidney removes the muscle protein from the blood. If the kidney takes up too much protein, it can be hurt. If it is bad enough it can cause kidney failure. So if people take statins and get muscle pain or weakness, stop the medicine and see a doctor.
Statins can also cause liver problems. They can cause mild irritation of the liver. They can rarely cause very bad liver damage. Because of this, when someone starts taking a statin, doctors check liver blood tests after six weeks. Doctors also warn patients to watch for the signs of liver damage: pain in the right side of the abdomen, nausea, vomiting, and jaundice.
However, both of these problems are "rare". In someone with hypercholesterolemia, the benefit from statins is more than the risk. This means that someone is more likely to prevent problems than cause problems by taking them. There are many big scientific studies of this problem that show the same thing: if people have hypercholesterolemia and take statins, "they are more likely to live longer and be healthier".
There are other kinds of medicines to treat hypercholesterolemia. But statins are the most effective treatment.
"Fibrates" are medicines that lower cholesterol levels. They may also help people with Type II Diabetes. This is a good effect because diabetes and hypercholesterolemia cause some of the same problems. If both diabetes and hypercholesterolemia happen in the same person the problems from these diseases can be much worse. Fibrates can have rhabdomyolysis like the statins and also can cause upset stomach. Use of fibrates and statins at the same time makes rhabdomyolysis happen much more often.
Niacin is a vitamin that lowers cholesterol levels. It is also called Vitamin B3 or nicotinic acid. Severe niacin deficiency in the diet can cause a disease called "Pellagra". This is rare in the developed world today. However, less bad deficiency of niacin can cause high blood pressure, weight gain, and hypercholesterolemia. So sometimes Niacin is used to treat hypercholesterolemia. Niacin is one of the medicines that may make HDL (good) cholesterol go up. The biggest problem with taking enough Niacin to help cholesterol is that it causes severe "flushing" (hot, red, sometimes itchy skin). This 'side-effect' is so bad, sometimes people stop taking the medicine.
Bile Acid Resins are medicines that make people not absorb as much bile when they digest food. This causes them to take up less cholesterol also, which lowers blood levels of cholesterol.

Cholesterol
Cholesterol is a molecule that is found in cells. It is a type of lipid which is a fat or fat-like molecule.Cholesterol is a soft waxy substance. Cholesterol is a special type of lipid that is called a steroid. Steroids are lipids that have a special chemical structure. This structure is made of four rings of carbon atoms. Cholesterol is found especially in animal fats.
Other steroids include hormone steroids like cortisol, estrogen, and testosterone. In fact, all steroid hormones are made from changing the basic chemical structure of cholesterol. When scientists talk about making one molecule from changing simpler ones, they sometimes call it "synthesis".
Hypercholesterolemia means that cholesterol level is too high in the blood.

Iowa
Iowa is a state in the United States. Its capital and largest city is Des Moines. Iowa became a state in 1846. It was the 29th state to join the United States.
Geography.
Iowa is located in the Midwest of the United States. To the north of Iowa is Minnesota; to the west is Nebraska and South Dakota; to the south is Missouri; and to the east is Illinois.
The eastern side of the state is formed by the Mississippi River. It runs between Iowa and Illinois.
Most of Iowa is considered to be a plain.
Law and Government.
The government of Iowa has three branches, similar to the Federal government of the United States. The executive branch is headed by the governor, currently Chet Culver (D). The legislative branch is the Iowa General Assembly, composed of two houses - the Iowa Senate and the Iowa House of Representatives. The judicial branch is lead by the Iowa Supreme Court, which is currently headed by Chief Justice Marsha Ternus.
There are two major political parties in Iowa, the United States Democratic Party and the United States Republican Party, as well as several third parties. The Democratic party is currently in charge, as the governor is a Democrat and as both houses of the legislature are have Democratic majorities.
Iowa sends two senators and five representatives to Congress.
Economy.
There are many farms in Iowa. Iowa is well-known for its agriculture, and its main agricultural outputs are hogs, corn, soybeans, oats, cattle, and dairy products. Its industrial outputs include food processing and machinery. Iowa also produces more ethanol fuel than any other U.S. state.

Gender identity
In sociology, gender identity describes the gender that a person identifies themselves with (i.e, whether a person sees themself to be a man, a woman, or describes themself in a less conventional way), but can also be used to refer to the gender that other people apply to the individual based on what they know from gender role indications (clothing, hair style, etc.).
Transgender and transsexual.
People who have a gender identity that is different from the sex of their body are called transgender. Some transgender people change their body to make it more like their gender identity. These people may have surgery or take medicines to change their body. They are called transsexual.
Gender presentation.
Gender presentation or "gender role" means how a person dresses, looks, and acts. Someone who wears men's clothes, has a job that men usually have, and acts in a masculine way has a "male gender presentation." This is different from "gender identity" because people can choose to act one way even if that is not how they feel inside.
Sometimes people just call this "presentation".
Sex, presentation, and identity.
These can be confusing because most people have a sex, gender presentation, and gender identity that are the same. When we talk about 'male' we usually think this means all three things. We also usually assume that this means he likes women. In most people they are all the same – either male or female. But in transgender people they can be different.
Sex is what they body looks like. This is whether someone has a penis or a vagina. This is also whether someone has a deep (male) voice or a high (female) voice or whether someone has a beard or has muscles like a man or a woman. These are all called 'sex characteristics.'
Gender or Gender Identity is how someone feels inside.
Gender Presentation or Gender Role is how a person dresses, acts and behaves.
Sexual Orientation is who you love.
Examples of transgender people.
Because these are confusing ideas, here are some examples to think about. It is possible to have every different combination of sex, gender identity, gender presentation, and sexual orientation. Here are some of those possible combinations. (Pay special attention to the genders of the pronouns that are used. If someone has a "male gender identity" they wish to be seen and be treated as male.)
A person may have a female sex (have a vagina and a high voice) but have a male gender identity. Many people like this may dress and act like men and take jobs that are usually done by men. This person may call himself transgender. If he has surgery or takes testosterone, he may call himself transsexual. Or he may just call himself a man! If he loves men, he may call himself a gay man. If he likes women, he may call himself a straight man.
A man might like to dress up in women's clothes to do what is called "drag". This is often done as a performance on a stage. This man may have a male gender identity and a male sex. He may also have a male gender role most of the time, but when he 'does drag' he may have a female gender role.
A lesbian woman has a female sex. Most lesbian women have a female gender identity. Some lesbian women may have some male gender roles. She may dress in masculine clothes, cut her hair short, and work in a job that men usually have. This is sometimes called being a 'butch' or 'butch lesbian.'
Some people may have a gender identity that is different from their sex. However, if they live in a place where transgender people are not accepted they may hide this. They may also hide it because they are afraid their family will not accept them. So a transgender woman like this might have a female gender identity, but have a male sex "and" a male gender presentation. She might want to have a female gender presentation, but does not because of fear.
Medical diagnosis.
When a person's gender identity and body do not match, they may go to see a doctor. The doctor may help them change their body if that is what they want. Doctors who see someone like this may say they have Gender Identity Disorder. This is a diagnosis, a name for a disease or condition, like diabetes or depression.
This is a "very" controversial subject. This means that people disagree about it. Some transgender or transsexual people do not think they have an illness or disease. They may feel like this because disease and illness can make it seem like something is wrong with a person. They see being transgender or transsexual as a "trait" or "characteristic", like being left-handed.
However, some transgender people may not mind the words illness or disease. This is especially important for transgender people who get medical treatments. Some national health insurances pay for transsexual treatments. But if these were not seen as an illness, they might not pay.

America's Army
"America's Army" is a multiplayer first-person shooter computer game series. It can be played using Windows, Macintosh, or Linux. It is the official game of the United States Army. The first version was free. It came out on July 4, 2002. It has been updated many times since then. The second important release was "America's Army: Special Forces" in November 2003. "America's Army" was made by the "MOVES Institute" at the Naval Postgraduate School. It is based on the Unreal engine.
Overview.
"America's Army" is a tactical shooter. It is also called a "serious games". According to the game's website, America's Army "provides civilians with an inside perspective and a virtual role in today's premier land force: the U.S. Army. The game is designed for verisimilitude and to provide an accurate portrayal of Soldier experiences across a number of occupations. In the game, players will explore progressive individual and collective training events within the game. Once they successfully completed these events they will advance to multiplayer operations in small units."
On February 20, 2005 there were 4.6 million registered players, and 2.7 million of them had finished basic training. Also, there were more than 15,000 servers being used, and 1.3 million rounds being played each day. The game has been changed a lot. This keeps people interested in the game. It can be found as a free download on the Internet or on a CD-ROM at recruiting centers around the United States.
History.
In 1999, Lieutenant Colonel E. Casey Wardynski, a professor at the U.S Military Academy at West Point decided to tell the Deputy Chief of Staff for Personnel and the Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Army for Military Manpower about his idea for an online computer game. His basic idea eventually became America's Army. In the same year less people were joining the army.. Congress decided to use "aggressive, innovative experiments" including America's Army to get more people to join the Army.
The first release was July 4, 2002, and other changes (called patches) were added. On November 6, 2003, version 2.0 of "America's Army: Special Forces" was made. (Go here for more information about the different version). The Army is spending about USD$3 million a year to make more versions of the game.
Another AA version called "America's Army: Rise of a Soldier" is available on Playstation 2 and Xbox. This version was developed by UbiSoft.
Since "America's Army" was created, people have complained about its purpose. People have argued about the Army using its money to make a game. They are also worried about how this game will change people's lives.
Gameplay.
In "America's Army" there are teams of soldiers fighting in a war. The person who is playing controls a soldier of the "US Army" from the character's eyes. This is called first person.
Players fight as either the US Army or Indigenous forces ("IF"). They fight against a team called "OPFOR" (Army lingo for "Opposing Forces"). There are different kinds of OPFORs called "insurgents", "enemy forces" or "terrorists".
US/OPFOR Transformation for Teams.
One of "America's Armys different features is the way the enemies are. The players are split into two different teams. There is usually an "assault" group and a "defense" group. The "assault" loses the round if the time limit runs out, which is usually ten minutes.
The players on each team seem themselves as American soldiers with American weapons, such as the "M16A2". Their opponents look like non-uniformed people with Eastern bloc weapons, like the "AK-47" (the counterpart of the "M16A2" in the game). In training maps the only distinguishing features are the players' uniforms. The development team did this to make the game realistic for players on both sides. They allowed everyone to play on the side of the good guys. They also avoided the problem of asking players to kill American soldiers.
On the Special Forces maps, players can also play as non-uniformed people with Eastern bloc weapons (known as Indigenous forces ("IF") in the game), but be on the same team as regular army forces.
This is confusing to many players because when they pick up an enemy weapon, it works differently than the US version. An AK-47 removed from a fallen opponent is fully automatic, more powerful, but less accurate than his M16. But when his opponent had it, to him it "was" an M16. The important thing is that each weapon behaves as the owner sees it. It transforms when it is picked up. If people pay a lot of attention might notice that the enemies weapons behave wrong, but it is hard to notice.
Every round starts with both teams spawning at the same time. Players can join the other team, but cannot play as the OPFOR. Equipment is not bought but selected through choosing a class.
Goals and scoring system.
The goal of the game is to complete the objectives, kill the enemy team. For example, one objective could be to kill the "V.I.P.", who is trying to survive and escape. If a player joined the other team, he would have to protect the same V.I.P. The round is over if a team wins0, or if the time limit is reached. For a listing of missions gohere.
The game remembers how many people each player has killed, how many times each team has won, how many times each player has been killed, and how well the player is completing the objectives. The game then distributes score which calculates the player's "Honor" level.
Every time a player is killed, every time he fails to protect an objective which he is assigned to defend, and especially every killing of fellow teammates or his allies caused by friendly fire is called a violation of the "ROE" (Rules of engagement) in the game and has an extremely negative effect on his score and "Honor". If too many points are lost in a round, the player is put in "jail" and kicked out of the server. As of February 2005 95.2% of AA players had 0-20 HONOR points, 3.3% had 20-40 points, 1% had 40-60, and.4% had 61-80 points.
Every healing of injured teammates and every killing of opponents increases a players score and "Honor". Completing the game's missions affects a player's score in a good way and his "Honor" points as well. The score is saved in the player's account that was being used. Some servers only allow players with certain Honor levels to join. The most common is to not let anyone with less than 10 Honor in because this is the base level that everyone starts with. Some also don't let players with too much Honor in. The developers say that "Honor" is based on the values of the Army: "Loyalty, Duty, Respect, Selfless Service, Honor, Integrity and Personal Courage or Leadership". Its main purpose in the game is stop "team-killing", which is a problem in a lot of online first-person shooters (see team killer).
Weaponry and equipment.
The game depicts real guns. The guns have all the same traits as the real versions. Each gun has different accuracy, power, recoil, and rate of jamming. To aim, there are cross-hairs and iron sights.
Players may select a "class" like "squad leader", "rifleman", "automatic rifleman", "grenadier", or "sniper"; these classes decide what weapon the player will have at the beginning of each round. Some players from each team may be "medics". Medics can help their teammates get better after they get shot. Being a medic is an extra ability which is added to the class. The Honor points are used to decide which players gets which class. Players with more Honor usually get to pick their class first.
Each gun also can jam in action. When a gun jams it means that it stops working because a part is stuck. The player then needs to press a button to fix the gun. This can be a problem because it makes it so that the player cannot shoot for a few seconds. AA was the first game ever to have player's guns jam.
Every firearm in the game has either iron sights or a telescopic sight (for sniper rifles); while using the sights, a zoom effect enlarges objects in view. The iron sights enlarge to a small degree, the telescopic sights to large one. Until he stops zooming, the player's moving speed is additionally decreased.
In the first few versions, weapons could only hurt players and glass. For example, a grenade could not destroy a television but a gun could put a bullet hole in the screen. Compared to most games, the grenades and are more deadly. They tried to make the blast radius of grenades more like real life than it usually is in other games. Getting hurt by weapons always leads to some bleeding, which causes a player's health gauge to go down over time. Injuries make players slower, they also make it harder for the player to shoot where they are aiming. Sometimes, if the player does not get help from a medic, they will die.
In the newer versions of the game players can make changes to their weapons. For example, the M4 Carbine can be change in different ways and let the soldier have features that work better on a certain map. For example, on a large map a scope and a bi-pod might be picked, but in a city a player might choose only iron sights and a M203 grenade launcher.
Missions and maps.
The map list is sorted by the version they were released with, with newer maps coming first. The game currently has 28 multiplayer maps and 14 single player training missions. Completing these training missions unlocks things like the ability to play online or to become a medic, a special forces unit or a sniper. Maps have different sizes, objectives, and weapons that players can have.
However, no known custom maps have been made because there is no level editor for the game and the developers made it impossible for players to use the level design computer program "UnrealEd", which works for other Unreal engine games.
Versions.
Version 2.7 came out June 2006
Version 2.6 is available for Microsoft Windows, Linux and for Mac OS X.

Heterosexuality
Heterosexual people love people (sexually and romantically) of the opposite sex. A heterosexual man loves women. A heterosexual woman loves men. Another less formal word for heterosexual is "straight".
Heterosexual is seen as different from homosexuality, bisexuality or asexuality. Most people describe themselves as heterosexual.

Hate crime
A hate crime is when someone hurts another person because of prejudice against a group the victim belongs to. It is usually not because of something the victim did or said. It is just because they are a part of a certain group. This hurt can be physical violence or can be words that hurt (insults).
This can be because of prejudice about the victim's sex, ethnicity, religion, nationality, gender identity, class, sexual orientation, age, or other things about them.

Gay-bashing
Gay bashing is a type of hate crime. It is where a homosexual person is insulted, hurt, or killed because of their sexual orientation.

Emergency medicine
Emergency Medicine is a specialty of medicine. A specialty is a special part of medicine where a doctor may have more knowledge. Examples are Pediatrics (doctors who care for children), Geriatrics (doctors who care for elderly people), and Cardiology (doctors who know more about the heart.)
Emergency Medicine (abbreviation EM) is sometimes also called "Accident and Emergency Medicine" (AEM).
EM doctors specialize in treating diseases and injuries that need "immediate" care. These kind of diseases or injuries are called "emergencies". If they are not helped quickly, the person may become more sick or even die.
Doctors that specialize in EM usually work in Emergency Departments. This is also called an Accident and Emergency Ward. These are places in hospitals where people go if they have an emergency. They may have a red cross or red letters on the sign to show it is the Emergency Department. This way, even people who cannot read know where to go.
Doctors who specialize in EM must know some about all of the different specialties of medicine. They treat people of all ages. They treat both men and women. They must know how to treat any kind of emergency. But they may not know "quite" as much about the "chronic" treatments of diseases over years. However, many people come to the Emergency Department with problems that are not emergencies. So EM doctors must also know about how to treat "non"-emergencies.

Berkeley, California
Berkeley, California is a city in the U.S. State of California. It is a suburb of San Francisco. It is famous for the college, University of California, Berkeley, where many political protests were held in the 1960s. It is also famous for its gourmet food and art scenes. Also, it is the native city of the punk band Green Day.

Medical specialty
Medicine is a very complex field. In the past, a doctor could learn almost all that we knew about medicine. Now that is impossible. So after finishing medical school, young doctors choose what kind of doctor they wish to be. After school, they usually do more years of training to learn about the kind of medical specialty they want to do.
Some doctors try to learn "some" about all of the different subjects of medicine and how to treat all patients. These kind of doctors are called 'primary care' doctors. Sometimes they are also called 'generalists' or even 'general practitioners.' In the United States these kind of doctors are called family practitioners or family medicine doctors.
There are other doctors who are also 'primary care' doctors. Pediatricians are primary care doctors, but only for children. Internists are primary care doctors for adults. Some gynecologists do primary care, but for women only.
Other doctors are called 'specialists'. This means they have learned more about certain types of medical care. A dermatologist is a doctor who knows more about the skin and diseases of the skin. A psychiatrist is a doctor who knows more about thought and mood and mental illnesses like depression and schizophrenia. An orthopedic surgeon is a doctor who knows about bones and joints and fixes them when they are broken or diseased.
In the broadest meaning of 'medicine', there are many different specialties. However, within medical circles, there are two broad categories: "Medicine" and "Surgery." "Medicine" refers to the practice of non-operative medicine, and most subspecialties in this area require preliminary training in "Internal Medicine." "Surgery" refers to the practice of operative medicine, and most subspecialties in this area require preliminary training in "General Surgery." There are some specialties of medicine that do not fit into either of these categories, such as radiology, pathology, anaesthesia, etc. In the U.S., all specialties must pass all three steps of the national medical board examinations (steps I and II during medical school and step III during intern year). After passing these exams, further board exams are given specific to each specialty, including both written and oral boards. After residency is completed and the doctor has been in practice for at least one year, and after all these exams have been passed, the doctor is considered to be board certified in that particular specialty. There are only a certain amount of training spots per specialty each year, and therefore some specialties can be very competitive. Some medical students do not obtain their first choice of specialty. Some specialties suffer from severe shortages of doctors (which can be due to a lack of applicants, an unanticipated need and therefore too few training spots, or high attrition rates), while other specialties suffer from an oversupply of practicing doctors.
Surgical training requires a minimum of five years of residency after medical school. Sub-specialties of surgery often require seven or more years. In addition, fellowships can last an additional one to three years. Because post-residency fellowships can be competitive, many trainees devote two additional years to research. Thus in some cases surgical training will not finish until more than a decade after medical school. Furthermore, surgical training can be very difficult and time-consuming. A surgical resident's average work week is approximately 75 hours. Some subspecialties of surgery, such as neurosurgery, require even longer hours, and utilize an extension to the 80 hour regulated work week, allowing up to 88 hours per week. Many surgical programs still exceed this work hour limit. Attempts to limit the amount of hours worked has been difficult because of the large volume of patients who require surgical care, the limited amount of resources (including a shortage of people willing to enter into surgery as a career), the need to perform long operations and still provide care to all pre- and post-operative patients, and the need to provide constant coverage in the OR, ICU, and ER.
Medical training, as opposed to surgical training, requires three years of residency training after medical school. This can then be followed by a one to two year fellowship in the subspecialties listed above. In general, resident work hours in medicine are much less than those in surgery.

Pediatrics
Pediatrics is the specialty of medicine that cares for infants and children.
Pediatricians can be primary care doctors or they can be specialists.
Pediatricians take care of diseases that children get. They also make sure that children develop normally and try to prevent illness. One of the most important ways that children's diseases can be prevented is by immunization. Immunization is also called vaccination.
In the nineteenth century one in five children died before the age of five. Most of these deaths were from infectious diseases. Today "some" of these deaths are prevented by treating disease when it happens. Most of it is from preventing disease with immunizations.
Pediatricians also try to prevent other diseases and injury before they happen. They teach parents about safety and nutrition. They may teach older children or "adolescents" about avoiding injury or addiction to alcohol and tobacco. Because childhood is such a time of change, prevention is a major part of pediatrics. Pediatrics love their mothers.

Jenna Bush
Jenna Welch Bush was born November 25, 1981. She is the younger of two fraternal twin girls born to George W. Bush, President of the United States. Her twin sister is Barbara Pierce Bush.
Jenna graduated from the University of Texas in 2004. She has become a public school teacher like her mother was.

Uncyclopedia
Uncyclopedia is a website parody of Wikipedia founded by Jonathan Huang and "stillwaters". Its slogan is "the content-free encyclopedia that anyone can edit ", its logo is a hollow potato named Sophia, making fun of Wikipedia's globe logo. It is a comedy wiki. Users make fun of things by creating pages about them. They have a guide on writing called HTBFANJS (How To Be Funny And Not Just Stupid).

Barbara Pierce Bush
Barbara Pierce Bush was born November 25, 1981 at Baylor University Medical Center in Texas. She is the older of two fraternal twin girls born to George W. Bush the current President of the United States. Her sister is Jenna Bush. Barbara was named after her grandmother, the former first lady, Barbara Bush.
Barbara graduated from Yale in 2004, after which she spent some time working in the re-election campaign of her father.

Esperanto
Esperanto is a special language that was made to be very easy to learn. It was made in the end of the nineteenth century by Ludovic Lazarus Zamenhof, a Polish eye doctor. Zamenhof made Esperanto because he wanted there to be an easy language that everyone could learn, so that people from different parts of the world could easily talk together.
The name "Esperanto" comes from the name that Zamenhof used for himself when he wrote the first book about the new language, "Lingvo internacia. Antaŭparolo kaj plena lernolibro" ("An International Language - Introduction and Complete Textbook"). The book appeared in 1887. The name he used when writing this book was "Doktoro Esperanto", which means "Doctor Hopeful."
The original official name of the language was La Internacia Lingvo (The International Language), but speakers of the language soon started using the shorter name "Esperanto".
Esperanto culture.
People who speak Esperanto are often called Esperantists. No one knows exactly how many people now speak Esperanto. The most common guesses are between several hundred thousand and 2 million speakers around the world. It is estimated that 1000 people know Esperanto from birth (because they learned it from their parents, in addition to learning a national language, such as English or Polish.) There are many couples from 2 different countries who speak different languages, but have Esperanto as their common language.
Many people use Esperanto to communicate by mail or email or blogs with Esperantists in other countries. Some people travel and meet other Esperantists in person.
There are many annual meetings. The largest is the "Universala Kongreso de Esperanto" (Universal Congress of Esperanto), held in a different country each year. In recent years it has had around 2000 people from 60 or more countries.
There are books and magazines written in Esperanto, and much literature translated into Esperanto from other languages. This includes famous works, such as the Bible and plays by Shakespeare, as well as less famous works which do not have English translations.
There are bands who sing in Esperanto, perform live concerts and sell recordings of their music.
Goals of the Esperanto movement.
Zamenhof wanted to make an easy language to increase international understanding. The goal was, giving an international communication language, that is, as a universal"(world)" second language, not to replace national languages. This goal was widely shared with Esperanto speakers in the early years of the Esperanto movement. After that, Esperanto speakers began to see the language and the culture that was shared is owned by themselves, even if Esperanto is never chosen by the United Nations or other international organizations.
Those Esperanto speakers who want the Esperanto to be chosen by organizations or used worldwide are commonly called "finvenkistoj", from "fina venko", meaning "final victory", or "pracelistoj", from "pracelo", meaning "original goal". by Mark Feeney. "The Boston Globe", 12 May 1999 Those who focus on the basic value of the language are commonly called "raŭmistoj", from Rauma, Finland, where a statement on the near-term"(not far from today)" not believing in the "fina venko" and the value of Esperanto culture was made at the International Youth Congress(meeting) in 1980., by Giorgio Silfer. These groups are, however, not from both sides exclusive.
The Prague Manifesto (1996) presents the ideas of the ordinary people of the Esperanto movement and of its main organization, the World Esperanto Association (UEA). (English version). Universala Esperanto-Asocio, updated 2003-03-26.
The language.
Esperanto uses words from some other languages, such as Latin, Russian, and German.
a b c ĉ d e f g ĝ h ĥ i j ĵ k l m n o p r s ŝ t u ŭ v z
A in Esperanto is like a in father, b is like b in English, c is like ts is lets, ĉ is like ch in chocolate, d is like d in English, e is like e in met, f is like f in flower, g is like g in go, ĝ is like j, dg in judge, h is like h in honey, ĥ makes a sound that vibrates the throat (the sound does not exist in English; it is often written in English as kh or ch in foreign names and words, in Arabic, Hebrew, Russian, Greek... "ח خ x χ"), i is like ee in speed, j is like y in you, ĵ is like s in pleasure, k is like the English k, l is like l in English, m is like English m, n is like English n, o is like o in note, p is like the English p, r is a rolled r (trilled, as in Spanish, Italian, Arabic, Russian), s is like the English s in simple, ŝ is like the sh in short, t is just like the English t, u is like oo in boot, ŭ is similar to w, v is like v in English, and z is like z in zipper.
There is no Q, W, X, or Y in the Esperanto language.
Grammar.
The rules for using the language (grammar) are very simple. Rules in the Esperanto language never change and can always be used in the same way.
The basic words are: "mi" - I, "vi" - you, "li" - he, "ŝi" - she, "ĝi" - it, "la" - the, "jes" - yes, "ne" - no.
Nouns end in "-o". For example, "patro" means "father". To make a noun plural add -j. For example: "patroj" means "fathers".
Adjectives end in "-a", adverbs end in "-e", for example "rapide" means "fast", "granda" means "big", "bona" means "good", "bone" means "well".
Many words can be made opposite by adding "mal" at the beginning.
These words combined can make a very long word, such as "malmultekosta" (cheap), "vendredviandmanĝmalpermeso" (that meat cannot be eaten on Friday).
Technical Problems.
cx gx hx jx sx ux.
Normal sample: "Ĉiuj" homoj estas denaske liberaj kaj egalaj "laŭ" digno kaj rajtoj. Ili posedas racion kaj konsciencon, kaj devus konduti unu la alian en spirito de frateco.
Simple version: "Cxiuj" homoj estas denaske liberaj kaj egalaj "laux" digno kaj rajtoj. Ili posedas racion kaj konsciencon, kaj devus konduti unu la alian en spirito de frateco.
Translation: All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Barbara Bush
Barbara Bush (born June 8, 1925) is the wife of George H. W. Bush, the 41st President of the United States. She acted as the First Lady of the United States from 1989 to 1993. She is the mother of current U.S. President George W. Bush and Former Governor of Florida, Jeb Bush. She is the sister of Scott Pierce.
Her birthplace is Rye, New York, near New York City. Her birth name is Barbara Pierce. Her parents were Pauline Robinson (1896-1949) and her husband, Marvin Pierce (1893-1969). Her mother died in a car accident. Her ancestor Thomas Pierce, an early New England colonist, was also an ancestor of Franklin Pierce, the 14th President of the United States.
She spent her early childhood in Rye, New York. She began her studies in a school in Rye, New York. Then she studied in a boarding school at Ashley Hall in Charleston, South Carolina.
In a dance party she met George H. W. Bush. At that time she was a girl of 17 years, and Bush was a student at Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts. They got engaged just before Bush went to fight in the Second World War. He was a torpedo bomber of the United States Navy. Bush named three of his airplanes after Barbara: "Barbara," "Barbara II", and "Barbara III". In December 1944, Bush returned to the USA on leave. Two weeks later, they married on 6th January 1945. After the Second World War, Bush graduated from the Yale University. They moved to Midland, Texas, Texas.
Over the years, the Bush family had moved 29 times. George H. W. Bush had become a successful person and had founded Zapata Corporation. He served in a variety of government jobs. In 1989, he became the 41st president of the United States of America. Barbara Bush became the First Lady. She did her role as the First Lady in a nice way.
After, her husband retired as the president, they moved to Houston, Texas. There they live in a big house in Kennebunkport, Maine. Several schools bear the name of Barbara Bush. Sometimes, Barbara Bush had given sharp comments on certain matters.

Kadis-kot
Kadis-kot is a fictional board game in the TV show "Star Trek". It is played on a six-sided board with three sets of coloured stones.
The characters of Naomi Wildman and Seven of Nine played the game sometimes, after the events of the episode "Infinite Regress". A decent summary of the game can be found at.

Kenny Rogers
Kenny Rogers (born August 21, 1938 in Houston, Texas) is a Grammy Award winning country music singer and songwriter. His best known songs include "The Gambler" and "Lucille". He also acted in several movies and television series and owns a franchise of roast chicken restaurants called "Kenny Rogers Roasters"

Moundou
Moundou is the capital of the Logone Occidental in Chad. It has a population of 99,530 as of 2003. Moundou lies on one of the main roads in southern Chad. It is the main city of the Ngambai people. Moundou is a center for industry and makes cotton and oil.

Andrew Aagesen
Andrew Aagesen or Andreas Aagesen (1826 - 1879) was a Danish teacher of law.

Heart (band)
Heart is a rock band from Seattle, Washington from 1973. It was lead by two sisters, Ann and Nancy Wilson. The band's lead guitar was played by Roger Fisher. His brother Michael produced their first two or three albums. Steve Fossen played base guitar. Michael Derosier played drums and Howard Leese played two or three different musical_instruments.
Their first album in 1976 was given the name "Dreamboat Annie". A great number of men and women liked the album and they gave in exchange for it much money. The album had the ballads "How Deep It Goes" and "(Love Me Like Music) I'll Be Your song." In addition it had the songs "Magic Man" and "Crazy On You".
Their second album in 197 was given the name "Little Queen". It had the hard rock song "Barracuda". "Barracuda" and "Dreamboat Annie" are their best early songs.
In 1978, the band released the more cerebral, static "Dog & Butterfly," on which Roger Fisher's role as lead guitarist was greatly diminished in favor of a more funk-influenced approach.
For the first time, many of the songs were co-written with Wilson friend Sue Ennis; Ennis's introduction and feminist, academic influence seems to have done more harm to the original band's spirit than any other single factor.
The title track, as well as "Straight On," became Top 40 hits, but the album clearly showed that the band was beginning to take itself too seriously.
While "Dreamboat Annie" and "Little Queen" had been instinctive, daring, visceral, and sincere, "Dog & Butterfly" felt labored, top-heavy, airless, and pretentious.
After several subsequent unfocused albums that failed critically and commercially to varying degrees, a revamped Heart, newly signed to Capitol Records, released a commercially successful self-titled album in 1985.
By that time, the Wilson sisters had replaced all but one of the original male members of the group with mediocre session musicians.
The best song from the album, "Heart of Darkness," was regulated to the B-side of a 45, and hasn't been released in any other format since.
The music Heart created duing this period was Top 40 pop, which clearly showed the influence of Madonna and other influential 80s acts, and was completely divorced from their original hard rock roots.
Several videos, which the Wilsons later reviled, helped the band achieve a string of saccharine Top 40 pop hits during this time, including "These Dreams," "What About Love," "Alone," and "All I Want To Do Is Make Love To You."
The Wilsons continue to perform and tour as both Heart and as The LoveMongers, a pop band the Wilsons formed with Sue Ennis and others in the early 90s.
Roger Fisher also continues to perform, and has recorded and released several albums of his own.

Golden Earring
Golden Earring is a Dutch rock band, founded in 1961 in The Hague as the Golden Earrings (the 's' was later dropped). They had international chart success with the songs "Eight Miles High" in 1969, "Radar Love" in 1973, "Twilight Zone" in 1982, and "When The Lady Smiles" in 1984. In their home country, they had over 40 hits and made over 30 gold and platinum albums. Current members of Golden Earring are Barry Hay (vocals, guitar, flute and saxophone, member since 1968), George Kooymans (vocals and guitar, founder of band), Rinus Gerritsen (bass and keyboard, founding member), and Cesar Zuiderwijk (drums and percussion, member since 1970). Golden Earring is the oldest still performing rockband in the world and have sold millions of albums worldwide.March 2009 Golden Earring will celebrate its comeback in the United Kingdom with two concerts, at the Ipswich Regent and at Shepherd's Bush Empire in London.
1961-1968.
Golden Earring was formed in 1961 in The Hague by 13-year-old George Kooymans and his 15-year-old neighbour, Rinus Gerritsen. Originally the name of the band was The Tornadoes. The name was changed to 'The Golden Earrings' when they discovered that "The Tornadoes" was already in use. The name 'The Golden Earrings' was taken from a song, originally sung by Marlene Dietrich in 1947 and a hit for Peggy Lee in 1948, with which they opened their concerts. The boys had their first chart success with their debut single "Please Go", recorded in 1965. It reached number 9 on the music charts in the Netherlands. because the band was not happy with the quality of the Dutch recording studios, the next single was recorded at Pye Studios in London. The song recorded at Pye, 'That Day', reached number two on the Dutch charts. It could not beat the 'The Beatles' 'Michelle' which stayed on number one position for weeks.In 1968, the band earned their first number one hit in the Netherlands with the pop song 'Dong Dong Diki Diki Dong'.
1969-1984 Golden Earring international.
This was followed by the success of their psychedelic album 'Eight Miles High' in 1969.It was the time of the hippies, flower power and Woodstock. On this album the most important song was an 18-minute version of the title track. The original text and music were written by The Byrds.
Golden Earrings live version, which could last 45 minutes, was one of the reasons the young band became very popular in America, in the summer of 1969. It was the first time the Golden Earrings did a tour in the USA and they discovered a country where rock music was made in a professional way.They played with Led Zeppelin, Carlos Santana, Jimi Hendrix, and Eric Clapton. This way they learned a lot and the band slowly was becoming a true hard rock band. Golden Earring went on their first major US tour in 1969 - 1970. Between 1969 and 1984, the band completed thirteen US tours. During this period, they performed as the opening act for The Who,Carlos Santana, Pink Floyd the Doobie Brothers, Rush and .38 Special and played together with a lot of other famous musicians. After their classic rocksong 'Radar Love' became an international super-hit in 1974, 'Golden Earring' even had KISS and Aerosmith as the opening-act of their concerts. in 1970 Jimi Hendrix wanted bass player Rinus Gerritsen in his Jimi Hendrix Experience. But Rinus wanted to stay in his own band so he said "no". Golden Earring enjoyed a brief period of international stardom but were unable to get further chart success until 1982's 'Twilight Zone', which was followed by The Lady Smiles' in 1984.
This became a #3 hit in Canada but in the USA} the videoclip for this song was banned from MTV because of nudity. Golden Earring turned their focus towards Europe, where they continue to attract large crowds and continue to perform. Golden Earring has recorded over 30 gold and platinum albums and singles, and inspired over 200 fellow bands who have covered their 1973-74 international hit and rock classic 'Radar Love', including REM, U2, Def Leppard, Bryan Adams and White Lion, who gave Radar Love a second run in the American charts in 1989.
1991 to the future.
In 1991 they had another hit with 'Going To The Run, a rock-ballad about a Hell's Angels motorclub member who was a friend of the band and died in a crash.The 'run' is how the Angels call their meetings, when they go driving their bikes together somewhere.
The Russian rock band Aria made a successfull cover of 'Going To The Run'.
From 1992 to 2004 the band released three acoustic live unplugged albums which became an instant success.Since 1992 the Earring does also acoustic unplugged theater-shows which continue to this date and usually sell out.The acoustic albums feature unplugged versions of famous hits of the band. Golden Earring: the same unchanged line-up of the same four musicians and friends since 1970,(augmented time to time with a fifth member), in a band founded in 1961. These two facts show clearly that Golden Earring is the one and only band which may truly carry the title "the longest still performing rock 'n' roll band on earth". But the four sworn friends from The Hague always keep their head cool as they heat it up night after night in sold out venues and theatres, when the crowd goes wild for these four living legends.Together they may be "rock's best kept secret" in the music universe.
The band inspired musicians like Rolling Stones and Iron Maiden who are fan of "Golden Earring".
Golden Earring is perhaps the oldest rock band in the world that is still performing and active on the road.In March 2009 they will make a comeback in England with concerts in Ipswich and London. On the 21th of Mach a big concert in the Colorline Arena in Hamburg Germany is planned as well as a new CD for which some songs have already been recorded.
Music.
Golden Earring was one of the first major European rock bands to tour the United States, in 1969.
They were at first inspired by The Beatles and other typical sixties pop groups like The Kinks.in 1966 The Golden Earrings performed together with The Kinks (famous for 'Lola') during a legendary concert in The Hague,Holland.On their first USA tour bands like Led Zeppelin and The Doors inspired Golden Earrings music and professionality.THey saw that the Americans had very good soundsystems and electrical equipment.Later they were influenced by Pink Floyd,Santana, Te Who when they performed together during the many american tours Golden Earring did.In total the band has been in over 40 US-states,even Hawaii. The Golden earring has used almost all styles you can find in rock and pop music, mostly straightforward (hard)rock nowadays,like guitar-rock, but in many of the over 400 songs they have recorded you can hear influences of hardmetal,rap,disco, folk, country, gospel and even latin.In the past their music was more psychedelic and progressive;this you can hear on albums like 'Moontan','Wall of Dolls' ('Golden Earring') and 'Eight Miles High'.Golden Earring always seeks ways to experiment with new styles and variations in the music they make.Usually they are their own producers and have a strong influence in the studio, because it is very important to 'catch' the typical Earring-sound on tape in the recording-studio.This is why the band often plays 'live'in the studio,that is: everybody plays together so the original live-sound is approached in the best way possible.For information on the instruments, the gear and technical equipment the band uses their own website is the best way to go to.
Radar Love.
Golden Earring has released music worldwide and enjoyed brief superstar status in the seventies when Radar Love, from the album Moontan, became a hit in both Europe and the USA. Moontan itself was awarded a gold record in the US. The ultimate Earring hitsong Radar Love has its own website. On this site are also found more than 200 covers of this classic rock song, which was voted "best car song ever" by readers of USA Today in 2005 and second-best "greatest driving song" in a poll of BBC's programme "Top Gear", after "Don't Stop Me Now" from Queen.A number of artists like U2, White Lion, R.E.M., and Bryan Adams have covered this international hit and rock classic. In total, over 200 covers exist of this song.
Twilight Zone.
George Kooymans wrote Twilight Zone, which appeared in 1982 and brought Golden Earring a second international round of success. This song was accompanied by one of the first rock videos, directed by Dick Maas. As the music television channel MTV had just been launched in 1981, the airplay helped "Twilight Zone" secure a Top Ten hit in the States.The song was inspired on the popular TVseries The twilight Zone.
When The Lady Smiles.
When the Lady Smiles, from the album News, was the next international hit in 1984, again helped by a video. It became a tophit in Europe and canada. But it never became a hit in the US because the original video was banned from MTV because of nudity and the rape of a nun. In 2008 Hillary Clinton used this song during her campaign to become the democratic candidate for president of the USA.
The Naked Truth.
Their best selling albums ever were Moontan of which over 1 million copies were sold worldwide, and the unplugged acoustic live CD/DVD The Naked Truth in 1992, which sold over 500,000 copies in the Netherlands alone and laid the foundation of their successful unplugged theatre tours that started in 1992 and continue to date. The first unplugged acoustic live album was followed by Naked II, and the trilogy was completed in 2005 with Naked III Live at The Panama.During unplugged concerts Rinus,the bass-player, sometimes uses a standing contrabass.

Rick Springfield
Rick Springfield (Real name:Richard Springthorpe August 23, 1949-) is an Australian musician and actor. He was extremely popular in the 1980s thanks to a string of hit songs including "Jesse's Girl" and a recurring role on the TV show, "General Hospital".

Anus
The anus is the hole in the human body that is between the buttocks. It is at the end of the gastrointestinal system (including the organs that digest food), where waste (called feces, shit or "stool") comes out of the body.

Orgasm
An orgasm is a sexual climax or peak. In a man, the feeling happens at the same time as he squirts semen out of his penis. In young boys, the feeling in the penis may happen, but there may be no semen. Semen release usually occurs only after puberty has started. Orgasm occurs as a result of continued sexual stimulation. During an orgasm, there is a strong feeling of excitement and intense physical pleasure. Sexual stimulation may be sexual intercourse, hand rubbing and squeezing, called masturbation, or other activities that excite the sex organs.
Sometimes, a person may fake an orgasm if their partner cannot make them have one. This is so their partner does not feel inadequate because they couldn't make them orgasm.
During an orgasm, a person's body usually spasms (shakes or trembles) and the person's brain activity changes quickly. When a man has an orgasm he feels a very strong and incredibly enjoyable feeling in his penis, which gets very stiff. As he ejaculates he releases semen through his penis tip without trying to. The hard penis becomes soft again after an orgasm. Female orgasm is also very enjoyable, but female ejaculation is much less common. Orgasms can happen when people are asleep. When men ejaculate in their sleep, this is often termed a "wet dream."
An orgasm happens for many animals when they have sex, in a similar way.

Prostate
The prostate is a gland of the male body that adds part of the fluid to semen, and stops males from urinating while sexually aroused. A healthy human prostate is slightly larger than a walnut. It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder.
Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers affecting elderly men in developed (also known as first world) countries and a major cause of death. Regular rectal exams are recommended for older men to detect prostate cancer early.
The prostate is often referred to as the male g-spot. When starting out, it is best to use a well lubricated finger or insert a small dildo into the anus. Once you have inserted a finger to approximately the second knuckle, make a "come hither" motion (similar to that of the motion one makes when attempting to stimulate the female g-spot). While this may feel strange or uncomfortable at first, when done correctly, it can often lead to intense pleasure for the male. Some males are able to orgasm with g-spot stimulation alone.

Fossil
A fossil is the remains, or trace of something that was once alive, but is now long-gone and dead. Very often, it is an "imprint" or "impression" in sedimentary rock of some animal, plant or protist that lived millions of years ago.
The most-common fossils are those left behind by the hard, Calcite|calcitic shells of molusks (such as clams and snails) and of now-rare brachiopods (also known as lampshells). These sea-dwelling shellfish have produced many fossiliferous (that is, fossil-bearing), chalky stratum|layers of limestone in the earth.
But the best-known fossils are those of the giant, prehistoric dinosaurs. The fossilized bones and fossilized footprints of these huge, ancient reptiles can be seen in many museums of natural history and earth science.
The study of fossils by geologists is known as "Paleontology"; while the study of fossils by scientists trained in biology is known as "Paleobiology." Likewise, "Paleozoology" is the study of prehistoric animals; while "Paleobotany" is the study of prehistoric plants. The study of fossil microbes is known as "Micropaleobiology"; while the study of prehistoric humans is known as "Paleoanthropology."
Types of fossils.
Microscopic or "very tiny" fossils are called "microfossils;" while larger, "macroscopic" fossils -- such as those of seashells and dinosaurs -- are called "macrofossils." Natural stones which look like fossilized organisms, but are "not" fossils at all, are called "pseudofossils."
"Indirect" evidence of prehistoric life -- such as a worm's trail or a mammal's footprint -- is known as a "trace fossil." Fossilized excrement, feces or dung is known as a "coprolite." Chemical traces of prehistoric organisms is known as a "chemofossil." Indirect evidence of prehistoric people is known as an "artifact."
Fossilization under the ground usually produces an external, "fossil mold" of the dead organism. This earthen mold, in turn, may produce a stoney copy or rocklike replica of the deceased organism known as an internal, "fossil cast" or "steinkern."
Occasionally, however, a fossil can be produced as a result of dryness (dessication), freezing, or pine resin. Mummified mammals, wooly mammoths, and insect-filled amber are examples of these rarely-found fossils.
"Living fossils", however, are "not" really fossils at all. Instead, they are modern-day organisms which very closely resemble their prehistoric ancestors of many millions of years ago. The ginkgo tree and horseshoe crab are good examples.

Nine Inch Nails
Nine Inch Nails, or NIN, is the name of a famous industrial rock band. Trent Reznor writes all the band's songs and plays most of the music himself. He started the band in 1988 in Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
History.
"Pretty Hate Machine" was Nine Inch Nails' first album. It first came out in 1989. The songs "Down In It", "Head Like A Hole", and "Sin" became famous from the radio and MTV.
In 1992, Nine Inch Nails made a short album called "Broken". It had only eight songs. The song "Wish" won a Grammy, a very important award for singers and musicians. Another album, called "Fixed", has some of the same songs as "Broken", but other musicians have changed the music and added new sounds. New songs made that way are called "remixes".
A new album called "The Downward Spiral" came out in 1994. It is the most popular and famous Nine Inch Nails album. Music stores have sold more than 4 million copies of "The Downward Spiral" all together. The songs "Closer", "March Of The Pigs", and "Hurt" were very popular on MTV and radio stations. Trent Reznor asked many other musicians to make remixes from the songs. The remixes were released on a new album called "Further Down The Spiral".
In 1994, Nine Inch Nails played at the Woodstock 94 concert in New York. After that, they became one of the most famous bands in the world. For five years, there were no Nine Inch Nails albums or concerts. Many fans worried that the band they liked would stop making music forever.
Finally, a new album came out in 1999. It was called "The Fragile". It was the longest album Nine Inch Nails had ever made, and the music was very different from the old albums. Many of the songs were only music with no words. Songs like that are called "instrumentals". Writers who write about music wrote good things about "The Fragile" in many magazines and newspapers. People knew the music of Nine Inch Nails had changed, but many people thought it was better than before.
Even though many people liked the album, it would still take Trent Reznor another five years to make another one. This was due to Trent Reznor drinking and becoming addicted to other drugs. He is now healthy. Trent also argued with his manager John Malm over how much money he should make. The court has agreed with Trent and John is no longer Trent's manager.
Nine Inch Nails' next album was called "With Teeth". When the song "The Hand That Feeds" was first played on the radio, fans were very happy that Nine Inch Nails had come back. The second song on the album to be played on the radio is "Only" and the third is "Every Day Is Exactly The Same".
Year Zero came out on April 17, 2007. Before it came out, there was a game that people could play. You could find clues to discover more about the story. That kind of game is called an "Alternate Reality Game". It just came out, so there is only one song that is being played on radio stations and MTV. That song is called "Survivalism". There will be more songs that get played on the radio and MTV soon.
On March 2, 2008, the albums "Ghosts I-IV" (1 to 4) came out. It was made of 4 small albums Ghosts 1, 2, 3 and 4. All the songs on these albums were instrumentals and the first album was free to download from the website, or available cheaply to download. This was new in the way that music is sold, because usually music is sold for lots of money, and the money is given to many people, most who didn't make the music, but helped give money to the people who did, or sent the music to shops to be sold, or made adverts for it.
After two months since the release of "Ghosts I-IV", a new album came out called "The Slip" on May 5, 2008. "The Slip" was released in three formats for free.
Band.
Trent Reznor makes almost all of the music for Nine Inch Nails. He is the only member.
When Nine Inch Nails plays at concerts, other musicians are also part of the band. The musicians who play in Nine Inch Nails are not always the same. Now, Trent Reznor sings and plays some instruments, Robin Finck plays the guitar, Rich Fownes plays the bass guitar, Alessandro Cortini plays the keyboard, and Josh Freese plays the drums.

Remixing
In remixing, a person (often a recording engineer or record producer) takes a familiar song, splits it into different parts called "tracks", and changes the song's music, instruments, layout, and or vocals to create a new version of the same song. It is called "remixing" due to mixing being the putting together of all the parts of a song, and "remixing" being the putting together of the parts of the song differently than the original.
Remixers, that is, people who remix, are musicians who use a variety of tools, primarily electronic, to create the new song versions. Remixing can be simply moving song parts around; it can also be creating new music for an old song lyric. The most popular types of remixing are production remixing, where new instruments are used with the old song vocal, and mashups, in which two old songs are mixed together.
There are two common kinds of remixing: production and mashups.
Production.
"Production remixing" requires more musical knowledge than mashups, because one must make their own music. This music generally is within the same key and has the same rhythm or melody as the old song.
Many electronic music artists (music made with computers or other electronic instruments) use computer software to make new music parts, called "tracks". The music parts contain notes which are arranged with a computer program called a sequencer. The actual notes are played by instruments, usually synthesizers, a type of electronic musical instrument that makes sounds by changing the shape of a sound wave. It is also possible for a remixer to use a drum sample kit, a set of sounds of fake or real drums recorded for use on a computer.
When the remixer has a proper sequence in the sequencer, he or she can then render the audio part, or track. Rendering requires the sequencer to talk to the musical instrument, usually by computer software or a computer-to-computer talking language called MIDI to an actual electronic keyboard. The sequencer tells the instrument which note to play, and then the instrument plays the note. The sequencer writes this note to a music file on the computer.
Mashups.
A mashup is a remixing style in which a remixer takes two songs and mixes them with each other in a clever way to create a new song. Usually, it is the vocal of the song they want to remix with the other musical parts of an older song.
Instead of using a sequencer and a musical instrument, a remixer can use either record-playing turntables or a computer with an audio sequence editor, for example the program named ACID music. He or she also needs an audio editor, a computer program that allows someone to record sounds into a computer as well as cut them down to smaller bits.
Usually, a small bit of the old song is "cut" in an audio editor into a loop, a piece of music that when played on repeat does not have any skips or musical pauses. This loop is usually called a "sample" in the world of remixing. This sample is then looped (played over and over) in a sequence to create a new sound. The remixer then mixes the vocal of another song over that loop.
It is also possible that a mashup style remixer will take the entire musical part of one song without its vocal - called an instrumental - and take a vocal from another song without the non-voice part - called an acapella, and put them together to create one song.

H. P. Lovecraft
Howard Phillips Lovecraft (August 20, 1890 – March 15, 1937) was an American author of fantasy, horror and science fiction. Lovecraft was from Providence, Rhode Island.
He wrote many really scary short stories. These often were about weird creatures that Lovecraft made up by himself or with his friend, August Derleth, who wrote mysteries. The creatures did not really care about human people at all, so they weren't out to hurt people, but if they did, they didn't care. They looked at us like we would be ants. Their behaviour, attitude and look also tended to make people go crazy.
Lovecraft's stories were inspiration for lots of other authors and writers.

Hormone
Hormones are biological chemicals that are found in plants and animals. Hormones are produced by living cells.They are used to send messages to other cells. These messages can be sent to nearby cells or to far-away cells. If a cell wants to send a message to a nearby cell, it puts the hormone into the tissue around it. If an animal's cell wants to send a message to a far-away cell, it puts the hormone into the blood. When a hormone is put in the blood it goes to all parts of the animal's body. Sometimes the cell that gets the message can even be the same cell that made the hormone (and sent the message.)
The cell or tissue that gets the message is called the "target cell".
Many different kinds of cells can send a message. There are some kinds of cells whose main job is to make hormones. When many of these cells are together in one place, it is called a "gland". Glands are groups of cells that make something and release it (put it outside the cell). Some glands make hormones.
Endocrine means something that is made by cells and released "into" the blood or tissue. So "endocrine glands" form hormones and release them into the blood or tissue. The opposite word is exocrine and means released "outside" of the body. An example of "exocrine" is sweat glands or saliva glands. When people say endocrine they usually mean "glands that make hormones".
Actions.
Hormones do many things. They regulate metabolism. Metabolism is all of the chemical and energy reactions that happen in a living thing. Hormones cause the growth and death of cells and of whole organisms. (Another word for a living thing like a plant or an animal is an "organism".) Hormones also start and control sexual development. For example, the hormones estrogen and progesterone make girls start puberty. Hormones help keep homeostasis in an organism. Homeostasis means to keep a constant state inside the body like temperature, amount of water and salts, and amount of sugar. Hormones released by one gland can also tell "other" glands to make "different" hormones.
Types of hormones.
There are four types of hormones in most animals. They are grouped by the chemicals from which they are made. When scientists say hormones are "derived from" it means they are "made from" something by changing it. These changes are chemical changes.
Regulation of hormones.
In biology regulation means to control something. So regulating hormones means controlling how much hormones are made and released from cells.
Negative feedback.
Hormone regulation is mostly done by "negative feedback".
In negative feedback a hormone makes an "effect". The cells that make the hormone see that "effect" happen. When they see it happen, they stop making more hormone.
A good example of "negative feedback" is the hormone insulin. Insulin is a hormone that is made by the pancreas. Insulin is released by the pancreas when you eat glucose (a kind of sugar). The glucose goes from your stomach to the blood. The amount of glucose in the blood goes up. The pancreas sees this high glucose level. It makes insulin and releases it into the blood. Then the insulin goes through the whole body and tells cells to take glucose out of the blood. Cells use some of this for energy. But some extra is also saved in the cells to use later. When cells take up glucose from the blood this makes the glucose level go down. The pancreas sees this and stops making insulin. When the pancreas stops sending this message (insulin), the cells in the body stop taking extra glucose out of the blood.
So the "negative feedback" works to keep the blood glucose level normal. If glucose is high, the pancreas makes insulin. The insulin causes the glucose to fall. Then this lower level of glucose tells the pancreas to stop making insulin.
There are two main types of hormones. One is seroid hormones. THey are nonpolar and need no receptor
Counter regulatory hormones.
Sometimes two or more hormones control the same thing. For example, blood glucose is very important to an organism. So it is not controlled by just one hormone. Other hormones also make the glucose level go up or down. If the glucose level gets "too low", the body releases hormones that do the "opposite" of insulin. They do not tell the cells in the body to take up glucose from the blood. They tell the cells to put glucose back into the blood. These kind of hormones that work opposite of other hormones are called "counter-regulatory hormones". Counter-regulatory hormones for insulin are glucagon and epinephrine.
Positive feedback.
Most important things in an organism are kept in homeostasis by "negative feedback" and "counter-regulatory hormones". However a few things are controlled in different ways. One rare way is "positive feedback". In negative feedback, the hormone's effect makes a gland stop making hormones. In positive feedback the opposite happens. The effect of the hormone tells the gland to make "even more" hormones.
An example of positive feedback is the hormone that causes "childbirth" (when babies are born.) The hormone that causes this is "oxytocin". This hormone is made by the pituitary gland. When the baby starts coming out, it stretches the muscle in the cervix (the bottom of the womb.) Nerves in the cervix send a message to the pituitary. This message makes the pituitary release more oxytocin. The oxytocin then causes the muscles of the womb to contract, or "squeeze". This causes "more" stretching in the cervix. This stretching then tells the pituitary to make "even more" oxytocin. So levels of oxytocin keep rising until the squeezing or "contractions" of the womb force the baby out. (The womb is also called the uterus.)

Testosterone
Testosterone is an androgen sex steroid hormone. A steroid hormone is one that is made from cholesterol. A sex hormone is one that regulates sexual changes in the body. An androgen is the male type of sex hormone.
The testicles of men make lots of testosterone. Ovaries and adrenal glands make testosterone too. But they make much less than the testicles do. So men have much higher testosterone levels than women.
Testosterone has two different kinds of effects. One effect is anabolic. This effect causes growth of muscle and bone. The other effect of testosterone is androgenic. These effects make the body look male. This includes the effects that boys have at puberty: growing a beard, making the penis and testicles bigger, and making the voice deeper.

Infectious disease
An infectious disease is a disease or sickness that happens when an organism (a living thing such as a plant or animal) is attacked by a pathogen. Pathogens (such as bacteria, viruses, and other germs) are too small to see. Some infectious diseases are contagious, which means that the sick plant, animal, or person can get other things sick. The pathogen can get from one organism to another through air, food, water, blood, or physical touch.
Usually, the sick organism heals. Then, the organism's body learns how to fight the pathogen. If the pathogen attacks again, the immune system knows how to fight it. Thanks to the immune system, people usually can't get the same disease twice. When an organism's body knows how to fight a disease, the body is immune to that pathogen.
Infectious disease is a large cause of pain and death. The World Health Organization says that infectious diseases cause about 25% of all deaths. These three pathogens cause the most deaths: HIV (the virus that causes AIDS), Tuberculosis, and Malaria.

Patio
A patio is a paved area in a garden often used for barbeques or relaxing outside.

Cholera
Cholera is an infectious disease. It is caused by a bacteria "Vibrio cholerae". This bacteria usually lives in water. "Vibrio cholera" is more common where fresh water mixes with salt water, like where rivers enter the ocean. It is more common in water with lots of algae.
Symptoms.
Cholera is an acute intestinal illness, causing abdominal pain, watery diarrhoea, and vomiting.
The diarrhoea and vomiting, in turn, can cause very bad dehydration of the body, leading to death
if untreated. Dehydration is losing too much water and salts.
How people get cholera.
Cholera is contracted by eating foods and/or drinking water contaminated with the bacterium "Vibrio Cholerae".
Often, people get cholera from eating fish that is not cooked enough. They can also get it if they eat food or drink that was polluted with the diarrhoea from people who have cholera.
How to treat cholera.
People with cholera need medical treatment. Most of the treatment for cholera is giving people fluids (water) and electrolytes (salts). For most people with cholera, fluids and electrolytes are given by mouth. This can be done with 80-90% of people. The best way to give this by mouth is WHO-ORS: World Health Organization Oral Rehydration Solution. (Oral means by mouth. Rehydration means to give back fluids and electrolytes to someone who is dehydrated. Solution is a mixture of salts and water.)
Some people cannot take enough fluids and electrolytes by mouth. Usually this is because vomiting is so bad. These people must be given treatment intravenously. (Intravenous means into a vein. Intravenous fluids and electrolytes are given through a needle into a person's vein.) This is necessary because if people cannot drink enough fluids and electrolytes, they can die quickly.

Mandriva Linux
Mandriva (formerly named Mandrake Linux) is a Linux distribution.
Brief history.
Mandriva was first made public by a French software company MandrakeSoft. And its first release was built with a Red Hat Linux 5.1 in 1998. MandrakeSoft named this Linux operating system "Linux Mandrake" at first, then changed into Mandrake Linux, and now a formal name is Mandriva for MandrakeSoft agreed to make a new company together with a Brazilian software company Conectiva.
Releases.
Mandriva Linux is suitable for servers, workstations and Desktop uses. There is a free release version (based upon GPL license and downloadable). At the same time, MandrivaSoft sells her products with support (in box with support and documentation).
Mandriva Linux is optimized (will perform better) for i586 architecture of Intel CPU.
See Also.
List of Linux distributions

Action
An action is something that a person does. For example swimming, running, or laughing.
For something to be an action it must be active. (That means that the person must be responsible for doing it and must choose to do it). So for example being pulled along the ground is not an action. However pulling something along the ground is an action.
Some people say that things like sitting, standing, or waiting are not actions. This is because they do not involve doing anything. However, other people say that as a person decides not to do anything then that is an action.
The Philosophy of action.
Some Philosophers ask the question 'What is an action?' or 'What makes somebody do an action?'. Here are two theories.
The belief-desire (want-think) theory.
Some philosophers say that an action is caused by a person wanting something and thinking that by doing that action they can get it. For example, if I want an apple and think that by walking to a table with some apples on it I can get one, then I will walk to the table. It is important to have both a want (desire) and a thought about how to get it (belief).
If I think that by walking to a table with some apples on it I can get an apple, but want an orange and not an apple, then I will not walk to the table. If I want an apple, but think that the table across the room is just a picture of a table, then I will not walk to the table.
The neurological (brain) theory.
Other philosophers say that the want-think theory is not true. They say that it is my brain and my nerves that causes an action. They see the brain as working like a computer that directs small electric packages from some nerves to other nerves and stores some for a while in memory. These packages cannot be named, they are just like computer bits and bytes. These philosophers say that we talk about what we want and what we think because the brain is very complicated and we do not understand it yet.
These questions form part of the philosophy of mind.

Xiangqi
Xiangqi is a form of chess that started in China. It is sometimes called Chinese chess. Though similar to Western chess, it is different because it has different pieces, and different moves are allowed.
Xiangqi is a chess game for two people to play. Each player has 16 pieces to move on the board. One player's set is red, and one is black. The way to win is to kill the other player's Jiang (Shuai). Each kind of piece has different rules to move.
Xiangqi is one of the most popular chess games in China.

Governor
A governor is the leader of a state. For instance, in the United States of America, each of the 50 states has a governor. The governor is responsible for the state's administrative processes.

Republican Party (United States)
The United States Republican Party is one of the two biggest political parties in the United States of America. The other large party is the Democratic Party. The United States also has many other small parties known as third parties.
The Republican National Committee coordinates most of the activities of the Republican Party in all 50 states.
The Republicans are often called "the right" or "conservatives". The Republican Party itself is also known as the G.O.P., which stands for "Grand Old Party."
The symbol of the republican party is the elephant. This symbol was first used in 1874 in a political cartoon "(pictured)".
Traditionally, the Republican Party has supported conservative causes, and has wanted to lower taxes and to make the government smaller.
U.S. presidents.
The last United States president, George W. Bush, was a Republican.

United States Democratic Party
The U.S. Democratic Party is one of the two big political parties in the United States. The other one is the Republican Party. The U.S. also has many tiny, minor parties known as "third parties."
The Democratic National Committee (see http://democrats.org) coordinates most of the activities of the Democratic party in all 50 United States.
Supporters of this party are known as Democrats.
History.
The Democratic Party is one of the oldest political parties in the world. Most historians agree that it first became a party with the Democratic-Republican Party created by Thomas Jefferson in the 1790s. The other political party in the USA then was called the Federalists, created by Alexander Hamilton. Jefferson first called his party the Republican Party because it believed the USA should be a republic instead of a direct democracy. The name of the party was changed to Democratic-Republican in 1798.
In 1828, Andrew Jackson was elected President. He was a new kind of politician who got support from many different kinds of people, especially poor and working people in the country, rather than just from rich people in the city. He changed his party's name to the Democratic Party, because he believed in democracy. He is called the first President of the United States from the modern Democratic Party.
During the Civil war, some members of the Democratic Party supported the Confederate States of America, but many others in the party did not. This led to a weak and confused party that lost many elections after the war was over.
By the time of World War I, Republicans had ran the government for many years, with only a few times where Democrats were able to win the Congress or the Presidency. Woodrow Wilson was elected over two Republican candidates in 1912. He led the USA to victory in World War I.
The next Democratic President was Franklin D. Roosevelt, who was elected in 1932 during the Great Depression. Roosevelt was one of the best and most popular Presidents of all time and he is the only one who has ever won four terms in office. During these years, Democrats had big majorities in Congress.
After World War II, Democrats had big majorities again in both houses of Congress (Republicans won some elections in the 1950's, 1960's, and 1980's) until the election of 1994. Since then, the party has had to think about how it can win back voters and rebuild its support. Democrats won back Congress in the election of 2006.
Philosophy and Role in Government.
Sometimes Democrats are called "the left" or "liberals", even though not all Democrats are left-wing or liberal. Many Democrats, particularly in the South and Rocky Mountains of the United States, are conservative or middle-of-the-road (moderate). In the United States, each of the parties are a large coalition that covers many different kinds of ideology.
There are few issues on which all Democrats agree, but most support graduated income taxes (rich people pay more than poor people), ethics reform in the Congress, health care reform, abortion rights (pro-choice), more stem cell research to cure sickness, and a timetable for taking American troops out of Iraq. Most support for Democrats comes from states in the Northeast, Midwest, and Pacific Coast areas of the USA, but there are Democrats elected to office in all other states too.
By tradition, the Democratic Party represents liberal values, and uses government to help weak groups, such as children, "senior citizens" (old people), the poor, and minority groups. Democrats wrote many important laws such as the Social Security Act of 1965 and the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Because of the strong support of Democrats for civil rights, most African-Americans support the Democrats in elections.
Democrats had not had a majority of seats in the House or Senate since the election of 1994. However, they won control of both houses of Congess in the election of 2006. After losing the presidential election in the year 2000, the nominee for the Democratic Party, Senator Barack Obama, won the presidency in the year 2008. In doing so, he became the first ever African-American President of the United States.
Every four years the party holds a National Convention where they agree on their candidate for President. The last National Convention was in Denver, Colorado in 2008 where Barack Obama was nominated for President and Joe Biden was nominated for Vice President.
Symbols.
The symbol of the Democratic Party is the donkey. Since the election of 2000, the color blue has become a symbol for Democrats.

Taste
Taste is one of the five senses. Taste is what someone feels on the tongue when food is in the mouth.

Touch
Touch (also called feeling) is one of the five senses that animals have. An animal knows if something is against a part of its body. This is called the sense of touch.
Wanted and Unwanted Touching.
Touch can be wanted. A massage is usually a type of touch that is wanted. A touch can be unwanted. A punch is usually a type of touch that is unwanted.

Classical mechanics
Mechanics is a part of physics. It says what happens when forces act on things. There are two parts of mechanics. The two parts are classical mechanics and quantum mechanics. Classical mechanics is used most of the time. It is good to say what happens to most of the things we can see. Some of the time, for example when the things are too small, classical mechanics is not good. Then we need to use quantum mechanics.
Newton's Three Laws.
Newton's three laws of motion are important to classical mechanics. Isaac Newton made them.
The "first law" says that, if there is no external force, things that are stopped will stay stopped, and things that are moving will keep moving. Before, people thought that things stopped if there was no force. Often, people say, "Objects at rest tend to stay at rest, and objects in motion tend to stay in motion, unless acted upon by an outside force."
The "second law" says how a force moves a thing. The force on a object equals the rate of change of the momentum.
The "third law" says that if one thing puts a force on another thing, the second thing also puts a force on the first thing. For example, if you jump forward off a boat, the boat moves backward. Often, people say, "For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction."
Kinematic Equations.
In physics, kinematics is the part of classical mechanics that explains the movement of objects without looking at what causes the movement or what the movement affects.
1-Dimensional Kinematics.
1-Dimensional (1D) Kinematics are used only when an object moves in one direction: either side to side (left to right) or up and down. There are equations with can be used to solve problems that have movement in only 1 dimension or direction. These equations come from the definitions of velocity, acceleration and distance.
2-Dimensional Kinematics.
2-Dimensional kinematics is used when motion happens in both the x-direction (left to right) and the y-direction (up and down). There are also equations for this type of kinematics. However, there are different equations for the x-direction and different equations for the y-direction. Galileo proved that the velocity in the x-direction does not change through the whole run. However, the y-direction is affected by the force of gravity, so the y-velocity does change during the run.
See also.
Newton's laws of motion

Moai
Moai (pronounced (said) MO-EYE) are stone statues on Easter Island. Each moai is made out of one large stone but some have an extra stone on top of the head. Most were made from the volcanic rock in the Rano Raraku area of the island. Moai are usually called "heads" but most of them do have shoulders, arms, and a body, which have become buried over the years. The moai are between 2.5 and 10 metres high and, usually, weigh 14 tonnes. There are more than 1000 moai placed all around the beach of the island plus nearly 400 more which were left not yet finished at Rano Raraku.
When, why, and how they were made is still a mystery today. It is believed that they were built about 1000 years ago by Polynesians, who lived there at the time and were made to honour their ancestors(older family members long dead) and bring good luck. Making the statues would have needed a lot of time and effort. To move them, they may have used wooden sledges or rollers or even "walked" them by rocking the moai along. The youngest moai found was built around 1350. It is believed that, around that time, there began a time of cold weather, little food, and war between the peoples. By the 19th century, all the moai had been pushed over. Today, they are slowly being restored.

Diogenes of Sinope
Diogenes of Sinope (in short, Diogenes) was an Ancient Greek philosopher. His birth place is Sinope (in modern day Sinop, Turkey). He was born about 412 BC. Some people say he was born about 399 BC. He died in 323 BC at Corinth. There is a book named Diogenes Laërtius. The book tells us that Diogenes died on the same day on which Alexander the Great died at Babylon. He was a founder of the philosophy called cynicism.

Vaccination
Vaccination means giving someone a substance that makes an immune system reaction. The immune system is the way a body fights infection. The immune system's reaction makes someone less likely to get that infection.
If the vaccinated person get exposed to the virus or bacteria that causes the disease, the person will fight it and not get sick.
Another word used for vaccination is immunization. These words mean things that are a little different. Vaccination is when a person is "given" something to make the immune system learn to fight an infectious disease. Immunization is when a persons immune system learns to fight an infection. Immunization can happen from vaccination. But immunization can also happen from getting the "infection". For example, a person can be immune to hepatitis B if he gets sick with hepatitis B. After a person gets hepatitis B and then gets well, he is immunized from getting it again. A person can also be immunized from to hepatitis B by taking the hepatitis B vaccination.
So vaccination and immunization have meanings that are a little different. But when people say these words, they usually mean the same thing. People say immunization to mean the same thing as vaccination.
Where vaccination comes from.
The first use of the term "vaccine" is credited to Louis Pasteur. The word is derived from the Latin "vacca", meaning cow. A virus that mainly affects cows (Cowpox) was used in the first scientific demonstration that giving a person one virus could protect against a related and more deadly one.
History of vaccination.
The first vaccination ever was for smallpox. In 1796 an English doctor, Edward Jenner noticed something. He saw that people who got cowpox did not get sick from smallpox. He gave a young boy the cowpox virus to protect him from smallpox. This was done by scratching liquid from cowpox sores into the boy's skin. This same method using liquid from sores was also used to give people smallpox. People did this so they might get smallpox on "one place" on their body. Then they could "pick" which body part got scars from smallpox. But sometimes people who did this got very sick from smallpox. Some even died. This was a dangerous thing to do. But people did it because it was less dangerous then getting smallpox.
Edward Jenner gave the boy cowpox in the same way people tried to give smallpox. Six weeks later, he scratched smallpox into the boy's skin. The boy did not get sick from smallpox. This boy was the first person ever to get a vaccination.
It was not until almost 100 years after the smallpox vaccination that medicine found the next vaccination. In 1879 the vaccine for cholera was found. Since then vaccines for 28 different diseases have been found.
Herd Immunity.
Herd immunity is an important part of how vaccines work. A herd is a group of animals. Herd immunity happens when most of the animals in a group are immune to an infection. If most animals are immune they cannot get the disease. If they do not get the disease, they cannot give it to other animals. So even one animal who is not immune is safer. If none of the other animals in a herd get the infection, they cannot give the infection to the one who is non immune.
This is important in people too. If 95% of people in a place are immune to a disease, the other 5% are safer. There will just not be as much of that disease around to get.
The people who are in the 5% are there for many reasons. Some got the vaccine but did not react to it. Their immune system did not learn how to fight it well. Some of them are too sick to get the vaccine. It can be children who are too sick with other diseases to get vaccines. It can be a pregnant woman who cannot get the vaccine because it could hurt her baby. It can be a person with cancer who does not have a strong immune system. It can be an older person who has a weak immune system.
So if everyone in a place gets vaccinated, it protects these people too. If they are not protected by "herd immunity", they can get more sick from an infection. They get the infection more easily and they get sicker from it. So it is important that people who are healthy get their vaccinations. It protects the healthy people. But it also is important to protect other people who are old, weak, or sick.
Safety of vaccination.
Some people argue against vaccination. They believe giving people vaccination causes more sickness than it stops. Today in modern countries, most people are vaccinated. Because most people are vaccinated much fewer people get sick from the infections that vaccines stop. So most people do not think about the risk of getting these infections. Many young doctors have not even seen some of these diseases!
Vaccines also can make people very sick. Almost all people who get a vaccination do "not" get sick from it. Some people get a little sick. They may get fever or feel sick. This gets better in a few days. A very "very" small number of people can get very sick. So people see that vaccines can make people sick. But they do not see how sick "more" people would be if we did not vaccinate people. So they only think about the risks vaccines "cause". They do not think as much about the risks of "not" giving vaccinations.
Some people chose not to get vaccinations because of the small risks. Parents may not give their children vaccines. These people also depend on "herd immunity". If most children do not get mumps children who do not get the mumps vaccine are also safe. But if "enough" children do not get the mumps vaccine, or if the vaccine does not work as well as expected, mumps comes back, afflicting older people for whom the disease is more severe. That would be called an epidemiological shift. Then all people who are not immune may get sick. These might be healthy people who "chose" not to get the vaccine. They might get sick, but will usually get well. Sick people who "depend on" herd immunity will also get sick. Some may get "very" sick and even die.
"All" big medical organizations say that vaccines are safe. They say vaccines stop "much more" sickness than they make. The World Health Organization, the American Medical Association, the American Academy of Pediatrics, and the United States Centers for Disease Control all support vaccination.

Vice President of the United States
The Vice President of the United States of America is the second-in-command to the President. The President is the commander in chief. The Vice President's responsibilities include filling in for the President, and acting as president of the U.S. Senate.
Originally, the Vice President was the person who got the second most votes in the presidential election. However, after an amendment to the U.S. Constitution, the Vice President is elected together with the President on one platform.
The current Vice President is Dick Cheney.
The vice president only has one official duty. That is to preside over the Senate.

Dick Cheney
Richard Bruce "Dick" Cheney (born January 30, 1941) is the current Vice President of the United States of America. A Republican, he ran in the 2000 US Presidential Election with George W. Bush, and successfully won re-election in the 2004 US Presidential Election. Cheney is from Wyoming and an active hunter. In 2006 he shot his friend by mistake. He did not run for President in 2008. Cheney is popular among the Bush family, and served in the George H. W. Bush administration from 1989-1993 as a cabinet member. Cheney is the head of the Senate and has cast six tie-breaking votes.

Toad the Wet Sprocket
Toad the Wet Sprocket is a folk/pop group from the U.S. state of California. They formed in 1986, while they were in high school. Their name comes from a monologue (one person doing all the talking) performed by Eric Idle, called "Rock Notes" on the 1980 album, "Monty Python's Contractual Obligation Album".

Boyz II Men
Boyz II Men is an American boy band from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. They were popular in the early 1990s. Founded in 1988 as a quintet (group of five people), Boyz II Men found fame as a quartet (group of four), with members Nathan Morris, Michael McCary, Shawn Stockman, and Wanya Morris, on Motown Records during the early 1990s.
Based on sales, Boyz II Men is the most successful R&B male vocal group of all time. It has recorded five #1 R&B hits between 1992 and 1997 and has since sold more than 90 million albums and 50 million singles. Three of its #1 hits, "End of the Road", "I'll Make Love to You", and "One Sweet Day" (with Mariah Carey), set and broke records for the longest period of time a single remained at #1 on the Billboard Hot 100.

Johnny Nash
John Lester "Johnny" Nash Jr. (August 19, 1940-), is a American reggae and soul singer. He was born in Houston, Texas USA.
His biggest hit was "I Can See Clearly Now" in 1972.
In his late teens Johnny Nash came to the attention of Arthur Godfrey and put in many appearances on his TV show. He also had a featured role in the motion picture "Take A Giant Step". Johnny began recording for the ABC Paramount label, and under the guidance of arranger producer Don Costa, he made a number of albums of standards. Including "Johnny Nash", "Let's Get Lost", "The Quiet Hour", "Studio Time" and "I Got Rhythm". Even though he posessed a superb singing voice, it seems that in the early 1960's, all young black male ballad singers were overshadowed by another Johnny. Johnny Mathis. Johnny Nash never really came into the forefront of pop music. He made a couple of obscure jazz tinged albums for the Argo label. Then after being off the scene for a couple of years, he emerged with a new music genre, the reggae, soul and caribbean type song stylings. This was the mid 70's and he found new fans and a new popularity.

Linda Ronstadt
Linda Ronstadt (July 15, 1946-) is an American singer. She is famous for performing in many different styles of music including Pop, Folk, Country, and Latin. She was born in Tucson, Arizona. Linda Maria Ronstadt (born July 15, 1946 in Tucson, Arizona) she is an American popular vocalist and entertainer who has earned multiple Grammy Awards, an Emmy Award, numerous United States and internationally certified gold, platinum and multiplatinum albums, a Tony Award and Golden Globe nominations. A singer-songwriter and record producer, she is better known as a definitive interpreter of songs.[1][2] Ronstadt has recorded over 30 studio solo albums, and has made guest appearances on over 100 other albums.[3] She became the first female artist in music history to have highly anticipated arena and stadium tours - coinciding with a string of blockbuster albums, thus making her able to command sell-out concerts.[4][5]
Ronstadt has recorded studio albums in many genres outside the rock field and is known throughout the music industry as one of the most versatile, durable, and commercially successful female pop singers of all time. Branching out, she has recorded Traditional Pop, mariachi, jazz, folk, Broadway and opera. However, her most commercially successful period was during the 1970s and 1980s. As she moved on to other genres in the 1980s she maintained her consistent commercial success and remained one of the best-selling solo album artists of this decade. From the 1990s on till the 2000s Ronstadt has continued her success, releasing many Grammy winning recordings and remaining one of the most celebrated recording artist to date. Ronstadt has 27 top 100 albums, 10 of which have reached top 10, and three of those hit the top of the Billboard 200 pop album chart. She also has 21 Top 40 hits on the Billboard Hot 100, 10 of which have reached the top 10, three peaking at No. 2, and the No. 1 hit, "You're No Good."

Heart
The heart is an organ in the body. It is a large muscle in the chest. It pumps blood through tubes called blood vessels. Its regular contractions, or when the heart pushes in, force the blood to the parts of the body.
People sometimes talk about the heart as the place responsible for feelings. This is why love is shown as a heart. But feelings are really sensed in the brain. The heart only helps us feel by giving blood to the brain.
"Myocardium" means the heart muscle. (Myo is from the Latin word for muscle. -cardium is from the Greek word for heart 'kardia'.)
Structure.
The human heart has four "chambers" or closed spaces. Some animals have only two or three chambers.
In humans, the four chambers are two "atria" and two "ventricles". Atria is talking about two chambers; atrium is talking about one chamber. There is a right atrium and ventricle. These get blood that comes to the heart. They pump this blood to the lungs. In the lungs blood picks up oxygen and drops carbon dioxide. Blood from the lungs goes to the left atrium and ventricle. The left atrium and ventricle send the blood out to the body.
Blood is carried in blood vessels. These are arteries and veins. Blood going to the heart is carried in veins. Blood going away from the heart is carried in arteries. The main artery going out of the right ventricle is the "pulmonary artery". (Pulmonary means about lungs.) The main artery going out of the left ventricle is the "aorta".
The veins going into the right atrium are the "superior vena cava" and "inferior vena cava". These bring blood from the body to the right heart. The veins going into the left atrium are the "pulmonary veins". These bring blood from the lungs to the left heart.
When the blood goes from the atria to the ventricles it goes through heart "valves". When blood goes out of the ventricles it goes through valves. The valves make sure that blood only goes one way in or out.
The heart has three layers. The outer covering is the "pericardium". This is a tough sack that surrounds the heart. The middle layer is the "myocardium". This is the heart muscle. The inner layer is the endocardium. This is the thin smooth lining of the chambers of the heart.
Cardiac cycle.
A "heart beat" is when the heart muscle "contracts". This means the heart pushes in and this makes the chambers smaller. This pushes blood out of the heart and into the blood vessels. After the heart contracts and pushes in, the muscle "relaxes" or stops pushing in. The chambers get bigger and blood coming back to the heart fills them.
When the heart muscle contracts (pushes in) it is called "systole". When the heart muscle relaxes (stops pushing in), this is called "diastole". Both atria do systole together. Both ventricles do systole together. But the atria do systole "before" the ventricles. Even though the "atrial systole" comes before "ventricular systole", all four chambers do diastole at the same time. This is called "cardiac diastole"
The order is: atrial systole -> ventricular systole -> cardiac diastole. When this happens one time, it is called a "cardiac cycle".
Electricity travels through the heart.
Systole (when the heart pushes in) happens because the muscle cells of the heart gets smaller in size. When they get smaller we also say they "contract". Electricity going through the heart makes the cells contract. The electricity starts in the "sino-atrial node" (acronym SAN.) The SAN is a group of cells in the right atria. These cells start an "electrical impulse". This electrical impulse through through atria making them contract. This motion is called 'atrial systole'. Once electrical impulse goes through the "atrio-ventricular node" (acronym AVN.) The AVN makes the impulse decrease. Going slower through the AVN making impulses get to the ventricles at a later time. That what makes the ventricular systole occur "after" atrial systole.
Once going through the AVN occurs, the electrical impulse goes through the "conduction system" of the ventricle. Conduction means heat or electricity traveling through something. This makes the electrical impulse travel to the ventricles. The first part of the conduction system is the "bundle of His". "His" derived from the doctor who discovered it. Bundle in this term means strings or wires grouped together in parallel. Once the bundle goes through the ventricle muscle it is separate from it. Afterwards the bundle of His divides into "bundle branches" that are from left to right. The left bundle branch travels to the left ventricle. The right bundle branch travels to the right ventricle. At the end of the bundle branches, the electrical impulse goes into the ventricular muscle. This is what makes ventricle contraction take place and makes ventricular systole.
SAN -> atria (systole) -> AVN -> bundle of His -> bundle branches – ventricles (systole)
ECG.
ECG is an acronym for ElectroCardioGram. It is also written EKG for ElectroKardioGram in German. The ECG shows what the electricity in the heart is doing. An EKG is done by putting electrodes on a person's skin. The electrodes see the electricity going through the heart. This is written on paper by a machine. This writing on the paper is the ECG.
Doctors learn about the person's heart by looking at the ECG. The ECG shows some diseases of the heart like heart attacks or problems with the "rhythm" of the heart (how the electricity goes through the heart's conduction system.)
The ECG shows atrial systole. This is called a P-wave. Then ventricular systole happens. This is called the QRS or QRS-complex. It is called a complex because there are three different waves in it. The Q-wave, R-wave, and S-wave. Then the ECG shows ventricular diastole. This is called the T-wave. Atrial diastole happens then too. But it is not seen separate from ventricular diastole.
The PR-Interval is the space between atrial systole (P) and ventricular systole (QRS). The QT-Interval is from when the QRS starts to when the T ends. The ST-segment is the space between the QRS and T.

Heart disease
Heart disease is a general term that means that the heart is not working normally.
Babies can be born with heart disease. This is called "congenital heart disease". If people get heart disease later, it is called "acquired heart disease". Most heart disease is acquired.
Heart disease is the biggest killer of both men and women in the United States. For example, heart disease causes 4 out of every 10 deaths in the United States, this is more than all kinds of cancer put together.
Congenital heart disease refers to a form of heart problem that starts before birth (congenital). Congenital heart disease includes a large number of conditions. The formation of the heart before birth is a very complex and is sometimes abnormal. For example if a part of the main artery that comes from the heart is narrowed that is called coarctation of the aorta. There may be holes inside the heart which keep the blood from flowing normally inside the heart.Other congenital heart problems are caused by abnormal heart valves. In some cases, congenital heart problems are discovered at birth, other times the problems may not be detected until the person is an adult.

North Dakota
North Dakota is one of the United States. 642,200 people lived in North Dakota in the year 2000. The capital and seat of government is Bismarck.
Where is North Dakota?
North Dakota is south of Manitoba and Saskatchewan, east of Montana, north of South Dakota, and west of Minnesota. Manitoba and Saskatchewan are provinces - part of Canada. Montana, South Dakota, and Minnesota are other states in the United States.
Weather.
North Dakota is not close to any big bodies of water (oceans or seas). Because of this, temperatures in North Dakota are "very" hot in the summer and "very" cold in the winter. In the summer, there are sometimes "strong" thunderstorms. These storms can have tornadoes and hail.
History.
Before European people came, Native American people lived in the area now called North Dakota. One important tribe was the Mandan.
North Dakota was one of the last US states to be "settled". (To have people go there to make homes and live.) On November 2, 1889, North Dakota (and South Dakota) became part of the United States.
Economy.
Most of the economy is based on agriculture. The most important agricultural crops are durum, a type of wheat, which is grown all across the state. In the Red River Valley, there is more rain, and maize (corn) and sugar beets are grown as well. In the Badlands, there is less rain, and more cattle are raised than crops.
North Dakota has the only bank in the United States that is "owned" by the state. The Bank of North Dakota is where all of the money from all government agencies is held. Most banks in the United States are guaranteed by the FDIC (acronym for Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.) The FDIC guarantees that people will not lose money if a bank fails. But the Bank of North Dakota is insured by the "state" of North Dakota.

LGBT
LGBT is an acronym. It means Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender.
So it can be written LGBTIQTS. Some people add Ally (someone not LGBT but who supports LGBT people.) Not everyone agrees what should be in the acronym.
This is a community. A community is a group of people who have something in common. It can also be referred to as the queer community.

Rainbow flag
The rainbow flag is a multi-colored flag consisting of stripes in the colors of the rainbow that is displayed in many cultures around the world as a sign of diversity and inclusiveness. The German pastor Thomas Müntzer used a rainbow flag as a symbol of solidarity as early as the German Peasants' War of the 16th century. It is common as a symbol of the Peace movement, first used this way in a peace march in Italy in 1961.
Meher Baba (1924).
In 1924 the Indian spiritual teacher Meher Baba designed a rainbow flag. It is flown each year near his tomb near Ahmednagar, India during the anniversary of his death on January 31, 1969. Baba explained the symbolism, saying, "The colors in the flag signify man's rise from the grossest of impressions of lust and anger – symbolized by red – to the culmination in the highest state of spirituality and oneness with God – symbolized by sky blue."
Cursillo (1944).
The rainbow is also a symbol in the Christian and Jewish Bible. It shows God's promise to Noah and his family to never cover the world in water again.
A Christian movement known as Cursillo, founded in 1944, uses these traditional rainbow symbols, including flags. Their version can have 5 to 7 colors, with red at the top, blue or purple at the bottom, and the Spanish words "De Colores!" ("of colors") in large letters on the front.
Peace movement (1961).
This rainbow flag in Italy was first used in a peace march in 1961, inspired by similar multi-coloured flags used in demonstrations against nuclear weapons. The most common variety has seven colours, purple, blue, light blue, green, yellow, orange and red, and is emblazoned in bold with the Italian word "PACE", meaning "peace".
Gay pride movement (1978).
Since 1978 the rainbow flag is also the symbol of the LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender) community. It is also called the 'Pride Flag.'
The flag was first used at a LGBT pride parade in San Francisco in 1978. The flag started with eight colors. The next year it was changed to six colors, so it could be easier to make.
The flag was first made by Gilbert Baker. It was to use instead of the Pink Triangle symbol used before. The pink triangle was used by Nazis to show who was homosexual. Homosexual people were sent to Concentration Camps in Nazi Germany. They made homosexual men wear a pink triangle. This was like the yellow Star of David that Jews had to wear to show who was Jewish. LGBT people were not ashamed of the pink triangle. But they wanted a symbol that was happier and more positive.
It used to have a pink stripe, which meant "sexuality", but was cut off because it was too expensive to get pink cloth.

Dualism
Dualism is the idea or theory that something (an object, an idea or the whole world) is split into two parts. These parts are separate from each other and the thing cannot be divided up into any other way. The idea or theory that something cannot be split into any parts is called monism. The idea that something can be split into many parts is called pluralism.
In Philosophy there are many kins of dualism.
Dualism is also a Common sense idea. For example it is a form of dualism to say that a thing is either hot or cold, good or bad, mine or somebody else's, with no allowance for possible states in between.

Vomit
Vomiting, also called puking, is emptying the contents of stomach through mouth. It can be either food or liquid in the stomach. It can be from infection, contaminated food or drink (food poisoning), foul smells or foul-tasting food, the brain being injured, a block in the small intestines so food and liquid cannot go through, too much alcohol or other drugs. Also, people can make themselves vomit (self-induced) which is called purging. Usually people who have eaten or drunk poison are made to vomit any residual poison off.

Ancient Greece
Ancient Greece was a large area where people spoke Greek. It was much bigger than the Greece we know today.
Early history.
In the 8th century BC the Greeks learned how to read and write. They learned about the alphabet from another ancient people, the Phoenicians. There was not one country but many little countries called "city states".
The number of Greeks grew and soon they could not grow enough food for all the people. When this happened, a city would send people off to start a new city. Because the terrain was rough, most travel was by the sea. For this reason, many new cities were established along the coastline. First new cities were started in Anatolia and then in the Black sea, in Cyprus, in southern Italy and in Sicily, by the sea in what today is Libya. They even started a city, Naucratis, on the river Nile in Egypt. The cities of today, Syracuse, Naples, Marseilles, and Istanbul started as the Greek cities Syracusa, Neapolis, Massilia and Byzantium.
By the 6th century some cities became much more important than the others. They were Corinth, Thebes, Sparta, and Athens.
The Spartans were very good soldiers. They defeated the people who lived near them and those people had to farm the land for the Spartans. These people called helots had to give the Spartans part of the food they grew and so the Spartans didn't have to work. Instead, they learned how to be better soldiers. There were not many Spartans but there were many helots. "What if the helots rebel?", thought the Spartans. They were afraid of that. To stop the helots rebelling they sometimes did bad things to the helots. The Spartans wanted the helots to be afraid of them so that the helots would not rebel and fight to be free. The Spartans had two kings who led them in war. They were also ruled by a group of old men called the Gerousia.
Athens became a democracy in 510 BC. The men came to a place in the center of the city and decided what to do. It was the first place in the world where the people decided what their country should do. They would talk and then vote on what to do. But the women didn't vote. They didn't have helots like Sparta but they had slaves. These slaves were owned by their master and could be sold to someone else. The Athenian slaves were less free than the Spartan helots but the Athenians were not afraid of their slaves so they were nicer to their slaves. Every year, they elected 8 generals who led them in war.
Greco-Persian Wars.
In 499 BC, the Greek cities in Anatolia rebelled. They didn't want Persia to rule them anymore. Athens sent 20 ships to fight the Persians on the sea. The Greeks in Anatolia were defeated. The Persian King, Darius decided to punish Athens. He sent soldiers and ships to fight Athens. Athens asked for help from Sparta. Sparta wanted to help but couldn't. Athens sent her soldiers against the Persian soldiers and at the Battle of Marathon (in 490 BC) they defeated the Persians. Then the help from Sparta came.
Unfortunately for Leonidas, after a couple of days, a medizing traitor named Ephialtes led the Persians around the pass behind the Greek army. The name of Ephialtes' path behind the pass at Thermopylae (which means "hot gates") is Anopaea (or Anopaia); its exact location is debated.
Leonidas sent away most of the amassed troops.
On the third day, Leonidas led his 300 Spartan hoplites (elite troops selected because they had living sons back home) plus the allied Thespians and Thebans against Xerxes and his army of "100,000 Immortals." The Spartan-led forces fought this unstoppable Persian force to their deaths in order to block the pass long enough to keep Xerxes and his army occupied while the rest of the Greek army escaped.
According to Cartledge, the Spartan Dieneces was so virtuous (aristeia relates to virtue and to the reward given the most honored soldier, which in this battle was Dieneces) that when he was told that there were so many Persian archers that the sky would grow dark with the flying missiles, his laconic reply was: "So much the better -- we shall fight them in the shade." Spartan boys were trained in night raids, so although this was a show of bravery, there was more to it.
After Thermopylae many Greeks wanted to go south to the Peloponnese. Because of the sea the way into the Peloponnese is very narrow. Many wanted to fight the Persians where it is very narrow, by the city of Corinth. Athens was north of Corinth and she had many ships. Athens' leader Themistocles wanted to fight the Persians by the island of Salamis. Xerxes decided to send his fleet against the Greek fleet before the Greek ships could go to the Peloponnese and the Greek fleet defeated the Persians. Xerxes then went home with many of his soldiers but a Persian army stayed in Greece. This army was defeated at the Battle of Platea in 479 BC.
Athens against Sparta.
After the Persians were defeated at Platea, the Spartans did very little. However Persia sent its ships across the sea to help Greek cities in Anatolia fight for their freedom. Athens asked the Greek cities on the islands in the Aegean and in Anatolia to join her. These cities agreed because they were afraid of Persia. These cities formed the Delian League and Athens was their leader. Many of the cities had to pay Athens money. Athens used the money to build many ships. Sparta was still strong on land, but Athens was stronger on the sea. Several times there was war between Athens and Sparta. Then Athens decided to send many ships to Sicily to fight against the city Syracuse. Sparta sent help to Syracuse, and Athens was defeated. None of the Athenian ships came back. Now Sparta decided to build ships to fight Athens. It took a long time for Sparta to defeat Athens but then at the Battle of Aegospotami the Spartans destroyed most of Athens's ships. The Athenians used a highly advanced type of ship known only as triremes. These highly advanced battle craft were equipped with sophisticated combat systems, and were propelled by an armada of extremely buff men. On the front of the trireme was a large bronze ram. The trireme would row itself at an enemy boat very fast, and ram a hole into its hull. This was the most effective way for the trireme to destroy other boats. Sometimes, the soldiers (called hoplites) on the trireme would board the ship and keep it for their own.

Malaria
Malaria is an infectious disease. It is caused by parasites. People catch malaria when the parasite enters the blood. A parasite is an organism that lives off of another organism called a "host". A parasite takes from the host organism, but does not help it. Instead, it usually harms the host.
The parasite that causes malaria is a protozoan called "Plasmodium". Protozoa are organisms with only one cell, but they are not bacteria. Bacteria are smaller and simpler than protozoa.
"P. vivax" and "P. falciparum" cause the most malaria in people. "Falciparum" malaria is the worst kind, and kills the most people.
People usually get malaria from the Anopheles mosquitoes. The "Plasmodium" goes into people by mosquitoes bites. The "Plasmodium" is in the mosquito's saliva. (Saliva is moisture, or spit, made in the mouth.) The mosquito's saliva carries the "Plasmodium" into the person. The person is then infected with "Plasmodium". This makes the person have the disease malaria.
The kind of mosquito that carries malaria is the "anopheles" mosquito. Only the female mosquito gives people malaria, because only the female mosquito bites.
Some people do not get malaria from mosquitoes. A baby can get it while inside its mother. This is called "maternal-fetal transmission". People can also get malaria from a blood transfusion. This is when someone gives blood to another person. Another way people can catch malaria is by using a needle that someone with the disease used before them.
How "Plasmodium" lives in people.
When "Plasmodium" enter the blood, they are called "sporozoites". Sporozoites go to the liver, where they make many more sporozoites. Then they change into a different form of "Plasmodium". This form is the "merozoite". The merozoites go into the red blood cells, then they make many more merozoites.
The merozoites break out of the red blood cells again and again. When they do this, the person gets very sick, and shows symptoms of malaria. This happens every few days, and is called a paroxysm.
"P. vivax" and "P. ovale" can live in the liver for a long time. A person can look well, but still have the "Plasmodium" in the liver. This is called a "dormant phase". Weeks or months later, the "Plasmodium" can leave the liver to the blood, and the person will get sick again. pooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooopyyy
"P. falciparum" is the most dangerous type of malaria. It makes people sicker than those with other types of malaria, because there are more of them in the blood. Also, with "falciparum" malaria, the red blood cells are sticky. This makes the red blood cells block blood vessels. If blood vessels are blocked, this can hurt what the blood vessel brings blood to, and can hurt people's organs.
Who is affected by malaria.
Pregnant women and children are hurt most by malaria. When they get malaria, they get sicker.
Every year, 300 to 700 million people get malaria. It kills 1 million to 2 million people every year. The biggest problem is in Africa. 90% of the people who die from malaria are there. Most of the people who die from malaria are children. In Africa, 20% of children under five die from malaria. Even if children do not die, many have brain damage.
"Most" of these deaths could be stopped with medicine or with ways to stop mosquitoes. UNICEF says: the medicine that costs the most for malaria is only $2.40 to help one adult. But many of the places malaria may be found are in poor countries. These countries do not have enough money to stop the mosquitoes, or to give people medicine.
Symptoms of malaria.
Symptoms are changes in someone's body that are signs for a disease. Most people who get malaria get symptoms 10–30 days after they get infected (the "Plasmodium" gets in their blood.) But some people can get symptoms after only a week, and some may be infected with malaria and not have symptoms for a year.
The most common symptom of malaria is fever, when the body temperature is high. The fever from malaria usually comes very suddenly. The people who have Malaria often feel like they had influenza.
Complications from malaria.
Complications are problems that happen because of a disease.
Pregnant women and young children have more complications. People who get malaria for the first time have more complications. "Falciparum" malaria has the most complications.
How doctors tell if someone has malaria.
In places where malaria is, there may not be good medical care. People may "diagnose" malaria just by people having symptoms. Diagnose means to learn if a person has a disease. Doctors diagnose people sometimes just by symptoms. This is called a "clinical diagnosis". Doctors also use tests to see if people have a disease.
If a person has symptoms and is in a place where there is malaria, they might have malaria. To see if they have malaria, doctors may do a blood test. This test is called a "Giemsa blood smear". Blood is put on a slide which is a thin piece of glass. The "Giemsa" stain is put on the slide. This stain helps doctors see the malaria. Then they look at the slide under a microscope. The "Plasmodium" is seen in the red blood cells.
Sometimes the blood smear will not show "Plasmodium" even if the person has malaria. This can be because the stain was not good. It can also be because the microscope was not good. Or it can be because the person looking in the microscope did not know what "Plasmodium" look like.
There are other tests to diagnose malaria. These are more expensive. People do not use them as much. Sometimes people test to see if the "Plasmodium" is resistant to medicines to treat malaria. Resistance means the medicine cannot hurt the "Plasmodium". This means that taking the medicine will not cure someone with malaria, because it will not kill the "Plasmodium".
How to treat malaria.
People with different kinds of malaria need different medicines. The medicine that works for one kind of malaria may not for another kind. So it is very important to know which "species" of "Plasmodium" the person has.
If the species is not known, the person should be given medicine and care like they have "falciparum" malaria - the worst kind.
It is also important to know "where" the person got malaria. "Plasmodium" in some places are resistant to some medicines. So the medicines to treat malaria in Africa are different from the medicines to treat malaria from South America.
It is important for doctors to learn about malaria treatment. Resistance to medicines changes. Places where there was no resistance can get resistant malaria. So doctors need to know when this changes. If a doctor treats a person with malaria, he should know what places in the world have resistant malaria. If he has not treated a person in a long time, he should check before treating people.
Treatment of malaria other than falciparum.
Everywhere except New Guinea, the treatment is the same. In New Guinea most "P. vivax" is resistant to chloroquine. It can be treated with quinine, but this medicine can make people sick. Everywhere else, non-falciparum malaria is treated with chloroquine.
Chloroquine kills the "Plasmodium" in the blood. But the "Plasmodium" in the liver is not killed by chloroquine. "P. vivax" and "P. ovale" both stay in the liver a "long" time. This is the "dormant phase". Another medicine must be given with chloroquine for "P. vivax" and "P. ovale". This is to kill the "Plasmodium" in the liver. If this other medicine is not given, malaria can come back after months. It can even come back five years later.
The medicine used to kill malaria in the liver is "primaquine". In southeast Asia, some "P. vivax" is resistant to primaquine. Most other places, primaquine works very well.
Some people get very sick from primaquine. Some people do not make enough of an enzyme in the blood. This enzyme is called Glucose-6-Phosphate-Dehydrogenase (Acronym G6PD). People who do not have enough have a disease called G6PD deficiency (or favism). People with G6PD-deficiency get very "very" sick if they take primaquine. It makes their red blood cells all die. This can even kill them. So people have to be tested to see if they have G6PD-deficiency before they take primaquine.
Medicines to kill "P. vivax" and "P. ovale" in the liver are not safe for pregnant women. So a pregnant woman must usually take chloroquine until she has her baby.
Treatment of falciparum malaria.
"Falciparum" is the worst kind of malaria. Most people who die from malaria have "falciparum".
Even people who are treated with medicines at home should stay with the doctors for 8 hours. This is to make sure they do not get sicker. It also makes sure they can take the medicines by mouth.
"Falciparum" malaria also has more resistance to medicines. This makes it much harder to treat. "Falciparum" malaria is always treated with two or more medicines. Doctors choose the medicines by where in the world the person got malaria. Different places have "P. falciparum" that is resistant to different medicines.
The most important resistance is chloroquine-resistance. In some places in the world, "P. falciparum" is killed by chloroquine. In some places it is chloroquine-resistant. This means chloroquine does not kill it. In these places quinine can be used.
If people are very sick and cannot swallow medicines, they get "intravenous" (acronym IV) medicine. Intravenous means given into a vein. The IV medicine used for very bad chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria is quinine. If people got malaria in a place with no chloroquine-resistance other medicines can be used. But sometimes doctors still use IV quinine. This is to be very certain they will kill the "P. falciparum".
Quinine is also taken by mouth.
How to prevent malaria.
The best way to treat malaria is to not get it!
Control mosquitoes.
"Vector control" is one way to stop malaria. Vector means an organism that carries an infectious disease to another organism. For malaria, the vector is the anopheles mosquito. It carries "Plasmodium" to people.
There are many ways to conduct a good "vector control". The best ways are different in different places. This depends on the environment. It also depends on how much malaria is in the place. So the "best" way to do vector control in the United States is different than the "best" way to do vector control in South Africa.
The most used method of vector control is pesticides. These are chemicals that kill the mosquito. The first pesticide used for vector control was DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane.) DDT was first used in World War II.
DDT worked very well for vector control. It killed mosquitoes. It did not make people very sick at the time it was used. It did not cost very much money. Other chemicals for vector control had not been invented yet.
Scientists also worried that DDT was making people and animals sick. Scientists think it might cause hormones to not work right. It might also make people and animals have trouble reproducing (getting pregnant and making babies.) It killed a lot of wildlife too.
They learned that DDT stays in the environment for a long time. They learned also that DDT used in one place may go all over the world. DDT used in Africa may go to Europe. So people are worried that DDT used today will stay in the world for a long time. This is why DDT is not allowed to be used in farming anymore.
For these reasons, people mostly use other chemicals for vector control. "Organophosphate" or "carbamate" pesticides are used, like "malathion" or "bendiocarb". These cost more money than DDT. And there are ways to control malaria that don't use chemicals at all.
Vector control is not the only way to stop malaria. And DDT is not the only chemical that can be used for vector control. The best way to stop malaria is to use a combination of methods. In some places, DDT may be a useful part of a program to stop malaria. This is why DDT is still allowed to be used for controlling malaria.
Keeping mosquitoes from biting.
The mosquito that carries malaria comes more at dawn (when the sun comes up) and dusk (when the sun goes down.) Be most careful at these times.
Wear long pants and shirts with long sleeves.
Wear mosquitoes repellent (this is a chemical that mosquitoes do not like, so they do not bite.) Mosquitoes will bite through thin cloth. So repellent should be used on skin "and clothes".
Pesticides can be used in rooms to kill mosquitoes.
When sleeping outside, people use a mosquito net. This is made from cloth that air can go through but keeps mosquitoes out. It is put over a bed where people sleep to keep mosquitoes out. Sometimes people also use it when they are not sleeping. It is best to use mosquito nets that have been treated with Permethrin, which repels and kills mosquitoes.
Taking medicine to not get sick.
People can take medicine when they are in a place where there is malaria. This medicine makes them get malaria less. This is called "prophylaxis".
Some people take prophylactic medicines for years. Many people in areas where there is malaria do not have the money to buy this medicine.
People who live where there is no malaria usually have "not" had malaria. The first case malaria is usually much worse. So people from places where there is no malaria may take prophylactic medicines when they go to places where there is malaria.
The kind of prophylactic medicines people take depends on where they are. This is because not all medicines work on the malaria in every place. Some "Plasmodium" are resistant. Even if the right medicine is used, it does not always work. Sometimes people get malaria even if they take prophylaxis. Sometimes this is because people do not take the medicine the right way. But even if it is taken right, it does not always work.
To make them work best, prophylactic medicines have to be taken the right way. The medicine should start "before" going to an area with malaria. Most medicines should be taken for 4 weeks after coming home. One medicine (Malarone) only needs to be used for "one" week after coming home.

Blood vessel
A blood vessel is a tube that carries blood. Blood vessels that take blood away from the heart are arteries. Blood vessels that take blood to the heart are veins. Capillaries go between veins and arteries and they supply tissue with blood and oxygen.
The heart plus all of the blood vessels in the body together are called the circulatory system

Jana Gana Mana
Jana Gana Mana (Thou Art the Ruler of the Minds of All People) is the national anthem of India. Rabindranath Tagore wrote the song. He is a bengal poet, who wrote many plays also. The song's original version is in the Bengali language, but the Hindi language version is much more widespread in India because Hindi is India's official language.
The Hindi lyrics are transliterated below.

Circulatory system
The circulatory system is the body system that brings blood to the body. The heart and all blood vessels make up the circulatory system.
Blood vessels that take blood away from the heart are arteries. Arteries get smaller as they go away from the heart. When arteries get very small, they are called "arterioles".
Blood vessels that take blood toward the heart are veins. The smallest veins are called venules. Veins get bigger as they go toward the heart.
Capillaries go between arteries and veins.
So blood moves: heart->artery->arteriole->capillary->venule->vein->heart. This is called circulation. There are two different "circulations" in the circulatory system. The "systemic circulation" is how blood goes to most of the body. The "pulmonary circulation" is how blood goes through the lungs. (Pulmonary means about the lungs.)
Systemic circulation.
Blood that comes from the left side of the heart is full of oxygen and nutrients. Nutrients are substances that your body needs to live, like protein, fat, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals. This blood brings the oxygen and nutrients to your body.
This blood in "systemic" arteries that is full of oxygen and nutrients is "systemic arterial blood". It is sometimes just called "arterial blood".
The biggest systemic artery in the body is the aorta. This is the large blood vessel that comes out of the heart. Smaller arteries branch off from the aorta. These arteries have smaller arteries that branch off from them. The smallest arteries turn into arterioles.
The smallest blood vessels are capillaries. Systemic arterioles turn into capillaries. The blood from arterioles goes into the capillaries. There oxygen and nutrients go out of the blood into the tissue around the capillaries. The blood also picks up carbon dioxide and waste from the tissue. The network of capillaries that brings blood to an area is called a "capillary bed".
On the other end of the capillary, it turns into a venule. Venules are the smallest veins. Veins take blood back to the heart. As veins go back to the heart, they get bigger. The biggest systemic veins in the body are the vena cava. There are two vena cava. The "inferior vena cava" takes blood from the lower part of the body to the right side of the heart. (In medicine, inferior means below.) The "superior vena cava" takes blood from the upper part of the body to the heart. (In medicine, superior means above.)
Pulmonary circulation.
This same movement of blood happens in the "pulmonary circulation".
The blood that the vena cavae takes to the heart is full of carbon dioxide. It has much less oxygen than (systemic) arterial blood. The right side of the heart pushes the venous blood into the pulmonary artery. The pulmonary artery takes blood to the lungs. In the lungs, the blood goes through the "pulmonary capillary bed". (The capillaries that are in the lungs.) Here it gets more oxygen. It also drops off carbon dioxide. (This is the opposite of what happens in capillary beds in the rest of the body. In the systemic circulation blood drops off oxygen and picks up carbon dioxide.)
After the pulmonary capillary bed, the blood goes to the pulmonary veins. This "pulmonary venous blood" now is full of oxygen. The pulmonary veins take blood to the left side of the heart. Then the blood goes to the systemic circulation again.

Pink triangle
The pink triangle is one of the two big symbols of the LGBT community. The other is the rainbow flag.
The pink triangle was first used in Nazi Germany to mark homosexual prisoners. There was also a "black triangle" that marked "anti-social women". Many but not all of these women were lesbians. Jews wore the famous yellow star of David. If a prisoner was both Jewish and gay, he would wear a yellow triangle.
Homosexuality was illegal in Nazi Germany under a law called "Paragraph 175", which made it a felony (a "very serious" crime). About 100,000 people were arrested, with about 50,000 sent to prison. Some were sent to mental hospitals. Some were castrated (had their testicles removed). Some homosexual men were also sent to concentration camps, especially Jewish homosexuals. Between 15,000 and 600,000 homosexual men were sent to concentration camps. Most of them died there. We are not sure of the real number. Prisoners who were Jewish and homosexual may not have been counted as homosexual.
Homosexual prisoners were treated worse than other prisoners. Their death rates were higher than other "anti-social" groups. One story by a gay man who lived in a concentration camp shows how it was. Pierre Seel was sent to the Schirmeck concentration camp. The Nazis said a public execution would happen. A man was brought out. Seel saw that the man was his 18 year old lover. The Nazis took all the clothes of Seel's lover and put a bucket over his head. Then Seel had to watch as the Nazis let German Shepherds (dogs) maul his lover to death.
After World War II, homosexual men were still not treated well in Germany. The law continued. It was used to hurt homosexuals and to put them in prison. Many spent years in prison.
The pink triangle observes the memory of the homosexual people who died in the Holocaust. It is important not to ignore these deaths. The killing of homosexuals and that this still happened after WWII is the "secret" story of the Holocaust. Using the pink triangle symbol puts these victims in the public view. It is in respect for those who died.

Chat room
A chat room is a virtual place on the Internet where people can get together and "talk". People use programs like IRC to join a chat room and type messages or send pictures to other people. There are also other programms called instant messaging to stay in contact with friends and other people.

Alan Wake
"Alan Wake" is a video game made by Remedy Entertainment. It is a "thriller" game and was voted best game of E3 in 2005. The graphics are very good. There is no release date yet. There will be an Xbox 360 and computer version.

Devil May Cry 4
"Devil May Cry 4" is the latest video game in the series of "Devil May Cry". It was released on the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 on February 5 2008. Before to this game, all "Devil May Cry" games had only been released on the PlayStation video game consoles. This one was the first game to be relased on the Xbox as well as The PlayStation. In January, gamers could download a demo at the Playstation Store and Xbox Live Marketplace.
One big difference in this game is that Dante is no longer the main character. A new character named Nero is the new hero. Lady and Trish from older games return in this game. This game has more new characters, such as Kyrie, Credo, Agnus, Gloria, and Sanctus and new demons and bosses for the player to fight.
This game is just like the first games. It follows the usual "Devil May Cry" gameplay using a variety of melee and long-range weapons

50 Cent
50 Cent (also known as "Fiddy", "Fitty" or "Fifty") is an African American rap singer. He was born in Queens, New York on July 6 1975. "50 Cent" is his public name, but he was born Curtis Jackson. Growing up, he never knew his father. His mother was murdered when he was just 8 years old. He grew up mostly in a neighborhood called STP. He learned how to play basketball and football. He got shot nine times in STP.
Career.
50 Cent burst onto the rap music scene in 2001, with his debut single "Wanksta". Since then, he has sold millions of records. His debut album, "Get Rich Or Die Tryin'" broke music records and went multi-platinum. In the summer of 2005, 50 Cent had a fight (or "beef") with The Game, a rapper in his G-Unit group. After this,The Game left G-Unit, and made some mean songs about 50 Cent. 50 Cent answered with songs like "Mr. Potato Head" and "300 shots" featuring G-Unit. It is widely thought that G-Unit won the beef. 50 Cent was also the first to sign onto a joint effort between Eminem's Shady Records and Dr. Dre's Aftermath Entertainment.

Subject (school)
Subjects are the parts into which learning can be divided. At school, each lesson usually covers one subject only.

Learning English
Learning English is what people do when they want to learn how to speak and listen to the English language. People who want to learn English usually also learn to read and write at the same time.
A lot of people learn English at school, where English is a common subject.
A lot of people also want to spend their own personal time to learn English. They might know no English when they start, or they might have learnt some English at school.
Institutional learning.
Many people join lessons like school lessons but at learning centres where any people can go, no matter their age. In such a centre they will join a class fitting their existing level of learning of English, so that they will be in a group for the teacher to help them learn.
An example of this type of learning is at the classes by the British Council. is their website.
Individual learning.
Other people try to learn English on their own, or in a less formal setting than in a group of people with a teacher.
People might meet with others who are trying to learn English, in order to practice their standard of English when speaking.
People can also listen to radio broadcasts in English, or watch television programmes in English to help them improve their listening ability. A popular channel to listen to the radio on is broadcast by the BBC, called the.
People can also study English by reading books, or listening to English courses on recorded CDs or cassettes.
Online learning.
A popular way to learn English in the modern world is to make use of the internet where there are many websites that can help learners. The BBC World Service has a free website for people who are learning English as a second or foreign language called.
There are many online community forums such as, where many people meet to learn English. Questions are answered quickly even with help from volunteer teachers from all over the world.

Ethical tradition
An ethical tradition is a group of things that one group of people think are right and wrong. People believe that these things are right and wrong because other people think that way and they have thought that way for a long time.
An ethical tradition can be like a set of laws because most people agree with it and only do what it says is right. However an ethical tradition is not normally written down and is not enforced by a police force.
The branch of philosophy called ethics is not the same as an ethical tradition. This is because ethics is about asking questions and not just thinking what other people think. However some ethical philosophers want to know why people follow ethical traditions. They also want to know what ethical traditions are the same for different groups of people. This type of ethics is sometimes called the science of morals.

Dildo
A Dildo is a sex toy which a woman may put into her vagina or anus, or a man may put into his anus. Different objects may be inserted to produce arousal in the woman to the point of an orgasm. Sometimes dildos are shaped differently to provide better stimulation. Some dildos vibrate for extra pleasure; they are called vibrators.

Bioinformatics
Bioinformatics is the study of big amounts of biological information. Mostly focusing on molecules like DNA. It is done mostly with the help of computers.
The process.
Anything a cell could possibly want is stored in its DNA. When a cell wants to build a protein, it finds the appropriate piece of DNA, unravels it, and uses it to make the protein.
Proteins are made from "amino acids". There are twenty amino acids in each protein molecule. Proteins are the 'machinery' of a cell. They can perform many functions like transportation, structural support, movement and metabolism.
The principle of bioinformatics is that everything making up these molecules can be studied by studying the DNA in it and therefore find out more about how it work.
Computers in bioinformatics.
Chemists have developed ways for understanding the shape and behavior of small molecules, using mathematical analysis. They might use computers (or even just a pencil and paper) to study these molecules.
Biochemists today are trying to answer these questions about every single cell in the body.

Economy of India
The economy of India is the 12th largest in the world with a GDP (a year's goods and services) of $568 billion (U.S.). If you consider PPP (how much that money can buy in India compared to other countries), the economy is fourth largest (worth $3.319 trillion U.S.). The growth rate is 6.2%. However, that is still only $3100 (considering PPP) per person per year.
India's economy includes agriculture, handicrafts, industries, and a lot of services. Services are the main source of economic growth in India today, though two-thirds of Indian people earn their living directly or indirectly through agriculture. In recent times, due to its large number of well-educated people who can speak English, India sells a lot of computer programs to other countries.
For most of India's independent history, it had strict government controls in many areas such as telecommunications (communication over long distances), banking and foreign direct investment. Since the early 1990s, India has slowly opened up its markets by reducing government control on foreign trade and investment.
The social and economic problems India faces are the increasing population, poverty, lack of infrastructure (buildings, roads, etc.) and growing unemployment. Although poverty has gone down 10% since the 1980s, a quarter of India's citizens still cannot pay for enough food.

Testicle
Testicles are body parts that are found on the bodies of male creatures. Male mammals, including men, have two testicles. They are in a sack of skin below the penis. The sack of skin is called the scrotum. Along with the penis, testicles are called reproductory organs or "sex organs". Only males have testicles; females have ovaries instead.
Testicles are a type of organ called glands. Like other glands, testicles make "chemical substances" that keep a body working. The chemical substances made by testicles are called hormones. Testicles also make sperm which can join with ova to make new life. (Read more about this in "What do testicles do?")
Most glands, like women's ovaries, are inside the body, but testicles are outside the main part of the body. This is because the testicles work better if they are cooler than the inside part of the body. In cold weather, testicles pull up nearer to the body to keep warm.
Description of testicles.
Human males (and other male mammals) usually have two testicles in their scrotum. The testicles are firm, oval-shaped glands. Most men have testicles that match in size, but some men's testicles are much larger or smaller than other men's. It is normal for an adult man to have testicles that are between 14 cm³ to 35 cm³ in size.
Nearly all men have one testicle that hangs lower than the other one. Scientists think this may be so that they don't hit against each other. It can be either the left or the right that hangs lower, but in 85% of men, it is the left one.
The testicles hang in the scrotum by the spermatic cord. They are outside the body because they need to be cooler than the temperature inside the body, in order to make sperm. If a man's testicles get cold, they are automatically pulled closer to the body. The "spermatic" cord is tightened by the cremasteric muscle. When this muscle "contracts" (pulls tighter), the cord gets shorter, which pulls the testicles closer to the body. If the testicles are too warm, the cremasteric muscle "relaxes" (gets longer.) This lowers the testicles to keep them cooler. This is how the testicles are kept at the right temperature. This is called the "cremasteric reflex". (A reflex is something your body "automatically" does without you thinking about it.)
There are other uses for the "cremasteric reflex" apart from making the testicles the right temperature. Stress can also make the "cremasteric reflex" work. If a male human or mammal gets into a fight, then its testicles are in danger. They automatically pull up close to the body. The "cremasteric reflex" also happens during sexual intercourse.
Function of testicles.
Testicles have two important jobs in the body. They are part of two of the body's systems, the endocrine system which keeps the body working, and the reproductive system which makes new life.
Testicles are a type of organ called glands. (This makes them part of the body's "endocrine system".) The human body has many types of glands. The job of glands within a body is to make "chemical substances", and put them out into the body's system. A body has lots of different systems that keep it in good working order all the time, and that also provide for a body's special needs. Some of the body's special needs happen when a person gets angry, frightened or sick, or if the person wants to have sexual intercourse. At these times a body uses more of some types of "chemical substance", so the glands that make them work harder.
Testicles make several types of chemical substances. They are not simple chemicals, but are very complicated and very important to life. Making these substances is controlled by the pituitary gland which is a small gland in the brain.
One substance made by the testicles is a type of substance known as a hormone. It is the hormone testosterone. Testosterone is important in a male person's body, because it makes him grow into a man and feel like a man during puberty. (Women's bodies make some testosterone too, but they make more female hormone called estrogen.)
As well as being chemical-producing glands, testicles are gonads. (This makes them part of the body's "reproductive system".) Apart from "hormones", the other important substances made by the testicles are spermatozoa, which are generally just called sperm. (The word "sperm" is plural, so you don't add a "s" and say "sperms".) The "sperm" are tiny living cells which can join with another cell, called an "ovum" (or egg) inside a female, to start a new human life. Scientists call making sperm "spermatogenesis". Boys begin making sperm when they start growing into men, at a time of life called puberty.
Women do not have testicles. The glands in their bodies that do the same sort of jobs as testicles are called ovaries. Women have two ovaries, but unlike testicles, ovaries are inside the body, on either side of the uterus. They make "ova" (or eggs) and "female hormones". Ovaries and testicles are sometimes called "gonads".
Testicle size.
Studying animals can help in understanding things about people. In mammals, testicles can be very big or very small in relation to the size of the animal itself. The size has to do with the amount of sperm that the male animal needs to make. Some types of male animal generally only have one sexual partner at a time and are called monogamous. Some types of animals generally live in a herd or flock where one male will have many female sexual partners. These males are called polygamous. More sperm is needed by "polygamous" males than by "monogamous" males. "Polygamous" males generally have larger testicles than "monogamous" males. The testicles grow larger to make more sperm.
Sometimes the size of a man's testicles changes.
Illness of the testicles.
Most boys are born with two testicles in the scrotum. The testicles have formed inside the baby's body, but moved into the scrotum before the birth. Sometimes one or both the testicles are still inside when the baby is born. Sometimes an operation is needed to fix this.
If a testicle is injured, it is extremely painful. Sometimes testicles get crushed. Sometimes it is necessary for a doctor to remove one or both the testicles. This operation is called an orchidectomy. If a man loses a testicle, a doctor can put a "testicular prosthesis" (false testicle) into the scrotum. It looks and feels like a testicle. If a man loses one testicle, his remaining testicle may grow larger to produce more sperm and hormones.
If a male loses both his testicles it called castration. Because the man cannot produce sperm or testosterone, it has a big effect on the man's life. Because he cannot make sperm, he cannot have a children. And because he cannot make the male hormone testosterone, he becomes less like a male. He may lose some of his muscles, and put on weight. A man who has lost his testicles may take testosterone medicine so that he doesn't have these changes.
Until the 1700s in Europe, and more recently in some countries, there was a custom to castrate young male slaves and boys. Young slaves were castrated so that they could be used as guards over the wives of rich men. It meant that the wives would not fall in love with their guards. Sometimes young boys who had beautiful singing voices were castrated before puberty. This meant that their voices would stay high all their lives. These singing men were called castrati.
It is very common to castrate (remove the testicles from) male domestic animals. Male dogs and cats that are castrated do not fight so much, and do not stray around looking for females to "mate" with (have sex with).
Male horses are usually castrated so that they become more calm and safer to ride. A castrated male horse is called a gelding. A male horse that is not castrated is a stallion.
Male animals that are used for meat are generally castrated because it makes them fatter and also makes them quieter to keep because they do not fight each other. Most male cattle are castrated.
Other names for testicles.
Testicles can also be called "testes" or "gonads".

The Screwtape Letters
"The Screwtape Letters" is a book written by author and Christian scholar C. S. Lewis. It appeared in installments in The Guardian newspaper and was later published as a book in 1942. It is a series of letters written by a devil named Screwtape to his apprentice and nephew Wormwood. In the letters, Screwtape tries to instruct Wormwood on tempting a man to sin, the man has become a Christian, which makes the situation worse.

Multiplayer
Multiplayer is a term for games, usually video games, meaning more than one person can play it. Popularized by next generation gaming systems like Nintendo 64 that allowed four joysticks to be plugged into a home console unit for head-to-head play, competitive, or cooperative play.

Weird Al Yankovic
Alfred Matthew "Weird Al" Yankovic is a parody musician singer, songwriter and comedian. He is known mainly for his parodies of popular songs. Yankovic was born in Lynwood, California, USA on October 23, 1959. He started playing accordion when he was 7 years old, which is what he plays most of the time. He has also starred in a movie called "UHF" (1989) and briefly had a children's show, "The Weird Al Show". He has made parodies of songs such as American Pie (his ever popular The Saga Begins), Ridin' (White and Nerdy) and Gangster's Paradise (Amish Paradise).
He also has a band to help him perform his songs. His band members are: Jim West, who plays the guitar, Steve Jay, who plays the bass, Rubén Valtierra, who plays the piano, and Jon "Bermuda" Schwartz, who plays the drums.

Supertramp
Supertramp was a British rock group. They were created and managed by a Dutch millionare and were very popular in the 1970s. The members of Supertramp included Rick Davies and Roger Hodgson, who wrote most of the songs. The band's best-known songs include "Dreamer", "Give a Little Bit", "The Logical Song", "Take the Long Way Home", and "It's Raining Again".

New Mexico
New Mexico is a state in the United States of America. It is considered part of the American Southwest and is bordered by Texas to the east, Oklahoma to the northeast, Colorado to the north, and Arizona to the west. The northwest corner of the state also touches Utah. This area is know as the Four Corners because four states meet there. The state is called Land of Enchantment / Tierra del Encanto
New Mexico became a state on January 6, 1912 and became the 47th state accepted into the United States. The state capital is Santa Fe. New Mexico's population is 1,819,046 and most of the people live in the biggest city, Albuquerque.
Interesting Places To Visit.
New Mexico is home to 18 Indian tribes, across the state.
Old Indian ruins, such as Chaco Canyon and Bandelier,were home to thousands of
Native Americans hundreds and thousands of years ago.
The first nuclear weapon otherwise know as the atomic bomb was teated at Trinity test site at White Sands in southern New Mexico. 275 square miles are covered in white gypsum sand.
The Kasha-Katuwe Tent Rocks National Park has large rocks made of pumice and tuff. The rocks are shaped like teepees and have a large rock, a "hat" that sits on top.
Roswell New Mexico is home to the yearly UFO festival.
Albuquerque hosts a Balloon Fiesta every year. Nearly 1 million people visit with over a thousand balloons participating. About 50 states and 20 countries come to Albuquerque for this event. Albuquerque is home to the Sandia Mountains and a 2.7 mile long tramway, the world's longest tramway.
The Gila National Forest is 3.3 million acres of wilderness open for camping, hiking and fishing.
Carlsbad Caverns is also one of the most famous places in New Mexico. It has beautiful rock sculptures and is known around the world for its amazing sights.

Sting
Gordon Matthew Thomas Sumner, better known as Sting, (born October 2, 1951) is an English singer and musician. He first became famous as a member of the band, The Police.

Starbucks
Starbucks is a chain of stores that sell coffee. A chain is many stores owned by the same company. They look the same, have the same name, and sell the same items, usually but not always at the same prices.
Starbucks started in Seattle, Washington in the United States in the early 1970s. There are over 15,756 Starbucks stores all over the world. Most of these stores are in the United States. Most cities in the United States have one. Some cities have many. They also sell different teas and ice creams.
They serve what many people think is the best coffee ever. They pay "living wage" prices for their ingredients (not leaving the coffee plant growers barely breaking even).

Frasier
Frasier is an American sitcom starring Kelsey Grammar. The series aired from 1993-2004. It was a spin-off from "Cheers". Story based upon the intellectual, mild mannered psychiatrist and his life. Revolving around his personal life and hilarious interpersonal interactions with his Father (Martin Crane) (Ex Cop with a walking impediment), His eccentric brother Niles who is also a shrink, His father's attractive English health care worker Daphne Moon,&, A host of folks he regularly runs into / works with at the Radio Station (including his producer Roz Doyle) where he hosts a community psychiatric call in show kinda thing.
Dr. Niles Crane (David Hyde Pierce).

Spin-off
A spin-off is something new that comes from something already present. It is often used for video games, movies, and television programmes, but it can also be used when talking about companies or organisations. A spin-off may have the same people, places, themes or ideas as the original.

Pedophile
A pedophile is an adult who is sexually attracted to children who have not reached puberty, or who are not yet fully sexually adult. A pedophile has a mental disorder called "pedophilia". Some people with pedophilia have sex with children or use children in a sexual way. This is called "child sexual abuse". Most, but not all, children who are sexually abused, are abused by people who have pedophilia. Some adults have pedophile feelings but do not act by sexually abusing children. The common definition also says that a pedophile is at least 5 years older than the victim, and at least 16 years of age.
Is it common?
Medical researchers do not know how many people in the population are pedophiles. This is because it is hard to study people's feelings and desires unless they actually show that they have those feelings. A second reason is that when an adult or teenager sexually abuses a child, people often call the abuser a "pedophile", but it is possible that the abuse happened for a different reason. A person is only a pedophile if they are sexually attracted to children. If a person sexually abuses a child to frighten or punish them, for example, then it may not be true pedophile behaviour. However, most child sexual abuse is committed by pedophiles.
Some studies have shown that those pedophiles who are attracted only to children, if they act on their feelings and abuse a child, often abuse many more victims than those pedophiles who also have sex with adults.
The people who abuse children or teenagers are often known to them, and are not strangers. Around half the adults who commit child sexual abuse against strangers also abuse their own children.
Treatment.
As of 2008, most doctors believe that pedophilia cannot be cured. The current approach to deal with pedophiles tries to change the behaviour of the pedophile. It does not change their sexual attraction. Using this treatment, some sex offenders can be prevented from offending again.

Igneous rock
Igneous rocks are formed when molten rock (magma) cools down to form crystals or minerals. Examples are granite and basalt. The word "igneous" is derived from the Latin "ignis", meaning "fire", another way to learn this is Igneous "Ignite". Igneous rocks would be found near volcanoes.
Magma is made up of atoms and molecules of melted minerals. When magma cools the atoms and molecules rearrange to form mineral grains. Rock forms when minerals grains grow together
Igneous volcanic glass are pumice, obsidian, and scoria and much more. These rocks cool very fast and leave minerals behind and form these rocks. it's just solidified magma that has minerals or none in it floating with a lot of elements like silicon and aluminum. These rocks make up 95% of the Earths crust.
Intrusive igneous rocks form when earth's magma cools beneath the surface until hardened. Extrusive igneous rocks form when earth's magma is forced to the surface where it cools until hardened. Most igneous rocks are porous.

Bauxite
Bauxite is the main ore of aluminium. It is mostly aluminium oxide.
Bauxite is the most important aluminium ore. It is largely made up of the minerals Gibbsite Al(OH)3, Boehmite γ-AlO(OH), and Diaspore α-AlO(OH), together with the iron oxides Goethite and Hematite, the clay mineral Kaolinite and small amounts of Anatase TiO2. It was named after the village Les Baux-de-Provence in southern France, where it was first discovered in 1821 by geologist Pierre Berthier.
Bauxite information.
Lateritic bauxites (silicate bauxites) are distinguished from karst bauxites (carbonate bauxites). The early discovered carbonate bauxites occur predominantly in Europe and Jamaica above carbonate rocks (limestone and dolomite), where they were formed by lateritic weathering and residual accumulation of intercalated clays or of clayey dissolution residues of the limestone.
The lateritic bauxites occur in many countries of the tropical belt. They were formed by lateritization (see laterite) of various silicate rocks such as granite, gneiss, basalt, syenite and shale. Compared with iron-rich laterites, the formation of bauxites demands even more intense weathering conditions with a very good drainage. This enables dissolution of kaolinite and precipitation of gibbsite. Zones with highest aluminum content are frequently located below a ferruginous surface layer. The aluminum hydroxide in the lateritic bauxite deposits is almost exclusively gibbsite.

Chalcopyrite
Chalcopyrite is the main ore of copper. It is mostly copper iron sulphide.

Hematite
Hematite or haematite is the main ore of iron. It is mostly iron(III) oxide.
It has a metallic luster. It has no cleavage, but does have a fracture. The fracture is irregular and uneven. Hematite on the hardness scale is 5 to 6. It has a bright red to dark red streak. To find the streak, you take a piece of unglazed porcelain and take the mineral and run it across the plate. The colors vary from metallic gray to a dark, rough and earthy red color. Hematite has a chemical formula of Fe2O3.

Galena
Galena is the main ore of lead. It is mostly lead(II) sulphide.

Bob Dole
Robert Joseph Dole (born July 22, 1923) is a former United States Senator from Kansas. He was the Republican leader of the Senate from 1985 until 1996. In 1996, he ran against Bill Clinton for President, and lost. After that, he retired from politics at age 72.
In 1976, President Gerald Ford chose him to be his Vice Presidential choice for the November, 1976 election. They lost the election so Bob Dole never became Vice President.
Shortly after the 1996 election, he famously appeared in a Pepsi commercial, saying, "I just cannot win". He has also done commercials for Viagra.
Bob Dole has a habit of talking in the third person, or using his own name instead of "I" when he talks about himself. This habit is the basis for many jokes about Dole.
An episode of "The Simpsons" had Bob Dole in it. The episode takes place during the election of Bill Clinton and Bob Dole, and they get abducted by aliens.

Lionel Richie
Lionel Richie (born June 20, 1949) is a popular American pop singer, most famous for his 1980s songs. Richie started his career with The Commodores; between him and the band, "Three Times a Lady" is their best remembered effort.
His self-titled debut album was one of the biggest music successes of 1982. More successful was its follow-up, "Can't Slow Down".
In 1984, as a surprise guest, he sang "All Night Long" to a worldwide audience of over two billion at the Los Angeles Summer Olympics.
In 1990, three years after he retired, Richie adopted Nicole Escovedo. Now Nicole Richie, she has recently appeared on Fox's "The Simple Life" along with Paris Hilton.
The singer returned to the music industry in 1996 with "Louder than Words". Another album of his, "Renaissance", came out four years later.

Walt Disney Pictures
Walt Disney Pictures is a movie studio from the United States thhat makes family-friendly movies with a G and PG rating from the MPAA, like The Fox and the Hound. The only non-G/PG rated Disney movies are 2003's "Pirates of the Caribbean", which was given a PG-13 rating, and its sequels, which were also rated PG-13.
Walt Disney Pictures started as a Disney division in 1983. Before that, Disney movies were released under the Walt Disney Productions name.
Part of the Buena Vista Motion Pictures Group, the studio also has Walt Disney Feature Animation and DisneyToon Studios.

Scrotum
The scrotum is the bag that holds the testicles in male mammals. It is made of skin and muscle and is found between the penis and anus. It is often covered in pubic hair and becomes tight when the male is aroused.
Use.
The function of the scrotum is to keep the testicles less warm than the rest of the body. Human testicles work best at 36.8 degrees Celsius (98 degrees Fahrenheit) when normal body temperature is 37 degrees Celsius (98.6 degrees Fahrenheit). Higher temperatures than 36.8 degrees will damage the sperm inside the testicles.
The temperature is controlled by moving the testicles closer to the abdomen when they are too cold, and away when too hot. This is done by muscles contracting or relaxing. This lifts and lowers the testicles inside the scrotum. They can also be lifted by tightening the anus and pelvic muscles.
Temperature.
The best temperature varies between species, but usually it's a bit cooler than body temperature. This means that the testicles always have to be held outside of the body, which is very dangerous. People say that, because this is so dangerous, there must be a better explanation of having the testicles outside of the body.
Another explanation is to protect the testes from jolts and being crushed inside the body. Animals that have slow movements - such as elephants, whales, and moles - have internal testes and no scrotum.

Ministry (band)
Ministry is an American rock and roll band from Chicago, Illinois. It was started in 1981 by musician Al Jourgensen.

Indo-European
Indo-European refers to culture and language from western-India, Khalistan Pakistan, Afghanistan and Europe. Languages from these places share a common heritage. For example, Sanskrit was an early Indo-European language.

Ingot
Ingots are bars of metal, formed by pouring the molten metal into a mould. This is done after it has been purified from the ore. Ingots are usually thought of as gold.

Westlife
Westlife are an Irish boy band. Its current members are Shane Filan, Kian Egan, Nicky Bryne, and Mark Feehily. Bryan McFadden left the band on March 9, 2004 to devote more of his time to his family life with the British TV personality and former Atomic Kitten member Kerry Katona, although he has subsequently separated from her and changed the spelling of his first name to 'Brian'.
The band have also won ITV's Record of the Year competition on a record three occasions, with "Flying Without Wings", "My Love", and "Mandy".
Westlife has not managed success in America, although their debut single, "Swear It Again" was a minor hit on mainstream radio and MTV. Its video made MTV's Total Request Live briefly, and it managed to chart on the Billboard Hot 100 in the summer of 2000, going up to No. 20 on the chart.
Their debut American album was also released in 2000, and although they have not released another one there since, that has not stopped thousands of Americans from becoming Westlife fans. And beyond Europe and the USA, Westlife's fan base is truly global, including Canada, Latin America, Southeast Asia, and Australia.
Like most other boy bands, Westlife is primarily marketed to teenage girls, but they have a large following among gay men (approximately 20% of Westlife fans are male)
, and they have performed numerous times at gay venues in the UK.

Ulcer
An ulcer is a kind of open wound. Ulcers can be on surfaces of the body. They can be on skin. They can be mucous membranes like the surface of the stomach or inside the mouth.
Ulcers start when the top layer (surface) of skin or mucous membrane is hurt. This top layer dies. When it dies, the skin or mucous membrane and opens. This leaves an open sore called an ulcer.
Ulcers can be from infection with germs. Ulcers can be from pressure on a part of the skin. Ulcers can be from substances that will burn skin or mucous membranes. When acid makes some stomach ulcers this is from burning by the acid. Ulcers can be from cancer. Ulcers can be from diseases of blood vessels. If not enough blood goes to a body part, it can get an ulcer.

Peptic ulcer
A peptic ulcer is an ulcer of the stomach or duodenum. The duodenum is the first part of the small intestines. It is the tube that food goes through when it leaves the stomach. "Peptic" means talking about the stomach.
Gastric ulcers are peptic ulcers in the stomach.
Duodenal ulcers are peptic ulcers in the duodenum.
Causes of peptic ulcers.
Most ulcers are caused by an infection from bacteria. This bacteria is called "Helicobacter pylori". 90% of gastric ulcers and 75% of duodenal ulcers are from "Helicobacter pylori" infection.
Symptoms of peptic ulcers.
A symptom is a change in the body that tells someone that they have a disease. The biggest symptom is pain in the stomach. Pain is usually in the top of the abdomen below the ribs. Some people also feel pain go up to the chest.
Diagnosis of peptic ulcers.
The best way is "endoscopy". But this costs more money. Endoscopy is done by a medical specialist called a "gastroenterologist" (a doctor who knows much about the digestive system.)
A good thing about endoscopy is finding other diseases if there is no peptic ulcer. The symptoms of peptic ulcer can be from other diseases. Endoscopy can diagnose these other diseases.
Treatment of peptic ulcers.
The most important treatment is to stop the "Helicobacter pylori" infection. This is done with antibiotics. Antibiotics are medicines that kill germs like bacteria. More than one antibiotic is used.
Both of these medicines make the cells in the stomach stop making acid.
To stop peptic ulcers people must use antacids "and" antibiotics. The antibiotics kill the "Helicobacter pylori". The antacids let the stomach heal.
Once the medicines are done, the ulcer should be gone. It can come back. It comes back if the person gets "Helicobacter pylori" again.

Symptom
Symptoms are changes in your body. Symptoms are ways that you feel or ways that your body appears. These are things that show if you have a disease.

Diagnosis
Diagnosis is when a doctor finds out what is making a person sick. The verb is to diagnose. Sometimes doctors can diagnose a disease by asking the person questions and looking at the person's body. Sometimes doctors do "tests". Tests can look at blood. Tests can be x-rays. Tests are ways to see how the body is working.
When a diagnosis has been made, the doctor may recommend therapy (treatment).

True Jesus Church
The True Jesus Church is a Christian church. It was started during the early 20th century. It is an independent Church. It split from the Pentecostal movement in China. The pentecostal movement is an evangelical movement within Christianity.
Currently their churches are found in forty two countries and six continents. Followers of the Church believe that god has only a divine nature, they therefore reject the idea of trinity.
Christian holidays were often near the dates of pagan ones. This is also true for Easter, Christmas and Good Friday. The feast of Sol invictus was on the 25th of December. It was a very important holiday in Ancient Rome. Because of the pagan origins of the holidays, the True Jesus Church does not celebrate Easter and Chrismas. The movement has between 1.5 and 2.5 million followers.

Pokémon (video game series)
Pokémon is a Japanese video game franchise created by Satoshi Tajiri for Nintendo in the 1990s. It is known as "Pocket Monsters" in Japan. It is now made up of animated television programs (anime), Japanese comic books (manga), trading cards, and toys but, most importantly, the video games. There are currently 493 monsters. Pikachu is the most well-known. When the idea was invented, there were only 150, which was upgraded to 151 (including Mew) when the Blue version in Japan was released. In the United States and Europe, the number of Pokémon was 151 from the beginning. There are now over 400 altogether.
The Pokémon games involve making decisions about what to do and when to do it. They allow the player to catch the monsters, train them to make them better and attack other monsters so that they get better abilities and possibly evolve into different Pokémon. It is also possible to trade Pokémon with a friend. The Pokémon in the battles never bleed or die; they only faint. All Pokémon love human beings, except for Shadow Pokémon - the doors to their hearts have been artificially closed. The game's slogan in the U.S. was "Gotta catch 'em all!", although now it is not used officially any more. The Japanese slogan is "Let's get Pokémon" Over one hundred million (100,000,000) of the games have been sold so far, not counting the ones released for the Nintendo 64 and the Nintendo GameCube. This makes it the second best-selling video game series of all time (after Nintendo's Mario series).
Seven versions of the animated television series exist, from 1998 until now onKids WB and Cartoon Network. Additionally, nine full-length movies have been made since 1999.
Games.
Pokémon Red and Blue are the first two games games in the series. They were released in Japan in 1996, then in North America in 1998 and finally in Europe in 1999. They are for the Game Boy. They take place in a region called Kanto. The player can choose either Bulbasaur, Charmander or Squirtle as his/her starter Pokémon. Both games are separate, but have the same plot. They are two of the best selling video games of all time. Blue Version was released slightly after the first two in Japan and features changes such as new graphics and different Pokémon to catch and was released outside of Japan instead of Green.
The third game in the series. It is an upgraded version of Pokémon Red and Blue made to be more like the TV show. It features graphics and characters from the show, such as Team Rocket's Jesse and James (Musashi and Kojiro in Japan). It was first released in Japan in 1998, then in North America in 1999 and finally in Europe in 2000. Again, it is for the Game Boy. The player can only choose Pikachu as his/her starter Pokémon. When the player walks, Pikachu follows the player around.
Pokémon Gold and Silver are the fifth and sixth games in the series. They are now for the Game Boy Color. They were released in Japan in 1999, then in North America in 2000 and in Europe in 2001. They started the second generation of the Pokémon video game series. It has a new region called "Johto", has 100 new Pokémon and many more additions. The player can choose between Chikorita, Cyndaquil and Totodile as their starter Pokémon.
Pokémon Crystal is the seventh game in the series. It is an upgraded version of Pokémon Gold and Silver. It was released in Japan in 2000, then in North America and Europe in 2001. It is the first Pokémon game that allows the player to choose the gender for his/her character. There is also the Battle Tower, which is to the west of Olivine City. It allows the player to battle other trainers. Also, all Pokémon had animated battle sprites once a battle began. For example, when Cyndaquil entered battle, the flames on its back flickered.
The eighth games in the series. They are for the Game Boy Advance. They were released in Japan in 2002, then in North America and Europe in 2003.
new games of red,blue and yellow for the Game Boy Advance. They play like Ruby and Sapphire, but they take place back in Kanto with the original 151 Pokémon. It has better graphics then the old version. However, the music is the same.
like Ruby and Sapphire but has a slightly different plot. You will catch Kyogre and Groudon. A new area called Battle Frontier has been added, and is only able to be reached after beating the Elite Four.
The latest games in the series. They are the first on Nintendo DS. They are like the previous games with new Nintendo DS features such as the touch screen and multiplayer using Wi-Fi. They take place in a new region called "Sinnoh" with even more new Pokémon to catch. Players can also insert Ruby, Sapphire, Emerald, FireRed, or LeafGreen into the other cartridge slot and bring their old teams over to the new game by using the Pal Park.
Spin-off Games.
These are games not part of the main series.
Pokémon Pinball was a pinball game for the Game Boy Color and Nintendo 64. It featured a special rumble cartridge that shook the Game Boy when played, for example when the pinball hit a bumper. It had a sequel for Game Boy Advance called Pokémon Pinball Ruby & Sapphire.
One of the first Pokémon games for the Nintendo 64. The player drove around in a special vehicle and took pictures of Pokémon instead of catching them.
Another Nintendo 64 game. Its main feature was a microphone that let the player talk to and play games with Pikachu.
The first game that let the player battle Pokémon with 3D graphics on your Nintendo 64. The game allowed players to plug in a Game Boy cartridge and bring their team in to battle.

Homer Simpson
Homer Simpson is a cartoon character in the animated television series "The Simpsons". He is voiced by Dan Castellaneta. He first appeared, along with the other members of the Simpson family on The Tracey Ullman Show in the Simpson Short "Good Night".
Family.
He is the father of Bart Simpson, Lisa Simpson, and Maggie Simpson; he is also the husband of Marge Simpson. He lives in the fictional town known as "Springfield".
Characteristics.
Homer is clumsy, very fat and very lazy. He is also an alcoholic, and is not very smart. He works as a Safety Inspector at the Springfield Nuclear Power Plant. Homer is one of the most popular and famous fictional characters and is thought of as one of the greatest comedic animated characters of modern times.. Although Homer seems selfish, he does actually care for his family. In one episode he entered Lisa in a beauty contest so she could feel better about herself. He is often heard saying "D'oh!" which has become an often used word when things go wrong. He likes to drink beer and is often seen hanging out at Moe's Tavern with his best friends Carl Carlson, Lenny Leonard, and Barney Gumble.
Creation.
Matt Groening first drew the Simpson family in the lobby of James L. Brooks' office. After he had decided not to do his "Life in Hell" cartoon series, he quickly sketched out his version of a dysfunctional family and named the characters after members of his own family, with Homer being named after his father. Homer's middle initial "J," which was discovered to stand for "Jay", was a "tribute" to Bullwinkle J. Moose from "Rocky and Bullwinkle", a show Matt Groening loved as a child. In a TV Guide poll, Homer was named as the second greatest cartoon character, behind Bugs Bunny.
Voice.
Homer is performed by voice actor Dan Castellaneta.
Homer Simpson syndrome.
A five-year study of more than 2,500 middle-aged people in France found a possible connection between weight and brain function, named as the "Homer Simpson syndrome". Results from a word memory test showed that people with a BMI of 20 (considered to be a healthy level) remembered an average of 9 out of 16 words. Meanwhile, people with a BMI of 30 (inside the obese range) remembered an average of just 7 out of 16 words.

Calcium
Calcium is a chemical element. Its symbol on the periodic table (a list of all the elements) is Ca. Its atomic number is 20. (The atomic number says where Calcium sits in the periodic table.)
Calcium is a soft white-gray substance. It is the 5th most common element on the earth.
Calcium in living things.
Calcium is very important for all organisms. To stay healthy it is important to eat calcium every day. Without enough calcium bones can become weak. This is called osteoporosis.
Calcium in cells.
It is important to know how cells work. Many cells have "calcium channels" on their surface. These are openings where calcium can enter the cell. The cell is told to act and it opens the channels. Once in the cell calcium activates many proteins to do specific things. For example, when it goes into muscle cells, it makes them "contract" (shorten so the muscle pulls.) When it goes into nerve cells, it triggers electrical impulses that send a messages. When it goes into white blood cells it makes them fight germs.
Calcium is important to cells and too much calcium can be bad. If a cell gets more calcium than it needs it can die. This is why the amount of calcium in cells is highly regulated. Conversely, not enough calcium is bad. Cells must have the right amount to function properly.
Sometimes cells are unhealthy and need to die in for the body to replace them with new, healthy cells. This keeps the whole organism healthy. Cells know when they should die and can trigger reactions to end their life cycles in many ways. When this happens it is called apoptosis, also known as a 'programmed cell death' ("planned" cell death.) One way cells accomplish "apoptosis" by taking in toxic levels of calcium.
Calcium storage.
Bones contain most of the calcium in the human body. If we need more calcium for our blood, muscles, or other tissue, it comes from the bones. If we have extra calcium it goes into bones.
Calcium regulation.
Organisms need to keep calcium levels very well controlled. High calcium levels are bad. Low calcium levels are bad.
The body controls this by changing
The control of calcium in the body is called "calcium metabolism".And is really important, so start eating calcium!!
The body controls calcium levels with many hormones. Calcitonin, Parathyroid hormone (acronym PTH), and Vitamin D are the most important hormones in "calcium metabolism". (Vitamin D is a hormone but it is called a vitamin.)
Calcium in Industry.
Calcium is also important in chemistry. It is important for making things. It is a part of cement which is needed to make concrete (a hard substance that many buildings are made from.)
Calcium is part of quicklime (calcium oxide – CaO). Quicklime is used to make paper, pottery, food, and to purify water (make it good to drink.)

A Series of Unfortunate Events
"A Series of Unfortunate Events" is a series of thirteen books written for children by Lemony Snicket. They tell the story of 3 unlucky orphans (Violet Baudelaire, Klaus Baudelaire, and Sunny Baudelaire) and their lives after the death of their parents. The main villain of the books is Count Olaf who wants to steal Baudelaires' inheritance (the money their parents left behind). Count Olaf uses many disguises to get their fortune.
In 2004, there was a movie version from Paramount Pictures and Nickelodeon movies, starring Jim Carrey as Count Olaf.

Membrane
A membrane is a thin soft layer of material. A membrane separates two things.
In biology a membrane can be mean two things: a tissue or plasma membrane. Plasma membranes are very small. Tissue membranes are bigger.
Membrane as tissue.
A membrane can mean a thin layer of cells or tissue. This layer covers, separates, or lines a tissue or organ. An example is the mucous membrane that is the "skin" that lines the inside of your nose and mouth.
Plasma membranes.
The plasma membrane covers cells. Plasma membranes also divide the cell into different spaces called organelles. Organelles are special areas of the cell that do different work. For example, the nucleus holds the DNA in a cell. The mitochondria make energy for the cell.
Plasma membranes are made of lipids (fats) and protein. The lipids keep the inside of the cell separate from the outside. The proteins do many things. They give the cell messages from outside. They let some things (like glucose, calcium, and potassium) go into and out of the cell.

Voltaire
François-Marie Arouet (also known as Voltaire'") was a French philosopher. He was born in 1694 and died in 1778.
Voltaire did not like France at the time because he thought that it was old fashioned. He also did not like the church and thought that people should be allowed to believe what they want. However he did not like democracy either and thought that a country needed to be lead by a wise and strong king. Voltaire had to live in exile in England for three years from 1726 to 1729 where these ideas were more common. He liked the philosophy of John Locke.
Voltaire was also a writer. He wrote many books, poems and plays, some of which are still liked today. A lot of his work was against France and the Church. This meant that he was unpopular at first but became more popular towards the time of the French Revolution. When he died, aged 83, Voltaire was a hero of French people. He also studied science and wrote a lot about people and places he knew.
Voltaire believed in God but did not believe in any kind of god, like the Christian god. This is called Deism. When he died in Paris, Voltaire was not allowed to be buried in a church because he did not believe in the Christian god.

Missouri
Missouri is one of the fifty states in the United States. Its capital is Jefferson City. Its largest cities are Kansas City and Saint Louis.
Missouri's edges touch a total of eight states. It is touched on the north by Iowa; on the east, across the Mississippi River, by Illinois, Kentucky, and Tennessee; on the south by Arkansas; and on the west by Oklahoma, Kansas, and Nebraska (Kansas and Nebraska are across the Missouri River). The largest cities in Missouri are Kansas City and St. Louis

South Dakota
South Dakota is a state in the United States. Its capital is Pierre and largest city is Sioux Falls. Other important cities are Rapid City and Aberdeen. Famous attractions include Mount Rushmore, the Black Hills, and the Wall Drug Store. The Corn Palace is also famous, and it is located in Mitchell.
South Dakota is bordered to the north by North Dakota, to the south by Nebraska, to the east by Iowa and Minnesota, and to the west by Wyoming and Montana.

Wimbledon
Wimbledon is a suburb of London. It is in the borough of Merton, and is famous for the Wimbledon Championships, a tennis competition held there every year. About 197,000 people live in the borough.

Mersey Beat
The Mersey Beat or Mersey Sound or Liverpool Sound is the name for a type of music that came out in the city of Liverpool, England in the early 1960s.
Maybe the first group to be thought of as a part of genre were Kingsize Taylor and the Dominoes. The most famous group of this genre were The Beatles. Other important groups include Gerry and the Pacemakers, The Searchers and the female singer Cilla Black.

The Adventures of Pete and Pete
"The Adventures of Pete and Pete" was an American television show on the Nickelodeon network in the early 1990s. It was about two brothers with the same first name who grow up together.

Motorcycle
A motorcycle is a vehicle, ridden for transportation. It does not have 4 wheels like a car. It has 2 wheels like a bicycle. But it has a motor like a car.
Nowadays (2008), motorcycles (bikes) are used both for transportation and extreme sports. Since motorcycles can be lighter than cars, they can accelerate more quickly. On-road bikes (ones that are allowed on public roads) must have a special type of driver's licence to be ridden legally. Off-road bikes are not allowed with traffic on the road. Speed and stunts are the main aims for off-road bike sports. Many on-road bikes are much faster than off-road bikes and can be used in sport like cars are in Formula 1 racing.

Guinea pig
Guinea Pigs are small animals. They are mammals and rodents. Their scientific name is "Cavia porcellus," which is "cavies" "Porcellus" in the genitive. That is Latin for "little pig". Guinea Pigs are not pigs. Guinea Pigs are not from Guinea.
Guinea pigs as pets.
In many parts of the world, people keep them as pets. In Peru, Bolivia, and several other countries, they are grown for food. The first people who domesticated the animals, did it for food. Beside a pet, and a source of food, guinea pigs are also thought to keep bad spirits away (At least in those regions). In Quechua, the language of some the native tribes of Peru, they are called "quivi". The Spanish-speaking people of the region call them "cuy" (plural: "cuyes").
Name.
This perception of pigginess occurred in many languages other than English; the German word for them is "Meerschweinchen", literally "Little Sea Pigs" (sailing ships stopping to reprovision in the New World would pick up stores of guinea pigs, which provided an easily transportable source of fresh meat), the Russian and Polish word for them is similar, "morskaya svinka" (Морская свинка) and "świnka morska" respectively, meaning also "Little Sea Pig" (it comes from archaic use of the word to mean "overseas"). The French word is "Cochon d'Inde", (Indian pig), the Dutch used to call it "guinees biggetje" (Guinean piglet), and in Norway, Sweden and Denmark they are called "marsvin" (a combination of the Latin word mare for ocean, and Norwegian/Swedish/Danish "svin" which means pig). In Greek they are called 'indika xoiridia' (Small Indian Pigs; ινδικά χοιρίδια), and in Portuguese, the term is "porquinho da Índia", literally "little pig of the Indies". In Italian the term is either "Porcellino D'India" (Little Indian Pig) or "Cavia Peruviana" (Peruvian Cavy). However, this perception of pigginess is not universal to all languages or cultures. For example, the common Spanish word is 'conejillo de Indias' (Indian bunny rabbit).
Breeding guinea pigs.
Guinea pigs need large open air cages in which to romp and frolic. They should have a diet of 1/8 cup of high quality pellets like kmshayloft or oxbow. They should also have unlimited grass hay, and at least one cup of a variety of veggies.Guinea pigs like to be held in hand.
Other uses of the word.
Guinea pig is also slang for a person who is the first to try something. It can also mean the subject of an experiment. This is because guinea pigs are used by scientists to do biology experiments.

Philip Glass
Phillip Glass is a famous American composer who has written many pieces in his life. He was born on January 31, 1937. He has created operas, music for concerts, dances and much more. He is known for writing minimalism music.

Audioslave
Audioslave is an American rock band. The band is made up of Chris Cornell (vocals), who was with Soundgarden until 1997, and Tom Morello (guitar), Tim Commerford (electric bass) and Brad Wilk (drums), who were with Rage Against The Machine until 2000.
Their first album "Audioslave" was released in 2002 and the next one, named "Out of Exile", followed in 2005. On May 6, 2005 Audioslave became the first American rock group to play in Cuba. Because of American laws against trade with Cuba, this concert had to be allowed by US authorities.

Environment
Environment means all of the outside forces, events, and things that act on a thing. The environment is "everything that is around" something.
The word environment is used to talk about many things. People in different fields of knowledge (like history or biology) use the word differently.
Individual environment.
In psychology and medicine a person's environment is the people, physical things, places, and events that the person lives with. The environment affects the growth and development of the person. It affects the person's behavior. It affects the person's body and mind.
Natural environment.
In biology and ecology the environment is all of the natural materials and living things, including sunlight. This is also called the "natural environment". Some people call themselves "environmentalists". These people think that harmony with the environment is important. They think we must protect the environment (to keep it safe.) They think people should not put so much pollution (waste) into the environment. The important things in the environment that we value are called natural resources. For example fish, sunlight, and forests. These are "renewable" natural resources because more grow naturally when we use them. "Non-renewable" natural resources are important things in the environment that do not come back naturally, for example coal and natural gas.
Historical environment.
In literature and history environment is the events and culture that a person lived in. A person's beliefs and actions are dependent on his environment. For example, Thomas Jefferson owned slaves. Today we know this is "very" wrong. But in Thomas Jefferson's "environment" slavery was normal. So his actions did not look as wrong in his society.

Tooth
A tooth is one of the hard, white things in your mouth. Teeth (plural) are used to chew food. "Chew" means to break up and crush food so it can be swallowed (pushed down into your stomach). Some animals also use teeth as a weapon.
Tooth eruption.
Children have 20 teeth. The first teeth (called "primary teeth") start to "erupt" (come through the skin of the jaw) when a baby is 5-10 months old. When these teeth erupt it can hurt. Babies chew on things to make the pain better. This is called "teething" (verb infinitive: "to teethe"). Most children have all 20 teeth by 2 or 3 years of age. At age 6-7 the "permanent" teeth start to erupt. By the age of 11-12 most children have 28 adult teeth. The last 4 teeth, called "wisdom teeth" or "third molars" come in by age 17-21 in most people. Some people never grow wisdom teeth. Or they may have only 2 instead of 4.
Tooth structure.
The outside white part of teeth is called the "enamel". The enamel is made of calcium and phosphate. Under the enamel is the "dentin". The dentin is softer than the hard enamel. So it is hurt more by dental decay (cavities.) Under the dentin is the "pulp" which has the nerves and blood vessels that go to the tooth. This is the part that causes the pain of a toothache. "Cementum" is outside the dentin where there is no enamel. Cementum holds the tooth to the bone of the jaw.
Healthy teeth.
If they are protected and kept clean, teeth should stay for a person's whole life. Many people lose their teeth early because they do not do the right things to keep teeth healthy.
Disease of teeth.
Plaque is the soft white substance that forms on teeth when they are not cleaned. It has bacteria in it that hurt enamel. If plaque is not cleaned off, after 2 days it can become tartar. Tartar is a hard substance that forms on teeth (mostly near the gums). Tartar makes gums unhealthy and makes more bacteria grow on the teeth.
Plaque is cleaned off with a toothbrush. If tartar forms on teeth, a dentist must clean it off.
The bacteria that are on teeth eat into the enamel. Cleaning teeth, flossing teeth, eating good foods, and having a dentist take off plaque make less bacteria on teeth. If there is too much bacteria, they eat enamel faster than teeth make enamel. This makes holes in enamel called cavities. When a person gets cavities, he has the disease dental caries. Making cavities in enamel happens slowly. But once cavities go through enamel, the soft dentin is hurt much faster. If the cavity is not fixed by a dentist, it can go into the root. This permanently hurts the tooth. Once this happens the tooth must be taken out or the dentist must do a root canal (a surgery to replace the root with a chemical substance to keep the tooth in place, at times dangerous.) If the tooth is not fixed with a root canal or is not taken out, a tooth infection can happen. This infection can spread onto the face. It can even kill the person if not helped by a dentist or doctor.

Petula Clark
Petula Clark (born November 15, 1932 in Surrey, England) is a British singer, actress, and composer. She began her career as a child and was popular in Britain during World War II. In the 1950s, she became a successful pop singer, first in the UK, then in continental Europe, and finally in the United States in the mid-1960s. Her most famous song is "Downtown," which was recorded in four languages and sold nearly five million copies worldwide. Her films include "The Card" (1952), "The Runaway Bus" (1956), "Finian's Rainbow" (1968), and "Goodbye, Mr. Chips". She continues to record and perform in concert.

Tom Jones (singer)
Sir Thomas John Woodward, KBE (born 7 June 1940), known by his stage name as Tom Jones, is a Grammy Award winning Welsh popular music singer particularly noted for his powerful voice.

Slade
Slade is a English Hard Rock /Glam rock band. The band started in 1966 and were popular in the 1970s.

Deep Purple
Deep Purple is a hard rock band started in Hertford, England, in 1968. Their best known song is "Smoke on the Water". Their album "Deep Purple in Rock" was a great hit and was rated #1 in Germany.

Yoghurt
Yoghurt or yogurt is a dairy product made by bacterial fermentation of milk. Any type of milk can be used to make yoghurt (even soy milk), but most people use cow's milk. It was first made by ancient Turks.

Marlon Brando
Marlon Brando (April 3, 1924 – July 1, 2004) was a famous American actor. He is best known for his roles in the movies "A Streetcar Named Desire" (1951), "The Wild One" (1953), "The Godfather" (1972), "Superman" (1978), "Apocalypse Now" (1979), and "The Island of Dr. Moreau" (1996).

Galician language
Galician (Galician: "Galego" or "Galego-Português") is a language that is spoken in Galicia, just north of Portugal. It is very similar to Portuguese. Some even say it is the same language but with a different accent.
Galician is a Romance language that started on the west part of the Roman Empire called Gallaecia. Today, this same place is the north of Portugal and Galicia itself.
Galician took words from many languages, like Latin, Germanic, Spanish, and Celtic.
The Galician of today comes from the Galician-Portuguese language spoken during the Middle Ages.
Today, Galician is spoken only in Galicia and by some people in South America and Western Europe.
Real language or not.
Some people say Galician and Portuguese are the same language, because there aren't a lot differences between them, but they're officially two separate languages.
People that speak Portuguese and people who speak Galician can understand each other very well.

Ibn Khaldun
Abdul Rahman Ibn Khaldun was an influential Arab thinker of the 14th century. Born in Tunis in 1332, Khaldun served the government of the day in many ways. He died in Cairo as a judge in 1406.
Two of the things Khaldun wrote are Muqaddimah (Proglemena) and Autobiography.
Khaldun is the founder of sociology. Ibn Khaldun was one of the greatest writers of Islam in the Middle Ages.

Swabian Alb
The Swabian Alb (German: "Schwäbische Alb") is a plateau in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. The Swabian Alb is situated between the Black Forest (West), Stuttgart (North), Bavaria (East) and the Lake Constance (South). A lot of fossils are found here. The highest mountain is the Lemberg (1015 m).

Nerve
A nerve is a group of special nerve cells grouped together in parallel. Another word for nerve cell is neuron. The special neurons grouped together in nerves take information (messages) to and from the body to the central nervous system. The central nervous system (acronym) CNS is the brain and spinal cord. The spinal cord is the big cord that goes from the brain into the back. It carries all the information that goes from the brain to the nerves in the body.
All the nerves in the body make the peripheral nervous system (acronym PNS). The brain and spinal cord are the CNS. All the nerves that come from the spinal cord are the PNS. Together the CNS and PNS are the nervous system.
Nerve Structure.
Nervand cells called glia. Glia are not neurons, but they are very important. They keep the neurons safe and healthy.neurons take messages to and from the CNS to the restThe dendrite and axon are fibers that go out from the cell body. Axons take information "away from" the cell body. Dendrites take information to the cell body.
Types of nerves.
"Efferent" nerves take messages to the CNS (brain) from the body. They take messages about sensation from the skin. They take messages about the position of the body from the muscles. They take messages about the function of organs like the heart and stomach.
"Afferent" nerves take messages from the CNS to the body. They take messages that tell muscles to move. They take messages to glands. They tell glands like "sweat glands" to make sweat (the water that comes out of your skin when you are hot.)
Diseases of nerves.
There are many diseases of nerves. A disease of nerves is also called a "neuropathy".

Injury
Injury means a "harm" or "hurt".
Usually an injury is when the body or a part of the body damaged by something outside of the body. Another word for injury to a body is "trauma".
Injury can be "accidental" or "intentional". Intentional injury is when someone "tries" to hurt another person. (Intentional injury is also called "non-accidental" injury) Accidental injury is when no one means to hurt someone else. An example of accidental injury is a car wreck.

Mercedes-Benz
Mercedes-Benz is a brand of cars and trucks from the Daimler AG company of Germany. The company was once known as Daimler-Benz and is still sometimes called just "Mercedes." Mercedes-Benz is the world's oldest car maker and the cars they make cost a lot of money. The symbol of Mercedes-Benz is very famous. It is a three-pointed star inside of a circle and was designed by one of the men who started the company, Gottlieb Daimler. The three points of the star stand for land, air and sea because Daimler's engines were used not only in cars and trucks but in airplanes and boats. The symbol was first used in 1909.
Mercedes-Benz cars are an important part of the history of the car with many "firsts." They were the first to build a diesel-powered car in the 1930s, the first to build a car with fuel injection in the 1950s and the first to offer antilock brakes in the 1970s. Mercedes-Benz cars have also been important in auto racing history.

Record label
A record label is a brand created by companies that specialize in manufacturing, distributing and promoting audio and video recordings, on various formats including compact discs, LPs, DVD-Audio, SACDs, and cassettes. The name derives from the paper label at the center of a gramophone record (what is also known as a "phonograph record" in American English).
Most major record labels are owned by a few large multinational companies (Big Four record labels) that make up the almost all of the global recording industry, although there is a recent resurgence in independent record labels.
Labels as brands.
Recording companies often invest a lot of time and money in discovering new talent or developing the talent of artists already under contract. The association of the brand with the artists helps define the image of both the brand and the artist.
In spite of the fact that both parties need each other to survive, the relationship between record labels and artists can, at times, be a difficult one. Many artists have had albums altered or censored in some way by the labels before they are released -- songs being edited, artwork or titles being changed, etc. Record labels generally do this because they believe that the album will sell better if the changes are made. Often the record label's decisions are correct ones from a commercial perspective, but this typically frustrates the artist who feels that their artwork is being destroyed.
In the early days of the recording industry, record labels were absolutely necessary for the success of any artist. The first goal of any new artist or band was to get signed to a contract as soon as possible. In the 1940s, 1950s and 1960s, many artists were so desperate to sign a contract with a record company that they usually ended up signing a bad contract, sometimes giving away the rights to their music in the process. Entertainment lawyers are used by some to look over any contract before it is signed.
Industry consolidation.
In the 1970s and 1980s, there was a phase of consolidation in the record industry that led to almost all major labels being owned by a very few multinational companies, who in turn were members of the RIAA.
See also: List of record labels
The resurgence of independent labels.
In the 1990s, due to the widespread use of home studios, consumer CD recorders, and the Internet, independent labels began to become more commonplace. Independent labels are typically artist-owned (although not always), with a focus usually on making good music and not necessarily on the business aspects of the industry or making lots of money. Because of this, independent artists usually receive less radio play and sell fewer CDs than artists signed to major labels. However, they usually have more control over the music and packaging of the released product.
On occasion established artists, once their record contract has finished, move to an independent label. This often gives the combined advantage of name recognition and more control over one's music. Singers Dolly Parton, Aimee Mann and Prince, among others, have achieved this.
While there are many independent labels, folk singer Ani DiFranco's Righteous Babe Records is often cited as an ideal example. The singer turned down lucrative contracts from several top-name labels in order to establish her own New-York-based company. Constant touring resulted in noteworthy success for an act without significant major funding. Ani and others from the company have spoken on several occasions about their business model in hopes of encouraging others.
Some independent labels become successful enough that major record companies negotiate contracts to either distribute music for the label or in some cases, purchase the label completely.
On the punk rock scene, the DIY punk ethic encourages bands to self-publish and self-distribute. This approach has been around since the early 1980s, in an attempt to stay true to the punk ideals of doing it yourself and not selling out to corporate profits and control. Such labels have a reputation for being fiercely uncompromising and especially unwilling to cooperate with the Big Five record labels at all.
See also: List of independent record labels
The emergence of net labels.
"Main Article:" net label
With the Internet now being a viable source for obtaining music, we see the emergence of net labels. Depending on the ideals of the net label, music files from the artists may be downloaded free of charge or for a fee that is paid via paypal or an online payment system. Some of these labels also offer hard copy CDs in addition to direct download (for example, Baltimore's record label ships CDs for a nominal charge). Most net labels acknowledge the Creative Commons licensing system thus reserving certain rights for the artist.
The emergence of open-source labels.
"Main Article:" Open source record label
The new century brings the phenomenon of "open-source" or "open-content" record label. These are inspired by the free software and open-source movement and the success of GNU/Linux.

Pipette
A pipette is a glass tube used for delivery of a specific volume of a solution.
A smaller, less accurate version, known as a teat pipette is made of plastic and is filled by squeezing a plastic bubble at the top.
A pipette used for the delivery of small fractions of a milliliter of a liquid is called a micropipette.
Rainin (a division of Mettler Toledo) is the world's largest developer and supplier of pipettes.

Muscle
Muscle is a tissue in animal bodies. Muscles are "contractile" tissue. This means they get shorter. When they get shorter, this is called "contraction".
We use muscles to move our bodies. Many muscles pull on bones to make our arms and legs move.
Types of muscles.
Skeletal muscle moves our limbs (arms and legs.) It moves our jaw up and down so that we can chew food. Skeletal muscle is the only "voluntary" muscle. This means it is the only muscle that we can choose to move.
Cardiac muscle is the muscle in the heart. When this muscle contracts it pushes blood through our circulatory system. Cardiac muscle is "not" voluntary. We do not choose for our heart to contract.
Muscle structure.
Muscles are made of many muscle cells. The cells contract together to make the muscle get short. The muscle cells know to do this together because many of them get information sent to them by nerves. Then cells that get the message from nerves tell other cells that are near them. They tell the other cells by sending an electrical current.
Muscle cells are filled with proteins called "actin" and "myosin". These are the proteins that make the muscle contract (get shorter.)
Muscle contraction.
When a nerve tells a muscle to contract, the muscle opens holes in its cell membrane. These holes are proteins that are called "calcium channels". Then calcium rushes into the cell. Calcium also comes out of special places in the cell where it is kept called the "sarcoplasmic reticulum". This calcium sticks to the "actin" and "myosin". This makes these proteins contract.
Contraction also needs ATP. This is the energy that your cells use. It is made from burning glucose in the cell. It takes a lot of energy to contract muscles. They use most of the energy your body uses.
Muscles Work in Pairs called "antagonistic pairs".
Healthy muscles.
Exercise makes muscles get bigger. Exercise also makes muscles stronger. If a person does not exercise, their muscles "atrophy". This means their muscles get smaller and weaker.

Game Boy
Game Boy was Nintendo's first game console in the Game Boy range. It was Nintendo's first portable console to use game cartridges, so it could play more than one game, and you could take it anywhere. Since 1989 the range has grown to include not only the original, but also many other consoles such as Game Boy Color, Game Boy Advance, Game Boy Advance SP and Game Boy Micro. All of these but the Game Boy Micro can play games made for the Game Boy.
The Game Boy had a green screen that could show four shades of grey or dark green. Like the NES, it had four buttons and a cross-shaped directional control. The console had a single speaker, but could be used with stereo headphones. As many as four Game Boys could be connected together with special wires for games with more than one player.
The idea for the Game Boy came from Gumpei Yokoi, who also made Metroid and the Virtual Boy.
Nintendo made Game & Watch games before the Game Boy and the Game Boy Advance and later the Nintendo DS after the Game Boy.

Stomach
The stomach is part of the digestive system. The stomach is a big sack between the esophagus and the small intestines. The stomach keeps food after we eat it. Food we eat is mixed in the stomach. Then the stomach gives the food to the small intestine where most of the nutrition from the food is taken up. One reason the stomach is a big sack is to hold all the food we eat at a meal. Then it can slowly give the food to the small intestine.
The stomach has a lot of acid in it. The cells of the stomach make acid. This protects us from bacteria in the food we eat. It kills the bacteria. But the acid in the stomach can cause problems. It can make peptic ulcer disease worse. It can also cause gastroesophageal reflux (or heartburn.) This is pain in the chest when acid from the stomach "refluxes" (goes back into) the esophagus.
When food goes back up your esophagus and then out of your mouth, this is called vomiting. Vomiting can be a symptom of disease.
The stomachs of other animals work differently than human stomachs. Some animals are very different. Cows, for example, have a stomach with multiple compartments.
Other words for "stomach" which are just used in speaking are "belly" and "tummy".
the stomach is very important, it is the 2nd stage (entering mouth is first) in the digestive process

Pain
Pain is a symptom of being hurt or sick. It is a bad sensation that is physical "and" emotional.
Most pain starts when part of the body is hurt. Nerves in that part send messages to the brain. Those messages tell the brain that the body is being damaged. Pain is not just the message the nerve sends to the brain. It is the bad emotion felt because of that damage.
The message that the nerve sends to the brain is called "nociception". What is experienced "because of" the nociception is pain.
Kinds of pain.
Pain can be "acute" or "chronic". Acute means it only happens a short time. Chronic means the pain lasts a long time.
Pain can also happen when there is no underlying injury or cause. Pain can happen just because the nerves do not work right. This is called "neuropathic" pain.
Treatments for pain.
For most pain, the best treatment is to stop the damage that makes the pain. If the ankle is sprained, doctors tells the person not to walk on it. They tell them to put ice on it. This helps the injury stop. For an ulcer in the stomach, doctors stop the acid made in the stomach. This helps the ulcer to heal.
There are doctors who specialize in pain management. These are usually anesthesiologists but may also have any one of a number of underlying areas of specialization, such as neurology, physiatry, or internal medicine.

Drain
A drain is found in the ground and lets water go through (usually rainwater) to avoid the street or farmland getting flooded.

Super Mario 64
Super Mario 64 is a video game created by Nintendo for the Nintendo 64. It's the first Mario game that uses 3D graphics. In 2004, the game was re-released for the Nintendo DS as "Super Mario 64 DS". It has new characters you can play as and minigames. Many fans and critics think that "Super Mario" 64 is one of the best video games ever made.
Story.
Mario, an Italian plumber, has to save Princess Peach from the reptile monster Bowser. To do so, he has to win stars by completing courses inside different paintings of the Mushroom Kingdom.
The story begins when Peach invites Mario to her castle to give him a special cake that she has made for him. By the time Mario arrives, however, Bowser has taken control of the castle and has kidnapped Peach and stolen the power of the castle. Mario must save the princess and the kingdom before it's too late.
The main hub of the game is Princess Peach's castle. There are many locked doors inside that the player must open with the stars that they have collected. There are six stars within each level. To unlock another world, players must have the stars required. One world requires two stars, for instance. Each locked door leads to more levels, and to more difficult challenges. Mario can also leave the castle and explore the small courtyard.
Appearances in other games.
In the original Super Smash Bros. for the Nintendo 64 console, Princess Toadstool's castle is a playable stage in which the fighters fight on top of the roof, Mario can be the owner of the area.
In Mario Party, Peach's stage is a large birthday cake with the player can travel through.

MP3
MPEG-1 Audio Layer 3 (MP3) is a popular lossy data compression format for audio. Using it makes smaller computer files containing digitized music and other sounds.
Overview.
The format is a lossy compression format. This means that each time something is compressed with it, some information is lost. This information can not be recovered. When encoding to MP3 (converting some audio data to it), the encoder is smart. The human ear can not hear certain sounds if they are masked by other sounds. This means that when encoding certain sound samples, some sounds can be left out (as they will not be heard). This makes it possible to compress audio by a factor of about 5, without noticeable change to the sound of the music.
Many people like to use MP3 files to copy music so they can listen to it on their computer. Record companies do not like it when people use the Internet to share these MP3 files with each other. They think it is a violation of their copyright. The record industries have a trade group called the RIAA that has taken people to court for sharing music. An Internet website called Napster was shut down because of this. Napster has since re-opened, but does not let people share MP3 files anymore.
Other formats for audio compression are Ogg Vorbis, and FLAC. Ogg Vorbis is very similar to MP3. FLAC is a lossless compression (meaning no information is lost), and gets compression rates of 2-3.
History.
In 1980's, Dieter Seitzer started the development of a code for audio format of high-quality. Together with his team at the "German Fraunhofer Institut" situated in Erlangen, the professor had the idea to create code with a low bit-rate. The German institute received the patent for MP3 in 1989. MP3 was then passed to the International Organisation for Standardisation. In the same year the MP3 was included into MPEG-1 specification. (MPEG means "Moving Picture Experts Group").
The first player to be able to read the MP3 format was designed by the same Fraunhofer Institute in 1990's. A student named "Tomislav Uzelac" developed "AMP MP3 Playback Engine" in 1997. It represented the first device that could be called MP3 player. After the player appeared on the Internet, two students named "Justin Frankel" and "Dmitry Boldyrev" transformed it into Winamp. They took the engine of the original player and added the interface of the famous Windows.
When Winamp was launched into the net for free use it became successful at once. This way began the era of free music download. Soon various programmers started creating additional features for the MP3 player. Very often they created new encoders, rippers (software for transforming audio tracks into MP3 files) and players.
MP3 players.
Because there is no need to pay licensing fees in order to build the player, today many MP3 players are for free. The most famous MP3 players are "Winamp", "Sonique" and "MusicMatch". The main feature of an MP3 player is to turn the MP3 files into standard audio form and then send them to the soundcard of the computer. The soundcard then outputs the files into speaker so the user can hear them. Every MP3 player interprets music differently, though each one of them uses the same code for playing the MP3 files.

King Crimson
King Crimson is a rock band. They formed in England in 1969. Their music is usually called progressive rock, but they also have jazz, Gamelan Music, Classical music, heavy metal and experimental music in their sound. They aren't very popular, but they have a loyal group of fans. Their music has influenced a lot of bands and styles of music. King Crimson is most well-known for their first album, In the Court of the Crimson King, which helped create Progressive Rock. Only one person has been in the band since they started, guitarist Robert Fripp. Right now, the people in the band are Robert Fripp on guitar, Adrian Belew on guitar, Tony Levin on Bass, and Pat Mastelotto on drums.
1960's.
In 1967, drummer Michael Giles and his brother, Peter, a bass guitar player, started a band with Robert Fripp. They recorded one album called The Cheerful Insanity of Giles, Giles and Fripp. This album didn't do very well, and a lot of critics wrote bad reviews of it. After this, Ian Mcdonald joined playing keyboards, reeds, and woodwind instruments. Ian McDonald's friend, Peter Sinfield, joined to write lyrics, and Greg Lake replaced Peter Giles on bass guitar. Then they bought a mellotron, which helped them sound more like classical music. They changed their name to King Crimson, and did their first show in Hyde Park, London in 1969. Their first CD, In the Court of the Crimson King, was a huge success. Their original style impressed fans and critics.
1970's.
Micheal Giles and Ian Mcdonald left the band to do solo work. The three of them still in the band, Robert fripp, Peter sinfield, and Greg Lake, released the single "Catfood/Groon". On the next album, woodwind player Mel Collins, singer Gordon Haskell, and Peter Giles all helped record a few songs with the band. King Crimson released their second album, In the Wake of Poseidon, in 1970. It wasn't very popular because it sounded too much like the first album.

Fleetwood Mac
Fleetwood Mac is a rock band that formed in London, England in 1967. It was formed by Mick Fleetwood and John McVie. After the other original members Peter Green and Jeremy Spencer left, they added to the group Christine McVie, Lindsay Buckingham, and Stevie Nicks, who helped to make the group very famous. Their most famous album was called "Rumours."

The Yardbirds
The Yardbirds were a English blues band. They formed in the 1960s. They are famous for having the guitarists, Eric Clapton, Jeff Beck, and Jimmy Page.

Grateful Dead
The Grateful Dead is a "jam band" who formed in San Francisco, California United States in the 1960s. They are known for their stage shows, and devoted followers called "Deadheads".

Johnny Winter
John Dawson Winter III (February 23, 1944-) is an albino blues musician from Beaumount, Texas, United States. His brother Edgar Winter is also a famous musician.

Edgar Winter
Edgar Winter (born December 28, 1946) is an albino musician from Beaumont, Texas. He is the brother of Johnny Winter who is also a famous musician. He mostly plays keyboards and the saxophone.

Albinism
Albinism is a condition some people and animals are born with. This condition is caused by a lack of pigment (color) in their hair, eyes, and skin. A person or animal with albinism is sometimes called an albino, but many people prefer to be called a "person with albinism".
People with albinism usually have white or light blonde hair and very fair skin. Their eyes are blue, or rarely pink-ish. People with albinism in reality do have some problems including bad vision and getting sunburn easily. All of these problems are because people with alibinism have little or no pigments in their eyes, skin and hair.
Vision problems in albinism include nystagmus (irregular fast movements of the eyes), strabismus (where the eyes fail to balance) and refractory errors (like being "near-sighted" or "far-sighted").
Albino animals are easily attacked by predators because they cannot hide themselves like the non-albino members of their species.
Genetics of albinism.
Albinism is a hereditary condition. It is usually inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern; it means, both parents should carry the albinism gene to have a child with albinism.

Paco de Lucía
Paco de Lucia (real name: Francisco Sanchez Gomez, born December 21, 1947) is a famous Flamenco guitar player from Spain.

Hearing
Hearing is one of the five senses. The ears are used for hearing (listening to) sounds. The noun form of hearing may also be used to refer to a meeting, usually one where the public is invited to come and help decide something.
Sometimes the phrase "I hear you." can be used to mean, "I understand." It is harder to hear a sound made farther away. It is also harder to hear a sound when other sounds are louder.

Bhutan
The Kingdom of Bhutan is a small country in the Himalaya mountains of South Asia. It is ruled by King Jigme Singye Wanchuck, who has been king since 1972. Bhutan was founded in 1644 by Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyel. The Bhutanese people are proud they have always been an independent country. Bhutan's capital city is Thimphu. The official language is Dzongkha.
800,000 people live in Bhutan. There are also about 100,000 people from Nepal who lived in Bhutan before 1989, but these people were pushed out of the country. The people and government of Bhutan are proud of their culture which is based on Tibetan Buddhism. 97% of Bhutan's people believe in Buddhism.
Before 1974 Bhutan was closed to the outside world. Now people can visit the country, but only in small numbers. The only airport is in the Paro district. The country is bordered on the south by India and on the north by Tibet, which is part of China. The main export of Bhutan is hydroelectricity which is sold to India. The economy of Bhutan is very small but is growing quickly. The currency is the Ngultrum, which is similar to the Indian rupee.

Voice
Voice is when someone is speaking or singing. The sound of their voice can be heard when they are speaking. The musical part of a song that is sung by a person using their voice is called vocals.

James Madison
James Madison (March 16, 1751 – June 28, 1836) was the fourth President of the United States.
Family.
He was the oldest of twelve children. His mother and father were James Madison Sr. and Eleanor Rose "Nellie" Conway.
Madison married Dolley Todd Madison in 1794.
Political life.
Madison started his career in the Virginia state legislature. Madison learned many things from Thomas Jefferson. Madison wanted a strong federal government. He was a member of the meeting that formed the current United States Constitution. Madison is called the "Father of the Constitution" because he helped write a large part of it. Madison helped to get people to approve the Constitution.
Madison was elected to the United States House of Representatives. Madison helped write the first laws for the United States. Madison also was the main writer of the Bill of Rights, the first 10 amendments to the Constitution.
Madison and Jefferson were good friends and helped create the Democratic-Republican Party who wanted a weak federal government.
Madison was selected by Jefferson to be his Secretary of State.
Presidency.
Madison was selected by his political party to be the Democratic-Republican candidate for president in 1808. He won that election and the next election in 1812.
The War of 1812 started while Madison was president. Madison still hoped for peace, but Congress wanted war so he gave in and approved a declaration of war against Britain on June 18, 1812. The war caused Madison to want a stronger government than he had before.
Later life.
Madison retired to Virginia after his second term. Madison died on June 28, 1836.

James Monroe
James Monroe (April 28, 1758 – July 4, 1831) was the fifth President of the United States.
Early life.
Monroe was born in Virginia. His father died at age 16. At age 18, he joined the Continental Army. He later studied law with Thomas Jefferson.
He married Elizabeth Kotright in 1789.
Political life.
Monroe did not want the United States Constitution to pass. He was elected to the United States Senate in 1790. He helped form the Democratic-Republican Party with Jefferson and James Madison.
Monroe was Governor of Virginia from 1799 - 1802.
Monroe negotiated the Louisiana Purchase.
Monroe was Madison's Secretary of State and Secretary of War.
Presidency.
Monroe was president from 1817 to 1825. With his Secretary of State John Quincy Adams, Monroe got Spain to give the United States Florida. Monroe and Adams also created the Monroe Doctrine, which was a policy that said that the United States did not want Europe to be involved in the Western Hemisphere anymore.
Monroe signed the Missouri Compromise. The compromise was delay the slavery issue in the United States.
Monroe was the last president to have fought in the American Revolutionary War.
Post-presidency.
Monroe retired to Virginia. After his wife's death he moved to New York where he died on July 4, 1831.

Martin Van Buren
Martin Van Buren (December 5, 1782 – July 24, 1862) was the eighth President of the United States. He was the first president born after the United States Declaration of Independence, making him the first to have never been a British citizen.
Other Sources.
Martin Van Buren's formal education was acquired at the local village academy, from which he was graduated at the age of 14. Later he was placed in the law office of Francis Sylvester. There he swept floors, ran errands, and copied documents. Presumably through this exposure to the legal profession a young apprentice could learn enough law to gain admission to the practice of law.

South Holland
South Holland is a province in the west of the Netherlands. It is called "Zuid-Holland" in Dutch. It is surrounded by the North Sea and the provinces North Holland, Utrecht, Guelders, North Brabant, and Sealand.
3.45 million people live there. The biggest cities are Rotterdam and The Hague. The Hague is the capital of the province. The Hague is also the administrative capital of the Netherlands. That means that the Queen and the parliament are there.
Rotterdam has the largest port of Europe. Leiden, Gouda, and Delft have town centers with many old buildings. Zoetermeer is a quite new city. Most of it was build in the 1970s. Another important city is Dordrecht.
In South Holland there are some typical Dutch landscapes. Near Leiden there is a region that is known as the "Bollenstreek" ("bulb district"). In springtime many large fields with flowers can be found here. These fields are called "bulb fields". Near Rotterdam there is a small village called Kinderdijk with 19 windmills near each other.
The area south of The Hague is called Westland. Here are many greenhouses.
The south of the province has many islands. The largest of them are Voorne-Putten, Goeree-Overflakkee, IJsselmonde, the Hoeksche Waard and the island of Dordrecht. These big islands are connected by bridges and/or tunnels.
The most important rivers and other bodies of waters are Nieuwe Maas, Nieuwe Waterweg, Oude Maas, Haringvliet, and Hollands Diep.

Grand Theft Auto
Grand Theft Auto is a series of video games. The first was released in the late 90s which was top-down meaning it was like playing the game from a helicopter. The second was called "GTA 2" and also a add-on pack was added for the first game called "GTA: London" which was set in the 60s.
Then came the next games which were made in 3D which changed the way Grand Theft Auto was played. The first in the 3D series was called "Grand Theft Auto III" which was set in Liberty City which is like New York. Then there was ' which was set in the early 80s. It was very much like Miami in Florida. The latest game in the 3D series is called ' which is based on Los Angeles, San Francisco and Las Vegas. This game was a really big improvement from the older game because the map was so much bigger.
"Grand Theft Auto IV" ("GTA IV") was officially announced at the Microsoft 2006 E3 Press Conference on May 10, 2006. Grand Theft Auto IV is now being sold inside stores starting now...
There has been a lot of arguing, or "controversy," about these games. Many people do not like how the player can murder random people, and sleep with prostitutes. Because of this, all 3-D GTA games have been rated Mature so far.

Black Eyed Peas
Black Eyed Peas are an American hip-hop group from Los Angeles, California. The group has four members: will.i.am, Apl.de.ap, Taboo and Fergie.

PlayStation Portable
PlayStation Portable is Sony's first video game console to be a handheld. It was made in Japan and came out there first on December 12, 2004. After that, it came out in North America on March 24, 2005 and came out in Europe on September 1, 2005.
It was first talked about in 2003 at E3 and then next year its first design was shown off. It can play PSP video games, as well as music, video, and pictures. To transfer music, videos, or pictures to a PSP, you must use a USB cable to send the files from a computer to it. The games and movies come on a disc called the "Universal Media Disc" which holds 1.8 GB (this is a lot more than a normal CD but less than a DVD). A Memory Stick Duo can also be used for memory storage. The PlayStation Portable is the first handheld game console to use a disc as its media storage instead of a cartridge
Games and movies.
There are many games out, over 200, but most of them are PlayStation 2 games made for the PSP, with less things. The movies look like the DVD, but they can cost more than a DVD. The reason the PSP can have movies is because the disk (Universal Media Disc) has a lot of space. For many countries Spider-Man 2 (the movie) was included for free but for some countries it will have to be ordered by signing up with Sony, because there were not many copies,but sometimes yes.
Wireless.
The PSP is wireless, meaning it can connect to the Internet (and other PlayStation Portable's) without any cables. This is called Wi-Fi. This allows players who are traveling to download items and play online. The PlayStation Portable can also connect with the PlayStation 3 as a sort of remote control for movie playback and for downloading content
Competiton.
The PlayStation Portable is similar to the Nintendo DS, because they are both for games you can take with you. However, Nintendo and Sony said they were made for different people. The DS has sold more units than the PSP.

Abortion
In mammals, an abortion is when a pregnancy ends early without the birth of offspring. This is usually called a miscarriage. Abortions occur spontaneously, usually because something went wrong with the pregnancy. Humans also have the possiblity to end the pregnancy before the child is born. A human child takes about 38 weeks to grow and be born. Normally, this occurs about 40 weeks after the mother's last menstruation.
Types of abortions.
There are two kinds (or types) of abortion. Sometimes, things go wrong during a pregnancy. These things may lead to the death of the unborn child. Depending on when the unborn child dies, such abortions are called "miscarriage" or "stillbirth".
In some cases finishing the pregnancy might be very dangerous to the pregnant woman. Bearing a child might also be very difficult for her. In such cases, things can be done to end the pregnancy. This is called an "induced abortion".
The unborn child is called embryo for the first eight weeks of the pregnancy, and fetus for the remaining 32 weeks.
In both types of abortion, the unborn child is usually expelled from the womb (a "complete" abortion). In some cases, the it remains inside the womb (a "missed" abortion) and surgery is required to remove it.
Names.
People speak of "sponaneous abortion" or "miscarriage" when an embryo or fetus is lost due to natural causes before the 20th week of pregnancy. A pregnancy that ends this way, but that is between 20 and 37 weeks old is known as "premature birth" if the baby is born alive. If the fetus dies in the womb after 20 weeks, or while it is born, this is known as "stillbirth". Premature births and stillbirths are generally not considered to be miscarriages.
How common they are.
Spontaneous abortions (miscarriages) are common. About 15% of pregnancies end in spontaneous abortion. In many cases, the woman is not even aware she was pregnant. The pregnancy is only a few days or weeks old and the woman believes the miscarriage is just her menses. About 25% percent of all women will have a spontaneous abortion during their lives.
Most miscarriages occur very early. Between 10% and 50% of pregnancies end with a miscarriage,
where the mother or the doctors are aware of it. These figures depend on the age and health of the pregnant woman. Most spontaneous abortions occur so early in the pregnancy that the woman is not even aware that she was pregnant. One particular study showed a rate of pregnancy in exposed ovulatory cycles of 59.6%; with 61.9% of conceptuses lost before 12 weeks. 91.7% of these occuried subclinically, without the knowledge of the mother.
The risk of spontaneous abortion decreases sharply after the 10th week of pregnancy, with a loss rate between 8.5 weeks LMP and birth of about two percent; pregnancy loss is “virtually complete by the end of the embryonic period."
Some people are more likely to have a spontaneous abortion.
Those people who have already had several spontaneous or induced abortions run a greater risk of having a spontaneous one. Those with certain diseases, and those over the age 35 also run a greater risk. Other causes for abortions can be the infection of either the woman or unborn baby or their immune response. Certain diseases or an accidental trauma can also cause a spontaneous abortion. Putting the woman under trauma or stress to cause miscarriage is considered induced abortion. Some countries call this feticide.
Cause of spontaneous abortions.
Most miscarriages are due to problems with the copying of chromosomes, but some are caused by environmental factors. When a baby is made, it gets 23 chromosomes from its mother and 23 from its father. If it does not get the right number its development happens wrong (it does not grow right.) It may have many bad birth defects (diseases a baby is born with.)
Most babies with chromosome problems will not live for a long time. They die very early. There are a few chromosome problems that babies can sometimes be born with. For example, Down Syndrome happens when a baby has three chromosome #21. (Usually people have 2 of every chromosome.) This is called "trisomy 21" (tri- means 3.)
Symptoms of spontaneous abortions.
The most common symptom is bleeding from the vagina. This can be very little blood (less blood than a normal menses.) It can be very much blood (much more than a normal menses.)
Some women have bad pains in their low abdomen when they have a miscarriage. This is sometimes like the pain of menses. It can be much worse. Or a woman may have no pain at all. If the pregnancy is many weeks old, the woman may see the fetus when it comes out. But if it is less than 12 weeks old a woman may not see anything but blood.
Treatment of spontaneous abortions.
Sometimes no treatment is needed. Sometimes doctors do a surgical abortion. This is the same kind of surgery that is done for induced abortions. Sometimes doctors give women medicines to help the miscarriage finish without needing surgery.
Induced abortions.
Induced abortions are done by doctors. In those countries where abortion can be done legally, it is often done by specialists who know a lot about the female organism. Abortions done illegally are often performed by people without this special knowledge. This makes them more dangerous.
Kinds of induced abortions.
Surgical induced abortions are where the unborn child is taken out by a physical act. The kind of surgical abortion done depends on how long the pregnancy has gone on. It is easier in earlier stages of the pregnany. There are less problems that can occur. So it is best to do a surgical abortion as early as possible.
Chemical abortions are where a doctor gives a woman a medicine to end the pregnancy. There are two medicines used for this. The medicines are mifepristone (RU-486) and methotrexate. These two medicines both kill the fetus. Then the abortion happens like a "spontaneous" abortion.
Controversy about induced abortions.
A controversy is when people do not agree on something. Induced abortion is very controversial. Some people think a woman should be able to have an induced abortion if she decides that she does not want to complete her pregnancy for whatever reason. Some people think a woman should only be able to have an induced abortion if she will get very ill if she stays pregnant. (Some women have diseases that make pregnancy very dangerous, and there are rare cases of women who might die if the baby is allowed to grow and be born.) Some people think women should never be able to kill the fetus by having an abortion.
People think these different things because of morals (things people believe about what is right and wrong to do) and human rights. People also think these things because of their religion. Some religions say induced abortions are very bad because they kill a tiny innocent human person. Others think that an induced abortion, while not right, is still something a woman should be able to choose in order to control her life.
People who think a woman should be able to have an induced abortion sometimes say they are "Pro-Choice" (they think a woman should have the right to "choose").
People who think the unborn baby is a person and has the right to stay alive and not be killed by abortion say they are "Pro-Life" (they think an unborn child has the human right to life).
Some people feel very strongly about abortion. A very small number of people have attacked or bombed the "clinics" (places where doctors and nurses work) and killed people who work in these places. They have done this because they view a fetus or embryo the same as a baby. They think that when a doctor performs an abortion he is killing a baby, so they kill the doctor to prevent him from killing any more babies. For example, in 1998 James Kopp shot abortion Dr. Barnett Slepian to death.
The American Medical Association approves of abortion and some people share this opinion. They think that the embryo or fetus is a part of the woman's body and is not a human person. They think a woman can kill the unborn fetus in order to control her body.
The American College of Pro-Life Physisicans considers the embryo or fetus to be a human person who deserves respect and medical care. Some people agree, and are against abortion because they feel the unborn baby has a right to live, and the woman's right to control her body is not so important that she can decide to kill the unborn fetus.
Physical problems.
Abortion is safer than childbirth, if it is done before the 16th week of pregnancy and a professional does the abortion. Certain Abortion methods are pretty safe, and complications are rare. Generally, stopping a pregnancy that has gone on longer is riskier.
Women typically feel a small amount of pain during first-trimester abortion procedures. In a 1979 study of 2,299 patients, 97% reported experiencing some degree of pain. Patients rated the pain as being less than earache or toothache, but more than headache or backache.
Local and general anesthesias are used during the procedure
Psychological problems.
Few studies have been done to see if an abortion affects the woman psychically. Those that have been done give contradictory results. One study looked at 13.000 women who had become pregnant even though they did not want to. The study found that having an induced abortion does not increase the risk of getting pyschical problems; the group that was compared were women who also did not want to have a baby, but who did not have an abortion. Other studies showed similar results: women who had an abortion did better in school or at work after the abortion. Another study showed that women who had an abortion had a higher self-esteem and felt better than those who did not.
Many women who had an abortion felt better afterwards, they also felt relieved. They would do it again in a similar situation.
A study done in New Zealand in 2006 showed that many women who had an abortion develeoped severe depressions up to 4 years after they had the abortion. They were also more likely have problems with alcohol and illegal drugs that those women who did not have an abortion. The person who oversaw the study later told media that given these results it would be very hard to say that having an abortion has no psychological effects on the womam who has is. He called the abortion "a traumatic experience"
Other problems.
Both spontaneous and induced abortions have some risk for the woman. (Risk means chance that a bad thing may happen.)
If a bad thing happens because of a surgery or medicine that a doctor gives, or because of a miscarriage, it is called a "complication". Complications of abortions can be infection, bleeding, pain. There may or may not be problems getting pregnant again; this is still being researched. In places where induced abortions are legal less than 1% of induced abortions have a bad complication. If doctors do induced abortions, the risk to the woman is less than the risk of complications of childbirth (having the baby). In places where induced abortions are legal, less women have complications of induced abortion than in places where induced abortion is illegal. This is because induced abortions that are not done by doctors have much more risks. For example, after induced abortions became legal in the United Stated in 1973, less women died from having abortions. In the United States in 2000, 11 women died from the complications of legal abortion. The risk of death from a legal abortion is 1/100 of the risk of an appendectomy. The risk of death from an injection (shot) of penicillin (an antibiotic) is bigger than the risk of death from a legal abortion.
There can be emotional problems for the woman after a spontaneous or induced abortion. She may feel sad, angry, or guilty that she had a miscarriage or asked for an abortion. She may think she has done something wrong that made the miscarriage happen or ended the life of the fetus, or she may feel intense grief at the loss of her pregnancy or child There are many places where women can get help dealing with these feelings.
Some women who have induced abortions may get criticism from friends or family who have different beliefs. When scientists look at this in research studies, however, they do not usually see that women have emotional problems after induced abortions. In 1987, President Ronald Reagan told the Surgeon General of the US to look at this question. Both president Reagan and the Surgeon General C. Everett Koop did not think abortion was right. Dr Koop looked at 250 papers that scientists wrote in scientific journals. Dr Koop said that the science we know does not show that induced abortions cause emotional problems for women who have them.
Abortion and the law.
Induced abortion is not legal in every place. In some countries, a doctor who does an induced abortion is doing a "crime". In the United States, Canada, and many countries in Europe abortion is legal (not a crime). In some countries like Ireland and Somalia it is legal only to save the life of the woman. If a woman is raped in Ireland and becomes pregnant, she cannot get an induced abortion. She must have the baby of the man who raped her. (Rape is when a person is forced to have sex.) In some countries like Chile and El Salvador it is never legal. Even if a woman will die if she keeps a pregnancy, she cannot have an induced abortion.
In countries where induced abortion is not legal many more women die from abortion. Women still get induced abortions, but they cannot get them in safe hospitals and clinics. These induced abortions have more complications than abortions done by doctors.

Clock
A clock is a device that tells the time. Some clocks can give the date as well as the time. There are many different types of clocks. A watch is a type of clock that is small and can easily be carried. Watches are usually worn on a person's wrist. At one time, watches were commonly kept in the person's pocket.
Telling time.
Clocks use different ways to tell time. Clocks need some sort of steady beat or motion. to track the change in time. Ancient water clocks worked by the steady movement of water from a container with a hole in the bottom to another container without a hole. Other clocks use springs and gears to track the change in time correctly.
Digital clocks work by measuring the vibrations of quartz crystals when charged with electricity. The amount of vibrations from a quartz crystal per second does not change.
Atomic clocks use the steady decay of radioactive atoms to measure time. They are the most precise clocks in the world.
Clock displays.
There are many types of clocks and watches. The two most common types of displays on clocks are "analog" and "digital".
Analog clocks.
Analog clocks use angles to tell time. They have "hands" that rotate around the clock's "face". The position of the hands shows the time. The face of the clock is a flat disk. It will often have the numbers one through twelve on the face to make it easier to read. Analog clocks commonly have two or three hands. If it has two, there is a large hand or "minute hand" and a smaller hand, the "hour hand". Clocks with three hands also have a "second hand". This hand is usually about as long as the minute hand, but much thinner. Each hand shows the time is is named for and moves around the face of the clock one complete rotation for each movement to the next larger hand. For example, the second hand moves around the face of the clock in 60 seconds. It moves once each second. When it moves all the way around the clock, the minute hand moves forward one space. When the minute hand moves all the way around the face of the clock (which takes 60 minutes), the hour hand moves forward one section. The second and minute hands take 60 movements to move all around the face of the clock, the hour hand only needs 12 movements to do the same.
Digital clocks.
Digital clocks use numbers to show the time. LCDs and LEDs are common for digital clocks. Unlike analog clocks which are based on 12 hours, digital clocks can use either a 12-hour clock (often with "am" for morning and "pm" for afternoon/night) or a 24-hour clock. Digital clocks are usually smaller and easier to both use and read than analog clocks but they can also be made much larger. New digital clocks can even correct themselves using the internet or radio signals.
Sound based clocks.
A small number of clocks will use sound to show the time. The sound could be as simple as a bell or so complex that it sounds the same as a person. These clocks are often used by people who are blind or cannot see well enough to read an analog or digital clock. They can also be used by people with mental problems that cause them to be unable to read other clocks.

Sexual orientation
Sexual orientation is a term that means what kinds of people a person loves or has sexual or romantic feelings about. A person can love somebody of the same gender (sex), somebody of the other gender, both, or neither.
Not everyone agrees that some of these last terms are really sexual orientations. For example, a person can have a fetish and still be either heterosexual, homosexual, or bisexual. A person can also be transgender or transsexual and still be either heterosexual, homosexual, or bisexual.
Many people have been discriminated against because of their sexual orientation. In many cultures, people who are homosexual or bisexual have been teased (made fun of), fired from their job, or subjected to violence because of who they are. In many countries and states, there are laws against having sex with somebody of the same gender, and people can be put in jail because of who they have sex with. In the United States, these laws were struck down (repealed) by the United States Supreme Court in the last few years.

Smiley
A Smiley (also called a "smiley face" and an "emoticon") is a picture of a simple smiling face that is used to show emotion. The first smileys to be widely used were made as yellow buttons, but now the most common smileys are made using computer keyboard symbols. Smileys are used by many people in emails and other types of computer messages. A "smiley" is also sometimes spelt wrongly as "smily" or "smilie".
Smiley button.
The idea of the "smiley" first came from David Stern of an advertising agency called David Stern Inc.. Stern designed the "smiley" in 1967 as part of an advertising campaign for Washington Mutual. The "smiley" was a bright yellow circle representing a face, with black oval eyes and a big curved mouth with smile creases at the ends.
The design was made popular in the early 1970s by a pair of brothers, Murray and Bernard Spain, who though of a great plan to sell novelty items. The two used the "smiley face" on buttons as well to decorate coffee mugs, t-shirts, bumper stickers and many other things. They also used the phrase "Have a happy day" (which was the idea of Gyula Bogar). "Smiley" buttons were very popular from the 1970s onwards.
Smileyworld Ltd.
Smiley is a brand developed by Franklin Loufrani since 1971. He controls Smileyworld Ltd, a company whose mission is to make the world a happier place to live. Its brand Smiley is sold all over the world in several lifestyle industries, its designers are constantly developing very creative and edgy products, and they can be seen on and
The brand is using organic cotton in order to help protect the environment and the lives of people involved in its production. 10% of the royalties collected are donated to a charity called the Smiley World Association, active with social actions in several countries. Its baseline is Share your smile with those in need.
In 1997 Franklin's son Nicolas Loufrani has started to create a new world with icons based on the original Smiley logo. Today over 1200 icons are used as part of a brand called This brand is based on a communication concept aimed at helping people to communicate better through various social expression products (greeting cards, gifts...). It is also an educative project with books, toys, interactive products as well as a very fun lifestyle brand for kids (fashion, accessories...)
Legal.
Smiley has been a registered trademark since 1971. The Smiley name and logo now registered and used in over 100 countries for 25 classes of goods and services. More than 1200 Smiley emoticons are registered with the Washington Library of Congress and protected by the Universal Copyrights Convention. In the past 10 years, has signed more than 800 licensing contracts worldwide and has been using its rights in most classes of goods and services in all important countries on the 5 continents. Smileyworld Ltd works with over 60 law firms to protect its IP.
Emoticon.
In the 1990s people started using the internet and emails as a regular way of communicating. So that they could show happiness or fun in an easy way, people started making little smiling faces using some of the symbols on the keyboard. A keyboard smiley has a colon ":" for the eyes, a hyphen "-" for the nose, and a parenthesis ")" for the mouth. Some people make the smiley without the hyphen for a nose. The "smileys" that are made in this way are sideways.
When you tilt your head to the left, it looks like a smiling face.
Smileys are usually used as part of a written message, but sometimes a smiley is just sent on its own to say "I am happy with your last message." Smileys are a useful way to show feelings to someone who cannot see the face of person sending the message.
Some people use different symbols, or do not use a nose, etc.

Flamenco
Flamenco is a style of guitar playing that originated in Spain by Gypsy people who were living there at the time. It is usually played on an acoustic (non-electric) guitar and accompanied by Flamenco dancers who are famous for their elaborate costumes.
The dance is very fast and you move your feet a lot.

Cream (band)
Cream was a British rock band in the late 1960s. They played and recorded together from 1966 to 1969. The members of the group were Eric Clapton, Jack Bruce, and Ginger Baker. They were called a power trio, since there were three musicians, who all played essential roles in the band.
Cream's hit records included the songs "Strange Brew", "Sunshine Of Your Love" and "White Room". Their last album, titled "Goodbye Cream", included a song called "Badge", co-written by Eric Clapton and George Harrison of The Beatles.

Blind Faith
Blind Faith was a rock group, that only were together for about one year (1969). It was formed by Eric Clapton (who had been in the band Cream) and Steve Winwood (who was in the band Traffic). Also in the band were Ginger Baker (who was Cream's drummer) and Rick Grech (who was in the band "Family"). Clapton, Winwood, and many other people had high expectations for the new band, but many people did not like the new stuff they were doing, and wanted to hear music like Cream and Traffic made. Many people did not like the band and they broke up. Before they broke they released a self-titled album, which caused controversy, because it only had six songs and featured a naked teenage girl holding a toy airplane on the cover, an image which upset some people.

The Guess Who
The Guess Who is a Canadian rock band. They formed in Winnipeg in 1963 and broke up in 1975. Their best known songs include, "American Woman", "Share The Land", "No Time", and "These Eyes".

Bruce Springsteen
Bruce Springsteen (born September 23, 1949) is a American rock musician from New Jersey. His songs include "Born to Run" and "Born in the USA". For over 30 years he has been a singer. Jon Landau, a music writer for "Rolling Stone" magazine, once said: "I have seen the future of rock and roll, and its name is Bruce Springsteen." Springsteen won an Oscar for his song "Streets Of Philadelphia", written for the Tom Hanks' film "Philadelphia".
"What you do if someone does not understand your song, is to keep on singing your song." This statement comes from the singer himself.

Intersexuality
An intersexual or intersex organism is an organism (a living thing) that is either born with genitalia and/or secondary sex characteristics that are not male or female. It may also be born with some genitalia and/or secondary sex characteristics that are male and some that are female. Doctors sometimes cannot tell if an intersexual baby is a boy or a girl. These babies are called intersexed.
Many intersexed people do not like to be called hermaphrodites. The word "hermaphrodite" is a biological term which is used for animals such as snails, which are both male and female. The word is thought to be old-fashioned when used to refer to people. It is not politically correct or kind, and people want the word to stop being used in this way.
Causes of intersexuality.
There are many conditions that can cause people to be born intersexed. Most of these are genetic conditions. People with these conditions have a gene that works differently. This gene is usually an enzyme or a receptor.
The most common condition that causes intersex is Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia. This is a condition that causes female fetuses to look some male. The cause is an enzyme that makes hormones in the adrenal gland. This makes the adrenal gland produce higher levels of androgen hormones than normal (hormones that act like testosterone.) So the female fetuses have genitals that look male. They may have a penis instead of a clitoris. They may have a scrotum instead of labia. Doctors and parents may not even see that the baby is intersexed. They may just think the baby is a boy. But the baby has female chromosomes.
How many intersexed people are there?
About 1% (1 in 100) of babies are born with some intersex condition. Many of these are not bad. They may not even be found until the child is in puberty or is an adult. About 0.1 – 0.2% (1-2 in 1000) of babies are born with an important intersex condition.
Medical treatment of intersexed people.
Doctors believed before that intersexed babies "must" have surgery to 'fix' their genitals. This was done by surgery to make babies' genitals look only male or female. They believed that babies would have many problems if they did not have genitals that looked only male or female. Most babies had surgery to make them look female. This was because surgery to make them look female is an easier thing to do.
When these people became adults some of them were very unhappy that doctors did surgery on them. Some of them do not identify with the sex that was chosen for them. People who had surgery to make them look female may have a male gender identity. Some intersexed people are also unhappy because their genitals may not function right. They may experience some to a lot of pain when they have sex. Some of these intersexed people want to get doctors to stop doing surgery on intersexed babies.
There are other intersexed people who are happy with the surgery they had. They are happy that it was done when they were babies. They think that if they had to be children with genitals that did not look like a boy or a girl it would have been bad.
The trouble doctors have is that they cannot tell when a baby is born if it will have a male or female gender identity. If they knew this it would be very easy. They would do the surgery that would make the genitals the same as the baby's gender identity. So doctors and scientists are studying which gender identity intersex babies will have. There are some intersex diseases where the gender identity is usually one way. But some intersex diseases it is not easy to tell.
If a baby has an intersex disease that may have a male or female gender identity, some doctors now say we should not do surgery early. They say we should wait until the baby is older. Then the child can show us what his or her gender identity is
Intersex and transgender and LGBT.
Some intersexed people say they are transgender or part of the LGBT community (group.) Some people even say LGBTI to include intersex people.
Some intersex people say they are "not" transgender or in the LGBT community. These groups have some things in common, but not all things. But some people in all of these groups are not happy when they are grouped together.
Some people who are transgender also believe that transgender is a kind of intersex. They believe that transgender people have brains that are physically like the other sex. (Since the brain is an organ that is different in men and women.) But most intersexed people are not happy with this. They want to be separate from transgender people.

Gastrointestinal system
The gastrointestinal system is the body system that eats and digests food. It also gets rid of waste after digestion. The gastrointestinal system starts at the lips and ends at the anus.
The gastrointestinal tract is the "gut" and other organs that help us digest food.
The gut is the round tubes that food goes through and is digested.
Food does not go through these organs. But they help the gut digest the food. They also have other work. For example the pancreas, thyroid, liver, and parathyroids are also endocrine glands that make hormones like insulin.
There are many diseases that affect the gastrointestinal system. Doctors who study the gastrointestinal tract are called gastroenterologists.

Mouth
The mouth is the hole in the face where we put food when we eat. It is the first part of the gastrointestinal system.
The mouth has teeth to help chew the food. We use our mouth for many things. We eat with it. But we also talk, kiss, and show our emotions with it.

Deacon
A Deacon is a role in the Christian church. The job of a deacon is different depending on the church he or she is a part of. A deacon usually helps to run the church and teaches people about Christianity. A deacon can also witness marriages.
In the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches men are not allowed to marry after they have become deacons. Deacons in Protestant churches are allowed to marry.
they are not allowed to listen to confessions but are allowed to give out the ehuristic

Friedrich Engels
Friedrich Engels (November 28, 1820 – August 5, 1895) was a German political thinker. With his friend Karl Marx, Engels wrote about Communism. They wrote the famous book "The Communist Manifesto" together.
Life.
Friedrich Engels was born in Germany in 1820. His father was a very rich factory owner, and sent Friendrich to England to run one of the factories. The way the workers were living at his father's factories made Engels upset with the class system. At about this time, he began to inscribe about politics and workers' struggles.
In 1854 he met Karl Marx in France and the two became friends and began to write together. The two men worked together until Marx's death in 1883.
After Marx died, Engels spent the rest of his life editing and translating Marx' writings. He also wrote about women and marriage.

Dinner
Dinner is a word with a few different meanings.
In North America dinner usually means large meal that is eaten in early evening. Sometimes dinner can mean a meal eaten in the middle of the day. This meaning is more common in the Southern United States and the United Kingdom.
A more formal definition of "dinner", especially outside North America, is any meal that has several courses. The minimum number of course is often regarded as two but there can be as many as seven. If there is only one course and it is the main meal of the day, then it is called dinner.
Dinner is very important to some cultures. It is also the favorite saying of the King of Hyrule.

Rosa Luxemburg
Rosa Luxemburg (March 5, 1870 or 1871 - January 15, 1919) was a Polish-born German Marxist. Her birth name was Rosalia "Luxenburg". She was born into a Jewish family. She was the fifth child of her parents. Her father was a wood trader/timber trader. His name was Eliasz Luxemburg III. Her mother's name was Line (maiden name: Löwenstein). She organised a socialist uprising in Germany but was killed by the fascists.

Liver
The liver is an organ in the abdomen. It is part of the gastrointestinal system. Sometimes people use "hepato-" as a prefix when they talk about the liver. For example if people talk about liver cells, they say "hepato"cellular. Another word for liver cell is "hepato"cyte (-cyte means cell.)
Liver diseases.
There are many different liver diseases. Liver disease can make someone very "very" sick because of all the important work the liver does. People who have bad liver disease usually die unless they can get a "Liver transplant". This is where the liver from someone who has just died is put in another person. This is very difficult surgery. But surgeons do it because it can save a person's life.
Symptoms of liver disease.
The symptoms of liver disease happen because the liver does not do the work it should.
The liver cannot metabolize (break down) toxins and waste so these bad things stay in the blood more. One thing that builds up is a substance called bilirubin. When red blood cells die, the hemoglobin in them leaks into the blood. The hemoglobin becomes bilirubin (a yellow substance that makes bile yellow.) The liver takes the bilirubin out of the blood and puts it into the bile. The bile goes into the intestines and then goes out with the waste from your body. If the liver is hurt, it does not remove the bilirubin, so the bilirubin stays in the body. This makes the person's body look yellow and is known as jaundice. So yellow eyes and yellow skin are symptoms of liver disease.
Types of liver disease.
"Hepatitis" is when liver cells get "inflamed" (sick.) This can be from virus infections. This can be from toxins or poisons. (The most common toxin to cause hepatitis is "alcohol".) This can be from genetic disease. This can be from autoimmune diseases when the body's immune system hurts itself.
"Cirrhosis" is from death of liver cells that happens again and again. When the cells die, scar tissue forms. This scar tissue damages the structure of the liver. This makes the liver not work as well. But it also makes the pressure in the veins that go to the liver very high. This high pressure makes "esophageal varices". The most common reason for cirrhosis in the world is hepatitis B virus infection.
Some diseases cause bad things to build up in the liver. Hemochromatosis causes extra iron to build up in the liver. Wilson's disease causes extra copper to build up in the liver. Both of these diseases hurt the cells and can cause "very" bad liver disease that kills people.
You can also get cancer of your liver. This can be metastatic cancer that came from some other place in your body. The liver is a common place to get metastases because it takes bad things out of the blood. So it takes cancer cells out of the blood and they grow in the liver. Cancer can also grow from the liver. If it grows from the liver it is called "hepatocellular carcinoma" (liver cell cancer) if it is from liver cells. Most hepatocellular carcinoma is from cirrhosis. If it is from the cells that line the bile ducts in the liver, it is called "cholangiocarcinoma".
Treatments for liver disease.
Some liver diseases can be treated very easy with medicines. Hemochromatosis is treated just by taking blood from people every 2 months.
Some liver diseases can be stopped before they start. Two types of viral hepatitis can be stopped with an immunization. Hepatitis A and B viruses can be stopped with a total of 5 shots in a person's life.
Some liver diseases can only be treated with liver transplant.

Clot
A clot is a solid substance that blood forms when it is in air. When you bleed, your body wants to stop the bleeding. So it makes a clot.
When blood makes a clot it is also called "coagulation".
If a person falls and gets a cut on their body, that person will bleed. If he bleeds too much he will die. To stop the bleeding, the brain orders a special body part to go and try to lessen the blood flow, so that not as much blood is lost.

Coachella Valley
The Coachella Valley is a desert valley in the Colorado Desert of Southern California. It is famous as a resort destination and an agricultural region.
Many people visit the area and enjoy the pleasant weather during tourist season, which is from September to June. Winter in the Coachella Valley is very pleasant, much like spring in other parts of the country. Summer is very hot and dry, with temperatures over 100 degrees Fahrenheit/40 degrees Centigrade. Although the area is a desert, there are lots of water both under the ground and in aqueducts from the Colorado River. The weather is so similar to weather in the Middle East that the area grows more than 95% of the nation's crop of dates. A grapefruit called the "Coachella Grapefruit" was first grown there.
One of the world's greatest engineering feats is in Palm Springs. The Palm Springs Aerial Tramway brings visitors from the floor of the valley to the top of Mount San Jacinto, 8516 feet (3000 metres) up!

Derivative works
Derivative work is a phrase used in copyright law. It is piece of work (for example: a novel, a song or a painting) that is based on what someone else created.
Copyright law says that if someone writes a book, or draws a picture, or writes a song, then it belongs to them. Other people are not allowed to copy it unless the person who created it says that they can. This is important because it means The person who created the work can sell what they created and get money.
A derivative work is one that is based on something else. If a person watchs a movie, and then writes a story about the people in the movie, that story is a derivative work. If after hearing a song, someone sings the same tune with different words, the song they sung is a derivative work.
In the law, if someone else has a copyright on something, no one is allowed to create a derivative work unless they say it is allowed. So if someone watchs a movie, they are not allowed to write a story about the people in the movie unless the people who made the movie give them permission.
This only applies to the things that are known about by the person creating the work. If a movie is made, but they do not go and see the movie, and then they write a book that has the same story as the movie, that is not a derivative work.

Rugby football
Rugby football is a sport that people play around the world. Many people play rugby in the UK, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, France, South Africa, Argentina, Japan, USA, Canada the Pacific Islands and some 100+ other countries. It is the World's premier oval ball football and is usually just called "rugby".
Rugby football is named after a school in England called Rugby school. Legend has it that one day in 1823, a senior boy called William Webb Ellis elected to run with the ball rather than retiring to kick it as was the normal mode of play in Rugby School football matches. "Running in" was not considered quite the done thing then but was later formalised in the laws of Rugby Football (first published in 1846). Association Football (Soccer) was not formalised until 1863 and even then allowed handling of the ball, but not catching it and running with it. In the mid 1860's an attempt was made to provide one set of laws for all football but there were irreconcilable differences (mainly concerning "hacking" i.e. dispossessing an opponent of the ball by kicking him in the shins). The "hackers" went on to eventually play rugby football even though hacking was barred a few years later; while the "anti-hackers" went on to form Association Football (Soccer)eventually banning any handling.
Rugby football is played on a field by two teams of 15 people. The ball is slightly pointy at both ends. At each end of the field there is a goal made out of poles, shaped like the letter H in English. There is also an area called the in-goal. Players try to take the ball to the other teams in-goal and place it on the ground. If they do that, they score a "try". They can also then try to score a "goal". To score a goal, they have to kick the ball through the top of the H on the other teams side.
To try and stop the other team scoring, players try to tackle each other. Tackling in rugby means that they try to grab the other person and stop them from moving, or make them fall on the ground.
There are two types of rugby, called rugby union and rugby league. The two types of rugby moved away from each other because they did not agree about the how players were treated when they were injured while playing a game. Rugby union is played by more people than rugby league, but many people play rugby league in the UK, Australia, New Zealand and Papua New Guinea. In most other places, the word "rugby" means rugby union.
Every four years, there is a championship of the rugby union teams from countries all over the world. It is called the Rugby World Cup, and the next Rugby World Cup will be in 2011, in New Zealand.

Kidney
Kidneys are two organs in the abdomen of vertebrates that are shaped like beans. They make urine (the yellow waste water that comes out of the urethra.) They are part of the urinary system. When people talk about kidneys they sometimes use the word "renal". For example, "renal failure" is when the kidneys are sick and do not work. The prefix "nephro-" is also used in words to mean "kidneys". For example, a "nephrologist" is a doctor who studies kidneys.
It was widely believed in Europe that the conscience was actually located in the kidneys. This idea was taken from the Hebrew Bible. But medical experts of today usually do not consider kidneys to have this kind of psychological role.
Kidney functions.
Kidneys do many things that are important to stay healthy. If someone's kidneys do not work properly, he or she might see a specialist (a nephrologist) for the necessary treatment.
Makes hormones.
The kidney makes hormones. The two most important ones that it makes are erythropoetin and renin.
Erythropoetin is made by the kidneys if there is less oxygen in the kidney. Erythropoetin tells the bone marrow to make more red blood cells. Red blood cells carry oxygen in the blood. So this means there will be more oxygen carried in the blood.
Renin is made by the kidney if there is low blood pressure, low volume of blood, or too low salts in the blood. Renin tells the blood vessels to be smaller. It tells the adrenal gland to make aldosterone (which tells the kidneys to save salts.) It tells the body to drink more water. All of this makes the blood pressure go up.
Keeps homeostasis.
The kidney's most important work is keeping homeostasis. Homeostasis means that the body keeps a stable environment inside itself. The body wants to have the same amount of water, salt, and acid in the blood. This makes the body work better. The kidney keeps these things constant.
If there is too much water, the kidney puts more water in the urine. If there is not enough water, the kidney puts less water in the urine. This is why people make less urine when they are dehydrated (have not enough water in the body and are thirsty.)
Kidney diseases.
There are many types of kidney diseases. If kidney disease makes the kidneys not able to do but they do work in part. People can have mild renal failure and have no symptoms. As long as it does not become worse, people may not even know they have it. "Severe" renal failure means "very" bad failure. The kidneys do not work very much at all. People with severe renal failure "always" have symptoms. They may need special care from doctors to live.
Renal replacement.
People who do not have good kidneys are "very" sick. If they have severe renal failure, they cannot live unless they have a "replacement" for their kidneys. Replacement is something that takes the place of something else.
There are two ways to replace the kidneys: dialysis and transplantation
Kidney dialysis.
Dialysis is when doctors use a machine and medicines to do the work that kidneys do. There are two kinds of dialysis: hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis.
Peritoneal dialysis is when doctors put a plastic tube into the persons abdomen. Every day the person fills the abdomen with fluid. The extra salts, waste, and water that the body does not need goes into the fluid. Then the fluid comes out and takes the wastes with it. This does part of the job that kidneys do.
Hemodialysis is when doctors take blood from a person, clean the blood with a special kind of filter, called "haemodialyser", managed through a special machine, and put it back in the person. When the blood is cleaned, water, salts, and wastes are taken out of it. This must be done 2-4 times every week (usually 3 times.) It takes 2-4 hours to do this each time.
Hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis are not perfect. They do some of the work of the kidney, but it is not as good as a real kidney. So people who need dialysis are not as healthy. They must take medicines also. For example, in kidney failure, the kidneys do not make erythropoetin. So doctors have to give people erythropoetin so they make enough red blood cells.
Transplant.
A better way to do the kidneys' work is to give the person another kidney. This is called a renal transplant. Kidney transplants are the most common organ transplant that happens. It is more common because we have two kidneys, but only need one kidney to live. People who are alive can donate a kidney to another person. With other organs, the donor must be dead first.
Even transplants are not the same as kidneys people were born with. A person who gets a renal transplants must take strong medicines to stop their body from attacking the new kidney. Sometimes, after years, the transplanted kidney stops working. But sometimes a patient can get a new transplanted kidney after the first one stops working.

Prefix
A prefix is a part of a word. It is put at the start of another word to make a different meaning. It can also mean a number that is put in at the start to show which number something is in a group.
Strictly speaking these constructions don't use prefixes, but make compound nouns (in other cases also compound adjectives).
The following examples illustrate real prefixes.
Often people want to use a prefix to mean "not". There are many prefixes that mean "not".
Scientists and doctors use prefixes in many words.
Sometimes people make up words by adding a prefix. These words are not in a dictionary. But if people use these words enough, sometimes they go into dictionaries.
For example, we can make the word "unsimple", which splits up into "not simple". This is not a word in a dictionary.
Compare to suffix. Suffixes are letters put at the end of a word to change its meaning.
the prefixs, can be also: in and re

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) is the United Nations agency that looks after
One of the things UNESCO does is to make a list of all the most important, special, interesting or beautiful places in the world. This list is called "UNESCO World Heritage Sites". These places and buildings musn't be destroyed, because they are importent and that beautiful that the people in the future can enjoy this places. These places are telling us a lot about the past. The Uluru for example tells us a lot about the culture of Aborigines. Most countries have at least one place on this list, but some have many. They include historical buildings or sites, beautiful landscapes, places that have scientific value (for instance in geology), or places that are very important to one culture (such as Uluru).

Human rights
Human rights is the idea that people should have rights "just because" they are human beings. These rights are seen as "universal," which means they are meant for everyone, no matter what their race, religion, ethnicity, nationality, age, sex, political beliefs (or any other kind of beliefs), intelligence, disability, sexual orientation, or gender identity.
Human rights history.
The idea of human rights comes from ideas found in religion and philosophy.
The modern Western idea of human rights started in the European Enlightenment.
In the 16th century, some people started suggesting that everyone had the right to choose their religion and their leaders. This sort of thinking was important in the English Civil War. After the war, the philosopher John Locke argued that people should have these rights; he was one of the first people to call them "human rights." These ideas were also important in the American revolution and the French revolution in the 18th century
Human rights laws.
Because people believe that human rights are important, countries make laws to protect them. These laws say that governments cannot take away people's basic rights. They make sure people who take away other people's rights are punished.
Some major political organizations have made statements that promote human rights. These are not laws, but they affect us anyway. If groups or countries do not follow these statements, others will condemn them (say that they are "very" bad); and then people may not talk with them, do business with them, or help them.
Some of the important places that human rights laws are written is in constitutions. The United States' and France's constitutions are two of the oldest set of laws based on human rights.
These are United Nations human rights "Covenants": agreements between people or countries. The countries who sign these two covenants agree to follow them.
Human rights abuses.
Abuse means to hurt someone very badly. Human rights abuse happen when a person is hurt in a way that violates (goes against) his human rights. Human rights abuses are also often called "human rights violations".
Many people, groups, and countries think protecting human rights is very important. But not everyone in the world believes in human rights. If people who do not believe in human rights have political power they can hurt many people. Even if these people have no political power, they can be violent to other people. There are many people who work to protect everyone's human rights; some of these are government groups, and some are not with any government. They are sometimes called "Human Rights Organizations".

Nationality
Nationality means of what nation (country) a person is a citizen.
It is considered good by world governments to have citizens of different countries living together, since this encourages multi-culturalism. This is a good thing because it can help avoid racism and intolerance.

Citizen
A citizen is someone who is a member of a country. People can be citizens because they were born in a country. People can also be "naturalized" citizens. If someone was born in one country but became a citizen of another country, they are a naturalized citizen of that other country. For example, actor Peter Lorre was born 1904 in Hungary. In the 1940s, he moved to the United States and became a citizen of the United States. Lorre was born a Hungarian citizen and later became a naturalized United States citizen.
Someone who live in a smaller area like a city can also be called a citizen of that city.

Religious fundamentalism
The term religious fundamentalism was used at first to describe some people in the Protestant community in the United States in the early 20th century. These people had a set of well defined ("fundamental") values. These values were in opposition to more modern ideas. The group also said it was important to stick to what faith (the Bible) told them.
Today, the term is used more generally.
Religious fundamentalism is a new development in society. People who study religious fundamentalism see it as a response to modern society. Today society is not as simple as it was. Today many people live in societies that can be hard to understand. Changes in familiar things can make people feel unsafe. So some people look in their religion to see something that does not change. They also want rules about how to act that do not change. So they see their religion as this thing that does not change.
When people look at religion this way they see the ideas in the religion as "absolute". This means that it is not possible for them to change. When religion is seen as absolute it becomes fundamentalism.
People can be any religion and be fundamentalists.
The term (word or group of words) 'religious fundamentalist'.
Some people who are called religious fundamentalists do not like that name. They do not like it because 'religious fundamentalist' has some negative ideas about it. Many people who are politically "progressive" or "liberal" sometimes do not like religious fundamentalists. They believe bad things about them like that they are not clever, they are not educated, or that they do not respect people's human rights. Some people who are called religious fundamentalists do not like that the term has these other meanings. So they do not want to be called religious fundamentalists.
Some people who are Christian fundamentalists "do" like that term and use it to name themselves. But they do not like being called religious fundamentalists because Islamic fundamentalists are in this same group.

Medical ethics
Medical ethics is the set of ethical rules that doctors follow. These ideas tell doctors how they should treat patients.
The earliest set of ethical ideas in medicine was the "Hippocratic oath". (An oath is a special promise.) It was supposed to be written by Hippocrates but probably was not written by him.

Sperm
Sperm are the male reproductive cells. Most animals and plants use sperm to reproduce. They have different ways of making and releasing the sperm. In all cases the sperm meet with the egg of a female and grow into a new organism.
The name sperm is taken from the greek word "sperma" meaning "seed".
Anatomy.
An animal sperm cell is capable of movement, as it has to get to the uterus to meet with the ovum. Animal sperm cells (including humans) have small 'head' and a long tail called a "flagellum". The flagellum acts like a motor to propel the sperm cell through the female reproductive system.
A plant sperm cell is "non motive", it can't move by itself. Plant sperm cells are contained within the pollen of a plant. They reach other plants through the wind, or insects such as bees.
In humans.
Human sperm is made in the testicles of a man. Human sperm contains 23 chromosomes. A human needs 46 chromosomes, so a sperm cell is called a "haploid" as it only has half. The other half is contained within the ovum or egg of a female. During sex, semen is shot out of the man's penis during ejaculation.
Semen carries the sperm into the womans vagina and down to the ovum in the uterus. During ejaculation millions of sperm cells are released, but only one hundred or so reach the egg.
If or when one does reach the egg, the two cells merge. Because they now have 46 chromosomes, they are called a "diploid". Thiis diploid turns into a zygote, which can grow into a fetus and eventually a baby.
In plants.
Plant sperm cells cannot move by themselves. Plant sperm cells are contained within a sticky liquid called pollen,
They rely on "transportation" to take their sperm cells to other plants. For example a bee lands on a plant to collect the pollen. Some pollen wil get stuck to the bee. The bee moves on to another plant and the pollen falls onto that plant. The pollen falls down a "pollen tube" until it reaches the ovule at the bottom.

Semen
Semen () is the fluid that comes out from the end of a man's penis when he has an orgasm (the height of sexual excitement) and ejaculates. It is usually a white or yellowish, sticky substance made up of sperm (male cells for sexual reproduction) floating in a fluid called seminal plasma that has different chemicals in it. Normally, an ejaculation makes between 1.5 and 5 millilitres (up to one teaspoonful) of semen.
After ejaculation, semen first becomes slightly thick and sticky. It is believed that semen does this so that if the man has had sex with a woman and has ejaculated inside her vagina, the semen stays in her vagina for longer and does not leak out. Between five and 40 minutes after this, semen becomes more liquid and watery. This probably allows the sperm in the semen to move through the vagina and into the woman's uterus and Fallopian tubes to try and fertilize an ovum (egg cell).
Some scientists think that semen that is taken into a woman's body causes her not to feel depressed or sad. On the other hand, if semen touches another person's body, it can pass on sexually transmitted infections (STIs). In a few cases, it can also make the other person's immune system weaker, or cause the person to have an allergic reaction. The risks of these health problems happening can be reduced if the man wears a condom when having sex.
Many cultures around the world once thought or still think that semen has special or even magical qualities. Showing semen in forms of popular culture such as art and movies has for a long time been taboo, that is, not generally accepted by society. However, since the late 20th century artists and moviemakers have done so more often.
Words.
The English word "semen" comes from the Latin word "sēmen", which means "seed". In fact, "seed" was an old-fashioned name for semen. The Latin word "sēmen" itself came from another Latin word, "serěre", which means "to plant (a plant into the ground) or to sow (seeds in the earth)". It was once thought that semen was like a seed that grew into a baby after being "planted" inside a woman's body.
Another name for semen is "ejaculate". Some slang words for semen are "cream", "cum", "jism", "jizz", "load", "spooge", "spunk" and "wad".
The way it looks and its nature.
Semen is the fluid that comes out from the end of a man's penis when he has an orgasm (the height of sexual excitement) and ejaculates. It is usually white, but may also be slightly grey or yellow. If there is blood in the semen, it can look pink or reddish. This is a condition called hematospermia, and may be due to some blockage, inflammation, infection or injury to some part of the male sex organs, such as the urethra, epididymis, prostate or testicles. A doctor should be seen if the pink or reddish colour does not go away after a few days.
Men ejaculate different amounts of semen. Normally, an ejaculation makes between 1.5 and 5 millilitres (up to one teaspoonful) of semen. More semen tends to come out if a man has not ejaculated for many days, or if he has been stimulated (made sexually excited) for a long time. Older men produce less semen. If a man ejaculates an unusually small amount of semen, this is a medical condition called hypospermia.
After a man has ejaculated, semen first becomes slightly thick and sticky, and may feel a bit like jelly and clump together in globs. Scientists think that semen does this so that if the man has had sex with a woman and has ejaculated inside her vagina, the semen stays in her vagina for longer and does not leak out. Between five and 40 minutes after this, semen becomes more liquid and watery. This probably allows the sperm in the semen to move through the vagina and into the woman's uterus and Fallopian tubes to try and fertilize an ovum (egg cell). If semen is ejaculated outside the body, after becoming watery it eventually dries up.
What it is made up of.
Seminal plasma protects and provides food for sperm as they travel inside a woman's body. The inside of a woman'a vagina does not suit sperm cells as it is acidic. To protect the sperm from the acid, seminal plasma is alkaline. A woman's immune system also tries to kill organisms (living things) that are not part of her body. Seminal plasma has chemicals called prostaglandins in it to stop the woman's body from killing the sperm.
Semen that does not have any germs in it (see below) is not harmful if it is swallowed, for example after a person has had oral sex with a man and the man ejaculates in that person's mouth.
Semen quality.
If there are an unusually low number of sperm in an ejaculation, this is called oligospermia. If there are no sperm at all, this is called azoospermia. A man with oligospermia or azoospermia is usually infertile, and cannot or finds it very hard to make a woman pregnant by having sex with her.
Benefits.
Studies seem to say that semen is an anti-depressant. This means that it causes women not to feel depressed or sad. The studies found that when men had sex with women without using condoms, and the men's semen was taken into the women's vaginas, the women had better moods and felt happier. Scientists do not yet know if the same thing happens when semen is swallowed after oral sex, but some of them think it may.
Passing on disease.
If a man has a sexually transmitted infection or STI (an infection that is passed from one person to another by sex), the germs that cause the disease can appear in his semen. If the person that the man has sex with touches the semen, he or she can become infected by the germs and pick up the disease. AIDS, chlamydia, gonorrhea, hepatitis B, herpes and syphillis are examples of STIs. One of the ways for a man to lower the chance of passing on an STI to his sexual partner is to wear a condom on his penis when having sex.
Making the immune system weaker.
Some scientists think that parts of semen, such as sperm and seminal plasma, can make another person's immune system weaker. Experiments show that when substances in a man's semen enter another person's body, that person's body makes antibodies. Antibodies are large Y-shaped proteins used by the body's immune system to stop foreign objects from harming the body. However, the antibodies made in response to substances in semen attack one of the body's own cells, called T lymphocytes. This weakens the body's immune system.
Allergy.
In a very small number of cases, people have experienced allergic reactions when they touched semen. This is called human seminal plasma hypersensitivity. The symptoms (signs of the medical problem) can either be near the part of the body which touched the semen, or all over the body. They may include itching of the vagina, redness, swelling or blisters within 30 minutes of contact. They may also include itching and hives (large, red, itchy patches) all over the body, and even difficulty breathing.
The best way to test for human seminal plasma hypersensitivity is for a man to use a condom when having sex. When a condom is used, after ejaculation the man's semen stays inside the condom and does not touch the body of the person he is having sex with. If the man's sexual partner usually has allergic symptoms to semen but does not have any when a condom is used, this may show that his partner's body is extra-sensitive to semen. A person can often get over a mild semen allergy by coming into contact with semen often. If the allergic reaction is very bad, the person should see a doctor, especially if she is a woman trying to get pregnant. In such cases, it may be necessary for the woman to have a baby through artificial insemination. This is a medical way of fertilizing a woman's ova using a man's sperm without the man and the woman having sexual intercourse.
Popular culture.
Displaying semen in forms of popular culture such as art and movies has for a long time been taboo, that is, not generally accepted by society. However, since the late 20th century artists and moviemakers have done so more often.
Visual arts.
The American photographer Andres Serrano sometimes takes photographs of body fluids and displays them as artworks. One example is "Blood and Semen II" (1990), which is a picture of blood and semen mixed together. Some people are shocked by such pictures and think it is wrong of him to make them, while others think that as an artist he should be free to create such works. Another of Serrano's pictures, "Blood and Semen III", was featured on the cover of the 1996 music album "Load" by the American heavy metal band Metallica.
The United Kingdom-based artists Gilbert Proesch and George Passmore, better known as Gilbert and George, have also used semen and other body fluids to create artworks.
Movies.
Apart from pornographic movies showing people having sex, semen is usually not shown in movies as many people think that doing so is obscene (not decent). However, some movies that have shown semen are the American comedy movies "There's Something about Mary" (1998), "American Pie" (1999), "Scary Movie" (2000) and "Scary Movie 2" (2001). In the Spanish movie "Y tu mamá también" ("And Your Mother Too", 2001), there is a scene where two high-school boys who are friends lie on diving boards over a swimming pool and masturbate (make themselves sexually excited). Semen is later shown floating on the water. Such movies are usually not thought to be suitable for children to watch.

Bilbao
Bilbao is a city in the Basque Country, in the North of Spain. There are 350,000 persons living in Bilbao.
In Bilbao is the Nervión river, which ends in the Bay of Biscay.

Middle school
In the United States, Middle school is a school between elementary school (grades 1-4 or 1-6) and high school (grades 9-12 or 10-12). Grades in middle school depend on the "school district" (local school authority). Middle school is also sometimes called junior high school or just "junior high".
The school day is often very different in elementary, middle, and high schools. Unlike elementary schools, where students often stay with one or two teachers for most of the school day, middle school is usually the first time in which students change teachers after each class of usually about one hour. Students often study 6 to 8 subjects. They will be taught by a different teacher for each subject. This is also the first year they must "dress out", or change clothes for P.E. (physical education)
The change from a one teacher-all subjects way of teaching helps create more independence for the pupil. They no longer have the guidance of just one main teacher. Also, students will often have more of a choice in what classes they take. This is mainly in dealing with subjects which are taken in addition the basic subjects such as mathematics, English, history and general science.
In general, middle school acts as a transition between the elementary school structure where most people are all treated the same and the high school structure were most people are treated as individuals.

List of Disney animated movies
Below is a list of animated movies from Walt Disney Pictures/The Walt Disney Company. For a list of live-action movies from the company, see List of Disney movies.
Official canon (Walt Disney Animated Classics).
The following is a list of the forty-nine feature films part of the Walt Disney Feature Animation (WDFA) canon, also known as the Walt Disney Animated Classics. The canon includes animated features that were or are being produced entirely by WDFA. Not included are animation/live-action combination movies, spin-offs from Disney television shows, the direct-to-video movies produced by the DisneyToons studio in Australia (some of which received theatrical releases), or the Pixar movies (which Disney "presents" but does not produce). WDFA once announced that "Home on the Range" (released April 2 2004) would be its final traditionally animated movie, and from "Chicken Little" (released November 4 2005) onwards, all future WDFA films will be computer animated. However, this changed in July 2006 when a new traditionally animated movie, "The Frog Princess", was revealed to be in development.
Live-action movies with animation.
These movies use Live-action with animation and are not considered a part of the offical canon.
Theatrical movies.
To date, all theatrical animated movies created by DisneyToon Studios are traditionally (2-D) animated.

List of Disney movies
Below is a list of non-animated (live-action) movies from Walt Disney Productions and its successor label, Walt Disney Pictures. Movies produced or distributed by other Disney units, including Touchstone Pictures, Miramax Films, Hollywood Pictures, and Dimension Films, are not on this list.
Animated movies from the company can also be found on their separate list.

Ku Klux Klan
The Ku Klux Klan is a hate group, which was started in the southern United States in 3rd March 1865, the first disbanded, but others have been created.
Early years.
The Ku Klux Klan (acronym KKK) is an organization which was first founded (started) in the South of the United States after the American Civil War to protest against the new government. This was in 1865. During this time, there were troops based in the ex-Confederacy states. The Klan was scared that the population in the South could lose their democratic rights. Also the Klan members believed that African Americans were inferior to (less than) white people. The Klan acted against black people, but Republicans were also targets of attacks by the clan. The methods of acting against people were often the same: the Klan members tried to frighten the people that the Klan wanted to go out of town. The KKK tried to deny their human rights by burning crosses or threatening them. If people did not react, the Klan killed them. The growing violence which was celebrated by the KKK led to many lynchings (killing a person by hanging them from a rope around their neck.) The Klan was a "large" problem. The KKK was "prohibited" (made against the law) in 1871. After 1871 many KKK members were imprisoned (put in jail) However, the Klan had achieved many of its original goals, for example, the troops were moved out of the southern states.
The second Ku Klux Klan.
In 1915 the Klan was "founded" (started) for a second time. The most of the rituals and traditions of the “old” Ku Klux Klan were kept. All men that were white and Protestant could join the KKK. Targets of attacks were again black people, but also Jews and Catholics.
In 1920 growing economic problems caused the Klan to get "much" bigger. The KKK "proclaimed" (said strongly) the “white supremacy” again and again. “White supremacy” says that people who are white (from European origins) are better than other racial groups. The Klan killed many blacks. These were not legal executions. There was no law trial. An African American (black) person who the Klan did not like was murdered. This is a kind of terrorism. The KKK used fear to control African Americans and take away their human rights.
In the middle of the 20’s the Klan got smaller because bad leaders and so much violence.
After the Second World War the Klan closed again because of high debts. In 1954 the United States Supreme Court (the highest court in the US) made an important decision. The case was "Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas". The court "ruled" (decided) that it was not legal to have different schools for black and white children.
When the Supreme Court ruled that the separation of blacks and whites on schools is against the United States Constitution the Klan became bigger and stronger. The KKK began again to attack and threaten black people.
In the latest years the Klan still burns down churches where black people go. There are currently about 7,000 members in the Klan.
Current events.
In the summer of 1964 Edgar Killen killed three African Americans that participated in the civil rights movement. Killen was a member of the Ku Klux Klan. There was an early trial in 1967, but in this trial there was an all-white jury and so Kellen was set free. In 1988 a movie called "Mississippi Burning" was made which talked about the events of this case. In 2005 there was another trial. Killen (now 80 years old) was sentenced to prison for 60 years.

Brown v. Board of Education
"Brown versus Board of Education" (full name "Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas") was an important law case in the United States. This was a case that was decided by the Supreme Court of the United States which is the highest court in the US.
In Topeka, Kansas, a black third-grader girl, named Linda Brown had to walk more than a mile through a railroad switchyard to get to her black school, even though there was a white elementary school less than seven blocks away. Her father tried to get her into the white school, but the principal of the school refused. Twelve more black parents joined Oliver Brown, Linda’s father, in trying to get their children into the white elementary school. Even though it was said that the two schools were both equal, this was not true. As the principal refused to allow their children into his school, a legal case was made. The case won and it was made illegal for there to be separate schools for blacks and white, even though some states, at first, refused.
In May 2007, the country will mark the 53rd (fifty-third) anniversary of the Brown v. Board of Education case, perhaps the most significant decision in American constitutional law and one that speaks eloquently to our vision of equality and justice for all. The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign planed to devote the academic year 2003-04 to a commemoration of the Brown anniversary and to an engagement with the themes of simple social justice that animate the decision. As a featured event of this year-long commemoration, the Colleges of Education and Law will jointly sponsor a major academic conference, exploring the impact of Brown on our conception of educational opportunity and assessing the nation's progress in achieving the promise of Brown.
The Ruling.
The Supreme Court has nine justices. The vote on "Brown v. Board of Education" was unanimous, meaning that all nine justices voted the same way. They said "“separate educational facilities are inherently unequal." This decision made racial segregation of schools against the law in every US state. Some states resisted (did not obey) this court decision at first. It was not until the extra early 1970s that all US public schools were "integrated" (the opposite of segregated).

Well
A well is a hole that is dug into the Earth to get water (or crude oil or natural gas). Wells can be as simple as a hole that a bucket on a rope can be lowered into, or very complex with pipes and high-powered pumps to get the water out. Most cities that are not located close to fresh water lakes or rivers get their water from a well.
It is important to be careful what rubbish is put into the ground near a well. If something toxic is put in the ground, it could end up in the water from the well and make people sick.
Water is a problem for many African countries. Many charities are helping to build wells in local villages to help stop lengthy travel to distant water supply.

Honey
Honey is a solid or liquid food that is made by honeybees by transforming nectar. Then they put the honey into a honeycomb. Honey is sweet and can be used instead of sugar.
Honey is first mentioned in the Book of Exodus, and is often associated with pleasant and comfortable things. "Land of Milk and honey".
It is also referenced in the Qur'an, with similar associations to good and evil being.
Much like wine, there are several varieties of honey with different tastes, colors and textures. Some common types are derived from bees who use clover flowers pollen. It is thick and has a medium color. It tends to crystallize/granulate more quickly when exposed to air. Acacia flowers produce another common variety.
Some flowers, such as azaleas, and rhododendron, lend toxic properties to the honey, that are harmful to humans, but doesn't affect the bees. The resulting feeling is similar to using hallucinogens, producing erratic and uncontrollable behaviors.

Cracker
A cracker is a thin and crispy piece of baked bread. Crackers can be eaten by themselves, but they can also be eaten with things on them called toppings. Common toppings include cheese, peanut butter, and sliced meats. Crackers most often eaten as a snack, or crumbled into soup.

Surgery
Surgery is an operation that involves a doctor. The doctor helps their patients by taking out, changing or fixing parts of the human body. Doctors who study surgery are called surgeons. All surgeons are an expert in an area of their choice, for example a surgeon that operates on bones is called an orthopaedic (orth-o-pae-dic) surgeon.
Surgery (operations) can be very simple, like taking a tooth out. Surgery can also be very complicated, like surgery to remove a cancer.
Operating rooms have to be very clean places. The doctors and nurses go to great lengths to keep the room clean where the surgery is done. Regular cleaning of the room and its tools is done to keep everything clean and germ-free.
Everyone in the operating room must wear special clothes, hats, shoes, gowns, gloves and masks that are clean and germ free. The surgeons wear green scrubs. The only people allowed in the operating rooms are the doctors and nurses as well as the patient too.
When people have operations they are normally put to sleep with anaesthesia. When the patients are asleep, they cannot feel anything.
In recent years, many patients that cannot get the required surgery in their own country, or find the costs too high, travel to another country for medical care. This is called Medical Tourism.

Pizza
over a piece of bread covered with sauce; most often tomato, but sometimes butter-based sauces are used. (The piece of bread is usually called a "pizza crust".) Almost any kind of topping can be put over a pizza. The toppings people use are different in different parts of the world. There are different styles of pizza, including New York, which has a flat pizza crust and Chicago, which has a fat crust.
History.
The word "Pizza" is Italian for pita, that one time went to Naples around 1823. This is the name for a special type of flatbed bread, made with special dough. Pizzas seem to come from Naples, originally. Pizzas with toppings like olive oil, tomato slices, and basil have been known since about the 18th century. At that time, growing tomatoes in the south of Italy became popular. However the name of the pizza may be older. Flatbreads like the focaccia from Liguria have been known for a very long time. Pizzas need to be baked at temperatures of 400 - 500 °C. Hardly any household oven could reach such temperatures at the time. Therefore, the pizza was prepared at home, and then given to the local bakery to bake. At first, pizza was just an Italian dish, especially in Naples, as Italians immigrated pizza became an international dish after World War I.
Types of pizza.
In the 20th century, pizza has become an international food and the toppings may vary considerably in accordance with local tastes. These pizzas consist of the same basic design but include an exceptionally diverse choice of ingredients, such as anchovies, egg, pineapple, banana, coconut, sauerkraut, eggplant, kimchi, lamb, couscous, chicken, fish, and shellfish, meats prepared in styles such as Moroccan lamb, shawarma or chicken tikka masala, and non-traditional spices such as curry and Thai sweet chili. Pizzas can also be made without meat for vegetarians, and without cheese for vegans.
Pizza styles.
Neapolitan pizza ("pizza Napoletana"). Authentic Neapolitan pizzas are made with local ingredients like San Marzano tomatoes, which grow on the volcanic plains to the south of Mount Vesuvius and Mozzarella di Bufala Campana, made with the milk from water buffalo raised in the marshlands of Campania and Lazio in a semi-wild state (this mozzarella is protected with its own European the genuine Neapolitan pizza dough consists of Italian flour, natural Neapolitan yeast or brewer's yeast, salt and water.The dough must be kneaded by hand or with a low-speed mixer. After the rising process, the dough must be formed by hand without the help of a rolling pin or other mechanical device, and may be no more than 3 mm (1/8 in) thick.Pizza is cooked in a oven.When cooked, it should be crispy, tender and fragrant. Neapolitan pizza has gained the status of "guaranteed traditional specialty" in Italy. This admits only three official variants: Pizza marinara, which is made with tomato, garlic, oregano and extra virgin olive oil (although most Neapolitan pizzerias also add basil to the marinara), Pizza Margherita, made with tomato,mozzarella, basil and extra virgin olive oil, and Pizza Margherita Extra made with tomato, buffalo mozzarella from Campania in fillets, basil and extra virgin olive oil.
Lazio style: Pizza in Lazio (Rome), as well as in many other parts of Italy is available in 2 different "flavors": 1) In take-away shops so-called "Pizza Rustica" or "Pizza a Taglio". Pizza is cooked in long, rectangular baking pans and relatively thick (1-2 cm). The crust similar to that of an English muffin and mostly cooked in an electric oven. When purchased, it is usually cut with scissors or knife and priced by weight. 2) In Pizza Restaurants (Pizzerias) it is served in a dish in its traditional round shape.
Sicilian-style pizza has its toppings baked directly into the crust.
Pizza Hut's Sicilian Pizza, introduced in 1994, is not an authentic example of the style as only garlic, basil, and oregano are mixed into the crust,it's sold in the restaurant chain "Pizza Hut".
White pizza ("pizza bianca") uses no tomato sauce, often substituting pesto or dairy products such as sour cream. Most commonly, especially on the East Coast of the United States, the toppings consist only of mozzarella and ricotta cheese drizzled with olive oil and basil and garlic. In Rome, the term "pizza bianca" refers to a type of bread topped only with olive oil.
Frozen pizza.
Frozen pizza is pizza that has been prepared beforehand, and is then deep-frozen, to be distributed in supermarkets. It is among the most successful and popular types of convenience food.

Pepperoni
Pepperoni is a meat food that is sometimes sliced very thinly and put on pizza. It is a kind of salami, which can be quite spicy. It originated in Italy.

Heaven
Heaven is a concept of the afterlife (what happens after you die) in many religions. People who believe in heaven say that it is a place that is perfect (very "very" good and with no problems.) They believe heaven is where people will go after they die if they have been good. Some people also believe in Hell, which is a place where people will go when they die, if they have been bad. They believe hell is a punishment for being bad. Ideas of Heaven and Hell are not the same in all religions.
Heaven meant "sky" when it was first used. So "the heavens" is another way of saying the sky or outer space. This was because early people believed that heaven was a physical place. This place was located in the sky.
Heaven is the place where God lives. It is another word for the spiritual world, because God is pure spirit. Heavenly just means spiritual, so for instance the Kingdom of Heaven is the kingdom of the spirit. However, the people called prophets in the Bible, like Isaiah, often spoke of a physical Kingdom of Heaven that will occupy a new Earth, and ruled by God (Messiah) in the flesh himself, where we will have physical bodies that do not again die. Many people who believe in Heaven today have ideas different from the Bible.

Button
A button can have three meanings.

Multiprocessing
Multiprocessing is the use of two or more central processing units (CPUs) within a single computer system. The CPUs don't have to be the same. Systems that treat all CPUs equally are called symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) systems.

Multitasking
Multitasking means that a computer can run more than one program at the same time. It can also refer to a person who is working on more than one task at the same time (for instance, talking on the telephone while filing papers).

Multithreading
Multithreading means that a computer can work on different parts of the same program at the same time. This usually allows the program to run faster.

Fertilization
Fertilization (English spelling: fertilisation) is what happens when a male's sperm goes inside of a female's ovum (or "egg") and form a zygote. Fertilization is also called "conception".
In humans, biologists call a fertilized egg a zygote. It is called an embryo from 3-8 weeks (the "embryonic period".) Then after 8 weeks, it is called a fetus.
If it continues to grow normally it can eventually become a baby.
This difference in what people believe has led to many arguments over abortion.

Whiteboard
A whiteboard, also called a markerboard, is a surface on which markings made with markers are visible. It is used as a surface to write on. Whiteboards are often used to help teach. Special markers are used that can be erased. Whiteboards usually have a glossy surface. Last time, when the whiteboards were not yet created, people used blackboards, where you needed to use chalk instead of markers. Now, we have another improvement, people are now using electronic whiteboards, where it is controlled by a computer.

Chemist
A chemist is a scientist who studies chemistry. In England can also mean a pharmacist (person who dispenses medicines that doctors prescribe for people). Chemistry is the study of elements, atoms, molecules, and how they react together. Chemists research and test medicines, explosives, and just about everything else. Chemistry is a very important science because it is how we got almost all of the newer medicines.

Biologist
A biologist is a scientist who studies biology. Biologists study plants and animals.
There are many different kinds of biologists. Some study fish and ocean plants. They are called marine biologists. Others study very small bacteria or viruses. Other scientists study groups of animals. People who look at DNA in cells are called geneticists. Some biologists study using cells in factories and companies, and that is called biotechnology.

Testicular cancer
Testicular cancer is a type of cancer that develops in one or both testicles, a part of the male reproductive system. In the United States, about 8,000 to 9,000 people are diagnosed with testicular cancer every year. Every male has a 1 in 250 (four tenths of one percent, or 0.4%) chance of being diagnosed with it. It is most common among males aged 15-40 years. Testicular cancer has one of the highest cure rates of all cancers; more than 90%. Even in the small number of cases where the cancer has spread widely, chemotherapy offers a cure rate of at least 50%.
Symptoms and early detection.
Because testicular cancer is curable (stage I can have a success rate of >95%) when detected early, experts recommend regular monthly testicular self-examination after a hot shower or bath, when the scrotum is looser. Men are advised to feel each testicle, feeling for pea-shaped lumps.
How bad the cancer is and whether it is present at all is often discovered through ultrasound of the testicles, x-rays, and/or CT scans. Blood tests are also used to identify and measure tumour markers that are only in a person's blood if they have testicular cancer. Biopsies should not be performed because it increases the risk of migrating cancer cells into the scrotum.

Future
The future is something that has not happened yet. Once that something has happened, it is called the past. If it is happening now, it is called the present.
Movies, television shows and books that tell made-up stories about the future are called science fiction.

Fetus
A fetus or foetus is the stage that an organism goes through before it is born as a baby. A fetus in humans talks about the stage (time of development) after the embryonic stage, which is the third to eighth week of development after fertilization. The "fetal" stage is 8 weeks until birth.

Past
The past is something that has already happened. If something has not happened yet, it is called the future.
Professors and researchers that study the events of the past, and try to explain why these events happened are called history professors or historians.
Many books, movies, and television shows tell made-up stories about the past. These are called historical fiction. Some books, movies, and television shows from a style called science fiction or fantasy tell made-up stories about being able to travel through time back to the past.

Particle
A particle is a very small piece of something. In science, a particle refers to the tiny pieces that make up atoms.
There are many different types of particles, all with different sizes.
The three largest particles are the proton, the neutron, and the electron. The proton has a positive charge (a + charge). The neutron has a neutral charge. The electron has a negative charge (a - charge), and it is the smallest out of these three particles. These three particles make up atoms, with protons located in the nucleus (or the center of the atom) with neutrons, and electrons orbiting the nucleus.
The next smallest particles are quarks. Quarks make up protons and neutrons. There are six different types of quarks. These are the up quark, the down quark, the strange quark, the charmed quark, the bottom quark, and the top quark. A neutron is made of two down quarks and one up quark. The proton is made up of two up quarks and one down quark.

Ellen DeGeneres
Ellen DeGeneres (born January 26, 1958) is an American comedian and television star. She has appeared in the sitcom "Ellen" and is the host of "The Ellen Degeneres Show". She is a lesbian and her coming out caused a controversy among many people that watched her television series. Since 2004, DeGeneres has been in a relationship with Australian actress Portia de Rossi. They were married on August 16 2008.

Rosie O'Donnell
Rosie O'Donnell (born March 21, 1962) is an American actress and television host. She gained exposure by appearing on "Star Search", a talent show.
O'Donnell won the Emmy award in 1999. She is a lesbian, and lives with a woman partner.
O'Donnell is now the host of the show "The View" on ABC.

Tissue (biological)
Tissue means a part of an organ or organism. Tissues are groups of cells that work together. The cells look the same or almost the same. The work the cells do is also the same or almost the same.
Tissue is different from organ. Organs are made up of more than one kind of tissue. The heart is an organ. It is made up of different tissues. It has muscle tissue. It has connective tissue like the endocardium. The endocardium is the thin layer of tissue that lines the heart. The heart has valves that make sure the blood only goes forward through the heart. So the heart is an organ made from different tissues.
The study of the structure of tissues under a microscope is called histology.

Shit
Shit is a slang term for feces. Shit is a swear word (an offensive, rude, or impolite word) to most English speakers.
It can also mean things other than feces, depending on the conversation. It can be used as an angry shout. It can sometimes be an adjective or verb.

Cunt
Cunt is an abusive word that is used against people. It can also be slang for the vagina.
Unlike many words of profanity that came from Anglo-Saxon, this word comes from a Latin one ("cuneus", meaning a wedge shape). After the Norman invasion of England, it replaced the native word for vagina, mægþblæd.

Ball and chain
Ball and chain is a slang term for a person's spouse. It is usually used in a joking way, although sometimes it is used in derogatory way. The term comes from when prisoners were kept in one place by tying a heavy iron ball to their leg with a chain.

Faggot
A faggot is a kind of meatball, a traditional dish in the UK, especially the southwest of England, Wales, and the Black Country. It is made from meat off-cuts and offal, especially pork. A faggot is usually made from pig heart, liver and fatty belly meat or bacon minced together, with herbs for flavouring and sometimes breadcrumbs. The mixture is shaped in the hand into balls, wrapped round with caul (a membrane from the pig's abdomen), and baked. A similar dish, "almôndega", is traditional in Portugal.
United States.
Faggot (or "fag") is a derogatory term for a homosexual. A lot of people, especially homosexuals, consider it an insult. They usually prefer the term gay.
Wood.
A bundle of sticks, usually for firewood, can also be called a faggot.
Other.
In the UK, the word "fag" is also means a cigarette.
There is a fighter aircraft called the MiG-15 Fagot.

Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch
Llanfair PG or Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch is a village on the island of Anglesey in Wales, Britain. It is in the Guiness Book of Records for being the place with the longest name in Britain.
The name means "St Mary's church in the hollow of the white hazel near to the rapid whirlpool and the church of St Tysilio of the red cave" in Welsh. It was invented in the 1860s by a local tailor to make the village famous for having the railway station with the longest name.
English speakers saying "Clan-vire-poolth-guin-gilth-go-ger-u-queern-drob-oolth-clandus-ilio-gogo-goch" will sound close to how it is meant to sound.
A recording of a person saying the name properly can be heard by listening to on the village website.

Pneumoconiosis
Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis is a lung disease caused by the breathing-in of very small particles of sand or quartz dust found in volcanoes.
The origins of this forty-five-letter word have, however, been considered as a hoax. It was first seen in the Oxford English Dictionary in 1936.
The real name of this disease is the fourteen-letter pneumoconiosis. This is the longest word in English (other than names of places).
There is another long word and it is 30 letters it is "Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism," and is a certain kind of disorder.

Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateapokaiwhenuakitanatahu
Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu (or "Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateapokaiwhenuakitanatahu") is the Maori name of a hill in New Zealand. The short form Taumata is used in everyday talk. The hill is 305 meters high.
It has eighty-five letters in its name. It is one of the longest place names in the world.

Something Awful
Something Awful is a comedy website and forums. People have to pay money to join the forums to talk with other people around the world. It currently costs $9.95 (US Dollars) to join.
Something Awful was started by Richard "Lowtax" Kyanka in 1999.
In March, 2008 Richard "Lowtax" Kyanka left forums management to Kevin "Fragmaster" Bowen, in order to focus on operating the main site.

Fark.com
Fark is a comedy website and forums. Parts of it are free and parts of it cost money to join.
Fark was started by Drew Curtis in 1999 as a weblog where users post current news articles and other information. Then other users make comments on these articles.

Pikachu
Pikachu is a small yellow animal from the fictional Pokémon world that was created by Satoshi Tajiri. Pikachu is an electric Pokémon. It can attack other Pokémon using electricity. It can evolve (change its type) into Raichu, which is bigger and stronger. A pre-evolved form of Pikachu is called Pichu, and is much smaller and weaker than Pikachu. The only sounds Pikachu makes are "Pi", "Ka" and "Chu". However, Pikachu makes noises possibly as his way of talking. He also has a battle cry for when he uses his thunderbolt attack.
Pikachu is the best known of all of the Pokémon because it is the unofficial mascot of the series. It is also one of the main stars of the Pokémon cartoon and comic books. On one of the first Pokémon games, "Pokémon Yellow", it is the player's starter Pokémon.
In the "Pokémon" TV series, the trainer Ash Ketchum's first Pokemon is a Pikachu. At first it doesn't like him, but then he saves it from some Spearow and their friendship steadily grows from there.

Menstruation
Menstruation or "menses" is when a woman has blood come out of her vagina for 2-7 days every month. A slang word for menses is a period or "dot".
Leaking.
Before women begin their menses, there is cloudy white liquid-like fluid that comes out of the vaginal wall and eventually leaks on to their underwear. A girl begins this cycle about a year before the actually menstruating happens. When the liquid turns a deep brownish colour, the leaking becomes ever-so-often. After the leaking stops, which is within a year of it first happening then she begins to menstruate for 3-5 days, and once the experience becomes normal and adjusts to the body function, then she will leak about 2-7 days.
Menstruation.
Most women menstruate for 3-5 days every month. However, anywhere from 2-7 days is normal. The amount of blood lost is normally about 50ml. Women usually use a pad or a tampon to keep the blood from staining their undergarments, clothes and from leaking down their legs.
Menopause.
Menopause is menstruation pausing at the age of around 45-70. Symptoms include irritability, heat, vaginal burning and/or discomfort, vaginal dryness. It is slang called "the change". Most women must take a few months to adjust to the dryness. After they stop their period they can no longer produce babies.
Physical appearance.
The fluid that comes out looks like blood, but it is more than just blood. It also has endometrial tissue. This is the tissue that lines the inside of the uterus (womb).
Menses happens in the first days of the menstrual cycle. This is the changes that happen in a woman's body every month. These changes are started by changes in hormone levels in the blood. These changes also cause a woman to ovulate and make an ovum (also called "egg"). Menstruation usually starts around the age of 11, even as early as 9 years old, and ends when the woman is too old to have children, but some women can still have children from the age of 50-70.
Effect.
Some women have pain in the low part of the abdomen when they menstruate, known as cramps. The hormones that are produced before and during a period can also make a woman feel moody, or just strange. This is called premenstrual syndrome or PMS. A women can feel bloated or swollen and have long cramps. Hormones can rage and cause an aggressive sex drive. Women can throw temper tantrums and can even feel suicidal or depressed. If a woman creates too much blood, it can add additional pain. The same feelings apply to having a baby, although side affects are there, while a woman is pregnant she cannot produce blood due to the baby block the womb walls, so the baby when it comes out is soaked in the liquidy fluid and blood.
Materials.
Most women use something to absorb or catch their menses. There are a number of different methods available. The most common used way to absorb the menses is using sanitary napkins, tampons and padded underwear. Some women uses sea sponges, towels and other reusable absorbing items.
In addition to products to contain the menstrual flow, pharmaceutical companies likewise provide products — commonly non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) — to relieve menstrual cramps. Some herbs, such as dong quai, raspberry leaf and crampbark, are also claimed to relieve menstrual pain, however there is no documented scientific evidence.

Corinthian Casuals
The Corinthian Casuals are a football team located in Tolworth, Surrey, England playing in the Isthmian League Division One South.

Nightclub
A nightclub is a type of bar for adults to socialize and meet other adults and consume alcoholic drinks such as wine, beer, and mixed drinks. Most nightclubs are only open in the evening and in the night. Some nightclubs are open during the day, but in these cases, the facility usually provides a different service, such as a restaurant service.
Activities.
Some nightclubs have a dance floor and a DJ playing pop, rock, and dance music recordings so that people can dance. Some nightclubs have entertainment such as pop bands, rock bands, or comedians. Some nightclubs have a quieter lounge area with couches, sofas, and low tables, so that people can talk together.
Food and drinks.
Some nightclubs also serve a small selection of food, usually snacks or finger food (food that you can eat with your fingers and hands). Nightclubs often have a much wider selection of alcoholic drinks than pubs (pubs specialize in beer and ale). Most nightclubs sell a number of different brands of spirits, liquers, wine, sherry, Some nightclubs have a large selection of expensive brands of alcohol (these are called "premium" brands).
The bartenders (also called "barmen" or "barmaids") at nightclubs often make a much larger variety of mixed drinks than pubs. Mixed drinks and cocktails are alcoholic drinks that consist of one or more types of alcohol (e.g., rum, vodka, whiskey, etc.) mixed with flavorings such as orange juice, cream, chocolate syrup, or soda. Many mixed drinks also include ice, crushed ice, or sliced lemon or lime.
Some well-known mixed drinks include the martini, the "Rum and Coke", and the "screwdriver" (orange juice mixed with vodka).
Staff.
Nightclubs hire a variety of staff to do different jobs. Bartenders (also called "barmen" or "barmaids") at nightclubs serve alcohol and mix drinks. Some nightclubs hire servers to bring drinks to people who are sitting at tables or in chairs. Some nightclubs also hire people to take away empty bottles and glasses.
Security in nightclubs is provided by "doormen" and "bouncers". Doormen check the identification of people entering the nightclub, to ensure that people that are too young to drink do not enter the club. Doormen also prevent drunk or aggressive people from entering the nightclub. If a person in the nightclub begins fighting or hurting people, the bouncers escort that person out of the nightclub and call the police.
Nightclubs that serve food have cooks, dishwashers, and servers to prepare, cook, and serve the food. Nightclubs also have coat check employees who hang up the patron's coats, sound technicians to maintain the sound system (the CD players, amplifiers, and speakers), and cleaners (to sweep the floors and clean the bathrooms). Some large nightclubs may hire DJs to work in the club every week as employees.
DJs, bands, comedians who entertain patrons during the evening are usually not usually employees of the nightclub. Instead, the nightclub signs a contract with these entertainers, in which the entertainer promises to come to the club on a specified night, in return for a sum of money.

Freezing
Freezing is the process when a liquid turns into a solid. Freezing occurs when heat is lost from an object, which causes the molecules to slow down and form tighter bonds. basically in short terms freezing is when, lets say, water turns into ice. Freezing is the opposite of melting, and two steps away from evaporation.

Precious metal
A precious metal is a type of metal that is worth a lot of money compared to most other metals. Some precious metals are gold, silver, and platinum. Many pieces of jewelry are made out of precious metals.
The precious metal worth the most amount of money for the same mass is Rhodium.

Jewelry
Jewelry (or jewellery) refers to any clothing accessory that is worn as a decoration.
History.
Humans have made jewelry for a long time. There are many forms of jewelry worn for traditional, social or religious reasons. Jewelry can come in many forms, worn on any part of the body or clothing. Jewelry most often are rings, chains, bead strings, pendants and piercings, worn around or on different body parts.
Creation.
Jewelry can be made from any material. The first jewelry was made from bone, animal teeth, wood or stone. Jewelry often uses gemstones and precious metals.
"Fashion jewelry" or "Costume jewelry" is jewelry that is worn just for fashion, and is not made of expensive materials.

Potassium
Potassium is a chemical element in the periodic table. It has the symbol K. This is from the Latin word "kalium". Potassium's atomic number is 19. Its melting point is 63 degrees celsius. It is an alkali metal. It acts in many chemical reactions like sodium. It is a very soft metal that can be cut. Potassium is a silvery white metal that tarnishes in air and produces an oxidized layer on the surface, which is why it is stored in oil.
The word potassium comes from the word "potash". Potash is a chemical that has been used for a very long time. It is used to make fertilizer, soap, and glass.
Potassium is very important to organisms. It helps the body send messages from cells to other cells. It helps biological membranes "depolarize". This means go from a negative to a positive electrical charge. This is needed for muscles to "contract" (get shorter and move things.) It is needed for the heart to "beat" (push blood through blood vessels.) If the potassium level in the blood is too high or too low it can cause death because the heart stops. A good source of potassium is bananas.

The Simpsons
"The Simpsons" is an American television program that is an animated comedy, created by Matt Groening. The comedy takes place in the fake (make-believe) town of Springfield. It started on December 17, 1989 and so far 420 episodes have aired over 19 seasons. As of May 2008, the show has been renewed for a 20th season, which should be aired in 2008-2009. The end of the 18th season was the 400th episode. A full-length movie, The Simpsons Movie has been made, released on July 27, 2007, in order to celebrate The Simpsons franchise.
About the show.
The television show "The Simpsons" was originally shown as short shows on "The Tracy Ullman Show". Then Fox decided to give them their own show in 1989. However, some say that there was a show very similar to the Simpsons before.
Chalkboard gag.
Many episodes open with a scene of Springfield Elementary School, where Bart Simpson is shown writing lines on a chalkboard as punishment for being naughty. The line is always humorous. Not every episode has a new one and sometimes the chalkboard gag may be cut because there is not enough time.
Couch gag.
In the opening, all the Simpsons come home to the family. After Homer Simpson is almost hit by Marge's car, they all go into the living room, where again something humorous happens. One such gag was when Homer Simpson walked onto the screen like James Bond and shot the camera, a homage to the James Bond gun barrel sequence. Sometimes if an episode is a short one, then a very long couch gag will happen. A couple of Couch Gags have been over one minute long.
Ending credits.
At the end of the show, the credits are shown. Sometimes they be changed. in one episode, the ending showed Homer reading from a document about Dateline. In another episode, where all of the character sung in song, the character Snake kept firing his gun in order to make the music that was playing stop.
Movie.
A film based on the show,The Simpsons Movie, was released in 2007.

Teresa Heinz Kerry
Teresa Heinz Kerry (born October 5, 1938) is the wife of United States Senator John Kerry. She is part of the Heinz ketchup family.

Museum
A museum is a building where things are collected and then shown to people. Some museums have things that you can do. Museums can be about different things such as Natural History, Science, or Art. Museums with live animals are called zoos. People go to museums sometimes to learn, or to simply have fun.

Camera
A camera is a tool that takes pictures (photographs). It uses film or electronics to make a picture of something. A lens makes the image that the movie or electronics sees.
A camera that takes one picture at a time is sometimes called a "still camera". A camera that can take many pictures in a row is called a "movie camera". A camera that can take videos is called a "video camera" or a "camcorder".
All cameras are basically a box that light can't get into until a photo is taken. There is a hole on one side of the camera where the light can get in, and this is called the aperture. On the other side is a special material that can record the image that comes through the aperture which is the film in a film camera or electronic sensor in a digital camera. Finally, there is also the shutter, which stops light from getting in until a photo is taken.
When a photo is taken, the shutter moves out of the way. This lets light come in through the aperture and make a picture on the film or electronic sensor. In many cameras, the size of the aperture can be changed to let in more light or less light. The amount of time that the shutter lets light through can be changed as well. This also lets in more light or less light. Most of the time, electronics inside the camera control these, but in some cameras the person taking the picture can change them as well.

News
News is when people talk about current events (things that are happening right now). News can be given in newspapers, television, magazines, or radio. There are several news channels on cable television that give news all day long, such as Fox News and CNN. There are several news magazines, such as "Time" and "Newsweek".

Export
An export is a product that is sold to people outside of the country in which the product was made.

Observatory
An observatory is a building that holds one or many very big telescopes. Observatories are used by astronomers to look at the sky. Observatories are usually located very high up on mountains or hills, because they need clear and clean air to be able to see out the telescope properly. The higher up you go, the clearer and cleaner the air gets. Observatories also have to be away from places that have lots of light, like cities. Too much light can make it so that the astronomers cannot see out of the telescope very well.

Epidemic
An epidemic is a disease that goes over a large area and lots of people. Epidemics are when a diease goes from person to person faster than doctors thought it would. If the disease spreads over the whole world, sometimes it is called a pandemic.

George of the Jungle
"George of the Jungle" is an animated television series created by Jay Ward Productions in the late 1960s as a parody (pretending to be but in a way that makes fun of) of Tarzan. In 1997, it was made into a live-action movie by Disney, with Brendan Fraser as the main character.

Westminster Abbey
Westminster Abbey is a very large and famous church in London, England. It is the shrine of Edward the Confessor and the burial place of many kings and queens. Since it was built it has been the place where the coronations of Kings and Queens of England have been held.
One of the most famous tombs at Westminster Abbey is that of the Unknown Warrior.

The Eagles
The Eagles are an American rock music band. They formed in Los Angeles, California in the early 1970s. They are known worldwide for their hit song, Hotel California. They presently (2006) hold the record for most albums sold, with their "Greatest Hits, Volume I".

Himalaya
The Himalaya is a mountain range in Asia. They are north within Pakistan and Jammu and Kashmir, into the Republic of India's Himachal Pradesh and Uttaranchal states, State of Nepal, and the Kingdoms of Sikkim, and Bhutan; then into South Tibet. The 15 highest mountains in the world are in the Himalayas. The main ones are the Mount Everest, K2 and Nanga Parbat. Mount Everest is the tallest mountain on the face of the Earth. Mount Everest is 8,848 meters.

Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport
The BEST or the Brihanmumbai Electricity Supply and Transport is Mumbai's public transport service and electricity provider. The government owned organisation, which was set up in 1873, operates one of India's largest bus fleets. Originally setup as a tramway company, it branched out into supplying electricity to the city in 1905, and later into operating buses in 1926. The BEST is run by the city's municipality as an autonomous body.
The bus transport service covers almost the entire city and extends its operations outside city limits. In addition to buses, it also operates a ferry service. The electricity division of the organisation is also one of the few electricity departments in India to garner an annual net profit. Until 1995, BEST stood for Bombay Electricity Supply and Transport. After the name of the city was formally changed from Bombay to Mumbai, this was also reflected with the adjustment to Brihanmumbai, which means "Greater Mumbai".

Guelders
Guelders is a province in the east of the Netherlands. In Dutch it is called "Gelderland". The capital city is Arnhem, but Nijmegen and Apeldoorn are bigger. Other important cities are Zutphen, Doetinchem, Harderwijk and Tiel.
It is surrounded by the provinces of Limburg, North Brabant, South Holland, Utrecht, Flevoland and Overijssel and the German federal state North Rhine-Westphalia.
The most important rivers are the Rhine ("Rijn"), the Waal, the IJssel and the Maas (border with North Brabant). The border with Flevoland is formed by the so-called "randmeer" of the Flevopolder.
History.
In the 11th century, Guelders was a county. It was called "Gelre" in Dutch and "Geldern" in German. In 1339, it became a duchy. At first, it existed of the surroundings of the city of Geldern (now in Germany). By the end of the 14th century, it included most of the modern province of Gelderland and parts of the province of Limburg and of the German District of Cleves. It became part of the Habsburg Netherlands in 1543, one of the Seventeen Provinces.
Municipalities.
Aalten | Apeldoorn | Arnhem | Barneveld | Berkelland | Beuningen | Bronckhorst | Brummen | Buren | Culemborg | Doesburg | Doetinchem | Druten | Duiven | Ede | Elburg | Epe | Ermelo | Geldermalsen | Groenlo | Groesbeek | Harderwijk | Hattem | Heerde | Heumen | Lingewaal | Lingewaard | Lochem | Maasdriel | Millingen aan de Rijn | Montferland | Neder-Betuwe | Neerijnen | Nijkerk | Nijmegen | Nunspeet | Oldebroek | Oude IJsselstreek | Overbetuwe | Putten | Renkum | Rheden | Rijnwaarden | Rozendaal | Scherpenzeel | Tiel | Ubbergen | Voorst | Wageningen | West Maas en Waal | Westervoort | Wijchen |
Winterswijk | Zaltbommel | Zevenaar | Zutphen

Canvas
Canvas is a thick material usually made of woven cotton. It is used for tents and sails on boats and other places where a sturdy material would be good. It is similar to the material in blue jeans. It is often a white or pale tan color. It can also be used for painting or even making shoes.

Large format lens
A Large format lens is a lens that can be used on a large format camera. These cameras usually cover an area of 4x5 inches or more. The picture taken is then recorded on photographic film, or as a digital image.

Ramones
The Ramones are an American punk rock group who formed in New York City in 1974 and broke up in 1996. All the members of the group had stage names which replaced their real last names with "Ramone." They were one of the first punk bands, some others were The Clash, The Sex Pistols, and Black Flag. All the members of the Ramones died within eight years of the band breaking up.

Olivia Newton-John
Olivia Newton-John (September 26,1948-) is a British-born Australian singer and actress.

Kansas (band)
Kansas is a rock band. They formed in Topeka, Kansas in 1970. They are best known for songs including "Carry on Wayward Son" and "Dust in The Wind".

Styx (band)
Styx was an American rock band. They were one of the most popular groups of the 1970s and early 1980s. They formed in Chicago in 1970. They were the first band to have four platinum albums in a row. They still continue playing, after reuniting in 1990.

Jethro Tull
Jethro Tull is a rock band. They formed in Blackpool, England in 1967. The singer and leader is Ian Anderson. He also plays flute. This band was highly successful and sung songs such as Steel Monkey, which was voted their best song in the music charts.

Turtle
A turtle is a type of animal that may live on land or in the water.
Turtles have shells and are the slowest moving reptiles. Most turtles that live in the water have webbed feet like a duck. Tortoises have thick legs like elephants and sea turtles have flippers.
Turtles can see things that are close very well. They cannot see far-away things well.
All turtles need to breathe air. When a turtle breathes, special muscles push the air in and out of the lungs. Turtles are ectothermic. This means that their temperature goes up and down with the temperature of the water and air around them. Some turtles can live for up to a year without eating. Turtles drink water often.
All turtles can live for a long time without food. Tortoises eat plants, fruits and flowers. Some turtles eat fish, tadpoles, snails and insects.
Turtles evolved from reptiles with ribs.
Anatomy and morphology.
Turtles vary widely in size, although marine turtles tend to be relatively bigger animals than their land and freshwater relatives.
The largest chelonian is a marine turtle, the great leatherback sea turtle, which reaches a shell length of 200 cm (80 inches) and can reach a weight of over 900 kg (2,000 lb, or 1 short ton). Freshwater turtles are generally smaller, but with the largest species, the Asian softshell turtle Pelochelys cantorii, a few individuals have been reported to measure up to 200 cm or 80 in (Das, 1991). This dwarfs even the better-known alligator snapping turtle, the largest chelonian in North America, which attains a shell length of up to 80 cm (31½ in) and a weight of about 60 kg (170 lb).
Shells.
The color of a turtle's shell may vary. Shells are commonly colored brown, black, or olive green. In some species, shells may have red, orange, yellow, or grey markings and these markings are often spots, lines, or irregular blotches. One of the most colorful turtles is the eastern painted turtle. It has a yellow plastron and a black or olive shell with red markings around the rim.

Rage Against the Machine
Rage Against the Machine, sometimes known as RATM or Rage, are a rock band from Los Angeles, California. Rage Against the Machine are known for their mixing of funk, hip-hop, metal and rock music as well as their openly left wing politics. The band members have stayed the same since they started in 1991. The band members are rapper - Zack de la Rocha, guitarist Tom Morello, bass player Tim Commerford and drummer Brad Wilk.
RATM released their debut album in 1992. It was called "Rage Against the Machine". The album sold a lot of copies and reached number 40 on the Billboard top 200 music chart. They did not release another album until "Evil Empire" in 1996.

Product (mathematics)
In mathematics, a product is a number or a quantity obtained by multiplying two or more numbers together. For example: 5 × 4 = 20. Here, the number 20 is called the product of 5 and 4. The product of 6 and 4 will be 24, because 6 × 4 = 24.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is a "declaration" (something said in an important way) by the United Nations General Assembly. It talks about basic human rights -- rights that all people have just because they are human. It was "adopted" (agreed to) by the United Nations General Assembly on December 10, 1948.
The UDHR (acronym for Universal Declaration of Human Rights) is translated into over 300 languages. This is more languages than any other document, according to the Guinness Book of World Records.

Dolphin
Dolphins are mammals of the order "Cetacea". They are animals that usually live in salt water, like the sea, but certain species can live in rivers.
The name "dolphin" is used for oceanic dolphins and river dolphins. But oceanic dolphins and river dolphins are not directly related.
Their name, dolphin, comes from the Ancient Greek δελφίς ("delphis") meaning "with a womb", because it was first thought to be a fish with a womb. It is now known to be very different from fish, because it breathes air and has warm blood, like all other mammals. They are believed to be very smart. Due to how smart they are, which is almost as smart as a human, they have been used by the navy for jobs under the sea.
Habitat.
Oceanic dolphins are marine animals living in the sea. They live in all of the oceans.
Three of the four species of river dolphins live in fresh water rivers. The La Plata Dolphin lives in saltwater estuaries and the ocean.
Water pollution and the loss of habitat are a threat to some dolphins, especially those living in rivers and estuaries.
Other.
The brain of a dolphin is like a human brain in size and development. Dolphins have good eyesight. They can watch a thing in the water, and they can see colors, too. They can also see in dark places. Dolphins breathe air. Their nose on top of the head to be easy to breathe on the surface of the water. A dolphin's hearing is better than their sight.　 There are some small holes behind the eyes, and they are the ears of a dolphin. Dolphins can hear a sound underwater. They can know the direction of the sound very well. The skin of a dolphin has no scales. It is soft and smooth. However, it is very firm, due to how much muscle they have. Dolphins use echolocation to find their food.
Dolphins do not sleep in a normal way. They have two sides of their brain, which they use to sleep. One side sleeps, while the other side stays awake. They will keep one eye open to watch for predators while they sleep.

Guinea
Guinea is an independent nation in western Africa.
Prefectures and regions.
Guinea is divided into 7 regions and then divided even further into 33 prefectures. The capital of Guinea, Conakry, is a special area.

Domestic pig
A domestic pig (or hog'") is a farm animal. Pigs are usually eaten for food called pork and often made into bacon.
They are often pink, but small pigs kept as pets ("pot-bellied pigs") are often other colors. Pigs often roll in mud to protect themselves from sunlight. Many people think that pigs are dirty and smell. But in fact, they roll around in the mud to keep parasitic animals away from their skin. This also helps to keep their skin moist and lower their body temperature on hot days. Pigs
Some Jewish, Muslim and some Christian religions may believe that eating pork is wrong because they think pigs are dirty animals.

Wheat
Wheat is a kind of plant. Its seeds are a type of cereal grain that people can eat. It is used to make many things, like bread and pasta, by first turning it into flour. It can also be fermented to make cheese, wine, and more. The grass plant comes from the Middle East.

Taliban
The Taliban is an Islamic group working for control of Afghanistan. They were the government in Afghanistan until the United States forced them out of power during the War on Terrorism. They are still active in the south of the country.

Screw
A screw is a sharp piece of threaded metal similar to a nail. Unlike a nail, a screw has spiraling grooves down its spike. A screw is pressed down against wood and spun with a screwdriver so the wood goes into the grooves. This prevents the screw from falling out, as a nail could. Screws are basically divided in to wood screws, machine screws and self-tapping screws.
Machine screws have threads which have to be matched with nuts with female threads. Screws can be made of iron, steel, brass, bronze, etc.
Screw threads are measured either in millimeters or in numbers. screws are used in furniture, doors, appliances, mechanical applications etc.
Screwing and screws.
Screwing is the neatest way of holding together to materials. If no glue is involved, then the screwing can be dismantled. Screwing can be used to connect all materials.
These are three different types of screw.
Do not place screws in line as this weakens the wood.
Use the right size screwdriver for the screw head. A screwdriver that is too slim can damage the slot, too wide can tear the materials.

Tajikistan
Tajikistan is a country in Asia.
Geography.
Tajikistan is one of the new countries in central Asia. It is west of China, north of Afghanistan, east of Uzbekistan and south of Kyrgyzstan.
Tajikistan is landlocked and it is in the middle of the continent of Asia.
Its total area is only about 143,100 km². It is slightly smaller than Wisconsin, USA. Tajikistan’s borders are 3,651 km long.
The climate has hot summers and mild winters.
Almost all of the country (85 percent) is mountainous with river-valleys running across, however high altitude mountains of Pomir are in the eastern part of the country, (which is beginnings of Hymalayas in the west). The climate there is semiarid to polar. The mountains cover an area of about 120,000 km². There are other countries within the mountain range. The mountains are between 3600 to 4400m high.
History.
The land that is now Tajikistan has been lived in since 4,000 BC. It has been under the rule of various empires throughout history, mostly the Persian Empires.
In the year 800, Islam came to Tajikistan.
In 1868, Tajikistan became a Russian Colony. It later became a part of the Soviet Union.
On 9 September 1991, after long periods of mass protests against Soviet Government, Parliament of Tajikistan declared independence from Soviet Union, and held first presidential elections.
Rahmon Nabiev who run the country during Soviet Union in the late 70s and early 80s, become president. But because he was unable to bring any much needed reforms to the country, there were protests in the capital city, Dushanbe.
The government responded by organising a pro-government demonstration, mainly made of old Communist Party members and people from the southeast of the country brought to the city. Anti-government protests did not stop, so the government gave weapons to the pro-government demonstrator. Then the Opposition armed themselves.
After this bloody civil war broke out. In which all of the new democratic parties, political organisations and movements together with the political Islamic movements created an alliance, opposing the old communist government and southerners.
After the September 11, 2001 attacks, many American and French Soldiers came into the country.
Political information.
Tajikistan is a republic. The capital city is Dushanbe. The official language is Tajik,which is a dialect of farsi (persian).
Tajikistan is also a member of the Commonwealth of Independent States, the CIS. Tajikistan is number eight in size of the CIS.

Fear
Fear is an emotion similar to anxiety. A person who fears something does not want it to happen, because they think something bad will happen to them if it does. Fear is the body's way of protecting itself from possibly dangerous situations. If we did not fear things then we would probably be dead because when we fear something like jumping of a cliff, then we would probably not do it, so if we jumped off a cliff then we would probably die. If we have a fear of jumping off of the cliff then we would not do it so we would not die.

Tongue
The tongue is the fleshy organ inside the mouth. A tongue lets us taste because of things on top of it called tastebuds. It is very flexible, so it also helps us eat and talk.

Titanium
Titanium is a very strong metal. Its one of hundreds of Chemical Elements in the peoriodic table of the elements. Its symbol is "Ti", and it is used in making the strongest and lightest parts of modern fighter super planes. It does not corrode, including resistance to sea water and chlorine.

Hebrew language
The Hebrew language is a Semitic language. It is the language of Israel.
The language was spoken by Israelites a long time ago - during the time of the Bible. After Judah was conquered by Babylonia, the Jews were taken captive to Babylon and started speaking Aramaic. Hebrew was no longer used as much in day-to-day life, but it was still known by Jews who studied religious books.
In the 20th century, many Jews decided to make Hebrew into a spoken language again. It became the language of the new country of Israel in 1948. People in Israel came from many places, and decided to learn Hebrew so they could all speak one language.
Hebrew is close to the Arabic language.
Hebrew words are made by combining a root with a pattern. In Israeli Hebrew, some words are translated from European languages like English, French, German, and Russian. Many words from the Old Testament were given new meanings in Israeli Hebrew. People learning Hebrew need to study the grammar first in order to read correctly without vowels. In Israeli Hebrew, there is no verb "to be" in the present tense, only in the future and the past tenses. In Biblical Hebrew, there are no tenses but only two "aspects": "imperfect" and "perfect". The "imperfect" is something like the future and the present tenses. The "perfect" is something like the past tense. "Mishnaic Hebrew" is the Hebrew spoken as well as Judeo-Aramaic in the time of Jesus and in the time of the Bar-Kokhba revolt (2nd century AD), until the Byzantine Empire of Justinian (6th century AD).
Alphabet.
The Hebrew alphabet has 22 letters. Five of these letters change when they are at the end of a word.

Joan of Arc
Joan of Arc (c. 1412 – May 30, 1431) is a French saint. She helped France during the Hundred Years War against England, who then held more than half of France.
At the age of 12, she began to have visions of St. Catherine, St. Margaret, and St. Michael the Archangel. She joined the Army and led many battles against the English. Then she brought Charles VII of France to his coronation at Reims Cathedral. The English later captured her, said she was a heretic and put her to death by burning. She was only 19.
Most of the court documents from her trial in 1431 and the later retrial in 1455-1456 which found her innocent, are still kept to this day in the French National Library. These documents are full of details, and have made Joan's story one of the most complete and best known stories from older history. She is now an important saint and icon in France.

James Kopp
James Charles Kopp (b. August 2, 1954) is an American criminal. He was found guilty in 2005 for shooting Dr. Barnett Slepian to death in 1988. Kopp said the reason he shot the doctor was because he was against the abortions that the doctor did.
Kopp waited outside Slepian's home with a rifle. He shot Slepian in the back through a window in his home. Slepian, his wife, and their four children had just come home from synagogue (Jewish church) when it happened. His wife and his son Andrew were standing in the room with him when he was shot.

Millet
Millet is a type of grain that is eaten. There are many types of millet.
Millets is a great part of nutrition; it includes three grams of protein per half serving and one gram of fiber per half serving..6 miligrams is the amount of iron included in each half serving of millet.

Sonic the Hedgehog
Sonic the Hedgehog is a video game character. He is a 15 year old blue hedgehog who can run at the speed of sound. He has been in many games, but also in television series, books and comics (published in America by Archie Comics). He has many friends, including Miles "Tails" Prower, a fox that can fly or Knuckles the Echidna (who is strong, and has been in Sonic games since "Sonic the Hedgehog 3"). With them, he fights against Doctor Eggman, an evil scientist who tries to take over the world. When Sonic's first game came out, Doctor Eggman was called Doctor Robotnik.
In games.
Sonic is the mascot of Sega, which created it in the early 1990s. At first, Sega wanted Doctor Eggman to be their mascot, and a good guy. But, the people in Sega liked the new idea of making a blue hedgehog as the mascot. Doctor Eggman settled as the bad guy instead.
In cartoons.
He appeared in his own made-for-video movie in 1999.
In most of the cartoons from the 1990s his voice was provided by Jaleel White (who was best known at the time for his role as Steve Urkel on the television show "Family Matters") and in later cartoons his voice was provided by Jason Griffith. Sonic also stars in his latest cartoon from Japan. It is called "Sonic X", although Sonic X has possibly ended.
In comic books.
mega Comics in America has been making comics with Sonic as the main character. He is also shown with famous characters like Knuckles and Tails, but with also a few new ones. Some of the characters cannot be found in any Sonic games, but some could be found from a very old cartoon, "Sonic the Hedgehog SATAM", made by DiC in 1993.
Others.
Super Sonic is actually Sonic himself. As Super Sonic, Sonic is faster and stronger, and he is gold in color. He becomes Super Sonic only if he has found all seven Chaos Emeralds and, in the old games, collects 50 gold rings. He was first shown in "Sonic the Hedgehog 2".

Hedgehog
A hedgehog is a small mammal. It has spines on its back. There are hedgehogs in Europe, Asia, Africa, and New Zealand. When attacked or threatened, it curls into a ball. Hedgehogs eat insects, snails, frogs and toads, snakes, bird eggs, carrion, mushrooms, berries, melons and watermelons. Sometimes, hedgehogs will forage for earthworms, after rainstorms.

Final Fantasy
"Final Fantasy" is a fantasy role-playing video game series made by Square Enix since 1987.
Types.
There are two main types of Final Fantasy game: the main series, where the games are just numbered with Roman numbers, and several related games and spinoffs. Each game in the main series except Final Fantasy X and X-2 is independent of the other, with its own setting, story, and characters. But the games are connected through the gameplay, themes, and 'style'. Newer sequels and prequels are "Final Fantasy X-2" and the "Compilation of Final Fantasy VII" games and films.
History.
Since 1987, more than seventeen games have been released. The series started on Nintendo Entertainment System, but today most Final Fantasy games are made for the Sony PlayStation or PlayStation 2. Games have also been released for the Nintendo Game Boy and GameCube. Final Fantasy VII is generally regarded as one of the pinnacle achievements of gaming. A must-play for any gamer.
In 2001, Columbia Pictures made a CGI movie called '.
Exceptions.
While it is not actually a "Final Fantasy" game, one game called "Final Fantasy Adventure" was released in America for the Nintendo Game Boy. The game was actually a prequel to the SNES game Secret of Mana, but was released in the United States with the name "Final Fantasy" to boost sales. In 2003 it was remade for the Game Boy Advance with the title "Sword of Mana". In Japan, the Mana series is called "Seiken Densetsu", which means "Legend of the Sword." There are three games in the series, but only the first two, "Secret of Mana" and "Sword of Mana", have been released in the United States.
Gameplay.
Most Final Fantasy games are based around leading a team of characters which each have special skills, and fighting lots of monsters to beat the game. Most Final Fantasy games also have interesting storylines.
Future Games.
A list of Future Final Fantasy games.

Georges Brassens
Georges Brassens (October 22, 1921 - October 29, 1981) was a french singer and songwriter. He sang "La mauvaise réputation" (the bad reputation) and "Le gorille" (the gorilla).

Display resolution
Resolution is what can qualify a monitor in computer science. It is the number of pixels displayed on a given surface.
For example: a "640 by 480 display", which has 640 pixels from side to side and 480 from top to bottom (as in a VGA display), and therefore has a total number of 640 × 480 = 307,200 pixels or 0.3 megapixels, is what is meant by 640×480 display resolution.

Cervix
The cervix is the part of the uterus which protrudes into the vaginal canal. Its function is like that of a gate to the uterus, or womb, where the fetus develops. It also allows menstrual blood to escape the uterus during the normal reproductive cycle of the female, and allows sperm to access the uterus to fertilize an ova, or egg.

Bullet
Bullets are small metal objects fired from guns. They are usually made from lead, and are propelled by a small explosion. A special powder named gunpowder is put inside the shell and makes the explosion which causes the bullet to be proppelled forward. The bullet is put on top of the shell, so that when the gunpowder explodes, the bullet is forced out at high speed. Bullets are used for many methods but mostly as a weapon in war and for shooting targets as a sport.

Frankfort, Kentucky
Frankfort is the capital city of the U.S. state of Kentucky. It has been the state capital since December 8, 1792. It is the county seat of Franklin County, and has been since 1795.
Frankfort is beside the Kentucky River. This is how the city earned its name, because the land was owned by pioneer Stephen Frank. First called "Frank's Ford", the name was soon shortened to Frankfort.
Within a century the population of Frankfort grew from 9,487 in 1900, to 27,741 in 2000. The members of the city commission and the mayor are elected by the citizens.
The mayor of Frankfort in 2006 is William May.

Shahrukh Khan
Shahrukh Khan (born November 2, 1965) is a Bollywood Indian actor. He started his career appearing on television in the late 1980s. He is Muslim and studied in a Muslim school. He is married to Gauri, a Hindu and has two children; Aryan and Suhana. He also has a sister named Shehnaz Lalarukh. He has a master's degree. He is one of the biggest stars in "Bollywood".

Masashi Tashiro
Masashi Tashiro (田代まさし, born August 31, 1956 in Saga Prefecture) is a former Japanese television performer and member of Japanese musical group Rats & Star. He was brought up in Shinjuku, Tokyo. On December 21, 2001, Tashiro was the first Japanese person chosen by the American magazine "Time" as "Person of the Year".
Tashiro was fired from the entertainment world in 2001 because of scandals.

New Orleans, Louisiana
New Orleans is a city in the state of Louisiana in the United States of America.
History.
The city was first built by the French before it became a territory of the United States under President Thomas Jefferson in 1803. It was built at the mouth of the Mississippi River. It has been one of the World's greatest seaport cities for many years. The French located the city a short vertical distance above sea level. In the last three hundred years, the city has sunk slowly into the marshy soil. Large portions of New Orleans are now below sea level. A system of many pumps, dikes, seawall, and levees was built.
Over half of the grain that is sent by ship to other countries, comes first by barge through the Port of New Orleans. The grains are grown in the farming states bordering the Mississippi River, the Missouri River, and Ohio Rivers. Much of the crude oil that is made into gasoline and diesel fuel is brought to New Orleans for refining oil refinery and distribution to other parts of the United States by barge or oil pipeline. Also, there are many oil well platforms nearby, in the Gulf of Mexico.
Hurricane Katrina.
On August 29, 2005, New Orleans was hit by Hurricane Katrina which destroyed over 80% of the city when the cities levees broke. The nation's weather services forecast storms by following changes in this pressure. Their work is often very accurate. In this storm, people knew several days before the storm that it would be very dangerous and very close to New Orleans. The very low pressure gave the storm unusual strength. The special systems built to protect this under water city failed in several ways. Water came over the dikes, seawalls, and levees at six places. The engines on the pumps failed as the water rose above them. It is estimated that more than three quarters (3/4) of New Orleans was under water in early September of 2005. The very deep water caused failure of sewer, phone, electric and fresh water systems. Many people drowned. Many homes were completely covered with water. Many important records, some from the French period of the 1700s were destroyed.
Many people believed that a flood in New Orleans would happen. They spoke openly about this concern for many years. A very serious flood happened several hundred miles upstream, on the Mississippi River, when heavy rains fell in 1927. The severe hardships from this flood led many people to move away. Many moved to Chicago.
Effects of Hurricane Katrina.
After Hurricane Katrina, many people who lived in the flooded city are living in other places in the US. Many people are afraid to move back. Their jobs and homes are gone and their possessions are lost. The people who cannot move back have spread to many other states. Texas is the largest state and has received the most flood victims. Many volunteers and charities are helping the flood victims to relocate to new homes and, at the same time, repair homes and services in this city.

Mamluk
Mamluks are members of a military caste that controlled Egypt from 1254 to 1811. The caste was first made up of slaves.

Laurent Clerc
, born Louis Laurent Marie Clerc, (December 26, 1785 in France - July 18, 1869) co-founded the first school for the deaf (people who cannot hear) in the United States.
Deaf people in America respected Clerc and call him the "Father of the Deaf" because he founded the first school for the deaf in America in Hartford, Connecticut. Clerc and Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet founded that school on April 15, 1817 in an old hotel. The school moved to its present location in 1821 and is now named The American School for the Deaf. The American School for the Deaf is the oldest school for the deaf in the United States.

Ivory
Ivory is a hard white material made from the tusks and teeth of animals such as elephants, hippopotamuses and walruses. Ivory is now very rare and expensive since there are restrictions on hunting elephants for ivory. There are also laws against the trade of ivory. Some countries (including Zimbabwe and South Africa) argue that these laws should be removed or changed, to allow them to sell some ivory.
Ivory has been used to make piano keys, billiard balls, handles and small ornaments. Ivory has been used in artworks, such as carvings, since ancient times.

Political subdivisions of Brazil
Brazil is subdivided into 26 states and 1 Federal District (the capital city Brasília).

Vice president
A vice president is someone who helps the president conduct his duties. A vice president also takes over if the president is no longer able to conduct his or her duties.
In the United States, the current Vice President is Dick Cheney.

Triple jump
The triple jump is a athletics event. It has been a part of the World Championships since 1995. The event consists of someone running up to a line, jumping and landing on the same foot (a hop), jumping onto the other foot (a skip) and then jumping into a shallow pit of sand. The winner is the person whose final jump lands the farthest from the line they started jumping at.

Texas hold 'em
Texas hold'em is a popular version of the card game poker.
How to play.
Before any cards are dealt, two players to the left of the dealer make bets which are called the "Small Blind" and "Big Blind". These forced bets must be at least matched by the other players in order to keep their hands. The big blind is twice as much as the small blind. If the big blind was $1000, then it is said that the blinds are 500 and 1000. This money is put into a place in the center of the table that is called the "pot"
Each player is given two cards face down. These are called the player's "Hole Cards" or what the player has "in the hole". Once all the players have their hole cards, the betting starts. The player to the left of the Big Blind player starts the betting. The lowest amount that can be bet is the amount of the big blind. Players can bet more than the minimum. This is called "Raising". The amount a player can raise is determined by the type of the game being played (see below) If a player raises, the amount he raised the bet to is the new minimum. Each player in turn may either "Call" (pay the current bet amount), Raise, or "Fold" (quit the hand). This action keeps going around the table until each player has called or folded his hand.
After the first turn of betting is over, the dealer lays three cards face up on the table. This is called the "Flop". These three cards are "community cards". This means they are used by every player in the game along with the two hole cards each player has. After the flop, another turn of betting takes place. There is no starting bet in this turn (no blinds) unless a player makes a bet. Players may "Check" or bet nothing if no player before them in the turn has bet. If everyone checks, or if a player bets and all the others call or fold, then the round of betting is over.
Next the dealer lays another community card face up. This card is called "the turn" (or 4th Street). Another series of betting comes after this. This beting is the same as after the Flop.
Finally the dealer lays the last community card know as "the river" (or 5th Street). This card is again followed by a turn of betting, calling and folding by the players.
With the five community cards and their two hole cards, each player makes the best 5 card poker hand he can. The player with the best poker hand wins the round and the pot. If two or more players have the same hand, those players split the pot evenly. If one person bets and all other players have folded, the hand ends then and that player wins.
Styles of play.
Texas Hold'em can be played several ways, including Limit, Pot Limit and No Limit games. The version of the game usually is the maximum a player can raise at any one time.
Limit.
Limit games have a set amount that a player can raise at any time. If a game has a $10 limit, then a raise must be exactly $10. If more than one person raises, each one can only raise $10 more than the last raise. Typically, there is a "cap" of 3 raises per round. Also, when playing limit, the bet and raise amount will usually double for the turn and river betting rounds.
Example.
In a 4 player game, Player A bets $10. Player B raises $10 (puts in $20 total), Player C calls Player B (puts in $20). Player D at this point can either fold, pay $20 (call player B) or raise $10 to a total of $30. Player A would go next and either call (paying the difference between his $10 bet and the current bet). This would continue until all players either call or fold.
Pot Limit.
In Pot Limit games, the most a player can bet or raise is the total amount in the pot. With each bet or raise, the amount in the pot gets larger. This allows for larger raises.
Spread Limit.
In Spread Limit games, there is both a minimum and a maximum raise specified. For example, one could play $5-$50 spread limit. The big blind would be $5 and the minimum raise would be $5 and the maximum raise would be $50.
No Limit.
In No Limit, there is not a limit of how much can be bet at any time. That is, it is just like Spread Limit, but with no maximum. A player can bet up to all money as he has. If a player bets all of his money, he is said to be "All In". If a player bets more money than another player has, the second player can call by going All In. If only those two players stay in the hand (all other players fold), the first player takes back any money that is over the amount the player going All In has. At this point, all betting stops and the dealer deals out the rest of the cards.
If a player goes All In and two or more players are still betting, the other betters can raise each other until they both call (or one of them also goes All In). A "side pot" is made in this case. It is the difference between the final bet and the first person's All In. Only the two players were not All In can win this pot. If the All In player wins the hand, he wins the main pot (his money plus an equal amount from each other player) and which ever of the other two players had the better hand wins the side pot. In an eight player game, it is possible to have several side pots with several people being All In at the same time. If there are not two player left who can bet, betting stops and all players turn their hands over.
Example.
Player A bets $5000. Player B only has $3000. He goes All In. Player C Raises $2000 (puts in a total of $7000). Player A calls (puts in $2000). At this point, the main pot is worth $9000 ($3000 from each player). The side pot is worth $8000 ($7000 - $3000 from Players A and B)
If player A or C wins, he wins both the main pot and the side pot ($17,000) and Player B is out of the game since he is out of money. If player B wins, he wins the main pot and the side pot goes to which ever player has the best hand between players A and C.
Tournaments.
Tournaments are what people often see when poker is shown on television. When a player enters a tournament, he pays an entry fee called the "buy-in." Most of his buy-in is placed with other player's money in the prize pool. Usually, a small portion of the buy-in is kept by the tournament officials for their expenses (and profit). The player is given a table and seat assignment, and a certain number of chips - the same amount as every other player. Unlike normal chips, these tournament chips have no cash value (though they often are referred to with dollar amounts). Players must continue to play until they run out of chips. The tournament continues until one player has accumulated all of the chips. The order in which people lose all their chips (or "bust out"), is their finishing order. That is, the last player to bust out is the second-place finisher. The prize pool is divided amongst a fraction of the top finishers (usually about 10%). The first place winner usually gets a much larger share, with the prizes diminishing until the prize pool is empty. The player who was the last player to finish without winning any prize is said to have finished "on the bubble."
As players bust out of the tournament, the average player's chip stack gets larger. In order to insure that the blinds do not become insignificant in the face of the growth in chip stacks, tournaments are played in timed "rounds." At the beginning of each round typically the blinds increase. Every few rounds there will be a short break between rounds. For tournaments that last longer than a day, there will be a last level for the day, and the tournament will resume the next day.
Most tournaments only allow a player to buy-in and receive chips once, at the beginning. These are called "freeze out" tournaments. Some tournaments allow players to buy-in more than once for the first few levels of the tournament. These players are said to "re-buy" and the money they use to re-buy goes into the prize pool with the rest of the buy-ins.

Creationism
Creationism is the belief that God (or another higher form) created the universe, like it says in the Bible, Torah, Qur'an, or other religious books.
"Creationists", people who believe in creationism which says that all today's living things came about from simple organisms changing slowly over time. Creationists usually believe that life was created much as it is today, and that one form of life cannot change into another. There are things that show evolution, such as fossils, the remains of living things that died long ago. Older living things seen in fossils are different from the life we see today, and can be put into order to show changes over time. Creationists say that this and other things are not enough and argue that virtually every living thing that has a fossil counterpart is practically identical to it. They also argue that the order is arbitrary because there is no place on earth where the rock layers are completely in tact.
Some people do not believe their religious book to be word-for-word true, and say God used evolution to create life. This idea is called theistic evolution. Others believe that evolution alone created life.
Almost all scientists, as well as the United States courts say that creationism is not part of science.

Flute
The flute is a woodwind instrument. A person who plays the flute is called a "flautist" (pronounce: "floor-tist") in British English, or "flutist" in American English. It is played by blowing across a hole in the instrument, rather like blowing over the top of an empty bottle. Flutes overblow at the octave. That means that once you have used up all your fingers for the first octave you can get the notes an octave higher by using the same fingering again but blowing a little harder.
Flutes were traditionally made of wood, which is why they are called woodwind instruments. Nowadays they are mostly made of metal which makes them much easier to mass-produce. Most wood-wind instruments require a reed but the technical definition would be any instrument made from wood.
Classical flute.
The form of flute used in western classical music is blown from the side and has keys which are pressed with the fingers to cover the holes. This key system was invented in the 19th century by Theobald Boehm. In the Renaissance, keyless cylindrical flutes made in several sizes were often played in groups, or consorts, and sounded best played specific modes. Baroque flutes, which developed in the third quarter of the seventeenth century, had a single key, which makes it necessary for players to learn to play all the sharps and flats using cross fingerings. By the early eighteenth century skilled players were able to play in tune in as many as eighteen to nineteen keys. By the late eighteenth century several keys were added, but the basic design and technique still derived from that of the one-keyed model. Early flutes were designed to make enharmonic distinctions between notes (i.e. a sharp is slightly lower in pitch than its corresponding flat) in order to play in non-equal-tempered tunings. Modern flute players often find the technique of renaissance, baroque, and classical period ("simple system") flutes to be especially difficult if they come to these instruments from Boehm flute.
There is a very large repertoire of music for the flute. Baroque composers used them in their orchestras, usually in pairs, and composed concertos, chamber music and solo music for them. This has continued to the present day. Orchestras have at least 2 flutes, sometimes three or four. Sometimes there is a piccolo which plays an octave higher, or an alto flute which plays a fifth lower than the flute.
The flute can sound very bright and cheerful when playing high notes. Listen, for example, to the "Badinerie" from Bach's "Orchestral Suite no 2". It can also sound very thoughtful or sad when playing in its lowest register. A good example is the opening of Debussy's "Prélude à l'après midi d'un faune".
Flutes of India and China.
The oldest kind of side-blown flute was made in India.
In India, a flute called bansuri is used. It has no keys and is often made of bamboo or cane.
In China, a simple flute is used, which has no keys. The Chinese flute sometimes has a thin piece of paper over one hole, which adds a bright raspiness to the sound.
Other flutes.
There are other kinds of flute that are played by blowing into the end, like a recorder. Some of these are tin whistle, flageolet, tabor pipe, and ocarina.
In Japan there is a kind of flute called a "shakuhachi", made from the bottom of a bamboo plant. It is blown at the end, but is not like the recorder because it does not have an opening that guides the air across a hole that makes the sound.
In South America, there is a flute called a "quena" that makes its sound the same way as the "shakuhachi".
The Pan pipes are a form of flute with no holes. It has more than one pipe connected together, with the bottom closed. The player blows across the top of one of the pipes to make a note. The pipes are in different sizes, so that each one makes a different note. They are named after Pan, who played this instrument in Greek myth.
Famous Flutists.
The band Jethro Tull features a flute player in many songs. One of which is the hit Locomotive Breath.

Staind
Staind is an American rock band from Massachusetts, United States. The band was founded in 1993. Its first album, "Tormented" was released in 1996. Staind's newest album, "The Illusion of Progress" was released on August 19, 2008.

Ocarina
Ocarina is a kind of flute that is not made out of a tube. Because the ocarina is in a round or box-like shape, its sound is a little different from other flutes.
History.
The ten-hole ocarina was first made by Giuseppe Donati, in Italy, in 1853. Instruments like the ocarina had been made for hundreds of years before that in South America, China, and Africa. In Europe, a form called the gemshorn was made in the 16th century. The gemshorn was made from an animal horn.
In the 19th century, groups of ocarina players, with different sized ocarinas, played classical and folk music. Italian ocarinas became known throughout the world, because of this.
In the United States the ocarina was called the sweet potato, because its shape is like a sweet potato.
In 1928, the Japanese began making ocarinas. They added two small holes to the old kind of ocarinas. Japanese 12-hole ocarinas can play a larger scale than 10-hole ocarinas.
English Ocarina.
In the 1960s, the English ocarina was invented. It has four finger holes, and may have one or two thumb holes. English ocarinas are made in many shapes.

Clarinet
The clarinet is a woodwind instrument.
The clarinet has one reed. The reed is attached to the mouthpiece with a ligature usually made out of metal. Blowing through the mouthpiece makes the reed vibrate and therefore makes the sound. The body of the clarinet is a cylindrical tube with holes. The holes are covered by the fingers to make musical notes. There are also keys pressed by the fingers which allow pads over holes to open or close so all notes of the chromatic scale can be played.
One kind of keyed clarinet is called the Albert clarinet. Another kind is called the Boehm clarinet.
The Boehm clarinet is much used by classical orchestras and by jazz musicians. In North America the most popular clarinet is the clarinet pitched in B-flat. This clarinet is used in concert, marching, and school bands. The A-clarinet is also used by musicians for orchestra.
The beginner clarinet player usually can play a note within the first ten minutes of instruction as sound production is relatively easy compared to other musical instruments. It is considered by most instrumental music teachers a good instrument for a young player. The fingering system is very similar to the flute and the saxophone so transition to these instruments can be made with relative ease after the student has mastered a certain comfort level on the clarinet.

16th century
The 16th century is the century from 1501 to 1600. In this century, many Europeans visited or moved to the newly-found Americas and some also searched for new routes to Asia. There was much change in Europe, such as the Protestant Reformation.
Decades and years.
Note: years before or after the 16th century are in "italics".

Lute
The lute is a kind of musical instrument with strings.
The first lutes were brought to Spain by the Moors. Others may have been brought to Europe from Arabic lands.
A lute has an oval-shaped back, made of strips of wood. It has a flat front, with a neck attached to it. Early lutes had four strings or eight sets of two strings. Beneath these strings, there were strings tied to the neck, where the player pressed down to make the notes. These strings were called frets.
The front part of the body is made of a flat piece of wood, and known as the sound board. It has a beautifully carved hole in the center which is called the rose.
The lute was at first played by strumming or plucking with a pick. Later they were played with the fingers alone.
During the Renaissance, bigger lutes were designed. Most lutes at this time had seven or eight sets of strings. New kinds of lutes were invented. One new kind of lute made in the Renaissance was the theorbo. Another kind was the archlute.
In European classical music the lute was changed into the harpsichord and the mandolin.
Today there are kinds of lute still being played in Greece, Turkey, and in Arabic-speaking countries. The Renaissance lute is also played today, in western countries, as well as a German lute that is played the same way as a guitar.

Independence Day (United States)
In the United States, Independence Day, commonly known as the Fourth of July or the Fourth, is a federal holiday commemorating the adoption of the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776, declaring independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain. Independence Day is commonly associated with fireworks, parades, barbecues, carnivals, picnics, concerts, baseball games, political speeches and ceremonies, and various other public and private events celebrating the history, government, and traditions of the United States.
Customs.
Independence Day, the only holiday that celebrates the United States, is a national holiday marked by patriotic displays. Similar to other summer-themed events, Independence Day celebrations often take place outdoors. Independence Day is a federal holiday, so all non-essential federal institutions (like the postal service and federal courts) are closed on that day. Many politicians make it a point on this day to appear at a public event to praise the nation's heritage, laws, history, society, and people.
Families often celebrate Independence Day by hosting or attending a picnic or barbecue, and take advantage of the day off and in some years, long weekend to gather with relatives. Decorations (e.g., streamers, balloons, and clothing) are generally colored red, white, and blue, the colors of the American flag. Parades often are in the morning, while fireworks displays occur in the evening at such places as parks, fairgrounds, or town squares.

Microsoft Office
Microsoft Office or Microsoft Office System is a collection of computer programs made by Microsoft. The programs are aimed at all computer users. There are different versions of the software for home users and for business users. Some versions may offer more programs, and some versions cost less than others. The current version is Microsoft Office 2007.
Microsoft Word.
Microsoft Word is a word processor that lets users type text into the document and add images, clip art, diagrams and different font or design choices. The main file formats are.doc and.docx.
Microsoft Excel.
Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet and mathematics program that can make calculations and graphs based on data the user enters. The main file formats are.xls and.xlsx.
Microsoft PowerPoint.
Microsoft PowerPoint is a program that creates presentations and slideshows. They can have text, drawing, pictures and media. They can also be set up to show on a projector. The main file formats are.ppt and.pptx.
Microsoft Outlook.
Microsoft Outlook is an email client that can send and receive emails. The user can add a contact list, multiple calendars and it can be used with other programs in the office system.
In the Mac version of "Office", it is called Microsoft Entourage, and it has many of the same features.
Micorsoft Access.
Microsoft Access is a database program where people can store data over many tables.
Micorsoft Publisher.
Microsoft Publisher is a program that lets people make layouts for newsletters and presentations to print.
Future Versions.
Microsoft are planning on a new version of Microsoft office, code named office 14. A beta version of office 14 is coming in May 2009.
Rivals.
There are a lot of alternative programs which are rival to Microsoft Office.

Afrikaans
Afrikaans is a West Germanic language mainly spoken in South Africa and Namibia. It was originally the dialect that developed among the Afrikaner Protestant settlers, the unfree workers, and slaves brought to the Cape area in southwestern South Africa by the Dutch East India Company (Dutch language: "Verenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie" - VOC) between 1652 and 1705. Most of these first settlers were from the United Provinces (now Netherlands), though there were also many from Germany, some from France, a few from Scotland, and various other countries. The unfree workers and slaves were Malays, and Malagasy in addition to the native Khoi and Bushmen.
Research by J. A. Heese says that until 1807, 36.8% of the ancestors of the White Afrikaans speaking population were Dutch, 35% were German, 14.6% were French and 7.2% non-white (of African and/or Asian origins).
Heese's figures are questioned by other researchers, however, and especially the non-white component quoted by Heese is very much in doubt.
A sizeable minority of those who spoke Afrikaans as a first language were not white. The dialect became known as "Cape Dutch". Later, Afrikaans was sometimes called "African Dutch" or "Kitchen Dutch". Afrikaans was considered a Dutch dialect until the early 20th century, when it began to be widely known as a different language. The name "Afrikaans" is simply the Dutch word for "African", and the language is the African form of Dutch.

Leonard Bernstein
Leonard Bernstein (August 25, 1918 – October 14, 1990) was an American composer and conductor. He is best known for conducting the New York Philharmonic and for composing "West Side Story" and "Candide".

Afrikaans Language Monument
The Afrikaans Language Monument (Afrikaans: "Afrikaanse Taalmonument") is the only monument in the world dedicated to a language. It is located on a hill overlooking the Teachers' Training College in Paarl, Western Cape Province, South Africa. Completed in 1975, it was built to celebrate the 100 years birthday of Afrikaans being declared as a different language from Dutch.
Inscriptions.
On a large inscription at the entrance, two quotes from important Afrikaans poets are written.
Dit Is Ons Erns.
The phrase "DIT IS ONS ERNS" ("we are earnest [about this]", or "this is our earnestness") is inscribed on the pathway leading up to the monument.

DC Comics
DC Comics is an American comic book company. It is owned by Time Warner. DC comics makes "superhero" comic books.
Many of these characters have been important as an influence for many people who enjoy them

Wonder Woman
Wonder Woman is a superheroine, who appears in DC Comics. She is the one of the first and most famous superheroes to be female. She first came out in 1941 and was created by William Moulton Marston, a psychologist who believed that women could be strong and powerful as men. Many people think Marston was helped by his wife and based Wonder Woman on his mistress.
Story.
In the comic book, Wonder Woman's real name is Princess Diana and is the daughter of Queen Hippolyta, ruler of the Amazons (a race of female warriors from Greek mythology). She is found by Steve Trevor, a US Air Force pilot, and taken to the United States, where she becomes the superhero Wonder Woman. She has a magic lasso and the bulletproof bracelets, both of which help in fighting villains. She can run very fast and she can fly.
In Other media.
Wonder Woman had also appeared in animated cartoons and in a live-action television program in the 1970s with actress Lynda Carter. The series made the character very famous.
In January 2001, producer Joel Silver asked Todd Alcott to write a "Wonder Woman" screenplay. Early rumors listed actresses such as Mariah Carey, Sandra Bullock, and Catherine Zeta-Jones to play the role of Wonder Woman. Leonard Goldberg, speaking in a May 2001 interview, named Sandra Bullock as a strong candidate for the project. Bullock said that she was asked to play the role. Lucy Lawless and Chyna both were interested in it. The screenplay then went through many versions written by many different writers. By August 2003, Levens was replaced by screenwriter Laeta Kalogridis.
In March 2005, Warner Bros. said that Joss Whedon would write and direct the movie version of "Wonder Woman." Because Whedon was directing "Serenity" at the time, and needed time to learn Wonder Woman's background, he did not start writing until late 2005. Silver wanted to movie "Wonder Woman" in Australia once the script was finished. In May 2005, Whedon said that he would not cast Wonder Woman until he finished the script. Charisma Carpenter and Morena Baccarin said they were interested in the role.
In February 2007, Whedon left the project. He said there were problems with differences about the script between the studio and himself. Whedon said that since he was not doing the "Wonder Woman" project, he would focus on making his film "Goners".

Bob Saget
Bob Saget (May 17, 1956-) is an American comedian and actor. He is best known for his appearances on television as Danny Tanner on "Full House" and the original host of "America's Funniest Home Videos".

Phil Collins
Phil Collins (born January 30, 1951) is an English singer and drummer. He was born in Chiswick. He plays with the band Genesis.

Badfinger
Badfinger was a British rock group. They were first called The Iveys, but renamed themselves after a song title, "Badfinger Boogie", the original title of "With a Little Help From My Friends". The band's members were Peter Ham, Tom Evans, Mike Gibbins and Joe Molland. Badfinger recorded for Apple Records, which was a record label started by The Beatles.
Their first hit was "Come And Get It", which was written by Paul McCartney. It appeared in a movie, "The Magic Christian". The band followed McCartney's demo closely to make the record. The finished record sounded like a Beatles song, and the band were called "protegés" of the Beatles. Later they made records that sounded different, and showed the band's own style. Todd Rundgren was the producer of some of their recordings.
Badfinger's other hit records included "No Matter What", "Day After Day", and "Baby Blue". Later they left Apple Records and recorded for Warner Bros.. Ham and Evans were the band's main songwriters. One of their songs, "Without You", was recorded by the band, but was not a hit. A later cover version by singer Harry Nilsson became an international hit, and was the first of many such versions. Dozens of recording artists have sung "Without You", including Mariah Carey.
The band members found that fame does not always bring happiness. Peter Ham had problems in his life, and suffered from depression. He committed suicide in 1975, when Badfinger went through a slow period. Tom Evans had similar problems, and later also killed himself.
The remaining band members, Gibbins and Molland, decided they still wanted to work together. They found two more musicians to take the place of Ham and Evans, and recorded a new album. The songs sounded like Badfinger's songs, and they got permission from Ham's and Evans's families to keep using the Badfinger name. They had no more hits, but continued to tour and sometimes make new records. One record had cover art by artist Peter Max.

United Nations Security Council
The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is the most powerful part of the United Nations. The Security Council deals with maintaining peace and security between nations.
Membership.
The ten temporary seats are held for two years with member states (countries) voted in by the UN General Assembly on a regional basis. The Presidency of the Security Council (ie the leadership) is rotated alphabetically each month.
Powers.
If a country has behaved in a way seen as undesirable, the UNSC can make a ruling, known as United Nations Security Council Resolutions or sanctions. An example is that the UNSC has currently banned all imports of nuclear material to Iran as they feel Iran is going to make nuclear weapons.

High jump
The high jump was first practised in England in the 19th century. It became an Olympic sport in 1896 for men and in 1928 for women. The rules that were made in 1865 still exist today.
The men's world record of 2.45 metres was set in 1993 by Javier Sotomayor (Cuba). The women's world record of 2.09 metres is held by Stefka Kostadinova.
Rules.
Every athlete has three attempts on every height. Those heights are fixed. When he or she needs less than three attempts for a height, he or she can go to the next height. When the athlete fails three times on a height, he or she is out of the competition. The competition lasts as long as all the athletes are eliminated. When two athletes have reached the same height, the one who needed less attempts wins.
The athletes are allowed to touch the crossbar but they must not knock it down. It is also an invalid attempt when an athlete does not pass the crossbar but touches the mat.
Techniques.
The technique that is practised today is called the "Fosbury Flop". With this technique it is possible to jump over the crossbar while the center of gravity is under the crossbar. Before the Fosbury Flop had been invented, there were other techniques, such as the "scissors" or the "Bride".

Manhattan
Manhattan is an island, which is part of New York City. It is the center of New York and the smallest borough. The Dutch bought it from the Native Americans and called it New Amsterdam, later the English took it over and changed the name to New York. The name "Manhattan" comes from the Munsey language of the Lenni Lenape meaning "island of many hills". Other theories contend that it comes from one of three Munsey words. "Manahactanienk" meaning "place of inebriation. Other possibilities are "manahatouh" meaning "a place where wood is available for making bows and arrows" and "menatay" meaning simply "the island."

The Bronx
The Bronx is a part of New York City, USA. The name came from Bronck's Farms, owned by a settler called Jonas Bronck.

Bob Denver
Bob Denver (January 9, 1935 – September 2, 2005) was an American actor. He was best known for his roles as Gilligan on the 1960s television series "Gilligan's Island" and Maynard G. Krebs on the earlier "Many Loves of Dobie Gillis". He appeared on many other shows including "The Good Guys", "Dusty's Trail", and "Far-Out Space Nuts", but these could not match his success as Gilligan. In 1998, he was arrested for marijuana possession and in 2005, he underwent heart surgery. After that he learned he had cancer. Before he became an actor, Denver worked as a mailman and a high school teacher.

1100
Note that 1100 is the last year of the 11th century; 1101 is the first year of the 12th century.

Monk
A monk is a man who decides to obey a set of very strict laws or rules.
They usually do this because they believe in a religion. Monks think that by obeying these laws that they can live a very religious life. If monks obey the laws until they die, they believe that they can have a happy afterlife or make God happy, or both.
Some monks live on their own (these are sometimes called Hermits), while others live with other monks in monasteries.
Women who live like monks are usually called nuns. If a woman is called a nun and lives with other nuns then the place where she lives is usually called a convent.

Dream Theater
Biography.
The band was founded by John Myung, John Petrucci and Mike Portnoy and they are the only original members that are still in the band today. They changed their singer twice in the late 1980s when Chris Collins was replaced by Charles Dominici in 1989. Dominici left the band only one year later, in 1990, and James LaBrie joined and stayed until today. Dream Theater's keyboardist also changed three times. Kevin Moore played with the band from 1989 until 1995 when he left and Derek Sherinan took his position until 1999. Jordan Rudess is Dream Theater's Keyboardist now. He is known for his excellent technique and compositional skills.
Influences.
The members of Dream Theater are known for having excellent playing technique of their instruments, and for their songwriting. Their music is very complex and the songs are often long, their longest being "Six Degrees of Inner Turbulence" at 42 minutes in length.
Their songs contain a lot of instrumental sections, in which no vocals are heard and only the intruments play (these parts are called "instrumental passages") and also many solos. Another feature of their music is that during each song, the speed often changes, and occasionally style changes too.
They once said that other bands have trouble making long songs. They said they have trouble making "short" songs. Most of Dream Theater's music is very difficult to play because of the high speed it has to be played with and the complex rhythm. Some people think that this is mainly used by the musicians to show how good they are, whereas others think that the music they play is simply beautiful and needs to be so difficult.

Triangle
A triangle is a shape. It has three straight sides and three points. The three angles of a triangle add to 180 degrees. It is the polygon with the least possible number of sides.
Types of triangles.
Triangles can be grouped according to how long their sides are
Triangles can also be grouped by their angles.
Uses.
Triangles are extremely useful, because the ratio of the length of sides to an angle is always the same. Measuring objects using triangles is called Trigonometry. Some people have spent their entire lives studying triangles for use in trigonometry.
Modern computers usually use triangles to make more complex graphic images or shapes.

Benchmark
Benchmarks can measure the skills of the computer or the computer user. These are the 50 most basic computer user skills. The computer skills needed to use a computer, view documents, create documents, and to print to a connected printer.
References.
With permission from CAAELII. Source: Simple Language Computer Lessons skills survey at, which references San Diego City Schools Educational Technology Department, which references National Educational Technology Standards at

Feminism
Feminism is a social and political movement. Feminism is about changing the way that people see men and women. Feminism said that women were poorly treated in the past and that this must stop. Somebody who follows feminism is called a feminist.
There are also many other types of feminism.
History of feminism.
Feminism started with the idea that human rights should be given to women. This idea was put forward by some philosophers in the 18th and 19th centuries such as Mary Wollstonecraft and John Stuart Mill. Later feminists in the early 20th century also said that women should be allowed to vote in a democracy. Many women felt very strongly that they should be allowed to vote and there were many protests. These women were called Suffragettes. This is because they were fighting for Universal Suffrage which means everybody is able to vote. The Suffragettes staged many protests for their rights. Some women even committed suicide to show how wrong it was that they could not take part in politics. After women received the vote, feminism worked to make all of society more equal for women.
Anti-feminism.
Some people do not like feminism because it wants to change society and may reduce the power of men. Some religious people say that feminism is not what God wanted. For example, in the Bible, it says that God made Eve (the first woman) as a companion for Adam (the first man), and people think this means he made women to serve and be ruled by men. However, not all religious people think this and some feel that God created men and women to be equal so that feminism is actually a very good thing. A resistant reading as to why feminism has been such a controversial issue is that they have fought for their rights which have negatively affected others, plus they have created a marginalised social group in society that conveys hatred to men and a desire to take over man's place in ruling the world.

Eivør Pálsdóttir
Eivør Pálsdóttir is a singer and composer from the Faroe Islands. She sings in Faroese, but also in English, Icelandic, Swedish and Danish. She was born on July 21, 1983 in the village of Syðrugøta.
Eivør Pálsdóttir is one of the most well-known singers from the Faroe Islands.

Hippopotamus
The hippopotamus ("Hippopotamus amphibius") (Hippo) is a large mammal of the "Hippopotamidae" family. It is from Africa.
Appearance.
Hippos have big and heavy bodies, and dark grey skin. They also have large tusks that they use to defend themselves from predators.
Habitat.
Hippopotamuses live in Africa. They live in and near fresh water, like lakes and rivers.
Life.
Hippopotamuses are herbivores. They live in groups. Sometimes 30 hippopotamuses will live in the same place. In daytime they will sleep in the mud and water, but at night they come out to eat grass.

Prefecture
A prefecture is a word used by countries such as Greece and Japan. (Called 県 "ken" in Japan). It is a smaller part of a country with its own government. In the United States, like parts are called a state. In France, its the head of the department ("see" Prefectures in France "for more detail").

2010
2010 is a year in the 21st century. It is a common year starting on Friday.

Eris (dwarf planet)
136199 Eris, known before as "2003 UB 313", is a dwarf planet and a trans-Neptunian object (also known as TNO) in the solar system. It is the largest dwarf planet known so far, and it is bigger than Pluto. It was discovered by Michael E. Brown, Chad Trujillo, and David Rabinowitz on January 5, 2005, when they had a close look at some old images of the outer solar system that were taken in 2003. Eris was firstly known as "Xena", named after the main character of the television series '. Eris has one companion moon called Dysnomia, also known before as "2003 UB 313", discovered on September 10, 2005. Dysnomia had a nickname called "Gabrielle", named after the character in the same television series as "Xena". It was then officially named Eris on September 13, 2006. Eris was named after one of the goddesses in Greek mythology. The moon, Dysnomia, was named after Eris' daughter in the Greek myths. Both Eris and Dysnomia could not be named Xena or Gabrielle because it was a rule that all objects orbiting outside Neptune's orbit had to be named after a creation mythology.
Many media reports argued that Eris is the tenth planet, along with many astronomers and scientists from NASA who supported that idea because it was bigger than Pluto. However, on August 2006, Eris has lowered in status to a dwarf planet, after people decided to re-define the term, "planet".
Today, scientists continue to find out more information about Eris and its moon Dysnomia, as well to look for more moons or any rings.
Eris is a scattered disk object, as it is found within the Kuiper belt region of the solar system, and it is beyond Pluto's orbit. It is also called a "pluton", because its size, orbit, and location is similar to Pluto.
Eris orbits around the Sun for 557 Earth years, and today it is located farthest away from the Sun. It has an elliptical orbit, meaning it is not circular in shape, and it is tilted at an angle of 44 degrees. Eris is 2400 kilometres in diameter, slightly bigger than Pluto.

Battle of Normandy
The Battle of Normandy was fought in 1944 between the German army and the Allied forces as part of World War II. Sixty years later, the Normandy invasion, codenamed Operation OVERLORD, is the largest invasion by sea in history, involving almost three million troops crossing the English Channel from England to Normandy in then German-occupied France.
The main Allied forces came from the United States, United Kingdom, and Canada, but a total of twelve nations contributed units, the rest being Australia, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, France, Greece, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway and Poland.
Sword Beach.
Sword Beach was the easternmost beach on D-Day, and was attacked by the British 3rd Infantry Division, supported by units of the 79th Armoured Division. It was successful.
Juno Beach.
Juno Beach was the next beach to the west. It was attacked by the Canadian 3rd Division. It was also successful.
Gold Beach.
Gold Beach was the "middle" beach, lying between Sword, Juno, Omaha, and Utah beaches. It was attacked by the British 50th (Northumbrian) Division.
Omaha Beach.
Omaha Beach was the second western-most beach. It was attacked by the American 1st Division. The bombardment before the assault was successful on every beach except Omaha, so German bunkers and artillery still remained. The battle was hard, but eventually the Americans won. More Americans died here than anywere else on D-Day.
Utah Beach.
Utah beach was the western-most beach. It was mostly successful, and it was attacked by the American 1st Division.

Mike Tyson
Michael Gerard Tyson (b. June 30, 1966) was an American boxer. He held the heavyweight championship.
Mike Tyson became a professional boxer in 1985 and won a heavyweight title from Trevor Berbick in 1986. He was the youngest man to win a heavyweight title belt. He became recognized as the undisputed champion when he beat Michael Spinks in 1988. He lost his title to Buster Douglas in 1990.
He was convicted of rape in 1992 and served three years in jail. When he was released he started boxing again and won a few heavyweight titles. Evander Holyfield was the first fighter to beat him in his return. Tyson also fought Lennox Lewis, who beat him, too. He retired from boxing in 2005.

Cleveland, Ohio
Cleveland is a city that is located in northern Ohio, US. It is home to over 400,000 people. It was named for General Moses Cleaveland in 1796, but a mistake in a local newspaper dropped the first "a" in its name, hence the present spelling. Its metropolitan area makes it the largest urban division in the state.
Professional sports teams that make their home in or near Cleveland include the Cleveland Indians, who play baseball; the Cleveland Browns, who play football; and the Cleveland Cavaliers, who play basketball.
Cleveland is one of the important industrial centers of the United States.

Lexus
Lexus is a luxury car line produced by the Toyota company. Its worldwide motto is "The Pursuit of Perfection" Its slogan in the United States is "The Passionate Pursuit of Perfection".

Dentition
Dentition is the development of teeth and where the teeth are in the mouth. Almost all mammals have up to four different types of teeth: incisors, canines, premolars, and molars. Mammals that have different types of teeth are called "heterodont". If they do not, they are called "homodont".
In many mammals, the children have a set of baby teeth that fall out. When they fall out, adult teeth grow in. Animals that have baby teeth and adult teeth are called diphyodont.
Dentition in the study of history.
Dentition is important to people who study history. This is even more important if they are studying older things. Dentition is used to see where people moved, because people from different places have different teeth.

Plectrum
A plectrum or pick is a small object used to play certain types of string instruments. The plectrum is held in the hand and used to pluck a string. This makes a hard, metallic, "twangy" sound. The instruments most commonly plucked include the guitar, lute and mandolin. The strings of a harpsichord are also plucked, although the plectra in this instrument are called "jacks". They pluck the string when the player presses a key down.

Danny Barker
Danny Barker (January 13, 1909 - March 13, 1994) was a New Orleans jazz singer-songwriter and musician.

Charlie Christian
Charles Henry "Charlie" Christian (29 July 1916 – 2 March 1942) was an American jazz guitarist. He is important, because he was one of the first musicians to use an electric guitar.

Franco Cerri
Franco Cerri (born January 29, 1926) is an Italian jazz guitar player.

Eddie Condon
Albert Edwin "Eddie" Condon (November 16, 1904 – August 4, 1973) was a Chicago jazz/big band rhythm guitarist.

Al Di Meola
Al DiMeola (born July 22, 1954) is a Jazz fusion guitarist. He was born in Jersey City, New Jersey.

White House
The White House can refer to the home of the President of the United States of America. It is located in Washington, D.C.. It is the official residence of the President and his family during his term of office. When a new President is elected, the previous one moves out. It's also from here that the president helps run the country. It is called the White House because it is white in colour.

George Carlin
George Carlin (May 12, 1937 – June 22, 2008) was an American actor and comedian. Carlin was famous for making a list of curse words that people should not say in the media, or even in public. (The list was ironically adopted by many radio stations, as a guide to what kind of language was not allowed.)
As a stand-up performer, he had been called one of the greatest of his genre by the television network Comedy Central.
He had been seen in movies such as "Jersey Girl", "Dogma", "Bill and Ted's Excellent Adventure" (and its sequel), "Scary Movie 3", and Disney's "Tarzan 2".
He died of heart failure at age 71. Carlin had a history of heart problems and had suffered several heart attacks.

Portuguese language
The Portuguese language is one of the of Romance languages (languages which came from the Latin language). The Portuguese word for Portuguese is "português".
Who speaks Portuguese.
The Portuguese language is the 3rd most spoken western language (just after English and Spanish) with about 200 million native speakers, and a few more millions all over the world because of the people of Portugal, Brasil / Brazil, Cabo Verde / Cape Verde, Angola, Moçambique / Mozambique, etc. who traveled to many different parts of the world.
"Abri a janela muito rápido para jantar" (Portuguese)
"Abrí la ventana muy pronto para cenar" (Spanish)
"I opened the window very fast so I can have dinner" (English)
The places where people speak Portuguese as first language are Angola, Brazil, Cape Verde, East Timor, Guinea Bissau, Macao (Region of China), Mozambique, Portugal, São Tomé and Príncipe and in the cities of Goa, Damão and Diu (India).
Words in Portuguese that are similar to English ones.
Portuguese and English have words that mean the same thing and look similar as well. This is because these words came from the same languages (for example Latin, Greek or French).
Examples.
Some English words came from Portuguese, for example tank (tanque) and cacao (cacau).

Hurricane Katrina
Hurricane Katrina was a strong hurricane that did a lot of damage to the city of New Orleans, Louisiana in the United States on August 29, 2005. Parts of the states of Mississippi and Alabama were also badly damaged. It was the most expensive and one of the deadliest natural disasters in the history of the United States (at $84 billion in damage). Over 1,800 people were killed by the storm. Katrina destroyed much of the Southern States, many cities needed full evacuation.
Hurricane Katrina was the eleventh tropical storm, fifth hurricane, and the second Category 5 hurricane of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season. The storm formed over the Bahamas on August 23, where it moved east and hit Florida as a Category 1 hurricane two days later. Katrina then crossed over Florida and strengthened into a Category 5 hurricane in the Gulf of Mexico. The storm then hit Louisiana and Mississippi on the morning of August 29. The leftovers of Katrina then died out over the Great Lakes on August 31.
The damages Katrina brought were so bad that 80% of New Orleans was flooded when the levees to the city broke. Most of the people killed by Katrina were thought to be from drowning. Because of Katrina's effect on the United States of America, the hurricane was known to be one of the most deadly hurricanes in US history.
Storm history.
Hurricane Katrina began as Tropical Depression Twelve over the southeastern Bahamas on August 23, 2005. The depression later strengthened into a tropical storm on the morning of August 24 where the storm was also named "Katrina." Katrina continued to move into Florida, and became a Category 1 hurricane only two hours before it made landfall around Hallandale Beach on the morning of August 25. The storm weakened over land, but became a hurricane again while entering the Gulf of Mexico.
Katrina began to gain strength very quickly after entering the Gulf, partly because of the storm moving over to the warm waters of the Gulf of Mexico. On August 27, Hurricane Katrina reached Category 3 strength on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale, becoming the third major hurricane of the season. An "eyewall replacement cycle" once made Katrina stop becoming stronger for a short moment, but made Katrina to become nearly twice as large in the end.
Katrina again began to become quickly strengthen, reaching Category 5 strength on the morning of August 28 and reached its strongest point with maximum sustained winds of 175 mph (280 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 902 mbar. Katrina's minimal pressure measurement made it the fourth most powerful Atlantic hurricane on record at the time, only to be beaten by Hurricanes Rita and Wilma later in the season. In addition, Katrina was also the strongest hurricane ever recorded in the Gulf of Mexico at the time (a record also later broken by Rita).
Katrina made its second landfall on August 29 as a Category 3 hurricane with sustained winds of 125 mph (205 km/h) near Buras-Triumph, Louisiana. At landfall, hurricane-force winds reached outward 120 miles (190 km) from the center and the storm's central pressure was 920 mbar. After moving over southeastern Louisiana, it made its third landfall near the Louisiana/Mississippi border with 120 mph (195 km/h) sustained winds, still at Category 3 intensity.
Katrina kept its hurricane strength well into Mississippi, but began to weaken later, finally losing hurricane strength more than 150 miles (240 km) inland near Meridian, Mississippi. Katrina weakened to a tropical depression near Clarksville, Tennessee, but its remnants were last seen around the eastern Great Lakes on August 31 when it became extratropical. The leftover extratropical cyclone moved quickly to the northeast and affected Ontario and Quebec.

Carlos Fuentes
Carlos Fuentes (born November 11, 1928) is a Mexican writer.

Bass guitar
The bass guitar (also called an "electric bass" or "bass") is a string instrument which is related to the electric guitar. The bass guitar is shaped like an electric guitar, except that it is longer than an electric guitar. The electric bass has many of the same parts as an electric guitar. However, the bass guitar produces lower tones than the electric guitar.
The bass guitar is used to play low musical sounds called "bass lines" in many styles of music such as rock music, pop music, country music, and jazz fusion music.
History.
The bass guitar was invented in the 1930s by inventor Paul Tutmarc from Seattle, Washington. However, very few musicians were interested in the instrument that Tutmarc invented. In the 1950s, musicians wanted to find a bass instrument that was smaller and lighter (in weight).
Until the 1950s, musicians played the double bass in jazz, blues, folk, and early rock music. The double bass was big, heavy, and hard to carry around. Musicians wanted a smaller and lighter instrument. Inventors tried to think of ways of building a smaller and lighter bass instrument. One of these inventors was a man named Leo Fender in the United States. Leo Fender developed a bass guitar in the 1950s using the ideas developed by Tutmarc.
Leo Fender used many parts for the bass guitar that are similar to the parts of an electric guitar. Leo Fender called the instrument the "Fender Precision Bass". He used the word "Precision" in the name because his instrument had metal frets on the neck. The double bass did not have frets on its neck. The frets on the bass guitar made it easier for musicians to play precise notes. The bass guitar developed by Leo Fender became very popular. In the 2000s, many bass guitars are still designed to look like his Fender Precision Bass.
Description.
Bass guitars are usually made out of wood. Bass guitars have a few main pieces such as a body, neck, fingerboard, frets, and strings.
The body is made out of wood. A wooden neck is glued or bolted onto the body. A wooden fingerboard is then glued onto the neck. Thin metal strips called frets are glued onto the fingerboard. In the 1960s and 1970s some musicians took the frets off of their bass guitars. Taking the frets off of a bass guitar changes the sound of the bass guitar. A bass guitar without frets is called a fretless bass guitar.
Bass guitars usually have four metal strings. In the 1970s and 1980s, some bass guitar makers began to offer bass guitars with five or six metal strings. Bass guitars with five or six strings can play a lower range of tones than a bass guitar with four strings.
How a bass guitar works.
To hear the sounds from an electric bass, the electric bass needs to be connected with a metal cable to an electronic amplifier and a loudspeaker.
Bass guitars also have magnetic pickups mounted on the body underneath the strings. A musician plucks the strings with their fingers. This makes the strings vibrate. The magnetic pickups detect the vibrations. Then the vibrations from the strings are converted into an electronic signal which is sent with a metal cable to an electronic amplifier and a loudspeaker. The musician uses a volume control knob that is located on the body of the bass which a musician rotates to make the sound of a bass guitar loud or quiet.

Saint Anna
Saint Anna is the grandmother of Jesus. Saint Anna gave birth to the Virgin Mary, and Mary grew up and gave birth to Jesus. Saint Anna's husband is Saint Joachim, who is Mary's father. Saint Anna died at the age of 79 while her husband died at age 80.
Her name Anna is interperating of a Hebrew name Hanna. Joachim went to the temple to pray and wasn't admitted in because of his childlessness. Joachim ran away. Anna heard and prayed and sacrificed like mad. She promised she would bring the child up in God's name. An angel came to Anna and told her that God would grant her a baby. The angel went to Joachim too and told him the same thing. Joachim came home.
Anna had the baby soon after. She named the girl Mary. Anna continued to keep her promise. When Mary was about three years old, Joachim and Anna brought her up in The Second Temple.
The name Anna means grace, joy, or favor.

Nepal
Nepal is a country in South Asia bordering India and China. Mount Everest, the highest mountain in the world, is found there. 12 of the world's 18 highest mountain peaks are in Nepal. It is also birth place of lord Buddha, founder of Buddhism. It has recently become a secular country, but it used to be the only Hindu nation in the world. Nepal is a very important pilgrimage place for both Hindus and Buddhists.
Nepali is the official language and there are many other regional languages. English and Hindi are widely understood. The capital city of Nepal is Kathmandu. The second largest city is Pokhara. Pokhara has many lakes, including Phewa Tal.

Zagreb
Zagreb is the capital city and the largest city of the country of Croatia. It has a population of 973,667 people and its metropolitan area (Zagreb County, Krapina-Zagorje County and Sisak-Moslavina County) has a population of 1.6 million (2005).

Swedish krona
The krona is the currency that is used in Sweden.

Giant
In mythology, a giant is a type of very large human-like creature. The mythology and legends of many different cultures have mythological animals or monsters that look like very big, very strong humans. One example of a giant is the "gigantes" of Greek mythology.

Piedmont
Piedmont is a region in the northern part of Italy. The capital is Turin. Piedmont has 8 provinces within it.
In the north of Piedmont there is the country of Switzerland and the Italian region of Valle d'Aosta, in the east there are the regions of Lombardy and Emilia-Romagna, in the west there is France and in the south Liguria.

Terry Fox
Terrence Stanley Fox (July 28, 1958 - June 28, 1981) was a Canadian athlete and activist. He lost one of his legs to cancer at the age of 18. He is most famous for his run, called "The Marathon of Hope", which began on April 12, 1980 in St. John's, Newfoundland, the purpose of the run was to run across Canada (with help of an artificial leg) about (the length of the average marathon, or foot race) each day. He originally wanted run until he got to Vancouver Island on the other end of Canada. The goal was to raise 1 million Canadian dollars and later one dollar for every person in Canada to help cancer research,
Many people supported and helped him during his run, and had a lot of faith in him, but on August 31, 1980, near the town of Thunder Bay, Ontario, Terry's cancer resurfaced in his lungs. He had to stop running.
Fox died on, exactly a month before his 23rd birthday. He is considered a hero in Canada. People still hold runs for him. Shortly before his death, he was made a Companion in the Order of Canada (the youngest person in the country to receive such an honor). In addition, there is a statue of him in Ottawa (Canada's capital), near Parliament Hill. Several schools named after him and he has been featured on a Canadian $1 coin.

Rick Hansen
Rick Hansen (August 26, 1957) is a Canadian athlete and activist. He was paralyzed in an accident at the age of 15. Inspired by his friend Terry Fox, who tried to run across Canada after losing a leg to cancer, he set out on a trip to travel around the world, in his wheelchair; it was called the "Man in Motion" tour. The money he raised from that tour went to help spinal cord injury research and parapelgic sports. He still works and does charity to raise money & awareness.

Fin
A fin is a surface used to produce lift and thrust or to steer while traveling in water, air, or other fluid media. The word was first used for the limbs of fish, but it is now also used when describing other animal limbs and man-made devices.

Method
A method is a way of doing something.
In object-oriented programming, a method is a part of an object. It is code with a name and parameters (if needed). The programmer can run the code by "calling" the method.

Region
Region is a geographic term used in many ways in the different types of geography. In general, a region is a medium-scale area of land or water. It is smaller than the whole area of something (which could be, for example, the world, a nation, a mountain range, and so on). It is larger than a specific location. A region can be seen as a collection of smaller things (as in "the New England states") or as one part of a larger whole (as in "the New England region of the United States").

Toothache
A toothache is a pain felt in a person's tooth. It usually happens when the tooth is being hurt by tooth decay. Some food products rot the teeth, especially soda pop.

Icing
Icing, also called frosting, is a kind of paste that is usually made from sugar. It is put on cakes to add flavour. Many kinds of cake have icing, especially cakes made for special occasions like birthday cakes, wedding cakes and Christmas cake. Icing can also be a hockey term.

Juan Ponce de Leon
Juan Ponce de Leon (1474 - July 1521) was a Spanish explorer. He was born in Santervás de Campos. De Leon is most famous for discovering the land that is Florida today. De Leon also invented cassava bread. This is a type of bread made from the cassava plant. It can be kept for a longer time than normal bread. This bread was much liked by sailors crossing the Atlantic Ocean. De Leon sailed with Christopher Columbus on the Columbus's second voyage to the New World. He also became governor of Puerto Rico years later. De Leon wanted to find the fountain of youth but never did.

Romford
Romford is a place in the east London Borough of Havering, England. It was first recorded as a town in 1153 in the "Red Book of the Exchequer", and the name "Romford" means "wide ford". The stream that flows through the place was only later called "the Rom River" after the town.
In medieval times, this town was granted the right to have the only market for 6 2/3 miles around. This rule was used even in the 1990s to stop a nearby suburb, Ilford, from opening a market too close.

Maltose
Maltose (known as malt sugar) is a disaccharide (sometimes called di-glucose). It is formed from two glucose molecules joined together at carbons 1 and 4.

Toolbox
A toolbox or toolkit is a box where a person stores tools. You can find them where people work with tools, like houses that are being built.
Some computer programs used to make other computer programs are also called toolboxes or toolkits (this is a metaphor).

Stone
Stones are pieces of rocks, which can be fragments of a mountain.
A stone is larger than sand, a pebble or gravel. It is smaller than a rock or boulder.

Hot-spot
A hot spot is a place where computers with the ability for wireless connections can connect to the Internet. Hot spots can be found in some public areas, sometimes for free. Some local libraries and restaurants now offer hot spots.

Winnipeg, Manitoba
Winnipeg () is the capital and largest city of Manitoba, Canada. It is in the eastern prairie region of Western Canada. It is often called the "Gateway to the West".
Winnipeg is located at the confluence of the Red and Assiniboine rivers. That area is known as the "The Forks". Winnipeg is also close to Lake Winnipeg.

Kilobyte
A kilobyte is a number used when talking about hard drives or computer memory. At first, 1 kilobyte was 1,024 bytes. Now some people say a kilobyte only has 1,000 bytes, and the correct name for 1,024 bytes is a kibibyte.

Byte
A byte is a unit of measurement. One byte is eight bits. It is used when talking about the size of computer, or other electronic data (information). "Byte" is most often written as "B". Sometimes "b" is used for byte.

Subatomic particle
A subatomic particle is a particle smaller than an atom. This means it is very very small. It is so small, it cannot be seen. It is also very interesting to scientists who try to understand atoms better. Some examples of subatomic particles are: protons, neutrons, electrons, quarks and leptons. Protons and neutrons are made up of quarks which are smaller particles. Electrons are examples of leptons.
These particles are often held together within an atom by one of the four fundamental forces (gravity, electromagnetic force, strong force, or weak force), and outside of the atom the particles often move extremely quickly as far as we are concerned, often near the speed of light. Subatomic particles are divided into two major groups, Baryons and Leptons.
Baryons are the large particles, consisting of protons and things such as that. They have a given Baryon number, which means that in reactions the Baryon number must be conserved, so that the products must consist of the same sum of Baryons. These are made up of a combination of the six quarks, which are the most basic particle to our knowledge.
Leptons on the other hand are small, such as electrons and Muons. These can be combined or split apart.
In addition to these, there are also Anti-particles, which have the same mass and energy as their normal counterparts, except they have the opposite charges, such as electronic strangeness (caused by the strange quarks, which are only a few particles) and Baryon number. Whenever a particle and its antiparticle collide, they destroy each other with a huge release of energy equivalent to E=mc2, where m is the mass lost, c is the speed of light, and E is the energy produced. These mutual destructions often create other smaller particles, such as Tau particles.
Most of the particles discovered are created by accelerating particles and colliding them against others, creating huge showers of new subatomic particles which decay extremely quickly. However, because they are moving close to the speed of light, they obey the law of time dilation and can live longer then they can to us, so it will live for perhaps thirty times as long as we think they live, and travel longer distances as well.

Breath
Breathing is the means by which our lungs remove carbon dioxide (CO2) take in oxygen, a gas needed along with glucose to produce energy. The air going in and out of the mouth or nose when animals "breathe" is called the "breath".
CO2 must be removed because it is a waste product and is too much CO2 is poisonous.

Laura Bush
Laura Bush (born Laura Lane Welch on November 4, 1946 in Midland, Texas) is the First Lady (The President's Wife) of the United States. She is the wife of the President George W. Bush. Mrs. Bush is the only child of Harold Bruce Welch (1912-1995) and Jenna Louise Hawkins(born 1919). Laura and George met and married in 1977. She is the mother of Barbara and Jenna Bush, who were born in 1981. Before she became First Lady she worked as a librarian and a school teacher in Dallas and Austin, Texas.

Dijon
Dijon is a big city in France. Dijon is the capital city in the province Burgundy.
History.
Dijon began as a Roman settlement called Divio. Saint Benignus (Saint Kelly), the city's patron saint, is said to have spread Christianity to the area before being killed. It was home to the Dukes of Burgundy from the early 11th century until the late 1400's and was a place of great wealth and power and one of the great European centers of art, learning and science.

Simon Rodia
Sabato "Simon" Rodia (1879-1965) was an Italian immigrant who lived in the United States in the district of Los Angeles, California called Watts. Starting in 1921 and until 1954, he built the Watts towers, from junk and things he found. Many people made fun of him and tried to vandalize (damage) the "towers". He did not like people making fun of him, in 1955 he moved away from Watts and never returned. The "towers" remained, and the site where he built them is now a national landmark.

Terry Southern
Terry Southern (May 1, 1924 - October 29, 1995) was an American writer.

Emeril Lagasse
Emeril Lagasse (born October 15, 1959-) is an American celebrity chef. He is best known for his television program "Emeril Live!", which airs on the Food Network. He also has several restaurants and wrote some cookbooks. He is also famous for his catchphrases "Bam!" and "Kick it up a notch!"

Artificial limb
An artificial limb is a fake limb (arm or leg) used by people who have lost them in accidents or due to health problems (amputees) or were born without them, so that they can do normal things. They are also called prosthetics. They used to be made of wood and metal, but now they are made of lighter materials.

Hurricane Rita
Hurricane Rita was a powerful hurricane in the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season that hit the United States' Gulf Coast. At its peak intensity, it was a strong Category 5 storm with sustained winds of 175 miles per hour. It made landfall as a Category 3 storm, and caused more flooding in New Orleans, which already had weakened levees, due to Hurricane Katrina. In addition, it caused massive power outages.
See also.
Hurricane Katrina

Boeing 767
The Boeing 767 is a passenger airplane manufactured by Boeing. The Boeing 767 is Boeing's smallest widebody (an aircraft which has two aisles), larger than the Boeing 757 but smaller than the 777. The passengers sit two across, aisle, three across, aisle, and then two across.
The first airplane, American Airlines, Flight 11 to hit the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001 was a Boeing 767.
American, United, Delta, Continental, British Airways and other airlines operate Boeing 767s. The 767 can have engines supplied by Rolls-Royce, General Electric or Pratt and Whitney.
The Boeing 767 was produced from 1981 and remains in production today. Since the late 1990s it has not sold well because of the much better Airbus A330-200. Boeing will replace the 767 with the 787.

Stephen King
Stephen King (born September 21, 1947) is a famous writer from the U.S. state of Maine. He is known for writing scary books. Many of his stories have been made into movies as well.
His most famous books are the seven novels of the "The Dark Tower" series.

Baby
A baby is a very young child. A child is a newborn till a month old, a baby until he or she is about three years old, and a preschooler between 3 years old and school.
Stages.
An infant is a human child at the youngest stage of life. Some people say that infancy is until someone can walk, while some say infancy is the time before the age of one. An infant less than 1 month old is a newborn. Newborns can be premature infants, postmature infants and full term newborns. Often the term "infant" is applied to the unborn fetus "the unborn infant"
After learning to walk, infants are called toddlers, usually when they are 1-3 years old.

Cactus
A cactus is a kind of plant. The plural of cactus can be cacti or cactuses or cactus.
Cacti first came from North America or South America. Many people like to grow cactus in pots or gardens. Now cacti have spread to many other parts of the world.
Many cacti live in dry places, such as deserts. Most cacti have and sharp thorns (stickers) and thick skin. There are many shapes and sizes of cacti. Some are short and round; others are tall and thin. Many cactus flowers are big and beautiful. Some cactus flowers bloom at night and are pollenated by moths and bats. Some cactus fruits are brightly coloured and good to eat. Goats, birds, ants, mice, bats and people eat cactus fruits.
Adaptations.
An adaptation is anything that helps a living thing survive and make more of its own kind. Cactuses have many adaptations for living in places that are sometimes dry for a long time. At other times these places can get lots of rain.
Cacti can have many small, thin roots near the top of the soil. These roots take in water quickly after a rain. The same cactus may have one long, thick root called a taproot. The taproot grows deep in the soil. It can reach water when the soil on top is dry.
Cacti store water in thick stems. The stems are covered with tough skin, and the skin is covered with wax. The thick waxy skin slows down loss of water. The leaves of cacti are sharp spines (thorns, stickers). Many animals want the water inside the cactus, but the sharp spines and thick skin protect the cactus.
Uses.
Cacti are commonly grown as houseplants. They are pretty and easy to grow. Some cacti are grown in gardens, especially in dry areas. Cactus can be used as a living fence. The wood of dead cactus is sometimes used for building.
People eat the fruit of some kinds of cactus, such as dragonfruit and prickly pear. Cochineal insects also eat prickly pears. These insects produce a red coloring used in food and lipstick.
Cactus in History.
The ancient Aztecs of South America held cactus to be very important. Cactus can be found in many of their sculptures and drawings. The national coat of arms of Mexico shows an eagle, a snake, and cactus.
Christopher Columbus brought the first cactus to Europe. Scientists and gardeners became very interested in cactus.
Prickly pears were taken to Australia in the 19th century for use as a natural fence and for use in the cochineal industry. The cactus spread out of control. Now it has made 40,000 km² of land useless for farming.
From the start of the 20th century interest in cactus has grown. Every year, scientists discover new kinds of cactus. A bad effect of this bigger interest has been the digging up of many cacti from the wild, making some kinds endangered.

Desert
A desert is a very dry place. It either receives an average annual rainfall of less than 250 mm (10 in), or has more water that is lost than falls as rain. A desert can be freezing cold or burning hot. Most of a desert is made up of sand or snow, sand dunes or snowdrifts, and cacti or very small plants. It is a biome, one where there is little rainfall.
There are not many animals in the desert, but some animals have learned to survive in various ways. Some animals that do well in the desert are rabbits, bats, bears, and rattlesnakes. These animals all have different ways to survive the intense conditions of the desert. A rabbit lives in a hot desert by circulating hot blood through its long ears to help it cool down, and it also digs a burrow underground where the climate is more mild. Bats also live in hot deserts and only come out at night, when the temperature is cool. Rattlesnakes do not have any body heat of their own, so they use the hot desert sun to warm up. In cold deserts, bears have thick coats of fur to keep warm. Rabbits in cold deserts also dig burrows, because the ground shields them from freezing winds.
Deserts cover at least 25% of the earth.
The biggest hot desert is the Sahara. The biggest cold desert is Antarctica.

Dessert
A dessert is a type of food that is eaten after lunch or dinner. It is usually a sweet food, like ice cream, cookies, and cakes. In some countries, cheeses such as Brie cheese and fruit are served as dessert. Some desserts are decorated, like birthday cakes. Others are simple, like pudding. Many desserts are baked (cooked in an oven). Some desserts are served with whipped cream as a topping.
Baked desserts.
Baked desserts are made by putting the ingredients in a hot oven. Baked desserts include cakes and muffins (a mixture of flour, eggs, sugar, oil, baking powder, and flavorings); sweet breads such as banana bread and raisin bread (a mixture of flour, sugar, oil, baking powder, and flavorings); cookies such as chocolate chip cookies (a mixture of flour, eggs, sugar, oil, and flavorings). Puddings and custards (a mixture of milk, eggs, sugar, and flavorings) can be made in the oven, or by stirring them in a pot on the stove.
Fried desserts.
Fried desserts are made using a cooking process called deep-frying. To deep-fry food, a large pot filled with oil is heated, and then the food is placed into the pot. Deep-fried desserts include doughnuts.
Frozen desserts.
Frozen desserts are made by blending the ingredients in a freezer. Frozen desserts include ice cream (a mixture of cream, milk, sugar, and flavorings), milk shakes (a mixture of ice cream, milk, and flavorings), and sherbert (also spelled "sorbet") (a mixture of water, sugar, and flavorings).
Chilled desserts.
Some desserts are made without using the oven or the freezer. Trifle is an English dessert made by soaking ladyfinger biscuits in sherry, covering them with whipped cream, and then letting it chill in the refrigerator. Some types of instant pudding and instant mousse desserts can be made without cooking; a person simply mixes the instant pudding powder with milk and chills it in the refrigerator.

William Henry Harrison
William Henry Harrison (born February 9, 1773, died April 4, 1841) was the 9th President of the United States. He was president in 1841 for only one month, because he caught a cold, got sick and later died. He was the first President to die in office.

Viacom
Viacom is an entertainment company. It started in the 1970s as the syndication division of CBS TV (which they now own). They also the owners of Paramount Pictures, Blockbuster Entertainment, Spelling Productions, MTV, Nickelodeon, Neopets, and others.

Uniform Resource Locator
In some cases, the URL may also contain
The URL of this page is http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uniform_Resource_Locator
Extensions.
Today, there are many other URL extensions. These are usually either a top level domain or interest grouping. Each country has its own top level domain, for example.ca for Canada. Interest group domains would include.tv (television) and.xxx (pornography). These are not used as often as the original extensions.

Cuckoo clock
A cuckoo clock is a kind of clock. Cuckoo clocks have a wooden case that looks like a small house, and there are wooden doors that open. It gets its name because at the start of every hour, the small doors on the clock open up and a little wooden bird comes out of the door. The clock then makes a noise which sounds like a bird call ("Koo-Koo" or "cuckoo").
The clock makes the sound one time for each hour it is. Whether it is morning or night does not change the number of times the bird makes the sound.

Labrador Retriever
The Labrador Retriever (or Lab and Labrador for short) is a breed of dog.
Labrador Retrievers are very gentle dogs with family-friendly personalities. They enjoy attention and exercise with their owner. This dog is great with children. They love to run around in big, open spaces, have a natural love of bringing things back, and learn to retrieve easily. They like the water no matter what temperature outside as their coat protects them. They are strong swimmers as they have webbing between the toes on their paws. They come in three colors: black, yellow, and chocolate or brown. There are many different shades of "yellow" Labrador, including a type that looks bronze or dark orange.
This tough, hardy breed of retriever is a great choice as a family pet. They are playful, easy to train, and naturally obedient. Labrador Retrievers do require regular amounts of daily exercise and are prone to obesity. As a pet, they can be demanding of attention and are best suited in a home where they can have a daily workout. They like water and have a unique otter-like tail, which they use like a rudder when they swim.
The origin of the Labrador Retriever is unsure due to the many different theories to how the Labrador, as we know it, came to exist. A popular theory is that the Labrador's ancestors were brought to Newfoundland by English fisherman. These dogs were descendants of Newfoundland dogs brought to Europe and bred with Portuguese Water Dogs and other sports dogs.
Although there is only one type of Labrador Retriever recognized by the CKC (Canadian Kennel Club), many Labrador enthusiasts will argue that there are actually two types of Labradors. These can be broken down into the categories of English (Show) Dogs and American (Field) Dogs.Labs are fairly easy to train(with gentleness and patience), and make great family pets,but need to be acquainted with kids at an early age.They are very energetic dogs.

Margaret Thatcher
Margaret Hilda Thatcher, "Baroness Thatcher LG, OM, PC, FRS " (born Margaret Hilda Roberts October 13, 1925) was the first woman Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990. Leader of the Conservative Party, she is often remembered by her nickname, "the Iron Lady". She also directed British troops in 1982 to recapture the Falkland Islands from Argentina, which had captured them for a short time, in the Falklands War. Also, she had the second longest single term in history. She also married Sir Dennis Thatcher.
She suffered from very strong opposition during the miner`s strike and also when she attempted to introduce a poll tax into Britain. This caused widespread rioting across the country. This is one of the reasons why she was replaced in 1990 by John Major.

Firefighter
Firefighters or firemen are people whose job is to put out fires and rescue people. In a city, the building they work in is called a "fire station", or "fire hall". Firefighters work for the "fire department".
In some places, they are also taught first aid and given medical tools and training so they can help people injured other ways. A paramedic or an emergency medical technician (EMT) are names for people who have medical first aid training. Some paramedics and EMTs work for fire departments. Some work for other agencies such as ambulance companies or hospitals. Search and rescue is also done by many fire departments.
There are firefighters in cities and towns who fight fires in houses and other buildings. These are called "structural firefighters". There are also firefighters who fight forest fires and grass fires. They are called "wildland firefighters". They usually only work in the summer. Some fire departments in rural areas do both.
Firefighters have vehicles they drive to the fire. If the vehicle pumps water it is called an "engine". If it does not pump water it is called a "truck". Fire engines pump water and foam which is used to put out the fire. Fire trucks carry ladders and tools to help rescue people from burning buildings.
Firefighters must wear heavy clothing which protects them from the heat when they are fighting a fire. This is called "bunker gear" or "turnout gear".

Random
Random is a term used in mathematics, as well as in a more general use, for situations when there is no way to know the outcome (what will happen). Something that is chosen at random is not chosen for any special reason, but purely by chance. An example of a random act is a lottery.
A computer can make lists of random numbers. Humans are unable to do this, because the brain works in patterns. If someone is asked to keep saying "heads" or "tails" at random, a computer would soon be able to tell which one the person is likely to say next because the computer notices the patterns.
On a website such as English Wikipedia the user can click on "Random page" to get a random article. The chances of any one page appearing are exactly the same as for any other page.
Sometimes the word "random" is used more loosely. There are websites of random jokes, which just means: a variety of jokes about all sorts of things.
In recent years young people have started to use the word "random" even more loosely to describe anything which is rather strange or has no logic. Sentences such as "the mouldy cheese is escaping" or "I like pie and spam" might be described as "random", although this is not the proper dictionary or mathematical meaning of the word.
Making random numbers.
Computers can make what appear to be random numbers. There are two ways to make them.

Political status of Taiwan
There are two countries in the world that are called China. One is the "People's Republic of China (China)", the other is the "Republic of China (Taiwan)". The PRC claimed control over the island of Taiwan (which is also known as Taiwan province). The ROC includes all of China, including Taiwan and Mongolia.
Status today.
People who live in Taiwan have different ideas. Taiwan has not been ruled by mainland China since 1949. Today, Taiwan has become a democracy. China, on the other hand, is ruled by a communist government. The communists' idea of freedom is different from what the democrats think, freedom should be. Although few people in Taiwan want to be reunited with Communists' China, almost none of them want to give up their ideas of freedom,and they would not forget how and why did they fight for it. Although the people in Taiwan want Taiwan to formally become the Republic of Taiwan. But most of the people in Taiwan want to keep everything like it is now, and wait till the right time to formally become the Republic of Taiwan.
Views by other countries.
Today, most countries of the world recognize the PRC as China. This is because of the pressure Mainland China exerts on these countries. Most countries however still have a very close economic and cultural relationship with the people of Taiwan. The government of the PRC have said that if the people of Taiwan formally vote to become the Republic of Taiwan, they will invade Taiwan.
Problems.
In March of 2004, China's government passed a law that will allow China to invade Taiwan if the people of Taiwan formally vote to become the Republic of Taiwan. This law hurts the feelings of the people in Taiwan very much, especially since the government of China does not rule Taiwan. It has caused even more people in Taiwan to not want to be reunited with China.

Cellular respiration
Cellular respiration is what cells do to break up sugars into a food that the cell can use as energy. This happens in all forms of life. Cellular respiration takes in food and uses it to create ATP, a chemical which the cell uses as energy. Some simple organisms can only go through anaerobic cellular respiration, also known as fermentation.
The "formula" for aerobic cellular respiration is
C6H12O6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O + Energy (as ATP)
Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy (as ATP)
Aerobic cellular respiration has three stages. Each is important, but could not happen without those preceeding it. Step one is Glycolysis or the break down of glucose. Step two is the Krebs Cycle. The final step is the Electron Transport Chain, or the ETC.

Lesotho
Lesotho is a small country in southern Africa. Its population is about 1,800,000.
The capital of Lesotho is called Maseru.
Geography.
Lesotho has no coast on the sea nor on a lake. This type of country is called "landlocked", meaning it is surrounded by land. All of Lesotho's trade must either be flown in by aeroplane, or brought in by land.
If you look at a map of Lesotho, you will see something unusual: it is completely surrounded by the country of South Africa and has no borders with any other country. This type of country is called an "enclave". Enclave countries are very rare, but Lesotho is one. This makes Lesotho's relationship with South Africa very important to it.
Lesotho has many mountains and is one of the most mountainous countries in the world. All of Lesotho is over 1,400 m above sea level. People sometimes travel there to ski in winter. The many mountains in Lesotho mean that it rains a lot there. Lesotho uses some of its water to generate electricity and sells some of it to South Africa.
History.
Lesotho became a country in 1818, but it was then called Basutoland. A man called Moshoeshoe brought several of the groups of people in the area together and formed a new country with him as its king. This new country came under attack from its enemies and in 1868 Moshoeshoe asked Queen Victoria of Great Britain for help. Great Britain said it would help if Lesotho became part of the British Empire.
Lesotho eventually gained its independence on 4 October 1966. Now it is a member of the British Commonwealth.

Alexander Hamilton
Alexander Hamilton (born January 11, year unknown - probably 1755 or 1757–died July 12, 1804) was the United States' first Secretary of the Treasury, and was known for the creation of a national bank.
Early Life.
Hamilton was not born in the United States. He was from the Carribean island of Nevis. His father was named James Hamilton and his mother was named Rachel Fawcett Lavien. Hamilton's mother had a child from a previous marriage that she left behind when she moved to Nevis. At the time, this meant that Hamilton was illegitimate since his mother and father were not legally married. He was very sensitive about this fact.
Education.
Hamilton graduated from Columbia University, which was known then as Kings College. He wanted to go to Princeton but wasn't accepted.
Legacy.
Hamilton is shown on the face of the U.S. Ten dollar bill. He is one of only two non-Presidents (the other is Benjamin Franklin) honored on commonly used notes.

Köbes
Köbes is a word from the Rhineland from local Ripuarian and Limburgish-Bergisch languages.
Informal meaning.
A Köbes is the waiter who serves the Kölsch beer in Cologne or who servers the Alt beer of Düsseldorf and Krefeld. One finds him only in brewery outlets and some specialized pubs.
Appearance.
Traditionally, a Köbes is dressed in blue, with a big leather belt and leather purse. If a guest sits down, the Köbes supplies beer, there is no order required. A Köbes continually replaces every empty glass with a full one, usually without asking. One must ask for the bill, or cover the glass, if you do not want more beer.
Expect Köbes to engage in short conversations or occasionally to tell, or make, jokes. Everyone can be subject of such jokes, the Köbes himself, his customers or other guests. If a Köbes includes them in jokes they do not hesitate to joke back on him.

Asperger syndrome
Asperger Syndrome affects the way in which a person understands other people, talks with other people, and acts with other people. A person who has "Asperger Syndrome" often seems to be rather odd, and may not fit in well with other people. Asperger Syndrome is called a developmental disorder, not a mental illness. Most adults with Asperger Syndrome can learn how to make friends, do useful work and live successful lives. Asperger syndrome is considered to be at the highest functioning end of the Autistic spectrum disorders.
Causes and treatment.
Asperger Syndrome begins in childhood. No one knows exactly what causes Asperger Syndrome. Part of the brain which controls a person's "social behavior" (fitting in well with other people) may grow or function differently in a person with Asperger Syndrome. This part of the brain also controls some body movement such as balance. A person with Asperger syndrome may walk or act in a clumsy way and have trouble doing body actions such as sports. They may also have nervous habits called "tics", which cause them to do sudden movements like twitching, sniffing or flapping their hands. Asperger Syndrome seems to run in families. Parents who have Asperger Syndrome often have children with it, and also children who have autism.
Asperger Syndrome cannot be found by testing blood or looking at someone's body. A medical doctor needs to talk with the person and other people who know him or her well, to watch how the person moves and behaves, and to learn about the person's past. Sometimes a doctor believes by mistake that the person has schizophrenia, ADHD or mental retardation instead. Tourette syndrome with "tics" often comes with Asperger Syndrome.
Most people who have Asperger Syndrome have normal or high intelligence. As children, they may need special help at home and school to learn social behavior. Asperger Syndrome cannot be made better by taking medicine. (People who have Asperger Syndrome are sometimes given medicine to help them if they get depressed. Depression is often a problem for people with Asperger Syndrome.)
People with Asperger Syndrome can have a hard time "fitting in" with other people. Adults with Asperger Syndrome usually learn enough "coping skills" to act in a way that seems normal, but often with a few differences. Most people with the syndrome can communicate clearly with friends and family. They may have more difficulty in communicating with new people.
Signs and symptoms.
A "syndrome" is a recognized pattern of signs and symptoms. Here is a list of symptoms of Asperger Syndrome. Not every person with Asperger Syndrome has every symptom.
Effects of difficulties in communication.
When people talk to each other, they use spoken words to communicate. They also use the sound of their voice and "non-verbal communication" such as facial expression and "body language" to give meaning to what they say. So while people are talking, they are also looking for signs in the other person's face and the movement of their body to tell how they are feeling and whether they mean exactly the same as their words are saying.
Asperger Syndrome is sometimes called "other planet" syndrome because people with Asperger Syndrome often feel that they are quite normal but are living in a world full of aliens.
History.
In the 1940s, a doctor named Hans Asperger studied some children that were different from most other children that he knew, but were like each other. He called them "little professors" because he thought that they were clever and wrote a book about them.
In the 1980s Dr. Lorna Wing made up the name "Asperger Syndrome" for people with high-functioning autism after research into Hans Asperger's work.
In 1994 Asperger Syndrome was added to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV).
Dr. Tony Attwood, Dr. Simon Baron-Cohen and Dr. Uta Frith are three of the current leading authorities on Asperger Syndrome.

Stop-motion
Stop motion is way of animation which makes it look like still objects are moving. Claymation is a good example of how stop motion is used.
Stop motion requires any camera that can make single frames (or photos). It works by shooting a single frame, moving the object a little bit, and shooting a frame again. Cartoons use a similar way; one of the main differences is that stop motion uses real objects instead of drawn.
Tim Burton, Will Vinton and the Aardman studio have used this method in their productions.

D.C. United
D.C. United is a Major League Soccer league soccer (or football) team that plays in Washington, D.C. in the United States. Their nickname is "the Black-and-Red".

Wendy Carlos
Wendy Carlos (Born Walter Carlos) is an American composer and musician. She was born November 14, 1939 in Pawtucket, Rhode Island. She is known as one of the first people to use electric instruments to make music. In 1968, she released her music album "Switched on Bach". This album used many new electric instruments including the Moog Synthesizer. She also did the music for movies like A Clockwork Orange, The Shining, and Tron. In 1972, Carlos had a medical operation to change her body from male to female.

Boolean algebra
Boolean algebra is algebra for binary (0 or 1, true or false). It uses normal maths symbols, but it does not work in the same way. It is named after its creator George Boole.
NOT gate.
It means the output is not the input.
AND gate.
The output is true only if one and the other input is true.
OR gate.
One or the other input can be true for the output to be true.
Identities.
It is not the same as a NOT then an AND like this: formula_20
De Morgans theorem.
"Make/break the bar and change the sign."

Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone
"Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone" is the first book in the Harry Potter series by English author J.K. Rowling. It was published in 1997 and a movie version was released in 2001. In the United States the book and movie are called "Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone".
Story.
Because this is the first book in a series of seven, the author begins by setting the scene and introducing the reader to some of the characters who will be important through the books.
In the first few pages Rowling describes how in an ordinary suburb, somewhere in an English town, people who are leading their ordinary lives are suddenly surprised to see witches and wizards in odd clothing riding on public buses and appearing at places where people would not expect to suddenly meet a wizard. It is clear that something unusual has happpened in the world of witches and wizards, and those people, who are normally quite secret, are out and about, enjoying themselves.
In this way, Rowling introduces the two worlds of her story, the world of ordinary people, called "Muggles", and the secret world of the magic folk who usually keep to themselves. Rowling then introduces the main character, Harry Potter, a little baby boy who is left on the doorstep of his aunt and uncle by an old wizard with a long white beard.
When the reader next meets Harry, he has grown to be a boy of eleven, living unhappily with his spiteful aunt, cruel uncle and bullying cousin Dudley. Suddenly he is rescued from his misery by a huge half-giant man with a great black bushy beard and a flying motorcycle. Harry Potter is a wizard without knowing it, and the giant man, Rubeus Hagrid, has come to help him buy his books and get ready to go to school. The school sounds most exciting. It is "Hogwart's Academy of Witchcraft and Wizardry".
On the long train journey north, Harry Potter meets the two people who are to become his best friends, Ronald Weasley and Hermione Granger. Ron and Hermione have very different characters. Hermione, who comes from "Muggle" parents, is very intelligent and talented. She is such a know-it-all and so bossy that the boys do not like her at first. Ron, on the other hand, comes from an old family of wizards. He is number six in a family of seven children. He wears hand-me-down clothes and even his pet rat used to belong to his brother Percy. Ron knows all about Harry Potter.
The reason that Ron, and all the other people in the wizarding world, know all about Harry Potter is that Harry is famous, without even knowing it himself. The reason why he was left on the doorstep of his aunt and uncle is that both his parents are dead. They were murdered by an evil wizard who calls himself "Lord Voldemort". He is so evil that people are even afraid to say his name. Harry is famous because he survived the magical attack of the "He who must not be named", and since that day, Voldemort has gone into hiding.
Joanne Rowling then gives the reader a picture of the school that is to be Harry's home through seven books of the series, each one of which deals with a year in his life. The book describes the teachers, the lessons, the customs and the school sport so that it seems to be part of a real world. Even though the students learn magic and use magic, the book also describes Harry's growing up in a new and strange situation, just as any student must learn to fit in when they go to a new school among different people.
Harry soons discovers that while some magicians, such as the School Principal, Professor Albus Dumbledore and Deputy, Professor Minerva McGonagal, can be kind and encouraging, others, like the sinister Professor Snape with his greasy black hair and nasty comments, are very hard to trust. One of the subjects that Harry really needs to learn is "Defence against the Dark Arts" but unfortunately, the teacher, Professor Quirrell, is such a bumbling and nervous man that he does not seem to be able to teach Harry very much at all.
As the year goes by, Harry discovers that Hogwart's has, hidden away for safety, a very precious treasure. If it were to fall into the hands of Lord Voldemort, it would be very dangerous indeed. Harry also discovers that in solving problems and overcoming difficulties, having friends with very different talents can be extremely useful.
Movie: "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone".
The movie, made by Warner Brothers, which was known as "Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone" in the US, was based closely on the book.

Justin Timberlake
Justin Randall Timberlake (born January 31, 1981 in Memphis, Tennessee, United States) is an American rhythm and blues singer. Timberlake first became famous when he appeared in the television series "Mickey Mouse Club" and later when he was part of the Grammy Award-winning boy band *NSYNC. He started his own career as a solo musician in 2002 and has recorded two albums, "Justified" and "FutureSex/LoveSounds".
Early life.
Timberlake's ancestors were British and he grew up in the Baptist religion. His parents divorced in 1985 and since then, both have remarried. He grew up in Millington, Tennessee, a small town north of Memphis.
In 1993, Timberlake joined the "Mickey Mouse Club", a television series featuring young teenage performers. This was the first time he had a taste of being a celebrity. Timberlake was featured in the sixth and seventh seasons of the series. During the show, he met future girlfriend Britney Spears, future tourmate Christina Aguilera, and future bandmate JC Chasez. When the show ended in 1995, Timberlake joined with Chasez and others to form an all-male singing group, *NSYNC.
Music career.
Justin Timberlake was one of the singers in the boy band *NSYNC. The group formed in 1995. The group released three albums, all of which were very popular in the United States and Europe. The band also had a few singles that were popular in many parts of the world. The group split up in 2002, and Timberlake started his solo career.
Right after the band split, he recorded his first album, "Justified". His first single from the album was "Like I Love You". He first performed the song at the MTV Video Music Awards in August 2002. He later released the album in November. It sold over seven million copies around the world. Timberlake later went on a tour with Christina Aguilera called the "Justified/Stripped Tour". Other singles released the album were "Cry Me a River", "Rock Your Body" and "Señorita".
In 2004, he performed at the Super Bowl XXXVIII (38) halftime show with Janet Jackson. At the end of the performance, he tore a part of Jackson's costume, revealing one of her breasts. This incident received many complaints from viewers. Many complained because many children watch the halftime show. Timberlake and Jackson said sorry after the event, saying that it was not planned and it was because of a "wardrobe malfunction". The phrase, which describes the accidental showing of a private body part, later became well known and is now often used in popular culture.
Due to the event at the Super Bowl, both Timberlake and Jackson were banned from attending the Grammy Awards in 2004. However, Timberlake won two Grammy Awards for the success of his first album.
Justin Timberlake also recorded songs with other musicians, including "Where is the Love?" and "My Style" with the Black Eyed Peas, and "Signs" with Snoop Dogg.
A second album, "LoveSounds", was recorded in 2005 and released in 2006. Many singles were released and were very popular. They were "SexyBack", "My Love", "What Goes Around...Comes Around", "Summer Love" and "LoveStoned". The first three singles topped the music charts in the United States. In support of his album, he went on a worldwide tour called the "FutureSex/LoveShow". Timberlake was also featured in the song "Give It to Me" with Nelly Furtado and Timbaland, which was very popular worldwide.
He won two more Grammy Awards in 2007, both for his work on his second album.
Personal life.
Timberlake had two early romances when he was a teenager, one with a schoolmate and then with pop singer Veronica Finn, but both ended unhappily. He later entered a relationship with Britney Spears when they met at the "Mickey Mouse Club". This relationship gained high public attention. It ended suddenly in 2002 when Timberlake claimed that Spears cheated on him with choreographer Wade Robson.
Later in 2002, he dated actress-dancer Jenna Dewan and actress-singer Alyssa Milano. In April 2003, he started dating actress Cameron Diaz after they met at the Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards. There were many rumors afterwards that the two broke up, but he stated on December 16, 2006 on "Saturday Night Live" that they had split up.
In 2007, it was revealed that he had a romantic relationship with actress Jessica Biel.
Film career.
Timberlake also works in the film industry. He is the voice of King Arthur in the recently released movie "Shrek the Third". He is also in the movies "Alpha Dog" and "Black Snake Moan".

Aramaic language
Aramaic is a language that is 3000 years old, or even more. It is part of a group of languages called the Semitic languages. This group has Aramaic, Hebrew, Arabic and many other languages in it. Some old kingdoms used Aramaic language for business. Some religions use Aramaic for their meetings. Aramaic is the language of big parts of the two Bible books of Daniel and Ezra. It is the language of the Jewish Talmud. Most people think that Aramaic was the language of Jesus. Aramaic is spoken today by small groups of people.
Where do people speak Aramaic?
In the 12th century BC, Aramaeans, the first speakers of Aramaic started to make their homes in today's countries of Syria, Iraq and east Turkey. Their language became more important. It became the most important language in the Middle East. Jewish speakers of Aramaic took the language with them to north Africa and Europe. Christian speakers of Aramaic took the language with them to Persia, India and even China. In the 7th century AD, Aramaic stopped being the most important language in the Middle East. The Arabic language became the new important language. But, Aramaic is still the language of writing and religion for Jews, Mandaeans and some Christians. Small groups of people still speak Aramaic in different parts of the Middle East. The wars of the last two centuries made many Aramaic speakers leave their homes and go to live in many, different places around the world.
Types of Aramaic.
Aramaic is not one language without any changes. Because many different people over many centuries spoke and wrote it, there are many different types of Aramaic languages. These different types are called dialects, but some of them are so different that they are like different languages. The different dialects make two groups: an "Eastern" group and a "Western" group. The division between them is around the line of the river Euphrates. We also divide up the dialects by their place in time. "Old" Aramaic is the name of the oldest dialects. Only special teachers learn Old Aramaic. "Middle" Aramaic is the group of dialects that people do not speak every day, but they use them for special things like writing and religion. "Modern" Aramaic is the group of dialects that people use every day. They are living languages.

Libya
Libya is a country in north Africa. Its official name is "The Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya".
Geography.
Libya is in between the countries of Egypt, Sudan, Chad, Algeria, Niger, and Tunisia. To its north is the Mediterranean Sea. The capital of Libya is Tripoli, which is a port on the sea.
The population of Libya is about 5.5 million. This is not a large number for a country that has a large area, so the population density of Libya is low. This is because much of Libya is in the Sahara Desert. People from Libya are called Libyans. Most of them live near the coast.
Economy.
Libya gets nearly all of its money from producing oil. Its economy is growing fast.
The money of Libya is called the Libyan dinar.
Culture.
Libyans are mostly Arabs, though many are of a people called "Berbers". Most Libyans are Sunni Muslims.
Politics and History.
The full official name of Libya is "Al Jumahiriyah al Arabiyah al Libiyah ash Shabiyah al Ishtirakiyah al Uzma".
The Italians supplanted the Ottoman Turks from the region around Tripoli in 1911 and did not reliquish their hold until Italy's defeat in World War II. Rule over Libya then passed to UN administration until it was granted independence in 1951.
Following a 1969 military coup, Col. Muammar Abu Minyar al-Qadhafi began to espouse his political system named, "The Third Universal Theory". The system is a combination of socialism and Islam derived in part from tribal practices and is supposed to be implemented by the Libyan people themselves in a unique form of "direct democracy." (See details below.)
Qadhafi used oil funds during the 1970s and 1980s to promote his ideology outside Libya, supporting subversives and terrorists abroad to hasten the end of Marxism and capitalism. Beginning in 1973, he also engaged in military operations in northern Chad's Aozou Strip to gain access to minerals and to create a base of influence in Chadian politics; he was forced to retreat in 1987.
UN sanctions in 1992 isolated Qadhafi politically following his downing of Pan AM Flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland. Libyan support for terrorism decreased after the sanctions. During the 1990s, Qadhafi began to rebuild his relationships with Europe. UN sanctions were suspended in April 1999 and permanently lifted in September 2003 after Libya resolved the Lockerbie matter.
In December 2003, Qadhafi announced that he had agreed to reveal and end its programs to develop weapons of mass destruction, and has made thereafter significant strides in normalizing relations with western nations. He has received various Western European leaders as well as many working-level and commercial delegations, and made his first trip to Western Europe in 15 years when he traveled to Brussels in April 2004. In 2004 Qadhafi resolved several outstanding cases against his government for terrorist activities in the 1980s by compensating the families of victims of the UTA and La Belle disco bombings.
Qadhafi's "Third Universal Theory".
In the early 1970s, Qadhafi began to synthesize and expand his ideas of Arab unity, independence, economic egalitarianism, and cultural authenticity into the Third Universal Theory. The importance of this new theory to the regime was shown by the creation of the Higher Council for National Guidance on September 10, 1972. The council comprised the RCC chairman; the ASU secretary general; the minister of education; the minister of information and culture; the minister of youth and social affairs; the minister of planning, the University of Libya's president; the administrative chairmen of religious endowments; the Muslim Call Society chairman, and the ASU secretary of thought and culture.
The Higher Council for National Guidance was created to disseminate and implement Qadhafi's Third Universal Theory (also seen as the Third International Theory or simply the Third Theory). The Third Universal Theory was predicated on the belief that the two dominant socio-politico-economic ideologies--capitalism and communism--had been proved invalid. According to the theory, capitalism placed the good of a few individuals ahead of that of the community as a whole; communism so emphasized the community that individual development was stifled. Nations constituting what is commonly referred to as the Third World were caught between proponents of the two ideologies: the United States and the Soviet Union, both of which, according to Qadhafi, were "imperialist states which seek to achieve their ambitions by extending their zones of influence."
Qadhafi proclaimed that the Third Universal Theory, because it was based on the Quran, predated capitalism and communism. Furthermore, it offered an alternative. It rejected the class exploitation of capitalism and the class warfare of communism, finding that, in practice at least, systems based on both ideologies were dominated by a small elite. According to the Third Universal Theory, classes were an artificial colonial import. Far from building a system that rested on some form of class relations, the theory sought to eliminate class differences. It embodied the Islamic principle of consultation (shura), by which community or even national affairs would be conducted through mutual consultation in which the views of all citizens were exchanged. This principle was manifested later in Libya in the creation of people's committees and popular congresses.
The Third Universal Theory was an attempt to establish a philosophical grounding, based on Islam, for positive neutrality on the part of Third World nations. Under the theory, Third World states could coexist with the United States and the Soviet Union, and they could enter into agreements with them for their own purposes. But Third World states in general and Arab states in particular should not fall under the dominance of either of the two ideological, imperialist superpowers. In dividing the world between the two superpowers and their supposed prey, the Third Universaal Theory anticipated much of what has come to be called the North-South interpretation of international relations, whereby the world is divided into natural-resource-consuming nations (the industrialized North) and the natural-resource-producing nations (the underdeveloped South). Indeed, Qadhafi has championed this interpretation of international relations. Guided by this viewpoint, Libya has been a strong supporter of national liberation movements against colonial regimes, even though the terrorist tactics used by some groups have tarnished Libya's international reputation and led to economic sanctions and to military attacks in mid-1986.
Central to the Third Universal Theory are the concepts of religion and nationalism as embodied in Islam. Qadhafi believes that religion and nationalism have been the "two paramount drives that moved forward the evolutionary process. They constitute man's history as they have formed nations, peoples, wars." In short, Qadhafi believes that religion determines human actions and interactions.
The atheism of the communists is another reason Qadhafi finds their ideology invalid. According to Qadhafi, communists cannot be trusted because they fear no ultimate judgment and thus may break their word if they consider it beneficial in any particular case. Islam, as the essence of monotheism, is the true religion that encompasses Jews, Christians, and Muslims, all of whom followed God's prophets. The differences among these religions exist not because of the prophets' teachings but because of differences among their followers.
According to Qadhafi, if religion is basic to the individual, nationalism is basic to the society. The Quran refers to tribes and nations that are inherent in the universe. A person belongs to a nationality upon birth. Only later does he or she become a conscious member of a religion. Thus, Qadhafi faults those who deny the validity of nationality. His concept of nationality, therefore, relates to his concept of Arab unity.
In this regard, Qadhafi adheres to the traditional, secularly based view of Arab nationalism propounded by such thinkers as Michel Aflaq, a founder and key political philosopher of the Baath Party, and Nasser. For Qadhafi, nationalism takes precedence over religion. In a wide-ranging speech before the GPC meeting in Sabha on March 2, 1987, Qadhafi denounced Islamic fundamentalism as "nonsense" and stated that "no banner should be hoisted over the Arab homeland except the banner of pan-Arabism."
Suffrage.
Voting is universal and compulsory for those over 18 years in age.

Population density
The population density of a country or city is a way of showing how crowded that place is. It is calculated by dividing the population by the area. For example, France has a population of 60,561,200, and an area of 551,695 square kilometres, so its population density is about 109.8 persons per square kilometre.
Some places, such as cities, have very high population densities, so they are quite crowded. The population density of New York City is 10,292 persons per square kilometre. Other places, such as large countries, can have very low population densities. The population density of Canada is only 3.5 persons per square kilometre because it is such a big country.
The country with the highest population density in the world is Monaco, with 16,620 persons per square kilometre. The country with the lowest is Greenland, which has only 0.03 persons per square kilometre.

Saturday Night Fever
"Saturday Night Fever" is a 1977 movie. It stars John Travolta as a young man named Tony Manero, who tries to escape his problem-filled life in Brooklyn by dancing at a dance club in New York City. The soundtrack (an album that has songs that were heard in the movie) of the movie was provided by The Bee Gees and many other artists and both the album and movie were very popular. There are two versions of the movie: the original R-rated version and the PG-rated version which came out a year later so the movie could be popular with younger people. A sequel called "Staying Alive" was released in 1983.

Greyhound
A Greyhound is a dog breed that is skinny, has long legs, and runs faster than any other breed of dog. It is one of the oldest breeds of dogs. For centuries, people have raced them in some parts of the world. Greyhound racing is a bit like horse racing in many ways. In recent years, many Greyhounds have been mistreated or killed especially after they get too old to race, but many rescue groups try to stop that and to help them be adopted by people to keep as pets.

Grand unification theory
Grand unification theory was thought of by a Pakistani scientist, Dr. Abdus Salam. He combined two forces of the universe, the weak nuclear force and the electromagnetic force. These are two of the fundamental forces of nature, which are responsible for all of the pushes and pulls in the universe. He received the Nobel Prize in 1979 because of this theory.

Factory
A factory is a building where workers use machines to make objects for sale. It usually refers to a building companies use to make different products.

United States Declaration of Independence
The United States Declaration of Independence is an important document in the history of the United States of America. It was written in 1776 and says that the United States of America are no longer colonies of Great Britain.
Before the Declaration.
Before 1776, the United States of America was not a country. The individual states were colonies of Great Britain. This means that the country of Great Britain ruled the United States. The declaration of independence was signed by 56 men.
Effects.
During this time, many American people were angry at Great Britain. Many Americans did not like paying taxes to Great Britain when they did not have any representation in Parliament. They did not want their lands to be colonies. They wanted America to be a country, so all American people could do what they wanted to do instead of what Great Britain wanted them to do.
Taking action.
Responding to actions taken by Great Britain, including the Intolerable Acts, the different colonies formed a Continental Congress to make decisions for all of the colonies. They met in the American city of Philadelphia. During a meeting of the Second Continental Congress, on June 11, 1776, they named John Adams of Massachusetts, Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania, Thomas Jefferson of Virginia, Robert R. Livingston of New York, and Roger Sherman of Connecticut to form a committee to draft a document that would become the Declaration of Independence.
The Declaration.
Jefferson did most of the writing. Jefferson writes of the rights of people and the role of government. Jefferson then lists specific bad things that the government of Great Britain did. There are many things, for example they put people in jail with no reason, made taxes that were too high, and did not give respect to people who lived in the colony.
What it says.
The Declaration then declares that the colonies are free, independent states.
The Continental Congress approved Jefferson's document. They used his document to declare their independence. Independence was actually declared on July 2, 1776. The full Continential Congress ratified (approved) the Declaration on July 4th, at the Pennsylvania State House. This version was only signed by the President of the Congress John Hancock and the Secretary Charles Thomson. According to legend, John Hancock signed his name very large so that King George could see it without his reading glasses.
Effects on Britain.
They made a new democratic government to govern America. When the king of Great Britain and Parliament heard about this they were angry. Great Britain and the people in America had already been fighting in a war. This war is called the American Revolution. America won the war, and in 1783 Great Britain had to recognize the independence of the new country, the United States, at the Treaty of Paris.
Effects on America.
The people of America like the Declaration of Independence a lot. Every year on the day of July 4, they have a party. They do this to remember the day that Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration, and the day that the United States of America became a country. There are parades, fireworks, and songs.
The Declaration of Independence is also important because it says the simple ideas that the people who made the USA believe. It says that every person has rights (to life, to liberty, and to follow happiness) and that the government has to listen to the people. These things are what makes America a free country.
Present day.
The Declaration of Independence is very old, but it is still here. The paper that Thomas Jefferson used to write his important words is in the National Archives Museum in the American capital of Washington D.C at this very moment. The American Constitution and the Bill of Rights are there as well, hopefully leading our country's leaders in their times of judgement.

Jordan
Jordan is a country in the Middle East. Its official name is "The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan".
Geography.
Jordan has borders with the countries of Saudi Arabia, Israel, Syria and Iraq. It also has a very short coast on the Red Sea, and a longer coast along the Dead Sea.
Most of Jordan is desert and the country is very dry. The northwest of Jordan is its highest part, and its lowest part is the Dead Sea. This is, in fact, the lowest place on the Earth that is open to the sky.
The capital of Jordan is Amman.
Culture.
People from Jordan are called Jordanians. Most of them speak Arabic as their first language. The population of Jordan is about 5.7 million people.
Jordan is a democracy, and the Jordanians vote for their political leaders. However, Jordan is also a monarchy and has a king. The King is the head of state, but he does not have all the power in the country. King Abdullah has been the King of Jordan since February 1999. Most Jordanians are Muslim. There is a small number of Christians.
Economy.
Unlike some of the countries around it, Jordan has little petroleum and natural gas. Some of its economy comes from mining instead.
The currency of Jordan is called the Jordanian dinar.

Israeli
An Israeli is a person who is a citizen of the country Israel. Most Israelis speak Hebrew as their first language.

Prejudice
When a person is prejudiced, it means that they decide they like or dislike something without really thinking carefully about it. The word comes from the Latin "pre" (before) and "judge".
Types of prejudice.
The word "prejudice" is often used when people dislike another group of people that are different from them. They may decide they do not like them because of their skin colour (this is "racial prejudice"), religion (religious prejudice) or nationality. These are all serious prejudices which can lead to hatred or even war.
Prejudice in popular culture.
Judges in a court of law should not be prejudiced when deciding whether someone is guilty. They should have an "open mind" so that they can make a fair decision. For example, if that person is the judge's friend then the judge would be prejudiced because he (or she) would not want his (or her) friend to get into trouble.
In many other situations it is important not to be prejudiced, e.g. for an adjudicator in a competition or a juror in a jury.

Inflation
When economists talk about inflation they mean that the general level of prices is going up. A loaf of bread will be more expensive than it was before. This is also true for the jug of water, and for getting a haircut at the hairdresser's. People in economics call those kinds of things goods and services. A loaf of bread is a good, getting a haircut is a service. So inflation means that more money will need to be paid for the same goods and services. Inflation is measured regularly, and the inflation rate is one of the most important indicators of the state an economy is in. A high inflation means trouble. If inflation goes the other way (you get more bread for your money), it is called deflation and is equally problematic. It's safe to say that economists generally prefer stable prices. There are also other kinds of inflation like hyperinflation and stagflation.
Causes of inflation.
One sure way to create inflation is to increase the money supply too rapidly thus devaluing the currency. In this instance, price inflation is simply the flip-side of monetary deflation. This is usually what economists fear most when they see general price inflation.
Demand-Pull inflation.
The Demand-Pull inflation theory can be said simply as "too much money chasing too few goods." In other words, if the will of buying goods is growing faster than amount of goods that have been made, then prices will go up. This most likely happens in economies that are growing fast.
Cost-Push inflation.
The Cost-Push inflation theory says that when the cost of making goods (which are paid by the company) go up, they have to make prices higher to still make profit out of selling that very product. The higher costs of making goods can include things like workers' wages, taxes to be paid to the government or bigger costs of getting raw materials from other countries.
However, Austrian Economists think this is wrong, becuase if people have to pay higher prices, this just means they have less to spend on other things.
Costs of inflation.
Almost everyone thinks inflation is bad. Inflation affects different people in different ways. It also depends on whether inflation is expected or not. If the inflation rate is equal to what most people are expecting (anticipated inflation), then we can adjust and the cost is not as high. For example, banks can change their interest rates and workers can negotiate contracts that include automatic wage hikes as the price level goes up.
nominal intrest rate rise beacause inflation is anticipated

Obsessive-compulsive disorder
Obsessive-compulsive disorder is a problem that some people have. A person who has obsessive-compulsive disorder is called an obsessive. Often, obsessive-compulsive disorder is shortened to "OCD".
Obsessive-compulsive disorder has two parts. "Obsessive" means that people worry a lot about things. They worry about things that most people would not worry about. For example, they might worry that they might leave their oven on and start a fire. Or when they are driving, they might worry that they might run somebody over by mistake but not notice.
"Compulsive" means that they try to ease their worry by doing things over and over again. So if they worry about leaving the oven on, they might look at the oven over and over again. If they worry about having run somebody over, they might look in their car's mirror to make sure the person is OK.
Many people worry a little bit about these things. But OCD can become a problem when it takes up a lot of time. A person might spend several hours checking their oven over and over again. Then they cannot do other things with that time. Often people with OCD think that they are crazy. That makes them worry more. They may think that, because they are crazy, they cannot trust what they think. Then they feel they have to do more things over and over again.
However, it has been proven that people with OCD cannot go crazy, because they know that these thoughts they have are wrong.
We are not sure what causes OCD. Some people think that it is a problem with the brain. Some people think that it is something that people learn, which goes wrong later on.
Some of the most common things people with OCD feel they must keep doing include washing hands, checking things, and buying or collecting a lot of the same items. Other people have thoughts they cannot stop, which keep going around in their heads. These are called "ruminations;" people with ruminations do not always repeat actions as well.
Anyone who thinks they might have OCD should see a psychiatrist. A regular doctor can set up an appointment. The psychiatrist might suggest medication (pills); or help the person accept the thoughts and not keep doing the compulsion over and over. The thoughts might decrease as a result.

Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution is the name historians have given to the period in history when there was a large and rapid change in the way things were made. This meant that instead of things being hand made in small workshops, they were made more cheaply in large quantities in large factories using machines.
Things could now be mass-produced instead of making them one by one and many people began to move from a agricultural based life to intercity. Suddenly, factories and commercial enterprise became the name of the game and focus was lost from hand weaving and loom work.
It began in Great Britain in the middle of the 18th century, and spread to Europe and the Americans by the early 19th century. It meant that instead of most things being made by hand in small workshops, they were made more cheaply in large quantities by powered machines in factories.
New ideas and inventions were also taken up in mining, the working of metals, and in the transportation of goods. The most important new invention of the industrial revolution was the steam engine. The steam engine, invented by James Watt, was used to power the factories and pump out the deeper mines. It was also used in railway engines. The heat from burning coal became the main source of power.
Some historians see the industrial revolution as finishing about 1820, but they agree this was only the start of change in the way we make things, which continues right up to the present time.
Historians still disagree on why the Industrial Revolution happened when it did, and why it happened in England first. It built on a new spirit of studying things through science in the 17th century, a period called the Enlightenment by historians. England also was a politically stable country throughout the 1700s with no wars at home (although it had many abroad).
England was also lucky that it had many of the raw materials needed to make and power the new machines close by within its borders. It also had an overseas empire that would buy the goods it made and provide it with a cheap source of other raw materials such as cotton and sugar. At the time of the industrial revolution slavery was practiced in many British Empire lands, this supplied a source for some of the money which could be spent on building the new industries. Slavery was finally ended in 1834 as machines eventually replaced the slaves. The slaves now became salaried workers who were paid for their work. That meant that the living standards rose and people generally became richer and healthier. But that in turn led a strong growth of number of people in England, leading into difficult social problems.

Botswana
Botswana is a country in southern Africa. Its full name is The Republic of Botswana. The capital of Botswana is Gaborone.
Geography.
Botswana is bordered by the countries of Zimbabwe, South Africa and Namibia. It is also possible to travel from Botswana directly into Zambia by crossing the Zambezi river by ferry.
Botswana has no coast on the sea, nor on a lake. This type of country is called "landlocked", and means that all of Botswana's trade must be brought in over land, or by aeroplane.
The two most important geographical features in Botswana are the Okavango delta and the Kalahari desert.
Culture.
People from Botswana are called Batswana or Botswanans. The population of Botswana is about 1.6 million people. This is a small number for a country of this size, and so the population density of Botswana is very low at only 2.7 persons per km². This is because most of the country is desert and very dry.
The languages spoken by most Batswana are English and the local language called "Setswana" (also called "Tswana").
Botswana is a democracy and the people vote for their political leaders, who vote for their president. The current president of Botswana is Festus Mogae.
Economy.
The economy of Botswana has been growing very fast since it became an independent country in 1966. The people of Botswana have had the world's fastest growth in standard of living since that time.
Botswana's economy comes mostly from the mining of diamonds, as well as metals such as copper and of minerals such as salt. Many people come to Botswana each year to see its wildlife, and so tourism is important to the country.
The currency of Botswana is called the "Pula" (which means rain). It is made up of 100 "thebe" (which means shield).

Ferry
A ferry is a ship or boat that is used to take people, vehicles or goods across water. Ferries are used across seas, lakes and rivers. Some places in the world can only be reached by ferry, because they have no roads or railways, nor any airports at which to land aeroplanes.
Sometimes the trip in a ferry is free, and sometimes it must be paid for.
The word 'ferry' can also mean 'to take someone or something by ferry'.

Rapa
Rapa or Oparo is an island in French Polynesia. It is sometimes called Rapa Iti to distinguish it from Rapa Nui (Easter Island).
History.
The first European, who visited the island, was the captain George Vancouver. He visited the island in 1791. The island had an estimated population of about 2000 inhabitants. Four tribes inhabited the island. There were many tribal wars on the island.
The Rapan people were converted to Christianity in 1826, when six embassadors were sent from Tahiti. Soon after that some slaves were brought to Rapa. It caused an epidemy and in 1867 the island's population had declined to about 120. Since late 1800s, the island's population has steadily grown.
Geography.
The main village of Rapa is Haurei. Nearly all inhabitants of Rapa are living in Haurei. The Bay of Haurei, which is located on the western end of the island, is named after the village. The bay's original name was, however, "Oparo" or "Paro". Smaller villages include 'Area.
Rapa's nearest inhabited neighbor island is located more than five hundred kilometers away. Together with Marotiri and some smaller islets, Rapa forms the Bass Islands. Marotiri is located 46 miles away from Rapa.
To the southeast is located the uninhabited islet Motu Tauturu.
Many mountains are located in Rapa. The highest of them is Mt. Perau (650 m). Rapa has a land area of forty km².
Rapa is located 1240 kilometers away from Tahiti, the main island of French Polynesia.
Demographics.
Most inhabitants of Rapa are Polynesians. Polynesians are believed to inhabit the island in about 1000 BC.
Rapa has a population of 521 inhabitants (1996). Most of them are fishermen. The most spoken language of the island is Rapan. Most children and youth can also speak French.
Rapan is however an endangered language. It is sometimes considered to be a dialect of Tubuaian.
Culture.
The most common form of Rapan folk music is himene tarava. The band The Tahitian Choir is from Rapa and its songs are sung in the Rapan language.

Jo Whiley
Johanne "Jo" Whiley (born 4 July, 1965 in Northampton) is an English radio DJ on BBC Radio 1, and a television presenter. Starting in February 1997, she had a weekday lunchtime show, called "The Jo Whiley Show" and later "The Lunchtime Social". When Simon Mayo left Radio 1 for Radio Five Live in February 2001, Whiley's show was moved to mid-morning.

Windows Vista
Windows Vista is the newest version of Microsoft Windows after Windows XP from Microsoft. When Microsoft was making it, it was called Longhorn. On July 28 2005, Microsoft gave out its real name, Windows Vista.
Microsoft has worked on Vista for more than five years so there are many things that are new to Windows. It has new features like a thumbnail tab view, so it is possible to see what a program is doing. It includes many small programs which are called gadgets such as a calendar which the user can put events on, and the computer will alert the user when those events are near. The canlendar is simular to the bonzi buddy program. Some versions of Windows Vista have windows with title bars you can see through, in a new addition called Aero. It has new things to prevent computer virus attacks and other problems that have been common with Windows. Windows vista is the first operating system for Microsoft to re-word things to make it a lot more simple.
Microsoft have said that windows vista can run older programs but there had been some compatibilty issues and a lot of companies had made a newer version of the program so that windows vista is supported.
Vista Editions and System Requirements.
There are 2 special versions called Home Starter Edition, and Enterprise Edition. Home Starter is basically the same as XP Starter, and is for low budget countries. Vista needs at least 512 MB of RAM to run on all computers. Some new parts of Vista need 1 GB of RAM to work.
To run windows vista you need at least all the specs on the vista basic side for vista to work but to get the best performance, the computer needs the requirements on the vista premium side.
Service Packs.
Microsoft releases service packs to update software and fix problems.
Service pack 1.
Service pack 1 was released in April 2007 and there were some fixes including the wait when pressing CTRL+ALT+DELETE to log in.
Service Pack 2.
Service pack 2 is currently in developement but a pre-release version of service pack 2 is avalible to download at the Microsoft website. Windows vista with service pack 2 is to be released on April 2009.

The Gambia
The Gambia is a country in west Africa. Its capital is Banjul.
Geography.
the Geography of Gambia is unusual: it is a long, thin country, completely surrounded by the country of Senegal, and the Gambia river flowing through its centre and into the Atlantic ocean.
Culture.
The population of The Gambia is about 1.4 million. People from The Gambia are called Gambians. A number of people from different cultures and backgrounds live in The Gambia. Some of the largest groups are called "Mandinka", "Fula", and "Wolof".
English is the official language, but people speak other languages as well.
Most Gambians follow the religion of Islam.
The American writer Alex Haley, who wrote the book "Roots", found that his family came from The Gambia in the 1760s.

Londonderry
Derry or Londonderry is a city in Northern Ireland near to the border with the Republic of Ireland.
It was originally called Doire (pronounced "duhruh") which is an Irish word for a group of oak trees. In English, this word became "Derry". When the city became bigger, six companies from London in England paid a lot of money to build things. The city was renamed "Londonderry", although some people take issue with this.
In 1984 the city council changed the name of the local government area back to its original title of Derry. But the City's official title is still Londonderry.
People from the Republic of Ireland call the city "Derry".

Federal Reserve
The Federal Reserve is a group of economic policymakers and forecasters (people who say what might happen in the future). The "Federal Reserve Board" sets an interest rate related to economic conditions. The Fed, as the Federal Reserve is often called, sets interest rates which form part of monetary policy.
When the Federal Funds rate is increased, the Fed makes borrowing more expensive, which means people and companies spend less and discourages inflation. When economic growth slows, the Fed decreases the Fed Funds rate so that borrowing will increase and there will be growth.

Trent Reznor
Trent Reznor (born Michael Trent Reznor) (May 17, 1965) is an American singer and musician. He is the lead singer and only regular member of the band Nine Inch Nails (often called NIN.) He sings and plays most of the music himself. He also writes all of the lyrics.
Reznor started playing music when he learned the piano, which he started when he was five years old. He was so good he could maybe have become a pianist if he had wanted to. He also learned saxophone and tuba.
He joined his first band when he was in college, called Option 30. He moved to Cleveland, Ohio, USA in 1985 and joined a band called The Innocent where he played keyboard. In 1986 he joined another band, The Exotic Birds.
He got a job as a cleaner at a music recording studio called Right Track Studio which is now called Midtown Recording. He sometimes used the studio to record songs which later went on his first album "Pretty Hate Machine". When the studio heard how good he was, he quit his job as a cleaner and made the band Nine Inch Nails. Their albums since then have been "Broken" (1992), "The Downward Spiral" (1994), "The Fragile" (1999), "With Teeth" (2005), "Year Zero" (2007), "Ghosts I-IV" (2008), and "The Slip" (2008).

Oklahoma
Oklahoma () is a state that is in the southern part of the Central United States. It had a population of about 3,617,000 people in 2007. The state has a land area of about. Oklahoma is the 28th largest state by population. It is the 20th largest state by area. The name of the state comes from the Choctaw words "okla" and "humma". It means "Red People". It is also known by its nickname, "The Sooner State." The state was formed from Indian Territory on November 16, 1907. It was the 46th state to become part of the United States. The people who live in the state are known as "Oklahomans". The state's capital and largest city is Oklahoma City.
Oklahoma is a large producer of natural gas, oil and food. It has large industries in aviation, energy, telecommunications, and biotechnology. The state has one of the fastest growing economies in the nation. Between 2005 and 2006, it had the third highest percentage of income growth and the highest percentage in gross domestic product growth. Oklahoma City and Tulsa are the main economic areas of Oklahoma. Almost 60 percent of Oklahomans live in these two metropolitan statistical areas. Oklahoma has small mountain ranges, prairies, and eastern forests. Most of Oklahoma is in the Great Plains. It is regularly hit by severe weather.
The cultural heritage of Oklahoma is affected by a population descending from German, Irish, British and Native American people. More than 25 Native American languages are spoken in Oklahoma. This is more than in any other state. In the past, the state was used as a path for cattle drives, a place for southern settlers, and a government-made territory for Native Americans. Oklahoma is part of the Bible Belt. Many people believe in evangelical Christianity. Oklahoma is one of the most politically conservative states, but voter registration is largest for the Democratic Party.
History.
Oklahoma has only been a state for a little over a century but its history is much longer. Arrow heads from the Clovis Indians who traveled through Oklahoma have been found near the city Anadarko. These arrow heads are about 11,000 years old. The Spiro Mound Building Indians were the state's first permanent settlers. In 1541 the Spanish explorer Coranado traveled through Oklahoma while in search of the Lost City of Gold. During the 1830s, the Five Civilized Tribes were forced to move from the southeastern United States to Indian Territory (now Oklahoma) on the Trail of Tears.
During the American Civil War (1861-1865), several Indian tribes sided with the Confederacy. The tribes owned slaves. They agreed with the ideas of the states that seceded from the United States. Also, the tribes were not happy that the federal government did not do what it told them it would do. Not all the tribes sided with the Confederacy. Some tribes had taken control of several forts. This caused much of the Indian Territory to be under Confederate control, but Oklahoma did not become a Confederate state. The Battle of Honey Springs near Fort Gibson on July 17, 1863 was won by the Union forces. This ended the Confederate control of Indian Territory.
On April 22, 1890, the western part of the state was opened to almost 50,000 settlers for the Oklahoma Land Run. During this land run Oklahoma got its nickname, "The Sooner State". The nickname came from the settlers who crossed the territory's borders before the land was opened by the government. A year later, the western part of the territory was turned into Oklahoma territory. The northeastern part, which was home to the Five Civilized Tribes, stayed under the control of the tribes. On November 16, 1907, the western and eastern territories joined together. They became the 46th state of the United States.
The newly formed state became an important place for the oil industry. The oil pools found in the area caused the population of towns to grow very quickly. Tulsa became known as the "Oil Capital of the World" for most of the 20th century. The oil was a large part of the state's early economy.
In 1927, Tulsa businessman Cyrus Avery, known as the "Father of Route 66", began a movement to make U.S. Route 66. Avery used section of highway that was already built between Tulsa and Amarillo, Texas to make the original portion of Highway 66. He was the main person responsible for making the U.S. Highway 66 Association to watch over the building of Route 66.
During the 1930s, northwestern Oklahoma went through a period of time called Dust Bowl. The area had little rainfall and high temperatures. This caused thousands of farmers to go into poverty and forced them to move to other parts of the United States. From 1930 to 1950, the state saw its only loss in population. It lost 6.9 percent of the people who lived there. Because of the Dust Bowl, the state made hundreds of reservoirs and man-made lakes. By the 1960s, more than 200 man-made lakes had been made. This is the most in the United States.
In 1943, the Broadway musical play "Oklahoma!" opened. It was a great success and was made into a movie in 1955. The story is set in Oklahoma Territory in 1906 just before the state was declared. The song "Oklahoma!" is sung near the end of the musical. It was made the official song of the state in 1953.
On April 19, 1995, the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City was bombed by Timothy McVeigh. 168 people were killed in the bombing. This was the worst terrorism attack in the United States before the World Trade Center attacks on September 11, 2001. McVeigh and his partner, Terry Nichols, were both convicted of the bombing. Many people think other people were involved. McVeigh was later sentenced to death by lethal injection. His partner, Nichols, was convicted of 161 counts of first degree murder. Nichols is spending the rest of his life in prison without the chance of parole.
Naming history.
The name "Oklahoma" comes from the Choctaw phrase "okla" "humma". This means "red" ("humma") "people" ("okla"). Choctaw Chief Allen Wright gave it that name in 1866 during treaty talks with the federal government about the use of Indian Territory. He dreamed of an all-Indian state with power held by the United States Superintendent of Indian Affairs. "Okla humma" was a phrase in the Choctaw language that meant the same as the English word "Indian". It was used to describe the Native American people all together. "Oklahoma" later became the "de facto" name for Oklahoma Territory. It was officially accepted in 1890, two years after the area was opened to white settlers.
Geography.
Oklahoma is the 20th-largest state in the United States. It covers an area of (are land and are water). It is one of six states on the Frontier Strip. The state is partly in the Great Plains near the center of the 48 continental states. It shares borders with Arkansas, Missouri, Kansas, Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas.
The highest point in the state is Black Mesa, in the Panhandle at. The lowest point is Little River east of Idabel in the southeast part of the state at above sea level. There are four mountain ranges in Oklahoma. They are the Ouachita, Arbuckle, Wichita and Kiamichi ranges. All of the ranges are in the southern part of the state. Forests make up around 24 percent of the state. The state is also known for having more man made lakes than any other state in the country. These lakes cover more than with water.
Weather.
Oklahoma is in a temperate area of the country. The state sometimes sees extreme temperatures and rain that is commonly found in a continental climate. All of the state frequently has temperatures above or below.
It does snow in Oklahoma. In the northwest near the Colorado border, the area can get nearly in snowfall during the winter. The southeastern part of the state usually gets less than in snowfall.
Most of the state is in an area known as Tornado Alley. This is because there is a lot of contact between cold and warm air masses which makes severe weather. Oklahoma has an average of 54 tornadoes each year. This is one of the highest rates in the world. The state is home to the National Storm Prediction Center of the National Weather Service. It is located in Norman.
Cities and towns.
Oklahoma had 549 populated places in 2006. It had three cities over 100,000 in population and 40 over 10,000. Two of the fifty largest cities in the United States are in Oklahoma. They are Oklahoma City and Tulsa. More than half of Oklahomans (58%) live in the two cities.
Oklahoma City is the state's capital and largest city. It had 1,269,907 people living inside its metropolitan area in 2008. Tulsa, the second largest city, had a metropolitan area population of 905,755.
Between 2005 and 2006, the Tulsa suburbs of Jenks, Bixby, and Owasso had the biggest population growth in the state. The population of Jenks grew by 47.9%, Bixby grew by 44.56%, and Owasso grew by 34.31%.
Oklahoma's largest cities in 2007 were: Oklahoma City (547,274), Tulsa (384,037), Norman (106,707), Lawton (91,568), Broken Arrow (90,714), Edmond (78,226), Midwest City (55,935), and Moore (51,106). Seven of the state's ten largest cities are in the metropolitan areas of Oklahoma City and Tulsa. Only Lawton has a metropolitan area of its own.
Oklahoma law says that populated areas are divided into two groups. Cities are areas with more than 1,000 people. Towns have fewer than 1,000 people. Both have legislative, judicial, and public power inside their populated areas. Cities can choose between a mayor-council, council-manager, or strong mayor form of government. Towns are run through an elected officer system.
Sports.
Oklahoma has minor league sports teams in basketball, football, arena football, baseball, soccer, and hockey. These teams are in Oklahoma City, Tulsa, Enid and Lawton. Tulsa is home to the Tulsa 66ers. They are part the NBA Development League. The Tulsa Revolution, playing in the American Indoor Soccer League, is also in Tulsa. The NBA's New Orleans Hornets became the first major league sports team to play in Oklahoma. This happened after the team was forced to move to the Ford Center in Oklahoma City for two seasons after Hurricane Katrina in 2005. In July 2008, the Seattle SuperSonics moved to Oklahoma City. The team said they would play their games at the Ford Center under the new team name Oklahoma City Thunder. They are the state's first permanent major league team.
State symbols.
Oklahoma's state symbols are recognized by state law. The Oklahoma Senate or House of Representatives may add others for special events and to help organizations.

Terry Jacks
Terry Jacks (born March 29, 1944) is a Canadian musician. He is most famous for his song "Seasons in the Sun" which was a huge hit in 1974. He now works as an environmental activist.

Sark
Sark is one of the Channel Islands. Around 600 people live on Sark. Sark also has its own language called "Sercquiais." Only 15 people speak it. No cars are allowed on Sark, if you want to go anywhere on the island you need to walk or go on a bicycle.

Robert Crumb
Robert Crumb (born August 30, 1943) is a famous American cartoonist and musician. He is famous for his underground comics in the 1960s and early 1970s. He is most famous for the album cover for Big Brother and the Holding Company's "Cheap Thrills", the catchphrase "Keep on Truckin'" and "Fritz the Cat", which was made into a movie without his permission. He is also avid collector of 78 rpm phonograph records and plays the mandolin. He was also the subject of an award-winning documentry movie made in 1994 called "Crumb"

Renée Zellweger
Renée Kathleen Zellweger (born on April 25, 1969 in Katy, Texas) is an American actress. She won an Academy Award for her role in the movie "Cold Mountain". She has acted in many movies, including "Jerry Maguire", "Bridget Jones's Diary", "Chicago" and "Cinderella Man".
Zellweger took acting classes because she wanted to make certain she graduated from the University of Texas with a literature degree. Zellweger appeared in many television shows, for example "A Taste for Killing" and "Shake, Rattle and Rock". Her first part in a movie was in "Dazed and Confused" followed by Ben Stiller’s "Reality Bites".

Meryl Streep
Meryl Streep (June 22, 1949) is an American actress. She has appeared in many films, including Falling in Love, The Bridges of Madison County, and The House of Spirit. She was born in New Jersey.

Bench
A bench is a place where people can sit. Benches are long and often found outside, and more than one person can sit on them.

List of national anthems
This is a list of national anthems.
This list shows the country on the left, the national anthem in the middle, and the meaning in English on the right. The names of states that do not exist anymore, or that are not independent nations, or the names of state organisations are "italicized".

Celsius
Celsius (more precisely, a degree Celsius), sometimes called centigrade, is a unit of measurement used in many countries to measure temperature. This unit was created by Anders Celsius (1701-1744), a Swedish astronomer.
0 degrees (°) Celsius is the melting point of water at what is called "normal pressure".
100° Celsius is the boiling point of water at normal pressure.
1 °C is therefore one hundredth (the 100th part) of that difference.
Since 1948 this unit is called "Celsius".
The other kind of measurement is Fahrenheit.
History.
In 1742, "Anders Celsius" (1701 – 1744) created a “reversed” version of the modern Celsius temperature scale. In it zero represented the boiling point of water and 100 represented the melting point of ice. In his paper "Observations of two persistent degrees on a thermometer," he wrote about his experiments. His could show in his experiments that the melting point of ice was effectively unaffected by pressure. This was not the case for the boiling point of water. It varied as a function of atmospheric pressure. He proposed that zero on his temperature scale (water’s boiling point) would be calibrated at the mean barometric pressure at sea level. This pressure is known as one standard atmosphere. In 1954, (the General Conference on Weights and Measures) established internationally that one standard atmosphere was a pressure equivalent to 1,013,250 dynes per cm2 (101.325 kPa).
In 1744, the year Anders Celsius died, the famous Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus (1707 – 1778) effectively reversed Celsius’s scalewhen he received his first thermometer with a scale where zero represented the melting point of ice and 100 represented water’s boiling point. His custom-made “linnaeus-thermometer,” for use in his greenhouses, was made by Daniel Ekström, Sweden’s leading maker of scientific instruments at the time. Eckstöm's workshop was located in the basement of the Stockholm observatory. As often happened in this age before modern communications, numerous physicists, scientists, and instrument makers are credited with having independently developed this same scale; among them were Pehr Elvius, the secretary of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (which had an instrument workshop) and with whom Linnaeus had been corresponding; Christian of Lyons; Daniel Ekström, the instrument maker; and Mårten Strömer (1707 – 1770) who had studied astronomy under Anders Celsius.
For the next 204 years, the scientific and thermometry communities world-wide referred to this scale as the “centigrade scale.” Temperatures on the centigrade scale were often reported simply as “degrees” or, when greater specificity was desired, “degrees centigrade.” The symbol for temperature values on this scale was °C (in several formats over the years). Because the term “centigrade” was also the Spanish and French language name for a unit of angular measurement (one-hundredth of a right angle) and had a similar connotation in other languages, the term “centesimal degree” was used when very precise, clear language was required by international standards bodies such as the Bureau international des poids et mesures (BIPM). The 9th CGPM (Conférence générale des poids et mesures) and the CIPM (Comité international des poids et mesures) “degree Celsius” (symbol: °C) in 1948. For common people worldwide — including school textbooks — the full change from "centigrade" to "Celsius" required nearly two decades after this formal adoption.

Fahrenheit
Fahrenheit (more precisely, a degree Fahrenheit) is a unit of measurement used to measure temperature. The conversion rate to celsius is C= 5/9 x (F - 32). The degree Fahrenheit is abbreviated °F.
History.
This temperature scale was made in 1724 by a German scientist named Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit. In the twentieth century, the unit declined in favor of the degree Celsius. It is still used often in the United States.

Agent
An Agent, a person who acts on behalf of another person.

Anthrax (disease)
Anthrax, also called splenic fever, is a disease. It is very dangerous, and often leads to death.
Catching it.
Anthrax is most common in animals, but people can also catch it if they come close to infected animals.
Types of anthrax.
There are 89 different kinds (strains) of anthrax. One of them, the Ames strain, was used against the United States in 2001 as a chemical weapon.
Treatments for anthrax.
Treatment for anthrax are often antibiotics, such as penicillin.
Uses of anthrax.
Anthrax is generally used with the Russians who made many of the strains during the Cold War era to use against the United States if war was ever to break out. Symptoms of catching Anthrax include large black lumps and extremely ugly and deep looking scabs that would spread across the body and at that point the person/victim is as good as dead. It can be stopped but it is very difficult.
Outbreaks.
On April 2, 1979, there was a leak at one of the plants just outside of Sverdlovsk that made anthrax during the Cold War. 94 people were affected and 64 of those people died. The USSR blamed the deaths on another strain of anthrax that the people caught by digesting infected meat.
Consequences of the outbreak.
At first, investigators from the United States and others found the story believable. During the administration of President Jimmy Carter the case was reopened. US investigators searched and found flaws and shared their supsicions with the public. The USSR denied it and still blamed it on the meat because of fear that they would be found out that they were making chemical weapons. Making chemical weapons violated the treaty of Biological Weapons Convention and an investigation was immediately conducted by other countries to see if their suspicions were true or not.
How it was hidden.
The KGB had conducted a very throughout "cleansing" or confiscating all surviving records from all hospitals and other areas with recorded acounts and descriptions of the anthrax. The scientist made do and were able to track down survivors and people who witnessed the anthrax. Their results showed that on the day of the incident all the victims were clustered along a straight line downwind from the military facility. Livestock in the same area also died of anthrax. After completing their investigation, the team concluded the outbreak was caused by a release of an aerosol of anthrax pathogen at the military facility. But they were unable to determine what caused the release or what specific activities were conducted at the facility. According to an interview with Dr. Kanatjan Alibekov, former first deputy chief for Biopreparat (the civilian part of the Soviet biological weapons program), the anthrax airborne leak had been caused by workers at the military facility who forgot to replace a filter in an exhaust system. The mistake was realized shortly after, but by then some anthrax spores were released. Alibekov says if the wind had been in the opposite direction that day--toward the city of Sverdlovsk--the death rate could have been in the hundreds of thousands.
To this day, Western inspectors have not been allowed to visit this military facility.

Wetzlar
Wetzlar is a city at the river Lahn in Hesse in Germany. The number of people in the city is about 53,000.
Wetzlar is famous for the historic Oldtown and for Goethe.
The camera maker Leica is located there.
Wetzlar has a connection to the Autobahn 45 with three junctions.

Andy Warhol
Andy Warhol (born Andrew Warhola, August 6, 1928 - February 22, 1987) was one of the most famous American artists of the later half of the 20th century. He was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He originally worked as a commercial artist. He designed things like advertisements and window displays for stores. He soon became an artist, and was famous for his Pop Art, which was repeating everyday objects and images. One of his most famous paintings is his colourful portrait of American movie star, Marilyn Monroe.
Warhol graduated from the Carnegie Instutute of Technology before moving to New York. His first big break was in August of 1949 when he was asked to illustrate an article in Glamour Magazine. He dropped the 'A' in his name when the credits read "Drawings by Andrew Warhol". Warhol was married three times, but divorced all three women.

Romulus and Remus
Romulus and Remus were the legendary founders of Rome. In Roman mythology they were twin brothers, children of Rhea Silvia and the god Mars.
Birth and youth.
Rhea Silvia was the daughter of Numitor Silvius, king of Alba Longa, a legendary town founded by Ascagne, son of Aeneas. When Numitor's brother Amulius became king by force, he made Rhea Silvia a Vestal Virgin, so she would not have children who could be kings instead of him. But the god Mars seduced her and she had the twins Romulus and Remus. Rhea Silvia was punished, and her sons were thrown into the Tiber, but were saved by the river god Tiberinus, who also saved Rhea Silvia and married her. Romulus and Remus were found by a wolf who suckled them. The brothers were later found by a farmer who raised them.
The founding of Rome.
Romulus and Remus founded the city of Rome. But Romulus killed Remus in a fight and he went back to Amulius's palace and killed him.

Confucianism
Confucianism is the philosophy based on the teachings of Confucius (511 BC - 479 BC), who was an important Chinese philosopher. Confucianism has a complex system of moral, social, political, and religious thought, and has had a large influence on the history of Chinese civilization.
Confucianism was made to stop the fall of Chinese society. After the Zhou Dynasty fell, people cared only for themselves and didn't have any respect for others. Confucianism became a social order for China, teaching that social relationships are the most important. People slowly started to believe in it, because they wanted to have peace, but they had to care for themselves too. As a result, Confucianism brought the people love, harmony, and respect for one another.
Confucianism was started in Ch'u-fu, Confucious's birthplace. Today, Confucianism is spread all the way around the world, but is still more pronounced in China.

Software hoarding
Software hoarding is when a person or a software company tries to stop some people from using or sharing their software.

Proprietary license
A proprietary license is a kind of license that has rules defined by its creators or owners. This kind of license does not come under purview of any country level or international law. The terms and conditions provided are defined only by the owner and/or creator.

Lead
Lead is a chemical element. Its chemical symbol is Pb, which comes from "plumbum", the Latin word for lead. Its atomic number is 82, atomic mass is 207.2 and has a melting point of 327.8°C. It is a poisonous metal.
Description.
Lead forms naturally in the earth's crust as a dark, greyish-blue, shiny metal. Exposure to lead should be avoided – it is very toxic to humans and other animals, and its use is restricted in many countries. It is also used to shield radioactive materials (it stops the radioactivity getting past it).
Uses of Lead.
A long time ago, lead was used in pipes, makeup It was removed from pipes because of water contamination. Lead-based makeup wrinkled the face when put on a lot.
More recently, it was used in gasoline to prevent the engine from knocking, but not anymore, because some people got poisoned by the exhaust.
Lead has been used in toys, but most countries have banned toys cthat have it.
Today, lead is used in paint, bullets, ammunition, batteries, weights and a radiation shield.

Bell
A bell is a simple musical instrument. Most bells are made of metal.

Transformers (toy line)
Transformers are robots that turn into other things. Usually they turn into vehicles, like cars or jets.
Transformers started in 1984 as a toy line, but then an animated series and a comic book were made. All of them were very popular. In 1986 a movie even came out. In 2002 a new series and story line called Transformers Armada came out. this was followed by two more shows, Energon and Cybertron.
Transformers is about different things sometimes. Usually it is about the heroic Autobots fighting the evil Decepticons. The Autobots are usually led by Optimus Prime. The Decepticons are led by Megatron.

Simple
When something is simple, it is very easy to understand or do. The opposite is hard or "difficult". Simplicity is the measurement of how simple something is.
"Simple" can also be used to refer to someone who's mind thinks in a very simple way. Calling a person "simple minded" is usually rude.

Mathematician
A mathematician is someone who studies mathematics, whether as a hobby, or as a job, such as math professors at universities.

West Virginia
West Virginia is a state in the United States. Its capital and largest city is Charleston. It is often abbreviated W. Va. or simply WV.
West Virginia is bordered by Pennsylvania to the north, by Ohio to the north and west, by Kentucky to the west, by Maryland to the north and east, and by Virginia to the east and south. The Ohio and Potomac Rivers form parts of the boundaries.
Statehood.
West Virginia became a state in 1863.
West Virginia was once a part of Virginia. At the beginning of the American Civil War, Virginia and the other southern states seceded from the United States, which means they chose to not be a part of it anymore. The people in the western part of the state felt that they had very little power in the state's affairs, including its decision to secede. They seceded from Virginia and formed their own state, West Virginia. After the war, the United States was brought back together, but West Virginia never rejoined Virginia.
Geography.
West Virginia is often called the "Mountain State" because it is entirely within the Appalachian Mountain Range, and there are many hills and mountains throughout the state. The highest one is Spruce Knob, which is 4 863 feet above see level. There are many rivers, including the Ohio, the Potomac, the Kanawha, and the Monongahela.

Virginia
Virginia is a state in the United States. Its capital is Richmond and its largest city is Virginia Beach. The official name of Virginia is the "Commonwealth of Virginia".
Virginia is bordered by West Virginia, Maryland, and the District of Columbia (across the Potomac River) to the north, by Chesapeake Bay and the Atlantic Ocean to the east, by North Carolina and Tennessee to the south, and by Kentucky and West Virginia to the west.
Virginia became a state in 1788 after the American Revolution.
Before it became a state of the United States, Virginia was a colony of Great Britain. Virginia was founded (started) in 1607.
The state of West Virginia used to be part of Virginia. When the American Civil War happened, Virginia left (seceded from) the United States and joined the Confederate States of America. The western counties of Virginia seceded from Virginia to form a new state which was loyal to the Union. After the end of the Civil War, Virginia became part of the United States again in 1870.
Virginia is the state where eight United States presidents were born. This is more than any other state.

Vermont
Vermont is a state in the United States. Its capital is the city Montpelier and its largest city is Burlington.
Vermont borders Massachusetts to the south, New Hampshire to the east, New York to the west, and the Canadian province of Quebec to the north.
Vermont became a state in 1791 C.E. They are world-renowned for their maple syrup industry, and many tourists go to see brilliant colors the trees become in the fall months. The tourism industry has becom quite successful with many tourists coming every year.

South Carolina
South Carolina is a state in the southeast United States. Its capital and largest city is Columbia. The population of the state is about 4.2 million people, ranked 24th in the United States. The state is relatively small in land area, ranked 40th largest.
Other important cities in South Carolina are Charleston, Greenville, Spartanburg, Anderson, Sumter, and Florence.
Major landforms include beaches, "barrier islands", salt marsh, sand hills, rolling piedmont, and the Blue Ridge Mountains. Because of its natural beauty, the state attracts many tourists, especially to Myrtle Beach, Charleston, and Hilton Head Island.
South Carolina became a state in 1788. The economy was agriculture-based, known for cotton, rice, indigo, and tobacco. After the American Civil War, the state lost much of its political and economic power. Towards the end of the 20th century, the state began to strengthen its economy and add population. Today, the major industries are tourism, textiles (clothing materials), and manufacturing. South Carolina has the second highest number of workers employed by international companies per capita in the United States.
South Carolina is bounded to the north by North Carolina, to the south and west by Georgia, located across the Savannah River, and to the east by the Atlantic Ocean.

Rhode Island
Rhode Island is the smallest state in the United States. Its capital and largest city is Providence.
Rhode Island was one of the original thirteen colonies, and became a state (agreed to the new Constitution) in 1790.
Rhode Island is bordered on the north and east by Massachusetts, on the west by Connecticut, and on the south by Rhode Island Sound and the Atlantic Ocean. It shares a water border with New York. Rhode Island was founded by Roger Williams for religious freedom.

North Carolina
North Carolina is one of the fifty states in the United States. The Capital of North Carolina is Raleigh and the biggest city in the state is Charlotte. North Carolina is split up into 100 counties and these counties are split up into many cities and towns.
North Carolina was one of the original thirteen colonies and was where the first English colony in America lived. As of July 1, 2007, there are about 9,061,032 people living in the state.
Geography and Weather.
North Carolina is connected to South Carolina on the south, Georgia on the southwest, Tennessee on the west, Virginia on the north, and the Atlantic Ocean on the east. There are three main sections in North Carolina: the coastal plain, the piedmont, and the mountains. The coastal plain is the eastern part of the state, the piedmont is the middle, and the mountains are the western part of the state. North Carolina also has some islands that are called The Outer Banks. They are in the ocean to the east of the state.
North Carolina has many different kinds of weather in different parts of the state throughout the year.
Coastal Plain (East North Carolina).
The eastern part of the state is by the Atlantic Ocean, so it usually has comfortable temperatures all year long. The temperature usually does not go above 90°F in the summer or under 40°F in the winter. Most years there is less then one inch of snow in eastern North Carolina, and some years there is no snow at all. The coastal plain usually gets a tropical storm every 3 or 4 years.
Piedmont (Middle North Carolina).
The middle part of North Carolina is not as close to the ocean as the eastern part, so the weather is different. The temperature goes above 90°F many times every summer and it goes below freezing many times in the winter. Sleet and freezing rain are common in this part of North Carolina.
Mountains (West North Carolina).
There are mountains in the western part of North Carolina, so the temperatures are usually cool for most of the year. The temperature almost never goes above 80°F in the summer and is usually in the high 30’s or low 40’s in the winter. The mountains usually get 14 to 20 inches of snow each year.
The Beginning.
At first, only Native Americans lived in North Carolina. In 1584, Sir Walter Raleigh made two colonies in North Carolina, but they both did not last long. One of the colonies became known as the Lost Colony and is still one of the biggest mysteries in American history.
The first permanent settlers in North Carolina came from the state of Virginia in 1655 because there was not enough farmland in Virginia.
The American Revolution.
North Carolina was an important state during the American Revolutionary War.
The Civil War.
In 1860, North Carolina was a slave state. About 1/3 of the people in the state were slaves. North Carolina fought as part of the Confederacy during the Civil War. The state sent about 125,000 troops to fight in the war and about 40,000 of them died. Even during the war some people in North Carolina did not support the Confederacy, mostly because the Confederacy believed in slavery. The first Confederate soldier to be killed was from North Carolina.
Farming and Manufacturing.
Farmers in North Carolina grow many things, such as poultry and eggs, tobacco, hogs, milk, cattle, sweet potatoes, and soybeans. North Carolina grows more tobacco then any other state in the country. Furniture making is an important industry in North Carolina, but over the past few years many jobs have moved to other countries like China and India.
Banking and Technology.
Charlotte, the biggest city in North Carolina, is the second biggest banking center in the United States, making banking very important in North Carolina. BB&T, Bank of America, and Wachovia all have their main offices in the state.
Technology is also important in North Carolina. There are many companies that make computer software and video games in the state.

New Jersey
New Jersey is one of the 50 states of the United States of America. It is located in the northeastern section of the country along the coast of the Atlantic Ocean. It is a small state, shaped like a letter [S], and bordered on the west by Pennsylvania and Delaware across the Delaware River, on the north by New York, on the northeast by the Hudson River and New York City, on the east and southeast by the Atlantic Ocean, and on the southwest by Delaware Bay.
The capital of New Jersey is Trenton and the largest city is Newark, though New Jersey is better known for bordering the large cities of New York City and Philadelphia. The state nickname is "The Garden State". The current governor is Jon Corzine.
New Jersey is the fourth-smallest state, but has the eleventh-highest population. It therefore has the highest population density (population per land area) in the United States. New Jersey is also well-known for its beaches, industries, swamps, and pine forests.
The climate is warm, humid summers and cold (often snowy) winters.
1200 mm rain and about 25 - 130 cm snow per year.
The average temperature in July is 25-30 degrees celsius and in January, often below 0 degree Celsius.
History.
Before Europeans came, the land that is now New Jersey was inhabited by the Lenape, who were nomads, hunters, and farmers. The Dutch came to the northern area of the state in the 1630's while Swedish colonists inhabited the southern part of the state. Later, the English came and controlled the area. The King of England, Charles II, gave the land to George Carteret, who was the governor of Jersey, an island in the English Channel. The English established a town at what is now called Elizabeth. Later Quakers would settle in the southern part of the state, near the Delaware River.
New Jersey took part in the American Revolutionary War, and was an important crossroads for soldiers on both sides. On Christmas in 1776, George Washington's army entered New Jersey to attack British soldiers at Trenton. The rebel army won, which is one of the most famous battles in American history. Later the rebels would drive the British out of Princeton and for a time establish a national capital there. New Jersey would be the third state to join the United States of America and the first to approve the Bill of Rights.

New Hampshire
New Hampshire is a state in the United States. Its capital is Concord and its largest city is Manchester.
New Hampshire was a British colony before the American War of Independence. It became the ninth state on June 21, 1788, when it accepted the United States Constitution.
The state motto is "Live Free or Die" and the nickname is the Granite State. The state flower is the lilac and the state bird is the purple finch. New Hampshire is part of New England. It is bordered by Maine in the East, Massachusetts to the South, Vermont to the West, and Quebec, a Canadian province, to the North.
New Hampshire's tourist attractions include the Lakes Region, the White Mountains, the autumn leaves, and the New Hampshire Motor Speedway in Loudon. Some famous people from New Hampshire are Franklin Pierce, Mary Baker Eddy, Adam Sandler, and members of the band Aerosmith. New Hampshire is also famous for being the first state to vote in the Presidential primaries.

Watch glass
A watch glass used for temporary storage of solids and sometimes liquids (in small amounts).

Funnel
A funnel is an object with a wide top and a narrow tube at the bottom and this is used for pouring liquids into a container.
A funnel is also a round metal chimney on top of a ship or train.

Evaporating basin
An evaporating basin is used to evaporate solutions -- that is, to turn them from a liquid state into gaseous state.

Measuring cylinder
A measuring cylinder is used to measure the volume of liquids.
A measuring cylinder is used for measuring solutions, liquids and also water. For example, a solution made up of "salt" and "water" could be measured.

Constantinople
Constantinople (Greek: Κωνσταντινούπολις, Konstantinoúpolis, or Πόλις, Polis) was the capital of the Roman Empire (330-395), the East Roman Empire (395-1204 and 1261-1453), the Latin Empire (1204-1261), and the Ottoman Empire (1453-1922). In 1930, It was renamed Istanbul. It is a city in present day Turkey

Mormonism
Mormonism is a religious movement. Their teachings were influenced by the Christian religion, but they cannot easily be labeled as Catholic or Protestant groups - the two main types of Christians. The people that belong to this religion are called Latter-day Saints or Mormons. They consider themselves to be a Christian movement. Some other Christians see this as a problem, because Mormons believe different things in some areas where most other Christian churches agree.
The Mormon Church considers itself a restoration church. Members of the Church believe that it is the original Christian Church started by Jesus Christ and restored by Joseph Smith, Jr. in 1830. In the beginning it was called the Church of Christ.
First vision.
Joseph Smith, Jr. said that he had visits from God the Father, Jesus Christ, and many angels. The first visit is called the First Vision. It happened in the spring of 1820 when Joseph was 14 years old. He had decided to pray about which religion to join. He went to the woods behind his family's house in New York, prayed, felt evil powers fighting him, and was rescued when a bright light appeared above him. In the bright light, he said that he saw God the Father and Jesus Christ. They told him not to join any church, because none of the churches had all of the truth. They also told him that they had work for him to do.
The Book of Mormon.
Part of the work that Joseph did was translating the Book of Mormon. Joseph said that an angel named Moroni visited him and showed him where a very old book was buried. This book was written on pages of gold (sometimes called the Golden Plates). It was buried in a stone box in a hill near Joseph's home. Moroni visited Joseph once a year for four years until he told Joseph to take the Golden Plates. Since the book was written in a very old language, Joseph translated the book into English. He did this with help from God. The book was published as The Book of Mormon in 1830. It tells the story of two main groups of people who lived in North and South America hundreds of years ago (the Nephites and Lamanites). It also teaches many things about Jesus. To members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, The Book of Mormon is a special book from God just like the Bible. Mormons believe that by reading The Book of Mormon and the Bible, people can learn how to get closer to God and how to find happiness in life. This book is also the reason Church members are sometimes called "Mormons".
Mormon beliefs and practices.
Today the center of the Church is in Utah, but there are more than 13 million Mormons living all over the world. The leader of the Church is called the president, and Mormons call him a prophet. They believe that God guides the prophet, just like He guided Joseph Smith and the prophets in the Bible. Mormons believe that it is important for families to spend a lot of time together, and that after they die, they can live together forever. Mormons do not drink alcohol, coffee, tea, or smoke tobacco. They meet once a week on Sunday for church, where they have the sacrament and listen to short talks or sermons. They also have Sunday School to learn more. The Church also has activities during the week. Mormons also have buildings called temples. These are the most holy buildings in their religion. After a temple has been dedicated, only Mormons that are living good lives can go in the temple.
Different groups beliefs.
Some people who call themselves Mormons are not part of the "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints." These people have made other Mormon churches. Some of their beliefs are different.
When Brigham Young became the second president of the Church after Joseph Smith was killed, some people did not think he was the rightful president. When Brigham Young lead most of the Mormons to Utah, these people stayed in Illinois. They believed that Joseph Smith's son should be the next president. Today, this church is called the Community of Christ. It is the second largest church to call themselves Mormons. They have more than 250,000 people in their church.
Other splits in the Church happened later. The official Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints says that a man should only marry one woman. This is called monogamy. In the beginning of the church, this was different. A man could be married to more than one woman at the same time (called polygamy). When the Church changed its position in 1890, some people left the official Church and continued with polygamy. These groups are very small compared to the official Church. The groups that did not want to abandon polygamy are sometimes still called "mormon", even though in the official church, polygamy has been forbidden since 1890.

Mohammad Khatami
Seyyed Mohammad Khatami (سید محمد خاتمی), born October 14, 1943 was President of Iran from August 2, 1997 to August 2, 2005 and was followed by Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. He was heralded as a reformist, but was unable to change much under the regime of Khamenei.

Cider
Cider (or cyder) is a drink made from fruit juice, most often from apples.
In Europe and Oceania it is an alcoholic drink that is made from apple juice, through a process called fermentation. In the United States and parts of Canada, cider containing alcohol is called hard cider or alcoholic cider, while "cider" or "apple cider" means less-sweet, usually unfiltered, apple juice.
Most people drink home-made cider when there are apples, that is in autumn.
In the United States and Canada people drink a special kind of cider around Halloween and Thanksgiving. This cider is usually unfiltered, rather thick, and it is often heated and spiced with cinnamon before drinking it. This is different from the cider in Europe, which usually is not heated.
How cider is made.
Usually to make cider, apples with a high concentration of tannins are chosen. The fermentation of the apples takes place at around 4-15° Celsius. The temperature influences the duration of the fermentation. The temperature at which the fermentation occurs also has an effect on the taste of the cider.
Shortly before all the sugar has been fermented away, the cider is put in a new barrel which is made air-tight. The rest of the sugar will then become carbonic acid. This will also add to the life-span of the cider (no pasteurisation is needed).
Cider is also the starting-point for distilling Calvados This alcoholic drink is famous and very expensive.
Where cider is made.
Cider is made almost anywhere where there are cider-apple trees, most notably
In France, Normandy is the first region as to the production of cider-apples (300 000 tonnes), and the first in cider production (7000 kilolitres).
In France, some ciders can benefit from a protected naming. This is the "cidre normand" and the "cidre breton".
France is the country in the world that produces the biggest quantity of cider.
Kinds of cider.
In France, the most popular are the first, second and fourth categories. In the English-speaking countries, it is possible to find cider with up to 12° of alcohol.
When to drink cider.
The French and Spanish cuisines have recipes where cider is needed to make them. The French and Spanish also often drink cider instead of wine made from grapes.
In Europe, many young people drink cider. Cider costs less than wine, and is often served in pubs and other places where young people go.
The effects of cider are the same as those of any alcoholic drink.

Bison
Bisons are a group of even-toed ungulate mammals. They form the genus "Bison" of the subfamily Bovinae and the family Bovidae.
Habitat.
Bison live in the northern part of the world. The American Bison lives in North America, and the Wisent lives in Europe.
Life.
They live to be about 20 years old and are born without their "hump" or horns, which both males and females have. After shedding their light colored hair, and with their horns, they are grown at 2 to 3 years of age, but the males keep growing slowly until about age seven. Adult bulls are very dominant in mating season.

Baseball cap
A baseball cap is a kind of hat, worn by baseball players, when they play as part of their uniform, but other people wear them, too.

Windows 95
Windows 95 was a Microsoft operating system released in 1995. It was popular from 1995 to 1998 when the next Microsoft Windows version was released. It added many new features to the previous Windows operating system, which was Windows 3.x. This was the first Windows to use the "Start" button. Since then it has been used in all Windows operating systems.
Windows 95 was Microsoft's first operating system to support long file names. Before that, file names could only be eight characters (letters, numbers, or symbols) long, plus the file extension.
Although Windows 95 is thought of as a full operating system, it is not. Instead, it uses an older Microsoft operation system called MS-DOS and adds itself to that. This means that Microsoft can run both MS-DOS programs and Windows ones. Windows 95 was also Microsoft's first operating system to fully support CD-ROMs, though Windows 3.x could also access CD-ROMs.

Otto von Bismarck
Prince Otto Eduard Leopold von Bismarck-Schönhausen Duke of Lauenburg (April 1, 1815 – July 30, 1898) was a very well known aristocrat and statesman of the 19th century in Europe. As Prime Minister of Prussia from 1862 to 1890, he was mainly responsible for unifying the many independent German countries and founding the German Empire in 1871. He became the first chancellor of the new Empire.
He was "Graf von Bismarck-Schönhausen" (Count Bismarck-Schönhausen) in 1865, then since 1871 "Fürst" von Bismarck (Prince Bismarck) and since 1890 the "Herzog von Lauenburg" (Duke of Lauenburg). First he did not want the duke title, but accepted it later.
Bismarck was very conservative and he was strongly connected to the monarchy. He was not a big supporter of democracy. His most important goal was to make Prussia stronger and he achieved that through the unification of Germany. Bismarck tried to stop the socialist movement and to reduce the power of the Catholic Church. One way to stop socialism was to make the working class happy. He did that by introducing many social reforms like public health and accident insurance, as well as pensions for old people.

Differential calculus
Differential calculus, a branch of calculus, is the process of finding out the rate of change of a variable compared to another variable, by using functions. It divides things into small pieces and tells us how they change from one moment to the next, and is the opposite to integral calculus. It was developed in the 1670s and 1680s by Sir Isaac Newton and Gottfried Leibniz.
Background.
Unlike a number such as 5 or 200, a variable can change its value. For example, distance and time are variables. At an Olympic running race, as the person runs, their "distance" from the starting line goes up. Meanwhile, a stopwatch or clock measures the "time" as it goes up. We can measure the average speed of the runner if we divide the distance they travelled by the time it took. But this does not say what speed the person was running at exactly 1.5 seconds into the race. If we had the distance at 1 second and the distance at 2 seconds, we would still only have an average, although it would probably be more correct than the average for the whole race.
Until calculus was invented, the only way to work this out was to cut the time into smaller and smaller pieces, so the average speed over the smaller time would get closer and closer to the actual speed at exactly 1.5 seconds. This was a very long and hard process and had to be done each time people wanted to work something out. Imagine a driver trying to figure out a car's speed using only its odometer (distance meter) and clock, without a speedometer!
A very similar problem is to find the slope (how steep it is) at any point on a curve. The slope of a "straight" line is easy to work out—it is simply how much it goes up ("y" or vertical) divided by how much it goes across ("x" or horizontal). If a line is parallel to the "x" axis, then its slope is zero. If a straight line went through (x,y) = (2,10) and (4,18), the line goes up 8 and goes across 2, so its slope is 8 divide 2, which is 4.
On a "curve", though, the slope is a variable (has different values at different points) because the line bends. But if the curve was to be cut into very, very small pieces, the curve at the point would look almost like a very short straight line. So to work out its slope, a straight line can be drawn through the point with the same slope as the curve at that point. If it is done exactly right, the straight line will have the same slope as the curve, and is called a tangent. But there is no way to know (without very complicated mathematics) whether the tangent is exactly right, and our eyes are not accurate enough to be certain whether it is exact or simply very close.
What Newton and Leibniz found was a way to work out the slope (or the speed in the distance example) exactly using simple and logical rules. They divided the curve into an infinite number of very small pieces. They then chose points on either side of the point they were interested in and worked out tangents at each. As the points moved closer together towards the point they were interested in, the slope "approached" a particular value as the tangents approached the real slope of the curve. They said that this particular value it approached was the actual slope.
How it works.
Let's say we have a function "y" = f("x"). f is short for function, so this equation means "y is a function of x". This tells us that how high y is on the vertical axis depends on what x (the horizontal axis) is at that time. For example with the equation "y" = "x"², we know that if "x" is 1, then "y" will be 1; if "x" is 3, then "y" will be 9; if "x" is 20, then "y" will be 400.
Choose a point A on the curve, and call its horizontal position "x". Then choose another point B on the curve which is a little bit further across than A, and call its horizontal position "x + h". It does not matter how much "h" is, it is a very small number.
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If you bring B closer and closer to A—which means "h" gets closer and closer to 0—then we get closer to knowing what the slope is "at" the point A.
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formula_3
formula_4
formula_5
formula_6
formula_7
formula_8
So we know without having to draw any tangent lines that at any point on the curve "f(x)" = "x"², the derivative "f'(x)" (marked with an apostrophe) will be 2"x" at any point. This process of working out a slope using limits is called differentiation, or finding the derivative.
formula_9
Rules.
Using the above system, mathematicians have worked out rules which work all the time, no matter which function is being looked at.

Socialist country
A Socialist country is a country where the government or the public as a whole has control over the economy. In a socialist country, the producing and dispersing of goods is owned by the government. Socialism is placed in between capitalism and communism.

Hamster
A hamster is a small furry animal (a rodent) that is a bit like a mouse or a ferret. Wild hamsters live in the desert, but people all over the world keep domesticated hamsters as pets. There are four main types of them: the Syrian hamster (the kind most people have as pets), the Russian dwarf hamster, the Chinese hamster, and the Roborovski hamster. One kind of Syrian hamster is called the "golden hamster". All golden hamsters are the descendants of 12 baby hamsters found in Syria in 1930.
Pet hamsters like to live in cages with wood shavings or sawdust, recycled newspaper, straw on the bottom, and eat mostly hamster food sold at a pet store, but they also eat almost any vegetables. Hamsters store food in the sides of their mouths. They cannot eat citrus, watermelon, grapes, or garlic. They need a water bottle to drink from and something to chew on to trim their teeth, because they grow constantly. If they don't like chewing you'll have to cut their top teeth. Wooden blocks can be used for this, but toilet paper rolls and pieces of cardboard also work. Most hamsters also have a wheel to run on for exercise, although some people get other kinds of exercise equipment for their hamsters, like an empty ball that the hamster can roll around the floor or a long network of tubes for it to crawl through. They live in an aquarium or cage meant for rodents.

Ed Gein
Edward Theodore "Ed" Gein (1906 - July 26, 1984 was an American serial killer. While Gein was found guilty of only two murders, the actual number is not known. Gein is considered by many to be even more well known because of several movies that were based in part on him. He was also known as The Butcher of Plainfield, The Plainfield Butcher, The Mad Butcher and The Plainfield Ghoul'".
Early years.
Ed Gein and his brother Henry were raised by their mother on their 160-acre farm near Plainfield, Wisconsin. She was a very religious woman and was very protective about her boys. She kept them away from women and busy with farm work.
His alcoholic father died in 1940. A few years later his brother Henry died in 1944, while fighting a forest fire. Soon after that, his mother had her first stroke. In 1945 she had her second stroke and died. Ed was left alone.
Gein then closed off the upstairs and the parlour of the house as well as his mother’s bedroom. He lived in the one other bedroom, kitchen and shed of the large house. He stopped working the farm because a government program payed him a subsidy. He also made money by doing small jobs for people in the area.
The Graveyard.
Ed read books on human anatomy and Nazi concentration camp experiments. He was very interested in it all, especially the female anatomy. He thought about sex often. One day he saw a newspaper article of a woman who had been buried that day.
He asked an old friend named Gus to help him. Gus was a very strange too. Gus agreed to help Gein open a grave to get a corpse. Gein told him it was for ‘medical experiments’. The first corpse came from a grave very near the grave of Gein’s mother.
Gein continued to do this for the next ten years. He would check the newspaper often for fresh bodies. He always went to the graveyard at the time of a full moon. Gein would take the whole female corpse or just the parts he wanted, put the dirt back in the grave and take home what he took from the grave.
Gein did many strange things with the dead bodies. He would build objects from the bones and skin. The organs would be put into the refrigerator to eat later. Gein also had sex with the bodies ("necrophilia"). He even dug up his own mothers corpse.
Gein did not tell Gus that he wanted to become a woman himself. This was the reason he had studied anatomy. He thought about the possibilities of an operation which would change his sex. He wanted to study a female corpse and learn more about its anatomy. The closest he would get to changing his sex was dressing up in his full woman bodysuit. This bodysuit was made entirely of human skin. It completely covered his body and included a mask and breasts.
Later, Gus was taken away to an asylum, and Gein was all alone again. Gein thought that fresher bodies would be better for his collection and turned to murder.
The Murders.
Ed Gein’s first victim was Mary Hogan. She was a 51-year-old divorcee. Hogan was the owner of a local taven in Pine Grove, six miles from his home. On the afternoon of December 8, 1954, he shot her in the head with his 32-caliber revolver. He put her body in his pickup truck and took her back to his shed.
A customer who dropped into the tavern found the place deserted, and a large bloodstain on the floor. A spent.32 cartridge lay near it. Bloodstains ran out the back door and into the parking lot, where they halted beside tyre tracks that looked like those of a pickup truck. It looked as if Mary Hogan had been shot and taken away.
Police were not able to learn anything about what happened to her. A few weeks later, a sawmill owner named Elmo Ueeck talked to Gein about it. Gein replied: ‘She isn’t missing. She’s at the farm right now.’ Ueeck did not ask him what he meant by that.
There may have been other victims in the years that followed. Nothing is known for certain about Gein until November 16, 1957 when he shot and killed Bernice Worden in her store in Plainfield. He used a.22 rifle from a rack in the store and his own bullet which he carried with him. Ed Gein shot and killed Bernice Worden. He then locked the store and took the body home in the store’s truck. Gein also took the cash register. He later explained that he did not take it to commit robbery. He wanted to see how it worked and planned to return it later.
Bernice Worden’s son, Frank, often worked with her in the store. That morning he had gone deer hunting. When he got back, he saw that the store was closed with the lights still on and his mother was missing. He also saw that the cash register was gone and there was blood on the floor.
Frank Worden talked to the sheriff, Art Schley and told him what he has seen. He checked the record of sales made that morning. One of them was for half a gallon of antifreeze. Worden remembered that Ed Gein had stopped by the night before at closing time. He had said that he would be back the next morning for antifreeze. Ed had also asked Worden if he was going hunting the next day.
With the cash register missing, he thought that Gein had planned a robbery once he learned Frank would not be there. Worden told this to the sheriff. The sheriff and captain Lloyd Schoephoester went to the farm, seven miles outside Plainfield.
Gein’s home.
The house was dark and Ed Gein was not there when the police got there. They drove to a store where Gein usually bought groceries. Gein was there and was just about to leave in his truck.
The sheriff stopped him, and asked him to get into the police car for questioning. Sheriff Schley had not said anything about Bernice Worden’s death before Gein said that he thought someone had tried to frame him for the death. Schley arrested Gein.
Sheriff Schley and Captain Schoephoester went back to Gein's house with other officers. The doors to the house were locked, but the door to the shed behind the house was not. Inside they found a naked corpse of a woman. It was hanging upside down from a crossbeam. The legs were spread wide apart and there was a long cut from the genitals almost to the throat. The throat and head were missing. The genitals and the anus were also missing. Bernice Worden had been cut open like a deer.
There was no electricity in the dark house. They had to search it with oil lamps, lanterns, and flashlights. The place looked like it had not been clean in years. The few rooms that were not nailed shut were full of books, old papers, magazines, utensils, tin cans, cartons and other junk.
The bodies of 15 different women had been used to create Gein’s trophies. It is also said that sometimes Gein brought gifts of fresh venison to his neighbours but Gein said he had never shot a deer in his life.
Gein was sent to the Central State Hospital for the Criminally insane. He was proven insane. The doctors thought that he loved his mother but he hated her, so that is why he killed older women. It is said that Mary Hogan looked similar to his mother.
Gein said he was not a cannibal or necrophiliac. He did admit to grave robbing.
Many people became interested because of the true nature of the crime. Thousands of people drove to Plainfield to look at the 'murder farm'. Eventually the place was burned down by the Plainfield citizens as they felt it as a place of evil.
At Christmas, 1957, Gein was judged insane. He was committed to Waupan State Hospital for the rest of his life. Gein died of cancer on July 26, 1984, at the age of 78. He was buried in Plainfield next to the graves of his family.
The movies.
Because of the true nature of Gein's crimes, Hollywood had a lot of ideas to work on.
The movie "Psycho" was based on the Robert Bloch book and made into a Hitchcock movie. Bloch got most of the ideas for "Psycho" from Ed Gein's life. With the overpowering mother and horror of the movie, it was one of the first of a kind.
"The Texas Chainsaw Massacre" was based in some parts on Ed Gein. The story is about a group of teens who go to a horror house. The people that live in the house are a family of strange homicidal cannibals who also like grave robbing and building furniture made of bones and skulls. The lead bad guy is called ‘Leatherface’. Leatherface likes chasing teens around with his chainsaw and wearing a mask made from the faces of his victims.
The Academy Award winning movie "The Silence of the Lambs" also uses part of Geins life. It is about an FBI agent who is tracking down a serial killer. To find him she must get the help of an intelligent cannibal, Dr. Hannibal Lector. The serial killer she is trying to catch is called ‘Buffalo Bill’. He likes to kill women and make clothes of their skin. He also wants to be a woman and made a skin costume like that of Gein.

Easter
Easter is a Christian holiday. According to Christian scripture (a book called the Bible), it is the day that Jesus Christ is said to have returned from the dead. Christians believe that Easter is the holiest day in the year. Easter is a Catholic Holy Day celebrated on the first Sunday, following the first full moon, following the first day of spring.
Easter is not held on the same date every year, because Jesus' death is always remembered on a Friday called "Good Friday". Currently all Christian Churches agree on how the date is calculated. Easter is celebrated the first Sunday, following the first full moon, at least 14 days after the Spring Equinox. This means it is celebrated in March or April, most of the time.
Western churches, like the Roman Catholic Church, use the Gregorian calendar and Eastern churches, like the Eastern Orthodox Church, use the Julian calendar. Because of this the date of Easter celebrations is different for these two types of churches even though the way the calculate the date is the same.
Some people who are not Christians celebrate the beginning of Spring on Easter.
The word Easter comes from the ancient German word for April.
Christians believe that Jesus was killed on the cross about 2000 years ago by the Romans in a city called Jerusalem (most of which is in the modern country of Israel). The people who killed Him did so because they believed that He was causing trouble for the government and because He was claiming to be God. When they crucified Him (meaning they nailed him to a cross), they even hung a sign over His head to make fun of Him for this reason. The day He was crucified is known by Christians as Good Friday.
Christians believe that two days after Jesus was killed (on Easter Sunday), his followers searched in His tomb and found that His body was gone. Later, Jesus is said to have appeared to them and preached to them. It was because of this that His followers knew that Jesus was God, just as He said.
Today, Christians celebrate Easter in a number of different ways. They go to church, they give each others colourful Easter eggs, or they give each other candy. Sometimes they even give each other baby ducks, chickens, or bunnies as presents, though this is not done as much as it used to be.
At a similar time of the year, Jews celebrate the holiday of Passover.

Agnosticism
Agnosticism is the belief that it is not possible to prove if there is or isn't a god, or higher power in the universe. A person can be agnostic and believe in a god or not believe in a god.
This belief is different from atheism. Atheists believe that there is no god.
A person who believes in agnosticism is an agnostic.

Universal Media Disc
"UMD can also mean University of Maryland."
The Universal Media Disc (UMD) is an optical disc made by Sony for their PlayStation Portable. It holds 1.8 gigabytes of data. The disc can store games, music and video along with updates for the PSP. To prevent illegal copying, Sony has not made blank discs available for sale. This disc is not used with any other devices. The UMD is a very fragile CD, and can be broken from misuse. The first movie released on UMD was "Spider-Man".

Georgia (country)
Georgia is a small country in the Caucasus on the edge of the Black Sea. During 1991-1995 its full name was the Republic of Georgia but since 1995 it is Georgia as written in the Constitution. It used to be part of the Soviet Union, but now it is an independent republic.
Geography.
Georgia is next to the countries of Russia, Turkey, Armenia and Azerbaijan. It also has a coast on the Black Sea. It lies at the edge of Europe and Asia.
Georgia has many mountains. Its highest point is 5,048 m above sea level. The mountains running through Georgia are called the Caucasus Mountains.
The capital of Georgia is called Tbilisi.
Culture.
The population of Georgia is about 4.5 million. About 1.3 million of these live in Tbilisi. People from Georgia are called Georgians. Most of them speak Georgian as their first language, though some people also speak Armenian, Russian or other languages. The most famous person to have come from Georgia is Josef Stalin.
Most Georgians are Christians, but there are some Muslims and Jews as well.
The currency of Georgia is called the "lari".
History.
The Georgians are an ancient people. Their Capital Tbilisi was founded around AD 400, after the end of the Roman Empire. Western Georgia was part of the Roman empire before then. The Arabs captured it in 635 AD. The culture continued and they flourished through trade.
In the 900s Arabs were weaker and the Georgians became their own country again. It was the major country in the region until the Mongols invaded in 1223. Georgia was part of the Mongolian empire for a century on and off until 1334, when King Giorgi V took over.
In the 1500s the Persians invaded Georgia four times from 1541-1544. In 1555 the Kings of Kartli ruled through the will of the will of the Persian shahs.
In 1783 The treaty of Georgievsk was signed between Catherine the Great of Russia} and King Herekle, giving Russia the power to protect Georgia. Then, in 1798 the Persians burned Tbilisi to the ground.
From 1811 to 1918 Georgia was under the Tsar of Russia. Their culture survived intact. From 1918 to 1921 Georgia was independent, and then was part of the Soviet Union.
In 1991 Georgia declared their independence and they have been their own country ever since. There was a rough patch between 1994 and 1995 when the economy was poor, but now Georgia is a country with close ties with the United States. They are currently applying to NATO. In August 2008 Georgia has been attacked by Russia, a country promoting the independence of two Georgia regions (Abhkazia and South Ossetia).

First-person shooter
A first-person shooter is a computer or video game where the player sees the level from the eyes of the character being played.
These games are also called FPS for short.
Lots of them are violent and about killing other game characters. Because they are from the view of the character, a player can only see his or her hands and weapon.

Random access memory
Random access memory (or simply RAM) is the memory or information storage in a computer that is used to store running programs and data for the programs. Data (information) in the RAM can be read and written quickly in any order. Normally, the random access memory is in the form of computer chips. Usually, the contents of RAM are accessible faster than other types of information storage but are lost every time the computer is turned off.
Other kinds of memory.
Information that the computer always needs, that does not often change, is normally kept in read-only memory (ROM), which does not lose its contents when the computer is turned off. Such items include the BIOS (Basic Input/Output System), which stores the most basic commands for the computer, telling it how it should start up. The BIOS can be compared to the part of your brain that tells your heart how to beat.

Read-only memory
Read-only memory (or simply ROM) is computer memory that, unlike RAM, does not lose its contents when the computer is turned off. Normally, its contents cannot be changed. It is used to keep important firmware, such as the computer BIOS, which the computer will need every time it is turned on. Like RAM, ROM is normally provided in the form of computer chips.

Integrated circuit
Introduction.
An integrated circuit (more often called an IC, microchip, silicon chip, computer chip, or chip) is a piece of specially prepared silicon (or another semiconductor) into which a very complex electronic circuit is etched using photographic technique. Silicon chips can contain computer processors, memory and special devices. The chip, which is very fragile with normally being surrounded by a tough plastic package, and electrical contacts are provided through metal legs sticking out of the package.
There are two main advantages of ICs over discrete circuits: cost and peformance. Cost is low because the ICs are printed as a complete unit by photolithography and not constructed as one transistor at a time. Performance is higher since the components switch quickly consumed little power.
ICs work as they are designed. Let's suppose that you designed a chip as a calculator, which only works as a calculator.
Invention.
An integrated circuit was independently co-invented by Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce around the same time in late 1950's.
Generations.
※The difference between VLSI and ULSI is obscure.
Classification.
Integrated circuits can be classified into DIP(Dual in-line package), PLCC(Plastic leaded chip carrier), TSOP(Thin small-outline package), PQFP(Plastic Quad Flat Pack) and etc by chip package type.

Moss
Mosses are non-vascular plants. They grow in forests and on logs. They live where it is cool and wet. Because they lack a circulatory system, and therefore the means to transport nutrients around their structures, they cannot grow very large.
A moss does not make seeds. A moss does not have fruit. When a moss grows, it makes tiny spores instead. The spores are like dust. They come from a little box that grows up out of the moss. The box has a lid that falls off. Then the spores come out and float away. They will make more moss.

Function (mathematics)
A function in mathematics is a rule that tells a person what to do to an object in order to get a different object.
Functions are usually written as formula_1. The formula_2 is short for "function". formula_1 is said: "function of formula_4" or "f" (eff) of formula_4", for short.
It is sometimes said that formula_1 is the "image" of formula_4, and formula_4 is the "pre-image" of formula_1. Also, it is said that the object formula_4 is "transformed" or "mapped" into formula_1.
Example.
formula_12 is a formula for a function. The person is doing something to formula_4 that will make it a different number. In this example, the person is adding 1 to the unknown number formula_4. If he sets x = 4, the function becomes formula_15. This means that formula_16 when formula_4 equals 4.
Many functions are more complex than this example but the pattern is always the same. For every input, formula_4, the person gets a result, formula_1.
Types of functions.
There are other functions, like trigonometric functions. In mathematical language, a function can be defined as a map from a non-empty set (called a "domain") to a non-empty set (called a "co-domain") such that for every element in the domain there is a corresponding unique element in the co-domain.

Miami, Florida
Miami is a city in the U.S. state of Florida. It is a known tourist stop and it is well know for its Cuban, Puerto Rican and Haitian culture. Miami is the county seat (and largest city) of Miami-Dade County.

Grunge music
Grunge Music or Seattle Sound (as it is called sometimes) is a style of rock music that incorporates elements of punk rock and heavy metal. It was developed in the early 1980s on the Pacific Northwest of the United States (which includes the states, Washington, Oregon, and Northern California) popularized in the early 1990s and often marked by lyrics exhibiting nihilism, dissatisfaction, or apathy.The widespread use of heroin as a recreational drug found its way into the lyrics and careers of numerous grunge rockers, notibly Kurt Cobain and Layne Staley of Alice n Chains.

Carly Simon
Carly Simon (June 25,1945-) is an American singer and songwriter. She has a song called "Let the River Run"

Toto
Toto is a soft rock group that formed in Los Angeles in 1978, that was popular in the early 1980's.
The band members are Bobby Kimball, Steve Lukather, David Paich, Greg Phillinganes, Simon Phillips and Mike Porcaro.
The former band members were Fergie Frederiksen, David Hungate, Jeff Porcaro, Steve Porcaro and Joseph Williams.

Jim Jones
James Warren "Jim" Jones (May 13, 1931 – November 18, 1978) was an American preacher and religious leader. His church was called the "People's Temple". It began as a Christian church (a member church of the Disciples of Christ), but over time became a cult. Jones and most of the members of his group committed suicide on November 18, 1978 in Guyana.

Saludemos la Patria orgullosos
"Saludemos la Patria orgullosos" ("Salute the Motherland Proudly") is the national anthem of El Salvador.

Eritrea
Eritrea is a country in east Africa. Its official name is The State of Eritrea.
Geography.
Eritrea has borders with the countries of Sudan, Ethiopia, and Djibouti. It also has a coast on the Red Sea. The land area of Eritrea is 121,320 km², and it is one of the smallest countries in Africa.
The capital of Eritrea is Asmara.
Culture.
The population of Eritrea is about 4.5 million. About 0.5 million people live in Asmara. People from Eritrea are called Eritreans. Most of them speak "Tigrinya" or "Tigre" as their first language. The people usually use Tigrinya or Arabic for official business.
The currency of Eritrea is called the Nakfa. Eritrea is a very poor country. Almost half of Eritrea's economy comes from Eritreans who live abroad. They send money home to their families. Most of the rest comes from farming.
History.
Eritrea became an independent country on 24 May 1993. It is one of the newest countries in the world.
Many different countries have ruled the land that is now called Eritrea. Between 1885 and 1941 it was a colony of Italy. Between 1941 and 1952, the United Nations put it under the protection of United Kingdom. After 1952, Eritrea became a part of Ethiopia. This was the reason for a long civil war between the Eritreans and the government of Ethiopia.
Eventually, in 1993, Eritrea became an independent country after a vote by its people.

Sanford Dole
Sanford Dole (April 23, 1844 – June 9, 1926) was an American politician. Dole was a part of a group of businessmen who first forced a new Hawaiian national constitution on the country during King David Kalakaua's reign and then after his death removed Queen Liliuokalani from the throne and took control of the country in 1893. They removed the queen by threatening to use the warships of the U.S. Navy had in Honolulu harbor.
Queen Liliuokalani did not want her people to be harmed so she agreed to do what the revolutionists wanted. The Queen went to Washington and talked to the American President, Grover Cleveland. Cleveland decided that this had been an act of war against the Hawaiian Kingdom. Cleveland ordered Sanford Dole, the President of the newly formed republic, to make Liliuokalani the queen again.
Dole refused to do this. He said that President Cleveland was interfering. Dole remained the president of Hawaii from 1894 until 1900 after Cleveland was elected out of office. The newly elected American president William McKinley signed the Newsland Resolution. The Newsland Resolution made Hawaii a territory of the United States. This ended any legal or military chance of restoring the Queen and the Hawaiian Kingdom.
Dole served as governor of Hawaii from 1900 until 1903 when he accepted a position as United States District Court judge. He remained a judge until 1915.

Ancient Egypt
Ancient Egypt was a society that lasted for a long time many years ago. It grew along the Nile river and was its most powerful in the second millennium BC. When it was its biggest, it went all the way from the Nile delta to a mountain called Jebel Barkal in Sudan.
Ancient Egypt was created at least 5,500 years ago. It started around 3500 BC and ended at about 30 BC when the country was invaded by the Roman Empire.
The society of ancient Egypt depended on a balance of natural and human resources, especially the irrigation of the Nile Valley so that the Egyptians could have good crops. It is also known for creating a way of writing called hieroglyphs, making big temples and tombs, trading with other areas, and its military. The rulers of ancient Egypt helped all of these things by keeping their people happy with religion that made them respect the rulers and their past.
History.
Archaeologists, or people who dig in the earth to find ancient objects, have found that Egypt was created a very, very long time ago. Because the Nile creates very good soil, the first Egyptians were hunter-gatherers who moved around a lot but stayed around the Nile. The archaeologists have found all sorts of tools and rock carvings from these people.
By the 10th millennium BC, the people in Egypt had created agriculture. They were growing cereal grains like wheat and barley, and because they were farming, they stayed in one place. They were bad about how they used their land though, so they used all the healthy land and made it unhealthy. Because of this, they had to move again, so they were nomads again before finding another healthy place on the Nile and setting up a new society. By the 7th millennium BC, they were farmers again and were settled in the East Sahara Desert.
By 6000 BC, there were a lot of farms and lots more construction. They learned how to domesticate (train) animals. This period of time is called the Predynastic Period because there was no person ruling all of Egypt.
Between 5500 and 3100 BC, many small cities appeared on the Nile. As more cities appeared, they needed someone to run everything, so rulers came to power. Because Egypt was so big, two different kingdoms were created: Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt. The line between the two was around the modern city of Cairo in today's Egypt. The real history of Ancient Egypt starts when the two kingdoms came together around 3000 BC under a ruler named Menes. Menes was the first pharaoh of Egypt, and he made Egypt a very safe and happy place.
Ethnicity.
People have a lot of different ideas about where the first Egyptians came from. Scientists think that the Egyptians came from Africa and the Middle East. Some archaeologists have looked at the teeth of ancient Egyptians and think they might have come from Southwest Asia. Others who have examined their skulls say their shape is similar to those from northern Sudan. The man who translated the Rosetta Stone, which told us how the Egyptians wrote, thought that the people were black, like today's Africans, but no one really knows for sure.
Government.
Ancient Egypt was split up into many different districts called "sepats". The first divisions were created during the Predynastic Period, but then, they were small city-states that ruled themselves. When the first pharaoh came to power, the sepats remained and were much like the counties in today's England. They stayed basically the same for a very long time--there were 42 of them, and each was ruled by a governor called a nomarch. This person was put in power by the pharaoh.
Ancient Egypt had a lot of different taxes, but there was no real money, so people paid each other with goods or work. The person who watched the tax collection was called the "vizier", and every tax collector in Egypt had to tell him every day how many taxes they had collected. Each person paid different taxes based on the work that they did: craftsmen paid in goods, hunters and fishermen paid with food, and every single household in the country had to pay a labour tax every year by helping with work for the country like mining or for canals. A lot of rich Egyptians paid poorer people to do this for them.
Writing.
Egyptologists, or people who study Ancient Egypt, call the writing of Egypt "hieroglyphs." It is the world's earliest writing system, and is a bit like Japanese or Chinese because it started out as ideographic language, or writing made of pictures of the words. Egyptian is different from a lot of languages because it has no vowels (the letters a, e, i, o, and u)--all sounds are consonants, or letters that aren't vowels. There are 24 sounds in the language.
Religion.
Religion was very important to Ancient Egyptians. To Egyptians, all African animals were holy and were worshipped. Because of this, Egyptians domesticated, or made pets of, animals very early and took very good care of them. The centre of any Egyptian town was the temple, and this building was used for everything from town hall to an university in addition to its religious services.
Because they were so religious, Egyptians created a lot of art of their gods. This art shows all different kinds of divine, or holy, creatures including the pharaoh, who was thought to be a god.
The afterlife was also very important to Egyptians and they are known for mummifying their dead. These mummies are important to scientists today because they tell them about how the Egyptians lived.
Medicine.
Ancient Egyptians had very advanced medical knowledge for their time. They performed surgery, set broken bones, and even knew about medicines. Some medicines the Ancient Egyptians used are honey and breast milk or gazelle's milk. Not only did they have medicinal values, they also are believed to have been used to ward off evil spirits and demons. The easiest way to see how good they were at medicine is to look at mummies, because it shows that the doctors could remove organs without ruining the body. Because of this, also, we know that Egyptians knew a lot about how the human body is laid out.
Achievements.
Engineering was a very specialised art in Egypt. Engineers were able to survey, or find the area between two points, make very complicated structures called pyramids that were nearly perfect geometrically, create cement, and make large irrigation networks. There is even the belief that Ancient Egyptians created a kind of battery.
Science was also very important. Some believe that the beginning of the modern scientific method can be found in Egypt. Mathematics were also in use in Egypt, and the golden ratio was even used in the construction of the pyramids.
Another famous ability of the Egyptians was glassmaking. Archaeologists have found many pieces of beads, jars, figures and ornaments in tombs across the nation. In 2005, there was even the discovery of an ancient glassmaking factory.

Alexander the Great
Alexander the Great (July 20 or 26, 356 BC - June 10 323 BC) was a Macedonian king. He was born in the city of Pella and his father was the king Philip II. He was taught most of his skills in Athens during his childhood. He is known for his military skills. He wanted to rule a large empire called Persia. He is often listed as one of the greatest military commanders in history, along with Hannibal Barca, Julius Caesar, Genghis Khan, Subutai, Napoleon I of France, and others.
By the time of his death he had conquered most of the Middle Eastern world known to Europeans, which included ancient Pakistan, Persia, Egypt, and Asia Minor. He died in Babylon in 323 BC of an unknown cause. He was taught by a great teacher and world famous philosopher named Aristotle, and through his teachings he became the world's first great military commander. At the age of 21 he became the king of Macedonia, after his father had been assassinated by a former bodyguard. Nobody knows the cause of Alexander's death. Some people have said his death was caused by poison in wine, murder, or fever.

Brisbane
Brisbane (local nickname "Brissie") is the capital of Queensland in the northeast of Australia.
The Brisbane River flows through the city.
1,730,000 people live there and there is both a Catholic and a Protestant Bishop.
Brisbane was founded in 1824 and was meant at first for prisoners who were embarked to Australia. The name comes from a Governor of New South Wales, Sir Thomas Brisbane.

Hawaiian language
The Hawaiian language (Hawaiian: "ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi") is the language of native Hawaiians. "Aloha" and "Mahalo" are probably its most recognized words worldwide, though the word lanai has been absorbed into English (not to be confused with Lana'i, the name of a small Island in the chain). "Taboo" (Kapu in Hawaiian) is Tahitian from the same Proto-Polynesian root from which the Hawaiian language grew.
Other Pacific islands whose languages come from this same root form what is called the "Polynesian Triangle" and include the Marquesas, Raratonga, Samoa, some islands of what is now Fiji and New Zealand.
Substantial "linguistic drift" has occurred among them (perhaps mostly between Hawai'i and the others; due to it being most geographically isolated north of the Equator) over the last two thousand years or so. Nonetheless, native speakers of all these languages can still make themselves understood to one another (think of a cockney talking to someone from South Central LA or the Bronx).
The language has only 12 letters (A, E, H, I, K, L, M, N, O, P, U, W); 13 if you count the 'okina (which is legitimate; it "drifted" from some "K" sounds in the early Polynesian tongue into a glottal stop; like the break in the middle of the word "Oh-oh". These days the 'okina is written as a backward apostrophe (small numeral 6 above and preceding a vowel).
The Ni'ihau dialect (residents of that island are the only people who still speak Hawaiian exclusively and their dialect is the most true to its roots) still uses some T, S, Rs and "hints" of B sounds but this is not common among other modern speakers.
Every Hawaiian syllable ends with a vowel. There are some who suppose that this trait is what lends the language its "Musicality". Prior to contact with European peoples, Polynesians had no written language; all their stories and genealogies were chanted by people who had memorized them. This required the language to be quite "fluid". Being thus "laden" with vowels facilitated this.
There are two forms of each of the five vowels; regular (pronounced as a Spaniard would) and extended (in written form; by putting a horizontal bar called a kahako over the vowel). The meanings (and pronunciations) of words spelled the same but with or without the appropriate kahakos or 'okinas can be very different; sometimes creating embarrassment.
One might think that learning the language would be relatively easy ("heck, it only has 12 or i3 letters! How hard can it be?"), but that only applies to na keiki (children) who have never learned the 26 letters that English speakers use. There is a children's rhyme that goes on for a couple minutes (and written, probably a couple dozen lines) that consists of nothing but both versions of the letters a, i and the 'okina. It talks of him (ia) eating (ai) his (iaia) fish (i'a).
When the missionaries first created a written form of Hawaiian Language, they did not write the kahakos or 'okinas; leaving it to the context to make the meanings evident.
Since the intent was to translate the Bible ("Paipala"), natives forgave some of the confusions created, but nonetheless, latched onto the way that unintended "double entendres" could appear in written form as a source of humor. When later, Hawaiian language newspapers appeared, Native speaking writers and editors took care to avoid these (the type that was available to "set" did not include such "specialty" characters).
'Olelo Hawai'i is rich in mataphor much as the Navajo language (recall how US secret codes were based on it) which calls a submarine a "metal trout"; only perhaps more playful. Redundancy and double entendre are considered part of the richness of its heritage, these days.

Skinhead
Skinheads, named after their short haircuts, are members of a subculture that originated in Britain in late 1960s, where they were closely tied to the Rude Boys and the Mods. They shave their heads, because originally most of them were workers in factories and they had to be bald, so their hair could not get caught in the machines.
Traditional skinheads identify with the original skinhead movement ("The Spirit of '69") in music, style, and/or working class pride. Skinheads listen to ska, rocksteady, reggae, Oi! and punk music.
People who are not part of the group often see Skinheads as being politically close to the Neo-Nazi (or White Power) movement. Often Skinheads are seen as part of that movement. This is wrong, given that there are many young people in the movement who have no political views at all. Many Skinheads are also not violent, unless they are provoked.

Anime
Anime is Japanese for "Animation" Outside of Japan, "anime" means japanese animation.It was made in Japan", But, in Japan, anime means all animation in general. This article is about Japanese animation.
Some anime is drawn by hand, but anime can also be made with computers. Anime has most genres of fiction -- action, love stories, detective stories, and sports. these are just some examples. Anime is shown on television, on DVD and VHS, and is used in computer and video games. Also, some anime are full length movies. Anime is often based on Japanese comics (manga) and graphic novels. Sometimes live action (not animation) movies and television series use storylines from anime.
The history of anime begins around 1900, when Japanese filmmakers tried ways of animation that came from France, Germany, United States and Russia.
The filmmakers in Japan had little money, few production sites, and casting restrictions. The lack of Western-looking actors, for example, made it very hard to make movies set in Europe or America. The freedom of animation allowed artists to create characters and settings that did not look Japanese at all. This advantage made anime popular for moviemakers.
During the 1970s, there was a great increase in the popularity of manga. Anime were often created from the manga. At that time Osamu Tezuka became very popular. Now he is called a "legend" and the "god of manga". Anime developed its typical characteristics and genres through his work and that of other pioneers. The giant robot genre (known as "mecha" outside Japan) took shape under Tezuka. Robot anime like Gundam and Macross became classics in the 80s. Today, the robot genre is still very popular in Japan and worldwide. In the 1980s, anime became very popular in Japan, and saw an increase in production. (Manga is much more popular than anime in Japan).
Topics.
Many other countries in anime, besides Japan, became popular after the late 1980s. In the United States giant robot anime became popular. In Europe anime for children became popular. Today, many different kinds of anime are popular all around the world.

Sudan
Sudan is a country in Africa. The official name of Sudan is The Republic of Sudan.
Geography.
Sudan has borders with the countries of Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Central African Republic, Chad, and Libya. It also has a coast on the Red Sea.
Sudan has an area of about 2.5 million km² and has the largest area of all the countries in Africa.
The River Nile flows through Sudan on its way to the Mediterranean Sea.
The capital of Sudan is Khartoum.
Culture.
People from Sudan are called Sudanese. About 38 million people live in Sudan. About 4 million of these live in Khartoum or in towns that are joined to it.
Arabic is the official language of Sudan, but people also speak "Nubian", "Nilotic" and English. Many other languages are spoken in different parts of the country as well.
Most Sudanese people have Islam as their religion. A small number are Christian. Some people have other religions that are called tribal (local) beliefs.
The currency of Sudan is called the Sudanese dinar.
The current leader of Sudan is President Omar Hassan al-Bashir.

OpenBSD
OpenBSD is a secure, free computer operating system. It can run on many types of computers, including Intel PCs and Apple Computer's PowerPCs.
Like the other open source BSDs and unlike with most Linux operating systems, the whole operating system is developed by the same group of people with OpenBSD. Programmes from other sources are available separately.
OpenBSD is often the first to add new security tools to make it harder to break, developers have also carefully read through the programming code to check for mistakes more than once. The project is led by Theo de Raadt from Calgary, Alberta, Canada and is released under conditions which put few rerestrictions on people that use the source code, the BSD licence.
OpenBSD releases new versions every six months, each version is supported for one year after release. OpenBSD 4.3 was released May 1, 2008.
OpenBSD's first mascot was a BSD daemon with a halo, it was replaced with Puffy, a pufferfish, on June 15th, 2000, with the release of OpenBSD 2.7.
The operating system's developers add in many new technologies to make the system more secure, technologies like W^X, Stack Protection, malloc reconfigurations and ssh to replace telnet and rlogin.
Because it is so secure, OpenBSD is often used as a firewall and for other security-related jobs. It is also usable for on a desktop computer, it can act and look like one of several other operating systems like Mac OS X, Microsoft Windows, and others.

Civil war
A civil war is a war that takes place between different groups in one country. While civil wars can take place for lots of reasons, there are two reasons that are very common.
The first is because the different groups disagree about who should be in charge, or how the country should be run. If two political parties disagree about the result of an election, this might lead to a war if the two sides cannot or won't come to an agreement.
The second is because one group of people does not want to be part of the country anymore. This is known as a war of secession. Lots of people living in a certain area might decide that they want to break away, and make their own country. Very few national leaders would be happy to give up land that is part of that country, and a war could result.
Sometimes the people who want to break away do not necessarily want to form a whole new country, but they might want more control over their affairs. This happens sometimes when different ethnic groups belong to the same nation.
Civil wars are often just as destructive and damaging as normal wars between two different countries. Often they can linger on for a very long time. This is because civil wars tend to become complicated very quickly. A civil war might start between two sides, but groups might break up and the new, different sides could start fighting each other. Groups of people who weren't involved at the beginning can easily be sucked in, as they start getting weapons to defend themselves against both sides. Civil wars with many different sides all fighting each other have occurred.

Crocodile
A crocodile is a large reptile that lives in water. They are considered to be living fossils.
Habitat.
Crocodiles live in rivers, lakes and dams in parts of America Asia, Africa and Australia. Some of the crocodiles from Australia live in salt water. These saltwater crocodiles are normally bigger than the ones that live in fresh water. While crocodiles spend most of their time in water, they can come out and move around on the land. Crocodiles cannot breathe underwater: they breathe air, just like people. They can hold their breath for a long time underwater.
Diet.
Crocodiles eat other animals as food. These other animals include fish and animals that come to drink at the river, like buck and cows. Crocodiles can and do eat people. Crocodiles often ambush the animals that they eat, lying in wait and then catching them by surprise. They grab them with their long, powerful jaws and drag them into the water. While in the water they roll over and over, so that the animal is disoriented and finds it difficult to fight back. When the animal has drowned, they begin to eat.
Difference between an alligator and a crocodile.
The difference between an alligator and a crocodile is, that you can not see the fourth tooth in the lower jaw of an alligator when the alligator's mouth is closed. You can see the fourth tooth in the lower jaw of a crocodile when its mouth is closed.
Sometimes it is said, that alligators have as wide a snout as crocodiles have a narrow snout, but there are also some crocodiles with wide snouts.
The name "Crocodile" can also sometimes be used for any member of the order "Crocodilia".

ZZT
ZZT is a computer game made by Tim Sweeney. People can make other games with this game's engine.

Centre
Centre (British spelling) or center (U.S. spelling) means the middle of something.
A circle has a centre.

Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky (Russian: Пётр Ильич Чайкoвский, "Pëtr Il’ič Čajkovskij";) (born Kamsko-Votkinsk, 7 May 1840; died St Petersburg, 6 November 1893) was a Russian composer who lived in the Romantic period. He is the most popular of all Russian composers. He wrote melodies which were exciting and dramatic and full of emotions. He learned a lot from studying the music of Western Europe, but his music also sounds very Russian. His compositions include 11 operas, 3 ballets, orchestral music, chamber music and over 100 songs. His ballets ("Swan Lake", "The Nutcracker " and "Sleeping Beauty") have some of the best known tunes in all classical music.
Early Years.
Tchaikovsky’s father was a Ukrainian whose job was a mining engineer. His mother’s grandfather was a Frenchman who had moved to Russia. She was a nervous woman and Tchaikovsky may have got his nervous character from her. Tchaikovsky was only five when he started taking piano lessons. He was soon better than his teacher. The family had an orchestrion (a kind of musical box) which played some tunes from classical music by Mozart, Bellini, Donizetti and Rossini.
In 1848 the family moved to St. Petersburg. Tchaikovsky was unhappy and unsettled as he was often separated from his family who moved several times. In 1854 his mother died. He tried to comfort himself by playing music. He spent nine years at the School of Jurisprudence. When he left school he had to get a job. For four years he worked as a clerk in the Ministry of Justice. Then the composer and pianist Anton Rubinstein helped him to become a music student at the newly opened conservatory in St. Petersburg. He learned to play the flute and the organ as well as the piano and learning all about composition. In 1866 he moved to Moscow where Nikolai Rubinstein, the brother of Anton, encouraged him to write music with a Russian character. He worked very hard, and was often exhausted, but he managed to finish his First Symphony which was performed in 1868.
Tchaikovsky met some famous musicians including the French composer Berlioz who was visiting Moscow. He also became friendly with the Russian composer Mily Balakirev who was very helpful and persuaded him to rewrite one of his works several times until it was really good. The result was a piece for orchestra called "Romeo and Juliet" which soon became internationally known. Balakirev had four friends who were composers. This circle of friends is often called “The Five” or “The Mighty Handful”. They were interested in using Russian folktunes in their music. Tchaikovsky was never a member of the group, although he liked their ideas. Tchaikovsky was different to them: he had learned music at the Conservatoire where he had studied Western music. The harmonies that he used in his works were often not suitable for Russian folktunes. He wrote lots of songs which are very romantic in character. One of them, "None but the lonely heart", is especially well-known in English.
By now Tchaikovsky was writing works which were to bring him great fame. He wrote two more symphonies, and his First Piano Concerto, one of the most popular of all piano concertos, was given its first performance in Boston. He was also writing operas and chamber music.
Years of fame.
In 1875 Tchaikovsky started to make a long tour of Europe. He liked Bizet’s opera "Carmen", but Wagner’s operas from the "Ring cycle " bored him. In 1877 he finished "Swan Lake", the first of his three ballets. The audience did not like it at first because the dancers were not very good.
In the summer of 1877 Tchaikovsky decided to marry. His wife was called Antonina Milyukova. The marriage was a disaster. Tchaikovsky was not interested in women and only married to try to stop people gossiping about the fact that he was gay (homosexual). A few weeks after the marriage he ran away and never lived with her again. Gradually he started to accept his sexual orientation.
Another woman was to become important in his life, but in a very different way. It was to be a very unusual relationship. Her name was Nadezhda von Meck. She was the wife of a rich man. She loved Tchaikovsky’s music and promised him that she would pay him a lot of money every month so long as he promised her that he would never try to meet her. Tchaikovsky no longer needed to work. He was able to give up his teaching job at the Conservatory. For several years he spent the winters in Europe and the summers in Russia. Nadezhda and Tchaikovsky wrote long letters to one another, often quite passionate and dreamy,they talked about love,life and how they wanted it to change,but they never saw one another. He had plenty of time to write music: he wrote several operas including "Eugene Onegin" and his Fourth and Fifth Symphonies, the Violin Concerto, the Serenade for Strings, "Capriccio Italienne" and the "1812 Overture". Tchaikovsky loved Nadezhda very much but never actually told her his true feelings.
His Last Years.
By 1885 Tchaikovsky had got tired of travelling around. He rented a country house in Klin, just outside Moscow. He lived a regular life, reading, walking in the forest, composing during the day and playing music with his friends in the evenings. He started to have more confidence as a conductor and toured Europe twice, conducting in Leipzig, Berlin, Prague, Hamburg, Paris and London. In 1889 he finished his second ballet, "The Sleeping Beauty" and the next year, while staying in Florence, he wrote his famous opera "The Queen of Spades" based on a story by Pushkin. Later that year Nadezhda von Meck wrote to him that she had lost nearly all her money and could not continue to support him.
In the spring of 1891 he was invited to conduct in New York where the Carnegie Hall was being opened. He also conducted concerts in Baltimore and Philadelphia. When he returned to Russia he wrote his last ballet "The Nutcracker" and his Sixth Symphony, known as the “Pathétique”
which was dedicated to his nephew with whom he was passionately in love. This work is often considered his best. It was performed in St Petersburg on 16 October 1893. Five days later he suddenly became ill. A lot of people in the city had a terrible illness called cholera. The germs of this illness can be spread through water. Tchaikovsky died four days later. Many people think that he committed suicide by deliberately drinking contaminated water. He may have wanted to (or even been forced to) commit suicide in order to avoid a scandal because he was having a relationship with a nephew of an important aristocratic man. Exactly what happened will always be a mystery.

BBC Radio 1
BBC Radio 1 (often known as Radio 1) is an international radio station that is based in the United Kingdom. It is owned by BBC and BBC Radio. Radio 1 started broadcasting at 7.00 am on September 30 1967. Tony Blackburn presented the first programme on the station.
Radio 1 mainly plays popular music throughout the day, and often plays alternative music genres after 7 pm. This includes electronic dance, rock or just interviews. The station is meant to be listened to mainly by people aged 15-29.
Radio 1 was launched in 1967 due to the popularity of pirate radio stations such as Radio Caroline, which had been outlawed by Act of Parliament. Radio 1 was the first legal radio station in Britain.

1443
1443 was a common year. It started on a Tuesday.

Sea level
The sea level is the average height of the ocean (informally called the "sea"). The word 'average' must be used because the height of the sea changes with the tides.
The height of mountains, countries, and so on, is almost always given as "above sea level".

Fear Factory
Fear Factory is an American death/industrial metal group. They were formed in Los Angeles, California in late 1990 and disbanded in early 2002. They have currently reformed in the following year adding Byron Stroud (of Strapping Young Lad) as their current bass player. Their classic line-up was Burton C. Bell (vocals), Dino Cazares (guitars), Christian Olde Woblers (bass) and Raymond Herrera (drums) between 1994 and break up time.

Sublime
Sublime was a popular punk/ska rock band. The band was formed in 1988 in Long Beach, California. They have released popular hit singles like "Date Rape", "Doin' Time", "Santeria" and "What I Got".
Sublime disbanded in 1996, due to the death of singer, guitarist and songwriter Bradley Nowell. He died in a hotel room in San Francisco, California on May 25th of the same year from a heroin overdose. He was 28 years old. Their third and final album "Sublime" was released posthumously; just two months after he passed away. The album had a breakthrough with "What I Got".
Worldwide, Sublime has sold over 8 million albums.
Cultural references.
A few of Sublimes sonds have been included into video games. "Santeria" was included in "Guitar Hero World Tour".
The song "Seed" was included in "Tony Hawk's Underground" and the song "What I Got" was included in "Dave Mirra Freestyle BMX".

Crass
Crass was one of the first anarcho-punk bands. The band was formed in Essex, a county in the United Kingdom during 1977. The band split up in 1984.
Original members.
The group was first of all made up of Penny Rimbaud (playing drums) and Steve Ignorant (who sang). Later they were joined by other people who also lived together in their shared house (or commune) called Dial House.
First concerts.
Crass did their first concert at a squatted festival in Huntley Street, North London. Soon after they played at the famous punk club The Roxy in London's Covent Garden area. However the group were made to come off of the stage because they were very drunk. They also did early concerts with punk band the UK Subs, but not many people went to watch these concerts.
First fashion statements.
After this members of Crass decided to be more serious about what they were doing. They decided to wear black clothes all of the time, whether or not they were on stage. This was so that no member of the band would be seen as the group 'leader'. They also made a banner that they hung up behind them when they were playing live. This had a logo on it that was made up of symbols like the Christian cross, the swastika and the British flag, as well as a snake with two heads that is eating itself. The meaning of this logo was the idea that "power will destroy itself".
First album.
Crass released their first record in 1978. It was called "The Feeding of the 5000". It was meant to have 18 songs on it, but one song was banned by the people who worked at the factory where the records were made. This was because they thought it was blasphemous. This song was called "Asylum". The band instead released the record with a 2 minute gap where that song had been, which they called "The Sound of Free Speech". After this they set up their own record label called Crass Records. This was so that they could control what was on their own records in the future. They re-recorded and released the song that had been banned as a single. They also re-released the first LP with the banned song put back on it.
Second album.
The second LP released by Crass was the double album "Stations of the Crass". It was released in 1979. One side of this LP was a recording of a live concert that the band played at the Pied Bull pub in Islington, London on August 7, 1979.
Third album.
Their next LP was released in 1981. It was called "Penis Envy". The band had deliberately changed their sound for this record. The lyrics and the record cover artwork had a strong feminist message. Steve Ignorant did not appear upon it. Instead only the women members of the band, Eve Libertine and Joy DeVivre sung the songs.
Other albums recorded.
The Crass Records label also released many other records by other musicians and bands. These included Flux Of Pink Indians, Conflict, Poison Girls, Zounds, Honey Bane, Rudimentary Peni and others.

Black Flag
Black Flag was an American punk rock band. They formed in California in 1977 and broke up in 1986. After breaking up, the lead singer Henry Rollins formed a new band by himself, Rollins Band and guitarist Greg Ginn worked on a separate career in the early 90s.

Tarika
Tarika is the Arabic word for a Sufi order in Islam. The first Tarikas were founded in the 12th and 13th century and many of them still exist today. The head of a Tarika is called a "sheikh", the disciples are called "dervishes".

Crazy Frog
The Crazy Frog is a 3D animated creature, featured on music albums.
History.
Before becoming a ringtone to download onto mobile phones, The Crazy Frog started as a TruboForce 3D animated creature. It was called “The Annoying Thing” in 2003 by its creator, Erik Wernquist of Sweden. With big eyes and a bigger mouth, the high resolution anthropomorphic “thing” is dappled grey-blue and nude save for a helmet, goggles and biker vest. All original videos and images also show small male humanoid genital in a relaxed state that move realistically. Some sources pixel out or remove the genitals.
Music remixes.
Members of Bass Bumpers had a dance remix of Harold Faltermeyer’s “Axel-F” the Beverly Hills Cop theme, adding Daniel Maldemahl’s impression of a moped engine (Ring-a-ding-dong) and a Max Headroom, “What’s going on?” (among other dubbed words). In the music video for that remix the “Thing” says featured bites from Daniel’s bit (Ding, ding.) and zooms around on a mimed bike to escape a robot minion on a hover bike.
The internet and media dubbed it both a Frog and crazy. Erik went along with it.
[First it was simply a vocal imitation of a two stroke, internal combustion engine. Daniel Malmedahl of Sweden created a recording of his imitation in 1997 that eventually spread through peer to peer file sharing on the Internet.]
Sales and revenue.
The company that sells Crazy Frog ringtones (Jamba!) has made £14 million from it.

Surrey
Surrey is a county in southern England. The size of Surrey is about 1,663 km² and it has about 1,059,000 people (2002). It is near London. Surrey's largest town is Guildford. In Guildford there is also a university. The River Thames forms part of Surrey's north border.
Surrey is commonly mentioned in "War of the Worlds" by H.G. Wells (Woking, Leatherhead in particular).

Universal Serial Bus
In computing, Universal Serial Bus (USB) is technology that allows to connect devices to a computer. It is a serial bus. It is most used on PCs but can also be used on other devices such as the PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3 and the Xbox 360. The different devices can be connected using a standard interface.
The stadard was made to improve plug and play. A new device that needs to be used can simply be connected. The computer will then recognise it. After that it can directly be used. When it is no longer needed it is disconnected again. This technology is called hot swapping. With hot swapping the computer does not need to be restarted to use the device.
USB can provide a limited amount of power. This means that devices that only need a little power can get it from the bus. It also allows to make gadgets like USB battery chargers, lights, and fans.
Most people use USB for mice, keyboards, scanners, printers, digital cameras, and flash drives. There are over one billion USB devices around the world.
Brief history.
The first version of the Universal Serial Bus was created in 1995. This new technology became an instant success. Ever since USB was introduced different producers of electronic devices thought about the future of the bus. It can provide connection to the computer and other devices like for example laptops and MP3 players.
The bus was introduced by seven companies which represent the leaders in the industry of information technology (IT): Compaq, IBM, Intel, Microsoft, NEC, Northern Telecom, and Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC).
Several years earlier adopters and developers of USB gathered in a special hotel in California to test their devices. The meeting of USB developers had the name of "Plugfest". They selected a special hotel that included two rooms: one used for sleeping and the other one for making tests. The meeting lasted three days and in this time the representatives of about fifty companies connected their USB devices to one general host system.
The logo of the USB device also has its own history. Not so many people know that the USB logo was in development for several months. Today we can see the final variant of the USB logo.
Different standards.
Currently, there are three different USB standards that are in use: USB 1.0, USB 1.1 and USB 2.0. USB 1.0 has almost died out. USB offers 3 different transfer speeds: 1.5 MBit per second (called "low speed"), 12 MBit per second ("Full Speed") and 480 MBit/second ("Hi Speed"). Hi speed is only available in USB 2.0. Please also note that these speeds are raw data speeds (in Million bits per second). The actual data rate is usually lower (and maxes out at around 320 MBit per second due to protocol overhead.
In order to be able to use the transfer rate "hi speed" both the USB controller and the connected device need to support it. USB is backwards compatible. A USB2.0 device can be used with a USB 1.1 controller. It will not be able to transfer at 480 MBit/seconds though.
USB Hubs.
Almost all computers nowadays have USB ports, most of them support USB 2.0. HowThe number of ports is usually limited, though (2-6 ports are common configurations). USB allows the use of so-called USB hubs to add more ports.
The hubs themselves are also USB 1.1 or USB 2.0 compliant. On an USB 2.0 controller, standards can be mixed. Please note however, that devices connected to a USB 1.1 hub will only offer the data rates of USB 1.1.
USB Connectors.
USb was designed to be easy to use. When the connectors were designed, lessons learned from other connection techologies were also applied to USB connectors.
How USB is done.
A USB system has an asymmetric design. It is made of a host,several downstream USB ports, and multiple peripheral devices connected in a star topology. Additional USB hubs may be included in the tiers, allowing branching into a tree structure with up to five tier levels
A USB host can have multiple host controllers. Each host controller provides one or more USB ports. Up to 127 devices, including the hub devices, may be connected to a single host controller.
USB devices are linked in series through "hubs". There is always one hub known as the root hub. The root hub is built into to the host controller. There are special hubs, called "sharing hubs". These allow multiple computers to access the same peripheral devices. They work by switching the access between PCs, either manually or automatically. They are popular in small-office environments. In network terms, they converge rather than diverge branches.
A physical USB device can have several logical sub-devices that are referred to as "device functions". A single device may provide several functions, for example, a webcam (video device function) with a built-in microphone (audio device function).
USB device communication is based on "pipes" (logical channels). Pipes are connections from the host controller to a logical entity on the device named an endpoint. The term "endpoint" is occasionally used to incorrectly refer to the pipe. A USB device can have up to 32 active pipes, 16 into the host controller and 16 out of the controller.
Each endpoint can transfer data in one direction only, either into or out of the device, so each pipe is uni-directional. Endpoints are grouped into "interfaces" and each interface is associated with a single device function. An exception to this is endpoint zero, which is used for device configuration and which is not associated with any interface.
When a USB device is first connected to a USB host, the USB device enumeration process is started. The enumeration starts by sending a reset signal to the USB device. The speed of the USB device is determined during the reset signaling. After reset, the USB device's information is read by the host, then the device is assigned a unique 7-bit address. If the device is supported by the host, the device drivers needed for communicating with the device are loaded and the device is set to a configured state. If the USB host is restarted, the enumeration process is repeated for all connected devices.
The host controller polls the bus for traffic, usually in a round-robin fashion, so no USB device can transfer any data on the bus without an explicit request from the host controller.
Host controllers.
The computer hardware that contains the host controller and the root hub has an interface for the programmer. It is called "Host Controller Device" (HCD) and is defined by the hardware implementer.
For USB 1.0 and 1.1, there were two different HCD implementations, "Open Host Controller Interface" (OHCI) and "Universal Host Controller Interface" (UHCI). OHCI was developed by Compaq, Microsoft and National Semiconductor, UHCI by Intel.
VIA Technologies licensed the UHCI standard from Intel; all other chipset implementers use OHCI. UHCI relies more on software. This means UHCI is slightly more processor-intensive than OHCI but easier and cheaper to make. Because there were two different implementations, operating system vendors and hardware vendors needed to develop and test on both of them. This increased cost.
The USB specification does not specify any HCD interfaces and is not concerned with them. In other words, USB defines the format of data transfer through the port, but not the system by which the USB hardware communicates with the computer it sits in.
During the design phase of USB 2.0, the USB-IF insisted that there was only one implementation. The USB 2.0 HCD implementation is called the "Enhanced Host Controller Interface" (EHCI). Only EHCI can support hi-speed (480 Mbit/s) transfers. Most of PCI-based EHCI controllers have other HCD implementations called 'companion host controller' to support Full Speed (12 Mbit/s) and may be used for any device that claims to be a member of a certain class. An operating system is supposed to implement all device classes, so it can provide generic drivers for any USB device. Device classes are decided upon by the Device Working Group of the USB Implementers Forum.
USB device classes.
Use class information in the Interface Descriptors. This base class is defined to be used in Device Descriptors to indicate that class information should be determined from the Interface Descriptors in the device.

Punk rock
Punk rock (or "punk") music genre related to rock music. Punk rock is often described as harder, louder, and cruder than other rock music. Many punk rock songs have lyrics (words) which tell angry stories or which use rude or controversial words.
Punk is more than music.
Punk rock is a style of music. Many punk rock musicians and punk rock music listeners (called "punks") want to protest or rebel against the norms or rules of society. Punks say that people should "Do It Yourself", which means that people should try to accomplish their goals using the materials in their own communities. Many punk bands make their own music recordings and print their own CD covers, without using a major record company.
Many punks have strong political beliefs. Punk rock musicians are often mad at the government, the police, and laws. Many punk rock songs protest injustice, lies, and unfairness in countries. Almost all punks are leftists, who believe that a country should share the products and food that it produces with all the people in the country. Some punks are vegetarian or vegans, because they believe that animals should not be killed for food. Some punks are anarchists. A very small number of punks are conservative, libertarian, or Republican.
Many punk musicians put colored hair dye in their hair or put gel in their hair to make it stand up. They wear these clothes as a form of protest or rebellion against the norms or rules of society.
1970s.
Punk rock developed in Britain in 1976-1977. Punk rock bands like Buzzcocks, The Clash, The Damned, Generation X, The Jam, the Ramones, Sex Pistols and Patti Smith played loud, angry songs. Punk rock musicians often did bad things, such as saying rude words on television. Many newspapers wrote articles about the bad behavior of punk rock musicians.
1980s.
In the 1980s, a new type of punk rock called "hardcore punk" or "hardcore" developed. Punk rock music began being mixed with Heavy Metal rock music. Many hardcore bands began playing in the United States.
1990s.
In the 1990s, punk rock began being mixed with pop music to create a new lighter style of music called pop-punk. Pop-punk bands include Green Day and Good Charlotte. Some pop-punk bands mixed punk rock with ska music.
2000s.
Pop-punk was still popular in the 2000s. Some people who like the 1970s-style punk rock criticize pop-punk because pop-punk is commercialized.

Edip Yuksel
Edip Yüksel (who was born 1957) used to be a student of Rashad Khalifa and used to be a member of the United Submitters International, which is an Islamic group that was made by the controversial Khalifa. He sometimes works as a legal researcher and a community college teacher, but is mostly a supporter to change the Islamic religion. He lives in Tucson, Arizona.
English publications claimed by Edip Yuksel.
All published by the United Submitters own press.

Epididymitis
Epididymitis is a painful inflammation of the epididymis, usually resulting from bacterial infection, but also occasionally caused by injury or viral infection.

Perth, Western Australia
Perth is a city in Australia. It is the capital city of the state of Western Australia. Just under 1.5 million people live in the city.
It is the fourth biggest city in Australia, behind Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane. Perth was founded in 1829 by Captain James Stirling.
Perth is famous for its beautiful white, sandy beaches. Popular local beaches include Cottesloe and Scarborough. These beaches are ideal for swimming and bodysurfing. A popular local tourist attraction is Rottnest Island, which is populated by small cute-looking native animals called Quokkas.
Sister Cities.
Perth also has some looser agreements with Perth, Perth and Kinross in Scotland and formerly Grenoble, France.

Osama bin Laden
Usāmah bin Muhammad bin 'Awad bin Lādin (Arabic: أسامة بن محمد بن عوض بن لادن; born March 10, 1957), better known as Osama bin Laden or Usama bin Laden (أسامة بن لادن) is an Islamic fundamentalist. He is a member of the very rich bin Laden family. He is also a founder of the al-Qaeda terrorist group.
Most people see him as the person who did all the planning for the 11 attack on the United States. The terror network which he helped create ("al-Qaeda") is considered to be among the deadliest in the world. Quite a few people call him a terrorist.
In the fall of 2003, he went to Pakistan to meet Abu Hafiza and Ayman al-Zawahiri to talk about Al Qaeda's 2004 plans.
Names.
Osama bin Laden's name can be transliterated in several ways. The form used here, "Osama bin Laden", is used by most English-language mass media. This includes CNN and the BBC. The FBI and Fox News use Usama bin Laden. Often the name is abbreviated to "UBL". This is favored by former U.S. Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld. Less common abbreviations include Ussamah Bin Ladin and Oussama Ben Laden, which are used in French-language mass media. The latter part of the name can also be found as Binladen or Binladin. People at the United States Department of Defense prefer the use of the now more common "Osama" transliteration. This is especially the case when his name is associated with the September 11th attacks. They say this is done to avoid confusion with U.S.A.M.A., the United States Army Medical Association.
Under the Arabic naming rules, it is incorrect to use "bin Laden" as a Eastern surname. His full name means "Osama, son of Mohammed, son of `Awad, son of Laden". However, the Bin Laden family (or "Binladin," as they like to be called) usually use the name as a surname in the Western style. The family company is known as the Binladin Brothers for Contracting and Industry. It is one of the largest corporations in Saudi Arabia. In the Western world, almost everyone uses "bin Laden" as Osama's surname because this is what his family uses as their surname.
Bin Laden has many aliases and nicknames, such as the Prince, the Emir, Abu Abdallah, Mujahid Shayekh, Hajj, and the Director.

Mayflower (ship)
The "Mayflower" was a ship. It is most famous on its maiden voyage (first voyage) when pilgrims and other settlers travelled on it to the Plymouth colony in Massachusetts. The "Mayflower" set sail from England in July of 1620, but had to turn around twice because "Speedwell", the ship it was traveling with, was leaking. It left on September 6 of the same year, leaving the "Speedwell" behind. The ship carried 102 men, women and children, who lived in the dark, damp, cold cargo decks below the crew's quarters. Many of them died on the voyage.
After over two months at sea, the English colonists arrived at Cape Cod on November 11, 1620. A few weeks later, they sailed up the coast to Plymouth, and started to build their town where a group of Wampanoag people had lived before (a sickness had killed most of them). They lived on the ship for a few more months, rowing to shore to build houses in the day, and returning to the ship at night. Many people began to get very sick from the cold and the wet. About half the people on the "Mayflower" died that first winter from common illnesses such as colds, coughs and fevers. In March of 1621, there were enough houses for everyone to live on land. The "Mayflower" set sail back to England on April 5, 1621.
In 1623, a year after Christopher Jones's death, the "Mayflower" was probably dismantled (taken apart) for firewood in England.

800
Centuries: 7th century - 8th century - 9th century
Decades: 750s 760s 770s 780s 790s - 800s - 810s 820s 830s 840s 850s
Years: 795 796 797 798 799 - 800 - 801 802 803 804 805

Reykjavík
Reykjavík is the capital city of the island country of Iceland. It is also the largest city in that country. The population of Reykjavík is over 117,000 people. Björk, an Icelandic singer, is from Reykjavik.
Also, the movie "The Girl in the Cafe" was filmed in Reykjavik.

Uniform
Uniforms are special clothes to show that a group of people belong together. The group of people will all be dressed in the same way ("uni" means "one" so the word means "one form").
People may wear uniforms for several reasons. The uniform will help the people to feel a team spirit so that they work well together. They may also help members of the public to know who they are, e.g. in a department store a customer can tell who is a member of staff, or in the street people will recognize a police officer. Uniforms may also be worn because they are practical, e.g. it might keep them safe when operating machinery or keep them clean when doing their work.
In the army soldiers wear uniform. They also wear extra things such as badges on their uniform which show how important they are (what rank they are).
Nurses in hospitals wear uniform. Sometimes servants wear uniform when working for their employers. Important domestic workers may wear special smart uniforms called "livery" e.g. porters (doormen) at luxury hotels.
In some countries such as India, Japan, China, Korea, Australia and United Kingdom many school children wear uniform. The uniform would be a set of clothes with the school crest or symbol. It helps them to feel proud of their school and children from rich families and poor families all look the same. In Britain, for example, most young children wear school uniform. In state schools the children may wear polo-necked T shirts with a school logo. Other schools, especially private schools, may have a formal uniform, or they may be free to choose their own clothes so long as they are the school colour.

Battle of Trafalgar
The Battle of Trafalgar was a sea battle fought on 21st October 1805 between the navies of France and Spain on one side, and Great Britain on the other. The battle took place near Cape Trafalgar (a cape is a piece of land sticking out into the sea), which is in southwest Spain. The battle ended with a clear victory for the British forces. This allowed Britain to become the world's largest sea power for 100 years. The Battle of Trafalgar was probably the most important sea battle of the 19th century.
Before the battle.
France and Britain had been at war for some time. France had built the strongest army in Europe, and controlled much of the land. Because it was an island, Britain had built a strong navy, and had used this to try to prevent French ships from leaving their ports. (This is called a "blockade".) Because the French leader Napoleon Bonaparte wanted to invade (capture) Britain, he knew that he would have to sink the British navy first, otherwise it would be able to prevent his army from landing.
The British knew that France might try to attack them, and had placed ships outside the important French ports, like Toulon. The admiral (chief sailor) in charge of the British fleet was Lord Horatio Nelson. He had become famous in Britain for his victories over the French, such as at the Battle of the Nile in 1798.
But the French navy managed to avoid Nelson's fleet and leave Toulon during a storm and met up with a group of Spanish ships. Spain at the time was an ally (partner) of France. This small fleet first sailed to the West Indies, then returned across the Atlantic Ocean to the Spanish port of Cadiz. They wanted to join up with more French ships to make a stronger fleet. The British had chased them both ways across the ocean.
The battle.
The French then learned that some British ships had been seen in Gibraltar, and thought this meant that the British fleet was not as strong as it had been before. So they decided that this was the best time to leave Cadiz.
The next day, the 33 ships of the French and Spanish fleet were met by the 27 ships of the British. Nelson had put his ships into two lines. Before the battle started, he sent a message which was to become famous: "England expects that every man will do his duty".
The two British lines sailed through the French and Spanish line, splitting it into two, and was able to cause great damage to its ships.
Admiral Nelson, on board his ship "HMS Victory", was however hit by a bullet fired from the French ship "Redoutable". He was taken below the deck and died later, just before his forces won the battle. The French and Spanish had lost 22 ships, the British lost none.
After the battle.
Because France was unable to invade Britain, British soldiers were able to fight on the European continent together with the armies of other countries against the armies of Napoleon. In the end, and outnumbered, Napoleon was finally defeated in 1815 at the Battle of Waterloo. With control of the seas, Britain was able to build up a large empire during the years that followed and its navy was the world's largest for over a hundred years.
Nelson's body was brought back to Great Britain and he was given a hero's funeral. In 1843 the famous Trafalgar Square and Nelson's Column were built in London to honour him.

Peter Frampton
Peter Frampton (Born April 22, 1950) is a English guitarist. He is best known for the album "Frampton Comes Alive".

Nairobi
Nairobi is the capital and largest city of Kenya. About three million people live there. The city was founded in 1899 as a railway depot linking Uganda to Mombasa. Nairobi is the fourth largest city in Africa.

Derek And The Dominos
Derek and the Dominos an American blues rock band. The band's members were Eric Clapton, Carl Radle, Bobby Whitlock, Jim Gordon, and Duane Allman. They made the album Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs. Layla, one of the greatest love songs, with the well-known guitar riff came from that same album. The band broke up after one album.

Carl Radle
Carl Dean Radle (born June 18, 1942 Tulsa, Oklahoma, died May 30, 1980) was an American musician, best known for being the bassist in Derek and the Dominos. Radle worked with many well-known artists and worked on many gold and platinum singles and albums. Radle is thought by many to have been the best bass guitar sideman in the music business.
In May 30, 1980, Radle died at age 37, of problems from a kidney infection caused by his alcoholism and drug addiction.
Biography.
Radle took clarinet and piano lessons when he was young. While at Edison High School in Tulsa, Radle fell in love with rock and roll. By the time he graduated in 1960, Radle had a bought an old guitar and taught himself how to play. As he became more skilled, he began playing in Tulsa clubs in the area with friends and musicians David Gates, Leon Russell, J.J. Cale, Jim Markham, Tommy Crook, Jim Karstein, Chuck Blackwell, Larry Bell, and many others. This group would be considered the starters of what a style of music known as The Tulsa Sound (a mix of Rockabilly, Rock and Roll, and Blues sounds of the lates 1950s and early 1960s.) After graduating high school, they began to go to California to try to get into the music business.
Leon Russell was one of the first to go to California, and his home/stubio on Skyhill Drive in Hollywood, became a place for young Tulsa musicians and different friends to stay. They mostly played as back-up musicians in clubs, with soon to be well known singers like Bobby Rydell fronting the act. Radle, during this time, recorded with pop duo Skip & Flip; with Radle they released the single "Tossin' and Turnin' / Everytime I Have to Cry".
After finding it very hard to make a living in the music world, Radle came back to Tulsa in 1964 and joined the Air National Guard. Radle was stationed in Texas for about a year, and was released (discharged) from the Air National Guard in 1965. After that, he came back to Tulsa again, once he returned, Russell called Radle from California, offering a job as the new bass guitarist for Gary Lewis & the Playboys.
Radle gave the music business another chance and moved back to California. Radle recorded and toured with Gary Lewis & the Playboys for about a year. During that time he was on television shows such as "The Ed Sullivan Show", "Shindig", "Hullabaloo", and "The Tonight Show". Other Tulsan musicians Jimmy Karstein and Tommy Crook also were members of this group. During this time they had many top ten sings like "Everybody Loves a Clown" and "Count Me In". Radle worked on fourteen of Gary Lewis's albums. This trip ended in January of 1967 when Gary Lewis was drafted into military service, and the band ended.
Radle stayed in California doing studio work and pick-up gigs, including working behind Dobie Gray in clubs. He recorded some with John Lee Hooker. Radle was on two albums in 1968 with The Colours, "The Colours" and "Atmosphere", which also had Tulsan musician Chuck Blackwell. In 1969, Leon Russell introduced Radle to Delaney and Bonnie Bramlett to help form the group Delaney & Bonnie and Friends. This group included Leon Russell, Rita Collidge, and Dave Mason. On tour the group was the opening act for Blind Faith, a supergroup which Eric Clapton was apart of. Once Blind Faith broke up, Eric Clapton joined Delaney & Bonnie and Friends for a tour and an album. Radle worked on writing and arranging two of the groups hit songs, "Get Ourselves Together" and "Never Ending Song of Love".
Delaney & Bonnie and Friends split up after about a year, and in early 1970 some of the former members, including Radle, joined Leon Russell, who formed the Joe Cocker Mad Dogs and Englishmen ensemble. The group had more than two dozen artists and performers. The tour went through forty-six cities in fifty-six days. This tour was one of the biggest in rock history. A major movie and a gold-selling album came from this same tour.
During that tour, Bobby Whitlock became friends with Eric Clapton, who wanted to put together a group to tour and promote his first solo album. This group would turn into Derek and the Dominos. Whitlock called in Radle and Los Angeles drummer Jim Gordon to join the group. They took time in May and July of 1970 to work with George Harrison on his album "All Things Must Pass", which had the hit singles "My Sweet Lord" and "What is Life". During a break in June, Clapton, Gordon, Whitlock, and Radle began serious work and completed their first single as Derek and the Dominos, "Tell the Truth" with "Roll it Over" on the B-side. After the George Harrison sessions finished in late summer of 1970, the new group continued sessions at Criteria Studios in Miami, Florida, with Tom Dowd as producer. During this time Duane Allman joined the group, and one of the greatest rock albums of all time, "Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs", came from this work.
The group took time off in August of 1971 to help George Harrison in the Concert for Bangladesh. Artists that were present at that concert included Bob Dylan, Billy Preston, Ringo Starr, Leon Russell, Jim Keltner, and many others.
Derek and the Dominoes began work for another group of songs, but disliking the new songs, and the tensions between the band, the band ended. For the next three years, Radle continued session work on projects with artists such as Art Garfunkel, Duane Allman, John Lee Hooker, Rita Collidge, Leon Russell, Bobby Whitlock, Donovan and Freddie King.
In April of 1974, Eric Clapton returned, recovered from a heroin addiction, and formed a new band. Its members including Radle, George Terry, Jaime Oldaker, Dick Sims, and Yvonne Elliman on vocals. The group recorded again at Criteria Studios under Dowd's production, to create the album "461 Ocean Boulevard". Radle arranged the track "Motherless Children" for the same album. For the next five years, Clapton's group, along with Radle (and vocalist Marcy Levy) worked closely together on many very successful gold and platinum albums.
By the second half of 1970s, Radle's health had started to turn bad, mostly from his large amount of drinking and drug use. In 1978, Clapton broke up the band and all the musicians went on to other things. Radle worked for awhile with Peter Frampton, but returned to Tulsa. On May 30, 1980, Radle died at age 37, of problems from a kidney infection caused by his alcoholism and drug addiction. At the time, his passing was barely noticed by Clapton's fans, or the music press.

Nineteen Eighty-Four
"Nineteen Eighty-Four" is a novel written by George Orwell in 1948. The main character is Winston Smith, who lives in Oceania, under the rule of The Party and Big Brother. He becomes friends with the character O'Brien. He also falls in love with Julia, who hates Big Brother and The Party.
Winston's job is to change or "rectify" printed news stories and articles. No one in Oceania can look at the old changes. They are not allowed to even think about them again, or else they will be in big trouble. This is called "thoughtcrime". Thoughtcrime is punished by death. Another thing they are trying to do is cut all the hard words out of the English language. They are changing it to make it more simple so that people will not be too clever or think too much. They are not allowed to have families. Other people who live on the outside of the system have more freedoms. They are called "proles". There is an endless war going on with another nation, Eurasia. In other parts of the world, large wars are being fought to keep the people busy. The sides in the wars sometimes change. When this happens, they pretend there was no change and that the sides were always the same. This means that all the articles will have to be changed by people like Winston who are not supposed to think about what they are doing. When news is "rectified", the old copies are destroyed.
Political satire.
Orwell got the idea for the book when he saw in the newspapers of London that they listed how much the country's supplies increased (more supplies) during World War II when they were actually very low on supplies and were getting smaller. With his knowledge of communism after living in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics for five years, he started writing a political satire of the possible condition of Britain in 50 years. It is still debated today whether he wrote it in 1934 or 1948. Most people believe the date is 1948. The book mainly satires communism with a dystopian society. Although Orwell agreed with socialism, he hated communism.
Ending.
At the end of "Nineteen-Eighty Four," Winston is taken to the "Ministry of Love".This is the prison of Oceania. While he is there, he is tortured and constantly watched by four telescreens, which he can't escape from. The only place he is safe is in his own mind. Soon he loses control over it as well. At the start he thought that O'Brien was an ally (friend) against the Party.This is not true because O'Brien is his questioner. He thinks O'Brien betrayed him. So that he is not executed, Winston must answer many questions. He also worried about the bond (agreement) of love he made with Julia. He is not sure if she betrayed him or not. In the end, Winston is faced with his worst fear: a cage filled with rats, which can eat his face. He then breaks down (stops fighting). He dies as only another member of the Party.
Details of the Endless War.
Big Brother (We don't know the names of the other leaders)
Newspeak.
Newspeak is a fictional (not real) language that appears in the book "Nineteen Eighty-Four". It is the official language of Oceania. At the end of his book, George Orwell described Newspeak. It started out as the English language, but the number of words gets smaller each year. The Party are trying to stop people from rebelling, so it destroys words like "freedom" and "love", saying that people can not think of it if there is no word for it. In the society, this is supposed to prevent thoughtcrime, which is thinking against the Party, or thinking about the past. For example, a person couldn't say "I want to be free", because there was no word for "free" any more, so the person could not describe what he or she was feeling. At the time, it was supposed to make fun of politically correct speech, and "thoughtcrime" made fun of censorship. "Newspeak" is also used for military reasons, such as Oceania's Ministry of Peace (in Newspeak: "Minipax"), really the war department. Words like "Peace", "Truth", "Love", and "Plenty" were used in Newspeak a lot to mean their exact opposites. Another "Newspeak" word, "joycamp", means "forced labor camp". Other "Newspeak" words were used for political reasons. Words like "crimethink" were defined by the "Party", and became laws of the land.

Grover Cleveland
Stephen Grover Cleveland (born March 18, 1837 died June 24, 1908) was the 22nd (1885–1889) and also the 24th (1893–1897) President of the United States. He was the only president to serve two terms that weren't one and then the other.

Bassist
A bassist is a musician whose musical instrument is a bass guitar or a double bass. In rock, pop, country, metal, jazz fusion, and funk music, most bassists play a bass guitar. In some types of jazz, and in rockabilly, bluegrass, and in symphony orchestras, bassists play a double bass.
Training.
Many professional rock, pop, country, metal, and funk, rockabilly, and bluegrass, bassists learn to play by performing in groups for many years and by taking private lessons with bass teachers.
Bassists who play in symphony orchestras, or who play jazz or jazz fusion often learn to play the bass in a conservatory, music school, college, or university. College or university degrees in double bass include the Bachelor of Music degree (which takes four years) and the Master of Music degree (which takes two years).
Bass players are fewer than traditional guitar and some believe it's harder to play, although a bass has fewer strings
Income.
Bassists, like other musicians, have a much lower average income than many other job categories, such as accountants or administrators. Although a tiny number of famous bassists make a large amount of money, and a small number of bassists have full-time jobs in bands or orchestras, most bassists have low incomes. Many bassists do not earn enough from playing, so they do other music-related jobs, such as teaching bass.

Fascism
Fascism is a kind of right-wing government. In fascism, the country is considered more important than any one person. A country under this kind of government is usually run by a person called a dictator, who has the right of total control over the government and people. Even though most fascists would agree in theory that the country is the most important thing, fascists in real life act like the things that the dictator wants are more important than anything else in the country or even human life.
Fascism appeared in Europe before World War II because many people were afraid of communism and they thought that democracy was too weak to defend them. Fascism was supposed to be the answer for that need.
Fascist governments are different from communist ones in that fascists do not want to take over land and factories to own them, but rather merely want to control them closely. Instead, they usually work closely with people who already manage these things but use the resources to build up the army or other parts of the fascist state. Also the state takes over (confiscates) any financial profits the land and factories produce. It is very important to fascists that all schools in the country teach children that the dictator is the most important person in the world. All adults are expected to either join the fascist party or support it as the government.
It is always a big crime in fascist countries to speak against the leader or ruling party. Fascist leaders almost always give themselves a high military rank (even if they have not earned it), or appear in public in an army or navy uniform, because fascist countries consider the army the most important part of the government.
The first fascist government was run by Benito Mussolini in Italy from 1922 until 1943. The governments of Engelbert Dollfuss in Austria and Adolf Hitler in Germany are also referred to as fascist, but this is not completely accurate.
Other examples are Imperial Japan under Hideki Tojo, Greece under Joannis Metaxas, Spain under the rule of Francisco Franco, and Portugal when António de Oliveira Salazar was the head of the goverrnment. All of these governments were much like Italian fascism.
Fascism is named after the fasces, which is an old Roman Empire name for a group of sticks tied together. It is easy to break one stick in half. It is very hard to break many sticks tied together in half. Fascists think that everyone following the same leader makes the country strong the same way the sticks are. In real life, fascist governments did not last for a long time, either because people got tired of being oppressed and had a revolution or the fascist party provoked a war with other countries that they then lost. Both things happened at the same time in Italy in 1943.
In countries led by fascist governments, the government tried to control all areas of life, including work, school, and family life. Fascist ideas were most common around the time of World War II. Many people were killed by fascist governments because the government did not like them or because they opposed fascism. Even more were killed in wars started by fascist governments. But the fascist governments of Portugal and Spain did not take part in World War II, and stayed in power until the 1970s.

Erection
An erection () of a body part such as a man's penis, a woman's clitoris or a nipple refers to it becoming larger and harder. This article is about erections in the human body.
The term "erection" is most often used to refer to an erection of the penis. A man's penis needs to be erect in order for him to take part in sexual intercourse and to ejaculate semen. For an erection to take place, a man must be sexually aroused or stimulated (made sexually excited). This can happen if he is touched sexually, or even if he is not touched – for example, if he sees a naked person or thinks about having sex with someone else. Tissues in the penis called the corpus spongiosum penis and corpora cavernosa penis fill with blood, causing the penis to become longer, thicker, harder and to stand upright. A man's erection usually stops if he is no longer sexually aroused, or after he has had an orgasm and has ejaculated. Blood flows out of the corpus spongiosum and corpora cavernosa penis, and the penis goes back to its normal size. A man who often has problems having or keeping an erection of his penis is said to have erectile dysfunction (ED). On the other hand, an erection that lasts too long is also a dangerous condition called priapism.
Erect penises have appeared in erotic (sexually exciting) art for a very long time. Pictures of men with erections appear on ancient objects and in paintings. In the past, the erect penis was also a symbol or sign of health and fertility (the ability to give life). Ancient Egyptians, Greeks and Romans believed in gods that had erect penises. Today, erect penises do not often appear in artworks or movies because many people think that showing a man's penis when it is erect is obscene (not decent). Men with larger penises are often thought to be more handsome, manly and powerful. A lot of people also believe that men with bigger penises are better at making their partners feel good when they are having sex. However, this is not always true.
Like a man's penis, a woman's clitoris can also become erect. This happens in the same way as an erection of the penis. The clitoris also has a corpus spongiosum and corpus cavernosum, and when a woman is sexually excited these parts of the clitoris fill with blood. This causes the clitoris and other parts of the woman's sex organs to become larger, harder, redder in colour, and very sensitive to being touched. An erection of the clitoris that does not go away after a long time is a medical problem called clitorism.
The nipples of men and women can also become erect. Women's nipples become erect when they are breastfeeding (giving milk to their babies from their breasts). Men and women may also have an erection of their nipples when they are sexually excited, or if they feel cold. Nipples do not have any tissue in them that fills with blood. Instead, the body's nervous system makes muscles in the nipples contract (become shorter), causing them to stand up and become slightly harder.
An erection can also mean something that has been constructed or put up, such as a building, monument or statue.
Penis.
The term "erection" is most often used to refer to an erection of the penis. A man's penis is usually soft, quite short and hangs down. When the penis is like this, it is said to be "flaccid" (). In order for the man to take part in sexual intercourse by putting his penis inside a woman's vagina, his penis needs to become longer, thicker, harder and to stand upright. When this happens, it is said that the penis is erect, or that the man has an erection. The penis needs to be erect before the man can have an orgasm and ejaculate semen.
The scientific name for an erection is "tumescence" (which means "swelling"). Some slang terms for having an erection are "getting hard", "getting wood" and "having a hard-on", and an erect penis is informally called a "boner", "hard-on", "stiffy", "wood" or "woody".
How it happens.
The penis is shaped like a banana or sausage. It has a duct or tube called the urethra running right through it. Semen and urine pass along the urethra to get out of the body. Around the whole urethra is tissue called the corpus spongiosum penis (which is Latin for "body of the penis that is like a sponge"). It is near the lower surface of the penis. Also inside the penis near its upper surface are two cylindrical tissues called the corpora cavernosa penis (Latin for "bodies of the penis that are like caves"). (One of these tissues by itself is called a corpus cavernosum.) The corpus spongiosum penis and corpora cavernosa penis are filled with many blood vessels called arteries which carry blood.
When a man is sexually aroused or stimulated (made sexually excited) by touch – for example, if he masturbates or another person touches him in a sexual way – the touching is picked up by nerves in the arteries of the corpus spongiosum penis and corpora cavernosa penis. The nerves then cause a chemical called nitric oxide to be released into the arteries. This makes the arteries dilate (become wider), and they fill up with blood. Thus, the corpus spongiosum penis and corpora cavernosa penis all fill with blood and become larger and harder. This makes the penis grow longer, thicker and harder. The corpora cavernosa penis press against blood vessels called veins that let blood flow out of the penis. Since less blood can flow out of the penis through the veins, more of it stays in the penis, which remains hard. During an erection, a valve stops urine from entering the urethra so that only semen flows along it. This is why it is very difficult for a man to urinate when he is having an erection.
A man can also become sexually aroused without being touched, for example, if he sees a naked person or thinks about having sex with someone. In this case, his brain sends messages through his spinal cord (which is inside his vertebral column or backbone) to his penis and makes an erection happen. The brain can also stop an erection from happening, even if the man is being touched sexually.
An erection of the penis can also happen by itself when a man is asleep, often when he is dreaming. The scientific term for this is "nocturnal penile tumescence" (which means "swelling of the penis at night"). It is also common for a man to wake up after a night's sleep to find that he has an erection. This is often caused by his bladder being full of urine, which presses on the tissues in the penis. Such an erection is sometimes informally called a "morning glory" or "morning wood".
After a man has had an orgasm and has ejaculated, his erection usually ends. How long this takes depends on the length and thickness of his penis. A man can also stop having an erection without having an orgasm and ejaculating, if he is no longer sexually aroused. Nerves in his body cause the arteries in the penis to constrict (become narrower). This forces blood out of the corpus spongiosum penis and corpora cavernosa penis. As they go back to their normal size, they do not press so much on the veins leading out of the penis. This lets blood flow faster out of the corpus spongiosum penis and corpora cavernosa penis. The scientific term for this process is "detumescence".
Shape and size.
The angle that an erect penis makes varies from one man to another. If it is imagined that a man is standing upright and there is a horizontal line stretching out from the base of his penis, most men's erect penises point upwards from the line at a certain angle (as shown in the photograph on the left). However, it is common and normal for an erect penis to point nearly vertically upwards, nearly vertically downwards, or even horizontally forward. The angle depends on how long a man's suspensory ligament is. The suspensory ligament is a band of tough, stringy tissue that joins a man's penis to the front of his pelvis.
Few men's penises are completely straight when they are erect. It is common for an erect penis to have a slight curve in it. The curve can be up or down, or to the left or right. A curve of up to 30° is considered normal, and medical treatment is usually not needed unless the angle of curvature is more than 45°. A curved penis does not usually cause a man any problems when he is having sex. However, if the curvature of a penis changes, this could be caused by an illness called Peyronie's disease (see below).
A survey of 300 men over the age of 18 carried out between 11 March and 17 March 2001 in Cancún, Mexico, found that among those men the average erect human penis was about 14.928 centimetres (5.877 inches) long, and that most of them had an erect penis length of between 14 and 16 centimetres (5.5 and 6.3 inches). The typical girth or circumference (the length around the outside of the penis) was about 12.63 centimetres (4.972 inches), and most erect penises had a girth of between 12 and 13 centimetres (4.7 and 5.1 inches). As this survey was only done in one city, its findings may not apply to men from other countries.
The size of an erect penis generally does not change after puberty, the time when a boy becomes sexually mature. Some people have surgery to make their penises larger. However, a study that came out in 2006 found that only 35% of men who had gone for such surgery were happy with the results.
Difficulty having an erection.
A man who often has problems having or keeping an erection of his penis is said to have erectile dysfunction. Erectile dysfunction is also known as ED, impotence or male impotence. The study of erectile dysfunction comes within andrology, the field of science dealing with men's health.
ED is not uncommon. For example, about 10% of all men in the United Kingdom will have ED happening to them regularly at some time in their lives. It can be due to both physiological and psychological reasons. Physiological reasons are those dealing with how the body works. Psychological reasons are those involving human behaviour and how people think.
Having erections is seen by many people as a very important part of being a man. Therefore, a man who has ED often feels that he is not manly enough and not successful in life. This can lead to him feeling ashamed and not as good as other men. The matter is made worse because men often do not like talking about their personal problems with other people, so they keep their unhappy feelings to themselves. However, talking to a doctor or psychiatrist (a doctor who knows a lot about mental problems) is helpful, as he or she may be able to suggest ways of dealing with the problem.
Erection lasting too long.
If a man's erection lasts for more than four hours even though he is no longer sexually excited, this is a medical problem called priapism (). The condition is named after the Greek god Priapus, whose penis was believed to always be erect (see below). Priapism is painful, and is a medical emergency because the blood stuck in the penis can become thick and form clots. This can damage the blood vessels of the penis and lead to erectile dysfunction (ED). In serious cases the tissues of the penis can die, and the penis may have to be amputated (cut off) so that the tissue death does not spread to the rest of the body.
It is not really known what causes priapism. Men who suffer from priapism sometimes have blood diseases like leukemia (a type of cancer of the blood; in the United Kingdom and some other countries it is spelled "leukaemia") or sickle-cell disease (which makes the blood cells crescent-shaped). Problems with the nervous system such as injury to the spinal cord or abnormal growths on it can also lead to priapism. Certain medicines can make priapism happen, including some used to treat ED such as alprostadil. A 2008 study suggests that too much of the chemical adenosine in the body may cause priapism since it makes blood vessels widen which lets more blood flow into the penis.
When a man with priapism is brought to the emergency department of a hospital, a doctor will usually try to remove blood from the corpora cavernosa penis by aspirating it (sucking it out) using a syringe. If this is not enough, a chemical called phenylephrine may be injected into the penis to try and make the blood vessels become narrower. If this also does not work, the doctor will make a shunt (a hole or passage) between the corpora cavernosa penis and corpus spongiosum penis. This allows blood to flow away from the corpora cavernosa penis into the corpus spongiosum penis. For men who have priapism again and again, it has been found that medicines such as sildenafil (Viagra) and tadalafil (Cialis) may help.
Symbol of sex and fertility.
When an erect penis is shown in art, it is often called a phallus (). Erotic (sexually exciting) art has shown phalluses for a very long time. Pictures of men with erections appear on ancient objects and in paintings.
The erect penis was also a symbol or sign of health and fertility (the ability to give life). The Hohle Fels phallus was found in a cave in Germany. It is a piece of stone carved to look like a penis that archaeologists believe is about 28,000 years old. (Archaeologists are scientists who study the past by looking for things that people have left behind.) From the fourth millennium B.C. (4000–3001 B.C.), Ancient Egyptians worshipped Min as the god of reproduction and the maker of all things. Min was shown in statues and on wall carvings as having an erect penis.
The Ancient Greeks believed in a god called Priapus who had a very large penis that was always erect. He was thought to protect livestock (animals kept by humans for food, milk, leather or wool), fruit plants and gardens, and men's sex organs. He was also seen as able to chase away evil, and as a protector of sailors, fishermen and others needing good luck. The oldest piece of writing about Priapus that is known is a comedy (a funny or silly play) written some time in the fourth century B.C. (400–301 B.C.). In Greek mythology, Priapus tried to attack a nymph (a female spirit) named Lotis who was sleeping so he could force her to have sex. However, a donkey brayed – it gave a loud cry. This made him lose his erection, and also woke Lotis up. To save Lotis, the gods turned her into a lotus plant. In the end, Priapus's lust – his strong desire to have sex – made him have an erection all the time, and his penis grew so large that he could not move. Priapus was first worshipped by Greek people living in a place called Lampsacus in Asia Minor. During the third century B.C. (300–201 B.C.), the practice spread to Greece itself and later to Italy. Although some temples were built for people to pray to Priapus, he was mostly worshipped in people's homes or gardens. Donkeys would sometimes be killed and offered to him, but gifts of fish, flowers, fruit and vegetables were also very common. Statues of Priapus were often placed at doorways and crossroads (places where two roads crossed). To make Priapus happy, people passing by would stroke the statue's penis.
Long after the Roman Empire ended and many people became Christian, Priapus was still seen as a symbol of health and fertility. A 13th-century book called the "Lanercost Chronicle", which is a history of northern England and Scotland, talks about someone putting up a statue of Priapus to try and stop a disease from spreading among cattle. In the 1980s, a man called D.F. Cassidy started the St. Priapus Church in the United States for the worship of the phallus.
Some Native Americans in the Southwestern United States believe in a fertility god called Kokopelli who is in charge of childbirth and agriculture (the growing of plants and animals for food and other uses). He also plays tricks and is a symbol for the spirit of music. Kokopelli is sometimes shown as a man playing a flute with a humpback (a back that is bent forwards), things like feathers sticking out from his head, and a very big penis.
Modern views.
Today, phalluses do not often appear in artworks or movies (except in pornographic movies which show people having sex with each other). This is because many people think that showing a man's penis when it is erect is obscene (not decent).
Men with larger penises are commonly thought to be more handsome, manly and powerful. In 2006, it was reported that an Internet survey of 52,031 heterosexual (straight) men and women showed that men who thought that their penises were larger than the average size believed they were more good-looking. Of the men, 55% of them were happy with their penis size, but 45% wanted to be larger. Only 0.2% wanted a smaller penis. On the other hand, 85% of women were happy with how big their partner's penis was. Another study that also came out in 2006 in the Netherlands found that out of 251 homosexual (gay) men who were asked, most felt it was better to have a large penis, and those who thought they had one were happy about their bodies. However, just because a man has a large penis does not always mean he is sexier or stronger than other men, even though many people think this.
A lot of people also believe that men with bigger penises are better at making their partners feel good when they are having sex. For heterosexual men, this is because it is thought that when the penis can go further into the vagina, this helps the woman have a better orgasm. Scientists are not sure whether this is true or not. Some research shows that the most sensitive area of the female sex organs includes the vulva, clitoris and the part of the vagina nearest the outside of a woman's body. There are also parts of the clitoris inside the vulva and vagina. Therefore, most men's penises are long enough to make their partners feel good during sex. Also, some studies say it is not how long but how thick a penis is that decides how well it excites a woman sexually.
However, other research seems to say that a long penis that touches and sexually excites the fornix, which is the deepest part of the vagina near the cervix (the opening of the uterus into the vagina), helps a woman to have an orgasm. A study from the Netherlands of 375 women came out in 2002. This study said that although 77% of the women felt that the length of a man's penis was not important to them, quite a large number – 21% – felt it was important.
Clitoris.
The clitoris () is part of a woman's sex organs. It makes a woman's orgasms happen, which gives her very good sexual feelings. Like a man's penis, a woman's clitoris also becomes bigger and harder when she is sexually excited. However, because the clitoris is much smaller than the penis, and most of the clitoris is inside the woman's body and cannot be seen from the outside, a clitoral erection cannot be seen as well as an erection of the penis.
An erection of the clitoris happens in the same way as an erection of the penis. The clitoris has a corpus cavernosum similar to the penis. However, instead of the corpus spongiosum it has two vestibular bulbs. When a woman is sexually excited, the corpus cavernosum and vestibular bulbs fill with blood. This causes the clitoris and other parts of the woman's sex organs to become larger, harder, and redder in colour. When this happens, they become very sensitive to being touched.
If an erection of the clitoris does not go away after a long time, even though the woman is not being made sexually excited any more, this is a medical problem called clitorism. Like priapism which can affect a man's penis, it is painful. A woman who thinks she may have clitorism should see a doctor.
Nipples.
The nipples of men and women can also become erect. Women's nipples become erect when they are breastfeeding (giving milk to their babies from their breasts). Men and women may also have an erection of their nipples when they are sexually excited. This is caused by the release of a hormone called oxytocin in the body. Nipples can also become erect when a person feels cold.
Unlike the penis and clitoris, nipples do not have any tissue in them that fills with blood. Instead, the body's nervous system makes muscles in the nipples contract (become shorter), causing them to stand up and become slightly harder.

Methamphetamine
Methamphetamine (also called methylamphetamine, or desoxyephedrine, often referred to as Crystal Meth) is a drug created by humans in laboratories. It is a stimulant. Many people use it illegally, but it can be used legally to treat narcolepsy or Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). When people take crystal meth, it creates a strong feeling of euphoria (happiness) and energy. Crystal meth is very addictive. This means that when people start taking the drug, they will want to keep taking more, even if it is making them sick. Crystal meth users often begin to lose weight because of the loss of appetite (wanting to eat) that occurs.
Using/Effects.
Crystal meth can be snorted, smoked, injected, or eaten.
Snorting.
With the "snorting" method, the crystal meth crystals are ground up and made into little lines (also called Rails) and inhaled through the nose with rolled up paper, rolled up dollar bills or an empty plastic pen tube.
It takes effect faster than eating it. However, it can be damaging to the inside of the nose. The effect takes longer than smoking or injecting, and there is not as strong of a "rush" (happy feeling). As well, if people share the same snorting tube or rolled-up paper, they can get infections. It also may be injected through the butt hole.
Smoking.
The crystals are placed into a pipe (called a speed pipe) or a hollowed out lightbulb and warmed up from underneath by a flame (lighter, matches etc.). The Crystal Meth is not actually "smoked" this way, but heated up until it melts. When it melts it turns into a gas that is then sucked into the user's lungs and held in. Smoking gives the fastest onset of the "happy feeling" and the strongest "happy" feeling. However, the vapor (gas) can damage the lungs, and smoking is more addictive than snorting or eating.
Injecting.
The crystal meth can be mixed with water and warmed up, then put into a needle and injected. Injecting gives the fastest onset of the "happy feeling" and the strongest "happy" feeling. However, it can damage the body, it is very addictive, and people can get infections from dirty needles.
Eating.
If the crystal meth is eaten, it gets absorbed into the body from the digestive system (stomach, intestines). This is the safest way to take meth, and gives the longest lasting "high". However, it takes a longer time for the person to get a "high", and there is not a strong "high" feeling.
Dangers of using crystal meth.
If people use crystal meth, they may take too much and get sick or even die. This is called an "overdose" (taking too much). As well, when people take crystal meth, they get intoxicated (like being drunk on alcohol) and some people become aggressive. When a person is intoxicated, they can get hurt if they drive a car or a boat. As well, when a person is intoxicated, they may do dangerous things, such as have unsafe sex with a person that they do not know, or get into a violent fight with a person.
Crystal Meth is a very addictive drug. This means that if a person starts taking the drug, they will want to keep taking it, and it will be hard to stop, even if the drug is making a person sick (ill). When a person is addicted to a drug, they do bad or criminal acts to get money for more drugs, such as crimes (for example theft, robbery, fraud, or prostitution).
Another danger from using crystal meth is infection with dangerous diseases such as AIDS or Hepatitis C. When a person is taking crystal meth, a person can get an AIDS or Hepatitis C infection from another person if they are sharing the same pipe, pen tube, or syringe (needle). As well, if a person is "high" on crystal meth, they could get an AIDS or Hepatitis C infection from having unsafe sex with a person that they do not know.

Mother
Mother is a female parent. The mother and father are parents. A mother gives birth to the child.

Caribbean
The Caribbean or Caribbean Area (Dutch: "Cariben" or "Caraiben", French: "Caraïbe" or more commonly "Antilles"; Spanish: "Caribe") is a region of the Americas. It includes the Caribbean Sea, its islands (more than 7,000 islands, small islands and cays, most of them surrounding the sea), and the coasts of north South America and east Central America.
The Caribbean is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to its east and north, the coast of South America to its south, the coast of Central America to its southwest, and by the Gulf of Mexico to its northwest.
The West Indies is the name for the group of the islands of the Bahamas and the "Antilles". The Antilles are divided into two groups: the larger "Greater Antilles", on the north limit of the Caribbean Sea, and the "Lesser Antilles", on the east and south.
The name Caribbean comes from "Carib", indigenous people living in the Lesser Antilles and north South America when the Europeans came to the Americas.
Famous islands in the Caribbean include Cuba, Jamaica, Puerto Rico and Hispaniola. The countries of Dominican Republic, and Haiti are on Hispaniola.
There is also a lot of white sandy beaches and hot sun here.
The 18th century saw many countries trying to colonise the islands. Because of this, Caribbean culture is very similar to those of Africa, India, and many countries in Europe.
The Caribbean islands have many different types of land. Because of this, the islands have many different kinds of plants and animals, even rare ones.

Caribbean Sea
The Caribbean Sea is a tropical sea in the center of the Caribbean area. The body of water is part of the Atlantic Ocean. The sea is southeast of the Gulf of Mexico. The Caribbean Sea has hurricanes.

Gibraltar
Gibraltar is an Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom. This means it shares the British King or Queen and has the protection of the British military. It lies in southwest Europe on the Mediterranean Sea. It has a population of about 28,000 people, who are called Gibraltarians.
Gibraltar has always been important as a military base because this is where the Mediterranean Sea narrows to only 14 kilometres (9 miles) at the Strait of Gibraltar. This meant that whichever country controlled Gibraltar could see all ships that came into the Mediterranean Sea.
Gibraltar is most famous for the "The Rock of Gibraltar", a 426 m high limestone rock rising out of the sea. The rock can be seen for many miles. It is home to the "Barbary Apes", a type of tail-less monkey which are the only wild monkey in Europe.
History.
Gibraltar belonged to Spain between the years 1501 and 1704, and was captured by a group of Dutch and British marines during the War of the Spanish Succession (1704). In 1713, Spain signed papers called the "Treaty of Utrecht". These papers said Gibraltar would be British permanently. However, according to this treaty, if the Crown of Great Britain ever wants to leave the territory, the Crown of Spain will have a prior position in order to claim the sovereignty.
Gibraltar was very important in World War II. Since it was in such a good position, it was the perfect place for the British. In World War II the people were taken to different parts of the world like Jamaica so they could be protected from the war and also leave the Rock for the soldiers. The Rock of Gibraltar was used by these soldiers, and long tunnels were made inside it. These tunnels even had a hospital and living areas for the soldiers.
Since 1704 when Spain lost Gibraltar, Spain began trying to get it back. They besieged the Rock several times in the 18th century.
However, since the 1950s, Spain has tried get Gibraltar by diplomacy (international relations) by putting different kinds of pressure and restrictions on the people of Gibraltar.
In 1969 Britain gave Gibraltar a new constitution. This meant that it gave the people of Gibraltar a large amount of self-government. This Constitution is not recognised by Spain, nor is the Government of Gibraltar (the territory's elected representatives and the people's wishes).
In 2002 the people of Gibraltar were asked to vote whether they wanted Spain to share Gibraltar with the United Kingdom; almost everyone voted and 98.97% said they did not.

Windows 2000
Windows 2000 (also known as Win2K, W2K or Windows NT 5.0) is an operating system that was designed to work with computers that have either single or multiple processors. It was designed for 32-bit Intel x86 computers. It is part of the Microsoft Windows NT line of operating systems and was released on February 17, 2000. Windows 2000 comes in four versions: Professional, Server, Advanced Server, and Datacenter Server. Additionally, Microsoft offers Windows 2000 Advanced Server - Limited Edition and Datacenter Server - Limited Edition, which were released in 2001 and runs on 64-bit Intel Itanium microprocessors. Windows 2000 is made up of two modes of operation: user mode and kernel mode. The kernel mode provides unrestricted access to system resources and is used by the user mode, which is heavily restricted and is designed for most software applications.
All versions of Windows 2000 have things in common, including many system utilities such as the Microsoft Management Console (MMC) and standard system management applications such as a disk defragmentation utility. There is lots of support for different languages and for people with disabilities. Windows 2000 supports the Windows NT filesystem NTFS 5, the Encrypted File System (EFS), as well as basic and dynamic disk storage. Dynamic disk storage allows different types of volumes to be used (a volume is an area of storage on a hard disk that has been formatted with its own file system structure). The Windows 2000 Server version has many more features, including the ability to provide Active Directory services (a way of organising resources such as printers, users and group), a distributed file system (a file system that supports sharing of files) and fault-redundant storage volumes.
Windows 2000 can be installed and deployed to an enterprise through either an attended or unattended installation. Unattended installations rely on the use of answer files to fill in installation information, and can be performed through a bootable CD using Microsoft Systems Management Server (SMS), by the System Preparation Tool (Sysprep).
History.
Windows 2000 was created from the Microsoft Windows NT operating system versions. It was originally called Windows NT 5 but Microsoft changed the name to Windows 2000 on October 27th, 1998. It was also the first Windows version that was released without a code name. The first software test version (also known as a beta version) for Windows 2000 was released on September 27, 1997. Several more test versions were released until Beta 3, which was released on April 29, 1999. Microsoft further issued three more test versions from between July to November 1999. They then finally released Windows 2000 to partners on December 12, 1999. The public received the full version of Windows 2000 on February 17, 2000 and the press immediately called it the most stable operating system Microsoft had ever released. Novell (a competitor of Microsoft) did not think that Microsoft's new directory service product (part of Windows 2000) was as good as their own Novell Directory Services (NDS) technology. On September 29, 2000, Microsoft released Windows 2000 Datacenter. Microsoft released Service Pack 1 (SP1) on August 15, 2000, Service Pack 2 (SP2) on May 16, 2001, Service Pack 3 (SP3) on August 29, 2002 and its last Service Pack (SP4) on June 26, 2003. Microsoft has said that they will not release a Service Pack 5, but instead, have offered an "Update Rollup" for Service Pack 4. Microsoft stopped developing their Java Virtual Machine (JVM) for Windows 2000 in Service Pack 3.
Microsoft has replaced Windows 2000 Server products with Windows Server 2003, and Windows 2000 Professional with Windows XP Professional. Windows Neptune started development in 1999, and was supposed to be the home-user edition of Windows 2000. However, the project took a long time to create and only one pre-test (alpha version) release was created. Windows Me was released instead and the Neptune project was incorporated into the development of Windows XP. The only elements of the Windows project which were included in Windows 2000 were the ability to upgrade from Windows 95 or Windows 98, and support for the FAT32 file system.
Several notable security flaws have been found in Windows 2000. Code Red and Code Red II were famous computer worms that used problems with indexing service of Windows 2000's Internet Information Services (IIS) to caused a security problem. In August 2003, two major worms named the Sobig worm and the Blaster worm began to attack millions of Microsoft Windows computers and caused many problems for system administrators and computer operators who used Windows 2000. This was very embarrassing for Microsoft, and caused many corporations and governments to look carefully at Microsoft's security problems.

Junior Certificate
The Junior Certificate is earned by passing a required exam that takes place in secondary schools in the Republic of Ireland.
The exams take place every June, with English always the first exam. For example, the English exam took place on June 8 this year (2005). Exams usually end with the subjects that the fewest people take. For example, Italian took place on June 24 this year (2005).
Three exams must be passed in order to receive a certificate: They are English, Mathematics, and Irish. If a student hasn't lived in Ireland for at least seven years before the exam, he is not required to sit for the Irish exam. A student may then take 3-6 other subjects to get his certifcate.
The results of the exams are given in mid-September.

Leaving Certificate
The Leaving Certificate is the final exam taken place in the Republic of Ireland secondary school education system. To do the leaving cert, the Junior Certificate exams need to be done first.
As the Junior Certificate, Maths, English, and Irish (That is, if Irish was done for the Junior Cert) are compulsory. For the Leaving Cert, at least six subjects need to be done. Any exam may be done either in a Higher or Ordinary level. Irish and Mathematics offer a 'Foundation' level. Foundation level is where the exams just asks about the most basic teaching on the course, for those who have a hard time doing that particular subject.
The results are given out in the middle of August. A leaving certificate is required in order to go on to college or university.

Empire
An empire is a set of lands or regions that are ruled by an emperor. Usually the emperor will have governors, viceroys or client kings who each rule one land or region. An empire will usually also have many different cultures.
Well-known empires include the Roman Empire, the Russian Empire, the Ottoman Empire, and the British Empire.

Bus
A bus is a large wheeled vehicle meant to carry many different persons along with the driver. The name is a shortened version of omnibus, which means "for everyone" in Latin. Buses used to be called omnibuses, but people now simply call them "buses".
A place on a sidewalk where people wait for a local bus is called a "bus stop". A building where people wait for a long-distance bus is called a "bus station".

Writer
A writer can mean anyone who makes a written work or a writing, but the word more usually means people who write creatively or as a job, or those who have written in many different forms. Skilled writers demonstrate skills in using language to portray certain ideas and images, whether in fiction or non-fiction.
Types of writing.
This list is only a few examples of the many types of writing there are.

Inventor
An inventor is a person who creates new inventions, mostly new products that can be electrical, mechanical, or software. Someone that invents new ideas or methods on how to do things may also be called an inventor.
Many inventors make small changes to old inventions. For example, people have invented new ways to make clocks over history. Early clocks were sundials, later clocks used water. Later still, clocks used falling weights with escapements, devices like pendulums to stop the weight falling too fast. Modern clocks are often electronic.
Important Inventors.
Thomas Edison, inventor of the phonograph and many other things.
Guglielmo Marconi, inventor of radio communication.
Samuel Colt, inventor of the revolver, a repeating gun.
Karl Drais, inventor of the Laufmaschine ("running machine") the first bicycle.
Alessandro Volta, inventor of the battery.

Bear
"For other uses of the word "bear" please see Bear (disambiguation)"
Bears are a group of large mammals. They form the family Ursidae, in the suborder Caniformia of the order Carnivora. There are 8 living bear species.
Appearance.
Bears usually have a big body with short and thick legs. They only have a very short tail. They have small eyes and round ears. They usually have longer, shaggy fur. On each foot they have five claws, which they cannot pull back. They have very good senses of smell and hearing. They can stand up on their back legs. Usually bears can climb and swim very well.
Life.
They are mostly active at night (except for the Polar Bear). Some bears hibernate, that means they sleep during the winter to save energy.
Bears are usually omnivorous. They eat plants and meat. They eat berries, grass and fish. An exception is the Polar Bear, which eats mostly meat.

Meteorology
Meteorology is the scientific study of the atmosphere (the Earth's air) that focuses on how weather works and forecasting the weather.

Technology
Technology deals with the knowledge of human tools and crafts.
" Technology" is simply the application of knowledge.
Humans from around the world find different ways to increase the efficenticy of different technology functions.

Seven Wonders of the World
The Seven Wonders of the World (or the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World) is a widely-known list of seven great buildings or structures from the classical time period.
Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.
Out of those structures only the Great Pyramid still exists in the 21st century. Most of the wonders were built by the Greeks.
Seven Wonders of the Modern World.
The Seven Wonders of the Modern World were decided by the American Society of Civil Engineers.
Seven Natural Wonders of the World.
Similar to the other lists of wonders, there is no single list of seven natural wonders of the world, as there has been arguments over how large the list should be. One of the many lists was compiled by CNN.

Illness
An illness (sometimes called ill-health or ail) is when a person has poor health.

Daughter
A daughter is the female child of a mother and father. The opposite of a daughter is a son. A daughter would be a sister, if she has siblings.
Daughter is also used informally to mean "junior". For example, in the Church of England, a parish with more than one church is sometimes said to have a mother church, which is the main parish church and a daughter church.

Son
A son is the male child of a mother and father. The opposite of a son is a daughter. If the child has siblings then the son is a brother.

Oliver Stone
William Oliver Stone (born September 15, 1946) is an American filmmaker.

Whale shark
Whale shark ("Rhincodon Typus") is the largest known fish.Whale sharks can be almost 15 meters long and weight 15 tons. They are not dangerous to people. They only eat plankton or very small fish because they have small teeth. Whale sharks swim very slowly.

Qatar
Qatar is a country in the Middle East. Its official name is the State of Qatar.
Geography.
Qatar is a peninsula (a strip of land sticking out into the sea). It is joined to Saudi Arabia to the south and all other sides of it are surrounded by the waters of the Persian Gulf.
Qatar is quite a small country and has an area of only 10,360 km². The peninsula is 160 km long.
The capital of Qatar is Doha.
People and culture.
People from Qatar are called Qataris. They are Arabs. The official language of Qatar is Arabic, but many people also speak English, especially when they are doing business.
About 885,000 people live in Qatar; however, about 80% of these are "guest workers" (people from another country who are living and working there for a short time).
Nearly all of Qatar's economy comes from producing petroleum and natural gas.
The currency of Qatar is called the Qatari Riyal.
Almost all Qataris follow the religion of Islam. The guest workers though have many religions as well as Islam.

Salt water
Salt water (or salt-water or saltwater) most often means the water from the seas and oceans. This type of water is also called sea water. Saltwater is the opposite of fresh water.
Salt water contains salt. People cannot drink salt water because the salt in the water will make them dehydrated - their bodies will lose more water than they drink, and they may become sick. However, many different types of fish, animals, and plants live in salt water. "Sea salt" is made by drying salt water.
Salt water used for making or preserving food is usually called brine.
When scientists measure salt in water, they usually say they are testing the salinity of the water.

Oceanography
Oceanography (also called oceanology or marine science) is the study of how the ocean works. A person who studies how the ocean works is called an oceanographer.

Diamanto Manolakou
Diamanto Manolakou, born on 1 March 1959, is a Greek politician and member of the European Parliament for the Communist Party of Greece; part of the European United Left–Nordic Green Left.

Fresh water
Fresh water (also freshwater or fresh-water) is water that does not have a lot of salt in it.
When people say "fresh water", they are most likely talking about water from the lakes, rivers, snow, and ice. It also can mean water that people can drink. Although to drink the water from the snow completely frozen first without a little melted is very bad for you. The oceans and seas are made up of salt water, which people cannot drink. However, people cannot drink all fresh water, because it might not be clean and might have bacteria inside it, which are little living things that can cause diseases. Fresh water that people can drink safely is called potable water.

Arthur C. Clarke
Sir Arthur Charles Clarke (born December 16, 1917; died Colombo 19 March, 2008) was a British author and inventor, most famous for his science fiction novel ', and for working with director Stanley Kubrick on the film of the same name. Clarke is considered one of the Big Three of science fiction, along with Robert A. Heinlein and Isaac Asimov.

Anthony Burgess
Anthony Burgess (1917-1993) was an Englishman who wrote many long stories, called novels.
One of these was named "A Clockwork Orange". It was about Evil. He had the idea for the story after a group of bad young men attacked and beat his dear wife for no reason.
Burgess also made songs and music. And he wrote a lot about writers he loved, such as James Joyce, a novelist, and Gerard Manley Hopkins, a poet.
Burgess was born in the city of Manchester, in the north of England. Before he became a writer, he was a soldier, then a teacher. When he was 37 years old, he left his home country to work in Malaysia and Brunei. Later, he lived in the USA, Italy, and France.
He was born very poor, the son of a man who made a meagre living out of selling cigarettes to workmen. But when Burgess died, he had grown rich. This was because he worked so hard at his art, which is the art of literature. He wrote at least 1,000 words every day of his life. But he always found time to be kind to other writers. He was friendly to the many people who came from afar to visit with him at his seaside home in Monaco.
The books by Burgess that people say they like the most are called "Earthly Powers", about the Pope; "Enderby", about a poet; and "Nothing Like the Sun", about William Shakespeare.

Rape
Rape is having sexual intercourse with a person who does not want to, or is unable to give their consent. The person who rapes is called the rapist. The rapist may use force, threats of violence, or drugs. Rape is a form of sexual assault. In most countries, rape (and other sexual assaults) is a crime punished harshly.
Medical emergency information.
According to the American College of Emergency Physicians (ACEP) in the United States, rape is a medical emergency. When a person is raped, it is important for them to get medical help quickly. Rape can cause dangerous injuries and diseases. There is also more evidence to help find the rapist if the person gets help very quickly. Many people say that people who are raped should see a doctor before they clean themselves, so they can get medical help more quickly and save the evidence. They should also tell the police.
Rape can cause physical injuries like bleeding in the vagina or rectum. There may be bleeding inside the body. Doctors can give a woman emergency contraception so she does not become pregnant because of the rape. Medicines can help prevent sexually transmitted diseases. Many emergency medical technicians, emergency room nurses, and doctors are trained to help people who have been raped. Some hospitals have "rape kits" that are used to save evidence after a rape.
Some people who are raped take medicine to prevent HIV. This medicine can help if the person starts taking it less than two days after the rape. Taking medicine to prevent HIV is not always necessary, because the chance of getting HIV is very small (between 0.1 and 0.3 percent). Taking medicine to stop HIV makes the chance even smaller, but some people who take the medicine still get HIV. Also, the medicines used to stop HIV make some people feel sick. These medicines are good for some people, but not everyone.

Emmet D. Boyle
Emmet Derby Boyle (July 26, 1879 - January 3, 1926) was a Governor of Nevada. He was a Democrat.
Boyle was born in Virginia City, Nevada in 1879. He was a mining engineer, and was the Governor between 1915 and 1923. He died in 1926 at the age of 46.

Carp
The Carp is a fish that lives in fresh water, such as rivers and lakes. In Europe and Asia carp are loved as a fishing and eating fish. However, carp are a really big problem in countries such as the U.S. and Australia. They cause the mud at the bottom of the river to move and in these countries people hate them.
Carp have been a source of food to humans, as well as popular ornamental fishes like the koi and goldfish.

Christopher Walken
Ronald Walken (born March 31, 1943), as an actor he is known as Christopher Walken, is an American movie, television, and theatre actor. He is best known for playing evil or mentally damaged characters. He has sometimes used that image for comedic effect. He was born in Queens, New York to a German father and Scottish-born mother. Walken has been married to casting director Georgianne Walken since 1969.
Walken is a skilled dancer who in many of his movies dances, because he requests it. He has been in nearly one hundred movies and television shows since 1953, including "The Dead Zone" (1983), "Brainstorm" (1983), "A View to a Kill" (1985), "Batman Returns" (1992) "True Romance" (1993), "Pulp Fiction" (1994), "Nick of Time" (1995), "Catch Me If You Can" (2002) and "Around the Bend" (2004). He was George Lucas' second choice for Han Solo after Harrison Ford.
He won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor in "The Deer Hunter" (1978) where he played a disturbed Vietnam veteran with Robert De Niro. He was nominated again in 2002 for "Catch Me if You Can".
Walken has been guest host on Saturday Night Live many times, and has played many well known characters on that show.

Gene Hackman
Eugene Alden Hackman (born 30 January, 1930) is an Oscar winning American actor. Hackman was born in San Bernardino, California. His parents divorced while he was a child, and he moved from one place to another until he settled finally in Danville, Illinois, where he lived with his English-born grandmother. At the age of 16 he left home to join the Marines, where he served 3 years as a radio operator. Having finished his service, he moved to New York, where he worked in several minor jobs. He then studied television production and journalism at the University of Illinois.
Already over 30 years old, Hackman decided to become an actor, and joined the Pasadena Playhouse in California. It was in that school that Hackman became friends with another person who wanted to be an actor named Dustin Hoffman.
After working hard in many roles he became a well-respected actor. He has won a few Academy Awards, and has played many well-known roles.

Brian Russell
Brian Russell is an American music producer. He is the former husband of musician Brenda Russell. He is currently married to Cheryl Ladd.

Cod
Cod is a fish that lives in the ocean. There are different types of cod. Cod is an important type of fish for professional fishing. It is also popular to eat, because it is mild in taste. The livers of cods are processed to get cod liver oil. Along with Haddock and Plaice, cod is a very common fish to use for Fish and Chips.
Cod has been traded about since the period of the Vikings.

U.S. 1st Infantry Division
The 1st Infantry Division of the United States Army—nicknamed the "Big Red One" after its shoulder patch—is the oldest division. Since the Division was made, it has served in almost all wars the American Army has been in. The division's official motto is "Duty First". Their unofficial motto is "No Mission Too Difficult, No Sacrifice Too Great".

William Garretson
William Garretson (born August 24, 1949 in Lancaster, Ohio) was the caretaker of the Polanski residence at the time of Sharon Tate's murder by the Charles Manson family. On the morning after the murders, he was arrested on charges of suspicion of murder, but was released shortly after. He was so devastated that it took him over twenty years to talk about that horrible day in 1969.

Charles Manson
Charles Milles Manson was the leader of a cult of people who murdered other people. This was in the late 1960s and early 1970s.
He was born on November 12, 1934. He is an American.
His cult was known as "The Family". The members were young men and women. He made them believe his end of the world vision. Even now, he controls some of the ex-members.
He planned and ordered the Family to commit several brutal murders. Most known is the murder by his followers on August 8, 1969 of movie actress Sharon Tate. She was expecting a baby, already seven/eight months. The same night they also murdered Steven Parent, a friend of the groundskeeper at the house; Jay Sebring, a hair stylist; Abigail Folger, an heiress and social worker; and Wojciech Frykowski; a Polish writer and actor.
The next night, Manson and some of his followers murdered Leno La Bianca, a grocery store owner and his wife Rosemary. Manson and his followers were arrested, for stealing cars, but soon they found out they were the ones who committed the murders.
Manson is now in jail for life in California. He and four Family members were sentenced to death, but the death penalty was abolished in California shortly after that. Because of his violent and crazy behavior, the chance is small that he will ever be free from prison.

Herring
A herring is a type of small fish. Best-known of this family is probably the Atlantic Herring.There are 15 different kinds of herring. When herrings move in the water they usually do this in large numbers; this is then called a schoal (like with other fish. They behave like this for protection.
Herrings can be eaten. Usual ways to make food from herring is to smoke or pickle it.
A red herring is used to describe a plot device in mystery fiction that leads the reader to a wrong solution.

Ray
A ray is a kind of sea creature.
The word "ray" is also used to mean a beam of light, especially from the Sun.

Tuna
Tuna, sometimes called tunafish, are several species (kinds) of fish. All of them live in the ocean. They are in the family Scombridae, mostly in the genus "Thunnus".
Tna are fast swimmers. People have seen tuna swim at up to 77km/h. Several species of tuna are warm-blooded. Most species of fish have white flesh. The flesh of the tuna is different. It is pink to dark red. This is because tuna muscle tissue contains greater quantities of myoglobin. Myoglobin is a molecule that binds oxygen. Some of the larger tuna species such as the Northern bluefin tuna can raise their blood temperature above the water temperature with muscular activity. This enables them to live in cooler waters and survive a wider range of circumstances.
Tuna as a commercial fish.
Tuna is an important commercial fish. Some varieties of tuna, such as the bluefin and bigeye tuna are threatened by overfishing, dramatically affecting tuna populations in the Atlantic and northwestern Pacific Oceans. Other populations seem to support fairly healthy fisheries (for example, the central and western Pacific skipjack tuna), but there is mounting evidence that overfishing threatens tuna fisheries world-wide.
Some fishermen in Australia now grow Southern bluefin tuna in fish farms. Fish farms are areas of water with nets around them, where farmers raise (keep and grow animals) fish. Some tuna farms are circular nets forty meters in diameter and twenty meters deep. The fishermen catch the tuna at sea, and then they keep the tuna in these farms. The tuna grow and get fatter for from three to six months. There are also tuna farms in the Mediterranean, North America, and Japan that raise Northern bluefin tuna. Some environmental groups say that tuna farms use too much fish as food for the tuna, and that the farms pollute the water (make the water dirty).
Who should not eat tuna.
Tuna are high up in the food chain. They eat animals that ate animals. Their diet leads to the accumulation of heavy metals in their flesh. Mercury levels can be relatively high in some of the larger species of tuna such as bluefin and albacore. As a result, in March 2004 the United States FDA issued guidelines recommending pregnant women, nursing mothers, and children to limit their intake of tuna and other types of predatory fish. However, most canned light tuna is skipjack tuna and is very low in mercury.
Sport fishermen like to catch tuna using rods and hooks.
See also.
"Tuna" is also a name for the sweet fruit of prickly pear cactuses in the genus "Opuntia".

Fishing hook
Fishing hook is a hook used to catch fish. There are many types of fishing hooks. Most have a sharp point which sticks into the fish when it is caught. There are lots of types of fishing hooks, and they all depend on how powerful they can hold the line and the size.
Size and Shape
Many hooks have different sizes for different fish.

Fishing rod
A fishing rod is a tool used for catching fish. This is the way people catch fish for fun or sport; commercial fishing is usually done using fishing nets.
A fishing rod is basically a line with bait on it, fixed on a pole. There is usually some way to make the line longer or shorter, and the pole it is fixed on can bend a little.

Mammalia (taxonomy)
"See Mammals for more info"

Nottuln
Nottuln is a village, 20 km of Münster, Germany.
History.
A church was founded in 860 by Ludger Liudger, as well as the first monastery in Westphalia.
After a big fire 1748 it was built up by Johann Conrad Schlaun.
The county of Nottuln is at the A43 and a railway.

Coesfeld
Coesfeld is a town in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany and the capital of the Coesfeld county.
Nepomucenum and St.-Pius-Gymnasium are highschools in Coesfeld.
History.
Coesfeld was founded by the holy Ludgerus. Coesfeld has been a town since 1197.

St.-Pius-Gymnasium
St.-Pius-Gymnasium is a catholic private highschool in Coesfeld near Münster in Germany. It is held by the diocese of Münster and named after Pope Pius X.. Until 1976 the school was a boarding school only for boys. Since then it has been a "Gymnasium". Today, there are 798 pupils.
There is a statue of Pius X on the school ground to express solidarity with the patron. The school has a chapel and a pastor. There is a modern, well-equipped assembly hall, too.
St.-Pius-Gymnasium is associated with the Lyceé Notre-Dame in Guingamp (France), offers trips to Poole (England) and tries to establish a partnership with a school in Orlando (Florida, USA).
In Advent, the school publishes a yearbook named "Piusbrief". Its pupil magazine "Fünf vor Acht" got multiple honours.
The whole school is a non-smoking area.

Cell membrane
The cell membrane is a thin flexible barrier around cells of organisms.
Function.
The cell membrane controls the chemicals entering and leaving the cell. It lets good chemicals come into the cell, and lets bad chemicals go out of it.
Structure.
The membrane is made up of a thin film called the lipid bilayer. The lipid bilayer is two lipid molecules with polar heads and nonpolar tails facing away from each other. This prevents large molecules from entering, but still allows the small molecule of water to enter. The cell membrane can also be thought of as a skin or a window screen.
It also has proteins around or inside it. Some proteins are always fixed onto it, these are called integral membrane proteins. It also has some which are only partially fixed onto it. These are called peripheral membrane proteins.

Morocco
Morocco is a country in north Africa. Its official name is the Kingdom of Morocco.
Politics.
Morocco is a constitutional monarchy. The people of Morocco vote for a Member of Parliament to speak for them and to help make laws for them. His Majesty King Muhammad VI is the King of Morocco and is the head of state (Person in charge of the country). Even though he is the head of state, he does not choose what Morocco should do about things like education (teaching people), healthcare (making sick people better) or other choices. The person who chooses for the people in Morocco is the Prime Minister, who is in charge of the government. Today, the Prime Minister is Abbas AlFassi.
Geography.
Morocco is next to the countries of Algeria to its east and Western Sahara to its south. The Mediterranean Sea lies to the north of Morocco, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west.
Much of Morocco is in the Sahara Desert and so most people live in areas close to the coast. Morocco has an area of 446,550 km².
The capital of Morocco is Rabat. About 1.2 million people live in Rabat. The biggest city in Morocco is however Casablanca, with nearly 4 million people living there. Both Rabat and Casablanca are ports.
People and culture.
The population of Morocco is 34,343,219. People from Morocco are called Moroccans. Most Moroccans are either Arabs or Berbers.
The official language of Morocco is Arabic, but many people also speak Berber. French is also spoken, because Morocco used to be a "protectorate" (a type of colony) of France. Since Morocco is not far from Spain, some people speak Spanish as well.
Most Moroccans follow Islam as their religion.
Economy.
Mining is the largest part of Morocco's economy. The next largest part comes from Moroccans working abroad and sending money home to family and friends. Tourism is also important and many people come to see the historical places of Morocco.
The currency of Morocco is called the "dirham (MAD)".

Andrew Johnson
Andrew Johnson (December 29, 1808 – July 31, 1875) was the 16th Vice-President and 17th President of the United States. He became President in 1865 after Abraham Lincoln was killed and he was also the first President to be impeached, but was later acquitted and finished the rest of his term. He is also the only US president never to have gone to school; he was taught by his wife Eliza McCardle Johnson.
He bought Alaska from Russia for $2.7 million (the price was 2 cent per acre).

Sea star
Sea stars (or starfish) are animals that live in the ocean. Some live in deep water, and others live on beaches. They have five or more arms and can be more than three meters in diameter.
Despite their common name, starfish actually have nothing in common with fish. For this reason, biologists usually prefer to use the word "sea star" rather than "starfish".
Starfish are invertebrates. They do not have a skeleton or anything that could be compared to bones. They have a nervous system that is special. They do not have a brain. They also do not have blood, instead they use sea water to pump things around their bodies.
There are over 1500 different species of sea star. All of them live in salt water, usually on the floor of the ocean. Most sea stars are predators. They eat mussels, clams, and other bivalves. Occasionally, they might even catch small fish which are unable to get away from their attack.
The crown-of-thorns starfish lives from coral polyps.

Jellyfish
Jellyfish are water-living animals.
Their bodies consist of 99% water and they have no bones or inner organs. A jellyfish has a bell-shaped body and long tentacles at the underside of the body. (Tentacles are long "arms" with special stinging cells.) They move by contracting moves of their bell, but they cannot decide where to go on their own. Most time they drift with the water current.
This is why they assemble in swarms. They reproduce without mating by creating polyps, which do not look like jellyfish and are fixed to the ground.
When they turn to 10-15 small jellyfish, they die.
Jellyfish eat plankton and little fish, which are caught by their poisoned tentacles.
Some jellyfish live in symbiosis with algae. The jellyfish transport them into sunlight and get the nutrients (of their photosynthesis) from them. The largest species is the Portuguese Man o' War.

Tilapia
Tilapia is a fish that is often farmed for food.
They often live in fresh water, but some species live in brackish water.

Sardine
Sardine is a name of several kinds of fish, especially Oily Phil. Another name for these fish is Pilchard. All of those fish are quite small and are related to the herring. The Latin name of the familiy of those fish is Clupeidae. However, the naming is not precise. Fishbase, a database about all kinds of fish, has six species just named "pilchard". There are over a dozen with the name of "sardine". Many more exist, with the basic names qualified by adjectives.
The fish are named after the Island of Sardinia. In the past, they could easily be fished there.
Many shops and supermarkets sell canned (or tinned) "sardines". Very often, those fish are not sardines, but rather sprats or round herrings.

Bone
Bones are parts of the human or animal skeleton of vertebrates.
What they do.
The bones are the framework of the body, without them we would be a pile of skin on the floor. The bones are also very important for our own protection, that is, the rib cage protects the heart and lungs, cranium (skull) protects the brain, pelvis protects the reproductive organ. Bones need to be maintained by taking regular exercise and by having lots of calcium from foods like cheese,milk and dark leafy greens such as spinach. The red bone marrow in the middle of the bigger bones are what make the red blood cells that we need.

Anteater
Anteaters are mammals of the family "Myrmecophagidae" and the suborder "Vermilingua". Anteaters live in South America and Central America.
Anteaters eat ants, just like the name says. They eat termites, too. The anteater has long, sharp claws and a long, sticky tongue. The tongue can be up to 60 cm long, as long as a person's arm. The anteater opens an ant nest with its claws. Then it licks up the ants with its tongue.

Sorghum
Sorghum is a genus in the grass family "Poaceae". The plants are grown in warmer climates. Species grow naturally in tropical and subtropical regions of all continents in addition to Oceania and Australasia. Because many species of Sorghum are resistant to drought and high temperatures, it is a very important food source in the desert areas of Africa.

Brown Bear
A Brown Bear ("Ursus arctos") is a large bear.
Brown bears can weigh 130–700 kg (300–1500 pounds). It lives in North America, Scandinavia (Finland, Sweden, Norway), Russia (Russian Federation), and Himalayas. It is the national animal of Finland.
Taxonomy.
There are several Brown Bear subspecies.

Polar bear
The polar bear ("Ursus maritimus") is a large bear that lives in the Arctic. It is also called white bear or northern bear. They are slowly becoming extinct due to global warming, because there is less ice. So when the Polar Bears swim, they are unable to rest, and drown.
Appearance.
Polar bear fur consists of a layer of dense underfur and an outer layer of guard hairs, which appear white to tan but are actually translucent. The fur keeps them warm. They are strong and can swim very well. Polar bears are similar in size to a normal bear but have a slimmer neck, longer legs and fur.
Life.
They are mostly carnivorous. They eat mostly seals and fish. When Polar bears hunt, they often wait at holes in the ice, where the seals come up to breathe.
Polar bears live alone. Young Polar bears stay with their mothers for 1.5–2.5 years, and they become mature when they are 5–6 years old. People think Polar bears can become 25–30 years old in nature, but in captivity (for example in zoos) they can become up to 45 years old.
Mating.
Polar bears mate in April or May. The cub is born in December, when the mother is hibernating. The cub stays in the den with the mother until March, then they all come out. They have to eat immediately after hibernating. Sometimes, because of global warming this is impossible and the cubs die before they have had a chance to live. The cub leaves its mother in 2–3 years.

The Blues Image
The Blues Image was a late 1960s rock band formed in Tampa, Florida in 1966, and their only hit was the song "Ride, Captain, Ride". Members are singer and guitarist Michael Pinera, drummer Manuel Bertematti, and drummer Joe Lala. They were later joined by bassist Malcolm Jones and keyboardist Frank "Skip" Konte.

Drummer
A drummer is a person who plays the drums as a job or as a hobby. This can be someone who plays drums in the military, in a band or as a session musician. As session musician is someone who plays an instrument in a band when no-one else is available.

Singer
A singer is a person who sings. Anyone who is singing is a singer. Some people do it as a job (professional singer), others may sing without being paid (amateur singer). Singers may sing anything: songs, opera etc. They may be accompanied by an instrument or an orchestra. Some singers also play a musical instrument such as piano, guitar or harp while they sing (they accompany themselves). Singing is important in movies and in the theatre.
A good singer will have to think of a lot of different things in a performance. Good vocal technique, a large vocal range, as well as "feeling the song" through emotional language and breathing, and also acting to provide a song with meaning. A good singer may be able to learn a song quickly, but it may take some time before they really feel it has become "part of them".
Singers can sing as a solo, or in a group or a choir. Choirs can include gospel, church music and even pop songs where there are usually two groups of singers, soprano and alto. Sopranos have a higher range and altos have a lower range. Combining these to can create various harmonies which add textures to songs and make them more interesting for the ear.
People who want a career in singing should start young. This means having lots of experience in music, including being able to read music and learning to make music with others. Serious vocal training can only begin when the body is more mature (mid- or late teenager).
Some of the reasons that people sing are to express the way they are feeling at the time, or something bad could have happened that they want to share, or something good could have happened. Singing is an art in which mood is expressed through the voice.

Keyboardist
A keyboardist is a musician who plays one or more of the musical instruments called keyboard instruments, such as the piano, organ, or electronic synthesizer. A person who plays piano is also called a pianist. A person who plays organ is called an organist. Many types of music use keyboardists, such as rock, pop, funk, and classical music.

Mao Zedong
Mao Zedong (December 26, 1893 – September 9, 1976) was a Chinese Communist leader. He was the leader of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) from its establishment in 1949 until his death in 1976. Some people think Mao was a bad man, and some people think Mao was good. The reasons people have called him bad are because they blame him for millions of Chinese deaths, and say that he was not skilled at running the government. People who do not like Mao Zedong also say that he was impatient and would not wait for things he wanted. But people who agreed with Mao's Chinese Communist group say that he was a hero, who helped women and peasants gain rights. They also say that he saved China from foreign rule.
Beginning.
Mao was born on December 26, 1893 in the Hunan province of China. He grew up in a farming family, and became a Communist while working at a library. Throughout the 1920's, his power increased, or became larger, in the Communist Party of China, and by 1933, he was its leader. This kind of "party" is a group of people who think the same way about politics or their country. During the 1920s, the group began to fight with rival Chinese leader Chiang Kai-shek and his group, the Kuomintang. This fight was called the Chinese Civil War. Some people say Chiang Kai-shek wanted China to be a democracy where people could choose their leader, but others say that Kai-shek only wanted to keep power. The Communists fought to make the country a socialist one-party state, a country where only one political party is allowed.
The Chiang Kai-shek's group, the Nationalists, had more fighters in 1935. They defeated, or beat, Mao's Communists and made them move out of the country. The Nationalists left to a fort that they owned. This move was called the Long March. Mao escaped from the Nationalists with other Communists to a part of China called Yenan. By this time, in 1935, he may have been the person who caused more than 500,000 deaths.
When Japan invaded China in 1937, Mao and Chiang stopped fighting. After the United States entered World War 2, they attacked each other again. Nobody really knows who started this new fight; some people say it was the Nationalists, other people say it was the Communists.
The United States defeated Japan in 1945 and this made the Japanese Army leave China. The Chinese Civil War had been going on during World War 2, but after the war it became very violent. Chiang Kai-shek and the Nationalists had friends in the cities and among the middle class. Mao and the Communists had many friends in the farms and the countryside. In those days in China there were more farmers than city people, so Mao had more friends than Chiang. By 1949, Mao had chased the Nationalists to an island called Taiwan, and told the people that China would be Communist, with him as leader.
What he did.
Mao had many plans for how China could move forward in technology very fast and catch up with countries like the United Kingdom and United States. Mao was responsible for the First Five Year Plan and also, The Second Five Year Plan. The Second Five Year Plan had some ideas that did not work the way that Mao had wanted them to. Farms could not produce, or make, much food because of bad farming plans, and cities did not make many things like clothes and machines. Because of the lack or food, many people died of starvation.
Mao wanted to change everything about China. He wanted to change the way Chinese people think about China, and even change the way they remembered history. Because of this, he forced people to change things very fast, even if they did not want to. These changes were called The "Cultural Revolution". Mao did not like it if someone talked about his ideas a bad way, but many people in Chinese cities did not like Mao's ideas because of the food problems. There was also no freedom to do many different things when the Communists were running the country. To keep people from saying bad things about the Communists and making groups of friends to try and get rid of him, Mao told all of China's best and brightest people quit their jobs, and go into the farms. China become poorer and weaker because of this.
About the same time Mao became the leader in China, Nikita Khrushchev became the leader in the Soviet Union. Krushchev and Mao were both Communists dictators. Before Khrushchev became the leader in Russia, China and Russia were friends with each other. Joseph Stalin was the leader in the Soviet Union before Krushchev, and Mao liked Stalin and respected his way to lead. Krushchev thought Stalin was a criminal dictator, and led the country very differently. Both Mao and Krushchev did not like each other, so the Soviet Union was no longer friends with China. China now had only a few friends like Albania, North Korea, Democratic Kampuchea, and Pakistan. This change of friends was called the Sino-Soviet Split. "Sino" is another way to say "Chinese" in this case.
Mao also made several changes to the Chinese language, such as switching from the Wade Giles system of Romanization to Pinyin, which is different. For this reason, Nanking is now called Nanjing on modern maps. Taiwan still uses Wade Giles, so its capital is called Taipei instead of the pinyin Taibei. He also simplified the Chinese characters, making them easier to read and write so that more people would be able to read.
Legacy.
Some Chinese mainlanders still believe Mao Zedong was a great leader, but they also knew that he did many unwise and bad things. According to Deng Xiaoping, Mao was "seven parts right and three parts wrong", and his "contributions are primary and his mistakes secondary." Some people think Mao made China lose its best ally, or friend, the Soviet Union, in the Sino-Soviet Split. The Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution were two of the things that Mao did that many people disliked. Most historians, people who study history, think that about 70,000,000 people died because of Mao's bad ideas and neglect. That is the biggest number of people to ever die without a war. Some people disliked Mao because he did not support family planning, and this caused too many babies to be born, making too many people in too small places. Leaders of China after Mao had to make a new rule called one child policy.

Opus Dei
Prelature of the Holy Cross and Opus Dei or more commonly known as Opus Dei, is an organization of the Roman Catholic Church. The aim given to Opus Dei by the Catholic Church is to tell everyone that God wants them to be close to him. This means that everyone is called by God to become a saint.
Opus Dei was started by St. Josemaria Escriva, a Roman Catholic priest. He started it in 1928. Now, Opus Dei has around 85,000 members all around the world. The head of Opus Dei organization is called a prelate, that is why the organization is called a prelature. The prelature of Opus Dei has priests and also ordinary lay people.
Opus Dei was approved by the Catholic Church in 1941. And it became a personal prelature in 1982 because of Pope John Paul II.
How it started and what it wants to do.
Opus Dei was started by a Roman Catholic priest, Josemaria Escrivá, on 2 October 1928 in Madrid, Spain. He said that God himself showed him what to do. On that day he "saw Opus Dei."
He said that the aim of Opus Dei is to help Christians to know that their ordinary life is a way to become a saint and to bring people close to God. And to those who truly understand this, Opus Dei gives them classes, talks, and other help so that they can practice this teaching.
How it is called.
John Paul II said that Opus Dei was started by Escriva but he was led by God.
The present Pope, Benedict XVI, said in the year 2002, that the name of this organization, shows that it is true that Josemaria Escriva did not want to start any organization. Escriva just allowed God to do what he wanted. And so the organization is not Escriva's work, Benedict XVI says. It is "Opus Dei", or God's work. God just used Escriva as a tool to start his own work.
Some people do not accept what the Popes say. They say Opus Dei is just the work of a man.
What it teaches.
The message of St. Josemaría, says José Cardinal Saraiva Martins, Prefect of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints, is part of the constant teachings of the Catholic Church. Here are the main points of the teachings of Escrivá and of Opus Dei on how to get close to God.
Escrivá said that the basis of the life of a Christian is the fact that we are children of God. If we are aware of this fact, then we will be very happy always. "Joy comes from knowing we are children of God."
What it does.
According to the Catholic Church, people can find God in their daily work and activities. There they can be very close to him. They do not have to become priests or monks to become a saint. God wants them to become a saint by doing their ordinary duties and activities well. For example, studying, playing, watching TV, helping in the house, reading a book, editing Wikipedia, etc. The task given to Opus Dei by the Catholic Church is to spread this knowledge that one can be a real saint by doing ordinary things and offering them to God.
Beliefs, newness and problems.
Pope John Paul II praised Opus Dei and said that its aim of bringing God into the place of work is something great. Cardinal Albino Luciani who later became John Paul I, said that Escriva brought about a big change in how people deal with God. Before people gave importance only to prayers as a way of being close to God. Escriva, he said, gave importance also to work. The work one does can become prayer.
But when Escriva started teaching this, some Jesuits in the 1940s did not understand him. They said he was doing something that is against the Catholic faith because at that time it was believed that only priests and nuns can become holy. Some Jesuit leaders started saying that Opus Dei has secrets which it does not want the world to know, that is why it is dangerous. In fact, they said, Opus Dei just wanted to become very powerful and to control the world.
All these accusations were cleared up by the Popes and Catholic officials. These officials say that Opus Dei is doing something good for the world, by teaching people how to practice good habits such as telling the truth, working hard, keeping promises, loving people and being concerned with those who are in need.
However, since the Jesuits are much respected, a lot of people in the world believed what they said. Catholics and non-Catholics are now attacking Opus Dei around the world. They say that the members develop a strong drive to gain influence, and that the behaviour resembles that of a sect. What is also said about the organisation is that it has a very traditional view of the role of women in a Christian society. According to these critics, for Opus Dei the duty of the woman is to busy herself about the house and to raise the children of the family.
A writer named John L. Allen, Jr. wrote a book in the year 2005, which went against these accusations. He said that these claims are mainly based on not understanding Opus Dei. He said that Opus Dei only teaches what the Catholic Church teaches. He said that there are many Opus Dei women who are very good leaders in business, fashion, art, schools, social work, etc. One half of Opus Dei leaders are women, he said, and these women also lead men. It is also true, he says, that Opus Dei teaches that women are very good at taking care of their family. Escriva said that women are natural teachers.
Another writer, Massimo Introvigne, said that Opus Dei is now being attacked by people who do not believe in God and people who think that God should not be present in the world of human beings. These people, he says, do not want religion to come back to the lives of many people in society.

Superhero
A superhero is a fictional character who has powers which are unusual for normal people.
Modern superheroes usually have superhuman powers, for example have better senses, are stronger and faster than normal humans. Usually a superhero is courageous and noble. They usually have a colorful name and costume.
Some well known superheroes include Superman, Batman, and Spider-Man. You can discuss these superheroes and more at the

Paul Karrer
Paul Karrer (April 21, 1889 – June 18, 1971) was a Swiss biochemist best known for his work on vitamins. He and Walter Norman Haworth won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1937.

Smush Parker
William "Smush" Parker (born 1 June 1981 in New York, New York) is a professional player in the American National Basketball Association.
Parker was not selected in the NBA player draft after a college career at Fordham University, and has played for the Cleveland Cavaliers, Detroit Pistons and Phoenix Suns, signing a contract with the Los Angeles Lakers during the 2005 offseason.

Half-Life (video game)
"Half-Life" is a science fiction first-person shooter computer game developed by Valve Software and published by Sierra Entertainment in 1998, based on a very changed "Quake" game engine. It was first published for PCs running Microsoft Windows, and was later ported to Sony's PlayStation 2 video game console.
"Half-Life", often shortened to "HL", has been thought to be very great by computer game critics for its gripping in-depth storyline, which would influence the development of other first-person shooters in the years to come.
"Half-Life" was followed by a sequel, Half-Life 2 in 2004.
Half-Life 2 was then followed by two other games, and.
is currently in production. All Half life 2 Episodes (1,2 and 3) may be added together to create a third addition to the Half-Life series.
The hunt for the G-Man.
Barney and his smugness and stupidity.

1681
Year 1681 was a common year that started on a Wednesday when using the Gregorian calendar.

Anonymity
Anonymity means "namelessness" and comes from Greek words meaning "without name". It is when a person's identity or name is unknown. If a person is called anonymous, nobody knows who he or she is, or the anonymous person does not want to be found out.

Spectroscopy
Spectroscopy is the study of light as a function of length of the wave that has been emitted, reflected or scattered from a solid, liquid, or gas.

Equestrianism
Equestrianism (Horse riding) is a popular sport in countries like the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia. Horses are ridden in the events of jumping, dressage, stock work, pleasure riding, and other types of horse racing.
Show Jumping.
Show Jumping is where a rider rides a horse over a set course of horse jumps. There are many types of horse jumps such as the double oxer, triple oxer, gates, stone wall, cross rails, cavalvettis, tiger traps, liverpool, corner, and cross country jumps.
Not most every type of horse can jump well, just like not all horses are able to do well at horse racing or farm work. Light weight horses, like the Thoroughbred or Arabian, are mainly used in racing, dressage and jumping. They are horses that are quick to learn new things and act quickly when people give them commands. All these qualities are necessary to win races or show jumping contests.
A horse used to pull a wagon is bigger and heavier than a Thoroughbred. The hooves are also much larger than a racing horse. Large horses are calm, trustworthy and good-natured. Types of heavy horses are: Belgians, Shires, Clydesdale, Friesian horse, and Gypsy Vanners. Also a beginner is able to communicate with these well tempered horses.
Most horses seen in horse show competitions such as show jumping are a mixture of the two types of horses described before. This includes horse breeds such as the Morgan and Quarter Horse.
Dressage.
Dressage is an event where horses do not jump, but must be very obedient to their riders. There is usually a set pattern they must complete. Letters are placed around an arena to show paces in the riding. Also in dressage the horse and rider can perform a freestyle, which is also know as "Dancing on Horseback". (Also in western riding there are freestyles in the reining category) Dressage riders usually wear tight pants called breeches, as well as a blouse, a top coat and a top hat. The moves the horse preforms are very graceful and fun to watch.
Stock work.
Stock work began when horses were ridden on a ranch to round up cows, sheep, or other animals. Today, horse shows also have competitions for horses to show these skills.
Pleasure riding.
Pleasure riding is riding for enjoyment, not for awards. People ride horses on trails in the forest, along quiet roads, or in an arena near their homes or barns. Horse back riding lessons could be considered "Pleasure Riding".Pleausure riding can be called trail riding. Pleasure riding does not have to be for any specific reason, just for fun and enjoyment.

United States Virgin Islands
The United States Virgin Islands are a group of islands in the Caribbean Sea and are currently owned and under the authority of the United States Government. They were formerly owned by Denmark (and called "Danish West Indies"), and were sold to the U.S on January 17, 1917, because of fear that the Germans would capture them and use them as a submarine base in World War I.

Chester A. Arthur
Chester Alan Arthur (October 5, 1829 – November 18, 1886) was an American politician and the 21st President of the United States. Before becoming president, he was most noted as the Collector of Customs for the port of New York.

Wizardry
"Wizardry" is a series of computer role-playing games that were popular in the 1980s. First, made for the Apple II, they were later moved to other platforms. The latest game in the series, "Wizardry 8", is only for Windows.
"Wizardry" began as a simple dungeon crawl by Andrew C. Greenberg and Robert Woodhead. It was written when they were students at Cornell University and then published by Sir-Tech.
David W. Bradley took over the series after the fourth game.
Series.
The first and last three games were trilogies (Three parts of one story).
Legacy.
"Wizardry" inspired many games which were almost exactly like it. Some notable series that are very much like "Wizardry" include "The Bard's Tale" and "Might and Magic".

United States Army
The United States Army is a branch (or section) of the United States Armed Forces.
The army mainly deals with land based missions and operations. The army started as the Continental Army from 1775 to August 7, 1789 when the War Department (now known as the Department of Defense) was formed. Officially a person (or member) in the army is called a soldier. The soldier must take orders from a person in charge known as a CO or commander. When a person joins the Army, they must serve for a certain amount of time or a "tour of duty". A new soldier or recruit must go through training called boot camp to become a soldier. Each soldier is trained in a variety of weapons and equipment to carry out commands.

Charlemagne
Charlemagne (Latin: Carolus Magnus, English: Charles the Great, German: Karl der Große, Dutch: Karel de Grote) (ca. 742 or 747 - 28 January, 814) was the king of the Franks who started the Holy Roman Empire. He was crowned as the Emperor in 800.
Life.
The Franks—one of the Germanic peoples who had moved their homes over the River Rhine into the Roman Empire as it was falling apart—were, by the year 700, the rulers of Gaul, and a lot of Germania east of the Rhine. They also protected the Papacy and the Roman Catholic faith. When their king Pepin the Short died, his sons, Charlemagne and Carloman were chosen to share the kingdom. They divided it into two parts: one half for Charlemagne, and the other for Carloman. Carloman died on December 4, 771, leaving Charles (Charlemagne) as the leader of the whole Frankish kingdom.
He was king of the Franks from 768, and king of the Lombards from 774. He was crowned Imperator Augustus (Emperor) in Rome on Christmas Day by Pope Leo III in 800, starting the Holy Roman Empire, that they hoped would be a kind of second Western Roman Empire (while the Byzantines in Constantinople were still keeping up the Eastern Roman empire.) With many wars, Charlemagne spread his empire across much of Western Europe.
Charles fought in wars all the time when he was king. He is known for using his sword, “Joyeuse”, in each of the thirty years of war and the 18 battles he fought in. He also finally managed to conquer Saxony, something the Roman Emperor Augustus could not do 800 years earlier. He was able to convert the Saxons to Catholic Christianity. He also had many schools built so his people could learn.
Charles the Great died in 814, leaving his kingdom to his only son, Louis the Pious. The descendants of Charlemagne are called "Carolingians". His family line died out in Germany in 911 and in France 987.
Battles and Campaigns.
Saxon wars

Marlow, Buckinghamshire
Marlow is a town on the banks of the River Thames, on the southern tip of Buckinghamshire, England.

Italian unification
Near the beginning of 1848, nationalism and the monkeypatriotism flourished throughout Europe. This resulted in two major countries being formed. The first was Italy in the Italian unification. The second was Germany in the German unification.
Risorgimento (also called Italian unification or unification of Italy) refers to the Italian movement for independence, literally meaning re-birth in the Italian language. It truly began in 1848, in a series of revolts which swept through Italy with the fall of Klemens Wenzel von Metternich, the Austrian Chancellor. It succeeded in 1859 through the efforts of Count Cavour, the Piedmontese prime minister, as well as Giuseppe Garibaldi. - an Italian national hero, who united the South, thus allowing King Victor Emmanuel to become the first King of Italy.
Nationalist uprising.
Prince Metternich of Austria once said that Italy was a "geographic expression". Basically, he called it a place and not a country at all. The people of Italy remembered and longed for the glorious days of the Roman Empire. One Italian patriot said "we need a new Italy, a united Italy, the Italy of all Italians." But after the Congress of Vienna, most of Italy had been broken up into small territories under foreign rule. Many Italian Nationalists struggled for independence.
Sardinia's conquest.
Victor Emmanuel of Piedmont-Sardinia saw a great vision of a unified Italy. He wanted Piedmont-Sardinia to be a model for the unification of Italy. To do so, he started many public works, projects, and political reforms. Piedmont-Sardinia was soon recognized as an emerging power. The next step for Piedmont-Sardinia 's conquest was to get Austria out of the Italian Peninsula. With the Crimean War breaking out between France and Britain on one side, and Russia on the other, Piedmont-Sardinia saw a chance to earn some respect and make a name for itself. Britain and France proved victorious, and Sardinia was able to attend the peace conference. As a result of this, Piedmont-Sardinia gained the support of Napoleon III.
War with Austria.
In 1858, Sardinia and France secretly plotted a plan of attack against Austria. The following year, Sardinia put its plan into action and declared war on Austria. By Sardinia's encouraging nationalist revolts in Austrian-held territories in Italy, Austria was provoked into the war. Following the battles of Magenta and Solferino, France drove Austia out of Lombardy, but Austria still held onto Venetia.
At this point, France dropped out of the war, fearing a unified Italy might be a threat. This ended the war, with Austria keeping Venetia.
Unification complete.
Meanwhile, the Italian nationalist Giuseppe Garibaldi led a nationalist uprising, combining the states and territories into a full Republic. As Sardinia ended the war, Garibaldi gave most of the provinces to Sardinia. In March 1861, a parliament of all of Italy except Rome and Venetia, agreed on unifying Italy with Victor Emmanuel as its first king.

Meditation
Meditation is to try to get past the "thinking" mind, and into a deeper state of relaxation or awareness.
Meditation is also used in Buddhism, Christianity (sometimes), Hinduism (where Yoga is important)
Buddhist Meditation.
In Buddhism, three things are very important: being a good person, making the mind stronger, and understanding why people are in pain. Meditation is the main way that Buddhists make their minds stronger.
Buddhist meditation is not just used for spiritual reasons. In general, Buddhist meditation can help anyone calm their body and mind. Research shows that Buddhist meditation lowers stress, anxiety and depression.
For Buddhists, meditation is used to calm the mind so that the mind can better see the cause of pain. Buddhists believe that this type of seeing can end pain.
Most types of Buddhist meditation focus on something. The most popular things to focus on include the breath, love, other emotions, and religious images and sounds.
Most Buddhists find that a teacher and support and encouragement from other members of the Buddhist community are important elements of meditation practice. The Buddhist community is also known as the Sangha.
Christian meditation.
Christians sometimes meditate by thinking about small parts of the Bible, or by saying the words of a prayer to themselves over and over.

Nobel Peace Prize
The Nobel Peace Prize is one of six awards in the memory of Alfred Nobel, the inventor of Dynamite. Every year the organization gives out six awards for the people "who best benefit mankind through their actions" in one of the six subjects (which include peace, literature, physics, chemistry, economics, and medicine).
The Peace Prize is given out in Norway, but the other Prizes are given out in Sweden. This is because Norway and Sweden were one country when the prizes were started.

Celtic Park
Celtic Park is a football stadium in Parkhead, Glasgow, Scotland. It is the home ground of Celtic Football Club.

Romanian language
The Romanian language is a Romance language, meaning it comes from Latin like French, Spanish and Italian. It contains 66% Latin based words, 20% Slavic based words, the rest are newer and come from Dacian, Turkish, Greek or English. There are about 28 million speakers: 24 million who speak it as their mother tongue and 4 million who have learned it as their second language.
Romanian is also the most spoken language in Moldova, which is located North East of Romania. In Moldova, they refer to Romanian as Moldavian. However, there are certain differences, such as the dialect and a Moldavian accent.

Ealing
Ealing is a town in the London Borough of Ealing, most famous for the Ealing Studios, a movie studio.

Ear
The ear is the part of the body that lets people hear. People and most vertebrate animals have two ears.
Some animals do not hear through ears. Spiders have small hairs on their legs that they can hear with.
Some animals have large ears. The rabbit has large ears so it can hear very well, which are used to listen for predators.
The ear works by funneling sound to the inner ear. These vibrations are sent to the brain by a network of nerves.
Some types of elephant use their large ears to cool themselves in the heat of their homeland.

Barrie Ward
Barrie O. (Orville) Ward (born January 30, 1949) is a Canadian broadcaster, writer, journalist and educator. Ward has worked since the 1960s in private and public broadcasting.
Professional career.
Ward was trained in radio skills by Roy Currie - one of the first graduates of the Lorne Greene Academy of Radio Arts in the 1940s. His communications career has been heavily concentrated on passing on skills to another ‘younger’ generation of communicators - mostly indigenous people.
Ward has worked for and with Canada's aboriginal broadcasters for almost four decades and has worked for MBC Radio and Television since 1986. He also has written a number of documentary scripts for television including APTN (Aboriginal Peoples Television Network) for which he developed and wrote the concept and the initial seasons scripts for the series Heartbeat of The Earth. Ward has written a wide spectrum of other broadcast materials from educational scripts to curriculums of instruction and from policies & procedures to community radio manuals. He has penned over two thousand scripts on health, education, personal safety, the environment, Canadian law and a plethora of eclectic topics over the last two decades.
Ward is a highly skilled broadcaster, writer, journalist and teacher in all aspects of radio and television arts and has been professionally and publicly recognized with major awards for his lifetime contributions to Canadian aboriginal broadcasting. He has been a catalyst for the expansion and growth of media ownership and usage by the heretofore dispossessed in Canada’s hinterlands.
Personal life.
Ward's personal life saw him married in 1971 and he and his wife Elisabeth (a teacher) have two grown and married children - both with successful professional careers.
Ward served three terms as the Mayor of his small residential community of Weldon Saskatchewan and has served multiple terms as an executive on the boards of directors of various civic agencies and organizations. He has on occasion taken a few breaks from the media over the past four decades to continue work as a vocational counsellor and also to expand his 'amateur' wildlife artists skills.
Ward has been the recipient of two major citations for exemplary personal conduct one from the City of Saskatoon and the other from the Order of St. John of Jerusalem.

Czech language
The Czech language is a Slavic language. People in the Czech Republic speak it. Ten million people speak it. It has three genders. It is an inflected language like Latin.

William Howard Taft
William Howard Taft (September 15, 1857 – March 8, 1930) was the 27th President of the United States from March 4, 1909 to March 3, 1913. He is well-known for being the heaviest President in U.S. history, weighing over 350 pounds.
Taft served as Solicitor General of the United States, a federal judge, Governor-General of the Philippines, and Secretary of War before being nominated for President in the 1908 by the man who preceded him, Theodore Roosevelt. As a Republican President, Taft was most notable for trust-busting, in which he broke up large businesses that had too much control over the economy. Taft also expanded civil service, fixed up the United States Postal Service and promoted world peace.
In 1912, Theodore Roosevelt came back into politics and ran for President against William Howard Taft. Many Republicans split their votes between Taft and Roosevelt, and the Democratic opponent Woodrow Wilson won the election.
In 1921, Taft became the 10th Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court. He retired from the job on February 3, 1930 due to bad health. Taft died on March 8, 1930 due to heart failure. Three days later, he became the first president to be buried at Arlington National Cemetery.

Underwear
Underwear are clothes worn under other clothes, often next to the skin. They keep outer clothes from being made dirty by sweat. They also shape the body and provide support for parts of it, and in cold weather help the wearer to keep warm. Underwear can be used to protect the wearer's modesty, as well as to make them look sexy. Special types of underwear have religious importance. Some items of clothing are made to be worn as underwear, while others such as T-shirts and certain types of shorts can be used both as underwear and as outer clothing. If made of suitable fabric, some types of underwear can serve as nightwear or swimsuits.
Items of underwear commonly worn by women today include brassieres (bras) and panties (also known as knickers), while men wear briefs, boxer shorts or boxer briefs. Items worn by both women and men include T-shirts, sleeveless shirts, bikini underwear, thongs and G-strings. In countries where the weather is cold, long underwear can be worn to keep warm.
Different words.
There are a number of different words for underwear. "Underclothes", "underclothing" and "undergarments" are more serious words. In casual situations, underwear may be called "undies". In Australia, one may hear underwear being called "Reg Grundys" (rhyming slang for "undies") or "Reginalds", while in the UK the word "smalls" is sometimes used.
Different types of women's undergarments are known together as "lingerie" (pronounced "LAWN-zhur-ray"). They may also be called "intimate clothing" or simply "intimates".
An "undershirt" is a general word for a piece of underwear covering the torso, while "underpants" (in the UK, often simply "pants"), "drawers", or "shorts" cover the part of the body where the sex organs are. Words for different types of underwear are set out in the table below.
Function.
Underwear is worn for many reasons. They keep outer clothes from being made dirty by sweat. Women's brassieres (bras) provide support for their breasts, and men's briefs do the same thing for the male sex organs. Some people wear corsets to make their torsos a certain shape. For more support and protection when playing sports, men often put on underwear that fits more tightly, such as jockstraps and trunks (which are a type of boxer shorts). Women may wear sports bras which give them more support. This is more comfortable, and lessens the chance of damage to the ligaments of the chest during vigorous exercises such as jogging.
In countries where the weather is cold, underwear is one more layer of clothing that helps the wearer to keep warm. Underwear can be used to keep the wearer modest – for instance, some women wear camisoles and slips (petticoats) under clothes that are see-through. A camisole is an item of clothing without sleeves that covers the top part of a woman's body, while a slip or petticoat is a kind of skirt that is worn underneath an outer skirt. On the other hand, underwear can also be worn to make a person look more sexy. It is possible to buy underwear made specially to excite another person in a sexual way, such as underwear that can be eaten (it is usually made of small sweets stuck together) and underwear with holes cut into them.
Some items of clothing are designed to be worn as underwear, while others such as T-shirts and certain types of shorts can be used both as underwear and as outer clothing. Whether underwear can be used as outer clothing depends on a number of things, such as how warm it is indoors and outdoors, what other people in society find acceptable, fashion, and what the law allows. Some types of underwear can be used for sleeping in or as swimsuits, if they are made of suitable fabric.
Types and styles.
The table below sets out types and styles of underwear that are commonfly worn.
Designers and retailers.
A number of big clothes designers are well known for their underwear collections. Two of these are Calvin Klein and Dolce & Gabbana. There are also companies that make only underwear, such as 2(x)ist, Agent Provocateur, C-IN2, GapBody, Gilly Hicks, Ginch Gonch, La Senza, Lord and Victoria's Secret.
Exposed underwear.
Although most of the time underwear is kept hidden under other clothes, sometimes it is partly exposed for fashion reasons or to make other people feel sexually excited when they see it. A woman may, for instance, allow the top of her bra to peek out from under her collar, or wear a see-through blouse over it. Some men wear T-shirts underneath partly- or fully-unbuttoned shirts.
A common style among young men is to allow their trousers to sag or droop down below their waists. This fashion is called "sagging". When a person allows his trousers to sag, the waistband or a larger part of his boxer shorts can be seen. A woman wearing trousers which expose the upper back portion of her thong underwear is said to show a "whale tail".
Not wearing undergarments.
Not wearing undergarments under one's outer clothing is known in American slang as "freeballing" for men or "freebuffing" for women. The term "going commando" is also used for both sexes. People choose not to wear underwear because it is comfortable to them, to help their outer clothes (particularly those which fit their bodies more tightly) to look better, or because they find it sexually exciting. However, not wearing underwear can be risky, especially for women, because some have had photographs of them taken up their skirts when they did not agree to this.
Certain types of clothes, such as cycling shorts and kilts, are meant to be worn or are traditionally worn without underwear.

Monica Lewinsky
Monica Samille Lewinsky (born July 23, 1973) is an American woman who, in 1997, became famous for being part of a scandal between her and former President of the United States of America, Bill Clinton. She was born in San Francisco, California.
She worked in the middle 1990´s as an intern at the White House and the Pentagon.
Lewinsky experimented with designing handbags and purses for her company, "The Real Monica".
On December 14 2006, Lewinsky graduated with a Masters of Science degree in Social Psychology from the London School of Economics. Lewinsky's thesis is titled "In Search of the Impartial Juror: An exploration of the third person effect and pre-trial publicity". According to her publicist Barbara Hutson, Lewinsky was interviewing for jobs in Britain in early 2007.

William S. Burroughs
William Seward Burroughs (February 5, 1914 – August 2, 1997) was an American writer. He was a contemporary and friend of writers Allen Ginsberg and Jack Kerouac.
Burroughs was a member of the family who owned the Burroughs Cash Register Company. A family trust paid him an income, so he did not have to work a regular job. Sometimes he lived in Mexico and other countries, because he could live there in more luxury than in the United States. One favorite apartment he had in New York City was a windowless basement, nicknamed "Bill's Bunker" by his friends. Many of them were emerging writers and artists.
Burroughs told interesting, colorful stories, but did not think he could be a writer. This changed as he came to terms with tragedy; he had killed his common law wife Edie, in an accident when they were both drunk. Burroughs began to write to work through his grief and feelings of guilt. He also abused drugs, including heroin, and it affected his writing. His first novel, "Naked Lunch", was a surreal work.
Besides writing, Burroughs also recorded spoken word and musical works. One of his works paired him with musician Kurt Cobain.

Uganda
Uganda is a country in Africa. Its capital and biggest city is Kampala and the currency is the Ugandan shilling. The official languages of Uganda are English and Swahili, and the most common religion is Christianity.

Mike Judge
Mike Judge (born October 17, 1962) is an American animator, actor, writer, and producer. He is most famous for creating and starring in the animated television series "Beavis and Butt-Head" and "King of the Hill". Judge also wrote, directed, and played a small part in the 1999 movie "Office Space". He was born in Guayaquil, Ecuador, grew up in New Mexico, and lives in Austin, Texas.

Missing Persons
Missing Persons was an American New Wave group. They formed in the 1980s while working with Frank Zappa.

Blackpool
Blackpool is a seaside town in Lancashire, in the north west of England. The town is on the coast of the Irish Sea. Blackpool has a population of 142,900.
Blackpool became important for tourism during the 19th century. It is known for its beaches and amusement parks. It is also the home to a famous international ballroom dancing competition.

Francisco Franco
Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Teódulo Franco y Bahamonde Salgado Pardo de Andrade or just Francisco Franco (December 4, 1892 – November 20, 1975). He was the dictator of Spain from 1936 to 1975, and regent of the Spanish Kingdom from 1947 to 1975.
He was a leader of a coup d'etat against the Spanish Second Republic in 1936. After this uprising the Spanish Civil War started. Franco was supported by fascists, big businesses, the church, conservative people and Spanish nationalists. This was because the Spanish Republic had a socialist government that wanted to make businsses and the church less powerful. The Republic also set up local parliaments in the regions of Spain. Spanish nationalists thought this was wrong and would make Spain weak. Franco remained neutral during World War II as Hitler did not accept his conditions for Spain to take part in it with the fascist and nazi regimes. He let a group of volunteer soldiers join the German Army to fight the Russians between 1941 and 1943. They were called the "División Azul" (Blue Division)

Police officer
A police officer is a person who works for the police force. A police officer typically wears a police uniform. A police officer also usually wears a badge, gun, and a police radio. Police officers face many dangers in their jobs. The biggest dangers are getting shot by a gun or injured while trying to deal with criminals.
Duty of a police officer.
A police officer's job is to make certain that people obey laws. This is usually done in one of two ways.
Special equipment.
Police officers have special equipment that they may need to use at times. For example, a bullet-proof vest is worn if the officer thinks he might get shot. The vest can protect him from being killed or seriously injured from bullets. Police officers that are dealing with a riot will use a special shield to protect themselves and wear a helmet and other protective clothing.
Police officers use many different way of transportation. While doing their jobs, they may need different ways to move around. Many officers use police cars. These are cars that are changed in ways to help the police do their job. Police cars can have computers for getting information about a person and a place for keeping weapons. Most police cars have something between the front seat and the back seat. This keeps the driver safe from any criminals they have in the back seat. Other types of transportation used by police officers include motorcycles, Helicopters, bicycles and horses. Some police officers will just walk around. This is usually done in areas where there are a lot of people.
Slang and offensive terms for police officers.
Many slang or offensive terms for police officers exist. These including "cop", "copper" and "pig". Police officers do not like it when they are called pigs.
A well known stereotype about police officers is that they like to eat donuts. It is not often, however, that one will find a police officer eating at a donut shop.

Account
An account is a record of something that has happened.

Dutch (people)
The Dutch are the people who live in the Netherlands, or those that come from the Netherlands. Often the Netherlands is called Holland, but this is only part of the Netherlands. The Dutch culture and ethnicity are also found outside of the Netherlands, with large number of Dutch living in the United States of America, South Africa, Surinam, Namibië. The Belgian people of Flanders can also be seen as (partly) Dutch.
Many inventors were Dutch, including Hans Lippershey, Hans Janssen, and his son Zacharias Janssen the inventors of the microscope and the telescope, and the incubator. Many famous painters have also been Dutch, among them Rembrandt van Rijn, Vincent van Gogh and Johannes Vermeer.
The definition of the Dutch ethnicity is not always clear. One can count all people living the Netherlands as Dutch, but this is often not the case. This is because many people who live in The Netherlands weren't born there. There are about 15.5 million people in the Netherlands who actually have the Dutch nationality. So about 1 million people living in the Netherlands who don't even have the Dutch nationality. But even more people in the Netherlands weren't born there. According to some definitions, also people who were born in the Netherlands, but who's parents were not, can't be called Dutch. This definition leaves almost 20% of the entire Dutch population to be 'foreign'.
Population growth.
During the last 150 years, the Netherlands saw a relative quick population growth as compared to the rest of Europe. For comparison:The Belgian population grew from 50% more inhabitants in 1850 to a third less in 2000. The population of the Netherlands grew from 3 million in 1850, to 5 million in 1900, to 10 million in 1950, to 16 million in 2000.
Modern Day Society.
The Dutch society in the present can be seen as a very multi-cultural society. About 20% of the entire Dutch population is not of real Dutch origin (these people are called "allochtoon" in Dutch). Even most members of the Dutch Royal family are allochtoon. This comes from the fact that the Netherlands were open to other nationalities and other religions since the Republic of the Netherlands (founded in 1588). In the 17th century, it wasn't odd for for instance muslims to live in Amsterdam. After the Second World War, the Dutch hired many workers from Turkey and Morocco to rebuilt the Netherlands. Many of these guest workers ("gastarbeiders") stayed in the Netherlands. Therefore, The Netherlands have a large Turkish and Moroccan community. Immigration from especially Surinam and Indonesia also lead to the multi-cultural society of the present. Recent events (like the murder on Theo van Gogh by a radical Muslim) have lead to negative views on "allochtonen" by some original Dutch people
The Dutch society is also famous for its liberal views. The Netherlands were the first country to legalize Same-sex marriage (the marriage of homosexuals).The Netherlands have a strong Gay-rights movement. Abortion and euthanasia are also legal in the Netherlands. The Netherlands are also the only country in the world where marijuana and magic mushrooms are (partly) legal.
The Netherlands are one of the busiest countries in the world. Almost 16.5 million people live in the little country, making it very busy. That's why not many Dutch live in villages. Most Dutch live in city's, with a city being a place with at least 25,000 people living there. 8.7 million Dutch live in "agglomerations" (urban areas which are connected to each other, a sort of metropolitan area). That's about 54% of all the Dutch people. About 15% of the Dutch people live in city's which aren't in an agglomeration. The other 30% live in villages (places with less than 25,000 people).
Travel.
The Netherlands are a country where bicycles are used very much. Almost 30% of all travel is done by bicycle in the Netherlands. Bicycles are used so much that thoughtout the Netherlands, hundreds of bicycle paking lots ("fietsenstallingen") are built. In Amsterdam, there even is 3-story high bicycle parking lot. Train also is used very much (unlike in for instance the US). The biggest railway company (NS) has 1.1 million travellers per day. That's 7 percent of the entire Dutch population each day. The Dutch railway system is the second best in the world (after the Japanese one), and it surely is the most busiest in Europe. Students can use the public transport systems for free (that is: train, bus, metro, tram and even boat if needed).

Liquid Paper
Liquid Paper, also called white out and correction fluid, is used to correct mistakes made in writing on typewriters and with ink. It was originally called Mistake Out and was invented by Bette Nesmith Graham in 1951, who was working at a bank in the U.S. state of Texas at time and had trouble when she typed on the typewriter, which was part of her job. She made in product in her blender and sold it to friends starting in 1956. She sold the product to the Gillette Corporation for 47.5 million US Dollars in 1979. When she died the following year, her son, Michael Nesmith, a famous musician, formally of The Monkees inherited the fortune.
Now people still use the correction fluid, but more seldom. With more advanced technology, people have computers allowing them to backspace easily, not needing to use it. Also, there is also another recent invention of the correction tape. To use the fluid, you squeeze the bottle, and let to fluid flow out to cover the mistakes. Usually you have to shake the bottle before using it, and after using, you need to wait for it to dry for a few minutes, which is considered quite fast. Then you can write on top of the dried fluid.

Doris Day
Doris Mary Ann von Kappelhoff (born April 3, 1924) is an American singer, actress, and animal welfare activist. She was known for her blonde wholesome image.

Jack the Ripper
Jack the Ripper is the name given to a serial killer, or a group of serial killers. They were active during the summer and fall of 1888 in the Whitechapel district of London, England.
Several other murders were reported around the time of these but were not believed to be the work of Jack the Ripper. Nobody knows who Jack the Ripper really was. Some think he might have been a doctor or a butcher because of how he cut and killed the women. Newspapers and police in London around this time started receiving taunting letters from someone who signed them Jack the Ripper.
All the murders happened in the year of 1888 and all the murders happened on weekends so it could have been a foreigner who only came for weekend visits.

Johnny Rivers
Johnny Rivers (born John Ramistella on November 7, 1942 in New York City and grew up in Louisiana) is an American rock and roll musician. He was popular in the 1960s and 1970s for his songs like "Secret Agent Man", "The Poor Side of Town", "Baby I Need Your Lovin", "The Midnight Special", and "Swayin' To The Music (Slow Dancin')".

Doctor John
Malcolm John Rebennack, Jr or Dr. John (November 21, 1940) is an American musician from New Orleans.

Suffolk
Suffolk is a county in England. The counties around Suffolk are Norfolk to the north, Cambridgeshire to the west and Essex to the south. The North Sea is on the east. The county town is Ipswich and other big towns include Lowestoft and Bury St Edmunds. Felixstowe is one of the largest container ports in Europe.

Etymology
Etymology is the study of the origin and meaning of words and names. It tells us how words have changed over time, and what other languages they came from. For example, the etymology of the word "etymology" is from the Greek words ἔτυμον ("étymon", "true meaning", from "etymos" "true") and λόγος ("lógos", "word" or "study").
Cognates are discovered with the help of etymology.

Mule
A mule is a horse-donkey hybrid (a mix of two different animals). It is the child of a female horse and a male donkey.
They are used mostly for pulling carts and transportation. Although it is extremely unlikely for a mule to become pregnant (less than 300 reported cases worldwide), it is possible.

Dead Sea
The Dead Sea is a lake lying between the countries of Israel and Jordan. At 418 m (1,371 ft) below sea level, it is the lowest point on the surface of the Earth. It is almost nine times as salty as the ocean
The Dead Sea is very salty, which makes it impossible for most life to exist in it. This is the reason for its name. However, it is not completely dead, as some types of bacteria are able to live in the water.
Because the water is so salty, it weighs more than fresh water, and a person is able to easily float in the Dead Sea without any effort. Tourists come from around the world to float in the water.

American Black Bear
The American Black Bear ("Ursus americanus") is a type of bear living in North America.
It is about 1.5 meters long. It usually has black fur, but its fur can also be colors from white to brown.
American Black Bears are omnivorous: they eat grasses, fruits, and also insects.

Fur
Fur is the hair of mammals.
People use fur for clothing because it is very warm. Fur from some animals, like goats, sheep, and rabbits, can be made into felt.

Jackson Pollock
Jackson Pollock (January 28, 1912 – August 11, 1956) was an American painter. He became famous for painting in the abstract expressionist style. Pollock's most famous paintings were made by dripping and splashing paint on a large canvas. His nickname was Jack the Dripper! In his lifetime he became very famous. He was helped by his wife, artist Lee Krasner, and his style is very new for the time. Pollock was also very bitter and had serious drinking problems. He was killed in a car crash at the age of 44 in 1956. His paintings are still popular in museums all over the world. Pollock has also been the subject of many movies, the most famous being a short documentary film directed by Hans Namuth from 1951 and the dramatic movie about his life called "Pollock" which was made by and starred actor Ed Harris.

Otto Struve
Otto Struve (August 12 1897 – April 6 1963) was a Russian astronomer. He was the grandson of Otto Wilhelm von Struve and the great-grandson of Friedrich Wilhelm von Struve.
Struve's education at the University of Kharkov was interrupted by World War I and the Russian Civil War, which left him a refugee in Turkey. He went to the United States in 1921, obtained a Ph.D. from the University of Chicago and eventually became head of the astronomy department there. In 1932, he was made joint director of the University's Yerkes Observatory and McDonald Observatory (which he founded and where a telescope is named after him). Struve may be regarded as the father of modern SETI. He was one of the few eminent astronomers in the pre-Space Age era to publicly express a belief that extraterrestrial intelligence was abundant.

Tamerlane
Tamerlane (1336 – February 1405) was a Turkic conqueror in the 14th century. His real name is "Tīmūr bin Taraghay Barlas". He is also know by these names: Temur, Taimur, Timur Lenk, Timur-i Leng, Temur-e Lang, Amir Timur, Aqsaq Timur, and Tamburlaine.

Augustus
Caesar Augustus (September 23, 63 BC – August 19, AD 14) was the first and one of the most important Roman Emperors. He led Rome into the first stages of becoming the mightiest empire the world had ever seen.
Octavius Augustus Caesar was the adopted son of the dictator of the Roman Republic, Gaius Julius Caesar. Octavian came into power in the second triumvirate (3 men ruling as one body over the Roman Republic), along with Marcus Antonius (Mark Antony) and Lepidus. Augustus and Antonius were loyal to Julius Caesar, the assassinated dictator, killed in 44 BC. Following his death a civil war broke out across Rome, between those loyal to Caesar, and those loyal to Caesar's rival Pompey. There was short break in the war during the rule of the triumvirate, but Lepidus' death, and Mark Antony's staying in Egypt with Cleopatra, only resulted in further and further bloodshed.
After winning this bloody power struggle, Octavian was voted as the first Emperor of Rome by the Senate following the battle of Actium in 31 BC, and he took the name "Augustus" (which meant the exalted). He ruled until AD 14, when his stepson and son-in-law Tiberius became Emperor in his place.
During his reign, those who were against his government were mass murdered in the thousands. He had promised to make Rome a Republic again, but instead proclaimed himself with more titles including Chief Priest, and many temples in the provinces set up statues of him as one of their gods. The name of the month "August" in English and most other European languages comes from him. And the month of July comes from from his father/grand-uncle, Julius Caesar

Camel
Camels are mammals of the Camelidae family. Camels form the genus "Camelus". They are also called Afro-Asiatic Camelids. There are two living species of camels.
Taxonomy and appearance.
A dromedary has one hump on its back. A Bactrian camel has two humps on its back.
Dromedaries came from North Africa and the Greater Middle East region. Bactrian Camels originally lived in eastern Asia such as Pakistan, within Pakistan the Dromedary camel is the Provincial animal of Balochistan (Pakistan).
Habitat and adaptation.
Camels live in deserts, lands that are hot and dry. Camels have adaptations that help them live in deserts. A camel has a thick coat of hair that protects it from the sun. A camel has wide, soft feet, so it can walk a long time in the hot sand.
Several adaptations help a camel save water. When there is food and water, a camel can eat and drink large amounts and store it as fat in the hump. Then, when there is no food or water, the camel uses the fat for energy, and the hump becomes small and soft. A camel’s waste contains very little water. Even the water from the camel’s breath flows back into its mouth.
A camel has a naturally adapted thermostat - it can change its bodily temperature by 6 degrees centigrade either way.
It has 2 sets of eyelashes, closing muscles in the nasal passages with slited nostrils, hairy ears and tough, leathery skin to protect the camels skin in vital emergencies i.e a sandstorm. It has thick rubbery lips to eat dry, prickly plants and a large, haired tail to swat pests such as mosquitos and flies.
It has a long slender neck in order to reach high leaves i.e palm trees and rubbery patches on the belly and knees to protect the skin when kneeling and sitting on the scorching sand. These form after 5 years of age.
Life.
Camels live in groups, with one male, several females, and their young children.
Reproduction.
A female can only carry a young at time, called a "calf". After 360-440 days (about 13 months) of pregnancy the female gives birth to one baby. When they are born, they can start running in only a few hours. The calf's eyes are open at birth, and a thick, woolly coat covers its body. The calf drinks milk for up to 1-2 years.
Camels become mature when they are 3-5 years old, and they can become 40-50 years old.
Diet.
In the desert, people feed camels with grass, grains, wheat and oats.
When they are travelling (in the desert), food is often very hard to find. So the animal might have to live on dried leaves, seedsand thorny twigs (without hurting their mouths).
If there isn't any food, camels will eat anything: bones, fish, meat, leather, even their owner's tent.
Digestion.
Camels are ruminants. But its stomach has three sections instead of four. Camels don't chew their food very well before swallowing. The first stomach stores the food that is not chewed very well. Later, the food or cud returns to the camel's mouth, and the camel chews it. Afterwards, the chewed food is swallowed and goes to the other parts of the stomach to be completely digested.
Camels and Humans.
Camels have been domesticated by humans for about 5000 years. They are used for riding and to carry things, and for meat, milk and wool.
As domesticated animals they are used in Africa, Asia, and since the 19th century also in Australia. About 900-1000 wild Bactrian Camels still live in China and Mongolia. There are no wild Dromedaries anymore, but there are escaped domestic Dromedaries in Australia. Today there are about 50,000 Dromedaries living wild in the Outback in Australia.
A Dromedary and a Bactrian Camel can have hybrid children that are called "Tulus" or "Bukhts". These hybrids are larger than the Dromedary or Bactrian Camel, and have either one long hump or one small and one big hump.
When a camel calf reaches one year of age, the owner often teaches it to stand and kneel on command. They also learn to carry small, light packs around. As they grow older, the size of the pack also increases.

15th century
The 15th century is the century from 1401 to 1500.
Decades and years.
Note: years before or after the 15th century are in "italics".

14th century
The 14th century is the century from 1301 to 1400.
Decades and years.
Note: years before or after the 14th century are in "italics".

13th century
The 13th century is the century from 1201 to 1300.
Decades and years.
Note: years before or after the 13th century are in "italics".

12th century
The 12th century is the century from 1101 to 1200.
Decades and years.
Note: years before or after the 12th century are in "italics".

Mammalogy
Mammalogy is the study of the mammals.

Antibiotics
Antibiotics are used to kill or slow the growth of bacteria. They are used to cure diseases. Antibiotics do not harm people. A popular form of antibiotic is penicillin. Antibiotics started to be produced in 1939. Antibiotics do not stop a virus. Antibiotics are not to be mistaken for antibodies.
Problems.
Today, people fear that bacteria will not be affected from antibiotics, because bacteria are too strong. This can happen when antibiotics are used in excess. If they are regularly used, some bacteria may develop an immunity to the antibiotic. These bacteria can then multiply and make a large colony which will not react to the antibiotic..
Use.
Antibiotics must be used under supervision of a certified medical practicioner, because the dose and frequency is different for treating various microbes. They also can detect some side-effects and give you treatment modification.
Follow your doctor's advice and dose, to help prevent bacterial resistence.

Sexism
Sexism is discrimination based on the gender of a person -- looking down on people because they are male or female.

Go
Go is a board game. It is played on a board, with pieces in two colors (black and white). Players take turns placing a stone of their color on intersections of the square grid. A normal go board has 19 rows and columns of lines. Sometimes go is played on smaller 9x9 or 13x13 boards instead of 19x19. Pieces do not move after they are placed, but surrounded stones may be captured and removed from the board. The goal of this game is to surround more space on the board than the opponent, by placing pieces around the board to surround areas. So killing stones is not the goal, but simply one possible way to achieve the goal of having more space.
This game was first invented in China a few thousand years ago, but the specific time is still unknown. Its original Chinese name is "围棋", "棋" or "wei qi","qi". It is also popular in Japan (and its common name "Go" comes from Japanese) and in Korea (the game is called "baduk" in Korean). In those three countries the game is an important part of the culture, like chess is in many western countries.
Go and chess are both considered classic strategy games. They both have no luck or secret information, unlike some other classic games like backgammon (which has luck) or poker and other card games which also have secret information.
Go is often called the hardest classic game for computers to play. For example, there are chess programs which can defeat almost all human chess players, but the strongest go programs play only as well as amateur human go players.
There are many places to play Go on the internet, as well as local clubs and national organizations in many countries around the world.

Gulf War
The Gulf War, or Persian Gulf War, was a conflict in 1991, between Iraq and 34 other countries, led by the United States. It started with the invasion of Kuwait by Iraq on August 2, 1990 and ended the following spring when Iraq's armies were fought away. Many of the problems caused by this war were never resolved. There were 2 special operations: Operation Desert Shield and Operation Desert Storm. Operation Desert Storm started on January 17, 1991 with an air strike. The war ended on February 28, 1991.

Sicily
Sicily is a region in South Italy. The capital is Palermo. The population was about 5.087.000 in 2004, and it's the biggest region in the country.

Donkey
A donkey or "ass" ("Equus asinus") is a mammal of the "Equidae" family.
It is a domesticated (tame) animal that people use for transportation and other work, such as pulling a carriage or plowing a field.
Donkeys can have hybrid children with a horse. The child of a female horse and a male donkey is called a "mule". The child of a female donkey and a male horse is called a "hinny". Mules are more common, and have been used for transportation of people and things.

Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince
"Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince" was written by J. K. Rowling and published on the 16 July 2005. The book is the sixth Harry Potter book.
In the sixth book Harry begins his sixth year at the magical school Hogwarts with his best friends Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger. During the year he has help in his worst class by the mysterious Half-Blood Prince, he has his first romance and learns several very important facts about his enemy, Voldemort.
Film.
The film, based on the book, will be released on November 21, 2008, but on August 14, 2008, it was announced tbhat the film was to be pushed back to July 17, 2009.
A lot of poeple got angry because of that.
Plot.
The book starts at Severus Snape's house. Narcissa Malfoy is very unhappy that Voldemort has made her son, Draco, put on a mission. Voldemort is a very bad man who doesn't like half-blood or Muggle (non-magical) wizards and witches. He wants to kill them. Bellatrix, Narcissa's sister, and Narcissa go to Snape's house. There, Snape agrees and says he will help Malfoy complete whatever his mission is.
Headmaster Ablus Dumbledore comes by Harry Potter's place to ask him to come with him. Harry says okay. They go to Horace Slughorn's house. Slughorn was the former professor of Potions over at the Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. He does not want to come back, but when Dumbledore shows Harry, he says okay. On the train to Hogwarts, Slughorn gets together his club again. Slughorn likes to take a back seat and has a lot of influence, or power. Harry is one of the most famous wizards ever and Slughorn wants to be his friend. When school starts, the first thing Slughorn does is recreate his old Slug Club, filled with people who have power or a good name.
The Half-Blood Prince is of great mystery to Harry. Harry finds a book with the Prince's name on it and finds that it has many helpful tips for making potions. He follows the tips and is seen as very smart to Professor Slughorn. His friend Hermione is mad that Harry is getting credit for information that he doesn't really know. The old professor, Professor Snape, is now teaching Defense of the Dark Arts.
Dumbledore gives private lessons to Harry. They usually involve looking into a Pensieve, which holds old memories. In flashback, Harry learns that Voldemort was the product of an unhappy witch and a Muggle father that never loved him. The witch was named Merope and she had an older brother and father that were very bad to her. They made her work and crushed her spirit. A Ministry of Magic wizard comes and arrests the father and brother. Merope leaves the house and gives a love potion to a young man she liked named Tom Riddle.
After she was pregnant with the baby, she stopped giving him the potion and he left her. Soon afterwards, she goes to an orphanage and gives birth to Voldemort, naming him Tom Marvolo Riddle, and dies shortly afterwards. Voldemort is a very bad kid. He steals items from the other kids and uses magic against them. Dumbledore comes one night to tell him that he has magic and invites him to attend Hogwarts.
One final memory shows Voldemort trying to apply for a job at Hogwarts. Dumbledore, who was the Transfiguration teacher at the time, was just made Headmaster. Voldemort wants to be the new Defense Against the Dark Arts teacher. Dumbledore says no. Voldemort is angry. Since then, no professor has held the Defense Against the Dark Arts job for more than a year and Dumbledore thinks it is because of this meeting.
Dumbledore tells Harry that Voldemort has six "Horcruxes," or pieces of his soul. While Voldemort has these Horcruxes, nobody can kill him. A couple of them have been destroyed. In Harry's second year, he stabbed Riddle's diary with a fang, destroying one. Before Harry's sixth year started, Dumbledore visited the old Marvolo home and found a ring and destroyed it but lost his hand as a result.
One night, Dumbledore and Harry go out to a cave area. Dumbledore thinks there is another Horcrux there. After getting there, they find a goblet. Dumbledore drinks the entire potion, which makes him woozy and dizzy. They find the locket and go back to Hogwarts, where they find that the Death Eaters and Malfoy have attacked. They take broomsticks and land at the top of one of the towers. Malfoy bursts where Harry and Dumbledore are. Harry is hiding under an invisibility cloak. Soon, other Death Eaters come up, but Malfoy can't kill Dumbledore as Voldemort ordered him to do. Snape comes up and kills Dumbledore.
The Death Eaters all escape afterwards. Harry tries to get Snape, but Snape is too fast. When Harry tries to use some curses he found in the Half-Blood Prince's book, Snape fights back and then declares that he is the Half-Blood Prince. Later, Hermione says this is true, having found a newspaper article about a girl named Eileen Prince (a witch) marrying a man named Tobias Snape (a Muggle), making Snape a half-blood wizard.
Hogwarts holds a funeral for Dumbledore. Harry opens the locket, only to find that someone named R.A.B was there earlier and found and destroyed the Horcrux. He also says he will not be coming back to Hogwarts next year.

Persian language
Persian is the official language of Iran (Persia), Afghanistan and Tajikistan. It is also spoken by some people in Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Southern Russia, and in other neighbouring countries. Persian was also taught as a second language in schools in Pakistan until 2006. In the past, all of these countries were parts of the Persian Empire.
The Persian alphabet is very similar to the Arabic one, but the language is in a different family than Arabic, so their vocabulary and grammar are very different.
It has taken on many French words. Persian has many dialects. The Persian language is locally called Farsi, Parsi and Dari.

Copenhagen
Copenhagen is the capital city of Denmark. It is also the largest city in Denmark. Copenhagen is on the islands of Zealand and Amager.
Copenhagen was built in the 12th century A.D. and got City rights in 1254. A few years later, it was destroyed nearly completely.
In 1443, Copenhagen became the capital of Denmark.
In 1801, there were more than 100,000 inhabitants in Copenhagen first time. In the 1960's more than 700,000 people lived in Copenhagen, and today there are 502,000 inhabitants. near Copenhagen there is the famous "Freetown" Christiania".
See also.
Freetown Christiania

Nepali language
The Nepali language (also called "Gorkhali") is the official language of Nepal.

Kathmandu
Kathmandu is the capital city of Nepal. It is the largest city in Nepal. It has many Buddhist and Hindu temples and palaces. The population of the city is about 1.5 million.

11th century
The 11th century is the century from 1001 to 1100.
Decades and years.
Note: years before or after the 11th century are in "italics".

10th century
The 10th century is the century from 901 to 1000.
Decades and years.
Note: years before or after the 10th century are in "italics".

9th century
The 9th century is the century from 801 to 900.
Decades and years.
Note: years before or after the 9th century are in "italics".

8th century
The 8th century is the century from 701 to 800.
Decades and years.
Note: years before or after the 8th century are in "italics".

7th century
The 7th century is the century from 601 to 700.
Decades and years.
Note: years before or after the 7th century are in "italics".

6th century
The 6th century is the century from 501 to 600.
Decades and years.
Note: the 6th century officially started in 501.

5th century
The 5th century is the century from 401 to 500.
Decades and years.
Note: years before or after the 5th century are in "italics".

4th century
The 4th century is the century from 301 to 400.
Decades and years.
Note: years before or after the 4th century are in "italics".

Zambia
The Republic of Zambia is a country in southern Africa. It shares its borders with the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the north, Tanzania to the north-east, Malawi to the east, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana, and Namibia to the south, and Angola to the west. It was called Northern Rhodesia and it is currently named after the Zambezi River.
The capital of Zambia is Lusaka, which is also the largest city in the country. It current president is Levy Mwanawasa and has been independent since 24 October 1964. Its motto is "One Zambia, One Nation" and its national anthem is "Stand and Sing of Zambia, Proud and Free". Its official language is English.
History.
Zambia originated from Northern Rhodesia which was a colony of Great Britain. It got its independence in 1965. The first president was Kenneth Kaunda, who ruled Zambia for 30 years with his party UNIP. Zambia was a one party democracy. UNIP was the only legal party and all other partys were banned.
After protests, democratic elections were held in 1991. Kenneth Kaunda lost the elections and gave away his power in a orderly manner to his successor Frederick Chiluba, a former union leader.
Zambia is now a multi-party democracy. It has had three democratic elections since 1991. The latest presidential election was in 2006, which was won by Levy Mwanawasa.
Economy.
In the 1960's, Zambia was a well to do state because of the copper deposits that were mined in Copperbelt province. When the price of copper lowered in the 1970's, the economy dwindled. It is said that Zambia was born with a copper spoon in its mouth.
Today, Zambia is a poor country. It does not have many industries. Copper is still its main export. Commercial farming is a growing industry as well.

Benin
Benin is a country in Africa. It used to be called Dahomey and was a colony of France. The Fon people who live here are closely related to the people of Haiti.

Dominican Republic
The Dominican Republic (Spanish: "República Dominicana", pronounced IPA:) is a country on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola; the other country on the island is Haiti. Its capital, and largest city, is Santo Domingo. The language is Spanish.
History.
The Hispaniola was discovered by Christopher Columbus on 5 December, 1492 but the first time that he saw part of the present Dominican Republic was on 4 January, 1493 when he saw a headland that he named "Monte Cristi" ("Mountain of Christ"). That mountain is called now "El Morro" and is near the city of Monte Cristi.
From Monte Cristi, Columbus went east along the north coast of the island and on 16 January, after visiting the Samaná Bay, he went back to Spain. In his second trip to America, he founded the first European city in the continent, "La Isabela", near the present city of Puerto Plata.
Later, Bartholomew Columbus founded the city of Santo Domingo, the oldest permanent European city in the Americas. From here, many Spaniards went to conquer other islands (Cuba, Jamaica, Puerto Rico); because Cuba was closer to the continent, many people move from Hispaniola to that island and then to the continent. Because of that, the population of the island grew very slowly.
By the Treaty of Ryswick in 1697, Spain gave the western third of the island to France and kept the eastern part, and so the island had two different colonies: the French "Saint-Domingue" and the Spanish "Santo Domingo". In 1795, France got the whole island but they could only control the eastern part because Haiti became independent very soon. In 1809, the French government gave back the old colony of "Santo Domingo" to Spain.
On 1 December, 1821, the Spanish lieutenant governor José Núñez de Cáceres declared the independence from Spain. The new country had the name "Estado Independiente del Haití Español" ("Independent State of Spanish Haiti"). But, on 9 February, 1822, the Haitian army occupied the country and stayed for 22 years.
Juan Pablo Duarte founded a secret society, "La Trinitaria", to fight for the Dominican independence. The Haitian occupation ended on 27 February, 1844, when the inhabitants of the eastern part of the Hispaniola made a new country named "República Dominicana" ("Dominican Republic").
From 1861 to 1865, the country was again a Spanish colony. On 16 August, 1863 began the "Restoration War" when the Dominicans fought to be free again. That war ended in 1865 when the Spanish left and the Dominican Republic was again an independent country.
The country was occupied by the United States from 1916 to 1924. In 1930, Rafael Trujillo became the president of the country through a coup d'État. Trujillo was a cruel dictator, killing thousands of persons, among them many Haitians. Trujillo was killed in 1961.
After the death of Trujillo, Juan Bosch was elected in 1962 and became, in 1963, the first elected president since 1930. But was Bosch was in power during only seven months. In 1965, there was a civil war between those that wanted Bosch back on power and those that were opposed to him. Then the country was invaded again by the United States.
Government.
The Dominican Republic is a presidential democratic republic. The government is divided in three branches: the Executive, the Legislative and the Judiciary.
The Executive branch is made up of the President, the Vice President and the Ministers who are called "Secretaries of State". The President is chief of state and head of government and is elected every 4 years. He nominates the cabinet. The current president is Leonel Fernández.
The Legislative branch makes the laws and is made up of the Congress, which is located in Santo Domingo, the capital of the Dominican Republic. The Congress is divided into two groups: the Senate, with 32 members (one for every province and one for the National District), and the Chamber of Deputies with 178 members.
The Judicial branch is made up of the courts of the country, including the Supreme Court of Justice.
Politics.
The Dominican Republic is a constitutional democracy ruled by a president. The president is elected every 4 years. The current president is Leonel Fernández, of the PLD.
The land.
There are other smaller valleys in the mountains: Constanza, Jarabacoa, Bonao, Villa Altagracia.
The four most important rivers of the Dominican Republic are Yaque del Norte, Yuna, Yaque del Sur and Ozama. There are many lakes; the largest is the "Lake Enriquillo", located in the "Hoya de Enriquillo".
The country has a tropical climate but modified by elevation and the "trade winds" (winds that come from the northeast, from the Atlantic Ocean). At sea level, the average temperature is 25°C, with small changes from one season to another. In the highest mountains, the temperature in winter can be as low as 0°C.
There are two wet seasons: April-June and September-November. The most dry period is from December to March. Rainfall varies greatly; eastern regions, like the Samaná Peninsula, get an average of over 2,000 mm in a year, but less than 500 mm fall in the southwest (Hoya de Enriquillo).
From June to November, hurricanes are frequent and can do much damage in the island.
People.
The Dominican Republic has a total population, estimated for July 2007, of 18,072, 315 inhabitants, for a density of 236.30 inhabitants per km². The most common ethnic group is the mulatto (A white and black ethnic mixture) with 73% of the population.
About 64% of Dominicans live in cities and towns and 87% of people that are 15 years old or more can read and write (literacy).
The two largest cities are Santo Domingo (the capital city) with 1,817,754 inhabitants, and Santiago, in the Cibao Valley and with 908,250 inhabitants.
Provinces.
The Dominican Republic is divided into 31 provinces. The national capital Santo Domingo de Guzmán is in the "Distrito National" that is like a province and elects one Senator.
Economy.
The Dominican Republic has a mixed economy based mainly on agriculture, services (including tourism and finance), trade and money sent from the many Dominicans that live in other countries (United States, Europe). Agricultural production (mainly sugarcane, with smaller amounts of coffee, cacao, and tobacco) was the main economic activity but now is in third place after tourism and manufacturing in "zonas francas" ("free zones" where the industries do not pay taxes and all the production is sent to other countries).
Mining is also important, mainly ferronickel (nickel with iron) and gold.
The Dominican Republic suffers from poverty, with 42.2% of the population living below the poverty line in 2004. The wealth distribution is uneven: the richest 10% gets nearly 40% of national income.
Culture.
The culture of the Dominican Republic, like in other Caribbean countries, is a mix of Taíno, African and European (mainly Spanish) cultures.
There are not many Taíno traditions in the modern Dominican culture; many places keep their Taíno names: Dajabón, Bánica, Haina, Yaque, Samaná, etc. Also many objects, plants and animals have a Taíno origin and their names have been included in other languages; for example: "canoa" (canoe, a small boat), "hamaca" (hammock, a simple bed), "maíz" (maize, corn), "yuca" (cassava, that comes from the Taíno word "casabe", a kind of cassava bread eaten in the Caribbean), and "batata" (sweet potato).
The African traditions are common in the Dominican culture but they are found mainly in food, religion and music.
That mix of different traditions created a culture that is known as Creole (in Spanish: "Criolla"), common to all countries in the Caribbean, Louisiana and some parts of South America and Central America.
In the Dominican Republic, only Spanish is spoken (except for very small groups of immigrants) even though Haitian Creole is gaining importance because the massive immigration from Haiti.
The official religion is Roman Catholicism but there is freedom of religion. Protestant groups are important, representing about 15% of the total population.
Each year major festivities called "fiestas patronales" are held. They are Catholic festivities in honor of the Patron saints of the towns and villages; it is a Spanish tradition to associate every town with a Catholic saint. The festivities includes church services, street parades, fire works, dance contests and other activities.

Navassa Island
Navassa Island, or La Navase in Haitian Creole, is a small island without anyone living on it in the Caribbean Sea. It is located ninety miles south of Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. The United States government claims the two-square-mile island as a territory of the United States, and it is under control of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. The island is also wanted by Haiti.
Some sailors sailing with Christopher Columbus named Navassa in 1504, because no fresh water could be found there.
A captain named Peter Duncan gave it to the U.S. in the late 1850s, for the purpose of guano mining. After a rebellion in 1889, and the Spanish-American War of 1898, the mining was put to an end.
With the opening of the Panama Canal in 1914, Navassa became important again, because of a lighthouse being built there. After World War II, no one lived on it again.
In 1996, Navassa's light was put out of use, and the island was transferred to the U.S. Department of the Interior. Three years later, the Fish and Wildlife Service received ownership of the island. No people are allowed to live on the island because the U.S. made it an animal refuge (it is a place where animals can be safe from people).
History.
Navassa became a U.S. insular area in October 1857, when a representative of the Baltimore Fertilizer Company took possession of the island in the name of the United States pursuant to the Guano Act of August 18, 1856 (Title 48, U.S. Code, sections 1411-19). In 1889 the island's actual operation passed to the Navassa Phosphate Company. All operations were abandoned in 1898, when the island became effectively uninhabited.
Geography.
Navassa Island is three square miles in area. Navassa lies about one hundred miles south of Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, about thirty miles west of Cape Tiburon, Haiti, at the southwest entrance to the Windward Passage, east of Kingston, Jamaica. Navassa's climate is marine and tropical.
It's terrain is a raised coral and limestone plateau, flat to undulating, ringed by vertical white cliffs, approximately nine to fifteen yards high. Navassa's environment is mostly exposed rock. However, it has enough grassland to support goat herds. Dense stands of fig-like trees and scattered cactus also exist. Only one tenth of the island's land is meadows or pastures. Navassa has no ports and only off-shore anchorage.
Political Status.
In 1976, the U.S. Coast Guard determined that the lighthouse on Navassa was no longer of any value to the U.S. Government and was ceasing its exercise of any interest in the island. However, the U.S. Coast Guard's ceasing to administer Navassa's use did not have any bearing at all on the United States sovereignty over the island, which remained constant regardless of the administering Federal agency or office. Consequently, under the provisions of Title 43, U.S.Code, section 1458, the Department of the Interior assumed responsibility for the civil administration of the U.S. insular area.
Acting under the authority that the Secretary of the Interior delegated to him in Secretary's Order No. 3205 (January 16, 1997) and Amendment No. 1 (January 14, 1998) to Secretary's Order No. 3205 and in fulfillment of his responsibilities as the civil administrator of the United States insular area of Navassa Island, the Director of the Office of Insular Affairs advises all persons interested in visiting Navassa Island that, having made a preliminary review of the island's ecology, he has decided indefinitely not to allow visits to the island and its surrounding waters until he has received a further assessment of the island's environment and conservation status. As used in this notice, the term "surrounding waters" includes the waters surrounding Navassa Island seaward to a line twelve (12) nautical miles distant from Navassa Island's coastlines. The Director of the Office of Insular Affairs intends that nothing in this notice shall deny or impair the right of innocent passage in the waters surrounding Navassa Island.
On September 2, 1999, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service established the Navassa Island Wildlife Refuge as an overlay. As of December 3, 1999, the Office of Insular Affairs ceased to have any administrative responsibility for Navassa. A Secretary's order of that date transferred full administration of Navassa from the Office of Insular Affairs to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

Calculator
A calculator is a machine which allows people to do math operations more easily. For example, a normal calculator will add, subtract, multiply, and divide.
Some also do square roots, and more complex calculators can help with calculus and draw function graphs. Calculators are found everywhere. Even our computer is a calculator.
Some calculators, like the abacus will work without batteries, others, like the electronic calculator won't. There are two types of electronic calculators, the simple one, with only the main functions of plus, minus, times and division, and sometimes a square root, and the scientific one, with many other functions too such as factorials, and permutations.
There are different ways to write mathematics on a calculator. For example, after pressing "3" and then "+" and then "2" and then "=" (or "ENTER") the number "5" will be displayed on the screen. This is called Infix notation. Many more advanced calculators use postfix notation, that is, "3 4 +" instead of "3 + 4 ="; The third way of noting things, "+ 3 4", called prefix notation, is rarely found on calculators.

Blink-182
Blink-182 (also spelled blink-182) was a popular pop-punk band formed in 1992. The original band name was blink. They later had to add on the "182" suffix due to an Irish techno band who had the same name that had been around longer and threatened to sue the band. Although the change, fans still refer the band as just "Blink".Tom DeLonge, who played guitar, had been friends with Ann Hoppus while living in San Diego. He had often complained about wanting to start a band. Ann then introduced Tom to her younger brother, Mark Hoppus, who played bass. They later found drummer Scott Raynor to complete the trio. In 1998, midway through a North American tour, Raynor left the band to continue his education. Raynor was also rumoured as having been forced to leave the band by it's remaining members, due to his drinking problem. Travis Barker, who had been drumming for The Aquabats at the time, filled in for Blink 182 on the drums to finish out the rest of the tour. Tom and Mark were so impressed that they had Barker become the bands full time drummer. Blink-182 can be known for their catchy pop-punk songs and toilet Humor (their live album especially, which contained a song which contained a song consisting entirely of swear words). In February of 2005, the band announced that they were going on an "indefinite hiatus". They stated that they were going to take a break for a while. However now all three members have confirmed that they have no plans of getting back together in the future, due to DeLonge going on to create the band Angels & Airwaves and Hoppus and Barker to create the band +44.
They have released 2 demos:-
They have also made a Greatest Hits album in 2005. That album contained two songs that had not been released in the United States before, "Not Now" and "Another Girl Another Planet". "Another Girl Another Planet" was a cover song; it was first sung by The Only Ones.

Doctor Who
"Doctor Who" is a science fiction television series from the United Kingdom. The series is about an alien time-traveller known as "the Doctor". In his space-and-time-ship, the TARDIS, the Doctor and his companions travel through space and time.
The television series ran from 1963–1989, and again runs since 2005. A television movie was made in 1996. It is one of the oldest and the longest running science fiction television series in the world.
There were also two "Doctor Who" movies made in the 1960s. Peter Cushing played the Doctor in these movies. There was also a television movie starring Paul McGann. There have also been many "Doctor Who" books, comics, etc.
Story outline.
The story is about a man who calls himself "the Doctor". He travels in his space-time-ship TARDIS ("Time And Relative Dimension In Space"), with which he can go anywhere in time and space. Because of an error in its "chameleon circuit", the outside of the TARDIS always looks like a 1950s-style British police box (similar to a blue telephone box), but on the inside the TARDIS is much bigger.
The Doctor is an alien, a "Time Lord" from the planet Gallifrey. At first he traveled only with his granddaughter Susan Foreman. Later the Doctor took other people with him, who are usually called "companions" or "assistants". The Doctor and his companions travel through space and time, have a lot of adventures, and often save many people.
An often made mistake is the name of the Doctor: Often people think that the main character is named "Doctor Who" like the series, but the character is just named "the Doctor".
History.
"Doctor Who" was first shown in 1963. The actor William Hartnell played the First Doctor. The series went on, with different actors as the Doctor. In 1989 the series stopped.
A television movie, also called "Doctor Who", was made in 1996. Actor Paul McGann played the Eighth Doctor, who had regenerated from the Seventh Doctor in the beginning of the movie.
In 2005, the show started again, with Christopher Eccleston as the Ninth Doctor.
In the "Guinness World Records", "Doctor Who" is listed as the longest running science fiction television series in the world.
The Doctor.
The Doctor is the central character of "Doctor Who". He is an alien, a "Time Lord" from the planet Gallifrey. The Doctor travels in his space-time-ship TARDIS, with which he can go anywhere in time and space. Because the TARDIS' "chameleon circuit" is broken, it looks like an old British police-box permanently. The Doctor often takes other people with him, who are usually called "companions" or "assistants". They are most often human; the most recent companion was Donna Noble.
As a Gallifreyan the Doctor looks like a human on the surface, but there are differences. One well-known difference is that he has two hearts. As a Time Lord the Doctor can also "regenerate", if his body is badly hurt and he dies. During the "regeneration", the body is healed and renewed, which includes a different appearance and personality. The regenerated person is the same person, with the same memories and basic personality traits; but the person also looks different and a changed personality. Because of this the Doctor could be played by different actors. This made it possible for the series to be filmed over a time of forty years without having to actually "change" the character.
Incarnations and Actors of the Doctor.
Up until now, the Doctor has regenerated nine times, and each "incarnation" was played by a different actor.
The Doctor has played by other actors in other media, in theatre plays, parodies, etc. But these are not officially part of the "Doctor Who" story.
Peter Cushing also starred as the Doctor in the TV Movie "Dr.Who & the Daleks" although this isn't said to be part of the official storyline so Peter Cushing's Doctor isn't actually included in the official Doctor's life. Another ninth Doctor was in a internet video he was played by Richard E. Grant but he is not officially part of the "Doctor Who" story.
TARDIS.
The TARDIS is the Doctor's time and space machine. It can travel through time and space. It normally has a special feature, called the Chameleon Circuit. The Chameleon Circuit makes the TARDIS' outside change shape, so that it is disguised in whatever time and place it appears. The Chameleon Circuit on the Doctor's TARDIS is broken. It is stuck in the shape of a police telephone box. (Real police-boxes were like telephone boxes, except they were only used for people to call the police, if they had a problem. They were used by the police, sometimes as work-stations until the 1960s.)
The farthest the Doctor has ever travelled in the TARDIS is to the Big Bang and 100 trillion years into the future (in the episode "Utopia"). The inside of the TARDIS is much bigger than its outside (it is "dimensionally transcendental"). It has a lot of different rooms, but the most important is the "console room".
The TARDIS stands for "Time And Relative Dimension In Space".
Companions.
The Doctor usually takes other people with him, who are usually called "companions" or "assistants". The Doctor and his companions travel through space and time, have a lot of adventures, and often save many people.
The character of the companion was there so that the people watching the series could identify and feel close to a character. The companions were often present-time humans, so people could feel close to them, and they knew as much as the viewers. Because of this, the Doctor could explain things to his companions, and at the same time to the viewers. Almost all the Doctor's companions have been human, or human-looking aliens. Two companions were robots.
Daleks.
The Daleks are one of the most powerful races ever in the Doctor Who history and are the Doctor's worst enemies. They cry "EX-TER-MIN-ATE!" when they are about to kill someone. They come in different colours, like bronze, black, red, white, gold, and silver. They first appeared in the first season episode of the series (in "The Daleks") and they were last seen in the two-part episode "The Stolen Earth"/"Journey's End" (2008). They are not robots, but horrible aliens kept in a metal casing, because they became mutated during a war on their planet, Skaro. They were created by an evil scientist named Davros. They can not be easily hurt by guns as their casing reflects the bullets that come from the gun.
Cybermen.
Cybermen are another of the enemies of the Doctor. They come from the planet Mondas and travel across the universe taking people and turning them into machines. They have been known to stomp around saying "DELETE!". They change their look over time.
The Doctor has faced them many times, the first was in "The Tenth Planet" (William Hartnell's final episode) and they are one of his worst enemies.
Sontarans.
The Sontarans are a group of aliens that must face their enemy in combat because of their weak spot on the back of their neck. They have been mentioned to look like a baked potatoe.
Sea Devil.
The Sea Devills they lived when the dinosaurs lived until the moon came to close to the earth and they slept for hundreds of years. The sea devils only apear in the orginal run of series.
Time Lords.
The Time Lords are a group of people like the Doctor with two hearts, they can change their bodies when they get hurt. All of the Time Lords except the Doctor and the Master were killed in the "Time War". This was a big war with the Daleks. The Doctor ended the war by blowing up his planet, Gallifrey, killing the Daleks and his own people. It has made him sad ever since.
The Master.
The Master is an evil Time Lord from the same planet as the Doctor. He knew the Doctor when they were young, and they used to be friends. He also uses a TARDIS, which is able to change into any shape.
Like the Doctor, the Master has been played by many actors, the first being Roger Delgado and the most recent being John Simm.
The Master is known for using disguises and anagrams to hide himself. He travels through time like the Doctor, but usually wants to do bad things, and hurt people.
Regeneration.
The Doctor has been played by ten actors so far.
In the story, when Time Lords are badly hurt, they "regenerate". When this happens, they look different and they act differently, but they are still the same person. They do this instead of dying, so that they can live longer. A Time Lord can regenerate twelve times in total, when the Master had regenerated twelve times he stole a humans body to keep alive.

Concentration camp
A concentration camp is a place which a government uses to keep people who are either against that government or who it thinks are too dangerous to remain free. Sometimes these are called internment camps, where a large number of people are put in prison without a trial.
The people who are locked away in such a prison, are not usually yet found guilty of a crime, but may be politically against the leaders of a region, people who are of a certain race or religion, or non-military prisoners of war.
History of concentration camps.
Many countries have used concentration camps often during wars or times of trouble and fighting.
The English words "concentration camps" were first used by the British in the Second Boer War in Africa around 1900. The families of South African men fighting against the British were put in camps to stop them from giving food and help to the fighters. Their houses and farms were burned. At least 30,000 people, mostly children, died in these camps from sickness or hunger.
Concentration camps became more famous and hated after 1936 when Nazi Germany's leader, Adolf Hitler, thought certain groups of people should be killed (including Jews, Roma people, and homosexuals) and others were politically dangerous (socialists, communists or religious persons who disagreed with the Nazis). People were often sent to these camps to work. After a few years, some camps were set up to kill people. These are now called "extermination camps" or "death camps". People were gassed, shot, or sometimes worked to death. Some of these people were given a trial, but these trials were very unfair.
The Nazi gas chambers reportedly killed up to 20,000 people a day, towards the end of World War II. Over half of the people who died in the Holocaust, died at such concentration camps, at least 1.1 million people at the camps of Auschwitz alone.
Prison camps had been in use in Russia for many years, especially in places in the Arctic or Siberia, a long way from any cities. From the 1920's under the Soviet Union many more people were sent to such camps and they were very badly treated there. One might still die there, but would most likely be used to work first. That is called a labour camp. These camps are sometimes called gulags, the Russian name for them. Anyone who was seen as a threat to the government was sent there. In 1939, there were about 1,300,000 people working as slaves in these camps. The Russian writer Alexander Solzhenitsyn wrote a book called The Gulag Archipelago by which many people realized what crimes the communist Soviet Union government had done.
In the United States during the American Civil War in the 1860's soldiers who been captured were sometimes all crowded together in bad conditions. These were meant to be prisoner of war camps with good conditions, but many men died from sickness or hunger. At Andersonville prison about 12,000 men died (out of about 45,000 who were in prison there). This camp was not meant to be so bad, and the man in charge was later tried and killed for war crimes.
During the so-called Indian Wars (1870's and later) the United States made many enemies who were Native Americans. These people were forced to leave their land and were often put into camps where they could not leave. In some cases, many people, especially children, died from hunger and sickness. These camps were called reservations, in that some land had been set aside, or reserved for the Native Americans. Again these camps were not meant to be so bad, but many things went wrong.

Ribosome
Ribosome is a part of a cell that creates protein. A ribosome is a protein that starts its formation in the nucleolus of a cell. The nucleolus is found in the center of the nucleus. The nucleus is protected by the nuclear envelope,and lets things out through the nuclear pores. The ribosome is made of RNA and proteins. The job of the ribosome is to make new proteins. They are usually found in the rough endoplasmic reticulum, but can also be found through out the cytoplasm.
The ribosome is the most important cell organelle that is present in all cells from prokaryotes to eukaryotes.

William Hartnell
William Henry Hartnell (January 8, 1908–April 23, 1975), is a English actor. He best known for playing the First Doctor on "Doctor Who" from 1963 to 1966.
Biography.
He was born in St Pancras, London. In 1932, he was in a movie called "Say It With Music". He was in more than sixty movies. He usually played funny characters until 1944, when he was a sergeant in a movie called "The Way Ahead". After that, he played a lot of policemen and soldiers. He was the main character in a movie called "Carry on Sergeant" in 1958. From 1957 to 1961, he appeared on a television show called "The Army Game" and in 1963, gave up movies and became the Doctor in "Doctor Who". "Doctor Who" was a new television show.
Hartnell was in "Doctor Who" for three years. In 1966 he got sick. He forgot some of his lines, and argued with the people who made the show. Then he left "Doctor Who". Patrick Troughton became the new Doctor.
Hartnell's health was getting worse and in December 1974, he went to hospital. On 23 April, 1975, he died in his sleep at the age of 67.

Patrick Troughton
Patrick George Troughton (March 25, 1920 – March 28, 1987) was a British actor. He played different sorts of characters and who was in a lot of movies. He is best known as the Second Doctor on "Doctor Who" from 1966 to 1969. He also appeared in "Jason & the Argonauts" (1963) and "The Omen" (1976). His grandson, Harry Melling plays Dudley Dursley in the "Harry Potter" series of movies.

Jon Pertwee
John Devon Roland Pertwee (July 7, 1919 – May 20, 1996), better known as Jon Pertwee was an English actor. He is best known for playing the role of the Third Doctor on "Doctor Who" from 1970 to 1974 and also the title scarecrow in the television children's comedy series "Worzel Gummidge".
He was a cousin of actor Bill Pertwee who played Chief Warden Hodges in the comedy "Dad's Army".

Tom Baker
Thomas Stewart Baker (born January 20, 1934) or Tom Baker is an English actor. He is best known for playing the Fourth Doctor in the long-running science fiction television series "Doctor Who".
Biography.
Baker was born in Liverpool. Baker's father was a sailor and was Jewish. Baker's mother was Roman Catholic. Baker originally was a monk and later worked for the Royal Army Medical Corps and as a construction worker. Baker took up acting first as a hobby than professionally, his first big part was as Grigori Rasputin in the 1971 movie, "Nicholas and Alexandra". Baker is best known for playing the Fourth Doctor in the long-running science fiction television series "Doctor Who". He played this role from 1974 to 1981. He is famous for holding the role longer than any other actor, and his version of the role is probably the best remembered by many people. He is now famous for his role as a narrator for the comedy sketch show "Little Britain."

Nazi Germany
Nazi Germany is the informal name given to Germany between 1933 and 1945.
This is the period when the Nazi Party controlled Germany. It is also sometime called the "Third Reich" () which means The Third Empire. Nazis say they follow on from the first empire (the Holy Roman Empire) and the Second Empire of 1871-1918. The official name was (), the Greater (that is, bigger) German State
The name "Nazi Germany" was often used after World War II to highlight the difference between the Nazi-run country, which started the war, and the new peaceful Germany.

U.S. state
A U.S. state is one of the states of the United States of America. Three states use the term "commonwealth" because they called themselves that when the United States was first formed, but this is only tradition and they are still the same as the others called "states".

Jim Reeves
James Travis "Jim" Reeves (August 20, 1923 in Galloway, Texas - July 31, 1964 in Nashville, Tennessee) was an American country singer.

Dusty Springfield
Mary Isabel Catherine Bernadette O'Brien (or Dusty Springfield) (April 16, 1939 – 2 March 1999) was a British pop singer. She recorded over 200 songs and her career lasted over 30 years. She died of breast cancer in 1999.

The Offspring
The Offspring are a punk group formed in 1984 in Garden Grove, California. Their music has covered both Punk rock and pop punk. Americana is a clear cut pop punk album and proves the peak of their mainstream glory.
History.
The band were founded by Dexter Holland and Greg Kriesel after a concert of Social Distortion as "Manic Subsidal". As soon as Kevin "Noodles" Wassermann joined the band as their second guitarist in 1985, they changed their name into "The Offspring".
It would not be until ten years after forming that The Offspring saw its first piece of commercial success in its third album, "Smash", which was released in 1994. Regarded by many as The Offspring's classic release, and Epitaph Records' best-selling album, "Smash" produced four successful hit singles: "Come Out and Play" (which reached #1 on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart), "Self Esteem", "Gotta Get Away" and the radio-only single "Bad Habit". From there, The Offspring became one of the most important punk bands of the 1990s, along with ALL, Bad Religion, Face to Face, Green Day, Guttermouth, Lagwagon, NOFX, Pennywise, Rancid, Social Distortion, The Vandals, and many others.
Their most recent album was released in June 2008. The exact date of release depended on the country/region.

Aretha Franklin
Aretha Franklin (born March 25, 1942) is an American soul and R&B singer. She is called the "Queen of Soul". She is best known for her songs "Respect", "Think", "Chain of Fools", and "(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman".

Tomato
Tomato is a red fruit. It is shiny and smooth, and has many small seeds. The tomato is green when it is unripe. It slowly changes color from green to red as it gets more ripe. There are many different types of tomatoes. Most tomatoes are red, but some special kinds are yellow or orange when they are ripe. Also, some tomatoes are as small as strawberries, and some will become as big as apples. Tomatoes are used a lot in Italian food. They are also used to make ketchup.
If a ginger person eats a tomato, their face become considerably red for the next few minutes due to pigments in their skin.

Pineapple
Pineapple is a plant and a fruit. It is from Brazil, Bolivia, and Paraguay, but is grown as a crop in other tropical areas, most famously in Hawaii.
The pineapple ("Ananas comosus") is a tropical plant and fruit (berry), probably native to Brazil or Paraguay. The plant is a short (1–1.5 m) herbaceous perennial with 30 or more trough-shaped and pointed leaves 30–100 cm long, surrounding a thick stem. The leaves of the Smooth Cayenne cultivar mostly lack spines except at the leaf tip, but the Spanish and Queen cultivars have large spines along the leaf margins. Pineapples are the only bromeliad fruit in widespread cultivation. It is slightly acidic, if you have a sensitive tongue, you may not want to eat it. The Pineapple fruit is very tasty, some people like in on pizza, and some people like it on icecream.

Pear
Pear is a fruit. It looks like a teardrop. Ripe pears have a flavor that is best when it is cool. They are juicy. Pears don't ripen well on trees. They can be soft in the center. It is harvested when it is fully ready to be picked. They can be baked, canned or frozen. They can be made into jams, jellies or juice. They can also be made into pies and put into salads or baby food. Pear trees grow on heavy soil. It is eighty three percent water. It has a green or red skin.
Pears are in the subfamily Maloideae with apples. It a subfamily of the family "Rosaceae".

Melon
A melon is a word used for a number of members of fruit in the Cucurbitaceae family.
History.
The origin of the melon as we know it today is rather shrouded in mystery. Of a surety, they originated in Asia and Africa rather than in the US, and brought to England around the sixteenth century AD. Melons were first introduced to the New World by Columbus during his second expedition. They were part of rations aboard the ships to help prevent scurvy in sailors. Once his men had eaten them and discarded the seeds, the crop quickly took hold in Haiti and spread from there. Seeds were also brought to California by Spanish Conquistadors. Navajos were farming the fruit by the 1800s, from seeds brought from Latin America. However, melons did not gain prominence as a common food until it was brought again during the slave trade.
The melon belongs to the Kingdom Plantae, and is classified as a fruit, though in cooking it is used as both a fruit and a vegetable. Its genus and species are both Cucunis. Within these groups, they are also distinguished by their Latin names into two groups, Cucumis (muskmelons), and Citrullus (watermelons.). Aside from these classifications, they are also separated into many varieties. Exactly how many varieties is unknown. Some biblical accounts say that there are thousands, and others far fewer. The three most common are the watermelon, cantaloupe, and honeydew. The cantaloupe, also called a muskmelon, belongs to the Cucumis family. It has beige, netted skin and sweet orange flesh that is high in beta carotene. Watermelons have green, striped skin that free of netting and a moist red interior sprinkled with black and white seeds.
Other types lean toward the exotic, such as the Crenshaw. A hybrid between the casaba and the Persian melon, Crenshaws have a distinct spicy flavor. Still stranger is the melon knows as Santa Claus. It is known as such because it matures in December, in Brazil and Costa Rica. The vine on which it grows is eight to ten feet in length. The flesh is crisp, and varies in color from yellow to green to white.
Melons are a highly nutritious food. It has been touted for centuries that they have numerous medicinal properties. The seeds of cantaloupe were used in China to moderate fevers and the digestive system. Elsewhere, seeds were pulverized and used to treat tuberculosis. Cantaloupes are particularly beneficial to people with heart disease, as they contain large of amounts of an anticoagulant known as adenosine. They also contain high levels of potassium, which benefits those with high blood pressure. Due to their high water content, all melons are considered diuretics.
There is also evidence that suggests that consumption of melons can lower the risk of cancer. USDA researches have discovers that melons contain lycopene, an antioxidant found in a select group of fruits and vegetables. Lycopene treats and prevents cancer by trapping free-radicals in cells.
Member of the gourd and pumpkin family, melons are notoriously “promiscuous,” meaning that they must be kept separate from other melons due to the fact that they readily pollinate each other. They are not particularly hardy, nor are they very frail. They require about four months of warm weather, and like lots of direct sunlight. Unlike some vegetables, indoor germination with plans to transplant outside does not work well. Melons simply will not grow well that way. For best results, seeding them outdoors in early may works very well. Since they are a vine fruit, they require lots of space to spread out; some dwarf or midget varieties can do well in planters, such as large truck tires. No matter how you plant them, melons must be kept warm. If the temperatures drop below fifty regularly, the result will be small, bitter fruit. Two other requirements are fertile soil and lots of water. Good dirt is imperative to grow melons. These fruits also require copious amounts of water. However, as fruits grow nearer to harvest, it is recommended to cease watering for one week prior to picking. This will allow the sugars to develop.

Raspberry
A raspberry is an aggreate fruit, meaning it is many fruits joined together.
It typically grows in forest clearings or fields where fire or wood-cutting has produced open space. The raspberry flower can be a source of nectar for honeybees. As a cultivated plant in moist temperate regions, it is easy to grow. It has a tendency to spread unless cut back.
Two types of raspberries can be bought in stores: the wild summer-bearing type, which produces fruit in the summer, and double- or "ever"-bearing plants, which also bear fruit in the summer.
Leaves of the raspberry are used fresh or dried in herbal teas. Leaves are found in groups of 3 or 5, and the undersides are silver-white in color. Blackberries have leaves that look similar to raspberry leaves, but the undersides are green.

Plum
A plum is a sweet fruit. It's scientific name is Prunus. (scientific names are uncommon so you should not use prunus in normal English). When dried, it is called a prune. The color "plum" takes its name from the fruit. Plum colored plums are called "purple plums" and are a deep purple color; other plums are reddish purple (these two varieties are shown in the picture at right). Some other plums can be yellow, red, green or even white. The fruit has a groove running down one side, and a smooth stone (seed). The flesh of the fruit is brownish and is very juicy. The skin can be eaten. It can also be used to make jam and the juice can be used to make wine. It is closely related to the apricot.

Peach
Peach is a tree that at first grew in China. Peaches are also the fruit the peach tree makes. Peaches are called stone fruits because they have a shell of hard wood around their seed, called a stone or a pit. Cherries, plums, and apricots are other stone fruits. There are two types of peaches: freestone and clingstone. Freestone peaches do not stick to their pits, while clingstone peaches do.
The skin of a peach is an orange-yellow color, and it is covered in small, fine hairs called peach fuzz. A peach without the fuzz is commonly called a nectarine. The inside of a peach is a golden color. The inside of a peach is sweet and sticky. Because they taste sweet, peaches are often part of dessert.
Many North Americans enjoy this fruit, as well as others all over the world.

Fig
Fig (genus "Ficus") is a soft, sweet fruit. Its skin is very thin and has many small seeds inside of it. There are more than 720 kinds of figs. They can be eaten when ripe and when dried. Figs grow in warm climates. Sometimes, figs are made into jam. Figs are also in a popular snack.

Grapefruit
Grapefruit is a citrus fruit grown in sub-tropical places. It is bigger than an orange and tastes bitter, but many types of grapefruit have other flavors. It is very healthy.
The simultaneus intake of grapefruit-juice and anticonvulsant could rise the concentration of the latter, The flavonoid naringin, was an important clinically active inhibitor of intestinal OATP1A2 (reads "organic anion-transporting polypeptide") and responsible of this interaction with many drugs that go into liver

Grape
Grapes are the fruit of a woody grape vine. Grapes can be eaten raw, or used for making wine, juice, and jelly/jam. Grapes in different colours; red, purple, white, and green are some examples. Today, grapes can be seedless, by using machines to pit the fruit. Wild grapevines are often considered a nuisance weed, as they cover other plants with their usually rather aggressive growth.
Raisins are the dried fruit of the grapevine, and the name actually comes from the French word for "grape."
Since the early 21st century in the United States and other countries, and the global functional food industry, there has been a fast-growing recognition of red grapes for their popularity, nutrient content and antioxidant qualities. This has given them commercial status as a "superfruit".
The leaves of the grapevine itself are considered edible (eatable). They are used to make dolmades.
Grapevines are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species.
Distribution.
According to the "Food and Agriculture Organization" (FAO), 75,866 square kilometres of the world is used to grow grapes. About 71% of grapes are used for wine. 27% are used as fresh fruit, and 2% are used as dried fruit. A part of grape production goes to making grape juice to be used as a sweetener for fruits canned "with no added sugar" and "100% natural". The area dedicated to vineyards is increasing by about 2% per year.
The following list of top wine-producers shows the areas used to grow grapes for wine making
Comparing diets among western countries, researchers have found that although the French usually eat more animal fat than other countries, the number of cases of heart disease remains low in France. Many scientists think this is because the French drink more red wine than other countries. Something in the grape helps lower the amount of cholesterol in the body. This helps prevent clogging of the arteries. Doctors do not recommend drinking a lot of red wine, but three or four glasses a week is good and encouraged.
Grapes of all colors offer benefits. Red wine offers health benefits that are not found in white wine. This is because many of the good nutrients are found in the skins of the grapes, and only red wine is fermented with the skins.
White grapes.
White grapes are derived from the red grape by evolution. Changes in two genes turn off creation of anthocyanin. Anthocyanin is what makes red grapes the color red..
Raisins, currants, and sultanas.
A "raisin" is any dried grape. A "currant" is a dried Zante grape. The name is a corruption of the French "raisin de Corinthe" (Corinth grape). A "sultana" was originally a raisin made from a specific type of grape of Turkish origin. The word is now used for raisins made from common North American grapes and chemically treated to resemble the traditional sultana.
Note that, while "raisin" is a French loanword, the word in French means the fresh fruit. "Grappe" (Where the English word "grape" comes from) means the bunch (as in "une grappe de raisin").
Note also that "currant" has also come to mean to the blackcurrant and redcurrant. These two berries completely unrelated to grapes.

Blackberry
The blackberry is well known shrub. It grows to about 3 m in height. It produces an edible black fruit, known by the same name. The plant tolerates poor soil very well. It is very pervasive. It will grow fast, taking over uncultivated spots very fast. The black, juicy plump ones taste sweeter than the pre-mature blackberries (the red ones).

Lychee
A lychee (genus "litchi") is a tropical fruit that comes from southern China. Since it is tropical, it will only grow in a warm, wet climate.
The inside of a lychee is a clear, pinkish-white colour. The outside of the fruit is a hard spiky shell. Its seed is brown in colour and very hard. The seeds are poisonous and should not be eaten. The fruit is rare because drafonfruit climbs the bough on lychee plants, causing them to die.

Cherry
Cherry is a fruit that grows on a tree or a bush. It is usually red, with a seed in the middle. It tastes slightly sour, and is often used to flavour cakes and ice cream, or is baked in a pie or cobbler. Cherries are also a good source of Vitamin B.

Blackcurrant
Blackcurrant ("Ribes nigrum") is a small, bitter-tasting fruit. It can be found in central and northern Europe and northern Asia.
Blackcurrant has a lot of vitamin C in it. Blackcurrant gets its name from its dark color. It is also used to make jelly, ice cream, and cordial. Blackcurrant is a popular flavor in the United Kingdom. Blackcurrants are also used in salads and in baking, similar to raisins.

Date Palm
The Date Palm is a palm. It has been cultivated for a very long time because of its edible fruit. This fruit is called "date". The tree is between 15m and 25m high. It has long leaves that look like feathers. Such leaves are called pinnate. The leaves can grow to 3-5 metres in length. The leaves have visible spines. There are about 150 leaflets. Each leaflet can be up to 30 cm in length and 2cm in breadth. The full span of the crown of the tree is 6 to 10 metres.
The tree has one or more trunks, that all come from a single system of roots.
Production.
The First International Date Conference was held in Tripoli, Libya in 1959. In that conference, it was decided to develop a special program under the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations to promote the commercial use of substandard or physically defective dates.

Cherimoya
Cherimoya is a sweet fruit that comes mostly from Peru, Ecuador, Colombia and Bolivia. The inside of a cherimoya is soft, and it is white in color. The skin of the cherimoya fruit is green when it is ripe, and brown if it becomes too ripe. The cherimoya has large, black seeds. They are poisonous, and should not be eaten, like the skin. The cherimoya is special because it can be grown in high places.

Blueberry
A blueberry is a berry, a very small fruit. It grows in a type of tree called a shrub. Many types of blueberries grow in North America and eastern Asia. Blueberries are more common between May and October.
Blueberries have a sweet taste, with a little acidic hint. Wild blueberries have a stronger taste. Blueberries are good for making jelly, jam, pie, muffins, and many other foods.

Momentum
Momentum is a conserved quantity in physics which is the product of the mass "m" and velocity "v" of an object. It is a vector which is usually represented by the symbol "p". In Newtonian physics, it is given by the equation "p" = "mv". This equation also applies in special relativity, but with m being the relativistic mass of the object.
Momentum is the product of the mass and the velocity of an object. This means that both mass and velocity affect the momentum of an object. For instance, an object with a low mass and a high velocity can have the same momentum as an object with high mass and low velocity.
Momentum is a vector. This means that both the size (numerical value) of the momentum and the direction of the momentum are important.
Momentum is a conserved quantity. This means that the total amount of momentum in a closed system never changes. The momentum is "conserved" or transferred from one object to another. This happens in such a way that the total momentum of the system remains constant.
In understanding conservation of momentum, the direction of the momentum is important. Momentum in a system is added up using vector addition. Under the rules of vector addition, adding a certain amount of momentum together with the same amount of momentum going in the opposite direction gives a total momentum of zero.
For instance, when a gun is fired, a small mass (the bullet) moves at a high speed in one direction. A larger mass (the gun) moves in the opposite direction at a much slower speed. The momentum of the bullet and the momentum of the gun are exactly equal in size but opposite in direction. Using vector addition to add the momentum of the bullet to the momentum of the gun (equal in size but opposite in direction) gives a total system momentum of zero. The momentum of the gun-bullet system has been conserved.

Common phrases in different languages
These are some common phrases in the languages of English, Spanish, German, French and Russian.

Malmo
Malmo (Swedish: Malmö, Danish: Malmø) is the third largest city in Sweden. About 265,000 people live there. It is in the south west part of the Sweden, by the sea. The Öresund bridge goes from Malmö to Copenhagen. In the 15th century, Malmö was one of Denmark's largest cities.
Malmö has the biggest Middle Eastern community in Sweden. It is warm in the summer. In winter it is not quite as cold as in other parts of the country.
Twin Cities.
Newcastle upon Tyne (UK)

Skull
A skull, or cranium, is a set of bones that make up the head of a vertebrate and keep in place all body parts in the head. Its hard bones keeps the brain safe. Inside the skull are air pockets called sinuses, which act like cushions for the brain. When you have a headache in your forehead, it is usually because the sinuses are filled with fluid due to allergies.
In humans, the adult skull is normally made up of 28 bones. A skull is also used as a symbol of poison when used in conjunction with crossbones.

Mark Hoppus
Mark Hoppus is an American musician. He was born March 15, 1972. He is most famous for being a member of the band Blink 182. He played the bass guitar and sang. After Blink 182 broke up, he started another band, called "+44", with Blink 182's drummer, Travis Barker. When he was younger he played in bands called Pier 69 and the Attic Children. He has a wife named Skye and a son named Jack. Today he plays in +44 and produces music for other bands.

Sandstone
Sandstone is a rock made of compacted sand "glued" together with calcium carbonate. It is used for building large buildings in many countries.

Pseudonym
A pseudonym (seu-do-nim) is a false name a person makes up and uses instead of their real name.

Pen name
A pen name is a name an author uses in the place of their real name, when they write and publish things. For example, the Brontë sisters who were famous authors in the 19th century used them, because back then no one would read a book written by a woman. Charles Dodgson, a math professor took the name Lewis Carroll, when he wrote fantasy stories.

Stage name
A stage name is a name an entertainer like an movie star or a musican takes in the place of their real or birth name, they might like this name better than their real one or it's easier for people to remember. Professional wrestlers use stage names also, in their case it's called a "Ring name".
See Also.
Pen name

Fermat's last theorem
Pierre de Fermat wrote about it in 1637 inside his copy of a book called "Arithmetica". He said "I have a proof of this theorem, but there is not enough space in this edge." (In Latin it was: "Cuius rei demonstrationem mirabilem sane detexi. Hanc marginis exiguitas non caperet.") However, no correct proof was found for 357 years.
Mathematical context.
Fermat's last theorem is a generalization of the Diophantine equation
(This is linked to the Pythagorean theorem). The solutions are called Pythagorean triples. There are an infinite number of them (they go on forever). But Fermat's last theorem says that if we change the '2' into a bigger whole number, there are no solutions.
Proof.
The proof was made for "some" values of n (like "n"=3, "n"=4, "n"=5 and "n"=7). Fermat, Euler and other people did this.
However, the full proof must show that the equation has no solution for all values of n (when n is a whole number bigger than 2). The proof was very difficult to find, and Fermat's Last Theorem needed a lot of time to be solved.
An English man named Andrew Wiles found a solution in 1995. Richard Taylor helped him find the solution. Wiles did a lot of secret work. He wanted to be the first.
After a few years of debate, people agreed that Andrew Wiles had solved the problem. Andrew Wiles used a lot of modern mathematics and even created new math when he made his solution. These mathematics were unknown when Fermat wrote his famous note, so Fermat could not have used them.

Lewinsky scandal
The Monica Lewinsky scandal (also called Monicagate) was a famous scandal where United States President Bill Clinton had sexual intercourse with 22-year-old White House intern Monica Lewinsky and then lied about it to the Senate.

323
Centuries: 3rd century - 4th century - 5th century
Decades: 270s 280s 290s 300s 310s - 320s - 330s 340s 350s 360s 370s
Years: 318 319 320 321 322 - 323 - 324 325 326 327 328

Guam
Guam is an island in Micronesia in the Pacific Ocean that is part of the United States. It is a territory and not one of the 50 U.S. States. The people that first lived there are called "Chamorros". The capital of Guam is the city of Hagåtña.The largest city is Dededo. Guam has important United States Air Force and Navy bases, which use a lot of Guam's land. Guam also has a lot of tourists.
History.
Guam was one of the first islands in the Pacific Ocean to be visited by Europeans. In 1521, the first European to visit Guam was Ferdinand Magellan, on his voyage around the World. Spain took over Guam in 1668, and it was an important place for Spanish delivery boats every year going between Mexico and the Philippines, known as the Manila Galleon. During this time the people on Guam learned a great deal about the Spaniards.
In 1898, the United States had a war with Spain and took Guam under the Treaty of Paris, which also brought the giving of Cuba, the Philippines and Puerto Rico from Spain. Guam continued to be important due to its strategic location, both for shipping and air travel in the Pacific. During World War II, Japan captured Guam in 1941, but the U.S. fought to get it back in 1944. This meant that the Chamorro people on Guam were on a different side of the war than the Chamorro people on the nearby Northern Mariana Islands. Even though the Northern Mariana Islands were also taken over by America, they still feel different from the Chamorro people on Guam.
In 1950, the US Congress passed a law making the people of Guam American citizens.
Law and government.
Most people on Guam are happy to be Americans. The American military bases make some jobs for a lot of Guam people. Being part of America also helps bring visitors from Japan who spend money.
But some people on Guam do not like Guam continuing its status as a U.S. territory. They want to be a more important part of America. Some of these people want Guam to be a "commonwealth", like Puerto Rico. A few others want Guam to be a U.S. State, or for Guam to be its own country. But the United States does not think this would be a good idea. Guam needs a lot of money from the U.S. government, which it would lose if it changed into a commonwealth, a state, or its own country. Also, changing Guam might mean the U.S. would have to give up some of the important military bases.
Some people still want Guam to be able to make more of its own decisions. But they think the United States is not listening to them.they lived in the east.
Money.
Guam gets most of its money from the United States government. Much of that money is spent on the military bases, but there are also federal grants given to the Guam government for various programs. Because it is only a territory, federal income taxes paid by Guam residents are given to the Guam government for its operations.
Guam also gets a lot of money from visitors on vacation. Almost all of these visitors are from Japan. Japanese tourists like Guam because it is closer to Japan than other American places. Guam has lots of hotels and other fun places for people to visit. Tumon Bay is Guam's biggest beach. It has lots of pretty white sand, and the water has lots of fish. Tumon is becoming a busy city.
Today, Guam has less visitors than it did a few years ago, because Asia has had some trouble. This means there are fewerjobs on Guam, and it has lost money.
Land and water.
Guam is 212 square miles (549 square kilometers) large. In the north part, it has a flat area of coral and limestone rock. The south part has mountains. Around the island is a coral reef.
Guam is next to the Marianas Trench, which is the deepest part of the Earth and underwater. It sometimes has earthquakes, some of which have been very strong.
Weather.
Guam is a tropical island. It is usually quite warm and wet and the temperature does not change very much. From February to July it is dry, but the rest of the year it is rainy. Sometimes Guam has very strong and dangerous storms in October and November.

Warren G. Harding
Warren G. Harding (November 2, 1865–August 2, 1923) was the 29th President of the United States. He was the president from 1921 to 1923. He died while he was the president. Before becoming president, he was a senator and the assistant governor of Ohio. Before he was in government, he was an important newspaper manager. He was in the Republican Party and believed that government should do as little as possible. Very few people think that his work as president was very good, and in fact he had a lot of problems with it. His vice president Calvin Coolidge became president after he died.

Honduras
Honduras is a country in Central America.
Its capital is Tegucigalpa. Most people of Honduras use the Spanish language. 7,483,763 people live in Honduras and it 112,492 kilometers in size. It is located right next to El Salvador. To one side is the caribian and to the other in the pacific ocean.

Bangladesh
Bangladesh is a country in South Asia. Its capital is Dhaka. It is close to India, Myanmar, China, Nepal, and Bhutan. It became an independent nation in 1971, when it gained its independence from Pakistan after a war that cost over a million lives. The People's Republic of Bangla-Desh covers an area of 55,126 sq mi or (142,776 km²), it is bigger than Tajikistan but smaller than Nepal.
The country shares its border with Myanmar, and is very close to China, Nepal, and Bhutan. Bangladesh is surrounded on all three sides by India.
The local currency is called Taka. The official language is Bengali.
There are two main rivers in Bangladesh, the Ganges river and the Brahmaputra. There are often floods because of these two rivers.
History.
Bangladesh was formerly called East Pakistan. In 1948, it was made part of Pakistan. The people of East Pakistan were mostly Bengalis who were different from their west Pakistani counterparts in terms of language and culture. Language and political differences eventually led to war. On 26 December, 1971 Bangladesh gained independence.
Its capital Dhaka, also spelt as "Dacca", was the capital of the East Bengal province. East Bengal was then a part of Pakistan.
Following the birth of Bangladesh, Bangla came to replace English as the mediumof instruction. Bangla also became the sole national language and the standard language of communications. The initial shortage of Bangla textbooks and other instructional materials was alleviated by the accelerated production of textbooks in the vernacular under the patronage of government education departments. The Bangla Academy also played a pioneering role in this area. In the 1980s, British education was maintained marginally through private English-language institutions attended by upper classchildren. English continued to be offered as an elective subject in most institutions of higher education and was offered as a subject for bachelor's and master's degrees.
Initially, Arabic also lost ground in independent Bangladesh. This trend ended in the late 1970s, however, after Bangladesh strengthened its ties with Saudi Arabia and other oil-rich, Arabicspeaking countries. An unsuccessful attempt was made in 1983 to introduce Arabic as a required language in primary and secondary levels. Arabic is widely studied in Madrassas and Islamic institutions around the country for better understanding of Quran, Hadith and any other Islamic texts.
Despite 30 years of independence, Bangladesh is still a very poor country. The country is riddled with extensive poverty, corruption and political unrest. Literacy rate is just below 50 percent and the country is one of the most densely populated in the world.
Bangladesh is also proned to heavy cyclones and natural disasters. Cyclones are very common in Bay of Bengal during middle of the year usually strikes the south of country in areas like Sundarban, Chittagong, Cox's Bazaar or in neighbouring Burma and India. Despite, it's frequent occurrence, Bangladesh does not have a very effective storm prevention system and cyclones usually inflict heavy damage to infrastructure and loss of lives.

Yugoslavia
Yugoslavia was a country in Europe. It existed from 1918 to 1992. From 1918 until 1928 it was called the "Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes". From 1928 until World War II it was the "Kingdom of Yugoslavia". In the war Croatia was a Nazi puppet state. After the war was born the "Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia" with six republics: Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia and Slovenia, and two autonomous provinces in Serbia: Vojvodina in the north, and Kosovo, next to Albania. In 1991 came the independence of Slovenia, Croatia, Macedonia, and in 1992 of Bosnia-Herzegovina, causing the end of the country. Serbia and Montenegro, were the last two republics in the Socialist Yugoslavia. In 1992, they formed a new "Federal Republic of Yugoslavia" (FRY). In 2003, the FRY became the "State Union of Serbia and Montenegro". In 2006, the state union ended when Montenegro decided to be their country.

Major League Baseball
Major League Baseball is the company in the United States and Canada that is in charge of professional baseball. Both the American League, also called AL, and National League, also called NL, are part of the company. Even though it is named "major league" (high group), the company is also in charge of much of the minor league (low group) of baseball. The company owns everything that happens in major league baseball games. It also includes MLB Productions and MLB Advanced Media, which are in charge of major league baseball games on television and the teams and company web pages. There are 30 different major league teams.
At the end of every season, the best teams play a World Series. The best teams are chosen by the best teams in the west, central, or east from each division (AL and NL) plus one extra team from both AL and NL (called the wild card) that's the best out of all of the remaining teams of the division. Teams then play "best out of 7" games in their own division. The teams that lose are out of the World Series, and this process continues until there is only one AL team and one NL team. These teams play the final "best out of 7" games and the winner of the games win the World Series.

Lou Gehrig
Henry Louis Gehrig (born Ludwig Heinrich Gehrig; June 19, 1903 — June 2, 1941) was an American baseball player. He played with Babe Ruth and the New York Yankees who were thought the best team of that time. He played with the Yankees for most of his playing time which started in 1923 and ended in 1939. He played in 2,130 games without a rest, which was the most of any player until Cal Ripken, Jr. in 1995. When he stopped playing as well, he went to a doctor who found out Gehrig had amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS — which is now sometimes called Lou Gehrig's disease). The doctor told Gehrig he had only a short time to live. On July 4, 1939, there was a special observation of Gehrig by the other Yankees, and Gehrig gave a public talk that became well-known. When he spoke that day he said he was "the luckiest man on the face of the earth". The mayor of New York City congratulated him for his teamwork. He died less than two years later.

United States Senate
The United States Senate is part of the U.S. United States Congress, which is a group of chosen people who decide the laws of the country.
Every U.S. state chooses two people from the state to work on the Senate. These people are called senators. Since there are 50 U.S. states, there are 100 senators. Senators are picked every two years, and they stay on the senate for six years at a time. Originally the legislature of each state decided who their senators would be. After 1913, all the people of the state chose their senators by vote. The Vice President of the United States is in charge of the Senate, but only does anything when there is a tie vote or a special event.
The Senate, along with the United States House of Representatives, votes on which laws the United States should have. In most cases, both of these groups have to agree on the suggested law before it becomes a law.
The Senate is the side of Congress where every state has the same number of votes (two). This is different from the House of Representatives, where states with more people have more votes than states with fewer people. This was decided during the time the United States Constitution was written, because small states like Rhode Island and Delaware did not want the larger states to be able to decide everything. Also, only part of the Senate runs for election during elections. Every two years, 33 or 34 senators are elected. For each state, this means that after two elections to the Senate, during one election no one will be elected to the Senate.
The Senate is also in charge of declaring war with other countries and signing treaties. The President has to ask the Senate to agree with his choices of candidates for certain jobs in his office or in the government. If the Senate and President do not agree, the President has to pick someone else the Senate will agree to.
In order to be a senator, a person has to be 30 years old or older, and has to be a citizen of the United States for 9 years or more.
Right now, the Senate is made up of 49 Republicans, 49 Democrats, 1 Independent and 1 Independent Democrat

Fair use
Fair use is the idea that it should be okay for a person to copy small parts of something another person has created, without breaking the law.
In most countries, art and other made-up things, like stories, books, TV shows, and pictures, are owned by the person that first made them. This person can let someone else own the things they make, sometimes for money. The person that owns these things has a "copyright" for them, which means that person can decide who can copy their work. If someone else copies that work without asking the owner first, that person is breaking the law. The owner can take the person to court and try to get money from them because of what they did.
Since a lot of creative work is popular, people want to talk about them, and they may want to talk about them on TV or in a book. This might mean that they want to use a little bit of it when they talk about it. The idea of "fair use" was added to most copyright laws to make sure that it would be OK do to this, as long as only a little bit of someone's work is used.
Since a lot of creative work is now on computers and on the Internet, it is very easy to copy things and send them to lots of people. To make sure that people cannot always do this, there are computer programs that try to stop people from copying other people's work. One problem with these programs is that they also mean that you cannot copy even a small part of someone's work, so you cannot do "fair use" without cheating the program. In some countries, cheating those software programs is also breaking the law.

Duodenum
The duodenum is a short section of the small intestine that receives secretions from the pancreas and liver via the pancreatic and common bile ducts.

Erosion
Soil erosion (or simply erosion) is the washing or blowing away (by the wind) of the top layer of soil (dirt).
This is a serious problem for people who want to grow crops.
Crops are the foods that farmers grow.
If the soil has eroded, the crops will not grow very well.
Erosion also leaves large holes in the earth, which can weaken buildings and even cause them to collapse. Another type of erosion is called Decomposition and is when waves wash away sand and other material from cliffs or beaches.
Prevention.
Soil erosion can be prevented several ways.

Compost
Compost is a type of fertilizer that is made from rotting plants. It is easy and cheap to make, as all it really requires is vegetable waste. The vegetable waste is broken down by bacteria (germs), and made into compost.
Making a compost heap.
To make a compost heap, you need some space fairly far from anyone who might have a problem with the smell. The bottom corner of a garden, or some other place a distance from the house is a good place. Compost heaps should also be placed on soil, or grass: a paved yard or concrete are bad places.
The compost heap should not be in a dark or closed corner.
The best base for a compost heap is a layer of sand, bricks or gravel about 1m long by 1m wide. This is not needed, but it can be a good idea. If using bricks, leave spaces to allow the air to move through. It also allows for the water to run away. The best compost heaps have lots of little spaces inside, to allow air to move around and encourage.
Once the first layer is down, one can begin adding the waste.
Adding meat scraps is a bad idea, as they rot slowly, smell bad and attract rats and other vermin. Human or pet feces is also a very bad idea, as this can transmit disease.
Waste from plants that have died of disease is also bad. The disease can spread to the plants that the compost is used with.
When making a compost heap, different types of waste should be layered. A layer of cut grass can be followed by a layer of vegetable waste and table scraps.
Watering the compost heap is a good idea, especially in dry areas. The water helps encourage the waste to rot and turn into compost.
In anywhere from 3 to 6 months, the compost will be ready. The compost is ready when it smells like thick earth, with no smell of decay or rot. Of course, if you've been adding waste all this time, the compost will all be at the bottom of the heap, and will have to be dug out.
The stuff that hasn't rotted can be used as part of a new compost heap.

Haiti
Haiti (French: "Haïti"; Haitian Creole: "Ayiti"), officially the Republic of Haiti (French: "République d'Haïti"; Haitian Creole: "Repiblik d Ayiti") is a country on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola; the other country on the island is the Dominican Republic. There are two official language: French and Haitian Creole, or "Kreyol".The capital city of Haiti is Port-au-Prince.
It has a tropical climate, and is called in French "La Perle des Antilles" (The pearl of the Antilles), because of its natural beauty. It is very mountainous, but is no longer covered with forests, as it once was. It is the poorest country in the Western Hemisphere.
Haiti is divided into ten "departements". There are two official languages, French and Haitian creole, or "Kreyol". The main religion is Roman Catholic, however Voodoo, derived from African folk beliefs in Benin, is still widely practised also. There are many holidays; the largest and most important is the "Mardi Gras".
History.
The native Arawak Amerindians - who lived in the island of Hispaniola when it was discovered by Columbus - were brutally killed by Spanish conquistadors within twenty-five years.
In the early 17th century, the French established a colony on Hispaniola, and in 1697, Spain sold to the French the western third of the island, Haiti. The French colony, based on forestry and sugar-related industries, became one of the wealthiest in the Caribbean, but only through bringing many African slaves and destroying much of the environment.
In the late 18th century, Haiti's nearly half million slaves revolted under Toussaint L'Ouverture, and after a hard and bloody struggle, became the first black republic to declare its independence in 1804. Today there are many historic monuments remembering this; one of the largest is "La Citadelle Laferriere".
Departments.
Haiti is made of ten regions known as departments (French: "départments", singular "départment"). These departments are further divided into 41 "arrondissements", and 133 "communes", second and third level units of administration.
Holidays.
Official holidays (on the same day every year)
Traditional and religious holidays (dates vary according to the liturgical calendar of the Catholic Church)

1901
1901 was the first year of the 20th century.

Hodgenville, Kentucky
Hodgenville, Kentucky is a town in the American state of Kentucky. It is the county seat of Larue County. It is most famous as the birthplace of President Abraham Lincoln. A memorial featuring a replica (copy) of the cabin Lincoln was born in is near the town.

University of Oxford
The University of Oxford is a university located in Oxford in the United Kingdom. It is the oldest university of all those in countries where English is the people's first language.
The university consists of 38 colleges and another 6 "private halls". All of these colleges have their own buildings and their own staff, making Oxford quite different from most modern universities where all the students live on a "campus". Oxford does not have a campus, although it does have some central places where students from different colleges can come together either to study (for example, libraries) or to enjoy themselves (for example, the Oxford Union).
History.
Many people who study history think that there was a university in Oxford in the 11th century, and the University of Oxford grew bigger in 1167, after English students studying in Paris, France were not allowed to continue studying after the murder of St Thomas Becket by King Henry II of England. There were fights between the students in Oxford and the people who lived there in the early 13th century. Some students and teachers left the university in 1209, and made a new university in Cambridge. These two universities are now great rivals, and together are sometimes known as "Oxbridge".
Until 1920, women were not allowed to take degrees at Oxford, although some women studied at Oxford before that time. Nowadays almost all the colleges allow both men and women as students, and the number of male and female students is roughly equal.
One of the most famous professors at university was Lewis Carroll, author of "Alice in Wonderland" and "Through the Looking-Glass", nonsense stories for children.
Getting into Oxford.
Oxford, like Cambridge, is very popular with students, and therefore it is harder for students to get into these universities. The colleges look for the students with the best school results in the subjects for which they are applying for.

Def Leppard
Def Leppard was one of the first hard rock bands in 1977. They formed in Sheffield, England in 1977. Its founding members include: Lead singer Joe Elliot, bassist Rick Savage, and guitarist Pete Willis. Drummer Rick Allen and guitarist Steve Clark joined the band shortly after.
Their debut album, "On Through the Night" (1980) was a hit in many parts of England. Two of their biggest selling albums are "Pyromania" (1983) and "Hysteria" (1987). During the recording of Pyromania, guitarist Willis was replaced with Phil Collen. Between the releases of Pyromania and Hysteria, drummer Allen lost his left arm in an automobile accident, and guitarist Clark died from an overdose of drugs and alcohol. After Allen re-learned to play the drums using a specially-made Simmons drum kit, the four remaining members released their next album, "Adrenalize" in 1992. Former Whitesnake guitarist Vivian Campbell joined the group for the following tour.

Winter storm
Winter storms or snowstorms happen when warm, wet air meets with cold air. The warm, wet air mass and the cold air mass can each be 1000 km or more in diameter. Snowstorms affecting Northeastern United States often get their moisture from air moving north from the Gulf of Mexico and cold air from air masses coming down from the Arctic. In the Northwest United States warm, wet air from the Pacific Ocean cools when it is pushed upward by the mountains. Many different things can affect the direction of movement, moisture content and temperature of air masses. All of these differences affect the type and severity of the snowstorm.

Sri Lanka
The Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (in Sinhala in Tamil) is a tropical island nation off the southeast coast of the Indian subcontinent.
It was known as Ceylon before 1972, and Serendib and Sinhale, among other names, before that.
Provinces.
Sri Lanka has 9 provinces.

Reptile
Reptiles are a group of vertebrate animals. They form the class "Reptilia". All reptile species are cold blooded, and have scaly skin, lay eggs, and crawl on their belly. Some have legs, but snakes do not. Dinosaurs were also reptiles, but they are extinct now. The name "reptile" stems from Latin language and means "one who creeps", a creeper.

Snake
Snakes are reptiles. They do not have legs. Snakes are known to eat small animals, for example mice and birds. Some snakes are venomous - their bite can be toxic (the toxin goes through their teeth), or they can spit venom. Some snakes like the Rubber boa or the Sand boa are small but some types like the Green Anaconda or Reticulated Python can be very large. Some snakes, like the King Cobra, are venomous, but some are not. They move by pushing and pulling themselves with the muscles on the bottom of their bodies. They swallow their food whole, sometimes by dislocating their jaws. Once the snake's prey is in its body, its internal muscles crush it so the animal can be digested. They are cold-blooded carnivores and some eat large prey. They feed on rodents and mice. They capture prey in many ways. Some snakes are big enough to kill a full grown person, but this is rare.

Freddie Mercury
Freddie Mercury (born Farrokh Bulsara September 5 1946 - November 24 1991) was the lead singer for English rock band Queen.
Mercury was born in Stone Town in Zanzibar in Africa. His parents were Jer and Romi Bulsara. They were both Persian. His father worked as a High Court cashier in the government. Mercury also had a younger sister named Kashmira. She was born in 1952. His friends at school gave him the name "Freddie." His family then began calling him Freddie too.
At the young age of eight, Mercury was sent to a boarding school in India. The school, St. Peters English Boarding school, was around 50 miles outside of the city of Bombay (now called Mumbai). He grew up to be an amazing artist, and sportsman. At the age of ten he was named the school champion of Table Tennis. At the age of twelve he received a trophy called the Junior All-rounder.
Mercury was more interested in music than anything else. He listened to anything he could find. He soon got the schooling he needed to be able to help his music career. He joined a choir and started learning how to play the piano. Like any young school-bound music prodigy, he liked music much more than his school work. He had a 3.5 octave vocal range. That is very large for anyone, but especially large for a man.
Mercury moved to London for his musical career. While in London, he became very fond of a woman named Mary Austin. Although they never had a relationship together, they lived together before and after the band Queen took off and moved to a house in London nicknamed "The Court of King Freddie". Mary still lives in that house and allows fans to visit the house on the day of Freddie's death each year.
Mercury was in love with a local barber when he died. They were happy in a loving relationship of 6 years when it was learned by the media that Mercury had AIDS. Two days after the news was found out, Freddie passed away. He died of health problems caused by AIDS on November 24, 1991.

Sun Tzu
Sun Tzu (544 BC – 496 BC) (孫子 pinyin: Sūn Zǐ) was a Chinese writer. He wrote "The Art of War", a very famous book on military strategy (how to fight wars). He is also one of the earliest realists in international relations theory.
The name "Sun Tzu" is a title of honour given to Sun Wu (孫武, Sūn Wǔ), the author's name. The word "Wu", meaning "martial" or "military", is same as the word in "wu shu" or "martial art". Sun Wu also has a courtesy name, Chang Qing (長卿, Cháng Qīng)

Western world
When people say the Western world, they mean Europe, the Americas as a whole and Australia and New Zealand.

Mouse
A mouse (plural "mice") is a rodent, which is a kind of mammal. These small animals are often used in science experiments, or sometimes kept as pets. Some people think mice are just ugly pests who carry diseases. Other people think mice are just innocent and cute animals. Because mice are rodents, they are related to squirrels, rats, and beavers. The words rat and mouse are sometimes used to mean the same animal, but that is not correct. Mice eat weeds, seeds, berries, and more. They are are eaten by owls, foxes, and cats, amongst others.
Types of mice.
The most common mice are house mice. They are usually treated as pests and sneak into cars and houses. There are also short-tailed mice called voles (not to be confused with moles). Female (girl) voles may have 17 litters (groups of babies) a year, with 4-9 babies in each litter.
There are also deer mice, that live in forests (which is where they get their name). The aggressive grasshopper mouse sometimes eats other mice.
Mice in media.
Two mice from mice that live with people)) are called Mickey and Minnie Mouse.
Chuck E. Cheese is the name. And Herman the Mouse is appearance first of "The Henpecked Rooster." And Little Red School Mouse is the name first appearance of "Little Red School Mouse."

Advance Wars
Advance Wars is a video game for the Game Boy Advance. It is based on earlier games for Nintendo systems such as the Famicom and Game Boy. It is a strategy game: players must think of ways to win.
The game can be played with two, three, or four players at a time. Each player takes turns controlling their military-style playing pieces, called "units." Every unit can move along the playing field, which is split up into squares. The amount of squares a unit can move in one turn is different for each unit.
Most units can attack other units. Each unit has its own strength and defense. Strength is how much damage the unit can do to another unit. Defense is how much damage it can avoid taking whenever it is attacked. For example, the tank unit has more defense than the soldier, so even though the helicopter always has the same amount of attacking power, it can do more damage to the soldier than the tank.

Solomon Islands
The Solomon Islands are a group of islands in the South Pacific. They are known for their beauty and for the many languages spoken there. Solomon Islands' capital is Honiara.

Intestine
The intestines of an animal are used to transport food and bile to the rectum. They also extract any useful compounds from the digested food through small villi. These are very small, hair-like structures in the walls of the intestine.

Chemical equation
A chemical equation is a way to predict the way that two or more chemicals will work together. Using what chemists know about the way chemicals act, we add the letter symbols together just like a maths problem. In this way we can correctly guess if we will get a new chemical when we mix two or more chemicals together, and what that chemical will be.
Chemical equations are either worded or written using the elements' symbols, the quantity of the element and in what state (solid[s], liquid[l], gas[g]) it is in.
For example: An aqueous (liquid) solution of Sodium Chloride (NaCl[aq]) and another aqueous solution of Silver Nitrate (AgNO3[aq]). These mixed together forms Sodium Nitrate (NaNO3[aq]) and Silver Chloride (AgCl[s])
NaCl[aq] + AgNO3[aq] = NaNO3[aq] + AgCl[s]
The solutions formed a solid named AgCl. This formation can be called a precipitate and the reaction between the two solutions a precipitation reaction.

Subtropical
Subtropical parts of the world are those with mild climates, in between tropical and temperate climates.

Lucifer
Lucifer is another name for "Satan". This is because people interpret a passage in the Book of Isaiah of the Bible in a certain way. Lucifer is Latin. It is made of two parts, "lux" (light) and "ferre" (to bring).
There are two mentions of "Lucifer" in the Latin Vulgate. It is used to refer to the morning star (the planet Venus that appears at dawn): once in to translate the Greek word "Φωσφόρος" (Phosphoros), which has exactly the same literal meaning of "Light-Bringer" that "Lucifer" has in Latin; and once in to translate "הילל" (Hêlēl), which also means "Morning Star".
Latin name for the Morning Star.
"Lucifer" is the Latin name for the "Morning Star", both in prose and poetry, as seen in works by Marcus Terentius Varro (116–27 BC), Cicero (106-43 BC) and other early Latin writers
Lucifer as evil character of the Bible.
Lucifer is very evil in the Christian religion. He is also the symbol for not obeying. Lucifer is believed by some to be Satan's name when he was still an angel, but it is Latin for 'light bringer' and not originally in the Bible.
The word "Lucifer" was also used in Latin to mean the "morningstar", the planet Venus, and this word was used in the Latin version of Isaiah 14, where the Hebrew version was speaking to a king of Babylonia.
The reason people came to think this was a name of Satan has been argued about for many years. Some people think that it is a misnomer, or a wrongly given name. Others believe that he was the best out of all the angels before he rebelled against God.

Astrobiology
Astrobiology is the study of life in outer space. Scientists have found two celestial bodies in the solar system solar system that are able to have some form of life. One is Europa, a moon of Jupiter, and the other is Titan, a moon of Saturn.

Castle
A castle is a very large stone building built for defence. Most true castles were built in Europe between about 1100AD-1500AD. Powerful Kings and rich aristocrats often had many castles. This way they could defend their whole kingdom. When there was a war, all the people who lived near the castle took their animals inside the castle. They stayed there until the danger was gone.
The soldiers attacking the castle sometimes tried to knock down the castle walls, or dig under them. A siege was when the attackers just sat outside and waited. When the people inside were starving they had to give up and come out, which is called surrender. A siege could go on for months, if the castle had plenty of food and water.
Castles were built for defense until about 500 years ago, at the end of the Middle Ages. After that people still built very big stone buildings. They looked like castles, but they had bigger windows and more fireplaces and were much more comfortable. Really they were just great big houses. When castles were built to be homes instead of fortresses, the word 'Castle' was often put at the front of the name. One example is Castle Oliver in Ireland. This had 215 windows and 65 chimneys, as well as dozens of bedrooms. It was built about 150 years ago. It is very light and bright inside, because it was built to have parties, not to keep out soldiers.
Many castles are very beautiful and the public (you & I) can visit them. Sometimes you can see furniture and clothes, armour, musical instruments, cannon and other weapons that once belonged to the people who lived there. Some castles have legends of ghosts. Some had very famous owners, like mad King Ludwig of Bavaria. Some, only a very few, are still lived in by the families who built them. Many others have become hotels or museums.
Most castles have towers and very high walls. The tops of the walls were cleverly made. Imagine a mouth smiling, but with every other tooth missing. The soldiers could hide behind the stone teeth and be safe, while they fired down at the soldiers attacking the castle. This feature was called battlements. The rooms inside the castle sometimes had small holes, or slits, cut in the walls, so the soldiers could fire out through them without being hit. These were called arrowloops.
Castles seem romantic and mysterious to us now, but they were cold, dark places to live, often damp. Because the walls were so thick, sometimes 12 feet (4 metres) or more, they never got warm. They might have been safe, but they were not very comfortable.

Wikimedia Commons
Wikimedia Commons is a project of the Wikimedia Foundation, based on a wiki. WikiIt is a place where anybody can upload free images, sounds, video files, and other multimedia files. The files uploaded to Wikimedia Commons are available for all other Wikimedia projects to use. The other projects can use links to put up the files in Wikimedia Commons in itself.
Wikimedia Commons is a multilingual website, it means that it can be used in every language. Still, it is mainly in English. It is like Wikispecies. Wikimedia Commons is categorized, and every file is placed in a proper group.
It also has sound files that read words out for you. All these files are found in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
It only accepts files that do not violate copyright.

Bulgaria
The Republic of Bulgaria is a country in South-Eastern Europe.
Bulgaria is a country in South-Eastern Europe established 632 AD. The capital and the biggest city is Sofia. The currency is the Bulgarian leva. Bulgaria is a member of the European Union and NATO. It is preparing to join the Euro zone. Therefore, Bulgaria would change over to the euro after several years. The current president is Georgi Parvanov. The population of Bulgaria is 7.8 million people.
Bulgaria's official language is Bulgarian. The Bulgarian language is a Slavic language. It is related to languages like Serbian and Russian. Bulgaria became independent in 1878 from the Ottoman Empire. Bulgaria borders the Black Sea, Turkey, Romania, Serbia, and Greece.
One of the national heroes of Bulgaria is Vasil Levsky. His real name is Vasil Ivanov Kunchev. He was born in Karlovo in 1837.
History.
For 500 years, Bulgaria was ruled by the Ottoman Empire. Throughout most of the 20th century, its foreign policy was influenced by the Soviet Union. In the early 1990s, as the Soviet Union began to collapse, Bulgaria grew more independent of Soviet policy.
Within a few years of the fall of the Berlin Wall, Bulgaria had serious economic problems, and the socialist government that took power after the communists fell in 1989. But since then, Bulgaria has rebounded well. After some real economic reform and responsible money planning, the government has become more stable. Problems in the administration, a weak court system and organised crime are the biggest issues for Bulgaria.

Alps
The Alps (German: "Alpen"; French: "Alpes"; Italian: "Alpi"; Slovenian: "Alpe") are a large mountain range in Europe.
Geography.
The Alps stretch from Austria and Slovenia in the east, through Italy, Switzerland, Liechtenstein and Germany to France in the west.
The highest mountain in the Alps is the Mont Blanc (4,808 m), on the French-Italian border.
They are divided into Subdivisions. The mountains are divided into the Western Alps and the Eastern Alps. The di.;;'p;[ppll;jkljioijkhjh
mjmjnmjnjj;pllllpkjkas fjkjifor you nvghfvhjfvcjfjkloui poly HEATH did this la bla i jijkjkas the Rhine. The Western Alps are higher, but their central chain is shorter and curved; they are located in Italy, France and Switzerland. The Eastern Alps (main ridge system elongated and broad) belong to Austria, Germany, Italy, Liechtenstein, Slovenia and Switzerland. The highest peaks of the Western Alps are Mont Blanc, 4,808 metres (15,774 ft), Polly HEATH HATES YO7UMont Blanc de Courmayeur 4,748 metres (15,577 ft), the Dufourspitze 4,634 metres (15,203 ft) and the other summits of the Monte Rosa group, and the Dom, 4,545 metres (14,911 ft). The highest peak in the Eastern Alps is Piz Bernina, 4,049 metres (13,284 ft). Perhaps the most famous location for tourist to the Alps are the Swiss Alps.
it has lots of snow and is very rocky
in the lower parts it is greener

Rwanda
Rwanda is a country in Africa, located near Burundi, Congo-Kinshasa, Uganda, and Tanzania. The official language is Kinyarwanda. The country has three ethnic(though there is debate about whether or not these groups really are tribes): Bahutu, Batutsi and Batwa. It is now known mostly because it is the place where the most efficient genocide in history happened.
Colonialism.
During the Scramble for Africa, Belgium conquered Rwanda. The Belgians then began to divide Rwandans into groups: Bahutu, and Batutsi. The Belgians picked people that they thought looked more European to be abatutsi. The rest became abahutu. The Belgians told Rwandans that Batutsi were superior to Bahutu. They allowed Batutsi to rule over Bahutu.
Post-Independence.
In 1962, Rwanda became independent and Bahutu were given power. Thus, anti-Tutsi purges occurred frequently. Many abatutsi fled to Uganda, where they formed the Rwandan Patriotic Front, or RFP, which tried to invade Rwanda in 1990.
Genocide.
On the night of April 6 1994, dictator Juvénal Habyarimana's plane was shot down, but it is still not clear who did it. Within a half hour, roadblocks manned by the Interahamwe militia were seen all over the capital, Kigali. The Rwandan Genocide had begun. It would last for about 100 days, and it would leave over one million 1,000,000 Tutsi and moderate Hutu dead. The main weapon used was the machete, or "umupanga". Other countries paid little attention to the killing. On July 2 1994, the RPF captured Kigali.
Tourism.
Rwanda has now put behind its genocide history and now concentration on building the economy through tourism and other means. Rwanda is famous for the mountain gorillas in Parc De Volcans. Tourism is one of the top foreign exchange earners in Rwanda. More information on,

Lake Ontario
Lake Ontario is the smallest of the Great Lakes in North America.
It it found on the border between Canada and the United States of America. Its inlet is the Niagara River (from Niagara Falls), and its outlet is the Saint Lawrence River.It is beautifull too.

Lake Superior
Lake Superior is a lake in Canada and the United States.
The Ojibwe Native Americans call it Gitchigume. Lake Superior is in between Ontario and Minnesota to the north and Wisconsin and Michigan in the south, and is the largest of North America's Great Lakes. It is the world's second largest lake, and the world's largest freshwater lake (by area).

SS Edmund Fitzgerald
"SS Edmund Fitzgerald" was a freight ship on Lake Superior, carrying iron ore, which suddenly sank on November 10, 1975 at around 7:30 PM. Nobody knows why the boat actually sunk. All 29 men aboard the boat died. The people who were on the boat were remembered by their families and in a song called The Wreck of the Edmund Fitzgerald by Canadian singer Gordon Lightfoot.

Gordon Lightfoot
Gordon Meredith Lightfoot (born November 17, 1938) is a Canadian singer and songwriter. He first became well-known in Canada in the late 1960s; some of his songs were even sung by Elvis Presley and Johnny Cash. Some of his most famous are "Sundown", "If You Read My Mind", and "The Wreck of the Edmund Fitzgerald".

Chameleon
A chameleon is a reptile. Some kinds of this animal change the colours of their skins under influence of mood, light and temperature. Chameleons have long sticky tongues that they can stretch up to two times their body size. Their eyes can move independently. The name chameleon means an earth lion which comes from the Greek word chamai which means earth and leon meaning lion. They are lizards with scales and feet eclipsed with sharp claws. The largest species is about 1.5 feet when fully grown. They are mainly insectivores, but they do take occasional smaller lizards. They can be found in Europe, the USA, and Africa (mostly Madagascar).

Interjection
An interjection is a spoken or written expression of emotion like "Wow!" for surprise, "Ouch!" for pain, or "Argh!" for frustration. These phrases can stand alone, and are usually capitalized and punctuated.

Millard Fillmore
Millard Fillmore (January 7, 1800 - March 8, 1874) was the 13th President of the United States. He was President from 1850 to 1853. Fillmore was the last person from the Whig Party to be president.
Fillmore became president in 1850 when the 12th president (Zachary Taylor) died. The Whig party did not pick him to run for president in 1852. He ran for president in 1856 for the Know Nothing Party, but lost.
Before he was president.
Millard Fillmore grew up in a poor family. He worked hard to do well in school, and went to college. He got a job as a lawyer in 1823. In 1828 he was voted to be part of the New York congress, and made friends in the Whig Party. This helped him get chosen to run for vice president in 1848.
Being president.
When he was vice president, Millard Fillmore was in charge of the United States Senate while it was fighting over a decision about slavery involving Texas and New Mexico. As president, Fillmore signed the Compromise of 1850. This made some of the people in his Whig Party upset at him, and they stopped him from running for president in 1852.
He also started the first library at the White House. There is a joke that Fillmore put the first bathtub in the White House, but this is not true.
After being president.
After Fillmore, Franklin Pierce became the 14th president. Fillmore got a job in charge of the University of Buffalo. Fillmore joined the Know Nothing Party and tried to run for president again, but the Know Nothing Party was not very successful.
There is a statue of Millard Fillmore at City Hall in Buffalo, New York.

John Tyler
John Tyler was the 10th President of the United States of America, from 1841 to 1845. He was the first vice president to become president after the president before him died. He lived from March 29, 1790 to January 18, 1862.
Before being president.
Tyler grew up in Virginia and became a lawyer. His father was also a lawyer who later became governor of Virginia. Tyler became a state representative in the United States Congress, and then also became governor of Virginia like his father.
Tyler started in government as a member of the Democratic Party, but later he changed to the Whig Party, which was very new. He was chosen to run as vice president next to William Henry Harrison. Whig Party people used to say "Tippecanoe and Tyler Too" to get people to vote for them. (William Henry Harrison was famous for being a general in a battle in a place called Tippecanoe, and that was his nickname.)
Harrison and Tyler won the election, but Harrison died one month later. Tyler then became president.
Being president.
Some people thought that Tyler was not the real president, because he had not been elected. But the United States Constitution says that the vice president takes over if the president dies, and Tyler said that meant he was the new president. At first, the rest of the government agreed and declared him the new president. But the Whig Party did not want Tyler to be president, and a lot of people called him "the accidental president" or "His Accidency".
While Tyler was president, his wife Letitia died. Two years later he married a new wife, Julia. This made him the first person to get married while being the President. He had 15 children, more than any other president.
Tyler made the Whig Party angry when he picked people from the other party (the Democratic Party) to work in his government. He wanted to bring the two Parties to work together, but instead this made him unpopular. The Whig Party decided not to pick him to run for president in 1844.
Tyler refused to send government soldiers to Rhode Island during the Dorr Rebellion. Instead, he told the Rhode Island government that they should listen to what the people wanted. When Tyler was a boy, he stood up against a very bad teacher, so he believed that people would not fight against their government unless it was for a very good reason. Some people thought that this meant Tyler was not doing his job.
While he was president, Florida became a new state. Texas was its own country, after winning a war against Mexico. Tyler wanted Texas to be a U.S. state and tried to make this happen while president, but it did not happen until a few months afterwards.
After being president.
The Whig Party did not want Tyler to be president again, and did not pick him to run for president in 1844. He had some friends in the Democratic Party who sometimes asked him for ideas, but that Party did not like him enough to be president, either. Tyler was sometimes called "the President without a party" since both groups did not want him.
When the Confederate States of America was created, Tyler thought that states should be allowed to make their own laws, even about slavery. He did not want a civil war. Instead, he tried to get the United States to agree to let the southern states keep slavery. But the United States Congress said no, and Tyler decided that Virginia had to join the Confederacy. He later was elected to the Confederate congress, but died before taking the job.

Peter Davison
Peter Davison (born Peter Moffett April 13, 1951) is an English actor. He is best known for his roles as Tristan on "All Creatures Great and Small", and as the Fifth Doctor on "Doctor Who" from 1981 to 1984.

Ballerina
A ballerina is a name given to a female ballet dancer. Originally only very good female ballet dancers were called ballerinas, because the dancers were ranked by special system similar to an army's. Now, all woman who dance ballet are commonly called ballerinas.

Buffalo, New York
Buffalo is a city in the U.S. state of New York. Buffalo is the second-biggest city in New York State.
There are about 280,000 people in the city of Buffalo. Including the area around Buffalo, though, there are more than one million people.
Buffalo is on the eastern side of Lake Erie near the Niagara River. It is close to Niagara Falls, and to Canada.

Hertford
Hertford is the county town of Hertfordshire, England.

Jackie Chan
Jackie Chan (成龍) (born on April 7, 1954) is an actor, director, stuntman and singer from Hong Kong. He is famous for his action-comedies. He also appeared in the "Jackie Chan Adventures" TV series. He is the father of actor Jaycee Chan.
In his earlier roles Chan did all of the dangerous stunts without safety equipment. Possibly the role where this was taken farthest is "Rumble in the Bronx" (his breakthrough American movie) where he subjected his already aging body to several leaps and falls which, while finally gaining his American stardom, led to injuries including a broken ankle.
His two worst injuries occurred during the making of "Armour of God" and "Police Story". Footage of the former's aftermath was shown over the credits and showed a subdued and bloodied Chan in a spinal injury stretcher. A tree branch he was to swing off snapped when he jumped for it. Chan fell 10 metres onto rocky ground.
In "Police Story", Chan was doing a stunt where he fell five or six stories through a series of window canopies. Chan became disorientated halfway down. Instead of landing on his feet, Chan fell in a head-down position. His arms became caught in the material of the last canopy. He landed head first. His head was forced to the side as he could not break his fall with his arms.
While the "Police Story" fall looked worse, Chan has said that the "Armour of God" fall was the closest he has come to death while filming.

Ron Weasley
Ronald Bilius "Ron" Weasley is a character from the "Harry Potter" stories. He is a red haired child, who comes from a poor backround. He comes from a big family, with five brothers and one sister. He is Harry Potter's best friend, and is often funny. It is revealed in later books, that Ron is romantically interested in Hermione Granger. The two are hinted to be romantically involved in the Deathly Hallows.

Hermione Granger
Hermione Granger is a character from the "Harry Potter" series. She is one of Harry's best friends. She spends a lot of time with Harry and Ron Weasley. Her parents are Muggles (not magical) though she is very clever and a very good witch. Her appearance is made up of frizzy brown hair, dark brown eyes, and slightly freckled skin.

Milk shake
In North America, a milk shake (or milkshake) is a cold drink usually made with milk, ice cream, and sweet syrups, such as chocolate syrup, mixed in an blender. People usually drink milkshakes with a drinking straw and from a tall glass or cup.
Comparison between smoothies and milkshakes.
Milk shakes are similar to smoothies. Smoothies are a type of cold drink made with an electric blender. Smoothies are made with a liquid (either milk, fruit juice, or water), crushed ice or ice cubes, different fruits, and honey or maple syrup.
In popular culture.
Milk shakes and other cold drinks such as "ice cream floats" (a scoop of ice cream placed in a glass of cola or other carbonated soda drink) or "malts" (a milk shake with malt powder added to it) were popular among teenagers in the 1950s. Teenagers would go to ice cream parlors and order cold drinks.

Bollington
Bollington is a village in Cheshire. The countryside is very beautiful. It also has an interesting history. The village is home to over twenty pubs. This gives a hint on what inhabitants of the village are like. Fun loving, friendly and pleasant are the words to describe them.
Bollington was home to the biggest water wheel in England and only second in Britain to the Laxey wheel in the Isle of Man. The wheel powered huge mills for the production of cotton. Such huge mills were the Adelphi and Clarence.
By 1914 Bollington had a population of around 6000 people and was dominated by fine cotton spinning.The pinnacle of Bollington has to be White nancy. A small white cone-like house stands alone on top of a hill overlooking all of Bollington. It was built by the Gaskell family early in the nineteenth century. Although it has now been sealed it still remains the symbol of the village.
Sport has been a significant factor in the life of Bollington. Even though the village didn't have a football team successful enough to rival the cricket team it was still very popular amongst the people of Bollington. The most popular team was St Johns team which was quite successful in the lower leagues. Today there are good teams competing in the amateur leagues such as Bollington United.

Kentucky Fried Chicken
Kentucky Fried Chicken or KFC is a chain of fast food restaurants known for their fried chicken. It was started by a man named Colonel Harland Sanders in Corbin, Kentucky in 1952. They are now all over the world. They not only sell chicken, but other things like salads and french fries.
PETA.
The group PETA is against KFC because of the way they slaughter their chickens.

Cytoplasm
The cytoplasm is a semi-liquid goo that contains a eukaryotic cell's organelles. The cytoplasm is home to the nucleus and the other organelles. The cytoplasm consists mainly of cytosol and crucial chemical reactions happen with it. It also makes the left overs of the cell.

Saladin
A sultan Salah al-Din Yusuf ibn Ayyub 1138–1193) was a famous kurdish Sultan during the Crusades. (From Arabic derive from old Assyrian means power, rule, government, later as a kings title) People in Europe and the United States also call him "Saladin". Many Muslims consider him a hero for defeating the Crusaders over twenty years worth of battles.
He founded the Ayyubid dynasty of Egypt, Syria, Yemen (except for the Northern Mountains), Iraq, Mecca Hejaz and Diyar Bakr. Salah ad-Din is a title which translates to "The Righteousness of the Faith" from Arabic.
Many books were written about Saladin, the things he did and the battles he won. "Daastaan Imaan Farooshoon Ki" is one book in Urdu written by Althamash that says very good things about Saladin.

Aphex Twin
Aphex Twin (born Richard David James, August 18, 1971 in Limerick, Ireland) is an Irish-born English musician. He lives and works in the United Kingdom. He is very famous for making electronic music (this means that he does not use instruments (for example, guitars and pianos) to make music).
Aphex Twin is not his real name. His real name is Richard David James. His name is a combination of Aphex Systems Limited, a brand of audio signal processingequipment and the word Twin to remember his twin brother. His twin was stillborn, but given the name Richard James.
Biography.
Aphex Twin was born in Limerick, Ireland. He grew up in Cornwall, England. He started to make music when he was a teenager. In 1991, he formed a record label called Rephlex Records.
After he became well known, he moved to London. This was so he could be in a place that was closer to other people. He still makes a lot of music today.
Other websites.
This is Aphex Twin's record label.

Niagara Falls
Niagara Falls is the group name of three big waterfalls on the Niagara River in eastern North America, on the border between the United States and Canada. The three waterfalls are: the Horseshoe Falls sometimes called the Canadian Falls, the American Falls, and the smaller Bridal Veil Falls.
Although not very high, Niagara Falls is very wide, and is probably the most popular waterfall in the world.

Custard
Custard is kind of food prepared with milk and eggs. Custard can be the dessert or its sauce.
Custard is an important part of dessert recipes from many countries, including the United Kingdom, France, Portugal, Spain, Italy, and Australia.

Huckleberry
Huckleberry is a name used in North America for several plants in two closely related genera in the family "Ericaceae": "Gaylussacia" and "Vaccinium". The Huckleberry is the state fruit of Idaho.
Some "Vaccinium" species, such as the Red Huckleberry, are always called huckleberries. Other species may be called blueberries or huckleberries in different locations.
There is much confusion in naming of berries in American English. The 'garden huckleberry' ("Solanum melanocerasum") is not a true huckleberry but a member of the nightshade family.
The fruit of most species of huckleberry can be eaten. The berries are small and round. They are usually less than 5 mm in diameter and contain 10 seeds. Berries range in color from bright red, through dark purple, and into the blues. In taste the berries range from tart to sweet. They have a flavor similar to that of a blueberry. Huckleberries are well liked by many mammals such as bears and humans.

Cheesecake
A cheesecake is a dessert made of cream cheese, milk, eggs, and flour and usually has a graham cracker crumb base. It has a smooth texture, and comes in a variety of flavours such as strawberry, blueberry, lemon and so on. It is often topped with fruit or chocolate.

Rhubarb
Rhubarb is a kind of plant. It is known for its color. It is baked in pie sometimes. It tastes good with sugar. The leaves are no good.

Monkey
Monkeys are a kind of primate. There are many different kinds of monkeys. Monkeys mostly live in trees. They usually eat bananas, fruits, and leaves. They can be kept as pets. Monkeys can live in forests, and are commonly found in all the rainforests of the world.
A group of monkeys is called a "mission" of monkeys or a "tribe" of monkeys.
Some monkeys are very small, about 15 cm long and 120 g in weight, while other monkeys can be very big, about 1 meter long and 35 kg in weight.
There are two types of monkeys, New World monkeys and Old World monkeys. New World Monkeys live in America and Old World monkeys live in Africa and Asia.
Smallest monkey.
The smallest known monkey is the Pygmy Marmoset. It is about 14-16cm in size (without the tail). It weighs about 120 grams. It lives in the treetops of rainforests in Brazil, Colombia and Ecuador. The largest known monkey is the Mandrill. It can grow to about 1 m in size. Adults weigh up to 35 kg.
Ape.
There is another group of primate, which almost looks like monkeys. This group is called the Apes. They do not have tails and are bigger.
Origin.
The name monkey may have come from a German story called "Reynard the Fox" which was written around 1580. In this story, a character named "Moneke" is the son of "Martin the Ape". The word Moneke may be from the Italian "monna", which means "a female ape."

Civilization
Civilization, or civilisation comes from the Latin word "civis", meaning someone who lives in a town. We think of people as being civilized when they have organised themselves into a stable, efficient group, instead of operating separately or in small tribes. Beyond this, we would expect any civilization to be recognisable by its language, arts, architecture, education and intellectual achievements, government and ability to defend itself.
Although civilizations overlap in time and place, they are usually defined by where their population were gathered in largest number, or where their government was based when they were at their greatest power. For example the Roman Empire was governed from Rome. Their empire once stretched from the Scottish borders to North Africa and the Eastern Mediterranean. They had their own language, Latin, which became the preferred method of communication among educated people until long after their civilization had vanished. Today lawyers and politicians, doctors and scientists, scholars and others still use Latin in the course of their everyday work, even though the Roman civilization died out more than 1,500 years ago. It is said that William Shakespeare excelled at Latin. Latin is still taught in some schools. We still admire and copy Roman architecture, use Roman numerals to count certain things, use the names of Roman gods to mark the days and months of our calendars, name the constellations in the sky by the same names that the Romans used and we model our Western political constitutions and structures on Roman models (Senate, Governor, election, tribunal, justice, vote, census, even the word Constitution, are all Latin words, their meaning unchanged in thousands of years).
The Roman civilization lasted almost 1000 years, but the Ancient Egyptian civilization was far older and lasted far longer. The Romans and Egyptians fought each other in battle and two of their mightiest leaders, the Roman Anthony and the Egyptian Cleopatra formed an alliance that might have united their two empires.
It seems unthinkable, but our own civilization may one day be just a memory.
1. An advanced state of intellectual, cultural, and material development in human society, marked by progress in the arts and sciences, the extensive use of record-keeping, including writing, and the appearance of complex political and social institutions.
2. The type of culture and society developed by a particular nation or region or in a particular epoch: Maya civilization; the civilization of ancient Rome.
3. The act or process of civilizing or reaching a civilized state.
4. Cultural or intellectual refinement; good taste.
5. Modern society with its conveniences: "We returned to civilization after camping in the mountains".

Enlightenment (Buddhism)
In Buddhism, enlightenment is when a Buddhist discovers the truth about life.
Method.
Buddhists generally achieve this using meditation (or deep thought), whilst deeply concentrating and "clearing" their minds.
Experiences.
Siddhartha Gautama left the palace on the day his son was born and went to seek the Shramana teachers for guidance. On his way, he saw a poor man, an old man, a corpse and finally a sadu (holy man). This made the Buddha believe that material goods mean little since we all die eventually and although this sadu had almost nothing he was still content.
The Buddha touched His goal of enlightenment after meditating for forty days under his bodhi tree. This idea came to him after the ascetic ways of the Shramana teachers had failed to work for him and he remembered sitting under a tree as a child. During this time he learned of his past lives and saw the past lives of other people. Siddhartha Gautama became enlightened at the age of 35 and was called the Buddha (the enlightened one).
During his enlightenment he pointed towards the earth as a witness of his enlightenment, he was offered to be free from nirvana but his decision was to stay on earth and teach others the ways of the buddha. He taught his first sermon in the deer park at Sarnath. After his teachings, he died at the age of 80.

Mail
Mail is part of the postal system. The postal system is a system where written documents and small packages are taken (delivered) to places around the world. Anything sent through the postal system is called mail or post.
A postal wikt:service|service can be private or public. Governments often make rules about private postal delivery systems. Since the 19th century, national postal systems have mostly been controlled entirely by the governments. The governments make people pay a fee to send something. This fee is usually in the form of stamps. Governments usually only let private postal services deliver parcel (non-mail) packages.
Postal systems often do things other than sending letters. In some countries, the postal system is also in charge of telephone and telegraph systems. In other countries, postal systems are in charge of passports.

Righteous Brothers
The Righteous Brothers were a pop group consisting of two men named Bill Medley and Bobby Hatfield. They formed in California in 1962. Some of their hits include "You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin'" and "Unchained Melody".

Gene Pitney
Gene Francis Alan Pitney (17 February 1940 - 5 April 2006) was a famous American pop singer and songwriter. He was born in Hartford, Connecticut. Some of his most well known songs are "Town Without Pity", "The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance" and "Twenty Four Hours From Tulsa". He died in 2006 while on tour in the UK.

Federal Bureau of Investigation
Federal Bureau of Investigation or FBI is United States's national police. They work on solving crimes above the regular police. It was established in 1908.
They work all around the globe. Their headquarters is in Washington DC. They have 56 main offices located in cities throughout the USA.
Mission and priorities.
In executing the following priorities, they produce and use intelligence to protect the nation from threats and to bring to justice those who violate the law.

1596
1596 was a year in the 16th century. It was a leap year.

Nothofagus
"Nothofagus" is a kind of plant, also called southern beech. It is a tree which can reach 35 m tall. "Nothofagus" is found in South America, New Zealand, Australia and New Guinea.
There are 34 species, considering pollen morphology four sections are recognized, i.e. Brassospora, Fuscospora, Lophozonia, and Nothofagus.

Ancient Greek language
Ancient Greek was the language spoken by the people of Ancient Greece from the 9th to 4th century B.C. Ancient Greek and Latin are the most important ancient languages (languages which are no longer spoken) for speakers of English today. This is because a very large number of English words come from Greek and Latin.
The Greek alphabet had many different dialects, but the “Attic Greek” which was spoken by the inhabitants of Athens is thought to be the purest of the forms. Because the Greeks became very powerful in the countries around the Mediterranean Sea their language spread very quickly. Alexander the Great even took it into Asia Minor. Later, in the Roman world, children were taught Greek as a second language in the same way that many non-English speakers today learn English as their second language.
The great poems of the Ancient Greek poets like Homer were written in Greek. The poems of the "Iliad" and the "Odyssey" tell exciting stories about warfare, travel and the Greek gods. In the 5th century B.C. some great plays were written by Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides. This was the "Golden Age" of Ancient Greece, the so-called "Hellenistic" period. These works of Ancient Greek literature inspired people for centuries and are still read today.
All languages change with time, and Greek has changed a lot since 25 centuries ago. Modern Greek is often said to have started in the year 453AD.

Autobahn
Autobahn (engl. "motorway") is the name for freeways (large streets) in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. Those in Germany are famous because in many parts of the roads, there are no speed limits and drivers can drive as fast as they want to.
Street condition.
Usually an Autobahn consists of two lanes in each direction. Sometimes there may be more than two lanes for one direction (or an additional lane for stuck cars).
All drivers are supposed to drive on the outer-most right lane unless they overtake other cars or trucks.
Autobahn in Germany.
Many Autobahn in Germany have no speed limit. There is only a speed recommendation of per hour. However, drivers going faster than 130km/h can be made responsible for an accident that they are involved in. The German traffic law says that it is only permitted to drive as fast as the track conditions allow.
An emergency phone is located at a German Autobahn every. Junctions between two Autobahns are called "Dreieck" (Triangle), if one Autobahn ends there or "Kreuz" (Cross). Junctions with normal roads are called "Anschlussstelle". All junctions of an Autobahn are numbered sequentially.
Driving on a German Autobahn is free for cars and bikes. Trucks (12 tons and above) do have to pay a toll of about a twelve cents (-,12€) per kilometre.
Autobahn in Austria.
On Autobahns in Austria there is a general speeding limit of 130km/h. However there were some test sections where 160km/h was allowed before April 2007. It is legally to drive with a car, truck, motorbike... if you can drive with it more than 60km/h.
Austrian Autobahns are not free of charge. Car drivers have to buy a "vignette" (which permits driving on the Autobahn for a few days or months or even a year). Trucks do have to pay a distance-dependent toll (as in Germany). On some sections you have to pay toll and need no "vignette", like big tunnels and other expensive buildings in the mountains.
Junctions among Austrian Autobahns are called "Knoten" (instead of "Kreuz") and there is often a speeding limit of 100km/h.
On the "Wiener Süd-Ost Tangente" (engl.: Vienna South-East Bypass) are about 200,000 cars every day. There is the most traffic in Austria and it is an important Autobahn of the capital city Vienna.
Autobahn in Switzerland.
Autobahns in Switzerland have a speed limit of 120km/h. Until 1997 they were called "Nationalstrassen" (and labeled with an "N" instead of "A"). As in Austria, car drivers have to buy a "vignette" which is always valid for one year (calendar year). Junctions between Autobahns in Switzerland are called "Verzweigung".

Arnold Schoenberg
Arnold Franz Walter Schoenberg (September 13, 1874 – July 13, 1951) was an Austrian born composer. He was known for his twelve-tone system
History.
Schoenberg came from a strict Jewish family who had moved to Austria from Hungary. They were quite poor and Schoenberg taught himself about music. When he was grown up he had to do a lot of teaching to try and earn enough money to live. In later life he went to live in the United States. It took a long time before he was recognized world-wide as a great composer. His two most famous pupils were Alban Berg (1885-1935)] and Anton Webern (1883-1945). He taught them how to write twelve-tone music and they became famous composers.
When Arnold Schoenberg was a young man he was living in the late 19th century. In art and music the 19th century is often called the age of Romanticism. If you look at the way composers wrote music at this time you will find that their compositions became more and more chromatic. This means that more and more sharps and flats were used during the piece, and the music went from one key to another (modulated) very quickly. Richard Wagner wrote very chromatic music, especially in his opera "Tristan and Isolde".
Early work.
Schoenberg’s early works are typically Late Romantic. His piece "Verklärte Nacht" (which can be played by six string instruments or by a whole orchestra) has very beautiful harmonies which go quickly from one key to another. Gradually Schoenberg’s music changed. It became so chromatic that it was no longer in any key at all. Music like this (called “atonal”) is much harder to understand. His "Five Orchestral Pieces" were played by the conductor Sir Henry Wood at a Promenade Concert in 1912. The audience did not like it at first and took some time to get used to the sound.
Twelve-tone system.
In 1923 Schoenberg developed the twelve-tone system for which he is famous. This is music which is based on a particular row of notes. Twelve-tone music is atonal because there is no feeling of being in any key.

Slovak koruna
The Slovak Crown or Slovak Koruna (in Slovak, Slovenská koruna, "koruna" means crown) has been the currency used in Slovakia since February 8, 1993. It replaced the Czechoslovak Crown. Slovak koruna should not be mistaken with the Slovak koruna during the World War II (Slovak: Koruna slovenská, short Ks, notice word order)
The ISO 4217 code for the Slovak Koruna is SKK. The symbol is Sk. One Koruna is equal to 100 hellers (written shortly as "hal.", in Slovak singular: halier). The symbol is put after the amount.
Slovak koruna exists in these values: 50 h, 1 Sk, 2 Sk, 5 Sk, 10 Sk, 20 Sk, 50 Sk, 100 Sk, 200 Sk, 500 Sk, 1000 Sk and 5000 Sk. 10 h and 20 h aren't used since 31 December 2003.
The central rate of Slovak koruna against Euro was 35.4424 SKK as of 19 March 2007. Slovakia will use Euro instead of koruna from 1 January 2009.

War of the Roses
Ever since that war took place, there have been rivalries between the two sides in sporting events, especially rugby and cricket.

Anglican
Anglicanism is a branch or denomination of Christianity. It is sometimes seen as being the middle way, or "via media" between Roman Catholicism and Protestantism because, in the English Reformation, the English Church kept the early Catholic ministry of bishops, priests, and deacons, while rejecting some parts of Catholicism, and making some reforms in the worship of God close to those made by the Protestants.
Worship.
The main worship of Anglicans includes prayer, Bible reading, singing, preaching, and the sharing of the bread and wine that is the Body and Blood of Jesus Christ in a ceremony called Holy Communion. Anglican beliefs range from the bread and wine becoming the actual Body and Blood of Christ in the course of worship to the idea of these two being shared at Holy Communion only as a memorial of the life that Jesus Christ gave for all humanity on the Cross. The first is more or less the same as the belief of Roman Catholicism and Orthodoxy. The second is like the belief of most Protestants. Because Anglicanism allows both beliefs, and more, it is hard to place in the range of Christian denominations, and is often called Reformed Catholic. It believes that it is closest to Christ's original or primitive Christian Church in having balanced the best of Catholicism and the Reformation.
Origin.
The name Anglican for this Church comes from the Latin word for English because the Church started in England. In the history of the British Isles, Anglican, or Episcopal (from the Latin word for bishop), Churches have been the official or State religion in all parts at one time or another. Anglican Church leaders, "Church", and the royal government, "State", worked together in what is called the alliance of "Throne" and "Altar" or "Church" and "State". Together, they tried to make the Anglican denomination as broad and welcoming as possible to a wide range of Christian believers. They did this to try to get as many citizens as they could to worship in the official church. At the time (from 1534 until quite recently, that is, the 1800s), most rulers and churches everywhere believed that this was a good idea both for religious truth and for national peace and security.
Origin in Britain.
In the British Isles, and early British colonies, this was done to try to defeat both the followers of the Roman Catholic Church and all the kinds of Protestants too by including their best ideas, traditions, and practices in the Anglican Church. Now, the only place in Britain or Ireland where Anglicanism is still the official religion is England, where the monarch, Queen Elizabeth II is the "Supreme Governor on Earth" of the Church of England.
Spread of Influence.
In the rest of the world, Anglicanism was spread by overseas colonisation, settlement, and missionary work. It functions there as an ordinary denomination of Christianity without special status. Anglicans around the world join together in a group of national churches in countries where there are Anglican Churches to make the world-wide Anglican Communion. There are more than 80 million Anglicans in the world today. Most live in Africa and Asia and are not of British ethnic heritage anymore.
Issues.
The Anglican Communion is struggling today with questions about the role of women and gay people in the Church. There is a great chance that the Anglican Communion will not survive the stress of these serious issues, and will split into liberal and conservative groups. Already, there are Anglicans who have broken from the main Churches to form their own separate groups of believers. Some use the term Anglican combined with the word Catholic, Christian, Reformed, or Episcopal.
At the same time, leaders from the Anglican Communion hold talks with the Roman Catholic and Orthodox Churches to try to work toward Christian unity. At times, there has been some progress. Also, the Anglican and Lutheran Churches have agreed to a high level of shared beliefs, leadership, and practices called intercommunion.

Full Metal Jacket
"Full Metal Jacket" is a 1987 movie directed by Stanley Kubrick, based on the Gustav Hasford book "The Short-Timers". The name of the movie comes from the full-metal jacketed bullets used in the military.
Actors in this film are Matthew Modine, Adam Baldwin, and Vincent D'Onofrio.

Cambridgeshire
Cambridgeshire is a county in England. The counties around Cambridgeshire are Lincolnshire to the north, Norfolk to the northeast, Suffolk to the east, Essex and Hertfordshire to the south, and Bedfordshire and Northamptonshire to the west. The county town is Cambridge.

English Channel
The English Channel is a body of water that separates the island of Great Britain from the rest of Europe. People who live in the UK and want to visit Europe, or people from Europe who want to visit the UK, can take a ferry across or ride a train under the channel in a special tunnel called the Channel Tunnel (nicknamed the "Chunnel"). It is 563 km long, 246 km wide, and its narrowest part (34 km) is the Strait of Dover. Many people swam across the English Channel. Gertrude Ederle was the first woman to swim across the Channel.

Upminster
Upminster is a place in the east London Borough of Havering, England. It is the eastern end of the London Underground system, on the District line.

Colin Baker
Colin Baker (born June 8, 1943) is an English actor. He is most famous as the Sixth Doctor on "Doctor Who" from 1984 to 1986. He has no relation to Tom Baker, who played the fourth incarnation of the Doctor.

Boxing
Boxing is considered to be the world's oldest combat sport. It is usually held in a ring and two boxers (people who participate in the sport) wear special gloves and try to hit one another.
There are few different outcomes to win in boxing. One is by a way of a knock out. Another way is by technical knockout, which is when the fighter can not continue fighting or the referee stops the fight. Another possibility is winning on points, which a boxer gets by outboxing his or her opponent by hitting the opponent more often, harder, and with better precision. There are also draws in boxing. A referee can announce a technical draw due to an accidental cut or an accidental wound like a headbutt. Generally, it is considered a "no contest" (NC). However, from the second round, or four in some places, if the score cards for both fighters are equal, the fight could be called a draw. Boxing is popular worldwide.

Tux Racer
Tux Racer is a video game made by Sunspire Studios where the player moves Tux, the Linux Penguin. In the game, Tux goes down a hill on his belly and collects fish. There are many things that slow Tux down. There are also things that may be hard for Tux to get past.

Northwest Territories
The Northwest Territories is a territory in northern Canada. 42,944 people live there (January 1, 2005). It is 1,171,918 square kilometers.
The capital of the Northwest Territories is Yellowknife. Yellowknife was the capital since 1967. The Northwest Territories have many geographical features, like the Great Bear Lake, the Mackenzie River and Nahanni River, which is a national park and a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
The Northwest Territories entered Canadian Confederation in 1870. The Hudson's Bay Company gave the land to the Dominion of Canada. The Northwest Territories have one person in the House of Commons and the Canadian Senate. A lot of parts of the Northwest Territories were given to other provinces, including British Columbia, Alberta, Manitoba, Ontario, and Quebec. In 1999 the eastern part of the Northwest Territories became the territory of Nunavut.

Straight
The word straight means something that goes in one direction without turns, bends, or curves.
Lines can bend in a curve. If lines do not bend, they are straight. For example, the edge of a circle is not straight. The edge of a circle bends in a curve.
Light bends in a curve in air and water, but travels in a straight line away from the earth or other bodies in outer space where there is no air.
In slang, just as the word gay means homosexual, the word straight means heterosexual.

SS Richard Montgomery
The SS Richard Montgomery was an American ship built during World War II. "Montgomery" was wrecked off the coast of Kent in 1944 with around 1,500 tons of explosives on board, which continue to be a hazard to the area
Controversy.
"Montgomery" sank in the Thames estuary in August 1944. It was loaded with 15,000 tons of explosive munitions. The Admiralty decided to leave the wreck and its dangerous cargo undisturbed. The wreck lies just a few hundred yards offshore between an oil refinery and the several towns. Southend on Sea is just a couple of miles away on the other side of the Thames estuary. Rumours about the ship and its cargo have circulated in these towns ever since. Denials have been issued by ministers in the House of Commons in response to MPs questions about the presence on board of biological, chemical and gas warheads. Nevertheless, rumours persist that the real reason the wreck was not made safe was because of the existence of ‘dirty weapons’ on board.

Inno e Marcia Pontificale
Hymn and Pontifical March (Inno e Marcia Pontificale) is the national anthem of the Vatican City. It was adopted in 1950.
Latin words.
O Roma felix - O Roma nobilis.
Sedes es Petri, qui Romae effudit sanguinem,
Petri, cui claves datae sunt regni caelorum.
Pontifex, Tu magister es tuos confirmas fratres;
Pontifex, Tu qui Servus servorum Dei,
Pontifex, Tu Christi es vicarius super terram,
rupes inter fluctus, Tu es pharus in tenebris;
Tu pacis es vindex, Tu es unitatis custos,
vigil libertatis defensor; in Te potestas.
Tu Pontifex, firma es petra, et super petram hanc
O felix Roma - O Roma nobilis.
English translation.
O Rome immortal, city of martyrs and saints,
O immortal Rome, accept our praises.
Glory in the heavens to God our Lord
And peace to men who love Christ!
To you we come, angelic Pastor,
In you we see the gentle Redeemer.
You are the holy heir of our Faith,
You are the comfort and the refuge of
Force and terror will not prevail,
But truth and love will reign.
A thousand palms and a thousand altars
Mother and guide of the elect,
Mother and guide of the elect,

Northern Mariana Islands
The Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands is a group of islands in the Pacific Ocean that are a political division controlled by the United States. Its capital is Saipan.

Benjamin Harrison
Benjamin Harrison (August 20, 1833–March 13, 1901) was the 23rd President of the United States (1889-1893).
He was the Grandson of William Henry Harrison. His home was Indianapolis, Indiana. He was a member of the Republican party. He was elected to the White House in 1888, beating Grover Cleveland, the 22nd President of the United States. After Benjamin Harrison served one full four-year term as President, Cleveland ran again and, this time, beat Harrison.
Benjamin Harrison's first wife was Carrie Harrison. After Carrie Harrison died, his second wife was Mary Dimmick Harrison.
Besides being President, Benjamin Harrison was a successful lawyer. He argued many cases before the United States Supreme Court.

Pablo Picasso
Pablo Ruiz Picasso (October 25, 1881 in Málaga, Spain – April 8, 1973) was a Spanish painter and sculptor. He is considered one of the greatest artists of the 20th century. His full name is Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno María de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Clito Ruiz y Picasso. He is best known as the co-founder of cubism. Cubism is when the artist breaks up objects and re-assembles them in abstract form. It is estimated that Picasso made about 13,500 paintings, 100,000 prints or engravings, 34,000 book illustrations and 300 sculptures or ceramics.
Picasso could draw and paint when he was very young. His first word was "lápiz", the Spanish word for "pencil".
He was 90 years old when a selection of his works were shown in an exhibition at the Louvre in Paris. He was the first living artist to have an exhibition at the Louvre.
Picasso had four children with two women. He died of heart failure on April 8, 1973.
He then had late-life connections with Van Gogh; through passing of body fluids, this inspired them to create truly ABSTRACT artworks.

Wake Island
Wake Island is an atoll (a type of island) in the Pacific Ocean, near Hawaii. It is controlled by the United States Army and United States Air Force. It is an unorganized, unincorporated territory of the United States, part of the United States Minor Outlying Islands.
In 1941 The Japenese Invaded Wake Island,Only to meet fierce amercian resistance. The Casualty rate for the Americians was 62, And For the Japanese it was over 750.

William McKinley
William McKinley (January 29, 1843 – September 14, 1901) was the 25th President of the United States, from 1897 until his assassination in 1901. He was shot by an anarchist named Leon Czolgosz on September 6 1901 and died on September 14. Czolgosz claimed the President committed war crimes in the American Philippines war and was an enemy of the people. At the time, McKinley was the third American President to be assassinated. During his term, the United States annexed Hawaii, Cuba, the Philippines, and Wake Island. Before he became President, he had been a congressman of Ohio.

Record producer
A record producer (or music producer) is a person who takes charge of a recording session, in the same kind of way that a movie director is in charge of filming movies. Record producers help musicians and recording artists to make singles and albums.

Gliwice
Gliwice is a city in south Poland, in Silesia and along the Kłodnica River. According to a count in 2004, it has a population of 200,361 people.
History of Gliwice.
In the late Middle Ages, around 1276, was the first known time that there was a reference to Gliwice in history. At first, it was ruled by Polish dukes, but later became a part of Bohemia in 1335. Later on, in 1526, it was conquered by Austria.
In the middle of the 18th century, Gliwice was taken from the Austrian ruling family and became a part of Prussia. However, in the unification, or coming together, of Germany in 1871, Gliwice became a part of the German empire.
In the 19th century, Gliwice became more developed and was home to many businesses, including one of the most famous theaters in Germany at the time.
In 1945, Gliwice passed into Polish rule.

First aid
First aid is basic knowledge about injuries (body damage). It is used at accidents to help stop more serious harm from happening to an injured person until he receives medical treatment (help by doctors, nurses or ambulance paramedics). A person does not need a lot of equipment to give first aid. Because of this, it can be done just about anywhere.
Training.
You need very good training to give first aid. Training is given by a very experienced (lots of knowledge) medical person, for example a doctor or a nurse. The level of training needed to be a first aid giver changes from country to country - for example, in the UK you can go on a 1-day course to become a first aid giver for anything, and a 4-day course for emergencies in a place of work.

Wausau, Wisconsin
Wausau is a city in Marathon County in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. It is the largest city in the county, and it is the county seat (where the government of the county works). According to the 2000 census (official count), 38,426 people lived in the city.
The Wisconsin River flows through the middle of the city.

701
Centuries: 7th century - 8th century - 9th century
Decades: 650s 660s 670s 680s 690s - 700s - 710s 720s 730s 740s 750s
Years: 696 697 698 699 700 - 701 - 702 703 704 705 706

1201
1201 is a year in the 13th century.

35
35 is a year in the 1st century.

Mikhail Bakunin
Mikhail Alexandrovich Bakunin (1814 – 1876) was a famous Russian anarchist. He is known as one of the early fathers of anarchism.
History.
Mikhail was born in the Russian Empire to a family of Russian nobles, He spent his youth as a junior officer in the Russian army but resigned his commission in 1835. He went to school in Moscow to study philosophy and began to attend radical groups where he was greatly influenced by Alexander Herzen. Bakunin left Russia in 1842 for Dresden, and eventually Paris where he met George Sand, Pierre-Joseph Proudhon and Karl Marx
He was eventually deported from France for speaking against Russia's oppression of Poland. In 1849 he was apprehended in Dresden for his participation in the Czech rebellion of 1848. He was turned over to Russia where he was imprisoned in Peter-Paul Fortress in Saint Petersburg. He remained there until 1857, when he was exiled to a work camp in Siberia

Internet Relay Chat
Internet Relay Chat (IRC) is a chat system on the Internet. It allows people from around the world to have conversations together, but it can also be used to have a private one-on-one conversation.
The IRC chat rooms are also called "IRC channels". These channels are on IRC servers, which you can connect to by finding that server's information. This information will often begin with "irc," then a period, the name of the server, then another period, and finally.com or.net. An example would be irc.deltaanime.net
There are small IRC servers (for example, OperaNet) to medium IRC servers (freenode and DalNet, which have about 30k users) and big IRC servers (for example, EFNet, UnderNet, which have over 100k users).
An IRC client is needed to use IRC. An IRC client is a computer program designed to work with IRC. There are many Java web browser based clients in addition to application based. Popular stand-alone clients includes mIRC for Microsoft Windows and X-Chat for *nix. The Opera web browser contains an IRC client built into the browser.
IRC bots are computer programs used to help control and protect chat rooms.
Technical information.
IRC is an open protocol that uses TCP and optionally TLS. An IRC server can connect to other IRC servers to expand the IRC network. Users access IRC networks by connecting a client to a server. There are many client and server programs, such as mIRC and the Bahamut IRCd, respectively. Most IRC servers do not require users to log in, but a user will have to set a nickname before being connected.
IRC was originally a plain text protocol (although later extended), which on request was assigned port TCP by IANA. However, most servers now run IRC on 6667/TCP and nearby port numbers (for example TCP ports 6112-6119) so that the server does not have to be run with root privileges.

Political divisions of the United States
This is a list of the political divisions of the United States. The United States is a country.
The country is divided in parts.
Most parts are states, but some parts of the country are not part of any state.

Spring
Spring is the season after winter and before summer. The weather gets warmer because the ground is tilted towards the Sun. In many parts of the world plants grow and flowers bloom. Often people with hay fever suffer more. Many animals have their breeding seasons in spring.
At the start of spring, many people suffering from "Seasonal Affecting Disorder" often stop their symptoms.

1801
1801 was the first year of the 19th century.

Muse
The Muses are goddesses representing different arts and sciences in Greek mythology. They are the daughters of Mnemosyne and Zeus.
The word "muse" is also sometimes used for a person who inspires somebody else, or any other type of inspiring object. Muse can also be used to describe one's creative thoughts, such as poetry or a musical composition.

Yes (band)
Yes is a progressive rock group who formed in Birmingham, England in 1968.

Mason Williams
Mason Williams (born August 24, 1938) is an easy listening guitarist. His most famous work is "Classical Gas".

Leaf
In botany, a leaf is an above-ground plant organ. Originally, leaves were used for photosynthesis. A leaf is often flat in order to absorb the most light, and thin so that the sunlight will shine through it. Leaves stometimes store food or water. Some planrts have changes some of their leaves to do other things.
Those plants that have leaves can be sorted into two groups: Those that have leaves all year round, and those that do not. The plants that do not have leaves all year round generally lose their leaves in autumn. Before this happens, the leaves change colour. The leaves will grow back in spring.
Leaves come in many shapes and sizes that help what the certain leaf does for the plant it's on.

War on Terrorism
The War on Terrorism or War on Terror is a campaign that the United States and some of its allies started to remove terrorist groups and to end states that sponsor terrorism. US-President Bush's argument was that the countries of North Korea, Cuba, Iran, and Iraq were a direct threat to America and its bigger allies.

Alkali metal
Alkali metals are the chemical elements in group one of the periodic system. They are silver-coloured, soft and have only one electron in the outermost shell. They like to make reactions in which they give up this single electron and then have a charge of +1. They react strongly with water and because of this, they have to be stored in petrol. In nature they are never found in the elemental form, but they usually exist oxidised. Alkali metals are the first group in the periodic table. They are never found in nature uncombined making them unstable and they react fast to other elements. And they bond well with all elements except the noble gases.
Alkali metals have a balanced amount of protons and electrons. They have a few valence electrons.
Alkali metals are: Lithium (Li), Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Rubidium (Rb), Cesium (Cs), and Francium (Fr).
Sodium is the most important alkali metal. One of the most important salts of sodium is sodium chloride (NaCl) (common 'table salt').
It also forms a hydroxide, sodium hydroxide (NaOH), which is commonly called 'caustic soda'. It is a very strong base. It is produced in the Nelson Cell or in the Mercury Cathode Cell (Castner Kellner Cell) by the electrolysis of aqueous NaCl.

Buenaventura Durruti
Buenaventura Durruti Dumange (1896-1936) was a Spanish anarchist leader. He was born in the town of León and died in Madrid when he was killed by a person using a gun. Durruti was a central figure of Spanish anarchism during the country's civil war of 1936-1939. He helped to fight against fascism.

Chester
Chester is a city in the north-west of England. It is almost 2000 years old and was started by Romans. A person from Chester is called a Cestrian.
Chester lies on the river Dee, and is the county town of the county of Cheshire. It is near to the country Wales, and is home to almost 120,000 people. It is just south of Liverpool.
Near to Chester is Chester Zoo which is the biggest Zoo in the U.K.
See also.
Chester city walls

The Secret of NIMH
"The Secret of NIMH" is an animated movie from director Don Bluth's studio, released in 1982 by United Artists.
"Tagline'": Right before your eyes and beyond your wildest dreams."
Story.
In Bluth's first movie, a widowed mouse named Mrs. Brisby does what she can to move her home, a stone block, before humans invade her place with a tractor. To do that, she must find help from a comic, love-seeking crow and a group of very smart rats from NIMH, the National Institute of Mental Health. In order to get the task done, she must see the leader of the rats, an old magician named Nicodemus, for a glowing red amulet that could rescue her home and her children (Martin, Teresa, Cynthia and a sick Timothy). She also learns, from him, a secret about his group that could forever change her life.
The movie was based on Robert C. O'Brien's children's book "Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH". (The main character's name was changed to "Brisby", so that its audiences would not take its sound for the Frisbee toy.)
In spite of its critical success, "NIMH" gained mediocre attention at the box office, because of a much bigger rival, Steven Spielberg's E. T. (Ironically, Spielberg saw the Bluth movie and asked its director to work on "An American Tail", which would come out in 1986.)
Many fans and critics have called "NIMH" Don Bluth's most important work. Yet "An American Tail" and 1997's "Anastasia" would become, business-wise, his most successful works in later years.
A 1998 direct-to-video sequel, "Timmy to the Rescue", has been avoided seriously by fans of the first one, due to its clichés and familiar story. Another one, "The Beginning", has been rumoured to come out in 2001; no such movie, however, exists yet.

397
Centuries: 3rd century - 4th century - 5th century
Decades: 340s 350s 360s 370s 380s - 390s - 400s 410s 420s 430s 440s
Years: 392 393 394 395 396 - 397 - 398 399 400 401 402

Nonmetal
Nonmetal or non-metal means there is no metal traces or any at all in the substance or chemical element. They can be gases or elements that do not look like metals. Examples of gases are: hydrogen, helium, oxygen, nitrogen, fluorine, neon, argon, krypton, or radon, just to name a few. An example of a solid that is a nonmetal is sulfur. It is yellow and not shiny at all. An example of a liquid that is a nonmetal is bromine. It is red. A non metal is also a great insulator.

Holly Marie Combs
Holly Marie Combs (born December 3, 1973 in San Diego, California) is an American actress most well known for working on the television series "Charmed". Before Charmed, she work in the tv series Picket Fences.

Bengal tiger
The Bengal tiger ("Panthera tigris tigris") is a kind of tiger. There are about 3,500 Bengal tigers: this is the largest number of any kind of tiger. They are the second largest tiger, after the Siberian tiger. Males are 3 m long and females are 2.7 m long. They live in Bangladesh where it is the "National animal" of Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar and Nepal. Bengal Tigers are predator animals and usually hunt their prey alone.

Taekwondo
Taekwondo (also spelled tae kwon do, taekwon-do, or more exactly taegwondo) is a martial art (system of fighting) of Korean origin, similar enough to the Japanese karate. It is based on the utilization of the hands and feet in order to attack or to be defended from an adversary, although some techniques use fingertips, elbows, or knees in order to strike the opponent. Taekwondo is a national sport in South Korea, "kyeorugi" is a sport event in the Olympic Games. In the Korean alphabet hangeul, "태" (跆) signifies "to strike with the foot"; "권" (拳) to "strike with the hand"; and "도" (道) signifies "way", "road" or "route". "Taekwondo" can therefore be translated as "way of the foot and of the fist".
Taekwondo refers to a great tradition of Korean martial arts (higher or under 2000 years), but exists in its current form only near 50 years. Today, it has been changed into a sport practiced very much. In the Olympic Games of Seoul 1988 and of Barcelona 1992 it became Olympic sport of exhibition and at present it has come to be Olympic sport of competition.
Features.
Taekwondo is best known for its use of kicks. This makes it different from other martial arts such as karate or certain forms of southern kung-fu. Kicking is important because the leg is the most powerful and longest body part that the martial artist can use as a weapon. Therefore, a fighter who kicks well can hurt his opponent without hurting himself.
One of the most important exercises is the act of doing "pumses" ("katas" in terminology of karate). The "pumses" are the arranged groups of movements of defense and of attack. They simulate a combat against diverse adversaries, and they are related directly to the different degrees of belts. They are done with the purpose to improve the equilibrium, the elasticity, the rapidity and the control of the different movements.
Taekwondo as a sport and as an exercise is popular among people of both sexes and many ages. Taekwondo develops force, speed, balance, flexibility, and stamina. It also involves mental focus. Breaking boards, for example, demonstrates a union of mental and physical discipline. Breaking a board with one's hand or foot requires both the physical mastery of the technique and a concentrated focus on one's force.

Fish and chips
Fish and chips is a fried meal that many British people eat. Fish and chips usually has chips and a deep fried fish, cod or haddock, fillet
You can find fish and chips in fish & chips shops and restaurants in almost every town in England and Wales, and there are very many of them in British cities. Some nutritionists criticize fish and chips, because the meal contains a large amount of fat. Chips are fried potatoes and taste creamy on the inside and deliciously crisp on the outside, as they have been deep fried. They taste nice dipped into mayo or ketchup and served with a glass of blackcurrent squash.
Steak pie is thick pastry filled with chunks of steak in a thick gravy. It can be served with chips and blackcurrent squash.

Marxist economics
Marxist economics, created by philosopher Karl Marx in order to explain the "rules of motion" of production and exchange under capitalism, is the application of his ideas to the sphere of economics. More than that, it was a polemic against prevailing middle class theories of economics and was intended as a tool for the working class (the proletariat) to use to overthrow capitalism and replace it with socialism, an intermediate step towards the disappearance of the state, the emergence of communism, a society Marx did not attempt to preconfigure, but where he imagined goods and services would be distributed "to each according to his need, from each according to his ability."
Marx subscribed to the Labor Theory of Value, which states that the value of a commodity is determined by the labor required to produce it. More specifically, Marx defined the value of a commodity as the Socially necessary labor time required to produce it, the average (taken across all of society) time required to produce a given commodity under the average conditions of production. It follows from this that the [working class] is responsible for the production of all of the [value] (wealth) consumed by all members of society.
Marx viewed the capitalist class (the bourgeoisie), those who control the means of production, as parasitical and superfluous; they are not necessary for the production of the goods society must consume in order to meet human needs and reproduce itself. Rather, Marx saw the capitalist class as enriching itself by the exploitation of the working class. Marx argued that wages under capitalism are determined not by the value created by workers during a given period of time, but by the cost of their labor power (ability to work). He argued that the cost of labor power is determined by the cost of the goods and services (food, clothing, shelter, child care, education etc.) necessary to maintain and reproduce workers. So, capitalists do not pay workers for the value they create: they extract Surplus value, the difference between the value created by a worker and the cost of their labor power (their wages), from the working class. In other words, surplus value is unpaid labor performed by the working class for the capitalist class, which Marx termed exploitation.
Marx argued that because the capitalist class enriches itself by the exploitation of the working class, the economic interests of the two classes are opposed and therefore irreconcileable. He saw the dispossession of the capitalists and the seizure of control of the means of production by the working class as historically progressive in that it would bring about the end of class society, remove the contradictions inherent under capitalism (a result of the antagonism of the two major classes, the bourgeoisie and proletariat), and qualitatively increase the scope of human development in myriad arenas.

South African rand
The rand is the South African currency. 100 cents makes up one rand.
The rand is named after an area near Johannesburg called the Rand, that is famous for its gold mines.
The symbol for the rand is a capital R, written before the sum. Thus, one hundred rands is written as R100.

The Care Bears Movie
"The Care Bears Movie" is an animated movie that came out on March 29, 1985. It was produced by Nelvana Limited of Canada, and was distributed by The Samuel Goldwyn Company. It was the first in a trilogy(or set of three) of big-screen movies that had the Care Bears in lead roles, and the first to be based directly on a toy line. The movie's success led to a spin-off television series that premiered on ABC a year after its release.
There were well-known celebrities among the movie's starring line-up, such as Carole King, who wrote and sung its opening theme. John Sebastian and NRBQ also contributed to its score. The movie also had the voices of Mickey Rooney, Canadian actress Georgia Engel, and voice actress Cree Summer.
It was made as a full-length commercial for the title toys, and had mixed views from critics. But its $23 million gross at the box office made it the biggest animated work outside the Disney market when it came out. It is one of the most profitable releases in the animation industry (its cost was $3 million). The movie saved Nelvana from closing down when "Rock & Rule", the company's first production, did not do well.
Facts.
"The Care Bears Movie" holds financial records for non-Disney animation (at the time it first came out), for Canadian moviemaking (only rivalled by "Porky's" and, more recently, "The Wild"), and for its distributor Samuel Goldwyn.
Its director, Arna Selznick, was one of three women to ever lead the production for a full-length cartoon. To this day, she is proud of these efforts, though she was aware of the strategy to promote it.
Plot.
In this movie, an orphanage caretaker named Mr. Cherrywood tells the story of how the Care Bears come to help two children who do not care for anyone (Kim and Jason). The Care Bears live in Care-a-lot, a cloud-filled place up in the sky. As the two of them become friends with the Bears, a carnival magician's helper, Nicholas, turns from good to bad, because of an evil spirit he got from an old book.
When the boy's evil grows more and more, the Care Bears and their Cousins (from the Forest of Feelings), along with Kim and Jason, come back to Earth to end his evil doings. In turn, the carnival and the whole world will be saved.

366
Centuries: 3rd century - 4th century - 5th century
Decades: 310s 320s 330s 340s 350s - 360s - 370s 380s 390s 400s 410s
Years: 361 362 363 364 365 - 366 - 367 368 369 370 371

1205
1205 is a year in the 13th century.

Victoria, Australia
Victoria, also known as VIC or Vic, is a state in Australia. It is in the south-east corner of the country. Its capital city and largest, most-populated city is Melbourne. Geelong is Victoria's second biggest city, Ballarat is the third and Bendigo the fourth.
Victoria's premier is John Brumby from the ALP (acronym of Australian Labour Party), who recently took over Steve Brack after an unexpected resign.
Victoria has a population of 5,110,500 (2006).
- Floral: Pink Heath
- Aquatic: Weedy Seadragon
- Bird: Helmeted Honeyeater
- Faunal: Leadbeater's Possum
- Colour: Navy
Transport.
Victoria has the highest population density of a state in Australia.
Highways lead to and from population centres, mainly Melbourne and other major cities.
Rail transport in Victoria is common. Major railway line operators include Connex Melbourne, V/Line and Pacific National.
Melbourne Airport is the biggest domestic and international airport for Victoria.
The Port of Melbourne or Port Melbourne is the largest port for cargo in Australia, located in Melbourne near Yarra River. Additional seaports are at Westernport Bay, Geelong, and Portland.
Melbourne.
The city of Melbourne has many attractions, not only its well-known shopping tourism, but other major attractions such as the Crown Casino, Melbourne Zoo, Melbourne Museum, Melbourne Aquarium, Melbourne Docklands, Southbank and St. Kilda. Melbourne is also the home of cultural and sporting icons such as The Arts Centre, National Gallery of Victoria and the Melbourne Cricket Ground, also known as MCG.
Melbourne has also been voted in a poll the world's leading city in sporting.
Other.
The former Goldfields of the historic cities of Ballarat, Beechworth, Bendigo, Castlemaine, Maldon and Daylesford.
Natural attractions include The Twelve Apostles on the Great Ocean Road, Wilson's Promontory, The Grampians, Buchan Caves Gippsland Lakes and the penguins in Phillip Island.
The Dandenong Ranges is also a well-known attraction, in particular Puffing Billy Railway and Healesville Sanctuary.
Waterskiing is popular and draws tourists in towns along the Murray River and Riverina, like Echuca and Mildura.
Geelong, a fast-developing city, has many beaches, and hosts the Australian International Airshow. Not far from Geelong is the Bellarine Peninsula, which has many famous beaches such as Bells Beach, Torquay and Queenscliff.
Mornington Peninsula is said to be the most romantic place in Victoria, mainly because of its wineries and secluded beaches.
The Victorian Alpine Region in the Australian Alps is particularly poular for skiing.
Other popular tourism activities are gliding, hang-gliding, hot air ballooning and scuba diving.
Sport.
Victoria is the home of AFL, with ten of the sixteen clubs of the Australian Football League based in Victoria, and the traditional Grand Final held at the Melbourne Cricket Ground on the last Saturday in September.
Victoria's cricket team, the Victorian Bushrangers play in the national Pura Cup cricket competition.
Victoria has one team each represented in the National Rugby League and the Australian Rugby Championship, the Melbourne Storm and Melbourne Rebels respectively.

Chaos theory
In mathematics and physics, Chaos Theory is the knowledge of systems that look like they are random, but actually follow certain rules. These rules can be quite simple, but there is no way for us to know what exactly the system will do in the future.
Many systems with simple rules act in simple ways. A pendulum is a good example of such a simple system. If connected to another pendulum at the low end of this simple pendulum, there is a double pendulum. Its rules are as simple as the rules for the simple pendulum, but the way it behaves is not simple. It looks as if it behaves in a random way.
Because the rules of the double pendulum are simple, it should know exactly what the pendulum does if known right where it is when started. If started the pendulum in the exact same position as started before, the pendulum should swing the exact same way. But it can never find the exact same position again, because it would need to be very much exact - a very small change in starting position that cannot even be seen, and the pendulum swing would quickly be different from what it was before.
Very small changes in the starting position of a chaotic system make a big difference after a while. This is the explanation why even large computers cannot tell the weather for more than a few days in the future: we simply can not know exactly enough what the weather is today! When a bird or a butterfly moves its wings, it makes a small wind, and this wind can make a difference on the weather in a few weeks. (This is called the "butterfly effect"). No computer knows about them.
Some systems might appear random at first look (like our weather, for example), but Chaos Theory says that these kinds of systems or patterns may not be so random after all if people pay close enough attention to what is really going on.
A very important part to the study of chaos is the study of math functions that are known as "fractals". Fractal functions work like chaotic systems: a small change in the starting values, and the value of the function changes in ways that look random. Because they are mathematical, they are easy to study (simpler than the weather, certainly), and they make pretty pictures, too.
In the Michael Crichton book Jurassic Park, Ian Malcolm studies Chaos Theory a lot. His ideas on Chaos Theory help other people by letting him imagine things that could go wrong, and warning the right people to fix it before they happen.
The chaos theory revolves around the idea that a minor difference can make a large change as time progresses. A new idea in the study of the chaos theory called the quantum chaos theory that deals with quantum physics.

First World
First World is a term used in politics and economics to refer to the wealthier and better developed nations. In these countries, the majority of the people are in the middle class and enjoy a good standard of living. This term is being used less, as terms like "global North" and "developed world" become more common.

Mulan
"Mulan" is a 1998 animated movie from Walt Disney Pictures, set in old-time China and based on local legend. It stars the voices of Ming-Na Wen as the title heroine, along with Eddie Murphy.
Mulan was a success with its fans, as the movie was different from Disney's usual fare in terms of music and artistic design.
The music was written by Jerry Goldsmith who also wrote the music for another animated movie, 1982's "The Secret of NIMH". Christina Aguilera sang "Reflections" for the movie's soundtrack.
A direct-to-video sequel, "Mulan II", came out on February 1,2005 in the United States and on November 3, 2004 in Italy and Norway.
The Story.
A group of evil men, the Huns (led by Shan Yu), have made an attack on Chinese families. The only ones who can fight them off are their male soldiers. Fa Mulan's father is willing to join, but after he becomes hurt, his daughter replaces him and disguises as a soldier.
When she disappears from her family, a small, comic dragon named Mushu (Eddie Murphy) is called upon to find and save her. Mulan herself meets him, before both join an army that plans on defeating Yu and the Huns.There are also accompanied by a lucky cricket, given to Mulan by her grandmother.

Baltimore, Maryland
Baltimore is the biggest city in the U.S. state of Maryland. In 2006 it had about 631,366 people living there. It is not in any county, so it is called an independent city. It is next to the Chesapeake Bay and used to be an important port for trade by ships. There is still some shipping but the Inner Harbor is now mostly famous for shopping and restaurants, and also for the Baltimore Aquarium, which is one of the best in the United States. Other museums in Baltimore are the Walters Art Museum, the Baltimore Museum of Art, and the American Visionary Art Museum.
Baltimore is home to the Ravens (football) and Orioles (baseball), both professional sports teams. Its main newspaper is the Baltimore Sun. There is a place for horse races in the city called Pimlico. There are many colleges and universitys in Baltimore, like Johns Hopkins University, Goucher College, Loyola College, Maryland Institute College of Art, and Morgan State University.
The city was made in 1729 and is named after the British Lord Baltimore who started the colony of Maryland. The mayor of this city is Sheila Dixon. She is the first woman to be the mayor of Baltimore. Many governors of Maryland were mayor of Baltimore first. One famous thing that happened in Baltimore was in the War of 1812, when the British attacked the city and Francis Scott Key wrote a song about it called "The Star-Spangled Banner". It is now the national song of the United States.
Some famous people from Baltimore are the Supreme Court judge Thurgood Marshall, the poet and writer Edgar Allen Poe, the baseball player Babe Ruth, the singer Billie Holliday, and the movie director John Waters. Some famous neighborhoods are Fells Point, Canton, Little Italy, Federal Hill, Mount Vernon, Bolton Hill, Hampden, and Charles Village.
In 2008 the four most important people in the city government are African American women: the mayor Sheila Dixon, the city council president Stephanie Rawlings-Blake, the comptroller (treasurer) Joan Pratt, and the state attorney (lawyer) for Baltimore Patricia Coats Jessamy.

Chantilly, Virginia
Chantilly, Virginia is a community in Fairfax County, Virginia. The Battle of Chantilly was fought here during the American Civil War.

Corpus Christi, Texas
Corpus Christi, Texas is a city in the United States. It is near the coast of the Gulf of Mexico and is one of the fastest growing cities in America.

Panama Canal
Panama Canal is a waterway in the country of Panama (Central America), that connects the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. The Panama Canal uses three "locks" for the changes in water level. Each lock changes the water level to keep ships from getting stuck. Each year about 14,000 ships come through. By 2002, around 800,000 ships came through. The French tried building it in 1880, but failed, it was finally finished in 1914 by the United States who spent ten years on building it. The canal is 77km (48 miles) long, cutting across the Isthmus of Panama, and saves ships 15,000 km. If a ship is too big to go through the Panama Canal it has to go around South America.
It is an interesting fact that, because of the way Panama twists, the entrance to the Pacific Ocean is east of the entrance to the Atlantic Ocean. This is the opposite of what one would expect.

Suriname
Suriname, or Surinam, Dutch Guiana, Dutch Guyana or Sranang is a country in South America. The official name of the country is Republiek Suriname (this is Dutch and translates to "Republic of Suriname"). It used to be known as "Nederlands Guyana", "Netherlands Guiana" or "Dutch Guiana". It is located between Guyana and French Guiana. Paramaribo is the capital city. About half a million people live in the country. Suriname became independent from the Netherlands in 1975.
There are border disputes with French Guiana and Guyana all to the south of the country.
The industry of the country is centered on the extraction and processing of bauxite. This makes up 15 percent of the Gross Domestic Product and more than 70% of the exports. Other exports are sugar, oil and gold. About 25% of the working people are employed in agriculture. The main trade partners are the Netherlands, the United States and countries in the Carribean. Also, the {Beginning in the 16th century, the area was discovered by Dutch, French, Spanish and English explorers. A century later, plantation colonies were established by the Dutch and English along the many rivers in the fertile Guyana plains. England traded any claims to the territory for New Amsterdam which became New York

Aarre Merikanto
Aarre Merikanto (June 29, 1893 - September 29, 1958) was a Finnish composer. His parents were Liisa Häyrynen and the composer Oskar Merikanto.
Merikanto was born in 1893. He studied music in Helsinki (1911), Leipzig (1912-1914) and Moscow (1916-1917). He tried composing an opera for the first time when he was 18 years old. The result was "Helena", which was completed in early 1912. The opera had one act and its libretto was written by Jalmari Finne. In the 1920s Merikanto created his own modernist style. Merikanto was a professor of composition in the Sibelius Academy, Helsinki from 1951 to his death. Merikanto died of lung cancer in Helsinki in 1958.

Chieftain
A chieftain is the leader of a tribe of people.

Tribe
A tribe is a small group of people who live and work together. A tribe can be a collection of families or may have families and individual people living together.
It is necessary to do work to keep people alive, and a tribe usually divides up the jobs that need to be done amongst themselves.
In today's world people think of tribes as being from a far distant time in the past when people did not live in cities yet and there were no nations. There are still tribal groups in existence all over the world but their numbers are getting smaller and smaller.

Satan
Satan, in the Christian religion, is a former angel that left God and took many other angels with him. He did this because he wanted to be better than God. According to the Bible, he will be punished in eternal Hell fire, along with all those who join to him. He is sometimes called "the devil" or "Beelzebub". Christians believe he tempts people to do bad things. Some also call him "Lucifer", but this name is from Roman belief, not the Bible.
Originally the name means "the accuser", "the enemy". In abrahamitic faiths (Judaism, Christianity, Islam) his role is to question and tempt the faith of humans. Many times, he is also seen as a demon.

Hiking
Hiking is a general word for travelling on foot in the mountains or the countryside.
Hiking is a kind of physical activity as well as a leisure activity (a way of spending free time). Hikers (the people who do hiking) enjoy fresh air and the beauty of nature. Hiking can also be an attraction for people who enjoy a challenging their their physical and mental strength. Hiking gives them the chance to become stronger.
In general, people can make profit on it for having rest, health, and everyday life.
How to go hiking.
Planning means a hiker should decide what he wants from the hike. A traveller should examine the information on landscape, climate, weather, plants, animals, type of ground, and so on. Based on that information, a hiker decides what equipment (tools) he needs. Writing everything on paper is strongly suggested not to forget anything. A hiker should choose the itinerary (the way of the hike).
Equipping means getting specialized clothing and equipment. Different suggestions can be found on each point in any hiking book. A hiker is suggested to learn more than one source and work. Equipping sometimes needs getting skills in using the apparatus. Basic skills–different ways of orientation (the ability to find the way, for example)–must be developed before hiking.
Hiking itself lies in the observation of the presented steps and hiker's skills. There are different hiking tips and suggestions in the internet (see other websites).
Being safe and hiking.
Hiking can quickly become a fight for living. For the reason everything in hiking is very important. Nobody can be suggested to hike alone, no matter what the situation, until a hiker fell certain of his expert hiking abilities.
Every hiker should keep in mind that theory is important, but it can hardly replace firsthand experience. To feel himself safe a traveller should have enough experience. A hiker had better start by taking short hikes.
Finding the right way.
A hiker is strongly suggested to check from time to time (at least every hour) whether he is on the right way. On no account should he go on travelling, if he finds out he has lost his way. The first thing a hiker should to do is to find the about direction in which he was travelling before getting lost. Using the compass and the map, he should choose a reference (easy to get to) point nearby (railway, road, river, etc.).

Saint Petersburg
Saint Petersburg (Sankt-Peterburg/Санкт-Петербург) is a Russian city in northwestern Russia on the Gulf of Finland of the Baltic Sea. 4.7 million people (2002) live in St. Petersburg today, and it is the second biggest city in Russia. It connects with the rest of the world's shipping paths through the Baltic Sea.
Saint Petersburg was started by the Russian Tsar, Peter I as the capital of the Russian Empire in 1703, to take the place of the earlier capital, Moscow. It was the capital of Russia until 1918.
Saint Petersburg has changed its name many times. During World War I, when Russia and Germany were fighting each other, Russians thought the name Sankt Peterburg sounded too German, so Tsar Nicholas II, on August 31 (August 18, Old Style), 1914 decided that the city was renamed Petrograd. At the time of the Russian revolution, the Soviet capital was moved to Moscow, still the capital of Russia now.
After the Soviet capital was moved to Moscow, on January 26, 1924, three days after Lenin's death, Petrograd was renamed Leningrad in his honor. During World War II, the city was surrounded by the German army for twenty-nine months.
Leningrad again took its old name of St. Petersburg on September 6, 1991, when Russia stopped being communist. In every-day Russian, the city is often called just "Piter". The name of the "Oblast" (administrative province) where the city is the capital is still called "Leningrad Oblast".
Saint Petersburg was a beautiful city planned by Peter I. There are many man-made rivers (or canals) in the city, so the city is sometimes called the "Venice of the North". There are also beautiful buildings built by Russian emperors in other places of the city. Some of these buildings are the Hermitage Museum and the Winter Palace.

Kiwifruit
Kiwifruit ("Actinidia deliciosa") is a fruit. It has an oval shape, and is green on the inside with small black seeds that are edible. The kiwi has furry brown skin that is edible but is usually removed. The skin is relatively thin. The kiwi is native to South China.
The fruit was named in 1959 after the kiwi, a bird and symbol of New Zealand. Before that, its English name was Chinese gooseberry.
The kiwifruit is healthy and contains many vitamins and minerals, like vitamin C, potassium, and fiber. Kiwis have more vitamin C than an equivalent amount of orange.
There are different types of kiwifruit. The main types are hayward (the most common green kiwifruit), chico, saanichton 12, and golden kiwifruit. Golden kiwifruit is sweeter than normal green kiwifruit. Golden kiwifruit was invented by grafting and cross-pollinating different types of kiwifruit.

Aardvark
The Aardvark ("Orycteropus afer") is a mammal from Africa. Its name means "earth pig" in the language Afrikaans.
Taxonomy.
The Aardvark is the only surviving member of the family Orycteropodidae and of the order Tubulidentata.
The Aardvark looks a bit like other animals, like the South American anteaters but they are not related.
Appearance.
Adult aardvarks weighs about 50 Kilograms (110 pounds) and a little more than one meter (45 inches) long.
Life.
Aardvarks eat mostly ants and termites. They have a long sticky tongue which makes it easy to pick up many ants at once.
Aardvarks are nocturnal, which means they are awake at night and asleep during the day.

Rutherford B. Hayes
Rutherford B. Hayes (October 4, 1822 - January 17, 1893) was the 19th President of the United States. He served only one term, from 1877 to 1881. Hayes was a Republican and was elected governor of Ohio three times prior to becoming president. Hayes narrowly won the contested election of 1876, only defeating Democratic opponent Samuel Tilden after a Congressional committee awarded Hayes some disputed electoral votes.
During his presidency, Hayes effectively ended the Reconstruction period that followed the American Civil War. He ordered the withdrawal of military forces that had occupied the Southern states. Hayes refused to seek a second term as president.

Vinyl record
The vinyl record (or record) was a way to record music (or other sounds) that was used during most of the twentieth century. Vinyl records are played on a phonograph ("record player").
A vinyl record is a disk made of vinyl plastic. The sound is recorded on a very fine line or groove which goes around and around in a spiral from the outside edge of the disk to the center. The phonograph plays the sound with a needle that touches the groove. A record usually has different music on each side.
Thomas Edison made early phonographs in the 1870s. He originally used wax cylinders to record the sound, but vinyl disks were soon used instead. Singles usually carried only one or two songs or recordings. EPs (extended play records) carried from three to five. Albums carried many more recordings; a dozen was normal, or from 30 to 45 minutes of playing time. These formats are still used today, with digital recordings, and playing time for singles and albums has grown considerably.
It is now rare for new music to be recorded on vinyl records, but it is still sometimes done.
If you use Serato Scratch Live, you are said to 'play vinyl'.

Eyebrow
An eyebrow is the stripe of hair about 2 cm over the eye. Eyebrows protect the eyes, if water runs over the face or there is too much sunlight.

Halifax Regional Municipality
Halifax Regional Municipality is the capital city of the province of Nova Scotia, in the country of Canada. The population of the Halifax region was 359,111 in the year 2001.

Solstice
A solstice is when the Earth is the most tilted.
The June Solstice is when the Northern Hemisphere of the Earth is tilted toward the Sun and the Southern Hemisphere of the Earth is tilted away from the Sun. In the Northern Hemisphere this is called the Summer Solstice. The June Solstice is usually on June 21.
The December Solstice is when the Southern Hemisphere of the Earth is tilted toward the Sun and the Northern Hemisphere of the Earth is tilted away from the Sun. In the Northern Hemisphere this is called the Winter solstice. The December Solstice is usually on December 21.
While the exact causes were long unknown, the effect (of days getting shorter or longer) was soon recognised in many ancient cultures. Many of the pre-Christian cultures, like the druidic, the Germanic and the Norse faith therefore celebrated these events as holidays.
When the importance of the old faiths vanished, the Christian creed took over some of the festivities, which were then carried out in the honour of a new patron. The date of Christmas in the Catholic and Protestant faith is just 3 days away from the December solistice.
Today, many people still celebrate the solstices as holidays.

Theist
A theist is a person who believes in gods or in just one god. A polytheist believes in gods. A monotheist believes in just one god. For example, a theisic religion is Christianity.

Secular humanism
Secular humanists believe that each human being is worth something and has dignity. They think that people are happiest when they give something to society. They also believe that human beings can solve problems without help from god(s).
Secular humanist are not religious. Usually they are atheists.

Quebec City, Quebec
Quebec City is the capital of the Canadian province of Quebec. It is the second largest city in Quebec, behind Montreal. It is known for its winter fair, beautiful churches, and an old hotel called Chateau Frontenac. It is next to the Saint Lawrence River. There are almost 700,000 people in the whole area.
The city was created in 1608 at a First Nations (native) Canadian place called Stadacona. People came from France to live there. The English captured the city in 1759 during the Battle of the Plains of Abraham. The walls made to keep the city safe are still there.

Vancouver Island
Vancouver Island is in the province of British Columbia in Canada. You can go there by boat from Vancouver (across the Strait of Georgia) or from the state of Washington (across the Strait of Juan de Fuca). Over 500,000 people live on the island. The first people to live on the island, before Europeans came, were the Nuu-chah-nulth, Salish, and Kwakiutl. The University of Victoria is located on Vancouver Island.

First Nations
First Nations are the native tribes who lived in Canada before Europeans came there. Many Canadians also use "First Nations" to mean people with natives in their family trees. Many say it because these nations were here long before Canada, and to make it clearer that the First Nations have many cultures, and that some of the cultures are very different from others.
Other words that have been used for First Nations people, tribes, and cultures have been "indigenous", "aboriginal", "Indian", "Native Indian", "Amerind," or "native." Now many people say "Indian" only about people from India.

New Brunswick
New Brunswick is a province in Atlantic (Eastern) Canada. Its capital city is Fredericton. Other large cities are Saint John and Moncton.
More than 700,000 people live in New Brunswick. English and French are both spoken in this province. About 35% of the people living in New Brunswick speak French. Some industries include Forestry, mining, farming and fishing are important industries.

AC/DC
AC/DC is a hard rock band from Australia. They formed in Sydney, Australia in November, 1973. AC/DC has sold an estimated 200 million albums worldwide,including 68 million in the US.

Double bass
The double bass is a large stringed instrument used in orchestras, jazz bands, rockabilly bands, bluegrass music, and some country music bands. The double bass plays low-pitched musical notes in musical ensembles and bands. In jazz bands, these low-pitched musical notes are called the "bass line."
How it is built.
The double bass is usually built from wood. Double basses have a hollow wooden body which helps to amplify the sounds of the instrument ("amplify" means "to make louder"). A wooden neck is attached to the body, and a flat wooded fingerboard is glued onto the neck. It usually has four metal strings which are strung with tension on the neck.
How it is played.
In an orchestra, double bass players bow the strings with a wooden bow strung with horsehair, or pluck the strings with their fingers (plucking the strings is called pizzicato). In jazz the double bass is played pizzicato most of the time. However some jazz players use the bow to play melodies on the double bass.
To play different notes on the double bass, double bass players hold down the metal strings against the fingerboard with their left hand and then bow the string or pluck it with their right hand. To play different notes the double bass players move the left hand to different positions on the fingerboard.
Double bass players in jazz bands or rock bands often connect their double bass to an electronic amplifier and a loudspeaker, to make a louder, stronger sound. This makes it easier for the double bass player,the other musicians, and the audience to hear the double bass's musical notes.
History.
The double bass is usually considered a member of the violin family, because it is constructed using many of the same techniques as violins. The double bass also has influences from the viol family. Viols are old string instruments from the 1400s and 1500s with sloping "shoulders" on the instrument's body and flat backs. Like the viols, the double bass also has sloping "shoulders" on its body and a flat.
Other names.
The double bass also has many other names. Some bluegrass musicians call it a "bass fiddle" or a "bull fiddle." Rockabilly bands often call it an "upright bass" or "Doghouse" Some orchestra musicians call it a "contrabass." In a military concert band, it is often called the "string bass." Sometimes the double bass is simply called a "bass."

Allies of World War II
The Allied Powers (or Allies of World War II) were a group of nations that fought against the Axis countries, Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and Japan, in World War II.

B-36 Peacemaker
The B-36 Peacemaker was a strategic bomber. It was used in the United States. The B-36 could carry a 21,000 pound bomb. The B-36 was never used in wartime, but was in a movie called Strategic Air Command. The Peacemaker could fly for 48 hours non-stop and was one of the longest ranged bombers at the time. It first flew in 1948, and the last combat flight was in 1959.

Wing
A wing is the part of an animal or airplanes that allows it to fly.
Animal wings.
A "wing" is part of an animal that allows it to fly. By moving its wings, the animal can produce lift and get off the ground.
Animals that have wings are insects, birds and bats. Birds' wings are made of feathers. The wings of bats are made of skin, which is stretched between the bones of the bat's arms and fingers. Not all insects and birds can fly, even if they have wings.

Disability
A disability is an aspect of a person that limits them in some way.
People with disabilities try to live just like other people do. They sometimes need special equipment (such
s or special cups to drink from) or "accessible" buildings (with ramps, elevators, wide doorways and plenty of room beside the toilet, for example).

Newfoundland
Newfoundland is an island off the East Coast of Canada, and is part of the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. The capital city of Newfoundland is St. John's, on the north-east part of the island. Over 500,000 people live in Newfoundland (these people are called Newfoundlanders).
In Newfoundland, most people speak English, but there are also French speakers on the island, mostly in the south-west. In some areas of Newfoundland, people speak with an accent and use words that are not in standard English. There is even a dictionary of Newfoundland English.
People first came to Newfoundland from countries like Norway, England, Portugal, France, and Ireland in the 16th century. The first explorers were the Vikings from Norway and they settled in L'ans aux Meadows. They came because of the good fishing off the coast, especially off the south-east coast. Today, there is still fishing, but not very much because people fished too much, and now there are not many fish left.
Cutting down trees and mining have also been attractions of the island. There are some paper mills (paper factories) in a few cities in Newfoundland.

Kiss (band)
Kiss is an American hard rock/heavy metal band. The band started in the early 1970s. They formed in New York City in 1973. The original members are Gene Simmons, Paul Stanley, Peter Criss, and Ace Frehley. They are most famous for their brilliant stage show and songs like "Rock and Roll All Nite" (1975) and "Psycho Circus" (1998).

The Visioner's Tale
The Visioner's Tale is one of the little-known writings of Geoffrey Chaucer. Only parts of the story were left from when Chaucer wrote it in the 14th century, so it is not normally included in modern versions of the Canterbury Tales.
"My lady's touch upon the lute is light,"
"yet she weaves the streams of melody,"
"that the river of time spills into dream,"
"into that ocean of unspoken promise,"
"where lives primordial the memory of future things,"
"here vision and voice and sound,"
"and meaning emerge at last as one."

Geoffrey Chaucer
Geoffrey Chaucer (c. 1343 – October 25, 1400) was an English writer, poet, and philosopher. He wrote the Canterbury Tales.
Chaucer was born in London. His father and grandfather sold wine in London. His name is French and means shoemaker. Chaucer became a noblewoman’s page. In 1360, he was captured by the French in the Hundred Years War. He was then ransomed and released.
Chaucer married Phillipa (de) Roet. She was a lady-in-waiting to the queen. He had about three or four children. Chaucer may have studied law in the "Inner Temple." He joined the Royal court and travelled a lot. In 1374, he became "Comptroller" (money supervisor) of the Customs for the Port of London. He did this job for 12 years.
Chaucer then moved to Kent. He may have started The Canterbury Tales in the 1380’s. He became a "Member of Parliament" in Kent in 1386. But his wife, Phillipa, died in 1387. On 12 July 1389, He became "Clerk of the Kings Works" (building supervisor). He stopped this job on 17 June 1391. He then started working as "deputy forester" in the Royal Forest. He may have stopped writing The Canterbury Tales soon after.
Death.
Chaucer is buried in Westminster Abbey.
On his tomb, writing says he died on 25 October 1400.

Echidna
An Echidna also called "spiny anteaters", is a monotreme that lives in Australia and in New Zealand. They form the family Tachyglossidae.
Echnidas have a long, tube-like mouth with a sticky tongue, but they are also covered in spines. They are also called spiny anteaters. Echidnas are monotremes, which means they have mammary glands, but lay eggs too.
The echidna has a unique way of protecting itself. With its long, sharp claws, they quickly dig a hole until only their spines are accessible. The predator will not be able to get to it without injuring itself. Spiny anteaters eat ants. They also eat other small insects. Echidnas pick up the bugs with their sticky tongues.

2002 Bali terrorist bombing
The 2002 Bali terrorist bombings took place in Kuta on the Indonesian island of Bali. 202 people died, mostly Australians, Indonesians and British.
The bombings.
At around 11 in the evening, a bomb destroyed a bar on Bali. The bomb was in a backpack, and only the person that owned it died. A few seconds later, a larger bomb went off. This bomb was close to 1,000 kilograms.
Suspects.
A terrorist group called Jemaah Islamiyah are believed to be responsible for making and exploding the device.

B-17 Flying Fortress
The Boeing 17 Flying Fortress was a heavy bomber, that was used by the United States Eighth Air Force during World War II. It first flew in 1935, and was introduced in 1938. It had a shorter range, and a smaller bomb load, then its sister bomber the B-24 Liberator, but it had more defensive arment. It dropped large amounts of bombs, and was also used during air raids against Germany, such as the raid on Dresden. The B-17 was also used in the Pacific, at the Battle of Midway. They were known for being able to get shot by enemy fighters many times and keep flying.

Midway Atoll
Midway Atoll was the site of a famous battle in World War II, the Battle of Midway. The atoll is currently held by the United States of America.

Besiktas JK
Beşiktaş Jimnastik Kulübü (Besiktas JK) is a Turkish football club from Istanbul. Besiktas JK was founded in 1903 by 26 young men in "Osman Pasa Konagi".
It was the beginning of 20th century and it was forbidden then to attend sports activities on a club basis. People were gathering together all around Istanbul. Twenty-six young men (Huseyin Bereket, Mehmet Samil, Ahmet Fetgeri, Mehmet Ali Fetgeri, Fuat Balkan, Muhittin Pasa, Mazhar Kazanci, Nazim Nazif Ander, Haydar Bey, Cami Baykurt, Behcet Bey, Sevket Cenani, Mahmut Naci Bey, Refik Bey, Sukru Pasa, Haci Ahmet Pasa, Kilic Ali, Ziya Karamursel, Kenan Bey, Yuzbasi Fethi Bey, Seraffettin Bey, Seref Bey, Celal Davut, Hami Bey, Fuat Pasa, and Kamil Beyler) gathered together on November in 1902 and decided to found a club. Next year in 1903 the vision came to life and Besiktas JK was founded.
Besiktas is one of the 3 big clubs in Turkey. Others are Galatasaray and Fenerbahçe.

Phosphorus
Phosphorus has the chemical symbol P, and its atomic number is 15.
Phosphorus is commonly misspelled "phosphorous". It is an essential component of living systems and is found in nervous tissue, bones and cell protoplasm. Phosphorus exists in several allotropic forms including white (or yellow), red, and black (or violet). White phosphorus has two modifications. Ordinary phosphorus is a waxy white solid. When pure, it is colourless and transparent. It is insoluble in water, but soluble in carbon disulphide. It catches fire spontaneously in air, burning to P4O10, often misnamed as diphosphorus pentoxide. When exposed to sunlight, or when heated in its own vapour to 250°C, it is converted to the red variety. This form does not ignite spontaneously and it is a little less dangerous than white phosphorus. The red modification is fairly stable and sublimes with a vapor pressure of 1 atmosphere at 417°C.

Franklin Pierce
Franklin Pierce (November 23, 1804 - October 8, 1896) was the 14th President of the United States. A Democrat, he took office in 1853 and served one four-year term. He believed that each state should choose whether the state should allow slavery; his presidency was marked with violence sparked by the Kansas Nebraska Act. In addition, a political scandal damaged his credibility when the Ostend Manifesto was publicized.
Pierce was a dark horse candidate in the 1852 presidential election. Before running for president, he came from New Hampshire and had served in the House of Representatives.
Pierce is widely regarded as one of the worst U.S. presidents ever because of his inability to lower tensions before the American Civil War.

Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire was an empire that lasted from 1299 to 1922. It was centered around the Middle East and western portions of lands around the Mediterranean Sea. The empire was created by Ottoman Turks and became a long-lasting empire. When it was most powerful (around 1400 to 1600), the Ottoman Empire controlled trade and politics in Europe, Asia, and Africa. The empire's capital was Istanbul. In later yesrs, the Ottoman Empire began to weaken and was known as "the sick man of Europe".
In early times of the empire, shahzadahs, who were the sons of the Sultan, used to be sent to Sanjaks to have experience to govern for future because they were candidates of Sultanate and Khaliphate but after Ahmed this system changed. In the new system the Sultan would keep all his male relatives locked in a small apartment called a "kafes" where they would never see the outside world. This was to keep them from taking power from him. But many times, a new Sultan would simply have his male relatives killed. This may seem as a bad thing but it is a good solution aganist the fights to be Sultan and rebel movements. The women in his harem would try to get more power, and the Sultan's mother became the most powerful political force in the Empire. This is because each mother in the harem would try to make her own son the next Sultan, since they knew he would probably be killed if he was not. The Sultans quickly lost their ability to govern far-away territories well, and all the people living in the Empire were soon governing themselves under their own laws. In the end, the Ottoman Empire grew so tired and decadent that it was easy for it to collapse.

Strategic bombing
Strategic bombing is a military strategy used to destroy the enemies' economic ability to fight a war. It is an attack from the air. Strategic bombing missions usually attack targets such as factories, railroads, oil refineries and cities. Tactical bombing missions would attack targets such as military bases, command and control facilities, airfields, and ammunition dumps.
The United States Air Force (USAAF) over the years have used bombers as strategic bombers role. Strategic bombers are bombers used to bomb cities and camps used by the opposing force.
The early years.
Strategic bombing was an idea first thought up in World War I. It was used by the German Air Force. They bombed London using Gotha bombers. Later Gothas could carry over a ton of bombs. The idea first came to the United States by Colonel Billy Mitchell. He had new ideas on the strategic, and tactical air war. The first USAAF strategic bomber was the B-17 Flying Fortress.

Edsel
Edsel was a make of car and a new car making division introduced by the Ford Motor Company on September 4, 1957. The company called that day, "E-Day." It was named after Henry Ford's son, Edsel Ford. Sadly, the Edsel was also one of the biggest failures in history. It was sold for only three years, ending in 1960.
Ford planned to move their Lincoln brand upmarket and put another make in beneath it. Design of the Edsel began in 1955 under the name "E-car" which stood for "Experimental car".
Edsel produced four models their first year, the 1958 model year. These were the large Citation and Corsair, and the smaller, easier to buy Pacer and Ranger.
The Bermuda, Villager and Roundup were station wagons based on the two smaller Edsel models. They were basically the same as the 1957-59 Ford wagons.
63,110 Edsels sold the first year, which was the second largest car launch for any brand in history. Only the Plymouth introduction in 1928 was better, but still not as many cars as Ford hoped would sell.
There were only 2 Edsels in 1959, the Ranger and the Corsair. Only 44,891 cars were sold in that model year.
Only the Ranger and Villager were produced in 1960. These were almost exactly like the 1960 Ford cars. Only 2848 cars were built before the Edsel Motor Division was closed on November 19, 1959.
Edsel's failure.
Edsel's failure is very famous because it failed after Ford put US$400,000,000 into its development. It had many innovations which are still in use today, including brakes which adjusted themselves and a very powerful V-8 engine called the "FE-series" that would be used for many years in later Fords. Also, the car did not live up to all of the promises in the advertisements before it was released. Some people blamed the look of the new car because of its very unusual grille shaped like a horse's collar. One famous quote from an auto writer said that the Edsel looked like "an Oldsmobile sucking on a lemon." Quality of the Edsel was a problem as well. Even the name was a problem to some buyers. Worst of all, the U.S. was entering a period of recession. All car sales were down.
Many drivers did not like having the automatic transmission as push-buttons mounted on the steering wheel hub. Since this was the place the horn was normally found, drivers ended up shifting gears instead of honking the horn.
The planned 1960 Edsel Comet compact car was relabeled just Comet and sold more cars in its first year than all models of Edsel ever produced. It remained Comet for 1960 and 1961. It fell under the Mercury line in 1962
Fewer than 6,000 Edsels survive and today they are considered collectors’ items, with convertibles sometimes selling for over US$20,000 if in good condition. As usual with classics, hardtop models are worth considerably less, station wagons less than that, and sedans least of all. It is possible to get a very good 1959 sedan for about US$3000-$3500.

1000
1000 (Roman numerals: M) is a common year of the Gregorian calendar. It started on a Wednesday.
It is one of only seven years to use just one Roman numeral. The seven are 1 AD (I), 5 AD (V), 10 AD (X), 50 AD (L), 100 AD (C), 500 AD (D), and 1000 AD (M).

Chino Hills, California
Chino Hills is a city in Southern California, United States, in the bottom-left most corner of San Bernardino County.
Almost 75,000 people live in the city of Chino Hills, California. It is named for the hills that cover most of the city.

Learning
To learn is to find and keep information in your brain.

Acrocorinth
Acrocorinth is the acropolis of the Greek city Corinth.

Neutron
Neutrons Make up an atom along with Protons And Electrons. The Neutron is found In the Nucleus of an atom, along with the Proton. Unlike the proton, which has a positive charge, or electron, which has a negative charge, the neutron has no charge.
Neutrons of the British scientist was found by James Chadwick. And before that, by Rutherford that his presence was mentioned. Rutherford has a number of atomic nuclei of them had the mass, the mass of the atom and protons that make up the mass of the atom does not know this was a match. And the mass of protons about half the mass of the atom that you got it. So the mass of protons in the nucleus and do not let your king has a similar mass particles such as protons and the number was thought to exist. Since then, the UK's Chadwick in 1932, learned of the existence of neutrons. The Beryllium has been made of a thin pane conflict α line. And he does not find them charge a bolt came out particles, the particles called neutrons was.
Neutrons that the mass 1.675 × 10-24g a little heavier than the proton. Neutrons and protons in the electronic mass of more than 1800 times heavy, and the mass of protons and neutrons that big because the difference between the mass of a proton's mass, the neutrons 1, the mass of electrons in the 1 / 1800 to think about. Because of the mass of electrons, atoms are small enough to ignore the mass of the neutrons and protons in the atomic mass of the sum will be.
The number of protons in the nucleus contains a neutron number of matches is a lot of cases.

LiveJournal
LiveJournal (often called LJ) is a website on which Internet users can keep a blog. It is also the name of the software that was designed to run it. LiveJournal is different from some other blogging sites, because a user can interact with friends in certain ways that are unique to the website (such as instant messaging in LJ Talk). It is based in San Francisco, California.
LiveJournal was started in 1999 by Brad Fitzpatrick as a way of keeping his high school friends updated on his activities. In January 2005, a blogging software company called Six Apart bought Danga Interactive, the company that was owned by Fitzpatrick, which operates LiveJournal.
Features.
LiveJournal has a service called a "friends list", which makes the site a way to socialise with friends and other people, even though it is a blog service too.
LiveJournal lets users change their accounts in several ways. A programming language called S2 can help users make their blogs look different. Users may upload small pictures (maximum 100 by 100 pixels) called "userpics", which appear next to the username. People can pay to get more features, like extra userpics, the ability to record their voices into a post ("voice posts"), the ability to make polls, and better layouts.
Each user also has a "User Info" page, which may contain contact information, a biography of the user, and lists of friends, interests, communities, and even schools the user had attended.
Currently LiveJournal has five kinds of accounts. About 95% of all LiveJournal users use a non-paid account ("plus" accounts). People can pay for their accounts ("Paid" accounts) and get more features, or they can get a "sponsored" account, which is free and has more features, but has advertisements. "Early adopters" are the accounts of people who signed up for LiveJournal back in 1999 or 2000. There are also permanent accounts. Most people can't get a permanent account. LiveJournal only sells them sometimes, and they may not sell them again.

RNA
RNA is an acronym for ribonucleic acid, a nucleic acid. RNA is transcribed from DNA by an enzyme called RNA polymerase and further processed by other enzymes.
RNA translates genes into proteins, transferring amino acids from the nucleus to the ribosome to form proteins, and also translating the transcript into proteins. This process is called translation.
The first three bases are also found in DNA, but Uracil replaces Thymine as a complement to Adenine.
RNA also contains ribose as opposed to deoxyribose found in DNA.
RNA is the carrier of genetic material in different types of viruses such as AIDS virus i.e. HIV (HUMAN IMMUNO DEFICIENCY VIRUS) and in that case called a retrovirus.
mRNA.
mRNA, or "Messenger" RNA is the complement strand of DNA. A single strand of DNA is a blueprint for mRNA which is transcribed from that DNA strand. DNA cannot leave the nucleus because of it's size, but mRNA can. Once transcribed, the mRNA leaves the nucleus and is attached to tRNA which attached to the Ribosomes.
tRNA.
tRNA, or "Transfer" RNA is the complement (opposite) strand to mRNA and attaches to Ribosomes to be translated into a polypeptide (protein) chain. Each tRNA codon, group of three nitrogenous bases, codes for a specific amino acid which all bind together to form a protein. For example, codons UUU or UUC code for the amino acid Phenylalanine.

Figure skating
Figure skating is both an art and a sport, in which people skate around on ice, doing jumps and spins. It is done at the Winter Olympics, and it has its own world championships.
In figure skating, sometimes women or men skate alone, or they skate in couples. Couples dancing includes "pairs" and ice dancing. Pairs skating has jumps, and sometimes the man lifts the woman in the air. These things are not done in ice dancing. In ice dancing, the woman must be held in the man's arm. Another kind of figure skating is synchronized skating, done in groups.
The first ever figure skating club was started in 1742 in Edinburgh, Scotland. World Championships began in 1896 (the first in St. Petersburg, Russia).

Gabriel
In the Bible, Gabriel is one of the angels. The name means "God is my might" or "man of God". Gabriel appeared to Daniel in the Old Testament (Daniel: 16; 9; 21), and in the New Testament to Zacharias (Luke 1: 19; 26; 17) and, most famously, to Mary to announce the impending birth of Jesus. (Luke 1: 2). Gabriel has sometimes been used as a given name in English speaking counties because of a Continental European influence (more often than Raphael, but less so than Michael, the names of the other two chief archangels).
Gabriel has occasionally been used as a given name in the English-speaking world, mainly as a result of Continental European influence (rather more commonly than Raphael, but much less so than Michael, the names of two other chief archangels). Cognates: Hungarian: Gábor. Italian: Gabriele. Finnish: Kaapo.
The female form of Gabriel is Gabrielle.
In a number of religions, Gabriel is an angel. He is a messenger from God. He is the angel who tells Mary that she will have a baby boy. When the baby is born it is actually a girl, this is what many Christians believe at the Christ Church in Brandon, Suffolk. This baby is taken off Mary as she has no food or money to look after it, one day Joseph wins a bet at the local pub andwins a lot of gold. They go to the homeless child refuge to buy back their daughter only to find she has been brought by an elderly man a few days ago. Mary leaves in tears and Joseph uses the money to buy a young boy who had been in the refuge for many years, Mary was delighted and named him Jesus, (which means son of God).

Post office
A post office is a place that is made available by the postal system to post, receive, sort, handle, and to move or deliver mail. You can buy postage stamps to mail things like packages or letters and drop them off there, and they will bring it to where you want it to go.

Lahn
The Lahn is a river in Hesse, Germany with a length of 248 km (154 miles).
It has its source in the Rothaargebirge.
It floats from there through the towns Marburg, Gießen, Wetzlar, and Limburg.
It joins the Rhine River at Lahnstein, near Koblenz.

Rottweiler
Rottweilers are large muscular dogs. Their fur is mostly black, with brown on the legs and face. They are excellent guard dogs, as well as herding, and companion dogs.
Behaviour.
Dogs are pack animals. When they feel threatened, they will defend themselves. They will also protect other members of the pack, to a certain extent. How they defend themselves, and how close they feel to the rest of the pack (their owners) depends on the dog race, and on the how they were raised. Since dogs judge dangerous situations differently, they should not be left unattended near a place where people are arguing. They may also judge "unattended" moves of a child as an attack. Therefore dogs should not be left alone near children.
Problems.
There were cases where certain dogs attacked humans; mostly children.
For this reason, breeding certain dogs has been restricted or forbidden.
Germany and France have classified certain dog races as "dangerous". One of these is the Rottweiler. This means that the dogs must be kept on a leash in most cases. Sometimes, a muzzle may be required as well.

Anne Murray
Morna Anne Murrary (born June 20, 1945) is a Canadian Pop and Country musician. She was born in Nova Scotia. She was a teacher, but also sang and made records. One of her records, "Snowbird", became a hit late in 1970. The song was not about Christmas, but was popular during the Christmas season. The record became a perennial through association with the holiday.
Murray later had hits with remakes of Beatles ("I'm Happy Just to Dance With You") and Monkees songs ("Daydream Believer"). She also recorded "Shadows in the Moonlight" and "A Little Good News", which became popular.

Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
"Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets" by J. K. Rowling is the second novel (published in 1998) in the Harry Potter series of books. A movie of the book was relesed in 2002.
About the story.
This article tells about the beginning of the story. It does not contain spoilers of the main adventures.
In "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone" JK Rowling has already set the scene for the "Harry Potter series". But, just to make sure that the reader understands, Rowling gives brief explanations of the important things that happened in the first book. The reader is told that Harry Potter is an orphan, that he is a wizard and that he lives with an aunt, uncle and cousin who do not love him. The reader also discovers that "magic people" call non-magic people "Muggles". Harry's Aunt Petunia, Uncle Vernon and Cousin Dudley are "Muggles". So are the parents of one of Harry's best friends, Hermione Granger, a very clever young witch.
Near the beginning of the book, Rowling introduces the reader to a famous old wizarding family, the Weasleys. Harry, who has never had brothers and sisters, is a little bit overwhelmed when he finds himself staying in the noisy messy Weasley household, called "The Burrow". His good friend Ron is the youngest of six boys and has a younger sister, Ginny, who has a crush on Harry, and who becomes important in this story.
Mr Weasley works for the Department of Magic. He is fascinated by "Muggles" and the way that they manage to live without magic. Mr Weasley has never used a telephone or a computer. It is his job to prevent wizards from illegally magicking Muggle objects. But he doesn't always do his job in the way the Department would like. In fact, he drives his family to catch the train in a magical Ford Anglia. A feature of the books is the school train called the "Hogwarts Express" which leaves Paddington Station in London from Platform 9 3/4. But because of strange happenings, Harry and Ron miss the train to school.
In the first book of the series, the reader discovers that there are many magical beings in the world, such as giants, trolls, centaurs and unicorns. In the second book, Rowling introduces another type of magical being, the "House Elf". A "House Elf" is bound to a family, whom it must serve. The House Elves are very honourable. Usually they would never do anything to upset their owners. But they have minds of their own. Early in the book, a House Elf called Dobby comes to Harry and tells him that he must not go back to "Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry". Dobby's behaviour is so very weird that Harry doesn't know what to think. Because Dobby comes from a different race to the human Magicians, he lives by a different set of rules.
Dobby is another important character in this book.
Harry and Ron go to school, very late, and in disgrace. When they arrive, they have a very nasty adventure with another sort of magical thing, an enchanted tree. This enchanted tree is to be very important in a later story. Joanne Rowling has a clever way of introducing the reader in one book to an idea, or a magic spell, or a person or object, that will later be very important in another book. The reader is immediately reminded of what a horrible nasty person Professor Snape, the Master of Potions is. He is so nasty to Ron and Harry that Professor McGonagal, who is the head of their House, has to tell him to mind his own business. Through the stories, Professor Snape often has to be reminded not to stick his long nose into things that are not his business. The reader never knows whether he can be trusted or not. Professor Dumbledore, the Headmaster tusts him, but Dumbledore trusts almost everybody.
Harry has not been back at school very long before it becomes clear that everybody inside the school is in danger. One by one students, and even the caretaker's cat, are affected by a strange and frightening spell. As everyone becomes more and more frightened, they start to be suspicious of other people.
In the first book, Harry has a serious problem of not telling the truth, and not trusting Professor Dumbledore with the things that he discovers. In this book, when Harry starts hearing a strange voice, he should go to the Professor straight away, but he does not. He has not yet learnt to be trusting. Luckily, he has listened to a really good bit of advice from the old Professor, that help will come to him, if he asks for it.

Personal computer
A personal computer (PC) is a small computer made more common by a system developed by a company called IBM; there are also Macintosh computers, by a company called Apple Inc. PCs usually operate using a system of software known as Windows, by a company called Microsoft Corporation. A computer user usually works with a mouse and keyboard to interact with the computer (giving it input), and looks at information (output) through a monitor, often a flat LCD screen or a CRT (a cathode ray tube) much like those used in most televisions.
PCs (and almost any other computer) usually use processors (which handle information given by the user) of brands such as Intel (makers of the Pentium processor) and AMD (or Advanced Micro Devices). Sometimes they may have two processors.
They have a memory, or RAM (random access memory), for moving information (or data) quickly to and from the processor, a hard drive for holding the data after a computer has been turned off, and usually a floppy drive and a CD-ROM drive for reading and writing data. Flash drives and DVD-ROM drives may also be used to read and store data. Computers often have a modem which sends and receives data over a phone line, or will use a network to do the same. Computers also have spaces (or ports) for serial devices such as joysticks, and a fast port called a USB port.
Computers may be used for work, including doing math quickly, or keeping records; communicating, with online message systems (such as AIM) and e-mail with people across the world; and fun, such as by playing computer games.

MS-DOS
MS-DOS is a computer operating system by Microsoft Corporation. It stands for "Microsoft Disk Operating System", and came from an operating system Microsoft bought called QDOS, or the "Quick and Dirty Operating System." It was popularly used in PCs before an operating system called Microsoft Windows came out and still is in some places today. 2, originally made by a joint agreement with companies that are called Microsoft and IBM and are maintained by IBM today, was supposed to be a replacement for this operating system, but never was successful as one. MS-DOS was the framework behind Windows operating systems until a operating system known as Windows XP.
MS-DOS is a text-based operating system, meaning that a user works with a keyboard to input data and receives output in plain text. Later on, MS-DOS often had programs using a mouse and graphics to make work more simple and quick. (Some people still believe that working without graphics is really more efficient.)
It is called a disk operating system because it was originally made to be loaded into a computer's memory with a floppy disk each time the computer is started (booted) up.

Search service
A search service helps a computer user find information by looking through web pages for the text the user wants to find; the software that does this is known as a search engine. Google, Yahoo!, MSN Search, and Ask Jeeves are popular search services. Some older services include Webcrawler, Lycos, and Alta Vista.
A search service may also include a portal with news, games, and more information besides a search engine. Yahoo! has a popular portal, and MSN Search is part of the MSN portal, while Google has a simple design on its front page.
Search services usually work without charging money for finding sites, and are often supported with text or banner advertisements.

Disk operating system
A disk operating system will load from a floppy disk each time a computer starts, and will access that disk for software to complete operations. MS-DOS is probably the most well-known DOS, and was purchased by Microsoft Corporation from a system known as QDOS. As operating systems became more complicated and took up more space, they began to be permanently installed on hard drives, which are faster and more reliable than floppy disks, and can store more data. This was encouraged by a steady drop in hard drive prices.
"DOS"es are usually text-based and without graphics to save space on a floppy disk. Although DOSes have mostly been replaced by Windows, Macintosh, and Linux systems, among others (sporting a GUI, or Graphical User Interface), they are still in use in some places, mostly on older computers. This may be because of a lack of money, the need to use software which still runs on a dos system, nostalgia for an older operating system, or the belief that text-based systems are more efficient.
Although GUIs are more popular, in times of emergency or when one needs to install special software, a boot disk allows a user to start his computer into a DOS.

Internet service provider
An Internet service provider, or ISPs, usually for a monthly subscription fee, will allow a user to connect to the Internet. Some ISPs directly put their users on the Internet, while others will send a connection through its or a different company's servers, which is slightly slower.
ISPs provide different services. Usually they give space for electronic mail (e-mail) and a website. The type of Internet service is different, too, and may be dial-up, DSL, through fiber-optic wires, through a cable TV connection, wireless, or even satellite, usually in remote areas. Dial-up is the slowest service, while a direct fiber-optic connection is usually the fastest.
All Internet connections require a modem, which takes in and sends out data by converting binary data to an audio sound (in dial-up), into pulses of light (in fiber-optic), and in other ways. Some modems are as small as a credit card (and are usually for a laptop computer); some are put directly inside a computer; and some are in boxes outside the computer.
Some mobile phones can access the Internet.

National Women's Hockey League
The National Women's Hockey League (NWHL) is an ice hockey league in Canada that was formed in 1999. The best female players in the world play in this league and in the Western Women's Hockey League. The mayor of Brampton, Ontario, Susan Fennell, is the NWHL's commissioner (president).

Western Women's Hockey League
The Western Women's Hockey League (WWHL) is an ice hockey league in North America. It was formed in 2004. The best female players in the world play in this league and in the National Women's Hockey League (NWHL). Some WWHL teams began in the NWHL.

Yukon
The Yukon Territory is part of Canada, north of British Columbia, west of the Northwest Territories, and east of the American state of Alaska. Its population is 31,000. Most of the territory's people live in the capital of Whitehorse. Many of the people are native Canadians (First Nations).
The Yukon became a territory in 1898. It was part of the Northwest Territories from 1870 to 1898. Many people came to live in the Yukon during the Klondike Gold Rush of the 1890's.
Mt. Logan, at 5959 metres above sea level, is Canada's highest mountain.
The most important industry in the Yukon is mining.

Saanich
The District of Saanich is a region of Greater Victoria, British Columbia. It is north of the City of Victoria. Over 100,000 people live in Saanich. It is named after the Saanich First Nation.
Some communities within Saanich include Gordon Head, Royal Oak, Cordova Bay, Tillicum-Gorge, Cadboro Bay, Broadmead, Cedar Hill, and Ten-Mile Point.
Saanich Commonwealth Place, a recreation centre first used for swimming and diving at the 1994 Commonwealth Games, is located in Saanich.
Saanich will celebrate its 100th anniversary in 2006.
The mayor of Saanich is Frank Leonard.

Emily Carr
Emily Carr (December 13, 1871 - March 2, 1945) was a Canadian artist and writer.
She was born in Victoria, British Columbia. She studied art in San Francisco and Paris, then came back to British Columbia. Carr painted scenes from nature and from First Nations culture. For example, she painted many Haida and Tlingit totem poles. The Tlingit people called her Klee Wyck, which means "the laughing one." She was influenced by French impressionism.
One of Carr's most famous paintings is "The Raven." Some of her books include "Klee Wyck" (which won the Governor General's Award) and "The Book of Small." Carr has a university named Emily Carr Institute of Art and Design and has two schools named after her. She is considered one of Canada's most famous artists.

Hatikvah
Hatikvah (also transliterated as Hatikva, or, without vowels, H-t-k-v (Hebrew: התקווה "The Hope"') is the national anthem of Israel. The song tells about the 2000-year-old hope of the Jewish people to return to their homeland, Israel. The song lyrics (words) were originally a 9-stanza poem called "תקותנו" (Tikvatenu), or "Our Hope". The first stanza was changed, and put to music. The music was written by Samuel Cohen, a Jewborn in Galicia, an area of Spain. It is in the minor key, which is usually not used for national anthems, because it sounds sad, but the words to the song tell that the song is supposed to be happy.
Literal Translation.
As long as in the heart, within,
And onward, towards the ends of the east,
An eye still looks toward Zion;
Our hope is not yet lost,
The hope of two thousand years,
To be a free nation in our land,
The land of Zion and Jerusalem.

Virology
Virology is the study of viruses such as the cold virus.
Virologists are responsible for many immunisations against common viruses like the common influenza (Flu) and things like Chicken Pox and Small Pox.

Stanley Cup
The Stanley Cup is a trophy given to the champions of the National Hockey League (NHL) every year.
It was bought by Lord Stanley, the Governor General of Canada, in 1892, for $50. The first team to win it was the Montreal A.A.A. in 1893. Other teams could challenge for it. By 1915, it was awarded on a yearly basis.
The names of players and others such as coaches are put on the cup every year. As a result, the NHL had to make the cup bigger, by adding layers to the bottom. When the first cup was full of names, they made a copy of it, which is now what is awarded.
Today, there are 30 teams in the NHL. They play 82 games per year, and then 16 teams make the playoffs. These teams play best-of-seven series until there is only one champion.
The Montreal Canadiens have won the Stanley Cup 24 times, the most of any team. They also won the most in a row: five between 1955-56 and 1959-60.
Henri Richard of the Montreal Canadiens appears the most on the Stanley Cup, 11 times.
The Stanley Cup was not awarded in 2005: there was no NHL season because of a labour disagreement. It was not awarded in 1919, either, because of the influenza epidemic.

Militarization
Militarization is the general movement of a country to focus its production on war. This includes production of war machines such as tanks and aircraft as well as arms for infantry. There is a focus of the population to produce these goods. An example of this is seen when females during the Second World War would work in factories to produce planes and tanks. Militarism is simply a country that is focusing on increasing their military might through production and concentration of capital resources.
This movement can be started in either a country at war already or in a country that is newly entering a conflict. Example of this include the one stated earlier, since the United States entered the Second World War they shifted from supplying Britain to producing their own weapons. When Germany was about to begin their invasion of Europe they started militarization. They broke the Treaty and began to produce weapons. Their focus changed from economic progress to fascism and militarism.

Tour de France
The Tour de France, or Tour of France, is a well known bicycle race. It is held in France, every summer. It always ends with a race through the centre of Paris, past the Eiffel tower. It is among the most famous, and has some of the highest prizes, of bike races in Europe. Recently, it was in the media, because some athletes were doping. The race goes around France, but usually has an early section in Belgium, and the tour goes into Spain as they race in the Pyrenees mountains.
The tour lasts about three weeks. At the end of each day's race the leader is given a yellow shirt, the best sprinter is given a green shirt, and the best rider in the mountain races is given a polka dot jersey. He is sometimes called the King of the Mountains. The best young rider, who must be under 25, gets a white jersey. The winner is the one who finishes the race to Paris in the fastest time. There is a lot of prize money for the teams of the winners of the Tour, but the winner of each day's race also gets prize money.

Joseph Smith, Jr.
Joseph Smith, Jr. (b. 23 December, 1805 – June 27, 1844) was the founder of Mormonism. He said that when he was 14 years old, he wondered which church he should join. He went into the forest to pray. When he was praying, Smith said that God and Jesus Christ came to him and talked to him.
Book of Mormon.
According to Joseph Smith's own story, when he was 17 years old, he was visited by an angel named Moroni. Moroni told him about a really old book written upon Golden Plates. It was buried in a hill. A few years later, Joseph says that he received those plates and translated them into the book that today is call The Book of Mormon. He instructed a man named Martin Harris to write down the words that he read out of his hat. He claimed that he would put seer stones into the hat with the golden plates and the letters would pop out at him and change to English. Martin took home the pages and told his wife all about what had happened. His wife didn't believe him and told him to test Joseph the next day. Marvin went to Joseph the next day and said he had lost the pages but would be willing to recopy them. This way if Joseph was lying, the new book would be different. Joseph said he needed to pray alone. When he returned he informed Marvin that god was very angry at him and will never let him translate from that plate again. Instead he had to translate from another plate which nobody which Jospeh was allowed to see. Joseph claimed that this one had the same story but was worded different. From this translation the Book of Mormon was written.
Mormon Church.
On April 6, 1830, he started The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. It is often called the Mormon Church. Joseph Smith said that God wanted him to be a prophet and teach other people the things that he learned from God. Thousands of people joined this church.
Joseph Smith taught some things that some people didn't like. He said that other churches were only partly true. He also said that men could have more than one wife. There were many people who did not believe the things Joseph Smith taught. In 1844, a group of angry people killed him in Illinois.

Anastasia
Anastasia or Anastacia is a woman's name that comes from the Koine Greek. It translates to "She who shall rise up again", but it is also used to mean "resurrection". The name, and its similar male name], Anastasius, were given to children born during Easter in the early years of Christianity.
The names "Stacey" (also spelled "Stacie", "Stacy" or "Stacee"), "Tasia", and "Stasia" are short forms for Anastasia.
It is also the name of several important women in history.

Band
In music, a band is a group of people (usually musicians) that gets together to sing songs, or perform music. There are different kinds of band that use different groups of instruments.

Demographics of Nicaragua
About 86 per cent of Nicaraguan are European (but not limited to Spanish) or mixed European and of native ancestry. Most of Nicaraguan are Spanish descendant, but the 19th century saw several waves of immigration from other European countries (mainly from Germany). Most of the Mestizo and European population live in the western and central regions of the country and especially in the cities of Managua, Leon and Granada.
About 9 per cent of Nicaragua's population is black or afronicaragüense and they are concentrated in the country's eastern coast, and were brought mostly from Jamaica and Haiti when the region was a British protectorate. There is also a smaller number of Garifuna, a people of mixed African, Caribbean, Angolan, Congoan and Arawak descent.
Just 5 per cent of the population are of pure native descent. Nicaragua's pre-Colombian population consisted of the Nahuatl-speaking Nicarao people of the west, and six ethnic groups including the Miskitos, Ramas and Sumos in the Caribbean region. While very few pure-blooded Nicarao people still exist, the Caribbean peoples have remained distinct. In the mid-1980s, the government divided the eastern half of the country - the former department of Zelaya - into two autonomous regions and granted the African and indigenous people of the region limited self-rule.
There is also a small Middle Eastern-Nicaraguan community of Syrian, Armenian, Palestinian and Lebanese people in Nicaragua with a total population of about 30,000, and an East Asian community of Japanese, Taiwanese and Chinese people of almost 8,000. The minorities speak Spanish and maintain their ancestral languages as well.
Spanish is spoken by about 90% of Nicaraguans; the Nicaraguan dialect has many similarities to Galician, and also has similarities to Argentinian Spanish which uses "vos" instead of "tu", along with the "vos" conjugation. The black population of the east coast region has English as its first language. Several indigenous peoples of the east still use their original languages.
Roman Catholicism is the major religion, but evangelical Protestant groups have grown recently, and there are strong Anglican and Moravian communities on the Caribbean coast. 0.1% of Nicaragua is Buddhist and the religion has been growing in recent years.
Ninety per cent of Nicaraguans live in the Pacific and central lowlands and the adjacent interior highlands. The population is 54% urban.

Lou Christie
Lou Christie (February 19, 1943-) is an American singer. He was popular in the 1960s.

Carlo Azeglio Ciampi
Carlo Azeglio Ciampi was born in 1920 in Livorno, Italy.
He was 10th President of the Italian Republic, his work started in 1999 and ended in 2006. He was followed by Giorgio Napolitano
He is appreciated very much by the Italian people because of his equality and rightness.
Since 1979 he had been President of the Bank of Italy, but his task ended in 1993.
He was also Prime Minister of the Italian government, but his task lasted just a few months, because it was just a technical government,which purpose was to lead the country in a moment of difficulty.

Barry Sadler
Barry Sadler (November 1, 1940 – September 8, 1989) was an American soldier, songwriter and author. In 1966, He recorded a song called "The Ballad of The Green Berets". It was the biggest selling song that year. He later helped write the "Casca" series of books. He died after being shot in the head.

Nancy Sinatra
Nancy Sinatra is an American singer. She was born June 8, 1940, in Jersey City, New Jersey. She is the daughter of Frank Sinatra. She is best known for the song "These Boots Were Made For Walking".

The Rascals
The Rascals (formerly known as The Young Rascals) were an Anerican pop-soul group popular in the 1960s.

Mamas and Papas
Mamas and Papas were a popular pop music singing group in the 1960s. The members of the group were John Phillips, his wife Michelle Phillips, Dennis Doherty, and Cass Elliot. They formed in New York City in 1964 and broke up in the early 1970s. Some of their famous songs are California Dreamin', I Saw Her Again and Creeque Alley.

Percy Sledge
Percy Sledge is an American R&B singer. He was born November 25, 1940, in Leighton Alabama. He is best known for his song "When a Man Loves a Woman".

Tommy Roe
Tommy Roe (born May 9, 1942) was a popular singer in the 1960s. His best known songs were "Sweet Pea" and "Dizzy".

The Box Tops
The Box Tops were a 1960s pop music group, from Memphis, Tennessee. Their best known songs are "The Letter" and "Cry Like A Baby".

James K. Polk
James Knox Polk (November 2, 1795–June 15, 1849) was the eleventh President of the United States, his term was from March 4, 1845 to March 3, 1849. During his term in office he split Oregon with England and bought northern Mexico.
Early Life.
Polk was born in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina. He went to the University of North Carolina.

Al Gore
Albert Arnold "Al" Gore, Jr. (born March 31, 1948 in Washington, D.C.) is a former American politician. His father, Albert Gore, Sr. was a Senator for Tennessee. He grew up in both places.
Gore was a Representative from 1977 to 1985 and a Senator from 1985 to 1993. In 1988 he ran for President for first time, but lost to Michael Dukakis in the Democratic primary. In 1993, he became Vice President to Bill Clinton. He ran for President in 2000, but lost to George W. Bush (many people still argue this). Even though he lost the race, Gore won in the popular vote by over 500,000 votes.
Gore is now a businessman, and runs and works for several companies, including Generation Investment Management, Google, Apple Computers, and TV channel Current. He released a movie in 2006 about global warming called "An Inconvenient Truth".
He currently lives in Nashville and is married to Tipper. The Gores have 4 children and 2 grandchildren.

Pumpkinhead II
"Pumpkinhead II: Blood Wings" is a 1994 movie about a young boy named Tommy, a misfit and deformed teenager who had no friends.
Plot.
One day, Tommy is killed by a gang of bad boys from his home town for no reason at all. Miss Ossie was an old lady who used to take care of Tommy from the very beginning. When the young boy is killed, she decides to bury him in her backyard as a way to keep him around anyway. Several years later in the 1990s, a bunch of teenagers go to Miss Ossie's house and they do something that brings Tommy back to life. Some kind of spelling that resurrect the deformed kid. For some reason, Tommy comes back as an angry and even more grotesque creature who wants to take revenge on the people who killed him in the past and innocent people as well.

THX 1138
"THX 1138" is a 1971 movie and was the first feature film directed by George Lucas and excutive produced by Francis Ford Coppola and Coppola's production company American Zoetrope. It was based on a short film Luca made in college in 1967 called "Electric Labyrinth THX 1138 4EB".

Bat
Bats are mammals in the order Chiroptera'". Bats are the only mammals that can fly. (Other mammals like flying squirrels, or flying possums look like they can fly, but they can only glide in the air for short distances.) Bats are the second largest order of mammals.
Appearance and Life.
Bats fly with their wings that are made of skin stretched between the bones of the bat's arms and fingers.
Most bats are described as “nocturnal”, that is, they are active during the night, the dusk, or the dawn. Some of them use echolocation. This means instead of using their small eyes, they have special body parts they can use to find their way around by bouncing sound waves off of objects, like a radar.
Megabats eat fruit, nectar or pollen. Most microbats (7 out of 10) are “insectivorous”, that is, they eat insects, but some microbats eat small vertebrate animals (small mammals or fish), blood, or even other bats.
There are over 1,100 different kinds of bats. All these different kinds of bats are thought to make up as much as 20% of all mammal species.
Bats mostly live in caves or trees. In North America and in Europe they sometimes live in peoples houses without them knowing.
Unusual bats.
Fruit bats ("Pteropodidae") are the largest of the bats. They eat fruit and can see well. There are 166 species, all found in the Old World.
Vampire bats live in Latin America. They are famous for only drinking blood.
The Fisherman bat Lives in Latin America and the Caribbean. It swoops low over water and grabs small fish with its claws.
The Hog-nosed bat, from Thailand, is the world's smallest bat, and is also one of the world's smallest mammals. It only weighs 2 grams.
Bats and people.
In the United Kingdom all bats are protected by law, and even disturbing a bat or its roost can be punished with a heavy fine.
Austin, Texas is the summer home to North America's largest urban bat colony (under the Congress Avenue bridge), an estimated 1,500,000 Mexican free-tailed bats, who eat an estimated 10 to 30 tons of insects each night, and attract 100,000 tourists each year.
In Sarawak, Malaysia bats are protected species, but the large naked bat and greater nectar bat are eaten by the local communities.
Bats in folklore and fiction.
In the West, Bats are associated with vampires, who are said to be able to change into bats. Bats are also a symbol of ghosts, death and disease. However bats are said to be lucky in some European countries, such as Poland.
The bat is used in fiction by both villains like dracula and heroes like Batman. Kenneth Oppel, wrote a series of novels, beginning with "Silverwing", which feature bats as good characters.
An old wives' tale says that bats will entangle themselves in people's hair. This is untrue as bats can detect even a single hair, and fly around it.
Among some Native Americans, such as the Creek, Cherokee and Apache, the bat is a trickster spirit. The Kwakiutl, however, see it as a symbol of happiness.
Chinese lore claims that the bat is a symbol of longevity and happiness, and is similarly lucky among the Arabs.
The bat is sacred in Tonga and West Africa and is often considered to be a person's soul.
In Java, the Ahool is a mythical giant bat, said to be a warning of death.

Miguel de Cervantes
Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra (September 29, 1547 – April 23, 1616) was a Spanish writer.
His most famous book was "Don Quijote de la Mancha". It has been published in 65 countries, and has been discussed by critics since the 17th century. His work is considered among the most important in all of literature.
He is sometimes called "The Prince of Wits".

Game Boy line
The Game Boys are a group of handheld video game consoles made by Nintendo.
Game Boy.
The first Game Boy was released in 1989. It had a small screen, a D-pad, and an A and B button. To play games, there were small objects called cartridges that you put into the Game Boy to play the game in the cartridge. The game that made it popular was Tetris. The Game Boy had a link cable and a link port which let it connect with other Game Boys.
Game Boy Pocket.
After the Game Boy, Nintendo released the Game Boy Pocket. It only needed two batteries instead of four. The link port was smaller than the Game Boy's, so the Game Boy and Game Boy Pocket could not connect.
Game Boy Light.
The Game Boy Light was only in Japan and had a backlight so people could see better. It is very rare. Because it is rare, it sells for more money than other Game Boys.
Game Boy Color.
The Game Boy Color was the first Game Boy in color. It was also able to play Game Boy cartridges, which helped it sell better. This also helped other Game Boy models after the Game Boy Color. It is sometimes called GBC.
Game Boy Advance.
The Game Boy Advance is a handheld that had better color and smaller cartridges. It is sometimes called GBA. It came out in 2001.
Game Boy Advance SP.
The Game Boy Advance SP was an improved version of the GBA. It has a clamshell design, which means you can fold it to make it smaller. It has a better light. It can play Game Boy and Game Boy Color games, along with the new cartridges introduced with the GBA.
Game Boy Micro.
The Game Boy Micro is a smaller GBA. It has a smaller link port than the Game Boy Advance. It has the very best screen out of all the Game Boys.
Other handhelds.
When Nintendo released the Nintendo DS handheld in 2004, they said it was a "third pillar" (the other two pillars were the Game Boy and the home console). It has two screens, one of them is a touch screen. DS games use cards in Slot 1. In Slot 2, it can accept Game Boy Advance games, but not the older Game Boy or Game Boy Color ones.

Pope Paul VI
Pope Paul VI, born Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini, was the Pope of the Roman Catholic Church from 1963 until his death in 1978. He was known as the "pilgrim Pope" for his numerous travels abroad.
Paul VI taught that prayer was very important today.

Macau
The Macao Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China (Macau or Macao, Pinyin: Aomen, Cantonese: Ou Mun) is one of the two Special Administrative Regions in China. (The other one is Hong Kong). Macau is a small city in the southern coast in China. It consists of Macau Peninsula (Aomen Bandao), Taipa Island (Dangzai Dao), Coloane Island (Luhuan Dao) and Cotai (Ludangcheng), the new reclaimed land between Taipa and Coloane.
Beforehand, Macao was a colony of Portugal. Today, Macao mostly lives from offshore gambling. They make some money from exporting clothing.

Taipei City
Taipei City (Traditional Chinese: 臺北市; is the capital city of the democratic island country of the Republic of China (Taiwan), known by most people simply as Taiwan. It also is the largest city in Taiwan.

Bob Chiarelli
Robert (Bob) Chiarelli (born September 24, 1941)is the current mayor of Ottawa, Canada. He grew up in Ottawa, and was married to the late Carol Chiarelli.
He was first made mayor of the new Ottawa on November 13, 2000.

Skeleton
A skeleton is the hard structure that supports the body of a living thing. Skeletons can be inside the body or outside the body. In mammals, which include humans, the skeleton is made of bones. All the bones, when they are joined together, make the "skeletal system" of a body. The skeletal system or "skeleton" is under the skin, the muscle and the tissue of the body. The skeleton supports the skin, muscle and tissue, and all the organs that are inside the body. The skeleton protects important internal organs like the brain, heart and lungs.
Human skeleton.
The important parts of a human body are the head, the spine, the chest, the abdomen, the arms and hands, and the legs and feet.
Bones of the head.
The head bones all together are called the skull.
Bones of the spine.
The spine supports the head, the chest and the structure that carries the arms. It is made of small bones called vertebrae. The spine, all together, is called the spinal column. It is not straight, but has curves that help to support the body, and help the person to move and bend. One bone is a "vertebra". Lots are "vertebrae".
The "vertebrae" have different names, depending on the part of the body they are joined to.
Bones of the pelvis.
This part of the body is made of the sacrum and the two pelvic bones which are joined to it on either side. The pelvic bones are carried by the leg bones, and they support the "spinal column". Each pelvic bone has a strong structure for the leg bone to fit into, so that a person can stand, walk, run and jump. Each pelvic bone spreads into a large flat plate which supports the person's "internal organs". The pelvis of a woman spreads into a wider shape than a man's, so that when the woman is pregnant, the baby is supported by the pelvis, until it is ready to be born. At the bottom of the pelvis is a large opening, big enough for a baby to pass through.
Bones of the chest.
The chest is called the thorax, and the vertebrae that are part of it are the thoracic vertebrae. The thorax is made up of long flat curved bones called ribs. At the back, the ribs are joined to the vetebrae. At the front, most of the ribs are joined to the sternum, which is often called the "breast bone". All together, the "thorax" protects the heart, lungs and stomach.
At the top of the "thorax" is the shoulder girdle. This is made of two thin horizontal bones at the front, joined to the "sternum". These two bones are called the clavicles or "collar bones". At the back of the "thorax" are two flat triangular-shaped bones called the scapulae, or "shoulder blades". The "clavicles" and "scapulae" come together on each side to make "shoulders". The bones of the arms fit into sockets (cup-like holes) in the "scapulae".
Bones of the limbs.
Arms and legs both have a thicker bone at the top and two thinner bones at the bottom. They both have a rotating joint at the top, and a hinge joint in the middle. The hands and feet have lots of bones and are joined to the arms and legs by small bones with sliding parts.
A keen join.
The knee joint is a particcaly delicate joint,from accidents from the 20th century.
the knee helps you to bend. The knee is a popular joint to get broken since 1956.Bold text
Skeletons as symbols.
A skeleton, or just a skull, has often been used as a symbol for Death.
Skeletons in popular culture.
Skeletons, particularly living skeletons, have often been used in horror stories and comedies.

GP2X
The GP2X is a handheld gaming console. It uses the Linux operating system. An operating system goes inside another system. It helps the other system do what it needs to. The GP2X can have music, videos, games, and pictures. There are updates to the GP2X so it will get more things. The GP2X can have DivX, XviD, MP3, and Ogg Vorbis. DivX and XviD are ways to keep videos and MP3 and Ogg Vorbis can keep music. It can also be able to emulate video games. Emulating means you copy a system. It can emulate systems like the Nintendo Entertainment System, Sega Master System, Turbo Grafx 16, Game Boy, Super Nintendo Entertainment System, and Genesis.

Community
A community is a group of living things sharing the same environment. They usually have shared interests. In human communities, people have some of the same beliefs and needs, and this affects the identity of the group and the people in it.

Upton Sinclair
Upton Beall Sinclair (1878-1968) was a writer of many works from the United States. His most famous book, "The Jungle" from 1906, was about the American meat-packing industry.
Upton Sinclair had political opinions and was a socialist. Most of Sinclair's books, including "The Jungle", dealt with social injustice.
He wrote many other books. His book "The Flivver King" was about the Ford Motor Company. "The Flivver King" was written at the time when workers at Ford factories were trying to start a labor union. He wrote a series (many books in a row) with Lanny Budd as the main character. There were eleven (11) Lanny Budd books. The Lanny Budd books were about current events in the World at the time.
He later joined the Democratic Party and ran for governor of the state of California in 1934. He wanted California to start new businesses which would be run by the state government. This was to help people who were unemployed (did not have jobs) because of the Great Depression. He lost the election.
He retired in the town of Buckeye, Arizona.

Gizmondo
Gizmondo is a handheld video game system. It is made by Tiger Telematics. It has GPRS and GPS. GPRS is used to go on the Internet, and GPS is where you can see where you are. Some games will use the Gizmondo's GPS. It has a camera. It can also send text (words) and multimedia (pictures and videos and music) messages, play MP3/WAV/MIDI music and WMA/MP4 video, and play games. MP3, WAV, and MIDI are ways to keep music, and WMA and MP4 are ways to keep videos.
Releases.
Gizmondo came out in the United Kingdom in March 2005 for £229. It came out in the USA in October 22, 2005. Games include Agaju: the Sacred Path, Colors, and Chicane.
In the February of 2006 the company was forced into bankruptcy and discontinued the Gizmondo.

Antarctic Treaty System
The ATS is used for governing the continent.

Kansas City, Missouri
Kansas City is the biggest city in the U.S. state of Missouri. The city has about 448,000 people, and the entire metropolitan area has about 2,000,000 people. Kansas City is an important business center because it is in the middle of the United States. Its mayor is Mark Funkhouser. Some sports teams there are the Royals (baseball), the Chiefs (American football), and the Wizards (soccer).

Cascading Style Sheets
Cascading Style Sheets, or CSS, are a means to style HTML and XHTML web pages, like you are seeing now. CSS was designed by the W3C, and is supported well by most modern web browsers.
One advantage to using CSS is a web page can still be displayed and understood, even if the CSS is not working or removed.

Allah
The word Allah (الله) is the Arabic term for God, or in other words, the Arabic God. In Islam, Allah is the essential personal name of God and comprises all His Beautiful Names (the 99 Names of God). When Allah is said, the One, the Supreme Being, the Creator, the Owner, the Sustainer, the All-Powerful, the All-Knowing, the All-Encompassing, whose Names and Attributes are manifested in creation, comes to mind. This term also refers to His absolute Oneness as well as His having no internal defect or external partner.
In Arabic, the name is composed of four letters, ا ل ل ه (or Alif Lam Lam Ha) which when brought together make الله. Arab Christians believe that Allah consists of the Father, Son and Spirit, that together constitutes complete Allah.
"Allah" is often used by Muslims, when they're praying. Muslims have a faith in one God, one creator, one judger and only one Super-Power, who is "Allah".

Proton decay
Proton decay is a theory where some physicists believe that radioactive decay could also be that a proton decays into two particles smaller than an atom, a pion and a positron. So far, this has not been observed though. Most current theories say that protons do not decay.

99 Names of God
The 99 Names of God (Arabic:أسماء الله الحسنى translit:Asma’ Allah al-Ḥusná) also known as The 99 attributes of Allah, according to Islamic tradition, are the names of God revealed to man in the Qur'an.
List of names.
Please note that the English translation of names may have a slightly different meaning than the original Arabic word due to the words available in each language.

Single player game
A single player game, when talking about computer games or video games, usually means a game that is played by one player. It involves playing against or with computer-controlled (AI) characters.

Fallopian tube
The fallopian tubes (also known as oviducts and uterine tubes) connect the ovaries to the uterus, and let the ovum pass into the uterus where they are able to be fertilized by sperm during sexual intercourse. There are two Fallopian tubes attached to either side of the uterus.
Origin.
They are named after the 16th century Italian anatomist, Gabriele Falloppio. The Greek word salpinx (σαλπιγξ) means "trumpet".
Anatomy.
There are two Fallopian tubes attached to either side of the end of the uterus. Each ends near one ovary. This place is called the fimbria. The Fallopian tubes are not attached to the ovaries, but open into the peritoneal cavity.
In humans, the Fallopian tubes are about 7 - 14 cm long.
Movement.
The Fallopian tubes can move around the pelvis.
Fertilization.
When an ovum is ready to be released from the ovary, the ovary wall breaks open and the ovum goes into the fallopian tube. There, it starts moving towards to uterus with the help of liquids and cilia on the inside walls. This can take hours or days.
If the ovum is fertilized while in the fallopian tube, then it sticks to the endometrium, which is the beginning of pregnancy.

1818
1818 is a common year in the Gregorian calendar.

Carmen Miranda
Carmen Miranda (February 9, 1909 - August 5, 1955) was a Portuguese born Brazilian singer and actress. She was best known for her exotic costumes and hats made of fruit.

Magnum P.I.
"Magnum, P.I." was a television show starring Tom Selleck. It was on TV from 1980 to 1988. It told the story of Thomas Magnum III, a private detective working in Hawaii.

Twin Peaks
"Twin Peaks" was a TV series which ran from 1990 to 1991. It told the story of an FBI agent who comes to a strange small town to investigate the murder of a girl. It was made by David Lynch who is known for his strange movies.

McDonald's
McDonald's is a chain of fast food restaurants found all over the world. They mainly serve hamburgers, cheeseburgers, chicken products, French fries, breakfast items, soft drinks, milkshakes and desserts.
History.
McDonald's has been around since 1955, when it was started by Ray Kroc in Des Plaines, Illinois. Kroc had bought the previous company from Dick and Maurice (Mac) McDonald, who opened their restaurant in 1940. This first restaurant was on Route 66 in San Bernardino, California.
McDonald's is the world's largest fast food chain, and it is a worldwide corporation. McDonald's can be found in 120 countries and territories around the world. They serve almost 54 million people each day.
Most McDonald's hamburgers are sold in the United States and the second largest number in Europe.
The restaurants are either operated by the company or more commonly under a Franchising arrangement, where the business is owned and operated by an individual to the standards set by McDonald's and with support from the McDonald's company. The company provides a central source of supply for food items and standardized menu.
Mascot.
The McDonald's mascot is Ronald McDonald.

English people
English people are people who are from or live in England. Most English people speak the English language. Over the years, many English people have moved to other countries, such as the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa.
The English are one of the nations of the island of Great Britain, which they share with the Scots and the Welsh. The ancestors of the English came to Great Britain from mainland Europe in the 5th, 6th, and 7th centuries. They are traditionally called the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes.

To Kill a Mockingbird
"To Kill a Mockingbird" is a novel written by Harper Lee set during the Great Depression of the 1930s. It was first published in 1960 and made into a movie in 1962. It tells the story of a young girl, Jean Louise Finch, (known as "Scout") and her brother Jeremy Finch (known as "Jem"). They live in the Southern United States with their father Atticus, who is a lawyer. In the story Atticus defends a black man who has been accused of raping a white woman. It is also considered a school book in some states.

Abigail and Brittany Hensel
Abigail and Brittany Hensel (born March 7, 1990 in Minnesota, United States) are conjoined twins with mostly one body and two heads. They are joined at the pelvis and each one controls one side of their body, which means they have to do things together. Brittany is on the left, and Abigail is on the right. They have two spines that join at the pelvis. They have two stomachs and three lungs, and at birth they had a third arm in between their heads. The third arm was not properly developed, so it was removed.

52 BC
Centuries: 2nd century BC - 1st century BC - 1st century
Decades: 100s BC 90s BC 80s BC 70s BC 60s BC - 50s BC - 40s BC 30s BC 20s BC 10s BC 0s
Years: 57 BC 56 BC 55 BC 54 BC 53 BC - 52 BC - 51 BC 50 BC 49 BC 48 BC 47 BC

Cape Town
Cape Town is the legislative capital of South Africa.
It is on the southern coast.
It was originally called the "Cape of Storms" by Bartolomew Diaz in 1486, a Portuguese explorer but was changed by King John II of Portugal to "Cape of Good Hope".
The city's most predominant feature is Table Mountain, a mountain with a flat top.

Hard and soft drugs
In the Netherlands, there is a situation where the use of Soft drugs is tolerated.

Tehran
Tehran (or Teheran) (تهران in Persian), is the capital of Iran and the center of Tehran Province. The word Tehran means "warm mountain slope".
Tehran to day replaces Ray, the ancient capital of Iran destroyed by the Mongols in 1220 A.D., the ruins of which can be seen 6km south of Tehran. In 1869/70 A.D., Tehran acquired considerable prestige and was enclosed in an 8km rampart which had 12 gates.
During the safavid period, Shah Safi created a military base in Tehran, and had two great towers erected therein, which became know as Ghaleh Meydan AND Ghaleh Hessa.
In the Qajar period, Tehran was chosen as the capital city of country. During the reign of Agha_Mohammad khan, the governmenal head quarters were built north of Emam_zade Zayd, and during the reign of Fath_Ali shah, the soltani mosque, the Abbas_abad bazaar, and the Ilchi garden (the site of today`s Russia embassy) were added.
In this vast city, numerous historic sites can be admired, the most famous of which are the palaces of Sa`d_abad, Niavaran, Sahebqaranyyeh and Golestan, the mosque of Seyyed Azizollah, the great Bazar of tehran and a multitude of museums, such az Reza Abbasi museum, the carpet museum of Iran, Abguineh (glass and ceramics) museum, the Azadi museum, etc.
Leisure and sport resorts around Tehran include Abe`Ali, Dizin, Gajereh and Shemshak ski stations, the Karadj dam water ski station and the slopes of Darband and Shemiran.

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Philadelphia is a large city in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. It is the biggest city in Pennsylvania, and the sixth biggest city in the United States of America. The name comes from Greek, (Greek: Φιλαδέλφεια, /fi.la.ˈdɛl.fɛj.a/, "brotherly love", from philos "loving" and adelphos "brother"). In spoken English, the city is sometimes called Philly.
The population of the city was 1,517,550 people in 2000, but the 2006 census estimate is now 1,448,394 people.

The Clash
The Clash were a English punk band. The band was formed in London in 1976. The group was one of the most popular punk bands in England in the mid-1970's. Lead singer Joe Strummer died in December of 2002. The Clash has been an influence to many other bands.

Red Hot Chili Peppers
Red Hot Chili Peppers are an American alternative/funk rock band. The band started in 1983 in Los Angeles, California. The state of California has been a theme in many of their songs. The members of the band are singer Anthony Kiedis, bass guitarist Flea, guitarist John Frusciante, and drummer Chad Smith.
Red Hot Chili Peppers have released nine studio albums. Their early albums were not very successful. The band's membership changed several times during the 1980s, but Kiedis and Flea have been with the band since it started. When Frusciante and Smith joined in 1989, Red Hot Chili Peppers' next album, "Mother's Milk", was successful. It was the band's first album to appear on the "Billboard" music chart. While Red Hot Chili Peppers were on tour in 1992 after their fifth album, "Blood Sugar Sex Magik", Frusciante left the band because of a drug addiction.
Dave Navarro became the new guitarist after Frusciante. Navarro and the other members of Red Hot Chili Peppers did not work together very well. Navarro was asked to leave the band in 1998, after one album. At this time, Frusciante had been making albums by himself. He was also suffering from a heroin addiction. When he was feeling better, Flea asked him to join Red Hot Chili Peppers again and Frusciante said yes. The band's next album, "Californication" (1999), was their most popular so far. Red Hot Chili Peppers kept recording and released another album soon afterwards. After this, the band went on a concert tour around the world. While they were doing so they released a best of album. After the tour, the band recorded and released the album "Stadium Arcadium" in 2006.
Creation.
Red Hot Chili Peppers were originally called Tony Flow and the Miraculously Majestic Masters of Mayhem. The band was started in 1983 for a single performance. They were so popular that they were asked to come back again the next week. The first members of the band were Anthony Kiedis (singer), Flea (bass), Hillel Slovak (guitar), and Jack Irons (drums). They all knew each other from Fairfax High School in Los Angeles.
Early work.
After becoming popular in Los Angeles, Red Hot Chili Peppers got a recording contract with record label EMI. Irons and Slovak thought Red Hot Chili Peppers was a side project. They left just before the first album to work more on their original band, "What Is This?". Kiedis and Flea did not think their band was a side project, and decided to look for new members. They hired guitarist Jack Sherman and drummer Cliff Martinez. Andy Gill, usually a guitarist, was hired to be a producer for the band's first album.
Their first album was called "The Red Hot Chili Peppers". It did not sell many copies, but it got the band a small number of dedicated fans. Critics such as Robert Christgau liked the album, but the tour that came after it did not do well. Sherman was fired by the band after the tour, and Slovak came back to replace him.
Red Hot Chili Peppers hired George Clinton to produce their second album, "Freaky Styley". They released the album in 1985. It was only a little bit more successful than the one before it. After the album, Martinez was fired from the band. After firing him, Kiedis said he thought that Martinez had wanted to leave. Red Hot Chili Peppers hired another drummer, Chuck Biscuits, but Irons came back to replace him. The band began work with producer Michael Beinhorn on a new album.
The album "The Uplift Mofo Party Plan" was released in 1987. It was the band's most successful so far. The album entered the "Billboard" 200 chart, but only at number 148. During this time, Kiedis and Slovak had problems with drugs. Slovak died on June 25, 1988. Because of this, Irons left the band. He said that he did not want to be part of a band where his friends were dying. Kiedis and Flea agreed to keep going with the band.
Mainstream success.
After Slovak died and Irons left the band, D. H. Peligro (from the band Dead Kennedys) and DeWayne "Blackbyrd" McKnight joined Red Hot Chili Peppers. Neither of these two worked very well with the band, so they were replaced. Peligro told a friend of his, John Frusciante, to audition to join the band. His audition went well and he joined as guitarist. A friend of the band then told them about Chad Smith. Smith had a very good audition and joined. During the recording of their next album, Frusciante argued with Michael Beinhorn, the producer. Beinhorn wanted Frusciante to play his guitar very loud, like heavy metal music, but Frusciante did not like this style.
Red Hot Chili Peppers' next album, "Mother's Milk", became very successful. It sold well and songs from it appeared often on radio. It also appeared on MTV, because the band did a popular cover of Stevie Wonder's song "Higher Ground". The album reached number 52 on the "Billboard" 200 chart, and was certified "gold" by the RIAA.
"Blood Sugar Sex Magik".
After "Mother's Milk", Red Hot Chili Peppers changed their record label to Warner Music. The band chose to work with Rick Rubin as their next producer. Rubin thought they needed to work somewhere different to a studio, so they decided to record their next album in a mansion he owned. Smith did not stay in the mansion because he thought it was a haunted house. The rest of the band did not leave the house for a month.
The name of the new album, "Blood Sugar Sex Magik", was taken from the tenth song on the album. It was chosen by Rubin because the band could not agree on a title. He chose the name because he thought "Blood Sugar Sex Magik" was the best song on the album. The first single from the album, "Give It Away", won a Grammy Award for "Best Hard Rock Performance". It was the band's first Grammy Award. "Give It Away" did well on the music charts. It was the band's first song to go to number one on the "Billboard" Modern Rock Tracks chart. The second single, "Under the Bridge", was the band's most successful song; it charted on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart at number two. The other singles from the album also did well.
The band's success made life difficult for Frusciante, who also had a drug addiction. He quit the band while they were on tour in May 1992. He was replaced by Arik Marshall. Marshal was later replaced by Jesse Tobias. The band played at the Lollapalooza festival in 1992. They also appeared on an episode of "The Simpsons". Neither of the band's new members stayed for long. Tobias was replaced in 1993 by Dave Navarro, from the band Jane's Addiction.
Dave Navarro era.
Dave Navarro first appeared with the band at the 1994 Woodstock Festival. They found it hard to work with him. Flea said it was because of "the fact that we grew up listening to different music". Red Hot Chili Peppers spent three months in Hawaii making a new album, and "One Hot Minute" was released in 1995. It had more depressing content than the band's earlier albums. It also sounded more like hard rock than the band's earlier work.
During this time, Kiedis had troubles with the drug heroin again. Navarro also took drugs. At one practice session with the band, he fell over his amplifier because he was in an over-excited condition because he had taken too many drugs—he was "high". Because of this, the band asked Navarro to leave. They told the media it was "mutual" because the band members disagreed on the music they liked to make.
Frusciante's return.
After leaving Red Hot Chili Peppers, Frusciante made some albums by himself. He also had an addiction to heroin. He was so addicted that he was close to poverty and death at times. Frusciante went into a clinic for therapy. The quality of his life slowly improved. In April 1998, Flea asked Frusciante to join the band again. The rest of the band were happy to see him return. Kiedis called it the "defining moment" of the band's career so far.
The band were happy to have Frusciante rejoin, but it was a while before they began making songs again. This was because he had sold all of his guitars for money to buy drugs with. It also took him a while to get used to playing music as part of a band again. The band released their seventh album, "Californication", in 1999. It had less songs based on rap and funk than previous album. The album focused more on melodic guitar riffs. "Californication" was very popular. It sold over 15 million copies. Three of the singles on the album, "Scar Tissue", "Otherside", and "Californication", reached number one on the Modern Rock Tracks chart.
After touring in Spring 2001, Red Hot Chili Peppers began recording a new album. The band chose to work with Rubin again. They recorded in band members' homes. Frusciante did a lot more work on recording the new album, "By the Way", than he had done on "Californication". "By the Way" was released in 2002. It was the best seller of any album by the band so far. It sold over one million copies in the first week in which it could be bought. The album was rated very highly on charts. Some people though that the music on "By the Way" was similar to the music on "Californication". A review by "Blender" magazine called it "Californication 2, a reprise of their last album". However, "Entertainment Weekly" said "By the Way" was a lot more serious than "Californication". A review from "Stylus Magazine" said that Red Hot Chili Peppers showed no passion in making the album and that it was "stunningly awful".
Compilations and "Stadium Arcadium".
In 2003, Red Hot Chili Peppers released a "best of" compilation album called "Greatest Hits". It had songs from the last five albums they released. It also had two new songs. The album got to number 18 on the "Billboard" 200 chart. The band also released two live video albums in 2003 and 2004; "Live at Slane Castle" and "Live in Hyde Park". The Red Hot Chili Peppers concerts at Hyde Park were the most profitable in 2004.
After releasing "By the Way", Red Hot Chili Peppers played concerts around the world for two years. In 2004, the band began recording a new album with Rubin. They first wrote 38 songs for this album. They had planned to release three different albums; one every six months. They later changed their minds and decided to make one album with two discs, and 28 songs in total. The two-disc album was called "Stadium Arcadium". The discs were called "Jupiter" and "Mars".
Red Hot Chili Peppers released "Stadium Arcadium" in 2006. It was their first album to be number one in the United States. It was also number one on two other "Billboard" charts and in 12 other countries. The album won the Grammy Award for "Best Rock Album" in 2006. "Dani California", the first single, won the award for "Best Rock Performance By A Duo Or Group With Vocal". The music on "Stadium Arcadium" was more mature than on previous albums, according to Tim Chester from "NME". He said this was because most of the band members had families. He also said, and Brian Hiatt from "Rolling Stone" agreed, that the songs on "Stadium Arcadium" were similar to the band's other work, and were not very original. However, both reviewers said the music was very good. In an Allmusic review, Stephen Thomas Erlewine said Flea and Frusciante did excellent work on the album. He also said that "the string instruments are the reason to listen to "Stadium Arcadium". Erlewine agreed that the band had not done a lot of new things on the album, but instead did what they were good at.
Discography.
A dash (—) means it did not appear on the chart.

Oasis (band)
Oasis is a English rock band. They formed in Manchester, England in 1991. The current lineup is Noel Gallagher (lead guitar / vocals), Liam Gallagher (vocals), Colin 'Gem' Archer (rhythm guitar), Andy Bell (bass) and Chris Sharrock (drummer).

Rush (band)
Rush is a Canadian rock band. They formed in the late 1960s in Toronto. The members of the group are Geddy Lee (singer/bass guitar/synth), Alex Lifeson (guitar), and Neil Peart (drums).

Roy Hodgson
Roy Hodgson is an English football manager. He was born August 9, 1947 in Croydon. Today, he works for Premier League football team Fulham.

Guinness Book of World Records
The Guinness Book of World Records is a book published annually detailing the remarkable things of that people attempt, plus many other types of records. It was first published in 1955 after the managing director of Guinness beer company wondered what the fastest game bird was while on a hunting trip.

Mime
Mime is a type of acting that does not use words or speech. Mime is all about physical movement and exaggerating your expressions. Mimes (people who practice mime) must use their actions to send a message or tell a story. They are not allowed to speak directly to the audience.
Probably the most well-known mime was Marcel Marceau.

Kangaroo
A kangaroo is an animal. It is a kind of mammal. It belongs to the genus macropus. It is common in Australia and can also be found on nearby islands. Kangaroos hop to move around. They cannot walk backwards but they can hop or jump as far as about three times their own height.
Kangaroos are marsupials because they carry their young in special pouch on their bodies. Baby kangaroos are called joeys.
Because it is mostly found in Australia, Australians see it as a national symbol.

Harriet Tubman
Harriet Tubman (1820-1913) was an American slave. She lived during the American Civil War. She was born into slavery, but escaped to freedom on the Underground Railroad. The Underground Railroad was a series of houses where slaves could go to as they made their way to the northern United States where they would be free. She helped many slaves escape from plantations along the Underground Railroad.

Device driver
A driver is a program that lets the operating system communicate with the computer hardware.
Computer parts need a driver because they do not use standard commands. (Ex.: ATI and Nvidia graphic cards do the same jobs, but not the same way). Different operating systems also need different drivers, a driver written for Linux can not be used by Microsoft Windows.
Some other parts do not need drivers because they use a kind of standard; the operating system recognizes those parts and knows how to use those parts.
Compatibility Issues.
Using the wrong device driver can prevent hardware from operating correctly. For example, a HP printer will not work with a computer that only has an Canon driver. Keeping drivers up-to-date avoids problems when using new programs (such as Windows Vista) with the piece of hardware.

Central processing unit
A CPU (Central Processing Unit) is an important part of every computer. It truly is the brain of the computer, since almost everything in the computer must use the CPU in one way or another to get its job done. You can catch a visual glimpse of the CPU doing its stuff when the computer is first switched on. If there's no graphical logo screen showing the brand of computer, you can see white text on a black background with what's usually referred to by most people as "gibberish". This gibberish is really just the CPU telling the BIOS to check the motherboard and make sure all the necessary components are in place and working in order to hand the job of booting the computer from the BIOS to the operating system (such as Windows, Mac OS, etc). While this POST (Power On Self Test) is technically run by the BIOS, the BIOS must use the CPU to get its job done. The only way to "watch" what a CPU is doing is to hook up an oscilloscope or other electrical monitoring equipment, since a CPU has no moving parts.
The first version of what could be considered the "modern computer" is generally agreed to be the IBM-XT and XT-like computers released in the mid-80's, most of which had 4- and 8-MHz processors in them. Processor speeds are measured in hertz (Hz). 4 megahertz (MHz) means 4 million times per second. While this may sound like a lot, today's computers have processors that run at 3 gigahertz (GHz), which means that they complete 3 "billion" instructions per second. This large difference in speed means that today's computers run very quickly, but the speed of a processor is not the only factor in how fast a computer runs during daily use. Because the processors are so fast these days, the regular increases in speed have slowed down and are allowing the rest of the components to catch up.
Looking to the future, we may use something similar to what we think of as a CPU, or we may use something that hasn't even been dreamt yet, but one thing is for sure: while the desktop CPU has seen large changes in the past 20 years, these are nothing compared to what the next 20 years will bring. Some people are looking forward to quantum computing as the next logical evolution of the processor.

Running of the Bulls
The Running of the Bulls (in Spanish el encierro, meaning "the enclosing") is an activity that involves running in front of bulls on a course of a sectioned-off area of a town's streets. It is done all around Spain, but the most famous running of the bulls is in Pamplona. In most bull runs the bulls are not killed, and they live for a whole season. This is a dangerous activity but very exciting. Safety varies in some places like Xabia the area is surrounded by cages that people can slip in and out of but the bulls can't.

Red shift
Red shift is a way astronomers use to tell the distance of any object that is very far away in the Universe. To better understand how they detect red shift, people should try to understand the Doppler effect.
Doppler effect.
The easiest way to imagine the Doppler effect is to listen to a moving train. As the train moves towards a person, the sound it makes as it comes towards them sounds like it has a higher tone, since the frequency of the sound is squeezed together a little bit. As the train speeds away, the sound gets stretched out, and sounds lower in tone. The same happens with light when an object that emits light moves very fast. An object, like a star or a galaxy that is far away and moving toward us, will look more blue than it normally does, and a star or galaxy moving away from us will look more red than it should, which is where red shift got its name, since the colors are shifted red.
The reason astronomers can tell how far the light gets shifted is because certain chemical elements, like the calcium in bones or the oxygen people breathe has a unique fingerprint of light that no other chemical element has. They can see what colors of light are coming from a star, and see what it is made of. Once they know that, they check to see the difference between where the fingerprint, called spectral lines, are actually at, and then look at where they are supposed to be. When they see that, they can tell how far away the star is, whether it is moving toward us or away from us, and also how fast it is going, since the faster it goes, the farther the distance the spectral lines are from where they should be.
Overall importance.
The reason red shift is as important as it is, is because astronomers used it to figure out that the Universe is expanding, and even expanding faster than they thought it was before, which was a question many astronomers asked, and couldn't figure out before they discovered how to use red shift.

Spectral line
Spectral lines are how scientists tell one element from another by looking at color.
The colors of the rainbow.
In order to understand spectral lines, color has to be understood. In a rainbow, the colors of light go from purple to red. Several hundred years ago, the famous scientist Sir Issac Newton did an experiment where he showed that even white light from the Sun was made up of all the colors of the rainbow. When other scientists following him looked at this rainbow very closely, they noticed that there were dark lines breaking up the rainbow, where certain shades of colors should be. These lines were very small, and could only be seen when the rainbow got streched out very far. They investigated this further, and discovered that certain chemical elements, like the hydrogen and helium that make up the Sun, absorbed certain frequencies of light where those colors should be, like a sponge absorbs water, but does not absorb chalk.
Elemental fingerprints.
Soon, scientists discovered that when they heated up other chemical elements, like calcium and oxygen, so hot that they shined with a white light, they found similar lines, but in different places. No two chemical elements had these lines in exactly the same places along the rainbow, and they also soon discovered that could be used to be able to tell what stars were made up of in the Universe.
The reason the chemical elements can do this is because of the number and places of electrons orbiting around the center of each atom of each chemical element. These electrons, when light hits them, absorb a specific wavelength, or color of light, and what color they absorb depend on their position around the atom. Since each chemical element has a certain number of electrons, each chemical element has this unique set of spectral lines.
Red shift.
Since each set of spectral lines was unique, scientists could also be able to use this in a technique called red shift. Red shift is a method astronomers use, after they know what a star is made of, to tell how fast an object far away in the Universe is moving. It also tells them how far away it is.

Godzilla
Godzilla is a giant dinosaur-like fictional monster who first appeared in movies from Japan, starting in 1954.
During his movie career, this large reptile fought against several other mythical monsters, including the giant moth-like Mothra, the three-headed King Ghidorah, his own robotic mirror image Mechagodzilla, and many more.
The Japanese name, "Gojira", is a combination of the words "gorilla" and "kujira" (means "whale").

1090s
Centuries: 10th century - 11th century - 12th century
Decades: 1040s 1050s 1060s 1070s 1080s - 1090s - 1100s 1120s 1130s 1140s 1150s
Years: 1090 1091 1092 1093 1094 1095 1096 1097 1098 1099

1207
1207 is a year in the 13th century.

The Pentagon
The Pentagon is a large building in Arlington, Virginia (near Washington, D.C.), that is the headquarters of the United States Department of Defense. It has five sides and it is white.
They began building it on September 11 1941. Exactly sixty years later, on September 11 2001, it was hit with an airplane by terrorists. One hundred eighty-four people in the building were killed.

The Beach Boys
The Beach Boys are a pop/surf rock group from Hawthorne, California. They formed in 1961, and the original members were Brian Wilson (keyboards, bass guitar), his brothers Dennis Wilson (drums) and Carl Wilson (lead guitar), their cousin Mike Love (lead vocals), and close friend Alan Jardine (rhythm guitar). David Marks replaced Jardine when he went away to school, and Bruce Johnston (keyboards) later became a regular band member. Many of their songs were about life in southern California, the beach, girls, cars, and surfing (though Dennis Wilson and Bruce Johnston were actually the only members in the group who surfed).
Some of their songs include "Good Vibrations", "Fun, Fun, Fun", "Help Me Rhonda", "Wouldn't It Be Nice" and "God Only Knows". Brian Wilson was influenced by people like Burt Bacharach and Phil Spector and started making music like theirs. Among critics and fans in most countries, the best-known Beach Boys album was their eleventh, "Pet Sounds", which featured this kind of music. In the United States, however, "Pet Sounds" was the first album since their first one to not get a gold certificate in sales, and peaked at number ten, lower than all but two of their previous albums.

Modem
A Modem is a piece of computer hardware. It is used to send data from one personal computer to another personal computer. A modem both sends and receives data. The term modem stands for modulator - demodulator.
Pieces of data are sent from one modem to another modem at a set speed or rate. This rate is called the baud rate.

3DO
3DO is the name of the video game consoles made by the 3DO company. They were released in 1993 and 1994. Its features were very ahead of its time. The 3DO was one of the worst-selling consoles in history because it was very expensive and other companies had cheaper systems. It was also not advertised very well, so no one knew about it. Some of the best games for it are "Alone in the Dark" and "Myst". The 3DO company also wanted to make another console called the M2, but it never was sold.

APF-M1000
The APF-M1000 was a video game console made by APF in 1978. The controllers had numbers (1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,0 called a numeric keypad) and a joystick. With a joystick, the player moves the joystick and uses it to control the action in the game. It could only be used on a color TV. It came built-in with the game "Rocket Patrol".

Windsor, Ontario
Windsor is a city in southern Ontario, Canada, which is across the Detroit River from the U.S. city of Detroit, Michigan. Windsor was founded in 1749 by the French. It has a population of 208 000 (counted in 2001).

QWERTY
QWERTY refers to a certain typewriter or computer keyboard layout that is commonly used in some English-speaking countries. The term originates from the fact the first 6 letters of the top row of keys are Q,W,E,R,T,Y. The QWERTY design was patented by Christopher Sholes in 1874 and sold to E. Remington and Sons during the same year.
History.
The QWERTY layout was invented by Christopher Sholes, the inventor of the first modern typewriter. At first the letters on the typewriter were placed alphabetically. However, when the user of the typewriter learned to type quickly, the bars attached to letters became caught in one another, making the typist unstick the typebars with his hands. A business associate of Christopher named James Densmore gave the idea of splitting up the keys to speed up typing by preventing the typebars from striking the typewriter roller at the same time and sticking together. Some people say the QWERTY layout was created to slow down typing speed, while others say it worked by separating series of English letters.
Accents.
QWERTY was made for the English language, therefore it has no accent marks. People from other countries that used accent marks had problems. Depending on the operating system and the application being used, accents marks could be accessed. e.g., hold down the Alt key, press 1, 5, and 6, then release the Alt key to generate a character numbered 156 in some character set. Or the Control or Alt key can be used together with a letter. In some word processors, like Microsoft Word, characters with accent marks could be found under a category named "Special Characters" or something similar.
International Variants.
Depending on where the QWERTY keyboard was made, the keyboard may look different.
Belgian and French.
The keyboards made in Belgium and France switch the letters Q and W with the letters A and Z. They also move The letter M to the right of L. These types of keyboards are called AZERTY keyboards.
Czech.
Some of the keyboards in the Czech language use QWERTZ keyboards. They switch the Z and Y like the German version, but it uses "ů" to the right of L and ú next to P. The row that normally has numbers has the accents ě, š, č, ř, ž, ý, á, í, é. Instead, you use the shift key to make numbers.
Scandinavia.
Danish and Norwegian layouts switched Æ, Ø, and Å where Swedish and Finnish the letters Ä and Ö.
Faroese.
Faroese keyboards add Æ and Ø next to L, and Å and Ð next to P.
German.
German keyboards add an Ü to the right of P and Ö, Ä to the right of L, and switch the Z and Y keys both because Z is a much more common letter than Y in German.
Icelandic.
Icelandic layouts add Ð to the right of P, Æ to the right of L, Ö to the right of 0 in the top row and Þ to the rightmost place in the bottom row.
Italian.
Italian typewriter keyboards use a QZERTY layout where Z is swapped with W and M is at the right of "L". Computers use a QWERTY keyboard with è to the right of P and ò to the right of L.
Lithuania.
Lithuanian keyboards use a layout known as ĄŽERTY, where Ą appears in place of Q above A, Ž in place of W above S, with Q and W being available either on the far right side or by use of the Alt Gr key. Depending on the software used. Sometimes, Lithuanian symbols replace the numbers.
Portuguese.
Portuguese keyboards maintain the QWERTY layout but add the key Ç. after the L key.The Spanish version has the letter Ñ, the Ç.
Romanian.
Romanian keyboards have a QWERTZ layout, swapping Y with Z. ă and î are added to the right of the letter P, while ş and ţ are added to the right of the letter L. â replaces the backslash character. Changes are also made to the upper number keys, the numbers remain the same, but some of the symbols are shuffled. The most notable change is that hyphen (-) is swapped with slash (/).
Spanish.
Spanish keyboards add ñ and Ñ characters to the right of the L instead of the semicolon and colon.
Turkish.
Turkish layouts add Ğ and Ü to the right of P, Ş and İ to the right of L, Ö and Ç to the right of M.

List
A list is a part of a text, which has many words separated by commas (,) or a group of words going down the page that may use bullet points or numbers. Semi-colons (;) are also used sometimes to separate items in a list.
I have invited Peter, Mary and Henry to my birthday.
People I invited to my birthday: Peter; Mary; Henry.

Antimatter
Antimatter is stuff within the universe that is the equal and opposite of matter. It looks just like matter and acts just like matter, but cannot touch matter, or the matter the anti matter touches will both annihilate each other.
What it is made of.
In physics, all the elementary particles, or the basic building blocks of the things we can touch, come in pairs. Each particle has what is called an antiparticle, much like an evil twin, which may look and act just like the regular particle, except for one major difference. An example is the electron and the positron. They both weigh the same, and act the same, but the electron has a negative electrical charge, while the positron has a positive electrical charge, which is where the positron gets its name.
Other antimatter particles are the same way, where they have the same weight, and look and act the same as regular particles, but their electrical charge is the opposite of regular particles. Antihydrogen, for example, has the positron, which is positively charged, orbiting around an antiproton, which is negatively charged, which is the opposite way regular hydrogen looks, which has the electron (negative charge), orbiting around a proton (positive charge).
Annihilation.
Albert Einstein, a very famous scientist, found a formula that can tell how much energy a certain amount of something has, whether it is matter or antimatter. This formula is formula_1, and is one of the most well known equations. In simple terms, if you take the mass of something and the multiply it by the speed of light, and then multiply it by the speed of light again, you'll get how much pure energy a given piece of something has. Since the speed of light is such a big number, this means that even a small amount of matter can have a lot of energy.
The reason this is salient for antimatter is because scientists found that when matter and antimatter touch each other, the amount of energy that is emancipated comes very close to the amount of energy formula_1 says should be all together in those two pieces. The reason is that each particle of matter, when it touches its antiparticle in the antimatter world, both change over into pure energy, or annihilate each other. This release of such a high amount of energy is why a lot of science fiction writers use antimatter for fuel in their stories. For example, author Dan Brown uses antimatter in "Angels and Demons" to make his story interesting. It is also being looked at as a fuel source for real-life missions to outer space in the future.
Big Bang.
A lot of scientists think that in the first few moments after the Big Bang, which (in theory) created the universe a very long time ago, there was both matter and antimatter mixing together. Since there was just a little bit more matter than antimatter created (scientists still haven't figured out why this happened yet), whatever was left over after most of the matter and antimatter annihilated into energy became the Universe we see today. Physicists have not yet discerned for sure that equal amounts of matter and antimatter were created, and because of this, they are also wondering where the antimatter went, if any was left over from the beginning of the universe.
Uses.
Because antimatter can make so much energy, it can be used for a lot of things, such as fuel for going into outer space, or in our cars. The problem is that antimatter is very very expensive to make, and is almost as expensive to store, since it cannot touch regular matter. Since it is so expensive to make (it takes several hundred million dollars to make less than one-millionth of a gram. In fact, it is the most expensive and rare substance on Earth.), this does not allow antimatter to be used as a weapon, because so little of it is available, and right now, it is not being used to create energy.
It does have a use in medicine, because a special kind of scanner called the PET, which stands for positron emission tomography, uses positrons to go into the human body. When the positron changes into energy inside a person's body, the way the energy is picked up can tell if something is wrong inside a person that other things, such as an X-ray machine or an magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) machine cannot see.

Minsk
Minsk or Miensk (Мінск (official spelling in Belarus), Менск; Минск; Mińsk) is the capital and a major city of Belarus. 1.8 million people live in the city. Minsk is also a headquarters of the Commonwealth of Independent States. As a capital, Minsk has a special administrative status in Belarus and is also the capital of Minsk voblast (province) and Minsk raion. Minsk is situated by the Svislach and Niamiha rivers. The timezone in Minsk is GMT +2.
The oldest mentions of Minsk date back to the 11th century (1067). In 1326 Minsk became a part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and received its town privileges in 1499. From 1569 it was a capital of the Minsk Voivodship in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. It was annexed by Russia in 1793 as a consequence of the Second Partition of Poland. During 1919–1991 Minsk was the capital of the Byelorussian SSR.

1310s
Centuries: 13th century - 14th century - 15th century
Decades: 1260s 1270s 1280s 1290s 1300s - 1310s - 1320s 1330s 1340s 1350s 1360s
Years: 1310 1311 1312 1313 1315 1316 1317 1318 1319 1320

Chancellor of Germany
The Chancellor of Germany (German: "Bundeskanzler", literally: "federal chancellor") is the leader of the government of the Federal Republic of Germany. The Chancellor of Germany elected by the majority of the members of the Bundestag, the German parliament.
The current chancellor is Angela Merkel (CDU), the first woman to be elected in this position.

Filipino American
Filipino Americans are people with Filipino ethnicity that are born in the United States. It also can be a person from the Philippines who lives in the United States.

Mysore
Mysore is a city in Karnataka, India. Mysore is 140 k.m. south-west of Bangalore. Travel time from Bangalore to Mysore is 2-3 hours by road or rail.
Mysore Palace, Jaganmohan Palace, Chamundi Hills, Brindavan Gardens, and Mysore Zoo are the places to see in Mysore. Some people go to Mysore to see Dasara procession.
People also go to Mysore to learn Yoga.

Kannada
Kannada (ಕನ್ನಡ) is a language. Most people in the Indian state of Karnataka speak Kannada. Do not confuse it with Canada.
Kannada is a Dravidian language. It is more than 1600 years old. Many words in Kannada are taken from Sanskrit. Kannada has gone through changes several times during the years. Kannada has been adaptive to include many other languages. The flavour of this language changes at North karnataka and South Karnataka. The regional languages marathi, telugu and Hindi are changing this modern kannada language. Word Kannada may have been derived from word 'Karnatika' (good to listen).
refer http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada_language

Arab League
The Arab League is an organization made up of countries in Northern Africa and Southwest Asia. Most, though not all of these countries use Arabic as their official language. The purpose is to find ways for the countries to form unity and to work together to figure out their problems.

Jon Voight
Jon Voight (born Jonathan Voight on December 29, 1938 in Yonkers, New York) is a famous American actor. His daughter is Angelina Jolie, who is also a well-known actor.
Pride and Glory (2009) (completed)... Francis Tierney, Sr.
... aka Giovanni Paolo II (Italy)
... aka Jan Pawel II (Poland)
... aka Sonomo (Philippines: English title: review title)
... aka Tomb Raider (USA: short title)
... aka Pearl Harbour (UK: promotional title)
... aka Arche Noah - Das größte Abenteuer der Menschheit (Germany)
... aka I Once Had a Life
... aka John Grisham's The Rainmaker (USA: complete title)
... aka U Turn - Ici commence l'enfer (France)
"Return to Lonesome Dove" (1993) (mini) TV mini-series... Capt. Woodrow F. Call
... aka The Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior
... aka Assassinio sul ponte (Italy)
... aka Deception (UK: video title)
... aka End of the Game (USA)
... aka Getting Away with Murder (USA: reissue title)
... aka Murder on the Bridge (USA)
... aka Akte Odessa, Die (West Germany)
... aka Fall Odessa, Der (West Germany)
... aka Marshal Dillon (USA: rerun title)
- The Prisoner (1969) TV episode... Steven Downing
- Prairie Wolfers (1967) TV episode... Cory
- The Newcomers (1966) TV episode... Tetter Karlgren
"Cimarron Strip"... Bill Mason (1 episode, 1968)
- Without Honor (1968) TV episode... Bill Mason
- The Bombers (1967) TV episode
Hour of the Gun (1967)... Curly Bill Brocius (Clanton man)
"Coronet Blue"... Peter Wicklow (1 episode, 1967)
- The Rebels (1967) TV episode... Peter Wicklow
"Twelve O'Clock High"... Capt. Holtke (1 episode, 1966)
- Graveyard (1966) TV episode... Capt. Holtke
- A Sleep of Prisoners (1966) TV episode
- Kwimpers of New Jersey (1966) TV episode
"The Defenders"... Cliff Wakeman (1 episode, 1963)
- The Brother Killers (1963) TV episode... Cliff Wakeman
"Naked City"... Victor Binks (1 episode, 1963)
- Alive and Still a Second Lieutenant (1963) TV episode... Victor Binks

Pants
Trousers (British English) or pants (American English) are clothing that one wears on the legs, like jeans or formal pants, which generally cover the whole leg (as opposed to shorts, which do not cover the whole leg).

Eugene McCarthy
Eugene Joseph "Gene" McCarthy (March 29, 1916 – December 10, 2005) was a United States senator from Minnesota. He ran for President of the United States five times.

Arnold Schwarzenegger
Arnold Schwarzenegger (born July 30, 1947 in Austria) is an actor and currently the governor of the American state of California. He lives in the Los Angeles, California area, but works in Sacramento, the capital of California.
Schwarzenegger went to the United States in 1968 and later became an actor. He has acted in many movies, including the "The Terminator" series. In 2003, when Gray Davis was recalled (removed from political office), Schwarzenegger won his seat for governor of California.
Schwarzenegger is married to Maria Shriver.
Before he was an actor, he was a bodybuilder and won the Mister Universe title seven times.

Holy Spirit
The Holy Spirit is a part of what is known as the Holy Trinity in the Christian belief. The Trinity includes God the Father, God the Son (Jesus) and God the Holy Spirit. When Jesus came to Earth, he said that it was better for him to leave so that he could leave with us the Holy Spirit as a teacher. It is often believed that the Holy Spirit is the still small voice inside that help us determine right from wrong. It is said that Jesus was conceived of the Holy Spirit so it would make sense then that he would be what Jesus left on Earth after his death.
In the Assembles of God Sect of Christianity, it is believed that speaking in tongues is a gift of the Holy Spirit and is the first initial evidence of the action; this is not an adopted belief in all of Christianity.

Internet Protocol
The Internet Protocol is a set of rules for processing packets of information sent between computers on the Internet. Each computer that use the Internet Protocol has at least one IP address which is like a telephone number for talking to that computer.
This set of rules is like a language, but in Computer science they call it protocol. A board of engineers has defined some of those protocols, which sit on top of each other (that's called "layered architecture"). On top of the Internet protocol there is the Transport Control Protocol and the User Datagram Protocol (and some others). Below it, there are protocols of the Network layer, like Ethernet.
At the moment there are two versions of the Internet Protocol. One is called IP Version 4 ("IPv4"), the other one is called IP Version 6 ("IPv6").
IP address.
An IP address is a number given to each computer on the internet. It is like a postal address or telephone number, but for the computer. Internet protocol (IP) defines how communication from one address to another work.
Some computers have the same IP address for a very long time. These IP addresses are called "static IP addresses". Some computers change their IP from time to time. These IP addresses are called "dynamic IP addresses".
IP Version 4.
With IPv4, each address consists of four octets. An octet is a number, that is coded on 8 bits. There are 256 different such numbers. They go from 0 to 255. To make an IP address, one takes 4 such numbers. To translate between an IP address and the name of the computer, a system called Domain Name System is used. It can translate between the name and the IP Address.
With IPv4, some addresses are special, for example 127.0.0.1 (which maps to 'localhost'). This is the local computer. Also, there are special meanings associated with two different ending numbers. In general, a last number of 0 stands for the network (called "base address"), and a last number of 255 stands for all hosts on that network (called "broadcast address"). Computers that are on the same local network share 3 of the 4 numbers. A computer can be one more than one network. It can also have several names.
IP Version 6.
Unfortunately, 4 "octets" are not enough to cover the demand for IP Addresses. There are special IP Version 4 addresses everyone can use. IP Version 6 uses 16 octets (128 bits). So instead of 4 numbers there are now 16 numbers. Also IPv6 addresses are usually written as hexadecimal numbers (8 hexadecimal numbers). They are separated by colons (:). Zeros can be left out.

Akihito of Japan
Akihito (born December 23, 1933) is the Emperor of Japan.
History.
He became Emperor in 1990, after the death of his father, Emperor Showa.

Aero Space Museum
The Aero Space Museum is an airplane museum in Calgary in Canada. The museum, founded in 1975, is near the Calgary Airport.
Some things at the museum are war-time airplanes: a Sopwith Triplane from World War I and an Avro Lancaster from World War II.
There are also peace-time airplanes made by Cessna and de Havilland, and a helicopter made by Sikorsky. The museum also has a large library of flying information available for people to read and look at.

Canadian Museum of Flight
The Canadian Museum of Flight is an aircraft museum at the Langley Airport in Langley, British Columbia, Canada. The museum has about 20 peace-time and war-time motor airplanes, gliders, and helicopters to see, six of which can still fly.

Olympic Flight Museum
The Olympic Flight Museum is an aircraft museum at the Olympia Airport in Olympia, Washington, USA. The museum has more than 20 airplanes and helicopters to see, most of which can still fly.

Pearson Air Museum
The Pearson Air Museum is an airplane museum at Pearson Field Airport in Vancouver, Washington, USA. The museum and Pearson Field, and the Fort Vancouver National Historic Site, are all part of the Vancouver National Historic Reserve.
Planes shown.
The Pearson Air Museum shows different kinds of unusual, special, and historic airplanes. For example, an experimental and one-of-a-kind aircraft known as the "flying pickle" originally based at Watts Airport (or Bernard's Airport), is shown at the Pearson. Alley reports on this special airplane based at Watts Airport in 1929, that was an experimental one-of-a-kind model. In this aircraft the pilot sits in an open air compartment, behind a roomy enclosed passenger cabin.

Newfoundland and Labrador
Newfoundland and Labrador is a small province on the East Coast of Canada, and is the farthest east of all Canadian provinces and territories. The capital of Newfoundland and Labrador is St. John's. In 2001, 533,800 people—smaller than the population of Vancouver—lived in Newfoundland and Labrador.
Newfoundland is an island, while Labrador is within the mainland of Canada and on a border with Quebec.
The province of Newfoundland and Labrador was originally called Newfoundland and joined Canada in 1949, becoming the newest province of Canada, after being a colony of the United Kingdom. Until an agreement was reached in 1927, Quebec also claimed Labrador.
In 2001, the name of Newfoundland changed to its new official name, Newfoundland and Labrador, while the postal code abbreviation changed from NF to NL. The island of Newfoundland, and part of Labrador, are in a time zone that is a half hour off from any other part of North America.

Greenfinch
Greenfinch is a kind of small bird. There is an European kind of Greenfinch and an Oriental kind of Greenfinch.
It nests in trees or bushes, laying 3-5 (Oriental) or 3-8 (European) eggs.

St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador
St. John's is the capital of the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. It is also the largest city in the province, with 100,646 people living there since 2006.
There is a large university in St. John's, so the city is home to many students.
Close to St. John's is Cape Spear, the easternmost point in North America.

Nest
A nest is place animals build to hold their eggs and/or provide a place to raise their babies. Many times they are made of things like twigs, grass, mud, and leaves; or they may simply be a low place in the ground, or a hole in a tree, rock, or building.
Most people know that birds build nests. Some mammals, some fish, and some reptiles also build nests (to raise their babies).

Egg (biology)
An egg is what surrounds the zygote of some animals that do not birth living babies.
Some animals, mostly mammals, keep the zygote inside their body where it grows until it is ready to be born. Some animals do not keep the zygote in their bodies, but lay an "egg" in which the zygote is. The egg nourishes and protects the embryo. When the baby animal is ready, it "hatches", that means it comes out of the egg.
Egg-laying animals are most fish, reptiles, amphibians and birds. Monotremes are the only mammals that lay eggs. Most insects and arachnids also lay eggs.
The Ostrich has the largest eggs of all currently living animals.
Eggs, mostly bird eggs, are also often eaten as food.
The shell of an egg is one of the hardest materials. The shell of an ostrich egg can support the weight of a fully grown human.

Javan tiger
The Javan tiger ("Panthera tigris sondaica") is 1 of 3 extinct types of tigers. It lived on the island of Java in Indonesia. It became extinct in the 1970s-1990s. The last known sighting of one was in 1972.

Abacus
Abacus is a very old tool used for arithmetic. It is still used in some parts of the world. Sometimes blind people will use an abacus, because they can feel the numbers easily. The most common abacuses work by moving beads on rods.
Abacuses can do addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and people can use them to find the square root of whole numbers. Expert, or very good, abacus users can sometimes do math quicker than basic calculators. There is a common chinese abacus. This abacus is splited into two basic rows, one row for the "5"s, and the bottom row for the "ones". There is one or two beads in the top row, and four or five beads in the bottom one. For example, 8 is, one on top, and 3 below, because 5 + 3 = 8. Every collumn represents a different digit.

Accordion
An accordion is a musical instrument that has keys similar to a piano, but is small enough for a person to hold, and makes sounds using air pushed and pulled through reeds using a bellows. The accordion can also have buttons instead of keys.

Georg Agricola
Georg or Georgius Agricola (1494-1555) was a German scholar and scientist. He was one of the first people to study mining and minerals (stones and gems).

Amiga CD32
The Amiga CD32 was a game console made by Commodore. It was based on the A1200 computer. It was basically a computer without the computer's main parts. It could support other things that could make it into a computer. It did not do very well.

GX4000
The GX4000 was a console made by Amstrad in 1990. At first, it was good. But it did terribly. Its games could be used with other computers Amstrad made. Only 40 games were made for it.

ApeXtreme
ApeXtreme is a console created by Apex Digital Inc. It was released January 9, 2004.
It can do many things, like play computer games, DVDs, CDs, VCDs and use the Internet.

Moral
A moral is the right thing to do. A good person can be said to "have morals" or to "do moral things". Sometimes a person gets a moral from what they think. People can also get their morals from their religion, parents, friends, school, or reading a book. People that write morals are called moralists.
It can also be a lesson that someone learns in a book or story. It is usually one line at the end of the story ("The moral of this story is..."). Fables are stories with a moral.
The opposites of "moral" are "immoral", meaning the wrong thing to do, and "amoral", meaning without any moral.

New Year's Day
New Year's Day is a holiday in many countries, created to welcome the New Year. In the United States, New Year's Day is January 1.
The New Year is an event that happens when a culture celebrates the end of one year and the beginning of the next. Cultures that measure yearly calendars all have New Year celebrations.
Roman calendars.
The ancient Roman calendar had only ten months and started the year on 1 March, which is still reflected in the names of some months which derive from Latin: September (seventh), October (eighth), November (ninth), December (tenth).
Addition of two new months.
Around 713 BC the months of January and February were added to the year, traditionally by the second king, Numa Pompilius, along with the leap month Intercalaris. The year used in dates was the consular year, which began on the day when consuls first entered office — fixed by law at 15 March in 222 BC, but this event was moved to 1 January in 153 BC. In 45 BC, Julius Caesar introduced the Julian calendar, dropping Intercalaris; however, 1 January continued to be the first day of the new year.
Early Christmas.
In Christmas Style dating the new year started on 25 December. This was used in Germany and England until the thirteenth century, and in Spain from the fourteenth to the sixteenth century.
In Annunciation Style dating the new year started on 25 March, the feast of the Annunciation. This was used in many parts of Europe in the Middle Ages, and was the style introduced by Dionysius Exiguus in AD 525. Annunciation Style continued to be used in the Kingdom of Great Britain until January 1, 1752, except Scotland which changed to Circumcision Style dating on 1 January 1600. The rest of Great Britain changed to Circumcision Style on the 1 January preceding the conversion in Great Britain from the Julian calendar to the Gregorian calendar on 3/14 September 1752.

Wlazł kotek na płotek
Wlazł kotek na płotek (in English: "a kitten climbed a fence") is a popular Polish children's song.
Wlazł kotek na płotek i mruga,
Nie długa, nie krótka, lecz w sam raz,
A kitten sits on the fence and it blinks,
It’s a very pretty song, and it’s not a long one,
Not a long one, not a short one, but just right,
Come on, little kitten, sing again,

Alopecia
Alopecia is a condition which is found in humans, as well as in some animals. When it occurs, it will mean that those affected will permanently lose some (or all) of their hair. Since some of the factors are linked to the genes on the chromosome, the condition can be seen more often with men, than with women. People who have the condition will become bald
Alopecia areata is the name for a condition in which a person suddenly loses his or her hair. It mostly happens to men, who become bald.

Asthma bronchiale
Asthma bronchiale (or simply Asthma) is a common disease that makes it hard for people to breathe at times. Asthma happens when the tubes that go to the lungs get irritated. They then become tight and inflamed. This makes the area inside the tubes thinner than it should be, which makes it harder to get air into the lungs. This is called an "asthma attack". Sometimes the attention from hospital is needed. When a person is having an asthma attack usually they will wheeze, breathe fast, and sometimes cough. Asthma attacks can be caused by many things like exercise, cold air, allergies, and breathing in certain chemicals.
Asthma is most caused because the airways react to so-triggers. Many people show allergic reactions to things like aspirin or the hair of certain pets. A good thing to do to reduce the risk and level of the asthma is to identify those triggers, and remove them from the environment of the person suffering from asthma.
Some asthma attacks can be dangerous. The worst-case scenario, known as status asthmaticus can be life-threatening.
Asthma can be controlled most often by avoiding contact with triggers, and by using certain drugs.

Bulbasaur
Bulbasaur is a Grass-type Pokémon, and is strong against Water, Ground, and Rock Pokémon. It is weak against Fire, Flying, and Ice Pokémon though. The player can get Bulbasaur if they play the video games "Pokémon Red", "Pokémon Blue", "Pokémon Fire Red", or "Pokémon Leaf Green" at the very start. If they get Bulbasaur at the start, their rival (main enemy) in the game will get Charmander, a Fire Pokémon.
Bulbasaur has a closed flower on top of it, which opens when it changes into Ivysaur, and then fully flowers when it turns into Venusaur. As Bulbasaur changes, it gets bigger. Bulbasaur gets better as it evolves, making it more powerful against other Pokémon.
Bulbasaur is the first Pokémon in the pokedex.

Bochum
Bochum is a city in the Ruhr area of the state of North Rhine-Westphalia in Germany. It is part of the Arnsberg Government Region
The city is formed by the traditional industry of coal mining in the Ruhr area, but today there is no mining in Bochum anymore.
Today the most important institution in Bochum is the Ruhr-University Bochum, one of the biggest German universities.
It has an extremely wide spectrum of subjects, beginning with mathematics and science, social sciences, economy, engineering, laws, philosophy, historical subjects, theology, medicine, and languages even including Chinese and Polish.
Bochum has a rich cultural life and its theatre is one of the most prominent in Germany. Next to Bochum are the cities Essen and Hattingen

Progressive rock
Progressive rock is an ambitous and unique style of rock music. Progressive rock was first made in the late 1960's, but became most popular in the 1970's. It continues to be popular today, too. Progressive rock began in England and spread throughout Europe. It remains most popular in Europe, but there are several notable American and Canadian progressive rock bands, as well. This genre was influenced by classical music and jazz fusion. Over the years, different sub-genres of progressive rock have been created, such as symphonic rock, art rock, math rock, and progressive metal.
Progressive rock artists wished to create music that was not within the limitations of popular rock and pop music. They wished to "progress" rock to the complexity of jazz and classical music and create a more serious, complex, and sophisticated type of rock music. Some progressive rock bands include influences from folk music, world music, and jazz or jazz fusion.
Progressive rock bands write and play songs that change very much during each song. Regular rock songs have verses and a chorus, but progressive songs can have many different sections. For example, instead of having verses and choruses, progressive rock songs may have many different musical themes, solos, and musical moods. A typical progressive song might have a form such as: Introduction-Verse-Chorus-instrumental section-New verse-New choir-Instrumental section-Ending
Bands.
Important progressive rock bands from the 1970s were Jethro Tull; Yes; Genesis; Pink Floyd; Emerson, Lake & Palmer; David Bowie; Rush; Gentle Giant; Van der Graaf Generator, and King Crimson.
Characteristics of progressive rock.
Progressive rock is difficult to define, because progressive rock bands are often play different types of progressive rock music that sound different. There are some common elements that are in most progressive rock band music, such as long, complex songs, unusual time signatures, unusual instruments or ways of using instruments, and use of improvisation, which means making up or inventing music while playing on stage.

San Juan, Puerto Rico
San Juan is the capital city of Puerto Rico. The city's population is 433,733. It is the 42nd-largest city and the oldest European settlement in United States territory. Today, San Juan is Puerto Rico's most important seaport.
History.
San Juan was founded in 1521. It was named after San Juan Bautista, or St. John the Baptist (name given by Christopher Columbus). San Juan is also known as "La Ciudad Amurallada". This means the "walled city". San Juan has many old buildings still standing today. Many Spanish explorers came during the European Exploration period and built forts, churches, and other historical buildings. An example of a very old fort is "La Fortaleza". It is also known as "Palacio de Santa Catalina". In the sixteenth century, it was a Spanish fortress against Caribs. These were the people native to the Caribbean islands and Central America. Another old building is the oldest residence in Old San Juan, Casas de los Contrasfuertes (House of Buttresses).

Kashmir
Kashmir (Urdu: کشمیر, Kashmiri: کٔشِیر), also known as Cashmere, is a region in Central Asia. The term Kashmir historically was described as the valley just to the south of the western end of the Himalayan mountain range. Today, Kashmir refers to a much larger area that includes the regions of Kashmir Valley, Jammu region and Ladakh. The main "Valley of Kashmir" is a low fertile area surrounded by mountains and fed by many rivers. People like it for its natural beauty and simple lifestyle. Kashmir is also a Disputed Territory. Pakistan, India and China hold parts of this region. The whole area of the disputed territory of the Kashmir region excluding the Trans-Karakoram Tract and Aksai Chin is 187,705 km² (72,487 sq mi) in terms of land area it is bigger than Syria but, smaller than Senegal; in other words the regionalstate of JAMMU AND KASHMIR is greater in area than Austria, Belgium, Holland, Denmark, Albania & Luxembourg combined.
Agriculture.
The economy of the region is focused on agriculture. People grow rice there. In the Indian part they also grow corn, such as wheat and barley. Its climate is different from that of most of the Indian subcontinent: It is milder. Therefore, crops like artichoke, cauliflower, cabbage and certain kinds of beans are also grown.
Cashmere wool is well-known almost anywhere in the world. Cashmere wool is wool from Cashmere goats. Because of conflicts over the territory however, most Cashmere wool no longer comes from Kashmir.
Kashmir is home to the finest saffron in the world.
Tourism.
Tourism has been important in Kashmir for many years. Many people call the region "Paradise on Earth". Since most of the people who live there are Muslims, many tourists come from the Arab World, like Saudi Arabia.
The Kashmir conflict.
What is known as the Kashmir conflict has existed since India and Pakistan became independent states. The problem was that the ruler of the region at the time joined India, according to the government of India. The population in the region were mostly Muslim. They wanted to join Pakistan. India and Pakistan have fought three wars over the Kashmir question, in 1948, 1965 and 1971. At the moment there are UN troops in Kashmir. They guard the lines of control.
Lines of control.
India and Pakistan have fought several wars over Kashmir. In 1949 and 1972 they agreed on a border for most of the Territories (except for the Siachen Glacier). This demarcation line which marks the border between India and Pakistan is known as Line of Control. It is guarded by indian and akistani troops.
The border between Aksai Chin, held by China, and Jammu and Kashmir, held by India is known as Line of Actual Control.
Water dispute.
Another reason behind the dispute over Kashmir is water. Kashmir is the origin point for many rivers and tributaries of the Indus River basin. They include Jhelum and Chenab River which primarily flow into Pakistan while other branches - the Ravi, Beas River and the Sutlej irrigate northern India. Pakistan has been apprehensive that in a dire need India under whose portion of Kashmir lies the origins and passage of the said rivers, would use its strategic advantage and withhold the flow and thus choke the agrarian economy of Pakistan. The Boundary Award of 1947 meant that the headworks of the chief irrigation systems of Pakistan were left located in Indian Territory.
The Indus Waters Treaty signed in 1960 resolved most of these disputes over the sharing of water, calling for mutual cooperation in this regard. This treaty faced issues raised by Pakistan over the illegal construction of dams on the Indian side which limit water to the Pakistani side.
Map issues.
As with other disputed territories, each government issues maps depicting their claims in Kashmir as part of their territory, regardless of actual control. It is illegal in India to exclude all or part of Kashmir in a map. It is also illegal in Pakistan not to include the state of Jammu and Kashmir as disputed territory, as permitted by the U.N. Non-participants often use the Line of Control and the Line of Actual Control as the depicted boundaries, as is done in the CIA World Factbook, and the region is often marked out in hashmarks, although the Indian government strictly opposes such practices. When Microsoft released a map in Windows 95 and MapPoint 2002, a controversy was raised because it did not show all of Kashmir as part of India as per Indian claim. However, all the neutral and Pakistani companies claim to follow UN's map and over 90% of all maps containing the territory of Kashmir show it as disputed territory.
International responses.
UN: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on the map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.
Dotted line represents approximately the Line of Control of Jammu and Kashmir agreed upon by the Republic of India and the Government of Pakistan since 1972. Both the parties have not yet agreed upon the final status of the region and nothing significant has been implemented since the peace process began in 2004. "See UN map of Jammu and Kashmir, accepted by most countries of the world"
Islamabad: The Government of Pakistan maintains un-provisionally and unconditionally stating that the informal "Accession of Jammu and Kashmir" to Pakistan or even to the Republic of India remains to be decided by UN plebiscite. It accepts UN's map of the territory. Also the designations and the presentation of the Kashmir's regional map based on UNO practice, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Commonwealth Secretariat or the publishers concerning the legal status of any country, territory or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. There is no intention to define the status Jammu and/or Kashmir, which has not yet been agreed upon by the parties.
New Delhi: The Government of India states that "the external artificial boundaries of India, especially concerning the Kashmir region under its jurisdiction created by a foreign body are neither correct nor authenticated".

Rural
Rural describes or relates to a farming or agricultural area. These areas are sometimes referred to as "the country". People who live "in the country" are defined as living in rural households, including sometimes small villages.
Rural is the opposite of urban, which means places such as cities where buildings and places where people work and live are all close together.
The countryside is a popular place to go on holiday. Not many people actually "live" in the countryside, but when the holidays come it's the place to be.
Rural areas are technically describes as a place that has less than 500 inhabitants per square mile in the U.S.

Stephen Crane
Stephen Crane (November 1, 1871 - June 5, 1900) was an American author in the late 19th century. He was born in Newark, New Jersey. For a while, he was a reporter in the slums of New York. Then, he wrote The Red Badge of Courage, which is about the American Civil War, and other stories such as The Open Boat and.

Lawrence's Goldfinch
The Lawrence's Goldfinch, "Carduelis lawrencei", is a small songbird of North America. Bigger than the Lesser Goldfinch, and smaller than the American Goldfinch, with less yellow markings than either.
Trivia.
It lives from central California and its southern coast in the United States, to Baja California in Mexico. Females have less yellow and don't have the black cap and chin of the males.
This bird's name is for the American " ornithologist" (bird expert), George Newbold Lawrence.

George Newbold Lawrence
George Newbold Lawrence (October 20, 1806 - January 17, 1895) was an American businessperson and amateur ornithologist (bird expert).
Lawrence counted birds for Spencer Fullerton Baird and John Cassin, and the three men wrote "Birds of North America" in 1858.
Lawrence left his 8,000 bird skins to the American Museum of Natural History. The Lawrence's Goldfinch "Carduelis lawrencei" was named for him by Cassin.

Santa Claus
Commonly associated with Christmas, Santa Claus is mostly shown as a fat and happy man wearing a red suit with white trim. According to the American version of the myth, Santa, as he is often known, lives in the North Pole with his wife, Mrs. Claus, some elves who build his toys, and reindeer who pull his sled. Father Christmas, the Nordic version of the myth, is said to reside in Lapland, Finland. He is also associated with bringing gifts to small children on Christmas by sliding down fireplace chimneys and Reindeer pulling.
It originally comes from Finland (Nordic countries) and then spread the tradition to the world. Santa is most likely created from St. Nicholas, who was also known as St. Nick. There are many popular culture items about Santa. Santa Claus is known as Saint Nicholas, Saint Nick, Father Christmas, Santa, Santy, Kris Kringle, and many many other names.
Santa Claus' home.
Santa Claus lives in a small hill called Korvatunturi in Lapland, Finland in the Nordic myth. There is a theme park in Rovaniemi, which is near Korvatunturi, called Santa Claus Village.
In North American tradition (in the United States and Canada), Santa lives on the North Pole.

Cinnamon
Cinnamon ("Cinnamomum verum", synonym "C. zeylanicum") is a kind of tree. Sometimes it is used to make a kind of exotic spice. It is very aromatic, sweet and spicy. People usually put cinnamon in sweet baked goods, hot wine or liquors. The spice is made from the bark of the tree.

Science fiction
Science fiction (often shortened to sci-fi or SF) is a genre of fiction (make believe) that has descriptions of the future, often involving stories about imaginary (make-believe) new technologies and inventions such as space ships, rockets, and robots. Science fiction's descriptions of the world are often different than the actual technology available. Science fiction stories often take place in other imaginary planets or universes, and there are often alien creatures.
Novels, movies, and other literature can be in the science fiction genre.
Science fiction writers often use SF to highlight issues by putting them into a futuristic setting. Usually the world is shown as very different to bring more focus to the issue. Good science fiction often is about common issues to everyone and every nation.
Science fiction is different from Fantasy. Fantasy is very often set in a world that resembles the Middle Ages.

Blaise Pascal
Blaise Pascal (1623 - 1662) was a French mathematician whose mother died when he was 3 years old. Pascal was considered a child prodigy. Though best known for his works in math, including the creation of Pascal's Triangle, which is named after him, and developments in the field of probability, Pascal was also a scientist. He wrote in support of the scientific method and also contributed to physics. Later he wrote two books about Christianity.
Pascal was born in Clermont, France and died in Paris, France at 39. He died from a malignant stomach ulcer.

Pascal's Triangle
1 5 10 10 5 1
The first six rows of Pascal's triangle
Pascal's Triangle is a mathematical triangle. People say French mathematician Blaise Pascal developed it. It has been used before him, however.
Pascal's triangle can be made as follows. On the first row, write only the number 1. Then, to get the numbers of following rows, add the number that can be seen above and to the left (if any) and the number above and to the right (if any) to find the new value. For example, the numbers 1 and 3 in the fourth row are added to make 4 in the fifth row.
Uses of Pascal triangle.
The triangle has many uses in probability. It can also be used in binomial expansions. For example
Notice the coefficients are the third row of Pascal's triangle: 1, 2, 1.
where the coefficients "a'i" in this expansion are precisely the numbers on row "n" + 1 of Pascal's triangle; in other words,
Pascal's rule.
Formally speaking, the way of making the Pascal's Triangle uses Pascal's rule, which states that
for non-negative integers "n" and "k" where "n" ≥ "k" and with the initial condition
Complicated structures based on Pascal's triangle.
Pascal's triangle generalizes readily into higher dimensions. The three-dimensional version is called Pascal's pyramid or "Pascal's tetrahedron". A higher-dimensional analogue is generically called a "Pascal's simplex". See also pyramid, tetrahedron, and simplex.

Antidisestablishmentarianism
Antidisestablishmentarianism is one of the longest words in the English language. It is often used just because of its length, and not because of its meaning. Part of the reason for this is that antidisestablishmentarianism describes something that people no longer talk about very much.
An official state church is called the "established" church, so "dis"establishmentarianism is the act of "getting rid" of the established church. This means that anti"dis"establishmentarianism describes groups of people who are against "getting rid" of the established church. It is very often used to describe those who do not want the Church of England to stop being established.

Sarah McLachlan
Sarah McLachlan (born January 28, 1968) is a Canadian singer and songwriter who is known for her beautiful, emotional music. She was raised in Halifax, Nova Scotia. She went to the Nova Scotia College of Art and Design, then moved to Vancouver, British Columbia.
Her recording company, Nettwerk, released her first album in 1988. After recording several albums, she organized the all-female music festival Lilith Fair in 1997, 1998, and 1999. Some of the money made from these concerts went to women's charities. McLachlan received the Elizabeth Cady Stanton Visionary Award in 1998 for helping women's music.
She married her drummer, Ashwin Sood, in 1997. They have a daughter, India, born in 2002.
McLachlan has been written about in magazines such as Rolling Stone, Time, and Entertainment Weekly. She has won Grammy and Juno awards for her music.
She funds a Vancouver program that helps poor children learn music. She has played at charity concerts, such as for victims of the December 26, 2004 tsunami and at the 2005 Live 8 concert in Philadelphia, USA.
Some of McLachlan's best-known songs include "The Path of Thorns", "Into the Fire", "Possession", "Building a Mystery", "Sweet Surrender", "Adia", "Angel", and "World on Fire".
Live albums.
Live EPs (shorter albums) were released in 1992 and 2004.

Mark Twain
Mark Twain is the pen name of Samuel Langhorne Clemens (November 30, 1835 - April 21, 1910), a well known and well liked American writer born in Florida, Missouri. He worked mainly for newspapers and as a riverboat pilot before he became a writer.
Clemens was best known for his works in fiction (made-up writing), and especially for his use of humour. His first published story, in 1867, was "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County."
"Huckleberry Finn" has become very respected, considered by many to be Clemens' best work. This story of a white boy who helps a black man escape slavery in the southern United States is known for its humanity.

Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban
"Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban" is the third book in the "Harry Potter" series by J. K. Rowling. The book was released on July 8, 1999. It which covers Harry Potter's third year at Hogwarts. A film based on the book was released on May 31, 2004.
Plot.
After accidentally inflating his Aunt Marge, Harry leaves the Dursleys, and catches a ride on the street on a magical bus called The Knight Bus. Before he begins his way back to Hogwarts, he learns of Sirius Black, a mass murderer, believed to have killed thirteen people with a single curse. Black has escaped from the wizard prison, Azkaban. Mr. Weasley Family tells Mrs. Weasley of Siruis Blacks motive to kill Harry. When Harry overhears this he is told not to go looking for black. Harry soon realizes why... This the only book where Lord Voldemort does not make an appearance.

Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire
"Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire" is the fourth book in the "Harry Potter" series by J. K. Rowling. It was published on 8 July, 2000.
It was made into a movie that came out in 2005.
Plot.
In this book, Harry and three other young wizards enter the Triwizard Tournament, to find out who is the best young wizard in the world. He has to do many challenges, including fighting a dragon and going through a maze. At the end of the book, Lord Voldemort, who had lost his body when he tried to kill Harry, gets his body back; Harry sees this and tries to tell everyone, but the only ones who believe him are Dumbledore and his friends.

Crohn's disease
Crohn's disease, Crohn disease, or Leśniowski-Crohn disease is an illness that causes the intestines, or other parts of the digestive tract (the parts of the body food goes through), to become swollen, and sometimes develop ulcers (holes). People with Crohn's disease often have pain in the gut, diarrhea, vomiting, and weight loss. Crohn's can also cause skin rashes, arthritis, and swollen eyes.
Nobody knows exactly what causes Crohn's disease. In the disease, the person's body attacks itself. The immune system attacks healthy parts of the digestive tract. This causes inflammation, or swelling, in the digestive tract. Therefore, Crohn's disease is one of two inflammatory bowel diseases and one of many autoimmune diseases.
Like many other autoimmune diseases, Crohn's disease seems to be connected to the person's genes. People whose brothers or sisters have the disease are the most likely to get it. Men and women are both just as likely to get Crohn's disease.

Pet door
Pet doors, also known as cat doors, dog doors, doggie doors, or in the United Kingdom, cat flaps, are small doors for pets. They are usually built in regular doors, but can also be in windows or walls. They usually have the hinge on the top, with no latch, so the animal can push their way in and out. Newer models sometimes only let the pet go outside, but not inside. Others have a latch and something that can be put on the pet that makes the latch open when the pet gets close to the door. They are most commonly used for pet cats, but can also be used for dogs, miniature pigs, or other small pets.

Mount Rainier
Mount Rainier is a mountain 54 miles (87 kilometres) southeast of Seattle, Washington, in the United States. It is the highest mountain in the Cascade Range, at 14,411 feet (4,392 metres). The top of the mountain is mostly covered by snow and glaciers. Rainier is an active volcano, but hasn't had an eruption for more than 100 years.
On March 2, 1899, U.S. President William McKinley made the mountain and area around it Mount Rainier National Park; the country's fifth national park.

Fort Knox
Fort Knox is an U.S. Army post, located in Kentucky. Named after Henry Knox, the fort is now the site of the U.S. Bullion Reservatory. The fort's fortifications were built in 1862 during the American Civil War; however, the camp became abandoned until 1917.

Maxwell's equations
Charge density and the electric field.
where formula_23 is the "free" electric charge density (in units of C/m3), not including dipole charges bound in a material, and formula_11 is the electric displacement field (in units of C/m2). This equation corresponds to Coulomb's law for stationary charges in vacuum.
where formula_15 is the area of a differential square on the closed surface A with an outward facing surface normal defining its direction, and formula_27 is the free charge enclosed by the surface.
where, again, formula_9 is the electric field (in units of V/m), formula_35 is the total charge density (including bound charges), and formula_32 (approximately 8.854 pF/m) is the permittivity of free space. formula_30 can also be written as formula_38, where formula_39 is the material's relative permittivity or its "dielectric constant".
Compare Poisson's equation.
The structure of the magnetic field.
formula_12 is the magnetic flux density (in units of teslas, T), also called the magnetic induction.
formula_15 is the area of a differential square on the surface formula_44 with an outward facing surface normal defining its direction.
This equation only works if the integral is done over a closed surface.
This equation says, that in every volume the sum of the incoming magnetic field lines equals the sum of the outgoing magnetical field lines. This means that the magnetic field lines must be closed loops. Another way of putting it is that the field lines cannot originate from somewhere.
Mathematically formulated: "There are no magnetic monopoles".
A changing magnetic flux and the electric field.
ΦB is the magnetic flux through the area A described by the second equation
E is the electric field generated by the magnetic flux
s is a closed path in which current is induced, such as a wire
v is the instantaneous velocity of the line element (for moving circuits).
The electromotive force (sometimes denoted formula_48, not to be confused with the permittivity above) is equal to the value of this integral.
This law corresponds to the Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction.
Some textbooks show the right hand sign of the Integral form with an "N" (representing the number of coils of wire that are around the edge of "A") in front of the flux derivative. The "N" can be taken care of in calculating "A" (multiple wire coils means multiple surfaces for the flux to go through), and it is an engineering detail so it has been omitted here.
The negative sign is necessary to maintain conservation of energy. It is so important that it even has its own name, Lenz's law.
This equation relates the electric and magnetic fields. This equation e.g. describes how electric motors and electric generators work. In a motor or generator, the fixed excitation is provided by the field circuit and the varying voltage is measured across the armature circuit.
Maxwell's equations apply to a right-handed coordinate system. To apply them unmodified to a left handed system would mean a reversal of polarity of magnetic fields (not inconsistent, but confusingly against convention).
The source of the magnetic field.
where H is the magnetic field strength (in units of A/m), related to the magnetic flux B by a constant called the permeability, μ (B = μH), and J is the current density, defined by: J = ∫ρqvdV where v is a vector field called the drift velocity that describes the velocities of that charge carriers which have a density described by the scalar function ρq.
"s" is the edge of the open surface "A" (any surface with the curve "s" as its edge will do), and "I"encircled is the current encircled by the curve "s" (the current through any surface is defined by the equation: "I"through "A" = ∫"AJ·dA)."
If the electric flux density does not vary rapidly, the second term on the right hand side (the displacement flux) is negligible, and the equation reduces to Ampere's law.
Covariant Formulation.
There are only two covariant Maxwell Equations, because the covariant field vector includes the electrical and the magnetical field.
"Mathematical note: In this section the abstract index notation will be used."
where formula_55 is the 4-current, formula_56 is the field strength tensor (written as a 4 × 4 matrix), formula_57 is the Levi-Civita symbol, and formula_58 is the 4-gradient (so that formula_59 is the d'Alembertian operator). (The formula_60 in the first equation is implicitly summed over, according to Einstein notation.) The first tensor equation expresses the two inhomogeneous Maxwell's equations: Gauss' law and Ampere's law with Maxwell's correction. The second equation expresses the other two, homogenous equations: Faraday's law of induction and the absence of magnetic monopoles.
More explicitly, formula_61 (as a contravariant vector), in terms of the charge density ρ and the current density formula_62. The 4-current satisfies the continuity equation
formula_63
The fact that both electric and magnetic fields are combined into a single tensor expresses the fact that, according to relativity, both of these are different aspects of the same thing—by changing frames of reference, what seemed to be an electric field in one frame can appear as a magnetic field in another frame, and vice versa.
Using the tensor form of Maxwell's equations, the first equation implies
formula_69
(See Electromagnetic four-potential for the relationship between the d'Alembertian of the four-potential and the four-current, expressed in terms of the older vector operator notation).
Different authors sometimes employ different sign conventions for the above tensors and 4-vectors (which does not affect the physical interpretation).
formula_56 and formula_71 are "not" the same: they are related by the Minkowski metric tensor formula_72: formula_73. This introduces sign changes in some of "Fs components; more complex metric dualities are encountered in general relativity.

Henry Knox
Henry Knox (1750-1806) was a military leader for the Americans during the American Revolutionary War. Originally from Boston, Massachusetts, he was appointed Chief Artillery Officer of the Continental Army. He is best known for transporting cannons and other artillery from Fort Ticonderoga to Boston through icy conditions using oxen. Later, George Washington named him the first Secretary of War.
Fort Knox in Kentucky & Maine are named after him.

American Revolutionary War
The American Revolutionary War was a war fought between Great Britain and the 13 British colonies in North America. The war took place from 1775 to 1783. The Continental Army (Army of the colonies), led by George Washington, defeated the armies of the British Empire. The colonies became independant. They started the United States of America.
Causes.
The war came to be after years of problems between the British Empire and the colonists of North America. The colonists did not like many of the actions of the British government and taxes. The colonists fought to take land from the natives but they did not own it. They had to pay rent to the King in London. Many colonists did not think this was fair. In 1765, the British government passed a law called the Stamp Act. This law said that colonists had to buy stamps for all legal papers, newspapers, and even playing cards. The colonies did not follow this law. Large groups of people attacked people who were even thought to have the stamps. The law was changed in 1766. By this time, many colonists believed the revolution against King George III was already fought and won. The British sent more soldiers to keep control of the colonies. In 1774, the British passed the Intolerable Acts. Other battles were also fought before the war started. The Boston Tea Party and Boston Massacre caused people to become more mad about the situation.
Not all colonists wanted to leave the British Empire. The "Loyalists", or Tories, stayed loyal to Great Britain. They were not going to change their views. The "Patriots", who were said to have the opposite view of the Loyalists, wanted independence.
There were many papers written showing how the colonists felt. Thomas Paine wrote "Common Sense", a famous pamphlet about independence from Britain. Other colonial leaders, such as Samuel Adams, Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and Thomas Jefferson wanted independence.
Result.
Great Britain accepted the independence of the colonies. It also gave all the land it said it owned which was west of the Appalachians as far as the Mississippi River to the new country.

Continental Army
The Continental Army was the fighting force of the thirteen British colonies in the American Revolutionary War. It was created in 1775 by the First Continental Congress. Most of the army was disbanded in 1783 after the conclusion of the war. The army was officially closed by a resolution of Congress in 1784. The United States Army replaced it.
George Washington was elected the commander-in-chief of the Continental Army when it was formed and served until its replacement.

Cream cheese
Cream cheese is a soft, mild-tasting, white cheese. Sometimes it is given extra flavor by adding additional seasonings such as puréed garlic, chopped dill, or chopped olives; as well, some cream cheese has small pieces of fruit or other sweet food blended into it. Cream cheese is different from other cheese in that it is not allowed time to mature.
Serving.
Cream cheese is often spread on toasted bagels. Waffles with cream cheese and salsa is eaten in some areas of the United States.
As an ingredient.
Cream cheese is used to make cheesecake, a sweet, rich cake that is served for dessert. Cheesecake is made from cream cheese, sugar, and flavorings. Cheesecakes often have a crust made from crushed graham crackers, sugar, and butter. Chocolate cheesecake is a popular type of cheesecake.

Shrewsbury
Shrewsbury is a town in Shropshire, a county of England. It is the county town of Shropshire.
The town is very old and dates back to around 700 AD. There is a castle and the town centre is almost completely surrounded by the River Severn.
The population of Shrewsbury is 75,000. It is the second largest town in Shropshire, after Telford.

Telford
Telford is a town in Shropshire, a county of England.
It is a new town and building began in the 1960s. There is a large shopping centre in the middle, as well as an ice rink and a large park.
The population of Telford is 150,000. It is the largest town in Shropshire, but is not the county town, which is Shrewsbury.

Ludlow
Ludlow is a town in Shropshire, a county of England. The town is very old and dates back to around 800 AD. There is a large castle and many other historic buildings. The population of Ludlow is 20,000. It is the capital of the South Shropshire area.

South Shropshire
South Shropshire is a area of Shropshire in England.
It is very hilly and has few people living there. The only large town is Ludlow.
The area has many castles and other ancient features, such as stone circles.

Battle of Yorktown
The Battle of Yorktown was the last important battle of the American Revolution. Fought in 1781, it is considered the last major battle of the Revolution. The Continental Army, led by George Washington, won against the British, led by General Lord Charles Cornwallis. Cornwallis was forced to surrender after being surrounded by Washington's army. As the British soldiers laid down their muskets, they were playing "The World Turned Upside Down".
The Americans were assisted by the French, led by the Marquis de Lafayette and the Comte de Rochambeau. The battle took place in Yorktown, Virginia, near the York River. After being cut-off by the French fleet, Cornwallis surrendered to the Americans and the Continental Army.
The battle is thought of as the last battle of the Revolution and led to the Treaty of Paris in 1783.

Battle of Saratoga
The Battle of Saratoga was an important battle in the American Revolution. Fought in late 1777, the battle is considered to be a series of multiple skirmishes by some historians. The battles were fought in Saratoga County in New York. The Americans were led by Horatio Gates, and the British were led by John Burgoyne. At the conclusion of the battles, Burgoyne surrendered and the Americans captured nearly 6,000 redcoats. The battle is noted as the turning point of the revolution. After the battle, France decided to aid the Continental Army and recognize the United States. Saratoga was breakthrough for the Contential army, because France finally recognized them.

Horatio Gates
Horation Gates (1726 - 1806) was an American general in the American Revolutionary War. Gates fought for the Continental Army and is credited with the decisive American victory at the Battle of Saratoga in 1777.
However, Gates was also lost to British General Charles Cornwallis at the Battle of Camden in 1780.

Heinrich-Heine-University
The Heinrich-Heine-University is the university of Düsseldorf, Germany, named after the most famous son of Düsseldorf, the poet Heinrich Heine.
History.
In the era of Napoleon Bonaparte there was the first university in Düsseldorf, which endet after Napoleon surrendered.
So in the further 19th century there was only a Medinic Academy and the famous Arts School of Düsseldorf and a Teacher Academy (Special University only for studying to became a teacher) until the 1970s, but no regular university, in Düsseldorf. In the 1960s the state government of North Rhine-Westfalia decided to have a regular university in the states capital. The university started about 1970.
It got its name first in the 1980's, because the medicine faculty wanted to have a physicans name, because of the tradition as Medicinic Academy.
Actual situation.
Actually the Heinrich-Heine-University is a university with about 20,000 students, which is middle-class in Germany.
It has a lot of subjects in sciences, arts, economics, and so on. The deep points are on biological-medicinical research in sciences and some deep points in arts, economics, political sciences, and philosophy.

1239
1239 is a year in the 13th century

Siberian tiger
The Siberian Tiger ("Panthera tigris altaica"), also known as the Amur Tiger, Manchurian, or North China Tiger, is a subspecies of the tiger, of the "Felidae" family. It is also the largest and most powerful member of the "Felidae" family. It is thought that the tigers originally comes from Siberia.
The male Siberian tigers can weigh as much as 660 pounds (300 kilograms).The Siberian Tiger is usually only 2-4 inches taller at the shoulder than the Bengal tiger. Old males reach a head and the body length of 190-220 centimeters 75-97 inches.
The Siberian Tiger is found in a very small part of eastern Russia, with a few in the nearby northern parts of Korea and China. It is very endandered and allmost all over the world in zoos they are protected. There are only 500 left.
The Siberian tiger can be recognised by the fur around the neck, which makes it warm. This is an adaption against the cold. Close to the winter the siberian tigers hair grows longer so they can face the wintry weather.

Cassette
A cassette is a small box which is made for putting inside a bigger machine. The cassette holds something that the bigger machine uses. For example, an audio cassette holds tape.
A cassette is a kind of cartridge. The words have similar meanings.
There are different kinds of cassettes, but the audio cassette (for music and sounds) is the most common.
Cassette has a different meaning in genetics.

Audio cassette
An audio cassette is a kind of cassette which can store music and sounds. It is used with a "cassette player" or "cassette recorder". Cassettes store the sound on a magnetic tape that is wound around the two reels in the cassette.
The standard audio cassette was invented in 1962 by the Philips company. They named it the "Compact Cassette". The first cassettes and cassette recorders were not very good. The quality got better, and during the 1970s the cassette became a popular way to listen to music. During the 1980s, they were even more popular. The Sony Walkman helped this.
Today, cassettes are less popular in the United States, Europe and Japan. In these places, compact discs have become more popular. Cassettes are still the main way to listen to music in many other countries.

Fight Club
"Fight Club" is a 1996 book written by Chuck Palahniuk. It was later made into a movie that came out in 1999, starring Edward Norton, Brad Pitt, and Helena Bonham Carter. The film was directed by David Fincher.
The story focuses on an unnamed character's path during a dark form of personal enlightenment (or eternal happinness) which is achieved primarily through fighting. The story is rather dark and, in both the book and the movie, contains strong depictions of violence. There are a large amount of metaphors which are revealed in its complex and twisted storyline. Some would think that the morals and life guidelines taught in the story would be an extreemist form of Buddhism ex. The concept of detachment from material possessions (things).

Top of the Pops
Top of the Pops was a British music show, which featured popular artists performing their songs. It first started in 1964 and it ended in 2006 because not enough people were watching it anymore.

Trinidad and Tobago
The Republic of Trinidad and Tobago is a nation in the south Caribbean Sea. It is 11 km (7 miles) away from Venezuela. The country has two bigger islands, Trinidad and Tobago, and many smaller islands. The capital is Port-of-Spain. The country has 1,262,366 people in it.
Trinidad and Tobago received independence from the United Kingdom on August 31, 1962. Before that, it was ruled by the U.K. Right now, the head of state (person who is in charge of the country) is President George Maxwell Richards. The head of government (person who is in charge of the government) is Prime Minister Patrick Manning.
Trinidad and Tobago is very diverse. It has people of many different races and religions. There are people who are children of Africans, Europeans, Arabs, Indians, and Chinese who moved to the islands a long time ago. The biggest religions in the country are Christianity and Hinduism. There are also Islam and African religions in the country. By law, gays cannot enter into the country and being a homosexual can be a reason to go to jail.
The country has some natural gas beneath the ground and underwater in the ocean. Natural gas is a liquid that makes machines work and heats houses. Also, many people called tourists visit the islands. They want to take pictures and learn about the islands.
The people in the country are famous for their music. They also play football.

Mount St. Helens
Mount St. Helens is a volcano in the U.S. state of Washington. It is 96 miles (154 km) south of Seattle and 53 miles (85 km) northeast of Portland, Oregon. The volcano is in Cascade Range of mountains. It is part of the Cascade Volcanic Arc in the Pacific Ring of Fire that includes over 160 active volcanoes. Mount St. Helens was first called "Louwala-Clough", which means "smoking" or "fire mountain" in the language of the Native American Klickitat people.
This volcano is well known for its explosions and flows of lava. Its most famous volcanic eruption was on May 18, 1980. This was the deadliest and most economically destructive volcanic event in the history of the United States. In 1982, U.S. President Ronald Reagan and the United States Congress made the Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument, a 110,000 acre (445 km²) area around the volcano that is also a part of the Gifford Pinchot National Forest.
History.
Before the eruption in 1980, Mount St. Helens was the fifth-highest peak in Washington. The peak rose more than 5,000 feet (1,525 m) above its base, where it rises from the ridges that are around it. It stood out from the surrounding hills because of the symmetrical cone shape and the snow that covered the top. Because of its cone-shape, it was called the "Mount Fuji of America", after the famous Mount Fuji which is a symbol of Japan.
May 18, 1980.
In the months before the large eruption that took place on May 18, 1980, there were many signs of volcanic activity. On March 20, 1980, Mount St. Helens was the center of a magnitude 4.2 earthquake. Steam venting from the volcano started on March 27. By the end of April, the north side of the volcano started to grow larger.
On May 18, a second earthquake of magnitude 5.1 made a huge part of the north face of the volcano collapse. It was the largest known debris avalanche in recorded history. At 08:32 a.m. Pacific Daylight Time, the magma inside of St. Helens exploded. On the Volcanic Explosivity Index scale, the eruption was rated a five, which is the same rating of the famous Vesuvius eruption in 79 AD.
For more than nine hours, ash erupted from the volcano, rising into the air for 12 to 16 miles (20 to 27 km) above sea level in the air. (The gas rising from a volcano is a "plume") The pyroclastic flow of heated rocks and gas that poured out of the Volcano spread over an area of over 230 square miles (600 km²), destroying plants and buildings. The ash spread east at about 60 miles per hour (95 km/h), with some ash reaching Idaho by about 12:00 PM, almost 3.5 hours after the eruption. By about 5:30 p.m. the plume of ash became smaller. Through the night and for several days after, there were smaller eruptions.
As well as the effect of the fast-moving hot gasses and stones from the explosion, the collapse of the northern side of Mount St. Helens caused "lahars", or volcanic mudflows. These were mixtures of volcanic ash with melted ice and snow. The lahars went many miles down the Toutle and Cowlitz rivers, destroying bridges and killing many trees. A total of 3.9 million cubic yards (3.0 million m³) of material was carried 17 miles (27 km) south into the Columbia River by the lahars.
The St. Helens May 18 eruption released 24 megatons of thermal energy. It released more than 0.67 cubic miles (2.8 cubic km) of ash and other material. The collapse of the north side of the volcano shortened St. Helens' height by about 1,300 feet (400 m) and left a crater one to two miles (1.6 to 3.2 km) wide and half of a mile (800 m) deep. The eruption
killed 57 people, nearly 7,000 big game animals (deer, elk, and bear), and about 12 million fish from a fish farm. It destroyed or damaged over 200 homes, 185 miles (300 km) of highway and of railways.
1980-2004.
Between 1980 and 1986, more volcanic activity continued at Mount St. Helens, with a new lava dome made in the crater. Several small explosions and eruptions took place, making more lava domes. From December 7, 1989 to January 6, 1990, and from November 5, 1990 to February 14, 1991, the volcano erupted with sometimes huge clouds of ash.
The ash reached a number of states, as far east as Montana and as south as Colorado.
2004 to present activity.
Magma came to the top of the volcano on about October 11, 2004, and a new lava dome was made on the first dome's south side. This new dome grew throughout 2005 and into 2006. Several new features were seen, such as the "whaleback," which is solid magma being pushed to the top of the volcano by magma under it. These features do not last long and break down soon after they are formed. On July 2, 2005, the tip of the whaleback broke off, and a rockfall sent ash several hundred meters into the air.
Mount St. Helens showed important new activity on March 8, 2005, when a 36,000-foot (11,000 m) plume of steam and ash came
from the volcano. The plume was seen from as far away as Seattle, a city that is 96 miles away from the volcano. This fairly small eruption took place because of a new lava dome being formed and a 2.5 magnitude earthquake.
Another feature that grew from the dome is a "fin" or "slab." About half the size of a football field, the large volcanic rock was being moved up as fast as 6 feet (2 m) per day. In mid-June 2006, the slab had rockfalls very often, but was still being pushed up from inside the volcano.
On October 22, 2006, at 3:13 p.m. PST, a magnitude 3.5 earthquake broke the lave dome. The collapse and avalanche of the lava dome sent an ash plume 2,000 feet (610 m) over the crater; then the ash plume quickly disappeared.
On December 19, 2006, a large white plume of steam was seen, and some journalists from the media thought there had been a small eruption. However, the Cascades Volcano Observatory of the United States Geological Survey says that there was no large ash plume, so it could not have been an eruption. The volcano has been erupting on occasion since October 2004.

Oder-Neisse line
The Oder-Neisse line (named after the Oder and Neisse rivers) is the border between Germany and Poland since the end of the Second World War. As a result of the defeat Germany lost another huge part of its territory to Poland after it already had to cede the former Prussian provinces of Posen and Westpreußen as well as parts of upper Silesia to the newly founded Polish state after the First World War in 1919.
The population of the eastern German provinces as well as the German minority population in what was Poland before the Second World War (12 million) either fled before the Russian army to central and western Germany or were later driven out of their homeland by force of the Polish militia who entered immediately after the Russian army.
As Poland annexed the German provinces and expatriated the native population, Polish people occupied those provinces and took over land and property of the expatriated Germans. About 1.5 million of the new inhabitants had been driven out of their own homeland in eastern Poland/Western Urkraine, Belorussia, as the U.S.S.R. was not willing to give back that part of 1922-1939 Poland which it had annexed in 1939.

Jimmy Wales
Jimmy "Jimbo" Donal Wales (born August 7, 1966) is the co-founder and current president of Wikimedia Foundation. He is best known as the co-founder of Wikipedia. He currently lives in St. Petersburg, Florida.
Wales and his friend Larry Sanger developed Nupedia, a free encyclopedia. Then he and Sanger launched Wikipedia, which was supposed to be a side project to Nupedia. Instead, it received a lot more interest than Nupedia and became a large online community with over two million articles.
He also launched another type of project called, Wikia.

Exeter
Exeter is a city in England. It is the county town of Devon. Its population is just over 100,000. In the city are Exeter Cathedral, a ruined castle and much of the old Roman City wall.
Exeter was built by the Romans, who called it "Isca Dumnoniorum". After the Romans left and the Anglo-Saxons moved in in the seventh century, the name changed to Exeter.
Later Exeter was a centre of resistance to the Norman conquest.
Today it is home to the Meteorological Office, which forecasts the country's weather.

United States Congress
The United States Congress is the legislative, or law making branch of the United States government.
It has two houses (parts): The United States House of Representatives and the United States Senate. This two house system is known as a "bicameral" ("bi" is an old word for "two", and "camera" is an old word for "chamber" or "room") legislature.
The primary duty of Congress is to write, debate, and pass bills (laws they want), which are then sent to the president. If the President agrees the bill should be a law he or she signs the bill. If the bill is not signed, it does not become a law, and people say the President did a "veto" of the bill.
Most U.S. states make laws the same way, except the State House and Senate together are called a "legislature" instead of a congress, and the bills are sent to the state "governor", since states do not have presidents.

Charles Cornwallis
Lord Charles Cornwallis (1738 December 31 - 1805 October 5) was a British general and colonial governor. He is best known for leading the British forces in the American Revolution.
Cornwallis moved to the 13 colonies in North America in 1776 to try to control the rebelling colonies. He fought at the Battle of Princeton. George Washington led the Americans in that battle. Later, Cornwallis led British forces through North Carolina and South Carolina, where he fought against American forces under Nathanael Greene. In October of 1781, Cornwallis's forces surrendered to George Washington at the Battle of Yorktown, ending the American Revolution.
In 1786 Cornwallis was appointed Governor-General of the British colony of India.

Battle of Princeton
The Battle of Princeton was a battle during the American Revolution. It was fought in January of 1777 near Princeton, New Jersey. The battle came a week after the Battle of Trenton, where General George Washington had led the Continental Army to a surprise victory over the British.
The Continental Army, led by Washington, advanced to Princeton after their victory at Trenton. The army defeated a small British force. A larger British force, led by Charles Cornwallis, was alerted and gave chase. However, the Continental Army burned the bridges behind them and sniped at the British army before escaping.
The battle resulted in about 200 casualties (deaths) for the British along with another 300 injured or captured, while the Americans suffered minimal losses. The battle boosted American morale.

Fork
A fork is a tool for eating. It has points called "tines". Most forks have three or four tines. Some cooking-forks have two tines. The tines help you pick up your food. Forks are useful only for eating solid food. For example, a fork would be useless for eating soup. Most forks are made of metal. Some are made of plastic or wood.
The word "fork" is also used to describe a two choices of course. A fork in the road would be a split in the road leading in two (or more) directions.

Backgammon
Backgammon is a game played by two players. Each player moves pieces around a board from one side to another. Players roll two dice to find out how far their pieces can move in one turn. The winner is the first to get all of his or her pieces all the way around the board.
Usual playing time is around 15- 30 minutes, per game. The roll of two dice introduces a random component in the game, but Backgammon is basically a game of strategy.
The game has a long history. Games that resemble it very much have been played since antiquity. Archaeologists doing excavations at a place called "Burnt City" in modern-day Iran have found parts of a game that resembled backgammon. They have found 60 pieces to play with, and two dice. They could show that the game utensils date from around 3000 BC. These pieces around 100-200 years older than another set, found in Ur, in Mesopotamia.

Cell wall
A cell wall is the wall of a plant cell. Animals' cells do not have cell walls. It is there mainly to protect the cell from damage. It is also there to make the cell strong, to keep its shape, and to control the growing of the cell and plant.
In a plant cell, the cell wall is made of long molecules called cellulose, pectin and hemicellulose. The cell wall lets some proteins in and keeps others out. Water and small molecules can go through to help the cell.

Lima
Lima is the capital city (where the government works), and is considered the most important city of Peru. 75% of the Peruvian economy is handled in Lima.
It is an important city of South America and the entrance to Peru.
The city was founded by the Spanish conquistador (conqueror) Francisco Pizarro on January 18, 1535. He called it the City of the Kings.
Today, the city is always growing. It has a very large population, and is the largest city in Peru.

Theory
A theory is an idea that someone has created to explain something. Sometimes it can be difficult to understand why something happens, or how something exists, so a theory helps to explain these things.
In science, a theory starts as a hypothesis, which is like a well-thought guess. Only after many tests to try to find out if it is wrong (to try to prove or disprove the theory) can a hypothesis be called a real theory. A theory can be disproved (proved wrong), but it is not possible to prove a theory completely, because endless tests would be needed, and some very simple things are very difficult to prove with science or mathematics. However, some theories (known as postulates or axioms) are so close to proven, and work so well, that scientists can use them to predict and invent things.

Janitor
A janitor is someone who cleans up stuff. They are often responsible for the repairs of things in the building, and for dusting and washing.

Bovinae
Bovinae is a subfamily of the even-toed ungulate family Bovidae. About 26 species of "bovines" belong to this subfamily.
Bovines are herbivores, and they mostly eat grass.
Taxonomy.
The four genera "Tetracerus", "Boselaphus", "Tragelaphus" and "Taurotragus" are sometimes put into their own subfamily "Tragelaphinae", and sometimes with the bovines.

Mongolia
Mongolia is a country between China and Russia, in Asia. Until recently, most of the people there were Buddhists, and many of them are nomads (people who always move and stay in one home), but this is changing. The largest city, and capital city is Ulaanbaatar, which has been spelled "Ulan Bator" and other ways in the past. The north and east parts of the country have many mountains, and part of the south part is the Gobi Desert. There are 2,791,272 people living in Mongolia, which is the 18th biggest country in the World, with an area of 1,564,116 square kilometres.

Fourier transformation
A fourier transformation is a method used to solve differential equations. To fourier transform a function "f(x)", integral calculus is used. The operation to integrate the function multiplied by an exponent function "e"^"ikx" (where "e" is the exponential constant 2.718, "i" is the square root of -1, and "k" is just an arbitrary constant) with limits minus infinity and plus infinity. The answer will be a function of "k", "g(k)".
When fourier transform of the derivative of a function "f(x)", is simply "g(k)" multiplied by "i"*"k".
To solve for "f(x)" in a differential equation, fourier transform both sides of the equation, and use algebra to solve for "g(k)". Then an inverse transform will get back the original "f(x)".
A fourier transform of some given data represents that data in terms of sine waves and cosine waves.
A discrete cosine transform (which can be calculated using a fourier transform) of some given data represents that data in terms of cosine waves alone.

The Divine Comedy
"The Divine Comedy" is an epic poem (a poem that is very long, like a story) written by Dante Alighieri. It is about a trip through the afterlife. The poem is three parts long - the three parts are "Inferno" (Hell), "Purgatorio" (Purgatory), and "Paradiso" (Paradise, or Heaven). "Inferno" is the most famous section of the poem. The poem is about the travels of a man through Christian hell (place for bad people in Christianity), purgatory (place for people who have been bad but not bad enough to go to hell), and heaven (place for people who lived by the rules of Christianity). Note that comedy does not mean funny, yet more like not ending with a bad thing.

Artist
An artist is a person who creates art. This word is used most often for persons and activities of 'high culture'. That is for example drawing, painting, sculpture, acting, dancing, writing, filmmaking, photography, and music. Sometimes a person who is very good at their job is called an artist, even if it is not considered as art. A scientist or mathematician can be called an artist.

Jacksonville, Florida
Jacksonville is a city in northeast Florida, USA. It is home to the University of North Florida.
It is the largest city in the continental United States in terms of area. It covers nearly all of Duval County in North Florida.

Heinrich Heine
Christian Johann Heinrich Heine (born as "Harry Heine" December 13, 1797–died February 17, 1856) was one of the most significant German poets of the 19th century.
Heine was born into an assimilated Jewish family in Düsseldorf, Germany. His father was a tradesman.
After his father's business failed, Heine was sent to Hamburg. His uncle in Hamburg was a very successful banker, so Heine started learning his business, but he droped it later on. Then Heine started to study laws at the universities of Göttingen, Bonn and at the Humboldt University of Berlin, but he was more interested in literature than in laws. He took a degree in laws in 1825. At the same time he had decided to convert from Judaism to Protestantism. This was necessary because of the severe restrictions on Jews in the German states. Only Christians were allowed to have certain businesses or to be clerks of the state. Jews were also forbidden to become university professors, which was a particular ambition for Heine. Heine himself said, his conversion was "the ticket of admission into European culture".
Heine is best known for his lyric poetry, much of which was set to music by lieder composers, esp. Franz Schubert and Robert Schumann.
His start as poet Heine made with "Gedichte" ("Poems") in 1821. Heine's one-sided infatuation with his cousins Amalie and Therese later inspired him to write some of his loveliest lyrics; "Buch der Lieder" ("Book of Songs", 1827) was Heine's first comprehensive collection of verse.
Heine left Germany for Paris, France in 1831. There he associated with utopian socialists. He met people who fellowed Count Saint-Simon, who preached an egalitarian classless society.
He remained in Paris for the rest of his life. His only visit to Germany was in 1843. German authorities banned his works and those of others who were considered to be associated with the Young Germany movement in 1835.
Heine continued to comment on German politics and society from a distance. Heine wrote "Deutschland. Ein Wintermärchen" ("Germany. A Winter's Tale"). In 1844; his friend, Karl Marx, published it in his newspaper "Vorwärts" ("Forward") in 1844.
One of the books was burned by the Nazis. One of Heine's most famous lines is now: "Where they burn books, they will, in the end, burn human beings too" ("Almansor", 1821).

Cabbage
Cabbage ("Brassica oleracea" Capitata Group) is an edible plant. It is a lot like broccoli or Brussels sprouts. Cabbage is eaten many ways around the world. Coleslaw and sauerkraut are popular foods that use cabbage. It is also used to make kimchi and borscht. Red cabbage juice can be used as a pHindicator.

Rupee
The Rupee is the name of several kinds of money used in several countries: the Republic of India, Pakistan; it was also used in the erstwhile East Pakistan until 1971, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Mauritius, and the Seychelles. In past times, rupees were also the name of the money used in Burma and in the German and British colonies in East Africa. The name comes from a Sanskrit word meaning silver. The rupiah of Indonesia and the rufiyah of the Maldives are kinds of money that also got their name from this word.

Holocaust
The word holocaust means "complete destruction by fire". The ancient Greeks killed animals for their gods. This was called sacrifice. They believed some of the gods wanted every part of their sacrifices burnt, not just one part. This was a holocaust.
Now, the word holocaust means "the intentional killing of a large number of people."
World War II.
When the word "Holocaust" is spelled with a capital 'h', it usually means The "Holocaust" during World War II, when the Nazis killed millions of Jewish, Slavic, and Roma people in concentration camps. See also the article "The Holocaust".
Other holocausts.
There have been many holocausts through history. Some people see the killing of people from ethnic groups in Bosnia, which was called ethnic cleansing, and the killing of large numbers of Aborigines in Australia by settlers as holocausts. Others also call the mass killing of Native Americans by invading European forces a holocaust. The killings of millions of Africans during captivity or slavery is considered by African-American people and others as "The Black Holocaust."
The Genocide in Guatemala was similar to the World War II holocaust. Genocide is the deliberate and systematic killing of a national, racial, political, or cultural group. In Guatemala, the army and its paramilitary forces attacked many Guatemalan villages and murdered the people and destroyed the buildings. ["citation needed"]<includeonly></includeonly><noinclude>

500
500 (Roman numerals: D) is a common year of the Gregorian calendar. It started on a Friday.
It is one of only seven years to use just one Roman numeral. The seven are 1 AD (I), 5 AD (V), 10 AD (X), 50 AD (L), 100 AD (C), 500 AD (D), and 1000 AD (M).

Diesel oil
Diesel oil or diesel fuel is a type of fuel for cars. It is also an oil used for an energy source.

VHS
VHS means Video Home System. This system uses a cassette tape to record video and sound, which can be watched on a television. A DVD/VHS combo can record(write) on VHS tapes, read off VHS tapes, and additionally, read from DVD discs.
VHS cassettes can be recorded using a video camera. They can also be recorded with a video cassette recorder, or VCR. A VCR can use a VHS cassette to record broadcasted television.
This system was created in 1976 by the Victor Company of Japan (also called JVC). VHS was a very popular way for people to record and play video at home in the 1980s and 1990s, but now DVD (or Digital Versatile Disc) has become more popular as they can store better quality video, can be easier to use, and the discs are cheaper to make. However in many less rich countries, (especially some parts of Asia) the VCD (Video CD) is often much more popular than the DVD because the disks and the player are much cheaper, and the quality is better than a VHS tape.

Düsseldorf International Airport
Düsseldorf International Airport is an airport located eight kilometres from Düsseldorf, Germany. The airport has the IATA Airport Code DUS. There is one other airport named "Düsseldorf Express Airport, Mönchengladbach", but that is only a continental airport and has only a few lines, mostly private jets.
The international airport supports flights to 180 destinations on four continents and hosts 70 airlines. The airport has 500 takeoffs and landings per day.
The airport was opened on April 19, 1927, after two years of construction. However, the first aircraft to land in northern Düsseldorf was the Zeppelin LZ-III in 1909.
On April 11, 1996 there was a fire in the airport, probably caused by welding work on the roof. 17 people were killed, mostly due to smoke inhalation. The terminal building was badly damaged, and was closed for five years. By July 1, 2001 it had been nearly completely re-built and was re-opened.
A suspended monorail connects the terminal building with the InterCity and ICE train station (High speed and extremely high speed trains). The so-called "SkyTrain" travels the 2.5 kilometers between the terminal and station at a maximum speed of 50 km/h. It started operation in 2002, replacing a shuttle bus service, and is not free of charge to use.
Airlines serving Düsseldorf International Airport.
Before September 11 Düsseldorf International Airport had many flights from the United States. After direct flights to the United States are only from Privatair and LTU. Privatair has flights going to Chicago O'Hare and New York Newark airports, which are codeshared with Lufthansa. LTU flies to Fort Myers, Los Angeles, Miami, Orlando, and New York (JFK).2005 announced that it would begin service between Düsseldorf and Atlanta in March 2006.

Sauna
A sauna is a small room or building that is made hot.
The heat of a sauna is calming and makes the person using it sweat. This is believed to help people be more healthy. Today many countries and groups of people have different ways of heating and using a sauna. The temperature is often 80°C in Finnish and Swedish saunas. The heat can be more than 100°C. Finnish and Swedish saunas have lower humidity (the air is less wet) to make this high heat comfortable.
The Turkish hammam has a high humidity (the air is more wet) and a lower temperature.
Today saunas can often be found at hotels and places for sports and exercise. In Finland, they are more common and are also often in private apartments and office
In almost every house in Finland they have a sauna.
Common Rules for Public Saunas.
In some cultures, swimsuits must be worn in a sauna. In other cultures swimsuits are not be worn. Swimsuits are more often worn when men and women use a sauna together. Some saunas are only for men, or only for women. Some places have fixed times when each gender can use a sauna. Private saunas may have their own rules.

Joseph Beuys
Joseph Beuys (pronounced "boyce") (May 12, 1921–January 23, 1986) was a German artist who made arts in many forms including sculpture, performance art, video art, and installations. He was one of the most important artists in the second half of the 20th century.
Early life.
Beuys was born in Krefeld and grew up in the near-by city Kleve. He first saw modern art when visiting the studio of Achilles Moortgat. He was interested, but studied medicine. With the beginning of World War II, he became a soldier in the German air force. There, he was a rear gunner (gunner in the back) in a military airplane.
Beuys often used the materials felt and fat. Many people believe that this is because of something that happened in the war. Beuys was shot down while flying over the Crimea and was rescued by Tatars. They kept him warm by covering him with fat and wrapping him in felt.
In actual fact, he was a radio operator on the military planes and, after a horrific crash, was rescued by a German commander. However he later said that he piloted the plane before The Crash and was rescued by Tartars who wrapped him in felt and fat to keep him alive because there is no denyng that his wounds were serious.
Development as artist.
After the war Beuys studied at the academy in Düsseldorf from 1946 to 1951. For most of the 1950s he was mostly drawing.
In 1961 he became professor of sculpture there, but was fired in 1972 because he said that his classes must be open to anybody who wanted to take them. He thought that classes should be free and he worked in his classes with everybody who wanted. His students protested when he was fired, so he was allowed to hold his studio there, but he still lost his job.
In 1962 Beuys met the "Fluxus movement". They made art together by drawing, sculpting, making music, and literature. Beuys became a member of the group but he was more interested in performances. He believed that art has a larger role to play in society.
Politics.
Beuys believed that arts has an important rule in society.
His first problems with politicians were when he lost his job as professor.
In the 1980s he was part of the Peace Movement and protested against nuclear missiles in Germany. He was one of the first members of the Green Party in the 1980s.
Works.
In 1979, a large retrospective of Beuys' work at the Guggenheim Museum in New York City confirmed his reputation as one of the most important artists of his time. He died in 1986 in Düsseldorf.
Pop cultural references.
The web comic makes frequent reference to Joseph Beuys, including his art () and.

Kunstakademie Düsseldorf
The Staatliche Kunstakademie Düsseldorf is the Arts Academy of the city of Düsseldorf. It is well-known all over the world by its most famous members like Joseph Beuys.
History.
The arts school started 1762 as school of drawing by Lambert Krahe (1710 - 1790), in 1773 it became Academy of drawing, painting and sculpturing of the Earls of Palatine.
In time of the Napoleonic Wars it moved to Munich. So the government of Prussia, who annexed the region of Düsseldorf after Napoleon surrendered, to open a new Royal Arts Academy in Düsseldorf. It started in 1822.
In the 1850s the Kunstakademie Düsseldorf became an international well-known arts school. The "Düsseldorfer Malerschule" was internationally known as a special kind of drawing countryside. Many students came from Scandinavia, Russia, and the United States of America to Düsseldorf.

Poet
A poet is someone who writes poetry.

Ruhr-Universität Bochum
The Ruhr-Universität Bochum is one of the biggest universities in Germany. It is located in the Ruhr-Area, in the city of Bochum.
History.
The Ruhr-Universtität was the first public university that was founded in West Germany after World War II (in 1962). Later in the 1960s education expanded in West Germany and more universities were founded, but Bochum has a bright selection of subjects because it was the beginning of education expanding.
The Ruhr-University was one of the fourth largest university in Germany in the late 1980s and early 1990's with more than 40,000 students. But after the state of North Rhine-Westfalia decided to earn study fees, many students left the university and school examiners do not start studying anymore. Actually the fees are 1,000 Euro in the year (about 1,100 US$), but the Ruhr-Area is traditionally a working class region.
The university of Bochum was one of the first to have Bachelor and Master degrees instead of the traditional German Diplom and Magister degree.
Present situation.
The Ruhr-University has about 28,000 students. Academically it is an upper middle-class university with a lot of international affairs, especially with Eastern Europe and Asia. The Ruhr-University Bochum lost some subjects by when the state reduced its budget.
The main focuses in research are neurosciences, engineering, European law, plasma physics, solidstate physics, biochemistry, economics, Middle Ages and modern history, philosophy and languages.

Aachen
Aachen is a German city in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia. It has about 260,000 inhabitants and a well-known university, the Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) and a bright history starting at the beginning of the middle ages.
The Aachen Cathedral was constructed on the orders of Charlemagne in 786 AD.
Since 1972, Aachen has been part of the Cologne Government Region.

Marburg
Marburg is a city in Hesse, Germany, on the Lahn river. It is the main town of the Marburg-Biedenkopf Rural Disitrict. It has about 80,000 inhabitants and a small, but well-known university.

Akron, Ohio
Akron is a large city in the U.S. state of Ohio. It is found near the Ohio & Lake Erie canal. It was home to the U.S. rubber industry for much of the 20th century, and the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company is headquartered there.

Philipps University of Marburg
The Philipps-University Marburg is the oldest protestant university of the world, and was founded by Martin Luther's friend Philipp of Hesse in the time of the reformation.
Major areas of research are medicine, nano-science, materials science, and near eastern studies.

Youngstown, Ohio
Youngstown is a city in Mahoning County, Ohio, United States. It is 65 miles (105 kilometers) south of Cleveland, Ohio and 62 miles (100 kilometers) northwest of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The city is near the Mahoning River.
Youngstown is in a part of the United States that is called the "Rust Belt." It is named this because many steel plants and factories in this area have closed. The city has about 82,000 people. It is Ohio's eighth largest city.

Dortmund
Dortmund is a German city in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia. It is part of the Arnsberg Government Region
Dortmund has about 590,000 inhabitants and is in the Ruhr Area. There is a university in Dortmund. The biggest soccer club is Borussia Dortmund.

Netherlands Antilles
The Netherlands Antilles are a group of islands in the Caribbean Sea. Some were discovered in 1493 by Christopher Columbus, and some were discovered in 1499 by Alonso de Ojeda.
Bonaire and Curaçao are part of the Leeward Islands. They are located near Venezuela. Aruba was once a part of the Netherlands Antilles, and was near Bonaire and Curacao, but left in 1986.
Sint Maarten, Sint Eustatius, and Saba are part of the Windward Islands. They are located near Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands.
The Netherlands Antilles are part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. That means that the Dutch Queen is also the Queen of the Netherlands Antilles, but the islands' residents have a government of their own. The Prime Minister of the Netherlands Antilles is Emily de Jongh-Elhage. The Governor is Frits Goedgedrag

Alfred Nobel
Alfred Nobel (1833-1896) was a Swedish scientist. He is best known for the invention of dynamite (an explosive) and for founding the Nobel Prize awards. He left instructions in his will that his money should found the Nobel Prize. He decided to found the awards because someone had criticized his invention of dynamite as a harmful invention, with the potential to kill many people. He left 31 million kronor (the Swedish currency) to the award. He died two weeks after adding the part founding the prize in his will, he was always great at making dynamite. He won about 5 awards with his talent. He always wanted to show the peaceful uses of explosives.

Algorithm
An algorithm is a step by step list of directions that need to be followed to solve a problem. The instructions should be simple enough so that each step can be done without thinking about it. Algorithms are often used to describe how a computer might solve a problem. But there are algorithms in the real world too. A recipe can be a type of algorithm. It tells what ingredients are needed to make the dish and what steps to follow. If the recipe tells exactly what to do without too much confusion, then it is an algorithm.
Comparing Algorithms.
There is usually more than one way to solve a problem, there may be many different recipes to make a certain dish which look different but end up tasting the same when all is said and done. The same is true for algorithms. However, some of these ways will be better than others. If a recipe needs lots of complicated ingredients that you do not have, it is not as a good as a simple recipe.
When we look at algorithms as a way of solving problems, often we want to know how long it would take a computer to solve the problem using a particular algorithm. When we write algorithms, we like our algorithm to take the least amount of time so that we can solve our problem as quickly as possible.
In cooking, some recipes are harder to do than others, because they take more time to finish or have more things to keep track of.
It's the same for algorithms, and algorithms are better when they are easier for the computer to do. The thing that measures how
hard an algorithm is is called "complexity". When we ask how complex an algorithm is, often we want to know how long it will take a computer to solve the problem we want it to solve.
Sorting by numbers.
This is an example of an algorithm for sorting a stack of cards with many different numbers, so that the numbers are in order.
Putting algorithms together.
If players have cards with colors and numbers on them, they can sort them by color and number if they do the "sorting by colors" algorithm, then do the "sorting by numbers" algorithm to each colored stack, then put the stacks together.
The sorting by numbers algorithm is harder to do than the sorting by colors algorithm, because they may have to do the steps again many times. They would say that sorting by numbers is more "complex".

Pharmacy
A pharmacy is a shop where therapeutic drugs are sold. Sometimes a pharmacy is also called a "drug store". The people working in a pharmacy are called pharmacists or chemists (British English). These people can recognise simple diseases and give drugs for some of them.
Certain drugs are special, because they can be addictive, or they change the way other drugs act, or they need to be taken in a special way. These drugs cannot simply be bought at a pharmacy, a prescription is necessary to get them. Medical doctors give out prescriptions, which can then be used to get the drug.
Many pharmacies do not sell drugs only. They also sell beauty products, hygiene-related products, like tampons for women and contraceptives.

Kiss
People kiss each other by touching each other's lips and their mouth. The meaning of kissing is different in different cultures. Most often, people kiss to show love or affection for each other. Sometimes people kiss as a sign of friendship, sometimes it is a ritual performed to greet someone.
There are different ways of kissing. People might kiss on the cheeks to greet someone, or to bid them farewell. What is called French kiss is different. It involves touching each others tongue while kissing. Usually it is seen as more intimate than the other forms of kissing.
Many people see kissing as an erotic gesture.
Diseases can be spread through a kiss.
It is possible to spread diseases through kissing. Diseases that are spread through saliva can be spread through kissing. This includes diseases like Herpes and mononucleosis. Getting HIV through kissing seems to be extremely unlikely. Nevertheless, a woman has been infected with HIV by kissing in 1997; both the woman and infected man had gum disease. The virus was transmitted through the man's blood, not his saliva.

Brothel
A brothel is a bar, nightclub or hotel where prostitutes work. People go there to buy sex for money.
Is it legal?
In some countries, operating brothels is legal, in other countries it is illegal. Examples of where brothels are illegal are Canada and most of the United States. Brothels are legal in most of Europe, for example. A country which has very lax laws regarding prostitution is the Netherlands.
History.
Brothels have been known for most of recorded history. At first there was temple prostitution in many Mediterranean and Middle Eastern countries.
In Ancient Greece and Roman civilizations, brothels were established. Sometimes they were licensed institutions. This was first recorded in Athens in 594 BC. Public sources of the time said it was good that Solon installed the brothel. People said this would reduce the problems caused by sexually unfulfilled sailors and workers. It would also fill money into the public purse. This first official brothel was soon followed by many others, and also influenced the creation of special schools in which various classes of prostitutes (from slavegirls to future courtesans) were trained for their profession.
Business models.
The third option (the brothel owner renting space and facilities to prostitutes) gives some way for the brothel owner to say he did not know what is going on. This is especially the case where prostitution is forbidden or restricted. Brothel owner often disguise their actions as running a massage parlor, a bar or a similar venue.
Allowing such places (while forbidding prostitution) can also give politicians a way to save their face when they do not want to put the laws against prostitution into practice.
Related concepts.
A nightclub where nude or partially nude women strippers dance on a stage for an audience is called a "strip club". A well-known strip club is the Moulin Rouge in Paris.

Latitude
The latitude of the Earth give the distance north and south of the equator. It is measured in degrees. Latitude is represented by the Greek letter phi, formula_1.

Jaleel White
Jaleel White (born November 27, 1976) is an American actor. He is best-known for playing the character of the loveable nerd, Steve Urkel, on the television series "Family Matters", popular in the 1990s.

Chemical substance
A chemical substance is any material with a definite chemical composition. For example, a sample of water has the same properties and the same ratio of hydrogen to oxygen whether the sample came from a river or was made in a laboratory. A pure substance cannot be separated into other substances by any mechanical process. Typical chemical substances found in the home are water, salt (sodium chloride) and sugar (sucrose). Generally, substances exist as solid, liquid, or gas, and may change between these "phases of matter" when there is a changes in temperature or pressure.

South-Chinese tiger
The South-Chinese tiger ("Panthera tigris amoyensis") is an almost extinct subspecies of the Tiger. There are now 20 - 30 animals left in the wild and 50 animals in captivity. They live in the Mountains and Forests of South-China. They are 2,50 m in length and 150 kg in weight. In the 1900s there were 200 left in the world then because they were considered pests lots of them were killed.

Windows XP
Windows XP is a version of the Windows operating system made by Microsoft. Windows XP was orginially released on October 25, 2001 and came after Windows 2000 and Windows Me. It is now being replaced by Windows Vista. The letters "XP" stand for "eXP'"erience".
Versions.
There are two common versions of Windows XP. Windows XP Home Edition is a version made for home users. Windows XP Professional is made for business users, with advanced management features. In addition, Windows XP Media Center Edition is for people who edit videos and pictures a lot. Another special version of XP is called the Tablet PC Edition, for touch screen/tablet computers.
A version of Windows XP for 64-bit computers was released as Windows XP x64 Edition. It had all the features of Windows XP Professional, but was made to work on 64-bit computers instead of the older 32-bit computers.
There is also a Windows XP Starter Edition, which is sold mostly in developing countries. It is very cheap, because Microsoft wanted to fight the high software piracy rate in those countries. It is very limited and can only be bought with a new computer.

Crotram
CROTRAM is a group of Croatian companies that make trams. They make a tram called TMK 2200.
Crotram is a consortium (a group of companies that cooperate) made of three companies: Elektroindustrija Koncar(cro.) and, both from city of Zagreb, and Duro Dakovic (cro.), from Slavonski Brod.
Crotram sells their trams to ZET, the company that is in charge of all the public transport for the city of Zagreb. So far Crotram has only sold TMK 2200s to Zagreb, but they are trying to sell them in other cities.
The TMK 2200 is 32 meters long, and it can go as fast as 70km/h. 202 people can ride at one time.

Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Kitts and Nevis is a nation made up of two small islands in the Caribbean Sea. It is the smallest country in the Western Hemisphere. Basseterre, located in the main island, is the capital city. It is about one-third of the way from Puerto Rico to Trinidad and Tobago.

Danish language
Danish is the Germanic language spoken in Denmark, the Faroe Islands, and parts of Greenland and Germany (Southern Schleswig). The number of speakers are about 5,5 million people. In Greenland and the Faroe Island it is used as a second language. To the Danish people, or Danes, the language is known as "Dansk".

Niger
Niger is a country in western Africa. The capital is Niamey, and the official language is French. It is surrounded by Algeria and Libya to the north, Chad to the east, Nigeria and Benin to the south, and Burkina Faso and Mali to the west. Niger is landlocked, meaning it has no coastline. Niger shares a name with an African river. The Mali Empire and the Songhai Empire both had land in what is now Niger. Later France controlled the land that is now Niger. Niger has a population, or the number of people living in an area, of 12,894,865 and an area of 1,267,000 square kilometres.

Zealand
Zealand is an island of Denmark. It is the largest island. Over two million people live on it. On the island, there is the capital city of Denmark, Copenhagen.

Brunei
The Sultanate of Brunei is a country in South-East Asia. It is next to the countries named Malaysia and Indonesia. The capital of Brunei is Bandar Seri Begawan. The country has a small area and not many people live there.
The leader of the country is the Sultan of Brunei. He is one of the richest people in the world, because he owns a lot of oil.
The main religion in Brunei is Islam. There are many people who follow Buddhism or Animism.

Taka
Taka is the name of the currency of Bangladesh. 100 Taka are about 1.50 US Dollars (December 2005).

Bogotá
Bogota is the capital (city) of Colombia. More then 7 million people live in it. it is about 2,600 meters above sea level on top a plateau (a mountain with a flat top). The weather is usually nice during the day and cool at night. It has a series of bike paths (or trails that are made for bikes) that wind through the city. It has many recreational and amusement parks open to the public. Samuel Moreno was elected mayor of Bogota on October 29, 2007. He will assume his office on January 1, 2008.
Bogota city has a population of 10 million people. A vast variety of cultural influences turn this city into a cultural paradise.
As every metropoli, Bogota's daily routine is quite stressful. Bogota's population seems to be always in a rush as a consequence of how Bogota has evolveds through history.
Bogota was founded back in 1860 by Gonzalo Jimenes de Quezada, an spanish conqueror. Talking about history, Bogota has had extremely awful moments. In 1948, a presidential candidate, Jorge Elieser Gaitan, was murdered while doing a speech in front of hundreds of persons. This tragic moment brought with it terrible consequences: one of the most remembered one is the "Bogotazo". The "Bogotazo" started as a political party war, the blue party, self named the "conservatives", began to hunt and kill every single member of the red party, the "liberals". Such a sadistic event had not been seen in the history of Colombia since the independence war of this very country. Seeing this terrible unfair situation, the remaining blue party members decided to create the "Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia" (FARC); however, this group was ironically created to protect the oppressed people from their oppressors. Nowadays, this group is known as terrorists and murderers;nevertheless, Colombia's capital city, Bogota, has not being attacked in the last few years.
Bogota, actually is known as the south american "Athens", this due to the many technological advances and to the way of living of the people in this place. Bogota has many places made for tourists, beacuse in there, tourists get to visit every single one of Bogota's museums, libraries and theaters if what they want is a cultural experience.
Children also get the chance to visit come places, Bogota has many amusements parks in which they can learn while having fun. Teenagers and young men have also the change to expend time in the city. Bogota is known for having a busy night life. Thousands of nightclubs and bars open their doors for both national and foreign persons.

Aymara
The Aymara are members of a tribe of Native Americans that live in Bolivia and Peru. They are native to the area around Lake Titicaca. They speak the Aymara language. They call themselves Aymaras.
The president of Bolivia, Evo Morales, is Aymara.
The many-colored flag of the tribe is called the Wiphala.

Perihelion
The perihelion is the point in the orbit of a planet, asteroid or comet where it is nearest to the sun.
The word perihelion stems from the Greek words "peri" (meaning "near") and "helios" (meaning "sun").
All planets, comets and asteroids in our solar system have elliptical (non-circular) orbits. Thus, they all have a closest and a farthest point from the sun: a perihelion and an aphelion.
Earth comes closest to the sun every year in December. It is farthest from the sun every year in June. The difference in distance between Earth's nearest point to the sun in January and farthest point from the sun in July is not very great. Earth is about 146 million kilometers from the sun in early January, in contrast to about 150 million kilometers in early July.
When Earth is closest to the sun, it is winter in the northern hemisphere and summer in the southern hemisphere. Thus it is possible to see that Earth's distance from the sun does not cause the season to change. Instead, Earth's seasons come and go because Earth does not orbit exactly upright with respect to the plane of our world’s orbit around the sun. Earth's axis is tilted to that plane by 23-and-a-half degrees. The Earth's tilted axis itself rotates about the notional axis orthogonal (perpendicular) to the orbital plane, almost precisely once per year. Winter falls on that part of the globe where sunlight strikes least directly. Summer falls on that part of the globe where sunlight strikes most directly.

Johnston Atoll
Johnston Atoll is an island in the Pacific Ocean. It is a property of the United States. The United States is currently trying to sell it. It is currently uninhabited, which means that there is nobody living on the island.
The island is named after Captain James Johnston, who discovered it in 1807. The island was mined for guano until 1890. After that, it was used as an army base.
Now, it is a wildlife refuge. That means people are not allowed to live on the island, only animals are.

Llama
A Llama ("Lama glama") is a mammal of the "Camelidae" family. It is from South America, the Andes Mountains of Peru and Ecuador.
Sometimes the name "llama" is used for all four South American camelids.
Llama and humans.
The llama was domesticated about 5000 years ago. It was and is used for carrying things, and for wool. The llama was very important for the Incan people. Even today, llamas are used for similar reasons, but will more commonly be found to be domesticated pets. The llama's close relative is the alpaca, who is a more demure, petite animal in comparison to the llama. Llamas have two related cousins,alpaca and the vicuna.

Garbage
Garbage is what someone leaves behind that they do not want to use anymore. It can also be called waste or rubbish. A definition of garbage is anything left behind at a place where you used to be, but are not anymore. In modern homes and businesses, however, garbage is normally separated and put where it can be collected and taken to a place designed to hold ("landfill"), burn ("incinerate")), or recycle garbage.

Mexican-American War
The Mexican-American War took place between 1846 and 1848 between the United States of America and Mexico.
Fighting.
It is not known whether the United States or Mexico started the war. It is also not known on which side of the Rio Grande the fighting started. Both sides said that they were attacked first. Mexico said that US troops had crossed the Rio Grande and were in Mexican territory when the US troops then shot at Mexican troops. Regardless, a formal war soon followed.
In addition to small units sent to California and New Mexico, the United States sent two major armies into Mexico under the commands of General Winfield Scott and future President of the United States General Zachary Taylor.
Peace and aftermath.
The war ended with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848. The treaty gave a lot of Mexican territory to the United States. Out of this land, the United States would create many states, including California, Arizona, and Utah. In return, Mexico received 15 million dollars.
The slavery debate in the United States became more intense with the addition of the new territory and the question of whether slavery would be legal in these new territories. Also, many of the officers who would lead troops in the American Civil War fought in the war and would use their experiences in the coming Civil War.

European Revolutions of 1848
The European Revolutions of 1848 were a series of revolts in Europe. In some places they are called Spring of Nations or the Year of Revolution.
These revolutions started in February with the French Revolution of 1848, continued in March with several other revolutions amongst them the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 and the Revolutions of 1848 in the German states.
The people of the countries tried to take over their governments.

Edvard Grieg
Edvard Grieg (born 15 June 1843 Bergen, Norway; died 4 September 1907) was a Norwegian composer and pianist who composed in the Romantic period. He is Norway’s most famous composer. He is best known for his Piano Concerto in A minor and for his incidental music to Henrik Ibsen's play "Peer Gynt" which includes movements called "Aubade" and "In the Hall of the Mountain King". He was usually at his best when writing shorter pieces, such as the collection of piano pieces called "Lyric Pieces". He also wrote some very lovely songs to Norwegian and to German words.
Early Life.
Grieg was born in Bergen on 15 June 1843. His ancestors were Scottish people who had moved to Norway around 1770. The original family name was spelt "Greig".
Grieg came from a musical home. His mother was his first piano teacher. He went to several schools, and started composing when he was young. He used to take his compositions to school, but the teacher did not show much interest in them.
In the summer of 1858 Grieg met the great Norwegian violinist Ole Bull, who was a friend of the family, and whose brother was married to Grieg's aunt. Bull noticed the 15-year-old boy's talent and persuaded his parents to let him go to Leipzig in Germany to study music.
Grieg enrolled in the conservatory, concentrating on the piano, and enjoyed all the concerts and recitals given in Leipzig. He did not like the discipline of the conservatory course of study, but he still got very good grades. The first piano recital he gave was in Sweden. In 1862 he finished his studies in Leipzig and went back to Bergen where he gave another recital.
In 1863 Grieg went to Copenhagen, Denmark, and stayed there for three years. He met the Danish composers J. P. E. Hartman, and Niels Gade. Gade told him to go and write a symphony. Grieg did not feel happy writing a long symphony although he did try. He also met the Norwegian composer Rikard Nordraak who had composed the Norwegian national anthem. Nordraak showed Grieg how wonderful Norwegian folk music was. Grieg had hardly heard any Norwegian folk music until then. When Nordraak died, Grieg composed a funeral march in his honour.
Mature years.
On 11 June 1867, Grieg married his first cousin Nina. The next year their only child, Alexandra, was born. The following summer, Grieg wrote his Piano Concerto in A minor while on holiday in Denmark. Edmund Neupert gave the concerto its first performance on 3 April 1869 in the Casino Theater in Copenhagen. Grieg himself was unable to be there because he was conducting in Christiana (now called “Oslo”).
In 1870 he met Franz Liszt in Rome. Liszt had made it possible for Grieg to get a travel grant. They played Grieg's Violin Sonata No. 1 together, which Liszt liked very much.. On a second visit, in April, Grieg brought with him the manuscript of his Piano Concerto which Liszt played by sight. Liszt gave him some advice about the orchestration.
In the summer of 1869, Grieg's daughter Alexandra became ill and died, at the age of 13 months.
Grieg spent most of his time conducting and playing the piano in concerts. He often travelled, and in 1876 he went to Bayreuth to hear the first performance of Wagner’s Ring cycle. He wrote a review of the operas for a Norwegian newspaper.
In 1876, Ibsen asked Grieg to write some incidental music for the first performance of the play he had written about the Norwegian hero Peer Gynt. Many of the pieces from this work became very popular. They are played by orchestras as well as in arrangements for piano or for piano duet.
Later life.
In 1883 he and wife parted for a while, although friends managed to persuade the couple to come together again and they spent four months in Rome. They built a house called Troldhaugen in Bergen, with a view of the fjord. They moved into the house in 1885 and Grieg lived there for the rest of his life. They continued to travel and give concerts. Nina had a good voice and sang her husband’s songs. Grieg only performed his own works at concerts. During his last years he received many honours.
In his later life Grieg became famous, although never rich. The Norwegian government gave him a pension. Grieg made some recordings of his piano pieces. These are some of the very first gramophone recordings that were made. The sound is not very good, but they show that Grieg was an excellent pianist. He also recorded music rolls on a pianola.
Edvard Grieg died in the autumn of 1907, aged 64, after a long illness. He had suffered from respiratory problems ever since he was very ill in 1860 as a student in Leipzig. At his funeral thousands of people went out on the streets of his home town to honour him. Following his wish, his own funeral march for Rikard Nordraak was played, as well as the funeral march by Frederic Chopin. His and his wife's ashes are buried in a mountain crypt near his house, Troldhaugen.
Music.
Grieg was often inspired by Norwegian folk music. This can be heard in his songs and some of his instrumental music. His chamber music includes 3 violin sonatas and a cello sonata as well as a piano sonata and many shorter piano pieces. However, he has become very well known all over the world through his Piano Concerto and his music for "Peer Gynt". Another popular work is his "Holberg Suite" which was originally written for the piano but later arranged for string orchestra.
Trivia.
The famous opening of Grieg’s Piano Concerto featured in a comedy sketch by Morecambe and Wise in the 1970s. The conductor André Previn was their special guest in the sketch which has become a classic.

Palmyra Atoll
Palmyra Atoll is an island in the North Pacific Ocean. No one lives there. It is managed as a nature reserve by the United States. It is known as the "Palmyra Atoll National Wildlife Refuge".
In 2005, a team of scientists from all over the world started to build a research station on the island. They wanted to study the environment of the island.

Kingman Reef
Kingman Reef is a coral reef in the North Pacific Ocean, owned by the United States. It is owned directly by the federal government. There is no local government.
It is the farthest north of the Northern Line Islands. It is only sometimes above water, and it is uninhabited (no one lives there).
Palmyra Atoll is the other U.S. territory in the Northern Line Islands.

Jarvis Island
Jarvis Island is an island owned by the United States. It is "uninhabited", which means that nobody lives there. The small island is a part of the United States Minor Outlying Islands, a group of uninhabited islands.
Jarvis Island was officially made part of the United States in 1858. People used to mine guano there, but they then abandoned it. The United States treats it as a nature reserve.

Robert E. Lee
Robert E. Lee was a Confederate States of America army general. He led the Army of Northern Virginia during the American Civil War, and is still considered one of America's greatest generals. He started out as a engineer but then moved up the ranks.

Isaiah
Isaiah is a prophet of God, who prophesied from about 740-681 B.C. The name Isaiah means "the Lord saves". Isaiah is also the name of a book in the Old Testament, which tells the story of Israel in his time. Jesus was born hundreds of years later in 4 B.C, but still Isaiah predicted in this book, his birth and then death.
Assyria destroyed Israel at around 722 B.C and attacked Judah around 701 B.C.

Leopold Poetsch
Leopold Poetsch was a German professor and a high school teacher of Adolf Hitler who influenced the future leader's later views.
Poetsch came from the southern German border area. There, political fights between Slavs and ethnic Germans angered him and made him one who was for the Pan-German movement. He started to teach in Maribor, Slovenia and later moved to Linz, Austria to teach history.
Hitler was very interested in what Poetsch said. Poetsch hated the Habsburgs and argued that all ethnic Germans should be united by a single government. He said that the Aryan race was stronger, in better health, and more fit to rule than all other people. Poetsch said that Jews and Slavs were what he called "inferior races". (This view was held a lot in Germany after World War I.)
Hitler began reading an anti-Semitic newspaper in his area. In his later years, Hitler spoke of Poetsch as a "great man." As dictator of Germany, Hitler tried to get all German-speaking people together and persecuted Slavs, Jews, Gypsies, and others. Hitler later tried to kill them all in the "Final Solution."

Armenian Genocide
The Armenian Genocide was the forcible deportation and massacring of Armenians during the government of the Young Turks from 1915 to 1917 in the Ottoman Empire.
Planning.
In November 1914, the Ottoman Empire went into the World War I on the side of the Central Powers. İsmail Enver, was now the Minister of War, he launched a disastrous military campaign against Russian forces in the Caucasus in hopes of capturing the city of Baku. His forces were routed at the Battle of Sarikamis, and many more of his men froze to death.
The Ottoman government, moving quickly, arrested an estimated 250 Armenian intellectuals on the night of 24 April 1915.
The Turkish massacres of Armenians in 1894, 1895, 1896, and 1909 were still fresh in their minds.

Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom is the highest elected office in the United Kingdom. The current Prime Minister is Gordon Brown.
The Prime Minister is the leader of the political party which wins most seats in the House of Commons. Voters vote for their own local MP, not for the Prime Minister.
The first Prime Minister was Robert Walpole in the eighteenth century, but he was known as the First Lord of the Treasury. The first person to be officially called "Prime Minister" was Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman in 1905.
Other well-known prime ministers include Winston Churchill, Margaret Thatcher and Tony Blair.

River Forth
The River Forth is a river in Scotland. It flows through the city of Edinburgh, and it flows into the sea.

Alejandro Toledo
Alejandro Toledo is the current president of Peru. He won the 2001 election for President.
He is from the town of Chimbote in Ancash Region, Peru. He is married to Eliane Karp of Belgium.

Inuktitut
Inuktitut is a language of the Arctic, spoken by Inuits in Canada and in Greenland. Inuktitut is a very complex language. It is an official language in Nunavut and the Northwest Territories.
The Inuit write Inuktitut in two ways. One way to write Inuktitut is by using the Roman alphabet. The other way to write Inuktitut is by using an abugida, which is a kind of alphabet which has letters based on syllables.
The uses a small part of the Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics, a set of letters made up for writing down many of the languages of the First Nations people in Canada.
Some words in English come from Inuktitut or another Inuit language. Among them are the words anorak, igloo, and kayak.

Fall Out Boy
Fall Out Boy (often shortened to FOB) is a popular band from Chicago, Illinois, USA. The members are Pete Wentz (bassist), Patrick Stump (vocals), Andy Hurley (drums), and Joe Trohman (guitar). They have written successful songs, including "Thnks fr the Mmrs", "Sugar, We're Goin' Down" and "Dance, Dance". They belong to the pop-punk style, or genre, of music.
"Sugar, We're Goin' Down" was the first single from their album "From Under the Cork Tree". It has peaked at number eight on the Billboard charts. The second single was "Dance, Dance" which picked up major airplay in the U.S. The third single was "A Little Less Sixteen Candles, a Little More Touch Me."
Their third album is "Infinity On High". Two songs from the album were very popular across the world. They are "This Ain't a Scene, It's an Arms Race" and "Thnks fr th Mmrs". The second song's title is "Thanks for the Memories" without the vowel letters. The third single from "Infinity on High" is called "The Take Over, The Breaks Over". The fourth is "I'm Like a Lawyer With the Way I'm Always Trying to Get You Off (Me & You)". The album have 5 singles if counted the digital single "The Carpal Tunnel of Love".
Their fourth, and most recent album is Folie à Deux, which will be released on December 16, 2008. I Don't Care was the first song released from the album.

Greek alphabet
The Greek alphabet is thought to be where all important European alphabets came from. Although the alphabet was borrowed from the Phoenicians around the 10th century BC, there were many changes made to make it fit the Greek language. The main change was that some of the Phoenician letters that were for sounds not used in Greek were turned into vowels. The Phoenicians had written their alphabet without any vowels, so this change made writing a lot easier to read. Another change is that some new letters were invented for sounds in Greek but not in Phoenician. At first, Greek was written from right to left, the same as Phoenician, but after the 6th century BC, it was written from left to right.
There were some differences in the early Greek alphabet depending on what part of the Greek world it was used in. The two main kinds were the eastern and western ones. But over time all Greeks started to use the same alphabet, especially after the Ionic alphabet of Miletus was officially adopted in Athens in 403 BC. A little later, the rest of Greece did the same, and by 350 BC, almost all Greeks were using the same twenty-four letter Greek alphabet. Around this time, Aristophanes of Byzantium invented the three accent marks: acute, grave, and circumflex, to mark the tone or pitch of Greek words.

Good Charlotte
Good Charlotte is an American rock-punk music band. They are from Waldorf, Maryland, in the United States. They have many popular songs, including "The Anthem", "Girls And Boys", and "Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous".
Their third album is unique. "The Chronicles of Life and Death" came in two different versions: the Life version, and the Death version. The only difference between them is the last song on the CD. The Life version has "Falling Away", and the Death version has "Meet My Maker".
The lead singer of the band is Joel Madden. His twin brother, Benji, is also in the band. But besides them, there is Billy (guitarist), Paul (bassist) and Dean (Drums).

Battle Creek, Michigan
Battle Creek is a city in western Michigan, USA. The headquarters of the Kellogg Cereal Company is located in this city.

Grand Rapids, Michigan
Grand Rapids is a large city in western Michigan, United States. Former American president Gerald Ford grew up in Grand Rapids. Grand Rapids is also the birthplace of Amway and the Meijer store chain.
Grand Rapids is the county seat of Kent County. It is the second largest city in the state, after Detroit. The third largest is Warren.
The city has many attractions, including the Frederik Meijer Gardens and Sculpture Park and John Ball Park, which is a zoo.

Evo Morales
Juan Evo Morales Aima (born October 26, 1959) is the President of Bolivia. He is an Aymara Native American, and is politically a leftist. He is the founder and leader of the Movement toward Socialism (or MAS) political party. "Movimiento al Socialismo" is its Spanish name. On January 22, 2006, he became President of Bolivia. His party has declared that he is the first indigenous person to be president of Bolivia. Not everyone believes this to be true because of his mestizo heritage and similar backgrounds of several past Bolivian presidents. Nonetheless, he is likely the first "culturally" indigenous president of Bolivia.

Lake Titicaca
Lake Titicaca is located between Peru and Bolivia. It is the highest navigable lake in the world. It is the second largest in South America (after Maracaibo). It is at 3,809 meters above sea level. It covers an entire area of 8,300 square kilometers.

Howland Island
Howland Island is a small island in the north Pacific Ocean, just above the Equator. It is owned by the United States. The island is an animal refuge (no people can live there so that animals can be safe).
Weather.
Howland island is a very hot and sunny island with wind blowing almost all the time. It only rains every once in a while.
Location.
Howland Island is located at 0 48 N, 176 38 W

2005 Atlantic hurricane season
The 2005 Atlantic hurricane season was the time from June 1 to November 30, 2005 when hurricanes officially formed in the Atlantic Ocean. Storms sometimes form before and after these dates but most storms form during the season. Tropical Storm Zeta Zeta began on December 30 and ended on January 6 which is after the November 30 end of the season.
2005 broke many records set. There were 28 storms that were tropical storms and 15 that were hurricanes. For the first time ever storms were named by the Greek alphabet as the normal name list had been used up. The storm which caused the most damage was Hurricane Katrina, which hit New Orleans, USA, and killing over 1000 people. The strongest storm of the season was not Katrina, it was Hurricane Wilma. Wilma was the strongest hurricane ever in the Atlantic Ocean.
Storms.
There were also four storms in and around the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season that were not given any names: Tropical Depression Ten(10), Tropical Depression Nineteen(19), Subtropical Depression Twenty-two(22), and a subtropical storm that was not found until after it had happened. A subtropical cyclone is a storm that is not quite a tropical cyclone, but is more tropical than an extratropical cyclone.

Christian calendar
A Christian calendar can be any calendar used by various Christian Churches for the Church year, called "liturgical year". For example, it can be used to find out what day Easter will be on, even though it is not the same in every Church.
This should not be confused with the Gregorian calendar, a civil calendar that is used in many countries around the world.

Puberty
Puberty is the name for a process that turns children into adult humans. Puberty is started by hormones. Girls go through puberty from about age 10 to age 18, boys from about age 12 to age 20. Changes that happen to a teenager's body during puberty include the onset of menstruation, the penis enlarging, breasts growing, hair growing around the genitals, under the arms, on the face and on the legs. Some people get hair on their chest or their back. Other things that happen during puberty is the growth of the vocal chords. This means that the voice will get deeper. This effect is more marked with boys, but girls´voices also get a little deeper.
In both female and male adolescent there is significant mood however what degree of mood swing varies from individual to individual.

Bali tiger
The Bali tiger, or Balinese tiger ("Panthera tigris balica") is one of the three extinct sub-species of the tiger. They became extinct in 1937. They lived on Bali. This was the first sub-species of tiger to become extinct. It was also the smallest tiger sub-species. There is no record of a Balinese tiger ever being held in a zoo collection. The Balinese tiger's close sub-species were the Javan tiger and the Caspian tiger, which are now also extinct. The Balinese and Javan tigers were once the same, but during the Ice Age, Bali became isolated from Java by the Bali Strait. This split the tigers into two groups which then went onto develop alone. The killing of the very last wild Balinese tiger is usually thought to have been at Sumbar Kima, West Bali on 27 September, 1937. It was an adult tigress.

479 BC
479 BC is a year in the 5th century BC.

1202
1202 is a year in the 13th century.

Sitting Bull
Sitting Bull (about 1831 - December 15, 1890), real name Tatanka Yotanka, was the chief of a Native American tribe called Hunkpapa-Lakota-Sioux. At the age of about 14, Slow participated in a war party against the Crow(warriors).
He was a very important chief and fought for the freedom for Native Americans. He fought with Crazy Horse and Big Foot at the Little Bighorn River against General George A. Custer and won.

Michelle Kwan
Michelle Kwan (born July 7, 1980) is an American figure skater. She has won five world championships and nine U.S. championships.
Birth and childhood.
She was born in Torrance, California. She was named after the Beatles song "Michelle." She began figure skating when she was five years old. When she was 12 years old, she passed a test so that she could compete against adults. She grew up with one older brother, Ron, and one older sister, Karen. Karen was like a best friend to Michelle they did almost everything together
Junior world champion.
Kwan won the world junior championship in 1994. The same year, at the age of 13, she came in the top 10 in the world senior championship. She became world champion in 1996, when she was 15.

Frank Jack Fletcher
Frank Jack Fletcher (29 April 1885 - 25 April 1973) was an Admiral in the United States Navy. He was born at Marshalltown, Iowa, of the same family line as Captain Frank "Pat" Fletcher and of Rear Admiral Frank Friday Fletcher, noted men in the Navy. He attended the Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland and had jobs on many warships. In 1914 he got the Medal of Honor at Vera Cruz. Then he was in control of a destroyer in World War I received the Navy Cross. Later he took Naval and Army War College training, became chief of staff Asiatic Fleet, aide to Secretary of the Navy Swanson, and Commanding Officer of battleship "New Mexico." He became Rear Admiral in control of Cruiser Division 3 in 1939. He was Commander of Cruisers, Pacific Fleet at the time
of Pearl Harbor. In the very bad, first six months of the war, he was Task Force Commander at the Battle of Coral Sea, the Battle of Midway, and the Battle of Eastern Solomons. Vice Admiral Fletcher then became Commander North Pacific Forces where he took the surrender of the Imperial Northern Fleet. After the war he became Chairman of the Navy General Board till he retired. Admiral Fletcher rests at Arlington National Cemetery.
"Frank Jack Fletcher, was the best fighting commander in the U.S. Navy in the twentieth century. He came out best in all three aircraft carrier battles in which he fought -- there were only five such fights in of all history. Admiral Fletcher was outnumbered at all times and when the other side was at its highest point in the early years of the Pacific War. He didn't let the other side take Australia, Midway, and Guadalcanal. He put down six of the ten Japanese carriers with four of the six great carriers that had attacked Pearl Harbor. His acts were completely his own, because there was no such thing as carrier fighting experience before him to learn to fight ships from the air. He kept the Pacific safe which let much support to go to Europe and started the Allied victory in World War II."

Irina Slutskaya
Irina Slutskaya (ru: Ирина Слуцкая) (born February 9, 1979 in Moscow), is a Russian figure skater. She has won two world championships and six European championships.
Irina began skating when she was four years old. She has had the same coach, Zhanna Gromova, since she was six years old. By 1996, she was European champion and came third in the world championships (at age 17). She went to school at the Moscow Academy of Physical Culture, graduating in the year 2000.

Lu Chen
Lu Chen (Simplified Chinese: 陈露, Traditional Chinese: 陳露, Chen Lu in Chinese) (born November 24, 1976 in Changchun) is a Chinese figure skater. She was world champion in 1995.
Chen's mother played table tennis and her father coached ice hockey. She started skating at the age of five in Jilin, and also took ballet dancing. She won the bronze medal at the world junior championship in 1992, and came 3rd at the world senior championships the same year, at the age of 16.
Her nickname is "Lulu," and she is also known as "Butterfly on Ice." She is admired for her artistic ability.
Chen skated for the professional show "Stars on Ice" for two years. Now she runs an ice skating club in Shenzhen. This club is named after her.
Source.
"Figure Skating: A Celebration" by Beverly Smith

Oksana Baiul
Oksana Baiul (born November 16, 1977 in Dnipropetrovs'k) is a Ukrainian figure skater. She came first at the 1993 world championships and at the 1994 winter olympics.
Baiul's grandfather gave her first skates to her when she was three years old. When her mother died, she became an orphan (had no parents). But she kept skating, and won the world championships when she was only 15 years old. She became famous for her artistic ability when she skated as "the swan" to win the Olympics when she was 16.
She has skated for many professional shows such as "Champions on Ice" and "Stars on Ice". A T.V. movie was made about her - "A Promise Kept: The Oksana Baiul Story". She now lives in New Jersey. She still skates professionally, and also makes figure skating clothes.

Hobo
A hobo is slang term for a poor homeless person who travels to different cities and towns to look for work. Hobos usually travel by train hopping (riding in empty train freight rail cars without paying for a ticket). Hobos camp in simple shelters in impoverished shanty towns near the rail yards. There were many hobos, and hobo camps (called "Hooverville"s) during the Great Depression in the United States. Many people lost their jobs and became homeless during this time.Hobos are people how have holes in their clothes too.

Wicca
Wicca is a religion. It is believed to be based upon the beliefs of ancient peoples who lived in the UK before they all joined the religion of Christianity, but a lot of it was created in the 1940s by a man named Gerald Gardner. The word "wicca" means "witch" in Old English.
The people who practice this religion are called Wiccans. They believe in a God and a Goddess, and they practice a kind of magic. Wiccans have eight big holidays each year, called sabbats. A group of Wiccans who worship and do magic together is a coven. Wiccans often call themselves witches, but not all witches are Wiccan.
Beliefs and practices.
There are a lot of different kinds of Wiccans. Different kinds of Wiccans do different things, but most of them believe in these rules.
God and Goddess.
Most Wiccans believe in a God and a Goddess. Each of these has many different names, which were the original names of ancient gods and goddesses like Athena, Brigid and Isis.
There are some Wiccans, called Dianics, who also believe there is both a Goddess and God but choose to work with only the Goddess.
Magic or magick.
Many Wiccans do magic. Some of them call it "magick," because the K at the end helps them tell which magic is real and which is imaginary (like in a story or "magic tricks" done as a funny show). The use of the spelling "magick" came from the author and occultist Aleister Crowley, whose ideas were influential to the formation of Wicca. They ask their God and Goddess to help change their lives, or the lives of other people. Wiccans say prayers and poems out loud to do magic, or they might burn a candle or some incense. This magic is often called witchcraft, but a person can do witchcraft without being Wiccan.
Altars.
Some Wiccans also put other things on their altars. They might put a statue of their favourite God or Goddess, or a bell, or some candles.
Rules.
One of the most important Wiccan rules is called the "Rede". The word rede means advice. "An harm ye none, do what ye will." This means, "Do what you want to do, but do not harm". The meaning is to think about how your actions will affect not only yourself but the world around you

Indo-Chinese tiger
The Indo-Chinese tiger ("Panthera tigris corbetti") was after the Bengal tiger the subspecies of the Tiger with the most animals, between 1200 and 1800. They are 280 cm in length and 180 kilo in weight. In 2005 is a new subspecies of the tiger discovered, the Malayan tiger. First they thought that they where Indo-Chinese tigers but now it has a own subspecies. Now there are between 500 - 700 animals left, the other animals are Malayan tigers.

Office
An office is a room where people work. Usually works like writing, reading and bookkeeping are done there. There are offices for only one or two people but there are also large offices where many people work, for example, call-centers.

Phenomenon
A phenomenon (Greek: ", pl. ") is an observable event or, quite literally, something that can be seen.
It comes from the noun ("phainomenon, df. appearance") and is also related to the verb ("phainein, df. to show"). Its plural is phenomena. Its antonym is "lathomenon", meaning "something lying beneath the surface".
General sense and use.
In general, apart from its original use as a term in philosophy, "phenomenon" stands for any observable event. Some events are easy to observe, others need scientific experiments that make observation possible.
Phenomenon can also mean a "surprising development" or "unusually successful person".

Konstantin Chernenko
Konstantin Ustinovich Chernenko (Russian language: Константи́н Усти́нович Черне́нко September 24, 1911 – March 10, 1985) was the leader of the Soviet Union for a very short time. He became the leader in 1984, and ruled for 13 months until his death in 1985.

Shetland Sheepdog
A Shetland Sheepdog is a kind of small dog whose ancestors came from the Shetland Islands. Many people call them "Shelties". They are popular pets in many countries. Shelties are a working dog and are used for herding.
A Sheltie can have several colors in it's coat. Most shelties are sable and white (brown and white) or tri-color (black, white and tan). Their fur is long and they shed twice a year. Shelties range in size from 13 to 16 inches. Shelties are very energetic dogs that run and bark a lot. They are great with children. Shelties rank in the top ten smartest dogs. They learn new things very quickly and remember them well. Shelties make great family pets as long as you don't mind a dog that barks.

Belief
A belief is a firm thought that something is true.
It can be in thinking something will happen. For example "I believe amy will come around today" or it can be used in context of religion such as "I believe Jesus died for us all"
Belief sometimes goes together with Doubt but shouldn't be confused. Both feelings are not completely sure, but belief is stronger.

German Shepherd Dog
A German Shepherd Dog is a breed of dog that was first bred in Germany. They are sometimes called Alsatians because they come from an area called Alsace. They are often used as police dogs, though they have many other uses. They have been used as herding dogs, guard dogs, and as pets, to name a few.
An important modern use is the dog's ability to perform search and rescue. The American Rescue Dog Association only uses air-scenting German Shepherd Dogs to locate missing persons in wilderness, disaster, human remains and water search and rescue/recovery missions. The breed is naturally athletic, tolerates a wide variety of climate conditions, consistently ranks in the top 5 smartest breeds, and works well among the confusion of other dogs and their handlers.
The term Alsatian instead of German Shepherd was first popularly used by the British in the First World War because the country was at war with Germany.

Church of the SubGenius
The Church of the SubGenius is a religion founded by the J.R. "Bob" Dobbs. Originally based in Dallas, Texas, now based in Cleveland Heights, Ohio. The Church of the Subgenius has a large following of Yetisyny and Bobbies.
It was founded by J R "Bob" Dobbs, the self anointed "Saint of Sales". In 1953 "Bob" was fixing his TV which he made, and JHVH-1 Space God put knowledge of Slack and other stuff into "Bob"'s head so he could save the Abnormals, known in the church as "SubGenii" or "Yetinsyny", from being hurt on X-day (July 5, 1998), by making the X-ists let us go on their pleasure saucers while they destroy the world.

Terry Bradshaw
Terry Bradshaw was an American athlete and sports presenter. He was born September 2, 1948 in Shreveport, Louisiana. Bradshaw was a former quarterback with the Pittsburgh Steelers in the National Football League, and a television and American football host. Over six years, he won four Super Bowl titles with Pittsburgh (1975, 1976, 1979 and 1980). He went into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1989.

Squid
The squid is an invertebrate animal that lives in the ocean. Squid are hunted by some whales, most notably the Orca Whale. Squid, like cuttlefish, have eight arms and two tentacles arranged in pairs.
Characteristics.
Squids have several species, but they have some common characteristics. For instance, all squids have tentacles with suckers, a mouth with a radula, and jet propulsion with the siphon from the mantle. The radulla is a scraping organ in the mouth that scrapes nutrients from food sources. Tentacles are long extensions of specialized tissues from the body that are used for locomotive power and capturing food sources. All squids are carnivores; they eat other animals, not plants.
Family.
Squids belong to Phylum Mollusca, Class Cephalopoda, which is considered to contain some of the most intelligent invertebrate species. Squids have a cephalized structure, which concentrates sensory organs and complex brains into the anterior end, also known as the head. Although the squids and other cephalopods lack exterior shells and other characteristics of mollusks, they have vestiges of the shell.
Giant squids.
Giant squids are large squids of the genus Architeuthis. Giant squids are extremely rare. They have once been part of whaler myth, although in 2006, a fishing expedition from Japan captured and killed a giant squid exceeding lengths of 18 meters.
History.
The largest squid to survive on land is currently being given a pseudonym. This squid currently resides in Mount Erebus. It has so far escaped detection from oceanographers by living in a shack and transplanting vertebrae into its body. The internal shell present in the body has been naturally selected to first become a dorsal, hollow notochord. Also the tentacles have turned into a vestigial post-anal tail and vestigial pharyngeal slits. Scientists that have remotely studied this squid have found that its brain is highly complex and it has a four chambered heart.

Giant squid
The giant squid is the biggest kind of squid in the world. Until 2005, nobody had ever seen a giant squid that was alive. Only dead giant squids had been found. In September 2005, scientists from Japan made videos of real living giant squids. Giant squids can grow to be up to 44 feet long (13 meters). Female (girl) giant squids are bigger than male (boy) giant squids.

Googol
The word googol was first used by Milton Sirotta, nephew of U.S. mathematician Edward Kasner. Sirotta made this word in 1938, for the number represented by the numeral 1 followed by 100 zeros. It is said that the word "googol" was chosen to represent this number because it sounded like baby talk.
A googol is 10100 (or 10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000).

National Football League
The National Football League (also called the NFL) is an American football league. There are 32 teams in the league. The league is a professional league, which means that the players are paid to play and that it is their job. A league is a competition between a number of teams. The teams play other teams, and the results are used to list the teams in order of who is best. The team at the top of the list (called a league table) is the best team and the team at the bottom is the worst team.
History of NFL.
In 1920, an American football league was formed. It was called the American Professional Football Association. In 1921 they changed their name to the National Football League. In 1960 another league was formed, called the American Football League. In 1970 the National Football League and the American Football League joined together so that the teams from each league could play each other. The league called the National Football League changed its name to the National Football Conference (usually called the NFC) and the league called the American Football League changed its name to the American Football Conference (usually called the AFC). The two conferences together are now called the National Football League or usually called bye the acronym NFL.
Flexible-scheduling.
Since the 2006 season, the NFL has used a "flexible-scheduling" system for the last seven weeks of the regular season where there is a Sunday night game. The system is designed so that the league has the flexibility in selecting games to air on Sunday night that will feature the current hottest, streaking teams.
Under the system, all Sunday games in the affected weeks will tentatively have the "early" start time of 1 p.m. ET/10 a.m. PT, except those played in the Pacific or Mountain time zones, which will have the tentative start time of 4 p.m. ET/1 p.m. PT. On the Tuesday 12 days before the games, the league will move one game to the prime-time slot, and possibly move one or more 1 p.m. slotted games to the 4 p.m. slot. During the last week of the season, the league could re-schedule games as late as six days before the contests so that as many of the television networks as possible will be able to broadcast a game that has playoff implications.
Playoffs.
At the end of every NFL season, the eight teams that finish the season at the top of their leagues and two teams from each conference that were the best teams apart from the eight league winners (these four teams are called Wild Cards) enter a competition to see who is the best team in the whole league. This is called the Playoffs. There are a total of 12 teams in the Playoffs, six from the NFC and six from the AFC. The six teams in each conference are listed in order of how well they played in the season. This is called seeding and it is done to make it easier for the better teams to win. The teams that did not win their leagues (the Wild Cards) are always the fifth and sixth seeds in the list, even if they were better than a team that won a different league.
Wild Card games.
In the first part of the playoffs (called Wild Card Weekend) there are four games.
The teams that lose these games are not in the playoffs competition any more. Now there are only 8 teams left.
Division playoffs.
In the second part of the playoffs (called the Divisional Playoffs) there are four games.
The teams that lose these games are not in the playoffs competition any more. Now there are only 4 teams left.
Conference championships.
In the third part of the playoffs (called the Conference Championship Games) there are two games.
Super Bowl.
The last part of the playoffs is called the Super Bowl. The AFC Champion and the NFC Champion teams play each other to decide who is the best team in the NFL.

Super Bowl
The Super Bowl is a special football game played every year at the end of the NFL season. The best team from each of the two NFL conferences play for the Vince Lombardi Trophy, which was named after the first coach to win a Super Bowl. For most football fans, it is a very special event. People who do not like football still watch it for the commercials and the half-time show. The San Francisco 49ers, Dallas Cowboys and the Pittsburgh Steelers currently are tied for most Super Bowl wins with 5. The teams Arizona Cardinals, Cleveland Browns, Detroit Lions, Houston Texans, Jacksonville Jaguars, and New Orleans Saints have not appeared in a Super Bowl ever. The Kansas City Chiefs and New York Jets have not appeared in the Super Bowl since the merger in 1970.

We Will Rock You
"We Will Rock You" is a song by Queen. It is one of their most famous, used at a lot of sport events. The main song has the band stamping their feet twice, and clapping once. At the end, a short guitar part is played.

Lagos
Lagos is the largest city in Nigeria in West Africa with more than 10 million people. There is about 12.5 million to 18 million people living in Lagos which makes it one of the biggest cities in Africa. This includes the greater Lagos area and other smaller cities like Surulere, Agege, Ikeja, Ikorodu, Ajegunle, Oshodi, Maryland.
Lagos was the capital of Nigeria until 1992, when the capital was moved to Abuja. Lagos still acts as the commercial capital of Nigeria and a gateway to West Africa.

Infinitive
An infinitive is a special type of a verb. It has no person, no number, no mood and no tense.
After a modal verb you must use an infinitive. For example: "I must go", "he must go" ("he must goes" is not correct)
In German, the infinitives end with "-en", "-eln" or "-ern". There are 2 exceptions - "sein" (to be) and "tun" (to do).
In Esperanto, the infinitives end with "-i", for example "dormi" (to sleep)
1. simple infinitive e.g. to write
2. continuous infinitive e.g. to be working
3. perfect infinitive e.g. to have written
4. prefect continuous infinitive e.g. to have been working
5. passive infinitive e.g. to be written
6. passive perfect infinitive e.g. to have been written

Real number
A real number ℝ is a rational or irrational number. Usually when people say "number" they mean "real number". There are also numbers which are not real. Those are called complex numbers.
Some real numbers are positive. A positive number is bigger than zero. If a positive number is added to another number, that number gets bigger. Zero is also a real number. If zero is added to a number, that number does not change.
There are also negative real numbers. They are smaller than zero. If a negative number is added to another number, that number gets smaller. This is called "subtraction".
The real numbers are infinite. That means that there is no first or last real number. No matter how many real numbers are counted, the last one will never be reached.
The real numbers are continuous. That means that if two different real numbers are taken, there will always be another one in between them, no matter how close together the two numbers are. This makes the real numbers special. There are more real numbers than there are numbers that are not continuous, even though the numbers that are not continuous might be infinite, too.
Different types of real numbers.
The number 0 ("zero") is special. Sometimes it is taken as part of the group to be considered, and at other times it is not. It is the Identity element for addition and subtraction. That means that adding or subtracting zero does not change the original number. For multiplication and division, the identity element is 1.
One real number that is not rational is formula_1. This number is irrational. If a square is drawn with sides that are one unit long, the length of the line between its opposite corners will be formula_1.
Proof that the square root of 2 is not rational.
The number formula_1 is not rational. Here is the proof.
It is impossible that formula_1 is a rational number. So formula_1 is irrational.

Elvis Stojko
Elvis Stojko (born March 22, 1972 in Newmarket, Ontario) is a Canadian figure skater. He was world champion three times, and Canadian champion seven times.
Stojko was named after Elvis Presley, and sometimes skates to Presley's music. He grew up in Richmond Hill, Ontario. He started skating when he was four years old. He also became a black belt in karate (which has influenced some of his skating). Stojko was the first person to do a quadruple-triple jump combination. He became known for his athletic ability.
Today he is a professional skater, and also competes in karate.

Album
An album is a collection of sound recordings. It is usually made by a musician, and is sold in stores to people. Albums today come in the form of compact discs. Some musicians make albums on vinyl records that can be played on record players.
Types of albums.
There are two main types of albums, studio albums and live albums. Studio albums are recorded at a recording studio. Live albums are normally recorded while the musicians are performing for an audience. Live albums are usually recorded at concerts.
Tracks== .
Albums are normally separated into "Tracks". Each track is a part of the album which has one song in it. The term is often used to mean a specific song on the album by number. For example, the "forth track" or "track four" from an album is the forth song on the album when it is played from the beginning.

Nobel Prize in Chemistry
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry is awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. It awards people who have made progess in the scientific area of chemistry, those who have worked hard to learn more and have succeeded.
The Prize is given every year. It is just one of many Nobel Prizes. A famous winner of this prize was the winner from 1911: Marie Curie, who discovered radium with her husband Pierre.

Baker Island
Baker Island is a small coral island, or atoll, in the North Pacific Ocean. It is just above of the equator. It belongs of the United States. The United States Department of the Interior is in charge of the island, which is currently called the "Baker Island National Wildlife Refuge". No people can live on the island because it is for animals only.
The island has no trees. The island is surrounded by a coral reef, which makes the atoll hard to approach in a boat.

Hermaphrodite
In Biology, an organism that can produce both sperm and ova at the same time is called "Hermaphrodite". As an example, most earthworms are hermaphrodites.
Hermaphrodites are people who have both male and female sex parts. Another word for this is intersex. "Inter" means between, and "sex" refers to what sex parts a person has, so "intersex" means between male and female.
People who are intersex can look a lot of different ways. They may have a very small penis and no testicles, or a very small and short vagina and a large clitoris that looks like a penis. Sometimes when these people are born, it is hard for the doctor to tell by looking if the baby is a boy or a girl.
If a baby is born intersex, the parents can decide to have the baby get surgery, to make it look more like a boy or more like a girl. Some people think this is not a good idea, because the surgery can make it hard for the person to enjoy sexual intercourse when they are older. But others say that the baby's life will be too hard if it does not get surgery, because it will be different and other people might be mean to it.

Epididymis
The epididymis is the part of the human male reproductive system. It is the tube that holds the testicles in place. It stretches from the back of each testicle to the van deferens.
Parts.
The dinges is made up of tree partjes:D XD
Uses.
Sperm made in the testis go into the hair ("caput") of the epididymis, go through the body ("corpus") and stop at the tail ("cauda"), where they are stored. When sperm are first made and fly to the head, they are not yet ready to be ejaculated. They can't swim or fertilize an egg. By the time they reach the tail, the sperm can do all these things. Final development is finished in the female reproductive tract.
When the sperm are ejaculated, they move through the pee of the epididymis. There are so many spermatjes that they can't swim, but use peristalsis from muscles in the vas deferens dinges.
Disease.
An injury or infection of the epididymis causes epididymitis wtf?, a painful condition that can take months to heal. Sometimes the testicle has to be removed. There doesn't seem to be any single cause, or treatment for this condition. Some doctors treat it with antibiotics, some take a "wait and see" attitude. At times just one testicle is affected and at others, both.

Mammary gland
Mammary glands are the part of the female body designed for the making milk for baby mammals to drink. In humans they are often called breasts.

Kurt Browning
Kurt Browning (born June 18, 1966 in Rocky Mountain House, Alberta) is a Canadian figure skater. He won four world championships and four Canadian championships.
Browning did the first ever quadruple jump (four turns) in competition. He is well known for his footwork. As a professional, he has skated for Stars on Ice and Tom Collins Tour of Champions, won several professional championships, and did some T.V. skating specials. He has also talked during skating events on T.V. He has helped the charity Muscular Dystrophy.
Browning was raised in Caroline, Alberta. He married a dancer with the National Ballet of Canada, Sonia Rodriguez, in 1996. They have a son Gabriel, born in 2003.

Airbus
Airbus SAS is a aircraft manufacturer based in Toulouse, France. Airbus belongs to EADS (80%) and BAE Systems (20%). Airbus employs over 50,000 people all over the world, mainly in France, Germany, the United Kingdom and Spain.
Airbus's biggest competitor is Boeing and the two companies make most of the jet-engined airliners flying today.

Rapid City, South Dakota
Rapid City is the second-largest city in the U.S. state of South Dakota. It is in the western part of the state on the eastern edge of the Black Hills. Rapid City is the county seat of Pennington County.
It is a good starting point for the area around it, which is a tourist area. Local tourist sites include Mount Rushmore, the Black Hills, the Badlands, and Custer State Park.

Year without a Summer
The Year without a Summer was 1816. The year before that, in 1815, a volcano had erupted in the Dutch East Indies. The volcano's name was Mount Tambora. The ash from the eruption spread across the world. It darkened the sky, and made the temperature of the Earth colder.
In much of Europe and northern North America, summer never came. In New England and Germany, there were frozen lakes in the middle of June. Flowers never bloomed, and it was very cold.

Capitol building
A capitol building (or just capitol) is a building in a capital city. People who control government work there to make laws. The building may have many offices.
Some offices are for legislators, the people who make the laws.
Some offices are for people who enforce laws, for example a president or governor. These people lead all people, and help them obey the laws.
Sometimes, there are offices for judges, people who help all people understand the laws. These judges are very powerful. A group of these judges can be called a supreme court or superior court.
Buildings similar to capitols are in other places. A smaller government like one in a county can be in a court house. A city government can be in a city hall.

Jersey City, New Jersey
Jersey City is a city in the U.S. state of New Jersey, just across the Hudson River from New York City.

San Jose, California
San Jose is a city in Santa Clara County, California in the United States.

Venus, Texas
Venus, Texas is a town in the United States. Around 910 people live there (about 446 males and 464 females).

Evergreen, Colorado
Evergreen, Colorado is a community in the United States, about 30 miles from Denver, Colorado.

Queens
Queens is a borough of New York City and a county of New York State. It was named for Catherine of Braganza, the Queen of England and wife of King Charles II of England.
Geography.
About 1.9 million people live in Queens and it is the largest borough of New York in size. According to the United States census, Queens is the most ethnically diverse county in the USA. That means that it has the most people from different kinds of places, religions, and ethnic groups of any place in the USA. Large parts of Queens are urban and an equal part is suburban.
Transportation.
Queens is home to both of New York City's airports, LaGuardia Airport (LGA) and John F. Kennedy International Airport (JFK). Queens is connected to the Bronx by three bridges: the Bronx Whitestone Bridge, the Throgs Neck Bridge and the Triborough Bridge. It is connected to Manhattan by two bridges and one tunnel: the Triborough Bridge, the Queensboro Bridge, and the Queens Midtown Tunnel.
Many interstate highways cross Queens, including I-495 (the Long Island Expressway), I-278 (the Brooklyn-Queens Expressway), and I-678 (the Van Wyck Expressway, pronounced Van Wike). Important state highways in Queens include the Grand Central Parkway, which becomes the Northern State Parkway when it crosses the Queens border into Nassau County.
Many New York City Subway lines go through Queens. The most famous is the Flushing Line, the 7 Train, which has the nickname "International Express" because it goes through many neighborhoods where many immigrants live. Other subway lines in Queens include the A Train, C Train, E Train, F Train, G Train, J Train, M Train, N Train, R Train, V Train, W Train, and Z Train.
Queens has a very large bus system that goes to all parts of the borough. Some bus routes go to Brooklyn, Manhattan, or the Bronx.
The Long Island Rail Road also has many stations in Queens. The Port Washington Line crosses northern Queens. There are busy stations at Woodside, Queens, Forest Hills, and Flushing. The central depot and main station for the railroad is located in the neighborhood of Jamaica.
Sport & Recreation.
The New York Mets of the National League of Major League Baseball play in Shea Stadium in Queens. The U.S. Open, a famous and important tennis tournament, is played in Arthur Ashe Stadium in Flushing Meadows Park across from Shea Stadium.

Toller Cranston
Toller Cranston (born April 20, 1949 in Hamilton, Ontario) is a Canadian figure skater.
Cranston grew up in Kirkland Lake, Ontario. He was Canadian champion six times, and, despite never coming higher than third at a world championship, he came first in the free skate four times. He was well-respected for his artistic ability, and is recognized as someone who brought a new level of artistry to men's figure skating.
He skated as a professional for many years, choreographed (designed movement patterns for) skating routines, and was a commentator (talked about events) on T.V. during skating events. Today he is a painter; sometimes he paints about skating.

Montreal Canadiens
The Montreal Canadiens are an ice hockey team in the National Hockey League (NHL). Their nickname is the "Habs" (short for the French "habitants", meaning inhabitants - people who live in a certain place). They have won the Stanley Cup championship 24 times, more than any other team.
Origin.
The Canadiens (who use the French spelling of "Canadian") were formed in 1909, as part of the National Hockey Association.
Early games.
They won their first Stanley Cup in 1916, with star players such as Edouard "Newsy" Lalonde and goaltender Georges Vezina. The Canadiens joined the NHL in 1917; Canadien Joe Malone won the first NHL scoring title (Art Ross Trophy). They won the Cup again in 1924, with players such as Billy Boucher. Howie Morenz was a big star in the early years of the NHL. He was a great skater. Morenz won the Hart Trophy, as the league's top player, three times. Goalie George Hainsworth played at the same time, and along with others such as Aurel Joliat, they won the Stanley Cup in 1930 and 1931.
It took 13 years before they won the Cup again. A young Maurice "The Rocket" Richard, star goalie Bill Durnan,Hector "Toe" Blake, and Elmer Lach led the Canadiens to the cup again in 1944, as well as 1946. Richard scored 50 goals in a 50-game season in 1944-45. No one did that again for 36 years. He led the NHL in goals five times.
Later games.
The Canadiens became a very powerful team in the 1950's. Led by legendary center Jean Beliveau, Doug Harvey (who won seven Norris Trophies as best defence, six on Montreal), Bernie "Boom Boom" Geoffrion, Dickie Moore, Jacques Plante (who won seven Vezina Trophies for goalies), and Richard (along with his younger brother, Henri, the "Pocket Rocket"), the team won the Cup in 1953, and five times in a row, 1956 through 1960. They won again in 1965, 1966, 1968, and 1969.
New members.
New players led the team in the 1970's: Guy Lafleur, Ken Dryden, Bob Gainey, Larry Robinson, and Yvon Cournoyerled them to the cup in 1971, 1973, and four times in a row, 1976 through 1979. By 1979, they had won the Stanley Cup 16 times in 27 years.

Tyresta National Park
Tyresta National Park is a small national park in Sweden. It only has about 50 square kilometers (or 19 square miles) of land. It is located near the capital city of Stockholm. A large fire burned almost 10 percent of the park in 1999, but the animals and plants have come back and are now doing fine.

St. Basil's Cathedral
St. Basil's Cathedral is a very famous cathedral in Moscow, Russia. It is in the area called Red Square.
The cathedral is very magnificent. It has 8 distinctive onion-shaped towers. The building itself is made up of separate chapels. There is a ninth tower in the middle, forming an eight-point star. The Cathedral should not be mistaken for the Moscow Kremlin.

Newport
Newport is a city in the southeast of Wales, Great Britain. It is located in the county of Monmouthshire, and in the historic Welsh kingdom of Gwent. Its name in Welsh is Casnewydd. It is the third biggest city in Wales. Newport became a city in 2002. About 140,000 people live in Newport.
A few years ago, Newport had lots of people working in the steel factory and other heavy industries. This has changed, now many people work in electronics, such as making computers, phones and microchips.

Monmouthshire
Monmouthshire (Welsh: "Sir Fynwy") is a county in the south-east of Wales. From the end of the Middle Ages until the year 1974 Monmouthshire was a part of Wales for some things and a part of England for other things. Then in 1972 Parliament decided that it going to be in Wales from 1974 onwards.
The chief town in the area is Newport. Other important towns are Cwmbran, where the county council meets, Monmouth, the county town and Abergavenny.

Death grunt
A death grunt is when a singer uses a scream which is very low and deep. It is used in many types of music, but usually death metal. In many people's opinions, it is hard to understand the death grunt. However, some people who listen to them a lot think they are not so hard to understand.

Clique
A clique is a small group of people who like the same things. Sometimes, people use the word clique to talk about groups young people. The word is also used to talk about groups of adults, usually groups of politicians.
In a clique there are leaders and followers. A clique may also have people they do not like. Such people are called outcasts.

Goth subculture
A goth is a person who listens to gothic rock music. Goths often wear black clothes and unusual jewelry. Both goth men and goth women often wear make-up.
Goth came from the word "Gothic" which actually means "gloomy" or "dark". People who call themselves a Goth are those who live up the meaning of the name through anything that may represent death such as those with the color black, deathly white, bloody red.
Goth people also make and listen to "Goth music".
What another goth said about the above article.
"The goth subculture is a contemporary subculture found in many countries. It began in the United Kingdom during the early 1980s in the gothic rock scene, an offshoot of the post-punk genre. The goth subculture has survived much longer than others of the same era, and has continued to diversify. Its imagery and cultural proclivities indicate influences from nineteenth century Gothic literature, mainly through horror movies.
The goth subculture has associated tastes in music and fashion, whether or not all individuals who share those tastes are, in fact, members of the goth subculture. Gothic music encompasses a number of different styles. Common to all is a tendency towards a "dark" sound and outlook. Styles of dress within the subculture range from death rock, punk, androgynous, some Renaissance and Victorian style clothes, or combinations of the above, most often with black attire, makeup and hair."

Cigarette
Cigarettes can be any dried leaf rolled in thin paper to smoke, but the term is most often used to refer to the ones with dried tobacco leaves. The nicotine in the tobacco can be addictive to people. It makes people to want to smoke more even if they do not like the taste or its other effects. The smoke also includes other things that are bad for people's health. Many countries have laws saying who can smoke tobacco cigarettes and where they can smoke them. They can cause lung cancer and heart disease.

Gdańsk
Gdańsk is a city locate in the north of Poland, near the place where the Vistula river meets the Baltic Sea. It is Poland's 6th largest city (population of 500 000 people) and most important sea port.
It has existed since the 10th century and many times played a very important role in Poland's history (for example: this is where Solidarity, the movement which helped end Communist rule in Central and Eastern Europe, came to life).

Montserrat
Montserrat is a Caribbean island. It is an overseas territory of the United Kingdom. Montserrat got its name from Christopher Columbus in 1493. The governor of Montserrat is Deborah Barnes-Jones. The capital is officially Plymouth, but the government has moved to Brades after a volcano, Chances Peak, destroyed Plymouth in 1995.

Malawi
Malawi ("Republic of Malawi") is a country in south-east Africa. The neighbour countries are Tanzania, Zambia, and Mozambique. The capital of Malawi is Lilongwe and the spoken languages are English and the official language Chichewa. The total size is about 118480 km² and there are about 100 inhabitants per km².

Electromagnetic radiation
Electromagnetic waves are waves that travel at the speed of light. They contain an electric field and a magnetic field and carry different amounts of energy.
Quantum mechanics developed from the study of electromagnetic waves, which means visible light seen in the colors of the rainbow, but also other waves including the more energetic waves like ultraviolet light, x-rays, and gamma rays plus the waves with longer wavelengths including infrared waves, microwaves and radio waves. Sound waves do not travel at the speed of light.
Electromagnetic radiation can be harmful to your body because you get exposure to radiation.

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is an island nation in the Caribbean Sea. It is north of Trinidad and Tobago. Saint Vincent is the largest island, and the Grenadines are a group of smaller islands. The islands have many mountains. The big island, Saint Vincent, has a tall volcano, Soufrière, which is the highest point in the country.
The country speaks English as its official language. The capital is Kingstown, which is on Saint Vincent Island. The country belongs to the Commonwealth of Nations.
The current head of government is the Prime Minister, Ralph Gonsalves.

Adolph Rupp
Adolph Frederick Rupp (September 2, 1901-December 10, 1977) was one of the most successful college basketball coaches in history. He coached the University of Kentucky's basketball team from 1930 to 1972, 42 years. He helped the team win 4 national NCAA championships. Rupp Arena in Lexington, Kentucky is named after him.

Miami Dolphins
The Miami Dolphins is an American football club in the National Football League team based in Miami, Florida, USA. The Dolphins began playing in 1966 and in 1972 they had the only perfect season in NFL history and won a Super Bowl, with Bob Griese leading the team as quarterback. Another quarterback, Dan Marino, is a more recent famous player for this club.

Oksana Grishuk & Evgeny Platov
Oksana (Pasha) Grishuk (born March 17, 1972 in Odessa, Ukraine) and Evgeny Platov (born August 7, 1967, also in Odessa) were a Russian ice dancing couple, who won two Olympic gold medals and four world championships.
Grishuk began training in skating at the age of four. She moved to Moscow in 1986, and studied at the Sport University of Moscow from 1988 to 1992. Platov began skating when he was nine years old. He studied at the Physical Institute of Culture in Moscow.
After they won the gold medal in the 1998 Olympics in Nagano, Japan, Platov started skating as a professional with a different partner: Maya Usova. Grishuk then began skating professionally as a single woman. Platov retired from performing with Usova in 2002 and currently coaches at Princeton Sports Center in Princeton, New Jersey.

Tetris
"Tetris" is a video game where the goal is to drop blocks, called tetriminoes, down into a playing field to make lines. Tetriminoes are made of four connected squares each, and there are seven different shapes of tetriminoes. A player uses the tetrominoes to make unbroken lines of squares across the bin from left to right by stacking them in the playing field. When a player makes a line, it clears. After a clear, squares over that line fall. As play goes on, the tetrominoes fall faster. A player loses when the tetrominoes make it to the top of the playing field.
Tetris has appeared in many video game systems. It has become very common from back when Alexey Pazhitnov first made it in 1985.

Moldova
The Republic of Moldova is a country in Eastern Europe. The official language in Moldova is the Romanian language, only in Moldova it is called the "Moldovan language" by the government, and a different University decides the rules for the language. The capital of Moldova is Chişinău.

Polish language
Polish ("język polski", "polszczyzna") is the official language of Poland. It is the most widely spoken Western Slavic language and the second largest Slavic language after Russian. It is one of the most difficult languages to learn due to very complicated grammar.
In history, Polish was an important language in and. Today, Polish is spoken by over 38.5 million people as their first language in Poland. It is also spoken as a second language in western parts of Belarus, Lithuania, and Ukraine. Because of the from Poland during different time periods, millions of Polish speakers can be found in countries such as Australia, Canada, United Kingdom, United States, and so on. There are over 50 million Polish language speakers around the world.
Letters.
There are 9 letters in Polish which English doesn't have. They look like English letters with marks above or below them.
In lower case, the 9 letters are: ą ć ę ł ń ś ó ź ż
In upper case, the 9 letters are: Ą Ć Ę Ł Ń Ś Ó Ź Ż
There are 3 English letters which are not used in Polish: q, v, x.
There are 7 combinations of 2 letters which are like a single letter sound (similar to "th" or "qu" in English). These include "ch", "cz", "dz", "dź", "dż", "rz", "sz".
Sounds.
Many letters have the same sound in Polish and English, for instance "f", "m", and others. But other letters sound different, for instance Polish "w" sounds like an English "v", while Polish "ł" sounds like an English "w". There are also some Polish sounds which don't exist in English, and some English sounds which don't exist in Polish.
The vowels "ą" and "ę" are nasal, which means people pronounce them blowing air partly out of the nose as well as the mouth.
Most words are pronounced with an accent on the next-to-last syllable. For instance the Polish word "student" (which means the same as the English word) is pronounced with the accent on "stu" ("STU-dent"), while "studenci" (the plural form of "student") is pronounced with the accent on "den" (stu-DEN-ci).
Dialects.
The Polish language has several dialects, but less so than most European languages. There are small differences in "standard" Polish, but all speakers can understand one another, and non-native speakers often cannot notice the differences.
Grammar.
The grammar is complex, and has some features which do not appear in English.
Like many languages, Polish has grammatical gender. A table ("stół") is masculine, a book ("książka") is feminine, and a window ("okno") is neuter.
Nouns and adjectives and verbs have many endings, depending on their role in a sentence. There are 7 cases or roles which a noun can have in a Polish sentence, each with its own ending. The endings also depend on the gender of the noun.
Word order is more free in Polish, partly because the noun endings help people understand the role of the word. In English, "The boy bites the dog" is quite different from "The dog bites the boy", but in Polish people could use either order without confusion.
Basic Phrases.
Dzień dobry (Dz'ehn DOH-brih) - "Good morning" or "Good afternoon"
Dobry wieczór (DOH-brih v-YETCH-oor) - "Good evening"
Do widzenia (doh vee-DZEN-yah) - "Good bye"
Cześć! (tsheshch) - "Hi", "Hello!" or "Bye"
Tak (tahk) - "Yes" (in Polish people may not say long-short answers - like "Yes, I did" Tak is enough)
Nie (nyeh) - "No" or "Not" (in Polish people may not say long-short answers - like "No, I won't" Nie is enough)
Jak się masz? (yahk shyeh mahsh) - "How do you do?"
Jak się nazywasz? (YAHK sheng nahZYwash) or Jak masz na imię? (YAHK mahsh nah EE-myeng) - "What's your name?"
Nazywam się... (nah-ZIH-vahm sheng) or Mam na imię... (mahm nah EE-myeng) - "My name is..."
Nie mówię po polsku (nyeh MOW-vyeng poh POL-skoo) - "I don't speak Polish"
Lubię Cię (loo-bee-EH che) - "I like you"
Kocham Cię (ko-ham che) - "I love you"

Kryptos
Kryptos is the name of a sculpture (art that is like a statue) in Washington, D.C., USA. Kryptos is very famous. It has codes (secret hidden messages) on it. There are four messages. People know what three of the messages say. No one knows what the fourth message says yet.
A man named James Sanborn made Kryptos in 1990. Kryptos is in a garden in the middle of a building called CIA Headquarters.
Not very many people have seen Kryptos, because only a few people are allowed to go into the CIA building. They do very important work at the CIA, and have to be very careful.
The word Kryptos comes from the Greek language. It means "hidden".
The sculpture is about 12 feet high and 20 feet long. It is made of metal and different kinds of rocks. It has thousands of letters and other things written in the metal.
The first person to find out what the first three messages say, was James Gillogly. He learned the answers in 1999. After he said what the answer was, the CIA said that a man who works at the CIA, David Stein, knew the answer too. A few years later the NSA (another agency in Washington D.C.) said that they had people who had solved it too.
Before he made Kryptos, James Sanborn had not made any other sculptures with letters on them. After Kryptos he made many other sculptures with letters on them. Some of them have secret messages. One is called Antipodes. There are two copies of Antipodes. One belongs to a man in California. The other is in a museum in Washington DC called the Hirshhorn Museum.
Another sculpture that Sanborn made which has secret messages is called the Cyrillic Projector. It has secret messages in Russian. The Cyrillic Projector was independently cracked by Michael Bales and Frank Corr in 2003.
There is a famous book that talks about Kryptos. The book is called "The Da Vinci Code". The book was written by a man named Dan Brown. On the cover of the book is art. In the art there are secret messages. Two of the messages talk about Kryptos.

Lech Walesa
Lech Walesa (Polish: Lech Wałęsa (pronounced [lɛx vaˈwɛ̃sa]) (born September 29, 1943) was a Polish shipyard worker and a politician who used to be the leader of Solidarity and the President of Poland, he won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1983.

List of Dutch football teams
These are some Dutch football (soccer) teams.

Charles de Gaulle
General Charles-André-Joseph-Marie de Gaulle (November 22, 1890 - November 9, 1970) was a French military and political leader. He was president of France from 1959 to 1969.

Sumatran Tiger
The Sumatran tiger ("Panthera tigris sumatrae") is a subspecies of the Tiger that has only 500 individuals. They live in the Rainforests of Sumatra. It is the smallest subspecies of the tiger. They are 2.55 m in length and 100 kg in weight.

American Film Institute
The American Film Institute (AFI) is an independent, organization that is designed not to make money created by the National Endowment for the Arts, which was started in 1967 when President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities Act.
George Stevens, Jr. was the first CEO. Since 1980, Jean Picker Firstenberg has been CEO.
Older figures in AFI's Conservatory train newer people.
The institute also wants to keep old film, which could soon be destroyed.
Even though its name only mentions film, AFI also works on television and video.
In 1973, the AFI began handing out Life Achievement Awards.
In 1998, when American cinema had existed for 100 years, AFI began its 100 Years Series, which helped people become interested in the history of movies.
Recently, it built and started the AFI Silver theatre in Silver Spring, Maryland near Washington, D.C.

Fullback
A fullback or full back is the name of a defensive position in a football (soccer) game. A fullback is also an offensive position in American football that usually blocks for the quarterback or a running back.

Antonio Meucci
Antonio Meucci (Florence, April 13, 1808 – October 18, 1889) is an Italian born American inventor. He invented of one of the first types of telephone. In 2002, the United States House of Representatives ruled that he invented the first working telephone, although many people believe Alexander Graham Bell invented it.

8 Mile
"8 Mile" is a controversial film starring rap star Eminem from 2002.

African-American people
An African-American generally refers to a person who lives in America and speaks English, but whose ancestors were from Africa. It could also describe a first-generation African immigrant to America.
The term is usually associated with "black people". This is because of many African-Americans' dark skin. Many Africans were brought to the United States as slaves. A large amount of the U.S. population (especially in many urban or city areas) is African-American. Outside of urban areas, there is also a wide rural area from Maryland to East Texas that has a lot of African-Americans living there.
African-American as an Ethnicity.
African-American refers to a specific range of diverse cultures with a common thread of ethnic connection to Africa. This term was created to describe an ethnic/cultural link to Africa for people who are American, much as in the case of Italian Americans or Polish Americans. The difference is that Italian Americans and Polish Americans know they are Americans of Italian or Polish (not general European)descent.
The 'African' in African-American acknowledges the connection to a number of African cultures, not one in particular. The 'American' shows the nationality and culture of the United States. A person born in Nigeria is still Nigerian even if he or she comes to the United States and lives here for the rest of their life. If that person wants to say that they are an American citizen, they would simply say "I am an American citizen". His American-born children could correctly call themselves Nigerian-American OR African-American.
In the United States when Americans say African-American or Black, they are referring to the same people. Both terms describe an ethnic group that came to exist in the United States. The Africans who were brought to America as slaves were from different nationalities and did not all speak the same language. They became a new blended ethnic group with a new language that was not their own: English.
With their American born children came the first generation of English speaking African Americans. But this development was not the same all over the country. For example; even today the Gullah People of the Sea Islands off the Carolina and Georgia coasts still speak a language that is a blend of several African languages.They are the descendants of slaves from different countries in Africa.
In America, and from an American point of view, the term 'Black' is often applied to other ethnic groups throughout the worldwho do not necessarily see themselves as Black. African American culture was born in the United States and is distinct from any single African culture.
African-American is a term that many Black people chose to call themselves because they found the term "Negro" offensive. Negro was a label attached by someone else.
In America there are many immigrants of mixed race that includes African descent, like Cape Verdeans, Dominicans and Puerto Ricans. These groups, by and large, do not think of themselves as Black or African American and object to these labels.
Many mixed raced Americans also resist pressure to identify themselves as Black or White.
See Also.
African American Vernacular English

Pol Pot
Saloth Sar (better known as Pol Pot) (May 19, 1925 – April 15, 1998) was the Maoist-extremist leader of Cambodia/Kampuchea between 1975 and 1979. His government was called the Khmer Rouge. It was a military government. He turned Cambodia into a military dictatorship called Democratic Kampuchea. Between 1.7 and 3 million Cambodians were killed by his regime (a regime is a government based on a certain world view). He was not stopped until the Vietnamese Communists liberated Kampuchea in early 1979.

Urban
An urban area is an area where many people live and work close together, usually in a city. It is where buildings are close together. Urban is the opposite of rural, where small houses, farm land and nature are.

Sedan
In American English, a sedan is a car with a roof and four doors (two on each side). In British English it is usually called a saloon.

Convertible
A convertible is a car with a roof that can be removed or folded down. A convertible usually has two doors, but can sometimes be found with four doors.

Macy Gray
Macy Gray (born Natalie Renee McIntyre on September 9, 1970) is an American singer and actress. She started her career after moving to Los Angeles in 2000. Gray is best known for her 1999 single, "I Try", which came off of her first album, "On How Life Is".

Citizen Kane
"Citizen Kane" is a movie from 1941, starring the famous Orson Welles in his first full-length movie. There are rumours that the story of the movie is based on the life of famous business people William Randolph Hearst, Howard Hughes and Samuel Insull. Welles said that his character, Kane, is based on more than one famous person. In 1974's "F for Fake", he said that Kane was going to be based on Hughes, but he was later inspired by Hearst.
For this movie Orson Welles worked closely with his cinematographer Gregg Toland. The cinematographer is the person in charge of the camera and the lights. Together, they worked on a new style called "deep focus." Usually, if something close to the camera is in focus, something that is far away is out of focus. In the deep focus style, every object is in focus at the same time.
Its working title (the name of a movie used before it is finished) was "RKO 281".
Many have called "Citizen Kane" the best movie of all time. In 1998, it was number one on the American Film Institute's list of 100 Years... 100 Movies.
The movie in some ways is like 1933's "The Power and the Glory".
The last living crew member was director Robert Wise (also known for making 1965's "The Sound of Music"). He died on September 14, 2005.

Nobel Prize in Physics
The Nobel Prize in Physics is a Nobel Prize in the science of Physics.
See Also.
Nobel Prize

Dynamite
Dynamite is an explosive invented by Alfred Nobel.
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Oliver & Company
"Oliver & Company" is an animated movie, released in the United States by Walt Disney Pictures and Buena Vista Pictures on November 18, 1988. It is loosely based on Charles Dickens's book "Oliver Twist", which has been made many times for the screen and television.
The Story.
Oliver is an orange orphan cat lost in New York City, when a mongrel (dog of mixed breed), named Dodger, finds him. When Oliver gets some sausages for him (from a hot dog seller named Louie), Dodger leaves the cat behind and runs to the barge of his poor owner, Fagin the pickpocketer. Inside Fagin's barge are four other dogs, which he also owns: Tito the chihuahua, Einstein the Great Dane, Rita the afghan hound, and the serious bulldog Francis. When Oliver breaks in, those dogs (including Dodger) go into a fit of fighting and confusion over their visitor. After Fagin breaks it up, he goes outside on a quay, only to find out that he must pay his agent, Sykes, some money within three days. In order to get the money, Fagin, his dogs, and Oliver set out into the city streets the next day. While the poor man is unlucky trying to sell his useless stuff, the animals encounter a limosine that is driven by Winston, a butler. They put on an act to get his attention. In the end, Tito gets "barbecued" after interfering with the limosine's dashboard, and Jennifer finds the cat, who is tangled up in the wires nearby. Taking Oliver home at Fifth Avenue, she makes friends with him. Thus, the cat is lucky to be adopted twice in two days. The next morning, Fagin's dogs return in order to get Oliver back to their barge, much to the upset of Winston and his pet poodle, Georgette. But as they do so, Oliver feels he cannot fit in with his other friends. Yet he is Fagin's best hope, because of the gold tag on his collar. So he writes to the "Very Rich Cat Owner" at Oliver's address in hopes of getting Sykes' money faster. As Jenny reads that letter after she comes home from school, she and Georgette go to the docks to get Oliver. Jenny gets him back, thanks to Fagin, but then Sykes kidnaps her for the sake of the ransom that the pickpocketer has to pay in twelve hours. It is up to Fagin and his dogs to save both Jenny and Oliver from the wrath of Sykes and his Dobermans, Roscoe and DeSoto.

Vince Lombardi
Vincent Thomas Lombardi (June 11, 1913, in Brooklyn, New York, USA—September 3, 1970) was an American football coach that never had a losing season. Lombardi was named "NFL Man of the Decade" in the 1960s, and won five NFL championships, including winning the first two Super Bowls.
The yearly trophy given to the Super Bowl champion was renamed the "Vince Lombardi Trophy" ("right") in 1971, the same year Lombardi was named to the Pro Football Hall of Fame. He was head coach of the Green Bay Packers and the Washington Redskins.

Guano
Guano is the excrement (waste product) of bats and birds. It is often used as fertillizer, which makes plants grow more quickly.

Mircea Popa
Mircea Popa is a Romanian author who wrote the book "Reîntoarcerea la Ithaca. Scriitori români în exil" (English: "Return to Ithaca. Romanians Writers in Exile").
- 1960 – graduation from the Faculty of Philology, Babes Bolyai University
- 1963: Scientifiic Researcher II, Section: History of Literature, the Sextil Puscariu Institute of Linguistics and History of Literature, of the Romanian Academy, Cluj-Napoca;
- 1968 – 2004: Head of the History of Literature Section at the Sextil Puscariu Institute;
- 1991-1995: Professor at the Dimitrie Cantemir Universitaty in Targu Mures and Babes-Bolyai Universitaty in Cluj-Napoca;
- 1995 -: Professor at the Department of History of Romanian Literature at the 1 Decembrie 1918 University, Alba Iulia;
- 1996-: Associate Professor at the University of Oradea;
- 2005 -: Head of the Department of History of Romanian Literature, the 1 Decembrie 1918 University.
Domains of competence significant to the project
- Literary history, history of culture, history of books, history of libraries and printing, history of theatre, reception and translation of European literatures in Romania, comparative literature, literary lexicography, travel studies, imagology, research and teaching Romanian literature etc.
- Author and editor of more than 30 books, author of dictionaries and other collective volumes, author of more than 2500 studies and articles published in Romania and abroad (Israel, Bulgaria, Hungary, France, Germany, the Republic of Moldova, USA).
- Member of the Writers’ Union, Member of the International Association of Comparative Literature, Member of the Association of Friendship Romania – Israel, of the Association of Friendship Romania – Hungary (Pecs).
- President of the Civic Alliance, Cluj-Napoca (for 3 years), Vice-president of the Civic Alliance, Romania, President of the “Astra” Cultural Association, responsible for Literature Section of the Society for Philological Sciences;
- Member of the Scientific Board, 1 Decembrie 1918 University, Alba Iulia.
- Member of the editorial board of the following publications: Limba si Literatura, Revista de istorie si teorie literara (Bucuresti), Familia Romana (Oradea), Piata Literara, Astra Clujeana, Noesis (Cluj Napoca).
1. Dictionarul scriitorilor romani (Dictionary of the Romanian writers), vol. I-IV, 1994;
2. Aspecte si interferente iluministe (Enlightenmentapects and confluences), 1997;
3. Reintoarcerea la Ithaca (Back to Ithaca), 1998;
5. Timotei Cipariu – ipostazele enciclopedistului (Timotei Cipariu – hypostases of the encyclopedist), Bucuresti: Minerva, 1999, 973 – 21 – 0240 -3;
6. Estuar (Estuary), Bucuresti: Editura Didactica si Pedagogica, 1995, ISBN 973-30-4087-8;
7. Apropieri literare si culturale romano-maghiare (Romanian-Hungarian literary and cultural confluences), Colectia Akademos, Cluj-Napoca: Dacia, 1998 ISBN 978-973-35-0770-3;
8. Convergente europene (European convergences), Oradea: Cogito, 1999;
9. 100 – cei mai mari scriitori (100 – the greatest writers), 2002;
10. Dictionarul personajelor din teatrul lui Ion Luca Caragiale, 2002.
11. Insertii. Contributii si specificari documentare (Insertions. Documentary contributions and specifications), Cluj-Napoca: Casa Cartii de Stiinta, 2003;
12. Istoria presei romanesti (History of the Romanian press), 2003;
13. De la iluminism la pasoptism (From the Enlightenment to the 1948 Revolution), 2005;
14. Andrei Veress – un bibliograf maghiar prieten al romanilor (Andrei Veress – a Hungarian bibliographer and his Romanian collaborators), 2006;
15. Sub semnul Frantei (Under the sign of France), Cluj-Napoca, Editura Eurograph, 2006.
Editor of the books: Vintilã Horia - El fin del exilio. Coentos de juventud, Madrid, Criterio Libros, 2002; Le siecle des lumiers et la Bible, Paris, Beauchesne, 1986.
Director of two projects with the Romanian Academy (The General Dictionary of the Romanian Literature, 1994-2005 and Documents of the Romanian Exile) and a two years project with the University of Alba Iulia, 2004-6, The Romanian Press and the National Idea (materialized in the publication of the volume: The Romanian Press and the National Idea, Alba Iulia: Aeternitas, 2006, 434 pp.).
The Nicolae Iorga Prize of the Romanian Academy (1968), the Prize of the Writers’ Union in Romania (2005), 7 prizes of the Writers’ Association in Cluj-Napoca, the Prize of the International Festival Lucian Blaga (Sebes-Alba), the Liviu Rebreanu Prize (Aiud), the Astra Diplomas of Excellence (Cluj Napoca and Blaj), the Diploma of The Research Board of Advisors of the American Biographical Institute - ABI (USA).
The Commemorative Medal Mihai Eminescu (2000); the Order of the Cultural Merit in the Grade of Knight and the Order For education in the Grade of Commander.

Triple point
The triple point of water or any substance is the combination of temperature and pressure at which it exists in its solid, liquid, and gaseous state all at once, in equilibrium.
The temperature of the triple point of water is a commonly used physical constant which is used to define temperature scales and calibrate temperature-measuring systems.
"By definition", the temperature of the triple point of water is 273.16 K, or 0.01 °C. One degree Celsius is defined as 1/273.16th part of the triple point of water. This fixes the temperature scale as defined in the ITS 90, which is the international temperature scale of 1990. This scale is developed as a practical approximation of the thermodynamical temperature scale.
--Jay2U (talk) 18:24, 11 September 2008 (UTC)

Frequency
Frequency is cycles per second. A cycle in a wave is from one point to the same point as in from crest to crest.
formula_1
All electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of light in vacuum. (Other waves such as sound waves travel at much lower velocities), and electromagnetic waves travel at a speed lower than speed of light in non-vacuum medium.
Examples of electromagnetic wave is light, radio wave, and infrared light.
Visualizing electromagnetic waves.
Different types of electromagnetic waves have different frequencies.
Example.
One way to visualize this is if there were two trains traveling at the same speed, but the size of the train cars was smaller on one train than the other. If someone picked something that wasn't moving, like a signpost, and then counted how many train cars passed the sign post in one second for each train, they would know the frequency of cars passing in each train. The number and frequency of train cars passing the sign post would be different, because the train with smaller train cars would have more train cars passing the sign post in a second than the train with larger train cars. Knowing how many cars passed the sign post in one second, and knowing the speed of the train, one could figure out mathematically the size of each train car for each train.
For example, if the train was moving at 10 miles per second, and 10 train cars passed in one second, then each train car would be 1 mile long. If the other train was also moving at 10 miles per second and 20 train cars passed in one second, then one would know that each train car was 1/2 of a mile long for that train. This example shows that knowing the frequency of an electromagnetic wave gives you the wavelength, since all electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of light so that c = v (lambda) where v is frequency and lambda is wavelength, and c is the speed of light. Therefore, another way of expressing frequency is to say "frequency is c over lambda."

Hockey stick
A hockey stick is a long, wooden pole used to push, pass, or shoot in the sports of ice hockey and field hockey.
In ice hockey, the end or "blade" of the stick is normally curved, to help the player get better control of the puck and better shots at the goaltender. The goaltender has a bigger blade, to make it easier to stop shots. Players sometimes use hockey sticks to hold back the bodies of other players, or to trip or hit them; sometimes players who do this get penalties.
In field hockey, sticks are shorter, but the blade is thicker, than in ice hockey. It is used to move a ball instead of a puck.
All the players in both ice and field hockey use hockey sticks.

Snoop Dogg
Snoop Dogg is a rapper (a musician who does hip hop music) and actor. He is most famous with the West Coast hip hop scene. He was born in Long Beach, California, USA on October 20, 1971. The reason why he is called "Snoop Dogg" is because his mother named him after a character called "Snoopy", because Snoop Dogg was a fan of the "Peanuts" cartoon, which has the Snoopy character.

Malayan tiger
The Malayan tiger ("Panthera tigris jacksoni") is a new subspecies of the tiger that was discovered in 2004. People used to think they were Indo-Chinese tigers, But now they have their own subspecies. They have the same length and weight as the Indo-Chinese tiger. They live in southern Malaysia and they are an endangered species.

Caspian tiger
The Caspian tiger ("Panthera tigris virgata") is an extinct subspecies of the tiger. It was the most western subspecies of the tiger, very close to Europe. They were extinct in the 1970s. They were found in Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Mongolia, and a part of Russia.good info

String instrument
A string instrument is a musical instrument that makes sound by vibrating its strings.

Yankee Doodle Dandy
"Yankee Doodle Dandy" is a 1942 biographical musical movie. It starred James Cagney as George M. Cohan.

Guess Who's Coming to Dinner
"Guess Who's Coming to Dinner" is a 1967 comedy-drama film starring Spencer Tracy, Katharine Hepburn, Sidney Poitier, and Katharine Houghton. The movie centers around what happens between a young white woman and her parents after she falls in love with a black man.

Bringing Up Baby
"Bringing Up Baby" is a 1938 comedy movie starring Cary Grant and Katharine Hepburn.

The Searchers
"The Searchers" is a 1956 epic western movie, directed by John Ford and starring John Wayne, about a man looking for his niece who was taken by Native Americans. It is also one of the movies that influenced "Star Wars".

Goodfellas
"Goodfellas" is a popular 1990 movie directed by Martin Scorsese about life in the Mafia.

Soldier
A soldier is someone who is a part of an army.
If people fight in "irregular forces" (forces not wearing a uniform, and not part of the official military of a nation), they are called partisans if they fight against another nation's army, or terrorists, if they fight civilians.
Partisans and terrorists are protected by the law to a lesser degree than soldiers.
Soldiers can be volunteers or conscripts (their nation calls upon them to fight).

Yellowstone River
The Yellowstone River is a river in the northwestern part of the United States. It is a tributary of the Missouri River and flows through the states of Wyoming, Montana, and North Dakota. It also flows through Yellowstone National Park and feeds Yellowstone Lake.
The Yellowstone River was first explored in 1806 by William Clark during the return trip of the Lewis and Clark Expedition.

Toy
A toy is something to play with. Toys are for children, adults, and animals. Before 1970, most toys were made of metal and wood. Now, they are mostly made of plastic and sometimes they are made of electronic. Some people also consider video games toys. Toys include balls, plastic cars, and dolls. Also can be sex related products.

Unicorn
A Unicorn is an animal from fiction. It looks like a horse or goat, with one horn on its head. The word "unicorn" comes from the Latin word "unus", which means "one", and "cornu" which means "horn".
Unicorns are in many stories from different parts of the world. Its blood and horn usually have mystical powers. Its horn (often called "alicorn" in medieval literature) has the power to heal wounds and sickness, and to neutralize poison.
In some pictures unicorns also have goat's feet or a lion's tail.

Radium
Radium is a chemical element on the periodic table. It was discovered by Marie Curie. Its symbol is Ra. The word "symbol" is confusing as it is not a picture but an abbreviation-a short version of a word.

Dhaka
Dhaka is the capital city of Bangladesh, previously known as Dacca upon till 1982. It has a population of 12,560,000 (2005). It is also the largest city of Bangladesh.
Long ago it was part of the Mughal Empire of Hindustan. After that, it became a part of the British Raj. Then it became a part of Pakistan as part of the Partition of India on 15 August 1947. Bangladesh was then called East Pakistan, and Dacca (Dhaka) became provincial capital of East Pakistan. In 1971, the new nation of Bangladesh was created. Dacca became its capital city and changed its spelling in 1982.

Darwin, Northern Territory
Darwin is the territorial capital of the Northern Territory in Australia. The city has about 100,000 people living there.
Most of Darwin has been built since 1974, when Cyclone Tracy ripped through and destroyed the city. Since then, the city has recovered. It is a very important port, because it is on the coast closest to Indonesia and the rest of Asia. Darwin also has a large military base.
Darwin also has a big number of Indigenous Australians, more than any other capital city of Australia.

Northern Territory
The Northern Territory is a territory of Australia. The capital city is Darwin. Other large towns in the Territory include Alice Springs, Katherine and Tenant Creek.
The Northern Territory has large areas of desert. It has many important places such as "Uluru", or "Ayers Rock". The rock is sacred to the native people.
Kakadu National Park is a World Heritage area. It has been lived in for more than 40,000 years. There are cave paintings, rock carvings and archaeological sites. These show the skills and way of life of the people who have lived there. It has includes different ecosystems, including tidal flats, floodplains, lowlands and rocky gorges. It provides a place to live for a wide range of rare types of plants and animals.
Floral Emblem.
The floral emblem of the Northern Territory is Sturt's Desert Rose, Gossypium sturtianum. The flower is also featured on the Territory's flag. It was named after explorer Charles Sturt who found the plant in creeks near the site of Broken Hill, New South Wales in 1844.

Whiskey Rebellion
The Whiskey Rebellion was an event in the history of the United States. In 1794, some farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against the government because of whiskey prices. The government under George Washington quickly repressed the rebellion. That made the new government more solid, and the President more powerful.

Saginaw, Michigan
Saginaw is a city in mid-Michigan, USA, with about 70,000 people in the city as of the 2000 census. It is very cold there in the winter. It is near Bay City, Michigan.

Tom Cruise
Tom Cruise (born 3 July 1962) is an American actor. He has starred in many movies, including "War of the Worlds" and "Jerry Maguire". He is famous for being a Scientologist. He is also famous for a couch-jumping incident on the Oprah Winfrey Show. Tom has a baby daughter, Suri Cruise. The mother of the baby is actress Katie Holmes.

Magazine
A magazine is a type of book people read. Magazines are not like regular books. This is because a new version of the magazine is printed many times each year. Magazines are a type of periodical. They are called periodicals because new versions of them keep being printed. Magazines are printed on paper. People usually need to subscribe to them. One magazine is Time magazine. There are magazines printed about many things. Magazines are similar to newspapers, but usually new versions take longer, they cost more money, and they are in color on every page.
A "magazine" can also mean a spring-loaded container for bullets used in modern guns.

Zombie
A zombie or zombi is a dead person who has returned to life as a walking corpse (the living dead). Things that have been "re-animated" are called undead. The Zombie myth came from the Caribbean.
Zombies have become very popular in horror movies. They are dead creatures that have been brought back to life by science or some spell, and eat the flesh or brain of living people.
Voodoo Zombies.
A Voodoo sorcerer or a bokor can bring dead people back to life. The now zombie is under the control of the sorcerer because zombies have no free will. The idea of this is that a zombie is a trapped human soul, and if a sorcerer can catch it, he becomes more powerful.
Examples.
Wade Davis, a Canadian ethnobotanist (someone who studies what effect plants have on people), wrote about zombies in two books, The Serpent and the Rainbow (1985) and (1988). Davis went to Haiti in 1982 found out and wrote about how a living person can be turned into a zombie by two special powders being rubbed into a wound. The first powder brought a 'death-like' state because of a certain poison in it, called tetrodotoxin. Tetrodotoxin is the same deadly poison found in the Japanese pufferfish. At just the right amount, it can make a person almost die, but not quite. The second powder, puts the person in a zombie-like state where they seem to have no will of their own.
Many people still don't believe what Davis wrote about, but in Haiti, lots of people recognized the "zombie drugs". This could mean that, while the drugs could have no effect on the person, the person may believe so strongly that they work that they become zombie-like, but psychologically, rather than physically.
Middle Age zombies.
In the Middle Ages, lots of people believed that the souls of the dead could come back as ghosts and haunt the living. Usually because of a crime that the living person committed.
Sometimes, the crime was so bad that the ghost could actually take on a phsyical shape and attack the living.
Zombies in Films.
Zombies appear a lot in horror and fantasy films. The stereotypical zombie is a mindless, clumsy corpse which eats human flesh. Zombies can not be called cannibals because they do not eat each other, only humans. The first zombie references appeared in the 1600s and have since appeared in lots of films and books.

Orgy
In common use, an orgy is when more than two people have sex together, sometimes also called group sex.
"Orgy" could also mean any activity done without limits.
Originally, the word comes from Latin. There it referred to a feast (or a banquet) of a wealthy citizen. When the Romans ate they were almost lying down, and the food was brought to them by slaves. These slaves would also provide the entertainment which usually consited of music and dancing slaves.

Labradoodle
A Labradoodle is a mixed-breed dog, created by breeding a Labrador Retriever with a Poodle. Labradoodles are mostly bred in New Zealand.
Labradoodles are not a considered an official dog breed by most dog expert organizations, such as the Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI) or the American Kennel Club (AKC).

Heilongjiang
Heilongjiang is the northeastern-most province in China. It's bordered by Russia on the north and east. To the south is Jilin province, and the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region lies to the west.
The capital and largest city is Harbin. There had been a considerable foreign population in the region, particularly in Haerbin, by first the Russians in the late 19th century, and then the Japanese in the 20th century.
The terrain consists largely of plains and rolling hills, with relatively few low mountainous areas. The climate is fairly dry with quite cold winters. There are some famous winter "ice festivals" with elaborate snow and ice sculptures.

Jilin
Jilin is one of 3 provinces in the far northeastern part of China. It is bordered on the north by Heilongjiang province, to the west by the "Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region" (_____), and to the southwest by Liaoning province. To the east lies North Korea.
The capital city of Jilin is Changchun (meaning "long spring").
The terrain and climate are much like that of neighboring Heilongjiang province. Also like its neighboring provinces, one of the main agricultural products is corn, as the climate is too cold (and dry) for satisfactory rice cultivation.

Liaoning
Liaoning is a northeastern province of the People's Republic of China. The capital city of Liaoning province is Shenyang.
Location.
Liaoning province is the south of the 3 provinces which, together with the "Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region", form the entire northeastern part of China.
It is bordered on the northeast by Jilin province, and has a coastline along the Yellow Sea to the southeast. Hebei province and Beijing within Hebei lie to the southwest.
Dalian is a major port city at the southern tip of a peninsula which juts about 100km south into the Yellow Sea.

Basin
A basin can be any thing or place that water or other things are held in by gravity.

Blade
A blade is the flat, sharp part of a tool or weapon used to cut or stab, such as a knife or sword. Blades most times have handles. Blades can be used to stab, cut, or separate things. It can also be the top part of grass or the leaf of a plant.

Key
A key is an object used to open and close things, for example, doors. Keys are also used to turn on cars, machines and other things.
It can also mean the part of a map that shows what symbols mean. This is also called a caption.

Rat
The rat is a small mammal. It is a rodent. Rats are omnivores, they eat anything they find that remotely looks like food. Most rats are in the genus "Rattus". There are about 56 different species of rats.
The best known rats are the Black rat ("Rattus rattus"), and the Brown rat ("R. norvegicus"). These two are known as "Old World Rats". The group has its origins in Asia. Most rats are much bigger than their close relatives, the Old World mice. In the wild they very rarely weigh more than 500 grams though.
Some people keep rats as a pet. They are called fancy rats. Rats are smart and clean animals. Rats live for 2 to 5 years.
Rats that are not rats.
Other mammals are called "rat" by many people, but those are not true rats, many are unrelated to the true Old World rat. Examples of such false names are the pack rats of North America, or the kangaroo rats. Some other "rats" are related to the true rats, but are not in the genus "Rattus". Such an example is the Bandicoot rat. Such problem cases are very few in number. Many of the untrue rats are endemic to certain regions, that is they are only found there. Very often, they live on islands. In many cases, these species are also endangered of disappearing. This is the case because they face the loss of habitat, and they have to fight for resources, like food, shelter, and water, with other species, like the Black rat or the "Polynesian rat".
Rats as pets.
People keep some types of rats as pets called "fancy rats". Fancy rats are domesticated brown rats. People have kept rats as pets since the 19th century.
Rats are social and smart animals that can be trained. They also like to play with toys. Pet rats do not act the same as wild rats. They do not have more diseases than other common pets.
Pet rats live 2 to 3 1/2 years. Female rats are smaller than male rats, and female rats are more active.Male rats often have a stronger bond with their owner than female rats. Pet rats have been known to "laugh" when tickled. They can be all one color or have spots or other coloring. Some rats have no hair. These are called Hairless rats.
Where to find rats.
Rats are "opportunists". If they have the choice between a food that will need a fight to get, and another food that will not, they take the food that does not need a fight. For this reason, rats have lived close to humans for a long time. Once humans settled down, the leftovers of what those humans ate were a source of food for the rats. So the rats followed.
Rats are present in almost all settlements. In cities, they often live in the sewers.
Rats as carriers of disease.
Many scientiests believe that the Bubonic plague was spread through fleas on rats. That form of plague is spread by the microorganism (or germ) Yersinia pestis, which lives on rat fleas. These fleas preyed on rats ("Rattus rattus"). Those rats lived in the European cities of the day. The rats themselves died of the plague. Some scientists believe that the plague spread faster than the rats. Therefore, the rats cannot be the prime carrier. More research is needed. People believe this disease was the Black Death. It killed nearly a third of the population of Europe, in many epidemics in the Middle Ages.
Rats can carry diseases. Many times, rats living in poor conditions have problems with parasites themselves. Few of those diseases can spread to humans though. One of those is called Leptospirosis, another one is the plague.

Branch
Branch is the part of a tree from which leaves grow.

Spoon
A spoon is a tool for eating. It is usually used for eating foods that are like liquids (like soup and yogurt), and it can also be used for stirring. Humans use spoons every day. Spoons are mostly useful for eating liquids, such as soup, although some solids (like cereal and ice cream) are also usually eaten with spoons.
There are many different types of spoons. There are dessert spoons, soup spoons, baby spoons, and others.
There are also spoons that are collector items and are worth a lot of money.

Cutlery
Cutlery are tools used for preparing, serving and eating food. The most common types of cutlery are knives, spoons and forks.
The best quality cutlery is often made of silver, though steel is often used. In a restaurant, they are often served wrapped in a cloth napkin (serviette). Plastic cutlery is used for eating fast food, because it can be thrown away.
In the United States, these are more often called "utensils". They are also often called "silverware", even when they are not made of silver.

Vase
A vase is a container, often used for flowers. They can be made from a number of materials, including glass and ceramics. Many vases are decorated or painted but some are left plain. It sometimes is used for decorations in American and Chinese homes. It can be a big part of culture in many countries.

Yemen
The Republic of Yemen or Yemen is a nation in the Middle East, composed of former North Yemen and South Yemen, in the south of the Arabian Peninsula. It borders Saudi Arabia and Oman on the north and the east. To the south is the Arabian Sea, and to the west is the Red Sea. Yemen owns the island of Socotra (217 miles) to the south off the coast of East
Africa. A person or thing from Yemen is called "Yemeni". Yemen's capital city is Sana'a.
Yemen is the origin land of all Arabs in the Middle East. In ancient times, Yemen was an important center of trade and power. Many powerful kingdoms were in Yemen, including the Sabaeans. Yemen was important in the trade of spices as well. It was known to the ancient Romans as "Arabia Felix" ("Happy Arabia" in Latin). They called it Happy Arabia because the area was so beautiful and powerful.
In the 700s, Yemenis were among the first to join the new religion Islam. Since then, Yemenis have been staunch Muslims who were in the forefront of all Islam conquests and Yemenis were the rulers of Islamic Spain for more than 800 years.
Today, Yemen has over 20 million people. All of them speak Arabic.

Sensory system
The sensory system controls the senses.
People get information about what is around them from their senses.

Nikola Tesla
Nikola Tesla (July 10, 1856 – c. January 7, 1943; Serbian Cyrillic: Никола Тесла) was a Serbian-American inventor, physicist, mechanical engineer, and electrical engineer. He was born in Smiljan, in Austria-Hungary, now in the Republic of Croatia.
He invented the radio. His main discoveries were in the fields of magnetism and electricity. He is best known for his contributions that lead to the development of Alternating current. The reason alternating current is better than non-alternating current is that less of it is lost when the current is transmitted over long distances.
The SI unit measuring magnetic flux density or magnetic induction (commonly known as the magnetic field formula_1), the tesla, was named in his honour (at the "Conférence Générale des Poids et Mesures", Paris, 1960).
Although Tesla was very famous for his discoveries, he died a poor man. What is more, he did not get credit for inventing the radio until after he died. Most people regarded Tesla as a mad scientist. Tesla got his first job in Budapest, working at a telephone company. Even in his early life, he was always inventing things. He invented a loudspeaker for telephones. Tesla also had mental problems starting from an early age. He suffered form obsessive-compulsive disorder.
He had a nervous breakdown while working in Budapest.

Inspector Gadget
"Inspector Gadget" is a syndicated television cartoon that ran from 1983 to 1986. It was the first show produced by DIC Entertainment.
Elements of the franchise pay homage to the 1960s series "Get Smart", Gadget's voice was even provided by Don Adams who was the star of Get Smart. Other elements are homages to things like Inspector Clouseau from the "Pink Panther" movie series. On the series, Inspector Gadget is a cyborg or andriod detective and secret agent, who must stop an evil organization called MAD lead by Dr. Claw. He is usually helped by his neice, Penny and his dog, Brain. Gadget has many gadgets and special devices inside his body which he uses, but not very well and he is not very smart, but he usually with the help of Penny and Brain, ends up saving the day.
In 1999, Matthew Broderick played the title character in Disney's live-action adaptation.

Syndicated
Syndicated means television program being shown on a different television network than the one that first showed the program. A syndicated program can also be a program that was not made for a television network. These types of programs are made and then sold to many different television stations to be shown.

Cartoon
A cartoon is a drawing. The word "cartoon" has been used in several different ways.
Cartoon for an artwork.
The oldest meaning is a drawing that is a full-sized design for a finished artwork. The cartoon might be a drawing for a painting that was going to be paut onto a wall or ceiling in fresco. The cartoon would be pinned against the wall and its design marked onto the plastered of the wall. Cartoons were also made to design tapestry. The most famous cartons are a set by Raphael show the "Life of St Peter". The cartoons are in the Victoria & Albert Museum. The finished tapestries belong to the Vatican and were made for the Sistine Chapel.
Political cartoon.
In the 1700s, artists such as William Hogarth often made sets of humourous (funny) drawings that were about political subjects, such as poverty, elections, war and riots. The drawings were made into prints and were sold cheaply. These prints were not called cartoons at that time, but they led to the idea of modern political cartoons in newspapers.
Nowadays many newspapers publish a different political cartoon in the paper, every day. The word "cartoon" was first used in this way in 1843 in an English magazine called "Punch".
A political cartoon does not always show people. Sometimes it may show a country as a person, an animal, a monster or a baby. For example, Britain might be shown as a woman holding a baby Australia in her arms. Russia might be shown as a bear. The United States might be shown as a Bald Eagle.
Portrait cartoons.
Political cartoons often showed real politicians or other famous people. One way to make these characters easy to recognise was to make some of their features bigger or smaller. So, if a politician had a round nose and a big chin, then the artist would make the nose rounder and the chin bigger. There are many modern cartoon artists who do "portait cartoons" or "charicatures".
Comic strips.
Political cartoons were often drawn to show several different stages of the same story. Many of Hogarth's famous political cartoons do this. From this came the idea of telling funny stories in a series of pictures. Comic strips are a type of "cartoon" that is published in newspapers, but they are usually just called "comic strips". Some of the earliest comic strips are The Katzenjammer Kids (1897) and Ginger Meggs (1921). Sometimes they represent animals like Garfield. Later comic strips from the 1950s onwards show superheros such as Superman and The Phantom.
Movie Cartoons.
From the beginning of the movie industry, some artists began experimenting with making drawings that seemed to movie. These moving drawings also became known as "cartoons". They often depict animals rather than humans. They were often just for fun, but sometimes, particularly during World War II, were used for political reasons, just like the cartoons in newspapaers. Walt Disney and Warner Bros both made famous cartoons. Famous cartoon characters are Felix the Cat (1922), Mickey Mouse (1928), Bugs Bunny (1940) and Popeye(1929).
At first, movie cartoons were quite short. When a person bought a movie ticket, they would see a news program, two or three cartoons (in black and white) and a movie. Walt Disney then got the clever idea of telling a long story as a "cartoon". The first one that he made was Snow White and the Seven Dwarves (1937). Movie cartoons (called "animations") soon became a popular type of entertainment. Modern animated movies are created using digital media, rather than hand-drawn cartoons. They include Toy Story(1995) and Shrek(2001).

Square root
A square root of a number is the number that is multiplied by itself and gives the first number. For example, 2 is the square root of 4, because 2×2=4. Only numbers bigger than or equal to zero have real square roots, and a number bigger than zero has two square roots. One is positive (bigger than zero) and the other is negative (smaller than zero). There are two square roots because a negative number multiplied by a negative number is a positive number. Zero only has one square root: zero.
Square roots of negative numbers are not real numbers - they are imaginary numbers. Every complex number except 0 has 2 square roots. For example: -1 has two square roots. We call them formula_1 and formula_2.
The sign for a square root is made by putting a bent line over a number, like this: formula_3. We say "the square root of 4" (or whatever number we are taking the square root of).
A whole number with a square root that is also a whole number is called a perfect square. The first few perfect squares are: 0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100, 121, 144, 169, 196, 225...
Symbol.
It is not really known where the square root symbol formula_4 comes from, but some people believe that it was from the letter "r", which is the first letter of the Latin and German word "radix". Radix means square root.

Negative number
A negative number is a number that indicates an opposite. If a positive number is distance above sea level, then a negative number is distance below sea level. If a positive number is distance up, then a negative number is distance down. If a positive number is distance to the right, then a negative number is distance to the left. If a positive number is a deposit to a bank acount, then a negative number is a withdrawal from that bank acount. if a positive number is number of minutes in the future, then a negative number is number of minutes in the past. If a positive number means addition, then a negative number means subtraction.
The numbers you are most familiar with, the counting numbers 1, 2, 3, and so on, are all positive numbers. The positive numbers, negative numbers, and the number zero, taken together, are called "signed numbers". The signed whole numbers are called integers.
The number zero is neither positive nor negative. Zero is its own opposite, so +0 = -0. That is, zero steps to the right is the same as zero steps to the left.
A negative number is said to be less than zero.
A negative number is written by putting a minus sign, "−", in front of a positive number. For example, "−3" is a negative number. It is read "negative three" or "minus three" and it means the opposite of 3.
Negative numbers are left of zero on a number line. A number and its opposite are always the same distance from zero. The negative number
-3 is just as far to the left of zero as 3 is to the right of zero.
Sometimes, for emphasis, we write the pair of opposite number as -3 and +3.
A number and its opposite always add to zero. The sum of -3 and +3 is 0. We can write this either as -3 + 3 = 0 or as 3 - 3 = 0. In addition, a number and its opposite are said to "cancel each other out".
Arithmetic with negative numbers.
9 + (−1) = 9 − 1 = 8
6 − (−8) = 6 + 8 = 14
(−3) × (−2) = 3 × 2 = 6
(−4) × 5 = −(4 × 5) = −20
Negative number uses.
When a person or company is in debt, people sometimes say they have a negative amount of money. Negative numbers are used in accounting and science.

Hail
A piece of hail (called a hailstone) is a lump of ice that falls out of a storm cloud. Because the air in clouds is colder than the air near the ground, hail can fall in the middle of summer. Hail usually falls during thunderstorms. Hailstones are usually smaller than peas, but sometimes get as big as tennis balls. Strong hailstorms can damage houses and cars, and even hurt people.

Academy Award
The Academy Awards, commonly known as the Oscars, are the best-known movie awards in the United States. The awards have been given by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences since 1929. Right now, the awards ceremony takes place in January at the Kodak Theater in Hollywood.

Brake
A brake is a device for slowing or stopping a moving machine part. The most common brakes are for wheels, such as car wheels and bicycle wheels.

Bucket
A bucket is a container with a wide open top and a handle that is mainly used for carrying liquids. In some cases, solids may also be carried in a bucket (like sand which is hard to carry in your hands).
Some buckets are used for work, and some more for leisure. A bucket used for work is often made of a strong material such as iron or steel and is used for functions such as carrying coal or soil. A bucket used for leisure, e.g. for making sandcastles, is normally made of plastic.
In rare cases, a bucket may be worn as a piece of clothing, people may wear a bucket on their heads for humorous reasons. Buckethead is the a famous example of this.

Lightbulb
A lightbulb (or light bulb, light globe, electric lamp, or just bulb) is a device that produces light from electricity when it is turned on. It is part of a bigger lighting device, such as a lamp. It usually stops working and has to be replaced more often than the rest of the device. In some places, lightbulb only means "incandescent" types, where the electricity passes through a wire called a "filament", not "fluorescent", where the electricity passes through gases. Fluorescent bulbs are more efficient -- they use less electricity compared to incandescent.
Most light bulbs fit into a socket, either by screwing or by a bayonet action, where they are pushed and twisted into the socket, and held in place by two small pins on the bulb. When they break, they must be replaced carefully. They get very hot when they are on, and take some time to cool off. There is danger of electric shock from touching the socket.
Electricity became available in the late 1800s. Light bulbs were invented earlier that century, but improvements by Thomas Edison made them practical for use at that time. Before that, people used candles and oil lamps for light. Electricity was more convenient. Some people still use oil and lamps, because they do not have electricity.
How it works.
The tungsten coil inside this bulb is heated until it glows. The gas inside the bulb is either argon, neon or in a few older cases nitrogen. This prevents the coil in the bulb from being able to melt apart like a fuse.

Grammy Award
The Grammy Awards (first named the Gramophone Awards and often called just Grammys), are awards given yearly by the Recording Academy (an association of Americans professionally involved in the recorded music industry) for outstanding work in the music and spoken recording industry. The Grammys have 108 categories with 30 genres. The Grammys happen every year but no one really seems to care about them

Emmy Award
The Emmy Awards are United States television production awards which are given out each year. They are the television version of the Academy Awards. The first Emmy Awards were given out on January 25, 1949 at the Hollywood Athletic Club. Shirley Dinsdale was the very first person to be given an Emmy in the first awards ceremony.
The best-known of the awards are the Primetime Awards (some of which are named "Creative Arts Emmys") and the Daytime Emmy Awards.
The Emmy Awards is a statuette of a woman with wings holding an atom. It was created by television engineer Louis McManus, using his wife as a model. The trophies are made by a company that has a manufacturing site at the El Dorado Correctional Facility, a prison in El Dorado, Kansas.

Maggie Simpson
Margaret "Maggie" Simpson is a fictional character shown in the animated television series "The Simpsons". She is a baby.
Character.
Like most babies, Maggie copies what she sees around her. She once hit Homer on the head with a mallet, shot a suction dart at his picture and attacked him with a pencil in imitation of "Itchy and Scratchy". Maggie is also very accurate with a gun, she shot Mr.Burns in the two parter Who Shot Mr. Burns.
Characteristics.
During the early episodes of the show, Maggie's most well-known feature would be to trip over her clothes and fall on her face while trying to walk, causing a loud smack on the floor. Throughout the Tracey Ullman shorts, Maggie fell down 39 times.
Creation.
Maggie was named after Matt Groening's younger sister Margaret "Maggie" Groening. She often sucked on a pacifier and wore a sleep suit like Maggie. Groening thought that it would be funny to have a baby character that did not talk and never grew up, but showed any emotions that the scene needed.
Voice.
With few exceptions, Maggie never speaks but is aware of what is going around her. Maggie has spoken in "Good Night", the first cartoon to air on "The Tracey Ullman Show". When the rest of the family falls asleep, she speaks and her voice is played by Liz Georges.
Maggie's first word spoken in the normal television show of the series happened in "Lisa's First Word", when she was voiced by Elizabeth Taylor and says "Daddy" in an empty room. Elizabeth Taylor as Maggie was later named the 13th greatest guest spot in the history of the show. James Earl Jones, who voiced Maggie in Treehouse of Horror V, was in seventh place. She would later have small sentences in Treehouse of Horror IX, voiced by Harry Shearer, who used his Kang voice. Her squeaks and occasional speaking parts are regularly done by Nancy Cartwright or Yeardley Smith.

Marge Simpson
Marjorie "Marge" Simpson is a character in the animated television series "The Simpsons". The characters voice is done by Julie Kavner. Marge is the wife of Homer Simpson and the mother of Bart, Lisa, and Maggie Simpson. She is famous for her very tall blue hair, that is shaped into a beehive. She also is proud to have never met anyone with taller hair outside Graceland. Marge was named after, and loosely based on, Margaret "Marge" Groening, Matt Groening's mother.
Personality.
Marge’s image is normally that of a stereotypical sitcom mother who is sometimes seen as an inexperienced person and easy to be fooled. Despite having higher morals than most other characters, Marge has had her fair share of wild escapades throughout the show’s history. She was once a police officer in Springfield, took treatment for road rage, was once sent to jail for shoplifting, became a gambling fanatic, showed alcoholism, was an unwilling participant in a cross-country police chase, took steroids, cheated on a cooking competition and developed amnesia. She is also known for her persistent nagging and groaning. These are just some of the strange situations in which Marge has found herself. She also displays a surprisingly strong will. Marge is the only member of the family who normally tries to encourage the family to go to church. She also appears to have significant athletic ability in times of imminent danger. She can speak two languages fluently, one being English and the other in French.
Politically, Marge supports the Democratic Party. She once says that she voted for Jimmy Carter ("twice" according to Lisa), supported the candidacy of their state's governor Mary Bailey, and also stated to have been really depressed when Lyndon Johnson died.Boohoo '"sniffle, snifle"'
Talents.
Marge studied to be a painter. When she was a teenager she had an huge crush on Ringo Starr and painted a large number of portraits of him. She also wrote to him, but only received a reply 25 years later. His response inspired her to enter an art contest. Her portrait of a drunk Homer sleeping on the couch won the competition. She was then hired by Mr. Burns to do a portrait of him. The resulting portrait won even Mr. Burns’ praise, a massive feat in itself.
Marge also is a very skilled cook. She once started a pretzel business, which succeeded with the help of the Springfield Mafia. She has entered different cooking challenges, although situations such as cruel and ruthless competitors and overheated ovens made her to lose and even break or destroy the other competitors too. In general, she is shown as a very good cook. She is especially well-known for her pork chops, Homer's favorite dish.
Hair.
As a teen, Marge had her hair long to at waist length which she always wore down, but got the idea to wear it in her trademark beehive for senior prom in the episode The Way We Was. In the Shary Bobbins episode, her hair is shown close to her knees, meaning that a lot of hair would be needed to create her tall beehive. Marge has admitted that her hair is not really blue but is, in fact, gray. It was revealed by Homer in Secrets of a Successful Marriage that Marge dyes her hair with blue dye #56; "She’s been gray as a mule since she was seventeen." However, it is shown in the episode "Fear of Flying" that Marge's blue hair goes back to when she was a small child. Because of her unusually large hairstyle, her height is reported to be 8'6", as noted by Apu in the episode "Marge in Chains". In "The Way We Weren't", her hair was blue before she met Homer and was dark at one time because of Marge ironing a piece of her hair for a long time. In "The Simpsons" Season Four DVD commentary, Matt Groening states that the original idea behind Marge's hair was to hide large rabbit ears. The gag was intended to be revealed in the final episode of the series, but was cancelled early on because of its irregularity.
Age.
Like most of the other Simpsons characters, Marge's age changes from time to time throughout the show's history. In first-season episodes "Life on the Fast Lane" and "Some Enchanted Evening", Marge is said to be 34 years old, but her age was later changed to 38, possibly because she and Homer attended their twentieth anniversary high-school reunion in one episode. In the episode "Regarding Margie", Homer states that Marge is his age, meaning she could be anywhere between 36 and 40 years in age.

Pin
A pin is an object used to attach something to a surface. It is usually metal or plastic. Pins are usually sharp and are cheap to buy.
It is also a short numerical code used as a password for various accounts, commonly bank accounts.

Dining room
A dining room is a room used for eating and is usually near to a the kitchen to make serving food easier.
Usually a dining room will contain a table with a set of chairs, normally positioned at the sides and end of a table. People often only use their dining rooms now for formal occasions and eating in the kitchen has become more popular.

Crown
A crown is a type of headdress worn by a monarch. They are usually worn when they are crowned or at important occasions. Also, crowns are now used as a symbol of the monarchy.
Some children, mainly girls, connect flowers in a chain and wear them on their heads as if they were crowns. These are called "daisy chains" and have nothing at all to do with crowns. A crown can also be a part of the head.

Rudolf Hess
Walter Richard Rudolf Hess (Heß in German) (April 26, 1894 – August 17, 1987) was a High Ranking Nazi
leader, and one of Adolf Hitler's closest men.
Early life.
Rudolf Hess was born in Alexandria, Egypt, but moved back to Germany in 1908.
He joined the army in World War I and was trained as a pilot.
He flew to Scotland during World War II and was arrested. After the war he was tried at the Nuremberg Trials, and sentenced to life imprisonment.
He died in the Allied Military Prison, Spandau, Berlin in 1987. Since 1966 he had been the only prisoner, his death was caused by a strangulation cord but officials recorded it as a suicide.

Quantum entanglement
Quantum entanglement is a term used to describe how two particles act together.
Explanation.
Once two particles meet, they become a system. It is as if a long string is attached between them that can never break. They exist as one although they are two. It's as if they now sit on the same teeter-totter seesaw. No matter how long the seesaw is, even if it is one million miles long, if one end is down the other end must be up, and this happens instantly.
Interaction.
This is not due to one particle sending a message to the other particle saying, "I'm going down, therefore, you must go up" and waiting for the particle to receive the message, but the particles are always connected and do not have to send signals to each other; they are part of the same system and can think as one.

Amin Maalouf
Amin Maalouf is a Lebanese author. He was born on 25 February, 1949) in Beirut, Lebanon. He studied sociology at the French University in Beirut.He worked as the former director of the Beirut daily "an-Nahar" in Beirut until the start of the civil war in 1975, when he moved to Paris as a refugee. He still lives there today.
Maalouf writes in French, and his works have been translated into many languages. He received the Prix Goncourt in 1993 for his book "Rock of Tanios".
His novels are marked by his experiences of civil war and migration. Their characters are itinerants, voyagers between lands, languages, and religions.

Bulb
A bulb is the part of some plants, mostly under the dirt, that stores food while the plant is resting from growing (a "storage organ").
Some well-known bulbs people grow to use as food are onions and garlic. Some bulbs grown for the decorative flowers are the lily, tulip, and some irises.
Some plant storage organs that are similar to bulbs, but have different names are, tubers, corms (swollen stems), tuberous roots, and pseudobulbs.

Gluon
Gluons are what hold quarks together to make bigger particles. Gluons carry the strong force between other quarks, so it is considered a force carrying particle. Photons do the same thing, but for the electromagnetic force. Also like photons, gluons are spin-1 particles, and when a particle has spin-1 it is considered a boson.

Humphrey Davy
Sir Humphry Davy, 1st Baronet, FRS (Fellow of the Royal Society) (born December 17, 1778 in Penzance, Cornwall, England; died May 29, 1829 in Geneva City, Switzerland), was a chemist whose study of electrochemistry led to the first pure forms of some of the chemical elements such as potassium and sodium.

Myxobolus cerebralis
"Myxobolus cerebralis" is a small creature that eats the insides of fish like salmon and trout, causing whirling disease. This is a problem in fish farming and also in natural fish groups. In the last 100 years, it has spread to most of Europe (including Russia), the United States, South Africa, and other countries. In the 1980s, people found out that "M. cerebralis" needs to live in a worm before it can live in a fish.. It infects both the fish and the worm by poking a hole in them and putting part of itself in.
Whirling disease hurts young fish the most, and can hurt bones and nerves. Fish with the disease do not swim very well, and they "whirl" or spin instead of swimming straight. This makes it hard for the fish to get food and get away from danger. Dealing with "M. cerebralis" costs more money than most other parasites in its group (which are called "myxozoans"). People do not get sick with whirling disease, though; only fish do.
Related species.
At first, people thought that this parasite infected fish brains, so they named it "cerebralis", which means brain-related. Then, people found out that it mostly infects cartilage and bones. They tried to change the name, but they couldn't.. Later, they found out that other creatures called "Triactinomyxon dubium" and "T. gyrosalmo"were actually stages of "M. cerebralis." It would be like finding out that caterpillars are really young butterflies even though they look very different..
Many scientists think of Myxozoans like "M. cerebralis", as animals, but books still call them protozoans. Peopole aren't sure what it's related to. Under a microscope, they look a lot like Cnidarians like jellyfish, but the scientists that look at chemicals and genes think that it's closer to other animals called Bilaterians..
Shape.
"M. cerebralis" has many stages ranging from single cells to bigger spores. Scientists have not studied all the stages very well yet.
Triactinomyxon stage.
The kind of "M. cerebralis" that can attack fish is called a "Triactinomyxon", and there is a picture of it on the right. There are three "tails" that are each about 200 micrometers long, and another piece that is about 150 micrometers (μm) long. That piece has 64 cells in it. There are also three harpoon-like weapons that can attack the fish.. They shoot into the fish, making a hole that the 64 cells can go into. Those cells make more cells that go to the cartilage near the fish's brain..
Myxosporean stage.
The kind of "M. cerebralis" that comes out of fish is called a "Myxospore". They are sort of round and fat in the middle like a lentil or a convex lens. They are about 10 micrometers across and are made of six cells. Two are for the harpoon weapons, two are for protecting the Myxospore, and two are for going into a worm after the weapons make a hole.. Myxospores from "M. cerebralis" look a lot like Myxospores from other species that are sometimes found in fish skin, muscle, or brains, and so it's hard to tell them apart..

Aamir Khan
Aamir Khan (born March 14, 1965 in India) is a Bollywood actor. Khan first appeared in "Yaadon Ki Baaraat" (1973) as a child actor. His first big starring role was in "Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak" (1988).
Another of his best-known adult roles was starring in ' (2001), which was nominated for an Oscar. Khan was credited as producer for the film, with his first wife (1986-2002), Reena Datta, executive producer. Khan met his future second wife (2005-), Kiran Rao, on the set, where she was an assistant director.
His first movie released in 2006 is "Rang De Basanti".

Bahá'í Faith
The Bahá'í Faith is a religion started in the 1800's by Bahá'u'lláh who was born in Tehran, Iran. Followers of this religion call themselves Bahá'ís. The name Bahá'u'lláh is Arabic for "The Glory of God". "Glory" is a word that means "importance", "power", and "beauty". Bahá'ís believe that Bahá'u'lláh is a representative of God, or a manifestation of God, and he shows people God's importance, beauty, and brightness.
Bahá'ís are a monotheistic religion (which means that they believe in one God). They believe that Bahá'u'lláh carried a message from God. Bahá'u'lláh said that he was not the only person to carry a message from God and that he was not the last to carry a message from God. He taught that the people who started the other major religions also represented and carried messages from God, such as Jesus, Moses, Abraham, Muhammad, Krishna, the Buddha and others. He called these people "Manifestations of God." They believe that the messages from the Manifestations of God get more and more difficult to understand. They say the ones that came earlier on had a more simple message than the ones that came later. Because God is greater than the whole universe, Bahá'u'lláh said that human beings can't completely know God. He said that God wants people to know as much about him as they can. Bahá'u'lláh wrote that God sends special people to manifest (show) himself to ordinary humans. Without the Manifestations of God we could not know God. Because Bahá'ís believe that the God they pray to is the same God that Abraham spoke to, they believe that they are also an Abrahamic religion. Bahá'u'lláh is considered the prophet of the present day. Bahá'ís say that he is not the last prophet of god. They think there will be more in the future, but there will be no more until 1000 years after Baha'u'llah's death.
Early days.
The Bahá'í Faith began on 1844 when a man called the Báb, which means "gate" in arabic, said he had a message from God. He said that it was his job to make sure that people were ready for the most important message from God who would be sent soon. This started a religion, followers of this religion were called Bábís. Many people became Bábís in the country of Iran, which was called Persia at the time, and this made the government of Persia and the Muslim priests angry. They arrested and killed the Bab and his followers. Even though this happened, people still followed this religion.
Before Bahá'u'lláh said he had a message from God he was a member of the religion that was made by the Báb. He became very famous among the Bábís. When the Báb was killed, some Bábís got very angry and tried to kill the king of Persia, even though Bahá'u'lláh told them not to kill him. When the Babis were caught, the government put many Bábís in jail, including Bahá'u'lláh. While in jail at Tehran, Bahá'u'lláh said he saw an angel that he called the "maid of heaven". The angel told him that he had to teach a message from God to the people of the world. The angel said that God would rescue and protect him so that he could teach this message. Eventually he was released from jail and the government of Persia made him move to Baghdad, which was then controlled by the king of the Ottoman Empire.
Bahá'u'lláh's announcement.
While Baha'u'llah was in Baghdad, he had many problems but he also made many friends. The government of Persia was unhappy that he seemed to be doing well in Baghdad, and so they asked the Ottoman Empire to move him further away from Persia. When he was about to leave, in 1863, he held a festival for 12 days on a small island in the Tigris river, which he called Ridvan, which means paradise. There he told some of his closest friends and family that he was the promised one of all of the major religions, and that eventually the whole world would know his message.
Eventually the Ottoman Empire sent him to many different cities, including Constantinople, Adrianople, Alexandria, and eventually Akka. He was in different jails this whole time, and the city of Akka had a big wall around it, and it was one big jail. While he was in Baghdad, and after, he wrote many books and letters to answer questions that his friends and followers asked him. At one point he was poisoned, so that he couldn't write anymore because his hands shook so badly. After that, he had someone write down what he said. When he was even older, his oldest son, `Abdu'l-Bahá arranged to have him move into a house near Mount Carmel, and he stayed there until he finally died in 1892.
After Bahá'u'lláh.
After he died, people followed `Abdu'l-Bahá. Bahá'u'lláh had written that `Abdu'l-Bahá had special powers, and that God would make sure that if `Abdu'l-Bahá explained anything that Bahá'u'lláh said, then the Bahá'ís should believe that explanation. `Abdu'l-Bahá also wrote a lot of letters and gave talks, and eventually visited Paris, London, Montreal, New York City, San Francisco and other cities in the west. This helped the Bahá'í Faith to spread in Europe and North America. He died in 1921. He left a will, where he told the Bahá'ís to follow his grandson, Shoghi Effendi.
Shoghi Effendi was born in 1900 and was only a young man when his grandfather died and he became the leader of the Bahá'ís. He helped make the different agencies and councils that run the Bahá'í Faith today, and organized the religion in many ways. He also wrote many books and letters to explain the teachings of his grandfather and great-grandfather. He lived until 1957 and died in England.
After Shoghi Effendi died, the Bahá'ís didn't have leaders for six years, because Shoghi Effendi hadn't left a will. Shoghi Effendi did have helpers, who did not think they were allowed to lead the Bahá'ís, so they helped the Bahá'í Community follow the last plan that Shoghi Effendi left them, and at the end of that plan, in 1963, they organized and election to form the Universal House of Justice, which Bahá'u'lláh wrote about. The Universal House of Justice has led the Bahá'ís ever since.
Holy books.
Bahá'u'lláh wrote many books and letters, and `Abdu'l-Bahá (whose name means "Servant of Glory") also wrote many books and letters which Bahá'ís see as special. Finally, Bahá'u'lláh's great-grandson Shoghi Effendi wrote lots of books and letters which Bahá'ís use to better understand the writings of Bahá'u'lláh and `Abdu'l-Bahá.
Bahá'ís also believe that the Bible, the Qur'an, and other books from other religions are special, but don't read them as much as they read the writings of Bahá'u'lláh and `Abdu'l-Bahá. For Baha'is the Qur'an is special among the books from other religions; they see it as completely written by God
People.
There are 7,7 million Bahá'ís in the world, of all peoples and languages. Anyone who believes in Bahá'u'lláh and wants to follow his lessons and join his community can be a Bahá'í. Bahá'ís can be rich or poor, old or young. The Bahá'í Faith looks different in different countries, because there are few rituals, so Bahá'ís can include their own culture in the way they celebrate Bahá'í events, say prayers, etc.
Bahá'ís meet every nineteen (19) days in a meeting called a "Feast". There doesn't have to be food, but there usually is. These meetings start with prayers and usually someone reads aloud some holy writings. Sometimes there is music and song, sometimes plays, sometimes just quiet time or meditation. After this time, which Bahá'ís call the "devotional" time in a feast, they have a community discussion. All sorts of topics can be discussed here that are important to the members. Bahá'ís say that this is a "consultative" time, where Bahá'ís can consult with each other. After this, there is a social time, where people can share food, drink (not alcohol), and sometimes here there is also music, or plays, or presentations, or other entertainment. This time is just so that the Bahá'ís in that city can get to know each other and become better friends.
Temples and Bahá'í Centers.
Bahá'ís often don't have one place they get together, except in large cities. In smaller places they usually get together in each others' houses. Some larger cities have "Bahá'í Centers" which can be used for community meetings, classes, or for meetings of committees and other councils. (see Institutions below)
In a very few cities in the world, there are Bahá'í temples. These temples are on each continent. One day the Bahá'ís plan to have temples in every city, but for now there are only a few special temples. Each temple has nine sides, and has a dome. Inside the temple people pray or sing to God or praise God. The Bahá'ís try to keep the temples very clean and orderly so that nothing will distract people from the prayers.
Institutions.
Bahá'ís are organized in a world-wide community. They do not have priests. Everyone is responsible for their own prayers. Bahá'ís are also responsible for reading their holy books for themselves and for learning about their religion. Baha'is elect leaders for their community, to help organize their activities, and to deal with problems between members, and to decide things that aren't obvious from the scriptures. These are called Spiritual Assemblies, but will one day be called Houses of Justice.
There is one House of Justice, which Bahá'ís call the Universal House of Justice, which leads the whole world-wide Bahá'í community. Bahá'ís elect this House of Justice every five years, but only once each year for National and Local Spiritual Assemblies.
Bahá'í elections are different from many kinds of elections in democracies. Bahá'í elections do not have parties, and Bahá'ís are not allowed to say that they're better than other people, the way people have to in election campaigns. At the elections, Bahá'ís pray and read scripture, and then they write down nine names on a piece of paper and drop it in a container. No one is allowed to ask who another person voted for, and no one is allowed to tell who they voted for. The nine people with the most votes become the new Spiritual Assembly or House of Justice.

Neoclassical economics
Neoclassical economics is an economic theory that argues for markets to be free. This means governments should generally not make rules about types of businesses, businesses' behaviour, who may make things, who may sell things, who may buy things, prices, quantities or types of things sold and bought. The theory argues that allowing individual actors (people or businesses) freedom creates better economic outcomes. These outcomes may be a higher average standard of living, higher wages, better average life-expectancies, and higher GDP.
Arguements.
Markets are an abstract idea: assumed to be all the 'actors' (businesses or people) selling one thing, service or type of thing or service, and all the 'actors' buying it.
Theory.
Markets will 'reach equilibrium' if all the sellers who want to sell at or below a given price have sold to all the buyers who are willing to buy at or above a given price. the price is worked out in the market.
It may be easier to think about this in reverse: The market is not in equilibrium if people want to buy a haircut for ten (or more) pesos and someone is happy to sell the person a haircut for ten (or less) pesos, but for some reason this does not happen.
Neoclassical economists say this will not happen. Neo-Keynesians say it might, so the government could make the customer and the person selling the haircut happier by helping the customer somehow.
Opposition.
Neo-Keynesian economy is the opposite of Neoclassical economy. The major point of difference between neoclassical economics and neo-Keynesian economics is about whether 'markets' 'reach equilibrium'.

Nile
The Nile (Arabic: النيل "an-nīl") is a river in Africa. It is the longest river on Earth (about 6,650 km or 4,132 miles), and flows into the Mediterranean Sea near Alexandria. It gets its name from the Greek word "Nelios".
The White Nile flows from Lake Victoria in Uganda, and through Sudan to Khartoum, where it is joined by the Blue Nile to form the Nile, then through Egypt. The Blue Nile flows through Ethiopia. About 300 million cubic metres of water flow down the Nile each day.
The Nile is very important to the countries where it flows. Many cities in Egypt are built next to the river. Also, the pyramids are close to the Nile. The Nile provides most of the water used to grow crops in Egypt, since much of the rest of the country is in a desert.
There are many different types of animals living in or near the waters of the Nile, including crocodiles, birds, fish and many others. Not only do animals depend on the Nile for survival, but also people who live there need it for everyday use like washing, as a water supply, keeping crops watered and other jobs.
Pyramids were built close to the Nile because they needed the granite stones from Aswan to be transported by barges down the Nile.

Statue
A Statue is a model of somebody or something, usually of a person or sometimes an animal. It is a sculpture. Several kinds of material can be used to make a statue, e.g. stone, bronze, clay, or wood. Statues are often at least life-size (the same size as the real person), but often they are much bigger, especially statues in the open air. Statues are often made to remember an important person (such as the statue of Alfred the Great), or to remember an event or an idea (such as the Statue of Liberty).
Usually there is some writing on a statue to say who the person is. This writing is called an epigraph. The statue may be standing on a base. This base is called a "plinth".
A bust is a statue of the head, shoulders and upper body of a person.
A colossus is an enormous statue.
A statue of someone on horseback (riding a horse) is called an equestrian statue.

Golden Retriever
Golden Retrievers are a very popular kind of dog. When the kind was first created, they were used for hunting. Now, they are sometimes used for hunting, but a lot of people like to have them as pets because they are very friendly. People also like them because their face looks like they are smiling all the time. Because they are so friendly, Golden Retrievers cannot be used as guard dogs, but they are good as drug dogs at airports and very good as service dogs for the blind (People who cannot see). They also like people, so when they are left alone for too long, they get very sad.
About Goldens.
Golden Retrievers are very good family dogs because they are nice to little children and do not bark very much. Goldens are known for their calm and easy going temperament. They are great family dogs and provide good companionship. They are very smart and can be easily trained. Golden Retrievers are very active dogs and need a lot of exercise. Goldens are good pets, but they need to be exercised regularly to prevent weight gain and promote overall health. Goldens also enjoy the cool water.
Looks.
A good Golden Retriever has a nice, strong body and long hair that is yellow,red, or gold. Their fur even stops water because it has two special layers, one short and one long. They always have brown eyes and can show a lot of emotions with them. When they get old, their face turns white, but when they are young, they should not have any white on them. A normal male dog weighs about 29 to 34 kilogrammes (65 to 75 pounds) and a normal female dog weighs about 27 to 32 kilogrammes (60 to 70 pounds). From their front paws to their upper back, they are about 56 to 61 centimetres (22 to 25 inches) tall.
Activities.
As said earlier, Goldens are used a lot for people who cannot see, but they are also used for obedience trials and as assistant dogs for people who have seizures or cannot hear. They are very good at smelling things, so they are also good for hunting. The second part of their name, retriever, is very true because they love to fetch things for their people! Goldens love to catch tennis balls and frisbees. Goldens also enjoy the water.
Kinds.
There are two different kinds of Golden Retrievers: show dogs and field dogs. Show dogs have very long hair and a lighter colour, but field dogs have a lot more differences. They have short hair and can have any shade of hair. Because they have shorter hair, it is easier to brush them because they do not get as many things caught in it.
Health.
Like a lot of purebred dogs, Goldens can have bad health. A big problem for Goldens is hip dysplasia, which makes the dog's bones hurt at its hips. Also, a lot of Goldens have skin allergies, so people have to be very careful to not wash the dog too much and make sure that it does not get fleas. It is also important to clean a Goldens ears regularly because their long ears do not give the ear canal a chance to breathe. Goldens also have problems with their eyes sometimes, but it's mostly when they get older.It is important when purchasing a new Golden Retriever puppy to review the medical history of their parents. Oftentimes "backyard breeders" have been known to over breed or breed dogs with health problems. A reputable breeder should be able to supply the most current heatlth records for the dogs which they are breeding.
History.
Golden Retrievers were developed by a man named Lord Tweedsmouth who lived in Scotland. He took a yellow dog and another dog called a Tweed Water Spaniel, which is a dog that does not exist anymore. The yellow dog was named Nous and the Spaniel was named Belle, and all Golden Retrievers are related to these two dogs. The breed was created to be stronger than other retrievers but more gentle with people so they could be trained very easily.
In 1903, the breed was added to the list of the Kennel Club of England, but it was not added to the list of the American Kennel Club until 1932. Now, there are millions of Goldens around the world, and people love them!

Idea
When I think of something, that which I think about is called an "idea". Ideas are concepts created in the mind. No one really knows how this works. Ideas are the product of mental action
One idea can change the whole world. If someone has a better idea, they can sell it to others.

Connection
A connection is when two things are put together. This can either be a 'real' connection, like a chain linking two objects, or you can use the word in a figurative way. You might talk about a train connection between two cities, and mean the trains running between them.

Nobuo Uematsu
Nobuo Uematsu (植松 伸夫; Uematsu Nobuo, born March 21, 1959) is a Japanese composer of video game music. He stays busy making lots of different types of music for games. A lot of the music he makes is for games produced by Squaresoft and Square Enix, including the "Final Fantasy" series of role-playing games, and some music for "Chrono Trigger".

Dharma
Dharma or Dhamma is part of many religions or spiritual belief systems that began in India. The oldest is Hinduism. Buddhism, Ayyavazhi, Jainism, and Sikhism also believe in the same idea. It means "the law" to spiritual growth of the believers.
In Buddhism.
In Buddhism, the word "Dharma" also means the very old teachings of the Buddha. So, when a person "studies Dharma," they are studying what the Buddha taught people.
To learn more, read: Dharma (Buddhism)
In Hinduism.
In Hinduism, dharma is the spiritual law for human beings. It is the way of goodness, truth and duty. For example, for a youth, a big part of dharma is to be a good student. Parents’ dharma is to raise and support their family. Teacher’s dharma is to teach and the dharma of the police to protect others. Each age brings new responsibilities, so dharma will change. It is everyone’s dharma to be honest, kind and religious, and to be a good citizen. Hindus believe that following dharma fulfills the highest purpose on earth. When people follow dharma, they feel good about themselves, and life is most rewarding.

Walter Sisulu
Walter Max Ulyate Sisulu (18 May, 1912 - 5 May 2003) was a South African freedom fighter. He fought against apartheid. Sisulu was the Secretary-General of the African National Congress from 1949 until 1954. Over the next 10 years he was put in prison seven times. He was one of many people, including Nelson Mandela to be found guilty of treason during trials between 1956 and 1961. He was sent to prison for 6 years because of this. While free on bail, he went into hiding. He was found in 1963 and put on trial again. In 1964, he as sent to prison for the rest of his life. He was released from prison in 1989. In 1991, he became the Deputy President of the African National Congress. He held the position from July 1991 until 1994.

List of U.S. state capitals
This is a list of United States state capital cities. Each city is the center of government for a state in the United States, usually in the capitol building.

Juneau, Alaska
Juneau () is the capital city of the U.S. state of Alaska. It is also the third largest city in Alaska, following Anchorage and Fairbanks. There are no thru roads to Juneau. One must travel by boat or plane to see the city.

Phoenix, Arizona
Phoenix is the capital city of the U.S. state of Arizona. It is the largest city in that state. The city is the county seat of Maricopa County. It is the largest capital city in the United States. The city is located along the normally dry Salt River. It became a city on February 25 1881. People who live in Phoenix are known as Phoenicians.
Phoenix had an estimated 2005 population of 1,475,834 people. It was the sixth largest city in the United States in the 2000 census. Phoenix is a very large city. It has an area of 515 square miles. This makes it the 10th largest city by area. As of 2006, the Phoenix Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) was the 13th-largest in the United States, with an estimated population of 4,039,182 people.
American Indian inhabitants.
As early as 700 AD, the Hohokam people lived in the land that would become Phoenix. The Hohokam created about 135 miles (217 km) of irrigation canals. This let them grow things on the land.
It is believed that between AD 1300 and AD 1450 drought and floods caused the Hohokam to no longer live in the area. Spanish and Mexican explorers knew of the area but they did not go as far north as the Salt River Valley.
Early history.
In 1867, Jack Swilling of Wickenburg, Arizona came to the area. He saw that the land was good for farming. The only problems he saw were a lack of rain and good irrigation. Swilling corrected the problem by having a series of canals built. A small community was created about four miles (6 km) east of the where the city is today.
The farming community was named Swilling's Mill. The name was later changed to Helling Mill, Mill City, and East Phoenix. Swilling was a Confederate soldier during the Civil War. He wanted to name the city "Stonewall," after Gen. Stonewall Jackson. Others people had other ideas for names. Finally, Lord Darrell Duppa suggested the name "Phoenix,". The name is the same as the mythological fire bird which is born again from its own ash after it dies. It was a good name for a city born from a former civilization.
Incorporation.
On February 25 1881, Phoenix became an incorporated city. At that time it had a population of about 2,500 people. Phoenix held its first city election on May 3 1881. Judge John T. Alsap defeated James D. Monihon, 127 to 107, to become the city's first mayor. In early 1888, the city offices were moved into the new City Hall.
The coming of the railroad in the 1880s was the first of several important events changed the economy of Phoenix. Phoenix became a trade center. In response, the Phoenix Chamber of Commerce was created on November 4 1888.

Little Rock, Arkansas
Little Rock is the capital city and largest city of the U.S. state of Arkansas.

Hartford, Connecticut
Hartford is the capital city of the U.S. state of Connecticut.

Dover, Delaware
Dover is the capital city of the U.S. state of Delaware.

Boise, Idaho
Boise is the capital city of the U.S. state of Idaho.

Springfield, Illinois
Springfield is the capital city of the U.S. state of Illinois. It is close to the center of the state. In the 2000 census, Springfield had more than 110,000 people living in it.
The state Capitol, in the middle of Springfield, is where the General Assembly (the state's legislature) meets and where the governor's office is. The Capitol is a big building with a dome that can be seen from many miles away. Springfield also has an old capitol, which is now a historic site.
Springfield was the home of Abraham Lincoln before he was elected president in 1860. Lincoln was a lawyer and practiced law many places in Illinois. His office is near the old capitol. When he died, his body was brought back to Springfield. His home, his law office, his tomb are all open to the public. Springfield also has a new building with a museum and library dedicated to him and his presidency.
Springfield has two Interstate highways: I-55 and I-72. I-55 runs from Chicago to Springfield and then through St. Louis, Missouri. Springfield also has many smaller roads to other cities.

Indianapolis, Indiana
Indianapolis is the capital city and largest city of the U.S. state of Indiana. In the 2000 census, it had more than 790,000 people living in it. It is the home of the Indianapolis Colts football team and the Indiana Pacers basketball team. The city is the host each May of the "Indianapolis 500" car race.

Des Moines, Iowa
Des Moines is the capital city of U.S. state of Iowa.
Des Moines was started in 1843 where the Raccoon River and Des Moines River meet. Des Moines became the capital of Iowa in 1857.
Today, Des Moines is the largest city in Iowa with a population of 194,163 as of 2005.
Des Moines has many insurance companies in the city. It is also the location of the Iowa State Fair that happens every year.

Topeka, Kansas
Topeka is the capital city of the U.S. state of Kansas.

Baton Rouge, Louisiana
Baton Rouge is the capital city of the U.S. state of Louisiana.

Augusta, Maine
Augusta is the capital city of the U.S. state of Maine. 18,560 people live in Augusta.

Saint Paul, Minnesota
Saint Paul is the capital city of the U.S. state of Minnesota. It is located across the Mississippi River from Minneapolis. When people talk about both cities, they call them the Twin Cities.

Jackson, Mississippi
Jackson is the capital city and largest city of the U.S. state of Mississippi.

Jefferson City, Missouri
Jefferson City is the capital city in Missouri, United States.

Helena, Montana
Helena is the capital city of the U.S. state of Montana.

Carson City, Nevada
Carson City is the capital city of the American state of Nevada.

Austin, Texas
Austin is the capital city of the U.S. state of Texas. The University of Texas at Austin is located there.
History.
Austin was first called Waterloo in 1835. In 1839 it was chosen to be the capital city of The Republic of Texas and named for Stephen F. Austin. The University of Texas at Austin was founded in 1883.
Government.
Austin has a mayor and a city council. The mayor is Will Wynn and there are seven members on the city council.
Business.
Many businesses have their main offices in or near Austin, including Dell, Freescale Semiconductors and Whole Foods.

Montpelier, Vermont
Montpelier is the capital city of the U.S. state of Vermont.

Concord, New Hampshire
Concord is the capital city of the U.S. state of New Hampshire.The land which Concord now occupies along the banks of the Merrimack River was settled thousands of years ago by Native Americans. The broad sweeps of the river valley, good soil for farming, and easy transportation on the Merrimack made the site of Concord equally inviting to English-speaking settlers in the eighteenth century. Settled by immigrants from Massachusetts in 1725, the community grew in prominence during the eighteenth century. Some of Concord's earliest houses remain today at the north end of Main Street. In the years following the American Revolution, the City's central location made it a logical choice for the state capital, and in 1808 Concord was named the official seat of state government. Today the 1819 State House is the oldest state capitol in which the legislative branches meet in their original chambers.
ORIGIN-This area's first settlement in 1659 was named Penacook, for the Indian name Pannukog, meaning crooked place or bend in the river. The first land grant was in 1725, and the town was incorporated as Rumford in 1733. The name was changed to Concord in 1765 upon resolution of a bitter boundary dispute between Rumford and Bow. Its central location was the logical choice for state capital, and Concord was so named in 1808. The State House, built in 1818 and first occupied in 1819, is the oldest in continuous use in the country. In 1853, the State granted Concord a city charter. It was in Concord that the Abbotts built the famous Concord Coach, modeled after the coronation coach for King George III. Granite quarrying has been another major industry, and Concord's quarries supplied granite for the US Library of Congress. Concord was home to Franklin Pierce, 14th President of the United States, following his presidency.
Population Trends-Concord had the tenth largest numeric change in population, totaling 12,777 over 50 years, from 27,988 in 1950 to 40,765 in 2000. The largest decennial percent change was a 22 percent increase between 1980 and 1990; all other decades increased by ten percent or less. The 2005 Census estimate for Concord was 42,336 residents, which ranked third among New Hampshire's incorporated cities and towns.

Trenton, New Jersey
Trenton is the capital city of the U.S. state of New Jersey.

Santa Fe, New Mexico
Santa Fe is the capital city of the U.S. state of New Mexico.

Albany, New York
Albany is the capital city of the U.S. state of New York. It is a much smaller city than New York City.

Raleigh, North Carolina
Raleigh is the capital city of the U.S. state of North Carolina. It is located in Wake County, in an area of the state called the "Triangle." It is called this because there are a total of three cities near each other; besides Raleigh, there is also the cities of Chapel Hill and Durham in the area.

Bismarck, North Dakota
Bismarck is the capital city of the U.S. state of North Dakota.

Columbus, Ohio
Columbus is the capital city and largest city of the U.S. state of Ohio. It is located in the middle of the state. It is home to the Ohio State Buckeyes.

Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
Oklahoma City is the capital city of the U.S. state of Oklahoma.

Wichita, Kansas
Witchita is the biggest city in the United States State of Kansas.
Wichita is the 51st largest city in the United States with an estimated population of 354,865 in the year 2005.

Casablanca (movie)
"Casablanca" is a 1942 movie set in the Moroccan city of Casablanca during World War II. It stars Humphrey Bogart and Ingrid Bergman in lead roles.
From the time of its debut, it has been called one of the greatest movies ever made. Critics have loved it for the romantic performance of Bogart and Bergman.

The Godfather
"The Godfather" is a 1972 movie directed by Francis Ford Coppola. It is based on Mario Puzo's novel of the same name, and stars Marlon Brando and Al Pacino. The story of the movie takes place during 1945 and 1955.
It has been considered one of the best movies about the Mafia. In addition, many have called it the best movie of all time; it also appears on many such lists, including AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies (where it was ranked at number three).
"The Godfather" won three Academy Awards: Best Picture, Best Actor (for Marlon Brando, who refused the award), and Best Adapted Screenplay.
A sequel, "The Godfather Part II", was released in 1974 and won another Best Picture Oscar. It was the only sequel to do so until 2003's '. The third film in the Godfather trilogy, "The Godfather Part III", came out in 1990.

Venus fly-trap
The Venus fly-trap is a carnivorous plant. Carnivores are animals that eat other animals. Carnivorous plants are plants that eat small animals, such as insects. Carnivorous plants grow in soil that has little nitrogen. All living things must have nitrogen. Carnivorous plants take nitrogen from the insects they eat.
The Venus Flytrap catches insects in a trap on the end of the leaf. The open trap is like an open book. Red color inside the trap attracts insects. When an insect walks inside, special sensitive hairs feel the insect move. That makes the trap shut quickly. The trap holds the insect inside until it is dead. Then the plant takes the nitrogen from the insect’s body.
Venus fly-traps come from only one small part of America. But people anywhere can grow Venus Flytraps in pots.
The name is sometimes spelled Venus flytrap, Venus' flytrap, or Venus's-flytrap.

Prime number
A prime number is a positive, whole number that is special in some ways. For a prime number, there are exactly two whole numbers that divide it (with no remainder). These divisors are the number itself, and 1. No other numbers will divide it exactly.
For example, 7 is a prime number, because the only numbers that divide it evenly are 1 and 7.
1 is not a prime number, since there is only one number that divides it with no leftover. 0 is not a prime number, since divide by zero cannot be done.
All other positive numbers are called composite numbers, because other whole numbers can be multiplied to produce these numbers.
How to find (small) prime numbers.
As an example, if this is done up to the number 10, the numbers 2, 3, 5 and 7 are prime numbers, and 4, 6, 8, 9 and 10 are composite numbers.
This method or algorithm takes too long to find very large prime numbers, but it is less complicated than methods used for very large primes, like Fermat's primality test or the Miller-Rabin primality test.
What prime numbers are used for.
Prime numbers are very important in mathematics and computer science. Some real-world uses are given below.

Igloo
An igloo (or iglu) is a shelter (a place for people to stay warm and dry) made from blocks of snow placed on top of each other, often in the shape of a dome (like half of a hollow ball). They were used in winter as temporary shelters by hunters when they were away from their regular homes.
They were most often built in places where a lot of snow covers the land for weeks or months at a time, such as the far north of Canada and Greenland. Most igloos are built by native Inuit people (sometimes called "Eskimoes"). As they learned to build them better, sometimes people would build larger igloos that would last longer and hold more people, even for dancing.

Dust
Dust is fine, solid particles of matter.
For articles on how the word "dust" is used as a technical term in physics, astronomy, cosmology, and

Phantom of the Opera
"The Phantom of the Opera" ("Le Fantôme de l’Opéra" in France) is a French novel by Gaston Leroux. It was published in 1910; an English edition came out a year later.
The book was turned into a famous stage play by Andrew Lloyd Webber in 1986.
Several movie versions have been made, most notably in 1925, 1943, 1974 (as Brian de Palma's "The Phantom of the Paradise") and 2004.

Fleet, Hampshire
Fleet is a tiny town in Hampshire, United Kingdom and tends to be a dormitory town serving London and Reading.
Fleet has one small shopping center, and a music shop just off the High Road, but the highlight of the town is Fleet Services on the M3 - which when asked, is probably the most any driver has heard of Fleet.
There are a number of pubs there with some character, and even two small nightclubs. It has a lot of green, and is good for rambling but there is the danger of a field being an army firing range.
Working in Fleet.
Its local business parks seem to be a focus for many CAD companies serving the local military in Fleet, Aldershot, and Farnborough. Notably there are AutoDesk and PTC.
Travelling in Fleet.
It has its own train station on the London-Basingstoke line. It also has bus services running to and from local towns, including Reading. The local bus company did go bust a few times, notably at the same time as the major plague of train accidents and strikes in early 2002 - where combined with large snow deposits, made travel in or out of the town impossible or at least very unpleasant. Anyone who lived on the London-Basingstoke line will remember people being crammed into the guard-vans of the train after waiting 90 minutes, or being stuck between stations for what seemed like days.

Hentai
Hentai is a Japanese word that literally means "strange appearance", but is also used to mean "perverted". Hentai, because of this, is a word used by countries outside of Japan to show pornographic and sex-related animé, manga and video games. The word is not used to mean this in Japan. In Japan, terms such as "ecchi" are used.
The word hentai is sometimes used to apply to cartoon characters that are not anime characters.
Most of the hentai(anime)-films in the late 1990s to the present day are based on Ero-Games, where the only actual goal is to date the girls in the game and have sex with one of them. The games feature various character-types, like a bookworm, a tough girl, a younger girl, and a tomboy. Ero-games can include some very gross (like scat or guro) and sometimes also taboo material (like incest, rape and pedophilia). Some examples of these kind of game-to-hentai-anime conversions are Immoral Sisters, Isaku, Pia Carrot, Five Card, Bible Black, Words Worth, Night Shift Nurses, and Milk Junkies.

List of redundant expressions
A redundant expression is a sentence with two words that mean the same thing.

Snowboarding
Snowboarding is a sport in which a person stands on a "snowboard" and rides down a slope covered with snow. It is like skiing, except both feet are on one board, instead of one board ("ski") for each foot. The types of jumps you can do are: Indy, 180, nosegrab, tailwhip, front/side 180,and backside 180.

Aquamarine
Aquamarine is a gemstone, named for its blue-green color, which looks like some shallow seas. It is a type of beryl.
Aquamarine is also a color, a shade between green and cyan.
It is named for the gemstone aquamarine.

Trinitrotoluene
TNT (Trinitrotoluene) is an explosive similar to dynamite (based on nitroglycerin).
Sometimes TNT is used to mean dynamite, or dynamite is used to mean TNT, because they can be used in similar ways.

Spore
A spore is the way fungi and some non-flowering plants, such as ferns and mosses reproduce (make new fungi or plants), the same way seeds of other plants do.

Radiohead
Radiohead is an English rock band from near the English city called Oxford. The lead singer and lyrics writer of the band is Thom Yorke, who also plays guitar and piano. Thom is known for his high voiced singing style and the dark mood and message of his songs.
The band has five members, and three of them play guitar. In their early years, Radiohead was known for their layered and heavy guitar sound. In later years, the band began using other instruments too, and creating more electronic sounds. The band still performs live and attracts large crowds of fans to sold-out concerts, even though they play many different styles of music.
Most bands from England are not successful outside their home country of the UK. But Radiohead is successful in the UK and also in Europe, the United States, Canada, Latin America, Australia, Israel, Japan and other parts of Asia. Radiohead does not sell as much as the biggest pop artists in the world, but they are recognized by fans and music critics. Lots of people and magazines have called their albums some of the best ever made. They have made seven albums so far, the latest, In Rainbows was released in 2007. The band also works to help environmental and peace causes.
History.
Radiohead started in 1985. The members of the band went to school together at Abingdon School, a school only for boys in Abingdon. The band first called themselves "On a Friday". The band would usually rehearse on Friday in their school's music room.
On A Friday signed a contract with EMI, a large record label, in 1991. They changed their name to "Radiohead". This name came from the song "Radio Head" on the album "True Stories" by Talking Heads.They released their first EP, called "Drill", in May 1992. It was not very popular. Radiohead started work on their first album. It was called "Pablo Honey" and it was recorded in 1992 in a studio in Oxford. They released their first single, "Creep", late in 1992. They released "Pablo Honey" in February 1993. The album did not become popular, but "Creep" did, and the band got a lot of fans because of it. At the time, Radiohead's style of music was not very popular, and people said it sounded like Nirvana, but was not as good. They said that other Britpop bands, like Suede, were better. "Creep" was played on the radio at a lot of colleges around the world, however. When Radiohead went on tour in the United States in early 1993, the music video for "Creep" was being played a lot on MTV.
Radiohead made an EP in 1994. This was called "My Iron Lung", and contained the title single, and seven songs known as B-sides (because they were not on a full length album). The main song, "My Iron Lung", was about the way fans had reacted to their song "Creep". The band was happy the song had been a hit, because otherwise they might not have been able to continue the band. But the band, especially Thom Yorke, were reluctant to be celebrities. They were already disturbed by the workings of the music industry. They felt they had no control over things. "Creep" was popular, so they felt under pressure to make more similar songs. They hated the way "Creep" was the only Radiohead song anyone listened to at their concerts, yet it was all that was keeping them popular and afloat in the record industry. The "iron lung" was a metaphor for such a "life support".
Their second normal album, "The Bends", came out in 1995. The song "My Iron Lung" was on it, along with 11 new ones. The band released four more songs as singles: "Fake Plastic Trees", "High and Dry", "Just" and "Street Spirit [Fade Out]". None of these songs were as popular as "Creep" around the world. Radiohead was now a one-hit wonder to many people in America. Songs from "The Bends" did not get played on the radio very much there. But the album became very popular in Radiohead's home of the UK. It also got excellent reviews from music critics, unlike the band's first album. Many said it was one of the best rock records in memory. The album was produced by John Leckie, a veteran at EMI's Abbey Road studios. As a young man Leckie had assisted on Pink Floyd albums in the 1970s.
The band's lineup was the same for "The Bends". Thom Yorke and Ed O'Brien played rhythm and auxiliary guitar; Thom sang and Ed sang backup. Phil Selway played drums and percussion. Colin Greenwood played bass guitar. Radiohead's lead guitarist was Jonny Greenwood, Colin's younger brother. Jonny was also younger than any of the other members. Jonny was the only member of the band who didn't graduate from university. He was also the only member who had attended music school. Jonny had had to leave university after a few months to join Radiohead on a tour when they became popular. But he played in an orchestra when he was young, and he had a knowledge of classical and experimental music and jazz. Thus, Jonny became the band's musical expert. At this stage he already played many instruments, such as keyboard.
It was Jonny's complex and cathartic guitar solos in songs like "Just" and "The Bends" that soon began to attract notice. So did his simpler playing in other songs. The circle of Radiohead fans began to grow. Thom Yorke's lyrics also began talking about larger more political themes during this time. Mostly, they were still about personal disappointments, loves, losses, depression, unease, and anger. But Thom wrote songs like "Fake Plastic Trees" and "Street Spirit" which found the source of the unease in the larger structure of society, not the individual.
Radiohead's style of music had gotten more mature, according to most people, without changing too much. Some others felt their songwriting had improved so much it was no longer unrecognizable. The band used more keyboards and acoustic guitar this time, and made a more subtle atmosphere. But electric guitars were the main instrument used on the record. Some of Radiohead's influences this time were: the post-punk band Magazine, the singer-songwriter Jeff Buckley, Morrissey's (former Smiths singer) "Vauxhall & I", and the music of R.E.M. That band had inspired Radiohead from the beginning. Radiohead would get a chance to tour with them in summer 1995, after releasing the album. Lead singer Michael Stipe became a friend and mentor to Thom, and also a public fan of Radiohead. In 1995 he said "they're so good, they're scary".
The band's influences had expanded once more by the time of their next album "OK Computer".
With "OK Computer", the band started the next section of their career. They started using more sounds from electronic music. They released the album "Kid A" which had a lot less use of guitar than on previous albums, but was still called one of their best albums (with some people calling it their best). An album of songs recorded during this time, but that didn't appear on "Kid A" was released, called "Amnesiac". In 2003 they released the album "Hail To The Thief" which was a return to a sound with more guitars and less use of electronic sounds. In 2008 they released "In Rainbows". It was first released for free on the band's website, then released properly on January 1, 2008.
BRIT Awards.
Radiohead has been nominated five times at the BRIT Awards.
Grammy Awards.
Radiohead has received two awards from nine nominations at the Grammy Awards.
Ivor Novello Awards.
Radiohead has received one Ivor Novello AwardsIvor Noevllo award.
Mercury Prize.
Radiohead has received four Mercury Prize nominations.
MTV Video Music Awards.
Radiohead has received one award from ten nominations at the MTV Video Music Awards.
PLUG Awards.
Radiohead has received one nomination at the PLUG Awards.
Q Awards.
Radiohead has received two awards from the Q Awards.

Ladino language
Ladino is a Jewish language that is close to the Spanish language. It has many old Spanish words and Hebrew words.
During the Middle Ages, many Jews lived in Spain. These Jews were called Sephardic Jews or "Sephardim" (in Hebrew). They were forced to leave Spain after the country was taken over by Christians, and they brought this old Spanish with them to the countries they ran away to. Today some Sephardic Jews still speak Ladino in Israel, Turkey, Bosnia and Herzegovina, the United States, and other countries.
Ladino is written using the Hebrew alphabet.

Guns N' Roses
Guns N' Roses is a popular American hard rock band. The band was formed in Los Angeles, California, USA. The five original members of the band were Axl Rose (lead vocals), Slash (lead guitar), Izzy Stradlin (rhythm guitar, backing vocals), Duff McKagan (bass, backing vocals), and Steven Adler (drums). The band's most known songs are "Welcome to the Jungle", "Paradise City", "Sweet Child O'Mine", "Patience", "Live and Let Die", "November Rain", "Knockin' on Heaven's Door", "Don't Cry", and "Civil War".
The music, they made, was different from the rock music that was popular in the 1980's. They played harder rock music. It was also closer to traditional rock. Because of this, many music fans became interested in Guns N'Roses. Guns N'Roses was created in Los Angeles in June, 1985. By singer W. Axl Rose, guitarists Tracii Guns and Izzy Stradlin, bassist Ole Beich and drummer Rob Gardner. Axl's old band was named Hollywood Rose, and Tracii's old band was named L.A. Guns. They joined the two names and got the name Guns N'Roses.
In 1985, Guns N'Roses went to Seattle to perform. Tracii Guns and Rob Gardiner could not attend the show. Rose called guitarist Slash and drummer Steven Adler, who were his friends. He asked them for help. They agreed, and became permanent members. On the way back to Los Angeles, the five members wrote the lyrics for 'Welcome to the Jungle' which became their most famous song. Then in 1990 Drummer Steven Adler got fired from the band because of his drug abuse. He was replaced by Cult Drummer Matt Sorum.
Slash, McKagan and Sorum are currently in Velvet Revolver with Stone Temple Pilots frontman Scott Weiland and Wasted Youth guitarist Dave Kushner.
Since parting ways with the "Appetite for Destruction"-line up, Rose has remained constant and many line ups have changed ever since. The band has been gearing up for a new album, titled "Chinese Democracy", which had been delayed for over ten years.

Tsunami
A tsunami is a wave in the ocean caused by earthquakes or volcanic eruptions.
A tsunami is a very long wave. It can be hundreds of kilometers long. It is a chain of fast moving waves caused by fast changes in the ocean. Usually, a tsunami starts suddenly. It will begin as normal waves and change to a very big wave very quickly. The waves travel at a great speed across an ocean with little energy loss. They can remove sand from beaches, destroy trees, damage houses and even destroy whole towns.
The water will draw back from the coast half of the period of the wave before it gets to the coast. If the slope of the coast is shallow, the water may pull back for many hundreds of metres. People who do not know of the danger will often remain at the shore. Tsunamis can not be prevented, but there are ways to help stop people from dying from a tsunami. Some regions with a high risk of tsunamis may use warning systems to warn the general population before the big waves reach the land. Because an earthquake that caused the tsunami can be felt before the wave gets to the shore, people can be warned to go somewhere safe.
The deadliest tsunami recorded was on December 26, 2004. It was caused by an earthquake. The earthquake was said to had magnitude 9.3 on the Richter scale. It was centered in the ocean near the coast of Sumatra, Indonesia. Over 225,000 people died from this disaster. The giant wave moved very quickly. Hundreds of thousands of people in Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Thailand, India, Somalia, and other nations, were killed or injured by it.
Tsunamis are often called tidal waves. This is misleading, because tsunamis are not related to tides.

Lake Chaubunagungamaug
Lake Chaubunagungamaug, Chargoggagoggmanchauggagoggchaubunagungamaugg, or Lake Webster is a lake in the United States. It is in the state of Massachusetts. The lake is also known by the much shorter name of "Webster Lake", but some people prefer the long name Chargoggagoggmanchauggagoggchaubunagungamaugg, which is the Native American name for the body of water. The name is the longest place name in the United States.

Hans Enoksen
Hans Enoksen (born 1956) is the Prime Minister of Greenland. He was elected Prime Minister December 14, 2002.

Nunarput utoqqarsuanngoravit
Nunarput utoqqarsuangoravit is the national anthem of Greenland. It was written by Henrik Lund, and it became the national anthem in 1916.

Ben Stiller
Ben Stiller (born November 30, 1965 in New York City) is an American movie actor and comedian. He is best known for his roles in "Zoolander" (2001), "Meet the Parents" (2001) (and its 2004 sequel "Meet the Fockers"), and "There's Something About Mary" (1998).
Stiller has also starred in "Flirting with Disaster" (1996), "Duplex" (2003) and ' (2004) among others. One of the first movies he starred in was Steven Spielberg's "Empire of the Sun" (1987).
He was the director of "Reality Bites" (1994) and "The Cable Guy" (1996).

Sieve of Eratosthenes
The Sieve of Eratosthenes is a simple test to check if a number is a prime number.
Repeat this for all numbers until you reach the square root of "n".
If "n" has been crossed out it is not prime.

Benjamin Franklin
Benjamin Franklin (January 17, 1706 - April 17, 1790) was one of the "Founding Fathers" of the United States, and one of the country's earliest politicians. He had a very important part in shaping the American Revolution, even though he was never elected to any official position. As a leader of the Enlightenment, he influenced European scientists. He even was the first thing many Europeans associated with America at the time. His success with the French military was an important factor in America's win over Great Britain.
Most people see Franklin as one of history's greatest inventors. Some of his greatest creations include the lightning rod, bifocals (a type of eyeglasses), the idea of unity in the Thirteen Colonies, and the idea of America itself.
The city of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (where he lived) marked his three hundredth birthday in 2006.
Franklin is frequently seen on the United States' hundred-dollar bill as a mark of brilliance and a tribute to our past.

Noble Eightfold Path
In Buddhism, the Noble Eightfold Path (Pali: "ariya atthangika magga") is the path to the end of suffering. It is the fourth part of the Four Noble Truths. It can be summed up in three categories: wisdom ("pañña"), virtue ("sila"), and concentration ("samadhi"). It asks for the Right view and the right intention, as well as other things. It also asks for the right speech.

George III of the United Kingdom
George III (Born George William Frederick June 4, 1738 - January 29, 1820) was King of Great Britain and King of Ireland from October 25, 1760 until January 1, 1801. He then became King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland until his death.
During George III's reign, his home country lost many of its colonies in North America (they became the United States), and Britain and Ireland joined to form the United Kingdom. Also during George III's reign his land in Hannover, Germany became a Kingdom
Because of "his plain, homely, thrifty manners and tastes", George III has been nicknamed "Farmer George".

Gone with the Wind
"Gone with the Wind" is the name of a 1936 book by Margaret Mitchell, and a famous 1939 movie of the same name from Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.
Margaret Mitchell's original book from 1936 was one of the most popular of its time. It tells the story of Scarlett O'Hara, and her adventures in the American South (and in the plantation of Tara) during the Civil War. During the book, she falls in love with Rhett Butler.
The title takes its name from the lines an Ernest Dowson poem: "I have forgot much, Cynara! gone with the wind." (This line also appears in the book.)
Critics and historians have said of its views of Confederacy and the American South before the Civil War. But it is true to the events of the time, and also has a well-written account of the fall of Atlanta in 1864.
The book won the Pulitzer Prize on May 3, 1937.
In 1991, Alexander Ripley wrote its official sequel, "Scarlett". Three years later, it was made as a television miniseries.
In 2001, the copyright holders of the original book tried to stop sales of Alice Randall's "The Wind Done Gone". (The book retold Mitchell's story from a slave's point of view.) The resulting lawsuit allowed the book to be published; it was seen, based on rules in the First Amendment, as a parody.

AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies
AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies is a list of the top one hundred movies in American cinema. It was made by the American Film Institute in 1998. The television station CBS aired the list's special.

Flag of Greenland
The Flag of Greenland was designed by Greenlander Thue Christiansen. It features two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red with a large disk at the center. The top half of the disk is red, the bottom half is white.
Its local name in the Greenlandic language is "Erfalasorput", which means "our flag", but Aappalaartoq (meaning "the red") is also used for both the Greenlandic flag and the Dannebrog. Today Greenlanders display both the Erfalasorput and the Dannebrog, often side-by-side.
Greenland first thought of the idea of a flag of its own in 1973, when five Greenlanders proposed a green, white and blue flag. The following year, a newspaper printed eleven design proposals (all but one of which was a Nordic Cross), and polled the people to determine the most popular. The Dannebrog was better liked than any. Little came of this effort.
In 1978, Denmark granted home rule to Greenland, making it an equal member of the Danish Kingdom. The home rule government asked for flag proposals, receiving 555. 293 were made by Greenlanders.
Out of all the designs, the current red-and-white design by Christiansen narrowly won over a green-and-white Nordic cross by a vote of fourteen to eleven. Christiansen's red-and-white flag was officially adopted on June 21, 1985.
To honor the tenth anniversary of the Erfalasorput, the Greenland Post Office issued commemorative stamps and a leaflet by its creator. He described the white stripe as representing the glaciers and ice cap; the red stripe, the ocean; the red semicircle, the fjords; and the white semicircle, the icebergs and pack ice. The design is also reminiscent of the setting sun half-submerged below the horizon and reflected on the sea.

Greenlandic language
Kalaallisut, or in English Greenlandic, is the name given to the standard dialect and official language of Greenland. This standard national language is now taught to all Greenlanders in school, regardless of their native dialect. It reflects almost exclusively the language of western Greenland and has borrowed a great deal of vocabulary from Danish, while Canadian and Alaskan Inuit languages have tended to take words from English or sometimes French and Russian. It is written using the Roman alphabet. The dialect of the Upernavik area in northwest Greenland is somewhat different in sound from the standard dialect.
Tunumiit oraasiat, (or Tunumiisut in Kalaallisut, often East Greenlandic in other languages), is the dialect of eastern Greenland. It differs sharply from other Inuit language variants and has roughly 3,000 speakers.
Avanersuaq is the dialect of the area around Qaanaaq in northern Greenland. It is sometimes called the Thule dialect or North Greenlandic. This area is the northernmost settlement area of the Inuit and has a relatively small number of speakers. It is reputed to be fairly close to the North Baffin dialect, since a group of Inuit from Baffin Island settled in the area during the 19th and early 20th centuries. It counts under 1,000 speakers.

Anglophone
An Anglophone is a person who speaks the English language. The "Anglophone world" is also a name for the English-speaking world.

Worm
A worm is an invertebrate animal with a long body and (in most cases) no legs. The most common worm is the "earth worm", a type of annelid. In some countries, people eat earthworms.
There are over 5 500 known species of worms. They can be found everywhere, except in polar or dry climates. Their size varies: they can be between two centimeters and about three metres in length. The biggest known earthworm is the Giant Gippsland Earthworm, one of about 1 000 earthworm species found in Australia. They are usually about 80cm in length, but can grow to about 3 metres. Some other worms are Tapeworm, Ringworm, and both of those worms are parasites!
The most common earthworm (in Europe, and most other temperate climate regions) can grow to a size of about 20-25 cm when extended.
Most earthworms can regrow lost segments. This capability varies by species though.
Other common worms include roundworms and flatworms. Some animals are also called worms, but do not belong to this group. For example, the inchworm is a type of caterpillar, and the slow-worm is a legless lizard.

Wire
Wire is a long, thin and flexible piece of metal. Electricity can travel through a wire. They are all different shapes and sizes. The outside coating of wires is colourful.
The word "Wire" can be also used "Wire money to a bank account". That means that money is transfered to a bank account.
A wire can also be when law enforcement puts a device into a phone or other electronic device to hear what suspected criminals are planning.

Whistle
A whistle is a thing to make a high sound, or the act of making a similar sound with a person's breath through their lips.

Whip
A whip is a long strand of leather or other fabric with a hard handle. When a person shakes a whip fast, it makes a loud "crack" sound, because it has broken the sound barrier. It is used for directing or hitting animals or people.

Die Toten Hosen
Die Toten Hosen is a German punk band from Düsseldorf, Germany.
Most of their songs are in German, but some in English and in a few other languages.
So they have many fans in German-speaking countries, but they have many fans in South America and other parts of Europe, too.
Die Toten Hosen are the most popular punk rock band from Germany.
Their career started in 1982. Their first Album was released in 1984 and named "Opel-Gang"

Balalaika
The balalaika is a musical stringed instrument. It was first made in Russia. It has a wooden body and strings like a guitar or a mandolin. It looks different because it has a body shaped like a triangle.
There are many sizes of balalaika. Some are the size of a ukulele, but the biggest balalaikas can be as big as a person.

Klezmer
Klezmer is a kind of music. It was made by the Jews of Eastern Europe. It is a mix of Russian, Turkish, and Gypsy folk music and Jewish prayer music.
In old times, it was played during Jewish weddings and religious festivals, and it was made for dancing. The most common klezmer instruments are the clarinet and the violin, because they are the best to play in the sad klezmer style.

New South Wales
New South Wales is one of the states of Australia. It the oldest state in Australia and is sometimes called the "Premier State". Of all Australian states, New South Wales has the most people. An inhabitant of New South Wales is referred to as a New South Welshman. The capital city of New South Wales is Sydney. Sydney is the biggest city in Australia.
The name New South Wales came from the journal of Lieutenant James Cook (later Captain Cook), who sailed up the east coast of Australia in 1770. He thought that the land looked like the south coast of Wales. He named it "New Wales" but then changed the name in his journal to "New South Wales".
New South Wales was founded (begun) in 1788, by the British who set up a small colony which became known as Sydney Town, and grew into the city of Sydney. The British colony of New South Wales originally included more than half of the Australian mainland, as well as New Zealand, Lord Howe Island and Norfolk Island. During the 19th century large areas were separated to form the British colonies of Tasmania, South Australia, Victoria, Queensland and New Zealand.
Geography.
The state is bordered on the north by Queensland, on the west by South Australia, and on the south by Victoria. Its coast faces the Tasman Sea. New South Wales contains two Federal Territories: the Australian Capital Territory (ACT), and the Jervis Bay Territory.
New South Wales' three big cities are Sydney, Newcastle and Wollongong which all lie along the coast. Other settlements include Albury, a large town which borders with Victoria; Broken Hill, the most Westerly large town; Dubbo; Orange, Bowral, Bathurst, home of the Bathurst 1000; Port Macquarie, Tamworth, home to the country music festival; Armidale, Inverell, Lismore, Nowra, Gosford, Griffith, Queanbeyan, Leeton, Wagga Wagga, Goulburn, where a lot of Australia's fruit is grown and Coffs Harbour, a popular tourist destination.

Hemp
Hemp ("Cannabis sativa" subsp. "sativa") is a plant and the fibers made from it. It is a subspecies of the "Cannabis sativa" plant. It is usually used to make cloth and other textiles, and ropes.
History.
Hemp is one of the oldest plants humans have grown and used. Hemp was domesticated in Asia over 10,000 years ago. It was already used to make clothes, ropes, and an early form of paper. The seeds were eaten, and the plant had medicinal uses. From there the use of hemp spread. In Europe, hemp was at least used 5,500 years ago. Linen and hemp were the most important fiber plants in Europe for a long time.

Lung
The lung is an organ in many vertebrates (animals having a "spine", or backbone). It gives blood oxygen from the air, and takes away carbon dioxide. Most vertebrates have 2 lungs.
In animals, the lungs are the area where respiration takes place. Without respiration in the lungs, animals would not survive as the body cells would not be able to receive the oxygen needed.
Breathing In.
To breathe in, the diaphragm, a large sheet of muscle just under the lungs, contracts and moves down. Our ribs, with the help of muscles, move up and outwards. These all make the space inside our chest much larger and since it has a larger area than what it had before, pressure decreases because there is less air inside and air has to be pushed in to make the pressure inside our chests the same as outside.
Breathing Out.
To breathe out, our diaphragm relaxes and moves upwards. Our ribs, with the help of muscles, move in and down.
These all make the space inside our chest much smaller, and too much air is held inside. So most air is pushed out.
Mammalian Lung.
The trachea is what air travels down to get to the lungs, it ends in bronchi which spread deep into the lungs to ensure that the air is evenly distributed in the lungs and also is to divide the lungs.
The bronchi get smaller and smaller and eventually they end in alveoli, which are on the outsides of the lung. Blood vessels pass near the outside of the lung and since the alveoli are so close to the outside, diffusion can occur. Alveoli also have moist outsides so that gases can dissolve to make diffusion more easy.
Carbon dioxide passes from the blood into the alveoli and the alveoli pass oxygen into the blood, that way both get what they want. The oxygen-filled blood goes back to the heart and the carbon dioxide in the alveoli is pushed out of the lungs and into the air.
Bird Lung.
Birds lungs do not have alveoli, instead they have millions of para-bronchi. These para-bronchi end up in tiny capillaries or very small blood vessels and they pass close to the body's blood vessels, so diffusion can occur and the oxygen and carbon dioxide is exchanged. The oxygen and carbon dioxide in birds lungs continuously be diffused into and out of the blood, not like mammals where diffusion can only happen in the alveoli.
Reptile Lung.
Reptile lungs open and close because of the ribs surrounding them pressing down on them and then opening up with the help of muscles. The liver is also attached to the bottom of the lungs and when a muscle which is attached to the liver pulls, the liver moves away from the lungs and pulls them, making them bigger.
Amphibian Lung.
Frog lungs are very simple compared to most other lungs, they are simply balloons, with moist outsides allowing for diffusion. But frogs do not move around much and so do not need lots of oxygen, but they can also take in oxygen through their moist outer skin if a big demand of oxygen is needed (e.g. Fight or Flight).

Kansas City
Kansas City may be two cities in the United States of America.

Rock music
Rock music is a genre of popular music often, but not always, has electric guitar, bass guitar, drums, and singing.

Cream
Cream (also called milkfat, milk fat, and butterfat) is the fatty part of regular milk. Skimmed milk (or skim milk) is milk sold with some or nearly all of the fat removed. Cream is used mostly in coffee to make it lighter in taste.

Time dilation
Time dilation is a physics concept related to relativity and special relativity.
Types of time dilation.
In Albert Einstein's theories of relativity, there are two types of time dilation. In special relativity, clocks that are moving with respect a stationary observer's clock run slower. In general relativity, clocks that are near to a a strong gravitational field (such as a planet) run slower.
Time dilation in popular culture.
Time dilation caused by long distance space flight is depicted in many fictional (made up) science fiction books and films. In L. Ron Hubbard's book "Return to Tomorrow" (1954) and in Joe Haldeman's novel "The Forever War" (1975), people experience time dilation when they make long distance, high-speed space flights.
The science fiction television show "Stargate SG-1" has stories with show the time dilation effect being created by black holes.

Supreme Court of the United States
The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest court in the United States of America. Because of this, the Court leads the Judicial Branch of the United States Federal Government. It is the only U.S. court established by the United States Constitution, and its decisions are supposed to be followed by all other courts in the United States. The Court meets in its own building in Washington, D.C. However, until 1935, the Supreme Court met in the United States Capitol.
The number of judges has changed over time. Right now, there are 9 judges on the court: one Chief Justice, and eight Associate Justices.

Falling
Falling is movement that happens due to gravity, such as when something rolls off a table and falls down to the floor. Falling is a common cause of people's injuries, especially for elderly people and for people who do sports and other leisure activities.
Elderly people.
In some cases, elderly people become less steady on their feet. If elderly people fall to the ground, they are at a greater risk of having serious injuries, such as breaking their hip.
Sports.
During sports and other recreational activities such as bicycling or skateboarding, people are more likely to fall. Some bicyclists and skateboarders wear protective clothing to protect their body in the event of a fall, such as a helmet, elbow pads, and knee pads.
Other meanings.
There is also an expression "falling in love," which means when two people begin to feel romantic love or emotional attachment to each other.

Autumn
Autumn is the season after summer and before winter. In Canada and the United States this season is also called fall. In the Northern Hemisphere, it begins with the autumn equinox (late September) and ends with the winter solstice (late December). In the Southern Hemisphere, it runs from 20 March to 21 June.
In many places, autumn is a time for harvesting most crops. Deciduous trees (trees that lose their leaves every year) lose their leaves, usually after turning yellow, red, or brown. Also, in many countries, autumn is the time a new school year starts. In the UK, the period of school between the start of September and the end of December is known as the 'Autumn Term'.
When it is autumn in the Northern Hemisphere, it is spring in the Southern Hemisphere. When it is autumn in the Southern Hemisphere, it is spring in the Northern Hemisphere. On the Equator, Autumn is very much like Spring, with little difference in temperature or in weather. Autumn is a time when most animals are looking for food so they can store up for winter, because they soon will be going into hibernation. The weather gets colder and more windy.

Holocaust denial
Holocaust denial is the belief that The Holocaust (the killing of millions of Jews and others during World War II by the Nazis) did not happen, or happened on a smaller scale.
Most history experts agree that the Nazis did kill millions of people in concentration camps. However, people who deny the Holocaust, who prefer to call themselves "Holocaust revisionists" say that the Holocaust is the product of a conspiracy (many people have joined together to produce lies told for a reason or purpose).
Arguing over how many people died in the Holocaust stops us from thinking about the fact that people were mass murdered. It is the fact of mass murder by the Nazis, and not the exact number of their victims, which is important.
It is against the law to deny the Holocaust in a number of European countries, especially in Germany. Ernst Zündel is a well known Holocaust-denier, he faces prosecution in Germany for it.

John Locke
John Locke (August 29, 1632–October 28, 1704) was an English philosopher of the late 17th century. He said that people should use thinking to search for the truth, rather than simply accepting the ideas of authorities (people in power), or the ideas of superstition and other unscientific beliefs. Locke was awarded a bachelor's degree in 1656 and a master's degree in 1658.
Political Beliefs.
His idea of the purpose of the ruler was to establish order in society, and believed that the ruler's power should be limited. Locke believed that there should be a "contract" or agreement between the ruler and the ruled. He believed that the ruler should be able to stay in power as long as they had the consent of the people that they governed. He also believed that the reason men entered into society was to claim their possessions.
Locke also believed that people are basically reasonable, and would cooperate with each other. The government, in Locke's view, was responsible for protecting the rights of the people. John Locke did not like the idea of government, he thought that all men gave up their freedoms given to them by nature, but he saw it as a necessary institution. His biggest and most basic beliefs include that humans are granted every possible right to their life, liberty, and property.

Marcha Real
La Marcha Real (English translation: "The Royal March") is the national anthem (country's song) of Spain. It is one of the few national anthems in the world (our planet Earth) to have only music, and no words.

Satellite
A satellite is any object that orbits another object in space. Satellites can be artificial, or they can be natural. The moon is a natural satellite. Uses of man-made satellites include machines that relay television signals, take photographs, send telephone traffic, help with weather forecasting, space investigation, and pollution control. The first man-made satellite was Sputnik.

Césarville-Dossainville
Césarville-Dossainville is a French village, which is located in the "département" of "Loiret" and the "région" of "Centre".

La Marseillaise
La Marseillaise is the national anthem of France.
It was written by Rouget de Lisle in Strasbourg on April 26, 1792. It was first called "Chant de guerre pour l'armée du Rhin" ("Marching Song of the Rhine Army").
le jour de gloire est arrivé!
Ils viennent jusque dans vos bras
Quotation in music.
Composers have often quoted La Marseillaise in their music, for example Tchaikovsky uses it in the 1812 overture.

Nashville, Tennessee
Nashville is the capital city of the U.S. state of Tennessee. It is on the Cumberland River in Davidson County. Nashville is the home of the Grand Ole Opry, the Country Music Hall of Fame, and many major record labels.
Nashville has 569,891 people in it (according to the 2000 census), making it the second biggest city in Tennessee after Memphis. A resident of Nashville is called a "Nashvillian".
Government and politics.
The City of Nashville and Davidson County joined in 1963 as a way for Nashville to fight the problems of urban sprawl. The joint metropolitan government offers services such as police, firefighting, electricity, running water, and waste water disposal.

Salem, Oregon
Salem (IPA: [ˈseɪ lm̩]) is the capital city of the state of Oregon in the United States of America, and county seat of Marion County. As of 2003 it has 142,940 people living in it. It is in the Willamette Valley, one of the best farming areas on Earth.

Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
Harrisburg is the capital city of Pennsylvania, one of four U.S. states called a "Commonwealth" of the United States. As of the 2000 census, the city has 48,950 people living in it.
Harrisburg is the county seat of Dauphin County and is on the Susquehanna River, 105 miles (169 km) northwest of Philadelphia.

Olympia, Washington
Olympia is the capital city of the state of Washington, in the United States of America. It became a city on January 28, 1859. As of the 2000 census, it has 42,514 people living in it. The people of Olympia are called "Olympians". Olympia is the county seat of Thurston County.
Geography.
Olympia is located at 47°2'33" North, 122°53'35" West (47.042418, -122.893077).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total size of 48.0 km² (18.5 mi²). 43.3 km² (16.7 mi²) of it is land and 4.7 km² (1.8 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 9.77% water.
Olympia is on the water (Puget Sound) and close to dark green forests and high mountains (the Olympic Mountains and Mount Rainier). On most days of the year the sky is full of clouds and it rains, but sunny weather is more common in July, August, and September.
Economy.
Many people in Olympia work for the government of the State of Washington. Every year, state representatives and state senators come to Olympia to make laws and to pass a budget for the state government.
Olympia is the home of the Olympia Farmers Market and The Evergreen State College.
Culture.
Every April, the people of Olympia celebrate the "Procession of the Species," a parade. Many Olympians, of all ages, dress up to look like animals, birds, fish, plants, and even insects, and walk in the parade. Some also play drums or dance the samba.

Invertebrate
Invertebrate is a kind of animal that does not have a spinal column or "backbone". It is the opposite of vertebrate, that means if an animal is not a vertebrate (fish, reptile, amphibian, bird, or mammal), it is an invertebrate.
Insects have no bones, but they have a skeleton on the outside of their bodies that scientists call an exoskeleton. It is like our skin, only it is hard.
Sharks and related skates and rays are vertebrates with cartilage instead of bones.

Sugar, We're Goin Down
Sugar, We’re Goin' Down is the first single from the Under The Cork Tree album, by Fall Out Boy and it was their debut. It was released in 2005.

Lawrence of Arabia
"Lawrence of Arabia" is an epic movie from 1962, based on the life of T. E. Lawrence. It stars Peter O'Toole as the title character, along with Omar Sharif and Alec Guinness.
The 1982 movie "Gandhi" follows "Lawrences story pattern: after the main character dies at the start, it moves into a series of flashbacks (past events) from his life.
"Lawrence of Arabia" won seven Academy Awards, one of them for Best Picture.
Considered one of the greatest movies ever made, it has appeared on AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies list (as the number five selecion).
A Director's Cut of the movie, running at 216 minutes, has no women talking in it.

Glyphosate
Glyphosate is a non-selective herbicide used in agriculture for the control of weeds, shrubs, and grasses. One brand name it is sold as is Monsanto's "Roundup".

Pudding
Pudding is a popular dessert and snack. It tastes sweet, and comes in many flavors. The most common kind of pudding is chocolate. Some other kinds are vanilla, butterscotch, banana, and pistachio. Most pudding today is made out of milk, sugar, flavoring, and flour. Eggs can be used, too. If you do not want to make the pudding, you do not have to. The grocery store sells pudding that is already made. One of the most popular makers of pudding in the United States is Jell-O.
In Britain the word "pudding" is often used for any dessert, especially a dessert made with flour and eggs and cooked by steaming, boiling or baking, e.g. treacle pudding, chocolate pudding or Spotted Dick (pudding with raisins or currants). There are also milk puddings such as rice pudding or semolina.
Confusingly, "steak and kidney pudding" is a savoury dish, similar to "steak and kidney pie" but with a softer pastry.

Sigmund Freud
Sigmund Freud (May 6, 1856 - September 23, 1939) was an Austrian neurologist (a person who treats sicknesses of the nervous system) and famous psychologist. Many people call him "the father of psychoanalysis."
He was born as Sigismund Schlomo Freud, but in 1877 at the age of 21 he changed his name to Sigmund Freud.
Freud is important in psychology because he was the first person to study the unconscious scientifically. The unconscious is a part of a person's mind which he does not know is thinking, and he cannot control it easily. Many people did not like this idea, and many people did not like Freud because he said people had hidden thoughts that they didn't know about.
After Freud wrote his first book, he got married, to Martha Belnays. They had six children, and the youngest (Anna Freud) became another famous psychologist.
Freud thought sex was the most important need for human beings after staying alive. He called this need the libido. He thought that sometimes people would do something they did not really want to do because the libido made them do it.
Freud lived in Germany in the 1930s. Because he was Jewish, Hitler did not like him. He made people burn Freud's books in public. Some of the Nazis wanted to hurt Freud. Because Freud and his family did not feel safe anymore, they left Vienna and went to England in June 1938.

Snack
A snack is a kind of food. It is usually small in size, and can be any kind of food that you do not eat in large amount. Because it is not meant to be a meal, a snack is not breakfast, lunch or dinner. People eat snacks if they are hungry between meals. For example, eating potato chips after lunch but before dinner is eating a snack. Snacks are easy to eat and portable, in most cases. Examples of snacks are: Mars, Snickers, Bounty and Twix. These are made of chocolate and with a different filling. If you eat a snack it will give you energy which usually comes from the large amounts of sugar and/or fat in the food, so eating snacks is good for you, most of the time. We need the energy from the food because we loose energy:walking, enduring in sport and even concentrating.

Providence, Rhode Island
Providence is the capital and largest city in Rhode Island, a state of the United States of America. As of the 2000 census, it had a population of 173,618. The official name of the state includes the name of the city, "Rhode Island and Providence Plantations".

Columbia, South Carolina
Columbia is the capital and largest city of the U.S. state of South Carolina. As of the 2000 Census, it had a population of 116,278. It is the county seat of Richland County, but a small portion of the city is located in Lexington County.

Pierre, South Dakota
Pierre is the capital city of South Dakota, a state of the United States of America. As of the 2000 census, it had a population of 13,876. Pierre (pronounced "peer") is the county seat of Hughes County. Started in 1880 on the Missouri River across from Fort Pierre, Pierre has been the state capital since 1889.

Charleston, West Virginia
Charleston is the capital city of West Virginia, a state of the United States of America. It is at the confluence (joining) of the Elk and Kanawha Rivers in Kanawha County. As of the 2000 census, Charleston has 53,421 people living in it, which makes it the largest city in the state. It is the county seat of Kanawha County.

Madison, Wisconsin
Madison is the capital city of Wisconsin, a state in the United States of America. As of the 2000 census, it has a population (people living in it) of 221,735, making it the second largest city in Wisconsin. It is the county seat of Dane County. Madison is also home to the University of Wisconsin.

Cheyenne, Wyoming
Cheyenne is the capital and largest city of Wyoming, a state of the United States of America. As of September 2005, it had an estimated population (number of people living in it) of 55,362. It is the county seat of Laramie County.

Jeannie Longo
"Longo" redirects here. "Longo" is also the nickname of Evan Longoria."
Jeannie Longo (born October 31, 1958 at St. Gervais-les-Bains in Haute-Savoie, France) is a female French cyclist.

Buckminster Fuller
Richard Buckminster "Bucky" Fuller (July 12, 1895 – July 1, 1983) was an American philosopher, architect, and inventor.
One of his most visible inventions was the geodesic dome.

Bill Harry
Bill Harry is an English author, from Liverpool. He went to college with John Lennon and Stuart Sutcliffe, who were members of The Beatles. Using the name The Dissenters, they promised to make Liverpool famous with Lennon's music, Sutcliffe's paintings and Harry's writing. The Dissenters did not get far together, but each member later became well-known.
Harry founded "Mersey Beat", a newspaper about the local music scene in Liverpool, in 1961. He was the first person to write news articles about the Beatles.
Over the years, Harry has been on over four hundred television and radio shows in Britain, America, Europe and Asia. Shows he has been on include "Good Morning", "Good Morning America", BBC News, Sky News, CNN, ITV and many television documentaries and movies about the Beatles. The British Council had him represent them for their Beatles exhibitions in Hong Kong. Harry has also appeared as a guest at Beatles conventions in Britain, Europe and America.
Harry moved to London in 1966, when he was a music journalist for "Weekend Magazine", and columnist for the Fleetway magazines "Marilyn" and "Valentine".
He was given an award by the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors for everything he has done for the music business in his lifetime.
Artists worked with.
In London, Harry worked with many entertainers. His job as their publicist was to deal with the media.

Paul Bremer
Lewis Paul Bremer III (Paul Bremer and "Jerry" among his friends) is an American author and politician. Paul Bremer was born on September 30, 1941. He was named "Director of Reconstruction and Humanitarian Assistance" on May 6 for Iraq in 2003, after the war..
Biography.
Jerry Bremer was born in Hartford, Connecticut. He grew up in New Canaan, Connecticut. He went to school at Phillips Academy and graduated in 1959. Then he went to Yale University. He received a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1963. In 1996, he received a masters degree from Harvard University. His degree was in business. He also received a degree in Paris.
In 1967, he joined the United States foreign service. At first he worked in Kabul, Afghanistan. He also worked in Blantyre, Malawi from 1968 to 1971. He worked for the United States State Department for 23 years. During that time, he worked for six different Secretaries of State, including Alexander Haig. A Secretary of State is the top government official in the U.S. State Department. A secretary of state is appointed by the United States President. He also worked as a deputy chief at an American embassy in the country of Norway. A deputy chief is a person in charge at the embassy.
In 1983, President Ronald Reagan appointed Paul Bremer to the position of Ambassador to the Netherlands. He also became "Ambassador at Large for Counter Terrorism."
He retired in 1989. Then he spent the next 15 years working in private (non-government) companies. One of the companies he worked for was Kissinger Associates (a company that was run by someone who used to be a Secretary of State, Henry Kissinger). He also served as a board member for several corporations. A board member is someone who makes big or strategic decisions on how a company should operate. Mr. Bremer has served on the board for corporations such as Air Products and Chemicals Incorporated, Akzo Nobel NV (a Dutch company), and Marsh Crisis Consulting Company.
Jerry Bremer speaks many languages besides English. He also speaks Arabic, French, Dutch, Norwegian, Persian, German, and Spanish.
He is married to a woman named Frances Winfield. They were married in 1966. They have two adult children and two grandchildren.
After he worked in Iraq, Bremer wrote a book. The title of the book is "My Year in Iraq: The Struggle to Build a Future of Hope". The book was published in January, 2006.

William P. Frye
William Pierce Frye (September 2, 1830 – August 8, 1911) was a United States politician from Maine. He served in both the United States Senate and House of Representatives.

Headache
A headache is when your head hurts. It is not when you hit your head with something and made it hurt that way, but when your head hurts from inside. Many people have headache most of the time.
A headache can also be used as a figure of speech, to describe something that is very difficult to do.

Fever
A fever is when a person's body temperature is hotter than 37.5 degrees Celsius (99.5 Fahrenheit). Normal body temperature for humans is around 36.6 to 37 degrees Celsius (98 to 98.6 F) or a bit higher after a lot of exercise. These numbers are for an temperature taken from under the tongue. Rectal temperatures will read about 0.3 C (0.55 F) higher, and armpit temperatures will read about the same amount lower.
When people are ill, their body's immune system fights the disease, and so the body temperature rises. Fever is a defensive measure of the body against the germs: the metabolism of the germs become disoriented when the body temperature rises.
About 38.9 C (102 F) degrees is called a low-grade fever, and above 39.4 C (103 F) degrees is a high-grade fever.
Children usually have a higher fever than adults; their immune system is less mature. Infants have the highest normal temperature, which decreases as people age. Some animals, especially small ones like rabbits and cats, also have a higher normal temperature than humans.
In certain cases, high-grade fever can be considered a medical emergency. This is especially the case since at or above 42°C the organs start taking damage that may not be repairable.

Peoria, Illinois
Peoria is a city on the Illinois River in the U.S. state of Illinois. In the 2000 census, Peoria had more than 110,000 people living in it. It is the home of the Peoria Rivermen ice hockey team. One of Peoria's largest businesses is Caterpillar, a company that makes bulldozers, mining trucks, and other kinds of tractors.
Many people drive in and out of Peoria on Interstate Highway 74. People also drive around Peoria on Interstate 474. Peoria is 157 miles (257 kilometers) southwest of Chicago, Illinois.

Sedative
A sleeping pill (people also call it sedative) is a drug that people take to help them sleep. It will relax them, and make them very calm.
Some sedatives can act very fast, like in 10-15 minutes. Those who consider taking sedatives should talk with their doctor, who can give them the sedatives which are best for them.
Most sedatives are highly addictive, so people need a prescription from their doctor to get sedatives.
If they take sleeping pills for a longer time, they can get addicted. Getting rid of the addiction is very hard to do. Addiction means that people who take the drug cannot stop taking it, without bad consequences (as described below). It's like people who want to stop smoking, but who cannot.
Some people are addicted to sedatives. When they stop taking the sedatives, they may experience the following
Some addictions can also be psychological; when the users stop taking the drug, they may feel depressed.

Epilepsy
Epilepsy is a common chronic neurological condition that is characterised by unprovoked seizures. People with epilepsy are sometimes wrongly called "epileptic". This is wrong because it is the fit or seizure that is "epileptic".
In most cases, epilepsy is caused by scars in the brain. Some forms of the condition are caused by genes, they may be passed on from the parents to the children. Very often, the actual cause for an epileptic seizure is lack of sleep, too much alcohol, or other things that cause stress.
Many countries in the world say there are special rules for people who have epilepsy. They need to be without a seizure for some time before they may drive a car. They also need to take drugs to treat their illness. In many countries, such people may not drive autobuses, taxis or lorries.

Trout
A trout is a kind of fish. There are many different kinds of trout. They belong to the same family as the salmon.
Most trouts are fresh water fish. They live in clear streams, rivers and lakes in America, Europe, and Asia.
To distinguish a trout from other species, look for a second dorsal fin (or adipose fin). Also, look for spots in mature trout and parr marks in the young.

Tijuana
Tijuana is a city in Mexico. It is in the north of the country and across the border from, California in the United States. It is the largest city in Baja California.

Tampa, Florida
Tampa is a city in Florida, a state of the United States.

Diana Krall
Diana Krall (born November 16, 1964) is a Canadian jazz singer and pianist from Nanaimo, British Columbia.
Krall began to play the piano when she was four years old. She began to play in restaurants when she was 15. When she was 17, she won a Vancouver Jazz Festival scholarship (student money award) to study music at the Berklee College of Music in Boston. She later moved to Los Angeles to study with Jimmy Rowles. In 1990, she moved to New York City.
Krall's 1996 album "All For You," was a tribute (way to honour someone) to the Nat King Cole trio. It was on the Billboard jazz charts for 70 weeks. The album was considered for a Grammy Award. She won a Grammy in 1999 for "Best Jazz Musician of the Year". Her 2001 album "The Look of Love" was #1 in Canada. It also won the Juno Award as Canadian album of the year. Her 2002 album "Live in Paris" won the Grammy for Best Vocal Jazz Record. Also in 2002, Krall won the Juno for Canadian artist of the year. Her version of the Tom Waits song "Tempation" made #1 on the World Jazz Charts in 2004.
Krall married British musician Elvis Costello in December 2003.

Juno Award
The Juno Awards are awards given to Canadian musical artists and bands, similar to the United States' Grammy Awards.

Half-Life 2
Half-Life 2 is a first person shooter video game created by the company Valve. This game is the sequel to the original Half-Life video game which came out in 1998.
It is sold through the "Steam" sales system also developed by Valve. Steam is a gaming platform where all games made by Valve can be played. It supports several modifications for the games too.
Half Life 2 is based on an engine called Source.

The Texas Chainsaw Massacre
"The Texas Chainsaw Massacre" is a horror movie released in 1974, and based on real events. It was directed by Tobe Hooper.
It was followed by several sequels and a 2003 remake from New Line Cinema.

Encryption
Encryption is a method which allows information to be hidden so that it cannot be read without special knowledge or tools. Once this is done the information is encrypted. Decryption is a way to change an encrypted piece of information back into unencrypted form. This is called the decrypted form.
Examples.
A common kind of encryption for words is ROT13. In ROT13, letters of the alphabet are changed with each other using a simple pattern. For example, "A" changes to "N", "B" changes to "O", "C" changes to "P", and so on. Each letter is "rotated" by 13 spaces. Using the ROT13 cipher, the words "Simple English Wikipedia" becomes "Fvzcyr Ratyvfu Jvxvcrqvn". The ROT13 ciper is easy to decrypt. Because there are 26 letters, if a letter is rotated two times by 13 letters each time, the original letter will be obtained.
Most kinds of encryption are more complex. Some are made only for text. Others are made for binary computer files like pictures and music. Today, the encryption system used the most is RSA. Any computer file can be encrypted with RSA.
On the Internet.
Encryption is used on the Internet. Web sites use encryption to protect private information. The encryption on the internet is called Secure Sockets Layer (SSL). It uses the RSA encryption system. The protocol for protected web browsing is called HTTPS.
Mostly URL encryption contain MD5 Algorithem. There are various alogorithm are available on the internet/market depending upon the need.

Gelsenkirchen
Gelsenkirchen is a city in Germany in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia. It is located about north of Cologne in the so called Ruhr Area.
About 269,000 people live there. In the past there were many coal mines. The city is famous for its football (soccer) club FC Schalke 04.

Pseudoscience
Pseudoscience is a method, practice or area of knowledge that is mistakenly considered as scientific. "Young Earth creationism" is a form of pseudoscience. It can also be called "false science" because it is not true or only half true.

Nuclear missile
Nuclear missiles are missiles (rockets who land on the earth or hit something in the air, the water, or whatever) with atomic bombs inside.
In the time of Cold War the USA and the Soviet Union were enemies and thought the other side was going to attack them. To dissuade the other side from attacking, both sides built lots of nuclear missiles to make sure that in case they were attacked they would be able to do more damage than the other side. After the war, people realized too many missiles meant neither side was safe, so since then both sides have gotten many less missiles.

Pituitary gland
The pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain, and is an essential component of the endocrine system. The gland is attached to the hypothalamus and secretes hormones such as antidiuretic hormone (ADH), oxytocin, and prolactin. It controls: Growth, Blood pressure, and sex organs.

Miskolc
Miskolc is the third largest city of Hungary and the capital of Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén county. Its population is 178.950.
Location.
Miskolc is in the north-eastern part of the country, east from the Bükk mountains, in the valley of the river Sajó and the streams Hejő and Szinva. Its area is 236.68 km².
History.
The first known people who lived in this area are the Celts. The Hungarians came here in the end of the 9th century. The area was named after the Miskóc family who were its owners, and it was first mentioned in 1210. The family lost a war against King Charles I and the king took away their properties.
A castle was built in Diósgyőr (a town near Miskolc; it is now a part of the city) in the 13rd century. It was the favourite castle of King Louis I who lived in the 14th century.
When Hungary was in a war with the Ottoman Empire, the Ottomans burned down Miskolc in 1544. The Austrians also burned the city down in 1707 because Prince Francis Rákóczi, who started a freedom fght against the Austrians, lived in Miskolc for a while.
In 1724 Miskolc became the capital of the county. The city developed. In the 18th and 19th centuries the people built many important buildings: schools, churches and a theatre. In the 1786 census (when they count the people) 14.719 people lived in Miskolc and there were 2414 houses.
After the first World War Miskolc became more important, because Hungary had to give Kassa, the other important city of the area, to Slovakia. Miskolc became a centre of iron industry. In 1945 Miskolc and Diósgyőr became one city. In 1949 a university was founded in Miskolc. Lots of people moved to Miskolc because they could find new jobs in the city. In the 1980s more than 200.000 people lived here. It was the second largest city in Hungary (the first was the capital Budapest). Now Miskolc is the third largest, the second is Debrecen.
Since the 1990s the iron industry is less successful and lots of people lost their jobs.
Miskolc is now an important cultural city and tourists like it too. The theatre holds an opera festival every year. The most beautiful parts of the city are Tapolca (with a famous warm water bath in a cave), Lillafüred (with a hotel which looks like a palace and is called Palace Hotel) and the castle of Diósgyőr.
Avas.
The Avas is a hill (234 m / 780 ft high). There is a TV tower, an old church (the oldest building in Miskolc) and a large housing estate (high houses with lots of flats) on Avas.
Downtown.
The Downtown is the centre of Miskolc. The most important street is the Széchenyi street which is often called Main street. There are lots of nice old buildigs and lots of shops here.
Diósgyőr.
Diósgyőr has a castle, some factories and housing estates.
University Town.
The University of Miskolc is a new university because it was founded in 1949. Most universities in Hungary are older and have old buildings in the downtowns. The University of Miskolc has a whole city part for itself, the buildings of the university and the houses in which the students live are in a lare park.
Lillafüred.
Lillafüred is a small village outside Miskolc, but it belongs to the city. The Palace Hotel, some caves and a nice waterfall are here.
Miskolc-Tapolca.
Tourists like Miskolc-Tapolca because of its famous Cave Bath where people can bathe in warm water inside of a large cave. The houses here are expensive.

Boeing
The Boeing 787 Dreamliner, unveiled on July 8, 2007 (UTC), is still in the development stage of production and the first flight is scheduled for 2008.
Their main manufacturing plants are near where the company was founded in Seattle, Washington.

Uterus
The uterus or womb is the part of the female body in which babies grow, and spend nine months developing during pregnancy. The uterus is located just under the fallopian tube, in between the hips.

Satanism
Satanism is a word for several religions or philosophies.
Sometimes the word Satanism is just used to say that the person using it does not like a group, but the group themselves do not think of themselves as Satanists. Used like this, it is just used to say the speaker disapproves of a group. A lot of groups, like Pagans, or even Protestants have in the past been called Satanists by some people.
The word is often used by people who don't know much about or do not like Satanists, who think that Satanism means worshipping an evil god called Satan, and that Satanists want him to win in a war against good represented by "God". This is not true of most Satanists. For them Satan is only a symbol for the freedom to be themselves. These people like the writings of Anton LaVey and are sometimes called LaVeyan Satanists. There are several modern Satanic groups of different types, but the most well known is the Church of Satan created in 1966 by Anton LaVey who also wrote The Satanic Bible.
Other types of Satanist do worship Satan. They are called theistic or traditional Satanists, because they believe their religion is older. They think their religion is similar to that written about in books from the Witch trials in Early Modern Europe. People may believe these Satanists are criminals, but that is hardly ever true, they just feel a calling to worship Satan.

Decatur, Illinois
Decatur is a city in the American state of Illinois. In the 2000 census, there were more than 80,000 people living in it. Many people drive in and out of Decatur on Interstate 72. There is a shopping mall in nearby Forsyth, a suburb of Decatur.
Decatur is the county seat of Macon County. Macon County was the home of the young Abraham Lincoln, later U.S. President, for a short time. The place where the Lincoln family built a log cabin and spent the winter of 1829-1830 is now a state park, the "Lincoln Trail Homestead State Park."

Elba
Elba (in Italian "Isola d'Elba") is third largest island of Italy, after Sardinia and Sicily. The land area of the island is about 224 square kms. The coastline is about 147 km. The highest mountain is Monte Capanne at 1018 metres (3340 feet). Elba and the other islands (Gorgona, Capraia, Pianosa, Montecristo, Giglio and Giannutri) of the Tuscan Archipelago are protected in the National Park of the Tuscan Archipelago. The French island of Corsica lies about 50 km to the west. Recently,the island has become famous for its wine.
The island is divided into eight communes: Portoferraio, Campo nell'Elba, Capoliveri, Marciana, Marciana Marina, Porto Azzurro, Rio Marina and Rio nell'Elba. The island has a population of about 30 000 people.
History.
The island was well known in to the last century for the iron resources. Mines were created by the Etruscans first and (after 480 BC) the Romans. After the end of the Roman Empire, the island knew barbarians and Saracens. In the early 11th century it became a part of the Republic of Pisa. In 1398, was sold to the Visconti family of Milan. After a few years, the island was acquired by the Appiani, Lords of Piombino, who kept it for two centuries. In 1546 part of the island was controlled by Cosimo I de' Medici. He fortified Portoferraio and renamed it "Cosmopoli". In 1577, the rest of the island was returned to the Appiani. In 1603 Philip II of Spain captured Porto Azzurro and built two fortresses there.
In 1802 the island became a part of France. Following the Treaty of Fontainebleau, French emperor Napoleon I was exiled to Elba after his forced abdication in 1814 and arrived at Portoferraio on May 3, 1814 to begin his exile there. He was allowed to keep a personal guard of six hundred men. Napoleon stayed on Elba for 300 days before he escaped and returned to France on February 26 for the Hundred Days. Thanks to Napoleon Elba is well-known around the world. In the Congress of Vienna the island was given to the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. In 1860 it became part of the new unified Kingdom of Italy.
French troops landed on Elba on June 17 1944, freeing the island from the Germans in World War II.
Airport.
There is an airport on the island, the "Airport Marina di Campo", that can connect the island with the big cities of: Friedrichshafen, Munchen and Zürich.

Saint Helena (disambiguation)
See also: St Helens; St. Helena Parish, Louisiana

North Africa
Most of north Africa is desert, which means it is very dry and does not rain very much. The predominant ethnic groups are Arabs and Moors (mixed Africans and Arabs). The biggest religion is Islam, meaning that most of the people are Muslims.

Sanskrit
Sanskrit is an ancient Indo-Aryan language, and one of the oldest languages of the Indo-European language family. The main script used to write Sanskrit is Devanāgarī.
Now Sanskrit is mainly a religious language but Hindustani and Hindu Pakistanis used to speak it thousands of years ago. Most of the holy books of the Hindu religion are written in Sanskrit, as well as most books of the Buddhist religion ("Mahayana" school).
There are two main types of Sanskrit: Vedic and Classical.
"Vedic Sanskrit" is the oldest Sanskrit, and may have been spoken in Northern India, Pakistan, Kashmir, and Afghanistan by 1500 BC. The main books that are written in Vedic Sanskrit are the Vedas.
"Classical Sanskrit" is newer and more books are written in this style.
Sanskrit was found in the Indus Valley Civilization by the Persians about 5000 B.C. This language is the oldest language in the world and is written in the script "Devanagiri",or the language of the gods.
--69.204.201.40 (talk) 01:27, 2 December 2008 (UTC)

Dementia
Dementia is the progressive decline in cognitive function. It is caused by damage or disease in the brain. It is more common in older people and symptoms include the inability to remember things. That is, people who suffer from it tend to forget more things. A famous person who suffered from it was Augusto Pinochet, the Chilean leader.
Some types dementia are reversible. This means the damage of those can be undone. Other types are irreversible. This means that they cannot be undone. Irreversible dementia is usually caused by an incurable disease, such as Alzheimer's disease.
The two leading causes of dementia are Alzheimer's and Multi-infarct disease.
Reversible causes of dementia also include injuries to the head or the brain.

Elastic
Something that is elastic can be stretched or deformed (changed) and returned to its original form, like a rubber band.

Harmonica
A harmonica is small musical instrument that is played with the mouth by blowing into holes in its side. Harmonicas are cheap and easy to play. Harmonicas make their musical sounds from the vibrations of reeds in the harmonica's metal case. Harmonicas are used in blues music, folk music, rock and roll music, and pop music. A special type of harmonica, the chromatic harmonica, is used in jazz and classical music. Harmonicas are made in several different keys: G, Ab, A, Bb, B, C, Db, D, Eb, E, F, and F#. Each key can play a different range of notes.
How they are played.
Harmonicas are played by blowing or sucking air into one side, on this side, there are many holes, each hole has a different note. Different notes are played when you blow or suck air.
Types of harmonicas.
Another type of harmonica is the chromatic harmonica. More songs can be played on it than a regular harmonica, because chromatic harmonicas can play more different notes. Chromatic harmonicas have a button which moves a sliding bar. By pressing the button, the player can play a larger range of notes.
Different names.
The harmonica is called many different names, such as: mouth organ, mouth harp, Hobo Harp, French harp, Reckless Tram, harpoon, tin sandwich, blues harp, Mississippi saxophone, or simply harp.

Straits of Florida
The Straits of Florida (or Florida Straits) is a strait located between the Florida Keys and Cuba.

Electron microscope
An electron microscope is a microscope that uses electrons. Electron microscopes are very powerful and can see very small objects, like cells in the body.
Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM).
It is the original form of electron microscope. High voltage electrons are sent from a cathode towards the specimen. Part of the electrons passes through the specimen, and is collected by a detector. The image is then created using a computer. This image shows the internal structure of the specimen.
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM).
High voltage electrons are sent towards the specimen. The specimen sends back low voltage electrons, which are collected by a detector. The image shows the characteristics of the "surface" of the specimen.
Reflection Electron Microscope (REM).
High voltage electrons are sent towards the specimen. Part of the electrons is reflected (sent back), which is collected by a detector. The resulted image shows the characteristics of the surface of the specimen.
Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope (STEM).
It combines the high resolution of TEM with the rastering functions of SEM. It can be used to perform complex analyses on the specimen, which cannot be done using TEM alone.

Insomnia
Insomnia is when people can not sleep. A person suffering from this disease is called an "insomniac". Insomnia can mean a problem with getting to sleep or a problem with staying asleep.
Treating insomnia.
There are drugs available that can help treat the different kinds of insomnia. There are also certain herbs that can help, in some cases. A third way that seems to help is a therapy that aims at changing the behaviour of those affected.

Airbus A320
The Airbus A320 is an airplane made by multi-national company Airbus that first flew in 1987. At the most, it can hold about 180 passengers. Other versions have space for between 105 and 220 seats. First delivered in 1988, the A320 was one of the first aircraft to use digital fly-by-wire flight control systems in a commercial aircraft. With more than 3,000 aircraft of the A320 family built, it is the second best-selling jet airliner family of all time after the Boeing 737.
The A320 has been involved in several accidents—some of these have killed a lot of people. The worst accident happened in 2007 when a TAM Airlines Airbus A320 crashed when it landed in São Paulo in Brazil during heavy rain. The crash killed almost 200 people. The A320 has also had a number of accidents involving the undercarriage.
Development.
The A320 was the world's first commercial jet to use a small joystick, also called a "sidestick", to fly it instead of a normal yoke (a steering-wheel like device). This matched the new digital 'fly-by-wire' system, the first use of this in a civilian aircraft, which makes the A320 much easier and safer to fly.
The A320 also has a full "glass-cockpit", where most instruments in the cockpit (the front part of the plane where the pilot is) have been replaced by television screens. Most of the technology first used on the A320 has been used in other Airbus aircraft made afterwards. Other manufacturers, like Boeing, have also used much of the technology like a glass-cockpit and fly-by-wire in the Boeing 777.
Engines.
The A319, A320 and A321 have engines made by two different companies; International Aero Engines (IAE) supply the V2500 and CFM International provide the CFM56. Over 70% of the A320 family have IAE engines.
The significantly smaller A318 has either Pratt and Whitney PW6000 engines or CFM56-5. The PW6000 was not as good as expected and this may have reduced the number of sales; several airlines cancelled their orders before the more efficient CFM engine arrived.
Types== .
The A320 has been shortened to produce the A319 and stretched to produce the A321. Recently it was shortened even more to make the A318. However this version has not sold as well and the only large operator is Frontier Airlines.
These different versions are known as "A320 derivatives". When talking about all of them, they are known as the "A320 family" or "A32x".
Changes in size are done by removing or adding sections of fuselage (the part of the aircraft passengers sit in) and adjusting the power of the engines. Airbus try to keep the airplanes the same where possible, to reduce operating costs.
Pilots only need one licence (called a type-rating) to fly all A320 derivatives.
Accidents and problems.
Seven incidents of nose gear malfunction, including JetBlue Airways Flight 292.

Priest
A priest or priestess is a person who is allowed to do religious rites. Their office or position is the priesthood, a word which can also be used for such persons collectively. In most religions and cultures in history there have been priests, although they have a lot of different names, and follow different rules. In Japan, priestesses who guide the shrine are called mikos.
Catholic and Orthodox.
A priest is a member of a church that has been told to look after his (spiritual) community. He is the head of a parish.
To become a catholic priest, you are required to study Theology. The Orthodox and Protestant Churches also have laymen as clergy.
Catholic priests are not allowed to marry. Orthodox priests can be married, but they must not marry after they become a priest. Anglican priests can get married before or during the time they are a priest.
The Catholic Church does not allow women to become priests. However, the Episcopal Church can allow women to be priests. An example is Canon Jane Steen, of St. Paul's Cathedral in London.
Higher priests are called Bishops and Archbishops in the Anglican Church. John Sentamua and Rowan Williams are the archbishops of York and Canterbury
The Orthodox Church has a higher priest called a Patriarch. The Coptic Orthodox, like the Roman Catholic Church has a Pope. Pope Shenouda III
Protestantism.
Many Protestant churches have ministers or pastors instead of priests.

Red Sea
The Red Sea is a sea between Arabian peninsula of Asia in the northeast and Africa in the southwest. It is a part of the Indian Ocean. The Red Sea is about 2200 km long, but its width is less than 330 km. Many ships go through the Red Sea, because the Suez Channel connects the Red Sea to the Mediterranean Sea and Bab-el-Mandeb at the opposite end is a gate to the Indian Ocean. Ports of the Red Sea are, for example, Suez, Port Sudan, Massawa, Yanbu al-Bahr, Jeddah, Aqaba and Eilat.
The water of Red Sea has more salt and is clearer than water of most other seas because almost no rivers run into it. The weather is dry and warm around the Red Sea and for this reason many people from Europe and other parts of the world come for their holiday to the Red Sea. Some of them are divers, who swim under the sea level, to see rich coral reefs and fish. Holiday places, for example, are Sharm el-Sheikh, Eilat or Hurghada. The countries next to the Red Sea are Egypt, Sudan, Eritrea, Yemen, Saudi Arabia, Jordan and Israel.
It plays an important role in the book of Exodus.

List of country calling codes
The following is a list of country calling codes'". These are area codes for telephone numbers.
Zone 1 - North American Numbering Plan Area.
Places in NANPA (North American Numbering Plan Area) have been given area codes as if they were all areas inside one country.

Charles Lindbergh
Charles Augustus Lindbergh (February 4, 1902 – August 26, 1974), known as "Lucky Lindy" and "The Lone Eagle", was a pioneering United States airplane pilot famous for making the first solo non-stop flight across the Atlantic Ocean in 1927.
Early life.
Lindbergh was born in Detroit, Michigan. His parents were Swedish immigrants. He grew up in Little Falls, Minnesota. His father, Charles August Lindbergh, was a lawyer and later a U.S. congressman who was against the United States entering into World War I; his mother was a teacher. While he was young, he was interested in machines. In 1922 he joined a pilot training program with Nebraska Aircraft, bought his own airplane, and became a stunt pilot. In 1924, he started training as a pilot with the United States Army Air Corps.
After finishing first in his class, Lindbergh took his first job as pilot of an airmail route in St. Louis. He flew the mail in an airplane.
In April 1923, while visiting friends in Lake Village, Arkansas, Lindbergh made his first ever flight over Lake Village and Lake Chicot.
First solo flight across the Atlantic Ocean.
Lindbergh gained fame around the world as the first pilot to fly solo (alone) and non-stop across the Atlantic Ocean. He flying from Roosevelt Airfield (Nassau County, Long Island), New York, USA to Paris, France on May 20-May 21, 1927 in his single-engine airplane "The Spirit of St. Louis". He needed 33.5 hours for the trip. When he arrived back in the United States, many warships and aircraft escorted him to Washington, D.C. where President Calvin Coolidge gave him the Distinguished Flying Cross.
Lindbergh's act won him the "Orteig Prize", which was 25,000 US dollars. A parade was held for him on 5th Avenue in New York City on June 13, 1927. His public respect following this flight was such that he became an important voice on behalf of aviation activities until his death. He served on a variety of national and international boards and committees, including the central committee of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics in the United States. On March 21, 1929 he was presented the Medal of Honor for his historic trans-Atlantic flight.
Lindbergh is honored in aviation for mapping out polar air-routes, flying at high altitudes, and decreasing fuel use. These things are the basis of modern air travel.
Later life.
Lindbergh married Anne Morrow in 1929. In 1932 he made headlines again, when his baby son, Charles Lindbergh III, was kidnapped and murdered. Bruno Hauptmann was convicted of the crime and later put to death in the electric chair. The Lindberghs later moved to Europe. He died on August 26, 1974.

Pilot
A pilot is a person that drives a vehicle (form of transportation) such as an airplane, spacecraft, or boat. All types of pilots must pass a number of tests and obtain a licence before they can drive an airplane, spacecraft, or boat.

Charles August Lindbergh
Charles August Lindbergh, Sr. (January 20, 1859 - May 24, 1924), was a United States Congressman for 6th District of Minnesota from 1907 to 1917. He was the father of Charles Lindbergh.

Faroe Islands
The Faroe Islands or Føroyar (that meaning "Sheep Islands") are a group of islands of eighteen islands, in the north Atlantic Ocean between Scotland, Norway, and Iceland.
They are a part of the Kingdom of Denmark, but have had local (autocratical) rule since 1948, and the he trade monopoly in the Faroe Islands was abolished in 1856. Most matters are controlled by the Farose government, with the exception of defense.
The Faroes have similarities to Iceland, Shetland, the Orkney Islands, the Outer Hebrides and Greenland. The island group, or archipelago, left Norway in 1815. The Faroes have their own representatives in the Nordic Council.
Regions and municipalities.
Administratively, the islands are divided into 34 municipalities within which 120 or so cities and villages. Traditionally, there are also the six "sýslur" ("regions"; Norðoyar, Eysturoy, Streymoy, Vágar, Sandoy and Suðuroy).
Geography.
The Faroe Islands are an island group consisting of eighteen islands off the coast of Northern Europe, between the Norwegian Sea and the north Atlantic Ocean. It's area is 1,399 square kilometres (540 sq. mi), and has no major lakes or rivers. There are 1,117 kilometres (694 mi) of coastline, and no land boundaries with any other country. The only island that is uninhabited is Lítla Dímun.
Economy.
Fish, raising sheep, tourism, and an agrarian the ingredients, of the economy of Faroe Islands, economy that in 1990 was in troubles. Now Faroe Islands, have 3% of unemployment, one of the lowest rates in Europe, however the economy based strongly on the fish, is really vulnerable. Since 2000, new business projects have been created in the Faroe Islands to attract new investment. The introduction of Burger King in Tórshavn was widely publicized but no one know how will goes things about this branch. Trades on the Faroer are easy by the bridges or the tunnels, that connect 80% of the population in the islands.
Ólavsøka.
The national holiday Ólavsøka, is on the 29 July, commemorating the death of Saint Olaf. The celebrations are held in Tórshavn. They commence on the evening of the 28th, and carry on until the 31 July.
The official part of the celebration starts on the 29th, with the opening of the Faroese Parliament,in the day there is a procession,with many people,from the churches in the islands.
The Nordic House in the Faroe Islands.
The Nordic House in the Faroe Islands (in Faroese Norðurlandahúsið) is the most important cultural institution in the Faroes. Its supports Nordic and Faroese culture, locally and in the Nordic region.The House is managed by a director changed every four years.
Music.
In the Islands,there are too,music festivals,where international musicians participating,like
Food.
Traditional Faroese food is mainly based on meat and potatoes and uses few fresh vegetables. A very important meat in the islands,is the lamb,the first ingredient,of many dishes.Others typically dishes,from islands are fresh fish,blubber,whale,seabirds,and Faroese puffins, and their eggs.
Climate.
The climate is defined as Maritime Subarctic,with not hot summers,and with cold winters,usually there is fog or an heavy wind,that causes air traffic problems.
Animals and vegetation in the islands.
Many species of birds live sometimes in the islands,like:Eider, Starling, Wren, Guillemot, and Black Guillemot.Only a few species of wild land seals are found in the Faroe Islands today,the Grey Seals.Sometimes tourists can see whales,in the waters near the islands.
Grey Seals are very common around the Faroese shores.The natural vegetation of the Faroe Islands is,like in the Scottish islands,or in Ireland; dominated by, wild flowers, grasses, moss and lichen.

Faroese language
Faroese is the Germanic language of the Faroe Islands.

Laura Ingalls Wilder
Laura Ingalls Wilder (February 7, 1867 - February 10, 1957) was an American writer. She was the original author of "Little House on the Prairie" series of books.

Mestizo
Mestizo (Meh-stee-tzo) is a Spanish term for a person who is of mixed European (usually Spanish) and Native American ancestry.
Mestizos exist since the time when Spain controlled what is now Latin America. A mestizo was the son of a Spanish father and a Native American mother. Mestizos form the largest part of the population in many Latin American nations, a large minority of mestizos makes up part of the population in Mexico, which is the Spanish-speaking nation with the largest population in the world.
During the colonial era, many Native Americans were converted to Roman Catholicism and began using the Spanish language instead of their traditional one. This was because of the concept that existed in the Spanish colonies which gave more "value" to European people, over Native Americans and Africans. Because of this, many Native Americans gained better social status by calling themselves "mestizos" instead of "Native American."

Royal Air Force
The Royal Air Force (RAF is a short version) is the air force of the United Kingdom. The RAF was started in 1918. Before it was called the Royal Air Force it was called the Royal Flying Corps (spoken as 'core'). The RAF have many bases across the world, including the UK, Falkland Islands, Cyprus and Gibraltar. Some examples of the UK bases are RAF Lossiemouth in Scotland, RAF Valley in Wales, RAF Aldergrove in Northern Ireland and RAF Linton-on Ouse in England. The RAF has very new planes including the Eurofighter Typhoon, Panavia Tornado and the BaE Hawk. The Hawk is used to train fast-jet pilots.
World War II.
The RAF was very busy during World War II. A lot of important planes were built for the RAF during that time. The Spitfire, Hawker Hurricaine and Avro Lancaster bomber. Sadly the RAF lost a lot of pilots which were shot down by the enemy.

Tequila
Tequila is a Latin American drink from Mexico that contains alcohol. It is made from a plant called agave. It contains about 40 percent alcohol, and is often used in bars and nightclubs to make mixed drinks such as the "tequila sunrise" or the Margarita.

The Book of One Thousand and One Nights
According to a legend, anyone who reads all 1001 stories will become mad.

Coup d'etat
A coup d'état (pronounced), or just coup () for short, is the removal of a head of state from power (overthrow). Unlike a revolution, which usually takes large numbers of people to take over, a coup can be done by a small number of people. Even one person can cause a coup if they, for example, control the country's army. Coups can also be done by other countries, such as the 1953 Iranian coup d'etat. One well-known coup was the Beer Hall Putsch, where Adolf Hitler tried to take over the government of the state of Bavaria in Germany.
The term comes from French for "a (sudden) blow (or strike) to a state".
Informally, "coup" is sometimes used to refer to takeovers, or wins, in places other than government, such as inside a corporation.

Walt Disney
Walter Elias Disney (December 5, 1901 - December 15, 1966) was a famous American entertainer. Along with brother Roy Disney, he was the founder of Walt Disney Productions (now The Walt Disney Company).
Disney's best-known creation is the famous cartoon character, Mickey Mouse. Minnie Mouse and Pluto are also his creations.

Sunday School
Sunday School is a kind of class found in many churches, mosques or religious communities. Before or after the main part of worship, a class is held to learn more about that church's teachings, and about the Bible or holy scripture of the religion. Sometimes the class is only for children, sometimes adults go there as well and sometimes there are different classes for adults and for children.

Eucharist
The Eucharist, also called holy communion, the sacrament, or the Lord's Supper, is a kind of religious ritual in many Christian churches. It started when Jesus Christ told his followers to eat bread and drink wine in memory of him, at the Last Supper.
According to the Roman Catholic Church, the Eucharist is the true presence of Jesus Christ, the Son of God. During a mass, through the act of transubstantiation, the bread and wine offered change, and are no longer bread and wine. They truly become the Body and Blood of Jesus Christ. The bread and wine do not change appearance, but they truly are the Body and Blood of Jesus Christ, which Catholics in good standing (not in the state of mortal sin) come and receive Christ--they consume Him. This follows what was said by Christ "Eat my Body and Drink my Blood".
Many Protestant churches believe that this was meant to be simply a symbol. However the Catholic Church bases its beliefs off of the tradition handed down through the hierarchy of the church. It is also based off of John 6 (the bread of life discourse), where Christ says "eat my body" and "drink my blood." The literal translation from the Greek is "Gnaw on my flesh". When some of the Jewish people listening to this message in the bible are weirded out and leave, Jesus does not try and stop them. He just keeps talking. This shows us that he truly meant for us to "Drink his Blood" and "gnaw on his flesh".
In most Protestant churches the sacrament of holy communion also involves eating small wafers and drinking wine, but do not believe that it is the actual body and blood of Jesus. They do, however, see it as a very important symbol.
In the Latter Day Saints or "Mormon" Church, followers eat small pieces of bread and drink water. They believe that this is a symbol of the body and blood of Jesus, and they call it the Sacrament. They also believe that it helps them to make the promises of baptism all over again.
In other Christian churches, the Eucharist may be different. Some churches offer it daily, others weekly, some once a month.

Little House on the Prairie
"Little House on the Prairie" is a book written by Laura Ingalls Wilder in 1935. It is one part of series of books about Laura's childhood. The books have been made many times into movies and television series. Some other writers have also written books about Laura and her relatives.

Piccolo Coro dell'Antoniano
Piccolo Coro dell'Antoniano is italian choir of children. It was created in Bologna in 1963 by Mariele Ventre. The children had to help singing children at Zecchino d'Oro festival. In 1995, Mariele Ventre died and the choir has a new director - Sabrina Simoni - and a new name - "Piccolo Coro "Mariele Ventre" dell'Antoniano".

Ward Cunningham
Howard G. "Ward" Cunningham (born May 26, 1949) is an American computer programmer. He started the first wiki, WikiWikiWeb, in March 25 1995.

Rope
A rope is made out of several threads. The material can be organic, like flax, or it can be small threads of steel (in case of a steel rope, wire or cable). The rope can then be used to lift things with it, or to pull things like pulling a ship into a harbour with another ship, or fixing the ship so it does not drift away.

The X-Files
"The X-Files" is a popular television series, created between 1993 and 2002. The series is about two FBI agents who run difficult and strange cases. The show's main actors were Gillian Anderson as agent Dana Scully and David Duchovny as agent Fox Mulder.
In 1998, a movie called ' was made.

Patent
A patent is a right given by a government to a person or company that has made an invention.
When someone has invented for instance a new engine, he can ask the government for a patent. If the invention was not known before and the idea is not too simple, the government will give him a patent.
The patentee (owner of the patent) can ask a court to stop others who are making, selling or importing the invention.
The invention will be published by the government, the word 'patent' is also used for this published document. The patentee has to pay the government a tax. A patent is only valid in the country or countries that gave the patent, and normally for not more than 20 years.
Patents most often cover products or processes that contain ‘new’ functional or technical ideas. They are concerned with how things work, how they are made or what they are made of. Patents cover many different things such as electronics, medicines, agriculture and transport – anything in fact from a small detail in an electric switch to an entire power station.
Often a product is marked with a text saying 'patent pending’ or 'pat. pending', which means that a patent has been asked for (part of) the product. Then people are warned that they should not copy the invention.

The Wizard of Oz (1939 movie)
"The Wizard of Oz" is a 1939 movie from Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, based on L. Frank Baum's novel of the same name.
Success.
The movie has been considered, among many others, to be one of the greatest ever made. In 1998, it was sixth on the American Film Institute's 100 Years... 100 Movies list.
Plot.
Dorothy Gale (Judy Garland), a girl who lives in Kansas, and her dog Toto, are caught in a tornado that takes her to a fantastic land called Oz. The house that she is in kills the Wicked Witch of the East, she finds out from Glinda (the Good Witch of the North).
Arriving at the Emerald City, their villain, the Wicked Witch of the West, flies over them, writing out "SURRENDER DOROTHY" in the sky. When Dorothy and the others go to see the title Wizard himself, he says that he will only help them if they can get the Witch's broomstick. Then flying monkeys capture the group and send them to the Witch's castle.
The Witch asks for Dorothy's ruby slippers, but, since they cannot be taken off, she orders one of her monkeys to kill Toto. The dog escapes, and finding Dorothy's friends, leads them to the castle.
Dorothy is now inside a chamber with an hourglass and crystal ball. She will die if the hourglass runs out of sand.
Meanwhile, the Scarecrow, Tin Man and Lion try to save their friend, dressed up as the Witch's guards. As the three are about to rescue her, the Witch stops them, but Dorothy grabs a bucket of water and throws its contents on her. In doing so, the Witch melts down to nothing.
When the four travellers return to the Wizard (with the broomstick), he tells them to come back tomorrow. Yet Toto discovers that the "Wizard" is no more than just an ordinary "humbug", who entered Oz after a hot-air balloon accident. This leaves them surprised.
However, he gives, using magic instead of psychology, a diploma to the Scarecrow; a clock in the shape of a heart to the Tin Man; and a badge of courage to the Lion.
Soon after, the Wizard gives Dorothy a chance to return to Kansas on his balloon. But, just as he is about to leave, Toto gets off the balloon to chase a cat. When Dorothy gets him, the Wizard takes off without both of them.
Now, her only chance to go back home is found in Glinda. She tells Dorothy to click her heels three times, and say "There's no place like home" over and over again.
When she and her dog finally return, she finds out it was all a dream, and tells her family and friends about her adventures. Dorothy hugs Toto, and says to her Aunt Em that there is truly no place like home, thus ending the movie.

Gillian Anderson
Gillian Leigh Anderson (born August 9, 1968) is an American actress. Her best known role is Agent "Dana Scully" at the movie/series "The X-Files".

Debt
Debt is what someone owes to someone else. Usually, debt is in the form of money, but it can also be items, favors, or other things.

Uranium
Uranium is a chemical element (a metal) on the periodic table. It has an atomic number of 92. It is a very heavy element, with a very large nucleus in its center. The nucleus of a certain isotope of uranium (known as uranium-235) can be easily split into two piece after absorbing a neutron, which is known as nuclear fission. This gives off a lot of energy, and is used in both nuclear reactors and nuclear weapons. Another isotope of uranium (known as uranium-238) can absorb neutrons and turn into plutonium, which is also useful in reactors and nuclear weapons. Over 99% of uranium in nature is uranium-238, and it is very expensive and difficult to separate the less than 1% of the uranium-235 from this.
Uranium is weakly radioactive. Uranium which has had all of its uranium-235 separated from it is called depleted uranium, and is used for bomb casings because it is very heavy and thick. Uranium can also be used as a dye for glass or pottery, which is how it was used before people found out that it was radioactive and could be used for nuclear things.
To make nuclear explosions. A nuclear explosion is made by separating the atoms in the substance. The uranium bomb, called Fat man, was used to bomb Nagasaki, unfortunately incinerating many people and buildings. The good part was this ended World War II. Uranium is a dangerous substance. The symbol for uranium is three triangles in an odd formation, as shown in a capsule in the picture to the left.

The Graduate
"The Graduate" is a 1967 movie based on a novel by Charles Webb, and directed by Mike Nichols.
In the movie and book, a recent college graduate (played by Dustin Hoffman) is seduced by Mrs. Robinson (Anne Bancroft) and falls in love with her daughter Elaine (Katharine Ross).
The movie was Hoffman's first major role (he had appeared before in just another one). He was nominated for an Academy Award for his efforts.
The soundtrack album contained music by folk duo Simon and Garfunkel, and beat out the Beatles' "White Album" for the number one position on the music charts.
Scenes from "The Graduate" have been largely remembered by many people. In one of them, one-word advice for corporate success ("Plastics") is given by a family friend of Benjamin's. (Reportedly, sales of stock in plastics companies jumped in the months after the movie appeared.) Another scene, where Ben tries to stop Elaine from marrying another man, has been imitated and parodied in television programs, including the cartoon series "Daria".
In 1998, a play based on the movie premiered in London and on Broadway; its stars included Kathleen Turner, Alicia Silverstone and Morgan Fairchild.

Aquitaine
Aquitaine is a region in the soutwest of France. It was important to French history during the Middle Ages because it came into the control of England when Eleanor of Aquitaine married Henry II of England in 1152. It remained in English control until 1453 at the end of the Hundred Years' War.
Today's capital is Bordeaux, with about 800.000 people living in the city. About 3 millon people live in the whole region.

Frances Winfield
Frances Winfield is the wife of an American politician, L. Paul Bremer III. They have two children.
Life.
She is an author. She was born in New England. She met her husband at a music concert. They fell in love in college. They got married in 1966. Both she and her husband are strong Roman Catholics. They are ministers in their home state of Maryland.

Nightmare
The term nightmare refers to very powerful dreams that the sleeper finds disturbing. They usually have either physiological causes, such as a high fever, or psychological ones, such as trauma or stress in the sleeper's life. Nightmares are common, but nightmares that happen very often can cause problems with sleep. They may cause people to get medical help.
Nightmares usually occur in REM sleep.
In earlier times.
In earlier times, people thought that such nightmares are really the work of demons. They though people were having nightmares because an Incubus was sitting on the chest of the sleeper. This can also be seen on the image. Sometimes people also thought magic and demonic possession were involved.

Melilla
Melilla is a city in North Africa, right opposite Spain. It belongs to Spain, and is all surrounded by Morocco, which believes it should belong to them. Ceuta is another such city.
Its surface is about 20 square kilometers, and there are almost 70,000 people living there.

Ceuta
Ceuta is a city in North Africa, at the Strait of Gibraltar. The City area is about 28 square kilometers, and there are over 71,000 people living in the city. The city is surrounded by a border fence, which has been built to keep the Moroccans (and other Africans) from moving there unlawfully. Ceuta is part of Spain (and therefore the European Union). Until it became a self-governing city in 1994, it belonged to the Cadiz province.
It was built by the Phoenicians at a strategic position.

Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso is a country in West Africa. It used to be called Upper Volta. The country was once ruled by France, but it has been independent since 1960. The capital is Ouagadougou.
In 2005, about 13,228,000 people lived in the country. It is next to Mali, Niger, Benin, Togo, Ghana and Côte d'Ivoire. People from Burkina Faso are called Burkinabé (pronounced burr-KEE-na-bay).
History.
A long time ago, a group of people called the Dogon lived in Burkina Faso. In the nineteenth century, France became the colonial rulers of Burkina Faso. After World War I, the country was called Upper Volta. In 1960, Upper Volta became independent from France. In 1984, the name was changed to Burkina Faso.

Battle of Waterloo
The Battle of Waterloo was the last big battle of French emperor Napoleon Bonaparte, fought on June 18, 1815. It took place in present day Belgium, about southeast of Brussels (the capital of Belgium). Napoleon had an army of about 124,000 (including the Imperial Guard), and his enemies, the Allied forces, had about 200,000. The Allied forces were made up of soldiers from Great Britain, The Netherlands, and Prussia. The allied forces beat Napoleon and his army.

São Tomé and Príncipe
The Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe is a small island nation in the Gulf of Guinea. It is two islands: São Tomé, and Príncipe.
They are located about 140 km apart and about 250 and 225 km, respectively, off of the northwestern coast of Gabon. Both islands are part of an ancient volcanic mountain range. São Tomé the bigger, southern island, is almost exactly on the equator. It is named after Saint Thomas because Portuguese explorers discovered the island on St. Thomas's Day.
The islands were once owned by Portugal, but have been independent since 1975. Portuguese is still the official language.

Equatorial Guinea
The Republic of Equatorial Guinea is a nation in west central Africa, and one of the smallest countries in Africa. It borders Cameroon on the north, Gabon on the south and east, and the Gulf of Guinea on the west. It used to be the Spanish colony of Spanish Guinea. The country's territory is both on the continent and on islands. (The continental part is known as Río Muni). On one island, Bioko, is the capital, Malabo.
Equatorial Guinea is the only country in Africa where Spanish is an official language.

Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo
Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo (born June 5 1942) is the President of Equatorial Guinea.

Hogwarts
Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry is a fictional boarding school in J. K. Rowling's best-selling "Harry Potter" series. It is a school of magic for witches and wizards between the ages of eleven and seventeen living in the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland.

Toronto Maple Leafs
The Toronto Maple Leafs are an ice hockey team in the National Hockey League (NHL).
Origin.
They were formed in 1917 as one of the five original NHL teams. They were called the Toronto Arenas, but changed their name to St. Patricks, then to Maple Leafs, in the 1920s.
History.
The Maple Leafs have won the Stanley Cup championship 13 times, more than any team except the Montreal Canadiens. However, they have not won since 1967.
Early years.
They won in their first year, 1918, and then again in 1922 and 1932. In their early years, they had many NHL scoring champions: "Babe" Dye in 1923 and 1925, "Ace" Bailey in 1929, Harvey "Busher" Jackson in 1932, Charlie Conacher in 1934 and 1935, and Gordie Drillon in 1938. However, no Toronto player has been scoring champion since then.
Winnings.
They were a strong team in the 1940s. They won the Stanley Cup in 1942 against the Detroit Red Wings, four games to three, even though they were losing three games to none at one point. This was the first of six championships in ten years; they also won in 1945, then three years in a row: 1947, 1948, and 1949, and again in 1951. Some of their best players in that time included goaltender Turk Broda, forward Syl Apps, and defence "Babe" Pratt, who won the Hart Trophy as the most valuable player in 1944. Ted "Teeder" Kennedy won the Hart Trophy in 1955; but no other Maple Leaf has won that award.
The team won four Stanley Cups in the 1960s: three in a row - 1962, 1963, and 1964 - and again in 1967. Frank Mahovlich, a left winger, was the star player. They were also led by defenceman Tim Horton (who began the Tim Horton's doughnut shops), center Dave Keon, goaltender Johnny Bower, and winger George Armstrong. Keon won the Conn Smythe Trophy as the top player in the playoffs in 1967.
Later years.
In the late 1970s, the Maple Leafs were a good team, with players such as centre Darryl Sittler (who scored a record 10 points in one game) and Swedish defence Borje Salming (one of the first Europeans to play in the NHL). However, there were 18 NHL teams by then, so it was hard to come first. Wendyl Clark was a strong player in the 1980s; he became the team's all-time top scorer. Mats Sundin was another Swedish star in the 1990s and 2000s. They also had some good goaltenders around this time: Curtis Joseph, then Ed Belfour.

Detroit Red Wings
The Detroit Red Wings are an ice hockey team in the National Hockey League.
Early history.
They were formed in 1926. The Western Canada Hockey League (WCHL) folded that year, and many of the players from the WCHL's Victoria Cougars went to play for Detroit. As a result, the team was first called the Detroit Cougars, then later it changed to Detroit Falcons, before becoming known as the Red Wings.
Later history.
In the late 1940s, the line of Sid Abel, Gordie Howe, and Ted Lindsey became very important to the team. Abel won the Hart Trophy in 1949, and Lindsey won the Art Ross Trophy as scoring champion in 1950. Howe then won six Hart and six Art Ross Trophies between 1951 and 1963. Terry Sawchuck was a star goaltender, who ended up with more career shutouts than any other goalie (103). Red Kelly won the first ever Norris Trophy as best defence. As a result of having such great players, the Red Wings won four Stanley Cups in six years: 1950, 1952, 1954, and 1955. Two of these were very close: they were won in overtime of the 7th and deciding game in 1950 (against the New York Rangers) and 1954 (against the Montreal Canadiens). These are the only two times the NHL championship has gone to overtime of game seven.
The Red Wings continued to be a strong team throughout the 1960. They lost the final five times between 1956 and 1966. Norm Ullman was their star centre in the 1960s.
Comeback.
They were not a strong team again until the late 1980s. Steve Yzerman became a star at this time. Sergei Fedorov became the first Russian to win the Hart Trophy in 1994. The Red Wings won the President's Cup as top team in the NHL regular season in 1995, 1996 (with a record number of wins), and 2002. They won the Stanley Cup in 1997, 1998, and 2002. Niklas Lidstrom won the Norris Trophy as best defenceman three times beginning in 2001. The team was one of the richest in the NHL, which helped them get many good players.
Winnings.
The Red Wings have won eleven Stanley Cups, the third most of any team, and the most of the United States teams. They first won in 1936 and 1937, and again in 1943. Ebbie Goodfellow won the Hart Trophy as the NHL's most valuable player in 1940. Sid Howe was also a star on the team at this time.

Wayne Gretzky
Wayne Gretzky (born January 26, 1961 in Brantford, Ontario) was a Canadian ice hockey player in the National Hockey League (NHL) for 20 seasons. He is now coach and part-owner of the NHL's Phoenix Coyotes. He also managed Canada's Olympic hockey teams in 2002 and 2006, as well as Canada's 2004 World Cup of Hockey team.
Gretzky was a star junior player with the Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds of the Ontario Hockey League. In 1978, when he was 17, he began playing as a professional with the Indianapolis Racers of the World Hockey Association (WHA), but was sold to the Edmonton Oilers after only a few games. He was third in WHA scoring and rookie of the year.
The WHA folded in 1979, and the Oilers team joined the NHL. At the age of 19, Gretzky won his first Hart Trophy as the NHL's most valuable player (MVP). He won this trophy nine times. In 1981, he won his first of ten Art Ross Trophies as NHL scoring champion. He set many records in the 1980s, including most goals (92), assists (163), and points (215) in a season. No one else came close to his scoring ability. In the 1981-82 season, he scored 50 goals in 39 games, when the record had been 50 games. He was named as Sports Illustrated athlete of the year in 1982. His amazing ability earned him the nickname "The Great One".
Gretzky won four Stanley Cup championships with the Edmonton Oilers: 1984, 1985, 1987, and 1988. He won the Conn Smythe Trophy as MVP in the playoffs in 1985 and 1988. Then, in 1988, he was traded to the Los Angeles Kings. He helped them to the finals in 1993. In 1996, he was traded to the St. Louis Blues, and signed with the New York Rangers at the beginning of the 1996-97 season. He retired, and was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame, in 1999.
When he retired, he had 2857 career points, over 1000 more than the next highest player. To this day, no one else has reached 2000. He still holds the record for most career goals (894) and assists (1963) (he has more assists than anyone else has points). He holds many other records, such as most 100-point seasons (15), most points in the playoffs (47 in one year and 382 career), and most games in a row with at least one point (51). He was named to the first or second all-star team 15 times and was MVP of the NHL all-star game three times. He had 61 official NHL records when he retired.
Gretzky's number, 99, was retired by the entire league. He was named Canada's male athlete of the 20th century. He has also been honoured with Canada's highest honour for a civilian: the Order of Canada.
Gretzky married American actress Janet Jones in 1988. They have five children: Paulina, Ty, Trevor, Tristan, and Emma.

Hart Memorial Trophy
The Hart Trophy is given to the most valuable player of the National Hockey League every year. It was given to the NHL by Dr. David Hart, father of NHL coach and manager Cecil Hart. It was first awarded in 1924.
Wayne Gretzky has won the most Hart Trophies with nine, followed by Gordie Howe with six and Eddie Shore with four. Howie Morenz, Bobby Orr, Bobby Clarke, and Mario Lemieux have won the award three times each.
The closest vote for the trophy was in 2002, when Jose Theodore and Jarome Iginla tied; Theodore won because he had more first-place votes. In 1999, Chris Pronger won by one point over Jaromir Jagr; and in 1990, Mark Messier won by two points over Ray Bourque.

Frankfurt am Main
Frankfurt am Main is one of the biggest cities in Germany. The City of Frankfurt has a population of 670,000. The metropolitan area, called Rhine-Main after its two biggest rivers, has over four million people. Frankfurt is an important centre for traffic and for the financial business. The Frankfurt International Airport is the largest in Germany, and the third biggest in the world. Frankfurt's train station is one of the largest, and its highway crossing is the centre of Germany's street network. Frankfurt is the seat of the European Central Bank, the German Federal Bank (Bundesbank) and of the biggest German banks, and it has an important stock exchange where shares of German companies are traded.
Frankfurt is located on the Main river. The city's name means "ford of the Franks" - a ford is a place in a river where it is so shallow that you can walk through it, and the Franks were a Germanic people which existed in the first millennium. So, this was a place where travellers could cross the river without a boat. The frankish kings built a palace and a church here. Over the centuries, this group of buldings grew to be a big city which was famous for international trade and fairs, like today. Frankfurt was one of the most important cities of the Holy Roman Empire, and its emperors were crowned here. In the 19th century, Frankfurt was the capital of the German Confederation which was founded after the Holy Roman Empire fell apart. During the revolution of 1848, the first freely elected German parliament worked in Frankfurt.
During the Industrial Revolution, many factories and railway lines were built in Frankfurt and its suburbs. In the city centre, a lot of big buildings were built, like an opera house, theatres, stock exchange, railway stations, department stores or museums. Tram lines were constructed to make travelling inside the growing city easier. In World War II, the old city was totally destroyed by airplane bomber attacks. After the war, Germany was divided into two parts, and Frankfurt became the economic capital of West Germany while Bonn was chosen to be the political capital.
Frankfurt is a very international city. Every third inhabitant is not German. Most immigrants come from southeastern Europe, Turkey and North Africa, but there are people from almost every country living in Frankfurt. There are also many international business companies here, and the big airport links Frankfurt with many countries in the world. Many banks are based in Frankfurt, and the city has some of the tallest buildings in Europe.
"Frankfurter" is also a name for a hot dog, or sausage, because they are said to have originated in the city.

Hugh Capet of France
Hugh Capet (French: Hugues Capet) (circa 940 – October 24, 996) was King of France from 987 until his death in 996. He was born in Paris, France and was the son of Hugh the Great and Hedwige of Saxony. He married Adelaide of Aquitane. She was the daughter of William III of Aquitane. Capet was the first person of the direct Capetian Dynasty to rule France.Hugh would make the office of the king hereditary and would pass his crown down to his son.The dynasty he establish would rule France unbroken for 300 years.
"Capet" is a nickname for "wearing a cape".
Hugh Capet is buried in the Saint Denis Basilica.

Disney Channel
Disney Channel is a cable television network that is owned by The Walt Disney Company. The channel shows programs that are made for family audiences, most of it for teenagers.
The channel began on the morning of April 18, 1983. Its programs ran for eighteen hours a day until December 1986.
It received a special citation from President Ronald Reagan in 1984.
in 1999 Disney Channel Begin With Boomerang Disney Channel.

List of dog breeds
People have carefully bred dogs for thousands of years. Sometimes they inbreed dogs who have the same close ancestors, and sometimes they mix dogs from very different ancestors or even from different breeds. This continues today, resulting in hundreds of dog breeds, some that are similar to each other, and others that are very different.
This list includes common breeds, rare breeds, and breeds that are still being developed into new breeds. See each article for more information.
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Breed categories.
Dog breeds are also sometimes grouped into similar, such as mastiff types, spitz types, pit bulls, or Lurchers.
Dog breed list.
Nonsporting Dogs

Milli Vanilli
Milli Vanilli was a German musical group. They were popular in the late-1980s. In 1990, people found out that the group never sang anything at all. Even at concerts, they would pretend to sing while a recording was played.

Geology
Geology is the study of the nonliving things that the Earth is made of. Geology is the study of soil and rocks. The people that study Geology are called "Geologists". By studying the soil and rocks that the Earth's surface is made of, Geologists can learn more about the history of the Earth. Some of the important "events" (things that happen) in the Earth's history are floods, volcanic eruptions, and earthquakes. Some Geologists study soil and rocks to find metals and fuels that are underground.
Geology is divided into smaller subjects that just study one part of Geology.
Types of rock.
Rocks can be found in all sorts of shapes and colours. Some are very hard and some are soft. Some rocks are very common, while others are rare. However, all the different rocks belong to three categories or types, Igneous, Sedimentary and Metamorphic.
Igneous rock.
Igneous rock is rock that has been made under the ground by volcanic action. Igneous rock is made when the hot molten (melted) "magma" or "lava" which is under the surface of the earth cools down and sets hard. This often happens after a volcano has erupted, and lots of hot magma has spilled down the sides of the volcano. Sometimes the runs in streams, and sometimes its spreads out across the land. Sometimes the magma doesn't come out through a volcano, but spreads underground between layers of rock. A well-known igneous rock is pumice.
Sedimentary rock.
Sedimentary rock is rock that has been made from "sediment". "Sediment" is all the pieces, large and small, that get left behind by water. Sediment can be made from sand, gravel and the bodies and shells of animals. The sediment gets dropped in a layer at the bottom of a river or sea. As the sediment piles up, the lowers layers get squashed together. Slowly they set hard into rock. Some sedimentary rocks are made of just one type of sediment, all about the same size, such as sand. Other sedimentary rocks will have large and small lumps, and pieces made of different types of rock. Well-known sedimentary rocks are sandstone and limestone.
Metamorphic rock.
Metamorphic rock is rock that has been changed. The word "metamorphosis" means "change". Sometimes an igneous, or a sedimentary rock can be heated, or squashed under the ground, so that it changes. Metamorphic rock is often harder than the rock that it was before it changed. One well-kknown metamorphic rock is marble which is valued for its different colours, and because it can be carved and polished. Slate is a metamorphic rock that is a useful building material.
Faults.
All three kinds of rock can be changed by being bent by forces in the earth. When this happens, faults (cracks) appear in the rock. Geologists can learn a lot about the history of the rock by studying the patterns of the fault lines.
Soil.
Soil is the stuff on the ground made of lots of "particles" (or tiny pieces). The particles of soil come from rocks that have broken down, and from rotting leaves and animals bodies. Soil covers a lot of the surface of the Earth. Plants of all sorts grow in soil.
To find out more about types of rocks, go to Rock (geology).
To find out more about soil, go to Soil.
Principles of Geology.
Geologists use some simple ideas which help them to understand the rocks and soil that they are studying. These ideas are called the "Principles of Geology".

Pisa
Pisa is a city in Italy. About 85.000 people live in the city. The city has a very long and turbulent history. The "Leaning Tower of Pisa" is a famous landmark of Pisa.

Cheshire
Cheshire is a county in England. It is the Northwest part of the country. It is most famous for making salt and cheese. Cheshire is made up off lots off little towns including the Borough of Macclesfield which covers a large area of plains the main attraction is in kerridge where there is the famous land mark 'White Nancy.'

Cayman Islands
The Cayman Islands are a territory of the United Kingdom in the Caribbean Sea. The three islands are Grand Cayman, Little Cayman, and Cayman Brac.
Its capital, George Town, is located on the main island (Grand Cayman).

1210
1210 is a year in the 13th century.

E-mail
Electronic mail (or e-mail or email) is an Internet service that allows those people who have an e-mail address (accounts) to send and receive electronic letters. Those are much like postal letters, except that they are delivered much faster than snail mail when sending over long distances, and are usually free. To send or receive an email, you need a gadget (computer, phone etc) connected to the Internet and an e-mail program (simply called mailer). Several formats exist for email addresses. The most common, called RFC 2822, looks like user@domain.com. E-mail messages are sent mostly by text, and sometimes by HTML style.
Like with regular mail, users may get a lot of unwanted mail. With e-mail, this is called spam. Some programs used for sending and receiving mail can detect spam and filter it out nearly completely.
Some companies let you send and receive emails for free from a remote website. Gmail, Hotmail and Yahoo! do this kind of service: known as "web mail".

1242
1242 is a year in the 13th century

The Dillinger Escape Plan
The Dillinger Escape Plan is an American punk/metal music group. They formed in New Jersey. They are generally a heavy group, with punk roots and influences from punk bands like The Bronx and Bad Brains.

Queensrÿche
Queensryche is an American Progressive Rock / Metal band. They formed in Bellevue Washington in 1981.

Midnight Oil
Midnight Oil is a rock band. They formed in Sydney, Australia in 1975. The band became famous for its hard-rock sound and intense live performances. The band was politically active supporting environmentalist and indigenous causes.

Jon Bon Jovi
Jon Bon Jovi (born John Francis Bongiovi on March 2, 1962 in Perth Amboy, New Jersey, USA) is a musician and actor. He is most famous as lead singer of the group, Bon Jovi.

Maxi Priest
Maxi Priest (born Max Alfred Elliot on June 10, 1962) is a English reggae singer.

On the Waterfront
"On the Waterfront" is a 1954 movie about mob violence among longshoremen (people who unload ships). Directed by Elia Kazan, it stars Marlon Brando, Eva Marie Saint and Karl Malden.
The movie won eight Academy Awards: for Best Picture, Best Actor (Brando), Best Supporting Actress (Saint), Best Art Direction, Best Director (Kazan), Best Cinematography (Boris Kaufman), Best Film Editing (Gene Milford) and Best Original Screenpaly (Budd Schulberg).
Its most famous line is "I could've been a contender", said by Brando's character, Terry Malloy. In 2005, it ranked third on AFI's list of the one hundred most famous quotes in movie history.
Five years earlier, it was the eighth most popular movie on the AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies list.

Faith No More
Faith No More is an alternative rock band. They formed by bassist Billy Gould, drummer Mike Bordin, and keyboarder Roddy Bottum in San Francisco, California, USA, in 1981 and broke up on April 20, 1998.
They became successful with singer Mike Patton in the early 1990s. Their biggest hits were "Epic" and the cover song "Easy", originally from Lionel Ritchie.

The Pretenders
The Pretenders are an English rock and punk rock band. They formed in London, England in 1978.

Schindler's List
"Schindler's List" is a 1993 movie set in World War II, and directed by Steven Spielberg. It is based on "Schindler's Ark", a 1982 book by Thomas Keneally. The movie and the book owe their names to the list of over a thousand Jews who worked in the title character's factory.
It is about a businessman named Oskar Schindler who saves thousands of Jews from being killed in the Holocaust by putting them to work in a factory. His list was the list of Jews he wanted to save.
The movie won seven Academy Awards, one for Best Picture. Spielberg won another for Best Director.
Among others such as "Citizen Kane" and "Sunset Boulevard", it has been called one of the greatest movies ever. In 1998, the American Film Institute selected it as the ninth most popular of all time in their 100 Years... 100 Movies list.
In February 1997, NBC aired a version without cuts of the movie (in two parts), much to the upset of many viewers. It was the first time a television broadcast had ever received the TV-M rating (soon to be called TV-MA).

Chlorofluorocarbon
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) are gases used in refrigerant and aerosols: a gas containing carbon, (sometimes hydrogen,) chlorine, and fluorine, used as a refrigerant and aerosol propellant. In 1978, Sweden became the first country that banned CFC products. Later, the US and Canada did the same. Nowadays, in most countries the use of CFC products are not allowed to be used, because they are destroying the ozone layer. CFCs also are greenhouse gases, creating a man-made greenhouse effect.
Because they are no longer used in some places, an alternative is used,hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). They do not destroy the ozone layer or contribute to global warming.

Singin' in the Rain
"Singin' in the Rain" is a 1952 movie musical starring Gene Kelly. It was directed by Kelly and Stanley Donen. It gives an amusing look at Hollywood's change from silent movies to "talkies".
It is considered to be among the best movie musicals ever made.
Shooting on the movie began on June 18, 1951, and ended on November 21.

North and South
North and South is a novel by John Jakes. It is the first of three books about two friends who must fight against each other during the American Civil War.
"North and South" had two sequels. They are called "Love and War" and "Heaven and Hell". The books were written in 1982, 1984, and 1987.
There were also TV versions made. Three miniseries were done in 1985, 1986, and 1994. The two main characters were played by James Read and Patrick Swayze (Swayze's character does not appear in the third part).

Apparatus
An apparatus is an object which can be used for a certain function. Examples of apparati include coffee-makers, pencil sharpeners, and computers. These things are also often called tools, machines, or "equipment".
Apparatus can also be used to mean a process of an activity. For example a political party or governmental organization can be called an apparatus.

Internet Movie Database
The Internet Movie Database (IMDb) is an online database of information (facts) about actors, movies, television shows, and video games. The IMDb website started in September 1993, and has been owned by Amazon.com since 1998.

Chicago Blackhawks
The Chicago Blackhawks are an ice hockey team in the National Hockey League (NHL). They were formed in 1926, named after Chief Black Hawk, a native American leader. The team has won the Stanley Cup Championship three times.
The Regina Capitals were a team in the Western Canada Hockey League until 1925, when they moved and became the Portland Rosebuds. One year later, the league folded. Most of the Portland players then played for the new Chicago team in the NHL.
In the 1930's, Charlie Gardiner was a star goaltender for the team. Players on the Blackhawks won four scoring titles (Art Ross Trophy) in the 1940's: Doug Bentley in 1943, his brother Max in 1946 and 1947, and Roy Conacher in 1949. Max Bentley also won the Hart Trophy as the league's most valuable player in 1946. Goalie Al Rollins won the Hart Trophy in 1954. By 1960, however, the team had only made the Stanley Cup final four times, winning the Cup in 1934 and 1938, and losing in 1931 and 1944.
The team was much stronger in the 1960's. Bobby Hull led the NHL in goals seven times, more than any other player. He also won three Art Ross and two Hart Trophies. Stan Mikita won four Art Ross and two Hart Trophies. Between them, they led the NHL in scoring seven times in nine years. Star goaltender Glenn Hall was an all-star many times; and Pierre Pilote won the Norris Trophy as best defenceman three times. The Blackhawks won the Stanley Cup in 1961, and also made the finals in 1962 and 1965. Goalie Tony Esposito led them to the finals in 1971 and 1973.
Since that time, they have had many star players such as Doug Wilson, Steve Larmer, Jeremy Roenick, and Tony Amonte; but they have not won the Cup since 1961, the longest wait of any NHL team. They won the President's Cup as the top team in the regular season in 1991, and made the finals again in 1992, partly due to Ed Belfour (who won two Vezina Trophies as best goaltender) and Chris Chelios (who won two Norris Trophies on Chicago). As of 2006, however, they have only made the playoffs once in the last eight years.

Cape Verde
Cape Verde is a country in Africa. It is a group of islands and its official language is Portuguese. During the 1970's and 1980's, other African countries would not let South African airplanes fly over their territory except Cape Verde. The country became an important stop where airplanes filled up their fuel tanks.
"Verde" means green in Portuguese.

Madeira Islands
Madeira Islands is a group of islands next to the Iberian Peninsula. It is a territory of Portugal, but has its own politics.
"Madeira" means wood in Portuguese.

Cameroon
Cameroon is a country in Africa. Cameroon's president is Paul Biya, and the Prime Minister is Ephraïm Inoni.
Languages.
The official languages are French and English.
Location.
Its capital is Yaoundé. The largest city in Cameroon is Douala.

Guinea-Bissau
Guinea-Bissau is a country in Africa. The official language is Portuguese, and the capital is Bissau. About 1,442,000 people live in Guinea-Bissau as of 2006.

Mauritius
Mauritius is an African island and country. Port Louis is its capital.
History of Mauritius.
The first people to set foot on the island of Mauritius were Arab sailors and merchants. Arabs merchant ships have been sailing the Indian Ocean for centuries. Important trading routes linked the east coast of Africa and Madagascar with the Arabian peninsula, India and Indonesia.
The Mascarenes Islands were a long way off the usual trading routes of Arab or Indian sailors. Perhaps the islands were discovered when a cyclone (hurricane) caught an Arab dhow unaware and pushed it towards Mauritius. Evidence that points to the discovery of the Mascarenes Archipelago by Arab seamen comes from copies of Portuguese maps of the early 16th century that depict a group of three small islands south east of Madagascar that bear Arabic names.
In 1498, the Portuguese explorer Vasco Da Gama succeeded in rounding the cape of Good Hope and called at various Arab-Swahili cities along the East African coast on his way northwards. It was at one of those city ports that an Arab or Indian pilot showed him the way to Goa, India. Within the next ten years, numerous Portuguese expeditions explored the Indian Ocean, visiting Madagascar, the Seychelles and the Comoros Islands.
Around 1507, the Portuguese seaman Fernandez Pereira sighted Mauritius and named it Cerne. The group of islands consisting of Mauritius, Reunion and Rodrigues were given the names of Mascarenes after the Portuguese captain, Pero Mascarenhas.
The Portuguese never attempted to settle on any of the Mascarene islands. They were more interested in protecting their trade routes with India and therefore established settlements along the coast of Mozambique instead.
Therefore the first Europeans to have visited Mauritius were the Portuguese at the beginning of the sixteenth century (most probably in 1510). However, the Dutch who settled in the island in 1598 named it Mauritius after Prince Maurice of Nassau. Among other things, the Dutch introduced sugar cane and the Java deer before leaving in 1710.
During French colonial rule, from 1767 to 1810, the capital and main port, Port Louis, became an important centre for trade, privateering, and naval operations against the British. In addition, French planters established sugarcane estates and built up their fortunes at the expense of the labour of slaves brought from Africa. The French patois, or colloquial language, which evolved among these slaves and their freed descendants, referred to as Creole, has become the everyday language shared by most of the island's inhabitants. French is used in the media and literature, and the Franco-Mauritian descendants of the French settlers continue to dominate the sugar industry and economic life of modern Mauritius.
The British captured the island in 1810 and gave up sovereignty when Mauritius became independent in 1968. During this period, the French plantation aristocracy maintained its economic, and, to a certain degree, its political prominence. The British abolished slavery but provided for cheap labour on the sugar estates by bringing nearly 500,000 indentured workers from the Indian subcontinent. The political history of Mauritius in the twentieth century revolves around the gradual economic and political empowerment of the island's Indian majority.

It's a Wonderful Life
"It's a Wonderful Life" is a 1946 movie that was directed by Frank Capra, produced by his own company (Liberty Films), and first released by RKO Radio Pictures.

Djibouti
Djibouti is a country in Africa. Djibouti gained its independence on June 27, 1977. The country was created out of the French Somaliland (later called the French Territory of the Afars and Issas), which was created in the 1800s as a result of French colonialism in Africa. However, the history of Djibouti goes back thousands of years when it was part of the Sabean Empire (Ethiopia) to a time when Djiboutians traded hides and skins for the perfumes and spices of ancient Egypt, India, and China. Through close contacts with the Arabian peninsula for more than 1,000 years, the Somali and Afar tribes in this region became among the first on the African continent to accept Islam. Djibouti is a Muslim country which regularly takes part in Islamic as well as Arab meetings. Djibouti used to be Ethiopian territory before french accupation after it got its independence. Djibouiti decided to be a country of its own with good friendship with its neighbouring country of Ethiopia.
The country is close to a narrow part of the Red Sea so it is considered an important area from a military viewpoint.

Mauritania
Mauritania is a country in northwest Africa. The capital city, which is also the biggest city in the country, is Nouakchott. It is on the Atlantic coast.
At 1,030,700 km² (397,929 mi²), Mauritania is the world's 29th-largest country (after Bolivia). It is similar in size to Egypt. The land is flat in most places.

Lake Huron
Lake Huron is one of North America's five Great Lakes. It is the third one up from the mouth. Like Lake Ontario, Lake Erie, and Lake Superior, it is also part of the boundary between the USA and Canada.
Lake Huron is more than 200 miles (325 km) long and is as much as 750 feet (230 m) deep. Many boats and ships go back and forth on Lake Huron, carrying useful things such as iron ore.
Lake Huron borders the Canadian province of Ontario and the American state of Michigan. There are no large cities on Lake Huron, but there are some small cities such as Sarnia, Ontario and Bay City, Michigan.
The water that flows out of Lake Huron goes through a river that flows past Detroit, Michigan. The water then flows into Lake Erie on its way to the ocean.
On 1996 on hurricane-like storm appeared on Lake Huron, while the National Hurricane Center wasn't sure to call it a hurricane or not. Because the storm formed over Lake Huron and that it didn't get a name from the NHC, many people nicknamed the storm, "Hurricane Huron".

Réunion
Réunion (French: La Réunion) is an island and overseas département (département d'outre-mer, or DOM) of France, meaning France owns the island nation. It is in the Indian Ocean east of Madagascar, about 200 km (125 miles) southwest of Mauritius. It's capital is Saint-Denis.

Lake Erie
Lake Erie is one of the Great Lakes in North America. It is the second lake up from the mouth. Like Lake Superior, Lake Huron, and Lake Ontario, Lake Erie is part of the boundary between the USA and Canada.
Most of the water that flows into Lake Erie flows through a large river, the Detroit River, that moves down from Lake Huron past Detroit, Michigan. Some more water flows into Lake Erie from other rivers, including the Maumee and the Cuyahoga. At the mouth of the Maumee is Toledo, Ohio. At the mouth of the Cuyahoga is Cleveland, Ohio.
Water that flows out of Lake Erie flows past Buffalo, New York, and into the Niagara River. On its way down to Lake Ontario, the Niagara River pours over Niagara Falls, one of the largest waterfalls in North America, and then into the lowest of all the Great Lakes, Lake Ontario.

Mali
Mali is a country in the west of Africa. It is the seventh largest country in Africa by amount of land. It is between Algeria, Niger, Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, Guinea, Senegal and Mauritania. The north of Mali is in the Sahara Desert. The Niger River and Sénégal River are in the south of Mali. Mali has a population of 13,518,000 people. Most of the people live in the southern part of the country. The old name for Mali was French Sudan. The name "Mali" is from the word for hippopotamus in the Bambara language. The capital of Mali is Bamako. This means "crocodile swamp" in the Bambara language.
History.
The Mandé people founded several kingdoms in Sahel. This was a big area that includes Mali. These kingdoms included the Ghana Empire, the Mali Empire, and the Songhai Empire. Timbuktu was an important city in these empires because a lot of trade across the Sahara Desert went there. Timbuktu was also a good place for learning. The Songhai Empire became smaller after a Moroccan attack in 1591.
France invaded Mali in 1880. After that, France owned Mali. The colony's names were "French Sudan" and the "Sudanese Republic". At some times it also included other nearby countries. In early 1959, Mali and Senegal united and they became the Mali Federation. This became independent from France on June 20, 1960. Senegal left the Mali Federation a few months later. The Republic of Mali, with Modibo Keïta as the first president, left the French Community on September 22, 1960.
There was a coup in Mali in 1968. Modibo Keïta lost his job and was put in prison. Mali was then ruled by Moussa Traoré until 1991. There was another coup in 1991 after protests against the government, and a new constitution was made. The leader of the country was then Amadou Toumani Touré. In 1992, Alpha Oumar Konaré won Mali's first democratic election. President Konaré won again in 1997 and he made big political and economic changes. In 2002, Amadou Toumani Touré won the election and he started his second term as head of state. He was a retired general and he had been the military leader of the 1991 coup. Today, Mali is one of the most politically and socially stable countries in Africa.
Regions and cercles.
Mali is divided into 8 regions and 1 district, and these are divided into 49 cercles, containing 288 "arrondissements".
Geography.
Mali is the world's 24th-largest country. It has 1,240,000 km² (478,734 mi²) of land. It has a similar size to South Africa, and it is two times bigger than Texas.
Mali is landlocked; it has no access to sea. It has dry weather. It does not have many mountains. There are flat areas in the north, which are covered by sand, and there is savanna around the Niger River in the south. Most of Mali is in the Sahara Desert, so there is a hot, dusty haze in dry seasons. There are many natural resources in Mali, including Gold, uranium, phosphates, kaolinite, salt and limestone.
Economy.
Mali is one of the poorest countries in the world. 65% of its land area is desert or something similar. There were several long droughts there over the last hundred years. Therefore, most economic activity is near the Niger River. About 10% of the people are nomads and 80% of workers have jobs in farming and fishing. Industry is mainly to process farm products. Women also do pottery and the pots are bought and taken to markets. Many foreign tourists like the traditional methods which the women use to make the pots. Mali's main export is cotton, so if the price of cotton changes, Mali's economy is affected a lot. Mali also receives a lot of financial help from other countries. In 1997, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) recommended a programme for changing the economy and the government followed this. Several international companies started digging for larger amounts of gold in 1996-1998, and the government thinks that Mali will become an important gold exporter soon.
Demographics.
Malinese people are from the racial groups below.
The religions below are followed in Mali.
Culture.
About 90% of people from Mali follow Sunni Islam, but they do not always forget their traditional religions. Muslims have their own schooling system. The number of Muslims from Mali who travel to Mecca is increasing and some study in Arab countries. About 1% of the people are Christians. When Mali was under French control, Christian missionaries were sent to Islamic areas.
The language of Mali under French rule was French, but now not many people outside towns can read or write this language. However, about 60% of the people use other languages well. Many people can read and write in Bamanakan (the most popular spoken language). This language has its own alphabet, called N'Ko. Other people can read and write in Arabic, after going to an Islamic school. One of the oldest universities in the world is Sankore University in Timbuktu. It began in the 1400s.
Famous musicians from Mali include kora player Toumani Diabaté, and the guitarist Ali Farka Touré (who has died).

Chief Joseph
Chief Joseph (1840–September 21, 1904) (whose real name was Hinmaton-Yalaktit) was the chief of the Nez Perce Native Americans, a tribe that lived in what is now the Pacific Northwest of the United States,

Seychelles
Seychelles is a African country in the Indian Ocean. Its capital city is Victoria and its official languages are Creole, English, and French.
The country lies east of main African continent. The islands of Madagascar and Mauritius lie to the south. The republic is made up of 115 islands. The biggest part of the population is a mix of freed slaves from the African Continent and Madagascar and European settlers. They make up about 90%. There are small minorities of immigrants from Europe, China and India. Most people are catholic, about 90% of them. About 8% are Protestants.

Square mile
A square mile (sometimes written "mi²") is a U.S. unit of measurement of area. It is the area inside a square that has each side equal to one statute mile (5,280 feet or 1,760 yards). This way of talking about area is often used to say how much land there is on a farm, or in a city or country, for example.
One square mile is just less than 2.6 square kilometres.

Regions of Peru
A Region is the name for one of 25 areas into which the land is divided in Peru.
Provinces of Peru

Ica Region
Ica is one of 25 regions of Peru. The capital of the region is Ica.

Togo
Togo is a country in Africa, located between Benin and Ghana on the western coast. Togo left of French rule in 1960s. The Togonese general, Gnassingbe Eyadema became the military ruler in 1967. President Eyedema was replaced by his son, Faure Gnassingbe, after his death in 2005.
The economy of this small African country is based on agriculture. Agriculture provides jobs for 65% of the labor force according to the CIA Factbook. Agricultural products include coffee, cocoa, cotton, yams, cassava (tapioca), corn, beans, rice, millet, and sorghum. Industries include phosphate mining, agricultural processing, cement, handicrafts, textiles, and beverages.
The Togolese enjoy many ethnic foods encluding tropical fruits, pastries, and many different products made from peanuts. Major drinks include tea, coffee, and wine. Togolese can often be found snacking on plantains and french donuts or beignets.

Bad Religion
Bad Religion is an American punk rock band from Los Angeles, California. They were formed in 1980. Their guitarist Brett Gurewitz is the founder and owner of the band's label Epitaph Records, which became popular with bands like NOFX, Rancid, The Offspring and Pennywise releasing albums with that label.

Meat Puppets
The Meat Puppets are an alternative/punk rock group from Scottsdale, Arizona, USA. They were formed in 1980 by Curt Kirkwood (vocals, guitars), his brother Cris (bass) and Derrick Bostrom (drums). The band is probably best known for their 1994 radio hit "Backwater".
The band went on indefinite hiatus in 2001 as Curt formed two band projects Eyes Adrift (with Nirvana bassist Krist Novoselic and Sublime drummer Bud Gaugh) and Volcano (also with Sublime drummer Bud Gaugh). He also released a solo album. His brother Cris was in prison from August 2004 to 21 months.
In 2006, Meat Puppets reformed with new drummer Ted Marcus and released a new album, "Rise to Your Knees" in 2007.

Ted Bundy
Theodore Robert "Ted" Bundy (born November 24, 1946 - executed January 24, 1989) was one of most prolific serial killers in United States history. He killed over 30 people, perhaps as many as over 100, before being arrested and executed.
Biography.
Ted Bundy was born in 1946 in Vermont, USA. He lived with his mother and grandfather when he was a child. Bundy and his mother moved to Washington where she married a man named John. As a child in Washington, Bundy was a good student and went to church often, yet he found it hard to make friends and he began stealing. As a young man Bundy became involved in politics and proposed to a woman that he had dated in high school. He left her a few days later and then went on the begin his murders. The people that Bundy would murder were much like this lady: young, white skinned (Caucasian) and with long dark hair parted in the middle.
Bundy's first known murders were in 1974 with his first known violent attack on January 4 when he crept into the room of an 18 year old girl called Joni Lenz and beat her with a crowbar while she was asleep. He then sexually assaulted (raped) here with a metal rod that he took from the bed. She was found the next morning in a pool of blood. She was not killed but would remain in a coma (a permanent sleep) and suffered brain damage (damage to the brain that stop the body from working properly).
A few weeks later on January 31 Bundy broke into another womans basement and beat her over the head. He then dressed her, wrapped her in blankets and carried her away. She was found a year later in Seattle, Washington with no head. In between this time and June, 1974 he killed 8 more women in Washington. In June he kidnapped Janice Ott and Denise Naslund from a park near Seattle. These attacks, unlike the attacks before, were in 'broad daylight'; infront of other people.
In Autumn, Bundy moved to Utah to begin studying law at a college there. He began killing again in October. Bundy kidnapped and killed three girls in October of 1974, one of them was the daughter of a police officer. On November 8, Bundy told a girl that he was a police officer and he told her to get in his car. She did, believing he really was a police officer. He then tried to handcuff her but she would not let him and she jumped out of the car and escaped. Bundy was angry that she had got away and so a few hours later he kidnapped another girl and killed her. Her body was never found.
Bundy was still living in Utah in 1975 and was still attending law school but he began only killing people in Colorado. Bundy kidnapped and killed four women from Colorado and one more from Utah in the first half of 1975 (January to June).
On August 16, 1975, Bundy was arrested for not stopping his car when ordered to by a police officer. When they searched his car they found a ski mask, a crowbar, handcuffs, trash bags and other items that they thought he must have been using to rob houses. The police then noticed that his car was the car the girl who escaped had told them about. Bundy was sentenced on March 1, 1976, to fifteen years in prison for kidnapping her. Bundy escaped from the police twice in 1977 before he could be sentenced for the murders he had committed. By early 1978 he had made his way to Florida where he killed two more women and injured three others. After that he murdered a 12 year old girl called Kimberley Leach. She was the last girl murdered by Bundy as he was stopped by a police officer on February 15, 1978.
Bundy went on trial on June 25 to July 31 for the murders he had committed. He was sentenced to death by the electric chair. In the time he was in prison and waiting to be executed he helped the police investigate other murders and in 1988 he admitted to having killed 8 more women than he was tried for. Bundy was executed on January 24, 1989. He was 42 years old.

Longboarding
Longboarding is a form of skateboarding. Instead of using a "normal"-sized board, the longboarder uses a board that is about two times as long, sometimes longer. Longboard lengths typically range from 35" to 54". Instead of skating on ramps and half-pipes, the longboarder can skate down long and steep hills, turning ("carving") back and forth across the hill's face to slow down, as a skier would. The longboard is also much more efficient for "cruising", or, simply getting around, as longboards typically are faster, more stable, and less tiring to propel than short ("freestyle", i.e., trick) boards. Unlike a bicycle, a longboard is less vulnerable to theft, as one's board may be carried under one's arm, or stashed in a coat closet at work.
Advanced longboarders may be seen "powersliding" (skidding sideways) to slow their boards on really steep hills. Special gloves incorporating a hockey-puck-like friction pad velcroed to the palm may be worn, which assists in both balance and braking, allowing one hand to be dragged on the ground. A lot of longbarders just make their own gloves, from sections of sliced-up cutting board epoxied to the palm and fingers of work gloves. On narrow, terribly steep hills (such as in San Francisco, for example), there's not enough room to carve back and forth to keep one's speed down, and "bombing" (dashing downhill) similarly could result in an accident or uncontrollably high speed, and so power-sliding was invented by a California surfer. Power-sliding is a seriously difficult and gymnastic method of slowing a board, though. While learning the power-slide, full pads and a helmet are a must. During more ordinary city commuting, the easiest (and first) braking skill one learns is simply to drag the toe or heel of one's rear foot on the ground. The trucks (swiveling axles) of a longboard turn far more freely than that of a freestyle board.
One good way to learn how to ride a longboard is to find a roomy, smooth flat area, a plaza or parking lot, say, and to just cruise around. Once the longboarder is feeling good and loose, warmed-up, then he should take that rear foot been pushing with, and try coasting without placing it back on the rear of the deck. Just coast, and notice how he actually can steer the board with one foot. Notice, too, that one can go much faster if one keeps his body's weight balanced above the foot that remains on the board. By pumping with the arms and pushing only with the ball of the driving foot, one go much faster (and prevent ankle injuries). If one finds himself slamming his driving foot down on the pavement, he will probably be in need of a rest. Now he is ready to carve. Carving is an action in which the rider leans back and forth.

Graffiti
Graffiti are marks or writing made on a wall with paint or spray paint (paint that is sprayed from a can). A single mark could be called a graffito but the word graffiti is usually used, meaning that there is more than one mark.
Graffiti can take the form of art, drawings or words. When done without a property owner's permission it is considered vandalism. Sometimes it is just a person's name or a rude word. Sometimes it is as a public political protest.
History.
Graffiti has been found in very old cities. For example, in the Roman Empire, people wrote messages and drew caricatures on walls. It was used for good instead of vandalism. Probably the simplest graffiti is when a person cuts (or carves) the name of a lover on a tree with a knife.
Today, many graffiti are very complicated mixtures of writing and pictures. They are sometimes made by gangs and applied with spray-paint to buildings, bridges, street signs, and other areas. These are often signed with a "tag" (in graffiti slang, a signature), which is a shape special to an artist or group.
Graffiti can be thought of as a part of hip hop or street protest. It is often but not always illegal. Some cities have small areas where graffiti can be made. Sometimes graffiti are very beautiful. Some people pay graffiti artists to do graffiti on their buildings. In the 1980s, some graffiti artists like Keith Haring became very famous.

Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée
"Appellation d'Origine Controlée" (AOC) is a French phrase which shows that a product comes from a certain area.
Some products must come from a certain area and be made in a certain way in order to have the name of the product. The most famous example is champagne, which must be fermented in the bottle and be made in the Champagne region.
The French government set up the "Institut National des Appellations d'Origine" (INAO) in 1935 to oversee the system. Although usually linked with wines, the start of the system of protecting the name of goods started in the 15th century when the French parliament defined what could be called Roquefort cheese.

Distillation
Distillation is a chemical engineering unit operation where two liquids are separated from each other. You do this by simply heating the liquids until they boil. The liquids will have different vapour pressures, and so one of them will evaporate before the other does. The vapour is then led into a condenser, which takes off its heat and condenses it back to liquid. A fractionating column can be used to improve the separation. Distillation is a mass transfer unit operation.
The vapourized and condensed component is called "distillate" and the other component as "bottom product"
This has been used for a long time, to distill alcohol, and produced distilled beverages. Distillation is a commonly used operation in oil industry, where it is used to produce various fuels and raw materials from crude oil.
Illegally distilled alcoholic drink is called "moonshine".

Lawyer
A lawyer (or in some countries called an "Advocate", "attorney", "Barrister", "counsel", "counsellor", or "Solicitor") is someone who studied law and got a degree in that discipline. If people have a problem with law, or with someone else, they might go to a lawyer to get legal advice. If the case goes to court, the lawyer will then represent those people, either defending the person because someone else has started a legal case or arguing a case that the person has started. When a person is accused of a crime the person has a defence lawyer to try and show they have not committed a crime. The lawyer arguing that they did do the crime is called the "prosecutor".
He or she might also help to prepare legal documents for those people (this is one of things real estate lawyers do), or give (legally binding witness) that some event took place (like the signing of a contract).
Lawyers work in different settings. Some work by themselves, while some work in big law firms. Some lawyers work for hospitals and private companies
Of course there will be fees for the different services offered, unless the work is done for free, which is called pro bono.

Loreto Region
Loreto is Peru's most northern region. Covering almost one-third of Peru's territory, Loreto is the nation's biggest region. It is also one of the least populated ones, because of its remote location in the Amazon rainforest. Its capital is the city of Iquitos.

Iquitos
Iquitos is the capital city of the Loreto Region in northern Peru. It is on the banks of the Amazon River. Iquitos is the biggest city in the rain forest of Peru, with about 400,000 residents. It is a major port on the Amazon.
Excluding towns on islands, Iquitos is thought to be the largest city in the world that can not be reached by road. One can only get to Iquitos by boat, or by airplane. It is very remote, in the middle of the Amazon rainforest.

Apple juice
Apple juice is the juice from apples. It does not have alcohol, and it tastes sweet from the natural fruit sugars. Many companies making apple juice like to say that they do not put sugar into the drink, and there is only natural sugar.
Apple juice can be used to make cider and calvados. Some types of cider and all types of Calvados contain alcohol (ethanol).

Calvados (drink)
Calvados is an alcoholic drink. It is made from distilling cider in the French department of Calvados in Normandy, and also in Normandy itself. It got its name from the department, which is famous for making it.
How Calvados is made.
Calvados is made of cider with a degree of alcohol of 12° to 15°, through a process called double distillation. In the first pass, the result is a liquid containing 28% to 30% alcohol. In a second pass, the amount of alcohol is augmented to about 40%.
How Calvados are served.
The Calvados can be served either dry or with ice, as a cocktail, an aperitif, or as a digestif. It goes very well with cheese, chocolates, desserts or ice cream. You can also take your crepes with calvados.

Still
A still is a tool used to purify a liquid. It does this by first boiling the liquid and turning it into a gas. This gas is then cooled, changing it back into liquid. Stills get their name from the word di"still"ation. Distillation is the process of boiling and cooling a liquid to purify it. Stills are most often used to create alcohol, but they can also be used with any liquid. Some examples are medicines and perfumes.
There are two main types of stills: pot stills and reflux stills.

Ravioli
Ravioli is a type of Italian pasta dish. It is usually two layers of pasta dough with a filling between the two layers. There are many different recipes, with different kinds of fillings. The most common fillings are meat, vegetables or ricotta cheese. People eat this kind of food with a sauce or melted butter.

The Bridge on the River Kwai
"The Bridge on the River Kwai" is a 1957 movie from Columbia Pictures, based on Pierre Boulle's 1952 book "The Bridge over the River Kwai" (French: "Le Pont de la Rivière Kwai"). The movie was mainly filmed in Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) and also in England.
In 1941 the Japanese Army invaded Thailand. They built a railway to link Bangkok to Rangoon. Thousands of Asian workers and POWs (prisoners of war) died while working on the project. Part of this project was building bridges over Thailand's Kwai Yai, at a place named Tamarkan, which is near a town named Kanchanaburi.
The deaths of the Asian workers and the prisoners were real events, but most of the book and the movie are not true. The British soldiers were slaves; they did not help the Japanese. Two bridges were built; one was made of wood, one was made of concrete and steel. Both bridges stood for two years and were destroyed by bombers in 1945.
In the movie the bridge is destroyed by commandos. A real train rode over the bridge as it blew up. (This can be compared to a scene in the 1927 movie, "The General", which starred Buster Keaton.)
The movie is best known for the "Colonel Bogey March", the song that is whistled by the POWs. It is also known as the "River Kwai March".
The movie won seven Academy Awards, one for Best Picture.

Tannin
Tannins are bitter-tasting chemical compounds that bind proteins.
Tannins are also used in the treatment of leather, to make it more durable.

Cuisine
Cuisine is a French word, and literally means kitchen. When people talk about cuisine or "haute cuisine" they do not mean kitchens, but rather a number of special recipes for which a particular nation is famous. When they talk about French cuisine, they mean all recipes the French are famous for.

Hotel
A hotel or a guest-house is a large building with many rooms, where people can sleep when they are not at home. A motel is a hotel especially for motorists - people who drive cars - where the room door usually opens into the parking lot. Inn is sometimes used to mean a smaller hotel.
These places will rent a room for any number of days. They offer rooms to sleep, and want money for the service. There are also hotels where conferences are held.

Some Like It Hot
"Some Like It Hot" is a 1959 comedy movie starring Marilyn Monroe and Jack Lemmon, and directed by Billy Wilder. It is seen by some as a remake of a German movie from 1951, called "Fanfaren der Liebe". (Michael Logan wrote the story for this version as well as the 1959 movie.)
"Some Like It Hot" has been remade for the stage twice (in 1972 and 2002).
The movie was ranked at Number One on the AFI's 100 Years... 100 Laughs list and fourteen on the AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies list.

Yale University
Yale University is a university in the state of Connecticut. It is in the Ivy League. Yale was founded in 1701. It was called "The Collegiate School". Later, a man named Elihu Yale gave a lot of money to the school, so they renamed the school "Yale University".
The president of Yale is named Richard Levin.

Salzburg, Austria
Salzburg is the capital of the Austrian state of Salzburg. The population is about 150,000.
Its most famous citizen was Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Some other well-known composers that came from the area are Antonio Caldara, Joseph Hoelzl, and Rupert Unterholtzer.

Basque language
Basque (in Basque: "Euskara") is the language spoken by the Basque people who live in the Pyrenees in North-Central Spain and the bordering region of South-Western France. The Standard Basque name for the language is euskara. Although it is surrounded by Indo-European languages, Basque is believed to be a language isolate that is not related to the Indo-European languages.
History and classification.
The ancestors of Basques are among the oldest residents of Europe, and their beginnings are still unknown, as are the origins of Basque itself. Many scholars have tried to link Basque to Etruscan, African languages, Caucasian languages and so on, but most see Basque as a language isolate.
A connection with the Iberian language gave some hope, but it is unclear whether similarities are due to genetic relations or mere vicinity.
It was spoken long before the Romans brought Latin to the Iberian Peninsula. However it is probable that basque is not completely isolated and belongs to an old super-family (works of J.D. Bengtson in the USA and of Michel Morvan in Europe).
Geographic distribution.
The region where Basque is spoken is smaller than what is known as the Basque Country, or "Euskal Herria" in Basque. Basque used to be spoken over a larger area, but Latin took over in some places.
Official status.
Historically, Latin or Romance has been the official language.
Today Basque holds co-official language status in the Basque regions of Spain: the full autonomous community of the Basque Country and some parts of Navarre. Basque has no official standing in the Northern Basque Country of France and French citizens are barred from using Basque in a French court of law.
Dialects.
There are six main Basque dialects, comprising Biscayan, Guipuzcoan, and High Navarrese (in Spain), and Low Navarrese, Labourdin, and Souletin (in France). The dialect boundaries are not however congruent with political boundaries.
One of the first scientific studies of Basque dialects, in particular the auxiliary verb forms, was made by Louis-Lucien Bonaparte (a nephew of Napoleon).
Derived languages.
There is now a unified version of Euskara called Batua ("unified" in Basque), which is the language taught in schools. Batua is based largely on the Gipuzkoa regional dialect.
Grammar.
Basque is an ergative-absolutive language. It is very complicated, having many different cases for nouns.
The vowel system is the same as Spanish for most speakers. It consists of five pure vowels. It is thought that Spanish took this system from Basque.
Vocabulary.
By contact with neighbouring peoples, Basque has borrowed words from Latin, Spanish, French, Gascon, among others, but accepted relatively few compared to many Indo-European languages. Some claim that many of its words come from Latin, but phonetic evolution has made many of them appear nowadays as if they were native words, e.g. "lore" ("flower", from "florem"), "errota" ("mill", from "rotam", "[mill] wheel"), "gela" ("room", from "cellam").
Writing system.
Basque is written using the Latin alphabet. The universal special letter is "ñ", which is pronounced like the "n" in "onion"; sometimes "ç" and "ü" are also used. Basque does not use "c, q, v, w, y" except for loan words; they are not considered part of the alphabet. The "X" is pronounced as a "sh", as in "shine".

Heinz Fischer
Heinz Fischer (born 9 October 1938) is the current president of Austria. His wife is Margit Fischer.

Chlorine
Chlorine (chemical symbol Cl) is a chemical element. Its atomic number (which is the number of protons in it) is 17, and its atomic mass is 35.45. It is part of the Group 7 (halogens) on the periodic table of elements. A highly irritating, greenish-yellow gaseous halogen, capable of combining with nearly all other elements, produced principally by electrolysis of sodium chloride and used widely to purify water(usually in a swimming pool), as a disinfectant and bleaching agent, and in the manufacture of many important compounds including chloroform and carbon tetrachloride. Atomic number 17; atomic weight 35.453; freezing point -100.98°C; boiling point -34.6°C; specific gravity 1.56 (-33.6°C); valence 1, 3, 5, 7. it was discovered in 1774 by Carl Wilhelm Scheele who thought it contained oxygen. Chlorine was named in 1810 by Humphry Davy who insisted it was an element.
Preventive Uses, dangers.
Chlorine is used in a swimming pool to destroy bacteria. It is poisonous in large amounts and can damage skin. Chlorine is a chemical component in salt.

Halogen
The halogens are chemical elements under the second-to-right column in the periodic table, also known as Group 7. The elements in the group are fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine. They are very reactive, so they are likely to join with other elements on the left side of the periodic table to make compounds. This is due to the fact that they are missing one electron. They are rarely found alone in nature, except astatine, which is not found in nature.

Vitamin
A vitamin is an acid that is needed for the human body to work correctly. They include Vitamin A, many B vitamins (like B1, B2, B3, B6, and B12), Vitamin C, Vitamin D, Vitamin E, and Vitamin K. For example, citrus fruits such as oranges and lemons contain vitamin C.
Many vitamins can not be made by the body itself. The body needs to obtain them through other routes, usually through food. A short term lack of a certain vitamin is usually not a problem, as the body is able to store vitamins for a short time. Not having a certain vitamin for a longer period of time can lead to different diseases, depending on the lacking vitamin. Probably the best-known of these diseases is scurvy, which results from not having enough Vitamin C.
Today, many pharmaceutical companies make inexpensive pills that contain various vitamins. These pills are sold as a supplement.
Name changes.
Currently there are no vitamins F to J. These existed at some time. Today they are either reclassified (no longer seen as vitamins). Some of them were also false leads, and turned out to be something else. Some were also renamed, because they are close to "Vitamin B". Today, the B vitamins are a whole complex, and not just one vitamin.
The German-speaking scientists who isolated and described vitamin K (in addition to naming it as such) did so because the vitamin is intimately involved in the 'Koagulation' (clotting) of blood following wounding. At the time, most (but not all) of the letters from F through I were already designated, so the use of the letter K was considered quite reasonable.
The following table lists chemicals that had previously been classified as vitamins, as well as the earlier names of vitamins that later became part of the B-complex.

Adultery
Adultery is a word used in religious texts and in laws. It applies to a married couple, and in the past meant that the man of the couple left his wife for another woman, usually to have sexual intercourse with that woman that is not his wife. Adultery usually comes with a heavy punishment (death by stoning). In most countries adultery is no longer a crime, but most people still see it as a bad thing. If a person who is married takes part in adultery, that person's husband or wife would usually have the right to be able to go to court to divorce that person.

Perjury
Perjury is the word used for a person who says something that he or she knows is wrong, and that the person does so while they are under oath (in a courtroom). Committing perjury usually carries a jail or prison sentence.
You might also say that the person has lied when they promised not to do so.

Lust
Lust is a term for a strong desire or wanting, or maybe even needing, often for sexual acts, although it is also commonly used to talk of a "lust for life" or a "lust for power" or for other goals.
As a sexual desire, it is considered a vice (a failing) by Christianity, which lists it as one of the seven deadly sins.
"Lust" was originally an Anglo-Saxon word which meant "desire" or "appetite".

Seven deadly sins
People see that some of those sins are connected. They have tried to put an order to them. For example, pride (love of self out of proportion) is needed for gluttony (the over-consumption or waste of food), as well as sloth, envy, and most of the others.
Each of those sins is a way to not loving god and to not loving the others as much as oneself. The Scholastic theologians developed schema of attribute and substance of will to explain these sins.
As previously mentioned, the Latin words for the sins are: "superbia, avaritia, luxuria, invidia, gula, ira" and "accidia".
The first letters of these words form the medieval Latin word "saligia", whence the verb "saligiare" (to commit a deadly sin) is taken. Various mnemonic devices exist for remembering the sins in English, e.g. PEG'S LAW (pride, envy, gluttony, sloth, lust, avarice, wrath).
In the official Catechism of the Catholic Church, consisting of 2,865 numbered sections and first published in 1992 by order of Pope John Paul II, the seven deadly sins are dealt with in one paragraph. The principal codification of moral transgression for Christians continues to be the Ten Commandments and the Beatitudes, which are a positive statement of morality, and part of the Sermon on the Mount.
The opposite of these sins are the seven virtues (chastity, moderation, charity, zeal, meekness, generosity, and humility) in corresponding order to the above seven deadly sins.
Punishments.
According to the Divine Comedy, there are punishments for those who die with unconfessed deadly sins. Those guilty of lust, are in the second circle of the purgatory. There they are blown around by a strong wind, without the hope of ever resting. This is because lust is so powerful, that it can blow one around without need or aim.
The gluttons are in the third circle. There, they are forced to lie in a kind of slush, made by freezing rain, black snow, and hail. This used to symbolize what they made with their life.

Bromine
Bromine is a chemical element. Its atomic number (which is the number of protons in it) is 35, and its atomic weight is 80. It is part of the Group 7 (halogens) on the Periodic table of elements. It is diatomic.
Bromine is a liquid and reacts with metals and nonmetals. It is a red-brown liquid.
Bromine is not an important part of our body, unlike its relatives chlorine and iodine. Bromine is found in the oceans.

Fluorine
Fluorine (symbol F) is a chemical element which exists as a yellow diatomic gas. Its atomic number (which is the number of protons in it) is 9, and its atomic mass is 19. It is part of the Group 7 (halogens) on the periodic table of elements.
It is the most chemically reactive of all the elements.
Chemical properties.
It is very reactive gas, which exists as diatomic molecules. Due to the very high electron affinity of fluorine, the atoms of this element gain electrons very easily.

Iodine
Iodine is a chemical element. Its atomic number (which is the number of protons in it) is 53, and its atomic mass is 127. It is part of the Group 7 (halogens) on the periodic table of elements.
Iodine is a nonmetal solid element. It has a purple color and reacts with other elements to form chemical compounds. It was discovered by Barnard Courtois in 1811 and was identified as an element in 1813.
Iodine is really important for our body. If we do not get enough of it, we get a disease known as goitre. When you buy salt from a store, iodine is sometimes added to make sure that we get enough. We can also take vitamins to make sure we get enough. There is a lot of iodine in the ocean, so some people get their iodine from seaweed.

Astatine
Astatine is a chemical element. Its atomic number (which is the number of protons in it) is 85, and its atomic weight is 210. It is part of the Group 7 (halogens) on the Periodic table of elements. Some of its isotopes may be in nature, but because it is extremely unstable, only about an ounce exists at one point in time. It is radioactive, the longest-living 210AT has a half-life of a bit over 8 hours.

Nucleus (physics)
The nucleus is the central part of an atom, and it is made of protons and neutrons. It is surrounded by electrons.

United States House of Representatives
The United States House of Representatives is a part of the United States (U. S.) Congress. Congress is the legislature of the U. S. government and makes federal laws. The other part of Congress is the U. S. Senate. There are 435 members in the United States House of Representatives. These members are called U. S. Representatives or just representatives.
The number of representatives from each state depends on the number of people in that state, but there is at least one U. S. representative from each of the 50 states. The House of Representatives is in one of the two wings in the U.S. Capitol building. The other wing is for the Senate. Sometimes the House of Representatives is informally called the House. The chairman/chairperson in the U.S. House of Representatives is called the Speaker of the House. The term of the Speaker of the House is two years in office.
According to the U.S. Constitution, all bills about raising revenue must start in the House of Representatives. Also, the House of Representatives has the sole power to impeach certain officials, such as the president or federal judges. According to the U.S. Constitution, the House of Representatives can expel one of its representaives by a vote of at least two-thirds of its members.

Lourdes Flores Nano
Lourdes Celmira Flores Nano is a Peruvian politician. She is trying to become the President of Peru.

Novel
A novel is a long work of literature that is fiction. Novels in English are usually 50,000 words or more, and have 100 pages or more.

Fiction
Fiction is a story that's not true. It is made up by the author. The opposite of fiction is non-fiction, stories that are true. Many things can be fictional, like literature, films, music, and other art forms.
Often in a library, part of the library is for fiction books and another part of the library is for non-fiction.

Oak Lawn, Illinois
Oak Lawn is a village in Cook County, Illinois, USA. It is a suburb of Chicago.

Fossil fuel
Fossil fuels are fuels from fossils. The three most important fossils fuels are coal, petroleum, and natural gas. They contain hydrocarbons, or things that have only hydrogen and carbon in them.
Uses.
Fossil fuels can be used to make electricity in a power plant. They are burned to heat water into steam, which can push a fan-like object called a turbine. When the turbine spins around, magnets in it make electricity.
People also burn coal to heat their homes, but they do not do it as much as they used to because it produces too much pollution.
By fractional distillation, or separating a mixture into different things by boiling, petroleum can be separated into smaller substances like LPG, gasoline, kerosene, jet fuel, diesel oil, etc.
In many homes, people burn natural gas in a stove to cook food. It may also be used for heating the house.
Problems.
Fossil fuels produce a lot of pollution when burned. Also, they are non-renewable resources, so they can run out. Ways to solve this problem is to reduce our usage of fossil fuels. Scientists reckon that we will have ran out of coal by 2230 and petroleum by 2030. We can prevent this happening by using renewable energy sources like biomass energy(wood etc). We can also increase the usage of wind turbines and water turbines to generate more electricity without having to burn more fuels

Boston Bruins
The Boston Bruins are an ice hockey team in the National Hockey League (NHL). They were the first American team in the NHL, in 1924. They have won five Stanley Cup championships.
Early games.
In their early years, the Bruins won three Stanley Cups: 1929, 1939, and 1941. Ralph "Cooney" Weiland won the Art Ross Trophy as scoring champion in 1930. Aubrey "Dit" Clapper was also a star player around this time. Then Eddie Shore came along a huge star in the league on defence, he won the Hart Trophy as most valuable player (MVP) four times: in 1933, 1935, 1936, and 1938 Only Gordie Howe and Wayne Gretzky have won it more often. "Tiny" Thompson was the team's star goaltender.
Later games.
The Bruins continued to be a strong team through the late 1970's, 1980's, and early 1990's. One reason was Ray Bourque, who won the Norris Trophy five times. He is the team's top career scorer, and the highest scoring defenseman in NHL history. The Bruins won the President's Cup as regular-season champions in 1983 and 1990, and made the Stanley Cup finals in 1988 and 1990; but they have not won the championship since 1972. Cam Neely was an important player until the mid-1990's, and Joe Thornton was a top scorer until he was traded to the San Jose Sharks in 2005.
Top players.
Some of the team's top players in the 1940's were Milt Schmidt and Bill Cowley. Schmidt won the Art Ross Trophy in 1941, and Cowley the next year (teammate Herb Cain won it in 1944). Cowley won two Hart Trophies, in 1941 and 1943, and Schmidt was MVP in 1951. However, the team did not win a championship for 29 years after 1941.
Best player.
Then came Bobby Orr. He began as a defenceman with Boston in 1966. After his rookie (first) season, he won the Norris Trophy as best defenceman in the NHL eight times in a row. He joined with centre Phil Esposito to lead the Bruins to the Stanley Cup in 1970 and 1972. Orr won the Conn Smythe Trophy as MVP in the playoffs both years. He also won the Hart Trophy in 1970, 1971, and 1972; Esposito won it in 1969 and 1974. Esposito won five Art Ross Trophies: 1969, 1971, 1972, 1973, and 1974. Orr won it in 1970 and 1975, the only defence ever to win the scoring title. John Bucyk was also a star player at this time, and was the team's top career scorer for many years.

George Morrow
George Morrow (c. 1934 - May 7, 2003) was part of the early microcomputer industry in the United States. Morrow promoted (make popular) and improved the S-100 bus used in many early microcomputers. Morrow was also a member of the Homebrew Computer Club.
Starting in 1976, he designed and sold computers, computer parts, and accessories under several company names, including "Morrow Designs". Morrow's companies built microcomputers that used the M operating system. When IBM started selling their IBM PC personal computer in 1981, Morrow and other CP/M computer makers had trouble competing. Morrow Designs filed for bankruptcy in 1986.

Dietary mineral
Dietary minerals are the chemical elements that living things need to have be part of what they eat, other than the four elements carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen which are already very common in living things.
One of the best known examples is calcium, which humans and many other animals need to build strong bones and teeth, among other things.

Cleveland, England
Cleveland is a non metropolitan county in North East England. It was created in 1974, but was never popular with the people who lived in the area. The districts which made up the county are now all unitary authorities

Hungarian language
Hungarian is a Finno-Ugric language, which is a member of the Uralic language family.
The group of Finno-Ugric languages also includes Finnish, Estonian, Lappic (Sámi) and some other languages spoken in the Russian Federation. Out of these it is Khanty and Mansi that are the most closely related to Hungarian. The Hungarian name for the language is "magyar".
Speakers and dialects.
Hungarian is spoken by about 14 million people. Most of its speakers live in Hungary (around 10 million) and Romania (around 1.5 million), but it is also spoken in Slovakia, the northern part of Serbia (Vojvodina), Ukraine and other countries. Hungarian is the official language of the Republic of Hungary and one of the official languages of the EU (European Union). It is also an official language of the Autonomous Republic of Vojvodina (Serbia) and of some places in the Republic of Slovenia. Hungarians call their language "magyar".
Hungarian has several dialects but they are not too different to make understanding difficult. The only such example may be the dialect of the Csángós of Romania. That dialect is an old and archaic version of the language.
Hungarian literary language is based on the "Northeastern dialect".
Grammar and words.
Hungarian grammar is rather different from the grammar of Indo-European languages. People may find this grammar complicated in the first time if they speak an Indo-European language until they realize that it works along some pretty logical rules.
Hungarian has no "grammatical gender". For example there are no separate words for 'he' and 'she' but there is one pronoun ('ő'). Instead of prepositions (like English 'from' or 'with'), Hungarian has "suffixes" (little words stuck to the end of main words). 'From Budapest' becomes 'Budapestről', and 'with Alexandra' becomes 'Alexandrával' in Hungarian. Another feature of the language is "vowel harmony". This means that suffixes must tone in (harmonize) with the vowel of the main word. To over-simplify it, if they have an 'a' in the word then the suffix will also contain an 'a' ('fa' - 'tree' and 'fával' - 'with a tree'), and if their word has an 'e' then its suffix too will get an 'e' (teve - 'camel' and 'tevével' - with a camel). In Hungarian they must put the stress always on the first syllable (the beginning) of the words.
Although Hungarian is not an Indo-European language, its lexicon (all the words of the language together) has many words from Slavic and Turkic languages, and also from German.
Writing.
Hungarian is written in the Latin alphabet. Some letters have accents (dots or commas above them) so while the English alphabet has 26 letters, Hungarian has 44. The writing of Hungarian is largely phonetic. This means that each letter has its own pronunciation, and it is easy to read any text once they learn how the letters are pronounced.
The history of the language.
The earliest known written Hungarian words are to be found in a Latin document, the "Foundation Charter of the Abbey of Tihany" (1054). The "Funeral Oration and Prayer" (1192-95) and "Old Hungarian Lament of Mary" (13th century) are the earliest known continuous Hungarian texts. In the 16th century the first printed Hungarian texts came out. Modern Hungarian literary language appeared in the 18th and 19th centuries. Hungarian replaced Latin as the official language of Hungary first between 1844 and 1849 and then in 1867.

Rochester, New York
Rochester is the third-largest city in the U.S. state of New York. It has about 200,000 people living in it. It is located on the southern shore of Lake Ontario, and between the cities of Buffalo and Syracuse.
Geography.
Rochester is on the shore of Lake Ontario, one of the Great Lakes. Also, the Genesee River flows through it. In the area near Rochester, there are many streams, large hills called drumlins, and lakes, such as the Finger Lakes. The weather in Rochester is warm in the summer and cold in the winter, with a lot of snow falling in the winter and early spring.
Economy and education.
Rochester is the headquarters of Eastman Kodak, a company that makes cameras and camera film. Rochester is also the home to universities such as the University of Rochester and the Rochester Institute of Technology.

Shop
A shop, also spelled shoppe, is a store where people can go to buy items that they need or want. People might go to a shop to buy food, clothes, furniture or many other things.
People might also go to a repair shop if something is broken, and they want the shop to fix it. For example, someone might bring a broken bicycle to a bicycle repair shop.

One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (movie)
"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest" was a 1975 movie based on a book by Ken Kesey. Milos Forman was the movie's director, and Jack Nicholson was the main actor.
It was the first movie to win all five main Academy Awards since "It Happened One Night" in 1934. These awards included Best Picture, Best Actor (Nicholson), Best Actress (Louise Fletcher), Best Director (Forman), and Best Adapted Screenplay.
This much-loved movie was the 20th best ever, according to the American Film Industry's AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies list.
The book's writer, Kesey, did not like the movie, since it did not take the perspective (view) of a Native American character, Chief Bromden (an important part of the book).

Dr. Strangelove
"Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb" (better known as only Dr. Strangelove) is a 1964 movie directed by Stanley Kubrick, and starring Peter Sellers.

Animal husbandry
Animal husbandry is the looking after and breeding of animals, particularly livestock. Animal husbandry has been around for over 20,000 years.

Walt Disney World Resort
The Walt Disney World Resort, also called Walt Disney World or Disney World, is located in Florida, United States.
The owner.
Walt Disney World Resort is owned and operated by the Walt Disney Parks and Resorts segment of The Walt Disney Company.
There are four theme parks and two water parks there.
In addition, there is downtown Disney with souvenir shops, restaurants, sports activities, and a hotel.

Harp
The harp is a musical instrument. It is the second biggest string instrument in an orchestra. It dates back to 4000 BC when the Egyptians used them in holy places. Christian artists often draw angels playing harps in Heaven.
Parts of harps.
All harps must have strings. Each string must be tight, so it makes the right sound or note for that string. The strings are tied to the frame.
The frame is usually a wood triangle. It must be strong, so that the many tight strings do not break it.
The side of the triangle that leans on the player's body, is the sound-box. Empty boxes can make sounds louder.
The top side of the triangle has a lot of pegs in it. There is one peg for each string on the harp. The top of each string is tied to one peg, and twisted around the peg. The player turns the peg to make the string more tight or less tight. This is how the player makes each string make the right note. The bottom of each string is tied to the sound-box.
The last side of the triangle is called the pillar. The oldest harps from Egypt did not have pillars. If the strings were too tight, they would break the harp. Adding a pillar to a harp frame makes the frame very strong, so that the strings will not break it.
Playing a harp.
Harp players pluck the stings with their fingers. This makes the strings move so that the strings make sounds. Each string sound is a different musical note. Harp players play songs by plucking the strings in the right order and at the right time. More than one string can be plucked at the same time. When the harp player wants a note to stop, they touch that string softly, so that it stops moving.
Kinds of harps.
There are many different kinds of harps. The two main kinds are folk harps and pedal harps.
Folk harps are the older kind of harp. Each string makes one note. They are usually tuned so that playing each string in order sounds like playing all the white notes on a piano in order. This is called a diatonic scale. In some places, they are tuned so that playing each string in order sounds like playing all the black notes on a piano in order. This is called a pentatonic scale.
Folk harps can be found in many different sizes. The smallest ones can be less than half a meter tall. The biggest ones can be almost 1.5 meters tall, and have a foot so they can stand on the ground by themselves. They can be too big to be lifted by one person.
The number of strings varies on folk harps from less than 20 to more than 40.
Pedal harps were invented during the 1800's CE, by a man in France. This is the kind of harp that is used in a Symphony Orchestra. Pedal harps are about two meters tall and have about 50 strings. The lowest and highest notes on a pedal harp are the same as the lowest and highest notes on a piano. They are very heavy, and need more than one person to move them. The frame is usually made out of metal.
The pedal harp is tuned like the white keys on a piano (a diatonic scale). There are seven pedals to let the harp player play songs in different musical keys. Each pedal has three places. For the "A" pedal, place-1 makes all the "A" strings on the harp sound like "A"-flat. Place-2 makes all the "A" strings sound like a normal "A" ("A"-natural). Place-3 makes all the "A" strings sound like "A"-sharp.
Things that are not harps.
Some instruments have the word harp in their name, but they are not really harps. The harp is such an old musical instrument, that people sometimes say "harp" when they mean any kind of instrument.

Kassam Stadium
Kassam Staudium is an arena in Oxford, England. It is where Oxford United F.C. plays. It is the biggest arena in the blue square premier league conference national

347 BC
348 BC - 347 BC - 346 BC

Nucleotide
A nucleotide is a chemical compound that has an atomic ring, a sugar, information stored within a DNA molecule, and one or more phosphate groups. It is found in DNA.

Voting
Voting is when people make a decision by saying what they want. It can be for getting a leader, passing a law, and other things. When people are done voting, the votes are counted (often by machines) and the side that gets the most votes wins.

Joule
A joule is a unit in the SI system. That means that scientists use it. It measures the work being done. It is named after James Prescott Joule.
A joule equals one newton multiplied by a meter (1J = 1N × 1m). It is related to the watt (a unit of power): one watt equals one joule per second.

Carl Friedrich Gauss
(April 30, 1777 – February 23, 1855) was a famous mathematician from Göttingen, Germany.
Childhood.
He was born in Braunschweig. That city was then part of the duchy of Braunschweig-Lüneburg. Today the city is part of Lower Saxony. As a child, he was a prodigy, meaning he was very clever. When he was 3 years old, he told his father that he had incorrectly measured something on his complicated payroll. Gauss was correct. Gauss also taught himself to read.
When he was in elementary school, his teacher once tried to keep the children busy, telling them to add up all the numbers from 1 to 100. Gauss did it quickly, like this: 1 + 100 = 101, 2 + 99 = 101, 3 + 98 = 101, and so on. There were a total of 50 pairs, so 50 × 101 = 5,050. The formula is formula_1. According to, the problem given to Gauss was actually more difficult to do.
The Duke of Brunswick gave Gauss a fellowship to the Collegium Carolinum, where he attended from 1792 to 1795. This meant that the Duke paid for the education of Carl Friedrich Gauss at the Collegium. After this, Gauss went to the University of Göttingen, from 1795 to 1798.

Grand Canyon
The Grand Canyon is a very big canyon in Arizona, United States. It is a national park of the United States. It is formed from the Colorado River. It is considered by many people to be one of the Seven Natural Wonders of the World. For 2 billion years the Colorado River has carved the Grand Canyon. The Grand Canyon is over 1 mile deep in some places and is over 350 km long.
Many people come from around the world to visit the Grand Canyon. People can also take trips floating on the Colorado River in boats and rafts. Some people like to hike in the Grand Canyon. The land on the north side of the Grand Canyon is called the "North Rim". The land on the south side of the Grand Canyon is called the "South Rim". There are trails leading from the North Rim and the South Rim to the bottom of the canyon. These trails lead to a place at the bottom of the canyon called "Phantom Ranch". Phantom Ranch has a campground and cabins where hikers can spend the night. Some people also ride mules into the Grand Canyon. Most people who visit the Grand Canyon drive in automobiles to the South Rim and just look at the canyon from the rim and take pictures.

Dairy product
Dairy products are foods that are made from milk.
Dairy products include milk, butter, cheese, yogurt, and ice cream.

Alberto Fujimori
Alberto Fujimori (born July 28, 1938) was the President of Peru from 1990-2001.
He is still remembered in Peru for defeating Shinning Path, the peace with Ecuador and recovering the economy after the presidency of Alan García.
In 2001, Fujimori's head of intelligence, Vladimiro Montesinos, was accused of doing illegal things. People thought that Fujimori was also involved. After that, Fujimori resigned to the Presidency of Peru.
Valentín Paniagua was elected president by the Congress soon after Fujimori resigned. Fujimori went to Japan, because he is a citizen there. Japan protected him from Peruvian law since they do not find any valid accusation.
In 2005, Fujimori was detained in Chile. The Peruvian government is now trying to bring him back to Peru in order to have him face trial

List of Presidents of Peru
This is a list of Presidents of Peru.
1980–1985--Fernando Belaúnde Terry, President of the Republic
1985-1990--Alan García Pérez, President of the Republic
1990-2001--Alberto Fujimori, President of the Republic
2000-2001--Valentín Paniagua President of a United Government and National Reconciliation, transitional leader
2001–2006--Alejandro Toledo President of the Republic

New York Rangers
The New York Rangers are an ice hockey team in the National Hockey League (NHL). They play in Madison Square Garden in New York City. The team began in 1926, and has won four Stanley Cup championships.
Early years.
The Rangers were successful in their early years, winning the Stanley Cup in 1928, 1933, and 1940. Bill Cook won the Art Ross Trophy as scoring leader in 1927 and 1933, and Bryan Hextall won it in 1942. "Babe" Pratt was a star defenceman around this time.
Later years.
The Rangers did very poorly in the mid-1940s, but improved by 1950, when they lost the Stanley Cup final in overtime of the deciding game seven to the Detroit Red Wings. Buddy O'Connor won the Hart Trophy as most valuable player in 1948, goaltender Chuck Rayner won it in 1950, and Andy Bathgate won it in 1959.
The team did not make the finals again until 1972, when they lost to the Boston Bruins. They were led by players such as Jean Ratelle, Brad Park, Ed Giacomin, and Rod Gilbert. The Rangers made the finals again in 1979, losing to the Montreal Canadians.
Rivalry.
There was another team in New York, the Americans. The Americans felt that the Rangers were favoured by Madison Square Garden, and that their team folded in 1942 because of the Rangers. The Americans' coach and general manager, Red Dutton, claimed the Rangers would never win another Stanley Cup as long as he lived. This became known as Dutton's curse.
Comeback.
Red Dutton died in 1987, and his curse came true. Finally, the Rangers improved, winning the President's Cup as regular-season champions in 1992 and 1994. Mark Messier won the Hart Trophy in 1992, and Brian Leetch won two Norris Trophies as best defence. They led the Rangers to the Stanley Cup in 1994, after 54 years of not winning.
Problems.
Recently, the Rangers have been a poor team, missing the playoffs many years in a row. However, in 2005-06, the team has improved again, much due to the play of star Jaromir Jagr and rookie (first year) goalie Henrik Lundquist.

Headstone
A headstone, gravestone or tombstone is a marker, normally made from stone, that is used to identify the person that is buried beneath it (in the grave).
These markers can be plain or beautifully carved with writing (inscriptions) and pictures.

Vancouver Canucks
The Vancouver Canucks are an ice hockey team in the National Hockey League (NHL).
Early games.
The Canucks were first an amateur team in the Pacific Coast Hockey League (PCHL), winning the championship in 1946 and 1948. In 1952, the PCHL joined with the Western Canada Senior Hockey League to form the minor-league Western Hockey League. The Canucks won the championship in this league in 1958, 1960, 1969, and 1970.
Beginning.
The Canucks joined the NHL in 1970. They were not a good team at first, though they won their division in 1975. Andre Boudrias was a star for the team at this time. The team made the Stanley Cup finals in 1982, which surprised many people, since they had finished below average in the regular season. Goaltender Richard Brodeur, along with forwards Stan Smyl, Thomas Gradin, and Darcy Rota, led the team. Coach Roger Neilson and some players raised white towels on top of their hockey sticks to "surrender" to the referees, who they thought were unfair (a white flag means surrender or "I give up"). After that, the fans all waved white flags during Canucks playoff games. The team lost four games to zero in the finals to the New York Islanders.
Comeback.
In the late 1980s, players such as Toni Tanti and Petri Skriko led the team. They made the finals again in 1994, due to players such as goaltender Kirk MacLean, the "Russian Rocket" Pavel Bure (who scored the most goals in the NHL that year), Trevor Linden, and Cliff Ronning. However, they lost four games to three to the New York Rangers.
Problems.
The Canucks did poorly in the late 1990s, but improved in the 2000s. Markus Naslund came second in scoring in 2002 and 2003, and was named the Pearson Trophy winner as players' choice for the best player in 2003. Todd Bertuzzi, Matthias Ohlund, and Ed Jovanovski were also important players who helped lead the team to the division title in 2004. However, they lost in overtime of deciding game seven to the Calgary Flames in the first round of the playoffs (just as they had done in 1989), and the Flames went to the finals (just like 1989).
The Canucks just missed the playoffs in 2006. Two of the young stars, identical twins Daniel and Henrik Sedin, along with players such as Anson Carter, were important to the team that year.

Mi Reflejo
"Mi Reflejo" is the first Spanish-language album by American pop singer Christina Aguilera. It was released on 2000. There are 11 songs in this album. Six of them are new songs. Five of them are from her first album "Christina Aguilera" but in Spanish.
This album won a Grammy Award as Best Latin Pop Album in 2001.

Behavior
Behaviour (or behavior) can have two meanings which are related. Basically it means: what an animal or plant does.
In biology behaviour is the observed reaction which occurs when an organism is given a stimulus. Some organisms are more complicated than others and may be more aware of their surroundings. If their behaviour is conscious it means that they know what they are doing. If they are not aware of what they are doing this is unconscious behaviour. Humans will pull their hand back without thinking if they accidentally touch something hot. This is done because organisms want to avoid pain and will pull away from the thing that is causing the pain.
Behaviour is linked to the nervous system as well as the endocrine system. It is those systems that react. Behaviour is also linked to learning. Organisms which are more complicated can learn better than those that are simpler. For organisms, learning means that they change their behaviour because they remember having been in that situation before and know how to react.
People often use the word "behaviour" to mean the way people interact with (behave towards) one another. Children are taught what is good behaviour and what is bad behaviour. Good behaviour is about being polite and thoughtful to other people. It is the kind of behaviour that people in a society expect from others.

Ankle
In anatomy, the ankle is the joint that links the foot to the leg.

Hot
If you put heat to something (you heat it), it will get hot. This is very warm. Water will boil when it is hot. Hot is the opposite of cold.
Some people complain when it gets hot.
Usually in summertime, it's hot.
People also may also use the word 'hot' to mean interesting or physically attractive.
"Example: 'Look at that hot girl at the bar!.

Tangsudo
Tangsudo, dangsudo or tang soo do (당수도/唐手道) is a Korean martial art. It is considered as Korean karate.
History of tangsudo.
The name "tangsudo" means "the way of Chinese hands". In the Korean peninsula several schools of martial arts had been prohibited by Japanese invaders for 35 years, and they went out from secret at the end of the Second World War. They were known as schools of tangsudo. In the modern Korea, the first school of tangsudo was Chungdokwan, founded in 1944 by the master WonKukLee. As a result of the liberation of Korean nation, which was happened 15th August 1945, other four schools were opened: Mudokkwan, Songmukwan, Chidokwan, and Changmukwan. Other schools ("kwan") were added to the list after the end of the civil war between north and south (1950-1953). In December 1955, with the approval of the president of Republic of South Korea, Singman Rhee, a meeting of the founders of the main schools was called. The intention of this meeting was to unify the different schools and to give the name and the form to the national martial art. The name should be related neither with China, nor with Japan ("tangsu"="Chinese hands" and its Japanese pronunciation is "karate").
Among a lot of already postulated names there was "Taekwondo", proposed by a General named Choi Hong Hee. In 1961 the "Korean Association of Taesudo" rises. Mudukkwan of Hwang Kee and Ydokwan of Byong Yun Kwei remained anchored to the tradition. The new organization dismembered the technical inheritance of the old tangsudo in 1962. The sporting combat with the use of jumps, kicks and fists formed taesudo briefly; the techniques of personal defense with the use of levers and throws (grappling) became "hapkido". On the other hand, the techniques of "neikung" (internal work), which control breathing, energy (Ki) and the mental concentration, became not very noticeable. In 1964 the organization changed its name once again into "Korean Association of Taekwondo". That name remain ultimate.
In 1966, "International Taekwondo Federation" is born. Its aim was to spread out the new-born discipline in the rest of the world. Its founder is the Korean general Choi. In 1971 Taekwondo becomes national sport of South Korea for presidential decree of the president Park Chung Hee. In 1973, "World Taekwondo Federation" is born, presided by Dr Un Yong Kim. It was founded in opposition to the ITF. The ITF, after a series of continual changes, will have the support of the North Korea. Meanwhile, the WTF of Doctor Kim reaches the Olympic Games: Seoul 1988, Barcelona 1992. So, it is an official Olympic sport and no more martial art. The schools, which were faithful to tangsudo had to choose the strategy of the emigration, by installing them outside of Korea, in America, Europe, Southern Africa, etc, to maintain live and unaltered the message of the ancient, wise men of Orient.
Stances.
There are many stances in the tangsudo. Some of them are basic, for example "the stance of preparation"; the others need more balance, such as "the stance on one foot" or "the stance of the crane".
Basic Techniques.
Basic techniques are simple and effective. The students learn all the basic techniques (blocks, blows, kicks) which can be found in the traditional art of tangsudo. "Dojang" (schools of the tangsudo), gives special importance to the "art", not only to fighting. The hand techniques involve, amongst others, many different fist techniques and "knife-hand" techniques. Each of them has a correct form and special practical use, and they are used in blocking and in attack. The tangsudo is the martial art which gives much attention to foot techniques and to flexibility. They are also used for both blocking and attacking.
Training of tangsudo.
In the traditional method, the student has to learn the basics first of all, later he does repeatedly the fight of one step and the fight of three steps. The fight of one step teaches how to direct attention, but the fight of three steps teaches him how to move forward and to move backward, as well as how to use a distance. Together, they give the belief in student's abilities, and the student needs this belief in order to successfully block and attack in the free fight.
Training of the mind.
The teachers give attention to the importance of the Principles and Creed of Tangsudo, the students learn discipline and respect. The self-confidence, the concentration and the control are also underlined, because they are important aspects of everyday life.
Practice of basics ("kibon").
The students do regularly the basic techniques with marching almost during every lesson. This helps them to understand the dynamics of a movement and this improves the technique by repetition. The basics teach them good balance and good stance.
Forms ("hyong").
The forms are the sequences of the basic techniques. They are fixed in advance. The forms in the tangsudo are obtained from different styles of martial arts. Indeed, the majority of them is the versions of karate kata. They show the special practical use of all the basic techniques in a variety of situations. The form is considered as if the performer of the form were defending himself against many enemies. The "hyong" are arranged patterns of techniques which the students do regularly at all levels. The study of the forms increases abilities of understanding, of learning, and of remembering. Forms change the shape of the basic techniques and they teach the strategy, the tactics, the choosing of the right moment, and the balance. If the tangsudo is treated as "the art for the art", the forms are easily learned and they are similar to a kind of dance in presentation. While the student advances in ability, the "hyong" become more complicated and become the challenge. Forms are a part of the training of tangsudo which a student can easily do regularly almost anywhere.
Fight ("daeryeon").
The fight of training gives the chance to use freely all the techniques against one or some opponents. Self-control is important. Proper choosing of the right moment, position and methods of passing through the defenses of an opponent are also exercised. Although students may use helmets, gloves and boots filled with soft material, the rule of avoiding any contact is respected.
Fight of one step ("hanbon-daeryeon").
This exercise lets the person who is being trained practice techniques of self-defence against a known attack in a controlled way. The aim is the development of responses to certain situation without conscious thought. This allows to learn correct distance and choosing of the right moment, which are two factors of deciding importance in a real fight. This also gives self-confidence and control. This is a way of practising that is very controlled, safe, and without contact.
Free fight ("jayu-daeryeon").
The free fight allows make continuous use of the techniques against the other person in a controlled environment. The aim is to defend oneself in an unknown situation. Attention is given to safety at all times. According to the traditional method, the student need not hit a heavy bag to increase the power of his blows and to prepare himself for free fight. That is because the students uses of control, not contact. The students stop their blows close to the target. Therefore, if in a real fight they decide to hit the target, they can do it easily.
According to the traditional theory, if the student makes contact constantly, it will be difficult to control his actions when he needs. But if he always makes continuous use of control, he can easily hit when he needs. If the student constantly makes contact during free fight, his mind will become wild. But if the student makes continuous use of controlled fight, his mind will become more controlled. Both states of mind can spread over his life outside of class. Because full contact is not allowed, the students have no need to use strong protectors (things that protect). Using boxing gloves and thick feet protectors leads them to hit strongly. And when they hit while wearing such things, they does not feel whether their technique is correct. In order to avoid this problem, the traditional masters should make a choice the light protectors of fists and of insteps. They suffice to prevent injury when the contact accidentally occurs.
According to the modern method, the free fight is similar to fights in kickboxing. The students use boxing gloves, protectors of the feet, and protectors of the head.
Whether free fight is aimed at competition or at fight on the street, the student should make a great effort to improve his endurance (power of enduring). That is a reason that the student needs to have good basics and good skills of the fight of one step and of three steps; they develop the student's endurance. It will not happen immediately; usually two or three months are necessary in order to develop the endurance. The important part of it is proper breathing. The student has to breathe at the right time when he hits or he blocks. If he stops his breath when he does an action, he can still do the action, but he will become gradually tired as time passes. Finally he will lose his ability to continue. On the other hand, each time he breathes in and breathes out correctly, he extends the amount of time when he can continue to fight.
Training of self-defence ("hosinsul").
Training of self-defence teaches a student how to defend himself against grabs, holds and locks. It also contains how to deal with situations where it is necessary to defend oneself without causing permanent physical wound to his attacker and how to use pressure points. "Jayu-daeryeon" is perfect in order to improve the self-defence ability. The student can combine any techniques: kicks, punches, blows to feet (sweeps), takedowns and overthrows.
Breaking of the boards ("kyokpa").
Breaking of the boards is a favorite occupation of many students and spectators. Breaking shows the level of the students' techniques and it helps them understand what effect their techniques can have on a target. It is used during tests of movement to a higher rank and attention is given to safety at all times. This occupation teaches to focus the mind and to direct attention correctly towards the technique. This also helps the students to pass their barriers of the mind, and improves their belief in their abilities.

Annie Hall
"Annie Hall" is a 1977 movie from United Artists. Woody Allen was the director, and one of the cast members.
At first it was called "Anhedonia", but this title would not sell the movie. Nor was another one, "It Had to Be Jew".
"Annie Hall" has been considered a biography of Allen's real life, but the actor has denied this claim.
Plot.
The movie takes place in New York City and Los Angeles, California.
It tells the story of Alvy Singer, a comedian from Brooklyn who loves death. He has an affair with the title character (played by Diane Keaton), who loves life.
Alvy says his Brooklyn house was below a roller coaster on Coney Island. His father was the owner of a place that had bumper cars.
Techniques.
"Annie Hall" is noted for its use of special elements such as double exposure (two pictures in one) and magic themes in a real setting.
There is an animated scene with a cartoon version of Allen, and the Witch from Disney's "Snow White".
Academy Awards.
Allen was nominated for Best Actor.
Recognition.
It has been called one of the best comedy movies of all time. It has appeared on IMDb's Top 250 List, and was number thirty on AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies list.
Influence.
Many of today's romantic comedy movies have been influenced by "Annie Hall". The tie that was worn by Keaton's character was popular at the time of the movie's release.
Christopher Walken, who would later become more famous, had his first major role as the title character's brother.

Hayao Miyazaki
Hayao Miyazaki (Japanese: 宮崎駿) (born in Tokyo on December 5, 1941) is a leader in the area of anime, or Japanese animation. His name is pronounced "Hi-ow Me-ya-za-key".
He is best-known for movies such as "Spirited Away" (2001), "My Neighbor Totoro" (1988), "Kiki's Delivery Service" (1989), "Porco Rosso" (1992) and "Princess Mononoke" (1997).
His company is named Studio Ghibli. In 2001, he won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature for "Spirited Away". He was the first person to win the award in that category.

Gasoline
Gasoline, gas, or petrol is a fuel. It comes from fractional distillation of petroleum, a fossil fuel. That means the petroleum is heated to a very high temperature and then things start to separate. It is expensive. It is made mostly of octane (C8H18), a hydrocarbon.
Gasoline is sold at a gas station (petrol station)
Uses.
Gasoline is most often used in vehicles like cars, vans, etc. But larger vehicles like trucks use diesel oil. Gasoline can be used in a wide variety of things that we use in day to day lives.
Dangers.
Gasoline is very dangerous. It can explode when an electric spark lights it. It is also harmful if a human drinks it. A person should not drink gasoline. It ruins the environment by creating poisonous gases.

Tropical cyclone
A tropical cyclone is a name used to describe circle shaped weather with a low pressure middle and group of a thunderstorms. All tropical cyclones form over the warm ocean waters in the warm part of Earth near the equator. Most tropical cyclones create strong winds and sometimes even heavy rain. While some tropical cyclones stay out in the sea, others sometimes pass over land, which can sometimes be dangerous because they can make a lot of damage.
Terms.
A tropical cyclone is a low-pressure system (where the air pushes down less) and a cyclonic storm found in the warm part of Earth near the equator on Earth. There are several names for tropical cyclones, depending on where they happen: "tropical depressions", "tropical storms", and "hurricanes", along with other names used in different places on Earth, such as "cyclones" and "typhoons".
When winds get faster than 120 h or 75 mph, tropical cyclones are called "hurricanes" in the North Atlantic Ocean and Eastern and Central Pacific Ocean east of the international dateline. They are called "typhoons" or sometimes "super typhoons" if they are really strong in the Pacific Ocean west of the dateline. They are known as "cyclones" in the North Indian Ocean and in the Southern hemisphere.
Formation.
A tropical cyclone forms in the warm parts of the earth when moist, hot air rises. It starts out as a group of storms when the water gets as hot as 80 degrees or hotter. It then begins to slowly improve and look like a spiral shape. When convection bursts happen and a low-level circulation reaches the surface, it is then called a tropical disturbance.
But when winds reach 25 mph　or more, it is then called a "tropical depression". If a tropical depression strengthens with winds staying at speeds of 40 mph, it is then called a "tropical storm". Tropical storms can turn into hurricanes (or typhoons and cyclones) when winds reach 75 mph. Tropical cyclones can form in the Atlantic Ocean, the Pacific Ocean, the Indian Ocean, and in sometimes in the sourthern parts of Earth.
The Coriolis effect causes winds to spiral. Because of this, tropical cyclones form close to the equator only in special conditions. Areas with cold seas, fast winds high up in the air, and/or dry air do not have the right conditions for tropical cyclones to form.
Locations and times.
Tropical cyclones form in the north Atlantic, northern Pacific Ocean, southwestern Pacific, and Indian Ocean. Tropical cyclones may rarely form elsewhere in the world.
The Atlantic Ocean has around ten hurricanes each year. They can hit Central America, Mexico, the United States, Canada, Bermuda Island, and the Caribbean Islands. Most hurricanes form between June and November. Rarely, tropical cyclones form in the south Atlantic.
The northeastern Pacific has around sixteen cyclones a year. Most do not hit land. They rarely affect Mexico, Central America, California, and Hawaii. Most form between May and November.
The northwestern Pacific has around twenty-seven cyclones per year. They can hit Japan, China, North and South Korea, Taiwan, the Philippines, and some Pacific islands. This area has typhoons year-round.
The northern Indian Ocean has around six cyclones each year. They hit India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, and nearby countries. Cyclones form year-round in this area.
The southern Indian Ocean has around twenty-one cyclones each year. They can hit Australia, Indonesia, Madagascar, and southern Africa. Most cyclones form between October and May.
The southwest Pacific has around ten cyclones per year. They can hit some Pacific Islands, Australia, and New Zealand. Most cyclones form between October and May.
Dissipation.
Tropical cyclones can dissipate (break apart and disappear) for several reasons. If they move over land, they no longer get moisture from the ocean waters. But sometimes, tropical cyclones can move over colder waters and begin to become an extratropical cyclone. Sometimes, they may be swallowed up by a larger system (like another stronger tropical cyclone, or another extratropical system). They may run into wind shear, which destroys convection and tears apart the system.
Naming.
Tropical cyclones are usually given names, because this helps in forecasting, tracking, and reporting. They are named once they have steady winds of 62 km/h. Committees of the World Meteorological Organization pick names. Once named, a cyclone is usually not renamed.
The Atlantic uses a list of twenty-one names, starting with all letters of the alphabet except Q, V, X, Y, and Z. Names switch between male and female, and are taken from the English, Spanish and French languages. The lists repeat every six years. Destructive or deadly hurricanes have their names "retired". When a name is retired, it is removed from the list and replaced by a new name of the same gender.
Beginnning in 2002, the naming system for tropical cyclones have also been shared with subtropical cyclones after the National Hurricane Center decided to name both type of cyclonic storm under the same category.
The eastern Pacific used a similar system of lists, but also with names starting in X, Y, and Z. In both the Atlantic and Pacific, if more cyclones form then there are names, the Greek alphabet is used to name more cyclones. The central Pacific uses four lists of Hawaiian names. They are used in order without regard to the year.
The western Pacific uses five lists of twenty-eight names. Each country on the committee offers two names. The names are used in order of the countries' English names without regard to year. Names are also retired from these lists.
The areas around Australia use three separate sets. The south Pacific near Fiji uses another set. All are used without regard to year. Names can also be retired.
The southwestern Indian Ocean uses a list of twenty-six names. A new list is used each year. If the number of cyclones is higher than the number of names, more cyclones are not named.
Impact.
When tropical cyclones make landfall, usually they create some damages as a result. But sometimes, when a strong tropical cyclone makes landfall, it can create high winds, heavy rains, storm surges, and in some cases, even tornadoes. Tropical cyclones are also known to kill people and destroy cities.
Some long-term effects from tropical cyclones can cause problems to a country such as millions or billions of dollars in damages and make relief supports difficult. Also depending where a tropical cyclone hits, they usually create far more destruction when a tropical cyclone hits big city compared to making landfall in the countryside.
Wind damages can account up to 83% of the total damages caused when broken wreckage pieces from destroyed objects can become dealy flying pieces. Other issues such as flooding can occur when rainfalls and/or storm surges pour water onto land. Storm surges are also statisically known to be the cause of 90% of tropical cyclone-related deaths.
Other problems such as indirect deaths can also oocur "after" a tropical cyclone makes landfall. For example, New Orleans, Louisiana suffered from poor sanitary conditions after Hurricane Katrina hit in 2005, as contaminated flood waters created disease and relief efforts were held up.
Classifications.
Tropical cyclones are classified into different categories depending on their strength and location. The National Hurricane Center which observes hurricanes in the Atlantic Ocean and eastern and central Pacific Ocean classify them into the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale.
Tropical cylones in other places such as the western Pacific Ocean or the Southern Hemisphere are classified on similar scales. For example; if a tropical storm in the western Pacific reaches hurricane-strength winds, it is then officially recongizied as a "typhoon".
A tropical depression is an organized group of clouds and thunderstorms with a clear surface circulation and maximum sustained winds of less than 17 m/s (33 kt, 38 mph, or 62 km/h). It has no eye and does not usually have the spiral shape of more powerful storms. Only the Phillipines are known to name tropical depressions.
A tropical storm is an organized system of strong thunderstorms with a very clear surface circulation and maximum sustained winds between 17 and 32 m/s (34–63 kt, 39–73 mph, or 62–117 km/h). At this point, the cyclonic shape starts to form, although an eye does not usually appear in tropical storms. Most tropical cyclone agencies beginning naming cyclonic storms at this point, except for the Phillipines which have their own way of naming cyclones.
A hurricane or typhoon is a cyclonic weather system with sustained winds of at least 33 m/s (64 kt, 74 mph, or 118 km/h). A tropical cyclone of this strength usually develop an eye, an area of calm conditions at the center of circulation. The eye is often seen from space as a small, round, cloud-free spot. Surrounding the eye is the eyewall, an area in which the strongest thunderstorms and winds spin around the storm's center. The fastest sustained windspeed founded in tropical cyclones is thought to be 85 m/s (165 kt, 190 mph, 305 km/h).
What Tropical Cyclone Are Also Called.
Around the world, many people from different nations and regions call tropical cyclones in other different ways depending on their location. In the North Atlantic Ocean and East & Central Pacific, tropical cyclones are called as "hurricanes"; while in the West Pacific, tropical cyclones are also known as "typhoons". But only the North Indian basin and the entire Southern Hemisphere call these storms as "tropical cyclones".

Aymara language
The Aymara language is spoken by the Aymara tribe in Bolivia, Peru, and north of Chile. In Chile only a third declared linguistic competence. The language is inflected. It is one of the few Native American languages which has over one million speakers.

Michelle Bachelet
Michelle Bachelet (Verónica Michelle Bachelet Jeria) became the first woman president of Chile on March 11, 2006.

Zhou
It is also the Chinese word for "U. S. state".

Politician
A politician is someone in politics who has, or who runs for, a governmental office.

Sendero Luminoso
Sendero Luminoso, (English:Shining Path, official complete name: Partido Comunista del Peru-Sendero Luminoso, PCP-SL), is a Peruvian Maoist group which is based on the communist ideologies. Their leader, Abimael Guzmán and several important members of the group were captured on September 12, 1992. Since then, the group has not been as powerful.

Fat
Fat is something found in foods, and it is the most concentrated kind of energy that a human can use. It has 9 kilocalories in one gram. The other two types of energy that humans can use are carbohydrates and proteins. Those each have 4 kilocalories in one gram.
Fats can be solid (firm) or fluid at room temperature. For example, cooking oil is a type of fluid fat. Butter is a solid fat. Some fats come from animals, others come from plants. Fat from plants is called vegetable fat. Examples of animal fats are butter, cream and lard. Examples of vegetable fats are margarine and vegetable oil.
The different types of fats are saturated, unsaturated and trans fats. Trans fats are created in the food industry by treating other types of fats and giving them a different structure. This happens when oil is hardened to make margarine, for example. Many restaurants also use trans fats for deep-frying food. Trans fats are the most unhealthy fats to eat and can cause heart disease.
Fat is important for the human body because it gives much energy and helps the body use the vitamins in the food. It is also good for the skin and hair. Olive oil is an especially healthy fat. Many types of fish also contain healthy fat, for example salmon, sardines, herring, and tuna. But if too much fat collects in the body, a person can become too heavy. The energy that fat gives the body must be used up by moving or working. Some vegetables like celery or carrots contribute much less to the bodies fat supply. though being very important for the human body, it can be harmful in large amounts.

Saturated fat
Saturated fat is a kind of fat. It contains no double bonds. It contains carbon atoms that are fully saturated with hydrogen.
Health.
Saturated fats are bad for people. They can raise cholesterol.

Mackinac Bridge
The Mackinac Bridge is a 5-mile-long (8-km.-long) bridge that carries a four-lane interstate highway, Interstate 75. It was built by the U.S. state of Michigan and connects that state's Upper Peninsula and Lower Peninsula together.
The Mackinac Bridge passes over a strait of water that connects two Great Lakes, Lake Michigan (to the west of the bridge) and Lake Huron (to the east).
At the center of the Mackinac Bridge is a long suspension span, in which the bridge, made of steel and concrete, hangs from wires that run down from two huge, curved cables.
The government agency that runs the Mackinac Bridge charges motor vehicles a toll to drive over it. In 2007, the toll was $2.50 for a passenger car.
The government hangs colored lights from the big cable, and turns them on at night so that the bridge can be seen from many miles away.
The Mackinac Bridge was opened in 1957, and this started a major economic boom in northern Michigan as tourists drove from all over North America to see the bridge, the Great Lakes, and the northern forests.

Unsaturated fat
Health.
Unsaturated fat is better for you than saturated fat. It can raise your HDL ("good" cholesterol). Unsaturated fat is also very important for a healthy brain.

Cold fusion
Cold nuclear fusion is nuclear fusion at room temperature and normal pressure. Nuclear fusion is the process by which many nuclei, the center of an atom, containing protons and neutrons, are forced to join together to form a heavier nucleus (singular of nuclei) and during that process, energy is released. Some scientists hope that this may be Earth's future energy source, but most scientists do not agree.
For nuclear fusion to take place, a large amount of energy is needed. With this energy, the atoms are pushed together, which are repelled by the electrostatic force (a force between protons which are particles in the nucleus of the atom and have a positive electrical charge). But once this force is overcome and the nuclei are pushed close enough together, another much more powerful force will take over: the strong nuclear force. It only operates at short distances, so when the nuclei are close enough, they attract each other because of the strong nuclear force which is stronger than the electrostatic force. It is hoped that the energy released by cold fusion is much greater than the energy used to push the atoms together.
In 1989 two scientists, Stanley Pons and Martin Fleischmann, published a paper in "Nature", an important science journal, claiming to have created cold fusion. This was a very important story at the time. Other scientists were not able to repeat their experiments and this is why cold fusion is not generally accepted by scientists at the moment. A few scientists are still working on cold fusion still but most are not convinced.

Cusco
Cusco is a city in southeastern Peru, near the Huatanay Valley (Sacred Valley) in the Andes mountain range. It is the capital of Cusco Region. The city has a population of about 300 000, triple the population it contained just 20 years ago. Alternate spellings include Qusqu (in old Quechua), Cusco, (after the Spanish arrived), and Qosqo current Quechua. Cusco is the preferred way to spell it in Spanish.
Inca history.
Cusco was the capital of Tahuantinsuyu (or Inca Empire). The city was planned to be shaped like a puma. The city had two areas: the "hurin" and "hanan", which were further divided to each be part of two of the four provinces of the Inca Empire: Chinchasuyu (NW), Antisuyu (NE), Cuntisuyu (SW), and Collasuyu (SE).
A road led from each of these quarters to the corresponding quarter of the empire. Each local leader was required to build a house in the city and live part of the year in Cusco, but only in the quarter of Cusco that corresponded to the quarter of the empire he had territory in.
According to Inca legend, the city was built by Sapa Inca Pachacuti, the man who transformed the Kingdom of Cusco from a sleepy city-state into the vast empire of Tahuantinsuyu. But archaeological evidence points to a slower, more organic growth of the city beginning before Pachacutieven though he did initiate growth in the city after defeating the Chancas as a monument to Incan glory. There was however a city plan, and two rivers were channeled around the city.
Post-Columbian Cusco.
The first Spanish soldiers arrived in the city on November 15, 1533. Spanish "conquistador", or "conqueror", Francisco Pizarro, however, officially refounded Cusco on March 23, 1534, naming it the "Very noble and great city of Cusco". The many buildings constructed after the Spanish conquest have Spanish influence with a mix of Inca architecture. The Spanish made a new city on the foundations of the old Inca city, replacing Incan temples with churches and palaces for the Spanish. In the colony, the city of Cusco was very rich, thanks to the agriculture, cattle raising, mining and trade with Spain. Many churches and convents were built, and even a Cathedral, and the Universidad Nacional San Antonio Abad del Cusco.
The major earthquake that hit Cusco in 1950 badly destroyed the Dominican Priory and Church of Santo Domingo, which were built on top of the impressive Koricancha (Temple of the Sun). The city's Inca architecture, however, survived the earthquake. Many of the old Inca walls were thought to have been lost after the earthquake, but the granite walls of the Koricancha were exposed, as well as many walls throughout the city. While some wanted to restore the buildings to their colonial splendor, some of Cusco citizens urged city officials to retain the exposed walls. Eventually they won out and now tourists from around the world enjoy looking at these ruins within the living city. The 1950 earthquake was the second time that the Dominican Priory had been destroyed, the first being in 1650 when another major earthquake struck Cusco.
Nearby sights.
Other nearby Inca sites are: Pachacuti's presumed winter home Machu Picchu, which can be reached by a lightly maintained Inca trail; the "fortress" at Ollantaytambo; and the "fortress" of Sacsayhuaman which is approximately two kilometers from Cusco. Other less visited ruins include Inca Wasi, the highest of all Inca sites at 3,980 m (13,134 feet), and Old Vilcabamba the capital of the Inca after the Spanish took over Cusco.
The surrounding area, located in the Huatanay Valley, is strong in agriculture. There is corn, barley, quinoa, tea, and coffee grown.
Cusco's main stadium, Estadio Garcilaso de la Vega, attracted many tourists during South America's continental soccer championship, the Copa América 2004, which was held in Peru.

Cusco Region
Cusco is a region in Peru. The capital is the city of Cusco.
Cusco Region is home to Machu Picchu, one of the most famous landmarks in South America.

Midnight Cowboy
"Midnight Cowboy" is a 1969 movie, released by United Artists. John Schlesinger directed it, and Waldo Salt wrote the screenplay based on the James Leo Herlihy novel. It stars Dustin Hoffman (from "The Graduate"), along with Jon Voight in the title role.
It is the only X-rated movie to win an Academy Award for Best Picture. Schlesinger won a Best Director Award; both Hoffman and Voight were nominated for Best Actor.
In 1971, it was given the "R" rating by the MPAA. Apart from this, nothing was changed in the movie.
Storyline.
Joe Buck (played by Voight, in his first major acting role) was an orphan who was raised by his grandmother in Texas. Sally died after Joe grew up, when he was drafted into the US Army. He had a girlfriend, who was called Crazy Annie, but she had been sent to a mental hospital. With both women gone from his life, Joe had no family or close friends. After he left the Army, he worked as a dishwasher, and dreamed of moving to New York City, to become a "hustler" – a male prostitute. He saved money to make the trip, bought some stylish cowboy clothes, and traveled to New York on a bus.
Joe knew little about the realities of both New York and his chosen job, and he soon found himself homeless, with no money and only rare chances to earn any. When he first met "Ratso" Rizzo (Hoffman's character), Ratso swindled Joe out of $20, but when they met again, Ratso offered to share his "place", which turned out to be a room in a condemned building. The two became partners. Ratso shared what he knew about New York with Joe, and became his "manager" (pimp), and Joe shared any money he got with Ratso. Ratso was sick, probably with tuberculosis, and as time went on he depended more and more on Joe. Ratso cheered both of them up with stories about his plans to move to Florida before winter came.
The weather turned cold as the year ended, but Joe and Ratso got a break, when they were invited to a big party. Along with eating (and stashing for later) as much of the food there as they could, Joe met a socialite who finally treated him the way he'd always wanted to be, in New York City, and paid him likewise. Ratso, however, became even more ill, and was unable to walk or stand for long. He refused to go to a doctor or a hospital, and insisted Joe take him to Florida.
Joe tried to set up another encounter with the socialite, to raise travel money, but failed. He donated blood to get grocery money, and by chance met a traveling salesman. The salesman invited Joe to accompany him for the night, but later felt guilty, and sent Joe home with a St. Christopher medal. When Joe found Ratso sicker than ever, he returned to beat and rob the salesman, for the money they needed.
Joe and Ratso left for Florida on a bus, headed to Miami. Joe bought new clothes for them both, and threw away his cowboy clothing. "I ain't no kinda hustler," Joe decided, and he planned to find a regular job once they reached Florida. Joe and Ratso talked and joked during most of the trip, but Ratso died before they arrived. Joe realized how much he had cared about Ratso as a person, and that what he'd missed most in his life was someone to be close with. Joe had lost his grandmother and his sweetheart. Now he'd lost his best friend, and Joe was scared to go on alone.

Age of consent
If two people want to have sex, law says that they must have a certain "age". This is called the age of consent. At that age, law says that the people are mature enough to decide for themselves if they want to have sex with each other.
The age of consent varies between states and countries, but it is usually around 12-18 years.
If a person is caught having sex with someone who is below the age of consent, he or she may be punished as a sex offender. They may have to serve a prison sentence.

Andy Richter
Andy Richter (born October 28, 1966) is an American comedian and actor, best known for his former role as Conan O'Brien's sidekick on "Late Night with Conan O'Brien". Richter was born in Grand Rapids, Michigan, as the second of four children and was raised in Yorkville, Illinois. While attending Columbia College Chicago, he played in several Chicago comedy groups, including the Annoyance Theatre, before getting on Late Night.
Richter left his post at Late Night in 2000, saying he wanted to focus on an acting career. His first major venture, Fox's critically acclaimed but little watched Andy Richter Controls the Universe, was cancelled after just two short mid-season runs. His next Fox sitcom, Quintuplets, was panned by the critics and lasted only one season. He is married to actress Sarah Thyre, and they have two children.
In addition to his television work, Richter has appeared in motion pictures such as Seeing Other People, Olsen Twins' New York Minute, "Madagascar (movie)", and Cabin Boy.

Jennifer Granholm
Jennifer Granholm (b. February 5, 1959) is a Canadian born American politician. She is the governor of the state of Michigan. Granholm was born in Canada and raised in California. She ran for governor of Michigan in 2002, even though she had lived in the state for less than 15 years.

Sandra Day O'Connor
Sandra Day O'Connor (born March 26, 1930) is on the Supreme Court of the United States. She is the first woman to be part of that court.

John Paul Stevens
John Paul Stevens (born April 20, 1920 in Chicago, Illinois) is on the Supreme Court of the United States. He was nominated by President Gerald Ford in 1975. Now he is senior Associate Justice and member of the court "Liberal Wing". He voted with minority in Bush v. Gore case (2000). He also voted with majority in Furman v. Georgia case (1976), but later bacame a death penalty opponent.
he is currently 87 years old he is very mean and he stinks. his mama name is pigfeet and his daddy name is cletus anything else u wanna kno help by adding to it.

Antonin Scalia
Antonin Scalia (born March 11, 1936) is a jurist on the Supreme Court of the United States. His position is that of Associate Justice. He is a Roman Catholic born to Italian American parents.

Anthony Kennedy
Anthony Kennedy is on the Supreme Court of the United States. He was made a judge on that court in 1988.
Kennedy was born in Sacramento, California, on July 23, 1936. He went to Harvard University, Stanford University, and the London School of Economics. He was a private lawyer, a professor, and in 1975, he was appointed by Gerald Ford to the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals. In 1988, Ronald Reagan nominated him for the Supreme Court. He became a member of the court on February 18, 1988.

David Souter
David Souter is a member of the Supreme Court of the United States. He was born September 17, 1939. Souter has been an Associate Justice since 1990. He replaced William J. Brennan.

Clarence Thomas
Clarence Thomas is a Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. He was born June 23, 1948. Thomas has been a Justice since 1991. He is the only African-American currently on the court. He is also the second African American to ever serve on the court. The only other African Amerian was Thurgood Marshall. Clarence Thomas was born in Pin Point, Georgia. A small community outside Savannah. His father left his family when he was only a year old, leaving his mother Leola Anderson, to take care of the family.

Stephen Breyer
Stephen Breyer is a Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. He was born August 15, 1938. Breyer has been an Associate Justice since 1994.

Ruth Bader Ginsburg
Ruth Bader Ginsberg is a Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. She was born March 15, 1933. She has been an Associate Justice since 1993.

John G. Roberts
John Glover Roberts, Jr. (born January 27, 1955) is the seventeenth and current Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court. Appointed by President George W. Bush, Roberts is generally considered a member of the more conservative wing of the court.
Before joining the Supreme Court on September 29, 2005, Roberts was a judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit for two years.

Tacna Region
Tacna Region is the most southern region in Peru. The capital city is Tacna.

Tacna
Tacna is a city in Peru. It is the capital of Tacna Region.

Franz Kafka
Franz Kafka (born Prague July 3, 1883 – died near Vienna June 3, 1924) was a famous Czech-born, German-speaking writer. His best known works are "The Metamorphosis" and the novels "The Trial" and "The Castle". Not much of his work was published during his lifetime. He asked his friend to make sure that all his writings which were not published, including his three novels, would be destroyed when he died. Fortunately his friend did not destroy them, and they were published after Kafka’s death.
Kafka’s writings are about the frightening world around him which he often did not understand. A typical situation in his books might be someone who has gone somewhere to take a message, but he does not know what the message is or who it is for. The people he meets confuse him even more. Sometimes, when people find themselves in strange, nightmarish situations like this, they are described as "Kafkaesque" situations.
His life.
Kafka was born into a middle-class Jewish family. His father was a merchant. He was very strict and unkind to his family. Kafka’s stories often have fathers who are very brutal and unkind. Kafka spent most of his life living at home. He never married or became free from his parents. He felt that he had no will of his own. He wrote about people who are dominated by some mysterious power. He found it difficult to make friends, he hated his job and everyone around him. He often felt that he belonged nowhere. He was German-speaking but lived in a Czech-speaking country (Bohemia, part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, now part of the Czech Republic). He was different because he was Jewish, but he did not become part of the Jewish community either. He said that he was a socialist and an atheist, but although he was interested in politics he never took part in political activity. He supported Czechs who wanted to rule their own country and let their culture flourish, but he was not one of them because he himself was brought up in a German culture.
It was while he was studying law at the University of Prague that he met Max Brod who was to become his friend. Brod was a writer himself, and he later wrote a biography of Kafka.
After his studies Kafka took a job in an insurance company. He was good at his job although he hated it. He found the office work boring, and he spent his nights writing. In 1917 he got tuberculosis. Gradually he became more and more ill. He had to retire in 1922. He spent some time in a sanitorium. He died in 1924.
His works.
Several publishers realized how good Kafka’s writings were and asked him whether they could publish his works. Kafka reluctantly let a few things be published. One of these works was a story called " Metamorphosis" (German: "Die Verwandlung"). It is about a man called Gregor Samsa (the name “Samsa” means "loner" or "lonely"). Gregor wakes up one morning to find he has changed into a horrible bug. His family becomes ashamed of him and they stop looking after him so that he slowly dies. Stories like these are a kind of fable. They are full of strange and frightening situations.
His novel "Amerika" (published in 1927 is about a man who arrives in America looking for a father figure to protect him. He is quiet and timid and other people use him. In the end he dies.
In " The Trial" (German: "Der Prozess", published in 1925), a man who works in a bank is arrested and taken to court. He is never told what he has done wrong. Even the priest tells him that if he asks what he has done wrong it proves that he is guilty. Finally he is executed.
In "The Castle" (German: "Das Schloss") a man who is simply called “K” (the first letter of “Kafka”) arrives at a castle saying that he has been given a job there, but the people there say they have not been told about his appointment. Kafka never finished the novel, but Max Brod says that Kafka was going to end it with K receiving permission to stay at the castle just as he was dying. The German word “Schloss” has two meanings: “castle” and “lock”. K becomes locked (trapped) in this strange situation.
At the time of his death only a few people understood Kafka’s writings. We are lucky that Max Brod saved all the unpublished books which would otherwise have been lost. Kafka is now thought of as one of the most important writers of the 20th century. His works had a lot of influence on German literature.

Eva Braun
Eva Anna Paula Braun (February 6, 1912 – April 30, 1945) was the longtime girlfriend (and wife for a night and a day) of Adolf Hitler. Braun committed suicide (killed herself) with Adolf Hitler.

Computer recycling
Computer recycling means taking things from old computers and using them in new computer things. The phrase is also used to mean that computers need to be thrown away in a special way, as they often have things that are bad for the environment or dangerous inside them that can cause problems if they are thrown away like usual waste (garbage).

Nagasaki
Nagasaki is a large city in Kyushu, western Japan. It was one of two cities in Japan that were bombed with a nuclear bomb near the end of World War II. The other was Hiroshima.

Ayyavazhi
Ayyavazhi அய்யாவழி (Tamil: "path of the father"), is a religion with one god that started in South India in the middle of the 19th century. The 'zhi' (ழி) in the word, 'Ayyavazhi', is a retroflex, ri.
Ayyavazhi is not a part of Hinduism, but since it was not considered a separate religion it was considered as a branch of Hinduism only officially. It has evolved into a different religion, spreading fast in Tamil Nadu's southern districts of Kanyakumari, Tirunelveli, and Tuticorin. As one of the fastest growing religions of southern India, its speed growth had been noted in the Christian missionary reports of the mid-19th century.
The ideas and philosophy of the religion are based on the teachings of Ayya Vaikundar and the religious texts Akilattirattu Ammanai and Arul Nool.
History.
Ayyavazhi began to be seen firstly by the large number of people gathering to worship Ayya Vaikundar at Swamithoppe, which is at that time "poovandanthoppe". The majority of the followers of Ayyavazhi were from the poor group of the society. For the Christian missionaries it gives a big challenge in their converting mission from its beginning. Although the majority of these followers were from the Chanar cast, apart from Ayyavazhi sources, some outer sources too says that a large number of people from other castes also followed this religion.
By the middle of nineteenth century, Ayyavazhi had come to be recognised as a separate religion, grown well in the region of South Travancore and South Tirunelveli. The growth in its number of followers had increased speedly from 1840s. After the death of Vaikundar, the religion was spread on the basis of his teachings and the religious books "Akilattirattu Ammanai" and "Arul Nool". The five Citars, who were the deciples of Ayya Vaikundar, and their descendants travelled to several parts of the country and carried the mission of Ayyavazhi. At that time the Payyan dynasty started ruling of Swamithoppe pathi, while other Pathis came under the control of the followers of Ayya. Hundreds of Nizhal Thangals (places of worship) were built across the country. Currently Bala Prajapathi Adikalar, one of descendant of Payyan dynasty is said to be as the leader of Ayyavazhi. He has laid foundations for a large number of Nizhal Thangals all over South India. And now seeing the growth of the religion the day of birth of Vaikundar, Ayya Vaikunda Avataram was announced as a holiday by the government for the districts of Tirunelveli and Tuticorin from this year while the district of Kanyakumari was announced as a holiday earlier.
Scriptures and holy places.
The holy books of Ayyavazhi are the Akilattirattu Ammanai and the Arul Nool, and they are the source of the religion's mythology. The holy book states that the "Akilattirattu Ammanai" was written down by Hari Gopalan Citar by hearing the contents of Akilam told by Narayana to his wife Lakshmi. There was no definite history about the beginning of Arul Nool; but the followers believe that it was written by Citars and by those who get possessed by divine power. It contains the prayers, hymns and ways for the worship in Ayyavazhi, religious practices, prophesies and also many rules.
To the Ayyavazhi devotees, there are five holy places, called Pathis, with "Panchappathis" as the most important. The temple of Swamithoppepathi is the head of the Ayyavazhi religion. The Vakaippathi, where 700 families were sent to Thuvayal Thavasu by Vaikundar was approved as a Pathi in Akilam although this place has no direct association with the activities of Vaikundar. There is a big disagreement within the followers of Ayyavazhi as to the holiness of some of the places of worship. The Avatharappathi in Thiruchendur was accepted by the book "Akilam" as a Pathi, but as some of the followers believe that the place at which the present temple is located is not the exact place where Ayya Vaikundar incarnated from the sea, they disagree with the other devotees. There are also some followers which strongly quarrel Thiruchendur as a Pathi though they accept it as a secondary holy site. The list of Pathis announced by the headquarters of Ayyavazhi does not add Avatharappathi.

Akilattirattu Ammanai
Akilathirattu Ammanai அகிலத்திரட்டு அம்மானை (Tamil: akilam (world) + thirattu (collection) + ammanai (ballad)), also called Thiru Edu (venerable book), is the main religious book of the Southern Indian Ayyavazhi, officially a branch of Hinduism. The title is shortened as Akilam. This is the largest Ammanai work.
History.
According to the book, Hari Gopalan Citar wrote this book on the twenty-seventh day of the Tamil month of Karthikai (November/December) in the year 1016 ME (1841 CE). The author says that God woke him up during his sleep and ordered him to take the first words from what he said. Akilathirattu was recorded on palm leaves. Then in 1939 it was given printed form.
According to the author, the book is the story of God coming in this age, the Kali Yukam or Iron Age, to rule the world by transforming it into that of Dharma Yukam. This story of faith has woven together the historical facts about Ayya Vaikundar and his activities, with mixing of episodes from the Hindu Puranas (mythologies) and Itihasas (epics). It is presented as if Vishnu is telling the whole story to his consort Lakshmi.
Though the Citar Hari Gopalan wrote the book Akilam, as per him, he did not know any thing about the contents of the book. He woke up in the morning as usual and he didn't know what he had written the day before.
As soon as Ayya Vaikundar attained Vaikundam, the tied-up palm leaf text, which was until then not opened. It was there the regulations of Ayyavazhi contains. As per the instructions found there in Akilam, Ayyavazhi was preached by the Citars far and wide.

Ayya Vaikundar
Ayya Vaikundar அய்யா வைகுண்டர், is a Manu (father, sovereign) avatar (the incarnation of a deity) of the Lord Narayana according to Akilattirattu Ammanai the holy book of the Ayyavazhi religion, officially a Tamil Hindu branch.
The physical human body of Ayya Vaikundar was born with the name Muthukutty. However, Muthukutty is referred to as Sampooranathevan, a deva (a deity), in the religious book Akilam. Ayya Vikundar is a combination of the spirit of Narayana, the soul of the Supreme God, Ekam (God beyond conciouseness) and the body of an ordinary human being (Muthukutty).
The Ekam as soul incarnated with the spirit of Narayana in the body of Muthukutty.

Political parties in Germany
There are several political parties in Germany.
Historical.
The oldest party in Germany is the Social Democratic Party (SPD).
There were a lot of parties in Germany at the time of the Weimar Republic. The only party which still exists today from that time is the SPD.
The others were Zentrum (the Centre Party), a conservative catholic, a liberal party, the Nazi party, the Communist Party (KPD), and others.
In the Nazi years, there was only the Nazi party. Other parties were banned by law.
Under Communism, East Germany had one leading party (the Socialist Unity Party, SED) and some smaller parties. The smaller parties had to accept the leading role of the SED.
Current situation.
Today there are many political parties in Germany, but only a few hold influence, because only a party which has at least 5 % of the vote (or which wins 3 direct seats) is represented in the Bundestag, Germany's federal parliament.

Planck mass
The Planck mass is a small unit of mass used in physics. It is derived using an equation involving Planck's constant, the speed of light in a vacuum, and the gravitational constant. It is approximately 21.76 µg.

Human sexuality
Human sexuality can be described as the way someone is attracted to other people. What they feel can be heterosexual (attracted to the opposite sex), homosexual (attracted to the same sex) or bisexual (attracted to both sexes).

War and Peace
"War and Peace" is a famous long novel written by Leo Tolstoy, a Russian writer. It is about four families of noblemen in Russia during the wars with Napoleon, and how they deal with the war and with one another.
The book describes Russian life in the 19th century very accurately, and also tells about Tolstoy's own idea about free will, history, and how events unfold.

Bay City, Michigan
The American city of Bay City is a small city in the state of Michigan, United States. In the 2000 census it had more than 35,000 people living in it.
Although small, Bay City is one of the largest port cities on Lake Huron, one of the North American Great Lakes. It is part of a triangle of small cities in Central Michigan. The other two cities are Saginaw, Michigan, and Midland, Michigan.
Bay City was the birthplace in 1958 of Madonna Ciccone, a well-known American singer. The Scottish Pop group Bay City Rollers are said to have gotten their name from the city as well.

Zirconium
Zirconium is a chemical elemental metal. It is a greyish-white in colour. It is atomic number 40 on the periodic table. It's symbol is Zr. And it is in the family of four (4).

Yttrium
Yttrium is a chemical elemental metal. It is atomic number 39 on the periodic table.

Windows 98
Windows 98 is an operating system for computers. Released on June 25 1998 by Microsoft. It is an updated version of Windows 95.
Because Microsoft made Internet Explorer such an important part of Windows 98, the company was taken to court by the United States Government. This was because they felt it was unfair to other companies who made web browsers.
It is not supported anymore, but many people still use it on older computers that will not run Windows XP or Windows Vista.
Windows 98 Second Edition.
Windows 98 Second Edition (SE) was released in 1999. This was an official upgrade to Windows 98 which allowed people to use more types of computer hardware, like monitors and printers, and also let more than one machine on a network use the same Internet connection.

Waste
Waste is used, discarded, and unwanted materials. One also speaks of trash, garbage, rubbish, or junk.
There are a number of different types of waste. It can exist as a solid, liquid, or gas or as waste heat. When released in as a liquid or gas the wastes can be referred to as emissions. It is usually strongly linked with pollution.
Waste may also be something that you cannot touch as wasted time or wasted opportunities. The term "waste" implies things which have been used inefficiently or inappropriately.

Republic of the Congo
The Republic of the Congo is a country in Africa. Its capital city is Brazzaville. The country was a former colony of France; it became independent on August 15 1960.
The north of the country has very large areas of rainforest, but in the south are many farms which grow bananas, peanuts and other crops.

Gabon
The Gabonese Republic or Gabon is a country in Africa. Its capital is Libreville.
It became a new country on August 17, 1960. Before that, Gabon was a colony of France.

Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu is one of the states in the south of India. Capital of this state is Chennai. Tamil is the language spoken in Tamil Nadu. Coimbatore, Tiruchirapalli, Salem, Tirunelveli, and Madurai are other large cities of Tamil Nadu. It is surrounded by Bay of Bengal on the east and Indian Ocean on the south. Kerala, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh are its neighbouring states. The Tamilians are very proud of their language and heritage.
The eastern and western tips of the state are defined by the Point Calimere and Mudumalai wildlife sanctuaries while the southernmost tip of Cape Comorin or Kanyakumari, the Land's End of India. With an area of 130,058 sq.km and population over 62 million, Tamil Nadu is the 11th largest state in India. The Bhavani River flows through Tamil Nadu, bringing water to it.
Area and Population.
Area 50,180 sq mi or 129,966 (km²), it is bigger than North Korea but smaller than Greece

Duck
Duck is the common name for several species of birds in the family "Anatidae". Ducks are closely related to swans and geese. Other swimming and diving birds, like grebes and loons, are sometimes wrongly called ducks. A baby duck is called a "duckling", and a male duck is called a "drake". Ducks are aquatic birds. They can be found in both saltwater and fresh water.
Some ducks are bred and kept by humans. They are not wild ducks. They are kept to provide food (meat and eggs), or to use their feathers for pillows and other items in the house. Especially in Asia, many people like to eat duck. Nobody knows how long a duck can live for.
Ducks are sometimes kept as pets. They are often kept by groups of people on public ponds for their beauty and calming nature.

North by Northwest
"North by Northwest" is a 1959 movie thriller from Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Alfred Hitchcock directed it, and Cary Grant starred in it.
Like other Hitchcock movies, the music for "North by Northwest" was composed by Bernard Herrmann.
The famous opening sequence was created by Saul Bass.

Nightwish
Nightwish is a symphonic metal band from Finland. They formed in July 1996 playing acoustic mood music. Tuomas Holopainen came up with the idea. He asked Tarja Turunen to sing and Emppu Vuorinen to play guitar.
It was not until the beginning of 1997 that the band started playing heavier music. Jukka Nevalainen joined to play the drums and they swaped the acoustic guitar for the electic guitar. In May 1997, Nightwish signed a contract with Spinefarm Records and they released their first album 'Angels Fall First'.
In 1998, Sami Vänskä joined the band to play bass. This same year they released 'Oceanborn', which was much more complicated than 'Angels Fall First'.
In May 2000 they released 'Wishmaster', which was very similar to 'Oceanborn'. They also entered the competition to be Finland's entry for the Eurovision song contest with the song 'Sleepwalker'. They won the phone vote but the judges disagreed so they came second.
Tarja left the group in 2005 after their "End of an Era" tour. In 2007, Swedish singer Anette Olzon was chosen to be the new singer, and they released a single, Amaranth, and a few months later, a new album, Dark Passion Play.

Sierra Leone
Sierra Leone is a country in West Africa. Its capital is Freetown. The official language is English.
The country was first made as a place where freed slaves could live. From 1991 until 2000, there was a civil war in Sierra Leone between rebels and the government. The war is now over.
There are 71,740 square kilometres of land in Sierra Leone. In this country there are 14 districts. Districts are big areas of land.

Door
A door is a hard, flat thing a person can open and close so the person can go into a room or other place. It is found in houses and other buildings. Doors are also found in cars and cages.
Types of doors.
A revolving door is a group of doors that turn in a circle as a person pushes one. The person can go through, but wind and rain cannot get in.
A blind door is a fake door that is really part of the wall. People use them to make a room look nice.
An up-and-over door is often used in garages. Instead of hinges, it rolls up on rails so that it stays above the opening.
A fire door is a door that does not let fire go through. They are usually made of heavy steel.

Raichu
Raichu is a made up character in the Pokémon TV series. It evolves from Pikachu.
Pokédex profile.
"This powerful Pokémon uses its 10,000-volt Thunder Wave technique to paralyse enemies. Raichu has so much electrical power in its body that it has to use its tail as an earth to avoid shocking itself!"
Taken from "Pokémon The Official Annual"
Gym leader - Lt. Surge.
Lt. Surge is the third gym leader in the Kanto region. In the TV series he pushes his Raichu too hard so that he never loses. Ash loses at first but later wins and convinces him to change the way he battles.

Boeing 737
The Boeing 737 is a medium sized airplane built by the North American company Boeing. This plane is so far the best selling airplane on Earth. There are 6,000 examples to be found around the world with over 1,200 of them in the air at any given time. The 737 is seated 3 on one side and 3 on the other side.
History.
The program was officially announced in 1964. The plane had already gained interested airlines even before it first flew in 1967. German airline Lufthansa made the first passenger flight in 1969.
The 737-300 had the then new CFM56, replacing the now old and noisy Pratt and Whitney engines. It also included a modified cockpit.
The 737-600 was the first aircraft of the "Next-Generation" or NG line. This included a brand new "glass cockpit" where normal instruments were replaced by television (TV) screens.
The 737-900 was introduced recentley to replace Boeing's 757-200 and compete with Airbus's A321-200.

Tsar
Tsar is a name for the ruler of Bulgaria in 913–1422, later usage in 1908–1946 and the emperor of Russia from 1546 until 1917. It is also spelled Tzar, Czar, and Csar, and is the Eastern European word for Caesar.
The last Tsar to Rule Russia was Tsar Nicholas II.

Engelbert Dollfuss
Engelbert Dollfuss ("German": Dollfuß) (October 4, 1892 – July 25, 1934) was the Chancellor of Austria from 1932 until 1933. He led the country as a dictator from early 1933 until 1934.
He studied law in Vienna, and Economics in Berlin. During World War I, he served in the Alps and briefly became a Prisoner of War in 1918.
He became Chancellor on May 20, 1932 as head of a right-wing coalition government. He wanted to solve the problems caused by the Depression. He had problems finding majorities in parliament. The measures he liked to take to deal with inflation were not well liked. In March 1933, he suspended the Austrian parliament. He then governed by decree.
With Adolf Hitler as Chancellor in Germany, Dollfuss feared that the influence of the NSDAP would grow. This would then lead to a growth in popularity for its Austrian counterpart. Because of this, he banned the NSDAP in June 1933. He also banned the SDAPÖ in February 1934.
In September 1933 he formed an umbrella grouping to support the regime, the "Vaterländische Front" (Fatherland Front) and merged the Christian Social Party with the para-military Heimwehr (Home Guard), a Nationalist paramilitary group. The regime which was put intp power by him and remained in power until 1938 is often called "Austrofascism". The form of state he employed was called the "Ständestaat".
On July 25, 1934 eight Austrian Nazis entered the Chancellery building and shot and killed Dollfuss in an attempted coup, as a prelude to Anschluss. The Nazis surrendered and were executed. Kurt Schuschnigg became the new dictator of Austria.

Language isolate
A language isolate is a language that does not have another language related to it.
Many languages are related to other languages, because they both come from an older language, and are similar to other languages. These groups that are similar are called language families. Most languages belong to a language family, but some are not related to other languages. These languages are called language isolates.
Some language isolates are Basque, Japanese, Ainu and Zuni.

Species
In taxonomy, a species is a kind of animal or plant. All animals or plants that are the same kind belong to the same species. wolf ("Canis lupus" ((cane-is loo-puss)) are one species. Humans are another species.
Species is a word for a specific kind of living thing, like a crow. Crows and ravens are similar but not the same, so they are together in a more general group called a genus. Then there is a family (like the crow family, which includes crows and ravens as well as jays and magpies), and then an order such as the songbirds, (which has many families in it, such as the crow, thrush and swallow families). The next group is the class; all birds are in the same class. After that is the phylum, such as vertebrates, which is all animals with backbones. Last of all is the kingdom, like the animal kingdom.
These are ways to classify living things.
There is a mnemonic to help people remember the order of the divisions which are listed again below: "King Phillip Came Over For Great Spaghetti".

Ancestor
An ancestor is a parent, a parent's parent ("grandparent"), a parent's parent's parent (or "great grandparent"), and so on. It is usually used to mean a creator of a generation which lives on.

River dolphin
River dolphins are four species ("types") of dolphin which live in fresh water rivers and estuaries. Three species live in fresh water rivers. The fourth species, the La Plata Dolphin, lives in salt water estuaries and the ocean.

Estuary
An estuary(est-ew-a-ry) is a place near the ocean where saltwater mixes with freshwater. Estuaries are often found where rivers flow into an ocean.

James Bond
James Bond is a fictional British spy created by Ian Fleming in 1953.
1950s-1960s.
In 1953, Fleming wrote Casino Royale, the very first James Bond novel. The novel made a quite good amount of money, and he continued to write one James Bond novel each year until he died in 1963. In 1962 Albert. R. "Cubby" Broccoli and Harry Saltzman started to produce the first James Bond film, Dr. No, starring Sean Connery as James Bond. The film became extremely popular, and they continued to make more Bond films. In the end of the 1960s Connery did not want to do any more Bond films, and many thought that Bond was now dead. In 1969, George Lazenby appeared in one film as the Bond character, but the film was not successful.
1970s-1980s.
In the 1970s, producers came up with the "Live and Let Die" movie, starring Roger Moore as Bond. The film became an enormous success. The series continued throughout the 1970s and 1980s with Roger Moore playing the role of Bond.
In the 1980s, Bond films were not as successful at the box office. Unlike the 1960s and 1970s, in the 1980s there were many other action films being produced that could compete with the Bond series.
After Moore left the role as Bond, he was replaced with Timothy Dalton in the late 1980s. Dalton tried to make a serious, "down to earth" Bond, closer to the Fleming novels. Fans did not like Dalton's interpretation of the Bond character, and the films made little money.
1990s.
The Cold War ended in 1991. Since Bond almost always fought Communists, many now thought that the Bond series of movies was finally dead.
In 1995, producers developed the Goldeneye movie, starring Pierce Brosnan as Bond. This film made the Bond character well-known in the 1990s.
2000s.
In 2002, the James Bond character was used in the 20th film, Die Another Day, the 40th anniversary of the films and the 50th anniversary since Fleming wrote his first Bond novel.
In 2006, the 21st film, Casino Royale, was released. Pierce Brosnan, who played James Bond in the previous 5 films, was replaced by Daniel Craig, the first James Bond to have blonde hair since Sean Connery. The film is based on the first Ian Fleming novel of the same name, but is set in the present day. The movie features a cameo appearance by Richard Branson, a British billionaire and a new model of Aston Martin DB9, the car that made James Bond so famous in the 1960's. Many fans think that whilst this movie is different to other films, it is much better, and movies in the future (however few there will be) will be in this new format.
Films.
The James Bond films were massive hits. However, there are two films classed as unofficial Bond films and not recognised as part of the series. The 1967 version of "Casino Royale" was a spoof, featuring "Jimmy Bond". Also, "Never Say Never Again" was not made by Albert R. Broccoli's production company, EON Productions.

A Streetcar Named Desire
"A Streetcar Named Desire" is a 1947 play by Tennessee Williams. A 1951 movie, based on it, starred Marlon Brando and Vivien Leigh.

Tetrahedron
A tetrahedron is a three dimensional shape. It has four corners. It looks like a pyramid. It has six equally long edges, four corners and four equilateral triangular faces. Every two edges meet on one of those corners forming a sixty-degree angle.

Robert Hooke
Robert Hooke was born in England in 1635, and died in 1703. He discovered Hooke's law of elasticity. He was known for his work in both physics and biology. He found out all living things are made of cells and how they impact physical characteristics.

Leo Tolstoy
Count Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy (1828-1910) was a Russian novelist and anarchist, famous for writing the books "War and Peace" and "Anna Karenina".
Tolstoy was born at Yasnaya Polyana, the family estate in the region of Tula, Russia and he married Sofia Andreevna Bers.
He was a Christian and believed in non-violence. His work "The Kingdom of God is Within You" has influenced people like Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King. He died of pneumonia at Astapovo station in 1910 at the age of 82.

California wine
Wine made in the American state of California has a long history. In recent decades California has become recognized as producing some of the world's best wine. In this state, most of the American wine is produced.
History.
Wine was first made in California in 1769. Missionaries from Mexico brought their wine plants to produce wine for the mass. Later, people coming from Europe improved wine production. They had brought their own kinds of wine plants.
In the years until 1920, wine production continued to grow. Then, the prohibition began. During the prohibition, it was not allowed to sell alcoholic drinks in the United States. It almost ended the making of wine in California. Californian wine making took a long time to recover.
In 1990, the USA exported less than five percent of its wine. In the next years, exports of wine from California increased. Today, the USA is one of the big wine industries.
Wines.
54 percent of the Californian wines are from white vines, like the Chardonnay and the Sauvignon Blanc. Among the red ones, there are the famous Zinfandel and the Cabernet-Sauvignon, but also Merlot and Pinot Noir.
Cool climate viticulture.
Looking for new areas of cultivable land because of the increased demand after grapes, the “cool climate viticulture” was developed. Classical vines are now planted on colder conditions, in heights up to 700 metres. The first among these producing regions is called Monterey-County.
Wine regions.
In California, there are more than 800 wine cellars. Wine cellars are big rooms were wine is stored. They are part of a winery, the place were wine is produced.
Two of the most famous growing areas for wine in California are the Napa and Sonoma counties. The products from this region, like Chardonnay and Cabernet Sauvignon, are among the best worldwide.
Other known wineries are in Mendocino, in the Lake Counties, Santa Maria and Santa Barbara.

Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid
"Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid" is a 1969 movie from 20th Century Fox. George Roy Hill directed it, and John Foreman produced it. It stars Paul Newman and Robert Redford as two robbers in the American West who go to Bolivia to escape the law.
The movie was loosely based on the real story of the two title characters (Butch Cassidy and his friend Harry Longabaugh, also called "Sundance"). But it made the legends of the two more popular.
It won four Academy Awards: for Best Cinematography (shooting work on a movie), Best Original Score, Best Song (Burt Bacharach's "Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head") and Best Original Screenplay (William Goldman). It was also nominated for Best Picture, Best Director (Hill) and Best Sound.
It was one of the largest-grossing movies of the 1960s (with $102.3 million in the United States). It was number fifty on AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies list.
At first, Warren Beatty and Steve McQueen (even Marlon Brando) were called upon to play the title roles. When Newman and Redford took their place, the roles were switched, with Newman as Sundance, and Redford as Cassidy. The studio, 20th Century Fox, did not like Redford's role. But the movie's director, Hill, wanted it that way.
As a result, Redford has said that the movie made him a more famous actor.
The Sundance Film Festival is named after Redford's role, as well his Utah ski resort.

Mehmed II
Mehmed II (March 30, 1432, "Edirne" – May 3, 1481, "Hünkârcayırı", near "Gebze") was Sultan of the Ottoman Empire for a short time from 1444 to 1446, and later from 1451 to 1481. At the age of 21, he conquered Constantinople. So he brought to an end to the medieval Byzantine Empire.

The Bold and the Beautiful
"The Bold and the Beautiful" is a popular soap opera in the United States. After "The Young and the Restless", it is the highest-rated soap opera there.
The series is shown in over 100 countries. About 300 million people watch it every day. This makes "The Bold and the Beautiful" the most watched television series in the world. The first episode was shown on March 23, 1987 on the CBS network. The series was created by the soap opera writer William J. Bell and his wife, Lee Phillip Bell. It is the only American soap opera to have its daily episodes translated into Spanish for the Hispanic viewers in the United States.
The series is set in Los Angeles, California. It tells the story of the Forrester family, who owns a fashion empire called Forrester Creations. The major members of the family are Eric Forrester (played by John McCook), the president of Forrester Creations, his wife Stephanie (Susan Flannery), their eldest son Ridge (Ronn Moss) and Brooke Logan (Katherine Kelly Lang), who was married to both the father and the son. She owns most of Forrester Creations. This is because she created "BeLiEf", a formula which earned much money for the company. There used to be a second fashion company called Spectra Fashions. It was Forrester’s main competitor. The conflicts between the Forrester and the Spectra families was one of the major themes of the story.

Primary color
The primary colors (or primary colours) are colors that cannot be created by mixing other colors in a given color space.
Traditionally, the colors red, yellow, and blue are considered to be primary pigments in the art world. However those colors are not the same hue as the "red", "yellow" and "blue" used in alternate color systems. Many modern applications use primary additive colors of red, green and blue; and the primary pigments (i.e. subtractive primaries) of magenta, yellow, and cyan. If the color space is considered as a vector space, the primary colors can be regarded as a set of basis vectors for that space.
Additive primaries.
Media that combine emitted lights to create the sensation of a range of colors are using the additive color system.
Television is the most common use of this. The additive primaries are red, green,
and blue. Because of the response curves of the three different color receptors in
the human eye, these colors are optimal in the sense that the largest range
of colors — a gamut — visible by humans can be generated by mixing light of these colors.
Additive mixing of red and green light, produce shades of yellow or orange. Mixing green and blue produces shades of cyan, and mixing red and blue produces shades of purple and magenta. Mixing equal proportions of the additive primaries results in shades of grey; when all three colors are fully saturated, the result is white. The color space that is generated is called the RGB ("red, green, blue") color space.
Subtractive primaries.
Media that use reflected light and colorants to produce colors are using the subtractive color method of color mixing. In the printing industry, to produce the varying colors, apply the subtractive primaries yellow, cyan, and magenta together in varying amounts. Subtractive color works best when the surface or paper, is white, or close to it.
Mixing yellow and cyan produces shades of green; mixing yellow with magenta produces shades of red, and mixing magenta with cyan produces shades of blue. In theory, mixing equal amounts of all three pigments should produce shades of grey, resulting in black when all three are fully saturated, but in practice they tend to produce muddy brown colors. For this reason, a fourth "primary" pigment, black, is often used in addition to the cyan, magenta, and yellow colors.
The color space generated is the so-called CMYK color space. The abbreviation stands for "Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, and Black" — K stands for "Kohle" (German for coal) and is used to represent black as 'B' could be confused with 'Blue'.
In practice, mixtures of actual materials like paint tend to be less precise. Brighter, or more specific colors can be created using natural pigments instead of mixing, and natural properties of pigments can interfere with the mixing. For example, mixing magenta and green in acrylic creates a dark cyan - something which would not happen if the mixing process were perfectly subtractive. In the subtractive model, adding white to a color does not (in theory) change its hue but does reduce its saturation. In fact, adding white usually does change the hue slightly (this is known as the Abney effect), for example, adding white to red makes it slightly bluish, or pink.

Umbilicus
The umbilicus (also called navel or bellybutton) is the part of the body of mammals that is left after a baby loses its umbilical cord. The umbilicus of humans is in the middle of the abdomen.

James Cook
Captain James Cook, FRS (October 27, 1728 (O.S.) – February 14, 1779) was an English explorer, navigator and cartographer. He made three voyages to the Pacific Ocean, mapping many areas and recording several islands and coastlines on European maps for the first time. He is most notable for the British finding the east coast of Australia, finding the Hawaiian Islands and the first mapping of Newfoundland and New Zealand.
During his lifetime, he sailed twice around the world. He crossed the Antarctic Circle and found new islands and landscapes in North America and the South Pacific. During his trips, he spent a lot of time on science experiments, and mapping new areas. He also wrote a lot of books about what he found.
Cook's Life.
Cook was born on October 27, 1728 in Marton (York). He was a son of a Scottish farmer. Ever since he was young, he had dreamed of being captain on a ship and sailing around the world. After 18 years, Cook felt that he had to live his dreams. He knew that he must have another destiny other than farming for the rest of his life. His career started as a seaman in the Royal Navy. Cook was not just a normal seaman. He studied as much as he could. That is how he learned a lot of good knowledge about navigation and science. He was sent on three expeditions with the ship called "Endeavour" all over the world.
At the beginning, it was an honor to be on these expeditions. After a while, money was the most important reason for doing his job. After his death, his wife inherited 70,000 gold coins.

Offside rule
The offside rule is one of the oldest soccer rules, but is still a much discussed rule. The reason for this is the fact that today there are different perspectives of the cameras which film a soccer game, so all people can see when the referee makes a mistake.
The offside is a offence of the team which has the ball and gets punished with a free kick.
At the point of time of the pass there have to be at least two players between the goal line and the offensive player.

Valentine's Day
Valentine's Day is a holiday that happens on February 14. It is the day of the year when lovers show their love to each other. This can be done by giving flowers, chocolates or Valentine's cards. Love notes can be given to one another. These notes are called "valentines".
Symbols of Valentine's Day are heart shapes, roses, and Cupid with his arrows.
Valentine's Day is named for two martyred Christian saints named Valentine.
Since the 15th century Valentine's pairs are formed in England. English emigrants took the Valentine's custom to the United States. After the Second World War, US soldiers brought this festival to Europe.
Legend.
In the third century after Christ, Valentine was the bishop of Terni (Italy). He performed weddings for couples who were not allowed to get married. They may not have been allowed to get married because the parents did not agree with the connection or because the bridegroom was a soldier or a slave, so the marriage was forbidden. Valentine gave to the married pairs flowers from his garden. That's why flowers play a very important role on Valentine's Day. This did not please the emperor. On February 14, 269 AD, Valentin was beheaded because of his Christian faith.
An expansion of the legend combines the day of death of Valentine with the Roman festival Lupercalia. It was the festival of the great goddess Lupa, which is the feminine word for wolf. She was the Great She-Wolf who nursed the twin babies, Romulus and Remus, who later became the founders of Rome. During the annual ceremony, the temple priestesses (lupae) wrote their names on strips of papyrus. These were picked by young men. After the lottery, the youngsters walked through the city and got the blessings of the citizens. The martyr Valentine became the patron saint of the lovers. Still in the Middle Ages, as in France or in Belgium, people were chosen by the lottery to live a year with each other and people prayed to Saint Valentin to make love potions and charms.
United States and Europe.
In the 19th century, the custom of sending Valentine's Cards became very popular. The cards usually have pictures of hearts or flowers and contain some sort of poem, message, or code. Codes and simple messages give some people the courage to show their true feelings to the person they love. Today, some people still use mysterious codes to show their love. People can use newspapers to give a coded message to their loved one, giving other readers a view of the couples' intimacy with one another.
Famous for the popularity of the celebration is the folk song called "Die Vogelhochzeit" ("The Birds' Wedding").
China.
In China, a holiday called Qi Xi is also called "Chinese Valentine's Day", especially by younger people. Qi Xi is traditionally held on the 7th day of the 7th month of the lunar calendar. In recent years, it has become more like Valentine's Day in other countries.

Canary Islands
The Canary Islands is a group of islands off the coast of Morocco. They are an autonomous (they make their own laws) community of Spain. There are seven main islands. The people who live there speak Spanish. The autonomus community has two capital cities, of equal status: Santa Cruz de Tenerife and Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. Every island has been created by volcanoes in the bottom of the sea. Those volcanoes slowly raised until they raised over the water and made the islands. This process lasted many thousands of years.
The islands have a very long and interesting history. When Europeans first came to the Canary Islands, they found people already living there. These people were called the Guanches. Many of the Guanches were killed in battles with the Spanish, and the ones who remained adopted the Spanish way of life. Many battles have been fought over who was to own the islands before Spain claimed them. After the Spanish conquest many battles were also fought against pirates. The most recent of countries interested in them was Morocco.
After the Spanish conquest many Europeans settled there. Portuguese and Spaniards, but also Belgians and Maltese were part of the early settlers. Recently many people from all over Europe, America, India and Africa have also became citizens or permanent residents
The seven islands are: La Palma, La Gomera, El Hierro, Tenerife, Gran Canaria, Lanzarote, and Fuerteventura. People from La Gomera have a whistle language which children there learn at school. Tenerife has the highest mountain in Canary Islands and Spain too, the Teide. The Teide is actually a volcano, but it has not been active in more than 300 years.
The islands are popular with tourists because of their warm climate and nice beaches. The local farmers grow lots of exotic fruits including papayas and bananas.
a few of the Canary Islands main exports include bananas and tobacco

Edinburgh Airport
Edinburgh Airport (IATA code EDI) is an airport in Scotland. It is served by many different airlines including Scot Airways, British Airways, EasyJet, BMI, Continental Airlines, Air France, Lufthansa, and many more. The airport has good road links to the city centre with a bus running every 10 minutes from the airport to the centre of Edinburgh, a number of taxis are always available. The airport is currently smaller in size to Glasgow Airport but there are plans to make it bigger in the future.
Accidents.
In February of 2001 a Shorts 360 crashed shortly after taking off from Edinburgh airport. Both pilots were killed but there were no passengers on board as it was a mail carrying flight

Lufthansa
Lufthansa is the largest airline in Germany, and the second largest in Europe. Some of Lufthansa's hubs are Frankfurt am Main and Munich, A hub is an airport where people who fly from one city to a second city can transfer or change airplanes.
Lufthansa buys airplanes from Boeing and Airbus. Lufthansa has big airplanes for flights to North America, Asia, and Africa. These flights are called long-haul flights because they are between cities that are far apart from each other. Lufthansa also has small airplanes for flights in Europe. These flights are called short-haul flights.
Lufthansa is a member of the Star Alliance which means it is a partner with other airlines like United Airlines and Air Canada. Members of the Star Alliance cooperate or work together to schedule their flights better so that travelling is easier for passengers or people.
The name of Lufthansa's frequent flyer program is called Miles and More. People earn points for flights they travel on. When they have enough points, they can get a free flight. Lufthansa has Miles and More to encourage people to fly with Lufthansa.

Orlando Bloom
Orlando Jonathan Blanchard Bloom (born on January 13, 1977 in Canterbury, England) is a English actor. He is most known for his first major movie role as the elf Legolas Greenleaf in the "The Lord of the Rings" film trilogy.
In 1993, he moved to London to improve his career, doing bit parts in TV series like "Casualty". Then he played some theatres like "The Seagull", "Twelfth Night", and "Trojan Women". This is a role that he received some days before graduating the drama school in London.
Films.
Pirates of the Caribbean 3: At World's End (2007)

1791
The year of 1791 started on a Saturday in the Gregorian calendar.

Chromium
Chromium is a chemical element. Its symbol on the periodic table (a list of all the elements) is Cr'". Its atomic number is 24. (The atomic number says where chromium sits in the periodic table.)
Chromium is a shiny metal. It is pretty reactive. It forms compounds (a combination of more than one element), and these compounds are colorful. They can be green, yellow, or maybe even other colors.
There are different types of chromium. One type of chromium ("chromium-3", which says how many electrons have been lost) is required by our body and by those of other animals. If we do not get enough chromium, certain parts of our body may not work properly. We get most of the chromium we need from our food we eat. Chromium is also put into vitamins to make sure that we get enough. If we get too much of this type of chromium, it can harm our body. Another type of chromium ("chromium-6" or "hexavalent chromium") can cause cancer or make people sick, even though most people do not get exposed to it much. Chromium-6 was important in the movie "Erin Brockovich".
Chromium is used in different metal products. When it is mixed with other metals (the mixes are called alloys), it can make them stronger. Many people know about chromium from their "chrome wheels" on their cars. Chromium metal covers the wheels, and makes them shiny.

Neon
Neon is a gas. It is chemical element 10 on the periodic table. Its symbol is Ne.
The word "neon" comes from the Greek word meaning "new". It was discovered by William Ramsay and Morris W. Travers in 1898.
Neon does not react with other elements, so it is found by itself. There is not much neon in the air, and it is clear, so we do not see it.
Neon gas is used in lamps. When electricity goes through the neon, it lights up in many different colors. That is why it's used in neon signs.

Tin
Tin is a slightly soft, silvery metal. It is chemical element 50 on the periodic table (the number tells us where the element is found on the table). The chemical symbol for tin is Sn. Its melting point is 231.93°C and its boiling point is 2602°C.
People discovered tin long ago and used it with other metals. When copper and tin are mixed together, bronze is made, and bronze was useful and looked like gold. Tin can be mixed with other metals so that they do not rust too much. Tin foil and tin pans are also useful. Tin foil is not used anymore, as aluminum foil is cheaper.
Boxes for food are often made of tin. We call such boxes "tins". Biscuits (cookies) can be kept in a tin. Sardines can be bought in small tins.

Silicon
Silicon is element 14 on the periodic table. Its symbol is Si.
Silicon looks like a metal, but does not do everything a metal does, like conduct electricity very easily. It is a metalloid. Silicon is used a great deal in today's computers.
There is a lot of silicon on the Earth. At the beach, there is silicon in the form of sand. Sand is a compound of silicon known as silicon dioxide or silica. Glass is made by heating sand (or silicon dioxide) hot enough. The glass can have different colors by adding colored compounds. Silicon also makes up a lot of different rocks and minerals, and they are known as silicates.

Cadmium
Cadmium is a metal. It is element 48 on the periodic table. Its symbol is Cd.
Cadmium is a reactive metal. When it reacts to form compounds, the compounds have different colors. They are usually white or yellow. The yellow cadmium compounds are used in paint.
Cadmium is a deadly metal. If you get too much cadmium from your food or water, it can cause many problems. Water plants remove the cadmium from the water so that we do not get harmed by it. Even so, we get a little bit of cadmium from our food. It is not enough to kill us, though.
Cadmium is related to zinc in many ways, but reacts differently so. Cadmium also may give a human being cancer.Cadmium is named after the god,Cadmius.

Krypton
Krypton is a noble gas. That means that it does not react with other elements to form compounds. It is not used for many things, and there is not much of it in the air. It is clear and does not taste like anything, so we do not really see it. That made it hard for chemists to find.
Krypton is number 36 on the periodic table. Its symbol is Kr.
It was found by Sir William Ramsay and Morris Travers in Great Britain in 1898.

Noble gas
All of these gases are found in air. They make up around 0.96% of the atmosphere. Noble gas compounds can be formed from noble gasses.
Ununoctium (element 118) is probably the next noble gas after Radon. However it has a half life of 0.89 ms, after which it decays to Ununhexium (Element 116). This means its use is probably limited.

Polonium
Polonium is a rare radioactive metalloid. It is chemical element 84 on the periodic table and its symbol is Po.
Polonium is radioactive and toxic making it difficult to handle even in very small amounts. It is also the element that killed the Russian spy Alexander Litvinenko. Also, it is fuel for nuclear reactors second only to uranium. Polonium is a highly votile and radioactive element that is incredibly rare.

Bismuth
Bismuth is a metal. It is element 83 on the periodic table and its symbol is Bi.
Bismuth is a metal that has a yellow-silver color to it. When the light hits it properly it can have many different colors like a rainbow.
We do not need it in our body, and it does not hurt us. Bismuth is used in some medicines such as Pepto-Bismol.

Iridium
Iridium is the 77th element on the periodic table. Its symbol is Ir.
Iridium is a metal. It is very hard to find and costs a lot. It is known as a "noble metal". It looks like platinum and is found in asteroids and comets. It can be used to find out when an asteroid or comet will hit the Earth.iridium is also the hardest material found on our planet earth. The 77th element on the periotic table (iridium) is a very costly metal that can fold and bend just like aluminum.
Iridium is not needed in the body.
A man named Smithson Tennant first found it in the year 1803.

Transition metal
Transition metals are a group of metals that are found in the middle of the periodic table. They all have similar properties.
When transition metals react with other chemical elements to form chemical compounds, they often have really bright colors. For example, compounds of iron are red or green, while those of copper are white or green.
Some of the transition metals are necessary to keep humans healthy, such as iron, zinc, and chromium. Other elements in the transition metals can be harmful to our body, like cadmium and mercury. Other elements like gold do not really harm or help us.

Osmium
Osmium is a chemical element. It is element number 76 on the periodic table. Its symbol is "Os".
There is not much osmium on earth. There is actually such a small amount that osmium is very expensive.
Osmium is a metal and it does not react very much, and such a metal is known as a "noble metal".
It was discovered in 1804 by Smithson Tennant in London, England. He found it together with Iridium in a bit of Platinum, which he had dissolved in Aqua regia.

Radon
Radon is element 86 on the periodic table. Its symbol is Rn.
Radon is a gas and is part of the group known as the noble gases. It does not react with other elements, so it is found pure.
Radon is radioactive, meaning that it can give off harmful rays. Some people have high levels of radon in their houses, and this can be very dangerous. A lot of radon can get stuck in the basement of old houses, and so people end up breathing it in. It gets stuck in the lungs and has been known to cause cancer. There are groups that try to make sure there is no dangerous radon in houses.

FTP
FTP stands for File Transfer Protocol, it is mainly used to send and receive files on the Internet. It was developed 1985 and is defined in RFC 959.
FTP is a way of accessing files on another computer. The computer that is connected to is called a server, the computer that connects to the server is called a client. A server listens on the network for connection requests from other computers. The client can make a connection to the FTP server by using FTP client software. Once connected, the client can do things such as uploading files (putting its own files on the server) to the server, downloading files (taking the server's files and putting them on his own computer) from the server, and renaming or deleting files on the server.
Many computer platforms support FTP. This allows any computer to connected to a IP based network to manipulate files on another computer on that network regardless of which operating systems are involved (if the computers permit FTP access). There are many existing FTP client and server programs, many of these are available free.
FTP connection is also seen in cellular phones when trying to transfer or receive data from a computer nearby.

Hypertext Transfer Protocol
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (often abbreviated to HTTP) is a communications protocol. It is used to send and receive webpages and files on the internet. It was developed by Tim Berners-Lee and is now coordinated by the W3C. HTTP version 1.1 is the most common used version today, it is defined in RFC 2616.
HTTP works by using a user agent to connect to a server. The user agent could be a web browser or spider. The server must be located using a URL or URI. This always contains http:// at the start. It normally connects to port 80 on a computer.
A more secure version of HTTP is called "HTTPS". This contains https:// at the beginning of the URL. It encrypts all the information that is sent and received. This can stop malicious users such as hackers from stealing it. It is often used on payment websites.
Request Message.
The request line and headers must all end with <CR><LF> (that is, a carriage return followed by a line feed). The empty line must consist of only <CR><LF> and no other whitespace. In the HTTP/1.1 protocol, all headers except Host are optional.
A request line containing only the path name is accepted by servers to maintain compatibility with HTTP clients before the HTTP/1.0 standard.

Ethernet
Ethernet is a way of connecting computers together in a local area network or LAN. It has been the most widely used method of linking computers together in LANs since the 1990s.
Different cable types.
There are different Ethernet standards. Today, Ethernet looks like connecting cables that look like thick telephone cables to a set of boxes called hubs or switches. Each cable runs from a computer's network interface card (NIC) to such a box. This cable is called 10BaseT or 100BaseT, or 1000BaseT Cable.
Today, the cables for 10BaseT, 100BaseT, and 1000BaseT are the same. They use unshielded twisted pair of Category 5 (UTP-Cat5) or 5e for that. Shielded cable (STP-Cat5 or Cat5e) can be used when there is a lot of electrical noise, and Category 6 (UTP-Cat6 or STP-Cat6) works better with faster signals such as 1GBit or 10GBit.
Different devices.
Other devices,such as the Xbox can also be connected using the same kind of cabling. Certain computer peripherals, for example printers and certain hard disks can be directly connected to the network with such cables.
Different speeds.
Ethernet can go at different speeds. In the beginning, Ethernet was at 10 MBits per second. The Ethernet most often used today is at 100 MBits per second. Most new computers now have the NIC built in, and can go at 1GBit. There are also standards for 1GBit per second and 10 GBit per second. 100 MBit can usually talk to 10 MBit, and 1 GBit can talk to 100 MBit and usually to 10 MBit (both full and half duplex).

Obesity
Obesity is the condition of being much too heavy for ones height. In other words, it means to be highly "overweight". People are called obese when the weight is a threat to their health.
To know if a person is overweight, the body mass index (BMI) is calculated, by dividing the weight (in kilograms) by the height of the person in meters, squared (multiplied by itself). (This is only meaningful for adults who are fully grown, and should not be used for children.)
A BMI between 20 and 25 is considered "normal". People with a BMI of 25 or more are said to be overweight; with 30 and above, they are considered obese, and with 35 and above, they are considered "severely obese" (this used to be called "morbidly obese").
Someone who is 1.75m tall, and has a weight of 80kg, would have a BMI of formula_1. This gives a BMI of 26.12(..) - He or she would therefore be considered overweight.
Obesity is usually helped by diet (being careful about what food to eat) and exercise.Some people also use weight loss programs. In severe cases, drugs can be given. In very severe cases, weight-loss surgery can be done.
Obesity can occur for many reasons, the main two are over-eating and genetic inheritance (where the disease is passed on from parent to child and treatment is not available).

Phillips Academy
Phillips Academy (also called Andover, Phillips Andover, or PA) is a high school for boys and girls in Andover, Massachusetts, near Boston, USA.
The school is a boarding school. 75% of the students live there.
Phillips Academy is the oldest private boarding school in the United States. Two American Presidents, George H. W. Bush and George W. Bush, went to school there.
Phillips Academy was founded during the American Revolution as an all-boys school in 1778. The great seal of the school was designed by Paul Revere. George Washington's nephews went to the school, and he once spoke at an assembly while visiting. John Hancock, the famous signer of the United States Declaration of Independence, signed the articles of incorporation.
Phillips Exeter Academy was made three years later in Exeter, New Hampshire by Samuel Phillips' uncle John. The football teams have played against each other almost every year since 1878. This makes their rilvalry it one of the oldest high school rivalries in the country.
Paul Revere put bees, a beehive, and the sun into the school's great seal. The school's main motto, "Finis Origine Pendet", means "the end depends upon the beginning." It is written at the bottom of the seal. The school's second motto, "Non Sibi" means "not for self."

Gluttony
Gluttony is a wasting of resources. Usually it is food that is wasted. Either one person eats too much, or the person does something so the food (or the resources) do not reach those who need it.
In Christianity, this is considered to be one of the Seven deadly sins.

Greed
Greed is a desire to have more goods, or more wealth that is needed. Christianity sees that as one of the Seven deadly sins. There it is listed as "avarice", or in Latin "avaritia".

Mazurek Dąbrowskiego
"Mazurek Dąbrowskiego" is the Polish national anthem, made in 1797 by Józef Wybicki.
Lyrics.
What the foe by force has seized,
To free our fatherland from chains,
Już tam ojciec do swej Basi,

Fornication
Fornication is a word that means having sex with someone who is not your spouse. Most Christians believe it is sinful.

Profit
Profit is how much money somebody (normally a company) makes. This is worked out by subtracting how much money they have spent ("expenditure") from how much money they have made (income).

Roasting
Roasting is a way of cooking. Something gets roasted if it is put it over a fire (and let it burn) some. The same effect can also be attained with a grill at a barbecue.
Meat.
In different countries people like to roast different things. People usually roast pork, beef, chicken, lamb, and duck. The roasted meat is called roast.
Most meat being roasted has to cook for a long time. In Britain, a piece of roast meat is called a "joint". For health reasons, a piece of pork or chicken is never roasted.
Other.
Other things can be roasted too. For example, vegetables, coffee and chocolate. Coffee and chocolate are always roasted.

Influenza
Influenza (or the flu, the grippe) is a very common disease. It is contagious, so it passes from one person to another very easily. Usually, it spreads around the world in seasonal epidemics. In the 20th century, there were three big epidemics (called "pandemics") that killed millions of people. A type of flu is Avian flu. People sometimes mistook influenza for the common cold. The flu affects the upper airways and the lungs.
While there is no cure, there is a vaccine that must be given yearly to avoid infection.

Pancreas
The pancreas is an organ that releases hormones and enzymes to help digestion.
It releases substances through special cells called the Islets of Langerhans'".
The pancreas belongs to two systems of function (the digestive system due to its role in breaking down nutrients and the endocrine system for its role in hormone production).

Chloroplast
A chloroplast is a small structure inside the cells of a plant that absorbs light and allows it to do a process known as photosynthesis.
Chloroplasts contain the chemical chlorophyll, which is needed to absorb sunlight for photosynthesis. Chlorophyll is what gives green plants their green colour.
A chloroplast also contains carbon dioxide and water, which is needed for photosynthesis (with the help of chlorophyll). It produces sugar for the plant. From which glucose is formed.

Chlorophyll
Chlorophyll is a chemical found in the chloroplasts of plants that allows the plant to absorb light.
This light is used in photosynthesis to make glucose. This contains lots of stored energy which the plant needs to release. It does this through respiration. This energy is then used for lots of different things like growing or repairing damaged parts of the plant.

Oak
The oak tree is a kind of hardwood forest tree. Oak trees come in many different kinds of species, but all of them have large seeds called acorns.
Oak trees grow all over many parts of Europe and North America. Many of the people who own wooded land in these parts of the world are very proud of their oak trees.
Some kinds of oak wood are very hard. A lot of furniture is made from oak wood.
Most oak trees lose all of their leaves in fall. A special kind of oak tree, the "live oak", grows in the American South. It is called the "live oak" because it keeps many of its leaves over the winter.

Glucose
Glucose is a simple carbohydrate, or "sugar". It is very important because cells in an organism use it to provide energy, through respiration. Its chemical formula is C6H12O6. This means it has 6 carbon atoms, 12 hydrogen atoms, and 6 oxygen atoms bonded together

Cellulose
Cellulose is the main chemical that forms the main structure of plants.
Cellulose is made from a form of glucose and makes up most of the cell wall of plant cells. This is what keeps a plant in shape. Cellulose is not digestible by humans.

Wikiquote
Wikiquote is a "sister" (related) project of Wikipedia. It is one of many projects run by the Wikimedia Foundation.
Wikiquote was based on an idea by Daniel Alston and made by Brion Vibber. The goal of the project is to produce a large reference of quotations from famous people, books, and proverbs, and to give details about them.
As of October 29, 2008, 17 versions each have more than 1,000 articles. The largest Wikiquote is the English project with over 16,500 content pages, followed by German and Italian versions, both with over 7,000 content pages. In total, forty-eight language have over 100 content pages.

Brasília
Brasília is the Brazilian capital city. About 2,000,000 people live there.

Musical genre
Plus there are several more common music genres. Religious music is also common, such as hymns, choir music and many more.

To be
The to be verb is an important verb in English language. We use it to mean the status or characteristics of something or of a person. Some languages, for example Portuguese and Spanish, have two different verbs for the two meanings of this verb. Other languages, for example Arabic and Chinese, do not have any form of this verb.

Dim sum
Dim sum is a way of serving Chinese food. A range of different foods are served to the people who are eating, including pork wontons, fried shrimp, and egg rolls.

Super Smash Bros. Melee
"Super Smash Bros. Melee", known in Japan as is a video game where players can choose from many people from the previous Nintendo games and have them fight each other. Players can fight alone or team up with someone else against a friend. This game is a sequel to "Super Smash Bros." for the Nintendo 64. Super Smash Bros. Melee is for the Nintendo GameCube. The sequel is called "Super Smash Bros. Brawl".
Characters.
"Super Smash Bros. Melee" takes 26 characters from many of Nintendo's series. It takes all 12 characters from "Super Smash Bros.", and adds 14 new characters, including Princess Peach and Bowser from the "Mario", Princess Zelda and Ganondorf from "The Legend of Zelda", and new characters Ice Climbers from "Ice Climber" and Marth from "Fire Emblem". Some characters are based on characters, like Ganondorf who's based on Captain Falcon.
Sakurai planned to include more characters, including Diddy Kong, Meta Knight, King Dedede, Balloon Fighter, Solid Snake and Lucas but didn't have time to fit them in. All of them except for Balloon Fighter made it into "Super Smash Bros. Brawl".
Items.
Items from different games can fall from the sky, like Poké Balls from "Pokemon" or Mushrooms from "Mario". These items can be used in different ways. For example, Poké Balls can summon Pokémon, and Mushrooms can either grow or shrink the person that touches them.
Stages.
"Super Smash Bros. Melee" has many stages that players can battle on. Most of the stages are based on Nintendo series like "Mario", "Pokémon", and "The Legend of Zelda".

Catalyst
A catalyst is something that makes a chemical reaction happen faster. An example is when manganese oxide (MnO2) is added to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and the hydrogen peroxide starts to break up into water and oxygen. Catalysts are either of natural or synthetic origin. Catalysts are useful because they leave no residue in the solution they have sped up. A catalyst also can also be used in a reaction again and again. There are many biocatalysts in our body which play an important part in many biochemical reactions. The opposite of a catalyst is an "inhibitor". Inhibitors slow down reactions. Some of them are found in snake venom and are dangerous for our nervous system or heart.

Hydrogen peroxide
Hydrogen peroxide is a chemical compound. Its molecular formula is H2O2. It is used as a cleaner, and as hair bleach. In a concentration of 3% (meaning that there are 3 of hydrogen peroxide for 97 of water), it can be used to treat wounds. In aqueous solution, hydrogen peroxide can oxidize or reduce a variety of inorganic ions. When it acts as a reducing agent, oxygen gas is also produced. In acid solution Fe2+ is oxidized to Fe3+,
2 Fe2+(aq) + H2O2 + 2 H+(aq) → 2 Fe3+(aq) + 2H2O(l)
and sulfite (SO32−) is oxidized to sulfate (SO42−). However, potassium permanganate is reduced to Mn2+ by acidic H2O2. Under alkaline conditions, however, some of these reactions reverse; Mn2+ is oxidized to Mn4+ (as MnO2), yet Fe3+ is reduced to Fe2+.
2 Fe3+ + H2O2 + 2 OH− → 2 Fe2+ + 2 H2O + O2
Ph-S-CH3 + H2O2 → Ph-S(O)-CH3 + H2O
Alkaline hydrogen peroxide is used for epoxidation of electron-deficient alkenes such as acrylic acids, and also for oxidation of alkylboranes to alcohols, the second step of hydroboration-oxidation.

Mayotte
Mayotte is an island in the Indian Ocean next to Madagascar.
It is geographically part of the Comoros Islands, but politically, it is a French territory.

Halldór Ásgrímsson
Halldór Ásgrímsson (born September 8, 1947) is the Prime Minister of Iceland. The leader of the Progressive Party since 1994, he took over as Prime Minister on September 15, 2004, from the Independence Party leader, Davíð Oddsson.
He has been very active in politics in Iceland.

Somaliland
Somaliland is a country in Africa. It is next to Djibouti and Ethiopia.
In May of 1991, five families in Somalia declared independence. They formed Somaliland out of six political areas in northern Somalia. Most countries do not think that Somaliland is an actual country, so it is "unrecognized".
Somaliland has a republican government, with free elections. The capital is Hargeisa.

NSDAP 25 points manifesto
The 25 points manifesto is a 25 point plan written by Adolf Hitler and Anton Drexler for the NSDAP when it was founded in 1920.
The manifesto in detail.
The leaders of the Party promise to work -- if need be to sacrifice their very lives -- to put this programme into action.

Penny
A penny (plural pence) is a coin in the United Kingdom.
Penny (plural pennies) is also an informal term for the one cent coins of Canada and the United States.

Matt Groening
Matt Groening is a cartoonist. He created the TV show called "The Simpsons" about a dysfunctional family which do not get along together and are always getting into trouble. The Simpsons is a very popular television show which is currently in its twentieth series. It has won many awards and is the longest running cartoon ever. He also made a show called "Futurama" which is set in the thirtieth century and he draws a comic called Life in Hell which is about rabbits and possibly hell.
Creation of The Simpsons.
Matt Groening named The Simpsons characters after his own family. His dad is named Homer and his mother is named Marjorie or Marge for short.
He has two younger sisters who are named Lisa and Margaret or Maggie for short.
The character of Bart is an anagram of brat. Matt Groening was going to name the character Matt, but he realised that would be a giveaway, so he decided to name him Bart.
The family also has two pets, a cat and a dog. The dog is called Santa's Little Helper. The cat is named Snowball II.

Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky
Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky ((Никола́й Ива́нович Лобаче́вский), 1792–1856) was a Russian mathematician. He became known for his achievements in non-euclidean geometry.
Biography.
Lobachevsky was born in Nizhny Novgorod, Russia. His parents were Ivan Maksimovich Lobachevsky, a clerk in a landsurveying office, and Praskovia Alexandrovna Lobachevskaya. In 1800, his father died and his mother moved to Kazan. In Kazan, Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky attended Kazan Gymnasium. He graduated in 1807 and then went to Kazan University which was founded just three years earlier, in 1804.
At Kazan University, Lobachevsky was influenced by professor Johann Christian Martin Bartels (1769–1833). Bartels was a former teacher and friend of German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss. Lobachevsky received a Master's degree in physics and mathematics in 1811. In 1814, he became a lecturer at Kazan University, and in 1822 he became a full professor. He served in many administrative positions and was the rector of Kazan University from 1827 to 1846. He retired (or was dismissed) in 1846. After this event his health rapidly deteriorated. In addition to teaching mathematics and physics at Kazan University Lobachevsky also was an astronomy teacher there.
In 1832, he married Varvara Alexivna Moisieva. They had seven children.

Wildebeest
A wildebeest (also called Gnu) is an animal. It is a large hoofed mammal, that is part of the "Bovidae" familiy of animals. There are two species of wildebeest. Both live in Africa.
Size.
Wildebeest grow to 1.15 to 1.40 metres (at the shoulder) and they weigh between 150 and 250 kilograms when they are fully grown. They live in the plains and open woodlands in southern Africa. The biggest herds can be found in the Serengeti desert. (see below) Wildebeest can live for more than 20 years.
What they eat.
Like other members of the same family (antelopes, deer and goats, amongst others), they mainly eat grass (scientists call such animals "Herbivores", which means: "eating grass"). But since in the African grasslands, there is not always grass, wildebeest are forced to wander (Scientists speak about "migrations") to find food all year round. In May, about 1.5 million animals move from the grasslands to the woods. In November they move back; there is grass in the plains in summer.
Breeding and mating season.
The cows (the female Gnus) will calve (give birth to the young) in summer in the plains. After the females have given birth, the breeding season begins. The dominant males mark off (and defend) some territory. They do this with feces, and with scent.
Wildebeest are an important part of the ecosystem. With their dung, they fertilize the ground, and their trampling is good for new growth. They also provide food for predators, like lions and hyenas.

Predator
A predator is a kind of animal that hunts, catches and eats other animals. For example, a spider eating a fly caught at its web is a predator, or a pack of lions eating a buffalo. The animals that the predator hunts is usually called prey.
Predators are usually carnivores (meat-eaters) or omnivores (eats plants and other animals). Predators will hunt other animals for food. Examples for predators are lions, tigers, Leopards, crocodiles, snakes,
eagles, wolves, killer whales, and sharks.
Predators are usually defined as animals that eat other animals. But to some scientists, the word predator means an animal or any living organism that eats anything. A cow eating grass will be a predator of that grass. Plants are not predators because they make their own food.

Serengeti
The Serengeti (sometimes also called Seremgeti desert) is a region of woodlands and grasslands in southern Africa. The south of it belongs to Tanzania. The north of it is in Kenya. It is about 30.000 square kilometers big. 80 percent of it belongs to Tanzania.
It has more than 1.6 million herbivores and thousands of predators. Wildebeests, gazelles, zebras and buffalos are the animals most commonly found in the region.
This area is most famous for the migration that takes place every year.
Every year around October nearly 1.5 million herbivores travel towards the southern plains, crossing the Mara River, from the northern hills for the rains. And then back to the north through the west, once again crossing the Mara river, after the rains in around April. This phenomenon is sometimes also called the Circular Migration.
Also in this area is the archeologically significant Olduvai Gorge where some of the oldest hominid fossils are found.
The Serengeti region contains the Serengeti National Park, Ngorongoro Conservation Area and Maswa Game Reserve in Tanzania and the Maasai Mara National Reserve in Kenya.

Spider
Spiders are invertebrate arachnids that have eight legs, and make silk. They are the biggest group in arachnids, after Acarina, the mites and ticks. Some spiders are smaller than a coin and some are so big they eat small birds. Most spiders eat insects. They catch the insects either by building a spider web, or by using a thread of silk they throw at the insect. Sometimes they hide in holes in the ground, then run out and grab an insect that walks by. Or they will make web "nets" to catch passing insects. Or they will even go out and attack them with no webs at all. Spiders do not have wings. Some can also jump quite well.
Very few spiders are dangerous. They have fangs (pointy teeth) that they use to bite people and put poison in them. The poison usually causes pain. The poison of a few spiders can kill a person.
Being afraid of spiders is a very common fear.
Some spiders are not predators.
Most spiders are seen as predators. As a contrast, the jumping spider "Bagheera kiplingi" gets over 90% of its food from fairly solid plant material produced by acacias as part of a mutually beneficial relationship with a species of ant.
Young spiders of the families Anyphaenidae, Corinnidae, Clubionidae, Thomisidae and Salticidae feed on plant nectar.
Studies have shown that they do this on purpose and for long time periods. They also clean themselves periodically while feeding. These spiders also prefer sugar solutions to plain water, which shows that they are looking for nutritients. Many spiders are nocturnal, they are most active during the night. The extent of nectar consumption by spiders may therefore have been under-estimated. Nectar contains amino acids, lipids, vitamins and minerals in addition to sugars. Studies have shown that other spider species live longer when nectar is available. Feeding on nectar also avoids the risks of struggles with prey, and the costs of producing venom and digestive enzymes.
Various species are known to to feed on dead arthropods (scavenging), web silk, and their own shed exoskeletons. Pollen caught in webs may also be eaten, and studies have shown that young spiders have a better chance of survival if they have the opportunity to eat pollen. In captivity, several spider species are also known to feed on bananas, marmalade, milk, egg yolk and sausages. In one praying mantis species, young spiders also actively feed on pollen and adults that capture pollen-laden insects eat the pollen as well.
Methods of catching prey.
Most spiders are perdators, they capture prey. The best-known method how spiders capture prey is by using a sticky web. The placement of the web allows different spiders to trap different insects in the same area. Flat, horizontal webs allow them to trap insects that fly up from vegetation underneath, for example. Flat vertical nets allow them to trap insects in flight. The spiders that build webns usually don't see very well, but they are very sensitive to vibrations.
Females of the water spider "Argyroneta aquatica" build underwater "diving bell" webs which they fill with air and use for digesting prey, molting, mating and raising offspring. They live almost entirely within the bells, darting out to catch prey animals that touch the bell or the threads that anchor it. A few spiders use the surfaces of lakes and ponds as "webs", detecting trapped insects by the vibrations that these cause while struggling.
Net-casting spiders weave only small webs but then manipulate them to trap prey. Those of the genus "Hyptiotes" and the family Theridiosomatidae stretch their webs and then release them when prey strike them, but do not actively move their webs. Those of the family Deinopidae weave even smaller webs, hold them outstretched between their first two pairs of legs, and lunge and push the webs as much as twice their own body length to trap prey, and this move may increase the webs' area by a factor of up to ten. Experiments have shown that "Deinopis spinosus" has two different techniques for trapping prey: backwards strikes to catch flying insects, whose vibrations it detects; and forward strikes to catch ground-walking prey that it sees. These two techniques have also been observed in other deinopids. Walking insects form most of the prey of most deinopids, but one population of "Deinopis subrufus" appears to live mainly on tipulid flies that they catch with the backwards strike.
Mature female bolas spiders of the genus "Mastophora" build "webs" that consist of only a single "trapeze line", which they patrol. They also construct a bolas made of a single thread, tipped with a large ball of very wet sticky silk. They emit chemicals that resemble the pheromones of moths, and then swing the bolas at the moths. Although they miss on about 50% of strikes, they catch about the same weight of insects per night as web-weaving spiders of similar size. The spiders eat the bolas if they have not made a kill in about 30 minutes, rest for a while, and then make new bolas. Juveniles and adult males are much smaller and do not make bolas. Instead they release different pheromones that attract moth flies, and catch them with their front pairs of legs.
Using Trapdoors.
The primitive Liphistiidae, the "trapdoor spiders" (family Ctenizidae) and many tarantulas are ambush predators that lurk in burrows, often closed by trapdoors and often surrounded by networks of silk threads that alert these spiders to the presence of prey. Other ambush predators do without such aids, including many crab spiders, and a few species that prey on bees, which see ultraviolet, can adjust their ultraviolet reflectance to match the flowers in which they are lurking. Wolf spiders, jumping spiders, fishing spiders and some crab spiders capture prey by chasing it, and rely mainly on vision to locate prey.
Hunting other spiders.
Some jumping spiders of the genus Portia hunt other spiders in ways that seem intelligent, outflanking their victims or luring them from their webs. Laboratory studies show that "Portias instinctive tactics are only starting points for a trial-and-error approach from which these spiders learn very quickly how to overcome new prey species. However they seem to be relatively slow "thinkers", which is not surprising as their brains are vastly smaller than those of mammalian predators
Disguising as ants.
Ant-mimicking spiders face several challenges: they generally develop slimmer abdomens and false "waists" in the cephalothorax to mimic the three distinct regions (tagmata) of an ant's body; they wave the first pair of legs in form to their heads to mimic antennae, which spiders lack, and to conceal the fact that they have but eight legs rather than six; they develop large color patches round one pair of eyes to disguise the fact that they generally have eight simple eyes, while ants have two compound eyes; they cover their bodies with reflective hairs to resemble the shiny bodies of ants. In some spider species males and females mimic different ant species, as female spiders are usually much larger than males. Ant-mimicking spiders also modify their behavior to resemble that of the target species of ant, for example many adopt a zig-zag pattern of movement, ant-mimicking jumping spiders avoid jumping, and spiders of the genus "Synemosyna" walk on the outer edges of leaves in the same way as "Pseudomyrmex". Ant-mimicry in many spiders and other arthropods may be for protection from predators that hunt by sight, including birds, lizards and spiders. However several ant-mimicking spiders prey either on ants or on the ants "livestock" such as aphids. When at rest the ant-mimicking crab spider "Amyciaea" does not closely resemble "Oecophylla", but while hunting it imitates the behavior of a dying ant to attract worker ants. After a kill some ant-mimicking spiders hold their victims between themselves and large groups of ants to avoid being attacked.
Spiders and humans.
Of the 40.000 spiders, less than 12 are known to be dangerous to humans. Most of the time, being bitten by a spider is painful. Most spiders use poison to paralyse their prey; they kill it through eating, or through a bite. A few spiders have poisons that can be dangerous to weakened people and those allergic to it. Since 1927, 13 people have died, after a bite Atrax robustus, an spider from Australia.

Grass
Grass is a type of plant that covers the ground like a green rug. If it gets too cold or dry, it turns brown.
There is a family of plants called the "grass family". The plants in the grass family are called grasses. Most grasses do not grow taller than 0.5 meters. Some grasses like bamboo can grow tall.
Grass and People.
People have used grasses for a long time. People eat grasses. People have grown them as food for farm animals for about 10,000 years. Grasses have also been used to make paper for more than 4000 years. In Asia, people use bamboo to build houses and other things.

Cacao tree
The Cacao tree is a small tree originally in tropical South America. It is small, and only grows to 4 to 8 metres in height. Its seeds are called cocoa and are used to produce cocoa butter, the chocolate drink, as well as chocolate. Nowadays the trees are grown in plantations in many tropical countries.
Cultivation.
Cacao is planted on over 70000 square kilometres worldwide with 40% of production coming from Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, and Indonesia. Each country produces about 15%, with smaller amounts coming from Brazil, Nigeria, and Cameroon.
A tree begins to bear fruit when it is 4 or 5 years old. In one year, when mature, it may have 6,000 flowers, but only about 20 pods. About 300-600 seeds (10 pods) are required to produce around 1 kg of cocoa paste.
There are three main cultivar groups of cacao beans used to make cocoa and chocolate. The most prized, rare, and expensive is the Criollo Group, the cocoa bean used by the Maya. Only 10% of chocolate is made from the Criollo, which is less bitter and more aromatic than any other bean. The cacao bean in 80% of chocolate is made using beans of the Forastero Group. Forastero trees are significantly hardier than Criollo trees, resulting in cheaper cacao beans. Trinitario, a hybrid of Criollo and Forastero, is used in about 10% of chocolate. For details of processing, see cocoa.
Cacao beans were commonly used as currency in Pre-Columbian Mesoamerica. In some areas, such as Yucatán, they were still used in place of small coins as late as the 1840s.

Mahabad
Mahabad (in Persian: مهاباد, in Kurdish: مه‌هاباد, Mehabad); (Old name: سابلاخ: Sablakh, which may be of Mongolian origin) is a city in Iran. It is in the north-west of the country. The city lies south of Lake Urmia in a narrow valley 1,300 metres above sea level. It lies in West Azarbaijan Province. It has about 162.434 people who live in the city. Mahabad is connected by road with Tabriz 300 km north, Urmia 150 km north and Irbil in Iraq. Mahabad has also an university. It's the.
The city is one center and symbol of the Kurdish nationalism. The reason is because 1945 it was the capital of the new founded people's Republic of Mahabad. The republic was conquered by Iranian forces in 16 December 1946. The president was Qazi Muhammad. The majority of the population is Kurdish. During the revolution in Iran, at 3 September 1979 the city was bombed and occupied by Iranian forces. After the death of Shivan Qaderi, a student and opposition activist in July 9 2005, the Kurdish population protested against the Iranian government.

Shivan Qaderi
Shivan Qaderi (or Sivan Ghaderi or Schuaneh Ghaderi; born 1979 or 1980; died 9 July 2005 in Mahabad) was a student and opposition activist in Iran. After his death in 2005, the Kurds protested and the Iranian government had to send more than 100,000 soldiers to this region. The Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iran reported, that about 50,000 people had protested after his death on the Chuwarchira Square. Humans Rights First say that, after he was shot, Iranian soldiers tied Ghaderi's body "to a military vehicle and dragged it through the city, obviously trying to frighten the population so that they would not organize any more protests."

Sauce
Sauce is a hot or a cold liquid that is added to another food to add flavor to it. Sauces are not eaten by themselves, they are always added to another dish. A sauce can be something simple, like liquid butter or something fancier like a sauce with cream and ham (called "Carbonara") or with ground meat (called "Bolognese"), or even with herbs and garlic (called "Pesto").
An example would be a tomato-based sauce that is usually poured over spaghetti before it is eaten. Gravy is a brown sauce served with meat.

Spaghetti
Spaghetti is an Italian type of pasta. It is made from wheat noodles which are boiled in water for a short time, usually 5 to 10 minutes. Before serving, a sauce is usually added to them. There are different kinds of Spaghetti sauce. Among the most common are those made of tomatoes, and sometimes cheese, basil and oregano.
There is a legend (story) about how spaghetti came to Italy. In the legend, Marco Polo found spaghetti in China during his visit in 1295, and he took some back to Italy.
Today spaghetti is eaten everywhere. In the United States, there is a kind of spaghetti called "Alvaro's spaghetti" which is served with alfredo sauce. In some countries,like United States or Canada, meatballs are often in the spaghetti sauce.
About spaghetti.
In China, spaghetti is often made by hand. In Italy, spaghetti is made with a machine so that large amounts can be made quickly. Italy is the biggest producer and consumer of spaghetti in the world.
Spaghetti is called by other words when it has a different thickness: "spaghettini (n. 3)", "spaghetti (n. 5)", and "spaghettoni (n. 8)".

Emperor Penguin
The Emperor Penguin ("Aptenodytes forsteri") is a penguin that lives in Antarctica. It is the tallest and heaviest penguin.
Appearance.
Emperor Penguins are about 1.15 metres / 4 ft. tall and weigh 32 kilograms / 70 to 90 lbs. Emperor Penguins are black and white like all penguins, and the sides of their neck are golden.
Life.
They eat mostly crustaceans, such as krill, but also eat fish and squid.
Emperors live in the coldest climate on earth. Temperatures can drop as low as -140 degrees Fahrenheit on the Antarctic ice. They breed at the beginning of the Antarctic winter (March and April), on the ice all around the Antarctic continent.
The shape of their body helps them to survive. They have short wings that help them to dive up to 900 feet to catch larger fish. They can swim up to 12 miles per hour for a short time, which lets them escape their main enemy, the Leopard Seal. They can stay warm because they have a thick layer of blubber. The layer of downy feathers trap air that keeps the body heat in and cold air and water out. They also have large amounts of body oil that help in keeping them dry in the water. The wings of the Emperor penguin help it swim.

Snares Penguin
The Snares Penguin ("Eudyptes robustus"), also known as the Snares Crested Penguin and the Snares Islands Penguin, is a penguin from New Zealand.
It breeds on The Snares, a small island group south of New Zealand's South Island.

Chahar-cheragh Square
Chahar-cheragh Square (Persian: میدان چهارچراغ, in Sornai Kurdish: چوازچرا "Chuwar Chira") (meaning "Square of the four candles"), is a public square in the centre of the city of Mahabad.
It is now officially called Shardari Square. This square is one pf the oldest places of Mahabad city.

Complex number
A complex number is a type of number. With algebra, a person can do addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. Using negative numbers, it is possible to find the "x" in the equation formula_1 for all possible values of "a" and "b".
With multiplication and division, there is a problem. There is no normal number that gives -1 when it is multiplied by itself. In other words, -1 (or any other negative number) has no square root. To solve this problem, mathematicians introduced an "imaginary number" called "i". That imaginary number will give -1 when it is multiplied by itself.
The first mathematicians to have thought of this were probably Gerolamo Cardano and Raffaele Bombelli. They lived in the 16th century. It was probably Leonhard Euler who introduced writing formula_2 for that number.
A complex number can now be written as formula_3, where "a" is called the "real" part of the number, and "b" is called the imaginary part. Usually, the complex number is written as ("a","b"). Both "a" and "b" are real numbers.
A real number can simply be written as formula_4 or ("a",0).
With complex numbers it is possible to do all the four basic calculations as defined in algebra, but also more complicated calculations.

Frederick I of Prussia
Frederick I of Prussia (German: "Friedrich I."), July 11, 1657 – February 25, 1713) of the Hohenzollern dynasty was the first King in Prussia (1701 – 1713).

Siege of Jerusalem (1187)
The Siege of Jerusalem took place from September 20 to October 2, 1187. It was part of the war called the Third Crusade.
Balian of Ibelin defended Jerusalem against the armies of Saladin.
A fictionalized version of the siege (attack) is seen in the movie "Kingdom of Heaven", directed by Ridley Scott.

Beer Hall Putsch
The Beer Hall Putsch was a failed coup d'etat in Munich, Germany between the evening of November 8 and the morning of November 9, 1923. The Nazi party under Adolf Hitler tried to take over the government of Bavaria, a state in Germany after taking several hundred people hostage in a night club. Several Nazis died when they got into a gun fight with police officers in another part of Munich, and Hitler went to jail afterwards for about a year.
Why?
Hitler chose this time for many reasons. The Weimar Republic of Germany was weak because of fighting between right and left-wing parties. Inflation had also left the Weimar Republic with very little support from the people, or money to keep working (paying bills, or even paying pensions and wages).
The Nazi party was getting very strong. Hitler was a strong leader. In 1923, the year when the Weimar Republic was least popular, the Nazi party grew from 6,000 members to 55,000 members.
Hitler also wanted to copy Mussolini, who had taken power in Italy by marching into Rome.
What Happened?
8 November 1923 - Hitler and his men charged into the Beer Hall and forced the people there to support him. Hitler's men, the SA took over the Army Headquarters, but forgot to take over the telegraph office. This meant that anybody could call in the police.
9 November 1923 - 16 Nazis were killed in a gunfight between the Nazis and the police in "Residenzstraße". Hitler was arrested two days later.
Results.
The Nazi party broke up and Hitler was sent to prison for nine months.
Hitler's reputation grew hugely. Before, he was unknown. But after this, he was a hero to many. Many Germans at that time wanted a strong leadership after the governments of the Weimar Republic.
Hitler also took the nine months he had in prison to write a book, called Mein Kampf or "My Struggle". It sold millions and told people about his ideas. Mein Kampf also made Hitler popular.
Hitler also had to re-think his strategy. He realised he could not take power as Mussolini had done, he had to get power through being elected.
People who died during the Putsch.
The people who died during the Putsch are seen as the first to die for the Nazi party and are mentioned in Mein Kampf as Martyrs.

Verona
Verona is a town in the Veneto region in Italy with 260,000 inhabitants. It is famous for being the setting for the Shakespeare play "Romeo and Juliet".

Kiev
Kiev or Kyiv (Ukrainian: Київ) is the capital city of the country of Ukraine. More than two and a half million people live there.

Harare
Harare is the capital of Zimbabwe. It is home to over 1.6 million people. It started as "Salisbury" in 1890, and was known by that name until April 18, 1982.

Seventh-day Adventist Church
The Seventh-day Adventist Church is a regular Protestant Christian denomination or church, but it has some beliefs that are different from most Protestant denominations. The Seventh-day Adventist Church is also called the SDA church. It came from the Millerite group which included people from many denominations. The Millerites started in the 19th century, after the year 1800. The Millerites were people who followed the teachings of William Miller. Miller preached that Jesus is coming very soon, in the Second Coming or Second Advent. That is why the church that came from them called themselves "Adventists." The SDA Church also believe that the day we should worship God is Saturday. They call this day Sabbath, like the Bible does. It is the seventh day of the week. That is why they are called "Seventh-day Adventists".
The Seventh Day Adventists also hold in high regard many of Ellen G. White's writings, a dedicated Christian who got visions from God interpreting the end of the world and what heaven will be like. As Seventh-Day Adventists, they believe that they should not eat unclean foods like pig, certain fish, and animals that the bible names as unclean. They practice healthy eating, vegetarianism, abstaining from immoralities, smoking, drinking or doing anything to harm what they consider the Temple Of God or their bodies.

Antony and Cleopatra
"Antony and Cleopatra" is a play by Shakespeare. Its first performance was in 1607 or 1608. Octavius Ceasar, Lepidus & Antony are part of the elite Roman rulers know as the triumvirate.

Het Wilhelmus
"Wilhelmus" is the title and first word of the Dutch national anthem. It became the anthem in 1932. The melody is taken from a French soldier's song.
The song has 15 verses, and the first letters of each verse form the name "Willem van Nassov", the subject of the song.

Fuzzy logic
Fuzzy logic is a sort of computer logic that is different from boolean algebra. It is different in the way that it allows values to be more accurate than on or off. While boolean logic only allows true or false, fuzzy logic allows all things in between. An example of this could be a computer game: A person is standing in a doorway while a thing explodes. The character is hit or not hit if boolean logic is used, but the doorway protects him from the explosion. Therefore, he might only be hit 20%, and takes less damage.
To put it in more precise mathematical terms, classical logic has two values. These values are usually called "false" (0) or "true" (1). With fuzzy logic, a (calculated) value of 0.8 or 0.971 is possible. It is important to know the difference between fuzzy logic and chance. A coin that is thrown has a chance of 0.5 for landing heads up. If it is thrown 1000 times, it is expected that it will land with heads side up 500 times. With fuzzy logic, a thing with a "truth value" of 0.5 will have a value of 0.5 no matter how many times it is done. It is not a 50% chance of true or untrue, it is 50% true and 50% untrue at the same time.
Fuzzy logic is used a lot in expert systems and neuronal networks.
Humans tend to use a combination of predicate logic and fuzzy logic. If you are an outfielder catching a baseball hit into the air; then your precise logic will calculate trajectory and start you running to the point of intercept (catching). However, once close to the ball the eyes & brain of the outfielder lacks the ability to accurately estimate distance and speed because the ball is coming straight at the outfielder. The human brain switches to fuzzy logic that says "get me closer", "get me closer", and so on. That is why you see outfielders in baseball run to a spot and then move around as the ball gets closer.
Predicate logic says calculate the point to be at to catch the ball. Fuzzy logic says because of wind or other things you might not be in the correct place so just keep getting closer until you catch the ball.
In predicate logic it is the mathematics of calculating the path of the ball that determines your action. In fuzzy logic it is the error of your calculations that determines your action.

Douala
Douala is the largest city in the African country of Cameroon. It is the capital city of Littoral Province.
The city is placed near the Wouri River. Its population is about 2,000,000 people. The first European people who came to Douala were from Portugal. They found Duala in about 1472. Before 1884 it was named Cameroons Town. In 1884 German people came to Duala and changed its name to Kamarunstadt ("Camaroon City") and made it the capital of German Kamerun. In 1907 its name was changed to Duala. It became the capital of French Cameroons in 1919. From 1940 to 1946, it was the capital of Cameroon.
Duala is an expensive city. It ranked 24th most expensive city of the world in 2007.
Transport.
Douala is linked by rail to Yaoundé, Ngaoundéré, Kumba and Nkongsamba. The largest port and the most important airport in Cameron are both in Douala.

37
37 is a year in the 1st century.

1243
1243 is a year in the 13th century

1052
Births.
Milarepa, Tibetan yogi and poet

Gleiwitz incident
The Gleiwitz incident was a planned German attack against the radio station "Sender Gleiwitz" in the German town of Gliwice on the night of August 31, 1939. This attack along with other Nazi activities was used to create the appearance of Polish aggression against Germany and justify the subsequent invasion that started World War II.

Free
Free means two different things. If what is called "free" is something that is not alive, that means that it is being given away by someone who does not want any money in return. Often things that are "free" in this way are given away as add-ons to something that is paid for. For example, an eating place may give away a free glass of water with a paid meal.
If what is called "free" is a person, that means that it is able to be what it wants to be, or to do what it wants to do, without being ordered around.
Most people want to be free. But many strong people would like to order around people who are weaker than they are. This leads to many fights.
Some countries have laws that try to keep the strong people from pushing around other people too much. These countries are called "free countries."
Animals other than people can fall into both definitions of freedom. Maybe a neighbor has a cat who has just given birth to a group of kittens, and so she will try to give away her "free kittens." That is the first kind of freedom listed above. But if one of the free kittens finds a good home, is fed well, and grows up into a cat, then maybe one day the cat will wander "freely" around its house and yard. That is the second kind of freedom.

Mackinac Island
Mackinac Island is an island in Lake Huron. It is part of the U.S. state of Michigan and is 8 miles (13 kilometers) around.
Many people go to see Mackinac Island in the summer because the island passed a local law that says that no one can use a car on the island. Everybody has to ride a horse or a bicycle. In recent years, young people have been using roller skates or roller blades to get around the island. There is a narrow paved road that follows the 8 miles of shoreline. This road is for horses (and their buggies), bicycles, skates and joggers or just people taking a long walk.
In order to get to Mackinac Island, visitors have to buy a ticket on a ferry boat. The boat ride has views of Lake Huron and the Mackinac Bridge. After they get to Mackinac Island, many visitors buy locally made fudge.

AFI's 100 Years... 100 Stars
AFI's 100 Years... 100 Stars is a list of the top actors in Hollywood history. It was announced by the American Film Institute on June 16, 1999.
The list promised one hundred people on it, but in the end there were only fifty.

Havana
Havana is the capital city of Cuba and, with a population of 2.2 million, the largest city in the Caribbean. It is located at 23°8′N 82°23′W and is located a little more than 100 miles south-southwest of Key West, Florida in the United States.
Havana is a very old city. It was created in 1515 by Spanish explorers.

Bismarck
Bismarck is a German family name. Bismark is an incorrect spelling.
Otto von Bismarck.
The name Bismarck is usually associated with the famous Otto von Bismarck, a German statesman of the 19th century.
Battleship.
The "Bismarck" was a battleship of the German navy during WWII

Crusinallo
Crusinallo, with 4000 people, is the most populated district of the town of Omegna (in the Province of Verbano-Cusio-Ossola, in Piedmont, Italy). It was an independent town until 1928. The town of Crusinallo is located in the north part of the town of Omegna, at the border with the towns of Casale Corte Cerro, Gravellona Toce, and Germagno. The natural borders are: at north, the Saint Martino river; at east and south, the Strona river; at west, the forest of Alpe Colla.

People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals
People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) is the world's largest non-profit organisation about animal rights. The four main beliefs of PETA are that animals are not to be used for food, clothes, exploitation or testing. The headquarters of the organisation is located in Norfolk, Virginia in the United States.
Recently, PETA has protested fast food chain KFC for the way it kills chickens. In the past, it has protested many corporations including IAMS.
PETA's main website is made for adults and vegans. They also have another website called PETA2 which is made for teenagers who are vegetarian, vegan or still deciding. PETA has over one million members.

Software licence
A software licence (or license) is a kind licence that is used to restrict how a piece of software is used. The licence explains what the maker of the software lets the person who bought the software do with it. This includes if it is allowed to be copied, sold to other people, or if there is a limited time when it can be used.
One kind of software licence, the end user licence agreement, or "EULA", gives very specific permissions, while restricting most of what could be done with the software.

BSD licence
The BSD licence is named after the group that first used the licence, the University of California, Berkeley, where the BSD operating system was first made. Since they are in the United States, BSD uses the U.S. spelling "BSD license".
The licence.
This means that people who use the licensed software can do anything with it, except say it is all their work or say that the people who made it first support the new software in any way. It also stops people from suing the first makers if something goes wrong with it.

1688
Year 1688 was a leap year that started on a Thursday when using the Gregorian calendar.

1746
Births.
Jacques Alexandre Cesar Charles-November 12, 1746

1682
Year 1682 was a common year that started on a Thursday when using the Gregorian calendar.

1755
Events.
the acadians were forced to leave their home because of the treaty of uresty between the french and the British

Lake Baikal
Lake Baikal is a very big lake in Siberia. Siberia is part of Russia. Lake Baikal is the biggest fresh water reservoir in the world. The lake is near Irkutsk. It is about 636 km long, between 20 km and 80 km wide, and at its deepest point it is 1.6 km deep.
The lake is very special. There are fish in the lake that only exist here and nowhere else in the world. One such fish is called Omul. It is a kind of trout.
Wildlife.
Lake Baikal hosts 1085 species of plants and 1550 species and varieties of animals. Over 60% of animals are endemic; e.g., of 52 species of fish 27 are endemic.
Of note is an endemic subspecies of the omul fish ("Coregonus autumnalis migratorius"). It is fished, smoked, and sold on all markets around the lake. For many travellers on the Trans-Siberian railway, purchasing smoked omul is one of the highlights of the long journey.
Baikal also hosts a species of seals, Baikal seal or "nerpa".
Bears and deer can be watched and hunted by Baikal coasts.

Omul
The omul is a kind of fish. It belongs to the same family as the trout and the salmon. It only lives in Lake Baikal and the rivers around it (the Angara for example. It is very typical for that region of Siberia).

Salmon
Salmon is a kind of fish. There are many different kinds of salmon. Salmon belong to the same family of fish as the trout. Most kinds of salmon live in salt water, or migrate between rivers and the sea. Many people like to eat salmon, so the fish is also grown in fish farms. Usual ways to make food out of salmon are smoking, cold smoking and graving.

Wild Turkey
The Wild Turkey ("Meleagris gallopavo") is the name of the more common of the two species of turkey (a large bird). They are found across much of the United States and southern Canada. Wild Turkeys are rather large, and sometimes hunted by people.
The "domesticated turkey" has been tamed and bred from wild turkeys, by people, to raise on farms.

Ocellated Turkey
An Ocellated Turkey ("Meleagris ocellata") is a turkey (a large bird) that is named for the eye-like spots on the tail feathers ("ocellated" means having eye-like spots). It is similar to the Wild Turkey that is found more to the north in North America.

Drenthe
Drenthe is a province in the northeast of the Netherlands. The capital city is Assen. South of it is Overijssel, west of it is Friesland and north of it is Groningen. East of it is Lower Saxony, that is a part of Germany.
History.
Thousands of years ago, there were already people in Drenthe. Around 3500 BC people made dolmens ("hunebedden"), piles of big stones. 53 of the 54 dolmens in the Netherlands are in Drenthe. Most of them are in the northeast of the province.
The oldest paper with the name Drenthe on it is from 820. It was called "Pago Treanth" (district Drenthe). Papers from 1024 and 1025 show that is was a county back then.,
From 1046 until 1528, the bishops of Utrecht ruled over Drenthe. From 1581 until 1795 it was part of the Republic of the Seven United Provinces, but Drenthe itself was not a province. In 1796, under the Batavian Republic, Drenthe was a province for the first time.
In the Second World War, the nazis build a concentration camp near Westerbork. From there, they put Dutch Jews on the train to other camps in Germany and Poland. In the last train from Westerbork was also Anne Frank. She was a Jewish girl and she wrote a diary. She died in the concentration camp Bergen-Belsen in Germany. After the war her diary became world famous.
Municipalities.
Since the 1990s there are twelve municipalities in Drenthe.
Geography.
Ther most important cities are Assen (the capital), Emmen, Meppel and Hoogeveen. In Drenthe there is many heathland.
Dialects.
In Drenthe many people speak Low Saxon dialects. The dialects in Drenthe are called "Drents". These dialects are different in each town or village.

D-Day
June 6, 1944, also known as D-Day, stands for the biggest amphibious (from the sea to the land) attack in military history, known as "Operation Overlord". D-Day took place during World War II on the beach of Normandy. The Allies (British and American) attacked Nazi-German occupied Europe. It was very important for the Allied success in World War II. Though many men were lost when the beaches were taken over. After that, about two months later, after very hard fighting and many killed, the Allies won. They freed France from the Germans.
Many people think D-Day stands for Decision Day, but it does not, the first letter is just to show the importance of the day.
June 6th is very important to many Americans, British, and Canadians because of what happened.
Often, the day something big happens, when a decision that can't be changed is made, it is called "D-Day".

Ishpeming, Michigan
Ishpeming is a city located in Marquette County, Michigan, USA. As of the 2000 census, the city had a total of 6,686 people living in it. There used to be more people in the 1950s and 1960s, when the iron ore mines were in full operation.
Geography.
The city has a total area of 24.0 km² (9.2 mi²). 22.5 km² (8.7 mi²) of it is land and 1.5 km² (0.6 mi²) of it (6.16%) is water. Ishpeming is 1436 feet above sea level.
History.
The movie "Anatomy of a Murder" was filmed in Ishpeming and areas around it in 1959
Ishpeming was also the birthplace of aviation engineer Clarence "Kelly" Johnson in 1910 and Nobel prize winning chemist Glenn T. Seaborg in 1912.
Ishpeming is considered the birth place of downhill ski jumping in the United States and is the home to the National Ski Hall of Fame.

Humphrey Bogart
Humphrey Bogart (1899-1957) was an American actor who starred in seventy-five movies. These include "The Maltese Falcon" (1941), "Casablanca" (1942) and "The African Queen" (1951).

Funk
Funk is a type of music from the United States that was developed the 1960s by African American musicians and singers such as James Brown, Sly and the Family Stone, George Clinton, and The Meters. Funk music emphasizes the rhythm of the music. Funk music mixes Rhythm and Blues music with soul music. Funk music is dance music.
Funk uses many rhythm instruments, such as electric guitar, bass guitar, drums, and electric organ. Funk bands also have a horn section, which includes several saxophone players, a trumpet player, and in some bands, a trombone player.
Role of the electric bass.
In funk music, the electric bass has a more important role than in other styles of popular music. Many funk songs are based on a strong bass line (melody) played by the electric bass player. Well-known funk bass players include Bootsy Collins, Louis Johnson and Larry Graham of Sly & the Family Stone. Larry Graham invented a new style of electric bass playing called "slap bass technique." With this technique, the bass player slaps and plucks the strings to create a strong rhythm.
Late 1960s.
The United States singer and musician James Brown was one of the first funk musicians. James Brown recorded a song in 1967 called "Cold Sweat", which is considered the first funk song. Other musical groups copied the rhythms and musical style developed by James Brown and his band. A band called The Meters played funk music in New Orleans. The Meters had hit songs such as "Sophisticated Cissy" and "Cissy Strut" in 1969. Another funk group, The Isley Brothers, had a hit song in 1969 called "It's Your Thing".
1970s.
In the 1970s, a musician called George Clinton developed a new type of funk music with his bands Parliament and Funkadelic. Clinton's music mixed funk musical styles with jazz music and psychedelic rock. The term "P-Funk" is often used to describe the music played by George Clinton's bands. Other well-known funk bands from the 1970s included Earth, Wind & Fire, Tower of Power, and Kool & the Gang.
Funk music influenced later types of music such as disco.
Some disco music hits, for example "Le Freak" by Chic, included funk music.
1980s.
In the 1980s, funk music changed. Funk musicians began using electronic instruments such as synthesizer keyboards and electronic drum machines instead of electric bass, electric organ, trumpets, saxophones, and drums. Rick James had hits in the 1980s with funk songs such as "Give It To Me Baby" and "Super Freak." The band Queen had funk songs such as "Another One Bites The Dust." The musician and singer Prince had hit songs.
Some major names of early 80s funk include: Cameo, Zapp, The Gap Band, The Bar-Kays, and The Dazz Band.
In the later 1980s, two new styles of funk developed called "funk rock" and funk metal. These styles of music mixed funk music with rock and metal music. Funk rock and funk metal bands include Red Hot Chili Peppers, Living Colour, Jane's Addiction, Prince, Primus, Fishbone, Faith No More and Rage Against the Machine.
Funk music influenced 1980s hip hop music. Many hip hop musicians use funk songs by James Brown or George Clinton to compose new hip hop songs.
1990s and 2000s.
In the 1990s and 2000s, funk rock bands included Outkast, The Black Eyed Peas, and Van Hunt. As well, 1990s and 2000s hip hop musicians continue to use funk songs by James Brown or George Clinton to compose new hip hop songs.

1513
1513 was a year of the Gregorian calendar, that started on a Wednesday.

Great White Shark
The Great white shark ("Carcharodon carcharias") is a kind of shark. This fish is a good swimmer and predator.
Great white sharks have about 3,000 teeth, arranged in many rows. The first two rows of the teeth are used for grabbing and cutting the animals they eat, while the other teeth in the last rows replace the front teeth when these are broken, worn down, or fall out. The teeth have the shape of a triangle with jags on the edges. Great white sharks eat fish and other animals, for example seals and sea lions.
How great white sharks look.
The back of the shark has a grey color and the underside is colored white. The sharks have three main fins: the dorsal (on back) and two pectoral fins (on the sides). There are five gill slits on great white sharks.
The great white becomes adult about nine years after its birth. The growth of the great white shark is about 25-30 centimetres per year and they can grow to an average size of 4.5 meters. The longest ever measured great white was 7meters long.
Where they live.
Great white sharks live in the sea. The can be found near the coast, in all warm waters. They occasionally make dives into the deep water of open oceans. They can be found in water as shallow as three feet deep, and as deep as 1,280 metres.
White sharks and human beings.
Sometimes, sharks attack human beings, but they do not do it because they like to eat people. When sharks see some new object, for example a surfboard, they bite it to know what kind of object it might be. Sometimes, sharks see the shadow of surfers and attack them because they think they are seals.
Humans, in any case, are not good food for great white sharks, because the sharks' digestion is too slow to cope with the human body's high amount of bone and low amount of muscle and fat. Because of this nearly all attacks by great whites don't continue after the first bite. Deaths are caused by loss of blood from the first wound. Most attacks also occur in waters where it is hard to see or where the shark is confused.

Cary Grant
Cary Grant (1904-1986), born as Archibald Alexander Leach in the United Kingdom, was an American actor. He is most well-known for starring in 1959's "North by Northwest".

Emotion
Emotion is how people feel inside. Emotions are psychological effects on the body (caused by the brain). They can be sadness, happiness, anger, fear, joy and more.

Dyslexia
Dyslexia is a very common problem and has an effect on the way our brain understands words. The most common signs of dyslexia are reading and writing problems. Estimates are that in the United States between five and nine percent of schoolchildren have dyslexia, though estimates go as high as fifty percent.
A person can have dyslexia even if he or she is very smart or educated. Recent studies show that there are many small business owners that have dyslexia, between 35 and 50 percent of U. S. and British entrepreneurs are affected. Researchers think that many dyslexic entrepreneurs are successful because they can delegate responsibilities (of writing letters) and still be good at speaking.
At the end of the 20th century, scientists did much research about dyslexia and found some of the reasons that people are dyslexic. A professor who did research in the 1980s and 1990s looked at the brains of dyslexic people who had died. He found that some parts of the brain were not connected very well, and that this happened during the fourth month of pregnancy. This problem has a big effect on the left half of the brain. The newest research shows that three genes are the reason for dyslexia.
One thing that causes dyslexia is a problem with the central hearing nerve. This problem can not be found with a normal hearing test, so a special doctor has to do special tests to find it. It means that people with heavy dyslexia are sensitive to loud noise, may have problems speaking, and may not be able to concentrate. It may also cause problems with rhythm and melody of music.
Finding dyslexia.
In order to tell if a child has dyslexia, he or she has to be seen by a doctor. A child can be called dyslexic if he or she cannot read or write well and there is no other reason for the problem. Doctors are trying to create early tests to help find out whether a child has dyslexia before they are old enough to go to school. If this happens, a child can start to be treated very early, and they may have fewer problems at school. Many well-known people have dyslexia, such as Whoopi Goldberg, Keira Knightley, Susan Hampshire, Orlando Bloom, Keanu Reeves, Richard Branson and Henry Winkler.
Therapy.
Children with dyslexia can be helped. One way teachers help dyslexic students is to break words into different sounds. The student must learn how to write the different sounds and create words. This helps with reading and writing. Some people believe that dyslexic children can read and write better if they put pieces of colored paper on top of what they are reading.

AK-47
The AK-47 is a Russian assault rifle designed in 1947 by Mikhail Kalashnikov and first used in 1949. It and two updated versions called the AKM and AK-74 were used by the Soviet Union's Military (which was called the Red Army). The AK-47 quickly became famous and spread all around the world because it was so simple for an automatic gun. The AK-47 and its successors continue to be used by many of the world's armies and insurgencies. It is a cheap, reliable, and easy to use weapon.
The AK-47 was the first gun to use a method called Gas-operated reloading. When the bullet is moved down the barrel, a little bit of the gas behind the bullet is made to go up a small tube that pushes away the bolt. This is special because the person who is shooting the gun does not have to reload with their hand every time that they want to shoot - the gun reloads by itself.
The AK-47 used very many simple ideas from that were first invented for the German StG44 WW2Assault rifle. This is a common gun used by terrorists because it is so cheap and available.The letters AK stand for Automatic Kalashinikov. It is famous for it banana mag. It shoots the Soviet 7.62 mm bullet. It is only accurate up to 300 meters. After that it starts to tumble and drop.

Erzsébet Báthory
Erzsébet Báthory (Elizabeth Bathory in English; (August 7, 1560 – August 21, 1614), was a countess in what is now Transylvania.
She is the most famous serial murderer in Slovak and Hungarian history. She was accused of torturing and killing many girls and young women. It is unknown how many women she killed. Her diary says that there were 612 people that she killed, but there may have been more or less.
Life.
She was born in present-day Hungary on August 7, 1560 and died on August 21, 1614 in Čachtice (Hungarian: Csejte) in present-day Slovakia.
She spent her childhood at the Ecsed Castle. At the age of 11, she was forced to be engaged with the fighter Francis Nádasdy. In 1575, she married Nádasdy. In 1578, he became the chief commander of Hungarian troops in their war against the Turks. He was known as a very brave, but also very cruel person.
Nádasdy’s wedding gift to Elizabeth was his home, the Čachtice Castle (situated in the Carpathians in present-day western Slovakia near Trenčín, then part of the Kingdom of Hungary) along with the Čachtice country-house and seventeen nearby towns. The castle itself was surrounded by a peasant village and rolling hills. In 1602, Elizabeth’s husband bought the castle from the emperor Rudolf II, so that it became a property of the Nádasdys. Since battles with the Turks kept her husband away from the castle, Elizabeth became the lady of the castle.
Anastasia Báthory, illegitimate daughter (born 1574).
Katalin (Katherina) Nádasdy (born c. 1594).
Her husband died in 1602.

Peter Jackson
Peter Jackson (born October 31, 1961, Pukerua Bay, New Zealand) is a movie director. He is most widely known for directing the "The Lord of the Rings" film trilogy.
In 2003, Jackson won three Academy Awards for ': Academy Award for Directing, Academy Award for Best Picture and Academy Award for Writing Adapted Screenplay.

Valencia
Valencia is a city in Spain, on the Mediterranean coast. It is the capital of the Community of Valencia. It has 807,396 people, making it the third-largest city in Spain and the fiveteenth in the European Union.
It was founded in the Roman time as a city although there are more ancient things found there of the Iberian civilization.
There are very much persons they speak Valencian, the official language with Spanish in the Valencian Community.

Murcia
Murcia is the capital of the autonomous community of Murcia, in Spain, and her biggest city with a population of 410,000 in the city and more than 740,000 in the metropolitan area. The municipality is the seventh in Spain. The city is in the Segura Valley, in a land called la "Huerta de Murcia", which is a very important agricultural center with oranges, lemons, tomatoes, onions, etc.; the rich kitchen garden orchard typical of the Mediterranean lands. The city has a Baroque cathedral and a university.

Zaragoza
Zaragoza (sometimes called Saragossa in English) is the capital of Aragon, in the Ebro Valley, in the crossroad from Barcelona, Valencia, Madrid, and Bilbao. The population is 643,000. The most important monument is the Nuestra Señora del Pilar ("Basilica of Our Lady of the Pillar").

Malaga
Malaga is a Spanish city in Andalusia, on the Mediterranean coast, called "Costa del Sol" (Sun Coast). The city has 560,000 inhabitants and more than 1,000,000 in the surrounding area. It is the second biggest city in Andalusia after Sevilla, and the sixth biggest in Spain.

Las Palmas de Gran Canaria
Las Palmas de Gran Canaria is the most important city in the Canary Islands, in the Atlantic Ocean. The city, with a population of 378,000, is the eight-largest in Spain. The weather is usually sunny and dry because it is near the Sahara Desert.
Together with Santa Cruz de Tenerife, it is the capital of the "Comunidad Autónoma de
Canarias" (Autonomous Community of the Canary Islands).

Palma de Mallorca
Palma de Mallorca is the capital of the Balearic Islands and the Mallorca island, in the Mediterranean Sea, in front of the Iberian Peninsula. The city, with a population of 375,000, is the ninth-largest of Spain. It is a very important tourist center in the world.

Cordoba
Cordoba is a city in Spain, in Andalusia, over the Guadalquivir river, with a population of 321,000. Cordoba was the capital of the Califate of Cordoba, an Islamic empire in the Middle Ages, when the city was the biggest of Europe with 250,000.

Alicante
Alicante is a city in Spain. It is located in the south-east of the country, on the Mediterranean coast, in a Bay in the exit to the sea of the Ravine of the Sheeps. It is the capital of the Alicante province. Alicante itself has a population of 331,750. It is the center of a metropolitan area with a total population of 757,443. The city is the eight largest in Spain. The city is a sea port and a tourist centre.

Phonology
Phonology is the science that studies the sound patterns of language. Phonology is part of linguistics, which is the scientific study of language.

Linguistics
Linguistics is the science that studies language. Scientists who study language are called linguists.
Linguistics divides language in many levels to study it, like sounds (phonetics), structure of words (morphology), meaning of words (lexicology), and the structure of language itself (grammar). It also studies how people understand language (semantics) and how words combine (syntax).
Linguistics studies one language next to another to find similar properties. Doing that makes possible to find things shared by all the languages of the world.

Murcia (autonomous community)
The Region of Murcia is an autonomous community in the south-east of Spain. With a population of 1,350,000, the capital is Murcia, with 410,000 people. Other important cities are Cartagena, Lorca, Molina de Segura, and Cieza.

Segura
Segura is a Spanish river that is 325 kilometers (200 miles) long. It flows through the provinces of Jaen, Albacete, Murcia, and Alicante, and the cities of Cieza, Molina de Segura, Murcia, Orihuela, Rojales, and Guardamar. It then flows into the Mediterranean Sea.

Orihuela
Orihuela is a city on the coast in Spain in the Alicante province, on the Segura river in a district called "Vega Baja". Oranges and lemons are grown. The city has a population of 75,000 with very important historical monuments like the Cathedral and the church of Santiago, the church of Santa Justa and Rufina and the Seminarium.

Alicante province
Alicante province is the fifth largest Spanish province by population with 1,750,000, and the second largest in the Valencian Community. It is on the south-east Mediterranean coast and the capital is the city of Alicante, a sea- port with a University. It is a commercial city with monuments like Sainte Barbra Castle. Other importants cities are Elche, 215,000 with palms trees and its important shoe industry; Torrevieja, 100,000, tourist centre with the world-famous Habaneras contest; Orihuela, 75,000, agricultural important center; Benidorm, 67,000, the Mediterranean Manhattan; Alcoy, 60,000; textile center, and Elda, 55,000, shoes industry.
The most important river is the Segura, in the south, which provides the water to Alicante, Elche, Torrevieja, Orihuela and other cities. There are others like Vinalopo, Serpis, Amadorio, Ravine of the Sheeps and Monnegre.
The biggest mountain is Aitana, and other mountains are Mariola, Puig Bell, Maigmo and Gold Head, near Alicante. In the coast there are islands, the most important is Tabarca, and other is the Benidorm island. An important coast success is the Penon of Ifach, in Calpe.
The activities in Alicante province are tourism, industry (shoes, carpets, plays, dolls, textil) and modern agriculture of regadium (oranges, lemons, tomatoes, almonds, wine). There are two Universities: University of Alicante and University of Michael Hernandez.

Turkmenistan
Turkmenistan or Turkmenia is a country in Central Asia. It has borders with Afghanistan, Iran (Persia), Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan. It has no ocean coastline, but is on the Caspian Sea.The capital of Turkmenistan is Ashghabad.

Caesium
Caesium (or cesium) is chemical element 55 on the periodic table. Its symbol is Cs.
Caesium is an alkali metal. It has some interesting properties. It can melt when you hold it in your hand, but it would not be smart to hold pure caesium in your hand because it is extremely reactive. It will even explode in air. There is not much caesium available on the Earth, so it costs a lot of money to buy it.
Caesium forms compounds with many other chemical elements. Because of this, it is used in tubes without air because caesium will react with the air. Otherwise, caesium does not have too many uses. One form of caesium, caesium-137 (how many protons and neutrons there are in an atom of that type of caesium), is used in atomic clocks.
The human body does not need caesium, and it may be dangerous because it acts like other important things our bodies need, like sodium and potassium.

Rubidium
Rubidium is chemical element 37 on the periodic table. Its symbol is Rb.
Rubidium is part of the group of elements known as the alkali metals. It is a very soft metal and if you heated it up, it would melt at a low temperature. This is unusual. Rubidium is also very reactive. It will explode in air because it reacts with many other elements in the air like oxygen and nitrogen. There is not much rubidium on the earth, so it can cost a lot of money to get it. There are not many uses for rubidium.
Rubidium is not very dangerous in the human body; however, if a person gets too much from eating, they could get sick because it acts like other alkali metals such as potassium and sodium.

Barium
Barium is chemical element 56 on the periodic table. Its symbol is Ba.
Barium is part of a group of elements known as the alkali earth metals. It is reactive, and if you put pure barium metal in the air, it will react with oxygen. Barium has some interesting uses. Certain types of barium can be put in the body. We can see where the barium travels in the body and this can tell us whether there are problems, such as blockages.
Barium is a very toxic element, though, and is dangerous. There is a really small amount of barium in our food, and this does not cause problems. If we get barium from other places, though, it can cause many problems. Even 1 gram of barium can kill you. It is dangerous because it acts like other really important elements, such as calcium and magnesium. If barium replaces these elements, it screws up the body.

Scandium
Scandium is chemical element 21 on the periodic table. It symbol is Sc.
Scandium is a metal in a group known as the transition metals. It is also a rare earth metal. What this means is that there is not very much scandium found in the earth. Because of this, the pure metal can be expensive. The pure metal is very reactive, and will react with other elements like oxygen. The metal turns from shiny to gray.
Scandium is not very dangerous because there is not much of it on Earth, so there is not enough of it to harm us. It does not have many uses. Its main use is perhaps as a component in Mercury-vapor lamps. Such laps are used to light Stadiums.

Vanadium
Vanadium is chemical element 23 on the periodic table. Its symbol is V.
Vanadium is a metal and is part of the group known as the transition metals. It is mostly used in steel where it helps strengthen the steel metal.
The human body may require a little bit of vanadium, even though scientists aren't really sure. There is a little bit of vanadium in vitamins just to make sure that we do not get sick (in case our body does need vanadium).
Vanadium can react with a variety of other elements, and the chemical compounds it forms often have beautiful colors.

Arsenic
Arsenic is chemical element 33 on the periodic table. Its symbol is As.
Arsenic is an element that is known as a metalloid. It can act like a metal and a nonmetal at different times. It does not conduct electricity very well (like most metals), but it is a semiconductor. This means that arsenic can be used in computers to make them faster.
Most people know about arsenic because it is dangerous. Arsenic is toxic and can kill a person if they get too much of it. This really only happens when a person gets poisoned because there is not enough of it in our food to actually hurt us. Sometimes there is too much arsenic in water, and the government tries to make sure that it is removed before people drink the water. Even so, some people believe that we need an extremely small amount of arsenic to make sure that our body works right. We get all of the arsenic that we might need from our food.

Manganese
Manganese is chemical element 25 on the periodic table. It symbol is Mn. (Some people get it confused with magnesium, the symbol is Mg).
Manganese is a metal and is part of the group known as the transition metals. Like most of the other metals in this group, manganese can form compounds that have different colors. Manganese compounds can be purple or brown.
Manganese is used a lot in steel to make it stronger.
Our bodies and plants need manganese to work right. If we do not get enough manganese, we can get sick. We get manganese from our food and vitamins also have some manganese to make sure that we get enough.

Gallium
Gallium (chemical symbol: Ga) is chemical element 31 on the periodic table.
Gallium is a metal, but is has some unusual properties. If it is held in a person's hand, it will melt. Gallium does not conduct electricity well, and is known as a semiconductor. That means gallium can be used in computers to make them work. It is very shiny, so it is used to paint mirrors when melted.
Gallium is not dangerous to people, because there is not much of it on the Earth.

Nikita Khrushchev
Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchyov (Russian: Ники́та Серге́евич Хрущёв) IPA:, commonly spelled in English as Khrushchev) April 17, 1894 – September 11, 1971) was the leader of the Soviet Union after the death of Joseph Stalin. He ruled from 1953-1964.
Nikita was born in the town of Kalinovka in Russia. He later moved to Ukraine. He worked in mines, and became part of the Bolshevik movement.
He moved his way up in the Communist Party, eventually becoming trusted by President Joseph Stalin. When Stalin died, Khrushchev became the leader of the Soviet Union.
"De-Stalinization".
When Nikita became the leader of the Soviet Union, he began something he called "De-Stalinization". He took down all posters and statues of Joseph Stalin. Also, he moved Stalin's grave to a place where people could not see it in the Kremlin wall, he buried Stalin deep. This was all a part of an effort to make the people of the Soviet Union forget about Stalin.
He helped unravel truth behind Katyn tragedy where over 22000 of Polish inteligentisa were killed by Stalin and Beria's orders.
Relations with the "West".
He also had better contacts with the western countries like the USA, Britain, and France. This means the USSR and the west were more friendly. He visited America in 1959.
But the USSR and the US still did not trust each other. In 1962 America and the USSR had problems over missiles being in Cuba (near the US), and could have had a war. Khrushchev took the missiles away from Cuba and this problem was ended.
Relations with China.
Also, during this time, the Soviet Union became a lot less friendly with China. Because the Chinese leader Mao Zedong liked Stalin, and did not like it when Khrushchev became more friendly with the west, and when Nikita Khrushchev began a "destalinization" campaign. That's when Mao started the Sino-Soviet Split

Metalloid
Metalloid refers to a group of chemical elements that have interesting properties. They can look like metals and act like metals at times, but they can also act like things that are not metals (nonmetals). Many metalloid elements are semiconductors because they do not conduct electricity very well.
Metalloid elements include: silicon, germanium, arsenic, tellurium, and selenium.

Rambla de las Ovejas
The Rambla de las Ovejas (which translates to Ravine of the Sheeps) is a water course of the province of Alicante, in Spain. It originates at the foot of the Maigmo, to 1,100 meters of height and gathers the waters of the sides of the Maigmo, Cid and others of minor height across numerous tributary ravines. It ends in the city of Alicante, between the neighborhoods of Babylon and Saint Gabriel.
The tributary ravines are those of Rambuchar, Pepior, Alabaster and Bramble, between the most important. The normally dry riverbed experiences forts grown as consequence of torrents, like the rains in 1982 it came to 400 m³/seg. in Alicante causing serious destruction and human losses. It has since been canalized providing to the riverbed of a potential capacity of 735 m³/seg. In the floods of 1997 it came to 100 m³/seg.

Guadalquivir
Guadalquivir is a river to the south of Spain, which crosses the autonomous community of Andalusia. The name derives from the Arab "Wadi al-Kabir" ("big river"), whereas the Romans were called it a river "Betis".
Guadalquivir is born in the Glen of the Sources in the mountains near Cazorla (Jaen province) and ends in the population of Sanlucar de Barrameda (Cadiz province), passing through the provinces of Jaen, Cordoba, Seville and Cadiz. The length is 657 kilometres, and the principal tributaries are the rivers Genil (which flows through Granada), The Minor Guadiana, Guadalbullon, and Guadajoz on the left side, and Guadalmena, Jandula, and Guadiato on the right.
It is the only river in Spain with shipping traffic. At present, it only is navigable up to Seville, though in the Roman epoch it was navigable up to Cordoba.

Ebro
Ebro is a Spanish river. It flows through Reinosa, Miranda de Ebro, Logrono, Tudela, Zaragoza, and Tortosa. It empties into the Mediterranean Sea in the province of Tarragona.

Toledo province
Toledo province is one of the provinces of Castile-La Mancha, in the center of Spain, near Madrid. The capital is Toledo and the biggest city is Talavera of the Queen. The population of the province is near 600,000.

Talavera de la Reina
Talavera of the Queen ("Talavera de la Reina" in spanish) is a city of the interior of Spain. It is the capital of a wide region belonging to the autonomous community of Castile-La Mancha. It is located in the northwest of the province of Toledo. Talavera of the Queen is the second biggest city of Castile-La Mancha, and the first one of the province, with a population of 85.172 inhabitants.
Its mistress is "Our Lady of the Meadow".
As curiosity of this locality emphasizes that Gwyneth Paltrow is an adopted child of this locality toledana.

Castile-La Mancha
Castile-La Mancha is an autonomous community in Spain with a population over 2,000,000. The capital is Toledo and the biggest cities are Albacete, Talavera of the Queen, Guadalajara, Ciudad Real, Puertollano, and Cuenca.

Ciudad Real
Ciudad Real (this translates to "Royal City") is a city in Spain. It is the capital of the province with the same name, in the autonomous community of Castile-La Mancha.
The city has 69,063 people who live there. It is an average of 628 meters above sea level. The municipal area is 285 km². It is approximately 200 km to the south of Madrid.

Ciudad Real (province)
Ciudad Real (Royal City in English) is a province of Spain in the community of Castile-La Mancha. It has 497.691 people living in it.

Puertollano
Puertollano (which translates to Flatport, in English) is a city in Spain. It is the second biggest in Ciudad Real province, in the region of Castile-La Mancha. It is an important industrial center, with a population of 50,000.

NOFX
NOFX is a popular punk rock band from California. The band was formed in 1983 by Fat Mike. As of April 2007, NOFX had released ten full-length albums (counting the 1988 self-released album "Liberal Animation"). They released their latest album, "Wolves in Wolves' Clothing", on April 18, 2006.

Methane
Methane is a hydrocarbon that is a gas at room temperature (20oC). Its molecular formula is CH4, so it has one carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms in a molecule. It is often found as the main part of natural gas. Methane is a greenhouse gas 22 times more effective than carbon dioxide. It is also less stable and slowly oxidates by oxygen to carbon dioxide and water.
Uses.
Methane is used in gas taps in places such as chemistry classrooms, laboratories, etc. as it burns very easily because of it's simple molecular structure.
Molecular structure.
Methane's molecular structure is very simple. It is a single carbon atom surrounded by four hydrogen atoms.
Production.
Methane can be produced by many chemical methods, but usually is found in natural gas and is obtained by fractional distillation, after it is become liquid.

North Country
North Country is a movie about a woman being harassed in a mining facility.

Dance Dance Revolution
Dance Dance Revolution is a series of video games made by Konami in which players step on arrows on a large pad or mat to match the arrows on screen. The arrows are in time with the music. Because players are moving themselves along to the music, they look like they are dancing. There is a large variety of music.
There is a bar at the top of the screen. If players make mistakes, the bar gets smaller. If players do not make mistakes, the bar grows. The game ends if the player makes too many mistakes.
Players can choose between three levels. They are called light, standard, and heavy. Light is easy and heavy is hard. On some of the newer games, there is a beginner mode, which is very easy, and a challenge mode, which is very hard.
From DDR SuperNOVA to later versions, the levels are called beginner, basic, difficult, expert, and challenge.

Street Fighter II
Street Fighter II is a video game by Capcom made in 1990.
The player controls a martial arts fighter and has to knock out the opponent. There are many playable characters. Each character has special moves. The game's boss is called M. Bison. There have been many follow-up games to "Street Fighter Two". The street fighter series of games is still very popular. Though it is seventeen years old, many game players still prefer "Street Fighter Two" to newer fighting games. Ryu, Ken, Guile and Chun Li are the most popular characters.
The game was released for Arcade and different consoles.

Mighty Morphin Power Rangers
Mighty Morphin Power Rangers is a television series which ran for 3 seasons (one season of television is made in a year), which is longer than the Power Rangers shows after this series have lasted. This series has 155 episodes in total. The next show after the third season is called Power Rangers Zeo. There are many different versions of Power Rangers, and most of them were made with better technology, yet many still prefer this one more than any other. Like all Power Rangers shows, Mighty Morphin Power Rangers is based off other shows from Japan. Each season of Mighty Morphin Power Rangers is based off a different show from Japan.
Plot.
Five teenagers battle against the witch Rita and the wizard Lord Zedd to defend the earth. They have large robots called Zords and battle suits for their fights. They are armed with special weapons like swords, axes, bows, daggers and lances to help them fight monsters. Rita and Lord Zedd have an army of fighters known as Putties, which get destroyed and broken into many pieces when they are hit by their weak spot - a Z plate on their chest.
Season 1: Dinosaurs.
Rita is in a prison on the Moon. When she gets out of it, she wants to destroy Earth, because that's what she wanted to do before she was put in prison. She brings along her helpers, who were also in prison. One of them is called Goldar. He is a blue gorilla in gold armor who can fight better than anyone. To stop her, five teenagers are chosen by a wizard called Zordon. Zordon has an robot called Alpha 5 who helps him. The teenagers are given special magic coins that turn them into Power Rangers.
Rita has her own magic coin, and uses it to make her own evil Power Ranger, the Green Ranger. The Green Ranger fights the good Power Rangers, because Rita is controlling his mind. They free him from Rita's evil magic, but his magic coin stops working the right way, and begins to hurt him when he uses it. The Green Ranger gives up his magic coin to the Red Ranger who won't get hurt by it.
Season 2: Legendary Animals.
When Lord Zedd comes into the show, he destroys the Power Rangers' Zords. Zordon takes the Green Ranger's magic coin and uses it to make new Zords for the Power Rangers. These new Zords are mostly fairy tale animals, like the unicorn and the dragon. The old Zords were Dinosaurs, like Triceratops and T-Rex. Lord Zedd also puts Rita back in her prison and throws her away into space, because she was not doing a good enough job of being evil.
But one day, a new Power Ranger appears. His costume is white, and his Zord is a white tiger. No one knows who he is, but he turns out to be the old Green Ranger. Later, three of the Power Rangers decide to leave the team and go to Switzerland. They choose three teenagers from another school to take their powers.
Rita comes back, too, and gives Lord Zedd a love potion. He falls in love with her, and they get married. Goldar gives Lord Zedd another potion to stop the love potion, but Lord Zedd's love for Rita turns out to be true and they stay married.
Season 3: Ninja.
Rita's brother, Rito Revolto, comes to visit his sister. He looks like a skeleton. Rito does what Rita and Lord Zedd could not do, and destroys the Power Ranger's magic coins. The Power Rangers go and find Ninjor, a powerful ninja (a ninja is a type of fighter from Japan), who made the magic coins. He agrees to help them and makes new coins and new Zords for them. They become Ninja Power Rangers, and their new Zords are animals like the wolf and the frog.
At the end of this season, Rita and Rito's father comes to Earth. He is very powerful, even more powerful than his son and daughter together. He uses magic to turn back time, making the Power Rangers into children. They lose their new ninja powers, and go off to find new powers. The next show, Power Rangers Zeo, starts after this happens.
Power Rangers.
Jason Lee Scott - The first Red Ranger. He is the leader. He leaves the team to go to Switzerland.
Trini Kwan - The first Yellow Ranger. She also leaves the team for Switzerland.
Billy Cranston - The Blue Ranger. He is often bullied by other teenagers because he is smart and shy.
Kimberly Hart - The first Pink Ranger. She leaves the team to become an athlete.
Zach Taylor - The first Black Ranger. He also leaves to go to Switzerland.
Tommy Oliver - The Green Ranger. He later becomes the White Ranger.
Rocky DeSantos - The second Red Ranger.
Aisha Campbell - The second Yellow Ranger.
Adam Park - The second Black Ranger.
Katherine Hillard - The second Pink Ranger.

Office Space
Office Space is a 1999 comedy movie. The movie was directed by Mike Judge.

Syriana
"Syriana" is an 2005 American movie, which has won Academy Award and Golden Globe awards. It is directed by Stephen Gaghan and produced by Jennifer Fox, Michael Nozik, Georgia Kacandes, Steven Soderbergh, George Clooney.
Plot.
The movie is about a lot of people doing complicated things. One of the people is a CIA agent (George Clooney) who is angered when his boss tries to invade his privacy. Another person, Matt Damon, whose kid dies, gets a better job working for a king. Then another person, a lawyer, Jeffrey Wright finds out that the oil company is actually not good and should be removed from power immediately. The last part of the movie is about two muslims who become suicide bombers because they feel offended.

Shareware
Shareware is a way to sell software.
The user will get a preview or demo of the software for free. This way, the user can decide if he likes the program or not before buying the complete program.
Users can get games for free this way but most of the time these games do not have all the levels. Sometimes Internet Relay Chat clients let users have a demo of their client for 30 days, but after that, in order to keep using it, the user will have to pay money.

Brokeback Mountain
Brokeback Mountain is a 2005 movie about two gay cowboys who are in love with each other. They cannot be together because it is not allowed where they live.

A Christmas Carol
"A Christmas Carol" is a famous book by the English writer Charles Dickens. It was first published on December 17, 1843. The pictures inside were drawn by John Leech. The story has a strong moral message against greed, among other things. It is usually read at Christmas time and has been adapted to theatre, film, radio, and television many times.
Plot.
The story is about Ebenezer Scrooge. At the beginning of the book he is a mean old man who runs a business lending people money. These people are poor and often cannot pay him back. He pays his clerk Bob Cratchit badly.
On Christmas Eve, Scrooge refuses an invitation to his nephew's house for Christmas dinner, telling him he hates it (he calls it a "Humbug"). He then refuses to give money to two men who are collecting for charity.
Later that evening, he is visited by the ghost of his dead business partner Jacob Marley, who went to Hell because of his bad life. He tells Scrooge that the same future will happen to him unless he changes and that during the night he will be visited by three more ghosts. These will show him where he went wrong in his life, and how to be a better person in the future.
The first ghost is the Ghost of Christmas Past. This ghost shows him where he went wrong in the past, showing him his unhappy childhood and how he did not get married.
The second ghost is the Ghost of Christmas Present. This ghost shows him things which are happening now, such as how his clerk, Bob Cratchit, is having a nice Christmas despite not having much money. He also shows him Bob's youngest son, Tiny Tim, who is crippled. Later, the ghost shows him how his nephew is having a good Christmas, and how Scrooge is missing out.
The third ghost is the Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come. This ghost shows Scrooge what Christmas will be like in the future if he does not change. Firstly, people are shown celebrating a man's death and robbing from his house. The ghost also shows him that Tiny Tim has died. Scrooge is then shown his own grave, and realises that the celebrations were for his death.
On Christmas morning, Scrooge wakes up and realises that he has to change. He decides to celebrate Christmas, and help Tiny Tim get better. Through the ghosts' help he becomes a better man.

Aruba
Aruba is an island in the Caribbean Sea, just a short distance north of the Venezuelan Paraguaná Peninsula, and it forms a part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Unlike much of the Caribbean region, it has a dry climate and an arid, cactus-strewn landscape. This climate has helped tourism, however, as visitors to the island can reliably expect warm, sunny weather.
The island broke off from the Netherlands Antilles in 1986, hoping to gain its independence by 1996. In 1990, that effort stopped at the request of the island itself.
The island came into the news after high school senior Natalee Holloway disappeared on a high school graduation trip on May 30, 2005.

Kill Bill
Kill Bill is a movie directed by Quentin Tarantino. It was released in two parts; "Volume 1" and "Volume 2". In most countries it is rated for adult viewing only because of extreme violence and foul language.

Drive-by shooting
A drive-by shooting is when a gun is fired from a moving vehicle, at a target outside the vehicle.

Andalusia
Andalusia or Andalucía, in southern Spain, is one of 17 regions of Spain called Autonomous communities of Spain. It is the first in population among the Autonomous communities and the second in area. With 7,975,672 people and eight provinces it is a well-known region in Europe. The capital is Seville, with 705,000 inhabitants and 1,350,000 in the metropolitan area. Another big city is Malaga, with 560,000 inhabitants and 1,075,000 in the metropolitan area. Other famous Andalusian cities are Cordoba, Granada, Almeria, Cadiz, Jaen, Huelva, Jerez, and Marbella. The most important river is the Guadalquivir and the highest mountain in Andalusia and in the Iberian Peninsula is the Mulhacen
The name Andalusia is the modern version of the name Al-Andalus which goes back to the Middle Ages. During that period, northern Iberian Peninsula was controlled by Christian kings and the southern Iberian Peninsula was controlled by Muslims. In 711 CE, the Muslims invaded the Iberian Peninsula, then controlled by Christians of Visigothic origin. By 719 the Muslims conquered all of the peninsula except for a small area in the northern Pyrenees Mountains. The Muslims used the name Al-Andalus for all of the territory of the Iberian Peninsula under their control. Christians in the north waged war for more than seven centuries against the Muslims, gradually taking over more and more of the southern areas. This process of war is called the reconquista, Spanish for reconquest. In the year 1492, King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain retook the last stronghold in the southern area at Granada. In that same year, the Muslims and Jews were forced to leave Spain.
The name Andalusia has been applied to the southern region of Spain, because that area was the center of the Muslim controlled area and the influence of their architecture and other aspects of their culture can still be seen there.
The Andalusian Party (Partido Andalucista) is a nationalist centre-left political party from Andalusia (Spain), with an important presence in provinces such as Cádiz and Seville although in the past they have stood in other provinces and even won seats in Barcelona to the Catalan Regional Assembly. [1]
The party was founded as the Socialist Alliance of Andalusia (Alianza Socialista de Andalucía) in 1971. In 1976 it took the name Andalusian Socialist Party (Partido Socialista de Andalucía). In 1979 the name was changed to Andalusian Socialist Party - Andalusian Party (PSA-Partido Andaluz). The current party name was adopted in 1984. Its current secretary-general is Julián Álvarez, ex-mayor of Écija, in Seville.
A splinter group, led by former leader Pedro Pacheco, was formed in 2001 under the name Socialist Party of Andalusia (Partido Socialista de Andalucía).
References.
Joseph O'Callaghan, A History of Medieval Spain, 1975, Cornell University Press.

Granada
Granada is a Spanish city, capital of the province of Granada, in Andalusia. With 233,000 inhabitants, it is an important artistic and cultural center. The city has several famous monuments, such as the Alhambra, the Cathedral, the "Alcaiceria", and the "Corral del Carbon". It is near Sierra Nevada, the highest mountain range in Spain, in the valley where the Genil and Darro rivers meet. The Darro runs through the "Albaicin" and the" Sacromonte", two charming historical areas of the city.
See also.
Battle of Granada

Cadiz
Cadiz is a Spanish city, capital of the Cadiz province, in Andalusia. It is the southern capital in the Iberian Peninsula. The population is 130,000, but it is the center of a metropolitan area, the Bay of Cadiz, with more than 500,000.

Merida
Merida is the capital of Extremadura, in the Badajoz province, Spain. It is the capital of an autonomous community, but not of a province. It has 50,000 inhabitants and is an important Roman center, with the theatre and the bridge over the Guadiana river.

Cuenca
Cuenca is a spanish city, capital of the Cuenca province, in Castile-La Mancha. It's a small city with 50,000 inhabitants and very famous for ther monuments: The hanging houses, the Cathedral and other churches. It is situated over the Jucar river, near the Serrania of Cuenca.

Balearic Islands
The Balearic Islands are an autonomous community of Spain, formed by the "Balearic Islands province". The main Balearic islands are Mallorca (also called in English "Majorca"), Minorca, Eivissa or Ibiza, and Formentera. The capital is Palma de Mallorca, and other cities are Mahon, Ibiza, Inca, Ciudadela, and Calvia.

Henry Fonda
Henry Jaynes Fonda (May 16, 1905 - August 12, 1982) was an American actor. He was the father of a family of other actors: son Peter, daughter Jane, granddaughter Bridget and grandson Troy Garity.
Fonda starred in movies such as "The Grapes of Wrath" (1940), "12 Angry Men" (1957), "Once Upon a Time in the West" (1968) and "Yours, Mine and Ours" (1968). His last performance was in 1981's "On Golden Pond".

Cartagena
Cartagena is a city in the Region of Murcia, in Spain. In the south of the region, at the Mediterranean Sea. The population of the city is 205,000 and it is an industrial centre. Cartagena was founded by the Carthaginese as "Qart Hadasht" and the name means "New City".

Palermo
Palermo is a Italian city, the capital of Sicily, with 720,000 inhabitants and more than 1,000,000 in the metropolitan area. The city was Islamic, Normandic, and from the Kingdom of the Two Sicilys.

Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina or Bosnia-Herzegovina (locally: "Bosna i Hercegovina/Босна и Херцеговина", most commonly abbreviated as "BiH/БиХ") is a country in Europe, with an area of 51,000 km2 and 4,500,000 people. Countries around Bosnia and Herzegovina are Croatia, Serbia and Montenegro. The capital is Sarajevo, and other important cities are Banja Luka, Mostar and Tuzla.
History.
The first state in Bosnia and Herzegovina was in the Middle Ages. During the Ottoman Empire, it was a very important province, and the capital, Sarajevo, had 100,000 people. In 1878 it became controlled by Austria-Hungary when the Empire took over Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1908. In 1914 the Archduke Ferdinand and his wife, Sophie Chotek, were killed in Sarajevo, leading to World War I. From 1918 until 1992, the country was a part of the former Yugoslavia. After a big war, Bosnia and Herzegovina got independence as a country with many different peoples, languages and religions.

Black bass
A Black bass is a type of fresh water fish.
Some names and types are "Florida bass", "Florida" (or "southern") "largemouth", "smallmouth", "green bass", "bigmouth", "bucketmouth", "linesides", "Oswego bass", and "green trout".
Description.
The largemouth is a fish which generally has greenish to brownish sides with a dark line which goes from the head to the tail. It's the largest member of the sunfish family.
Habitat.
It prefers clear, still waters with aquatic vegetation (plants that live in water). A lot of food and cover must also be there. Also, they can tolerate a wide range of water clarities and bottom types, prefer water temperatures from 20 to 30°C, and are usually found at depths less than 20 feet.
Feeding habits.
The feeding habits of bass change with its size. Young fish mainly feed on microscopic animals (plankton). Fingerling bass eat insects and small fishes. Adult bass will eat whatever is available, including fish, crabs, frogs, salamanders, snakes, mice, turtles, and even birds.
Age and growth - Growth rates are highly variable with differences attributed mainly to their food supply and length of growing season. Female bass live longer than males and are much more likely to reach trophy size. By age two or three, females grow much faster than male bass. At five years of age females may be twice the weight of males. The oldest bass from Florida whose age has been determined by fisheries' biologists was 16 years of age.
Sporting qualities.
The largemouth bass is a very popular fresh water game fish. Much of its popularity is due to its aggressive attitude and willingness to strike a lure or bait with explosive force. They can be caught with almost every bait. The value of the largemouth as a sport fish has prompted a movement toward catch-and-release fishing.
World record.
22 pounds, 4 ounces, caught in Montgomery Lake, Georgia (U.S. state) in 1932.

Reinheitsgebot
The Reinheitsgebot is a regulation about the purity of beer. The regulation started in Ingolstadt, in Bavaria, in Germany, in 1516.
Some people talk about the "Bavarian" Reinheitsgebot, or the "German" Reinheitsgebot. They all mean the same thing. There are similar acts in the other states which later became known as Germany.
The Reinheitsgebot is no longer part of German law. It has been replaced by the Provisional German Beer Law
, which allows things prohibited in the "Reinheitsgebot", such as wheat malt and cane sugar, but which no longer allows unmalted barley.
Yeast was not a part of beer until Louis Pasteur discovered what it did during fermentation. This was around the year 1800. Brewers (the people brewing beer) usually re-used some of the sediments of the fermentation. They took some sediments of an older brew and added those sediments to the next brew.
Hops were added as a method of preservation (to stop the beer going bad quickly). Hops were allowed to stop other things (like adding certain mushrooms to the beer, which was done in the Middle Ages) being done to preserve beer. Other herbs, like stinging nettles had been used. The stinging nettle is part of the same plant family as hops.
A brewer who broke the "Reinheitsgebot" was punished: The beer barrels were taken by the state and destroyed and he/she did not receive any money for the loss.
Even today, many brewers are proud of the "Reinheitsgebot"; most German breweries say they follow it. Some only use it as a marketing tool. The "Reinheitsgebot' says that beer is made of barley, so all wheat beers, "wiezbier" were not allowed by the original Reinheitsgebot).
Belgian beers are different. The brewers often add sugar (to boost fermentation). Nevertheless, Belgian beers have a brewing tradition at least as long as those of Germany. They taste totally different from the German ones.

Maß
A Maß or Mass is an old unit of measurement of liquid. Literally translated, it means "measure". It is equal to 1.069 litre. Today, it is only used for measuring quantities of beer (one litre). Beer is usually served as 0.2 or 0.3 l ("small beer") or as 0.5 l ("big beer"), but at some occasions (like the Oktoberfest) and some places it is also served as a "Maß".

Wolverine
The wolverine ("Gulo gulo") is a member of the Mustelidae family (the weasels). He is not related to the wolf or the bear, as some may think. The male is about 18 inches high, the female 14 inches. Their length ranges from 36 inches (female) to 45 (male) and they can become around 25 to 36 pounds. Their tail measures about 8 inches. Their brown fur protects them from the extremely cold temperatures and their big feet beware them from sinking in the snow.
Wolverines can be found in the Northern United States, in Canada, Alaska, Siberia, Russia, and also in Northern Europe.
The wolverine does not belong to the herbivores (an individual that eats nothing but plants). It is one of the smallest and most powerful predators in the world. If he was as big as a bear, he would be even the strongest animal in the world. But wolverines are not fast movers. Therefore, they do not hunt their prey. They often let other animals do the hunting and afterwards, the wolverines chase them away and are left to eat the kill. Another way of hunting is climbing up a tree and rest there until the prey pasts by. In this case, the wolverine attacks and kills it.
A wolverine feeds almost every non-vegetarian-food that he can find: mice, rats, birds, their eggs, reindeer and other large prey (only in winter, because when snow covers the ground, they are not able to flee as fast as in summer).
Every two or three years, the wolverines make babies. After nine months, in a snowdrift, a tree hollow or under a rock, the female gives birth to one to five lads (young wolverines). These live now up to 13 years and have to fear nothing except mankind.
The human is the wolverine’s only enemy. The wolverine’s thick, warm fur is in great demand to manufacture parkas or other winter clothes. As a consequence, the number of wolverines is going down more and more. Humans also destroy its living space to get oil or wood, which will probably cause the extinction (a species’ death) of this animal.

Bismarck (ship)
The German battleship "Bismarck" was one of the most famous warships of World War II. It had only one mission. This mission was called "Rheinübung". Nearly 3500 seamen lost their lives in the battle which lasted around 8 days.
Technics.
The whole ship with all the oil reserves had a weight of 53165 tonnes. It had a length of around and the width was. The ship had eight cannons which were named as the heavy artillery. The light ones were twelve cannons. The ship had several anti-aircraft "FLAK" cannons too. The armour-plating of the "Bismarck" was very impressive for its time, and even for today. The thickest plating was around the heavy artillery. It was thick.
Operation "Rheinübung".
First the "Bismarck" had to reach the open sea. This because it was a huge battleship few other ships would be able to get close enough to attack without being destroyed, so it could control a large area of sea.
The first problem the "Bismarck" had was how to pass the British Isles. It took the way near the Fjords of Norway. There it met the other German ship "Prinz Eugen". Both ships reached the open sea in the Denmark straits. The Royal Navy's battleships HMS Hood and HMS Prince of Wales were sent to sink the "Bismarck". The "Hood" lost this battle. The "Hood" was more than a ship for the British military leaders. It was kind of a myth. So the British Navy sent a huge amount of ships to hunt the "Bismarck". There were some cruisers, many battleships and some aircraft-carriers. There was a very dramatic hunt, because the Bismarck was damaged but escaped from the nearest British ships. Finally the "Bismarck" was found by a some aircraft from one of the ships, and its rudder and propeller were broken by the torpedoes they carried. then the British battleships, HMS King George V and HMS Rodney moved down to their shortest range (3km) and fired straight into the ships towers, one 16 inch shell hit the bridge and killed the captain and the German admiral. now the Bismarck could not move, send radio or fight back due to its fire control taking a direct hit, and it was already
taking on water due to its dual with HMS Hood, and the abandon ship order had been given so all the of the British ships, except two cruisers to pick the German sailors, left the Bismarck. But they had to leave lots behind because a U-boat (U49) had been sent to find and take the Bismarcks log book back to Germany. with the risk of the Bismarck being captured, her sailors seriously damaged her, and she sank at 10:39. over 2000 men went down with her

Republic of Mahabad
The Republic of Mahabad (also Republic of Kurdistan), established in Iranian Kurdistan, was the second independent Kurdish state of the 20th century after the Republic of Ararat in Turkey. Its capital was the Kurdish city of Mahabad in northwestern Iran. The Republic was part of the Iran crisis a conflict between the United States and USSR.
The republic was led by President Qazi Muhammad and Minister of Defense Mustafa Barzani. Prime Minister was Hadschi Baba Scheich. The Republic of Mahabad declared independence on January 22, 1946, but the movement was defeated a year later by the army of the central government of Iran.. After the collapse of the republic in 1947, Qazi Muhammad was hanged in public in Chuwarchira Square in the center of Mahabad.
Massoud Barzani, the current President of Iraqi Kurdistan, was born in Mahabad when his father, the late General Mustafa Barzani, was chief of the military of Mahabad declared in Iranian Kurdistan.
Archibald Roosevelt son of the former US-President Theodore Roosevelt, wrote in "The Kurdish Republic of Mahabad", that a main problem of the peoples Republic of Mahabad, was the kurds needed the power of the USSR. Only with the Red army they had a chance. But these close relationship to Stalin and the USSR let many kurdish tribes to be in opposition with this kurdish state.

Emblem of Iran
The Emblem of Iran was made after the Islamic Revolution in that country in 1979. After the revolution, Iran decided to use a new flag. The old flag had a picture of a golden lion with a sabre that was a symbol for the Shah (king) of Iran. This emblem is a symbol for the whole country and the Islamic character of the new government. It is drawn to look like a version of the word الله which means "God" in Persian (the language of Iran) and also in the Arabic language. It looks like a tulip, which is an old symbol for Iran.

Anti-Kurdism
Anti-Kurdism is hostility towards or prejudice against Kurds, which can range from individual hatred to institutionalized, violent persecution.

Tennis
Tennis is a sport played with a rubber ball, a racket, and a court. There are many different kinds of courts, like grass, clay, or a hard court. The goal of tennis is to hit the ball over the net into the other player’s court. When the other player can’t return the ball, a point is won. The game is played with two or four people. When it’s played with two people, it’s called “singles”, and when it’s played with four people, it’s called “doubles”.
A tennis game has a number of sets. Each set has a number of games, and each game has points. The points are counted love (0), fifteen (15), thirty (30), forty (40). If both players get to forty, the score is "deuce" from which 2 more points are needed to win the game. When one player reaches six games, it is one set. If it is a five set match, the player who reaches three sets first is the winner. If the game count reaches 5-5, the set must be won with two more games than the other player, like 7-5 or 8-6. When the game count gets to 6-6, a "tiebreaker" is played. In a tiebreak, players have to get at least seven points while getting two more points than the other player to win the set. In tiebreak points are called “one,” “two,” etc.
The game started in England during the 1800s. Tennis is now a sport that is played at the Olympic Games. They also have big tournaments like the U.S. Open, Australian Open, French Open and Wimbledon. These four are known as Grand Slam titles.And, right now, according to wikipedia, tennis’s official name is "lawn tennis". From 1998, every September 23rd, is called "Tennis Day".

Teacher
A teacher is a person who helps people learn. A teacher often works in a classroom. There are many different kind of teachers. Some teachers teach young children, in schools called elementary or primary schools. Others teach older children in middle, junior high, and high schools. Some teachers teach adults in more advanced schools (for example, colleges and universities). There are different ways of teaching. Most teachers use a variety of methods to teach.

Getafe
Getafe is a city located to 15 km to the south of Madrid, in the Community of Madrid, Spain. It has a population of 158,363 inhabitants and one great commercial and industrial activity and many mass media. In Getafe there is a university, a military air base, and has a football team that is in the first division of the Spanish's League.

Manhattan Project
The Manhattan Project was the program in which the United States tried to make the first nuclear weapons. The project went on during World War II, and was run by the U.S. Army. The head of the project was General Leslie R. Groves, who built the Pentagon, while the top scientist on the project was Robert Oppenheimer, a famous physicist. The project cost $2 billion, and created many secret cities and bomb-making factories, such as a laboratory in Los Alamos, New Mexico, a nuclear reactor in Hanford, Washington, and a uranium processing plant in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. The project was a success, and the United States created two nuclear bombs which they used against Japan in 1945.
After the war, the laboratory is since abandoned. Today, it is an empty ghost town on the deserts of New Mexico.

Hadschi Baba Scheich
Hadschi Baba Scheich (Haji Baba Sheikh) ("Hacî Baba Şêx" in Kurdish) was the prime minister of the Republic of Mahabad. After the republic was conquered by the Iranian army in 1947 he was the only one who was not hanged together with president Qazi Muhammad at the Chuwarchira Square in Mahabad in 1947. He was immune because of his religious standing. The journalist and lyric Hemin Mukriyani was his secretary during the republic.

Ajam
"Ajam" (عجم) in Arabic means non-Arabic-speaker. Ajam is an Arabic word that came from Jam the name of a king or prophet according to old story he was the king of world.
The early use of the term included all of the peoples with whom the Arabs had contact including Persians, Pakistanis,Greeks, Ethiopians, and the somewhat related Nabataeans.
During the early age of the Caliphates, Ajam was often meant the same thing as barbarian. In some cases it was a word that was used as a way of making people seem like they were not as good as them. In the Middle East, it was usually used to the Persians. In Turkish, the usage of the term is not used to any group of people from a country, but instead seems to have changed from the original Arabic usage for outsiders and turned into a different meaning as the term "ajemi" (in modern Turkish "acemi") which means "clumsy", "inept" or "novice".

Boston Terrier
Boston Terriers are a breed of dog.
They are usually very small, but can also be bred as medium sized dogs. They are considered to be cute dogs and are getting ever more popular. They are in many commercials and many celebrities have them.
Boston terriers are a smart breed of dogs. They can be extremely hyper, but overall are well behaved. Their excitement and enthusiasm is a perk of their personality. They are compactly built with short heads, short tails, but strong limbs. They are smooth coated, with colors of brindle, seal or black and evenly marked with white.

Vigdís Finnbogadóttir
Vigdís Finnbogadóttir (born April 15, 1930) was the 4th president of Iceland. She was president from 1980 to 1996. She was the world's first elected woman president.
She studied literature and drama at the University of Grenoble and the Sorbonne in Paris, and also at the University of Iceland. She graduated in English and French literature, and has a degree in education.
At her election in 1980 she was the first woman anywhere to be elected the head of state in a democratic election. She was re-elected unopposed in 1984 and 1992, and beat her opponent in the election of 1988.

Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson
Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson (born May 14, 1943, in Ísafjörður, Iceland) is the fifth and current President of Iceland, from 1996 to present, re-elected without opposition in 2000, and was re-elected for a third term in 2004.
From 1962 to 1970, he studied economics and political science at the University of Manchester. He was a professor at the University of Iceland for political science, served as a Member of the Althing, and was the Minister of Finance (1988–1991).
He married Guðrún Katrín Þorbergsdóttir in 1974, who gave birth to twin daughters the following year. Guðrún Katrín was very popular in Iceland, and her charm is without a doubt one of the main reasons her husband was elected; she charmed the nation from the start of his campaign. Her death from cancer in 1998 was a shock to the nation and her family.
Ólafur's second marriage was to Dorrit Moussaieff to whom he had been engaged since May 2000. This took place on his 60th birthday May 14, 2003.

Coral Springs, Florida
Coral Springs, Florida, is a planned city in the United States. It was founded on July 10, 1963.

Affenpinscher
Affenpinscher is a small breed of dog in the toy group. They originated in Germany and their name means "Monkey Dog", because their faces are similar to the face of a monkey.

Yorkshire Terrier
The Yorkshire Terrier or Yorkie is a small breed of dog. It originated in the United Kingdom in the town of Yorkshire, which it is named after. They were originally bred to catch mice, so they are often fast and energetic. Yorkies usually weigh about 7 pounds (3.18 kg) and have a dark gray or black coat with a brown face. According to the American Kennel Club (AKC), Yorkies are the second most popular dog breed in America, behind only the Labrador Retriever.

The Chiffons
The Chiffons were an all girl singing group. They started in New York City in 1960 and broke apart in 1972.

Mott The Hoople
Mott the Hoople was a English Hard Rock/Glam Rock group. They formed in 1969 and broke up in 1976.

Turner & Hooch
"Turner & Hooch" is an American movie that was released in 1989. It starred Tom Hanks as Detective Turner and Beasley the Dog as Hooch. It was a very successful movie.

The Temptations
The Temptations are a successful R&B singing group. They formed in Detroit, USA in 1960.

Brenda Lee
Brenda Mae Tarpley or Brenda Lee (born December 11, 1944 in Atlanta, Georgia) was an American pop singer popular in the 1960s.

Buddy Clark
Buddy Clark (July 26, 1912 - October 1, 1949) was a pop singer popular in the 1930s and 1940s.

Air Supply
Air Supply is a pop music singing group. They formed in Melbourne, Australia in 1976.
The current members are Russell Hitchcock (born Juni 15, 1949 in Melbourne) and Graham Russell (born June 1, 1950 in Nottingham, England). In 1981 they got with their song "The One That You Love" a number one hit in the United States. They had their most populare times during the early 1980s.

Sex Pistols
The Sex Pistols were the first popular punk group in Britain. They were only together for two years in the late 1970s and they were known for their rowdy behavior more than their music. The music they made gave many new artists a big influence on their music, mostly in the alternative music and punk scenes. Members in the band: Johnny Rotten- vocals, Paul Cook- drums, Steve Jones- guitar, Glen Matlock- bass. Sid Vicious later replaced Matlock on bass. They recorded only one studio album, called Never Mind the Bollocks - Here's the Sex Pistols. One of their most famous songs is Anarchy In The UK.

Walter Murphy
Walter Murphy is a classically trained pianist. He was born in New York City, USA in 1952. He had a hit song in the late 1970s, "A Fifth of Beethoven".

Bette Davis
Bette Davis (April 5, 1908 - October 5, 1989) was an American actress of the stage, cinema and television. She was nicknamed "The Queen of Hollywood", the "First Lady of the American Screen" and "The Fifth Warner Brother" during her career.
Davis had the most Academy Award nominations for any actress (with ten) until Katharine Hepburn took her place with twelve.

Gunpowder Plot
The Gunpowder Plot of 1605 was a plan to explode the House of Parliament in London, England.
The people who planned this wanted to kill the men of Parliament, along with King James I. They wanted to kill the rulers of England as they were upset at the treatment of catholics at this time. They had 36 barrels of powder placed in the cellar of the Houses of Parliament. The plotters were Robert Gatesby, Thomas Winter, Robert Winter, John Wright, Christopher Wright, Robert Keyes, Thomas Percy, John Grant, Ambrose Rokewood, Everard Digby, Francis Teesham and Thomas Bates. The man who was going to set the gunpowder to blow up was called Guy Fawkes. This plan, however, was discovered by the king.
Some of the plotters escaped to the Midlands but ended up being captured, put on trial and executed by being hanged.
People still celebrate the Gunpowder Plot on Guy Fawkes Night every November 5 in Great Britain and South Africa. They light up the sky with explosions and fireworks, and build large fires (called "bonfires") to celebrate the discovery of the plan.
Even now, before the Parliament meets for the first time each year, they search the cellar of the Parliament House. Nobody really thinks they will find gunpowder down there, but they still do it to remember the first plan.

John Knox
John Knox (about 1514-1572) was the man who brought the Protestant Reformation to Scotland. He was one of the founders of the Presbyterian Church. He married twice and had five children.

Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is one of many Nobel Prizes which were created by Alfred Nobel. This award is given by the Karolinska Institutet, which is a major medical center in Sweden. The Prize is given out every year to a person or persons who have done excellent work in the area of medicine (treating or stopping disease) and physiology (the way the body works).

Nobel Prize in Literature
The Nobel Prize in Literature is one of many Nobel Prizes given in honor of Alfred Nobel. Every year, a writer is chosen by the Swedish Academy of Arts and Sciences to receive the Nobel Prize for Literature. They choose someone who they think has written something that has great value.
Writing of any language could possibly win the Nobel Prize.
List of laureates.
List of Nobel Prize laureates (winners) in Literature from 1901 to the present date.

Zuni
The Zuni, also called Zuñi or Ashiwi are a Native American tribe. They live near the Zuni River. This river flows into the Little Colorado River, in western New Mexico, United States.
They are famous for their language, which is not like other Pueblo or Native American languages. It is one of the few language isolates.

Great Schism
The Great Schism (sometimes also called East-West Schism) is a word that is used to describe how Christianity developed into two big flunctual branches named after
Sydney Lynn Hartman in the Middle Ages. The Western part later became the Roman Catholic Church. The Eastern part is known as the Eastern Orthodox Church. During the centuries views on politics and theology developed differently in several ways.
During the 5th and 6th Centuries the East and West became isolated from each other due to the invasions of the Balkan peninsula. They also had different languages. Latin was the most important language in the West. The East mainly spoke the Greek language. Because of this, talking to each other was difficult. The West came under Frankish influence (as opposed to Byzantine) in the 700s.
The Roman Catholic Church changed the Nicene creed. It inserted a passage that is known as the Filioque. The Creed in its original form reads In the West, the Creed was changed to read
Some people said that the Holy Spirit was a creature. The filioque became a question of theological controversy since it was added to the Creed without an ecumenical council's approval.
There were many bishops in the church, and in the East the Pope was considered the "first among equals", but Rome claimed that the Pope was the only remaining Apostolic see. At first the Eastern Orthodox did not mind the Pope's claim for power over the West - as long as his power stayed in the West. But it came to pass that the Pope decided he also had power over Eastern Christendom as well and he tried to enforce his power on the eastern Patriarchates. A letter written in 865 by Pope Nicholas claims the Pope's power extends "over all the earth, that is, over every church". Pope Nicholas also went beyond his powers as stated in Canon 111 of the Council of Sardica (343) when he overturned a verdict and ordered a retrial on a matter concerning Photius and St. Ignatius, two Patriarchs of Constantinople. This was as a result of petitions to Rome by backers of Ignatius. However, it should be noted that not all the Popes after Nicholas were as extreme - that is, until Pope Leo IX. When, in 1053 Cerularius attempted friendly relations with Pope Leo IX after a disagreement, a bull (religiuos legal document) of excommunication (expulsion from the Church) was brought to Constantinople. Each Church excommunicated the other.
These were just some of the issues plaguing the Eastern and Western Christians that led to the Great Schism. It seems that even after 1054 relations between the east and west were not completely unfriendly, and the common peasant was probably not immediately affected by the schism.

Fallacy
Material Fallacies.
The list is based on the "Organon" by Aristotle and is widely accepted in scientific literature. The terms used are those commonly used in English.
In practice, modern 'Behavioral Cognitive Therapy' contains many of these same abstractions.

Myanmar
The Union of Myanmar, (originally known as the Union of Burma), is the largest country in South Asia that is not an island. It is bordered by China on the north, Laos on the east, Thailand on the southeast, formerly by the East Pakistan region/1947-1971 (now Bangladesh since 1972 on the west, and the Republic of India on the northwest, with the Andaman Sea to the south, and the Bay of Bengal to the southwest. There are over 2,000 kilometers (1,243 mi) of coast line. The country was ruled by a military junta led by General Ne Win from 1962 to 1988, and its political system today stays under the tight control of its military government. Since 1992, Myanmar has been ruled by Senior General Than Shwe.
Origin and history of the name.
In 1989, the military junta officially changed the English version of its name from "Burma" to "Myanmar". It also made a new name in English for places in the country, such as its former capital city, from "Rangoon" to Yangon. The official name of the country in the Burmese language, "Myanma" did not change, however. The renaming was controversial, seen by some as linguistically bad. Accepting the name change in the English-speaking world has been slow, with many people still using the name "Burma" to refer to the country. Major news organizations like the BBC still call it Burma. Some question the military junta's authority to "officially" change the name in English in the first place. Aung San Suu Kyi, however, calls the country Myanmar now.
History.
Myanmar had a strong kingdom in ancient times, but the nation was taken over by the British in the 1800s. Myanmar became independent in 1948 as the Union of Burma, and had a democratic government at first. However, in 1962, a coup d'état brought the military into power, where it has been ever since. The founder of modern Myanmar, Aung San was assassinated months before independence. His daughter Aung San Suu Kyi is currently under house arrest for leading the democracy movement.
In 1991, the military junta agreed to democratic elections, which were won by the National League for Democracy, and should have made Aung San Suu Kyi the Prime Minister. However, the dictatorship ignored the results of the elections and continued ruling. In November 2005, the military government stated that the national capital would be moved from Yangon to a location near Pyinmana, which was renamed Naypyidaw in March 2006.
Land.
Today, there are 14 sections. 7 are called states and the other 7 are called divisions.
The divisions are split into townships. The townships are divided into villages and wards.

1206
1206 is a year in the 13th century.

Ben Nevis
Ben Nevis is the highest mountain in Great Britain. It is in Scotland, near Fort William and it is part of the Three Peaks Challenge.

Snowdon
Snowdon is the highest mountain in Wales. Its top is known as "Yr Wyddfa" (Old Welsh meaning "the grave"). The English name Snowdon comes from Saxon "Snow Dun", meaning "snow hill".
It is in Snowdonia National Park. As the highest mountain in Wales, Snowdon is one of three mountains climbed as part of the Three Peaks Challenge.

Amazonas (Brazil)
Amazonas is the largest state of Brazil. It is in the North Region and borders Acre, Pará, Rondônia, Mato Grosso, and some countries of Latin America. Its main city is Manaus. In Amazonas is found the highest part of Brazil, the Pico da Neblina.
Its name was given because of the Amazons legend, and it is also the name of its major river, the second longest river in the world. Other rivers in Amazonas are Rio Juruá, Purus, Madeira, Rio Negro, Rio Içá, Rio Uaupés, and Rio Japurá.
The economy is based in mining, fishing, and industry.

Manaus
Manaus is the principal city of the North Region of Brazil. It is the capital of Amazonas. In Portuguese, the city used to be called Manáus, before that even Manaos. Manaus had a great age when latex was discovered in the Amazon region. In that age, Manaus has suffered a gread economical and cultural development, and it was with the money of the latex's exportation that the Amazon Opera House was built. After that great age, latex started to be sold by different countries, as Malaysia.
Currently, about 1.5 million people live in Manaus.

Amazonas
Sometimes, people talking about Amazonas also mean the River in South America, which is called the Amazon.

Tocantins (state)
Tocantins is a state in central Brazil. The state was made in 1988 out of the northern part of Goiás, and construction began on the capital, Palmas, in 1989. Palmas is much newer than most cities in the area.
The state is the border between the Amazon Rainforest and Brazil's grassy flatlands. The state is very important for raising and selling cows and other farm animals.

Amazon Rainforest
The Amazon Rainforest is the forest that grows in the tropical basin of the Amazon River.
The forest lies in a basin drained largely by the Amazon River, with 1100 tributaries. This basin was formed in the Paleozoic period, between 500 and 200 million years ago.
Biodiversity.
Wet tropical forests are the most species-rich biome, and tropical forests in the Americas are consistently more species rich than are African and Asian wet forests. As the largest tract of tropical rainforest in the Americas, Amazonian rainforests have unparalleled biodiversity.
The region is home to ~2.5 million insect species, tens of thousands of plants, and some 2000 birds and mammals. The diversity of plant species is the highest on earth with some experts estimating that one square kilometre may contain over 75,000 types of trees and 150,000 species of higher plants. One square kilometre of Amazon rainforest can contain about 90,000 tons of living plants. This constitutes the largest collection of living plants and animal species in the world. One in five of all the birds in the world live in the rainforests of the Amazon. To date, an estimated 438,000 species of plants of economic and social interest have been registered in the region with many more remaining to be discovered or cataloged. (Note: Brazil has one of the most advanced laws to avoid biopiracy, but enforcing it is a problem.)
Amazonian forests as a store of carbon dioxide.
More than one fifth of the Amazon Rainforest has already been destroyed. The forest which remains is threatened. People who care for the envirnoment warn about the loss of biodiversity. They also point out that releasing the carbon which is stored in the trees will increase global warming.
About 10% of the worlds carbon is stored in the Amazonian forest. — on the order of 1.1 x 1011 metric tonnes of carbon. Amazonian forests are estimated to have accumulated 0.62 ± 0.37 tonnes of carbon per hectare per year between 1975 and 1996. Fires related to Amazonian deforestation have made Brazil one of the biggest greenhouse gas producers. Brazilian produces about 300 million metric tonnes of carbon dioxide a year; 200 tons of these are from logging in the pubes().
In 1996, the Amazon was reported to have a 34 per cent increase in deforestation since 1992. A new report by a congressional committee says the Amazon is vanishing at a rate of 52,000 square kilometers (20,000 miles²) a year, over three times the rate for which the last official figures were reported, in 1994.
Conservation.
Some people have calculated that it may even pay to save the forest. They said that one hectare of Amazonian forest in Peru is worth about US $ 6280, if it is used to harvest fruits, latex and timber (wood). If all the wood is cut down for timber, it has a value of about US $ 1000. Obviously, this can only be done once; it is not sustainable. When the forest has been cleared, the hectar of land can be used as a pasture, and is worth about US $ 148.
Not all people agree on the study; some have questioned the assumptions behind it.
The Força Aérea Brasileira has been using EMBRAER R-99 surveillance aircraft to monitor the forest. This was done as part of the SIVAM program. At a conference in July 2004, scientists warned that the rainforest will no longer be able to absorb the millions of tons of greenhouse gases annually, as it usually does, because of the increased speed of rainforest destruction.
9,169 square miles of rain forest were cut down in 2003 alone. In Brazil alone, European colonists have destroyed more than 90 indigenous tribes since the 1900's. With them have gone centuries of knowledge of the medicinal value of rainforest species. As their homelands continue to be destroyed by deforestation, rainforest peoples are also disappearing.
Notes.
Turner, I.M. 2001. "The ecology of trees in the tropical rain forest". Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. ISBN 0521801834
Melillo, J.M., A.D. McGuire, D.W. Kicklighter, B. Moore III, C.J. Vörösmarty and A.L. Schloss. 1993. Global climate change and terrestrial net primary production. "Nature" 363:234–240.
Tian, H., J.M. Melillo, D.W. Kicklighter, A.D. McGuire, J. Helfrich III, B. Moore III and C.J. Vörösmarty. 2000. Climatic and biotic controls on annual carbon storage in Amazonian ecosystems. "Global Ecology and Biogeography" 9:315–335.

Gosport
Gosport is a town in Hampshire, England. The population of Gosport is around 78,000

Bahasa Indonesia
Bahasa Indonesia is the official language of the Asian country of Indonesia (since its independence in 1945). It is a type of the Malay language, which it resembles.
It is spoken as a second language by most natives living in the country, because they use a regional one (such as Javanese). However, Indonesia's education, media and communication all use Bahasa Indonesia.
The language's official name is "Bahasa Indonesia" (language of Indonesia), which is also used in English.

All in the Family
All in the Family was a popular television show in the 1970s. It was about a family who lived in New York. It dealt with many controversial issues during its run (like abortion and racism).

Saint
Religion.
Different reliion use the term "saint" differently. The word comes form Latin "Sanctus", which means holy. In general, saints are believed to be good examples of how people should live, or what people should do. Saints are considered to be holy. In the Roman Catholic Church to become a saint you have to go through a long process called canonization, which is performed by the Pope.

Saint Lucia
Saint Lucia is a tropical island country in the eastern Caribbean Sea. It is a part of the Lesser Antilles, and it is north of the islands of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and south of Martinique.
The island of Saint Lucia has more mountains than many other Caribbean islands, with the highest one being Mount Gimie, at above the sea. Two other mountains, the Pitons, are the island's most famous landmark. They are located near Soufrière, on the west side of the island. Saint Lucia is also one of the few islands in the world that has a volcano that people can drive into.
The capital city of Saint Lucia is Castries, where about one third of the population lives. Major towns include Gros Islet, Soufrière and Vieux Fort. The local climate is tropical, with a dry season from January to April and a rainy season from May to November.

Yuri Gagarin
Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin (Russian: Юрий Алексеевич Гагарин; March 9, 1934 – March 27, 1968) was a Russian cosmonaut (astronaut). He became the first human in space on April 12, 1961, in a rocket launched by the Soviet Union.

Yangtze River
The Yangtze River, or Yangzi, or Chang Jiang, is a river in China. It is the longest river in Asia and the third longest in the world (after the Amazon and the Nile).
The river is about 6,300 kilometers (almost 4,000 miles) long and goes from the western part of China (Qinghai Province) into the East China Sea, which is part of the Pacific Ocean. It has been thought of as a dividing point between northern and southern China. It helped start the Chinese civlization.

Sons and Daughters of Saint Lucia
"Sons and Daughters of Saint Lucia" is the national anthem of Saint Lucia. The song has been used since the country became independent in 1979.
Words to National Anthem.
Sons and daughters of Saint Lucia,
love the land that gave us birth,
land of beaches, hills and valleys,
fairest isle of all the earth.
love, oh, love your island home.
Gone the times when nations battled
for this 'Helen of the West,
gone the days when strife and discord.
Dimmed her children's toil and rest.
Dawns at last a brighter day,
stretches out a glad new way.
May the good Lord bless our island,
guard her sons from woe and harm!
strong in soul and strong in arm!

Tampico
Tampico is the main city in the state of Tamaulipas, Mexico.
It was the site of an incident called the Tampico Affair during the Mexican Revolution in the early 20th century that led to armed conflict between Mexico and the United States. About 80 years earlier Tampico was part of a less serious conflict between the two countries, called the Tampico Expedition.

Goalkeeper
A goalkeeper is someone who protects a team's goal. There are goalkeepers in sports like football (soccer) and ice hockey, for example. The goalkeeper's mission is to prevent the opposing team from scoring a goal. Goalkeepers normally wear more protective gear than other players on the team but this is not always true.
Football.
A goalkeeper's kit (or "uniform") consists of shin guards and gloves to protect his hands from the impact of the ball when he catches it.
Historically, however, until the 1970s goalkeepers would wear little or no hand protection.
Until the early 20th century, the goalkeeper would often wear the same coloured strip as his teammates, with the only different item of clothing being his cap. However, in 1909, the Scottish Football Association took steps to ensure the goalkeeper would wear a different colour from the outfield players. This was to show his different role, as the only player allowed to handle the ball.
Ice hockey.
The goalkeeper in ice hockey (a "Goalie") uses thicker padding than the other players on the team. This is to prevent damage caused by being hit by the puck. The hockey stick of the goalie is much wider than the stick of other players. The bottom edge is also longer and flatter. The goalie has a very large leather glove on one hand. This glove has a large area to help catch the puck. Goalies normally wear masks that give protection to the entire face and head as well as the neck.

1580s
Deaths.
Mary I of Scotland (b. 1542)

Mel Brooks
Mel Brooks (born June 28, 1926) is a Jewish American actor, comedian, writer, film director, and producer.
Two of his most popular films are "Young Frankenstein" (co-written with Gene Wilder) and "Blazing Saddles" (co-written with Richard Pryor).
Brooks is one of the few people to have won Oscar, Emmy, Tony, and Grammy Awards.

Hawaii Volcanoes National Park
Hawaii Volcanoes National Park is a national park in the U.S. state of Hawaii. It is also an "International Biosphere Reserve" and a World Heritage Site.
The park was created in 1916. In it are Mauna Loa, the Earth's biggest volcano, and Kilauea, the Earth's most active volcano.

Pertussis
Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, is a disease that kills about 300,000 people in the world every year, out of 30–50 million cases per year. There is a vaccine that can prevent it, so most cases of it are in places where people cannot afford, or cannot get, the vaccine. However, this vaccine does not work forever. The disease lasts about 6 weeks, and symptoms include vomiting, violent coughing, and other flu-like symptoms. It is called whooping cough for the sound an infected person makes when they cough.
The disease usually infects younger people, as they are more prone to diseases.

Deity
Some people believe that deities are powerful spirits that control the nature of things.
A female god is called a goddess.
"Divine" is the adjective of deity.
Different religions believe in different gods. Followers of many ancient religions and some modern religions believe in many gods and goddesses. The belief in more than one god is called polytheism.

Odin
In Norse mythology, Odin was the king of the Æsir. He is a god of war, but also associated to wisdom, poetry, and magic. Odin rides on an eight-legged horse called Sleipnir, and his famous spear is called Gungnir. He also has an precious arm ring called Draupnir, and two ravens called Hugin and Munin who tell him all the things happening around the world. Odin only has one eye, because he sacrificed one to drink from the fountain of wisdom.
Half of the souls of heroes slain in battles will be guided by the Valkyries, battle maidens, to Odin's hall, Valhalla. The other half belongs to the goddess Freyja.
His wife is Frigg and Jord, the Earth. His eldest son is Thor, god of thunder.
Odin would be swallowed by Loki's son, the wolf Fenrir at Ragnarok.

Qazi Muhammad
Qazi Muhammad (1893-1947) was the Nationalist and Religious Kurdish leader and the Head of Republic of Mahabad (Republic of Kurdistan), the second modern Kurdish state in the Middle East (after Republic of Ararat). He acted as the president of the Russian backed Republic of Mahabad, in Kurdistan of Iran (Eastern Kurdistan) in 1946. He was also the founder of the Kurdish Democratic Party of Iran. A year later, the Kurdish national movement (Komeley Jiyanewey Kurd) that he helped organize was crushed by Iran's central government. The Iranian military court sentenced him to death, and he was hanged in Chuwarchira Square in the center of city of Mahabad at March 30 1947. Mustafa Barzani, the father of nationalist Kurdish movement in Iraqi Kurdistan (Southern Kurdistan), was the defence minister in his cabinet. One of his sons Ali Qazi is today an active member in the kurdish movement.

Brine
Brine is water that has more than 5% salt in it. It is used for preserving food. For this it is much like vinegar or sugar. Brine is also used to transport heat. Adding salt to water lowers the freezing point of the water. At 15.5 ° Celsius, a saturated solution of brine can hold 26.4 % salt by weight. At 0°, it can hold 23.3% salt.
Brines also have some pharmaceutical properties, which can be used to treat people, especially those with diseases of the skin, allergies and common colds.

Aladdin
Aladdin is a fictional person from the story "Aladdin and the Enchanted Lamp", which is part of the "Book of One Thousand and One Nights".
Story.
The young man Aladdin is told by a sorcerer (magician) to get him an oil lamp from a cave. Aladdin gets the lamp, but the sorcerer tries to trick him. So, Aladdin keeps the lamp for himself. Aladdin learns that inside the lamp there is a djinn. The djinn can fulfill every wish of the lamp's owner. With the jinn's help, Aladdin becomes rich and powerful and marries a princess.
The sorcerer returns and tricks Aladdin's wife into giving him the magic lamp. Aladdin finds out that in a ring he has, there is another djinn. This djinn helps Aladdin defeat the sorcerer, get back the magic lamp, and save his wife.

Nirvana
“the far shore, the subtle, the very difficult to see, the unaging, the stable, the undisintegrating, the unmanifest, the unproliferated, the peaceful, the deathless, the sublime, the auspicious, the secure, the destruction of craving, the wonderful, the amazing, the unailing, the unailing state, the unafflicted, dispassion, purity, freedom, the unadhesive, the island, the shelter, the asylum, the refuge...” (SN 43:14)

Lahti
Lahti is a city in Finland. It is part of the province of Southern Finland. Lahti has been a city since 1905. As of 2006, there are 98 257 people living in Lahti.
The concert house Sibeliustalo in Lahti is named after Jean Sibelius. Many stars, including Antti Tuisku, have performed there.

British Virgin Islands
The British Virgin Islands are part of the Virgin Islands chain of islands shared by both the United States and the United Kingdom. It has sixteen inhabited and more than twenty uninhabited islands, and it includes the island of Anegada. It has an area of 153 km². Its population of more than twenty-two thousand is small, compared to that of the United States Virgin Islands.
The capital city, Road Town, is located on Tortola, one of the islands in the group.
Government.
In 1666 England took over the islands. The first lieutenant governor was appointed in 1701, but the British Virgin Islands were usually governed as part of other groups of islands in the Caribbean until 1960 when last legal links with the Leeward Islands were abolished.
A new constitution was given in 2007. It grants more control over everyday life to the Islanders, and lists the protection a person can expect from the government. The Chief Minister will become the Prime Minister, and the Legislative Council will be called the House of Assembly. These changes usually happen when a colony gets close to being independent.

Lamp
A lamp is a device that makes light or sometimes heat. Lamps usually work with electricity.

Pinocchio
Pinocchio is a made up story person that first was told and printed in 1883, in the book "The Adventures of Pinocchio" by Carlo Collodi.
It is the story of a puppet who was made by woodcarver, Gepetto. The puppet, Pinocchio, learns about being a real life boy. He really wants to be a human being instead of being a puppet made of wood with strings. He is famous because when he tells lies, his nose grows much longer.
The most well-known version of the tale is the Disney animated movie from 1940.

Diplomacy
Diplomacy is when countries make agreements with each other, or when they do not. Diplomacy is the talking of one country or more than one country with another country. Sometimes these talks are about trade or business, and sometimes they are about war and peace. Diplomacy happens a lot when two countries or more fight. Diplomats help to stop fighting between these countries.

Acellular
If something is acellular, it contains no cells or is not made up of cells.They are usually too small to see with the naked eye and must be seen with a microscope.

Mexico (state)
The state of México is one of the administrative divisions of the country of Mexico. It is one of 32 administrative divisions. It is in the centre of the country. It borders Hidalgo, Querétaro Arteaga, Tlaxcala, Puebla, Michoacán, Morelos and Guerrero as well as Mexico Federal District. The capital of the state is Toluca de Lerdo. Its biggest city is Ecatepec de Morelos, which borders Mexico Federal district. Teotihuacan is also in this state. It is about 21.355 km² in surface. Approximately 14 million people live there, as of 2005.

Yawn
A yawn is a very large, long breath. Yawns are commonly thought to represent tiredness, but are actually caused by a lack of oxygen in the blood.

Constantine Maroulis
Constantine Maroulis (born September 17 1975) is an American singer, actor and writer from New York. He was on the popular television program "American Idol", in which he almost won. With his past work experiences, he stands out from other "American Idol" singers. Before he was on television, he sang in the rock band Pray for the soul of Betty. Right now, he is taking a break from his band to sing on his own. He is the first "Idol" alum to sign a contract for the making of a new television sitcom.

Sean Lennon
Sean Taro Ono Lennon (born October 9 1975) is the son of John Lennon and his second wife Yoko Ono. He is half Japanese and half Welsh, Irish, and English, this makes him Eurasian. He has the very same birthday as his father, John Lennon.

Eurasian people
A Eurasian person is a person of mixed European and Asian descent or mixed parentage (someone with one Caucasian parent and one Asian parent). In Hawaii, the term "hapa" is used.

Wallonia
Wallonia (walloon: "Waloneye" or "Walonreye") is a French-speaking region in the south of Belgium. Its official languages are French (98%) and German (2%). Many people understand local language Walloon, some still speak it and few write it. German is spoken mainly in the area of the German-speaking Community of Belgium
Its one of three regions in Belgium. The other two regions are Flanders and the Brussels-Capital Region.
French speaking Walloons share the French community with french speaking people of Brussels.
The capital of the region is Namur. Other important cities are: Liège, Charleroi, Mons, Tournai and Verviers.

Cryptorchidism
Cryptorchidism is a condition where one or both testicles does not drop down ("descend") into the scrotum.

Buddy Holly
Charles Hardin Holley or Buddy Holly (September 7,1936 - February 3, 1959) was an American rock and roll singer, composer, and musician. He was from Lubbock, Texas. Buddy Holly is thought to be an important person in the history of Rock and Roll music and Rockabilly music. Holly played several different types of instruments. His short career of only 18 months affected much of the music world.
Buddy Holly died February 3 1959 when an airplane he was on crashed into a soy field near Mason City, Iowa. Also on the plane with him were Richie Valens and J.P. Richardson, "The Big Bopper". All three passengers and the pilot were killed in the crash.
Singer Don McLean's popular 1971 song "American Pie" made February 3 famous as "The Day the Music Died."

John Denver
John Denver (born Henry John Deutschendorf, Jr.) (December 31, 1943 – October 12, 1997), was an American musician and songwriter. He was very popular in the 1970s.

Castaic, California
Castaic is a community in southern California, USA. It is in the Los Angeles County area.

North West England
North West England is one of the regions of England in the United Kingdom. The cities of Liverpool and Manchester are located in the south of this region. The northern area (which includes Cumbria and part of Lancashire) is full of villages.

Central Point, Oregon
Central Point is a city in Oregon, USA. It has a population of 16,550 people as of 2006. It has an area of 3.1 square miles.

Puebla, Mexico
Puebla is a Mexican city. It is located 60 miles south east of Mexico City in a broad valley. The city has had many names over the years including City of Angels, City of Tiles, and Heroic City of Zaragoza.
Puebla was the main city of colonial Mexico. The architecture and look of Puebla is the most European of all the colonial cities. This is because it was built completely by a Spanish. Most cities at the time were built within an existing Native American community.
Puebla is highly industrialized. The historic downtown area remains a Spanish colonial treasure. It is filled with 17th and 18th century European architecture. The city has a nice climate all year around, friendly and courteous people living there and good food.

Namur (city)
Namur (Nameûr in walloon, Namen in Dutch) is a city in Belgium. It is both the capital of the province with the same name, as well as of Wallonia, one of the three administrative regions of Belgium. It is located in the French speaking part of Belgium.
In 2007 its population was 107653.
It is located at 50° 27 North, 04° 51 East.

Mariska Hargitay
Mariska Hargitay (born January 23, 1964 in Los Angeles, California, USA) is an American actress. She is best known for her role on the television series "Law & Order, SVU". She is also the daughter of actor Jayne Mansfield.

Santa Cruz de Tenerife
Santa Cruz de Tenerife is the capital of the Canary Islands. It is situated in Tenerife, the biggest and most important (political and economic) island of the Canaries.

Saint Helena
Saint Helena is an overseas territory of the United Kingdom. It is in the South Atlantic Ocean. It consists of the island of Saint Helena, as well as the dependencies of Ascension Island and Tristan da Cunha. Napoleon was sent to this island by the British and their allies as a result of Napoleon's return from Elba and loss at the Battle of Waterloo. Napoleon died there in 1821.

Helicopter
A helicopter is a kind of aircraft (flying machine). The main difference between a helicopter and an airplane is what lifts them into the sky. An airplane gets its lift from its wings and its thrust, or forward motion, from a propeller or a jet turbine. A helicopter gets its lift and thrust from horizontal rotors (several rotating blades like small wings). For that reason, they are sometimes called "rotary wing aircraft".
This means that a helicopter flies differently from an airplane. An airplane must move forwards to stay in the air, but a helicopter can stop and hover on the spot while still keeping above the ground. Helicopters move by tilting their rotors, so they push the air below them in a different direction.
Helicopters were first thought of by Leonardo da Vinci in 1490, but it was hundreds of years later (in the early 20th century) before anyone built one that could really fly. The first man to fly a helicopter was the French Etienne Oehmichen. He only flew it for seven minutes and forty seconds. Since around 400 BC the Chinese had a flying top that was used as a children's toy, that used the same method of creating lift. This flying top was made of twisted feathers on a stick. Helicopters are especially useful when there are floods and other disasters. Food packets medicines and clothes are often air-dropped to people who cannot be reached by road.

Baku
Baku (Azerbaijani: Bakı, in full: Bakı şəhəri - The Baku City) is the capital and the largest city of Azerbaijan. It is located on the southern shore of the Apsheron Peninsula, at 40°23′N 49°52′E. Modern Baku has three parts: the Old Town (İçəri Şəhər), the boomtown and the Soviet-built town. Population 2074,3 (January 1, 2003). About 3 million people live in metropolitan area (due to large numbers of refugees and internally displaced persons).

Windows Me
Windows ME is the Millennium Edition of the Microsoft Windows operating system. Windows Me is based off of Windows 98. Windows Me was based off of MS-DOS (as were Windows 98 and Windows 95), and is meant for people using computers in their homes. Windows 2000 and Windows Me are similar in looks, but Windows Me has features that families find useful, while Windows 2000 was meant for businesses. It was released near the year 2000 because it was the Second Millennium, calling it Windows Millennium Edition.

Librarian
A librarian is a person who works in a library and helps people to find books, magazines, and other information. In the 2000s, librarians also began helping people to find information using computers, electronic databases, and Internet search tools. There are different kinds of librarians including childrens, teens, adult, historical, law, and more.
Training.
To become a librarian in a university, a person needs to have a Master's degree in Library Science (MLS) or a Master's degree in Library and Information Science.
Employment.
Most librarians work for libraries in schools, colleges, or universities or in municipal, regional, or national libraries. Some librarians also work for private companies, to help them to organize their documents and reports. There are librarians that also work with the deaf and in prisons.
Related jobs.
Other jobs in libraries include the job of library technician. To become a library technician, a person needs to complete a college diploma.

Geronimo
Geronimo ("Chiricahua" Goyaałé 'One Who Yawns'; often spelled Goyathlay in English), (June 16, 1829–February 17, 1909) was a well-known Native American leader, but not chief, of the Chiricahua Apache tribe, but he was a Bedonkohe Apache. He was born in what is now the state of New Mexico and was also a respected medicine man. The name Geronimo was given to him by Mexican soldiers who either called to Saint Jerome while fighting him or transcribed his name into Spanish wrong. He led 38 Apache men, women, and children to resist being sent to reservations by the United States government or being captured by the Mexican Army. He surrendered in 1886. After that, he was moved to many different forts in the United States. In 1904 during the world fair in St. Louis, he sold souvenirs and pictures of himself. He died in 1909

Gold rush
A gold rush is when a lot of miners go to a mining place full of gold. A well-known example is the California Gold Rush of 1849.

California Gold Rush
The California Gold Rush was when a lot of people went to the mountains of California to find gold. It started when James W. Marshall found pieces of gold while building a sawmill for John Sutter in 1848. Hundreds of thousands of people went to California. However, some people stayed home and opened supply shops supplying travelers with mining tools.
Many people became rich, but most did not. Besides trying to find gold, some people started selling things. Sometimes a woman could earn more than her mining husband. Men like Levi Strauss also sold things. He invented and sold jeans made from denim. We can say that the California Gold Rush ended in 1855.at that time, gold miners went back home because gold was harder to find.

Jeans
Jeans are a type of pants made from heavy, strong cotton material (fabric) called denim. Jeans are often worn as work clothes. They were invented in the United States by Levi Strauss in 1872. In the late 1800s, jeans were worn by workers.
In the 1950s, jeans became a popular fashion for teenagers and young adults. In the 1950s, jeans were part of rockabilly fashion for teenagers. In the 2000s, jeans are a very popular type of pants. In the 2000s, jeans are worn as work clothes and as casual fashion clothing. Jeans are are made in many styles and colors.
The word "jeans" came from the French name of the city in Italy where a strong cotton fabric was made. The Italian city's name, Genoa, was spelled "jene" in Middle English and "Gênes" in the French language.

Sovereignty
Sovereignty is the right of a government to have complete control over its area.
James Otis in his defense of the American colonists against the writs of assistance stated that "every man is his own sovereign". The United States Declaration of Independence, states "We hold these truths to be self evident, that all men are created equal".

FIFA
The Fédération Internationale de Football Association (French for International Federation of Association Football), or FIFA for short, is the organization that controls international football (also called "association football"). The organization’s main buildings are in Zürich, Switzerland, and right now the president is Sepp Blatter. FIFA organizes major international football tournaments, and the most famous one is the FIFA World Cup, which has been held since 1930. FIFA was established on May 21, 1904 in Paris and has 208 national associations as its members. The organization’s official languages are English, French, German and Spanish.
The most powerful organ of FIFA is the FIFA Congress, which is an assembly made up of representatives from each member association. The Congress holds a regular meeting once a year, and since 1998 an additional meeting has been held every year. Only the Congress can pass changes to FIFA's laws.
The Congress decides whether FIFA should accept new national associations and elects the President of FIFA, its General Secretary and the other members of FIFA's Executive Committee. The President and General Secretary take care of what goes on within and around FIFA. The Executive Committee, with the President as its head, is resposible for deciding the dates, locations and format of tournaments.
Also, there are six regional confederations recognized by FIFA which take care of the game in the six different continents of the world. National associations must be members of both FIFA and their regional confederation in order for their teams to compete in FIFA's competitions. The six confederations are AFC (Asian Football Confederation in Asia and Australia), CAF (Confédération Africaine de Football in Africa), CONCACAF (Confederation of North, Central American and Caribbean Association Football in North America and Central America), CONMEBOL (Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol in South America), OFC (Oceania Football Confederation in Oceania) and UEFA (Union Européenne de Football Association in Europe).

American Idol
"American Idol" is a popular TV show in America that lets anyone sing to people watching the show on television while they're being judged. It is based off of the British show "Pop Idol". After the episode, people call in on the phone to vote, and the person with the least votes is off the show. The singers can be anyone between the age of 16 and 29 years. In 2008, the show finished the seventh season.
Host and judges.
"American Idol" also has a host, Ryan Seacrest.

Smile
A smile is a facial expression a person normally makes when they are happy. People smile for many reasons e.g. told a funny joke or smiling for a picture to be taken. However, sometimes people smile to cover up an embarrassing feeling. A smile can often be used as a sign of confidence or agreement or as a sign of happiness. Animals sometimes show their teeth -known as a snarl- to show fear or power.
Internet.
On the Internet, smiles can normally be typed up. This is normally called a smiley, smiley face, or happy face. Smileys show emotion when people are not able to see it in real life. Smileys typed on the computer are called emoticons. Smileys can change depending on where the person typing the smiley is.
Eastern Style: d(^.^)b, \(^o^)/, >.<, ^_^

Słupsk
Słupsk is a city in northern Poland in voivodship of Pomerania. It has about 100.000 inhabitants and 43,15 km².

Emperor of Ethiopia
The Emperor of Ethiopa was the name of the ruler of Ethiopia until 1975 when the emperors and the royal family, the Solomonids, were taken out of power.
The name that was used for "Emperor" by the Ethiopians means "King of Kings".

Solomonid dynasty
The Solomonid dynasty was a line of emperors that ruled in Ethiopia from 1270 to 1975. There were some other emperors that ruled who were not from the Solomonid dynasty, but the Solomonids were in control most of the time.
The emperors did not use their real name when they became Emperor of Ethiopia, but they made up a new one for their rule. For example, the first Emperor of the Solomonids was Yekuno Amlak. But he used the name "Tasfa Iyassus" after he became ruler.
The dynasty began in 1270, when Yekuno Amlak killed the last king of the Zagwe dynasty, which had ruled Ethiopia. Yekuno Amlak was made king, and European historians say was the first ruler of the dynasty. But most Ethiopian books say that Menelik I, the son of King Solomon of Israel and the Queen of Sheba, was the first Emperor of this dynasty.

The Sound of Music
"The Sound of Music" is a 1959 Broadway & West End Musical by Rodgers and Hammerstein, and a 1965 movie from 20th Century Fox. Both are loosely based on the lives of the von Trapp family. (In 1956 and 1958, two movies from Germany and Austria were also based on them.)
Plot.
In the movie, Julie Andrews (from "Mary Poppins and The Princess Diaries") plays a nun in Salzburg, Austria. She is sent from her convent to the home of Captain von Trapp, whose wife has died, to be the governess (home teacher) of his seven children. (childrens' names are: Liesl, Friedrick, Louisa, Kurt, Briguita, Marta, and Gretl.) Mischievous at first, von Trapp's children come to like Maria, and Maria falls in love with their father. Maria teaches the children how to sing and have fun because after their mother died, Captain von Trapp almost completely erased all forms of fun. Instead of choosing baroness (wife of a noble figure) Shroeder as his new wife, he ends up marrying Maria.
After all of this takes place, the Nazis take over Austria (in the Anschluss), and wanted Captain von Trapp to join them. But, in an attempt to escape, the Captain and his family leave the house late one evening, and while pushing their car out of the drive, they are caught by the head of the army in the area. After being caught, Maria and Captain come up with a crafty lie to save themselves. They told them that their car broke down and that the family was supposed to be performing at the [Salzburg Festival]. Then they get to the festival and perform. Their dear Uncle Max helps them to escape while the army is entertained.
The family escapes to the Alps and eventually walks over them into the next country (Switzerland) to live.
Trivia.
This movie is based on a true story, but not all of the movie is true. One make-believe scene is that the family is seen walking over the Alps into the next town. In real life, the family would not do that, because they would have been walking right into Hitler's home area.
Also, in real life, after the von Trapp family left their house, Adolf Hitler used it as a headquarters later on.
At the time that it came out, "The Sound of Music" made the most money of any movie. That may still be true.
There is a 40th Anniversary Edition of this movie available on DVD with special features like interviews with Julie Andrews and Christopher Plummer and an entire cast reunion of all 7 children.

Body mass index
Body mass index is a special measure that allows to see if a person is of an appropriate weight for their height. It is also called the Quetelet Index, after its creator Adolphe Quetelet, who invented the measure between 1830 and 1850. Body mass index is often abbreviated to BMI. BMI is used by governments today even though it came about 150 years ago.
Calculation.
BMI is worked out by dividing a person's body weight by the square of their height, and is almost always expressed in the unit kg / m2, which is therefore often left out. The BMI value can be calculated with the following formula.
Overweight or not?
The BMI can be used to determine if a person is overweight. The figures below are not to be used for small children who are growing.
Variations.
The above should only be taken as a guide. Different countries and different doctors may apply different values. In 1998, the US National Institutes of Health brought US definitions into line with WHO guidelines. They decreased the normal/overweight cut-off from BMI 27.8 to BMI 25. About 30 million Americans who were fine before, are now seen as overweight. The World Health Organization uses the term "pre-obese" where the USA uses "overweight".
For Asian body types the WHO recommends to use BMI 23, instead of 25. Further studies need to be done, to determine more precise values.
For Asians, the new cut-off BMI index for obesity is 27.5 compared with the traditional WHO figure of 30. An Asian adult with a BMI of 23 or greater is now considered overweight and the ideal normal range is 18.5-22.9.

Academy Award for Best Picture
The Academy Award for Best Picture is one of the Academy Awards. Also called Oscars, the Academy Awards are given to people working in the film industry by the American Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). The name of the award has changed over time. It was first Best Production in 1927. They also gave out Best Picture, Unique and Artistic Production also known as "Best Artistic Quality of Production" in 1927. the Best Picture, Unique and Artistic Production award was only given out the first year. In 1930, the name was changed to Best Picture. It is still called that today.
In the list below are the winners of the award for each year. A list of the winners and other nominees is in the main article for each decade.

Bulimia nervosa
Bulimia nervosa (bulimia) is a disease and a type of eating disorder. It is when a person wants to starve his or her self. People who have it feel that they are fat and want to be skinny. When they are hungry, they eat a lot of food. Then, they try to take it back by vomiting, exercising, or using drugs. Sometimes, they do all three.
Symptoms.
The person with bulimia eats large amounts of food. Then, they want to get rid of it. To do this, they vomit, exercise, or use drugs. They do this at least two times a week. The person always thinks about how his or her body looks, and he or she wants to be skinny. The person is usually underweight, and they may also have anorexia nervosa.
Risks.
Bulimia nervosa can hurt a person. Because vomit has a lot of acid in it, doing it a lot can burn the person's mouth, throat, or teeth. Someone can lose nutrients or fluids in his or her body. Glands in one's throat and face may get bigger and hurt. He or she cannot recover from being sick with other things, and a person can get muscle or heart problems.
People who get bulimia.
Most people who get bulimia are women, men and sometimes even depressed/anxious animals generally ages 10 to 25. People who had bad things happen to them or who have lots of money are more likely to get the disease too. One is also likely to get it if he or she is smart or likes things to be perfect.

Turks and Caicos Islands
The Turks and Caicos Islands are two groups of islands that are owned by the British. They are in the Caribbean Sea, near the Bahamas. Fishing is the biggest part of the economy.
The ruler of Great Britain is also the ruler of the Turks and Caicos, but that ruler always acts through a governor. There are no elections for president, and all the officers of government are named by the ruler, or "monarch".
Grand Turk.
This is the main island where all the government offices are held. Grand Turk is the capital of the Turks and Caicos Islands. It has its own International Airport.
Providenciales.
Often shortened to just 'Provo', this island has its own International Airport and is host to a large number of holiday resorts including Sandals' Beaches resort. A large coral reef is situated to the north of the island. To the east of the island, a new development named "Leewood" is being built.
West Cay.
Known as the place 'where everyone moves on golf carts' because the island is so small. There are few beaches. The main income is salt processing. It does not have an airport.

Vichy France
Vichy France was the government set up by the Germans in southern France during World War II. It was led by Marshal Petain.

Anguilla
Anguilla is a group of five islands in the Caribbean Sea. The islands are ruled by Great Britain.
Anguilla was once part of what is now Saint Kitts and Nevis, but broke away in 1980. Anguilla wanted to still be a part of Great Britain, and Saint Kitts and Nevis wanted to be independent.
It is named after the Spanish word for "eel", because it has such a shape.
Politics.
The queen of the United Kingdom is the ruler of Anguilla, but she works through a governor. She names, or "appoints" the governor, and he is just working there in her place. The legislature is elected by the people, has 11 members, and is called the House of Assembly.
Economy.
Anguilla gets most of its money from fishing and tourism.
Culture.
Most people in Anguilla are Protestants, and speak English.

Bermuda
Bermuda is about 130 islands in the Atlantic Ocean of the east coast of North America that are ruled by Great Britain. Bermuda is a popular tourist place.

Tarja Halonen
Tarja Halonen (born December 24, 1943) is the President of Finland. She is from Kakkala. She was elected in 2000 and 2006.

Turku
Turku is the oldest city in Finland. It is also the fifth-biggest, with about 170,000 residents.
Official languages in Turku are Finnish and Swedish.
Turku used to be the largest city and capital of Finland, until 1812, when it was moved to Helsinki.

Wings (movie)
"Wings" is a silent movie released in 1927. It is most famous as the first movie to win the Academy Award for Best Picture.

Sunrise (movie)
"Sunrise: A Song of Two Humans" or "Sunrise" is a 1927 silent movie. It is the only movie to ever win Academy Award for Unique and Artistic Production.

The Broadway Melody
"The Broadway Melody" is one of the first Hollywood musical movies. It was released in 1929 and made more money than any movie that year. It was also the winner of the Academy Award for Best Picture.

Rocky
"Rocky" is a 1976 movie. It was written by, and starred, Sylvester Stallone. The movie is about a man living in Philadelphia, who is trying to become a great boxer. It won three Academy Awards, for Best Picture, Best Director, and Film editing (it was nominated for seven other Awards), and was ranked #78 in AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies list. It was followed by 5 sequels, the most recent came out in 2006.

The Deer Hunter
"The Deer Hunter" is a 1978 movie. It told the story of 3 friends affected by the Vietnam War. It won the Academy Award for Best Picture.

Tailor
A tailor is a person whose job is to make clothes to fit people. A tailor might make a new piece of clothing, or change an item so that it fits better. They also mend (fix) clothes. A tailor is also called a seamster, or a seamstress for a woman.

Template
A template is a tool that shows the shape of something or it is a tool to help make something. It can separate the form of something from the things inside it.
In drawing, a template can be a wood, plastic or metal tool that is used to help make marks with a pen or pencil. Lines can be drawn on paper, or on metal or wood to make the same shape many times.
In publishing for example, a template is a layout made by someone else to give an idea what to write in different parts of a book or story. A simple publishing template can have spaces for the words, for pictures, for the story title (name), and for the name of the publication.
Humans or machines can use templates. Some computer programs that work with the Internet use a template to separate the way the program works from the way it shows the words and pictures. It can be a way to copy words and pictures. In computer programming, templates save time because the programmer does not need to write the same words over and over.
When doctors plan to give a person a new bone joint made of metal or plastic, they can use a template in the shape of the new joint. This type of template is put on an x-ray picture of the person to help to decide the size of joint needed.

Oliver!
"Oliver!" is a British musical, based on the book Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens. It was first performed in Britain in 1960 and in America in 1963. It was made into a movie in 1968, which won the Academy Award for Best Picture.

Dr. Hook & The Medicine Show
Dr. Hook & The Medicine Show or simply just Dr. Hook was an American band. They formed in Union City, New Jersey in 1968. Their two best known songs were "Cover of the Rolling Stone" and "Sylvia's Mother".

Glider
Gliders are aircraft which do not have a motor. They are sometimes called 'sailplanes'. Gliders are controlled by their pilots by using control-sticks. Some gliders can only carry one person, but some gliders can carry two people. In gliders with two seats, each pilot has a control-stick. Gliders always have seats for the pilots.
Gliders have long wings so that they will only lose height slowly. In some places the air goes up faster than the glider is going down. The pilot of a glider can make it climb by flying to these places. Good pilots can travel long distances by always finding rising air. Some pilots race each other over hundreds of kilometres each day. Other pilots just fly for fun.
Gliders cannot get into the air by themselves. They are pulled into the air by an aircraft with a motor or they are pulled up by motor on the ground.
There are two other types of gliders. Hang-gliders have frames to give the wings their shape, but do not have seats for their pilots and do not have control-sticks. The wings of paragliders are like parachutes and so do not have frames to give them their shape. These other two types of glider are often launched from the tops of hills or cliffs.

John Stuart Mill
John Stuart Mill (May 20, 1806 – May 8, 1873), was an English philosopher and political economist. He was a classical liberal thinker of the 19th century. He was for utilitarianism, the ethical theory first proposed by his godfather Jeremy Bentham.

Jeremy Bentham
Jeremy Bentham (February 15, 1748 – June 6, 1832) was an English, jurist, philosopher, and legal and social reformer. He is best known as one of the first people for utilitarianism and animal rights.
Bentham was one of the most influential (classical) liberals, partially through his writings but particularly through his students all around the world, including John Stuart Mill and several political leaders (and Robert Owen, who later became started the idea of socialism). He is believed to be the innovator of classical liberalism, a term first coined in the 19th century.
After he died, his body was preserved.

Dinosaur Comics
Dinosaur Comics is a comic by Ryan North. It shows dinosaurs who have adventures and talk about philosophy. They do not always talk about philosophy though. Sometimes they talk about dogs, or about sex, or sometimes even about feelings! The art is the same every day, but the words are different. This comic is intended to be funny.

Lucid dream
A lucid dream is a dream where the person knows that they are dreaming. The person can then try to control things in the dream because it is not real. In a lucid dream, it is possible to do anything the dreamer wants, such as flying.
Some people have lucid dreams for spiritual reasons, but they can also be used for fun.
Ways to lucid dream.
Although some people can have lucid dreams without trying, most people do not have them often. It is important to be able to remember dreams, because if the dreamer doesn't remember them, he or she won't know if they were lucid dreams or not. Remembering dreams becomes easier if they are written in a dream diary upon waking up.
There are some ways that help make lucid dreams more likely. Stephen LaBerge, a psychologist who studies lucid dreams, made the MILD (mnemonic induction of lucid dreaming) technique. To do this, the dreamer must wake up after having a dream, and visualise himself or herself being in the dream again, except now knowing it is a dream. The dreamer should think "the next time I'm dreaming, I want to remember I'm dreaming", and should concentrate on this while returning to sleep.
There are many other ways to help someone lucid dream.

My Fair Lady
"My Fair Lady" is a musical. It is based on George Bernard Shaw's "Pygmalion". It was first performed on stage in 1956 starring Julie Andrews and Rex Harrison. It was made into a movie in 1964. The movie won the Academy Award for Best Picture that year. Audrey Hepburn stars in it, as does Rex Harrison.
GB Shaw never wanted to turn his book into a musical. That is why the film was created after his death.

A Man for All Seasons
A Man for All Seasons is a play about the life of Sir Thomas More that was first put on in 1960. It was made into a movie in 1966 that won the Best Picture Acadamy Award that year. It was also made into a TV movie in 1988.

Composite number
A composite number (or simply "composite") is a natural number, that can be gotten by multiplying prime numbers. For example, the number "9" can be gotten by multiplying "3" with "3". Take the number "12". You get it by multiplying "3" with "2" with "2".

Fundamental theorem of arithmetic
and if somebody else finds "another" way to write 6936 or 1200 as product of prime numbers, we can put those prime numbers in the right order and find out that it is the same as what we have here. Finding the prime numbers is called factorization.
This theorem can be used in cryptography.
Proof.
The first person who proved the theorem was Euclid. The first detailed and correct proof was in the "Disquisitiones Arithmeticae" by Carl Friedrich Gauß.
Some people may think that the theorem is true everywhere. However, the theorem is "not" true in more general number systems, like algebraic integers. This was first mentioned by Ernst Kummer in 1843, in his work on Fermat's last theorem. For more information about that: read algebraic number theory.
The proof consists of two parts: "first" we show that every number can be written as a product of primes; "second" we show that if we write a number as a product of primes for a second time, then the two lists of prime numbers must be the same.
First part of the proof.
We show that if "not" every number greater than 1 can be written as a product of primes, we end up in some kind of impossibility. So after that we conclude that it "must" be true that every number can be written as a product of primes.
So, now see what happens when somebody says that he knows a positive integer, greater than 1, which can "not" be written as a product of primes. In that case we ask him to mention "all" the numbers, greater than 1, that can "not" be written as a product of primes. One of these numbers must be the "smallest": let's call it "n". Of course, this number "n" cannot be 1. Further, it cannot be a prime number, because a prime number is a 'product' of a single prime: itself. So it "must" be a product of numbers. Thus
where both "a" and "b" are positive integers that are of course smaller than "n". But: "n" was the "smallest" number that can not be written as a product of primes. So it must be possible to write "a" and "b" as products of primes, because they are both smaller than "n". But then the product
can be written as a product of primes as well. This is an impossibility because we said that "n" can not be written as a product of primes.
We have now shown the impossibility which exists if the first part of the theorem would not be true. In this way we have now proven the first part of the theorem.
Second part of the proof.
Now we have to prove that there is only one way to write a positive number greater than 1 as a product of prime numbers.
To do this, we use the following lemma: if a prime number "p" divides a product "ab", then it divides "a" or it divides "b" (Euclid's lemma).
First we now prove this lemma. Well, assume now that "p" does not divide "a". Then "p" and "a" are coprime and we have Bézout's identity that says that there must be integers "x" and "y" such that
On the left-hand side we have now two terms that are divisible by "p". So the term on the right-hand side is also divisible by "p". We have now proven that if "p" does not divide "a", it must divide "b". That proves the lemma.
Now we will proof that we can write an integer greater than 1 in "only one" way as a product of prime numbers. Take two products of primes "A" and "B" which have the same outcome. So we know for the outcome of the products that "A" = "B". Take any prime "p" from the first product "A". It divides the "A", so it also divides "B". Using several times the lemma that we just proved, we can see that "p" must then divide at least one factor "b" of "B". But the factors are all primes themselves, so also "b" is prime. But we know that "p" is also prime, so "p" must be equal to "b". So now we divide "A" by "p" and also divide "B" by "p". And we get a result like "A*" = "B*". Again we can take a prime "p" from the first product "A*" and find out that is equal to some number in the product "B*". Continuing in this way, at the end we see that the prime factors of the two products must be exactly the same. This proves that we can write a positive integer as a product of primes in only one unique way.

A Portuguesa
"A Potruguesa" "A Portuguesa" (pronounced IPA:) is the national anthem of Portugal. Only the first part of the lyrics is the national anthem. The other parts, or "stanzas", are part of the song, but not part of the anthem.
Lyrics.
"Que hão de guiar-te à vitória!"
"Sobre a terra, sobre o mar"

Welding
Welding is a way of heating pieces of metal using electricity or a flame so that they melt and stick together. There are many kinds of welding, including arc welding, resistance welding, and gas welding. The most common type is arc welding. Anyone who is near arc welding needs to wear a special helmet or goggles because the arc is so bright. Looking at the arc will hurt your eyes, maybe forever. It is also important to cover all your skin because it can give you something like a sunburn. Hot sparks from the weld can burn any skin that is showing. One kind of welding that does not use an arc is Oxy-fuel welding (OFW), sometimes called gas welding. OFW uses a flame to heat up the metal. There are other kinds of welding that do not use an arc.
Arc Welding.
Any kind of welding that uses an electric arc is a kind of arc welding. There are different processes of arc welding too— shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) is a common type. Sometimes SMAW is called stick welding. Another common one is gas metal arc welding (GMAW). It is sometimes called wire welding or metal inert gas welding (MIG welding). Another type of arc welding that is less common is gas tungsten arc welding (also known as tungsten inert gas welding or TIG welding). Before there were many kinds of arc welding, SMAW was called just 'arc welding'. Sometimes it is still called that today, but it's better to call it by its real name instead. Arc welding heats metals by making an electric arc between the piece of metal and something called an electrode. An electrode is the part of the welder that the arc touches.
Sometimes the electrode is used up by the welding, sometimes it is not. In SMAW, GMAW, and some other kinds, the electrode is used up. The electrode is made of the same kind of metal that is being welded, and melts into the weld and becomes part of it. Because it is used up, it must constantly be fed into the weld. In SMAW, the electrode is a rod of metal with flux on it. There is more information on flux further down. The person doing the weld feeds the rod into the weld. In GMAW, the electrode is a thin wire that might be as thin as 0.635 millimeters. Really big welds might use a 4 millimeter electrode, but the biggest common electrode size is around 2 millimeters. The welding machine has a motor in it that pushes this wire into the weld.
In welding that does not use up the electrode, the metal that makes up the weld does not have any electricity flowing through it. The most common type of welding like this is called gas tungsten arc welding. It is also called TIG welding or GTAW. The electrode is made of Tungsten, so it will not melt even though it is touching an arc. The extra, or filler, metal to make up the weld is added from a thin rod.
Almost all welding uses filler metal to fill in the small gap between the metal. The extra metal helps to make the weld strong. Sometimes welds need to be made without any filler metal. Welding with no filler metal is called autogenous welding.
Shielding in arc welding.
All types of welding require that the hot metal have protection. If it didn't, things on the metal or things in the air could cause problems in the weld. Things on the metal that could cause problems might be rust, grease, or dirt. Oxygen in the air will cause big problems in a weld. There are two main ways to shield an arc weld, they are flux and shielding gas.
Flux can be made of many things, but is always a solid, liquid, or paste. During welding, the flux will melt and some of it will evaporate. This makes a small pocket of gas around the weld as long as there is flux. It is much easier for an electric arc to flow in this gas pocket than through normal air. Without this gas pocket the arc would not be usable. This pocket of gas prevents air, especially oxygen, from getting into the weld. Melted flux around the weld also helps clean up dirt and other things on the metal. The liquid flux will cool down and turn into a solid again. This layer of solid flux is called slag, and it will stay on the finished weld until it is removed. Slag helps protect the weld while it cools down. One type of welding that uses flux is shielded metal arc welding. Shielded metal arc welding is used to build things, like buildings or pipes. It is also used to repair things. It works best for welding steel.
Shielding gas protects the weld by being a pocket of gas around the weld. The purpose of this gas is to keep normal air out, especially oxygen. It is different from flux because there is no liquid on the weld. There is only a gas around the weld. Because there is no liquid, it will not clean up dirt and other things on the metal. This means that the metal has to be clean before it is welded. If it isn't, the dirt and other things could cause problems. The gases that are usually used are argon, helium, and a mixture that is 3 parts argon and one part carbon dioxide. Other mixtures of gases can have nitrogen, hydrogen, or even a little bit of oxygen in them. One kind of welding that uses shielding gas is gas metal arc welding. It is usually used in factories to make things.
Welding that uses flux is easier to do outside when it is windy. This is because the liquid flux is protecting the hot metal and it will not blow away. Also, the flux is always making the pocket of gas which keeps the electric arc from going out. Welding that uses shielding gas usually cannot be used outside because the gas would blow away if there were any wind.
Other kinds of welding.
Some kinds of welding do not use an electric arc. They might use a flame, electricity without an arc, an energy beam, or physical force. The most common type of welding that does not use an arc is called gas welding. In gas welding, a flammable(meaning it will burn) gas and oxygen are combined and burn at the end of a torch. Gas welding does not need any special shielding because a flame which is adjusted right has no extra oxygen in it. It is still important to make sure the metal is clean. The flame heats up the metal so much that it melts. When both the pieces of metal are melted at the edge, the liquid metal becomes one piece.
The other kind of welding that does not use an arc still uses electricity. It is called resistance welding. With this kind, two pieces of thin metal are pinched together and then electricity is made to go through them. This makes the metal get really hot and melt where it is pinched together. The two pieces melt together at that place. Sometimes this is called spot welding because the welding can only happen at one small place(or spot) at a time.
Forge welding is the first kind of welding that ever was used. Forge welding needs the two pieces of metal to so hot that they almost melt. Then they are beat together with hammers until they are one piece.
The other kinds of welding that do not use an arc are hard to do, and usually new. They are expensive too. Most of these kinds of welding are only done where specially needed. They might use an electron beam, laser, or ultrasonic sound waves.
Energy for welding.
Every kind of welding needs to use energy. This energy is usually heat, but sometimes force is used to make a weld. When heat is used, it can be from electricity or from fire.
Power supplies for arc welding.
A lot of electricity is used in arc welding. Some kinds of welding use alternating current like the electricity that buildings use. Other kinds use direct current like the electricity in a car or most things with a battery. Almost all kinds of welding use a lower voltage than the electricity that comes from a power plant. Arc welding requires using a special power supply that makes the electricity from the power plant usable for welding. Things that a power supply does are to lower the voltage and control the amount of current. The power supply usually has controls on it that allow these things to be changed. For kinds of arc welding that use alternating current, sometimes the power supply can do special things to make the electricity alternate differently. Some power supplies do not plug into a power plug, but instead generate their own electricity. This kind of power supplies have an engine that turns a generator head to make the electricity. The engine might run on gasoline, diesel fuel, or propane.
Energy for other kinds of welding.
OFW uses a flame from burning fuel gas and oxygen to heat up the metal. This fuel gas is almost always acetylene. Acetylene is a flammable gas that burns very hot, hotter than any other gas. That is why it is used most of the time. Other gases like propane, natural gas, or other industrial gases can be used too.
Some kinds of welding don't use heat to make the weld. These kinds of welding can get hot, but they do not make the metal melt. Forge welding is an example of this. Friction stir welding is a special kind of welding that does not use heat. It uses a very powerful motor and a special spinning bit to mix the metals together at the edge. This seems odd because metals are a solid. this is why it takes a lot of force to do and is very hard. The energy for this kind of welding is mechanical energy from the spinning bit.

Stalk
Stalk sometimes means following something to watch it. A person who likes to watch other people is also known as a voyeur. When this is continually done to a person it can have a bad effect.
Criminal Stalking.
Stalking in a way that makes someone feel unsafe is a crime in many countries. It is not just one event but an ongoing process that threatens or makes that person feel scared. Someone who does this is called a stalker. The stalker may do this because they want to be involved in that person's life, because they want to have power over that person's life, or for other sexual reasons. The stalker can hurt that person's feelings by making them scared. They may feel they do not have the power to stop the stalker. Psychologists say stalking is a way of hurting someone's mind with serious effects. Sometimes a stalker may go on to hurt that person's body by assaulting, raping or murdering that person.
Stalking can sometimes be done on the internet. This is called Cyber stalking.

Bill Cosby
William Henry "Bill" Cosby, Jr., Ed.D (July 12, 1937), known to many as Bill Cosby, is a famous American comedian. He has been a regular star of movies and television as well.
Cosby is the creator of such shows as Filmation's animated "Fat Albert", NBC's "The Cosby Show" (in which he played a doctor named Heathcliff Huxtable) and Nick at Nite's "Fatherhood" (with Blair Underwood).
On television, he starred in the 1960s spy spoof "I Spy", and has also advertised Jell-o products.
On the big screen, he appeared in "Leonard Part 6" (1987), "Ghost Dad" (1990), and "The Meteor Man" (1993).

Ham
Ham is meat that comes from a thigh of a pig. Ham is a kind of pork, which is any meat from a pig.
Ham can be dry-cured or wet-cured. Dry-cured ham is made by rubbing the meat with a mixture with salt. Then, it is dried and aged. Wet-cured ham is made with brine.
Ham is used in SPAM.

Spam (food)
Spam is a canned meat food made by the Hormel Foods Corporation. It is made from pork shoulder meat and ham. Spam Lite, a newer kind of Spam, is made with pork and chicken.
There have been many ideas about what the word "Spam" means. The Hormel Foods Corporation once said that it means "Shoulder of Pork and hAM".
Spam also refers to unwanted bulk email.
Jokes about Spam.
Monty Python created a skit about Spam in 1970.

Mushroom
A mushroom is the fruiting body of a kind of fungus. A toadstool is a poisonous mushroom.
Kinds of mushrooms.
It is hard to pick mushrooms in the wild, because most mushrooms have "look-alikes". Mushroom hunters learn how to tell these look-alikes apart, usually by chemical features. Edible mushrooms are used in cooking in many cultures and are usually grown in farms. In some places in the world, people learn already in childhood to recognize the edible and delicious mushrooms in the wild.
Structure of mushrooms.
Most mushrooms have a stem and a cap. The bottom of the cap sometimes has gills to hold spores, and sometimes holds the spores themselves.

Factorization
Factorization (or factorisation - British) is taking a composite number apart into numbers that multiply together to get the original number. These smaller numbers are called factors or divisors. 1 is a factor of all numbers.
Prime factorization is breaking apart a composite numbers into prime numbers that can be multiplied to give the larger number. Note that since 1 is not prime, it is not included in the prime factorization.
For example, 12 can be factorized as 4 × 3. Since 4 is not a prime number, that is not its prime factorization. 12's prime factorization is in fact 3 × 2 × 2.
Since finding the numbers to multiply together is very difficult for large numbers, this fact can be used in cryptography.
See also.
Fundamental theorem of arithmetic

Shoulder
The shoulder is the joint where the human arm attaches to the rest of the body.

Joint
A joint (articulation) is the place at which two bones make contact (articulate). Joints allow movement and give mechanical support.
Joints have cartilage in between to make the movement flexible.Joints are mainly classified structurally and functionally. Structural classification is determined by how the bones connect to each other, while functional classification is determined by the degree of movement between the articulating bones. In practice, there is significant overlap between the two types of classifications.

Hosni Mubarak
Muhammad Hosni Said Mubarak (Arabic: محمد حسنى سيد مبارك) (born May 4, 1928), commonly known as Hosni Mubarak (Arabic: حسنى مبارك), has been the fourth President of Egypt for twenty four years, since 14 October 1981.
Mubarak became the Vice-President of the Republic of Egypt after moving up the ranks of the Egyptian Air Force. Then he became the President after President Anwar Sadat was assassinated on 6 October 1981.
As President of Egypt, Mubarak is thought to be one of the most powerful leaders in the region. Under the 1971 Constitution of Egypt, President Mubarak has exercised strong control over the country.
Some people think Mr. Mubarak is a dictator. In 2005, he called a free election. He won that election.

Euclid
Euclid of Alexandria (Greek:) (about 325 BC–265 BC) was a Greek mathematician who lived in Alexandria, Egypt. Little is known about this person, but people think he lived there when Ptolemy I was the pharaoh.
Many people see Euclid as "the father of geometry", which is an important part of mathematics. His most popular work is "Elements". Many people see the book as history's most successful textbook, that is a book which teaches people.
In the book, he starts out from a small set of axioms (that is, a group of things that everyone thinks are true). Euclid then shows the properties of geometric objects and of whole numbers, based on those axioms. He proves new higher ideas are true from these lower ideas. This is the same method as modern mathematics uses. It is called the axiomatic method.
Euclid also wrote works on perspective, conic sections, spherical geometry, and possibly quadric surfaces.
It is not known where or when he is born or why he died.

Guadeloupe
Guadeloupe is dependency of France in the Caribbean Sea. It is made up of five islands. Its capital is Basse-Terre. Arawak Native Americans first lived on the islands, but they were wiped out when Europeans came. Guadeloupe was first governed by France. It was then taken over by England, given to Sweden, and given back to France.
Today, most of the people in Guadeloupe are Roman Catholic, and are of African descent.

Lou Reed
Lou Reed (born March 2, 1942) is an American rock and roll musician. He is originally from Brooklyn, New York and spent most of his life in New York City.

Anthropomorphism
Anthropomorphism is giving human characteristics, like emotions (feelings like being happy or sad) and the ability to talk, to a living thing or object that is not a human. This living thing or object that is not a human may be a god, an animal, a plant, sound, weather storm, an idea, or any other object. It is often used in stories. The story of the Three Little Pigs with a wolf and pigs that talk and act like humans is an example of anthropomorphism.

Apostrophe
An apostrophe is a form of punctuation used in writing. The following words have an apostrophe in them: can't, it's, Mike's.
This is a wrong use of an apostrophe: Those dog's are big.
Apostrophes are used to show that some letters have been taken out in an abbreviation.
Apostropes are also used to show something belongs to someone (or something).
But the word 'its', meaning 'something belonging to it', does "not" have an apostrophe.
This is also the same with "your," "their," and "our."
for example: That's not mine, it's yours. That's not ours, it's theirs.
You should not put an apostrophe in the middle of a word ending in s, such as a plural. Put an apostrophe, or 's, at the end of the word instead.
"Go get 'em tiger!" or "Li'l Bow Bow"

Ryan North
Ryan North is the Canadian author of the popular comic strip Dinosaur Comics, as well as Whispered Apologies and several other projects. He is also the programmer of ohnorobot, a web comic search engine. Ryan North is also a member of The Ryans, a group dedicated to being called Ryan and making comics.

By-election
A by-election or bye-election is a type of special election. By-elections are used when a Member of Parliament dies or resigns while in political office. They are also used if a member of parliament is removed from office for some reason, for example he is guilty of a crime. The by-elections would take place to pick who would replaces the member of parliament.

Secretary
A secretary is a person who is employed to help in an office. Common jobs that secretaries do are answering telephones, typing, using computers, and writing letters. Usually, a secretary helps the people in charge of the office do their job.
Being a secretary is similar to being a "receptionist", an "administrative assistant", "office manager", or "executive assistant".
In the past, most secretaries were men. Today, 98% of secretaries are women, according to the US Census.
In 1952, several groups, for example the, founded Secretary's Day. It is celebrated in the 4th week of April. It has been renamed "Administrative Professional's Week" to represent the more challenging roles of secretaries today.
Other secretaries.
A secretary is the memory aid of her boss. she reminds him of things he has forget due to his busy time. a secretary is also the right hand of her boss.
In Government, secretaries are important people who lead big government groups.
In the United Kingdom, a Secretary of State is a senior Cabinet Minister in charge of a Government Department.
In the United States, the Secretary of State is in charge of dealing with other countries. The current US Secretary of State is Condoleezza Rice.

Happiness
Happiness is a feeling of pleasure and satisfaction. When someone feels good, proud, relieved or satisfied about something, that person may be described as "happy". Feeling happy may help people to relax and to smile.
Happiness is usually thought of as the opposite of sadness, but it is possible to feel both at once.
Many philosophers have said that people in this world go back and forth between times of happiness and sadness, but there is nobody who is always happy or always sad.

Perfect number
A number is called a perfect number if by adding all the positive divisors of the number (except itself), the result is the number itself.
Six is the first perfect number. Its divisors (other than the number itself: 6) are 1, 2, and 3 and 1 + 2 + 3 equals 6. Other perfect numbers include 28, 496 and 8128.
Perfect numbers that are even.
Euclid saw that 2"n" − 1 is a prime number in these four cases.He then proved that the formula 2"n"−1(2"n" − 1) gives an even perfect number whenever 2"n" − 1 is prime (Euclid, Prop. IX.36).
The fifth perfect number (formula_1) has 8 digits. This falsifies the first assumption. For the second assumption, the fifth perfect number indeed ends with a 6. However, the sixth (8 589 869 056) also ends in a 6. It is straightforward to show the last digit of any even perfect number must be 6 or 8.
In order for formula_2 to be prime, it is necessary that formula_3 should be prime. Prime numbers of the form 2"n" − 1 are known as Mersenne primes, after the seventeenth-century monk Marin Mersenne, who studied number theory and perfect numbers.
Two millennia after Euclid, Euler proved that the formula 2"n"−1(2"n" − 1) will yield all the even perfect numbers. Therefore, every Mersenne prime will yield a distinct even perfect number—there is a concrete one-to-one association between even perfect numbers and Mersenne primes. This result is often referred to as the "Euclid-Euler Theorem". In December 2006, only 44 Mersenne primes are known. This means there are 44 perfect numbers known, the largest being 232,582,656 × (232,582,657 − 1) with 19,616,714 digits.
The first 39 even perfect numbers are 2"n"−1(2"n" − 1) for
The other 5 known are for "n" = 20996011, 24036583, 25964951, 30402457, 32582657.
It is currently not known whether there are others between them.
It is still not known if there are infinitely many Mersenne primes and perfect numbers. The search for new Mersenne primes is the goal of the GIMPS distributed computing project.
Perfect numbers that are odd.
It is not known whether there are any odd perfect numbers. Various results have been obtained, but none that has helped to locate one or otherwise resolve the question of their existence. Carl Pomerance has presented a heuristic argument which suggests that no odd perfect numbers exist. Also, it has been conjectured that there are no odd Ore's harmonic numbers. If true, this would mean that there are no odd perfect numbers.
Related concepts.
The sum of proper divisors gives various other kinds of numbers. Numbers where the sum is less than the number itself are called deficient, and where it is greater than the number, abundant. These terms, together with "perfect" itself, come from Greek numerology. A pair of numbers which are the sum of each other's proper divisors are called amicable, and larger cycles of numbers are called sociable. A positive integer such that every smaller positive integer is a sum of distinct divisors of it is a practical number.
By definition, a perfect number is a fixed point of the restricted sum-of-divisors function s(n) = σ(n) − n, and the aliquot sequence associated with a perfect number is a constant sequence.

StarCraft
"StarCraft" is a real-time strategy game for the PC. It was created in 1998 by Blizzard Entertainment.
Plot.
The story is set in the future, where humans (called "Terrans") get stuck in a war between two alien species, the "Zerg" and the "Protoss". The Zerg look like monsters, and are all controlled by a very powerful Zerg called the "Overmind". They fly around the universe and invade planets. The Protoss, who have very advanced technology, look for the planets that the Zerg have taken over. When they find a Zerg planet, they burn it so that the Zerg on that planet cannot spread to others.
Gameplay.
"StarCraft" players can choose to be the Protoss, Zerg, or Terran. Each race has different soldiers and buildings. Players can choose one-player or multiplayer games. In both, the player must build a base, gather resources, and make fighters to attack the enemy.
In one-player mode, there is the Campaign mode, and Custom mode. In Campaign mode, the player goes through missions, which tells the story. Custom mode lets a player choose what race they want to be, what area they want to play on, and what race they will fight against, and all enemies are controlled by the computer.
The most popular mode of the game is multiplayer (two to eight players), which takes place on Battle.net.
During a game, the player must use units to gather minerals and vespene gas. Each type of unit costs a certain amount of these resources. If the player does not have enough gas and minerals, he or she cannot build more units. Also, there is a limit, 200 units, to make the game more exciting. Resources are gathered by by worker units. Minerals are needed for all units and buildings, and come as blue crystals from the ground. Vespene gas is needed for stronger units and comes as a geyser with green smoke blowing out of it. A special building must be built on these geysers before worker units can gather the gas.
There are many different buildings in the game. Some buildings let the player build units, and other buildings can make units stronger, or do research to let more powerful units be built. Every units needs something called 'supply', which is gotten by buildings or units that are different in each species. Players need to have supply, because if they do not they cannot build any more units. No player can have more than two hundred supply, so they can only build a certain number of units.
Each species has very different types of units. The Protoss have powerful warriors and machinery, which cost a lot, and the Zerg use many fast, cheap units to defeat their enemies. The Terran are a middle between these, having strong but easy to kill units that are very powerful when they are used in formation. No species in "StarCraft" is more powerful than another species. Blizzard has released many small updates to the game that keep all the species balanced.
To win, players must capture and use resources wisely, and use smart strategies. To become very skilled at the game, players also need to become good at micromanagement and macromanagement all at the same time. Macromanagement means building new bases and collecting resources. Micromanagement means moving units so that they can use their special powers to protect each other, and doing many small things to make the fight go smoothly. This makes "StarCraft" different from many newer games, because the newer games often will do much of the micromanagement without the player having to do it.
"Starcraft" is 11 years old, but still played by many people, in many countries around the world. It is very popular in countries like Korea and the United States.
On May 19, 2007 Blizzard said that they are making StarCraft II. Also, they have held some events for South Korean Starcraft pro-gamers to participate and give them assist about the game.

Acid rain
Acid rain is where chemicals in the air combine with rain and make the water more acidic.
Normally, the pHvalue of rain is about 5.6, which means it is a weak acid. Other chemicals can make this a stronger acid if they react with it. When this rain falls to the ground, it can kill fish in the rivers, harm plants, and dissolve building materials. This is why many gravestones are unreadable.
The most common chemicals which do this are oxides of sulphur and nitrogen, which are put into the air by power stations and vehicles (such as cars). There are also some natural causes, like volcanoes and biological processes that happen on the land, in wetlands, and in the oceans.
Many countries are trying to reduce the amount of acid rain by agreeing to treaties, and by taking part in emissions trading. In the United States, many power stations use a process called Flue gas desulphurization (FGD) to reduce the sulphur in the gases that are made.
Acid rain can make forests grow slower, or even destroy them. This affects animals and their natural habitats. Acid rain can also pollute a water supply, and this may not be noticed because the water will look the same. It would also hurt or in some cases it has been known to burn people and kill small mammals such as cats and dogs and mice. It could be a contributing factor to other diseases such as Cancer and Alzheimer. It could corrode metals such as TV aerials, cars, but that will have to be very very strong acid.

Charlie Parker
Charlie Parker (born August 29, 1920 in Kansas City, Missouri), also known as "Bird" or "Yardbird", is considered one of the greatest jazz saxophonists, specifically alto saxophonist. Parker is thought to have created bebop.

Mount Price
Mount Price (sometimes Price Mountain) is a volcanic mountain in the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt, in British Columbia, Canada.

Bun
A bun is a type of food made out of bread.
A bun can be either savoury (like a hot dog) or sweet (like a hot cross bun or a bun with icing and a cherry on top).

Goldfinger (band)
Goldfinger are a American punk band. It was founded in the 1990s. They released their self-titled first album in 1996. They were named after the Ian Fleming book and 1964 movie "Goldfinger", based on the James Bond franchise.

Salamanca
Salamanca is a city in central Spain, capital of the province with the same name.
The city has a very important university founded in 1218. It has too two cathedrals and a famous Plaza Mayor (Main Square) built in the 18th century.

Tudor dynasty
The Tudor dynasty was a series of kings and queens in England. This line of rulers started in 1485, when Henry VII defeated Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field. Henry was accepted as the true king. His son was Henry VIII.
The dynasty ended when Queen Elizabeth I died. She had not named a person to be ruler after her death, so her cousin's son took over. He became James I of England, and started the Stuart dynasty.
During the Tudor period, there were many changes in religion. Henry VIII, for example, was a Catholic but behaved like a Protestant as he broke away from the Pope's power and named himself as head of the Church. Edward VI was raised a Protestant, and therefore shut down all Catholic churches. Mary I was a strong Catholic, having been raised in Spain because of her Spanish mother, Catharine of Aragon. She shut down the Protestant churches and burnt approximately 300 people for being Protestant (these were later called martyrs). When Protestant Elizabeth came to the throne, things changed and the Anglican church was introduced. Since then, religion in England has been pretty much calm.

Elizabeth Blackwell
Elizabeth Blackwell was the first modern woman doctor, and the first woman doctor in the United States.
She was born in Bristol, England, on February 3, 1821. When she was young, her family moved to America. At first, she was a teacher. She became a doctor in 1849. She founded her own hospital in New York.

Doom
Doom is a violent first-person shooter computer game made by iD software in 1993. It is one of the first games to use 3 dimensional levels. The game is about killing demons and zombies. Doom has traps that will hurt you and sometimes make you die and fall to the ground. Doom was also the first game with multiplayer deathmatch. This means you can fight with other players instead of the demons and zombies. The game was made with a computer language called C using some new techniques John Carmack created.
It has two sequels: Doom 2 that came out in 1994, and Doom 3 that came out in 2004.

The Jam
The Jam was an English based pop group from Woking in Surrey. The members were Paul Weller (guitar, vocals), Bruce Foxton (bass guitar, vocals), and Rick Buckler (drums). Having come out of from the short Punk movement they went on to become one of the UK's top bands. They had four number one hits which were Going Underground, Start!, Town Called Malice and Beat Surrender.
The Jam disbanded in 1982. Lead singer Paul Weller went on to have hits with The Style Council during the remainder of the 1980's. During the 90's he has had a successful solo career.

Alchemy
Alchemy is a study of the basic elements called fire, water, earth and air. It is the study of transmutation. It was first studied to learn how to change lead into gold. It is similar to chemistry, but much older. People who studied alchemy were called "alchemists".
Alchemists in the Middle Ages often tried to make gold using things that were not gold. They also tried to make the Elixir of Life (which would give the gift of immortality). Many times alchemists would use stories and legends to try to veil (cover up) how to make gold. The psychologist Carl Gustav Jung was interested in this as well but in relation to the soul of man. Alchemists are objective (they deal with external existence) while psychologists are subjective (they deal with the inner life of man). Alchemists deal with the First Matter (a substance that makes transmutation easy) while Psychology deals with the mind. A famous saying in Alchemy: "As above, so below" veils the relationship existing between Alchemy and Psychology.
Alchemy is not a science any more. Some things that the alchemists learned about were important for other sciences, like chemistry.
In 1980, an American scientist named Glenn Seaborg actually changed a very tiny amount of bismuth into gold with a nuclear reactor. But it cost much more to transform the energy to do this than the tiny amount of gold was worth. This is the closest a scientist has come to discover the Philosopher's Stone of the ancient Alchemists. The Philosopher's Stone is the means (way) Alchemists use to achieve (to succeed in) transmutation.
Alchemy was an important science because it helped create many other sciences that came after it, for example, Chemistry, Physics, Biology, and astronomy. Alchemists not only tried to create gold but they also looked for self-purification (to separate the pure from the impure with great care) and enlightenment.

Goldfinger
Goldfinger (also known as "Ian Fleming's Goldfinger") is a 1959 novel; the seventh James Bond book written by Ian Fleming.
It is also the third James Bond movie in the series, as well as the third to star Sean Connery as the British Secret Service agent James Bond.
In this movie, the main bad guy is named Auric Goldfinger, and he likes gold a lot. In the movie, James Bond tries to find out what Goldfinger's bad plan is, and in the end James Bond wins and stops Goldfinger.
It is noted for the character with the unusual name "Pussy Galore", played in the movie by Honor Blackman.

Scar
A scar is the natural result of a healing process in the human body. When the deeper layer (scientists call that "dermis") is hurt by a wound, the wounded tissue will be replaced by scar tissue. Scar tissue is not identical to the tissue it replaces. A scar will look different (and have different characteristics) than the surrounding tissue.

Warcraft
Warcraft is a game series created by Blizzard Entertainment. The series consists of several games including Warcraft to. This game is a Real Time Strategy game where players test their knowledge in strategic warfare to destroy enemies. The most successful game of the series is The Frozen Throne expansion which sold more than 12 million copies. The famous game known to many people as World of Warcraft was based off of these games. Blizzard Entertainment also created World of Warcraft and was published by Vivendi Games.
Objective and information.
The main objective of this real time strategy game is to succeed in eliminating ones enemy. The main races of the game are the mighty Humans, the plagued Undead, the peaceful Night Elves and the rueful Orcs. There are many other branches of races in this game but when playing the other games within this major game, these races are the only ones in which a player can play.
Battle.net.
Battle.net consists of four servers in this game. Azeroth, Northrend, Kalimdor and Lordaeron. This areas represent the different parts of the world in which players play. The closer a player is to each location, the better their connection is to the game. The maximum amount of players per session or also known as "map" is 12. The problem with a game that allows more than 12 players is that it will "lag" the game which is a problem in which Blizzard is tackling.
Azeroth represents US East, Lorderon represents US West, Kailamdor represents Asia and Northerend represents Europe.
The free Battle.net service is mostly used by players as a chat room that can have a maximum of 40 players. There are four types of chatrooms in this program. The public chatrooms that Blizzard made, the private chatrooms in which regular players join, the chatrooms made by clans which always begin with the word Clan followed by up to 4 letters which usually give the acronym for the clan or The Void which is a place in which chat is restricted and where everyone who has been kicked or banned from a channel will go. Players do have the ability to access this area manually.
World Editor.
The World Editor is a program made by Blizzard Entertainment that allows normal players to edit or make their own custom map. This program allows players to use GUI or Jass (a Blizzard made code) to create a map of a players own desire. This has increased the interest of the game because players can now make many different types of maps unlike other games where abilities are extremely limited. On Battle.Net, players can host these games with other players in the custom games section of Battle.net.
Clans and Clan Ranking.
This is the first game On battle.net in which Blizzard Entertainment has a clan system created. Clans must have a minimum of 10 players one including the creator who is the chieftain of the clan. Advisers of the chieftain may be selected after a week of probation time. Their positions are known as shamans. All players except the chieftain will first start out as a peon after they join. After the probation time as stated earlier which is 1 week, they will automatically be turned into grunts which is clearly a higher position than the peon. Before probation time is ended, players have a minimum amount of abilities such as not being able to remove them selves from the clan or other dubious tasks.
Warcraft Battle.net Population.
The daily population of this game varies everyday. Usually on the weekends, the population is larger per day. The population per day on weekends can exceed to up to 100,000 players whereas on weekdays, it can be as low as 60,000.

Deutsches Institut für Normung
DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung e.V. (DIN German Institute for Standardization) is the German national organization for standardization.
It publishes on average 2,000 standards per year in almost all fields of technology and increasingly in non-technical fields (e.g. services).

Paper size
There are different systems for telling paper size. The most used one has been specified by ISO 216. It shows the DIN format for paper.
There are different series (A,B,C). Each series is written as the name of the series and a number, to tell the size of the paper.
Increasing the number by one is the same as cutting the size of the paper in half. DIN A4 is half the size of DIN A3. The biggest of them is DIN A0. DIN A0 has the surface of 1 m².
In this system the aspect ratio (width to height) does not change. it is always the square root of 2 (1.4142..).
The B series and the C series are found by scaling.When something is made bigger or smaller, but the aspect ratio does not change people say it is scaled. B1 is halfway between A0 and A1. C0 is halfway between A0 and B0.
In the United States, Canada, and some other countries of the Americas, the formats US Letter (a little smaller than A4) and US Legal (a little larger than A4) are still used. The scalability also means that less paper (and money) is wasted by printing companies.
The tolerances in the standard are
Paper Sizes in the US and Canada.
In the United States and Canada, there is another system of standard paper sizes. Getting the DIN sizes is very hard.

Envelope
An envelope is a form of packing. Envelopes are used for sending letters or documents using regular postal mail. Envelopes are usually made of paper or hardened paper.
An envelope may be small enough to make you need to fold the paper going into it, or it can be as large as the paper so that you do not need to fold it. A large envelope is called a "manila envelope", usually colored a color in between yellow and orange, and is used to send several pages of papers when a regular envelope would be too small. Another reason a manila envelope would be used would be to send important papers (e.g. birth certificates) that are better left unfolded.
To pay to send the mail, a stamp is usually attached to the envelope.

Francis Hutcheson
Francis Hutcheson (born August 8, 1694, died August 8, 1746) was an Irish philosopher and one of the founding fathers of the Scottish Enlightenment.

Yasser Arafat
Yasser Arafat or Yassir Arafat (Arabic: ياسر عرفات‎) (August 4 or August 24, 1929 in Jerusalem, Palestine) or Cairo, died November 11 3:30am, 2004), born Mohammed Abdel-Raouf Arafat al-Qudwa al-Husseini (محمد عبد الرؤوف القدوة الحسيني) and also known by the "kunya" Abu `Ammar (أبو عمّار) became known as the first leader of the Palestinian people. He was Chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) from 1969 to 2004. In 1993 he also became president of the Palestinian National Authority (PNA).
In 1994, Yasser Arafat was one of the three recipients of the Nobel Peace Prize. The others were Yitzhak Rabin and Shimon Peres. They got the prize for their peace efforts in the Middle East.
The views of him are divided. Some people see him as a hero, who fought for the cause of the Palestinian people. Others see him as a terrorist, who promoted the use of violence to reach his goals. Still other think he was a charismatic leader, but he made too many concessions to the Israeli government. Yasser died in Paris, the next day he was buried at his compound in Due to hasty funeral in Ramallah on November 12, he was reburied on November 13th, around 3 AM.
He was buried in a special casket, with the hope of being buried in Jerusalem one day when Palestine becomes free and independent with Jerusalem as its capital.

Antidote
An antidote is a substance or a thing that can make people feel better who took a certain poison. The antidote will make some of the effects of the poison go away.
Antidotes are specific to certain poisons. They often are poisons themselves. As an example, Atropine, a substance that is found in the deadly nightshade is a very poisonous substance. However, by the way it reacts with the body, it is used as an antidote against some insecticides, as well as nerve gas.

Yitzhak Rabin
(יצחק רבין in Hebrew, other spellings: Yitschak Rabin,Yitzchak Rabin) (March 1, 1922 – November 4, 1995) was an Israeli politician and general. He was the fifth Prime Minister of Israel from 1974 until 1977 and again from 1992 until his assassination in 1995 by Yigal Amir, a right-wing activist who had strongly opposed Rabin's signing of the Oslo Accords and to peace with Palestine. He was the first local-born Prime Minister of Israel, the only Prime Minister to be killed and the second to die in office (following Levi Eshkol).
In 1994, Yitzhak Rabin was one of the three recipients of the Nobel Peace Prize. The others were Yasser Arafat and Shimon Peres. All three got the prizes for trying to make peace in the Middle East.

Activist
An activist is a person who fights for a certain cause. This fight is usually done using peaceful means, but sometimes uses violence.

After
After means later in time.
English fairy tales often end with the words "and they lived happily ever after." "Ever after" means for a long time, not forever or for all time.

Kettle
A kettle is a type of pot that is used in a kitchen. It is used to make water hot or to boil water.
In the past, kettles were made of metal like copper. Kettles were put on a rack or a hook above the fire to become hot. Now, metal kettles is put on the stove or rangetop. Sometimes they are made of ceramic or clay.
Now, some people have electric kettles. These kettles plug into the wall and use electricity to generate heat. They are usually plastic or metal. They heat water faster than kettles on a stove. Kettles are often used to make tea.
They are more common in the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth than other places like the United States.

Nerve agent
Nerve gas or nerve agent is the name of a family of chemical poisons. Usually people call them "nerve agents", they do not need to be a gas. They are often used during wars. They work by changing the way the nerves work in the human body. Messages from the brain are no longer transmitted to the muscles and organs.
Since they are chemical weapons, they are classified as weapons of mass destruction by the United Nations according to UN Resolution 687. It is forbidden to stockpile or to produce them since 1993.
People who are subjected to such nerve agents most often die, or bear mutilations and scars for life.

Herbicide
A herbicide is a poison that kills plants. There are many kinds of herbicides, from weedkillers for gardens to Agent Orange which was used to destroy forests in the Vietnam War.

Hugh Hefner
Hugh Hefner (born April 9, 1926) founded "Playboy Magazine" in the 1950s. He owns a multi-million mansion called the Playboy Mansion.

Urination
Urination is how animals remove urine from their bodies. Urine is the scientific term for "pee", the liquid bodily waste filtered out of the bloodstream and from ingested liquids.

Mainframe
Mainframes (often nicknamed big iron) are large and expensive computers used mainly by government institutions and large companies for things like data processing, industry and consumer statistics, and financial transaction processing.
The term was first used during the early 1970s after the introduction of smaller, easier-to-use systems such as DEC's PDP-8 and PDP-11 series. The DEC computers were soon called minicomputers (minis for short). The name "mainframe" was used for larger, earlier types of computers.

Nyctalopia
Nyctalopia (Greek for Night blindness) is a disease of the human eyes. People who are night blind are not able to see in the dark or have great difficulty to see in the dark. Sometimes the disease is there since birth, and sometimes it is caused in life by external factors (like for example a wounding of the eyes, or a diseases of the retina,or a lack of Vitamin A).

Martinique
Martinique is an island in the Caribbean Sea, and an overseas region of France. It has an area of 1,128 km². Nearly four hundred thousand people live there.
The capital city is Fort-de-France. Other towns include Sainte-Anne and St. Pierre (which was destroyed by a volcano named Mont Pelée in 1902).
Martinique is well-known for its zouk music. Artists such as Kassav have made it famous over the years.

PHP
PHP (PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor) is a programming language that helps make webpages more interactive, by allowing them to do more things. For example, a website programmed with PHP can have pages that are password protected, whereas a website with no programming can not do this. PHP file extensions are:.php.php3 or.phtml. Its structure was influenced by C, Perl, Java, C++, Python It is considered to be free software by the Free Software Foundation.. The newest version of PHP is 5.2.8, released on 8 December 2008.

Hello World
"Hello, World!" is usually a program made by computer programmers that are new to a programming language. It will simply put the text "Hello, World!" on the screen.

2030s
The decade as a whole.
This decade will be called "the twenty-thirties". The Roman number will be MMXXX.

Programming
Programming is when Computer programmers make programs. They usually use programming languages to make their programs. Sometimes they use special software which helps them to make programs, and sometimes they use simpler software like Notepad which only gives them a place to type. After they write programs, they use compilers to turn what they've typed, called the source code, into things that they can run, called executables.

DarkBASIC
DarkBASIC is a programming language that is very easy to create games in so people do not need to worry about DirectX. People now use the more powerful DarkBASIC Professional.

XML
The Extensible Markup Language (short XML) is a computer language. It is a markup language like HTML but is extensible. It's created by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). XML defines rules for the construction of an document. XML adds context to the information in a document. It does not say how this should be displayed.
Some programs get information out of a XML-document. To do that, they need a description of the document. To do that, you can use the DTD. It's an other language.
Languages.
The following languages are based on XML.

JavaScript
JavaScript is a scripting language for a computer. It is often run in a web browser applications that allow the use of dynamic content like message boxes popping up or a live clock. It is different from the programming language Java.
Example.
The JavaScript is enclosed by codice_1 tags, to tell that it is a script and not text.

World Money Fair
The World Money Fair is an international bourse of coins. A "bourse" is where dealers, collectors and the public to buy, sell and trade coins.
In 1970 A. M Beck founded in Muinch the "Organisation of European Coins-Bourses", "Organisation Europäischer Münzen-Börsen" (OEMB) in German. He had the idea to build up a stronger market for the collecting of coins.
Two years later the organisation organized in Basel the 1st international bourse of coins. During the time it was developed to the "World Money Fair". Today more than 40 nations are members of this organisation. In 2006, the bourse is at the 1st time in Berlin. At the start the German Secretary of State Karl Diller presented the new German 2 Euro Coin. It shows the Holstentor of Lübeck.

Autocracy
Autocracy is a form of government. In an autocracy, a single person has all legal and political power, and makes all decisions by himself or herself. The person who holds the power is called an autocrat.
When there is a monarch ruling a country as an absolute monarchy, this is also called an autocracy. Having an autocratic government does not mean the country is governed well or governed poorly. It is just a description on how it is set up.
In modern times, most autocrats gain power as part of a larger nationalist, communist, or fascist movement. Once in power, they eliminate all other kinds of authority in the country, such as judges, the legislature, and political parties.

Oligarchy
Oligarchy is a form of government. In an oligarchic system, all the power is held by a small group of people. It is usually to the most powerful people to govern the state.
Rule by the best.
An oligarchy where "the best" rule is called "Aristocracy".
Rule by the rich.
If the richest people rule the country, this is called "Plutocracy".

Punctuation
Rules of punctuation.
The use of punctuation in English can change from place to place and from time to time.
The use of these marks is often decided by a group or organization and then written down as a style guide. A newspaper may have a style guide to make their stories use the same rules (called consistency).
Some people become angry about what they call "bad" punctuation. The rules are really up to the writer to decide, as long as the meaning is clear. However, if the rules are not followed, a writer's work may seem to be poorly written.
Period or full stop.
A period, known as a full stop in some countries, looks like this:.
A period is used to end a sentence. It shows when an idea is finished.
A period can show numbers that are smaller than one. With money, a period is used to show the amount of money less than one dollar.
A period is used to show that a word has been made shorter. A word that is made shorter with a period is called an abbreviation.
Question mark.
A question mark looks like this: ?
Question marks are used when writing a question, to make an inquiry, or to ask something.
Exclamation mark.
An exclamation mark looks like this: !
An exclamation mark is used write about a strong emotion, or to write the words a person shouted. It can be used to make a statement stronger or more forceful.
An exclamation mark can be used with a question mark, to make a question more forceful.
Apostrophe.
An apostrophe looks like this: '
An apostrophe has two main uses.
Ownership.
An apostrophe can be used to show that something belongs to something else.
If there is only one thing, the letter "s" is used after an apostrophe to show ownership.
Sometimes the letter "s" is not used after an apostrophe to show ownership. A word will end with just an apostrophe if there is more than one thing and the word already ends with an "s".
Contractions.
An apostrophe can be used to put two small words together. Two small words that are put together with an apostrophe to make one word are called contractions. This is normal in writing about a person speaking. Spoken English often uses contractions because these words are easier to say.
Common mistakes when using apostrophes.
Pronouns do not use an apostrophe to show that something belongs to something else. Among these are "its", "his", "hers", "theirs".
Plurals (words referring to more than one thing) do not need an apostrophe.
Quotation marks.
Quotation marks (also called quote marks or quotes for short) are used around the words that people have said, or direct speech. They are used in pairs.
In these cases, quotation marks go after the commas and periods, not before.
Quotation marks are also used in some other cases besides direct speech, for example around the name of a song. In these cases, the commas can come after the quote marks.
Colon.
Colons can be used at the beginning of a list. "This is a list of animals: birds, cats, insects, pigs, and sheep.".
Colons can be used to replace a semicolon in between two parts of a sentence, but this is not common today.
Standard English usage is to have no spaces before, and one space after a colon.
Semicolon.
A semicolon is used to connect two sentences, in one sentence, where a comma could also be used.
Ellipsis.
An ellipsis is a mark that looks like this:...
It is used to show where words have been missed out when writing what a person said. It can also be used to show that there is more to be said but the person stopped at that point.
Bibliography.
"Eats, Shoots, and Leaves" By Lynne Truss. Published By Profile Books, Ltd. in 2003

Land
Most of the earth's surface is covered with water. The roughly 22 percent that is not, is called Land (as opposed to water).
Land can have different types of soil. There may be stones, sand, dirt, etc.
A Land can also mean some territory, forming part of a country.

Surface
A surface is the outer part of something. Most surfaces have a width and a length, but no depth.
Surfaces are studied in geometry.

List of Internet top-level domains
Here is a list of currently existing Top Level Domains (TLDs).

List of Atlantic hurricane seasons
The following is a list of Atlantic hurricane seasons. All began on June 1 in their respective years. They ended on November 30. These dates are when tropical cyclones usually form in the Atlantic Ocean.
Before the-1700s.
Before-1600
1600-1619 1620-1639
1640-1659 1660-1679 1680-1699
1700s.
1700-1719 1720-1739 1740-1759
1760-1769 1770-1779 1780-1789 1790-1799
1800s.
1800-1809
1810-1819
1820-1829
1830-1839
1840-1849
1850-1859
1860-1869
1870
1871-1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900s.
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000s.
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009

List of Pacific hurricane seasons
The following is a list of Pacific hurricane seasons. They all began on May 15 in the eastern Pacific and June 1 in the central Pacific in their respective years. There, they end on November 30. These dates are when tropical cyclones usually form in the eastern Pacific Ocean.
1900s.
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000s.
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008

1963 Atlantic hurricane season
The 1963 Atlantic hurricane season started on June 1, 1963, and ended in November 30, 1963.
The most famous hurricane of the season was Hurricane Flora. It was one of the most deadly. It killed 7,200 people as in Haiti and Cuba.
Hurricane Arlene.
A group of clouds in the central Atlantic became a tropical storm on July 31. It went to the west and it became a hurricane on August 2. The hurricane quickly became a category 2 hurricane with 100 mph (160km/h) winds. Arlene got to Bermuda on August 9. Afterwards it got wind speeds of 100 mph (160km/h) again that night. It got weaker until it left the tropics on August 11. No one died from it.
Hurricane Beulah.
Before Hurricane Beulah there was a tropical wave moving in the tropical Atlantic. It was put together enough to be called a tropical depression on August 20, and it became strong enough to be called a tropical storm the next day. Beulah moved to the northwest, becoming a hurricane on the 22nd and a big hurricane on the 24th. The hurricane moved to the north.
Tropical Storm Three.
A weak storm north of Puerto Rico moved northeast. It became a tropical depression on September 10. It became a tropical storm on the 11th. This small storm had 60 mph (100km/h) winds on the 12th. That was the fastest the winds would become.
Hurricane Cindy.
Over the Gulf of Mexico Cindy turned into a tropical storm on September 16. Cindy turned into a hurricane the next day. It didn't become any stronger before it got to High Island, Texas. Cindy brought a lot of rain to southeast Texas as it moved to the southwest over the state. The hurricane weakened on the 20th, after causing $12.5 million (1963 dollars) in damage. It killed three people.
Hurricane Debra.
On September 19, a tropical wave became a tropical depression in the Atlantic Ocean. It turned into a tropical storm on the 21st. It didn't hit the islands as it moved north. Debra became a hurricane later on the 21st.
Hurricane Edith.
The Intertropical Convergence Zone developed a tropical depression on September 23, east of the Lesser Antilles. It moved west and it became a hurricane on the 24th. It went through the Windward Islands on the 25th as a hurricane with 95 mph (140km/h) winds. Upper level winds made it stay as a minimal hurricane before it got to Dominican Republic on the 27th. The island killed the hurricane. Edith was gone by the 29th. Edith killed ten people in Martinique, injured 50 people across the Caribbean, and caused $47 million in damage. It was unlucky that Hurricane Flora came just days later.
Hurricane Flora.
Hurricane Flora was the deadliest hurricane of the season. It killed over 7,000 people and created hundreds of millions of dollars in damage.
Hurricane Ginny.
Ginny was strange. It is one of the most recent hurricanes to make landfall near New England. It made 18 inches (50cm) of snow over Maine. The hurricane killed 7 people and created $300,000 in damage (1963 dollars).
Tropical Storm Helena.
Tropical Storm Helena formed on October 25. It reached its maximum of 50 mph (80km/h) before it hit the Lesser Antilles. Helena's strength changed a lot for the next 3 days. Though it was weak, Helena was able to kill 5 people and create $500,000 in damage.
1963 storm names.
The following names were used for tropical storms and hurricanes that formed in Atlantic in 1963. Names that were not used are marked in gray.
Retirement.
The name Flora was never used again.

Sildenafil
Sildenafil is a medication that is also called Viagra, Revatio and (in the Indian subcontinent) Caverta. Sildenafil makes the blood vessels become wider. This lowers the blood pressure. Sildenafil mostly works in the penis and in the lungs. This medicine increases blood flow to the penis. This helps the penis become erect during sexual intercourse. Sildenafil also helps pulmonary hypertension. Because this medicine makes the blood vessels wider, it makes it easier for the heart to pump blood. Sildenafil was patented in 1996 and first made to sell in 1998.
See also.
Adverse effect

Sylvester McCoy
Percy James Patrick Kent-Smith or Sylvester McCoy (born August 20, 1943) is a Scottish actor. He is best known for playing the seventh incarnation of the Doctor on "Doctor Who" from 1987–1989, he also briefly played the Doctor in beginning of the 1996 TV movie.

Paul McGann
Paul McGann (born November 14, 1959) is an English actor. He is best known for his roles in "Withnail and I" (1987) and as the Eighth Doctor in the 1996 "Doctor Who" television movie.

Georgia O'Keeffe
Georgia O’Keeffe (November 15 1887 - March 6 1986) was an American artist.
She is mainly known for her paintings. These paintings use both "abstract" and "concrete" elements.

Genesis (band)
Genesis is an English progressive rock group. They formed in 1967. They have sold about 150 million albums all over the world. This puts them among the top 30 best-selling recording artists of all time. The group's members have included Peter Gabriel and Phil Collins. Both of them were successful as solo artists as well.
Members of the group.
Over the years, Genesis has changed members more than once. The first line-up was Peter Gabriel (vocals), Anthony Phillips (guitar), Tony Banks (keyboards), Mike Rutherford (bass & guitar), and Chris Stewart (drums).
Other drummers until 1970 were John Silver and John Mayhew. In August 1970, Phil Collins began playing drums for Genesis. In some songs, he also sang. The same year Phillips left, and Steve Hackett joined as a guitarist in 1971.
After the release of the album "The Lamb Lies Down on Broadway" (1974), Gabriel left the band. Collins took over the singing. He was singer for Genesis from 1976 to 1996. When Hackett also left, in 1977 there were only three members left. The 1978 album was called "...And Then There Were Three..." because of this.
The last studio album with Collins was "We Can't Dance" in 1991. He left the band in 1996 and was replaced with singer Ray Wilson. Because the album "Calling All Stations" (1997) with Ray Wilson was not very successful, the group disbanded.
After a break of almost ten years, Genesis started a world tour in 2006. The members now are Phil Collins, Mike Rutherford and Tony Banks.

Deadly nightshade
Deadly nightshade or belladonna ("Atropa belladonna") is a well-known, hardy perennial shrub, a member of the nightshade family.
Originally, it grew in Europe,North Africa and Asia. It has also been seen in North America, but is far less common there. Usually it grows in the shade. The plant does not like direct sunlight. Often it grows in places where the soil is rich in limestone.
Belladonna is poisonous.
Most parts of the plant, its leaves, its berries are known to be very poisonous. Children have died from eating as little as three berries. One leaf contains enough poison to kill an adult. The root usually contans the most poison.
The poison present in the plant is called "Atropine".
Effects of the poison.
Those are the effects of "Atropine". Dilated pupils (big), hallucinations, difficulties to see (the vision may not be as sharp as always, it may be difficult to focus on some object). Problems to keep upright, feeling like one is flying, being confused.
The pulse of the victim grows faster and faster, and the rate at which the heart is beating will go up.

Perennial
A perennial is a plant that bears leaves and perhaps flowers every year. Some plants only bear leaves and flowers once, then they die. Such plants are called "annual". Other plants live for two years. They are called "biennial".
Most trees and shrubs are perennial plants.
The word perennial can also refer to a tradition, an event, or a seasonal item that remains popular every year, such as a holiday song.

Shrub
A shrub or bush is a category of plants. A tree usually has one stem, which at some height has branches. A "shrub" can have multiple stems from the bottom up. Usually, bushes do not grow as tall as trees, very often they are less than 10-12 m tall.
Very many plants can be either shrubs or trees, depending on the growing conditions. Small, low shrubs such as lavender, periwinkle and thyme are often termed subshrubs. Shrubs can be either deciduous or evergreen.
A Shrubbery is a garden with shrubs as the main feature.

Evergreen
An evergreen plant is a plant that keeps its leaves over the winter. Most plants lose their leaves in autumn.

Deciduous
Deciduous means "temporary" or "tending to fall off" (deriving from the Latin word "decidere", to fall off).
When talking about plants this means that the plant loses its leaves, usually in autumn. The leaves will then grow again in spring.

Shade
A place is called in the shade when the sun is shining, and some object, a tree for example, blocks the direct sunlight. So the sunlight can not reach the spot. The dark image, which the object casts on the ground (or on another object) is called shadow, not "shade".
Shade can also mean a darker or lighter color of the same base color. For example: in a picture of a tree's shadow, the grass in the shade will be a darker "shade" of green than the grass out of the shade.

Hallucination
A hallucination is when a person sees an image or hears a sound that is not really there.
Certain drugs can cause hallucinations. Some illegal drugs are taken because they cause hallucinations. Certain mental illnesses can also cause hallucinations.
What are the different types of hallucinations?
Hallucinations can affect all of a person's senses. People with the mental illness of schizophrenia may hear sounds or voices that are not really there. People with certain mental illnesses may also have hallucinations in which they see a person or thing which is not really there. People are less likely to have hallucinations in which they smell or touch something that is not really there. Certain forms of epilepsy can cause hallucinations. Finally, hallucinations can be the result of certain substances taken or of certain physical constellations. Most of the time, these substances are taken to get the hallucinations. Sometimes, (severe) lack of sleep, or high fever can lead to hallucinations brought on by such viruses as the common cold.
How many people are affected by hallucinations?
Many studies have shown hallucinatory experiences take place across the world. Several studies, one of them done as early as 1894, have reported that approximately 10% of the population experience hallucinations. A recent survey of over 13,000 people reported a much higher figure. According to the study, almost 39% of the people reported hallucinatory experiences. 27% of the people reported daytime hallucinations, mostly outside the context of illness or drug use. From this survey, hallucinations affecting smell or tasteseem the most common in the general population.
Mental illness.
People with mental illnesses such as Psychosis or Schizophrenia may see or hear things that are not really there. However, to the person hallucinating these hallucinations are very vivid. The affected person is unable to distinguish the hallucinations from 'real' experiences. Auditory hallucinations are most prevalent in schizophrenic patients. This can be very scary for the person having the hallucination. As well, it can be dangerous, because the person who is having the hallucination may do something dangerous. For example, if a person with schizophrenia is driving and they have a hallucination, they might hurt themselves in a car crash.
Diseases or illnesses.
Some diseases such as brain disorders or infections may cause a person to have hallucinations. As well, an alcoholic (person who is addicted to alcohol) who stops drinking alcohol suddenly may experience a type of hallucinations called delirium tremens (or "DT's"). Some people have hallucinations if they do not sleep for a number of days, or if they do not eat for a number of days.
Chemicals or drugs.
Some people have hallucinations because they purposefully or accidentally put chemicals or drugs into their bodies.
Illegal drugs.
Some people use illegal drugs that cause vivid (strong) hallucinations, such as LSD ("acid") and PCP ("angel dust"). Many illegal drugs will cause hallucinations if very large doses are taken, such as cocaine, heroin, crystal meth and hashish.
Legal drugs.
Some legal drugs that dentists, doctors, or surgeons use cause hallucinations. The dentists, doctors, and surgeons use drugs called anaesthetics to make people not feel pain, or to make people become unconscious. The main effects (result) of these drugs are that they make the patient not feel pain, or become unconscious. But the drugs also have some other additional effects, which are called side effects, such as nausea (feeling sick) and hallucinations.
Many dentists use an anaesthetic called nitrous oxide ("laughing gas"). Inhaling large quantities of nitrous oxide can cause people to have hallucinations. Doctors and surgeons use many types of anaesthetic gases so that patients who are being operated become unconscious. When a person inhales anaesthetic gases, they may have hallucinations for several minutes, until they become unconscious.
Accidental poisoning.
Some adults accidentally swallow a poisonous chemical because it is in a bottle that has the wrong label. In some cases, children swallow a poisonous chemical because they think that it is a food product or a drink. Some dangerous, poisonous chemicals which can make people very sick or even kill them also cause hallucinations.
Lack of sleep.
Some people have hallucinations when they have not slept for a long time; other people have something resembling a hallucination before falling asleep. This is usually called Hypnagogia. Most of the time, the people experiencing this kind of hallucinations are aware of the fact that they are not real.

Shadow
When a beam of light shines onto something, that thing will cast a dark image of itself onto the ground or another surface. This image is usually called shadow. A place where the sun does not reach when it is shining can also be called "shade".
To make a shadow, there must be a light source, and an object to shine the light at. As light travels in straight lines, it cannot reach the shadow area without bending around the object. This makes the shadow. A shadow is not completely black though, as some light reflects off other objects to reach the shadow area.

Top-level domain
A top-level domain is an extension at the very end of a domain name, which is a name for an Internet website.

The Sims
"The Sims" is a 2000 video game. It is a life simulator that imitates real life. Sims can get jobs, have needs, and can get married. the third best selling computer and video game of all time (it mostly sold well on the computer).
History.
It was created by Will Wright, who worked at Maxis, which was owned by EA Games. It was first released in February 2000. His intention was to make an open-eded game without a set objective. This feature was the reason why it attracted so many gamers.
Gameplay.
The first part of the game is to make a family. This can be of children and adults. A player can choose what they look like from many different clothes and hair styles. The family must include at least one adult.
Each family starts with $20,000. After the family is made, the player can move them into a lot. Some lots are empty and other lots have houses on them.
There are many different floor coverings, wall coverings and doors to choose from when building a house. After building, the player can purchase objects, such as a refrigerator, bed, or other things.
Players control the Sims in Live Mode. The main goal is to keep the Sim's eight needs up and in the green. These needs eventually go down as time goes by. If Sims have no energy, they will fall to the ground. If they are swimming and run outof energy they will drown. If they are too hungry, they will die of starvation.
Other goals include making money (called Simoleons in this game). Sims must get jobs to get more money so they can pay bills, buy new objects, and expand the house. If they do not go to work two days in a row, they will be fired. Each Sim has eight skill levels to work towards. Each skill level has 10 points. For instance, in the military job, the ultimate rerquirement is 10 body points. Jobs also require a certain number of friends to receive a promotion. The higher they go, the more money they make per day.
Children must go to school. If they do not keep their grades up, they will be sent to military school and will never return. They can read books to study.
Expansion packs.
"The Sims" is well-known for having many expansion packs, or smaller games that add onto the main game. The player must own the original game to buy and install these packs.
Sequels.
In 2004, EA Games released the sequel, called "The Sims 2". It features a 360 degree rotational view, aspirations and aging. Eight expansion packs have been released for this game so far with the most recent one coming out in August 2008.
EA Gamea has announced another sequel called "The Sims 3". It will be released Feburary 20, 2009.
Other Sims games.
These all follow a different concept. They are more objective-based rather than free-willed. They have not been as popular as the original PC editions.

Webcam
A webcam is a type of camera that lets people see each other over the Internet. Most people that have webcams use them to have video conversations with an instant messenger. Often webcams are used for recording videos and video blogs.

Y-intercept
The y-intercept of a line on a graph is where the line touches (or intercepts) the y-axis (the numbered line going straight up). If the equation of the line is formula_1, the y-intercept will be the point where formula_2. Because 0 times anything is just 0, formula_3. This is why "c" is the y-intercept.

The Last Waltz
The Last Waltz was final concert of the Canadian/American rock group The Band. It took place on Thanksgiving (November 26) in 1976 at the Winterland Ballroom in San Francisco, California. It was also made into a movie by Martin Scorsese, that came out in 1978.

1241
1241 is a year in the 13th century.

1204
1204 is a year in the 13th century.

Vedas
The Vedas are the four holiest books of the Hindu religion. Hindus believe they are the oldest books ever made by mankind. They are written in an old Indian language called Sanskrit. They have words (called "mantras") which are chanted at the religious ceremonies.
They were written between 1,500 and 500 BC. The Vedas have stories about the Hindu gods, instructions for rituals, hymns, poetry, and prayers. The word "Vedic" means something about the Vedas. The language of the Vedas is called "Vedic Sanskrit".
Hindus believe the Vedas are the basis of all Hindu religion. Even later types of Hinduism that are very different from the types of Hinduism that follow the Vedas respect them.
Rig Veda.
Rig Veda is the first Veda of the four Vedas. Rig Veda means a "Veda of praise". This Veda has several verses (hymns). These hymns praise a number of gods. This Veda is also the oldest Hindu holy book.
Sama Veda.
Sama Veda is the second Veda of the four Vedas. Sama Veda means the "Veda of sacred songs". This Veda also has many hymns. They were sung by the Hindu priests and other Hindus during religious activities.
Yajur Veda.
Yajur Veda is the third Veda of the four Vedas. Yajur Veda means "the Veda of the Yajus". Yajus were mantras sung during religious activities. Yajur Veda is divided into two parts. The name of the first part is Black Yajurveda, called "Taittiriya". The name of the second part is White Yajurveda, called "Vajasaneyi".
Atharva Veda.
Atharva Veda is the 10th Veda out of the four Vedas. Atharva Veda means the "Veda of knowledge". Ayurveda has connection with Atharva Veda.
It was made after the other three vedas.
All these books are considered by Hindus to be of ultimate knowledge on both types of education: spiritual and mental.

List of Prime Ministers of Greenland
List of Prime Ministers of Greenland
For leaders before this see: List of Governors of Greenland

Serbia and Montenegro
Serbia and Montenegro (Serbian: Србија и Црна Гора, Srbija i Crna Gora, abbreviated as "SCG") was the name of the state union of Serbia and Montenegro. They used to be two separate Yugoslav republics. In 2006, they became their own countries.
It was on the west-central Balkan Peninsula, next Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia on the western sides, Hungary to the north, Romania and Bulgaria to the east, the Republic of Macedonia to the south and Albania to the southwest, with just over 200 km of coast on the Adriatic.
Serbia and Montenegro worked together in only some political areas. The states had separate economic policies and currencies (money).

Minister
A Minister can be a Member of Parliament, or a Clergyman (person who works as a Priest in the Church). This article refers to (talks about) a Minister as a Member of Parliament.
A Minister is a Member of Parliament who has a special role dealing with a certain area of Government. In the British Government, there are Ministers for lots of different things, like Children, Work & Pensions and Culture, Media & Sport. There are descriptions (things that describe) of what these people do at the bottom of this page.
Ministers in the government report to the Prime Minister, who also tells them what they need to do in relation to their jobs. The Deputy Prime Minister also reports to the Prime Minister.
Other Ministers, even though they are not called Ministers, include the Foreign Secretary, and the Home Secretary.
What describes these jobs?
The Minister for Children looks after children's rights - these are laws which take care of how children are treated by their parents or guardians (a guardian is someone who looks after a child when their parents are not able to), and their care in society. The job means that this Minister has a special role in the lives of all children in the UK.
This Minister looks after jobs (Employment) and money given to people who are in need (Welfare Benefits). They set the rules saying what people who have no job must do to try and get one, and how much money people who have no job or are in need, get to live on. The Minister also sets rules about what happens to people who do not do enough to find a job, or who break the law by working while they are getting Welfare Benefits.
Minister for Culture, Media and Sport
This Minister has a special role which means they promote (make popular) British Culture and Traditions. They also take care of Broadcasting laws and laws about what newspapers and television stations can and cannot do. Also, they have a duty to promote sporting activities which take place in Britain and help the government attract major sports events to Britain (the recent decision to let Britain host the Olympic Games in 2012 is an example of this).
What about other countries?
Other countries also have Ministers who, like those in Britain, deal with special things related to how people live. You can find out about them by looking at the Wikipedia in your own country.

Jealousy
Jealousy or envy is a feeling (or emotion) people get when they want what others have. This is a negative feeling. When someone is jealous of someone else, he or she usually dislikes the other person.

Anger
Anger is a negative feeling which often happens when a person thinks that someone or something has done something wrong, bad or which puts them in danger, and they want to stop the risk, or punish the person for what they have done. Anger may be the brain's reaction if it thinks there may be pain - as part of the fight or flight decision (whether to attack or run away). When someone is angry, anger becomes the feeling that has the biggest effect on what they do, once a person makes the choice to do something without watiing, to stop something which they think is a threat which puts them in danger.
People show anger to others by their face, what they do with their body, not trying to understand or help other people's problems, and sometimes acts of aggression or force in public (e.g. punching a wall). Animals and humans might try to intimidate - for example they could make loud sounds, try to make their bodies look bigger, bare (show) their teeth, or stare.
Anger is a way to behave which is designed to make something showing aggression ("aggressors") stop its threatening behavior. Usually a fight will only happen after at least one of the people or animals fighting has shown anger. Most people who become angry explain that it happened as a result of "what has happened to them", though it makes the angry person less aware of themselves (and so less able to monitor or control themselves) and they tend to see the situation from their own viewpoint.
Being angry changes the human body by making the heart beat faster, increasing blood pressure (the pressure made by the blood at right angles of the walls of blood vessels) and increasing amounts of the hormones adrenaline and noradrenaline (chemicals which send messages to parts of the body to make changes).
Increased amounts of hormones and body changes.
Being angry makes the levels of the hormones adrenaline and noradrenaline in the body go up, although this does not last for very long.
Adrenaline quickly makes the body ready to act when there is important trouble by increasing the supply of oxygen and glucose (needed to make energy) to the brain and muscles, while slowing less important things the body is doing, like digesting food.
Noradrenaline is released during stress (making it a stress hormone) and goes to areas of the brain which control attention (how much and how strongly you think or concentrate) and reactions. It is very important in the when the body chooses "fight-or-flight" (attacking or running away), so it increases heart rate (speed at which the heart pumps), starting glucose being taken out of stores of energy, so it can be used, and increasing blood flow to particular muscles.

Jump
A jump is when someone bend their legs and quickly straightens them. This lifts them off the ground. They either go up or up and to one side.
Animals.
Almost all animals can jump. They jump to get food, escape danger, or to go places. Jumping can also represent happiness or joy. Some animals jump differently than humans. The elephant is an animal that can not jump.
Sports.
There are sports where the athletes have to jump high (high jump), or far (long jump, triple jump). In basketball, it is good to be able to jump high. It makes it easier to score. In figure skating, there are six major jumps.

Light microscope
A light microscope works a lot like a refracting telescope except that the object is very close to the objective lens. Put a tiny organism (a "daphnia" or water flea) found in pond water on a glass slide. The clips on the microscope's flat stage hold the slide in place. Now take a look through the microscope eyepiece. A mirror at the bottom of the microscope reflects light rays up to the daphnia through a hole in the stage. Objective lenses magnify the image which is made even larger when it is seen through the eyepiece lenses.
The light microscope is widely used in colleges and high schools. It normally has a top magnification of 40x with the option of having 4x and 8x. This lets the microscope have the ability to see basic cells and other items.

Rembrandt
Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn (15 July 1606 – 4 October 1669) was a famous Dutch painter and artist.
He was born in Leiden. In 1631 he went to live in Amsterdam, because many people there had heard of him and wanted him to paint their portraits. He married a woman called Saskia van Uylenberg. They had four children, but three of them died very young. After Saskia died, Rembrandt lived with a woman called Hendrickje Stoffels who had been his servant, and they had a daughter called Cornelia. Rembrandt died in Amsterdam on October 4, 1669.
Rembrandt painted many very famous pictures. Some of them are very large, and some of them are dark and sad. He was such a good painter, that many of his pictures make people feel as if they are taking part in what is happening. Paintings by Rembrandt can be seen in famous art galleries all over the world.

Major film studio
The Big Ten are the United States's ten major movie production studios. Most of them have their offices in Hollywood.
The Big Six are the group of major companies who own them.

Culinary mustard
Culinary mustard is a condiment people use when making food. It comes from the seeds of the mustard plant.
Preparation.
Mustard is prepared by grinding the seeds of the Mustard plant, and mixing them with water or vinegar. Depending on which seeds are taken, and/or how much vinegar is added, the mustard may turn out hotter or less hot.
Usage.
Most mustard is made available as a bottled condiment and is can be spread on a slice of sandwich bread or squirted onto a hotdog along with ketchup, horseradish and other spices. It is also commonly found in most fast-food restaurants in the form of a small packet which the diner may open and squeeze into the dish of choice, but it is usually already included in the average hamburger bun.

Condiment
A condiment is a prepared food that is put to other food, to make the food tastier or taste different. It usually is in the form of a sauce or a powder. Salt and pepper are examples of well-known condiments. Ketchup, Mustard, Relish, Mayonnaise, Horseradish, Soy Sauce and Worcestershire Sauce are also well known condiments.

Vinegar
Vinegar is a liquid used mostly in cooking. It can be made from wine or other liquids containing alcohol, like cider or fermented fruit juices. Ethanol is oxidized from the liquid, resulting in vinegar.
It can also be made through the use of certain bacteria.
In cooking, it is often used as a condiment to add to salad. To get an Italian-type dressing, vinegar, oil and salt are used.

Insecticide
An insecticide is a poison made to kill insects and spiders.
Insects are very tough animals that have adapted to a great variety of settings. Therefore, the poison used to kill them is also deadly to humans.

Paranoia
Paranoia is a condition where a person believes that they are being watched at all times, for example, or that they are being followed. They may also think that someone who is not present, loves them. Often this is a figure well-known in the media.
Very often, the symptoms of the disease are also present with other diseases of the mind, for example with Schizophrenia.
When normal people who are not doctors talk about someone being paranoid, they usually do not mean this person they refer to is mentally ill. They just see that the person has strong fears, for example.

Delusion
A delusion is a false belief held by a person. If doctors talk about delusions they mean that the false belief is the result of some disease, usually a disease of the mind, like "paranoia" or "schizophrenia".
Delusions also have other properties, according to Karl Jaspers

Paganism
Paganism is a term that covers a great number of spiritual and religious beliefs, and someone who follows one of these beliefs is known as a Pagan. Those in ancient times, who are called "Pagans" today, believed there was not just one God (see Monotheism), but a number of gods and goddesses whose statues they prayed to, for example, the ancient Greeks, Romans, etc. (see Polytheism or Pantheism).
Today, some people call themselves Pagans (see Neopaganism) and believe that everything around them is holy or sacred because is all part of a god or goddess (or represents a number of gods and goddesses). For example, they believe that a stone or a tree is "part" of a god and/or a goddess, and so is sacred, but Neo-Pagans do not actually worship the stone or the tree itself. Most Neo-Pagans not only believe the Earth is a living being, but also that she represents "the goddess".
In the Roman Empire, people from the countryside were called "paganus" from the Latin word for 'boundary stone' or "country dweller." The soldiers, who were usually from another area, would use the word "paganus" to mean anyone local who was not a soldier. Soldiers would later also use it as an insult for each other, to mean a sloppy soldier. When Romans started to become Christian, they called themselves "soldiers" because they were disciplined, and so they also came to use the word 'pagan', to refer to non-Christians.
The word "pagan" (without a capital P) is often used to describe anyone who is not of the three Abrahamaic religions: Islam, Judaism, or Christianity. Today Pagan, with a capital P, often refers to people who follow Neo-Pagan religions that honour the Earth. The best known of the modern Neo-Pagan religions is Wicca, but there are many other paths and traditions that are not Wicca but consider themselves Pagan.

1504
1504 was a year of the Gregorian calendar, that started on a Friday.

Courage
A person has courage if he does something even though he is afraid. Courage can be doing things that other people think should be scary. A person has courage if he puts himself in danger to save another person. If someone has courage, it is said that they are courageous.
For example, someone may be said to have courage if they fight a lion, or save a baby from a burning building.

Supporter
In British English, a supporter is a person who likes and supports a sportsperson or a team. Many teams of some sports have thousands of supporters, for example, the football team Real Madrid.
In American English, "supporter" is more often used in other subjects, for example, in politics. In sports, the word "fan" (from "fanatic") is more often used.

Formula One
Formula One, or F1, is a type of race-car driving. Teams compete in a series of Grand Prix races, held in different countries around the world. Some of the most popular races are held in Monaco, Japan, Italy and Britain. The cars are very fast, making speeds of up to 370 kilometers per hour. The championship has been won many times by
different teams- Mclaren, Ferrari and Williams. Teams can consist of as many as 600 people, who all come together every race weekend, and using each of their individual expertise try to obtain the maximum result - a victory. The winning driver and team each gain ten points towards the drivers and constructor's championship. Teams consist of drivers, test drivers, a team principal, mechanics, engineers, designers and aerodynamicists to name a few of the team personnel. Winning a race takes a good qualifying position, flawless strategy, perfect pitstops and a fast car.
Drivers are paid huge salaries to risk their lives every time they step into the cockpit. Like all types of motoracing, the dangers associated with formula one are great. So much so, that there are many safety measures. Drivers wear 4 layers of flameproof overalls, made of a fire resistant material called Nomex. A drivers helmet must be able to resist an 800 degree celsius flame for at least 45 seconds, as well 100s of Gforces. the helmets can be driven over by trucks with no damage being done to them. Carbon fibre is the ideal material for the bodywork of formula one cars - which are very expensive to build and repair. The design of cars differs from team to team. Each team has two entries into the championship which means two cars to build, plus a spare car. The current tyre suppliers are Bridgestone - making sure every car has the right tyre for the differing weather conditions. Wet weather driving is considered a skill in formula one, as the cars are slowed down considerably.
The body that runs Formula One, the FIA, is based in France. Although Formula One is a 'billion dollar business', a drop in viewership and attendance figures at races has prompted the FIA to make a number of rule changes in recent years. these changes are meant to make the races more interesting, so more people watch.

Abdullah Öcalan
Abdullah Öcalan is the leader of Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK), a Communist group banned by the government of Turkey. Turkey branded Abdullah a terrorist, although many Kurds look to him for leadership and call him "Apo" or "uncle." "Öcalan" means, in Turkish, "he who takes revenge"
He was born on April, 4th 1949 into a poor peasant family in the village of Omerli, Urfa. He studied at vocational school and then pursued a course at the School of Political Science, Ankara University. He became involved in militant Maoist politics and was first arrested in 1973. In 1975 he returned to Kurdistan and in 1978 he was one of the founder members of the PKK. At the First Congress in November 1978 he was elected leader.
He left Turkey in 1979, before the military coup of September 1980, which led to the imprisonment of thousands of members and sympathisers of the party. In 1982 the PKK decided to resume an armed struggle inside Turkey and in August 1984 the military wing, the Liberation Units of Kurdistan (HRK), began operations. In 1985 the political wing was renamed the National Liberation Front of Kurdistan (ERNK) and in 1986 the HRK became the Peoples Liberation Army of Kurdistan (ARGK). Öcalan's pronouncements had become increasingly moderate through the 1990s, publicly he stated his desire to move the PKK away from violence and towards a political approach.
He was forced out of his group's base in Syria, following pressure from Turkey, in November 1998. He fled to Russia and then Europe, he was arrested after arriving from Moscow at Rome's Fiumicino Airport. He was soon released while he appealed for political asylum, Italian law forbids the extradition of someone to a country where they would face a death sentence. An extradition request from Germany also collapsed amid political maneuvering. He left Italy on 16 January 1999 and returned to Russia but soon left for Greece, apparently intending to fly from there to The Hague. He was refused entry to a number of European states and instead, on February 3 (?) the Greek authorities flew him to Nairobi, Kenya.
On February 15, 1999 Turkey succeeded in kidnapping or arresting him in Nairobi and quickly transported him to Turkey. The details of his capture remain unclear. On February 16, across Europe, Kurdish supporters responded with protests, acts of violence and terrorism. Öcalan was charged with treason in Ankara, Turkey on February 23.
Öcalan is held as the only inmate on the prison island of Imrali. He was tried before a military court on the island from May 31, 1999. The trial had six days of proceedings and following various adjournments he was sentenced to death on June 29. His appeal was rejected in November but the sentence was suspended while there was a review by the European Court of Human Rights. In September 2002 a Turkish court finally reduced his sentence to life imprisonment. The country had abandoned the death penalty in August 2002 as part of the process towards joining the European Union.

Caribbean Community
The Caribbean Community, or CARICOM, is a group of nations in the Caribbean Sea that have come together. They share their products, and they have a government to help organize the area. They are mainly together to help trade and their economies.

Qaqortoq
Qaqortoq, also known by its Danish name "Julianehåb", is a town in southwestern Greenland. With a population of 3,100, it is South Greenland's biggest town. It is the fourth biggest town in Greenland. The name Qaqortoq is Western Greenlandic, and it means "white". Qaqortoq also is the seat of the Municipality of Qaqortoq which apart from the town itself includes three small settlements. Qaqortoq was founded by Norwegian Anders Olsen in 1775. Near Qaqortoq are the Hvalsey ruins, the most famous Norse ruins in Greenland.
References.
"Greenland and the Arctic". By Etain O'Carroll and Mark Elliott. Lonely Planet 2005. ISBN 1740590953.

Sisimiut
Sisimiut (also known by its Danish name 'Holsteinsborg') is a town in southwestern Greenland. With 5,247 people (as of 2005), it is the second biggest town in Greenland. It is 75 kilometers north of the Arctic Circle, and is Greenland's most northern year-round port which has no ice.

Arctic Circle
The Arctic Circle is one of the five major circles of latitude (imaginary lines around the Earth) that are often marked on maps of the Earth. This is the parallel of latitude that (in 2000) runs 66° 33' 39" north of the Equator.
The Arctic Circle is one way to say what part of the Earth is in the Arctic. The North Pole is in the center of the Arctic Circle.

Kabul
Kabul is the capital and the largest city in Afghanistan with about 3 million people living there. It is 1,800 meters, or 5,900 feet above-sea-level. Kabul is over 3,000 years old.

Parfait
Parfait is a type of food that is eaten as a dessert. The word in French means "perfect".
Styles of Parfait.
Parfaits are made differently in different countries.
French Parfait.
A common parfait is the French kind. A French parfait mixes sugar, whip cream, an egg yolk, sauce, cold fruit and frozen ice cream. French parfaits are served on a plate not in a glass.
Japanese Parfait.
Japanese parfait made mainly of ice cream and fruit with a sweet ingredient. It is served in a tall glass. It is a classic on a coffee shop menu. It is one of the more popular desserts.

Parrot
True parrots are birds of the family Psittacidae. There are 330 species of true parrots. Parakeets are a type of true parrot. Parrot is also a general term for all birds of the order Psittaciformes. This order includes true parrots as well as cockatoos.
Birds of the parrot family can be found in most of the warm parts of the world, such as India, southeast Asia and west Africa. One species, the now extinct Carolina Parakeet, lived in the United States. The biggest number of parrot species come from Oceania, South America, and Central America. They are often kept as pets.
All parrots have a curved beak and four toes on each foot. Two toes face forward and two toes face back. Some parrots live up to 80 years. Many parrots can imitate human speech.

Angel cake
Angel cake (or angel food cake or angelfood cake) is a kind of cake first made in the United States in the 19th century. It is very light and fluffy.

Wrench
A wrench (spanner in British English) is a tool used to turn nuts and bolts, and similarly shaped objects.
Special wrenches.
An adjustable spanner, or adjustable wrench, or crescent wrench in American English, is a tool. It may move its jaw to rotate nuts or bolts of different sizes. It was invented by Edwin Beard Budding (1795-1846), who also invented the lawnmower.
An open end spanner or open end wrench is a tool used to turn nuts.

Salman Rushdie
Salman Rushdie, (Devanagari: अहमद सलमान रश्दी Nastaliq:; born 19 June 1947) known as "Mallun Rushdie" in Islamic world, is a novelist and essayist and author of "Midnight's Children" (1981), which won the Booker Prize. Many muslims regard him as an agent of anti-Islamic forces. Rushdie was born in India, but lives in England.
He wrote a book in the year 1988, called "The Satanic Verses". Many Muslims see the book as blasphemous against Islam. It included prophet Muhammad as a character and mentioned the Satanic verses in a way that can easily be understood as criticism of Muhammad. Many countries banned this book because they argued it tried to spread hatred about all Muslims in general and Prophet (P.B.U.H) in particular.
The leader of the country of Iran talked on the radio about Rushdie. He said that Rushdie did not believe in Islam and that Rushdie should be executed for spreading the wrong and false word about Prophet Muhammad through this book. This is called a fatwa. In the year 1989, the British government began protecting Rushdie. In 1990, Rushdie wrote an essay, in which he tried to prove that he was a muslim. But many sources still say he is an atheist.
He has been married four times. His last marriage was to actress and model Padma Lakshmi; they divorced in 2007.

Lilo & Stitch
"Lilo & Stitch" is an animated movie, released by Disney in 2002. The movie was written by and directed by Chris Sanders and Dean DeBlois.
The song used by Disney to advertize the movie was Suspicious Minds, performed by Gareth Gates who became famous on the UK TV program, Pop Idol.

AFI's 100 Years... 100 Laughs
AFI's 100 Years... 100 Laughs is a list of the top one hundred comedy movies in American cinema. The American Film Institute presented it on June 14, 2000.

Irish Sea
The Irish Sea is a body of water that separates Ireland and Great Britain.

Party (disambiguation)
A party is a social gathering primarily for celebration and recreation.

Hate
Hate or hatred is an emotion of very strong dislike for someone or something. It is a desire to avoid, restrict, remove, or destroy that person or thing. The emotion is often felt to be not right, but it is important. It is most times the opposite of love.

Dallas, Texas
Dallas is a large city in the northern part of the U.S. state of Texas. It is a part of a much larger group of cities called the Metroplex, along with important cities like Arlington, Denton, Fort Worth, and Plano. The city is one of the largest in the United States.
Sports.
The city is home to the Dallas Cowboys, a professional American football team.
The city is also home to the Dallas Stars, a hockey team in the NHL, the Texas Rangers, a baseball team in the MLB, and the Dallas Mavericks, a basketball team in the NBA.

Ilulissat
Ilulissat (population 4,000) is the third largest city in Greenland. The town is about halfway up the country's west coast, at 69 degrees north latitude, about 200 kilometers north of the Arctic Circle. Illulisat is also known by its Danish name of Jakobshavn (or Jacob's Harbour). In direct translation, Ilulissat is the Greenlandic word for 'The Icebergs'. Ilulissat is Greenland's most popular tourist place, because it is near to the beautiful Ilulissat Ice Fjord - tourism is now the town's main industry. Ilulissat was the birthplace of the great polar explorer Knud Rasmussen, and his childhood home in the center of the town is now a museum dedicated to him.
History.
Inuit villages have been in the area of the ice fjord for at least three thousand years. The abandoned settlement of Sermermiut two kilometers south of the modern town of Ilulissat was once amongst the largest settlements in Greenland, with around 250 residents. The modern town was founded in 1741 by a missionary and a trader of fur, who had built a trading lodge in the area.
Ilulissat ice fjord.
The Ilulissat fjord goes west 40 kilometers from the Greenland icecap to Disko Bay, close to Ilulissat town. At its eastern end is the Jakobshavn Isbrae Glacier, the most productive glacier in the Northern Hemisphere. The glacier flows at a rate of 20-35 metres per day, resulting in around 20 billion tons of icebergs breaking off and leaving the fjord every year. On breaking up the icebergs come out into the open sea and at first, they travel north with ocean currents. Soon, they start turning south and they go into the Atlantic Ocean.
The Ilulissat Icefjord was made a United Nations World Heritage Site in 2004.
Transportation.
Air Greenland has air services to Ilulissat.

Chimpanzee
Chimpanzees are great apes of the genus "Pan". They live in Africa. They can walk, but prefer to climb and live in trees.
Habitat.
The "Common Chimpanzee" lives in West and Central Africa. The "Bonobo" lives in the forests of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The two species are on opposite sides of the Congo River.

Meridian
A meridian is an imaginary line of longitude drawn along the surface of the earth from the North Pole to the South Pole.
Geographers today measure these lines from what they call the Prime Meridian. It is the line of longitude that goes through the Royal Greenwich Observatory in Greenwich, England. They decided this at the 1884 "International Meridian Conference".
Meridians, as lines of longitude, are measured in degrees. The Prime Meridian, as the starting point, is 0 (zero) degrees. Lines west of the Prime Meridian are either called "west", as in "the longitude of Los Angeles, California is 118 degrees west", or as a negative number: "the longitude of Los Angeles, California is -118 degrees". Going the other direction, east of the Prime Meridian is always said as a positive number: "The longitude of Mecca is about 40 degrees east," or just "The longitude of Mecca is about 40 degrees."

District
A district is a local government area. Some of the countries districts are used in are Austria, Belgium, China, England, Germany, Hong Kong, Japan, Malaysia, Pakistan, Portugal, Switzerland, the United States, and many more.

Literacy
Literacy means the ability to read and write. Being able to read and write is an important skill in modern societies. Usually, people learn how to read and write at school. People who can read and write are called "literate"; those who cannot are called "illiterate".
According to the United Nations, illiteracy is not being able to write or read a simple sentence in any language. The UN estimated, that in 1998, about 16% of the world's population were illiterate.
Illiteracy is highest amongst the states of the Arab peninsula, and in Africa, around the Sahara. In those countries about 30% of men, and 40-50% of women are illiterate, by the UN definition. One of the causes of illiteracy is that someone who can manage to live without being able to read and write often does not have any reason to want to learn to read and write. Cultural factors also play a part, such as having a culture in which the oral tradition (communicating by speaking) is more important than writing. A tribe that mostly herds livestock, for example, may have no need to read or write.
In most other countries, the main problem is functional illiteracy. Functional illiteracy means that the people have at some time in their lives learned how to read and write. For reasons linked to their social environment or their habits they are however unable to understand simple written sentences.

Isle of Man
The Isle of Man (Manx: Ellan Vannin) is an island in the Irish Sea, off the coast of Great Britain (of which it is a crown dependency). Douglas is the capital city. It also has a flag with a red background and 3 armoured legs joined together - "whichever way you throw us, we always land on our feet".
It has a Parliament called Tynwald. It is the longest running parliament in the world.

French Revolution
The French Revolution was a period of French history that lasted from 1789 to 1799. Influenced by the ideas of the Age of Enlightenment it brought many important changes to France.
One of the Revolution's most well-known events was the storming of the Bastille prison on July 14, 1789.
The Bastille was a castle where the royal family locked up those who did not obey them, often sentencing them to death. It was destroyed by the third estate, the lowest class in France. They set the prisoners free, then they destroyed the building. Later they built a bridge from the bricks of the Bastille.
The third estate rebelled because of unfair social divisions. Around 98 percent French people were in the third estate. Only 1.5 percent were in the second estate, and 0.5 percent was in the first estate. Although they were the poorest class, the third estate paid all the taxes. The government was in debt because of spending money on luxuries and war. The king, Louis XVI, wanted to raise taxes. He called for a meeting of the Estates-General, which was an assembly made up of people from all three estates. It had not met since 1614. Louis XVI tried to make the first and second estates pay taxes, but they refused. The third estate wanted more votes in the Estates-General, since they were 98 percent of the people, but the king refused.
The third estate then called itself the "National Assembly". Representatives from the national Assembly began work on a new constitution. After this, the king banned the third estate from the Estates-General.
At first this led to the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen in 1789. It was written by a young noble named Marquis de Lafayette, who fought in the American Revolution. The Declaration was the start of a constitutional change that made France a republic. The French Republic was supposedly based on the slogan of 'Liberty, Equality and Fraternity', which meant that everyone was supposed to be free, equal and across all countries be considered the same, like brothers. But the leaders soon turned it into a Reign of Terror, where up to 40,000 people were put to death, including Austrian-born Queen Marie Antoinette and King Louis XVI. The people that were killed were people that supported the king, mainly from the first and second estates. They were beheaded with guillotines during this change. The revolutionaries even tried to make a new religion and a new calendar.
The french revolution ended the monarchy in France, also known as 'l'Ancien Régime', forever. However, before long Napoleon Bonaparte declared himself Emperor of France and ended the Republic.

Daffy Duck
Daffy Duck is a cartoon character from the Warner Bros. cartoons. He stands on two legs, has a black body, a white ring about his neck, and an orange beak.

Guillotine
The guillotine is a machine used to kill (behead) people (by chopping off their heads, or decapitation) as death penalty. It got its first common use in France during the French Revolution of 1789. It was in common use in France (including colonies), Switzerland, Germany, and Austria, and also used in Sweden. Since all those countries have stopped capital punishment (the death penalty), the guillotine is no longer in use.
A guillotine consists of a heavy blade attached to a rack, which moves on a vertical frame. When the rack is released, it will fall down and the blade will cut the convict's head off. Such devices were first invented in the Middle Ages, and used all around Europe. But it was only during the French Revolution when guillotine rose to general usage.
Guillotine is named after a French doctor of medicine, Joseph Ignace Guillotin. Guillotin proposed to use a mechanical device to carry out all the executions. His proposition was on October 10,1789. Although Guillotin contributed little to the design of the machine, his name went down in history. The machine was devised by another doctor, Antoine Louis. Its first name was "Louisette". Against the will of Guillotin, the device rapidly became known as "Guillotine". Guillotin regretted this,up to his death in 1814. Guillotin wanted to have a more humane way of execution. The device also became known as "The national razor", "The mill of silence", "the widow", and "the tie of the Capet". Guillotin was against the death penalty. He thought that a more humane way of execution was the first step to abolish it.
The guillotine remained as the legal means of death penalty in France until 1979, when death penalty was stopped in France. In the Nazi Germany, guillotine was used to kill prisoners sentenced for serious crimes such as murder, treason or conspiring against the government. Guillotine was last time used in West Germany 1949 and East Germany 1961. The last person guillotined was Tunisian murderer Hamida Djandoubi in 1977.

School uniform
A school uniform is a dress people (Usually children) wear when they go to school. In some countries, like the Netherlands, students can wear anything they like when they go to school. In other countries, like England, there is a standard dress code in school. This usually means that there is a set of dressing for girls, and one for boys. The boys and girls need to wear "school uniforms" when they go to school. In many countries, such as the United States, some schools require wearing a uniform, and some do not.
Originally, school uniforms were introduced to hide the social differences between students. Some children do not like uniforms because they do not have a choice in what they must wear.

Primate
Primates are a group of mammals that contains all lemurs, monkeys, and apes including humans. There are about 400 species of primates.
All primates are similar to humans in some ways. Primates have hands with five fingers, fingernails (most other animals have claws). Primates are split into two groups: Strepsirrhini and Haplorrhini. Strepsirrhini include monkeys, tarsiers, apes, and humans. Haplorrhini include Lemurs and the Aye-Aye.

Tropic of Cancer
The Tropic of Cancer ("cancer" (♋) is Latin for crab) is one of the five major circles of latitude (imaginary lines around the Earth) that are often marked on maps of the Earth. This is the parallel of latitude that is 23° 26' 22" north of the Equator.

Equinox
Equinox is when the sun passes directly over the equator. There are two equinoxes each year. Equinox can also mean either of the two days when this happens. On these days, the day and the night are most closely equal in length. The word "equinox" comes from two Latin words meaning "equal" and "night".
Around the day of the equinox, the time of daylight is twelve hours - the same as that of the night. The exact day and time when this happens depend on how far away from the equator it is being measured. They occur on or around March 23 and September 21.Solstices fall on June 20th at odd intervals.
The equinoxes are the beginning of spring, and autumn (or "fall" in the US).
The time of daylight is quite easy to measure. This was done in many cultures where festivals were celebrated at the equinoxes.

Teufelsbrücke
The Teufelsbrücke (bridge of the devil) is a bridge over the river Reuss in the Swiss canton of Uri.
First bridge.
The valley called "Schöllenenschlucht" is an important access route to the St.Gotthard alpine pass. However, the valley is very narrow, featuring a dangerous river Reuss.
The first bridge across the river was built in 1230. This was a wooden bridge. This meant that due to bad weather it had to be replaced often.
In the 16th century, it was replaced by a bridge of stone. That stone bridge was heavily damaged in the Napoleonic wars in 1799. Nobody could use the bridge because of the damage. Trade with Italy was done over the alpine pass at Splügen.
The first bridge was completely destroyed in a stormy night in 1888.
Second bridge.
Only in 1820 could the order to build a new bridge be given. The construction of the bridge took 10 years.
Third Bridge.
In the middle of the 20th century, the second bridge was no longer able to handle the traffic. A third bridge, featuring two lanes, one for each direction, was built in 1958.
Myth of the creation of the bridge.
Building the first bridge was very hard. According to a local myth, the first bridge was built by the devil himself. The condition attached was that the devil should get the soul of the first to pass over the bridge. So, when the bridge was finished, people chased a goat over the bridge. Of course, the devil was furious, so he went to pick up a large stone (called "Teufelsstein", the devil's stone). He wanted to smash the bridge he just built to pieces. On his way to the ridge however, he encountered an old believing woman with a cross. Scared of the cross, he left the stone, and fled.
The devil's stone weighs 220 tons. 300.000 Swiss Francs were used in 1977 to shift the stone 127 meters to make way for the motorway passing over the St.Gotthard pass.
Popular belief has it that the moving of the stone was the cause of an increased number of accidents on kilometre 16 on the St. Gotthard road tunnel.

Grandparent
The term grandparent means the parents of a person's parents. The term grandparent is used for both male and female genders. The male grandparent is a grandfather. The female grandparent is a grandmother.

Lepton
Leptons are elementary particles with spin 1/2 (a fermion) that are not affected by strong nuclear force. They are a family of particles that are different from the other known family of fermions, the quarks.
Electrons are a well-known examples that are found in ordinary matter.There are six leptons: the electron, muon, and tau particles and their associated neutrinos. The different varieties of the elementary particles are commonly called "flavors", and the neutrinos here are considered to have distinctly different flavor. Of the six leptons, three have electrical charge and three don't. The best known charged lepton is the electron (e). The other two charged leptons are the muon (µ) and the tau (), which are like electrons but a lot more bigger. The charged leptons are all negative.

Jersey
Jersey is an island that is located off the northwest coast of France. It is a crown dependency of the British monarchy. The territory of Jersey is called a "bailiwick" because the person who is head of the island is called the "Bailiff". The Bailiwick of Jersey also includes the islands of Minquiers and Ecréhous, where nobody lives. The other islands of the Channel Islands belong to the Bailiwick of Guernsey.
Over eighty-eight thousand people live on the main island. Thirty per cent of them live in its only town, Saint Helier.
Along with English and French, more than two thousand people speak Jèrriais, a dialectal form of the Norman language.
Politics.
The Bailiwick of Jersey is not a part of the United Kingdom or of the European Union. It has its own parliament called the "States of Jersey" which passes laws for the island.
"Jersey" is divided into 12 parishes which elect their own administration.

East Timor
The Democratic Republic of East Timor or Timor Leste is a country in Southeast Asia. It is on the eastern side of the island of Timor, and also the smaller islands of Atauro and Jaco, and a small area, named Oecussi-Ambeno, inside the west side of Timor. That area is an exclave, which means it is separated from the main part of the country by part of another country. That other country is Indonesia.
The capital and largest city, Dili, is home to one hundred and fifty thousand people.
The next largest city is Baucau.
East Timor gets its name from the Malay word for "east", "timur".
It is the poorest country in the world, with a GDP (Gross Domestic Product) of 400 US dollars per person.
For a long time, a European country called Portugal controlled the East Timor and called it The Colony of Portuguese Timor. In 1975, the Portuguese army left, and East Timor was invaded (taken over) by the Indonesian army in 1975. The invasion was very violent. The army stayed there until 1999, when they gave up control of the territory with the help of the United Nations.
At the time, the United States government said it did not know Indonesia was going to invade East Timor. But secret documents, released from 2002 to 2005, show that Henry Kissinger, the Secretary of State of the United States, did know, and he told the President of Indonesia it was okay to invade.
When it got its independence on May 20, 2002, it became the first country to become independent in the twenty-first century (since the year 2000). In 2006, when Montenegro became independent, East Timor was no longer the newest one.
Since then, East Timor has not been given much attention in the news. Recently, the Colombian music artist Shakira made a song named "Timor", which talks about the country. The attention is because there has been fighting in East Timor between gangs (groups of criminals with guns), security forces (the country's army). Australia, a large nearby country, sent troops in to make peace.

Country music
Country music (sometimes called Country & Western) is a form of music that has been enjoyed by people all over the United States for decades. Famous singers from this genre include Johnny Cash, Patsy Cline, the Judds, Dolly Parton, Glen Campbell, George Jones and Tammy Wynette, Kenny Rogers, Loretta Lynn, Randy Travis, Tanya Tucker, Willie Nelson, Reba McEntire, Garth Brooks and Toby Keith.
Country music's strongest appeal is with American rural and small-town populations, but many American cities have a large audience. The music also has listeners in Canada, in Liverpool, England, and other places worldwide. The popularity of Country comes and goes with each decade. Sometimes a new movie (like "Midnight Cowboy" or "Urban Cowboy"), hit record (like "She Believes In Me" by Kenny Rogers), or new performer (like Randy Travis in the 1980s) raises new interest.
History.
Country music has its roots and beginnings in folk music. The old cowboy and pioneer songs of the American frontier were popular in the early twentieth century, and so were arrangements of pop music songs by rural (or rural-sounding) performers. Country musicians also adapted new musical instruments, like the Hawaiian steel guitar.
Modern-day Country music started in the years after World War II. The Sons of the Pioneers and The Carter Family performed old and new songs, in a way that reminded people of singalongs and jamborees of the past. Hank Williams is often called the first songwriter of Country music. His songs were easy to learn and remember, and their lyrics said things felt by many people. His music is still performed today. Some of the early rock and roll musicians, like Buddy Holly, Jerry Lee Lewis, and Elvis Presley, began as Country performers.
Nashville, Tennessee became the center of Country music, much like New Orleans became the center of Jazz. The Grand Ole Opry broadcast performances by The Carter Family and others, and became an important breaking ground in Country music. A television series, "Hee-Haw", was a long-running showcase for Country performers, and was hosted by musicians Buck Owens and Roy Clark. When cable television became popular in the United States, The Nashville Network (TNN) and Country Music Television (CMT) brought Country music videos and related programming to nationwide audiences. (In later years, as interests changed, TNN changed its programming. It also changed names, first to "The National Network", then to Spike TV, which is its name today.)
Country comedy.
Country-styled comedy is also popular, with writers and performers like Jeff Foxworthy, Bill Engvall, Larry the Cable Guy, and others. Many comedians have appeared with Country acts, including Andy Griffith, Ray Stevens, and George Lindsey. Lindsey, Lulu Roman and Junior Samples were cast members of "Hee-Haw", and so were Grandpa Jones and Minnie Pearl. Homer and Jethro and Pinkard & Bowden were duos of musicians who made parodies of Country and pop songs.
"The Beverly Hillbillies", a CBS television series, included music by Flatt and Scruggs. Members of the cast appeared in character at Country concerts, and on other television shows, to entertain audiences.

Tootsie
"Tootsie" is a 1982 comedy movie from Columbia Pictures. It stars Dustin Hoffman as an struggling actor, who dresses as a woman and soon has a role in a soap opera.
Jessica Lange, another star of the movie, won an Academy Award for Best Actress.
The movie was number two in the AFI's 100 Years... 100 Laughs list in 2000.

Lynyrd Skynyrd
Lynyrd Skynyrd is an American Southern Rock group from Jacksonville, Florida. Their name comes from one of their school teachers, Leonard Skinner. They wrote such songs as: "Sweet Home, Alabama", "Simple Man", "Freebird", and "Red, White, and Blue." The lead singer's name was Ronnie Van Zant. His brother played guitar. Now that Ronnie died, his brother now sings lead.

Peter Handke
Peter Handke (born December 6, 1942 in Griffen (Carinthia) is an Austrian author and translator of books.
Peter Handke is known for his extremely critical (and perhaps even absurd) plays. Perhaps his best-known play is called "Publikumsbeschimpfung" (translates roughly as "insulting /offending the audience"). The play consists of actors insulting and offending the audience, and later congratulating them for the good performance.
The play has been labelled as "antitheater".

Density
Density is a measurement that compares the amount of matter an object has to its volume. An object with a lot of matter in a certain amount of volume has high density. An object with a little matter in the same amount of volume has a low density.
Fresh water is the only liquid with a density of 1.
The most common SI units for density are g/cm3 and kg/m3.

Gram
A gram is a unit of measure part of the metric system. It measures mass, or how much matter is in something.The symbol g often means the gram.
One gram used to be defined as the mass of one cubic centimeter of pure water at 3.98 degrees Celsius. Now one gram is defined as 1/1000 kilogram.

Longitude
Longitude is a way to say where a place is on the Earth. It is measured starting from an imaginary north-south line called the Prime Meridian. (A meridian is an imaginary line drawn from the North Pole to the South Pole.) Longitude says how far east or west of the Prime Meridian any place is.
Longitude is measured using degrees, the same way an angle is. The Prime Meridian is 0° (zero degrees), and the farthest away is +180° eastward and −180° westward. Unlike latitude, which has the equator as a natural starting position, there is no natural starting position for longitude. Other meridians have been used in the past, but most scientists now agree to use the Prime Meridian.

Hilary Duff
Hilary Erhard Duff (often mistakenly spelled as Hillary Duff) (born September 28, 1987) is an American actress and singer. She got famous by being in the television show "Lizzie McGuire". Since then, she has gone onto a movie career, with roles in mainstream pictures. Among the films she plays in are "Cheaper by the Dozen" and independent movies such as "Material Girls". Duff has also ventured into a music career as a pop musician.

Oil platform
An oil platform is a large structure placed in the sea. It is used to drill for oil or natural gas at the bottom of the sea. The platform may be attached to the sea floor (stationary)or it might be movable(mobile).
In general, oil platforms are located on the continental shelf. As of 2006, drilling for resources up to 8km away from the platform was possible.

Continental shelf
The planet earth is covered with seas. In those seas there are the continents: Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, South America and Antarctica.
Every continent is put into the sea, like an island. Most of the island is above the water line, and we see it as a continent. Some of it though, is below the water line. It is like a shallow ocean. This is called the continental shelf.

Mariana Trench
The Mariana Trench (or Marianas Trench'") is the deepest known submarine trench. It is also the deepest known location on Earth itself. It is located next to the Mariana Islands, and has a depth of roughly 11km. The trench is near Guam.
The deepest part of the trench, known as the Challenger Deep, has a depth of 10,923 meters (35,838 feet).
The Challenger Deep has been reached twice by submersibles, namely the Bathyscaphe "Trieste" on 23 January 1960 and the Japanese "Kaiko", an unmanned robotic deep-sea probe on 24 March 1995.
"Kaiko" was lost as sea in 2003, and to date there is no surviving probe or submersible strong enough to withstand the immense pressures of the Challenger Deep.
A Trench is a deep underwater canyon.

Mariana Islands
The Mariana Islands (also the Marianas; up to the early 20th century sometimes called "Islas de los Ladrones" meaning "Islands of Thieves") are a group of islands made up by the summits of 15 volcanic mountains in the western Pacific Ocean.
The first European to discover the island group was Ferdinand Magellan in 1521. In 1667 Spain formally claimed them, and named them after Spanish Queen Mariana of Austria.

Submerged
Something that is submerged is completely surrounded by a liquid, usually water. In order to be able to submerge something, that thing must be solid.

Image scanner
Scanners, or computer scanners are used to transfer images or text into a computer. There are special models for scanning photo negatives, or to scan books. In the computer, the signal from the scanner is transferred to a digital image. This image can then be edited, printed, etc. All scanners have special parts which are used to take a picture from an object.
Charge-coupled device or Contact Image Sensor parts take the light from the object and change it to a digital signal. The digital signal is then transferred to the computer memory or is read in scanner's processor. With some software it can be changed to compressed digital image, like JPEG or PNG. The text written by hand can be changed to ASCII code by an OCR program.
Types.
The most popular scanner model is desktop scanner ("flatbed"). An object to be scanned (picture, image, text sheet) is put on the glass. Under the glass, there is a moving Image Sensor. At present, it is a popular part of desktop printers.
Another scanner type is the hand scanner. The device is moved on the paper by hand. It was popular during the 1990s. Many hand-scanners had interface for Amiga Commodore computer.
The third type is rotary scanner used for fast scanning many papers.

Brassière
A brassière (or brassiere, or bra) is an undergarment for women. Its main purpose is to support their breasts, but is sometimes also used for sexual attraction in the form of lingerie.
Bra sizes in most countries have a number and a letter (for example, 34B). The number comes from the measurement of the ribcage directly underneath the breasts. The letter is a measure of how much larger the breasts are than the ribcage. This is found by measuring the chest over the breasts (across the nipples) and subtracting the ribcage measurement from the breast measurement, then finding the matching letter of the alphabet. For example, someone with a 3-inch difference between the breast measurement and the ribcage measurement would have a C-cup bra. However, this does not always work, since different manufacturers have differently-sized bras. Many women prefer to find a brand and size that works for them by trial and error.

Torture
Torture is when some people put a person in pain. This pain may be physical or psychological. The person who is tortured, is usually tortured because he or she has some information the other people want.
Torture has in the past also served as a punishment. At 1600 Anton Praetorius fought against torture and against the chase of witches.
People who have been tortured are often suffering in the long term. They may have been mutilated, and a severe trauma may be present in them.
Almost all countries agree that "torture" is a violation of human rights. This has been stated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. To agree what actually is torture, and what is not, is more difficult.

1680s
This is about events of the 1680s.
For births and deaths in the 1860s see and.

Iqaluit, Nunavut
Iqaluit is the capital of and largest community in Nunavut Territory in Canada.

Phasor
A phasor is a tool in mathematics. It is used to show numbers in a different coordinate system. Certain electronic components have models that can be described more easily by the use of phasors. Inductors add a +90º "phase", while capacitors add -90º "phase". Both elements work on the imaginary axis. Resistors have 0º "phase", and are considered real.

Roman Emperor
Roman Emperor is the name that is given to the rulers of the Roman Empire. Most of the time, Rome had one single ruler, but in the later years of the empire, many people called themselves emperor.

Svalbard
Svalbard is the name of a group of islands, or "archipelago", in the Arctic Ocean.
Location.
It is about halfway between Norway and the North Pole. The islands are a part of Norway.

Margrethe II of Denmark
Margrethe II ("Margrethe Alexandrine Þórhildur Ingrid") (born 16 April 1940) is the Queen regnant of Denmark. Only very rarely is her name anglicized as Margaret II.
Early life.
Princess Margrethe was born at Amalienborg Palace, Copenhagen, to Crown Prince Frederik and Crown Princess Ingrid. She was baptised on 14 May 1940 at the Naval Church in Copenhagen. As King Christian X was also the King of Iceland at the time of her birth, the Princess was given an Icelandic name, "Þórhildur" (spelled with the Icelandic thorn character, simplified as "th").
Margrethe was not born to be monarch, even though she was the eldest child of the Crown Prince, later King. At the time of her birth, only males could ascend the throne of Denmark.
The act of succession was changed in 1953.
Her father king Frederik IX died in 1972, and Queen Margrethe II became the first female Danish Sovereign.

Enterprise Architecture
Enterprise architecture is comprehensive framework used to manage and align an organization's business processes, information technology, computer hardware and software, local and wide area networks, people, operations and projects with the organization's overall strategy.
A strong enterprise architecture process helps to answer basic questions.

Mutilation
Mutilation is when the way a human body looks is permanently changed. This change may be due to an accident, or it may be the result of torture.
Losing a part of the body (like a hand), or permanent scars (different looking skin after a bad injury heals) on the body, might be a result of mutilation.

Heiner Zieschang
Heiner Zieschang (born 12 November 1936 in Kiel; died 5 April 2004) was a German mathematician. He was a professor at Ruhr-University Bochum from 1968 till 2002. In 1996 he was made an honorary doctor of the University of Toulouse and in 1997 he was an honorary professor of Moscow State University.

Jan Mayen
Jan Mayen is an island in the Arctic Ocean. It belongs to Norway. It is 373 km² in size. A big part of the island is an active volcano, the Beerenberg, which is 2.277m high. The island lies 600km north of Iceland, 500km east of Greenland and 1000km west of the Norwegian mainland.
There is a radio station and a meteorological station on the island. Except for the people that operate these stations, the island is uninhabited (no one else lives there).
History.
The first certain discovery of the island is from 1614. There are earlier claims and possible discoveries, even as early as the early 6th century. The island is named after the Dutchman Jan Jacobs May van Schellinkhout who visited the island in 1614. His first mate (a first mate is the assistant to a ship's captain) did some mapping of the coast and named the island Jan Mayen.
It is incorrectly assumed that Henry Hudson discovered the island in 1607 and called it "Hudson's Tutches" or "Touches", but there is no evidence for this. Thereafter it was allegedly seen several times by navigators who claimed its discovery and renamed it. Thus, in 1611 or the following year whalers from Hull named it "Trinity Island"; in 1612 Jean Vrolicq, a French whaler, called it "Île de Richelieu;" and in 1614 English captain John Clarke named it Isabella.
The island is inhabited by people operating a Long Range Navigation (Loran-C) base with a staff of 14 and a weather services station with a staff of four. The staff members of both stations live in Olonkinbyen (English: Olonkin City), as the places people live by the Loran-C base are called. The island has no native people living on it, but is given the ISO 3166-1 country code SJ, the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) .no (.sj is) and data code JN. Its amateur radio call sign prefix is JX.

Uninhabited
Uninhabited is a word that usually describes places. The word means that no people live in the place.
It is often used to describe islands. For example, the island of Jan Mayen is uninhabited, except for the 20 people needed to operate the radio and weather stations there.

Gate
In the beginning, a gate was a place between two parts of a wall, or a fence which could be opened and closed to let people go through it.
In the Middle Ages, a city gate also allowed people to go into a (walled) city.
Nowadays, people also talk about "gates" at airports. When going on an aircraft, people need to get together in a certain area of the airport first. They then pass through some kind of doorway to get onto the plane. That is what is called "gate".

City gate
A city gate is a gate that is found in many medieval cities. It was the place where people could enter or leave the city. Very often, city gates were closed during the night.

Bern (city)
Bern is the capital city of Switzerland. It is also the capital of the canton of Bern.
As of early 2006, 127.000 people live in the city.
History.
Bern was founded in 1191 by Berchthold V. von Zähringen. A legend says that he said he would name the city after the next animal he caught. So when he caught a bear (German: "Bär") the city was named Bern. Zähringen built the city in the half-circle the river Aare makes.
Traffic.
Public streetcars and buses are run by an organisation called BernMobil. There are 3 streetcar lines and about 15 bus lines. Most of the lines are in the city but some travel away from the city. There is also the Marzilibahn, a funicular (inclined- or cliff-railway) which goes from the banks of the Aare up to the Federal Building (German: "Bundeshaus"). The Marzilibahn is 105 meters long. It is the shortest funicular in Europe. Another funicular, called the Gurtenbahn, goes from the section of Bern called Wabern, which is on the river Aare, up to the top of Gurten, a large hill 585 meters high that is just south of Bern. A small airport, Belpmoos, is located a short distane south of Bern in Belp.
Zibelemärit (onion market).
Each year, on the 4th Monday in November, there is the Onion Market in Bern, where onions are sold. Many people visit the market in the early morning and throw confetti. The also hit other people with hammers made out of plastic
Aareleuchten (glowing Aare).
Since 1996, every August 1 (a national holiday in Switzerland) they hold the Aareleuchten. The Aareleuchten is paid for by SwissAid. During the festival, people put small ships with a light in them into the river Aare. All of these small lights make the Aare "glow."

Demo (software)
A demo is a small portion or sample of a product. Usually the product is music, video game, or computer program. Demos are usually given to people who might be interested the product to try it before buying and advertise the product.

Preview
A preview is a small piece of something used to show what the whole is like before it is generally available. Typically, previews exist for movies and possibly video games. They usually are a small portion of video showing what the game or movie is like to advertise it.
In software, a preview can be a feature that allows a user to see what a document looks like before the user prints it out, or posts it on a website.

Atomic mass
Atomic mass (also known as the atomic weight) is a term for the mass of a single atom of a chemical element. It includes the weights of the 3 subatomic particles that make up an atom: protons, electrons, and neutrons.

Price
A price is a value people think something is worth. This is usually measured as money.
Let's say Peter raises sheep. Sally raises ducks. Winter is coming, and Sally wants some sheepskin coat to make her feel warm.
She could now first calculate how much sheepskin she would need for a coat. Lets say she needs 2 sheep skins for that coat. She would then go to Peter and ask him how much he wants for the two sheep skins she needs. Peter would then likely tell a price. Alternatively Sally could trade some of her ducks for the sheepskins.
Since trading ducks for sheep is rather complicated, people introduced something they called "money". This is simply used for trading. So sally would trade some of her ducks for money. Some of this money she could then give to Peter to get the sheepskin. The same type of thing is happening in the real world.

Doping
Doping is either a term to describe drug use (usually illegal), or the process of putting certain types of chemical elements in a semiconductor in order to make their characteristics different.
Electronics.
In the field of electronics, doping is done to create things that make electricity go in one direction or to make semiconductor switches. This allows for computers to exist. Without doping, no one could read this text.
Chemistry.
When a element called Boron is added to Silicon, the Boron "dopant" is called an "acceptor" because it likes accepting electrons.
When a chemical called Phosphorous is added to Silicon, the Phosphorous is called a "donor" because it does not like electrons.
Drugs.
When referring to everyday drug use, doping can be considered an old term and is not found in common usage. Some would say it is a "50's" term, much like "going steady". But the use of illegal drugs to help a sportsperson do better is still called "doping", it is not an old fashioned term in sports.
Doping often refers to Marijuana usage, as a common alternate name for Marijuana is dope. The word referring to drug use was probably derived from dope, which means someone who is stupid.

Gaza Strip
What is called the Gaza Strip is a stretch of land along the Mediterranean. The main city in the Gaza Strip is called Gaza. At the beginning of 2006, the strip is not part of any recognised country. Currently it is the Palestinian Authority that manages the territory.
It is amongst the most densely populated areas on Earth. About 1.5 million people live on a surface of roughly 493 km².
The Palestinian Authority says that this is an occupied territory. They say, Israel is the occupation force, and it should withdraw, and give the territory back to the Palestinians.
Israel does not see things this way: They gave over the territory to Palestinian administration in 2005, and have pulled back their troops.
Most inhabitants are related to the people expelled from Israel after the war of 1949/50. They live in refugee camps. The main problems facing the area are unemployment, poverty, and crime.

Unemployment
Unemployment is when a person who is of normal working age (usually about 15-18 to about 60-65) does not have a paid job. They therefore do not get paid a salary. In some parts of the world, there are social networks to care for the unemployed.
The unemployment rate is the number of unemployed people divided by the total population of that age group of a country.

Salary
Salary is a type of payment a person gets for work done for a job. A "Salary" is usually paid for a fixed period of time, like a month or a week. The other, possibly one-time payment for work done is called wage or fee.

Wage
A wage (or more commonly wages) signifies a quantity of money paid for a quantity of work done.
The other word used is salary (which is usually a fixed amount paid, independent of how much work is done).

Instant noodles
Instant noodles is a dish used in cooking. These noodles were cooked at the factory and packaged as dried noodles, often with a special powder that adds flavor to the noodles. The dish is prepared very quickly (usually 5 minutes or less), simply by putting the noodles together in hot water and then adding the powder. A kind of noodle soup is then ready to eat.
"Instant noodles" are very popular in Asia, and among many students and poorer people, because they are very cheap to produce and to buy. In the United States, a package of instant noodles sometimes costs only ten cents.

Louis Armstrong
Louis Daniel Armstrong (usually pronounced "Louee") (August 4, 1901 – July 6, 1971) (also known by the nicknames Satchmo and Pops) was an American jazz musician. He sang the blues and played the trumpet and was famous in many countries for it.

Element
An element is a part of something. When joined to other elements, it makes up a new thing.

CBS
CBS Broadcasting Inc. (CBS) (full name: Columbia Broadcasting System) is an United States television network. Along with ABC, NBC and FOX, it is one of the country's four major television networks.

Prime Minister of Canada
The Prime Minister of Canada is a person who is elected into his job. He is the most powerful person that is elected in Canada. The Prime Minister of Canada is the leader of the party that has the most members in the House of Commons (the elected house of the Parliament of Canada). In 2006, Stephen Harper became the 22nd Prime Minister of Canada.

Magnetism
In the field of physics, magnetism is a force by which objects attract or push away other materials.
Magnets.
Magnetism can be seen in special objects called magnets. When magnets are placed near objects that are magnetic, the magnet will attract the object and pull it to the magnet. Magnets can also push away other objects. The most common objects that are attracted to magnets contain iron or steel. Most other metals, including aluminum, are not attracted to magnets.
Magnetic fields.
Magnets have an area, or distance, around them called a magnetic field. Objects inside the magnetic field can be attracted to the magnet. Objects outside the magnetic field will not be attracted to the magnet. This is why a magnet must be placed close to an object to attract it.
Structure.
The ends of a magnet are called magnetic poles. This is where the force of a magnet is the strongest. All magnets have a north pole and a south pole. If a magnet is allowed to spin, then the north pole of a magnet will always point to the Earth's north pole. The south pole of a magnet will point to Earth's south pole. You can try this yourself by tying a string to a bar magnet and then holding the string so that the magnet can turn.
Like poles of two magnets always push away, or repel, each other. Different poles attract each other. For example, if the south pole of one magnet is put near the south pole of another magnet, the magnets will push away from each other. This will also happen with two north poles. But if a north pole is put near a south pole, the magnets will move toward each other until they stick together.
Uses.
Magnets have many uses. One use was discovered long ago when explorers found out a magnet could be used as a compass to show the locations of the poles on the Earth.
Electromagnets.
Electromagnets are another kind of magnet that only work when electricity is running through them. Often, these magnets function using a coil of wire that creates a magnetic field when there is a current through it. In addition to this coil of wire, a large piece of metal, generally iron, is placed inside the coil to greatly strengthen the magnetic field produced. Though most large electromagnets employ many solenoids to lift heavy objects, smaller solenoids are used in everyday electronics, for example to change a voltage in a transformer.
Uses.
Electromagnets are used to make computers, televisions and radios work, for example.
Effects.
The effect of magnetism on global warming has not yet been researched. It is believed that severe climate change affects the earth's magnetism. However, it is proved to be untrue. The earth does switch its own magnetic poles about every million years (plus or minus 200,000 years). Before a flip of magnetic field, the earth's magnetic field weakens and sways around, like a top would before it falls. The earth has already undergone hundreds of "flip flops" during its lifetime. Scientists know this as a result of studies of the sea floor, particularly around the mid-Atlantic ridge. The lava slowly seeps out of this crevasse (gap) and cools with its iron molecules aligned in the direction of the Earth's magnetic field. We can measure this recorded magnetic field today to look back at the many flips in the past. It is helpful in many other ways.
Electromagnetic waves.
Electromagnetic waves are used in radio for transmitting signals from the satellite to the radio.

Althing
The Althing (Icelandic "Alþingi"; Old Norse "Alþing") is the national legislature of Iceland. It was founded in 930 at Þingvellir, (the "assembly fields"), which is almost 45 kilometers east of Iceland's capital, Reykjavík. When the Althing was formed, that was the beginning of Iceland as a country. Even after Iceland's union with Norway, the Althing still held its meetings at Þingvellir until 1799, when it was stopped for several years. It started meeting again in 1844 and moved to Reykjavík, where it has been ever since. The parliament building where the Althing meets now is called the Alþingishús. It was built with Icelandic stone in 1881.
Because the Althing was founded more than one thousand years ago, Iceland is one of the world's oldest democratic countries.

Amapá
Amapá is one of the states of Brazil. It is in the far north, bordering French Guiana in the north. To the east is the Atlantic Ocean, and to the south and west is the Brazilian state Pará.
The state is mostly covered by rainforest. The state is known for producing iron and other metals.
Amapá has only been a Brazilian state since 1988.

Fictional character
A character is a person in a work of art such as a novel, play, opera or movie. If it is a made-up person (not someone who really lived) it is a "fictional character". Some examples are Kermit the Frog, Yoda, and Bart Simpson of "The Simpsons.
The word character can also mean "personality". We can say that someone has a "strong character" meaning a strong, confident personality. It is sometimes used as a noun in this sense: "He is a real character" (meaning someone you cannot easily forget).
A character role in a play means one of the people in the play who have a particular character (personality). They contrast with the main characters of the play. For example, there may be two lovers who are the main characters of the story. The character roles might be: a wicked step-mother, a kind nurse, an old wise man, a stupid fool, a servant who is very old etc.

Blues
The blues is a form of music that started in the United States in the first half of the 20th century. It was started by former African slaves from spirituals, praise songs, and chants. The first blues songs were called Delta blues. These songs came from the area near the mouth of the Mississippi River.
Chord pattern.
Blues is based around a very simple pattern. "“Blues is easy to play, but hard to feel”"-Jimi Hendrix. A common form for the blues is a repeating 12 bar form (each bar has 4 beats). This is put together as 3 phrases or sections, each being 4 bars long. The basic blues only needs 3 chords, one based on the first note of the scale - the tonic chord, one based on the fourth note of the scale - the subdominant chord, and one based on the fifth note of the scale - the dominant chord. The first section or phrase of 4 bars only uses the tonic chord. A common variation is to use the subdominant chord in the second bar. The second phrase has 2 bars (8 beats) of subdominant chord then 2 bars of tonic chord. The third phrase has 1 bar (4 beats) of dominant chord, 1 bar of subdominant chord and finishes with 2 bars of tonic chord.
C C C C |C C C C or F F F F |C C C C |C C C C |
F F F F |F F F F |C C C C |C C C C |
G G G G |F F F F |C C C C |C C C C |
Melodic pattern.
The melody of the simplest blues scales are based on the minor pentatonic scale for example C Eflat G A Bflat C, with extra notes (called "blue notes") added like this C Eflat Gflat G A Bflat C. Blue notes do not normally fit a scale, but they give the music a special feeling.
Lyric pattern.
'I went to the crossroads, fell down on my knees"
"I went to the crossroads, fell down on my knees"
"Asked the Lord above, have mercy now, save poor Bob if you please'
Blues influenced music.
The blues have made a difference in newer American and Western popular music, such as jazz, bluegrass, rhythm and blues, rock and roll, hip-hop, and country music, as well as common pop songs.

Macroeconomics
Macroeconomics studies the economic decisions of a large group of people; for example, a whole country's economy. Many governments use macroeconomics to decide how much tax to collect, and what interest rates should be.
Macroeconomics also looks at exchange rates. For example, if a country has a high exchange rate, not many people will want to buy its expensive products. So the demand will be lower, and so will the prices.

Game theory
Game theory uses math to study strategy. Game theory studies more than just board games, sports, and games of luck. It also studies things like business and military decisions. In game theory, people call all of these situations "games." In other words, you can use game theory to study any situation where more than one person makes choices.
The players in a game aren't even always people. Players can be people, companies, armies, or other things. Each player wants something: maybe a company wants to make as much money as it can, or a country wants to win a war. Sometimes the players work together, but often they're competing.
Game theory is part of economics.
Prisoner's Dilemma.
One important game is the prisoner's dilemma. It's an imaginary situation that shows why sometimes people don't cooperate (help each other).
Imagine this situation: the police catch two criminals after they committed a crime. The police don't know which person committed the crime and which person just helped. They question the two in separate cells. Each prisoner can either stay silent or betray (hurt) the other by blaming the crime on them. If both stay silent, they only go to jail for 6 months. If one betrays and the other stays silent, the one that stays silent goes to jail for 10 years and the other one doesn't go to jail at all. If they both betray each other, they each go to jail for 2 years. No matter what happens, the prisoners will never see each other again.
If you're a prisoner in this situation and you only care about yourself, the way to get the smallest sentence is to betray the other prisoner. No matter what, you get a shorter sentence when you betray than when you don't. If the other prisoner stays silent and doesn't betray, then betraying means you don't go to jail at all instead of going to jail for 6 months. If the other prisoner betrays, then betraying lets you go to jail for 2 years instead of 10 years. In other words, it's always best for you to betray, even though the two of you would be better off if you both stayed silent.
The Prisoner's Dilemma is like a lot of other situations in the real world. For example, if two countries are trying to decide whether to make new weapons, they're both better off if neither country does. But sometimes the countries are in the same situation as the prisoners: each country only cares about itself, and it's better off if it "betrays" the other country by making weapons.
The Prisoner's Dilemma doesn't have same result if some of the details are different. If the prisoners (or countries) can talk with each other and plan for the future, they might both decide to cooperate (not betray) because they hope that will make the other country help them in the future. In game theory, this is called a "repeated game." If the players are altruistic (if they care about each other), they might be OK with going to jail so they can help the other person.

Taj Mahal
Taj Mahal is a beautiful tomb built in the 17th century by Moghul ruler Shah Jahan in memory of his wife, Mumtaz Mahal. It is in the city of Agra, Uttar Pradesh, Republic of India. It is one of the seven wonders of the world. Many people think it is one of the most beautiful buildings ever built. It is slowly being destroyed by acid rain.
It is an example of Mughal architecture - a mixture of building design ideas from Islamic Indian, Persian (old Iran), and Muslim art customs.
Many people go to India to visit the Taj Mahal and it is one of India's biggest tourist attractions.
Shah Jahan was going to build an identical black tomb for himself, but he died before he even began to build, which is very sad because the two tombs together could have looked so great to see two marble structures.

Aryan
Aryan is the name that an ancient people of Iran called themselves. Descendants of the Aryans include speakers of the Persian language and of Hindi, a language of India. About three thousand years ago, both Iranians and Indians used the name "Aryan" to mean their shared ancestors, as well as "nobles."
Nazism.
In the 19th century, some Europeans began to use this name for the Nordic peoples of Europe, as a "pure," "noble" and "superior" race they claimed were descended from the original Aryans.
The theory that the Aryans first came from Europe became especially accepted in Germany. It was widely believed that the "Vedic Aryans" were the same people as the Goths, Vandals and other ancient Germanic peoples who brought the Western Roman Empire to an end. This idea was often mixed with anti-Semitic ideas.
The idea of racism that this means has been put aside by modern scientists, who also disagree with the idea that the original Aryans ever lived in Europe. However, this Master Race theory became a main idea for Nazis.

Uzbekistan
Uzbekistan is a country in Central Asia. Its capital and largest city is Tashkent.
There are about 26,593,000 people living in Uzbekistan. The neighboring countries are Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan. It is a double landlocked country, of which there are only two in the world.
Most people in Uzbekistan speak a language called Uzbek, it is a Turkic language similar to Uyghur and Turkish. In the Uzbek language, Uzbekistan is called "O‘zbekiston" and it means "the land of the true nobles".
Uzbekistan has a long history. Humans first lived in Uzbekistan from before the 2nd millenium BC.
Current president is Islam Karimov.

United Arab Emirates
The United Arab Emirates or the UAE is a country in the Middle East. Its capital is Abu Dhabi and largest city is Dubai. It is made up of several emirates which used to have a special peace treaty (or "truce") with the United Kingdom. This is why their old name was the Trucial States.
See also.
Flag of the United Arab Emirates

Wok
A wok is a Chinese pan used for cooking. It has a round bottom. The most common use for the wok is stir frying, though it can also be used for deep frying, smoking, braising, roasting, grilling, and steaming.
In Indonesia, the wok is known as a "wadjang", "kuali" in Malaysia, and "kawali" (small wok) and "kawa" (big wok) in the Philippines.

United States Navy
The United States Navy is part of the United States Armed Forces (the military of the USA).
The navy mainly deals with ocean-based military actions.
The navy was called the Continental Navy from 1775 until Congress established the Department of the Navy on April 30, 1798. A person (or member) in the navy is called a sailor.

Pro bono
Pro bono is a Latin phrase meaning "for [the] good", that is used to mean that a legal professional (lawyer) who would otherwise be paid money for his work,
contributes his labor without being paid, for the benefit of society,
typically on behalf of a person or organization who cannot pay for some reason, such as poverty.

Molecular formula
A molecular formula (or chemical formula) shows how many different atoms in one molecule of a chemical compound and how they are connected together. An example of a molecular formula is H2O2 or hydrogen peroxide (can also be called dihydrogen dioxide). What makes this a molecular formula is that it is composed of mark two non-metals: hydrogen and oxygen. A mixture of individual hydrogen and oxygen molecules is highly combustable in fire, but when they are chemically combined together in a chemical reaction they form water.

Harvard University
Harvard University is a private university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA and a member of the Ivy League. Harvard was founded on September 8, 1636.
Seven Presidents of the United States have graduated from Harvard schools and colleges.
Harvard is located on the Charles River. Some students go to the Charles River for rowing. On the other side of the Charles River is the city of Boston. Boston's subway system, called the "T" has a stop in Harvard Square. The Harvard Business School and the Harvard Medical School are both located on the other side of the Charles River in Boston. They are not in Cambridge. Harvard College, School of Public Health, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Harvard Graduate School of Education, Harvard Extension School, Harvard Law School and some of the other schools are all in Cambridge. Together, these schools are Harvard University.
The school color is crimson which is a dark red color.
Harvard has many libraries like Widener Library. There are other facilities like skating rinks and the Malkin Athletic Center where students can swim and exercise.
Another famous school close to Harvard in Cambridge, Massachusetts is the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).
Harvard's president is Drew Gilpin Faust, Harvard's first woman president. The president before her, Lawrence Summers, was a controversial president because of his opinions and style of leadership and the way he ran things. In 2006, Mr. Summers told Harvard's students and professors that he would resign in the summer and no longer serve Harvard as president. Mr. Summers is an economist and used to be the US Secretary of the Treasury.

Tamil language
Tamil is a language. It is spoken in the Tamil Nadu state of India, and in Sri Lanka, Singapore and Malaysia. It belongs to the Dravidian language family. It is a classical language, and one of world's oldest literary languages. The oldest text found in Tamil is Tolkāppiyam. Tamil is also a very special language which has complex pronunciations.

Kerala
Kerala is a state in south the Republic of India. It is on the Indian Ocean near the states of Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. Its capital city is Thiruvananthapuram. It has 15,005 sq mi (38,863 km²) of land, it is bigger than Bhutan but smaller than Switzerland.
Language.
Malayalam is spoken by many people in Kerala.
Culture.
People in Kerala are very into the arts and enjoy their traditional, percussion-filled music. They also enjoy tribal ceremonies, martial arts, and even activities like soccer, cricket, and badminton. People of Kerala also have internet, TV’s, newspapers, and books. Since the average amount of reading per week is about seven hours, their literacy rate is approximately 96.9%.
Tourism.
Kerala is known for its beautiful beaches and extensive backwaters, and is one of the largest tourist attractions in India, both for Indians and foreigners. Kerala known as "God's own country". Kerala has the literacy rate of 96.9% that is highest in India. The district called Kochi has historical importance. It has the oldest synagogue in the Commonwealth countries.

Malayalam
Malayalam is a language. Most people that speak Malayalam live in Kerala, in India. A speaker of Malayalam is called a "Malayali".
Malayalam (/malayALam/) is the principal language of the South Indian state of Kerala and also of the Lakshadweep Islands (Laccadives) of the west coast of India.
Malayalis (speakers of Malayalam), who - males and females alike - are almost totally literate, constitute 4 percent of the population of India and 96 percent of the population of Kerala (29.01 million in 1991).
In terms of the number of speakers, Malayalam ranks eighth among the fifteen major languages of India.
Malyalam language has 52 alphabets similar to Hindi and a few of the alphabets are unique for Malayalam.
The word /malayALam/ originally meant mountainous country (/mala/- mountain + /aLam/-place). Tamil Nadu is its neighbour on the south and east and Karnataka on the north and east.
Malayalam is the only Indian Language which is a palindrome.

Coimbatore
Coimbatore is a city in Tamil Nadu, India.
Coimbatore is famous for its cotton industry and known as South India's Manchester. Also known for motors, pumpsets and grinders.

Madurai
Madurai is a city in Tamil Nadu, India. It was the capital of the earlier Pandyan Kingdom.
Meenakshi Amman Temple, Oyiram Kal Mandabam (Hall of Thousand Pillars) are some of the important tourist places in Madurai.
Madurai is a city in Tamil Nadu, India. It was the capital of the earlier Pandyan Kingdom.
Meenakshi Amman Temple, Oyiram Kal Mandabam (Hall of Thousand Pillars) are some of the important tourist places in Madurai.
Madurai always considered to be a good pilgrim center. Tourists from various part of the country and world are coming to madurai and enjoying a historical excellence.
The main attraction of the city is meenakshi amman temple. Various other tourist and pilgrimage places also there such as Alagar Koil, Thiruparangkundram, Palarmuthir solai (means Garden with fruits), Thirumalai naicker Mahal (palace of Naickers), Teppakulam (A Square tank almost half a kilometer length as one side length), gandi museum (where we can find blood spotted final dress of Gandiji), etc.
The city is said to be as City of Festivals almost all the days in year is having at least a small festival. The city is also called as 'thoonganagaram' which means Non-sleeping city.
Road side idly shops are very famous in Madurai where all can get good foods in cheaper costs. Jigardhanda, a typical muslim cool drink is one of the famous drink from madurai.
External Link:.
A Blog for Madurai - News, Updates, Views and Improvement Thoughts

Assam
Assam is a state in the north eastern region of Hindustan and has an area of 30,285 sq mi (78,438 km²), it is bigger than Panama but smaller than the Czech Republic. There is one major river (Brahmaputra) that flows through the length of the state. The state lies on the foothills of the Himalayas. There are two international borders touched by Assam - Bhutan and Bangladesh.

Arunachal Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh is a state in the Republic of India.
1,091,117 people lived in this state as reported in census 2001. The total area is 32,333 sq mi (83,743 km²), it is bigger than United Arab Emirates but smaller than Austria.
The country that owns this region is disputed. The People's Republic of China says that they own part of the region and call it "South Tibet." The northern boundary, about 550 miles long, in dispute between India and China, is known as the McMahon Line, the other being the dispute over Aksai Chin. In 1962, the Sino-Indian War was fought here. The war was short and ended in India's defeat. However, China withdrew back to the modern borders voluntarily. They still say that they own the region, though currently Hindustan occupies it, Most of the population of Arunachal Pradesh is of Asiatic origin and shows physical affinities with the peoples of Tibet and the Myanmar hill region..

Bihar
Bihar is a state in the Republic of India, Covering an area of 38,202 sq mi (99,200 km²), it bigger than Hungary but smaller than South Korea. The capital is Patna. Bihar is bordered by the Indian states of Uttar Pradesh to the west, Jharkhand to the south, and West Bengal to the east. To the north is the country of Nepal.

Chhattisgarh
Chhattisgarh is a state within the Republic of India, it occupies 52,199 sq mi (135,194 km²), it is bigger than Greece but smaller than Tajikistan.
The capital at present is raipur which would change to naya raipur near raipur.It has 18 district.the disricts are--Raigarh,Bilaspur,Korba,Durg,Janjgir,Raipur,Koria,Sarguja,Bastar,Dantewada,Narayanpur,Rajnandgaon,Kanker,Mahasamund,Dhamtari,Jashpur,Kawardha.
The main language spoken are hindi and chhattisgarhi.The dominant religion is hindu.the state is the indias larget production of allumunium,
and the second largest manufacturer of steel.

Gujarat
Gujarat is a state within the Republic of India. Gandhinagar is the capital of Gujarat. This city is named after Mahatma Gandhi. Its area is 75,686 sq mi (196,077 km²), including the Kori Creek of the Rann of Kachchh which is disputed by Pakistan, it is bigger than Syria but smaller than Senegal. Surat, Bharuch, Ahmedabad, Vapi, Badoda, Porbandar, Rajkot, Jamnagar are some important cities in Gujarat. Champaner, Gondal, Bhavnagar, Utelia, Zainabad, Bhuj, Sasangir are some tourist places. People in Gujarat are mainly engaged in Agriculture and business.

Haryana
Haryana is a state in the Republic of India, also the birthplace of Hinduism. The area is 17,120 sq mi (44,341 km²), it is bigger than Denmark but smaller than Estonia.

Himachal Pradesh
Himachal Pradesh is a state in the Republic of India. Shimla is the capital of Himachal Pradesh. Covers an area of 21,629 sq mi (56,019 km²), it is bigger than Bosnia and Herzegovina but smaller than Croatia.

Jammu and Kashmir
Jammu and Kashmir (Dogri: जम्मू और कश्मीर; Urdu: جموں و کشمیر) is the northernmost state of India. When people talk about this state, they sometimes call it "Indian-administered Kashmir" or "Indian-occupied Kashmir". The state is covers and is mostly in the Himalayan mountains.
There is a dispute over the territory of Jammu and Kashmir. Pakistan calls Indian-administered Kashmir "Indian-occupied Kashmir". India refers to Pakistan-administered Kashmir as "Pakistan-occupied Kashmir" in the same way..
Jammu and Kashmir consists of three divisions: Jammu region, the Kashmir valley and Ladakh. Srinagar (Iqbalabad) is the summer capital, and Jammu its winter capital. While the Kashmir valley, often known as "paradise on Earth", is famous for its beautiful mountainous landscape, Jammu's numerous holy shrines attracts tens of thousands of Hindu and Muslim pilgrims every year. Ladakh, also known as "Little Tibet", is renowned for its remote mountain beauty and Buddhist culture.

Jharkhand
Jharkhand is a state within the Republic of India. About 20,000,000 people live in Jharkhand, 28,833 sq mi (74,677 km²), it is bigger than Sierra Leone but smaller than Panama. It has many villages and towns. Ranchi is the capital city of Jharkhand.

Madhya Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh is a state within the Republic of India. The state has an area of. It is bigger than Italy but smaller than Oman.
The capital of the state is Bhopal. The largest city is Indore.
Other main cities are Jabalpur and Ujjain. Ujjain is well known for its mythological reasons. Mandav, Bhojpur and Panchmadi are the main tourist attractions.

Manipur
Manipur is a state within the Republic of India. It has area of 8,628 sq mi (22,347 km²), it is bigger than the State of Israel but smaller than Belize.

Meghalaya
Meghalaya is a state within the Republic of India. Occupying an area of 8,700 sq mi (22,720 km²), bigger than the State of Israel but smaller than Belize.

Mizoram
Mizoram is a state in the Republic of India. Occupying an area of 8,139 sq mi (21,081 km²), it is bigger than El Salvador but smaller than the State of Israel.

Nagaland
Nagaland is a state in northeast Republic of India. Has an area of 6,401 sq mi (16,579 km²), it is bigger than East Timor but smaller than Swaziland.

Orissa
Orissa is a state on the east coast of the Republic of India, an area of 60,162 sq mi (155,820 km²), it is bigger than Nepal but smaller than Tunisia.

Punjab (India)
East Punjab or Doab (Land between Two Rivers) is a state in northern the Republic of India. About 24 million people live there. Its national capital city is Chandigarh. The city is a separate territory, because it is also used be the capital of Haryana. The state is located in the Punjab region. It covers an area of 19,445 sq mi or 50,362 km², including the Ferozpur District and the Pathankot Tehsil which is disputed by Pakistan, it is bigger than Slovakia but smaller than Costa Rica.

Rajasthan
Rajasthan is a state in northwestern India. It is the Indian state with the biggest land area; 132,150 sq mi or 342,269 km² it is bigger than the Republic of the Congo but smaller than Germany. The Thar Desert covers most parts of the state.

Tripura
Tripura is a state in eastern India, it is a Disputed Territory claimed as "Chittagonian Plains" by Bangladesh. It covers an area of 4,036 sq mi or 10,453 km², it is bigger than Lebanon but smaller than Kosovo.

Uttarakhand
Uttarakhand (2000-2006: Uttaranchal) is a state in northern India. The population of the state is 8,479,562 (census 2001). It covers an area of 20,682 sq mi (53,566 km²), it is bigger than Bosnia and Herzegovina but smaller than Croatia.

Uttar Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh is a state in northern India. In short, people call it UP. Lucknow is the capital city of UP.
The population of the state is 166,052,859 (census 2001). And covers an area of 93,933 sq mi (243,286 km²), it is bigger than the United Kingdom but smaller than Guinea.

West Bengal
West Bengal is a state in eastern Republic of India, and its capital is Kolkata. In 2001, the population of West Bengal was 80,221,171. With an area of 34,267 sq mi (88,752 km²), it is bigger than Serbia but smaller than Jordan.
West Bengal has a tropical climate, so it is very hot and humid in summer and cool in winter. The people who live here are called Bengalis. Bengalis also live in Bangladesh. Bangladesh is a country to the east of West Bengal
History.
All of India was once ruled by the British Empire. The Indians wanted freedom, but the Hindus and the Muslims of India always argued. So it was decided to divide the country into two parts -- one part for Muslims and one part for Hindus. In 1947 Bengal, which was a province of India, was divided into West Bengal and East Bengal (which is now called Bangladesh). West Bengal went to India, and East Bengal went to Pakistan.

Szczecin
Szczecin is a large city in Poland. As of 2005, 411,119 people live there. The city is located on the river Oder, near the border to Germany. It is one of the largest sea ports on the Baltic.
Szczecin borders with Police - a district town situated at the Oder River.

Foreigner
A foreigner is a person who is from a country that is not the country he or she is currently in. When a person goes to another country, they are a foreigner in that country. Such people are also often said to live "abroad".

Metropolitan area
What is called agglomeration (or metropolitan area) is the city, plus all cities and villages it grew together with. The biggest such metropolitan area is that of Tokyo. 8.5 million people live in Tokyo itself, 36.5 million live in the "metropolitan area".
Appearence.
Looking from the air to a city, the city will often appear as one big "blob" in the landscape. However, very often the limits of the city are not the limit of the blob, where on one side there is city, on the other there is countryside. The limits often run through the built up area. The beginning of a street may be in the city, the end of it may not.
So to put it simple, looking from the air again, the "blob" is the metropolitan area. The city very often is in the center of the blob, but may not be.

Marathi language
Marathi is the language spoken in Maharashtra, India. It is also Maharashtra's official language. It is at least one thousand years old and is based on Sanskrit. The written script is Devanāgarī - the same as one used to write Hindi.

Gujarati language
Gujarati is a language. It is spoken in Gujarat, India and also in neighbouring Pakistan. It was the "Mother Tongue" of Gandhi and Muhammad Ali Jinnah.

Punjabi language
Punjabi is a language. It is mainly spoken in the state of Punjab, both India and Pakistan. Punjabi is also spoken in the neighbouring states of Haryana, Himachal Pardesh and New Delhi in India. Punjabi developed from the ancient language of Sanskrit just like many other modern northern Indian Languages like Hindi. Punjabi is spoken by as many as 100 million people, meaning that it is one of the top ten languages in the world by number of speakers.
Punjabi is written in two different scripts, called Gurmukhi and Shahmukhi. They are both very different from the English words you are reading. The word Punjabi looks like ਪੰਜਾਬੀ in Gurmukhi and پنجابی in Shahmukhi.

Sikhism
Sikhism is a monotheistic religion, or a religion that believes in one God. The followers are called "Sikhs", and their holy book is the Guru Granth Sahib. 20 million people are followers of sikhism, that makes it the fifth largest religion in the world. It is most popular in Asia.
Sikhism was started in 1469 by Guru Nanak Dev, the first of the "Ten Gurus". It took on a distinct identity in 1699, celebrated by Vaisakhi. This is when Guru Gobind Singh, the tenth guru, started the baptism with Khande di Pahul, and the sikhs were required to keep the 5 K's. This is also called the birth of the Khalsa.
God.
Sikhism teaches that God, or Waheguru, lasts forever, can't be seen, and has no body. It is taught that he created the universe, can destroy it, and keeps it running. He is considered to be infinite, or he always existed and always will. Sikh's worship him, and meditate on his name. They believe everything is a part of god.
Salvation.
Members are all trying to reach salvation, meaning they are trying to break the process of rebirth and become one with god. The thing that is keeping people from reaching union is bad karma. Bad karma is taught to be caused by pride, anger, greed, attachment and lust. Followers try to stay away from these things.
The ten gurus and religious authority.
The term guru comes from the Sanskrit "gurū", which means teacher, guide, or mentor. The traditions and philosophy of Sikhism were established by ten specific gurus from 1469 to 1708. Each guru added to and reinforced the message taught by the previous, and this resulted in the creation of the Sikh religion.
And the eternal Guru is the Guru Granth Sahib, which is a book.

Cauvery
Cauvery is a river in south India. It flows from Karnataka to Tamil Nadu. More information can be found under the page

Bhopal
Bhopal is the capital of Madhya Pradesh, India.

Dialect
A dialect is a type of language spoken by a group of people. Sometimes people who live in the same place make a dialect. Sometimes people who are similar in some way make a dialect.
There is no agreed difference between a "dialect" and a "language". Some dialects are called "languages". They may spell words differently and be known as a language (for example, English is a Germanic dialect).
Other dialects different types of a language that come from different places or countries (for example, British English and American English are dialects of English).

Thanjavur
Thanjavur is a town in Tamil Nadu, India. It was the capital of earlier Chola Kingdom. It is called the "Rice Bowl" of Tamil Nadu. Cauvery river flows through Thanjavur.

Trichy
Trichy or Tiruchi is a city in Tamil Nadu, India. Its real name in Tamil is Tiruchirapalli, meaning "Town of the respected Chira (name of a Jain monk)". It was also called Trichinopoly by the British. About 10,67,912 people lived there in 2008. It is a very old city with many important temples, monuments, churches and mosques. Nearby, Oraiya, the old Trichy, is where the early Chola kings had their capital city, until about 850.

Brihadisvara Temple
The Brihadisvara Temple (or Brihadeeswara Temple) is a Shiva temple in Thanjavur, India. It was built in the 10th century.
Between two rectangular areas, the main temple sits. There is a tall, 13 story tower above it.

Oman
The Sultanate of Oman is a country in the southwestern part of Asia, on the southeast coast of the Arabian Peninsula. It borders the United Arab Emirates in the northwest, Saudi Arabia in the west, and Yemen in the southwest. The coast is formed by the Arabian Sea in the south and east, and the Gulf of Oman in the northeast.
The country is a monarchy. The capital of the Sultanate is Muscat.

Refugee
In 1951, the United Nations (UN) law called Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, said a refugee was a person who is forced to leave their country due to natural disasters or war and conflict.
owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion, is outside the country of their nationality, and is unable to or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail him/herself of the protection of that country.
In 1967 the Conventions’ 1967 Protocol and by regional conventions in Africa and Latin America to include persons who had fled war and violence in their country. A person who is seeking to be recognized as a refugee is an asylum seeker. In the United States a recognized asylum seeker is known as an asylee.

Copperbelt
Copperbelt is a province in the northern part of Zambia. It is named after the copper reserves. It has an area of 31,328 sq km. It occupies the upper portion of the Kafue river basin on the central plateau of southern Africa, 900 to 1,500 m above sea level.

Levy Mwanawasa
Levy Patrick Mwanawasa (September 3, 1948 – August 19, 2008) was a Zambian politician. He was the President of Zambia from January 2002 to his death.

Cherokee
The Cherokee ("ah-ni-yv-wi-ya" in Cherokee) are Native Americans who at the time of European contact in the 16th century lived in the area that is now the eastern and southeastern United States before most were forcefully moved to the Ozark hills. They were one of the tribes referred to as the Five Civilized Tribes.
Cherokee people did not live in tepees. They lived in houses made from wood. In the 19th Century, a man named Sequoyah introduced a form of writing the Cherokee language. For this, he was awarded a medal.
Chief John Ross was the leader of the Cherokee tribe from 1818 until 1867. He lived in Georgia before being forced to move to the place now called Oklahoma.

Soup
A soup is a kind of food. People make soups by boiling things in water. Then they put the things they boiled into a bowl and eat them. Vegetables and noodles are in most soups.

Hyderabad, India
Hyderabad is the capital of Andhra Pradesh, India.

Manmohan Singh
Manmohan Singh is the Prime Minister of India.

Indira Gandhi
Indira Gandhi (19 November 1917 – 31 October 1984) was the first woman to become Prime Minister of India. She is the daughter of Jawaharlal Nehru, who was also Prime Minister of India. Her son, Rajiv Gandhi, also later became Prime Minister of India. Born Indira Nehru, she married Feroze Gandhi, who had changed his name from "Feroze Khan" and was not related to the famous civil rights leader, Mahatma Gandhi, who helped India gain freedom.

Nintendo 64
Nintendo 64 was the third video game console released by Nintendo. It was released in 1996 and 1997, and was meant to compete against the Sony PlayStation and the Sega Saturn. The Nintendo 64 was Nintendo's first console with 3D graphics. It uses plastic cartridges instead of CDs or disks, making load times faster. However, because of this, the games costed more to make. The controller for the Nintendo 64 was shaped like an "M" and had 10 buttons and a joystick. Sony used the joystick design to make their DualShock PlayStation controller.
Because making games for the Nintendo 64 was more expensive than making games for the PlayStation, many video game companies did not develop games for the 64, and made them for the PlayStation instead. Nintendo also did not like games that had a lot of blood or violence in them, so companies who made these kinds of games made them for the PlayStation instead. Nintendo lost its lead over Sega and Sony because of these two things.

Phobos
Phobos (Greek for "fear", is the root word of "phobia") is one of the sons of Ares and Aphrodite in Greek mythology.

Deimos
Deimos (Greek word for "fear" or "terror") is one of the sons of Ares and Aphrodite in Greek mythology.

Krakatoa
Krakatoa (Indonesian name: "Krakatau") is a volcano near the Indonesian island of Rakata in the Sunda Strait. It has erupted repeatedly in known history. The best known of these events occurred in late August 1883.
The 1883 eruption ejected more than six cubic miles (25 cubic kilometres) of rock, ash, and pumice, and made the loudest sound ever recorded by human beings — the sound was heard as far away as Perth in Australia (very far), and the island of Rodrigues near Mauritius (Very far). Many thousands of people were killed and injured by the eruption, mostly in the tsunami (giant wave) which followed the explosion.
The eruption destroyed two-thirds of the what was then the island of Krakatoa. New eruptions at the volcano since 1927 have built a new island, called "Anak Krakatau" (child of Krakatoa).

Goldfish
Goldfish are pet fish that live in bowls or aquariums.
Goldfish belong to the Carp family, and were domesticated in China in the 17th century. They can reach up to 59 cm in size, and 3 kg in weight. This is very rare though, and most goldfish grow to half that size. In captivity, goldfish can live for up to 20 years. In the aquarium or fishtank, however, most will die earlier because their tank is much too small. Goldfish need a lot of space so they have room to swim and so the water does not get dirty too fast. It is also said that goldfish have very short memories, but people have proved that this is not true. One person trained a goldfish to kick a small ball under water and another trained a goldfish to swim through a maze.
There are many kinds of goldfish. The most common kind is golden-colored, but goldfish come in lots of different shapes and sizes. Another common kind is called a black moor, which is black colored.
Goldfish are very sensitive and should not be alerted.

Premature ejaculation
Premature ejaculation (also known as PE) is a condition affecting many men. It is when during sexual intercourse (sex) the male can not stop from ejaculating after about two minutes.
Treatment exercises.
The condition is usually curable or at least treatable by a few exercises. (There are more exercises than these, however, these are the most common.)
Stimulation treatment.
One exercise is to create an erection and begin to lose it, then stimulate it again. This exercise is best done alone at first and then with a partner. Thrusting should not be used with a partner until very near the end of treatment. This treatment may take several weeks to fully cure the problem if it is used properly.
Muscular treatment.
Another treatment involves using the muscle which stops urine. To locate the muscle, simply begin urinating and stop quickly before emptying the bladder. Doing that, will demonstrate how to use the muscle. Then whenever convenient use the muscle. You do not need to be urinating to use the muscle and it is suggested you are not. After a few weeks of both these treatments, the PE will become more like traditional ejaculation and after about one and a half through two and a half months, it should be absolutely normal.

Witch
A witch is a person, often a woman, who practices witchcraft. A man that practices witchcraft is often called a warlock. The stereotypical witches are commonly portrayed as wicked old women who have wrinkled skin and pointy hats. They wear clothes that are black or purple. They also have warts on their noses and sometimes long claw-like fingernails.
Witches have often been seen outside accepted cultures and faith. People often made them feel unwanted in their societies.
In the Bible the punishment for witchcraft is death (Exodus 22:18, "Thou shalt not suffer a witch to live," meaning "you should not let a witch live"). "Witch" in the Bible means summoner of spirits, so it might really mean warlock. In Europe in the early modern period persecution of witches (witchhunts, witchcraft trials, in the King James Bible) took place. A widespread scare of witchcraft erupted among the Christian people at that time. As a result, about sixty thousand people were unfairly executed. Most were hanged, but some were burned at the stake. Convicted witches were tied to a long pole, and burned alive. Especially in the early modern period this punishment was often applied.
In the Salem trials, there was Giles Corey who simply refused to speak because he knew he did no wrong. He was pressed to death (using stones) even though he was innocent. Women were burned at the stake for simply sweeping their porches on Sundays or putting herbs in a soup.
Among those punished in that way were people who did not live peacefully with their rulers, like Joan of Arc. In the USA they were executed also.
There were some men who protested against torture and against the chase of witches like Johann Weyer, Friedrich Spee and Anton Praetorius.
The mark of the devil.
People believed that witches had a pact with the devil. The "diabolical mark" (or mark of the devil) was a token left on the skin of the witch.
Most of the time, this was believed to be a mole or birthmark. It was said that since this was a sign of the devil, touching (or picking) it would not hurt the person. People also though that this mark could not bleed.
This soon developed into a safe test for witchcraft. Most often, special "techniques" were used by those doing the test, so that the pricked spot would not bleed, or hurt. Some needles were also found that were special. When touching the skin, the needle would go into its shaft. In that way it could not be felt, and did of course not bleed. Many innocent people were wrongfully convicted because of this test.
Modern-day understanding of Witches.
In the 20th century, a new attempt has been made at understanding witchcraft. Many people say that witches were in fact wise women who were hunted down by the church (mostly for their knowledge of herbs to treat certain diseases). This has led to a new movement. Some of it is known as Wicca. Some of it is known as Shamanism. Often, women understand this as a way to express themselves. Sometimes feminists have also spoken about it. Some of the rites have also been used as a form of protest.
Famous Witches.
All of the following persons were real people.

West Bank
The West Bank is a piece of land in the Middle East. It touches the Dead Sea and the River Jordan, and the landscape is pretty dry.
Right now, it is under the control of nearby Israel, some countries and the United Nations say. But some Israelis and other groups (Especially other Muslim groups and nations) disagree on whose it really is.
Right now, talks between the Israeli government, and the Palestinian National Authority, which leads Palestine, are happening. These talks are about what will happen in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip in the future.

Jan Hus
Jan Hus/John Huss'", born circa 1369 in Husinec, Bohemia (now Czech Republic) was a Bohemian religious thinker and reformer. He started a religious movement based on the ideas of John Wyclif. His followers became known as Hussites. The Roman Catholic Church has not tolerated such heresies. Hus was excommunicated in 1411, condemned by the Council of Constance, and burned at the stake on July 6, 1415, in Konstanz (aka Constance), Germany.
What he taught.
Many of his teachings were later taken up by Martin Luther who also published some of the things he wrote in prison.

Konstanz
Konstanz (English often Constance) is a university town with a population of around 80,000, on the shore of Lake Constance in the south-west corner of Germany, bordering Switzerland.

Panther
All these animals belong to the Felidae family.

Instant messaging
Instant messaging (IM) is a form of communication between two or more people based on typed text. The text is conveyed via computers connected over a network such as the Internet.
Instant messaging requires an instant messaging client that connects to an instant messaging service. Instant messaging differs from e-mail in that conversations happen in real-time. A multiprotocol instant messaging application allows one client to connect to multiple IM networks.
Instant messaging services owe many ideas to an older and still popular online chat medium named Internet Relay Chat (IRC). In early instant messaging programs, each letter appeared when it was typed, and when letters were deleted to correct typos this was also seen in real time. This made it more like a telephone conversation than exchanging letters. In modern instant messaging programs, the other party in the conversation generally only sees each line of text right after a new line is started. Most instant messaging applications also include the ability to set a status message. This is similar to the message on a telephone answering machine. It shows whether or not people are available to chat.
Benefits.
Instant messaging offers real-time communication and allows easy collaboration, which might be considered more akin to genuine conversation than email's "letter" format. In contrast to e-mail, the parties know whether the peer is available. Most systems allow the user to set an "online status" or "away message" so peers are notified when the user is available, busy, or away from the computer. On the other hand, people are not forced to reply immediately to incoming messages. For this reason, some people consider communication via instant messaging to be less intrusive than communication via phone. However, not all popular systems allow the sending of messages to people not currently logged on ("offline messages"), thus removing much of the difference between IM and email.
Instant messaging allows instantaneous communication between a number of parties simultaneously, by transmitting information quickly and efficiently, featuring immediate receipt of acknowledgment or reply. In certain cases IM involves additional features, which make it even more popular, i.e. to see the other party, e.g. by using ((web-cams)), or to talk directly for free over the internet.
It is possible to save a conversation for later reference. Instant messages typically are may be logged in a local message history which closes the gap to the persistent nature of e-mails and facilitates quick exchange of information like URLs or document snippets (which can be unwieldy when communicated via telephone).
History.
Instant messaging applications began to appear in the 1970s on multi-user operating systems like UNIX, initially to facilitate communication with other users logged in to the same machine, then on the local network, and subsequently across the Internet. Some of these used a peer-to-peer protocol (eg talk, ntalk and ytalk), while others required peers to connect to a server (see talker and IRC). Because all of these protocols were based inside a console window, most of those discovering the Internet in the mid-1990s and equating it with the web tended not to encounter them.
In the last half of the 1980s and into the early 1990s, the Quantum Link online service for Commodore 64 computers offered user-to-user messages between currently connected customers which they called "On-Line Messages" (or OLM for short). Quantum Link's better known later incarnation, America Online (AOL), offers a similar product under the name "AOL Instant Messages" (AIM). While the Quantum Link service ran on a Commodore 64, using only the Commodore's PETSCII text-graphics, the screen was visually divided up into sections and OLMs would appear as a yellow bar saying "Message From:" and the name of the sender along with the message across the top of whatever the user was already doing, and presented a list of options for responding. As such, it could be considered a sort of GUI, albeit much more primitive than the later Unix, Windows and Macintosh based GUI IM programs. OLMs were what Q-Link called "Plus Services" meaning they charged an extra per-minute fee on top of the monthly Q-Link access costs.
Modern, Internet-wide, GUI-based messaging clients, as they are known today, began to take off in the mid 1990swith ICQ (1996) being the first, followed by AOL Instant Messenger (AOL Instant Messenger, 1997). AOL later acquired Mirabilis, the creators of ICQ. A few years later ICQ (by now owned by AOL) was awarded two patents for instant messaging by the U.S. patent office. Meanwhile, other companies developed their own applications (Yahoo, MSN, Excite, Ubique, IBM), each with its own proprietary protocol and client; users therefore had to run multiple client applications if they wished to use more than one of these networks.
In 2000, an open source application and open standards-based protocol called Jabber was launched. Jabber servers could act as gateways to other IM protocols, reducing the need to run multiple clients. Modern multi-protocol clients such as Pidgin, Trillian, Adium and Miranda can use any of the popular IM protocols without the need for a server gateway.
Recently, many instant messaging services have begun to offer video conferencing features, Voice Over IP (VoIP) and web conferencing services. Web conferencing services integrate both video conferencing and instant messaging capabilities. Some newer instant messaging companies are offering desktop sharing, IP radio, and IPTV to the voice and video features.
The term "instant messenger" is a service mark of Time Warner and may not be used in software not affiliated with AOL in the United States. For this reason, the instant messaging client formerly known as Gaim or gaim announced in April 2007 that they would be renamed "Pidgin".
Cooperation.
There have been several attempts to create a unified standard for instant messaging: IETF's SIP (Session Initiation Protocol) and SIMPLE (SIP for Instant Messaging and Presence Leveraging Extensions), APEX (Application Exchange), Prim (Presence and Instant Messaging Protocol), the open XML-based XMPP (Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol), more commonly known as Jabber and OMA's (Open Mobile Alliance) IMPS (Instant Messaging and Presence Service) created specifically for mobile devices.
Most attempts at creating a unified standard for the major IM providers (AOL, Yahoo! and Microsoft) have failed and each continues to use its own proprietary protocol.
However, while discussions at IETF were stalled, Reuters head of collaboration services, David Gurle (the founder of Microsoft's Real Time Communication and Collaboration business), surprised everybody by signing the first inter-service provider connectivity agreement on September 2003. This historic agreement enabled AIM, ICQ and MSN Messenger users to talk with Reuters Messaging counterparts and vice-versa against an access fee. Following this breakthrough agreement between networks Microsoft, Yahoo! and AOL came to a deal where Microsoft's Live Communication Server 2005 (which is interestingly also used by Reuters for its Reuters Messaging service) users would also have the possibility to talk to public instant messaging users. This deal settled once for all the protocol for interconnectivity in the market as SIP/SIMPLE and established a connectivity fee for accessing public instant messaging clouds. Separately, on October 13, 2005 Microsoft and Yahoo! announced that by (the Northern Hemisphere) summer of 2006 they would interoperate using SIP/SIMPLE which is followed on December 2005 by the AOL and Google strategic partnership deal where Google Talk users would be able to talk with AIM and ICQ users provided they have an identity at AOL.
Some approaches, such as that adopted by the Sonork enterprise IM software or the Jabber/XMPP network or Winpopup LAN Messenger, allow organizations to create their own private instant messaging network by enabling them to limit access to the server (often with the IM network entirely behind their firewall) and administer user permissions. Other corporate messaging systems allow registered users to also connect from outside the corporation LAN, by using a secure firewall-friendly HTTPS based protocol. Typically, a dedicated corporate IM server has several advantages such as pre-populated contact lists, integrated authentication, and better security and privacy.
Some networks have made changes to prevent them from being utilized by such multi-network IM clients. For example, Trillian had to release several revisions and patches to allow its users to access the MSN, AOL, and Yahoo! networks, after changes were made to these networks. The major IM providers typically cite the need for formal agreements as well as security concerns as reasons for making these changes.
Mobile Instant Messaging.
Mobile Instant Messaging (MIM) is a presence enabled messaging service that aims to transpose the desktop messaging experience to the usage scenario of being on the move. While several of the core ideas of the desktop experience on one hand apply to a connected mobile device, others do not: Users usually only look at their phone's screen — presence status changes might occur under different circumstances as happens at the desktop, and several functional limits exist based on the fact that the vast majority of mobile communication devices are chosen by their users to fit into the palm of their hand.
Some of the form factor and mobility related differences need to be taken into account in order to create a really adequate, powerful and yet convenient mobile experience: radio bandwidth, memory size, availability of media formats, keypad based input, screen output, CPU performance and battery power are core issues that desktop device users and even nomadic users with connected notebooks are usually not exposed to.
Several formerly untackled issues have been identified and addressed within IMPS, which was developed as part of an early mobile telephone industry initiative to kick off a broader usage of mobile instant messaging. The Open Mobile Alliance has taken over this standard, formerly called Wireless Village, as IMPS V1.0 in November 2002. Since then this standards has been further developed to IMPS V1.3, the latest candidate for release, and is expected to be released before the end of 2006.
There are downloadable mobile applications offered by different independent developers that allow users to chat within public (MSN, Yahoo!, Google Talk, AIM, ICQ) and corporate (LCS, Sametime, Reuters) IM services from mobile devices.
Among the advantages of using such IM clients over SMS are: IM clients use data instead of SMS text messages; IM-like chat mode, faster and quicker messaging. Some IM software allows group communica tion.
Several large scale mobile telephone industry companies are planning to jointly deliver a ubiquitous, interoperable presence enabled messaging service, built according to interoperability recommendations developed in the GSM Association. Considering these organisations are jointly representing approximately 1.5 billion active Short Text Messaging (SMS) users, it remains to be seen if such an initiative may also help to drive the different industry factions to agree on a truly interoperable approach at least for Mobile Instant Messaging sometime in the not too far future.
In the meantime, other developments have proposed usage of downloadable applications with the intention to create their own approach to IM that runs on most mobile phones worldwide. Essentially, several of these clients are Java applications are instantly downloaded and then connected to back-end servers through GPRS/3G Internet Channels. Some of the implementations can connect to other IM services.
Effects on people with an auditory or speech disability.
Instant messaging opens new methods of spontaneous communication for people that have an impairment in hearing, auditory processing, or speech. It is considered by many a powerful way to allow equal opportunities in communication, without the aid of special devices or services designed for users with hearing loss.
Friend-to-friend networks.
Instant Messaging may be done in a Friend-to-friend network, in which each node connects to the friends on the friendslist. This allows to communicate to friends of friends and build chatrooms for instant messages with all friends on that network.
Business application.
Instant messaging has proven to be similar to personal computers, e-mail, and the WWW, in that its adoption for use as a business communications medium was driven primarily by individual employees using consumer software at work, rather than by formal mandate or provisioning by corporate information technology departments. Tens of millions of the consumer IM accounts in use are being used for business purposes by employees of companies and other organizations.
In response to the demand for business-grade IM and the need to ensure security and legal compliance, a new type of instant messaging, called "Enterprise Instant Messaging" ("EIM") was created when Lotus Software launched Lotus Sametime in 1999. Microsoft followed suit shortly thereafter with Microsoft Exchange Instant Messaging, and later created a new platform called Microsoft Office Live Communications Server. Since then, both IBM Lotus and Microsoft have introduced federation between their EIM systems and some of the public IM networks thus employees may use a single interface to both their internal EIM system and their buddies on AOL, MSN, and Yahoo!. Current leading EIM platforms include IBM Lotus Sametime, Microsoft Office Live Communications Server, and.
The adoption of IM across corporate networks outside of the control of IT organizations creates many risks and liabilities for companies who do not effectively manage and support IM use. Companies implement specialized IM archiving and security products and services like those from Secure Computing, Akonix, Surfcontrol, and ScanSafe to mitigate these risks and provide safe, secure, productive instant messaging capabilities to their employees.
Risks and liabilities.
Hackers' use of instant messaging networks to deliver malicious code has grown consistently from 2004 to the present, with the number of discrete attacks listed by the IM Security Center having grown 15% from 347 attacks in 2005 to 406 in 2006. Hackers use two methods of delivering malicious code through IM: delivery of virus, trojan, or spyware within an infected file, and the use of "socially engineered" text with a web address that entices the recipient to click on a URL that connects him or her to a website that then downloads malicious code. Viruses, worms, and trojans typically propagate by sending themselves rapidly through the infected user's buddy list. An effective attack using a "poison URL" may reach tens of thousands of people in minutes when each person's buddy list receives messages appearing to be from a trusted friend. The recipients click on the web address, and the entire cycle starts again. Infections may range from nuisance to criminal, and are becoming more sophisticated each year.
In addition to the malicious code threat, the use of instant messaging at work also creates a risk of non-compliance to laws and regulations governing the use of electronic communications in businesses. In the United States alone there are over 10,000 laws and regulations related to electronic messaging and records retention. The more well-known of these include the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, HIPAA, and SEC 17a-3. Recent changes to Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, effective December 1, 2006, create a new category for electronic records which may be requested during discovery (law) in legal proceedings. Most countries around the world also regulate the use of electronic messaging and electronic records retention in similar fashion to the United States. The most common regulations related to IM at work involve the need to produce archived business communications to satisfy government or judicial requests under law. Many instant messaging communications fall into the category of business communications that must be archived and retrievable.
Organizations of all types must protect themselves from the liability of their employees' inappropriate use of IM. The informal, immediate, and ostensibly anonymous nature of instant messaging makes it a candidate for abuse in the workplace. The topic of inappropriate IM use became front page news in October 2006 when Congressman Mark Foley resigned his seat after admitting sending offensive instant messages of a sexual nature to underage former House pages from his Congressional office PC. The Mark Foley Scandal led to media coverage and mainstream newspaper articles warning of the risks of inappropriate IM use in workplaces. In most countries, corporations have a legal responsibility to ensure harassment-free work environment for employees. The use of corporate-owned computers, networks, and software to harass an individual or spread inappropriate jokes or language creates a liability for not only the offender but also the employer. A survey by IM archiving and security provider Akonix Systems, Inc. in March 2007 showed that 31% of respondents had been harassed over IM at work. Companies now include instant messaging as an integral component of their policies on appropriate use of the World Wide Web, email, and other corporate assets.
Security and archiving.
In the early 2000s, a new class of IT security provider emerged to provide remedies for the risks and liabilities faced by corporations who chose to use IM for business communications. The IM security providers created new products to be installed in corporate networks for the purpose of archiving, content-scanning, and security-scanning IM traffic moving in and out of the corporation. Similar to the e-mail filtering vendors, the IM security providers focus on the risks and liabilities described above.
With rapid adoption of IM in the workplace, demand for IM security products began to grow in the mid-2000s. By 2007, the preferred platform for the purchase of security software had become the "appliance", according to IDC, who estimate that by 2008, 80% of network security products will be delivered via an appliance.

AOL
America Online (or AOL) is a U.S.-based online service provider and Internet service provider run by Time Warner. It has been in business since 1985.
AOL Instant Messenger (AIM).
AOL Instant Messenger is a service which allows to communicate with any user currently online. AIM has millions of users worldwide. There are also other computer programs that can be used to talk with your AIM account, for example Trillian, Pidgin, Digsby, and AIM+.
Other AOL services.
Other AOL products are AOL Spyware Protection, AOL Safety and Security Center, ICQ, AOl Computer Check-Up, AOL Explorer,AOL TopSpeed, AOL Dialer, AOL One-Click Fixes and AOL Openride.

Youssef Rzouga
Youssef Rzouga is a Tunisian poet, born on March 21 1957 in Mahdia,Tunisia.

Mailman
A mailman or mail carrier is a person who brings people their postal mail. Normally he works for the post office of the respective country.
Of course, there are also women doing this job, they are called mailwomen.

Chinese postman problem
The Chinese postman problem is a mathematical problem of Graph theory. It is also known as route inspection problem. Suppose there is a mailman who needs to deliver mail to a certain neighbourhood. That mailman is lazy, so he wants to find a route through the neighborhood, that meets the following criteria
If the graph travelled has an Eulerian Circuit, this circuit is the ideal solution

Four color theorem
The four color theorem is a theorem of mathematics. It says that in any plane surface with regions in it, the regions can be colored with no more than four colors. Two regions that have a common border must not get the same color. They are called "adjacent" (next to each other) if they share a segment of the border, not just a point.
This was the first theorem to be proved by a computer. Not all mathematicians accept the proof. The proof can not be done by hand.
It is quite obvious, that there are maps that cannot be colored in this way with only three colors. On the other hand, five colors are enough for every map.

Theorem
A theorem is a proven idea in mathematics. Theorems are proved using logic and other theorems that have already been proved.

Triceratops
Triceratops (try-SAYR-ah-tops) meaning "three-horned face", because it had three horns (Greek "tri" = three + "keratops" = horned face) was a herbivorous dinosaur genus from the Latest Cretaceous period. It was mainly found in North America. It was about 9 m (30 ft) long, and probably weighed around 5,400 kg (12,000 lb).

Border
The Border between two regions is the thin line, where one region is next to the other. If the regions are countries, the border can only be crossed at certain points. To cross the border, a passport or a visa might be necessary.

Genus
In taxonomy, when scientists talk about a genus (one genus, several genera'") of animals, they mean several closely related species of those animals. Several genera make up a family.
Genus is the "great" in the mnemonic, or a saying to help a person remember something, King Phillip Came Over For Great Spaghetti. When writing a scientific name of an organism, you need to write the name with the genus in fromt. For example, "Felis silvestris catus", Felis is the genus. The genus must always be capitalised.

Cretaceous
The Cretaceous period is one of the periods of the geological time scale. It reaches from the Jurassic period, of 146 million years ago to the Cenozoic era, of 65.5 million years ago. It is the time when all the dinousaurs died and the mammals began to rule the world.

Textbook
A textbook is a book someone uses to learn. It is usually supplied in classrooms form primary school to post secondary school. People use it to learn from it about a certain subject. They might also teach other people about that subject.

Axiom
An Axiom is a statement of logic. In a system, it is usually taken as being true. It does not need to be proven. Logic then deduces other theorems from the axioms.
Two numbers that are both the same as a third number are the same number
If A and B are two numbers that are the same, and C and D are also the same, A+C is the same as B+D
If A and B are two numbers that are the same, and C and D are also the same, A-C is the same as B-D
Two shapes that fill the exact same space are the same shape.
If you divide a number by anything more than 1, the quotient (result) will be less than the original number

Set
A set is a concept from mathematics. A set is like a bag, that can hold things. A set cannot hold a certain item more than once. Either that item is in the set or it is not. Structures from mathematics, that are like sets in quite a few ways, but can hold a certain type of item more than once are called multisets (or indeed, "bags").
In the following sections, a "bag" is a "shopping bag".
Element of.
Various things can be put into a bag. Later on, a valid question would be if a certain thing is in the bag. Mathematicians call this "element of". Something is an element of a set, if that thing can be found in the respective bag.
Empty set.
Like a bag, a set can also be "empty". The empty set is like an empty bag: it has no things in it.
Comparing sets.
Two sets can be compared. This is done by looking at two different bags. If they contain the same things, they are equal.
Cardinality of a set.
When mathematicians talk about a set, they sometimes want to know how big a set is. They do this by counting how many elements are in the set (how many items are in the bag). The cardinality is a simple number. The empty set has a cardinality of 0, since there are no things in the respective bag.
A set can have an infinite number of elements. One such set is the set of natural numbers. Some sets with an infinite number of elements are bigger (have a bigger cardinality) than others. There are more real numbers than there are natural numbers, for example.
Subsets.
A set can have a large number of elements. Like a pretty full, large bag. Some of these elements perhaps have some other things in common, other than that they are all in the bag. Mathematicians call this a "subset". It can be thought of as a smaller bag, inside the bigger bag. In the shopping bag, there might be a bag of vegetables and a bag containing meat. Those two sets would then be subsets of the bigger set.
Combining sets.
There are different ways to combine sets.
Unions.
The Union of two sets is a set that contains all the elements of both sets. It is like taking several shopping bags, and putting all things from them into a bigger bag.
Intersections.
The intersections of two sets is a set that contains all the elements that are in both sets. If two people went shopping independently, the intersection is all the things that both of them bought: if one bought apples, carrots, and potatoes and the other bought apples, carrots and sausage, the intersection would be apples and carrots.
Complements.
The complement is like the difference of two sets. It's like saying I want all things that are in the first bag, but not in the second bag. Taking the example from above, this would be potatoes.
Special sets.
Some sets are very important to mathematics. They are used very often. One of these is the "empty set".
Each of these sets of numbers has an infinite number of elements, and formula_16. The primes are used less frequently than the others outside of number theory and related fields.
The barber paradox.
There is a small town somewhere. In that town, there is a barber. All the men in the town do not like beards, so they either shave themselves, or they go to the barber shop to be shaved by the barber.
We can therefore make a statement about the barber himself: "The barber shaves all men that do not shave themselves. He only shaves those men (since the others shave themselves and do not need a barber to give them a shave)."
This of course raises the question: What does the barber do each morning to look clean-shaven? This is the paradox.

Maldives
The Maldives are a group of islands in the Indian Ocean. They are located southwest of India and are made up of the Maldive and Suadive archipelagos made up of over 1200 islands.
The eleven hundred islands that make up the country are on twenty-six atolls. People live in about two hundred of them.
Malé is the capital, with a population of 81,000 people.
It is the flattest country in the world. The highest point in the Maldives is only two metres high.

Prime Minister of Australia
The Prime Minister of Australia is the leader of the Australian government. He or she has the most powerful political office in the Commonwealth of Australia.
The current Prime Minister of Australia is Kevin Rudd whose party claimed majority seats by ousting former Prime Minister John Howard who has been in office since 1996.

1190s
Centuries: 11th century - 12th century - 13th century
Decades: 1140s 1150s 1160s 1170s 1180s - 1190s - 1200s 1210s 1220s 1230s 1240s
Years: 1190 1191 1192 1193 1194 1195 1196 1197 1198 1199

Structure
The structure of an object is how the parts of it relate to each other, or how it is "put together". This can be compared to process, which is how the thing works; but a process needs a structure to make it work.
Reality and language also have a structure.

Hardcore punk
Hardcore Punk (or "hardcore") is a style of punk music that usually sounds louder, faster and more angry than earlier punk rock music from the 1970s. Hardcore began in the 1980s in North America. Some of the important bands of the genre are Bad Brains, Black Flag, Discharge, Minor Threat, and the Dead Kennedys. Hardcore songs often have more political lyrics (words) than songs from 1970s punk rock.
How it sounds.
Hardcore band singers often sing by shouting the words of the song. Hardcore songs often sound like the singer is angry. Hardcore bands use electric guitars, electric bass guitar, drums, and a singer. The electric guitars in hardcore bands are distorted and noisy because the people in the band have changed the guitar strings so they play notes that are lower than those a normal guitar can play.

Limestone
Limestone is a chemical sedimentary rock, made up mostly of the mineral calcite (calcium carbonate: CaCO3). When it is heated at a very high temperature, it becomes the metamorphic rock, marble.
Uses.
Limestones are easy to work with, so they are used for building architecture. Limestone became most popular in the 19th and 20th centuries for building things such as churches, banks and houses. It is used to make glass and cement. It can be used like chalk, as it is mostly calcium, so you can actually draw with the stone. People use it as decorations sometimes, as pebbles.

Root
The roots of a plant is the part that is buried in the soil.
Plants need their roots especially for three reasons: The roots take water and nutrients, a sort of food, from the soil. They also often store this food. And they fix the plants to the ground.
Some roots go very deep into the ground. One root that was found in Arizona, USA, was 60 m below the surface.
Roots are also very strong. Some tree roots can destroy stones.Roots are not green because the cells have no clorophyll.

Piero Gobetti
Piero Gobetti (born 1901 – died February 1926) was a young journalist, intellectual, and radical liberal person. He was a very active critic during the years of crisis in Italy after the First World War and during the early years of Fascist rule. He had to leave Italy and settled down in Paris, where he soon died. He died because his health was bad, after the Fascists had terrorized him.

Manama
Manama is the capital city of Bahrain. It is also the largest city in Bahrain, having almost 150.000 residents.
History.
Manama has been a city since at least the 1300s, when it was mentioned in Islamic books. It was owned by Portugal from 1521 to 1602, by Persia from 1602 to 1783, and by the Al-Khalifa family for a long time after that. In 1971, Manama became the capital city of Bahrain.

Protist
Protists are unicellular (single celled) plant or animal organisms that are usually microscopic and therefore invisible to the naked eye.
An example of a single celled organism in the protist kingdom is the Paramecium or "slipper animalcule." The Paramecium moves using its small, hair-like fibers called cilia, and eats using the cilia to sweep the food into its food vacuole. Other protists can be amoebas, which move by extending pseudopods and flowing into them, or flowing around food particles and engulfing them.

The Apple Dumpling Gang
"The Apple Dumpling Gang" is a Disney movie from 1975, in which three orphan children find gold during California's Gold Rush. Tim Conway and Don Knotts also star in it as two gangsters.
The movie is based on the book of the same name by Jack Bickham.

0s
Centuries: 1st century BC - 1st century - 2nd century
Decades: 40s BC 30s BC 20s BC 10s BC 0s BC - 0s - 10s 20s 30s 40s 50s
Years: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Quentin Tarantino
Quentin Tarantino (born March 27, 1963) is an American filmmaker. He was born in Knoxville, Tennessee. Tarantino is an independent movie maker. He wrote, directed, and acted in Pulp Fiction, Reservoir Dogs and Kill Bill, as well as others. Pulp Fiction, Reservoir Dogs and Kill Bill are very violent but also funny. He won an Academy Award in 1994 (Best Original Screenplay) for Pulp Fiction.

Leander class frigate
The Leander class frigate or Type 12M is a type of ship that was used by the Royal Navy.
The class became well known through the "Warship" BBC television drama series.

Spacecraft
A spacecraft is a vessel that can safely move people and cargo outside the Earth's atmosphere, through space to other planetary bodies, space stations, or orbits. Spacecraft which are launched from the surface of a planet are called launch vehicles and usually take-off from launch pads at spaceports.
Most spacecraft today are propelled by rocket motors, which shoot hot gases and fire opposite to the direction of travel. Other forms of propulsion are used when appropriate. Spacecraft which do not need to escape from strong gravity may use ion thrusters or other more efficient methods.
Because of the very large amount of energy needed to leave the Earth's gravity, spacecraft are usually very expensive to build, launch, and operate. Plans for future spacecraft often focus on reducing these costs so more people can participate in space. But today, costs are still very high, and until recently most spacecraft were sponsored by wealthy national governments.
Human spaceflight vehicles.
Most expensive of all is to send people in to space, due to their needs for food, water, air, living space, safety, and control. People participating in this way have special names: Americans call themselves astronauts; Russians call themselves cosmonauts; Chinese call themselves taikonauts.
Satellites.
Some of the most important spacecraft today are artificial satellites. Artificial satellites are smaller, unmanned spacecraft which are mostly sent to geostationary orbit to act as points to reflect radio signals from one part of Earth to another, or to watch events on Earth from a high point of view. Without such spacecraft, people on Earth would not be able to communicate as well with each other, accurately predict the weather, or confidently ensure the security of their countries.

Acoustics
Acoustics is the study of sound.

Public finance
Public finance is the study of how the government raises funds and spends its money, and their economic effect.

Budget
A budget is an account of the estimated revenue and estimated expenditure within a fiscal year.

Indirect tax
Indirect taxes are taxes that can be shifted from the party being taxed to a third party.

Erode
Erode is a city in Tamil Nadu, India. It is the capital of the Erode district. About 500,000 people live in the city.
Erode District in Tamil Nadu State is very important market centre for Turmeric. Turmeric is received, not only from Erode district, but also from the other parts of Tamil Nadu and adjoining district like Mysore in Karnataka State.
Erode is well known for marketing of textile products of Handloom, Powerloom and Readymade Garments. The Handloom and Powerloom products such as Cotton Sarees, Bed Spreads, Carpets, Lungies, Printed Fabrics, Towels, Dhotis are marketed here in bulk.
Kangeyam is famous for Bulls and Oil Mills. Kangeyam cows are not noted for their yield but their availability in large numbers has helped the district to make a mark in the field of dairy development

Sky Sports
Sky Sports is a group of 9 channels - Sky Sports 1, Sky Sports 2, Sky Sports 3, Sky Sports Xtra, Sky Sports News, Sky Sports HD 1, Sky Sports HD 2, PremPlus and At the Races. The channels are owned by a major company named British Sky Broadcasting. It is the most powerful sports television company in the United Kingdom.
Sky Sports is known for its major football coverage and help launched the FA Premier League.
Sky Sports has a series of well known shows such as "Soccer AM", which is a morning chat show with jokes, "Gillette Soccer Saturday" and "You're on Sky Sports".
On August 22, 1999 Sky Sports launched Sky Sports Active. The first game was Arsenal vs Manchester United. It gave the viewer to focus on one player, or look at different camera angles. It soon proved to be successful, and Sky decided to continue it. It can be accessed by pressing the Red Button on your Sky Digital Remote.
On November 24, 2002, Sky Sports won the rights to air the UEFA Champions League, with ITV. They had beaten channels such as the BBC and Channel 4 to win it. Part of the deal had stated that ITV would air two games on a Tuesday and Sky Sports would air 2 games on a Wednesday. Sky soon launched an 8-screen 'Champions League Interactive' channel which showed 8 live games.

Rhetoric
Rhetoric is the science of how to speak well. Rhetoric is a skill that can be trained, and taught. The rhetoric (from Greek ῥητορικὴ [τέχνη] "rhêtorik/ề [tékhnê/]", "technique/art of speech") represents correctly "the art of speaking well". It is the art or the technique of persuasion, usually through the usage of the word. The rhetoric, the dialectic and the grammar form the trivium which forms with the quadrivium the seven liberal arts of the Western culture. During the Antiquity and the Middle Ages, the rhetoric was directed towards the persuasion in the public and political conditions, also towards the gatherings and the courts of justice.
In this method, it was developed inside the open and democraticsocieties, the rights of expression, of free gathering and the rights political of a part of the people.
The idea of rhetoric was changed during the 2500 years of existence of this word. In our days, the rhetoric describes itself in a wide meaning, as the art or the method of persuasion also as the means of communication, but using the language. The words "rhetoric" or "sophism" are often used with a negative meaning, of disinformation, propaganda. They are also used for evaluating a speech with false arguments as of questionable value. As the art of persuasion, the rhetoric continues having a great importance inside the present-day public life.
According to Aristotle, rhetoric can be divided into
Definition.
The rhetoric is at the same time the science (in a meaning of study having structure) and the art (in a meaning of practice based on a tried knowledge) that applies to the action of the speech of the soul (the soul is quien speaks). With respect to the its idea, the rhetoric is only spoken, but of course busies itself also with the written speech that is a transcription or a facial expression (?) of the spoken. The definition of rhetoric would change with the passing of the centuries (given in common by the Greeks, by the Roman speakers, until the modern European people).

Hamas
Hamas (Arabic: حماس, acronym of Harakat al-Muqawama al-Islamiyya, Arabic: حركة المقاومة الاسلامية, literally "Islamic Resistance Movement") is a Palestinian Islamist Sunni organisation. It was started in 1987 during the First Intifada by Ahmed Yassin and Abdel Aziz al-Rantissi as the Gaza branch of the Muslim Brotherhood organziation in Egypt. In the 2006 Palestinian election, Hamas got 74 of 132 seats in parliament and controls the Gaza Strip. The group wants to build a Palestinian state based on Islamic ideas in the area that is now Israel, the West Bank, and Gaza Strip. Hamas does not recognise the State of Israel.
Name.
"Hamas" is an acronym of the Arabic phrase حركة المقاومة الاسلامية, or Harakat al-Muqawama al-Islamiyya or "Islamic Resistance Movement".
Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades.
Hamas is known for its military wing, the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades, which plans and carries out attacks on Israel and its citizens. Because of numerous suicide bombings and attacking of civilians in Israel, the United States, and other countries call it a terrorist organisation. The country of Jordan has made the group illegal. However, the international press, including the Israeli English-language daily newspaper, call Hamas members by the more neutral term "militants."
Popularity.
In early 2006, Hamas won a clear victory in the vote for the Palestinian parliament. Voters saw Hamas as an alternative to exchange the long-ruling Fatah party, the main part of the PLO. Fatah had not improved the Palestinian people's conditions and reached statehood, and was thought to be corrupt.
Charitable Work.
Hamas has shown its organizational ability by building health, education, and social services to help the population in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, where there is much poverty. Such efforts have increased its support. In the first half of 2007, Hamas gained political control of the Gaza Strip, while Fatah keeps its headquarters in the West Bank.
Hamas is also associated in some way with Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine headed by Ahmed Jibril.

Suicide attack
A suicide attack is an attack where the attacker (either one person or a group of people) plans on killing people while also dying in the process. In a suicide attack, the attacker dies as a result of the attack, for example in an explosion or a crash.
Nowadays, suicide attacks are often done with a vehicle or an explosive material such as a bomb (a suicide bombing), or sometimes both (i.e. a car filled with explosives). If everything goes according to plan, the attacker is killed as soon as their attack is complete (when their vehicle crashes or their bomb detonates).
Suicide attacks are often done in a crowded place so that as many people as possible are killed. They are common in the Middle East. Most attacks on Israel, carried out by Hamas or other Palestinian terrorist groups are suicide bombings.

Laser
A LASER (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation) is a machine that makes a very intense beam of light. It works by light being made brighter by lots of its energy being reflected many times. The first working laser was displayed on May 16, 1960 by Theodore Maiman at Hughes Research Laboratories.. Since then, it has many commercial and industrial uses, like in factories and computers. It is also used a lot in science fiction writing and films.
One use of lasers is in optical disc drives used in computers, compact disc and DVD players, in which the laser (a few millimeters in size) looks at the surface of the disc. Other uses of lasers are in bar code readers, laser printers and laser pointers.
References.
A laser light is made up of a single wave length with all the waves lined up. Laser light stays in a straight, concentrated beam. Lasers also produce frequencies beyond the visible light range, so a laser beam is not always seen by the eye.

NBC
NBC, whose letters once stood for The National Broadcasting Company, is an American television network that started in 1926 as a radio station. (Its first television progams aired in 1944.) It is owned by movie studio Universal and appliance company General Electric.
It is called "the Peacock Network" because of the title animal in its logo.
The network is also famous for its three-note chimes, and the "Must See TV" phrase.

Thiruvananthapuram
Thiruvananthapuram (Malayalam: തിരുവനന്തപുരം), is the capital city of the Indian state of Kerala. The city used to be known by the name of Trivandrum'". It is located on the west coast of India near the far south of the mainland.
With 889,191 people as of 2001, it is the biggest city in Kerala in terms of size and number of people.
The city is the state capital and houses many national and state government offices, organizations and companies. It is also a major center of learning and is home to several schools and colleges including Kerala University, and to many scientific institutions, the most prominent being the Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC), Sree Chitra Tirunal Instiute for Medical Sciences and Technology (SCTIMST), Technopark, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB) and Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IIST).
Origin of name.
Thiruvananthapuram literally means "City of Lord Anantha" in Malayalam. The name derives from the god of the Hindu temple at the centre of the city. Anantha is the serpent Shesha on whom Padmanabhan or Vishnu lies. The temple of Vishnu lying on Anantha, the Sri Padmanabhaswamy temple is the most recognizable landmark of the city. The city was officially known as "Trivandrum" in English until 1991, when the government decided to change the city's name back to the original name, Thiruvananthapuram, in all languages. However, the city is still widely referred to as "Trivandrum".
Origin of name.
Thiruvananthapuram literally means Thiru (Great/Lord) Ananthan's Puram (City). The name derives from the main god of a Hindu temple at the centre of the city. Ananthan is the serpent Shesha on whom Padmanabhan or Vishnu reclines. The temple of Anantha, the Sri Padmanabhaswamy temple is the most recognizable place in the city.
The city was officially known as "Trivandrum" until 1991. Trivandrum is the English form of Thiruvananthapuram. The name is still in common use and most non-Keralites prefer to use Trivandrum.
Infrastructure.
The city is fully electrified by the Kerala State Electricity Board (KSEB). The district is divided in to three circles: Transmission circle, Thiruvananthapuram city and Kattakkada. Domestic users account for 43% of the total power usage, or 90 million units per month. Thiruvananthapuram district has one 220 kV, nine 110 kV and six 66 kV electrical substations. A 400 kV substation has just been commissioned by the Power Grid Corporation and will ensure high-quality power supply to the city.
The water supply schemes cover 100% within the city limits. It is 84% of the urban and 69% of the rural population, when the district is considered. Peppara and Aruvikkara dams are the main sources of water for distribution in the capital city. The new project plan for improving the water supply with Japan aid covers Thiruvananthapuram city and six suburban panchayats having urban characteristics.
The sewerage system in the city was implemented at the time of the Travancore Kingdom, and modernised in 1938. This scheme for the disposal of sullage and sewage is an underground system. The whole system is controlled by Kerala Water Authority now. The city area is divided in to seven blocks for the execution of the sewerage system, two commissioned in the 1990s and two after 2000. The sewerage is pumped to a stilling chamber at the Sewerage Treatment Plant (STP) located at Valiyathura, and is disposed through sewage farming. Diary Development Department maintains this sewage farm and fodder cultivation is done here. There is no revenue generation from this scheme, and the sewerage system in the city is a service provided to the residents.
Strategic Importance.
Apart from being the capital of India’s most literate and socially developed state, Thiruvananthapuram is a strategically important city in Southern India. Being the largest city in India’s deep south, it is important for both military logistics and civil aviation in the southern part of the country. It is the headquarters of the "Southern Air Command(SAC)" of the Indian Air Force. The city is very close to the international shipping route and East-West shipping axis. Also, it falls under the international air route.
Due to the strategic importance of the city, the Indian Air Force authorities have planned to make an aerospace command in SAC.
The plan for setting up a new "Tri-Service Command", which will integrate all the three forces under a single command, is also in the pipeline.
Being the Indian city with the closest air link to the small island-country of Maldives and also Sri Lanka, the city’s medical and health infrastructure caters to patients from both countries, especially Maldives. Exports of perishables and medicines from Trivandrum International Airport run to full capacity on everyday flights to Maldives and Sri Lanka because of this nearness. Thiruvananthapuram also provides a key link in movement of goods and passengers to and from southern Tamilnadu into Kerala, the state border being just 30 km away. The city is also important for people from around the world seeking help through Ayurveda medicine and therapy. Ayurveda resorts are coming up at a rapid pace along the International Beach of Kovalam and Varkala coast.

Animal Farm
"Animal Farm" is a book by George Orwell. The story is a modern fable and allegory. The story is about a group of animals who throw out the humans from the farm they live on and run it themselves. What starts out well turns into a brutal tyranny on its own. It was written during World War II and published in 1945. The book was not widely successful until the late 1950s.
"Animal Farm" is a critique and satire of Soviet totalitarianism. Many events in the book are based on events from the Soviet Union during the Stalin era. (For example, the character Snowball, a pig who is expelled from the Farm by Napoleon, is clearly modelled on Trotsky.) Orwell was a critic of Stalin, and suspicious of Moscow-directed state socialism after his experiences in the Spanish Civil War.
Characters in the book.
There are many characters in the book who are based on real people. They are grouped into pigs, horses, humans and other animals.
Animalism.
Animalism is a system of beliefs shared by the farm animals of Manor Farm. The purpose is to ensure the farm animals behave like actual animals and not follow the footsteps of us humans beings. Therefore, any human behavior is considered contrary to the spirit of Animalism.
Beasts of England.
In the story, this song was sung by animals of England once upon a time.
It is named "Beasts of England", with a stirring tune, a cross between Clementine and Cucuracha. This song became popular among the animals of England after Old Major recited it to the farm animals of Manor Farm. It serves as the 1st national anthem of Animal Farm.
Original beliefs.
These are the original commandments laid down by the pigs.
Maxim.
"Four legs good, two legs bad."

Miso
"Miso" is a thick paste. It is similar to the Korean "doenjang". It is made by fermenting soy beans with sea salt and "kōji". Kōji is the product of fermenting rice, barley, or soybeans with a mold culture, "kōji-kin" (Aspergillus oryzae (麹"Aspergillus oryzae"). Often, grains such as barley or rice, and sometimes other ingredients, are added. Miso tastes salty and, depending on the grains used and fermentation time, may also be sweet. Miso is sometimes used in miso soup.
Miso is a popular seasoning in Japan.
It is necessary to make Japanese food.
Recently, consumption of miso is decreased by low salt boom.
It was invented in the Jomon period in Japan.
In the sengoku period, Miso was important to preserved food.
Kome miso is made from rice and beans.Mame miso is made from beans.Mugi miso is made from malts and beans.Tyougo miso is a mix these miso

Miso soup
Miso soup (味噌汁"misoshiru" in Japanese) is a traditional Japanese soup. It is made from a stock called "dashi" into which softened miso is dissolved. Various solid ingredients like wakame, seaweed, tofu from soybeans, and mushrooms are then added to make the finished soup. The soup is usually served in lacquer bowls with lids and drunk directly from the bowl. Solid ingredients are eaten with chopsticks. Different types of miso produce distinctive soups.

Wakame
Wakame (Japanese: わかめ or 若布) is a type of edible kelp. Its scientific name is "Undaria pinnatifida".
It is distributed either dried or salted. It is often used in miso soup and salads. In Korea it is called "miyeok". It is used in salads, or as the main ingredient in miyeok soup. In China it is called "qundaicai". Chinese production is concentrated around Dalian.
In New Zealand "Undaria pinnatifida" is a very serious weed, and is one of the 100 worst invasive species in the world. It was first discovered in Wellington Harbour in 1987. It probably arrived accidentally in the late 1980s, via shipping from Asia, in ballast water. Native to cold temperate coastal areas of Japan, Korea and China, in recent decades it has also established in France, Britain, Spain, Italy, Argentina and Australia.
"Undaria" is now found around much of south-eastern New Zealand, and as far north as Auckland. It spreads in two ways. Naturally, through the millions of microscopic spores released by each fertile plant; and attached to vessel hulls and marine farming equipment.
"Undaria" is a highly successful and fertile species, which makes it a serious invader. However, its impacts are not well understood and are likely to vary, depending on the location.

Kelp
Kelp is a type of seaweed. It is in the same group as the brown algae. There are many different kinds of kelp. Kelp grow in large forests, usually near the surface of the water. Some kelps grow very fast (up to 30 cm a day). Kelp can reach a length of up to 60 m. It is usually eaten as a vegetable.

Tofu
Tofu, sometimes also called doufu (usually used in Chinese recipes) or bean curd (literal translation), is a food made by coagulating soy milk, and then pressing the resulting curds into blocks. The making of tofu from soy milk is similar to the technique of making cheese from milk. Wheat gluten, or seitan, in its steamed and fried forms, is often mistakenly called "tofu" in Asian or vegetarian dishes.
Japan.
In Japan, tofu is a common food, used in miso soup or as a hot dish.
China.
China has more kinds of tofu than Japan and various tofu foods.
America.
In America, tofu becomes more popular, since Hillary Rodham Clinton spoke on effect of tofu on the TV. Today, American buys tofu at the grocery store. A word “tofu” takes root in common use.
Others.
In Korea, Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand, Myanmar and Indonesia, tofu is daily food.
Nutrition.
Tofu is rich in textured vegetable protein. Calorie is relatively low. Dietary fiber is a little for process. More and more American and European use it as health food.

Soy milk
Soy milk (also called soymilk, soya milk, soybean milk, soy bean milk, soy drink, or soy beverage) is a milk-like product made from soybeans.
Soy milk originated in Eastern Asia, China, a region where the soybean was native. It was used as food long before the existence of written records. Later on, the soybean and soybean foods were moved to Japan.

Dashi
Dashi is a simple soup stock used in Japanese cooking. The most common form of dashi is a simple broth or stock made by heating kombu (edible kelp) and katsuobushi (flakes of dried skipjack tuna) in water and then straining the resultant liquid. Dashi is the base for miso soup, Japanese noodle broth, and many Japanese simmering liquids. Fresh dashi made from kelp and katsuobushi is rare today, even in Japan. Most people use granulated or liquid instant substitutes.
Other kinds of dashi stock are made by soaking kelp, shiitake, or niboshi in water for many hours or heating them in water nearly to boiling and then straining the resultant broth. Kelp stock or "konbu dashi" is made by soaking kelp, or "sea tangle", in water. "Shiitake dashi" stock is made by soaking dried shiitake mushrooms in water. "Niboshi dashi" stock is made by soaking small dried sardines (after pinching off their heads and entrails) in water.
Other important Japanese flavors include shoyu, mirin, rice vinegar, miso, and sake.

Shiitake mushroom
The shiitake mushroom ("Lentinus edodes" or "Lentinula edodes"), also known as Chinese black mushroom or black forest mushroom, is an edible mushroom typically grown on the shii tree. Two Chinese variant names for high grades of shiitake are "dōnggū" ("winter mushroom") and "huāgū" ("flower mushroom," which has a flower-like cracking pattern on the mushroom's upper surface); both are produced at colder temperatures.

Soy sauce
Soy sauce (US) or soya sauce is a fermented sauce made from soy beans (soya beans), roasted grain, water and salt. It is commonly used in Asian cuisine and appears in some Western cuisine dishes, especially as an ingredient in Worcestershire sauce. Real soy sauces are fermented with "kōji" (麹, the mold "Aspergillus oryzae" or "A. sojae") and other related microorganisms.
Almost all soy sauce has some alcohol added during bottling. This acts as a preservative to protect it from going bad. For this reason, soy sauce should always be kept in the fridge. It should also not be put in direct light. An opened bottle of soy sauce that has been left unrefrigerated could become slightly bitter.
Although there are many types of soy sauce, all are salty and earthy-tasting brownish liquids used to season food while cooking or at the table. What some westerners can only describe as a flavorful, kind of sweet taste is a distinct basic taste called "umami" by the Japanese and "xian-wei" (鲜味, "lit." fresh taste) by the Chinese.
Although this seasoning was first used in China, it is used several cuisines across Asia and is a particularly important flavoring in Japanese cuisine. However, Chinese and Japanese soy sauces are different, and it is not really possible to use one instead of another.

Bowl
A bowl is a container for food. It can hold liquids, such as soups and solids, like popcorn. People also prepare salads in it. A bowl is like a ball cut in half. Bowls are usually made from glass, ceramic, wood or plastic.

Oktoberfest
The Oktoberfest (also called Wiesn) is a German festival that takes place on the Theresienwiese, a public place in the center of Munich. It is every year, from the end of September to the beginning of October. It is a big social event. There is lots of eating and drinking.
It is on for sixteen days ending on the first Sunday in October. If this is the first or the second the festival is extended to the end on 3 October, the Day of German Unity. This is the day when East Germany and West Germany joined into one country again in 1990
History.
The first Oktoberfest was on 12 October 1810. The feast was for the wedding of King Ludwig I of Bavaria and Therese of Sachsen-Hildeburghausen. The feast lasted for 5 days. There was music, and you could eat and drink. At the end of it there was a big horse-race. The next years they organized this horse-race and the feast again, because the people had liked it so much.
Today.
Today the Oktoberfest is the world's largest fair, and it has become very famous and popular. About six million people visit it every year. Many people and tourists from all over the world come to Munich for Oktoberfest. Other cities all over the world have even copied the Oktoberfest, and now they also hold feasts that are similar to the Oktoberfest.
One of the famous attractions is a big dipper called the "Wilde Maus" which means "Wild mouse" in English.
The tents.
There are 14 main tents at the Oktoberfest.

Tomb Raider
"Tomb Raider" is a computer and video game series. Originally the games were made by Core Design. Now they are being made by Crystal Dynamics. The first game was sold in 1996 for PC, PlayStation and Sega Saturn.
The main character of the game is a woman called "Lara Croft". She is an archeologist and explores ancient places, searching old relics, often fighting a great danger to the world.
Since 2001, Paramount Pictures has made two films like the game, starring Angelina Jolie.
Released Tomb Raider games.
In this game Lara Croft tries to find a treasure object called "The Scion." She visits Peru, Greece, Egypt, and Atlantis. This game was very popular in 1996. Many people bought the game. It was one of the first games in a 3-D world.
This game takes place in China, Venice and on a shipwreck. Lara Croft searches for the "The Dagger of Xian."
Now we see Lara in India, The Pacific, London and Nevada. This game had very large levels to play in. There were many different weapons for Lara.
This game is set only in Egypt. People believe this game is most difficult of all the Tomb Raider games. It takes very long to complete.
This game tells a story about Lara's history. Lara's butler and her friends talk about all her adventures. The levels are in Russia, Rome, Ireland and The United States.
Some people don't like this game. That is because it has a lot of little mistakes in it. But other people like this game very much. That is because the story is very beautiful. The Angel of Darkness takes place in Paris and Prague.
This game was made by Crystal Dynamics. All the games before this one were made by Core Design. Legend has very beautiful graphics. But many people don't like this game because it's very short and easy. In Legend, Lara goes to Peru, Bolivia, Japan, Russia, Africa, England and Nepal.
This game is the same as the first Tomb Raider. Only the graphics look better. The story is also changed a little bit. Crystal Dynamics made this game to celebrate the 10th birthday of Tomb Raider and Lara Croft.

Hot dog
A hot dog (or hotdog) is a type of food. It consists of a sausage (Frankfurter or Wiener), which is usually boiled, grilled, fried, or barbequed. This sausage is usually served in a bun or another type of bread. The most common type of hot dogs are made from beef and beef by-products, often in combination with pork and pork by-products. Chicken and vegetarian hot dogs are popular as well. Animal by-products are used in all but vegetarian hot dogs, and may include skin (rind), lips, pig snouts, rectums, connective tissue, gristle, intestines, fat, and other parts of animal bodies. Bone marrow and brain matter may also be included. Hot dogs and other sausage products were initially developed as a way to sell these meat byproducts that otherwise had little market value. Approximately 20% by weight of hot dogs is usually non-meat ingredients including water, sugar, and spices. Some legal categories of hot dogs, such as "frankfurters" can contain up to 3.5% of non-meat fillers as well, such as corn meal.
To enhance the taste, various toppings and sauces are often added. The most common sauces in the United States are ketchup, mustard and pickle relish. Onions, chopped pickles, hot sauce and cheese are also sometimes added to the food. Onions cooked in tomato sauce and Sauerkraut are popular toppings, as is chili.
A type of hot dog called a "kosher hot dog" is very common in parts of the United States. It is similar to most hot dogs except that it is always made of beef, is saltier, often has spices added to it and is processed under rabbinical supervision.

Constipation
Constipation is when it is very hard to get rid of digested food waste (feces). Constipation can be caused by many things. One is eating or drinking too much dairy products that use cow milk. To solve this problem many people use a laxative. Another possible cause could be an obstruction somewhere along the digestive tract (the path that food travels inside the body).
When a person is constipated their lower stomach and intestinal area will be blocked. People can usually conquer constipation by eating natural laxatives such a fruits, fruit juice and dietary supplements.

Kernel (computer science)
A kernel is the central part of an operating system. It manages the tasks of the computer, that is, which part to do the task.

Ulm
Ulm is a city in Germany, in the state of Baden-Württemberg.
It is situated at the river Danube. On one side of the river the city is called Ulm. On the other side it is called Neu-Ulm. Together it has more than 170.000 inhabitants. Ulm alone has about 120,000 inhabitands
Ulm has a university. The university has about 7000 students.
The world's highest church tower is the Ulmer Münster (161,5m) in Ulm. Also, Ulm has the oldest city theatre in Germany. Albert Einstein was born in Ulm.

Landlocked
People say a country is landlocked if it does not have access to any oceans or seas.
As an example, Austria is landlocked. France is not landlocked because it has access to the Mediterranean and the Atlantic Ocean. A sea is also landlocked if does not have access to an ocean. As an example, the Caspian Sea is landlocked. The Gulf of Mexico is not landlocked because it has access to the Atlantic Ocean.

Kyrgyzstan
Kyrgyzstan (Kyrgyz: Кыргызстан), formally the Kyrgyz Republic, and sometimes known as Kirghizia, is a country in Central Asia. The country is landlocked (has no coast) and mountainous. It has borders with China, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan. Its capital is Bishkek. It was a Socialist Republic of the Soviet Union, but became independent in 1991. The country was peaceful in the 1990s. Its president, Askar Akayev showed an autocratic and authoritarian character.
In 2005, there was an unexpected revolution after the elections of parliament (the legislature) in March. President Akayev resigned on April 4 of that year. Opposition leaders formed a coalition (a group from more than one party), and a new government was formed, led by President Kurmanbek Bakiyev and Prime Minister Feliks Kulov.
At the moment, different political groups are fighting for power in the republic. Three of the 75 elected members of Parliament have been murdered.

Kebab
Kebab (kebap in Turkish, kabab in Iran, India and Pakistan, also spelled kebob, kabob) means "grilled (or broiled) meat" in Persian and Turkish. Kebab is usually made of lamb and beef. Sometimes chicken and fish are used for some styles. Pork is never used by Muslims but is sometimes used by non-Muslim sellers. Muslims are not allowed to eat pork, for religious reasons.
There are many varieties of kebab and the term means different things in different countries. The generic term kebab usually refers to doner kebab or "döner kebap" in Europe and to shish kebab in the United States, though its meaning can vary.
Perhaps the earliest recipe is in the tenth-century Kitab al-Tabeekh كتاب الطبيخ (book of cookery) by Ibn Sayyar al-Warraq of Baghdad. His recipe for "Kebab Khalis" uses thin slices of lean meat, salted and grilled in an ungreased frying pan.

Halal
Halaal (حلال, halāl, halal) is an Islamic Arabic term meaning "permissible".
It has both a general and specific meaning.
When people use the word in Islamic countries, they usually mean to say "what is allowed by Islamic Law".
In non-islamic countries, the word usually means "fit to be eaten by a Muslim".
When Jewish people say something is "Kashrut" (or Kosher), they mean a similar thing except Jewish people are allowed to have alcohol which is made from grapes(made in a certain way of course).

Surat
Surat is a city in Gujarat, India.

Kanpur
Kanpur is a city in Uttar Pradesh, India. Almost three million people live in Kanpur.

Web portal
An internet portal or web portal is a website used to enter the Internet. It can also be used to describe a website to enter certain parts of the Internet, like Wikipedia's Community Portal.
Many ISPs have their own portals, but there are many other portals by other companies, like Microsoft's MSN and Yahoo.

Humanism
Humanism is a series of philosophies that affirm the dignity and worth of all people, based on what one can do to prove if something is right in the name of humanity.

The Guardian
The Guardian is a British newspaper. It is published every day, except on Sunday.
History.
The newspaper was founded in 1821. It was founded by textile traders and merchants. The Guardian was seen as ‘an organ of the middle class’, or in the words of C.P. Scott’s son Ted ‘a paper that will remain bourgeois to the last. "I write for the "Guardian"," said Sir Max Hastings in 2005, "because it is read by the new establishment", reflecting the paper's growing influence.
Three of the four people who wrote leaders for the "Guardian", joined the Social Democratic Party on its foundation in 1982. The paper supported Tony Blair when he wanted to lead the Labour Party, ("Guardian" leader, 2 July 1994) and to become Prime Minister ("Guardian" leader, 2 May 1997).
Characteristics.
Those who read it have a centre-left political orientation.
The Guardian is considered British centre-left (described by American conservatives as "left-wing" as US politics are generally further to the right of the UK).

Algae
Algae (one Alga, several Algae) is a family of (usually) simple organisms. All of them photosynthesise. They capture light, and change it into energy. Normally, people think that algae are simple plants. Other kinds of algae however, seem to be more like simple animals. That is why, Algae form a group of their own.
Some algae live in the sea, they are usually called seaweeds.
Usually, Algae are photoautrophic, they produce energy from light, this is what tells them apart from other Protozoa. Protozoa are simple organisms (that usually live in the sea). The problem is that some algae are mixotrophic. Those algae also get energy from other sources than photosynthesis. This makes them almost like some bacteria.
Some algae have lost their capability of photosynthesis, and rely only on external energy sources.
All algae have photosynthetic machinery ultimately derived from the cyanobacteria, and so produce oxygen as a by-product of photosynthesis, unlike non-cyanobacterial photosynthetic bacteria.
Algae are usually found in damp places or water. For this reason they are common in terrestrial as well as aquatic environments. However, terrestrial algae are usually rather inconspicuous and far more common in moist, tropical regions than dry ones, because algae lack vascular tissues and other adaptations to live on land. Algae can endure dryness and other conditions in symbiosis with a fungus as lichen.
The various sorts of algae play significant roles in aquatic ecology. Microscopic forms that live suspended in the water column are called phytoplankton. They provide the food base for most marine food chains. In very high densities (so-called algal blooms) these algae may discolor the water and outcompete or poison other life forms. Seaweeds grow mostly in shallow marine waters. Some are used as human food or harvested for useful substances such as agar or fertilizer. The study of algae is called phycology or algology.
Some algae may harm other species.

Kelp forest
Kelp forests are a type of marine ecosystem that is present around colonies of kelp; they contain rich biodiversity. Kelp can stretch 2-30 meters or more (up to 60 m in "Macrocystis pyrifera") from their anchors on the sea floor to the surface. It provides a vertical infrastructure that is home to many fish and invertebrate species. Kelp forests also often attract mammalian visitors, including whales, sea lions, sea otters, and SCUBA-diving humans.
Kelp forests draw their name from an analogy to forests on land.

Symbiosis
Symbiosis (pl. symbioses) (from the Greek words "syn" = con/plus and "biono" = living) is an association (relationship) between two living things (microbes, plants or animals). Normally the two living things have shared a long period of evolution close to one another.
The term host is usually used for the larger (macro) of the two members of a symbiosis. The smaller (micro) member is called the symbiont (plural: symbionts), or alternately, symbiote (plural: symbiotes). When a microscopic symbiont lives inside the cells of a host, it is referred to as an endosymbiont.
Types of symbiosis.
In some cases, the term symbiosis is used only if the association is obligatory and benefits both organisms. Symbiosis as defined in this article does not restrict the term to only the mutually beneficial interactions.
Symbiosis may be divided into two distinct categories: ectosymbiosis and endosymbiosis. In ectosymbiosis, the symbiont lives on the body surface of the host, including the inner surface of the digestive tract or the ducts of exocrine glands. In endosymbiosis, the symbiont lives either in the intracellular space of the host or extracellularly.

Al Ain
Al Ain (Arabic: العين) is a city in the United Arab Emirates. The city name literally means "the spring" or "the eye" in Arabic. This name come from the water sources in the area. The city is in the emirate of Abu Dhabi, right next to the border with Oman. It is often called the 'Garden City of the Persian Gulf' because of the many parks, tree-lined avenues and decorative roundabouts within the city. Al Ain, Abu Dhabi and Dubai form a kind of geographic triangle in the center of the country. Each city is around 150 kilometers from the other two.
Al Ain is the fourth largest metropolitan area by population in the Emirates, with a population of 348,000 (2003 census estimate). There are more Emirati nationals in Al Ain than other places in the country, but most who live there are people who left other countries, particularly from the Indian sub-continent. There are fewer Western people than in the larger centers of Abu Dhabi and Dubai. This gives Al Ain a more 'Arabic' look and feel, compared to the larger cities of the Emirates.
The area has been lived in for more than 4000 years, and Al Ain is central to the cultural heritage of the country. There are many underground water springs in the area. This explains why people wanted to live there. Traces of its past remain, including camel racing and breeding. The ancient "falaj" system of irrigation is still in use in some areas. The system brings underground water to people by a network of tunnels that come out into open channels. The flow of water in the channels can be controlled.
Al Ain is becoming a place that tourists visit, with attractions such as Jebel Hafeet, a 1340 metre high mountain that dominates the surrounding area. Many tourists like to visit the mineral springs at the base and drive to the top of this mountain for sunset. Al Ain regularly records the highest summer temperatures in the country, but the dry desert air makes it a welcome escape from the coastal humidity of the larger cities. Other attractions include the Al Ain Oasis in the city centre, and other oases around the area, cool places to escape the summer heat, a zoo, amusement park named "Fun City", many well kept parks, popular with families in the summer evenings, a heritage village, as well as malls and other modern sites. Important buildings include United Arab Emirates University, Higher Colleges of Technology, well-equipped medical facilities, including the teaching hospital at Tawam, military training areas and Al Ain International Airport.
The city is home to the successful association football (soccer) club, Al Ain FC.

Jutland
Jutland (Danish: "Jylland"; German: "Jütland") is a peninsula in northern Europe. It forms the mainland part of Denmark and a northern part of Germany. It separates the North Sea from the Baltic Sea. Its terrain is relatively flat, with low hills and peat bogs. It has an area of 29,775 km² (11,496 square miles), and a population of 2,491,852 (2004).
The northern two thirds of the peninsula are occupied by the westernmost portion of the Kingdom of Denmark. There is no separate name for the Danish portion of the peninsula, so it is simply called the same name. The northernmost part of Jutland became an island following a flood in 1825; the Limfjord now separates it from the mainland. This island is called "Nørrejydske Ø" ("North Jutlandic Island") and is still commonly reckoned as part of the peninsula; it is also partly coterminous with the county and future region called North Jutland.
The southern third is made up of the German Bundesland of Schleswig-Holstein, with the duchies of Schleswig (also Sønderjylland/Southern Jutland) and Holstein. Both duchies have passed back and forth between the Danes and various German rulers. In the last border movement, Denmark regained North Schleswig ("Nordslesvig" in Danish) by plebiscite in 1920. Southern Schleswig remained German.
The River Elbe forms the southern border of Jutland with the city of Hamburg on its shore. The Danish Wadden Sea Islands and the North Frisian Islands stretch along the southwest coast of Jutland in the German Bight.

Plebiscite
A plebiscite or referendum (plural: "referenda" or "referendums") is when a country (or a smaller type of government like a city or state) asks the people a certain question on political issues that will affect the country. The people can then either say yes to the proposal (they "accept") or they can "reject" it (say no).
Sometimes, the results of a referendum are binding for the government, at other times they are not.
An example of a recent plebiscite was the voting on the European Constitution in 2005. The vote took place in some countries. France and The Netherlands had a "referendum" on the subject. In both states, the voters said no to the proposal. Referenda are an integral part of both indirect democracy and more so direct democracy.
Another example is the separate simultaneous referenda held on 24 April 2004 in the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus and the Republic of Cyprus on the comprehensive settlement plan of the UN Secretary-General. The Plan was approved in the Turkish Cypriot referendum by 65%, while it was rejected in the Greek Cypriot referendum by 75%
Many political problems can be solved by asking the people their opinion because the supporters of the argument will be forced to accept the decision of the people.
-It is feared that the electorate do not have sufficient political knowledge in order to truly understand what they are voting for
-Philosophers Plato and Madison put forward the argument that voters are too easily persuaded by their own internal feelings of a matter instead of focussing on the good of the nation. For example the 'Proposition 13' referendum. In California 1987 voters voted for reduced taxation in a state referendum, not thinking about the consequences this would have on services such as the police or emergency services. Later on this had to be reversed. This illustrates the notion that people will vote out of short-term self-interest (without really thinking about the future) unless informed.

Dubai
Dubai or Dubayy (in Arabic: دبيّ) in English refers to either
The ruler of Dubai was the late H.H. Sheikh Maktoum bin Rashid Al Maktoum, who was also the Vice-President of the federation of the United Arab Emirates. The new Ruler who is also the Vice-President and the Prime Minister of the UAE is H.H. Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, who was earlier the crown prince of Dubai is one of the Sheikh's younger brothers.
Dubai is the second largest emirate in the federation after Abu Dhabi. The emirate is located on the Persian Gulf, southwest of Sharjah and northeast of Abu Dhabi, and reaches into the interior. The town of Hatta is an exclave of the emirate of Dubai and borders Al Wajajah, Oman.
Dubai is different from other members of the UAE because income from oil is only 6% of its gross domestic product. Most of the emirate's income is from the Jebel Ali Free Zone (JAFZ) and now, even more from tourism.
History.
There are records of the town of Dubai from 1799. Earlier in the 18th century, the Al Abu Falasa line of Bani Yas clan established itself in Dubai. The city was a dependent of Abu Dhabi until 1833.
On 8 January 1820, the sheikh of Dubai was one of the people who signed the British sponsored "General Treaty of Peace" (the General Maritime Treaty).
In 1833, the Al Maktoum dynasty of the Bani Yas tribe left Abu Dhabi and took over Dubai "without resistance". From that point on, Dubai, a newly independent emirate, was always struggling with the emirate of Abu Dhabi. An attempt by the Qawasim pirates to take over Dubai was stopped. In 1835, Dubai and the rest of the Trucial States signed a maritime truce with Britain and a "Perpetual Maritime Truce" about twenty years later. Dubai came under the protection of the United Kingdom (keeping out the Ottoman Turks) by the Exclusive Agreement of 1892. Like four of its neighbours, Abu Dhabi, Ras al-Khaimah, Sharjah and Umm al-Qaiwain, its being on the way to India made it an important place.
In March 1892, the Trucial States (or Trucial Oman) were created.
The town of Dubai was an important port of call for foreign tradesmen (chiefly Indians), who settled in the town. Until the 1930s, the town was known for its pearls.
After the Gulf Rupee lost value in 1966, Dubai joined the newly independent state of Qatar to set up a new monetary unit, the Qatar/Dubai riyal. Oil was discovered 120 kilometres off the coast of Dubai, after which the town granted oil concessions.
On 2 December 1971 Dubai formed the United Arab Emirates, together with Abu Dhabi and five other emirates. This was done after former protector Britain left the Persian Gulf in 1971. In 1973, Dubai joined the other emirates to adopt a single, uniform currency: the UAE dirham.
Modern Dubai.
Oil supply in Dubai are less than 1/20 that of the emirate of Abu Dhabi, and oil money is now only a small part of the city's total money. Dubai and its twin across the Dubai creek, Deira (independent at that time), became important ports of call for Western manufacturers. Most of the new city's banking and financial centers were in this area. Dubai kept its importance as a trade route through the 1970s and 1980s. The city of Dubai has a free trade in gold and till the 1990s was the center of a "brisk smuggling trade" of gold ingots to India, where gold import was restricted (read the novel Dubai by Robin Moore).
Today, Dubai is an important place for tourists and port (Jebel Ali, built in the 1970s, has the biggest man-made harbour in the world), but also increasingly becoming a center for service industries such as IT and finance, with the new Dubai International Financial Centre (DIFC). Transport links are helped by its rapidly-expanding Emirates Airline, made by the government in 1985 and still state-owned. The airline is based at Dubai International Airport and carries over 12 million passengers every year.
The government has set up industry-specific free zones throughout the city. Dubai Internet City, now combined with Dubai Media City as part of TECOM (Dubai Technology, Electronic Commerce and Media Free Zone Authority) is one such enclave whose members include IT firms such as EMC Corporation, Oracle, Microsoft, and IBM, and media organisations such as MBC, CNN, Reuters, and AP. Dubai Knowledge Village (KV) is an education and training hub is also set up to complement the Free Zone’s other two clusters, Dubai Internet City and Dubai Media City, by providing the facilities to train the clusters' future knowledge

Exclave
An exclave is strip of land that belongs to a political entity (like a country or a region) but that is not connected to it by land (islands are not counted). The strip of land is surrounded by other political entities. A good example is Kaliningrad Oblast (the region around the Russian city Kaliningrad). It belongs to the Russian Federation, but is separated from the rest of that country by territory belonging to Lithuania and Poland.
Although both meanings are close, an exclave might not be an enclave. An enclave is completely surrounded by one other country. For example, Kaliningrad is surrounded not by one state, but by two: Lithuania and Poland. It also borders the Baltic Sea. It is not an enclave. On the other hand, the Spanish exclave of Llívia is an enclave in France.
Many exclaves today have some sort of idea to become independent, especially if the exclave is far away from the Mainland.
A much more obscure use means, in medical discussion, a detached part of an organ, as of the pancreas, thyroid, or other gland.
The lists below are of various types of exclaves that are not enclaves.
"Practical" exclaves.
Some territories are not geographically detached from their motherland. Nevertheless, they are more easily reached by entering a foreign country. Very often, this is because of their location in a hilly area. It may also be because the only road enters that foreign place before coming back to the mother country. These territories may be called "practical exclaves," "pene-exclaves" or "quasi-exclaves" and can be found along many borders, particularly those that are not heavily defended. They will only be attached to the motherland via an extremely small or thin slice of land.
Historical exclaves.
later became part of Poland and Russia (see Kaliningrad above).

Enclave
In general use, an enclave can be any special area of a bigger area of land, such as a part of a city that has different taxes than the rest of the city.
In political geography, an enclave is a piece of land which has a different country totally arounded it. If another country has sovereignty over it, it is also called an "exclave" of that other country.
Exclaves can also exist within a country. This is when some administrative regions have "holes" (of other such regions) in them.
The word "enclave" is a relatively new word in the language of diplomacy: Diplomats are used to speaking French. The word comes from late Latin "inclavatus", which can be translated as "shut in, locked up" (with a key, from Latin "clavis", key). The word got in the English language in the year 1868. "exclave" (with a similar meaning) followed 3 decades later.
Enclaves may be created for a variety of historical, political or geographical reasons. Some areas have been left as enclaves simply because a river changed its course.
Since living in an enclave can be very inconvenient and many agreements have to be found by both countries over mail addresses, power supply or passage rights, enclaves tend to be eliminated and many cases that existed before have now been removed. Sometimes it is the case, that enclaves are traded for one another.
In English Church history, subnational enclaves were known as peculiars (see also Royal Peculiar).
Enclaved countries.
See also List of countries that border only one other country.

Panhandle
A panhandle is a word used in geography. What people mean when they talk about panhandles is a narrow strip of land, that is surrounded on all sides except one, by one or more countries or regions. The strip of land is connected to the country or region it belongs to on one side only. This looks like the handle of a frying pan.

New town
A new town, planned community, or planned city is a kind of city that is designed by architects and engineers before it is built. Most cities and towns just develop over the years, without a clear plan. Planned community neighborhoods are designed with separate districts of the city for parks, stores, homes, and offices. Planned communities have a transportation system for commuters.

Park
A park is an open place in a city or town for nature. There are often trees, benches, statues, and ponds in a park. Some parks built in big cities are very large. These can have fountains or picnic areas.
Sometimes, countries or regions set up "national parks". These are usually large areas of land. Those areas are made to protect the habitats of animals. Very often, a special permit is necessary to enter. Building things in the park is usually forbidden, or needs a special permit.
An example of a national park is Yellowstone National Park.

Pond
A pond is a body of water smaller than a lake. Ponds support a very wide range of wildlife: ducks, turtles, swans, small fish, and frogs can live in a pond. Usually, in most ponds sunlight can reach to bottom. In some cases ponds do not last all year round. This type of pond is called a vernal pond, or ephemeral, seasonal, or temporary wetlands. These types of ponds do not have any fish.

Swan
A swan ("Cygnini") is a kind of water bird, from the genera Cygnus and Coscoroba. They are in the subfamily "Anserinae", in the family "Anatidae", which also includes geese and ducks.
They swim on top of the water and eat plants off the bottom of ponds, lakes, or oceans. They also eat insects and other small animals. Swans can also fly.
A baby swan is called a "cygnet". The name of the constellation "Cygnus" is from the Latin word for swan.

Pupa
A pupa (plural: pupae or pupas) is part of becoming an adult for some insects, like some butterflies, moths, beetles, flies, and bees. The pupal stage comes after being a larva; the next stage is adulthood.
The pupa stage of a butterfly, called a chrysalis (plural "chrysalids"), is a well-known example of a pupa because they are often found in the open.

Goose
Goose (plural geese) is the general English name for a large number of birds, belonging to the family "Anatidae". This family also includes the swans, which are mostly larger than geese, and the ducks, which are smaller.
A male goose is called a "gander" and a baby goose is called a "gosling". A group of geese is called a "gaggle".

Ovary
Ovaries (Singular: Ovary) are organs found in female organisms. Ovaries are part of the reproductive system needed to reproduce sexually.
Most vertebrates have ovaries. Usually animals have two ovaries. Birds usually have only one working ovary, snakes have one ovary in front of the other. The ovaries are similar to testicles in men.
Anatomy.
Ovaries are shaped like eggs and are around 3 cm by 1.5 cm by 1.5 cm. The ovary is found in the side walls of the pelvis.
Each ovary is attached to the Fallopian tube. Usually each ovary takes turns releasing eggs every month.
Menstruation.
During menstruation, a ovum is released from the ovary to be fertilised. Ovaries have a certain number of eggs in them, so when eggs stop being released, this is the start of the menopause. During this time, female hormones stop being produced.

Axe
Axe (or ax) is an ancient tool used to shape, split and cut wood.
In the past, axes were used as weapons by soldiers. Today, axes are usually related to woodcutters and firemen.

Rhinoceros
A rhinoceros (also called a rhino for short) is any of five living species of mammals in the family Rhinocerotidae, of the order Perissodactyla.
Habitat.
All five are native to Africa or Asia. The two in Africa are the "White Rhinoceros" and the "Black Rhinoceros". The three in Asia (including islands of Indonesia) are the "Javan Rhinoceros", "Sumatran Rhinoceros", and "Indian Rhinoceros".
Life.
The rhinoceros is an herbivore.
Rhinoceroses have a large horn on the nose. Their horns are not like those of other horned mammals: the rhinoceros' horn is made of keratin packed together very tightly.
Rhinoceroses and Humans.
Only the White Rhinoceros is not in critical danger of becoming extinct because of humans killing them even though it is illegal, and the White Rhino in some danger of becoming extinct. Loss of habitat is also a danger to all rhinos. Rhinos are becoming extinct because people are still killing them just to get money even though the governtment made logging there habitat and poaching illegal.
Rhinoceros horns are used in Asian medicine, and for dagger handles in Yemen and Oman which is leading to extinction of these animals.

Alcoholic proof
Alcoholic proof is a measure of how much ethanol there is in an alcoholic drink. It is about double the percentage of alcohol by volume (ABV or Alc/Vol).
Where it comes from.
This system was introduced in the 18th century. It might have been earlier, when spirits were tested with gunpowder: a mixture of water and alcohol "proved" itself when it could be poured on a small amount of gunpowder and still light up the wet powder. If the powder didn't ignite, the mixture had too much water in it and the proof was considered low. This process led to the nickname "firewater", given by Native Americans.
A "proven" solution was defined as 100 degrees proof (100°). People have found out that this takes 57.15% ethanol. This value is still used as the British definition. A simpler ratio to remember is "seven to four": 70° proof is 40% alcohol by volume.
A hydrometer can be used to measure the precise proof of a spirit. This test has gone through many formal changes.
EU.
The European Union member nations have broadly adopted the recommendation of the International Organization of Legal Metrology (OIML) which measures percentage of alcohol by volume at 20°C.
British proof spirits.
Previously, Clarke's hydrometer had been used since the 1740s when Customs and Excise and London brewers and distillers began to use Clarke's hydrometer.
United States.
In the definition of the United States, the proof number is twice the percentage of the alcohol content measured by volume at a temperature of 60°F (15.5°C). Therefore "80 degrees proof" is 40% alcohol by volume (most of the other 60% is water). If an 150 proof beverage is mixed half-and-half with water, the drink is 75 proof.
US Federal regulation (CFR 27 5.37 Alcohol Content) requires that liquor labels state the percentage alcohol by volume (sometimes abbreviated ABV). The regulations permit (but do not require) a statement of the degrees proof as long as it is right next to the percentage alcohol by volume.
Alcohol during production.
Alcohol is produced by yeast during the process of fermentation. The other product of fermentation is carbon dioxide, which is the gas that can make beer bottles explode or blow their tops off. The amount of alcohol in the finished liquid depends on how much sugar there was at the beginning for the yeast to convert into alcohol. In beer, the alcohol is generally 3% to 12% (6 to 24 proof) and usually about 4% to 6% (8 to 12 proof). Depending on the strain of yeast, wines top out at about 14% to 16% (28 to 32 proof), because that is the point in the fermentation process where the alcohol concentration denatures the yeast. Since the 1990s, a few alcohol-tolerant 'superyeast' strains have become commercially available, which can ferment up to 20%.
Very few microorganisms can live in alcoholic solutions. The main three are yeast, "Brettanomyces", and "Acetobacter". In what is essentially disinfection, yeast keeps multiplying as long as there is sugar to "eat", gradually increasing the alcoholic content of the solution and killing off all other microorganisms, and eventually themselves. There are "fortified" wines with a higher alcohol concentration than that because stronger alcohol has been mixed with them.
Stronger liquors are distilled after fermentation is complete to separate the alcoholic liquid from the remains of the grain, fruit, or whatever it was made from. The idea of distillation is that a mixture of liquids is heated, the one with the lowest boiling point will evaporate (or "boil off") first, and then the one with the next lowest boiling point, and so on. The catch is that water and alcohol form a mixture (called an azeotrope) that has a lower boiling point than either one of them, so what distills off first is that mixture that is 95% alcohol and 5% water. Thus a distilled liquor cannot be stronger than 95% (190 proof); there are other techniques for separating liquids that can produce 100% ethanol (or "absolute alcohol"), but they are used only for scientific or industrial purposes. 100% ethanol does not stay 100% for very long, because it is hygroscopic and absorbs water out of the atmosphere.

Acetobacter
"Acetobacter" is a kind of bacteria. These bacteria are
known by their ability to change alcohol to acetic acid in the presence of air. There are several species within this genus, and there are other bacteria that can form acetic acid under different conditions; but all of the "Acetobacer" are known by this ability.
Why Acetobacter is important.
Sometimes, "Acetobacter" is not wanted. It can be killed by adding preservatives like Sulfur dioxides, or by getting rid of the air when the wine is stored.

Archbishop of Canterbury
The Archbishop of Canterbury is the spiritual leader of the Church of England and the Anglican Communion. He is the head of the Church, and lives in the English city of Canterbury.
The leader is always chosen by the English ruler, or "monarch".
The office of Archbishop of Canterbury began in the year 597. In that year, Saint Augustine came to England, to the area called Kent. He had been sent by the Pope to convince the local people to become Christians. The people accepted him and Christianity when their King (Ethelbert of Kent) became a Christian. Since then, there has been an Archbishop at Canterbury in Kent.
The Archbishop of Canterbury used to be head of the Roman Catholic Church in England, but in the 1500s the English church broke away from the Roman church. The new church called itself the Church of England, and now the Archbishop is the leader of that church. The current Archbishop is Rowan Williams.

Ethanol
Ethanol, also known as ethyl alcohol or grain alcohol, is a flammable, colorless chemical compound, one of the alcohols that is most often found in alcoholic drinks. When people talk about it, they often name it simply as "alcohol". Its chemical formula is C2H5OH, also written as C2H6O.
Ethanol fuel for transportation.
Ethanol fuel is an alternative to gasoline. It can be combined with gasoline in any concentration up to pure ethanol.
In Brazil, ethanol fuel from sugar cane now provides 18 percent of the country's automotive fuel. As a result, Brazil, which years ago had to import a large share of the petroleum needed for domestic consumption, recently reached complete self-sufficiency in oil.
Most cars on the road today in the U.S. can run on blends of up to 10% ethanol, and motor vehicle manufacturers already produce vehicles designed to run on much higher ethanol blends. Ford, DaimlerChrysler, and GM are among the automobile companies that sell “flexible-fuel” cars, trucks, and minivans that can use gasoline and ethanol blends ranging from pure gasoline up to 85% ethanol (E85). By mid-2006, there were approximately six million E85-compatible vehicles on U.S. roads.

Boiling point
The boiling point of a substance is the temperature at which the substance boils, or enters a state of rapid evaporation. For water this is 100° Celsius or 212° Fahrenheit.
where ΔTB.P. = change in boiling point,
Kb = a constant (this is.56 for water), and
"m" = molality of the solute.
The boiling point of a liquid also depends on the pressure of the surrounding air. An increase in air pressure increases the boiling point; a decrease decreases the boiling point. In the low pressure environment at the top of Mt Everest for example, water boils at only 69 °C. (156.2 °F).

Platonic solid
Uses.
The shapes are often used to make dice, because dice of these shapes can be made fair. 6-sided dice are very common, but the other numbers are commonly used in role-playing games. Such dice are commonly referred to as D followed by the number of faces (d8, d20 etc.).
The tetrahedron (4 sided), cube (6 sided), and octahedron (8 sided), are found naturally in crystal structures. The dodecahedron (12 sides) is combinatorially identical to the pyritohedron (in that both have twelve pentagonal faces), which is one of the possible crystal structures of pyrite. However, the pyritohedron is not a regular dodecahedron, but rather has the same symmetry as the cube.
In meteorology and climatology, global numerical models of atmospheric flow are of increasing interest which use grids that are based on an icosahedron (20 sides,refined by triangulation) instead of the more commonly used longitude/latitude grid. This has the advantage of better spatial resolution without singularities (i.e. the poles) at the expense of somewhat greater numerical difficulty.
Geometry of space frames is often based on platonic solids.

Euclidean algorithm
The Euclidean algorithm is an algorithm which can be used to find the greatest common divisor of two numbers. That is, we are looking for the biggest number we can find, that divides both numbers.
What the algorithm looks like in words.
Euclid solved the problem graphically. He said
The algorithm in pseudocode.
Start out with two numbers a, and b. Let m = a, and n= b
Repeat, until there is r=0, then the wanted number is in m.

Eukaryote
A eukaryote (juːˌkarɪəʊt), also spelled eucaryote, is an organism with complex cells. In those cells the genetic material is organized into membrane-bound nuclei. Eukaryotes are formed of animals, plants, and fungi — which are mostly multicellular. There are also various other groups that are collectively classified as protists. Many protists are unicellular organisms.
In contrast, other organisms, such as bacteria, do not have nuclei and other complex cell structures. Such organisms are called prokaryotes. The eukaryotes share a common origin, and are often treated formally as a superkingdom, empire, or domain. The name comes from the Greek "eu" (meaning "good") and "karyon" (meaning "nut"). The "nut" is a reference to the cell nucleus.
Structure.
Eukaryotic cells are almost always much bigger than prokaryotes, usually one eukaryotic cell is up to 1000 times bigger than a prokaryote. Eucrayotic cells have many internal membranes and structures, called organelles. They also have a cytoskeleton. The cytoskeleton is made up of microtubules and microfilaments. Those parts are very important in the cell's organization. Eukaryotic DNA is divided into several bundles called chromosomes, which are separated by a microtubular spindle during nuclear division. Most eukaryotes have some sort of reproduction through cell fusion, which prokaryotes don't use. The eukaryotes aren't male or female, so they have no sex, also called being asexual.

Unicellular organism
Unicellular organisms are organisms that only have one cell. Unicellular organisms are normally from two classification kingdoms; Eubacteria and archaebacteria. Unicellular is normally either a eukaryote (a cell with a nucleus) or a prokaryote (a cell without one). They reproduce asexually and do not have specialized functions.

Multicellular organism
When people talk about multicellular organisms, they mean organisms that has more than one cell. This is the case for most animals and plants that can be seen (without the use of a microscope).
In such organisms, cells are usually specialised. All the cells with the same function group together. Such a group of cells is then called tissue.
Multicellular organisms have a set of cells that specialize in reproduction. Reproduction in such organisms is usually sexual. This means that there are germ cells. These are either sperm or ovum (also named "egg") cells. If they are sperm cells, the organism is male, if they are egg cells it is female. If both are present, the organism is a hermaphrodite.
Cancer occurs when certain cells of a tissue are unable... to regulate their growth, and grow in an uncontrollable manner.

Kazan State University
Kazan State University is a university located in Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia. It was founded in 1804. The famous Russian mathematician Lobachevsky was its rector from 1827 till 1846. The current rector is Myakzyum Salakhov (Mäğzüm Säläxev).
Kazan University is also known as "the birthplace of organic chemistry" because of the works of Aleksandr Butlerov, Vladimir Markovnikov, Aleksandr Arbuzov, and others.

New World
The New World is a name given to the lands and islands discovered by Christopher Columbus. Today, this is North America and the Caribbean. It was also said about South America.
The continent was named America after Amerigo Vespucci only later on.

Rabbit
Rabbits are mammals of the order Lagomorpha. They are found in many parts of the world. They live in families and eat vegetables.
A male rabbit is called a "buck", and a female is called a "doe". A baby rabbit is called a "kit", which is short for kitten. Sometimes, children call a rabbit a "bunny".
Some people have rabbits as pets, especially the cottontail rabbit. In some parts of the world, people eat them. Some of these areas include Scotland, Ireland, England and Australia, where they are often considered to be pests.
Most rabbits love carrots, but most of a pet rabbit's food should be rabbit pellets from a pet store.
When a female rabbit is pregnant, it will take about 31 days for the young to be born. The mother will pull fur a couple of days before they are born, to make a bed for the babies. Different breeds of rabbits have between 1 and 15 bunnies at a time. The babies can be handled carefully after they are born.
There are rabbit breeders all around the world who breed rabbits to show them in rabbit shows. At most local fairs with animal shows, there are also rabbit shows.
A rabbit should never have hay or straw as bedding - they will just eat it. White shavings should be used on wooden floors. Wire floors are also used, and they do not hurt the rabbit. These floors are self-cleaning; the feces falls through to the ground under the cage, where it can there be shoveled up once a week. The wire has to be cleaned once a month, to make sure all harmful bacteria are gone. Some rabbits can be trained to use a litter tray, just like a cat, and can live happily inside with the family, but should be kept separated from other animals, such as hunting dogs or poodles, that are very likely to attack the rabbit.
Rabbits should be protected from the weather. They do not like wind. They can live in the cold, but they would rather be kept inside a warm house or near a heater in a barn. In very hot weather, rabbits like to have a frozen water bottle in their cage so they can lie beside it and cool off. Two bucks (males) cannot be housed together, because they will fight each other. Two does (females) can be housed together, since they will not usually fight. A buck cannot be housed with newborn bunnies, or he will eat them.
Pet rabbits can be found for little money, or even for free. Show rabbits can cost up to thousands of dollars. Most show rabbits cost from $50 to $200.
Rabbits have very delicate heart, and can have heart attacks easily. Some breeders have said their rabbits died from heart attacks when they smelled a bear nearby. Rabbits can also break their backs very easily if they get excited or suddenly frightened.

Louis Pasteur
Louis Pasteur (December 27 1822 – September 28 1895) was a French microbiologist and chemist. He and also his wife, Marie, are best known for their experiments supporting the germ theory of disease, and he is also known for his vaccinations, most notably the first vaccine against rabies. He made many discoveries in the field of chemistry, most notably the asymmetry (different shapes) of crystals. He is also well known for his way of keeping milk and wine from going sour for longer. That process is called pasteurization.

Akrotiri and Dhekelia
Akrotiri and Dhekelia are two areas on the island of Cyprus that are used as military bases of the United Kingdom. The bases were kept by the UK after Cyprus changed from being a colony in the British Empire, to being an independent republic. The United Kingdom kept them because of the important location of Cyprus in the Mediterranean Sea.

Transcontinental country
A transcontinental country is a nation that is on more than one continent. It can be either in geography, like Turkey, or in culture, like Cyprus or Armenia. They can be in one continent, but have a culture that is similar to that of another continent.

Kurów
Kurów is a village in South-Eastern Poland, which is near Puławy and Lublin, on the Kurówka River. It is the main village of a gmina within the Lublin Voivodship and has 2811 people living there (as of 2005). The village was built before 1185 and made bigger between 1431 and 1442 with city rights based on the Magdeburg Law. The most famous man born in Kurów is Wojciech Jaruzelski.

Scorpion
Scorpions are eight legged venomous arachnids. They have a long body with an extended tail with a sting. The average adult scorpion reaches approximately 3 inches in length. The longest scorpion on earth is the African Scorpion, which can reach a total length of 9 inches. There are over 1,300 species of scorpions worldwide.
How scorpions survive in the desert.
Scorpions have developed many ways to survive in the desert. They have developed the ability to slow down their metabolism. This allows them to survive on as little as one insect per year. This ability also allows them to shelter from the sun and heat for extended periods of time, using only little amounts of oxygen.
Many people also believe that their claws, or pincers, were once front legs that have turned into what they now are by going through evolution. Nevertheless, the scorpions' claws play a crucial part in their hunting and mating rituals.
Scorpions also possess a special, feather-like pair of organs, called pectines that they use to sense even the smallest of movements around them. This allows them to effectively track down and hunt their prey, either above or below the surface. This also warns them of possible dangers, such as other bigger hunters.
The scorpion’s most feared and recognized feature is its sting. The sting contains a neurotoxin, which the scorpion uses to paralyze the victim, so it would be easier to kill and eat.
Physical Features.
The scorpion’s body is divided into 2 parts, the "prosoma", and the abdomen -which is further divided into the mesosoma and the metasoma- which are both surrounded by the cuticle.
Prosoma: This is the scorpion’s head, the carapace, the eyes, the mouthparts, the claws -or pedipalps-, and 4 legs. Mesosoma: The front half of the abdomen is made up of six segments. The first segment contains the sexual organs and the other organs which are used in the scorpion’s mating ritual. The second segment contains the feather like pectines, which are used to sense movement in the air and ground. The final four segments each contain a pair of book lungs, which are the lungs found in arachnids, the mesosoma is armored by an extra layer. This extra layer is made up of chitinous plates, which are the plates usually found in the cell walls of fungi, and the exoskeletons of insects and arachnids. Metasoma: This is the scorpion’s tail, and the second half of its abdomen. A scorpion’s sting is made up of six segments, ending in the telson, or the sting. The telson itself holds the vesicle, which is the gland containing the scorpion’s venom. The scorpion’s venom is classified as neurotoxic in nature. This means that it can be used to either kill or paralyze the victim. The general rule is that the smaller the claws of the scorpion, the more deadly the venom is, as scorpions with deadly venoms don’t need their claws, while those with not-so-deadly venom need to rely on their claws more, so they are bigger and stronger. Cuticle: This is the scorpion’s tough exterior. It is partially covered by hairs that help the scorpion keep balance. The cuticle is also covered by hyaline layer, which makes them fluoresce green when exposed to ultraviolet light. This layer does not appear on newly molted scorpions, appearing only on hardened and matured cuticles. This hyaline layer can be found intact inside fossils that are millions of years old.
Breeding cycle: The mating ritual of scorpions begins when the male and female connect claws. After this they verify that the other scorpion is of the same species, and is the opposite gender. After this, the male leads the female around until it finds a suitable spot to deposit its spermatophore. Once the male has found a suitable spot, he guides the female over it, where it enters her and fertilizes her. The mating ritual can take anywhere between 1 and 26 hours, depending on the male’s ability to find a suitable spot. Only a scorpion that has reached maturity may go through the mating ritual. A scorpion reaches maturity after it has gone through 5 to 7 moults.
Relationships with others: scorpions are an independent species, only relying on their mother until they reach maturity. It is not uncommon for a scorpling to kill another one of it’s siblings in a competition for food. How a scorpion chooses its mate is not certain, but many predict it is a random event, depending on chance meetings.

John Schlesinger
John Richard Schlesinger CBE (February 16, 1926 – July 25, 2003) was a British film director.

Landjäger
Landjäger (or Landjaeger) is a type of German sausage. The name stands for "hunter's sausage". It is smoked, so it does not need refrigeration. Usually, some of the water has also been taken out (they are dehydrated).

Gilbert and Ellice Islands
The Gilbert and Ellice Islands were a British protectorate from 1892 and colony from 1916. They are formed from two groups of islands in the Pacific Ocean. On 1 January 1976 the islands were split into two different colonies that became independent states. The Gilbert Islands have been the biggest part of the nation of Kiribati since 1979, and the Ellice Islands became Tuvalu in 1978.

Casablanca
Casablanca (classical Arabic name: الدار البيضاء, "the white house"; Spanish:Casablanca, "whitehouse") is a city in western Morocco, located on the Atlantic Ocean.
With a population of 2.95 million (September 2004 census), Casablanca is Morocco's biggest city.

Bhavani River
Bhavani River is a river in Tamil Nadu, India.

Flatulence
Flatulence is when gas is expelled from the body. In mammals like humans, the gases are created by bacteria in the body, that can cause it to have an unpleasant odor. The gas that the body releases is also known as methane.

Computability theory
Computability theory is part of computer science. Scientists want to know what can be computed, and what can not.
There is a model of a computer that is used for this. It is called the Turing machine. A Turing machine basically is a special typewriter with an endless ribbon. The machine is named after the mathematician Alan Turing.
A problem is "computable" if it can be expressed in such a way that a Turing machine can solve it.
One of the best known examples is the Halting problem. The task is to write a program which says for all programs whether they will finally stop. This is impossible to decide. Mathematicians say the problem is undecidable.

Batman (city)
Batman is a city in southeast Turkey. It is the capital (city) of the province with the same name. In 2003, about 266.100 people lived in the city. There are many Kurds in that area. The area is also rich in oil and gas.
There is a railway track at Kurtalan, near this city. The track runs all the way to Istanbul. There is also an airport near Batman. The name is short for the Bati Raman mountains.

Typewriter
A typewriter is a machine. People used it to type letters and books. Nowadays they use a computer and a printer for the same thing.
In the early days of the typewriter, up to the early 1900s, people said that the person typing the letters was a typewriter. Those people became later known as typists.

Nocturnal
Animals that are active during the night are called nocturnal. They hunt or feed during the night, and sleep during the day. Diurnal animals do it the other way around.
Scientists sometimes use the word "crepuscular" to describe nocturnal animals that aren't active when it is very dark at night; they are mostly active near dawn, dusk, and sometimes when the moon makes a lot of light.
Notcturnal animals also have a high sensitivity to their eyes, and when flashed really brightly with lights appear red, orange, amber, or topaz.

Censorship
Censorship is when someone, often a government, does not allow certain things to be published. A censor is a person whose job is to look at all types of media and remove material. There are many reasons to censor something, like protecting military secrets, stopping immoral or anti-religious works, or keeping political power. Censorship is almost always used as an insult, and there is much debate over what censorship is and when it is okay.
When there is freedom of speech and freedom of the press, most information can published. However, even in developed countries with much freedom of the press, there are some things that cannot be published. For example, journalists are usually not allowed to publish many secrets about the military, like where troops will be sent on a mission. Pornography, especially child pornography, is censored in many countries because it is seen as not moral. For these reasons, the government might arrest anyone who publishes them.
Debate.
There is much debate about when censorship should be allowed. For example, U.S. President Richard Nixon censored The New York Times when they tried to publish articles about the Pentagon Papers, a group of classified military documents that showed Nixon and the military lied Vietnam War. The Supreme Court in New York Times Co v. United States overturned the censorship, saying that Nixon had not shown it would be dangerous to the military, just embarrassing. In other countries, journalists and bloggers (who are usually not seen as journalists) are sometimes arrested for saying bad things about the government. In Egypt, Kareem Amer was famously arrested for insulting Islam and calling the president of Egypt, Hosni Mubarak, a dictator.
Non-Governmental Censorship.
Governments are not the only ones who censor information. For example, when the history department at Middlebury College did not allow professors to accept Wikipedia as a source in papers, some said it was censorship.This was because the department was telling professors (who usually have academic freedom) what works they should and should not accept. Sometimes a group or a website - even the Simple English Wikipedia - will not allow some facts, articles, and pictures that they do not think should be seen. There is much debate over the difference between censorship and editing, that is, deciding what should or should not be published.

Czestochowa
Częstochowa is a city in south Poland on the Warta River. It has 248,894 residents. It has been located in the Silesian Voivodship (administrative division) since 1999, and was once the capital of Częstochowa Voivodship (1975-1998).
The town is known for the famous monastery of Jasna Góra Monastery, which is the home of the Black Madonna painting, a shrine of the Virgin Mary. Every year, thousands of people from all over the world come to Częstochowa to see it.
City name.
The name Częstochowa means Częstoch's place, and comes from the name of a person, Częstoch. It is mentioned in medieval documents also as Częstobor and Częstomir. Częstochowa is also known as Czestochowa, Czenstochov, and Chenstochov.
Tourism.
Currently, the city is one of the main tourist attractions in the area. It attracts hundreds of thousands of visitors every year.
The Black Madonna of Częstochowa, kept at the Jasna Góra Monastery, is a very popular attraction.

Voivodeships of Poland
A Voivodeship is one of 16 different divisions of land in Poland.

50s
Centuries: 1st century BC - 1st century - 2nd century
Decades: 0s - 10s - 20s - 30s - 40s - 50s - 60s - 70s - 80s - 90s - 100s
50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59
"This is an article about the years 50 AD to 59 AD. Sometimes, "the 50s" is used for the 1950s".

Volleyball
Volleyball is a sport with six players on each team, separated by a net. Each team is allowed six substitution players. The game starts when the captain from each team decides which side of the court they will play on, by the toss of a coin, which also determines who will serve (hit) the ball first. The point of the game is to keep the ball in the air. The ball can be played with any part of the body, with a maximum of three strokes a team.
A player cannot hit the ball twice. A point is gained when a team plays the ball in the opposition's court and the ball is not defended, therefore it lands within the court. The ball must be served (hit) from outside the court, otherwise it will be regarded as a foul. The game is played in sets of 25 points (sometimes 21). The team that reaches 25 (or 21) points first, wins the set. Each game consists of 3-5 sets. The fifth set is played until 15 points.
A player usually wears kneepads to protect their knees from becoming bruised during dives for the "volleyball".
The sports governing body is the FIVB.

Twilight
Twilight means either dawn (in the morning) or dusk (in the evening).
In the morning, dawn is when it is not dark any more, and the light of the sun is just starting to appear.
In the evening, it is the other way around and that phenomenon is called dusk. The sun has disappeared, and darkness is setting in. Light fades away.
For all these definitions, the horizon is at the sea which is flat.

Great Depression
The Great Depression was a time when the economy in the United States and throughout the world was extremely bad. It began with the Wall Street Crash of 1929. The prices on the Wall Street stock market fell a lot from October 24 to October 29, 1929. Many people lost their jobs. They became homeless and poor. This ended the wealth of the Roaring Twenties. The day that is said to have started the Great Depression is called Black Tuesday.
When the Great Depression started, Herbert Hoover was the president of the United States. People voted for a new president in 1932. His name was Franklin D. Roosevelt. Roosevelt got the government to pass many new laws and programs to help people who were hurt by the Great Depression. These programs were called the New Deal. One of these programs was the Civilian Conservation Corps or CCC. The CCC put many young men to work in the outdoors. The men were paid 1 dollar a week to work, and they got free food and shelter. Another one of these programs was called Social Security. Social Security gave old people a small income so they had money for things they needed.
Between 1939 and 1944, more people had jobs again because of World War II, and the Great Depression came to an end.

Delhi
Delhi is a territory in India. It includes the country's capital New delhi has a lot to offer but the problem is, that delhi needs to be a bit more devloped, before it can bid a proce for the olympics 2020.New Delhi. It covers an area of 573 sq mi or 1,484 km², it is bigger than Faroe Islands but smaller than Guadeloupe.

European Central Bank
The European Central Bank is the main bank of the European Union. The European Central Bank is in Frankfurt am Main. The main goal of the European Central Bank is to maintain price stability, in other words make sure inflation is below 2%. This is done by e.g. controlling the interest rates.

Friendship
Friendship is having have a good relationship with someone, a friend.

Clitoris
The clitoris is a female genital organ that includes erectile tissue, glands, muscles and ligaments, nerves, and blood vessels. Although the parts are placed differently, the clitoris is matching to the male penis. The clitoris functions solely to cause sexual pleasure and create orgasms.
During sexual arousal, the clitoris grows as its erectile tissue fills with blood until orgasm happens. Most of the clitoris is hidden inside the body: only a small portion can be seen from the outside. Including outside and inside parts, the clitoris is similar in size to the penis. The clitoris and penis grow out of the same kind of tissue and share many similar parts.
Visible parts of the clitoris.
The parts of the clitoris which can be seen from the outside stretch from the "clitoral junction", the point where the outer lips meet at the base of the pubic mound, to the "fork", where the lower edges of the inner lips meet below the vaginal opening. The outside parts include

Berlin Wall
The Berlin Wall (German: "Berliner Mauer") separated the city of Berlin in Germany from 1961 to 1989. Many people thought it was a symbol of the Cold War.
Germany after the Second World War.
After World War II ended, "Germany" was divided into zones, one zone for each of the main Allied countries: France, the United Kingdom, the United States and the Soviet Union. The whole of "Germany" was divided into four zones. Its capital "Berlin" was also divided into four zones, so that it was like an island inside the Soviet zone. In May 1949, the French, United Kingdom and US zones were made into West Germany ("Federal Republic of Germany", "Bundesrepublik Deutschland", "BRD"). The Soviet zone was made into East Germany in retaliation for the Western powers splitting Germany. The (German Democratic Republic ("Deutsche Demokratische Republik", "DDR") was founded on October 7, 1949.
Austria was also divided into 4 zones, but the allies soon left because Austria's people promised that Austria would never again be part of Germany. The whole of Europe was separated into a Soviet Union zone in the East and a US-dominated zone in the West. The splitting of Europe, Germany and especially Berlin into two political blocks was part of the Cold War between the United States of America and other western countries on one side and the Soviet Union and its allies on the other. The wartime Allied Forces split after their common enemy, Nazi Germany, (which was led by the dictator Adolf Hitler) was defeated in May 1945.
What led to the building of the wall.
After Germany split into West and East Germany in 1949, 2.6 million East Germans left to go to "West Germany". To stop this, on August 13 1961, the Communist government of East Germany built a wall separating East and West Berlin.
The wall was built to keep the country's people in. But the Soviets and East German Government said it was to keep capitalism out. They said that West Germany refused to recognize East Germany as an independent country because they wanted to take over East Germany just like Hitler took over Poland.
In the late 1980s, Mikhail Gorbachev said that the Soviet Union would not stop the people of Eastern and Middle Europe from changing their government by using military force. After he said that, several countries began to change the way they governed their people. Hungary opened its border and people from East Germany began moving to the west through Hungary. In October 1989 mass demonstrations against the government in East Germany began. The long-time leader, Erich Honecker, resigned and was replaced by Egon Krenz a few days later. Honecker had predicted in January 1989 that the wall would stand for a "hundred more years" if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change.
In November, 1989, the Central Committee of East Germany decided to make it easier for East Germans to pass through the wall. A mistake by the Press Officer meant the border was opened several hours before it should have been. Millions of East German citizens celebrated the opening of the wall. Many collected souvenirs with chisels and some TV stations filmed people hitting the wall with sledge hammers.
This image of people in West Berlin hitting the wall is often said to be East Berliners breaking out. This is not true. The Eastern side of the wall had no graffiti on it but all pictures of people chipping away at the wall show people hitting graffiti covered walls. Less than one year after the Berlin Wall was broken down, Germany again became one country.
Death toll.
In the 28 years of its existence, between 125 and 206 people were killed when trying to cross the Berlin Wall. At least 800 more people were killed outside Berlin, trying to cross from East Germany to the west.
The East Germans did not record all of the deaths, so the real number may never be known.
Those people who were caught alive in an attempt to flee, had to go to prison (jail) for at least 5 years. The first victim of the Wall was Ida Siekmann. She was fatally injured after jumping out of the window of her apartment. She fell onto the pavement (which belonged to the west). The first victim of the wall to be shot at was Günter Litfin. He was 24 years old and was shot by police, near the railway station of Berlin Friedrichstrasse, when he tried to get into the West. This was on 24 August, 1961, only 11 days after the border had been closed.
Peter Fechter bled to death in the "death strip", on 17 August, 1962. This lead to a public outcry. American troops watched him, but could not help him. The East-German border policemen, who had wounded him, did not help him either.
In 1966, two children, aged 10 and 13 years, were killed in the border strip. This is unusual because the East German border police had orders not to shoot on pregnant women, children or mentally ill people.
The last death took place on 6 February, 1989, when Chris Gueffroy died trying to escape into West Berlin.
What the wall was made of.
The wall was changed and added to several times. It was not really a wall, but a collection of walls and fences and other devices. This is what the "border fence" was made of, starting from the east, going west
The whole was done in an a zone of between 30 and 500 m wide. The official ("civil" border) began before the first fence. Entering the installation required a special permit. The real border was about one or two metres in front of the concrete wall, so that the whole of the wall complex was inside East Berlin.
The border between East Germany and West Germany was also heavily defended with fences and mines. East Germans needed a special permit to live close to the border.
What is left today.
After the Reunification of Germany in October 3, 1990, the Wall was demolished and taken away. A few sections of Wall remain, the sections became a museum.
Controversies.
The East Berlin people who guarded the wall (a special police corps), had the order to shoot if this was necessary to stop people fleeing. East German leaders such as Egon Krenz were arrested after German Reunification because guards were ordered to shoot to kill.
However, after the Wall was built, many people were no longer able to leave East Berlin using normal border posts. The only way they could do so was to race through the Wall or try to dig a tunnel underneath.
After the unification of Germany, border guards who had shot people were convicted by West German Courts. The judges said, that some of the laws of the border police (about shooting) were against human rights. They therefore should have refused to shoot.
The same was of course applied to those people who had shot border police on their flight.
Border guards who did shoot, and stop someone from fleeing could get a reward of up to 500 Marks. Some of those guards were sentenced after the unification.
The other choice was to not shoot, or to miss badly. Such guards risked losing their well-paid jobs.
Curiosities.
Another strip of land was given to West Berlin. This strip was only the width of a road which joined West Berlin with a tiny exclave.

Łódź
Łódź is the second-largest city in Poland, with 776,297 inhabitants. It is in the Łódź Voivodship in the centre of country. In Polish the word also means "boat". The mayor of Łódź is Jerzy Kropiwnicki.
Where is Łódź?
The city is about 120 km south-west of Warsaw. In and around the city, there is some textle and electronics industry. Because of economic difficulties, there has been a decline in the population of the city. The city has a university and a film academy.
A short history of Łódź.
The first documents speaking about the city date from 1332. Łódź was awarded city rights (according to the Magdeburg law) in 1432. The Congress of Vienna decided in 1815 that the city should be part of Russia. Only in 1918 did the city fall back to Poland.
Sports in Łódź.
There are two major football clubs in Łódź: the first is called Widzew Łódź and the second is ŁKS Łódź.

Krakow
Kraków (Polish: "Kraków"; (pronounced: ['krakuf]); variant English spelling Cracow; in full Royal Capital City of Krakow, Polish: Królewskie Stołeczne Miasto Kraków'") is the one of the oldest and largest cities in Poland. In 2004 in Kraków lived 760,000 people. It is on the Vistula river. Krakow is the capital of Lesser Poland Voivodship ("województwo małopolskie"); before that it was the capital of Kraków Voivodship (since 14th century).
During the mid-early 19th century, Krakow became an independent city-state, under the name of "The Free, Indpendent and Strictly Neutral City of Krakow". However, it was annexed by Austria-Hungary in 1846.
The current mayor of Krakow is Jacek Majchrowski.

Portland, Oregon
Portland, Oregon is the city that has the most people in the U.S. state of Oregon. About 538,544 people live in the city of Portland, and about 1,927,881 people live in the city's metropolitan area. It is found in the north part of the state, where the Willamette River meets the Columbia River. Portland has the second most people of any city in the Northwest United States, after the city of Seattle.
Portland has many nicknames. One of these is "The City of Roses," because roses grow well there. Some other nicknames of Portland are "Stumptown" (from the fact that Portland was built over a forest), "Puddletown" (from the fact that it often rains in Portland), and "Bridgetown" (from the fact that there are many bridges that cross the Willamette River in Portland).
Many things are from Portland. Some of these things are Powell's Books, Beverly Cleary (and some of her most popular fictional characters, Henry Huggins and Ramona Quimby, which also have statues in the city's "Beverly Cleary Sculpture Garden for Children"), and the Portland Trail Blazers basketball team.

Frame of reference
A frame of reference is how one knows if an object is moving. For example, when you see a ball roll down a street, you can tell the ball is moving because the frame of reference is the streets, whatever may be on the side of the roads or the Earth. All of these are a frame of reference.
The most common frame of reference is Earth itself, even though it moves.

Broadway
Broadway is a major street in New York City, USA. It is a center of entertainment and is famous for its many stage plays.

Schrödinger equation
The Schrödinger equation is a mathematical formula that physicists use to study quantum mechanics. It was discovered by Erwin Schrödinger in 1925. It shows how particles behave in a variety of situations.

Run (island)
Pulau Run is an island in Indonesia. It is one of the smallest Islands of the Banda Islands. It is about 3 km long and less than 1 km wide.
It used to be of great importance, because of the value of the spices nutmeg and "mace". Both spices are from the same tree. The trees were only grown on the Banda Islands. During the history of the spice trade sailors of the British East India Company of the second expedition of James Lancaster, John Davis and John Middleton who stayed in Bantam on Java first reached the Island in 1603. They made good contacts with the people who lived there.
Two wars were fought over the extremely costly spices.
The Treaty of Westminster ended the First Anglo-Dutch War of 1652–1654. According to the treaty, Run should have been returned to England. The first attempt in 1660 failed due to formal constraints by the Dutch; after the second in 1665 the English traders were expelled in the same year and the Dutch destroyed the nutmeg trees.
After the second Anglo-Dutch War of 1665–1667 England and the United Provinces of the Netherlands agreed in the Treaty of Breda to the status quo: The English kept the island of Manhattan which the Duke of York (the future Charles II), had occupied illegally in 1664 and renamed from New Amsterdam to New York and Run was officially given to the Dutch.
Even though the Dutch monopoly on nutmeg and mace was destroyed by the transfer of nutmeg trees to Ceylon, Singapore and other British colonies in 1817 after the capture of the main Island Bandalontor in 1810 by Captain Cole leading to the decline of the Dutch supremacy in the spice trade, there are still nutmeg trees growing on Run today.

Shinty
Shinty a traditional game played in the Scottish Highlands. It involves 2 teams of twelve players using a stick (known as a "caman" from Scottish Gaelic) to put a ball in the opposing team's net.
It was once played over all Scotland but is now played mostly in the Scottish Highlands and Highland communities in the big Scottish cities. It is also played in universities and in America by enthusiasts.
The sport's rules and regulations are decided by the Camanachd Association.
It has a common ancestor with the Irish game of hurling.

1680
Year 1680 was a leap year that started on a Monday when using the Gregorian calendar.

Hierarchy
A hierarchy (in Greek: Ιεραρχία; this comes from "ιερός"-hieros, sacred, and "άρχω"-arkho, rule) is a way of ranking and organizing things or people. Beneath the top of the hierarchy, each part of it is below some other part.
This turns out to be like a pyramid. There is a single person or thing at the top level.
An example with people would be the structure of a company. There is the top manager, and there are a few levels of middle and lower management. At the bottom are the common workers. Another example would be an army that might have a general, followed by colonels, corporals, and sergeants, then privates.
In these examples, people who are higher up have more authority and power than people below them.

Sultan
Sultan is a name for some Islamic rulers or monarch. The wife of a sultan is called a sultana.
The word sultan was an Arabic language noun meaning "strength", "authority", or "rulership". Later, it came to be used as the title of certain Muslim rulers who claimed full sovereignty. They did not have to take orders from any higher ruler, without claiming the overall caliphate.
The dynasty and lands ruled by the Sultan is called a Sultanate.

States and territories of India
India is divided into twenty-eight states, six union territories and the National Capital Territory.

Finnish language
The Finnish language is a Finno-Ugric language, a group of languages belonging to the Uralic language family. It is one of the two official languages of Finland. It is also an official minority language in Sweden. Finnish is one of the three national languages of Europe that is not an Indo-European language. The other two are Estonian language and Hungarian language, which also are Uralic languages.
Related languages.
The Finnish grammar and most Finnish words are very different from those in other European languages, because Finnish is not an Indo-European language. The two other national languages that are Uralic languages as Finnish are Estonian and Hungarian. Estonian and Finnish are very close to each other, and Estonians and Finns usually may understand each other. Even though Finnish and Hungarian are related languages, they do not look or sound similar. The Finnish and Hungarian languages separated a long time ago, and each language developed its own vocabulary. People who can speak Finnish cannot understand Hungarian without extra study, and Hungarians cannot understand Finnish. However, there are some basic words that are very similar, for example: 'hand' (Finnish 'käsi' vs. Hungarian 'kéz') 'to go' (Finnish 'mennä' vs. Hungarian 'menni'), 'fish' (Finnish 'kala' vs. Hungarian 'hal'.
Finnish grammar.
Finnish is a synthetic and an agglutinative language. This means that words in Finnish have a stem called "body", and many parts inside them that make up meaning. Finnish is similar in this respect as Japanese language and Turkish language and Latin language. In Finnish there are 15 cases. A case is an ending added to a word that helps describe its purpose in the sentence.

Sleep
A person sleeps when he or she is not awake. Usually, this is during the night. During the day, most people are awake. They work, go to school or university, or do other things. Most small children and many adults sleep for a short time, called a nap, in the early afternoon.
What sleep is for.
Generally, the reason for sleep is that the brain has work to do during sleep. The details are not fully understood, but it is important to get enough sleep for the body and the brain to be healthy and work properly. Usually animals (and people) sleep at periodic intervals, such as once a day. Certain animals send out signals to the others that they will soon go to sleep. Yawning is such a signal.
Both humans and many animals sleep about once a day. Some animals, such as cats, sleep many times a day for short periods.
When people sleep they often have dreams. Probably some animals do, too.
Not only people sleep, all mammals and birds, and most fish, reptiles and other animals do, too.
Different categories of sleep.
In mammals and birds, sleep can be divided into two categories. In one of them, the eyes move rapidly. It is called REM-sleep (from "rapid eye movement"). Most dreams take place in this phase. REM-sleep occurs normally at intervals throughout the night, and the periods of REM-sleep increase in length in the second half of the night.
The other category, where this movement of the eyes does not happen, is called NREM-sleep (Non-REM sleep). Usually, dreams do not occur during this time. There are four stages of NREM-sleep. Stage I is just barely sleeping, or dozing. Stage II is also light sleep. Normally, in adult humans, about half of the time spent asleep is spent in light sleep, stages I and II. Stages III and IV are called deep sleep. Deep sleep is necessary for growth and healing. It can be quite difficult to awaken someone who is in stage III or stage IV sleep.
Adult humans normally sleep in cycles of 90 to 110 minutes each. The night's sleep can be 4 or 5 of these cycles. Each cycle includes, in this order: stage I, stage II, stage III, stage IV, stage III, stage II and REM.
Getting enough sleep.
The timing of sleep and the amount of it are both important. Both are different for different people. Some adults sleep best from 22:00 to 05:00 or 06:00 or 07:00. Some sleep best from midnight to seven or eight. These variations are normal.
How much sleep is enough also depends on age. Children need more sleep than adults. Newborn babies sleep about 18 hours per day. Small babies sleep many times a day; human babies do not develop circadian rhythms before they are 3 - 4 months old. At the age of 1 year, they sleep for about 14 hours.
A nine-year-old should sleep about 9-10 hours per day and teenagers, too, need that much sleep. Adults who sleep less than about 8 hours a day perform worse than those who sleep that long.
Sleeping problems.
People may have trouble going to sleep, staying asleep or getting enough sleep. This usually means that they are too sleepy in the daytime.
There are many things that influence sleep. Also some substances, called stimulants - coffee is such an example - can cause poor sleep. When people have just eaten something, the body is busy digesting. This can cause poor sleep, too. Worrying and stress can cause poor sleep.
There are many diseases that cause poor sleep - some do because of side effects. That way, fever can lead to bad dreams.
Sleep disorders directly influence how a person sleeps. Examples of sleep disorders are narcolepsy, sleep apnea and circadian rhythm sleep disorders.
Doctors often suggest better sleep hygiene to people who have sleeping problems. Sleep hygiene means things people can try, such as

Republic of Macedonia
Republic of Macedonia (Macedonian: "Република Македонија") is an independent state on the Balkan peninsula in southeastern Europe. The country borders Serbia to the north, Albania to the west, Greece to the south, and Bulgaria to the east. The country's currency is the Macedonian Denar (MKD).
Greece and the Republic of Macedonia are arguing over the name Macedonia. United Nations calls the Republic of Macedonia, "The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia" (FYROM). The north and northeast part of Greece has been called Macedonia for ages, just like the southeast county of England Kent has been called Kent for a long time. 'FYROM' is also used by the United Nations and NATO as well as many other international organisations. But, many countries now call the country 'Republic of Macedonia'. The United Kingdom, for example, uses Republic of Macedonia in the diplomatic list.
The capital is Skopje, with more than 500,000 residents. It has many smaller cities. Some important ones are Bitola, Prilep, Tetovo, Kumanovo, Ohrid, Veles, Stip, and Strumica.
The Republic of Macedonia is often called "a land of lakes and mountains". There are more than 50 large lakes and sixteen mountains higher than 2000 meters above sea level.
The country is a member of the United Nations and the World Trade Organization (WTO). Since December 2005, it is a candidate for joining the European Union. The Republic of Macedonia is also a partner and candidate member of NATO.
History.
What is now Macedonia used to be a state called Socialist Republic of Macedonia in the southern part of the country of Yugoslavia. When that country broke up in 1991, Macedonia became independent.
Over time the territory which today is the Republic of Macedonia was ruled by a many different states and former empire.
Politics.
Republic of Macedonia is a democratic country with a parliament.

Anorexia nervosa
Anorexia nervosa is a mental health condition and an eating disorder. The short name for this condition is anorexia. People with anorexia think that they are fat, or desperately fear becoming overweight or fat. They try to lose weight by eating too little and doing too much exercise. They do not eat the amount of food their body needs, in an effort to avoid gaining weight. This causes them to stay at a weight that is not normal for their age and height.
Diagnosis.
Doctors use the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders to make a diagnosis and decide if a person has anorexia or not. Four signs of anorexia are listed in the manual. People do not have to show all four signs for the doctor to decide that they have anorexia.

Madness
Madness (or Insanity) is a word people use to describe different diseases of the mind. Usually, such people need to be cared for by specially trained personnel. It can also refer to anger.
People who are mad (or insane) usually have a hard time telling right from wrong. In most countries, being able to tell if something is wrong is the basis for criminal law. Mad people can therefore not commit crimes in such countries.
An animal can also be called mad, if that animal suffers from rabies.

Rabies
Rabies is a viral zoonotic disease that causes acute encephalitis.
Usually, people (and animals) die from it (it is fatal). There is no cure for it. People who are treated soon after becoming infected have a chance to survive.
The disease is transmitted through the saliva and the blood. The usual form of getting is a bite of a rabid mammal. Pets, like dogs need to be vaccinated against it, in most countries.
Treatment.
There is no cure for Rabies. There is a vaccine against it. The vaccine was first developed by Louis Pasteur and Emile Roux in 1885. This vaccine used a live virus grown in rabbits, and weakened (through drying it). The first person to be vaccinated was Joseph Meister (a 9 year old boy who had been bitten by a dog). Vaccines similar to this are still used today, but other vaccines (growing the virus using cell cultures) are more frequent.
There is also a form of treatment that can be done once a person has been bitten. It needs to be done within 6 days of being bitten. It starts with washing the wound. This is done to reduce the number of virus particles that enter the body. Often patients are given one dose of immounoglobulin and a certain number of vaccines, over a determined period of time, usually a month.

Tirana
Tirana (Albanian: "Tiranë" or "Tirana") is the capital city of Republic of Albania. It is the largest city in that country. The population of the city is estimated at 353,400 people (2003). Other people think there may be up to 1 millon people who live in the city. Tirana was founded in 1614. It became Albania's capital city in 1920.

John Forbes Nash
John Forbes Nash Jr. (born June 13, 1928) is an American mathematician who works in game theory and differential geometry. He shared the 1994 Memorial Prize in Economics with two other game theorists, Reinhard Selten and John Harsanyi.
This work led to "Nash embedding theorem".."Two real algebraic manifolds are equivalent if and only if they are analytically homeomorphic."
He is best known in popular culture as the subject of the Hollywood movie, "A Beautiful Mind", about his mathematical genius and his struggles with mental illness.

Calisthenics
Calisthenics is a series of "exercises" used to develop strength, power and balance or a repeated rhythmical exercise that uses the weight of the body as resistance or the systematic exercises for attaining strength-gracefulness or the practice of calisthenic exercises.
Purpose.
Calisthenics is recommended for general good health, light exercises designed to promote general fitness.
Origin.
The name calisthenics is Greek in origin, a combination of the words 'beauty' and 'strength'.

Mute
Mute is a lack of sound. A person that can not speak using sound is called a "mute". It is a type of speech disorder.
A person who chooses not to speak can also be said to be mute.
"Mute" is also the name of a tool used with some musical instruments, like the trumpet, trombone and violin, to make their sound quieter.

Wooden spoon
A wooden spoon is a spoon that can be made from wood, plastic or metal. Wooden spoons are used for mixing food. Wooden spoon is also a term for last place in a sporting contest.

Table tennis
Table tennis, also known as Ping Pong (a trademarked name), is one of the most popular sports in the world, with players in many countries. It is played by two or four people in a table. To play this game, people use rackets and a small ball.

Nayarit
Nayarit is a middle sized Mexican state which is located in the West coast of Mexico (in the Pacific Ocean shore).
Native people from Nayarit are called Nayaritas (singular: Nayarita).

Mindanao
Mindanao is one of the three main island groups in the Philippines.
It may also refer to the second largest island in the Philippines; the main island in the group.

Phylum
A Phylum (plural: phyla) is the second highest rank used in the biological taxonomy of all organisms. The highest rank is kingdom.
Botanists usually use the word "division" instead of "phylum".
Phylum is Phillip in the mnemonic, or a saying to help a person remember something, King Phillip Came Over For Great Spaghetti or King Phillip Came Over From Great Spain.

Knuckle
A knuckle, in anatomy, is where two bones join in the hands or feet. When talking about humans, knuckles most often refer to the joints in the fingers.
Animal knuckles, such as "pig knuckles" are sometimes sold as food.

Conduction
Conduction in science is when energy moves from one places to another place. Heat and electricity are two kinds of energy that move by conduction. Something that energy can easily move through is a good conductor. Metal is a good conductor. An insulator is a bad conductor. Energy can not move quickly through an insulator. Plastics are one kind of insulator.
Example.
A pan of hot soup is taken off the oven and put on a table. The area of the table under the pot gets hot. Heat from the pot moved to the table top by conduction.

Royal family
A royal family is the family of a monarch (king or queen of a country).

General election
A general election is an election, where all members of a country's parliament are up for election.
List of general elections:.
United Kingdom 2005 general election

United Kingdom 2005 general election
The United Kingdom 2005 general election took place on Thursday, May 5 2005. It was won by the Labour Party, led by Tony Blair.
See also.
MPs elected in the UK general election, 2005

Milenko Stefanovic
Milenko Stefanović (born February 19, 1930 in Belgrade, Serbia) is a famous Serbian classical and jazz clarinet player, and professor at the Faculty of Arts (Priština), Zvečan. He won several prizes at competitions in Moscow, Munich, Geneva, Prague, Ljubljana and played with or under such conductors as Aaron Copland, Herbert von Karajan, Živojin Zdravković and many others. As a soloist, chamber and orchestral musicians he played in Europe, North America and north Africa.

Flash memory
Flash memory is a memory storage device for computers and electronics. It is most often used in devices like digital cameras, USB flash drives, and video games. It is quite similar to EEPROM.
Flash memory is different from RAM because RAM is volatile (not permanent). When power is turned off, RAM loses all its data. Flash can keep its data intact, with no power at all. A hard drive also is permanent (non-volatile) storage, but it is bulky and fragile. Flash memory is much slower than RAM or hard drives. But it is great for small electronics because it is small and it has no moving parts.
The main weakness of flash memory is the number of times that data can be written to it. Data can be read from flash as many times as desired, but after a certain number of "write" operations, it will fail. Most flash devices are designed for about 100,000 - 1,000,000 write operations (or "write cycles").
EEPROM has the same limitation that flash does: it can only survive about 100,000 write cycles. But it is more expensive than flash, so it is usually not used for storage greater than 128kB. The main difference between EEPROM and flash memory is that EEPROM can "write" to any byte of memory, at any time. Flash memory can only write to an entire chunk, or "sector", of memory at a time. That means that if the user wants to change only one byte, flash must also re-write all the bytes in that sector. This means that flash memory can wear out faster than EEPROM.

Bottrop
Bottrop is a city in west central Germany, on the Rhine-Herne Canal, in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia (Nordrhein-Westfalen). Bottrop is in the Ruhr industrial area, It is next to Essen, Oberhausen, Gladbeck and Dorsten. The city had been a coal-mining and rail center. There are factories producing coal-tar derivatives, chemicals, textiles, and machinery. The population is currently 119,655. Bottrop grew as a mining center beginning in the 1860s and was chartered as a city in 1921. In 1975 it was put together with the unification with the neighbour communities of Gladbeck and Kirchhellen, but Gladbeck left in 1976.
History.
The place is first mentioned in 1150, as "Borthorpe". This name means "village on the hillside". In the year 1423, the place is awarded the status of a market town. In 1786 the first cotton mill opens. Coal mining starts in 1856. The city gets town privileges in 1919. In 1953, the population passed 100.000 people for the first time.

Puducherry
Puducherry, which used to be called Pondicherry is a Union Territory of India. Pondicherry is divided into four separate parts: Pondicherry, Karaikal, Yanam, and Mahé.
These four areas are under one name because they were all once ruled by the French. Chandannagar, the fifth former French colony located 30 kilometers north of Kolkata, in West Bengal, India, is now outside this unconnected territory.
When India took control of them, they took them in as one territory. Pondicherry is going through a name change to Puduchery, which means "new village" in the local language. It covers an area of 183 sq mi or 474 km², it is bigger than Andorra but smaller than Saint Lucia.

New York Yankees
The New York Yankees are a Major League Baseball team from New York City. They have won 26 World Series championships, the most of any team in the Major Leagues. From 1923 to 2008, the Yankees home stadium had been Yankee Stadium.
The word "Yankee" (slang for "American") and the "Uncle Sam" top hat, make up part of what they are all about. As with the more common use of the term "Yankee", the team name is more often called "the Yanks". Their most commonly used "unofficial" nickname is "the Bronx Bombers", or simply "the Bombers", a nickname applied by the press a long time ago, in reference to their ability to hit home runs a lot, a home run sometimes being called a "bomb". A less used nickname is "the Pinstripers", for their well known uniform style.
The Yankees' current captain is their shortstop, Derek Jeter.
The New York Yankee's rival is the Boston Red Sox.

Terry Pratchett
Terence David John Pratchett (born April 28, 1948, in Beaconsfield, Buckinghamshire, England) OBE is an English author. Best known for his fantasy works, including the famous "Discworld" series. His first novel, "The Carpet People", was published in 1971. He was the UK's best-selling author of the 1990s.

Critic
A critic is a person who reviews things like movies, books, and food to see if they are any good and if other people would like them. They write reviews about what they have seen or read.
Critics may write about art, music, theatre, books, or anything in which good or bad is a matter of personal opinion.
Criticism usually means saying what is wrong with something. Critics write criticisms in their reviews. They may say good or bad things about what they are reviewing.
The word 'criticism' is often used in general life when someone 'criticizes' someone else (says that what they are doing or have done is not good'). Criticism does not have to be unkind, it can be given in a helpful way. For example, an adjudicator in a music competition may give helpful criticism ('constructive criticism') to the performers so that they can learn from the experience and make their playing better.
The adjective critical usually means criticism that can hurt.
'Critical' also has a different meaning: Someone who is 'critically injured' is in danger of dying from their injuries. A 'critical moment' may be a moment which will show whether something is going to work or not.

Søren Kierkegaard
Søren Aabye Kierkegaard (5 May, 1813 – 11 November, 1855), a 19th century Danish philosopher and theologian, is usually thought of as the first existentialist philosopher.
He wrote many philosophical books about faith, existence, emotions, and feelings. He disliked people who try to make Christianity political and people who try to limit the single individual in favour of many people. Many people have found his works intriguing and have acknowledged them as great works of philosophy. Ludwig Wittgenstein, a 20th century philosopher, thought Kierkegaard was "by far, the most profound thinker of the nineteenth century" (,).
He was born in Copenhagen, Denmark. He attended Copenhagen University and earned his master's degree in 1841. During this time, he met and fell in love with Regine Olsen in 1837, a very important person to him. Although they were engaged for a time, Kierkegaard broke off the engagement, also in 1841.
After his breakup with Regine, he spent much of his time writing book after book, in a highly dramatic, yet subtle, way. Plus, he wrote and credited some of his works using pen names or pseudonyms. Although his works were not very popular during his lifetime, after his death, his works grew in popularity and became highly influential in the 20th and 21st centuries.
Works.
"Here are some works by Kierkegaard, with the Danish title on the right"

Despotism
Despotism is a form of government that is controlled by one person or a small group of people. The person who controls the state is called a "despot". The despot has complete control of the state, like a dictator or tyrant. In history, the pharaohs of Egypt were despots. The word "despot" is thought to come from the Ancient Greek word "despotes", which means "the master".

Lakshadweep
Lakhadweep are group of islands in the Arabian Sea. They belong to India and their capital is Kavaratti. It covers an area of 11 sq mi or 28 km², it is bigger than Tuvalu but smaller than Norfolk Island.

Daman and Diu
Daman and Diu is a territory in India. It covers an area of 50 sq mi or 130 km², it is bigger than Saint Helena but smaller than Wallis and Futuna.

Riding helmet
A riding helmet, sometimes called a horse riding helmet, is a type of hat (cover for the head) made for people who ride horses. It is important to wear a riding helmet when riding. It is easy for a person to fall off a horse and hit his or her head. Riding helmets keep the rider of a horse from being hurt. Horses can accidentally step on a person who has fallen to the ground.
Helmets should be worn by all riders, but are most often worn by English style riders.

Ketchup
Ketchup is a kind of thick, liquid sauce. It is made from tomatoes, so it is sometimes called tomato sauce. Usually it is used to add flavour to food. Some people like to eat sausages, burgers, hotdogs or fishsticks with ketchup. Ketchup tastes very unlike the real tomato.

Dadra and Nagar Haveli
Dadra and Nagar Haveli is a territory in India. It covers an area of 188 sq mi or 487 km², it is bigger than Andorra smaller than Saint Lucia.

Birthday
A birthday is the day when a person was born. In many places, on a person's birthday, he or she celebrates with friends and family at a party, where they eat cake or other foods, and get gifts.
Western birthdays.
Not everyone celebrates birthdays, including Jehovah's Witnesses.
In many English-speaking countries, people sing the song "Happy Birthday to You" to the person celebrating his birthday. There are similar songs in other languages.
A birthday cake is usually decorated and covered with candles. Most of the time, the number of candles is the same as the age of the birthday person.
Coming of age.
A birthday can give a person new responsibilities and rights.
Astrology.
A person's astrological sign is based on his birthday.

Yi I
Yi I (December 26, 1536-1584) was a Korean Confucian scholar.

Sunrise (company)
Sunrise is a Japanese animation company. The staff uses the name Hajime Yatate in all their productions by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, but this is not a real person--it is a name that all the people who work for the studio use for themselves.

X-ray
X-ray is part of the electromagnetic spectrum, with frequency higher than ultraviolet radiation. The frequency of X-ray covers a wide range. It can penetrate many solid materials. X-ray can be produced by hitting metal with fast-moving electrons.
X-ray photography is used in medicine to see bones and cancers, and other things inside bodies.
There are small amounts of X-rays around in the atmosphere. X-rays can change living cells. This means that exposing the human body to high doses of x-rays, for a long time should be avoided. Changing living cells can be dangerous. It can cause cancer, amongst other diseases. It can also be good, as cancer cells can be killed that way. Like with any treatment, there are side-effects.
X-rays cannot see soft tissue very well. To detect tumors, other imaging technologies are used, like Magnetic resonance imaging.

Computed tomography scanner
A computed tomography (CT) scanner is an X-ray machine that takes cross sectional images.

Hanoi
Hanoi (Vietnamese: Quốc Ngữ Hà Nội; Chữ Nôm 河内) is the capital of Vietnam. There are about 3,083,800 (2004) people who live in the city. It was the capital of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam from 1945 to 1976. Before that, it was the capital of what is now called Vietnam for most of the time from at least the 11th century until 1802. The city is on the right bank of the Red River. Things made there include machine tools, plywood, textiles, chemicals, and handicrafts. Hanoi is located at 21°2' North, 105°51' East (21.0333, 105.85), 1,760 km north of Ho Chi Minh City (formerly Saigon).

The Chronicles of Narnia
"The Chronicles of Narnia" is a series of seven fantasy books, written by British author C. S. Lewis. The have been published since 1954 and have sold over 100 million copies in 41 languages. The books were written by Lewis between 1949 and 1954, they were also illustrated by Pauline Baynes. In 2005 the first of the books was made into a movie.
"The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe".
"The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe", completed in the spring of 1949 and published in 1950, tells the story of four children: "Peter", "Susan", "Edmund" and "Lucy Pevensie". They discover that the wardrobe in their grandfathers house leads to the magical land of Narnia. But Narnia is currently under the spell of a witch. The children then complete an old, strange prophecy as they help "Aslan" (a lion) save Narnia from the evil "White Witch", who had reigned over the kingdom for a hundred years.
"The Last Battle".
Completed in the spring of 1953 and published in 1956, The Last Battle chronicles the end of the world of Narnia. Jill and Eustace return to save Narnia from Shift, an ape, who tricks Puzzle, a donkey, into impersonating the lion Aslan. The Pevensie children (without Susan, who has decided that Narnia was just part of a game they played as children), along with their parents and friends, die in a train crash and live in Narnia forever with Aslan.
Adaptions.
"The Chronicles of Narnia" have been made into several movies, TV films and stage plays.
"The Chronicles of Narnia" movie series.
Set to release May 16 2008, Prince Caspian will be the second of seven movies to be released by Disney Pictures. The first was "The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe", which made a world-wide total of $744,783,957 dollars. Disney also has plans to create the third book in the series: "The Voyage of the Dawn Treader". Set to release in 2010.

Asatru
Asatru (or Ásatrú) is a religion which believes in the ancient Germanic spirits and Gods. It was officially recreated in the 1960s in Iceland, but its roots go back many thousands of years. The name comes from two words in a language called Old Norse. It means "faith in the Æsir." The Æsir are the Germanic gods.
A person who practices Asatru is called an "Asatruar", and is sometimes referred to as a heathen. If someone wants to talk about two or more followers of Asatru, they would say that they are "Asatrufolk". Sometimes Asatru is also called Odinism, Wodinism, Wodanism, Wotanism or Germanic (neo)paganism.

Otherkin
Otherkin are people who believe that part of them is not human inside. They say that, inside their heads, they feel more like another animal than a human. That other animal might be real, like a wolf, or it might be fictional, like a dragon or an alien. Some otherkin say that they are vampires, by which they mean that they need to drink blood or take the energy away from people in order to stay healthy.
Otherkin is a neologism—a new word—and it is usually used only by people who say they "are" otherkin. The definition can change depending on who uses the word. Some otherkin say that their souls or minds are not human, that they were another species in a past life, or that being not-human is part of their religion. (Otherkin practice many different religions, however.) A few of them say that their physical bodies are not human, either, but there is no proof either for or against that.

Pedro Romeiras
Pedro Romeiras was a Portuguese principal ballet dancer born 3 July 1961, in Lisbon. He was the gold medal winner of the II Prix Français de la Danse 1982.

Bonfire
A bonfire or balefire is a large controlled outdoor fire made from bales of straw or wood. The word is believed to come from "bone fire". In the time of the Celts, there were midsummer festivals where animal bones were burnt to ward off evil spirits.
What it means in Great Britain.
In Great Britain, bonfires are particularly associated with "Guy Fawkes Night". This night is also known as "fireworks night" or "bonfire night". On this night, people celebrate that the Gunpowder Plot was discovered. This discovery took place on 5 November 1605. They do this celebration each year (It is called an "annual celebration")
In Northern Ireland, "bonfires" are associated with celebrations on the anniversary of the Battle of the Boyne. This battle took place on 12 July 1690.
What it means in Japan.
In Japan, large fires called bon-bi are set to welcome the return of the spirits of the ancestors. Though the two terms are not etymologically or historically related, they serve similar purposes and indicate the universal importance of large fires.
Use of bonfires for rituals.
Bonfires were also used for rituals. The idea was that the fire would purify. It was used to consecrate things, or people, that is to make them sacred, in some way. In ancient times, cattle were important symbols of wealth and status. Such cattle was led through the smoke of a bonfire. Couples who were to be wed on May Day would leap through the flames of the bonfire to seal their vows. Coals from a bonfire would be taken home to light the fires in family hearths. This practice was thought to bring good fortune. People also believed that the residents of the Faery realm were incapable of producing fire themselves; embers of bonfires would be carried to the underworld and tended there.
Neopagan and Wiccan beliefs.
Along with the Maypole, the bonfire is an important component of the Wiccan and Neopagan celebration of Beltaine, also known as May Day.
Nine woods are placed into a traditional Wiccan balefire. These woods are rowan, dogwood, elder, poplar, oak, juniper, holly, cedar, and apple. Occasionally, pine is also used instead of holly or elder, as are a handful of other woods. In some regions, superstition, religious belief, or tradition prohibits the cutting of certain trees.

Bic Runga
Bic Runga (born January 13, 1976) is a singer from New Zealand. She has sold lots of music albums in New Zealand.

Sputnik
Sputnik (Russian:Спутник), literally "traveling companion",
or, not was the Soviet Union's first satellite program. Five satellites were sent up into space during this program, starting on October 4, 1957. Sputnik I was the world's first man-made satellite.

Carnival
Carnival is a public celebration which takes place in many cities and towns in many countries around the world, in February or March each year. Carnival can sometimes last for several weeks. In some places there is only one day of celebration. There are often street parades, bands, costumes and many people wear masks. Carnival is linked to religious traditions in the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches, and it is also linked to the folk traditions in every different place where it happens.
Lent.
Many Christian churches have a 40 day "season" of fasting called Lent, in which Christians prepare for Easter which is one of the two most important feasts in the Christian year. Easter is in late March or April. Lent always begins on a Wednesday, which is called Ash Wednesday in February or March. On that day, many people go to church and have some ash smeared on their forehead as a sign of sorrow for their sins. Then for 40 days, they try to work hard on improving themselves and thinking about the teachings of Jesus. It is usual for people to "give up" something for Lent. They might stop smoking or stop watching TV so they can spend more time reading the Bible or talking with the family. Many people give up all their favourite foods and have no cake, wine, beer, chocolate, icecream or other luxury foods.
The name "carnivale" comes from Italian and means "putting aside the flesh". This means that during Lent people were not to think about their "flesh" (their bodies) but do things that were good for their souls. The word "flesh" also means "meat" so many people would eat no meat during Lent.
Mardi Gras.
Mardi Gras means "Fat Tuesday". This was the day just before Lent. The first day of Lent was called Mecredi Meagre meaning "Mean Wednesday". ("Mean" used to mean "poor" and "thin" rather than "nasty".)
During the Middle Ages in Europe, it was normal for people to have a big feast on the Tuesday before the Lenten fast started. In many towns this developed into a big public party, with entertainment in the town square. There is a famous painting by Pieter Bruegel dating from the 1550s and showing the "Battle of Carnival and Lent". (See top of page)
In this picture by Pieter Bruegel, a man representing Carnival is pushed on a barrel by people in costumes and masks. He is about to do battle with Lent. His weapon is a skewer covered with pieces of roast meat. He balances a blackbird pie on his head. Lent, who is very skinny, fights him with two little fish on a bread-board. The person at the front wears a mask and plays a very noisy instrument called a "rummelpott".
Modern celebrations of Carnival.
Nowadays many cities and towns around the world celebrate Carnival for a week or more. The final day of the celebration is Mardi Gras, when there is often a parade. In some cities the Mardi Gras parade is held on the weekend before Lent begins, rather than on the Tuesday, so as not to disturb the business and traffic of the town.
In some towns such as the Belgian town of Binche the preparations for the Carnival are complex and start many weeks before Carnival takes place, with most of the town's people taking part in some way. The Carnaval de Binche is listed with UNESCO as an event of great historic importance because it has been held there in almost the same way for more than 500 years.
In the Carneval of Rio de Janeiro, which is one of the biggest and most famous in the world, a major feature is the glamorous costumes as both men and women wear bright colours and wonderful headdresses to dance down the street to the sound of many bands. In Rio there are many very large and expensive decorated "floats".
In New Orleans the bands are one of the most important parts of the Carnival celebrations. In Dusseldorf in Germany, on of the features of the Carnival parades are the enormous models of politicians and other well-known people. In Sydney, the Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardis Gras which started out as a parade for Sydney's homosexual community, now includes exhibitions, live theatre and competitions, and stretches over two weeks.
In Venice the Carnival was celebrated from December 26 until Lent began. During that time, people were allowed to disguise themselves by wearing masks in the street. In the 1930s this was forbidden by the Italian Government, but in 1980 a mask-makers shop was set up in Venice again. Soon the old tradition was brought back, and now many people dress in costume and wear masks for two weeks before Lent begins.
In Brussels in Belgium, the main Carnival procession is held in the Grande Place, the town square in front of the Gothic Town Hall with its huge tower. Every part of the procession is ruled by a tradition, but some of the traditions are so old that no-one remembers what they mean anymore. At the beginning of the procession is a large group of people dressed in beautiful costumes of silk and velvet, who act out an historic scene of the coming of the King of Spain and his royal court to Brussels 500 years ago. When they have taken their seats, there comes an amazing procession which includes stilt walkers, fire eaters, Goldilocks with a dancing bear, a mad camel, a wizard, lots of men in huge feathery headdresses, and the Archangel Michael whose job is to frighten the Devil. These characters are traditional to Brussels. In every city, the characters that take part are different.
Different uses of the word "carnival".
Although the word "carnival" still has its old meaning, it is often used to mean public entertainments of different kinds. Some towns have carnivals that have nothing to do with Lent and are at different times of year. Nowadays there are all sorts of different carnivals. Some of these carnivals, like the Notting Hill Carnival in London and the Melbourne Cup Racing Carnival in Australia are very famous.
The word "carnival" is now used for festivals, parades and competitions of all sorts. There are school sports carnivals, folk carnivals, multi-cultural carnivals, horse-racing carnivals, wine and food carnivals and boating carnivals.

Fasting
Fasting is a kind of abstinence. It is when someone does not eat or drink for some specified period of time. It is only the case if the person does so of his or her own will. It may also be that the person only eats and drinks certain kinds of food. Most often, fasting is done for religious reasons. Depending on the tradition, fasting practices may forbid sexual intercourse, (or any sexual desire), masturbation, as well as refraining from eating certain types or groups of food (e.g. meat).
Fasting for religious and spiritual reasons has been a part of human custom since pre-history. It is mentioned in the Qur'an, in the Mahabharata, in the Upanishads, and in the Bible, in both the Old and New Testament.
In almost all cases, there are exceptions for observing the fasting. These are made for the following groups of people

Walpurgis Night
Walpurgis Night ("Valborgsmässoafton" in Swedish, "Vappu" in Finnish, "Volbriöö" in Estonian, "Valpurģu nakts" or "Valpurģi" in Latvian, "Walpurgisnacht" in German) is a holiday celebrated on April 30 or May 1, in Finland, Sweden, Estonia, Latvia and Germany.
Origins.
The festival is named after Saint Walburga (known in Scandinavia as "Valborg"; alternative forms are "Walpurgis", "Wealdburg", or "Valderburger"), born in Wessex in 710 a niece of Saint Boniface. According to legend, she was a daughter to the Saxon prince St. Richard. Together with her brothers she travelled to Württemberg, Germany where she became a nun and lived in the convent of Heidenheim, which was founded by her brother Wunibald. Walburga died on 25 February 779 and that day still carries her name in the Catholic calendar. However she was not made a saint until 1 May in the same year, and that day carries her name in the Swedish calendar.
Historically the Walpurgisnacht is derived from Pagan spring customs, where the arrival of spring was celebrated with bonfires at night. Viking fertility celebrations took place around April 30 and due to Walburga being declared a saint at that time of year, her name became associated with the celebrations. Walburga was worshipped in the same way that Vikings had celebrated spring and as they spread throughout Europe, the two dates became mixed together and created the Walpurgis Night celebration.
Germany.
In Germany, Walpurgisnacht, the night from April 30 to May 1, is the night when allegedly the witches hold a large celebration on the Blocksberg and await the arrival of Spring. When the travel to that mountain is too far, they may also chose another hill in the region they live.
"Walpurgis Night (in German folklore) the night of April 30 (May Day's eve), when witches meet on the Brocken mountain and hold revels with their Gods..."
"Brocken the highest of the Harz Mountains of north central Germany. It is noted for the phenomenon of the Brocken spectre and for witches' revels which reputably took place there on Walpurgis night.
The Brocken Spectre is a magnified shadow of an observer, typically surrounded by rainbow-like bands, thrown onto a bank of cloud in high mountain areas when the sun is low. The phenomenon was first reported on the Brocken."
—Taken from Oxford Phrase & Fable.

Bird flu
Bird flu (also called avian influenza, avian flu, bird influenza, or grippe of the birds), is an illness caused by a virus. The virus, called "influenza A" or "type A", usually lives in birds, but sometimes infects mammals, including humans. It is called influenza when it infects humans.
There are many types of influenza A, which was first found in a bird in Italy in 1878. Most types have weak symptoms, such as breathing problems, similar to the common cold.
But some types kill birds, and a few kill humans and other mammals. One type of bird flu, called "Spanish flu", killed 50 to 100 million people in 1918/1919. Another type, called "Asian Flu" killed one million in 1957, and another one, called "Hong Kong Flu", also killed one million people in 1968.
A subtype, called "H5N1", killed six people in Hong Kong in 1997, but didn't kill again until 2003, this time in China. Until the middle of 2005, it was primarily found in southeast Asia but since then has spread to parts of Africa and Europe. It has killed tens of millions of birds and resulted in the slaughter of hundreds of millions of other birds to limit its spread. So far it is mostly a bird disease and rarely infects humans. The concern about H5N1 is that it is constantly evolving at a very fast rate and could create a human flu pandemic that could kill many millions of people. Governments around the world are spending billions of dollars to deal with this problem: studying H5N1, creating vaccines, conducting pandemic practice exercises, stockpiling useful flu medication, and many other important activities.

Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy
The "Jyllands-Posten" Muhammad cartoons controversy is a controversy about a series of cartoons. They were first published in a Danish newspaper. The publication led to an outcry, and sparked violent protests in the islamic world, with many people dying.
The crisis began after cartoons depicting the Islamic prophet Muhammad were published in the Danish newspaper "Jyllands-Posten" on September 30, 2005. Danish Muslim organizations staged protests in response. As the controversy has grown, some or all of the cartoons have been reprinted in newspapers in more than fifty other countries. The protests got worse when fake cartoons, probably made by muslem trying to worsen the protests, were released.
Critics claims that the cartoons are culturally insulting, Islamophobic, blasphemous, and intended to humiliate a "marginalized" minority. However, supporters of the cartoons claim they illustrate an important issue and their publication exercises the right of free speech. They have also claimed that similar cartoons are made relative to other religions, arguing that Islam and its followers have not been targeted in a discriminatory way.

Blasphemy
Blasphemy is a word that means "speaking badly about a religion", or "insulting a god". In many countries, blasphemy is a crime

1180s
Centuries: 11th century - 12th century - 13th century
Decades: 1130s 1140s 1150s 1160s 1170s - 1180s - 1190s 1200s 1210s 1220s 1230s
Years: 1180 1181 1182 1183 1184 1185 1186 1187 1188 1189

Brie
Brie is a type of soft cheese with a yellowish interior and a white layer on the outside of the cheese. Like other cheeses, Brie is a dairy product made from milk. In some countries, Brie cheese is served with fruit as a dessert at the end of a meal.
How it is produced.
Originally, Brie was a French cheese, but now there are also Brie-style cheeses from outside of France. The cheese is produced in the region of the same name (which is basically just outside of Paris). It is made of the milk of cows.
The milk of soft cheeses ("à pate molle" in French) is not heated during the production of the cheese. Talleyrand said about this kind of cheese that it was the "king of cheeses". He said that in the 19th century. This kind of cheese has been made for at least 1000 years, though.
In Europe this cheese is usually not treated chemically. It might therefore change in consistency or color. It will go bad if it is not kept in the refrigerator. In most countries, Brie-style cheeses are made with Pasteurized milk.
Brie de Meaux.
Cheeses are made into round loaves, of about 36cm in diameter. The cheeses then weight about 2.5 kilograms. It is best tasted from April to October, after a ripening period of 8 to 10 weeks. About 2% of the production occurs on farms.
Brie de Melun.
The Brie de Melun is smaller than the Brie de Meaux, but more salt is added to it. The ripening period is 10 weeks. It is best consumed April to September, but it can be found March to November, in some locations. About 5% of production occurs on farms.

Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord
Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord (February 2, 1754 - May 17, 1838) was a French diplomat. He worked successfully from the regime of Louis XVI, through the French Revolution and then under Napoleon I, Louis XVIII and Louis-Philippe. Since the turn of the 19th century he was known simply as "Talleyrand". He is widely seen as one of the most versatile and influential diplomats in European history, although he was known to accept bribes from other European powers, especially while serving under Napoleon.

Pasteurization
Pasteurization (or pasteurisation) is a process of making foods spoil less. It is named after its inventor, Louis Pasteur. The first pasteurization was done by Louis Pasteur and Claude Bernard on April 20, 1862.
The basic idea is to decrease the number of (harmful) microorganisms to a level where they can no longer be harmful.
Unlike sterilization, pasteurization is not intended to kill all microorganisms in the food, as compared to appertization, invented by Nicolas François Appert. Instead, pasteurization wants to get a "log reduction" in the number of viable organisms. It wants to bring their number down so they are unlikely to cause disease (assuming the pasteurized product is kept in the refrigerator and consumed before its expiration date). Commercial scale sterilization of food is not common, because it adversely affects the taste and quality of the product.
Milk pasteurization.
Pasteurization is typically associated with milk, first suggested by Franz von Soxhlet in 1886. There are two widely used methods to pasteurize milk: high temperature/short time (HTST), and ultra-high temperature (UHT). HTST is by far the most common method. Milk simply labeled "pasteurized" (or "past") is usually treated with the HTST method, whereas milk labelled "ultra-pasteurized" or simply "UHT" must be treated with the UHT method. HTST involves holding the milk at a temperature of 161.5 degrees Fahrenheit (or 72 degrees Celsius) for at least 15 seconds. UHT involves holding the milk at a temperature of 280 °F or 138 °C for at least two seconds.
Pasteurization methods are usually standardized and controlled by national food safety agencies (such as the USDA in the United States and the Food Standards Agency in the United Kingdom). These agencies want milk to be HTST pasteurized in order to qualify for the "pasteurized" label. There are different standards for different dairy products, depending on the fat content and the intended usage. For example, the pasteurization standards for cream differ from the standards for fluid milk, and the standards for pasteurizing cheese are designed to preserve the phosphatase enzyme, which aids in curing the cheese.
The HTST pasteurization standard was designed to achieve a 5-log reduction (0.00001 times the original) in the number of viable microorganisms in milk. This is considered adequate for destroying almost all yeasts, mold, and common spoilage bacteria and also to ensure adequate destruction of common pathogenic heat-resistant organisms (including particularly Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which causes tuberculosis and Coxiella burnetii, which causes Q fever). HTST pasteurization processes must be designed so that the milk is heated evenly, and no part of the milk is subject to a shorter time or a lower temperature.
HTST pasteurized milk typically has a refrigerated shelf life of two to three weeks, whereas ultra pasteurized milk can last much longer when refrigerated, sometimes two to three months. When UHT pasteurization is combined with sterile handling and container technology, it can even be stored unrefrigerated for long periods of time.
Alternative pasteurization standards and raw milk.
In addition to the standard HTST and UHT pasteurization standards, there are other lesser-known pasteurization techniques. The first technique, called "batch pasteurization", involves heating large batches of milk to a lower temperature, typically 155 °F (68 °C). The other technique is called higher-heat/shorter time (HHST), and it lies somewhere between HTST and UHT in terms of time and temperature. Pasteurization causes some irreversible and some temporary denaturization of the proteins in milk.
In most legislations, double pasteurization is not allowed. A heat treatment at a lower temperature or for a shorter time is sometimes performed. Possibly, such milk could be called "raw milk" or, confusingly, "unpasteurized milk". It cannot be called "pasteurized", even though a significant number of pathogens are destroyed during the process.
In recent years, there has been some consumer interest in raw milk products, due to perceived health benefits. Advocates of raw milk maintain, correctly, that some components survive in milk that has not been pasteurized. Specifically, raw milk contains immunoglobulins and the enzymes lipase and phosphatase, which are inactivated by heat. Raw milk also contains vitamin B6 of which up to 20% may be lost on heat treatment. It is also claimed to contain beneficial bacteria which aid digestion and boost immunity.
Commercial distribution of packaged raw milk is not allowed in most US states.
Some doctors (and some raw milk advocates) acknowledge that certain people should not drink raw milk, including pregnant or breast-feeding mothers, those undergoing immunosuppression treatment for cancer, organ transplant, or autoimmune diseases; and those who are immunocompromised due to diseases like AIDS.
In fact, some doctors suggest that babies and breast-feeding mothers avoid all but UHT pasteurized dairy products.
In Africa, it is common to boil milk whenever it is harvested. This intense heating greatly changes the flavor of milk, which the people in Africa are accustomed to.
Are current standards adequate?
Milk pasteurization standards have been subject to increasing scrutiny in recent years, due to the discovery of pathogens that are both widespread and heat resistant (able to survive pasteurization in significant numbers). Researchers have developed more sensitive diagnostics, such as real-time PCR and improved culture methods, that have enabled them to identify pathogens in pasteurized milk.
"Note: The following paragraphs in this section discuss controversial, ongoing research."
One bacterium in particular, the organism "Mycobacterium avium" subspecies "paratuberculosis" (MAP), which causes Johne's disease in cattle and is suspected of causing at least some Crohn's disease in humans, has been found to survive pasteurization in retail milk in the U.S., the U.K., Greece, and the Czech Republic. The food safety authorities in the U.K. have decided to re-evaluate pasteurization standards in light of the MAP results and other evidence of harmful, pasteurization-resistant pathogens.
The USDA (which is responsible for setting pasteurization standards in the U.S.) has not re-evaluated their position on pasteurization adequacy. They do not dispute the studies, which are at this point accepted by the scientific community, but maintain that the presence of MAP in retail pasteurized milk must be due to post-pasteurization contamination. However, some researchers within the FDA, which is responsible for food safety in the U.S., have begun pushing for a re-evaluation of these results. There is a small but growing body of criticism directed at these agencies by Crohn's disease sufferers, scientists, and doctors. Some have suggested that the U.S. dairy industry has been successful in suppressing the agencies' response to a potential health crisis, for fear of consumer panic which would lead to a decrease in milk consumption. It is worth noting that while MAP has not been definitely proven to be harmful in humans, all other mycobacteria are pathogenic, and it has been definitively shown to cause disease in cattle and other ruminants.
A newer method called flash pasteurization involves shorter exposure to higher temperatures, and is claimed to be better for preserving color and taste in some products.
The term cold pasteurization is used sometimes for the use of ionizing radiation (see food irradiation) or other means (e.g. chemical) to kill bacteria in food. Food irradiation is also sometimes called "electronic pasteurization".

Soft cheese
Soft cheese (in French: "Fromage à pate molle") is cheese that does not get heated during production.
An example of soft cheese would be Brie.

Cult
A cult is a religious group of people. It is often a small, new founded religious movement. Cults have beliefs or practices that many people think of as being odd, or that have practices that most people in the world do not practice. Cults have been around for many years.
What religious group is or is not a cult is often only a matter of personal opinion. That opinion may change over time. What is at one point in time considered a cult may later be accepted as a religion. This is not always the case though. Certain cults gain popular acceptance and become religions while others are never accepted and remain cults.
Many religions today began as cults. As they got more followers and became more accepted in society, they became religions. There are also many religions that began as sects and over time became their own separate religion.
Because of how they are shown in the media (television, movies and news), many people hear the word "cult" and view them as being very bad. This may or may not be true.
Cults like Christian cults are groups that have some teachings that most Christians teach but may have some beliefs that are not taught in mainstream Christianity.

The Cult
The Cult is a English rock band. They formed in 1982 under the name Death Cult and later renamed to Southern Death Cult in 1983, then was again renamed to their current name The Cult.

James A. Michener
James Albert Michener (February 3, 1907 - October 16, 1997) was an American writer. He wrote such books as "Tales of the South Pacific", "Hawaii", "The Drifters", "Texas", and "Poland". Most of his 40 books are very large sagas. They are about the lives of many generations in a particular place. His non-fiction writings include the 1992 book "The World is My Home" and "Sports in America".
Michener wrote that he did not know who his parents were or exactly when and where he was born. He was raised by an adoptive mother, Mabel Michener, in Doylestown, Pennsylvania. Some have argued that Mabel was his birth mother. He graduated from Swarthmore College, where he played basketball, in 1929. He later studied at the Colorado State Teachers College. He taught there for several years. He also taught at Harvard University.
His writing career began during World War II. He was assigned to the South Pacific Ocean as a naval historian. He used his time there as the basis for "Tales of the South Pacific", his first book. This book was the basis for the musical "South Pacific".
Michener met his wife Mari while in Japan. His novel "Sayonara" is autobiographical.
On January 10, 1977, he was given the Presidential Medal of Freedom by Gerald R. Ford.
In his final years, he lived in Austin, Texas.

War of 1812
The War of 1812 was fought between the British Empire and the United States from 1812 to 1815 on land in North America and at sea. More than half of the British forces were made up of Canadian militia (volunteers)because British soldiers had to fight Napoleon in Europe. The British defeated the attacking American forces. In the end, the war created a greater sense of nationalism in both Canada and the United States.
The War.
Some people in the United States wanted to achieve full independence. Some people also wanted to expand into Canadian territory. The war began, when the United States started to attack the Canadian provinces in 1812 and 1813, but the borders were successfully defended by the British.
The final battle of the war took place in January of 1815. The British attacked New Orleans and were beaten by the Americans and General Andrew Jackson. The battle took place after the peace treaty had been signed. It was during this battle that a poem was written by an American soldier, Francis Scott Key. The poem was used as the new national anthem for the United States: "The Star Spangled Banner".
Peace.
The War of 1812 ended with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent on Dec 24, 1814, in Belgium. Both sides thought they had won, but no great changes took place. News of the peace treaty did not reach the US until after the battle in New Orleans in January 1815. There was no actual winner of the war, but many Americans say they won, and Canadians say they won and most British people don't really say anything about it.

Chandigarh
Chandigarh, also called "The Beautiful City", is a city in India. It is the capital of two states: Punjab and Haryana. However, it does not belong to either state. It is well known for its mixed cultural background and its fast development in the field of Information Technology. It has outlets of many famous multinational companies established here and is emerging as a hub for business development. The territory covers an area of 44 sq mi or 114 km², it is bigger than Montserrat but smaller than Jersey.

Convection
"A Convection current" is caused by the expansion of a liquid, solid or gas due to its rise in temperature. The material becomes less dense and rises. As it gets colder, it starts to fall or sink. This starts the cycle of a convection current. This only happens to fluids that are near an energy source that cause it to expand. For example, the movement of water in a pan is driven by a localized heat source. When cool water goes to an edge of a pie pan, the water is dense. It flows around and back to the center. As the water nears the hot metal, it warms again and rises as steam to repeat the cycle. The hot fluid becomes less dense and rises so molecules are carried to a new location. Energy in hot fluid transfers away, fluid contracts becoming more dense, and the fluid flows downward again. Another example are the clouds and the earth. The precipitation goes down, and the heat source makes it rise into the clouds again, which becomes a continuous cycle. The mass of fluid flowing in a circle is a convection cell. This is known as convection. Simply it is the movement of water from a heat energy source and density changes because the fluid's heat changes from the heat energy causing it to rise and sink.
Heat from within the earth create convection currents which cause the plates to move, perhaps by a few centimetres a year. Plates may either move away from, towards, or sideways past, neighbouring plates. It is also the transformation of water to vapour due to the earth's crust

Chipmunk
A chipmunk is a small squirrel-like rodent. About twenty-three species fall under this title, with one species in northeastern Asia, one in the eastern portions of Canada and the US, and all the rest native to the western part of North America.
The name may have originally been spelled "chitmunk" (perhaps from a Native American word meaning "red squirrel"). However, the earliest form comes from the Oxford English Dictionary (in 1842) as "chipmonk". Other early forms include "chipmuck" and "chipminck".
Chip 'n Dale, two Disney cartoon characters, are famous chipmunks in pop culture. Another such trio is Alvin, Simon and Theodore (created by Ross Bagdasarian).

Vicente Piccio, Jr.
Retired Major General Vicente M. Piccio (born on March 1, 1927 in Iloilo City, Iloilo) is an Italian-Filipino soldier in the army of the Philippines. He was Chief of the Philippine Air Force during the last years of the dictatorship of Marcos, notably during the 1986 EDSA revolution.

Piccio
Piccio is an Italian surname.

Donald Duck
Donald Duck is one of the most popular cartoon characters in the world. He was created by Walt Disney.
Donald is a white duck with an orange bill and legs. Many people think that Donald has been censored in Finland because he does not wear trousers, but it is an urban legend.
He was created in 1934 by an unknown designer. He was first seen in a cartoon on 9 June 1934.
According to Don Rosa's family tree, Donald Duck is Quackmore Duck and Orthensia McDuck's son. This makes him a nephew of Orthensia's brother, Scrooge McDuck. Donald Duck is more famous than many actors and actresses. He also appears in comic strips all over the world.

Montevideo
Montevideo is the capital and the largest city in Uruguay; it was founded by the Portuguese in 1717. It's best neighbourhood is called Carrasco. This neighbourhood is very exclusive due to its architectural styles.

Book of Esther
Esther is the name of a book in the Tanakh (the Hebrew Bible) and the Old Testament, and also its title heroine. It is the basis for the Jewish celebration Purim. The Book of Esther describes how a Persian king named Ahasuerus is tricked by his prime minister, Haman, to create a law killing all the Jews, and how Esther saves the Jews.

Clay
Clay is a type of soil that is sticky to touch. It is often used in the making of gardening pots.Depending on the type, it sometimes has a gritty texture, and is sometimes very smelly.Clays are also complex materials containing many different types of atoms, however, all clays contain large numbers of silicon(Si) and Oxygen(O) atoms, joined together to form silicate. They form when rocks are broken down or weathered. To make pottery, we clay (a plastic material) is moulded in shape, allowed to dry and then fired in a furnace or kiln.

Rifle
The rifle is a gun with a stock to brace against the shoulder and a barrel with twisting grooves. The grooves are called "rifling" and make bullets spin as they fly through the air.
Rifles are made to shoot many different sizes of bullets and different amounts of gun powder. Rifles are usually made to be able to hit targets far away from the shooter.
Modern rifles are made for many different purposes. Some are made for hunting animals. Some are made for soldiers to use in war. Some are made for police to have in case they need them. Some are made for target shooting.
Rifles can work in different ways. Some rifles have what is called a bolt action, where a small handle is used to move a part of the rifle, letting the shooter put a bullet in ready for firing and taking that bullet to the right place in the rifle. The rifle in the picture above is a bolt action. Some are semi-automatics, where several bullets are put in at once. When the trigger is pulled, the bullet is fired and the next one is brought into place. Some are fully automatic, which work like semi-automatics but allow the shooter to fire more than one bullet at a time by holding down the trigger.

Deuterocanonical books
Most Protestant Christian religions call the deuterocanonical books "the Apocrypha".

Sidekick
A sidekick is someone who regularly travels with, and helps, another person. In fiction, the other person is often a crimefighter or superhero, such as Batman and his sidekick Robin. Some people consider Sancho Panza, Don Quixote's ever-faithful companion, to be a type of sidekick, even though the book was written long before the word sidekick was invented.

Nicobar Islands
The Nicobar Islands are an island chain in the eastern Indian Ocean. They are part of India.
The Nicobar islands include 22 islands of different sizes. The largest one is Great Nicobar. The total land area of the chain is 1841 km². The highest point on the Nicobars is Mount Thullier at 642 m. The population of the islands was 42,026 in 2001, roughly 65% of whom are indigenous peoples (the Nicobarese and Shompen peoples, listed among the Scheduled Tribes of India), and 35% migrants from India and Sri Lanka.
The Nicobars are located southeast of the Indian subcontinent.They are separated form the subcontinent by the Bay of Bengal by about 1,300 km and are separated from the Andaman Islands to the north by the 150 km wide Ten Degree Channel and are 189 km from the Indonesian island of Sumatra to the southeast. The Andaman and Nicobar islands separate the Bay of Bengal from the Andaman Sea. Until the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, Indira Point, south of Great Nicobar, was the southernmost point in India.
The islands cluster into three groups. The northern group includes Car Nicobar (127 km²) and uninhabited Batti Malv (2 km²). The central group includes Chowra (8 km²), Teressa (101 km²), Poahat (13.3 km²), Katchal (174 km²), Camorta (188 km²), Nancowry (67 km²), and Trinket (86 km²); the Isle of Man and Tillangchong (17 km²) are uninhabited. Tillangchong is a wildlife sanctuary. The southern group includes Great Nicobar (1045 km²), Little Nicobar (157 km²), Kondul (4 km²) and Pulomilo (1 km²); the islets of Meroe, Trak, Treis, Menchal, Cubra, Pigeon, and Megapod are uninhabited. Megapod is a wildlife sanctuary.
Administratively the Islands are part of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, a Union Territory of India. The capital of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands territory is Port Blair on South Andaman. The Union Territory is divided into two districts, Andaman district and Nicobar district (the latter encompassing all of the Nicobars). The Indian Government presently restricts access to the Nicobars by special permit, and in general non-Indian citizens are forbidden from visiting the Nicobar Islands.

Andaman and Nicobar Islands
The Andaman and Nicobar Islands is a union territory of India. The name is often shortened to A & N Islands, or ANI. It is in the Indian Ocean, in the southern part of the Bay of Bengal. It is made of two island groups - the Andaman Islands and the Nicobar Islands - separating the Andaman Sea to the east, from the Indian Ocean. These two groups are separated by the 10° N parallel, the Andamans lying to the north of this latitude, and the Nicobars to the south. The capital of this territory is the Andamanese town of Port Blair.
The territory's population in the last (2001) Census of India was 356,152. Added together, the total land area of the territory is around 6,496 km² or 2,508 sq mi, it is larger than the Palestinian territories but smaller than Georgia territory of Abkhazia.

Kazan
Kazan (Tatar "Qazan", "Казан", Russian "Казань") is the capital city of Tatarstan and one of Russia's largest cities. It is a major industrial, commercial and cultural center, and remains the most important center of Tatar culture. Kazan lies at the confluence of the Volga (İdel) and Kazanka (Qazansu) rivers in central European Russia.
Name.
The origin of the name is unclear. The literal translation of Tatar qazan is a boiler or cauldron. Alternately, it may have been derived from qazğan, Tatar for "dug [ditch]".
"Qazan" is originally a name for a special cooking pan, a variant of a wok, but more solid and heavier. It was believed that the city of Kazan is named after this object because of its geographical similarity with a "qazan"-pan; namely the city is situated in a U - shape lowland.
Another, a more romantic legend tells a story of a Tatar princess Söyembikä, who dropped a golden dish (golden qazan) in to the river on which the city is located while washing it.
Nevertheless, Chuvash legends refer to Bulgarian prince "Khusan" (Chuvash rendering of Muslim name Hassan) and Chuvashes call this city Хусан after the name of this prince.

Tornado
A tornado is a tube of spinning air that touches the ground. Wind inside the tornado, spinning very fast, makes tornadoes very dangerous.
Tornadoes mostly happen during very strong thunderstorms called supercell storms. They cause a lot of damage to anything they touch. People die every year from tornadoes.
Tornadoes are ranked on the Fujita scale, from F0 to F5. F0 has the lowest wind speed, and F5 has the highest wind speed.
The United States of America has the most tornadoes every year, but tornadoes can happen in any country. If a tornado is coming, the safest thing to do is go to a basement or a bathroom with no windows. People should never be in a car or a mobile home when there is a tornado near.

Hard disk
A hard disk or hard disk drive (sometimes 'disk' is also spelled "disc") or hard drive, is something used by computers and other electronic devices to store information. Hard disks use magnets to store information. A hard disk is sometimes known by its acronym, HD, or HDD. The capacity of a hard drive is usually measured in gigabytes (GB). A gigabyte is one thousand megabytes and a megabyte is one million bytes, which means that a gigabyte is one billion bytes. Some hard drives are so large that their capacity is measured in terabytes, (TB) where one terabyte is a thousand gigabytes (1 TB = 1000 GB).
There are several different types of interface when dealing with hard drives. The most common (at the moment) is the IDE interface (also known as eIDE or ATA/133), which is found on most home desktop PCs. This interface has been around for a number of years, and though not the fastest, is the most widely used and (usually) the lowest priced. In recent years, the SATA interface has become more popular within the home PC market. This interface allows for faster data transfer rates and comes in several sub-categories, each with its own speed and protocols. SATA drives are usually marginally more expensive for the domestic consumer. For high-end applications (i.e. servers within businesses), the SCSI (pronounced 'scuzzy')interface is very popular. Again, there are several types of SCSI interface, each stepping-up in terms of speed and price. Within servers, several SCSI drives are often used in conjunction with each other, in order to safeguard against data loss or corruption (this is known as RAID - and there are many different configurations to choose from).
In addition to the above interfaces, Fibre Channel drives are now becoming more popular at the higher end of the market, however for your average domestic computer user, the choice for the moment lies between IDE and SATA.

Magnet
A magnet is a very special metal. When a magnet goes near some other metals or other magnets, and the poles (sides) touching are oppisite, it will pull, or "attract" the other metal or magnet closer. Also, if the two poles are the same, the two magnets will push away, or "repel", from each other. This is called "magnetism". Magnets can make some other metals into magnets when they are rubbed together, which is quite intresting. A "soft" or "impermanent" magnet is one which loses its memory of previous magnetizations. "Soft" magnetic materials are often used in electromagnets to enhance (often hundreds or thousands of times) the magnetic field of a wire that carries an electrical current and is wrapped around the magnet; the field of the "soft" magnet increases with the current. Permanent magnets occur naturally in some rocks, particularly lodestone, but are now more commonly manufactured. A magnet's magnetism decreases when it is heated and increases when it is cooled. It has to be heated at around 1000 degrees Celsius. There are only four magnetic metals - they are iron, nickel, steel and cobalt.

Manufacture
Manufacture is when people make things. It usually means people making very big, complicated things that take a lot of steps to finish. Often machines are involved in manufacture.
It involves much preparation into building or "manufacturing these products." It all starts with an idea.

By-product
A by-product is something that is made or produced while a product is manufactured in a factory. Usually, the by-product is not used, and it becomes waste that is put in a landfill or garbage dump. Sometimes by-products are toxic materials which are dangerous to humans, animals, and plants.
Some companies are trying to find ways to reuse or recycle the by-products, instead of putting them into landfill or garbage dumps as waste.
Animal "by-products" are produced by beef, pig, and chicken slaughterhouses. Animal by-products are the parts of the animals that cannot be eaten by humans. Animal by-products are sometimes included in non-human foods, such as pet food or animal feed (for farm animals).

Toxic waste
Toxic waste is any sort of waste that is harmful to people, plants, or animals, but usually it is said about waste that hurts people. Toxic wastes are usually liquid chemicals. They are made as by-products of making other things, usually by manufacturing but sometimes they are chemicals used for farming.

Space Runaway Ideon
Space Runaway Ideon is an animated television series from 1980. It lasted for 39 episodes before being canceled. It was originally aired in Japan, where it was well known. It also had two movies called "A Contact" and "Be Invoked".

Comic book
Comic books are books with comics, with pictures that make a story. They have small pictures and words to tell a story. Comics were started in the 1930's. Some famous examples are Spider-Man and Batman. Some comic companies are Marvel Comics and DC Comics.
Comic books are most often printed like magazines; folded sheets of paper with staples holding the pages together. Longer works, with a spine like a book, are more often called graphic novels.

Spider-Man
Spider-Man is a character in a comic book made by Marvel Comics. He was created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko. Spider-Man is a superhero with spider-like powers. Some of these powers are being able to cling to walls, produce webs, and have a "spider sense" that warns him when danger is coming. His real name is Peter Parker also known as "Pete". He is just an average man. He works for the Daily Bugle, a newspaper where his job is a photographer. He got his powers when he was bitten by a radioactive spider. He can sense danger with his "Spider-sense". There have been animated series and movies based on the character.
Publication.
The first time that Spider-Man aka Peter Parker appeared was in the last Amazing Fantasy comic book. Because of the success it had, Spider-Man obtains his own series called The Amazing Spider-Man.
History.
Peter Benjamin Parker was a 15-year-old boy. He has been an orphan since his parents, Richard and Mary Parker, were been killed in a plane crash. Peter will discover later that they were spies and worked for the US Government. He has been raised by his uncle Ben and his aunt May and has always been loved.
At Midtown High School, Peter is a brilliant student, who particularly loves sciences. His classmates don't really love him for that reason, and also because he is shy and out of the way. One day, he was at a museum watching Dr. Connors(who later becomes The lizard) preform a science experiment, he was bitten by a spider during this event. This spider had been hit by a ray during the issue and were radioactive. This event changed Peter into The Amazing Spider-Man.

Peanuts
Peanuts was a comic strip made by Charles M. Schulz. It was about a boy named Charlie Brown, his dog named Snoopy and all their many friends lives. It started in 1950 and ended in 2000 when Schulz died.

Eddie Cantor
Eddie Cantor (January 31, 1892 - October 10, 1964) was an American comedian, singer, actor, songwriter. He was the original singer of 1929 hit song "Makin' Whoopie".

Days of Our Lives
"Days of Our Lives" is a popular, TV show on the NBC television network, it is one hour long and is broadcast during the day. Betty and Ted Corday made the show in 1965. Two companies, Corday Productions and Sony Pictures Television make "Days of Our Lives". In November 2005, the show celebrated 40 years on TV.
"Days of Our Lives" takes place in the make-believe city of Salem. The main families on the show have the last names "Brady" and "Horton". Many good and bad things happened to the Brady family and the Horton family. One character named "Stephano DiMera" does some of the bad things that happen to characters on this show. Stephano is no longer on the show.
"Days of Our Lives" has many people around the world who like it. Some people who watch the show every day have made websites with information about the show. One popular website with information about Days of Our Lives is at http://www.soapoperafan.com/days/

Recorder
The recorder is a musical instrument that is a type of flute. It is shaped like a tube with one end bigger than the other end. A recorder player puts the bigger end in their mouth and blows into it.
In Europe, people started to play the recorder in medieval times. The recorder was often used by musicians to sound like bird songs. Purcell, Bach, Telemann and Vivaldi all wrote music for the recorder. By the 1900s very few people played the recorder. They liked the flute and other instruments better than the recorder. These instruments are louder than the recorder and are better for playing difficult music.
In the 1900s more people started to learn the recorder again. One reason was that people wanted to play old music on old kinds of instruments. A second reason was that the recorder is a good instrument for children to learn about music.
History of recorders.
Whistles are very old instruments. People have found some whistles that were made in the Iron Age. A recorder is a type of whistle. It has holes for seven fingers and one thumb. It also has one end bigger than the other. The first recorders were made in the 1500s. Some remains of these have been found in Germany, the Netherlands and Greece.
Many people played the recorder in Europe in the 1500s and 1600s. King Henry VIII of England had 76 recorders. William Shakespeare talks about recorders in his play "Hamlet" and John Milton talks about them in his poem "Paradise Lost". Recorders from that time are now called Renaissance recorders.
In the 1700s the people who made recorders tried new ways to make them sound better. They also wanted them to play more difficult music. Recorders from this time are called Baroque recorders. They were thinner than Renaissance recorders. They were also made in several parts that fitted together. In the picture at the top of the page, one of the recorders is in three parts.
In the 1800s people preferred to play the flute and clarinet instead of the recorder. Flutes are good for playing music which has a large range of notes. Flutes are also better for playing music which needs many chromatic notes.
In the 1900s people wanted to play old music with old kinds of instrument. In England, Arnold Dolmetsch was one of the people who was famous for this. Other musicians also began to play the recorder at serious music concerts. Some of these people were Frans Brüggen, Hans-Martin Linde, Bernard Kranis and David Munrow. In modern times, people have written new music for the recorder. Some of these people are Paul Hindemith, Luciano Berio, John Tavener, Michael Tippett, Benjamin Britten, Leonard Bernstein, Gordon Jacob and Edmund Rubbra.
The recorder is sometimes used in popular music. The Beatles played the recorder in their song "Fool on the Hill" and the Rolling Stones used a recorder in "Ruby Tuesday (song)".
Plastic recorders were invented in the 20th century. These are cheap. They are easy instruments to play simple music. Many schools use plastic recorders to teach music to children.
Kinds of recorder.
Recorders are made in different sizes. The lowest note of most recorders is either C or F. This is the note that is heard when the player covers all the finger holes and the thumb hole. The soprano recorder is the size of recorder which is usually played in schools, also known as a Descant. The lowest note of the soprano recorder is C. Some recorders are smaller than the soprano recorder but are not common. The alto recorder is bigger than the soprano recorder. Its lowest is F. The other main sizes are the tenor recorder (with lowest note C) and the bass (with lowest note F). Instruments larger than the bass are made but are not common. These include the Great Bass, Contrabass, Subgreatbass and Subcontrabass. Recorders higher than a soprano recorder include the Sopranino and Garklein recorders.
Recorder groups.
The recorder is a very social instrument. Many people enjoy playing in large groups. Groups often play music that is written for several different sizes of instrument. Often there is a separate musical part for soprano, alto, tenor and bass recorders. Some people play in recorder orchestras. These sometimes have 50 or 60 players with nine sizes of instrument.

Adolphe Sax
Antoine-Joseph (known as Adolphe) Sax (November 6, 1814 – February 4, 1894) was a French inventor (from a Belgian origin), best known for inventing the saxophone.

Unforgiven
Unforgiven is a 1992 western movie directed by and starring Clint Eastwood. It ranks #98 on AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies and won the Best Picture Academy Award.

Bucharest
Bucharest is the capital city of the country of Romania. It is the largest city in the country. The city has a population of 2.3 million people.

Tocantins
There are also some small Brazilian cities called "Tocantins".

Avalanche
An avalanche is a phenomenon of nature. It is linked to snow. When there is a lot of snow on a mountain, some of the snow may come down the mountain, for some reason. This is then called an avalanche. People talk about avalanches because they may be dangerous to skiers, and other people doing winter sports.
Big avalanches may carry stones, boulders and trees with them. They may bury people under them. If the people are not found rapidly enough by rescue teams they will die of suffocation (not getting enough air) or of hypothermia (freezing cold).
European avalanche risk table.
In Europe, the avalanche risk is widely rated on the following scale, which was adopted in April 1993 to replace the earlier non-standard national schemes. Descriptions were last updated in May 2003 to enhance uniformity.

Foot (unit of length)
Foot is a unit of measurement of length (how long something is). It is one of the U.S. customary and imperial units. Sometimes it is called a "U.S. foot" because it is used most often in the United States. It is called a foot, because it is about the size of a man's foot.
In some countries, people often measure height (how tall a person is) in feet and inches. If a person is "five foot eleven", this means that person is 5 feet and 11 inches, or about 180 centimeters. The height is written "5'11".
The abbreviation for (the short way of writing) "foot" is ' or ft.

Acre
An acre is an English unit of area, which is also used in the United States and some Commonwealth countries. It is most often used to describe areas of land.
Originally, it was seen as the area of land a farmer could plough with an ox in a day. Since this definition depended on the farmer and the ox, it looked variable. Therefore, Edward I, Edward III, Henry VIII and George IV passed laws fixing its size. The Commonwealth countries, including the United states then also introduce these laws.

Erfurt massacre
The Erfurt massacre was a series of shootings that happened at the Gutenberg Gymnasium in Erfurt, Germany, on April 26, 2002.
A boy that had been expelled from the school, Robert Steinhäuser, was the person who did all the shooting. In anger, he came into the Gymnasium, and shot dead 13 teachers, two students, and a police officer. After a teacher caught him and put Robert in an empty room, Robert shot and killed himself.
In total, 17 people were killed that day.

Gymnasium (school)
The Gymnasium is a form of higher education in Western Europe, especially in Germany.
Other meanings.
In North America and in Britain, a "gymnasium" (or gym) is a large room in a school or community center where people can do exercises, do gymnastics, and play indoor sports such as volleyball and basketball.

Huascarán
Huascarán is the highest mountain in Peru, and the fourth-highest mountain in South America. The top of it is 22,205 feet (6,768 meters) high. It is located in the Ancash Region of Peru. Huascarán has turned into a tourist attraction for mountain climbers.
The mountain is all that is left of an ancient volcano. The volcano is now extinct, and has been getting smaller and smaller. As recently as 1970, the Ancash Earthquake caused a big part of the mountain to crumble and fall off. That part of the mountain was all rock and ice, and it killed almost 17,000 people in small towns around the mountain.

Australian Rules Football
Australian rules football is a sport created in Australia. It is the national sport and is the most popular sport in Australia.The main league of Australian rules football is the Australian Football League.
History.
Prior to the arrival of Europeans to Australia, Indigenous Australians played a form of the game where two groups of men would kick a possum skin "ball" around. The Aborigines would drop the ball onto their foot to kick it, and if a person caught the ball on the full he would get a free kick. It was noted that some players jumped as high as five foot to take spectacular catches, much like modern day players soaring for a mark.
In 1858, Tom Wills, a former student of the Rugby school and Cambridge College, created a set of football rules that were like a cross between rugby, soccer and Gaelic football. He made up the game for cricketers to keep in shape during the off-season (winter). Wills had help in making up the game from other people like his cousin H.C.A. Harrison, and W.J. Hammersly and J.B. Thompson.
Wills grew up with Indigenous Australians. He spoke the language of the people who lived near him and played with the children. It has been suggested that Australian Rules Football is based in part on "Marn Grook", an Aboriginal game with some similar rules to Australian Rules Football. Because the indigenous people Wills payed with as a child would have played "Marn Grook", Wills would have been influenced by this game when creating the rules for Australian Rules Football.
The Melbourne Football Club was founded on 14 May 1859; the Melbourne Football Club is one of the oldest surviving football clubs in the world. A game of football was played between Scotch College and Melbourne Grammar School. It was played over three days on an oval next to the present day Melbourne Cricket Ground, and the two schools have played an annual game ever since. This game became known as Melbourne Rules Football, one of many local varieties of football that existed at that time, another notable one being Sheffield Rules Football. Then following its decision to not join either the association rules (1863) or rugby rules (1871), it became known as Victorian Rules, although it still resembled closely to the former two rule sets. Than in the 1880s as rugby and association rules began to diverge in a much greater way, Victorian Rules which resembled the 1850s type of football that both rugby and the association had based their rules on remained much the same except for moving to oval fields from rectangular fields and eventually introducing more posts. Than Victorian Rules proclaimed that it was now "Australian Rules", although people from NSW and QLD reject this name utterly.
The Victorian Football League (VFL) was created in 1896. The next year, the first official games were played. The first clubs were Carlton, Collingwood, Essendon, Fitzroy, Geelong, Melbourne, St Kilda, and South Melbourne. In 1908, Richmond and University joined. University left after the 1914 season. In 1925, Footscray, Hawthorn and North Melbourne joined the VFL.
In 1990 the Victorian Football League was changed to the Australian Football League (AFL). Footscray changed its name to the Western Bulldogs in 1997. North Melbourne changed to the Kangaroos in 1999, but changed back in 2008.
About.
Football is the most popular sport in Australia, with crowd attendances of 50-80,000 people common to normal home and away matches and capacity crowds of 100,000 people at the home of football the MCG during the finals and special matches.
There are 16 teams in the AFL. Each team has 22 players during game day with team lists of 40-45 players.During the game, each team has 18 players on the field, consisting of 6 forwards, 3 centres, 6 backmen, and 3 followers. The 4 remaining players are reserves the can interchange with any other player in the team as often as the coach wants.
Every game consists of 4 quarters, being 20 minutes and overtime (stoppage time, time-keepers acting upon central umpire signals to determine how long). After every quarter the teams swap direction. The quarter is started when the umpire blows his whistle and bounces the ball in the middle of the field (similar to a basketball "tip")and opposing players try to tap or punch the ball to their team-mates.
The idea of the game is to kick more goals than the other team. At each end of the field are 4 poles. Players score points by kicking the ball between the poles. A goal is a kick between the centermost posts. It is worth 6 points. A "Behind" (worth 1 point) is a kick that goes between the outer posts. Players can bounce the ball and hit it with their hand (handball it) to other players.
It is the only "football" code where the major score can ONLY be scored with the foot.

Australian Football League
The Australian Football League (AFL) is the Australian national league in the sport of Australian Rules Football. The league is the most popular sports competition in Australia. In 2005 6,283,788 people watched a game in a stadium.
It was known as the Victorian Football League from 1897 to 1989, when it changed its name to the Australian Football League, after Australian rules football became a national sport.
The 16 teams play against each other in 22 rounds between late March and early September. These matches are followed by a series of finals matches which end up in the two best teams playing off for the premiership in the AFL Grand Final, one of the largest domestic club championship events in the world.
The chief executive is Andrew Demetriou.
National Competition.
In 2006, there are nine clubs from Melbourne, one from Victoria's second largest city, Geelong, two teams from South Australia, two from Western Australia and one each from Sydney, New South Wales and Brisbane, Queensland.
AFL is the dominant league in television, print and radio news in Victoria, South Australia, Western Australia, Northern Territory and Tasmania. Also Australian rules football is the most participated football code in these states and territories.
The popularity of AFL is getting bigger in the states of New South Wales and Queensland. This happened after the finals being won by the Brisbane Lions (2001, 2002 and 2003) and Sydney Swans (2005). With the success of these sides, interest in Australian rules football has grown rapidly in these states in recent years.
Together, the non-Victorian teams have won 10 of the last 15 premierships. The last 3 AFL grand finals have been contested solely by non-Victorian sides
Legends of the Game.
In 1996, twelve Hall of Fame members were declared "Legends of the Game". Now, each year another member of the Hall of Fame is declared a legend. The following is a list of "Legends of the Game".

Urbain Grandier
Urbain Grandier (born 1590 in Bouère, Mayenne, France; died April 18,1634 in Loudun, France) was a free-thinking cleric. A satirical publication against Richelieu was attributed to him. After this, Pierre-Martin de Laubardement, a statesman was charged to lead the process against Grandier in 1633. He was charged of having bewitched the ursuline nuns of Loudun. They became obsessed by him. His friend, Claude Quillet agreed to defend him in court, but without success.
He was condemned to burn at the stake as a witch in 1634.

Stake
A stake is a long wooden pole. The Catolic Church used it to fix victims to it. Those were witches and warlocks to be burnt, usually for witchcraft.

Cardinal Richelieu
Armand Jean du Plessis, better known as Cardinal Richelieu (9 September 1585–4 December 1642) was a French clergyman, noble, and statesman.
He was consecrated as a bishop in 1607. He later entered politics and became a Secretary of State in 1616. Richelieu soon rose in both the Church and the state. He became a Cardinal in 1622. He became King Louis XIII's chief minister in 1624. He remained in office until his death in 1642; then Jules Cardinal Mazarin became chief minister.
The Cardinal de Richelieu was often known by the title of the King's "Chief Minister". As a result, he is sometimes said to be the world's first Prime Minister. He sought to consolidate royal power and crush domestic factions. By restraining the power of the nobility, he transformed France into a strongly centralised state. His chief foreign policy objective was to check the power of the Austro-Spanish Habsburg dynasty; although a Roman Catholic cardinal, he did not hesitate to make alliances with Protestant rulers. With these alliances, he tried to achieve this goal. His tenure was marked by the Thirty Years' War that engulfed Europe.
As an advocate for Samuel de Champlain and of the keeping of Quebec, he founded the Compagnie des Cent-Associés and saw the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye return Quebec to French rule under de Champlain, after the settlement had been captured by the Kirkes in 1629. This in part allowed the colony to eventually develop into the heartland of French-speaking culture in North America.
Richelieu was also famous for his patronage of the arts; most notably, he founded the Académie française, the learned society responsible for matters of the French language. Richelieu is also known by the sobriquet "l'Éminence rouge" ("the Red Eminence"), from the red shade of a cardinal's vestments and the style "eminence" as a cardinal.

Belaying
Belaying is a way to hold and control a rope for a person who is rock climbing. A climber has to be attached to a rope so they do not fall very far. A person on the ground who is belaying is called a "belayer".
The belayer usually puts the rope through a "belay device", which lets the rope move through the device in one direction (as the climber being belayed goes up). If the climber falls, the device lets the belayer also hold the rope still, so the climber hangs in the air but does not hit the ground.
The belayer can hold the whole weight of the climber by using only a little force, and can even stop a long fall.

AFI's 100 Years... 100 Thrills
Part of the AFI 100 Years... series, AFI's 100 Years... 100 Thrills is a list of the top 100 thrilling movies in American cinema. The American Film Institute presented it on June 12, 2001.

South Vietnam
South Vietnam is a former country, located in the south of present-day Vietnam, that existed from 1954 to 1976. The country lay south of the local Demilitarized Zone, and North Vietnam was situated to the north of it.
As the Republic of Vietnam, it was ruled first by the unpopular Ngo Dinh Diem (Ngô Đình Diệm) and then by a military dictatorship.
The division of Vietnam took place during the Geneva Conference of 1954.

Robert Ludlum
Robert Ludlum (May 25 1927 - March 12 2001) was an American writer. He is best known as the author of "The Bourne Identity" from 1980, which was made into a movie in 2001.

1170s
Centuries: 11th century - 12th century - 13th century
Decades: 1120s 1130s 1140s 1150s 1160s - 1170s - 1180s 1190s 1200s 1210s 1220s
Years: 1170 1171 1172 1173 1174 1175 1176 1177 1178 1179

Arab people
The Arabs (Arabic: إمساك ʻarab) are an originally Arabian ethnicity widespread in the Middle East and North Africa.
Who is an Arab.
There are many people who can be called Arabs by these points who do not think of themselves as Arab.
Traditional genealogy.
In Islamic and Jewish tradition, Arabs are a Semitic people who trace their ancestry from Ishmael, a son of the ancient patriarch Abraham and Hagar. Medieval Arab genealogists separate the Arabs into two groups: the "original Arabs" of South Arabia, descending from Qahtan (identified with the biblical Joktan) and the "Arabized Arabs" (musta`ribah) of North Arabia, descending from Adnan, supposed to be a son of Ishmael.

Mebibyte
A Mebibyte is a unit of measure. It represents 1024 * 1024 bytes.
A mebibyte (a contraction of mega binary byte) is a unit of information or computer storage, abbreviated MiB.
The mebibyte is closely related to the megabyte (MB). This can either be a synonym for mebibyte, or refer to 106 bytes = 1,000,000 bytes, depending on context (see binary prefix for background). The two numbers are relatively close together, but mistaking the two has nevertheless occasionally led to problems.
The unit was defined by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) in December 1998. Use of mebibyte and related units is strongly endorsed by IEEE and CIPM and is slowly becoming more common.
One mebibyte equals 1024 (= 210) kibibytes, and 1024 mebibytes equal one gibibyte.
Mibibyte is a common misspelling, presumably from the "i" in the abbreviation or confusion about how the surrounding prefixes (i.e. "kibi" and "gibi") were actually formed. The "i" is actually from the end of the prefix. Tebi- and pebi- are similarly abbreviated Ti- and Pi-, but they are not usually misspelled, as storage sizes (and corresponding terms) currently are only this large in specialized situations.

Clergy
Clergy are people who have an office in a Christian church or other religion.Clergy would also give the king advice on war.

Acre (state)
Acre is a state in the North Region of Brazil. It borders other two states, Amazonas and Rondônia, and two countries, Bolivia and Peru. Its capital city is Rio Branco and other important cities are: Cruzeiro do Sul, Tarauacá, Sena Madureira, and Brasiléia.
The state is mostly covered by jungle of Amazon Rainforest. There are many rivers in Acre, some of them are Juruá, Purus River, Acre River, Tarauacá, Muru, Embirá, and Xapuri.
The economy is based on agriculture, cattle animal husbandry, and extractivism of rubber and chestnut.
Until the start of the 20th century, Acre was a territory of Bolivia. But, since the 19th century, most people from Acre were Brazilian people, and they created an independent state.
In 1889, the Bolivians tried to control the area again and there were fights.
In november 17, 1903, Acre become a Brazilian territory and in june 15, 1962 it was unified and became a state.

Roller coaster
The roller coaster (some people say the simple form coaster) is a kind of amusement ride. A roller coaster is like a train. It has a number of carriages that travel on a set of tracks. This track has hills and valleys, and sometimes has other features that will turn the train upside-down. The track can be made from wood or steel. Some roller coasters are made for children, so they do not travel very fast. Other roller coasters are made very tall and they travel very fast.
Science.
A roller coaster works because of gravity, a force that pulls things down to the ground. Most roller coaster trains are pulled to the top of a hill with a machine. The train will slide down the track, which has a number of hills and valleys. As it slides down a hill, it will travel faster.
History.
In the 18th century, the people of Russia made mountains of ice in the winter. The people rode down the slopes for fun. In the United States, LaMarcus Adna Thompson patented the first roller coaster on January 20, 1865. He named his ride the "Switchback Railway," and workers pulled the carriage to the top of the track.

Zimbabwe dollar
The Zimbabwe dollar is the currency for Zimbabwe. Currently, Zimbabwe has the highest rate of inflation in the world. The rate of inflation grew to 231,150,888.87% in July 2008.

Bahia
Bahia is a state in the Northeast Region of Brazil, on the Atlantic Ocean coast.
Geography.
Its capital city is Salvador. Other cities where many people live are Feira de Santana, Vitória da Conquista, Itabuna, Ilhéus, and Juazeiro. 90% of the state land is 200 m above the sea level and Francisco River is its biggest river. Salvador was the capital of Brazil from 1549 until 1763.
Economy.
Bahia is the sixth richest Brazilian state. Its economy is based on industry, agriculture, animal husbandry, tourism,mining and services.

Body modification
Body modification (or body alteration) is when a person changes their body in a way that lasts forever or for a long time. There are many different kinds of body modification, like piercing, circumcision, or tattoos. Almost all cultures do some kind of body modification.
Arguments.
People who do not like body modification sometimes call it "disfigurement" or "mutilation." They believe that if someone changes their body, it is wrong and they are doing something dangerous or unethical.
Why people do body modification.
Body modification is done for different reasons. Religions might tell people that they should change their bodies to look a certain way. Other people with body modifications might just like the way the body modifications look, or how they feel good during sex.

Serial killer
Serial killers are people who murder several people at different times (similar killers of more than one person are mass murderers and spree killers). Their victims are usually people the serial killer does not know, and the motive is usually for how killing people makes them feel, not robbery or revenge, or any of the other reasons most murders happen.
"Serial killer" first became a commonly used phrase for this kind of killers in the 1970s. This was the result of the crimes of people like Ted Bundy and David Berkowitz ("Son of Sam"). Jack the Ripper is thought by many to be one of the first serial killers that many people knew about, even though his victims were killed long before the phrase was invented.
Some of the worst serial killers have been doctors. Harold Shipman, a British general practitioner, is thought to have killed up to 250 of his patients. John Bodkin Adams, also British, is thought to have killed 163 patients.

World Wide Fund for Nature
The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) is an international environmental organization based in Switzerland. Their mascot is the Giant Panda.It is the world's largest independent conservation organization with over 5 million supporters worldwide, working in more than 90 countries, supporting 15,000 conservation and environmental projects around the world. It is a charity, with approximately 90% of its funding coming from voluntary donations by private individuals and businesses.
The group says its mission is "to halt and reverse the destruction of our natural environment".[4] Currently, much of its work focuses on the conservation of three biomes that contain most of the world's biodiversity: forests, freshwater ecosystems, and oceans and coasts. Among other issues, it is also concerned with endangered species, pollution and climate change. The organization runs more than 1,200 field projects worldwide in any given year.

Deforestation
Deforestation is when forests are lost because people want to make farms and cities. Without the forest, the animals habitats are lost and most animals die.
Forests are often planted to protect against natural disasters. When forests are lost, very often the soil they protected is also lost. This loss of soil is often called erosion. We give out carbon dioxide when we breathe and plants and trees take it in by photosnythesis. If we cut down all the trees, then carbon dioxide will float into the atmosphere rather than extracting it environmentally.

Scuba diving
Scuba Diving is a sport where people (called "scuba divers", or simply "divers") can swim underwater for a long time, using a tank filled with air. The tank is a large metal cylinder made of steel or aluminum. The divers have special equipment to control whether they float or sink. They also use a Regulator. A regulator is a piece of equipment which connects to the tank, and controls how much air is sent from the tank to the diver. It helps the diver to breathe in from the tank, and out to the water.
Divers also use other equipment. They wear a mask to see through, fins on their feet to swim better, and sometimes a wetsuit to keep them warm under water.
The word Scuba is an acronym from Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus.

Capillary
A capillary is a single celled blood vessel. It does not have the muscular/elastic tissue of other blood vessels. It has a single celled wall to help substances be transported through organisms.
Capillaries are small, and smaller than any other blood vessels. They are about 5-10 μms big, which connect arterioles and venules, and enable the moving of water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and many other nutrient and waste chemical stuff between blood and surrounding tissues.
Anatomy.
Blood moves from the heart to arteries, which branch and narrow into smaller arteries, and then branch more into capillaries. After oxygen has been moved to the tissue, capillaries join and widen to become small veins and then widen more to become veins, which return blood to the heart.
The "capillary bed" is the network of capillaries supplying an organ. The more metabolically active the cells, the more capillaries it will require to supply nutrients and carry away waste products.
Special arteries connect between arterioles and venules and are important in bypassing the the flow of blood through the capillaries. True capillaries come from mainly from metarterioles and provide movement between cells and the circulation. The width of 8 μm forces the red blood cells to partly fold into bullet-like shapes in order to bypass them in single file.
Precapillary muscles are rings of smooth muscles at the start of true capillaries that handle blood flow into true capillaries and control blood flow through a body part or area.
Physiology.
The capillary wall is a one-layer tissue so thin that gas and and other items such as oxygen, water, proteins and fats can pass through them driven by osmotic|pressure differences. Waste items such as carbon dioxide and urea can move back into the blood to be carried away for removal from the body.
The capillary bed usually moves no more than 25% of the amount of blood it could contain, although this amount can be increased through auto regulation by making the smooth muscle relax in the arterioles that lead to the capillary bed as well as metarterioles making themselves smaller.
The capillaries do not have this smooth muscle in their own wall, and so any change in their width is passive. Any signaling molecules they release (such as endothelin for constriction and nitric oxide for dilation) act on the smooth muscle cells in the walls of nearby, larger vessels, e.g. arterioles.
Capillary's ability to move items can be increased by the release of certain cytokines, such as in an the body defending itself form germs.

Viriato Clemente da Cruz
Viriato Clemente da Cruz, an Angolan poet and politician, was born in 1928 in Kikuvo (Porto Amboim), Angola and died in Beijing, China on 13 June 1973.
He is considered one of the most important Angolan poets of his time. He wrote poems in Portugese and Angolan languages. He took part in the fight to free Angola from Portugese rulers.
Political work.
He was educated in Luanda, the capital of Angola, which was then ruled by Portugal. As a young man in 1957 he went to Paris, where he met Mario Pinto de Andrade, another Angolan poet and politician, who helped with his political ideas. In the 1960s they helped create the group called the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA--from the Portuguese name "Movimento Pela Libertação de Angola").
The MPLA was in not in Angola at this time, but was first in Conackry (the capital of Guinea) and then later in Leopoldville, Congo (now Kinshasa the capital of the DRC). Viriato da Cruz became secretary-general of the MPLA. After some time he and others, did not agree with some people in the group and this led to fighting in the streets of Leopoldville.
Exiled in China.
Viriato da Cruz went to Beijing, China in the 1960s because of the fighting in the MPLA. At first, the Chinese government welcomed him. He was well-known because he had helped create the MPLA. The Chinese wanted Viriato da Cruz to help them bring Maoist socialism to Africa.
This was a big problem for Viriato and his family. His ideas were not the same as the Maoists. He thought that stronger countries can not bring a socialist revolution to other places. He was very brave and did not change his ideas. This was against the Chinese Maoist idea of world revolution.
Viriato da Cruz wanted to leave China and return to Africa, but the Chinese government would not let him go and they were not good to him. This may be because he could have made trouble for their work in Africa.
Last years of life.
The last years of the life of Viriato da Cruz were unhappy and difficult. He was weak, without much food, and he died on 13 Jun 1973. His dead body was taken away in a military vehicle and his burial was without any ceremony.
Some Angolan people think that this was shocking, because Viriato da Cruz worked hard for Angola and was one of the leaders of the liberation from Portugal.
Principal books.
Poems (1961). Among these poems, "Namoro", "Sô Santo" and "Makézu" are well-known.

Mollusc
Molluscs or mollusks are invertebrate animals. Most of them live underwater (most of them in or near the ocean).

Sponge
A sponge is a very simple kind of animal. It lives in the ocean. It has quite a few channels, which grow thinner all the time. It feeds from pumping water through, and lives off what is in that water. It is a filter feeder. Sponges are stationary, they are fixed to some kind of support. The larvae of the sponges can move about, though. The tissue of the sponges has very little structure. There are no organs, no nerves, no muscles and no brain.
There are over 5000 different kinds of sponges currently known. Sponges can be found from the tidal zone to the abysmal zone, to a depth of about 8,500 meters.
All sponges have a distinct sex, or they are hermaphrodites. They can reproduce both sexually and asexually.
People have used sponges (collected and dried) for a long time. They usually wash with a sponge.
Different kinds of sponges.
There are 3 different kinds of sponges. The difference between these kinds is in how their skeleton is made.
Demosponges.
This class contains most of the sponges. The sponges in this class make their skeleton from spongin. Spongin is a special protein. All the large sponges are in this order.
Bony sponges.
The first kind is the sponges that use calcium-carbonate to make the skeleton, their internal hard structure. They are known as "Calcarea". They are usually very small, only 3-4 inches in height. Of the about 15.000 sponges known, about 400 are Calcarea.
Glass sponges.
The second kind of sponges use silicon dioxide to make their skeletons. They are often called "Glass sponges" ("Hexactinellida"). Most of these live in great depths in the ocean. There are about 500 different kinds of glass sponges, in 17 different families. These sponges make for about 7% of all known sponges.

Kibibyte
A kibibyte is a unit of information or computer storage. A kibibyte is 1024 bytes, 1024 kibibytes are a mebibyte.

Amplitude
The amplitude or peak amplitude of a wave is a measure of how big its oscillation is. Amplitudes are always positive numbers (for example: 3.5, 1, 120) and are never negative (for example: -3.5, -1, -120). Amplitudes are positive because distance can only be greater than zero or equal to zero; negative distance does not exist.
The distance from the top of one peak to the bottom of another is called "peak-to-peak amplitude". Another way to describe peak-to-peak amplitude is to say that it is the distance between the maximum positive value and the maximum negative value of a wave.

Ska
Ska is a kind of popular music from Jamaica that was developed in the 1950s. Ska music played at a slower tempo turned into reggae in the late 1960s.
How it sounds.
Ska music bands include singers, electric guitars, electric bass guitar, piano, organ, saxophone, and trombone.
In ska, the electric guitar and piano normally play short chords on the off-beat. If you go "one and two and three and four", the off-beat is the "And".
In ska, the singer does a style of Jamaican singing called "toasting." When a singer is "toasting", they make sounds, repeat words, invent rhymes, and shout into the microphone. The Jamaican "toasting" style of singing and talking turned into rap music in the 1980s.
How Ska musicians dress.
Musicians who play ska dress in hats and suits. Many ska bands wear clothes with a chessboard pattern of black and white squares. This pattern symbolizes the way that ska music mixes of Black and White musicans and styles of music.
1980s Ska Revival.
Even though ska was developed in the 1950s, it became popular again in the 1980s in Britain. In the 1980s, ska bands such as The Specials, The Selecter, The English Beat (known just as "The Beat" in England), and Madness played ska music.
1990s Ska mixed with punk rock.
In the 1990s, some bands mixed ska music with Punk rock to make ska-punk. This kind of ska music is from England and the United States. Some pop-punk bands from the 1990s mixed pop-punk with ska-punk.

Braille
The braille system is a way of writing things. It is named after Louis Braille. It is a method that is widely used by blind people to read and write. Each braille character or "cell" is made up of six dot positions. The positions are set up in a rectangle. The rectangle is made of two columns of three dots each. A dot may be raised at any of the six positions. With this, it is possible to make sixty-four different letters. For reference purposes, a particular combination may be described by naming the positions where dots are raised, the positions being universally numbered 1 through 3 from top to bottom on the left, and 4 through 6 from top to bottom on the right. For example, dots 1-3-4 would describe a cell with three dots raised, at the top and bottom in the left column and on top of the right column.
The braille system was based on a method of communication originally developed by Charles Barbier. He made it because Napoleon wanted a code that soldiers could use to exchange messages silently and without light at night called night writing. Barbier's system was too complex for soldiers to learn. It was rejected by the military; in 1821 he visited the National Institute for the Blind in Paris, France, where he met Louis Braille. Louis identified the major failing of the code, which was that the human finger could not encompass the whole symbol without moving, and so could not move rapidly from one symbol to another. His change was to use a 6 dot cell — the braille system — which revolutionized written communication for the blind.
The Braille alphabet.
Braille can be seen as the world's first binary character encoding. The system as originally invented by Braille consists of two parts
Today different braille codes (or code pages) are used to map character sets of different languages to the six bit cells. Different braille codes are also used for different uses like mathematics and music.
In addition to simple encoding modern braille transcription uses contractions to increase reading speed. (See: Grade 2 Braille)
The Braille cell.
Braille generally consists of cells of 6 raised dots arranged in a grid of two dots horizontally by three dots vertically. The dots are conventionally numbered 1, 2, 3 from the top of the leftward column and 4, 5, 6 from the top of the rightward column.
The presence or absence of dots gives the coding for the symbol.
Dot height is approximately 0.02 inches (0.5 mm); the horizontal and vertical spacing between dot centers within a braille cell is approximately 0.1 inches (2.5 mm); the blank space between dots on adjacent cells is approximately 0.15 inches (3.75 mm) horizontally and 0.2 inches (5.0 mm) vertically. A standard braille page is 11 inches by 11 inches and typically has a maximum of 40 to 42 braille cells per line and 25 lines.
Encoding.
As originally conceived by Louis Braille, a sequence of characters, using the top 4 dots of the braille cell, represents letters "a" through "j". Dot 3 is added to each of the "a" through "j" symbols to give letters "k" through "t". Both of the bottom dots (dots 3 and 6) are added to the symbols for "a" through "e" to give letters "u", "v", "x", "y", and "z". The letter "w" is an exception to the pattern because French did not make use of the letter "w" at the time Louis Braille devised his alphabet, and thus he had no need to encode the letter "w".
English braille codes the letters and punctuation, and some double letter signs and word signs directly, but capitalisation and numbers are dealt with by using a prefix symbol. In practice, braille produced in the United Kingdom does not have capital letters.
There are braille codes for representing shorthand (produced on a machine which embosses a paper tape) and for representing mathematics (Nemeth Braille) and musical notation (braille music).
Writing braille.
Braille can be made using a "slate" and a "stylus" in which each dot is created from the back of the page, writing in mirror image, by hand, or it may be produced on a braille typewriter or "Perkins Brailler", or produced by a braille embosser attached to a computer. It may also be rendered using a refreshable braille display.
Braille has been extended to an 8 dot code, particularly for use with braille embossers and refreshable braille displays. In 8 dot braille the additional dots are added at the bottom of the cell, giving a matrix 4 dots high by 2 dots wide. The additional dots are given the numbers 7 (for the lower-left dot) and 8 (for the lower-right dot). 8-dot braille has the advantages that the case of an individual letter is directly coded in the cell containing the letter and that all the printable ASCII characters can be represented in a single cell. All 256 possible combinations of 8 dots are encoded by the Unicode standard. Braille with six dots is frequently stored as braille ASCII.
Other symbols.
The question mark is dots 2,3,6 which you may notice is the same as the opening quotation mark. Therefore the placement of the dots -before a word or after a word- will determine which symbol it is.
Opening and closing parentheses are shown with the same symbol. Therefore, the placement context will determine whether the parentheses is opening or closing.
Unicode rendering table.
The Unicode standard encodes 8-dot Braille glyphs according to their binary appearance, rather than following the alphabetic order of any particular convention.
Braille transcription.
Although it is possible to transcribe braille by simply substituting the equivalent braille character for its printed equivalent, such a character-by-character transcription (known as "Grade 1 Braille") is used only by beginners.
Braille characters are much larger than their printed equivalents, and the standard 11" by 11" (28 cm × 28 cm) page has room for only 25 lines of 40 characters. To reduce space and increase reading speed, virtually all braille books are transcribed in what is known as "Grade 2 Braille," which uses a system of contractions to reduce space and speed the process of reading. As with most human linguistic activities, Grade 2 Braille embodies a complex system of customs, styles, and practices. The Library of Congress's "Instruction Manual for Braille Transcribing" runs to nearly 200 pages. Braille transcription is skilled work, and braille transcribers need to pass certification tests.
In English, the system of Grade 2 Braille contractions begins with a set of 23 words which are contracted to single characters. Thus the word "but" is contracted to the single letter "b," "can" to "c", "do" to "d", and so on. Even this simple rule creates issues requiring special cases; for example, "d" is, specifically, an abbreviation of the verb "do;" the noun "do" representing the note of the musical scale is a different word, and must be spelled out.
Portions of words may be contracted, and many rules govern this process. For example, the character with dots 2-3-5 (the letter "f" lowered in the braille cell) stands for "ff" when used in the middle of a word. At the beginning of a word, this same character stands for the word "to" although the character is written in braille with no space following it. At the end of a word, the same character represents an exclamation point.
The contraction rules take into account the linguistic structure of the word; thus, contractions are not to be used when their use would alter the usual braille form of a base word to which a prefix or suffix has been added. And some portions of the transcription rules are not fully codified and rely on the judgement of the transcriber. Thus, when the contraction rules permit the same word in more than one way, preference is given to "the contraction that more nearly approximates correct pronunciation."
"Grade 3 Braille" is a system that includes many additional contractions, almost a shorthand; it is not used for publication, but is used mostly for individuals for their personal convenience.
The current series of Canadian banknotes have raised dots on the banknotes that indicate the denomination and can be easily identified by visually impaired people; this 'tactile feature' does not use standard braille but, instead, a system developed in consultation with blind and visually impaired Canadians after research indicated that not all potential users read braille.
Though braille is thought to be the main way blind people read and write, in Britain (for example) out of the reported 2 million visually impaired population, it is estimated that only around 15-20 thousand people use Braille. Younger people are turning to electronic text on computers instead; a more portable communication method that they can also use with their friends. A debate has started on how to make braille more attractive and for more teachers to be available to teach it.
Braille for other scripts.
There are many extensions of Braille for additional letters with diacritics, such as "ç, ô, é".
When braille is adapted to languages which do not use the Latin alphabet, the blocks are generally assigned to the new alphabet according to how it is transliterated into the Latin alphabet, and the alphabetic order of the national script (and therefore the natural order of Latin braille) is disregarded. Such is the case with Russian, Greek, Hebrew, Arabic, and Chinese. In Greek, for example, "gamma" is written as Latin "g", despite the fact that it has the alphabetic position of "c"; Hebrew "beth", the second letter of the alphabet and cognate with the Latin letter "b", is instead written "v", as it is commonly pronounced; Russian "ts" is written as "c", which is the usual letter for /ts/ in those Slavic languages that use the Latin alphabet; and Arabic "f" is written as "f", despite being historically "p", and occurring in that part of the Arabic alphabet (between historic "o" and "q"). Esperanto letters with circumflexes, "ĉ", "ĝ", "ĥ", "ĵ" and "ŝ", are written as those letters without circumflexes with a filled sixth dot. The "ŭ", used in Esperanto too, is as the u but the first dot is moved to the second place.
Greater differences occur in Chinese braille. In the case of Mandarin Braille, which is based on Zhuyin rather than the Latin Pinyin alphabet, the traditional Latin braille values are used for initial consonants and the simple vowels. However, there are additional blocks for the tones, diphthongs, and vowel + consonant combinations. Cantonese Braille is also based on Latin braille for many of the initial consonants and simple vowels (based on Romanizations of a century ago), but the blocks pull double duty, with different values depending on whether they are placed in syllable-initial or syllable-final position. For instance, the block for Latin "k" represents old-style Cantonese "k" ("g" in Yale and other modern Romanizations) when initial, but "aak" when final, while Latin "j" represents Cantonese initial "j" but final "oei".
In Japanese Braille, alphabetic signs for a consonant and vowel are combined into a single syllabic block; in Korean Braille, the consonants have different syllable-initial and syllable-final forms. These modifications made Braille much more compatible with Japanese kana and Korean hangul, but meant that the Latin sound values could not be maintained.
Braille in Pokemon.
Braille was incorporated into Pokemon Ruby, Sapphire, and Emerald for the Gameboy Advance. In this, the player had to read the braille and solve the requirements before encountering three legendary pokemon: Regirock; Registeel; and Regice. Out of all the modern games, this is the only one that uses the system effectively.

Switch
A switch is a something that changes the flow of a circuit. The most common kind of switch is a something (for example a railroad switch) which can be taken off of one course and put on to another. The term "switch" usually means electrical power. In applications where more than one switch is needed, (i.e. a telephone service) mechanical switches have been replaced by electronic switches which can be controlled automatically.
The switch is called a "gate" when used in a mathematical form. In logic, arguments are represented as logic gates. The use of electronic "gates" to work as a system of logical gates is the basic idea behind the computer —ie. a computer is a lot of electronic switches that work as logical gates.

Francis Bacon
Sir Francis Bacon KC was an English philosopher, statesman, and author. He was knighted in 1603. He was made Baron Verulam in 1618, and Viscount St Albans in 1621. Because he didn't have children both titles ended when he died.
He was born on 22 January 1561 and died on 9 April 1626.
His first job was a lawyer. He became best known as a leading thinker in new ways of looking at the world. His writings started and made famous a way of thinking about science. This way of thinking is now called the "Baconian method". It is based on looking at the world by making experiments. After watching the results the scientist comes up with an idea to explain what has happened. This idea or hypothesis is then further tested by experiments. This way of thinking about science is called inductive methodology. In Bacon's time these methods were linked with magic including hermeticism and alchemy. Alchemy was the study of fire, earth, water and air. Alchemists tried to make gold from lead.

Sled dog
Sled dogs, known also as sleigh dogs, sledge dogs or sleddogs are types of dogs that are used to pull a wheel-less vehicle on runners (a sled or sleigh) over snow or ice, by means of harnesses and lines. The origins of this arrangement are unknown.
A ten-dog team of Seppala Siberian Sleddogs in tandem hitch on a frozen Yukon lake (Photo by Isa Boucher)Several distinct dog breeds are in common use as sled dogs, although any medium-sized breed may be used to pull a sled. Purebred sled dog breeds range from the well-known Siberian Husky and Alaskan Malamute to rarer breeds such as the Mackenzie River Husky. Dog drivers, however, have a long history of using other breeds or crossbreds as sled dogs. In the days of the Gold Rush in The Yukon, mongrel teams were the rule, but there were also teams of Foxhounds and Staghounds. Today the unregistered hybridized Alaskan husky is preferred for dogsled racing, along with a variety of crossbreds, the German Shorthaired Pointer often being chosen as the basis for crossbreeding. From 1988 through 1991, a team of Standard Poodles competed in the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race
Sled dogs are expected to demonstrate two major qualities in their work (apart from basic physical capability to pull the sled). Endurance is needed to travel the distances demanded in dogsled travel, which may be anything from five to eighty miles (8 to 130 km) or more a day. Speed is needed to travel the distance in a reasonable length of time. Racing sled dogs will travel up to an average twenty miles per hour (32.2 km/h) over distances up to 25 miles (40 km). Over longer distances, average traveling speed declines to 10 to 14 miles per hour (16 to 22 km/h). In poor trail conditions, sleddogs can still usually average 6 or 7 miles per hour (10 or 11 km/h). Sled dogs have been known to travel over 90 miles in a 24 hour period while pulling 85 pounds each.
Royal Canadian Mounted Police (R.C.M.P.) hitching sled dogs into their harnessSleddogs pull various sorts of sleds, from the small 25 pound (11 kg) sprint-racing sleds, through the larger plastic-bottomed distance racing toboggan sleds, to traditional ash freighting sleds and the trapper's high-fronted narrow toboggan. Sled dogs are also used to pull skiers and to draw wheeled rigs when there is no snow. A team of sled dogs may consist of anywhere from three to two dozen animals. Modern teams are usually hitched in tandem, with harnessed pairs of sled dogs pulling on tug lines attached to a central gangline. Trappers in deep snow conditions using the toboggan will hitch their dogs in single file with traces on either side of the line of dogs. Dog teams of some Arctic natives are run in "fan hitch", each dog having its own tow line tied directly to the sled.
Driving sled dogs has become a popular winter recreation and sport in North America and Europe; sled dogs are now found even in such unlikely places as Australia and Patagonia.
-- History of Sled Dogs (Great Race of Mercy) --
During the 1925 serum run to Nome, also known as the "Great Race of Mercy", 20 mushers and about 150 sled dogs relayed diphtheria antitoxin 674 miles (1,085 km) by dog sled across the U.S. territory of Alaska in a record-breaking five and a half days, saving the small city of Nome and the surrounding communities from an incipient epidemic. Both the mushers and their dogs were portrayed as heroes in the newly popular medium of radio, and received headline coverage in newspapers across the United States. Balto, the lead sled dog on the final stretch into Nome, became the most famous canine celebrity of the era after Rin Tin Tin, and his statue is still one of the most popular tourist attractions in New York City's Central Park. The publicity also helped spur an inoculation campaign in the U.S. that dramatically reduced the threat of the disease.
The sled dog was the primary means of transportation and communication in sub-arctic communities around the world, and the race became both the last great hurrah and the most famous event in the history of mushing, before first aircraft in the 1930s and then the snowmobile in the 1960s drove the dog sled almost into extinction. The resurgence of recreational mushing in Alaska since the 1970s is a direct result of the tremendous popularity of the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race, which honors the history of dog mushing with many traditions that commemorate the serum run.

Overland Expedition
The Overland Expedition, also called the Overland Relief Expedition or Point Barrow-Overland Relief Expedition, was a long trip in 1897–8, by three officers of the United States Coast Guard (then named the "U.S. Revenue Cutter Service"), with the help of two civilians, using sled dogs and reindeer to rescue more than 250 whalers trapped in the Arctic Ocean by ice around their ships.
It will be remembered that in the month of October, 1897, reports were
received here of the probable loss of the whaling fleet in the Arctic
regions, and of the likelihood that nearly 300 men, composing the
officers and crews of the fleet, would perish from hunger unless succor [an old word for food] could reach them early in the spring....
The overland expedition was formed, and consisted of First Lieut. David
H. Jarvis, Revenue-Cutter Service, commanding; Second Lieut. Ellsworth
P. Bertholf, Revenue-Cutter Service, and Dr. Samuel J. Call, surgeon of
They were materially aided by Mr. W.T. Lopp, agent of the American Missionary Society at Cape Prince of Wales, and Artisarlook, a native of that region, both of whom, at great personal sacrifice, left their families and accompanied the reindeer herd to Point Barrow.
The overland expedition, after a difficult and hazardous journey of
nearly 2,000 miles through the storms and bitter cold of an Arctic
winter, reached Point Barrow with the herd on the 29th of March, 1898,
three months and twelve days from their landing from the "Bear" at
Cape Vancouver, Alaskan coast of Bering Sea. They arrived none too soon.... [due to] bad sanitary conditions and want of proper food, the men from the whale ships quartered there were found upon the verge of great suffering, while sickness had broken out among them....
I have therefore the honor to submit the following recommendations and
That gold medals of honor of appropriate design, to be approved by
the Secretary of the Treasury, be awarded to Lieutenants Jarvis and
Bertholf and Dr. Call, commemorative of their heroic struggles in aid of
That the sum of $2,500 be appropriated to be disbursed by the
Secretary of the Treasury in bestowing rewards upon W.T. Lopp,
Artisarlook, and native herders, who rendered material aid to the relief

Number theory
Number theory is a part of mathematics. It explains what (whole) numbers are, and what properties they have.

Tear gas
Tear gas is the name for a number of chemical compounds. These compounds are gas that are designed to incapacitate anyone deemed to be a threat. They cause pain in the eyes, and will cause temporary blindness for up to 45 minutes. ITear gas is commonly used by police to keep rioting crowds under control.
Pepper spray is another gas that acts very similarly.

Kaba Ma Kyei
Kaba Ma Kyei, which means "Until the World Crumbles", is the national anthem (song) of Myanmar. The melody and lyrics were created by Saya Tin, and became the Burmese national anthem in 1947.

Yangon
Yangon, also known as Rangoon, is the largest city in Myanmar. It was also the capital city until 2006. The city is by a river called Hlaing River, and is close to the sea. Yangon has more than 4 million people living there.

Pyinmana
Pyinmana is a small town in Mandalay Division of Myanmar. The government in 2005 decided to move the capital city from Yangon to an area near this town, named Naypyidaw in March 2006.

Kyat
A kyat () is a kind of money used in Myanmar. The symbol for it is K. One kyat is equal to 100 pya. One kyat is almost equal to 1000 US dollars.

Burmese language
Burmese (in Burmese "ba-ma-sa", pronounced /baa-MAA-saa/) is a language spoken in Myanmar. Burmese is a Sino-Tibetan language, meaning that is close to Chinese and Tibetan.
Burmese has three tones(high, medium,low: plus two,'stops or abbreviated additional, qualifying 'tones"), no gender, and no tense. Burmese has many English and Indian words(loan words) though is a very distinct and full language itself with a long history and substantial numbers of proudly articulated dialects.
Examples.
Here are some examples of words and sentences in Burmese.
How are you? = "Nei kaun la?"
I am (name) = "Cha-naw yè nan-bè ga _______"
What is your name? = "Ka-mya ba kaw da lè?"
Are you Burmese? = "Nae ba-ma pyi ga la da la?"
(Note: To ask if someone is from other countries, just replace ba-ma pyi with any of the countries below.
America = "A-mè-ree-ka"

Danielle Steel
Danielle Fernande Schuelein-Steel (born August 14, 1947 in New York City) is an American writer. Steel was born an only child, and her parents divorced when she was young. She was looked after by relatives and family employees in Paris and New York City. She was a lonely child and read a lot of books and poetry.

Coat of arms
A coat of arms is a design painted on a shield. These designs are usually hereditary, meaning that they pass from a father to his son(s). In the middle ages, these designs were shown on real shields, but today they are usually only drawn or painted on the paper that makes them legal which is called a grant of arms. The grant of arms is usually allowed only when issued by the government of a country or its agent. In England, this is called the College of Arms and in Scotland is called the Lord Lyon.
Coats of arms are normally issued for real people but lots of people, countries and businesses also have coats of arms. Each symbol on the coat of arms will represent something that has an important meaning to that person, country or company.

Spear
A spear is a weapon used in Antiquity and the Middle Ages. It is meant to primarily stab. But some spears can both stab and slash, athough stabbing is still favoured. Some kinds of spears were also meant to be thrown.
A lance is a special spear used from horseback during medieval times.

Hat
A hat is a type of covering for the head. There are many types of hats. Hats are different in different parts of the world. Some hats are worn by women, other hats by men, and others by both. People who make hats for men are called hatters, and those who make hats for women are called milliners.

Postage stamp
Postage stamps or just Stamps are pieces of paper with sticky stuff on the back. They are put on envelopes to pay the fee for having the postal service take the envelope where it is being sent. There are a lot of different postage stamps in the world. They have existed since the nineteenth century. Most countries have their own stamps. People collect them in books called stamp albums. Sometimes people collect stamps from only one country, or there is something else that links the stamps. Perhaps the stamps all have mistakes in the printing like in the picture with the aeroplane printed upside down.

Czechoslovakia
Czechoslovakia (Czech: "Československo", Slovak: "Česko-Slovensko"/before 1990 "Československo") was a country in Europe that existed from 1918 until 1992.
In 1938 Nazi Germany took over Czechoslovakia. After World War II the USSR kept part of eastern Czechoslovakia so that they could have a border with Hungary. The USSR also kept parts of Poland and Romania. All four of these countries were in the USSR's sphere of influence. The USSR thought that this meant they could make sure the countries did what they wanted. In 1968 the USSR thought that the government of Alexander Dubcek was moving away from communism and invaded Czechoslovakia.
On January 1, 1993, Czechoslovakia peacefully split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia, in what was known as the "Velvet Divorce". This was because the peaceful revolution which got rid of the old communist dictatorship was called the "Velvet Revolution".

William Randolph Hearst
William Randolph Hearst (April 29, 1863 – August 14, 1951) was an American newspaper magnate, born in San Francisco, California.
William Randolph was the only child of George Hearst, a successful miner who became a multi-millionaire, and later U.S. Senator from California, and Phoebe Apperson Hearst, a former school teacher from Missouri.
Hearst was a media tycoon. He started a newspaper empire, now the Hearst corporation. He has become known for sensationalist stories. Those stories were often false, or only very loosely based on true events.
The film Citizen Kane by Orson Welles tells the story about William Randolph Hearst.
A modern-day equivalent of Hearst would probably be Silvio Berlusconi.

Joseph Pulitzer
Joseph "Joe" Pulitzer (April 10, 1847 – October 29, 1911) was an American publisher. Most people will link the word Pulitzer to the Pulitzer Prizes. These prizes were established by his will, after his death. He is also known (along with William Randolph Hearst) for originating yellow journalism.
Early days: The Post-Dispatch.
Joseph Pulitzer was born in Makó, in present-day Hungary. Originally, he wanted to do a a military career, but was turned down by the Austrian army. They said his health was bad and that he did not see too well. He went to live in the United States in 1864 to serve in the American Civil War. After the war he settled in St. Louis, Missouri. In 1868 he began working there for a German-language daily newspaper, the "Westliche Post". He joined the Republican Party and was elected to the Missouri State Assembly in 1869. In 1872, Pulitzer bought the "Post" for $3,000. Then, in 1878, he bought the "St. Louis Dispatch" for $2,700 and merged the two papers, which became the "St. Louis Post-Dispatch", which remains St. Louis' daily newspaper. It was at the Post-Dispatch that Pulitzer developed his role as a champion of the common man with exposés and a hard-hitting populist approach.
The New York World.
By 1883 Pulitzer had made a lot of money. In that year, he bought the "New York World". That newspaper had been losing $40,000 a year. He paid $346,000 to Jay Gould, the owner. Pulitzer shifted its focus to human-interest stories, scandal, and sensationalism. In 1885, he was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives, but resigned after a few months' service. He did not like politics. In 1887, he recruited the famous investigative journalist Nellie Bly. In 1895 the "World" introduced the immensely popular Yellow Kid comic by Richard F. Outcault. This was the first newspaper comic printed with color. Under Pulitzer's leadership circulation grew from 15,000 to 600,000, making "the New Your World" the largest newspaper in the country.
Health problems.
The editor of the rival "New York Sun" attacked Pulitzer in print. He calling him "The Jew who gave up his religion".This was in 1890. This was intended to turn away Pulitzer's Jewish readership. Pulitzer's already failing health deteriorated rapidly, and he left the newsroom. He continued to actively manage the paper from his vacation retreat in Bar Harbor Maine and his New York mansion.
In 1895, William Randolph Hearst purchased the rival "New York Journal", which led to a circulation war. This competition with Hearst, particularly the coverage before and during the Spanish-American War, linked Pulitzer's name with "yellow journalism".
After the "World" exposed a fraudulent payment of $40 million by the United States to the French Panama Canal Company in 1909, Pulitzer was indicted for libeling Theodore Roosevelt and J. P. Morgan. The courts dismissed the indictments, in a victory for freedom of the press.
Tries to set up a school for journalism.
In 1892, Pulitzer offered Columbia University's president, Seth Low, money to set up the world's first school of journalism. The university initially turned down the money, evidently unimpressed by Pulitzer's unscrupulous character. In 1902, Columbia's new president Nicholas Murray Butler was more receptive to the plan for a school and prizes, but it would not be until after Pulitzer's death that this dream would be fulfilled. Pulitzer left the university $2 million in his will, which led to the creation in 1912 of the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism, but by then the first school of journalism had been created at the University of Missouri. Columbia's Graduate School of Journalism remains one of the most prestigious in the world.
Joseph Pulitzer died aboard his yacht in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina in 1911. He is interred in the Woodlawn Cemetery in The Bronx, New York. In 1917, the first Pulitzer Prizes were awarded, in accordance with Pulitzer's wishes.
In 1989 Pulitzer was inducted into the St. Louis Walk of Fame.

Horace Greeley
Horace Greeley (February 3, 1811 – November 29, 1872) was an American newspaper editor, reformer and politician. His "New York Tribune" was the most influential newspaper of the period 1840-1870. Greeley used it to promote the Whig and Republican parties.
He is best known for his socially colored journalism. He wanted to convince people of his ideas. He thought that the role of a journalist must be to convince people with sound arguments. He did not like the sensationalist approach of Joseph Pulitzer and others.

Arachnid
Arachnida is a group of invertebrate animals. They are arthropods and have eight legs. There are many arachnids: spiders, scorpions, harvestmen, ticks, and mites.
The word Arachnida come from an old Greek legend about a girl named Arachne. In the legend, Arachne is turned into a spider by the goddess Athena.

Arthropod
Arthropods (phylum Arthropoda) are a group of invertebrates, for example centipedes, millipedes, insects, arachnids, and crustaceans. Arthropoda comes from the Greek word for "jointed feet", and it is the largest phylum of animals.
Arthropods are also a source of food for many animals, including humans. All arthropods have jointed feet, a segmented body, and an exoskeleton, a shell outside of the body. Usually, you would call an arthropod a "bug", although true bugs are a specific type of insect.
Arthropods are basically made up of 4 groups, and one extinct group. The 4 groups are: insects, arachnids, crustaceans, and myriapods. The trilobites are extinct, and they are the 2nd most famous type of fossils, after the dinosaurs.

University of Alabama
The University of Alabama is a university in the U.S. state of Alabama. The University of Alabama is in the city of Tuscaloosa. People can usually just say "Alabama" or "UA" for short when they are talking about the University.
UA opened in 1831 and now about 20,000 students go there. UA is one of the three largest universities in Alabama. Auburn University and University of Alabama at Birmingham are the other two main schools in Alabama. You can study many things at UA, such as liberal arts, science, engineering, communication, engineering, education, social work, nursing, human sciences (such as fashion design) and law. People study to get Bachelor's degrees, Master's degrees and doctorates at Alabama. Also, graduates can get an Education Specialist degree.
Many people have heard about the University of Alabama because it has many good sports teams. These sports teams are called the Crimson Tide. The football team from UA has won the national football championship 12 times in the past 83 years.

Buttercup
A buttercup is a kind of flower. They are yellow, and grow in lots of different places. Some animals get sick when they eat it, but they do not do that a lot, because it tastes bad.

Gomaespuma
Gomaespuma is a radio show, presented by Juan Luis Cano and Guillermo Fesser. The program is broadcast by Onda Cero. It also has been in M80 radio and in Antenna 3 Radio. Gomaespuma organises the Flamenco pa tos festival, the most important Flamenco festival of Spain. Gomaespuma directs a foundation with the same name.
People.
These people have appeared on television and on radio (marionettes)

Engineer
An engineer is a person with a university education in engineering. The engineer may take an idea and turn it into a useful thing for other people to use. An engineer may make a better mouse trap, or tell people how best to build a bridge. The first desire of an engineer is to make sure people are safe, the next desire is to improve life.

Division by zero
Division by Zero is a problem of number theory that does not allow a number to be divided by zero. It is a rule of mathematics.
With the equation formula_1, if "A" and "B" are both known, "C" can be calculated. This is called multiplication.
If "C" and "A" are known, "B" can be calulated by using division.
Here, "A" can not be solved for since any number times zero is equal to zero. If "A" were 3 then the statement would be correct that "A" * "B" = "C", but it would also be correct if "A" were 5 or 55, or any other number. Therefore, it is not allowed to divide by zero, because the result is undefined.

Flamenco pa tos
Flamenco pa tos is a Spanish festival of Flamenco music. It is organized by the Gomaespuma Foundation. This festival is the most important festival in Spain. The profits of the festival are used by the Gomaespuma Foundation to help children in Managua. The Festival has been the winner of the National Awards of Flamenco during 2004 and 2005.

Peter I of Russia
Peter the Great (born in 1672, died in 1725) was a czar of Russia. A czar is like a king. He ruled from 1689 until 1725. He also built the city of St. Petersburg which became the capital of Russia in 1711. He changed Russia's backward society, by making it modern like the European countries of the time. He was part of the enlightenment.

Note (music)
In music, a note is a small bit of sound, similar to a syllable in speaking a language. For example: in the first two lines of the song "Twinkle, twinkle little star, how I wonder what you are" there are 14 notes: one for each syllable.
Confusingly, the word "note" can also mean the pitch of a note (how high or low it is). For example: the whole of the song "Twinkle, twinkle, little star" can be played using six different notes: C, D, E, F, G and A.
The word "note" can also mean the written symbol of the note.
Nearly all music is made up of notes. Music without notes might be sound effects.
Note name.
In most Western countries the notes (in the sense of the pitches) are given a letter of the alphabet according to their pitch. From lowest sounding to highest sounding: A, B, C, D, E, F, G. This pattern repeats, so that after G will come A. This A is an octave higher than the first A.
Because there are 12 notes needed in Western music, these 7 notes can have modifiers ("symbols or words that change them"). The two main modifiers are sharps, which raise the pitch a half-step, and flats, which lower the pitch a half-step. The symbol for a sharp is ♯ (like the hash symbol (American: number symbol): #). The symbol for a flat is ♭ (like a lower-case italic "b"). The symbols are written after the note name. For example, an B♭ represents B flat and F♯ represents F sharp. These symbols can also be written in the key signature. To un-flat or un-sharp a note, the natural symbol, ♮, is written before the note. Flat and sharp signs are always written before the note. A way to remember this when writing or playing music is to say: if the sign came after the note, it would be too late, and you would have already played it, so it must go before so that you know what is coming up.
Two other modifiers are double sharps, which raise the note a whole step, and double flats, which lower the note a whole step. These are much less common that the simple sharp or flat, but can still be seen in some types of music. The symbol for a double sharp is × and the symbol for a double flat is ♭♭. For example, E♭♭ is another name for D. This is called an enharmonic equivalent. Another enharmonic equivalent is C and B♯.
Other note names.
In Italy and some other countries, notes are named Do, Re, Mi, Fa, Sol, La, Si ("or Ti") instead of C, D, E, F, G, A, B. This notation is called solfege in the United States. These notes are the focus for a song in "The Sound of Music".
Drum Kits do not have notes, they have places on the manuscript where each line means each Drum,
each symbol means each Cymbak on the Kit - how Many Times to hit it in what speed and beats
in a bar there are usually shown as 4/4 and you count 1 2 3 4 each bar.

Calabria
Calabria is a region of the south of Italy. The capital is Catanzaro. The population in 2004 was about 2.009.506.

WordPress
WordPress is a piece of software used inside blogs. It is open source, licensed under the GPL, and written in PHP.

Outback
The name outback describes the remote areas of Australia. The outback does not officially exist, it is only a term used to refer to locations that are far away from big cities.
The fertile parts are known as Rangelands and have been traditionally used for sheep or cattle farming.
Agriculture, tourism and mining are the main economic activities in this vast and sparsely settled area.
Population.
Over 90% of the Australian population lives in urban areas on the coast. There have been various attempts at creating settlements for Australian Aborigines to live traditionally, with more or less success.
Medicine in the outback.
Because of the expanses and remoteness in the outback a unique service, The Flying Doctor, was created in 1928. The aim of the service is to provide medical care to people who can’t reach hospitals or other doctors. Consultations are carried out via radio or telephone and for serious situations, doctors are flown out to the patients.
Tourism.
Organised travels with a guide to the outback is popular, although some Australian and international tourists travel in their own cars. Such a trip, especially off the few big roads in the outback, requires very good planning and a suitable vehicle (usually four wheel drive). On remote routes considerable supplies and equipment are required. Some big trips can’t be undertaken safely without a convoy of several vehicles. Deaths of tourists are a regular occurrences because many people are not well-prepared for their outback trip.

Marske-by-the-Sea
Marske by the Sea is a village in the borough of Redcar and Cleveland in England. It has three primary schools and one secondary school (Bydales School), a museum, and two train stations.
The village has a Methodist, Roman Catholic (St Bede's) and Church of England (St Mark's) church.
Economy.
Most of the people who live in Marske do not work in the village, but work in the nearby factory or in Middlesbrough or Redcar. Marske has a decent range of local shops. The Longbeck railway station and Marske railway station, which connect to Darlington mainline station, are the only means of transport there.

PayPal
PayPal is a website that allows money to be transferred between various email addresses. Someone who is sent money with this system can send it to other people, or withdraw it into a bank account.

Orson Welles
George Orson Welles (May 6, 1915 – October 10, 1985) was an American director of movies and the theatre, as well as an actor, screenwriter, broadcaster and producer.
In 1938, he performed "The War of the Worlds" (about an attack on Earth by beings from the planet Mars) on the radio. The radio play Welles performed was fiction, but many people believed it was non-fiction (or a newscast).
He also made the movie Citizen Kane in 1941. Many movie critics think that this film is the best movie ever made.

Slobodan Milošević
Slobodan Milošević (Serbian: Слободан Милошевић, pronounced; August 20, 1941 – March 11, 2006) was a Serbian, Yugoslav leader. He was President of Serbia from 1989 to 1997 and then President of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from 1997 to 2000. He was the leader of Serbia's ruling Socialist Party. He was a leader in the Yugoslav Wars. He also led his nation to defend itself against NATO agression that took Kosovo from Serbia. NATO leaders charged him for war crimes and crimes against humanity during the bombing of Yugoslavia. He lost elections in 2000. After his fall from power, he was taken to The Netherlands to stand trial at the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia in The Hague, but died after five years in prison before the case could reach a conclusion. He did not recognize the tribunal, and said he was being tried for standing up to NATO expansion. Many accusations regarding Kosovo proved to be false. It was said by the UN tribunal that Milosevic, who had chronic heart problems and a high blood pressure, died of natural causes.

Gymnosperm
A gymnosperm is a type of seed-bearing plant. The term comes from the Greek word (γυμνός) for "naked seed", "gumnospermos". One example is the fir tree.

Spanish flu
Spanish flu (influenza), 1918-1919, was a bird flu (a type of influenza). It spread through the world killing between 50 million and 100 million people.

Brock (Pokémon)
Brock (also known as Takeshi in Japan) is a fictional character from the Pokémon video games, Manga and television series. He is often seen traveling along with Ash Ketchum and Misty on their journeys. One of his gags is that he swoons and falls in love with every girl he sees.
Video games.
Brock appears in the game "Pokémon Red and Blue" and its remake "FireRed" and "LeafGreen" as the gym leader of Pewter City. He gives out the Boulder Badge and uses Rock-type Pokémon.
Anime.
Brock appears in the first series of the anime. In his first appearance, he has many siblings and is in charge of them since his mother Lola has passed away and his father Flint ran away from teh family. AFter Flint comes back, Brock then picks up and his bags and travels with Ash and Misty throughout the Indigo series.

Zetland (lifeboat)
The "Zetland" was a lifeboat in Redcar, England, and is the oldest lifeboat in the world which still exists. It was put in Redcar in 1802. In 1858, the lifeboat was given to the Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI). The boat was damaged in 1864, and was to be scrapped - however, following protest it was given to the town's people. Today, it is in its own museum.

Silba
Silba is an island in Croatia. It is found between the islands of Premuda and Olib. It has an area of 15 km² and its population (as of 2001) was 265; with the village of Silba located at the narrowest point in the middle. The main administrative centre is Zadar, found on the mainland.

Ian Fleming
Iam Fleming was a British author best known for writing the James Bond stories.
He also wrote the book Chitty Chitty Bang Bang in 1964

Ivysaur
Ivysaur is a fictional type of animal from the Pokémon video game and anime series. It is Pokémon number 2 in the pokédex (a tool used by Pokémon trainers to find out more information). Ivysaur is a grass type Pokémon. Bulbasaur grows into an Ivysaur, and Ivysaur grows into Venusaur. Ivysaur can attack by throwing leaves at enemies. Ivysaur is strong against Water, Ground, and Rock Pokémon. It is weak against fire, psychic, flying and ice type Pokémon.

1611
Events.
Gov. Sir Thomas Dale arrives at Jamestown from England announcing new rules called "Laws Divine, Morall and Martial."

Raiders of the Lost Ark
"Raiders of the Lost Ark", also known as "Indiana Jones and the Raiders of the Lost Ark", is an adventure film that came out in 1981 from Paramount Pictures.
The film was directed by Steven Spielberg, and produced by George Lucas. It stars Harrison Ford as the main character, Indiana Jones. It is the first part in the "Indiana Jones" series.
The movie has three sequels, "Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom" (1984) and "Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade" (1989), and "Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull" (2008).
The movie was directed by Steven Spielberg (also from "Jaws"), and produced by George Lucas (who also made "Star Wars" and "American Graffiti").
Plot.
At the start of the movie, Indiana Jones is trying to find the golden idol in the jungle in Peru. His guide, Sapito, betrays him and tries to take the idol for himself, but is killed in one of the traps. After Jones comes out from the temple, he finds his rival Belloq and a dozen of the native people holding spears. Jones gives up the idol and runs to his airplane.
While teaching at Marshall College, the U.S. Army comes up to him and says that the Nazis are trying to find the Ark of the Covenant. Jones wants to find it first, so he goes to a bar in Nepal. His old teacher, Abner Ravenwood, was trying to find the Ark and has the headpiece to the Staff of Ra, an important piece that is needed to find it. His daughter, Marion, now runs Abner's bar and she punches him in the face because they had a romance and he ran away. She, however, comes along with him after the Nazi person Toht and his friends try to get the piece themselves.
Jones and Ravenwood fly to Cairo and recruit a man named Sallah to help him out. They start digging in the area where they think it is. The Nazis capture Ravenwood and makes Jones thinks that she is dead. Sallah and Jones do some calculations and raelize that the Nazis are digging in the wrong area beacuse their staff is too long. Jones finds the right place and starts digging, finding it in a place called the Well of Souls. However, Belloq comes back, raises the Ark, and throws Ravenwood in there. They escape.
After a battle, Jones gets the Ark back. Sallah puts it on a ship, but the Nazis on a U-boat intercept the ship and search it. Jones escapes. He then takes a big weapon called Panzerschreck and threatens to blow up the Ark as it is being loaded onto an island. Belloq calls Jones' bluff, and Jones lowers his weapon. He and Marion are then tied up as Belloq and the Nazis test the power of the Ark by opening it. The spirits inside kill everyone. Jones and Marion close their eyes and escape the spirits' anger.
At the end of the movie, the goverment puts the Ark inside a warehouse. The Army tells Jones that they are studying it, but Jones does not believe them. Marion tries to comfort him by saying that she will buy him a drink.

Ash Ketchum
Ash Ketchum is a character from the "Pokémon" video games and anime. He is the main character in the television show and in the first three games. In the television show he is often with his friends, Dawn and Brock. He has black hair and eyes. His first Pokemon was Pikachu. Through most of the show he is wearing a hat and jacket.
Character biography and personality.
At the beginning of the series, Ash Ketchum was 10 years old, and later, in the episode "The Battle Of The Badge", Ash said that it was a whole year since he and Pikachu had visited Viridian City, making him 11. Furthermore, in the short called "Pikachu & Pichu" which was attached to Pokémon 3: The Movie, he said the day when the events depicted in the short took place was the anniversary of the day he met Pikachu, meaning his age at that time would be at least 12. However, two seasons later, Pokeani reported that Ash was the same age as May, who was 10 years old at the time. This and the fact that the two are at the same height suggests that both of the characters are the same age.

World's Fair
A World's Fair is a large exhibition of industry and culture. They are also called "expositions" or "expos". This type of exhibition occurs since the middle of the 19th century. The Bureau of International Expositions officially takes care of them. The "Bureau of International Expositions" is usually abbreviated BIE, from the organization's name in French: "Bureau International des Expositions".

Métis people
The Métis (pronounced 'MAY-teez'), also known as Bois Brule, mixed-bloods, or Countryborn (Anglo-Métis), are one of the three divisions of Aboriginal peoples in Canada according to the Canadian government. Their home land is in the Canadian provinces of British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, and Ontario, as well as the Northwest Territories. The Métis Homeland also includes parts of the northern United States (specifically Montana, North Dakota, and northwest Minnesota). The Métis Nation are descendants of marriages of Woodland Cree, Ojibway, Saulteaux, and Menominee Indians (Native Americans) with French Canadian and/or British/Celtic settlers. Their history starts in the mid-seventeenth century. Historically, many (but not all) Métis spoke a mixed language called Michif. "Michif" is the Métis pronunciation of "Métis". The Métis today mostly speak English, with French as a strong second language, as well as many native language. The use of Michif is growing again thanks to the work of the provincial Métis councils.
The word "Métis" is French, and related to the Spanish word "mestizo". It means the same thing: "mixed blood"; both names come from the Latin word "mixtus", "mixed".
It is hard to say how many Métis people in Canada and the United States have Métis ancestors, but it is more than can be known.
Métis culture.
Métis culture is an mixture of cultures of the First Nations, French Canadian, English, and Orkney/Scottish. The Métis are known for their love of fiddle playing, but traditional instruments also included the concertina, the harmonica, and the hand drum. This love for the fiddle has gone together with a kind of dancing called jigging. Traditionally, dancing included such moves as the Waltz Quadrille, the Square dance, Drops of Brandy, the Duck, La Double Gigue and the Red River Jig.
Metis people were famous for their horsemanship and breeding of horses. The RCMP Musical Ride horses dance the Quadrille as begun by the Metis and their horses.
As the Métis culture grew, a new language called Michif was spoken. This language was a result of the combining of French nouns and Cree verbs. Though a distinct language, it is spoken by few people. Some guess that the number of Michif speakers is about 1,000.
The clothing worn by Métis in the 19th century included the sash or "ceinture flechée". It is traditionally about three metres in length and is made by weaving yarn together with one's fingers. The sash is worn around the waist, tied in the middle, with the fringed ends hanging. Vests with Métis beadwork are also popular. The Red River Coat came from the Metis culture.
The Métis were important in Canada's past, as fur traders, voyageurs (coureur de bois), frontiersmen, pioneers, and middlemen who communicated between the First Nations peoples and cultures, and the European settlers and colonists.
Prominent Métis.
The most famous Métis was Louis Riel, who led two rebellions, the Red River Rebellion in 1869 in the area now known as Manitoba, and the North-West Rebellion in 1885 in the area now known as Saskatchewan. Some say these were not really rebellions. For example, in 1869 Riel was the leader of a government recognized by Canada as controlling territory that did not belong to Canada; Canada worked on the Manitoba Act with this government. After these "rebellions", land claimers and other non-Métis took away the Métis' land by taking advantage of a government program for buying it, with the government letting this happen. The province of Alberta gave some land to Métis in 1938 to fix what it thought was not fair, but Saskatchewan and Manitoba have not done the same.
Two other famous Métis leaders were Cuthbert Grant and Gabriel Dumont.
Born in 1940, in northern Saskatchewan, Metis writer and filmmaker Maria Campbell brought attention to the struggles of modern-day Metis and Aboriginal people with her book, "Halfbreed" (1973), and the play, "Jessica" (1982). She has shown the sound and song of traditional stories through her work in dialect, "Stories of the Road Allowance People" (1996).
On May 7, 2004, Métis Todd Ducharme became a judge of the Ontario Supreme Court of Justice.
Other well known Canadians of Métis descent are Sharon Bruneau, a Canadian female bodybuilder and fitness model, and Kevin O'Toole, 1996 North American Lightheavyweight bodybuilding champion.
British Columbia New Democratic Party Leader Carole James is of partly Métis ancestry.
NHL star defenceman Sheldon Souray is of Métis ancestry.
Former Canadian Prime Minister Paul Martin is of partly Métis ancestry.
Architect Douglas Cardinal is of Métis and Blackfoot ancestry.
Novelist Sandra Birdsell is the daughter of a Métis man and a Russian Mennonite woman and wrote her award-winning novel "Children of the Day" partly on her parents' experience in Manitoba in the 1920s-50s.
Canadian Professional Wrestler Ben Saulnier, better known for his ring name Jake Benson, is a Métis from Penetanguishene, Ontario, Canada.

Courteney Cox
Courteney Cox (July 15, 1964) is an American actress. She is best known for playing Monica on the television series "Friends". Courteney got married to David Arquette between season 5 and 6 of "Friends", and changed her name to Courteney Cox Arquette but later changed it back in honour of her parents.

UEFA Champions League
The UEFA Champions League is a football competition between the best club teams in Europe. The teams are selected because of good performances in league matches. The teams used to have to win their countries' championship, but now more teams can qualify. Teams that have good performances but not good enough to qualify for the Champions League go to the UEFA Cup.
Manchester United F.C. are the current holders. They beat Chelsea F.C. in the 2007/2008 Champions League finals on penalties

FA Cup
The FA Cup is a national football competition between all league clubs in England. The winner of the FA Cup usually goes through to the UEFA Cup of the following season. If the winner of the FA Cup has already qualified for a European competition, then the UEFA Cup place goes to the runner-up. If the runner-up has also qualified for a European competition, then the UEFA Cup place goes to 6th or 7th place, depending on who won the Football League Cup.

Old Trafford
Old Trafford is a football stadium in Manchester in England. It is home to the club Manchester United F.C. It is the biggest club stadium in Great Britain and second biggest stadium in Great Britain, with Wembley Stadium being the biggest. Old Trafford hosted most of England's home matches while Wembley was being built.

Stadium
A stadium is a building in which lots of people may watch an event. They are often used for football and athletics. Some stadiums are paid to add a company name to the name of their stadium. For example, "Comerica" Park in Detroit, Michigan, or the ALLTELL Stadium in Jacksonville, Florida. Companies which do this are said to have the "naming rights" for the stadium. The name of a stadium can change when another company buys the naming rights to that stadium.
An arena is a small indoor stadium. Arenas are often used for many different types of events. These include sports and music.

Disaster
A disaster is the something very bad that happens to people and almost always changes their lives completely. Disasters can destroy homes and many kinds of work. Disasters can be of different kinds, but most are caused by forces of nature.
Natural disasters.
These may include avalanches (where snow comes down a mountain), cold (where animals and people freeze), diseases (sicknesses), droughts (when there is no water), earthquakes (where the ground moves), famine (where there is not enough food), fire that burns things and people, flood (where rivers grow too big and invade land), hail (hard ice falls like rain), heat that lowers the water supply, hurricanes that break everything, the hyper nova of a star that kills life, an impact event where meteors hit the earth, a limnic eruption (where bad chemicals come from lakes and can kill people), landslides and mudslides (where the top of the ground moves because of extra water), sink holes (where a cave falls in), solar flares (where the sun reaches out at the earth and burns it), storm surge (where water piles up and then suddenly comes on land), thunderstorms (rain with lightning and thunder), tornadoes (currents of wind that break things), tsunami (where a wall of water comes on land), volcanoes (where lava from inside the earth comes out slowly or shoots into the air), a waterspout (like a tornado on water), or winter storms (where snow falls thick and you cannot see).
Human-caused disasters.
Disasters caused by humans include aviation (flying) accidents, arson (lighting a fire to burn something), CBRNs (where a country has a powerful weapon), civil disorder (where people riot or do crimes), power outages (where electricity is interrupted), public relations crises where a company must tell bad news, radiation contamination (where nuclear weapons are used or accidentally get out of control), disasters in space, a telecommunications outage (not being able to communicate), terrorism (where a group attacks civilians or says they will attack to gain something), and war (fighting with weapons between large groups)cyclones.
Living through a disaster.
To live through a disaster, it is important that your family and your city prepare in advance. This may be making a pack of things you need in an emergency, it may be a government sending soldiers to help, or it may be something in between.

Bobby Orr
Robert Gordon "Bobby" Orr (born March 20, 1948 in Parry Sound, Ontario) is a retired Canadian ice hockey defenceman.
Bobby Orr's ice hockey skills were evident at a very early age. He was signed by theBoston Bruins at twelve. As a 14-year-old, he played junior hockey against eighteen, nineteen and twenty-year-olds. He signed his first pro contract with the Boston Bruins in 1966.
In his first professional season, he won the Calder Memorial Trophy as top rookie in the league. Orr only played 46 games in the 1967-68 NHL season because he was injured, but won the Norris Trophy. In the 1969-70 season, he scored 120 points and became the only defenseman in history to win the Art Ross Trophy, for leading the league in scoring. He also won the Hart Memorial Trophy and the Conn Smythe Trophy. In 1976, Bobby Orr was named the most valuable player in the inaugural Canada Cup Tournament. Orr was traded to the Chicago Blackhawks in 1976. He would only play 26 games over the next three seasons because of problems with his knees.
Orr was inducted in the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1979.

The Muppet Show
"The Muppet Show" is a variety television series. It aired from 1976 until 1981. The series starred Jim Henson's Muppet characters. Each episode featured a famous guest star.
The main characters on the series are Kermit the Frog, Miss Piggy, Fozzie Bear and Gonzo.

1250
Eras and population estimates.
The population of the world in 1250 is around 400 to 416 million people.

Valencia (autonomous community)
Valencia, Valencian Community, Valencian Country, Land of Valencia, or Region of Valencia is a Spanish autonomous community, in the east of the Kingdom. The population is 4,700,000 and the capital and biggest city is Valencia, with near 800,000. Valencia is also the capital of the Valencia province. The second-largest city is Alicante, with 320,000, capital of the Alicante province. The city of Elche in Alicante, with 215,000, is a very important industrial centre. Castellon, with 170,000, is the capital of the Castellon province.

Elx
Elx (in Catalan) or Elche (in Spanish) is the third biggest city in Valencia, and the second in the Alicante province, in eastern Spain. The city has 215,000 inhabitants and is famous for its palm trees and the Mystery of Elx, a theatrical piece.

Java (programming language)
Java is a programming language that can run on many different computers including mobile phones. It was originally developed by Sun Microsystems and released in 1995. There are small Java programs, called Applets. They often run inside web browsers.
Java should not to be confused with JavaScript, a scripting language mainly used by web browsers.
Background.
Java is object oriented. Java code looks a lot like C++ or C code.
Java is platform independent, meaning it can run on many different operating systems. The way that Java manages this is making the Java compiler turn code into Java bytecode instead of machine code. This means that when the program is executed, the Java Virtual Machine interprets the code and translates it into machine code.
Platform.
The "Java platform" is the name for a bundle of related programs, or platform, developed by Sun Microsystems which allow for developing and running programs written in the Java programming language. The platform is not specific to any one processor or operating system, but rather an execution engine (called a Java Virtual Machine) and a compiler with a set of standard libraries that are implemented for various hardware and operating systems so that Java programs can run identically on all of them.

Eon
The eon (sometimes spelled aeon) is a very, very long time. It is used as the name for a part of the Earth's existence lasting many millions of years.
In the science of geology, a geologic eon is part of Earth's existence, made up of a number of eras, which are of different lengths. A geologic era is made up of two or more shorter times called geologic periods. A geologic period is, in turn made up of yet shorter times called geologic epochs.
Geologists have given names to all of the eons, eras, periods and epochs that they have found by looking at rocks. The names given to each eon describe something about that time, or the rocks that were made at that time.
For example, we are now in the Phanerozoic Eon, which comes from the Greek words for "life that we can see", that is, there were animals and plants big enough to see without a lens. This era started about 545 million years ago.

Bhagavad Gita
The Bhagavad Gita is a holy book of Hinduism. It was written thousands of years ago. It has teachings said to be given by Krishna (an incarnation whom many Hindus believe to be the god Vishnu in human form.) In the book, Krishna is talking to Arjuna, an archer, before a war begins. Krishna tells Arjuna that he must perform his duty (called dharma) for his caste, and go to fight. Arjuna hesitates because he is fighting his friends, but in the end he listens to Krishna. He will not be led into the underworld for ever for his sins because he will now be reincarnated.

Upanishad
The Upanishads are some of the sacred books of the Hindu people. The Upanishads are part of a large collection of sacred books of Hindu people, called the Vedas. They are place at the end of the Vedas and they primarily deal with knowledge or wisdom. Because they deal with knowledge portion of the Vedas, they are called Jnana-Kanda (Jnana means knowledge). Also because they come at the end portion of the Vedas they are often called as texts of "Vedanta" ("veda": of vedas, "anta": at the end). Upanishads form the foundation of the philosophy of Hindu religion.
The Upanishads are very well known around the world. They describe the fact that the humans should try to learn more, and understand more, about God.
The Upanishads do not belong to a specific period of Sanskrit literature. The oldest, such as the Brhadaranyaka Upanishad and Chandogya Upanishad, may be as old as 8th century BC, while the youngest, depending on the specific Upanishad, may date to the medieval or early modern period.

Concert
A Concert is a performance in which a musician or many musicians play music together to a group of listeners (an audience). In the case of a concert of classical music there may be an orchestra. There is often an important visual element to the performance, such as with a rock concert. However, if acting out a story is an important part of the performance this is called theatre, not a concert.
The performers at a concert are usually raised above the level of the audience on a stage. Concerts may be held in concert halls which are built for the purpose, or they may be held in any other suitable large building such as a school hall, a nightclub, a barn or a large house or castle. Some concerts are given to very large audiences in the open air. They may take place in a field or in a stadium. The music for these “open-airs” is usually amplified by loudspeakers so that large audiences can hear it.
A concert given by just one performer (or perhaps two) is usually called a recital.
Musicians who play in lots of different concerts (with different groups) often call a concert engagement a “gig” (both “g”s are pronounced hard).
A group of musicians may sometimes travel around giving concerts in different places. This is called a “tour”.
A group of concerts in one place or in one area that takes place for several days may be called a “festival”. Examples are: The Proms, the Edinburgh Festival, the Glastonbury Festival etc.
Before the days of recording a concert would have been the only opportunity most people would have of hearing concerts given by groups.
Usually people who go to a concert have to pay an admission charge. The money that is made from the ticket sales will usually go to paying the performing artistes, producers, and organisers. However, there are also benefit concerts where either the proceeds (all the ticket money) or profits (the money earned) will go to charity. Tickets for concerts can often be bought at the box-office of the concert hall or bought online. Sometimes concerts are free.

Palm tree
Palm trees are a family of plants. This family is called Arecaceae. Most of them are trees but some are shrubs. They grow in hot climates, but some have been planted as far north as Britain.
There are over two thousand kinds, living in many kinds of places from rainforests to deserts.
Palms are one of the most well-known and widely planted tree families. They have had an important role to humans throughout much of history. Many common products and foods come from palms, and they are also used a lot in parks and gardens in areas that do not have heavy frosts.
In historical times palms have been were symbols for such ideas as victory, peace, and fertility. Today, palms remain a popular symbol for the tropics and vacations.
Range.
Most palms live in the tropics. Palms are common throughout the tropical regions of the world, and are present in almost every part of the tropics. Some areas have more kinds than others; Madagascar has more kinds than the rest of Africa, but Colombia may have the highest number of kinds in one country.. There are common in the warmer climates of North America, Such as Jamaica, California, Texas, Florida and Cuba.
Only about 130 kinds of palm grow naturally outside the tropics. Most of these grow in the subtropics. The northernmost palm is the European fan palm, which reaches as far as southern France. The southernmost palm is the Nikau, which reaches the Chatham Islands near New Zealand..
Shapes and flowers.
Most palms are a straight, unbranched stem, but sometimes a branching stem, or even a creeping vine, such as the rattan.. They have large evergreen leaves that are either 'fan-leaved' or 'feather-leaved' and arranged in a spiral at the top of the trunk. The leaves have a tubular sheath at the base that usually splits open on one side when it is grown.. The flowers grow on an inflorescence, a special branch just for carrying the great number of tiny flowers. The flowers are generally small and white, and are star-shaped. The sepals and petals usually number three each. The fruit is usually a single seed surrounded by flesh. the familiar coconut is the seed of a large fruit.. Some kinds may contain two or more seeds in each fruit.
Where palms live.
Palms inhabit a wide range of habitats. Over two-thirds of palms live in tropical forests, where some species grow tall enough to form part of the canopy and other shorter palms form part of the understory. Some kinds form pure stands in areas with poor drainage or regular flooding. Other palms live on tropical mountains above 1000 meters, Palms may also live in grasslands and scrublands, usually where there is water, and in desert oases. A few palms are adapted to extremely basic lime soils, while others are similarly adapted to very acidic soils.
Unusual palms.
The Coco de mer has the largest seeds of any plant, 30-50 centimeters in diameter and weighing 15-30 kilograms each. Raffia palms, with leaves up to 25 meters long and 3 meters wide, have the largest leaves of any plant. The "Corypha" palms have the largest inflorescence (flowering part) of any plant, up to 7.5 meters tall and containing millions of small flowers. The wax palm, Colombia's national tree, is the tallest palm in the world, reaching heights of 70 meters.
Palm fossils.
Palms first appear in the fossil record around 80 million years ago, during the late Cretaceous Period. Some kinds from that period are still to be seen today, such as the nipa palm or mangrove palm.
Palms in danger.
Like many other plants, some palms are in danger of dying out because of human activity. The greatest dangers are from Increasingly large cities, mining, and turning forests into farmland. The harvesting of heart of palm for food also poses a threat, because it comes from the inner core of the tree, and harvesting it kills the tree. The use of rattan palms in furniture has caused a big fall in the number of rattan palms, as they are collected from the wild instead of being farmed.. The sale of wild seeds to growers and collectors is another threat.
At least a hundred kinds are in danger, and nine kinds are said to have recently died out..
It is very hard to save palm seeds because they are killed by cooling them, which is the normal way of keeping rare seeds for the future. Also, planting rare kinds in parks can never truly recreate the wild areas they come from, and the plants may not do well in these parks..
The Palm Specialist Group of the World Conservation Union (IUCN) started in 1984, supported by the WWF. The group gathered a lot of information from different parts of the world. An action plan to save rare palms was made by this group in 1996..
Date palms in history.
The early importance of palms in the Middle East is shown in scripture. They are mentioned more than 30 times in the Bible, and more than 22 times in the Koran.
Palms used for food and drink.
Apart from the well-known coconut and date, there are other kinds of food from palms. Palm oil, Sago, heart of palm and palm wine are all eaten or drunk in different parts of the world.
Use in War.
South Carolina is nicknamed the Palmetto State, after the sabal palmetto, logs from which were used to build the fort at Fort Moultrie. During the American Revolutionary War their spongy wood helped deflect the British cannonballs.
Other uses of palms.
Coir is a coarse, water-resistant fibre from the outer shell of coconuts. It is used in doormats, brushes, mattresses, and ropes. Dragon's blood is a resin used in dyes, varnishes and incense, can come from the fruit of the rattan. The betel nut is often chewed in eastern Asia as a mild drug. Some peoples living in palm-rich areas use palms to make many of their necessary items and food. Palm leaves are also valuable to some peoples as a material for thatching or clothing.
Today, palms are popular in parks and gardens in countries outside the tropics. two of the most cold-tolerant species are the Chusan palm, from eastern Asia, and the needle palm from the United States.
The palm as a symbol.
The palm branch was a symbol of triumph and victory in Roman times. The Romans rewarded champions of the games and celebrated success in war with palm branches.
Jews also had a tradition of carrying palm branches during festive times.
The motto of the University of Southern California is "Palmam qui meruit ferat", which means in Latin, "Let him bear the palm who has deserved it".
Palms appear on the flags and seals of several places where they are native, including those of Haiti, Guam, Florida and South Carolina.
In Religion.
The palm has many meanings in both ancient and modern Middle Eastern religions.
Christianity.
Early Christians used the palm branch to symbolize the victory of the faithful over enemies of the soul, as in the Palm Sunday festival celebrating the triumphal entry of Jesus into Jerusalem.
In Christian art, martyrs were usually shown holding palms representing the victory of spirit over flesh, and it was widely believed that a picture of a palm on a tomb meant that a martyr was buried there. Origen calls the palm "the symbol of victory in that war waged by the spirit against the flesh. In this sense it was especially applicable to martyrs, the victors par excellence over the spiritual foes of mankind; hence the frequent occurrence in the Acts of the martyrs of such expressions as "he received the palm of martyrdom."
In other faiths.
In Judaism, the palm represents peace and plenty. The palm may also symbolize the Tree of Life in Kabbalah.
Prophet Muhammad is said to have built his home out of palm, and the palm represents rest and hospitality in many cultures of the Middle East.
Palm stems represented long life to the Ancient Egyptians, and the god Huh was often shown holding a palm stem in one or both hands.
The sacred tree of the Assyrians was a palm that represents the god Ishtar connecting heaven, the crown of the tree, and earth, the base of the trunk. The Mesopotamian goddess Inanna, who had a part in the sacred marriage ritual, was thought of as the one who made the dates abundant.
The palm tree was a sacred sign of Apollo in Ancient Greece because he had been born under one.
Modern times.
Today, the palm, especially the Coconut, remains a symbol of the stereotypical tropical island paradise.
The palm tree is also used for the stereotypical view of an Oasis.

Bailiwick of Jersey
The Bailiwick of Jersey is a territory belonging to the British Crown in the Channel Islands and includes the islands of Jersey, Minquiers and Ecréhous. The country code (also used for internet) is JE.

Bailiwick of Guernsey
The Bailiwick of Guernsey is a territory belonging to the British Crown in the Channel Islands. The bailiwick includes the islands of Guernsey, Alderney and Burhou, Herm and Jethou as well as Sark, Little Sark and Brecqhou.
A bailiwick is a territory governed by a bailiff. The Bailiff of Guernsey is the head of the parliament, the States of Guernsey, which makes the laws for the Bailiwick. But Sark and Alderney also have their own parliaments and pass some of their own laws.
Other rocks and islets.
The Casquets (49°43.′4″N, 2°22.′7″W) are a group of rocks 13 km northwest of Alderney and are part of an underwater sandstone ridge. Other rocks which appear above the water are the islets of Burhou and Ortac. Not many plants grow on them.
Lihou is a small tidal island (95 vergees; 7ha) that is part of the Channel Islands. It lies off the west coast of Guernsey and is the most westerly point in the Channel Islands. Coordinates: 49°27′38.16″N, 2°40′4.44″W. The island was bought by the States of Guernsey in January 1995. Lihou is joined to Guernsey at low tide by an ancient stone path between the island and L'Eree headland. It is part of the Parish of St. Peter's.
The country code (also used for internet) is GG.

Alderney
Alderney is one of the Channel Islands in the English Channel between England and France. It forms part of the Bailiwick of Guernsey
The traditional language was Auregnais, but nobody speaks it now.

Hera
Hera is a goddess of love and marriage in Greek mythology, and is one of the Twelve Olympians. She also the wife and sister of Zeus. She is the queen of the gods. She has two so called weapons that are prophecy and trickery. Her powers are commanding the winds and watching over women and motherhood. Hera had favorite mortals she helped behind Zeus' back. He disapproved of such favoritism.
Dionysus.
Dionysus was a son of Zeus by a human woman. Hera tried to kill him when he was a baby with the Titans. The Titans were going to make Dionysis come to him by showing him toys, and then eat him. Zeus scared the Titans away with his thunderbolts, but the Titans had already eaten everything but Dionysus's heart. Zeus used the heart to make Dionysus again. He did this by putting the heart in the womb of Semele. Dionysis was then born for a second time
Echo.
Echo was a nymph in Greek mythology. She once had the job of distracting Hera from Zeus having relationships with other women. She did this by leading Hera away and flattering her. When Hera found out she was very angry with Echo. She put a curse on her that meant that she could only speak the words of other people after she had heard them. It is due to this story that we get the meaning behind the word "echo".
Io.
Io was a mistress of Zeus. Hera almost caught Io and Zeus together, but Zeus hid Io by turning her into a white heifer. Hera was not fooled and said that Zeus had to give her the heifer as a present. Once Io belonged to Hera she was looked after by Argus. It was Argus's job to make sure that Io and Zeus were never together. Zeus ordered Hermes to kill Argus so that Io would be free. Hermes did this by killing Argus after he had been lulled to sleep. Hera then sent a gadfly to sting Io as she walked about on the earth.
Lamia.
Lamia was a Queen of Libya who Zeus was in love with. Hera was jealous of Lamia and turned her into a monster. When she was a monster, Lamia then killed her children. Another version of this story is that Hera killed Lamia's children. Lamia was then so sad that she turned into a monster. Hera also put a curse on Lamia. The curse was that Lamia could not close her eyes. Hera choose this curse because she wanted Lamia to always think about the picture of her dead children. Zeus then gave Lamia the gift of being able to take her eyes out, so that she could rest. She could then put them back in again afterwards.
Leto.
When Hera found out that Leto was pregnant with twins by Zeus she was angry. She banned Leto from giving birth on any mainland or island that was known. Leto found a floating island, called Dellos. She was neither a mainland or a "real" island, so Leto was allowed to give birth there. Artemis was born first, and then helped Leto to give birth to Apollo. Delos was later held down with four pillars so that it would not float around anymore. It was said to be surrounded by swans and later became a sacred place to Apollo.

Mirror
A mirror is something that reflects light. One common "plane mirror" is a piece of special flat glass that a person can look into in order to see themselves or what is behind them.
Sometimes, a flat piece of metal or the surface of water can act like a mirror.
The reason you are able to see yourself in a mirror is because light comes in and gets reflected, and that's how you're able to see your reflection. Mirrors can have magnification properties, making images appear smaller or larger than their actual size. They can also be concave or convex, making the reflected angle smaller or larger, respectively.
Special mirrors in a museum are good to check out. Some make you look quite strange. Also, in a mirror, writing appears backwards.
Mirrors are usually made out of sand, like glass is.

Space probe
A space probe is an unmanned space mission, usually a small spacecraft sent out to find out information about a planet. The probe will then send this information back to Earth or a manned spacecraft.

Blue's Clues
"Blue's Clues" is a television series for young children that airs on Nickelodeon's Nick Jr. block. On the show, Blue is a blue dog. Her owner was Steve, until 2002, when Steve went off to college. Now Steve's younger brother, Joe, owns her.

Ford Motor Company
The Ford Motor Company (often known as Ford) is an American company that makes cars. It is named after its the man who made it, Henry Ford.
Ford's first car was made in 1908. It was called a Model T.
In 1896, Henry Ford had an idea to make a Quadricycle. It was the first "horseless carriage" that he built. It was very different from cars we drive now, and even from what he produced a few years later, but in a way it's the starting point of Ford's career as a businessman. Until the Quadricycle, Ford's tinkering had been experimental, theoretical—like the gas engine he built on his kitchen table in the 1890's, which was just an engine with nothing to power. Enough people liked the Quadricycle, and much could be done with the Quadricycle, that it started the beginning of Ford's business.
Ford Motor Company went into the business on June 16, 1903, when Henry Ford and 11 business helpers signed the company's beginning papers. The first Ford car, the Model A, was being sold in Detroit, Michigan a few months later. With $28,000 (around 16 000 pounds), the pioneering industrialists made what was to become one of the world's largest companies. Few places like Ford are as said to have shaped the history and development of industry and society in the 20th century as Ford Motor Company.
Mass production on the line.
Perhaps Ford Motor Company's single greatest contribution to automotive manufacturing was the moving assembly line. First implemented at the Highland Park plant (in Michigan, US) in 1913, the new technique allowed individual workers to stay in one place and perform the same task repeatedly on multiple vehicles that passed by them. The line proved tremendously efficient, helping the company far surpass the production levels of their competitors—and making the vehicles more affordable.
The first vehicles.
Henry Ford insisted that the company's future lay in the production of affordable cars for a mass market. Beginning in 1903, the company began using the first 19 letters of the alphabet to name new cars. In 1908, the Model T was born. 19 years and 15 million Model T's later, Ford Motor Company was a giant industrial complex that spanned the globe. In 1925, Ford Motor Company acquired the Lincoln Motor Company, thus branching out into luxury cars, and in the 1930's, the Mercury division was created to establish a division centered on mid-priced cars. Ford Motor Company was growing.

Rastafarian
A Rastafarian (often called a Rasta) is a member of the Rastafari movement. Most Rastafarians live in the Caribbean, most notably Jamaica.
The most famous person of this kind is reggae artist Bob Marley.
Rastafarians say that Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia, is Jah (shortened from Jehovah). They say that Jesus has returned again (in the form of Haile Selassie I, a.k.a. Jah), as he promised in the Bible, and he will deliver them to Zion, their name for paradise or Ethiopia.
Their diet is called I-tal (derived from the word vital) and is something like Jewish kosher but sometimes with no meat at all.
Dreadlocks are a common hairstyle of Rastafarians. For them, dreadlocks are an expression of spirituality: The term "dread" refers to a "fear of the Lord".
Naturality is an important part of the Rastafari way of life. They want to return to Africa and live naturally. They think that smoking marijuana helps them to get in touch with god, Jah, and their way of life is improved when they practice meditation.

John Constable
John Constable was a famous English painter and artist.
He was born on July 15, 1776 in East Bergholt in Suffolk. His family had plenty of money because his father owned a business running corn mills. Constable's father wanted his son to take over the business after him, but Constable started painting at an early age, and convinced his father to let him follow art as a career.
He married Maria Bicknell in 1816, and they had seven children. She died in 1829 of Tuberculosis, which made Constable very sad. Constable died on March 31, 1837.
His paintings are treasures of British art, but in his lifetime his work was appreciated more in France. Constable's most famous painting, "The Hay Wain" (now in the National Gallery in London), was first shown at the Paris Salon in 1824. He had to wait until he was 52 years old before the Royal Academy voted that he should be a member.
Constable was influenced by the French painter Claude Lorrain. His most famous paintings are landscapes showing the countryside around Dedham and Flatford, where his father's mills were.

Alyssa Milano
Alyssa Milano (born December 19, 1972 in Staten Island) is an American actress. She is best known for her appearance in the 1980s television series "Who's The Boss?". She has been one of the stars of The WB's series "Charmed" since 1998.

A Beautiful Mind
"A Beautiful Mind" is a book and an Academy Award-winning movie (starring Russell Crowe, Ed Harris, Jennifer Connelly, Christopher Plummer, and Paul Bettany). It is about the Nobel Prize (Nobel Prize in Economics) winning mathematician John Nash and his experiences of schizophrenia. The biography was written by Sylvia Nasar. It was published in 1998. The movie, inspired by the biography of the same name, was released in 2001.

McGurk effect
The McGurk effect shows how hearing and vision are used for speech perception. Named after the man who found it, Harry McGurk, it says that we do not hear speech with only our ears. We use our other senses too. The McGurk effect may be experienced when watching a video of a person saying /ga/ with a sound-recording saying /ba/. When this is done, a third sound is heard: /da/.
The McGurk effect is robust: that is, it still works even if you know about it. This is different from certain optical illusions, which do not work anymore once you can see it.

J. M. W. Turner
Joseph Mallord William Turner was an English painter and artist.
He was born in London around April 23 1775 (no one is quite sure of the exact date). His father was a maker of wigs. His mother was ill with mental problems, and the young Turner was sent to live with his uncle in Brentford, where he first started to paint.
Turner became a student at the Royal Academy of Art in London when he was 15 years old. He had a watercolour painting in 1790 in the Academy's important art show. He had only been studying for a year. In 1802, at the age of only 28, he was elected a member of the Royal Academy, and later became its Professor of Pespective. In 1802, Turner travelled around Europe, visiting France and Switzerland. He also went to the Louvre in Paris. During his life, he often travelled across Europe, visiting Venice in Italy several times. As his personal style developed, he began to produce romantic paintings that were generalised or exaggerated in form and colour, rather than realistic or detailed. These caused much argument as to their artistic value, but nowadays are his best loved works. On his death, he left 300 oils and 20,000 watercolours to the British nation. Some of his watercolours are the most abstract or generalised of his paintings.
Turner never married, although he had two children with his mistress Sarah Danby. For much of his life, he lived with his father, who helped him in his studio until he died in 1829.
In his early career, Turner was influenced by the painters Claude Lorrain and Nicolas Poussin, who painted "historical" landscapes.
His most famous paintings include "The Fighting Temeraire tugged to her last berth to be broken up". Often called just "The Fighting Temeraire", this is a picture of a famous warship that was used in the Battle of Trafalgar. Other pictures include "Rain, Steam and Speed", which shows a steam train crossing a bridge, and "Snowstorm" which shows a steamship in a snowstorm trying to get into a harbour. In order to get the right feeling into this painting, he had himself tied to a ship's mast during a storm, so that he could see what it was like. Some of his most famous paintings show the roughness of nature, with bleak landscapes and violent storms.
But also there is beauty and a sense of calmness in pictures such as Crossing the Brook, a stunning scenic view of the Tamar Valley and River from New Bridge near Gunnislake in Cornwall, painted in 1815, a view which can still be admired today.
As he grew older, Turner's behaviour became a bit odd, and he became depressed quite often. He died in Chelsea on September 19 1851, and was buried next to the painter Joshua Reynolds in St Paul's Cathedral.
Even while Turner was alive, some people thought he was a genius. Some people complained that the pictures he painted when he was older were not realistic, and some even joked that they could have been painted with a mop. However, most think that his way of painting shows complete mastery.

Mug
A mug is a container for liquids. People might talk about getting "a mug of beer" at a local pub. They might also drink a mug of coffee in the morning.
As a verb, to mug someone means to rob them of something.

Claude Monet
Claude Monet was a French painter and artist.
He was born in Paris, France on November 14 1840. His father wanted him to help run the family's grocery business, but Monet wanted to be an artist. When he was young he met the painter Eugène Boudin who taught him to use oil paints, and encouraged him to paint out of doors.
Monet joined the French army in Algeria for two years from 1860-1862. When he became ill he left the army to study art at university. He did not like the way art was taught, and joined the painter Charles Gleyre in his studio. He met other artists here, including Pierre-Auguste Renoir and Alfred Sisley. They shared their ideas about painting.
In 1866 Monet had a child with Camille Doncieux, who had been his model. They married in 1870. In 1870 he moved to England to escape the Franco-Prussian War, and in 1871 he moved to Argenteuil near Paris where he painted some of his most famous pictures. In 1873 he painted "Impression, Sunrise", showing the sea at Le Havre. When this picture was shown in 1874 one critic took its title and called the group of artists "Impressionists". He intended to make fun of the artists, but the name has stuck and this is what people today call this style of painting.
In 1879 Camille died of tuberculosis. Alice Hoschedé decided to help Monet by taking care of his children as well as her own. In 1883 they moved to a house in Giverny where Monet planted a large garden. Monet married Alice in 1892.
Monet found that his garden inspired him to paint pictures of it, particularly the water lilies. Alice died in 1911, and his son Jean was killed in World War I in 1914.
Monet used broad brush strokes to build up his pictures, and painted quite quickly to try and get the idea of the light he could see into his paintings. If you go very close to one of his pictures it is hard to see what it shows, but if you stand back everything becomes clear.
His later paintings include series, in which he paints the same subject in different light. For example he painted a series of pictures of haystacks in a field, and another series of pictures of the west front of Rouen Cathedral.

Video
Video is a technology. It is used to record moving images onto some medium. This is done either using a Video recorder (also called a VCR) or a video camera. The medium is usually packaged as a cassette.
A popular video format was the VHS. It was used by many people to record television programmes onto cassettes. This is usually an analog format.
By extension, a Video clip is a short film, usually starring some artist who recorded an (audio) album. to promote the album, video clips are produced.

Exodus
Exodus is the second book in the Torah, or Books of Moses. Exodus in Hebrew is called "Shemot".
Exodus means 'going out' in Hebrew. It is about how the Hebrew people were led out of Egypt by God. Moses, their leader, hears God's words and in turn tells to the Israelites. Exodus ends with God's laws and his instructions on how to build a holy ark called the Ark of the Covenant.
Account.
Exodus starts with the birth of Moses, and how the Hebrew people were made slaves by a new Pharaoh of Egypt when they lived there. The Pharaoh made the Hebrews work for them very hard. Moses, who was brought up by an Egyptian princess, later killed a Egyptian slave-driver. He escaped from Eygpt and lived away from his people in Midian for Jethro, his father-in-law.
One day, while Moses was tending his flocks, God appeared in a burning bush to Moses and instructs him to lead the Israelites out of Eygpt. As Moses had no confidence in doing this task, God gives him his brother Aaron to help him. Aaron was a good talker and helped Moses speak to the Pharaoh.
When he returned to Egypt, Moses asked the Pharaoh to let the Israelites go, but the Pharaoh refused. Through God's power, Moses causes ten plagues to come on Egypt.
The last plague was the death of all the firstborns in Egypt. Only the Israelites' firstborns were spared, as they have the blood of a young lamb on their door when this happened. The Pharaoh finally decided to let the Israelites go.
While the Israelites were crossing the Red Sea, the Pharaoh changed his mind and decided to pursue them with his troops. God caused all Pharaoh's troops to die while the Israelites pass safely as Moses parts the Sea with his staff by God's power.
Later, at Mount Sinai, Moses receives the law and the Ten Commandments from God. The Israelites, however, sinned against God by worshipping an idol (a golden calf). Moses breaks the first two stone tablets of the Ten Commandments in anger. God later gives him another two. He also instructs Moses how to build the Ark of the Covenant.
Media.
The book has been filmed several times, as 'The Ten Commandments' and `The Prince of Egypt'.

Stretching (body piercing)
Stretching is a word used to describe a kind of body modification. It is when a person widens a pierced hole in their body.
Stretching is usually done a little bit at a time, so the pierced hole won't bleed or get infected.
Stretching methods.
There are some common ways used to stretch piercings, of different origins and useful for different people.
Gauges and other measuring systems.
Body jewelery is measured in gauges from 20g up to 000g; sizes larger than that are measured in fractions of inches. In Europe they are measured in millimeters.
The table below is not exact, but very close.

Chernobyl accident
The Chernobyl accident occurred on April 26, 1986 at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in Pripyat, Ukraine. At that time, Ukraine was part of the Soviet Union. The event is regarded as the worst accident in the history of nuclear power. Because there was no containment building to trap the radiation, radioactive fallout drifted over parts of the western Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, Scandinavia, the UK, and the eastern United States. Large areas of Ukraine, Belarus, and Russia were badly contaminated. About 60% of the radioactive fallout landed in Belarus. About 200,000 people needed to be evacuated (moved away) and moved to other places where they could live after the accident.
The accident raised concerns about the safety of the Soviet nuclear power industry. It slowed its expansion (getting bigger) for some time. It also forced the Soviet government to become less secretive. Since then, Russia, Ukraine and Belarus became separate countries. Those countries have been burdened with continuing costs for decontamination (removing the radiation) and health care because of the accident. Exposure to radiation leads to a higher risk of getting cancer. It is difficult to accurately tell the number of deaths caused by the events at Chernobyl. Most of the people affected have not died yet. When and if the people involved die of cancer, or related diseases, it will be hard to tell if this was because of the accident. A 2005 IAEA report tells of 56 direct deaths, 47 of those were accident workers and 9 were children who died of thyroid cancer. The report estimates that up to 4,000 people may die from long term diseases related to the accident. Greenpeace, along with others, thinks that the study's conclusions may be false.

Prypiat, Ukraine
Prypiat (Ukrainan: При́п'ять, "Pryp”iat’"; Russian:При́пять, "Pripyat") is an abandoned city in northern Ukraine. It lies in Kiev Oblast, near the border with Belarus. It was home to Chernobyl nuclear power plant workers. The city was abandoned in 1986 after the Chernobyl accident, the worst nuclear reactor accident in history. Before being abandoned, about 48.000 people lived in the city. The city was founded in the 1970s, when the nuclear power plant opened.
The site today is practically a museum showing the late Soviet era. With entirely abandoned buildings, including abandoned apartment buildings (four of which were yet to be used), swimming pools and hospitals, everything inside remains, from records to papers to children's toys and clothing. Prypiat and the surrounding area will not be safe for people to live there for several centuries. Scientists think that the most dangerous radioactive elements will take up to nine hundred years to decay sufficiently to render the area safe.
The city is entirely accessible and is relatively safe on the road, although it is unsafe to go around the city without a dosimeter. The doors of all the buildings are open to reduce the risk to visitors, although many have accumulated too much radioactive material to be safe to visit.

Thyroid cancer
Thyroid cancer is cancer of the thyroid gland. There are four forms: papillary, follicular, medullary and anaplastic. The most common forms (papillary and follicular) are slow growing and may happen again but patients under 45 rarely die from it, and the medullary form also has a good prognosis if it only grows in the thyroid gland and a poorer prognosis if it has spread; the anaplastic form is fast-growing and responds poorly to therapy.
Thyroid nodules are diagnosed by ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration (USG/FNA) or frequently by thyroidectomy (surgical removal and subsequent pathological examination). As the thyroid cancer can uptake iodine, radioactive iodine is a commonly used modality in thyroid carcinomas. However, it is followed by TSH suppression by Thyroxine therapy.

Containment building
A Containment building is a building with a nuclear reactor in it. It is built around the reactor to keep the radiation from getting out, if something happens to the reactor. The containment building is the last barrier to the radiation getting into the environment.
The Chernobyl accident was so bad because Soviet reactors had no containment buildings and for some other reasons.

Chernobyl
Chernobyl (Chornobyl [Чорно́биль]; Chernobyl [Черно́быль]) is a city in northern Ukraine, near the border with Belarus. It was a major communications node and important centre of trade and commerce, especially in the 19th century. The city is located 14.5 kilometers (9 miles) south by south-east of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, which became known for the Chernobyl accident. The plant exploded on April 26, 1986; clouds of radioactive particles were released, and the severely damaged containment vessel started leaking radioactive matter. More than 100,000 people were evacuated from the city and other affected areas. Despite the fact that radiation is still being emitted from the nuclear disaster site, the 800-year-old city of Chernobyl survives. As of 2004, government workers still police the zone.They try to clean up radioactive material. Hundreds of people — mostly the elderly — have decided to live with the dangers and have returned to their homes in the zone's towns and villages. Their population was highest in 1987, when there were more than 1200 people. In 2003, there were about 300.

Klaus Wowereit
Klaus Wowereit (*1 October 1953 in Berlin) is a German politician. He has been the SPD Governing Mayor of Berlin, Germany since 2001. He and his party won 31.4% of the votes in the 2001 state elections], and he started a coalition government with Linkspartei.PDS. He was President of the Bundesrat in 2001/02. He was re-elected as Governing Mayor in 2006, and has carried on the coalition.
He supports Kurt Beck as "Kanzlerkandidat", the SPDs nominee for the Chancellorship of Germany. Many people wanted Wowereit to be the candidate, not so many after he decided to stay in coalition with Die Linke after the 2006 elecctions.
Background.
Until 1973, Klaus Wowereit went to the Ulrich-von-Hutten-Oberschule in Berlin, then he went up to the Free University Berlin to study law. He took his first State Exams in 1981 and the second set in 1984).
Political career.
After university Woweriet spent three years as a civil servant in the Senate Office (that is, Ministry) of the Interior. At the age of 30, he was became the youngest councillor in the city of Berlin when he was elected a councillor of Tempelhof Borough. After eleven years he stood for the Berlin House of Deputies Abgeordnetenhaus which is City's Landtag or state legislature in 1995. In December 1999, he was elected chairman of the SPD parliamentary group in the Abgeordnetenhaus. Since June 2001 he has served as Governing Mayor, "Regierender Bürgermeister", of Berlin.
Sexual orientation.
Wowereit is one of the most famous German politicians who has openly declared himself homosexual. He came out at a convention of the Berlin SPD just before the 2001 mayoral elections, when he said "Ich bin schwul, und das ist auch gut so." "I am gay, and it's ok that way"). This is now a famouse quotation in German. He probably came out so that the tabloid newspapers could not publish what they thought were embarrassing stories about him.
Wowereit is not the only gay mayor of a large European city. Bertrand Delanoë, the mayor of Paris, is openly gay, and Ole von Beust, the mayor of Hamburg, is also gay.
In September 2007, Wowereit published an autobiography called "...und das ist auch gut so.", after his famous coming out phrase.

Sino-Soviet Split
The Sino-Soviet Split happened when China's leader, Mao Zedong didn't want to be friends with the Soviet Union anymore.
Sino-Soviet cooperation.
It was Mao Zedong himself who at first was friends with the Soviets. The Soviet leader, Stalin wanted to help spread communism, especially in China. During the Chinese Civil War, the Soviets helped him by giving him weapons and supplies during the war. This was one major reason for the Communists defeated the Kuomintang at this time. China became an ally of the Soviet Union.
The Split.
Suddenly, in 1953 Stalin died. Mao saw Stalin as the leader of Communism. Now that Stalin was gone, he wanted to be leader. He always wanted to be just like Stalin, so now he wanted to be the leader of Communism. The new Soviet leader, Nikita Khrushchev was not like Stalin. He didn't want Capitalism to collapse like Stalin did, and he didn't really care. Mao got angry about this, and he wanted Nikita Khrushchev to help him crush the "imperialists". Nikita said no, and then Mao decided that if Nikita was not going to play his way, they wouldn't play at all. Mao got so mad at Nikita, he even tried to invade the Soviet Union. (See Sino-Soviet border conflict) The Chinese army was so neglected and undertrained by Mao, who didn't really care much about the welfare of his army. The "People's Liberation Army" was stopped at the border, and the Soviets gave him one last chance to surrender, or face invasion. Mao somehow came to his senses and agreed to stop attacking the Soviet Union.
Afterwards.
There was peace between the USSR and China, but they were suspicous of each other. They were no longer friends. Mao's supporters said that it had been a great victory.

Awake
Animals are awake for some hours each day or night. They are awake when they do not sleep. When they change from being "asleep" to being awake, it is said that they wake up, or awaken.
Animals which are awake during the day are called "diurnal". Animals which are awake during the night are called "nocturnal".
Diurnal animals, including humans, wake up in the morning, and are awake during the day. During the day they eat and move about. People may work or go to school during the day.
At night, people usually sleep. They go to sleep in a bed, or a similar place, and dream. Sometimes they cannot remember their dreams, but sometimes they remember their dreams. Sometimes they dream about the opposite sex and have what is known as a wet dream.

Liu Bei
Liu Bei (161-223) was the founder of the Chinese Shu Han dynasty and its first emperor.
He went into battle against the Yellow Scarves rebellion in 184, along with his sworn brothers Guan Yu and Zhang Fei. Later (in 190) he joined Gongsun Zan against the evil Dong Zhuo who had seized the Han emperor Xian. After Dong lost, the emperor was in the clutches of his followers -- until Cao Cao saved him and seized control over him. Cao Cao tried to conquer all of China for the emperor but in fact wanted to conquer it for himself. He defeated Liu Bei once at the Battle of Changban in 207 but was not able to win the Battle of Red Cliffs against the united forces of Liu Bei and Sun Quan, a warlord in the South.
Sun Quan granted Liu Bei some land in the West of his domain, and the two agreed to fight Cao Cao again if necessary.
From 211 to 214, Liu Bei conquered the country Ba Shu in the West. Because he had now an empire of his own, Sun Quan demanded his western regions back but Liu Bei declined. This made Sun Quan quite angry.
After several useless battles against Liu Bei's general Guan Yu, Cao Cao chose to ally with Sun Quan. They attacked Guan Yu with their allied forces and overthrew him in 219. Liu Bei was mad and swore revenge for the death of his brother and the loss of an important part of his empire.
When Cao Cao died in 220, his son Cao Pi forced Emperor Xian of Han to abdicate. Cao Pi declared himself Emperor of the Wei Dynasty. Liu Bei found that offensive, for he was a member of the royal family of Han and considered himself the righteous Emperor of China. That's why he declared himself emperor of the Shu Han in 221. The next year, Sun Quan claimed the title "Emperor of Wu" for himself.
Liu Bei was really mad at Sun Quan's arrogance. In 222 he opposed him in the Battle of Yiling but failed due to Lu Xun's (a Wu general) great tactics. After his defeat Liu Bei got ill and died a year later. His son Liu Shan followed him as emperor.

Cao Cao
Cao Cao (曹操 155-220) was a Chinese general. He managed to control the last Han Emperor Xian and conquered the whole northern China.
Cao Cao gathered an army in 184 to fight against the Yellow Scarves rebellion. After the Dong Zhuo had seized the Emperor Liu Bian in 189 and deposed him in favor of his brother Liu Xie (Emperor Xian), a coalition of local warlords all over the country arose against Dong. It was called by Cao Cao and led by Yuan Shao, and many powerful warriors joined it.
After Dong Zhuo's death through the hands of his foster son Lü Bu, Emperor Xian was controlled by Dong's associates. He fled to Chang'an (the old capital) in 195 but almost starved to death. Cao Cao saved him in 196 and brought him to his own place at Xuchang.
With the emperor under his control, Cao Cao managed to slay most of the minor warlords in Northern China and was even able to defeat Lü Bu and the powerful Yuan Shao at Guandu in 200. He tried to conquer the south, too, but Liu Bei and Sun Quan opposed him and defeated his forces in the "Battle at Red Cliffs". Cao Cao led several campaigns against the south, but with fairly low success. Also, he managed to get the famous general Guan Yu killed by Sun Quan's general Lü Meng.
Cao Cao died in 220, and his son Cao Pi followed him in control of the emperor. He eventually deposed him the same year and became Emperor Wen of Wei, making his father posthumously "Emperor Meng of Wei".

Zhang Fei
Zhang Fei (167-221) was a warrior in ancient China. He fought along with his brothers Liu Bei and Guan Yu for the restoration of the Han Dynasty.
In the battles against the Dong Zhuo, Zhang fended off the enemy general Lü Bu and was greatly rewarded by his then-ally Cao Cao. When Cao Cao tried to crush Liu Bei's folk in 207, Zhang Fei drew the whole enemy forces back by yelling really loud. Some historians believe that the yell crushed the bridge in front of him, some say that the leading general of Cao Cao's army died of fear.
Zhang Fei was later killed by his own officers, because after the death of his brother Guan Yu, he became a drunk.

Dong Zhuo
Dong Zhuo (董卓 139-192) was a reckless general in ancient China. He took control over the imperial court of Han in 189. He was later killed by his own foster son, Lu Bu.
Dong Zhuo had been a successful warrior and general since his youth. Anyway, he was defeated by Yellow Scarves rebels in 184 and demoted. After the death of Emperor Ling, the eunuchs kidnapped the young follower Liu Bian and his brother Liu Xie. Dong Zhuo freed them and intimidated the kidnappers so they committed suicide by drowning in the Yellow River. Dong then brought the emperor and his brother back to the capital Luoyang and seized perfect control over the court. Because Liu Bian seemed too stupid to him, Dong deposed him and made his brother Liu Xie emperor instead (Emperor Xian). In 190 he poisoned Liu Bian.
Dong Zhuo became arrogant and violent. He even forced the emperor to move to the city Chang'an as capital instead and burned Luoyang. Because of that, many warlords and Han generals all over the country formed an alliance to destroy Dong's reign. After some fierce battles, Lü Bu knew that his position was lost, and killed his foster father Dong in 192.
Dong's associates Guo Si and Li Jue continued to control the emperor, but they started struggles and the emperor escaped. He was rescued by Cao Cao in 196.

Sun Quan
Sun Quan (孫權 182-252) was an ancient Chinese warlord and founder of Eastern Wu in 222.
As a warlord.
His brother Sun Ce conquered Southeastern China from 197 until his death in 200. Sun Quan was in charge at the age of 18. He continued to expand his empire and drew back the forces of Cao Cao in the "Battle at Red Cliffs" (along with Liu Bei). To have better opportunities against the north, he gave his Jing Province to Liu Bei so that he could create an empire on his own. Liu Bei conquered the other western territories from 211 to 214 and set his brother Guan Yu in charge of defending Jing.
Now that Liu Bei had his own empire, Sun quan demanded his western province back from him, but Liu Bei declined. In alliance with Cao Cao, Sun Quan's general Lü Meng captured Guan Yu in 219 and slayed him along with his son, Guan Ping.
After Cao Cao's son Cao Pi started the Wei Dynasty in 220, Liu Bei also wanted to be an emperor and declared himself Emperor of Shu Han in 221. He considered himself the righteous heir of the abdicated Han emperor Xian. Sun Quan declared himself "King of Wu" in 222. Liu Bei found that offensive, and launched a great attack against Sun Quan but failed -- due to Lu Xun's great tactics. He died a year later.
Under the regency of the Shu prime minister Zhuge Liang, the alliance between Shu and Wu was renewed. Both empires didn't have to worry about their defense in the west/east after that.
As Emperor.
In 229, Sun Quan declared himself "Emperor of Wu". His attacks on Wei were all in vain but he managed to develop his country very well. After his son Crown Prince Sun Deng died in 241, he made his now-oldest son Sun He Crown Prince. All along the next nine years, He would have trouble with his brother Sun Ba who wanted to be Crown Prince instead. Their fight even caused the honorable general Lu Xun to die of anger in 245.
In 250, Sun Quan was sick of his sons' struggles and deposed them both as princes. Instead he made his youngest son Sun Liang Crown Prince. Two years later, Sun Quan died at the age of 70. For his follower was too young to rule on his own, the official Zhuge Ke became regent.

Conference
A conference is an event where people get together to discuss things. For example, scientists usually present their findings at conferences. Many other types of people other than scientists attend conferences also.
Another meaning of the word conference is when business people come together to talk about things. Using modern media, like the Internet, or the telephone people can talk to each other that are not in the same place. This is then called a conference call. Very often, digital video cameras can be used to transmit images, as well as sound.

Pasture
A pasture is a piece of land. Usually grasses and herbs are grown on it. Then cattle is put on for "grazing". The cattle is later sold or slaughtered to provide meat.

Hectare
One Hectare is a unit of measurement. It measures the area of something. It is equal to 2.47 "acres". A hectare is 10,000 square meters.
A square plot of land with 100 m length for a side, is one hectare.

Zhuge Liang
Zhuge Liang (181-234) was a Chinese politician and general of the ancient Shu Han Dynasty.
He helped his lord Liu Bei conquer the country "Ba Shu" from 211 to 214, along with Pang Tong. After Liu Bei's death in 223, Zhuge Liang was a regent for the new emperor Liu Shan. Zhuge Liang attempted to conquer the Southern Wei territories five times but had no success. He died in 234, leaving the regency to Jiang Wei.

Wavelength
A wavelength is the length of the shortest repeating part of a "sine wave". All waves can be formed by adding up sine waves. That is, every wave is a sum of sine waves.
Examples of Waves.
All of these waves are sums of sine waves.
"Length" of a Sine Wave.
The sine wave has a pattern that repeats. The length of this repeating piece of the sine wave is called the wavelength. The wavelength can be found by measuring the length or distance between one peak of a sine wave and the next peak. The wavelength can be found in many other ways too.
There are other properties of waves and sine waves, such as their frequency, amplitude, phase, and speed.
A symbol used for wavelength most often is the Greek letter "lambda" (λ).

Francis Scott Key
Francis Scott Key (August 1, 1779 - January 11, 1843) was an American lawyer and poet. He is best known for writing the "The Star-Spangled Banner", which is the national anthem of the United States of America. He went to college at St. John's College in Annapolis, Maryland.
His mother was Ann Phoebe Penn Dagworthy (Charlton) and his father was Captain John Ross Key.

Latex
Latex is the sap of a certain type of tree. It was used to make rubber. Brazil, in particular the city of Manaus grew rich on latex. Today, rubber can be produced synthetically (this means that it can be made in factories).

Drum
A drum is a musical instrument that is struck with the hands or with a drum stick (a stick for hitting a drum). A collection of drums and cymbals is called a drum kit, or drum set.
It is used to keep a steady beat in a song. It is also used in many kinds of music to give the music a sense of feeling. For example, if you wanted a song to be slow, the drums play slower, and the same goes for if you want the song to be fast.
A drum is a percussion instrument, which means it makes a noise by being hit. There are many types of percussion such as cymbals and cowbells and even a simple piece of wood can be considered percussion.
Drums Kit.
The drums kit is a group of drums & cymbals to make beat for music.

Pashupatinath
Pashupatinath is one of the most sacred temples of Hindu. It is in Kathmandu, the capital city of Nepal. It is the temple of the Hindu god Shiva.

Invasion
One of the many examples is the importing of rabbits to Australia. As they had no enemies, they did what rabbits do best. They multiplied. To get rid of them, people then thought about importing foxes as well.

Olive tree
The olive tree is a small tree. Its scientific name is "Olea europaea". Originally it came from the coastal areas of the eastern Mediterranean, from Syria and the maritime parts of Asia Minor and northern Iran at the south end of the Caspian Sea. It has been cultivated for a very long time. The old Greeks were cultivating it. They spread the trees to the western part of the Mediterranean.
Olive trees like soils with lots of chalk in them. They grow best on limestone slopes and crags in coastal climate.
Description of the tree.
The Wild Olive is a small, straggly tree or shrub to 8-15 m tall with thorny branches. The leaves are opposite, oblong pointed, 4-10 cm long and 1-3 cm broad. The leaves have a dark greyish-green color above and are pale with whitish scales below. The small white flowers, with four-cleft calyx and corolla, two stamens and bifid stigma, are borne generally on the last year's wood, in racemes springing from the axils of the leaves. The fruit is a small drupe 1-2 cm long, thinner-fleshed and smaller in wild plants than in orchard cultivars.
Cultural significance.
Very probably, the first olive trees were grown in Syria. From there they spread rapidly. In Ancient Greece, the tree was seen as holy, some city states (polis) like Athens put a penalty for cutting down olive trees.
The branches in the flag of the United Nations are those of an olive tree. The olive tree is a sign of peace.

Hello
Hello is a word used as a greeting in English. It is used to welcome somebody. When people want to be less formal, they simply say "Hi". There are also many other ways of saying "Hello", e.g. a wave of the hand, a salute or a bow (both very formal), a handshake (some groups of friends may have a secret handshake) or a High five (very informal). Saying "Hello" is a sign of politeness, especially if it said in a friendly way and with a smile.
Hello is also used by many people when they are answering a phone call. Sometimes, people can say "Good morning" in the morning or noon, and "Good evening" in the evening. "Hello Mark" is an example of greeting with hello.
Some more versions of the word "hello" include; Hi, What's up?, Hallo, Hiya, Hey, Yo, G'day, Y'alright, 'Yello, how are you?, 'Alright?' and many more.
On Chat games, people greet others using the ones as above, but they also use things such as: Hai and YoYoYo.
The opposite of hello is Goodbye (said when people are leaving).
When visiting other countries it is very good to know how to say "Hello" in the language of the country, although many languages these days use the English word "Hello".

Annexation
Annexation (Latin: "ad" "to" and "nexus" "joining") means one territory is being merged with another. The territory being annexed is usually the smaller or weaker one, which becomes an inseparable part of the bigger one.

Manchuria
Manchuria is the homeland of the Manchu people (related to Chinese and Mongolians). This place is in north-east China. Parts of Manchuria were annexed by the Russian Empire so they are now ruled by Russia.
Manchuria is a translation of the Chinese word Manzhou (Chinese language: 滿洲,Mǎnzhōu).
History.
In the early history, Manchuria was under the control of many Chinese kingdoms. Later, the Manchu people formed their own empire called Jurchen. They eventually invaded China and founded the Chinese Qing Dynasty.
Although China signed a treaty with Russia, the Russians took advantage of the weak Qing government and annexed the part that touches the Pacific Ocean. Japan then attacked the Russians to get this important piece of land. Later, Japan invaded the Chinese part of Manchuria too (see Manchukuo). This eventually lead to World War II.
After the war, Manchuria was returned to China and Russia.
Geography.
Manchuria is in north-east China and the Russian Far East. The land has rocks, grasslands, mountains, and deserts. The weather is very extreme. It is very hot and humid in the summer and it is very cold and dry in the winter.

Tuva
Tuva is part of Russia. It is in south Siberia. It used to be part of the province of Mongolia in the Chinese Qing Dynasty.
Tuvans are famous for their throat singing.

Senkaku Islands
The Senkaku Islands or Diaoyu Islands (Chinese language: 釣魚台列嶼 and Japanese language 尖閣諸島) are also known as Pinnacle Islands. They are claimed by China and Japan. The Republic of China based in Taiwan claimed them for the first time on 11 June 1971, which was followed by the People's Republic of China based in Mainland China on 30 December.
The islands are currently under Japan's control. The islands are very small. There is no population. But the surrounding area is rich with natural resources, such as fish and natural gas.

Ryukyu Islands
Ryukyu Islands (琉球列島 Ryukyu-rettō) or Nansei Islands (南西諸島 Nansei-shotō) are a chain of islands located between China and Japan. The weather is tropical and gets lots of rain and storms.
The Ryukyu Kingdom (琉球王国 ryūkyūōkoku) was an independent kingdom which ruled most of the Ryukyu Islands from the 14th century to the 19th century. In 1372, it became a tributary of China. In 1609, a Japanese invasion forced it to become a tributary to Japan also. The Ryukyu Kingdom was annexed by Japan during the Meiji Restoration.
Karate was invented by the local people (mainly from Okinawa). The Japanese did not allow the locals to own weapons, so karate was developed (karate means "way of the empty hands")

World Youth Day
"World Youth Day (WYD)" is a gathering (meeting) of young Catholic people. It was created by Pope John Paul II in 1984 "to consolidate the ordinary youth ministry by offering new encouragement for commitment, objectives which foster ever greater involvement and participation"a>. In other words, the Pope wanted young Catholics to come together, and work together.
The day is celebrated around the world every year, and every two or three years, a gathering is held at a different place. Thousands of people (including young people) from many countries go to this celebration. Because of World Youth Day, many young people are more likely to work together around the world.
The last World Youth Day celebration was held in the year 2005, at a place called Cologne (known as "Köln" in German). Over 1,000,000 people went there by the end of the celebration. (The real number of people was really closer to 1,200,000).
In 2008 World Youth Day will be held in Sydney, Australia

Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden
Internationally King Carl XVI Gustav is best known for presenting the Nobel Prizes every year.

Age of Empires III
"Age of Empires III" is a 2005 computer game made by the company Ensemble Studios. It is published by Microsoft. It is the third game of the Age of Empires games, and has better graphics than the ones before it. It is a Real-time strategy game. The plot is from 1500 to 1860. An expansion pack, "Age of Empires III: The WarChiefs", was released for the game on October 19, 2006.
Recommended to play.
It is a new game (published on October 18, 2005), so the game needs very good computers to play the game, but it can be played on slower computers as well. It is only compatible with Microsoft Windows XP. The game is on three CDs.

Bank of China Tower
The Bank of China Tower (BOC Tower, 中銀大廈) is one of the most well known skyscrapers in the central parts of Hong Kong. In the tower, the Bank of China has their offices.
The tower was designed by the architect I. M. Pei and is 315 meters high. On the tower there is two masts that is 369 meters (1209 feet) high.

Ulan Bator
Ulaanbaatar, or Ulan Bator, is the capital and largest city of Mongolia. The city is an independent municipality not part of any province, and its population as of 2008 is just over 1 million. Located in the north central part of the country, the city lies at an elevation of about 1310 m in a valley on the Tuul River. The city is the bigger point in the country for culture, industry and finance. Ulan Bator is connected by highway to all the major towns in Mongolia and by rail to the Trans-Siberian Railway and Chinese railroad network. The city was founded in 1639 as a Buddhist monastery center and, in the 20th century, grew into a major manufacturing center.
Names.
Ulan Bator has had numerous names in its history. From 1639–1706, it was known as Örgöö (Mongolian: Өргөө, "residence"), and from 1706–1911 as Ikh Khüree (Mongolian: Их = "great", Хүрээ = "camp"), Da Khüree or simply Khüree. Upon independence in 1911,the city's name changed to Niislel Khüree (Mongolian: Нийслэл = "capital", Хүрээ = "camp"). When the city became the capital of the new Mongolian People's Republic in 1924, its name was changed to Ulaanbaatar, literally "red hero", in honour of Mongolia's national hero Damdin Sükhbaatar, that liberated Mongolia from Ungern von Sternberg's troops and Chinese occupation with the Soviet Red Army. In Europe and North America, Ulan Bator was generally known as Urga (from "Örgöö") or sometimes "Kuren" (from "Khüree") or "Kulun" (from 庫倫, the Chinese transcription of "Khüree") before 1924.
Geography.
Ulan Bator is located at about 1350 meters (4430 ft) above sea level. For this high elevation, and for the high latitude, and location hundreds of kilometres from any coast, Ulan Bator is the coldest national capital in the world, with a subarctic climate.
History.
- 1639: The city was Founded.
- 1778: the city settled for good at its current location, near the confluence of the Selbe and Tuul rivers and beneath Bogd Khan Uul, back then also on the caravan route from Beijing to Kyakhta.
- 1911: mongolian leaders in Ikh Khüree for Naadam met in secret and resolved upon independence from China for their country. On December 29, 1911, the Bogd Khan was declared ruler of an independent Mongolia.
- 1919: the city was occupied by Chinese troops
- 1921: the city has been controlled first by Baron Ungern's Whites Soldateska, and in July to the Soviet-supported Mongolian troops controlled by Sükhbaatar.
- October 29, 1924: the town was renamed to Ulaanbaatar ("red hero") in honour of Sükhbaatar.
- 1956: The Transmongolian Railway, connecting Ulan Bator with Moscow and Beijing, was completed.
- Many of the temples and monasteries of pre-socialist were destroyed following the anti-religious purges of the late 1930s.
- After the growth of 1990 many buildings as, cinemas, shops were built.
- 2008, Ulaanbaatar was the scene of riots after the opposition Mongolian Democratic Party protested its defeat by the MPRP in parliamentary elections.
Administration and subdivisions.
Ulan Bator is divided into nine districts (Düüregs): Baganuur, Bagakhangai, Bayangol, Bayanzürkh, Chingeltei, Khan Uul, Nalaikh, Songino Khairkhan, and Sükhbaatar. Each district is subdivided into Khoroos. The capital is governed by a city council (the Citizen's Representatives Hural) with forty members, elected every four years. The city council appoints the mayor. Ulan Bator is governed as an independent first-level subdivision of Mongolia, separate from Töv Aimag, the province that surrounds Ulan Bator.
Education.
And a big library, The National Library of Mongolia.
Important places.
"Choijin Lama Monastery" and "Gandantegchinlen Khiid Monastery" are two of the very few in Mongolia to escape the destruction of Mongolian monasteries under Khorloogiin Choibalsan.
Ulaanbaatar has several museums dedicated to Mongolian history and culture.
Symbols.
The official symbol of Ulan Bator is the, a mythical bird in both Buddhist and Hindu mythology called Khan Garuda or "Khangar'd" by Mongols.
Flag.
The city’s flag is sky blue with the arms in the center.

Pyongyang
Pyŏngyang (평양 직할시 in hangul, 平壤直轄市 in hanja) is the capital and biggest city in the Asian country North Korea. The government is so secretive that Pyongyang it is one of the few places in North Korea that foreigners can travel to.

IBM
International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) is a big company from the United States that makes and sells software, computer hardware, infrastructure services, and consulting services. It also sold personal computers, but that part of the company was sold to a Chinese company called Lenovo. IBM is one of the biggest Information Technology companies in the world. IBM has had the most patents of any technology company for many years.

Mary (mother of Jesus)
In Christianity, Mary (Judeo-Aramaic מרים Maryām "Bitter"; Arabic مريم (Maryam); Septuagint Greek Μαριαμ, Mariam, Μαρια, Maria; Syriac: Mart Maryam) was the mother of Jesus. Her story is told in the New Testament of the Bible.
Mary in the Bible.
Christian beliefs about Mary are based on the Bible. In the Gospel of Matthew and the Gospel of Luke, it says that Mary was a young woman who was engaged to be married to a man called Joseph. The Gospel of Luke says that an angel came to Mary to tell her that she would give birth to a Son and she should call him Jesus and that he would save people from their sins.
Mary said "How can this happen? I am a virgin!"
The angel said "With God, anything can happen!"
When Joseph found out that Mary was pregnant, he thought about what he should do. If he married her, he would be unclean. He decided to privately break the engagement. But then he had a dream. An angel told him that the baby was "the Son of God".
At this time, the Roman Emperor, Caesar Augustus, made a law that everyone in the Roman Empire must pay tax. Everyone had to go back to the town that their family came from, to have their name put on the tax lists. Joseph came from Bethlehem, which was called "The City of David". Joseph took Mary to Bethlehem and she gave birth to the baby, Jesus, in an animal shed, because there was no room for them.
The Bible tells that thirty-three years later Jesus was killed by crucifixion. Although many of Jesus' friends were frightened and ran away, Mary stood by the cross and was with Jesus when he died. As he was dying, he asked a young disciple to care for Mary as if she was his own Mother, and the disciple took her back to his home. On the third day, as it says in the Bible, Mary went with other women to the grave where Jesus had been laid, to wash his body with oil. An angel told the women that Jesus was not there. The angel said "He is risen."
Giving honour to Mary.
Mary is given honour in the Christian faith, particularly in the Roman Catholic Church as "the Mother of God" and Eastern Orthodox Church as "God bearer". (Jesus is believed to be God and man.) Mary is also given honour by Muslims because the Quran says that she was a virgin when she gave birth to her son, Jesus, who is given honour by Muslims as a great prophet.
Mary is often called by Roman Catholics the "Blessed Virgin Mary". There are many feast days which honour the Virgin Mary, such as the "Nativity of the Blessed Virgin" on 8 September which remembers her birth.
The Virgin Mary is often shown in Christian art. Many paintings show Mary with the baby Jesus. These paintings are known as Madonna and Child pictures.
Mary is often honoured with the words "Hail Mary, you are full of God's Grace! Blessed are you above other women and blessed is the child from your womb, Jesus!"
Some Protestants believe Roman Catholics give Mary too much honour.

Quake
"Quake" is a violent first-person shooter computer game that was released by id Software on July 22, 1996. It was the first game in the popular "Quake" series of computer and video games.
"Quake" is about killing demons and zombies, but also has multiplayer deathmatch.
Weapons.
There are 8 weapons in "Quake."

Kunya
A kunya (Arabic:كنية) is a name which is honorably given to the mother or father an Arabic child. Kunya is pronounced koon-ya. A married person (especially ladies) are called by their kunya name, which is "abu" (father) or "umm" (mother) plus the name of their first son. Their whole name is their name plus their kunya. For example, "Umm Ja'far Aminah" is the mother of Ja'far. The kunya precedes the personal name.

Zen
Zen is a name for Mahāyāna Buddhist schools. Zen is a form of Buddhism that uses meditation to try to get enlightenment. The word "zen" comes from the Japanese name for this branch of Buddhism.
In the 20th century, mostly in the Western world, Zen started also being used to mean certain philosophies and art forms, such as rock gardens, paintings and tapestries.
Zen was often used by the Japanese, and many schools were formed.

Lowland Scots
Lowland Scots, sometimes called simply "Scots" or sometimes "Lallans", is spoken in some parts of Scotland, mainly in the south and east, and Ulster in the north of Ireland. Some people consider Scots to be a language and some consider it to be a form of English. It should not be confused with the Scottish Gaelic language, which is a Celtic language.
Scots differs from standard English in vocabulary and grammar, and it is not the same as English with a Scottish accent. Activists for Scots have pressured the government of the United Kingdom to recognise it as a regional language of the United Kingdom.
The most famous writer of literature in Lowland Scots is Robert Burns.

Scottish English
Scottish English is the form of the English language spoken in Scotland. It can include Lowland Scots, but some people think they are very separate.

Mathematical analysis
Analysis is about limits. We can use limits to see what happens very close to things. We can also use limits to see what happens when things get very big. For example, formula_1 is never zero, but as n gets bigger formula_1 gets close to zero. The limit of formula_1 as n gets bigger is zero. We usually say "The limit of formula_1 as n goes to infinity is zero". We write formula_5.
The fundamental theorem of algebra is a proven fact that forms the basis for complex analysis. It says that every polynomial with real or complex coefficients has a complex root. A root is a solution to a function for which the number "x" gives formula_6. Some of these roots may be the same.

Locust
Locust is a kind of grasshopper which forms swarms. Such swarms are usually made of very many locusts. They do a lot of damage to the places where they pass, by eating the crops.
In the Bible, locust swarms are described as a plague.
Other websites.
More detailed information on locusts can be found at the pages of the.

Grasshopper
A grasshopper is an insect. It is an herbivore (feeds on plants). Grasshoppers that form large swarms they are called locusts. They are part of the order of Orthoptera. Some people eat grasshoppers.

Olive oil
Olive oil is a vegetable oil. It is made by getting the juice of the fruits of the olive tree. These are called olives. The oil is used in cooking, as well as beauty products (cosmetics), traditional medicine, and as a fuel for oil lamps.
People see it as a healthy addition to their diet because of the high level of unsaturated fats (mainly oleic acid) and polyphenols.

Oil lamp
An oil lamp is a lamp used for lighting. Usually, it produces a flame by burning olive oil, or other vegetable oil. The designs were usually made of potterry or metallic lamps. This design might remind someone that by cleaning (rubbing the lamp) a Genie might appear, and grant some wishes (as he did in the tale of Aladdin in the 1001 Nights)
Today, those lamps have mostly been replaced by kerosene lamps.
You can also try oilve oil canola oil and others.

Conjugation
Conjugations are forms of verbs that are changed to agree with the subject that is doing the action described by the verb. Usually most of the word stays the same, but the endings change. Most conjugation systems follow some sort of pattern within the language.
Example: French verb for 'to eat'- "manger" (stem: mang)
("manger" is the Infinitive of the verb. The infinitive is the un-conjugated form of the verb, literally the "to do" something form such as "to" walk, "to" play, "to" eat. In English one does not say "I like eat" one must say "I like "to" eat". In both English and French ("J'aime "manger") the infinitive form of the verb would be used in this case.
The pattern here is that the "er" is removed from the verb and replaced with a different ending depending on the subject(who's doing the eating). This pattern is good for many french conjugations, but not all, and in other languages, conjugation patterns are going to be very different.

Tomas Garrigue Masaryk
Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk (7 March 1850 - 14 September 1937) was the first president of Czechoslovakia. He led the country between years 1918 and 1935.
He was scientist, philosopher, pedagog, politician, and journalist.
He studied in Brno, Vienna, and Leipzig, and he spoke many languages (Latin, French, Polish, German and English)
He worked as a teacher at a university in Prague and Vienna.
He was a big persona with huge charisma and he is called "President liberator" and "Daddy Masasaryk".
Edvard Beneš was the next president after him.

Arachne
Arachne is a character from Greek mythology.
She was the daughter of Idmon of Colohpon, in Lydia (Greece). Her father earned his living with dyeing (coloring) cloth. She learnt to be a weaver. A weaver makes cloth, or textiles, from single strings. She was good at what she did, so she once claimed that her skill was better than that of Athena. Athena is the old Greek goddess of weaving (amongst other things).
Athena was of course mad at her. So she appeared to the girl as an old woman, and warned her not to offend the gods. Arachne did not take the advice, she wanted a weaving contest to prove her skill.
Athena revealed herself, and let the contest begin. Athena wove her scene were she won over Poseidon, the god of the sea. Arachne wove scenes about Zeus being unfaithful, with different women: Leda, Europa, and Danae.
Athena also saw Arachnes work as without error, but she did not like the subject of Arachne's weaving. Athena lost her temper, and destroyed what Arachne had created. She also hit Arachne on the head. Arachne then realized what she had done. She ran away and hanged herself. Athena however had pity with Arachne, so before Arachne had died, she changed the rope into a cobweb, and Arachne into a spider.
Ovid tells the story in "Metamorphoses". Book 6, 5-54, 129-145. The story probably indicates the superiority of Asia over Greece in the textile arts.
The Greek word for spider is "arachne" (αραχνη), from which derive the mythological woman's name, the class name Arachnida in biology, and the name for fear of spiders, arachnophobia.

Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia is a fear of spiders. It is a very common phobia - many people suffer from it. People who have it usually do not want to go to anywhere they believe there are many spiders and do not want to get near spiders themselves, especially touch them. In many cases, the fear may be because of something that happened with spiders when the sufferer was a small child and may not even remember.

Phobia
Zita Dieseru (talk) 11:34, 9 December 2008 (UTC)—11:34, 9 December 2008 (UTC)Zita Dieseru (talk)A phobia is a strong fear of something. Such fears can be very common. Those who suffer, usually very strongly want to avoid (keep away from) what they fear. People with arachnophobia, for example, do not like spiders, and want to keep away from the places where they might find spiders.
It is hard to tell how many people suffer from phobias; numbers indicate though that between 5 and 13 percent seem to have a phobia. Women suffer from phobias about twice as often.
There are different ways to help people with phobias. There is treatment available; it focuses on making the patient less sensitive to the fear they suffer from, or showing him or her how the cycle of fear works. There is also medication available (mostly sedatives) that help people cope. Finally there are self-help groups.
It is said to originate from agreek god FOBO.

John le Carré
John le Carré is the author of many spy novels. The name is actually a pseudonym. It is like a nickname. The person behind the nickname is David John Moore Cornwell (born October 19, 1931 in Poole, Dorset, England).

Sexually transmitted disease
A sexually transmitted disease is a disease which generally spreads by sexual intercourse, including oral sex or anal sex. "Sexually transmitted disease" is usually written as STD for short. STDs can also be called sexually transmitted infections (STIs), or venereal diseases (VD). It is more accurate to call sexually transmitted diseases sexually transmissible diseases. This is because some of them spread in other ways, too. For example, One can get HIV from using a hypodermic needle that someone else already used, if that other person has HIV.
Additionally, there is currently no form of protection against certain STDs, like herpes (a painful virus that causes growths in the groin or mouth for the rest of one's life, with no known cure), or pubic lice. It is important to know the health risks of having sex as well as the emotional bonuses, and most of all to talk to one's partner.

Atacama Desert
The Atacama Desert is a desert. It is the world's driest place. It has not rained in parts of it for over 400 years. It is in South America and between the Andes mountains and the Pacific Ocean.

Thirty
Thirty is the number that is after twenty-nine and before thirty-one.

International Atomic Energy Agency
The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is a spin-off organisation from the United Nations. It was created as an autonomous (self-governing) organization on July 29, 1957. The organisation wants to monitor and promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy. It also wants to prevent the use of this energy to build nuclear weapons.
The organization and its Director General, Mohamed ElBaradei, were both awarded the Nobel Peace Prize on 7 October 2005. This was done for their role when they tried to prevent the invasion of Iraq by a US-led coalition of troops.
The IAEA has its headquarters in Vienna, Austria. Additional facilities are located in Seibersdorf (near Vienna), Monaco, Toronto, and Tokyo.

Roger Ebert
Roger Joseph Ebert (born June 18, 1942 in Urbana, Illinois) is a famous movie critic in the United States. Ebert's reviews appear in newpapers and he is the co-host of the television show "Ebert and Roper" (originally "Siskel and Ebert"), where he and another critic, originally Gene Siskel and after Siskel's death in 1999, Richard Roper, appear in and talk about new movies.

Seibersdorf
Seibersdorf is a village in Lower Austria, Austria. As of 2001, about 1200 people lived there. It is close to Vienna, and mostly known for the research centre of the International Atomic Energy Agency.

Russian Revolution
The term Russian Revolution refers mainly to the Russian Revolution of 1917, which included the February Revolution resulting in the abdication (quitting) of Czar Nicholas II and the later Bolshevik revolt of Communism, the October Revolution, that had the royal family shot.
It was the only successful workers' revolution in history insofar as ordinary workers, peasants, and soldiers of Russia took over the running of society and got rid of the pro-capitalist Kerensky government.
The revolution was ultimately strangled by international capitalism and the invading White Armies—over 15 separate armies held the Russian workers' state under siege.
Also, the failure of the revolution to spread to Germany and others places was central in the defeat of Lenin's Bolsheviks and to the rise of Stalinism and the subsequent system of state capitalism.
The term "Russian Revolution" can also mean the Russian Revolution of 1905.
When talking about time, if the comment does not say the year, the term usually refers to the October Revolution of 1917, while references to the revolution of 1905 always say the year and references to the February Revolution always say the month.
The Third Russian Revolution was the failed anarchist revolution against the Bolsheviks and the White Army from 1918 to 1922, where the anarchists tried to take over.

Baguette
Baguettes are long thin loaves of bread popular in France, and other French-speaking countries.
Baguettes are common in Europe. Usually, they are made of white bread. They need to be eaten rapidly, because the white bread goes bad very fast. Baguettes usually have a hard crust on the outside but soft white bread on the inside.
French laws say that bread may only contain the following four things: flour, water, yeast and salt. Anything containing more than those things must not be called bread.
A baguette is about 5-6 cm wide, 3 to 4 cm high, and about 65 cm long. Such a baguette usually weighs about 250 grammes. Breads which are thinner (and lighter) are called ficelle (thread). It is common to dip the bread into olive oil when it is eaten.

Barometer
Barometer is a instrument used to measure air pressure. The "barometer" measures air pressure in units called hectopascals (hPa). Air pressure and differences in pressure are important ways to describe or measure weather. Therefore the barometer is important for meteorologists.
There are various types of "barometers" such as the water barometer, aneroid barometer, and the mercury barometer. They were created by an Italian mathematician named Evangelista Torricelli in 1643.

Nokia
Nokia Corporation is a company that makes mobile phones. Its headquarters (main office) are in Espoo, Finland. Nokia is important in the economy of Finland. Nokia is the biggest Finnish company.

Research
Research is the process of finding facts. These facts will lead to knowledge. Research is done by using what is already known. Additional knowledge can be obtained by proving (or falsifying) existing theories or systems, and by trying to better explain observations. Research is an analytical, systematic, organized and objective process. This process should answer a question or hypothesis. In this way, it should increase the knowledge and information on a certain unknown thing which people wish to know better.
Academic research.
Students do research to write papers. Reading a large number of books about a subject, and taking notes, is a form of research. Authors of nonfiction books do research so that their books will be correct.
Scientific research.
The Scientific method is a common way to do research. Research is used to improve understanding of Biology, Engineering, Physics, Chemistry and many other fields. This makes it possible to discover new medicines, to make automobiles safer, and to make farms produce more food. Money for research comes from governments, private corporations, and charities.

E3
The Electronic Entertainment Expo (Exposition) or E3 is one of the biggest conferences for video games in the world. Every year in May, game developers and other professional people gather to show off new video games, computer hardware, and features. It is only open to people who have been invited and people visiting must be over eighteen years old.

Prince Edward Island
Prince Edward Island (or Île-du-Prince-Édouard in French) is a province in Canada. It is the smallest of Canada's ten provinces. Most of the people in Prince Edward Island speak English.
History.
Prince Edward Island joined Canada in 1873.
Culture.
Prince Edward Island is known for being the place of the stories written by Lucy Maud Montgomery. "Anne of Green Gables" is one of these stories.

Antigen
When an antigen is introduced into the body it causes the production of antibodies. Antigens can include bacteria, cells of transplanted organs, and toxins.

Chaos
Chaos is when something unpredictable, or random happens. It is from the Indo-European root "ghen" which means "to be wide open" or in other words, a very large space. Because early Christians did not understand how to use the word "chaos" properly, the word's meaning changed to "disorder" or random and not normal. It is the opposite of "law and order".

Information entropy
Entropy is a concept from information theory. It tells how much information there is in an event. In general, the more uncertain or random the event is, the more information it will contain. The concept of entropy was created by a mathematician. He was named Claude Elwood Shannon.
Example.
Let's look at an example. If someone is told something they already know, the information they get is very small. It will be pointless for them to be told something they already know.
If they were told about something they knew little about, they would get much new information. This information would be very valuable to them. They would learn something.

Spice Girls
The Spice Girls are a popular pop group formed in 1994. Their hits include "Wannabe", "Spice Up Your Life" and "Stop".
The members of the group are: Victoria Beckham ("Posh Spice"), Melanie Brown ("Scary Spice"), Emma Bunton ("Baby Spice"), Melanie Chisholm ("Sporty Spice") and Geri Halliwell ("Ginger Spice").
The group released three albums: Spice in 1996, Spice World in 1997 and Forever in 2000. The Spice Girls also starred in, which was released in December 1997.
The five girls reunited in 2007 and announced a which started in December. A Greatest Hits album was released.
On 1 February 2008 the group said that the tour would end early, disappointing some fans.

Traffic cone
Traffic cones (also called road cones, safety cones, or pylons) are cone-shaped markers, generally made out of plastic, that are placed on roads to temporarily redirect automobile traffic in a safe manner.
Uses.
Traffic cones are often placed around construction sites or roadside accidents. As well, many utility companies such as telephone companies and electric companies place cones on the road when utility workers are working on or near the road. Cones are also used by driving schools to set up tests of turning and parking skills.
They have many other uses including bike training, fun and for personal use like reserving parking spaces.
Features.
Traffic cones are easily movable and about 60 cm (24 inches) tall. Traffic cones come in many different colors, with orange, yellow and red being the most common colors. Many types of traffic cones have reflective strips or stripes of reflective paint, so that the cones are easier to see at night.
History.
Traffic cones were invented in 1914 by Charles P. Rudabaker. The first cones were made of concrete. In the 2000s, most cones are made of brightly-colored plastic.

Agatha Christie
Agatha Christie (15 September 1890 – 12 January 1976) was an English writer of crime stories.
She was born in Torquay. She died in 1976. She was married two times, and she had one child, Rosalind Hicks.
Agatha Christie worked in a hospital and in a pharmacy in World War I.
Her books are very famous all over the world, and she sold a lot of books. Her stories are about murders and finding out who did them.
The most well-known characters in her books are Miss Marple and Hercule Poirot.
Miss Marple is an old lady, and she talks to everyone. She uses logic to find out who is guilty for the murder.
Hercule Poirot is a private detective from Belgium. He lives in London. He likes to find out who did the murder by thinking about all the evidence.
She also wrote romance novels and theatre plays. They were very successful too.
In 1971, she was honoured by the Queen with the title Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire

MB
¹ Although this is the usage preferred by several standardisation organisations, multiple symbol and capitalisation variants are used in many documents, so the context must be used to determine the meaning. Note also that some users differentiate between an upper-case 'B' (for byte) and a lower-case 'b' (for bit) in such abbreviations, whilst others do not.

Kwame Nkrumah
Dr. Kwame Nkrumah (born Francis Nwia-Kofi Ngonloma, September 21, 1909 – April 27, 1972) was an African political leader. He was well known for being the first Prime Minister (later President) of Ghana, and his vision for a united African continent. On March 6, 1957, after ten years of campaigning for Ghanaian independence, Nkrumah was elected and Ghana gained independence from British rule.
Early life and activism.
Nkrumah was born Francis Nwia-Kofi Ngonloma in Nkroful, a town in Gold Coast (the British colony that was to become Gold Coast) to Kofi Ngonloma, a goldsmith, and Elizabeth Nyaniba, a salesperson, who he saw as a great inspiration.
Education.
Nkrumah was first named Francis Nwia-Kofi, but later changed his name to Kwame Nkrumah in 1945 in the UK. He was born on Saturday.
He attended Elementary School at Half Assini where his father worked as a goldsmith. A German Roman Catholic priest called George Fischer significantly influenced his elementary school education.
Timeline.
The Osagyefo, Dr. Kwame Nkrumah authored over 20 books and publications. (See) and he is a lead authority on the Political theory and Practical Pan-Africanism.

Diego Velázquez
Diego Velázquez (June 1599 - 6 August 1660) was a Spanish painter, the leading artist in the court of King Philip IV.
Diego Velazquez had a hard life. He got married when he was eighteen. With his wife, he had two daughters. He died at the age of 61 after having painted many paintings.

Kinshasa
Kinshasa is the capital city of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (once called Zaire). It is the third largest city in the continent of Africa (after Lagos and Cairo). Seven and a half million people live there. Kinshasa is also a province in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The city of Kinshasa is located in it.
Henry Morton Stanley started the town in 1881 and called it Léopoldville (after King Léopold II of Belgium), next to a village called Nshasa or Kinshasa. The city of Léopoldville changed its name to Kinshasa in 1966.
Kinshasa is on one side of the Congo river, and Brazzaville, the capital of the Republic of Congo, is on the other side. Kinshasa and Brazzaville are the nearest country capitals in the world.

Great Barrier Reef
The Great Barrier Reef is the world's largest coral reef. It is located close to the coast of Queensland, Australia. It is 2,300 km long. It is made up of nearly 3000 coral reefs and over 600 islands. It has been listed an important World Heritage Site by UNESCO. The Great Barrier Reef is the largest structure made by living things. It can be seen from outer space.
Captain Cook.
James Cook discovered the reef on 11 June 1770. His ship the Endeavour crashed into the reef. The coral ripped a large hole in the bottom of his ship. Cook and the crew were able to keep the ship from sinking. They were able to get the ship onto a beach at what is now called Cooktown. His crew took 7 weeks to repair the ship and continue the voyage.
Geology.
The Reef Research Centre has found the remains of coral that are half a million years old. Corals have been growing in the region for as long as 25 million years. The corals have not always formed coral reefs.
It is difficult to work out the age of the Great Barrier Reef. This is because of the way a reef can grow and shrink as the sea level changes. A coral reef can grow in diameter, that is how wide they are, from 1 to 2 cm per year. They can also grow upwards from 1 to 15 cm per year. Coral can't grow if the water is too deep (150 metres or more) because it needs light from the sun. They cannot grow out of the water (above sea level).
The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority and Australian Institute of Marine Science say the current, living reef started growing about 20,000 years ago. It started to grow on an older reef. This makes the beginning of the reef during the Last Glacial Maximum. At that time, the sea level was 120 metres lower than it is today. The land that forms the bottom of the Great Barrier Reef was a coastal plain. The plain had some large hills. Some of these hills were parts of older reefs.
From 20,000 years ago until 6,000 years the sea level began to rise. As it rose, the corals could grow higher on the hills of the coastal plain. By 13,000 years ago the sea level was 60 metres lower than the present day. Corals began to grow around the hills of the coastal plain. These became continental islands. As the sea level rose higher, most of these continental islands were covered by water. The corals could then grow over the hills. This formed the present cays and reefs. Sea level on the Great Barrier Reef has not risen much in the last 6,000 years.The CRC Reef Research Centre has worked out that the present, living reef is 6,000 to 8,000 years old.
The remains of a very old barrier reef has been found in the Kimberley area. This is in the northern part of Western Australia.
The Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area has been divided into 70 different areas. These are called bioregions. Each bioregion has its own special plants and animals. There are 30 reef bioregions, and 40 are non-reef bioregions. In the northern part of the Great Barrier Reef, there are ribbon reefs and deltaic reefs. These kinds of reef are not found in the rest of the Great Barrier Reef system.
Ecology.
The Great Barrier Reef has many different plants and animals. This includes many vulnerable or endangered species. Some of these can only be found on this reef system.
Mammals.
Thirty species of whales, dolphins, and porpoises have been seen in the Great Barrier Reef. This includes the dwarf minke whale, Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin, and the humpback whale. Many dugongs live there.
Turtles and Dugongs.
Six species of sea turtles come to the reef to breed. These are the green sea turtle, leatherback sea turtle, hawksbill turtle, loggerhead sea turtle, flatback turtle, and the olive ridley. There are two different groups of green sea turtles on the Great Barrier Reef. One group lives in the northern part of the reef and the other in the south. Fifteen species of seagrass attract the dugongs and turtles. They also provide a food and shelter for fish. The most common kinds of seagrasses are "Halophila" and "Halodule".
Other sea animals.
Salt water crocodiles live in mangrove and salt marshes on the coast near the reef. No crocodile nests have been found on the reef. The salt water crocodiles on the reef travel long distances. There are not many living around the reef. Around 125 species of shark, stingray, skates or chimera live on the reef. About 5,000 species of mollusc have been found on the reef. These include the giant clam, nudibranchs and cone snails. Forty-nine species of pipefish and nine species of seahorse have been found. Seven species of frogs have be found on the islands.
Birds.
215 species of birds come to the reef or nest or roost on the islands. This includes 22 species of seabirds and 32 species of shorebirds. These include the white-bellied sea eagle and roseate tern. Most nesting sites are on islands in the northern and southern regions of the Great Barrier Reef. About 1.7 million birds use the sites to breed.
Plants.
The islands of the Great Barrier Reef also have 2,195 known plant species. Three of these are not found anywhere else. The northern islands have 300-350 plants which are woody. The southern islands have 200 plants which are herbaceous. The Whitsunday region has the most (1,141) plant speciess. The plant species are spread by birds.
Sea snakes.
Seventeen types of sea snake live on the Great Barrier Reef. They take about 4 years to become old enough to breed. They usually live on the sea floor. They live in warm waters up to deep. They are more common in the southern part of the reef.
Fish, ascidians and bryozoans.
More than 1,500 species of fish live on the reef. These include the clownfish,, and several types of snapper and coral trout. There are at least 330 species of sea squirts (ascidians) found on the reef. These vary in size from 1 mm-10 cm in diameter. Between 300-500 species of bryozoans are found on the reef system. These are small water animals that look like moss, or branches.
Corals.
Four hundred species of corals, both hard corals and soft corals are found on the reef. Most of these spawn (release thousands of eggs) in huge events. This spawning is controlled by the rising sea temperatures. This happens in spring and summer, as part of the moons lunar cycle, and the day/night diurnal cycle. Reefs in the inner Great Barrier Reef spawn during the week after the full moon in October. Outer reefs spawn in November and December. The common soft corals on the Great Barrier Reef belong to 36 different types. Five hundred species of marine algae or seaweed live on the reef. This includes thirteen types of "Halimeda". These deposit chalky (calcareous) mounds up to 100 metres wide. They have mini-ecosystems on their surface which have been compared to rainforest cover.

Missouri Compromise
The Missouri Compromise, also called the Compromise of 1820, was a plan proposed by Henry Clay of the U.S. state of Kentucky. The plan admitted Missouri as a slave state to please the South. Maine was admitted as a free state to please the North. It kept the balance of power in the United States Senate between the free states and slave states. The plan also called for slavery to be banned from the Louisiana Territory north of the parallel 36 degrees 30'(also known as the Missouri Compromise Line), Missouri's southern border. The plan was signed by former President Monroe and passed in 1820.

Peafowl
A peafowl is a kind of bird of the "Phasianidae" family. It can mean the Asiatic peafowl ("Pavo") or the Congo Peafowl ("Afropavo").
Appearence.
The male peafowls (called peacocks) have long, colorful feathers. Female peafowls (called peahens) have shorter, brown feathers.
Habits.
Peacocks love the color white and are drawn to it.
Eating habits.
They like to eat any kind of green shoots (flowers, veggies, grass etc) as well as wheat, cracked corn or wild game feed.
They can handle freezing temperatures as long as they have a dry perch that is out of the wind and weather.
Dry dog and cat chows make excellent winter feed for peafowl, who are omnivores, eating insects, small snakes, lizards, grain, as well as many varieties of greens. They are particularly fond of petunias and similar pot plants, leaving nothing but a small green circle where the stem once emerged from the soil. The birds will learn to come to a specific place at specific times of day to be fed, and a regular light feeding during summer adapts them to coming to the feeding place in winter.
Origin.
The peafowl is native to southeast Asia including India., but they were brought to Europe long ago and have acclimated to colder areas to the extent that natural populations of them continue for generations in favorable areas. The very long, elegant and colorful plumage of the male birds, peacocks, is grown over the winter months so that they are ready for the early spring mating season, during which each male establishes a territory and calls the females to come admire his dance, a rustling of tail quills which hold up the fanned back plumes (not tail feathers)as he stamps and turns. The summoning call is loud, repeated, happens sometimes at night, and sounds, to some people, like a woman screaming. Often it is tri-syllabic, mi-fa-sol. Once the mating season is over, the tail feathers are naturally shed.
Female peafowl.
The female birds, peahens, are soft brown and gray with white chests and bellies and some light green on the neck, the colors blending so well with weeds and grasses that when the female is nesting on the ground, she is almost invisible.
Mothering.
The hen teaches her chicks what to eat by putting her beak point down at a chosen bug, grain, seed, or leaf and making a throaty "grock" sound. The chick put its beak against the mother's, follows the beak to the tip, and eats whatever it points at. The chicks can learn what to eat from a hen of another species, but, unlike baby chickens, peachicks need to be shown what to eat. Chicks hatched in a hatchery can starve to death if there is no hen to teach them what to eat.
In addition to the "eat this" sound, the female has a particular call for a missing chick, a "where are you," "hoo-hah" call, two toned, high then low, mi-do, mi-do. When a chick is missing, this call can go on for hours.
Reproduction.
She lays from two to six eggs in the spring time and, once all are laid, sits on the eggs for about thirty days to hatch them, leaving the nest once or twice a day to feed and drink. Often the female will utter a shrieked "trouble" call, a quickly repeated "cuk, cuk, cuk, cuk" when she leaves the nest, to attract predators away from it.
Chicks.
Once the chicks are hatched, the mother leads them away from the broken eggs, as the smell of the eggs attracts predators. They are able to flutter a little within hours, and in a few days can fly up into sheltering trees by going first to lower branches and working their way higher, preferring high, protected branches. The chicks roost on either side of the peahen, and she extends her wings to cover them during the night, thus protecting them from rain, hail, and visits from owls. They begin to grow their "crowns" when they are only a few weeks old and it takes about a year for them to reach full size, though it may take three years to reach breeding age. Both males and females are hatched with the same plumage; nine to twelve months after hatching, the males' necks begin to turn peacock blue, and their splendid plumage takes about four years to reach full size.

Manager
A manager is a person who "manages" or is "in charge of" something. Managers can control departments in companies, or guide the people who work for them. Managers must often make decisions about things.

Dachshund
The dachshund is a breed of dog. It is usually short (small in height), but long from front to back and with short legs. “Dachshund” is a German word that is used in English, and it means “badger dog.” (In German, dachshunds are called "Dackel" or "Teckel".)
The breed was developed to use its sense of smell to find, chase, and hunt badgers and other animals that live in holes. A dachshund has a long, narrow body, so it is sometimes called a "wiener dog", "hot dog", or "sausage dog". Some people believe that using those words does not show respect.
Appearance (looks).
Today, dachshunds have crooked legs, loose skin, and a barrel-like chest. Over time, breeders selected dogs so that those features would appear in puppies. That way, dachshunds could do a better job of burrowing into tight spaces. Another feature is a long tail.
The coat or fur of a dachshund comes in three kinds – smooth or short-haired, long-haired, and wire-haired. The wire-haired dachshund usually is shorter front to back than the other two.
Size.
A fully-grown dachshund weighs between 16 and 28 lb. (7 to 12.7 kg), while the miniature dachshund may weigh less than 11 lb. (5 kg). The writer H. L. Mencken said that “A dachshund is a half-dog high and a dog-and-a-half long.”
Coat (fur) and color.
Dachshund fur comes in many colours. The colors that are most common are red (a brown color that looks a little reddish) and black-and-tan (black body with brown parts). There are solid black and solid chocolate-brown dachshunds. Many people think those dachshunds are handsome, but the colors are not standard or official – that is, you cannot enter those dogs in some dog shows.
Temperament (mood or emotions).
Dachshunds are playful, fun dogs. People know that dachshunds like to chase small animals and birds, and when they chase those animals they do it ferociously (without fear and very intensely). Many dachshunds are strong-headed or stubborn, and that means they can be hard to train. Dachshunds are often very loyal to their owners (devoted to their owners, or very interested in their owners). In fact, they can be much more loyal than other kinds of dogs. But wire-haired dachshunds often do not show that kind of loyalty to their owners.
People know that dachshunds have deep and tender eyes, and that dachshunds have many facial expressions (dachshunds can communicate just with the look on their faces).
Health.
Dachshunds often have spinal problems, that is, their backbone can become injured. That is because of the dog’s very long spinal column and short rib cage. The problems are usually hereditary (genetic), that is, they are passed down from parent dogs to puppies.
A dachshund that is obese (fat) can have a higher risk of getting injured. That is because the extra weight puts more strain on the backbone (vertebrae).
To prevent injury, dachshunds should not climb stairs or jump unless they really have to. It is also important to hold the dog the right way – by holding up the front and the rear parts of the body at all times.
History.
Some people have wondered if dachshunds go back to ancient Egypt. People have found drawings and engravings from ancient Egypt that show hunting dogs with short legs. But the dachshund of today was bred in Europe, and it has parts of German, French, and English hounds and terriers.
Kings and queens all over Europe have had dachshunds. Queen Victoria especially liked dachshunds.

Karachi
Karachi is the largest city and the "National City" of Pakistan and the capital of the province of Sindh. A native of Karachi is called a Karachiite. The city is the financial and commercial centre of Pakistan. It has two important regional seaports. The city lies on the coast of the Arabian Sea west of the Indus River delta. Karachi generates the largest share of Pakistan's GDP and national revenue. The population is estimated at approximately 12 million, making it one of the largest cities in the world.
Apart from the University of Karachi, there are several other institutions of higher education and numerous colleges and schools in Karachi. Karachi is home to the National Stadium which hosts many cricket games, and several other sports complexes. The city has several long sandy beaches including Clifton/Kiamari beach and Sandspit beach. Clifton beach suffered from a recent oil spillage but the beach has been cleaned.
Karachi has many large and small shopping areas including the Saddar area in downtown Karachi. Karachi also has a number of large modern shopping malls. The city has a modern international airport called the Quaid-e-Azam International Airport and two large shipping ports at Port of Karachi and Port Qasim. Karachi is linked by railway to the rest of Pakistan.

Transliteration
Transliteration is how writing is changed from a writing system or alphabet to another, while making each sound stay the same. There are different systems of writing in the world. Some use letters to write out sounds, and others use characters to write out whole words that have many sounds in them. Transliteration is what happens when letters from an alphabet match letters of another alphabet, that have the same sounds. Most often this is done by spelling the sounds of one system, with the letters or symbols of another. The Cyrillic letter "я" is usually written as "ya".

Taoism
Taoism or Daoism is a type of belief.
It is at least 2,500 years old and it comes from China. Some people call Taoism a religion, other people call it a philosophy. People disagree about what to call it because it means different things to different people.
Instead of spending a lot of time trying to explain what the Tao is, Taoists focus on living a simple and balanced life in harmony with nature. This is one of the most important principles in Taoism. Taoists also believe that conflict is not good and that if you have a problem with something, it is better to find a way around it.

Adjustment
An adjustment is when something is changed in a small way. This is usually to make it better. The word can be used as a verb, as in "Bill needs to adjust his tie".

Poverty
Poverty is not having enough money to have basic needs like food, water, shelter, or toilets. Many people in different countries live in poverty, especially in developing areas of Africa, Latin America and some parts Asia.
There are different ways to measure poverty. The World Bank says that "extreme poverty" is when someone needs to live on less than US$ 1 a day (that dollar is an ideal one. It has been adjusted to rule out certain effects of inflation, meaning that prices of things increase higher than what a person is paid, and other price level differences). "Moderate poverty" is when people need to live on less than 2 such dollars a day. In the year 2001, 1,100,000,000 people were seen as "extremely poor", and 2,700,000,000 were seen as "moderately poor".
In the developed world this does not apply. There, many people are seen as the "working poor". They have a job, but do not earn enough money. They need to spend a lot of that money for living expenditures, so that at the end of the day, little of it is left.
There are different ways to tell if a country is rich or pooor. The Gross Domestic Product, or GDP and HDI are two of those measures. Gross Domestic Product which is the money made from trade from inside the country. the product made from another country and sold within the country does not count even if a product is made.
HDI, meaning the Human Development Index is a different matter. It is determined by life expectancy and adult literacy rates. Places in Africa like Guinea-Bissau and Sierra Leone are the poorest, with Sierra Leone having the lowest HDI ranking in the world.

Cabin
A cabin is a small building where people live. They are often made of wood and are usually located in forest or mountain areas. Many cabins do not have electricity or running water. Cabins are smaller than houses.

British Empire
The British Empire was a global power that contained territories owned by the United Kingdom. The empire was the largest empire in history, and at peak controlled one quarter of the world's surface. Over 500 million were brought under the control of the crown. Today, most of its members are in the Commonwealth of Nations. The most famous part of the British Empire was the East India Trading Company, which started out as a small business before becoming a very large trading company which many people depended on.

Chimbote
Chimbote is the largest city in the Ancash Region of Peru. The city has over 400,000 residents.
It is on the coast of the Pacific Ocean. Most of the people of Chimbote catch fish, or work with seafood in some way. The city catches more fish than any other place in Peru.
Chimbote is known for its good version of the national dish of Peru, ceviche. Chimbote is also the hometown of the former president of Peru, Alejandro Toledo.

Tram
A tram (tramcar, trolley, streetcar, or street railway) is a passenger vehicle that is like a light train. It carries people to places within a city. Because a single tram can carry many people at the same time, riding on a tram instead of driving a car is a good way to help prevent pollution.

Fast food
Fast food is the term for a kind of food that people eat from a restaurant where you get what is called "junk food". There are many different kinds of fast food, but the most popular are hamburgers, cheeseburgers and french fries (chips). These foods are cooked and served very quickly, and that is why it is called "fast" food.
Some people think that fast food tastes very good. Other people think that the ingredients in fast food are unhealthy. Eating fast food often may cause obesity (it means, it makes you fat). It can also lead to other health problems.
The restaurants that sell fast food are called "fast food shops" or "fast food restaurants". Some of the more common fast food restaurants are McDonald's, Wendy's, Burger King, Taco Bell, and KFC. When a lot of fast food is eaten, it can be very bad for the person eating it. It can cause many bad conditions, such as high cholesterol, clogged arteries, diabetes, death with illnesses, young kids getting diabetes, and obesity.

Scott Joplin
Scott Joplin was a well-known ragtime musician and composer.
Joplin was born in the U.S. state of Texas sometime between June 1867 and January 1868, and died in 1917.
He may be most commonly known from the Marvin Hamlisch adaptation of his composition "The Entertainer" which was used in the 1973 movie "The Sting" starring Paul Newman and Robert Redford. His best-known song while he was alive was "Maple Leaf Rag". " The entertainer was a great piece it was a record breaking hit.

Propane
Propane is an alkane (a hydrocarbon). An alkane is a molecule composed of the chemical elements hydrogen and carbon. Propane has three carbon atoms and eight hydrogen atoms, so its molecular formula is C3H8.
It begins to burn very quickly.
Its melting temperature is −187,7 °C; its boiling temperature is −42 °C; its density is 1,83 g/l.
Propane is extracted from natural gasoline or from petroleum.

Flag of Japan
The flag of Japan shows a red sun (rising sun) in the middle of a white field. The Japanese navy uses the other flag; the sun has rays.Yes it does, and Japan is really big.

Nationalism
Nationalism is an ideology that says that every ethnic group of humans should be free to rule itself. Nationalists think that the best way to make this happen is for every ethnic group to have its own nation or society that they can rule without being controlled or oppressed by anybody else. Many nationalists think that nationalism is the best way to save small and not powerful groups, which are threatened by the mixing of ethnic groups. Nationalists think that the world is better with lots of cultural diversity. They also think that diversity is threatened by worldwide influences and mixing.
Nationalism on left-right politics.
Originally nationalism was found together with socialism. Many early socialists were also nationalists. Especially the earliest forms of nationalism had lots of socialist features. Many people who thought that ethnic group should not be oppressed by other ethnic groups thought also that normal folk, the backbone of society, like workers and peasants, should not be oppressed by higher social classes like rich people. They thought that it is wrong for somebody to live in great welfare that is made by hard work or even oppression of others. All the social classes should work together and have a common goals that aims for good of everyone. These goals can be called "national interest". National interest is ideal and not always easy to find. There are different ways to reach national interest, for example politics.
Nationalists started to support and admire the normal folk, especially peasants, who were seen uncorrupted, gallant and fair - unlike high classes. For example normal folk often had more original and local ethnic culture than high classes, whose culture was seen more rootless. National Romanticism was based much on the ideal of uncorrupt folk.
Socialism and nationalism grew together, but they have also been put to oppose each other in some cases. The most known opposition between these ideologies was in Soviet Union. The Soviet propaganda made nationalism an insult word that was linked with opposed ideologies like capitalism, liberalism, imperialism or fascism. Still even in Soviet Union and other communist or socialist countries there were lots of nationalism (even if it was not called with that name). The most capitalist countries like United States were rather patriotic than nationalist. The Nordic countries, which were amongst the most pure nation-states, (countries that follow nationalist principle) were not very capitalist or rightist, they were built on social democratic way that is at left side. Only after Nordic countries became more multicultural their politics became more rightist.
Today nationalism does not have a common stand on those fields of politics that are outside of its basic goals, like left-right politics. However nationalism can be a part of bigger political ideology or agenda that can be leftist or rightist or something outside that classification.
Nationalism is still usually connected to goals that resist strong hierarchy between social classes inside society. Nationalist people are usually more or less against the strongest forms of capitalism, which they think gives too much power of rich people and big companies.
Nationalism and imperialism.
Nationalism is the opposite of imperialism. Imperialism tries to make big nations that have many ethnic groups. In imperialist states, some groups are usually more powerful and are seen as better than others. Nationalists think that such hierarchy is bad. They say that in nations with one ethnic group, everyone has the same value and power. Sometimes nationalism is used to support imperialism, but that is against the original idea of nationalism. Such using of political ideas against their original purpose is quite usual in politics and happens with many other ideas too.
Nationalism had important role in ending the colonial rule. Nationalism spread to colonies and made their people to desire independence. Nationalism also made the people in metropolitan states (countries that colonized others) to accept more the desire of other people to rule themselves. However nationalists think that the end of colonialization of Africa was not done well. They think that there would not be so many conflicts in Africa if African nations had built in a nationalist way (so that every ethnic group is its own nation). After the imperialists left their African colonies, the new nations were built with borders that were not the same as the ethnic borders. New nations became nations with many ethnic groups, which do not want to or cannot live peacefully in the same society with the others.

Drought
Drought is when not enough rain falls for a long time. Crops and other plants need water to grow, and land animals need it to live. It can become dangerous to people; causing famine and even creating deserts. Drought is a natural event, caused by other weather events like El Nino and high pressure systems. Drought can also be triggered by people cutting down forests, by global warming, and by diverting rivers or emptying lakes. By collecting rainwater or changing sea water into drinking water, people can lessen the impact of drought.

Deafness
Deafness is when someone cannot hear or cannot hear well. There are many famous people who were deaf, such as Ludwig van Beethoven. Many deaf people learn sign language so that they can communicate.

Liver bird
The Liver birds are two large and famous bronze metal birds on top of a building - the Liver Building - in the city of Liverpool, England. The building has the offices of an insurance organization. The birds are symbol of the city, although no birds really look like this.
The sound of the end of the word "liver" in the name of the bird is like "driver" not "river". The start of the word Liverpool ("liver") sounds like the word "river". This is a funny play on words.
There is also a British television sitcom with the same name that is about two women in Liverpool. The play on words is increased by a second British slang meaning of the word "bird" to mean a young woman.
Many people in Liverpool (they are known as "Liverpudlians") are proud of their city and of the Liver birds. There is a story that the birds will come alive if a truly pure woman walks between them. This will never happen! This is an example of the humor of the local people.

Demonstration
A demonstration is an event where people do something to let others know what they think and to try to change people's point of view. A demonstration is usually considered more successful the more people participate.
Examples of demonstrations include marches and rallies.
In 2003 many people demonstrated against the 2003 Invasion of Iraq.

Chartist
The Chartists were people who wanted to get more rights for working class people in the mid-19th century. They were called Chartists because they wrote their main aims down in the People's Charter of 1838. They were an all man group.

Movie theatre
A movie theatre, often spelled "theater" because many people consider "theatre" to only mean live plays, is a place where movies are shown on a big screen. People or "patrons" (the audience) watch movies, usually in chairs. A movie theatre is sometimes called a "cinema". A theatre with multiple screens commonly is called a "multi-plex" or "mega-plex" (if more than 10 screens).
Movie theatres have comfortable chairs. There are different types of formats of a movie theatre
The oldest movie theatre in the world, which is still in action today is the "Kino Pionier" (opend 1907) in Szczecin, Poland.
Movie Theatres aquire revenue from not only movie tickets but from concessions. In recent years with the increase of film rental costs, theatres have become more and more creative about how they make money. New theatres being contructed include restaurants, party rooms, conference rooms, arcades and more.
The evolution of movie theatres has no limits and those who say that movie theatres will become obsolete with more electronic devises, grossly underestimate the desire of young people to escape from their elders and interact with their friends and dates. The movie theatre will always remain a timeless form of entertainment.

The KLF
The KLF were a band from England. They made music from the late 1980s until the early 1990s. A lot of the music they made was pop music or dance music. The band members were two men, Bill Drummond and Jimmy Cauty. Bill Drummond is a musician, singer, and writer from Scotland. Jimmy Cauty is a musician and artist from England. Sometimes they used the names The Justified Ancients of Mu Mu, The JAMs and The Timelords as their band name, instead.

Monounsaturated fat
Monounsaturated fats are found in food items, more particularly natural foods like nuts and avocados. They are the main component in olive oil (oleic acid).
In general, these fats are considered to be healthier as compared to the others. They have the same amount of energy, but they reduce blood cholesterol levels. This reduces the risk to the heart.

Polyunsaturated fat
Polyunsaturated fats are fats that are usually found in items like vegetable oils. Such items are typically found to be liquid at room temperature.
Chemistry.
Polyunsaturated fats are called as organic compounds. Its molecules contains more than one double bonds. The peculiar structure reduces the strength of the forces between molecules. This causes the items to have a lower melting point. This is why the items are usually liquid at room temperature.

The North Avenue Irregulars
"The North Avenue Irregulars" is a 1979 movie starring Edward Hermann.
Plot.
The movie is about a newly installed minister, who entrusts, despite objections by the founding pastors daughter, the churches "sinking fund" money into the hands of a congregate whom he does not even know, with instructions to increase the amount in the fund.
The money is bet on a horse race, and upon hearing this, the Pastor gives the shortest sermon in history and begins a pursuit of the money and the organized crime syndicate, amid the hijinx of assorted feminine members of the congregation in a pursuit of the "money trail".

Candleshoe
Candleshoe is a 1977 Walt Disney Productions live action movie. It stars Jodie Foster as Casey Brown, Helen Hayes as Lady St. Edmund (in her last screen appearance), David Niven as Priory (as well as Colonel Dennis and Mr. Gipping), and Leo McKern as Harry Bundage. Candleshoe is loosely based on the Michael Innes novel "Christmas at Candleshoe".

Hikaru Utada
Hikaru Utada (宇多田ヒカル "Utada Hikaru", born January 19 1983 in New York City), is an American-born Japanese singer and songwriter. Because she was born in the United States, she can speak English perfectly. She is the daughter of the 1970s Enka singer Keiko Fuji. Her first Japanese album, "First Love", was very popular. It sold more copies than any other Japanese singer ever. She is also known in the west for singing the theme songs for "Kingdom Hearts" and "Kingdom Hearts II"; "Simple and Clean" and "Sanctuary".
When Hikaru was little, she did not want to become a singer. She saw how busy her mother and father's lives were, and did not want that for herself. When she was 10-years-old, her parents asked her if she wanted to write songs. She did not want to, but tried doing it. She wrote a song called "I'll Be Stronger". During this time, Hikaru went to school in New York. Her classmates were not able to say her name right (Hee-ka-roo) so they shortened it to 'Hikki'. 'Hikki' became Hikaru's nickname. Her fans in Japan call her that. The name is not promoted very much in the United States because it sounds too much like 'hickey'.
In 1996, Hikaru started to record an album, when she was only 13 years-old. It was in English. The album was in the R&B style. It was written all by herself. The album was going to be released on the EMI' record company, but since the company fell apart, it was never sold in the United States. A man called Akira Miyake from Japan heard the album, and wanted to release it there. Hikaru agreed, and the album was released in Japan in 1998.
The album sold okay, but it was not until later when Hikaru started to sing Japanese songs that she became famous. Her music still sounded very R&B, but at this point it sounded more pop. Her first single, "Automatic / Time Will Tell", reached #2 on the single charts in Japan. A while later, after another single, she released her first Japanese album, "First Love". This sold a very large amount (over 9 million copies) and became the most sold album by a Japanese singer.
Hikaru went on to release two more albums, "Distance" (2001), and "Deep River" (2002). In each album, her style changed slightly. Each album was less R&B, and more Pop. In 2004, she released an album made of all her old single songs. She next released an album in English called "Exodus". "Exodus" was released under the record label Island Def-Jam. It was sold in Japan, the United States, and the United Kingdom. She sung, wrote and made the music for the whole album herself (except for when she got hip-hop producer Timbaland to help her). The album sold many copies in Japan, but it did not sell that well in the United States. However, many famous people and music critics thought that the album was good (for example, Elton John thought it was interesting).
Hikaru has started to make new Japanese music again, but continued on making all the music herself. Usually, a singer/songwriter will only write the music and the lyrics, but Hikaru decided she wanted to arrange her songs all by herself as well. She released her new album, "Ultra Blue", in mid-2006. Soon after, she went on tour all across Japan. This is the second time she has ever done this (despite her singing for eight years).

Scramble for Africa
The Scramble for Africa (or the Race for Africa), from the 1880s until the start of World War I, was a time of much colonial expansion in Africa. Many European countries started colonies in Africa during this time. This is an example of New Imperialism.
The last half of the 19th century saw a change in the way countries controlled their colonies. They changed from economic control through mass settlement, to political and military control of the colony's resources, especially in the 1870s. This was seen in the fight for the areas that were controlled by European nations.
Some famous people who helped European countries find more land in Africa included the explorers David Livingston, Henry Morton Stanley, and Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza, and the French politician Jules Ferry.
The Berlin Conference (1884 - 1885) tried to end the fight between the United Kingdom, France's Third Republic and the German Empire. At this conference, they agreed that "effective occupation" would be the rule for colonial claims. Laws were made for using direct rule on a colony, backed up by military power.

1160s
Centuries: 11th century - 12th century - 13th century
Decades: 1110s 1120s 1130s 1140s 1150s - 1160s - 1170s 1180s 1190s 1200s 1210s
Years: 1160 1161 1162 1163 1164 1165 1166 1167 1168 1169

Seaweed
Seaweed is a kind of algae that often looks like a plant. It grows under the ocean. You can see it if it grows near the shore. Seaweed is a plant because it takes the energy from the sun.

Fairy tale
A fairy tale is a fictional (made-up) story which has characters, animals and creatures from folklore; for example fairies, goblins, trolls, giants, or elves. They often include princesses or princes and most fairy tales have a happy ending.
Examples of traditional old fairy tales are "Sleeping Beauty" and "Little Red Riding Hood". There can also be new fairy tales written by an author, like "The Little Mermaid" or "Pinocchio". New fairy tales were for example written by Hans Christian Andersen, James Thurber and Oscar Wilde.

Game show
A game show is a program on television where people play a game for points, with the goal of winning money or prizes. Different game shows use different games. Some game shows involve word games, and others involve tests of skill or general knowledge. Many game shows incorporate some element of chance; for example, in "Wheel of Fortune", contestants spin a wheel to determine how much prize money they will have to wager.
Some game shows have the contestents compete against other individual contestants; other game shows group contestants into teams. Some game shows have regular people as the contestants. Other game shows have celebrities such as movie actors or musicians as the contestants.
Many game shows air on the Game Show Network.
Prizes.
Game shows often reward people with money, holidays, or cars. These prizes are often given by the people or group of people that give the game show money to run. The people who give the game show money to run are called sponsors.
History.
The first game shows were on radio.

Genre
A genre is a style or type of music, literature (books about stories), movies, and other media (methods of communication such as television, movies, or newspapers). Different pop music genres (styles) include rock and roll, hip hop, and pop punk. Some of the different literature genres (styles) include detective stories, mystery stories, and romance novels (stories). Some of the different movie genres include comedy, romance, action movies, and film noir (1940s and 1950s movies about crime). Other media (methods of communication) that have genres include television and theater.
Some genres (styles) are used in more than one form of art or communication. For example, the genre of fantasy is used in literature (books about stories), movies, and television. The genre of science fiction is also used in literature (books about stories), movies, and television.

Kristy Swanson
Kristy Swanson (born Renee Kristen Swanson on December 19, 1969) is an American actress. She is best known for playing the title character in the movie "Buffy the Vampire Slayer".

Octopus
Octopus (plural octopuses) is a kind of mollusc. Octopuses live in many places in the ocean, especially in coral reefs. There are many different types of octopuses, but they all have eight arms.
Nutrition.
They eat mostly fish and small crabs. Some species of octopuses also eat other octopuses. The octopus is also called the devil fish. It has a special ink pouch that it uses to darken the water when it feels like it is in danger.
Many biologists think they are the most intelligent of the invertebrate animals.
Structure.
Unlike most other cephalopods, most octopuses have only soft body with no internal skeleton. They have no protective outer shell like the nautilus, which is another type of animal. What is more, they have no sign of an internal shell or bone, like cuttlefish or squid.
A beak, similar in shape to a parrot's beak, is their only hard part.
Because of this, it is very easy for an octopus to squeeze through very narrow openings between rocks. An octopus has three hearts.The octopus is capable of squeezing through a hole as big as his eye, this gives an idea about how flexible and slippery this animal can be.

Byzantine Empire
The Byzantine Empire (or Eastern Roman Empire) is the name given to the Roman Empire that existed during the Middle Ages. Its capital was Constantinople, which is located in Turkey and is now called Istanbul. Unlike the Western Roman Empire, its people spoke Greek, not Latin and had a largely Greek culture and identity.
Start of the Empire, 330 - 476 AD.
The Roman Emperor Constantine I moved the capital of the Roman Empire to the city of Byzantium, and he renamed the city Constantinople. Many years later, after the city of Rome was taken over by Germanic peoples, the entire "Roman" Empire was moved to the Constantinople, and a new empire was born. The new empire still followed the ways of Christian Rome, but it had a smaller territory than the old Roman Empire.
Wars in west.
The Byzantine Empire tried to take back Rome and Italy from the Germans. Between 500 - 600 AD, the Byzantines won many battles and took back Rome.
These gains did not last however. More Germans came and eventually Italy and Rome was lost again. Worse was to come when Avar peoples came to take Bulgaria and Greece from the Byzantines. After a few battles, the Avars won much of northern Greece and Bulgaria. Theses Avars later called themselves Bulgarians.
Wars in the east.
After Rome was captured by Germanic People, the Byzantine Empire continued to control Egypt, Greece, Palestine, Syria and Turkey. However, another Empire, known as the Persian Empire, wanted to take over these lands for itself. Between 476 - 628 AD, the Byzantines and the Persians fought many battles, with many men killed in the fighting. Eventually, the Persians were finally defeated in modern-day Iraq, near the ancient city of Ninevah in 627 AD, allowing the Byzantines to keep her lands.
Unfortunatley for the Byzantines, another enemy appeared; the Arabs. The Byzantines were tired from fighting the Persians and so lost many battles against the Arabs. Palestine, Syria and Egypt were lost. However, the Byzantines defended Turkey well and the Arab advance stopped.
Recovery of the Empire: 717 - 1025 AD.
In 717 AD, the Arabs were defeated outside of the Byzantine Capital, Constantinople, ending the Arab threat in the east. In the west, the Byzantines launched a number of attacks against the Bulgarians. Some of these were successful, others were not and led to the deaths of many Emperors. In time, the Byzantine Empire became stronger and her enemies around her weaker as they fought amongst themselves
Recovery in the west.
Between 1007 - 1014, the Byzantine Emperor Basil II attacked Bulgaria many times and eventually won a great victory. Later, he fully recaptured Greece, adding it back to the Byzantine Empire. He then went on to conquer Bulgaria, which was completed in 1018.
Recovery in the east.
In the east, the Arabs once again became a threat to the Empire. However, Basil II's attacks won many more victories. Much of Syria was restored to the Empire and Turkey and Armenia were secured. After 1025, the Arabs were no longer a threat to the Byzantine Empire.
1025 - 1071.
After the good Byzantine Emperor Basil II died, many bad Emperors came to the throne. They wasted the money of the Empire and reduced her army. This meant that she could not defend herself well against her enemies if they would attack. Later, the Byantines relied on soldiers who fought for money and not for their country, so they were less reliable but more expensive.
Invasion of the Turks, 1071 - 1091.
A large number of people known as the Turks rode on horseback from central Asia and attacked the Byzantine Empire. They took all of Turkey from the Byzantines by 1091. However, the Byzantines received help from people in Europe. This help is known as the First Crusade. Many knights and soldiers left to help the Byzantines but also to secure Jerusalem for Christians, which at the time was in Muslim hands.
The Byzantines survive, 1091 - 1185.
The Byzantine Empire survived and with the help of the Europoeans took back half of Turkey from the Turks, with the other half remaining under the Turks. The Byzantines survived because three good Emperors ruled one after the other, allowing the Byzantines to grow strong again.
The Byzantines become weak again, 1185 - 1261.
After the three good Emperors, the remaining Emperors ruled badly and again wasted a lot of money and soldiers. The Turks attacked again and took back more of Turkey.
In the west, the Europeans betrayed the Byzantines and attacked their capital, Constantinople. The Byzantines lost their capital in 1204 and they did not take it back until 1261.
The Turks destroy the Byzantines, 1261 - 1453.
After the Byzantines took back Constantinople, they were too busy fighting the Europeans who had betrayed them and could not find enough soldiers or money to fight the Turks. Eventually, all of Turkey was lost by 1331.
In 1354, the Turks crossed over from Turkey and into Greece, taking over much of Greece between 1354 - 1450. The Byzatines lost so much land, money and soldiers that they became very weak and begged for help from the Europeans. The Europeans did not help very much. In the end, the Turks attacked Constantinople in April 1453. At the end of May 1453 the Turks captured Constantinople and the Empire came to an end.

Guqin
The (Chinese: 古琴; pinyin: gǔqín; Wade-Giles: ku-ch'in; literally "ancient stringed-instrument") is the modern name for a plucked seven-string Chinese musical instrument of the zither family. It has been played since ancient times, and has traditionally been favored by educated people as an instrument of great beauty and refinement. It is uncommonly spelt as Gu Qin (and sometimes GuQin or Gu-qin) in English.
Traditionally the instrument was called simply qin 「琴」, but by the 20th century the term had come to be used on many other musical instruments as well (for example, the "yangqin" 「揚琴」 hammered dulcimer, the "huqin" 「胡琴」 family of bowed string instruments, and the Western piano (Chinese: 鋼琴; pinyin: gāng qín; literally "steel stringed-instrument")), so the prefix "gu-" 「古」 (meaning "ancient") was added for clarification. It can also be called qixianqin 「七絃琴」 ("seven-stringed instrument"). The guqin is not to be confused with the "guzheng", another Chinese long zither also without frets, but with moveable bridges under each string. Because Robert Hans van Gulik's famous book about the qin is called "The Lore of the Chinese Lute", the qin is sometimes inaccurately called a lute. Other incorrect classifications (mainly from music CDs) include "harp" or "table-harp".
The qin is a very quiet instrument, with a range of about four octaves, and its open strings are tuned in the bass register (its lowest pitch is about two octaves below middle C, or the lowest note on the cello). Sounds are produced by plucking open strings, stopped strings, and harmonics. Stopped sounds are special for the variety of slides and ornaments used, and the use of glissando (sliding tones) gives it a sound similar to a pizzicato cello or fretless bass guitar. Extended sections in music scores consisting entirely of harmonics are common, this made possible because the 91 indicated harmonic positions allow great flexibility; early tablature shows that even more harmonic positions were used in the past. By tradition the qin originally had five strings, but ancient qin-like instruments with 10 or more strings have been found. The modern form has been standardized from about two thousand years.
History.
Legend has it that the qin, has a history of about 5,000 years; that the legendary people of China's pre-history; Fuxi, Shennong and Huang Di (the Yellow Emperor), was involved in its creation. It is mentioned in Chinese writings dating back nearly 3,000 years, and related instruments have been found in tombs from about 2,500 years ago. Chinese tradition says the qin originally had five strings, but then two were added about 1,000 BCE, making seven.
Based on the detailed description in the poetic essay "Qin Fu" 【琴賦】 by Xi Kang / Ji Kang (223–262), the form of the qin that is recognizable today was most likely set around the late Han Dynasty (206 BC - 220 AD). The earliest surviving qin in this modern form, preserved in both Japan and China, have been dated to the Tang Dynasty (618-907). Many are still playable, the most famous perhaps being the one named "Jiuxiao Huanpei" 《九霄環佩》, said to have been made by the famous late Tang dynasty qin maker Lei Wei (雷威). It is kept in the Forbidden City Museum in Beijing.
According to Robert Temple, the qin played an important part in the gaining the first understanding of music timbre for the Chinese. He said that "the Chinese understanding of the nature of sound as vibration was much increased by studying the production of timbre on the strings of the "ch'in"." This understanding of timbre, overtones and higher harmonics eventually led the Chinese to discover equal temperament in music.
In 1977, a recording of "Liu Shui" (Flowing Water, as performed by Guan Pinghu, one of the best qin players of the 20th century) was chosen to be included in the Voyager Golden Record, a gold-plated LP recording containing music from around the world, which was sent into outer space by NASA on the Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 spacecrafts. It is the longest music track included on the disc. In 2003, guqin music was proclaimed one of the Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO.
Historical schools and societies.
Because of the difference in geography in China, many qin schools known as "qin pai" (琴派) developed over the centuries. Such schools generally formed around areas where qin activity was greatest.
Most qin schools and societies/groups are based in China, but during the 20th century many societies inside other countries began to form. Although qin study was initially confined to China in ancient times, countries like Japan also have their own qin traditions by import from China, but are extremely small in scale. The Tokyo Qin Society was recently founded, opening up more opportunities for qin study in Japan. Japan has published a "qinpu" (qin tablature collection) in the past, known as "Toukou Kinpu" or "Donggao Qinpu" 【東臯琴譜】.
Players.
There have been many players throughout the ages. The instrument was a favourite of the scholars, so many artists played it. Some famous players are also associated with some melodies, like Confucius and Qu Yuan.
Classical books such as "Qin Shi", "Qinshi Bu" and "Qinshi Xu" have biographies of hundreds of more players.
Playing technique.
The beauty of qin melodies comes not only from the melodies themselves, but from the variation a player can apply to the individual tones and their combinations. The rich tones of the qin can be categorised as three distinctively different "sounds." The first is "san yin" 〔散音〕, which means "scattered sounds." This meant simply pluck the required string to sound an open note. The second is "fan yin" 〔泛音〕, or "floating sounds." These are harmonics, and the player simply lightly touches the string with one or more fingers of the left hand at a position indicated by the white "hui" dots, pluck and then lift, creating a crisp and clear sound ringing sound. The third is "an yin" 〔按音 / 案音 / 實音 / 走音〕, or "stopped sounds." This forms the majority of most qin pieces and requires the player to press on a string with a finger or thumb of the left hand until it touches with the surface board, then pluck. Afterwards, the hand can slide up and down, thereby changing the pitch.
When plucking the strings, it is not required to attach fake-nails on one's fingers. One will often leave their fingernails long, and cut them into an rounded shape. The length is subjective and will depend on the player's preference, but it is usually around 3-4mm from the finger tip. If it is too short, then the finger tip will deaden the sound as it touches the string after the nail has plucked it. If it is too long then the fingers can make playing difficult. Generally, the nails of the right hand are kept long, whilst the nails of the left are cut short, so as to be able to press on the strings without difficulty.
There are eight basic right hand finger techniques: "pi" 〈劈〉 (thumb pluck outwards), "tuo" 〈托〉 (thumb pluck inwards), "mo" 〈抹〉 (index in), "tiao" 〈挑〉 (index out), "gou" 〈勾〉 (middle in), "ti" 〈剔〉 (middle out), "da" 〈打〉 (ring in), and "zhai" 〈摘〉 (ring out); the little finger is not used. Out of these basic eight, their combinations create many more. "Cuo" 〈撮〉 is to pluck two strings at the same time, "lun" 〈輪〉 is to pluck a string with the ring, middle and index finger out in quick succession, the "suo" 〈鎖〉 technique involves plucking a string several times in a fixed rhythm, "bo" 〈撥〉 cups the fingers and strums two strings at the same time, and "gun fu" 〈滾拂〉 is to create a sequence of sounds by running up and down the strings continuously with the index and middle fingers. These are just a few.
Left hand techniques start from the simple pressing down on the string (mostly with the thumb between the flesh and nail, and the ring finger), sliding up or down to the next note ("shang" 〈上〉 and "xia" 〈下〉), to vibrati by swaying the hand ("yin" 〈吟〉 and "nao" 〈猱〉, there are as many as 15 plus different forms of vibrato), plucking the string with the thumb whilst the ring finger stops the string at the lower position ("qiaqi" 〈掐起 / 搯起〉), hammering on a string using the thumb ("yan" 〈掩 / 罨〉), to more difficult techniques such as pressing on several strings at the same time.
Techniques executed by both hands together are more difficult to achieve, for example, "qia cuo san sheng" 〈掐撮三聲〉 (a combination of hammering on and off then plucking two strings, then repeating), to more exciting forms, like pressing of all seven strings with the left, then strumming all the strings with the right, then the left hand quickly moves up the qin, creating a rolling sound like a bucket of water being thrown in a deep pool of water (this technique is used in the Shu style of "Liu Shui" to copy the sound of water).
In order to master the qin, there are in excess of 50 different techniques that must be mastered. Even the most commonly used (such as "tiao") are difficult to get right without proper instruction from a teacher.
Tablature and notation.
Written qin music did not directly tell what notes were played like many outer musical instruments; instead, it was written in a tablature detailing tuning, finger positions, and plucking technique, thus made up of a step by step method and description of how to play a piece. Some tablatures do indicate notes using the "gongche" notation system, or indicate rhythm using dots.
The earliest example of the modern shorthand tablature survives from around the 12th century CE. An earlier form of music notation from the Tang era survives in just one manuscript, dated to the 7th century CE, called "Jieshi Diao: You Lan" 《碣石調幽蘭》 (Solitary Orchid, in Stone Tablet Mode). It is written in a longhand form called "wenzi pu" 〔文字譜〕 (literally "written notation"), which gives all the details using ordinary written Chinese characters. Later in the Tang dynasty, Cao Rou (曹柔) and others simplified the notation, using only the important elements of the characters (like string number, plucking technique, "hui" number and which finger to stop the string) and combined them into one character notation. This meant that instead of having two lines of written text to describe a few notes, a single character could represent one note, or sometimes as many as nine. This notation form was called "jianzi pu" 〔減字譜〕 (literally "reduced notation") and it was a great step forward for recording qin scores. It was so successful that from the Ming dynasty (1368-1644) onwards, a lot of qinpu 〔琴譜〕 (qin tablature collections) appeared, the most famous and useful being "Shenqi Mipu" (The Mysterious and Marvellous Tablature) compiled by Zhu Quan (朱勸), the 17th son of the founder of the Ming dynasty. In the 1960s, Zha Fuxi discovered more than 130 qinpu that contain well over 3360 pieces of written music. Sadly, many qinpu compiled before the Ming dynasty are now lost, and many pieces have remained unplayed for hundreds of years.
Existing qinpu generally come from private collections or in public libraries throughout China, etc. Those that are available for public purchase are photographic copies printed and bound in the traditional Chinese bookbinding process. More modern qinpu tend to be bound in the normal Western way on modern paper. The format uses qin notation with staff notation and/or "jianpu" notation.
Repertoire.
Qin pieces are usually around three to eight minutes in length, with the longest being "Guangling San" 《廣陵散》, which is 22 minutes long. Other famous pieces include "Liu Shui" 《流水》 (Flowing Water), "Yangguan San Die" 《陽關三疊》 (Three Refrains on the Yang Pass Theme), "Meihua San Nong" 《梅花三弄》 (Three Variations on the Plum Blossom Theme), "Xiao Xiang Shui Yun" 《瀟湘水雲》 (Mist and Clouds over the Xiao and Xiang Rivers), and "Pingsha Luo Yan" 《平沙落雁》 (Wild Geese Descending on the Sandbank). The average player can generally play around ten pieces from memory which they will aim to play very well, learning new pieces as and when they feel like it. Players mainly learn popular well studied versions, often using a recording as a reference. In addition to learning to play established or ancient pieces very well, highly skilled qin players may also compose or improvise, although the player must be very good and extremely familiar with the instrument to be successful at it.
Dapu 〔打譜〕 is the conversion of old tablature into a playable form. This can be used to create new music as well as to reconstruct the ancient melodies. Since qin tablature does not indicate note value, tempo or rhythm, the player must work it out for him/herself. Normally, qin players will learn the rhythm of a piece through a teacher. They sit facing one another, with the student copying the master. The tablature will only be looked at if the teacher is not sure of how to play a certain part. Because of this, traditional qinpu do not indicate them. If one did not have a teacher, then one had to work out the rhythm by themselves. But it would be a mistake to say that qin music has no rhythm or melody. By the 20th century, there had been attempts to try to replace the shorthand notation, but so far, it has been unsuccessful; since the 20th century, qin music is generally printed with staff notation above the qin tablature. Because qin tablature is so useful, logical, easy, and the fastest way (once the performer knows how to read the notation) of learning a piece, it is invaluable to the qin player and cannot totally be replaced. There are two views of how to best use dapu: one is to use it to create new music, and the other is to use it to reconstruct the way the original music was played.
Construction.
According to tradition, the qin originally had five strings, representing the five elements of metal, wood, water, fire and earth. Later, in the Zhou dynasty, Zhou Wen Wang 周文王 added a sixth string to mourn his son, Bo Yihou 伯邑考. His successor, Zhou Wu Wang 周武王, added a seventh string to motivate his troops into battle with the Shang. The thirteen "hui" 『徽』 on the surface represent the 13 months of the year (the extra 13th is the 'leap month' in the lunar calendar). The surface board is round to represent Heaven and the bottom board flat to represent earth. The entire length of the qin (in Chinese measurements) is 3 feet, 6.5 inches, representing the 365 days of the year (though this is just a standard since qins can be shorter or longer depending on the period's measurement standard or the maker's preference). Each part of the qin has meaning, some more obvious, like "dragon pool" 『龍池』 and "phoenix pond" 『鳳沼』.
The sound chamber of the qin is constructed with two boards of wood, typically of differing wood types. The slightly rounded top board (soundboard) is usually made of "tong" wood 『桐』, the Chinese parasol tree, or Chinese paulownia. The bottom board is made of "zi mu" 『梓木』 catalpa ("Catalpa ovata") or, more recently, "nan mu" 『楠木』 camphor wood ("Machilus nanmu"). The wood must be well aged, that is, the sap and moisture must be removed (of the top board wood). If sap remains then the sound will not be clear and, as the moisture evaporates, the wood will warp and crack. Some makers use old or ancient wood to construct qins because most of the sap and moisture has been removed naturally by time (old "shan mu" 『杉木』, Chinese Cunninghamia or Japanese Cryptomeria, is often used for creating modern qins). Some go to lengths to obtain extremely ancient wood, such as that from Han dynasty tomb structures or coffins. Although such wood is very dry, it is not necessarily the best since it may be infected with wood worm or be of a bad quality or type. Many modern qins made out of new "tong" wood (such as those made by Zeng Chengwei) can be better than the quality of antique qins.
There are two sound holes in the bottom board, as the playing techniques of the qin employ the entire surface of the top board which is curved / humped. The inside of the top board is hollowed out to a degree. Inside the qin, there are 'nayin' 『納音』 sound absorbers, and a 'tian chu' 『天柱』 and 'di chu' 『地柱』 soundposts that connect the bottom board to the top. The boards are joined using bamboo nails. Lacquer 『漆』 from the Chinese lacquer tree ("Rhus vernicifera") is then applied to the surfaces of the qin, mixed with various types of powder, the most common being "lujiao shuang" 『鹿角霜』, the remains of deer antler after the glue has been eremoved. Often, ceramic powder is used instead of deer antler powder, but the quality is not as good. After the lacquer has dried (a qin will need several layers), the surface will be polished using oil stones. At the head end of the instrument is the "yue shan" 『岳山』 or bridge, and at the other end is the "long yin" 『龍齦』 (dragon's gums) or nut. There are 13 circular mother-of-pearl inlays which mark the harmonic positions, as well as a reference point to note position, called "hui" 『徽』 ("insignia").
Strings.
Until the Cultural Revolution, the guqin's strings were always made of various thicknesses of twisted silk 『絲』, but since then most players use modern nylon-flatwound steel strings 『鋼絲』. This was partly due to the scarcity of high quality silk strings and partly due to the newer strings' greater durability and louder tone.
Silk strings are made by gathering a prescribed number of strands of silk thread, then twisting them tightly together. The twisted cord of strings is then wrapped around a frame and immersed in a vat of liquid of natural glue that binds the strands together. The strings are taken out and left to dry, before being cut into the appropriate length. The top thicker strings (i.e. strings one to four) are further wrapped in a thin silk thread, coiled around the core to make it smoother.
Recently in China, production of very good quality silk strings has resumed and more players are beginning to use them. Although most contemporary players use nylon-wrapped metal strings, some argue that nylon-wrapped metal strings cannot replace silk strings for their refinement of tone. Furthermore, it is the case that nylon-wrapped metal strings can cause damage to the wood of old qins. Many traditionalists feel that the sound of the fingers of the left hand sliding on the strings to be a distinctive feature of qin music. The modern nylon-wrapped metal strings were very smooth in the past, but are now slightly modified in order to capture these sliding sounds.
Tuning.
To string a qin, one traditionally had to tie a butterfly knot ("shengtou jie" 『蠅頭結』) at one end of the string, and slip the string through the twisted cord ("rongkou" 『絨剅』) which goes into holes at the head of the qin and then out the bottom through the tuning pegs ("zhen" 『軫』). The string is dragged over the bridge ("yueshan" 『岳山』), across the surface board, over the nut ("longyin" 『龍齦』 dragon gums) to the back of the qin, where the end is wrapped around two legs ("fengzu" 『鳳足』 "phoenix feet" or "yanzu" 『雁足』 "geese feet"). Afterwards, the strings are fine tuned using the tuning pegs. The most common tuning, "zheng diao" 〈正調〉, is pentatonic: 1245612 in the traditional Chinese number system or "jianpu" 〔簡譜〕. Today this is generally interpreted to mean C D F G A c d, but this should be considered do re fa so la do re, since historically the qin was not tuned to absolute pitch. In fact the same tuning can also be considered as 5612356 when the third string is played as do. Thus, except when accompanied by other instruments, only the pitch relations between the seven strings needs to be accurate. Other tunings are achieved by adjusting the tension of the strings using the tuning pegs at the head end. Thus "manjiao diao" 〈慢角調〉 (slackened third string) gives 1235612 and "ruibin diao" 〈蕤賔調〉 (raised fifth string) gives 1245712, which is transposed to 2356123.
Playing context.
The guqin is nearly always used a solo single instrument, as its quietness of tone means that it cannot be heard over the sounds of most other instruments or an ensemble. It can, however, be played together with a "xiao" (end-blown bamboo flute), with other qin, or played while singing. In old times, the "se" (a long zither with movable bridges and 25 strings, similar to the Japanese koto) was frequently used in duets with the qin.
In order for an instrument to accompany the qin, its sound must be mellow and not overwhelm the qin. Thus, the "xiao" generally used for this purpose is one pitched in the key of F, known as "qin xiao", which is narrower than an ordinary "xiao". If one sings to qin songs (which is rare nowadays) then one should not sing in an operatic or folk style as is common in China, but rather in a very low pitched and deep way; and the range in which one should sing should not exceed one and a half octaves. The style of singing is similar to that used to recite Tang poetry. To enjoy qin songs, one must learn to become accustomed to the strange style some players may sing their songs to.
Traditionally, the qin was played in a quiet studio or room by oneself, or with a few friends; or played outdoors in places of outstanding natural beauty. Nowadays, many qin players perform at concerts in large concert halls, almost always, out of necessity, using electronic pickups or microphones to amplify the sound. Many qin players attend yaji (『雅集』 literally "elegant gatherings"), at which a number of qin players, music lovers, or anyone with an interest in Chinese culture can come along to discuss and play the qin.

São Paulo (state)
São Paulo (Portuguese: Saint Paul) is a state in the Southeast Region of Brazil. Its capital city is called São Paulo too.
Geography and economy.
São Paulo is located in the south-east region of Brazil, with close to 248,000 square kilometers of area. (For comparison, Oregon State in the United States of America has 251,000 square miles).
It borders the state of Minas Gerais to the north, the state of Rio de Janeiro and the Atlantic Ocean to the east, the state of Paraná to the south and state of Mato Grosso do Sul to the west.
The capital of São Paulo is the city of São Paulo.
São Paulo is the state in Brazil with the highest economical output.
It has the second highest per capita income of Brazil, second only to the Federal District, where Brasilia is located.
With the states of Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul it shares the highest standard of living in Brazil, despite of pockets of blight poverty in its largest cities.
The robust economy of São Paulo is based in industrial production, to include automobile and aviation, agriculture, services and tourism.
Demographics.
São Paulo is the Brazilian state with the largest population and also is the most ethnically diverse.
Portuguese, Italian, Spanish, Arab, Asian and other descents chose São Paulo as their home, due to its thriving economy.
Also migrants from other Brazilian states (especially from the Northeast Region) come to São Paulo in search of a better life. Because there are not enough jobs, these people usually want to back to their states.
Transportation.
São Paulo is the state in Brazil with the largest and most efficient transportation system.
The city of São Paulo relies on undergound train and also suburban at-grade rail systems. City buses complement the public transportation system.
Air traffic is the busiest of all Brazil.
Harbors along the state's ocean front receive and ship a great share of Brazil's export and import goods.
Sports.
São Paulo is a vibrant place when it comes to sports. Football (soccer) is king but the state has human resources and facilities to produce some of the best athletes in the world in many other fields.
The state has many professional soccer clubs but also volleyball has found a niche here.
Auto racing is a staple of the paulista's way of life. The state has produced several racing drivers that have attained international fame.
Main cities.
São Paulo, Campinas, Guarulhos, Osasco, Ribeirão Preto, Santo André, Santos, São Bernardo do Campo, São Carlos, São José dos Campos and Sorocaba.

Trolley
A trolley is a small vehicle with wheels that can carry things. People can push trolleys.
There are different kind of trolleys. There are shopping trolleys which are used in supermarkets and other large stores with self-service. In American English these are called shopping carriages or shopping carts. Customers can put things they want to buy in the trolley and then pay for everything at the checkout. Usually they are then allowed to wheel the trolley with the things they have bought out to their car.
Sometimes the customers have to pay a small deposit when collecting a trolley. The trolleys are chained together. The customer puts in a coin (in Britain a £1 coin) which he can have back again when he parks the trolley back in the trolley chain.
Trolleys are used in airports and some large railway stations for passengers to carry their luggage.
A trolley can also be a tea-trolley. This is a small trolley used traditionally in the house for plates, cups, saucers and sandwiches and cakes for afternoon tea. Tea-trolleys are also used in hospitals and offices to take cups of tea and coffee to people.
In American English "trolley" can be used to mean a tram (or streetcar). This is not to be confused with a trolleybus which is a bus which uses electricity from an overhead cable (like a tram).
Trivia.
When someone says "He is off his trolley" it means that he is crazy.

Abuse
Abuse is a term used for the "use" or "treatment" of something which causes hurt. Abuse is generally done by another life form. For example, animal abuse is normally done on animals, by humans. Drug or alcohol abuse is the misuse (especially overuse) of drugs or alcohol.

Mutant (Marvel)
A mutant is a type of fictional character in a fictional universe created by Marvel Comics. In this world, mutants can be either heroes or villains. A mutant is someone who has different DNA than its parents. These mutations often lead to superpowers. They may also cause physical changes such as wings, blue skin, or a tail.
Mutants were created in the Marvel Universe in the 1960s with the comic book "The X-Men". It was a way for them to tell stories that dealt with racism. Racism, hatred and fear of mutants are an important part of their history. Two main teams of mutants have been around since the 1960's: The X-Men (heroes) and the Brotherhood of Mutants (villains).
Overview.
Sometime a human is born with an DNA change. This "x-gene" is passed to their children. This genetic change may not create any noticeable difference. It could pass for generations without anyone knowing about it.
In many ways, it is wrong to call these superhumans mutants. The "x-gene" was passed to them from their parents. They are not mutated humans. They are a different type of humans: "Homo Sapiens Superior" or just "Homo Superior".
Classification.
Marvel's mutants are classified by their level of power.
Mutants as a Metaphor for Racism.
The Xmen created in the 1960s during a time of civil unrest in the United States. The characters allowed the writer to write stories that showed racism and bigotry without singling out a specific minority.
By classifying Mutants as they did, they also created different aspects of racism. Some mutants are easily recognized by how they look (similar to African-Americans). Some have a few physical characteristics that can make them get notices (Similar to Jews). Other mutants blend in so well that it nearly impossible to tell they are a mutant unless they use their powers (Similar to homosexuals)
In the Marvel universe normal people often hate and fear mutants. This is because they think mutants may make normal humans extinct. They fear what they do not understand. They are jealous of them having superpowers. Bigotry and xenophobia are also reasons for hatred of mutants. In the Marvel universe, anti-mutant feeling has led to the separation of mutants from society. It has led to mob violence and government sponsored tries to fight mutants.

Urethra
The urethra is a tube that connects the bladder to the outside of the body. It allows people and animals to remove urine from the body. People and animals control urination using the urethral sphincter.
The urethra is part of the urinary system in mammals. Because humans are mammals, they have urethras. In male mammals, the urethra is also a part of the reproductive system, because males use it as a tube for sperm during sex.
Human anatomy.
In human anatomy, men have longer urethras then women. This means that women have bladder infections more often, because their bladders are closer to the outside. Because the male urethra is longer and is not straight, inserting a catheter (tube to help urination) is more difficult in men.
In women, the urethra is 2.5-4 cm (1-1.5 in) long. Its opening to the outside of the body is part of the vulva (the area between a woman's legs). The female urethra is between the clitoris and the opening to the vagina. In men, the urethra is about 20 cm (8 in) long and its opening to the outside of the body is at the end of the penis.

Stanislav Lem
Stanislaw Lem() (September 12, 1921 - March 27, 2006) was a Polish science fiction writer. His writings are highly philosophical and satirical. His books have been translated into 41 languages. Over 27 million copies of his books have been sold worldwide. At one point he was among the most widely read science fiction authors in the world. Lem's writing is full of intelligent humor, puns, and neologisms, and Michael Kandel's translations into English have been praised by many for capturing Lem's style.
Lem is perhaps best known for his novel "Solaris". This novel was published in 1961. It is set into the future. Humans have discovered what they think is intelligent life in space. They want to talk to the alien life form. They only problem they have is that the life form is the size of a planet. It is an ocean. This book has also been made into a film by Andrei Tarkowski in 1972. Steven Soderbergh made another film of the book in 2002.
Lem won various prizes for his novels.

Hostage
A hostage is a person who is held captive against his or her will. Hostages are are often taken (held captive) to force someone else to do something for their "captors" (the people who took them hostage). Hostages are taken for many different reasons.

Intel
Intel Corporation (Integrated Electronics Corporation) is a microprocessor company that was set up in the 1980s. Different types of processors made by Intel were used in most computers. Their most famous older products are the 386 and 486 models. Their main product now is called the Core2 processor. Many people use Core2 processor in their computer - it says "Intel Inside." Intel makes many different products, and has just switched to dual core, 64 bit processor in 2006.

Nintendo Entertainment System
The Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) is the first video game console made by Nintendo. It came out in 1985 in the United States and was very popular.
The controller for the NES was different from the joysticks that older consoles had. It had a D-pad button, that could go up, down, left, or right. It also had A, B, Select, and Start buttons. The NES could use use up to two controllers for multiplayer games. There were also other types of controllers that could be used with the NES.
Some games for the NES are Super Mario Bros., The Legend of Zelda, Metroid, Mega Man, Castlevania, Donkey Kong, and Final Fantasy. There have been many sequels made to these games, and they are still enjoyed today.

System of a Down
System of a Down is an American metal band. They started in 1995 in Los Angeles, California by four members of Armenian descent, Serj Tankian (lead singer, born August 21, 1967), Daron Malakian (lead guitar, singer, born July 18, 1975), Shavo Odadjian (bass, background singer, born April 22, 1974) and Andy Khachaturian but was replaced with John Dolmayan.
The band have five albums called "System of a Down" (1998), "Toxicity" (2001), "Steal This Album!" (2002), and "Mezmerize"/"Hypnotize" (2005).
The band became successful with popular songs like "Sugar", "Spiders", "Chop Suey!", "Toxicity", "Aerials", "B.Y.O.B.", "Question!", "Hypnotize", and "Lonely Day".
After the release of "Mezmerize"/"Hypnotize", System of a Down went on a break, but they have not broken up.
Often described as very angry, Khachaturian was unhappy about his place as drummer, and wanted to lead the band. He left the band and the drummer from a band Friik, John Dolmayan, was invited to the band.
They had all been with each other before, as Serj, Daron, and Shavo, went to the same school when they were young. They went to the Alex Pilibos School for Armenian Americans in Los Angeles.
In 1995, they released their first demo tape, and had the songs: Suite-Pee, Sugar, Dam, and P.L.U.C.K.(Politically Lying Unholy Cowardly Killers). In 1996, another demo tape was released with the songs: Soil, and two songs that were not on the first album, Honey and Temper. They made another demo tape, and this was the one that got them put on the record label. It had the Famous producer Rick Rubin, had been keen on signing SOAD, but they wanted to keep their options open, and denied several times. Eventually, SOAD teamed up with Rubin and produced their first studio album in 1997, which was self titled. This album was not as big as the next album, but it made people aware of who and what System of a Down stands for.
Their next album made in 2001 was their first UK top 20 single 'Chop Suey' was named Toxicity. This album explores a more melodic side of metal, and has some poitical views, such as in the opening track: "Prison Song" which has Serj speaking lines such as: "Minor drug offenders fill your prisons you don't even flinch/all our taxes paying for your wars against the new non rich".
System of a Down was trying to tell us what was going on, what the government isn't telling the public, and they have a reputation of doing so.
2003's album was a leftover of songs from the Toxicity recordings that weren't used because they didn't fit the "mood" of the album. Although they were leftovers, there were still very melodic songs, and were very good songs in their own right, such as "Innervision", and the only song to become a hit, "Boom!". "Bubbles" is also a fan-favorite.
May 2005 brought a new era of System of a Down into the music world, and the album was called Mezmerize. Even more melodic than ever before, such songs off it include "B.Y.O.B" (Bring Your Own Bombs), and "Lost in Hollywood", which was a song based on Daron's childhood; a song about the realities of Hollywood and that it's not all a glamorous place.
Months later, the second part of the double album Hypnotize, was the same sort of style as they were produced in the same recording session, was released. Many fans thought of the double album as a let down, but others thought that it was a good idea to try new things.
In 2006, the band decided that they were going to go on break for a little while. This is called "hiatus" (hi-ay-TUS). They said they were going to come back together in a few years. They want to be sure people know that System of a Down is not breaking up, they are just on a break because they have been doing System for almost 10 years.
See also.
John_Heartfield

Belarusian language
Belarusian (belarusion: Беларуская мова, transliteration: Biełaruskaja mova) is a eastern slavic language. This language is a part of the indo-european language family. It is spoken in Belarus and eastern Poland (in the area of Białystok). It is also spoken by Belarusians who live in other countries of Europe, Australia, and North America.
When writing Belarusian, people can use Cyrillic or Latin alphabet.

Kevin Bacon
Kevin Norwood Bacon (born July 8, 1958 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) is an American movie actor who has starred in "Stir of Echoes", "Wild Things", "JFK", and "Apollo 13", among others. He has been married to actress Kyra Sedgwick since September 3, 1988. They have two children, Travis and Sosie Ruth.

Kyra Sedgwick
Kyra Sedgwick (b. August 19, 1965 C.E.) is an American actress who was born in New York City, New York to a father of English descent and a Jewish mother. She is the great-granddaughter of Endicott Peabody, the founder of Groton School. She is married to actor Kevin Bacon.

Treaty of Versailles
The Treaty of Versailles was a treaty to make peace between the five nations France, Germany, Britain, Austria and the United States after World War I. The treaty was made in 1919 without the participation of the German government which had only the choice between signing it or face the occupation of Germany by Allied troops. This was known as a Diktat. The French made the Treaty very hard for the Germans in order to make sure that Germany would never again be able to start a new war. So Germany had to reduce her armed forces from 6 million to 100,000 men, and was forced to get rid of its submarines, military aircraft and a lot of their artillery (cannons). Also Germany had to give back those French territories occupied in the war of 1870/1871 against France,large territories of its own to Poland,for instance, and all her colonies. A heavy economical burden for Germany was to pay back a giant sum for the compensation of the damage done to the Allied countries,mostly France, during World War I (1914-1918) by German troops.This sum was not even fixed. 132 billion goldmarks had to be paid only as a first part of the German debts. - This Treaty can be seen as a one-sided peace diktat for Germany, a treaty which later could be used as a justification for Germany's nationalists and Adolf Hitler to win the support of the Germans to get rid of the "chains of Versailles" which finally led to World War II.
One of the parts of the treaty was that there would be a League of Nations, which decided things after Versailles. It could not stop World War II, but it was very helpful in the earlier years.
Outcome for the Central Powers.
Germany had to give back French parts (Alsace-Lorraine) taken by Germany in the war of 1870/1871 against France which Germany had won and was an embarrassment for France. The French made Germany take its troops out of the Rhineland (the long stretch of land on Germany's border with France where the Rhine river flows), which was an important part of land for Germany where many factories and businesses existed. If Germany put troops back into the Rhineland the punishment would be France going into Germany.
Germany also had to give many parts to Poland, a new country made out of old Russian and Austrian parts and the Polish and Lithuanian people who lived in them. Poland was a very strong kingdom a few hundred years before but Austria, Germany and Russia had split it between them. This made the Polish people unhappy, and they were given a country again.
Belgium was given Moresnet and Eupen and Malmedy. This is the main reason that Belgium now has a German-speaking Community.
Versailles also split up many large empires on the losing side. The U.S. President, Woodrow Wilson, thought this was a very good idea because many peoples in Europe wanted to be free from the big empires. But it also created problems.
Austria-Hungary was split into many countries. One was Austria. Austria was meant to be the homeland of the Austrians, who spoke German and mainly ruled Austria-Hungary. Its capital was Vienna. One of the problems of Versailles was that many Germans, like Adolf Hitler, thought that Austria was meant to be part of Germany and would occupy it later on.
The new country of Hungary was also created. Like Poland, it was a country that was strong on its own centuries before, but then it merged into one with Austria which made a very big empire. Its capital was Budapest. Another country, Czechoslovakia was created, which was meant to be the homeland of the Czechs and Slovaks. The Czech part was made up of the country once called Bohemia and Moravia. Its capital was Prague. There were many Germans living on its borders, which Germany would later on think that they should be part of.
Bosnia, Slovenia, Croatia (which were parts of Austria-Hungary), northern Macedonia (which was part of Bulgaria), Serbia and Montenegro made one country, called Yugoslavia. It was made to be a Slav homeland, but there were many religious, language and national differences.
New countries by the Baltic Sea called Estonia, Finland, Latvia and Lithuania were created. During the war, the Russian people had killed their King and put in a new leader who made the country into a Communist state. Much fighting was going on in Russia between the White Russians, who hated Communism, and Red Russians, who backed it. They had not gotten control over the West, which let Estonia, Poland, Finland, Latvia and Lithuania to make themselves free of Russian rule. Later on, Russia took back Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania and took half of Poland which they shared with Germany.
Italy gained parts of Austria.
It was agreed in another treaty called the Treaty of Sèvres that Greece would take parts of Western Turkey (called Ionia) and its past most important city, Constantinople from Turkey. Greece took them at first but a new Turkish army drove the Greeks out, killing many Greek people. Greece did gain most of the islands in the Aegean Sea from Turkey and parts of Bulgaria.
The League of Nations decided that parts of old Turkey were given to France and Great Britain to protect and keep peace in the area. Britain ruled Palestine, Iraq and Transjordan, which would become Israel, Iraq, Palestine and Jordan. France ruled Syria and Lebanon.
Long-term problems.
A big problem for Germany was to pay back a giant amount of money for the all of the damage done to the Allied countries, mostly France, during World War I. This made Germany one of the poorest countries in Europe for almost 20 years, and caused political fighting in Germany. The two most important parties, the Communists (who wanted a Communist revolution as had happened in Russia) and the Nazis (who thought Germany should become the most powerful country in Europe) fought for many years.
The debt to the Allies was made easier for the Germans during the Great Depression, and all debt was cancelled in 1932. Many Germans hated the treaty and some even wanted to fight more after Versailles.
The League of Nations created after Versailles was usually not powerful enough to stop wars, either. Japan took a part of China called Manchuria and the League was not able to stop it. Italy invaded Ethiopia and although the Ethiopian Emperor begged the League to help him, it did not. Germany, Japan and Italy became the Axis powers, and by invading many peaceful countries caused World War II. The United States and the USSR did not even join the League, even though it was the idea of US President Woodrow Wilson at first. The League was never taken seriously, even though it was created to make sure Versailles was respected.
The treaty failed to keep peace in the end, and was a reason for Nazi Germany and Adolf Hitler to win the support of the poorer Germans to get rid of the "chains of Versailles" - leading to World War II.

Saint-Pierre and Miquelon
Saint-Pierre and Miquelon (French "Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon") is a French overseas collectivity. It is made up of several small islands. Those islands are near the eastern coast of Canada. They are close to Newfoundland. It is the only thing left of the former colonial territory of New France.

Fifty
Fifty is the number that is after forty-nine and before fifty-one.
The prime factors of fifty are 2, 5, and 5. (2 * 5 * 5 = 50) The factors of 50 are 1,2,5,10,25,50. 5*10=50. 50 is the smallest number that can be written as the sum of two squares in two distinct ways, 50=12+72=52+52

Rzeszów
Rzeszów (Ukrainian: Ряшiв, Latin: Resovia) is city in the south-east part of Poland with a population of 170,722 (2008). The city is located on the river Wislok.

Houston, Texas
Houston is a large city in the United States. It is in the state of Texas. It is the fourth largest city in the U.S. The mayor of Houston is Bill White. Over two million people live in "Houston". It is named after Sam Houston, who fought for Texas freedom in 1836. It is well known for containing the main headquarters of NASA.

Polynesian people
Polynesians are native people from islands in Polynesia, including Hawaii, Tahiti, Samoa, and Maoris in New Zealand.

Colonialism
Colonialism occurs when a country (nation) takes control of other lands, regions, or territories outside of its borders (boundaries of the country) by turning those other lands, regions, or territories into a colony. Usually, it is a more powerful, richer country that takes control of a smaller, less powerful region or territory. Sometimes the word "imperialism" is also used to refer to colonialism.
In the 1700s and 1800s, many of the richer, more powerful European] countries (such as Britain, France, Spain, and the Netherlands) established colonies in the continents of Africa, South America, and the Caribbean.
Some countries use colonialism to get more land for their people to live in. When countries are using colonialism to get more land for their people to live in, the country will help settlers move to the new region or territory. The local people living in the land or territories were usually moved away by using force and violence from armies. To protect these settlers from the local residents who were pushed aside, colonial nations often set up a military fort or colonial police system.
Other countries use colonialism to get more land so that they can use the land for farming or to extract (take out) resources such as trees (wood), coal, or metals. or creating a local government or military fort
Other countries use colonialism so that they can get workers from the poorer country to work in factories or farms (either in the richer country, or in the poorer country). In the past, powerful countries that were colonizing poorer countries or regions often forced the people from the poorer countries to work as slaves.
Ancient colonies.
The Phoenicians the Ancient Greeks expanded their territories by using colonialism. Ancient Greece was not a country. It was made of many cities. Each city was a country of its own, with a government in place. Some city-states were monarchies, others elected (part of) the people who governed by (part of) the people who were citizens of that city, and who lived there. This is called democracy.
Those cities also fought wars against each other and traded goods. To get more influence, or to secure a trade route, the city would send people called settlers to a new place. These people would then make a new city called a colony. The cities had to pay some form of taxes to the old city, in exchange for protection, for example.
If the settlers found a local tribe living in the new territory, they would wage war against it to force them to leave. The local tribe was usually made into slaves. The new colony would exploit the land it found, by growing crops or by raising cattle.
Types of colonialism.
There are several different types of colonialism. Some countries that expanded their territory used Settler colonies. Some countries that started out as settler colonies include the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and Argentina. In all of these countries, people from European countries moved to the new region, and forced the local people)(the indigenous peoples, such as Indians, Maori, etc.) to move. When the local people or tribes had to move, it caused a lot of problems.
In some regions which were colonized, the settlers married the local people and had children with them. An example is Mexico, where a new people called the mestizos came from the marriages of the settlers and the local tribes. In other regions which were colonized, the settlers and the local people lived in separate areas, without living together or marrying. An example of this situation is French Algeria (when France colonized the African country of Algeria) or Southern Rhodesia.
Another type of colonialism is when a powerful country sets up (establishes) dependencies. With a dependency, the colonizing country does not send over thousands of settlers to the new territory. Indstead, the colonizing country sets up administrators (a governing organization) that controls the existing local (native) populations or tribes. Examples include the British Raj, in which the British government controlled India; the Dutch East Indies, in which the Netherlands controlled parts of the East Indies; and the Japanese colonial empire, in which Japan controlled Asian territories.
With the plantation colony, the powerful, rich country use the poorer country's land to grow crops. The local people are forced to become slaves and work on the farms. Examples of plantation colonies include Barbados, Saint-Domingue and Jamaica.
Another type of colony is the trading post colony. Rich and powerful countries set up trading post colonies so that there would be a territory where trading, selling, and business could be conducted. The rich and powerful countries usually set up military forts or police forces to enforce the rules and laws of the colonizing country. Examples of trading colonies include Macau, Malacca, Deshima and Singapore.
Decolonization.
In the 1960s and 1970s, many colonies were freed from the control of the European countries which controlled them. Some colonies, such as French Algeria became free by fighting a war against the colonial government. Other colonies became free without violence and war.

Hey Arnold!
"Hey Arnold!" is an American animated television show on the Nickelodeon network.

Diego Maradona
Diego Maradona is a former Argentine football player. He was born October 30, 1960 in Lanús, Buenos Aires). He was nicknamed "El Diez", "Pelusa", "El Diego" and "El pibe de oro", He won the World Cup in Mexico in the year of 1986.
Fame.
He is regarded by many people, along with Brazilian Pelé, as the best player in the history of the game.
Problems.
In his life, he had problems and addictions to drugs. But after his drug abuse,he returned to play for Napoli of Italy for a short period. However, he failed another drug test and was banned for another year and on his 37th birthday finally announced that he was retiring from football. In 2001 he was voted player of the century. In his career, he scored 356 goals.

José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero
José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero (born August 4, 1960 in Valladolid) is the President of the Government of Spain. His party, the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE), won the general election on March 14, 2004. He succeded to Jose Maria Aznar. Notable actions of his government have included withdrawing Spanish troops from Iraq and legalizing same-sex marriages.

Electric guitar
The Electric guitar is a type of musical instrument. It was made in 1931 by George Beauchamp. It is a string instrument usually played with a pick and sometimes with the fingers. It uses things called "electric pickups" to convert the vibration of the strings into electric current. This electric current is then sent to an amplifier that changed it to sound. This electric current can also be changed to produce effects.
The main parts of an electric guitar are the neck, the pickups, the tuners, the bridge, the input, the body, the frets, the pick guard, the volume knobs and the tone knobs. There may also be other parts that can change other sounds. A normal electric guitar has one neck with 6 strings on it, although there are 12 string guitars (which produce a unique sound) and guitars with more than one neck.
Guitars are made and sold in many parts of the world by many companies. They can be hand made or factory made/mass produced. Some of the most popular companies that make electric guitar Fender, Gibson and Ibanez. Usually, when people start playing guitar, it is a good idea to buy from a known company.
Starting Out.
When beginning to play the guitar, there are certain basic facts that should be known and certain things to be done.
Buying the first guitar.
When first buying a guitar, it is useful to start with a known brand. There are cheap guitars from good brands that are great to start out on. Many people start out on a Fender Squier. Squier is a type of Fender guitar that does not cost much money.
Reading guitar tablature.
Many guitarists today share their music through a system called tablature (commonly known as 'tab'). Tablature is a way of reading notes for a guitar. It is much simpler than musical notes, but most tabs do not support rhythm. Many tabs can be found online or in books and magazines.
Each line represents a string. Tab is always read as if the player were holding the guitar on their lap, strings facing up. Each number then represents what fret the finger is placed on.
The above diagram would be to play an open E chord, picking each string individually, and then strumming the chord. If the notes are stacked directly above each other, it means to strum the chord.

Louise Brooks
Louise Brooks (14 November 1906 – 8 August 1985) was an American dancer and actress born on November 14, 1906 in Cherryvale, Kansas, USA. In 2006, the anniversary of Brooks' birth will be celebrated by the release of a three new DVDs and three new books, museum exhibits, screenings, and other events held across the United States and Europe.

Bangor, Maine
Bangor is the 3rd-largest city in Maine. In 2000, the city had 31,473 people.

Ben Bradshaw
Benjamin Peter James Bradshaw (born 30 August 1960) is an English politician and the Member of Parliament for the Exeter constituency in the United Kingdom. He was elected in the 1997 general election.
He is a Minister of State in the Department of Health and Minister for the South West and was one of the first openly gay MPs.
He is a member of the Labour Party.

Eschelbronn
Eschelbronn is a village with 2597 people living there. It is in the Rhein-Neckar area of Baden-Württemberg, Germany and close to Sinsheim.
Eschelbronn is in the north of Kraichgau with a distance of about 25 km to Heidelberg.
History.
It was already mentioned in the years 788/789 in a document of the monastery of Lorsch. Afterwards there was no documentation until the end of the 13th century when it became part of the restrict of Speyer.
The first mayor was Heinrich von Eschelbrunnen in the year 1261. In 1267 a castle made of wood was built and later rebuilt into a water-castle of stone in 1375. In 1526 the village became Protestant.
In 1803 Eschelbronn became part of Baden. From 1807 on the village was administrated by Waibstadt and 1803 by Sinsheim until the 31st of December 1972. Today it belongs to the Rhein-Neckar area.
In former times most of the people were farmers, however later in the 18th century the production of textiles became more and more important. Since the end of the 19th century Eschelbronn is well known for its furniture production.

Order of the Bath
The Most Honourable Order of the Bath is a British order of chivalry. It was founded by George I on 18 May 1725. The name comes from an old ceremony, first mentioned in 1128. In the ceremony, men participated in a vigil of fasting, prayer, and taking a bath. They did this on the day before they were made a knight. The ceremony was abolished in 1815.
Originally founded as a military order of chivalry, the star (or pip) is worn as army officers' rank insignia. The insignia is that of the Order of the Bath. Members of the order now belong to either the Civil or the Military Division. The Order's motto is "Tria iuncta in uno" (Latin for "Three joined in one"). This is a reference to either the union of England, Scotland and Ireland, or to the Holy Trinity. A symbol of the Order that is seen over and over has three crowns in it. Another motto, "Ich dien" (German for "I serve") is used occasionally, but only by members of the Order who serve in the military.
The Order is the fourth oldest of the British Orders of Chivalry, after The Most Noble Order of the Garter, The Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle, and The Most Illustrious Order of St Patrick. The last of those Orders—which relates to Ireland, no longer a part of the United Kingdom—still exists, but is no longer active; no appointments have been made to it since 1934.

Kurdish people
The Kurds are an ethnic group found in Iraq, Iran, Syria, Armenia, Turkey and Lebanon. They have no country of their own.
Kurds are indo-European settlers together with the people of Western and northwestern Iran, widely thought to be descended from the Medes. They speak Kurdish.
The Kurds have similarly distinct features as those of south Europe, however their looks are not single based ranging from blondes to brunettes and although mainly brown eyes can have multi-coloured colours. they have a rich culture which is their own and despite the long struggle by its neighbouring enemies to demolish it: it remains a strong influence in their way of life.
Today, there are around to 27 to 37.5 million Kurds. Most are Muslim.

Guerrilla warfare
A guerrilla is when civilians attack a regular Army. When civilians attack civilians is usually called terrorism. When two or more armies (representing countries) participate in a military conflict this is a war.
Guerrilla warfare is a war tactic which involves people (called guerrilleros) using the land and geography as an advantage against an organized army. Usually this army is invading a territory.
Guerrilla is a word of Spanish origin. It means "little war".

Sacrament
In Christianity, a sacrament is a special rite. It is a visible token of the reality of god.
Sacraments in the Catholic Church.
The Roman Catholic Church knows seven such sacraments. These are
Protestant views.
Following Martin Luthers tradition, many Protestant churches only see Baptism and Eucharist as Sacraments. They also have most of the other rites, but do not consider them to be sacraments
Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox views.
Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox Churches basically have the same views as the Roman Catholic Church. They say however, that many things the church does (as church), can be seen as sacraments, in some way.

St. Petersburg, Florida
St. Petersburg (shortened to St. Pete by the area residents) is a city in the U.S. state of Florida.

Canada
Canada is a country in the northern part of North America, bordering the United States of America.
Geography.
Canada is the second largest country in the world in land area after Russia and has the longest border with water (coastline) of any country in the world. It is next to the Pacific, Arctic, and Atlantic Oceans.
Around 33 million people live in Canada's ten provinces and three territories.
See: list of Canadian provinces and territories.
Canada covers 6 time zones. It extends from the west coast, across the prairies and central Canada, to the Atlantic provinces; in the north there are three territories, stretching between Alaska and Greenland. Four of the five Great Lakes (Superior, Huron, Erie, and Ontario) are shared between Canada and the United States (Lake Michigan is wholly within the USA), and they make up 16% of the Earth's fresh water. The world's longest city street (Yonge Street in Toronto) is in Canada.
The St. Lawrence Seaway joins the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean, allowing ocean going vessels to travel as far inland as Thunder Bay in Ontario, Canada and Duluth, Minnesota, USA.
Canada shares land and sea borders with the USA (the lower 48 states and Alaska), Denmark (Greenland), and France (St. Pierre and Miquelon - a small group of islands off the southern coast off the Island of Newfoundland).
The geography of Canada is varied and has many extremes, from high alpine areas in the west, flat grasslands in the centre, and ancient shield rocks in the east. Canada contains some of the very last untouched boreal forest in the world. The Canadian or Laurentian Shield is a vast area of ancient pre-cambrian rocks lying in an arc around Hudson Bay, covering more than one third of Canada's land area. This is a unique land of lakes, bogs, swamps, trees, and rocks. The relief is generally quite low, but extreme. It is a terrain that is very dangerous and difficult to traverse cross country, progress being blocked by rivers, lakes, bogs, steep cliffs, and muskeg.
Brief history.
Native people lived in what is now Canada for thousands of years before the first Europeans arrived. They are known as the First Nations and the Inuit people. The Métis have part First Nations and part European backgrounds.
The Vikings were the first Europeans known to land in Canada, in what is now Newfoundland. They did not stay there long, however. In the early 16th century, Europeans started exploring Canada's eastern coast, beginning with John Cabot from England in 1497, and later Jacques Cartier in 1534 from France. Alexander Mackenzie later reached the Pacific coast over land, where captains James Cook and George Vancouver went by sea.
Parts of Canada were settled by France, and parts by England and Scotland. The French usually had permission from the native peoples to live in their country. In 1605, Port Royal was built in Acadia (today called Nova Scotia) by the French, led by Samuel de Champlain, and in 1608 he started settling Quebec. British took control of the French areas after a battle on the Plains of Abraham near Quebec City in 1759.
During the American Revolutionary War, the U.S. congress wanted to make Quebec part of the United States and sent a small army to take it from the British in 1775, but the people of Quebec did not support the revolution and the Americans retreated the next year. During the War of 1812, the United States tried to conquer Canada a few times but were defeated each time.
On July 1, 1867, Canada became an independent country. It included the provinces of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. Sir John A. MacDonald was the first prime minister. Manitoba, the Yukon territory, and the Northwest Territories became part of Canada in 1870. British Columbia joined in 1871, and Prince Edward Island in 1873.
There were two Red River Rebellions, in 1869-70 and 1885, both led by Louis Riel. He fought for more rights for the Métis people. A railroad across the country, finished in 1885, made it easier for Canadians to move to the west. Many Europeans came to the prairies, so that Alberta and Saskatchewan became provinces in 1905.
Canadian soldiers fought in World War I, because they were still part of the British Empire. More Canadians died in this war than any other war. Canada became better known as a country after its success in capturing Vimy Ridge from the Germans in France in 1917. Women were given the right to vote by the end of the war, partly because of the help they gave making weapons while the men fought in Europe. In 1931, Canada became fully independent. From 1931 on the Government of Canada made all decisions about Canada. Canadians also fought in World War II. Dieppe was a terrible raid in 1942, where most of the soldiers were killed, wounded, or taken prisoner. Canadians were important in 1944 at Normandy, and they liberated (set free) the Netherlands.
In 1949, Newfoundland and Labrador became the 10th province of Canada. In 1956, Canadian Lester Pearson, who later became prime minister, helped end the Suez Crisis. As a result, he won the Nobel Peace Prize. In 1965, Pearson helped Canada get a new flag, the Maple Leaf. Before that, Canadians had used the Red Ensign. In 1982, Canada changed its constitution, including a new Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The main part of the Constitution is still the 1867 British North America Act.
Many French Canadians today wish to form their own country, separate from the rest of Canada. The province of Quebec held a referendum (vote) in 1980, but only about 40% wanted to separate. Another referendum was held in 1995, with almost 50% voting in favor of leaving Canada.
Today, about 25% of Canadians speak French as their first language. Many people can speak both French and English. Although most French Canadians live in the province of Quebec, there are French-speaking communities and people all across Canada. For example, 40% of the people in the province of New Brunswick and 20% of those in Manitoba have a strong French background, as do people in Ontario, mainly along its border with Quebec.
In 1999, Nunavut was created as Canada's third territory, out of the eastern Northwest Territories, in an agreement with the Inuit people.
Recent times.
A large number of immigrants from almost every part of the world come to live in Canada. Canada has a greater mix of people with different backgrounds than almost anywhere on Earth, after Australia. One example is the Governor General of Canada, Michaëlle Jean, who came to Canada as a young child with her family from Haiti in 1968.
Ottawa is the capital of Canada. The current (elected) head of government, the prime minister, is Stephen Harper, who replaced Paul Martin Jr. in January of 2006. Each province and territory elects a premier to lead its government.
Government.
Canada has a government called a constitutional monarchy. It has a monarch (meaning a king or queen rules in the country) and an elected Parliament. The head of state of the United Kingdom is also the head of state in Canada. Currently, Queen Elizabeth II is the Canada's head of state. She appoints a Governor General to represent her in the country.
The Queen's powers are exercised by the Governor General except when the Queen is in Canada. The Governor General, like the sovereign or Queen, is not political and remains above politics. The role in Canada is, however, largely ceremonial.
The Parliament of Canada passes the laws of the country. The king or queen (or the governor general in their place) has the right to veto a law (meaning the law cannot go into effect) but this right has not been used for some time. The day-to-day operations of the government are run by the cabinet. The cabinet is usually formed from the largest party in Parliament.
There are four main parties in the Canadian Parliament: the Conservative Party, the Liberal Party, the New Democratic Party, and "Bloc Québécois". In addition, there are several other smaller parties, but their candidates are not usually elected to Parliament (although they have won many local elections).
Climate and its influence.
Many people from other parts of the world think of Canada as a very cold and snowy place. While it is true that most of Canada's land is very far north (almost to the North Pole), most Canadians live in the southern parts, where the weather is much milder. About 75% of the people live within 100 miles (160 km) of the U.S. border, most of which is often covered with snow about 6 months of the year. In some cities the temperature can get very cold in the winter; however, most of Canada can get quite hot in the summer, often over 30 degrees Celsius. On the Pacific coast, there is a lot of rain but very little snow.
Canadians are known to play winter sports such as ice hockey and skiing and snowboarding, and also enjoy many summer sports and games.

Twenty
Twenty is the number that is after nineteen and before twenty-one.
The prime factors of twenty are 2, 2, and 5. (2 * 2 * 5 = 20)
Its factors are: 1, 2, 4, 5 and 10. As the sum of its factors is more than itself (ie 22), it can be referred to as an abundant number.
20 can been used as a number base. Remnants of this system remain in some European languages, for example in the English “score” (20) and the French “quatre vingts” (80, literally four groups of twenty). The old (pre-decimal) English monetary system enjoyed twenty shillings in a pound. The ancient Mayan numerical system - counting on fingers and toes - was a base 20 or "vigesimal" system.
A polyhedron of 20 faces is an icosahedron: one of the five Platonic solids. It is a convex regular polyhedron composed of twenty triangular faces, with five meeting at each of the twelve vertices. It has 30 edges and 12 vertices. Its dual polyhedron is the dodecahedron.
In Japanese tradition, adulthood is established at the age of 20. See seijin not hi (the celebration of the adulthood in Japan).
It is the number of milk teeth in a infant’s mouth.

Forty
Forty is the number that is after thirty-nine and before forty-one.
The prime factors of forty are 2, 2, 2, and 5. (2 * 2 * 2 * 5 = 40)
The Bible.
In the Judeo-Christian Bible, the number forty has special meaning. The Jews wandered in a desert for forty years, there was a forty day and forty night rainstorm, and other instances.

Seventy
Seventy is the number that is after sixty-nine and before seventy-one.
The prime factors of seventy are 2, 5, and 7. (2 * 5 * 7 = 70)

Gas giant
A gas giant is a large planet that has a solid core, but a very thick atmosphere. This means that most of the planet is made up of gas. These planets are very large.
In our solar system, there are 4 gas giants: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.
Jupiter and Saturn are similar because they are made up of mostly hydrogen and helium. They both contain massive rocky cores bigger than Earth. Neptune and Uranus are similar because they are mainly made up of water and rock (a mixture of one or several minerals).

North Vietnam
The Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRVN), or less commonly, Vietnamese Democratic Republic (Vietnamese: "Việt Nam Dân Chủ Cộng Hòa"), also known as North Vietnam, is a former country that existed from 1954 until 1976. It was located in the north of present-day Vietnam. It lay north of the local Demilitarized Zone, and South Vietnam lay to the south of it.
It was proclaimed by President Hồ Chí Minh in Hà Nội on September 2, 1945. It was the first socialist country in Southeast Asia. However, it was not recognised by China and the Soviet Union until 1950.

Set theory
Set theory is a theory used in mathematics. It deals with sets, which are collections of various objects.
History.
The reason why set theory was made is that collections of objects can cause problems if you work with them without explaining them better. It was made by people like Georg Cantor and Bertrand Russell.
Theory.
Set theory begins by giving some examples of things that are sets. Then it gives rules with which you can make other sets from the already known sets. Collections of objects that are not sets are called classes. It is possible to do mathematics using only sets, rather than classes, so that the problems that classes cause in mathematics do not occur.

Bangor
Bangor is a city name found in several countries.

Demo (music)
A demo, in music, is the first version of a song or album.
It can also refer to an album made by the band as a "sample" in hopes of getting a record deal.

Breton language
Breton ("Brezhoneg", in Breton) is a Celtic language spoken in Brittany, in the north-west of France. It has 300,000 speakers but is in danger of dying because so many of them are old and not enough children are learning it. It is closely related to the Cornish language of Cornwall in the south-west of Great Britain, and Welsh. It is less closely related to the Goidelic languages of Scotland, Ireland and the Isle of Man.

Celtic languages
The Celtic languages are a language family inside of the Indo-European languages. There are six Celtic languages still spoken in the world today, spoken in north-west Europe. They are divided into two groups, the Goidelic (or Gaelic) and the Brythonic (or British).
The three Goidelic languages still spoken are Irish, Scottish, and Manx. Scottish is the main language spoken in parts of north-west Scotland and Irish is the main language spoken in the Gaeltacht in Ireland. Manx is spoken mainly by people interested in the language.
The three Brythonic languages are Welsh, Cornish, and Breton. Of these Cornish became extinct in the 18th century but people have started speaking it again now. Welsh is spoken mainly in western Wales, in the area some people call the Bro Gymraeg. Breton is spoken mainly in west Brittany. Breton is the only Celtic language not mainly spoken in the British Isles.
Scottish Gaelic also has a native community of speakers in Canada where it was once very widely spoken, and there are Welsh speakers in Patagonia, Argentina.

Salem, Tamil Nadu
Salem is a district and a city in Tamil Nadu, in India. It is known for its steel plants, factories which make steel.

Hunger strike
A hunger strike is a way that people protest by not eating. Many people have used this method so that leaders will notice them, and maybe do what the protesters want them to do.

Hermitage Museum
The Hermitage Museum (Эрмитаж) in St. Petersburg, Russia is one of the largest and oldest art galleries and museums of human history and culture in the world. The vast Hermitage collections are displayed in six buildings. The main building is the Winter Palace. This was the official residence of the Russian Tsars.
Strong points of the Hermitage collection of Western art include Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, Rubens, Van Dyck, Rembrandt, Poussin, Claude Lorraine, Watteau, Tiepolo, Canaletto, Canova, Rodin, Monet, Pissarro, Renoir, Cezanne, Van Gogh, Gauguin, Picasso, and Matisse. There are several more collections. Among the collections are the Russian imperial regalia, an assortment of Faberge jewellery, and the largest existing collection of ancient gold from Eastern Europe and Western Asia.

Boeing 747
The Boeing 747 is an airplane from Boeing. It is mostly used by people who are traveling across countries. It is sometimes called Jumbo Jet because it is very large and is able to carry a lot of people.
Boeing built it in 1969 and was first commercially used in 1970. It is a double decker plane, and is one of the few Boeing aircraft that flies overseas.
Japan Airlines (60)
British Airways (57)
Korean Air (42)
Cathay Pacific (37)
Air France (32)
United Airlines (30)

Richard Trevithick
Richard Trevithick (April 13,1771 - April 22, 1833) was a English inventor and engineer. He is best known for making the first working steam locomotive.

Wasilla, Alaska
Wasilla is a small city in the U.S. state of Alaska, about 43 miles from Anchorage.

Rantoul, Illinois
Rantoul is a small village in the American state of Illinois. It is a major skydiving and parachuting center.

Winter Springs, Florida
Winter Springs is a city in Florida. It is sometimes considered a suburb of Orlando.

Fredericton, New Brunswick
Frederiction is the capital city of New Brunswick, Canada.

Clearwater, Florida
Clearwater, Florida is a city in Florida, it is in the Tampa Bay area.
The first Hooters restaurant opened here in 1984. The Church of Scientology's international headquarters is also in the city.

Sitka, Alaska
Sitka is a town in Southeast Alaska, United States.

Jordanhill railway station
Jordanhill railway station is in a suburb of Glasgow, Scotland. It is a station where passenger trains stop on the First ScotRail railway line. The station opened on August 1, 1887 as part of a different railway line.
On March 2, 2006, a new article on the Jordanhill railway station became English Wikipedia's one-millionth article.

Googolplex
The word googolplex is a number represented by the numeral 1 followed by a googol (or 10^100) zeros written out as 10^10^100.

Flint
Flint, or flintstone, is a kind of igneous rock, which means that it came from volcanic action inside the Earth. Flintstones often have a rough lumpy surface but when they are broken, they look like dull grease-coloured glass. It has been one of the most useful types of stone to humankind.
Flintstones were often used in prehistoric times to make stone tools. When flintstones are broken, they have a sharp edge which could be used as a knife, or a scraper.
When two flintstones are hit together, they can make a spark. For many centuries, flint was one of the main ways for people in many countries to make fire. People would carry a little box called a "tinder box" which had some flintstones and tinder. The tinder was used to catch the spark and start a fire. Tinder could be sawdust, cloth, grass or bark. Flints were used to make a spark to fire a gun. A gun that used flint was called a "flint-lock" gun.
Flintstones are used in some countries for building. In England the flintstones used for building were often "knapped" which means they were broken to show the inside. This made a nicer finish on the building that the dull knobbly stones.

Valley Center, California
Valley Center, Califoria is a suburb of in San Diego County, California.

Newbridge, County Kildare
Newbridge (Droichead Nua in Gaelic) is a town in County Kildare, Ireland. It is the second largest town in Kildare

Anaheim, California
Anaheim, California is a city in the United States. It was founded by German immigrants in 1857. It is the home of Disneyland, and the professional sports teams, The Los Angeles Angels (Baseball) and the Mighty Ducks (ice hockey)

Chair
A chair is a piece of furniture. It is used for sitting on. They usually have four legs to support the weight. Some types of chairs, such as the barstool, have only one leg in the center. Sometimes chairs have armrests.
Most 4-legged chairs have a design which lets them hold about 120 kilograms.
Some chairs are able to rotate or spin. Some people find it fun to play games with the chairs that roll and spin.

Hercules
Hercules is a hero in Roman mythology. He is a mortal son of Zeus. Hercules is known for his great strength. In Greek mythology he is named Herakles, but he has some different stories.
Other versions.
Hercules is also a character in Marvel Comics. He was an ally of the mighty Thor. He is the leader and a founding member of the super team the Champions. He was created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby in 1962.

Navigation
Navigation is how ships or planes find their way from one place to another place. The word navigation came from the word "navgatih" from the language of Sanskrit.
Modern Navigation.
Navigation can also be used to talk about traffic. For example "The channel will be open to navigation when the bridge has be opened".
Words that mean the same thing as navigation are: Sailing, Seafaring, Pilotage, Piloting

Hercules (1997 movie)
Hercules is an animated Disney movie. It is based on the Greek legend of Hercules, but it is very different than the original story. It was more like Superman, Rocky and The Karate Kid. Unlike most Disney movies, it had a very different style due to the fact that the British cartoonist Gerald Scarfe, (who designed the movie, Pink Floyd The Wall) helped make the movie.

The Karate Kid
"The Karate Kid" is a 1984 American film starring Ralph Macchio and Pat Morita. It tells the story of a boy named Daniel (Macchio) who moves with his mother from New Jersey to California. Daniel has trouble adjusting and soon gets in trouble with a gang of bullies at his school. Mr. Miyagi (Morita), the handyman from the apartment building Daniel lives in, teaches Daniel martial arts, so he can fight the bullies in a tournament. The film was very successful and was compared to the boxing film Rocky, it was followed by three sequels.

Crazy Horse
Crazy Horse (born about 1838 – died September 5, 1877) was a Oglala Sioux Native American leader. There is a huge sculpture being carved of him in South Dakota.
When Crazy Horse was first born he was given the name of curly. When he was younger he had a vision when he wasn't supposed to and his family didn't know where he was. His father found him and was very unhappy at what young curly had done.
As crazy Horse grew into a man, he was given his father's name Crazy Horse. His father then changed his own name to Worm.
Crazy Horse had good medicine, so he was never killed when he went to battle. He led his people to Little Big Horn to combine with the Hunkpapa and Minconjou. There they fought General Custer and defeated him.
Eventualy Crazy Horse made a tough desicion to lead his people, the Oglalas, to a reservation because they were starving. Game was scarce and the buffalo were nearly gone. He had no choice but to leave the black hills. When he arrived at Fort Robinson, he was forced to give up his weapons and horses and was not happy. One day, even though he was granted time to go on a hunt, he was lied to and in an attempt to get away he was stabbed in his liver and died an death later that night, thus ending the Sioux Wars.
"Once I moved about like the wind. Now I surrender to you and that is all"

He-Man and the Masters of the Universe
He-Man and the Masters of the Universe was a cartoon series, that first came out in 1983. It was based on a popular toy line and told the story of Adam, who was prince of the planet, Eternia. When Prince Adam, had a magical sword, that could turn him into He-Man, the most powerful man in the universe. He-Man along with, Battle Cat, Teela, Man-At-Arms, and Orko, fought Skeletor, who wanted to take over the universe. It was very popular and inspired 2 more shows, one made in the early 1990s and another in 2002, there was also a spin-off, called, which was about He-Man's sister.

Fantasia Barrino
Fantasia Barrino is an American singer. She was the winner of the third season on "American Idol".

Cabrillo Beach
Cabrillo Beach is a historic beach located in San Pedro, California.
Cabrillo has two separate beach areas
Lifeguards.
Los Angeles City and Los Angeles County Lifeguards are responsible for the beach and ocean safety in and around the Cabrillo Beach area.
Geography.
Cabrillo Beach is located next to the Los Angeles Harbor and is only a short boat ride away from Catalina Island.
Water Sports.
Cabrillo Beach is a popular destination for those interested in water sports, such as windsurfing, kayaking and SCUBA diving.
Cabrillo Beach is known by windsurfers as "Hurricane Gulch" because of its predictably strong winds.
Landmarks.
It is also home to a few famous landmarks, namely the 1.75 mile Los Angeles Breakwater which ends at the Angeles Gate Lighthouse, the recently restored Cabrillo Beach Bathhouse, and the Cabrillo Marine Aquarium. The Angels Gate Lighthouse is home to the annual Angel's Gate Lighthouse Swim competition, held by Lifeguards and San Pedro residents each summer.

Chulalongkorn University
Chulalongkorn University (Thai: จุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัย) is the oldest university in Thailand. It is located in Bangkok (the capital city of Thailand). It was founded in 1917. Currently, there are about 30,000 students. The name of the university comes from the name of one of the kings of Thailand, Chulalongkorn (Rama V).

Khartoum
Khartoum is the capital of Sudan. This big city has over three million people, and is located where the Blue Nile and main Nile come together. Its name means elephant tusk. Two other big cities nearby are Omdurman and Khartoum North.

Konkani language
Konkani is a language from India. Konkani belongs to Indo-Aryan family of languages. It is the official language of Goa, a state in India.
Places where people speak Konkani.
Some people from the part of India known as Konkan speak Konkani language. Konkan is on the west coast of India.
Meaning of Name.
The name "Konkani" means "from the Konkan". The word "Konkan" means corner(kona) and piece/part of earth (kana). The name of the language comes from the place where it is spoken.
People.
The people who speak Konkani language are called as Konkani people or Konkanis.
Writing systems.
People write Konkani in many different scripts(writing systems or alphabets). People from different regions use different scripts. Konkani people from Goa and Maharashtra use Devanagari script. Konkani people from Karnataka use Kannada script. People in Goa use Roman script. Konkani Muslims use Arabic script. Konkani people from Kerala use Malayalam script. Devanagari is the official script.

Trench
A trench is a long, narrow ditch. It is like a valley, only on a very much smaller scale.
The trench coat got its name from there.

Trench coat
A trench coat (or trenchcoat) is a type of outdoor clothing. Trenchcoats are long coats made from stiff material, like heavy-duty cotton. They were invented for soldiers to wear in The First World War, to keep them warm. Most trench coats also protect the wearer against rain.
As a fashion.
In the 1950s, trench coats became a popular fashion item. In the 1980s and 1990s, trench coats were worn by punk rock musicians and gothic rock musicians.

Trumpet
A trumpet is a brass instrument used mainly in Classical music and jazz music. The most common type of trumpet is a B"b" trumpet, meaning that if the player plays a C, it will sound like a B"b" in concert pitch. The trumpet is played by blowing into the mouthpiece and making a "buzzing" sound. There are three keys called valves that the player can press to change the pitch.
History.
Almost 3500 years ago, people would blow on shells and animal horns as a signal. These shells were prepared after killing the animal, therefore making a sound instead of a "fffff" rushing air sound. An early example of a brass instrument like a trumpet is called a shofar, which is still used in religious ceremonies. Eventually people started making trumpet-like instruments with wood (for example, the cornetto), and later, with brass.
Many years ago, when the use of instrumental music was growing, trumpets became very important. Trumpets were long and without valves. This meant a player had to control the pitch of the sound with only his mouth, which was very difficult. Everyone respected trumpet players because trumpets were just so difficult to play.
The chromatic trumpet was developed in the late 18th century. Later on, valves were developed, and it became easier to play notes on the trumpet. Still, trumpet is a difficult instrument to master.
Music for trumpet.
Classical music is written for solo trumpet, and trumpets are included in orchestras. Trumpets play an important part in Jazz music, and other various popular genres. Sometimes, they also play short parts to emphasize sections in rock songs.
Trumpet players.
Some famous classical trumpet players are Adolph Herseth, Sergei Nakariakov and Maurice Andre.
Some famous jazz trumpet players are Miles Davis, Louis Armstrong, Arturo Sandoval, Wynton Marsalis, Dizzy Gillepsie, and Maynard Ferguson.

Microwave
A microwave is a kind of high-frequency radio wave. It is often used to cook food in a microwave oven.
We can see waves travelling through water. There are many sorts of these waves, such as ripples, swell, tsunamis, and even sound waves that we do not see, but we hear if our ears are under the water.
Likewise, many different types of waves can travel through the air. We detect one type with our eyes as colours; we detect another type when it lands on our skin, as warmth; another type is called X-rays. Other types of these invisible waves are called microwaves.
We cannot see them. They can quickly penetrate quite deep into materials that contain water, for example most food. The energy in these waves makes the water molecules vibrate faster, which means the water gets hotter.
Although they can also heat some metals, there are materials, including many plastics, which they pass right through, without heating at all. Although many plastics used in bowls or cups will melt and get super-heated in microwave ovens.

Microwave oven
A microwave oven (commonly called a microwave) is a machine that cooks food using microwaves, a type of radio wave. The idea was discovered when a scientist who was experimenting with radio waves saw his chocolate bar which he was holding at that time melt. He then knew that radio waves could cook food and invented the microwave oven.
Operation.
Food is placed inside the oven, and buttons on the screen are pressed to set how long the food should be cooked. Typically, a microwave oven is one of the fastest ways of cooking.
Function.
The microwave oven produces micro-waves. These micro-waves are capable of heating water very quickly and effectively. The food that is put in the oven has either a small amount of water or a large amount. When the machine is turned on, the micro-waves seek the water in the food and heat it up, thus heating the food around it.

Cobalt
Cobalt (chemical symbol Co) is a magnetic transition metal. It has an atomic number of 27 and an atomic mass of about 59. Cobalt is used in some types of steel. It is also used in some medicnes.

Canidae
Canidae is a family of carnivorous and omnivorous mammals of the order Carnivora. Animals that belong to the family Canidae are called canids. The family Canidae is divided into two tribes: Vulpini ("true foxes"), and Canini ("true dogs").
Canids of the tribe Vulpini (foxes) are called "vulpines". Canids of the tribe Canini (wolves, dogs, coyotes and others) are called "canines". Some people call all these canids "canines", but this is wrong.
Examples of canids are dogs, wolves, foxes, coyotes, and jackals.

Nickel
Nickel (chemical symbol Ni) is a magnetic transition metal. It has an atomic number of 28 and an atomic mass of about 59. Nickel has a silvery colour and can be highly polished. A nickel is also American currency. It is worth 5 American cents.

Fox
A fox is a small mammal. There are 27 species of foxes, they are omnivorous (they eat both plants and animals) and the smallest members of the family Canidae (mammals related to dogs). They are swift and agile runners. A female fox may be called a vixen.
Foxes are found throughout all continents (except Antarctica), inhabiting mostly forest, shrub land, and desert regions. Most foxes feed on mice, voles, rabbits, birds’ eggs, fruit, large insects, and carrion. In the United Kingdom, it was a common sport for people to hunt foxes with horses and dogs.

Food pyramid
A food pyramid is a chart that can be used to see how many servings of each food should be eaten each day. It is for having good health.
Grains give carbohydrates and some vitamins and minerals. Vegetables and fruits give a lot of vitamins, some minerals, and few fats, but fruits often have more calories and sugar. Dairy products (like milk, cheese, yogurt, etc.) have protein, some fat, and a lot of calcium, an element that helps build strong bones. Meat have protein, some fat, and B vitamins. Fats, oils, and sweets give calories, fats, and sugars but not a lot of nutrition.

Torso
The torso is the part of the human body where the limbs are attached. Some people also call it the trunk. It is made of chest, back, and abdomen.

Age of Mythology
"Age of Mythology" is a real-time strategy computer game made by Ensemble Studios. The game has an expansion to it named '. "Age of Mythology" is a spinoff of the "Age of Empires" game series.

Mississauga, Ontario
Mississauga, Ontario is the sixth-largest city in Canada. It is near the largest city in Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. In fact, it is a part of the Greater Toronto Area.
Statistics.
Mississauga is a quickly growing and multicultural city. Statistics Canada estimates that Mississauga now has 704,000 people, an increase of 150,000 from the previous decade and the population has almost doubled in past twenty years.
Law and Government.
Mississauga has only had three mayors in its past and it was created in 1974. This is because the mayor right now, Hazel McCallion, 86, has been mayor from 1978.
Mississauga is split into 11 wards (parts) each of them having their own councillor.
Also, Mississauga is the largest city in Canada where there are more women in the council than men.
Mississauga has six legislative (government) ridings that are the same for the Canadian government and the Ontario government. The Canadian government has people in charge of those ridings called M.P.'s (Member of Parliament) and the Ontario government has M.P.P.'s (Member of Provincial Parliament) in charge of them.
M.P.: Wajid Khan (Conservative, but elected Liberal)

Cambridge, Massachusetts
Cambridge is a city in the U.S. state of Massachusetts, just outside of Boston. It is the home of Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).

1684
Year 1684 was a leap year that started on Saturday when using the Gregorian calendar.

Coyote
Coyote ("Canis latrans") is an animal of the Canidae family. The word "coyote" comes from the Náhuatl (Aztec) word "cóyotl".
Appearance.
The color of the coyote's fur is a grayish brown to yellowish gray on the upper parts, while the throat and underside are a more white color. The forelegs, sides of the head, muzzle and feet are reddish brown.
Habitat.
Coyotes live only in North America and some areas of Central America. They live in the countryside, but also in cities too.
Life.
The coyote is an omnivore and can eat many kinds of food: fruits, grasses, and vegetables in the autumn and winter months along with small mammals, for example rabbits, mice, shrews, voles, and foxes. They also eat birds, deer, snakes, and lizards. In the city, coyotes find food easily. They dig up plants in gardens and eat food out of garbage cans.
Sometimes, they join small packs (groups), but normally hunt alone. Coyotes live in dens. They dig a tunnel under the ground and then dig out a larger area at the end of the tunnel where they sleep and have their babies or pups. They can have six pups at a time. Often a coyote den will have two entrances, with one that is hidden. Sometimes they dig more than one den, so they can move if an enemy finds the den.
Coyotes don't have many enemies. Wolves used to eat coyotes, but there are not many wolves left in North America compared to the number of coyotes. The biggest enemy of the coyote is people. They don't usually attack people, but sometimes eat small pets such as cats.
Mythology.
The coyote is a character of many myths from Native American peoples.

Vole
Vole is a small mammal similar to a mouse.
There are about 70 species of voles. There are species in Europe, Asia, North Africa and North America. Adult voles, depending on the species, are 7.5 to 17.5 centimetres (three to seven inches) long.
Depending on the species, they eat seeds, grass or other plants, and insects.
Many animals hunt voles, for example wolves, owls, hawks, coyotes, foxes, weasels, and cats.

Isthmus
An isthmus is a narrow strip of land, with water on either side, that connects two bigger landmasses. For example, the Isthmus of Panama connects the continents of The Americas (but some people say it has not been a true isthmus since the Panama Canal was built).

Rodent
Rodents are a group of mammals. They form the order Rodentia (row-den-she-a).
They have four incisors that keep growing, and must be kept worn down by gnawing (eroding teeth by grinding them on something hard); this is the origin of the name, from the Latin "rodere", "to gnaw", and "dent", "tooth".
Most rodents are small. Examples of commonly known rodents are mice, rats, chipmunks, and squirrels. Some other small rodents sometimes kept as pets are Guinea pigs, hamsters, and gerbils.
Examples of larger rodents are porcupines, beavers, and the largest living rodent, the capybara, which can grow to between 105 and 135 cm (40-55 in) in length, and weigh 35 to 65 kg (75-140 lbs).
Almost half of all mammal species are rodents. More examples of rodents are voles, prairie dogs, groundhogs, and chinchillas.
Rabbits, hares, and pikas are sometimes called rodents, because they also have teeth that keep growing. But in 1912 biologists decided to put them in a new, separate order, Lagomorpha, because they have two extra incisors in their upper jaw.
Shrews are sometimes called rodents, because they look like mice, but that is not correct. They are in the order Insectivora.

Titan (moon)
Titan is one of Saturn's 56 moons. It is 5150 km wide and it moves in a circle 1,221,931 km away from Saturn. It was found by Christiaan Huygens on March 25, 1655. Titan is the largest moon of Saturn and the second largest of the solar system. Titan is larger than the size of Mercury. Titan is the only moon with air but a person cannot breathe that air. That air is too cold and it is bad. It would kill a man. The air is made of nitrogen and methane. It is also the only place in the Solar System, except Earth, that has lakes and lots of liquid on its surface, but it is liquid methane, not water.
On July 1, 2004, the Cassini-Huygens probe entered into orbit around Saturn. On December 25, 2004, the Huygens probe separated from the Cassini probe before moving down towards Titan's surface and landed there on January 14, 2005. It landed on a dry surface, but it confirmed that large bodies of liquid exist on the moon. The Cassini probe continued to gain data of Titan and a number of the icy moons. It found evidence that the moon Enceladus had water erupting from its geysers. Cassini also proved in July, 2006 that Titan contained hydrocarbon lakes, located near its north pole. In March, 2007, it discovered a large hydrocarbon lake the size of the Caspian Sea near its north pole.

Computer numbering formats
Computer numbering formats are the ways that computers and calculators represent numbers. Most computers use a system of binary which is composed of ones and zeros.
Other systems in use are the octal (0,1-7) and the hexadecimal (0,1-9,A,B,C,D,E,F) systems.
Now we can use codes which the computer understands only, as well as other number systems.

Columbus, Georgia
Columbus, Georgia is a town, in the U.S. state of Georgia. Coca-Cola was first made here.

Carthage
Carthage is an ancient city-state in what is now Tunisia. In the "Aeneid", an old story by Vergil, "Aeneas" visited Carthage. He made the Queen of Carthage, "Dido", angry. Carthage and Rome warred three times. These wars were the Punic wars. In the second Punic War, Hannibal led the Cathaginian army. Rome destroyed Carthage in 146 BC.

Brockton, Massachusetts
Brockton is a town in Plymouth County in the U.S. state of Massachusetts. It and the town of Plymouth are the county seats of Plymouth County.

Rabat
Rabat is the capital city of Morocco.

Duke Kahanamoku
Duke Kahanamoku (August 24, 1890 – January 22, 1968), was a Hawaiian athlete who is called the inventor of modern surfing. He was also on the United States Olympic team as a swimmer, and won several silver and gold medals. Contrary to some misinformation on the internet, Duke is not known as the Big Kahuna. He himself rejected that term, because he knew it's meaning. The Big Kahuna is a character in the Gidget story, which is based on a portrayal of Tube Steak Tracy, a famous surfer of the 40's & 50's in Malibu.

Overland Park, Kansas
Overland Park is a city in the U.S. state of Kansas.

Bedford
Bedford is the county town of Bedfordshire, England. It has a population of more than 79.000 people (100.000 if the people living in Kempston are included). Many people also live in the smaller villages around Bedford.
History.
The town of Bedford is about 1000 years old. There was a castle there, but it was destroyed in 1224. There is a small hill now in the place where the castle used to be. It overlooks the river Ouse which flows through the town. Bedford was a market town from the early Middle Ages. It was given its borough charter in 1166 by Henry II.
Education.
During the last century many people moved to Bedford because there were good schools there. There are five public schools which are governed by the Harpur Trust, as well as several state schools and some smaller private schools. Many students study at the University of Bedfordshire, which is now based in Leicester. Hundreds of school children can take part in Bedfordshire Youth Music courses during the holidays. There is also a Bedfordshire Youth Theatre.
Features and events.
The town of Bedford has some nice places to walk along the banks of the River Great Ouse. The banks of the river by the town centre are called The Embankment. There are nice gardens there and two bridges for pedestrians only. The newer of these bridges is known as the “Butterfly Bridge” because it is shaped like a butterfly.
Every two years, an event called Bedford River Festival is held near the river in Bedford during early July. The event lasts for two days. About 250,000 people go there to enjoy all the events, the sports, food, funfairs and live music.
The big church in the centre of the town is called St Paul’s Church. It stands in St Paul’s Square. It has a tall spire which can be seen from a long way away. There was a church there in 1066. The present church was started in the early 13th century and gradually more parts were added. The tower and spire were completely rebuilt in the 1860s. John Bunyan and John Wesley both preached in the church. There is a stained glass window dedicated to Sir William Harpur who gave his money to charity in the 16th century allowing almshouses and schools to be built in Bedford.
There are museums in Bedford. The Cecil Higgins Art Gallery is in the Victorian home of the Higgins family who used to be brewers. A modern building next to it has paintings, ceramics, glass and lace. The Bedford Museum is next door and has things from Bedford’s history. Just round the corner is the John Bunyan museum showing things about Bedford’s most famous writer.
Hospitals and services.
Bedford Hospital is split between two sites in the town. It serves people from the whole of Mid Bedford. Many discussions are still taking place about the future of the hospital and how it should be organized.
There are many shops in the town centre, as well as out-of-town shopping areas. The Aspects Leisure Centre has cinemas and other amusements. It is near the opposite end of the Embankment from the town centre.
Music and Drama.
There is a lot of opportunity to hear music in Bedford. Many local musicians play in the Bedfordshire Symphony Orchestra and the Bedford Sinfonia. They give their concerts in the Corn Exchange in St Paul’s Square, where one can also hear concerts given by the famous professional Philharmonia Orchestra who give a series of concerts during the year. There are several amateur choirs including the large Bedford Choral Society and the chamber choirs Cantamus and Concord Singers. The Bedford Music Club organizes chamber concerts on Thursdays during the year, and there are many other musical events including lunch hour concerts at St Paul’s Church. In August the 'Proms In The Park' takes place in Bedford Park. It is given by the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra and attracts thousands of people who take rugs and food and sit on the grass to listen to the music.
Although Bedford has no large theatre there are many amateur groups such as the Bedford Dramatic Club, Swan Theatre Company, Bedford Marionettes who perform in several places such as the Bowen West Theatre and Civic Theatre. There are also several local bands.
Sport.
As Bedford has a river there is a lot of opportunity for rowing. Bedford has two rugby union teams called Bedford Blues and Bedford Athletic. Bedford Blues are now in the second tier of English rugby, although they have previously been in the top division. Bedford has an athletic stadium.
Transport.
Bedford’s main railway station is in Midland Road. Capital Connect run trains from Bedford to Brighton passing through London, and Midland Main Line have trains that go from London, passing through Bedford on their way to Leeds. There are also trains to Bletchley in Milton Keynes, and the Marston Vale Line which also stops at Bedford St Johns railway station.
There is a lot of traffic in Bedford as several roads spread out from the centre of the town in all directions. The M1 is 8 miles to the west, and the Al is about the same distance to the east. Bedford now has a by-pass, but it is not a complete ring road. It helps traffic going from the A1 to the M1 (from Cambridge direction to Milton Keynes direction). A new section of bypass is being built at the moment.
Busses from Bedford travel to Northampton, Milton Keynes, Cambridge, Oxford and other towns in the region. Most of these services depart from the main bus station in the town. This bus station is soon going to be rebuilt.
Demographics.
There are many Italian people living in Bedford. Many of them came from the 1950s onwards to work at the brickworks of the London Brick Company. There are many Italian bars and restaurants and social clubs as well as a church and a vice-consulate. Many of the people who came in the 1950s now have grandchildren growing up in Bedford, and many of them have married people from other cultures. More recently many people have immigrated from other parts of the world such as South Asia and Eastern Europe (particularly in the last few years), Greece, Cyprus, the Middle East and Africa. Many languages are spoken in Bedford including Italian, Punjabi, Turkish, Polish, Portuguese, Cantonese and Mandarin Chinese. There is a big, new Sikh temple in the district known as Queen’s Park.
Relationship with nearby towns and villages.
The town of Kempston has now grown to be part of Bedford. The villages in the Borough of Bedford with populations of more than 2,000 are Biddenham, Bromham, Clapham, Elstow, Oakley, Sharnbrook, Shortstown, Wilstead, and Wootton. There are also many smaller villages in the borough. The villages in the borough are popular with commuters to Bedford, and also with people who commute to Milton Keynes, which is a bigger employment centre than Bedford, and to London.
Famous Bedfordians.
The most famous person from Bedford was John Bunyan, the author of "The Pilgrim's Progress". He was born in Harrowden, near Elstow which is just outside Bedford. Later he lived in St Cuthbert Street, which is the next street east parallel to the High Street, but was still just at the edge of Bedford at that time. Bunyan Meeting is a church on the site where Bunyan, at the end of his life, was allowed to have a barn to preach. It is joined to the Bunyan Museum. There is a statue of Bunyan on the corner of the High Street by Bedford School.
Other famous Bedfordians include Sir William Harpur, the philanthropist, John Howard, the prison reformer, Charles Wells, founder of Charles Wells Brewery, a company which is still in the town, Ronnie Barker the comedian and John Le Mesurier, actor and comedian. People who went to school in Bedford include the politician Paddy Ashdown, the cricketer Alastair Cook, the playwright Christopher Fry and the athlete Paula Radcliffe.

Pentomino
A pentomino is a 2D shape made out of 5 side-by-side equal-sized squares. They can be found in the books Chasing vermeer and The Wright 3

Ejaculation
Ejaculation happens when the body shoots out fluid after it has been aroused or stimulated (excited sexually). Many animals ejaculate when they reproduce sexually. This article is about ejaculation in human beings. It is well known that a man ejaculates when he has an orgasm. However, it is believed that women also ejaculate.
When a man is stimulated, his penis becomes erect. When he has an orgasm, semen comes out from the end of his penis. Semen contains sperm and other substances. How long a man can be stimulated before ejaculating, how long the ejaculation lasts, the strength of the ejaculation, and the amount of semen that comes out, all vary from one man to another. When a man ejaculates, he has a very good feeling in his penis and his groin area (the part of his body where his torso joins the top of his legs). A man can ejaculate after he masturbates or is touched by someone else sexually, or even if he is not touched (for example, if he looks at sexy pictures, watches sexy videos or thinks about sex). Ejaculation can also happen without control when a man is sleeping. Boys do not ejaculate until they reach puberty.
Scientists now think that women can also ejaculate when they have an orgasm. They think that a woman ejaculates when her Gräfenberg spot or "G-spot", which is near the front of the vagina, is stimulated, and that the fluid comes out from somewhere near the opening of the urethra into the vulva. They also think that the fluid is produced by the Skene's glands. This fluid contains glucose and fructose, which are kinds of sugars, and other chemicals.
In grammar, an ejaculation is something spoken rather suddenly to express a feeling. "Oh!", "Hey!" and "My goodness!" are ejaculations. Although it was common at the end of the 19th century and the start of the 20th century to call such terms "ejaculations", today it is considered old-fashioned.
Men.
In a man, ejaculation is what happens when semen shoots out of the end of the penis. Slang terms for ejaculation are "blowing a load" or "blowing a wad", "busting a nut", "creaming", "cumming" and "jizzing". Ejaculation takes place when the man has an orgasm (the height of sexual excitement), usually after he has been touched in a sexual way. However, ejaculation can also happen if a man has not been touched, for instance if he becomes aroused or stimulated (made sexually excited) by looking at sexy pictures, watching sexy videos, or thinking about sex. Ejaculation can also happen by itself when a man is sleeping.
How it happens in men.
Before a man can ejaculate, his penis needs to be stimulated. The penis is usually soft, quite short and hangs down. When a man is stimulated, for example by seeing another naked person, masturbating or being touched by someone else sexually, the inside of his penis fills with blood. This causes it to become longer, thicker, harder and to stand upright, and is called having an erection. Men can be stimulated for different amounts of time before they ejaculate.
Ejaculation takes place in two stages.
After a man has ejaculated, his penis usually becomes soft and shorter again. It takes some time before he can have another erection and ejaculation. This time is called the refractory period. The average refractory period is about half an hour. Younger men normally have a shorter refractory period than older men. Men who are 18 years old have a refractory period of about 15 minutes, while men in their 70s have one of about 20 hours. Some men's penises remain hard after one ejaculation, and they are able to have another ejaculation after some time without losing their erection. Most young and middle-aged men can probably have about two to three ejaculations in a few hours, but it has been said that some men are able to have up to nine ejaculations a day.
When a man ejaculates before he wants to, this is called premature ejaculation. If a man cannot ejaculate after having been aroused for a long time, even though he wants to, this is called delayed ejaculation or anorgasmia. A man who is unable to ejaculate at all is said to have anejaculation. Some men are able to have an orgasm without ejaculating. This is called a dry orgasm.
Apart from giving a man pleasure, ejaculation may help a man to stay healthy. A study carried out in Australia seemed to show that men who ejaculate often have less chance of getting prostate cancer.
Semen.
Semen is known informally as "cum", "jism" or "jizz". Men ejaculate different amounts of semen. Normally, an ejaculation makes between 1.5 and 5 millilitres (up to one teaspoonful) of semen. More semen tends to come out if a man has not ejaculated for many days, or if he has been stimulated for a long time. Older men produce less semen. If a man ejaculates an unusually small amount of semen, this is a medical condition called hypospermia.
Semen is usually a white or yellowish fluid. It starts off being slightly thick and sticky, then after a while it becomes more watery. Semen contains many chemicals. These include citric acid, fructose (a type of sugar), enzymes that speed up chemical reactions in the body, lipids (substances that fat is made of), and slippery fluids that help the semen to move through the urethra.
If there are an unusually low number of sperm in an ejaculation, this is called oligospermia. If there are no sperm at all, this is called azoospermia. A man with oligospermia or azoospermia is usually infertile, and cannot or finds it very hard to make a woman pregnant by having sex with her.
If a man has a sexually transmitted infection or STI (an infection that is passed from one person to another by sex), the germs that cause the disease can appear in his semen. If the person that the man has sex with touches the semen, he or she can become infected by the germs and pick up the disease. AIDS, gonorrhea, hepatitis B, herpes and syphillis are examples of STIs. One of the ways for a man to lower the chance of passing on an STI to his sexual partner is to wear a condom on his penis when having sex.
Fertilization.
When a man has sexual intercourse with a woman, the movement of the man's penis in and out of the woman's vagina stimulates the penis, which causes the man to have an orgasm and to ejaculate. The sperm in the semen travels into the woman's uterus and Fallopian tubes. If there happens to be an ovum or egg cell in a Fallopian tube, a sperm may fuse with the ovum. This is called fertilization, and makes the woman pregnant.
However, before a man ejaculates, a clear, colourless, sticky fluid called pre-ejaculate (also known as pre-ejaculate fluid or informally as pre-cum) can come out of his penis. Pre-ejaculate is produced by the bulbourethral or Cowper's glands. Some tests have shown that pre-ejaculate does not contain any sperm. However, some sperm may have been left behind in the urethra from an earlier ejaculation and the pre-ejaculate may carry this sperm out of the penis. That is why a woman can become pregnant even if the man pulls his penis out of her vagina before he ejaculates. Also, if a man ejaculates near the woman's vagina and semen falls on her body, sperm can accidentally enter the vagina and cause a pregnancy. To avoid the woman becoming pregnant when she does not want to, the man and the woman can use methods of contraception or birth control. For example, the man can wear a condom on his penis, or the woman can take birth control pills.
First ejaculation.
Young boys cannot ejaculate. A boy's first ejaculation usually happens about one year after he begins puberty, which is when his body starts changing into a man's body. Most boys go through puberty in their teens. The first time a boy ejaculates usually happens when he is asleep. This is called a nocturnal emission (which means "an emission happening at night") or a wet dream. It happens without the boy's control, often when he is having a dream about sex. Scientists believe that wet dreams are the body's way of removing too much semen. When a boy begins masturbating, wet dreams usually stop happening.
When a boy starts to ejaculate, he usually produces only a small amount of semen. The semen is different from what an adult man produces. It is usually clear and stays sticky. It either has no sperm in it, or sperm that do not move properly or do not move at all. A boy's semen only becomes like an adult man's semen about two years after his first ejaculation.
Women.
Female ejaculation, informally known as gushing or squirting, happens when a woman has an orgasm and clear fluid comes out of her. Scientists are not sure how the fluid is produced, but think it comes from the Skene's glands (also called the paraurethral glands or female prostate). Female ejaculation was mentioned in ancient times by the Greek philosopher Aristotle (384–322 B.C.), and by doctors and people who study anatomy. However, in much of the 20th century there were people who did not believe that female ejaculation existed, and it was not studied in detail. More people found out about the matter after a book called "The G Spot" came out in 1982 and became popular. After that, more research was done on female ejaculation.
How it happens in women.
Many doctors and scientists now agree that there is such a thing as female ejaculation, but do not know much about how it happens or how the woman's body makes the fluid ejaculated. Some think that female ejaculation mostly happens when a woman's Gräfenberg spot or "G-spot", which is near the front of the vagina, is stimulated. It is not known for sure if the fluid is ejaculated from the urethra or the vagina. However, in 2007, tests by researchers from Vienna in Austria found that there is tissue like glands around a woman's urethra, and that substances made by the tissue enter the urethra near its opening into the vulva. Therefore, it is more likely that during female ejaculation the fluid comes out from the urethra. It is thought that the Skene's glands make the fluid because female ejaculate contains a protein called prostate-specific antigen (PSA), and the Skene's gland is known to make PSA.
Scientists have asked women about female ejaculation. Between 54% and 60% of these women said that when they had an orgasm, fluid came out of them. Out of these women, 6% said they ejaculated regularly and that it was strong, while 13% said they ejaculated now and then. A doctor called Gary Schubach believes that most women can learn how to ejaculate if taught how.
Fluid.
Some diseases or sicknesses can cause large amounts of fluid to come out of women. For example, fluid can come out of a woman's vagina if she has an infection of the vagina or a sexually transmitted infection (STI). Some women also suffer from urinary stress incontinence, which means that sometimes they cannot stop urine from leaking out. Because of this, if large amounts of fluid come out from a woman's vulva, it is a good idea for her to see a doctor in case it is not female ejaculation but some kind of sickness.

Team
A team is a group of people who have a certain task to complete. In order to meet their target, the members of the group must cooperate with each other.
Successful team - a group of people who tend to meet their target without facing any sort of barrier. The group members cooperate with each other and take other members' ideas into consideration.
Unsuccessful team - a group of people who have a very difficult time when attempting to complete a certain task. The members of the group think of only themselves and create an uncomfortable environment for other members of the team.

Emperor Showa
Emperor Showa is the name given to Hirohito after he died. Emperors of Japan are normally renamed like this, and people start using the new name.
Hirohito was the emperor of Japan during World War II and after. He was born on April 29, 1901 and he died on January 7, 1989. He started ruling Japan in 1926 and ruled until he died. Many people outside Japan call him Emperor Hirohito, or just Hirohito. He helped Japan make many important changes that made it become a rich country it is today.
Hirohito was the leader of Japan during the war in Asia from 1931 to 1945. Some people and historians say that he was a bad person and authorized bad things such as bombings, massacres, use of chemical weapons and human experimentation. Other people say that he did not have a lot of power and that his prime ministers such as Hideki Tojo, the prime minister from 1941 to 1944, and others were the ones who made those decisions.
Either way, Japan decided to fight instead of talk things through with their enemies. In the end, Hirohito had to surrender to the Allies win.
Some of the winners wanted Hirohito and some of his brothers and uncles "put on trial" (taken to court) for the bad things he did during the war, but the United States general Douglas MacArthur did not want that. He wanted Hirohito to still be the Emperor. The people of Japan thought that their emperor was a god before this time, but the general said that Hirohito had to tell his people that he was not a god.
Hirohito did not have a job in the government of Japan anymore. He was a "figurehead", a person that has importance but not power.
Hirohito met with famous leaders and represented Japan to other countries. He helped the people of Japan learn to like the new ways of doing things (that the Americans taught them) with his example.
Hirohito died because of medical problems. He had cancer.

Human evolution
Human evolution is the theory by which scientists think that humans became a species (a group of animals that are the same, but different from other groups of animals). A lot of people study it and this study affects and involves several fields, for example the study of genes. "Physical anthropology" means the study of human evolution. The theory says that some apes started walking on two legs and began to use their hands to carry things about 5 million years ago. Then they got separated from each other and became different. There were two or three different groups of walking apes, and one was the forefather of humans. They learned how to make simple tools.
The scientific name for "human" is "Homo". The modern human is called "Homo sapiens". "Sapiens" means "wise" or "knowing". "Homo sapiens" means "wise human".
According to the theory of evolution, humans developed from other species. The science that is concerned with finding out how this happened is called "Paleoanthropology". It aims to explain how the human race developed,by looking at ancient humans based on fossil evidence, tools, and other signs of human life in the past. The modern field of paleoanthropology began in the 19th century with the discovery of "Neanderthal man". The skeleton that gave the name was found in 1856, but there had been finds elsewhere since 1830.
The idea of evolution: Humans are similar to great apes.
By 1859, people had found out that humans were in some respect very similar to some of the great apes. The idea that species were the result of biological evolution was only discovered, when Charles Darwin published his book "On the Origin of Species" in November 1859. In his first book, Darwin wrote about the idea of evolution in general, not about the evolution of humans. "Light will be thrown on the origin of man and his history," was all Darwin wrote on the subject. Nevertheless, the implications of the theory were clear to the readers of the time.
Different people discussed the evolution of humans. Among them were Thomas Huxley and Richard Owen. Huxley convincingly illustrated many of the similarities and differences between humans and apes in his 1863 book "Evidence as to Man's Place in Nature". When Darwin published his own book on the subject, "The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex", it was already a well-known interpretation of his theory. The interpretation he gave made the theory highly controversial. Even many of Darwin's original supporters (such as Alfred Russel Wallace and Charles Lyell) did not like the idea that human beings could have evolved their impressive mental capacities and moral sensibilities through natural selection.
Since the time of Carolus Linnaeus, scientists have considered the great apes to be the closest relatives of human beings because they look very similar. In the 19th century, they speculated that the closest living relatives of humans are chimpanzees. Chimpanzees naturally occur in Africa. Scientists believed that humans share a common ancestor with other African great apes and that fossils of these ancestors would be found in Africa. It is now accepted by virtually all biologists that humans are not only similar to the great apes but, in fact, are great apes.
Common ancestors of humans and great apes.
It was not until the 1920s that hominan fossils were discovered in Africa. In 1924, Raymond Dart described "Australopithecus africanus". The type specimen was the Taung Child, an australopithecine infant discovered in a cave deposit being mined for concrete at Taung, South Africa. The remains were a remarkably well-preserved tiny skull and an endocranial cast of the individual's brain. Although the brain was small (410 cm³), its shape was rounded, unlike that of chimpanzees and gorillas, and more like a modern human brain. Also, the specimen exhibited short canine teeth, and the position of the foramen magnum was evidence of bipedal locomotion. All of these traits convinced Dart that the Taung baby was a bipedal human ancestor, a transitional form between apes and humans.
It took another 20 years before Dart's claims were taken seriously. This was after other similar skeletons had been found. The most common view of the time was that a large brain evolved before bipedality, the capability to move on two feet only. It was thought that intelligence similar to that of modern humans was a prerequisite to bipedalism.
The australopithecines are now thought to be immediate ancestors of the genus "Homo", the group to which modern humans belong. Both australopithecines and "Homo sapiens" are part of the tribe Hominini, but recent data has brought into doubt the position of "A. africanus" as a direct ancestor of modern humans; it may well have been a dead-end cousin. The australopithecines were originally classified as either or. The robust variety of "Australopithecus" has since been reclassified as "Paranthropus", although it is still regarded as a subgenus of "Australopithecus" by some authors.
In the 1930s, when the robust specimens were first described, the "Paranthropus" genus was used. During the 1960s, the robust variety was moved into "Australopithecus". The recent trend has been back to the original classification as a separate genus.
The evolution of primates.
The evolution of primates can be traced for a very long time. The oldest specimens found date from some 85 million years ago. This makes primates one of the oldest groups of mammals. Paleontologists believe that primates and bats have a common ancestor. This ancestor probably lived at the time of the last dinosaurs.
When modern climates started, about 40 million years ago, primates were extinct, except for Africa and southern Asia. One such primate from this time was Notharctus. A fossil was found in Germany about 20 years ago. Analysis showed it was about 16.5 million years old, some 1.5 million years older than similar species from East Africa. This suggests that the primate lineage of the great apes first appeared in Eurasia and not Africa.
Primates migrated to Eurasia from Africa, just before the two continents split. This was about 17 million years ago. Begun says that these primates flourished in Eurasia and that their lineage leading to the African apes and humans—Dryopithecus—migrated south from Europe or Western Asia into Africa. Fossils from the Fayum depression southwest of Cairo show that all primates living to day seem to come from these migrants. This includes lemurs of Madagascar, lorises of Southeast Asia, galagos or "bush babies" of Africa, and the anthropoids; platyrrhines or New World monkeys, and catarrhines or Old World monkeys and the great apes and humans.
The genus Homo.
It was Carolus Linnaeus who chose the name "Homo". Today, there is only one species in the genus Homo, "Homo sapiens sapiens". There were other species in there, but they became extinct. The figure shows where some of them lived and at what time. Sone of the other species might have been ancestors of "H. sapiens". Many were likely our "cousins", they developed away from our ancestral line. Scientists are still discussing the exact line of development. A consensus, which of these groups should count as separate species and which as subspecies of another species has not been reached yet. In some cases this is because there are very few fossils, in other cases it is due to the slight differences used to classify species in the "Homo" genus. The Sahara pump theory provides an explanation of the early variation in the genus "Homo".
Homo habilis.
Homo Habilils was likely the first species of homo. It developed from the Australopitecus, about 2.5 milion years ago. It lived until about 1.4 million years ago. It had smaller molars and larger brains than the Australopitecus.
Towards homo erectus.
There are two proposed species that lived from 1.9 to 1.6 million years ago. Their relation has not been clarified. One of them is called "Homo rudolfensis". It is bases on a single incomplete skull from Kenya. Scientists have suggested that this was just another habilis, but this has not been confirmed. The other is currently called "Homo georgicus". It is from Georgia and may be an intermediate form between "H. habilis" and "H. erectus", or a sub-species of "H. erectus".
Homo ergaster and Homo erectus.
"Homo erectus" was first discovered on the island of Java in Indonesia, in 1891. The discoverer, Eugene Dubois originally called it "Pithecanthropus erectus" based on its morphology that he considered to be intermediate between that of humans and apes. Homo erectus lived lived from about 1.8 million to 70,000 years ago. The earlier specimens (from 1.8 to 1.2 million years ago) are sometimes seen as a different species, or a subspecies. called "Homo ergaster", or "Homo erectus ergaster'.
In the Early Pleistocene, 1.5–1 mya, in Africa, Asia, and Europe, presumably, some populations of "Homo habilis" evolved larger brains and made more elaborate stone tools; these differences and others are sufficient for anthropologists to classify them as a new species, "H. erectus". In addition "H. erectus" was the first human ancestor to walk truly upright. This was made possible by the evolution of locking knees and a different location of the foramen magnum (the hole in the skull where the spine enters). They may have used fire to cook their meat.
A famous example of "Homo erectus" is Peking Man; others were found in Asia (notably in Indonesia), Africa, and Europe. Many paleoanthropologists are now using the term "Homo ergaster" for the non-Asian forms of this group. They reserve "H. erectus" only for those fossils found in the Asian region that meet certain requirements (as to skeleton and skull) which differ slightly from ergaster.
Homo neanderthalensis.
"Homo neaderthalensis" (usually called Neanderthal man) lived from about 250,000 to about 30,000 years ago. Also proposed as "Homo sapiens neanderthalensis": There is still a discussion if it was a separate species "Homo neanderthalensis", or a subspecies of "H. sapiens". While the debate remains unsettled, evidence from mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosomal DNA sequencing indicates that little or no gene flow occurred between "H. neanderthalensis" and "H. sapiens", and, therefore, the two were separate species. In 1997, Dr. Mark Stoneking, then an associate professor of anthropology at Pennsylvania State University, stated: "These results [based on mitochondrial DNA extracted from Neanderthal bone] indicate that Neanderthals did not contribute mitochondrial DNA to modern humans… Neanderthals are not our ancestors." More investigation of a second source of Neanderthal DNA supported these findings. However, supporters of the multiregional hypothesis point to recent studies indicating non-African nuclear DNA heritage dating to one mya. The reliability of these studies has been questioned,though.
Homo floresiensis.
"Homo floresiensis", which lived about 100,000–12,000 years ago has been nicknamed "hobbit" for its small size. Its size may be a result of insular dwarfism. "H. floresiensis" is intriguing both for its size and its age. It is a concrete example of a recent species of the genus "Homo" that shows derived traits not shared with modern humans. In other words, "H. floresiensis" share a common ancestor with modern humans, but split from the modern human lineage and followed a different evolutionary path. The main find was a skeleton believed to be a woman of about 30 years of age. Found in 2003 it has been dated to approximately 18,000 years old. The living woman was estimated to be one meter in height, with a brain volume of just 380 cm3 (considered small for a chimpanzee and less than a third of the "H. sapiens" average of 1400 cm3).
There is an ongoing debate over whether "H. floresiensis" is indeed a separate species. Some scientists presently believe that "H. floresiensis" was a modern "H. sapiens" suffering from pathological dwarfism. This hypothesis is supported in part, because the modern humans who live on Flores, the island where the skeleton was found, are pygmies. This coupled with pathological dwarfism could indeed create a hobbit-like human. The other major attack on "H. floresiensis" is that it was found with tools only associated with "H. sapiens".
Homo sapiens.
"Homo sapiens" ("sapiens" means wise or intelligent) has lived from about 250,000 years ago to the present. Between 400,000 years ago and the second interglacial period in the Middle Pleistocene, around 250,000 years ago, its skull grew and technolgies based on stone tools developed. This gives evidence that a transition between "H. erectus" to "H. sapiens" occurred. The direct evidence suggests there was a migration of "H. erectus" out of Africa, then a further development of "H. sapiens" from "H. erectus" in Africa. Then a subsequent migration within and out of Africa eventually replaced the earlier dispersed "H. erectus". This migration and origin theory is usually referred to as the single-origin theory. However, the current evidence does not "preclude" multiregional speciation, either. This is a hotly debated area in paleoanthropology.
Current research has established that human beings are genetically highly homogenous. The DNA of individuals is more alike than usual for most species. This may have resulted from their relatively recent evolution or the Toba catastrophe. Distinctive genetic characteristics have arisen, however, primarily as the result of small groups of people moving into new environmental circumstances. These adapted traits are a very small component of the "Homo sapiens" genome and include such outward "racial" characteristics as skin color and nose form in addition to internal characteristics such as the ability to breathe more efficiently in high altitudes.
"H. sapiens idaltu", from Ethiopia, lived from about 160,000 years ago (proposed subspecies). It is the oldest known anatomically modern human.

Ancient Rome
Ancient Rome is the name for the civilization that started in Rome, in the 8th century BC.
Because of the Roman Empire, Roman culture spread to Western Europe and the area surrounding the Mediterranean Sea, and began some of the ideas found in Western culture today. For example, their ideas about laws, government, art, literature, and language were important to the development of European culture.
Some famous people from Ancient Rome were: Julius Caesar, Claudius, Nero, Augustus and Pontius Pilate.

Globalization
Globalization is the way that local or national ways of doing things become global, that is, done together around the world. It is about economics or trade, technology, politics, and culture. People feel differently about globalization: some think it helps everyone while others think it hurts some people.
What is Globalization?
When most people talk about globalization, they usually mean changes in the economy that happen because of free trade and technology. In the late 20th century, many countries agreed to lower tariffs, or taxes on goods that are imported from other countries. The Internet and other communication technologies also made it easy for people to buy and sell products to people around the world.
Herman E. Daly has said that there is an important difference between internationalization and globalization. Internationalization is about nations working together for the same goals. These are things like treaties, alliances, and other international agreements. Globalization is about making national borders less important for those who want to buy or sell things around the world. He says that globalization is making "national economies into one global economy" because many depend on people from other countries.
Criticism of Globalization.
Some people, like Noam Chomsky, do not like globalization because they feel it only helps rich people get richer by making poor people poorer. Offshore outsourcing, when companies hire workers in cheaper countries, is often a part of globalization. This sometimes means that some people lose their jobs. Joseph Stiglitz has said that international groups like the World Bank and the IMF have made it harder for poorer nations to get richer. Critics of globalization also feel that it leads to global brands, like Coca-Cola and McDonald's, taking over smaller, local shops and businesses. Jean Baudrillard believes that globalization hurts local cultures and is the cause of most terrorism. He also believes that most critics of globalization just want to stay in power.
Support of Globalization.
Others, like Thomas Friedman, believe that globalization can bring people together and make everyone richer without getting rid of local cultures. People who support globalization also believe that it makes war less likely because it is bad for business. Friedman believed that no two nations with a McDonald's would ever go to war with each other. After NATO bombed Serbia, he changed and said that no two nations who make products for Dell Computers would ever go to war.
Many believe that globalization helps out poorer nations by bringing them business. A report by the World Bank said that poverty in India and Indonesia was cut in half because of globalization. The report also said that people in poorer nations are living longer and better because they were making more money.

North Holland
North Holland is a province (area with a local government) of the Netherlands. It is in the northwest. The capital is called Haarlem. Other cities in the province are Amsterdam, Hilversum, Alkmaar, Zaandam, and Hoorn.

Folk music
Folk music is music that is played or sung by ordinary people (not professional musicians). It is traditional music that people learn by listening to other people playing it and then copying them. We say that the tradition is “orally transmitted” or “handed down orally”, meaning that the music is not written down but taught by speaking (“oral” means “belonging to the mouth”). Every country has its own traditional music. Folk song is part of folk music. (And, a folksinger is a person who can sing folk songs.)
In the 1960s a new type of music was started by Bob Dylan who mixed traditional folk song with rock and roll. This music is sometimes called “folk”.
Folk music is music for everybody to play and listen to. In this way it is different from classical music which is mainly developed by professional musicians for a smaller group of people. Folk music is part of a popular culture, although the term “popular music” or “pop music” today refers to a kind of music which people can hear through television, radio and other means of recording.
In many parts of the world nearly all music is folk music. The term “folk music” is usually used for European and American music which is part of an oral tradition.
Folk music as an oral tradition, is much less important than it used to be, in part, because of new technology (radio, television etc, and recordings of music).
Folk tunes are now often written down, and they have influenced other kinds of music, so that the differences between various types of music are harder to see.
The traditional origins.
In older times folk music was part of “communal recreation”. This means that small communities such as villages or families would relax by playing and singing music together. People would often make up a new song or new piece of music, or make changes to music that they already knew. In this way music was always changing. People would get musical ideas from other groups nearby. This is why folk music from neighbouring countries often sound similar.
Balladp were a popular kind of folk music. These were folk songs which told a story (they were “narrative”). Sometimes they had a refrain after each verse so that everybody could join in. Ballads told stories of love, myths or folklore. This is how stories were handed down from one generation to another.
Instrumental folk music was used for dancing. Some of the instruments may have been very simple, such as a pair of sticks, rattle or a simple drum. Other instruments may include fiddle (the folk word for “violin”), bagpipes, harp, zither, or various wind instruments, depending on the time of history and the country.
Some singing was polyphonic, i.e. there were two or more parts (voices). Very often two voices would sing in parallel (going up and down together). In countries such as Russia people sang in three or four parts, e.g. in the tradition of “podgolosnaya” (“underneath the voice”). In countries such as Britain this polyphonic tradition did not exist. Folk songs there were sung by one singer, unaccompanied.
Folk music used different scales. These are called modes. The Ionian mode (like our major scale) was the most common in Western Europe. In some parts of Eastern Europe modes with several semitones were used.
Folk music also includes simple children’s songs and lullabies.
Folk music was sung by people as they worked. In the early days of European immigration in America the pioneers sang as they travelled, cowboys sang as they worked, slaves sang in the cottonfields.
Influence on classical music.
In the 18th century folk music started to have an influence on classical music (or “art music”). People from the higher classes started to be interested in folk music because they were conscious of being part of a tradition. Composers such as Mozart and Schubert wrote folk dances for orchestras or small groups of instruments.
Folk music was used by many composers in the Romantic period. Gustav Mahler used folk song in a lot of his music. In the early twentieth century some composers travelled around collecting folk music which was being played or sung by people in the country. They often used some of these ideas in their music. Bartok did this in Hungary as well as in Bulgaria and in the United States, and people such as Cecil Sharp and the composer Ralph Vaughan Williams collected folk music in England. In the United States the influence of jazz on classical music is all part of the story of folk music.

Abraham
Abraham (originally Abram) is a character in the Bible. There, he is said to be the father of all Jews. This is because he is their ancestor. The story about Abraham is a part of the Jewish, Christian and Islamic religions.
Abraham is the father of Isaac and the grandfather of Jacob. Abraham is believed to be the founding patriarch of the Israelites, Ishmaelites and Edomites. Abraham was the third son of Terah and the grandson of Nahor. Abraham's older brothers were named Nahor and Haran.

Tao Te Ching
Tao Te Ching (Chinese: 道德經) is the Chinese name of a book by a man named Laozi (or Lao Tzu, which literally means "old master"). Laozi was a sage (a wise man) and he was a record-keeper. The title can mean "The Book of the Way and its Virtue." People believed the book was written around 600 BCE.
It is an important text to Chinese culture. It is very important in Chinese philosophy (way of thinking) and religion. It is the main book for Taoism, which is both a philosophy and part of Chinese folk religion. It also influenced other philosophies in and around China.
Structure of the book.
The Tao Te Ching is a short book of about 5,000 Chinese characters. It has 81 short chapters. It has two parts: Part One is the Tao Ching (道經), which is chapters 1–37; Part Two is the Te Ching (德經), which is chapters 38–81.
Translations.
The Tao Te Ching is the second most translated book in history, behind only the Bible. Why are there hundreds of translations? The text is short. The language is not clear - the author wanted it to be unclear because he is talking about things that are hard to describe. There are many interpretations, or ways to understand what the book says.

Bacon
Bacon is a type of meat that comes from pigs. It is taken from the sides, back, or belly of the pig. It is often cut in thin slices, unlike other cured or smoked pork products. It is usually fried or grilled. It can also be microwaved. Canada has its own version of bacon called Canadian bacon.
Bacon contains high amounts of fat. Since bacon contains pork, eating it may be against the beliefs of certain religions. In some cultures, eating pork may be considered "unclean". Because of this, other varieties of bacon are also made out of turkey or chicken instead. Turkey bacon and chicken bacon usually contain half of the fat of pork based bacon.

Molotov-Ribbentrop pact
The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact was signed by Vyacheslav Molotov (Russian foreign minister) and Joachim von Ribbentropp (German foreign minister) on 23 August, 1939. The pact promised that neither Russia nor Germany would attack the other. It also divided Poland between them.
However, a week after the pact (treaty) was signed, Hitler broke it in 1941. This began a series of conflicts that led to World War II.

Vyacheslav Molotov
Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Molotov (Russian: Вячесла́в Миха́йлович Мо́лотов) (March 9 [O.S. February 25] 1890 – November 8, 1986) was a Soviet politician and diplomat. He was a leading figure in the Soviet government from the 1920s, when he came to power. He was a protégé of Joseph Stalin, until the 1950s. Nikita Khrushchev dismissed him from office. He was the main Soviet signatory of the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact of 1939. This pact was signed between Germany and the USSR, and it was a promise not to attack each other. The pact lasted about two years, until Germany started the invasion of the Soviet Union on June 22 1941.

Babylonia
Babylonia was a state in Mesopotamia a long time ago. It was named for the capital city, Babylon. Mesopotamia included Sumer, Akkad, and Assyria. It is important because it was one of the first places where humans lived together in a civilization. The people of Babylonia, or "Babylonians", had a written language that they used to learn things about the world around them. They wrote down the things they learned and this helped the young Babylonians learn more than the older Babylonians knew.
One of the most famous Babylonians was Hammurabi. He fought wars and made Babylonia bigger and created one of the earliest set of laws in the world.
The Babylonians were the ones who invented the first calendar, the 60-minute hour, and the advance multiplication table.
See also.
Neo-Babylonian Empire

Joachim von Ribbentrop
Ulrich Friedrich Wilhelm Joachim von Ribbentrop (born Ulrich Friedrich Wilhelm Joachim Ribbentrop) (April 30, 1893 – October 16, 1946) was Foreign Minister of Germany from 1938 until 1945. He was executed through hanging for war crimes after the Nuremberg trials.

Noise
Noise is another word for sound. It usually means it is not wanted. Noise can also mean data (information) that does not have a meaning, like "white noise".
Noise is perceived by our ears. They can be damaged by noise.

Karma
Karma is a word meaning the result of a person's actions as well as the actions themselves. It is a term about the cycle of cause and effect. According to the theory of Karma, what happens to a person, happens because they caused it with their actions. It is an important part of many religions such as Hinduism and Buddhism.
Karma is about all that a person has done, is doing and will do. Karma is not about punishment or reward. It make a person responsible for their own life, and how they treat other people.
The "Theory of Karma" is a major belief in Hinduism, Ayyavazhi, Sikhism, Buddhism, and Jainism. All living creatures are responsible for their karma - their actions and the effects of their actions.
Definition.
Karma is the universal principle of cause and effect. Our actions, both good and bad, come back to us in the future, helping us to learn from life’s lessons and become better people. In religions that include reincarnation, karma extends through one's present life and all past and future lives as well.
Karma is basically energy. One person throws out energy through thoughts, words and actions, and it comes back, in time, through other people. Karma is the best teacher, forcing people to face the consequences of their actions and thus improve and refine their behavior, or suffer if they do not. Even harsh karma, when faced in wisdom, can be the greatest spark for spiritual growth. The conquest of karma lies in intelligent action and unemotional response.
Examples of karma.
The process of action and reaction on all levels—physical, mental and spiritual—is karma. One must pay attention to thoughts, because thought can make karmas—good, bad and mixed.
“I say kind words to you, and you feel peaceful and happy. I say harsh words to you, and you become ruffled and upset. The kindness and the harshness will return to me, through others, at a later time.”
“An architect thinks creative, productive thoughts while drawing plans for a new building. But were he to think destructive, unproductive thoughts, he would soon not be able to accomplish any kind of positive task even if he desired to do so.”
What karma is not.
Karma is a word quite often heard on television. “This is my karma,” or “It must have been something I did in a past life to bring such good karma to me” or “What goes around, comes around.” Karma may also be looked upon as something bad—perhaps because it is easiest to be aware of this law when one is facing difficult karma, and not when life is going smoothly. Some religions consider karma as being sin. Many people believe that karma means “fate,” a predetermined destiny over which one has no control, which is also untrue. Karma is not about punishment, revenge, or reward; karma simply deals with what is.
Karma in Hinduism.
Hindus look at time as a circle, as things cycle around again. Professor Einstein came to the same conclusion. He saw time as a curve, and space as well. This would eventually make a circle. Karma is a very just law which, like gravity, treats everyone the same. The law of karma puts man at the center of responsibility for everything he does and everything that is done to him. Understanding the way karma works, Hindus try to live a virtuous life. This is called dharma.
The role of divine forces.
Karma is one of the natural laws of the mind, just as gravity is a law of matter. Just as God created gravity to bring order to the physical world, He created karma as a divine system of justice that is self-governing and infinitely fair. It automatically creates the appropriate future experience in response to the current action.
Several different views exist in Hinduism regarding the role of divine beings. In Hinduism, many see the deities or devas as playing some kind of role. Other Hindus, such as the Mimamsakas, reject such notions and see karma as acting independently, considering the natural laws of causation sufficient to explain the effects of karma.
Some interpretations of the Bhagavad Gita suggest an intermediate view, that karma is a law of cause and effect yet God can mitigate karma for His devotees. It is said in Bhagavad Gita that only the karma that is done with a sense of doership and with attachment to the karma could cause good or bad reactions. Karma that is done with an attitude of duty and without attachment to the results will not create any effect and will move one closer to God.
Another view holds that a Satguru, acting on God's behalf, can mitigate or work out some of the karma of the disciple.

Western Hemisphere
The Western Hemisphere is a geographical term for the half of the Earth that is located west of the Prime Meridian. Pretend that the earth is cut in half, from the North Pole, through England, to the South Pole. The Western Hemisphere is the half to the west. The other half is called the Eastern Hemisphere.

Molotov cocktail
A molotov cocktail, also known as a petrol bomb, benzine torch, molotov grenade or a molotov bomb, is the generic name for different kinds of crude incendiary weapons. They are commonly associated with irregular military forces and rioters. Most of those bombs are used far more often to commit basic arson. Arson is a word that means that something (like a building, or a car) is put on fire intentionally. In urban slang, they are often referred to as a "homemade frag".
How it works.
A Molotov cocktail consists of a glass bottle partly filled with flammable liquid, typically gasoline, alcohol, methanol or ethanol. The mouth of the bottle is closed with a cork or other type of tight sealing made of rubber, glass, or plastic, and a cloth rag is fixed securely around the mouth. The weapon is used by first soaking the rag in a flammable liquid immediately prior to using it, lighting the rag, and throwing the bottle at the target. The bottle breaks when it lands, spilling the flammable liquid over the target, which is then ignited by the burning rag.
Many substances may be added to the basic Molotov cocktail to enhance its use as a weapon.
Molotov cocktails are similar to napalm bombs in principle. Napalm was originally made by combining flammable naphthalene and petrol with a thickening agent palmitic acid. The latter two are the main ingredients of Molotov cocktails. When gasoline is used as the main ingredient, motor oil is commonly added to help the gasoline cling to the target.
Where the name is from.
The name "Molotov cocktail" is derived from Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Molotov, a Soviet politician. He was the People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs, or the Foreign Minister, of the Soviet Union.
During the early part of World War II, when Finland refused to surrender some land to the Soviet Union, the Soviets invaded. The poorly-equipped and heavily-outnumbered Finnish Army faced Red Army tanks in what came to be known as the Winter War. The army borrowed an improvised incendiary device from the 1936-39 Spanish Civil War. In that conflict, the Spanish Nationalists under the orders of General Francisco Franco had used the weapon against Soviet T-26 tanks. Those tanks helped the Spanish Republicans in a failed 1936 Soviet assault near Toledo, 30 km from Madrid.
When Molotov claimed in radio broadcasts that the Soviet Union was not dropping bombs but rather delivering food to the starving Finns, the Finns started to call the air bombs satirically "Molotov picnic baskets". Soon they responded by saluting the advancing tanks with "Molotov cocktails." At first the term was used to describe only the burning mixture itself, but the term was soon applied to the combination of both the bottle and its contents. This Finnish use of the hand- or sling-thrown explosive against Soviet tanks was repeated in the subsequent Continuation War. Molotov cocktails were eventually mass-produced by the Finnish military, bundled with matches to light them.
During the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, members of the Israeli Kibbutz Degania managed to stop a Syrian tank assault by using Molotov cocktails. They were frequently used against Soviet tanks with great efficiency in the Hungarian Revolution of 1956.
The weapon has been used against tanks effectively because of the conformation of parts of tanks, particularly around the undersides and fuel tank "entrances". A Molotov cocktail could blow up the fuel tank, destroying the machine, particularly for older (before 1940) tank models. Molotov cocktails are much more effective against gasoline engines than diesel engines' tanks. This is because Diesel has a high flashpoint of 64°C - making it more difficiult to ignite compared to petrol. Some Soviet tanks actually had an entry to the gas tank on the side of the vehicle, which could be opened by combatants in close quarters, letting out the highly flammable liquid and making destruction of the tank even easier. Note that these tactics were only effective due to the advantage guerrillas had in close quarters; tanks can barely maneuver in such conditions and are not able to counter quick-moving enemies armed with incendiary bombs.
Petrol bombs were widely used throughout the Troubles in Northern Ireland in riot situations, directed towards the RUC or the British Army. As well as occasional situations where they continue to be used against the PSNI and army, they are frequently used in sectarian attacks on homes and businesses by both communities. Fireworks and homemade grenades, known as blast bombs now commonly accompany petrol bomb attacks on the security forces.
Is it legal.
As such things can cause a lot of damage, and actually kill people, it is illegal in most countries to make or possess them. When they are used against property, this usually counts as "arson". When they are used against people, the charges range from manslaughter to murder.
Given the recent terrorism laws, such things could also fall under anti-terror legilation.
Handling notes.
If something goes wrong when building, or lighting the bomb, serious injuries (usually through burning) can result.
Recent use.
Molotov cocktails were put to use recently during the riotous 2005 civil unrest in France. Another situation with popularity for them is the Palestinian Intifada.
In Sydney, during the Cronulla Riots, rioters carrying Molotov cocktails were apprehended when they carried open bottles in a bus. The resulting smell of petrol alerted the driver, who in turn alerted the police.
During the Columbine High School massacre, the two gunmen built and threw several Molotov cocktails; however, none of them exploded. It's presumed that this was due to their being overfilled.

Flammability
Flammability or inflammability means that something can be set on fire easily. It will burn easily. The words come from Latin. The word at the base is "in-flammare" (late Latin). It means something like "to put fire to a thing".
"Inflammable" and "flammable" are used to mean the same thing. People sometimes get confused and think that "inflammable" means "not flammable" because the prefix "in" is often used to mean "not". For example, something that is inhuman is not human. Since many people do not know that "inflammable" means "burns easily", "flammable" is used more often in public places as a warning.

Arson
Arson is a crime. When someone sets fire to a property (a building) they do not own and they want to cause damage, it is called arson.

Cocktail
A Cocktail is a kind of mixed drink. Usually, it is made with alcoholic drinks such as vodka, gin or rum. Since such spirits do not have much taste of their own (at around 40% alcohol), other ingredients are added. Common ingredients are fruits, fruit juice, sugar, crushed ice, and ice cubes. If the cocktail is served in a bar or nightclub, it is often garnished with a piece of fruit, for example: a Gin and Tonic could be garnished with lemon, a Pina Colada with pineapple and a cherry.
Cocktails that do not contain any alcohol also exist.
Because all the ingredients give their flavour to the finished drink, a cocktail is only as good as its worst ingredient.

Sneeze
A sneeze is a reaction in the nose in which air and mucus (the liquid found in the nose) are forced out quickly. It often happens after breathing dust or other small things into the nose. When people sneeze their eyes close. This is a natural reflex which keeps the eyes from being bulged by the great pressure of air which is being released through the sinus cavity (the area the nostrils lead into). A common thing to say to people when they sneeze is "Bless you!" or "Gesundheit!" (from German, meaning "health"). When people sneeze the speed is about 150 kilometer or more.

Puma
Pumas ("Puma concolor"), also called cougars or mountain lions, are large wild cats that live on the west coast of Canada, in the western half of the United States and Florida, and most of Central and South America. Cougars are mainly tan-coloured, and can be up to 1.85 metres long. Most pumas live 21 years.
Cougars are carnivores because they eat only meat. They hunt deer, raccoons, squirrels, foxes, rabbits and skunks. They can also eat mice, beavers, coyotes, birds and porcupines. They hunt at night. Cougars can see better at night than people can. They can hear well too. Cougars stalk their prey. That is, they walk slowly and quietly, they hide and then when close, they jump or run fast to catch their prey. They live and hunt alone.
In Canada, cougars live in the mountains and forests far from people.

Google Talk
Google Talk is a Windows application for Voice over IP and instant messaging, offered by Google. It is built on the XMPP platform. A web-based version is also available online.

Armour
Armour (or armor) is a protective covering or clothing used to try to prevent injury when being attacked. Armour can be worn by a person, or it can be used to protect machines, animals, even buildings. Armour has always been made from the strongest materials available at the time, but weight has always been a problem. Early armour was made from leather, then later metals were used (e.g. mail or plate armour). Some modern armour, like bullet-proof vests, are made from plastics that don't stretch or break, such as Kevlar. These plastics may be woven into a cloth and used in layers, which makes them even stronger.
For vehicles.
Armour put on vehicles is usually made of metal and can include one layer over another with open spaces in between (spaced armour) or multiple layers of metal; ceramics (baked clay), and other materials. Another type of armour uses blocks of explosive that explode when another explosion goes off near it. This explosive armour protects by pushing against the other explosion. Vehicle armor is often angled to increase the amount of armour that must be shot through to get inside and to make the shot bounce off rather than piercing the armour.
Tanks have the heaviest armour of all land vehicles. Other military vehicles have armour, but not as much as a tank.
Sometimes armour is put in non-military vehicles, such as limousines used by leaders of a country or by anyone who thinks they might be attacked, eg film stars or presidents of major companies.
For animals.
In the past, armour has also been used in wars to protect animals such as dogs, elephants, and horses. Today, police dogs and horses sometimes wear woven plastic bullet-proof vests.
For sports.
Many sports involve violent physical contact and may be highly dangerous if the players are unprotected. Such sports include ice hockey, American football and kendo. Sports armour is usually made from hard plastic.

North Star Computers
North Star Computers was one of the earliest manufacturers of microcomputers. Before they started making their first computer, the "North Star Horizon", they made floppy disk drives for S-100 bus computers. They included a disk operating system called "North Star DOS" (or "N*DOS"). The Horizon used the North Star disk controller and operating system. It was one of the first microcomputers that had multi-user features.
Their second computer, called the "North Star Advantage", ran M, and had the keyboard and monitor built-in. The graphics were very powerful for their time. When the IBM PC came out, North Star made an MS-DOS compatible processor card that could be added to the "Advantage".
Their third computer, the "North Star Dimension", was multi-user like the "Horizon", but MS-DOS based.
Because their products in the early 1980s were only MS-DOS compatible, not fully PC compatible, they never sold very many, and the company went out of business.

Mario Bros.
Mario Bros. is a game made in 1983. In the game, Mario and/or Luigi must stomp under and defeat enemies. It is not only the first game to feature Luigi as a playable character, it also is the first game in which Mario is named Mario. It was later ported for other game consoles at the time. "Mario Bros." was also included with the four "Super Mario Advance" games.

Oval
An oval is a shape. An oval is a figure that looks like an egg.

Risk
Risk is the possibility of something bad happening. People use the word "risk" when they are actually talking about "probability"; it means, they want to say how likely something is to happen.
People often take risks. This means that they do something that is risky, i.e. that might be dangerous. There is a possibility that something bad might happen.
In epidemiology, risk is defined as the number of events divided by the number of people prone to that event. For example, if the risk of neonatal death in a population is reported as 1/1000, it means that from each 1000 babies born, 1 is likely to die.
Risk is different from prevalence. Prevalence refers to the number of people with a disease in a population, while risk means the number of "new" cases, divided by the number of people who could possibly become a case (for example, those who had a chance to be exposed to the disease).
A risk assessment is a list of things that could go wrong. In many Western countries, when teachers take children on an outing they may have to fill in a risk assessment form which lists all the possible dangers and says what they should do to stop bad things from happening (e.g. accidents or children getting lost).

Focus
Focus is a word that means many things.

Pipe organ
The pipe organ is a keyboard instrument in which the sound is made by air blowing through pipes. A person who plays the organ is called an organist. The organist plays the instrument using both the hands and the feet. The hands play the keyboards (called manuals), while the feet play pedals which also make notes.
Organs have been made for many centuries. They are usually found in places for Christian worship such as churches and cathedrals, although they may also be found in places like town halls and concert halls or even large private houses. Very small organs can be called “chamber organs”. Organs in large churches, cathedrals or halls are very large instruments indeed, and are built especially for the building they are in. They are called “pipe organs” to distinguish them from modern “electronic organs”.
No two organs are ever quite the same, and they vary greatly from one country to another and one historical period to another. The information here is about organs from Europe, Britain and America.
A description of the organ.
In a pipe organ, the musical notes are made by blowing air through pipes. Every organ must have pipes, something to blow the air and a way of controlling which pipes are played.
The pipes are made of metal or wood. They are lined up in rows in the "organ case" which can be as big as a room. The metal pipes are round tubes. They can be made of different types of metal, but the most common type is an alloy (or mixture of metals) called "spotted metal" because it has round shiny spots on it. For some reason this alloy makes pipes that sound very good. Very small pipes can sometimes be made of silver, like flutes. Some organs also have some pipes made of brass that sound like trumpets. Most organs have a lot of wooden pipes. The wooden pipes have four flat sides and make a sound different from that of the "spotted metal" pipes. They are not usually seen; they are neatly lined up behind the large metal pipes at the front of the organ which are sometimes painted with colours and patterns. All the pipes have to be made with an end that tapers at the bottom where the air blows in.
Each pipe can play only one note which depends on its size. The small pipes play high notes and the large pipes play low notes. Each pipe has its own special sound which depends on the material it is made from (whether it is wood or brass or spotted metal) and on the shape of the pipe. The pipes are arranged in "ranks" so that all the pipes of the same shape and material can be controlled to play a tune together, without all the others.
To blow air through the organ, there are boxes called "wind chests". When the organist is playing, he/she can see a little gauge that tells whether there is enough air. The wind chests can be kept full in two ways. The old-fashioned way is to have an enormous set of "bellows" (see the picture) which are pumped up and down by a person using a large handle. This sucks in air and fills the wind chest. Pumping the bellows of a large pipe organ is heavy work. For this reason, most organs nowadays have an electric motor and a large fan which fills the wind chest.
The organist uses keyboards like those on a piano to play the organ. A small organ may have just one keyboard, but many organs have two keyboards and a very big one may even have five. Organists don't call them keyboards; they call them "manuals". An organist will talk about "a four-manual organ" (which means it is a large one). The manuals are arranged on the organ "console", and the organist sits on a bench in front of the console to play. Apart from the manuals there are two other important parts of the console. There are a set of long wooden pedals which the organist can play with his/her feet. Each pedal plays a different note.
On either side of the manuals there are rows of "stops" which look like knobs. The stops can be pulled out or pushed in. When a stop is pulled out, it turns on some sets of pipes. The organist can chose whether to play loud pipes or soft pipes, flute-sounding pipes or brassy pipes, sweet pipes or harsh-sounding pipes. As the organist plays, he/she doesn't just have to think about the right notes. He/she also has to think about the sort of "voice" that the organ should play in. He/she can play different ranks of pipes together by pulling out several stops. Some pipes, usually the biggest decorated pipes at the very front of the organ, are used only for the grandest music. By tradition, these pipes are the symbol of the "Voice of God".
When the organist presses the keys of the organ, the sound comes from the air blowing through the pipes. This is because a valve (an opening with a one-way door) opens up to let the air into the pipe, and closes again when the organist stops pressing that key. This can happen in several ways. Traditional organs have what is called a "tracker action". The trackers are thin wooden rods and wires which move backwards and forwards, opening and shutting all the valves. They are worked by levers under the keyboard. A tracker action organ has to have the console right near the organ, usually under the big front pipes.
A more modern development was to have a "tubular pneumatic" action, in which the console could be away from the organ, but connected to it by tubes through which air could be pushed to open the valves. In the most modern pipe organs, the manual is connected to the organ pipes by electric wires. The power to open and shut the valves is controlled by electro-magnetic switches. The console doesn't have to be close to the organ. This makes it possible for the organist to sit in a position where he/she has good contact with the people in the church, or with other musicians.
The manuals.
A very small organ may only have one manual (keyboard). Most organs have at least two. In English and American Organs the lower manual is the main one and is called the "Great". The upper manual is called the "Swell" because it operates pipes which are inside a “swell box” which has shutters that can be opened or closed. This makes the music get louder or quieter (crescendo or diminuendo). The organist operates the swell box with a pedal which pivots (rocks to and fro). It is in the centre just above the pedal board. On old English organs the swell box is operated by a lever at the side. This is quite difficult to use. Most of these have now been replaced by central swell boxes.
If there is a third manual, it is called the "Choir" in English-speaking countries. Originally the English called them “chair organs” because they were a separate instrument. The organist had to turn round and face the other way to play it. It is thought that the word "chair" gradually changed to "choir" because it was often used to accompany the choir. In German organs the third manual was called the “Positiv”. The name “Rückpositiv” (“back positive”) was used because the pipes were behind the organist’s back as he/she sat facing the main organ. These started to become popular again with organ builders in the 1950s when it was felt that the Romantic organ was not suitable for old music, and some organ builders started using Baroque principles again so that the music of composers such as Bach could sound like it used to. The Choir manual is nearest to the player, the Great is in the middle and the Swell is farthest away. The Choir or Positiv often contains soft stops which are suitable for accompanying the choir. On French organs from the late 19th century onwards, the three manuals are arranged differently: the Great (“Grande Orgue”) is nearest to the player, the “Positif” is the middle manual and is like a smaller version of the Great, and the Swell (“Recit”) is the top manual. This makes it easy for the organist to build up the music, getting louder gradually, by starting at the top and gradually coming down.
The fourth manual is called the "Solo" because the stops on this manual are used to play out the tune as a solo. This manual is even farther away from the player than the Swell. Large cathedral organs usually have four manuals. The Solo will probably have a very loud stop indeed called the “Tuba” or “Tuba Mirabilis”.
If there is a fifth manual it may be called the "Echo" because it has very quiet stops that echo. Alternatively, especially on American organs, it might be a "Bombarde". The Bombarde usually contains loud, bold reed stops, including stops called 'Bombarde'. For instance: a State Trumpet or Pontifical Trumpet might be placed on this manual which can be heard above all the other stops playing. The Bombarde is borrowed from French Organs where it is a standard stop on nearly all the manuals and pedals. Having a Bombarde Manual is something of a luxury for an organist. It can be found, for example, on the organ of Westminster Abbey.
It is extremely unusual to have more than five manuals, but in America there are a few very large organs. The organ at the Basilica of St. Gladys de la Croix, New York, has six manuals. The fifth manual is a Bombarde, and the sixth is an Echo. The world’s largest organ is in the Atlantic City Convention Hall. It has seven manuals and over 33,000 pipes. However, the largest organ in the world doesn't work since it would be too expensive to run it.
Using the manuals.
Having two or three manuals makes it possible to have quick changes of sound during a piece. The player can also play on two manuals at once: one with the left hand and one with the right. This is particularly useful to make a tune louder than the accompaniment (on a piano this can be done by pressing harder). The manuals can also be coupled together, e.g. pulling out the “Swell to Great” stop will make all the sounds from the Swell come out on the Great as well. On an organ with mechanical action the keys of the Swell will be seen “playing by themselves” like a pianola, but on some older organs it can be hard work for the organist’s fingers when the manuals are coupled as it makes the action very heavy.
The pedals.
The notes on the pedals are arranged like the notes on a keyboard, but are obviously much bigger. The player needs to learn to play by 'feel', otherwise he will have to spend all his time looking at his feet. He plays each note, either with the toe or the heel and either on the inside of the foot or the outside. The American and British Standard organ contains 30 notes giving a range of nearly 2 ½ octaves (C to F, or sometimes C to G: 32 notes). They are not quite in a straight line but fan out a little to make it easier to play (it is called a "radiating, concave pedalboard"). In German and French organs and organs built before 1920, the pedalboard will be straight without any fan curvature to it. Many organists find that this makes it more difficult to play. Organists need a good pair of shoes: ones which have good narrow heels and preferably pointed toes. The soles need to be fairly slippery, but not too much, so that the player can slide the foot from one pedal to another. Organists usually like to keep a pair of shoes which are worn only for playing the organ so that the soles do not have grit or dirt from the street.
The stops.
The stops on an organ console give different sounds, like the instruments of an orchestra, and have names which tell the organist what kind of sound they will produce. The stops are usually to the left and right of the organist and they are pulled out (“drawstops” or “pulls” because they are “drawn” i.e. pulled). Some organs have “tab stops” or “rocker stops” which are in front of the player and can be rocked forwards and backwards for on/off.
The stops of an organ can be divided into families.
The "chorus" stops are the foundation stops, the basic ones which are good for building up the big, solid sound. A "diapason" or "principal" is a chorus stop.
The "flute" stops sound like flutes in an orchestra. They are gentler than the diapasons and sound good for very quick and light music.
The "reeds" are stops like the "oboe", "clarinet", "trumpet", "fagotto", "trombone". Each pipe has a reed inside. Their sound is very strong and nasal (like speaking through the nose).
The "strings" are quiet stops which sound like string instruments. These are stops like the "violone" and "gamba".
There is another way of grouping the stops. Each stop will have a number underneath the name. The number may be 16, 8, 4, 2, 1 or even 2 2/3 or 1 3/5. If the number is 8 this is called an “eight foot stop”. This is the normal pitch: the note will sound as it is written, e.g. when playing Middle C the sound will be Middle C. A 4 foot stop will sound an octave higher than written, a 2 foot stop will be two octaves higher. A 16 foot stop will sound an octave lower than an 8 foot stop. 8 foot is therefore the normal pitch, and the others are added to it to make a larger, brighter sound. 16 foot stops are normal in pedal parts.
Mutation stops are stops in which a note does not sound a whole number of octaves above the normal pitch. Examples are the Tierce 1 3/5 (which sounds 2 octaves and a third above) and the Nazard or Twelfth 2 2/3 (one octave and a fifth).
Using the stops.
An organist needs to learn which combinations of stops sound good together and how to balance them well. Each organ is different and has its own character.
The combination of stops that an organist chooses for a particular piece of music is called the “registration”. The list of all the stops that a particular organ has is called the “specification”. The specification of an organ shows the names of the stops for each of the manuals and for the pedals, as well as the list of couplers.
Organs also have buttons called “pistons” which help to change the registration in the middle of a piece. There are “toe pistons” operated by the feet, and “thumb pistons” which are placed just below each manual so that they can be pushed by the thumb while the fingers keep playing. Large organs often have “general pistons” which change any combination of stops across the organ. These are often be computerised so that players can set them up differently depending on the music they are going to play. If several players regularly use the instrument they can each have their own personal settings for the pistons which they can lock so that no one else can change them.
The pipes.
Each stop controls a row of pipes, called a “rank”. Each rank makes a different sound (one row for the “diapason” sound, another row for the “flute”, another for the “trumpet” and so on). The stops control the air flow through the ranks. Some stops may control more than one rank. For instance, a Mixture stop of three ranks will have 182 pipes (3 ranks of 61 pipes each) and in some organs the Celeste is a 2 rank stop. The celeste pipes are tuned slightly sharper than the rest of the organ so that, when played together with another quiet stop such as the Salicional, there will be a pleasant throbbing beat because two pipes are slightly out of tune with one another. Organ Pipes are normally made of metal or wood. High quality metal organ pipes usually contain 75 percent tin or more, and the rest is lead. The Pipes are placed on windchests inside an "organ case" in a special room called an Organ chamber. A windchest is a box-like device which contains pallets that are opened and closed to admit air to a pipe so that it sounds. The pallets are operated by pull wires and rollers in the case of a tracker instrument but may also be operated by pneumatics or direct electric action using magnets.
There is always air being pumped into the windchest when the organ is switched on. In the days before electricity someone (an organ blower) had to pump the air into the windchest using bellows. This was hard work. Large organs would have needed more than one organ blower to do this job.
The history of the pipe organ.
No other instrument has developed in such a wide variety of ways as the organ. If Bach, who lived in the early 18th century, had gone from his home in Germany to France, he would have found it impossible to play his music properly on French organs. If Couperin, who lived at the same time, had gone from his home in France to Germany, he would not have been able to play his music on the organs that Bach was using. Neither of them could possibly have played on an organ in England at the time. For one thing, English organs in the 18th century still had no pedals. This means that organists need to know a lot about what organs were like in other countries in other centuries in order to know what registrations to use when playing music by composers of the past.
The earliest organs.
The earliest organs were water organs invented in Ancient Greece. The Romans used them in circuses and gladiator combats because they were loud. They were still popular in some countries a few hundred years ago, for example, in pleasure gardens.
The organ in the Middle Ages.
In the Middle Ages large organs were built in the huge Gothic cathedrals in Britain. These instruments did not have different stops: all the ranks sounded at once. They were played by a slider mechanism. Only in the 11th, 12th and 13th centuries did they start to use a keyboard. The so-called "Mixture Organ" (or "Blockwerk") still sounded several pitches at once. Very small organs called "portatives" (because they could be carried) were used in processions. "Positives" were a bit bigger and were used to accompany singing in the church. The "Regal" was like a portative but it had reeds and no pipes. It could be put on a table.
The organ in the Renaissance (about 1450-1600).
By about 1450, the organs that were being built in Germany and the Netherlands had two or three manuals and pedals. There were stops so that the player could choose which ranks he wanted to sound. The collection of pieces called the "Buxheimer Orgelbuch" (about 1470), is one of the first collections we have of organ music. French organs, too, were developing. In England, organs were quite small. Composers like John Bull, William Byrd and Orlando Gibbons wrote music for chamber organs. In the Netherlands Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck was a very famous organist and teacher.
The organ in the Baroque period (about 1600-1750).
The Baroque period was a great period for organ music in Germany. Organs there were built on the "Werkprinzip" (literally: "work principle") which meant that each keyboard with its pipes was built separately, like two or three different organs, although they were played from the same console. Organs like these were built by the famous Arp Schnitger (1648-1719). Many famous German composers wrote organ music, especially Johann Pachelbel (1653-1709) in South Germany and (Dietrich Buxtehude) (1637-1707) in North Germany. The great composer Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) learnt from these composers and wrote some of the most famous organ music of all times. The great organ builder Gottfried Silbermann (1683-1753) lived during this time and built organs with a very beautiful tone. Instead of a keyboard called a Choir (or Chair Organ) he built an "Oberwerk" which was above the "Hauptwerk" (Great).
French organ builders at this time were very interested in colour (meaning: different sounds). Many stops were reeds that had names like Cornet, Tierce and Prestant. When all the stops of the Principal chorus played together it was called the "Plein jeux". This was like the medieval Blockwerk. All the reed chorus together was called "Grands jeux". This would have sounded very loud and was used for dialogues and fugues. Composers included Louis Nicolas Clérambault (1676-1749), Louis Claude Daquin (1694-1772) and François Couperin (1683-1733).
In England there was not much interest in developing the organ. It was used for accompanying the choir. There were no pedals. Pieces for organ were called voluntaries. Henry Purcell wrote a few organ pieces.
The organ in the Classical period: about 1750-1825.
Organ composition reached a great peak in the work of J.S.Bach, but then people started to lose interest. Not many developments took place in organ-building during the Classical music period. Although Mozart played the organ and called it the “King of Instruments” he didn't often write music for it.
The organ in the Romantic period.
The organ in 19th century Germany started to be used for imitating the sound of an orchestra. People also started to be interested in playing the music of J.S. Bach. Many Classical organs were re-built and sometimes they lost their original character. Organs in different countries started to sound the same.
Gradually, composers started writing for the organ again. Felix Mendelssohn (1809-1847) wrote some excellent sonatas and preludes and fugues which were inspired by Bach’s music and made other composers want to write organ music. Robert Schumann (1810-1856) and Franz Liszt (1811-1886) wrote for the organ and later in the century Max Reger (1873-1916) and Sigfrid Karg-Elert (1877-1933).
In France, the organ builder Aristide Cavaillé-Coll (1811-1899) was a real genius. His organs had lots of new ideas including the Barker lever (which made it easier to play on coupled manuals) and placing families of stops on to separate chests. Organists could change their registrations quickly, pushing in or pulling out the stops that they needed. Composers included César Franck (1822-1890), Charles-Marie Widor (1845-1937) and Louis Vierne (1870-1937). The last two wrote long works in several movements which they called Symphonies because they were full of colourful sounds like those in a symphony orchestra. There were usually three manuals called "Grand", "Positif" and "Récit" placed in that order (with Grand nearest to the player). The Grand had warm foundation stops and big reeds (it was like combining the classical plein jeux and grand jeux). The Positif had string stops as well as a solo reed, and the Récit had lighter reeds.
In England, Samuel Wesley (1766-1837) wrote some important organ music inspired by J.S. Bach, and his son Samuel Sebastian Wesley (1810-1876) was influenced by Continental Romantic composers such as Mendelssohn. In 1851, the organ builder Henry Willis built a large organ for Crystal Palace Exhibition. It had three manuals and a pedal board. This set the standard in English organ building for the future.
The organ in the Twentieth century.
During the 20th century organ builders became more and more interested in returning to some of the ideas of the Baroque and Classical periods. Many organs now have electric action, but a good mechanical action has the advantage that the player feels more close to the instrument that he is playing. Some large 20th century organs are able to play many kinds of organ music. Other 20th century organs were built as copies of Baroque or Classical instruments, but this means these instruments are mainly suitable for Baroque or Classical music, and are not well suited for music of the 19th and 20th centuries.
In the 19th century, many organs in England and America were placed in corners of churches where they could not be heard very well. In the 20th century, organ builders thought more about the best position for the organ, so that the sound would fill the main part of the church, thenave.
Among the most famous 20th century organ composers are Marcel Dupré (1886-1971, Jehan Alain (1911-1940) and Olivier Messiaen (1908-1992) in France, Paul Hindemith (1895-1963) in Germany, and Edward Elgar (1857-1934) and Herbert Howells (1892-1983) in England. The Czech composer Petr Eben (1929-2007) was one of the most important organ composers at the end of the 20th century, writing in an individual style.
The organ as an accompanying instrument.
As well as the obvious use of the organ for accompanying church choirs and congregational singing the organ has often been used to accompany instruments. In the Baroque period small organs were used to accompany solo instruments or small groups of instruments or orchestras. This kind of accompaniment was called continuo. Occasionally composers have written organ concertos in which the organ is the solo instrument and the orchestra accompanies. Handel wrote several of these. In modern times Francis Poulenc wrote an organ concerto. There is an important organ solo in Symphony no 3 by Saint-Saëns. Other orchestral works sometimes have organ parts. Organists have often made organ “transcriptions”, i.e. arranged music written for other instruments so that it can be played on the organ.

Celtic
The words Celt and Celtic can have many meanings.

Manx language
The Manx language, (known in Manx as "Gaelg" or "Gailck"), is a language spoken in the Isle of Man.
It is a Celtic language of the Goidelic language family. It is in the same family as Scottish and Irish.
Manx is spoken mainly by people who learn it through interest. It died out as a natural community language in the 20th century. The last of the old native speakers died in 1974.
History.
Manx was beginning to differ from Middle Irish in about 900 - 1600 AD, and it is called Yn Ghaelg / Yn Ghailck by Manx speakers. There became fewer and fewer Manx speakers during the 19th century and the language was replaced by English. In 1901, 9% of the people in the Isle of Man were said to speak Manx but in 1921 the number dropped to only 1%.
Today, Manx is used as the only language taught at five of the Isle of Man’s pre-schools. Manx is taught as a 2nd language at all of the Island's primary and secondary schools.
Manx today.
There is now 1 school that teaches all of its lessons in Manx. The census of 2001 said that 2.2% of the population of the island could speak the language. There are currently 54 first language Manx speakers.

Goidelic languages
The Goidelic languages or Gaelic languages are a language family of the Celtic languages. They are spoken in Scotland, Ireland and the Isle of Man.

Manx (cat)
The Manx is a breed of domestic cat. It either has no tail at all, a "rumpy", or it has a very short tail, a "stumpy". This is because of a natural difference in spine length. The back legs are also longer than the front legs. The breed comes from the Isle of Man, where it was found as early as three hundred years ago.
The Manx's character is nervous.
The Manx's appearance is round on the whole.

Agave
Agaves are succulent plants. Succulent plants store water in their leaves. Cacti (more than one cactus) are one kind of succulents; agaves are another kind. There are quite a few such kinds of succulent plants.
Agaves grow mainly in Mexico. The agave plants have their leaves in a rosetta arrangement. They flower only once, produce seeds and die off.
Tequila is made from agaves. Pulque is beer made from agave juice

Applesauce
Applesauce (or apple sauce) is a sauce that is made from stewed and mashed apples. Peeled or unpeeled apples can be used and different spices or additives like cinnamon can be used. Sugar or high fructose corn syrup is sometimes added to the applesauce to sweeten it. Applesauce can be fine or coarse textured, and can include large pieces of apple. It is easy to make at home, and it is also sold already made in supermarkets as a common food or as a snack for children and people that have dentures or other problems with their teeth. Parents often feed it to their babies because teeth are not needed to eat it. It is sometimes recommended to fight diarrhoea, since it is high in dietary fibre.
In the United Kingdom, apple sauce is normally used as a sauce that is often used on ham, pork, and gammon.

Charles Richter
Charles Francis Richter (April 26, 1900 – September 30, 1985) was an American seismologist, someone who studies earthquakes. He is known for creating the Richter scale of magnitude, which says how big an earthquake is.

Charles II of England
Charles II, who is sometimes called the Merry Monarch (May 29, 1630–February 6, 1685), was king of England, Wales, Ireland, and Scotland, from 1649 to 1685. His father was Charles I of England, who was executed after losing a war with Parliament.
Early life.
Prince Charles was the King's eldest son. As a little boy, he was made Prince of Wales as a sign that he would one day be king. By the time he grew into a young man, his father was already at war with Parliament. Prince Charles did not take much part in the fighting. His mother, Henrietta Maria, was French, and she took her children to France when the war broke out, to keep them safe. Prince Charles was only eighteen when he heard that his father was dead. This made him King, and he started calling himself King Charles II straight away, but Parliament was still in control of Britain and would not let him take his throne.
The King's escape.
In 1651, Charles II returned to Britain and fought Parliament at the Battle of Worcester. He was defeated, but he was not caught by the enemy because he hid in an oak tree. Later, he was forced to disguise himself as a servant. A young lady called Jane Lane helped him to escape, and he sailed to Holland where his supporters were. He kept his own royal court there until 1660.
The Restoration.
While Charles was in Holland, Britain was being ruled by Oliver Cromwell, an ordinary man who had been chosen as leader of the country by Parliament. Cromwell was very strict and did not allow the people to enjoy themselves, so they soon grew tired of him. When Cromwell died in 1658, his son Richard was chosen to be the next leader. Richard Cromwell did not like being in power, and he agreed with most of the people that King Charles II should be asked to come back and rule Britain.
In 1660, Charles II was brought back to Britain and took his throne. Many of his enemies were punished for having executed his father and fought against him, but Richard Cromwell was allowed to go and live quietly away from London. Charles was popular and was called "The Merry Monarch" because he changed many of the laws that Cromwell had made and allowed people to enjoy themselves freely. He liked to go to the theatre, played cards and enjoyed sports such as horse racing. Some people thought that a king should be more serious and not spend so much time and money on pleasure.
There were also some people who did not like King Charles II because of his religious beliefs. He had been brought up by his mother, who was a Roman Catholic, and he still took part in Catholic services in private, even though most people in the country were Protestant. He married a princess from Portugal, Catherine of Braganza. They did not have any children, but Charles refused to divorce Catherine because he loved her and he did not agree with divorce. Before he was married, he had several girlfriends and lovers, and even after he was married he went on having lovers, who were called "mistresses". The most famous of these was an actress called Nell Gwyn. Several of Charles's lovers had babies, but none of these children were allowed to follow Charles as king, because they were "illegitimate", meaning that they had been born to parents who were not married to each other.
The most popular of Charles II's children was James Scott. Charles gave him the title Duke of Monmouth. James's mother had been Charles's girlfriend when he was living in Holland, and some people said that they had been secretly married. If this had been true, then James would have been allowed to be king when Charles died. There were many who wanted this to happen, because they did not like the thought of Charles's younger brother being the next king. This brother, who was also called James, was a Roman Catholic and was not popular.
Charles II died quite suddenly, and his son James, Duke of Monmouth, started a rebellion in the hope of becoming the next king. He was defeated by the royal army, which supported Charles's brother James. The Duke of Monmouth was executed by having his head chopped off, and Charles's brother became the next ruler, King James II of England.

Crunk
Crunk is a type of hip hop music. It started in the Southern United States. It can also be used as an adjective.
it is a mixture of Miami bass, Southern rap, and electronica. It became popular in the mid-2000s and was made famous by rapper and producer Lil' Jon. Crunk is a mixture of the words: crazy and drunk.

Pimp
A pimp is a man who controls one or more prostitutes, in order to make money from them.
Pimps often set high fashion standards, dressing in brightly coloured suits and matching this with highly expensive jewellery, including their pimp canes, which they have to show authority.

Asian
An Asian is someone from Asia or someone with an Asian branch of ethnicity.

Vice versa
Vice versa is a Latin word meaning "the other way around." It literally translates to "with position turned." For example: the black vase goes on the white table and vice versa means the black vase goes on the white table and the white vase goes on the black table.

Allan Kardec
Allan Kardec (Hippolyte Léon Denizard Rivail October 3, 1804 - March 31, 1869) was a French philosopher and teacher. He dedicated the last 15 years of his life to organise a philosophical doctrine called Spiritism. He was a great divulger of the educational ideas of Pestalozzi in the 19th century. Published books of grammar, mathematics and suggestions for the improvement of public education in France. He was a teacher of physiology, astronomy, physics and chemistry and the classes were in your own home, in Paris.
In 1854, Rivail started studying a phenomena that some people called as "paranormal" or "supernatural", that were very common in that time. Other people actually tell that these phenomenas are unknown natural´s law.
His pedagogical sense made him create a philosophy in which the spiritual manifestations were useful to social and moral improvements of men. Inspired by this idea, he dedicated his last years to organise a philosophical system with a strong educational appeal: the Spiritism (fr. "Spiritisme").

Hyves
Hyves is a website where people can have contact with friends online. It is very popular in the Netherlands. It has over 7 million users.

Sex organ
The sex organs, known scientifically as the genitalia or genitals, are the parts of the body that allow sexual reproduction (the making of young) to take place. They are also for urination (peeing), to remove waste products from the body. While all animals have sex organs, this article is about the sex organs of human beings.
The genitals are the main parts of the human body that make men and women different. Some parts of the genitals are outside the body, while other parts are inside. In a man, his external genitals are the penis and the scrotum (a bag that contains the testicles). Inside his body the testicles produce sperm and a substance called testosterone which makes a person grow into a man and to feel like a man. Other glands produce a fluid called semen. The part of a woman's genitals that is outside her body is called the vulva. Inside her body are the vagina, which holds the penis during sexual intercourse; the uterus (womb), in which a baby grows when the woman is pregnant; the ovaries, which produce ova (egg cells) and a substance called estrogen which makes a person grow into a woman and to feel like a woman; and the Fallopian tubes, which connect the ovaries to the uterus.
If a man and a woman want to reproduce sexually, they have to engage in sexual intercourse. This involves placing the man's erect penis into the woman's vagina. When the man ejaculates, his semen flows into the woman. If a sperm in the semen reaches the woman's Fallopian tubes and fuses with an ovum, this causes the woman to become pregnant. A man and woman can also have sexual intercourse for pleasure, without wishing to have a baby. Men and women, and gay couples (two women or two men) can also use their sex organs in other ways for pleasure.
Description.
The sex organs are the parts of the body that allow sexual reproduction (the making of young) to take place. They are also for urination (peeing), to remove waste products from the body. All animals have some kind of sex organs. This article is about the sex organs of human beings. In humans, the sex organs are located in the lower abdomen, at the part of the body where the legs join the torso.
The scientific name for the sex organs is "genitalia" or "genitals". They are also commonly called the reproductive organs. The genitals include both organs that can be seen on the outside of the body (the primary genitalia or external genitalia), as well as internal organs (the secondary genitalia or internal genitalia). Sometimes, however, the words "genitalia" or "genitals" are used to refer only to the external sex organs. The sex organs are informally referred to as the private parts or privates.
Males and females have different sex organs. In fact, the genitals are the main parts of the human body that make men and women different.
Men.
A man's genitals are made up of many parts. The parts that can be seen on the outside of a man's body are his penis, which is shaped like a banana or a sausage; and his scrotum, which is a bag that hangs beneath the penis and contains the two testicles.
Inside a man's body, the testicles make tiny cells called sperm, which are needed for sexual reproduction. The testicles also make a hormone called testosterone. This is a chemical that makes a person grow into a man and feel like a man. The testicles are glands, which are special parts of the body that make chemicals. Other glands that make up the genitals are the prostate, seminal vesicles and bulbourethral glands (also called the Cowper's glands). Together, these glands make a white, sticky fluid called semen that sperm float in. Finally, a man's body contains ducts (tubes) such as the two vasa deferentia or ducta deferentia, which carry sperm out of the testicles; and the urethra, which carries semen through the penis and out of the body. The urethra also carries urine away from the bladder.
In reproduction the job of the penis is to carry sperm from the testicles into a woman's body so that a sperm can join together with the woman's ovum (egg cell) to form a new cell that will grow into a baby. The process of fusion of a sperm and an ovum is called fertilization. A man's penis is usually soft, quite short and hangs down. When a man becomes aroused (sexually excited), the inside of his penis fills with blood. This causes the penis to become bigger, thicker and harder and to stand upright, and is called having an erection. When a man has an erection, he is able to have sexual intercourse by putting his penis into a woman's vagina. During an erection, a valve stops urine from entering the urethra so that only semen flows along it. This is why it is very difficult for a man to urinate when he is having an erection.
Young boys can have erections, but their bodies do not start producing sperm until they have reached puberty. This usually happens when they are in their teens.
Women.
The part of a woman's genitals that is on the outside of her body is called the vulva. The main parts of the vulva are two sets of fleshy "lips" called the labia. The outer labia can be seen at the front of the woman's body. On an adult woman, they are generally covered with some hair. Between the outer labia are the inner labia which do not have hair and are very sensitive. At the front of the inner labia is the outside part of the clitoris which is covered by the clitoral hood. During sexual intercourse, the clitoris gives feelings of pleasure to the woman.
Most of a woman's genitals are tucked inside her body. Behind the labia is a tube called the vagina, which cannot be seen on the outside of the body. (People often incorrectly use the word "vagina" to refer to the vulva.) When a man and a woman have sexual intercourse, the man's penis is placed into the woman's vagina. When a woman menstruates (has her menstrual period), blood and other fluid from the uterus pass out from her body through the vagina. If a woman uses a tampon (a specially-made wad of material) to absorb this fluid, she puts it into her vagina. The vagina is also called the birth canal, because when a pregnant woman has a baby, it passes through the vagina.
Like a man, a woman has a tube called the urethra connecting the bladder to the vulva through which urine is removed from the body. The opening of the urethra is between the clitoris and the opening to the vagina.
In many women, the opening of the vagina is partly or completely blocked by a thin tissue called the hymen. Some women are born without a hymen. The hymen usually breaks when a woman has sexual intercourse for the first time, causing some bleeding. In some cultures, a broken hymen is taken as a sign that a girl has had sex. However, a broken hymen is not a clear sign of sexual intercourse because other activities such as exercise can also cause the hymen to break. In some women, the hymen may remain unbroken even after sex.
At the top of the vagina is the cervix which is a ring of muscle separating the vagina from the uterus or womb. The cervix allows menstrual fluid to flow from the uterus into the vagina, and during sexual intercourse it allows semen from a man's penis to flow from the vagina into the uterus. The uterus is a very muscular and stretchy organ in which babies grow during pregnancy. When a woman is not pregnant, each month the lining of the uterus grows thicker, then breaks down, causing her to menstruate. Connected to the top of the uterus are two Fallopian tubes, on the left and right. These tubes join the uterus to the two ovaries. The ovaries produce ova, or egg cells, that are needed for reproduction. Each month, an ovum travels from one of the ovaries into a Fallopian tube. If, after the woman has had sexual intercourse with a man, the ovum fuses with a sperm and implants in the wall of the uterus, the woman will become pregnant. The ovaries also produce the female hormone estrogen which causes a person to grow into a woman and to feel like a woman.
Young girls do not start producing ova and menstruating until they have reached puberty. Like boys, this usually happens in their teens. Once a woman starts menstruating, she is capable of becoming pregnant.
Reproduction, sexual intercourse and masturbation.
The sex organs or genitals are used for sexual reproduction and for sexual intercourse. For sexual reproduction to happen, a man and a woman need to have sexual intercourse with each other. A man's penis becomes erect when he is aroused, for example when he sees a naked woman or is touched by her. When a woman is aroused, her clitoris and vulva also swell, and the inside of her vagina produces mucus, a substance that makes it slippery. To reproduce, the man places his penis inside the woman's vagina and moves it backwards and forwards. This causes him to have pleasurable feelings in the penis, which grow stronger and stronger. When the feelings are at their strongest, the man is said to be having an orgasm. At this point, muscles in the man's body contract strongly again and again to push semen through the urethra. The semen then ejaculates or shoots out from the end of the penis into the woman's vagina. The woman may also have an orgasm, which causes the vagina to tense up and relax repeatedly. Scientists are not sure why women have orgasms. Some believe that the orgasm helps the sperm in the man's semen to swim up the vagina into the cervix, so that it is more likely that a sperm cell will fuse with an egg cell. Others think that the female orgasm causes the vagina to hold on to the penis more tightly, which makes sex more exciting for the man and causes him to ejaculate more quickly or to produce more semen; or that it encourages a woman to have sex more often as it feels good. Both of these events would make pregnancy more likely to happen. After the man has ejaculated, the blood flows out of his penis and it becomes smaller and soft again.
Sometimes, a man and a woman may have sexual intercourse because it gives them pleasure, without wishing for the woman to become pregnant. They may try to stop fertilization from happening by using methods of contraception or birth control. Common methods of birth control include the man wearing a condom on his penis, and the woman taking birth control pills that stop her ovaries from releasing egg cells.
Apart from the man putting his penis into the woman's vagina, the sex organs can be used in other ways in sexual intercourse. The man and woman can rub each other's sex organs with their hands. They can use sex toys such as dildos or vibrators. They can also engage in oral sex. When a man uses his mouth, lips and tongue to touch a woman's clitoris and vulva, this is called cunnilingus. When a woman uses her mouth, lips and tongue to touch a man's penis, this is called fellatio. A man can also put his penis into a woman's anus. This is called anal sex.
People who are gay or homosexual also use their genitals to have sexual intercourse with each other. Two women can rub each other's sex organs, put sex toys into them, or perform oral sex on each other. Two men can also rub each other's sex organs, or perform oral sex or anal sex on each other.
When a man strokes his own penis or a woman rubs her clitoris and vulva in order to feel good or to reach orgasm, this is called masturbation.
Urination.
The sex organs are also used for urination, which is one of the ways in which the body removes waste products. Both men and women have a bladder, which is an organ that stores urine. In a man, a thin tube called the urethra passes from his bladder right through his penis. In a woman, the urethra opens into the vulva. When a person urinates, urine flows from the bladder through the urethra and out of the body.

Laurence Olivier
Laurence Kerr Olivier (May 22, 1907 – July 11, 1989) was an English actor in the 20th century.
Olivier was married to the English actress Vivien Leigh. He met her when he congratulated her on her performance in "The Mask of Virtue". Olivier then took Leigh to lunch and a friendship developed between them.
Death.
Olivier is buried in Westminster Abbey.

Alexa
Alexa is an Internet service that measures how many Internet users visit a website. At Alexa.com, people can enter a website address and Alexa will show them how well-visited the website is.

Poodle
A poodle is a breed of dog. They are very intelligent dogs, and one of the most popular. and many people own them or show them. Poodles were once used as hunting and sporting dogs, but now they are mostly pets. Their fur does not shed as much as some dogs, so they are a good dog for people who are allergic to dogs.
Colors.
Poodles are also popular because they come in many different colors and sizes. They are most often white or black; but can be orange, called "apricot"; dark gray, called "blue"; and other colors. There are also some rare colors, such as chocolate brown, and brindle.
Sizes.
Poodles are bred in many different sizes. The three main sizes from largest to smallest are Standard, Miniature, and Toy. There are also other sizes, like the very small Teacup, that are not official. This means that these other sizes cannot be part of professional dog shows.

Irish language
Irish or "Gaeilge" is a language spoken in Ireland. Irish is a Celtic language. This means that Irish is similar to Scottish Gaelic and Welsh. Many people who speak Irish can understand some Scottish Gaelic. They usually do not understand Welsh though.
Until the nineteenth century, most people in Ireland spoke Irish. There were great poets who wrote in Irish. Their poems became the songs of the people. People told stories about the heroes of old times. Many of the poems were about them.
Today, Irish is the first official language of the Republic of Ireland. It is not spoken by most Irish people outside the Gaeltacht for day to day life, but a lot of people speak it daily also or when among friends or family. It has to be taught in all schools in Ireland.
The newest Gaeltacht in Ireland is on the Falls Road in Belfast City where the whole community has been making Irish their first language for several years. This area is called the Gaeltacht Quarter.
Figures.
There are around 1.5 million speakers. The places where Irish spoken a lot are called Gaeltacht areas or, in Irish, "Gaeltachtaí". Around 70% of the people in these areas can speak Irish.

Max and Ruby
"Max and Ruby" is a 2002 animated television series. It is aimed at a preschool children. The series was created by children's book author / illustrator Rosemary Wells. It is based on the fictional world of her "Max and Ruby" books. The episodes show stories about three year old Max, an anthropomorphised toddler bunny, and his big sister, seven year old Ruby, a patient young lady. The show has a good message for its audience by showing Max and Ruby playing together and using respect and love in solving their problems.
Cast.
Max gets into trouble in almost every episode, but Ruby gives him a helping hand.
in 2001,a pilot episode aired and appeared as a regular episode in 2002.

Apollo program
The Apollo program (or Project Apollo) was a project by the United States' National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). The goal was to send a human to explore the Moon and bring him home to earth safe. It was started by U.S. President John F. Kennedy in 1961. The first person to walk on the Moon was Neil Armstrong of Apollo 11 on June 20, 1969.
One reason the program started was that the Soviet Union was the first country to send a person into outer space. Since this was during the Cold War, many in the U.S. thought that the U.S. needed to stay ahead of the USSR in space exploration.
The Apollo program ended in 1972. After that, NASA began to work on the Space Shuttle program, the International Space Station, and many unmanned space exploration projects.

NASA
NASA or the National Aeronautics and Space Administration is the part of the United States government that deals with space exploration and aeronautics, the operating and designing of planes. NASA has had many successful missions inlcuding the ISS and Apollo 11 which put the first man on the Moon in 1969. NASA started on July 29, 1958. NASA's motto is: "For the benefit of all".
Founding and the Sputnik crisis.
NASA was founded in 1958 to compete with the Soviet Union in the space race. A space race is a period in history when two countries compete or have a race to explore space. A space race can be for reasons of war or just for exploration. In the 1950s and 60s there was a space race between the USA and the Soviet Union - now called Russia. The Soviets started first launching Sputnik 1, the first object made by people to enter space, in October 1957. The Americans were worried by this. It caused a crisis known as the Sputnik Crisis as the Americans feared the Russians might start building weapons in space. This all happened at a time called the Cold War when the USA and the Soviet Union were always very close to war.
The Mercury Project.
Originally NASA was very small with only four laboratories and around eighty people working there. In 1960 they set up the Mercury project. The Mercury Project was a series of space missions designed by NASA. They were mostly to test if humans could survive in space. After they proved it was possible for people to live in space they moved on. They recruited a German engineer and scientist called Wernher von Braun to help build their rockets. Von Braun had worked to help the Nazis build test rockets during World War II. On May 15th 1961 astronaut Alan Shepard became the first American in space. Less than a year later John Glenn became the first American to orbit or circle the Earth, in a spacecraft called Friendship 7. Once the Mercury Project proved that humans could live in space the Gemini Project was started. But less than year after it began it was replaced with the Apollo Program.
The Apollo Program.
The Apollo Program was started by President John F Kennedy in the 1960s. The program was made of 16 missions designed to send a man to the Moon and return him safely back to Earth. The first apollo mission, Apollo 1, ended in disaster when a fire in the command module killed all the astronauts onboard.
The Apollo 8 and 9 missions went to the moon. They tested equipment and took photos but did not land. The projects main success came in 1969 when Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin landed on the Moon as part of Apollo 11. The mission was a big success for NASA and over six million people watched it worldwide.
The Space Shuttle era.
In the 1980s and 90's NASA began to concentrate on building Space Shuttles. Four Shuttles were built by 1985. The first to launch was the space shuttle Columbia in October 1981. At this time the public began to lose interest in the space program and NASA faced budget cuts. They had planned for the space shuttles to cost less as they could be used more than once. But eventually it turned out the Space Shuttles were more expensive as building them in the first place cost more money than normal. There was further problems for NASA after the Space Shuttle Challenger exploded while in mid-air over the Atlantic Ocean, near Florida. All eight astronauts on board died in the explosion. The incident is known as the Challenger disaster.
The Challenger disaster forced NASA to think about the way they worked. The entire Space Shuttle fleet was suspended for a year after the disaster. It was also around this time that NASA launched the Hubble Space Telescope into orbit.
NASA also now works with the Russian space agency quite often. When the Space Shuttle fleet was grounded after the Columbia disaster in 2003 Russian rockets continued to take up parts to the International Space Station. Costing over 10 billion dollars so far NASA has lost much public interest in this project.
NASA's future.
NASA's continuing operations include missions to the planets Mars, Saturn and Pluto. Missions to Jupiter are also planned for the near future. The spacecraft flew past Jupiter in February 2007, studying some of the planets moons. On July 14 2015 the craft will fly by Pluto, take high resolution pictures of the planet's surface and analyse the chemical properties of its atmosphere or air.
NASA announced in 2004 that they plan to have a permanent Moon base by 2020. A senior NASA adminstrator also stated in 2007 that NASA aims "to put a man on Mars by 2037".
NASA Missions.
NASA has launched over 500 missions in its 50-year history. There have been over 150 missions with humans onboard or "manned" missions. NASA spacecraft such as Cassini-Huygens and the Voyager program have visited every planet in the Solar System. Four NASA spacecraft have left the Solar System, Voyager 1, Voyager 2, Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11. As of 2008 Voyager 2 is 106.922 AU or around 12,000,000,000 miles away from Earth.

Advaita Vedanta
Advaita Vedanta is a type of Hinduism. People who believe in Advaita believe that their soul is never really different from God. The Sanskrit word for soul is "Atman" and the Sanskrit word for God is "Brahman". The most famous Hindu philosopher was named Adi Shankara who lived in India more than a thousand years ago. Adi Sankara learned the sacred texts of Hinduism, like Vedas and Upanishads under his teacher Govinda Bhagavadpada and later wrote extensive commentaries of Hindu sacred texts called Upanishads. In these commentaries, he proposed the theory of Advaita, saying that the Upanishad actually teach that the individual soul (called Atman) is not different from God (called Brahman). He also taught that there is only one essential principle called Brahman (means God) and everything else is a kind of expression of that one Brahman. Because of this theory of one being, his teachings became popular as the "Advaita" ("a" = not, "dvaita" = two, means no-two or non-dual). The way he said this to people was "Atman is Brahman."
Adi Shankara was very smart and knew that people would wonder how he could say such an odd thing. He realized that many people would ask him, "If a person's soul is really one with God all along, then what makes a person feel so separate from God?" His answer to this was that we are ignorant of our real self being God because we see through a kind of filter -- like looking through a dirty piece of glass -- and he called this filter we look through, "maya", which means "illusion" in Sanskrit. Shankara said that our ignorance makes us feel very separate from God, and even from everything around us. Shankara suggested that the best way people can find the truth is for them to try to clear their thinking of all ignorant thoughts, be very good, and think very hard about who they really are. He said that if a person did all these things he would realize that God was himself all along.
This is a very different idea from some other religions where we are told we are separate from God and need to go to Him. In Advaita, the idea is that people never really were separate from God, but their ignorance made them see it that way.
Not all Hindus believe in Advaita Vedanta. Many others believe there is a difference between a person's soul and God, just like in many other religions.

Parthenon
The Parthenon is a temple in the middle of the Acropolis in Athens, Greece (Europe). It was a temple to Athena for nearly 1000 years. It is considered one of Greece's greatest architecture accomplishments.

Neutral
Neutral is a word that comes from Latin "ne-uter". The Latin word means "neither (of two)".

Physical anthropology
Physical anthropology deals primarily with looking at how the human body has changed over the course of time. It compares the human body to that of other primates. Studies of physical anthropology often include looking at the theories of Evolution.

Jackal
Jackals are canids found in Africa and Asia. They are nocturnal carnivorous and eat small mammals, birds and reptiles. To hunt, they can run at speeds of 16h (10mph).
Jackals are monogamous (each male live with only a female), and a pair defends its territory from other pairs. They mark the territory with urine and feces. The territory may be large enough to hold some young adults who live with their parents until they have their own territory. Sometimes, jackals join small packs (groups), for example to hunt a big animal, but normally hunt alone or as a pair.
Today they are very common on safaris, and are also found next to human settlements (villages).
A canid from Ethiopia and Eritrea, the Ethiopian Wolf ("Canis simensis"), is sometimes called Simian Jackal, but it is really a wolf. The Ethiopian Wolf is one of the rarest and most endangered of all canids.

Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Milwaukee is the largest city in the state of Wisconsin and 22nd-largest in the United States. The city is the county seat of Milwaukee County. It is on the southwestern shore of Lake Michigan, and is about 90 miles (145 kilometers) north of Chicago. As of the 2004 U.S. Census, Milwaukee had 583,624 people living in it.
The strange Indian name (Algonquin) has been subject to confusion. Latest and most authentic is based on (anasazipublishing.com pg. 79) the etymology shown on 1673 map by French. The town was shown as MESQUAKI-NINS. This means the people of the Mesquakie lived there. They now have a Casino in Iowa by same name, Mesquakie. The etymology is ME SEKI WA KI or "bodies of red and yellow" based on the yellow/orange clay that protected them from insects. Evidentally their language lacked a word for "orange". Actually, later the city was nick-named Cream City becasue of the famous color bricks manufactured there from that yellow clay.

Diogenes syndrome
Diogenes syndrome is a behavioral disorder. It is not a disease, it is a psychological condition. People who have it do not look after themselves enough any more, this is called self-neglect. They do not wash, perhaps do not shave, etc. So they develop a strong odor (scent). Since they neglect their hygiene, other diseases related to poor hygiene usually accompany the disorder.
Very often this disorder affects old people who live alone.
Diogenes Syndrome is named after the behavior (but not necessarily the ideals) of Diogenes of Sinope.
Thought to be the end stage of personality disorder.

Marx and Engels Internet Archive
The Marxists Internet Archive (also known as MIA or Marxists.org) is a volunteer based non-profit organization that has an Internet archive of Marxist writers and other similar authors (socialists, etc.) on their website. The texts are available in many different languages.

North Atlantic Treaty Organisation
The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, the Atlantic Alliance, or the Western Alliance, is an international organization for peace and defense established in 1949, from the North Atlantic Treaty signed in Washington, D.C., USA, on April 4, 1949. Its headquarters are in Brussels, Belgium. Its other official name is the same name in French, "Organisation du Traité de l'Atlantique Nord" ("OTAN").
Languages.
NATO has two official languages, English and French, defined in Article 14 of the North Atlantic Treaty. For English, NATO uses British English spelling. This is said in its: "Q: Why do you spell 'organisation' with an 's' and not a 'z'? A: By tradition, NATO uses European English spellings in all public information documents...".
History.
Its members in the beginning were: The United States, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, France, the United Kingdom, Canada, Portugal, Italy, Norway, Denmark and Iceland. Three years later, on 18 February 1952, Greece and Turkey also joined.
In 1954 the Soviet Union suggested that it should join NATO to preserve peace in Europe. The NATO countries did not agree as it would destroy the purpose of NATO.
When West Germany joined the organization on 9 May 1955 it was described as "a decisive turning point in the history of our continent" by Halvard Lange, Foreign Minister of Norway at the time. Indeed, the result was the Warsaw Pact, signed on 14 May 1955 by the Soviet Union and its satellite states as response to NATO. This hardened the positions of the two opposing sides of the Cold War.
After the Cold war in 1999 three former communist countries, Hungary, the Czech Republic, and Poland joined the NATO. On 29 March 2004 seven more Northern European and Eastern European countries joined NATO: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania and also Slovenia, Slovakia, Bulgaria, and Romania.
Croatia and Albania received NATO membership invitation on 3 April 2008. Republic of Macedonia received only conditional invitation beacuse it was vetoed by Greece due to FYROM's name dispute with Greece.
Further reading.
facked up retard "NATO Divided, NATO United: The Evolution of an Alliance." Praeger, 2004. 165 pp.

Felidae
Felidae is a family of mammals, in the order Carnivora. Animals that belong to Felidae are called "felines".
A example of a feline is the cat.
More examples of felines are the big cats - the lion, tiger, leopard, jaguar, snow leopard, clouded leopard, puma, and cheetah - and other wild cats, for example the lynx, caracal, and bobcat. All felines, also the small pet cat, are predators that can hunt many animals.
There are 37 species of felines in the world today. The tiger is largest member of the Felidae family found in nature, aside from the Liger, a Lion/Tiger mix.

Andrei Sakharov
Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov (Russian: Андре́й Дми́триевич Са́харов, May 21 1921 – December 14 1989), was a Soviet nuclear physicist. He was also a well-known dissident and human rights activist. Sakharov was an advocate of civil liberties and reforms in the Soviet Union.

1686
Year 1686 was a common year that started on a Tuesday when using the Gregorian calendar.

1st century
The 1st century is the century from 1 to 100.
Decades and years.
Note: years before or after the 1st century are in "italics".

Equidae
"Equidae" is a family of odd-toed ungulate mammals. The family has only one surviving genus: "Equus". Horses, donkeys and zebras belong in this genus.
Animals of the "Equus" genus can have hybrid children, but the children are mostly sterile.
They can have many different colours.

Lynx
Lynx is the name of four species of wild cats. Not all biologists agree about the taxonomy (scientific classification) of lynx in use today. "Kitten" is a baby cat or lynx.
Look.
Lynxes have short tails, and usually some hair on the ears. They have large paws (feet) padded for walking on snow, and long whiskers on the face. The color of the body is from light brown to grey and is sometimes marked with dark brown spots, especially on the legs. They weigh about 5 kg or about 11 pounds (approximately the size of a large Domestic Cat) and can weigh up to about 30 kg (66 pounds).
Habitat.
The lynx live in the high altitude forests with many shrubs, reeds and grass. It hunts only on the ground, but it can climb trees and swim.
It can be found in the some places in northern Scandinavia, in North America and also in the Himalayas. Since the 1990s people try to move part of the population of the Eurasian Lynx to Germany. It can also be found in Białowieża Forest (northeastern Poland), and southern Spain.
Since 1999, the Colorado Division of Wildlife try to move other wild lynx population from Canada back to the United States.
Life.
Usually, lynxes live alone, but a group can travel and hunt together. They sleep in crevices (openings in rocks) or under rocks. It gives birth to 2 to 4 kittens at a time. It eats birds and mammals, for example, rabbits, sheep and goats.
Taxonomy - Kinds of lynxes.
The Marbled Cat, "Pardofelis marmorata", is sometimes also called a kind of lynx.
The Caracal or Desert Lynx and the Jungle Cat are similar to the lynx, but they are not much relative.
Conservation.
The Iberian Lynx is the most endangered feline in the world. There are only two populations (togheter, 300 animals), in the southern Spain.
Hunting lynxes is illegal in many countries.

Shania Twain
Shania Twain (August 28, 1965-) was born in Timmins, Ontario, Canada. She is a very successful singer/songwriter in the country and pop music genres.
Discography.
She has released thirty-five singles from four studio albums, one greatest hits album, and one soundtrack album.

The Grass Roots
The Grass Roots were a pop music group, popular in the 1960s. They formed in Los Angeles, USA in 1964.

Dionne Warwick
Dionne Warwick (December 12, 1940) is a well known American R&B singer.

Barenaked Ladies
Barenaked Ladies are a Canadian band. They formed in Toronto, Canada in 1988.

Paul Revere and the Raiders
Paul Revere and the Raiders were a pop group who were popular in the 1960s. They started in Portland, Oregon in 1960.

Nintendogs
Nintendogs is a video game for the Nintendo DS. In "Nintendogs", the player has dogs. They give the dogs food and drinks if a dog is good one might get to feed them a dog biscuit or a jerky treat but be careful, don't feed them to many of these wonder treats because then the dog won't want to walk anymore. The dogs can be washed, taken for a walk, taught to do tricks and put into contests.The contests are: agility trial, disc competition and obedience trial. One can find out how to compete in these contests by looking at their care books, under Supplies. At the start of the game one can choose a type of dog and give it a name. One can pat your dog to get trainer points, if a player gets 4,000 trainer points he might get a present.
There are four versions of the game each with different breeds.
They are: dalmatian and friends, chihuahua and friends, labrador and friends and dashund and friends. All breeds are unlockable in every version! You can unlock dogs by increasing your trainer points. However you can only have three dogs at home. To get more you must drop off one at the Dog Hotel. You can only drop off five dogs at a time.

Luigi (Nintendo)
"Luigi Mario" is a video game character. He is Mario's brother. It is said that Luigi is taller, but Mario is older. Luigi wears overalls and a green hat with an "L" on it.

RAID
These goals can't all be in one RAID system at the same time.
Most of the work on RAID is based on a paper written in 1988.
Companies have used RAID systems to store their data since the technology was made. There are different ways in which RAID systems can be made. Since its discovery, the cost of building a RAID system has gone down a lot. For this reason, some computers and appliances that are used at home can have some RAID functions. Such systems can be used to store music or movies.
Difference between physical and logical disks.
A hard disk is a part of a computer. Normal hard disks use magnetism to store information. When hard disks are used, they are available to the operating system. In Microsoft Windows, each hard disk will get a drive letter (starting with C:, A: or B: are reserved for floppy drives). Unix and Linux-like operating systems have a single-rooted directory tree. This means that people who use the computers sometimes do not know where the information is stored.
In computing, the hard disks (which are hardware, and can be touched) are sometimes called "physical drives" or "physical disks". What the operating system shows the user is sometimes called "logical disk". A physical drive can be split into different sections, called disk partitions. Usually, each disk partition contains one file system. The operating system will show each partition like a logical disk.
Therefore, to the user, both the setup with many physical disks and the setup with many logical disks will look the same. The user cannot decide if a "logical disk" is the same as a physical disk, or if it simply is a part of the disk. Storage Area Networks (SANs) completely change this view. All that is visible of a SAN is a number of logical disks.
Reading and writing data.
In the computer, data is organised in the form of bits and bytes. In most systems, 8 bits make up a byte. Computer memory uses electricity to store the data, hard disks use magnetism. Therefore when data is "written" on a disk, the electric signal is converted into a magnetic one. When data is read from disk, the conversion is done in the other direction: An electrical signal is made from the polarity of a magnetic field.
What is RAID?
RAID is done by using special hardware or software on the computer. The joined hard disks will then look like one hard disk to the user. Most RAID levels increase the redundancy, this means that they store the data more often, or they store information on how to reconstruct the data. This allows for a number of disks to fail without the data being lost. When the failed disk is replaced, the data it should contain will be copied or rebuilt from the other disks of the system. This can take a long time. The time it takes depends on different factors, like the size of the array.
Why use RAID?
One of the reasons why many companies are using RAID is that the data in the array can simply be used. Those using the data need not be aware they are using RAID at all. When a failure occurred and the array is recovering, access to the data will be slower. Accessing the data during this time will also slow down the recovery process, but this is still much faster than not being able to work with the data at all.
Depending on the RAID level however, disks may not fail while the new disk is being prepared for use. A disk failing at that time will result in losing all the data in the array.
The different ways to join disks are called "RAID levels". A bigger number for the level is not necessarily better. Different RAID levels have different purposes. Some RAID levels need special disks and special controllers.
History.
In 1978, a man called Norman Ken Ouchi, who worked at IBM, made a suggestion describing the plans for what would later become RAID 5. The plans also described something similar to RAID 1, as well as the protection of a part of RAID 4.
Workers at the University of Berkeley helped to plan out research in 1987. They were trying to make it possible for RAID technology to recognize two hard drives instead of one. They found that when RAID technology had two hard drives, it had much better storage than with only one hard drive. However, it crashed much more often.
In 1988, the different types of RAID (1 to 5), were written about by David Patterson, Garth Gibson and Randy Katz in their article, called "A Case for Redundant Arrays of Inexpensive Disks (RAID)". This article was the first to call the new technology RAID and the name became official.
Basic concepts used by RAID systems.
RAID uses a few basic ideas, which were described in the article "RAID: High-Performance, Reliable Secondary Storage" by Peter Chen and others, published in 1994.
Caching.
In modern systems, a write request is shown as done when the data has been written to the cache. This does not mean that the data has been written to the disk. Requests from the cache are not necessarily handled in the same order than they were written to the cache. This makes it possible that, if the system fails, sometimes some data has not been written to the disk involved. For this reason, many systems have a cache that is backed by a battery.
Mirroring: More than one copy of the data.
When talking about a mirror, this is a very simple idea. Instead of the data being in only one place, there are several copies of the data. These copies usually are on different hard disks (or disk partitions). If there are two copies, one of them can fail without the data being affected (as it still is on the other copy). Mirroring can also give a boost when reading data. It will always be taken from the fastest disk that responds. Writing data is slower though, because all disks need to be updated.
Striping: Part of the data is on another disk.
With striping, the data is split into different parts. These parts then end up on different disks (or disk partitions). This means that writing data is faster, as it can be done in parallels. This does not mean that there will not be faults, as each block of data is only found on one disk.
Error correction and faults.
It is possible to calculate different kinds of checksums. Some methods of calculating checksums allow finding a mistake. Most RAID levels that use redundancy can do this. Some methods are more difficult to do, but they allow to not only detect the error, but to fix it.
Hot spares: using more disks than needed.
Many of the ways to have RAID support something is called a "hot spare". A hot spare is an empty disk that is not used in normal operation. When a disk fails, data can directly be copied onto the hot spare disk. That way, the failed disk needs to be replaced by a new empty drive to become the hot spare.
Stripe size and chunk size: spreading the data over several disks.
RAID works by spreading the data over several disks. Two of the terms often used in this context are "stripe size" and "chunk size".
The "chunk size" is the smallest data block that is written to a single disk of the array. The "stripe size" is the size of a block of data that will be spread over all disks. That way, with four disks, and a stripe size of 64 kilobytes (kB), 16 kB will be written to each disk. The chunk size in this example is therefore 16 kB. Making the stripe size bigger will mean a faster data transfer rate, but also a bigger maximum latency. In this case, this is the time needed to get a block of data.
Putting disk together: JBOD, concatenation or spanning.
Many controllers (and also software) can put disks together in the following way: Take the first disk, till it ends, then they take the second, and so on. In that way, several smaller disks look like a larger one. This is not really RAID, as there is no redundancy. Also, spanning can combine disks where RAID 0 cannot do anything. Generally, this is called "just a bunch of disks" (JBOD).
This is like a distant relative of RAID because the logical drive is made of different physical drives. Concatenation is sometimes used to turn several small drives into one larger useful drive. This can not be done with RAID 0. For example, JBOD could combine 3 GB, 15 GB, 5.5 GB, and 12 GB drives into a logical drive at 35.5 GB, which is often more useful than the drives alone.
In the diagram to the right, data are concatenated from the end of disk 0 (block A63) to the beginning of disk 1 (block A64); end of disk 1 (block A91) to the beginning of disk 2 (block A92).
If RAID 0 were used, then disk 0 and disk 2 would be truncated to 28 blocks, the size of the smallest disk in the array (disk 1) for a total size of 84 blocks.
Some RAID controllers use JBOD to talk about working on drives without RAID features. Each drive shows up separately in the operating system. This JBOD is not the same as concatenation.
Many Linux systems use the terms "linear mode" or "append mode". The Mac OS X 10.4 implementation — called a "Concatenated Disk Set" — does not leave the user with any usable data on the remaining drives if one drive fails in a concatenated disk set, although the disks otherwise operate as described above.
Concatenation is one of the uses of the Logical Volume Manager in Linux. It can be used to create virtual drives.
Drive Clone.
Most modern hard disks have a standard called Self-Monitoring, Analysis and Reporting Technology (S.M.A.R.T). SMART allows to monitor certain things on a hard disk drive. Certain controllers allow to replace a single hard disk even before it fails, for example because S.M.A.R.T or another disk test reports too many correctable errors. To do this, the controller will copy all the data onto a hot spare drive. After this, the disk can be replaced by another (which will simply be a hot spare).
Different setups.
The setup of the disks and how they use the techniques above affects the performance and reliability of the system. When more disks are used, one of the disks is more likely to fail. Because of this, mechanisms have to be built to be able to find and fix errors. This makes the whole system more reliable, as it is able to survive and repair the failure.
RAID 0 "striping".
RAID 0 is not really RAID because it is not redundant. With RAID 0, disks are simply put together to make a large disk. This is called "striping". When one disk fails, the whole array fails. Therefore, RAID 0 is rarely used for important data, but reading data from the disk can be faster with striping because each disk reads part of the file at the same time.
With RAID 0, disk blocks that come after one another are usually placed on different disks. For this reason, all disks used by a RAID 0 should be the same size.
RAID 0 is often used for Swapspace on Linux or Unix-like operating systems.
RAID 1 "mirroring".
With RAID 1, two disks are put together. Both hold the same data, one is "mirroring" the other. This is easy and fast, even in software.
RAID 5 "striping with distributed parity".
RAID Level 5 is mostly used. At least three hard disks are needed to build a RAID 5 storage array. For each block of data, there will be three places on the disks. Two disks will hold the data, and the third will hold a checksum. This checksum is a special case of a Reed-Solomon code that only uses bitwise addition. Usually, it is calculated using the XOR method. Since this method is symmetric, one lost data block can be rebuilt from the other data block and the checksum. For each block, a different disk will hold the parity block which holds the checksum. This is done to increase redundancy. Any disk can fail. Overall, there will be one disk holding the checksums, so the total usable capacity will be that of all disks except for one. At least three disks are needed for a RAID 5 array. The size of the resulting logical disk will be the size of all disks together, except for one disk which holds parity information.
Of course this is slower than RAID level 1, since on every write, all disks need to be read to calculate and update the parity information. The read performance of RAID 5 is almost as good as RAID 0 for the same number of disks. Except for the parity blocks, the distribution of data over the drives follows the same pattern as RAID 0. The reason RAID 5 is slightly slower is that the disks must skip over the parity blocks.
A RAID 5 with a failed disk will continue to work. It is in "degraded mode". A degraded RAID 5 can be very slow. For this reason an additional disk is often added. This is called "hot spare" disk. If a disk fails, the data can be directly rebuilt onto the extra disk. RAID 5 can also be done in software quite easily.
Mainly because of performance problems of failed RAID 5 arrays, some database experts have formed a group called BAARF—the "Battle Against Any Raid Five".
If the system fails while there are active writes, the parity of a stripe may become inconsistent with the data. If this is not repaired before a disk or block fails, data loss may occur. An incorrect parity will be used to reconstruct the missing block in that stripe. This problem is sometimes known as the "write hole". Battery-backed caches and similar techniques are commonly used to reduce the chance for this to occur.
RAID 2.
This was used with very large computers. Special expensive disks and a special controller are needed to use RAID Level 2. The data is distributed at the bit-level (all other levels use byte-level actions). Special calculations are done. Data is split up into static sequences of bits. 8 data bits and 2 parity bits are put together. Then a Hamming code is calculated. The fragments of the Hamming code are then distributed over the different disks.
Because it uses Hamming codes, RAID 2 can detect as well as repair certain errors. The other RAID levels can only detect errors. They will then rebuild the information - if the informations needed for a rebuild do not make sense, then they cannot do much. With the special way of calculating the code, RAID 2 can find out which of the pieces of information are false, and correct them.
RAID 2 needs at least 10 disks to work. Because of its complexity and its need for very expensive and special hardware RAID 2 is no longer used very much.
RAID 3 "striping with dedicated parity".
Raid Level 3 is much like RAID Level 1. An additional disk is added to store parity information. This is done by bitwise addition of the value of a block on the other disks. The parity information is stored on a separate (dedicated) disk. This is not good, because if the parity disk crashes, the parity information is lost.
RAID Level 3 is usually done with at least 3 disks. A two-disk setup is identical to a RAID Level 1.
RAID 4 "striping with dedicated parity".
This is very similar to RAID 3, except that the parity information is calculated over larger blocks, and not single bytes. This is like RAID 5. At least three disks are needed for a RAID 4 array.
RAID 6.
RAID level 6 was not an original RAID level. It adds an additional parity block to a RAID 5 array. It needs at least four disks (two disks for the capacity, two disks for redundancy). RAID 5 can be seen as a special case of a Reed-Solomon code. RAID 5 is a special case, though, it only needs addition in the Galois field "GF(2)". This is easy to do with XORs. RAID 6 extends these calculations. It is no longer a special case, and all of the calculations need to be done. With RAID 6, an extra checksum (called polynomial) is used, usually of "GF (28)". With this approach it is possible to protect against any number of failed disks. RAID 6 is for the case of using two checksums to protect against the loss of two disks.
Like with RAID 5, parity and data are on different disks, for each block. The two parity blocks are also located on different disks.
RAID 6 is slower than RAID 5, but it allows the RAID to continue with any two disks failed.
Double parity / Diagonal parity.
RAID 6 uses two parity blocks. These are calculated in a special way over a polynomial. "Double parity" RAID (also called "diagonal parity" RAID) uses a different polynomial for each of these parity blocks. Recently, the industry association that defined RAID said that double parity RAID is a different form of RAID 6.
RAID-DP.
RAID-DP is another way of having double parity.
RAID 1.5.
RAID 1.5 (not to be confused with RAID 15, which is different) is a proprietary RAID implementation. Like RAID 1, it only uses two disks, but it does both striping and mirroring (similar to RAID 10). Most things are done in hardware.
RAID 5E, RAID 5EE and RAID 6E.
RAID 5E, RAID 5EE and RAID 6E (with the added "E" for "Enhanced") generally refer to different types of RAID 5 or RAID 6 with a hot spare. With these implementations, the hot spare drive is not a physical drive, but it is there in the form of free space on the disks. This increases performance, but it means that a hot spare cannot be shared between different arrays. The scheme was introduced by IBM ServeRAID around 2001.
RAID 7.
This is a proprietary implementation. It adds caching to a RAID 3 or RAID 4 array.
Intel Matrix RAID.
Some Intel main boards have RAID chip that have this feature. It uses two or three disks, and then partitions them equally to form a combination of RAID 0, RAID 1, RAID 5 or RAID 1+0 levels.
Linux MD RAID driver.
This is the name for the driver that allows to do software RAID with Linux. In addition to the normal RAID levels 0-6, it also has a RAID 10 implementation. Since Kernel 2.6.9, RAID 10 is a single level. The implementation has some non-standard features..
RAID Z.
Sun has implemented a file system called ZFS. This file system is optimised for handling large amounts of data. It includes a Logical Volume Manager. It also includes a feature called RAID-Z. It avoids the problem called "RAID 5 write hole" because it has a copy-on-write policy: It does not overwrite the data directly, but writes new data in a new location on the disk. When the write was successful, the old data is deleted. It avoids the need for read-modify-write operations for small writesbecause it only writes full-stripes. Small blocks are mirrored instead of parity protected, which is possible because the file system knows the way the storage is organised. It can therefore allocate extra space if necessary. There is also "RAID-Z2" which uses two forms of parity to achieve results similar to RAID 6: the ability to survive up to two drive failures without losing data.
Joining RAID levels.
With six disks of 300 GB each, a total capacity of 1.8TB, it is possible to make a RAID 5, with 1.5 TB usable space. In that array, one disk can fail without data loss. With RAID 50, the space is reduced to 1.2 TB, but one disk of each RAID 5 can fail, plus there is a noticeable increase in performance. RAID 51 reduces the usable size to 900 GB, but allows any three drives to fail.
Making a RAID.
There are different ways to make a RAID. It can either be done with software, or with hardware.
Software RAID.
A RAID can be made with software in two different ways. In the case of Software RAID, the disks are connected like normal hard disks. It is the computer that makes the RAID work. This means that for each access the CPU also needs to do the calculations for the RAID. The calculations for RAID 0 or RAID 1 are simple. However, the calculations for RAID 5, RAID 6, or one of the combined RAID levels can be a lot of work. In a software RAID, automatically booting from an array that failed may be a difficult thing to do. Finally, the way RAID is done in software depends on the operating system used; it is generally not possible to re-build a Software RAID array with a different operating system. Operating systems usually use hard disk partitions rather than whole hard disks to make RAID arrays.
Hardware RAID.
A RAID can also be made with hardware. In this case, a special disk controller is used; this controller card hides the fact that it is doing RAID from the operating system and the user. The calculations of checksum information, and other RAID-related calculations are done on a special microchip in that controller. This makes the RAID independent of the operating system. The operating system will not see the RAID, it will see a single disk. Different manufacturers do RAID indifferent ways. This means that a RAID built with one hardware RAID controller cannot be rebuilt by another RAID controller of a different manufacturer. Hardware RAID controllers are often expensive to buy.
Hardware-assisted RAID.
This is a mix between hardware RAID and software RAID. Hardware-assisted RAID uses a special controller chip (like hardware RAID), but this chip can not do many operations. It is only active when the system is started; as soon as the operating system is fully loaded, this configuration is like software RAID. Some motherboards have RAID functions for the disks attached; most often, these RAID functions are done as "hardware-assisted RAID". This means that special software is needed to be able to use these RAID functions and to be able to recover from a failed disk.
Failure rate.
The failure rate is how often a system fails. The "mean time to failure" (MTTF) or mean time between failures" (MTBF) of a RAID system is the same as that of its components. A RAID cannot protect against failures.
Mean time to data loss.
The "mean time to data loss" (MTTDL) gives the average time before a loss of data happens in a given array. Mean time to data loss of a given RAID may be higher or lower than that of its hard disks. This depends on the type of RAID used.
Mean time to recovery.
Arrays that have redundancy can recover from some failures. The "mean time to recovery" shows how long it takes until a failed array is back to its normal state. This adds both the time to replace a failed disk mechanism as well as time to re-build the array (i.e. to replicate data for redundancy).
Unrecoverable bit error rate.
The "unrecoverable bit error rate" (UBE) tells how long a disk drive will be unable to recover data after using cyclic redundancy check (CRC) codes and multiple retries.
Linked failures.
The error correction mechanism in RAID assumes that failures of drives are independent. It is possible to calculate how often a piece of equipment can fail and to arrange the array to make data loss very improbable.
In practice, however, the drives were often bought together. They have roughly the same age, and have been used similarly (called "wear"). Many drives fail because of mechanical problems. The older a drive is, the more worn are its mechanical parts. Mechanical parts that are old are more likely to fail than those that are younger. This means that drive failures are no longer statistically independent. It practice, there is a chance that a second disk will also fail before the first has been recovered. This means that data loss can occur at significant rates, in practice.
Atomicity.
Another problem that also occurs with RAID systems is that applications expect what is called "Atomicity": Either all of the data is written, or none is. Writing the data is known as a "transaction".
In RAID arrays, the new data is usually written in the place where the old data was. This has become known as "update in-place". Jim Gray, a database researcher wrote a paper in 1981 where he described this problem.
Very few storage systems allow "atomic write semantics". When an object is written to disk, a RAID storage device will usually be writing all copies of the object in parallel. Very often, there is only one processor responsible for writing the data. In such a case, the writes of data to the different drives will overlap. This is known as "overlapped write" or "staggered write". An error that occurs during the process of writing may therefore leave the redundant copies in different states. What is worse, it may leave the copies in neither the old nor the new state. Logging relies on the original data being either in the old or the new state, though. This permits backing out the logical change, but few storage systems provide an atomic write semantic on a RAID disk.
Using a battery-backed write cache can solve this problem, but only in a power failure scenario.
Transactional support is not present in all hardware RAID controllers. Therefore many operating systems include it to protect against data loss during an interrupted write. Novell Netware, starting with version 3.x, included a transaction tracking system. Microsoft introduced transaction tracking via the journalling feature in NTFS. NetApp WAFL file system solves it by never updating the data in place, as does ZFS.
Unrecoverable data.
Some sectors on a hard disk may have become unreadable because of a mistake. Some RAID implementations can deal with this situation by moving the data elsewhere and marking the sector on the disk as bad. This happens at about 1 bit in 1015 in enterprise-class disk drives, and 1 bit in 1014 in ordinary disk drives. Disk capacities are steadily increasing. This may mean that sometimes, a RAID cannot be rebuilt, because such an error is found when the array is rebuilt after a disk failure. Certain technologies such as RAID 6 try to address this issue, but they suffer from a very high write penalty, in other words writing data becomes very slow.
Write cache reliability.
The disk system can acknowledge the write operation as soon as the data is in the cache. It does not need to wait until the data has been physically written. However, any power outage can then mean a significant data loss of any data queued in such a cache.
With hardware RAID, a battery can be used to protect this cache. This often solves the problem. When the power fails, the controller can finish writing the cache when the power is back. This solution can still fail, though: the battery may have worn out, the power may have been off for too long, the disks could be moved to another controller, the controller itself could fail. Certain systems can do periodic battery checks, but these use the battery itself, and leave it in a state where it is not fully charged.
Equipment compatibility.
The disk formats on different RAID controllers are not necessarily compatible. It may therefore not be possible to read a RAID on different hardware. Consequently a non-disk hardware failure may require using identical hardware, or a backup, to recover the data.
What RAID can and cannot do.
This guide was taken from a thread in a RAID-related forum. This was done to help point out the advantages and disadvantages of choosing RAID. It is directed at people who want to choose RAID for either increases in performance or redundancy. It contains links to other threads in its forum containing user-generated anecdotal reviews of their RAID experiences.

Leonid Brezhnev
Leonid Brezhnev was a leader of the Soviet Union. Born in 1906, Brezhnev was dictator of the Soviet Union from 1964 until his death in 1982. During the Second World War in Russia, Brezhnev acted as a spy, instead he spied on his own countrymen for political reasons.

Redundancy
Redundancy is a concept. It is a word that is used to talk about systems that are fault-tolerant. It means that there are things that are there several times. So if one such things fails, there are still other things that can replace it.

Approximation
An approximation is a version of a piece of information that does not describe it exactly the right way, but is close enough to be used. An approximation may be used either when the exact piece of information is not known, or when it's too long or complicated and people need something simpler.

PhpBB
phpBB is commonly used, free computer software for forums. As the name suggests, phpBB is written in PHP, with the use of one of SQL compatible databases.

World Health Organization
The World Health Organization (WHO) is part of the United Nations (UN), working on international public health, with headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland. The WHO was established by the UN on April 7, 1948.

Jerboa
A jerboa is a small jumping desert rodent of Asia and northern Africa that resembles a mouse with a long tufted tail and very long back legs.

Aesop
Aesop, or Æsop (from the Greek "Αἴσωπος" "Aisopos"), known only for his fables, was by tradition a slave of African descent who lived from about 620 to 560 BC in Ancient Greece. Aesop's Fables are still taught as moral lessons and used as subjects for various entertainments, especially children's plays and cartoons.
Nothing was known about Aesop from credible records. The tradition was that he was at one point freed from slavery and that he eventually died at the hands of Delphians. In fact, the obscurity shrouding his life has led some scholars to deny his existence altogether.
His most famous fable in America is a parable of the tortoise and the hare. In this story, a rabbit challenges a tortoise to a race. The rabbit is sure of its victory and as a result, depending on the version of the story, in some way completes the race slower than the turtle. Often, the hare takes a nap or takes too many breaks. The persistent tortoise, despite being slower, wins because it persevered.
Aesop's Fables.
"Aesop's Fables" or "Aesopica" refers to a collection of fables credited to Aesop. Aesop's Fables has also become a blanket term for collections of brief fables, usually involving personified animals.
The fables remain a popular choice for moral education of children today. Many stories included in Aesop's Fables, such as "The Fox and the Grapes" (from which the idiom "sour grapes" was derived), "The Tortoise and the Hare" and "The Shepherd Boy and the Wolf" (also known as "The Boy Who Cried Wolf"), are well-known throughout the world.

Olfaction
Olfaction is the sense of smell. The sense of smell is how a man or animal notices a smell (or odor) by using the nose. Animals have much better noses than people. Animals can detect small particles in the air or sometimes water that people can not.
Less Simple.
People have special cells in the nose that can detect some chemicals. These cells are called olfactory epithelium. All vertebrates have these cells. The smell is first processed by the olfactory bulb in the olfactory system. Then this information is given to the brain.
In insects, smells are sensed by sensilia on the antennae and first processed by the antennal lobe.

Teaspoon
A teaspoon is a spoon used for stirring tea, measuring sugar, and playing games such as spoons.
It is also a unit of measurement, now equal to 5 millilitres, but the original customary measure was 4.93 ml.

Camembert
Camembert is a village in France. It is located in Normandy. It is in the Orne "département" of the Basse-Normandie region in France. It is most famous as the place where Camembert cheese originated. In 1999, 199 people lived there.

Camembert cheese
Camembert cheese, more generally known as Camembert, is a French soft cheese. It originated in the village of Camembert in Normandy. Since 1983, the name "Camembert de Normandie" has been protected as Appellation d'Origine controlée (AOC).
Production.
Camembert is made from unpasteurized cow's milk, and is ripened by the moulds "Penicillium candida" and "Penicillium camemberti" for at least three weeks. It is produced in small rounds, about 250 grams in weight, which are wrapped in paper and boxed in thin wooden boxes.
Characteristics.
When fresh, it is quite crumbly and relatively hard, but it characteristically ripens and becomes more runny and strongly flavoured as it ages.
Camembert can be used in many dishes, but it is popularly eaten uncooked on bread or with wine or meat, to enjoy the subtle flavour and texture which do not survive heating.
History.
Camembert was reputedly invented in 1791 by Marie Harel, a farmer from Normandy. However, the origin of the cheese we know today as camembert is more likely to rest with the beginnings of the industrialisation of the cheese-making process at the end of the 19th century. In 1890, an engineer, M. Ridel invented the wooden box which was used to carry the cheese and helped to send it for longer distances, in particular to America where it became very popular. These boxes are still used today.
Before fungi were properly understood, the colour of Camembert rind was a matter of chance, most commonly blue-grey, with brown spots. From the early 20th century onwards the rind has been more commonly pure white, but it was not until the mid-1970s that pure white became standard.
The cheese was famously issued to French troops in the first world war, becoming firmly fixed in the French popular culture as a result. It has many other roles in French culture, literature and history. It is now internationally known, and many local varieties are made around the world.
The cheese is said to have inspired Salvador Dalí to create his famous painting, "The Persistence of Memory". Its "melting" watches were inspired by the sight of a melting wheel of over-ripe Camembert.
The Camembert de Normandie was granted a protected designation of origin in 1992 after the original AOC in 1983
References.
"Camembert: A National Myth" by Pierre Boisard ISBN 0520225503 claims that Camembert was one of the first globalised, homogenised and standardised foods.

Shiva
Shiva is one of the three main gods in Hinduism. Shiva is known as the destroyer god because he removes all evil from the world. His wife is the goddess Parvati. He has a blue neck because, according to Hindu legend, he swallowed a poison in order to save the universe. He has three eyes, the third eye is on his forehead. Shiva is one third of the Hindu trinity including Brahma and Vishnu. Lord Shiva lives in the Himalayas. Ganesha and Kartikeya are his sons.
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ASCII art
ASCII art is art made out of ASCII characters. This can be simple art like "<3" (it looks almost like a heart if you turn your head sideways), or it can be more complex, with characters carefully placed out, containing many lines of characters.

Riddle
A riddle can be classed as a statement with a solution. This solution, however, need not have a logical solution. Solving riddles usually involve thinking about the question with great concentration, and putting it into a context.
E.g. "If seven nines are ace, how many by thorn"

Novalis
Novalis is the pseudonym of Georg Philipp Friedrich Freiherr von Hardenberg (May 2, 1772 - March 25, 1801), who was a writer and philosopher of the early German Romanticism.

Body piercing
Body piercing or just piercing is the act of putting a hole in the skin of humans. People make this hole so that they can put jewellery through the hole later.
Body piercing is a form of body modification. The word "piercing" can refer to making a body piercing, or to a specific pierced hole in the body.
Some people practice piercing for religious or other cultural reasons. Many individuals, especially today in the Americas and Europe, choose to be pierced for spiritual, ornamental, or sexual reasons.

Elonka Dunin
Elonka Dunin is an American woman who was born in 1958. Her job is to make computer games at Simutronics Corporation, in Missouri. She also knows a lot about famous puzzles, especially a puzzle called Kryptos, which no one knows all the answers to yet.
In 2006, she wrote a book with hundreds of puzzles in it, called "The Mammoth Book of Secret Codes and Cryptograms".

Supernova
A supernova is when a very big star explodes. This happens when a star totally runs out of energy to fuse. Only stars that were giants all of their lives explode. The biggest of these stars we know of are called Hypergiants and smaller ones are called supergiants. They are very massive and because of their gravity they press on their cores very hard and burn their fuel very quickly, usually only a few million years. Then they become a black hole or a neutron star. Small stars do not explode. They cool and shrink down into a white dwarf.
Supernovas are very big explosions. When the star explodes, it will be brighter than all other stars. If a supernova explosion happened near the Earth, we could see it in the sky even during the day.
Supernova explosions happen rarely. In our own galaxy, the Milky Way, the last supernova happened in the year 1604. We can see supernovas in other galaxies too. Every year we see 300 supernovas in other galaxies, because there are so many galaxies.
Supernovas and life.
Without supernovas there would be no life on Earth. This is because many of the chemical elements were made in supernova explosions. These are called "heavy elements". Heavy elements are needed to make living things. The supernova is the only way heavy elements can be made. Other elements were made by fusion in stars. Heavy elements need very high temperature and pressure to form. In a supernova explosion the temperature and pressure are so high that heavy elements can be made. Scientists call this "supernova nucleosynthesis".
It could be dangerous if a supernova explosion happened very close to the Earth. The explosion is very big and many kinds of dangerous radiation are formed. But we do not have to be afraid. Only very big stars can explode as supernovas. There are no stars big enough near the Earth.
Supernovas and science.
Scientists can learn things from supernova explosions. Astronomers and scientists who study cosmology often look at supernovas.

Victorian
Victorian is a term that usually means the time from 1837 to 1901 when Victoria was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, or something that was made in or done in a style of that time. It can also mean someone or something from Victoria, Australia.
In the Victorian Era many males wore cut off dark jackets while females wore long extravagant dress gowns.

Bethlehem
Bethlehem is a city on the West Bank in Palestine. It is most famous as the place where Jesus was born. It is located five miles away from Jerusalem in Israel.

Disco
Disco is a style of pop music that was popular in the mid-1970s. Disco music has a strong beat that people can dance to. People usually dance to disco music at bars called disco clubs. The word "disco" is also used to refer to the style of dancing that people do to disco music, or to the style of clothes that people wear to go disco dancing.
Disco was at its most popular in the United States and Europe in the 1970s and early 1980s. Disco was brought into the mainstream by the hit movie "Saturday Night Fever," which was released in 1977. This movie, which starred John Travolta, showed people doing disco dancing. Many radio stations played disco in the late 1970s.
Disco music.
Disco music blends pop music with funk music, soul music, and rock and roll. Disco music usually consists of a singer, electric guitars, synthesizer keyboards, electric bass guitar, and a drummer or electronic drum machine. Disco music is often very simple music, with a strong beat and a strong "bass line". Disco music often has many electronic effects.
Disco dancing.
Disco dancing is often sexually suggestive. When people go disco dancing, they usually wear tight trousers, leather shoes or boots, and glittery clothes. Women going disco dancing often wore tight clothes that revealed body parts such as their thighs or the upper part of their chest. Men going disco dancing often opened up the buttons of their shirts to show the upper part of their chest.
Disco clubs.
Disco music is played at disco clubs. In the late 1970s, there were famous disco clubs such as Studio 54 in New York City. Disco clubs have a large dance floor and a large pa system. A Disk Jockey (or "DJ") plays records of disco music through powerful amplifiers with a number of high wattage speakers. Disco music was usually played very loud, with lots of low bass frequencies. Disco clubs usually had coloured lights that flashed with the music called scanners, and mirror balls with hundreds of small mirrors, that reflect light onto the dancers and all corners of the room.
Disco culture.
Most people who went disco dancing at disco clubs drank alcohol such as champagne and rum. Some people consumed illegal drugs such as cocaine or marijuana, so that they would become intoxicated. People who went disco dancing often had many sexual relationships with people that they would meet at the disco club.

Albert II, Prince of Monaco
Prince Albert II (March 14,1958-) is the ruler of Monaco. He became ruler after his father Rainier III died in 2005. He is the only son and second child of Rainer and his wife Grace Kelly.

Rex Warner
Reginald Ernest Warner or Rex Warner (March 9, 1905 - June 24, 1986) was a classical English writer and translator.

Hugh Cook
Hugh Cook (born 1942) is a Canadian writer.

Franz Boas
Franz Boas (July 9, 1858 – December 21, 1942) was a German-born American anthropologist.

Zapotec people
The Zapotec are a native tribe of people from Mexico. People think there are between 300.000 and 400.000 people. Most of them live in the state of Oaxaca. Most of them speak either Zapotec dialect continuum or the Chatino language. Before Christopher Columbus came to America, the Zapotec civilisation was highly developed. It also included a system of writing.

IMAX
IMAX is a kind of movie projection system, which shows movies on a very large screen. It was first introduced in Japan in 1970.

Esotericism
Esotericism is about secret knowledge for a small group of people. Esotericism also describes mystical, spiritual or occult viewpoints (point of view). Esotericism studies Gnosticism, Yoga, Alchemy, Magic, Astrology, Meditation, Mysticism, Occultism,
In history, "esoteric knowledge" generally described knowledge kept secret from outsiders by certain groups, such as the Freemasons, either to leave others out or to protect themselves against prejudice.
The opposite of esoteric knowledge is exoteric knowledge (well-known or public knowledge). If it is public knowledge then it is exoteric. If one keeps it to oneself then it is esoteric.
Since one cannot know what another person is thinking, one can say that what one thinks is esoteric if one keeps it to oneself. If one opens one's mouth and talks then it becomes public knowledge and is no longer esoteric but exoteric.
It seems that esotericism has to do with being able to keep a secret. If one cannot keep a secret, then one cannot do very well in an esoteric activity. One cannot be a member of a secret fraternity. One will not be trusted by a group made up of only a select few.
The general rule seems to be that nobody knows what one is thinking until one opens one's mouth.
There is a general saying in esotericism that goes something like this: those who know do not talk and those who talk do not know. People who know how to keep a secret do not tell others.
The sphinx is one of the symbols of esotericism.
The more one can talk about what one is thinking, the more one can leave something unsaid: this is very esoteric and very few people notice.

Hugh Cook (science fiction author)
Hugh Walter Gilbert Cook (born 1956) is a science fiction author. Cook was born in Essex, England, and moved to New Zealand. Then in 1997 he moved to Japan.

Jainism
Jain Dharma is the way of life and the followers are Jains. Jain Dharma is nature of substance and there cannot be any founder for nature. Bhaghavaan Rishab Dev revived the principles of Jain Dharma being the first of the 24 Tirthankars - World Teachers. In modern India, Jain community is a minority, but it is growing in the United States, Western Europe, Africa, and other countries.
Jain Dharma has influenced religion, ethics, politics, and economics in India for more than 2000 years. Jaina Dharma emphasizes the spiritual independence and equality of all life, and also non-violence. Self-control is a worldly expression and it is really chanalising one's capability i.e., 'knowing and seeing' - Gynaatha Dhrishta - on one's own Self - Soul, is how Jains attained the true nature of the soul - liberation -Nirvaan or Moksha. Followers of Jaina Dharma believe that there were twenty-four Tirthankars, or World Teachers who are all knowing - Omniscient - and shared their knowledge.
Jain Dharma lays emphasis on non-violence, truthfulness, vegetarianism, and the presence of a divine soul in every human.
Jain Dharma is nature of substance - "Vathu avo Dhammo" - and there cannot be any founder for nature. Bhaghavaan Rishab Dev revived the principles of Jain Dharma being the first of the 24 Thrithankars - World Teachers.

Sect
A sect is a small religious or political group that separates from a larger group. Sects have many of the same beliefs and practices as the original group, but often have some different doctrines. In contrast, a denomination is a large religious group.

Caracal
The Caracal, also called Persian lynx or African lynx, is a wild cat. Caracals are similar to lynxes, but are more related to the Serval. Caracals are the fastest of the small cats.
Look.
The Caracal is 65 cm in length (about 2 feet), plus 30 cm tail (about 1 foot). It has longer legs and a look very similar to a lynx. The colour of its fur may be wine-red, grey or sand-coloured (a type of yellow). There are also black caracals. Young caracals have red spots on the fur, but the only markings adults have are black spots above the eyes. A special part of the caracal body are its long black ears - the word "caracal" come from the Turkish word "karakulak" ("black ear"). Their ears are controlled by 20 different muscles, to help them find the animals they hunt.
Life.
Caracals live in Africa and West Asia. Their habitat is dry steppes (areas without trees, covered with grass or shrubs) and semi-deserts, but also can live in places similar to woodlands, savannas, and scrub forests. They live alone or with a mate in a territory.
A caracal may live without drinking for a long time - they get the water from the body of the animals they eat. It hunts at night (but in winter they also hunt in the daytime) for rodents, birds, and hares. It is not usual, but sometimes they hunt small antelopes or young ostriches. They prefer to eat only the external meat of the mammals they hunt, and do not eat the internal organs, and they also do not like eating fur. But they eat the feathers of small birds and rotten meat.
They can hunt birds very well; a caracal is able to snatch a bird in flight, sometimes more than one at a time. Caracals can jump and climb every well, which enables them to catch hyraxes better than any other carnivore.
Caracals and humans.
Because they can learn tricks and get accustomed to live with humans, caracals are sometimes kept as pets (especially in the United States and some European countries). Farmers in Africa do not like them, because sometimes they enter in farms and eat chickens and other animals.
It is not easy to see caracals in nature because they hide very well. Drivers in countries where caracals live, for example, Kenya and Botswana, see many animals next to roads, but it is very rare a sighting of a caracal.

Eel
True eels are fish with long, narrow, snake-like bodies. Depending on their species, adult eels can be as short as 10 cm or as long as 3 m. Large eels can weigh up to 65 kg.
Eels have fewer fins than other fish. They are missing belly and chest fins. The back and anal fins are long, and usually connected to the tail fin. The fins do not have spines.
The shoulder bones are separate from the skull. The scales are smooth-edged or absent.
Eels hatch from eggs. Baby (larval) eels are flat and transparent (clear). They are called "leptocephalus" (Greek for "thin head"). A young eel is called an elver. For a long time people didn't know where eels came from, because baby eels look very different from adults. They thought the babies were a different species.
Most eels prefer to live in the shallowest parts of the ocean. They live at the bottom of the ocean, sometimes in holes. Eels in the "Anguillidae" family comes to fresh water to dwell there. Some eels live in the deep parts of the ocean instead. Eels in the "Nemichthyidae" family swim about 500 m below the ocean surface. Eels in the family "Synaphobranchidae", live as deep as 4000 m below the surface.
Most eels are predators. They hunt their prey.
Taxonomy.
True eels belong to the order, or group, Anguilliformes (Latin for "eel-shaped").
This order has 4 suborders, or groups that divide the order, called Anguilloidei, Nemichthyoidei, Congroidei, and Synaphobranchoidei.
The orders are divided into 19 families. The families are divided into 110 genera. The genera are then divided into species.
There are 400 species of eels in all.
Uses for cooking.
Freshwater eels ("unagi") and marine eels (Conger eel, "anago") are used in Japanese food. Eels are used in Cantonese (Hong Kong) food and Shanghai food too.
The European eel and other eels that live in lakes are eaten in Europe, the United States, and other places around the world. A traditional London food is "jellied eels." The Spanish meal, "angulas", consists of deep-fried elvers.
Trivia.
Hand netting is the only legal way of catching eels in England, and it has been done for thousands of years on the River Parrett and River Severn.
Eel skins are used in some wallets and purses.

Easter egg
An Easter egg is an egg, eaten and used for decoration during the Easter holidays.
Easter eggs are bird eggs, usually chicken eggs, that have been colorfully painted. In modern times chocolate eggs with a colorful wrapping are also used.
Where this tradition comes from is unclear. Most likely it comes from a pagan fertility ritual during spring.
An easter egg also refers to a secret program in a computer put in by programmers and got fired for doing so. For example, by putting "telnet towel.blinkenlights.nl" in the command prompt of a Windows computer, you'll get a Star Wars(Episode IV) video made of little lines, letters, numbers etc.

Lemur
Lemurs are primates related to the first monkeys and apes. The word "lemur" comes from the Latin word "lemures", which means "spirits of the night". This name refers to many of the nocturnal lemur species and their large eyes.
Lemur may be any member of the four lemuriform families, but it is also the genus of one of the lemuriform species. Other mammals called lemurs are the two flying lemurs, but they are not lemurs.
Lemurs live on the island of Madagascar and some smaller islands next to it, for example the Comoros. They weigh from 30g to the 10kg. Larger species have all become extinct since human groups moved to Madagascar. Usually, the smaller lemurs are active at night (nocturnal), and the larger ones are active during the day (diurnal).
The small lemurs are omnivores, they eat fruits, flowers and leaves (and sometimes nectar), and insects, spiders, and small vertebrates. Some species are herbivores, but they can also eat insects.
Today, there are approximately 32-35 living lemur species. All lemurs are endangered species, because people destroy their habitat and hunt them.

Good Friday
Good Friday is a holy day that Christians celebrate on the Friday before Easter. It is a special day because it remembers Jesus. All Christians believe that Jesus Christ died on the cross for the sins of the world, therefore this day is called "Good" Friday. The event happened nearly two thousand years ago on the Calvary, near Jerusalem, and his death on the cross, which is painful because nails are used to put him on the cross, is known as the cruxifixion.
Special prayer services are often held on this day with readings from the Gospel accounts of the events leading up to the crucifixion. Major Christian churches say that Christ's crucifixion as a voluntary act, which he did on behalf of everyone who believes in him, and also one by which, along with resurrection on the third day, death itself was conquered.

Archaea
The Archaea (AmE [ɑɹˈkiə], BrE [ɑːˈkiːə]; from Greek αρχαία, "old ones"; singular Archaeum, Archaean, or Archaeon), also called Archaebacteria (AmE [ɑɹkɪbækˈtɪɹɪə], BrE [ɑːkɪbækˈtɪəɹɪə]), are a major division of living organisms.
Achaea include simple organisms, that were first discovered in extreme environments. Most of them can survive at very high or very low temperatures. Some of them can also survive in highly salty, acidic or alkaline water. Some have been found in geysers, black smokers or oil wells.

Jared Diamond
Jared Mason Diamond (born September 10, 1937) is an American author and scientist. He is famous for writing a book named "Guns, Germs, and Steel", which in 1997 won a Pulitzer Prize.
Life.
Diamond was born in Boston, Massachusetts. His father was a doctor and his mother was a teacher. He received his college degree from Harvard University in 1958, and then he received a doctorate degree from the University of Cambridge in 1961.
In 1966, he became a teacher at UCLA, a university in Los Angeles, California. He has also traveled to some islands called New Guinea, which are far away from the United States, in the South Pacific Ocean. Diamond is famous for knowing a lot about the birds that lived on that island, and he has traveled there many times.
Writing.
Diamond is very famous for the things that he writes. He is able to write about science in ways that many people can understand, and he has written many articles for famous magazines like "Discover" in the United States.
He also writes books. One of his first books was called "The Third Chimpanzee", which talked about the way that people evolved from monkeys, and how many things are the same between humans and monkeys.
His most famous book is "Guns, Germs, and Steel". In his book, Diamond explained why he thought that different parts of the earth had people on them at different times, and why some people in some parts of the world had more science or farming than people in other parts of the world. The book went over thousands of years of human history.
In 2004, he wrote another book, called, "Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed." In this book, Diamond wrote about why he thought that some groups of people from many hundreds of years ago were able to have their groups get very big and strong, while other groups fell apart. His book talked about what people today can maybe learn from the studying the problems from history.

Iglesia ni Cristo
The Iglesia ni Cristo (IPA:) (or INC; Filipino for Church of Christ) is a church which was made in the Philippines by Felix Manalo in 1914. The INC says it was made by Jesus Christ. The church does not believe in the religious teachings of the Trinity, including the teaching that Jesus is God.
Felix Manalo joined many religious organizations as a young adult. He said that God gave him a mission to teach the gospel and to bring back the first church made by Jesus. The INC began with a handful of followers on July 27, 1914 in Punta, Santa Ana, Manila, with Manalo as highest minister. It has now spread to many different countries.

Municipal court
In some countries, a municipal court is a court with limited jurisdiction, both in people and laws. Most commonly, municipal courts only deal with the laws and citizens of one city or town. But in some places they make decisions for an entire county, and may be involved with early hearings of cases that will be tried in a higher court. Some things that often involve municipal courts are traffic tickets, leash laws, and building code violations and death.
Municipal courts in Mississippi are "Judge Alone" courts. This means that judges alone hear the presented cases and offenders(and alleged offenders)have no right to jury trials. In felony cases in Mississippi, the Municipal court holds a preliminary hearing and then sends the case to the grand jury of the state. The Municipal court is not a court of record and its cases are summarized by docket.

Emma Goldman
Emma Goldman (June 27, 1869 – May 14, 1940) was one of the most well-known anarchists from the late 1800s and early to mid 1900s.
Beliefs.
Emma Goldman was an anarchist, so she did not like governments. She was known as an anarcho-communist because she also had communist ideas. She believed that people should run their own lives, and that everyone should be equal. She also was a supporter of feminism and was one of the first people to support gay rights. She was also an atheist.
She originally supported the use of violence to bring about revolution, but later in life decided that violence should only be used for self-defense.
Life.
She was born in modern-day Lithuania (at the time it was part of Russia). She moved to Rochester, New York with her sister when she was 17.
At first she worked in a textile factory and married her co-worker Jacob Kersner. Their marriage was short and Goldman moved to New York City and became a member of the anarchist community. She became good friends with Alexander Berkman (another anarchist) and helped him plan the attempted-assassination of Henry Clay Frick, a rich man who treated his workers badly. Berkman was unsuccessful and spent fourteen years in prison, but Goldman was not punished.
Goldman did face many legal troubles though. In 1893 she was convicted of starting a riot and spent a year in prison. She was arrested in 1901 for allegedly conspiring in the assassination of President McKinley, but was never found guilty.
In 1916 she was spent time in prison for giving out information on birth control (which was a crime at the time). In 1917 she was arrested and spent two years in prison for not supporting World War I.
In 1919, Goldman and Berkman were deported (sent back) to Russia because the American government thought they were too dangerous. The Russian Revolution had just happened and Goldman was hopeful that Russia might end up being a good place. She ended up deciding that the revolution in Russia was not as good as she thought and that the Bolsheviks tricked many of the people in Russia. She thought the Bolsheviks were too controlling and were too powerful. She also did not like that the Soviet Union put lots of anarchists in jail for not agreeing with them.
She and Berkman left after two years and Goldman lived in many places in Europe, including England and France. In 1936 she moved to Spain to help the anarchists fight the fascists during the Spanish Civil War.
She died in Toronto May 14, 1940 of a stroke. She is buried near Chicago.

Computer engineering
Computer engineering is the science of making parts of electrical machines, like computers. Computer engineers think of how best to make these parts using what they have, and how to make the parts smaller and better.
Computer Engineering is about both electrical engineering and computer science.If you major in Computer Engineering, you'll learn all about the hardware and software of computer science. You'll gain a solid understanding of circuit theory and electronic circuits, too. Also, because Computer Engineering is closely linked with Electrical Engineering, the fields are found in the same department at many universities.
Computer engineering is often compared with computer science. In korea, they are same. But, there are some differences. Computer engineering is almost associated with hardware, computer science is almost associated with software.
Computer engineering is making computer and electric circuits faster and computer science is making programs, animations etc.
Computer Engineering is a difficult major but it's a major that's in demand. Software engineering companies, telecommunications firms, designers of digital hardware, and many other business companies hire Computer Engineering majors right out of college and pay them well. Computer Engineering also makes great preparation for medical school, business school, and law school.
Computer Engineering students learn about computer and computer related system design and development. The related systems are software system, hardware system and software and hardware combined system.The students also need to learn the science subjects, fundamental calculus and a subject related to designs.

Spanish Civil War
The Spanish Civil War (July 18, 1936–April 1, 1939) was a war in which the fascist Francisco Franco and his troops successfully took control of Spain. A lot of different groups worked together with the Spanish Republic (the government of the time) to stop him, including socialists, communists, anarchists, and other leftist groups. The fascist governments of Germany and Italy provided troops and supplies for Franco, while the Soviet Union sold the Republican forces weapons. Lots of people from other countries who did not like fascism volunteered to fight against Franco (sometimes against the orders of their own countries), including people from the United States, Britain, France, Belgium, Germany, Italy, and many other countries. These groups were known as the International Brigades. The war ended April 1, 1939 when the last of the Republican troops gave up. Franco became the ruler of Spain until he died in 1975.
On April 26, 1937 Guernica was bombed by Legion Condor, supported by Hitler's nazi regime. It was the first time that large civilian casualties resulted, the destruction received wide media coverage and created a public perception of German involvement which persists to this day.

Fyodor Tyutchev
Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev (rus: "Фёдор Иванович Тютчев", fyô'dər ēvä'nəvĭch tyū'chĭf) (December 5 1803 – July 27, 1873) was one of the most significant Russian poets. Almost 20 years of his life he spent in Munich and Turin. Tyutchev was a good friend of Heinrich Heine, knew Schelling as well. Tyutchev didn’t want people to know him as a poet. He didn’t take any part in a literary life.
We know about 400 of his poems. Russian people quote them very often. His early poems are made in Russian poetic tradition of the XVIII century. In the 1830s we can find an influence of European (especially German) romanticism on Tyutchev’s lyrics. He writes philosophic poems about the universe, nature and human being. In 1840s Tyutchev wrote several articles about relations between Russia and Occidental civilization. In 1850s Tyutchev created several heartfelt poems, in which we can see love as a tragedy. These poems are combined into one cycle, named “Denisievsky”. “Denisievsky” means dedicated to a mistress of Tyutchev – Elena Alexandrovna Denisieva. In 1860s–1870s Tyutchev wrote mainly political poems.
The most famous Tyutchev's poem is “Silentium!”. This is a hard appeal to be silent. Because a man never can understand another person. A line “A word once uttered is untrue” is one of the most popular aphorisms of Tyutchev. As well as “We can’t understand Russia by the reason” and “We are not know, what will be the respond for our word”.

Erythropoietin
Erythropoietin (pronunciation:, synonyms: EPO, Erythropoetin, and Epoetin--a synthetic version) is a hormone produced by the kidneys. It makes more red blood cells grow. It is used to treat anemia. Anemia can come from kidney failure or from chemotherapy to fix cancer. The man-made hormone is made with cell cultures. The hormone is also used for blood doping in endurance sports although this is illegal in all athletic competitions.

Anarcho-punk
Anarcho-punk is a subculture that combines punk music and anarchist politics. Some important anarcho-punk bands include Crass, Conflict, and Subhumans. Common ideas that many anarcho-punks support are anti-war, animal rights, feminism, environmentalism, equality, anti-capitalism and other common anarchist causes.

Hardware
Hardware is the artifacts of a technology.
It can be equipment such as fasteners, keys, locks, hinges, latches, handles, wire, chains, plumbing supplies, tools, utensils, cutlery, screws and machine parts, especially when they are made of metal.
In slang, hardware can be military equipment, or electronic equipment, or computer equipment.

Slavic peoples
Slavs are the people who live in Eastern and central Europe. They include Russians, Poles, Czechs, Serbs, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Bulgarians, Slovaks, Macedonians and Croatians. Hungarians, Romanians, Lithuanians and Latvians live near the Slavic nations, but they are not Slavs themselves. However, there are more Slavic peoples than any other ethnic group in Europe. Russians make up the most Slavs, followed by Poles and Ukrainians. Russians, Belarusians, and Ukrainians are East Slavic. Poles, Czechs, and Slovaks are West Slavic. Croatians, Macedonians, Serbians, and Bulgarians are South Slavic. There are no North Slavs. There are many of little slavic nations like Lusatians, Rusins, Kashubians and others. Russia is now the most powerful Slavic country, but in the 10th century the Czechs were more powerful, and in the 16th century Poland was the strongest nation in the area. The Slavic languages are closely related. In fact the Serbian, Bosnian, and Croatian languages are considered separate by the Bosnian and Croatian governments, but some linguists say they are one language called Serbo-Croatian. Slavic languages are spoken natively by 400 million people, and as second or third languages by many more people in countries as far apart as Germany and China.

Maharbal
Maharbal was Hannibal's cavalry-leader during the Second Punic War. Many times he was important in Carthage's successes over Rome. In his Italian campaign, Hannibal always was able to have more cavalry than Rome, and so relied on them and Maharbal to give himself a big advantage.
"I commend your zeal", Hannibal said to Maharbal; "but I need time to weigh the plan that you propose." "Assuredly", Maharbal replied, "no one man has been blessed with all God's gifts. You know, Hannibal, how to gain a victory; you do not know how to use it." -Livy, The History of Rome 22.51
"I like your enthusiasm", Hannibal said to Maharbal; "but I need time to think about what you want to do." Maharbal said back, "It is true that no one is perfect. You know how to win, Hannibal; you do not know what to do after."
Livy wrote this in Latin, so Maharbal's reply is often quoted in Latin, and is a famous phrase: "Vincere scis, Hannibal; victoria uti nescis."

Hannibal
Hannibal (247 BC – 183/182 BC) sometimes known as Hǎnnibal Barca) was a Carthaginian statesman and general. He was the biggest enemy of the Roman Republic. He is most famous for what he did in the Second Punic War. He marched an army from Iberia over the Pyrenees mountains and the Alps mountains into northern Italy and defeated the Romans in a series of battles. He kept an army in Italy for many years. A Roman invasion of North Africa made him return to Carthage. He lost and the Romans made him leave Carthage. He lived at the Seleucid court, and convinced the Emperor to fight Rome. When he lost a naval battle, Hannibal fled to the Bithynian court. When the Romans told him to give up, he killed himself.
Hannibal is listed as one of the greatest military commanders in history. Military historian Theodore Ayrault Dodge once called Hannibal the "father of strategy" because even his greatest enemy, Rome, copied his military ideas.
Background and early career.
Hannibal, which means "mercy of Baal", was the son of Hamilcar Barca. After Carthage lost the First Punic War, Hamilcar began to try to make Carthage have better luck. Hamilcar began to conquer the tribes of Spain. Carthage at the time was in a poor condition. Its navy could not carry his army to Iberia (Hispania). Hamilcar had to march towards the Pillars of Hercules and ferry it across the strait. According to a story, Hannibal went to his father while he was making a sacrifice to the gods. Hannibal was quite young. He begged to go with his father. Hamilcar said yes and made Hannibal promise that he would never be a friend of Rome. Hannibal told his father
" "I swear so soon as age will permit...I will use fire and steel to arrest the destiny of Rome." "
In (221 BC), Hannibal became the leader of the army. He spent two years consolidating his holdings and finishing the conquest of Iberia south of the river Ebro. Rome feared the growing strength of Hannibal. They made an alliance with the city of Saguntum and claimed to be protecting the city. Saguntum was south of the river Ebro. Hannibal attacked the city because of this. It was captured after eight months. Rome wanted justice from Carthage. The Carthaginian government saw nothing wrong with Hannibal's actions. The war Hannibal wanted was declared at the end of the year.
Overland journey to Italy.
Hannibal's army was made up of as many as 75,000 foot soldiers and 9,000 horsemen. Hannibal left New Carthage in late spring of 218 BC. He fought his way north to the Pyrenees. He defeated the tribes through clever mountain tactics and stubborn fighting. After marching 290 miles and reaching the Ebro river, Hannibal chose the most trustworthy and loyal parts of his army of Libyan and Iberian mercenaries to keep going with him. He left 11,000 troops to keep watch over the newly conquered region. At the Pyrenees, he let go of another 11,000 Iberian troops. Hannibal entered Gaul with 50,000 foot soldiers and 9,000 horsemen.
Hannibal needed to cross the Pyrenees, the Alps, and many important rivers. In the spring of 218 BC, he fought his way to the Pyrenees. He made peace deals with the Gaulish leaders and reached the Rhône River. Arriving at the Rhône in September, Hannibal's army numbered 38,000 infantry, 8,000 horsemen, and thirty-seven war elephants.
Hannibal got away from a Roman force sent to fight him in Gaul. He then went up the valley of one of the streams of the Rhône River. By autumn, he reached the foot of the Alps. His journey over the mountains is one of the most famous achievements of any military force. After this journey, Hannibal came down from the foothills into northern Italy. He had arrived with only half the forces he had started with and only a few elephants. Hannibal had lost as many as 20,000 men crossing over the mountains.
Battle of Trebia.
Publius Cornelius Scipio commanded the Roman force sent to stop Hannibal. He did not expect Hannibal to cross the Alps. He expected to fight Hannibal in Spain. With a small army still in Gaul, Scipio tried to stop Hannibal. He moved his army to Italy by sea in time to meet Hannibal. Hannibal made the area behind him safer by defeating the tribe of the Taurini (modern Turin). The opposing forces fought at Ticinus. Here, Hannibal forced the Romans to get out of the plain of Lombardy. This victory did much to weaken Roman control over the Gauls. The Gauls decided to join the Carthaginians. Soon all of northern Italy was unofficially allied. Gallic and Ligurian troops soon raised his army back to 40,000 men. Hannibal’s army was ready to invade Italy. Scipio retreated across the River Trebia. He camped at the town of Placentia and waited for more troops.
The senate had ordered Sempronius Longus to bring his army from Sicily to meet Scipio and face Hannibal. Hannibal was in position to head him off. Sempronius avoided Hannibal and joined Scipio near the Trebbia River near Placentia. At Trebia, Hannibal deafeated the Roman infantry by a surprise attack from an ambush in the flank.
Battle of Lake Trasimene.
Arriving in Etruria in the spring of 217 BC, Hannibal decided to lure the main Roman army led by Flaminius into battle. Hannibal found Flaminius camped at Arretium. Hannibal marched around his opponent’s left side and cut Flaminius off from Rome. Hannibal made Flaminius chase him. On the shore of Lake Trasimenus, Hannibal destroyed Flaminius's army in the waters or on the nearby slopes. He killed Flaminius as well. He had gotten rid of the only force that could stop him from getting to Rome. He realized that without siege engines he could not hope to take the capital. He decided to comtinue on into central and southern Italy. He hoped this show of strength would create a revolt against the Roman government. After Lake Trasimene, Hannibal said, "“I have not come to fight Italians, but on behalf of the Italians against Rome.”"
Fabius "Cunctator".
Rome was put into an immense state of panic. They appointed a dictator named Quintus Fabius Maximus. He was an intelligent and prudent general.
Fabius adopted the Fabian strategy. He refused open battle with his enemy while placing several Roman armies in Hannibal’s vicinity to limit his movement. Fabius sent out small detachments against Hannibal’s foraging parties. Residents of small northern villages were told to post lookouts. They could gather their livestock and possessions and take refuge into fortified towns. This would wear down the invaders’ endurance.
Hannibal decided to march through Samnium to Campania. He hoped that the devastation would draw Fabius into battle. Fabius refused to let himself be drawn into battle. His troops became irritated by his "“cowardly spirit”". The epithet "cunctator" means "delayer." His policies were not liked. Romans were used to facing their enemies in the field. The people wanted to see a quick end to the war.
The rest of autumn continued with frequent skirmishes. After six months, Fabius would be removed from his position in accordance with the Roman law.
Battle of Cannae.
In the Spring of 216 B.C. Hannibal captured the large supply depot at Cannae in the Apulian plain. He had placed himself between the Romans and their source of supply. The Roman Senate resumed their Consular elections in 216. They chose Caius Terentius Varro and Lucius Aemilius Paullus as Consuls. The Romans raised a new army that was much larger than ever before. The total strength of the army which faced Hannibal was between 90,000 and 100,000 men.
The Roman army marched southward to Apulia. After a two days’ march, they found Hannibal at the Audifus River. The Consuls had to switch their command on a daily basis. The Consul Varro was a man of reckless and hubris nature. He was determined to defeat Hannibal. Hannibal drew him into trap. The Roman army had no was to escape. Due to brilliant tactics, Hannibal surrounded and destroyed all but a small remainder of this force. It is estimated that 50,000-70,000 Romans were killed or captured at Cannae. Among the dead were eighty senators. The Roman Senate was comprised of no more than 300 men - this was 25%–30% of the governing body. This makes the Battle of Cannae one of the worst defeats in the history of Ancient Rome. It is also one of the bloodiest battles in all of human history in terms of the number of lives lost within a single day. After Cannae, the Romans refused to fight Hannibal in battles. They tried instead to defeat him by attrition. They relied on their advantages of supply and manpower.
Because of this victory most of southern Italy joined Hannibal's cause. During that same year, the Greek cities in Sicily revolted against Roman control. The Macedonian king, Philip V supported Hannibal. This started the First Macedonian War against Rome. Hannibal made his new base in Capua, the second largest city of Italy.
Stalemate.
Without the resources from his allies or reinforcements from Carthage, Hannibal could not do much more. Hannibal began losing ground. He continued defeating the Romans whenever he could bring them into battle but was never able to complete another decisive victory.
End of War in Italy.
In 212 BC conspirators in Tarentum let Hannibal into the city. They then blew the alarm with some Roman trumpets. This let Hannibal's troops pick off the Romans as they stumbled into the streets. Hannibal told the Tarentines to mark every house where Tarentines lived. The houses not marked were looted. The citadel held out. This stopped Hannibal from using the harbor and Rome was slowly gaining ground over Hannibal. In the same year, he lost Campania.
In 211 BC the city of Capua fell. In summer of that year, the Romans destroyed the Carthaginian army in Sicily. Meanwhile, Hannibal had defeated Fulvius at Herdonea in Apulia, but lost Tarentum. With the loss of Tarentum in 209 BC and the Romans capturing of Samnium and Lucania, his hold on south Italy was almost lost.
In 207 BC he retired into Bruttium. These events marked the end to Hannibal's success in Italy. In 203 BC, Hannibal was recalled to Carthage to lead the defence of his homeland against a Roman invasion.
The Battle of Zama.
Both Scipio and Hannibal met on the field of Zama. Hannibal had about 50,000 infantry and 4,000 cavalry. Scipio had 34,000 infantry and 8,700 cavalry. For years, Hannibal had won victories with his experienced army. He now faced the best of the Roman army, while he led a makeshift army. They did not do well against the Romans.
Hannibal was defeated. 20,000 men of Hannibal’s army were killed at Zama. The same number of men were taken as prisoners. The Romans lost as few as 500 dead and 4,000 wounded. With their best general defeated, the Carthaginians accepted defeat and surrendered to Rome.
Exile and death (195–183 B.C.).
Seven years after the victory of Zama, the Romans demanded Hannibal's surrender. Hannibal went into voluntary exile. He journeyed to Tyre, the mother-city of Carthage, and then to Ephesus and Syria.
In 190 BC he was placed in command of a Phoenician fleet but was defeated in a battle off the Eurymedon River. Hannibal went to Crete, but he soon returned to the Asia Minor. At Libya on the eastern shore of the Sea of Marmora, he was going to be turned over to the Romans. Rather than letting himself be taken, he drank poison. The precise year of his death is not certain. It is believed to be 183 BC. He died in the same year as Scipio Africanus.

Hominoid
The main difference between monkeys and hominoids is that monkeys almost always have tails, but hominoids never do.
There are also differences between their teeth and the way they move their arms. Nonhuman hominoids are commonly referred to as apes.

Veganism
Veganism is a philosophy that says people should not use animals in any way.
Veganism is a lifestyle. Vegans choose not to eat food that comes from animals, including meat, eggs and dairy products (like milk, cheese, and yogurt). A vegan diet is sometimes called a strict vegetarian diet. Vegans also do not eat honey. Vegans try not to use any other animal products, such as leather, wool, feathers, bone, or pearl. They also try to avoid products that have been tested on animals. Some vegans campaign for animal rights.
Vegans do eat all kinds of fruits, vegetables, beans, grains, nuts, and seeds, and things made from them like vegan sweets, vegan cheese and vegan cakes.
Some people become vegan because they find about the bad treatment of animals in the modern animal farm industry. Other reasons to become vegan are health, to protect the environment, for religious reasons, or because of world hunger. Animals use most of the food they eat for their own life, not to 'grow' meat, milk or eggs. So a lot of food, land and water is wasted by keeping animals for food.

Necrophilia
Necrophilia is when someone is sexually attracted to dead bodies. Some necrophiliacs actually have sex with dead bodies. It is usually not considered a good act and is illegal in many places, but not all.

Strait of Magellan
The Strait of Magellan is a passage way from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific. It is named after Ferdinand Magellan. It is very foggy and stormy.

Fenerbahce
Fenerbahçe is a sports club in Istanbul, Turkey. It was officially founded in 1907.
Fenerbahce's home stadium is the Fenerbahce Sukru Saracoglu Stadium in Kadikoy Istanbul.
They have won the Turkish Premier Super Football League 17 times and the Turkey Football Cup 4 times.

Lake Tanganyika
Lake Tanganyika is large lake in central Africa. The lake is divided between four countries – Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Tanzania and Zambia.

Pinocchio (1940 movie)
"Pinocchio" is an animated movie made by Walt Disney. It came out on February 7, 1940. It was based on the book by Carlo Collodi and was the second full-length cartoon made by Disney. It tells the story of Pinocchio, a wooden puppet that is brought to life by a fairy.
It features the song, "When You Wish Upon A Star", which has been used at the start of most Disney movies since 1985.
The Story.
Gepetto makes a wood puppet called Pinocchio. He wishes that Pinocchio was a real boy, and the Blue Fairy surprises him by making the puppet "act" like one. But to become a boy instead of a puppet, Pinocchio has to prove that he's good enough.
The Blue Fairy assigns Jiminy Cricket to guide him and keep him out of trouble. This is a hard job, and Pinocchio does a lot of things wrong.
On his first day of school, two boys trick Pinocchio to join Stromboli's puppet show instead. Pinocchio is popular in the show, but Stromboli is cruel to him and locks him in a bird cage. The Blue Fairy asks Pinocchio how this happened, but Pinocchio lies, and his nose grows longer. With the help of the Blue Fairy and Jiminy, Pinocchio escapes from the cage.
The boys trick Pinocchio again, and tell him to go to Pleasure Island. He meets Lampwick, a bad boy who convinces him to gamble, smoke, drink, and other bad things. The island is magical, and the boys who act like "jackasses" (donkeys) "turn into" donkeys. These donkeys are sold to work in the local salt mines.
Lampwick becomes a donkey, but Pinocchio only changes part way, with donkey ears and a donkey tail. He escapes from Pleasure Island and returns to Geppetto's house. But Geppetto is not there. He has gone to sea, to search for Pinocchio.
Pinocchio and Jiminy go looking for Geppetto, but they are eaten by the huge whale Monstro. Monstro has also swallowed Geppetto. Pinocchio builds a fire to make Monstro sneeze, and this frees them all. But they are lost in the ocean and Geppetto is drowning. He tells Pinocchio to swim to shore and save himself, but Pinocchio grabs Geppetto and carries him to shore. Geppetto survives, but Pinocchio appears to be dead.
Geppetto and Jiminy are sad and return home with Pinocchio's body. The Blue Fairy decides that Pinocchio has proved that he is good enough, and brings him back to life... and also turns him into a real boy. Everyone is happy and they celebrate.
Production.
The original plan for the movie was very different from what they made. Many characters and events from the original book were used in early versions. Producer Walt Disney was unhappy with this version and had them change a lot of the story and characters.
At first, Pinocchio was going to look like a real wooden puppet, with a long pointed nose, a pointed hat, and bare wood hands. He was going to act more grown-up and do bad things on purpose, instead of being tricked into doing bad things. But Walt Disney didn't think that people would like this character, so they changed his appearance and the way he acted. They made him look more like a real boy, with a small nose, a child's hat, and regular hands with gloves. The only parts of him that still looked like a puppet were his arms and legs.
Jiminy Cricket (voiced by Cliff "Ukelele Ike" Edwards) became a more important character. He wasn't included in the first version of the story. When they added him, he looked more like a real cricket, but Walt wanted more people to like him, so Ward Kimball changed him into "a little man with no ears. That was the only thing about him that was like an insect."
Songs in movie.
The songs in "Pinocchio" were composed by Leigh Harline, Ned Washington and Frank Churchill. Paul J. Smith composed the incidental music score.
On, this includes "When You Wish upon a Star" on the blue disc, "Give a Little Whistle" on the purple disc, and "I've Got No Strings" on the orange disc.
And on Disney's Greatest Hits, this also includes "When You Wish upon a Star" on another blue disc, "I've Got No Strings" on the green disc, and "Give a Little Whistle" on the red disc.
Ice Show.
Disney on ice "starring" Pinocchio, toured nationally & internationally from 1987 - 1992. A Shorter version of the story is also presented in the current Disney on ice production "100 Years of Magic"

Lubbock, Texas
Lubbock, Texas is a city in the United States. More than 212,000 people live there.
It is the home of Texas Tech University.

Pearl
Pearls are a kind of material made by mollusks, like oysters. Pearls are small and ball-shaped, usually white but sometimes black. Pearls are often used for jewelry. The pearl is the birthstone for the month June.

Warner Bros.
Warner Brothers (known officially as Warner. Bros.) is a large entertainment group and movie studio. It is owned by Time Warner.

Quarter
A Quarter is a fourth or 25 percent of something.
Money.
A quarter is also a type of money (used in places like the United States and Canada). Its amount is fourth of 1 dollar ($1) or 25 cents. In the United States, the quarter is used for vending machines, arcades, and a way to pay for expenses. The quarter is also collected by many as a hobby.

Freedom of religion
If a country has freedom of religion, people there can either belong to any religion they choose, or belong to no religion; leave any religious group as well as join any religious group; take any peaceful religious actions their faith requires; and join with other people for religious purposes.

MDC (band)
MDC are an anarcho-punk and hardcore punk band that started in Austin, Texas in 1979. They helped make hardcore punk popular in Austin, but in 1982 they moved to San Francisco, California, where they continued to become popular in the hardcore punk community. In 1993 the band stopped playing music, but they began again in 2000 and still play music today.
Their lyrics were very political. They did not like the police, war, capitalism or racism. They did like gay people (their singer, Dave Dictor, is gay) and thought that they should be treated fairly.
The name MDC is an abbreviation and has meant many things. The band changes what it means a lot. It has meant "Millions of Dead Cops", "More Dead Cops", "Millions of Dead Children", "Multi Death Corporations", "Millions of Damn Christians", "Missile Destroyed Civilization" and "Magnus Dominus Corpus".

Optimus Prime
Optimus Prime is a fictional character from a television series and toy line. He is the leader of the good Transformers, known as "Autobots". He was invented by Takara and Hasbro in the early 1980s. He got the lead role in the first two seasons of a popular cartoon series which was later taken over by an anime company. He turned into a red truck.

Comic strip
There are comic strips in newspapers and on the web. Comic strips on the web are called webcomics. For example, a famous webcomic is Penny Arcade.

First ScotRail
First ScotRail is the FirstGroup train operating company running domestic passenger trains within Scotland and the cross-border Caledonian Sleeper service to London.

Waste container
A waste container (known more commonly in British English as a dustbin, rubbish-bin or simply bin, and American English as a trash can) is a container, usually made of plastic or metal, used to store refuse.
Rubbish (trash) is usually kept in these until it is emptied by collecters, who will take it to a landfill or incinerator.
Some bins are used specifically for recycling.

Vijayanagara Empire
The Vijayanagara empire is an Indian empire. From 1336 and aftwerwards, it was located in the Deccan, in the peninsula and in southern India. It was founded by Harihara (Hakka) and his brother Bukka Raya. The empire is named after its capital city Vijayanagara, now Hampi in modern Karnataka, India. It began in 1336 and ended in 1660, though in its last century it began losing its power. Stories of the empire's creation and history are not certain, though tales of the empire's wealth and power were described by European travellers such as the Portuguese travelers Domingo Paes and Nuniz, and the Venetian traveler Niccolò Da Conti.
Dynasties and kings.
This list is based on the book by Robert Sewell (A Forgotten Empire).
Aravidu (dates are not known), includes these rulers. There is certainly more than one ruler under each name.

Delhi Sultanate
The Delhi Sultanate (دلی سلطنت), or Sulthanath-e-Hind (سلطنتِ ہند) / Sulthanath-e-Dilli (سلطنتِ دلی) are the Afghan dynasties that were controlling India from 1210 to 1526. Many of these dynasties ruled from Delhi. This includes the Slave dynasty (1206-90), the Khilji dynasty (1290-1320), the Tughlaq dynasty (1320-1413), the Sayyid dynasty (1414-51), and the Lodi (1451-1526).
Suri Dynasty (1540 - 1555).
of the History of South Asia series) has more information at Delhi Sultanate

Hoysala Empire
The Hoysala Empire (Kannada: ಹೊಯ್ಸಳ) was an Indian empire. It controlled part of southern India from 1000 to 1346 A.D. Belur, Karnataka was the empire's capital. The Hoysala Empire is remembered today mostly because of its architecture. The hundreds of temples found across Karnataka are good examples of temples that were in the cities of Belur, Halebid and Somnathpura. The Hoysala kings were affected by Jainism and Hinduism. King Vishnuvardhana and the kings after him believed in Vaishnavism.
In the beginning, the Hoysalas were a small part of the Chalukyas of Kalyani. However, they began to grow until they made their own empire in Karnataka. The Hoysala period is known as one of the best times in the history of Karnataka, next only to the Vijayanagara Empire. Some famous Hoysala kings were Vishnuvardhana, Veera Ballala II and Veera Ballala III. Kannada was the main language of the Hoysala kings. The Hoysalas helped to increase Kannada and Sanskrit writing.

Macedonian Empire
Macedon or Macedonia (from Greek)) was an ancient kingdom in northern ancient Greece. Near it was the kingdom of Epirus (which was west of it) and Thrace (which was east of it). A long time ago it was the most powerful kingdom in the Near East and present-day Pakistan after Alexander the Great conquered most of the world that was known in Europe. This was known as the Hellenistic period of Greek history. It was later conquered by the Roman Empire.

Burger King
Burger King (often shorted as BK) () is a fast food restaurant that sells foods, such as hamburgers, French fries, and soft drinks. In Australia it is known as Hungry Jack's. It was created in 1954 in Miami, Florida, United States by James McLamore and David Edgerton. They have many restaurants world-wide.

Lech Kaczyński
Lech Aleksander Kaczyński (born June 18, 1949) has been the President of the Republic of Poland since 2005. Kaczyński served as President of Warsaw from 2002
until the day before he became president. He is the identical twin brother of the Prime Minister of Poland, Jarosław Kaczyński.

Argead dynasty
Argead dynasty was a dynasty of Macedonia, a kingdom in northern Greece. It began in c. 700 BC and ended in c. 309 BC. People of the Agread family were supposedly part of Heracles' family. Famous kings included Philip II of Macedonia who joined the Greeks together and Alexander the Great who defeated the Persian Empire and created the Empire of Alexander. The Argead dynasty ended during the wars of the Diadochi when Alexander IV of Macedon and his mother Roxana were murdered.

Antipatrid dynasty
The Antipatrid dynasty was a Macedonian dynasty. It was created by Cassander in 302 BC, who was the son of Antipater. However it was not a long dynasty. It ended in 294 BC when it was taken over by the Antigonid dynasty.

Antigonid dynasty
The Antigonid dynasty was a Macedonian dynasty. The kings were part of the family of Alexander the Great's general Antigonus I Monophthalmus ("the One-eyed"). The dynasty ended when the Roman empire conquered the area after the Battle of Pydna in 168 BC.

Futurama
"Futurama" is an American animated television series. It was created by Matt Groening (creator of "The Simpsons") and David X. Cohen (also a writer for "The Simpsons"). It is located in "New" New York City during the 31st century. The shows were first shown on Fox Network on March 28, 1999, until August 10, 2003. Old episodes are now seen on Adult Swim (a part of Cartoon Network) and Too Funny To Sleep (a part of TBS) in the United States, on Teletoon in Canada, on Channel 4 in the United Kingdom plus Sky One, Sky Two and Sky Three in the UK and Republic of Ireland, on Fox8 and Network Ten in Australia (before it was on the Seven Network), on Pro 7 in Germany and on Canal Fox in Latin America, including Colombia, Argentina, Mexico, etc. In 2008 Comedy Central will begin showing new episodes. Also, 4 DVD movies are being made.
Plot Summary.
The series is about Philip J. Fry (Billy West), a lazy New York City pizza delivery boy, who froze himself by mistake on New Year's Eve, 1999. He wakes up one thousand years later on New Year's Eve, 2999, and finds himself in "New" New York City. Fry wants to get a new job, though in the end he is forced to be a delivery boy. Fry tries to escape from his job and afterwards goes to Planet Express, a small delivery company that goes around the galaxy owned by his distant nephew, where he becomes a delivery boy. The series then describes the adventures of Fry and the other workers as they go around the universe making deliveries.
Setting.
The first episode begins in the year 3000, a time where there are many technological advancements, as well as a place where 21st century problems are treated as everyday situations. In a jab at segregation, for example, the series depicts the human prejudice against mutants as being so great that the latter have been forced to live underground in the sewers. The characters' home on Earth is the city of New New York, built over the ruins of present-day New York City, referred to as "Old New York".

Radar
Radar is a machine that uses radio waves to find other objects such as aircraft, ships, and rain.
A thing called a transmitter sends out radio waves, which are bounced back by the object that the radar is trying to find. By doing this, the radar can find what place the object is at. Radar is used in a lot of different ways, such as finding speeding cars, the amount of water in the air, traffic, ect.
Radar was first used in 1904 by Christian Hülsmeyer. He was given a patent for radar (Reichspatent Nr. 165546).
The word "RADAR" was created in 1941 as an acronym (words with letters that each have its own meaning) for Radio Detection and Ranging. This acronym replaced the British acronym "RDF" ("Radio Direction Finding"). The word is now thought by many people as a regular word, no longer as an acronym.
According to FAA(Federal Aviation Administration), there are

GameSpot
GameSpot is a website that was created in June of 1996 by Pete Deemer, Vince Broady and Jon Epstein.
In the beginning the website was mainly about PC games. Another similar site, videogamespot.com was created in December of the same year to talk about console video game systems. In 1997, videogamespot.com became videogames.com for a short time. Afterwards in 1998, videogames.com and gamespot.com joined together to become a single site.
GameSpot makes video game and PC reviews, previews, downloads, news, and information. It is known as one of the biggest game websites on the Internet. ZDNet bought Gamespot later on. However ZDNet was later bought by CNET Networks, so now GameSpot belongs to CNET.
On October 3, 2005, GameSpot changed how the website looked, making it similar to what TV.com looks like..

TV.com
TV.com is a popular website owned by the CNET Games & Entertainment family of websites, which also includes GameSpot, GameFAQs and MP3.com. The website replaced the popular TV Tome website.
The website has information about television (mostly English-language television in the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and Ireland). Other than episode guides, TV.com also has news, reviews, photos, trailers and TV listings.
People can also get accounts on TV.com like other CNET websites. Users get a user page and can keep track of television shows. They can also add things like episode details and cast members.

Olive (color)
Olive is a kind of muddy green color. In actuality, it is really a shade of dark yellow (when gray is added to yellow, the various shades of the color olive are produced). Some dark shades of olive can also be made by mixing a darker color (like brown) with green.
The color of old U.S. Army field uniforms is a shade of olive called olive drab (shown below) that was used because it was hard to see against trees and grass.
The most common place you will find the color olive is on an olive. It is the color of the outside olive. An olive's center is usually brown or sometimes orange or red.
There is a mineral called olivine that is colored a pale olive color.
Meaning of olive.
Olive is one of the colors used in fashion when a conservative, moderate color is desired.
Olive is sometimes used for showing vomit in animated films.

South Asia
South Asia (or Southern Asia) is the south area of Asia. There are 13 countries of this region. Around it is (from west to east) West Asia, Central Asia, Eastern Asia, and Southeastern Asia.
The United Nations also includes Iran and Afghanistan.

Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that studies the movement of heat between different objects. Thermodynamics also studies the change in pressure and volume of objects. It is normally studied by using a branch of mathematics called statistics to look at the motion of particles. Thermodynamics also has 2 main branches called classical thermodynamics and statistical thermodynamics. An important idea in thermodynamics is that of systems. A system is an object or a group of objects that is being studied.
Laws of thermodynamics.
In thermodynamics, there are 4 laws of thermodynamics that say that energy can be moved between two objects in the form of heat.
Uses of thermodynamics.
In the past, thermodynamics was studied to make steam engines work better. Now, ideas from thermodynamics are used in everything from making engines to studying black holes.

Brookhurst, Wyoming
Brookhurst, Wyoming is a census-designated place in Natrona County, Wyoming, USA. About 192 people live there.

Bollywood
Bollywood (Hindi:, Urdu:) is a word which refers to the Hindi Language movie industry in India
Origin.
It is often used to describe Indian Cinema as a whole, but that is not correct. Bollywood only refers to hindi language films. The term "Bollywood" combines Bombay and Hollywood (where most American movies are made).
Purpose.
Bollywood makes many films each year. Many Bollywood films are called "Masala" films. In Hindi, "Masala" means spice. These movies usually have higher levels of sex, revenge, contrasts of rich and poor in them.
Languages used in Bollywood films.
The films produced in Bollywood are usually in Hindi. Hindustani, the part common to both Hindi and Urdu is porbably a more accurate description. Bollywood makes films in languages of Hindi, Urdu and English. Often, poetic Urdu words are used; see also Lollywood (Pakistan Cinema).
Present languages.
The number of dialogues and songs in English has increased, lately. There are films now where parts of the dialogue are in English. There is also a growing number of films which are in English. Some films are also made in more than one language. This is either done with subtitles, or by using several soundtracks.
What Bollywood films are like.
In general, Bollywood films are like musicals. The audience expects to see catchy music. There are usually song-and-dance numbers woven into the script. Often, the success of a film depends on the quality of such musical numbers. Very often, the film music is released before the film. It helps make the audience bigger.
Actors.
A good entertainer is generally referred to as "paisa vasool". This means "money's worth". Songs and dances, love triangles, comedy and dare-devil thrills are all mixed up. Such films are called "masala" films, after the Hindustani word for a spice mixture, "masala". Like "masalas", these films are a mixture of many things. Shah Rukh Khan is known as the King of Bollywood.
Films.
Bollywood films are often longer that those made in Hollywood. A normal Bollywood film is about 3 hours long. Bollywood films are films produced for the masses. Other Indian films are produced inside or outside of the Bollywood tradition. They sometimes try to set higher standards. They often lose out at the box office to films with more mass appeal.
Plot.
Bollywood plots are usually melodramatic. They frequently use stock elements such as star-crossed lovers and angry parents, love triangles, family ties, sacrifice, corrupt politicians, kidnappers, scheming villains, Hookers with a heart of gold, long-lost relatives and siblings separated by fate, dramatic reversals of fortune, and convenient coincidences.
Change.
Bollywood conventions are changing, however. A large Indian diaspora in English speaking countries, and increased Western influence at home, have nudged Bollywood films closer to Hollywood models. Film kisses are no longer banned. Plots now tend to feature Westernised urbanites dating and dancing in discos rather than arranged marriages.
Film critic Lata Khubchandani writes,"..our earliest films...(had) liberal doses of sex and kissing scenes in them. Strangely, it was after Independence the censor board came into being and so did all the strictures."

Dinah Washington
Dinah Washington (born Ruth Lee Jones August 24, 1924-December 14,1963) was an American R&B and Jazz singer.

Robin Ward
Robin Ward (born Jacqueline McDonnell in 1941) was an American singer. She had a hit with her song "Wonderful Summer" in 1963.

Adrenal gland
The adrenal gland is a part of most mammals' bodies, it is located near the kidneys. Its name tells about its position ("ad" - near, and "renes" - kidneys). It helps control the levels of stress. It is involved in the production of steroid hormones. Among these hormones are Cortisol and Adrenaline. the gland sits on the kidney

Chiswick
Chiswick is a district in West London. It is most famous as the home of the artist William Hogarth.

The Golden Girls
The Golden Girls is an American comedy television series. It ran from 1985 to 1992. It was about a group of older women, who live in the same house in Florida.

Bark
Bark is the covering of the stems of woody plants, like trees. Bark protects the tree. Bark of different plants and trees can look very different, it can be rough or smooth and can have different colors.

Cowboy
Cowboy is a broad term for people who work on ranches. The word cowboy comes from the Spanish word vaquero. They sometimes participate in rodeos. Movies about cowboys are often called western movies.

Janet Reno
Janet Reno (June 21, 1938-) was the United States Attorney General from 1993 to 2001, under President Bill Clinton. She was the first woman to ever have this job.

Alex Haley
Alexander Palmer Haley (August 11, 1921 – February 10, 1992) was an African-American writer. He was also Irish and Cherokee. He is best known for the "The Autobiography of Malcolm X", which he helped Malcolm X write, and his book ', which was about his family history and inspired a television mini-series.

Harold Robbins
Harold Robbins (born Harold Rubin) (May 21, 1916 – October 14, 1997) was an American author.

Baptism
Baptism is rite performed by most Christian churches and denominations. Baptism is a ritual cleaning or washing. Most churches do it to infants to mark their becoming members of the church. It is a sacrament usually performed by a priest.
Jesus was baptized by John the Baptist.

Shang Dynasty
The Shāng Dynasty (Chinese: 商朝) or Yīn Dynasty (殷代) (ca. 1700 BC - ca. 1122 BC) is the first dynasty in China. Before the Zhōu Dynasty. Most of what we know about the Shang Dynasty is from reading pictures on oracle bones and bronze objects.

King Tang of Shang of China
King Tang of Shang of China, in chinese:"湯", born Zi Lu, in Chinese:"子履" (1617 BC - 1588 BC) was the first king of the Shang dynasty in Chinese history. He beat Jie, the last king of the Xia dynasty.
He was the leader of his "tribe", or group of people, for more than 17 years. While leader, he made many smart men officials to help fix his government.
When he saw that the Xia Dynasty was starting to be weak, Tang started eleven wars fighting the Xia Dynasty, getting many lands. Tang finally defeated the dynasty in 1600 BC.
Tang was a good leader. He made taxes smaller and did not force his people to be soldiers for a long time. He affected many people from foreign places.

Bu Bing
King Bu Bing of Shang of China', in chinese:"卜丙", born Zi Sheng, in Chinese:"子勝". He was the third king of the Shang Dynasty (1600 BC - 1046 BC). He was the second son of King Tang.
In Records of the Grand Historian, he was recorded as the second king of the Shang Dynasty. In that book he is given the name "Wai Bing", in Chinese:"外丙". But in the oracle script, he was recorded as the third king of the Shang Dynasty. In these records his name is "Bu Bing",in Chinese:"卜丙".

New Year's Eve
New Year's Eve is the holiday before New Year's Day, on December 31, the last day of the current year.
In modern times, Western countries usually celebrate this day with a party which culminates with a group countdown to the midnight hour. Party hats, noisemakers, fire crackers and drinking champagne are fairly common during this holiday.
Many municipalities also offer fireworks displays and other noisy ways to usher in the new year, at midnight. Places like Berlin, Chicago, Edinburgh, Los Angeles, London, New York, Paris, Rio de Janeiro, Sydney, Toronto, and Tokyo are well known for their New Year's Eve celebrations.
New Year's Eve is also a work holiday in some countries, such as Australia, Argentina, Brazil, France, Mexico, the Philippines, and Venezuela.

Chen Dynasty
Chen Dynasty 陳朝 (557-589) was the fourth and the last of the Southern dynasties in China. It was defeated by the Sui Dynasty. This dynasty was weak, because its leaders were bad as rulers and unfair.

Fighter aircraft
Fighter aircrafts are small airplanes that are designed to fight other airplanes. They are often fast, having aerodynamic shapes (shapes that make them move through air easily) and very powerful engines for their size. They also tend to be maneuverable (turn well). Fighters can carry many different kinds of weapons, including missiles, machine guns, and bombs. While fighters may be used to attack vehicles, soldiers, or buildings on the ground, they are different from bombers because they are usually designed to attack other airplanes.

Aircraft carrier
Aircraft carriers are warships that carry airplanes and other aircraft. They are used by navies to allow airplanes to fight along with naval warships. Aircraft carriers are usually very large, carrying hundreds or thousands of sailors and tens or hundred aircraft.
The top of an aircraft carrier is called the flight deck and looks like a very small airport. Old aircraft carriers carried airplanes that could takeoff and land in the short distance of the flight deck without help. Similarly, small modern aircraft carriers only carry helicopters or specially designed airplanes that can take off and land straight up and down or in the short distance of the flight deck. The flight deck of a large, modern aircraft carrier has a landing area and a take-off area. The landing area is in the back and has a short runway. Airplanes stop by using a hook on the back of the airplane to grab wires stretched across the runway. In the front, the flight deck has a steam-powered catapult that connects to the front wheel of an airplane. The catapult throws the airplane off the deck, helping it take off quickly.
Because they are so big, modern aircraft carriers often have on-board nuclear power plants. Other aircraft carriers are powered by diesel engines.
Except for their airplanes, aircraft carriers usually have few weapons, so other warships escort them. Together, the aircraft carrier and these warships form a carrier group.

Edward Kasner
Edward Kasner (1878–1955) is an American mathematician (person who studies math). He is famous for creating the word googol and the word googolplex.
Kasner went to Columbia University and received his Ph.D. in 1899.
Around 1920, Kasner decided to make a good, catchy name for a very big number (one, followed by a hundred zeros). While he was walking with his nephews Milton (c. 1911–1980) and Edwin Sirotta in New Jersey's Palisades, Kasner asked them to think of good names. Milton was the one who said "googol".
In 1940, with James Roy Newman, Kasner made a book about math called "Mathematics and the Imagination" ISBN 0486417034. It was in this book that the name "googol" was first used.
In modern times, the website Google was based on Kasner's number googol.

Bay of Bengal
The Bay of Bengal is a bay. It is at the northeastern part of the Indian Ocean. The bay is also east of the Malay Peninsula and west of India. It looks like a triangle. It is called the "Bay of Bengal", because to the north are the Indian state of West Bengal and the country of Bangladesh.

Jubilee Line
The Jubilee line is a line on the London Underground. It runs from Stanmore in north London to Stratford in east London. The colour of the Jubilee line on tube maps is grey.
History.
The line opened on 1 May 1979, taking over one of the Bakerloo Line's two branches to relieve the main part of the line. To the Baker Street to Stanmore part a new four-kilometre part into central London was added, terminating at a new station at Charing Cross railway station.
The old Charing Cross station, on the Circle, District, Bakerloo and Northern lines, was renamed Embankment. The new Charing Cross tube station created a new interchange, from the stations of Strand on the Northern Line and Trafalgar Square on the Bakerloo.
The Jubilee Line of 1979 was to be the first part of the project, but because of the lack of money the line stayed the same until the late 1990s. Phase 2 would have extended the line along Fleet Street to stations at Aldwych, Ludgate Circus, Cannon Street, Fenchurch Street, St Katherine's Dock, Wapping and then under the River Thames to New Cross, terminating at Lewisham. An alternative plan was created in the late 1970s to extend the Jubilee Line in parallel with the River Thames, this would taken the Line from Wapping to Thamesmead Via Surrey Docks North, Canary Wharf, North Greenwich, Custom House, Silvertown, Woolwich Arsenal and to Thamesmead. However the 'river line' extension as it was called was too expensive and construction of the extension never started.
Changes in land use, particularly the new areas in the Docklands area, caused the project to change considerably in the 1990s. The Jubilee Line Extension, opened in three stages in 1999, split from the existing line at Green Park, creating a one-station branch to Charing Cross, which is now closed (although it is still sometimes opened for occasional use as a film set). With the extension, the Jubilee Line is the only line on the London Underground network that crosses all other lines.
Trains.
When the Jubilee Line was opened, it was run with 1972 trains. In 1984 the 1972 trains were replaced by the new 1983 trains. The old 1972 Stock were used on the Northern Line. The 1983 trains proved to be unreliable in service, with their single doors making passenger loading and unloading slower than on other trains with wider doors. With the opening of the Jubilee Line Extension, the opportunity was taken to introduce new trains, and today the line is worked by 1996 trains.

Medical emergency
A medical emergency is an injury or illness that poses an immediate threat to a person's long-term health or life. It needs to be treated immediately. Doctors that are trained in emergency medicine are taught how to react to medical emergencies, and how to resuscitate patients.
Response.
When there is a medical emergency, emergency medical services should be notified as soon as possible by calling for help using a local emergency telephone number, such as "911" in the United States or Canada, "112" in most of continental Europe and on GSM cell phones, "999" in the UK and most of its former colonies (112 works as well), "118" in Italy, "119" in South Korea and Japan, "000" in Australia, "101" in Israel and "111" in New Zealand. The people that answer emergency calls generally ask for the caller's name, where they are, and some information on the person that is being called about, e.g. whether or not they are conscious, how badly injured they are, their name if it is known, and if they have any other illnesses.
People that know first aid are expected to help as much as they can. Moving the victim to a safe place can sometimes do more harm than good, and should be left to people that know how to properly move injured people unless there is no alternative (for example, in wilderness first aid).
If the victim is not breathing, or if a heartbeat cannot be felt, artificial respiration and cardiopulmonary resuscitation could be needed to keep a person's blood circulating long enough for medics to attempt revival. Emergency medical technicians, Outdoor Emergency Care technicians or paramedics can use airway management techniques to help a person who is not breathing.
Clinical response.
While in a hospital environment, staff members that are on duty are trained to deal with emergency situations. Emergency medical physicians are trained to deal with many medical emergencies, and have up-to-date cardiopulmonary resuscitation and advanced cardiac life support certificates. In major incidents, most hospitals have protocols to have staff that are not at work at the hospital to go on duty as fast as they can.
Emergency departments follow basic advanced cardiac life support protocols, which include keeping a patient's blood pressure and blood saturation at acceptable levels. Possible exceptions include the clamping of arteries in severe haemorrhage.
Statistics.
Most emergencies are quite unspectacular. They will happen close to home and not to complete strangers.

Southeast Asia
The United Nations also includes the Republic of India excluding Indian Occupied Kashmir. All the countries in Southeast Asia are a part of ASEAN.

Sprint
Sprints are short running races in athletics. They are events in which runners will not have to "pace themselves", but can run as fast as possible for the entire distance. These are often some of the more popular events in the Olympic Games. The most common distances are 60 meters, 100 meters, 200 meters and 400 meters.

Boxer (dog)
Boxer is a dog breed.
Characteristics.
Boxers are good watch dogs. They are very strong and like to run in open spaces. They come in various colors like fawn, brindle, fawn-brindle mix, white, black, black-white mix, white-fawn mix, and brindle-white mix. Males are 23-25 inches at the withers (tops of the shoulders) and the females are 21 1/2- 23 1/2 inches at the withers.
History.
The boxer was bred in Germany and was originally bred for bull-bating and dog fights, but when that was ruled out they were used as hunting dogs and farm dogs and just regular house pets. The boxer was first called the brabanter bullenbaiser.

American Graffiti
"American Graffiti" is a 1973 movie directed by George Lucas. This was Lucas' second movie and made him very well known. The events in the movie take place in 1962 in Modesto, California. It is about what happens to a group of teenagers one night while they are driving around town and listening to radio DJ Wolfman Jack.

Lake Vostok
Lake Vostok is the biggest of the seventy lakes in Antarctica that are under the ice. It is at 77° S 105° E and it is under Russia's Vostok Station. It is also 4000 meters (13,000 feet) under Antarctica's surface.
The lake was found by Russian and British scientists. They used an object called a radar to find it.

Infrared
Infrared (IR) radiation is a type of electromagnetic radiation (a wave with electricity). The wave is longer than light which humans can see and shorter than microwaves. The name means "below red". The word "Infrared" is from the Latin "infra" ("below") and red, which has the longest wave for light. The infrared wave is between 750 nm and 1 mm.

Municipalities of Republika Srpska
In 1994, the "Law on Territorial Organization and Local Self-Government" was created. It made the Republika Srpska into 80 parts, called municipalities. However, because of the Dayton Peace Agreement in 1996, there are now 63 parts.

Regions of Republika Srpska
Brčko District is place controlled by Bosnia and Herzegovina instead.

Republika Srpska
Republika Srpska (RS) (Serbian/Bosnian/Croatian: Република Српска [РС]/Republika Srpska) is one of the two political parts that make Bosnia and Herzegovina. The other part is the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Kenneth Branagh
Kenneth Branagh (b. December 10, 1960) is an Northern Ireland born British actor. He played Hamlet. He is famous for directing and starring in numerous Shakespeare adaptations. In past films, he has starred alongside popular actors such as Emma Thompson, Keanu Reeves, Michael Keaton, Maggie Smith, Alan Rickman, and countless others.

Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
Charles V (24 February 1500–21 September 1558) was Holy Roman Emperor, King of Spain, Naples, and Sicily, and king of the Burgundian territories. He was called Carlos I in Spain, though he is also commonly called Carlos V. His nickname was "El Dorado" or "the golden one" because of his good and impressive rule.
Philip the Handsome and Joanna the Mad of Castile were his parents. His grandparents on his mother's side were Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile. Their marriage made Spain into one kingdom. His grandparents on his father's side were Emperor Maximilian I and Marie, Duchess of Burgundy.
"His Majesty" or "His Imperial Majesty" was first used when he was king. His Empire became large and was known as "in which the sun does not set". He was also known as "The Emperor of Universal Dominion."

Renaissance
The Renaissance is a period in the history of Europe beginning in about 1400, and following the Medieval period, also known as the Middle Ages.
The word "Renaissance" comes from an French word meaning "rebirth". The reason that the period is called by this name is that, at that time, people started taking an interest in the learning of ancient times, in particular the learning of Ancient Greece and Rome. The Renaissance was seen as a "rebirth" of that learning. The Renaissance is often said to be the start of the "modern age".
During the Renaissance, there were many famous artists, many writers and many philosophers. Many people studied mathematics and different sciences. A person who is clever at a great number of things is sometimes called a "Renaissance Man". Leonardo da Vinci, who was a painter, a scientist, a musician and a philosopher, is the most famous "Renaissance Man".
The Renaissance started in Italy but soon spread across the whole of Europe. In Italy the time is divided into three periods:-
Following the "Mannerist" period was the "Baroque" period which also spread across Europe from about 1600. Outside Italy, it can be hard to tell where the "Renaissance" period ends and "Baroque" begins.
Reading and printing.
In the Middle Ages, there were very few books. The books that existed nearly all belonged to churches, or universities, or to very rich people. They were written by hand and often had beautiful hand-painted pictures. They were so expensive that most people could not own them.
Even if an ordinary person went to the church and looked at a book there, they could not read them, because they were written in Latin, the language of the Ancient Romans that was used in the Catholic Church and only understood by priests and well-educated people. People were forbidden by law from copying the Bible into Italian, English, German, French or other "local" languages.
In 1423 the first printed books were made in Europe. The way of printing quickly improved so that large books like the Bible could be made and sold cheaply. The printers then began to print everything that they thought was interesting:- Ancient Greek and Roman writings, poetry, plays, lives of the saints, mathematics textbooks, medical textbooks, Christian stories, naughty stories, books about animals and monsters, advice to princes as to how to rule their people and maps of the world.
Suddenly, all this wonderful knowledge was available to thousands of people who never had it before. Before 1423, all this knowledge belonged to priests, monasteries and universities. Suddenly it belonged to everyone.
Ancient Roman remains.
The time of Ancient Greece and Rome, when there were many philosophers, writers, painters, sculptors, architects and mathematicians was seen by people as a Golden Age, a time when things were beautiful, well-organised and well-run. This time had lasted from about 400 BC to about 400 AD.
In the year 1400, in the city of Rome, people could wander around looking up at the ruins of a city that had once been great. Inside the broken walls that had been smashed in 410 AD were the remains of huge temples, sports arenas, public baths, apartment blocks and palaces. Nearly all of them were ruined and could not be used. Nearly all of them were half-buried in dirt. A lot of them were pulled down to use as building stone. But they showed people what great things could be done. Among the ruins of this once-great city, the people of Rome lived in cottages. They still went to church in the huge churches (basilicas) built by the first Christian Emperor, Constantine the Great, in the 4th century. They still held market day in the Ancient Roman market place of "Piazza dei Fiori" ("Flower Place").
One day in 1402, into the middle of Rome, came a young man called Filippo Brunelleschi and a teenage boy called Donatello. They were fascinated by everything that they saw. They measured ancient ruined buildings, they drew things and they dug around for weeks looking for bits of broken statues and painted pottery that they could stick together. They were probably the world's first archaeologists. By the time they went back home to Florence, they knew more about Ancient Roman architecture and sculpture than anyone had known for about a thousand years. Brunelleschi became a very famous architect and Donatello became a very famous sculptor.
Money and Politics.
The city of Florence is really where the "Renaissance" began. In those days, Italy was not one single country. It was lots of little states, all governed in different ways and all fighting or making allies with each other all the time.
Rome was politically powerful, because Rome had the Pope, the person in control of the Roman Catholic Church. Because of his very great importance as a spiritual leader, most people and most cities did not want to argue with the Pope, whichever Pope he might be. Because a new pope was elected when the old one died, everyone who was rich and powerful was always hoping it might be a member of their family. It was always a good idea to have several young men in the family trained as priests, just in case. It was also a good idea to be good friends with other rich families. One way to do this was to have lots of daughters and get them to marry rich powerful men from different cities. This was the way that politics worked.
Other cities that were powerful were Venice with its great big navy, Milan which controlled trade with Northern Europe and was very rich, Genoa which controlled trade with France and Spain and was very rich, and Florence.
The power of Florence was not founded on a strong army, on a strong fortress or a good position to control trade. It was founded on banking. The cleverness in business of one single family was very important in making Florence powerful and the centre of Renaissance learning. The family were called the Medici.
Florence and the Medici.
Giovanni Bicci de' Medici, (1360-1429), was the first important member of the family. He invested his money very wisely and became rich. He and his son, Cosimo de' Medici, (1389-1464), began the Medici Banking Company, which did so well that they soon had branches of the bank in large cities all over Europe, including London and Paris. Giovanni Bicci and Cosimo were the richest men in Europe.
Their wealth ecouraged other families from Florence. Florence already had an industry, the cloth industry. Florentine merchants (traders) traded with Lombard traders from the north of Italy. They bought English wool and Chinese silk to be woven into the most magnificent cloth in Europe at the riverside factories of Florence. Florence was perfectly sited for making cloth. A lot of water is needed to make cloth. Other towns nearby are high on the tops of hills, but Florence is in a wide valley, with the broad Arno River flowing through it. There was a harbour on the coast near Pisa. The Pisans were not very friendly towards Florence, so Florence took them over. Then the rich traders of Florence could have their own ships and didn't have to worry about the Lombard traders who brought their goods across Europe and over the mountains on the backs of donkeys.
Cosimo de' Medici was a patriot and a patron. He was a "patriot" because he acted like a father to his city. He became part of the town council. They were a group of men called the "signoria" (the seniors or elders). Cosimo made laws that adjusted the taxes. Some of the rich people didn't like this at all and left the city, making Cosimo more powerful. He took good care of industry, of trade and of farming, because Florence needed all these things. He particularly needed the loyalty of all the farms and villages, because a city in a valley is easy for an army to attack. Cosimo built public buildings and when he had a palace built for himself, he had long stone seats built along the walls for the poor and the elderly to sit on.
He was a patron because he supported the church, and lots of writers, artists, architects and students. He founded a "Platonic Academy" where students could study the works of Ancient Greek writers and talk about politics, religion and new ideas. The head of the Academy was a philosopher called Marsillio Ficino. Cosimo encouraged architects to design buildings in the style of Ancient Rome. He collected a huge library of books and gave them to the monastery of San Lorenzo to be used by students. When he wanted some quiet time, he went to another monastery, Sant Marco's, where he encouraged one of the monks, Fra Angelico, to paint beautiful sacred pictures.
After the death of Cosimo, his grandson Lorenzo de' Medici became even more famous. He was called Lorenzo il Magnifico (the Magnificent). It was during the time of Lorenzo that some of the most famous artists in world history were alive in Florence, and worked for the Medici:- Botticelli, Michelangelo and Leonardo Da Vinci.

Lava
Lava is what people call molten, liquid rock that is above the ground. Usually, it comes from a volcano when the volcano erupts. When it cools down again, it will become rock. When lava is below the ground, it is called magma.

Greenwich Village
Greenwich Village is an area on the western part of southern/downtown Manhattan. It is sometimes called "The Village". The Village is mainly residential.
Location.
Greenwich Village is bordered by Broadway to the east, Hudson River to the west, Houston Street to the south and 14th Street to the north.
Layout.
Originally, Greenwich Village was a hamlet separate to New York City. It does not have a formal grid plan for its streets like much of Manhattan.
History.
The village is located on what used to be marshland. In the 16th century, Native Americans called it "Sapokanikan" which means "tobacco field". In the 1630s, it was turned into pasture by the Dutch, who called it "Noortwyck". In 1664, when the English captured the Dutch settlement of New Amsterdam, and Greenwich Village developed as a hamlet.
In 1712, it officially became a village, and was named Grin'wich in the 1713 Common Council records. Following a yellow fever epidemic in 1822, many New York residents moved to the healthier air of Greenwich; where many stayed. In the 19th century, it was known as Washington Square.

Yoshiki
Yoshiki is a famous Japanese musician. He is the founder of the Japanese band rock X Japan.

Aragon
Aragon ("Aragón" in Spanish and Aragonese, "Aragó" in Catalan) is an autonomous comunity in the north of Spain. The capital of Aragon is Zaragoza (sometimes called Saragossa in English). The population is 1,217,514
Languages.
All the people in Aragón speaks Spanish, but there are people that also speak Catalan or Aragonese.

Aragonese language
The Aragonese language is spoken in the north of Aragon. The Aragonese is similar to other near languages: Spanish language, Catalan and Occitan. Also there are a lot of words in Aragonese similar to Basque words. About 10,000 people speak Aragonese. Aragonese is a Romance language.

Levi Eshkol
Levi Eshkol (born:Levi Shkolnik) (1895–1969) was the 3rd Prime Minister of Israel.

Sidney Sheldon
Sidney Sheldon (February 11, 1917 - January 30, 2007) was an American screenwriter and novelist. He wrote the screenplays for twenty-three motion pictures including "Easter Parade" and "Annie Get Your Gun". He also created four long-running television series. He is also included in the "Guinness Book of Records" as, "The Most Translated Author".

Mackenzie Bowell
Sir Mackenzie Bowell, PC, KCMG (December 27, 1823 – December 10, 1917) was the fifth Prime Minister of Canada from December 21, 1894 to April 27, 1896.
Early life.
Bowell was born in Rickinghall, Suffolk, England to John Bowell and Elizabeth Marshall. In 1832 his family moved to Belleville, Ontario. He started work helping the printer at the town newspaper, "The Intelligencer". He became printer and editor with that newspaper, and later its owner. He was a Freemason and an Orangeman, becoming Grandmaster of the Orange Order of British North America, 1870 – 1878. In 1847 he married Harriet Moore (1829 – 1884). He had four sons and five daughters.
Politics.
Bowell was elected to the House of Commons in 1867, as a Conservative, for North Hastings, Ontario. In 1878 he became Minister of Customs. In 1892 he became Minister of Militia and Defence. He was a skilled and hardworking administrator. He later became Minister of Trade and Commerce. He was elected to the Senate. His visit to Australia in 1893 led to the first meeting of British colonies and territories. It was held in Ottawa in 1894. He became Leader of the Government in the Senate on October 31 1893.
In December 1894 the Prime Minister Sir John Thompson died suddenly. Bowell was the most senior Cabinet minister and was appointed Prime Minister by the Governor General. Bowell was the second of two Canadian Prime Ministers to serve in the Senate rather than the House of Commons. (The first was John Abbott.)
Manitoba Schools Question.
As Prime Minister, Bowell faced the difficult Manitoba Schools Question. In 1890 Manitoba stopped giving money to Catholic schools. This was the opposite of an earlier law called in the Manitoba Act of 1870. Bowell other political leaders couldn't solve the problem. It had divided the country, the government, and even Bowell's own Cabinet. He couldn't make up his own mind on how to fix the problem. As a Senator he couldn't speak in the arguments in the House of Commons. Bowell supported a law that would have forced Manitoba to restore funding the Catholic schools. His Cabinet didn't agree. Normal government activities stopped. His Cabinet decided he didn't have the ability to be Prime Minister and he was forced to resign. Seven government ministers resigned and stopped new people from being appointed. Bowell called them "a nest of traitors". After ten days, the Governor General stepped in and the problem was solved. Six of the ministers went back to their jobs. Charles Tupper was the person who was seen as the real leader. Tupper had been Canadian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom. He had been asked to come back and taker over from Bowell. Bowell resigned at the end of the parliamentary session.
Bowell was the Conservative leader until 1906. He stayed in the Senate until his death. He died of pneumonia in Bellville, just before he turned 94. He was buried in the Belleville Cemetery. His funeral was attended by a full group of the Orange Order.
Bowell's descendants live in Hertfordshire, England.

Rugby World Cup
The Rugby World Cup is the most important competition in the sport of rugby union. The cup happens every four years. The first one was in 1987. The next one is being held in 2011, in New Zealand. The competition is one of the biggest sporting events in the world (along with the FIFA World Cup and the Olympics).
There are only 20 spots available in a Rugby World Cup, so teams must compete for them in a qualifying competition. Teams that reached the knockout stages of the previous tournament automatically qualify for the next tournament.
The current champions are South Africa.

Ball bearing
A ball bearing is a small ball, usually metal, that is part of one type of bearing. It is used to lessen friction between moving parts of a machine.

1996 U.S. campaign finance scandal
The 1996 United States campaign finance scandal refers to possible efforts by the People's Republic of China to change United States politics before and during the Clinton Administration as well as the fund-raising activities of President Clinton and the U.S. Democratic Party.
Questions about the Democratic Party's fund-raising activities began in October 1996. The people first learned about China's role in the scandal after the "Washington Post" newspaper wrote a story that said a U.S. Department of Justice investigation found evidence that spies for China tried to give Asian money to the Democratic National Committee (DNC) in 1996. It is a crime in the U.S. for people in other countries to give money to U.S. politicians.
Seventeen people were arrested later by the police and convicted by the courts. Some of the people arrested were friends of President Clinton and Vice President Al Gore.
New China lobby.
According to a U.S. Senate report, before 1995, China used diplomacy to promote itself in the United States. They occasionally met with top White House officials. In these meetings, Chinese officials often bargained with the U.S. government by using the appeal of their large commercial market.
U.S. companies were also known to lobby (to convince government people that what they want is good for everyone) the U.S. government about their deals with China. In the 1990s, the news media reported on U.S. companies lobbying for better trade laws with China and called this the "New China Lobby" (compared with the "old" China Lobby that worked for the Republic of China, also known as Taiwan). The group was made of businesses with investments in China such as AT&T, General Motors, and Boeing. Also, important Americans, including several former U.S. Secretaries of State, promoted increased economic relationships with China (these people included Henry Kissinger, George Shultz, Cyrus Vance, Lawrence Eagleburger Jr., Alexander Haig, and Brent Scowcroft). This "New China Lobby" urged U.S. officials to protect China's trade relationship with the United States because American exports to China were creating new American jobs.
The U.S. Senate report about the 1996 fund-raising scandal said that American exports to the China grew from $3 billion in 1980 to $38 billion in 1994. Between 1991 and 1996, U.S. exports to China increased 90.5 percent and the U.S. named China as one of the top ten "Big Emerging Markets". They said China offered the biggest possiblity for U.S. products in the future. Total trade between the two countries rose from $4.8 billion in 1980 to $63.5 billion in 1996. This made China the fourth largest U.S. trade partner at the time.
Because of this, critics questioned why China was still thought of as an enemy of the United States. One explanation, according to the Senate report, was the American public's negative attitude toward China's human rights history. They still remembered the Tiananmen Square events in 1989. Another reason from China's view, according to the report, was because an anti-China U.S. Congress came to power. According to the Senate Committee, information learned during its investigation showed that China was concerned that decisions by Congress would hurt the Chinese.
Taiwan problem and nuclear secrets.
In early 1995, Taiwan's president, Lee Teng-hui, asked for a visa to go to the United States so he could attend his graduate school reunion at Cornell University in June 1995. By May of that year, Congress asked President Clinton to give a visa to President Lee. After the U.S. State Department gave Lee a visa, China protested and sent their ambassador to the United States back home to China. China considers Taiwan part of their country. On May 15, 1995, China tested a nuclear bomb underground. Almost at the same time, China's spy agency sent an agent to the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) office in Taiwan. The agent gave a secret Chinese government document to the Americans. The document showed that China knew everything about America's nuclear weapons. The People's Liberation Army (PLA) then began missile tests in the water near Taiwan in July of that year.
China plan.
After these events, according to the Senate report, Chinese officials created a plan to promote their interests with the U.S. government and to improve China's image with the American people. The "China Plan", was created because the U.S. Congress got President Clinton to give President Lee a visa. When making the plan, Chinese officials admitted that, compared to other countries, it knew very little about the U.S. Congress.
The plan, according the Senate report, told Chinese officials in the U.S. to improve their knowledge about members of Congress and to increase contacts with its members, the public, and the media. The plan also suggested ways to lobby U.S. officials. China repeatedly denied these activities involved money.
Though the amount of participation by the Chinese government in the scandal may never be completely known, investigations by the American media, the U.S. Justice Department, and the U.S. Congress, did prove individual people tried to influence American elections with Asian money before 1996.
Yah Lin "Charlie" Trie and Wang Jun.
The biggest of the illegal foreign money donations was a $460,000 donated by Yah Lin "Charlie" Trie to President Bill Clinton's legal defense fund. The donation was made via 460 separate $1,000 money orders made out in different names but with all the same handwriting.
Born in Taiwan, Trie went to the U.S. in 1974. He eventually became an American citizen and co-owner of a restaurant in Little Rock, Arkansas where he became friends with then Governor Clinton. In addition to the donation to Clinton's defense fund, Trie and his family donated $220,000 to the DNC which was later returned.
Immediately after the donation to Clinton's defense fund, Tri sent a letter to President Clinton that told the president he risked war with China if the United States tried to interfere with China's military exercises near Taiwan
When Charlie Trie's fund-raising activities were questioned by the U.S. Congress in late 1996, he left the country for China. Trie returned to the U.S. in 1998 and was convicted and sentenced to three years probation and four months home imprisonment (the act of being in prison) for violating federal campaign finance laws.
In February 1996, Trie brought Wang Jun, leader of CITIC (the top investment company of the Chinese government) and Poly Technologies (a company that did business for the Chinese military" that was later criminally charged with smuggling 2,000 AK-47 weapons into the U.S.), to a White House meeting with the president. President Clinton later admitted Wang's attendance at the White House was "inappropriate." According to Clinton, the event attended by Wang was a small group discussion.
"I'd talk for five or 10 minutes and then we'd... go around the table and let people say whatever they wanted to say. I'm not sure that [Wang] ever said anything... I can tell you for sure nothing inappropriate came from it in terms of any... action on my part... We have to do a better job of screening (reviewing the history of) people who come in and out of here" — President Clinton, Dec. 20, 1996.
Four days before Wang's White House visit, President Clinton gave Wang Jun's company Poly Technologies permits that allowed them to send 100,000 semi-automatic guns and millions of rounds of ammunition (bullets) to a Detroit company (China Jiang An) that had connections to the Chinese military. Robert Sanders, a U.S. lawyer representing the Chinese, could not explain why the special permits were given to the company. "All of a sudden, there was a breakthrough," Sanders said. "I can't account for it."
According to Wang, during a United Nations meeting on women's rights in Beijing in 1995, he received an invitation from First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton to attend a personal meeting, but he was busy and could not meet with her. Wang has also met with Alexander Haig and Henry Kissinger (whom he calls "a good friend") in addition to former President George H. W. Bush in April 1996. During his two-day visit to Washington in 1996, Wang also held talks with Bill Clinton's Commerce Secretary, Ron Brown. Wang met Brown once before at a trade mission in Hong Kong.
Ron Brown and Bernard Schwartz.
A close business partner of Ron Brown told a court in 1998 that Brown had told her Commerce Department trade missions were used for political fund-raising at the request of President Clinton and the First Lady. She said trade mission plane seats were sold to business people who gave at least $50,000 each to the DNC.
It was later reported that a Commerce Department official destroyed official government documents about the department's trade missions to China after a judge ordered they be given to "Judicial Watch", a government watchdog group (watchdog groups make sure people are not violating the law or rules). According to the court: "No [good] explanation has been given as to why these documents were destroyed."
Some of the trade missions to Asia were attended by Bernard Schwartz, then the leader of Loral Space and Communications (an American maker of satellites). Schwartz donated over $600,000 to the DNC and President Clinton's 1996 reelection effort. Loral was fined $14 million U.S. dollars in 2002 for its involvement in illegally giving missile technology to China in 1996. The transfer of classified secrets occured in February 1996 during an investigation into the failed launch and explosion of a Long March rocket that was to carry a Loral satellite into space. President Clinton signed the special waivers that allowed China to launch the Loral satellite.
Brown, who was under investigation for fraud and bribery, died in a plane crash in Croatia in April 1996.
Johnny Chung and Liu Chaoying.
Johnny Chung also attended some of Ron Brown's Commerce Department trade missions to Asia. Born in Taiwan, Chung made forty-nine separate visits to the White House between February 1994 and February 1996. During one of the Commerce Department trade missions to China, Chung became friends with former Chinese Lt. Col. Liu Chaoying, an employee of China Aerospace Holdings (China's main satellite company) and daughter of former Chinese General Liu Huaqing.
Between 1994 and 1996, Chung donated $366,000 U.S. dollars to the DNC. Eventually, all of the money was returned. Chung told U.S. government investigators that $35,000 of the money he donated came from Liu Chaoying and China's military.
Specifically, Chung told a U.S. House of Representatives Committee in May 1999 that he was introduced to Chinese Gen. Ji Shengde, then the head of Chinese military intelligence, by Liu Chaoying. Chung said that Ji told him: "We like your president very much. We would like to see him reelect ["sic"]. I will give you 300,000 U.S. dollars. You can give it to the president and the Democrat Party." Both Liu and the Chinese government denied the claims.
Chung was eventually convicted by a U.S. court for bank fraud, not paying his taxes, and violating election law.

Kick
In hand-to-hand combat, in martial arts and sports, a kick is a blow with the foot, the knee or the leg. It is used in combat as an attack. Generally, the kicks are slower than the punches although stronger than the blows with hands.
The kicks are a fundamental part in many martial arts. The examples are: wushu, karate, kickboxing, tangsudo or taekwondo; whereas other arts do not use any kick, as it is in the case of judo or of boxing. Other martial arts can use kicks, although they limit them to attacks to the legs and to the lower parts of the body of the opponent.
There exists a great number of kicks, and a lot of them have typical names for each one. Frequently the same movement has different names in different martial arts. This is obvious especially when comparisons are done between western arts and oriental arts.
Usual kicks.
(1) The front kicks and side kicks, in "penetrating" form, on the lower member are entitled between the professionals especially for certain titles, but not in all the lands.
(2) There exist numerous hybrid kicks, such as the "side-front" que the "side kick" with the hips rather frontal what allows an instant connection of the techniques of fist much useful in active defense
Spinning and jumping kicks.
(*) Certain techniques can be spinning and jumping at the same time.

1400
Events.
Europe has about 52 million inhabitants.

Islam and clothing
Dresses for women.
Islam says that women should dress in a very special way. This dress code applies to women and adolescent girls, but not to children. Usually, women who travel to Islamic countries should also wear such dress.

Charles I of England
Charles I of England (19 November 1600 - 30 January 1649) was the King of England and Scotland, of the House of Stuart, from 27 March 1625. He was a son of James I of England. He was married to Henrietta Maria of France.
Charles was born at Dunfermline in Scotland, before his father came to the throne of England. He had an elder brother, Henry, who was clever, handsome and popular, and who was next in line for the throne. Henry died suddenly in 1612, and his brother Charles was made Prince of Wales in his place, showing that he was now the heir to the throne. Charles was less suited to be king than Henry had been, because he was small and weak and not as clever. After his brother died, the person he liked best was George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham, who was also his father's best friend. The Duke of Buckingham was very powerful and rich, but was not popular with ordinary people. He took Charles to Spain in the hope of finding him a Spanish princess as a bride, but they had a lot of problems on the journey and could not persuade the Spanish king to give them his daughter as a wife for Charles. On the way home, they went to France, and there Charles met the French royal family. The youngest of the French princesses was called Henrietta Maria, and Charles later chose her to be his wife.
When Charles became king, he decided that he did not like sharing the work of government with the people who were elected to Parliament. So his answer for this problem was to rule by himself for eleven years, without calling a Parliament. From 1629 to 1640, there was no Parliament. This made him very unpopular with the people, who did not like the different taxes they had to pay directly to the king, since Parliament could not vote to give him any budget. Many also did not like the King's closest advisor, William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury, who was trying to force everyone in England to use the same Anglican Prayer Book and stop the many other Protestant denominations that were becoming popular at that time.
When the king and the Archbishop then tried to force a Prayer Book on Scotland, which was even more Protestant, armed rebellion broke out there. Now that the king was at war, he needed more money than he actually had, so he had no choice but to call Parliament again in 1640. The members of Parliament, angry about being left out for 11 years, did not want to vote for giving him money to fight his war, as much as they wanted to talk about what a terrible king he was. So after only three weeks, Charles shut down Parliament again. For this reason, it was known as the Short Parliament.
Without enough money, Charles lost the war badly, and had to pay the Scots even more money that he did not have. This meant that once again he had to call a Parliament, much as he hated to do so. One of the first things they did was vote that the King had to call Parliament, and could not shut them down again. Charles had no choice but to agree. This Parliament is known as the Long Parliament, because it ended up lasting for twenty years, until 1660.
The Parliament and the King then began to quarrel about who was in control of the army. Each side ended up with their own army, and this led to the English Civil War that started in 1642. The army of Parliament got the upper hand in this war, and Charles, after a crushing defeat in 1646, went to the Scots for protection. But they decided to turn him over to Parliament in 1647. Charles escaped at one point and went to the governor of the Isle of Wight for protection, but this was also a bad move because he too was on the side of Parliament and only captured the king again. While he was being held in the castle, Charles made an agreement with the Scots who joined his side, and the fighting started again in 1648. Because he was still making trouble for them even while he was captured, Parliament voted to put the king on trial. This had never been done to a king of England before.
At the trial he was found guilty and was finally put to death by beheading in January 1649. Some of the members of Parliament who were opposed to killing king Charles were purged, and from this time on, what was left of the Long Parliament became known as the Rump Parliament. This Parliament took complete power in England, and there was no new king at all until 1660.

Pepin the Short
Pepin the Short or Pippin (714 – September 24, 768), often known as Pepin the Younger or Pepin III, was King of the Franks from 751 to 768.
Pepin was the son of Charles Martel and Chrotrud (690 - 720), and was born in Jupille, Belgium.
Pepin died at Saint Denis and is buried in the basilica with his wife, Bertrada of Laon. His sons, Charlemagne and Carloman, were each King of half the Kingdom of the Franks after him.

Sense and Sensibility
"Sense and Sensibility" is a book by Jane Austen. It was first published in 1811.
The story is mainly about two sisters, the sensible Elinor and the romantic Marianne Dashwood and their lovers.

Pride and Prejudice
"Pride and Prejudice" is a book by Jane Austen. It was published in 1813.

Emma (book)
"Emma" is a book by Jane Austen. The story is about "Emma Woodhouse", a young match maker who first matched her governess (kind of teacher) and her best friend, Miss Taylor, and a wealty man Mr Weston, who lives in the vicinity of Hartfield.

Chris Martin
Chris Martin is an English singer for the band Coldplay. He was born in Devon, England on March 2, 1977. He is married to Gwyneth Paltrow and together they have two children, a daughter called Apple and a son who is called Moses.

Joseph Fiennes
Joseph Alberic Fiennes is an English actor. He was born on May 27 1970 in Salisbury, Wiltshire, England. His parents are Jennifer Lash and Mark Fiennes. Joseph is the youngest of six children. His brothers and sister are Ralph Fiennes, Sophie Fiennes, Martha Fiennes, Magnus Fiennes and his twin brother, Jacob Fiennes. He is very famous for acting in the movie "Shakespeare in Love".

Piracy
Piracy is a crime that people do on ships which are at sea. Pirates (those are the names of the people who commit piracy) usually have small and fast boats. They use these boats to enter large ships, which are usually cargo ships. As of 2006, the cargo ships that travel the oceans are huge. They usually have very few crew members. "Crew" is what the people are called that man a boat, and that work on that boat. Since the ships are huge, they usually carry a lot of money in the ship safe deposit. This money is used to pay the crew, and to pay for the taxes to stay at a port, or to pass through a channel.
Modern-day pirates usually enter the boat to get that money. In the process, they may kill the crew, or hold them for ransom. In very few cases, they may also take over the ship, and sell its cargo. Pirates are also known for their love of gold and treasure.

Wikibooks
Wikibooks is a collection of free books. It is one of many projects that are run by the Wikimedia Foundation.
Some books are original, but others have started as text copied from other sources of free-content textbooks found on the Internet.
The GNU Free Documentation License covers all the content that is in Wikibooks.

Charles IX of France
Charles IX of France (June 27, 1550 – May 30, 1574) was a King of France and a member of the house of Valois.
Birth.
Charles was born in Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France, on June 27, 1550. His parents were Henry II of France and Catherine of Medici.
Marriage.
Charles was married to Elizabeth of Austria on November 26, 1570. They had one child, Mary Elizabeth of France (October 27, 1572 – April 9, 1578), who died young.
Death.
Charles died in Vincennes, France, on May 30, 1574. He is buried in the Saint Denis Basilica. The next King was Henry III of France.

Henry III of France
Henry III of France (September 19, 1551 – August 2, 1589) was a King of France and a member of the House of Valois. He was also a King of Poland.
Birth.
Henry was born in Fontainbleau, France, on September 19, 1494. His parents were Henry II of France and Catherine de Medici. He was Catherine de Medici's favourite son.
Marriage.
Henry was married to Louise of Lorraine on February 13, 1575. They had no children.
Death.
Henry died in Saint-Cloud, France, on August 2, 1589, after being stabbed by a knife. He is buried in the Saint Denis Basilica. Henry was the last King of the Valois Dynasty. The next King was Henry IV of France, who was a member of the Bourbon Dynasty.

Constance of Arles
Constance of Arles (973 - July 25, 1034) was the third wife of Robert II of France. They were married in 1003 after Robert had got a divorce from his second wife, Bertha. She was buried in the Saint Denis Basilica with Robert II of France.

Matilda of Boulogne
Queen Matilda of Boulogne (1105 – May 3, 1152) was the wife of Stephen of England. She also became the Countess of Boulogne when her father died in 1125.
Matilda was born in Boulogne, France. She was the daughter of Eustace III of Boulogne and Mary of Scotland. Matilda's mother, Mary, was the daughter of Malcolm III of Scotland and Saint Margaret of Scotland.
Matilda died at Hedingham Castle, Essex, England. She was buried in Faversham Abbey.

Marie of Boulogne
Marie of Boulogne was the Countess of Boulogne from 1159 until 1170.
Marie was the daughter of Stephen of England and Matilda of Boulogne. She was placed in a convent when she was young so that she could become a nun. When her brother, William of Blois, died, she became the heir of the Count of Boulogne. She had to leave the convent and was married to Matthew of Alsace. Marie and Matthew ruled Boulogne together, but their marriage was not happy and they got a divorce in 1170.
After Marie died, Matthew continued to be the Count of Boulogne until 1173. After this Marie and Matthew's daughter, Ida of Boulogne, became Countess of Boulogne. Marie and Matthew's other daughter, Maud of Boulogne, became the wife of Henry I of Brabant.

Margaret of Blois
Margaret of Blois was Countess of Blois from 1218 until 1230. She was the daughter of Theobald V of Blois and Alix of France. Her mother was the daughter of Louis VII of France and Eleanor of Aquitaine.
Margaret was married to Otto I of Burgundy.

Flemish Region
Flanders (Dutch: Vlaanderen) is a region in the north of Belgium. The other region is Wallonia. The official language is Dutch, sometimes called Flemish. Flanders has 5 provinces. About 7 million people live there. Its capital is Brussels.

Feta cheese
Feta cheese (Greek: φέτα, feminine gender; pronounced), or simply Feta is a kind of cheese. Usually it is made from the milk of sheep or goats. Feta cheese originally is from the Greek mainland, or from Lesbos in the Aegean Sea.
Other cheese (which is usually not from Greece and is usually made from cow milk) must not be called "Feta" from 2007. The European Court said so in its decisions C-465/02 and C-466/02 (from October 25, 2005).
History.
What is now called "feta cheese" was known to Ancient Greeks. Homer must have known about it. There were several references to the cheese in the "Odyssey". According to the myth, the cyclops Polyphemos was the first cheese manufacturer. He carried the milk in animal-skin bags. He had collected the milk from his sheep. He was very surprised to see that days later the milk had become solid. Whe Polyphemus tried to eat it, it tasted well. He also found that as such a solid, it would go bad later than with milk.
The name "Feta" has an Italian origin. It is derived from "fetta" (slice), and dates back to the 17th century. Very likely this referred to the method of cutting the cheese in slices to put it in barrels.

Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band
Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band was an album released by The Beatles. It was the 9th Beatles album to be released in Britain. It was released on June 1st, 1967, and stayed at the top of the charts for twenty-seven weeks. It has lots of well-known songs such as McCartney's "When I'm Sixty-Four" and "A Day in the Life," which Lennon and McCartney worked on together. For a while before this album came out, the Beatles had been trying new things when they made records, but this album made a much bigger change in the way they sounded. In the first two songs, Ringo Starr uses the alias of Billy Shears.
Songs on the album.
All songs are by Lennon/McCartney unless otherwise specified.

Winter Palace
The Winter Palace (Russian: Зимний Дворец) is a place in St. Petersburg, Russia, where Tsars (Russian kings) could stay during winter. It was between the shores of the Neva River and the Palace Square and built between 1754 and 1762.
Today, it houses part of the Hermitage Museum.

Standing's day gecko
The Standing's day gecko ("Phelsuma standingi" Methuen & Hewitt, 1913) is a type of gecko. It is diurnal, which means that it sleeps during the night and is awake during the day. It lives in southwest Madagascar and usually is found on trees. Standing's day gecko eats insects and nectar (a type of drink created by flowers).

Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor
Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor (October 1, 1685 – October 20, 1740). His daughter, Maria Theresa of Austria, inherited the Austrian Habsburg Empire.

Pierre Trudeau
Pierre Elliot Trudeau (born October 18, 1919 in Montreal, Canada – 2000) was the 15th Canadian Prime Minister during the 1970s (1968 - 1979), and then again from 1980 - 1984. He is thought by many Canadian citizens today as having been the greatest Canadian Prime Minister ever.
As Prime Minister.
He had many challenges during the 1970s, including the October Crisis, when he held the country together by defeating the referendum on Quebec sovereignty (the province of Quebec wanted to leave Canada and become its own country), and keeping Quebec a member of the Canadian state. Another popular event associated with Pierre Trudeau is Trudeaumania, which referred to how much he was liked by the Canadian people. As a relatively young man, he was very close to the youth of the time, as well as funny, and he appealed to everyone by being so understanding and just like a normal person. This kind of Prime Minister had never been seen before, and it made people feel like he was a good, friendly person.
Retirement and death.
Trudeau retired from being the Prime Minister in 1984, after which he didn't speak to the public very much. He died in 2000. After he died, his son, Justin Trudeau, spoke at his funeral, which was shown all over the country. He said "je t'aime" (French for "I love you") and cried on his father's coffin. After this moving eulogy (a speech at a funeral about the dead person), many Canadian people thought Justin would have a future in politics; however, he has yet to run for elected office, at any level.

Jennifer Lopez
Jennifer Lynn López (also known as J. Lo) is a Grammy-nominated American singer, actor, dancer, and fashion designer. She was born 24 July, 1969. She's most known for her performances in "Selena" (a tribute movie to the late Mexican singer Selena), "Out Of Sight" (co-starring George Clooney)," The Cell", and recently "An Unfinished Life", with Robert Redford and Morgan Freeman.
Her first album "On The 6" was released in 1999. It contains the hit singles "If You Had My Love", "No Me Ames", "Waiting For Tonight", and "Feelin' So Good and Let's Get Loud". She released "J.Lo" in 2001, her most successful album to date. "J to Tha Lo! The Remixes" and "This is me...Then" were released in 2002. Her latest album is "Brave" which was out in 2008. Lopez has sold more than 40 millions copies of her albums so far.
She has many records, including record for having a movie and album ("The Wedding Planner", and "J.Lo") both #1 on the same week. Also, she is recently known for having the biggest re-entry on the Billboard charts, for the single "Control Myself" (2006) by LL Cool J and where she's featuring. After a peak at #89 and going out of the charts, it made a high re-entry again, at #4, some weeks after.
Lopez has had problems with People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) and other animal activist groups because she often uses fur in the clothing she designs and the clothing she wears.

Anne of Brittany
Anne of Brittany (January 25, 1477 - January 9, 1514) was a Duchess of Brittany.
Birth.
Anne was the daughter of Francis II of Brittany and Margaret of Foix. She was born in Nantes (then in Brittany, now officially outside that Région) on January 25, 1477.
Marriage and children.
Anne was married to Charles VIII of France on December 6, 1491. They had four children, but all of them died young.
Death.
Anne died in the Chateau of Blois on January 9, 1514.

Ritual
A Ritual (or a "Rite") is a set of actions people do. In a ritual, the actions are important for their symbolic significance. Every action stands for a particular thing. Rituals are always done in the same way.
Very often, rituals have a religious significance. They mark a passage or a change. Danger might be involved in carrying out the ritual.
Through a certain ritual, a boy might show that he is now a man, for example.
When the ritual has been performed successfully, it is usually followed by a celebration.

Maria Theresa of Austria
Maria Theresa of Austria (May 13, 1717 – November 29, 1780) was the only female head of the Habsburg Dynasty. She was the Holy Roman Empress, queen of Hungary and Bohemia, and archduchess of Austria.
Biography.
Maria Theresa was born in Vienna, Austria, on May 13 1717. Her parents were Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor and Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel.
Maria Theresa died in Vienna, Austria, on November 29, 1780.
She was the Archduchess of Austria and queen of bohemia and Hungary. Oldest daughter of Charles VI.

Marie Antoinette
Marie Antoinette (November 2, 1755 in Vienna – October 16, 1793 in Paris) was an Archduchess of Austria and a Queen of France and Navarre.
Death.
Marie Antoinette was executed in Paris, France, on October 16, 1793. She was buried in the Saint Denis Basilica.

Montesquieu
Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu (January 18, 1689 – February 10, 1755), more commonly known as Montesquieu, was a French political thinker. He lived during the Enlightenment. He is famous for his theory of separation of powers. This theory is taken for granted in modern discussions of government. Many constitutions all over the world use it. He was largely responsible for the making the terms "feudalism" and "Byzantine Empire" popular.
Political views.
Montesquieu saw that there were two types of powers: the sovereign and the administrative. The administrative powers were the legislative, the executive, and the judiciary. These powers should be divided up so that each power would have a power over the other. This was radical because it completely eliminated the three "Estates" structure of the French Monarchy. These were the aristocracy, clergy, and third estate from the estates. It abolished any vestige of a feudalistic structure.
There were also three main forms of government. These were
Montesquieu believed that the best form of government was a monarchy, and he thought the British constitution was ideal.
Like many of his generation, Montesquieu held a number of views that might today be judged controversial. While he endorsed the idea that a woman could run a government, he thought that she could not be effective as the head of a family. He firmly accepted the role of a hereditary aristocracy and the value of primogeniture. Hereditary means that the title passes form the parents to the children. His views have also been abused by modern revisionists; for instance, even though Montesquieu was ahead of his time as an ardent opponent of slavery, he has been quoted out of context in attempts to show he supported it.
One of his more exotic ideas, outlined in "The Spirit of the Laws" and hinted at in "Persian Letters", is the climate theory. It says that climate should substantially influence the nature of man and his society. Montesquieu even thinks that certain climates are better than others. The temperate climate of France is the best of possible climates in his opinion. His view is that people living in hot countries are "too hot-tempered", while those in northern countries are "icy" or "stiff." The climate in middle Europe therefore breeds the best people. (This view is possibly influenced by similar statements in "Germania" by Tacitus, one of Montesquieu's favourite authors.)
It was Montesquieu's philosophy that "government should be set up so that no man need be afraid of another" that prompted the creators of the Constitution to divide the U.S. government into three separate branches.

Aristocracy
Aristocracy is a kind of government. In Ancient Greek, the word aristocracy means "the rule of the best". There are many different kinds of aristocracy with many different ways the government is set up. What all of them have in common is that a small group of people have the political and legal power over a larger group. In history, most aristocracies are hereditary. Members of the ruling group have been able to put their children in the ruling group. Aristocracy can be combined with other kinds of government.

Poseidon
Poseidon is the god of the sea in Greek mythology and one of the Twelve Olympians. He is the brother of Zeus,Hades,Demeter and Hera. His home is Mount Olympus and all the water on earth. He is the god of the sea and earthquakes, the cyclops' and of horses. He had many love affairs, although he was married to a amphitrite. In some stories, he is believed to have been eaten by his father Cronos, in other versions his mother Rhea saves him by feeding her husband a small horse wrapped in a blanket. When he was displeased, he would throw down his Trident and cause earthquakes. He was also called the "Sea Swimmer" the "Earth Shaker" and "Father of many heroes".
See also.
poseidon also lived in his fathers stomach untill zeus made him throw him and his brothers and sisters up

Object-oriented programming
Object-oriented programming or OOP is a paradigm of computer science. A computer program is made of a collection of objects that each have aids, that call each other. In the traditional view, a program used to call functions that act on some set of data. With the object-oriented view, the set of data that is acted upon is implicit (the object itself).
Each object can receive messages, process data, and send messages to other objects. Each object can be seen as an independent little machine or actor with a distinct role or responsibility.
People say object-oriented programming gives them more flexibility. Since it promotes the use of clean specifications and programming interfaces, it can lead to programs that are easier to maintain. It is very popular in software engineering. Some people also say that those new to programming will learn the object-oriented approach more easily. Other people question this, and say that at least for some fields of programming, object-oriented programming adds more problems than it solves.

Message (computer science)
In computer science, a message is a bit of data, which is sent by a sender, to a recipient. This is usually done by copying the data around. In an event-driven model, the recipient will then act in a certain way to the message.

Handball
Handball (also known as team handball, field handball or Olympic handball) is a team sport similar to football (soccer). Two teams of seven players each (six players and a goalkeeper) pass and bounce a ball using the hands, trying to throw it into the goal of the other team.

Twelve Olympians
The Twelve Olympians are the most important gods of Greek mythology, who lived on top of Mount Olympus. Seventeen gods have been said to have been Olympians, but there were never more than twelve at the same time.
Zeus, Hera, Poseidon, Ares, Hermes, Hephaestus, Aphrodite, Athena, Apollo, and Artemis are always considered to be Olympians. Hebe, Helios, Hestia, Demeter, Dionysus, Hades, and Persephone are the gods who have sometimes been Olympians. Hestia gave up her place to Dionysus because she wanted to live amongst humans.
The Olympians became the most important gods when Zeus and his brothers and sisters won a war against the Titans. Zeus, Hera, Poseidon, Demeter, Hestia, and Hades are all brothers and sisters. All the other gods are Zeus's children and have different mothers.

Sandro Botticelli
Alessandro di Mariano Filipepi, better known as Sandro Botticelli ("little barrel") (March 1, 1445 – May 17, 1510) was an Italian painter. He was of the Florentine school during the Early Renaissance (Quattrocento).
Less than a hundred years later, Giorgio Vasari saw this movement as a "golden age". The patron of the movement was Lorenzo de' Medici. Giogio Vasari expressed this thought at the head of his "Vita" of Botticelli.
Young Botticelli.
Botticelli was born in Florence in the working-class "rione" of "Ognissanti". At first he did an apprenticeship to become a goldsmith. Following the boy's wishes, his doting father sent him to Fra Filippo Lippi. Lippi was working on frescoing the Convent of the Carmine. Lippi's synthesis of the new control of three-dimensional forms, tender expressiveness in face and gesture, and decorative details inherited from the late Gothic style were the strongest influences on Botticelli. Another ingfluence were the Pollaiuolo brothers.They were doing a series of Virtues for the Tribunale or meeting hall of the Mercanzia. This hall was a cloth-merchants' confraternity.Botticelli contributed to this the "Fortitude", dated 1470 in the Uffizi Gallery.
He was an apprentice too of Andrea del Verrocchio, where Leonardo da Vinci worked beside him, but he made his name in his local Church of Ognissanti, with a "St. Augustine" that successfully competed as a pendant with Domenico Ghirlandaio's "Jerome" on the other side "the head of the saint being expressive of profound thought and quick subtlety" (Vasari). In 1470 he opened his own independent "studio".
Being discovered by the Medici.
Lorenzo de' Medici was quick to employ his talent. Botticelli made consistent use of the circular "tondo" form and did many beautiful female nudes, according to Vasari. The "Birth of Venus" was at the Medici villa of Castello.
Influences of religion on Botticelli.
This is a common misunderstanding. It is based on a mistake by Vasari. The painting referred to here, now in the National Gallery in London, is by the artist Botticini. Vasari confused their similar sounding names.
Other influences.
In 1481, Pope Sixtus IV summoned him and prominent Florentine and Umbrian artists who had been summoned to fresco the walls of the Sistine Chapel. The iconological program was the supremacy of the Papacy. Sandro's contribution was moderately successful.
He returned to Florence, and "being of a sophistical turn of mind, he there wrote a commentary on a portion of Dante and illustrated the Inferno which he printed, spending much time over it, and this abstension from work led to serious disorders in his living." Thus Vasari characterized the first printed Dante (1481) with Botticelli's decorations; he could not imagine that the new art of printing might occupy an artist. As for the subject, when Fra Girolamo Savonarola began to preach hellfire and damnation, the susceptible Sandro Botticelli became one of his adherents, a "piagnone" left painting as a worldly vanity, burned much of his own early work, fell into poverty as a result, and would have starved but for the tender support of his former patrons.

Hermes
Hermes is the god of travellers and shepherds in Greek mythology. He is one of the Twelve Olympians and is the messenger of the gods.
Hermes is the son of Zeus and Maia. He was born on Mount Cyllene. The story of his birth was told in the Homeric Hymn, which means "Hyme to Hermes". It said the Maia was a nymph.
Hermes was very clever and on his first day invented the lyre, by using the shell of a tortoise.

Maia
Maia is the oldest of the Pleiades in Greek mythology and is the goddess of the fields. She is also the most beautiful and the shyest.
The Pleiades were the seven daughters of Atlas and Pleione. Maia and her sisters were all born on Mount Cyllene, which is in Arcadia.
Maia was the mother of Hermes by Zeus, who is another god. She gave birth to Hermes in a cave in Arcadia. After Maia gave birth to Hermes she wrapped him in blankets and then went to sleep. When she woke up Hermes and crawled away to Thessaly and had invented the lyre and stole some of Apollo's cattle.
Maia also looked after Arkas when Hera had turned his mother, Kallisto, into a bear.

Pleiades (mythology)
The Pleiades are seven nymphs in Greek mythology, and companions of Artemis. They were the seven daughters of Atlas and the nymph Pleione. They were all born on Mount Cyllene, which is in Arcadia.

Medieval commune
Medieval townspeople in western Europe during the period of the High Middle Ages needed protection from lawless nobles and bandits. The walled city was protection from direct assault, but once a townsperson left the city walls, he or she was at the mercy of often violent and lawless nobles in the countryside. Because much of medieval Europe lacked central authority to provide protection, such as a police force (to use a modern analogy), each city had to provide its own protection for citizens both inside the city walls, and outside. In order to do this towns formed what are called communes.
Every town had its own commune and no two communes were alike, but at the heart, communes "were sworn alliegences of mutual defense". When a commune was formed, all particpitating members gathered and swore an oath together, in public, they would defend each other in time of trouble. In addition they would swear to maintain the peace within the city proper.
What did it mean for a commune member to defend another? Obviously if a commune member was attacked outside the city it was too late to call for help as it would be unlikely anyone would be around in time. Instead the commune would promise to exact revenge on the attacker, the promise of revenge being a form of defense. However, what would happen if the attacker was a noble who had a castle, too strong for the townspeople? This was often the case and certainly the town commune could not muster the forces to attack a castle. Instead they might attack the nobles family, or burn his crops, or kill his serfs, or destroy his orchards. It was eye for eye violent revenge.
The commune movement started in the 11th century in northern Italy which had the most urbanized population of Europe at the time, and in what is now Belgium which was also relatively urban at the time. It then spread in the early 12th century to France, Germany, and Spain and elsewhere. England never saw much of the commune movement because it was by comparison a pretty well run kingdom and did not need local protection forces. Although in most cases the development of communes was connected with that of the cities, there were rural communes, notably in France and England, that were formed to protect the common interests of villagers.
The Church and King both had mixed reactions to communes. On the one hand they agreed safety and protection from lawless nobles was in everyones best interest. The communes intention was to keep the peace through the threat of revenge, and the Church was sympathetic to the end result of peace. However the Church had their own ways to enforce the peace such as the Peace and Truce of God movement, for example. On the other hand, communes disrupted the order of medieval society. The methods the commune used, eye for an eye, violence begets violence, were generally not acceptable to Church or King. Normally only the noble lords are allowed to fight and the merchant townspeople were the workers, not fighters. There was a sense the communes were a threat to the medieval 3-tiered social order: Those who work, those who pray, those who fight. Communes crossed the line between working and fighting. As such communes were sometimes accepted, and other times not by the Church and King. One of the most famous cases of a commune being suppressed and the resulting defiant urban revolt occurred in the French town of Laon in 1112.

Imperialism
Imperialism is a policy (way of governing) in which large or powerful countries hold control or authority over other regions or territories. Some large or powerful countries control other regions to create a bigger empire.
An example of imperialism is when countries conquer or settle in such lands by setting up colonies. In the 1700s and 1800s the British Empire used the policy of imperialism to control large territories such as Australia and Canada.

Heresy
Heresy is a word used by different churches, It is used to describe someone, who has ideas that are different or the opposite from what the church officially says about what they believe in. Such a person is known as "heretic". In medieval times, one of the punishments for heresy was burning at the stake.
Especially in the Middle Ages it was common to accuse someone of heresy. If the accusations could be proven, the culprit would go through a ritual. Since torture could be used to get a confession, the accusations were proven very often. The ritual was done to save the soul of the convicted criminal. It involved being burnt at the stake.
In the Middle Ages, male heretics used to be called "warlock", female heretics used to be called "witch".

Cossack
Cossacks (Russian "Kazakh") are a group of people in the southern land of Ukraine and Russia. They are famous for their sense of being free. They are also well known for their military skill, mostly the way they ride horses.
The name Cossack means "free man". The term was first used in the year 1395. The most well known Cossacks are the Ukrainian Cossacks from Zaporizhie and the Russian Cossacks from Don, Terek, Kuban and Ural areas. They started after the Mongol's attacked Kievan Rus. Eventually Russian Cossacks guarded land for Russian government. Cossacks were in the Russian army in some wars throughout the 1800s and 1900s. In the Russian Civil War they fought on both sides. In Soviet times, Cossacks life was subject to a lot of Bolshevik attacks and Cossack lands survived several times when no one had food. Cossack armies fought in the Second World War. In Russia today, Cossacks are ethnic descendants or are in the Cossack army and often both. There are 150,000 Cossacks in the Cossack army today and many millions of Cossack children.

American Sign Language
American Sign Language (old names: Amslan, Ameslan) is the most popular sign language for the Deaf in the United States, in the English-speaking parts of Canada, and in parts of Mexico. Although the United Kingdom and the United States share English as a spoken and written language, British Sign Language (BSL) is different than American Sign Language.
ASL is also used (sometimes with other sign languages) in the Philippines, Singapore, Hong Kong, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Puerto Rico, Côte d'Ivoire, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Chad, Gabon, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Central African Republic, Mauritania, Kenya, Madagascar, and Zimbabwe. Like other sign languages, its grammar is different from any spoken language. No one knows how many people use sign language, but some people think that between 500,000 and 2 million people in the U.S.A. alone use sign language. It is the third most used language in the United States, behind English and Spanish.
ASL includes fingerspelling. Fingerspelling is a way to show any letter of the English alphabet using one hand. Fingerspelling is also used to express numbers. Names of people and names of places can be fingerspelled.

Sign language
Sign language is a language where hands, body movements, and faces are used to "talk" with other people. Most different countries have their own sign language.

Saint-Dié-des-Vosges
Saint-Dié-des-Vosges is a city in the North East of France, located in Lorraine.
Demography.
Now about 23,000 people live there.
Tourism.
Surrounded by the Vosges mountains, it is a popular resort for tourists.
Events.
The city is famous for the International Festival of Geography, which takes place every autumn.
Higher education.
Electronics, computer science, graphic design and communication can be studied at the University Institute of Technology.
In French it is called "IUT" (Institut universitaire de technologie).

Rhodesian Ridgeback
Rhodesian Ridgeback is a breed of dog.
It has red-brown hair on its body and a line of hair down its back which is different from the rest of hair on its body. They are sometimes called "The African Lion Dog", becuase they were used by hunters in Africa to sniff out and confuse lions while the hunter shot the lion.

Glove
A glove is a piece of clothing that covers a hand. There are many different kinds of gloves. Gloves are made of many different fabrics and materials, and gloves are used in many ways.
Gloves worn for protection.
People wear thick gloves, usually made of wool or fabric, to keep their hands warm in cold weather. They wear thin gloves (usually made of rubber or plastic) to keep their hands clean. People also wear thin gloves made of rubber or plastic to keep things they touch clean. Some workers wear gloves made of heavy rubber to protect their hands from chemicals. A mitten is a glove which has a separate place for the thumb, but the other four fingers are together. There are also mittens, which are very similar to gloves. Gloves and mittens are usually used to protect people from cold, and chemicals. People use latex gloves during Earth day to clean up.
Gloves worn for fashion.
There are also gloves that are worn for fashion, because they look good. These type of gloves are made from leather, fur, or different fabrics.

Sky High (2005 movie)
"Sky High" is a 2005 movie from Walt Disney Pictures, starring Kurt Russell.
Plot.
This movie is about superheroes. Will Stronghold has two superhero parents. His dad, Steve, is The Commander, who is very strong. His mother, Josie, is Jetstream, who can fly. Will is expected to have great powers of his own, but he finds that he doesn't have any. He enters his school, Sky High, where the students are sorted into "hero" and "sidekick." Will is given the position of a sidekick and takes different classes than the hero track. He later tells his dad about this, who is not happy that his son won't be like him.
At school, Will also has an enemy named Warren Peace. The Commander put Warren's father away for three life terms. During a lunch, Warren gets very mad at Will and starts throwing fireballs, which is his superpower. Will dives under a bench. It is here his power comes to him; super strength, like his dad. He manages to defeat Warren and both are put in a time out room where their powers do not work. His mother is not happy, but his dad is very happy that Will has powers. Steve shows Will the hiding place where the Stronghold family does all of their activities.
Will's new powers put him up in the hero track, where he is partnered with a girl named Gwen Grayson. Will soon falls for Gwen and doesn't keep up with the friends he made as a sidekick. Will has an old friend named Layla, whose power is to grow plants. Will gets more popular. Gwen gets him to invite all the popular kids for a party. When Layla comes over to tell Will that she loves him, Gwen stops her and tells her that Will has new friends. Layla is upset. When Will learns about it, he breaks off the date. He was going to go to the prom with Gwen, but now decides to stay home.
His parents go to the prom instead. There was going to be a ceremony to honor the best superhero of all time. During the prom, however, it is revealed that Gwen is really a villain named Royal Pain. The Commander thought he killed her off, but when he zapped her, she simply became a baby instead. The years passed and she grew into another teenager. Royal Pain puts on her suit and uses her weapon to make everyone become babies.
Will comes on down to the school. He is very sorry for how he acted as a hero and tells his sidekick friends that he needs all of their help to beat Royal Pain. Lash and Speed, two bullies on Royal Pain's side, are knocked out. Ethan tricks Lash and stuffs his head down the toliet. Then he becomes a puddle of ooze, which causes Carbon Copy to slip. Warren, now on Will's side, throws fireballs to knock Carbon Copy down.
Magenta, whose power is to become a rat, climbs into the system and tries to disable it, otherwise the school will fall from orbit and everyone will die. Penny, a cheerleader who can make multiple copies of herself, surrounds Layla. Layla doesn't want to fight, but when they hit her, she uses her power to make all the plants come out and bind the cheerleaders down.
Will finds Royal Pain outside. She has loaded all the babies onto the bus and will retrain them to be bad people. He tells her to put his father down. They fight. Will is winning when Layla bursts in, distracting Will. Royal Pain manages to throw Will out of the window. All seems lost when Will appears in the window – he too has Josie's power of flying. He then kicks Royal Pain out of the window. The school begins to fall down. Will goes outside and uses his power to try to keep the school from hitting the ground. Magneta cuts the wire in time and saves the school from crashing into the ground.
Steve and Josie give their award to all of the sidekicks that helped out. All of the villainsa re put into the time-out room.

Tales of Symphonia
Tales of Symphonia is a video game released in 2004 for the Nintendo GameCube. It is a fantasy RPG.
Story.
The main character Lloyd Irving and his friends, Genis Sage and Colette Brunel, are sent away from the town were Lloyd lived. Genis' sister Raine and the warrior Kratos join them. While traveling, Colette begins to change into an angel. Lloyd learns that she is in charge of saving the world. Two groups of people want her to stop. They are the Desians, bad guys that enslave humans, and Sheena, a woman that wants to kill Colette. Sheena and Colette save each other from the Desians and become friends. Eventually, they get ready to save the world. Kratos betrays Colette and the others to Cruxis, the angels who control the Desians. Lloyd and the others manage to escape. They go to a different world called Tethe'alla. There, they make three new friends called Zelos, Presea, and Regal. Kratos still wants to find them and the Cruxis leader, Mithos, is very angry. Lloyd's group learns that if they want to save the world, they need to have Sheena gain the power of the eight "Summon Spirits". The spirits are are magical creatures. After using the power of the summon spirits, the problem gets worse. Lloyd and Kratos need to work together to save the world from being destroyed by the Giant Kharlan Tree. Yuan uses sleeping gas on everyone. After this, Lloyd wakes up in the middle of the night. Kratos is with Yuan and two of Yuan's henchman. Lloyd learns that Kratos is his father. Kratos dives in front of Lloyd to stop him from being hurt. Kratos then tells Lloyd that there is a ninth Summon Spirit by the name of Origin. Lloyd has to fight Kratos to get its help because Origin was sealed by Kratos himself. The Summon Spirit helps Lloyd use the eternal sword. After this, they go to Derris Kharlan and there is one last battle with Mithos.

Protestant Reformation
The Protestant Reformation is a term used by people to describe a series of events that happened in the 16th century in the Christian Church. Some people saw a need to change the way the Catholic church worked.
People like Erasmus, Martin Luther and Calvin saw this, and acted against it. This led to a split of the church, into Catholic church (that was there before) and a number of Protestant churches.
Martin Luther was the first person to translate the Bible into German. He could even print some copies, because Johannes Gutenberg had invented a way to print a small number of copies (approximately 50-100) at a relatively low price. The Protestant reformation triggered the Catholic Counter-Reformation.

Sermon
A Christian sermon is a speech that a priest gives during a church service. The purpose of a sermon is to inspire hope in the people that hear it. In the middle of the service the pastor will go in front of the whole congregation or stand in a pulpit and talk about Jesus Christ and eternal life. He will encourage them to be obedient to God and have faith in God's son, and tell them to love one another. A sermon is meant to teach the listeners about God's will. The pastor may also talk about the current problems of the community, and offer a way to solve them. Lately, "children or family masses" such as the 6pm Mass inspire children to love and learn in the ways of Christ. Most priests find that attentions are captured by involving the people of the Church with simple questions.

Sand
Sand is usually chipped off rocks. These small particles are found around the world. They can be found in the desert, the beach, and right around your house.
Sand can be mixed with water to make concrete, a tough material which can be used to build buildings. It can also be used to make bricks or sand castles.When mixed with water sand will become mud.

Alsatian language
Alsatian (French: Alsacien, German: Elsässisch) is a German language spoken in Alsace (eastern part of France).

Ian McEwan
Ian McEwan CBE, (born June 21, 1948), is a British novelist (sometimes nicknamed "Ian Macabre" because of the nature of his early work).
Biography.
McEwan was born in Aldershot in England and spent much of his childhood in the Far East, Germany and North Africa where his father, an officer in the army, was posted. He was educated at the University of Sussex and the University of East Anglia, where he was the first graduate of Malcolm Bradbury's pioneering creative writing course.
He has been married twice. His second wife, Annalena McAfee, is the editor of the Guardian's Review section.
In March and April of 2004, just months after the British government had invited him to a dinner with First Lady of the United States Laura Bush, McEwan was denied entry into the United States by the United States Department of Homeland Security for not having the proper visa for earning a living (McEwan was preparing to give a series of paid lectures). Only after several days and publicity in the British press was McEwan admitted because, as he said a customs official had told him, "We still do not want to let you in, but this is attracting a lot of unfavourable publicity."
He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature, a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts, and a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He was awarded the Shakespeare Prize by the Alfred Toepfer Foundation, Hamburg, in 1999. He was awarded a CBE in 2000.
Works.
His first published work was the collection of short stories "First Love, Last Rites" (1975), which won the Somerset Maugham Award in 1976.
"The Cement Garden" (1978) and "Black Dogs" (1992) were his early novels.
His 1997 novel, "Enduring Love", about a person with de Clerambault's syndrome, is regarded by many as a masterpiece, though "Atonement" has received equally high acclaim.
In 1998, he was controversially awarded the Booker Prize for his novella, "Amsterdam".
His latest novel, "Saturday", follows an especially eventful day in the life of a neurosurgeon. Mr Henry Perowne, the main character, lives in a house on a square in central London where McEwan himself lives after relocating from Oxford.

Mahjong
Mahjong is a game for four players that came from China. It is a game of skill, intelligence, calculation and luck.

Ionia
Ionia was a region in the west of Asia Minor in Ancient Greek times. It was in what is now Turkey.

Interharmonic
Interharmonics are ratios between one harmonic and another. For example, 12/9 or 1.3333 is an interharmonic between the fundamental frequency (or first harmonic) and the second harmonic. Interharmonics relate to wave motion harmonics, in any form of radiant energy. Wave motion harmonics are waves added to a fundamental wave having a frequency that is a whole multiple (an integer) of the fundamental frequency. The second harmonic has a frequency twice that of the fundamental, the third harmonic three times, and so on. Interharmonics is a term invented, or at least standardised, by the international electronics industry about 1999, particularly for use in electrical energy. However, interharmonic frequencies also occur naturally in other radiant energies, for example music or any type of sound.

Harmonic
Harmonics is a short term for harmonics of a wave motion, or wave motion harmonics. Harmonics are waves added to a fundamental wave (of any radiant energy, for example sound or electricity), having a frequency that is a whole multiple (an integer) of the fundamental frequency. The second harmonic has a frequency twice that of the fundamental, the third harmonic three times, and so on. Frequencies that lie between one harmonic and another harmonic are called interharmonics.

Art Ross Trophy
The Art Ross Trophy is given to the top scoring player each year in the National Hockey League (NHL). The player with the most points (goals plus assists) is given the trophy. If two players have the same number of points, the award goes to the player with the most goals. If they are tied in goals, it goes to the player who has played fewer games. If they are tied in games, it goes to the player who scored his first goal of the year the soonest.
Wayne Gretzky has won this trophy ten times, the most of any player. Gordie Howe and Mario Lemieux each won six trophies; Phil Esposito and Jaromir Jagr won five; Stan Mikita won four; and Bobby Hull and Guy Lafleur each won it three times.

Towel
A towel is a form of cloth or paper used for drying things. There are many types of towels, such as the beach towel and the washcloth (a small towel used for cleaning dishes and bodies).

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands are an overseas territory of the United Kingdom claimed by Argentina. They are in the southern part of the Atlantic Ocean. The territory was started in 1985, before that it was classed as part of the Falkland Islands. The islands do not have a native population, but in 2006 they had around 20 people on the islands. Most of these people were scientists who are at Bird Island, museum staff at Grytviken and the British Government Officer.

Vein
A vein is a blood vessel running throughout the body. Through veins blood flows to the heart.
A vein has a large lumen, and less pressure as there is smaller amounts of smooth muscle and elastic fibres.
Veins carry blood to the heart and enter the heart through the vena cava, other main veins are the colonary vein and renal vein.

Ottawa Senators
Ottawa Senators is the name of two teams that have played ice hockey in the National Hockey League (NHL).
The first team, then known as the Ottawa Silver Seven, won the Stanley Cup in 1903. In those days, other teams could challenge for the cup at any time. The Silver Seven won nine challenges, keeping the cup until 1906. The team changed its name to Senators, and then won the cup again in 1909, 1911, 1920, 1921, 1923, and 1927. Its star players included goaltender Clint Benedict, and forwards Cy Denneny and Frank Nighbor. The team moved to St. Louis in 1934, where they played for one year.
The current Ottawa Senators began playing in 1992. They won the President's Trophy as the top team in the regular season in 2002-2003. Some of their best players have included Daniel Alfredsson, Alexei Yashin, Marion Hossa, and Dany Heatley.

Calgary Flames
The Calgary Flames are an ice hockey team in the National Hockey League (NHL). They began in 1972 in the city of Atlanta, and moved to Calgary in 1980. They won the Stanley Cup in 1989. They also made the Stanley Cup finals in 1986, losing to the Montreal Canadiens, and in 2004, losing to the Tampa Bay Lightning four games to three. The Flames won the President's Trophy as regular season champion in 1988 and 1989.
The Flames play in the Saddledome arena in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. It is called the "Saddledome" because the roof is shaped like a saddle.
Some of the top players to play for the Flames include Al MacInnis, who won the Conn Smythe Trophy as most valuable player in the playoffs in 1989; Jarome Iginla, who won the Art Ross Trophy as top point scorer in 2001-02, and the Richard Trophy as top goal scorer in 2001-02 and 2003-04; Lanny MacDonald, who scored 500 career goals, mostly on Calgary; Gary Suter, who won the Calder Trophy as rookie of the year in 1985-86; goaltender Mike Vernon; and forwards Joe Mullen, Joe Nieuwendyk, and Theoren Fleury. Recently, the Flames have become a strong team because of goaltender Miikka Kiprusoff from Finland. Many people consider Kiprusoff to be the best goalie in the world.

Edmonton Oilers
The Edmonton Oilers are an ice hockey team in the National Hockey League (NHL). They joined the NHL in 1979, after seven years in the World Hockey Association. The Oilers have won the Stanley Cup five times, in 1984, 1985, 1987, 1988, and 1990. They also won the President's Trophy as top team in the regular season in 1984, 1986, and 1987. They lost the 1983 Stanley Cup final to the New York Islanders and the 2006 Stanley Cup Final to the Carolina Hurricanes.
Wayne Gretzky won the Hart Trophy as the NHL's most valuable player (MVP) eight times on the Oilers. He also won the Art Ross Trophy seven times on Edmonton, the goal-scoring title (now known as the Richard Trophy) five times, and the Conn Smythe Trophy as MVP in the playoffs twice. Gretzky set many NHL records on the Oilers, including most goals (92), assists (163), and points (215) in a season.
The Oilers have had many other great players: Mark Messier won the Hart Trophy in 1990 and the Conn Smythe Trophy in 1984; Paul Coffey won the Norris Trophy as best defenceman in 1985 and 1986; Grant Fuhr won the Vezina Trophy as best goaltender in 1988; Jari Kurri led the NHL in goals in 1986; and Bill Ranford won the Conn Smythe Trophy in 1990. Glenn Anderson and Curtis Joseph are among their other top players.

Philadelphia Flyers
The Philadelphia Flyers are an ice hockey team in the National Hockey League (NHL). They began in 1967, and have been a strong team for most of their history. The Flyers won the Stanley Cup championship in 1974 and 1975. They also made the finals in 1976, 1980, 1985, 1987, and 1997. They won the President's Trophy as top team in the regular season in 1975, 1980, and 1985.
Their championship team in the 1970's was led by Bobby Clarke, who won the Hart Trophy as most valuable player (MVP) in the NHL in 1973, 1975, and 1976. Bernie Parent was also an important part of this team: he was named the NHL's top goaltender in 1974 and 1975, and those same years won the Conn Smythe Trophy as MVP in the playoffs. Reggie Leach was the NHL's top goal scorer in 1976; he also won the Conn Smythe Trophy that year. Bob Dailey, Rick MacLeish, and Bill Barber were also important members of the 1970's Flyers.
In 1979-80, the Flyers set an NHL record for most games in a row without a loss: 35. No team in North America in hockey, baseball, football, or basketball has had more straight wins. Goaltender Pete Peeters was one reason they set this record.
In the 1980's, the team was led by Mark Howe (son of Gordie Howe), a defenceman who also played well on offence. Pelle Lindbergh (1985) and Ron Hextall (1987) both won the Vezina Trophy as the NHL's top goaltender; Hextall also won the Conn Smythe Trophy in 1987. Tim Kerr was a high goal scorer.
Eric Lindros won the Hart Trophy in 1995. John Leclair, Mark Recchi, and Eric Desjardins were also strong players in the 1990's.
The Flyers continued to be a strong team in the early 21st century, coming very close to making the Stanley Cup finals twice. Keith Primeau, Peter Forsberg, and Simon Gagne have been among their top players.

Pittsburgh Penguins
The Pittsburgh Penguins are an ice hockey team in the National Hockey League (NHL). They began in 1967, and have won the Stanley Cup championship twice, in 1991 and 1992.
Early history.
The Penguins had many poor seasons in their first 20 years. They had a good team in the mid-1970's, with players such as Peter Mahovlich, Pierre Larouche, and Jean Pronovost. They missed the semi-finals in 1975 because they lost four games to three to the New York Islanders after being ahead three games to none.
Comeback.
Mario Lemieux helped turn the Penguins into a strong team. He won the Art Ross Trophy as NHL scoring champion six times, in 1988, 1989, 1992, 1993, 1996, and 1997; the Hart Trophy as most valuable player in 1988, 1993, and 1996; the Conn Smythe Trophy as MVP in the playoffs in 1991 and 1992; and the goal scoring title in 1988, 1989, and 1996. Lemieux did all this despite having many injuries.
After their two Stanley Cups (which included a record-tying 11 wins in a row in the playoffs in 1992), the Penguins set the NHL record for most wins in a row, with 17 in 1992-93. They won the President's Trophy that year as the top team in the regular season.
Today.
In 2005, the Penguins were near the bottom of the league; however, they drafted Sidney Crosby. Crosby was 6th in NHL scoring in his rookie (first) season in 2005-06, at the age of 18. In 2007, the Penguins made the playoffs, but were eliminated in five games by the Ottawa Senators in the first round. The next year, the Penguins advanced to the Stanley Cup final. However, the Detroit Red Wings beat them in six games.
Members.
Jaromir Jagr was also a big star on the Penguins. He won the Art Ross Trophy five times, in 1995, 1998, 1999, 2000, and 2001; and the Hart Trophy in 1999. Tom Barasso, Paul Coffey, Ron Francis, and Kevin Stevens have also been strong players over the years.
The Penguins almost moved to Portland, Oregon in the late 1990's, but Lemieux (along with some investors) bought the team. Lemieux then came back to play in late 2000 (he had retired in 1997), and continued until 2006.

Conn Smythe Trophy
The Conn Smythe Trophy is a trophy in the National Hockey League awarded to the most valuable player in the playoffs each year. It was first awarded in 1965. Montreal Canadiens and Colorado Avalanche goaltender Patrick Roy has won it three times, more than any other player.
Normally the trophy goes to a player of the Stanley Cup champion. Sometimes it goes to someone on the losing team. Trophy winners on losing teams are marked with as asterisk (*) in the list below.

Los Angeles Kings
The Los Angeles Kings are an ice hockey team in the National Hockey League (NHL). They began in 1967. The Kings have never won a Stanley Cup championship or a President's Trophy for top team in the regular season. They made the finals in 1993, and lost to the Montreal Canadiens.
The Kings have been known for their high scoring teams. Marcel Dionne won the Art Ross Trophy as NHL scoring champion in 1980, and Wayne Gretzky won it on the Kings in 1990, 1991, and 1994. Gretzky also won the Hart Trophy as the NHL's most valuable player on the Kings in 1989. Charlie Simmer tied for the most goals (now the Richard Trophy) in 1980. Luc Robitaille, one of the ten highest goal scorers in NHL history, spent most of his years on the Kings.
Other strong players have included Rob Blake, who won the Norris Trophy as best defenceman in 1998; goaltender Rogie Vachon, who was second in voting for the Hart Trophy in 1975; and Dave Taylor, Bernie Nicholls, and Larry Murphy.

St. Louis Blues
The St. Louis Blues are an ice hockey team in the National Hockey League (NHL). They began in 1967. They have never won the Stanley Cup championship, though they made the finals in each of their first three seasons. The Blues won the President's Trophy as top team in the regular season in the year 2000.
Origin.
The name "Blues" is a pun (play on words) between the colour blue and Blues music; thus a blue note is the team's logo. There is a song entitled "St. Louis Blues".
First years.
In their first years, they had a good team because of experienced players such as goaltender Glenn Hall. In 1968 Glenn Hall won the Conn Smythe Trophy as most valuable player in the playoffs. But the team did not win in 1968. They had some trouble in the 1970s. In 1980-81 Mike Liut was named best goalie in the NHL. The 1980s were a good decade for the Blues. Mike Liut, Bernie Federko, Doug Gilmour, and Joe Mullen were all important players for the team in the 1980s.
Later years.
The 1990s also were a good decade. Brett Hull led the NHL in goals in 1990, 1991, and 1992, with the help of centre Adam Oates. Hull is the son of Chicago Blackhawks star Bobby Hull. Brett Hull won the Hart Trophy as most valuable player in 1991. Curtis Joseph was a strong goaltender in the 1990's. Al MacInnis (1999) and Chris Pronger (2000) each won the Norris Trophy for best defence; Pronger also won the Hart Trophy in the year 2000. Doug Weight, Pavol Demitra, and Keith Tkachuk were also strong players in the early 21st century.
Today.
The Blues made the playoffs 25 years in a row from 1979-80 to 2003-04, an NHL record. In 2006 they finished last in the NHL.

Ratio
A ratio between two quantities "A" and "B" is their fraction "A/B". A ratio is a mathematical way of expressing the proportion of "A" to "B". For example, if I bought 20 apples and have only 9 left, what is the proportion (or ratio) of 9 to 20? The answer is 9/20 or 0.45/1. The ratio may also be written as 0.45. Ratios can be changed into percentages, fractions and decimals.

Fraction
In common usage a fraction is any part of a unit.

Proportionality
A proportion is a relationship between two quantities or numbers. A proportion can be expressed as a word, for example, one man may be described as "smaller" than another man. A proportion can usually be expressed more accurately by "numbers". For example, the proportion, or mathematical relationship, between one man and two men can be written as the numbers 1/2, which is also known as a fraction or ratio.

Mitochondria
Mitochondria (from Greek "μίτος" or "mitos", thread + "χονδρίον" or "khondrion", granule) are organelles, or parts of a cell. Their job is to make energy from the food that the cell takes in. It does this with cellular respiration, which makes ATP which the cell can use as energy. In general, the main job of the cell is to do photosynthesis. Thank you for your time.

Menominee, Michigan
Menominee is a city in the U.S. state of Michigan. Around 13000 people live in Menominee. It is part of the twin-city area with Marinette, Wisconsin. It is on the north bank of the Menominee River where the river empties into Lake Michigan. Marinette, Wisconsin is on the south bank of the river.

Mortar and pestle
A mortar and pestle are two tools used with each other to mill (grind) and mix substances.
The "mortar" is bowl-shaped, and used to hold the substance to be ground. Mortars have smooth, rounded bottoms and wide mouths. The "pestle" is a stick used for pounding and grinding.
Mortar and pestles are sometimes used in pharmacies to crush various ingredients to make drugs. They can also be used in cooking to grind herbs.

1212
1212 is a year in the 13th century.

Hiram E. McCallum
Hiram E. McCallum (1900 - January 13, 1989) was a mayor of Toronto, Ontario, Canada, from 1948-1951.

Walter Cronkite
Walter Leland Cronkite, Jr. (born November 4, 1916) is an American news reporter. He was the anchor of CBS News from 1962 to 1981. Big events he reported were ones such as when President John F. Kennedy got shot and killed; the Apollo 11 moon landing; the Vietnam War; and the Watergate scandal, which led to President Richard Nixon resigning from his position. Due to how much he knew and his honesty, he was often called "the most trusted man in America."

Dog Day Afternoon
"Dog Day Afternoon" is a 1975 movie. It was directed by Sidney Lumet and written by Frank Pierson based on an article from Life magazine. The stars of the movie are Al Pacino, John Cazale, Chris Sarandon, and Charles Durning.

Cursor
A cursor is the on-screen arrow which the person using the computer controls using the computer mouse. The cursor shows what is being selecting with the mouse.

Kurt Gödel
Kurt Gödel (April 28, 1906 Brno, then Austria-Hungary, now Czech Republic – January 14, 1978 Princeton, New Jersey) was a logician, mathematician, and philosopher of mathematics.
Impact.
Some people believe, Gödel was one of the most significant logicians of all time. Gödel's work has had a big impact on scientific and philosophical thinking in the 20th century. Many people, such as Bertrand Russell, A. N. Whitehead, and David Hilbert, tried to use logic and set theory at that time. They wanted to understand the foundations of mathematics.
Fame.
Gödel is best known for his two incompleteness theorems. The theorems were published in 1931. He was 25 years of age, and had just finished his doctorate at the University of Vienna one year earlier.
The more famous of the two theorems says that if there are consistent axiomatic systems that are powerful enough to describe themselves, there will be true propositions in those systems that can not be proved within the system itself.
Proof.
To prove this theorem, Gödel developed a technique now known as Gödel numbering, which codes formal expressions as natural numbers.
He also showed that the continuum hypothesis cannot be disproved from the accepted axioms of set theory, if those axioms are consistent. He made important contributions to proof theory. He did this by clarifying the connections between classical logic, intuitionistic logic, and modal logic.
Later life.
Later in his life, Gödel probably suffered from Paranoia. He thought that some people would come and poison him in his food. So when his maid was no longer able to prepare his food, he stopped eating food. He probably died of starvation.
His theory in simple words.
To put his theories in simple terms: What he discovered was that some theorems in mathematics may be true, but they cannot be proved to be true.
Therefore, we found a contradiction. "This sentence is false" is a proposition that is called undecidable. We cannot say if it is true or false.

Tyrannosaurus
The Tyrannosaurus was a big predator from the Cretaceous time. The Tyrannosaurus was about 12 meters long and had a weight of about six tons. The teeth of the Tyrannosaurus were about 16 cm long.
The Tyrannosaurus ate meat. Some scientists argue about whether or not it was a hunter or a scavenger, but like most dominant meat-eaters of today, such as lions or hyenas, Tyrannosaurus might have done both. It had a very strong jaw, and its bite power could snap the bones of other dinosaurs. For a long time, Tyrannosaurus was said to be the biggest meat-eating dinosaur, but new dinosaurs have been found that might outsize it. Skeletons of the Tyrannosaurus were found on the North American continent, but relatives of Tyrannosaurus, like Tarbosaurus, have been found in Asia.
The earliest Tyrannosaurus skeletons were found in 1892. Henry Fairfield Osborn, president of the American Museum of Natural History, named the species "Tyrannosaurus Rex" (meaning "tyrant lizard king") in 1905. The most complete skeleton was found in 1990 in South Dakota.
Tyrannosaurus has become very popular. Many movies and television shows have featured Tyrannosaurus, such as Jurassic Park. The skeletons of Tyrannosaurus are popular exhibits in museums. Another name for Tyrannosaurus Rex is "T-Rex". It was harmful to many dinosaurs.

Brno
Brno (-Czech, German: "Brünn") is the second largest city in the Czech Republic. About 367.000 people live there. It is located in the center of the historical region Moravia.

David Hilbert
David Hilbert (January 23, 1862, Wehlau, East Prussia–February 14, 1943, Göttingen, Germany) was a German mathematician. Most people think he was one of the most influential mathematicians of the 19th and early 20th centuries. He got his reputation as a great mathematician and scientist by inventing or developing a several ideas, such as invariant theory, the axiomization of geometry, and the notion of Hilbert space.This is one of the foundations of functional analysis. Hilbert and his students supplied significant portions of the mathematic infrastructure neded for quantum mechanics and general relativity. He is one of the founders of proof theory, mathematical logic. He was also one of the fist people to make the distinction between mathematics and metamathematics, and warmly defended Cantor's set theory and transfinite numbers. A famous example of his world leadership in mathematics is his 1900 presentation of a set of problems that set the course for much of the mathematical research of the 20th century.He also wrote a book in 1899 which then broght to new editions.

Bertrand Russell
Bertrand Arthur William Russell, 3rd Earl Russell, OM, FRS (18 May 1872 – 2 February 1970), was a Welsh philosopher, logician, and mathematician. He worked mostly in the 20th century.
Bertrand Russell wrote a lot. He also tried to make philosophy popular. He gave his opinion on many topics. He wrote the essay On Denoting which has been described as one of the most influential essays in philosophy in the 20th Century. He wrote on very serious issues as well as everyday things. Continuing a family tradition in political affairs, he was a prominent liberal as well as a socialist and anti-war activist for most of his long life. Millions looked up to Russell as a prophet of the creative and rational life. At the same time, his stances on many topics were extremely controversial.
Born at the height of Britain's economic and political ascendancy, he died of influenza nearly a century later when the British Empire had all but vanished, its power dissipated in two victorious, but debilitating world wars. As one of the world's best-known intellectuals, Russell's voice carried enormous moral authority, even into his early 90s. Among his other political activities, Russell was a vigorous proponent of nuclear disarmament and an outspoken critic of the American war in Vietnam.
In 1950, Russell was made a Nobel Laureate in Literature "in recognition of his varied and significant writings in which he champions humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought".
Selected bibliography of Russell's books.
This is a selected bibliography of Russell's books in English sorted by year of first publication.
Note: This is a mere sampling, for Russell also authored many pamphlets, introductions, articles and letters to the editor. His works also can be found in any number of anthologies and collections, perhaps most notably, "The Collected Papers of Bertrand Russell", which McMaster University began publishing in 1983. This collection of his shorter and previously unpublished works is now up to 16 volumes, and many more are forthcoming. An additional 3 volumes catalogue just his bibliography. The Russell Archives at McMaster also have more than 30,000 letters that he wrote.

Alfred North Whitehead
Alfred North Whitehead, OM (February 15 1861 – December 30 1947) was an English mathematician who became a philosopher. He was born in Ramsgate, Kent, England, and died in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. He wrote on algebra, logic, foundations of mathematics, philosophy of science, physics, metaphysics, and education. He is the coauthor, along with Bertrand Russell, of the important "Principia Mathematica".

Mask
A mask is a type of clothing that someone can use to hide their face.
Uses.
There are many reasons why people use masks. A person can use masks to make it so that others do not know who they are (like when a robber steals from a bank) or use it to keep someones face safe from harm (like a gas mask to make it so that harmful gases do not get into your body).
Origin.
The word "mask" might have came from other languages. "Mask" might have came from the French word "masque", the Italian word "maschera", the Spanish word "máscara", the Latin (not classical) word "mascus/masca (meaning "ghost")" or the Arabic word "maskharah (meaning "jester" or "man in masquerade")".
The oldest mask found is the Mask of Warka. It is about five thousand years old.

Holiday
A holiday is a special day. The word "holiday" comes from the words "holy" and "day" and originally meant a special religious day.
During holidays, people can do many things. They can travel to other places (called a "vacation" in North America) or celebrate. Sometimes on holidays people do not have to go to school or the office.
Celtic, Norse, and Neopagan holidays.
"In the order of the Wheel of the Year:"
Christian holidays.
Catholics also celebrate saint's days.

Spokane, Washington
Spokane (Pronounced: spo can) is a city in the U.S. state of Washington. Spokane is in the eastern half of the state, close to the border with the state of Idaho.
Spokane is the second largest city in all of Washington state, only Seattle is larger. Spokane is the main city for a large area including all of eastern Washington and northern Idaho. Spokane is the business, and industrial city in the area.
The population of the city is 199,630 and the population of the metro area of Spokane is 435,644.
History.
Spokane was founded in 1871 when a sawmill was built on the spokane river waterfall. In 1889 a fire burned down all of the downtown. 2 years after the fire, in 1892 the Railroad came to Spokane, this made it easier for people to get to and from the city.
In 1974 Spokane hosted the World's Fair. This brought lots of people and money to Spokane.
Spokane River.
The Spokane River flows through the downtown of the city where it creates a large waterfall called the Spokane Falls. This waterfall is important to the city because it was where the first building in Spokane was built, and it is very pretty.
The river is also important because many dams have been built on it so the city can have Electricity. It also provides a place for swimming and boating.

M-16
The M16 is a rifle used in war by many different countries. It was created by Eugene Stoner in the United States of America. It is the main rifle used by the United States Army. It is a famous weapon because so many countries use it.
It uses 5.56 mm caliber ammo, with a muzzle velocity(The velocity of bullet leaving the rifle) of over 900 meters per second. It has maximum effective range of 550 meters. It can shoot up to 800 bullets per minute. M16 also has a variant for the Canadian Army, it is called "Diemaco C-7". "Diemaco C-7" rifles have maple leaves on the left side.

Foreskin
The foreskin is a fold of skin that covers the glands penis. The foreskin protects the glands penis when the penis is not erect. Most mammals have foreskin.
Human foreskin.
The outside of the foreskin is like normal skin but the inside of the foreskin is a membrane like the inside of an eyelid or mouth. The foreskin is attached to the penis by the frenulum, but it can move. Muscles made it very stretchy. The five most sensitive areas of the penis are on the foreskin.
Use.
The World Health Organization say that there are lots of uses for the foreskin, such as keeping the glans penis moist, protecting it or to make sexual intercourse feel nicer since it has so many nerves in it.
However, Moses and Bailey (1998), say that "it has not been demonstrated that [the foreskin] is associated with increased male sexual pleasure."
Circumcision.
"Circumcision" is when the foreskin is cut off. It may be done for religious, health, beauty reasons or to stop disease.
The foreskin can also be pierced or slit for fashion reasons.

Sid Vicious
Sid Vicious (May 10, 1957 - February 2, 1979) was an English punk musician. His real name was "John Simon Ritchie-Beverly". He was a member of the band The Sex Pistols from February 1977 to January 1978, but played his instrument (the bass guitar) very badly. His bad behavior was more important to the band than playing his instrument well.
On October 22, 1978 his girlfriend Nancy Spungen was killed with a knife. It is still not clear if Sid Vicious killed her. Before he had to go to court, he killed himself by using drugs.

Wii
The Wii (pronounced "we") is a video game console made by Nintendo. It was first released on November 19, 2006. It plays video games made for the Wii, and for the older video game console made by Nintendo - the Nintendo GameCube.
The Wii costs less than the other "Next-Generation" consoles: The PlayStation 3 and the Xbox 360. The company says they want to focus more on new ways to play games. The Wii uses a controller, called the Wii Remote, that is very different from the controllers of other video game consoles. It can be held with just one hand, and uses technology that senses the player's movements.
By making the Wii, Nintendo says they are trying to reinvent the way video games are looked at and played. The Wii was targeted for all people of any age or interest. By making it easier to play, Nintendo thinks that they can get people who do not normally play games to start playing.
Disc Channel.
The Disc Channel is used to play Wii and GameCube games.
Wii Shop Channel.
The Wii Shop Channel is used to download Virtual Console and WiiWare games and also other channels.
Mii Channel.
The Mii Channel is used to make avatar (icon)s that can be used in games and other stuff.
News Channel.
The News Channel is used to look up news about various subjects. You need the internet.
Forecast Channel.
The Forecast Channel is used to check the weather in or near your area. You need the internet.
Everybody Votes Channel.
The Everybody Votes Channel is used for Nintendo to poll players around the world about many different subjects.
Internet Channel.
The Internet Channel is used to access the Internet. It uses the Opera Browser.
Check Mii Out Channel.
The Check Mii Out Channel is used to upload and download Miis, as well as voting in contests of the best Mii.
Nintendo Channel.
The Nintendo Channel is used to watch videos, collect information about Wii owners (optional), and to download Nintendo DS demos.
Wii Fit Channel.
The Wii Fit Channel is a channel that lets you play Wii Fit without the game disc. Must be downloaded from the Wii Fit game disc.
The Homebrew Channel.
The Homebrew Channel is a channel that lets you install your own software on your Wii. Installation is very complex and the software titles are not licensed by Nintendo and may damage your console.
Wii Remote.
The Wii Remote is a one-handed controller. It uses accelerometers and infrared detection (from LEDs inside a separate 'sensor bar') to know where it is in 3D space. This lets users control the game using physical movement as well as by button presses. The controller connects to the console using Bluetooth. It has rumble (the controller vibrates when the game being played tells it to do so) and an internal speaker. The device that comes with the Wii sold in stores is the "Nunchuk" unit. It has an accelerometer and a traditional analog stick with two trigger buttons. In addition, a wrist strap can be used to stop the player from dropping or throwing the Wii Remote. Because of problems with the straps, Nintendo has offered a free stronger replacement for all straps. It also comes with a cover called the Wii Remote Jacket, which protects the Wii from being damaged, or broken which is very useful for those out there who are not careful with expensive things and those who find the straps uncomfortable. It also provides a stronger grip.
Attachments for the Wii Remote.
Nintendo and other companies have made attachments for the Wii Remote. They are usually connected by wire by a small plug at the bottom end of the Wii Remote.
Nunchuk.
The Nunchuk is the most common attachment for the Wii Remote. It is designed to fit perfectly into someone's hand. It comes packaged with the Wii. The Nunchuk has an analog stick on the front and 2 buttons on the back. It is required for many Wii games.
Classic Controller.
Nintendo have released a "classic" controller for the Wii. The design is similar to the Super Nintendo Entertainment System's controller, but with two analog sticks. It is ideal for when you play games from older consoles.
Zapper.
Nintendo have also released a gun-like case for the Wii Remote and Nunchuk. It is named the Zapper after a NES gun controller. When the Wii Remote and the Nunchuk are placed inside it, the shape of the controllers in your hands is changed. The Zapper does not actually plug into the Wii Remote, it just holds it in place. The Zapper also includes a free, short game to help you get used to it.
Guitar.
A guitar attachment has also been designed for the Wii. There is a rectangle slot in the middle of it, where the Wii Remote fits in. It is made by Activision for a music game called Guitar Hero III. It comes packed with Guitar Hero III or by itself.

Joseph Strutt
Joseph Strutt was an English engraver in 1749. He put patterns into objects (like words into stone) and collected things from the past. He died in 1802.

Tricia Nixon Cox
Patricia "Tricia" Nixon Cox was born on February 21, 1946 in Whittier, California. She is the daughter of former US president Richard Nixon and Pat Nixon. She is the older sister of Julie Nixon Eisenhower.
Unlike her sister, Tricia performed many ceremonial jobs, like going with her father to campaign stops and state visits. She married Edward F. Cox on June 12, 1971.

Grocon
Grocon Pty Ltd is a big Australian construction company based in Melbourne. It is owned by the Grollo family.
The company was involved in building the Eureka Tower and Rialto Towers.

Głuchołazy
Głuchołazy ("Bad Ziegenhals") is a town in Poland, in Opole Voivodship, in Nysa County. It had a population of 15,052 in 2004.

Columbia River
The Columbia River is a river in British Columbia, Canada, and the U.S. states of Washington and Oregon. The Columbia River is about 1,243 miles long.

Martyr
A martyr is a person who died or was killed because of their religious beliefs.
It is also used for people who die for any belief or idea, that is not religious.

Whittier, California
Whittier is a city in Los Angeles, County, California, USA.

List of German institutions
This is a list of German institutions.

List of French institutions
This is a list of French institutions.

EarthBound
"EarthBound" (called "Mother 2" in Japan) is a console role-playing game made by Ape, Inc. and published by Nintendo for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System game console. It is the second game in the "EarthBound" series, after "Mother". It has a sequel called "Mother 3".
Setting.
There are many places in the world of "EarthBound". It starts in Eagleland, "EarthBound'"s version of the United States. The player can explore many other areas, including Winters, a snowy country, Dalaam, an oriental land, and Scaraba, an Egyptian-themed land.
Several area from the series have been used in the "Super Smash Bros." series. "Super Smash Bros. Melee" had a level about the first area, Onett, and another level called Fourside. Onett was reused in "Super Smash Bros. Brawl".
Characters.
There are many characters in "EarthBound", but only four main playable characters.
Besides playable characters, there are other important characters.
Storyline.
"EarthBound" takes place in the year 199X (meaning somewhere in 1990 and 1999). Ness is asleep in bed, when a large crash is heard, and wakes him up. He goes to see what it is, and arrives to see a meteor had crashed. His friend, Pokey, tells him to go away because he's bothering the cops, even though the cops are finding him annoying. He returns home, and is awoken by a loud knocking, and Pokey barges in. He tells Ness that his brother is missing, and Ness, Pokey, and Ness' dog King go to the meteor to find Picky. When they go back home, a bee flies out of the meteor, and tells them about the future, Giygas, and that legends say that three boys and a girl would save the world. On their way back to Pokey's house, an alien called Starman Jr. appears and does battle with them. He is defeated, and when Picky and Pokey are returned to their house, their mom is frightened by Buzz Buzz and swats him. This fatally injures him, and before he dies, he gives Ness an item called the Sound Stone, and tells him to find the eight "Your Sanctuary" spots. Ness goes to find these Your Sanctuary spots, as well as the two other boys and the one girl.
Gameplay.
"EarthBound" is a turn-based role-playing game. When in battle, the player can do many different things, including Fight, PSI, Goods, Auto-Fight, and Run Away. Fight has a character use his or her weapon on an enemy, PSI lets the character use PSI if he or she has any to use, Goods lets the player use an item in the selected character's inventory, Auto-Fight lets the computer take control of the characters, and Run Away has a chance to end the battle.
Censorship.
Nintendo removed many things from the English version of "EarthBound". They removed any reference to child abuse, any direct reference to death, the Red Cross logo, and any reference to religion. Despite people thinking the crosses were removed over religious references, they were removed because of Nintendo not wanting to deal with a law suit over it, as it's a copyrighted image.
Cult following.
"EarthBound" and its series has had a strong cult following in and outside of Japan. It has its own web site called Starmen.net, and has had many petitions, including one to release "Mother 1 + 2" in English and one to release "Mother 3" in English. Both of these petitions had very many signatures, but have not been successful.
Later titles.
"EarthBound" was re-released for the Game Boy Advance along with "Mother" as "Mother 1 + 2", only in Japan. It has been rated by the ESRB for release on the Wii's Virtual Console, but it has no release date. It was going to have a sequel on the Nintendo 64 called "EarthBound 64", and it was going to be in 3D. However, after being delayed for many years, it was cancelled. Five years later, "Nintendo" announced that it was being re-released for the Game Boy Advance as "Mother 3", and would feature the same plot and characters.

Mother (video game)
"Mother" (マザー Mazā) was a video game sold only in Japan for the Family Computer (FC). They planned to sell the game in the USA, but Nintendo of America chose not to release it. This is because when they finished making it into English, the Super Nintendo Entertainment System was already being sold.

Mother 1 + 2
"Mother 1 + 2" is a video game on the Nintendo Game Boy Advance which includes "Mother" and "Mother 2" ("EarthBound" US). It is not known if it will be made into English and sold in the United States, though it looks unlikely Many of the music is different than the console games ("Mother 2" is mostly the same, but "Mother" was changed a lot to make it similar to the United States one that was not sold).

Mother 3
"Mother 3" is a video game for the Game Boy Advance, made by Brownie Brown and HAL Laboratory. It was released on April 20, 2006 and it is the third game in the "Mother" video game series, called "EarthBound" outside of Japan.
The game was kept secret until it appeared in June of 2003 during a "Mother 1 + 2" commercial in Japan. Once it appeared, the game stayed near the top of Famitsu's Most Wanted Games list.
Development.
"Mother 3" was first on the Nintendo 64 and then later on the Nintendo 64DD, and was going to be called "Earthbound 64". It was canceled after the developers were having problems making the 3D graphics work. It was moved to the Game Boy Advance, and came out in 2006. It uses much stuff from "EarthBound 64", including the characters Lucas, Claus, Flint, and Boney, as well as the villain of the game.

Cardcaptor Sakura
"Cardcaptor Sakura" is a manga series from Japan. It is also an anime series. "Cardcaptor Sakura" is sometimes abbreviated as CCS.
CCS was created in 1996. CCS was created by a team of artists named CLAMP. CLAMP has created many other series, but CCS is one of the most popular.
CCS has been translated into English by a company named Nelvana. The name of the translated version is "Cardcaptors".
Story.
The story is about a young girl named Sakura who saves the world. The magical Clow Cards are missing, and Sakura must find them. When she finds the Clow Cards, the world will be safe.There are 3 seasons of CCS. After she finds all cards she mustt face Yue with Shaoran to see who gets to be Clow Card Master!
Sakura has many friends who help her. The story is also about Sakura's friendships.
Characters.
The characters' Japanese names are followed by their English names.
Media.
"Cardcaptor Sakura" is shown in many countries around the world. CCS is popular, because it is very cute. There are many posters and many toys about CCS.

Allies
When written with a capital A, Allies usually means
those countries who fought against the Axis Powers (mainly Nazi Germany, Italy, and Japan) in World War II from 1939 to 1945.
Other uses.
In general, allies are people or groups that are working together to achieve some common purpose.

Sunderland
Sunderland (pronounced:, or) in North East England was a county borough, and is now part of the City of Sunderland in Tyne and Wear. It sits at the mouth of the River Wear.
Sunderland grew as a port, mostly selling coal and salt. In the 1300s people began to build ships along the river bank. By 1835 the port of Sunderland was so important that its name was used when the three old villages became the a borough. Sunderland became a city in 1992.
A person born in Sunderland is sometimes called a "Mackem".
Early history.
In 674 Benedict Biscop built the Wearmouth ("St. Peter's") monastery. He was given the land by King Ecgfrith of Northumbria. Biscop's monastery was the first monastery built of stone in Northumbria. Biscop brought glass makers from France. This was the start of glass making in Britain.
In 686 the community was taken over by Ceolfrid, and Wearmouth monastery, and its other site in Jarrow, became very important places of learning in Anglo-Saxon England. The library had about 300 books, all of them were hand written and painted.
The Codex Amiatinus, was written and painted at the monastery and was probably worked on by Bede who was born at Wearmouth in 673.
Bede wrote the "Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum (The Ecclesiastical History of the English People)" in 731. This is why he is often called: "The father of English history".
In the late eighth century the Vikings began to raid the coast, and by the middle of the ninth century the monastery had been abandoned.
In 930 King Athelstan of England gave the land on the south bank of the river to the Bishop of Durham. This is why the area is still called Bishopwearmouth..
By 1100, the Bishopwearmouth parish included a small fishing village at the mouth of the river (modern day East End) known as 'Soender-land' (which changed into 'Sunderland'). This settlement was granted a charter in 1179 by Hugh Pudsey, then the Bishop of Durham.
By 1346 ships were being built at Wearmouth. The merchant Thomas Menville started building ships so he could transport the things he wanted to sell.
In 1589, salt making started in Sunderland. Large vats, called ‘’panns’’, of seawater were put on coal fires. When the water boiled the salt was left behind. This is known as salt panning. Today the road leading to where the pans were is still called Pann's Bank. It on the river bank near the city centre. As more coal was needed to heat the salt pans, coal mining started in the area. Only poor quality coal was used in salt panning; the best coal was sold, ipped out of the town. This is why the port began to grow. This put Sunderland in competition for the first time with its coal-trading neighbour Newcastle.
17th and 18th centuries.
Before the English Civil War in 1642, King Charles I said Newcastle could be the only town in the east of England which could send coal by ship. This had a big impact on Sunderland which was selling more and more coal. This created resentment toward Newcastle and toward the idea of having a king. When the civil war began, the mainly Protestant Sunderland sided with Parliament against the mostly Catholic Newcastle. This was good for Sunderland's business, because Parliament blockaded (blocked) the Tyne. This stopped the Newcastle coal trade and allowing the Sunderland coal trade to grow. When an army from Scotland came to fight the King it was based in Sunderland.
The River Wear was not very deep, so the coal had to be loaded onto big boats called "keels" and taken downriver to the coal ships which were called "colliers".
In 1719 Sunderland and Bishopwearmouth were too big for the only parish church, which was in Bishopwearmouth. A new parish of Sunderland was created and Holy Trinity, Sunderland parish church was built. The three original settlements of Wearmouth (Bishopwearmouth, Monkwearmouth and Sunderland) had started to join up. This was because of the success of the port of Sunderland as well as the salt panning and the shipbuilding along the banks of the Wear. Around this time, Sunderland was also known as 'Sunderland-near-the-Sea'.
Cholera.
Local government was divided between the three churches (Holy Trinity, Sunderland, St. Michael's, Bishopwearmouth, and St. Peter's Church, Monkwearmouth). When cholera broke out in 1831 the "select vestrymen", as the church councillors were called, did not know what to about the epidemic. Many were frightened to say that a disease has started because it might stop their businesses from making money. They printed notices which said there was no disease in the town, and saying that the doctors who said that there was disease did not know what they were talking about.
Sunderland was a big trading port at the time. It was the first British town to be affected by 'Indian cholera' epidemic. The first victim, William Sproat, died on October 23 1831. Sunderland was put under quarantine, so that people could not leave the town. The port was blockaded, so that ships could not spread the disease to other ports. But in December of that year cholera was in Gateshead and it spread across the country killing about 32,000 people
Jack Crawford was one of the first to die in the epidemic. There are two statues to Jack, one in Mowbray Park near the Civic Centre, and the other next to Holy Trinity Church.
Sunderland got its first Member of Parliament after the Reform Act of 1832, and the Borough of Sunderland created in 1836, although impatient citizens elected Andrew White to be Mayor in December 1835.
Bridges.
The river at Sunderland is in a narrow valley, and the town grew up on plateaus high above the river. This meant it never had the problem of allowing people to cross the river without stopping high masted vessels. Rowland Burdon MP pushed for the Wearmouth Bridge which was built in 1796. It was the second iron bridge ever built. Only the famous Ironbridge itself is older, but Wearmouth bridge was over twice as long and only three-quarters the weight of the Ironbridge. Wearmouth Bridge was the biggest single span bridge in the world. Further up the river, another bridge, the Queen Alexandra Bridge, was built in 1910, linking the areas of Pallion and Southwick.. It was designed for trains to run across too, but the railway section was never completed.
Victoria Hall Disaster.
The Victoria Hall was a large concert hall on Toward Road facing onto Mowbray Park. On June 16 1883 183 children died. During a variety show, children rushed down the stairs for treats. At the bottom of the staircase the door only opened inward and was bolted so that only one child at a time could get through. The children pushed down the stairs to the door. Those at the front were trapped, and were crushed by the weight of the crowd behind them.
The Victoria Hall disaster is still the worst of its kind in Britain. A memorial statue, which is a crying mother holding a dead child, is now back in Mowbray Park with a protective canopy. The newspaper report of the tragedy were so shocking that an inquiry was set up. This committee said that public buildings should have outward opening emergency exits. This led to the invention of 'push bar' emergency doors. This law still remains in full force to this day. The Victoria Hall was used until 1941 when it was destroyed by a German bomb.
20th century to present.
As the traditional industries have declined, electronics, chemicals, and paper making have replaced them. Some of these new industries, are in Washington, which has more space to allow purpose built factories. The Nissan car plant, and the nearby North East Aircraft Museum are on the site of the old Sunderland Airport
Since 1990 industry along the banks of the Wear has changed a lot. Housing, shopping parks and business centres have been built where the shipbuilding yards were. The National Glass Centre is also there, next to the University of Sunderland’s new “St Peter’s Campus”. On the south side of the river the old Vaux Brewery site has been cleared so that new houses, shops and offices can be built close to the city centre.
Sunderland was the one of the most heavily bombed areas in England during World War II
. As a result, much of the town centre was rebuilt in a boring concrete style. But some fine old buildings remain. These include Holy Trinity built in 1719 for an independent Sunderland, St. Michaels's Church, built as Bishopwearmouth Parish Church and now known as Sunderland Minster and St. Peter's Church, Monkwearmouth, part of which dates from AD 674, and was the original monastery.
St. Andrew's Roker, so-called "Cathedral of the Arts and Crafts Movement", contains work by William Morris, Ernest Gimson and Eric Gill.
Civic history.
Sunderland was made a municipal borough of County Durham in 1835. Under the Local Government Act 1888, it was given further status as a county borough with independence from county council control. In 1974, under the Local Government Act 1972, the county borough was abolished and its area combined with that of other districts to form the Metropolitan Borough of Sunderland in Tyne and Wear. See City of Sunderland
Motto.
Sunderland has the motto of Nil Desperandum Auspice Deo this means Never Despair, Trust In God
Geography.
Much of the city is on a low range of hills running parallel to the coast. On average, it is around 80 metres above sea level. Sunderland is divided by the River Wear which passes through the middle of the city in a deep valley, part of which is known as the Hylton gorge. The only two road bridges connecting the north and south halves of the City are the Queen Alexandra Bridge at Pallion and the Wearmouth Bridge just to the north of the City centre. A third bridge carries the A19 trunk road over the Wear to the West of the City.
Most of the suburbs of Sunderland are west of the city centre with 70% of its population living on the south side of the river and 30% on the north side. The city extends to the seafront at Hendon and Ryhope (on the south) and Seaburn (on the north).
The area is part of the Anglican Diocese of Durham. It has been in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Hexham and Newcastle since the Catholic bishops returned in 1850.
Climate.
Sunderland has cool winters and warm summers. Being on the coast Sunderland is a little warmer in the winter than the national average, but a little cooler in summer.
Average rainfall is below the UK national average due to an East coast location.
As with most UK East-coast towns, Sunderland sometimes gets sea fog known locally as "Fret". This is most common in the summer months (April - September). These frets can be very dense, are often very localised, and can appear and disappear in a matter of minutes.
Demographics.
Sunderland is the largest city, by population and area, between Leeds and Edinburgh.
The City of Sunderland is the 22nd largest borough in England and the largest in the North East. However, as well as including the Sunderland it also includes a number of surrounding towns and villages, such as Washington, Houghton-le-Spring and Hetton-le-Hole.
Ethnicity.
98.1% of the population are white, with 1% Asian and 0.4% mixed-race.
In 2001, the most ethnically mixed ward of the city was the (now abolished) Thornholme area - just to the south of the city centre Thornholme included the suburbs of Ashbrooke and Eden Vale. Here, 89.4% are white, 7.8% are Asian and 1.3% are mixed-race.
The least ethnically diverse wards are in the north of the city. The area of Castletown is made up of 99.3% white, 0.4% Asian and 0.2% mixed-race.
Religion.
According to census statistics, 81.5% of Sunderland residents class themselves as Christian, 9.6% have no religion, 0.7% are Muslim and 7.6% did not wish to give their religion.
Only 114 people of Jewish faith live in Sunderland. There was no Jewish community before 1750, but then a number of Jewish businessmen from across the UK and Europe settled in Sunderland. A Rabbi from Holland was working in the city in 1790. The Jewish community has been shrinking since the mid 20th century. Many Sunderland Jews left for bigger Jewish communities in Britain or to Israel. The Jewish primary school, the Menorah School, closed in July 1983. The synagogue on Ryhope Road (opened in 1928) closed at the end of March 2006.
Literature and art.
Lewis Carroll often visited to the area. He wrote most of "Jabberwocky" at Whitburn as well as "The Walrus and the Carpenter". Some parts of the area are believed to be the inspiration for his Alice in Wonderland stories, such as Hylton Castle and Backhouse Park. There is a statue to Carroll in Whitburn library. Lewis Carroll was also a visitor to the Rectory of Holy Trinity Church, Southwick, beforeSouthwick became a part of Sunderland. Carroll's connection with Sunderland, and the area's history, is documented in Bryan Talbot's 2007 graphic novel "Alice in Sunderland".
More recently, Sunderland-born Terry Deary, writer of the series of Horrible Histories books, has become famous, and many others such as thriller writer Sheila Quigley, are following his lead.
The Manchester painter, L S Lowry, was another frequent visitor, staying in the Seaburn Hotel in Sunderland. Many of his paintings of seascapes and shipbuilding are based on Wearside scenes.
The Northern Gallery for Contemporary Art on Fawcett Street and Sunderland Museum and Winter Gardens have exhibitions and installations from new and established artists alike. Sunderland Museum has a big collection of LS Lowry. The National Glass Centre on Liberty Way also exhibits a number of glass sculptures.
Music.
Sunderland has produced a number of musicians that have gone on to reach international fame, most notably Dave Stewart of the Eurythmics. Kenickie, which featured Lauren Laverne on vocals, also achieved a top ten album and wide critical acclaim in the mid-to-late-1990s.
In recent years the underground music scene and the Sunderland Music Project have helped the likes of The Futureheads and Field Music gain national recognition. In 2004 music magazine NME put Sunderland came 8th in a list of the "coolest" music places in the UK.
Other famous Mackem musicians include punk rockers The Toy Dolls, who broke the top five of the charts with "Nellie the Elephant" in December 1984; the lead singer of dance outfit Olive, Ruth Ann Boyle, who now works with Enigma; A Tribe of Toffs made number 21 with their cult hit "John Kettley is a weatherman" in December 1988; Alex Kapranos of the band Franz Ferdinand also grew up in Sunderland and South Shields.
On May 7 and 8th 2005, Sunderland hosted the BBC Radio 1 Big Weekend concert - the UK's largest free music festival. The event was held at Herrington Country Park, in the shadow of Penshaw Monument and was attended by 30,000 visitors.
Sunderland does not have a big music venue such as the MetroRadio Arena or the Carling Academy in Newcastle. The Empire Theatre sometimes plays host to music acts, and has attracted Deacon Blue and Journey South to the city in recent years. McFly played there in April 2007. In the past it has also welcomed major bands such as The Beatles and The Kinks.
"Independent", a city centre nightclub/music venue, satisfies underground music lovers, having previously played host to Keane, Franz Ferdinand, Kasabian, Kaiser Chiefs, Maxïmo Park and Snow Patrol when they were largely unknown. More recently, Doves and Tim Burgess have performed DJ sets on club nights, and in summer 2007 the club hosted gigs from established bands such as The Zutons and The Maccabees. The Manor Quay, the students' union on the campus of the University of Sunderland has also hosted the Arctic Monkeys, Maxïmo Park, 911, the Levellers and Girls Aloud in the past three years.
Clint Boon sometimes deejays in indie venue "Ku Club", and the Bluetones did a set there in 2006.
“CoSMOS”, the City of Sunderland Millennium Orchestral Society’’ was set up in 2000 to mark the millennium.
Theatre.
The Sunderland Empire Theatre, opened in 1907, is the largest theatre in the North East. It reopened in December 2004 following a big redevelopment making the stage bigger. Now it can stage West End shows such as "Miss Saigon", "Starlight Express" and "My Fair Lady". The Empire is the only theatre between Leeds and Glasgow big enough to put on such shows.
The Birmingham Royal Ballet have a season at the Sunderland Empire every year, and it is thought of as the company's north-east home.
The Royalty Theatre is the home to the (amateur) Royalty Theatre group who also put on a number of low-budget productions throughout the year. Renowned film producer David Parfitt belonged to this company before achieving worldwide fame.
Events.
Each year on the last weekend in July, the city hosts the. It takes place along the sea front at Roker and Seaburn, and is attended by over 1.2 million people annually. It is the largest free airshow in Europe.
Sunderland also hosts the free International Festival of Kites, Music and Dance, which attracts kite-makers from around the world to Northumbria Playing Fields, Washington.
Every year the city hosts a large Remembrance Day memorial, believed to be the largest in the UK outside of London.
HMS Ocean, a Helicopter Landing Ship is Sunderland's adopted Royal Navy ship. The crew of HMS Ocean regularly visit the city.
At Christmas, Sunderland has a German market in the city centre selling German-made wooden goods, and German food. It also hosts a large ice rink in Mowbray Park, which is part of the wider, regional North East Winter Festival.
Attractions.
Traditional attractions for visitors to Sunderland include Penshaw Monument, the Souter Lighthouse (the first electrically powered lighthouse in the world), the 15th century Hylton Castle, the Wildfowl park in Washington, and the beaches of Roker and Seaburn.
The National Glass Centre opened in 1998, reflecting Sunderland's distinguished history of glass-making. The centre has never been as successful as hoped.
Sunderland Museum and Winter Gardens, on Borough Road, was the first publically funded museum in the country outside London. It was opened by Ulysses S Grant shortly after he stopped being US President. The museum has a big collection of the locally produced Sunderland Lustreware pottery. The new City Library Arts Centre, on Fawcett Street, also houses the Northern Gallery for Contemporary Art.
The City of Sunderland has been commended several times on its commitment to preserving its natural environment. Sunderland has won awards from the Britain in Bloom group in 1993, 1997 and 2000.
Economy and industry.
Sunderland is one of the most deprived cities in the North of England. 11 of the 25 wards featuring in the list of the 2000 most deprived wards in England. The most deprived areas are Southwick to the north of the river and Thorney Close to the south - both with chronic levels of unemployment, although the city is performing better than the North East as a whole.
Traditional industry.
Once called the "Greatest Shipbuilding Town in the World"
, ships were built on the Wear from at least 1346 onwards. The Port of Sunderland was expanded in the 1850s when the Hudsons Dock were built for the River Wear Commissioners. Robert Stephenson helped the engineers..
Competition from overseas caused a downturn in demand for Sunderland built ships toward the end of the twentieth century. The last shipyard in Sunderland closed in 1988.
Sunderland, part of the Durham coalfield, has a coal-mining heritage that dates back centuries. At the peak in 1923, 170,000 miners were employed in County Durham alone, as labourers from all over Britain, including many from Scotland and Ireland, entered the region. As demand for coal fell after World War II, mines began to close across the region, causing mass unemployment. The last coal mine closed in 1994. The site of the last coal mine, Wearmouth Colliery, is now the Stadium of Light, and a miner's Stephenson lamp monument stands outside of the ground to honour the heritage of the site.
Glass has been made in Sunderland for around 1,500 years. But overseas competition has forced the closure of all of Sunderland's glass-making factories. Corning Glass Works was one of the last. It was in Sunderland for 120 years, until March 31, 2007
Vaux Breweries was established in the town centre in the 1880s and for 110 years was a major employer. The brewery was finally closed in July 1999. Vaux in Sunderland and Wards Brewing Company in Sheffield had been part of the Vaux Group, when both breweries closed the group started to concentrate on its hotels which were in The Swallow Group. In the autumn of 2000 even this was taken over by Whitbread PLC.
Rejuvenation.
Sunderland's economy began to get better after the 1980s.
The giant Nissan factory moved in, and new service industries arrived. Doxford International Business Park, in the south west of the city, has attracted a host of national and international companies.
Sunderland Corporation's massive post-war housing estate developments, such as Farringdon, Pennywell, Grindon, Hylton Red House, Hylton Castle, Thorney Close and Town End Farm, together with earlier developments, have all passed into the ownership of Gentoo (once caleed Sunderland Housing Group), a private company and a "Registered Social Landlord". Since the transfer in 2000 there have been a lot of improvements to the quality of social housing in the city.
The central business district of Sunderland has also been redeveloped and improveed. In 2000, The Bridges shopping centre was extended to attract national chain stores. In November 2004, after several years with no cinema, a Cineworld multiplex opened in the new River Quarter, an entertainment complex towards the east of the City Centre. The Cinema was taken over by the Empire Multiplex Cinema Company in mid 2006. The previous ABC Cinema, situated on the corner of Park Lane and Holmeside, had been derelict for a number of years until it reopened late in 2005 as The Point, with three bars and the Union nightclub.
The arrival of Roy Keane as Sunderland AFC's new manager in August 2006 has had a massive impact in Sunderland's once limited tourism industry. Keane has proved a big pull for the city in terms of attracting tourists to Sunderland, with the Tourism Office reporting a dramatic rise in the number of football fans coming to the city "mentioning his name" as early as October 2006, just six weeks after Keane's appointment as manager. Airline Ryanair, moreover, recorded a 10% increase in passenger numbers travelling to Newcastle Airport on Fridays before a Sunderland home game, some 600 more than on other Fridays. The Tourism Office believes Keane's attachment to the city is causing a knock-on effect on local restaurants, bars and attractions in that more tourists are "making a weekend of it" after watching the football.
Rail.
Sunderland station was rebuilt in November 1965 for football teams and officials from countries who were playing at Roker Park when England hosed of the 1966 World Cup. It is served by Northern Rail services between Newcastle and Middlesbrough, and Grand Central services to York and London
Metro.
In 2002, the Tyne and Wear Metro system was extended to Sunderland. The local Metro ends at South Hylton after calling at Sunderland Rail Station and Park Lane Bus Station. Metro trains are quite frequent and travel between Newcastle International Airport and Newcastle-upon-Tyne in the north and South Hylton at the southern end of the line. However, the Metro extension has not been viewed as a huge success with frequency of services cut due to a lack of demand.
Bus.
A multi-million pound transport interchange at Park Lane was opened on 2 May, 1999 by the then "Brookside" actor Michael Starke. With 750,000 passengers per year it is the busiest bus and coach station in Britain after Victoria Coach Station in Central London, and has won several design awards. A new Metro station was built underneath the bus concourse to provide a direct interchange as part of the extension to South Hylton in 2002.
Cycle.
There are a number of cycle routes that run through and around Sunderland. The National Cycle Network National Route 1 runs from Ryhope in the south, through the centre of the city, and then along the coast towards South Shields.
Britain's most popular long distance cycle route - The 'C2C' Sea to Sea Cycle Route - traditionally starts (or ends) when the cyclist dips their wheel in the sea on Roker beach. The 'W2W' 'Wear-to-Walney' route, and the 'Two-Rivers' (Tyne and Wear) route also end in Sunderland.
Famous residents.
Developer of the electric lightbulb Joseph Swan, agony aunt Denise Robertson, rockers 'The Futureheads' and Alex Kapranos of 'Franz Ferdinand', Civil liberty campaigner Chris Mullin MP, radio DJ and singer Lauren Laverne, football manager Bob Paisley, actor James Bolam, film producer David Parfitt, lead singer of 'Olive' Ruth-Ann Boyle, author Lewis Carroll, artist LS Lowry, journalist Kate Adie, and the Venerable Bede are a few of the many famous people born in or associated with Sunderland. For a more detail list, see List of famous residents of Sunderland.
See also.
City of Sunderland

List of kings of Carthage
Until 308 BC, Carthage was ruled, at least officially, by Monarchs.
Monarchs of Carthage, 814 BC-308 BC
In 480 BC, following Hamilcar I's death, the King lost most of his power to an aristocratic Council of Elders. In 308 BC, Bomilcar attempted a coup (rebellion) to restore the monarch to full power, but failed, which led to Carthage becoming in name as well as in fact a republic.

Wilhelm Busch
Wilhelm Busch (April 15, 1832 (Wiedensahl near Hannover) - January 9, 1908 (Mechtshausen)) was a German painter and poet who is known for his satirical picture stories.
After studying first mechanical engineering and then art in Düsseldorf, Antwerp, and Munich he started drawing caricatures.
One of his first picture stories, "Max and Moritz" (published in 1865), was a huge success. "Max and Moritz" as well as many of his other picture stories were early examples of the what became the modern comic strip. The idea of "Max and Moritz", for instance, has been an inspiration for the Katzenjammer Kids.
Wilhelm Busch also wrote a number of poems in a style similar to his picture stories. Besides that he produced more than 1,000 oil paintings that weren't sold until after his death in 1908.</td><td>

Electronic sports
Electronic sports is the term for video games that are played competitively. The most known electronic sports games are Counter-Strike, Warcraft, Starcraft and Quake. Electronic Sports is played over the Internet or via LAN. There are professional leagues and tournaments like the "Cyberathlete Professional League", "ClanBase", "Electronic Sports League" and the "World Cyber Games" where electronic sports players can earn thousands of US Dollars.

Marklohe
Marklohe is a small village in Germany. It is an amt in the district of Nienburg (Weser) in Lower Saxony. Marklohe has about 4000 habitants.

Skunk
A skunk is a mammal, usually black with a white stripe on its back and a fluffy tail. Its most special part is that can shoot out a bad-smelling spray from under its tail; it does this to ward off things that could hurt it.
It can eat both plants and small animals like earthworms, frogs, snakes, birds and eggs. It usually eats berries, leaves, grasses and nuts
The striped skunk is most well-known type of skunk. It weighs 2.5 to 14 pounds (1.2–6.3 kg) with a body length (without the tail) of 13 to 18 inches (33–46 cm). The tail is 7 to 10 inches long (18–25 cm), and sometimes has a white tip.

Cerebellum
In human beings, the cerebellum is one of the main divisions of the brain.
The cerebellum integrates signals from eyes, muscle spindles, and ears with motor commands from the forebrain and helps coordinate motor activity. More recent expansions of the human cerebellum may be crucial to language and other forms of mental dexterity. Bands of axons extend from the cerebellum into the pons.

Sustainable development
Sustainable development is a socio-ecological process.
The term was used by the Brundtland Commission defined it as development that "meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs."
• a better environment – that means green spaces, play areas, no litter, nice gardens, decent houses, less noise and pollution
• a better economy – that means jobs, reasonable prices, cheaper heat and light, no loan sharks
• better social conditions – that means good leisure facilities, lots of community groups offering sports and arts, friendly neighbours.
But many people now realise that if we are to tackle one issue, then we’ll probably have to tackle the others as well. For instance, new shops are unlikely to open in an area where crime and poverty levels are very high. Similarly crime is unlikely to fall in an area where the housing has been improved unless there are jobs to be had. People may move into an area where housing and jobs are available, but if the surroundings are run-down and public transport is poor, they may well not want to stay.
This is not just a local issue. The same problems are faced at a national level. If the governments of the world are to deal with poverty, they don’t just need to provide money and food aid, they need to help local people get educated and get jobs. People also need a safe environment with adequate homes and drinking water. To make these things work, governments also need to make sure that people have an effective voice in deciding what happens where they live.
They call this approach ‘sustainable development’. While this phrase can be confusing, it’s now used in many government documents and in funding programmes.
At the core of this idea is the matter of meeting people’s needs – for a home, for a decent job, for education for their children, for good health care, and for a safe and healthy neighbourhood to live in.
Most people in the rich nations have most of these needs, but there are still many people living in poverty and in poor quality homes. Even if these basic needs are met there are still plenty of ways in which their ‘quality of life’ is under threat: from crime, from pollution, or from living in neighbourhoods where no-one in authority seems to care.
Many areas have programmes to promote ‘local sustainability’: many are called ‘Local Agenda 21’ plans, named after the international Agenda 21 action plan for sustainable development agreed at the United Nations Earth Summit held in 1992.

Ribose
Ribose is a five-carbon sugar. It is found in RNA (ribonucleic acid).
D-Ribose is taken as a herbal supplement. Victims of fibromyalgia often report reduced pain and increased energy with little or no side effects.

Deoxyribose
Deoxyribose is the sugar component of deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA, having one less hydroxyl group than ribose, the sugar component of ribonucleic acid or RNA.

Henry Royce
Sir Henry Royce was born March 27, 1863 and died April 22, 1933. He made cars, and with Charles Stewart Rolls started the Rolls-Royce company.
He was born in Alwalton, Huntingdonshire which is near Peterborough as the youngest child of five.

Seizure
A seizure is when the nerves of somebody act strangely. Nerves transmit information. They do this by electrical impulses and by some chemical substances called transmitters.
"Status epilepticus" is a seizure that lasts much longer than normal, sometimes more than 30 minutes. The person faints while the seizure is happening. These are treatable by the use of a medicine called "Diazepam" which is given from a tube into the bowels of the person, through the anus. Whether treated or not, the person must get to a hospital as soon as possible, as their brain could be permanently damaged otherwise.
Certain types of seizures point to a disorder called epilepsy, where the nerves do not work as they should. They carry the wrong messages to the brain so that the person moves uncontrollably or sees, hears, smells, feels, or tastes things that aren't there. Medicine can be taken to prevent this from happening.

1236
1236 is a year in the 13th century

Profession
A profession is a job that a person has. It is what they do to get money or a living. People often have to learn a lot to help them do their job.

International Nuclear Event Scale
The International Nuclear Event Scale (INES) is a system introduced by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). It was introduced to allow people to communicate how serious a nuclear accident is. Other people are then able to react faster to take protection measures. For each level, there is a list of criteria (things) that must be there, for the accident to be of that level.
Details.
Level 7 is the highest level. Accidents of this type have a large impact (pollution, radiation) outside the site where they occur. The health of many people is put in danger. There are big effects on the environment. Example: Chernobyl accident (former Soviet Union) - 1986.
Level 6: Accidents of this type have a large impact (pollution, radiation) outside the site where they occur. Several governments may need to take the full set of countermeasures to protect their population. Example: Mayak (former Soviet Union)- 1957.
Level 5: Accidents of this type do release some radiation. Some groups of people which are at risk may need special countermeasures. Examples: Windscale fire (United Kingdom) - 1957, Three Mile Island accident (United States) - 1979.
"The Levels 5-7 are related to severe damage of the reactor core and the radiological barriers."
Level 4 is related to significant damage of the reactor core / radiological barriers and/or a fatal exposure of a worker (or more), but the off-site impact is minor, resulting in public exposure of the order of the prescribed limits. Examples: Windscale (United Kingdom) - 1973, Saint-Laurent (France) - 1980, Buenos Aires (Argentina) - 1983.
Level 3 is characterized by very small off-site impact, although related to severe spread of contamination on-site / acute health effects to a worker (or more). It is a "near accident" event, when no safety layers are remaining. Example: Vandellos (Spain) - 1989, THORP plant Sellafield (United Kingdom) - 2005.
Level 2 is an incident with no off-site impact, related to significant spread of contamination on-site / overexposure of a worker.
Level 1 is an anomaly beyond the authorized operating regime.
Level 0 is a "below-scale event" of no safety significance.
There are also events of no safety relevance, characterized as "out of scale".

Hafnarfjördhur
Hafnarfjörður (Haven-fjord) is a town in Iceland.
Trivia.
Many people that live there believe elves known as the 'hidden people' live in Hafnarfjörður.

Bloomington, Illinois
Bloomington is a city in McLean County, Illinois, USA.

Giverny
Giverny is a village that was the temporary home of Claude Monet. The village is located in Normandy, France.

Fort Collins, Colorado
Fort Collins is a city in the U.S. state of Colorado. It is near the Cache la Poudre River and home of Colorado State University.

Silver Spring, Maryland
Silver Spring is a community in the U.S. state of Maryland. It is a suburb of Washington, DC. It is the second largest place in Maryland (behind Baltimore).

Iraq
The Republic of Iraq is a Middle Eastern country in southwestern Asia. It shares borders with Saudi Arabia and Kuwait to the south, Turkey to the north, Syria to the north-west, Jordan to the west, and Iran to the east. The capital of Iraq is Baghdad.
Politics.
From 1968 to 2003, Iraq was run by the Ba'ath Party. Saddam Hussein was the President from 1979 until the disbandment of the Ba'ath Party. During this time, he murdered many innocent people that he did not like. He also invaded Iran but later withdrew.
In 1990, Iraq invaded Kuwait and took over the entire country. Many countries, including the United States, United Kingdom, Saudi Arabia, France, Italy, Pakistan, and others fought to free Kuwait. Later, some agents believed to be sent by Saddam Hussein tried to kill former President George H. W. Bush with a truck bomb in Kuwait.
In March 2003, an invasion led by American, British, Australian, Danish and Polish forces forced the Ba'ath Party to surrender. The publically stated reason for the invasion was that Saddam Hussein refused to let United Nations inspectors look for suspected nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons. In the past, Iraq used chemical weapons to kill people. Iraq used chemical gas on some Kurdish villages such as "Halabja" and killed five thousand Kurds in the north of Iraq. Iraq had done research in making biological and nuclear weapons.
The country was initially split into 3 zones, the American zone, the British zone, and the Polish zone similar to the way Germany was divided in 1945. Forces from Denmark controlled areas in the British zone. A new temporary government was formed on June 28, 2004, however the coalition forces are still currently in the country. Ghazi A. El-Yawer is the President of the new temporary government.
At the moment, there are many U.S., British and multi-national troops in the country. Also, tensions between religious groups (Shia and Sunni Muslims, as well as Christians) lead to a great deal of instability in the country. Because of these tensions, some people say there is a civil war in Iraq.
Geography.
The country area lies between two rivers; for this reason the area was called Mesopotamia in ancient ages. The rivers Euphrates and Tigris bound what is called the Fertile Crescent. Iraq also has a small coastline along the Persian Gulf, and this coastline was considered the heart of the petroleum trade in Iraq before the First Gulf War. The weather is extremely hot and dry because Iraq is far from seas and oceans and even the close ones are blocked by mountains so that the rainy wind can't reach the inlands. This region has fertile land because of the two famous rivers.
Iraq is divided into 18 provinces ("muhafazah").
Economy.
Iraq has a large amount of oil. Iraq is the world's number four in petroleum production and the world's number two in petroleum reserves. In the past, Iraq sold much of this oil to other countries. After Iraq invaded Kuwait in August 1990, the United Nations stopped Iraq from selling the oil. The United Nations later allowed Iraq to sell some oil to buy food, clothes, and medicine so the people would not suffer as much. This was called the "Oil-for-Food" program.

Neutron star
A neutron star formed from some supernovas of massive stars. Neutron stars are 30,000 to 70,000 times smaller than the Sun. Neutron stars rotate very fast; they can take anything from one seven-hundredth formula_1of a second to thirty (30) seconds. These stars are also very tightly packed; a teaspoon of neutron star would weigh as much as a skyscraper.
Another type of neutron star is called a pulsar. It also spins and gives of a beam of radiation, such as a lighthouse in space.

Parent
A person's parents are the mother and father of that person. They are either biologically or legally related to the person.

Lee Hsien Loong
Lee Hsien Loong is the current prime minister of Singapore.

Adam and Eve
Adam and Eve is a story from the Torah. It also occurs in the Old Testament of the Bible, and the Qu'ran. According to the story, "Adam and Eve" were the first two people. They lived in the Garden of Eden, but were made to leave because they ate the Forbidden fruit, which God told them not to eat.
God punished Eve because she had been tricked by the serpent. God said that woman shall always bear children in intense pain, and that "man shall be your master".
God also punished Adam for eating the fruit and said that man will always struggle to extract a living from the soil, and would return at death to the soil from where he came from.
In the mundaka upanishad of hindu philosophy chapter three describes a symbolic story of two birds. One is adma (soul) and another is jeev (life). Jeev eats the fruit of a fig tree (Pippala) and adma is looking at her without any influence. This story is told to explain even though the life (living being) is doing the worldly things (including sex) it will not affect the soul inside. The following points are coincide. Adam and adma. Eve and jeev. pipple and bible. fig is fig (not changed). forbidden fruit is forbidden fruit (not changed). Upanishads are 5000 years old. Bible is 2000 years old. Is it possible that this story has taken this new shape in 3000 years? Without prejudice readers can do research on this subject. refer Deivathin kural written by H.H. Chandrasekarendra Saraswathi swamiji of Kanchi Kamakoti peetam,tamilnadu, india.

Ramadan
Ramadan is the Islamic month of fasting. Just like the month of September in a Gregorian Calendar, this is the number nine month of the Hijri calendar.
It begins when Muslims can find the moon for the first time after a few nights. Then, Muslims should not eat or drink once the sun rises. They can only do that once the sun goes down. This usually continues for thirty days, but sometimes twenty-nine days.
It ends with Eid Al-Fitr, the time when Muslims break their fast. There are exceptions to this. Pregnant women, the sick, and children are usually excepted from this rule.
Ramadan is a time for Muslims to think about how the poor and homeless suffer without lots of food, it helps Muslims to be more obedient, and less greedy.

Caykur Rizespor
Caykur Rizespor is a sports club in Rize, Turkey. It was started in 1968. Caykur Rizespor 's home stadium is the Rize Atatürk Stadı in Rize.

Tenzing Norgay
Tenzing Norgay (May 29, 1914 – May 9, 1986) was a Sherpa climber. During his life he had several wives, as it is part of Sherpa lifestyle. Norgay and Sir Edmund Hillary were the first people to reach the top of Mount Everest on May 29, 1953. Norgay was born in Kharta Valley, Nepal. He died aged 71 in Darjeeling, India.
Early Life.
There are different views about his early life. The account that he gave in his first autobiography, accepted for several years, is that he was a Sherpa born and brought up in Khumbu in Nepal. However more recent research has led to the claim that he was born a Tibetan in Kharta valley, Tibet, but his family were left destitute when their yaks were killed by disease, and he was sold as a bonded servant to a Sherpa family in Thamey in Nepal. Khumbu lies near Mount Everest, which the Tibetans and Sherpas call Chomolungma which in Tibetan means Mother Goddess of the Earth.
His exact date of birth is not known, but he knew it was in late May by the weather and the crops. After his ascent of Everest on 29 May, he decided to celebrate his birthday on that day thereafter.
He was originally called "Namgyal Wangdi", but as a child his name was changed on the advice of the head lama and founder of the famous Rongbuk Monastery, Ngawang Tenzin Norbu. Tenzing Norgay translates as "wealthy-fortunate-follower-of-religion." His father, a yak herder, was Ghang La Mingma (d. 1949) and his mother was Dokmo Kinzom (who lived to see him climb Everest); he was the 11th of 13 children, most of whom died young.
He ran away from home twice in his teens, first to Kathmandu and later Darjeeling, and, at age 19, eventually settled in the Sherpa community in Too Song Bhusti in Darjeeling, West Bengal, India.
Journeys.
Tenzing Norgay has been on several attempts to reach the top of Mount Everest. Two of the attempts were stopped by bad weather which caused them to turn around. One of failed attempts was in 1935 with Eric Shipton. Eventually, after 6 failure attempts, Norgay finally reached the top of Mount Everest in 1953 along with Sir Edmund Hillary. They came back down from the top of the mountain on May 29, 1953.
After Mount Everest.
Tenzing later became director of field training for the Himalayan Mountaineering Institute in Darjeeling. In 1978 he started Tenzing Norgay Adventures, a company providing trekking adventures in the Himalaya.
As of 2003 the company was run by his son Jamling Tenzing Norgay, who himself reached the summit of Everest in 1996.
He was honored with the prestigious Padma Bhushan, India's third highest civilian honour, in 1959.
The Government of India instituted the Tenzing Norgay National Adventure Awards in his honour, awarded annually.
Death.
Tenzing Norgay died of a broncial condition in 1986.

Sherpa
The Sherpa are an ethnic group in Nepal, who live in the higher parts of the Himalayas. They often help guide people through the mountains. They also sometimes live on the trail of Mt. Everest. A well known Sherpa is Tenzing Norgay, who helped Edmund Hillary climb to the top of Mt. Everest.

Charlotte Eagles
The Charlotte Eagles are a soccer club that plays in Charlotte, North Carolina. The team's first season was 1993. They play in the 2nd Division of the United Soccer Leagues.

Charlotte, North Carolina
Charlotte is the biggest city in the state of North Carolina and is one of the biggest cities in the United States. In January, 2008, there were about 695,995 people living in Charlotte.
History.
The first people settled at the place where Charlotte is in 1755 when a man named Thomas Polk built a house near two Native American trading paths. More people started living in the area and in 1768 it became a town named Charlotte Town. It was named after the wife of King George III because the people wanted him to like them. But he did not, and soon he started passing laws that the people in Charlotte did not like. So, on May 20, 1775, the people in Charlotte signed a proclamation that later was called the Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence. They did not want to be ruled by the king anymore so eleven days later they had a meeting and made new laws for their town.
In the early 1800s, many churches started to form in Charlotte. That is why Charlotte is sometimes called “The City of Churches.”
In 1799, a boy found a big rock. When a jeweler told his family that it was gold, the first gold rush in the United States started. A lot of gold was found. More gold was found in North Carolina then any other state until the California Gold Rush of 1848. Some people in Charlotte still enjoy looking for gold.
After the Civil War Charlotte became a busy town. Cotton farmers brought their cotton to Charlotte to ship it on trains. Even more people started living in Charlotte during World War I. When the war ended a lot of people stayed in the city.
Today the city is known for it’s many banks. Charlotte is the second biggest banking city in the world. Only New York City has more banks.
Weather.
Charlotte has many different kinds of weather throughout the year. In the winter the temperature sometimes goes below 32°F (0°C) and in the summer it has gone up to 104°F (40°C). The city usually gets about 43.52 inches (1105.3 mm) of precipitation a year. Most of it is rain. It does not snow much in Charlotte.
Economy.
Banking is very important in Charlotte. Many banks, such as Bank of America and Wachovia have headquarters in the city. There are also many other big companies in Charlotte. There are many skyscrapers (tall buildings) Charlotte.
NASCAR also has many offices in Charlotte and in the towns around Charlotte.
Government.
Charlotte has a council-manager kind of government. This means that there two main leaders in Charlotte: the city council who makes the laws, and the city manager who makes sure everybody follows the laws.
The Charlotte-Mecklenburg Police Department is in charge of keeping everyone in the city safe. The are about 1600 police officers in the Police Department.
Schools.
The city’s public school system, called Charlotte-Mecklenburg Schools, is the second biggest school system in North Carolina. The school system has about 132,000 students.
There is a university, called the University of North Carolina at Charlotte, in Charlotte. Right now there are about 22,000 students who go to this university. There is also a community college, called Central Piedmont Community College, in the city. It is the biggest community college in North Carolina or South Carolina. Charlotte has many private universities as well.
Sports.
Charlotte also has several parks and other public places for people to enjoy.
Mass Transportation.
There are many public busses to help people get around the city. In 2007 Charlotte began a mass transit light rail system. Charlotte also has a system of small trains called LYNX that people can ride to get to where they need to go.
Airport.
Charlotte is also home to Charlotte/Douglass International Airport, which is the 11th busiest airport in the world. Many different airlines have planes at this airport.
Roads.
Because Charlotte is between the big cities in the northeast and the big cities in the southeast, a lot of people drive through the city every day. Charlotte has many big interstates to handle all the traffic. But a most people think Charlotte does not have good roads. They are big, but they were not planned well. Tripnet.org has said that only 58% of the roads in the city were good roads.

Carolina Panthers
The Carolina Panthers are an American Football team in Charlotte, North Carolina that play in the National Football League. They played at Bank of America Stadium and played their first game in 1995.

Selgovae
The Selgovae were a Brythonic tribe in Scotland, who lived in what is now the Borders.

Harrison Ford
Harrison Ford, (born July 13, 1942 in Chicago (Illinois) is an American actor. Before his career as actor, he worked as a carpenter. He is one of the most successful actors in the world. His movies have made a worldwide profit of US $5.65 billion. He is most known for his roles as Han Solo from "Star Wars" and as Indiana Jones.

Pre-history
The word pre-history comes from the Ancient Greek words προ = before and ιστορία = history. Someone called Paul Tournal first used the French word Pré-historique. He found some things from pre-history in some caves in France. The word was used in France since the 1830s to talk about the time before writing. Daniel Wilson used it in English in 1851.
It means the time before people made writing. Things from pre-history are called "pre-historic." Pre-history can start at the start of the universe but the word more often means a time when there was life on Earth; dinosaurs are called prehistoric animals and cavemen are called prehistoric people. A very small amount is known about pre-history because it was not written down by the people who lived then. What we do know about pre-history we know because of things like tools, bones, and pictures in caves. Pre-history ends at different times in different places when people make writing.
In pre-history people lived in groups called "tribes" and lived in caves or tents (houses made from animal skin). They had simple tools made from bones and sticks that they used to hunt and to make simple things. They made fire from stones and they used fire to cook food and to keep warm. They made clothes out of animal skins that they used to keep warm. Society started when people started to do individual jobs. This is called the division of labor. The division of labor made people to depend on one another and led to advanced civilizations.
Some important sciences that are used to find out things about pre-history are palaeontology, astronomy, biology, geology, anthropology, and archaeology.

Early Middle Ages
The Roman Empire ruled much of Europe in ancient history. It became weaker and finally collapsed in 476. When it collapsed, its army stopped working and its communication systems (ways of people in different places talking to each other) also stopped working. This made the people in Europe unable to talk to each other and share news and facts. Because the Roman army had kept peace between different parts of Europe and defended it from other people, and the Roman army had now collapsed, there was much fighting. This time was known as the Dark Ages. A famous person in the Dark Ages was King Arthur of England. We do not know if he was real or just a myth. There is a legend that he stopped the fighting in England and made peace.
After the Dark Ages, there was the Middle Ages. It is called the "middle" ages because it was between ancient history and modern history. It can also be called medieval times. It was a time when Europe was Christian, and the Catholic Church was very powerful. The Middle Ages ended when the Renaissance started. During the Renaissance people began going to school and university more and learning more things. There was less fighting. The printing press was also made. This was a machine that made books easily and quickly. It made it easier for people to read and learn things.This historical time was when the Vikings entered England.

KGB
KGB (transliteration of "КГБ") is the Russian-language abbreviation for State Security Committee, (Russian:; "Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti").
From March 13, 1954 to November 6, 1991 KGB was the main name for the main Soviet security agency, intelligence agency or spy agency, and the secret police agency.
Roughly, the KGB had similar function to those exercised by the United States' Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), the counterintelligence (internal security) division of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), the Federal Protective Service, and the Secret Service. Its powers were less controlled by law than these American agencies.
The KGB is believed to have murdered people, such as Georgi Markov, who was stabbed with a venom placed at the tip of an umbrella.
In March 1953, Lavrenty Beria merged the MVD and the MGB into one agency--the MVD. In December Beria and 6 associated were executed and MVD was split. The re-formed MVD retained its police and law enforcement powers, while the second, new agency, the KGB, did the internal and external security functions, and reported to the Council of Ministers.
On July 5, 1978 the KGB was re-christened as the "KGB of the Soviet Union", with its chairman holding a ministerial council seat. The KGB was dissolved when its chief, Colonel-General Vladimir Kryuchkov, used the KGB's resources in aid of the August 1991 coup attempt to overthrow Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev. On August 23, 1991 Colonel-General Kryuchkov was arrested, and General Vadim Bakatin was appointed KGB Chairman--and mandated to dissolve the KGB of the Soviet Union. On November 6, 1991, the KGB officially ceased to exist, although its successor national state security organisation, the Russian "Federalnaya Sluzhba Bezopasnosti" (FSB), is functionally much like the Soviet KGB.
Belarus is the only post-Soviet Union era country where the successor state security organization continues to be known as KGB. Belarus is also the birthplace of Felix Dzerzhinsky, one of the founders of the Cheka, a forerunner of the KGB.

FSB (Russia)
The FSB (ФСБ) is a state security organisation in Russia. It is the organisation that came after the KGB, relating to internal affairs inside the country. Its name is an acronym from the Russian Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation (Федера́льная слу́жба безопа́сности Росси́йской Федера́ции) (Federal'naya Sluzhba Bezopasnosti Rossiyskoi Federatsii). It is usually simply called the FSB in English-language sources. Its headquarters are located in Moscow.

Nicolaus Copernicus
Nicolaus Copernicus (Niklas Koppernigk, in Polish: "Mikołaj Kopernik", February 19, 1473 – May 24, 1543) was an astronomer. People know Copernicus for his ideas about the sun and the earth. His main idea was that our world is "heliocentric", from helios - sun. He wrote about his theory that the sun was in the middle of the solar system in his epochal book, "De revolutionibus orbium coelestium" (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres).
Copernicus was born in 1473 in the city of Thorn (Toruń), in Royal Prussia, a mainly German-speaking region that a few years earlier had become a part of the Kingdom of Poland. He was taught first in Cracow and then in Italy, where he graduated as lawyer of the church. He studied also medicine to serve his fellow clerics. Copernicus spent most of his life working and researching in Frauenburg (Frombork), Warmia, where he died in 1543.
Copernicus was one of the great polymaths of his age. He was a priest, mathematician, astronomer, doctor, jurist, physician, classical scholar, governor, administrator, diplomat, economist, and even lead soldiers. During all these jobs, he treated astronomy like a hobby. However, his formula of how the sun, rather than the earth, is at the center of the universe is thought to be one of the most important scientific hypotheses in history. Many people believe it was the beginning of modern astronomy.

Projection (mathematics)
A projection in geometry is something like a shadow, that an object casts onto another object. When a three-dimensional sphere is projected onto a plane, its projection will either be a circle or an ellipse.
In higher mathematics, projections are changes of one thing into something else. They may also be applications of functions.

Drizzle
Drizzle is the name given to light rain. The drop size of drizzle is smaller than that of rain, about 0.5 mm (millimeters) in diameter.

Lightning
Lightning is a powerful electrical discharge produced during a thunderstorm. The electric current is very hot and causes the air around it to expand very quickly, which in turn makes thunder. Sometimes it happens between clouds. Sometimes (in the rain) it goes from cloud to ground. If it goes from cloud to ground, it can strike a person. Around 2000 people are struck by lightning each year.
Benjamin Franklin was fascinated by lightning and its properties. His curiosity led to many important discoveries.
Lightning is caused by static charges mainly positive and negative opposite charges coming and repelling each other.

Roseau
Roseau is the capital city of the Caribbean island of Dominica. It is home to more than fourteen thousand people.

Event
An event is something that takes place. It could also mean an important happening or activity.
Different events are important for different people. People think about their lives like they are made up of different pieces, and they separate the pieces by events they think are important.

Paint
Paint is the general term for stuff that is used to add colour to the surface of an object by covering it with a pigmented (coloured) coating. As a verb, painting means "applying paint" (putting paint onto something). Someone who paints is called a painter.
Paint is made from a coloured pigment which is usually a powder. The powder is made from different chemicals. Some of the pigments comme straight from natural things like clay. The pigment must be made wet with something that will make it stick onto the surface and not come off easily. The wet stuff is called the "medium". Some paints are just mixed with water. Other paints are mixed with oils or chemicals of different sorts. Most painters by paint that is already mixed. House-painters use paint already mixed in large cans. Artists buy paint in tubes. Some artists buy dry pigment and mix it for themselves.
The paint is usually put onto the surface with a paint brush. Paint brushes are use by painters of all sorts. House painters also use rollers and spray-guns to put on paint. A modern invention is paint in a pressurized can which can be sprayed on. Some modern artists also use spray paint. In factories there are machines which spray paint onto objects. Cars are usually painted in this way.
Paint must be allowed to dry. Some paints such as watercolour, dries in a few minutes. Other paints, such as artist's oil paint, can take days or even weeks to dry. Most other types of paints fit between these two. Many types of paint are best if they are put on in several layers. The painter must first prepare the surface so it is smooth, clean and dry. The first layer of paint is often an "undercoat" or "ground" which is smooth and sticks very well. The coloured paints are put on over the top. A house-painter who is using oil paint on a wooden window frame might used three layers of paint to give very good protection from the weather. Other types of modern house paint only need one layer, particularly on the inside. Artists using oil paint and tempera often use many layers to get just the right effect.
Protection.
Paint is used to protect all sorts of buildings and structures from the effects of water and sun. Wooden buildings such as houses are usually painted because a coat of paint prevents water seeping into the wood and making it rot. The paint also helps to prevent the wood from drying out in the hot sun.
Metal structures and objects of all sorts are painted to stop them from rusting. A very large steel structure such as a bridge must have a team of painters who keep the paint in good condition all the time.
Decoration.
Paint is used to decorate all sorts of objects. Since pre-historic times, people have painted the inside walls of their houses to make them look attractive. Painting and decorating the exterior (outside) and interior (inside) of houses is an important industry in many countries. There are many types and colours of paint to chose from.
All sorts of other objects are painted to make them attractive. This includes furniture, toys, tools and utensils, and street fittings. Sometimes things made of wood such as furniture are painted in decorative patterns. In some countries, many people enjoy decorating furniture and other small things like trays and boxes. This is often called Folk art. In other countries such as Japan, painting furniture is a very skilled profession and an antique piece of decorated furniture is very valuable.
Other people enjoy the hobby of painting small objects such as model planes or soldiers.
Art.
Paintings are pictures that are done in paint. Many different types of paint are used for paintings. They include fresco, tempera, oil paint, gouache and watercolour. The paintings are usually done on board, canvas or paper. Many other famous paintings are done on the walls and ceilings of buildings, such as the Sistine Chapel ceiling which was painted by Michelangelo.
Many artists are famous for their painted pictures. Old, beautiful and famous paintings are very valuable and are sometimes sold for millions of dollars. Famous painters include Giotto, Leonardo da Vinci, Titian and Rembrandt.
Information.
Paint is a very good way to give important information to people, using painted signs. Painted signs include lane markings on the road, street signs of all sorts, advertising signs and warning signs.

Mark Antony
Marcus Antonius (Latin: M·ANTONIVS·M·F·M·N¹) (ca. 82 BC – August 1, 30 BC), known in English as Marc Antony, was a Roman politician and general. He was an important supporter of Julius Caesar as a military commander and administrator. After Caesar's assassination, Antony allied with Octavian and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus to form the second triumvirate. The triumvirate broke up in 33 BC and the disagreement turned to civil war in 31 BC, in which Antony was defeated by Octavian at the Battle of Actium and then at Alexandria. Antony committed suicide along with his wife, Queen Cleopatra VII of Egypt, in 30 BC.

Digg
Digg.com is a social news, sharing, discovering, bookmarking and rating information website. Digg started out as a popular technology news sharing destination.
How Digg Works.
The Digg website works by allowing users to vote topic up (Digging);then displays popular stories on the front page of Digg.

Crossword
A crossword is a popular type of word puzzle. A crossword is made up of black and white squares (called a 'grid') and a list of clues.
The answer to each clue is a word. The aim is to write the words letter-by-letter in the white squares. The white squares go "across" or "down" the page. Each clue has a number - for example "1 Across" or "15 Down".
There are many types of crossword puzzle. Straight (or Quick) crosswords are usually made up of simple definitions - which means that other words are used to describe the answer. Some crosswords use riddles and word play and are usually more difficult than straight crosswords.
Across.
3. Neither liquid nor gas (5)

Bob Geldof
Robert Frederick Xenon "Bob" Geldof, KBE (born 5 October 1954) is an Irish singer, songwriter, and political activist. Geldof was a member of the band the Boomtown Rats. He also helped to organise the Live Aid and Live 8 events, and to form the Band Aid charity group.
He has an honorary knighthood. Because he is not a British citizen, he should never be called "Sir" Geldof.

Bullseye (UK game show)
Bullseye is a game show hosted by Jim Bowen in the United Kingdom. In Bullseye, people play darts and answer questions to win money. The person who wins the most money has a chance to win Bully's special prize.

Coronation Street
Coronation Street is the longest-running soap opera in the United Kingdom. It is thought to be the most popular soap opera in the country because it regularly wins awards. William Roache has been acting in it since it first began in 1960, and is one of the only surviving actors who appeared in the first episode. Eileen Derbyshire, who plays Emily Bishop joined the cast in 1961.
The soap is shown in many countries around the world. It is very popular in Ireland and America.

European plaice
European plaice ("Pleuronectes platessa") is the name for a kind of fish. They are a commercially important flatfish. They live on the sandy bottoms of the European shelf. Its geographical range is from the Barents Sea to the Mediterranean. Plaice are characterised by their smooth, brown skin, red spots and bony ridge behind the eyes.
The fish feeds on polychaetes, crustaceans and bivalves. They can be found down to about 200 m.
Gastronomy.
In England they are often used as the fish in fish and chips.
In Danish cuisine they are one of the most commonly eaten fishes. Filleted, battered and pan-fried plaice is popular hot or cold as an open sandwich topping together with remoulade sauce and lemon slices. Battered plaice can also be served hot with french fries and remoulade sauce as a main dish; this fish and chips variant is commonly available as a children's special in Danish restaurants. Breaded frozen plaice, ready to be baked or fried at home, are readily available in supermarkets. Fresh plaice is also oven-baked.

Taboo
In a group, a taboo is something that the group looks down on upon. People usually will not talk about taboos. Doing something that is known as a taboo is usually seen as a bad thing by the community or society. Certain actions that are thought of as taboo are against the law in certain countries. Breaking the taboo may be punished hard by those states. Breaking other taboos can result in feeling embarrassed, or ashamed. Breaking a taboo is sometimes seen as rude.
Origins of the word.
The English word is traced back to Tongan "tapu" or the Fijian "tabu". These words usually mean "not allowed", or "forbidden". In its current use in Tonga, the word "tapu" also means "sacred" or "holy", in the sense of being restricted or protected by custom or by law. For example, the main island in the Kingdom of Tonga, where the capital Nuku'alofa is located and most of the population resides, is called "Tongatapu".
Some Solomon Islanders say that their languages have a word "tabu" (pronounced "tam-boo") that means holy. It refers to places in the bush where holy spirits live. Those areas should not be disturbed unless a ceremony or ritual is taking place. As taboo, they are places that should not be touched.
Examples of taboos.
Some taboos are because a religious, legal or social authority did something, over and over. Taboos can be talked about or joked about, outside "polite society". Comedy and satire such as "South Park", "The Simpsons" or "Beavis and Butthead" frequently do this.
Anthropological approach.
One suggestion is that taboos are the result of history and certain cultural experiences (which is called "Anthropolcial approach"). Steven Pinker suggests that taboos have developed culturally from more basic instincts. For taboos regarding the dead, he proposes that the human brain may have developed a hard-wired repulsion to many carriers of disease – an "intuitive microbiology". Only with the modern development of scientific microbiology have humans been able to rationalize these taboos. Pinker suggests similar explanations for the incest taboo and other things that cause the reflex emotion of disgust.
Psychoanalytical approach.
The other proposal is that taboos are the result of unconscious phenomena that are passed on (and this is called "Psychoanalytical approach"). Sigmund Freud provided an analysis of taboo behaviours. He highlighted strong subconscious motivations behind such prohibitions. In this system, described in his collection of essays "Totem and Taboo", Freud says there is a link between forbidden behaviours and the sanctification of objects to certain kinship groups. Freud also states that the only two "universal" taboos are that of incest and patricide, which formed the eventual basis of modern society.
And so, "Anyone who has violated a taboo becomes taboo himself because he possesses the dangerous quality of tempting others to follow his example."

Flatfish
Flatfish are a type of fish. There are several different kinds of flatfish. Some of them are fished commercially, like flounder, sole, turbot, plaice, and halibut.
All flatfish are rather flat, and have rays. They swim sideways. Some can hide on the ocean floor, waiting for prey.

Monopoly
In economics, a monopoly (from the Greek "monos", one + "polein", to sell) is when a product or service can only be bought from one supplier. In many places, utilities such as telephone service or cable television are monopolies.
The market is owned/dominated mainly by one company.

Pluto (Disney)
Pluto is an fictional dog that belongs to Mickey Mouse.He is a golden-yellow mutt with a green collar. He was introduced in the 1930s and got his name from the planet Pluto which had recently been discovered.
Pluto taught many kids lessons such as sharing, not to have jealousy, and many others. Pluto was very energetic. Pluto was created by Walt Disney.

Even number
An even number is an integer which is a multiple of two. If it is divided by two the result is another whole number. Zero is an even number because zero multipied by two is zero. The next four bigger even numbers are two, four, six, and eight. You can tell if a decimal number is an even number if the last digit is an even number.
An integer that is not an even number is an odd number.

Mardi Gras
Mardi Gras (Fat Tuesday) is a festival held two days before Ash Wednesday, signifying the end of the Carnival season and the start of Lent. Many cities (especally those with large Catholic populations) like New Orleans are famous for their Mardi Gras. During Mardi Gras, almost everyone takes part in celebrating with lavish parades and parties.

Røldalsvatnet
Røldalsvatnet is a lake in Odda, Hordaland, Norway. The length around it is 20.64 km, its area is 6.99 km² and it is 380 meters above sea level.

Technorati
Technorati is a search engine for weblogs. As of August 2006, Technorati indexes over 55 million sites.
Technorati was founded by Dave Sifry and its headquarters are in San Francisco, California, USA.

Stuart, Florida
Stuart is a city in the U.S. state of Florida. It is in Martin County, part of the Treasure Coast.

Astoria, Oregon
Astoria is a city in the American state of Oregon. It is named after John Jacob Astor, who started a fur trading post, there in 1811. Many movies have been filmed there like "The Goonies", "Kindergarten Cop", and "Free Willy".

The Goonies
"The Goonies" is a 1985 movie about of a group of children living in a part of Astoria, Oregon, USA called The "Goon Docks", who go on a search for a pirate's treasure, to save their neighborhood from being bought and destroyed. The movie was produced by Steven Spielberg and directed by Richard Donner.

Press Your Luck
"Press Your Luck" was an American game show that aired from 1983 to 1986 and later in reruns, and was hosted by Peter Tomarken. The three contestants on each show would earn spins by answering questions that they could later use on The Big Board. On the board, they could earn thousands of dollars in cash and prizes, but had to beware of the Whammy, a cartoon demon who stole players' money and prizes. If a Whammy was hit, the contestant lost all earnings up to that time. Four Whammies took a player out of the game. The winner returned on the next show.
The show came back on the air in 2002 on Game Show Network as "Whammy! The All-New Press Your Luck". It featured a new "Big Bank" feature, which gave the player a chance to earn all the money and prizes lost to the Whammy. It was hosted by Todd Newton and ran until 2003.
The original version of "Press Your Luck" was called "Second Chance", which aired on television in 1977. Instead of the Whammy, players had to face a cartoon "Devil." It was hosted by Jim Peck, but didn't last very long.

Nepal Bhasa
Nepal Bhasa is a language. Newah Bhaaye is a simple term used for Nepal Bhasa by native speakers. It is a Himalayan language of Tibeto-Burman branch of the Sino-Tibetan group. It is to be noted that it has been incorrectly called by the term ‘Newari’ by westerners and non-Newars of Nepal. Nepal Bhasha shares the feature of Kirant and Tibetan dialects of Northen Himalayas. It consists of five major dialects and several sub-dialects spoken by Newa people living throughout the country.

Narcolepsy
Narcolepsy is a neurological condition. Those who suffer from it tend to fall asleep during the daytime, even if they do not want to.
Symptoms.
Hallucinations, sleep paralysis, and automatic behaviour can also occur in people who are not narcoleptics. This usually happens when people are very tired, and have not slept for a long time.
Causes.
It is not yet known what causes narcolepsy. However, quite a few sufferers also have another family member with the disease. This may point to the fact that some of the things that cause the disease may be passed from the parents to the children through genes.
Treatments.
There are certain drugs that can treat the effects of narcolepsy. They can not treat the cause, since it is unknown. In general those drugs are special kinds of stimulants. General stimulants, like coffee, usually do not help.
Insomnia could be considered the opposite of narcolepsy.

Danny Phantom
"Danny Phantom" is an animated television series on the Nickelodeon cable network. This show, and another Nicktoon, "The Fairly OddParents", were created by American animator Butch Hartman.
The show Danny Phantom is about a fourteen-year old boy named Danny Fenton. His parents, Jack Fenton and Maddie Fenton, are ghost hunters and also create machines that help them to catch ghosts. Danny's parents were creating a portal, but when they were finished and tried to make it work, it failed to work and they quit. Danny, however, who had been watching them, put on a white suit and went inside the machine out of curiosity. He accidentally pressed a button and got an electric shock, which gave him his ghost powers.
Only his friends, Samantha (often called Sam) and Tucker know about his powers. Later Danny's sister, Jasmine (often called Jazz) accidentally discovered and learned about his powers.
Invisibility: Danny can turn invisible and back.
Ghost ray: Danny can shoot a green beam of energy from his hand.
Ghost Wail: Danny can make a very loud yell, sending green sound waves out of his mouth which
destroy almost anything in his path. He barely uses this because it uses too much energy.
Force Field: Danny can protect himself against attacks by creating a green bubble-like dome around him.
Characters.
Danny Fenton - a fourteen-year-old boy who has ghost powers. He doesn't do well in school and is often bullied by Dash.
Samantha (Sam) Manson - A teenage girl who is one of Danny's best friends. She can be bossy sometimes.
Tucker Foley - A teenage boy who is one of Danny's best friends. He is smart and carries around gadgets. He also wears glasses.
Jack Fenton - Danny's father. He is clumsy but is good at making machines. Although a little bit dumb sometimes, he really does care about his family.
Maddie Fenton - Danny's mother. She also enjoys making machines with her husband.
Jazzmine (Jazz) Fenton - Danny's older teenage sister. She is smart and is sometimes against her parent's ghost hunting.
Dash - A teenage boy in Danny's school who likes to bully Danny. Recently, however, Danny has been able to avoid this. Dash is a very popular kid in the school.
Mr. Lancer - One of Danny, Jazz and Dash's teachers.
Kwan - One of Dash's friends who is also popular.
Vlad Plasmius - Vlad is one of Jack's old friends. He too also has ghost powers, but he is more powerful than Danny.
Guys in White - This is a small group in the show. They are ghost hunters.
Other Facts.
Danny Phantom is distributed outside the United States by the Canadian company, Nelvana.
Danny's school is called Casper High.
In the show, there are also characters called Guys in White. This is an obvious joke of Men in Black.
"Danny Phantom" was originally called "Danny Phantom and the Spector Detectors", but the creator thought that the show would be more interesting if the ghost was a teenage boy, so he changed it to "Danny Phantom".

Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
, also written Ahmadinezhad, (محمود احمدی‌نژاد in Persian; born October 28, 1956), is the sixth President of the Islamic Republic of Iran. He became president August 3, 2005.
Ahmadinejad became the mayor of Tehran, the capital of Iran, on May 3, 2003. He was chosen to be the president in elections on June 24, 2005. Many people think he is very religious. Because of that, the religious leadership in Iran supported him in many ways when he was elected.
Ahmadinajad's political power comes from the Alliance of Builders of Islamic Iran, also known as "Abadgaran". This is an alliance between Islamic parties and organizations.
Mahmoud Ahmadinejad has a Master of Science in Civil engineering from the Iran University of Science and Techology. He also has a PhD in transportation engineering from the same university.

Cane
A cane is stick from a piece of wood, or sometimes of metal. It is used by someone to help support themself when they are walking. A person might need a cane because of their age, or weight, or for another reason.

Amazon.com
Amazon.com is an online store that sells books, movies, games, DVDs, music CDs, computer software and other items. It is the largest online store right now. It was started by Jeff Bezos in 1995. The original name was Cadabra.com but was changed to Amazon later on. The store was named after the world's second longest river.

Summer Olympic Games
The Summer Olympic Games or the Games of the Olympiad are an international sporting event which are held every four years by the International Olympic Committee. The "Games", as they are often called, are held in a different city each time. It is a great honour for a city to be "awarded" (given) the right to hold the Olymic Games. Two years after the Summer Olympics, the Winter Olympic Games are held. These are always in a cold, mountainous place because the sports are all snow and ice sports such as skiing. Many more countries send athletes to the Summer Olympics than to the Winter Olympics.
The Olympic Games were first held in Ancient Greece more than two thousand years ago. The first modern Summer Olympic Games where held in Athens in 1896. There were 200 athletes from Greece and 45 athletes from 13 other countries. From 1904, medals are given to the three best athletes or teams in each sport.
The earliest Games consisted of 42 events only, but it is expected that 10,500 athletes compete in the 302 events on the program for the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing.
List of modern Summer Olympic Games.
Games in "italics" were cancelled or have not yet been held.
See also.
Athletics at the Summer Olympics

Alpha Centauri
Alpha Centauri is the brightest star system in the southern Centaurus constellation. It is the fourth brightest star in the night sky, with a magnitude of -0.01. It is visible in the Southern Hemisphere, and is too far south for most of the Northern Hemisphere to see.
It is the closest star system to our own, being 4.2-4.4 light years (ly) away.
To the naked eye, the two brightest parts of the system are too close for the eye to be able to see them as separate stars.
Names.
Its proper name is Rigil Kentaurus (often shortened to Rigil Kent), which comes from the Arabic phrase "Al Rijl al Kentaurus", meaning "foot of the centaur", but is usually referred to by its Bayer name Alpha Centauri. Another name is Toliman. It is also sometimes known as Bungula, possibly from the Latin word "ungula" meaning "hoof". It and Beta Centauri (which is close to Alpha Centauri in angular distance as seen from the Earth, but is actually many light-years away) are the "Pointers" to the Southern Cross.
"Alpha Centauri A" is also known as HD 128620, HR 5459, CP-60°5483, GCTP 3309.00A, and LHS 50.
"Alpha Centauri B" is also known as HD 128621, HR 5460, GCTP 3309.00B, and LHS 51.
System.
Alpha Centauri is a triple star system. It consists of two main stars, Alpha Centauri A and Alpha Centauri B (which form a binary star together) at a distance of 4.36 ly, and a dimmer red dwarf named Proxima Centauri at a distance of 4.22 ly. Both of the two main stars are rather similar to the Sun. The larger star, Alpha Centauri A, is the most similar to the Sun, but a little larger and brighter.

Last call bell
The last call bell is a bell found in bars.
Last call bells are related to bells used on ships.

TGV
The TGV (Train à Grande Vitesse, French for "high-speed train"), is a category of high speed trains. They are used in France. They are also used for some travel between France and England, Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany and Switzerland. The trains normally travel at speeds between 270 km/h and 320 km/h. They are the fastest normal trains in the world, reaching 574,8 km/h in 2008.
Inside France, there are the following (high speed) lines
Lines to Spain and Italy are being planned. A High speed line to Germany is being built.
The building of the network has made travel times much shorter. Paris to Marseille (750km) can now be done in 3 hours. Two thirds of the traffic volume is done by the TGV, only one third is done by airplanes.

Slur
Slur is to talk very fast and mix words together in doing so.

Caregiver
A caregiver, or carer, is someone who has the job of looking after people. Usually people that are unable to completely care for themselves. Examples are children, disabled people, or the elderly. When a caregiver is assigned to look after a baby or a child they are called a babysitter.

Binoculars
Binoculars are a kind of tool that lets people see far-away things more clearly, using a technology called optics. They are made of a pair of tubes that are held in front of someone's eyes. The tubes have lenses that focus light using prisms, a process called magnification. This way, when someone looks through the binoculars at a far-away object, it looks much closer. They are most commonly used for birdwatching and amateur astronomy.

Odd number
An odd number is an integer which is not a multiple of two. If it is divided by two the result is a fraction. One is the first odd positive number. The next four bigger odd numbers are three, five, seven, and nine. You can also tell if a decimal number is an odd number if the last digit is an odd number.
An integer that is not an odd number is an even number.
An even number is defined as a whole number that is a multiple of two.
If an even number is divided by two, the result is another whole number.
On the other hand, an odd number, when divided by two, will result in a fraction.
Since odd and even numbers are defined only in reference to the set of integers (...,-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3...), all negative numbers can also be either odd or even.

Tent
The tent is a movable, lightweight shelter which uses thinfabric to protect people from wind and rain. The fabric walls of a tent are supported by wood or metal poles and thin ropes (called "guy lines"), and the tent or the ropes are usually attached to the ground with plastic or metal pointed stakes.
Uses.
Tents are usually used as shelter during camping, hiking, and other outdoor recreational activities. Large tents are also used to provide temporary shelter for events such as outdoor weddings or circuses. Tents are also used to provide temporary sleeping quarters for military personnel or homeless people, or for people who have been displaced by a disaster (such as refugees).

Cottage
A small house is often called a cottage. This word comes from England where it is used to mean a house that has one main storey, with a second, lower storey of bedrooms which fit under the roof upstairs. In many places the word cottage is used to mean a small old-fashioned house. In the United States the word cottage is often used to mean a small holiday home.
Cottages are usually found in villages or in the countryside, rather than in the town. They are nearly always built from material that can be found nearby. A cottage may be built of stone, of brick or of timber. It may have a roof of tiles, slates, shingles, shakes or thatch.

Bullseye
The bullseye is the centre of a target (worth 10 points in archery or 50 points in darts), and the name given to any shot that hits the bullseye.

Alaska plaice
Alaska plaice ("Pleuronectes quadrituberculatus") are salt water fish that live in the north Pacific Ocean. Like most flatfish, they live on the bottom of the continental shelf, up to 600 metres deep. Their geographical range is from the Gulf of Alaska in the east, to the Chukchi Sea in the north, to the Sea of Japan in the west. Alaska plaice feed mostly on polychaetes, but also eat amphipods and echiurans.
Most commercial fisheries do not want to catch Alaska plaice; but many are caught by trawlers trying to catch other bottom fish. So many Alaska plaice get caught anyway that, for example, the 2005 total allowable catch in the Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands management area (BSAI) was reached before the end of May of that year.
Alaska plaice can live for up to 30 years, and grow to 60 centimetres (24 inches) long, but most that get caught are only seven or eight years old, and about 30 cm (12 in).

Sleep paralysis
Sleep paralysis is a condition. It happens when people are waking up from sleeping. It means that for a short time, people are paralysed (unable to move). Usually it does not last long, only minutes.
Sometimes people may also get it before they fall asleep.
Possible causes.
Little is known about the physiology of sleep paralysis. However, some have suggested that it may be linked to post-synaptic inhibition of nerves in the pons region of the brain. In particular, low levels of melatonin may stop the depolarization current in the nerves, which prevents the stimulation of the muscles.
There is also a significant positive correlation between those experiencing this disorder frequently and those suffering from narcolepsy. However, various studies suggest that many or most people will experience sleep paralysis at least once or twice in their lives.

American plaice
American plaice ("Hippoglossoides platessoides") are salt water fish that live in the northwest Atlantic Ocean. Like most flatfish, they live on the bottom of the continental shelf, up to 700 metres deep, but spend most of the time at 90 to 200 meters. Their geographical range is from the coast of Labrador, south to the coast of the U.S. state of Rhode Island. The most are found off the eastern tip of Newfoundland. American plaice feed on sand dollars, brittle stars, crustaceans, polychaetes, and fish such as capelin and launce.
Like many flatfish, American plaice are sometimes said to be a flounder or dab, even though both are names for other fish species.
The U.K.-based Marine Conservation Society rates American plaice as 5, the most threatened category of over-harvested animals.

Spider web
A spider web is a sticky net that spiders make from silk to trap their prey. When insects fly or crawl into the web, they get stuck and the spider eats them. Most spider webs are very thin, but are also very strong. Different kinds of spiders make different types of webs. Spiders make different webs in different places to trap many kinds of prey.

World Series
The World Series in Major League Baseball, is when the best team from the American League and the best team from the National League keep playing games of baseball until one of the two teams wins four games total. The winners of the World Series last year (2008) were the Philadelphia Phillies.

Janet Jackson
Janet Damita Jo Jackson (born May 16, 1966, in Gary, Indiana) is an American pop singer, dancer, actress, and songwriter. She is the younger sister of Michael Jackson, and has had many popular songs such as "Nasty," "Rhythm Nation," and "That's The Way Love Goes."

Melissa Joan Hart
Melissa Joan Catherine Hart (born April 18, 1976 in Long Island, New York) is an American actress.
She played the title roles in the television series "Clarissa Explains It All" and "Sabrina, the Teenage Witch". In 1999 she played the lead role in the movie "Drive Me Crazy". On July 19, 2003, she married musician Mark Wilkerson. On January 11, 2006 she gave birth to a boy they named Mason Walter Wilkerson.

Colleen Fitzpatrick
Colleen Ann Fitzpatrick (born June 27, 1972 in Old Bridge, New Jersey) is an American singer and actor. Her stage name is Vitamin C. Before she started her solo career, she was the lead singer of the band Eve's Plum.

Jamie Lynn Spears
Jamie Lynn Marie Spears (born April 4, 1991 in Kentwood, Louisiana) is an American actress and singer. She is the younger sister of pop singer Britney Spears. She plays the lead role in the television series "Zoey 101". In late December of 2007 it was revealed that Jamie Lynn is pregnant. Jamie Lynn had her baby, a girl, Maddie Briann Aldridge around 9:30 on June 19, 2008

Opel
Opel, full name Adam Opel AG, is a automobile maker in Germany, founded in 1862. Since 1929, Opel is a part of General Motors. Opel has about 30,000 workers. The company headquarters are located in Rüsselsheim, Germany.
Car models.
Agila | Antara | Astra | Corsa | GT | Insignia| Meriva | Tigra TwinTop | Zafira
Aero GT | Antara GTC | CD | Diesel Rekordwagen | Eco Speedster | Frogster | Frua Diplomat | G90 | GT 2 | Insignia | Maxx | OPC X-Treme | Snowtrekker | Trixx
Admiral | Ascona | Blitz | Calibra | Commodore | Diplomat | Frontera | GT | Kadett | Kapitän | Manta | Monterey | Monza | Olympia | Omega | Rekord | Senator | Signum | Sintra | Speedster | Tigra | Vectra

JAG
"JAG" (the American military acronym for Judge Advocate General) is an American adventure, crime, and drama television show. It was on air between 1995 and 2005. The series is about the JAG officers Harmon "Harm" Rabb, Jr. (David James Elliott) and Sarah "Mac" MacKenzie (Catherine Bell). In 2003, the series spawned the spin-off NCIS.

Burn
Burning is the process of combustion, a reaction between a substance (the fuel) and a gas (the oxidizer).

Adobe Photoshop
Photoshop is a popular image editing software package. It is widely used by photographers for editing photographs (fix colors, reduce noise, add effects, fix brightness/contrast) and by graphic designers and Web designers to create and edit images for web pages.
Photoshop works on computer systems like Windows and Mac. The software is made by the company Adobe. There is also a version named Photoshop Elements, made for the home user that does not want to buy the full version that is more expensive.
The current version is Photoshop CS4, which was released in 2008.

Finger
A finger is a body part that sticks out from the hand. Each person normally has four fingers and one thumb on each hand.

Bronze
Bronze is a metal alloy that is usually created by combining Tin and Copper. Bronze was the first alloy that was used by humans. The first nation that used Bronze was Egypt about 3500 years B.C. This gave the name for the Bronze Age.
Bronze is used for manufacturing engineering parts and castings. The main things that are made out of it are pump parts, bearings, bells, electrical components, gears, valves, and other things.
Mainly the Bronzes are classified as -
Aluminum Bronze, Leaded Bronze, Tin Bronze, and Silicon Bronze.
Bronze articles are usually cast in a foundry.

Flight
Flight, or flying, is to stay off of the ground for a period of time, or able to move through the air with wings. An airplane or a bird takes flight. Most bird and insect species can fly while most mammals can not. Humans consider birds to be the most free of any animal, because they can fly with their wings.

Reindeer
The reindeer ("Rangifer tarandus") is an even-toed ungulate mammal of the deer family. In North America it is also called caribou.
There are about 10-20 reindeer subspecies. The reindeer is the only deer that has been domesticated.
Appearance.
The different reindeer subspecies have different sizes and slightly different fur colors. Male reindeer are usually bigger and heavier than the females. Reindeer are about 1.20 - 2.20 meters long and about 0.90 - 1.40 meters high. They weigh between 60 - 300 kilograms. Reindeer mostly have a grey-brown fur. The fur is dark in summer and becomes a lighter color in winter. Reindeer are the only deer where both sexes have antlers. The antlers of female reindeer are smaller than the antlers of males. Reindeer also have big feet, which helps them walk on soft ground.
Range.
The reindeer live in Lapland (Northern Finland, Sweden, Norway and Russia), North America (called caribou), and Siberia. In Lapland and Siberia they are first domesticated.
Habitat.
Reindeer live in coniferous forest and arctic conditions.
Life.
Reindeer eat mostly grass, but eat also almost any other plant. In winter they often eat Reindeer lichen, moss and fungi.
Reindeer are herd animals and live in groups. They live in groups of 10-100 reindeer, which are herds of only females or herds of only males. Reindeer go on long journeys between the warm and cold seasons. For this journeys the smaller groups form big herds of up to several 100,000 animals. Reindeer mate in October, and the males mate with as many females as possible.
After a pregnancy of 230 days the female gives birth to a single baby, usually in May or June. Reindeer babies do not have spots on their fur, like most other deer babies have. Young reindeer become mature when they are 2 year old. Reindeer usually become 12-15 years old, sometimes they can become 20 years old.
Reindeer and humans.
Reindeer have been hunted by humans since the stone age. People, especially in the northern regions, used the reindeer's meat, fur, skin, antlers and bones.
The reindeer was domesticated about 3 thousand years ago. It was first domesticated in Siberia and Scandinavia. Since then, reindeer have also been used for transport, for example for pulling sleds. Because reindeer can live in very cold climates, domesticated reindeer are used in most northern parts of the world.
The "Sami" people in Lapland use Reindeer for fur, and food.
In western/European culture it is said that Santa Claus' sled is pulled by reindeer.

Deer
Deer are a group of even-toed ungulate mammals. They form the family "Cervidae". They are also called true deer.
A male deer is called "stag" or "buck", a female deer is called "doe", and a young deer is called "fawn".
There are about 40 species of deer. They originally lived in Europe, Asia, North America and South America. Humans also brought deer to Australia and New Zealand.
Male deer have antlers. Exceptions are the Reindeer, where both sexes have antlers, and the Water Deer, which has no antlers at all.
Live.
Deer do not make nests or dens. They find a safe and comfortable place to rest under low hanging evergreen branches. They stay close to where they can find food. In summer, they eat grasses, plants and weeds. In the fall, they like mushrooms and small branches. They do not store their food for the winter. If the snow is not deep, they use their hooves to uncover moss and leaves. If the snow is deep, they eat twigs and branches.
The doe usually has 1 or 2 fawns in the spring. The fawn can stand up right after it is born, but it is weak. The doe will hide each fawn in a different place. They are hard to see because they often have spots on their backs.
Deer have many enemies. Wolves, cougar, dogs and people will eat deer. They are always looking, listening and smelling for danger. They can usually run faster than their enemies.

Atomic mass unit
An atomic mass unit is a unit of measurement that is used to measure the mass of atoms. The atomic mass unit (abbreviated: amu) is roughly equal to the mass of 1 proton or 1 neutron.

Cation
Cations are atoms that have lost electrons. Since they now have more protons than electrons, cations have a positive charge.
Cations are one of the two types of ion. The other type is called an anion.

Anion
Anions are atoms that have gained electrons. Since they now have more electrons than protons, anions have a negative charge.
Anions are one of the two types of ions. The other type is called a cation. Ions are atoms that have an electrical charge.

David (Michelangelo)
David is a statue that was made between 1501 and 1504 by Michelangelo. It is a statue of King David from the Bible, when he was about to throw a stone at Goliath. It is made of marble and is 17 feet tall.
The statue is considered to be a symbol of the Florentine Republic and is Michaelangelo's most famous work. It is often called "The David".
Making the statue.
From about 1464 men who were members of the Wool Guild wanted to have twelve statues of people from the Old Testament version of the Bible. These statues were to go on the buttresses of the Santa Maria del Fiore Cathedral. Two statues had already been made by Donatello and his assistant, Agostino di Duccio. Duccio was asked to create David and got as far as making the statue's feet, chest and a hole between the legs. Duccio, however, stopped making the statue when his master, Donatello, died in 1466. Another stulptor called Antonio Rossellino started to finish the statue, but then stopped after two years. The statue of David then remained unfinished for 25 years and was left in the cathedral workshop where it was getting damaged by the weather. Michelangelo began working on David on September 13, 1501. It was finished on September 8, 1504.
Where the statue was placed.
When it was finished the statue was placed in front of the entrance to the Palazzo Vecchio. During 1873 it was moved to the Accademia Gallery in Florence to protect it from damage. The statue currently attracts many visitors to the Accademia Gallery.
Damage to the statue.
In 1991, the statue of David was attacked by a person with a hammer. Before the person with the hammer could be stopped, damage was done to the toes of the left foot.

Moses (Michelangelo)
Moses is a statue that was made by Michelangelo. It is a statue of Moses from the Bible. The statue is unusual because Moses has horns on his head. This was one of Michelangelo's last projects.

The Birth of Venus (Botticelli)
"The Birth of Venus" is a painting by Sandro Botticelli. It is of a Roman goddess who was called Venus. He pictured her standing on a shell because Venus was said to have been born from the sea.
It shows Zephyr, the god of the winds, blowing her toward the shore where another goddess is awaiting her with a cloak. She is pictured naked to show her innocence and divinity.

Primavera (Botticelli)
The Primavera is a painting by Sandro Botticelli, which was painted in about 1482.
What is the Painting of?
The painting is set in the garden of Venus, who is in the middle of the painting. Above her head is Cupid, who is aiming a bow and arrow at the Charites (who are also called "The Three Gracies"). The Charites are dancing a rondel. Mercury is on the right of the painting. He is wearing a helmet and is carrying a sword. This means that he is the guard of Venus's garden. On the left of the picture is Zephyr. Zephyr is the god of the wind. He is chasing a nymph called Cloris. Next to Cloris is Flora. Flora is the goddess of Spring, and is scattering flowers.
Where is the Painting?
The Primavera is in the Uffizi Gallery in Florence.

Cupid
Cupid, also called Amor (Latin for "love"), is the god of love in Roman mythology. He fired golden arrows at people to make them fall in love, and lead arrows to make people fall out of love.

The Creation of Adam
"The Creation of Adam" is part of a painting by Michelangelo in the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel.

Newbury, Berkshire
Newbury is a small historical market town in Berkshire, England, with many buildings from the 16th century, the world famous Newbury racecourse, and the Lambourn horse training stables.
Newbury is home to many kinds of people from different cultures. It is easy to get there from the M4 motorway and has airport and train links.

Dvorak keyboard
The Dvorak keyboard is an alternative way of putting letters on an English keyboard. Most English keyboards have the keys lined up in a "QWERTY layout." The point of QWERTY was to prevent typewriter keys from sticking, but it is not the most "ergonomic", or comfortable, keyboard to type on. Augustine Dvorak invented the Dvorak keyboard, where letters are arranged based on how often they are used. For instance, the most common letters (like "e") are in the center row of keys, so less hand movement is needed when a person is typing.
Now that we use computers instead of typewriters, there is no reason to keep the QWERTY keyboard, except that everyone already learned to type using it. Many Dvorak keyboard users think that more people should use the Dvorak keyboard, as it aims to prevent typing injuries (like Repetitive Stress Injury and carpal tunnel). But most users are used to the QWERTY keyboard, and don't want to switch.

Microsoft FrontPage
Microsoft FrontPage is a program made by Microsoft to help people make webpages and full websites. It was one of Microsoft Office programs until 2003.
FrontPage 98, FrontPage 2000, FrontPage 2002 & FrontPage 2003.
There was also a freeware version included in earlier releases of Internet Explorer. If you have an older version of IE (If I am not mistaken this would be 4.0-5.0) it was found under Accessories. It was actually a useful web editor for those without access to the funds for purchasing software.
FrontPage is a WYSIWYG, "What You See Is What You Get", Web Editor. All versions of FrontPage are still in use by web developers all over the globe.
The 2003 version is the last installment to the series. It was replaced by "Expressions".

Staff (stick)
A staff is a long wooden pole, often used in martial arts. Sometimes a staff is used like a cane when not in combat.

Martial art
A martial art is any form of fighting that has a set way of practise. There are many martial arts that come from certain countries. They are practiced for many reasons: fighting, self-defense, sport, fitness, relaxing, meditation. A martial art is a style of combat, in many instances directed towards the self-defence. In the common usage, the word applies to the systems of combat developed in all the world.
A person who does martial arts is called a "martial artist".
One common method is particularly in the Asian martial arts,it is the form or kata.
Martial arts may be used for self defense,combat and fitness.
The idea of "martial art" appeared first time in English language in the edition of 1920 of the "Takenobu's Japanese-English Dictionary" as a translation of the word "bu-gei" or "bu-jutsu" what means "art" or "solution" of the military matters".
Introduction.
In simple words, the martial arts are fighting systems. There are many schools and styles of martial arts, but all share the same goal: the self-defence. Some of them, like taiji quan also can be used in order to improve health and the form as flowing of the "qi".
Some martial arts were not born in Asia. For example, savate had appeared in France and the movements of sport of the capoeira came from the Brazil.
Many martial arts include punches (boxing, karate), kicks (taekwondo, kickboxing, karate), holds and throws (judo, jujutsu, wrestling), weapons (iaijutsu, kendo, kenjutsu, naginatado, fencing, Filipino eskrima) or certain combination of earlier mentioned elements (several styles of jujutsu).
The martial arts are divided in two great sets: the so-called "hard martial arts" like karate and kickboxing which give special consideration to the attack for beat the opponent and the "soft martial arts" like the judo and the aikido which fight the opponent in the less aggressive method, using the force of the other for surrender him.
It is difficult to compare the effectiveness of the different existing arts. Recently, people developed competitions like the Ultimate Fighting Champions in the United States of America or Pancrase in Japan. That competitions also are known as "mixed martial arts" or MMA. Although that is yet to be seen the financial success or defeat of these ways.
The martial arts are defined in this method: through the history, to the soldier in the battlefield, the only thing that was important for them was beat the enemy that one have before himself. Whether a style is soft or hard or how many points are gained with a blow are details and subjects of discussion which appear in periods of peace, when there were hand to hand combats.
The martial arts are the arts of the war. If the main goal in a competition depends on noting points to somebody's advantage, then we are not before a martial art but before a sport.
The history of the martial arts is wide. The act of developing of the fighting systems dates from when the man had been able to cause to pass the knowledge, along with the strategies of war. Part of the most ancient written material on the subject dates from the 15th century in Europe and the authorship fall to famous masters, like Hans Talhoffer and George Silver. Also transcriptions of still more ancient texts had been brought to our days, one of them is a document written by hand. That document is called I.33 and dates from end of the 13th century.
The persons who train martial arts disagree with relation to the matter of the competitions. Some arts, like the boxing or the Thai boxing, give attending to the sparring -fights during training - and to takeing part in competitions, yet the most common of aikido and krav maga reject the competitions. The reasons that cause these opinions are different. Many of the arts desiring to compete argue that the competitions give place to better and more efficient techniques. However, certain styles not desiring to compete claim that the rules with which people developed these competitions ruin the art and does not represent what can happen in a real situation.
In recent years, there have been tries to return to life some martial arts considered historical. Examples of this historical reconstruction of the martial arts are the pankration and the school of Shaolin that haven't a continua tradition.

Gonad
Gonads are the ovaries and testicles. A male usually refers to his testes as "gonads" more than a female would refer to her ovaries as gonads.

Felix Mendelssohn
Felix Mendelssohn-Bartholdy (born Hamburg February 3 1809; died Leipzig November 4 1847) was a German composer. He was one of the great composers of the Romantic period. He loved the music of earlier composers like Bach, Handel and Mozart and he built on the traditions they had made. Mendelssohn was a child prodigy. He was already composing great music when he was a teenager. He wrote music for orchestra, chamber music and music for the piano and organ as well as music for singing. His violin concerto is one of the most popular concertos ever written and is played by all the famous violinists. Two of his tunes are known by almost everybody: the hymn tune "Hark the Herald Angels Sing", and the "Wedding March" which is played so often at the end of weddings.
His Life.
Mendelssohn’s family had plenty of money. They were also very interested in music, literature, painting etc. His grandfather Moses Mendelssohn was famous in German national literature. His father was a banker and his mother came from a family who owned a lot of factories in Berlin. The young Felix was educated at home by his parents. Although the family was Jewish his parents had Felix baptized and his father became a Christian a few years later. The Mendelssohn family added the name of Bartholdy to their name at this time.
Soon Felix was being taught by private tutors including Ludwig Berger who taught him the piano. He also learned music theory and composition. He played the piano at a concert when he was nine, and started to compose little plays with music (called a Singspiel in German). In 1821 he was taken to meet the famous writer Goethe in Weimar. It was to be the first of several visits and Goethe’s way of thinking and his works of German literature had a big influence on the young Mendelssohn. He composed several works at this time including Singspiels, symphonies and chamber music. He travelled with his father and met many famous musicians.
In 1825 the family moved to Berlin. They had regular concerts on Sunday mornings in their large house. Many rich and famous people were invited to their private concerts. In October 1825 he wrote a "String Octet" (a piece for eight string instruments) which is one of his best works. He studied the music of Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) whose music people had almost forgotten. He found the music of Bach’s "St Matthew Passion" and conducted a performance of it in 1729. It was a famous performance in music history, because people suddenly realized how great Bach was. Bach’s music has never been forgotten again since then.
During the years 1829 to 1835 Mendelssohn travelled all over Europe. He visited London several times and he also performed Beethoven’s "Emperor Concerto" there. He travelled to Scotland where he sailed to Fingal’s Cave in the Hebrides. This inspired him to write the overture called "The Hebrides". When he was returning the coach had an accident and he hurt his knee. He stayed with the composer Thomas Attwood for some time before he could return to Berlin. Next he travelled to Italy where he wrote the "Italian Symphony". In Italy he met Berlioz and on his way back he met Chopin.
He spent some time in Düsseldorf where he performed several oratorios by Handel as well as his own music. In Frankfurt am Main he stayed with a family who had two daughters. He married one of them, Cécile Charlotte Sophia Jeanrenaud, in 1837. They had a happy marriage and had five children.
Felix and his young wife went to live in Leipzig where he became the conductor of the famous Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra. This was one of the highest musical jobs in Germany. He conducted a lot of music by 18th century composers who had been forgotten. He also gave the first performance of Schubert’s Symphony in C major which had been discovered by Schumann nine years after Schubert’s death. Mendelssohn got some of the most famous musicians to come to Leipzig and perform with the orchestra: Clara Schumann, Franz Liszt, Anton Rubinstein, the young violinist Joseph Joachim and the Swedish soprano Jenny Lind. Mendelssohn improved the playing of the orchestra, making them one of the best orchestras in the world. He also made sure that the players were paid well.
In the early 1840s Mendelssohn spent some time in Berlin. The new king, Friedrich Wilhelm III, King of Prussia, was very keen on music and had lots of ideas about new plans for concerts. He wanted Mendelssohn to be in charge of this. The king wanted to see Greek plays performed and Mendelssohn had to write incidental music for the performances of "Antigone".
In June 1842 Mendelssohn was twice received by Queen Victoria at her palace in London. Mendelssohn thanked the Queen by dedicating his "Scottish Symphony" to her. He continued to conduct in Leipzig and helped to make Berlioz’s music famous in Germany. He became director of the new Conservatoire in Leipzig. In Berlin the king asked him to provide incidental music for Shakespeare’s play " A Midsummer Night’s Dream ". He had already written some of this music 17 years earlier but now he finished it and performed it in 1843.
During his last years Mendelssohn suffered from bad health. He continued to work and travel as much as he could, but after a stroke in 1849 he died in Leipzig aged 38. His body was taken by a special train to Berlin where he was buried near the grave of his sister Fanny.
His Music.
Mendelssohn’s most famous works are his 5 symphonies (especially the "Scottish" and "Italian" symphonies), his concertos (especially his violin concerto), his overtures (especially "The Hebrides") and his Incidental Music to "A Midsummer Night’s Dream" which includes the famous "Wedding March". He wrote some very good chamber music: string quartets and piano trios and two very famous oratorios: "Elijah" and "St Paul". His piano music includes a large collection of short pieces called "Songs without Words" (German: "Lieder ohne Worte") which many pianists like to play. His organ music shows his love for J.S.Bach, often sounding more Baroque than Romantic. After his death Mendelssohn’s music became less popular for a time. This may have been because of the rise of anti-semitism in the mid-19th century, it may also have been because some musicians played Mendelssohn’s music in a rather sentimental way. But many great musicians saw his greatness and his music is well-loved today.
References.
The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie, 1980; ISBN 1-56159-174-2

Watercolour
Watercolours are paintings whose colours are water-based pigments. These are coloured materials gained from earths, rocks, plants, or chemicals, dissolved in water and then dried into a powder in the form of cakes or tablets. When water is added, the powdered pigment becomes liquid again. The pigment is applied to white paper or white card by brush or cloth or cotton wool, and allowed to dry. Unlike painting in oil-based pigments (coloured materials dissolved in oil), a watercolour cannot be painted over without spoiling the colour, whose purity depends on the white backing below. Therefore each area of a watercolour painting is painted only once, without alteration, and appears fresh and original rather than worked over.

Expert system
An expert system is a program running on a computer. Like a human expert, it knows a lot about a subject. People can ask the expert system a question. The expert system will then use a set of rules and give answers to the question. This method of automatic reasoning belongs to a field of computer science called artificial intelligence.
Different groups of people can have different kinds of access to an expert system. The people managing the network of computers have different needs than the office worker or secretary.
Example.
Let us take the scenario of a large office building. There are many computers in that building, and many different people work there. Some of the computers are office workstations, they are used to write electronic mail or business correspondence. Other computers are servers, they may hold the office documents, mail for the people working there, or the webpage of the company.
There is an expert system there, that can help to decide if there is a problem with the computer network. If there is, it will call a technician who is able to fix the problem.
One day, a user notices that she can no longer access a certain computer printer. She then connects to the expert system. The expert system will then ask some questions of her. She might be asked if she can access mail, or see the corporate website. She might also be asked if the printer is turned on, and if there is enough paper.
If a guy from the networking department had the same problem, the questions would be different. The Expert System would perhaps ask if the person is able to get an IP address using DHCP, or whether there are green light next to where his Ethernet cable is plugged into the switch.
How expert systems work.
When they are asked a question, they will filter the data with the rules they have. They might give back a result, or ask an additional question.
Who uses expert systems.
The primary goal of expert systems research is to make expertise available to decision makers and technicians who need answers quickly. There is never enough expertise to go around -- certainly it is not always available at the right place and the right time. Portable with computers loaded with in-depth knowledge of specific subjects can bring decades worth of knowledge to a problem. The same systems can assist supervisors and managers with situation assessment and long-range planning. Many small systems now exist that bring a narrow slice of in-depth knowledge to a specific problem, and these provide evidence that the broader goal is achievable.
These knowledge-based applications of artificial intelligence have enhanced productivity in business, science, engineering, and the military. With advances in the last decade, today's expert systems clients can choose from dozens of commercial software packages with easy-to-use interfaces.
Each new deployment of an expert system yields valuable data for what works in what context, thus fueling the AI research that provides even better applications.

Hermann Hesse
Hermann Hesse (2 July 1877 – 9 August 1962) was a German-Swiss poet, novelist, and painter. In 1946, he received the Nobel Prize in Literature. His best known works include "Steppenwolf", "Siddhartha", and "The Glass Bead Game" (also known as "Magister Ludi").

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol is a protocol related to computers and networks. Very often it is abbreviated to DHCP.It was made so that computers could get access to the network automatically. To be able to access the Internet (or any computer network), an address is needed. The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol allows for this address to be obtained automatically. Other data, like a DNS Nameserver, or a time server can also be obtained that way. Finally, computers that support it, can even get a disk image they boot from over the network.
The address can be dynamic (it can change), or it can be static (it stays the same). After a certain time, the address lease has to be renewed.

Communication protocol
A Protocol or Communication Protocol is like a language used for computers to talk to each other. The protocol says what bit of the conversation comes at what time. It also says how to end the communication. It is just a hard word people in computer science use to describe a simple thing.

ALDI
Aldi is a supermarket that can be found in Germany and in most parts of the European Union. Aldi shops also exist in Australia and the United States. Most German towns and villages have at least one Aldi shop. There are about 4,100 stores in Germany, and 7,600 worldwide. The name of the shop stands for "ALbrecht-DI'"scount".
The company is a food retailer, but it also sells non-food at times. In the 1990s, Aldi often sold computers that were sought after. Aldi has a reputation for being cheap and forces its suppliers to sell to them at low prices.
History.
The company was started in 1913 as a family business. In 1946, the brothers Karl Albrecht and Theo Albrecht tookover the business from their mother and started the idea of discount shops in Germany. In 1960, the company was split into Aldi Nord (Aldi North) and Aldi Süd (Aldi South).

Channel Tunnel
The Channel Tunnel (or Chunnel) (French: "le tunnel sous la Manche") is a tunnel between England and France under the English Channel. It is only for trains. Some of the trains in the Channel Tunnel carry automobiles as well. It is 50 km (31 miles) long and connecting Cheriton, Kent in the United Kingdom to Coquelles near Calais in northern France.

Katowice
Katowice (pronounce: a>, also known as "Kattowitz" in German) is a city in Poland. It is in the south of Poland in the historical region called Silesia on Kłodnica and Rawa river. It received city rights in 1865. Between 1954 and 1956 Katowice had the name Stalinogród - "Stalin City". It was given by the polish communists. There are about 315,123 people living there. The mayor of the city is Piotr Uszok. For a long period of time the city was ruled by Germans, as it was a part of Germany until 1918. There is a little airport called "Airport Muchowiec". There are both modern and old buildings in Katowice. It was the center of the coal mining and metallurgy.

Mobile phone
A mobile phone (also known as a wireless phone, cell phone, or cellular telephone) is a little portable radio telephone.
The mobile phone can be used to communicate over long distances without wires. It works by communicating with a nearby base station (which is called a "cell") which connects it to the main phone network. As the mobile phone moves around, if the mobile phone gets too far away from the cell it is connected to, that cell sends a message to another cell to tell the new cell to take over the call. This is called a "hand off," and the call continues with the new cell the phone is connected to. The hand-off is done so well and carefully that the user will usually never even know that the call was transferred to another cell.
Before cell phones became almost universal, the only way you could contact people when you were in public was either to use a Pay Phone, or a very expensive mobile telephone (price equivalent in the 1950s to about US$1000 to US $3000, today), and the rates then were as high as $1 a minute. They also needed so much power that you had to have them in an automobile to use them. A mobile telephone used a single frequency and did not share it. Thus for a given region - say New York City - there might only be the capacity for 30 or 40 simultaneous conversations in the entire city.
Later someone got the idea for radio telephones to have the base station that talks to all of the phones use less power, thus more base stations could be used, allowing more phones in an area. Also, for cellular phones, a lot more frequencies became available, plus phones could change what frequency they used when they were operating (which means you weren't tied to your local telephone company's network), and the capacity to make a base station's power reduced so that more base stations could be added in crowded areas, meant that the network could handle more simultaneous users. A lot more. Current Cell networks are designed with 666 channels broken into six "cells" so that in any specific cell, only 111 of these channels are used. As a phone moves, the base station tells it which of the six cell groups it will move to and which of the 111 channels in that cell to use. Think of a honeycomb, where each cell faces six others, and thus the cell concept can provide much more service than the old mobile telephone system.
Since a cell phone essentially allows the person to be anywhere, and to move around while calling, they became extremely popular for business people. The high amount of usage caused prices to drop, thus making them affordable for almost anyone. Monthly plans giving boatloads of minutes are available for rates as low as US$30 or $40 a month. Prepaid service has dropped the price to have a cell phone to less than $100 a year, with as much as a couple hours of use a year included in the price. In Israel, the price of service is so low - circa 2c a minute or less - that soldiers in the military - which is almost everyone due to universal conscription - have been told to leave their cell phones home, lest enemies use the phones to target them.
Cell phones have become so inexpensive to have that they have basically killed off payphones and phone booths except for extremely high-traffic areas.
History.
People have wanted to make mobile phones for a long time, but it took until the late 20th century for technology to make them possible.
Although Dr. Martin Cooper from Motorola made the first call using a mobile phone in 1973, this was not on a cellular mobile phone network as we use today.
The first mobile phone networks were created in the late 1970s in Japan. Now almost all urban areas, and many country areas, are covered by mobile phone networks.
The mobile phone was created in Germany by Dennis Petro Mulakuliano Vogel.
Technology.
A cell phone has combined two technologies: telephone (invented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876) and radio (invention of Nikola Tesla in the 1880s).
Cell phones work as two-way radios. They send electromagnetic microwaves from base station to base station. The waves are sent through antennas. This is called wireless communication.
Most of the older cell phones use analog networks. All modern phones use digital networks.
Digital networks are also known as second generation, or 2G, technologies. They differ either by technology or by speed. The most used digital network is GSM (Global System for Mobile communication). It is used mainly in Europe and Asia, while CDMA (Code-Division Multiple Access) networks are mainly used in North America. Other countries like Japan have different 2G technologies.
The radio waves that the mobile phone networks use are split into different frequencies. The frequency is measured in Hz. Low frequencies offer good connection. Higher frequencies can send the signal further. Four main frequencies are used around the world: 850, 900, 1800 and 1900 MHz. Europe uses 900 and 1800 MHz and North America uses 850 and 1900 MHz.
Today there are mobile phones that work on two, three or four frequencies. The most advanced phones work on all frequencies. They are called 'world' phones and can be used everywhere.
How mobile phones work.
When a mobile phone is switched on, it connects to the nearest mobile phone base station. Electronics in the base station check that the phone is allowed to use the network. The base station covers what is called a cell and a phone can move between different cells, but will only ever communicate with one cell at a time. This is why mobile communications are sometimes called cellular communications.
Once connected to a cell, the mobile phone can make calls. As the network knows that the phone is connected to that particular cell, it can also route calls to the mobile phone. Sometimes the connection to the cell is lost, for example when using the subway. This means the phone cannot make or receive calls until the connection is made again.
Networks and payment.
The network is the company that provides the phone service. In most areas there will be more than one mobile network. Customers choose networks based on how well the different networks work in their area, or by price.
Digital mobile phones need a separate microchip, called a Subscriber Identity Module or SIM, to work. The SIM has information like the phone number and payment account and this is needed to make or receive calls. The SIM may be supplied by the same company as the phone, or a different one. Sometimes you can change the network by using a SIM from another network, but some companies do not want this to happen and they lock the phone so that you have to use their SIM.
3G.
The latest phones are called 3G phones. 3G stands for "3rd G'"eneration". These can send and receive data a lot faster so they can be used for email and web browsing. Older phones were not very good at this as they were very slow.
Modern 3G phones are just like small computers and are very different from mobile phones of a just a few years ago.

Giorgio Napolitano
Giorgio Napolitano (born in Naples, Italy on June 29, 1925) is the 11th President of the Italian Republic.
He was elected on May 10, 2006 on the fourth ballot, with 543 votes out of 1009 (the required number was 505), but he took office as President only on May 15, 2006, after Carlo Azeglio Ciampi's time was finished.
He was voted mostly by the left-wing coalition led by Prime Minister Romano Prodi, head of the Italian Government.
Napolitano was preceded at his job by Carlo Azeglio Ciampi.

Robert Byrd
Robert Carlyle Byrd (born November 20, 1917) is a current dean of the United States Senate. Byrd, a democrat from West Virginia, was elected in 1958 and serving since January 1959. He served as majority leader from 1977 to 1981 and again from 1987 to 1989. He was also minority leader from 1981 to 1987. Byrd was fourth person in the state (as President "pro tempore" of the Senate, usually longest serving Senator from majority party) from January 1989 to January 1995, from January 3, 2001 to January 20, 2001 and again from June 2001 to January 2003. After Republicans retook control of the Senate, he became the honorary President "pro tempore emeritus" In 2007, Byrd became President Pro Tempore of the Senate again. Before he was elected to the Senate he served in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1953 until 1959 (he is dean of all Congress). He is vocal opponent of President George W. Bush war in Iraq. In January 2006 he was one of the only four (alongside Ben Nelson of Nebraska, Kent Conrad of North Dakota and Ken Salazar of Colorado) democratic Senators, who voted for Samuel Alito.

Artemis
Artemis is a goddess in Greek mythology, and one of the Twelve Olympians. She is the daughter of Zeus and Leto and the twin sister of Apollo.
She is the goddess of hunting, wild animals and the wilderness.
During the 5th century BC, Artemis became also known as the goddess of the moon, becoming one with the goddess Selene.
She is also known as the goddess who asked Zeus to remain chaste and unmarried.
Birth.
In Greek mythology, Artemis is the daughter of Zeus and Leto, and the twin sister of Apollo. Leto had to find a place where the sun had never shone to give birth to the two. This was because of a curse set by Hera, Zeus' wife, because she was angry with Zeus. For this, Zeus raised an island that had been floating underwater and had not yet been touched by the sun. The island was Delos. Leto gave birth there, while grasping hold of a sacred palm-tree. Artemis was born first, and Apollo second.

Apollo
Apollon or Apollo is a god in Greek mythology, and one of the Twelve Olympians. He is the son of Zeus and Leto and the twin brother of Artemis.
He was the god of healing and medicine, and of music and poetry. He was the leader of the Muses. He also was a god of prophecy, and his oracle at Delphi was very important. He also was a god of revenge and justice. During the 5th century BC, Apollo became also known as the god of the sun, becoming one with the god Helios, and getting the name Phoebus.
He is shown as a young man, wearing a laurel wreath and playing the kithara (lyre).

Nike (mythology)
Nike is the goddess of victory in Greek mythology. She was the daughter of Styx and Pallas and the sister of Cratos, Bia, and Zelus. Nike and her brothers and sister were all friends of Zeus.
Nike could run very fast, had wings and brings good luck. She is usually worshipped at the same time as Athena. Nike is often linked with sport, with companies named for her like Nike Inc. A picture of Nike also appears in all the medals for the Summer Olympics.
The most famous statue of Nike is the Winged Victory of Samothrace. This is now in the Louvre, which is a museum in Paris, France.

Cratos
Cratos is the god of strength in Greek mythology. He is the son of Styx and Pallas, and also the brother of Nike, Zelus, and Bia. He and his brothers and sister were the friends of Zeus and were always with him.

Montagu Island
Montagu Island is the largest island of the South Sandwich Islands.

Styx
Styx is the goddess of the river Styx in Greek mythology, which was the only female river. She was the daughter of Okeanos and Tethys, and with Pallas was also the mother of Zelus, Nike, Cratos, and Bia (and sometimes Eos).

Groucho Marx
Julius Henry Marx or Groucho Marx (October 2, 1890 – August 19, 1977), was a famous American comedian. He was best known for work with his siblings in The Marx Brothers and then later on his own. He is best known for playing a fast-talking "wise guy" with bushy eyebrows, glasses, moustache, and a cigar.

Greek mythology
Greek mythology is a large collection of stories, started in Ancient Greece, about the beginning of the world, and the lives and adventures of lots of gods, goddesses, heroes, and heroines.
Gods and goddesses.
The gods and goddesses in these stories have lots of magic powers. They can make themselves invisible to humans and move to any place in a very short amount of time. The gods and goddesses also never get sick and can only be hurt by very unusual causes. This is called being immortal.

List of Greek gods and goddesses
This is a list of the gods and goddesses of Greek mythology. Roman Mythology uses different names, calling Zeus by the name of Jupiter, and Aphrodite by the name of Venus, for example. The Roman names are often better known to English-speaking people than the Greek names.
It was thought that each god ruled a certain part of the environment and human life. The primordial gods mostly controlled the natural environment. The twelve Olympian gods, as well as controlling nature, ruled over many aspects of human life, including love, marriage, war etc. In the stories of Greek mythology, the gods often argued among themselves, and played favorites with human beings. They would make things go well for a human, (particularly a hero), that they liked, but could make things go very badly for another god's favorite. They sometimes had love affairs with human beings, and when children were born, they often had special powers. The most famous of all "demi-gods" was Heracles (or Hercules) who was the son of Zeus and a human woman.
Titans.
See also "Titan (mythology)".
The Olympians.
These gods are the most important and powerful gods. The home of these gods was Mount Olympus.
Nymphs.
Daphne
Echo
the Pleiades

Nyx
Nyx was the goddess of the night in Greek mythology. She came out of Chaos.
Her Roman equivalent was Nox.
Hesiod's Theogony.
Later, on her own, Night gives birth to
In his description of Tartarus, Hesiod says further that Hemera "day", who is now Night's sister rather than daughter, left Tartarus just as Nyx entered it; when Hemera returned, Nyx left. This mirrors the portrayal of Ratri "night" in the Rig-Veda, where she works in close cooperation but also tension with her sister Ushas "dawn".

Hemera
Hemera was the goddess of daylight in Greek mythology. She was the daughter of Erebus and Nyx, and the sister of Moros, Charon, and the Keres.
Hyginus listed Gaia, Thalassa and Ouranos as Hemera's children.
While in Hesiod's "Theogony" Hemera was not mother of Gaia nor Ouranos, but mother of only Thalassa. Hemera got Thalassa with her brother Aether.

Aether
Aether was the god of light in Greek mythology. He was the son of Erebus, but had no mother. Aether was the Protogenos (first-born elemental god) of the bright, glowing upper air of heaven - the substance of light. Above him lay the solid dome of the sky-god, Ouranos, and below, the transparent mists of earth-bound air.
In the evening his mother Nyx drew her veil of darkness between the aither and the aer to bring night to man. In the morn his sister-wife Hemera dispersed these mists, revealing the shining blue aither of day. Night and day were regarded as quite independent of the sun in the ancient cosmogonies.
Aither was one of the three "airs". The middle air was Aer or Khaos, a colourless mist which enveloped the mortal world. The lower air was Erebos, the mists of darkness, which enveloped the dark places beneath the earth and the realm of the dead. The third was the upper air of aither, the mist of light, home of the gods of heaven. It enveloped the mountain peaks, clouds, stars, sun and moon. The stars themselves were said to be formed from the concentrated fires of aither.
His female counterpart was Aithre, Titanis of the Clear Blue Sky, mother of the Sun and Moon.

Keres
The Keres are female death spirits in Greek mythology, and were the daughters of Erebus and Nyx. They look very dark and have sharp teeth, claws and like the taste of blood. The Keres look around battlefields for hurt people and people who are dying.

Eris
Eris (Greek Ἒρις, "Strife") is the goddess of strife and discord in Greek mythology. She is the daughter of Nyx, but has no father. She is the opposite of Harmonia, who is the goddess of harmony.
The Romans called her "Discordia". In Roman statues of Discordia, and in other Roman art of her, she looks scary and ugly, and she is holding a knife.
Discordians.
Nowadays, there are some people who call themselves "Discordians". This idea comes from a book called "Principia Discordia", which was written by Greg Hill and Kerry Thornley in San Francisco in the year 1958 or 1959. The book says that Eris might not have been scary and ugly after all, but that she was just misunderstood.
The "Principia Discordia" describes the Discordian Society and its Goddess Eris, as well as the basics of Discordianism.

Geras
Geras is the god of age in Greek mythology. His mother is Nyx, but he has no father.

Hypnos
Hypnos is the god of sleep in Greek mythology. He is the son of Nyx and the twin brother of Thanatos, the god of death.
His sons are the Oneroi: Morpheus, Phobetor and Phantasos.
His Roman equivalent was "Somnus".

Momus
Momus is the god of blame in Greek mythology. His mother is Nyx, but he has no father.

Moros
Moros is the god of fate in Greek mythology. His mother is Nyx, but he has no father.

Metis
Metis is the goddess of wisdom in Greek mythology. She is one of the Titans and is the daughter of Oceanus and Tethys. She was the mother of Athena.
There is also a moon named after Metis.
Athena's Birth.
There are many stories about Athena's birth. In Hesiod's "Theogony", Zeus had sex with Metis, but was then scared of her having a child becase a prophecy had said that Metis would have children who were more powerful then Zeus. To try and stop Metis having a child, Zeus changed her into a fly and then swollowed her. However, Zeus was too late and Metis was already pregnant.
When she was inside Zeus, Metis made a helmet and a robe for her baby. The hammering noise caused Zeus to have a headache. To try and help Zeus with the pain, Prometheus, Hephaestus, Hermes, or Palaemon (depending on the myth) cut his head open with a Minoan axe. Athena then came out of Zeus's head. She was fully grown and had her armour on.

Eos
Eos is the goddess of the dawn and a Titan in Greek mythology. She is the daughter of Hyperion and Theia.
She is the sister of Helios, the sun god, and Selene, the moon goddess.
Myth.
Eos leaves her home, which was at the edge of ocean, every morning to wake her brother, Helios. She opens the gates of heaven so that Helios can ride his chariot across the sky each day.

Selene
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Selene is the goddess of the moon and a Titan in Greek mythology. She is the daughter of Hyperion and Theia.
She later became one with the goddess Artemis. In Roman mythology the moon goddess is called Luna, Latin for "moon". The Roman Luna was merged with Diana.
Like most moon deities, Selene plays a fairly large role in her pantheon. In the collection known as the Homeric hymns, there is a "Hymn to Selene" (xxxii), paired with the hymn to Helios; in it Selene is addressed as "far-winged", an epithet ordinarily applied to birds. Selene is mentioned in Nonnus, "Dionysiaca" 48.581; Pausanias 5.1.4; and Strabo 14.1.6,
The etymology of "Selene" is uncertain, but if the word is of Greek origin, it is likely connected to the word "selas", meaning "light". "Boreion Selas" is the Greek name for Aurora Borealis. The name is the root of "selenology", the study of the geology of the Moon. The chemical element Selenium was also named after Selene.
Depictions.
In post-Renaissance art, Selene is generally shown as a beautiful woman with a pale face. She is sometimes riding a silver chariot pulled by oxen or a pair of horses. Often, she is shown riding a horse or bull, wearing robes and a half-moon on her head and carrying a torch.
Genealogy.
In the traditional pre-Olympian divine genealogy, Helios, the sun, is Selene's brother: after her brother, Helios, finishes his journey across the sky, Selene, freshly washed in the waters of Earth-circling Ocean, begins her own journey as night falls upon the earth, which becomes lit from the radiance of her immortal head and golden crown. When she is increasing after mid-month, it is a "sure token and a sign to mortal men". Her sister, Eos, is goddess of the dawn. Eos also carried off a human lover, Cephalus, which mirrors a myth of Selene and Endymion.
As a result of Selene being merged with Artemis, later writers sometimes referred to Selene as a daughter of Zeus, like Artemis, or of Pallas the Titan. In the Homeric "Hymn to Hermes", with its characteristically insistent patrilineality, she is "bright Selene, daughter of the lord Pallas, Megamedes' son."
Lovers.
Apollonius of Rhodes (4.57) tells how Selene loved a mortal, the handsome hunter or shepherd—or, in the version Pausanias knew, a king— of Elis, named Endymion, from Asia Minor. He was so beautiful that Selene asked Zeus to grant him eternal sleep (she learned from her sister never to ask for eternal life and be left with a grasshopper in your hands) so he would never leave her: her asking permission of Zeus reveals itself as an Olympian transformation of an older myth: Cicero ("Tusculanae Disputationes") recognized that the moon goddess had acted autonomously. Alternatively, Endymion made the decision to live forever in sleep. Every night, Selene slipped down behind Mount Latmus near Miletus. (Pausanias v.1.5). Selene had fifty daughters, the Menae, by Endymion, including Naxos, the nymph of Naxos Island. The sanctuary of Endymion at Heraclea on the southern slope of Latmus is a horseshoe-shaped chamber with an entrance hall and pillared forecourt.
Though the story of Endymion is the best-known one today, the Homeric hymn to Selene (xxxii) tells that Selene also bore Zeus a daughter, Pandia, the "utterly shining" full moon. According to some sources, the Nemean Lion was her offspring as well. She also had a brief tryst with Pan, who seduced her by wrapping himself in a sheepskin and gave her the yoke of white oxen that drew the chariot in which she is represented in sculptured reliefs, with her windblown veil above her head like the arching canopy of sky. In the Homeric hymn, her chariot is drawn by long-maned horses.
Luna.
The Roman moon goddess, Luna, had a temple on the Aventine Hill. It was built in the sixth century BC, but was destroyed in the Great Fire of Rome during Nero's reign. There was also a temple dedicated to Luna Noctiluca ("Luna that shines by night") on the Palatine Hill. There were festivals in honor of Luna on March 31, August 24 and August 29.

Leto
Leto is a goddess in Greek mythology. She was the daughter of Coeus and Phoebe, who were Titans. Leto was the mother of the twins Artemis and Apollo, whose father was Zeus.
After her twins were born, Leto played very little part in Greek mythology.
Artemis's and Apollo's birth.
Hera, who was Zeus's wife, discovered that Leto was pregnant and became very angry. She banned Leto from giving birth on any mainland or island known.
Leto found the island of Delos, which floated and so was not an island nor mainland,and gave birth there. Leto gave birth to Artemis without any problem. However she was in labour with Apollo for nine days and nine nights. Artemis helped Leto to give birth to Apollo.

Sioux Falls, South Dakota
Sioux Falls (pronounced "sue falls") is the largest city in the U.S. state of South Dakota. As of the 2000 census, it had a population of 123,975. Sioux Falls is the county seat of Minnehaha County.It is in the eastern part of the state.
The city was incorporated in 1876.

Christopher Eccleston
Christopher Eccleston (born 16 February 1964) is an English actor. He is famous as the Ninth Doctor on "Doctor Who" in 2005. Before playing the Doctor, he played the Son of God in "The Second Coming".

Deliverance
"Deliverance" is a 1972 drama movie made by Warner Bros.. It was directed by John Boorman and starred Burt Reynolds, Ronny Cox, Ned Beatty, and Jon Voight. It was based on a book written in 1970 by James Dickey, who also wrote the screenplay and had a small part in the movie.

The Adventures of Robin Hood
"The Adventures of Robin Hood" is a 1938 movie. It stars Errol Flynn as Robin Hood.

Speed (movie)
Speed is a 1994 movie. It stars Keanu Reeves, Sandra Bullock, Jeff Daniels, and Dennis Hopper. It is about a police officer (Reeves) who has to stop a bomber (Hopper), who has put a bomb on a city bus. The Movie was a Box Office success across the world
It was followed by a 1997 sequel, '.

Ares
Ares is the god of savage war and bloodlust in Greek mythology. He is the son of Zeus and Hera. He is one of the Twelve Olympians. Neither parent liked him. He is considered murderous and bloody. In the Trojan war, he fought on the side of Troy. He was caught having sex with Aphrodite, and fled to his homeland of Thrace.

Anna Kavan
Anna Kavan (born April 10, 1901 as Helen Emily Woods, died 1968) was an English writer.
Her early work, comprising six novels, gave little indication of the style and content of her post-1939 writing. The change of her name to the nom de plume Anna Kavan in 1940 signalled an experimental form, focussed on the 'nocturnal language' of dreams and addiction.
'I Am Lazarus' is a collection of short stories that address the disturbing unreality of mental illness, particularly as a result of [war-related] post traumatic stress disorder.
Kavan travelled extensively during the Second World War, spending 22 months in New Zealand. That country's proximity to Antarctica informed her writing of 'Ice' - the post-apocalyptic novel which won her the Brian Aldiss Science Fiction Book of the Year award in 1967.
Kavan's biographical details have until recently been vague and sketchy, but recent discoveries of letters and unpublished manuscripts have shed revealing light on her life and times. Dr Jennifer Sturm of Auckland University has made a recent study of Kavan's writing, and has unearthed significant validation of her biographical details. Kavan is currently enjoying something of a belated interest. London publishers Peter Owen Publishers have for many years flown the Kavan flag and continue to do so, with the recent re-release of 'Ice' and a forthcoming publication of 'Guilty', a new posthumous release of Kavan's work.

Voodoo
The word Voodoo, which has many different names and spellings (like "Vodun, Vodou, Voudou, Vudu, Vodoun") is the name of a West African religion. Voodoo is animist and spiritist, and a lot of Voodoo beliefs have to do with ancestor spirits. Some of it is based on Catholic beliefs, but most of Voodoo is from the Fon, Ewe, and Yoruba peoples. The word vodún is the Fon-Ewe word for spirit.
In Voodoo many gods and spirits are prayed to or called on. Both spirits of nature and of dead people are important. The spirits of family member who have died are especially important. Voodoo often has rituals with music and dancing. Drums are used to make most of this music. In Voodoo people often believe that a spirit is in their body and controlling the body. Having a spirit come into is wanted, and important. This spirit can speak for the gods or dead people you love, and can also help to heal or do magic.
African Vodu: the beginning of Voodoo.
Voodoo came to places like Haiti and the United States as Vodu. Some people think Voodoo and Vodu are the same religion. Some people think they are not the same religion because Voodoo has changed some after it was taken from Africa. For example, African Vodu often has animal sacrifice (the animal is killed for the spirits), but this is not common in Haiti and never done in the United States. Another example is that an African sea god became a Haitian sea Goddess. Voodoo in Haiti and America has also added some Catholic ideas that were not known in African Vodu.
Voodou in Haiti.
Voodoo is the main religion in Haiti. When Haiti beat the French in a war and became its own country, the people of Haiti believed that Voodoo had helped them win. Also, in Haiti there are both good priests and "dark" sorcerers (called bokor). The bokor acts like a kind of religious policeman, and may curse bad people. It is the bokor who are said to make zombies; becoming a zombie is the worst curse because it means you loose your soul.
Voodoo in the United State.
Some people from Africa and Haiti brought Voodoo to the United States. One such person was Marie LaVeau, who was callled "the Voodoo queen of New Orleans." Marie was a pacifist and known for healing people. The local Catholic priest let Marie do Voodoo in the Catholic church (this would not usually be allowed). Marie became famous, so she and others led many in the U.S. state of Louisiana to believe in Voodoo.
In most parts of the U.S., Voodoo is most commonly believed in by black people. But, in Louisiana, the U.S. state with the most Voodoo believers, Voodoo has many white followers too.
Voodoo in Brazil.
Voodoo is also done in Brazil
Voodoo in Popular Culture.
In the U.S. the word Voodoo is often used to mean any kind of magic. Also, Voodoo is often seen as scary, morbid, or spooky. People who believe in Voodoo say this is not right, but many other people see Voodoo that way. Because of this, Voodoo has been shown in many horror movies. For example, a Voodoo priest may make killer zombies in a movie about zombies. Another example is the movie "Child's Play" where a Voodoo priest puts the soul of a killer into a doll. In the movie "Predator II" a violent gang is led by a Voodoo priest named King Willie.
There was also a song about Marie LaVeau. In the song, Marie is described as a "witch" who "lives in the swamp in a hollow log" and kills people with a magical scream. Though this is not accurate, the song may be better known than the real woman.

Mercury (mythology)
Mercury is a god in Roman mythology.God of flight, theives, commerce and travelers. Messenger of the gods. He showed the way for dead souls to Pluto's realm.

Medusa
Medusa is a monster from Greek mythology. If she looks at somebody, she turns them to stone. She is the only mortal Gorgon sister. The other two are called Stheno and Euryale and are immortal. All three had brass hands, sharp fangs, and hair that was made out of snakes. The Gorgons were the daughters of Phorcys and Keto.
Myth.
Medusa was once a beautiful woman, but then was seduced by Poseidon in Athena's temple. Athena was angry that her temple had been desecrated, so she turned Medusa into a Gorgon. Medusa became pregnant by Poseidon, but was beheaded in her sleep by Perseus.Her head could still turn people into stone.

Olga Bondarenko
Olga Bondarenko (maiden name Krentser) (b. 2 June 1960 in Slavgorod, Altai Krai, Russia) is a long-distance runner. Running for the U.S.S.R., she won the 10,000 metre race at the 1988 Olympic Games, and the 3,000 metre race at the 1986 European Championships. Earlier she had set a world record for the 10,000 m event, at 31 minutes, 13.78 seconds, in Kiev in 1984. Her first world-class gold medal was a first place finish in the 5,000 m race at the 1986 Goodwill Games in Moscow.

Hephaestus
Hephaestus is the god of fire in Greek mythology, and one of the Twelve Olympians. He is son of Hera and Zeus, and he married Aphrodite. Hephaestus, the god of smiths and fire, was a hard working and peace-loving god and was very fond of his mother. Once he tried to stop his fighting parents. He sided with his mother, Hera, and that made Zeus so angry that he grabbed his son by the legs and flung him out of Olympus. Hephaestus is very ugly. He was want Athena for his wife.

Vulcan (mythology)
Vulcan is the god of fire in Roman mythology. He is the son of Jupiter and Juno, and the husband of Venus.
Mytholgy.
In order to punish humans for stealing the knowledge of how to make fire, Jupiter ordered to make Pandora as a bad gift for man. Vulcan's part in making Pandora was to make her out of clay and give her human form. He also made thrones for the other gods to sit on in Mount Etna. Through his identification with the Hephaestus of Greek mythology, he came to be considered as the manufacturer of art, arms, iron, jewellery and armor for various gods and heroes, including the thunderbolts of Jupiter. He was the son of Jupiter and Juno, and husband of Maia and Venus. His smithy was believed to be situated underneath Mount Etna in Sicily.
As the son of Jupiter, the king of the gods, and Juno, the queen of the gods, Vulcan should have been quite handsome, but, baby Vulcan was small and ugly with a red, bawling face. Juno was so horrified that she hurled the tiny baby off the top of Mount Olympus.
Vulcan fell down for a day and a night, landing in the sea. Unfortunately, one of his legs broke as he hit the water, and never developed properly. From the surface, Vulcan sunk like a pebble to the cool blue depths where the sea-nymph, Thetis, found him and took him to her underwater grotto, and raised him as her own son.
Vulcan had a happy childhood with dolphins as his playmates and pearls as his toys. Late in his childhood, he found the remains of a fisherman's fire on the beach and became fascinated with an unextinguished coal, still red-hot and glowing.
Vulcan carefully shut this precious coal in a clamshell and took it back to his underwater grotto and made a fire with it. On the first day after, Vulcan stared at this fire for hours on end. On the second day, he discovered that when he made the fire hotter with bellows, certain stones sweated iron, silver or gold. On the third day he beat the cooled metal into shapes: bracelets, chains, swords and shields. Vulcan made pearl-handled knives and spoons for his foster mother, he made a silver chariot for himself, and bridles so that seahorses could transport him quickly. He even made slave-girls of gold to wait on him and do his bidding.
Later, Thetis left her underwater grotto to attend a dinner party on Mount Olympus wearing a beautiful necklace of silver and sapphires, which Vulcan had made for her. Juno admired the necklace and asked as to where she could get one. Thetis became flustered causing Juno to become suspicious and, at last, the queen god discovered the truth: the baby she had once rejected had grown into a talented blacksmith.
Juno was furious and demanded that Vulcan return home, a demand that he refused. However he did send Juno a beautifully constructed chair made of silver and gold, inlaid with mother-of-pearl. Juno was delighted with this gift but, as soon as she sat in it her weight triggered hidden springs and metal bands sprung forth to hold her fast. The more she shrieked and struggled the more firmly the mechanical throne gripped her; the chair was a cleverly designed trap.
For three days Juno sat fuming, still trapped in Vulcan's chair, she couldn't sleep, she couldn't stretch, she couldn't eat. It was Jupiter who finally saved the day, he promised that if Vulcan released Juno he would give him a wife, Venus the goddess of love and beauty. Vulcan agreed and married Venus. He later built a smithy under Mount Etna on the island of Sicily. It was said that whenever Venus is unfaithful, Vulcan grows angry and beats the red-hot metal with such a force that sparks and smoke rise up from the top of the mountain, to create a volcanic eruption.
According to Virgil, Vulcan was the father of Caeculus.[12]
To punish mankind for stealing the secrets of fire, Jupiter ordered the other gods to make a poisoned gift for man. Vulcan's contribution to the beautiful and foolish Pandora was to mould her from clay and to give her form. He also made the thrones for the other gods on Mount Olympus.
Worship.
Vulcan's oldest shrine in Rome, called the "Volcanal", was situated at the foot of the Capitoline in the Forum Romanum, and was reputed to date to the archaic period of the kings of Rome,[2][3] and to have been established on the site by Titus Tatius,[4] the Sabine co-king, with a traditional date in the eighth century BC. It was the view of the Etruscan haruspices that a temple of Vulcan should be located outside the city,[5] and the Volcanal may originally have been on or outside the city limits before they expanded to include the Capitoline Hill.[1] The Volcanalia sacrifice was offered here to Vulcan, on August 23.[2] Vulcan also had a temple on the Campus Martius, which was in existence by 214 BC.[1][6]The Romans identified Vulcan with the Greek smith-god Hephaestus, and he became associated like his Greek counterpart with the constructive use of fire in metalworking. A fragment of a Greek pot showing Hephaestus found at the Volcanal has been dated to the 6th century BC, suggesting that the two gods were already associated at this date.[3] However, Vulcan had a stronger association than Hephaestus with fire's destructive capacity, and a major concern of his worshippers was to encourage the god to avert harmful fires. His festival, the Vulcanalia, was celebrated on August 23 each year, when the summer heat placed crops and granaries most at risk of burning.[1][7] During the festival bonfires were created in honour of the god, into which live fish or small animals were thrown as a sacrifice, to be consumed in the place of humans.[8] Vulcan was among the gods placated after the Great Fire of Rome in AD 64.[9] In response to the same fire, Domitian (emperor 81–96) established a new altar to Vulcan on the Quirinal Hill. At the same time a red bull-calf and red boar were added to the sacrifices made on the Vulcanalia, at least in that region of the city.[10]
Vulcanalia festival.
Vulcan's blacksmith workshop was said to be below Mount Etna in Sicily, Italy. Each year on August 23 the festival of Vulcanalia is held. During the festival fish and small animals are thrown into the fire.

Tyche
Tyche is the goddess of luck in Greek mythology. She is the daughter of Hermes and Aphrodite.
She was the goddess of destiny and fortune. A "historical fortune teller".

Fortuna (mythology)
Fortuna is the goddess of luck in Roman mythology.

Demeter
Demeter is the goddess of farming in Greek mythology. She is one of the Twelve Olympians. She is the daughter of Kronos and Rhea, and also the sister of Zeus. As a fertility goddess, she is sometimes identified with Rhea and Gaia. She is the mother of Persephone. Demeter brings forth fruits of the earth, particularly the various grains. Her sacred animals were the snake and the pig. She is also the sister of Hara, Zeus,Posiden and Hades. Demeter was most often kind and generous.

Ceres
"This article is about the goddess for the dwarf planet see "Ceres(planet)'
Ceres is the goddess of farming in Roman mythology.

Roman mythology
Roman mythology is a large collection of stories, started in Ancient Rome, about the beginning of the world, and the lives and adventures of lots of gods, goddesses, heroes, and heroines.
The myths of the Ancient Romans are often called "Greco-Roman" because they were very similar to the Greek mythology of the Ancient Greeks.
Gods and goddesses.
The gods and goddesses in these stories have lots of magic powers. They can make themselves invisible to humans and move to any place in a very short amount of time. The gods and goddesses also never get sick and can only be hurt by very unusual causes. This is called being immortal.

List of Roman gods and goddesses
This is a list of Roman gods and goddesses that are in Roman mythology.

List of names of mythological gods
This is a list of god versions in other mythologies. It includes Etruscan, Greek, Roman and Norse versions of the same god. The table is ordered by the Greek god's name.

Ancient history
Ancient history is history from when human history began until the early Middle Ages or the end of the Roman Empire in about 476 AD. The word "antiquity" usually means ancient history that is before the start of Ancient Greek history in about 776 BC. Ancient Rome also began at about this time.
Study of ancient history.
Finding facts about ancient history is difficult because people wrote less in those times and some of what they did write has been lost. Not many people could read and write in ancient history so people did not write about history then. There were very small numbers of copies made because there was no printing press. What people wrote they wrote by hand. More people could read and write in Ancient Rome than in other places but much of what they wrote is now lost. Historians look at things that were made and used in ancient history to learn more about it.
Archaeology.
Archaeology is looking at things that were made or used in the past to find out more about that time. Things like clay pots, solid tools, and metal weapons can stay the same during a long time. Things like paper, wood, and cloth can be easily broken or damaged.
Primary sources.
These are things written by people who lived in ancient history. They tell us most of what we know about ancient history. But people in ancient history may have believed different things from each other. They may also be wrong.
Herodotus, Josephus, Livy, Polybius, Suetonius, Tacitus, Thucydides and Sima Qian.

Reset
To reset something is to bring it back to its' original position, or starting point. Computers often have a reset button, which will instantly take you to the boot up screen.

Andrzej Sapkowski
Andrzej Sapkowski (born June 21, 1948 in Łódź) is a well-known Polish fantasy writer. He is probably one of the most popular Polish writers today. His best known work is The Witcher ("Wiedźmin") Saga (takes place in a fictional universe). Before starting his career in the late 1980s, he worked in foreign trade.

Staten Island
Staten Island is a borough of New York City.

Borough
A borough is an administrative division in many countries. In principle the term borough means a self-governing township.
In medieval times, boroughs were settlements with some self-government. Boroughs were particularly common in England, Germany and Scotland. In medieval England, boroughs had also the right to elect members of parliament. ("The Borough" in Southwark, London is thought to have been the original 'borough' of which all others come from.)
Usually a borough is a single town with its own local government.
But in some cities it is a sub-division of the city (e.g. London, New York, Toronto, Montreal). In such cases the borough will normally have either limited powers delegated to it by the city's local government or no powers at all. At certain times London has had no overall city government and London boroughs were the main unit of local government for Londoners.
In other places, such as Alaska, a borough does not mean a single township, but a whole region. In Australia borough can mean a town and its surrounding area, e.g. Borough of Queenscliffe.
Boroughs exist in United Kingdom, more specifically in England and Northern Ireland, in the Canadian province of Quebec, in some states of the United States, in Israel, and formerly they also existed in New Zealand.
At the end of a word, -borough (or -brough) is found in the name of many towns and cities in England; in southern England it is usually spelt -bury. The suffix -bury is also used in the New England region of the United States, while -burg (or -burgh) is more common in Scotland and the American South and West.

Echo (mythology)
Echo was a nymph in Mythology, and an Oread (a mountain nymph). She was very beautiful, but loved her own voice.
Hera.
According to "Ovid", Echo once had the job of distracting Hera from Zeus having relationships with other women. She did this by leading Hera away and flattering her. When Hera found out she was very angry with Echo. She put a curse on her that meant that she could only speak the last words of other people after she had heard them. It is due to this story that we get the meaning behind the word "echo".
Narcissus.
After she was cursed, Echo fell in love with Narcissus. Narcissus was very handsome and anybody who saw him always fell in love with him. However, Narcissus had no heart and could not fall in love with anybody. Echo could not speak to Narcissus but wanted to be able to see him. She therefore followed him everywhere, but made sure that he could not see her.
Narcissus got lost and called out "Is anyone here?". Echo said back "Here, here, here." Narcissus then asked Echo to come out of her hiding place. Echo did so and then told Narcissus that she loved him by hand movements. Narcissus, who was angry that so many people loved him, told Echo that he did not love her.
Echo was very upset and prayed to Aphrodite for death. Aphrodite granted Echo's wish, but she liked Echo's voice so much she kept it alive.
Narcissus also rejected echo and broke her heart, echo then went and haunted valleys and mountainous ares where echoes are able to be heard in all holllow places of the earth.
Pan.
This is a different story about Echo's death. Echo was a very good dancer and singer, but did not like the love of any man. This caused another god, called Pan, to become angry. He had Echo killed and split into pieces. These pieces were spread about the world, but were collected up by Gaia. Echo's voice was not collected, so it remains all over the world and still says the last words that other people have said. In some versions of the story, Echo and Pan have a child who was called Iambe.

Helios
Helios is the god of the sun and a Titan in Greek mythology. He is the son of Hyperion and Theia.
He later became one with the god Apollo.

Bia
Bia is the goddess of force in Greek mythology. She is the daughter of Styx and Pallas, and also the sister of Nike, Cratos, and Zelus. She and her brothers and sister were the friends of Zeus and were always with him.

Zelus
Zelus is the god of dedication and emulation in Greek mythology. He is the son of Styx and Pallas, and also the brother of Nike, Cratos, and Bia. He and her brothers and sister were the friends of Zeus and were always with him. he was a constant companion of Zeus and personififed zeal.

Mnemosyne
Mnemosyne is the Titan of memory in Greek mythology. Her parents are Gaia and Uranos. With Zeus her children are the nine Muses.

Harmonia
Harmonia is the goddess of harmony in Greek mythology.
Origins.
She is the daughter of Ares and Aphrodite, and the mother of Ino, Polydorus, Autonoe, Agaue and Semele with Kadmos. She is the opposite of Eris, who is the goddess of strife.

President pro tempore of the United States Senate
President "pro tempore" of the United States Senate is the longest serving Senator from a major political party in the United States Senate. According to the Constitution, this is the fourth highest office in the United States. It is the third in the presidential line of succession (behind the Vice President and the Speaker of the House).
Officially the Vice President is person in charge of the Senate, but he is not a Senator. Robert Byrd (D-WV) is the President pro tempore. When the Vice President cannot be in charge, the President pro tempore is in charge of the Senate. Many people still think of the President pro tempore as "de facto" president of the Senate. During President Andrew Johnson's impeachment trial in 1868 president pro tempore Benjamin Wade was the first person in the line of succession. No president pro tempore has taken over the presidency as of 2006.
Probably the most famous Presidents pro tempore were John Langdon (first in this office), David Rice Atchison (D-MO), Benjamin Wade (R-OH), Arthur Vandenberg (R-MI), Strom Thurmond (R-SC), and Robert Byrd (D-WV).
When Senator Hubert Humphrey, a former Vice President of the United States, was seriously ill the Senate showed its respect for him by creating the office of Deputy President Pro tem for any Vice President who is elected to the Senate. Only Humphrey has done this.

David Tennant
David Tennant (b. April 18, 1971) is a Scottish actor. He is famous as the Tenth Doctor on "Doctor Who" from 2005 to the present and as Casanova in the television programme of the same name.

American Broadcasting Company
ABC (full name: American Broadcasting Company) is an United States television network. Along with CBS, NBC and FOX, it is one of the country's four major television networks. The network is owned by Disney and Columbia Pictures.
Shows.
This is a partial list of the shows that ABC shows.
For children, ABC has a separate show titled ABC Kids

Fox Broadcasting Company
Fox is an United States television network. Along with ABC, CBS, and NBC, it is one of the country's four major television networks.

ABC
ABC are the first three letters in the Latin Alphabet
ABC could also mean: easy as 123

Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea is a country near Indonesia and Australia. It contains the east half of New Guinea island and some more nearby islands. The capital city of Papua New Guinea is Port Moresby.

Strom Thurmond
James Strom Thurmond (December 5, 1902 - June 26, 2003) was an American politician. He was best known for being the longest and oldest serving member of the United States Senate to date. He was also Governor of his home state South Carolina and a Presidential candidate. He was a lawyer.
Thurmond spent more than 70 year of his life on public career. Before World War II he served as state senator and judge. During war he served in the US Army in Europe and briefly in Asia. In 1960 he was promoted to the rank of general major.
From 1947 to 1951 he served as Governor of South Carolina (as a Democrat). During 1948 U.S. Presidential Election he became the presidential candidate of the Democratic Party faction called "Dixiecrat" (States Rights Democrat, mostly from the South) - a strong supporters of racial segregation. Thurmond and his Vice Presidential candidate, Mississippi Governor Fielding Lewis Wright finished the race in 's3rd (behind Harry Truman and Thomas Dewey) with 39 electoral votes and they carried 4 states (Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi and, of course, Thurmond home state).
He was elected, as first write-in candidate for major national office, to the Senate in 1954. He was reelected for his first full term in 1956 and served until January 2003. He was originally a Democrat, but in 1964 he openly supported Barry Goldwater's presidential bid and became a Republican.
As the longest serving Republican he was President pro tempore of the United States Senate for three occasions (1981-1987, 1995-2001, and January 2001-June 2001), when Republican gained a majority. After Democrats took over the control of the Senate in June 2001 Thurmond became first honorary "president pro tempore emeritus".
Started his career as opponent of racial integration, in his later years Thurmond supported desegregation.
His longtime Senate rival, Robert Byrd of West Virginia, is on track to surpass Thurmond's record of length of senatorial service, but not chronological age in the Senate, as of June 10, 2006.

Roman Forum
The Roman Forum is an area of the city of Rome which the ancient city developed around. It is the place where commerce, business, prostitution, cult, and the administration of justice took place.

Playwright
A playwright is a person who writes plays for the stage. Because the name of such a text is "drama", another word for this person is dramatist. Sometimes, dramas are written to be read and not played. In that case, they are called "closet dramas".
The word "wright" does not come from write. It is an ancient English term for a builder. For example, a "wheelwright" makes wheels. In a similar way, a playwright makes plays. When the term was first used, it was meant as an insult. Today it has lost this meaning.
History.
The first playwrights in Western literature whose plays still exist were the Ancient Greeks. They were written around the 5th century BC. These playwrights are important as they wrote in a way that is still used by modern playwrights. Important among them are Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, and Aristophanes.
The most famous playwright may be William Shakespeare. A lot of later work is based on his tragedies and comedies. For example, "Kiss Me, Kate" is based on Shakespeare's "The Taming of the Shrew", and his "Romeo and Juliet" has been made again many times. Tom Stoppard created the play "Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead" in 1966 which is a modern adaptation of "Hamlet".
Modern playwrights.
Modern playwrights are usually less famous as past playwrights. Since television and movies were invented, theater has become less popular. Because it is less popular, tickets aren't selling as many as they used to, and producers often don't have enough money to make plays, and many playwrights are not known.

Iambe
Iambe was the goddess of rhyme and merriment in Greek mythology. She was the daughter of Pan and Echo.
Iambic pentameter.
Iambe created the iambic pentameter verse pattern in poetry. This is a metered verse with two different sounds, and it was named after Iambe. The imabic pentameter verse is used by many poets, one of which is William Shakespeare.
Demeter.
The goddess, Demeter, was sad about loosing her daughter, Persephone. It was only Iambe who was able to make Demeter laugh. She did this by using poetry and wit to cheer Demeter up. When Demeter was not sad any more, the earth became fertile again. Iambe then became Demeter's first priestess.

Triangle (instrument)
The triangle is a musical instrument with three sides and curved corners. There is always one corner where the sides do not join. This makes it possible for the instrument to vibrate.
The player holds a small piece of string or leather from which the triangle is hanging, and he makes a sound by hitting the triangle with a metal beater. In orchestras, where the percussionist may be playing several percussion instruments, the triangle may hang from a stand so that the player can move quickly to another instrument.
Triangles come in different sizes. Smaller ones will sound higher than larger ones.
The triangle can always be heard clearly above the sound of the orchestra or band.

Bernie Little
Bernie Little (born in McComb, Ohio, USA circa 1926 - died April 25, 2003) was the most successful owner in Unlimited Hydroplane racing history. His "Miss Budweiser" team won 134 of the 354 hydroplane races they entered. They won the high points championship 22 years in 40 years of competition, and the Gold Cup 14 times.
Little's team is also known for making an enclosed driver's seat to improve driver safety, after driver Dean Chenoweth was killed in a crash during a race in 1982.
His team employed some of the biggest names in their field, including designer Ron Jones, and driver Chip Hanauer who won more Gold Cup races than any other driver, and is second only to Bill Muncey in total races won.
Little has been inducted into the Unlimited Hydroplane Hall of Fame, the Florida Sports Hall of Fame, and the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America. Chenoweth, Hanauer, and another driver for Little, Tom D'Eath, are also in the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America.

Perseus
Perseus is a hero in Greek mythology. He is the founder of Mycenae and is most famous for killing the Gorgon Medusa.
He is the son of Danaë and the god Zeus.
With his wife Andromeda his children are the sons Perses, Alkaios, Sthenelos, Elektryon, and the daughter Gorgophone. Perseus is also the great-grandfather of Herakles.
Birth.
King Akrisios of Argos was told by an oracle that he would be killed by his grandchild. Because of that he put his daughter Danaë in a tower where no one was allowed to enter, so she could not have a child. But the god Zeus could enter in the form of a golden rain, and with him her child was Perseus.
Akrisios then put Danaë and her baby Perseus in a box and threw it into the sea. But Zeus tells the sea-god Poseidon to help them, and so Danaë and her son come to the island Seriphos. There they are found by Diktys, who lets them live with him.
A long time after that, the grown up Perseus takes part in some funeral games. During the games Perseus throws a discus, which accidentally hits Akrisios. Akrisios is killed by it: he was killed by his grandchild, like the oracle's prophecy said.

Niccolò Paganini
Niccolò Paganini was a Italian composer and violin player. He is believed to be one of the best violinists who ever lived. He was born October 27 1782 in Genoa, Italy and died May 27, 1840.
Paganini was the perfect virtuoso during his time although many other violinists slowly approach and some appear to be as virtuosic as him too. He was said to be a show off during his time and many wanted to challenge his violin skills. Paganini once broke all of the strings on his violin except the G-string and played a piece just on one string to show how good he was. He was the master of violin technique and invented many new techniques such as ricochet bowing, flying staccatos, left hand pizzicato etc. His 24 caprices are his most famous compositions. Paganini was good friends with Franz Liszt who was also an equally magnificent virtuoso, only that he played the piano. They both came together and composed the etude "La campanella", also known as "the clock" in English.* - Niccolò Paganini

Samer Kamal
Samer Kamal is a Jordanian athlete. He won the bronze medal in Taekwondo (a form of martial arts) in the 1988 Olympic Games at Seoul, South Korea. He was the first Jordanian athlete to get a medal for Jordan in the Olympics in Seoul. This made him the pride for many Jordanians in the 80's.
Samer Kamal is a 7th Dan Black Belt, international referee and an international trainer. He was given the Independence Badge of Honor (4th Degree) by His Majesty the late King Hussein Ben Talal in the 1988 and was chosen 7th best Jordanian athlete for the century on the year 1999.
• 1st Class International Referee since 1999
• Chairman of the Arab Referee Committee from the year 1997 until 1999
• Chairman of the Jordanian Referee Committee for the years 91,92,94,96, and 97
• Lecturer of Rules & Regulations for the International Instructor course - Sana’a (Yemen) 1998
• Lecturer of Rules & Regulations for the Tunisian Referees – (Tunis) 1998.
• Lecturer of Rules & Regulations for the International Instructor course - Doha (Qatar) 2003
• Chairman of the Arbitration Board of the 1st Bahrain Internation Taekowndo Championship – Manamah (Bahrain) 2007
• Referee Director for the 2nd Arab Taekwondo Championships – Rabat (Morocco) 1998
• Refereed in the unrecognized Cyprus International Championships – Nicosia (Cyprus) 1996
• Referee Chairman of the 9th Pan Arab Games – Amman (Jordan) 1999
• Referee Chairman of The Aqsa International Championships – Doha (Qatar) 2001
• Joined the 19th International Referee Seminar – Cairo (Egypt) 1989
• Joined the International Referee Refreshing Course – Athens (Greece) 1991
• Joined the International Referee Refreshing Course – Olympia (France) 1992
• Joined the International Referee Refreshing Course – Manila (Philippines) 1995
• Joined the International Referee Refreshing Course – Orlando (USA) 1998
• Joined the International Referee Refreshing Course – Athens (Greece) 1999
• Joined the International Referee Refreshing Course – Amman (Jordan) 2002
• Joined International Referee Refreshing Course – Cairo (Egypt) 2007
• Participated in the World Cup Championships – Barcelona (Spain) 1990
• Participated in the World Championships – Athens (Greece) 1991
• Participated in the Asian Championships – Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia) 1992
• Participated in the World Championships – New York (USA) 1993
• Participated in the US Open, Orlando International recognized Championships – Florida (USA) 1998
• Participated in the 13th Asian Games – Bangkok (Thailand) 1998
• Participated in the US Open, Los Angeles International recognized Championships – California (USA) 1999
• Participated in the World Championships – Edmonton (Canada) 1999
• Participated in the World Championships – Garmich (Germany) 2003

Violet (plant)
The violet is a genus of flowering plants. The Common Blue Violet (Viola sororia) is the state flower of the U.S. state of Illinois. There is also a famous poem that refers to violets. It goes "Roses are red, violets are blue", and then the poet adds his or her own lines to it.

Winnie the Pooh
Winnie the Pooh is a fictional bear created by A. A. Milne. He is based on a stuffed toy that belonged to Milne's son, Christopher Robin Milne. The toy was named after "Winnipeg" ("Winnie" for short), who was a bear at the London Zoo and the mascot of a Canadian army regiment, and "Pooh", which was a nickname Milne and his son had given to a swan. The first book was published in 1926. There were later other books published, and Walt Disney made a series of cartoons based on the books. The Walt Disney Company still owns the character.
There have been quite a few series created by Walt Disney based on these books.

960s
Centuries: 9th century - 10th century - 11th century
Decades: 880s - 890s - 900s - 910s - 920s - 930s - 940s - 950s - 960s - 970s - 980s
Years: 930 931 932 933 934 935 936 937 938 939

Aleksander Kwasniewski
Aleksander Kwaśniewski (born November 15 1954) is a Polish politician. He served as President for two terms (1995-2000 and 2000-2005). He was, before being elected first time, member of the Democratic Left Alliance, but after assumed duties he became an independent. Before 1989 he was a member of Polish United Workers Party (communist). He was preceded by Lech Wałęsa and succeeded by Lech Kaczyński.
He was born in Białogard in Northwest Poland. Before became a politician he was a journalist. Before became President he was minister and deputy to the Sejm. In the late 1980s he participated in the Polish Round Table Agreement.
In 1995 election he won in the second round, but five years later he won in the first round.

Viola sororia
"Viola sororia", also known as "Viola papilionacea", common blue violet, common meadow violet, and purple violet is a species of violets. It is a perennial flowering plant that lives in most of eastern North America.
The common blue violet is the state flower of the U.S. states of Rhode Island, Illinois, and New Jersey.
In developed areas it is often said to be a weed because it grows well in lawns.

NAND gate
The NAND gate is a logic gate used to build digital logic circuits. Given two inputs, A and B, A NAND B will be true if at most one of A and B is true. In other words, A NAND B is false if both A and B are true, and true otherwise.
Symbols.
There are three symbols for NAND gates: the 'military' symbol and the 'rectangular' symbol. For more information see logic gate symbols
Please note that NAND is a propagation of "not" and "and" logic gate definitions, ie "not"-"and".

Under the Rainbow
"Under the Rainbow" is a 1981 comedy movie starring Chevy Chase, Carrie Fisher, Eve Arden, Billy Barty, and Mako.
The plot is loosely based on the gathering of little people in a Hollywood hotel, to audition for roles as "munchkins" in the movie "The Wizard of Oz". The movie also has nobility, assassins, spies, and tourists.
The movie was nominated for Razzie Awards for Worst Musical Score and Worst Supporting Actor (Billy Barty).

Gilli-danda
Gilli "िगल्ली" -danda "डन्डा" is a game played by children in India and Pakistan. It is usually played by using a small round stick, about as long as a baseball or cricket bat. This is the "danda". There is another smaller stick, round in the middle and sharp at the ends. This is the "gilli".

Hick
A hick is a term for an American stereotype. It is also used in Canada to a lesser degree. It is a term for people who live in rural areas, especially on farms and ranches. It is usually meant as an insult.

Greenhouse gas
Greenhouse gases reflect radiation from the Earth and stop it from being lost into space. This causes the Earth's temperature to be warmer than it would be without greenhouse gases. The name for this is the "greenhouse effect."
Most greenhouse gases are natural - water vapour is the most common, and causes most of the greenhouse effect on Earth. Other greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and ozone. A natural greenhouse effect is not bad. Without greenhouse gases, the earth would be 15 to 30 degrees Celcius colder, and life would probably not be possible here.
However, humans are adding more greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. Scientists believe that this has caused the planet's average temperature to rise. The most important greenhouse gas that humans add to the atmosphere is carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is released when people burn fossil fuels, like oil, coal, and natural gas.
In addition to burning fossil fuels, human beings add carbon dioxide to the atmosphere by cutting down trees. They also add methane to the atmosphere by raising cattle.

Omaha hold'em
Omaha hold'em is a poker game, similar to Texas hold' em. In Omaha, each player is given four cards. Then there is a round of betting. Then three community cards are placed on the table. Another round of betting is after that. Then a fourth community card is put down. After this, there is another round of betting. Then there is the final community card put down, there is a last round of betting, and each player uses exactly two cards from the hand and three from the table to form a five-card poker hand. Whoever has the best hand wins all the money put in the middle during betting.
Variations.
Omaha can also be played as Omaha Hi Lo, where the best hand and the lowest hand splits the pot.
The low hand's cards have to be 8 or lower.

Leverkusen
Leverkusen is a city near Cologne at the river Rhine in Germany. As of October 2005, about 162,000 people lived there.

Tocotronic
Tocotronic is a German alternative rock band. They were founded in 1993 in Hamburg.

Bolesław Prus
Bolesław Prus (pen name of Aleksander Głowacki; August 20, 1847 - May 19, 1912) was a Polish writer.
He was born in Hrubieszów and died in Warsaw. As a 15-year-old high-school student, he fought in Poland's January 1863 Uprising.
Prus is best know for his novels, "Lalka" (The Doll) and the historical novel "Faraon" (Pharaoh). He also wrote "Anielka," "Placówka" (The Outpost), "Emancypantki" (The New Woman), and many other stories and novels. He was an advocate of Positivist philosophy and social progressivism.
Prus is regarded as one of the greatest Polish writers, and one of the world's most prominent.

2040
Centuries: 20th century - 21st century - 22nd century
Decades: 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s 2030s - 2040s - 2050s 2060s 2070s 2080s 2090s
Years: 2035 2036 2037 2038 2039 - 2040 - 2041 2042 2043 2044 2045
The year 2040 (MMXL) in the Gregorian calendar corresponds to 5800 and 5801 in the Hebrew calendar. It will also be a leap year.

Wayne Mixson
(John) Wayne Mixson (born June 16, 1922) is a retired American politician. He was born in Alabama, but was raised and is still living in Florida. He is a democrat.
He served in the Florida House of Representatives. In 1978 he was elected a lieutenant governor of state (deputy governor) to governor Bob Graham. They were reelected in 1982. Mixson served as lt. gov. from 1979 to 1987. During his second term he was also state Secretary of Commerce.
On January 3, 1987 Graham resigned from office to become U.S. Senator. Mixson was sworn in as governor for three days, to January 6, when governor-elect, Robert Martinez (Rep.), assumed duties.
During the 2004 presidential election, Mixson crossed party lines to endorse the re-election of President George W. Bush. Now he is co-chair state senator Rod Smith (Dem.) campaigning for governor in 2006.

Neustadt an der Weinstrasse
Neustadt an der Weinstraße is a city located in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It has about 54,000 people.
Twin Towns.
The basically means of income in the city's economy are tourism and winegrowing.

Reubin Askew
Reubin O'Donovan Askew (born September 11, 1928) is a retired American politician. He is a democrat from Florida. He was born in Muskogee (Oklahoma), but since 1937 he living in Florida. He is a lawyer. He served both in US Army and US Air Force.
Prior to becoming governor, Askew served as state representative (1959-1963) and state senator (1963-1970). For a year (1969-1970) he was president pro tempore of this body.
He was elected governor in the same year and assumed duties in January 1971. He was one of the first southern governors (alongside Jimmy Carter of Georgia) who openly support desegregation. In 1972 then-democratic Presidential nominee, senator George McGovern of South Dakota offered him vice presidency, but Askew declined it. McGovern lost to Richard Nixon.
Askew was reelected in 1974 and served until early 1979. After leaving office he was, for two years, United States Trade Representative under President Carter.
In 1984 he run for President, but was defeated in primary.
He was regarded by many (including Harvard Scholars) as one of the best U.S. governors in the 20th Century.

Trabant
The Trabant (or "Trabi") was a series of cars built in the German Democratic Republic. When the first cars were released, people saw them as being innovative. The cars were also easy on fuel, they did not need much fuel. Trabant had a two-stroke engine. Trabants weren't made with steel or iron, because the German Democratic Republic didn't want to import steal and iron for the cars, because that would have been too expensive. Instead, the Trabant was made of Duroplast, a special kind of plastic, made by mixing formica and bakelite, and made stronger with fibres of cotton. After the Berlin Wall was opened the Trabant did not sell as much as before, because the people wanted bigger cars that they could get after the wall was opened. Trabants can still be found in East Europe, for example in Hungary.
Criticism.
The Trabant was a small car, good for driving in the city. Because it was made of plastic it wasn't very safe in a crash, and the two-stroke engine created lots of air pollution.
Versions.
Between 1957 and 1990, about 3 million Trabants were built. As of January 2005, about 67.000 such cars were still registered.

Lindsay Lohan
Lindsay Dee Lohan (born July 2, 1986) is an American actress and singer. She has acted in movies such as "Freaky Friday", "Parent Trap".
Career.
The movies "Freaky Friday", "Parent Trap" and "Mean Girls" made Lindsay popular in the United States. They also showed her talent in singing. She plays the guitar and has done many singing parts.
Music Career.
She first sang in the soundtrack of the movie "Confessions Of A Teenage Drama Queen".
In 2004, she released her first album named "Speak". In 2005, her second album, "A Little More Personal (RAW)" was released. Now, she is working on a new album with Ne-yo, Snoop Dogg, Timbaland. This album may be released at the middle or the end of 2008.

Postum
Postum is a drink first made by C. W. Post in 1895. It is a powder substitute for coffee that is mixed with water. The ingredients are wheat bran, wheat, molasses, and corn dextrin.
It is advertised as a healthier choice of drink than coffee.

Brok
Brok nad Bugiem (English: "Brok near Bug") is a small town located in Mazowsze Voivodship, Poland. Brok is in Ostrowian County (head town of this region is Ostrów Mazowiecka). Brok is one of the smallest places in Europe with town status (since 1500).
Brok is regarded by many as one of the most beautiful places in this part of Poland. This is a tourist town near two rivers: Bug and one also named Brok.

Herb Alpert
Herb Alpert (born March 31, 1935 in Los Angeles, California) is an American musician. He is known for his trumpet playing with his group, Tijuana Brass. He is also the co-founder and one of the heads of A&M Records (The "A" stands for Alpert, the "M" is Jerry Moss).

Teddy bear
A Teddy bear is a popular and well-known toy. It usually looks like a baby bear (called a "cub"). It may often have human-like features.
They are popular with children and adults all over the world. They are named after Theodore Roosevelt, who was President of the United States.

Hangul
Hangul is the alphabet used with the Korean language.
The letters do not look like English letters, they have very much their own look.
Also they are combined into blocks, you could say they are written in zig-zag.
Vowels.
Vowels are letters like A, E, O and so on
There are 21 letters for vowels in Hangul.
Those with two small marks are pronounced with an extra "y" first.
Consonants.
Consonants are letters like B, G, L, M, N, S and so on.
There are 14 simple consonants: ㄱㄴㄷㄹㅁㅂㅅㅇㅈㅊㅋㅌㅍㅎ
They can be written two next to each other.
Blocks.
The consonants and vowels are combined into blocks of syllables. A syllable means one vowel and a few consonants, like "han" and "gul".
The blocks look like these examples: 서울 한글 평양

Lincoln Chafee
Lincoln Davenport Chafee (born March 26, 1953) was a junior U.S. Senator from Rhode Island.
He was born in Providence, Rhode Island. Before he became Senator he was Mayor of Warwick (1993-1999). His father, John Chafee, was also a Senator from Rhode Island and member of the liberal wing of the Republican Party.
After his father was died in office Chafee was appointed to fill his vacancy. He was elected to his first full term in 2000.
He was probably the most liberal Republican Senator. He is strongly pro-choice, and supports gay rights and gun control. He was only Republican Senator in 2002 who voted against intervention in Iraq. In 2004 he didn't endorse the reelection bid of President George W. Bush, and urged other Republicans to write-in in the November election George H. W. Bush, not his son.
In January 2006 he was also the only Republican Senator to vote against Samuel Alito to the United States Supreme Court.
He was, however, defeated for reelection in 2006 by Democrat Sheldon Whitehouse.

Sascha Fischer
Sascha Fischer (born 24 December 1970) is a German rugby player. He started with volleyball, then he began to play rugby for DSV 1878 Hannover (Niedersachsen, Germany). Right now he is playing in France as a pro for C.A. Périgueux-Dordogne. With his former team, C.S. Bourgoin-Jallieu, he took part at Heineken Cup. He is 6 feet, 8 inches tall (2.08 meters) and one of the tallest rugby players in Europe. He is a 27 time national player for Germany. He is a very aggressive player and with his height, he can overlook the whole rugby field.

Bob Graham
Daniel Robert "Bob" Graham (born November 9, 1936) is a retired American politician. He was a well known member of the Democratic Party.
Graham has never lost an election. His career started with being a state legislator (Representative 1966-1969, and Senator 1971-1979).
Early career.
In 1978 he was elected Governor of Florida. His Lt. Governor was Wayne Mixson. Graham was reelected in 1982, when he won 65% over a Republican candidate, Skip Bafalis.
He was a popular Governor. He did much to protect the environment. He also oversaw restart of state executions (as first time since 1964), when 16 people were electrocuted. The first of them, John Spenkelink, was the first to die in the electric chair since 1966 in the United States. He was the second to be executed since 1967 (after Gary Gilmore in Utah in January 1977).
Later career.
Graham was elected to the United States Senate in 1986, defeating sitting Senator Paula Hawkins. He served as Senator from 1985 to 2005, when he retired. He resigned from governorship on January 3, 1985, three days before the swearing-in of the governor-elect, Republican Robert Martinez. For this time Mixson assumed his duties, making him the shortest serving governor in Florida history.
From 2001 to 2003 Graham was a chairman of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence.
Attempted careers.
In early 2003 he decided to run for President but, after poor results in an opinion polls, he resigned and later supported John Kerry, who won the Democratic nomination. He was regarded as possible Kerry Vice Presidential candidate, but Kerry chose John Edwards.
Graham voted in 2002 against intervention in Iraq.

Ohio Wesleyan University
Ohio Wesleyan University is a private university in Delaware, Ohio and a member of the Five Colleges of Ohio. Wesleyan was founded in September 1844.

Lakshmi
Lakshmi is the goddess of money and good luck in Hinduism. She is the wife of the Hindu god Vishnu. Most Hindus pray to her on Diwali, which is a festival in India.
Lakshmi has four arms, fair skin and sits on a lotus flower. She is covered in jewellery.

Ancient Australia
In Ancient Australia (also called the Prehistory of Australia), the first people to live in Australia arrived between 42,000 and 48,000 years ago. They came from Asia and had dark skin and black hair. Most of them were hunter-gatherers (people who hunt animals and collect plants to eat) and nomadic. This meant that they walked around from place to place and did not make cities.
There were two main types of people living in Australia - the Aborigines and the Torres Strait Islanders. Together they are called Indigenous Australians. The Torres Strait Islanders lived in the north-east and the Aborigines lived everywhere else. They lived in separate tribes and each tribe had its own language and traditions. They also thought that families were very important.
Religion.
They had a strong religion and they believed that everything had come from the Dreamtime and that the earth was sacred. They believed that spirits such as the Rainbow Serpent had made the world. The religion was passed on from parents to children and their culture is famous for its oral history. They practiced their religion in the form of corroborees. These were important dances and songs about their religion. They worshiped many gods.
Art.
The Aboriginal people did not know writing but they painted pictures on rocks and bark. They used paint that they made from crushed rocks and water in colours like brown, red, orange, and yellow. They used symbols (simple pictures) to mean different things and could draw stories with them. Their art is famous for using dots and handprints.

Dreamtime
In Australian Aborigine religion, the Dreamtime, also called The Dreaming, had four parts: The beginning of everything; the life and power of the ancestors; the way of life and death; and power in life. Dreamtime was all four of these things at the same time because it is more powerful than time and space. In it all things exist at once. The aborigines call Dreamtime the all-at-once time because they think it is the past, present, and future at the same time.
They meet The Dreamtime by doing special dances and singing special songs. The aborigines believe that people have a part of them that will live forever. This part existed before a person was born and will exist after they die. It exists in The Dreamtime. All Australian Aborigines believe in the Dreamtime. Each tribe has stories that say things about it. Most Aborigines believe that all life is connected to the great spirit ancestors of the Dreamtime.
The expression Dreamtime is often used to describe the time before time, or the time of the creation.

Loch Ness Monster
The Loch Ness Monster, sometimes called Nessie, is a mysterious and unidentified animal, that is said to inhabit the Scottish loch of Loch Ness, the second biggest lake in the country. The Loch Ness Monster has been a mystery for centuries, and is considered a major subject in the field of cryptozoology.
Most scientists believe that the Loch Ness Monster is not real, and treat many sightings as either hoaxes or mistaken identities of other animals. However, a popular theory among believers is that "Nessie" is a plesiosaur, an extinct meat-eating water reptile that existed during the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods. The Loch Ness monster has also been described as an elephant, eel, and other pre-historic creatures.

Southern rock
Southern rock is a kind of rock music from the Southern part of the United States. Some Southern Rock artists include Lynyrd Skynyrd, The Allman Brothers Band and Molly Hatchet.

Ostrów Mazowiecka
Ostrów Mazowiecka is a main town of Ostrów County, Masovian Voivodeship, Poland.

100
100 (Roman numerals: C) is a common year of the Gregorian calendar. It started on a Friday.
It is one of only seven years to use just one Roman numeral. The seven are 1 AD (I), 5 AD (V), 10 AD (X), 50 AD (L), 100 AD (C), 500 AD (D), and 1000 AD (M).

Niue
Niue is an island country in the south Pacific. It is commonly known as "Rock of Polynesia". It has its own government, but it is an associated state of New Zealand. This means that Niue's head of state is New Zealand's sovereign (queen) in right, and most diplomatic relations are conducted by the latter on Niue's behalf.
The territory is located 2,400 kilometres north-east of New Zealand in a triangle between Tonga, Samoa, and the Cook Islands.

Master race
The Master Race was an idea used by Adolf Hitler and others.
History.
This idea mostly began in the 19th century. It is not a theory accepted by most scientists today. It claims there is a hierarchy of races (or that some races are better than others). It was also claimed that at the bottom of the hierarchy were black-skinned people from Africa and Aborigines from Australia, while pale-skinned people with blonde hair and blue eyes from the north of Europe were at the top of the hierarchy.
Writers who began this idea.
Arthur de Gobineau believed that cultures become worse when races mix. Arthur Schopenhauer agreed with this idea. He said that the White race had become what it was though refinement and harsh conditions in the North. Others who liked the theory were Guido von List, Lanz von Liebefels and Houston Steward Chamberlain.
"Aryans", Hitler's "Master race".
Hitler and his followers, the Nazi party, took power in Germany in 1933. The Nazis made laws that were based on their ideas of race. They claimed that "Aryans" were the "master race", called Aryanization. They also made propaganda that blamed Jews for many things. German Jews were forbidden to own property, and were attacked and killed. When Germany invaded other countries in Europe, they also started putting people into concentration camps.
During the Second World War, about eleven million people were killed in these camps. This was called the holocaust.

The Last Supper (da Vinci)
"The Last Supper" is a painting by Leonardo da Vinci. It is a picture of the last supper of Jesus and his disciples and shows how they reacted when Jesus said that one of them would betray him, each disciple has their own expression showing their own reaction to what Jesus had just told them.
The painting is a mural on the wall of the Santa Maria delle Grazie rectory in the dining room located in Milan, Italy, that measures 460 X 880 cm. Da Vinci began painting it in 1495 and finished it in 1498, but did not work on it all the time between these years.

Thomas the Apostle
Saint Thomas is one of the twelve apostles of Jesus. His name means "the twin". He is most famous for not being present when the other apostles (Jesus's followers and friends) first saw Jesus after he has been risen from the dead. Thomas was not there and when he heard about it, he didn't believe his friends, and he said he wanted to see it for himself, even the marks in his hands where Jesus had been nailed to the cross. Jesus did return and showed Thomas. The phrase "Doubting Thomas" (a term for a person who doesn't believe something at first) comes from this story.

Bartholomew the Apostle
Bartholomew the Apostle is one of the twelve apostles of Jesus. He is the patron saint of Armenia, bookbinders, butchers, Florentine cheese and salt merchants, Gambatesa, Italy, leather workers; nervous diseases, plasterers; shoemakers; tanners, and trappers. Along with Saint Jude Thaddeus, he helped bring Christianity to the country Armenia. He is the patron saint of people who work with leather and animal skins because he was martyred (killed for his beliefs) by being skinned alive (who is why is the patron saint of people who work with animal skins). He is usually represented by holding a large knife and his skin.

Matthew the Evangelist
Saint Matthew is one of the twelve apostles of Jesus. Matthew wrote the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. Sometimes, he is called "Levi". He was tax collector.

John the Apostle
Saint John was one of the twelve apostles of Jesus who is believed to have written the one of the four gospels of the New Testament of the Christian Bible that is named after him.

Saint Peter
Peter (Greek Πετρος, "rock") also called Simon (Cephas) Peter is one of the twelve apostles of Jesus. He is often talked about in the Bible. Most of what we know about Peter comes from the Bible. It is not known when Peter was born. But the date of his death is about the year 64 C.E. He died by being nailed to a cross in Rome. This type of death is called crucifixion. Some sources say that Peter died upside down. Others say he died right side up.
The Roman Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox and Anglican Communion, consider Simon Peter a saint. Roman Catholics thinks that the Pope is Peter's successor. For this reason, he is the rightful head of all other bishops. Eastern and Oriental Orthodox also recognise the Bishop of Rome as the successor Saint Peter and the Ecumenical Patriarch sends a delegation each year to Rome to participate in the celebration of his feast. In the "Ravenna doumernt" of 13 October 2007 the representatives of the Eastern Orthodox Church agreed that "Rome, as the Church that 'presides in love' according to the phrase of St Ignatius of Antioch (To the Romans, Prologue), occupied the first place in the "taxis", and that the bishop of Rome was therefore the "protos" among the patriarchs. They disagree, however, on the interpretation of the historical evidence from this era regarding the prerogatives of the bishop of Rome as "protos", a matter that was already understood in different ways in the first millennium."
The historical accuracy of the accounts of Peter's role in Rome is a matter of ongoing debate.
In art, he is often shown holding the keys to the kingdom of heaven (interpreted by Roman Catholics as the sign of his primacy over the Church), a reference to Matthew.
Peter was married. The name of his wife is unknown nor is it known if he lived with her once he started his ministry.
The Bible tells us that Peter was responsible for letting people who were not Jews become Christians. This is important because, at first, only Jews were allowed to become Christians.
Saint Peter was the first leader of an early Christian community for at least 34 years. At that time the word Pope or "Papa" was not used to name the leader of the Roman Catholic Church. At that time there was only one Christian Church. Later, the Roman Catholic Church would say that Peter was their first Pope.
The remains of St. Peter are believed to rest in the Vatican City.

Sistine Chapel
The Sistine Chapel is a large chapel in the Vatican Palace, the place in Italy where the Pope lives. The Chapel was built between 1473 and 1481 by Giovanni dei Dolci for Pope Sixtus IV.
The Sistine Chapel is the Pope's own chapel. It is used for important Masses and ceremonies. When a pope dies, the College of Cardinals meet in the Sistine Chapel to elect a new pope.
The Sistine Chapel is famous for its fresco paintings by the Renaissance painter Michelangelo.
Architecture and paintings.
The Sistine Chapel is a brick building shaped like a rectangle. The outside is plain, with no decoration and no big door. It has a walk-way near the top, for soldiers.
It has six arched windows on its two side walls and a curved ceiling called a barrel vault.
The inside of the chapel is richly decorated. The floor is of coloured marble. The lower parts of the walls are painted to look like gold and silver cloth.
The other decorations in the chapel are paintings which tell stories to help people understand about Jesus Christ and about the Roman Catholic Church.
The middle part of the walls has 12 large paintings called frescoes, done by famous artists in 1481. The artists' names were Domenico Ghirlandaio, Sandro Botticelli, Perugino, Cosimo Rosselli, Pinturicchio, Benedetto Ghirlandaio, Luca Signorelli and Bartolomeo della Gatta.
The frescoes show stories from the Bible. On the north side, the stories are about the life of Moses. On the south side, they are about the life of Jesus.
Above the stories, near the windows, are painted pictures of Popes.
Sistine Chapel ceiling.
The ceiling is the most famous part of the Sistine Chapel, and many thousands of visitors go to see it.
In 1505 Pope Julius II asked Michelangelo to paint the ceiling. Michelangelo was a famous sculptor. He did not want to be a painter. Three years later, he agreed to paint the ceiling. He worked from 1508 to 1511, standing on a high platform with his arms stretched above his head.
(Although some people think that he lay down to paint, this is not true.) Because he painted onto wet plaster, the smell and the heat was terrible. He wrote a poem about how sick he was.
Along the centre of the ceiling are painted nine pictures that tell stories from the Book of Genesis in the Old Testament of the Bible. The stories start with three pictures of God making light, making the Earth, the Sun and the Moon, and making the Sea and Sky.
The next three pictures tell the story of the first man and woman, Adam and Eve. In the first scene, God has just made Adam. He reaches out his hand and touches his finger to give him Life.
In the next picture, Adam is asleep and God makes Eve from one of Adam's ribs.
In the third picture there are two scenes. Adam and Eve are tricked by the Devil to eat fruit from the tree that they have been told not to touch. In the other scene, an angel chases them out of God's Garden of Eden. This story tells how sin came into the world.
The last three pictures are about Noah's Ark. They tell about a sad and sinful world. Because of human sin and unkindness, God sends a flood. Only Noah and his family escape in the large boat that they build. When the flood has ended, they make an altar and kill a sheep as a sacrifice to God. But then Noah grows grape vines, makes wine and gets drunk. One of his sons sees Noah lying naked and laughs at his father. Noah is ashamed and curses his son. These stories show how people keep acting the wrong way, even when they get a second chance.
All around the wall, Michelangelo painted twelve big figures of wise men and women. These were the prophets and sibyls who told people that God would send Jesus Christ to save them from sin.
Also painted on the ceiling are 20 beautiful young men called the "ignudi". No-one knows what they are for sure, but perhaps they are angels.
When the ceiling was finally uncovered, everyone was amazed. Giorgio Vasari, who wrote Mchelangelo's life story, says that hundreds of people came every day to stare and stare.
The Last Judgement.
Michelangelo was happy to get back to his sculpture. But in 1537 Pope Paul III ordered him to paint another large fresco. This time it was on the wall above the altar. It was finished in 1541.
Michelangelo painted "The Last Judgement" which shows Jesus judging the people of the Earth and sending some to Hell while others are welcomed into Heaven by Saints. He painted most of the figures naked. This made some of the priests in the church very angry. They paid another artist to paint clothes onto the Blessed Virgin Mary and many of the other figures.

Pope Paul III
Pope Paul III (February 29, 1468 - November 10, 1549), originally "Alessandro Farnese", was the last of the Renaissance popes.

Pope Sixtus IV
Pope Sixtus IV (July 21, 1414 - August 12, 1484), originally "Francesco Della Rovere", was pope from 1471 to 1484.

Pope Julius II
Pope Julius II (December 5, 1443 - February 21, 1513), originally "Giuliano Della Rovere", was pope from 1503 to 1513.

Donato Bramante
Donato Bramante (c. 1444 - April 11, 1514) was an architect who introduced the High Renaissance style to architecture.

Alexandre Dumas, père
Alexandre Dumas (July 24, 1802 - December 5, 1870) is a French writer. He is famous for writing "The Three Musketeers" (1844), "Queen Margot", "The Count of Monte Cristo" (1844-1845) and "The Man in the Iron Mask".

Beastie Boys
The Beastie Boys are an American rap group. The word "Beastie" is the acronym of "Boys Entering Anarchic States Towards Inner Excellence". They formed in 1979 as punk rock band, and are still performing music today. Their most famous albums are probably "Licensed To Ill" (1986) and "Paul's Boutique" (1989). "Licensed To Ill" is their debut album, and it is an album that is given credit for starting the type of music "rap rock", which is rapping done over rock guitar or beats. "Paul's Boutique" is an album famous for its use of samples, or snippets of music, and the fact that the samples were put together in creative, interesting ways.

Public Enemy
Public Enemy is an American rap group. They are also known as PE. They formed in 1982, and are still together today. They became famous for their politically charged, militant messages in their songs. They are also famous for using lots of jazz and funk samples in their songs, doneto create a loud, noisy sound and back their angry, powerful rapping. Group members include Chuck D. and Flavor Flav, as well as Terminator X and Professor Griff, who left the group in 1990, but rejoined in the late 1990's.

Macbeth
"Macbeth" is a tragedy play by William Shakespeare.
In the play, Macbeth kills Duncan, the King of Scotland, with the help of his wife. Witches play a part in the play by foretelling that Macbeth will become king, but that Macbeth's friend Banquo will have sons who become kings. After he kills Duncan, Macbeth becomes king and tries to kill everyone who might want to take the throne away from him. The ghost of Banquo, who he kills, haunts him at an important banquet. Because killing the king was wrong, Macbeth's wife dies and Macbeth is overthrown. Duncan's son Malcolm then becomes King of Scotland. The play has five acts.

Love's Labour's Lost
"Love's Labour's Lost" is a comedy play by William Shakespeare which was written between 1588 and 1597.
Plot.
Ferdinand, the King of Navarre, and three of his men meet together and talk about their intellectual plans. Their plans then go wrong with the Princess of France and three of her ladies arrive. The men find that they are in love with the ladies and cannot hide it.

Titus Andronicus
"Titus Andronicus" (c. 1589–1592) is the first tragedy play by William Shakespeare. Most of its theme, structure and language comes from "The Spanish Tragedy" by Thomas Kyd.

The Comedy of Errors
"The Comedy of Errors" (c. 1589–94) is one of the first plays by William Shakespeare. The play's story was based on "Menaechmi" by Plautus and "Amphitruo" by Plautus.

Pieta (Michelangelo)
The Pieta is a statue by Michelangelo. It is now in the first temple on the right of Saint Peter's Basilica in the Vatican City.

Raphael
Raffaello Sanzio, usually known as Raphael (April 6, 1483 - April 6, 1520) was a Renaissance painter and architect. With Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo, he is one of the greatest painters of the High Renaissance.
He is best known for his paintings of the Madonna and Christ Child and for his paintings in the Vatican in Rome, Italy.
Youth.
Raphael was born in Urbino, in the region of Umbria, Italy. He was the son of Giovanni Santi (d. 1494), who was also a painter, and Magia di Battista Ciarla (d. 1491). Giovanni Santi was Raphael's first teacher, but he died when Raphael was only eleven.
While about 15, Raphael became an apprentice at the workshop of the painter Pietro Perugino, called by that name because he was the most famous painter in the town of Perugia. Perugino was famous, not only in Umbria, but also in Rome and in Florence, the home of Leonardo and Michelangelo. He had been one of the artists given the important job of painting the Pope's large chapel in the Vatican, the Sistine Chapel.
Perugino was known to have expert ways of painting (technique), and was good at getting paintings finished on time which made him popular with his patrons. He painted some portraits, but most of his pictures are religious. Some of his paintings are small pictures of the Madonna and Child that could be used in a family chapel for private worship. But because he was famous, Perugino also got lots of work from wealthy patrons and from churches, so he painted many very large pieces to go above the altar in church. To do this, he needed the help of his "apprentices".
Raphael was able to learn a great deal from Perugino - drawing, the anatomy of the human figure, paint chemistry and the technique of putting the paint onto the picture in smooth layers. The figures in Perugino's paintings often have very sweet gentle faces. Many of Raphael's paintings are also sweet and gentle. Some painters, such as Leonardo, were quick to change their style and make their paintings show their own touch. But Raphael continued to paint in the style that Perugino taught him. He added to this new ideas that he learnt by looking at the work of other artists. Unlike Leonardo and Michelangelo, Raphael did not give the world anything new in the Art of Painting. He is famous simply because he was so expert at what he did, and because people loved his paintings so much.
First Works.
The painting that is thought to be his earliest known work is a small picture called "The Vision of a Knight". In this painting a knight lies asleep. In his dream there are two beautiful women. One women, dressed in soft flowing clothes, offers him flowers. The other woman, dressed in dark clothing, offers the knight a sword and a book. The path behind the pretty woman runs beside a river. The other path leads up a steep mountain. Raphael was thinking about choices. Should the knight take the easy road, or should he try to change things?
Other early pictures by Raphael are "Three Graces", and "Saint Michael".
Raphael's first major work was "The Marriage of the Virgin" which was painted in 1504. It was influenced by Perugino's painting for the Sistine Chapel of "Jesus giving the Keys to Saint Peter". It is now in the Brera Gallery in Milan, Italy.
Florence.
In about 1504 Raphael went with another painter, Pinturicchio, to Florence, Italy. Florence was famous for its artworks, its artist's workshops, its new Renaissance buildings and its huge cathedral. Raphael wanted to see the work of Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci and other important painters and sculptors.
"The Madonnas".
Florence had a very strong tradition of making images of the Madonna and Child because the city was dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary. On almost every street corner there was a painting or a brightly-coloured statue of the Madonna and Child.
Rome.
In 1508 Raphael was called to Rome by Pope Julius II. He became so popular whilst he was in Rome that he was known as the "Prince of Painters". He spent the last 12 years of his life in Rome and created many of his most famous paintings.
While he was in Rome he was "commissioned" (given a job), to paint a fresco of the Prophet Isaiah in the Church of Sant'Agostino. While he was working on the painting, he went to visit his friend, the architect, Donato Bramante. Bramante was at the Vatican while Michelangelo was painting the Sistine Chapel ceiling. Of course Raphael wanted to see what the famous master was doing. While Michelangelo was away, Bramante took Raphael into the Chapel. When Raphael saw the way that Michelangelo had painted the prophets, he was so excited that he went back to Sant'Agostino's Church, scraped his painting off the wall and started all over again. It is easy to see that Raphael's painting is in the style of Michelangelo. Raphael was not ashamed of this. He did it to give honour to the great master.
"The Stanze".
Among Raphael's most famous paintings are the frescos that are painted on the walls of Julius II's own rooms in the Vatican Palace, known as the "Stanze". The paintings in the "Stanza della Segnatura" and the "Stanza d'Eliodoro" were created by Raphael himself, whilst the "Stanza dell'Incendio" was designed by Raphael and painted by his assistants.
One of the frescoes in the "Stanza della Segnatura" is of the greatest importance. This painting is called "The School of Athens". It shows a group of learned people from Ancient Greece, philosophers, poets, dramatists, mathematicians and others. They are listening to the central figure, who is the philosopher, Plato. The painting is meant to show that at that time, the early 1500s, there was a new birth of ideas and learning among the people of Rome that was equal to the learning of Ancient Athens.
To make this message clear, Raphael used the faces of the people that he knew. Michelangelo, with his broken nose, is sitting with his chin on his hand. The tall figure of Plato with long hair and flowing beard is a portrait of Leonardo da Vinci.
One of the excellent things about this painting is the way that Raphael has painted the building in which the figures are standing. The architecture looks as if it is opening up from the real room.
Architecture.
In the 1500s, painters were often asked to design architecture. Raphael's first work as an architect was the funeral chapel in the church of Santa Maria del Popolo. Pope Leo X also chose Raphael to help design Saint Peter's Basilica alongside Donato Bramante. After Bramante died, Raphael took over the designing of the basilica and changed its groundplan from a Greek Cross to a Latin Cross. Michelangelo went back to Bramante's plan but made it simpler. Then another architect, Maderna, made the building longer, as Raphael had planned.
"The Transfiguration".
Raphael's last work of art was a painting of the "Transfiguration". This was an altarpiece, but Raphael died before he could complete it. It was instead finished by Giulio Romano, who was one of Raphael's assistants.
Death.
Raphael died on his 37th birthday and was buried in the Pantheon in Rome. His funeral mass was celebrated at the Vatican and his "Transfiguration" altarpiece was put at the head of Raphael's funeral carriage.

Non-governmental organization
A non-governmental organization (NGO) is a group of people from different countries acting together, but not connected with the government of any country. Usually non-governmental organizations are non-profit - that is, they are trying to do something other than make money for the people who run them. They include organisations such as 'Oxfam' and 'World Vision'.

Wikipedia
Wikipedia () is a free,open content encyclopedia project in many languages owned by the American organization Wikimedia Foundation, headquartered in San Francisco, California. Its name is a mixture of "wiki" and encyclopedia. It was started on January 15, 2001 by Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger, based on an older internet encyclopedia named Nupedia. It is a wiki that runs using MediaWiki (like other Wikimedia projects).
People can change the pages in Wikipedia, or even create new ones. Wikipedia has a standard formatting that must apply for all pages in the encyclopedia.
As of December 2007, Wikipedia had about 9.25 million articles in 253 languages, and more than 1.74 billion words for all Wikipedias.
Despite gaining some popularity, the English Language Wikipedia has been criticized for showing a bias and unevenness. Editors of reference works such as the "Encyclopædia Britannica" have questioned Wikipedia's utility and status as an encyclopedia.

Conservation law
A conservation law is a statement used in Physics that says that the amount of something does not change in time. That thing could be as simple as mass or charge, or something that has to be calculated, like energy, or angular momentum.
For example, the "law of conservation of mass" is the conservation law that says that the amount of mass is always conserved, even if it is changed into another form. This means that if the mass of the universe could be measured right now, its mass would be known tomorrow because it will not change.
History.
For a long time, people thought that these laws were true for the amount of mass and energy in the universe. Later on, Albert Einstein said that they were not completely true. He said that mass could change into energy (or the other way around). If this happened, it would be against the conservation laws because if mass was changed into energy, the total amount of mass goes down, and the total amount of energy goes up.
Einstein said that conservation laws could still be used if all the mass and all the energy were combined. He said that even though the mass changes or the energy changes, the sum when they are added together does not change. So now there is just one conservation law for mass and energy together.
Problems.
Of course, mass is measured in kilograms, and energy is measured in joules. They cannot be added together directly, but Einstein found a way to add them together. He created the equation formula_1. This equation means is that before adding the amount of mass to the amount of energy, the mass must be multiplied by the speed of light and then by the speed of light again.
Purpose.
Conservation laws are helpful for people when they do problems in Physics. This is because if they know that a thing is conserved, it gives them more mathematical information about the thing they are doing the problem about.
Because science does not know where consciousness originally comes from, some mystic philosophers have guessed that there may also be a "law of conservation of consciousness" in the universe. That is to say, when something loses consciousness, or dies, that consciousness may not disappear, but may go into some kind of unseen pool of consciousness, according to this idea.
Types of Conservation laws.
Conservation laws can come in two types, global, or local.
Global conservation.
A global conservation law just says that the total amount of something in the universe does not change in time.
Local conservation.
A local conservation law says a little bit more than that. It says that if the amount of something changed in one place, it's because it moved in to or out of that place, and we can measure that movement.

Animal rights
Animal rights is a term used for the general belief that non-human animals have certain natural rights. Most animal rights promoters believe that non-human animals have the natural right not to be used by humans for any means, including food, clothing, experimentation, and entertainment. Just as human rights are gained simply because someone is a human, animals have animal rights simply because they are an animal.

Aaron Sorkin
Aaron Benjamin Sorkin is an American screenwriter. He was born on June 9, 1961 in New York, New York. He is most famous for creating and writing "The West Wing", a television show about the lives of people who work in the White House. He also wrote the movies "The American President" and "A Few Good Men" (which he took from a play he'd written with the same name), and created and wrote the television show "Sports Night".

1060s
Centuries: 10th century - 11th century - 12th century
Decades: 1010s - 1020s - 1030s - 1040s - 1050s - 1060s - 1070s - 1080s - 1090s - 1100s - 1110s
1059 1060 1061 1062 1063 1064 1065 1066 1067 1068 1069 1070

Aristophanes
Aristophanes (born around 450-445 BC – died around 385 BC) was a Greek writer who wrote 40 plays. However, only 11 of his plays survive in their entirety. He is famous for writing comedies (funny plays), and even today his plays make people laugh.
Many of the jokes in his plays relate to sex. For example, "Lysistrata" is about a group of women who protest a war by not having sexual intercourse with their husbands until the war is ended.
Another well known play by Aristophanes is "The Frogs".

California Institute of Technology
The California Institute of Technology (called "Caltech" for short) is a major American research university in the city of Pasadena in the state of California. Caltech specializes - is especially good, or especially interested - in the study of engineering, computer science, and the physical sciences (some physical sciences are physics and chemistry, as well as others). Caltech is also in charge of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, also called JPL. JPL is part of NASA, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, which is the part of the United States government that explores space. Caltech is not owned or run by the United States, or NASA, but NASA pays Caltech to run JPL for them.
Caltech's mascot is the beaver. Many schools that specialize in engineering have beavers for their mascot, because in the wild, beavers are known for making dams, and so people think that they are the animal most like engineers.
Caltech's motto is "The truth shall make you free."

Secret
A secret is a piece of information that one person or a group of people know, and do not want others (either everyone, or certain people) to know.
There are many reasons for keeping secrets. Some secrets are good (ones that should be kept secret), others are bad (ones that ought not to be kept secret). Some things will only be kept secret until a certain time. Other things may be kept secret forever.
Sometimes things might be kept secret from someone because it is believed that it would upset them to know.
Some things need to be kept secret for security reasons. If a person has a bank account they must keep their PIN number secret. No one else should know it.
In businesses a lot of information is kept secret. This is usually called confidential. Things that are talked about at meetings are sometimes confidential. People who were at the meeting should not go telling everyone else what was discussed.

Oceanographer
An oceanographer is someone who studies the ocean, its properties, and its characteristics. This can include, and is not limited to, studying the marine life, the geography of the ocean floor, and the water itself.

Chicago Cubs
The Chicago Cubs are a Major League Baseball team that plays in Chicago, Illinois.
History.
The Cubs were started in 1869. Although they were a very successful team during their early years, the success did not continue into the later years. After 1908, the Cubs didn't win a Championship title.
The last time the Cubs appeared in the World Series (baseball's Championship game), was in 1945. They lost to the Detroit Tigers. The Cubs have come very close to making it to the World Series since then, but have had a mishap each time they came close.
Stadium.
When playing home games in Chicago, the Cubs play at Wrigley Field. The stadium was built in 1914 and has been the home playing field of the Cubs since 1916.
During games, the stadium is filled with Cubs fans, who are known for always cheering for their team, even if they are not winning. Even though the Cubs currently hold the record for the longest championship dry spell in all of American professional sports, their fans remain loyal to them.
The Billy Goat Curse.
The Chicago Tribune bought the team in the early 1980's. The name "Billy Goat " comes from a bar known to all reporters as Billy Goat's Tavern, located on lower Wacker drive in downtown Chicago. When this "curse" started to sell the Cubs all the main characters were conveniently dead.
During the 1945 World Series, a man by the name of Vasili "Billy Goat" Sianis attended Game 4 of the series with his pet goat. During the 7th inning of the game, the Stadium's security guards asked Sianis to leave the stadium because his goat was bothering other fans. Sianis became angry and cursed the Cubs, saying that they would never win a World Series as long as they played at Wrigley Field. Although the curse is often seen as a joke for most Cubs fans, some fans think it could be the reason why the Cubs have not won a World Series title.

Herpes simplex
The herpes simplex virus (HSV) (also known as Cold Sore, Night Fever, or Fever Blister) is a virus. It causes two common viral infections. Each infection has painful, watery blisters in the skin or mucous membranes (such as the mouth or lips) or on the genitals. The disease is contagious, particularly during an outbreak. "Contagious" means that it can spread from one person to another.It is incurable with present technology. An infection on the lips is commonly known as a "cold sore" or "fever blister," though this should not be confused with a canker sore, which appears inside the mouth and is not caused by the herpes simplex virus.

Władysław Reymont
Władysław Stanisław Reymont, born as Stanisław Władysław Rejment (May 7, 1867 - December 5, 1925), was a well-known Polish writer, who won the Nobel Prize in 1924 for his four-volume epic novel "Chłopi" ("The Peasants"). This novel was about life of this part of the society. He also wrote "Ziemia obiecana" ("The Promised Land"), about industrial capitalism in 19th century Łódź.
Many people say he is one of the greatest and most prominent Polish writers of all time and one of the greatest in 20th century.

Introversion and Extroversion
Introversion and Extroversion, made up by Carl Jung in the 1920s, is one theory that describes how a person gets energy from the world. Many people associate "introverts" with being quiet and shy, and "extroverts" with being loud and sociable. According to the theory, introverts get energy from inside themselves (ideas and concepts in their own minds), and extroverts get energy from outside of themselves (interacting with other people).
Those who follow this way of looking at the world say that everyone has some parts of both traits in them, though one will usually dominate over the other. At one time, extroverts were thought to make up almost three-fourths of American society. Now, researchers typically assume that the number of extroverts is pretty much equal to the number of introverts in the country.

Sartell, Minnesota
Sartell is a city in the U.S. state of Minnesota. The 2000 census said 9,641 live in the city. Newer information says 12,629 people live in the city. Sartell is in both Stearns County and Benton County.
History.
Sartell started as a small town near the Mississippi River. It was first named "The Third Rapids" because it was the third rapids that French fur traders came to as they went north from St. Anthony Falls in Minneapolis.
One of the first people to live in this young town was Joseph B. Sartell. He came in 1854 and worked as a millwright at a local sawmill. In 1877, he started a flour mill at the nearby Watab River. In 1884, he started the Sartell Brothers Lumber Company with his sons.
In 1905, some people started to build the Watab Pulp and Paper Company. They also started to build the Sartell Dam across the Mississippi near the "third rapids". Both of these things were finished in 1907. Seven people died when building the dam. Since that time, Watab Pulp and Paper was rebuilt several times and many people bought and sold it. Now a company called International Paper owns it.
It was in 1907 that residents of the town decided it was time to incorporate. Several influential people felt the town ought to be named "Wengert" after a local businessman. Another man lobbyied to have the town named "Oberly" after himself. However, because of his many relatives and generous contributions to the community, the town was incorporated as "The Village of Sartell" in honor of Joseph B. Sartell. From 1907 until 1973, there was a Sartell on nearly every City Council, the most prominent being Ripley B. "Rip" Sartell who was mayor for 31 years.
The town continued to grow slowly and developed a number of businesses and a "downtown" on the east side of the Mississippi along U.S. Highway 10. In the 1960s, the highway was re-routed, greatly contributing to the demise of the downtown area. The later construction of a new bridge over the Mississippi in the early 1980s replaced the remaining businesses. This and Sartell’s nearby location to St. Cloud, Minnesota's major retail center account for Sartell's lack of a traditional "downtown".
Because residents wanted to educate their children locally, Independent School District #748, Sartell-St. Stephen, was created in 1969. Despite not having a downtown the city continued to grow and the pace of the growth increased in the 1970s. From 1970 to the present, the population of the city has grown from 700 to over 10,000.
Government.
Sartell's city council has a mayor and four council members. They are elected at-large to represent the community. They also legislate policy for the city. As of October 2005, Sartell's mayor is Robert Pogatshnik and its four council members are Mary Lewandowski, Tim O'Driscoll, Paul Orndorff, and Joe Perske. They have the authority to pass and enforce ordinances, establish public and administrative policies, create advisory boards and commissions, and manage the city's financial operations including preparing a budget, auditing expenditures, and transacting other city business as required by law. The City Council also appoints a City Administrator who overseas the day-to-day operations of the city and implements the policies of the Council.
Geography.
The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of 15.9 km² (6.1 mi²). 15.3 km² (5.9 mi²) of it is land and 0.6 km² (0.2 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 3.75% water.
The city is located on both sides of the Mississippi River. The area around the city has lots of farmland and forests.
Recreation.
Because the Mississippi River goes through the city, people use the river to have fun. When it is warm, people ride boats, swim, catch fish and water ski on the river. When the river is frozen in winter, people ride snowmobiles, cross country ski, and catch fish through holes in the ice.
The city has also built places for people to have fun. These include 24 parks, walking pathways, playgrounds, a bike lane, tennis courts, baseball and soccer fields, ice rinks, a disc golf course and a wading pool.
Economy.
Sartell's largest employer is Verso Paper. They own a paper mill in the city. Another large employer is DeZurik Water Controls.
Sartell's Chamber of Commerce says that the city has many small business.
Demographics.
As of the census2 of 2000, there were 9,641 people, 3,443 households, and 2,513 families living in the city. The population density was 630.9/km² (1,633.9/mi²). There were 3,531 housing units at an average density of 231.1/km² (598.4/mi²). The racial makeup of the city was 97.42% White, 0.29% African American, 0.17% Native American, 1.21% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.21% from other races, and 0.69% from two or more races. 0.87% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 3,443 households out of which 46.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.6% were married couples living together, 9.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.0% were non-families. 20.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 8.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.75 and the average family size was 3.23.
In the city the population was spread out with 32.0% under the age of 18, 8.4% from 18 to 24, 35.5% from 25 to 44, 15.5% from 45 to 64, and 8.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females there were 95.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.3 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $52,531, and the median income for a family was $61,056. Males had a median income of $39,834 versus $27,476 for females. The per capita income for the city was $22,667. 4.0% of the population and 3.0% of families were below the poverty line. 4.7% of those under the age of 18 and 8.3% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.
Transportation.
Transportation to and from Sartell is limited to surface roads, mainly U.S. Highway 10 and Minnesota Highway 15 which both pass along the outskirts of the city. A rail line runs through town but serves only as freight transportation for the local paper mill. The presence of dams along the Mississippi River and the waterway's relatively shallow depth render it useless for anything more than recreational watercraft traffic.
Sartell's proximity to St. Cloud allows for convenient access to St. Cloud Regional Airport.

Sunset
A sunset, which in some American dialects is called a sundown, is the time where the Sun goes below the horizon to the West. It is not dusk, which is the point when darkness begins, which can be sometime after the Sun sets, this begins twilight.

Pop punk
Pop-Punk or Punk-Pop, is a form of popular music that blends punk rock with pop music and rock music. Pop-punk music has a lighter, happier sound than most punk rock and hardcore punk music. Most punk rock and hardcore punk music sounds angry and harsh, and has lyrics (words) about protest and anger.
Late 1970s and 1980s pop-punk.
There are several types of pop-punk. An early type of pop-punk was developed right after Punk rock became popular in the late 1970s. Most of this kind of music is very much like Punk rock, but it features things from other kinds of music like pop music and older rock music, and country music, so different people can enjoy it. Some people call the Ramones a pop-punk band. The Ramones were a band from the United States.
1990s pop-punk.
In the 1990s, pop-punk became very popular in North America. Bands such as Green Day and Blink-182 sold millions of recordings and did many tours.
Present day.
In the 2000s, which is the decade we are in now, many bands have joined, or contributed to the pop punk genre. They include Relient K, FM Static, Hawk Nelson, Amber Pacific and Fall Out Boy
Controversy.
Some people who like 1970s punk rock or 1980s hardcore punk do not like pop-punk. The 1970s punk rock or 1980s hardcore punk was usually angry, rebellious protest music. In contrast, 1990s pop-punk songs are nicer and lighter. Some people think 1990s pop-punk is too commercialized and nothing like the older punk music from the 1970s and 1980s.

Sheryl Crow
Sheryl Crow (February 11,1962) is an American singer and songwriter. She can also play guitar and bass guitar.
Many of her songs have reached high ranks and are still popular. Some of the most famous are "The First Cut Is the Deepest", "Soak Up the Sun", "If It Makes You Happy" and "All I Wanna Do".

Chubby Checker
Ernest Evans (born October 3, 1941) or Chubby Checker is a pop singer from the United States. He is most famous for his dance songs. His best-known song, "The Twist," was popular in the early 1960s.

Irish people
The Irish are an ethnic group who come from or came from the island of Ireland.Their are two countries on Ireland called the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. Many countries, especially English-speaking countries, have people with Irish roots.
In Northern Ireland, there have been violent fights between the Unionists, who claim to be British and are mainly Protestant, and the Nationalists, who claim to be Irish and are mainly Catholic. Irish people have a strong culture and many beliefs.

Claude Debussy
Achille-Claude Debussy (born St Germain-en-Laye, August 22, 1862; died Paris, March 25, 1918) was a French composer. He is one of the most important composers of the early 20th century. Most of his compositions are for orchestra or for piano. He also wrote some songs, chamber music and one opera. He made his music very different from the Romantic style that other composers were using at the time. He is often called an Impressionistic composer because he was influenced by the group of painters called “Impressionists”. They were not so much interested in making their paintings look exactly like the real world, but preferred to paint things such as the effect of the sunlight shining on water. Debussy often did this in his music, which creates a special atmosphere.
Life.
Claude Debussy did not have an easy childhood. His father was a travelling salesman and his mother worked as a seamstress. He learned the piano when he was young and went to the Paris Conservatoire. For a time it seemed that he would become a concert pianist, but he did not do well enough in his examination. After winning an important prize, the Prix de Rome, he went to Rome for two years but he did not enjoy it. He visited Bayreuth in 1888 and 1889 to hear Wagner’s operas but he did not like them. He preferred sounds like that of the Javanese gamelan which he heard in Paris at the World Exhibition.
In 1899 he married a young woman named Lily Texier. He got a job as music critic of a journal called "La revue blanche". He wrote his opera "Pélleas et Mélisande" which was performed at the Opéra-Comique. It was extremely successful and was performed 100 times there during the next ten years. He wrote exciting music for orchestra: "Fêtes galantes" and a work called "La Mer" ("The Sea") which he worked at while staying in Brighton on the south coast of England. It is one of the most exciting pieces of music about the sea.
Debussy was now starting to become very famous. His personal life changed. He left his wife because he had fallen in love with Emma Bardac who was an amateur singer for whom Gabriel Fauré had written a song cycle "La Bonne Chanson". Her husband was a banker. She bought an apartment and Debussy lived with her there for the rest of his life. They had a daughter called Chou-Chou, born in 1905. They married in 1908.
Debussy’s next orchestral work was called "Images". He began composing a set of preludes for piano. Other works followed: "Khamma", "Le martyre de St Sébastian" and the ballet "Jeux", which was produced in 1913 by Dyagilev’s company. People soon forgot about this work because only two weeks later the same ballet company produced Stravinsky’s "Rite of Spring" which caused a riot.
By this time Debussy was already ill with cancer. His visit to London in 1914 was his last trip to another country. He wrote more piano works: a set of Études and a piano duet called "En blanc et noir" ("In black and white"). He planned to write six sonatas, each for a different group of instruments, but he only wrote three of them: one for cello and piano, one for flute, viola and harp and one for violin and piano. The "Sonata for violin and piano" (1917) was the last work he played in public (he played the piano part). He became very ill and died in 1918.
His music.
Debussy is often thought of together with Ravel, but really they composed in very different ways. Between 1892 and 1894 Debussy worked on a short orchestral piece called "Prélude à l'après-midi d'un faune". It is about a fawn waking up and seeing the world around him. It is based on a poem by Mallarmé, a poet who belonged to the group known as the Symbolists. It is a wonderful piece of music, but many people at the time did not understand it. Saint-Saëns, for example, did not understand the way that the musical ideas flowed gently into one another. He was always an enemy of Debussy.
There is a lot of variety in Debussy’s piano music.　Some of it is very difficult to play, e.g. the "Études" and pieces such as "L’isle joyeuse" ("The happy island"). Other collections are much simpler, e.g. "Suite bergamasque" which includes the very popular piece called "Clair de lune" ("Moonlight"). He wrote two books of preludes. Each of the pieces has a title, but the titles are printed at the end of each piece, as if he did not want the listener to know what it was about until afterwards.
Debussy wrote wonderfully for the voice, making the music just right for the rhythm of the French language. This can be heard in his songs and his opera. Using melodies and harmonies which are often quite simple he creates a special kind of dream-world which can be very powerful. He often uses the whole tone scale and the pentatonic scale which give the music a hazy feeling because it does not seem to be clearly in one particular key. He liked to use unusual chords just for their own sake, not in order to make them lead to a particular key. He also used the old scales known as the church modes.
Debussy’s music had a great influence on many composers in the 20th century. Cage, Messiaen, Boulez and Stockhausen all learned from listening to his music.

P.O.D.
P.O.D. (which stands for Payable on Death) is a metal band from San Diego, California.
Members.
The members are Sonny Sandoval (lead singer), Marcos Curiel (guitar player), Wuv Bernardo (drummer) and Traa Daniels (bass player).
History.
The band released an album in 1999 called "The Fundamental Elements of Southtown", which became very popular, and P.O.D. made a lot of fans who saw the band on MTV.
In 2001, P.O.D. made a second album called "Satellite", which had a more nu metal post-grunge vibe and several hit songs, like "Boom," "Alive," "Youth of the Nation," "Set It Off," "Satellite," and "Portrait." In 2003, P.O.D. made the album "Payable On Death", which had a heavy neo-grunge sound and a hint of reggae.
Their latest album, "Testify", is similar to "Satellite" in sound and features two duets with Matisyahu. P.O.D.'s fans are called "The Warriors," and the band is known for its Christian messages.

Differential
Differentials are the main focus of differential calculus.
Differentials can also be used in automobiles, where they are used for turning, for example, while turning left, the right wheel travels a shorter difference than the left, the differential slows down the wheel so it will not slip.

Blackbird
A blackbird (or Common Blackbird) is a type of bird. The main colour of the male's body is black, which is why it is called blackbird. Females are brown. Blackbirds are easy to find in gardens all over Europe and in Asia, South of the Arctic Circle. On average, Black birds live to be 2.4 years old, but some have been found to be 20 years old.

Geta (footwear)
Geta are traditional Japanese sandals. They are stilted to keep the hem of a kimono above the ground. They are worn with tabi socks. Geta makes the person's feet stay out of the mud.
Usually Japanese people wear them with a casual kimono rather than formal one. It is common to wear them with bare feet when a yukata is worn. Also they are worn with western clothes.
Today, in Japan, most people rarely wear kimono and rarely wear geta. One reason for this is most gravel roads were changed to asphalt roads for Tokyo Olympic. Since 1995, the number of people who wear geta casually increased because of the pretty looks and sounds. In addition, the popularity of geta grew little by little through trend for yukata. At one time, Japanese people thought that it is hard to walk with geta and sometimes get injured by hanao. Hanao is a rope which is set between the big toe and second toe when geta are worn. However, because of efforts by yukata makers and footwear makers, Japanese people are starting to like to wear geta again.

Tabi
Tabi are traditional Japanese socks. The sock is divided at the toes that forms them into two groups. Tabi socks are worn with "zori" or "geta" sandals.

Bydgoszcz
Bydgoszcz is a city in the north of Poland, capital of Kujavia-Pomerania voivodship, located on the Brda and Wisła rivers. The population is 368,000 people (8th place in Poland).

The Mystery of Edwin Drood
The Mystery of Edwin Drood is the last novel of Charles Dickens. It was not finished when he died.
Summary.
The first person we meet is called John Jasper. He is leaving a place where opium (powerful drug) is taken by lots of people. He is in London. Jasper leads a choir (group of singers) in a large church in Cloisterham.
The next day Jasper is visited by his nephew Edwin Drood. Edwin tells Jasper he is worried about getting married to a girl called Rosa Bud. He has to get married to her because his parents and Rosa’s parents said they had to.
The next day, Edwin finds Rosa in a nun’s house which is a school. They have a friendly argument. At the same time, Jasper wants to learn about the graveyard, so he goes to find a man called Durdles, who knows a lot about the graveyard.
A person called Neville Landless has a twin sister called Helena. They are both sent to a school in Cloisterham. Helena goes to live with Rosa in the Nuns’ House, and Neville is taught by Reverend (vicar) Crisparkle.
We find out that Neville doesn’t like his stepfather who is a nasty man. He tells this to Crisparkle. Rosa tells Helena that she doesn’t like Jasper, who is her music teacher. She says she finds him scary.
When Neville meets Rosa, he falls in love with her. He is angry that Edwin Drood doesn’t like her very much, but still wants to get married.
Edwin makes Neville angry, and Neville attacks him. Jasper tells everyone that Neville is a violent (hurts a lot of people) person.
Reverend (vicar) Crisparkle wants Edwin and Neville to be friends. He wants to say sorry to Edwin, but only is Edwin accepts the apology (saying sorry).
They all decide to have dinner the day before Christmas at Jasper’s house, so that everyone can say sorry.
Mr. Gregious who takes care of Rosa, tells Rosa that she has a lot of money. This money is from her father who is dead. She asks him if they money will still be given to her if she doesn’t marry Edwin. Mr Gregious says that she will still get the money even if she doesn’t marry Edwin.
Mr. Gregious meets Edwin and gives him a ring. The ring belonged to Rosa’s father, and gave is to Rosa’s mother when they got married.
Mr Gregious says that if Edwin loves Rosa and wants to stay with her forever, he must give her the ring. If he doesn’t love Rosa, and doesn’t want to stay with her forever, he must give the ring back to Mr. Gregious. There is another man watching to make sure Mr. Gregious and Edwin follow the rules.
Rosa and Edwin talk and they say they both don’t want to get married anymore. They want ask Mr. Grewgious to tell Jasper this. Edwin says he will soon give the ring back.
Meanwhile, Jasper is in the graveyard again with Durdles. Jasper gives Durdles some very strong wine. This makes him drunk. Jasper finds out that Durdles can tap the stone coffins and knows what is in them from this. Jasper is interested in this trick.
Suddenly they see a boy called Deputy. Jasper thinks the boy was following them, so he holds him by the neck. He doesn’t kill him though, and lets him go.
On Christmas eve, Neville buys a stick for walking. He wants to do some walking in his spare time in the countryside.
Edwin goes to a jewellery shop because his watch is broken. A woman who uses opium (powerful drug) asks him what his first name is. He tells her. She says that she is happy his name is not Ned. She says that Ned is in danger.
Edwin doesn’t listen to her, but he knows that Jasper sometimes calls him Ned.
They have the planned dinner, and everyone is friends again. Edwin and Neville go down to the river to see the storm.
The next day, we find out that Edwin is missing. Jasper tells everyone that Neville killed him. Neville goes off for a walk, but the village people bring him back to the town.
Reverend (vicar) Crisparkle stops Neville from going to jail by saying that he will look after him. He says that he will bring Neville forward whenever he is needed.
Jasper is then told that Edwin and Rosa won’t get married. He is very upset.
Crisparkle finds Edwin’s watch and other belongings at the river.
Half a year later Neville is living in London. A man called Mr. Tartar meets Neville and he wants to share his garden with him. He lives near Neville.
A new character called Dick Datchery comes to Cloisterham. He lives near Jasper and watches him.
Datchery meets Deputy and asks where Jasper lives. Deputy doesn’t ever go near there because he is afraid Jasper will choke (grab his neck) him again.
Jasper goes and visits Rosa. He tells her that he loves her. She tells him to leave. He doesn’t give up, and says he will destroy Neville unless she loves him. Because Neville is the brother of her friend Helena, Rosa is frightened. She goes to Mr. Grewgious in London.
Crisparkle has followed Rosa to London. Mr. Tartar meets him and asks him if he knows who he is. Crisparkle remembers that Tartar once saved him from dying in a river.
They tell Rosa not to talk to Neville or Helena in case Jasper is watching. However, Tartar lets Rosa meet Helena. Grewgious finds a place for Rosa to live with another woman.
We see that Jasper is visiting the place where lots of people smoke opium (powerful drug) in London. He has not been there for a long time.
The woman who owns the place follows him. She promises not to lose him again like last time. She follows him all the way to Cloisterham.
She meets Mr. Datchery, who tells her Jasper’s name. He also says that he is going to sing in the church service in the morning. The woman is called Princess Puffer. She goes to the service and shakes her fist (a sign of anger and hate) at Jasper.
Dickens died before the story was finished. No one knows what happens next.

Vientiane
Vientiane is the capital city of Laos. It is located in the Mekong Valley, and over two hundred thousand people live in its central area.

Dome
A dome is a feature of architecture that usually looks like the upper half of a sphere on top of a building.
It is a feature that makes many religious and government buildings stand out, because if someone is speaking to others inside or under a dome, the voice sounds louder. Also a dome makes it easier to identify an important building, for example a temple or a palace.

Address
An address (pronounced ADD-dress) is where somebody lives. It is the information that is put on a letter.
People often must give out their name, their address and their phone number.
We also talk about an "email address", used to send someone an email.
An address is also a word for a speech, eg. "The Gettysburg Address".

Wadaiko
'Wa' meaning 'Japanese' and 'Taiko' meaning 'drum', 'Wadaiko' is the Japanese name given to both the act of drumming in a tradional Japanese style (of which there are many) or to the drums themselves. In a traditional Japanese village the 'Odaiko' (big drum) defined the extent of the village land. In modern Japan, wadaiko has become more of a performance art, seen only during festivals or in concert. The most famous Wadaiko performance group are 'Kodo' (meaning heart-beat). They are not only the worlds most respected Japanese drumming group, they also maintain many traditional art forms. They group lives on the island 'Sado Higashima' and live together as a community in a traditional way. Many other cultures have adopted this style of drumming, from Germany and the United States to Australia.

T cell
A T cell is a type of white blood cell known as lymphocytes. It plays an important role in the immune system by attacking virus-infected cells, foreign cells, and cancer cells. The "T" in T cell stands for thymus. The thymus is where T cells are developed.

Biscuit
A biscuit is a type of food. They are small baked breads or cakes.
Biscuits in British usage.
In British English, Australian English and New Zealand English, biscuits are usually sweet and can be eaten with milk or coffee. In North America these are called "cookies".
In spite of the difference, this is the meaning in the name of the United States' most famous maker of cookies and crackers, the National Biscuit Company (now called Nabisco).
Biscuits in North American usage.
In American English, a "biscuit" is a small form of bread, similar to scones, made with baking powder or baking soda as a leavening agent rather than yeast. (Biscuits, soda breads, and corn bread, among others, are sometimes referred to all together as "quick breads" to show that they do not need time to rise before baking.)

Electromagnet
Electromagnets are magnets that are only magnetic when there is a coil of wire with electricity running through it. This is called a solenoid. The strength of the magnet is proportional to the current flowing in the circuit. Electromagnets are used for a variety of purposes. In a simple example, an electromagnet can pick up pieces of metal, iron, and steel. The electricity running through the wire is called a current. The current is a flow of electrons, negatively charged particles.
Electromagnets can be made stronger by adding more coils to the copper wire, or adding an iron core through the coils (for example a nail). You can also increase the current.
British electrician William Sturgeon invented the electromagnet in 1825.
An electromagnet is very beneficial because it can be deactivated easily, whereas a permanent magnet cannot be deactivated and will continue to affect its immediate environment. Iron stops being an electromagnet very quickly, but steel takes time to wear off. To make an electromagnet, wind copper wire around a steel rod. Then connect the two ends of the wire to the + and - side of the battery.
Electromagnets are used in everyday items such as burglar alarms, electric relays and fire bells. Their ability to metamorphose from the state of non-magnetic to magnetic just by passing an electric current through it allows it to be used in many different items.

Palau
Palau, officially the Republic of Palau, is an island nation. It is the Pacific Ocean. Palau is 300 miles (500 km) east of the Philippines. It got independence from United Nations trusteeship administration (administered by the United States of America) in 1994. It is one of the world's youngest and smallest nations. It is sometimes referred to in English under its native name Belau. The capital city of Palau is Melekeok. This has been true since October 1, 2006.
Climate.
Palau has a tropical climate all year round. Average yearly temperature is around 82 °F (27 °C).

Borderless country
A borderless country (also sometimes called island nation) is a country that is made up only of islands. Each island only belongs to that country, there are no neighbors. Examples of borderless countries are Iceland, Japan, and São Tomé and Príncipe.

Cloth
Cloth, also sometimes called fabric is an artificial material. It is usually made by weaving or knitting natural or artificial fibers together.
Cloth can also be a special form of binding books.

Llivia
Llívia is Spanish exclave. It is surrounded by France, the Spanish border is about 1 kilometer away. It belongs to Cerdanya, province of Girona. The French territory that surrounds it is the Pyrénées-Orientales "département". Llivia has a total population of 1252, as of 2005.
History.
People lived there since Roman times. Originally, the settlement began as a Roman fort (What is called "oppidum"). The name of the oppidum was "Julia Libica".
The city was the ancient capital of Cerdagne in antiquity. In the early Middle Ages, Hix (commune of Bourg-Madame, France) became the capital of the region.

Monkey Island
Monkey Island is a well-known adventure game series made and published by LucasArts.
The games are known for their humor, and often use parody and clichés, both from pirate stories as well as from films.
The story takes place in the Caribbean. In the different games the main character Guybrush Threepwood, who wants to become a pirate, has many adventures. Each of the games usually involves the evil undead pirate LeChuck and the island which gave the series its name.

Port Arthur massacre
The Port Arthur massacre was a mass killing that took place at Port Arthur, Tasmania, Australia. On Saturday April 26 and Sunday April 26, 1996 35 people were killed, and 37 people were badly hurt. Martin Bryant used semi-automatic guns to shoot people who were visiting Port Arthur. Port Arthur is an old penal colony or large prison. More than 75,000 convicts from England and Ireland had been kept at the prsion from the 1830s to the 1870s. The ruins of the prison are on of the biggest attractions for visitors to Tasmania. Bryant is in jail for the crime.
The massacre was the worst single-day mass murder incident in Australian history. 32 people died on 28 April 1996, the middle day of the massacre. After the massacre, Australia made new laws about gun control. People could not buy guns very easily anymore. New laws were changed which meant that Martin Bryant had to give many millions of dollars to the families of the people who were killed. This law does not exist anywhere else in the world.
Bryant had first killed the owners of a small guesthouse. The next day he went to the Port Arthur Historic Site. 20 of the people killed were shot in the Broad Arrow Cafe in a 90 second burst of gunfire. Bryant went into the cafe at lunchtime and began shooting. There were more than 60 people in the cafe. He then went into the gift shop and continued shooting. Two minutes later he went back to his car to get more guns. He continued to shoot and kill people outside in the gardens.
Bryant then took a hostage and went back to the Seascape Guest House. He killed the hostage and then set fire to the house. He finally gave himself up to the police after 18 hours. He was burned in the fire.
Bryant was found guilty of killing 35 people. He was sentenced to a life sentence for each murder. The court said he was never to be released.
The ruins of the cafe are now a memorial to the people who were killed in the massacre. A square pond has been built as a place for quiet thinking. The Prime Minister of Australia spoke at the memorial in 2006. This was to remember 10 years since the massacre.

Backpacker murders
The backpacker murders is when lots of people were killed in Australia from 1990-1996, and all of their bodies were found in Belangalo State Forest, which is close to Sydney. Police think that a person called Ivan Milat killed all of these people, and they say that 7 people died.
What happened.
7 people were found in Belangalo State Forest. Some of these people were visiting Australia. Some of these people were visiting Sydney from other parts of Australia. Some of these people were from Sydney. Some of these people were by themselves. Some of these people were with a friend. The 7 people were all different from each other.
Television report.
On the TV they said that tourists were killed, but not everyone who died was a tourist.
The crimescene.
The 7 people were found all over Belangalo State Forest, which is a big area. Some of them had their heads chopped off. Someone had sex with some of them. Some of them had their clothes taken off. Some of them were wearing clothes that belonged to other ones. Some of them had bits of their bodies cut off and put somewhere else. Some of the bodies were mixups of other bodies. Some of the bodies were by themselves.
Deaths.
Some of the people had been killed with a shovel. Some had been killed with an axe. Some had been killed with a gun. Some had been strangled.
The 7 people who died had nothing in common. People who tried to find out who did it said that it must have been 7 different people who killed them. They said that they were probably a part of a gang. They said that a big gang like the mafia might have killed these people.
Catching Ivan Milat.
Ivan Milat went to court, and people in court said that Ivan Milat did kill all of these people.
The mystery.
A man named Chopper Read said that he knew who killed the people in the "backpacker murders". He said it was a big gang in Melbourne that killed them.
Some people think that other people helped Ivan Milat. Some people said his brothers helped him, or a girl, or lots of other people. Police have said that there are more than 30 people that went missing that might have been killed by Ivan Milat.

Azaria Chamberlain
Azaria Chamberlain is the name of a baby who went missing in 1980 near Ayers Rock in Australia. Her mother, Lindy Chamberlain, said that she was taken by a dingo and killed. Police said that Lindy Chamberlain had killed the baby and had lied. Lindy Chamberlain went to jail. In 1986, Lindy Chamberlain was taken out of jail, because they said that police had lied in court. A movie called "Evil Angels" was made about this story. This is one of Australia's greatest murder mysteries.
In 2005, a woman called Erin Horsburgh said that she was really Azaria Chamberlain and wanted police to do a DNA test to check. But police said that the woman was lying and they did not want to check. A DNA check would have made police open the case again to find out what really happened.
Some people think that a dingo cannot kill people, because a dingo is like a little dog. Some other people think that a dingo can kill people, and other times dingoes have hurt people. Many people make jokes about this, as they think that this is a lie. People in Australia say "A dingo stole my baby" as a joke, when they think someone is lying.
Some aborigines said that Azaria Chamberlain was taken by a dingo, but was not killed, and they looked after her for a while. Police would not talk to the aborigines in 1980. Erin Horsburgh says that is what happened. Many aborigines believe that Erin Horsburgh is Azaria Chamberlain.
Lindy Chamberlain was released from jail on Feb 7 1986, but not cleared until Sept 15 1988, at which time Lindy and Michael (her husband) were declared innocent of all charges. She and Michael were divorced on June 27 1991. She met Rick Creighton on a speaking tour of the United States in February 1992 and married him on December 20, 1992.

Peter Falconio
Peter Falconio was an English tourist who went missing in Australia in 2002. Falconio was last seen near a place called Barrow Creek. Police say that he is dead. A big trial decided that a man called Bradley John Murdoch had killed Peter Falconio. This is one of Australia's greatest murder mysteries.
Story.
Peter Falconio and his girlfriend Joanne Lees had been fighting with each other. Lees was going to leave Falconio because she had a new boyfriend in Australia. Some people think that Lees wanted to kill Falconio because of this. Some people think that she might have asked Murdoch to kill Falconio for her.
History.
Bradley John Murdoch sold drugs to people. Falconio and Lees liked to use drugs. It is thought that they knew each other, and that Falconio and Lees bought drugs from Murdoch. Falconio owed a lot of money in taxes, and he was scared. Falconio had told people that he wanted to fake his own death. Many people say they saw Falconio over a week after police say that he died. It was known that Murdoch had hurt people before this. He had once shot at some aborigines just for fun. He had told people that he thought he was being followed and was going to get rid of them. Some people think that he raped some women too.
Result.
This remains a great mystery and many people have different stories as to what really happened. A movie called "Wolf Creek" was made that is similar to the story. The movie was not allowed to be shown until after the trial.

John Howard
John Winston Howard (born 26 July 1939) was the 25th Prime Minister of Australia. John Howard is a member of the Liberal Party. John Howard was the leader of Australia from 1996, when he won the election against Paul Keating of the Labor Party, until 2007 when he lost the election to Kevin Rudd of the Labor Party. John Howard has been the leader of Australia longer than anyone except Robert Menzies, who was also a Liberal.
John Howard was a lawyer before he became a politician. He was in parliament from 1974 until 2007. From 1977 to 1983 he was the Treasurer in Malcolm Fraser's government. Malcolm Fraser lost the 1983 election to Bob Hawke. Some people said this was because many people did not have jobs.
In 1995, the Prime Minister, Paul Keating, was not popular after 13 years of Labor government and in 1996 John Howard became Prime Minister of Australia. In 1998 John Howard's government held a referendum on whether Australia should become a republic and have a President instead of a Queen. However, John Howard did not support the referendum and told people to vote no.
After the September 11 attacks, John Howard focused on world issues. He was friends with George W. Bush who is the leader of the United States. George Bush called John Howard a "key ally". John Howard sent SAS troops to Afghanistan and Iraq to support the United States, and signed a free trade agreement with the United States. Despite this alliance, Australia remained fairly neutral on Israel and Palestine.
Australia was successful while John Howard was leader. However, some people say he did not help poor people, and ignored global warming. In 2005, he made it easier for bosses to get rid of workers, and the Labor Party became more popular. On 24 November 2007, Kevin Rudd won an election and John Howard stopped being Prime Minister. John Howard also lost his seat in the Parliament.

Swedish language
Swedish (() is a language mostly spoken in Sweden and in parts of Finland, especially along the coast and on the Åland islands. More than nine million people speak Swedish. It is very similar to two of the other Scandinavian languages, Danish and Norwegian, and a person who understands one of these languages can understand the others quite well.
Some other kinds of Swedish are not much similar to the standard language in grammar and vocabulary, and are sometimes hard to understand by people who speak Standard Swedish. These kinds of Swedish are only spoken in small towns, or in the country. Most Swedish people still speak Standard Swedish.
Swedish began as a dialect of Old Norse, which was a language that everyone in Scandinavia understood. Around the 12th century it began to become separate from the other dialects. These dialects later became what we today call Icelandic, Norwegian, Danish and Faroese. Swedish is a Germanic language and share very many words with English, because of the Vikings that invaded England in the 12th Century. It is even more closely related to German and Dutch.
There are three characters in the Swedish language that is not used in English. These are å (that could be seen as a mix between a and o), ä (a mix between a and e) and ö (that is a mix of o and e).
These characters are also used in the Finnish language, while Norwegian and Danish replaces ä and ö with similar characters æ and ø.
Basic Swedish Expressions.
Hur mår du? How are you?
Jag mår bra, tack Very well, thank you
Tack så mycket Thank you very much

Walter Mikac
Walter Mikac is an Australian writer and motivational speaker.
Walter Mikac's wife and two small children were killed at the Port Arthur massacre. He wrote a book called "Circle of Life: Sustenance for the Soul". It is about handling grief and tragedy. He helped create the Alannah and Madeline Foundation to help children who are the victims of violent crime

Martin Bryant
Martin Bryant (born 7 May 1967) is an Australian criminal who killed 35 people in Tasmania in 1996, in the Port Arthur massacre. He is now in prison. Martin Bryant is the worst mass murderer in Australia in recorded history.
Bryant has been given a sentence of life in gaol for each of the 35 murders. he is never to be released. He is held in solitary confinement (by himself) in Hobarts Risdon Prison.
Martin Bryant is believed to have an IQ (thinking level) of an 11-year-old. Guards and doctors report that his only interest seems to be himself. He has tried to kill himself several times in prison.

Rugby league
Rugby League is a ball sport. Two teams of thirteen players play against each other. The ball used is oval in shape. The field is a rectangle shape. It is 100 metres long and 70 metres wide. It is played for 80 minutes (40 minutes aside).
A "try" is scored when a player scores or touches the ball down in the in-goal area. A try is worth 4 points and if its converted (the goal kicker kicks the ball in between the top of the goal post), the team gets an extra 2 points. Another method of scoring points is through drop goals which are worth 1 point, or penalty goals which are worth 2 points.The countryies that play it the most are Australia, Ireland*, England*, Fiji, France, Great Britain*, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Russia, Samoa, Scotland*, Lebanon, Tonga and Wales*.

Dustin Hoffman
Dustin Hoffman (August 8, 1937) is a American actor. He has been in many movies.
Early life.
Hoffman was born in Los Angeles, California. He is the son of Lillian, a jazz pianist, and Harry Hoffman, who worked as a prop supervisor/set decorator at Columbia Pictures before becoming a furniture salesman. His brother, Ronald, is a lawyer and economist. Hoffman's family was Jewish, although he was not brought up religious.He graduated from Los Angeles High School in 1955.
Dustin Hoffman's movies.
One of his movies was "Rainman", in which he played a character with autism. This helped people to understand what autism was. Tom Cruise was also in "Rainman".

Chopper Read
Mark Brandon "Chopper" Read (born November 17, 1954) was an Australian mobster who during his career in the Melbourne mafia scene, was convicted of many crimes, for example; armed robbery, assault and kidnapping. Read retired from the life of crime and wrote a series of fiction books based on his life as a criminal. More recently he has begun making music.
Read started his criminal career as a child; robbing drug dealers as a teenager. During this time he was the leader of a gang. While in prison as an adult Read made a friend cut off his ears so he could leave prison where a gang wanted to have him killed. Read claims that he killed 19 people during his time as a criminal. His first book was written in 1991 while he was in prison. In 2000 a film called Chopper was made; about Read's life and based on his books, it starred Eric Bana as Chopper.

Elle McFeast
Elle McFeast is a stage name used by comedian Libbi Gorr, who started off on a show with Andrew Denton about sport in Australia called "Live and Sweaty". Elle McFeast is not her real name.
She made it up to make fun of Australian model Elle Macpherson. "McFeast" is the name of food from McDonald's, and is very unhealthy.
Elle McFeast had her own show for many years in Australia and was very famous. She talked about many scary things, like jails and criminals, and made fun of them. One day she interviewed Chopper Read on her show. He was so scary that she had to stop her show. Elle McFeast does not have a show anymore and is not on television anymore.

Elle Macpherson
Elle Macpherson (born Eleanor Nancy Gow on 29 March 1964, in Killara, New South Wales, Australia) is an Australian supermodel and actress. She first became famous because of her advertisements for Coca Cola where she wore a string bikini. She became a supermodel and became very famous. She is part owner of a cafe in America. She has been in a movie called "Sirens". That movie has a famous actor called Sam Neill and another famous model called Kate Fischer in the movie. Elle Macpherson has a nickname called "the body" because some people say she has a perfect body.

Andrew Denton
Andrew Christopher Denton (born May 4, 1960) is an Australian comedian and television presenter who likes to make fun of politics. Andrew Denton used to have a television programme about sports in Australia called "Live and Sweaty". He now has a programme called "Enough Rope" where he interviews people about politics. Denton is a very smart man. The Australian media use him in many news stories. One of Denton's interviews was with Rene Rivkin, who police said had cheated in the stock market to make money. Rivkin was very sad, and after the interview he went to jail. Rivkin killed himself in jail. Denton says that he feels very sorry for interviewing Rivkin. Denton says that he does not want to interview someone like that again.

Rene Rivkin
Rene Rivkin (June 6, 1944 – May 1, 2005) was an Australian man who made much money by buying stocks and shares on the Australian stockmarket. Rivkin had his own television show and magazine to help people to make money. One day police said that Rivkin had cheated to make money off the stock market. Rivkin got very sad. Rivkin was put in jail. Before killing himself, Rivkin said on a television show called "Enough Rope" with Andrew Denton that if he went to jail he would kill himself. Andrew Denton has said that he is very sad about this.

Eric Bana
Eric Bana (born Eric Banadinovich on August 9, 1968) is an actor from Australia. Eric Bana was a comedian for a long time, and he was in a show called "The Comedy Company". He then became a serious actor in the movie "Chopper" which was about a criminal called Chopper Read. Eric Bana also acted in the movie "Troy".

African American Vernacular English
African American Vernacular English (AAVE) is a name for the way some black persons talk. Linguists who study various spoken forms of language gave it its name. Some non-black persons use this dialect, too. Some of its pronunciations and grammar resemble the way people talk in West Africa.
It first came about in the 16th and 17th centuries.The African-slaves developed a way to communicate["citation needed"] among all their various tribes.
African American Vernacular English became famous in 1996, when some educators in Oakland, California said they wanted to use AAVE to help teach black kids. They called it Ebonics. However, Ebonics often has a negative connotation.
There are many rules that govern how the sounds of AAVE are different from Standard English. Some have to do with pronunciation and vocabulary (or lexicon). Most have to do with grammar. This includes verb tenses, and sentence structure.
Hip hop music has made AAVE more famous since the 1980s. Some people think it is cool and they try to speak it or learn it even if they are not really familiar with it. Some non-black people can speak it well.

Joe Vialls
Joe Vialls (1944-2005) was an Australian Internet journalist and conspiracy theorist. He was once a policeman and detective, but became a private investigator. He is most famous for writing many stories on the Internet about famous things that have happened around the world.
On April 17, 1984, a police woman called Yvonne Fletcher was killed while she was in London. Joe Vialls told people that he knew why she was really killed. Because of Joe Vialls, police in London spent a long time trying to find out what really happened. In the end, police agreed with Joe Vialls, and they said that they had found out what really happened because of Joe Vialls.
In April 1996, Joe Vialls said that he knew who had really killed people in the Port Arthur massacre, and that it was not Martin Bryant, who police said had killed people. Joe Vialls talked to Wendy Scurr who was there, and Stewart Beattie who was a gun expert, and he also talked to Martin Bryant's mother, to find out what really happened. Joe Vialls wrote a book and had many articles talking about what he thinks really happened. You can see 9 articles that Joe Vialls wrote. Joe Vialls says that the Australian government killed people so that they could take guns away from people. This is the same story that the Australian National Rifle Association says.
Joe Vialls often says that Jews are the secret cause of many famous mysteries. Many people have said that Joe Vialls hates Jews. Because of this, many people do not listen to Joe Vialls.
Someone on the internet said that Joe Vialls died on 18 July 2005. Some people think that he is not really dead.

Tatts Group Limited
Tatts Group Limited, formerly known as Tattersalls, is the name of a company in Australia that helps people to bet money. Tattersalls has made lots of money. A woman named Helen Harvey owned Tattersalls and had lots of money. When she died, she gave the money to her friend Martin Bryant. When Martin Bryant went to jail after police say that he killed people in the Port Arthur massacre, Martin Bryant had to give all of the money to people who were killed or injured there.

Tsukuba
Tsukuba is a new town in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan. It is located 50km northeast of Tokyo and 40 km of Narita International Airport.

Narita International Airport
Narita is the international airport in Chiba,near the Tokyo, Japan. It is located 65 km northeast from the city.
The railway link are Narita line(NaritaExpress) and Keisei line(Skyliner). () is a train name.

Monitor
The word monitor is a Latin word for "warner" or "suggester". The many uses of the word are listed below.

Chest
The chest is the front part of the torso between the neck and abdomen.

Axiology
Axiology is the field of study under the broad scope of philosophy that studies ethical and aesthetic values.

Blackburn
Blackburn is a town in Lancashire, England. The town has a population of about 105,000 people.
Blackburn is mentioned in one of the Beatles' songs. The town's football team is Blackburn Rovers F.C.

National Security Agency
The National Security Agency (NSA) is a part of the United States government. It was started in 1952, and the main office is in Maryland.
Their goal is to protect the US people, by making codes and breaking codes. They collect information by "eavesdropping". This means that they listen to what people are saying in other countries, without letting the people know that they are listening. The NSA is also in charge of making sure that other countries do not eavesdrop on the United States.
Because the agency has to keep secrets, not many people know exactly what the agency is working on.
Many people have written books about the NSA. Sometimes the books are real history books, and sometimes the books are fiction, and say things about the NSA that are not true, like in James Bond movies, or television shows like 24.

Robert Wadlow
Robert Pershing Wadlow (February 22 1918–July 15 1940) was one of the tallest people who ever lived. He was born in Alton, Illinois, USA.
Height.
Robert Wadlow was normal at birth but started growing abnormally when he was 4. He was 6 feet tall by the time he entered 3rd grade. By the time he was 19, he was almost 8 ft. tall. Because he was so tall, he got lots of attention and became very famous, but his bones were very weak and he had to wear leg braces. In 1940, he was walking in a Fourth of July parade, when one of his braces made his ankle get infected; he died on the 15th of that month. When he died he was 8' 11.1". Robert is 6'5 on his knees
Death.
Four days later, on his funeral, 40,000 people attended and it took 12 people to carry his coffin. People remember him as the "Gentle Giant" and there is a statue of him at the Southern Illinois University Edwardsville School of Dental Medicine. People now say Wadlow had something called giantism, which made him so tall.

Code
Computers use codes, by changing letters into 1's and 0's. This is called an ASCII code.
Some people write codes as a kind of game. They think it is fun to make codes, and fun to break codes. Breaking a code means taking it apart to understand how it works, and then you can understand messages that are written in that code.
In the United States, there is an organization called the NSA. Their job is to break other people's codes, and to make codes that the United States government can use, which are hard to break.
The algorithm (code) for making a message secret is called the encryption algorithm. To change a secret message back a decryption algorithm is needed.
When you change the message back you most likely use a cypher (commonly spelled as cipher). The word Cypher is also in French as "cifre" and Latin as "cifra," from the Arabic word "sifr" (zero).

Goaltender
The goaltender (also known colloquially as goalie or netminder) in ice hockey is the player who defends his team's goal net by stopping shots of the puck from entering his team's net, thus stopping the other team from scoring.

Wikispecies
Wikispecies is a sister project of Wikipedia, and so it is a wiki supported by the Wikimedia Foundation. It is a free directory of species that wants to make a full catalogue of all living things. It tells of how "species" are classified into groups (taxonomy), and how those groups are similar to one another. It calls itself the "directory of life".
It is supposed to be written and used by scientists, not by normal people. The people who write Wikispecies do not need to show that they know much about it.
It was started in August 2004, with biologists around the world invited to help. Now, the project has become a good directory listing the Linnaean taxonomy with links to Wikipedia articles on individual species since April 2005. The links are provided in different languages.
The articles in Wikispecies are all written in the Latin names, so that scientists around the world, no matter what language that use, can use the website. There is information in the article telling people what the article's living thing is called in every other language that has a common name for it. Still, Wikispecies is mostly in English; its main page is in English, and it is run in English.
The taxoboxes in Wikipedia come from Wikispecies, where people in Wikipedia can go to refer.

Lopp Lagoon
Lopp Lagoon is a tidal lake on Cape Prince of Wales (the western-most tip of the Seward Peninsula) in the U.S. state of Alaska. Many creeks empty into it, but the most water comes from the Mint River. Some salt water from the Pacific Ocean also enters the lagoon through several channels between it and the Bering Strait.
It was named in 1900 for William Thomas "W.T." Lopp, the civilian leader of the 1897–8 Overland Expedition.
Historically, Lopp Lagoon has been an important source of food (salmon and waterfowl) for people living in the Wales, Alaska area.

Welsh people
The Welsh are people from Wales, a country in the United Kingdom.

League of Nations
The League of Nations was the predecessor to the United Nations it was the post second world war league but after failing to retain peace during the second world war it was abandoned and re-created as what is known to day as the United Nations.
The League of Nations was thought up by Woodrow Wilson, the American President during the First World War. It was to be a group of nations that worked together to keep peace. One of the reasons for its downfall was that, after a vote, the American public refused to join. This meant the League did not have the power it needed to enforce any of the rules that made it up.
After a series of disasters in the 1930s, it was abolished. It was thought to be weak and powerless, after Japan completely ignored it when the League of Nations tried to stop Japan from invading Manchuria (North-East China) and Italy invaded Abyssinia.
President Woodrow Wilson arranged a plan for a “government of governments”. The idea of his plan was to settle problems between the nations. Wilson tried his hardest to persuade nations that his plan was the one needed to skirt future wars. Wilson largest and greatest unsuccessful thing was his own country not believing his theory. The United States did not want to be part of Wilson’s approach for four reasons.
First of all the United States consisted of many Americans being German immigrants and loathed the Treaty of Versailles. The treaty said that Germany and its allies were to except full responsibility for causing the war and reparations were to be made to certain countries. The Treaty of Versailles was the treaty that set up the League of Nations and not agreeing to it meant not being part of the League of Nations.
The next reason that America didn’t want to get involved in European affairs is because they didn’t want to risk more Americans dieing in a war. They also felt that it would result in them spending more money on unnecessary objects such as sending men all around the globe. This was called isolationism. Most of the American citizens felt it would be best to just avoid European and Britain Affairs completely.

Audiolingual method
The Audiolingual Method is a method for teaching foreign languages. Linguists at the University of Michigan invented this method in the late 1950s. In the Audiolingual method, students first hear a language. Later, they speak the language, and after that, they read and write in it. This way of language teaching is similar to the Direct Method. Like the Direct Method, the Audiolingual Method doesn’t use the students’ native language. For example, if you are in an English class in Turkey, the teacher only speaks English, and no Turkish. However, unlike the Direct Method, the Audiolingual Method does not teach vocabulary. Rather, the teacher drills grammar. In the Audiolingual method, grammar is most important for the student. In other words, the student must repeat grammar patterns after the teacher. The students don’t learn lots of vocabulary. This method also uses psychology. The students get a reward for speaking correctly. They get punishment if they speak incorrectly. (Skinner 1957)

Montenegro
Montenegro is a country in Europe. It is on the Adriatic Sea, between Albania (to the South) and Croatia to the North. Inland (to the East and South-East) it also has a common border with Serbia, Kosovo and Bosnia and Herzegovina.
The country came to exist when its people decided to split from the country Serbia and Montenegro on May 21, 2006. It had also been independent before World War I and existed as a kingdom. Its leader is Filip Vujanović.

Solar eclipse
A solar eclipse happens when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun. It will then block the rays from the sun. This can only happen during a New Moon, and usually happens at least once every year. The solar eclipses are guaranteed to happen every 18 years, 11.3 days; a period known as the Saros.

Kate Fischer
Kate Fischer (born November 30, 1973) is an Australian model and actress. She was a very famous model for a long time. She had a job working on television on a cartoon program with a puppet called "Agro". She was in a movie called "Sirens" with Elle Macpherson and Sam Neill.

Alton, Illinois
Alton is a city in Madison County, Illinois, in the United States. About 34,500 people lived in Alton as of the year 2006.

Minneapolis, Minnesota
Minneapolis is a city in Minnesota. It is next to St. Paul, Minnesota. St. Paul and Minneapolis are called the Twin Cities because they are right next to each other. Minneapolis is the biggest city in Minnesota with about 370,000 people. People who live here enjoy the lakes, parks, and river. The Mississippi River runs through the city.
History.
We know Indians first lived in Minneapolis around Lake Calhoun and St. Anthony Falls waterfall. They are called the Dakota. They thought St. Anthony Falls was a spiritual place. Dakota hunted, fished, and planted food. The United States wanted the land in 1800 and bought it with the Louisiana Purchase. The army built Fort Snelling. Soon, people from the East Coast or "Yankees" came to Minneapolis. They used the waterfall for their flour mills. They named the new city Minneapolis. It comes from the Dakota Indian word for "laughing waters" or "Min-ne ha-ha" and the Greek word for "city" or "po-lis." Minneapolis means "City of Waters." A nearby city called St. Anthony then joined with Minneapolis. The first mayor was Dorilus Morrison.
Land and weather.
Minneapolis is flat near the river and hilly away from it. The city is also in the middle of the country. The weather is like many places in America with hot summers and cold winters. But the winter is very long, very cold, and there is almost no spring. Summers are humid, meaning a lot of water is in the air, so it feels very muggy. There are lots of mosquitos too.
People.
The people or residents of Minneapolis live in houses and apartments. Some now live in tall buildings called condos. They work and play in the city. Many different people make up Minneapolis today. After the Dakota Indian were people from Britain, French Canada, and Spanish Mexico. They were followed by Scandinavians who are from Norway, Denmark, and Sweden. Soon people from almost all parts of the world started coming including East Europe, Russia, and Asia. Today the newcomers are from East Africa (Somali) and Southeast Asia (Hmong). Once Minneapolis was even larger than it is today with 520,000 people. But many people moved away to suburbs using new highways.
Work and shopping.
Lots of big companies are in Downtown in tall skyscraper buildings. These include lawyers, doctors and people in banks. They work near Nicollet Mall where there are restaurants and shops. Minneapolis also has neighborhoods. People there work in small stores too, like barber, grocery, hardware, and coffee shop. Anyone in Minneapolis can get internet to their laptop too.
Theatre and art.
There are lots of art and shows in the city. The biggest theater is the Guthrie Theater and kids like shows by the Children's Theatre Company. You can see interesting art at the Minneapolis Institute of Arts and the Walker Art Center.
Sports.
Minneapolis hosts lots of sport teams for the state. The Vikings play at the Metrodome. The Minnesota Twins use to play there but will soon play at their new ballpark called Target Field. Nearby is the Target Center where the Timberwolves play.

St. Louis, Missouri
Saint Louis is a large and important city in the American state of Missouri. It was founded by the French and named after King Louis IX of France, who is also a Saint. It is often called the "Gateway City" because it was important to settlers traveling out west. Its most famous landmark is the Gateway Arch.

Albert Coady Wedemeyer
See also.
His son Albert Dunbar Wedemeyer, Captain, United States Army and a Central Intelligence Agency Operative.

William H. Tunner
Lt. General William H. Tunner (July 14 1906 - April 6 1983) was an American general.

Sarasota, Florida
Sarasota is a city on the West coast of Florida, in the United States. It is the place where the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus has its home. In 2000, 52,715 people lived there (US. Census 2000). Many famous people have lived in the city, such as: Tom Cruise (actor), Brian Johnson (band singer), and Paul Reubens (the actor, "Pee-wee Herman").

Paul Reubens
Paul Reubens (born Paul Rubenfeld on August 27,1952) is an American actor and comedian. He is best-known for his alter-ego Pee Wee Herman. He was born in Peekskill, New York and grew up in Sarasota, Florida. He appeared in many movies and TV series in the late 1970s and early 1980s and worked with a group called "The Groundlings". Around this time he created Pee-Wee for a stage show, which was a parody of old kids shows. In 1985, he starred in a movie called "Pee-Wee's Big Adventure", which was very successful. The next year, he got his own TV show, "Pee-Wee's Playhouse", which was a huge hit. In 1991, Reubens was arrested for misbehaving in an adult movie theatre; this ended the Pee-Wee craze and forced Reubens to stop playing the character. He has since appeared in many other movies and there have been rumors that he would return as Pee-wee. These rumours have not been denied by anyone official.

Peekskill, New York
Peekskill is a city in the U.S. state of New York. It is the birthplace of New York Governor, George Pataki. Other famous people born there include Paul Reubens and Mel Gibson.

Małkinia Górna
Małkinia Górna is a village in Małkinia Dolna Community, Ostrowian County (head town of the county: Ostrów Mazowiecka), Mazowsze Voivodship, Poland. There is probably the greatest village in Europe (by population) and one of the greatest places without town status.

John C. Calhoun
John Caldwell Calhoun (March 18, 1782 – March 31, 1850) was the vice-president for Andrew Jackson, an American President. Calhoun is probably best remembered for his strong belief in supporting nullification, which said any US state had the right to reject a federal law if it wanted to. Jackson hated nullification and the disagreement that started the feud between him and President Andrew Jackson!

Pelvis
The pelvis (plural: Pelves) is a set of bones. Many people think of the pelvis as the "hip bone", because it is located at the hip. The pelvis is at the lower end of the spine. In vertebrates, usually legs are attaching at the pelvis.
The function of the pelvis is to protect the organs used for digesting and for reproduction (making babies). It is also important for bearing some load.
Male and female human pelves are different. The female pelvis is wider and more shallow than the male pelvis.

Cyprus Mail
Cyprus Mail is an English language newspaper based in Cyprus. It is made every day, except Monday. Some of it is on the internet.

Collision
A collision occurs when two objects come in contact with each other. All collisions have the same momentum before and after a collision. Examples of collisions include car crashes, bouncing a ball, and playing pool. Collisions are made from two smaller sections called elastic and inelastic collisions.
Elastic Collisions.
In the case of playing pool or bouncing a ball, an elastic collision occurs. An elastic collision generally occurs when an elastic or hard object experiences a collision that bounces off another elastic or hard object, where the kinetic energy and momentum are the same before and after the collision. In an experiment, a small amount of energy will still be lost because of the friction between the surface and the objects.
Inelastic Collisions.
In the case of a car crash, an inelastic collision occurs. An inelastic collision generally occurs when a soft object experiences a collision that does not result in a bounce. Kinetic energy is lost during this type of collision because the energy is transformed into other forces. The momentum is the same before and after the collision.
Two Dimensional Collisions.
In the case of a two dimensional collision, the rules in elastic and inelastic collision are still the same, but vectors are used to find the momentum before or after a collision.
Sources.
Duncan, Tom. "Advanced Physics for Hong Kong: Volume 1 Mechanics & Electricity". John Murray Ltd, 1995.
Wai, Loo Kwok. "Longman A-Level Course in Physics: Volume 1". Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd, 2003.

Belgrade
Belgrade is the capital city of the country of Serbia.

Puncknowle
Puncknowle is a village in Southwest Dorset, England, United Kingdom. In 2001, 491 people lived in it.

Hydrogen economy
A hydrogen economy is a hypothetical future economy in which the primary energy used for automobiles and other vehicles as well as creating electricity comes from hydrogen.
Purpose.
The reason to use this is to replace the use of petroleum. It would also stop the use of fossil fuels which causes carbon dioxide to be created. This is bad for the ecology.

Brachiosaurus
Brachiosaurus (meaning "Arm lizard") was a herbivorous dinosaur genus that lived in the Late Jurassic period. The name comes from the fact that the Brachiosaurus's front legs were longer than its back legs. Most other dinosaurs had back legs that were longer than their front legs or arms. The Brachiosaurus was about 25 m (82 feet) long and 13 meters (42 feet) tall. It was one of the biggest dinosaurs that we know.
Brachiosaurus is a member of the sauropod group. It fossils were found in North America and Africa. At full stretch, Brachiosaurus could reach heights of up to 16 meters (52 feet). The Brachiosaurus skeleton in the Humboldt Museum in Berlin, Germany (also called Giraffititan) is both the tallest and largest complete sauropod skeleton. This means that it is also the tallest and largest complete dinosaur skeleton.

Barnacle
A barnacle is an animal. It is a kind of crustacean that grows on different hard surfaces like piers, boats, and on rocks. Barnacles are family of crabs and shrimps. They are considered mostly a nuisance to the shipping industry and private boat owners. Barnacles are filter feeders, which means that they suck in water and filter out different things like plankton to use as food. The barnacles send out little larvae that land on other hard surfaces and start to create hard shells, forming new barnacles.

International organization
An international organization is an organization (a group of people). International organizations are active in more than one country.
Examples of such organizations are the United Nations, or the Red Cross.

Port Arthur, Tasmania
Port Arthur is a small town on the Tasman Peninsula, in Tasmania, Australia. It is about 80 km south east of the state capital, Hobart. It was settled as a penal colony (a very large prison for convicts). Port Arthur is now one of Australia's most important historic areas. It is officially Tasmania's top tourist attraction. In 1996 the worst mass murder in Australian history took place here.
At the 2006 Census, Port Arthur and the local area had a population of 499.
Australia's largest penal colony.
Image:PortArthur aerial2.jpg|thumb|Main prison area, Port Arthur
Port Arthur was named after Van Diemen's Land lieutenant governor George Arthur. It started as a place to cut down timber from the forests in 1830. It is best known for being a penal colony. From 1833, until the 1853, criminals from United Kingdom and Ireland were sent to Port Arthur as convicts. The prisoners were kept busy ship with jobs including building the prison, shoemaking, smithing, timber and brick making. In the 1840's there were more than 1100 prisoners. In 1842 the prisoners built a hospital and a big flour mill and grain store. This was later turned into a cell block. After 1853 convicts from other prisons in Australia were sent to Port Arthur if they did more crimes, or would not behave properly.
In 1864 they started building the Asylum to hold the prisoners who had become insane. During the 1860's and 1870's the prisoners left at the prison were either too old, too sick, or insane to keep working. The prison closed in 1877.
The Separate Prison.
Port Arthur has the best example of a "Separate Prison" system. This system was started at Pentonville prison in London. The Separate Prison (sometimes called the Model Prison) was started in 1848, finished in 1853 and made bigger in 1855. It has 80 prison cells built in the shape of a cross. In the centre is a hall and a chapel. There are exercise yards built between the arms of the cross. The Separate system was a change in the way that prisoners were treated. Instead of physical punishment the system used psychological (mind) punishment. It was thought that physical punishment, such as whippings, only made prisoners worse. It did not turn bad people into good people. In the Separate prison they used the "Silent System". Prisoners wore a hood over their heads. They were not allowed to talk or make any noise. The guards wore special shoes and walked on mats so they wouldn't make any noise. Even in the chapel, each prisoner was kept in a separate wooden box where they could only see the altar. The prisoners were supposed to use the quiet time to think about the bad things they had done. Port Arthur was seen as the best prison in Australia.
An Inescapable Prison.
Port Arthur was a natural prison. It is on the Tasman Peninsula which is almost completely surrounded by the sea. It is joined to the rest of Tasmania by a small narrow piece of land about 30 metres wide. This is called Eaglehawk Neck. The Neck had a fence, prison guards, and savage dogs to stop prisoners from leaving. There was no contact between visiting seamen and prisoners. Ships had to give the guards their sails and oars when they arrived to stop people leaving without permission. A semaphore message system was also set up between Port Arthur and Hobart. Messages could be sent in just 15 minutes.
Escape from Port Arthur was said to be impossible, like Alcatraz Island in the United States. Some prisoners did try to escape. One prisoner, George "Billy" Hunt, covered himself with a kangaroo skin and tried to get across the Neck. The hungry guards on duty tried to shoot him to make an extra meal. When he saw them pointing their guns, Hunt gave himself up. He was whipped 150 times. Bushranger Martin Cash successfully escaped along with two others.
The Boys' Prison.
Image:Point Puer Isle Dead.jpg|thumb|Point Puer left, Isle of the Dead in centre, and main prison top left
The British Empire's first boys' prison was built on Point Puer, 3 kms across Opossum Bay from Port Arthur. Puer is the Latin word for boy. It was for young boys, some as young as 9, like James Lynch, arrested for stealing toys. The boys were kept away from the main convict area. About 3,500 boys were sent to Point Puer. Like the adults, the boys were given hard work such as stone cutting and building. There was also a school run by 2 ex-convicts.. One prisoner was James Gavagan. When he was 11 he stole some umbrellas. He was sent to Tasmania for 7 years. He arrived at Point Puer in 1835. When he turned 17, he was sent to the main prison at Port Arthur. He was released in March 1842.. There is only a few stones left to mark the site of the boys' prison.
The Church.
Image:Port Arthur Kirche.jpg|thumb|The church at Port Arthur
The convicts built one of Australia's first non-denominational churches, built in a gothic style. All prisoners had to go to the church every Sunday. People who didn't like the new prison system said that this didn't seem to make the prisoners into good people.
Isle of the Dead.
Image:Henry Savery memorial stone, Isle of the Dead, Tasmania.jpg|thumb|Headstone on the Isle of the Dead
Port Arthur was seen as a much better prison, and would make the convicts better people. But life at Port Arthur was just as hard and brutal as other penal colonies. Some critics might even say that its use of psychological punishment, together with no hope of escape, made it one of the worst. Some stories say that prisoners would murder others to escape the prison. Murder would be punished by death. The Island of the Dead is a small island in the bay near Port Arthur. Everyone who died at the penal colony was buried on the island. There 1646 graves on the island, but only 180, mainly those of prison staff, have a headstone.
Convict Railway.
The first railway in Australia was a human powered railway at Port Arthur. The railway was built in 1836. The line ran from the beach at Taranna, Tasmania for 7 kms to Port Arthur. It carried both people and supplies. It meant that ships from Hobart could unload in the calm water and not have to travel right around Cape Raoul to Port Arthur through rough seas. The carriage was pushed along the tracks by 4 convicts. Very little sign of the railway has survived. The State Library of Victoria has a drawing of the convict railway.
Convicts to Tourists.
When the penal colony closed in 1877 the area was renamed "Carnavon". During the 1880s the was sold and a small town was started. Many buildings were pulled down and the bricks sent to make new buildings in Hobart. Fires burned the area in 1895 and 1897 and ruined many of the old prison buildings. Some buildings were changed for the new town to make a post office and town hall.
Tourism started as soon as the prison closed. This brought money into the new town. Some of the old convicts gave guided tours of the prison. In 1927 tourism had grown so much the area's name was changed back to Port Arthur. 1916 saw the start of the Scenery Preservation Board (SPB) which looked after the Port Arthur site. By the 1970s the National Parks and Wildlife Service took over the site.
In 1979 the government gave money to protect the site as a tourist area, because of its historical importance. The post office and and town hall of Port Arthur were moved to nearby Nubeena. Several grand sandstone buildings, built by convicts were cleaned up. These buildings include the Separate Prison, the Round Tower, the church, and the remains of the main prison building. The buildings are surrounded by green grass.
The mass graves on The Island of the Dead also attract visitors. The air about the small bush-covered island is described as being sad and peaceful by visitors.
Tourists can either walk around the area themselves, or go on a guided tours. There are also late night "ghost tours". There is a museum, with written records, tools, clothing and other interesting things from convict times.
Since 1987 the site has been managed by the Port Arthur Historic Site Management Authority, paid for by the Tasmanian Government.
Massacre.
On 28 April 1996, Martin Bryant killed 35 people and hurt 37 others at Port Arthur. He was captured by the police. This is now called the Port Arthur massacre. This led to a national ban on semi-automatic shotguns and rifles. It also made a link between the Port Arthur and Dunblane, a Scottish town which also had a shooting that year.

Odysseus
Odysseus was a person in the Greek mythology. He was the king of the island Ithaca, and was married to Penelope. Odysseus and Penelope had a son called Telemachos. Odysseus is a major character in Homer's "Iliad" and "Odyssey".
Odysseus fought in the Trojan War, and invented the Trojan Horse, which made the Greeks win the war. After the war, his adventurous journey home took the time of 10 years. The story of that journey is told in the "Odyssey".

Cast iron
Cast iron is an alloy of iron. The term is usually used for grey cast iron. There are two main types of cast iron: "grey cast iron" and "white cast iron". The differences between the two are mainly based on the amount of silicon in the alloy. All cast iron has about 95% iron in it. Grey cast iron has 2% silicon and 3% carbon. White cast iron has less silicon.
The silicon in grey cast iron causes the carbon to change into graphite. This causes it to have a dark grey or almost black color. With less silicon, the carbon in white cast iron changes to cementite or "iron carbide" (Fe3C). This causes white fractures to form on the surface and give white cast iron the name.
Grey cast iron is very good at conducting heat. Because of this, it is often used to make cookware.

Incest
Incest is a term that refers to sex between people who are closely related. In many societies, such relationships are taboo, or forbidden by law. This is because children that result from such relationships are more likely to have birth defects.
The closeness that is forbidden varies in societies; some only consider it to be the same lineage (like parents, and their children; or brothers and sisters that have both parents in common). That way, relationships between cousins are possible, since a cousin is the child, of the siblings of one of the parents. Those who live in the same household, or those who belong to the same clan or lineage are affected. Other societies consider it to include "blood relatives"; still others also include those related by adoption or marriage.
The type of incest most often reported is father-daughter incest.
Incest between adults and children is a form of child sexual abuse. This form has been shown to cause one of the worst forms of childhood trauma, a trauma that often causes serious and long-term psychological damage, especially in the case of parental incest.
It is difficult to say how frequent incest is, but researchers have estimated that between 10% and 15% of people have at least one incest experience. Less than 2% of these involve intercourse or attempted intercourse. Among women, research by Russell (1986) and Wyatt (1985) has given estimates as high as twenty percent.
Incest between consenting adults is is very rare.
Consensual incest between adults is a crime in most countries, although it is seen by some as a victimless crime.
Most societies have some form of incest avoidance. The incest taboo is and has been one of the most common of all cultural taboos, both in current nations and many past societies, with legal penalties imposed in some jurisdictions. Most modern societies have legal or social restrictions on closely consanguineous marriages. However, in some societies, such as that of Ancient Egypt, brother–sister, father–daughter, and mother–son relations were practiced among royalty. In addition, the Balinese and some Inuit tribes have altogether different beliefs about what constitutes illegal and immoral incest.

The Canterbury Tales
The Canterbury Tales is a book of stories written by Geoffrey Chaucer in the 14th century. This is a very important book because it is one of the first to be written in the English language. The book is about a group of travellers who are going from London to Canterbury. As they travel along, each person tells a "tale" (a story). This is why the book is called "The Canterbury Tales".
Chaucer planned to write 120 tales, but only 24 were completed. Two of the stories are written in prose and the others are written in verse. They were so popular that he was invited to read his stories to the king and royal court.
Background.
"The Canterbury Tales" is about a group of people who are pilgrims. They are travelling on a journey to an important religious site. In the Middle Ages, many Christian people went on pilgrimages to Jerusalem, Rome, Santiago de Compostela and Canterbury. Canterbury Cathedral was a famous pilgrimage site because it contained the "shrine" (a place for remembering) of Saint Thomas Becket. Thomas Becket had been the Archbishop of Canterbury in the 1100s. He had an argument with his old friend, King Henry II, and in 1170 he was murdered by some supporters of the king. The King felt very sad and guilty. He had a magnificent tomb built for his old friend. People began to visit the tomb. Soon, some people said that Thomas Becket was a saint, and that his bones could work miracles. He is regarded as a martyr for the Christian faith and as a saint by both the Roman Catholic and Anglican churches. In the late Middle Ages his shrine made Canterbury one of the four most important pilgrimage places in Europe.
Many pilgrims used to meet together in London. "The Canterbury Tales" tells of the meeting of a group at an inn in Southwark, which was a village south of the Thames River and now making up part of London. This was a good place to meet because people from the north could cross the Thames River by London Bridge. Canterbury is in the south-east of England. A reason why pilgrims used to gather in groups was that it was dangerous to travel alone. In the days before modern banking, every traveller had to carry a lot of money to pay for food and accommodation (a place to sleep). Robbers often attacked people along the roads.
When pilgrims gathered in a group, the group could be made up of many different kinds of people, both rich and poor, noble and humble. The groups often contained a number of religious people such as priests, monks and nuns. In Chaucer's story, the most noble person is a knight. Among the more ordinary people are a cook, a sailor and a farmer.
The tales.
"The Canterbury Tales" begins with a Prologue (which means "a few words to begin"). In the prologue Chaucer describes the time of year, which is April, when the weather begins to get warmer after winter. He says that it is at this time that people begin to go on pilgrimage. Chaucer tells the reader about the people who are gathered at the inn. He describes the people so clearly that many of them have become famous characters in English Literature, and have often been shown in paintings. Chaucer describes how each person tells a story to entertain the other as they travel along.
• The General Prologue
• The Knight's Tale
• The Miller's Prologue and Tale
• The Reeve's Prologue and Tale
• The Cook's Prologue and Tale
• The Man of Law's Prologue and Tale
• The Wife of Bath's Prologue and Tale
• The Friar's Prologue and Tale
• The Summoner's Prologue and Tale
• The Clerk's Prologue and Tale
• The Merchant's Prologue and Tale
• The Squire's Prologue and Tale
• The Franklin's Prologue and Tale
• The Physician's Tale
• The Pardoner's Prologue and Tale
• The Shipman's Tale
• The Prioress' Prologue and Tale
• Chaucer's Tale of Sir Topas
• The Tale of Melibee
• The Monk's Prologue and Tale
• The Nun's Priest's Prologue and Tale
• The Second Nun's Prologue and Tale
• The Canon's Yeoman's Prologue and Tale
• The Manciple's Prologue and Tale
• The Parson's Prologue and Tale
• Chaucer's Retraction
Some of the tales (stories) are serious and others are funny. Some of the funny stories are vulgar (sexually rude). A lot of the tales talk about the Christian faith. Sometimes the "theme" (main idea) of one story is followed into the next story, as a new story-teller responds (or answers) to a story they have just heard. All of the tales are about the way that people think and behave towards each other.
About "The Canterbury Tales".
"The Canterbury Tales" is written in the type of English that most ordinary people used in Chaucer's day. Chaucer was one of the first authors (writers) who wrote stories in English. Before, stories were written in Latin or French. Some other writers of Chaucer's time also wrote in English. Some of these writers were John Gower, William Langland, and the Pearl Poet.
Chaucer planned the stories before he wrote them but he did not finish his plan. He planned that each character would tell four stories: two while going to Canterbury and two while returning to London. If Chaucer had finished, he would have written 120 stories. He only actually wrote 24. Chaucer began to write the stories in the 1380s. He stopped writing them in the 1390s. Some think that he deliberately did not write the total 120 stories.
Chaucer was an important person in the royal court. Some people think that, in the stories, Chaucer was saying things about court politics. Some people think that Chaucer based his characters on people that he really knew and who were at the royal court.
Some people think that Chaucer copied ideas from others peoples’ writings because some of the stories in "The Canterbury Tales" are very similar to them. The characters, however, are very different. The characters have different occupations and personalities. They all tell different types of stories and they tell them in different ways.
The big story is about many pilgrims traveling to Canterbury. They are riding horses and the trip takes several days. Chaucer does not say much about the big story and most of the writing is about the stories told by the pilgrims.
The two earliest manuscripts (hand-written copies) of "The Canterbury Tales" are the Hengwrt manuscript and the Ellesmere manuscript. There are also 84 manuscript and four printed copies of "The Canterbury Tales" that were made before 1500. There are quite a lot of differences in the different copies. Some experts on Chaucer have started The "Canterbury Tales Project". The project is to read all these copies of "The Canterbury Tales", find out the differences and write the most accurate copy.

Sweat
Sweat is a liquid, mostly water (can contain body salts), that comes from the body when it is hot. It comes from pores in the skin. These pores are so small they can not be seen. Skin has a lot of pores. Sweat is salty.
Sweat comes out when the body is hot because it helps cool it down. The sweat takes the heat from the body when it evaporates (turns to gas).
Some people think sweat makes a person smell bad. Many people use special sprays to stop this from happening. Deodorants hide the odor of sweat. Anti-perspirants stop the body from sweating.

Adult Swim
"Adult Swim" (also called [adult swim]) is a group of television shows for adults older than 17 that is shown on Cartoon Network. It began on September 2, 2001 and was created by Williams Street Studios. On March 28, 2005, Nielsen Media Research shows that Adult Swim is now separate from Cartoon Network (like Nickelodeon's Nick at Nite). Adult Swim is part of Turner Broadcasting System. It is known for showing mature, adult anime, or Japanese-style animation.

WESC
WESC is a Swedish company. The company makes clothing, like jeans and shirts. Many people like these clothes, and they can buy them in many countries, for example in the United States, Japan and Germany. Because some famous people use the clothes, other people want to buy them too.

Ozámiz
Ozámiz is a city in the Philippines, in the province of Misamis Occidental. The census of 2000 says that 110,420 live there.
Ozámiz is named after Senator José F. Ozámiz, a hero of the Philippine resistance against the Japanese during World War 2.

Tillage
Tillage is the process in which soil is loosened and softened by tillers or harrows pulled by a tractor or by a plough pulled by an animal or human. By this process the upper crust of the soil breaks, air and sunlight thus penetrate the soil and in the process increasing its fertility but too much or frequent tillage may impair its fertility.

Yarmouth
Yarmouth could mean one of the following places.
There have also been steamships named the SS Yarmouth and the SS Yarmouth Castle.

Yarmouth, Nova Scotia
Yarmouth is a town in the province of Nova Scotia in the country of Canada. In 2006, the population of Yarmouth was 7,162.

Spleen
The spleen is a gland that works closely with the circulatory system. The spleen produces, monitors, destroys and stores red blood cells. The spleen also has two other functions, the red and white pulp. The white pulp helps fight infections and the red pulp removes unwanted materials. Until recently, the purpose of the spleen was not known.
The spleen is above the stomach to the left, underneath the rib cage. Spleens in healthy adults are 9 to 13 centimetres (3.5 to 5.1 in) in length.

Placenta
The placenta is a temporary organ found in most female mammals while they are pregnant.
The mother's and baby's blood never mixes. That is why the placenta is necessary. It acts as an exchange surface between the mother and baby, and nutrients and oxygen are passed over by diffusion only. If the mother and baby blood mixes, it could be deadly for both the mother and the baby. If the mother is blood type A for example and the blood type of the baby is B, then different type blood will mix and the mother and baby would both die.
The placenta is connected to the fetus by the umbilical cord which is made of blood vessels and connective tissue. When the fetus is delivered, the placenta is delivered afterwards, and is often called the afterbirth.
The placenta has two parts, one of which is genetically and biologically part of the fetus, the other part of the mother. It is implanted in the wall of the uterus, where it receives nutrients and oxygen from the mother's blood and passes out waste. This forms a barrier called the placental barrier, which filters out some substances which could harm the fetus. However, many other substances are not filtered out, including alcohol and some chemicals associated with smoking cigarettes. Several types of viruses may also cross this barrier.

Glorious Revolution
The Glorious Revolution was an event in the history of England in 1688. The people of England didn't like the king, King James II because he wouldn't let them vote or worship God in the way they wanted to. They invited William III of Orange-Nassau to take over as king. William was King James II's nephew and Mary's first cousin. He came to England with his wife Queen Mary, the daughter of King James II. They let the old king escape, so he moved to France out of fear.
William signed the "Bill of Rights" and became king, and England became a constitutional monarchy.

Electromagnetism
Electromagnetism is the study of the electromagnetic field. The electromagnetic field exerts a force on all objects that have an electric charge. The electromagnetic field affects all of space.
Electric field.
An electric field is an effect of an electric charge which produces a force on all objects with an electric charge. This is the field that makes static electricity. The units used to measure electric fields are newtons per coulomb. Electromagnetism is closely related to both electricity and magnetism because both involve movement of electrons.
Magnetic field.
A magnetic field is a part of the electric field that only exerts a force on moving charges.
Electromagnetic field.
Through electromagnetic induction, a changing magnetic field can produce an electric field. This concept is used to make electric generators, induction motors, and transformers work. Since the two types of fields were dependent on each other, the two are thought to be one. Together they are called the electromagnetic field.
Electromagnetic force.
The electromagnetic force is one of the fundamental forces of nature. The electromagnetic force is the force that causes an attraction between electrons and the positive nucleus. All forces between atoms are caused by the electromagnetic force.
Wave-particle duality.
The electromagnetic force is thought to be both a particle and a wave. This is because it sometimes acts like a particle and sometimes acts like a wave. To make things easier we can think of an electromagnetic wave as a stream of photons (symbol γ).
Photons.
A photon is an elementary particle. It is the particle that light is made up of. Photons also make up all other types of electromagnetic radiation such as gamma rays, X-rays, and UV rays. The idea of photons was thought up by Einstein. Using his theory for the photoelectric effect, Einstein said that light existed in small "packets" or parcels which he called photons.
Electromagnetic interactions.
Photons have energy and momentum. When two electromagnetic fields act on each other, they switch photons. So photons carry the electromagnetic force between charged objects. Photons are also known as messenger particles in physics because these particles often carry messages between objects. Photons send messages saying "come closer" or "go away" depending on the charges of the objects that are being looked at. If a force exists while time passes, then photons are being exchanged during that time.
History.
In 1600, William Gilbert said that electricity and magnetism were two different effects in his book "De Magnete". The link between electricity and magnetism was found through the work of Benjamin Franklin, Romagnosi, and Ørsted. A scientist named Ampère then used mathematics in electromagnetism. Many physicists then developed a theory of electromagnetism now known as classical electromagnetism. James Clerk Maxwell then brought everything together into one theory of electromagnetism. This type of electromagnetism was based on Maxwell's equations and the Lorentz force law. Maxwell's studies showed what light actually was. Maxwell's work did not work with classical mechanics because he said that the speed of light was always constant. It only depended on the permeability of the substance it was travelling through. This led to the development of the theory of special relativity by Einstein.
Problems in classical electromagnetism.
Albert Einstein's work with the photoelectric effect and Max Planck's work with black body radiation did not work with the traditional view of light as a continuous wave. This problem would be solved after the development of quantum mechanics in 1925. This development led to the development of quantum electrodynamics which was developed by Richard Feynman and Julian Schwinger. Quantum electrodynamics was able to describe the interactions particles in detail.

Acton, Massachusetts
Acton is a town in the U.S. state of Massachusetts. It is 21 miles away from Boston.

Urbana, Illinois
Urbana is a city in the U.S. state of Illinois. It is the twin city of Champaign, Illinois and is separated by a single street.

Bill Oddie
William Edgar (Bill) Oddie (born July 7 1941) is a British comedian and television personality, he is most famous for his birdwatching and conservation work. In the 1970s, he was a member of The Goodies.

Montgomery Ward
Montgomery Ward was an American department store chain. It started as a mail-order catalog (called a "Wish Book") and department store in 1872. It owned Jefferson Ward discount stores. Jefferson Ward stores in the northern US were sold to Bradlees in 1985. The rest closed in 1988. All its stores closed in 2000. In 2004, it reopened as an online store.

Toe
Toes are the "digits" of the foot of an animal. Many animal species walk on their toes, and are called "digitigrade". Humans, and other animals that walk on the soles of their feet, are "plantigrade"; hoofed animals are "unguligrade".
In humans, the bones of each toe continue all the way to the heel, although in from the base of the toes they come together in the body of the foot. The inside toe is by far the thickest, and is called the "big toe", "great toe", or "hallux".
The one on the other end is short and thin. The toes, especially the big toe, play an essential role in walking, although a loss of the smallest toe will not affect the way people move.

AFC Champions League
The AFC Champions League is a football competition between the best club teams in Asia. The teams are selected because of good performances in matches.

Newton's laws of motion
Isaac Newton (1642-1727), the father of the dynamics, – the study of motion – developed three sets of laws that are believed to be true because the results agree with the laws he produced.
First Law.
If a body is at rest it remains at rest or if it is in motion it moves with uniform velocity until it is acted on by a resultant force. (Duncan, 1995)
In other words, the first law says that an object that is not moving or moving in a constant speed in a straight line, will stay like that until something pushes it or blocks its path. As we all know, nothing in the visual world ever stays in constant speed, but the object itself is moving at constant speed, while a force is stopping it from moving at constant speed, friction.
However, in space, an object can move in a constant speed as long as it does not get close to any other objects, and stays in open space. This is why rockets use less fuel in space than they do getting to it.
Newton’s first law also brings in another new idea, the idea of inertia. The idea of inertia can be seen and felt in every day life. For example, when a person pulls on a cart the force of the cart pulls the person back.
Second Law.
The rate of change of momentum of a body is proportional to the resulting force and occurs in the direction of the force. (Duncan, 1995)
In other words, force is equal to mass times acceleration.
This law provides the definition and calculation of force through mass and acceleration.
Newton's Third Law.
If body A exerts a force on body B, then body B exerts an equal but opposite force on body A. (Duncan, 1995)
This is also known as the “action and reaction effect” where forces only occur in pairs opposite to each other. For example, when a person pulls on a sled the force of the sled pulls the person back while the person pulls forward. This example also shows how the Third Law always involves two different bodies (in this case, the person and the sled).
Another interesting thought is that a person in falling--for instance, a parachute jumper--is pulling the earth. Since the earth is pulling on the person, creating a force pulling the person downwards, the Third Law says the person must also be pulling on the earth by an equal amount but in the opposite direction.
Sources.
Duncan, Tom. "Advanced Physics for Hong Kong: Volume 1 Mechanics & Electricity". John Murray Ltd, 1995.
See also.
Classical mechanics

Fencing
"This is about the sport. You may be wanting to read about a fence."
Fencing is a sport that includes two people with swords. The aim is to score hits. There is also a referee.
Foil.
The foil is a light and easy to bend weapon, first made in mid 17th century as a weapon for practice. 'Hits' can only be scored by hitting the right target area with the point of the sword. The target area is the torso.
Épée.
The épée is the heaviest of the three weapons. To score a hit, the push-button on the end of the weapon must remain fully down for 2-10 milliseconds, and must arrive (hit) with a force of at least 7.35 newtons.
Sabre.
The sabre is the "cutting" weapon, with a curved guard (to protect the hand) and a triangular blade. However, in modern electric scoring, a touch with any part of the sabre, (point, flat or edge, as long as it is on target) will count as a hit. The target area in sabre is everything from the waist up, except for the hands.
Uniform.
Fencers wear a uniform to avoid injury. They a wear mask of black mesh with a bib. Also, a jacket, short pants and a sort of half-a-shirt (called a underarm protector or plastron), all of white fabric. They must also wear socks that cover their legs. Women must wear a chest protector. These are collectively called "whites."

Administrator
Administrators are people who organize things like businesses. All businesses have administrators. They make decisions, organize the people who work there and make sure that things are working alright and there are no problems. Their work is called "administration". The administrators are part of the "management".
Administrator is also the person in charge of some of the small territories of the United Kingdom, for example Ascension Island and the British Antarctic Territory which are too small to run their own government.
On the Internet, an "administrator" means something a little different. On the Internet, an administrator is like a big boss and a police officer. He or she can even ban someone if they are putting bad things on the Internet.

Geneva Conventions
The Geneva Conventions are a set of four treaties of international law. They were formulated in Geneva, Switzerland. All of the four treaties are about humanitarian issues. The Swiss Henri Dunant was the person who started the creation of the conventions. He did this after he saw the unimaginable cruelty of the Battle of Solferino in 1859.
Some parts of the four Geneva Conventions say that all states who signed must create national laws to make violations of the Geneva Conventions a crime.
After the First Convention was agreed, the International Committee of the Red Cross was founded in 1863.
All four conventions were last checked and agreed in 1949. Those versions are related to previous revisions. In some cases, ideas from the 1907 Hague Conventions were added. Usually, people refer to all four conventions as the "Geneva Conventions of 1949" or simply the "Geneva Conventions". Later conferences have added text that forbids certain methods of warfare. They have also spoken about issues of civil wars. Nearly all 200 countries of the world are "signatory" nations, in that they have signed and ratified these conventions.
Clara Barton was important in campaigning for the agreement of the First Geneva Convention by the United States; the U.S. signed in 1882. By the Fourth Geneva Convention some 47 nations had ratified the agreements.

International law
International law is the law that is use when countries deal with each other. It is composed of a set of treaties. In recent years, people have also seen international organizations like the United Nations use international law.

Hague Convention
The Hague Conventions is a set of treaties signed in Den Haag in 1899 and 1907. Along with the Geneva conventions, they are among the first treaties to speak about war crimes and the laws of war. They are considered to be part of international law.

The Hague
The Hague (with capital T; Dutch: also called 's-Gravenhage, commonly Den Haag) is the third-largest city in the Netherlands, after Amsterdam and Rotterdam. It has a population of 472,087 (January 1 2005) (700,000 in the greater metropolitan area) and an area of around 100 km². It is in the west of the country, in the province South Holland. It is the capital of the province.
Den Haag is where the government meets, even though it is not the capital of the Netherlands. The Dutch constitution makes Amsterdam the capital.
The Hague is the home of the "Eerste Kamer" (literally "First Chamber") or "Senaat", and the "Tweede Kamer" (literally "Second Chamber"). These are the same as the upper and lower houses in some other countries. They form the "Staten Generaal" (literally the "Estates-General"). The Dutch Queen Beatrix lives and works in The Hague. All foreign embassies and government ministries are in the city, as well as the Hoge Raad der Nederlanden (The Supreme Court) and many lobbying organisations.

Special Air Service
The S.A.S. or Special Air Service, is a Special Operations Organisation of the British Army. It was founded in 1941 to attack behind the German line of defence in North Africa, in World War II.
The SAS is a very secret organisation, its members often do not tell anyone except close family that they are in it. The British Ministry of Defence (MOD) rarely speaks of the SAS and mission details are never released until after a set amount of time.
The Badge of the organisation is a knife with wings. It shows the motto: "Who Dares Wins".
The SAS is thought of all over the world as one of the best, if not the best Special Operations organisations.
This is mainly because of the intense training they are put through. The hardest part of this is intense interrogation (questioning while under torture) which the trainees must go through.
The SAS is respected worldwide and used to train many other Special Forces Units.

Kookaburra Sport
Kookaburra Sport is an Australian company named after an Australian bird related to the kingfisher, which eats snakes and is, therefore, very valuable to the Australians.
Kookaburra makes and sells Cricket supplies which are used by amateurs and profesionals. They are one of the leading brands and are famous for their colourful and artistic designs.

Lancashire
Lancashire is a county in the North West of England. Its two cities are Lancaster and Preston. Before 1974, Liverpool and Manchester were part of Lancashire.
The county has developed a fierce rivalry with Yorkshire, the next county east. This has grown out of rivalry in sport, such as in cricket, and comes from the War of the Roses.
A main attraction in Lancashire is Blackpool, a typical English seaside resort, boasting a theme park (Blackpool Pleasure Beach).
It has the second largest rollercoaster in Europe ("The Big One") and a tower modelled after the Eiffel Tower, Blackpool Tower.
Lancashire is characterised by its market towns (such as Chorley) and small villages (Bretherton, Croston, Eccleston etc). Situated just south of an area of outstanding natural beauty, the Lake District, Lancashire also has its fair share of pleasant countryside such as White Coppice and the Rivington Moors. Lancashire's urban heart can be seen in the newly acclaimed City of Preston, an ex mill town, which has a variety of shops, restaurants, bars and historical architecture.
Another hallmark of Lancashire is the acclaimed "Lancashire Hot pot" consisting of meat, onion or various vegetables and potatoes. It is commonly found on many pub menus throughout the county and Britain itself.
The people of Lancashire are generally renowned for their friendly nature. Humour is also a vital element of Lancashire life and Lancastrians pride themselves on having their own "brand" of humour.

Church of England
The Church of England is a protestant church in England, with its head being the English monarch (who is Elizabeth II). It is a mother church of the Anglican Communion.
History.
The Church of England was created by King Henry VIII in 1534. Henry VIII was married to Catherine of Aragon, but asked the Pope to annul the marriage (say that there was a mistake and that Henry and Catherine were never really married). He had wanted to annul the marriage because he wanted a male heir to his throne and Catherine could not produce one. When the annulment was refused, Henry VIII used his position as King to breakaway from the Roman Catholic Church, and establish the Church of England, sometimes called the Anglican ("English") Church.

Grammatical tense
Some languages have all three tenses, some have only two, and some have no tenses at all. English and Japanese for example have only two common tenses: past and present. Chinese and Indonesian verbs do not show tense. Instead they use other words in the sentence to show when the verb happens.
Popular ideas of tense.
Many people think that "tense" means any verb form or even certain combinations of auxiliary verbs and other verbs. For example, many people say that "will go" is future tense or that "He is loved by many" is passive tense. This is not technically correct.

Blackpool Tower
Blackpool Tower is a monument in Blackpool, a North England seaside town.
It was built in the style of the Eiffel Tower In 1891. It cost £45000 (around $70000), was 518 ft tall and weighs 2586 tons. It is mainly made from Steel and Cast Iron.
It is used as a tourist attraction and is part of the Blackpool attractions. These include, the tower, the Golden Mile, which is a row of arcades, the sea, and Blackpool Pleasure Beach (A theme park)
The tower is owned by Trevor Hemmings, who is a local businessman.

Theme park
A theme park or an amusement park is a place with attractions made up of rides such as roller coasters and water rides. They usually contain a selection of different types of rides, along with shops, restaurants and other entertainment outlets. Theme parks can be enjoyed by adults, teenagers and children.
Many are themed to a particular area; there are water parks, parks modeled after toys, parks modeled after films or types of films, usually adventure or action.

Kookaburra
Kookaburras are birds of the genus "Dacelo".
Habitat.
Kookaburras originally lived in Australia and New Guinea. Some were brought by humans to New Zealand between 1866 and 1880; but only those that were freed by Sir George Grey on Kawau Island are still there today.
Life.
Kookaburras usually eat small animals: small mammals (like mice), insects, small birds, lizards and snakes.
Kookaburras usually live in family groups. Young kookaburras help their parents to hunt and care for the smaller children.
Kookaburras are well known for their loud call, which sounds a bit like human laughter. Kookaburras use their calling to show others their territory.

Poll tax
Polltax is a system of taxing. It is based on the idea that everyone pays the same amount of tax. This is regardless of how much they earn. In the last few years of Margaret Thatcher's reign as British Prime minister, she received heavy opposition and mass riots were held when she tried to have polltax used as the tax system.

Canadian dollar
The Canadian dollar is the national currency of Canada. It has been used since 1858.

Bonn
Bonn is a city near Cologne. It is in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia.
Bonn was founded on an old Roman settlement, today it has about 310,000 inhabitants.
Following World War II Bonn was in the British occupation zone. In 1949 Bonn was chosen as the provisional capital of West Germany.
Bonn was the choice of Konrad Adenauer, a former Cologne Mayor and the first Chancellor of West Germany after World War II, who came from that area. Frankfurt am Main had most of the needed facilities already, so using Bonn meant spending about 95 Million DM to building new roads and building. However, Frankfurt am Main had been an important city during the war, and choosing Bonn was to symbolise a new start for the new Germany.
Because of its relatively small size for a capital city, Bonn was sometimes jokingly called the "Bundesdorf" (Federal Village).
Bonn was the capital of West Germany from 1949 until 1990 it. The Bundestag voted to move to Berlin on 20 June 1991, after a heated debate. The Federal President had already decided to make Schloß Bellevue in Berlin his main official residence. The extra building work needed meant it was 1999 before the governmentÄs move was completed.
Main sights.
Beethoven's birth place is located at Bonngasse. Next to the market place is the Old Town Hall, built in 1737 in Rococo style, under the rule of Clemens August of Bavaria. It's used for receptions of guests of the town, and as a bureau for the mayor. Close by is the "Kurfürstliches Schloss", which has been built as a residence of the prince-elector, and nowadays is the main building of the University of Bonn.
The "Poppelsdorfer Allee", an alley flanked by chestnut trees, connects the "Kurfürstliches Schloss" with the "Poppelsdorfer Schloss", a palace that was built as a resort to prince-electors in the first half of the 18th century. This axis is interrupted by a railway line and Bonn Central Station, a building erected in 1883/84.
The three highest buildings in the city are the radio mast of WDR in Bonn-Venusberg (180 m), the headquarters of the Deutsche Post called "Post Tower" (162.5 m) and the former building for the German members of parliament "Langer Eugen" (114.7 m) which nowadays is the new location of the UN-Campus.

CAF Champions League
The CAF Champions League is a football competition between the best club teams in Africa. The teams are selected because of good performances in matches.

Copa Libertadores
Copa Libertadores de America (Libertadores Cup or Copa Libertadores) is a football competition between the best club teams in South America and Mexico. The teams are qualified based on how well they did in the national tournament. The last year winner has assured participation. The tournament is run by Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol (CONMEBOL).
Copa Libertadores de America is played annually. It usually happens between the months of February and June (South American summer and fall). Its winner is qualified for the annual FIFA Club World Cup.
Libertadores starts in January with the worst classified team of each country playing for to be a part of the "Main Draw". In February, the Main Draw begins. It is made up of 8 groups with 4 clubs in each group. Each team plays 6 games. They play three home games and three away games. The top 2 clubs in every group advance to the next round. A total of 16 clubs play in the playoffs.
The better qualified clubs in the Main Draw take advantage of playing the second game of each round of the playoffs at home. Libertadores goes on with clubs playing home and away, round after round till the Finals.
Unlike European club competitions, the Copa Libertadores, in the past, did not use extra time or away goals to decide a tie. Starting with the 2005 event, CONMEBOL began to use the away goals rule, with the extra time used only in the final matches.
Teams in 2007.
The lowest-ranked team from each country and the second lowest-ranked team from the country of the previous year's champion, will enter the preliminary round. The winners will join the other 26 teams in the Main Draw.

Longbow
A longbow is a type of bow. It is much longer than most other bows and is much more powerful.
The longbow was mainly used in the Middle Ages up until Henry VIII's reign. The longbow was mainly an English weapon, with the best users of it being English or Welsh.
It was made from hard wearing, flexible wood, and could fire great distances. The people who fired longbows made their enemies very frightened. The French often cut off the forefinger and middle fingers of those that they caught. This led to the archers trying to make the French angry by waggling the fingers in a "Two-Fingered Salute", which is today considered rude.

African Union
The African Union (abbreviated AU) is an international organization consisting of fifty-three African member countries. Founded in Durban in July 2002, the AU was formed as a replacement to the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) and the African Economic Community (AEC).
The AU, in the future, aims to have a single currency and a single integrated defence force, as well as other institutions of state, including a cabinet for the AU Head of State. The purpose of the organisation is to help secure the continent's democracy, human rights, and a sustainable economy, especially by bringing an end to conflict between African nations and creating an effective common market.

Bastille
The Bastille was a prison in Paris, France. It was destroyed during the French Revolution on July 14, 1789. This event is considered the beginning of the French Revolution. Today in France, July 14 (Bastille Day) is a national holiday.

The Freecycle Network
The Freecycle Network (TFN) is a global network of people who share and regive items. They organise their network through the Internet. Freecycle is a place for people to meet. There are just two things people can do there.
The first thing is this: A person can ask the other people for an item. If someone has it, they can tell the person who wants it.
The second thing is this: A person can give away an item. Sometimes many people want the item, and the donator has to choose just one person.

Slashdot
Slashdot is a website, or a place where people can read things with a computer. Most people who go to Slashdot like computers. Other people go, too.
Slashdot has been a website for ten years. It has lots of things to talk about. Some of the things are: computers, the Internet, video games, and politics. The politics are just about computers and the Internet.
Many people like Slashdot because you can share ideas. People who like computers and the Internet can read the ideas to learn.
Anyone can go to Slashdot and read it and do not need to give money. People from every country go. It has many ideas which are never the same.

Hooke's Law
The spring equation is the most common type of Hooke's Law.
The spring equation.
When x = 0, the spring is at rest. The spring is at the equilibrium position.
There is a negative sign because the force of the spring does not go to the same direction as the spring moves.
This equation only works on a linear spring. A linear spring can only be pushed or pulled in one direction.
Elastic Potential Energy.
Elastic potential energy is the energy saved in an object that is stretched, compressed (compression is pressing objects together), twisted or bent. For example, an arrow gets the elastic potential energy from the bow. When it leaves the bow, the energy turns into kinetic energy.

Railfan
A railfan is a person who likes railways and trains. Railfans like to take pictures of trains. They also like to watch trains. Some railfans make models of railways. These are called model railways.
Some railfans like to study the history of railways. Some railfans collect things having to do with trains. Railfans may carry a radio scanner when they are watching trains, so they can listen to the railway workers talk. Some railfans work for a railway, or have family members who worked for a railway. Most railfans like to ride trains.
There are many magazines for people who like trains. Railfans enjoy reading books and magazines about trains.

Time (magazine)
Time is a news magazine. It is printed every week in the United States. It has articles on politics and current events. They also put out a magazine called Time For Kids, aimed at children. That magazine is eight pages long and contains more images and shorter articles than the regular "Time" magazine.

Cable television
Cable television is a way of letting people watch television without having to get signals from an antenna. The television signals are brought to the television through a cable. People usually have to pay to subscribe to cable television. With cable television, people can watch hundreds of television channels.you can have fun watching things for example, cartoons, shows, movies, idols, news and more.

Antenna
An antenna or aerial is an electronic device designed to send or receive signals that have specific frequency. Some electronic devices like radio, television, radar, wireless LAN need antennas to work. Antennas work properly in air or outer space. Antenna's length is usually up to the wavelength it uses.
The word 'antenna' is from Guglielmo Marconi's test with wireless equipment in 1895. For the test, He used a 2.5 meter long pole antenna with a tent pole called ' "l'antenna centrale" ' in Italian. So his antenna was simply called ' "l'antenna" '. After that, the term 'antenna' became popular among people and had the meaning it has today.
There are many antenna models and each antenna has different purpose. For example, The isotropic radiator is a imaginary antenna that sends signals equally in all directions. The dipole antenna is simply two wires with one end of each wire connected to the radio and the other end hanging free in space. The Horn is used where high gain is needed, the wavelength is short.

Jack London
Jack London was a writer who wrote many books. He lived in the U.S. state of California but also spent a lot of time in Hawaii and Alaska.
His most famous book was "The Call of the Wild". "The Call of the Wild" is about a dog named Buck who is taken to Alaska to work with a pack of dogs pulling a sled. This book took place during the Gold Rush. Many people bought "The Call of the Wild" and Jack London became a famous writer.
He also wrote other books about dogs and wolves. Another one of his famous books is "White Fang".
Jack London was also a hobo at one time. He wrote a book about this called "The Road". Jack London had political beliefs. He was a socialist. One of his famous books is "The Iron Heel", which is the story of the government using force against the socialist movement.
He also spent some time at sea and making a living as an "oyster pirate". He wrote many books about sailing and boats. One of his best known books about life at sea was "The Sea Wolf".

Spacetime
Spacetime is a model in physics that joins the three dimensional space and one dimensional time into the idea of space-time continuum. Combining these two ideas helped physicists to make many laws of physics easier to understand, and to explain how the universe works on the big level (e.g., stars) and small level (e.g., atoms).
The actual number of dimensions in spacetime is not fixed, but usually spacetime means a four dimensional (three dimensions of space and one dimension of time) spacetime. Some other theories claim that there are more than four dimensions.
Historical origin.
Many people link spacetime with Albert Einstein who found special relativity. However, it was Einstein's teacher, Hermann Minkowski, who suggested this idea. He hoped this new idea would clarify the theory of special relativity.
Spacetime in general relativity.
In general relativity, spacetime is curved by the existence of matter, energy, and momentum, as said by the Einstein field equations.
Many continuous space-time leads to strange physical understanding. For this reason, many mathematical physicists (physicists who use math to physical questions) study only seemingly real set of spacetime.
Spacetime in quantum mechanics and disagreements.
In general relativity, spacetime is thought as smooth and continuous. However in the theory of quantum mechanics, spacetime is not always continuous.

Jerk
Jerk is the change in the acceleration of an object. Mathematically, jerk is the derivative, or the rate of change in acceleration by time. Jerk is also called jolt (in British English), surge, or lurch. Jerk is a vector and there is no word for its scalar value.
The jerk is measured in metres per second cubed (formula_1).
Yank can be thought as a force in terms of jerk. Force is mass times acceleration. Similarly, Yank is mass times jerk. It is also the derivative of the force. However, when an object is moving near the speed of light, a force is often written as the derivative of momentum. In this case, Yank is the rate of change of derivative of momentum.
Its use.
Jerk is used in engineering, more than ever in making roller coasters. Weak objects such as people can be damaged by high acceleration or high jerk.
Also, jerk must be thought in the process of making any product. Sudden change in acceleration means very large jerk. This leads to a tool to be damaged faster.
Slang.
Jerk is also a mean name to call a mean person, or an idiom for ugly behaviour.

Electric current
The SI unit of electric current is ampere (A). This is equal to one coulomb of charge in one second.
Current can be found in wires, batteries, and lightning.
Conventional current.
Conventional current is the flow of positive charge. Conventional current is positive charge flow. (Conventional means it is by agreement only; physicists agree to call the flow of positive charge, 'conventional current'). (It is also by convention that they agree to call one charge e. g. the electron 'negative' and another charge e. g. the proton 'positive'). (The application of the positive sign to one and not to the other is a matter of arbitrary convention which means that the solution of the problem rests by agreement on a random choice). It is a movement of positive charges in one direction, and a movement in the opposite direction of electrons. It goes from the positive to negative side of the starting position. But this is (apparently) wrong because positive charges do not move in solid metals (except by convention).
It is really electron flow happening in a circuit made of solid metals.
Electron flow.
Electron flow is a stream of negative charges moving in the opposite direction of conventional current, from negative to positive.
A cathode ray is an example of electron flow. It is a stream of electrons in a vacuum tube.
Current in circuits.
When current is flowing in a wire circuit, it accelerates when there is no resistance in the circuit. Resistors are used to increase resistance in the circuit so it slows down the current. The relationship between resistance, current, and voltage (another part of the circuit) is shown by Ohm's law.

Cambridge
Cambridge is a university city in England. It is 50 miles north of London. The University of Cambridge is well known worldwide. It even has a hospital, named Addenbrooke's Hospital.

Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn" is a book written by Mark Twain, published in 1884. It is a sequel to his earlier book, "Tom Sawyer".
Story.
It is the story of the boy Huckleberry Finn, who already appeared in "Tom Sawyer". Huck, formerly a vagabond, now lives with the Widow Douglas, who tries to teach him to be civilized and acceptable to society. Then one day Huck's father comes back, who is an alcoholic and treats Huck very badly, so Huck runs away. He meets Jim, a black slave who wants to escape to freedom, and they travel down the Mississippi River on a raft. The book tells of their adventures together.
Book History.
The book is often criticised because it shows people doing bad and amoral things, slavery, and bad and vulgar language, for example the word "nigger". On the other hand it is said that the book just shows how life and society were at that time, and that at that time slavery was thought to be normal and right.

Simple English Wiktionary
Simple English Wiktionary is a wiki-based free content dictionary run by the Wikimedia Foundation. It is a sister project of the Simple English Wikipedia.

Snooker
Snooker is a billiards sport for two players. It is played on a large (12' × 6') table that is covered with baize and has pockets in each of the four corners and in the middle of each of the long side cushions. The players use cues to strike the white ball (the cue ball). There are 15 red balls (worth 1 point each) and 6 colours: a yellow (2 points), green (3 points), brown (4 points), blue (5 points), pink (6 points) and black ball (7 points).
The player that scores more points wins the frame. A match consists of an agreed number of frames.

Aaliyah
Aaliyah Dana Haughton (better known as Aaliyah) (January 16, 1979 – August 25, 2001, in an airplane crash) was an American rhythm and blues singer and actor. Her parents moved with her to Detroit, Michigan when she was twenty years old. She was going to be in the new "The Matrix Reloaded" film, but the filmmakers had to use another person after she died.

Simple Plan
Simple Plan is a pop punk rock band from Montréal, Canada that was founded in 1999.
Members.
When they were 13, schoolmates Pierre Bouvier and Chuck Comeau founded the band "Reset". They published their first album in 1997. Soon after that, Comeau left the band because school was more important to him. He came back in 1999 and founded "Simple Plan" with Sebastien Lefebvre and Jeff Stinco. Bouvier met up with Comeau at a Sugar Ray concert, and Comeau offered Bouvier to join his band. David Desrosiers, who had replaced Bouvier in Reset, joined the band in 2000. in 2002, they published the album "No Pads, No Helmets... Just Balls". They worked together with Joel Madden (Good Charlotte) und Mark Hoppus (Blink182). One year later, the album "Still Not Getting Any..." was published.

Serj Tankian
Serj Tankian (born on August 21, 1967 in Beirut, Lebanon) is an Armenian-American musician who lives in Los Angeles. He was the lead vocalist of System of a Down. He is now a solo artist and he released an album, "Elect the Dead" in 2007.

Axl Rose
Axl Rose (Born February 6, 1962) is an American hard rock singer and songwriter. He was born William Bruce Rose, Jr. in Lafayette, Indiana, and grew up under the name William 'Bill' Bailey. He is most well known for being the lead singer for rock band Guns N' Roses.

Gravitational energy
Gravitational energy is the energy held by an object because of its high position compared to a lower position. I.e. Apencil being held above a table has a higher gravitational potential than a pencil sitting on the table. Gravitional potential energy is Mechanical energy minus Kinetic Energy. It has a scalar quantity measured in Joules (J).
Formula.
Force of gravity = formula_1

Equal
In mathematics, two things are equal, when they are the same. That is, they have the same (mathematical) value, and the same mathematical properties. Mathematicians use the "equals" operator (Which they write as the "=" sign) to say this.
"x = y" is obviously the same as "y = x". Equations are equal. Inequality is unequal.
In mathematical logic, the equivalence (equal) relation is defined as follows: Given any logic predicate P, "x = y" only if "P(x) = P(y)". In other words, if you find a predicate that has a different truth value when it is applied to either x or y, then the two cannot be equal.
Here is a simple way of saying that: if two things are equal, anything that is true about one of them has to be true about the other one.
In geometry, the word congruence is often preferred. Numbers are equal, geometrical objects are congruent. Two shapes are congruent if one can be moved or rotated so that it fits exactly where the other one is. If you have to shrink or enlarge one of the two objects, they are not congruent. They are called "similar"
In Computer Science, usually, the mathematical definition is used. Very often, the comparison is written "==" (and the assigment, ie. giving a value, is written "=", or ":="). In object-oriented languages, or languages who have pointers, there is an additional problem. Those languages know of references (what are in fact pointers). If two such references do not reference the exactly same object, they are different. "a == b" will be false, for this case.
For this reason, many such languages have introduced another operator (in Java, this method is called "equals"). This operator compares the actual values of the objects, not where the variables that reference them point to.
In social sciences, two people are equal if many of the same things are true about them. Two people who have the same amount of education and money and are the same age usually think of each other as equals. Another name for a person who is equal to another person is a peer.

Shining Rock Wilderness
The Shining Rock Wilderness is a protected area in the U.S. state of North Carolina. Its first 13,400 acres have been part of the National Wilderness Preservation System since the System was created in 1964. It now includes 18,483 acres, and is managed by the United States Forest Service.
Within the wilderness, the Art Loeb trail can be followed to the top of Cold Mountain. Cold Mountain is the namesake of a historical fiction novel set in the time of the American Civil War. A movie based on the book is also named "Cold Mountain".

Radioactive decay
Radioactive decay is the process where the nucleus of an atom changes into another type of nucleus and produces a particle at the same time. Nuclei which change like this are called radioactive or unstable. This change happens to the nucleus of an atom. Most atoms on earth are not radioactive. Only some types of atom are radioactive.
Radioactive decay always changes the type of atom from an isotope that has higher energy inside its nucleus to an isotope with lower energy in its nucleus. The difference in energy between the nucleus before and after the decay goes into the particles created in the decay. Energy is not created or destroyed in radioactive decay.
Alpha decay, beta decay and gamma decay are the most common types of radioactive decay. They are different from each other because different types of decay produce different particles. The starting radioactive nucleus is called the parent nucleus and the nucleus that it changes into is called the daughter nucleus. The high-energy particles produced by radioactive materials are called radiation.
Alpha decay.
During alpha decay, the atomic nucleus releases an alpha particle. The nucleus will lose two protons and two neutrons when this happens. After the decay, the atom will change to another element, because the atom loses two protons. For example, if Americium were to go through Alpha decay it would change into Neptunium because Neptunium is defined by have two protons less than Americium. Alpha decay usually happens in heavy elements, such as uranium, thorium, plutonium, and radium.
Alpha particles cannot even go through a few centimeters of air. Alpha irradiation does not hurt human skin, because skin does not let the alpha particles go through. Alpha radiation is very harmful to people who inhale dust or gas containing materials which decay by emitting alpha particles.
Beta decay.
There are two kinds of beta decay, beta-plus and beta-minus.
Beta-plus decay happens inside the sun and in some types of particle accelerators.
Beta-minus decay happens in nuclear reactors.
Gamma decay.
Gamma decay happens when a nucleus produces a high-energy packet of energy called a gamma ray. Gamma rays do not have electrical charge, but they do have angular momentum. Gamma rays are usually emitted from nuclei immediately after other types of decay. Gamma rays can be used to analyze radioactive materials, to kill bacteria in food, to find some types of disease, and to treat some kinds of cancer. Gamma rays have the highest energy of any electromagnetic wave, and gamma rays bursts in space are the most energetic release of energy ever recorded, even more that supernova's.

Nicotine
Nicotine is a drug found in tobacco cigarettes, cigars, pipe tobacco, and chewing tobacco. Nicotine is an addictive stimulant that causes the heart to beat faster and makes blood pressure rise. This can be unhealthy. Many people who use tobacco products want to quit but have a hard time quitting.
Nicotine is a substance found in most members of the Nightshade family of plants. Small quantities of it can also be found in tomatos, potatoes, aubergines (eggplants) and green pepper ("Capsicum", the peppers used as vegetables). Nicotine is also present in the Coca plant. In higher quantities it is a very efficient poison. It acts on the nerves. It is a stimulant, in lower quantities. It is one of the main reasons people are addicted to smoking.
Nicotine is named after Jean Nicot. Nicot was an French ambassador in Portugal. He had some tobacco seeds sent to Paris for analysis (As a drug).
Besides the treatment of nicotine dependency, it seems that the drug can also be used to treat special (severe) forms of epilepsy, as well as some other diseases.

Addiction
Addiction is when the body or mind badly wants or needs something in order to work right. When you have addiction to something it is called being "addicted" or being an "addict". People can be addicted to drugs, cigarettes, alcohol, caffeine, and many other things.
When somebody is addicted to something, they can become sick if they do not get the thing they are addicted to. But taking more of the thing they are addicted to can also hurt their health. Some people who are addicts need to go to a doctor or hospital to cure the addiction, so they no longer crave (want or need) the drug.
People can also be addicted to other things which are not drugs. You may hear people talk about being "addicted to the Internet" or "addicted to chocolate."

Secession
Secession usually means when part of one country breaks away, or leaves that country to start a new country. During the American Civil War, the South seceded from the United States.

New England
New England is a part in the north of the United States. It is a region (area) in the northeast part of the U.S. There are six states in the New England region. These states are Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island.In the early days their economy was mostly based on fishing.

Rockville, Virginia
Rockville is a small town in the U.S. state of Virginia. It is located in Hanover county near Richmond, Virginia. Rockville is mainly a farming town. It got its name from nearby rock quarries.

Intelligence quotient
IQ or intelligence quotient is a measurement of how smart someone is. Scores are based on how advanced someone is compared to other people the same age.
IQ tests attempt to measure various aspects of general intelligence through the administration of activity tests. Most major IQ tests measure apparently different abilities. But they do correlate well.
People with low IQ scores are often disabled. This may or may not be permanent. People with very high IQs, along with other creative or able people, are geniuses.
People who have problems taking tests will also have problems taking an IQ test. They might be rated with a low score, and feel like they are unintelligent.
There is another problem with testing this way. Some of the tests will have questions that require a specific social or cultural background to be answered correctly. People who are not from that background may have different social values, and will therefore answer such questions differently. Also, many people argue that intelligence should not be represented by only one number.
Also, there are specific conditions and diseases that affect how the brain works. Such people may look like idiots, even if measured against a standard IQ tests. However, since such conditions favor the recognition and matching up of patterns (of all kinds), they may be ranked completely differently, if the test focuses on matching patterns.
Highest is 200 and lowest is 50

Dead Calm
Dead Calm is a novel that was written in 1963. It is also a movie released in 1989 that starred Sam Neill, Nicole Kidman, and Billy Zane.
What happened.
In it, a honeymoon couple rescue a young man from a sinking boat who claims to have lost his companions to food poisoning, but the real story is much less innocent.
In this movie, Nicole Kidman and Sam Neill played good guys and Billy Zane played a bad guy. This movie was Nicole Kidman's first famous movie, and it made her famous. In this movie, Billy Zane's character rapes Nicole Kidman's character.

Event Horizon
Event Horizon is a scary movie from 1997 that starred Sam Neill as the main bad guy.
Synopsis.
This movie is made in the future and a space ship is stuck near Jupiter. Sam Neill is very sad because his wife has died. When they go to the space ship, they find that everyone has killed themselves, and it all looks very scary. Then they find out that the ship has been to another dimension and it is like hell and everyone sees their worst nightmares.
Sam Neill sees his wife in his dream, and she tells him to pull his eyes out. Sam Neill then walks around without any eyes and starts to kill people. They send him out to space, but he does not die. People get very scared. Even when they kill Sam Neill, they still see him.

Melting point
The melting point of a substance is the temperature at which this substance goes from the solid state to the liquid one, at a normal pressure.
When looking at when a liquid substance becomes solid, most people call this the freezing point. For most substances, like water, this is the same as the melting point. There are substances, where this is not the case (they melt at one temperature, and freeze at another). Agar seems to melt at 85° Celsius, but freeze at between 35°C and 40°C. Physicists call this phenomenon hysteresis.
For water, this is 0° Celsius (32 Fahrenheit,273,15 Kelvin).

Michael Hayden
Michael Hayden (born March 17, 1945 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) became the head of the CIA in America in 2006. On 24 May 2006, he was voted as the new head of the CIA by the United States Senate. He was the director of the NSA from 1999 to 2005. The NSA and CIA are both spy agencies. He has worked as a spy since 1970.

Lutherstadt Wittenberg
Wittenberg is a town in Germany. It lies in the eastern part of Saxony-Anhalt. Wittenberg became one of the most important German towns of political, cultural, historical, and artistic advances in the 16th century. The famous reformation places in the old town, and the buildings developed in different epochs, make up the architecture of the town.
Many people travel to Wittenberg because of its past, and its connection to Martin Luther who worked there.
Wittenberg has about 46,000 inhabitants. Its geographical coordinates are 51° 52’ N, 12° 39’ E.

Cyber stalking
Cyber stalking (or Cyberstalking) is when someone is using the Internet to stalk or harass someone. Cyber stalking is illegal in some countries.
Stalking.
Stalking is following someone around in a way that makes them feel hunted or not safe in some other way. It is not just one event but an ongoing process that threatens or makes that person feel scared. Someone who does this is called a stalker. The stalker may do this because they want to be involved in that person's life or because they want to have power over that person's life. The stalker can hurt that person's feelings by making them scared. They may feel they do not have the power to stop the stalker. Psychologists say stalking is a way of hurting someone's mind with serious effects. Sometimes a stalker may go on to hurt that person's body by assaulting, raping or murdering that person.
Cyber Stalking.
Cyber stalking is when the stalker uses the Internet to contact or follow that person. The stalker may make direct contact with that person, they may send nasty messages to that person or spread lies about them to others. Sometimes stalkers use the Internet to learn more about the other person. They might find their address, phone number, workplace or photograph. Then they might use this information to do more stalking or find other ways to hurt that person on the Internet or hurt their body.
The person who is stalked on the Internet may feel they have more power if they can simply delete emails or turn their computer connection off. Or they may feel they have less power if they do not know who the stalker is.

Voltage
Voltage is the change in electric potential (meaning potential energy per unit charge) between two positions.
It is measured in volts. It was named after an Italian physicist Alessandro Volta who made the first chemical battery. Because it is similar in spelling with voltage, some scientists had made suggestions that it should be called "electric tension". Many other languages uses a word that means electric tension for voltage.
Mathematical definition.
Mathematically, the voltage is the amount of work needed to move a charge from one position to the other.
Measuring tools.
Some of the tools for measuring the voltage are the voltmeter, the potentiometer, and the oscilloscope. The voltmeter measures the current going through a fixed resistor, then the voltage can be found using Ohm's law. The potentiometer works by balancing the unknown voltage against the known voltage inside a ring created by two wires. The oscilloscope first increases voltage, then the oscilloscope uses the voltage to make the path of electrons bent. Then it uses the idea that the change in direction and the voltage are proportional to find the voltage.

Hourglass
An hourglass, also known as a sandglass or sand timer, is a tool for the measurement of time.

Stopwatch
A stopwatch is a tool used to measure the amount of time something takes. For example, to learn how soon a car can reach 60 miles per hour, or how much time it takes a runner to run 40 yards. These days, stopwatches are even installed in digital watches. You press a button to start the time and press it again to stop the time. The time is displayed on the screen of it. It even tellls you the millisecond!

Departments of France
The départements (or departments) are administrative parts of France and many former French colonies, similar to English counties. The 100 French départements are now grouped into 22 metropolitan and four overseas régions. Their capitals are called préfectures.

Macrosociology
Macro-sociology is a way of looking at the world of people in a broad way. It studies mass of many peoples. It is about "concerned with human societies". Macrosociology is considered one of the main foundations of sociology (contrast with micro-sociology).
In sociology there are different levels of analysis. Macro-sociology is the analysis of either large collectivities (the city, the church) or, more abstractly, of social systems and social structures. (Dictionary of Sociology, 2000)
With the perspective of macro-sociology, it is possible to better understand societies, culture, groups and organizations.

Banja Luka Region
Banja Luka is a one of seven regions in Republika Srpska. In center of this region is the city of Banja Luka. There are about 709,000 people in Banja Luka Region.

Doboj Region
"Doboj Region" is a one of seven regions in Republika Srpska. In the center of this region is town of Doboj. Doboj Region is located in the north of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Bijeljina Region
Bijeljina Region is a region in Republika Srpska in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Capitol city of this region is Bijeljina.
Bijeljina Region is located in the northeast of the country.

Flag of Poland
The flag of Poland is rectangular, divided into two stripes: white above red. It was created in its modern form in 1921. The colors white and red were earlier declared the official national colors in 1831 by the Polish Parliament in 1831.
For many centuries the Polish flag was a white eagle on a red background.
Details.
The ratio of height to width is 5 to 8. The two horizontal stripes are of equal height.
There is a second version which has a coat of arms in the upper (white) half. The use of this flag is legally restricted.
If the flag is shown hanging vertically, the white should be on the left.
Polish flag day is May 2.
The Color Red.
The exact color of the red was not clearly stated originally, and has changed through the years. In 1919 the official act did not clearly define the red. In 1921 the Polish Ministry of Military Affairs used crimson as the shade of red in publications. In 1928 the president of Poland said the red should be vermilion. That was used until 1980, when people needed to specify the red more scientifically.
Similar flags in other places.
The same flag design is used in the German region Thuringia and the Spanish region Cantabria.
Both Indonesia and Monaco have flags that are the same colors, but upside-down.

Quantum computation
Quantum Computation is a way of computation that is very different from classical computation. Classical computation is the way in which computers have been built for a long time now. Quantum computation is newer, and very few quantum computers have been built. It uses a special type of physics, "quantum physics".
One algorithm can have different complexity in quantum and classical computation.

Elastic energy
Elastic potential energy is stored in objects that are stretched, compressed, bent, or twisted. It is the energy that represents the elastic distortion of a solid or a fluid. It is mainly used in physics.
Examples.
Examples of everyday objects that have Elastic potential energy would be elastic bands, springs, bungee cords, car shocks etc. Hooke's Law is one of the primary concepts needed to understand how Elastic Potential Energy works. Any spring that obeys Hooke's law is called an ideal spring.
Hooke's Law - the magnitude of the force exerted by a spring is directly proportional to the distance the spring has moved from equilibrium.
Ideal spring - a spring that obeys Hooke's law because it experiences no internal or external friction.
For example: Consider a spring, at its equillibrium position, that has one end attached to a wall. If the spring is then stretched away from the wall, the force exerted by the spring pulls the spring back towards the wall. On the other hand, if the spring is compressed towards the wall, the force exerted by the spring is working in the opposite direction of the applied force, and pushes away from the wall. This is what Hooke's law is trying to explain.
Equilibrium position - The position at which the spring rests.
Hooke's law.
formula_1
The force constant (k) is the proportionality constant of the spring. Springs that require a large force to stretch or compress them have large k values.
Note: Hooke's law applies to any elastic device that follows its conditions. It is not specifically dependant on just springs. The equation for the Force exerted by the spring is different than the energy being stored by the spring.
formula_2
Ee is the elastic potential energy, x is the position of the spring relative to the equilibrium position, and k is the force constant for the spring.
Note: The Elastic Potential Energy equation is very similar to Hooke's Spring Force equation. Hooke's Spring Force equation is actually used to derive the Elastic Potential Energy equation.

Transrapid
The Transrapid is a high speed train developed in Germany. It uses magnetic levitation. It can go very fast, up to 500km/h. Since now it is only used in Shanghai.
It is developed by the company TRANSRAPID INTERNATIONAL GmbH & Co. KG, a company of the Siemens AG and the ThyssenKrupp AG.

Torque
Definition.
The most basic definition of torque in physics is a turning or twisting force. If a force is used to begin to spin an object, or to stop an object from spinning, a torque is generated.
The force applied to a lever, multiplied by the distance from the lever's fulcrum is described as torque.
Fulcrum.
Fulcrum is the axis of rotation or point of support on which a lever turns in raising or moving something.
Equation.
where, F is the force vector, and r is the vector from the axis of rotation to the point where the force is acting.
Note: The SI unit of torque is the newton-metre. The most common English unit is the foot-pound.
Key.
Vector - quantities with magnitudes and direction.

Warm
Warm is kind of temperature between hot and cold.
It is slightly closer to hot than it is to cold, although the distinction is largely arbitrary.
When objects get warm, more energy is stored in them. When an object is heated, its molecules move faster. Heat is always transmitted from a warmer object to a colder object; it is never transmitted in the oppoiste direction.

University of Leeds
University of Leeds (sometimes called Leeds University) is a university in Leeds, UK. It first started in 1831 with the opening of a school to teach medicine which was one of the first outside of London, Oxford, and Cambridge.
Today Leeds is the most popular university in the UK and one of the country's leading universities.

Leeds
Leeds is a city in the county of West Yorkshire in the centre of England. It is one of the largest cities in the UK and about 443,247 people live here. Leeds has two universities: University of Leeds and Leeds Metropolitan University. Leeds is on the River Aire.
History.
In Roman times Leeds was called 'Leodis' which means 'People of the flowing river'.
Leeds grew into a large city, mainly during Victorian times, many factories were built in the city, producing cloth as well as other products. Most of these factories have now closed.
With the building of many of the factories and mills in Leeds, many canals and railways were built in the city as well.
Leeds used to have a tram system but this was removed in 1959. There has been plans to bring it back. Trolley buses have also been considered.
Marks and Spencers started with a market stall in Leeds Market, Marks and Spencers now have shops throughout the city with their largest one being on Briggate.
Much of Leeds was rebuilt in the 1960s and 1970s as the old Victorian buildings were mostly run down and unsuitable for modern use. Many new council houses and flats were built around the city.
In the 1970s the council used the moto 'Motorway City of the 1970s' to try promote the city. This is because the Leeds Inner Ring Road is a motorway.
Today.
Today Leeds still has many factories and offices for large companies. The City Centre has attracted many shops, offices, pubs, restaurants and bars. Leeds now has some skyscrapers such as Bridgewater Place. Leeds and Manchester are the most important cities for business in the North of England. Many banks have their offices in Leeds.
Many flats have also been built in the city centre. Leeds has some expensive areas to live like Chapel Allerton, Headingley, Kirkstall, Horsforth, Roundhay and Alwoodley but it also has some cheap places to liver where crime is high like Harehills, Chapeltown, Seacroft and Beeston. There has been riots in Harehills and Chapeltown before.
Tetley's Bitter is made at a brewery in Leeds. This is sold in many pubs and shops in Britain. Tetley's also used to have many pubs in Yorkshire but have sold many, although Tetley's Bitter is still sold there.
ASDA is Britains second biggest supermarket and started in Leeds, it still has its headquarters in the city.
Transport.
Leeds has a large railway station in the City Centre as well as many smaller ones in suburbs. There is also an airport near the city called Leeds Bradford International Airport. There are many motorways in and around the city as well. Leeds has a bus station with 26 stands and more stands for National Express services going to other cities, it is however too small to cope with internal buses and so they stop at bus stops along the streets. Leeds has an outer ring road and an inner ring road which is a motorway and goes through many tunnels to avoid buildings.
Sport.
Leeds is famous for its sport too. It has a Rugby league team called Leeds Rhinos and a Rugby union team called Leeds Tykes. It also has a football team called Leeds United. Yorkshire Cricket play in Leeds too.
Council.
Leeds City Council are the council for Leeds as well as other nearby towns that are part of the City of Leeds borough such as Wetherby, Otley, Yeadon, Garforth and Rothwell.

Strong interaction
The strong interaction, one of the four fundamental forces, is a force that acts between particles in the nucleus of an atom. It is what holds the nucleus together. Under the new QCD (Quantum Chromodynamics Theory), the strong force is carried by a particle called the gluon. The strong force is about 1.6666 x 1038 times the force of gravity and has a range of 1 x 10-15 metres. There are two types of strong force: residual and fundamental.
Fundamental/ Color Strong Force.
Fundamental, or color strong force is the nuclear force that acts between the three quarks of a proton. Quarks are the smallest particle currently known to man, and the only particle that we have not been able to break apart yet. The force carrier of the strong force is the gluon. Both quarks and gluons have properties that make them unique from other particles.
Residual Strong Force.
Residual strong force is the type of strong force that acts between hadrons (protons and neutrons). It is what holds the nucleus of an atom together. Alpha decay is a result of the residual strong force. This force is carried by pions. Among the particles that experience it are protons and neutrons. Each of these three particles has unique properties as well.

Neuwied
Neuwied is a German town in Rhineland-Palatinate. It is located on the north/west side of the Rhine River, about north-west from Koblenz. It has about 70.000 inhabitants.
Infrastructure.
Neuwied is connected to the German network of "Bundesstraßen (national routes)" (here: B9, B42 and B256). The "Autobahnen (motorways)" A3, A48 and A61 are quickly reachable from Neuwied. Using the Koblenz main station, all rhine railways and the Intercity network of Germany are available.
Industry.
There is a lot of industry in Neuwied, for example the production of building materials, metals and big-sized machines.

Brittany
Brittany is a region in Northwest France. In Breton it is called Breizh and in French Bretagne.
Brittany is situated in the West of France and it's coastline juts out into the Atlantic. Warmed by the Gulf Stream Brittany has a mild and temperate climate with warm summers and wet winters. Although the predominant language is French many people still speak the original Breton language a Celtic mix similar to Cornish.
The capital of Brittany is Rennes a lively city in the Ille-et-Vilaine department.
Brittany's main industry is agrigulture in particular beef farming and the production of maize (for cattle feed). Brittany is also the name of a dog breed.

Standard Model
The Standard Model of physics is the best idea to say how fundamental forces and elementary particles work. It uses quantum mechanics and special relativity. In physics there are many different particles and forces, the Standard Model says that all particles and forces are only two different types: fermions and bosons.
Fermions.
Fermions are the "matter" particles. They are the particles that join together to make up everything we see. Examples of fermions are the proton and the neutron. Fermions have a number of properties including charge and mass which can be seen in everyday life. They also have other properties such as spin, weak charge, hypercharge and colour charge. These other properties do not usually appear in everyday life. In physics all these properties are given numbers called quantum numbers.
Fermions are particles with spin numbers that are "half-integers" or 1/2, 3/2, 5/2, etc. They are named after a man called Enrico Fermi, who was a famous physicist.
Fermions are special because you cannot put two of them in the same place at the same time. This is because the Pauli exclusion principle says that no two fermions can have the same quantum numbers, such as spin numbers, at the same time. Fermions obey Fermi-Dirac statistics. This is different from photons, where you can have many in the same place at the same time.
Most well known fermions have spin of 1/2. Fermions with spin 1/2 are called Leptons. The electron is the best known lepton.
Quarks obey physics called Quantum Chromodynamics or QCD which tells how the colour force works. The color force holds the quarks together so that a quark cannot be alone. Leptons do not have color and so they can be alone.
Bosons.
Bosons are the second type of elementary particle in the Standard Model. All bosons have an integer spin (1, 2, 3, etc..) so many of them can be in the same place at the same time. Bosons are what make forces. Every force that acts on fermions is because bosons are moving between the fermions, carrying the force. An example of a boson is the gluon. Gluons carry the strong force between quarks in a proton.

Moldovan language
Moldovan ("Лимба молдовеняскэ, limba moldovenească") is the official language of the Republic of Moldova. It is the same as the Romanian language. The main difference is that Moldavan is sometimes written in Cyrillic alphabet, because the Moldavian SSR was part of the Soviet Union until 1989. In 1989 Moldova became its own country and they started to use the Latin alphabet just like in Romania. Still, the Moldovan government officially calls the language "Moldovan" and the rules for the language (like grammar) are decided by a different University than in Romania.
In the unrecognized state of Transnistria, one of the official languages is also Moldovan, along with Russian and Ukrainian. But here it is still written with the Cyrillic alphabet.

List of unrecognized countries
This is a list of unrecognized countries. These are countries that have no general international recognition, but they are "de facto" sovereign states.
Partially recognized states with de facto control over their territory.
United Nations member states that are only partially recognized by the totality of the other UN members are not listed here. (For example, 39 countries do not recognize Israel.)
South African Homelands.
Created by the Republic of South Africa from its own territory

List of dependent territories
Dependent areas are territories and overseas territories that do not possess full independence or sovereignty as states/countries. There are varying degrees and forms of such a dependence. They are commonly distinguished from subnational entities in that they are not considered to be part of the motherland or mainland of the governing state, and in most cases they also represent a different order of separation. A subnational entity typically represents a division of the country proper, while a dependent territory might be an overseas territory that enjoys a greater degree of autonomy. For instance, many of them have a more or less separate legal system from the governing body.
The areas separately referred to as "non-independent" are territories that are disputed, are occupied, have a government in exile or have a non-negligible independence movement.
List of dependencies by Commonwealth sovereignty.
All these are, as such or as part of a Commonwealth state in personal union under the same British Monarch.
United States.
The smallest island entities belong to the United States Minor Outlying Islands

Electrical resistance
Electrical resistance is the repulsion of a current within a circuit. It explains the relationship between voltage (amount of electrical pressure) and ampere (amount of electrical current).
Applications.
A resistor is a real life application of electrical resistance.

Electromagnetic induction
Electromagnetic induction is where a current is produced in a conductor through a changing magnetic flux.
Magnetic flux.
Magnetic flux is the strength of the magnetic field going through an area. It is the product of the magnetic field (B), the area (A) that it is going through and the angle (a) between the line 90 degrees to the area and the magnetic field lines. Magnetic flux
is represented by the symbol formula_1, therefore we can say that formula_1 = BAcos(a) and the resulting unit will be formula_3, where T is the unit for magnetic field and formula_4 is the unit for area.
The changing magnetic flux generates an electromotive force (EMF). This force then pushes free electrons in a certain way, which in turn creates a current.
Faraday's Law.
Michael Faraday found that an electromotive force is generated when there is a change in magnetic flux in a conductor.
formula_5
formula_6 is the electromotive force, measured in volts;
formula_7 is the change in magnetic flux, measured in webers;
formula_8 is the change in time, measured in seconds.
formula_9
N is the number of loops in the solenoid.
Lenz's Law.
The negative sign in both equation above is a result of Lenz's law, named after Heinrich Lenz. His law states that the electromotive force (EMF) produces a current that opposes the motion of the changing magnetic flux.

BBC Proms
The Proms are concerts which are part of a big music festival. “Proms” is short for “Promenade Concerts”. The Proms are organized by the BBC, so they are called the “BBC Proms”. They take place in the Royal Albert Hall, in London from mid-July to mid-September every year.
Why are they called “Proms”?
The Proms started more than 100 years ago, in 1895. Concerts were expensive in those days, and not many people had enough money to go and hear good music. Most people were only able to hear good music when they went for walks in the London parks where there were Promenade concerts. Orchestras and bands played in bandstands. Most of the music was popular and easy to listen to. People could enjoy the music while they walked about.
In the centre of London there was a building called the Queen's Hall. A man called Robert Newman organized concerts there. He had an idea. He wanted to start a series of concerts which ordinary people (people who were not rich) could afford to go to. He wanted to start a series of “promenade concerts” (in French “se promener” means “to walk”). The idea was that people could have standing places which would not cost much money. There would also be seats for people who could afford to pay more.
The early years of the Proms.
Robert Newman knew a very good young conductor, Henry Wood. He asked him to be the conductor of the Proms. A man called Dr Cathcart gave them enough money to get an orchestra together. On 10 August 1895 the first Promenade Concert took place in the Queen’s Hall. The price of a promenade ticket (a ticket for a standing place) was one shilling. In modern English money that is 5p.
The Promenade Concerts were a big success. They soon became known as the "Henry Wood Promenade Concerts". Henry Wood conducted lots of popular music, but he also conducted music by great composers such as Mozart, Beethoven, Mendelssohn, Tchaikovsky, Brahms and Wagner. People got used to listening to this music and slowly their musical tastes became better so that they could listen to longer pieces of music. Henry Wood’s orchestra played a lot of music by English composers. This helped English music to become better known. Some composers like Wallace and Cowan were popular then, but nowadays people have hardly heard of them. Other English composers like Elgar and Delius became very famous, and Wood helped them by performing their music and making it better known.
Wood liked the music of Wagner very much and often conducted it. Wagner was a German composer. In those days most famous conductors and singers were not English. They came from Europe, mostly from Germany. The Germans said that England was the “Land without Music”. They thought that the English were unmusical. It is true that in the 19th century (from 1801-1900) there were far more German musicians than English ones. But English music was getting better. Henry Wood showed that English conductors were just as good as foreign ones at conducting music by Wagner and other German composers.
Some of the music Wood conducted was very new music indeed. In 1912 he conducted a piece called “Five Orchestral Pieces” by an Austrian composer Arnold Schoenberg (1874-1951). Schoenberg’s music sounded very modern and strange and the audience did not like it, so they hissed instead of clapping. Wood kept performing it at Promenade concerts until they got used to it. He even invited Schoenberg to come to England and conduct it himself in 1914. This time the audience clapped.
Henry Wood conducted the Proms for fifty years, until just before his death in 1944. Most of that time he was the only conductor, conducting every Prom. He helped the orchestras to play better. He rehearsed them very carefully. In those days there was a deputy system. A “deputy” is someone who plays instead of another player if they are not free. If a member of the orchestra could earn more money one night by playing somewhere else, he/she would ask a friend to go and play in Wood’s orchestra for that rehearsal or concert. At one rehearsal in 1904 Wood looked at the orchestra and they were all deputies! He did not know any of them! So he stopped the deputy system. The players were very cross, and forty of them left the orchestra and formed their own orchestra: the London Symphony Orchestra. That orchestra is still famous today.
Wood was the first English conductor to allow women to play in orchestras. That was in 1913.
The BBC.
In 1927 the Proms did not have enough money to continue so the BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) started to fund them (give them money). The Proms were broadcast on the radio. The radio was quite a new invention then (people called it the “wireless”). At first people said “If you put concerts on the wireless, people will just sit at home to listen to music and no one will bother to go to concerts any more”. But the people who said that were wrong. Hearing music on the radio made people more interested in going to concerts. In 1930 the BBC Symphony Orchestra was formed. From then onwards they were the orchestra who played at the Proms.
The War and after.
In 1941, during World War II, the Queen’s Hall was destroyed by bombs. The Proms continued to take place in the Royal Albert Hall. Then it became too dangerous in London and the Proms were held in Bristol and then Bedford. After the War the Proms went back to the Royal Albert Hall. They have been held there ever since. From the 1940s to the late 1960s the BBC Symphony Orchestra played at most of the concerts under the very popular conductor Sir Malcolm Sargent whose Last Night speeches became legendary for their wit.
The Proms today.
Today the Proms are very different from when they started. It is much more international. The BBC Symphony Orchestra play several concerts each season but there are lots of other orchestras from all over the world who come to play. People can hear different kinds of music at the Proms: not just classical music but jazz and music from far-away countries. In 2005 the famous Indian musician Ravi Shankar played the sitar at one of the Proms.
The Proms also include special activities for children. The television programme Blue Peter put on a Blue Peter Prom which is given twice during the weekend at the beginning of the school holidays in late July. In the 2007 season they organized a special Brass Day where children can take part with their instruments. BBC Music Intro put on workshops in the late afternoon for children and their families to learn about music. In 2008 there was a Dr Who prom which was extremely popular, especially with children.
For many years now every Prom has been broadcast live on BBC Radio 3. Some of them are shown on television, either on BBC2 or on BBC4 where viewers can, if they wish, read comments about the music as it is played. People can also listen to the Proms for several days afterwards on the Proms website.
The Last Night of the Proms.
There is a Prom every night (i.e. every evening) for two months during the summer. The last concert is called the “Last Night of the Proms”. It is very famous and millions of people can watch it on television in lots of countries all over the world. Some people who go to the Last Night dress up in funny clothes and wave flags. They hear a piece of music called "Fantasia on British Sea Songs", written by Henry Wood in 1905. It is based on sailors' sea shanties including a 'hornpipe'. The dance that gets faster and faster and the audience clap along, trying to keep up with the orchestra. It includes the song “Rule Britannia”. The orchestra always play Edward Elgar's "Pomp and Circumstance March no 1" which has the tune "Land of Hope and Glory". The concert finishes with Parry's hymn "Jerusalem". The conductor also makes a speech.
Since 1996 there have been Proms in parks in other towns in the United Kingdom to which thousands of people can go. These all take place on the same night, and there is interactive communication between them and the Prom in the Royal Albert Hall.
How to go to the Proms.
One way to go to the Proms is to buy a ticket for a seat, just like any other sort of concert. But many people think the best way to go to the Proms is to be a promenader. This means having a standing place. There are two places to prom: downstairs in the arena and upstairs in the gallery. The Royal Albert Hall is round, and looks like an old Roman amphitheatre. That is why the floor downstairs is called the “arena”, like in an amphitheatre. The promenaders who stand downstairs are near the orchestra, especially the front rows. But it can be quite a squash when there are lots of people, and small children need to be near the front to see properly. The other place to promenade is upstairs in the gallery. There is more room there, and it is easy to see, and easy to sit down or even lie down when one feels tired.
A ticket to promenade costs £5. People who want to be a promenader have to wait in a queue outside and buy their ticket as they go in. Anyone who wants to be near the front should join the queue early, especially for the very popular concerts, and at the weekend. Some people queue for hours. They pass the time by talking to one another, reading or playing games. It is all good fun and part of enjoying being at the Proms.

Mount Merapi
Mount Merapi (Gunung Merapi in Indonesian) is a volcano in Indonesia. It is located on the island of Java. It is conical in shape. It is the most active volcano of Indonesia. In Indonesian, the name means "mountain of fire". The volcano has erupted (spewn fire,gases and ash) 68 times, since 1548. Many people have died during its eruptions. As of March 2006, scientists say that there may be another large eruption soon. An earthquake occurred in that region on May 27, 2006. So far, up to 5,000 people are believed to have died in the earthquake. 20,000 are reported to be wounded.
Very often, earthquakes come before a volcano erupts.

Conductor
A conductor is a material which electricity can flow through. Most metals, like iron and copper, are conductors. These metals are used to make wires.
Some materials are semi-conductors. This means that electricity "can" flow through them, but not very well.
Some materials are resistors. This means that they make it very hard for electricity to flow through them.
Some materials are insulators. This means that they stop electric current completely. Wires are covered with insulators like plastic to stop the electricity from leaving the wire.

Michelson interferometer
The Michelson interferometer is the tool used for optical interferometry.
Background.
It was invented by Albert Abraham Michelson, famous for proving the inexistence of aether in the Michelson-Morley experiment.
How it works.
There are two mirrors in the interferometer, one fixed and the other is movable through a micrometer.
There is also a beam splitter that separates the laser or light beam and a screen that shows the interference pattern.
A wide laser or light beam is first shot at the beam splitter. Reflection takes place as the beam hits the beam splitter, part of it reflects towards mirror 1 while the rest towards mirror 2. The two beams again reflect off mirror 1 and 2 and travel back to the beam splitter, the two beams that goes through the beam splitter will combine and form an interference pattern at the screen.
The interference pattern will appear as bands and each band represents 2 path length difference or 1 wavelength, that is because the crest of wave 1 has caught up with the crest of wave 2 (or the other way around), causing a constructive interference. If given the change in distance of the movable mirror and number of bands on the screen, we can easily calculate the wavelength of the light source.

The Gods Must Be Crazy
"The Gods Must Be Crazy" is a movie from 1980, directed by Jamie Uys, and released in the United States by 20th Century Fox.
"The Gods Must Be Crazy" was the highest-grossing foreign movie of all time upon its release. From 1989 to 1994, four sequels followed. The last three in the series were made in Hong Kong.
Plot.
It stars Namibian farmer N!xau as a Bushman, whose happy village (located in Africa's Kalahari desert) suddenly turns to a violent society, after a Coke bottle falls down there from a passing airplane. The Bushman, Xixo, decides to return the bottle to the "end of the earth", to finish all the evil his family has gone through. Along the way, he meets a group of terrorists on the run, as well as a clumsy scientist who falls in love with a former newspaper journalist. During his journey, Xixo encounters modern civilisation for the first time.

Janus
In Roman mythology, Janus was the god of doors and gates. His name also became the first month of the year, January.

The Care Bears Adventure in Wonderland
"The Care Bears Adventure in Wonderland" is an animated movie from 1987, released by Cineplex Odeon Films. It is the last big-screen movie to star the Care Bears characters, and is loosely based on Lewis Carroll's "Alice in Wonderland" stories.

Conducting
Conducting in the musical sense means: beating time to help a group of musicians to play well together.
If a large orchestra are playing music, it is important that they all play exactly together. They need to know exactly when to start, what speed to go, how loud or quietly to play and what the mood of the music should be. If two, three or four people play music together they can talk about this amongst themselves and one person can nod with his/her head or with a violin bow or flute to help the group to start and finish together. With an orchestra there are so many people that they need a conductor.
In the 17th century orchestras were very small so they did not need a conductor. But as orchestras grew in size it became more and more necessary to have someone in front to lead. The French composer Lully (1632-1687) used to beat time by banging a big stick (like a walking stick) on the floor to the time of the music. One day he banged his stick very hard and it went through his foot and he became ill and died.
Conducting as we know it had become normal by the 19th century. The composer Mendelssohn (1809-1847) was a very good conductor. Some conductors in Victorian times were very conceited and behaved like showmen. The conductor Louis Antoine Jullien (1812-1860) was a French conductor who often came to England. He wore white kid gloves which were presented to him on a silver tray at the start of the concert. He dressed in expensive clothes and his long black hair waved all over the place as he conducted. His success was immense, in France at first, in the UK afterwards and then even in the US where he worked with the showman P.T. Barnum. His concerts were a mix of dance and "classical" music, always with the best musicians. his life is so peculiar that a biography (in French) has been published(see http://louisjullien.site.voila.fr). The conductor Sir Henry Wood (1869-1944), who was famous for conducting The Proms was a well-liked man who was respected and loved by orchestras and audiences.
Conductors usually beat time with their right hand. This leaves their left hand free to show the various instruments when they have entries (when they start playing) or to show them to play louder or softer. Most conductors have a stick called a “baton”. It makes it easier for people at the back of large orchestras or choirs to see the beat. Other conductors prefer not to use a baton. A conductor stands on a small platform called a “rostrum”.
To be a good conductor is not easy. It is not just a question of giving a steady beat. A good conductor has to know the music extremely well so that they can hear any wrong notes. They need to be able to imagine exactly the sound they want the orchestra to make. They also have to communicate this to the orchestra so that they know what the conductor wants. Some conductors speak very little during their rehearsals. They make everything clear through the way they conduct.
Some of the most famous conductors of the past were: Gustav Mahler, Hans Richter, Arthur Nikisch, Arturo Toscanini, Bruno Walter, Wilhelm Furtwängler, Herbert von Karajan, Leopold Stokowski, Georg Solti, John Barbirolli, Otto Klemperer, George Szell and Leonard Bernstein.
Some of the most famous conductors today are: Claudio Abbado, Marin Alsop, Vladimir Ashkenazy, Sir Colin Davies, Sir Andrew Davis, Valery Gergiev and Bernard Haitink.

Norwegian language
The Norwegian language is the official language of Norway. It is spoken by over four and a half million people, and belongs to the group of North Germanic languages which are spoken in Scandinavia. These include Swedish, Danish, Icelandic and Faeroese.
Two forms of the language exist: "Bokmål" (which means "book language) and "Nynorsk" (which means "new Norwegian").
Old Norse.
Old Norse is the language that was spoken hundreds of years ago in Scandinavia at the time of the Vikings. It is very similar to today’s Icelandic language. This is because many Vikings sailed from Norway to Iceland in order to escape from the rule of the Norwegian kings who were making people pay lots of tax.
Bokmål.
During the 13th century the Black Death killed two thirds of the population of Norway. The Danish kings and queens noticed that Norway was weak and defenceless, so they annexed Norway (made it part of Denmark). For hundreds of years Norway was ruled by the Danes. All the rulers, priests, estate owners and noblemen were Danish. Many of them settled in Norway. This is why today’s standard Norwegian (Bokmål) is similar to Danish. Norwegians were not allowed to print books in Norwegian. Anyone wanting to study had to go to Denmark or Germany.
In 1814 Denmark lost a war and had to give Norway to Sweden. Then the Norwegians were allowed to have their own university. Gradually the Danish language was mixed up with the Norwegian dialects and became today’s Norwegian language. Norwegian and Danish look very similar when they are written, but when they are spoken they sound different. In Danish a lot of the sounds are swallowed.
Nynorsk.
During the 19th century a slightly different form of Norwegian was made up by several people. This eventually became known as “Nynorsk.” It was based on old forms of Norwegian and dialects. During the 20th century some attempts were made to join Bokmål and Nynorsk into one language, but they did not succeed. Today about one person in nine or ten in Norway writes Nynorsk. Children in school have to learn both forms.
The Norwegian alphabet.
The Norwegian alphabet has 29 letters. These are the same letters as the English alphabet plus three extra vowels: "æ" "ø" "å"
The letters "c", "q", "w", "x" and "z" are only used for words that have been borrowed from other languages.

French Polynesia
French Polynesia (French: "Polynésie française", Tahitian: "Porinetia Farani") is a French "overseas collectivity" (French: "collectivité d'outre mer", or COM) with the particular designation of "overseas country" (French: "pays d'outre-mer", or "POM") in the southern Pacific Ocean.
The country is made up of several groups of Polynesian islands. The most well-known is Tahiti, the most populous island, which is located in the Society Islands group. It is also where the capital of the territory, Papeete, can be found.
Although it does not really belong in the territory, French Polynesia is in charge of affairs for Clipperton Island.
Aside from Tahiti, some other important atolls, islands, and island groups in French Polynesia are: Ahe, Bora Bora, Hiva `Oa, Huahine, Maiao, Maupiti, Mehetia, Moorea, Nuku Hiva, Raiatea, Tahaa, Tetiaroa, Tubuai, and Tupai.

Osnabrück
Osnabrück is a city in Germany in the state of Lower Saxony, and is around 1,200 years old, and the castle dates back to the 19th century. The city was founded by Charlemagne. It has about 165,000 inhabitants, and is twinned with Derby, UK, as well as five other cities around Europe.
Osnabrück is located in south of the state, on the border with North Rhine-Westphalia. It shares an airport with the neighbouring city of Münster which is located in North Rhine-Westphalia. It is the only German city located in a national park.
It is known as the City of Peace.

Neighbour
A Neighbour is a person who lives nearby, normally in a house or apartment that is next door or, in the case of houses, across the street. Some people form friendships with their neighbors, and help them by sharing their tools and helping with gardening tasks. Other people become frustrated with their neighbors, if the neighbour makes a lot of noise or makes messes.
A group of people living close together in a small community is called a neighborhood. Some neighborhoods have many community organizations, where people volunteer and do charitable activities. Other neighborhoods in poor communities may have no community organizations, and there may be many problems in the community, such as illegal drugs, prostitution, and homelessness.
Other meanings.
The word neighbour can also be used for large groups of people, for example "a city neighbouring another city" or "a country neighbouring another country".

Flip-flop (electronics)
A flip-flop is a special kind of electronic switch. It's a logic element, and can hold one bit of binary memory (either on or off, 1 or 0..). More of these allow the storage of large amounts of information.
Flip flop is a kind of multivibrator.

Satoshi Tajiri
Satoshi Tajiri (born on August 28, 1965) is the person that created the Pokémon fictional world. He created Pokémon because he liked to collect insects when he was a child and Pokémon is similar to collecting insects. He was born in tokyo and in the forest he liked collecting insects. He was pushed away as a child and when he grew up he named a book game freaks.

Ilkley
Ilkley is a tourist town near Leeds. The biggest attraction there is the wonderful and big "Ilkley moores". It is very green and grassy and provides walks for any type of people. One of these walks includes a big rock and a little rock called the cow and calf rocks. This is one of the bigger wonders of the Yorkshire dales. By these rocks there is a pub called "the cow and calf".

Econometrics
Econometrics is a branch of economics. It is the use of statistical and mathematical methods to describe the relation between economic forces such as capital (any of the tools, work, or other things needed to make something useful), interest rates (the price of borrowing money), and labor.
Much of econometrics is making models which are simple pictures of the real world. These models then can be used to predict what will happen in the real world.
An example of econometrics would be looking at the prices of houses in a town. An economist (someone who studies economics) can try to make a simple picture of the house prices in the town. This picture might show that houses close to the market are worth more. An economist could then say that if a new market is made in another part of the town, home prices there might go up. The economist also might say that the new market could make prices less than before near the old one, because the new market will make it so that more houses are near a market. This would make the people who sell houses near a market sell them for less, since there could be more sellers than buyers.

Franconia
Franconia (Franken) is the northern part of the German federal state of Bavaria. This region is divided in three smaller regions: Oberfranken, Mittelfranken, and Unterfranken. The biggest city in Franconia is Nuremberg.
Other large cities in Franconia are Coburg, Aschaffenburg, Würzburg, Erlangen, Fürth, Bamberg, Bayreuth, Schweinfurt and Hof.

King of Arms
A King of arms is a government officer in countries like England, Scotland, and Wales. He grants coats of arms to other people. King of Arms is the highest rank of officer of arms. Some countries do not have a King of Arms, but have another person that grants coats of arms.
Heraldic jobs.
A King of Arms is also usually in charge of special ceremonies for a country.

Psychokinesis
Psychokinesis or telekinesis is the ability to change matter, energy, space or time by using your mind. Most people do not believe this is possible, but Uri Geller and Nina Kulagina were two people who claimed they could do it.

Cartoon Network
Cartoon Network is a cable television network, owned by Turner Broadcasting. It started in 1992 in the United States and shows mostly animated programs. Cartoon Network has a mix of action and comedy programs, all being aimed at a lower age group.

Autobiography
An autobiography is a book in which the author writes about his or her own life.
A biography is a book about someone's life. The Latin word "auto" means "self", so an "autobiography" is a biography about oneself. Many famous people wrote autobiographies.

Penjing
Penjing (盆景 pinyin: pén jǐng, literally tray scenery) is the ancient Chinese art of growing trees and plants. The plants are kept small by skilled pruning. People make them create a nice shape. People may also make them look old. Penjing is very similar to (and came before) the Japanese art of bonsai.

Brian Eno
Brian Eno (born 15 May 1948) is a musician from England. He was one of the original members of the band Roxy Music. He makes music called electronic music, which is music made using computers and other electronic devices, like the synthesizer. Brian Eno has worked with other famous musicians and groups like David Bowie and U2.

Kirby
Kirby is a fictional character in a series of video games published by Nintendo. There also is an anime. He has the ability to copy enemies' attributes. He has been in a number of video games including "Kirby's Adventure", "Super Smash Bros.", "Kirby's Dream Land", ', ', and '.

Capacitor
A capacitor (also called condenser, which is the older term) is an electronic device that stores electric energy. It is similar to a battery, but is smaller, lightweight and charges up much quicker. It is used in many electronic devices today.
There are different types of capacitors:Electrolytic, Polyester, MKT, Ceramic, Greencap and Film.
The type used depends on the application. Capacitors come in many sizes. They can be as small as an ant or as large as a soft drink can.
All capacitors have two connections, or leads. While most can be swapped around, some must be used the correct way, or they can violently explode.

Strategy
Strategy is a word which was first used by the military. A strategy is a long term plan on what to do to achieve a certain goal. When talking about the near future, people often use the word "tactics".
Today, the word "strategy" is in common use; people might talk about "business strategy", for example.

Design pattern
In Computer science, a "Design pattern" is an abstract solution to a certain problem. Design patterns are used in object oriented programming. They give a possible solution to a problem of designing software.
Design patterns became popular around the year 1995. They also simplify the language between computer scientists. Ideally, a design pattern should be reusable many times. It is like a brick of a house, it can be used for many different problems. One can also build bridges with bricks, not only houses.
Examples.
These examples are actual examples of design patterns as they are in use. They have not been simplified. It is only the language used to describe them that has been made simpler.
Flyweight.
In a text-processing system, each word or letter can have some attributes (like, eg. formatting, typeface, size, position on the page...). It would be possible to create a new object for each character in the document, and give it these attributes. This is extremely expensive, however.
So what people do is they create one object for each type of formatting they have, and link that to the information what letter it is. That needs a lot fewer objects.
Smart people who found this, called the pattern "Flyweight".:)
Singleton.
Another easy to understand pattern is called "Singleton". It is used when there can only be one instance of a given class. That class usually has some static method (eg. getInstance()) which returns a new instance. It also saves the instance internally. So if it already created the instance, it can simply return it.

Amarillo, Texas
Amarillo is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. It is located in the northern part of Texas. The city's economy is mostly based on cattle. In 2000, the city had a total population of 173,627.

Lansdowne, Pennsylvania
Lansdowne is a suburb of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in the US.

Gillingham F.C.
Gillingham Football Club is an English football club. They are based in the town of Gillingham, Kent. They are currently in the Football League One. They play home games at Priestfield Stadium. Gillingam are managed by Ronnie Jepson and the chairman is Paul Scally. The club captain, Michael Flynn, plays in central midfield.

Round (music)
A round in music is a song which can be sung by two or more groups of people. One group starts off and the next group start to sing the same song a bit later. It should sound nice together. When a group gets to the end of the song they start again. They can go round and round, singing it several times.
Usually rounds are in 2, 3 or 4 parts (meaning that they are for 2, 3 or 4 groups of people). When a group of people sing or play a round they usually sing it an agreed number of times. This means that the group which starts last also finishes last.
"Frère Jacques" is a famous French round. "London's Burning" is an English round. Both those rounds can be sung in 4 parts.
The oldest round that we know is "Sumer is icumen in". This is a very famous piece of music because it is the oldest piece of music we know that was written down. It was written around 1250 by a monk. It can be sung in 4 parts with 2 bass drones (held notes).
Writing music by making one part imitate another is called canonic writing. Rounds are a kind of canon.

Gallbladder
The gallbladder is a pear-shaped organ in your abdomen that stores about 50 ml of acidic liquid (bile) until the body needs it for digestion. The gallbladder is about 7-10cm long in humans and is dark green in color because of the bile in it, not its tissue. It is connected to the liver and the duodenum by the biliary tract.

Addenbrooke's Hospital
Addenbrooke's Hospital is a large hospital in Cambridge, England.
The hospital lets people in to look around, once every two years.
You can visit the mortuary, the operating theatres and the hospital roof.
The next open day is on Saturday the 17 May 2008.

Koala
Koalas ("Phascolarctos cinereus") are herbivore marsupials that live in East Australia. They are the only species of the family "Phascolarctidae".
The koala is also often called the koala bear because it looks like a small bear or teddy bear. However, it is not a bear. Its name is just "koala".
Appearance.
Koalas have brownish-grey or silver-grey fur, and a big pink and/or black nose. They have sharp claws which help them to climb. They can hear and smell very well, but they cannot see very well.
Life.
Koalas are mostly active at night. They live in trees, and they do not like to be on the ground. They mostly eat leaves, bark and fruit of some Eucalyptus trees. Koalas do not drink often, they get most of their water with the leaves they eat.
Koalas live alone most of the time, but they have a social hierarchy with the other koalas who live near.
After a pregnancy of 35 days, the newly born koala is about a quarter of an inch long, and is born with no ears, eyes, or hair. It crawls into its mothers pouch on its own. After 12 months the young koala is old enough that it does not go into its mother's pouch or need milk anymore. The female koala can have another baby then. Young koalas usually leave their mothers when they are 18 months old, but when their mother does not have another baby they sometimes leave after up to 3 years. Koalas become mature when they are about 2 years old, but they often have their first baby after another two years.
Other information.
The koala is not an endangered species, but it is a near threatened (nt) species. One reason is the loss of habitat, which means that koalas have less space to live. In some places there are very few koalas left. But there are also places with too many koalas, so they eat too much. Because of this the Eucalyptus trees and other animals are in danger.

John Adams (composer)
John Coolidge Adams is an American composer. He was born in 1947. His music is often very exciting, using minimalism with large orchestras and lots of different sounds.
He studied music at Harvard University. After he had graduated he packed all his belongings into his Volkswagen and drove all the way across the United States to California where he got a job as a fork-lift operator. Soon he became part of the musical scene of San Francisco. He listened to the music of minimalist composers like John Cage, Terry Riley and Morton Feldman. By the mid-1980s he was earning a living as composer and conductor. The piece that made him famous was called "Harmonium". At times the music is made to sound like a harmonium instrument, but the title also refers to "harmony", showing that he is writing tonal music unlike some modern composers at the time whose music was getting harder and harder to understand because it was not in any key.
Adams wrote several short pieces such as "Short Ride in a Fast Machine" and "The Chairman Dances". This last piece is music from his opera "Nixon in China" which was widely performed but made some people angry because the Chinese leaders Chou En-lai and Mao Tse-tung are shown as human beings who deserve a certain amount of sympathy.
Adam's Violin Concerto has been performed over 100 times by many of the world's famous violinists.

Handcuffs
Handcuffs are a type of restraint, mainly used by police, to prevent suspects from escaping, or hurting anyone. They are usually metal.
There are also some handcuffs that are made of plastic that are disposable (can be thrown away after being used once).

Flashlight
A flashlight (in North American English) or torch (in most Commonwealth countries) is a small, portable spotlight.
Its function is a beam of light which helps to see. It usually requires batteries.

Cluster
A cluster is anything that is more than one item put together. For example a bunch of bananas is a cluster of bananas, or a classroom of kids is a cluster of kids. We say that bees get into a cluster when they swarm.
In music a cluster is a large group of notes on the piano usually played with the arm. Composers like John Cage used clusters.

Discrimination
Discrimination is literally when something or someone is distinguished from someone or something. Discrimination against is when a person is treated unfairly or badly because of something about that person.
A person might be discriminated "against" because of their race, sex, sexual orientation, religion, the way they look, a past criminal record, the person's lifestyle, their choice of clothing, their age, whether they are a member of or fit in with a social clique (group), social class or caste, and many other reasons.
Discrimination "against" can take many forms. It can include being fired from a job, not being able to be hired for a job, being paid less money than others at the same job, being refused a home or apartment, teasing, harassment, or simply being treated differently than other people. A law was introduced called Equal Opportunities, which promises not to employ someone because of their race, age, sex or religion. Two people in the same position must be paid the same wage if they have identical responsibilities.
In some countries, discrimination on the basis of race, sex, or religion is illegal for jobs or housing. Even in those countries where discrimination is against the law, it still takes place for other reasons not covered by the law. In some other countries, discrimination is legal or even official government policy. This is especially so in countries in which there is an official religion, and people of other religions are discriminated against. Discrimination is also widespread in countries which have a culture in which castes or social classes are widely recognized.

Ernest Rutherford
Ernest Rutherford, 1st Baron Rutherford of Nelson, OM, PC, FRS (August 30, 1871 – October 19, 1937) was a New Zealand physicist, who won a Nobel Prize for his work on nuclear physics, and for the theory of the structure of the atom.
Rutherford was one of the first researchers in nuclear physics, after the discovery of radiation by a French physicist by the name of Antoine Henri Becquerel in 1896. Rutherford discovered the three parts of radiation which he named Alpha, Beta, and Gamma. Rutherford also discovered that alpha particles were helium nuclei. Rutherford's study led to what we know today about the atomic structure, where the atom is a nucleus and electrons orbit around it.
In 1919, Rutherford made the world's first artifical nuclear reaction, where he put alpha particles with nitrogen gas and created particles of oxygen isotopes and protons. The important thing about the experiment was the fact that he changed nitrogen gas into oxygen gas.
Rutherford was the leader of the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge. He said that the nucleus was made up of protons and neutrons. In 1932 James Chadwick made an experiment at the Cavendish Lab that showed Rutherford was right.
See also.
he mistake was that he thought atom was the smallest thing iin hte world

Serialism
Serialism is a way of composing music using a series of notes in a particular order and using this to build up a whole piece of music. These series and patterns can also be applied to other parts of music (like how loud or soft it is).
A simple example.
To show how serialism works we can take a very simple example. Let us use just five notes from the white notes of a keyboard. We can use the notes A, B, C, D and E. We are going to make a “tune” using all these five notes, but not repeating any until all five have been used (although we are allowed to repeat the note we have just had).
For example: we might have D, C, A, A, A, A, B, E. This is what we call our “row” or “series”, although usually one would expect a row of twelve different notes. It is the one we start off with, so we can call it our "prime row".
We can change the prime row by playing it backwards. This is called "retrograde". So we now get E, B, A, A, A, A, C, D.
We can also change it by playing it upside down. This means that instead of going up one step we go down one step, or instead of going up two steps we go down two steps etc. If we start on the same note D we now get: D, E, G, G, G, G, F, C. This is called "inversion" (“upside down”).
We can make it go backwards AND upside down. So we get: C, F, G, G, G, G, E, D. This is called "retrograde inversion".
We now have four ways of playing our row: prime, retrograde, inversion, retrograde inversion.
Now we can also change each of these by transposing them. "Transposition" means starting on a different note. So our prime row D, C, A, A, A, A, B, E could be transposed up three steps (what musicians call a “perfect fourth”) and we get: G, F, D, D, D, D, E, A. Using these five notes there are five transpositions possible (the original plus four others) for each of our versions: prime, retrograde, inversion and retrograde inversion. That means: 5x4=20 ways of playing our tune.
Schoenberg’s twelve-tone series.
In 1923 the composer Arnold Schoenberg (1874-1951) developed what he called the “twelve-tone system”. Instead of using just five notes as in our example, he used all 12 notes in the octave (5 black and 7 white notes on the piano keyboard). Most music we listen to is in a particular key (tonality). This is called “tonal” music. For example: if we start “Twinkle, twinkle little star” on a C we finish on a C at the end and the piece sounds finished. It is “tonal” (in a particular key). In twelve-tone music all 12 notes are equal, there is no “key note” (it is “atonal”). This makes the music very hard to understand and it took people a long time to get used to the sound of Schoenberg’s new music.
Schoenberg was not the only composer to use this way of composing. His pupils Alban Berg (1885-1935) and Anton Webern (1883-1945) also wrote twelve-tone music. The composers Igor Stravinsky (1882-1971) and Aaron Copland (1900-1990) started to write twelve-tone music when they were quite old. Composers such as Benjamin Britten (1913-1976) used it occasionally, often putting it together with music which was tonal (listen to Britten’s opera “Midsummer Night’s Dream”). When contrasted with tonal music in this way it can be very beautiful.
In the 1950s and 1960s some composers like Pierre Boulez (b.1925) and Karlheinz Stockhausen (b.1928) wrote music which was not only twelve-tone, but serial in other ways as well. For example: they organized levels of dynamics (from very quiet to very loud) in a series, and the lengths of notes (from very short to very long), and even timbre (the sound quality). By combining all these things their music became very complicated indeed. When all these things were used for the whole piece of music it was called “total serialism”. Boulez’s "Structures I" is an example of a piece which uses “total serialism”. A lot of people criticized this music, saying that it was too mathematical instead of being expressive. Such music is hard to understand.

Frédéric Chopin
Frédéric Chopin (February 22 or March 1 1810 - October 17 1849) was a Polish virtuoso pianist who composed some of the greatest piano music ever performed. He is the most important composer from Poland. Some of his music for the piano is very difficult to play, but it is admired as some of the most poetic music ever written. He planned to have a concert on New Year's day 1.1.1850 but he died before he could perform on his special day.
Chopin was born in the village of Żelazowa Wola, 60 km from Warsaw. His father Mikołaj (Nicolas) Chopin was French. He moved to Poland in 1787 where he married Tekla Justyna Krzyżanowska. They named their son Fryderyk Franciszek. Sometimes Chopin's date of birth is given as February 22 because this is what his birth paper says, but this was written by the priest at Chopin's christening eight weeks later and was probably a mistake. Chopin and his family always celebrated his birthday on March 1.
Chopin's musical ability was clear when he was very young, and newspapers in Warsaw described him as a "second Mozart". He was given private music lessons by several important musicians.
In 1829, Chopin heard the violinist Niccolò Paganini play, and met the pianist Johann Nepomuk Hummel. He also visited Vienna, where he played a couple of concerts. In December he performed his piano concerto in E minor. He first performed his other piano concerto, in F minor, in March 1830.
In 1830 he visited Vienna again, and when he heard of the troubles of the November Uprising back home he decided not to go back to Poland. He went to Paris instead, and made his home there. He started calling himself by the French version of his name, "Frédéric François". In Paris he made friends with some other important composers, including Hector Berlioz, Felix Mendelssohn, Charles-Valentin Alkan, and Vincenzo Bellini.
In 1836 Chopin was going to be married to a Polish girl called Maria Wodzinska. Her family did not like Chopin very much. Her mother made the couple keep their love secret, and finally stopped them from getting married. At about this time Chopin met the woman writer Amandine-Aurore-Lucile Dupin, the Baroness Dudevant, better known as George Sand. Eventually Chopin started a relationship with her that lasted until 1847. They visited Mallorca together in the winter of 1838-1839, where the bad weather and damp rooms made Chopin ill. He had breathing problems before, but this was so bad that they had to come home. He never got completely better.
In 1847 Chopin and Sand split up. In 1848 he visited England and Scotland to play in concerts, but he was very ill and had to return home. He died in Paris, at about 2 o'clock in the morning on October 17 1849, surrounded by loved ones.
Nearly all of the pieces of music written by Chopin are for the piano as the main instrument. He wrote piano sonatas (of which the "Funeral March" sonata is very famous), two piano concertos, studies, ballades, nocturnes, mazurkas, polonaises, waltzes, and a set of preludes. His music was praised in his lifetime. Robert Schumann once wrote about Chopin, "Hats off, gentlemen! A genius." Nowadays every skillful pianist has probably played some Chopin, and audiences really enjoy listening to it.

Mikhail Glinka
Mikhail Ivanovich Glinka (1804-1857) was a Russian composer, regarded as the first to become very famous.
Russia is a very large country. In the 18th century there was a lot of music in Europe, but Russian people had not yet heard it. A lot of them were very poor and modern transport did not exist. By the time Glinka was born Russian people in the large towns like Saint Petersburg were becoming very interested in European music.
Mikhail Glinka was born in a little village called Novospasskoye. His father was a rich landowner. Glinka was brought up by his grandmother who looked after him very carefully. She was always afraid he would be cold, so she wrapped him up in a fur coat in a room which was kept at 77°F. He was not often allowed to play in the fresh air. Later in his life Glinka was always worrying about his health.
It was a long way to the big cities from where the child lived. There was no radio in those days, and no CDs. The only music he heard was the church bells, and the singing of the peasants (the simple people who worked on the land). They sang folksongs and made up harmony underneath the tunes.
After his grandmother died he was allowed to travel 6 miles to his uncle’s home. His uncle had a group of musicians who played music by European composers like Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven. He had never heard such music before.
When he was 13 he went to school in St Petersburg. Now he could hear lots of music and meet some good musicians. He had piano lessons and spent a lot of time at parties. He started to compose some songs.
In 1830 he went to Italy. Italy was famous for its music, especially for opera. Glinka met famous composers like Mendelssohn and Berlioz as well as Italian composers like Donizetti and Bellini. He like their music, and decided he wanted to write opera as well, but he wanted to make his music sound very Russian.
Glinka went back to Russia. He wrote two great operas. The first one was called "Ivan Susanin". The story of the opera, set in 1612, is about a poor peasant Ivan Susanin who dies to save the life of the Tsar (the Tsar was the ruler of Russia, like a king or emperor). The Tsar liked the opera and thought that it should be called "A Life for the Tsar". It was a big success when it was first performed in 1836.
He soon wrote his second opera: "Ruslan and Lyudmila". The story comes from a tale by the famous Russian poet Pushkin. The man who wrote the words for him did it very quickly while he was drunk, so the story is a bit muddled, but the music is wonderful. It is a fairy tale about a nasty dwarf Chernomor who has taken away a princess called Lyudmila. In the end Ruslan, the hero, rescues her. Some of the music sounds quite oriental. The overture that starts the opera is very famous.
Glinka also wrote piano music, songs and chamber music.
Glinka’s music is important because he was the first Russian composer to write music that sounded Russian. Later composers like Tchaikovsky were influenced by his music.

Ellipsoid
An Ellipsoid is a shape like a sphere, but it is longer in at least one direction, like an egg, or a rugby ball

Liancourt Rocks
Liancourt Rocks are a group of small islands in the East Sea. The islands are currently under the South Korean police who call them Dokdo. North Korea refers to them as Tok Islet in the English language, but in Korean both Korean states use the same term. Japan claimed the islands starting from 1950's, which calls them Takeshima. The name Liancourt Rocks comes from the French whaling ship Liancourt. The people on the Liancourt made a map of the islands in 1849.
Geography.
Liancourt Rocks consists of two islets, that are 150 metres apart. These small islands are called "Nishi-jima" and "Higashi-jima" in Japanese, "Seodo" and "Dongdo"　in Korean. Both names can be translated as "western island"　西島　and "eastern island"　東島, respectively). The western islet is the larger of the two islets. Altogether, there are about 90 islets and reefs. The islands and rocks have a volcanic nature. A total of 37 of these islets are recognized as permanent land. In 2006, a Korean geologist reported that both of these islets, especially, the eastern islet formed 4.5 million years ago and Ulleungdo formed 2 million years later. Both are quickly eroding and weathering, and expected to sink in the sea before Japan does.
The total area of the islets is about 187,450 square meters, with their highest point at 169 meters in the western islet. The western islet is about 88,640 square meters in area; the eastern islet about 73,300 square meters. Liancourt Rocks is located at about 131°52′ East longitude and about 37°14′ North latitude. The western islet is located at and the eastern islet is located at. The islets are 217 km from mainland Korea and 250 km from mainland Japan. The nearest Korean territory (Ulleung-do) is 87 km away and can be visible on fair days; the nearest Japanese territory (Oki Islands) is 157 km away.
The western islet is made of a single peak. It has many caves along the coastline. The cliffs of the eastern islet are about 10 to 20 meters high. There are two caves giving access to the sea, as well as a crater.
Economy.
40 people are staying on the islands, several Korean telecom service providers (namely SK Telecom, KTF, and LG Telecom) have also installed stations on Liancourt Rocks to cover the islets in the South Korean wireless telephone network. There is also regular ferry service from Ulleung-do.
Although the islets themselves are barely habitable, the Exclusive Economic Zone surrounding them has rich fishing grounds and possible reserves of natural gas. As of 2006, the expected reserves have not been found. A wide variety of fish as well as seaweed, kelp, sea slugs, and clams are located around the islets. Major fishery catches in the area are squid, Alaskan pollock, codfish, and octopus. There are 102 species of seaweed, although many of these have no economic value.
This area used to be one of the largest breeding grounds of sea lions ("Zalophus californianus japonicus") and a good spot for hunting them and also a spot for obtaining abalone at the end of the Meiji period (1868-1912). Until the 1950s, sea lions were observed on the islets by the voluntary guards.
There are approximately 37 South Korean police that guard the islets, also there are Ministry of Maritime Affairs & Fisheries personnel, a married Korean couple (who are fishermen), and three lighthouse keepers living on the islets. In the past, several fishermen also lived there.
Tourism.
Because they are classified as a nature reserve, special permits are required for tourists to land on the islets rather than just circling them. There were 1,507 and 1,597 recorded tourists in 2003 and 2004 respectively. Visitors generally come by boat from Ulleung-do.
In 2005, the first wedding ceremony was held on the islets. The South Korean couple chose the location to protest against Japanese territorial claims.
Climate.
Liancourt Rocks can have harsh weather conditions. This is because of its location, and small size. Sometimes, ships are unable to dock because of strong northwestern winds in winter. The climate is warm and humid. It is heavily influenced by warm sea currents. There is a lot of rain throughout the year (annual average - 1324 mm), with occasional snowfall. Fog is a common sight. In the summer, southerly winds dominate. The water around the islets is about 10 degrees Celsius in spring, when the water is coolest. It warms to about 25 degrees Celsius in August.
Ecology.
Like Ulleung-do, the islets are volcanic rocks, with only a thin layer of soil and moss. About 80 species of plants, over 22 species of birds, and 37 species of insects have been recorded on the islets, in addition to the local maritime life.
Since the early 1970s, trees and some types of flowers were planted along with the indigenous flora and fauna. (Trees are required under international law for the islets to be recognized as natural islands rather than reefs.)
Liancourt Rocks was declared "Natural Monument #336" by South Korea in the 1990s. Some birds actually live on the islands, but most are just using them as a stopover to fly elsewhere. The fork-tailed petrel, streaked shearwater, and black-tailed gulls live on the islands. The population of breeding birds counted on the rocks, however, has been declining in recent years.
In 1999, the islets were designated a special environmental protected area by the South Korean government. They are older than any other Korean volcanic islands, including Ulleung-do.
It was announced in 2005 that three new genera and five new species of bacteria had been identified by ROK scientists in the waters off the islets. The genera are "Dokdonella koreensis", "Dokdonia donghaenensis", and "Donghae dokdoensis". The newly identified species are "Virgilbacillus dokdoensis", "Maribacter dokdoensis", "Marimonas dokdoensis", "Polaribacter dokdoensis", and "Porphyrobacter dokdoensis".
Strategic location.
The islets are of importance not only for economic reasons, but also for military ones. They have occasionally served as a military base, most notably during the Russo-Japanese War. The South Korean government has built a radar station and helicopter landing pad on the islets, enabling it to track foreign naval forces. The 37 police on the islets serve as armed guards. The dispute between South Korea and Japan over the islands has gained heat in 2008 with new Japanese school books mentioning the islands, and a visit by the South Korean Prime Minister in July.

Pentagram
A Pentacle is a five pointed star, with all lines the same length and all angles the same.
A Pentagram is pentacle drawn in a circle so the points touch the circle.
The pentagram has has many meanings. To some people means peace, harmony and tranquility. As a religious symbol it is associated with Wicca, but other religions use too. To some people it means the five wounds of Jesus Christ (the nails in each hand and foot, and the spear wound in his side). In Taoism a pentagram shows how the religious elements (earth, water, wood, fire, and metal) are related. But pentacles and pentagrams have many meanings.
A Pentacle is on the flag of Morocco.
In old times the pentagram was a symbol for good and for protection against evil. In modern times people often mistakenly think that the pentagram itself symbolises evil. Some people also use an upside down pentagram to mean bad magic, evil and the Devil; some people think all pentagrams mean this. Satanists use this kind pentagram to mean their religion. Satanists call an upside down pentagram a "Baphomet". Some Wiccans call a pentagram a pentacle because of that, so people will not think they are evil. There are many times in literature where a pentagram is encountered. In Sir Gawain and The Green Knight, the pentagram is mentioned as a symbol for Gawain's good charachter and truth.

Benzene
Benzene, also known as benzol, is an organic chemical compound with the formula C6H6. It is a colorless and flammable liquid with a sweet smell and a high melting point. The molecule of benzene is shaped in a six-member ring form. Benzene is carcinogenic, which means it can cause cancer. It has many real-world uses. It can be used as an additive in gasoline, plastics, synthetic rubber, dyes and it is an industrial solvent, which means it can dissolve many other chemical molecules. Benzene is also a natural part of crude oil.

Tasmanian Devil
A Tasmanian Devil ("Sarcophilus harrisii") is a meat eating mammal. It is also a marsupial, which means they have a small pouch to carry their babies. It is the largest meat eating marsupial in the world. They are nocturnal which means they sleep during the day and are awake during the night. They now live only in Tasmania, an island state of Australia.
The devil is the same size as a small dog with a wide head and a short tail. Male devils can weigh 12 kg and be 30 cm tall. It has black fur and makes a loud and very scary screeching noise. It will hunt other animals and also feed on dead animals. The devil has strong teeth and jaws and will eat all its prey even bones and fur.
The Tasmanian Devil became extinct on the Australian mainland about 400 years before European settlement in 1788. They were hunted in Tasmania, but in 1941 they became officially protected.
Disease.
In 1996 the devils began to get very sick and then die with large tumours on their faces. Devil facial tumour disease has greatly reduced the number of devils and now threatens their survival. In some areas 85% of devils have been found with the disease. In the places where the tumours were seen first, devil numbers have dropped by 95%. The tumour is spread by biting. Because the devils are all closely related (not enough genetic diversity), the tumour cells are not seen as new; so the devil's immune system does not fight it. In May 2008 the Tasmanian Devil was listed as endangered. Programs are being tried by the Tasmanian government to reduce the impact of the disease. About 60 devils without the diease have been captured and are to be kept as a tumour free group for rebreeding. Scientists have been looking at ways to give the devils immunity but so far this has not worked.
New research is showing the devils are having babies earlier, they use to breed at 2 years, but now are breeding at 1 year old. Devils used to have babies every year for 3 years, but they are now dying before they can produce a second litter.

Joseph Haydn
Joseph Haydn was an Austrian composer. He was born on March 31 or April 1 1732 and died on May 31 1809. He was one of the most famous composers in the Classical music period. He is often called the "Father of the Symphony".
Early years.
We do not know much detail about his life. Mozart, who lived at the same time, wrote lots of letters to his family so we know a lot about what he did and thought. The only letters of Haydn that we still have were business letters, so we do not know much detail about how he lived.
Haydn was born in 1732 in a small village called Rohrau in Austria near the border with Hungary. His father was a wheelwright (someone who makes wheels). His parents liked music and wanted their son to be musical, so they sent him to a boarding school several miles away when he was only six. Two years later the school was visited by a man called Georg von Reutter. He was travelling round the country looking for boys who could sing well because he wanted them for the choir of the cathedral (St Stephen’s) in Vienna. He was very impressed with Haydn and so young Joseph was taken to Vienna where he spent the rest of his childhood in the cathedral choir. He was taught music there and learned the harpsichord and violin. He does not seem to have been taught any music theory. Haydn had to teach himself how to compose.
Haydn’s treble voice broke when he was about 17 or 18 (boys’ voices broke much later in those days) so he had to leave school. For the next ten years he did not have much money. He lived in an attic room and gave music lessons to young pupils. He started to compose, writing short pieces for his pupils to play. He also played in bands and orchestras. It was probably in 1757 that he got a good job: he became music director for Count Karl von Morzin. He had to conduct the orchestra and write symphonies for them. Then, in 1761, he got a very good job as assistant Director of Music for Prince Esterhazy.
Years at Esterhazy.
Haydn spent 30 years working for Prince Esterhazy who was one of the most important princes in the Austrian Empire. A lot of princes and other noblemen kept orchestras at their palaces just to show off, but Prince Esterhazy really was musical and played an instrument called the baryton which looked a bit like a cello with lots of strings. In 1766 Haydn was made Kapellmeister (Director of Music).
Like all the other musicians at the prince’s court, Haydn was a servant and had to wear livery (uniform). In the winter the prince liked to be in his palace in Vienna, but in the summer he liked to go to his new palace in the country in what is now Hungary. Haydn had a busy job. He had to compose music whenever the prince wanted it. He had to conduct and organize the orchestra, play in small instrumental groups (chamber music) and even put on operas. These operas were often performed with puppets. Haydn was not really interested in writing music for puppet operas, but he had to do what he was told. His best pieces were his symphonies and string quartets.
Haydn wrote at least 104 symphonies. These are pieces of music for orchestra, usually with four movements. He also wrote lots of string quartets: pieces for two violins, viola and cello. Haydn is often known as the “Father of the Symphony”, and even “Father of the String Quartet”. He did not invent them, but he was the first really great composer who wrote them.
Many of his symphonies and string quartets have nicknames. Symphony no 45 is called the “Farewell Symphony”. The reason was that one autumn the musicians were fed up with being in the country palace and wanted to go back to Vienna. The prince wanted to stay on. So Haydn wrote a symphony in which, towards the end, the musicians stop playing one by one, blow out their candles, and walk off the stage. The prince took the hint, and ordered everyone to return to Vienna. Another symphony is called the “Surprise” symphony. Haydn was playing a trick on the people in the audience who often fell asleep during the music. The music is very quiet indeed, then suddenly there is a VERY LOUD CHORD!
One of his string quartets has a tune which became the Austrian national anthem.
Haydn married in 1760, but his wife did not like music. They never had children, and Haydn often felt lonely. He had a lady friend, a singer called Luigia Polzelli, and he often wrote to her when he was on his travels..
Around 1781 Haydn became friendly with Mozart. Mozart was 24 years younger than Haydn, but they learned a lot from one another. They often played string quartets together with two friends.
The London journeys.
In 1790, Prince Nikolaus died and his son became prince. His son was unmusical and a lot of the musicians lost their jobs. Haydn was put on a pension. This had a good side: he was free to travel whenever he wanted. He went to England and stayed in London where he wrote twelve symphonies during two visits. He was greatly admired by the British audiences.
Final years in Vienna.
Haydn nearly stayed in England to live, like Handel had done almost a century earlier. In the end he decided to retire to Vienna. There he spent his last years writing religious works for chorus and orchestra. He wrote "The Creation" and "The Seasons" which are both oratorios.
He died in 1809 while Vienna was being attacked by the French army under Napoleon.

Scale (music)
When we make tunes we use notes of different pitches: some high and some low. When we have a row of notes which gradually go up or come down this is called a scale.
On a piano there are white notes and black notes. If we start on the note C and play each white note going up until we come to the next C we have played a scale. There were eight notes (C,D,E,F,G,A,B,C) It was a major scale. It has eight notes.
Click below to listen to a C major scale.
Sometimes the major scale is sung to the words "do, re, mi, fa, sol, la, si, do". In the film The Sound of Music Maria teaches the children to sing by teaching them a song called "Doe, a deer, a female deer". Each line starts on the next note of the scale.
Note 1, tone, Note 2, tone, Note 3, semitone, Note 4, tone, Note 5, tone, Note 6, tone, Note 7, semitone, Note 8.
For example: a major scale staring on D would go: D (T) E(T) F# (ST) G (T) A(T) B(T) C#(ST) D and a major scale starting on Eflat: Eflat (T) F (T) G (ST) Aflat (T) Bflat (T) C (T) D (ST) Eflat.
A minor scale sounds rather sad. The pattern of tones and semitones is different. There are two main sorts of minor scales, harmonic and melodic.
There are also chromatic scales (all semitone steps) and whole-tone scales (all tone steps).
Practising scales is important for people who play instruments or sing. It helps fingers to be strong and energetic (or warms up the singer's voice). It also helps get used to lots of fingering patterns which will help to play pieces.

Orthology (language)
Orthology is the study of the right use of words in language. The word comes from Greek "ortho"- ("correct") and -"logy" ("science of"). This science is a place where psychology, philosophy, linguistics, and many other fields of learning come together. The most noted use of "Orthology" is for the selection of words
for the language of Basic English by the Orthological Institute.
The book, "The Meaning of Meaning", by C. K. Ogden and I. A. Richards, is an important book dealing with orthology. The term "Orthology" comes from the book "The Grammar of Science" by Karl Pearson

Toei Company
Toei is a Japanese company that makes cartoons and movies (films). Some of their cartoons, for example Sailor Moon, are watched in many countries.

Naoko Takeuchi
Naoko Takeuchi (武内直子 Takeuchi Naoko), born March 15, 1967, is a manga artist from Japan. She made the comic book Sailor Moon. Her husband, Yoshihiro Togashi, is the creator of "YuYu Hakusho" and "Hunter × Hunter".

Kimi Ga Yo
Kimi Ga Yo is the national anthem of Japan. The name of the song roughly means 'Imperial Reign' in English. The anthem is based on a poem written by an unknown poet from Japan about one thousand years ago. The music was written more recently (about two hundred years ago) and was then rewritten shortly afterwards because the original tune was unpopular.
Although popular for a long period and sung in situations where people from other countries would usually sing their country's national anthem, Kimi Ga Yo was only considered as Japan's official national anthem in 1999. The law that stated this also defined the Flag of Japan in a similar way.
Interestingly, Kimi Ga Yo is one of the shortest known national anthems of any country. It is only 56 seconds long.

April Fool's Day
April Fool's Day is on 1 April every year in many countries. On this day, practical jokes (or "April Fools") are played on friends and family. The jokes are done to embarrass them.

Baroque music
Baroque music is an era and a set of styles of European classical music which were in use between about 1600 and 1750.
The word "Baroque" is used in other art forms besides music: we talk about Baroque architecture, painting, sculpture, dance and literature. The Baroque period comes between the Renaissance and the period of Classicism (the Classical Period).
Musicians think of the Baroque period as starting around 1600. The famous Renaissance composers Palestrina and Lassus had died a few years earlier. Opera was being invented. It was a time of musical change.
The change from writing music in the Baroque style to the Classical style was much more gradual. 1750 is the year that Bach died, so it is an easy date to choose for the end of the Baroque period.
The Baroque was a time when people liked large spaces and a lot of ornamentation. This can be seen in the architecture of famous buildings such as St. Peter's Basilica, Rome, or St. Paul’s Cathedral, London. They were built at this time. In Venice there were churches with galleries on either side of the church. Composers liked to write music for two groups of musicians placed in opposite galleries. Giovanni Gabrieli wrote a lot of music like this.
The idea of two contrasting groups was used a lot in Baroque music. Composers wrote concertos. These were pieces for orchestra and a solo instrument. Sometimes a concerto contrasted a group of solists with the rest of the orchestra. These are called by the Italian name "Concerti Grossi. Bach’s Brandenburg Concertos are good examples.
Organs, and some harpsichords, had at least two manuals (keyboards). The player could change from one manual to the other, contrasting two different sounds.
Baroque music was often a melody with a bass line at the bottom. This could be, for example, a singer and a cello. There was also a harpsichord or organ that played the bass line as well, and made up chords in between. Often the composer did not bother to write out all the chords (harmonies) but just showed some of the chords by figures, leaving it to the performer to decide exactly which notes to play. This is called “figured bass” or “basso continuo”. The soloist, who played or sang the melody on top, often put in lots of ornamental notes. Again: the composer did not write this all down but left it to the performer to improvise something nice around the notes he had written.
Because composers were now writing opera it was important for the audience to hear the words clearly. In the Renaissance the groups of a choir were often singing several different words at once. This was called “polyphony”. It sounded beautiful, but was no good for opera which is telling a story.
When a soloist in an opera sings a song (an aria) the aria is in a particular mood. They called this “affection”. There were several “affections” or moods: there were arias about revenge, jealousy, anger, love, despair, peaceful happiness etc. Each movement in a concerto also had one particular mood. Music from later periods is different. For example: Haydn in the Classical Period would often change its mood during a piece.
Giovanni Gabrieli (about 1553/6-1612)
Claudio Monteverdi (1567-1643)
Antonio Vivaldi (1678-1741)
Arcangelo Corelli (1653-1713)
Domenico Scarlatti (1685-1757)
Heinrich Schütz (1585-1672)
Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750)
Henry Purcell (1659-1695)
George Frideric Handel (1685-1759) (German born)
François Couperin (1668-1733)
Jean-Philippe Rameau (1683-1764)
Bibliography.
Music in the Baroque Era, Manfred Bukofzer; J.M.Dent 1948

Canyon
A canyon is a big crack in the ground. Many canyons are made by rivers and earthquakes. They can be big, like the Grand Canyon, or small.
Canyons are typically found in the Southwestern U.S.
Canyons can be formed by running water which will take sediment (pieces of the earth) away and create a trench getting deeper until it forms a canyon.

Pattern language
Pattern language is used to mean a system of patterns that have a certain meaning other than just the pattern.
Method.
The pattern can be a pattern which has a hidden meaning shown through any sense like sight, sound, touch, taste and smell.
Sight.
The most obvious form of sight-based pattern language comes in the form of writing. Nearly every language has a unique written form, which grammatically follows the spoken form.

National Maritime Day
In the United States, National Maritime Day is held every May 22 to honor people who have served in the United States Merchant Marine service.
The first National Maritime Day was May 22, 1933, based on a joint resolution passed by the United States Congress on May 20, 1933. Franklin D. Roosevelt was the first President to issue a proclamation about the day.
The biggest National Maritime Day celebration was in 1946, the first National Maritime Day after the Allied Powers won World War II. That year, governors of many U.S. states also officially named the day National Maritime Day or "Maritime Day" for their state. The first National Maritime Day after the end of the Korean War, in 1954, was also more widely celebrated than most.
In the 2006 annual proclamation by president George W. Bush, he made special mention of the Merchant Marine service's hurricane aid work following Hurricane Katrina and the other hurricanes of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season.

Classical music period
The Classical music period is the time from about 1750 to 1820 when Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven were the most famous living composers.
We often talk about “classical music” meaning European music which is not pop music or jazz or folk music. It is music which has been written by composers who have studied the art of composition. The article Classical music talks about classical music in this sense.
This article is about “Classical music” in the late 18th century and the early 19th century. The word “classical” is often used to refer to the arts of Ancient Greece and Rome. It has also come to mean any art form which has become very famous and is remembered for centuries afterwards. In music the Classical period comes between the Baroque and the period of Romanticism.
In some ways Classical music is often simpler than the music of the Baroque composers. There is often a tune with a simple accompaniment using broken chords called an “Alberti bass”. For classical composers the form of the piece was very important. Composers started their work with a tune (theme) and this tune would be developed in different ways: put in different keys, changed from a fast to a slow tune, changed from major to minor or from minor to major.

Spotlight
Spotlight is a magazine in German and English. It is published by the Spotlight publishing company. The first issue was made in 1981. It comes out monthly and has themes like politics and travelling in the English language. The articles are in simple English and should help people to understand the language. The magazine is written for Germans. Translations of difficult English words into German are found in the magazine.

Nuclear fusion
Fusion is the process of making a single heavy nucleus (part of an atom) from two lighter nuclei (atoms). The process, a nuclear reaction, releases a large amount of energy.
Although the nucleus that is created by fusion is heavier than either of the starting nuclei, it is not as heavy as the "combined" original weight of the starting nuclei (atoms). This lost mass is changed into lots of energy, as described by Einstein's famous "E=mc2" equation.
Fusion occurs in the middle of stars like the Sun where hydrogen and then helium are fused together, releasing the energy which powers the heat and light of the star.
Not all elements can be joined; the heavier the element is, the less easily it can be joined with another. After fusion produces an atom of Iron (a metal) no energy is released in the reaction anymore. This is what causes stars to die. They join all of their atoms together to make heavier atoms of different types, until they start to make iron. The iron nucleus cannot fuse with other nuclei, and so the reactions stop, and the star eventually will cool down and die.
On Earth it is very hard to start nuclear fusion reactions that release more energy than is required to start the reaction. The only successful approach so far as being in nuclear weapons; the hydrogen bomb uses an atomic (fission) bomb in order to start fusion reactions. For over 50 years people have tried to make peaceful fusion reactions that can generate electricity, but so far this has not been successful.

Concertmaster
The Concertmaster (American English) or leader (British English) is the most important violinist in an orchestra. He or she will sit in the front seat, by the conductor's left. The word "concertmaster" comes from the German "Konzertmeister".
The leader will be the highest paid member of the orchestra. He has to decide how the violins will play the music and write in the bowing. He will decide where each member of the violins should sit. He will probably also interview them and offer them the job in the orchestra. He will talk to the conductor about anything the orchestra are not happy about (he may have to remind the conductor when it is time to stop the rehearsal!). If part of the music is marked "solo" then he will play it as a solo while the other violins stop playing.
In the United States it is usual for the concertmaster to be on the platform before the concert and to tell the orchestra to tune their instruments, playing on his A string to give them the correct pitch. In European orchestras it is usually the oboe that gives an A for tuning. In Britain the leader usually comes on stage after the orchestra have tuned, and gets an applause.

Mutual assured destruction
Mutual assured destruction (MAD) is a military strategy. It should help to avoid a nuclear war. If a state attacks another with nuclear weapons, the state attacked will likely be able to attack back. The attacker must think that he will be destroyed with his victim if he attacks. The theory is that no state would start an attack if attacking its enemy means its own destruction.

Stairway to Heaven
Stairway to Heaven was a 1971 song by Led Zeppelin. In 1993 Rolf Harris released a cover version.

Thin Lizzy
Thin Lizzy are a hard rock band from Ireland formed in the late 1960s and are still active. One of the band's hit singles, "The Boys Are Back in Town," is a constant staple of contemporary classic rock radio stations and has been showcased in several dozen movie soundtracks.

Abu Hafiza
Abu Hafiza (Arabic: أبو حافيزه) is a Moroccan psychiatrist and a master planner for Al Qaeda.
In the Spring of 2003, while secretly traveling undetected to Pakistan and Saudi Arabia, Abu Hafiza recruited Al Qaeda combatants for the battles in Fallujah.
He again secretly traveled undetected to Pakistan, in the fall of 2003, this time to the mountains of Waziristan, where he met Osama bin Laden and Ayman al-Zawahiri
to propose strategies for Al Qaeda's 2004 campaign. He claimed that Iraq would be Al Qaeda's battlefront where it would confront the United States. His intention with the 11 March 2004 Madrid attacks was to damage Spain's "psyche" in order to influence elections and to start a domino effect which would eventually affect Britain's Tony Blair, Italy's Silvio Berlusconi, and the U.S. President George W. Bush.
Quotes.
"After knocking over one domino after another, we will stand face to face with the key domino, the United States." - Abu Hafiza

Aziz al-Abub
Aziz al-Abub (a.k.a. Ibrahim al-Nadhir or al-Nahdhir) was a Lebanese Hezbollah psychiatrist and mind control expert.
Aziz was a disciple of Ewen Cameron and a graduate of the Soviet Union's Patrice Lumumba Institute that specialized in mind control techniques.
Aziz al-Abub used mind-control, drugs and physical torture in the infamous 444-day (1984-1985) torture and mental derangement of American William Buckley in Beirut.

Hobbit
Hobbits are a fictional race in the Middle-earth world invented by J. R. R. Tolkien, also often called "halflings".
They appeared in the books "The Hobbit" and "The Lord of the Rings". Several important main characters in those books are hobbits, such as Bilbo Baggins and Frodo Baggins.
Hobbits (or similar beings) have become very popular and are now often used in fantasy fiction and (video) games.
Appearance.
Hobbits are like small humans between two and four foot tall. They have hair/fur on the top side of their feet, leathery foot-soles, and slightly pointed ears. They tend to be stout and often have brown and curly hair. Male hobbits do not have beards. Hobbits live longer compared to humans, and many hobbits reach the age of 100.
Culture.
Hobbits are a peaceful people and live a simple, pre-industrial life in the land which they call The Shire, and also in Breeland.
A typical hobbit-house has a long hallway with rooms on both sides, and round doors and windows. Originally these were underground in hills, then the house was called a "smial"; but this architecture(style of building) is also used for 'normal' houses above ground.

Middle-earth
Middle-earth is a fictional fantasy world invented by J. R. R. Tolkien. Several of his books take place there, such as "The Hobbit" and "The Lord of the Rings". It is supposed to be a long gone mythological time of our earth.
Although Middle-earth is only one continent in Tolkien's world, it is often used for the whole fictional world and all stories Tolkien invented for it. Tolkien created and worked on Middle-earth through most of his life, and it is this creation for which he is most famous.
Middle-earth has its own geography, several different races and peoples (elves, dwarves, humans, hobbits), their languages, and a history that spans thousands of years. The stories of Middle-earth are also a kind of 'artificial myth'.
"Middle-earth" is called "Endor" (or "Endóre") and "Ennor" in the fictional Elvish languages Quenya and Sindarin.
Peoples.
The oldest people of Middle-earth are the immortal Elves. Second were the Dwarves. After them came mortal Men. In the Third Age, there appeared another people, the Hobbits. There are also the tree-like Ents.
Chronology.
The history of the Middle-earth world is thousands of years long. Sometimes, when big historical events happen, a new "Age" is begun, which starts counting again with the year 1.

Arnold Rosé
Arnold Josef Rosé (October 24, 1863–August 25, 1946) was a famous violinist. He was the leader (concertmaster) of the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra for 50 years.
Arnold Rosé was born in Iaşi (Jassy) in what is now Romania. His family was Jewish. Their name at that time was Rosenblum. He had three brothers. All four boys were musical and so his parents decided to move to Vienna which was a big city in Austria where there was lots of music. Arnold’s father was a carriage builder. In those days people often travelled by horse and cart. His father made good quality carriages and he made plenty of money from his business.
When Arnold was seven he started music lessons. When he was ten he was good enough to study the violin at the Vienna Conservatorium which was a special school for musical pupils.
In 1881 he played a violin solo with a famous orchestra and famous conductor: the Vienna Philharmonic under Hans Richter. The piece he played was the Violin Concerto by Otto Goldmark. Soon he was offered the job of orchestral leader. This was a very important position for such a young man. He stayed in that job for 50 years!
Rosé did other things as well as playing with the orchestra. He gave violin lessons to talented pupils. He like to play string quartets and he got together with three other players to make up the Rosé String Quartet. They were very good and for more than half a century people said they were the best string quartet in Europe. Arnold’s brother Eduard was the cellist in the quartet. They played works by lots of composers, especially Haydn, Mozart and Ludwig van Beethoven. Rosé knew the composer Johannes Brahms and they played some of Brahms’s compositions when they had only just been written, e.g. the clarinet quintet (for clarinet and string quartet). The Rosé Quartet also knew the composer Schoenberg and helped him to get well-known by playing his music.
Another composer Rosé knew very well was Gustav Mahler. Mahler had two sisters. Arnold Rosé married one of them, and his brother Eduard married the other.
Arnold was kept very busy at his job as leader of the orchestra. The orchestra played in the concert hall as well as for the opera. At one special concert lots of flowers and plants had been brought in to the concert hall. The orchestra were busy playing when Arnold noticed people were looking at his shoes. He thought maybe he had an odd pair of shoes on. When he looked down at his feet he saw a mouse sitting there.
Arnold and his wife Justine had a son and a daughter who both became musicians. They had plenty of money to live quite comfortably. He was given the title of Royal and Imperial Court Musician, and he had a special court carriage to take him to the opera. He also had a carriage of his own with a footman in livery (uniform) to drive him about.
However, things changed in 1938. The Nazis took over Austria and made life very difficult for Jewish people. They were in great danger. In the autumn his wife died and Arnold had to save his life by going to England. He stayed there for most of his remaining years. He died in London.

Pontiac Silverdome
The Pontiac Silverdome is a domed stadium in the town of Pontiac, Michigan, near Detroit. It opened in 1975 and closed in 2007. The largest crowds to come to the stadium were for WrestleMania III on March 29, 1987, where the main event was a match between Hulk Hogan and André the Giant. The Detroit Lions NFL team played at the stadium from 1975 until 2001.

Estonian language
The Estonian language is a Finno-Ugric language. It is mainly spoken in Estonia. The Estonian language is similar to Finnish. Estonian is one of the national languages of Europe that is not an Indo-European language. It has been influenced by and has got many words from German and Swedish. Estonian language also has different dialects.
Estonian uses the Latin alphabet. It has many vowels, like Ö, Ä, Õ and Ü.

Chromosome
Chromosomes are parts of a cell that have genetic information. Each chromosome contains many genes. Chromosomes come in pairs: one from the mother; the other from the father. Scientists have labelled chromosomes with numbers.
Chromosomes are in all cells. These cells go through different phases, and when they get too big, they divide. When a stomatic cell (eg muscle cells) divides it is called mitosis. The sex cells or gametes go through a different reproductive process called meiosis. Before mitosis, the cell copies all the chromosomes and then it can divide. When they duplicate, chromosomes look like the letter "X". When they are separated they look like a big stringy mess. They are called chromatin when they are separated. This X is called a double helix.
There are 46 chromosomes in a human, and one pair of sex chromosomes. Different animals have different amounts of chromosomes. Everyone has a chromosome from their father, and a matching chromosome from their mother. If a person does not have the exact number of chromosomes, they could die or have one or more peculiarities. For example, they could get a genetic disorder like Down syndrome (which is when there is an extra chromosome 21) and Klinefelter's syndrome (a male with two X chromosomes). Some genetic disorders are more common than others.

Giovanni Gabrieli
Giovanni Gabrieli (born Venice,1557?; d. Venice 21 Aug.1612) was an Italian organist and composer. He was very famous in his day and composed a lot of church music. He was organist of the famous church of St Mark’s in Venice. He also wrote some fine madrigals. He lived at the end of the Renaissance period and the beginning of the Baroque.

Arcangelo Corelli
Arcangelo Corelli (b.Fusignano, Imola, 17 Feb.1653; d.Rome, 8 Jan.1713) was an Italian violinist and composer. He composed some of the most important Italian music of the Baroque period. He was also very famous as a player. Other violinists learned from his style of playing and developed the art of playing the violin. His works include sonatas and concerti grossi. Perhaps his most famous is the La Folia sonata for Violin.

Henry Purcell
Henry Purcell (born Westminster, London, 1659; died Westminster, November 21, 1695) was an English composer. Most musicians think he is the greatest English composer of all times. Although he only lived until he was 36 he wrote a very large amount of music. His compositions include church music, instrumental music, music for the theatre, even popular drinking songs. He wrote the first English opera. He lived in the time called the Baroque period. He liked Italian and French music, and combined those styles to make something that was typically English.
Early years.
We do not know very much about Purcell’s childhood. In 1664 his father died and Henry went to live with his uncle, Thomas Purcell, who was very kind to him. Thomas Purcell was a gentleman of the Chapel Royal which meant that he sang in the king’s choir. Soon Henry was singing in the Chapel Royal. This was the best musical training a boy could have in England. His teachers were Captain Henry Cooke, and then Pelham Humfrey. Henry sang in the choir until his voice broke in 1673. He was then given the job of looking after the king’s musical instruments.
Purcell may have been composing already when he was nine. We know that he wrote an ode for the King's birthday in 1670. When Humfrey died Purcell studied with the famous composer John Blow. He went to Westminster School. In 1676 he was made organist at Westminster Abbey. He started writing music for the theatre. He also wrote church music, including an anthem for a singer called John Gostling who had a very good, deep bass voice. Purcell wrote several anthems for him during his life. One is called "They that go down to the sea in ships". It goes down to a low D.
Later career and death.
In 1680, Blow, who had been made organist of Westminster Abbey in 1669, resigned so that the 22-year-old Purcell could have his job. Purcell then spent the next six years just writing sacred (religious) music. Later he went back to writing music for the theatre, including the first English opera "Dido and Aeneas".
In 1682 Purcell became organist of the Chapel Royal. He did this job as well as being organist at Westminster Abbey. His first printed composition, "Twelve Sonatas", was published in 1683. Music printing was expensive in those days, so it was unusual to have something printed. He continued to write music including odes to the king and royal family. In 1685, he wrote two of his finest anthems, "I was glad" and "My heart is inditing", for the coronation of King James II.
In 1687 he wrote more "theatre music." Sometimes this music was for masques (a kind of ballet with some singing as well), sometimes it was music for tragedies, e.g. plays by Dryden. In 1691, he wrote "King Arthur", also written by Dryden. In 1692, he composed songs and music for "The Fairy-Queen" (an adaptation of Shakespeare's "A Midsummer Night's Dream"). Purcell’s music for this was lost for many years, and was rediscovered and published in 1901. In these works the characters in the plays do not sing, they speak their lines.
Purcell's "Te Deum and Jubilate" was written for Saint Cecilia's Day, 1693, the first English "Te Deum" ever composed with orchestral accompaniment. He composed an anthem and two elegies for Queen Mary II's funeral.
Death.
He was very famous when he died in 1695, possibily from tuberculosis. His wife and three of his six children survived him.
Purcell is buried next to the organ in Westminster Abbey. His epitaph reads, "Here lyes Henry Purcell Esq., who left this life and is gone to that blessed place where only his harmony can be exceeded."
His music.
Purcell wrote a lot of music for the theatre. He was born one year before the time known in England as the “Restoration”. Before the Restoration Oliver Cromwell had been ruling England for nearly 20 years. Most music had been banned. People were therefore very glad to be able to make music again, and they wanted lots of songs and instrumental music in their plays. Opera, however, was not wanted. In Europe opera was very popular in countries such as Italy, Germany and France, but it did not become popular in England until Handel came to England in 1709 and introduced Italian opera.
"Dido and Aeneas" is an exception because it is a real opera: everything is sung, and the words are in English. It was written for a performance at a girls’ school. It is quite short, lasting just one hour. It contains the famous lament "When I am laid in earth" sung by Dido.
Purcell wrote a very large amount of music for the church. This includes anthems and service settings. Although he was an organist he wrote very little for organ. He wrote chamber music, including some very beautiful fantasias for viols.
Influence.
Although Purcell was recognized as a great composer at the time he did not have much influence on other composers after his death. He was the last in a line of great English musicians in the 16th and 17th centuries. After his death English music was not as important as it had been. In the 18th century the music heard in England was largely imported from the continent, e.g. Italian opera.
Much later, in the 20th century, English composers were often inspired by Purcell’s music. Benjamin Britten wrote a piece called "The Young Person's Guide to the Orchestra" which is based on a tune from Purcell's "Abdelazar". The aria "I know a bank" from Britten's opera "A Midsummer Night's Dream" is inspired by Purcell's aria "Sweeter than Roses". Sir Michael Tippett loved Purcell’s harmonies and rhythms and they influenced him in his compositions.

François Couperin
François Couperin (born in Paris on 10 November 1668; died in Paris, on 12 September 1733) was a French composer who lived in the Baroque period. Many of his relatives were composers. He is often called "François Couperin le Grand" (The Great) because he was the most famous of the Couperin family. He is best known today for his harpsichord music. He wrote several pieces which he called "Ordres" meaning the same as the word "suite" i.e. a collection of dance movements. Sometimes these movements have strange titles and we cannot always be sure what they mean. Some of them may have been nick-names of people he knew. He also wrote important organ music.He never did have a family of his own befor died.

Christoph Willibald von Gluck
Christoph Willibald Ritter von Gluck (b.Erasbach nr. Berching, July 2, 1714; d.Vienna, November 15, 1787) was a German composer. He is famous for his operas which were written in a new and exciting way. He was not interested in writing operas which were just a series of songs for singers to show off. He wanted to make his operas into good pieces of drama. His operas had a big influence on later composers like Mozart, Weber and Wagner. He wrote Italian operas and French operas. "Orfeo ed Euridice" includes song “Che farò senza Euridice” which is one of the best known opera songs ever written.

Jan Ladislav Dussek
Jan Ladislav Dussek (b. Ĉáslav, Bohemia, 12 Feb.1760; d.Saint-Germain-en-Laye, 20 March 1812) was a Bohemian composer of the Classical period. He travelled a lot, living in Holland, Lithuania, Italy, France and England. He lived nearly twelve years in London where he was a fashionable teacher and famous composer. He is best remembered now for his piano music.

Johannes Brahms
Johannes Brahms (b.Hamburg, 7 May 1833; d. Vienna 3 April 1897) was a famous German composer. He started his career as a pianist. He was always very self-critical and destroyed any composition he thought was not really good. He thought that people were expecting him to be the “next Beethoven”, and spent many years on his first symphony before he allowed it to be performed. He wrote four symphonies, four concertos, a requiem, piano music, chamber music and songs. Perhaps his best known tune is his "Wiegenlied" ("cradle song"), often called "Brahms' Lullaby," used in many a child’s musical box.
Early years.
Brahms’s father was a double bass player in the Hamburg city orchestra. He probably gave the young boy his first music lessons. He soon was learning the piano with a teacher named Otto Cossel. When Brahms played in a public concert in 1843 an American agent asked him to tour America, but his teacher realized he was too young. He said that Johannes should study with Eduard Marxsen, a well-known teacher in Hamburg. By 1848 he was playing piano recitals. He also started to compose, and he sent some of his compositions to Robert Schumann to ask for his advice. Schumann sent the parcel back unopened.
At this time there were many Hungarian musicians in Hamburg. Brahms liked their folk music with its unusual rhythms, little triplet figures and sense of rubato. It was to influence his own style of composition. One of the Hungarians was called Remenyi. He played the violin and Brahms often accompanied him at concerts. They went on tour together and met famous people such as the composer Franz Liszt and the violinist Joseph Joachim who became a close friend of Brahms for many years. Joachim told Brahms to go and see Schumann and his wife Clara in Düsseldorf. Schumann liked Brahms and could see that he was going to be a great composer, so he wrote an article in his music journal about him. The article had the title: "Neue Bahnen" ("New Paths"). Schumann turned out to be correct: Brahms did become a famous composer and found “new paths” (new ways of composing).
Brahms remained a very close friend of Schumann. When Schumann had a nervous breakdown, Brahms went all the way to Düsseldorf to see him. Brahms soon fell in love with Clara who was 14 years older than himself. He continued to be in love with her after Robert Schumann’s death, and they had a close relationship, though Brahms became interested in other women and was briefly engaged. However, he never married.
Early career in Hamburg.
In 1859 Brahms settled in Hamburg. He founded a women’s chorus and wrote and arranged a lot of music for them. His "First Piano Concerto" was a great success in Hanover and Hamburg, but not in Leipzig, where a lot of people preferred the wildly Romantic music of Liszt which was quite different from Brahms’s style based on the Classical music style. Brahms decided to go to Vienna. He was to stay there for the rest of his life.
First years in Vienna.
In Vienna he soon made many friends who liked his music. For a short time he was director of a choir called the Vienna Singakademie, who sang some of his compositions. He met Wagner. Wagner was afraid that Brahms would start to write operas which would be more famous than his own. So Wagner wrote an article saying that Brahms was a very bad conductor. Wagner had made himself an enemy of Brahms, who never did write any operas anyway.
In 1870 Brahms became director of a concert series called Vienna Gesellschaftskonzerte. He became more and more famous as a composer, but he was never very good at conducting, and in 1875 a conductor called Hans Richter took over conducting the concerts. During these years he finished one of his greatest works: "Ein deutsches Requiem" ("A German Requiem"), as well as one of his most popular works: the "Variations on the St Anthony chorale" (sometimes wrongly known as "Variations on a Theme by Haydn)".
Years of fame.
At last, in 1876, he allowed his "First Symphony" to be performed. It was not very successful at first, but in Vienna the audience liked it. He started to compose a lot of his greatest works and received many honours from universities. In the winter he gave concerts and in the summer he spent his time composing. He wrote his last symphony ("Fourth Symphony") in 1885 and conducted it, going on tour with the orchestra through Germany and the Netherlands.
From 1889 Brahms spent each summer in Ischl where he had many friends. By 1890 he had decided to stop composing, although he did still write four beautiful works for clarinet after meeting the clarinettist Richard Mühlfeld. In 1896 he wrote "Four Serious Songs" which were probably inspired by the sad death of Clara Schumann. The next year Brahms died from cancer of the liver. His father had died of the same illness.
His music.
Brahms wrote a great deal of vocal music. The greatest of these works is the "German Requiem". There were many works for choirs, and a large collection of songs with piano accompaniment (Lieder). He wrote a lot of piano music which includes sonatas and many shorter pieces such as fantasias, rhapsodies, ballades, intermezzos, capriccios and romances. His chamber music includes string quartets, quintets and sextets and piano trios, quartets and a piano quintet. He wrote four symphonies and four concertos: two for piano, one for the violin and one for violin and cello (the "Double Concerto"). The "German Requiem" is his greatest vocal work.
Brahms was also very interested in old music and helped to edit music by François Couperin as well as the music of his friend Robert Schumann.

Frederick Delius
Frederick Delius (b.Bradford, 29 Jan.1862; d.Grez-sur-Loing, 10 June 1934) was an English composer. At first his parents did not let him study music, so he went off to Florida to work on an orange plantation. He later returned, studied music, and settled in France for the rest of his life. His music is often quite gentle and atmospheric, with chords that shift about in unusual ways. One of his best known orchestral works is "On Hearing the First Cuckoo in Spring". In his last years he was very ill, but he still wanted to compose, so he dictated the music he heard in his head to a man called Eric Fenby.

Béla Bartók
Béla Bartók (b. Nagyszentimiklós, Hungary, 25 March 1881; d. New York 26 Sept. 1945) was a famous Hungarian composer and pianist. He is one of the most important and original composers of the 20th century. He showed great talent as a pianist at an early age. He became very interested in folk music and travelled a lot in Hungary and other countries such as Romania, listening to the folk songs which the country people sang. He often used the style of these songs in his music. He is famous for his piano music, string quartets and several pieces for orchestra including one called "Concerto for Orchestra". Bartók’s harmonies and lively rhythms were sometimes quite new to classical music and some audiences found them difficult to understand at first.
Childhood and early years.
Béla Bartók was born in the small town of Nagyszentmiklós. In those days it was in the Austro-Hungarian Empire but today it is in Romania. When he was very small he showed great musical talent. His mother taught him to play the piano.
Béla was often ill when he was a child. When he was seven his father died and his mother took him and his sister to live in Nagyszőlős (today it is called Vinogradiv and is in the Ukraine), and then to Pozsony (today it is called Bratislava in Slovakia). There he gave his first public recital when he was eleven. He included some music which he had composed himself.
Early musical career.
Soon he was studying the piano with István Thoman who had studied with the famous Franz Liszt. He had lessons in composition from János Koessler at the Royal Academy of Music in Budapest. There he met the composer Zoltán Kodály, who was a great influence on him and who became a lifelong friend.
He soon started to compose longer pieces of music. He liked the music of Richard Strauss and Claude Debussy and these influenced his style of music. He started to be interested in folk music. This can be heard in the first of his six string quartets.
Bartók and Kodály travelled together into the countryside to collect and study old Hungarian folk melodies. People in those days thought that real Magyar (old Hungarian) folk music was Gypsy music. Bartók and Kodály showed that there were other traditions beside these. They found music which used pentatonic scales similar to those used in some parts of Asia. The two composers started to use these folk ideas in their own compositions. Kodály often quoted (copied) actual folk songs in his own music, while Bartók preferred to compose music which sounded like folksong without actually copying it.
Middle years and career.
In 1909, Bartók married Márta Ziegler. Their son, also named Béla, was born in 1910.
In 1911, Bartók wrote his only opera, "Bluebeard's Castle". There are only two singers in the opera: Bluebeard and his wife Judith. He also wrote a ballet called "The Wooden Prince". This started to make him famous abroad. Another ballet, "The Miraculous Mandarin", is even more famous today. It shows the influence of Igor Stravinsky, Arnold Schoenberg, as well as Richard Strauss. He wrote a lot of chamber music including a total of six string quartets, two violin sonatas and a "Sonata for Two Pianos and Percussion ". He wrote some pieces for smaller orchestras: "Divertimento for strings" and "Music for Strings, Percussion and Celesta".
Bartók divorced Márta in 1923, and married a piano student, Ditta Pásztory. His second son, Péter, was born in 1924.
World War II and later career.
When World War II broke out Bartók criticized the Nazis. After they came into power in Germany, he refused to give concerts there and did not use his German publisher. His political ideas gave him a great deal of trouble in Hungary.
Having first sent his manuscripts out of the country, Bartók felt he had to emigrate to the USA with Ditta Pásztory. They lived in New York City. Their son Péter joined them in 1942 and later joined the United States Navy. Bartók ‘s older son Béla stayed in Hungary.
Bartók did not feel comfortable in the USA, and found it very difficult to compose. He was also not very well known in America, and not many people were interested in his music. He and his wife Ditta gave concerts, and for a while, they were given some money to work on a collection of Yugoslav folk songs. They did not have very much money, although he had some friends who gave them enough to live on. Serge Koussevitsky asked him to write the " Concerto for Orchestra ". This soon became Bartók's most popular work, and brought him some money. He was also asked by Yehudi Menuhin to write a "Sonata for Solo Violin". This seemed to make him interested again in composing, and he went on to write his "Piano Concerto No. 3" and began work on his " Viola Concerto".
Bartók died in New York from leukemia on September 26 1945 aged 64. He left the Viola Concerto unfinished at his death; it was later finished by his pupil Tibor Serly.
Music.
Bartók’s music has many modern techniques such atonality, bitonality and modern harmonies. He often uses different kinds of scales (not just major and minor ones), and very complicated rhythms. A lot of these are inspired by the folk music he heard. He wrote a lot of piano music, including some easy pieces for people who are learning the piano. This includes a collection of pieces in six volumes called "Mikrokosmos" which are very popular with young musicians today.

Benjamin Britten
Benjamin Britten (born Lowestoft, 22 November 1913; died Aldeburgh, 4 December 1976) was probably the greatest English composer of his time. He came from East Anglia (a region in the south east of England) and he often thought about the East Anglian landscape and the sea when writing his music. He wrote a lot of music for his friend, the tenor Peter Pears. His operas include "Peter Grimes", "Billy Budd", "A Midsummer Night’s Dream", and "Death in Venice". His "War Requiem" was performed in Coventry Cathedral in 1962 after it had been rebuilt because the old cathedral had been destroyed in the war. He wrote music for children which sounds like proper, adult music. Britten started the Aldeburgh Festival. He was an excellent pianist and conductor.
Early years.
Britten started composing music at the age of five although he had no one to help him. When he was ten years old he took part in an amateur music festival in Norwich. A composer called Frank Bridge heard him and was so impressed that he offered to teach him composition. He helped Britten to compose using proper musical techniques. Britten started to get to know music by a lot of important modern composers including Schoenberg and Bartók. In 1930 he went to the Royal College of Music. He had excellent piano teachers but he did not learn much from his composition teacher John Ireland and most of the music he wrote was never performed. Britten was more interested in music from abroad than in English music. In 1934 he heard the opera "Wozzeck" by Alban Berg. He wanted to go to Austria to study with Berg but he was not allowed to. Meanwhile some of his first proper compositions started to be performed. He wrote some music for movies that were being made by the General Post Office, including one about a train delivering mail. The music describes the rhythm of the train rushing along.
USA.
While working on the movie music he met the writer W. H. Auden. He started to be interested in political ideas. These can be heard in some works he wrote at this time such as "Our Hunting Fathers" (1936) and "Ballad of Heroes" (1939). When Auden emigrated to the United States Britten followed him. With him was the tenor Peter Pears who was to become a lifelong friend and partner, and who was to be the inspiration for many songs and operas.
Britten wrote several compositions in the USA including "Sinfonia da Requiem" (1940) and his "First String Quartet" (1941). The following year he was reading about the poet John Crabbe who came from Suffolk, the same part of England where Britten had grown up. Britten suddenly became homesick. He realized that he could not work and be himself in a foreign country. So he returned with Pears to England.
Aldeburgh Festival.
As soon as he was on the boat sailing back to England he started work on "Ceremony of Carols". Back in England, Britten and Pears gave concerts to audiences of all kinds and took part in opera productions of Sadler’s Wells Opera Company, which was having a new theatre built. On the 7 June 1945 the new theatre was opened with a performance of Britten’s opera "Peter Grimes". This opera was to make Britten into the most famous English composer of his time. It was soon being performed abroad as well as in England.
Britten was now composing lots of music: songs, chamber music and a very popular piece called "Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra" (also known as "Variations and Fugue on a Theme of Purcell"). This piece shows off each instrument of the orchestra in turn so that young people can get to know the sound of the musical instruments. It is based on a tune written by Henry Purcell 300 years ago. There were more popular works: St Nicolas and the Spring Symphony. There were not many opportunities for big operas to be performed, so he wrote some “chamber operas” which only needed small orchestras and a small number of singers. These were performed in places such as local churches by a group which called themselves English Opera Group. He wrote "The Rape of Lucretia" (1946) and "Albert Herring" (1947). In 1948 the group helped to start a music festival in Aldeburgh. Benjamin Britten spent the rest of his life mainly working on music which was to be performed at the Aldeburgh Festival. He composed some of his greatest works for the festival, and he took part in the performances as conductor and pianist.
The 1950s.
One of Britten’s most popular pieces of music for amateurs including children was "Noye’s Fludde" (1957). He wrote three “church parables”. His large operas include "Billy Budd" (1951) which was soon produced in Covent Garden. In June 1953 he wrote "Gloriana", an opera about Queen Elizabeth I, written for the coronation celebrations of Elizabeth II. When he travelled with Peter Pears to the Far East he was influenced by the music of Bali and he composed a ballet called "The Prince of the Pagodas", performed in Covent Garden in 1957. Another great work inspired by the East was the parable "Curlew River" (1964). The opera "A Midsummer Night’s Dream" was written for the Aldeburgh Festival in 1960. In 1962 he wrote the "War Requiem" to celebrate the new Coventry Cathedral. This is one of the greatest musical works of the 20th century.
His last years.
In 1961 he became friends with the great Russian cellist Mstislav Rostropovich. He composed a "Cello Sonata" and a "Cello Symphony" (1963) (a kind of cello concerto), as well as three suites for solo cello. He travelled with Pears to the Soviet Union.
In 1967 the Aldeburgh Festival had a new concert hall, the Maltings at Snape. His next opera was "Owen Wingrave" (1970)), written for television but soon produced in Covent Garden. In June 1973 Britten produced another great opera "Death in Venice". The main character, called Aschenbach, was perhaps the best music he ever wrote for Peter Pears. It was performed at the Aldeburgh Festival, but Britten was ill by this time and unable to be at the performance. His heart condition made it impossible to work on any more large works, but he still wrote some harp music for the harpist Ossian Ellis, a song called "Phaedra" for Janet Baker, and a "Third String Quartet". He died in Aldeburgh on 4 December 1976.
Britten received many honours both in Britain and in other countries. He became a Companion of Honour in 1952 a member of the Order of Merit in 1965 and, in the year he died, he was the first musician ever to receive a life peer (the title Lord Britten).
His music.
Britten’s early works were often written for instruments. His "Variations on a Theme of Frank Bridge" (1937) for string orchestra is a very popular work today. He often borrowed and reinvented themes by other composers (this is called “parody” technique). During his last years he again gave much attention to instrumental music, mainly chamber music.
After he met Peter Pears much of his music was vocal. This includes more than 100 songs, a number of operas, chamber operas as well as three works for tenor solo and orchestra: "Les Illuminations", the "Serenade for Tenor, Horn and Strings" and the "Nocturne". His songs are often grouped in cycles. He also wrote many folksong settings. These were very popular as encore pieces when he accompanied Peter Pears in song recitals.
Britten wrote music for choirs, including "Hymn to St Cecilia" (Britten was proud of having been born on St Cecilia’s day: 22 November). The "War Requiem" is his greatest work which combines writing for choir and orchestra. It describes the horrors of war (Britten had refused to fight in World War II).
He wrote a lot of work for children. There are even parts for children in some of his grand operas, e.g. "Peter Grimes", "Turn of the Screw" and "Owen Wingrave". He even wrote an opera in which all the main parts are sung by children: "The Little Sweep" (1949).
Many of his great operatic roles, from Peter Grimes to Aschenbach in "Death in Venice", deal with the theme of the outsider, the person who does not quite fit into society, or who is misunderstood. Britten’s gay character (which was something that was never discussed in his lifetime) may have something to do with this. He also knew what it was like to be an outsider when he tried to live in the United States, and his refusal to fight in the war may have distanced him from some people.
The Aldeburgh Festival at the Maltings in Snape (a village near Aldeburgh) continue to be a focus for Britten’s music. Every year the Brittens-Pears School of Music organizes lessons and performance opportunities for young musicians. A series of “Prom” concerts is held there every year in August.

Claudio Monteverdi
Claudio Monteverdi (b.Cremona, 1567; d.Venice November 29, 1643) was the most important composer of the early Baroque period. He lived at a time of great change in musical style. The first opera ever written was composed in 1597 by a composer called Caccini who is not remembered much nowadays. Just eleven years later Monteverdi wrote an opera "Orfeo" which was a really great work. Other important operas of his are "Il combattimento di Tancredi e Clorinda" and "Il ritorno d’Ulisse in patria". He wrote 9 books of madrigals. He also wrote a lot of church music including the "1610 Vespers". He was director of music at St Mark’s, Venice, which was the most important musical job in Italy.
Early life in Cremona.
Monteverdi was the son of an apothecary and a doctor. He was very talented as a young boy and was only 15 when he published his first pieces of music. In the introduction to this music he says that his music teacher was Marc’ Antonio Ingegneri, the maestro di cappella of Cremona cathedral. We cannot find anything that shows that he sang in the cathedral choir. He probably had private music lessons. He learned composition, singing and how to play string instruments such as the viol and viola da braccio. He got several compositions published in Venice. By the time he got his first job he had already published two books of madrigals.
Mantua.
His first job was working at the court of the Duke of Mantua. In Mantua there was a small band of excellent musicians. The musical director was the famous Giaches de Wert. Monteverdi got to know many famous poets, and there were famous singers at Ferrara which was not far away.
At first Monteverdi had a low-paid job. He married the daughter of one of the court musicians in the string band. Monteverdi soon became well-known. He sent several of his compositions to be performed at Ferrara, and he went with the duke to Hungary when his army was fighting the Turks.
The young Monteverdi was developing a new musical style. The old style was known as "prima pratica" (“first practice”) and the new style was called the "seconda pratica" (“second practice”). The "prima pratica" continued to be used for church music. In this style of writing the music was thought to be more important than the words. This meant that the music could be very contrapuntal, with several things going on at once so that the words could not be clearly heard. However, in the "seconda pratica" the words were more important than the music, i.e. it was important to be able to hear all the words clearly, and the music had to be simple enough for this to happen. This was particularly important in opera and in madrigals.
There were a lot of arguments among musicians about these two styles of composition, and this is perhaps the reason why there was a gap of 11 years between Monteverdi’s 3rd and his 4th book of madrigals. His opera "Orfeo" (1608) was performed at least twice at court, and several times at Salzburg. Monteverdi was becoming famous all over Europe.
Monteverdi went back to Cremona. Sadly, his wife died, leaving him with their three small children. It was a terribly tragedy for Monteverdi, and he did not want to go back to Mantua, but the Duke wrote to him telling him he must come back to provide music for the wedding of Prince Francesco Gonzaga and Margharita of Savoy.
Monteverdi returned to Mantua, where he composed his opera "Arianna". The performance was a great success, and the audience were moved to tears by the music Arianna’s lament. Sadly, this song is the only part of the opera that has not been lost.
Although Monteverdi’s fame was increasing, there were a lot of arguments with his employer. Eventually he found another job, this time as a church musician, in the biggest church in Venice. Monteverdi had a difficult journey from Mantua to Venice. The passengers were robbed by highwaymen on the way. He arrived in Venice in October 1613.
Venice.
The job of maestro (director of music) at San Marco (Saint Mark’s church) in Venice was perhaps the most important job for a church musician in the whole of Europe. However, the music was in a bad state because previous directors of music had not been very good. Monteverdi started to reorganize the music there: he bought new music for the library and got some new musicians. He had to compose music for many special feast days during the year. He was doing a good job, and in 1616 his salary was increased to 400 ducats. The duke of Mantua was probably cross that he had lost such a good musician. He still asked Monteverdi to write music for him. Monteverdi probably had to obey, as he was still a Mantuan citizen (Italy did not become one country until more than two centuries later). He wrote music for important events such as weddings and carnivals at Mantua.
By 1619 Monteverdi had published his seventh book of madrigals. However, he then started to publish less music. Perhaps it was because he was so busy, or perhaps because he no longer needed to look for fame. He probably wrote a lot of church music which is now lost.
During the 1620s continued his work in Venice, although he may have tried to get other jobs. His hobbies include alchemy. He welcomed the composer Heinrich Schütz who visited Venice for a second time. After the Duke of Mantua died in 1626 Monteverdi wrote less music for Mantua. He was supposed to receive an annual salary from them, but he often did not get it. There was a war in Mantua, a lot of buildings were destroyed and the invading armies brought the plague. Monteverdi became a priest in 1632. It is not clear whether he did this because he really was religious or whether he thought it would help his career.
In 1637 public opera was started in Venice. Monteverdi, who was now in his 70s, wrote operas for Venice. "Il ritorno d'Ulisse in patria" (1640) and "L'incoronazione di Poppea" (1642) form a brilliant end to his career. After the performance of this opera he made a six-month trip to Lombard and Mantua, where again he had to argue at the court about not being paid his pension. After he returned to Venice he was ill for nine days and then died.

Charlie Kaufman
Charlie Kaufman is an American screenwriter. Some of the movies he wrote screenplays for are Being John Malkovich, Adaptation, Human Nature, and Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind. Charlie Kaufman is known for writing very surreal movies - that is, movies where the plot has things in it that could never happen in real life, or that make the audience notice that they are watching a movie.

Oxbow lake
An oxbow lake is a lake, or area of water, in a curved shape. It is made by special bends in a river, called meanders, getting farther away from the river until they become separate. The river becomes straight and the bend becomes a lake.
Why does this happen?
Water flows at different speeds at different parts of the river. In the middle, farthest away from the sides (or banks), the water flows fastest. At the banks, the water flows slowest. When the river bends, water flows faster on the outside of the bend than the inside. The fast water on the outside 'erodes' the outside of the bend. This means it breaks bits of the bank off. At the same time, the slow water on the inside of the bend leaves behind mud, sand and parts of plants. Together, these make the bend move in the direction of the outside of the bend.
The bend moves farther and farther along until it leaves the river. The river becomes straight and the bend is left as an oxbow lake.

Sequel
A sequel is a story, book, or movie that comes or takes place after another one. The opposite is a prequel. A combination of the two makes a midquel.

Major League Soccer
Major League Soccer is an American football (soccer) league started in 1996. There are fourteen teams in this league, with another team to be added in 2009, and another one in 2010.

Chicago Fire S.C.
The Chicago Fire are a soccer team that plays in Major League Soccer in Bridgeview, Illinois. They started in 1998 and won an MLS Cup in that year.

Columbus Crew
The Columbus Crew are an American soccer team that plays in Major League Soccer in Columbus, Ohio. They started play in 1996, and have played in their own stadium, Columbus Crew Stadium, since 1999.

Kansas City Wizards
The Kansas City Wizards are an American football (soccer) team that plays in Major League Soccer in Kansas City, Missouri.

New England Revolution
The New England Revolution are a United States football (soccer) team that plays in Major League Soccer in Foxborough, Massachusetts. They share a stadium (place where games are played) with the New England Patriots, a "gridiron" football team. Some of their most famous players are Jay Heaps, Clint Dempsey and Taylor Twellman. Won the US Open Cup in 2007.

Red Bull New York
Red Bull New York, also known as the New York Red Bulls are an American soccer team. They play in Major League Soccer in East Rutherford, New Jersey. Until 2006, they were known as the MetroStars.

Colorado Rapids
The Colorado Rapids are an American soccer team that plays in Major League Soccer in Denver, Colorado.

F.C. Dallas
FC Dallas is an American soccer team. They play in Major League Soccer in Frisco, Texas, a suburb of Dallas, Texas. Their nickname is the "Hoops". Before 2005, they were known as the Dallas Burn.

Houston Dynamo
The Houston Dynamo are an American soccer team that plays in Major League Soccer in Houston, Texas. In late 2005, the San Jose Earthquakes moved to the city because of financial problems in San Jose, California.

San Jose Earthquakes
The San Jose Earthquakes are an American soccer team that plays in Major League Soccer in San Jose, California. In December 2005, they moved to Houston, Texas to become the Houston Dynamo. Failure to secure funding for a new stadium caused the team to move. In July 2007, they were granted an expansion team, which would bring them back in 2008. From 1996 to 1999 they were known as the San Jose Clash.

Los Angeles Galaxy
The Los Angeles Galaxy are an American soccer team that plays in Major League Soccer in Carson, California. They share their home with CD Chivas USA.
Currently signed David Beckham from Real Madrid to play in Los Angeles June 2007.

Real Salt Lake
Real Salt Lake is an American soccer team. They play in Major League Soccer in Salt Lake City, Utah. They began playing in 2005. Their head coach is Jason Kreis.

Toronto F.C.
Toronto FC was introduced as a new team for Major League Soccer in May 2006. They began play in 2007 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

President of Germany
The President of Germany (German: "Bundespräsident", literally: "federal president") is the head of state of the Federal Republic of Germany. His functions are mostly representative.
The president is elected every four years by the Bundesversammlung
The current president is Horst Köhler (CDU).

Miami Fusion
The Miami Fusion were an American soccer team that played in Major League Soccer from 1998 to 2001. They played in Fort Lauderdale, Florida.

Tampa Bay Mutiny
The Tampa Bay Mutiny were an American soccer team that played in Major League Soccer from 1996 to 2001. They played in Tampa, Florida. They're stadium when disbanded was Raymond James Stadium.

The Gillette Company
Global Gillette (formerly The Gillette Company) is an American company famous for making shaving products. It has been merged recently into Procter & Gamble's operations.

Abkhazia
Abkhazia is a republic of 8,600 km² (3,300 sq.mi.) in the Caucasus. There are about 157,000-190,000 people (as of 2006) living there. The capital is Sukhumi.
Abkhazia covers an area of about 8,600 km² at the west-north part of Greater Caucasus. The Caucasus Mountains to the north and the northeast divide Abkhazia from the Russian Federation. Abkazia is one of seven countryes on Black Sea.

Heinrich Schütz
Heinrich Schütz (born Köstritz, Saxony, 8 October 1585; died Dresden, Germany, 6 November 1672) was the greatest German composer of his time. As a young man he travelled to Italy to learn the art of composition from the great Italian composers. He had lessons from Giovanni Gabrieli. When Gabrieli died in 1612 Schütz returned to Germany. He visited Italy a second time in 1628 to learn from the music of Claudio Monteverdi. He also visited Copenhagen. For much of his life he was a court composer at the Electoral Chapel in Dresden. Most of his work consists of choral works especially motets and madrigals. He was very good at writing counterpoint and his music has some very striking effects. His "Christmas Oratorio " is particularly famous.

Domenico Scarlatti
Domenico Scarlatti (born Naples, Italy, 26 October 1685; died Madrid, Spain 23 July 1757) was an Italian composer and harpsichordist. His father Alessandro was a famous composer who wrote many operas. Domenico became famous for his sonatas for harpsichord. He wrote over 550 of them. They are mostly quite short pieces in one movement, most written in an early Classical style, which influenced many future Classical composers. He had some unusual effects in his music such as the crossing of hands as they leap wildly from one end of the keyboard to another. He also liked crunchy chords which sound like the strumming of Spanish guitars. He gave harpsichord lessons to the Infanta Maria Barbara at the Royal Court in Lisbon in Portugal. When she married she took Scarlatti, her harpsichord teacher, with her to Madrid in Spain where he spent the rest of his life.

Wilhelm Friedemann Bach
Wilhelm Friedemann Bach (born Weimar 22 November 1710 – died Berlin 1 July 1784) was a famous German composer and organist.
He was the son of Johann Sebastian Bach, but he was far different, especially his habits, which people didn't like.
When he was small his famous father taught him to play the harpsichord and organ. Johann Sebastian wrote some pieces for his son to play, and put them in a book called "Notebook for Wilhelm Friedemann Bach". The first ones are very easy, but they soon become very hard. This must mean that the young boy made very fast progress. He had a lot of talent which he did not use. He was a very good improviser, but was careless when playing music by other composers, including his father's.
In 1733, he was organist of St. Sophia's Church at Dresden, and in 1746 became organist of the Liebfrauenkirche at Halle. In 1764, after arguing with a lot of people, he left the job in Halle, remaining unemployed and living a life of poverty until his death.
Sadly for us, Wilhelm Friedemann Bach owned a lot of music which his great father had written. Unfortunately he seems to have lost it. So a lot of great music has been lost to the world.

Indiana Jones
Dr. Henry "Indiana" Jones, Jr. is a fictional professor, archaeologist, and adventurer.
He originally appeared in a series of films produced by George Lucas and directed by Steven Spielberg in the 1980s, in which he was played by actor Harrison Ford.
Indiana Jones is noted for his trademark bullwhip, his fedora hat, and his great fear of snakes.
"Indiana Jones" is also the general name given to the series as a whole, which has four films, a TV series, novels, comics, video games, and other media.

Lord Protector
A Lord Protector is a British title for heads of state. It has two different meanings at different times in history.
The title of "Lord Protector" was first used by royal princes or other nobles who ruled while the English monarch was still too young to rule or was not able to rule for some other reason.
The Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland was the title of the head of state during the Interregnum, following the first period of the Commonwealth under Council of State government. It was held by Oliver Cromwell (December 1653–September 1658) and his son Richard Cromwell (September 1658–May 1659) during what is now known as the Protectorate.

Fantasy
Fantasy is a genre of fiction (make believe) that shows some form of magic, or supernatural force.
Often fantasy also means that the story takes place in another world different from our own (e.g. Middle-earth). Although the word fantasy is most often applied to low-tech worlds, it also can depict highly technized worlds, overlapping with science fiction (e.g. Star Wars). Or it is used for historical fiction, if it is magical in some way.

Materialist
A materialist is someone who believes that the world around us is made of material, that there are no gods or other supernatural things. "Economics" (money and property) are the forces that govern society. "Spiritual" matters are secondary, or unimportant, as the existence of a spirit is not scientifically proven.

Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC) (Turkish: "Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti") or Turkish Cypriot State (Turkish: "Kıbrıs Türk Devleti") is a break-away "de facto" state in the northern third of the island of Cyprus. More than two hundred thousand people live in its 3,335 km².
Turkey is the only country in the world recognizing the territory as an independent republic.
In 1975 some of the Greek Army supported a revolution to make Cyprus a part of Greece. Turkey said that a treaty meant Turkey, Greece and the United Kingdom had to help make sure Cyprus stayed independent. Turkish soldiers went to Cyprus, and have stayed. The Turkish people who live in Northern Cyprus said that they did not want to be a part of Cyprus anymore, and formed the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus.

New Caledonia
New Caledonia (French: "Nouvelle-Calédonie"; popular names: "Kanaky", "Le caillou") is a "sui generis" collectivity" (in practice an overseas territory) of France, made up of a main island ("Grande Terre") and several smaller islands. It is located in the region of Melanesia in the southwest Pacific. At about half the size of Taiwan, it has a land area of 18,575.5 square kilometres (7,172 sq mi). The population at the 2004 census was 230,789 inhabitants. It has an Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) of .nc. The capital and largest city of the territory is Nouméa. The currency is the CFP franc. The inflation rate is -0.6%. The unemployment rate is 17.1%

Dam
A dam is a large wall or barrier that obstructs or stop the flow of water, forming a reservoir or a lake. Most dams have a section called a spillway or weir over which, or through which, water flows, either sometimes or always.
Dams generally serve the primary purpose of retaining water. The tallest dam in the world is the 300 meter high Nurek Dam in Tajikistan.
History.
Some of the first dams were built in Mesopotamia up to 7,000 years ago. Modern dams are built with arched walls of steel rod-reinforced concrete. The arched wall is a very strong shape which helps the wall to withstand the huge weight of the water.
Reasons for building dams.
There are a number of reasons that people build dams. Some countries build dams to control the flow of water in the downstream river systems, and prevent flooding. Other countries build dams to generate electricity using hydroelectric turbine generators. Other countries use dams to store water for use in irrigation (for farming).

David Beckham
David Beckham is an English football player. He was born May 2, 1975.
History.
He grew up in London youth system along with Ryan Giggs, Nicky Butt, Phil Neville,Gary Neville and Paul Scholes. Since his move from Manchester United to Real Madrid, Spain in 2003, he has been the highest paid footballer in the world.
England.
He played for England for 11 years. He has recently been dropped from the England team after giving up his England captaincy. But regained his place in the England squad towards the end of last season.
Manchester United.
From 1993 through 2003, he played for Manchester United in England.
Real Madrid.
After leaving Manchester United, he signed a four-year contract with Real Madrid which ended in June, 2007.
Los Angeles Galaxy.
He currently plays for the Los Angeles Galaxy in Major League Soccer.
Personal life.
David Beckham's wife is Victoria Beckham. She is a famous singer. Some people call her Posh Spice because she is from the Spice Girls. Beckham also has three sons.

Sonata
A sonata is a piece of music for one instrument or one instrument with another instrument accompanying. The word comes from the Italian “sonare” which means “to sound”.
A composer could call any solo instrumental piece “sonata” if he or she wants to, but usually a sonata is quite a long piece with several movements.
The term “sonata” was used in the 16th century to mean anything that was not sung.
In the Baroque period (17th and early 18th centuries) many composers like Arcangelo Corelli wrote sonatas with several movements. There were two types: “sonata da camera” (“room sonata” i.e. “chamber sonata”) which were for playing in people’s homes, and “sonata da chiesa” (“church sonata”) which were for being played in churches. The first type would have harpsichord accompaniment and the second type organ accompaniment. There would also be a cello playing the bass line. The solo instrument might be a violin, flute, recorder or oboe.
At the end of the Baroque period Domenico Scarlatti wrote over 500 sonatas for harpsichord. These are all short pieces in binary form (two sections).
By the time we come to the Classical period sonatas have become longer pieces with three or four movements. They would usually start with a fast movement, then a slow one, and then a fast one at the end. If there were four movements the extra one would be a minuet and trio or a scherzo, either before or after the slow movement. The first movement would be in sonata form. The most important composers of sonatas at this time were Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven
Many composers in the Romantic period wrote sonatas, for example: Brahms wrote piano sonatas as well as sonatas for violin and piano, cello and piano, and clarinet and piano.
In the 20th century composers who have written sonatas include Bartok, Tippett and William Walton.

Sonata form
Sonata form is a special way of organizing a piece of music. It has been used a great deal since the Classical period (from the middle of the 18th century onwards). Listening to some pieces of music in sonata form will help to understand it fully. It is helpful to know something about the different keys.
Sonata form is not just used in sonatas. It can be the form for movements from symphonies, concertos, overtures etc.
In the Baroque period composers like Bach and Handel wrote a lot of dance movements such as minuets. These were in “binary form”. This meant that there were two sections. The two sections were often the same length, and were separated by a double bar line which meant that each section was repeated. The music would not be in the same key all the time. The first section would modulate (change key) and then the second section would gradually modulate back again so that it sounded finished at the end.
Domenico Scarlatti wrote lots of sonatas for harpsichord which are in binary form, but they started to get longer and more complicated. The first section would start with a theme (tune) in the main key, and then modulate to another key for a contrasting tune. The second section might be longer than the first second, starting off by modulating to strange keys before arriving back to repeat the main tunes. This kind of piece is the beginning of sonata form.
Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven developed the idea of sonata form. A movement in sonata form has three sections called: “exposition”, “development” and “recapitulation”.
This way of building a piece of music was used by almost every composer from the mid 18th century onwards – well into the 20th century. It gives scope for a very dramatic piece. Of course, composers sometime use it differently. There is often a sense of development during the whole piece, not just during the so-called “development section”. The first movement of Beethoven’s Fifth Symphony spends all the time developing the famous idea heard at the beginning: the first four notes (DA-DA-DA-DAAAA). Even the other three movements carry on developing this idea.

Aria
An Aria means a song, usually a song in opera. It is an Italian word meaning “air” (i.e. a tune).
In operas of the Baroque period most of the music was either “recitative” or “aria”. Recitative (from a word meaning: “to recite” i.e. “to tell”) was sung quickly, almost as if it were being spoken. The singer was accompanied just by a few supporting chords, usually on a harpsichord. The story was being told in the recitative.
Once the situation in the story had changed there would be an aria. The singer would sing a song which expressed his or her feelings. The aria had more musical interest than the recitative. Arias were usually in what we call “ABA” form or “Da Capo” form. There was a main section, then a middle part, then the main section was repeated (“Da Capo” means: “back to the beginning”). In the Da Capo section the singer usually improvised, adding many embellishments and ornaments. The aria gave performers the opportunity to show off their virtuosity. A lot of them certainly did like to show off. Others may have had more musical taste.
The word “aria” is not just used in opera. Arias can be found in cantatas or just by themselves. Sometimes pieces for instruments are called “aria”. These are often a tune with variations, such as Handel's famous "Air with Variations" for harpsichord, also known as the.
In the 19th century the difference between recitative and aria in opera started to fade. Composers like Richard Wagner made the music much more continuous. He did not want audiences clapping in the middle of his operas. He wanted the music to develop dramatically and continuously.

Elijah Wood
Elijah Jordan Wood (born January 28, 1981, in Cedar Rapids, Iowa) is an American actor.
A professional actor since the age of nine, Wood is best known for the role of Frodo Baggins in the "Lord of the Rings" film trilogy.

Ian McKellen
Sir Ian Murray McKellen CBE CH (born May 25, 1939 in Burnley) is a highly acclaimed English actor for both theatre and films. He got a Tony Award and two Oscar nominations.
His work has spanned genres from serious Shakespearean and modern theatre to popular fantasy and science fiction movies.
Best known for his roles as Gandalf in the 2001-2003 "Lord of the Rings" film trilogy, as Sir Leigh Teabing in "The Da Vinci Code", and as Magneto in the "X-Men" series of movies. He is also known as an activist for the rights of LGBT people.
He was made a CBE in 1979 and knighted in 1990 for his outstanding work and contributions to the theatre. In 2008 he was made a Companion of Honour.

Viggo Mortensen
Viggo Peter Mortensen, Jr. (born October 20, 1958, in New York City) is an American theater and movie actor, poet, musician, photographer and painter. He is best known for his role as Aragorn in Peter Jackson's "Lord of the Rings" movie trilogy.

Sean Astin
Sean Astin (born February 25, 1971 in Santa Monica, California, USA) is a American movie actor, director, and Oscar nominated producer.
Astin married Christine Harrell on July 11, 1992. They have three daughters, Alexandra (born November 27, 1996), Elizabeth (born August 6, 2002) and Isabella (born July 22, 2005), all with the same middle name of Louise.

Ian Holm
Sir Ian Holm CBE (born 12 September, 1931, in Goodmayes, Essex, as Ian Holm Cuthbert), is an English actor.

Luigi Boccherini
Luigi Boccherini (born in Lucca, 19 February 1743; died Madrid, 28 May 1805) is an Italian cellist and composer. As a boy he showed great talent and was sent to Rome to study music. When he returned to Lucca he entered the theatre orchestra and the town band. He travelled a lot, visiting France, Spain, and Germany. In Berlin he was offered the job of chamber composer to the King of Prussia. He took the job, but had to promise only to work for the king, and no one else. When the king died he found himself without a job, so he went back to Madrid. There he found work at times, but a lot of the time he was very poor.
Boccherini is famous for his chamber music. He wrote more than 100 quintets for 2 violins, viola and 2 cellos. He also wrote 4 cello concertos.
Boccherini is sometimes nicknamed "Haydn’s wife" because his music sounds similar to that of Haydn. They may have known one another, but we cannot be sure.

George Frideric Handel
George Frideric Handel (German: Georg Friedrich Händel) (b. Halle, Germany, 23 February 1685; died London, England, 14 April 1759) was a German composer who went to live in England when he was a young man and later became a naturalised Briton. Johann Sebastian Bach and Handel were born in the same year. They were the greatest composers of their time, yet they never met. Handel changed his name to George Frideric Handel when he became British - this removed the dots above the "a" and changed the spelling other his first two names. The German spelling of his name (Georg Friedrich Händel) is still used by German writers.
Although they were both living in the late Baroque period, Bach and Handel’s music developed differently. Handel wrote lots of operas and oratorios and therefore became very famous. He travelled a lot, including to Italy where he learned a lot about composition. Bach always stayed in central Germany, and most of the time he was a church musician who was not well-known by the general public.
Handel wrote over 40 operas. Later he wrote oratorios. His most famous oratorio is the "Messiah". He wrote anthems, chamber music and orchestral music including "the Water Music" and "Music for the Royal Fireworks".
Early years.
Handel was born in Halle in the northeast of Germany, in today's Saxony-Anhalt. His father was a barber and a surgeon. He started playing the harpsichord and the organ when he was very young. He was given a clavichord when he was seven and he used to practice it in the attic where his father could not hear him. At the age of nine he was already composing. He had a teacher called Friedrich Wilhelm Zachau who was the organist of the big church, the Liebfrauenkirche, in Halle. He learned the organ, harpsichord and violin as well as composition, harmony.
Handel’s father did not want him to study music: he wanted him to be a lawyer. So in 1702 he began the study of law at the University of Halle, but the next year his father died, and he stopped studying law. He became organist at the Protestant Cathedral in Halle. The next year he moved to Hamburg where he got a job as violinist and harpsichordist in the orchestra of the opera-house. Here his first two operas, "Almira" and "Nero", were produced early in 1705. Two other early operas, "Daphne" and "Florindo", were produced at Hamburg in 1708.
Handel was becoming a good opera composer, but he wanted to learn more, so he went to Italy in 1706. He spent three years there. His opera "Rodrigo" was produced in Florence in 1707, and his "Agrippina" at Venice in 1709. "Agrippina" was very popular and had 27 performances. It made Handel famous. He also had two oratorios produced in Rome. He wrote sacred music (church music) and other pieces in an operatic style, e.g. "Dixit Dominus" (1707).
Move to England.
In 1710 Handel became "Kapellmeister" to George, Elector of Hanover, who would soon be King George I of Great Britain. The Elector agreed that Handel could have an immediate leave of 12 months so that he could go to London. He visited London for eight months. His opera "Rinaldo" was performed in 1711. It was the first time an Italian opera had been performed in England. It was an immediate success. Handel returned to Hanover in the summer of 1711 and spent a year writing chamber and orchestral music because there was no opera in Hanover. He was also trying to learn English. In 1712 the Elector allowed him to make another visit to England. In England he had patrons (rich people who gave him money). He had a yearly income of £200 from Queen Anne (while Bach earned only eighty in a year). He was having a lot of success, so he stayed in England instead of going back to his job in Hanover.
In 1714 Queen Anne died and the Elector of Hanover became King of Great Britain. Handel might have been in trouble. According to one story the King forgave Handel because he wrote some lovely music called "Water Music" which was performed on a boat on the Thames at a royal water party. This story about the king forgiving Handel is probably not true. George would have known that Queen Anne was about to die and he would become King of Great Britain and therefore Handel’s master again. In fact, the new king doubled Handel’s salary. A few years later his salary increased again when he taught music to Queen Caroline’s daughters.
In 1723 Handel moved into a newly built house in 25 Brook Street, London, which he rented until his death in 1759, 36 years later. The house is now called Handel House Museum and is open to the public. It was here that Handel composed some of his most famous music such as "Messiah", "Zadok the Priest", and "Fireworks Music".
In 1726 Handel's opera "Scipio" (Scipione) was performed for the first time. The march from this work is now the regimental slow march of the British Grenadier Guards. In the next year he took on British nationality.
In 1727 Handel was commissioned to write four anthems for the coronation ceremony of King George II. One of these, "Zadok the Priest", has been sung at every coronation ceremony since.
Handel spent most of his time working on operas. From 1720-1728 he was director of the Royal Academy of Music. This was an organisation that put on opera performances. It had nothing to do with the academy which is called the Royal Academy of Music today where young students study music. Handel also worked in the management of the King's Theatre and many of his operas were performed in the Royal Opera House at Covent Garden. He sometimes travelled to Italy to find new Italian singers and persuade them to come to London. London became world famous for operas. In spite of everything Handel was doing for opera he had many enemies as well as friends. There was a lot of rivalry, especially with a composer called Bononcini whose music is forgotten today. Handel gave up operatic management in 1740, after he had lost a lot of money in the business.
Later years.
In April 1737, age 52, he had a stroke. It was probably this which left his right arm paralysed for a while so that he could not perform, but he made an excellent recovery after six weeks at a health spa in Aix-la-Chapelle. At this time he started to write oratorios instead of operas. In 1742 his oratorio "Messiah" was first performed in Dublin. Surprisingly, it was not successful in London until 1750 when it was performed in aid of the Foundling Hospital Chapel. Handel performed it every year there, which brought the hospital about £600 for each performance. Handel spent most of his time in these later years composing and producing oratorios. "Judas Maccabaeus" was particularly popular. The singers for these oratorios were English and Italian. They were not world-famous virtuosos but singers whom Handel had trained himself.
In August, 1750, on a journey back from Germany to London, Handel was seriously injured when his carriage overturned. In 1751 he started to lose his eyesight. He died, in 1759, in London. The last concert he went to was his own "Messiah". More than 3,000 mourners went to his funeral. He was buried with full state honours in Westminster Abbey. Handel never married, and kept his personal life very private. He left £20,000 which was a lot of money for those days. His niece inherited most of his money. He also left some of it to friends, servants, relations and charities. His autographs (the original copies of the music that he wrote) are now mostly in the British Museum.
His name.
Handel adopted the spelling "George Frideric Handel" on his naturalization as a British subject, and this spelling is generally used in English speaking countries. The original form of his name (Georg Friedrich Händel) is usually called in Germany, but he is known as "Haendel" in France. There was another composer with a similar name, Handl, who was a Slovene and is more commonly known as Jacobus Gallus. This can be very hard for cataloguers (people trying to make a list of his music)

Richard Wagner
Richard Wagner (b.Leipzig, May 22 1813; d.Venice February 13 1883) was a German opera composer. He was the most important opera composer in Germany during the Romantic period. Apart from some music that he wrote as a student he wrote ten operas which are all performed regularly in opera houses today. Most of his operas are about stories from German mythology. He always wrote the words himself. He changed people’s ideas of what operas should be like. He thought that the drama (the story that is being told with all its tensions) was very important, and he chose the singers for his operas himself, so that he could train them into his way of thinking. The music in his operas did not give the audience a chance to applaud after big solos as it had done in the 18th century: it continues throughout the whole act. He made his music tell the story by using what he called “leitmotifs”. These were melodies or short musical phrases which belonged to particular characters in the opera, or to particular ideas. He had more influence on other composers than anybody else in his time, largely because of his harmonies which became more and more chromatic (using lots of sharps and flats, changing key a lot of the time. He built an opera house to his own design in the German town of Bayreuth. Nearly all musicians in Europe tried to make a journey to Bayreuth to hear Wagner’s music. The Wagner festival still takes place every year there.
Early years.
Wagner’s family were all involved in working for the theatre. He was not very interested in school work, and taught himself the piano and composition. He liked reading the plays by Shakespeare, Goethe and Schiller.
He studied at the University of Leipzig, although he was not allowed to be a full student because he did not have proper school qualifications. Although he lived a wild life he worked hard at his music. He studied the scores of Beethoven’s string quartets and symphonies and he wrote his own symphony which was performed in 1833 at the famous Leipzig Gewandhaus. He wrote his first opera, "Die Feen" ("The Fairies") in Würzburg. He became the conductor of a travelling opera group and fell in love with one of the singers called Minna Planer and he married her in 1836. His second opera, "Das Liebesverbot", based on Shakespeare’s play "Measure for Measure" was a failure.
Wagner always liked spending money, and he soon found he owed money to a lot of people, so he went away to Paris where he lived for three years. He was not successful at all there, none of the French musicians showed any interest in him and he was very poor. He still managed to write an opera "Rienzi" in 1841, and this was soon followed by "Der Fliegende Holländer", ("The Flying Dutchman"), which still remains a favourite to opera lovers today. It was first performed in Dresden in 1843. The audience did not like it much because they were used to operas like "Rienzi" which were written in the old way. Wagner was given the job of court opera composer in Dresden. He stayed there until 1849. During that time he worked very hard to make opera performances better, improve the orchestra and train the singers. In 1845 he wrote another great opera, "Tannhäuser". People gradually started to understand the way that Wagner’s music was telling the drama of the story. After this all his operas were great successes, although there always remained some people who hated his music, e.g. the music critic Eduard Hanslick.
Years in exile.
In 1848 he finished working on "Lohengrin" but it was not performed because he was supporting the revolution, joining in the demonstrations. Although he did not take part in the fighting he was going to be arrested, so Franz Liszt helped him to escape to Switzerland. He lived in Zürich until 1858. There he wrote about music, conducted, and read stories from the Norse mythologies. He was starting to think about writing operas about these stories. It was something that would take him over 25 years to complete. They were to become the four operas known as "Der Ring des Nibelungen" ("The Ring of the Nibelung") which, together, tell one long story. The four operas which make up this famous Ring cycle are "Das Rheingold" (The Rhinegold), "Die Walküre" ("The Valkyrie"), "Siegfried" and "Götterdämmerung" ("Twilight of the Gods"). Because of the political situation in Germany at the time, Wagner expected the rise of a socialist state. The operas in the Ring cycle were a new kind of music drama (which Wagner simply called “drama”). These operas can be seen as describing a new kind of world in which humans are free. The music used the idea of leitmotif (in English: “leading motive”), where musical ideas represent characters or emotions, and help the development and understanding of the story.
By 1857 Wagner had written the first two operas as well as Acts One and Two of "Siegfried". However, the third Act of "Siegfried" was not written until many years later, because he could see that at that time there was no suitable opera house to have these operas performed. He fell in love with a woman called Mathilde Wesendonk, whose husband was very rich. This affair led to a separation with his wife, Minna. He wrote an opera about an unhappy love affair: "Tristan und Isolde" ("Tristan and Isolde").
Mid career.
In 1861 the political situation in Germany had changed and he was allowed to return. In Vienna he heard his opera "Lohengrin" for the first time. He travelled about a lot, conducting in many cities, and waiting for the right time and place to have "Tristan und Isolde" performed. There were lots of new ideas in this opera, especially in the harmony. There is a famous chord at the beginning which is now called the "Tristan chord". Wagner’s new harmonies were gradually to change the way composers all over Europe thought about music.
Meanwhile he wrote another opera: "Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg" ("The Mastersingers of Nűrnberg"). It is different to his other operas because it is a comedy.
It is set in medieval Germany and is about a song contest.
By 1864 Wagner had spent so much money that he was in debt once more and he fled to Stuttgart to avoid being put into prison (Germany at that time was still made up of lots of small countries, each with their own laws). Then he had a big stroke of luck. The new king of Bavaria, Ludwig II, who was only 18 years old, adored the music of Wagner. He had read the poem about the Ring of the Nibelungs (Wagner had written the words, but had not finished the music). King Ludwig invited Wagner to finish the Ring cycle for performances in Munich. He gave him somewhere to live, and his new operas were performed in Munich: "Tristan und Isolde" in 1865, "Die Meistersinger von Nűrnberg" in 1868, "Das Rheingold" in 1869 and "Die Walkűre" in 1870. There were plans for a new opera house in Munich, but it was never built because a lot of people were angry with Wagner for being in debt in spite of having lots of money from the king. Another thing people did not like was that he fell in love with the wife of the man who had conducted his operas, Hans von Bűlow. Her name was Cosima. Her father was the composer Franz Liszt who had not been married to Cosima’s mother. Wagner had already left Munich in 1865, but the king still supported him, making it possible for him to live in a large house called Triebschen on Lake Lucerne. Cosima divorced von Bülow in 1870 and married Wagner in the same year.
Bayreuth and Wahnfried.
By now Wagner was working hard at the Ring cycle again. He had promised the king that the four operas would be performed in Munich when they were ready, but he realized that they would need a special kind of opera house. So he designed his own opera house and had it built in the town of Bayreuth. He spent a lot of time travelling and conducting in order to raise money for this huge project. The King Ludwig also gave him a lot of money, and a lovely new house in Bayreuth which Wagner called "Wahnfried" (the name of the house means something like: "Peace from the mad world"). Finally, the complete cycle of four operas was performed in August 1876 in the new opera house, the (Bayreuth Festspielhaus). The third and fourth operas of the cycle, "Siegfried" and "Götterdämmerung " were being performed for the first time.
Wagner spent the rest of his life living in "Wahnfried". Sometimes he travelled. He went to London and made several trips to Italy. He wrote his last opera, "Parsifal", which almost has a religious feeling to it. The story is related to the legends about King Arthur and the Holy Grail. Wagner dictated his memoirs to his wife. His autobiography is called "Mein Leben" ("My Life"). He died of heart failure when he was staying in Venice. He was buried in the grounds of "Wahnfried".
Wagner’s reputation.
Wagner had enormous influence on the development of music. Many composers imitated his harmonies, or let themselves be influenced by them. By the early 20th century some composers like Arnold Schoenberg had gone even further in making more and more complicated harmonies, and composers had to find new ways of composing.
Wagner made his orchestras much bigger than usual. The woodwind, for example, need four of each instrument (four flutes, four oboes etc), and there are extra instruments like the bass clarinet and Wagner tubas. His ideas about music drama were very important. His music helps the drama to be told because it develops all the time, like the music in a symphony.
When Hitler came to power in the 1930s he liked Wagner’s music and thought that it was something typically German. Wagner’s ideas in "Die Meistersinger von Nűrnberg" about German art suited Hitler’s thoughts. After the war, the music was thought of as being something of the Nazis. Wagner wrote some things that were anti-Jewish. Wagner's music is therefore played very rarely in Israel. Daniel Barenboim recently made people in Israel angry by conducting Wagner’s music at a Jerusalem festival.

A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court
"A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court" is a book written by Mark Twain, published in 1889. It is one of the first stories of time travel in literature, even earlier than H. G. Wells' "The Time Machine".
Story.
Hank Morgan, an American from late 19th-century Connecticut, travels back in time to King Arthur's Camelot. Because of his knownledge of science and technology, Hank becomes very powerful, and people call him "The Boss". There he tries to improve the medieval society according to the morals and technologies of his time. In the end, Merlin puts Hank in a magic sleep, who wakes again in his own time.

Juno (mythology)
Juno is the Roman version of the Greek goddess Hera. She was the goddess of marriage and childbirth. Juno was the queen of gods and was married to Jupiter.Juno was an ancient Roman goddess, the protector and special counselor of the state. She is a daughter of Saturn and sister (but also the wife) of the chief god Jupiter and the mother of Juventas, Mars, and Vulcan. Her Greek equivalent is Hera.
As the patron goddess of Rome and the Roman empire she was called Regina ("queen") and, together with Jupiter and Minerva, was worshipped as a triad on the Capitol (Juno Capitolina) in Rome.
As the Juno moneta (which either means "the one who warns" or "the one unique" or "union unique") she guarded over the finances of the empire and had a temple on the Arx (one of two Capitoline hills), close to the Royal Mint. She was also worshipped in many other cities, where temples were built in her honor.
Every year, on the first of March, women held a festival in honor of Juno called the Matronalia. On this day, lambs and other cattle were sacrificed in her honor. Another festival called the Nonae Caprotinae ("The Nones of the Wild Fig") was held on July 7. Many people consider the month of June, which is named after the goddess who is the patroness of marriage, to be the most favorable time to marry. Lucina was an epithet for Juno as "she who brings children into light."
Juno's own warlike aspect among the Romans is apparent in her attire. She often appeared armed and wearing a goatskin cloak, which was the garment favoured by Roman soldiers on campaign. This warlike aspect was assimilated from the Greek goddess Athena, whose goatskin was called the 'aegis'.Etymology and origin
Sitting Juno, Roman silverware of imperial era, Petit Palais (ADUT00168).There is a possible etymology for Juno in the Proto-Indo-European root *yeu-, "vital force", which has such derivatives as the English youth.[1] Although such a derivation could possibly be consistent with an origin as a mother goddess, it is more likely that the root *yeu- is used in the same sense as other Latin words derived from it, such as iuvenis ("young man", with derivatives such as juvenile and rejuvenate), which would imply that Juno's nature prior to the syncretism of Greek and Roman mythology was more akin to Diana's, as a maiden goddess of birth or midwifery. However, the Roman absorption of Greek myth replaced earlier characteristics of Juno with those of Hera, extending her domain from birth to marriage and promoting her to the role of Jupiter's wife and the queen of the gods. She could also throw lightning bolts like Jupiter.[2]
More immediately, Juno's Etruscan equivalent was Uni. There is currently more support for the theory that Juno is derived from Uni, and thus cannot have an Indo-European link to *yeu-. It is likely that one of these goddesses inspired the other, but whether Juno comes from Uni, or vice versa, remains disputed. "Uni" possibly meant "alone, unique, unit, union", but more examples of the Etruscan language proper will need to be found to see what Etruscans meant by uni.
The theory that Juno is derived from Uni is also supported by an ancient writer, Livy who states (Book V, Ab Urbe Condita) that Juno was an Etruscan goddess from Veii, who was ceremonially adopted into the Roman pantheon when Veii was sacked in 396BC.
Worship.
Every year, women held a festival in honor of Juno called the Matronalia. Another festival in her honor, the Nonae Caprotinae ("The Nones of the Wild Fig") was held on July 7. Many considered the month of June, which is named after Juno, the patroness of marriage, to be the most favorable time to marry. The Kalends of every month was also sacred to Juno, and she had festivals on July 1 and September 13.
Juno, as the genitals-goddess was associated with all aspects and the cycles of womanhood. Juno's own warlike aspect among the Romans is apparent in her attire. She often appeared armed and wearing a goatskin cloak, which was the garment favored by Roman soldiers on campaign. This warlike aspect was assimilated from the Greek goddess Athena, whose goatskin was called the aigis.
Epithets.
Even more than other major Roman deities, Juno held a large number of significant and diverse epithets, names and titles representing various aspects and roles of the goddess. In accordance with her central role as a goddess of marriage, these included Interduca ("she who leads the bride into marriage"), Domiduca ("she who leads the bride to her new home"), Cinxia ("she who looses the bride's girdle"). However, many other epithets of Juno are less thematically linked.
IVNO REGINA ("Queen Juno") on a coin celebrating Julia Soaemias.Juno was very frequently called Juno Regina ("Juno the Queen"). This aspect was the one named in the Temple of Jupiter as part of the Capitoline Triad, emphasizing that Juno's role as the wife of Jupiter and queen of the gods was the most important in that context. There were also temples of Juno Regina on the Aventine Hill, in the Circus Flaminius and in the area that became the Porticus Octaviae. On September 1, the festival of Juno took place.[3]
Juno protected the finances of the Roman Empire as Juno Moneta ("Juno who Warns" or "Juno the alone").
Lucina was an epithet for Juno as "she who brings children into the light", and Lucetia as "bringer of light" in general. She was also referenced as Pomona ("goddess of fruit"), Pronuba ("matron of honor") and Ossipagina ("bone setter" or "bone strengthener"). Some of these titles may have been invented as poetic descriptions, however, and may not have been actually used in the cult worship of Juno.
In Virgil's Aeneid, book I, verse 23, she is referred to as Saturnia, daughter of Saturnus.

Excalibur
Excalibur is a legendary sword in the mythology of Great Britain. It was owned by King Arthur.
The sword and its name have become very widespread in popular culture, and are used in fiction and films.
The sword was obtained by the king with the advise of his wizard-adviser Merlin. But it was considered that there existed two Excalibur swords. The first was the one Merilin put into the stone and said that the throne will be taken by the one who will take the sword out of the stone. Young Arthur was the one to do it. The second Excalibur was the one to which Merlin took the King. The sword was located at a magical lake where the Lady of the Lake gave it to Arthur. The Excalibur was made by an Avalonian elf. Later the sword was stolen by his sister and it was the time when the scabbard (sword coverage) was lost. In the battle of Camlann, Arthur was hurt, and he told Bedwyzr (Griflet) to return the Excalibur to the lake.
One of the earliest names of King Arthur's sword was Caladfwlch. It is a Welsh word that comes from Calad-Bolg (Hard Lightning). Later it changed to Caliburn used by Geoffrey and Monmouth. And today we know it as Excalibur, due to Frenchified.
The legend of Excalibur is similar to the Irish hero, Cú Chulainn who had a sword named Caladbolg; or to Norse Legend of Sigurd. All these swords were made my an elf. Sometimes he is named Wayland (Saxon myth); and Gofannon (Celtic myth).
Clarent is one of King Arthur's two mythic swords. The first is Excalibur – the sword of war, and the second Clarent – the sword of peace. Clarent sword is less known because it was used for peaceful acts, whereas the Excalibur was well-known for it was used to defend Camelot. But by the legend the Clarent Sword play a very important role. It was stolen by the traitor Mordred, who later used it against Arthur and cut him to death.

Georg Philipp Telemann
Georg Philipp Telemann (born March 14, 1681 in Magdeburg; died June 25, 1767, Hamburg) was a German baroque composer. He wrote over 601 pieces of music, many of which were published. As publishing cost much money at that time, this was quite unusual. He mostly taught himself musically and knew how to play 10 instruments. During his life people thought he was one of the greatest composers. He also wrote lots of church music, most of which is not common today.

Giovanni da Palestrina
Giovanni da Palestrina (born Palestrina, on December 17, 1525 – February 2, 1594 in Rome) was a very important Italian composer of church music of his time. He lived in the period called the Renaissance. Most of his music was choral (written for choirs). It is very polyphonic. This means that the different voices (sopranos, altos, tenors or basses) are often singing different words and different parts of the tune at the same time. Many composers since have studied the way that Palestrina wrote, because this is an excellent way to learn to write contrapuntal music.
Palestrina took his name from the town where he was born. We are not sure of the exact date of his birth. Any records of his birth were destroyed when the town burned in 1577. He was probably a choirboy in Palestrina. When he was grown up he got a job as organist and choir director at the Roman basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore. He was not earning much money, but he married a lady who came from a very rich family, so he was comfortably off. Pope Julius III heard about how good this young composer was. He asked him to come and meet him. He was given the job of master of the Capella Juliana, the choir that sang at the services in St Peter’s, Rome. This was the top job in Italy and he was only 26. Of course, Palestrina composed a mass in the pope’s honour.
Palestrina composed 93 masses (these are musical settings of the words of the communion service). He also wrote motets and madrigals. Palestrina and Lassus were the two greatest composers of the late Renaissance.

The Prince and the Pauper
"The Prince and the Pauper" is a book written by Mark Twain, published in 1882.
Story.
The story takes place in England, in the year 1547. By chance, Prince Edward, son of King Henry VIII of England, and Tom Canty, a pauper (poor boy), find out that they look exactly the same, like identical twins. After they put on each other's clothes for fun, the prince is thrown out of the palace, while people think that Tom is the prince. Now both Edward and Tom have to live in a world where they are treated different and which they don't understand.
Tom lives the life of a prince. On the streets of London, Edward is saved by the nobleman Miles Hendon. Edward travels with Miles around England. There Edward sees and has to live with the poverty and cruel treatment in the life of the poor people.
Then King Henry VIII dies. People prepare to make Tom the next King. At the crowning ceremony, Edward arrives and says that he is the real Prince. In the end, Tom and Edward can clear everything up. Edward becomes King of England. Tom Canty becomes "The King's Ward", a position in which he can live comfortably for the rest of his life. Miles Hendon is made an Earl. King Edward's rule is very good to the common and poor people, because he has lived that way for a while and knows how hard it is. But Edward dies when he is still very young.
Adaptations.
There have been several films made after the story of "The Prince and the Pauper".

The Adventures of Tom Sawyer
"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer" is a book written by Mark Twain, published in 1876. There is also a sequel, the "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn".
It is the story about the boy Tom Sawyer, who lives in America in the first half of the 19th century, and his everyday life and the mischief he makes.
Story.
Tom Saywer lives with his Aunt Polly in St. Petersburg, Missouri. The story tells about his daily life, like going to school, and falling in love with his classmate Becky Thatcher. It also tells of his adventures with his friends. One time Tom, his friend Huckleberry Finn, and another friend run away from home to play pirates on the Mississippi River. Near the end of the story Tom gets lost in a cave, where he finds a hidden treasure that makes Tom and Huck rich.

Billy Boyd
Billy Boyd (born August 28, 1968 in Glasgow) is a Scottish actor. He is best known for playing Peregrin Took in the "Lord of the Rings" film trilogy (2001-2003) and Barrett Bonden in Peter Weir's film ' (2003).
Talents.
As well as being an actor, he can sing, and play the guitar, bass, and drums. He wrote and sang a song in Peter Jackson's '.
He worked as a book-binder for 6 years before becoming an actor. One of the books he bound was "The Lord of the Rings".
He lives in a house in Lesmahagow with his girlfriend, Alison McKinnon. On April 26, 2006, he and McKinnon had their first child: Jack William Boyd.

Turing machine
Turing machine is a term from computer science. A Turing machine is a system of rules, states and transitions rather than a "real" machine. It was first described by Alan Turing. There are two purposes of a Turing machine. Either it can be used to decide a formal language or it solves mathematical functions. Turing machines are one of the most important formal models in the study of computer science.
Common basics.
Furthermore a working-alphabet (set of characters) has to be defined.
When a Turing machine is started a word (out of the working-alphabet) must be present on the infinite tape of the machine. The read/write-device on the first character now reads the first character and depending on the current state of Turing machine the read/write-device overwrites the character with a new one or moves one cell to the left or to the right. Furthermore the current state of the machine can be switched.
Turing machines that decide languages.
A Turing machine is said to "decide a language" if it is always able to determine whether a given word is contained in a certain language or not. Therefore the machine usually has two special states marked as "Accept" and "Reject". After a while one of the two states will be reached (depending on the input word) and the machine is halted. If only one of the two states will ever be reached, the Turing machine is said to "semi-decide" a language.
Turing machines that compute functions.
If a Turing machine is used for the computation of functions it only has one "end state". When the machine comes to that state it is halted and the result of the function (depending on the input) can be found on the tape.
Impact of Turing machines.
Turing machines were not invented to be built in reality, but they are very important for theoretical computer science as they are one of the simplest models for computers. The Church-Turing-Thesis states that all computers are only as powerful as Turing machines. This can be used to prove if a problem is solvable by a computer or not.

Canadian football
Canadian football is football generally played in Canada. Compared to American football, the field is slightly longer and wider, 110 by 65 yards (101 by 59 m) rather than 100 by 53 1/3 yards (91 by 49 m), and the endzones are 10 to 15 yards deeper. There are also only 3 downs instead of 4, and the field goal posts are at the front of the endzone instead of the back. There are 12 players per team on the field during play.

John Rhys-Davies
John Rhys-Davies (born May 5, 1944, in Ammanford, Carmarthenshire, Wales) is a British actor. Although he has played in many films, Rhys-Davies is probably best known for his characters in two blockbuster film series: Sallah in the "Indiana Jones" films and the dwarf Gimli in the "Lord of the Rings" film trilogy.

Sean Bean
Sean Bean (born as Shaun Mark Bean on April 17, 1959, in Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England) is an English actor. As an actor, he adopted the Irish/Scottish spelling "Sean" of his first name.

Tripoli, Greece
Tripoli (Greek: "Τρίπολη") is a city in Greece. It is located in the center of Peloponnese. It is built at an altitude of 600 meter, at the foot of Mainalo mountain. Its population is 28,876 inhabitants according to the 2001 census.
Transportation.
Tripoli is connected to the capital city Athens by a motorway between Corinth-Tripoli-Kalamata, which is a part of the E65.

2006 FIFA World Cup
The 2006 FIFA World Cup was a football (soccer) sporting event that was held in Germany from June 9 to July 9, 2006. 32 teams took part from many countries. Italy won the trophy after beating France in the final on penalties. Germany got third place in their home.

Polynesia
Polynesia is a group of over 1,000 islands in the Pacific Ocean.
Triangle.
Polynesia is the islands in a triangle in the Pacific Ocean. The top of the triangle is Hawai'i, the bottom left is New Zealand and the bottom right is Easter Island. All the islands inside the triangle are Polynesia.

Cocaine
Cocaine is a type of drug that comes from the leaves of a plant called coca, sometimes referred to as Coke. Cocaine is a stimulant. It can also be used as an anesthetic. Usually, it is a white crystalline powder. Most cocaine is used as an illegal drug, by people who want to feel a happy feeling of having energy, called "being high." Sometimes, doctors or dentists use cocaine as a legal drug.
Cocaine as an illegal drug.
Cocaine is illegal to produce, sell, and use recreationally in most countries. When cocaine is used as an Illegal drug, it stimulates the nervous system of the body and makes a person feel excited, full of energy, and happy, a feeling called "being high." Cocaine can be chewed or eaten, injected, inhaled through the nose (also known as "snorting"), or smoked in a cigar.
Another form of cocaine is "crack" or "crack cocaine." This is a cocaine which is turned into little crystals or "rocks." Both cocaine and crack are very addictive.
Effects of cocaine.
When a person uses cocaine by inhaling it into their nose (called "snorting"), smoking it, or injecting it into their veins, they feel euphoric, alert, and full of energy. This feeling is called "being high". Some people who take cocaine begin to feel worried or anxious, or even experience feelings of paranoia.
Dangers of using cocaine.
If people use cocaine, they may take too much and get sick or even die. This is called an "overdose". As well, when people take cocaine, they get intoxicated.. As well, when a person is intoxicated, they may do dangerous things, such as have unsafe sex with a person that they do not know, or get into a violent fight with a person.
Cocaine is a very addictive drug. This means that if a person starts taking the drug, they will want to keep taking it, and it will be hard to stop, even if the drug is making a person sick (ill). When a person is addicted to a drug, they might do bad or criminal acts in order to get money for more drugs, such as crimes (for example theft, robbery, fraud, or prostitution).
Another danger from using cocaine is infection with dangerous diseases such as AIDS or Hepatitis C. When a person is injecting cocaine with other people, a person can get an AIDS or Hepatitis C infection from another person if they are sharing the same syringe (needle).
Cocaine as a legal medicine.
Cocaine is also occasionally used as a legal medicine in Australia and some parts of Europe, if a person has a prescription from a doctor. Doctors sometimes prescribe cocaine as an appetite suppressant, for people who want to lose weight.
Dentists sometimes use cocaine in dental operations, as an anaesthetic. Anaesthetics are medicines or drugs which stop a person from having feelings in their body. Doctors, surgeons, and dentists use anaesthetics when they are doing operations, so that the patient will not feel pain. Dentists put the cocaine on the patient's mouth so that the patient will not feel pain in their mouth during the operation.

Viola
A viola (pronounced vee-Oh-la) is a musical instrument which is similar to the violin and cello. The viola sounds lower than a violin, but higher than a cello. It has four strings, called the C, G, D, and A strings. The highest note is the A. The viola is played with a bow in the right hand. Playing with the bow is called arco. Sometimes the strings may be plucked (pizzicato).
When people see the viola, sometimes they think it is a violin. This is because the viola is only a little larger than a violin, and like the violin, the viola is held on the player's left shoulder. It is also because the sound of the viola is only five notes lower than the sound of the violin. The biggest difference between the viola and the violin is the different sound. The viola's lowest string is the "C" string and its highest string is the"A" string. The violin's lowest string is the "G" string and its highest string is the "E" string. Even though the viola and violin can play many of the same notes, they each have a special sound quality. Sometimes people describe the viola's sound as more "dark", "earthy", or "mellow" than the violin's sound.
The person that repairs violas is called a luthier.
People who write music often use the viola for harmony notes. It is one of the main instruments in a string quartet, along with two violins and a cello. The viola is found in chamber ensembles of string instruments only, and also in full symphony orchestras where strings, woodwinds, brass, and percussion instruments play together. The viola can also be a solo instrument, but is mostly used in an orchestra. The viola comes in many sizes. The sizes are measured in inches. Such as a 14" viola. The size of the viola is measured from the bottom to the neck of it (its body's length). To find out your size just get a yard stick and stick your arm out with your palm facing up. that will help you know what size viola you need.

String
Generally, string is a thin piece of rope or twine which is used to tie, bind, or hang other objects. String can be made from a variety of fibres.

Windsor, Berkshire
Windsor is a town in Berkshire, England. It is near the River Thames. The Queen has a castle in Windsor called Windsor Castle.

Windsor Castle
Windsor Castle is the largest inhabited castle in the world, and is located in Windsor, Berkshire, England. The Queen lives there for part of the year. The castle was built by William the Conqueror. In 1992 there was a fire at the castle.

Renault Clio
The Renault Clio is a small car made by Renault since 1991. There are three generations of the Renault Clio.
Clio I (Typ 57).
The first Clio was produced from 1991 until 1998. The design was changed two times. It was 3700 millimeters long, 1670 millimeters wide and 1410 millimeters high.
Clio II (Typ B).
The second Clio was produced from 1998 until 2005. Its design was changed three times.
Clio III (Typ R).
The third generation of the Clio has been produced since 2005.

Trojan Horse
The Trojan Horse is a big wooden horse from the Trojan War in Greek mythology. In the Trojan War, the Greeks were fighting against the city of Troy.
The Greeks could not enter the city or win the war. Because of this, Odysseus, one of the Greeks, thought of a way to trick them. The Greeks built a large wooden horse and left it outside the gates of the city as a present for the Trojans. The Trojans took the horse and put it inside their city, thinking it was a victory gift from the Greeks. Odysseus chose a horse so that Poseidon (God of the sea and creator of horses) would ensure them a save trip back to Greece. After the Trojan victory parties ended, the Greeks, who were hiding inside the horse, came out of it. They opened the city gates to let the other Greeks enter Troy. The Greeks easily overpowered the Trojans and took control of the city. Because of the Trojan Horse, the Greeks won the Trojan War.
Today the word "Trojan horse" is used for things that are similar to that story: something that looks good and okay, but in truth has another purpose, usually bad. An example for this is the computer virus "Trojan horse".

Tesco
Tesco is a supermarket chain. They started in the United Kingdom, and are currently based there. They now have supermarkets in other countries around the world. Tesco originally only sold food, but they now sell other things like mobile phones, DVDs and videos, clothing, and books. They are also an Internet service provider in the United Kingdom. Tesco are the biggest supermarket in the UK and Ireland. Tesco is the third largest retailer in the world.

Fiat Panda
The Fiat Panda is a small car made by Fiat. It has four seats and two doors.
Normally it is bought by small families or young adults because the car is quite cheap and also the tax isn't very high.

Fiat Croma
Fiat Croma is the name of two different large cars made by Fiat. The first was made between 1985 and 1996, and the design of it was changed in 1991. The second generation has been built since 2005. Both have five seats and four doors.

Fiat Ulysse
The Fiat Ulysse is a large car with seven seats made by Fiat. It is currently in its second generation. It is the only Eurovan in the PSA/Fiat joint vesture to have retained the same name in the second generation.

Fiat Punto
The Fiat Punto is a small family car made by Fiat since 1993. It has five seats and four or three doors. There are currently three generations of the Punto - the newest one is Grande Punto. The car is about as big as a Volkswagen Polo.

Volkswagen Polo
The Volkswagen Polo is a small car made by the German company Volkswagen. It has five seats and can have two to five doors.

Volkswagen Fox
The Volkswagen Fox is a small car made by the German company Volkswagen. It has four seats, four wheels and two doors. The car is similar in size to the Ford Ka.

Proton Savvy
The Proton Savvy is a small car made by the Malaysian company Proton. It has five seats and five doors.

Airbus A380
The Airbus A380 (also called "Superjumbo" or "A3XX") is a 4 engined, double-deck aeroplane built by Airbus. It is the biggest passenger aeroplane in the world, larger than a Boeing 747 Jumbo Jet. However, it is not the biggest aeroplane in the world (the Antonov An-225 is the biggest in the world).
The Airbus A380 can carry between 550 and 850 passengers, and weighs over 250 tonnes. It is powered by 4 Rolls-Royce Trent 900 engines or 4 Engine Alliance GP7000 engines (The companies General Electric and Pratt & Whitney make Engine Alliance engines).
Orders.
A total of 198 A380-800 aeroplanes have been ordered by 14 airlines, 1 by Prince Al-Walid bin Talal (who is a Prince in Saudi Arabia) and 10 by a company called ILFC (who give other airlines aeroplanes for rent). Some airlines also ordered the A380-800F, an A380 that carries cargo, not people. But, because Airbus took too long to make the A380, orders for the A380-800F have been cancelled.
Emirates Airlines (an airline from the United Arab Emirates) will have the most A380 aeroplanes because they have ordered 58, but so far they only have 4.
Singapore Airlines (an airline from Singapore) took delivery of the first A380, which flew to Sydney in Australia on 25 October 2007. Singapore Airlines now have 6 A380s and are still waiting for 13 more.
Other airlines whom have ordered the A380 are Qantas (from Australia), Air France (from France), China Southern Airlines (from China), Lufthansa (from Germany), Kingfisher Airlines (from India), Korean Air (from South Korea), Thai Airways (from Thailand), Malaysia Airlines (from Malaysia), British Airways (from the United Kingdom), Qatar Airways (from Qatar), Eithad Airways (from the United Arab Emirates) and Virgin Atlantic (from the United Kingdom).

Paris (mythology)
Paris, also called Alexandros, is a person in Greek mythology. He is an important person in the Trojan War, and Homer's "Iliad".
Alexandros (Paris) was the son of King Priam of Troy and his wife Hecuba. Because it was prophesied that he would bring the end and destruction of Troy, he was left to die in the wilderness. But Alexandros was found by another man, who took him as a son and named him Paris.
Aphrodite promised him the most beautiful woman, Helen, who was already married to Menelaus. Paris used a trick to take her with him to Troy, which was the reason for the Trojan War.
Paris killed Achilles by shooting his heel with a poisoned arrow. Late in the Trojan War, Paris was killed by Philoctetes.

Venusaur
Venusaur is a fictional animal in the Pokémon video game and anime series. It is number 3 in the pokédex (a devise used by pokemon trainers to find out information about types of pokémon creatures). It is a grass and poison pokémon. Bulbasaur evolves into Ivysaur, and Ivysaur evolves into Venusaur. It is strong against Water, Ground, and Rock pokemon, and weak against Fire, psychic and flying.

Helen
Helen is a person in Greek mythology. She is said to be the most beautiful woman in the world. She is an important person in the Trojan War, and Homer's "Iliad".
Helen was the daughter of the god Zeus and Leda, the wife of King Tyndareos of Sparta. Her brothers were Castor and Polydeukes, and her sister was Klytaimnestra.
Helen was married to Menelaus, and was queen of Sparta. With Menelaos she had a daughter, Hermione.
Later she was taken away by Paris to Troy. This was one of the main causes of the Trojan War.

RSA
RSA is a method to encrypt and sign information.
It was developed in 1977 by Ronald Rivest, Adi Shamir & Leonard Adleman. It is an asymmetric cryptographic algorithm. Asymmetric means that there are two different keys. Sometimes this is also called "public key cryptography", because one of the can be given to everyone. The other key must be kept private.
Operation.
The public key is made of the modulus formula_4 and the public (or encryption) exponent formula_6.
The private key is made of the modulus formula_4 and the private (or decryption) exponent formula_16 which must be kept secret.
Encrypting messages.
Alice gives her public key (formula_4 & formula_6) to Bob and keeps her private key secret. Bob wants to send message M to Alice.
This can be done quickly using the method of exponentiation by squaring. Bob then sends formula_51 to Alice.
Decrypting messages.
Given formula_54, she can recover the original message M.
The decryption procedure works because first
Fermat's little theorem yields
Since formula_29 and formula_30 are distinct prime numbers, applying the Chinese remainder theorem to these two congruences yields
A working example.
Here is an example of RSA encryption and decryption. The parameters used here are artificially small, but you can also use OpenSSL to generate and examine a real keypair.
For example, to encrypt formula_86, we calculate
To decrypt formula_88, we calculate
Both of these calculations can be computed efficiently using the square-and-multiply algorithm for modular exponentiation.
Padding schemes.
In practice, the first two problems can arise when short ASCII messages are sent. In such messages, "m" might be the concatenation of one or more ASCII-encoded character(s). A message consisting of a single ASCII codice_1 character (whose numeric value is 0) would be encoded as "m" = 0, which produces a ciphertext of 0 no matter which values of "e" and "N" are used. Likewise, a single ASCII codice_2 (whose numeric value is 1) would always produce a ciphertext of 1. For systems which conventionally use small values of "e", such as 3, all single character ASCII messages encoded using this scheme would be insecure, since the largest "m" would have a value of 255, and 2553 is less than any reasonable modulus. Such plaintexts could be recovered by simply taking the cube root of the ciphertext.
To avoid these problems, practical RSA implementations typically embed some form of structured, randomized padding into the value "m" before encrypting it. This padding ensures that "m" does not fall into the range of insecure plaintexts, and that a given message, once padded, will encrypt to one of a large number of different possible ciphertexts. The latter property can increase the cost of a dictionary attack beyond the capabilities of a reasonable attacker.
Standards such as PKCS have been carefully designed to securely pad messages prior to RSA encryption. Because these schemes pad the plaintext "m" with some number of additional bits, the size of the un-padded message "M" must be somewhat smaller. RSA padding schemes must be carefully designed so as to prevent sophisticated attacks. This may be made easier by a predictable message structure. Early versions of the PKCS standard used constructions, which were later found vulnerable to a practical adaptive chosen ciphertext attack. Modern constructions use secure techniques such as Optimal Asymmetric Encryption Padding (OAEP) to protect messages while preventing these attacks. The PKCS standard also has processing schemes designed to provide additional security for RSA signatures, e.g., the Probabilistic Signature Scheme for RSA (RSA-PSS).
Signing messages.
Suppose Alice uses Bob's public key to send him an encrypted message. In the message, she can claim to be Alice but Bob has no way of verifying that the message was actually from Alice since anyone can use Bob's public key to send him encrypted messages. So, in order to verify the origin of a message, RSA can also be used to sign a message.
Suppose Alice wishes to send a signed message to Bob. She produces a hash value of the message, raises it to the power of "d" mod "n" (just like when decrypting a message), and attaches it as a "signature" to the message. When Bob receives the signed message, he raises the signature to the power of "e" mod "n" (just like encrypting a message), and compares the resulting hash value with the message's actual hash value. If the two agree, he knows that the author of the message was in possession of Alice's secret key, and that the message has not been tampered with since.
Note that secure padding schemes such as RSA-PSS are as essential for the security of message signing as they are for message encryption, and that the same key should never be used for both encryption and signing purposes.

Hector
Hector is a person in Greek mythology. He is an important person in the Trojan War, and Homer's "Iliad".
Hector was the favourite son of King Priam of Troy and his wife Hecuba. He was married to Andromache, and had a son named Astyanax.
In the Trojan War he was the leader of the Trojans in battle and their hero. Hector was killed by Achilles.

Hecuba
Hecuba (also Hekuba or Hekabe) was a person in Greek mythology. She was the wife of King Priam of Troy.
Her children with Priam were: Sons: Hector, Paris, Deiphobos, Helenos, Pammon, Polites, Antiphus, Hipponous, Polydoros. And daughters: Ilione, Creusa, Laodice, Polyxena, and Kassandra.
After the Trojan War she became a slave of Odysseus.

Priam
Priamos (Latin Priamus, or Priam) is a person in Greek mythology. He was the King of Troy during the Trojan War.
Priam had several wives, but his principal wife was Hecuba. With her he had his favourite son Hector, and Paris.
He was killed during the destruction of Troy by Achilles' son Neoptolemus.

Mix
To mix is the action of putting things together.
A mixture is something made by mixing.

Achilles
Achilles (also Akhilleus or Achilleus; Ancient Greek: Ἀχιλλεύς) was a hero in Greek mythology. He was an important person in the Trojan War, and in Homer's "Iliad". Achilles was the son of Peleus and the nereid Thetis. He had a son named Neoptolemus with Deidamea.
Myths.
Achilles could not be hurt in some versions of the myths; Thetis his mother dipped him into the river Styx, holding the baby by his heel, because of that he was still vulnerable at that spot. However, this is not said in the "Iliad".
In the Trojan War Achilles was the best warrior and hero of the Greeks. He killed Hector, and is killed by Paris who shoots his heel with a poisoned arrow.

Romantic music
Romantic music is music written in the 19th century. This was the period called the “Romantic period” by musicians. In literature and some other arts the “Romantic period” is often said to begin and finish earlier: around mid 18th to mid 19th century.
In the Classical period artists liked to see clear forms. 18th century architecture nearly always shows a lot of symmetry. The gardens of the palace at Versailles are a good example of this with their very tidy patterns of straight paths, circular ponds and neatly clipped hedges.
In music the Classical composers such as Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven liked to compose music which had a clear plan like sonata form.
In the Romantic period artists thought that feeling and passions were more important than formal plans. This can be seen in the gardens designed by Capability Brown, e.g. in at Blenheim Palace, Oxford. The gardens are made to blend into the nature.
In music the Romantic composers may still use plans like sonata form, but feelings and passions are important. They often write what is called programme music which means: music that describes something or tells a story. Beethoven’s Sixth Symphony is called the “Pastoral” which means that it is about the countryside. Although Beethoven is usually called a composer of the Classical period he is also an early Romantic. Later composers such as Felix Mendelssohn wrote pieces like "Hebrides Overture" which describes the sea coming into Fingal’s Cave in the Hebrides Islands in Scotland. Hector Berlioz (1803-1869) wrote a lot of music which tells a story. His "Symphonie Fantastique" is about an artist madly in love. Berlioz’s whole way of life was wild and romantic. He fell in love with an actress he saw on stage playing the part of Juliet in Shakespeare’s "Romeo and Juliet" and he actually married her! Other composers who wrote a lot of programme music include Franz Liszt (1811-1886) and Richard Strauss (1864-1949). Strauss always wrote in a late-Romantic style even although he lived well into the 20th century.
The Romantic period was also the period of Nationalism. "Nationalism" means being proud of one's country. In the 19th century a lot of European countries as we know them were being formed. In music a lot of composers were writing music which was typical of their country. They often did this by using folk music. Antonín Dvořák (1841-1904) and Bedřich Smetana (1824-1884) wrote music which sounds very Czech. Pyotr Tchaikovsky (1840-1893) wrote music with Russian folk songs in them. Gustav Mahler (1860-1911) used German folk songs in his symphonies, and Ralph Vaughan Williams (1872-1958) collected English folk songs and put them in his music. One of those pieces was a Fantasy on the famous tune "Greensleeves".

Nereid
The Nereids are the fifty daughters of the god Nereus and the Okeanid Doris in Greek mythology. They are sea nymphs of the Mediterranean Sea.

Romance
The words Romance and romantic have several different meanings. The most usual meaning nowadays has something to do with love, when two people are attracted to one another. There are three older meanings which are all still used today.

Romanticism
Romanticism is a style of art, literature and music in the late 18th and early 19th century in Europe.
This movement put importance on feelings, imagination, nature, and old folk traditions such as legends and fairy tales.

Seveso disaster
The Seveso disaster was a chemical accident. It happened in an industrial plant in the Italian town of Seveso. That town in Lombardy, near Milan has about 20.000 people living there.
The industral disaster happened on July 10 1976 near that town. The disaster meant that a lot of the toxic (poison) dioxin called "TCDD" got into the environment.
Officially, the disaster caused no human deaths. However, 3,000 farm animals and pets died, and another 70,000 animals had to be killed to stop the dioxin from getting in the food chain.

Junichiro Koizumi
Junichiro Koizumi is the former Prime Minister of Japan. He was born on January 8, 1942 in Japan. He stepped down in 2006.
Early life.
Born in Yokosuka on 8 January, 1942, Koizumi was taught at Yokosuka High School and Keio University, where he studied economics (how you make and spend money). He went to University College London before returning to Japan in August 1969 when his father died.
Yasukini War Shrine and Junichiro.
While he was prime minster of Japan, he made China and South Korea very angry by continuing to visit the Yasukini War Shrine. He was succeeded by Shinzo Abe.

Majulah Singapura
"Majulah Singapura" (Malay for "Onward Singapore") is the national anthem of Singapore. It was composed by Zubir Said in 1958 as a song to be sung at official events arranged by the City Council of Singapore. In 1959, the song was chosen as Singapore's anthem when it got the right to rule itself. When Singapore became a fully independent nation in 1965, "Majulah Singapura" was formally taken on as Singapore's national anthem.
Singapore law says that the anthem may only be sung with its original Malay lyrics. However, there are government-approved translations of the lyrics in Singapore's three other official languages: English, Mandarin and Tamil.
The national anthem is regularly performed or sung in schools and military camps at ceremonies held at the beginning and/or the end of each day. At these ceremonies, the national flag is also raised and lowered, and the national pledge is said.
Singaporeans are encouraged to sing the national anthem during times of national celebration or at important national events such as at the National Day Parade, at National Day observance ceremonies held by government departments and educational institutions such as schools and universities, and at sports events that Singapore teams take part in.

Abruzzo
Abruzzo is one of the 20 regions of Italy. It's in the center of Italy on the Adriatic Sea.

Teramo
Teramo (it:Teramo) is a province in Abruzzo, Italy. It is divided into many communes.

Aegean Sea
The Aegean Sea is part of the Mediterranean Sea. It is between the Greece and Anatolia. It is connected (attached) to the Marmara Sea and the Black Sea by the Dardanelles and Bosporus.
Name.
In ancient people thought differently about why it was named Aegean. Maybe it was named after the town of Aegae, or Aegea, a queen of the Amazons who died in the sea. Maybe it was named after Aegeus, the father of Theseus. Legends say that Aegeus killed himself in the sea when he thought his son was dead.
The Greek name for the sea is Αἰγαῖον Πέλαγος (Aigaion Pelagos, Modern Greek: Αιγαίο Πέλαγος (Aigaio Pelagos). The Turkish name is Ege Denizi. Some people think that the name came from the dialect(small language) word αἶγες (aiges) "waves".
History.
In ancient times two groups of people lived near the sea - the Minoans of Crete, and the Myceneans of the Peloponnese. The city-states of Athens and Sparta came later and were part of Ancient Greece. Persians, Romans, the Byzantine Empire, the Venetians (people from Venice, the Seljuk Turks, and the Ottoman Empire later started around the Aegean Sea. The people near the Aegean were very advanced (powerful and clever) in Ancient history and they sailed across it to talk to each other.
There are seven groups of Aegean islands: the Thracian Sea group, the East Aegean group, the Northern Sporades, the Cyclades, the Saronic Islands (or Argo-Saronic Islands), the Dodecanese and Crete. The word archipelago used to mean these islands. Many of the Aegean islands, or chains of islands, are part of the mountain ranges on the mainland. One chain goes across the sea to Chios, another one goes across Euboea to Samos, and a third one goes across the Peloponnese and Crete to Rhodes. This one divides (splits, cuts) the Aegean from the Mediterranean. Many of the islands have safe harbours and bays, but sailing in the sea is difficult. Many of the islands are volcanos, and marble and iron are mined on other islands. The bigger islands have some green valleys and plains. Turkey owns two big islands on the Aegean Sea: Bozcaada (Greek: Τένεδος Tenedos) and Gökçeada (Greek: Ίμβρος Imvros).

William de Wiveleslie Abney
William de Wiveleslie Abney (July 24, 1843 - December 3, 1920) was an English astronomer, chemist, and photographer. Abney was a member of many scientific organizations.
He was best known for his discovering and measuring the effect of adding white to a hue, in 1910. The effect is generally known as the Abney effect. For example, adding white to red makes it slightly bluish (bluish red is known as pink), and adding white to yellowish green hues makes them less yellowish and thus greener.

Giacomo Casanova
Giacomo Girolamo Casanova (born April 2, 1725, Venice, died June 4, 1798, Dux, Bohemia, (now Duchcov, Czech Republic) was a famous Venetian adventurer and writer. People mainly remember him for having many affairs with women.

Colima, Colima
Colima is the capital city of the Mexican state Colima. About 240,000 people are living in this town.

Given name
A given name is a name which is used for a single person, to separate it from a group of people, especially if these all have the same family name. A given name is a name "given" to a person, while a family name is inherited.
Example: A man named "John Smith" and his daughter named "Mary Smith". Then "Smith" is the family name, while "John" and "Mary" are given names.
In most Western countries the given name is often called the "first name" because it comes first (before the family name). However, in many Eastern countries such as Japan and China it comes after the family name, and occasionally also in Europe, e.g. in Hungarian. Christians often call their first name their "Christian name".

Family name
A family name is a name shared by people in the same family. Children have the same family name as one or both of their parents. When a women gets married, she may change her family name to be the same as her husband.
For example, Mary Brown married John Smith and she changed her name to Mary Smith. They had two children, David Smith and Kate Smith. Smith is the family name shared by the parents Mary and John, and their children David and Kate.
Each culture has a different order for a person's family name and given name. In English, the family name is always at the end, so it is also called a last name.
A family name is also called a surname.

John the Baptist
John the Baptist (also called John the Baptizer or Yahya the Baptizer) is regarded as a prophet by at least three religions: Christianity, Islam, and Mandaeanism. He also baptized Jesus and other people. According to the Gospel of Luke 1:36, he was a relative of Jesus.

John
John is a name, originating from Hebrew.

List of English monarchs
This is a list of the Kings and Queens of the Kingdom of England from 871 until England and Scotland joined together in 1707.
Normans.
In 1066, William, Duke of Normandy invaded England. He defeated King Harold II and became King.
Tudors.
The Tudors were from Wales and in 1536 Wales became part of England. England had controlled Wales since 1284.
Stuarts.
The Stuarts were also Kings of Scotland, with which kingdom England was in personal, but not legislative, union until 1707.
Interregnum.
There was a civil war in England from 1642 until 1652. In 1649, King Charles I was executed and England became a Commonwealth. In 1653 Oliver Cromwell made himself Lord Protector and so England became a Protectorate. Cromwell died in 1658 and his son, Richard, became Lord Protector. In 1660 power was given back to the Monarchy.
Stuarts (restored).
In 1707, England and Scotland joined together. For Kings and Queens after 1707, see British monarchs.

Scottish monarchs
This is a list of the Kings and Queens of Scotland. This list goes from 843 until when England and Scotland joined together in 1707.
First Interregnum 1290–1292.
Guardians of Scotland
Second Interregnum 1296–1306.
Guardians of Scotland
House of Stewart (Stuart).
In 1707, England and Scotland joined together. For Kings and Queens after 1707, see British monarchs.

Dandelion
A dandelion is a flower. Many people call it a weed.
Its seeds are like little parachutes that fly away with the wind, spreading and growing more dandelions.

Motet
The word Motet is used to mean: a piece of music for a church service sung by a choir without instrumental accompaniment. The words are usually in Latin. If the words are written in English for the Anglican church it is called an anthem.
Motets have been written since the Middle Ages. Medieval motets often had very complicated rhythms. The tenor often had the tune, which might be a folk tune, and two voices would put quite complicated accompaniments on top. The most famous medieval composer who wrote motets was Guillaume de Machaut (1300-1377)
In the Renaissance motets were usually polyphonic. That means that the different voices (soprano, alto, tenor, bass) would be singing different parts of the melody at the same time, making it very beautiful but quite complicated to listen to. Many composers of this time wrote motets. The most famous was Giovanni da Palestrina (1525-1594).
In the Baroque period one of the most famous composers was Heinrich Schütz(1585-1672) who wrote motets which he called “Cantiones Sacrae” (meaning: “sacred songs”). Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) wrote six wonderful motets with German texts. Some people think that Bach may have used a few instruments to accompany these motets. In three of them the choir divide into eight parts.
The most famous motet from the Classical period is undoubtedly Mozart’s "Ave Verum Corpus".
In the Romantic period (19th century) Anton Bruckner (1824-1896) wrote several motets which are still very popular with choirs, both in services and at concerts.

John Carmack
John D. Carmack II (born August 20 1970) is a well known video game creator. He was one of the creators of id Software, a video game company, in 1991. Carmack was the main programmer of the first-person shooter games "Wolfenstein 3D", "Doom", "Quake", and their sequels.
In 1999, Carmack appeared as number 10 in TIME's list of the "50 most influential people in technology".
Carmack is married to Katherine Anna Kang since January 2000 and their son, Christopher Ryan, was born on August 13 2004. In March of 2006, Carmack was added to the "Walk of Game", an event that names the most important people in video games.

Anthem
An anthem is a piece of music written for a choir to sing at an Anglican church service. The difference between an anthem and a motet is that an anthem is sung in English. Also most anthems are accompanied by an organ.
The word “anthem” has come to mean “a song of celebration”. This is why we also talk about National Anthems.
Anthems for the church have been composed ever since King Henry VIII argued with the Pope and did not want to be Roman Catholic any more. He founded (started) the English Anglican church. Church composers were told to write music in English. The words usually come from the Bible. We know that as early as 1502 the composer Fayrfax was paid 20 shillings for composing an anthem. After the Reformation many anthems were composed. At first they were like motets, but in English. Soon the English anthem developed differently from the continental motet. Two kinds of anthem developed: the “Full Anthem” in which the whole anthem was sung by the full choir, and the “Verse Anthem” which was usually longer and had several verses which would be sung by soloists, with choruses for the full choir in between.
Thomas Tallis (1505-1585)
William Byrd (1543-1623)
Orlando Gibbons (1583-1625)
Henry Purcell (1659-1695)
George Frideric Handel (1685-1759)
William Boyce (1710-1779)
Samuel Sebastian Wesley (1810-1876)
Edward Bairstow (1874-1946)
William H.Harris (1883-1973)
Herbert Howells (1892-1983)
William Mathias (1934-1992)
John Tavener (b.1944)
John Rutter (b.1945)

Chinese character
Chinese characters are symbols used in writing Chinese and Japanese. In the past, Korean and Vietnamese also used them. The beginning of these characters was at least 4000 years ago.
By now, there are still a lot of Chinese characters that were used in Japanese and Korean. Generally the education level of a Japanese person is evaluated by the amount of Chinese characters understood by this person. In Korean, when people found some meanings cannot be expressed clearly by Korean, people need to use Chinese characters as a note with a bracket. Before 1446, Korean people only used Chinese characters.
Chinese characters are logograms; they mainly represent words instead of sounds. Most earlier Chinese characters were pictographs - simple pictures used to mean words, but few modern Chinese characters are pictographs. Many modern Chinese characters are a combination of two or more simple characters.
Chinese characters are an important part of East Asian culture. Chinese characters may be considered to be abstract art, because of how the characters are made up of lines and points.
Different from most spelling language, Chinese characters writing is also a kind of art.
Writing.
Characters is a kind of graphic language, much different from English. The correct way is to remember the structure and meaning of every character, not pronunciation because there is very close relationship between meaning and structure of characters. Example: 房(house)=户+方. 房 is a shape-pronunciation character. 户 is for shape and 方 is for pronunciation. 户 means 'door'. 房 means 'A person lives behind a door'. 方 pronunciation is Fang and tone is 1. 房 pronunciation is also Fang, but tone is 2.

Improvisation
Improvisation in music is the art of playing an instrument (or singing) in which the musician or musicians make up the music as they play. Improvising is inventing at the same time as one does something. Some musicians only play music when they have written music in front of them, but it can be great fun to improvise music. It is a way of composing. Improvisation is common during a jam session.
In Baroque times all musicians were taught to improvise because composers often did not bother to write all the notes down. Musicians would have improvised lots of ornaments, and even whole sections.
Many great composers such as Johann Sebastian Bach, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Ludwig van Beethoven and Franz Liszt were famous for their keyboard improvisations.
Organists are often expected to improvise during a service. In this way they can fill in gaps in the service when there would otherwise be silence, they can make a smooth link between one piece of music and the next, and they can create the right atmosphere. In Baroque times in the Lutheran church organists would improvise a chorale prelude. This was a piece of music which uses the melody of the chorale (hymn) that the congregation sang. Bach was one of many composers who wrote many of his chorale preludes down. In more recent times some famous concert organists often finish an organ recital by playing an improvisation. This might be quite a long piece with several linked movements, finishing with a fugue. Somebody may give them the theme written on a piece of paper, so that it is quite unprepared.
A lot of people who play folk music improvise. Traditional folk music would not have been written down.
In traditional jazz the musicians usually improvise. It is quite tricky when a group of people are improvising together. They have to listen to one another and get ideas from one another. It can be a very exciting way of making music.
Comedy.
Improvisation also refers to a type of performance. Improvisation (or improv for short) is often used in comedy. Actors or "Improvisers" will create an entire show that they make up as they go along. They will often ask the audience for an idea or suggestion. They will then do a short performance based on the suggestion. This lets them do many different short performances during each night's show. This is called "Short-form improv".

Reichstag
The Reichstag building was designed as a home to the parliament of the German Empire. It was opened in 1894.
It was building used by the parliament of the German Empire until 1918. The parliament of the Weimar Republic, also called the Reichstag sat there until 1933, when it was burned down. The Third Reich had no parliament, so the building remained empty and derelict until after German reunification.
Then it became the seat of the German parliament again in 1999 after a reconstruction led by British architect Lord Norman Foster.
Today's parliament of Germany is called the "Bundestag." The "Reichstag" as a parliament dates back to the Holy Roman Empire and ceased to act as a true parliament in the years of Nazi Germany (1933-1945). In today's usage, the German term "Reichstag" refers to the building, while the term "Bundestag" refers to the institution.

Siren
A siren is a creature in Greek mythology. The sirens were living on an island surrounded by rocks. Sailors would try to go to them because of their singing, and their ships would get destroyed on the rocks, and they would drown.
Originally they looked like bird-women, but in modern time they are often shown to look like fish-women or mermaids. Many people said they were Naiads (spirits of the sea).
They also appear in Homer's "Odyssey". There Odysseus and his ship have to pass the siren's island. Odysseus tells his men to put wax in their ears, so they will not hear the song of the sirens. He also tells his men to bind him to the ship's mast, so he cannot go to the sirens when he hears their song. When Odysseus and his men pass the Sirens, Odysseus wants to go towards them, but his men pull the rope tighter to hold him down. His men can then look at Odysseus and see when he cannot hear the sirens anymore, because he is calm again. Then they can take the wax out of their ears, and free Odysseus.

Sirens (movie)
Sirens is a 1994 movie that had many famous models in it. The famous models were Elle Macpherson, Portia de Rossi and Kate Fischer. The three models are in the movie without clothing. Some of them do sex scenes. The models had to gain weight do the movie.
The Story.
"Sirens" is based on the true story of the life of Norman Lindsay. He was an artist who made many beautiful pictures that were very rude and sexy. Many people thought that his pictures were wrong.
The movie stars Sam Neill as Norman Lindsay. Hugh Grant is the main character who comes with his wife Tara Fitzgerald to see what Norman Lindsay is like.

Lavender
Lavender is a type of plant found in almost all continents. It has a purplish colouring and it has a colour named after it, called lavendar as well. Its Latin and scientific name is "Lavandula". It is usually collected for its scent and for decoration.

St. Gallen
St. Gallen is a city in the eastern part of Switzerland. It is located near the Lake of Constance. St. Gallen is the capital of th canton of St. Gallen. The city was founded as a monastery by the Irish monk Gallus in the 7th century. In the Middle Ages a city grew around the monastery. The role of the monastery (and the city) was very important in the Middle Ages. One of the three remaining manuscripts of the "Nibelungenlied" are from the monastery of St.Gallen. Today, the monastery, with its library, and parts of the old town are classed as an UNESCO World Heritage site.
The city is about 675 meters above sea level and is located in a part of Switzerland with many hills. As of 2004, about 70.000 people lived in the city. The urban area has about 100.000 to 120.000 people.
In the 18th and 19th century the city became known for its embroideries, which are still very well-known. Every four years, there is the "St.Galler Kinderfest" (Childrens festval). This is a large representation of the primary (and some secondary) schools in the city. Its usually in early summer.
The city also has an university, which is known for its courses in economics, and (to a lesser extent), law.
In Switzerland, the city is also known for "St.Galler Bratwurst", and a fair centered around agriculture, held once a year, in autumn. That fair is called OLMA (Ostschweitzerische Landwitschaftsmaschinenaustellung", roughly translates to "Exhibition of agricultural machinery of eastern Switzerland").
In early summer there is also an open-air rock festival. Its called Open-Air St.Gallen, and held in a valley, near the river. Since the weather is not always as good, in many years its a battle with the mud.

Hollyoaks
"Hollyoaks" is a British television soap opera. It was first broadcasted on 23 October, 1995, on Channel 4.

Muse (band)
Muse are an English Alternative rock band. They formed in Teignmouth in 1994. There are three members. They are Matthew Bellamy (Guitar, Piano, Vocals), Chris Wolstenholme (Bass and background vocals) and Dominic Howard (Drums). They're sub-classified as mainly Progressive rock, with music often filled with melody and fast tempo, but they play many other styles of music too, especially on their older albums like "Showbiz". Their latest albums, "Black Holes and Revelations" and "Absolution" have had great success in the US, UK and most western countries of the world.
Creation and early EPs.
Matthew Bellamy, Chris Wolstenholme, and Dominic Howard grew up in a small town called Teignmouth in Devon. They were bored there, so they started playing music together. When they were 13 years old, they made a band called Gothic Plague. The band was later called Fixed Penalty, and then Rocket Baby Dolls. In 1994, while they were called Rocket Baby Dolls, they won a Battle of the Bands competition. During this competition, they broke their instruments, but still won. In 1997 they chose the name Muse. Muse's members did not like Teignmouth. In an interview in 1999 Bellamy said that it was full of people who took drugs, and that it was like a "living hell".
Muse left Teignmouth, and soon met producer Dennis Smith. He was interested in the band's work, and offered them a contract with his record label, Dangerous Records. Muse released their first EP, which was called "Muse", in 1997. The band went into more band competitions and won several. In 1998 they released their second EP, "Muscle Museum". The EP was popular, and Muse toured around Europe and Australia.
"Showbiz".
"Muscle Museums popularity helped Muse get a record contract with Maverick Records in the United States. The band began work on a new album. They had already written eighty songs, but they still wrote some new songs for their next album. The other songs they used had already appeared on their previous EPs. Muse worked with producer John Leckie, who had produced Radiohead's second album, "The Bends".
Muse released their first album, "Showbiz", in 1999. In the US, Maverick had a large advertising campaign, trying to increase Muse's popularity. However, Muse were already popular in the UK, and "NME" said they were "the first great British guitar band of the 21st century". US magazine "Rolling Stone" said "Showbiz" sounded a lot like Radiohead, a comparison Matthew Bellamy did not like. Muse would be compared to Radiohead regularly in future. Other reviewers noted that the band had a lot of potential after listening to "Showbiz".
"Origin of Symmetry".
Muse spent most of 2000 touring to promote "Showbiz" and their work. The highlight was touring with Red Hot Chili Peppers and Foo Fighters. The band played at over 50 music festivals in Europe, and several in Japan. While they were touring, the band recorded a small number of songs for their next album. In January 2001, they started working on the rest with producer John Leckie, in Peter Gabriele's studio.
Muse began touring again in May 2001, after finishing the album. They had not released it, but Bellamy told BBC he thought the best way to promote it was to play live music. The band's second album, "Origin of Symmetry", was released in June 2001 in the UK. However, it was only released in North America in 2005. The album did not do well on charts, but was popular with critics. "NME" praised the album for the songs on it being very loud and angry. Allmusic said the album was very loud and sometimes ridiculous because of the instruments and riffs used on it, but that it was still very good.
"Feeling Good", a song from "Origin of Symmetry" (which was a cover of the original song by Nina Simone), was used in an advertisement by Nescafé. Muse sued Nescafé because they did not agree with how the company did business. They received money from Nescafé after suing, which they donated to Oxfam. Celine Dion also nearly got sued when she tried to use the name Muse as the title of a performance in Las Vegas.
"Absolution".
Muse's third album was recorded in many studios in places including London and Los Angeles. The band were very committed to making music; in the recording sessions for their older albums, they had wasted more time. Muse started work in September 2003 with producer Paul Reeve, but they could not make many songs they liked. They took a break for Christmas, and then changed their producer to Rich Costey. Most of the album was recorded in 2004. The album's themes included politics, death, and the Apocalypse. The guitar performances on the new album were simpler than on "Origin of Symmetry". Bellamy used on brand of guitar for the whole album, and this gave an "immense" sound according to "Total Guitar" magazine.
To promote "Absolution", Muse toured around the UK and North America. During their first show in the United States, in Atlanta, Bellamy injured his mouth by accidentally hitting himself with his guitar, and needed stitches. The band had to cancel several shows, but kept going with the tour. Muse played at the Glastonbury Festival in June 2004. After the concert, they said it was "the best gig of our lives". Shortly after the show, however, Howard's father died. While they were very said that he died, Bellamy said they were happy that Howard's father had been at the concert and had seen the band's "finest moment". In 2005, Muse played four songs at Live 8.
"Black Holes & Revelations".
In January 2005 Muse finished their world two when they played two big concerts in London. Bellamy said they wanted to start making new music soon after this. However, they also wanted to tour through the US again, because they had become popular there for the first time. Costey was producer for the band's new album, like he was for "Absolution". The band recorded their fourth album, "Black Holes & Revelations", in a château in the countryside of France, because they wanted to be away from distraction. However, they still recorded the album very slowly.

Astrology
Astrology is watching the movement and constellations of the stars and the planets, and trying to tell the future, or what a person's life will be like.
Someone who does astrology is called an astrologer or astrologist or less often, astrolog.
Astrology and astronomy started out as the same thing, but today they are very different. Astronomy looks at the stars for science, but astrology does it for religious, superstitious and esoteric reasons.
Most scientists think that astrology does not work, because there is no scientific evidence.

Theatre of Ancient Greece
The theatre of Ancient Greece was an important part in the culture of Ancient Greece. It is the origin of modern western theatre, and many of their plays are still shown today. They also invented the genres of tragedy, comedy and satyr play.
Only men were allowed as actors. The actors often wore masks or painted their faces, so that the people would know which person the actor played.
The most known writers of plays are Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides for tragedies, and Aristophanas for comedies.

Sophocles
Sophocles (497 BC, 496 BC, or 495 BC – 406 BC) was an Ancient Greek writer who wrote 123 plays. Only 7 of his tragedies have survived complete. Sophocles was the second of the three greatest Ancient Greek writers of tragedies, the others being Aeschylus and Euripides.

Black pepper
Black pepper is a plant that grows in the tropics, especially in India. The plant is a perennial vine that bears flowers. People cultivate the plant for its fruit, the peppercorn. The peppercorn can be used as a spice or condiment. Usually, it makes things hot.
There are several different plants called "Pepper", all are in the "Piper" genus of "Piperaceae".
From the 16th century onwards, people used the word "pepper" to also refer to the Chile peppers, which come from a completely unrelated plant.
Peppercorn as a condiment.
Pepper is one of the most common spices used around the world. It is very common in European cuisine, and has been known and traded for a very long time. Very often, the peppercorns are ground, and the powder is used to make things taste hot.
Peppercorn as a medicine.
Like all eastern spices, pepper was historically both a seasoning and a medicine. Long pepper, being stronger, was often the preferred medication, but both were used.
Black peppercorns are mentioned in Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani medicine in India. The 5th century "Syriac Book of Medicines" prescribes pepper (or perhaps long pepper) for illnesses such as constipation, diarrhea, earache, gangrene, heart disease, hernia, hoarseness, indigestion, insect bites, insomnia, joint pain, liver problems, lung disease, oral abscesses, sunburn, tooth decay, and toothaches. Various sources from the 5th century onward also say pepper is good to treat eye problems. Often special ointmnts made with pepper have to be applied directly to the eye. There is no current medical evidence that any of these treatments has any benefit; pepper applied directly to the eye would be quite uncomfortable and possibly damaging.
For a long time, people believed pepper is the cause for sneezing; this is still believed true today. Some sources say that piperine irritates the nostrils, which will cause the sneezing; some say that it is just the effect of the fine dust in ground pepper, and some say that pepper is not in fact a very effective sneeze-producer at all. Few if any controlled studies have been carried out to answer the question.
Pepper can irritate the intestines. It is therefore eliminated from the diet of patients having abdominal surgery and ulcers. The replacement is usually called a "bland diet".
Pepper contains small amounts of safrole, a carcinogenic compound.

Chili pepper
Chile pepper (also spelled Chili pepper, Chilli pepper; often shortened to chile, sometimes called Pepperoni) is the fruit of a series of plants called Capsicum (nightshade family). Those plants are now grown all over the world, but originally, they came from South America. They are used as spices or as vegetables, and also have some use in medicine.
When they are used as spices, they are sometimes called Pepperoncini. They are then used to make food more spicy. They may be on pizza, for example, in very thin slices.
Chile peppers are completely unrelated to the "Piperaceae" genus, which Black pepper is from.

Aeschylus
Aeschylus (525 BC—456 BC) was an Ancient Greek writer who wrote about 76 plays. Only 6 of his tragedies have survived complete. Aeschylus was the earliest of the three greatest Ancient Greek writers of tragedies, the others being Sophocles and Euripides.

Euripides
Euripides (c. 480–406 BC) was an Ancient Greek writer who wrote about 90 plays. Only 18 of his tragedies have survived complete.
Euripides was the last of the three greatest Ancient Greek writers of tragedies, the others being Aeschylus and Sophocles.

Chard
Chard (also known as Swiss chard, Silverbeet, Perpetual spinach, or Mangold) is a plant. It is a vegetable. It is in the same family with Spinach, "Amaranthaceae".

Half-life (element)
The half-life of a substance is the time it takes for half of the substance to decay. The word "half-life" was first used when talking about radioactive elements where the number of atoms get smaller over time. It is now used in many other situations. A Geiger-Muller detector can be used to measure the half-life; it is the the time when the activity is half of the original.
Note that half-life is defined as a probability. Half-life is the expected value when half the number of atoms have decayed. Carbon-14 has a half-life of 5.730 years. Taking one atom of C-14, this will either have decayed after 5.730 years, or it will not. But if this experiment is repeated again and again, it will be seen that the atom decays within the half life 50% of the time.
Radioactive atoms have unstable nuclei. Their nuclei are unstable because the arrangement of protons and neutrons in them are unsteady, making them shake until that they begin to decay and change into completely different types of atoms by releasing certain types of radioactive particles, such as alpha particles, beta particles or gamma rays, and possibly by fissioning into smaller nuclei. This is known as radioactive decay. For example, a radioactive carbon-14 atom releases a beta particle to become nitrogen-14. As an example of fission decay, a Fermium-256 atom can split into Xenon-140 and Palladium-112 atoms, releasing 4 neutrons in the process.
As an example, U232 has a half-life of about 69 years. Pu238 has a half-life of 88 years. C14, which is used to find the age of fossils, has a half-life of 5730 years.

Cyclops
A Kyklops, or Cyclops is a kind of giant in Greek mythology, which has only one eye on its forehead. They originally were children of Gaia and Uranos, and were called Brontes, Steropes, and Arges.
The most known is probably the cyclops Polyphemos in Homer's "Odyssey".

Magnetic field
A physical field is a spatial distribution of a scalar or vector quantity. The Magnetic field is the area around a magnet in which a magnetic force is exerted. Moving electric charges produce magnetic fields. Magnetic fields are usually shown by magnetic flux lines. At all times the direction of the magnetic field is shown by the direction of the magnetic flux lines. The strength of a magnet has to do with the spaces between magnetic flux lines. The closer the flux lines are to each other, the stronger the magnet. The further apart they are, the weaker the magnet. The flux lines can be seen by placing iron filings over a magnet. Magnetic fields give power to other particles that come in contact with the magnetic field.
In physics, the magnetic field is a field that permeates space and which exerts a magnetic force on moving electric charges and magnetic dipoles. Magnetic fields surround electric currents, magnetic dipoles, and changing electric fields.
When placed in a magnetic field, magnetic dipoles align their axes to be parallel with the field lines, as can be seen when iron filings are in the presence of a magnet. Magnetic fields also have their own energy and momentum, with an energy density proportional to the square of the field intensity. The magnetic field is measured in the units of teslas (SI units) or gauss (cgs units).
There are some notable specific incarnations of the magnetic field. For the physics of magnetic materials, see magnetism and magnet, and more specifically ferromagnetism, paramagnetism, and diamagnetism. For constant magnetic fields, such as are generated by stationary dipoles and steady currents, see magnetostatics. For magnetic fields created by changing electric fields, see electromagnetism.
The electric field and the magnetic field are components of the electromagnetic field.

Forehead
The forehead of humans is the flat space of skin above the eyes, between the eyebrows and where your hair starts to grow. It exists to make room for the brain inside the skull.
A doctor or nurse will often touch someone's forehead to check whether or not they have a fever. This is because of the many blood vessels in the head and face.
In ancient Greece individuals with large foreheads were classified as intellectual because of their incredibly large "brain". Nowadays this is not the case.
According to the OED Forehead can be pronouced either 'forhed' or 'forrid'.

James Prescott Joule
James Prescott Joule (December 24, 1818 – October 11, 1889) was an English physicist, born in Salford, near Manchester. In his time he had great contribution to the world of electricity and thermodynamics. He was best known for discovering Joule's law, which described electric heating by saying the amount of heat produced each second in a conductor by a current of Electricity is proportional to the resistance of a conductor and to the square of the current. The unit for this is joule, equal to one watt-second. Later Joule worked with William Thomson to find out that the temperature of gas falls, as gas expands. This principle was then know as the Joule-Thomson effect.

Andromache
Andromache is a person in Greek mythology. She is the wife of Hector of Troy and mother of Astyanax.
After the Trojan War, Neoptolemus took her and Helenus as slaves. Of Neoptolemus she had a child named Molossus. After Neoptolemus died, Andromache married Helenus, and became Queen of Epirus.

Astyanax
Astyanax is a person in Greek mythology. He is the son of Hector of Troy and Andromache. He is killed at the end of the Trojan War by Neoptolemus, so he could not be a new king of Troy, or want revenge.

Neoptolemus
Neoptolemos (or Latin Neoptolemus) is a person in Greek mythology. He is an important person in the Trojan War.
Neoptolemus was the son of Achilles and Deidamea. He was needed to win the Trojan War. He killed King Priam and Astyanax, sacrificed Polyxena to his dead father Achilles, and took Helenos and Andromache with him as slaves.
He was later killed by Orestes because he was going to marry Hermione, who Orestes wanted for himself.

Earth's orbit
All planets in our solar system follow an elliptical path. This path is known as an orbit. Earth's orbit is elliptical but so much like a circle that if you were to draw the Earth's orbit on a sheet of paper as a perfect circle, the width of the line would be larger than the elliptical path of the Earth.
The Earth's orbit takes about 365 days, this is also called a year. This means that in 365 days (a year) the Earth has gone completely around the Sun. From this we can find that the Earth is actually moving at about 67,000 miles per hour through space.
The closest distance Earth is to the sun is 146 million km (91 million miles) and the farthest is 152 million km (94.5 million miles).
The seasonal changes on Earth are because of the 23 degree tilt of its rotation axis and slightly elliptical path around the Sun.

Penelope
Penelope is a person in Greek mythology. She is the wife of Odysseus of Ithaca and mother of Telemachos. She became a symbol for the faithful wife.
When her husband Odysseus was on his long journey home, many people thought he was dead. Because of this many suitors came who wanted to marry Penelope, because then they would own her land and wealth, and become king of Ithaca.
Penelope thinks of several tricks so that she does not have to marry one of the suitors. One trick is that she tells the suitors that she will first weave a cloth for the funeral of Odysseus' father, and when she was finished she would marry one of the suitors. But every night she undoes her weaving again, so that she never finishes it.
When Odysseus finally comes back after twenty years, he and his son Telemachos kill the suitors.

Anemia
Anemia (U.S. spelling) or anaemia is a not having enough red blood cells or hemoglobin in the blood.
Dimorphic anemia.
"Dimorphic anemia" means two types of anemia at the same time. For example, macrocytic hypochromic, due to hookworm infestation leading to not enough of both iron and vitamin B12 or folic acid or following a blood transfusion.

Memphis, Tennessee
Memphis is the largest city in the state of Tennessee. The city has a large port on the Mississippi River. It is also well known for blues music and barbecue. The city is also home to FedEx, a leading company that ships packages around the world. Memphis is also known for being the home of rock and roll ledgend Elvis Presley.
Memphis is named for Memphis, Egypt, an ancient capital city of Egypt.

Dari
Dari is the name of a dialect of the Persian language. It is spoken in Afghanistan, Pakistan, and some parts of Iran.
In the past, the name Dari was also used for the dialects that kings and learned people spoke. Most of the old Persian poems and stories are written in Dari.
There are thousands and thousands of pages in Dari language from great Tajik poets, like Jalaludin Balkhi (Rumi), Bayhaqi and Nasser Khesrow and Ferdousi.

Counterpoint
Counterpoint is the art of composing music by combining different parts (voices) in a way that sounds nice. Music composed like this is called contrapuntal.
If the tune of "Twinkle, twinkle little star" is played on the piano and then some chords are added, this is harmony, not counterpoint.
A different way of playing it would be to start the tune with the right hand. Then, in the second bar (measure), as the fifth note is played, the left hand starts to play the tune an octave lower. This works well for a time, but in the fifth bar (on the word “Up” in the right hand part) it starts to get dissonant (sounding unpleasant), so changes need to made to the left hand to make it sound nicer. This way of writing with a particular number of parts (in this case: two) is called "contrapuntal music".
In that example the left hand imitated the right hand at first. This is called imitation.
If the second part had continued to imitate all the way through the piece it would have been a canon. But “Twinkle, twinkle” does not work well as a canon. One famous canon is by Thomas Tallis. A canon that can be repeated is called a round. This is all contrapuntal music.
Counterpoint does not have to have imitation, although it often does. The important thing is that each part (i.e. each voice) is equally important. It is not one part singing the tune and the rest just accompanying.
Counterpoint does not have to be one note against one note. There can be two or more notes in one part against one in the other e.g. crotchets (quarter notes) in one part and quavers (eighth notes) in another. There is a whole system for this called “species”.
Counterpoint can be varied by inverting it, i.e. putting the top part at the bottom. When music is written so that the parts can be swapped round it is called "invertible counterpoint".
The word “counterpoint” comes from the Latin “punctus contra punctum” meaning “point against point”. The word “point” meant “note”. Several hundred years ago composers found how to write contrapuntal music. They often took a main tune (called a “Cantus Firmus”) and then added one or two or more parts to it. The more parts there were the harder it was to compose because it all had to fit so that it sounded good. Music for several voices written in this way is called polyphonic music. Polyphony was used in all church music in the Renaissance. The greatest composer of polyphony was Giovanni da Palestrina (1525-1594). Students learning the art of composition today still learn counterpoint by taking Palestrina’s music as their model.

Guided by Voices
Guided by Voices (often called GBV) was an American indie band. Guided by Voices was very famous for bringing out many albums. They were active between 1986 and 2004.
The band had many members who only stayed for a while, but Robert Pollard was the most important member. Before becoming a full time musical artist, he was a teacher at an elementary school. While he was teaching, he created lots of music for the band. Robert, who today is a solo artist, is a great fan of rock music. His music and the music of Guided by Voices is inspired by the famous British band The Beatles and different music styles like post-British Invasion garage rock, psychedelic, prog-rock, as well as punk and post-punk.

Eugenics
Eugenics is a philosophy. It wants to use knowledge of genetics in order to improve humans. Through this it would be possible to eradicate genetic traits that lead to suffering. People also thought that it would be possible to create humans that are healthier, and perhaps more intelligent. In the past, many different ways were proposed for doing this, and even today eugenics means different things to different people. The idea of eugenics is today very controversial, because in the past it was used in order to justify discrimination and injustice against people who were thought to be genetically "unhealthy".
Francis Galton.
Modern eugenics was first invented in the 1860s by Sir Francis Galton, a British scientist who was the cousin of Charles Darwin. Galton believed that intelligence and talent were hereditary and were passed from parent to their children. Based on this, he thought that people could be bred to be smarter, just like animals were bred to be larger or smaller. Galton thought the best way to do this in his day was first to learn more about heredity, and also to tell people that they should only marry people who were smart and strong. Galton chose the name "Eugenics" because it was very similar to the Greek word for "well born".
Galton developed the idea of eugenics further throughout his life. He considered eugenics to be like a modern, scientific religion. He determined that there could be two types of eugenics. The first type would try to increase the number of "good" people in the world by encouraging "good" people to breed. This was called "positive eugenics". The second type would try to decrease the number of "bad" people in the world by finding ways to make it so that "bad" people would not breed. This was called "negative eugenics". One problem that critics brought up very early on is that the definition of who is a "good" person, genetically speaking, and who is a "bad" person is not scientific, and can lead to prejudice.
Eugenics in the United States.
Eugenics was not very popular until after the rediscovery of the scientific work of Gregor Mendel in 1900. Mendel's work, which led to modern genetics, gave new tools for understanding how heredity worked. Mendel himself experimented on peas, and found that many characterstics of the pea plants, such as their color or their height, could be turned on and off through heredity like a switch. For example, his peas could be either yellow or green, one or the other. When applied to humans, people thought this meant that human characteristics, like being smart or not, could also be easily turned on or off through heredity.
In the United States, eugenics became a very popular idea in the early 20th century. People thought it would cure society of all of its problems at the time, like crime and poverty, because they thought that all aspects of human behavior were probably hereditary. Very important scientists and politicians supported eugenics, and most thought it was a very progressive and scientific philosophy. But many of those who led the eugenics movement used it to justify racism and prejudice. They used eugenics as an excuse to pass laws which to restrict immigration from countries that they did not like, saying that the people in them were genetically "unfit". They also passed laws which said that people of different races could not get married to one another. Most importantly, they passed laws which said that people who were thought to have mental illness or mental disability could be sterilized against their will. Under these laws over 60,000 people were sterilized in the United States between 1907 and the 1970s.
Today we know that much of the "science" used to support eugenics in the 1910s, 1920s, and 1930s was wrong. It made assumptions which are considered bad scientific method today, and sometimes the scientists were very biased in their conclusions. Even at the time there were some scientists who said that the science was very bad. But many of those behind the movement were very important scientists anyway.
Eugenics after the Second world war.
With the end of the Second World War, forced sterilisation ended in Germany. It was continued in the United States until 1974. The main targets were at first those that were ill or that had some physical or mental disabilities. Later on, the focus shifted towards convicted criminals, as well as black people.
Only in 1985 was a law of the Swiss canton of Vaud abolished. This law allowed for the forced sterilisation of a certain group of people. It was replaced by a law on the national level, that tells under which circumstances people who are unable to consent, may be sterilised.
Eugenics today?
Though there are very few people who openly advocate eugenics today, many people wonder what improvements in genetic technologies will mean for eugenics in the future. Some people think that there is a very strict difference between genetic counseling, where parents can get information about their heredity and even prevent the birth of a child if it has a heredity illness, and eugenics. Genetic counselors say that because they only want to help the parents, then it is not eugenics, because eugenics is a philosophy which wants to change "all" people. Some people do not think the issue is so clear, though, and wonder if genetic counseling, birth control, and genetic screening are all just another type of eugenics. Some people wonder whether eugenics is only bad if it is done coercively, like the Nazis, or if it is bad because it infringes upon human dignity. Some people oppose eugenics and genetic counseling for religious reasons. The idea of eugenics is very controversial today for these reasons.

Sterilisation
Sterilisation (which some people spell Sterilization) is a process that makes animals or humans that are able to bear offspring unable to do so.

Cerberus
Kerberos (Latin Cerberus) is a creature in Greek mythology, like a hound (dog) with three heads. It belongs to Hades, and it guards the gate of the Greek underworld. It has a snake for a tail and its mane is made up of snakes. Cerberus is a Hellhound and is related to Chimera (part goat, part lion, part snake).

Yerevan
Yerevan (Armenian: Երեւան or Երևան) is the biggest city of Armenia. It is also the capital of Armenia. In 2004, about 1,088,300 people lived in Yerevan. Some people write Yerevan as Erevan. In past, Yerevan was called Erebuni or Erivan.
It is situated on the Hrazdan River, and is the administrative, cultural, and industrial center of the country.
The history of Yerevan dates back to the 8th century BC, with the founding of the Urartian fortress of Erebuni in 782 BC. Eventually, the name "Erebuni" evolved in the Armenian language in the 5th or 4th century BC, with the letter "b" in the name, for example, becoming "v".
Climate.
The climate of Yerevan is relatively continental, with dry, hot summers and cold and short winters. The temperature in August can reach 40°C (104°F), while January may be as cold as -15°C (5°F). The amount of precipitation is small, amounting annually to about 350 mm (14 in).
Culture.
As a centre of Armenian culture, Yerevan is the site of Yerevan State University (1919), the Armenian Academy of Sciences, a historical museum, an opera house, a music conservatory and several technical institutes. The Matenadaran archives hold a rich collection of valuable ancient Armenian, Greek, Assyrian, Hebrew, Roman and Persian manuscripts. Yerevan has several large public libraries, a number of museums and theaters, botanical gardens and zoos. It is also at the heart of an extensive rail network and is a major trading centre for agricultural products. In addition, industries in the city produce metals, machine tools, electrical equipment, chemicals, textiles and food products.
Two major tourist attractions are the Opera House, the ruins of an Urartu fortress and a Roman fortress. The Armenia Marriott Hotel is situated in the heart of the city at Republic Square (also known as Hraparak).
Metro.
The Yerevan Metro is a rapid transit system that serves the capital city.
Its interior resembles that of western former Soviet nations with chandeliers hanging
from the corridors. The metro stations had most of their names changed after the collapse of the Soviet Union and the Independence of the Republic of Armenia.
Economy.
Yerevan is Armenia's industrial, transportation, and cultural center. Manufactures include chemicals, primary metals, machinery, rubber products, plastics, textiles, and processed food. Not only is Yerevan the headquarters of major Armenian companies, but of international ones as well, as it's seen as an attractive outsourcing location for Western European, Russian and American multinationals.
Development.
Recently, Yerevan has been undergoing an ambitious redevelopment process in which old Soviet-style apartments and buildings are being demolished and replaced with modern buildings. However, this urban renewal plan has been met with opposition and () criticism from some residents. Jermaine Jackson has planned to build an entertainment complex in a new 5-star hotel which is being built in the city.

Smallpox
Smallpox is a very bad disease. It is caused by a virus. There are two different kinds of viruses that you can have. They are called "Variola major" and "Variola minor". Some people also call smallpox Variola, named after the viruses' fancy name.
Only people can get this disease. "Variola major" kills between 20% and 40% of those who get it. "Variola minor" kills only about 1%. Many people who survive become blind because of the damage the virus does to the eyes.
During the first half of the 20th century, between 300 million and 500 millon people died of this disease. Even in 1967, about 15 million people caught the disease, and about 2 millon people died of it, according to the World Health Organisation (WHO).
The first cure for smallpox used the results of cowpox infections. A vaccine was developed and used to cure smallpox. A vaccine is the real term for that "shot" we all have to get from time to time. In 1979, the WHO said the disease no longer existed, and no one would ever get sick from it again. However, live copies of Smallpox are kept in different maximum-security laboratories around the world.
Some believe that smallpox could be used as an agent for purposely infecting enemies in a war. Today, most people no longer receive a smallpox shot; but a few very, very old people still need it.
If you have smallpox, you'd know it: your entire body would be covered in bumps that are far worse than the chicken pox.

Ancient China
Ancient China is a very old civilization. People wrote about the history of China 3500 years ago. China is one of the world's oldest continuous (still alive) civilizations. Turtle shells with writing like ancient Chinese writing from the Shang Dynasty (商朝) have been carbon dated to about 1500 BC. They say that China began as city-states in the Yellow River valley. Many people say that China became a big Kingdom or Empire in 221 BC. The Qin (秦) emperor Qin Shi Huang made everyone write the same way. He also had ideas about the state which he based on legalism and fought Confucianism. This began what we call the Chinese civilization. Ancient China fought wars and Civil wars and was also sometimes conquered by other people.

Shaka Zulu
Shaka (sometimes spelled Tshaka, Tchaka or Chaka; ca. 1787 – ca. 22 September 1828) was the most important leader of the Zulu Empire. He joined the Zulu tribal groups together into the beginnings of a nation. This Zulu nation ruled over a large area of southern Africa, between the Phongolo and Mzimkhulu rivers. His leadership and his energy make him one of the greatest Zulu chieftains. He has been called a military genius for his changes and new ideas. He has also been called a bad leader because of the brutal and cruel things that happened when he was in charge.
Historians argue about Shaka's place in Zulu history. Was he a good leader for joining the groups together or was he a bad leader who took over and destroyed the traditional Zulu ruling systems? Was he a good leader for building a single Zulu nation, or was he a bad leader who destroyed the local cultures and the previous systems built by earlier leaders like Dingiswayo. Research still goes on into the character, methods and influence of this Zulu king, whose actions are still important in southern Africa today.
Early life.
Shaka Zulu was born in about 1787. His father was a minor Zulu chief. He lived with his mother in the court of the Zulu leader of the day. He grew up to become a great military leader. When the Zulu leader was murdered by a rival clan, Shaka took over the throne.
The crushing of the people.
During this time Shaka reorganized the Zulu into a military clan. He soon made them into a force unchallenged in Southern African kingdoms. He introduced the shorter 'stabbing' spear, the 'iklwa', that replaced the traditional long and awkward 'throwing' spear. On the battlefield, he developed the now-famous "horns of the bull" formation (a two-pronged attack). Conquering tribe after tribe, he joined all his conquests together into one Zulu nation, making it grow with people and power. This also caused the displacement of thousands of people. His actions were partly responsible for spreading the Southern African tribes as far away as Mozambique.
This event was named the "Mfecane" - 'the crushing of people' by the "Nguni" people. The Sotho and Tswana called it the "Difaqane" - 'the scattering of tribes'. The Afrikaners and the British called it "the Wars of Calamity". By 1825, two and half million starving, homeless people wandered about southern Africa looking for food and shelter.
There were other things that led to the Mfecane. Corn (maize), brought in from America, grew easily in the mild seasons of southern Africa. Because the farmers were not careful, the corn used all the nutrients in the soil. As the local population increased, they needed more land to grow corn and to graze livestock. Starting in 1800, a long drought then made southern Africa unlivable. People moved in search of food, and fought for what little food could be found. The Mfengu called the drought, "madlatule" - 'eat what you can and say nothing'.
Zulu leader.
Shaka maintained a good relationship with the Europeans in Africa, including the Colonial authorities. He was disliked by other Africans, including his own people, who suffered under his long, cruel and debilitating rule of constant war.
Ten years of continual warfare placed incredible strains on the Zulu nation. Shaka, always mentally unstable and obsessively worried about being replaced by an heir, finally snapped into madness after the death of his mother in 1828. He imposed a year of celibacy (no sex) on his people. He executed anyone who did not show enough sadness at the death of his mother. He was murdered within the year by his half-brother, Dingane, who succeeded him as ruler.
Even though he created brutal conditions for his subjects, he created the powerful Zulu Kingdom and consolidated a nation and its pride.

Halo
A halo is a ring of light that surrounds an object. Also, in much religious art, it may be seen surrounding the heads of saintly people such as Jesus.
It is believed by some Hindus that the halo shown around the heads of holy people is a depiction of their "activated" crown chakra.
Halos are visual phenomena that appear near or around the Sun or Moon, and sometimes near other strong light sources such as street lights. There are many types of optical halos, but they are mostly caused by ice crystals in certain types of clouds. The shape of the crystals changes the type of halo seen. Light is reflected by the ice and may split into colors, similar to the rainbow.

Greek underworld
The Greek underworld is the place in Greek mythology where people go when they die. It is also called Hades after the god who rules there. Its gates are guarded by the three-headed dog Cerberus.

Mughal Empire
The Mughal Empire, (Persian: دولتِ مغل) was an empire in Asia which existed from 1526 to 1857. When it was biggest it ruled most of the Indian subcontinent, then known as Hindustan, and parts of what is now Afghanistan and modern Pakistan, between 1526 and 1707.
Babur founded the Mughal Empire in 1526 and ruled until 1530. He was followed by Humayun (1530-1540) and (1555-1556), Akbar (1556-1605), Jahangir (1605-1627), Shah Jahan (1627-1658) and Aurangzeb (1658-1707). After the death of Aurangjeb, the Mughal Empire became weak. It continued until 1857. By that time, India came under the British Raj.

British Raj
The British Raj is a term of history. "Raj" is a word of Indian languages, and this word means to rule. So, British Raj means rule by the British. This rule was over what is now three countries, Republic of India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. At the time of the British Raj they were one empire, the British Indian Empire (known at the time as the Indian Empire and often referred to now as the British Raj). In addition, at various times, it included Aden Colony (from 1858 to 1937), Lower Burma (from 1858 to 1937), Upper Burma (from 1886 to 1937), British Somaliland (briefly from 1884 to 1898), and Singapore (briefly from 1858 to 1867). Some historians call the British Raj "Undivided India".
The British Raj was made up of regions under direct British rule (known collectively as British India) as well as a large number of "princely states" ruled by individual rulers under the supreme authority of Britain.
The British Raj in Pakistan and East Bengal provincial region ended on 14 August, 1947.
The British Raj in the Republic of India excluded Occupied Kashmir ended on 15 August, 1947.

Lever
A lever is scientific term for something generally used in physics.
A lever is something that can be used by a lot of ways and this is one way by measuring things and by seeing which weighs more and (or) less. A lever is supported by a fulcrum which it uses to lifts weights. There are also different kinds of levers, such as the 1st, 2nd and 3rd class levers.

Pulley
A pulley is something that is used in it is used to lift heavy weights science and mechanics. Pulleys are usually used in sets designed to make the amount of force needed to lift something smaller.

Jozef Pilsudski
Józef Klemens Piłsudski (December 5, 1867 – May 12, 1935) was an important leader of Poland.
From 1795 to 1918, Poland wasn't independent. It was parted (in 3 pieces) beetween Russia, Prussia (Germany) and Austria (Austria-Hungary). Piłsudski was born in the Russian part. The government tried to make Poles become Russian but Piłsudski was born in family of patriots. In 1887 he had troubles, because he helped people who tried to kill tsar. He was sent to Siberia. When he came back from there he liked some ideas of socialism.
Later Piłsudski was a soldier and wanted to make Poland independent again. At the beginning of World War I his people helped Austria-Hungary, because they prefered them from Russia. Then they stopped helping Austria-Hungary and Germany so Piłsudski was arrested. When the War was finished, he was free. He came to Warsaw in November 1918 and helped to organise Poland. Then, for a short time, he became its leader (not president). Later, there were two presidents: Gabriel Narutowicz (he was shot by his enemy) and Stanisław Wojciechowski. Poland's situation wasn't good and politicians argued a lot. Many people, especially the soldiers, wanted Piłsudski back, so he told Wojciechowski to resign. When Wojciechowski said no, Piłsudki took over with the help of the Army. Parliament elected Ignacy Mościcki to be the new president and he was Piłsudski's man. Together, they changed the Polish constitution and made a lot of other changes.

Isaiah Berlin
Isaiah Berlin was born on June 6 1909 in Riga, Latvia. At that time Riga was a part of the Russian Empire. He died on 5th November 1997. He was a Jew. He was the first Jew to win a prize. The prize gave him a fellowship at All Souls College, Oxford, England.
Isaiah Berlin was an important person of the 20th century. People see him as an important thinker of Liberalist ideas. He obtained an Order Of Merit and was a professor at the University of Oxford. He made a distinction between positive liberty and negative liberty. His most famous work is probably called "Two Concepts of Liberty" (where he introduced this distinction.) He died November 5, 1997.

Guru Granth Sahib
The Guru Granth Sahib is the name of a book of religion of Sikhs. The name of the book is made up of three words. The first word is Guru, and a Guru in Sanskrit language means a teacher. Granth is a word of Hindi, and this means a book. The third word Sahib is a word of Urdu language and it means master. Thus, the Guru Granth Sahib means "a Master Book by the Teacher". Guru Nanak, the first Guru of Sikhs, wrote the book, and so the book is called Guru Granth Sahib, that is the book by the teacher.
The book contains prayers, hymns and songs of Sikh religion.

Zeno of Elea
Zeno of Elea was a Greek philosopher. He was born about 490 BC and died about 430 BC. His year of birth and death are not known at this time.

Zeno of Citium
Zeno of Citium (sometimes called Zeno Apathea) (333 BC - 264 BC) was a philosopher. He was the student of Carates of Thebes, who was the most famous cynic at that time. He started the Stoic school of philosophy.

Iron Curtain
The Iron Curtain is a word related to the Cold War. It means the border between the states that were members of the Warsaw pact (in Eastern Europe), and those that were not (then called "The West").
This border was between East Germany and West Germany, between Czechoslovakia and Austria, and between Hungary and Austria.

Indus Valley Civilization
The Indus Valley Civilization (3000–1500 BC) was an ancient civilization located in modern Pakistan. This civilization developed along the Indus River and the Ghaggar-Hakra River. These rivers were very important rivers of Ancient Pakistan. Now, these places and rivers are still in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. The Indus Valley Civilization covered a large area - from Balochistan (Pakistan) to Gujarat (Republic of India). Today some old remains of the Indus Valley Civilization can be found in Afghanistan, Turkmenistan and Iran. The first city to be discovered by excavation (digging up) was Harappa and therefore this civilization is known as Harappan Civilization.

Sumer
Sumer was an ancient civilization in the southern part of Mesopotamia (modern day southeastern Iraq) that came into being around 3500 BC. It was one of the first civilizations in the world. The Sumerian civilization grew on the fertile banks of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers that flow into the Persian Gulf. Their culture is famous for its written cuneiform script - where letters were formed by pressing a triangle shaped reed into wet-clay tiles. They are also credited with creating the wheel, and dividing a day into 24 hours, and each hour into 60 minutes.
Sumerian communities were organized into city states, each ruled by a priest or king. One of the most famous Sumerian cities was Ur.
The Sumerians lost their identity with their language around 2000 BC, because a large group of different people, the Amorites, moved into their region.
The Sumerians made their clothing by using the natural resources that were available to them. Clothing was made from wool or flax which Sumerians could raise and harvest. (Flax is a plant with blue flowers. The stems of these plants are used to make the clothing.) How thick or how coarse the clothing was meant the season in which the clothes would be worn. Like us, heavier clothing would be worn in the winter and lighter clothing would be worn in the summer.
Men were barechested and wore skirt-like garments that tied at the waist. Women usually wore gowns that covered them from their shoulders to their ankles. The right arm and shoulder were left uncovered. Men were either clean shaven or had long hair and beards. Women wore their hair long, but they usually braided it and wrapped it around their heads. When entertaining guests, women would place headdresses in their hair.
Although both rich and poor Sumerians wore the same style of clothing, the wealthier Sumerians wore clothing that was made out of expensive and luxurious materials. Wealthy women and princesses also wore clothing that was colorful and bright.
Both men and women wore earrings and necklaces. During celebrations, even more jewelry was worn. The wealthier Sumerians often wore beautiful gold and silver bracelets and earrings. Necklaces were also worn and were set with bright, precious stones. Some of these stones were the lapis lazuli and the carnelian.

Cingular Wireless
Cingular Wireless is a mobile phone company from United States. Cingular is now owned by AT&T. AT&T Mobility LLC (usually branded "AT&T," and formerly named Cingular Wireless LLC) is the wholly owned wireless subsidiary of AT&T Inc. AT&T Mobility is the largest mobile phone company in the United States including Puerto Rico. AT&T Mobility has 63.7 million subscribers as of the end of the second quarter for 2007, and operates the biggest digital voice and data network in the United States.

Mystery Science Theater 3000
"Mystery Science Theater 3000" (MST3K) was a comedy television series. It was originally made in the U.S. state of Minnesota from 1988 to 1999. The series was originally made for a local station in Minnesota. It was later moved to Comedy Central, and then The Sci-Fi Channel. The series was about a man (originally Joel Robinson, played by Joel Hodgson, the show's creator, and later Mike Nelson, played by Michael J. Nelson, the show's head writer), who is put in a spaceship by an evil scientist. He was forced to watch some of the worst movies ever made. Joel makes some robots to keep him company. Two of the robots named Crow T. Robot (played by Trace Beaulieu and, later Bill Corbett) and Tom Servo (played by Josh Weinstein and later Kevin Murphy), watch the movies with him. While the movie is shown, the three make jokes and comments about the movie they watch.

Blaze Starr
Blaze Starr (born 1932) was an American stripper and burlesque star. In the 1950s, Blaze Starr, a stripper from West Virginia became well known in the United States. Besides her burlesque dancing,
her affair with Governor Earl Long of the state of Louisiana got her more popularity.
Blaze Starr and the Governor.
When Blaze Starr first met Governor Long in 1958, her first feeling was
fear. She was afraid she was going to jail when the Governor of Louisiana walked in with the police during a dance. When the Governor and the police gave Blaze a standing ovation, she was dumbfounded. Blaze had never known a politician who went to a show bar for any reason other than to cause the dancers trouble. After her show, the Governor asked for her to come to his table. They became friends.
Their relationship quickly grew into a love affair. Soon coworkers, reporters, and voters all knew of the affair. Mrs. Blanche Long, the Governor's wife told hospital people that Earl was crazy and had him put away. She thought this would make Earl to end the affair with Blaze. The affair continued until the day Earl died in 1960.
Her life was exciting and full of adventures. In the 1950's, stripping was more of an art form. It was not just women taking off their clothes to get men into bed. Blaze was close to her family. Blaze met her perfect match when she met Earl. He accepted her life style and she accepted his. They fulfilled each other's needs for companionship, compassion, and love.

Zip drive
The Zip drive is a data storage device. The company Iomega published it in late 1994.
Originally it only supported 100 MB disks, but later versions began to support 250 MB and 750 MB disks. Now capacities have reached 1GB and 2GB disks.
Higher capacity Zip disks must be used in a drive with at least the same capacity ability. Generally, higher capacity drives also handle all lower capacity media. However, it is slower to write data on a 100 MB disk with a 250 MB Zip drive than with a 100 MB Zip drive.
Zip drives can transmit data to the computer in various ways. Internal drives have been made with IDE and SCSI interfaces. External drives can use SCSI, parallel port or USB interface.
Zip disks are thicker than 3.5" (9 cm) floppy disks. Nevertheless, zip disks are quite similar in appearance to regular floppy disks. This means the Zip drive slot is large enough to accept such a floppy disk.

Cosmetics
Cosmetics (also called makeup, make up, or make-up) are products used to make the human body look different. Often cosmetics are used to make someone more attractive to one person, or to a culture or sub-culture. In Western culture, women are the main users of cosmetics. Their use by men is less frequent. All cosmetics are temporary. They need to be renewed after a certain time. Cosmetics include lipstick, powders (e.g blush, eyeshadow), and lotions as well as other things.
Cosmetics are also widely used in the world of acting.

Napoleonic Wars
The Napoleonic Wars are wars that people fought during the rule of Napoleon Bonaparte over France. They started after the French Revolution ended and Napoleon Bonaparte became powerful in France in November 1799. War began between the United Kingdom and France in 1803. This happened when the Treaty of Amiens ended in 1802.
These wars changed European armies and artillery. They also changed military systems. They were very big and destructive, mainly because of conscription. The French became powerful very fast, and conquered most of Europe. The French then lost quickly. They invaded Russia, which failed. The Napoleonic Wars ended on 20 November 1815. This was just after the Battle of Waterloo, a big battle that Napoleon lost, and the Second Treaty of Paris in 1815. Napoleon's empire lost the wars. The Bourbon Dynasty ruled France again.
Some people call all the time between April 20 1792 and November 20 1815 "the Great French War".

Etruscan mythology
The Etruscans were people in North Italy who became part of Rome. Many of the Gods below became part of the Roman pantheon.
Very little Etruscan writing has survived: Only two short, incomplete texts, and some grave inscriptions (writing on stone). No-one can read or write the Etruscan language very well now. Roman people wrote about the Etruscans but what they wrote is now lost.
The main three gods were Tinia, Uni and Menrva.

Cantata
A cantata is a piece of music which is sung. The word comes from the Italian word “cantare” which means “to sing”. The word “cantata” was used mainly in the 17th and 18th century to describe music with religious words which were sung by a choir or by soloists or both, accompanied by instruments. The most famous cantatas are those by Johann Sebastian Bach. Nearly all his cantatas are sacred (written for church services) Very often he used Lutheran hymn tunes (chorales) for the first and last movements. In between there are movements for solo singers: recitatives and arias. A famous example is Bach's cantata no 80 which is based on the chorale “Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott (“A safe stronghold our God is still”). The whole work is about being safe in the hands of God. This is what the sermon would have been about. The congregation would join in singing the chorale at the end of the cantata.
Other composers, such as Alessandro Scarlatti (1660-1725) wrote cantatas which were secular (not religious). The word “cantata” has also been used in the 20th century by composers such as Igor Stravinsky (1882-1971) and Benjamin Britten (1913-1976).

Clavichord
A Clavichord is a small keyboard instrument which was very popular for many years, especially in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries.
How it works.
If one plays a note on a xylophone or metallophone the beater should be made to bounce off the key quickly so that the key can vibrate. This is how the hammers in a piano work.
If a violinist has strong strong left hand fingers he can "hammer" them onto the string against the fingerboard and hear the note sounding (although quietly). This is basically how the clavichord works.
Playing.
To play a note on the clavichord a key is pressed down. The other end of the key (inside the instrument) comes up (like a see-saw). That end has a thin metal blade called a "tangent" which hits the string. The tangent stays on the string until the player takes his finger off the key.
Notes.
On some clavichords many of the strings share more than one note. For example: a C and C sharp might share the same string. The tangent of the C sharp will be slightly nearer the bridge than that of the C. This is the part of the string that vibrates. So C and C sharp could not be played together. Clavichords like these were called “fretted”. If each string had its own note it was called “unfretted”. A fretted clavichord was smaller and cheaper to make.
On a piano, once a note has been played, the sound cannot be changed any more. All the player can do is hold it down and allow the note to fade in sound. On a clavichord, the player can shake the key up and down and this will make the tangent push the string up and down a little, making it tighter or looser. This was called “Bebung” in German. It is like vibrato on a string instrument.
Sound.
The clavichord is a very quiet instrument. It was not suitable for playing with other instruments because it was so quiet. But it sounds very beautiful in slow, expressive music. It was used as a practice instrument by harpsichord players, or by organists who wanted to practise at home instead of in a (often very cold) church. They were so small that the could be lifted up and put on a table. They could be put one on top of another so that an organist could practise music written for a two-manual organ. Sometimes they even had pedals for organists to practise their pedalling.
Uses.
Many German composers like Johann Sebastian Bach wrote music for the “Clavier”. This meant any keyboard instrument: harpsichord, clavichord or organ. The player could choose which he wanted to use.
When the piano suddenly became popular – in the 1760s and 1770s – people started to forget about harpsichords and clavichords. Today a few people make harpsichords and clavichords again so that those who want to can play Renaissance and Baroque music which sounds like it did then.

Harmony
Harmony means playing several notes together to make “chords”. The word comes from the Greek "harmonia" meaning "to join things up". A tune by itself can sound nice, but it can be “harmonized” by adding an accompaniment of chords. Studying how to do this is called harmonization. Music students learn which chords sound nice after one another. These are called “chord progressions”. Many music theorists have written books about harmony.
Music which is made of a tune with harmony underneath is called “homophonic”. In a way it is the opposite of polyphonic which means that each part (each voice) is a tune in itself. However, even polyphony needs to make pleasant harmony. Harmony as we know it in European music had become fully developed by the Baroque period (17th century).
One can play a chord with three notes using the 1st, 3rd and 5th notes of the scale of the whatever key the music is in. This gives a chord which sounds like the “home chord”. This means that at least three notes are needed for harmony. In most homophonic music there are four: for example a choir will normally divide into soprano, alto, tenor and bass, or a string quartet will divide into violin 1, violin 2, viola and cello.
Harmony which uses just the notes of the key (e.g. just using white notes for C major) is called “tonal harmony”.
Harmony which adds lots of extra sharps and flats is called “chromatic harmony”.
If music is not in any key at all, like in some music by Arnold Schoenberg, it is “atonal”. Harmony can be atonal.

Bow (weapon)
A bow is a weapon used to shoot arrows. It is used in hunting, sport, and a long time ago war.
The use of a bow is called archery. A person who uses a bow is an archer, and a person who makes bows is a fletcher.
A bow is made up of a long curved stick and a string which is tied to both ends. Ancient bows were made of natural materials like wood or bone and sinew, but today they are often made of plastic and similar materials.
To shoot a bow, the arrow is put on the bow, with one end to the string, which is pulled back. When the string is let loose, it throws the arrow forwards.
There are many different types of bows, for example the longbow or the automatic crossbow.

Nuclear physics
Nuclear physics is the part of physics that studies the nucleus of the atom. Everything on the earth is made up of atoms; they are the smallest part of a chemical element that still has the properties of that specific element. When two or more atoms combine they create what we know as the molecule. Understanding the structure of atoms is key in studies such as physics, chemistry, biology, etc.
Structure.
Atoms are made up of electrons, neutrons, and protons. The protons and neutrons are in the center of the atom, which is called the nucleus. The protons and neutrons are the heaviest part of the atom and make up most of its mass. The electrons quickly go around the nucleus, making what is called an electron cloud. The electron cloud has a very small mass, but it makes up most of the space of the atom. The electrons have a negative charge, and the protons have a positive charge. Due to the charges in the atom, that is how the atom stays together, by attraction of the electric charges present in the atom.
Properties.
Atoms have different features that single out one atom from another, and show how each atom can change in different conditions. These properties include atomic number, mass number, atomic mass and weight, and isotopes.
Forces acting.
In an atom there are three fundamental forces that keep atoms together. electromagnetic force, strong force, and weak force. The electromagnetic force keeps the electrons attached to the atom. The strong force keeps the protons and neutrons together in the atom. The weak force controls how the atom decays.
Quantum.
In the early 20th century scientists had problems explaining the behavior of atoms using their current knowledge of matter. So to deal with this they created a brand new way to view matter and energy, and they called it quantum theory. What quantum theory described was matter acting both as a particle but also as a wave.
Radiation.
Atoms emit radiation when their electrons lose energy and drop down to lower orbitals. The difference in energy between the orbitals determines the wavelength of the given radiation. This radiation can be shown by visible light or shorter wavelengths.

Seljuk Empire
The Seljuk Empire was an empire of the Seljuk Turks, a Muslim dynasty, that ruled parts of Central Asia and the Middle East from the 11th to the 14th centuries. The Seljuk Empire stretched from Anatolia to Pakistan.

Central Asia
Central Asia is a region in Asia. The countries located in Central Asia are Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Tajikistan. The United Nations also includes Afghanistan and Pakistan as part of Central Asia.
History.
People have lived in the region of Central Asia since prehistoric times. Most of the region was part of the Silk Road. It was a part of the Persian Empire until Alexander The Great captured it. When he died, the land was given to his general Seleucus. Seleucus slowly lost it to the Parthians. When the Parthians (the Parthians were Persians) lost power, the Sassanids added it to their own Persian empire. However, a couple years later, during about the 600's A.D, Arab armies spreading the faith of Islam quickly captured it. A while later, an Iranian dynasty got semi- autonomy under the Abbasid Caliphate of Baghdad. They were known as the Samanids. The Samanids controlled most of Central Asia and Northwestern Iran. They had power over this area during the 10th century. With them, Central Asian cities, such as Bukhara and Samarkand, grew in culture. However, Turkish armies from this area took the region away from them. They were known as the Seljuk Turks. At the same time, Timur captured it. After his death, the Timurids (the name of the people of the dynasty Timur founded) could not hold unto their empire. They lost it to the Mongols. When the Mongols captured it, burned it to the ground. A while later, some rulers decided to make their own empires under that of the Mongols. These empires were known as Khanates. But the Russians decided to take away these lands. Many years later, in 1991, all of the countries of Central Asia declared independence.
Economy.
Uzbekistan has much cotton. Kazakhstan is wealthy because it has sold oil, gas and metals to Europe and China. Turkmenistan has adjusted better to independence from the Soviet Union than the other Central Asian countries, but it has been run by a dictatorship. Other than Kazakhstan, most of Central Asia are mostly underdeveloped.

Turkestan
Turkestan (also spelled as Turkistan or Türkistan) means "Land of the Turks", and is a region in Central Asia.

Mesoamerica
Mesoamerica is a geographical region. It begins from around the Tropic of Cancer in central Mexico and ends near Costa Rica. The term is especially used to mean the native peoples and cultures that were there before the Spanish took over that region.

Cathode ray tube
The cathode ray tube or CRT was invented by Karl Ferdinand Braun. It is the display device that was used in most computer monitors and televisions before LCD and plasma screens started being used.
A cathode ray tube is an electron gun. It is a vacuumed glass container with a cathode (an electrode with negative charge) at one end. The heater is like a light bulb. It heats up and gives out electrons. The cathode repels the electrons towards the screen because they have the same charge. The anodes attract and speed the electrons up because they have the opposite charge.
When these electrons hit the phosphor screen, they cause that small part of the screen to light up. The 4 plates move the electrons up, down, left and right onto a spot on the screen.
CRTs can also be used as particle accelerators.

Recitative
Recitative (Italian: “recitativo”) is music which is telling a story quite quickly, as if it were being spoken. The word means: “to recite” i.e. to tell a story.
Recitative is used in opera, oratorio and cantatas. When opera was invented around 1600 the composers needed to tell the story in music. In recitative the story is sung quickly, with maybe just a harpsichord playing a few chords. After a while, the situation in the story has changed, and the singer can sing an aria which is more interesting musically.
When recitative is just accompanied by a keyboard instrument it is called “recitativo secco” (dry recitative). Sometimes the orchestra joins this. This is called “recitativo accompagnato” (accompanied recitative). There are no bar lines in recitative because there is no regular beat.
Although recitative is simple musically, it can sometimes describe the words being sung in quite interesting or amusing ways. Sometimes this might be improvised by the harpsichordist.
In the 19th century the difference between aria and recitative gradually disappeared. Wagner wrote operas where everything had musical interest and the various sections flowed into one another.
In a way, the modern rap is quite like recitative. But recitative is always sung.

Ancient India
Ancient India had a long-lived civilization and culture. It covered several countries including the Republic of India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh.
The Indus Valley Civilization flourished from about 2600 BCE to 1900 BCE. It marked the beginning of the urban civilization on the subcontinent. It was centred on the Indus River and its tributaries. The civilization is famous for its cities that were built of brick, had a road-side drainage system and multi-storied houses.
During the Maurya dynasty founded in 321 BCE most of the Indian subcontinent was united under a single government for the first time. Ashoka the Great who in the beginning sought to expand his kingdom, then followed a policy of ahimsa (non-violence) after converting to Buddhism. The Edicts of Ashoka are the oldest preserved historical documents of India, and under Ashoka Buddhist ideals spread across the whole of East Asia and South-East Asia.
Gupta an important ruler during the Gupta period was also known as wise and noble person.

Partition of India
The Partition of British India was done in August of 1947. After partition of the British Empire, it became two countries, namely, Republic of India and Pakistan. The term does not have to do with the earlier separation of Burma and Ceylon from India, nor the Partition of Pakistan in 1971. Mohandas Gandhi opposed the partition, saying,
"My whole soul rebels against the idea that Hinduism and Islam represent two antagonistic cultures and doctrines. To assent to such a doctrine is for me a denial of God."

World Heritage Site
World Heritage Sites are places in the world which are very important from the cultural or natural point. Such sites are selected by UNESCO, a part of the United Nations.

Tail
A tail is the section at the rear end of an animal's body. Several animals have tails like cats, dogs, scorpions, fish, and monkeys.

Ganesha
Ganesha or (Ganesh) is the elephant-headed god in Hinduism. He is the son of Shiva and Parvati.
Ganesha is a very popular god of Hindus. Hindu tradition states that Ganesha is a god of wisdom, success and good luck. He is also giver of different types of favors. The Hindu tradition calls Ganesha as the Vighneshvara. "Vighneshvara" in Sanskrit language means one who is the lord of obstacles or difficulties. Thus, the Hindu tradition states that by worshiping Ganesha, one can remove all obstacle and difficulties.
His worship.
There are not many temples (mandirs) of Ganesha. But, in most of the temples of Hindus, people worship Ganesha along with other gods and goddesses. Hindu Tradition gives Ganesha an important place. The tradition says that Hindus should worship Ganesha first in all their religious functions and ceremonies. Generally, many Hindus also worship Ganesha before starting any new thing. Thus, for example, before occupying a new house, they may worship Ganesha. Likewise, before starting any new business, many Hindus may worship Ganesha.
Mythology.
There are many mythological stories about Ganesha.
A story says that Parvati had made a boy of sand. The boy of sand became alive. This boy was guarding the way while Parvati was taking a bath. Shiva wanted to meet his wife, Parvati. The boy did not allow him. Shiva became angry. He cut the head of the boy. Then, the head of an elephant was fixed to make the boy alive again. Therefore, Ganesha has a head of an elephant.
There is one other story. Parvati was very proud of her son Ganesha. She asked Shani (planet Saturn, god of bad luck) to look at her son. Shani looked at the face of Ganesha. Shani’s look burnt Ganesha’s face and he became headless. Then Brahma (the creator god of Hindus) advised Parvati to fix the first head of anything she could find. Parvati found a head of an elephant. This head she fixed on the body of Ganesha. Thus, Ganesha got an elephant’s head.
Ganesha was having a race with his brother Kartikeya, the first one to go around the world would be the winner.So Kartikeya raced off the next day but Ganesha stayed and thought about how he could win. Eventually he sat on his mount a rat and went round his parents(who represent the whole world in Hindu scriptures) seven times. Thus, Ganesha was declared the winner due to his intelligence.
Reference.
Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend (ISBN 0500510881) by Anna Dallapiccola

Indie (music)
Indie is a word that is short for independent. When people talk about indie in music, they mean music that is made by people independently from major record labels (mainly rock and roll groups and artists). Indie music could also be very experimental, meaning that people try out things like new or different sounds. The styles can range from rock music to house music to pop music.

C.D. Chivas USA
C.D. Chivas USA is an American football (soccer) team that plays in Major League Soccer in Carson, California. They began play in 2005, and they play at the home of the Los Angeles Galaxy.

Cycle
A Cycle is something that is round. The word comes from Greek, where it means circle.
If something appears in a cycle it can be described as "cyclic".

Abu Musab al-Zarqawi
Abu Musab al-Zarqawi (October 1966 - June 7, 2006) was a leader of Al-Qaeda, a terrorist group in the Middle East.

Salta Province
Salta is a province in the north of Argentina. It has a population of 1,000,000.
It is famous for its wonderfull natural views and the old architecture in the provincial capital, Salta City.

Fermat's primality test
Fermat's primality test is an algorithm. It is a recipe for computers. It can test if a given number "p" is probably prime. There is a flaw however: There are numbers that pass the test, and that are not prime.
Concept.
Fermat's little theorem states that if "p" is prime and formula_1, then
If we want to test if "n" is prime, then we can pick random "as in the interval and see if the equation above holds. If the equality does not hold for a value of "a", then "n" is composite (not prime). If the equality does hold for many values of "a", then we can say that "n" is probably prime, or a pseudoprime.
It may be in our tests that we do not pick any value for "a" such that the equality fails. Any "a" such that
when "n" is composite is known as a "Fermat liar". If we do pick an "a" such that
then "a" is known as a "Fermat witness" for the compositeness of "n".
"formula_5" is the modulo operation. Its result is what remains, if p is divided by n. As an example,
What this test is used for.
The RSA algorithm for public-key encryption can be done in such a way that it uses this test. This is useful in cryptography

Hash function
The Hash function is a function. When a computer program is written, very often, large amounts of data need to be stored. These are normally stored in tables. In order to find the data again, some value is calculated. This is like when someone reads a book, and to remember, they put what they read into their own words. Hash values are much the same, except that care is taken that different sets of data do not get the same hash value (this is called a "hash collision").

Trinity
In the Christian religion the Trinity is the name given to God who is seen as three persons: God the Father, God the Son and God the Holy Spirit (sometimes called "Holy Ghost" in English).
Where the word Trinity is from.
The English word "Trinity" comes from Latin "Trinitas", meaning "the number three, a triad". This abstract noun is formed from the adjective "trinus" (three each, threefold, triple), as the word "unitas" is the abstract noun formed from "unus" (one).
The corresponding word in Greek is " ("Trias"), meaning "a set of three" or "the number three."
The first recorded use of this Greek word in Christian theology was by Theophilus of Antioch in about 170. He did not speak about the Trinity of god. He wrote: "In like manner also the three days which were before the luminaries, are types of the Trinity, of God, and His Word, and His wisdom. And the fourth is the type of man, who needs light, that so there may be God, the Word, wisdom, man."
Tertullian, a Latin theologian who wrote in the early third century, was the first to use "Trinity" "person" and "substance" to explain that the Father, Son and Holy Spirit are "one in essence – not one in Person."
About a century later, in 325, the First Council of Nicaea established the doctrine of the Trinity as orthodoxy and adopted the Nicene Creed that described Christ as "God of God, Light of Light, very God of very God, begotten, not made, being of one substance ("homoousios") with the Father."
The Trinity in Christian texts.
Most Christians worship God in the form of the Trinity. The Trinity is not mentioned in the New Testament. Jesus never talked about it in his teaching. In the Old Testament there are several places where there seems to be evidence for a Trinity. In Genesis we find that God said "Let us make man in our image". Note the plural "our". Later we read that “The Lord our God is one Lord” (Deuteronomy 6:4).
When Jesus came the early Christians had to make sense of the fact that God had come among them through the power of the Holy Spirit. Matthew wrote in his gospel: “Go therefore and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit (Matthew 28:19). Several things in the gospel of John are often thought to point to a God who is more than just one being. The three persons of God are also mentioned in the second book of Corinthians.
It was several hundred years after the life of Jesus before Christians generally accepted the idea that God was a Trinity. It was a difficult idea, because the Hebrew scriptures talk about God being One. The Greeks and the Romans could only understand Christ as a person who was bringing God’s Word. It was not until the 4th century that the three were thought of as being the three parts of one whole God. This was decided by the Council of Nicaea in 325. By the end of the century all Christians had come to believe in God as a Trinity.
In the 5th century Saint Patrick brought Christianity to Ireland. There is an old Irish legend which says that Patrick used the shamrock to explain the idea of the Trinity. The shamrock has three small leaves. Patrick told the people that the three leaves represented God the Father, God the Son and God the Holy Spirit. He said that the whole plant represented God.
In Christian churches the Sunday after Pentecost (the 50th day after Easter) is called the “Feast of the Holy Trinity”. This feast probably started in the 10th century. In 1334 Pope John XXII made it official for the whole church. In the Anglican and Lutheran churches the weeks that follow The Feast of the Trinity are dated according to how many weeks after Trinity they are (e.g. the 20th Sunday after Trinity). In the Roman liturgy these Sundays are dated “after Pentecoste” (e.g. the 21st Sunday after Pentecoste).

Mošovce
"Mošovce" is one of the biggest villages in the Turiec Region of Slovakia.
History.
Mošovce has existed for 770 years. In this time people built many old and beautiful buildings. King Andrew II wrote about the village for the first time in 1233.
At first, "Mošovce" had two parts: The first one, "Machyuch", was in the area of today’s "Starý Rad" Street. The village took its today's name from the second part, "Terra Moys", which was in the place of the present day "Vidrmoch" Street. Because of the name of the second part, which means "The Land of Mojš", we believe that all the village was the property of a certain Mr. "Mojš". His name could be a short form of a longer Slavic name "Mojtech", similar to the names "Vojtech" or "Mojmír". In the history the name of the village changed from "Mossovych", "Mosocz", "Mossowecz", "villa regia Mayos alio nomine Mossovych", "oppidioum Mayus sue Mosocz", "Mosocz olim Mayus" to the present-day "Mošovce".
The name of a separate very old part of "Mošovce", "Chornukov", chaged to the modern form of "Čerňakov".
Mošovce was at first a royal village, and in about 1350 changed into a privileged town, which belonged to the royal castle of Blatnica. In 1527 the Révay family became its owners, and they took away the town privileges of "Mošovce" for almost 400 years.
In the past, Mošovce was an important craft center of the Turiec region. Crafts were very successful, and there were around 15 guilds in the town; the bootmaker and the most famous furrier guild existed for the longest time. The present-day Mošovce is an important tourist area with many interesting places.
Interesting places.
One of the most interesting buildings is a small Rococo-Classical Palace with a big English park. People built the palace in about 1750-1800. Other places in the town are: The birthplace of Ján Kollár, a Neo-gothic Catholic church with a valuable altar built on the place of an older church, a Lutheran church built in 1784, a Mausoleum, an Art-Nouveau greenhouse and a pavilion from 1800. In the Mausoleum there is now a Museum of Crafts.
Nature.
The nature around Mošovce is really beautiful. A system of old roads with trees and small forests create a nice landscape. This landscape looks nice with the forests of the Veľká Fatra Mountains. This mountain range is one of the nicest ones in Slovakia. People from all parts of the world come visit the beautiful Limestone and dolomite rocks, and the beautiful nature in the Blatnická and Gaderská Valleys, which are not far away.
Culture and traditions.
Many important people were born in Mošovce. The greatest ones are Frico Kafenda (1883-1963), composer; Anna Lacková-Zora (1899-1988), writer; Štefan Krčméry (1892-1955), literary critic, historian, and poet; Júr Tesák Mošovský, Baroque playwright; and Miloslav Schmidt, the founder of the amateur fire brigades in Slovakia.
Probably the most important person born in Mošovce is the great Slavic poet, philosopher, and lutheran priest, Ján Kollár (1793-1852), who was very active in the literature of at least two nations. He wrote a book of poems called Slávy Dcera. His work was very important for the patriots and national activists, who lived at the same time as Kollár. People translated the book into many Slavic and non-Slavic languages.

South Ossetia
South Ossetia (Ossetian: Республикӕ Хуссар Ирыстон, "Respublikæ Xussar Iryston"; Russian: Республика Южная Осетия, "Respublika Yuzhnaya Osetiya"; Georgian: სამხრეთ ოსეთი, "Samkhret Oseti" (unofficial) is a place in Georgia.
South Ossetia was a Soviet oblast (region) with some self-rule. It declared its independence and controls big parts of the region, but its separation from Georgia has not been recognized by any other country and is de jure (officially) a part of the Georgian region (mkhare) of Shida Kartli.
The rebels were supported by Russian and Cossack forces but, Georgia itself refuses to recognise rebel South Ossetia as an independent state; the government calls it by the medieval name of Samachablo or, more recently, Tskhinvali region (after the republic's capital).

Soprano
A soprano is a female singer with a high voice. Young boys who sing, and also girls, are usually called trebles. The word “soprano” can also refer to the top line of choir music. This would be sung by sopranos or trebles. In opera there are different kinds of soprano voices.
A dramatic soprano will sing big, dramatic roles such as Aida in Verdi's opera "Aida".
A coloratura soprano will have a light voice which can bounce up to very high notes (the Queen of the Night in Mozart’s "Magic Flute" goes up to top F (2 ½ octaves above middle C).
A soubrette is usually the maid or a young girl who flirts.
A lyric soprano role needs a beautiful smooth voice, e.g. Mimi in Puccini's "La Boheme".
A heavy dramatic soprano is needed in many of Wagner's operas, e.g. Isolde in "Tristan und Isolde" or Brunnhilde in "Der Ring des Nibelungen".
In the 17th and centuries many of the soprano roles were written for male sopranos (castrati).

Alto
The word alto can mean: someone who sings lower than a soprano. Usually females with lower voices are called contraltos. A male alto is a man who sings in a special way called falsetto. In England male altos sing in church and cathedral choirs. In some countries like Germany it is tradition to have boy altos in cathedral choirs. These will probably be boys whose voices will soon be breaking and are starting to get lower.
One of the most famous contraltos was the legendary Kathleen Ferrier who had a short career before she died of cancer. There are not so many female singers who call themselves contraltos these days. It has become more fashionable to be a mezzo-soprano. It is partly because it has become fashionable to use men for the alto parts in music by Bach and other Baroque composers, like it would have been performed in those days.
Operatic roles which need a contralto include Lucretia in Britten's "Rape of Lucretia" and Erda in Wagner's "Der Ring des Nibelungen.
The word "alto" can also mean: the second line down in 4 part choir music. In old music the alto line was written in a special clef called the “alto clef”, which is the same as the “viola clef” (a C clef in which the middle line is middle C).
Altos in modern music.
Sade Adu
Fiona Apple
Anita Baker
Toni Braxton
Lisa Gerrard
Annie Lennox
Tina Turner
Amy Winehouse

Tenor
A tenor is a man with a high singing voice. In opera the role of the hero is usually sung by a tenor. A “Heldentenor” (German for “hero tenor”) is someone with a big tenor voice suitable for heroic parts like the heroes in most of Wagner’s operas. Luciano Pavarotti was a heroic tenor. José Carreras, Placido Domingo and Roberto Alagno are famous heroic tenors.
Some tenors have lighter, more lyrical voices. Peter Pears, who sang the tenor solos in Benjamin Britten’s operas, had a lyrical tenor voice.
When writing four-part choir music the tenor line will be the third line down, between alto and bass. It is usually written in the treble clef, but will sound an octave lower than written.

Bass (music)
Bass is a low or deep tone (low end frequency) in music. Low or deep tones are also called "low-pitched" tones, because the pitch is low. It is usually made by a bass guitar or an acoustic bass (a double bass). It can also be a deep, rumbling electronic sound made by a synthesizer, a deep singing voice, a baritone sax, or a deep bass drum. Bass gives the well-rounded depth to music. Bass almost always is used with treble sounds made by instruments such as a guitar, piano, a high singing voice, trumpet, or harmonica.

Baritone
A baritone is a man with a voice range between that of a tenor (high male voice) and bass (low male voice).
Famous baritone roles in opera include: Papageno in Mozart's "The Magic Flute" and Figaro in Rossini's "The Barber of Seville".
Some baritones have voices not quite low enough to be a true bass, and prefer to call themselves bass-baritones. Bryn Terfel is a famous Welsh bass-baritone.
Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau is often thought of as the greatest baritone of the later 20th century. He was famous as a Lieder singer as well as on the concert stage and in opera.

Sappho
Sappho was an Ancient Greek lyrical poet. Some say she has been born in Eressos on the island of Lesbos, which is where the word lesbian comes from. She is said to be bisexual because her poetry was written to men and women. She was born between 630 and 612 BC. Her parents were aristocrats so she was rich enough to go to school. She later had a school where young aristocratic women received an education before marriage.

Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix
Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix is the fifth book in the Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling. The book was released July 21, 2003. It is about Harry's his fifth year at Hogwarts school of Witchcraft and Wizardry. Lord Voldemort has come back. Except for Albus Dumbledore, most people do not believe him. A film based on the book was released in 2007.
Plot.
The fifth book deals with Harry trying to make everyone else realise that Lord Voldemort has come back. Dumbledore, the Order, and Harry's friends are the only people that believe that he has returned. At the end of the book, Harry, Ron Weasley, Hermione Granger, and some of their friends go to the Ministry of Magic (the headquarters of the people who lead the magical world) because Harry thinks his godfather is in danger. They are attacked by some of their enemies. At the end, Voldemort comes, but Dumbledore saves Harry from him, and all the other wizards see Voldemort and know Harry is telling the truth.

List of U.S. state songs
48 states of the United States (except New Jersey and Virginia) have a state song, chosen by the state legislature as a symbol of the state. Some states have more than one official state song.

Pleiades (star cluster)
The Pleiades (also known as M45 or the Seven Sisters) are a cluster (group) of stars in the night sky. You can see them in the constellation (pattern of stars) called Taurus, the bull. An astronomer named Charles Messier gave it the designation (name) M45. They are named after the Pleiades in Greek mythology.

Nicomachus of Gerasa
Nicomachus (c. 60-c. 120, born in Gerasa, Roman Syria, now Jerash, Jordan). He was one of the most important mathematicians of the ancient world.
He was strongly influenced by Aristotle and is best known for his works "Introduction to Arithmetic" (Arithmetike eisagoge) and "The Manual of Harmonics" in Greek. He was a Pythagorean. In "Introduction to Arithmetic", Nicomachus writes extensively on number, especially on the significance of prime numbers and perfect numbers and argues that arithmetic is ontologically prior to the other mathematical sciences (geometry, music, and astronomy), and is their cause.

Deimos (moon)
Deimos (or Mars II) comes from the Greek word for terror. It is the smaller moon of Mars. Phobos is the other moon of Mars, which is larger than Deimos.
Deimos is only 15 kilometers in diameter. It is covered with craters, as Earth's moon is.
It is named after the god Deimos in Greek mythology.
The other moon, Phobos, is the larger of the two.

Phobos (moon)
Phobos (or Mars I) is one of Mars' moons. The other is Deimos.
Phobos is the larger of the two moons, and is only 27 kilometers in diameter. This is about as far as a car can travel on the highway in 15 minutes. It is covered with craters, as Earth's moon is.
It is named after the god Phobos in Greek mythology. It's name means "fear".
Phobos is trapped into tidal drag, and its lowering orbit roughly 1.8 meters per century. In about 50 million years, Phobos is likely to collide into Martian atmosphere, or get torn apart and form some ring systems around Mars.
The other moon, Deimos, is the smaller of the two.
Spacecraft.
The Russians have sent at least two space craft to this moon, Phobos 1 and Phobos 2. Both failed or lost contact with Earth, but Phobos 2 managed to take some pictures of the moon.
Features.
There is one large crater on Phobos called Stickney. It is formula_1 the size of the moon itself.

Charon (moon)
Charon is the moon of the dwarf planet Pluto. It is half the size as Pluto and is much like the dwarf planet itself, and was not discovered much later after discovering Pluto.
It is named after Charon in Greek mythology, a boatman who would carry the souls of dead people across the river Styx to the underworld.
Because of Charon's size compared with Pluto, some astronomers regard Pluto and Charon as a double planet.

Charon (mythology)
In mythology, Charon was the ferryman of Hades. He was the son of Erebos and Nyx.
Charon took the newly dead people across the river Acheron to the Greek underworld, if they paid him an obolus (a Greek silver coin). Because of this, people in Ancient Greece were always buried with a coin under their tongue to pay Charon. Those who could not pay him had to wander the banks of the Acheron for one hundred years.
The largest moon of the planet Pluto is named Charon after this mythological person.

Eros (mythology)
Eros is the god of love, lust, and sex in Greek mythology.
According to Hesiod's "Theogony", Eros came from the Chaos. Later it was said that he was the son of Ares and Aphrodite.
His lover is Psyche.
Eros has a bow and golden arrows with whom he can shoot at people so they will fall in love, but he has also leaden arrows which make people hate.
There is a famous statue to Eros in London in Piccadilly Circus.
From the name Eros we get the word erotic, meaning: to do with sexual love (passionate and physical). There is also a noun: eroticism.

Wheelwright
A wheelwright is someone who builds or repairs wheels. In the olden days there were lots of carts. The wheels were made of wood. It was a difficult job to make them, so the cartwright made the cart and the wheelwright did the specialized job of making the wheels. In ancient times some wheels were made of bone in order to look beautiful.
The word wheelwright is not often used for people who make wheels today. Wheels are made in factories and lots of people on the production line each have their bit to do.

Rotterdam
Rotterdam is the second largest city in the Netherlands. About 588,000 people live there. The biggest city is Amsterdam. In the urban area, there are about 1.1 million people. Rotterdam also has one of the biggest, and busiest ports in the world. It is the biggest port in Europe. The city lies on several rivers, most notably the Maas.
History.
A dam was built in 1260 across the river Rotte where the Hoogstraat lies now. The name "Rotterdam" comes from this dam. The settlement was a regular fishing village at first, but became a thriving trading port pretty soon. The city got city rights in 1340 and city walls in 1360. Rotterdam became a important city in Holland in the middle of the 15th century when it won little wars against Delft and Gouda. From 1449 until 1525 a Gothic church ("Laurenskerk") was built. The city then hold about 10,000 people. The city revolted against Spanish occupation in 1573, becoming one of the main city's of the Eighty Years' War. The port of Rotterdam grew a lot in the late 16th century and early 17th century. In the end of the 17th century the city hold almost 50,000 people. But the city hadn't built outside of the city walls. The city became very crowded. The port of Rotterdam became bigger and bigger in the 19th century when several new canals were digged. These were: "Nieuwe Waterweg" (lit: New Waterway), and "Voornse Kanaal". The city is growing very fast due the enormous amount of work in the port. The city grows from 160,000 people in 1880 to 315,000 in 1900. Various new districts were build, including "Cool", "Crooswerk", and "Nieuwe Westen". Neighbouring places also became part of Rotterdam. In 1920, the city held more than 500,000 people for the first time in its history
Second world war.
When Nazi Germany attacked the Netherlands in May 1940 heavy fighting occurred in Rotterdam. When the Dutch were holding the city, the Germans bombarded Rotterdam on May 14th, 1940. The damage was huge; 24,000 buildings were destroyed in only 15 minutes, and there was virtually nothing left of the old centre of Rotterdam. 800 people died instantly, and 80,000 were homeless. The bombardment also destroyed the Willemsbrigde, one of the two brigdes across the Maas at that time. The Germans repaired the bridge quickly, as it was of vital importance for the city. During the German occupation, the neighbouring places of Hillegersberg, Schiebroek, Overschie, Kralingseveer and Ijsselmonde are annexed (put by) by Rotterdam. On November 11th, 1944, a large razzia took place. About 50,000 men from 17-40 years old from Rotterdam were deported into working camps. The city also lost many people in the famine of 1944 ("hongerwinter" (lit: Winter of hunger)).
After the war.
Rotterdam was quickly rebuild after the war, but modernization led to the fact that many old buildings were not repaired, but replaced by totally new ones. The has led to the fact that the centre of Rotterdam is composed of new buildings, a thing not common in European city's. The ports of Rotterdam grow even more during the latter part of the 20th century. New area's, build right in the sea are "Botlek", "Maasvlakte", and "Europoort". The Euromast (185 m high) becomes an icon of Rotterdam. De metro of Rotterdam is opened in 1968, which then is the first metro in the Netherlands. The 1990s saw an increase of skyscrapers. The "Delftse Poort" which was ready in 1991 is the highest skyscraper in the Netherlands, with 151 m high. The new Erasmusbridge which was ready in 1996 gave Rotterdam a new symbol.

Throne
A throne is the official chair or seat upon which a monarch (royal ruler) is seated on state or ceremonial occasions. The word "throne" can also refer to the monarchy itself, as a picture to mean one of those who sit on a throne.

Altar
Altar is a place, often a table, where a religious event happens. This word is used in Christianity and in other religions.
In some old religions, the event was a sacrifice, which means a holy work or act.

Donald Bradman
Don Bradman (often called The Don) (27 August 1908 – 25 February 2001) was an Australian man who played cricket. He was a batsman. When he played his last Test Match, he only needed to score four runs to have a batting average of 100 runs over the whole of his Test Match career. But he was "out for a duck" (out before he scored any runs) after facing only two balls (pitches), so his average was 99.94, which was still much higher than any other batsman's average. Most cricket experts think he was the best batsman of all time. He was a great hero in Australia, and he was voted the greatest Australian of the 19th and 20th century.

Ian Botham
Sir Ian Terrance Botham (born November 24, 1955) is an English athlete who played cricket. He also played football. He was an all-rounder, which means that he was good at both batting and bowling. He was also very good at catching the ball when he was fielding. He played over 100 test matches for England. He is a very popular man in England. One reason for this is that he helped England to beat Australia in a series of test matches called "The Ashes" in 1981. This series is sometimes called "Botham's Ashes". Beating Australia at cricket is very important to English people. Now he works on television. He has done some long walks to raise money for charity. He was knighted in 2007.

Daphne (mythology)
Daphne (Greek: Δάφνη, meaning "laurel") was a dryad in Greek mythology, daughter of the river god Peneus.
Once the god Apollo made fun of Eros, the god of love. Eros was angry, and shot a golden arrow at Apollo, making him fall in love with the nymph Daphne. But Eros shot Daphne with a leaden arrow so she could never love Apollo back. So Apollo followed her while she ran away, until she came to the river of her father Peneus. There she wanted help from Peneus, who turned her into a laurel tree so she would be safe from Apollo. Apollo was sad, and made himself a laurel wreath (a circle made of laurel that you put on your head) from the tree, and the laurel tree became sacred to Apollo.
See Ovid. "Metamorphoses". Book I: 452-567.

Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Game
A Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Game (MMORPG) is a MMOG in the role-playing game (RPG) genre. It is a RPG which is played online (on the internet) by a very large number of people at the same time.

Middle English
Middle English is an older type of the English language that was spoken after the Norman invasion in 1066 until the middle/late 1400s. It came from Old English after William the Conqueror came to England with his French nobles and stopped English from being taught in schools for a few hundred years. Over this time, English borrowed several French words.
In the 1470s, the "Chancery Standard," a type of English spoken in London, started to become more common. This was partly because William Caxton brought the printing press to England in the 1470s. The type of English that people spoke in England between then and 1650 is called Early Modern English. There were many different dialects of Middle English.
Geoffrey Chaucer wrote The Canterbury Tales in Middle English.

Patroclus
Patroclus (or Patroklos) was a person in Greek mythology. He is an important person in the Trojan War, and in Homer's "Iliad".
Patroclus was the son of Menoetius. There are several women who could be his mother, because the different stories and writers are not sure. He was the best friend of Achilles.
In the Trojan War Achilles once stopped fighting because he was angry at Agamemnon. At this time Patroclus secretly took Achilles' armour and weapons and went into the fight. All people mistook him for Achilles and he was killed by Hector. This made Achilles angry at the Trojans so he started fighting again.

James I of England
James VI and I (19 June 1566 – 27 March 1625) was King of Scotland as James VI, and King of England and King of Ireland as James I. He was the first to call himself King of Great Britain. He ruled in Scotland as James VI from 24 July 1567 until his death. He ruled in England and Ireland from 24 March 1603 until his death. His rule was important because it was the first time England and Scotland had agreed to have the same monarch. He was the first monarch of England from the House of Stuart. The last English monarch had been Elizabeth I. She had died without any children so the English looked to Scotland for a monarch.
James fought with the Parliament and he did not use the kingdom’s money well. While James was ruling, the Scottish and English governments were quite stable. After James died his son Charles tried to rule in the same way as James, but caused the English Civil War. At the end of the war, in 1649, Charles was executed.
James was very educated and good at learning. He helped people in England to study things such as science, literature, and art. James wrote "Daemonologie" in 1597, "The True Law of Free Monarchies" in 1598, "Basilikon Doron" in 1599, and "A Counterblaste to Tobacco" in 1604.

Hesiod
Hesiod ("Hesiodos",), was an Ancient Greek poet and rhapsode. He presumably lived around 700 BC in Askra? in Boeotia, as a farmer. Today his writings are one of the main sources for Greek mythology, and everyday life in Ancient Greece, such as farming techniques, astronomy and ancient time-keeping.

Fu Xiancai
Fu Xiancai is a Chinese farmer and civil rights activist. He started to be political in 1994, after his village was in danger, because the Three Gorges Dam was built. In 1997 he had to leave his home, after it was flooded by the water of the dam. Since that time he tries to get together with other people fair damages from the Peoples Republic of China. On 19 May 2006 he had an interview with the German television station ARD. After this one he was arrested by police and hit so he cannot move since that time and is crippled. He didn't get any medical help, because he cannot pay it. The German government protested against this situation. In June 2006, the German embassy paid for the life-saving medical treatment. The Chinese government said they didn't hit him, so he must have hit himself.

Phoebus
Phoebus (means "shining-one") was originally a name of the Greek god Helios. But later it also became a name of Apollo, because in later times both gods were merged (became one).

Overture
An overture is a piece of music for the orchestra to play at the beginning of an opera or ballet. The word comes from the French word for "opening" because it "opens" the show.
Overtures usually have tunes which are going to be heard during the opera or ballet. In this way it prepares the audience for what is to come.
Many overtures in the 18th century were simply background music to get the audience's attention (people used to chatter during performances). Some composers like Gioacchino Rossini (1792-1868) used the same overture again and again for his next operas, or just changed bits of it.
Composers like Christoph Willibald Gluck and later Richard Wagner (1813-1883) were very careful to make the overture a dramatic beginning which prepared the audience for the story. Wagner often called his overtures "Vorspiel" (Prelude).
Not all composers wrote overtures to their operas. Giuseppe Verdi (1813-1901) and Giacomo Puccini (1858-1924) often go straight into the first act or they just have a very short prelude.
In the 19th century many Romantic composers wrote concert overtures. These pieces did not belong to any opera or ballet, they were just written to be heard at concerts. They often had a descriptive title because they told some sort of story e.g. Felix Mendelssohn(1809-1847) wrote an overture "Fingal's Cave" which describes the sea coming into the cave in the Hebrides islands. Sometimes these descriptive pieces were much longer than an overture (which is usually just a few minutes), so they were called tone poems.

Luthier
The luthier is a person who repairs guitars, violins, cellos, double basses, and other wooden stringed instruments. These instruments need regular adjustments and minor repairs. As well, sometimes instruments are damaged in accidents, and a luthier has to use wood glue and clamps to repair the instrument. Some luthiers also build guitars, violins, cellos, double basses, or other wooden stringed instruments.

Moss, Norway
Moss is a coastal town located in the Norwegian county of Østfold. It served an important role in the declaration of independence from the union with Sweden. The city used to have a lot of heavy industries, like shipyards and paper mills, but today is dominated by the service sector (shops, banks etc.)
The city is also the centre of Moss Municipality which is 63 km² (square kilometers) large and has 28 000 citizens as of 2006.

Dorset
Dorset is a county in south England which is by the sea. The biggest towns in it are Bournemouth and Poole. There are other smaller towns, some by the sea, like Weymouth, Swanage, West Bay, the Isle of Portland, Dorchester, Wareham, Lyme Regis, Blandford and Wool.
Dorset is next to Devon, Somerset, Wiltshire and Hampshire.
There is a lot of countryside in Dorset, so there are quite a few farmers. Other people work in offices, shops or the holiday business. There are not many factories or industry in Dorset.
People come on holiday to Dorset because the countryside and sea is peaceful and pretty, and there aren't many big towns and no cities at all. Bournemouth, Poole, Weymouth, Swanage and Lyme Regis are quite famous seaside towns, where most holidaymakers go when they come to Dorset.

Poole
Poole is a town in Dorset, England. It is the second biggest town in Dorset after Bournemouth. In 2001, 138,299 people lived there. Lots of tourists visit Poole because of its nice beaches and sunny weather. It has a very big natural harbour. Lots of people in Poole work for Barclays Bank, Hamworthy Engineering, Poole Packaging, Sunseeker, RNLI and Ryvita.
Harbour.
Poole's harbour is the second biggest in the world after Sydney in Australia but the water in Poole is very shallow which means that very big ships can't go into Poole. It was used in World War II for some ships to set off for France on D-Day.
History.
People have lived in Poole for 2,000 years. There were lots of Celtic people there. Archaeologists found a boat in the harbour which they think was made in 295 BC. When the Romans invaded Britain in the 1st century, they landed in Poole. In the Norman Conquest in 1066, Poole was used mostly for fishing but then became a port for trading things like wool. In the 18th century, Poole was one of the biggest ports in England.
The harbour stopped being so useful because big boats couldn't get in, so they went to places like Liverpool, Southampton and Plymouth. Even though the harbour can not be used that well, due to the shallowness of the sea, it is a very beautiful and peaceful for people.

Gorilla
A Gorilla is an ape of the genus "Gorilla". It is the biggest member of the primate order. It lives in Africa. The Gorillas' habitats (living places) are being wiped out by forest cutting for wood. Gorillas will not usually attack but if provoked become very aggressive.
Appearance.
Gorillas are the biggest primates. They can become very heavy, and are very strong. They have black skin and fur. Male gorillas' fur becomes silver/grey on their backs as they become older. Because of that older males are called silverbacks.
Life.
Gorillas live in the (rain)forests in central Africa. They mostly live on the ground, but they can also climb. When on the ground, they walk on their feet and finger knuckles. They are mostly herbivores, and eat leaves and fruit.
After a pregnancy of 8½ - 9 months the female gives birth to usually one baby. It stays with its mother for 3-4 years. Gorillas can live for up to 50 years.
See also.
Dian Fossey

Matthew Bellamy
Matthew Bellamy (born June 9, 1978) is an English singer. He is the lead singer of the band Muse. He also plays the electric guitar and the piano. He writes most of the songs.
Bellamy is known for his falsetto and the way he plays the guitar, which is very creative.
Background.
Matthew Bellamy was born on June 9th, 1978 in Cambridge. He is the son of George Bellamy and Marilyn Bellamy and he has got an older brother named Paul. His parents moved with him to Teignmouth in Devon when he was just a couple of years old. Today he lives in Italy.
Matthew was heavily featured in the TV series "History of the Guitar" where his creativity with the instrument was demonstrated to the full. His father George also featured as a member of the "Tornados" He was introduced on the programme as Matthews father and was featured performing the hit instrumental "Tellster" with "The Tornados."
Interests.
Bellamy is fascinated of conspiracy theories. A lot of songs of Muse are about conspiracies. He is also interested in the space and conspiracy theories about Extraterrestrial life or "aliens". This interest is probably caused by the death of his uncle, who was murdered of the Irish Republican Army.
Matthew is an atheist. He does not believe in God or any similar thing.
Matthews uncle murdered by the IRA, played lead guitar in the rockband "The Jokers" They played clubs mainly in the south of England during the late 1960s and early 1970s. At the time they where based in the Aldershot area of Hampshire UK. Other members of the band: Pete Crabbe, rhythm and base guitar, Denis Williams, drums, Brian Foster and Joey Graham,vocals. Pete Seddon played rythm guitar occasionally. Matthew's father George Bellamy, was often mentioned and was a sourse of inspriration to all but particularly to Matts uncle who modeled his style of play on him.

Chris Wolstenholme
Christopher Tony Wolstenholme (born December 2 1978, in Rotherham, Yorkshire, England) is an English musician. He plays the bass guitar in Muse.

Dominic Howard
Dominic Howard (born December 7 1977) is an English musician. He plays the drums for the band Muse. Howard was born in Stockport, England and is left handed. howard is also a huge fan off British cheesecake, and has his own secret recipe.

Penlight
A penlight is a small flashlight in the shape of a pen. A penlight is usually uses a small light known as an "LED" (Light Emitting Diode) but it can also use a small lightbulb made just for small flashlights.
The LED lights up when power is run through it. Making the penlight light up is as simple as pressing a button, or screwing the end on tighter so it makes contact with the batteries.
Most of the time, penlights use two or three AAA or AAAA batteries. AAAA are a newer, thinner type of battery, most commonly found in small electronics.
Penlights can be made out of plastic or metal, and can be any color. They most often have a little clip, to hold it on your shirt or something.

Rama
Rama is the Seventh Avatara of Vishnu in Hinduism. He was a king of ancient India. His wife is Sita, who is the Avatara of Lakshmi.
He is the hero of the ancient Hindu epic poem, "The Ramayana" (from Sanskrit: "The Journey of Rama"). He is also known as Maryada Puroshottam which means he teaches the humanity how to live one's life without sacrificing the happiness and interest of others. He is the perfect "prabhu" or God and most favorite of Shree Hanuman [Monkey avatara of Lord Shiva].
He was born in ancient India [Arya Vart at that time] in the Treta Yuga some lakhs of years before. He came to earth again to give Darshan to Sant Shiromani Shree Goswami Tulasidas.
Tulasidas wrote Ramayan, in simple comprehehsible language, using a lot of similies.
Ram naam or the calling out Ram's name is said to purify one's very soul.
Ram is a popular God and revered across india and nepal.

Bournemouth
Bournemouth is a town in Dorset, in the country of England. It is the biggest town in Dorset. It is next to Poole and Christchurch.

Christchurch
Christchurch is a town in Dorset,England. It is next to Bournemouth.

Symphony
A symphony is a piece of music written for an orchestra to play. It may be quite a long piece. Usually it is divided into parts, usually 3 or 4 parts, which are called movements.
The first movement of a symphony can be a fast movement, often in sonata form. The second movement can be a slow movement. The third movement can be a minuet or scherzo and a trio. The fourth movement may be called “Finale”; it can be in Rondo form or sonata form or a combination of these. Of course, there are lots of different ways of writing a symphony, but this is the pattern that was used by Joseph Haydn who is known as the “Father of the Symphony”, and many composers since have used his pattern of movements for their symphonies.
The word “symphony” comes from the Greek words “sym” (together) and “phone” (sound).
“Symphonic” means “like a symphony”. It is often used to describe music which is quite long and develops tunes over a long period.
A large orchestra is often called a “symphony orchestra”. This is to distinguish it from a small orchestra called a “chamber orchestra”.
Some of the most famous composers of symphonies are Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Ludwig van Beethoven, Franz Schubert, Felix Mendelssohn, Robert Schumann, Anton Bruckner, Johannes Brahms, Pyotr Tchaikovsky, Gustav Mahler, Jean Sibelius and Dmitri Shostakovich.

Upper Franconia Government Region
Upper Franconia ("Oberfranken") is a "regierungsbezirk" (administrative region) of the German state Bavaria. It has an area of 7,230,00 km² and about 1,200,000 people. It borders the German states of Sachsen and Thuringia, and also the Czech Republic. Bayreuth is its capital.

Weimar Republic
The Weimar Republic (German: "Weimarer Republik") is the name we now use for the republic that governed Germany from 1919 to 1933.
Origin.
After the German Empire was defeated in World War I, Germany became a republic, but it was still called "Deutsches Reich" (German Empire). Today it is called the "Weimar Republic" and this period is called the "Weimar period", because the constitution was made in the city of Weimar.
Beginning.
On November 9, 1918, the Republic was proclaimed by Philipp Scheidemann at the "Reichstag" building in Berlin and two hours later a socialist republic was proclaimed around the corner at the Berlin Castle by Karl Liebknecht.
The Emperor, or "Kaiser," Wilhelm II, went into exile in the Netherlands. The new Republic was declared even before the end of World War I.
Problems.
The Weimar Republic had a lot of problems. The Treaty of Versailles made things very difficult for the economy. Inflation got completely out of hand. There were political problems because governments ruled only for a very short time, not long enough to be able to make important decisions. There were a lot of radical right and left extremists, for example monarchists (people who wanted back the monarchy) and communists, who believed that all things should be shared.
Good things.
The Weimar period is also known for its culture. Artists tried out modern ideas and used new things like film. The Bauhaus began in the 1920s too.
End.
What we now call The Weimar Republic came to an end on 30 January 1933, when Adolf Hitler became Chancellor of Germany.

Lemma (mathematics)
In mathematics, a lemma is a "mini-proof"; a small hypothesis which is proved and then provides a part of a more important theorem.

Avatara
Avatara is a word of Hinduism. It is also called an Avatar. An avatar is a deity coming to the earth in the form of an animal, a human being or in any other form. Rama was an avatar of Vishnu, a god of the Hindus. Similarly, Gautama Buddha was also an avatar. Both avataras were in the form of humans. Sometimes, deities may take avatar in other forms, for example, a fish or a boar.
Several Hindu scriptures have details and stories about Vishnu's avatars. These texts also tell that Vishnu will take avatar as Kalki.
Matsya avatara is the first avatara of Vishnu, one of the three main gods of the Hindus. In Matsya avatara, Vishnu took the form of a big fish. Sometimes, it is said that he took the form of a half-man and half-fish. There is a story about this in Hindu scriptures.. The story tells about a demon (an asura). That asura was very wicked. He snatched the Vedas, the holy books of the Hindus, and went deep inside the sea. At this point, Vishnu changed his form. He became a matsya, that is, a fish. He entered the sea and brought back the Vedas. He gave the Vedas to Manu. The Hindu scriptures say that Manu was the first man in the world. He may be compared with Noah.
The second avatara of Vishnu is called Kurma avatara. In this avatara, Vishnu took the form of a kurma. Kurma is a word of Sanskrit language, and a kurma means a tortoise. As a kurma, Vishnu is the symbol of strength and stability.
Varaha avatara was the third avatara of Vishnu. In this avatara, Vishnu took the form of a black varaha. Varaha is a word of Sanskrit language. A varaha means a boar. The Hindu scriptures tell a story about this avatara. There was a daitya (a demon) named hiranyaksha. He threw the earth (called prithivi by the Hindus) into the waters of the ocean. The earth was about to sink in the ocean. At this point, Vishnu took the form of a black boar. He entered the water and carried the earth on its body. Thus, Vishnu as a varaha saved the earth from destruction.
Narashimha avatara was the fourth avatara of Vishnu. In this form, Vishnu had the body of a man, but he had a head of a lion. This avatara of Vishnu is also a symbol of great strength. The Hindu scriptures tell this story about narashimha avatara. There was a daitya (a demon) named Hiranyakashipu. He was against all gods. But, his son named Prahlada used to worship the gods. Hiranyakashipu was not happy at his son and wanted to burn him to death.
All other avatars of Vishnu after Narsshimha avatar were in the form of human beings.

Constantine I
Constantine I (February 27, 272 – May 22, 337) was a powerful ruler ("Emperor") who reigned over the Roman Empire until his death. He made the previously named city Byzantium (now Istanbul, Turkey) capital of the whole Roman Empire. As emperor, he named the city "Constantinople", which means "City of Constantine" in Greek.
Before Constantine became Emperor, he was fighting for the throne at the Battle of Milvian Bridge. When he saw a cross in the sky with the words "in hoc signo vinces" (Latin for "in this sign you shall conquer"), he changed his deity from Apollo to Jesus and won the battle. In pagan Rome before this, it had been against the law to believe in Christianity, and Christians had been tortured or killed, but Constantine made sure that this stopped, and that they were given their property back. He went on to organize the whole Catholic Church at the Council of Nicea, even though he himself did not get baptized until near the end of his life.

Cleopatra VII of Egypt
Cleopatra VII Philopator (January 69 BC - November 30, 30 BC) was a queen of Egypt. She was a Macedonian Princess.
She was born in Alexandria, the capital of Egypt. When she was 18 years old, her father, who was king, died. She and her brother, Ptolemy Theos Philopator, became the leaders of Egypt. She was queen and her brother was king. Her brother was only 12 years old, so she was the real leader. But some of the men who worked for her didn't like the way she decided everything. A group of them decided to take her power from her, so she had to leave the country. The men who had overthrown Cleopatra were Pothinus, Theodotus and Achillas. Ptolemy was still king, but because he was still a boy, Pothinus and his friends were the real leaders of Egypt.
At that time, two generals were fighting to be the leaders of Rome. They were Pompey and Julius Caesar. Julius Caesar defeated Pompey at the Battle of Pharsalus in 48 BC. Pompey left Rome to live in Egypt. Achillas decided to kill Pompey. He thought Julius Caesar would be pleased, but he was not.
Then Caesar came to Alexandria, the capital of Egypt. Cleopatra decided she must see Caesar. She lay down on a carpet. Then her servants rolled up the carpet with Cleopatra inside. Then the carpet was taken to the palace where Ceasar was staying. The guards saw some people carrying a carpet and they didn't stop them. They carried the carpet to Caesar. Then Cleopatra came out of the carpet. Caesar fell in love with her and they became lovers. At the time, Cleopatra was 21 years old and Caesar was 52 years old.
Caesar decided to make Cleopatra queen again. Ptolemy did not like that. There was a lot of fighting, but Caesar won. Ptolemy tried to leave, but he fell in the river Nile and drowned. Another younger brother became king, but Cleopatra was again the real leader of Egypt.
Cleopatra didn't marry Julius Caesar, but they did have a son. He was called Caesarion.
Soon after Caesarion was born, Caesar was murdered. His place was taken by three rulers. Their names were Octavian, Marcus Antonius and Lepidus. Octavian soon began to argue with Marcus Antonius. Marcus Antonius came to see Cleopatra, and they quickly fell in love, even though Marcus Antonius already had a wife. Cleopatra soon had three more children. Two were twins, and the father of all three was Marcus Antonius.
The fighting between Octavian and Antonius became worse, and soon there was war. Cleopatra was very rich and she used her money to help Antonius. Her money was not enough to win the war. Octavian won the war. He became the ruler of the Roman Empire and took control of Egypt from Cleopatra. After her kingdom was conquered, she committed suicide by letting an asp (a poisonous snake) bite her. Ceasarion was murdered by Octavian, but her other children were taken as prisoners to Rome. Two of them died of illness, but her daughter became a queen in Africa.
There are many stories told of how rich Cleopatra was, but we cannot be sure if these are true. For example, one story says that she took baths in milk, to make her skin softer. Another story says that she made a bet with Antonius that she could make the most expensive meal ever. To win the bet, she took a pearl earring, and melted it in vinegar and drank it.

Cleopatra
Cleopatra was a name of several ancient Egyptian women. All the queens of the Ptolemy dynasty were named Cleopatra.

CSS
CSS is an abbreviation It can stand for the following

Kelly Clarkson
Kelly Brianne Clarkson (born April 24, 1982) is an American singer who sometimes acts and has recorded three albums. She was the winner of the first season of the television show "American Idol".

Maurice Ravel
Maurice Ravel (born Cibourne, Basse Pyrénées, 7 March 1875; died Paris, 28 December 1937) was a French composer. His name is often thought of together with that of Claude Debussy, but their music is really very different. Ravel liked children and animals and his music is often about them. He liked to write about fairy tales and stories from far away lands. He wrote some lovely piano music, most of which is difficult to play. "Boléro" is a 17 minute piece for orchestra. A short version was used by ice-skaters Torvill and Dean for the dance that made them Olympic champions in 1984.
Early years.
Maurice Ravel was born in Ciboure in France. His father was an engineer. Both parents were interested in culture. Soon after he was born the family moved to Paris and stayed there.
It soon became clear that Maurice was musically gifted, so his father arranged for him to have piano lessons with a well-known teacher. In 1889 he entered the Paris Conservatoire.
In 1889 there was a big international exhibition: the Paris World Exhibition. Ravel and Debussy both heard gamelan music from Java at this exhibition. They were both influenced by it, especially Debussy. Ravel also heard Russian music at concerts given by Rimsky-Korsakov. He also made friends with a very talented Spanish pianist Ricardo Viñes who was in the same class at the Conservatoire. He heard the music of Richard Wagner and got to know the composers Chabrier and Satie.
He left the Conservatoire in 1895, but went back in 1897 to study composition with Gabriel Fauré and counterpoint and orchestration with Andreé Gédalge. At this stage Ravel was not sure of himself as a composer. His first work that was to become very well-known was the short piece for orchestra called "Pavane pour une infante défunte". Fauré had been a very good teacher for Ravel, who dedicated his virtuoso piano piece "Jeux d’eau" (meaning “Play of water” or “Fountains”) and his "String Quartet" to Fauré. However, Ravel never got a prize for composition, so he left Fauré’s class in 1903.
Early career.
Ravel was starting to live the life of a dandy. He always dressed very smartly, and got to know people with similar tastes. He tried to win the Prix de Rome in 1904 and again in 1905. However, the judges liked traditional music and did not understand Ravel’s style. There was a big argument at the Conservatoire which led to the director, Dubois, resigning and Fauré taking his place. Meanwhile Ravel left Paris for a time with some friends and started writing some of his best compositions. These included "Introduction and Allegro" for seven instruments including harp, the "Rapsodie espagnole" for orchestra, his first opera "L’heure espagnole" and "Gaspard de la Nuit", a virtuoso piece for the piano. In Paris the music critics continued to argue about Ravel’s music.
Recognition at last.
In 1909 the Ballets Russes visited Paris. They were the world’s most famous ballet group. Their director Diaghilev asked Ravel to write a ballet for them Ravel took about three years to compose the music for "Daphnis et Chloé". Other works he completed before the war broke out include "Shéhérazade" for soprano and orchestra (not to be confused with the work by Rimsky-Korsakov with the same title), and the "Piano Trio".
World War I.
When World War I broke out Ravel felt very strongly that he wanted to do something for his country. However, he was not allowed to join the French army because he was 2 kg underweight. So he became a driver for the motor transport corps. In 1916 he became ill with dysentry. After a time in hospital he was taken back to Paris to get better, but then his mother died and this had a terrible effect on him. The war years had slowed him down as a composer. He had composed "Le Tombeau de Couperin" (well-known both as a piano solo piece and for orchestra) which looks back to the style of music in the Baroque period. It took him a long time to finish "La Valse" ("The Waltz"), one of his most popular pieces.
After the war.
After the war had ended Debussy was dead and Ravel was seen to be the greatest living French composer. He was offered the award of Légion d’honneur but he would not accept it. He bought himself a house outside Paris. Here he could compose in peace and quiet. He wrote his opera "L’enfant et les sortileges" ("The child and magic") and the famous virtuoso piece for solo violin called "Tzigane". He toured in Europe and the United States and was welcomed everywhere as a great composer. He was given an honorary doctorate at Oxford University.
Ravel worked on several things: some ballet music which resulted in the orchestral piece "Boléro", a Piano Concerto in G that could be played just with the left hand (written for the pianist Paul Wittgenstein who had lost his right arm in the war), and several other projects which were not finished.
His final years.
In 1932 he started to become ill. For several years he had already been finding it difficult to sleep, and this may have been the beginning of the brain disease which would finally kill him. A road accident in 1932 made it worse. Soon he could no longer sign his own name, he could hardly move and hardly speak. He had a brain operation in 1937, but he died.
His music.
Ravel was a very private man. We know nothing about his sexual life. His music came to him during walks on his own, in the country or in Paris, often at night, and in any weather. Then he would come home and write them down. He worked at each composition until it was perfect and never showed it to anybody until it was ready. He liked to collect little things such as toys, and these objects often became part of the music. Baroque music forms, gamelan music, Spanish music, ancient modes and unusual harmonies were all important in his musical style. He only had a few pupils, including Vaughan Williams, but no one could imitate his music because it is always so personal, full of perfection and humour.

Jean-Philippe Rameau
Jean-Philippe Rameau (born Dijon, September ? 1683; died Paris, 12 September 1764) was a French composer. He is famous for his music for harpsichord and for his operas. His most well-known operas are: "Hippolyte et Aricie", "Castor et Pollux", and "Dardanus". He is alos known for his one act opera "Pigmalion" which he is said to have composed in 8 days. He is also known as an important music theorist by writing many books on the matter.

Bedřich Smetana
Bedřich Smetana (b.Litomyšl, Bohemia, March 2 1824; d.Prague May 12 1884) was a Czech composer. He was a Romantic composer. Smetana, Dvořák and Leoš Janáček are the three most famous composers who wrote Czech nationalist music. His music is typical of the Czech people. His eight operas are about Nationalist stories. He wrote six tone poems for orchestra called "Ma Vlast" which means “My Home Country”.
Youth and early career.
Bedřich was the 11th child in a German-speaking family, although he was only the first of the children not to die before they grew up. His father was a brewer and a keen amateur violinist. He learned the violin from his father and the piano from local teachers, but he soon played better than his teachers. Between the age of 12 and 20 he had no musical education. Then he went to Prague and heard Liszt playing. He wanted to leave school and study music but his father would not let him. He was sent to Plzeň where he finished his schooling. During this time he earned some money by playing the piano at the homes of rich people. He played for dancing, and he liked to dance himself. He often danced with a girl called Kateřina Kolářová and he also played piano duets with her. Later she married him.
He returned to Prague and arranged to have lessons in harmony, counterpoint and composition. He gave a piano recital, but nobody came to listen, so he decided to start a school of music, although he hardly had any money.
In 1848 revolutions were taking place in central Europe, including in Prague. A strong feeling of nationalism was growing. The Czechs (people who lived in Bohemia and Moravia) wanted to be able to express themselves in their own language instead of in German, which was still the official language in Bohemia. Smetana, who only spoke German, agreed with the nationalists’ ideas, but he still did not realize how important it would be for him in the future to be able to speak Czech.
Smetana married Kateřina and they had four daughters, but three of them died. He still had very little money, so he went to Sweden where he was very successful as a piano teacher and conductor. He composed the first of his symphonic poems: "Richard III". After three years in Sweden he decided to return to his homeland because of his Kateřina’s health, but she died on the way. Smetana spent two more years in Sweden. He married again. After the Austrian defeat by Napoleon III in 1859 it became clear that there were going to be big changes in his native country. The Czechs were going to be allowed to have a national opera and put on plays in the Czech language instead of having to perform everything in German. Smetana realized that this was an exciting chance for him. After a big farewell concert in Stockholm to which the Swedish royal family came, Smetana returned to Prague.
The composer of National Czech music.
Smetana now started to learn Czech, a language he did not speak. It was not easy for him in Prague because he was only known there as a pianist and teacher. He put on a concert of music by German composers but nobody came. He wanted to be director of the Provisional Theatre but the job was given to a man called Mayr who was not very good.
Gradually Smetana’s reputation grew and he started to write operas in Czech which became very popular. The first one was called "The Brandenburgers in Bohemia". Mayr made things very difficult for Smetana but the audience loved the opera and it was performed ten more times. His next opera is the one which has become his best-known opera internationally: "The Bartered Bride". Smetana got the job of director of the Provisional Theatre instead of Mayr. Smetana made lots of improvements, introducing well-known German, French and Italian operas to the audiences as well as new operas by young Czech composers. The operas "Dalibor" was first performed on the day that the first stone was laid for the building of the National Theatre. It was a great occasion, although the music critics were unkind and said that his music sounded too much like Wagner. His opera "Libuše" was written for the coronation of Franz Joseph in Prague, but that coronation never happened, so the opera was not performed for another ten years when the National Theatre was opened (1881). He spent several years composing a cycle of six symphonic poems called "Ma Vlast" ("My Fatherland"). These are very popular today, especially the second one, "Vltava", which describes the river Vltava flowing from its source all the way to the sea.
Deafness.
In his last years Smetana became totally deaf. He was suffering from syphilis. He heard horrible high squeaks in his ears a lot of the time. He showed this when composing his "String Quartet no 2": the first violin plays a very long high note for a long time in the last movement, showing the audience what he had to suffer. He became very depressed and his wife did not help by quarrelling a lot with him. It became painfully difficult for him to compose. In the end he was writing four bars a day. His mental state got worse. He was guarded all day in case he harmed himself. He did not recognize his own family. He was put in an asylum where he died shortly afterwards.
His music.
As soon as the Czech people were allowed to produce plays and operas in their own language Smetana thought it was his duty to write a series of nationalist operas. His operas were based on the nation’s history and legends. His symphonic cycle "Ma Vlast" was programme music, full of heroism, often describing nature and the countryside. Smetana also wrote a lot for piano. He was the most important Czech composer there had been at that time. Smetana and Dvořák were the founders of modern Czech music.

Light-emitting diode
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor device. It is a type of diode that makes one color of light when electrically biased in the forward direction. This effect is a form of electroluminescence. The color of the light depends on the chemical composition of the semiconducting material used, and can be near-ultraviolet, visible or infrared.

Antonín Dvořák
Antonín Dvořák (b.Nelahozeves, nr Kralupy, September 8 1841; d. Prague May 1 1904) was a Czech composer. Dvořák, Smetana and Janáček are the three most famous composer who wrote Czech nationalist music. He wrote chamber music including several string quartets, piano music, songs, operas and nine symphonies. The last of his symphonies is known as the "New World" Symphony because he wrote it in the United States (the “New World”). The slow movement with its solo played on the cor anglais is especially famous.
Youth.
Dvořák was born in a village near Prague, Czechoslovakia. Today Prague is the capital city of the Czech Republic, but in those days it was part of the Austrian Empire. His father was a butcher and innkeeper. He also played the zither and composed a few simple dances.
The young Antonín started to have violin lessons from the village schoolmaster. Soon he was playing the violin in his father’s inn, in local churches and in the village band. Just before his 12th birthday he left school and started to learn how to be a butcher. A year later he left home to go to school in Zlonice. He learned a lot about music there, and he also learned German. His teacher persuaded Dvořák's parents that he should have a musical career, so they sent him to study music in Prague at the Organ School. He continued to learn German, and he became a good viola player and played in concerts and in the Estates Theatre when they needed a big orchestra for Wagner’s operas "Lohengrin" and "Tannhäuser".
Early career.
When Dvořák had finished his studies he got his first job playing in a band in restaurants and for balls. This was a time when there was suddenly a great interest in national culture in Bohemia. Plays and operas were allowed to be performed in the Czech language. The band he played with became part of the Bohemian Provisional Theater Orchestra, which from 1866 was conducted by Bedřich Smetana. Dvořák was principal viola player in the orchestra. He earned extra money by teaching, and he started to compose.
In 1871 he left the orchestra so that he could spend more time composing. For several years he still had to teach in order to earn enough money to live. He wrote a cantata "The heirs of the White Mountain" which was a great success. In 1874 he wrote an opera "King and Charcoal Burner", but the opera house did not want it. This made Dvořák realize that he had to be more self-critical. He destroyed a lot of his compositions which he thought were not his best works. He decided he must not compose like Wagner, but that he needed to find his own style of composing.
In 1873 he married. He got a job as church organist. His Third Symphony was performed at a concert conducted by Smetana. Dvořák rewrote his opera "King and Charcoal Burner", using completely different music. It was performed in 1874. He composed a lot more music.
Years of fame.
In 1877 he had a letter from Hanslick to say that he had won a prize of 600 gulden and that the great composer Johannes Brahms was interested in his music. He music started to be published by Simrock, a well-known German music publisher, and his music was performed in many countries, even as far away as New York. His fame spread. Even his operas were performed abroad. "Dimitrij" was particularly successful. Brahms was a great friend and helped him a lot. Brahms and Hanslick tried to persuade him to move to Vienna because it was a great musical city, but Dvořák wanted to stay in his own country.
Dvořák's "Slavonic Dances" were published in 1878 and have always been very popular. The conductor Hans Richter conducted the Slavonic Rhapsody no 3 in Vienna. His "Stabat Mater" (1880) was performed abroad, and Dvořák was invited to visit England in 1884. He became very popular in England and went there many times. The English choirs liked to sing his choral works. His "Requiem Mass" was given its first performance in Birmingham at the Triennial Music Festival. He was given an honorary degree from Cambridge University. Tchaikovsky invited him to Russia in 1890.
America (1892–1895).
From 1892 to 1895, Dvořák was the director of the National Conservatory of Music in New York City. He earned a lot of money: $15,000 a year. Dvořák was interested in the music of black Americans. He met the student Harry T. Burleigh, one of the earliest African-American composers, who introduced him to traditional American Spirituals.
In the winter and spring of 1893, while in New York, Dvořák wrote his most popular work, the "Symphony No.9, "From the New World"". He spent the summer of 1893 with his family in the Czech-speaking community of Spillville, Iowa, where some of his cousins lived. He also composed chamber music there, including a String Quartet in F which is known as the “American”, and a Sonatina for Violin and Piano.
In 1895, Dvořák wrote his "Cello Concerto in B minor", which was to become one of his most popular works. However, he wanted to go back to his own country. He was also not being paid all his salary. He heard that he had been made an honorary member of the "Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde" in Vienna. He decided to return to Bohemia and continue his job as professor of composition at the Prague Conservatory.
Last years.
During his last years, Dvořák spent most of his time writing operas. "Rusalka" is particularly popular, especially the famous aria for soprano "To the Moon". The opera is about a fairy-tale and the story is based on Hans Anderson’s story of the "Little Mermaid". In 1896 he visited London for the last time to hear the first performance of his Cello Concerto. In 1897 his daughter married his pupil, the composer Josef Suk.
He died in 1904 after a short illness.
His music.
Dvořák wrote lots of kinds of music. Although he based his style on the classical forms such as those of Beethoven, they also show the influence of Czech folksong. He lived at a time when Nationalistic feelings were felt very strongly by the Czech people. Smetana wrote music which was very Czech in character. Dvořák learned from Smetana’s music, but never imitated his style. Only five of his nine symphonies were known in his life-time. When the other four were discovered and published in the 1960s the symphonies were all renumbered. The last three symphonies, numbers 7, 8 and 9 (which used to be called numbers 2, 4 and 5) are the most often performed. The Ninth Symphony: "From the New World" is one of the most popular symphonies ever written. The two sets of Slavonic Dances are extremely well-known. They are often played as a piano duet. He wrote concertos for the violin, cello and piano. Dvořák wrote many operas (the best known of which is "Rusalka"); chamber music (including a number of string quartets, and quintets); songs; choral music; and piano music.

Leoš Janáček
Leoš Janáček (born Hukvaldy, Moravia, July 3 1854; died Moravská Ostrava, August 12 1928) was a Czech composer who lived at the end of the Romantic period and the beginning of the 20th century. He wanted his music to sound typical of his country. The rhythm of Janáček’s music sounds like the rhythm of the dialect he spoke. This was quite close to Polish. Janáček is famous for his operas which are all based on Czech stories. "The Cunning Little Vixen" is especially charming. It is about animals in a forest (a “vixen” is a female fox).
Most of his greatest works were written towards the end of his life. At this time he was in love with a young woman called Kamila. She was the inspiration for many of his last compositions.
His youth.
Janáček’s family were poor people who lived in the countryside in Moravia. His grandfather and his father were both musicians and school teachers. Leoš was the fifth of nine children. As the tiny house was so crowded he was sent to Brno when he was eleven. There he went to a choir school, but soon the choir had to stop. He continued his music education there. After his final exams he had an unpaid job as teacher for two years. He became conductor of a monastery choir as well as a male-voice choir called Svatopluk. He made them a better choir and wrote music for them. He studied at the Prague Organ School for a year, but he was very poor and could not afford to go to concerts. He continued to conduct choirs and became friends with Dvořák. He spent a short time in Leipzig and Vienna.
Early career.
When he returned to Brno he became engaged to his piano pupil Zdenka Schulzová who was only 14. She was still under 16 when they married. Janáček founded (started) an organ school in Brno. He was the director of this school. He also taught music at the Old Brno Gymnasium. His marriage was unhappy and, although they remained married all his life, they spent a lot of time separated. He went on a journey to northern Moravia to collect folk songs which he used in some of his dances for orchestra.
Janáček’s spent several years writing his opera "Jenůfa". By the time he was finishing it his daughter had died. Some of his sadness can be felt in the opera. He also worked on a system of speech-melody (making his melodies sound like the rhythm of his language) which was to influence his operas for the rest of his life. "Jenůfa" was very successful when it was first performed in 1904. By this time Janáček was already 50.
Middle career.
Janáček was now doing less teaching and concentrating on organizing the Brno Organ School which had moved into a new building because it now had 70 students. His next opera was called "Osud" ("Fate"), but it was not performed during his lifetime. The music is very good but the libretto (words) were poor. This is also true of his next opera: "Mr Brouček’s excursion to the moon". He wrote chamber music during this period, as well as some very good choral music.
When World War I broke out Janáček was 60. He was well-known in Moravia, but hardly known in other countries. His compositions from the war years include "Taras Bulba" which is a work for orchestra which describes a story by the Russian writer Gogol. He wrote a short, patriotic opera to follow Mr Brouček’s adventures. It was about a landlord from Prague who finds himself in the middle of the 15th century Hussite wars.
His final years (1916-1928).
In his final years Janáček wrote most of the great works for which he is world-famous. His opera "Jenůfa" was performed in Prague. This made him internationally famous. He was very proud when his country became independent after the war. He was also very happy because he was in love with Kamila Stösslová, who was 38 years younger than himself. He wrote three of his finest operas: "Katya Kabanová", "The Cunning Little Vixen" and "The Makropulos Affair". These operas were performed in Brno and then in Prague, and they were also published. He wrote two string quartets and a wind sextet: "Mládi" ("Youth"). By the time he was 70 he had retired from the Brno Organ School. In 1926 he wrote an orchestral work: "Sinfonietta", followed by a piano concerto for the left hand (pianist just playing with the left hand) and chamber ensemble, and the "Glagolitic Mass". All these works had enormous success in Czechoslovakia as well as abroad, even as far away as New York.
In 1921 he had bought a cottage in his birthplace, Hukvaldy. He spent a lot of time composing there, away from the busy life in Brno. In the summer of 1928 he went there and was joined, for the first time in Hukvaldy, by Kamila, her 11-year old boy and her husband. He was working on the third act of his last opera "From the House of the Dead". One day Kamila’s son got lost in the forest. They spent some time looking for him. Janáček got cold, he caught pneumonia and died. His funeral in Brno was a large public event, at which some music from his opera "The Cunning Little Vixen" was performed.
His musical style.
Janáček grew up in the middle of the Romantic period, but most of his best music was written in 1920s, by which time musical styles had changed. Although he never wrote music which sounded as modern as that of Stravinsky or Schoenberg his music is Romantic, combined with Moravian folksong and sometimes with ideas from French Impressionist composers such as Debussy. The music he wrote for choirs often continued in his operas. His music for instruments often started as programmatic, although a lot of it can be enjoyed without knowing the story it tells. He learned to write operas by learning from the operas of Smetana, but he made many changes such as shortening the duets and ensembles and using folksong in his melodies.
Janáček was not just important as a composer, but is remembered for his studies of folk music, and as a music theorist and teacher.

Arthur Sullivan
Sir Arthur Sullivan (b.Lambeth, London, May 13 1842; d.London, November 22 1900) was an English composer. In his lifetime people thought he was the best British composer, but nowadays his serious works are rarely heard. He worked with an author and poet called W. S. Gilbert, and together they wrote fourteen comic operas. Their names are always mentioned together: "Gilbert and Sullivan". Their operas were very popular a hundred years ago, and most still are. The most popular are "The Mikado", "H.M.S. Pinafore" and "The Pirates of Penzance". The two men were very different. They argued sometimes, but they worked together for 25 years, from 1871 to 1896.
Sullivan's serious works include one grand opera, two dozen orchestral and choral pieces, and many hymns and songs, including "Onward Christian Soldiers" and "The Lost Chord".

Psychosis
Psychosis is a medical name for a state of mind that can happen with several types of mental illness. People who have a psychotic episode are often described as 'losing touch with reality'. People with psychosis may have altered perception, thinking and emotions. They may see and feel things differently than normal people and have hallucinations. They may also have delusional beliefs or have paranoid thoughts and may behave differently from normal. Psychosis may affect speech and language so the person may seem to communicate in unusual ways. This is called thought disorder. They may also look distracted or find it difficult to focus.
Psychosis can affect people to differing degrees. Some people can continue with their lives while having unusual experiences while other people will need medical help.
About 1 percent of people suffer from psychosis during their lives.
Psychosis is most associated with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression, drug addiction and brain damage but it can be caused by a wide range of conditions.

Ramen
Ramen is a Japanese kind of noodle soup. The noodles are made of wheat. Ramen are typically Japanese, though they originally came from China. Today there are very many ramen shops in Japan. Outside Japan, people have also started to eat ramen.
On the model of Spaghetti Western there are even films based on Ramen.
Fukuoka is known for its pork ramen soup.

Peter Paul Rubens
Pieter Pauwel (Peter Paul) Rubens (June 28, 1577 – May 30, 1640) was a painter. Many people see him as one of the most popular Flemish and European painters of the 17th century. He painted in Baroque style. His style was to emphasise movement and colour. Many of his paintings have a sensual touch. Some of them can be seen as erotic.

Adolf Frederick of Sweden
Adolf Frederick, (14 May 1710 - 12 February 1771), was the King of Sweden between 1751 and 1771.

Gothenburg
Gothenburg is the second-biggest Swedish town, after Stockholm. It has about 800,000 people. It was founded in 1621 by king Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden.

BBC One
BBC One is a television channel in the United Kingdom. It started on 1 October 1936, and was the first television channel in the United Kingdom. The channel is owned by the BBC. The channel shows lots of different programmes including famous ones such as Only Fools and Horses and EastEnders.
History.
BBC Television Service was the world's first regular public television service with a high level of image resolution.
The channel was later renamed BBC TV until the launch of sister channel BBC Two in 1964. The channel has an annual budget of £840 million., and makes an annual profit of £900 million. Along with the BBC's other UK television stations, it is funded completely by the television licence fee - this means it shows no adverts.

Bad Aibling
Bad Aibling is a town in Bavaria (Germany). It is a former district seat and located on the river Mangfall about 35 miles southeast of Munich. Bad Aibling is a health resort (peat pulp bath and mineral water).
History.
In 804, Bad Aibling was mentioned for the first time. After the second World War Bad Aibling has evolved to a major centre for intelligence organizations and secret services. In 2004 the US American Bad Aibling Echelon station closed after decades of operation.
Population.
In the town live approximately 18,000 inhabitants. It is 498 meters above sea level and covers an area of 41.55 km².

Gaya
Gaya is a town in the Indian state of Bihar. Gaya is a very old city, and one of the seven holy cities of the Hindus.

Patna
Patna is capital city of the Indian state of Bihar. About 1.2 million people lived in Patna (census 2001). It is a very old city and its old name was Pataliputra. The city has a history of at least 2,500 years. Gautama Buddha who started Buddhism had also visited this city. Despite being a Hindu majority city Patna also has many Muslims and a few Masjids. People in Patna speak Hindi, Bhojpuri and Maithli. It is not a central point of Buddhism.

Samuel Johnson
Samuel Johnson (born Lichfield, Staffordshire, England 18 September 1709; died London 13 December 1784) was a famous writer. When he was famous he was given a doctorate, so he is often called "Dr Johnson". He wrote some of his own stories, but more often he wrote criticisms about what other people had written. He is especially famous for writing a dictionary. He said a lot of witty, amusing things, which are still remembered today. We know about some of the funny things he said because his friend James Boswell wrote a book about him.
Life.
Samuel Johnson was born in Lichfield, Staffordshire. His father had a bookshop, but he was very poor. Samuel went to school in Lichfield. When he was nineteen he went to the University of Oxford, but he was so poor that he had to leave without taking a degree. A few years later he married a woman 21 years older than him. They went to live in London, where he tried to make a living by writing but for many years he was very poor.
It was not until 1762 that he became famous and the government gave him a pension of three hundred pounds a year. He started a club (called "The Club") which included a lot of famous people like the painter Joshua Reynolds and the writer Oliver Goldsmith. Johnson was now so famous that he was given an honorary doctorate (the title of "Doctor") from Trinity College, Dublin in 1765, and an honorary doctorate from the University of Oxford in 1775.
Boswell and Johnson spent some time in Edinburgh and they travelled a lot to the Scottish islands. Johnson died in 1784 and is buried in Westminster Abbey.
Letter to Lord Chesterfield.
Johnson spent several years writing his Dictionary of the English language. It was a big job. While he was writing it he could not be earning money, so he needed a patron (someone who would sponsor him by giving him money, and in return the dictionary would be dedicated to him). An important man called Lord Chesterfield said to Johnson that he would be his patron. But he never gave him any money, and Johnson never heard anything more from him, until the dictionary was ready. Then Lord Chesterfield wrote to Johnson saying that he hoped he would dedicate the dictionary to him. The letter that Johnson wrote back to Lord Chesterfield is very famous. It is very sarcastic (funny in an unkind way). Johnson said to him that it would have been nice to have had help when he was needing it. He said, sarcastically, that a patron was someone who stands on the river bank watching a man drowning and then, when then the drowning man is saved, asks him whether he can help. The letter made Lord Chesterfield look very silly.
Johnson's "Dictionary of the English Language".
There were very few dictionaries in Johnson's day, so it was a lot of work for him. Nowadays, a dictionary is made by a team of people. Dictionaries, like encyclopedias, should just give facts. But Johnson sometimes explained words in his dictionary in a way that showed his opinions (what he thought about things).
Although it shows his personal likes and dislikes, the dictionary still deserves to be famous. Johnson defined 43,000 words. It was the first time a dictionary had been published that gave examples of how the words had been used by well-known writers.

Nozomi (Shinkansen)
Nozomi trains are the fastest Shinkansen "bullet" trains in Japan. They can reach Osaka from Tokyo in 2 and a half hours. The trains are called "bullet" trains because they travel so fast, like a bullet from a gun. These trains have speeds of up to 300 km/h
The second fastest Shinkansen trains is the Hikari train. The third fastest Shinkansen train is the Kodama train. In the Japanese language, "Hikari" means light and "Kodama" means "Echo."
"Shinkansen" means "New Trunk Line" in Japanese because it was built with all new bridges, tunnels through mountains and water, and special tracks for high speed trains so it could go directly (straight) from city to city. Before the Shinkansen, trains in Japan were slower because they were old and had to go around many mountains, or share the track with cars on road crossings.

Moravia
Moravia (Czech and Slovak: "Morava") is a historical region in the east of the Czech Republic. It takes its name from the Morava River which flows from the north to the south of the land.
Together with Bohemia in the West and Silesia in the North, Moravia makes historical-political region called Czech Lands. Today, Moravia, Bohemia and part of Silesia make up the current Czech Republic.
For many years as the capital of the Moravia is considered Brno.

Advanced Photo System
The Advanced Photo System was a technology for photographic film and cameras. People started using it in the year 1996.
The system never became popular, and was stopped in 2004. Since then, most cameras have switched to digital (electronic) systems anyway.
One famous type of camera that used this system was the Canon IXUS, which then later changed and became a digital one.

Coral reef
A coral reef is a large underwater wall made of dead and living corals. The reefs are formed in tropical marine areas(30 degrees north and south of the equater). It acts as the home of many tropical fish and other animals.
People look at them while snorkeling and diving. One example of a coral reef is in Malaysia at Pulau Tioman, off the State of Pahang.
Coral reefs can be very dangerous to ships, because they are usually underwater, but close to the top. This makes it hard for ships to see them, but are easy for ships to hit them.
Coral reefs are in danger of becoming damaged due to tourism.
Coral reefs provide natual breakwater for the waves and most coral reefs are under threat of over fishing. Some of the most beautiful coral reefs are in Belize and one coral reef is 300km long!!

Laurel wreath
A laurel wreath is a horseshoe or circle-shaped wreath made from laurel that can be worn on the head. In Greek mythology, the god Apollo is shown wearing a laurel wreath because of the story of Apollo and Daphne. In Ancient Greece it was given to special people, such as winners in competitions in poetry or sports, such as the Ancient Olympic Games.
It was also used in Ancient Rome, and Roman Emperors are often shown wearing laurel wreaths.
Until our time laurel wreaths are used to show that someone has done something special (for example the Summer Olympics 2004 in Athens, Greece gave laurel wreaths to the winners). The saying "resting on one's laurels" comes from this and means that someone relaxes now because he or she did something good in the past.

Ranchi
Ranchi is the capital city of Jharkhand state of India. About 847,093 people lived in Ranchi (census:2001). One of the oldest mental hospitals of India was located there.

Ujjain
Ujjain is a town in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh, India. Ujjain is a very old city, and one of the seven holy cities of the Hindus. It was an important city of Ancient India.

Dravida
Dravida is the name of people of non-Aryan Indians. They founded a number of kingdoms in Ancient India. They had business relationship with several countries of the ancient world like the Ancient Egypt, Ancient Rome, and Ancient Greece.
In present time, they mainly reside in southern parts of India. They live in the sates of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu. There speak mainly four languages. Dravids of Andhra Pradesh speak Telgu language. Dravids of Karnataka speak Kannada language. Dravids of Kerala speak Malayalam language. Dravids of Tamilnadu speak Tamil language.

Ayodhya
Ayodhya is a town in Uttar Pradesh state of India. The Ramayana tells that Rama, a god of Hindus, was born in Ayodhya. Ayodhya is located on the bank of a river named Sharayu River. The city is about five kilometers east of Faizabad, another important city of Uttar Pradesh.
The Ramayana tells that Ayodhya was the capital city of Rama’s kingdom. Rama was a form (an avatar) of Vishnu. Ayodhya is one of the seven most holy cities of Hindus.

Tulsidas
Tulasidas (1543-1623) was an Indian writer. He wrote many books. His most famous book is the "Ramacharitamanasa". This book was written in a language called Awadhi, a dialect of Hindi. The book tells the story of Rama and his victory over Ravana, king of Lanka.
Another books written by Tulsidas is "Kavitavali".
Tulsidas was born in Rajpur, in the district of Banda in Uttar Pradesh, in Samvat 1589 or 1532 A.D. He was a Sarayuparina Brahmin by birth and is regarded as an incarnation of Valmiki, the author of Ramayana written in Sanskrit. His father’s name was Atmaram Shukla Dube and his mother’s name Hulsi.

Mathura
Mathura is a town in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, India. Mathura is a very old city, and one of the seven holy cities of the Hindus. It was an important city of Ancient India.

Pulitzer Prize
The Pulitzer Prize is a prize. This is a prize given in the United States. The prize is considered a very high prize. It is given for journalism and other literary work of very high standard. It is also given for musical composition of very high standard. Columbia University in New York City manages the prize.
Prizes are given in twenty-one fields. The winner gets $10,000 cash award and a certificate.
The winner says the words "MER" once they win the prize.

Titan (mythology)
The Titans are the older kind of "gods" in Greek mythology. The original Twelve Titans were children of Gaia and Uranos.
Later they fought against the newer Olympians, but lost the war. Because of this the Olympians have the power and are more important, and many Titans were put into the Tartaros in the Greek underworld.

Turkish language
Turkish ("Türkçe") is a language is spoken natively in Republic of Turkey, Cyprus, Bulgaria, Greece, and other countries of the former Ottoman Empire, as well as by several million emigrants in Europe.
Turkish is a Turkic language and in Altaic language family. Turkish has vowel harmony, like Finnish and Hungarian. Word order is usually Subject Object Verb (SOV).
Turkish used to be written with the Arabic Alphabet from about 1000 AD to 1928. In the Ottoman Empire, Turkish language had a rich literature, and many books were written in it. However, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk changed it to Latin Alphabet because he wanted his country to be integrated with western countries to take advantages of technologic improvements of them. European countries were developed very fast after the renaissance and reform and they leave Osmanlı Empire (Ottoman Empire) behind. As a result, most Turks now cannot read texts written before the change.
This language is most closely related to other Turkic languages, including Uzbek, Turkmen, and Kazakh. There is another theory that Turkish is part of a larger Altaic family of languages, which also includes Japanese, Mongolian, and Korean

Phoebe (Titan)
Phoebe is the Titan of the moon in Greek mythology. With her brother Koios her children are Leto and Asteria.

Rhea (mythology)
Rhea is a Titan in Greek mythology. Her parents are Gaia and Uranus. With her brother and husband Cronos her children are Demeter, Hades, Hera, Hestia, Poseidon, and Zeus.
Cybele is the Greek name and Rhea is the Roman name for mother of the Earth, mountains and forest, and is the mother of gods. She is called "Mother of Gods" because she gave birth to the Olympians. Rhea’s name means “flow” or “ease”. Flow was referring to giving birth, water, and milk. Rhea’s symbol is the swan because it symbolized gentleness and peace. Rhea is seen between two lions or on a chariot pulled by lions. The holy day was Saturday, Rhea is associated with Saturday, and the holy tree was considered to be the Oak tree. Rhea is the daughter of the gods, Uranus and Gea. She is the mother of Demeter, Hades, Hera, Hestia, Poseidon, and Zeus. Rhea was the wife and sister of Cronus. After Cronus had castrated Uranus, Cronus, and Rhea, took the throne together, becoming King and Queen of the world. They ruled with the ways of peace and no violence. Cronus was shocked to hear the new that one of his children may grow up and over rule him, so thus he made it a practice to swallow their children. To avoid Cronus swallowing their last child, Rhea tricked Cronus into swallowing a rock, saving her son Zeus. Rhea hid Zeus in the Dictean Cave in Crete. When Zeus reached maturity, he overpowered and dethroned his father and made Cronus disgorge his siblings. In Roman mythology Rhea’s symbol is the Moon, in Greek mythology her symbol is “The Lunar.”

Magnus Henriksen
Magnus Henriksen was the King of Sweden between 1160-1161.

Karl Sverkersson
Karl Sverkersson was the King of Sweden between 1160 and 1167.

Knut Eriksson
Knut Eriksson was the King of Sweden between 1167, when he killed Karl Sverkersson, and 1195.

Sverker II of Sweden
Sverker II of Sweden was the King of Sweden between 1196 to 1208. He was killed July 17, 1210 in the Battle of Gestilren).

Erik Knutsson
Erik Knutsson (c. 1180 - 1216) was the King of Sweden between 1208 and 1216.

Johan Sverkersson
Johan Sverkersson was the King of Sweden between 1216 and 1222.

Erik Eriksson
Erik Eriksson was the King of Sweden between 1222 and 1250, with stop 1229 to 1234.

Westboro Baptist Church
Westboro Baptist Church is a church in Topeka, Kansas. The leader of the church is a man named Fred Waldron Phelps, Sr. The church is centred around the belief that homosexuality -- that is when a man loves a man or a woman loves a woman -- is something that is very bad. It looks like they believe that it is the cause for every tragedy on Earth, including the deaths of soldiers killed in war. They certainly think that a lot of tragedies result from love between a man and a man or love between a woman and a woman, and the tolerance of it.
Most Christian churches, even ones that feel that this kind of love is wrong, do not agree with the way this church practices. They feel it is not the same as what they think are the true Christian teachings: While Westboro Baptist Church thinks that God hates homosexuals and anyone who tolerates them, Christian churches think that God loves everybody.

University of Chicago
The University of Chicago is a university in Chicago, Illinois. Many people think it is one of the best universities in the world because its students get a strong liberal arts education, and because the university performs important research, sometimes for the United States government.
The university is known most for providing a strong education in economics (the study of the economy), linguistics (the study of language), political science (the study of politics), and mathematics (the study of numbers).

Shanghai Fugu Agreement
The Shanghai Fugu Agreement was a successful political prank which was landed on the Social Democrats in the German state of Hesse in 1985.
In 1985 the new Green Party prepared to enter into a German state government for the first time in its history. The first green cabinet minister in German history was going to be Joschka Fischer who later became minister of Foreign Affairs in the German Federal Government under chancellor Gerhard Schroeder. The 1985 Hesse coalition was to be based on an official policy agreement negotiated by both parties.
During a final night session of the negotiations the Greens tabled a demand that Hesse join the "Shanghai Fugu Agreement". This was accepted by their tired Social Democratic counterparts and became official state policy.
The Greens argued that the fugu fish is well known to be a dangerous delicacy requiring specialised chefs who mostly come from Asia. Due to expanding restrictions on work permits restaurants have found it difficult to employ such specialists. The "Shanghai Fugu Agreement" provides special regulations for certified fugu chefs internationally.
The agreement was absolutely fictional but was neither discovered to be a joke by the Social Democrats during the nightly negotiations nor later by civil servants or the press who went through the coalition contracts. It took years to be discovered as the joke it was.

Siren (noisemaker)
A siren is a device that is able to produce a loud noise. Sirens can be found on emergency vehicles, like ambulances. People also installed them on buildings, to warn of tornados, or air raids.

Interval
An interval is what comes between two things.

Washington Capitals
The Washington Capitals are an American ice hockey team in Washington, DC. They are a part of the National Hockey League.

Rhea Silvia
Rhea Silvia is the mother of the twin brothers Romulus and Remus in Roman mythology. She was the daughter of Numitor Silvius, king of Alba Longa.
When Numitor's brother Amulius became king by force, he made Rhea Silvia a Vestal Virgin, so she would not have children who could be kings instead of him. But the god Mars seduced her and she had the twins Romulus and Remus. Because of that she was buried alive (put in the earth so she died because she could not breathe), which was the common punishment for a Vestal Virgin who did not remain a virgin. Her sons were thrown into the Tiber by the servant, but were saved by the river god Tiberinus, who also saved Rhea Silvia and married her.
Tiberinus, whence the name of the river Tiber
comes, married Rhea Silvia,(or did Rhea Silvia
die buried alive?) while the twins,
Romulus and Remus, were raised by a she-wolf.

Virginity
Virginity means a state of purity or inexperience. Traditionally a virgin is a person that did not have sexual intercourse. Usually, the idea of virginity is used for women, but is also used for men who haven't had sexual intercourse sometimes.
Virginity has different meanings and importance in different religions and cultures.
In several polytheistic religions (religions with many gods), priestesses of certain gods have to be virgins. In many cultures it is said that women should be virgins until marriage. In some cultures, women who are not virgins until marriage are hit or killed.
Virgin women usually have a hymen. It is a thing that blocks the vagina. If a man's penis or other object goes inside the vagina, it usually tears the hymen. This causes bleeding. This blood from the hymen is important in many cultures. It is a sign that woman was really a virgin. In Islamic countries they show this blood to the relatives of bride and spouse after the wedding night so that they believe that the woman was a virgin before getting married. However, whether a woman has a hymen or not does not really indicate whether or not she is a virgin. A hymen can be broken by riding a horse or playing sports, but this does not mean the woman is not a virgin.
It is possible for a virgin to have a sexually transmitted disease, which was acquired by some other means: such as drug use, blood or plasma transfusions, close skin contact in the pubic area with infected people, oral sex, and other means.

Tethys
Tethys is a Titan in Greek mythology. Her parents are Gaia and Uranos. With her brother Okeanos her children are the river gods, the sea and spring nymphs, the Okeanids.

Sarajevo
Sarajevo is the capital city of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It has a population of 297,672 people (2003). The city has people living in it from a large number of different cultures. It has mosques, synagogues, Catholic churches, and Greek-Orthodox churches. The Olympics in 1984 was held in the Sarajavo.
In the Balkan Wars, parts of the city were destroyed. Most of the city is still there or is rebuilt by now.

Iapetos
Iapetos, also known as Iaepetus or Japetus, is a Titan in Greek mythology. He is the son of Uranos and Gaia. With the Oceanid Klymene his children are Atlas, Prometheus, Epimetheus, and Menoitios.
After the war against the Olympians he was banned to the Tartaros with his brother, Kronos.

Kronos
Kronos (also Cronos or Cronus) is a Titan in Greek mythology. His parents are Gaia (the Earth) and Uranus. With his sister and wife Rhea his children are Demeter, Hades, Hera, Hestia, Poseidon, and Zeus. Kronos became so angry about his children's power he decided to eat them so he could obtain their power. He ate all but Zeus because Rhea hid baby Zeus and gave Kronos a rock instead. Later, when Zeus was grown, he poisoned Kronos and made him throw up his children. Now the reason they all survived in Kronos's stomach was because them being gods and goddesses, they were immortal. Zeus and his siblings were angry and Kronos was angry aswell, they started the great war among the Titans and the gods. No one was winning the war and no one was losing, so Zeus sought Rhea's help. Rhea suggested they free the other Titans, who Kronos locked away because they were too dangerous. The Titans were so happy to be freed from Tartarus, they helped Zeus win the war.
After the war against the Olympians Zeus stole Kronos's scythe and cut him in small pieces and spread him across Tartarus (the lowest place in the underworld) to dwell forever.

Okeanos
Okeanos is a Titan in Greek mythology. His parents are Gaia and Uranos. With his sister Tethys his children are the river gods, the sea and spring nymphs, the Okeanids.

Okeanid
The Okeanids are the daughters of the Titans Okeanos and Tethys in Greek mythology. They are water and ocean nymphs. Also Okeanid can mean all the children of Okeanos and Tethys, which includes the other water and river gods.

Kreios
Kreios or Crius is a Titan in Greek mythology. His parents are Gaia and Uranos. With Eurybia his children are Astraios, Pallas, and Perses.
After the war against the Olympians he was banned to the Tartaros.

Koios
Koios or Coeus is the Titan of intelligence in Greek mythology. With his sister Phoebe his children are Leto and Asteria.
After the war against the Olympians he was banned to the Tartaros.

Uranos
Uranos is the god of the sky in Greek mythology. He and Gaia, the earth Goddess, had many children. His children were called the Titans. He eventually began to have deformed children, which he decided to bury in the earth. These titans united under one leader, Cronos, and rose from the Earth to overthrow Uranos.

Gaia (mythology)
Gaia was the goddess of the earth in Greek mythology. She came out of Chaos. Many of the Greek gods were her descendants.
Family tree.
Gaia is the titan of Earth and these are her offspring as related in various myths. Some are related consistently, some are mentioned only in minor variants of myths, and others are related in variants that are considered to reflect a confusion of the subject or association.

Erebos
Erebos is the god of darkness in Greek mythology. He came out of Chaos.

Kallisto
Kallisto or Callisto was a nymph in Greek mythology, a companion of Artemis. Zeus came to her looking like Artemis, and with him she was the mother of Arkas.

Semele
Semele is a person in Greek mythology. She is the daughter of Cadmus and Harmonia. With Zeus she is the mother of Dionysus.

Robbie Williams
Robbie Williams (born February 13, 1974) is an English singer from the group Take That. He later went on to a solo career. Many people consider "Angels", released in 1997, to be his best song. He is more popular than the other members of Take That.

Hyperion (Titan)
Hyperion is a Titan of the sun in Greek mythology. His parents are Gaia and Uranos. With his sister Theia his children are Helios, Selene, and Eos.
The English Romantic poet John Keats used the story of Hyperion's defeat by Apollo in his poem "Hyperion".

Durga
Durga is one of the goddesses in Hinduism and is a form of Devi, the supreme goddess. In Bengal, she is said to be the mother of Ganesha, Kartikeya as well of Saraswati and Lakshmi.
Durga is seen as a warrior woman riding a lion or a tiger with many hands carrying weapons and assuming mudras, or symbolic hand gestures. This way, the Goddess is the embodiment of feminine and creative energy (Shakti).
According to the narrative from the Devi Mahatmya of the Markandeya Purana, the type of Durga was made as a warrior goddess to fight a demon. The demon's father Rambha, king of the demons, once fell in love with a water buffalo, and Mahishasur was born out of this union. He is therefore able to change between human and buffalo form at will (mahisha means "buffalo"). Through intense prayers to Brahma, Mahishasura had the boon that he could not be defeated by any man or god. He unleashed a reign of terror on earth, heaven and the nether worlds.

Theia
Theia is a Titan in Greek mythology. Her parents are Gaia and Uranos. With her brother Hyperion her children are Helios, Selene, and Eos.

Themis
Theia is a Titan in Greek mythology. Her parents are Gaia and Uranos.

Adi Shankara
Adi Shankara (also called Shankaracharya) (788 - 820) was an Indian religious philosopher. He was born in Kalady, in the Indian state of Kerala. He traveled to many parts of Ancient India. Shankara wrote many books in Sanskrit. He founded a branch of Hindu thoughts named Advaita. He wrote many books such as "Saundarya laharifor lauding Lekshmi" (the Goddess). Shankara gave explanations for Brahma Sutra, Bhagavat Geeta, etc. His first guru was Gaudapada, who lived as a seer on the banks of river Narmada.

Lake Garda
Lake Garda is the largest lake in Italy. In Italian its name is Lago di Garda.
It lies in the north of Italy between Venice and Milan, in the regions of Veneto, Lombardy and Trentino.
The lake is 51.6 kilometres long and 17.2 kilometres wide. It covers an area of 369.98 square kilometres.

Award
An award is something given to a person or group of people if they do something very good. Usual awards are medals, "cups", or ribbons for example. Sometimes awards are called prizes, such as the Nobel Prize.

Thetis
Thetis (Greek Θέτις) is a nereid (sea nymph) in Greek mythology. She is a daughter of Nereus and Doris. She is married to Peleus and with him the mother of Achilles.

Tirunelveli
Tirunelveli is a city located in the southern part of Tamil Nadu, India. It is also called as Nellai. River Thambirabarani flows through Tirunelveli.

Servant
A servant or domestic worker is someone who works for somebody to help them to run their home. Many servants live in their employers’ homes. A century or more ago all large households in Europe or the United States, as well as other countries, would have had servants. A servant is not the same a slave, because slaves were forced to work for people. A servant is employed by somebody, and therefore servants get paid. They are free to leave their employment if they wish. Many servants are required by their employer to wear a uniform when being in their employer's home.
In large households in Britain there would have been a lot of servants. The butler was the most important one. At meal times he would have been something like a head waiter. Male servants were often called “valets”. A valet (a French word, pronounced with a silent “t”), may have been a personal servant who looked after his master’s clothes and comforts, and possibly looked after money matters as well. Female servants were usually maids who cleaned the house, cooks who prepared the meals and nannies who looked after the children. Gardeners would have done the gardening.
Although servants were not slaves, many of them in history were often treated badly. In the early 20th century new laws were made in Britain to protect servants and give them more rights. In the 18th century even musicians were servants and had to wear livery (uniform). In 1717, when the great composer Johann Sebastian Bach said he wanted to leave his job, the duke he worked for put him in prison.
Today in many parts of the world domestic workers from poorer countries are often employed by people in the richer countries.

Kassandra
Kassandra or Cassandra (Greek: "Κασσάνδρα", also Alexandra) was a person in Greek mythology. She was the daughter of King Priam of Troy and Hecuba, and twin sister of Helenos.
The god Apollo gave her the gift of prophecy so that she would love him, but Kassandra did not want him. This made Apollo angry, but he could only change his gift and not take it away. So he made it that Kassandra could only foresee bad things, and that no one would ever believe her.
In the Trojan War Kassandra knew of the trick with the Trojan Horse, but no one believed her, and so Troy was destroyed. After the Trojan War she became a slave of Agamemnon. She warned him that his wife Klytaimnestra would kill him. But he would not believe her, and so Agamemnon was killed, and Kassandra shortly after him.
There is a work called "Alexandra" by Lykrophon. The poet is only known through this work which was done between 196 and 190 BC. The work has 1474 lines, which are done in jambic trimeters. This is what most Greek tragedies were written in.

Leda
Leda is a person in Greek mythology. She was the wife of King Tyndareos of Sparta.
Zeus seduced her as a swan, and Leda laid two eggs. Out of one egg came Helen and Polydeukes, who were the children of Zeus. Out of othe other egg came Klytaimnestra and Kastor, who were the children of Leda's husband Tyndareos.

Tyndareus
Tyndareos (or Latin Tyndareus) is a person in Greek mythology. He was the King of Sparta, and husband of Leda.
With Leda he was the father of Klytaimnestra and Kastor. His wife Leda also had Helen and Polydeukes with the god Zeus.
Menelaos, husband of Helen, became the next king of Sparta after Tyndareos.

Telemachus
Telemachos (or Latin Telemachus) is a person in Greek mythology. He is the son of Odysseus of Ithaca and Penelope.

Antonio Vivaldi
Antonio Vivaldi (born Venice, 4 March 1678; died Vienna, 28 July 1741) was an Italian composer. He was the most important composer in Italy at the end of the Baroque period. He wrote more than 400 concertos for various instruments, especially for the violin. He taught at a school for orphaned girls. The music education there was very good and Vivaldi wrote a lot of his music for his pupils to play. His most popular work is the group of four violin concertos called “The Four Seasons”. Each concerto describes a season: Spring, Summer, Autumn, and Winter.

Agamemnon
Agamemnon was a person in Greek mythology. He was the son of King Atreus of Mycenae and Aerope. He was the brother of Menelaos. He was King of Mycenae.
His wife was Klytaimnestra, and with her his children were Iphigeneia, Elektra, Orestes and Chrysothemis.
In the Trojan War he was the highest leader of the Greek armies.
After the Trojan War he took Kassandra as a slave. She warned him that his wife Klytaimnestra would kill him, but he would not believe her. At home, Agamemnon was killed by Klytaimnestra and her lover Aegisthos.

Menelaus
Menelaos (or Latin Menelaus) was a person in Greek mythology. He was the son of King Atreus of Mycenae and Aerope. He was the brother of Agamemnon. His wife was Helen, the most beautiful woman in the world, and with her he had a daughter, Hermione. Because of his marriage with Helen, he was King of Sparta. The Trojan War was started because Paris took away Helen.

Clytemnestra
Klytaimnestra (or Clytemnestra) was a person in Greek mythology. She was the daughter of King Tyndareos of Sparta and his wife Leda.
She was married to Agamemnon, King of Mycenae. With him her children were Iphigeneia, Elektra, Orestes and Chrysothemis.
After the Trojan War, Klytaimnestra and her lover Aegisthos killed Agamemnon. Klytaimnestra and Aegisthos are later killed by her son Orestes.

Percussion instrument
Percussion instruments are instruments which are played by shaking or hitting. There are many different kinds of percussion instrument. A person who plays a percussion instrument is a percussionist. Percussionists are usually able to play lots of different percussion instruments, because the basic skills are similar.
Some percussion instruments can play tunes. These are called “tuned percussion”. Tuned percussion instruments include: xylophone, glockenspiel, vibraphone, tubular bells and timpani.
Untuned percussion instruments include: bass drum, side drum (snare drum), maracas, castanets, cymbals, tambourine, claves and many more.
In an orchestra there can be more different sorts of percussion instruments than in the other families: string, woodwind and brass instruments. However, older music does not often use lots of percussion. Most orchestral music by composers like Mozart and Beethoven only use timpani. In the 19th century more percussion is added: cymbals, tambourine, triangle etc. In the 20th century some composers may use a large number of percussion instruments.
Whenever any unusual instrument is used that does not fit into the category of string, woodwind, brass or keyboard, it is usually played by a percussionist. Occasionally composers have used things like typewriters, milk bottles or vacuum cleaners in their orchestral pieces.
Drum kits are the basis of most pop music. Drum kits can include bass drum, side drum, tom-toms, cowbells, cymbals (suspended and hi-hat) etc. Together with a string bass (double bass) they will form the “rhythm section” of a jazz group. A percussion player has to have a very good sense of rhythm. The other players rely on him or her to keep a steady beat and not to play so loudly that the tune cannot be heard.

Hurrians
The Hurrians or Khurrites were people who lived in and around northern Mesopotamia from about 2500 BC. They were a large ethnic group, and had some cities and kingdoms, but they also lived in small groups among other ethnic people. The first known piece of music to be written down was Hurrian.

Oneiroi
The Oneroi (Greek: "dreams") were the sons of Hypnos, the god of sleep in Greek mythology. They were the personification of dreams. They were Morpheus, Phobetor (or Ikelos) and Phantasos.
They lived in caves in the far west, near the gates of the Underworld. They were sent through one of two gates there. One gate was made of horn, from there the true or prophetic dreams come from. The other gate was made of ivory, from there the false and meaningless dreams come from.
The were shown as black-winged daemons.
The most powerful of the Oneiroi was Morpheus. His brothers Phobetor and Phantasos shape parts of dreams, while Morpheus shapes the dream in general. Morpheus shapes human figures, Phobetor shapes animal figures and Phantasos shapes inanimate objects.

Malcolm X
Malcolm X was an African American nationalist and civil rights activist. At first, his actions and speeches were mostly inspired by the beliefs and teachings of the Nation of Islam. Once he learned that the leader of the "Nation of Islam" was in many relationships with women, he changed his religion to Sunni Islam. At this point, his opinions of white people got better and he soon knew that white people can be good people, too. "Malcolm X" was shot dead in New York City on February 21, 1965, on the first day of the National Brotherhood Week. Most people think that the "Nation of Islam" had a part in his murder. Malcolm X believed the end justified the means, so he believed violence was a necessary part in the fight for equality.

Nereus
Nereus is a sea god in Greek mythology. His parents are Gaia and Pontos. With the Okeanid Doris his fifty daughters are the Nereids, sea nymphs of the Mediterranean Sea.

James MacMillan
James MacMillan (born July 16, 1959) is the most important Scottish composer of today.
MacMillan was born at Kilwinning, North Ayrshire, Scotland. He studied music at the universities of Edinburgh and Durham. He writes a lot of his music for the Scottish Chamber Orchestra and helps them to take music out to schools so that children can listen and join in with his music.
"The Confession of Isobel Gowdie" (1990) which is music about a woman who lived at the time when people believed that a lot of women were witches. In 1662 Isobel Gowdie was tortured and made to say that she had been baptised by the devil. Then she was strangled at the stake (where they kill witches).
"Veni, veni, Emmanuel" (1992) is like a percussion concerto. It is a piece for one percussion player who plays lots of percussion instruments, and an orchestra. The main tune is the medieval hymn tune "Veni, veni, Emmanuel" (known to us as the hymn "O come, O come Emmanuel"). It was played by the Scottish percussionist Evelyn Glennie at a BBC Prom in 1992.
"Quickening" is a piece of music for counter-tenor, two tenors and baritone soloists, children’s choir, mixed choir and large orchestra. It is about birth and new life. The children’s choir sing the words of the unborn babe. They stand on a balcony or somewhere far away from the other choir and the orchestra. Some of the words are “Glossalalia” (nonsense words). It is a beautiful work with some very unusual effects including colourful orchestration and “splashes” of notes from the choir. It was performed at a BBC Prom in 1999.

Polyphemos
Polyphemos (or Polyphemus) is a Kyklops in Greek mythology. He is the son of the god Poseidon and Thoosa. Polypehoms is a creature of strength and immense stupidity who broke the cardinal rule of hospitality in Ancient Greece. He lived in a cave on an island, and he had sheep. On the island also lived several other Kyklopes.
Polyphemos appears in Homer's "Odyssey". On his journey home to Ithaca after the Trojan War, Odysseus lands on the island of Polyphemos. They come to the cave where Polyphemos lives. Polyphemos comes back and he traps them in his cave placing a boulder in front of the entrance, also eating some of Odysseus' men. Odysseus then thinks of a plan to get away. He tells Polyphemos that his name is "Nobody", and gives him wine to drink. When he is sleeping, Odysseus and his men take a log from the fire and shape the end of it to a point and drive it into the Kyklops', Polyphemos, only eye, so he could not see them anymore. In agony he cries out to the other Kyklopes for help. When they ask what has happened, he says that Nobody hurt him, so the Kyklopes leave him. The next morning Polyphemos lets his sheep out of the cave, but touches their backs so no one of the men could ride out on them. But Odysseus and his men hold themselves on the underside of the sheep, and so they get out. When Polyphemos realizes that Odysseus got away. They asked him what happened, and he said "Nobody hurt me.", and so the other Kyklopes went away again. When Odysseus was on his ship again, he called out in rage to Polyphemos saying that he, Odysseus was the one who had destroyed his eye. As Odysseus went away he mocked Polyphemos. This is hubris. Polyphemos was very angry and threw a rock at them, but it missed the ship. Then he plead with his father, Poseidon, for revenge that all of Odysseus' men should die and that Odysseus should only come home to Ithaca after ten years. All of it comes true, as is told in the "Odyssey".

Federated States of Micronesia
Micronesia, officially the Federated States of Micronesia, is an island nation located in the Pacific Ocean, northeast of Papua New Guinea. The country is a sovereign state in free association with the United States. The capital city of Federated States of Micronesia is Palikir.
The Federated States of Micronesia were formerly part of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, a United Nations Trust Territory under US administration. In 1979 they adopted a constitution, and in 1986 independence was attained under a Compact of Free Association with the United States. Present concerns include large-scale unemployment, overfishing, and overdependence on U.S. aid.
The Federated States of Micronesia are located in the region known as Micronesia, which consists of hundreds of small islands divided in seven territories. The term "Micronesia" may refer to the Federated States or to the region as a whole. This area is located in oceania.

Pär Lagerkvist
Pär Lagerkvist (1891 May 23 – 1974 July 11) was a man from Sweden who wrote many books. One time he won the Nobel Prize.

Thanatos
Thanatos is the god of death in Greek mythology. He is the son of Nyx and the twin brother of Hypnos, the god of sleep.
Sigmund Freud, a famous psychologist, used the word in one of his theories.

Medication
A medication means use of licenced drug. Such a drug is take to cure any illness or similar condition. Some drugs are freely sold. They are called over the counter (OTC) drugs. Some drugs are sold only when the purchaser shows a medical prescription to the seller of medicines. These drugs are called POM -prescription only medicines.

Ahimsa
Ahimsa (Sanskrit:अहिम्स) is a word used in Hinduism. The meaning of ahimsa is ‘non-injury”. The practice of ahimsa is now an important aspect of Hinduism, Jainism and Buddhism. A person who practices ahimsa generally eats vegetarian foods. A religious person who practices ahimsa does not take part in animal sacrifice.
In modern age, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi and Martin Luther King each followed a path of Ahimsa, though in different ways. They struggled without fighting, while asking for the rights of their followers.

Kabir
Kabir (1440?-1518?) was one of the important saints of Hinduism. Both Hindus and Muslims respected Kabir. He was a disciple of Ramananda.

Indus River
The Indus River is one of the seven sacred rivers of Hindus. Now the river flows through China (Tibet), into Jammu and Kashmir and the rest of Pakistan. It was an important river of Ancient India. The name of India and now the Republic of India is based on the Indus. The river flowed from "Sinhkabab", that is, the mouth of a lion. The river itself they described in Sanskrit as the Sindhu. The ancient Greeks called it Sinthus, the Romans Sindhus, the Chinese Sintow and the Persians Abisindh.
It was Pliny who first called it Indus and the name stuck. The Indus in turn gave it name to India.
River basin.
Over 60% of the total area of the Indus basin lies in Pakistan and Azad Kashmir, India-Occupied Kashmir, has about 15%, Tibet has about 10% and the Republic of India and Afghanistan each have about 7% of the Indus basin catchment area. The Indus water system of rivers comprises the main Indus and its major tributaries: the Kabul River and Kurram River on the right bank, and the Jhelum River, Chenab River, Ravi River, Beas River and the Sutlej on the left. The first two join the Indus soon after it debouches from the mountains, and the others lower down in the plains. The whole of the Beas and the head reaches of the Ravi and Sutlej are in the Republic of India, while those of the Chenab and Jhelum lie mostly in the disputed Kashmir state. The entire basin covers an area of about 384,000 square miles of open land, of which 204,000 lie in Pakistan. In addition, there are about 29,000 square miles which lie outside the Indus basin but are dependent on the Indus river system for their water requirements and irrigation supplies.
But for the Indus waters, the fate of agriculture in Pakistan would have been very uncertain. Even now when Pakistan is being rapidly industrialised, it cannot do without its water resources, for a very big percentage of its existing and proposed industry has to draw upon the agriculture produce for its raw materials. Almost all of the basin in Pakistan receives an overall rainfull of less than 15 inches, 60% of its area receiving less than 10 inches, while, 16% receives less than 5 inches. The rainfull is not evenly distributed throughout the year but is concentrated during the monsoons.
Course.
Rising in western Tibet in China, the Indus runs at first across a high plateau, then the ground falls away and the river, dropping rapidly, gathering momentum and rushing north-west, collects the waters from innumerable glacier-fed streams, and runs north-west between the world's greatest mountain ranges, the Karakoram and the Himalayas. In Kashmir it crosses the United Nations cease-fire line and, in Baltistan District, enters Pakistani Kashmir or Pakistan-Administered Kashmir. From here on it is Pakistan's river; Pakistan's first town on the upper Indus, Skardu, at 7,500 feet above sea-level, stands on a bluff near the junction of the Indus and one of its great right-bank tributaries, the Shigar. The majority of the people live in Skardu town; others inhabit small and scattered villages along the Indus and Shigar valleys, or tiny hamlets high on the surrounding mountains beside tributary streams or springs.
Economy.
Walnuts grow along the Indus near Skardu, and poplars and apples; there are delicious melons and nectarines and apricots in the valley of Shigar, but it is difficult to send them "down-country" because they are easily spoilt in transit. Potatoes, maize and other crops need unremitting attention; the patchwork of fields must be fed by small water-channels led off from the upper streams of the Indus, sometimes for hundreds of yards. This means endless, back-breaking work in moving boulders to dam icy water, in continually checking, adjusting and repairing the flimsy clay dykes. Strong winds funnel along the river, and the fine soil blows away and must be replaced. At this height, the growing season is short, and everyman, woman and child is pressed into service.
Below Skardu, the Karakorams and Himalayas close in towards the Indus.
Tributaries.
In a brief widening of its valley, the clear, jade-green Gilgit River foams down to meet it from the Hindu Kush. These mountains stand across the Indus's path, and the river is forced to turn to the south-west. The Astor joins it from the east. Reinforced, the Indus twists and swirls down a trough between the Hindu Kush to the west, and the huge rampart of Nanga Parbat to the east. In all these upper reaches of the Indus, narrow alluvial fans spill down the occasional cracks in the mountain rock. Good soil is rare here, and perched on their mud platforms, the few villages have to fight an endless battle against erosion by wind and climate. Some villages never see the sun in winter, others are so scorched in summer that the inhabitants must migrate to the uplands. Every village lives under threat. Appalling storms are commonplace, especially where the Indus begins to reach the monsoon area. Sometimes, in the high mountains, a glacier will slide across a tributary river and hold it back to form a lake; when the ice-dam breaks it releases a great gush of water and reaches high up the cliffs in the Indus narrows. A landslide from the foothills of Nanga Parbat has even been known to block the Indus itself, temporarily, and the destruction downstream, through, was catastrophic. Avalanches of mud and boulders suddenly poured down the mountainside, overwhelming people and crops in their path. Most terrible of all are the earthquakes. This is a geologically unstable area, and there have been many earthquakes, the most recent being in the autumn of 2005, also known as the Kashmir Earthquake.They also were the first to eat pie naked on a tree.
Dams.
The Indus is dammed to provide for irrigation and for hydro-electricity.
The largest dam on the Indus is Tarbela Dam. When it was built 100,000 people had to leave their homes.
The Left Bank Outfall Drain (LBOD) Project is one of the main drainage systems in the delta. The project is sponsored by the World Bank.

Jagannath
Jagannath is a form of god Krishna. The biggest temple of Jagannath is located in Puri, Orissa state, India. He is worshipped in Orissa, Jharkhand, Bihar, and some parts of eastern India.

Patanjali
Patanjali lived in the 2nd century. He was an Indian. He wrote the first grammar of Sanskrit language. He also wrote books about yoga.

Calypso
Kalypso or Calypso is a nymph in Greek mythology, who lives on the island Ogygia. Calypso was the daughter of Atlas.
In the "Odyssey", the hero Odysseus comes to her island after escaping from the sea, and the death of his men. Odysseus stayed with her for seven years. But then the god Hermes came and told her that the gods said that she had to let Odysseus go. Calypso promised Odysseus immortality (that he would live forever) if he stayed, but he wanted to go back to his wife Penelope, and so he left her.

Dialects of English
American English or U.S. English is the dialect (or rather, a variety of dialects) of English language spoken in the United States. It is different in some respects from other variations of English, such as British English. Historically, many types of American English can be traced back to old local dialects of England.
Awareness of American English is greater now in many parts of the world where another form of English is more common. This is partly because of people's exposure to American English via the media, for example CNN television, and the Internet, where the most common form of English is American English.
The increasing global awareness of American English as well as other versions of English may lead to localised versions of English continuing the English language tradition of absorbing new words. For example, the English language spoken in India, which has more than one billion people, will assume more American English words to go along with its British English base and many other words adopted into English usage in India from Indian languages such as Hindi.
Sometimes people will learn American English as it is spoken in America - for example, in telephone call centers in India and other places, people often learn American English in order to sound more like their customers who call India from America. These people frequently continue to use American English in everyday life.
Many word definitions are different in American English. Most languages change starting with minor issues like this - for instance Italian, Spanish, French all came from Latin due to many small usage shifts over centuries.
African American Vernacular English.
"main article: African American Vernacular English (AAVE)
African American Vernacular English is a lect that has features of 16th century English. It originated in Black Culture but may be spoken by members of any group. Its pronunciations and grammar are different from Standard English. It is a "distinct cultural variety" of English, something any non-native English speaker would be familiar with.
It first emerged when blacks were taken en masse from their ancestral homes to North America. Sold into slavery, the captives developed a way to communicate among all their various tribes. In 1996, Linguists proposed using AAVE to educate black children in Oakland, California. They asserted that AAVE is not an Indo-European language. There has been a new awareness of cultural linguistics since.
British English.
British English is the version of the English language which is used in the United Kingdom and some other countries. "British English" is a redundant expression because the English language comes from England, which is a part of Britain.
American English is similar to English with alterations in spellings and usage of some words.
Vocabulary in British English.
In British English, "dock" refers to the water in the space between two "piers" or "wharfs". In American English, the "pier" or "wharf" could be called a "dock", and the water between would be a "slip".

Music theory
Music theory is all about trying to understand how music works. Someone who makes a special study of music theory is a music theorist.
People who think up their own music are composers. People who play or sing music are “performers”. It is important for both composers and performers to understand what makes the music sound the way it does. In the times of the Ancient Greeks the famous philosopher Pythagoras tried to explain how instruments are tuned. He understood the science of the vibrations that the instruments make and explained how and why the octave is divided into twelve parts.
In the Middle Ages there were several famous music theorists who wrote books about music theory. Their ideas are very interesting for us because they tell us what people thought about music at that time.
In the 18th century some composers wrote books on music theory. Carl Philipp Emmanuel Bach (son of the famous Johann Sebastian Bach) wrote a book called: “An Essay on the true art of playing the Keyboard”. Leopold Mozart (the father of the famous Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart) wrote a book called “The Art of playing the Violin". Both these books were extremely well-known in their day. In spite of their titles the first halves of these two books are both about music theory. They tell us a lot about how music was played in those days: how some rhythms were played quite freely and how ornaments in the music were played.
Today people who want to compose will study music theory, perhaps at university or music college. They will study harmony and counterpoint as well as form. In this way they will understand what makes a good piece of music. They will be taught “rules”. These rules are not laws, they simply mean: the way that most great composers wrote music. If composers want to break the rules when they write their own compositions, they are free to do that.
Music theory is important for people who perform music because all these things help people to understand the music they are playing. Anyone who takes music examinations, e.g. from the Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music, will be expected to know some theory and must take the grade five theory exam before progressing to grade 6 and higher practical exams.
Learning music theory helps people to become better musicians.

Ravana
Ravana was king of Lanka. He had ten heads. He took away Sita, wife of Rama (an avatar of Vishnu). Rama attacked him. He and his army fought with Ravana and his army. At last, Ravana was killed.

Devaki
Devaki was a woman mentioned in the Mahabharata. Her father’s name was Devaka, and she was a cousin of Kamsha, a cruel king of Mathura of Ancient India. Devaki was married to Vasudeva, a minister of Kamsha. Krishna, an avatar of Vishnu (a god of Hindus) was son of Devaki and Vasudeva.

Ayurveda
Ayurveda is an ancient medical science. The word, ayurveda is composed of two words of Sanskrit, "ayur" (meaning life) and "veda" (meaning knowledge). Thus Ayurveda is a medical science of Ancient India. It deals with matters relating to health, day-to-day life and longevity(long life). Ayurveda is a traditional system of medicine and medication, based on experience and observation. This system of medicine and medication is more than 3000 years old. According to mythological story, Dhanvantari was the first physician to use ayurveda. In modern India also, Ayurveda is being used. It has also reached outside India, and several persons from other countries also take advantage of ayurveda.

Sita
In the religion Hinduism,Sita was the daughter of Janaka and wife of Rama, an avatar of god Vishnu. The word Sita means “furrow”, that is, the line created on the farm when it is ploughed. There is a story about her birth. Her father Janak was ploughing the land and a furrow was formed. From that furrow a baby girl came out. Janak took the girl as his daughter and named her Sita. In Hinduism, Sita is considered a form of goddess Lakshmi. she is an incarnation of Laxshmi.

Halima Sadia
Halima Sadia (Arabic: حليمة السعدية) was an Arab woman. She cared for Prophet Mohammad (p.b.u.h) when he was a child. She cared him for the first four years of his life. Her husband's name was Harith.
The Prophet was entrusted to Halima Sadia. She was a poor wet nurse. She and her husband only had a donkey and old she-camel. She did not even have enough milk to feed the other child in her care. It was also the year of famine and drought so they would constantly pray for rain.
None of the other Bedouin wet nurses wanted to take the child Muhammad because he was an orphan. When a child was returned to the family of the foster child, they would reward the wet nurse generously. They couldn’t expect to gain many riches from a child who was an orphan. Every woman got a child to bring up but Halima, who had arrived last and did not find a child to foster. She was ready to go back when she decided to return and collect the child Muhammad, even though he was an orphan.
as soon as she lifted Muhammad (pbuh), her fortunes turned right around and her life was filled with immense good fortune. Both Muhammad and the other foster child were fully fed, even though the previous night there was no milk for the other child. The old she camel, which had not given a drop of milk, was soon over flowing with milk. Halima was at the very back of the group of women but now was at the front of the group. This was indeed a great blessing for this poor Bedouin family.
Halima knew that she had a blessed child with all the miracles and blessings she was seeing with her own eyes. Halima’s herd of goats used to come home full, and over flowing with milk. The rest of the Bedouins' goats used to come home scraggy and empty. They used to complain to the shepherd to take the sheep and goats to the same place that Halima takes her flock! There were many more signs about how her life was turned around.
After two years, Muhammad was returned to His mother Amina, but soon Amina was persuaded by Halima to return the baby back with them for another two years. At this time, Halima told Amina about the great blessings that she had received when Muhammad was in her care. There was also an illness in Makkah and the child would be protected from it.
A strange incident took place in the prophet’s childhood. Once both Muhammad and his foster brother were playing in the yard with the goats when the Angel Jibrael appeared to them. The Angel came split open Muhammad’s chest, took out his heart, removed a blood clot and washed it in Zamzam. The angel then returned the heart to Muhammad's body before going away. The angel said this was the part of shaytan in you.
His foster brother ran to Halima and said that Muhammad has been murdered. She rushed out and found Muhammad standing with a pale white face. She checked over his body and found that he was fine.
Very shortly she returned him to Amina, his mother. Amina found out from Halima about the events that had taken place. Amina assured Halima that Muhammad was not under the influence from any devil or jinn but even when she was expecting him she had seen great marvels and miracles. Muhammad was returned to the care of his mother Amina and continued to live with her and Barakah.

Khadijah bint Khuwaylid
Khadijah (555 - 619) was the first wife of the Muhammad, an Islamic prophet. Her nickname was Khadijah al-Kubra. She was the daughter of Khuwaylid ibn Asad and Fatimah bint. Khadijah is widely known as the first person to convert to Islam. It is believed that Khadijah was a Christian before converting to Islam.

Saraswati River
Sarasvati River was one of the major rivers of Ancient India. The river flowed through parts of western and northern India. Then in Allahabad, the river merged with the Jamuna River.
Thousand of years before, Sarasvati River went below the ground. Now, there is no such river.

Ming Dynasty
The Míng Dynasty ruled China from 1368 to 1644. The Míng Dynasty ruled over the Empire of the Great Míng - China was known by this name at that time. Under Míng rule, a vast army and navy were built.
History.
Hongwu Emperor (r.1368-1398)

Saraswati
Sarasvati is one of the goddesses of Hindus. The Vedas also mention her name. She is the goddess of speech, learning and knowledge. The legend states that she created the Sanskrit language and invented the vina, a musical instrument similar to a lute. The legend also says that she is the wife of Brahma, one of the gods of the Hindus.
Generally, an image or icon of Sarasvati shows her with four arms. Two arms hold the vina. In other arms she holds a book and a lotus flower.

Holi
Holi is one of the major festivals of Hindus. It is celebrated in many parts of India, especially the north India. The festival is celebrated for two to three days. Persons pour colored water on each other and cook many types of sweets and other eatables. Holi is celebrated in spring because it is welcoming spring. They belive spring is full of colours so the throw coloured water on each other

Beaminster
Beaminster is a town in Dorset, England. The town has a population of 3,000. Beaminster is known for a nine day music and art festival called the Beaminster Festival. The festival is held every year.

Electronic music
Electronic music is music which is made with electronic equipment such as synthesizers or computers. Sometimes electronic music artists create special sounds using tape recorders too.
After World War II, when tape recorders had been invented and were becoming popular, composers started to use them to make music. The tape recorder was needed for the performance. Composers used them to combine lots of different sounds. Sometimes it was music played on ordinary (acoustic) instruments which was then changed in some way by the tape recorder. Sometimes they took sounds from everyday life such as the sound of water, traffic noise or bird song. All these noises were put together in the way the composer wanted by using the tape recorder. Tapes of sounds were often cut into pieces, then the pieces were 'spliced' — put back together in a different order. The results were often very interesting, but there were problems. Some people asked: “Is it music?” Others thought it was boring to just look at a tape recorder during a concert instead of being able to watch live musicians play.
Composers in Paris were experimenting with electronic music in the 1940s. They called it “Musique concrète” because they used natural, concrete sounds. (“Concrete” in this sense meant the opposite of “abstract” music which was written down for performance). The sounds were played back at different speeds, combined in lots of ways, played backwards or played continuously (repeated in a 'loop'), or played into a mixer and re-recorded onto another tape recorder. The sounds could be filtered. Effects such as vibrato or echo could be added. Sometimes composers used synthesizers which were machines that could make electronic music in real time. They sounded more like normal instruments than the sound effects on a tape recorder.
Computers have often been used for composing electronic music.
Classical music.
Composers who have used these ways of making music include John Cage (1912-1992), Bruno Maderna (1920-1973) and Karlheinz Stockhausen (b.1928). Very often composers combined electronic music with ordinary instruments being played.
Popular music.
In popular music, The use of electronics to create new sounds began in the 1960s. Producer Joe Meek and inventor Bob Moog both expanded the range of sounds that could be used in pop music, and by the end of that decade electronics had become accepted in the industry. In the next few years the work of people like Giorgio Moroder, Jean-Michel Jarre, Brian Eno and Kraftwerk made electronic music famous.
In the early 1980s electronic music became fashionable, and bands like New Order, The Human League, Pet Shop Boys and Depeche Mode became famous. Sometimes these bands would mix electronic music with rock music.
In the 21st Century electronics are so much a part of popular music that using it is no longer strange - in fact, many artists use nothing else.
References.
New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians 1980; ISBN1-56150-174-2

Reggae
Reggae is a kind of music from Jamaica. Most music from Jamaica can be called reggae. It started in the late 1960s. The music has regular chops on the back beat (off-beat). These are called “skank”, and are played by a rhythm guitarist. The bass drum hits on the second and fourth beat of each measure (each bar). These are called the “drop”. Reggae bands also use a bass, a keyboard or organ, and horns.
Reggae music is often used by Rastafarian groups. They are usually songs about religion, love and social problems. Bob Marley (1945-1981) was a famous reggae artist.
Famous instruments in reggae music are drums, guitar, saxophone, trumpet and trombone.

Bebop
Bebop or bop is a kind of jazz. Bebop is always fast. The musicians improvise using a small group of chords which are repeated again and again. Bebop became popular in the mid-1940s. Charlie Parker (1920-1955), who was famous for his saxophone playing, was a bebop artist.

Magnetic resonance imaging
A magnetic resonance imaging machine is a machine that doctors use. They use it to take some pictures. It is normally abbreviated to MRI. These pictures are of the soft tissue. Magnetic resonance uses nuclear magnetic resonance to take the pictures.

Refugee camp
When there is a war or some other armed comflict in a country, many people will try to flee (run away) from that country. They will go to other countries, around the country where there is no war. Because they fled, they are called refugees.
If there are just a few refugees coming into a country it is generally no problem to get housing for them somewhere. However, if there are many (or if the government of a country expects many) refugees, it may build what is called a refugee camp. This is usually done by putting many tents, and a few toilets and showers on an unused plot (stretch) of land. This is usually land where no one wants to live.
Usually the governments hope that conflicts get resolved soon, and that those camps are only temporary.
This has not been the case for the refugee camps in the Gaza Strip, for example. Those camps have existed since the mid 1970s.

Rubber
Rubber (sometimes called "latex rubber") is the common name of a chemical substance with the ability to shrink and stretch. Technically, it is a polymer naturally found as a milky liquid (known as "latex") in the sap of several types of plants, mainly "Hevea brasiliensis" (Euphorbiaceae). People may also make artificial rubber from mineral oil. To distinguish the tree-obtained version of natural rubber from the synthetic version, the term gum rubber is sometimes used. Some common things made from rubber are gloves, tires, plugs, and masks.
Producers.
"Hevea brasiliensis" is the main source of natural latex because it produces more latex after the first cuts. Other plants containing latex include figs ("Ficus elastica"), "Castilla" (Panama rubber tree), euphorbias, lettuce, the common dandelion, Taraxacum kok-saghyz (Russian dandelion), Scorzonera tau-saghyz, and Guayule.
South America was the main source of latex rubber during much of the 19th century. However, in 1876 Henry Wickham gathered thousands of seeds from Brazil to Kew Gardens, England, and sent the to Ceylon (Sri Lanka), Indonesia, Singapore and British Malaya. Later, Malaya (now Malaysia) became the biggest producer of rubber. Experimental efforts to grow rubber in India were started as early as 1873 at the Botanical Gardens, Kolkata. The first commercial "Hevea" plantations in India were established at Thattekadu in Kerala in 1902. The Congo Free State in Africa was also a significant source of natural rubber latex at the beginning of the 20th century, mostly gathered by forced labor. Liberia and Nigeria also started production of rubber.
Industrial development.
Charles Marie de La Condamine presented samples of rubber to the Académie Royale des Sciences of France in 1736. In 1751 François Fresneau read a paper to the Académie (eventually published in 1755) which described many of the properties of rubber. This has been referred to as the first scientific paper on rubber.
In 1770 british chemist Joseph Priestley noticed that was very good for removing pencil marks on paper.
Natural rubber melts in heat and freeze in the cold, making it useless for many products. In 1844 Charles Goodyear found a way to improve natural rubber, in a chemical process known as vulcanization.

Argument
An argument is a reason that is supposed to prove one side is right.
There can be a "strong argument" or a "convincing argument" (for example, a good reason for why something should be done).
The opposite is a "weak argument" or an "unconvincing argument".
"The lawyer argued the case" (he gave reasons why he thought the person was guilty or not guilty).
"To argue with someone" can also mean that someone is becoming annoyed. Someone who is always arguing with people is argumentative.
Most people get into arguments (become annoyed) at times, but it is much better to try to agree with someone by discussing the arguments (reasons) thoughtfully. Sometimes an argument can be settled by each person making a compromise (an arrangement in which each side gives up something).
In mathematics, logic, computer science and related fields, an argument is a variable or value that is passed to a function.

2003 invasion of Iraq
The 2003 invasion of Iraq (March 20, 2003 - present) means the war waged by the United States, Great Britain, Australia, and some other countries against Iraq, to end the rule of Saddam Hussein. The main reason that the war started was the United States thought that Iraq had dangerous weapons of mass destruction that they were not telling the truth about. Many people thought that Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, one of the leaders of Al-Qaeda, was hiding in Iraq after the September 11, 2001 attacks. Though Saddam Hussein was not involved in the planning of the September 11 attacks, many people accused him of giving Al-Qaeda a safe place to hide from the United States.

Helmet
A helmet is a hard or cushioned hat which is worn to protect a person's head. There are many different types of helmets. Some helmets are made from metal. Other helmets are made from plastic. Helmets often have fabric cushions inside and fabric straps to hold the helmet on a person's head.
Types of helmets.
Soldiers wear steel helmets to protect their heads from explosions. Construction workers wear plastic helmets to protect their heads from falling objects. Welders wear special helmets with a lens that lets less light through. This protects their eyes from the bright light of welding. Bicycle riders wear plastic and foam helmets to protect their heads in case they have an accident. Motorcycle riders wear helmets to protect their heads in case they have an accident. People who ride horses often wear helmets, to protect them if they fall off the horse. People who rock climb wear helmets in case they fall. Cavers wear helmets to protect their heads from bumping into rocks in a cave.

Coonskin cap
A coonskin cap is a hat made from the fur of a raccoon. Usually, the tail of the racoon is attached to the back of the hat. The coonskin cap is a symbol of the early United States frontier. Coonskin caps were first worn by the Native Americans who lived around Tennessee and Kentucky. The American settlers who moved to this area liked the caps and wore them themselves. Some famous American pioneers who wore coonskin caps are Davy Crockett and Daniel Boone.

Crazy Horse Memorial
The Crazy Horse Memorial is the world's largest mountain sculpture in progress. It is located in the Black Hills of South Dakota, USA. The statue depicts Crazy Horse, a famous Lakota warrior. Korczak Ziolkowski started the project in 1948 at the request of Chief Henry Standing Bear and other Native American elders. The statue is meant to be a memorial to the spirit of Crazy Horse as well as the Native American people.
Ziolkowski believed in individual initiative and private enterprise, and as such, never accepted government funding. He continued to work on the memorial until his death in 1982
Ziolkowski's wife and family have continued to work the Crazy Horse Memorial. Completion of the project is currently unknown because of several factors including weather, the availability of financing and the challenges of the mountain engineering.
The face of Crazy Horse was completed and dedicated in 1998. Work on the memorial continues today and current plans include blocking out the face of the horse itself.

Dwarka
Dwarka (with other spelling as Dvarka) was a city of Ancient India. The city was one of seven holy cities of the Hindus. It is also one of the four most important places of pilgrimage for the Hindus. Hindus call such four places as Dhams. Dwarka is located in the western part of India in Gujarat state. During the birth day of Krishna, and the Hindu festivals of Holi and Divali, thousands of Hindus visit the place.
In Ancient India, the place was the capital of the kingdom ruled by Krishna and his clan of the yadavas. Soon after the death of Krishna, the city went below the sea.

Ramayana
The Ramayana, that is, the career or story of Rama, is one of the two most important ancient epics of India, the other being the Mahabharata. The epic was originally written by sage (rishi) Valmiki of Ancient India. The book has about 96,000 verses and is divided into seven parts.
The story of the Ramayana is about Prince Rama who has been exiled from his kingdom of Ayodha. He goes king Ravana.
Different versions of the book are available. It has been translated into all the major languages of the world.
The different parts of the Ramayana are also called books. These seven parts or books are noted below:look-
There are different views about the time of writing of the Ramayana. Some people believe that it was written 2,500 years before. Some others think that it was written only around 1,800 years before. All agree that the book is very old and was written before the Mahabharata.
The Ramayana is still very popular today. Every autumn the "Ramlila" ("Rama play") is performed at the festival of Dassehra. A huge model of Ravana is set alight. This symbolises the triumph of light over darkness.
A Tamil version of the book was written between the 9th and 10th century. The writer of this book was Kamban, and the Tamil Ramayana is known as Iramavataram, meaning coming of Rama. In the 16th century, Tulasidas wrote a Hindi version of Ramayamna. This was named Ramacharitmanasa. Over many centuries, the story of Rama reached places in other countries like Indonesia and Malaysia. The Ramayana has been translated into most of the major languages of the world.

Mahabharata
The Mahabharata, that is, the great Bharata, is one of the two most important ancient epics of India, the other being the Ramayana. The Mahabharata was compiled in Ancient India. One of the Indian sages (rishi) named Vyasa is believed to have composed the work. The legend states that god Ganesh wrote the Mahabharata while Vyasa dictated the same. It is possibly one of the longest work of its kind in the world. The epic contain about 110,000 couplets in eighteen sections. There is also a 19th section named Harivamsha. The Bhagavadgita, a dialogue between Krishna and Arjuna, is a part of the Mahabharata.
Sage Vyasa taught this epic to his son Suka and his students Vaisampayana and others. King Janamejaya, son of Parikshit, and the grandson of the heroes of the epic, performed a great sacrifice (yagna). The epic was retold by Vaisampayana to Janamejaya at the advice of Vyasa. Later on, an other sage Suta retold the Mahabharata similar to Vaisampayana to Janamejaya, to Saunaka and others, during a sacrifice performed by Saunaka in Naimisaranya, which is near Sitapur in Uttar Pradesh.
The Mahabharata in its eighteen sections deals with a number of topics. These topics cover a number of aspects of Hinduism, Hindu mythology, ethics, and the Hindu way of life. One more section is called Harvamsha.
A Summary of Mahabharata.
Mahabharata mainly tells the story of Pandavas, the 5 sons of King Pandu and Kauravas, the 100 sons of King Dhritarashtra. King Pandu and King Dritarashtra were brothers, so Pandavas (the heroes of the epic) and Kauravas were cousins. King Dritarashtra ruled the Kingdom of Hastinapura with the help of his brother Pandu. Because of a curse, Pandu goes to the forest with his wives and there with the grace of five Gods, he begets his five children, from his two wives, Kunti and Madri. Because they are the sons of Pandu, they are known as Pandavas.
After the death of Pandu, Pandavas come back to Hastinapura and live there. However, Kauravas do not like Pandavas because Pandavas are superior to them in education and strength. On one occasion, Kauravas invite Pandavas to a game of dice, and using foul play they win the share of Pandava's and kingdom and sends Pandavas to spend time in forests for 12 years and hide incognito (means without anybody identifying them) for one year. After many hardships, Pandavas finish this punishment and ask back Kauravas for their share of the kingdom. But Duryodhana, the eldest of Kauravas, does not give Pandavas their share of kingdom. Hence Pandavas declare a war on Kauravas and after the war that lasts for 18 days, finally wins back the entire kingdom of Hastinapura.
The Pandavas.
Kunti wants to fulfill her maternal expectations, but she has no man. She recollects the moment when her first son Karna was conceived from an arcane mantra one sage had given her once. Surya, the Sun God, appeared to her then. Thus, Kunti remembers her secret mantra and gives birth to the five sons, which are referred to as the Pandavas.
Yudhisthira's father was god Yama; Bhima's father was Vayu, Arjuna's father was Indra. Then it was Madri who gave birth to two other sons - the twins, whose fathers were Ashwins (divine twins). Madri's sons are Nakula and Sahadeva. These all are the five Panadavas.

Hajj
The Hajj is the pilgrimage to Mecca, where the Kaaba is located.The Kaaba is a large, black cube situated in "The great mosque" in Mecca.
The pilgrimage is one of the five most important duties a Muslim must do. These duties are called the Five Pillars of Islam.
Muslims must make the Hajj at least once in a lifetime if they can afford it. Usually pilgrims go on a seven day roundtrip around the religious sites. The Kaaba is a holy place for Muslims and shows Muslims that each and every Muslim is equal in the eyes of God, and that he or she must be willing to give up anything are do anything for him. When on the pilgrimage special plain clothes should be worn.
The Hajj differs from an ordinary pilgrimage, Umrah, as it can only happen at a certain time of the year. The right time of the year is from the 8th to 12th day of Dhu al-Hijjah, the 12th month of the Islamic calendar. Because the Islamic calendar is a lunar calendar, eleven days shorter than the Gregorian calendar used in the Western world, the Gregorian date of the Hajj is eleven days earlier from year to year.
An ordinary or lesser pilgrimage, Umrah, can be performed at any time of the year. The rituals of Umrah are also performed for Hajj, but there are actions that are exclusive to Hajj.
The pilgrimage to Mecca is very popular as millions of Muslims visit the Islamic city each year!

English Civil War
A civil war is a war where the two sides involved in the fighting are both from the same country or kingdom. In the period of the English Civil War, the King ruled England, Scotland, Wales and the whole of Ireland, but the fighting that took place in each of these countries broke out at different times and for several different reasons.
After a few years of quarrelling, the members of Parliament raised an army to fight against the King. The King moved out of London and took the royal court to Oxford, where he had more loyal followers than in London. The first war was fought between King Charles's army and the army of Parliament. King Charles's army were sometimes called "Cavaliers", and the army of Parliament were sometimes called "Roundheads". Parliament won the first war, and King Charles was put in prison, but he escaped and a second war broke out. Parliament won the second war also, and they put King Charles on trial because they did not want any more fighting. He was found guilty of treason and was executed by having his head chopped off, but this did not stop the fighting.
During the war, a new leader had been found by Parliament, a man called Oliver Cromwell, who was very good at leading an army and also had ideas about how to rule the country. Not everyone liked him, but he was the strongest leader and in time he became the ruler of the whole country. Cromwell took the title of "Lord Protector" rather than King, because he did not think the country needed another king. In the meantime, King Charles I's eldest son, the Prince of Wales, had left Britain and set up his own royal court in Holland, calling himself King Charles II of England. He came back to fight another battle against the army of Parliament. A lot of his support came from Scottish people, because King Charles I had been born in Scotland and there were still many Scots who were loyal to the royal family. The Third Civil War (1649 - 1651) was fought between supporters of King Charles II and supporters of the Rump Parliament. The Civil War ended when Parliament won the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651. Charles II had to disguise himself in order to escape the country.
Oliver Cromwell ruled the country until he died in 1658. After that, there was no leader strong enough to take over from him, and the people asked Charles II to return from Holland and be King of Britain again.

Urdu
Urdu is the name of one of the languages spoken in the Indian subcontinent. It is mainly spoken in the Republic of India and Pakistan. It is an official language of Pakistan and Occupied Kashmir (Maqbuza Kashmir). It is spoken in the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh, Delhi, and Uttar Pradesh. About 104 million people speak the Urdu language.
Word Urdu is a Turkish word meaning Lashkar or Army. Since this language had been used by the Army in Mughal Era it had been given the name Urdu.So wherever the Mughal Army moved it has adopted the different words from languages of different regions.Mainly, words used in Urdu are from Arabic, Persian and Sansikrat language.

Franz Schubert
Franz (Peter) Schubert (b. Vienna, 31 January 1797; d.Vienna 19 November 1828) was an Austrian composer. Although he died at the age of 31 he composed over one thousand pieces of music. Some of his works are among the greatest music ever written. He wrote wonderful melodies. There were other great composers who lived and worked in Vienna: Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven, but Schubert is the only one who was born in Vienna. He was the last great composer of the Classical music period, and one of the first of the Romantic period.
Early years.
Schubert’s father was a school teacher. Twelve children were born into the family, but only four of them lived to grow up. The family was poor, and the father tried to persuade his sons to help him in the school when they grew up. As a boy the young Franz learned the violin, piano, organ, singing and harmony. He soon became very good at them all, and he was made leader of the emperor’s court chapel. He was still only a boy when he was also given the chance to conduct the orchestra. They played works by Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven. His teachers were all amazed at how quickly he learned. He was also very good at other subjects in school.
In the holidays he played string quartets with his two brothers and his father, and he wrote his first string quartets for them to play. By the age of 16 he had composed a lot of music including his first symphony. His mother had died, and his father soon remarried. His step-mother was very kind to him and often lent him money.
Rising fame.
By the age of 17, he was teaching at his father’s school. He had been rejected by the army because he was too short (shorter than five feet) and his sight was very poor. He still had composition lessons from Antonio Salieri and he often went to the opera where he heard some of the finest music of the time. He liked reading, and one of his favourite books was Goethe’s "Faust". He wrote a song called "Gretchen am Spinnrade" which is about the young girl in the book who is sitting at the spinning wheel dreaming of her lover. The piano has a gentle accompaniment which sounds like the throbbing of the spinning wheel. The music stops for a moment when the girl imagines her lover is kissing her, then the piano gradually starts again. It is a very famous song. Another song which soon made him famous in all Europe was "Erlkönig". When it was first published another composer (not a very good one), whose name was also Franz Schubert, thought that somebody had published a song in his name because the music publishers sent it to him for correction! He sent a very angry letter back saying he had not composed that rubbish!
Adulthood.
It was difficult to find enough time to compose because he was a teacher. A man called Schober persuaded Schubert to give up teaching so that he could spend all his time composing. Soon he had become well-known in all the drawing-rooms in Vienna where he met famous people, many of them musicians. These meetings were called “Schubertiads” because they played and sung his music. He wrote so many wonderful pieces that it seems strange that the music publishers did not want to publish them. They were only interested in publishing works written by performers, but were not very interested in people like Schubert who just composed. For a time he became music teacher for the two princesses of Count Johann Esterházy, but then he returned to Vienna to live with the Schober family. During the last few years of his life Schubert was ill. He had to leave the Schober’s house and find his own rooms. He was often desperately poor and composed in bed to keep warm.
Although Beethoven and Schubert lived in the same town they only met once, although they knew one another’s music. Schubert visited Beethoven on 19 March 1827. Beethoven was dying. Schubert was one of the torch-bearers at his funeral. A year and a half later Schubert, too, had died. He asked to be buried near Beethoven. Their graves were just three places apart.
His music.
Schubert’s songs are among the greatest ever written. They are all settings of German poems. German art songs are called Lieder (pronounced “leader”), and Schubert made his Lieder very special by making the piano accompaniments describe the action of the songs in many different ways. If you try to sing them in a translation it is difficult to make it sound good. It is best to hear them in German and to have a translation so that you understand what is being sung. Some of the last songs he wrote make up a cycle called “Die Winterreise” (“The Winter Journey”). The poems are about a man who is unhappy because his lover does not want him. He goes out into the cold winter woods and all nature seems to reflect the way he feels inside. The songs are usually sung by a male singer (tenor, baritone or bass).
Schubert wrote a great deal of chamber music. Among his most famous pieces are several string quartets, a string quintet (for 2 violins, viola and 2 cellos) and the “Trout” quintet (for piano, violin, viola, cello and double bass). There are sonatas and sonatinas for violin and piano, and a sonata for an instrument called the “arpeggione” which was used for about ten years after it was invented and then it was forgotten. The sonata is normally played on a cello or a viola nowadays. There is lots of piano music including sonatas, impromptus and also piano duet music.
Schubert wrote nine symphonies. The last one is known as the “Great” symphony in C major. The eighth is called the “Unfinished”. There are only two movements instead of the usual four. A lot of people still argue about why he left it unfinished. Some people even think that he completed it and that the last two movements are either lost, or are now known as movements from a piano duet. We shall probably never know for certain.
Most of his life he was supported by his friends who gave him manuscript paper when he could not afford it. Many of his greatest works only became widely known in the 1860s, long after his death. The house in Vienna where Schubert was born is now a museum which people can visit.

Cowpox
Cowpox is a disease. This disease affects the skin. It is caused by a virus ("Cowpox virus") that is related to the "Vaccinia virus". People (or animals) who have the disease have red blisters. The disease can be spread by touch from cows to humans. The virus that causes cowpox was used to perform the first successful vaccination against another disease. The disease vaccinated against was the deadly smallpox. Smallpox is caused by the related "Variola virus". Therefore the word "vaccination" has the Latin root "vaca" meaning cow.
In 1798 the English physician Edward Jenner made a curious observation. Jenner lived in the countryside, not in the city.
Siome of his patients had gotten cowpox, and recovered from it. He observed that those patients did not get the disease again, they seemed to be immune against it. What was more, they also seemed to be immune against smallpox. Smallpox was a deadly disease then, that killed most of the people it infected. So he used the fluid he got from cowpox lesions, and scratched it into healthy people. That way, he could make those people immune against smallpox.
The Cowpox (Catpox) virus is found in Europe and mainly in the UK. Human cases are very rare and most often contracted from domestic cats. The virus is not commonly found in cows; the reservoir hosts for the virus are woodland rodents particularly voles. It is from these rodents that domestic cats get the virus. Symptoms in cats include lesions on the face, neck, forelimbs, and paws, and less commonly upper respiratory tract infection. Symptoms of infection with cowpox virus in humans are localized, pustular lesions generally found on the hands and limited to the site of introduction. The incubation period (the time between an infectionm and the first signs of the disease) is 9-10 days. The virus can be found mostly in late summer and autumn.
Historical use.
Cowpox was the original vaccine of sorts for smallpox. After infection with the disease, the body (usually) gains the ability recognise the similar smallpox virus from its antigens and so is able to fight the smallpox disease much more efficiently.
Later, and still today, another vaccine was used: "vaccinia". Vaccinia is similar to cowpox, but not the same.

Margaret Atwood
Margaret Eleanor Atwood, OC (born November 18, 1939) is a Canadian writer.

Rainbow Brite
Rainbow Brite was an animated television show in the United States based on a series of Hallmark cards. It involves a girl called "Rainbow Brite" and the "Color Kids" who are in charges of bringing color to the earth. It was produced by DiC Entertainment and syndicated in its "Kideo TV" package.
A tie-in movie, "Rainbow Brite and the Star Stealer", came out in 1985.

Chickenpox
Chickenpox (or chicken pox) is a disease. Usually it is children who get the disease, but adults can also get it (though its usually shingles they get). People who have it get blisters, mostly on the body and in the face. Those blisters are filled with a liquid. At some point they will drain up, and there will be an urge to scratch. Burst blisters usually heal without leaving scars, unless people scratch them open (which leads to an infection). The symptoms come in 2 or 3 waves, and are usually accompanied by fever.
The disease can be very dangerous in pregnant women.
Chickenpox is caused by a virus of the herpes family. The same virus can also cause shingles and rubella.
There is a vaccine against it. Usually it is given to children, if they did not have the disease before the onset of puberty, that is aged 9-13 years old.

Tonality
Music has tonality if it uses the notes of a major or minor scale. Such music is tonal. It is in a particular "key". Nearly all Western music is tonal.
All tonal music is based on a major or minor scale. If the tune “Twinkle, twinkle little star” is played starting on the note C, the notes of a C major scale will be used. The note C will sound like the home note (the “tonic”) and, indeed, the tune finishes on a C. The tune could have started on any other note (C sharp, D, E flat, E etc) but a knowledge of scales would be needed as some sharps or flats (black notes) will be required.. When singing the tune there is no need to think about the sharps and flats: the singer does them quite naturally.
A piece of tonal music will usually modulate after a while. This means that it changes key. But the music will not sound finished until it goes back to the original key. If one sings The Star-Spangled Banner and stops after the words “our flag was still there” the song sounds as if it has stopped in mid-air. It will not sound finished until it goes back to the first key in the last two lines.
Most Western music from about 1600 onwards is based in a major or minor key. This system of tonality was used by all the great composers up to the 20th century and in popular music and most folk music. Listening to a symphony by Beethoven is like going on a journey through various key areas, always returning to the original tonic at the end. In some cases, such as Beethoven’s "Fifth Symphony", it may start in the minor and finish in the major. This is because minor keys can sound disturbed, full of tension, but major keys sound happier and more relaxed.
The opposite of “tonality” is atonality. An atonal piece is one where there is no feeling of a home key. Playing lots of random notes will sound atonal. Schoenberg wrote some atonal music. Of course, they are not just random notes (although it may sound like it to the listener at first), so he had to find another way of giving his music shape. That is why he invented the twelve-tone system.

Toucan
Toucan are familiy Ramphastidae, is a South American bird with a huge beak, This social bird lives in small flocks in lowland rainforests. It is a poor flyer, and moves mostly by hopping around trees. Toucans roost in holes in trees.

Narita
Narita (成田市; -shi) is a city in Japan. It is the site of Narita International Airport.

Elbow
The elbow is a hinge-joint between the bones of the upper and lower arm. It joins the humerus of the upper arm and the radius and ulna of the forearm together. Everyone has 2 elbows. It allows the lower arm to be extended or retracted (moved in). The elbow also allows the arm to turn. It moves by using three ligaments: the "anterior, posterior, ulnar collateral" and "radial collateral" ligaments.

Wrist
The wrist is the joint that links together the lower arm and the hand.

Knee
The knee is the joint that links the upper and lower bones of the leg, which are called the femur and the tibia.

Atomic theory
In chemistry and physics an atomic theory explains what the basic structure of matter is like. It says that all of matter is made up of tiny parts called atoms, and attempts to explain what atoms are like. Atomic theory has changed over time, but one of the earliest known atomic theories was explained by the Greek philosopher Democritus. A lot of the ideas in the modern theory came from John Dalton, a British chemist and physicist.
The theory applies to solids, liquids and gases, but it does not apply to plasmas or neutron stars, where temperature and density stop atoms from forming.

Particle physics
Particle physics is the area of physics that studies what makes up matter and radiation. It is also called high-energy physics because many of the particles studied are not normally found in nature, but can be made by hitting particles together in a particle accelerator. The biggest particle accelerator in the world is the Large Hadron Collider at CERN in Europe.
Most modern particle physics research looks at subatomic particles (particles smaller than atoms). These include protons, neutrons, electrons, photons and neutrinos.
The best theory of particle physics is called the Standard Model.

X Japan
X Japan was a Japanese rock band, created in 1982 by Yoshiki. They have sold over 20 million albums and singles and over 2 million videos to date. X Japan reunited in 2007.
The Name.
The band at first wanted to be called "X" but because the letter X was already the name of another band they had to be called "X Japan" to avoid confusion.

Hymn of the Soviet Union
The Hymn of the Soviet Union is its national anthem, or national song was made in 1944. This got rid of the old Anthem. The Song is also called the National Anthem of the Soviet Union.
Below is the Russian and the English versions of the lyrics; both can be sung to the music. For the official versions in other languages of the Soviet Union see other language versions.
1944 version.
The 1944 text had three different refrains following three different stanzas; in each refrain, the second line was consequently modified with references to friendship, then happiness and finally the glory. In 1977, these refrains were replaced by a uniform refrain following all stanzas.
English lyrics of 1944 version.
"Note: These versions of the Anthem are a poetic interpretation of the Russian lyrics rather than a word-by-word translation.'
The new (second) Russian anthem..
It is a non-Communist variant of the 1944 Soviet anthem.
 The old (first) Russian anthem..
It was not related to any of the above songs, except in the fact that it was a Russian anthem.

Minimalism
Minimalism is a way of making Modern Art or music that uses simple ideas, sounds or shapes. It was most popular in America in the 1960s and 1970s. There are many different kinds of Minimalism. Sometimes a simple thing is repeated many times until it seems very complicated. Today Minimalism can be used to talk about many things such as design, architecture (the art of designing buildings), poetry, and movies.
In art important minimalists include Donald Judd, Sol Lewitt and Richard Serra.
In music Minimalism is a way of composing classical music which became popular during the second half of the 20th century. It is a way of composing by using a simple idea which is repeated many times. A minimalist piece of music usually takes a short idea which may be a melodic or a rhythmic pattern. This idea is then repeated many times, but each time it changes slightly. Sometimes this may be done by two or more instruments which start off by playing their notes or chords together but, as one is going slightly faster than the other, they gradually become “out of sync” (not synchronized, i.e. not together), then eventually they catch up with one another again. Usually this music is tonal so that it is firmly in one key. "A steady pulse is kept throughout the whole piece."
Composers who wrote minimalist music include Steve Reich (b.1936), Philip Glass (b.1937) and Terry Riley (b.1935). Other composers like John Adams (b.1947) have also used minimalist ways of composing, but they combined these with other techniques, so that their music is not just Minimalist.
Minimalist music became popular in the 1960s and 1970s. Minimalist composers started writing like this because a lot of new music at that time was very complicated and hard to understand. It was often serial music which was atonal with no obvious melodies or ideas that were easy to remember.
Minimalist music is not necessarily simple. It can have a kind of hypnotic effect, but this is part of what the composer wants. Reich’s "Clapping Music" just consists of hand clapping: there is no melody. He was thinking of African drum music when he wrote it. Two performers begin by clapping a rhythm together. After 13 seconds the second performer leaves out the first quaver (eighth note) and puts it at the end of the second bar (measure). After another 13 seconds this happens again so that in the end the two performers are together again. This music has to be listened to in a different way from other kinds of music.

Igor Stravinsky
Igor Stravinsky (b.Oranienbaum (now Lomonosov), June 17 1882; d. New York, April 6 1971) was one of the most important composers of the 20th century. He was brought up in Russia. When the Russian Revolution started he moved to Switzerland and then to Paris, and finally, when the World War II started in 1939, he moved to the United States.
Stravinsky also changed the way he wrote music. At first he wrote music similar to his teacher Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov. He loved his native Russian music. He wrote music which had very complicated chords and rhythms. It is very lively music, and some of his best known works of this kind were written for the ballet company of "Diaghilev": "The Firebird", "Petrushka" and "The Rite of Spring". They were written during the first two decades of 20th century.
Then he changed his style and wrote in what is called a “neo-classical” way. He based it on music from the Classical music period but changed it. His only full-length opera "The Rake's Progress" was written in this way. In his later years he wrote serial music.

Emilio de Villota
Emilio de Villota is a spanish driver. He was born in July 26, 1946.
He participated in Formula 1 (debuting in 1976, he participated in 14 grands prix but he didn't scored points).
In 2005, he participated in Formula Palmer Audi driving a Mapfre's car (nº7)

TAE connector
TAE (Telekommunikations-Anschluss-Einheit) is the German standard for telephone plugs and sockets.
The standard covers two TAE types: "F" ("Fernsprechgerät": for telephones) and "N" ("Nebengerät": for other devices such as answering machines and modems).

Technological singularity
The technological singularity is the idea that the time people will take to make breakthroughs in different areas is getting shorter and that one day it will become so short that no-one knows what will happen. It comes from people doing maths equations using different dates and using data to predict ahead or extrapolate. Nobody really knows what it will do, or if it will even happen.

Mew (Pokémon)
Mew (ミュウ, Myuu) is a fictional character from the Pokémon franchise. In the Pokémon video games, it is a Psychic-type secret Pokémon that was discovered in the first group of Pokémon games: Pokémon Red and Blue, Green, and Yellow. Mew is the Red/Blue/Green/Yellow counterpart to the Gold/Silver/Crystal Celebi and the Ruby/Sapphire/Emerald Jirachi.
The name "Mew" refers to the sound made by a cat.
Mew is #151 in the Pokédex and could only be obtained through special events or by using a cheating device like Gameshark, or a game-enhancing device.

Avignon
Avignon is a city in the south of France. It is the administrative capital of the Vaucluse. About 89.000 people live in the city today, and about 155.000 in its urban area. The first foundations of the city were around 539 before the birth of Christ.
During the Midlle Ages, the city was the seat of the popes.
Today, a very well preserved old city remains, also the Palais of the Popes, and the Bridge ("Pont d'Avignon") are worth a visit.

Marseille
Marseille is a city in the south of France. About 1.5 million people live the urban area, about 1.3 million in the city itself. This makes it the second largest city in France, but only the third largest when it comes to urban area. The second largest is Lyon. Marseille is located all in the south, at the Mediterranean. It has the biggest commercial port in France. The port is also among the most important ones in the Mediterranean.
Although part of the region of Provence, Marseilles has a soul of its own. Founded in 600 b.c. by the Greek sailors of Phocaea, this great city is the oldest in France and surely the most complex.
The city was started around 600 BC by Greek sailors from (modern day) Foça. This was a Greek colony in Asia Minor. It is located in modern-day Turkey.

Halo 2
Halo 2 is an award winning first-person shooter video game made by Bungie Studios and published by Microsoft for its own Xbox console. It was released all over the world on November 9, 2004. It is the second game in the Halo series the first being and the third being Halo 3. A Windows Vista version of the game was released in 2007.
The game's story is based around a future war between a fictional alien race known as "the covenant" and the human race. The player takes the role of Master Chief, a genetically enhanced "super soldier" who fights for mankind. The player is helped in their fight against the Covenant by human marines. The game had many features that weren't in the orignal Halo such as extra vehicles, weapons and a greatly improved multiplayer mode, including the ability to play over Xbox Live.
"Halo 2" was the most popular Xbox Live game on its release. It held that title until the release of Gears of War nearly two years later. By June 20 2006 over 500 million games of Halo 2 had been played over Xbox Live. It was, and still is, the best selling Xbox game of all time with over 8 million copies sold worldwide. It broke sales records in the US, many of which were only broken by its sequel Halo 3 in 2007. The Windows Vista version in 2007 was less successful as the fact it was released 3 years after the Xbox version gained many negative reviews.
Gameplay.
"Halo 2" is a science fiction first-person shooter based mostly on foot but with vehicle combat sections. "Halo 2" has many features that were not in the original Halo. In Halo 2 players have the option to hold use two weapons at once, called dual weilding. This allowes the player much more firepower but does not allow the throwing of grenades. The player can hold up to two weapons at once or three when dual weilding. Weapons range from normal human weapons such as pistols and shotguns up to heavy weapons like rocket launchers and sniper rifles. The player can also carry alien weapons like "plasma rifles" and "needlers".
Story Mode.
The story mode continues the story started in. There are nine levels in the story, split between controlling Master Chief and the alien Arbiter. There are four difficulties to the campaign "easy", "standard", "heroic" and "legendary" Completing them unlocks extras such as different dialogue in certain sections of the game, and extra weapons in split-screen multiplayer. There are various 'skulls' at hidden parts of the levels, as in Halo 3. These skulls unlock helpful and or strange differences in the levels such as confetti and balloons appearing when the player scores a headshot. The story can be played two player on the same console but not over Xbox Live.
Multiplayer.
Halo 2 allows up to four players to play on the same console or up to twelve over Xbox Live. The game was influential in changing the way games played over the internet. Before in most online multiplayer games, one player was the "host" who used their own connection for the game and chose the settings, gametype etc. In Halo 2, and most games since, players choose a type of game they want to play and the game matches them with players of their own ability on a randomly chosen map.
Some weapons and vehicles available in the story mode were not available in multiplayer as they would be too powerful and 'unbalance' the game.
Story.
The game is set in the same fictional world as the rest of the Halo series. The game is set in the same fictional world as the rest of the Halo series. Most of the game take place in the future year 2553, over 500 years from now. In the storyline humans have developed faster than light travel, and now live on many planets and moons of the Solar System. On humanity's first try to build a settlement on a planet around another star they met the alien "Covenant". The Covenant declared religious war on humanity. At the start of Halo 2 humans are losing the war and the Covenant have just discovered Earth.
The Halo of the game's title is the name of a series of planets 'built' by a mysterious race called the "Forerunners" a long time before the game. The Halo's are the last defence against another alien race known as "the Flood". The Flood want to use every living thing in the galaxy for food. The Halo's are actually giant super weapons, that when activated kill all life in the galaxy. This is the only way to stop the Flood, to starve them by killing all their food. The Covenant are don't know this and are attempting to fire Halos as part of a wrong religious prophecy. In the first Halo game, the humans and Master Chief manage to stop the Covenant from firing one of the Halos. They also destroy one of them in the process. Just before "Halo 2" begins the covenant discover another Halo that can only be got through a portal found near Earth.
Plot.
The game opens with the torture of an alien, the leader of the Elites. He is being tortured by the covenant because he failed to stop Master Chief destroying the first Halo in the original game. The Elite commander is branded by the leader of the Brutes, another part of the Covenant. The player then takes control of Master Chief, on board a spacecraft orbiting the Earth when the massive Covenant fleet arrives. The Covenant have come to take the portal that will allow them to get to the new Halo so they can fire it. The Covenant board the ship the player is aboard, and attempt to plant bombs to disable it and the other ships in the human fleet. The player must fight through Covenant forces to disable the bombs. Once this is complete the human ship heads off, following the Covenant flagship that just flew past. Meanwhile in the cutscene we see the former elite commander being made into a religious warrior known as "the Arbiter" to make up for his failure to stop Master Chief in the original Halo.
In another cutscene a human ship with Master Chief,Johnson and Cortana aboard follows the covenant ship through the portal to the new Halo. The player must now take control of Chief as he battles to stop the Covenant from firing the ring. Eventually the player kills the Prophet of Regret, a Covenant leader, and stops the Halo from being fired. Unfortunately before the player can recover the Index, the control for firing the Halo, they are captured by the leader of the Flood, known as "the Gravemind". In a cutscene we see the new Arbiter sent down to the Halo to recover the Index before Chief can destroy it. When he arrives though, he and his followers are betrayed and their former allies begin to attack. Here the player must control Arbiter and his followers as they attempt to escape the betrayal and ambush. The arbiter is eventually also captured by the Gravemind and meets up with Master Chief. The two of them break free of Gravemind, whose Flood followers have now taken over a huge Covenant ship called "High Charity". Arbiter and Chief, now controlled by the player again, race to the Halo control to stop the Covenant from firing the ring one last time. They are successful in stopping the Covenant, but the Prophet of Truth, the last of their leaders escapes on a spacecraft unharmed. Chiefs AI companion Cortana stays behind on the Halo, promising to destroy it if any Covenant ever return. Chief and the Arbiter part ways with Chief hiding out on a fleeing Covenant ship and the Arbiter and his followers returning to "High Charity" in an attempt to save it from the Food.
Development and release.
"Halo 2" was officially announced in 2002. A gameplay video was shown at E3 2003. The video showed new features in the game such as dual wielding and the improved graphics. According to Bungie, the cliffhanger ending of the games story was not originally intended but was a result of the rush to get the game out on time.
Sales.
Halo 2 was first released in North America and Australia on November 9, 2004. It was launched in Europe a day later on November 10. Demand was high for the game and over 1.5 million copies were sold on pre-orders alone. It was the highest earning entertainment product launch of all time in the US, earning $125 million dollars in its first 24 hours. It held this record until the release of it's sequel Halo 3. Halo 2 has sold over 8 million copies in the US making it the best selling original Xbox game of all time.
From the day of it's release until 2006, 2 years later, Halo 2 was the most played game on Xbox Live. It was eventually beaten by the Xbox 360 game Gears of War.
Reviews.
The game was reviewed as excellent by most of the media. The sound work such as the dialogue and soundtrack was often praised.
The game received an average score of 95% on Metacritic, a website that puts together many reviews from different sources. The games multiplayer was often seen as a good point, making full use of the then new Xbox Live service. Bad aspects pointed out included the short length of the story mode and the cliffhanger ending.

Actuary
Actuaries are people who are experts in mathematics, probability, economics, and finance who figure out how much money businesses should charge for making promises to pay for something that may or may not happen.
__TOC__
History.
Hundreds of years ago, when people got sick or died, it cost a lot of money to take care of them or bury them. People had the idea of joining their money together to help each other out. This was called pooling. Eventually, people started to make a business out of collecting enough money to help people who had big problems.
Figuring out how much money needed to be collected from people to be used if problems happened was not easy. Over hundreds of years, the math needed for this was developed by many people from all over the world.
Today, actuaries use computers to figure out problems that were too difficult before.
Work.
Actuaries now work in many places. Most work for insurance companies, but others work in all kinds of finance companies. Actuaries still figure out how much money needs to be paid for life insurance, as well as other kinds of money promises, like pensions, car insurance, house insurance, and similar.
Actuaries also work with companies to figure out if making certain business deals are a good idea, since actuaries work with figuring out what the probabilities are of different business situations happening.
Tests.
People who want to be actuaries need to take many tests. The tests are not the same in different parts of the world.

Thesaurus
A thesaurus is a book of synonyms (words that mean the same thing). Thesauruses (Thesauri) often include related words that mean almost the same thing. Some thesauruses also include antonyms (words that have the opposite meaning).
For example, by looking up the word "big" in a thesaurus, someone would find a list of other similar words such as "huge" and "massive". If the thesarus also has a list of antonyms, the person could also find words which mean the opposite, like "small" and "tiny".
Many students and writers use a thesaurus to help them find words when they are writing. Using a thesaurus can help a person to improve their vocabulary (the number of words that they know).

Rumble
to tell drivers that they must slow down or stop ahead. The strips make a rumbling sound when a car's tires cross them.

Bass (fish)
Bass is the name of some species (types) of fish that are often caught for fun. There are freshwater bass (that live in rivers and lakes) and saltwater bass (that live in the ocean). Many bass live in or near North America. Bass are from the order of Perciformes or "perch-like fish". Their name comes from the word for perch.

Roxette
Roxette is a Swedish pop music group formed in 1986. The band has 2 members, Per Gessle and Marie Fredriksson. Their song "It Must Have Been Love" was one of the most sold singles in EMI's catalogue. It was released first as a Christmas song in 1987 and then as an "ordinary song" in 1990. In 1991, Roxette release the smashing album "Joyride", which made them to go on tour worldwide, playing 107 concerts.

Hindu scripture
Two epics (very important pieces), the Ramayana and the Mahabharata are also important Hindu scriptures.
All above sacred literature or scriptures are written in Sanskrit language.
Beside the above, there are several other works that are sacred literature of Hindus. Many of them are written in other languages of India like Tamil and Hindi.

Aum
Aum (also spelled Om), is the most sacred symbol in Hinduism. Hindu scriptures tell many things about this symbol. In Hinduism, Aum is like calling god's name towards you. This name is generally said three times, before chanting any prayers. Om is usually related to the Hindu God [Shiva]who is the creater and the destroyer. He has a third eye that does all the destroying when it opens when Shivji gets angry.

Norfolk Island
Norfolk Island (Norfuk: Norfuk Ailen) is a territory of Australia. It is located in the South Pacific Ocean between Australia, New Zealand, and New Caledonia.
Image:Norfolk panorama2.jpg|thumb|View of Norfolk Island
History.
The first European settlers on Norfolk Island arrived on March 3, 1788. Philip Gidley King was in charge of a small group of 23 people, including 15 convicts.

Atlas (mythology)
Atlas is a Titan in Greek mythology. He is the son of Iapetos. He has seven daughter with the Oceanid Pleione. They are called the Pleiades.
After the war between the Titans and the Olympians, Atlas was punished. Zeus forced him to hold the heaven on the western edge of the world. Later, the story about him changed and it was said that he held the whole world on his shoulders. Mostly in modern times, he is shown holding a globe of the world.
Heracles came to Atlas and asked him to for help with one of his Labours. He wanted Atls to get the "Golden Apples" for him. Atlas agreed, but only if Heracles would hold up the sky. Atlas was pleased to be free from its weigh but Heracles tricked him into holding it again.
Perseus also came to Altlas for help after killing the Medusa. He asked for food, and Atlas said he could not help. Perseus was angry and showed him the Medusa's head (which was able to turn people to stone). Atlas then became the Atlas Mountains.

El Paso, Texas
El Paso is a city in the U.S. state of Texas (near Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua, Mexico). It is in El Paso County and is the county seat (the city where the county is governed). It is at the western end of Texas, and is along interstate highway 10. The name comes from El Paso de Norte, meaning The Passageway to the North, which was shortened to El Paso.

Ecosystem
The word ecosystem is combination of the animals and plants, living things (biotic factors), and non-living things (abiotic factors), like the environment and climate, in an area. Another word for ecosystem is biotope.
Ecosystems are important because they help us to understand the relationships between all of the species that live in, or use, a physical area. Each species that lives in an area (for example deer), or uses it (migratory birds), has adapted, in some way, to that physical space. An amphibian is extrememly important to scientists, because it allows them to study the condition of the aquatic (water) and terrestrial (land) habitats, instead of study two separate organisms.
Many different communities, and sub-communities, of animals and plants can live in an ecosystem. One practical way to describe an ecosystem is to create a map of the food networks (food chains and food webs) in it. Almost all of these maps would show that many different animals and plants need each other in order to survive.If a producer (plant) dies off, then the rest of a food chain will be greatly affected, because may animals rely on the energy they get from consuming (eating) plants to live.
This food network map would also show the locations where the fewest species of animals and plants come together, as predators and prey. The map can be used to describe the boundaries between different ecosystems. The food chains and webs are divided into levels called "trophic levels", or feeding levels. They begin with a producer (plant) at the first trophic level (as it is eaten by everything else), and move up, finally ending with a "top carnivore", or an animal that eats all of the other organisms in the food chain below them.

House of Stuart
The Stuart dynasty was a series of kings and queens in England.
The Tudor dynasty ended when Queen Elizabeth I died. She had not named a person to be ruler after her death, so her cousin's son took over. He became James I of England, and started the Stuart dynasty.

Parasitism
Parasitism is a form of symbiosis. It means that a parasite is any organism or living thing that benefits from another creature's harm. In other words, the parasites harm the host organism while the parasite benefits. A parasitic relationship is the opposite of a mutualistic relationship. Examples of parasites in humans include tapeworms and leeches.

Moment of silence
A moment of silence is a short time when people think or pray without making noise. People use a moment of silence to show respect for people who have died or when something else bad has happened.
Moments of silence often last one minute, but other amounts of time may be chosen. Sometimes people choose the length of a moment of silence to connect with the event being honored. For example, a person might choose to have one minute of silence for each death being honored.
During the moment of silence, people often bow their heads, remove their hats, and do not speak or move. A person in charge of a group will tell everyone when the moment begins and ends. A moment of silence may come before or after other events with symbolic meaning. Examples of these events are the ringing of bells, the release of doves or balloons, or a bugle (trumpet) song called "Last Post."
Moments of silence and the separation of church and state.
In the United States, some people say that allowing prayer as part of a moment of silence means that moments of silence can make it hard to keep the separation of church and state (the idea that religion and government should not affect each other).
Moments of silence do not have to be time for prayers. They can be used for other thoughts that are not religious. Many people who want time for prayers in public schools and government meetings use moments of silence so that some people can pray and other people do not have to pray. Because they represent the government, and because the Constitution of the United States says that government cannot force people to do religious things, these people cannot tell other people to pray.
When public schools have a moment of silence, Buddhist students could meditate (relax and think calm thoughts), students with other religions such as Christianity, Islam, and Judaism could pray, and atheist students could think about the day ahead.
Colin Powell, a famous government leader, likes having moments of silence in schools. He has said that a simple moment of silence at the start of each school day is a good idea. He also has said that students could use this time to pray, meditate, think, or study.
Many people believe that prayer is not allowed in United States public schools, but this is not true. The Supreme Court ruled in 1962 that students can pray in school, but teachers and other school leaders cannot lead the prayers. Students can form clubs where they can pray, and they can pray alone, but they cannot lead prayers at school events. The reason prayer is not allowed at those times is because of the First Amendment. The First Amendment says that government cannot force people to do religious things, and public schools are part of the government.
In 1976, the state of Virginia allowed schools to have a moment of silence at the start of the school day. This moment would last one minute. In 1985, the Supreme Court said that a "moment of silence" law in Alabama would not work with the United States Constitution and could not be used. In 2005, the state of Indiana made a law that said all public schools had to give students time to say the Pledge of Allegiance and a moment of silence every day.
In April 2000, Virginia changed its law to say that all public schools in Virginia had to have a moment of silence (before this change, schools could choose not to have a moment of silence). In October 2000, a judge named Claude M. Hilton said that the "moment of silence" law was allowed by the United States Constitution. Judge Hilton said that the law has a secular (not religious) purpose, that the law does not make religion more important or less important, and that the law does not make government and religion be too close to each other. Judge Hilton also said, "Students may think as they wish," and that this thinking could be religious or not religious. He said that the only thing students had to do because of the law was sit and be quiet.
In March 2008, Illinois followed Vrigina and made a compulsive 30 seconds moment of silence but was lifted in August.
A group of people called the American Civil Liberties Union thinks that these laws that say public schools should have moments of silence are a bad idea. They think they are a bad idea because the laws are made to give students time to pray, and that makes religion more important than non-religion.

List of Hindu goddesses
Hindus believe in lots of female gods. As a group, these are called Hindu goddesses'". Each goddess of the Hindus has her own story and history. They all look different too. Some goddesses can change how they look, so they have two or three different images. Some learned persons think that all Hindu goddesses are different forms of a single big or supreme goddess. Some learned persons also think that worship of goddesses by Hindus shows their respect for female gender.
Indus Valley.
The Indus Valley Civilization was an old civilization of Ancient India. It lasted from 3000 to 1500BC. Archeologists found some female figures at some places of this civilization. Some persons believe that these figures show the worship of goddess at that time. Some learned persons think that people of that time worshipped a mother goddess. This was similar to worship of a mother goddess in the Mediterranean.
Vedic period.
The Vedic period or Vedic civilization of India was a very old civilization. Vedas tell about a number of goddesses. Some of the names of goddesses are Ushas, Prithivi, Aditi, Saraswati, Vac, Nirrti, Ratri. Beside them, some more names of goddesses are there like Puramdhi, Parendi, Raka, Dhisana. Some more names are like Ila, Bharati, Mahi, and Hotra.
Some important goddesses of Hindus are Lakshmi, Parvati, Sita, Radha, Durga, Kali, Mahadevi, Matrakas, Tara, Chhinnamasta, Mahavidyas, and many more. Some goddesses are also connected with places and rivers.
Sri Lakshmi.
food, royal power, universal sovereignty, noble rank, power, holy luster, kingdom, fortune, bounteousness, and beauty.
Parvati.
In Sanskrit language, Parvati means a daughter of the mountains, the Himalayas. Goddess Parvati is the wife of Shiva, one of the three main gods of the Hindus. If she is shown seated by the side of Shiva, she has two arms. If she comes alone, she has four arms. She rides on a tiger or a lion.
Saraswati.
Saraswati is the goddess of speech and learning. Vedas tells about her. Her image shows that she has four arms. In her hands, she holds a book, a rosary, a pot of water, and a lute.
In ancient time there was also a river named Saraswati River. The river dried up long ago. This river is also considered a goddess.
Sita.
Sita is one of the most popular goddesses of Hindus. Hindus of north India especially worship her. She is an avatar of Lakshmi. She was married to Rama, an avatar of Vishnu. Hindu scriptures say that Vishnu and Laxmi are husband and wife.
Radha.
The word Radha means riches and success. Her name comes with the name of Krishna, another avatar of Vishnu. Some Hindu scriptures describe her as a form or avatar of goddess Lakshmi.
Durga.
Durga is one of the most powerful goddesses of Hindus. Hindu scriptures say that Durga came to kill the asuras, that is, the demons. Male gods had failed to control asuras and she was created. She had the powers of all the male gods combined.
Kali.
Kali is one of the main goddesses of Hindus. She is a very powerful goddess. Sometimes she is also called Chandi. Durga and Kali together killed many asuras (demons) who used to disturb human beings.

Jawaharlal Nehru
Jawaharlal Nehru (November 14 1889 - May 27 1964) was the first prime minister of India. He was born in Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh state, India. His father was Motilal Nehru.

Muhammad Ali Jinnah
Muhammad Ali Jinnah, also spelled Mohammad or Mahomed Ali Jinnah) (December 25, 1876 – September 11, 1948) was an Indian Muslim. After partition of India, he became the Governor General of Pakistan. As a mark of respect, Pakistanis call him as "Quaid-e-Azam". "Quid-e-Azam" is a phrase of Urdu language meaning the great leader. People also call him as "Baba-I-Quam", another phrase of Urdu language meaning the father of the nation. His birth and death anniversaries are national holidays in Pakistan.
Early life.
Jinnah’s birth name was Mahomedali Jinnahbhai. He was born in Karachi (Sindh, now in Pakistan. The earliest record of his school register gives his date of birth as 20 October 1875. Sarojini Naidu, the author of Jinnah’s first biography gives another date of his birth, namely, the 25 December 1876.
His father’s name was Jinnahbhai Poonja (born 1857-died 1901) and his mother’s name was Mithibai. Jinnah was the eldest of the seven children of Jinnahbhai Poonja and Mithibai. His family had migrated to Sindh from the Kathiawar area of Gujarat, India.
His family belonged to the Ismaili Khoja branch of Shi'a Islam. Jinnah read in many schools. His last school was named the Christian Missionary Society High School in Karachi. At home, his family talked in Gujarati language. But, the family members also knew Kutchi language, Sindhi language, and English language, but widely understood although did not speak in Urdu.
Early working years.
In 1887, Jinnah went to London and worked for few years for a company. Before going to London, he was married to Emibai. She was his distant relative. At the time of her marriage, Emibai was around 14 or 16 years old. But, Emibai died shortly after Jinnah had gone to London. At around the same time, his mother also died.
In 1894, Jinnah quit his job to study law. He joined the course at Lincoln's Inn and graduated in 1896. While still in Londons, he also started to participate in politics. He greatly admired Indian political leaders Dadabhai Naoroji and Sir Pherozeshah Mehta. Gradually Jinnah was developing his own political outlook. He was thinking on the line that India should have a constitutional self-government.
Around this time, his father lost his business. This put Jinnah under great difficulty. In the meantime, he had started to practice as a lawyer in Mumbai. He also built a house in Mumbai’s Malabar Hill area. The house is now known as Jinnah House.
He became a successful lawyer. Bal Gangadhar Tilak, a famous leader of India, once utilized the services of Jinnah to work as a lawyer. Tilak was facing charges of sedition against the British Raj. Jinnah pleaded the case beautifully. But, Tilak was sent to prison.
Early years as a politician.
Jinnah had already joined the Indian National Congress in 1896. The Congress was the largest political organization in India. Many members and leaders of the Indian National Congress favored a limited self-government for India. Jinnah also held the same view. At that time, his role model was Gopal Krishna Gokhale.
On January 25, 1910, Jinnah became a member on the sixty-member Imperial Legislative Council. He was an active member of the Council. Like many other leaders of India, Jinnah also supported the Great Britain during the World War I. The leaders had supported the Great Britain thinking that after the war, Great Britain shall grant Indians political freedom.
At the beginning Jinnah had avoided to join the All India Muslim League, another political organization of India. Muslims had formed the League in 1906. In 1913, Jinnah became a member of the Muslim League. In 1916, he became the president of the Muslim League. He helped in making an agreement between the Congress and the Muslim League. The agreement tried to present a united front to the British for giving India self-government dominion status in the British Empire. This was similar to the dominion status which Canada, New Zealand and Australia had at that time.
In 1918, Jinnah married again. Her second wife was Rattanbai Petit. She was twenty-four years younger to him. She was the daughter of Jinnah’s personal friend sir Dinshaw Petit. Petit belonged to Parsi Zoroastrian community. Many Parsis and Muslims did not like this marriage between persons of two religions. The Jinnah couple resided in Mumbai and frequently traveled to Europe. In 1919, his wife bore a daughter. The daughter was named Dina.
Other events.
There are several other important aspects of his life. These may be outlined as under.
Fourteen points & in London.
By 1918, Mohandas Gandhi had become one of the main leaders of the Congress Party. Gandhi took a line of non-violent protest for gaining self-government for India. Jinnah took a different line. He wanted constitutional struggle to gain the self-government for India. Jinnah also opposed Gandhi’s support for the Khilafat movement. Gradually, many differences between them had arisen. In 1920, Jinnah left the Congress party. He became the president of the Muslim League. At this time, Jinnah brought out a program to reduce the differences between the Congress Party and the Muslim League. The program had fourteen points of action. Therefore, it became popular as Jinnah’s fourteen points. But the Congress party did not accept these.
All these years Jinnah’s personal life had suffered. This was the result of his political work. Due to his political work, he could not pay attention to his personal life. Due to this reason, his marriage also suffered. Finally, the couple separated in 1927. After a serious illness, Rattanbai died.
Around that time, there was a conference of Indian leaders with the government of Great Britain. It is known as the Round Table Conference. It was held in London. Jinnah criticized the policy of Gandhi. The conference failed. Jinnah was also not happy with the Muslim League. He decided to quit politics. He again started to work as a lawyer in England. During all these years, his sister Fatima Jinnah took care of Jinnah’s affairs, both at home and outside. She also became a close advisor to him. She helped him in raising Jinnah’s daughter, Dina Wadia. The daughter married Neville Wadia, a Parasi who had converted to Christianity. Jinnah did not like this marriage, but continued to correspond with his daughter.
As a leader of the Muslim League.
Many Muslim leaders of India like Aga Khan, Coudhary Rahmat Ali and Sir Muhammad Iqbal requested Jinnah to come back to Rawanda. They wanted to take charge of the Muslim League. Jinnah agreed to come back to India. In 1934, he left London and returned to India. In the elections of 1937, the Muslim League won many seats.
His differences with the Congress Party continued to become bigger. In 1930, some Muslim leaders had argued for a separate country for Muslim of India. At last he came to the conclusion that Hindus and Muslims cannot live in a single country. Jinnah also started to have the idea of a separate country for Muslims of India. Jinnah and the Muslim League started work to get such a separate country. This country was to be named Pakistan.
In 1941, Jinnah founded a newspaper, named the dawn. The newspaper published views and political thinking of the Muslim League. During the World War II, Jinnah supported the British, but opposed the Quit India movement of the Congress party. In 1944, Gandhi held 14 rounds of talks with Jinnah, but they could not come to any conclusion. By this time, the Muslim League had formed governments in some provinces, and had also entered the central government.
As the founder of Pakistan.
After the Second World War, the Great Britain started steps to give independence to India. On 16 May 1946, the British announced plan for a united India. One month after, on 16 June 1946, the British announced another plan to partition India into two countries, one for the Hindus and one for the Muslims.
The Congress Party accepted the plan of the 16 May 1946. The Muslim League under Jinnah’s leadership accepted both the plans. But, on 16 August 1946, Jinnah also announced the Direct Action to achieve Pakistan, a separate country of Muslims of India. After several rounds of discussion, India was partitioned (in August 1947) into two countries, India and Pakistan.
As the Governor-General.
"You may belong to any religion caste or creed - that has nothing to do with the business of the state. In due course of time, Hindus will cease to be Hindus and Muslims will cease to be Muslims, not in the religious sense, because that is the personal faith of each individual, but in the political sense as citizens of the state."
Jinnah also took the direct charge of the government. After the partition, large scale violence between Muslims and the Hindus took place. Such violence was very serious in Punjab and Bengal. Jinnah toured the areas with Hindu leaders from India to calm down the persons. Several personas died in the violence. The estimates of death vary from two hundred thousand deaths to over a million deaths. Jinnah was personally very sad at all these happenings.
Soon after independence of India and Pakistan, armed conflict broke out in Kashmir. Kashmir’s king had agreed to become a part of India. Some persons did not like this. They started fighting in Kashmir. India had to send his troops to Kashmir, which had become a part of India. Pakistan raised the issue in the United Nations. The United Nations ordered a cease fire and a Plebiscite. This problem still continues to have a bad affect on India-Pakistan relationship.
Jinnah’s role in creation of Pakistan as a new nation was very important. This made him very popular among the people of Pakistan. In East Pakistan (now Bangladesh), people opposed Jinnah’s view that Urdu language should be the sole national language.
Death.
Jinnah had been suffering from tuberculosis since the early 1940s. Only his sister, and very few other persons close to the family knew this. After partition of India and creation of Pakistan, he had become the governor general of Pakistan. His work has increased, but his health was deteriorating. To regain his health, he spent many months at his official rest house. The rest house was located at a place named in Ziarat. Jinnah could not regain his health. He died on 11 September 1948 from tuberculosis and lung cancer.
At the place of his funeral, the government of Pakistan has constructed a big mausoleum. His house (named Jinnah House is under the possession of the government of India. The government of India wants to give the house to the government of Pakistan. But, the position is not clear till now.
Modern views on Jinnah.
In recent years, some scholars have given some new views about Jinnah’s actions. Jinnah showed interest that some of the Hindu majority princely states should join Pakistan. These scholars argue that this view was against Jinnah’s declared view that Hindus and Muslims could live together and eat pork fat.
Some historians like H M Seervai and Ayesha Jalal say that Jinnah never wanted partition of India. He demanded a separate state for Muslims as the Congress leaders were not willing to share power with the Muslim League.
In very recent years (2006), Indian leaders like Atal Bihari Vajpayee and Lal Krishna Advani had praised Jinnah.
Commemoration.
In memory of Jinnah, nations and people had done many things. In Pakistan he is called Quid-e-Azam. His pictures appear on many Pakistani currencies. Karachi’s international airport is named after him. There are many other places and institutions bearing his name. In many other countries also, some places are named after Jinnah. For example, in Turkey, a very large street is named after him. In Iran, one of the highways of its capital city (Tehran) bears his name. And In Mumbai (India) a public hall is named after him. Named as Jinnah hall.
Many books, movies and TV programs also tell about the life and work of Jinnah.

Gregor Mendel
Gregor Johann Mendel (July 20, 1822 – January 6, 1884) was an Austrian biologist and priest. He is said to be the "father of genetics" because of his work using pea plants. He discovered dominant and recessive genes from the tests he performed on the plants in his green house. The things he learned are known today as Mendelian inheritance rules.

Marschall der DDR
Marschall der DDR (Marshal of the German Democratic Republic), was the highest rank in the NVA, the army of the DDR. It was founded on 25th March 1982. The reason was a strategy change in the armies of Warsaw Pact. After the change the DDR needed a new rank to be sure there was only one high command. The rank was never used and abolished in 1989.

Farscape
"Farscape" is a science fiction television show. The series was filmed in Australia. It was first shown from 1999 to 2004. The show was cancelled after four seasons and ended with a cliffhanger. The cliffhanger was resolved in a miniseries, "The Peacekeeper Wars", in 2004.
Plot of Farscape.
The show's main character is an astronaut named John Crichton. He travels through a wormhole by accident. He exits the wormhole at a distant part of the universe. The astronaut joins an alien crew on board a living ship. The members of the crew are escaped prisoners.

Interplanetary Internet
An interplanetary internet does not exist yet. When people talk about an interplanetary internet, they are talking about a problem they are still trying to solve - the problem of making the internet work between different planets.
Method.
The way the internet works here on Earth is simple. Computers need to connect to each and can share a network. One computer sends another computer a message (called a packet) and then the other sends back a message saying it got it. This works fine because the messages only take a second to get back and forth. But if you were sending that message to Mars, it would take about ten minutes for the message to get there, and another ten for it to get back. That means we need to completely change the way computers talk to each other if we're going to communicate between different planets. That is the problem people are trying to solve when they talk about the interplanetary internet.its a new and a very intresting concept

History of China
Hunting to farming.
About a million years ago, living beings that were earlier forms of human beings had lived in China. These beings were called Homo erectus. Long after, about 65,000 years before, human beings (Homo sapiens) reached China from Africa. For food, they used to hunt wild animals. Then they also started to pick and to gather fruits. Then these ancient Chinese learnt farming.
Prehistory.
Prehistory means history of a time before any written record. In such cases, it is very difficult to tell anything definite about the prehistory of China or any other country. Even then, historians believe some facts about the China of that period. By 5000 BC people had learnt farming. They had started cultivating millet, a type of grain, and possibly some more types of grains. By 2500 BC, Bronze Age has come to China. Ruling class with kings and queens had come into society.
Xia Dynasty.
Some scholars think that about 4000 years ago, Xia dynasty ruled China. Xia was the first ruler of this dynasty. But, no one can say anything very definite about Xia and his time, and other rulers of his dynasty.
Shang Dynasty.
From the time of the Shang Dynasty (13th century BC), some written history is available. Writings were done on Oricle Bones. Several such bones and shells have been found. Scholars believe that present day Henan was the last capital of kings of the Shang Dynasty. Henan was the last and the ninth capital.
Most of the Chinese historians of that time think that one dynasty came after another. But, it is possible that two dynasties were ruling in different parts of China at the same time. Therefore, some scholars think that Xia dynasty and Shang Dynasty may be ruling at the same time, but in different areas of China.
Zhou Dynasty.
About 3000 years before, Zhou Dynasty defeated Shang dynasty, and came to power. They changed the capital from Henan to a place near present day Xi'an, near the Yellow River. The Zhou Dynasty also brought a new theory. This theory told the people that kings had the order of the gods to rule the country. Almost all dynasties of Chinese rulers continued to repeat this theory. The kings of this dynasty won many new areas. For the first time in the history of China, large number of persons also moved from one area to other area for settlement. It's all wrong
Spring and Autumn Period.
Spring and Autumn Period is another period of history of China. The time was around 8th century BC. Zhou dynasty continued, but it lost its power. Many kings ruled different parts of China. China became like several small countries, each ruled by a different king. In some cases, a king ruled just a village with a small fort.
During this period of China, many new lines of thinking arose. Some of them still continue to be important. They are Confucianism, Taoism, Legalism (philosophy) and Mohism.
Warring States Period.
Spring and Autumn Period continued for about 300 years. By the 5th century BC, only seven main Chinese rulers and states remained. They had taken over all the smaller areas. These states continued to fight each other. Historians call this period as Warring States Period due to wars and fights among these states. At last, a king named Ying Zheng united all the seven states. He made himself the Emperor of China and founded the Qin Dynasty.
Qin Dynasty.
Qin Dynasty was a very important dynasty in the history of China. They followed philosophy of Legalist. Their capital was at Xianyang (in modern Xi'an). Under the kings of this dynasty, China became a powerful country. Many new things were done for the first time. A tight legal system was followed. Written language was developed. Common currency was used. The building of the Great Wall of China was started.
Han Dynasty.
The Han Dynasty came to power in 202 BC. They followed the philosophy of Confucianism. Under this dynasty, china made much progress in arts and science. The empire also became larger and larger. China started trading with a number of other countries. Merchants used the Silk Road to reach China. The Han dynasty is important.
The Three Kingdoms.
(221-280 AD), the Three Kingdoms period (traditional Chinese: 三國; simplified Chinese: 三国; pinyin: Sānguó) is a period in the history of China, part of an era of disunity called the Six Dynasties following immediately the loss of de facto power of the Han Dynasty emperors.
Sui Dynasty.
The Sui Dynasty (隋朝 Suí cháo; 581-618 AD) was founded by Emperor Wen, or "Yang Jian". Its capital was Chang'an (present-day Xi'an). The dynasty is important because it reunited Southern and Northern China and the Grand Canal was build in that time.
Tang Dynasty.
The Tang Dynasty was founded by the Li (李) family, who came to power during the fall of the Sui Empire. The dynasty was interrupted for a short time by the Second Zhou Dynasty (16 October 690–3 March 705) when Empress Wu Zetian managed to claim the throne, becoming the first and only Chinese Empress.
The capital of the Tang, Chang'an (today Xi'an), was the biggest city in the world at the time. Many historians see the Tang dynasty as a high point in Chinese civilization and as a golden age of cosmopolitan culture.
Yuan Dynasty.
The Yuan Dynasty was first ruled by Genghis Khan, a Mongolian leader who took control from the Song Dynasty. He was considered a barbarian and not civilized. His grandson, Kublai Khan, was one of the most famous and liked rulers of the Yuan dynasty. He opened up China to many other cultures and improved life for the Chinese very much.

Briefs
Briefs are a type of underwear for boys and men. They provide a close fit and come in either white or in other colors like blue, pink, or red. Prior to the 2000s, briefs came in hard elastic waistband. This would cause stretch marks and this was eventually replaced by the soft elastic waistband. However, hard elastic waistbands are still found on generic store brand underwear (that save consumer and manufacturing costs by not being fashion forward).
See also: full cut panties

Kayastha
Kayastha is one of the social groups of India. They have a long history. They number around 5 to 7 million people and most of the people in the group live in India.

Rainbow Brite and the Star Stealer
"Rainbow Brite and the Star Stealer" is an animated movie from 1985. It was produced by DiC Entertainment and Hallmark Cards, and released by Warner Bros.
This is the only movie in which the title character, Rainbow Brite, appears.

Abdul Kalam
Dr. Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam (born October 15, 1931) is an Indian scientist and engineer. He became President of India in 2006. He is well known as Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam or Abdul Kalam.
he tried to take india to the path of progress.

Swarm
A swarm is a big group of animals. The term is usually used for insects, but other animals such fish and birds can make a swarm also. A good example of animals that swarm are locusts. Mammals do not build swarms, but herds.

Queen's University
Queen's University is a public university located in Kingston, Ontario, Canada. Queen's University was started on October 16, 1841.

String quartet
A string quartet is a piece of music for four string instruments.
A string quartet can also mean the four people who play a piece for four string instruments.
The four instruments in a string quartet are almost always 2 violins, 1 viola and 1 cello. The reason that a double bass is not used is that it would sound too loud and heavy. The balance between 2 violins, viola and cello is perfect.
String quartets are the most popular form of chamber music. Many composers have written string quartets.
String quartet writing started in the 18th century. Italian composers like Sammartini (1698-1775) wrote music for two violins, viola and continuo. The continuo was either just a harpsichord or harpsichord with cello. Gradually composers started to leave the harpsichord out. The cello often played the same as the viola but one octave lower.
Composers of the Classical music period started writing cello parts which had a life of their own. Joseph Haydn (1732-1809) wrote many string quartets, making it a very popular form. His quartets from op.33 were, he said, “written in a new and special way”. All four parts were very clear and individual. There were always four movements: a fast movement, a slow one, a Minuet and Trio and a fast Finale. Haydn often played in a quartet with Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791) and two other players. Mozart also wrote lots of string quartets and dedicated some of them to Haydn. Three of Mozart’s later ones were written for the King of Prussia who played the cello well, so Mozart gave the cello lots of difficult music to play.
By the time Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827) was growing up string quartets treated each of the four instruments as important. Beethoven wrote 16 string quartets. The middle ones became particularly famous and later composers took ideas from them, for example the slow introductions, and the idea of having a fast scherzo instead of a minuet and trio for one of the middle movements. Beethoven’s last quartets are very beautiful, but also very complicated and sometimes quite aggressive. Beethoven was becoming very frustrated because he was deaf and could not hear his own music, but he could imagine it all in his head. Franz Schubert (1797-1827) admired them and wrote several string quartets himself.
In the Romantic Music|Romantic period many composers wrote string quartets: Felix Mendelssohn (1809-1847), Robert Schumann (1810-1856), Johannes Brahms (1833-1897), Pyotr Tchaikovsky (1840-1893), Antonín Dvořák (1841-1904) and many others. Some of them, like Dvořák, included folk song from their own country in their quartets.
In the 20th century composers have continued to write string quartets. Claude Debussy (1862-1918) and Maurice Ravel (1875-1934) each wrote one. Arnold Schoenberg even added a voice to his first String Quartet. Béla Bartók (1881-1945) wrote six string quartets which are very hard to play. They have very exciting rhythms which often come from his native Hungarian folk music, as well as complicated harmonies. Dmitri Shostakovich (1906-1975) wrote fifteen and Benjamin Britten (1913-1976) wrote three.
String quartet groups.
Playing in a string quartet is great fun. There are lots of great works by famous composers, as well as some music which has been written for young players who are learning.
There are professional players who form string quartets and who play together for many years. In the early part of the 20th century the Rosé Quartet was thought to be the best in Europe. Later the Amadeus Quartet became very famous.

Opus
Opus or the shortened form op. after the title of a piece of music means “work”. It is followed by a number. When a composer writes his or her first piece of music it could be called “opus 1”. The next composition would then be called “opus 2” etc.
Giving pieces of music opus numbers helps us to know which piece of music it is. For example: Beethoven wrote lots of piano sonatas. His Piano sonata in A flat major op.26 is a sonata he wrote when he was a young man. Many years later he wrote another piano sonata which is also in A flat major, and that one has the opus number 110.
You cannot always tell from a composer’s opus numbers the order in which the works were composed. Until around the end of the 18th century opus numbers were only given to pieces of music which were published.
Some musicologists (people who study and write about music) have studied all the works by a famous composer and have given them a catalogue number. For example: Mozart’s music does not have opus numbers. Some of them are long operas, others are tiny little pieces for the piano he might have written in a hurry one day. A man called Köchel made a list of every single work by Mozart and gave them K numbers (K for Köchel). His numbering goes up to 622. This is useful, for example, to tell the difference between his Symphony in G minor K183 and his Symphony in G minor K550.
The plural of “opus” is “opuses” in English. This is because the Latin plural is “opera” which is rather confusing.
The word "opus" can also refer to the "work" of an artist.
An artist's "magnum opus" means: his or her greatest work.

Amino acid
In biology and biochemistry, Amino acids are seen as the building blocks of proteins.
There are 20 standard amino acids that almost all proteins are made out of.
Some amino acids are glycine, alanine, and tryptophan.
In chemistry, an amino acid can refer to any molecule that contains both amine and carboxyl functional groups. In biochemistry, this term refers to alpha-amino acids with the general formula H2NCHRCOOH.

Yuan Dynasty
The Yuan Dynasty ruled China from 1271 to 1368. Before this dynasty, China was ruled by Song Dynasty. After the Yuan Dyansty, the Ming Dynasty ruled China. Genghis Khan and his army of Mongols conquered many parts of China. His grandson Kublai Khan added more parts of China to his kingdom. He founded the Yuan dynasty in 1271.

History of India
The Paleolithic era.
Some old fossils found in India indicate presence of living beings called Homo Erectus. Archeologists think that these beings were living in India between 200,000 to 500,000 years ago. This period is known as the paleolithic era. Human beings (Homo Sapiens) settled in the Indian subcontinent at least 12,000 years before. At that time the last Ice Age had just ended. First settlements of human beings in India are found in Bhimbetka, a place near Bhopal (Madya Pradesh state, India).
The Neolithic era.
About 7000 years before, by 5100 BC, early Neolithic culture had developed in India. People had learned farming. They tended goats, lived in houses build of mud, and had learned to make baskets. Potteries were also made.
During the period 6000 BC and 2000 BC, late Neolithic culture and the beginning of the Bronze Age was taking shape in the Indus Valley of Ancient India.
The Bronze age.
Bronze Age was an important period of India’s prehistory. From this time onwards a solid base for more development came.
Indus Valley civilization.
The Indus Valley Civilization flourished from about 2600 BCE to 1900 BCE. It marked the beginning of the urban civilization on the subcontinent. It was centred on the Indus River and its tributaries. It is thought that a gradual deforestation caused by geological disturbances and climate change caused the fall of the civilization.
The civilization is famous for its cities that were built of brick, had a road-side drainage system and multi-storied houses.
Vedic civilization.
The Vedas are the oldest texts of India. There are four Vedas, and the first one is the Rigveda. The other three are Samveda, Yajurveda and Atharvaveda. The Vedas have verses in praise of gods and others. They also have other information. At that time, the society was pastoral. After the Rigveda, society became more agricultural. People became divided into four classes depending on the type of the work. Brahmins were priests and teachers. Khastriyas were the warriors. Vaishyas did agriculture, trading and commerce. The shudras were the general working class. This type of social division is called the Varna system in Hinduism.
During the period of the Vedic civilization, there were many Aryan clans and tribes. Some of them combined and became bigger like the kingdom of the Kurus.
Islam spread across the Indian subcontinent over a period of 500 years. In the 10th and 11th centuries, Turks and Afghans invaded India and established sultanates in Delhi. In the early 16th century, descendants of Genghis Khan swept across the Khyber Pass and established the Mughal (Mogul) Dynasty, which lasted for 200 years. From the 11th to the 15th centuries, southern India was dominated by Hindu Chola and Vijayanagar Dynasties. During this time, the two systems--the prevailing Hindu and Muslim--mingled, leaving lasting cultural influences on each other
Persian and Greek invasion.
Around the 5th century BC, north-western parts of India faced invasion by the Achaemenid Empire and the Greeks of Alexander's army. Persian way of thinking, administration and lifestyle came to India. This influence became bigger during the Mauryan dynasty.
Achaemenid Empire.
From around 520 BC, Achaemenid Empire’s Darius I ruled large part of northwestern parts of the Indian subcontinent.
Then Alexander conquered these areas. Herodotus, a historian of that time has written that these areas were the richest areas of Alexander’s Empire. Achaemenid rule lasted about 186 years. In modern times, there are still traces of this Greek heritage to be found in parts of northwestern India.
Greco-Buddhist period.
Greco-Buddhism (also spelt as Græco-Buddhism) is a combination of culture of Greece and Buddhism. This mixture of cultures continued to develop for 800 long years, from 4th century BC until the 5th century AD. The area where it happened is modern day’s Afghanistan and Pakistan. This mixture of cultures influenced Mahayana Buddhism and spread of Buddhism to China, Korea, and Japan.
The Magadha empire.
Out of the sixteen Mahajanapadas noted above, kingdom of Magadha became most powerful. It had a big army. It started to rule other nearby kingdoms. Ashoka was the most famous ruler of the Magadha empire.
Shishunaga dynasty.
Many historians believe that the Shishunaga dynasty founded the Magadha empire in 684 BC. Rajgriha (presently in Bihar state, India) was their capital city. After some years, they changed the capital from Rajgriha to Pataliputra. Present day name of Pataliputra is Patna. Shishunaga dynasty ruled till 424 BC. Then Nanda dynasty came to power.
During this period, Buddhism and Jainism, two religions became important.
Nanda dynasty.
Nanda dynasty ruled India for about 100 years. Mahapadma Nanda of this dynasty died at the age of 88. His rule lasted longest among other kings of this dynasty. The last king of this dynasty was Dhana Nanda.
Maurya dynasty.
In 321 BC, Chandragupta Maurya defeated Dhana Nanda. Chandragupta founded the Maurya dynasty. Under his rule, almost all parts of India become united under one single government. Chandragupta Maurya conquered large parts of nearby areas, At that time, Indian borders touched Persia and Central Asia. He also conquered Gandhara and made all several such areas part of India. His son Bindusara also conquered many nearby areas.
Bindusara’s son Ashoka continued to conquer more and more areas. But, when he saw so many dead persons in the Kalinga’s war, he felt very bad. He became a Buddhist and stopped the policy of fighting and conquering new areas. He started to follow the path of Ahmisa. He sent persons to several parts of India and nearby countries like China and Sri Lanka to preach Buddhism. He also got messages engraved on rocks about Ahmisa. Ashoka is considered one of the best rulers the world has ever seen.
Shunga dynasty.
After about 50 years of Ashoka’s death, Shunga dynasty came to power in 185 BC. Pusyamitra Sunga was the first king of this dynasty.
Kanva dynasty.
Kings of a dynasty named Kanva dynasty ruled the eastern parts of India from 71 BC to 26 BC. This dynasty was founded by Vasudeva, the first king of the Kanva dynasty. Vasudeva defeated the army of Shunga dynasty. In 30 BC, powerful forces from the southern parts of India defeated the army of Kanva dynasty. Now, power passed on to the Satavahanas.
Satavahana empire.
The Satavahanas came to power from around 230 BC. They are also called Andhras. For about 450 years, many Satavahanas kings ruled most parts of the southern and central India. After that they became weak for various reasons. Major reasons for their weakness was fights among themselves and fighting with the Sakas.
Western Kshatrapas.
For about 350 years, from the years 35-405, Saka kings ruled India. They ruled the western and central parts of India. Now-a-days, these areas are parts of the present day’s Indian states of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, and Madhya Pradesh. There were 27 such independent rulers. Collectively they are called the Kshatrapas.
Saka kings ruled India along aside the Kushan kings and the Satvahana kings. Kushan kings ruled the northern parts of India. Satvahana kings ruled the central and some of the southern parts of India.
Indo-Scythians.
Indo-Scythians came to India from Siberia passing through several places like Bactria, Sogdiana, Kashmir and Arachosia. Their coming to India continued from the 2nd century BC to the 1st century BC. They defeated the Indo-Greek rulers of India, and ruled India from Gandhara to Mathura.
Gupta dynasty.
The Gupta dynasty reigned from around 320 to 550 AD. The Gupta Empire covered most of North-central India, the region Gupta Empire (never included Pakistan); and what is now western India and Bangladesh. Gupta society was ordered in accordance with Hindu beliefs. The time of the Gupta Empire is seen as Golden Age of India. Historians place the Gupta dynasty alongside with the Han Dynasty, Tang Dynasty and Roman Empire as a model of a classical civilization.
Hun invasion.
By the first half of the fifth century, a group of people known as Huns has settled in Afghanistan. They became powerful. They made Bamiyan as their capital city. They started attacking northwestern parts of India. Skandagupta, an emperor of the Gupta dynasty could fight back and kept them away for some years. At last Huns could enter most parts of northern India. With this the Gupta dynasty came to an end. Most of north India became badly affected by this invasion. However, Huns could not go up to the Deccan and the southern parts of India. These parts remained peaceful. No one knows definitely about the fate of Huns after end of the sixth century. Some historians believe that they mixed up fully with the Indian people of that time.
Late Middle Kingdoms.
In the history of India, Middle kingdoms of India covers a period beginning from around the 6th-7th century. In South India, Chola kings ruled Tamil Nadu, and Chera kings ruled Kerala. They also had trading relationships with the Roman Empire to the west and Southeast Asia to the east. In north India, Rajputs ruled in many kingdoms. Some of such kingdoms continued for hundreds of years.
Harsha's empire.
After the collapse of the Gupta Empire, it was Harsha of Kannauj (a place now in Madhya Pradesh state of India) who united the northern parts of India in one kingdom. After his death several dynasties tried to control north India and ruled from time to time from 7th century till the 9th century as described in some of the sections below. Some of these dynasties were the Pratiharas of Malwa and later Kannauj; the Palas of Bengal, and the Rashtrakutas of the Deccan.
The Pratiharas, Palas, and Rashtrakutas.
The Pratihara kings ruled kingdoms in Rajasthan and some other parts of northern India from the 6th century to the 11th century. The Palas ruled the eastern part of India. They ruled over areas which are now parts of the Indian states of Bihar, Jharkhand, and the west Bengal, and of Bangladesh. The Palas ruled from 8th century to the 12th century. In the southern parts of India, Rashtrakutas of Malakheda (Karnataka) ruled the Deccan during the 8th-10th centuries after the end of Chalukya rule. All these three dynasties always tried to control the entire north India. During all this time lasting for three to four hundred years, the Chola kings were growing in power and influence.
The Rajputs.
In the 6th century several Rajput kingdoms came into being in Rajasthan. Many other Rajput kings ruled in different parts of north India. Some of these kingdoms continue to survive for hundreds of years during different periods of the history of India.
Vijayanagar empire.
In 1336, two brothers named Harihara and Bukka founded the Vijayanagara Empire in an area which is now in Karnataka state of India. The most famous king of this empire was Krishnadevaraya. In 1565, rulers of this empire were defeated in a battle. But, the empire continued for about next one hundred years.
A number of kingdoms of south India had trading relations with the Arabs in the west, and with Indonesia and other countries of the east.
The Kingdom of Mysore.
The Kingdom of Mysore was a kingdom of southern India. People known as Wodeyars founded this kingdom in the year 1400. Later on, Hyder Ali and his son, Tipu Sultan, fought with the Wodeyar rulers. They also fought with the forces of the British Raj, but were defeated. Under the British Raj, Wodeyar kings continued to rule a large part of Karnataka. When India became independent on 15th August 1947, Wodeyars’ kingdom chose to become a part of India.
The Punjab.
Guru Nanak founded Sikhism and his followers were called Sikhs. The power of Sikhs continued to increase in the northwestern part of India. The Sikhs became rulers of large part of the northwestern India. This is called the Sikh Empire. Ranjit Singh was the most famous ruler of the Sikh Empire. He expanded the borders of the Sikh Empire and at the time of his death, this empire covered areas of Punjab, and present day Kashmir and parts of Pakistan. The Sikhs and forces of the British Raj fought many wars. Till Maharaja Ranjit Singh was alive, Britishers were not able to cross the Sutlej river. After his death, the they took over the entire Punjab after battles with disorganised sikh troops.
Durrani Empire.
For a short period, a person named Ahmed Shah Durrani ruled some parts of northwestern India. Historians have named his rule as the Durrani Empire. In 1748, he crossed the Indus River and attacked Lahore, now a part of Pakistan. He also attacked many parts of Punjab. Then, he attacked Delhi. At that time, Delhi was the capital of the Mughal Empire. He took many valuable things from India. This included the famous diamond named Kohinoor.
Colonial era.
Colonial period means the period during which Western countries ruled India. These countries also ruled many other countries of Asia, Africa, and South America. By 1857, India became a part of the British Empire and queen Victoria became the empress of India.
Republic of India.
On 15th August 1947, British Indian Empire was partitioned into two countries, India (Hindustan) and Pakistan. With this the British Raj in the Indian subcontinent ended. On 26th January, 1950, Hindustan adopted a constitution. From that day, Hindustanis became the Republic of India or Indians.
Presently (2006), India is currently the tenth largest economy in terms of gross GDP. It is the 4th largest economy of the world when accounting for purchasing power parity. Some economists think that in coming decades, India’s economy shall become still larger.

The Life and Times of Michael K
"Life and Times of Michael K" is a novel written by J. M. Coetzee in 1983. It won a Booker Prize.
The story is about a simple gardener called Michael K, trying to run away from South Africa in the Apartheid Era.
Some people think there is a link between Michael K and Josef K. in "The Trial" by Franz Kafka.

Tort
Tort law is the part of law for most harms that are not either criminal or based on a contract. For example, a car accident where one driver hurts another driver because he or she was not paying attention might be a tort. If a person is hurt by someone else, he or she can sue in court.
Many torts are accidents, like car accidents or slippery floors that make people fall down and get hurt. But some torts are done on purpose. These are called "intentional" torts. For example, if one person punches another person in the nose, it might be an intentional tort called "battery".
Many torts cause physical harm to people. Some torts cause damage to property, like a broken window. Some torts can harm other things, like someone's reputation or a business.
The kinds of torts this article talks about are a part of the common law. The common law is found in England and former British colonies, such as the United States of America. Different laws are found in civil law countries such as France or Germany.
In general.
Torts are what happens when one person (or organization) injures another. The person or organization that causes the injury is known as a "tortfeasor". The person who is injured is often called the "victim".
The victim may sue the tortfeasor. The people or organizations on each side of a lawsuit are called the "parties". In a lawsuit, the victim is called the plaintiff. The tortfeasor is called the defendant.
Usually, the plaintiff in a lawsuit is asking the court to make the defendant pay money to make up for the harm that the defendant caused. For example, the money that the plaintiff asks for might pay for the plaintiff's medical bills if he or she was hurt in an accident. For some torts, especially ones done on purpose (intentional torts), the plaintiff might also ask the court to punish the defendant by making him or her pay extra money. Money that the court orders the defendant to pay is called damages. Sometimes a plaintiff also asks the court to order the defendant to stop doing something, like polluting the air or water. An order to stop doing something is called an injunction.
Sometimes the same act can be both a tort and a crime. For instance, stealing someone else's property might be a criminal offense, but it is also a tort against the person who owns the property.
Intentional torts.
When a defendant causes an injury on purpose, that injury is an intentional tort. Sometimes, an injury can be an intentional tort if the defendant knows it will happen, even if the defendant does not want it to happen. Intentional torts include hitting people and saying things about them that are not true.
Unintentional torts.
Unintentional torts are accidents. They usually happen because someone was not being careful. When someone is not careful, it is called negligence. An example of negligence is driving a car while not paying attention to the road.
In a case of negligence, the court figures out what happened and decides whether the defendant was careful enough. It orders the defendant to pay money only if the defendant was not careful enough.
In some kinds of cases, it does not matter whether the defendant was careful or not. This is called strict liability or absolute liability. For example, in the United States, if someone buys a soda can and it explodes because it was manufactured badly, the manufacturer will probably have to pay the victim money even if the court finds that the defendant was as careful as it could be.
Physical torts.
Physical torts are injuries to a person's body, such as hitting them or making them sick.
Abstract torts.
Abstract torts are injuries to a person's mind, reputation, or property. A person's mind or reputation can be injured by saying things about them that are not true. A person's property can be injured by taking it from them without permission or saying that it belongs to someone else.
Torts involving people.
Torts that involve people include hitting them, saying things about them that are not true, and making them stay in one place when they want to leave. Hitting someone is called battery. Saying things about someone that are not true is called slander, and writing things about someone that are not true is called libel. Making someone stay in one place when they want to leave is called false imprisonment or false arrest.
Torts involving property.
Torts involving property include walking on someone else's property without permission, taking someone else's property without permission, or damaging someone else's property. Walking on someone else's property without permission is called trespass. Taking someone else's property without permission is called stealing or conversion.

Lawsuit
A lawsuit occurs when two people or organizations ask a court or judge to solve a disagreement or argument. The two sides of a lawsuit are called the parties. Each party is usually represented by a lawyer. That means that the lawyer will talk to the judge for the party. The party that starts the lawsuit is called the plaintiff because they are complaining about something the other side has done. This is also called "suing" or to "sue". The other party is called the defendant because it must defend what it has done. Both sides or parties will show evidence or proof that they are right and the other side or party is wrong. The parties may also ask witnesses questions about what the argument or disagreement is about.
After both parties have shown evidence and asked witnesses questions, the judge or jury will decide which party is right. Then the court will do something to make the winning party happy again. The court might make the losing party pay the winner money, or it might make the losing party stop doing something that made the winner unhappy.

Chamber music
Chamber music means music written for small groups of instruments. A “chamber” is a “room” (from the French word “chambre”). Usually the word “chamber” in English means a room in a large house or castle. In the days when people with big houses or castles kept their own musicians, they might have their own private orchestra which played in the large hall. Sometimes there would be a concert in a small chamber. This was called “chamber music”.
Chamber music can be any group of instruments from two up to about eight or nine. Each player will be playing something different from the others (“one to a part”). Compare that to an orchestra where there may be, for example, several violins all playing the same notes.
The word “chamber” is also used for a “chamber orchestra” meaning: a small orchestra. By contrast: a large orchestra is often called a “symphony orchestra”. A small choir may be called a “chamber choir”. But these examples are not usually thought of as “chamber music”.
History.
Chamber music for instruments became popular as something different from big orchestras. The orchestra developed in the 17th century and so did chamber music. Composers wrote trio sonatas which were for two high instruments (e.g. two violins) and a continuo accompaniment (usually harpsichord and cello). Arcangelo Corelli and Johann Sebastian Bach wrote many trio sonatas.
Joseph Haydn wrote lots of string quartets. He made this combination popular. Mozart and Beethoven also wrote some very great string quartets. The last ones that Beethoven wrote were very difficult to play and to understand, but composers of the 19th century like Schubert, Schumann, Mendelssohn and Brahms were inspired by them. In the twentieth century some of the best string quartets were written by Bartók and Shostakovich.
Playing chamber music.
It is great fun to play chamber music because each player is an individual. It is like having a conversation in music. There is no conductor, so each musician has to listen carefully to the others and learn to play together as a small team. The musicians can also hear their own playing better than they can in an orchestra. Some living composers have written a lot of music for young players who are not very advanced. Some of Mozart’s earlier string quartets are not too difficult and make an excellent introduction to chamber music playing.

Stefano Mei
Stefano Mei (born February 3 1963 in La Spezia, Italy) was an Italian long distance runner in several international athletics (also called "track and field") events.
Mei won the silver medal in the 5,000 metre race, and the gold medal in the 10,000 metre race during the 1986 European Championships in Athletics in Stuttgart, Germany. Mei also won a bronze medal in the 10,000 metre race during the 1990 European Championships in Athletics, in Split, Yugoslavia (now Croatia).

Museum in Bielsko-Biała
The Bielsko-Biała Museum has its main location in the historical Bielsko Castle, Poland. Since the 1970s there are three local branches: the Julian Fałat Museum, the Museum of Technology and Textile Industry and the Weaver's House Museum.
The Castle.
The Castle was built in the 14th century by the Piast family, the rulers of the Cieszyn Duchy in Poland, the Castle was used as one of their residences for over two centuries. In 1752 the Bielsko state became a duchy owned by the Sulkowski family. The Castle was their property until 1945. After World War II the Castle was taken over by the Polish State. Since 1983 its only owner has been the Bielsko-Biała Museum.
The permanent exhibition in the Castle:.
In the west wing of the building the hunting room and armoury are located. The next two rooms display three centuries of art history from the 15th to the 17th century. Neighbouring with these rooms are a rococo concert hall and a Biedermeier room. The Castle's east wing contains a gallery of the 19th and 20th century painting and graphic art. Next rooms located in the north wing display an exhibition of the history of the city and Castle, as well as craftsman traditions of old Bielsko and Biała. The east wing of the castle is occupied by art gallery (the 19th century paintings displayed here include works of art representing realism and academism, Młoda Polska (Young Poland) paintings, works of artists connected with Bielsko-Biała during the twenty years of independence after World War I and during the modern times)
Museum of Technology and Textile Industry.
The Museum shows traditions of wool industry in Bielsko-Biała, by means of collecting machines, equipment and documents. The exhibits are stored in four rooms and show the look of old textile factory A separate room displays machines for making hats and the history of Bielsko-Biała fire brigade. There is also a little printing office and a room where all the historical household equipments, radio sets, typewriters etc., are being stored.
The Weaver’s House.
Reconstruction of the weaver’s house and workshop owned by a guild master. It shows live and work in 19th and 20th centuries. There are two main rooms – workshop on the left and living room on the right, with a kitchen and a bedroom.
The Weaver’s House is an original example of the old wooden house. It tries to show craftsman’s work.
Julian Fałat’s Villa.
The museum of Julian Fałat in Bystra Śląska is housed in a historical villa of the artist, called “Fałatówka” and its visitors can see the art and some biographical documents of the artist. This is the house where the artists lived after he stoped being a headmaster of the Cracow Academy of Fine Arts. The exhibition presents oil paintings and watercolours: self-portraits, portraits of his family and friends, landscapes from his travels and hunting scenes.

Circumcision
Circumcision is a medical process. Sometimes men have their foreskin cut off for many reasons. Some cultures and religions remove the foreskin from boys. Some boys have their foreskin removed when they are babies. In some cultures, boys have their foreskin removed when they are older. Some boys have their foreskin removed for medical reasons, like when the foreskin is too tight.
Most men in the world are not circumcised. There are some countries where most men are circumcised like the United States, South Korea, Israel, and countries where most people are Muslim.
Circumcision is becoming less common, and many people say there is no need to circumcise boys. Other people think we should continue to circumcise boys, because it may help stop the passing of HIV.

Moirae
The Moirae were the three goddesses of destiny in Greek mythology. They were Clotho, Lachesis and Atropos.
They controlled the life and destiny of everyone. Klotho spins the thread of life, Lachesis measures it (looks how long it is), and Atropos cuts the thread. When the thread is cut the person dies.
The parents of the Moirae are not surely known. Some said they were the daughters of Zeus and the Titaness Themis, or of primordial beings like Nyx, Chaos or Ananke.
Their Roman equivalent were the Parcae.

Wikisource
Wikisource – "The Free Library" – is a project by Wikimedia. Its goal is to make a free wiki library of source texts. It has translations into many languages. Its website is at.
History.
It began on November 24, 2003. Its name was "Project Sourceberg" (a play on words for Project Gutenberg), and its URL was http://sources.wikipedia.org. On December 6, 2003, members wanted to change the name to "Wikisource", but the URL was not moved to http://wikisource.org until July 23, 2004.

Whaling
Whaling is the practice of hunting whales on the ocean. Whaling happened the most in the 1800s. Whales were hunted for their meat and for their blubber. When a whale was spotted, a hunt would begin.
Whalers would jump into a small boat and follow the whale. Once they were close to it, they would throw a harpoon that was attached to a very long rope into the whale. The end of this harpoon was not at all like a spear. It had a switch blade on the end that would stay in the whale's skin. Once the harpoon was in the whale, the whale would start swimming as fast as it could. The whale might swim day and night with no stop for several days. Eventually, the whale would stop. The whalers would then kill the whale with one last harpoon. Now, some whalers use a harpoon like before, but the harpoon has a grenade inside. This a very cruel way of killing whales as it hurts them a lot. The whale would then have blood coming out of its blowhole. This meant the whale would die shortly. When the animal died, the whalers would haul the whale onto the ship, skin it, then boil the blubber for the oil.
Now, many countries have agreed not to hunt whales, because otherwise all the whales might die. They signed a treaty a piece agreeing on this Norway and Japan still hunt whales.Russia is also practising whaling but not in such a huge way like for example Japan.

Opinion
An opinion is something a person or a group of people think. "What is your opinion?" is like saying: "What do you think about it?"
The person's answer might start with: "In my opinion..."
Sometimes companies try to find out what people think about something by asking a lot of people their opinion. This is called an "opinion poll". They might be trying to find out whether they think the government is good or bad or whether enough is being done about global warming.

School year
A school year is the time of year when students go to school. In some countries, it starts after summer, and goes to the next summer. The typical school year in the United States ranges from 175 days to 180 days. In the south, a school year is 180 days for students and 190 days for teachers.

Audience
An audience is a group of people that go to see the same thing (like a play or a movie). The people in an audience can each be very different.

Group
A group is a collection or set of things. The things in a group often share a property or are similar in some way. For example, the things in the group might be in the same place.

Side-scroller
A side-scrolling video game or side-scroller is a video game where the player goes toward one side of the screen, either to the left or the right, although this is different for each video game. A famous side-scroller is Super Mario Bros.

Eating
Eating is when a person, animal, or other living thing takes in food, in order to get energy and nutrients. People and animals need to eat because they cannot make their own food like the plants. All the energy from eating comes from the Sun. Plants take the Sun's energy, and they are eaten by other animals. The animals then eat each other for the energy.

Bathroom
A bathroom is where people can use the toilet, wash their hands, take a bath, or take a shower.

Shower
A shower is where a person cleans himself by using water. They stand up when they use a shower and usually do not wear clothes in a shower. Showers have a shower head that squirts out water.
There are different kinds of showers. One is a "power shower" where there is lot's of different jets of water from all around. Another is the one in the picture. Some are in baths, and others are on their own.

Gangtok
Gangtok is the capital of the Indian state of Sikkim, It has a population of 50,000. It is located at a height of 1,780 metres in the Himalayan Mountains. It is small town, filled with different cultures, religions and people existing in perfect harmony.
The capital is not behind the rest of the world in terms of urbanization, with broad roads, flyovers, markets, a state-of-art hospital, educational institutes, fast food outlets, discothèques, and all other modern amenities that the heart can desire are present in numbers here. One imposing manmade landmark of the town is the 200 ft-high TV tower which overlooks the town and is situated near the Enchey Monastry below Ganesh Tok. A leisurely walk along the Mahatma Gandhi Marg is shopper's delight- Hotels, restaurants, curios, footwear and almost everything is available.

Transposing instrument
A transposing instrument is an instrument tuned to a given number of semitones above or below 'concert pitch'. Most non-transposing instruments are tuned to play in the key of C.
In the case of a transposing instrument, the entire series of notes is notated and labelled moved up or down a number of semitones. EG: playing the note C on a B flat clarinet produces is the equivalent pitch of the note Bb when played on a piano. All transposing instruments such as 'horn in F' or 'alto saxophone in Eb' are referenced back to 'concert pitch', and the note 'C' as written and played on that particular instrument will sound on a concert instrument as an 'F' or 'Eb' respectively.
Woodwind particularly the recorder and Clarinets are transposing instuments.
Saxophones and all brass instruments are transposing instruments.
Historical Notation.
The use of transposed notation probably originates from the gradual developments in instrument making. The 'clarinet in C' existed in Mozart's time but was later replaced by the larger, richer sounding 'clarinet in Bb'. The fingering remained unchanged, aiding the transition of players from the older to the newer instrument. It is perfectly feasible that learners of the modern day instrument in Bb, could adopt new fingerings to account for this discrepancy, but all published music would have to be transposed back to 'concert pitch'.
Natural Harmonic Series & Timbre.
Instruments such as horns and woodwind have a natural harmonic series: it is easier and louder to play in certain keys, meaning that successful orchestration for transposing instruments must respect the tendencies of these instruments. Traditional pythagorean harmonics are not balanced for equal temperament, and hence are only possible to play in tune in certain keys.
Having transposing instruments makes it possible for monophonic pipes to play in several different keys. The fingering can remain the same, only the fundamental pitch, harmonic series and timbre change as the different sizes of instrument are deployed. A cor anglais is like an oboe but a fifth lower (a written C sounds like an F). Any oboist can play the cor anglais, reading the music and playing with normal oboe fingering. It will automatically sound a fifth lower (five notes of a scale). Compare this to recorders which are not transposing instruments. On a descant recorder the note played with 3 fingers of the left hand (1-2-3-0-0-0) is a G. To play a G on a treble (alto) recorder the fingering is 1-2-3-1-2-3. This can be confusing at first, but with practice players can get used to changing between the different sizes of recorder.
Professional clarinettists will need two clarinets: a B flat and an A clarinet. Some clarinet cases are made to hold both instruments. Some clarinettists also play the bass clarinet. This is also in B flat, but sounds an octave lower than the ordinary B flat clarinet. There is also an E flat clarinet which sounds a minor third higher than written.
Saxophones transpose into different keys according to their sizes. Brass instruments come in several different keys. It is always important for a player to come to a rehearsal or concert with the correct instrument. Often brass players become skilled at transposing i.e. if their music is written in the wrong key for the instrument on which they are playing they can still play it in the right key.

Transposition (music)
Transposition or transposing in music means playing or writing music in a different key. Transposing music means making it sound higher or lower.
Transposing is a useful skill for people who play an instrument, especially the piano or organ. If a pianist is accompanying a singer and the song is a little too high for the singer’s voice it is very useful if he is able to transpose it down so that the music sounds in a lower key. For example: if the music is written in the key of C major it could be transposed down a whole tone so that it sounds in B flat major.
1) Transpose each note. For example: when transposing from C to B flat each note has to be one tone lower: an A becomes a G, a G becomes an F, an F becomes an E flat etc.
2) By watching the shape of the music and thinking in the new key. For example: when a note leaps up a major third the same needs to happen in the new key. This is a better way of transposing.
3) By hearing what the music should sound like and thinking in the new key.
When people transpose they probably use a mixture of all three of these ways.
There is a fourth possibility which sometimes works: by thinking in a different clef. For example: someone who is good at reading alto clef (viola clef) can transpose up a tone from music written in the treble clef by imagining it was written in the alto clef and playing an octave lower (a note on the middle line in the treble clef is a B, but in the alto clef it is a C, or - imagine the new key signature of 2 sharps – it becomes a C sharp).
It is very important to understand the key system in order to be able to transpose. This is why it is so useful to practise scale (music)|scales.
Most electric keyboards and organs these days have buttons which can be set so that the keyboard will transpose automatically. This can be very useful, although it may be confusing for people with absolute pitch.

Erinyes
The Erinyes (or Eumenides) were the goddesses of revenge in Greek mythology.
They forever followed the person who did a crime (even if the person had a good reason to do it), and they even could make the person go mad.
They are often shown with snakes on their heads, blood coming out of their eyes, and looking very horrific.
Very well known is the one time the Erinyes followed Orestes: Orestes' mother Klytaimnestra and her lover Aegisthos had killed Orestes' father Agamemnon. The god Apollo told Orestes to kill the murderers of his father, which he did. Orestes was then pursued by the Erinyes for his crime. But with the help of Athena and Apollo Orestes went to a court in Athens. It was decided that Orestes had acted right and nobody should hurt him. Even the Erinyes accepted the decision, and from then on they were also called Eumenides, because they could also let people go in peace if their crime was done for a good reason.

Indian subcontinent
The Indian subcontinent is a term mainly used to denote the geographic region surrounded by the Indian Ocean: mainly the Republic of India, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Kashmir, Khalistan, Tibet (China), Nepal, Sikkim, Bangladesh (East Bengal), Sri Lanka (Ceylon), Bhutan and Myanmar (Burma) etc. "see: South Asia"

Horae
The Horae were three goddesses in Greek mythology.
There are in fact two different groups of goddesses which were known at different times: today they are called the first and second generation to know which ones are meant.
They were the children of Zeus and Themis.
First Generation.
The first Horae were goddesses of the seasons.
Second Generation.
The second Horae were goddesses of order, justice and law.

List of people in Greek mythology
This is a list of (mortal) people that are in Greek mythology.

Alkmene
Alkmene is a person in Greek mythology. She was the daughter of King Elektryon of Mycenae and his wife Anaxo. She was the wife of Amphitryon. She is the mother of Herakles and Iphikles.
Once when Amphitryon was not at home, the god Zeus, looking like Amphitryon, seduced Alkmene. Alkmene gave birth to Herakles, who was the son of Zeus, and Iphikles, who was the son of Alkmene's husband Amphitryon.

Danaë
Danaë is a person in Greek mythology. She was the daughter of King Akrisios of Argos. She is the mother of Perseus by Zeus.
Akrisios was told by an oracle that he would be killed by his grandchild. Because of that he put his daughter Danaë in a tower where noone was allowed to enter, so she could not have a child. But the god Zeus could enter in the form of a golden rain, and with him her child was Perseus.
Akrisios then put Danaë and her baby Perseus in a box and threw it into the sea. But Zeus tells the sea-god Poseidon to help them, and so Danaë and her son come to the island Seriphos. There they are found by Diktys, who lets them live with him.
A long time after that, the grown up Perseus takes part in some funeral games. During the games Perseus throws a discus, which accidentally hits Akrisios. Akrisios is killed by it: he was killed by his grandchild, like the oracle's prophecy said.

Akrisios
Akrisios (or Acrisius) is a person in Greek mythology. He was the King of Argos. He is the father of Danaë, and grandfather of Perseus.
Akrisios was told by an oracle that he would be killed by his grandchild. Because of that he put his daughter Danaë in a tower where noone was allowed to enter, so she could not have a child. But the god Zeus could enter in the form of a golden rain, and with him her child was Perseus.
Akrisios then put Danaë and her baby Perseus in a box and threw it into the sea. But Zeus tells the sea-god Poseidon to help them, and so Danaë and her son come to the island Seriphos. There they are found by Diktys, who lets them live with him.
A long time after that, the grown up Perseus takes part in some funeral games. During the games Perseus throws a discus, which accidentally hits Akrisios. Akrisios is killed by it: he was killed by his grandchild, like the oracle's prophecy said.

Andromeda
Andromeda is a person in Greek mythology. She was the daughter of King Kepheus and his wife Kassiopeia.
She is the wife of Perseus. With him her children are the sons Perses, Alkaios, Sthenelos, Elektryon, and the daughter Gorgophone. Andromeda is also the great-grandmother of Herakles.
Once Andromeda's mother Kassiopeia said she was more beautiful than the Nereids. This angered the sea gods, and the god Poseidon sent floods and the sea monster Keto to them as punishment. An oracle told them that they had to sacrifice Andromeda to the sea monster, and because of that Andromeda was chained to a rock at the shore. But Perseus came to the place after he had killed Medusa. Perseus killed the sea monster, saved Andromeda and married her.

Centaur
A Centaur is a creature in Greek mythology. It has the upper body of a human, but below the waist it has the body of a horse.
Famous centaurs are Cheiron and Nessos.

Bruntál
Bruntál is a small city in the Czech Republic. 20,000 people live there.
Bruntál is in the Hrubý Jeseník mountains (part Nízký Jeseník).
Bruntál was probably built in 1223. Its name is in the Unicov Charter published by Přemysl Otakar I. Bruntal is the oldest Czech city with Magdeburg Rights, meaning a city that can have its own wall and judges. Přemysl Otakar I gave it these rights because of the gold, silver and other minerals from there.
Attractions.
In Bruntál there are many places that tourists visit – for example, the Castle of Bruntál, the Decanal church of the Virgin Mary, Gabriel's house, Mildner's villa, Klippel's column.
Famous people from Bruntal.
- Walter Gotschke
People who wrote about Bruntal were Erwin Weiser, Bruno Hans Wittek, Josef Lowag, Kurt Langer.
Schools.
In the Brutal there are 5 primary schools and 6 intermediate schools. Since 2003, there are 2 universities.
Culture.
In Bruntál there is one cinema, one theater, and one cultural building.

Concerto
A concerto is a piece of music made for a solo instrument and an orchestra. When an orchestra plays at a concert they might play a symphony (a piece for orchestra) and they might play a concerto (with a soloist). If the solo instrument is a violin the piece is called a “violin concerto”, if it is a piano it is called a “piano concerto”, etc. The orchestra accompanies the soloist. This means that it is the soloist who decides how fast or slow to play. The conductor should listen to the way the soloist wants to play and make the orchestra accompany sensitively.
The word “concerto” is an Italian word (the second “c” is pronounced like an English “ch”). It means “agreeing” or “playing together”. The English plural is “concertos”.
The concerto became popular during the 17th century in Italy. Some concertos had several soloists instead of just one. This kind of concerto was called a concerto grosso.
The concerto in the Baroque period.
The solo concerto became popular with composers like Antonio Vivaldi (1678-1741) who wrote over 400 concertos for various instruments. His most famous concertos are a group of four known as "The Four Seasons". These are violin concertos, and each concerto deals in turn with one of the seasons: spring, summer, autumn and winter. Many other Baroque composers wrote concertos: Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) wrote several concertos for violin although only two have survived, the others have been lost. He also wrote solo concertos for the harpsichord. George Frideric Handel (1685-1759) wrote concertos for the organ. Organs in England were very small in those days and balanced well with an orchestra. Handel sometimes put pauses in his concertos where the soloist could improvise (make up) some music. These improvised bits became known as “cadenzas”. Concertos ever since have cadenzas where the soloist can show how brilliant they are at playing and at improvising. Some composers wrote their own cadenzas.
The concerto in the Classical period.
In the Classical period Joseph Haydn (1732-1809) wrote a few concertos including two for the cello, but he is better known for his symphonies. It was Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791) who wrote many wonderful piano concertos. This was at a time when the piano was a new instrument. Mozart was a brilliant pianist and he wrote most of them for himself to perform. He also wrote five violin concertos, four horn concertos, two flute concertos and a clarinet concerto. He also wrote concertos for more than one soloist e.g. a flute and harp concerto and a violin and viola concerto which he called "Sinfonia Concertante". By this time concertos always had three movements: a fast one (usually in sonata form), a slow one, and a fast movement (often a rondo) to finish with.
Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827) became famous as a pianist before he was known as a composer. He wrote five piano concertos. The last one, known in English-speaking countries as the "Emperor Concerto", is a very big, powerful work which looks forward to the music of the Romantic period. Beethoven wrote a beautiful violin concerto. At the time everyone thought it was too hard for the soloist to play, but as composers wrote harder and harder music the players had to become better and better. Nowadays every professional violinist should be able to play it. Beethoven also wrote a "Triple Concerto" for piano, violin, cello and orchestra.
The concerto in the Romantic period.
The 19th century is known as the age of Romanticism. People adored creative men like artists, musicians and writers (the time for women to be equal had not yet come). They were seen as heroes. The concerto fitted in very well with this way of thinking. The soloist was a great hero, and the concerto enabled him to show off his great technique. The violinist and composer Niccolò Paganini (1782-1840) was one of these great heroes. He played the violin like no one else had ever done, and because he was a thin, skinny man with a pale face and long hair people thought he looked like the devil. He wrote violin concertos which at the time only he could play.
Romantic and modern concertos.
Some of the most famous violin concertos of the 19th and 20th centuries include those by Felix Mendelssohn, Max Bruch (no 1), Johannes Brahms, Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, Edward Elgar, Dmitri Shostakovich (no 1), Béla Bartók, Alban Berg, Igor Stravinsky and Sir William Walton.
Famous piano concertos after Beethoven’s time include those by Frederic Chopin (2), Robert Schumann, Johannes Brahms (2), Pjotr I. Tchaikovsky (3), Edvard Grieg, Sergei Rachmaninoff (4), Béla Bartók (3), Sergei Prokofiev (5) and Igor Stravinsky.
Famous cello concertos include those by Antonín Dvořák, Edouard Lalo, Edward Elgar and Dmitri Shostakovich. Tchaikovsky wrote a piece for cello and orchestra called "Rococo Variations" and Benjamin Britten wrote a piece for cello and orchestra which he called a “Cello Symphony” because the cello and orchestra are equal in importance. Brahms wrote a "Double Concerto" for violin and cello with orchestra.
There are viola concertos by Paul Hindemith and William Walton, and Hector Berlioz wrote "Harold in Italy" which is like a viola concerto.
Famous concertos for woodwind instruments include two for clarinet by Carl Maria von Weber, clarinet and flute concertos by Carl Nielsen, a clarinet concerto by Aaron Copland, an oboe concerto by Ralph Vaughan Williams.
Richard Strauss wrote two concertos for the French horn. Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov wrote a trombone concerto and Ralph Vaughan Williams wrote a tuba concerto.
Modern composers have written percussion concertos. These are usually pieces for one percussion player playing lots of different percussion instruments, and an orchestra accompanying. James MacMillan wrote a piece for percussion and orchestra called "Veni, Veni Emmanuel".
Joaquin Rodrigo wrote several works for guitar and orchestra including "Concierto de Aranjuez".
Béla Bartók wrote a piece called "Concerto for Orchestra". He gave it this title because, although it is a piece for orchestra (like a symphony), there are lots of solos for the different instruments. Other composer, such as Alan Hovhaness, have also written concertos for orchestra.
Sir Peter Maxwell Davies has written ten concertos, each for a different solo instrument. They are known as the "Strathclyde Concertos".

Concerto grosso
The Concerto Grosso is a piece of music from the 18th century in which there is a small group of instruments and a large group of instruments. These two groups are contrasted with one another, sometimes playing together, sometimes playing by themselves or echoing one another. The small group is called “concertino” and the large group is called "tutti", “ripieno” or “concerto grosso”. “Concerto grosso” is Italian for “big concerto”. The plural is “concerti grossi”. Notice that the second “c” in “concerto” is pronounced like an English “ch”.
The man who made the concerto grosso very popular was an Italian composer called Arcangelo Corelli (1653-1713). The small group of soloists in his concerti grossi were usually two violins and one cello. George Frideric Handel (1685-1759) also used that combination for his concerti grossi.
Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) wrote a set of six concertos which are known as the "Brandenburg Concertos". Each of the Brandenburg Concertos is for a different combination of instruments. Most of them are concerti grossi. The second one, for example, has a concertino group of four instruments: trumpet, violin, recorder and oboe.
After the Baroque period, composers stopped writing concerti grossi. They were only interested in the solo concerto. In the 20th century, a few composers such as Igor Stravinsky (1882-1971) and Bela Bartok (1881-1945) wrote examples of music which are like concerti grossi.

Hyundai Grandeur
The Hyundai Grandeur was first sold in 1986. In North America the car was called Hyundai XG (third generation) and Hyundai Azera (fourth generation).
First generation (1986–1992).
The first Grandeur of 1986 was a Mitsubishi Debonair that was produced under license by Hyundai.
Second generation (1992–1998).
The New Grandeur was developed together with Mitsubishi (Mitsubishi Debonair). Mitsubishi provided the powertrain and Hyundai took care of the exterior and interior design. Production of the car began in September 1992 and ended in 1998.
Third generation (1998–2005).
The Grandeur XG, this time developed by Hyundai alone, used the same platform and engines as the Kia Amanti. In North America and Europe, it was called the Hyundai XG. Originally powered by a 3.0 L 6-cylinder engine, the XG300 was renamed to XG350 in 2002, to reflect the increase in engine size to 3.5 litres of displacement.
Fourth generation (2006–present).
Sold as the Hyundai Azera in North America, the Grandeur TG is a full-size sedan introduced for the 2006 model year. It shares many of its components with the mid-size Sonata.
Being a step up from the Sonata, the Azera is the most luxurious model sold by Hyundai outside of Korea. Pricing for the base model starts at starts at US$24,995. The 2006 Hyundai Azera comes well-equipped with a 3.8 L 6-cylinder engine, automatic gearbox, cruise control, automatic air-conditioning, power front seats, anti-lock brakes (ABS), electronic brake-force distribution (EBD), electronic stability control (ESC), and several airbags. The better equipped Limited trim level adds 17-inch alloy wheels, heated front seats, leather seat-upholstery, and a power sunshade for the rear window, and costs US$27,495.
Awards.
The Hyundai Azera was named "Best New Family Car (over CAN$35,000)" in the 2006 Canadian Car of the Year awards.

Ape
Ape is a term that most commonly refers to nonhuman hominoids, though biologists use the word to include humans.
An ape can also be an animal.

Hattingen
Hattingen an der Ruhr is a city about 60.000 people in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia in Germany. It belongs to the Ruhr area. It lies south of Bochum and Essen. Very famous is its "Altstadt".

Shart
Shart is the name of several Bollywood and Tollywood movies.

Accompaniment (music)
An accompaniment in music is music that accompanies (goes with) something else.
A piece of music may have a melody (tune) and an accompaniment underneath. The music may be played on the piano with the right hand playing the tune and the left hand playing the accompaniment. The accompaniment might also be played on a different instrument.
Music does not have to be a tune with accompaniment, although it often is. The accompaniment does not always have to be lower than the tune. To play the piano, the pianist has to learn to play a tune in the right hand and accompaniment in the left hand, or the tune might be passed from one hand to the other. The tune should usually be played a little louder than the accompaniment. The accompaniment must not ‘drown’ the tune.
An accompaniment might be single notes, or chords, or any other pattern. The accompaniment help us to feel the harmony. An accompaniment might be another tune (this is called counterpoint). Tunes can be played or sung without accompaniment. Folk songs are traditionally sung unaccompanied.
If one instrument accompanies another, the person who plays the accompaniment is an accompanist. The piano is the most popular instrument for accompanying in Western music. A good pianist can accompany a violin, cello, oboe, trumpet, singer or choir. They have to listen carefully to the instrument(s) they are accompanying, and play with the same kind of feeling.
When a soloist plays a concerto the orchestra are accompanying the soloist. An organist playing a hymn is accompanying the congregation. A percussion player in a rock band is accompanying the lead instrument.
Guitars and electric keyboards are often used for accompaniment. In Elizabethan times the lute was popular. People sang songs and often accompanied themselves on the lute or harp. In the Baroque period the accompaniment was often played by the basso continuo (harpsichord or organ with cello or bassoon on the bass line).
The pianist Gerald Moore was a famous accompanist. When he started his career in the 1920s people did not think that the accompanist was very important. Sometimes their name would not even be printed in the programme. A singer would expect the audience to start to clap as soon as they had sung their last note, even if the piano had several more bars to play. This might not matter too much with some music, but in songs by Schubert, Wolf and other composers of Lieder the piano parts are very important. Gerald Moore made people realize how important the accompanist is. A good performance can be ruined by a bad accompaniment.

Basso continuo
Basso continuo is a form of musical accompaniment used in the Baroque period.
Basso continuo, sometimes just called “continuo”, was played by a keyboard instrument and another bass instrument such as cello, violone (an old form of double bass) or bassoon. The keyboard instrument was normally a harpsichord or, if it was being played in a church, an organ.
It was not usual to write out all the notes for the keyboard player. The composer normally just wrote the bottom line which would be played by the bottom part of the left hand, and by the cello or whatever the instrument being used. The composer would indicate what the harmony should be (which chords should be played) by writing figures underneath the music. This is why it is called figured bass or sometimes thoroughbass. The continuo player will “realize” the figured bass i.e. he will improvise the chords which are shown. In modern editions of old music the figured bass part has normally been realized (written out) by the editor.
Reading music from a figured bass was a skill that all keyboard and piano players were expected to have. They needed to have a good understanding of music theory, especially of harmony. They would often improvise ornamental bits on top, but this had to be done musically and sensitively.
Basso continuo would accompany solo instruments and singers as well as instrumental groups.

Tropical
Tropical is a word that means "near the equator". Near the equator it is hot, wet, and many plants grow so hot places are sometimes called tropical even if they are not inside the tropics. There are places in the tropics that aren't hot. Places that are high up can be cold. There are even some places in the tropics where snow can be found such as Mauna Kea, which is a very big volcano in Hawaii, Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, Central Africa, and the Andes mountains which is a mountain rage in Chile and Argentina which are two countries in South America. Tropical people have different names for seasons, even though the seasons are the same in the [tropics] as in other places. Tropical people call the seasons dry and wet seasons.
Tropical animal articles.
Tropical plants and animals are native to the tropics. The tropics is home to many animals, including: (this is a small list)

Diwali
Diwali, also called Deepavali or Dipavali, is one of the major festivals of Hindus. It is called "the festival of lights". During this festival, people light up their houses and shops. Public buildings and streets are also brightly lit up. During this festival, people worship Ganesha, the elephant-headed representation of God and Lakshmi, goddess of light, wisdom and fortune.The whole idea is to celebrate and be happy.
This festival is celebrated in the Hindu month of Kartik which falls sometime during the months of October-November. It is celebrated to mark the return of Lord Rama from 14 years of exile and his victory over the dämon Ravana. In many parts of India Diwali is celebrated for five consecutive days and is one of the most popular and eagerly awaited festivals in India. Diwali comes exactly twenty days after Dussehra. Hindus, and Sikhs alike regard it as a celebration of life and use the occasion to strengthen family and social relationships. For Hindus it is one of the most important festivals, and in some parts of India it marks the beginning of the new year. It is also a significant festival for the Sikh community. It is celebrated by letting of firecrackers by children to really light up the whole of India. It is celebrated not only in India but also abroad. The Hindu's worship the god Ganesh during the Festival of Lights (Diwali). Hindu's celebrate the Festival by lighting up candles and letting fire crackers off.
Fire Crackers, which used large bits of sulphur and paper, threw out sulphur dioxide and charcoal into the air. Considering these facts, bursting of crackers is prohibited in silent zones i.e. near hospitals, schools and courts.

Arthashastra
Arthashastra is an ancient book of India. Kautilya (also known as Chanakya) wrote this book. Kautilya was a minister of Chandragupta Mauraya (321 BC – 297 BC), an emperor of Ancient India. After many revisions and additions, the book took its present form about 1800 years before, in the 2nd century.

Hanuman
Hanuman is one of the most popular gods of Hindus. He is also known by other names like Hanumat. His mother’s name was Anjana. Based on her mother’s name, Hanuman is sometimes called as "Anjaneya", that is, one born of Anjana. His father’s name was Vayu. According to Hindu mythology, Vayu is the god of winds. Hanuma’s image shows him as a strong man with the face of a monkey. He also has a tail.
Hanuman was awarded boon of Immortality by Mother Sita (Wife of Lord rama) and is still alive
Hanuman is a very powerful and strong god. He finds an important place in the Ramayana. He was a devotee of Rama, a form (avatar) of Vishnu, a god of Hindus.

Indra
Indra is the most important among the Indo-Aryan gods. In the Vedas, many verses (hymns) are there in his praise. The Rigveda praises him as a very strong God. Many Hindu scriptures tell about Indra, his character and his deeds.
Indra resides in a mythical city located above in the sky. The city’s name is Amravati. He lives there with his wife named Indrani, and several other smaller gods. There are many apsaras in amravati.
Indra was a very important God during the Vedic period. Later his importance became less. Gods like Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva became more important in Hinduism.
Indra in current form of mythology is similar to that of Zeus in Greek mythology. Though his importance has come down, he is still considered to be king of Gods. His status is below that of Brahma, Vishnu and Siva. Thus, he is considered to be king of lesser Gods.
Again, his weapon is Vajra which is represented by Thunderbolt! His means, at times, treacherous and he is shown as, at times, jealous and vengeful. Further, he is made to suffer his own bad deeds.

Badrinath
Badrinatha is an important pilgrimage place for the Hindus. The place is in Uttarakhand state of India, and is located at a high altitude in the Himalayas. The Hindu scriptures say that the place is sacred to Vishnu, one of the gods of Hindus.
Badrinath gets its name from a tree's name. The name of that tree is "badri-tree". The botanical name of a badri-tree is "Zizyphus jujba Lam".

Kanchipuram
Kanchipuram is one of the seven most holy cities of Hindus. It is located around sixty kilometers southwest of Chennai, Tamilnadu state, India. Kanchipuram was an important religious and cultural place of Ancient India. The city continues to be an important religious place.
For a long time from the 6th century till the 8th century, the city was capital city of the Pallava dynasty.
There are many temples in the city.
There is a Math(Religious centre) of Shankaracharya in this city.

History of Japan
The history is Japan in written form is available form the 1st century. But, archeologists have found proof of people living in Japan for last several thousand years from the time when the last Ice Age had ended.
Prehistory.
The first period of Japan's history is its prehistory period, that is, before the written history of Japan. Archeologists have found pottery of that time. Japan’s Paleolithic era covers a period from around 100,000 BC to around 12,000 BC. This is a very long period of time. Archeologists have found some polished tools made of stones. Some of them are kept in Tokyo's National Museum. These tools are more than 32,000 years old.
Jomon Period.
The Jomon period lasted for about 10,000 years, from 10,000 BC to around 300 BC. This was the Mesolithic era for Japan. Some scholars say that during this period, Neolithic culture also developed in Japan.
Some scholars believe that the Jomon people were the first people in the world to create pottery. But other scholars do not think so. Archeologists have found several pieces of pottery of that time. Some are clay figures and some are vessels and potteries of different shapes.
Yayoi Period.
The Yayoi period covered about 550 years, from around 300 BC till around 250. The period had got its name from a location in Tokyo. By that time, Japanese people had learnt the cultivation of rice. Different clans controlled different areas and they also fought among themselves. Some Chinese texts tell about this time. These texts describe Japan as the Yamatai country. Yamatai came into being when about 30 smaller parts of Japan of that time united under a queen named Himiko.
Ancient and Classical Japan.
The Ancient and Classical period covers about 900 years, beginning from the mid-3rd century till the end of the 12th century. The History of Japan of this period may further be divided into several smaller periods. These are described below.
Yamato period.
In the history of Japan, the period from the mid-3rd century till around 710 is known as the Yamato period. This period has two parts. The first is the Kofun period (mid-3rd century – mid-6th century). Buddhism had not reached Japan by this time. The second period is called the Asuka period (mid-6th century till around 710). By this time Buddhism had reached Japan.
This period saw many important changes like introduction of the Chinese writing system to Japan. The relationship with Korea and China also brought social changes.
Nara Period.
During this period, from the year 707, steps were taken to shift the capital to a place near present-day Nara. This was completed in 710. A new city was built. The city was built to look like the Chinese capital city of that time. At that time, the Tang Dynasty was ruling China, and the capital was at Chang'an (now Xi'an).
During the Nara period, development was slow. The Emperor’s family members were always fighting and quarrelling for power with the Buddhists and other groups. At that time, Japan had friendly relations with Korea and China’s Tang Dynasty. The capital was shifted twice. In 784, the capital was moved to Nagaoka and in 794 to Kyoto. At that time, Kyoto was known as Heian-kyo.
Heian Period.
The years from 794 to 1185 are known as the Heian Period. The power of the Japanese imperial court (that is, the king, his ministers and other important persons) rose. This period is also famous for its art, poetry and literature. The language used in this period was called Late Old Japanese. The writing systems known as Kana emerged at this time. Japanese culture also became different from other parts of Asia.
By the end of this period (that is, by the end of the 12th century), a number of groups came into being. These groups were highly armed and they fought among themselves. The situation was like a civil war, that is, war among different sections of society. Finally, groups of people called Samurai led society under the political rule of a Shogun.
Feudal Japan.
Period from around the 12th century through the 19th century is called feudal period in the history of Japan. The Japanese emperor’s had only a limited power. He was just a nominal head of the government. Many powerful families (called daimyo and military groups called shogun) ruled Japan during this period. The feudal period of Japan is generally sub-divided into different periods named after the shogun, which ruled during that period.
Kamakura Period.
In the history of Japan, the years 1185 to 1333 are known as the Kamakura Period. The period is named after the government of Kamakura Shogunate. In this period, Mongols tried to invade Japan between the years 1272 and 1281. Japanese were successful at driving away the Mongols. But, this badly affected Japan. Shogunate also became weak and its rule ended in 1333. For a short time, Go Daigo became the emperor of Japan.
Muromachi Period.
Muromachi Period began in 1336 and ended in 1573. Emperor Go-Daigo lost his throne. The government of the Ashikaga shogunate took control of most parts of Japan. This period ended in 1573. In that year the 15th and the last shogun named Ashikaga Yoshiaki was forced to go out of the capital. At that time capital was in Kyōto.
During this period, in 1542, a Portuguese ship reached Japan. Japanese learnt about the guns and firearms from them. In the next few years, merchants from many countries reached Japan. Main countries were Portugal, the Netherlands, England, and Spain. Some Christian missionaries also reached Japan.
Azuchi-Momoyama Period.
Azuchi-Momoyama period covers the years from 1568 to 1600. During these years, different parts of Japan became again united. Its military power grew. In 1592, Japan wanted to conquer China. At that time China was ruled by the Ming dynasty. At that time Toyotomi Hideyoshi was one of the main leaders of Japan. He sent an army of 160,000 troops to Korea. But, the Japanese could not win and returned to Japan. In 1597, Japan again sent an army to Korea. In 1598 Toyotomi Hideyoshi died. After his death, the Japanese dropped the idea of conquering Korea and China.
During this period, Japanese brought many Koreans to Japan. These Koreans were very good at making pottery and at other arts. Some of them were very learned persons. Japan gained new information and knowledge from these Koreans.
Edo Period.
During the Edo period, Japan had many small rulers. There were about 200 of them. They were called daimyo. Out of them, the Tokugawa clan was most powerful. They ruled from a place named Edo. This place was around the present day’s Tokyo. For fifteen generations they were the most powerful clan in Japan.
In 1868, a war named the Boshin War took place. With this war, the government of the Shogunate ended. Japan again came under the rule of an emperor.
Seclusion.
Beginning from the early 17th century, the rulers of Japan started to follow a policy of seclusion, known as sakoku in Japanese language. They suspected that traders, merchants and missionaries wanted to bring Japan under the control of European powers. These rulers (known as shogunate started a policy of seclusion. Except the Dutch and the Chinese, all foreigners, traders and merchants from other countries, missionaries faced restrictions. They also ordered some foreigners to go out of Japan.
Still even during the period of seclusion, Japanese continued to gain information and knowledge about other parts of the world.
End of seclusion.
This policy of seclusion lasted for about 200 years. At last it was ended under force. On July 8th 1853, Commodore Matthew Perry of the U.S. Navy reached Edo, old Tokyo with four warships. The ships were heavily armed and their guns pointed towards the city. After shown such a power, Japan was asked to agree to trade with other countries. Later on, Japanese called these ships the "kurofune", the Black Ships.
Next year, on 31st March 1854, Perry came with seven ships, and Japanese signed a treaty (known as the Convention of Kanagawa) established diplomatic relationship with the USA. Another treaty (known as the Harris Treaty) was signed with the USA on 29th July 1858. This gave more facilities to foreigners coming to Japan and doing business with Japan. Though Japan started relationship with the USA and several other countries, many Japanese were not happy with this style of forcing Japan to do such things.
Meiji Restoration.
Meiji Restoration is an important period of history of Japan. At that time, Emperor Meiji was ruling Japan. During this period, power of Japan’s emperor (named Meiji) was restored, that is, he gained back his full power. Therefore, the period is called Meiji Restoration. During this period, beginning after the Boshin War of 1868, many changes happened in Japan. The feudal system was ended. Japan copied many systems of the western countries. Changes occurred in Japan’s legal system and the government. By the end of the 19th century, Emperor Meiji’s Japan had become a powerful country.
Wars with China and Russia.
At the end of the 19th century, a number of learned Japanese supported a particular theory. According to this theory, Japan had to make itself bigger in size to face foreign powers. Thus Japan tried to expand its areas. It wanted parts of nearby countries to make its borders safe. This resulted in wars with its neighboring counties. In 1894-1895, Japan and China had a war. After about ten years, in 1904-1905, another war took place with Russia. Japan became a strong power after these wars. But, Russian influence continued to grow inside China.
Anglo-Japanese Alliance.
By the end of the 19th century and beginning of the 20th century, the Russian influence was increasing in China. Japan and the Great Britain used to get economic and other benefits from their relationship with China. Therefore, Japan as well as the Great Britain did not like Russia’s growing influence in China. Both countries discussed the matter. Finally, they signed a treaty on 30th January 1902. They agreed that in the event of any attack or war on any of them, they would fight together. This is known as the Anglo-Japanese Alliance. Russia was not happy at this type of agreement. He also tried to sign similar treaty with Germany and France. On 6th March 1902, Russia could sign a similar treaty with France. But, Germany did not join them.
Soon after this, Japan and Russia were at war and fighting with each other. By 1905, Japanese had won several rounds of victories over Tsarist Russia. At that time the Czar ruled Russia, and hence it was called Tsarist Russia. But, the Japanese victory was not final. The USA came to meditate under the US President Teddy Roosevelt. Japan got a number of concessions. In 1910, Japan completely took over Korea and made that a part of Japan.
World War I to End of World War II.
In 1914, the First World War broke out. Japan also entered the war. It attacked several places (of East Asia), which were colonies of Germany. After the war ended in 1919, Japan developed very fast. It became one of the major powers of Asia.
World War II.
Before the beginning of the Second World War, Japan was fighting with China. This is called Second Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945). When the Second World War broke out in 1939, Japan went to the side of Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy. Japanese planes attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. The fighting continued for years. When the USA dropped the first atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan accepted defeat and surrendered in 1945.
Occupied Japan.
After the end of the Second World War, Japan came under international control. Japan became an important friend of the USA when it entered into the Cold war with Korea. Over next few years, many political, economic and social changes took place. Japanese Diet (legislature) came into being. In 1951, USA and 45 other countries signed an agreement with Japan, and Japan again became an independent nation with full power (a country with full sovereignty) on 28th April 1952.
Post-Occupation Japan.
Post-Occupation Japan means Japan after its occupation and control by a group of nations had ended. This is the period after the Second World War. The Second World War had damaged Japan very badly. It has almost lost its industry and economy was in a very bad shape. After the war, Japan received assistance and technology from the USA and several other countries of Europe. The progress was very rapid. For about 30 years, from around the 1950s to the 1980s, Japan grew very fast. It became one of the major economic powers of the world.
When the UN forces were fighting in Korea during the Korean War, Japan was one of the major suppliers. This also helped Japan’s economy. By 1980s, Japan had become the world’s second largest economy, after the USA. At first, there was very close relationship between Japan and the USA. But, Japan’s economic might resulted into trade deficit for the USA. A trade deficit results when imports are more than exports. Thus, USA was importing more than it exported to Japan.
For various reasons, this phase of rapid development ended in the 1990s. Some historians have described this decade as the lost decade of Japanese economy. About 5 to 10 persons in 100 persons could not find any work.
Political life.
By 1952, Japan had become free from most of the controls of occupation period. It got its own democratic system. Various political parties came into being and Japan’s political life became active.
Modern Life (Heisei Era).
Historians and sociologists call the recent life of Japan as modern life. In Japanese language, this period is called Heisei. By 1989, Japan’s economy had become a very big economy. All round development had taken place. Japan’s military growth again started. In the Gulf war of 1991, Japan gave billions of dollars.
Japan also faced some problems. In 1995, a big earthquake took place in Kobe. Another earthquake took place on 23rd October 2004 in Niigata Prefecture.

Tropical rainforest
Tropical rainforests are rainforests with tropical animals and plants. They are found in a band around the equator and cover 6% of the Earth's surface. They are warm for most of the year but have a lot of rainfall. They also have a very big number of different plants and animals.
There are special people who live in rainforests. They live off the plants and animals.
The tropical rainforest is a biome. The biggest tropical rainforest is in Brazil.

History of Saudi Arabia
History of Saudi Arabia covers many thousand years with lots of people from different cultures living there. There was a culture called the Dilmun culture among them, which was very old and existed along the Persian Gulf. It was as old as the ancient civilizations of Sumerians and the Egyptians. Saudi Arabia had trading relations with many parts of the ancient world. But, the hot and harsh climate had made large settlements difficult. Some big settlements had always existed around oases. these are places in the deserts where growth and water are available.
Saudi Arabia became an important center, as Islam rose in the 620s. The cities of Medina and Mecca became the holiest places of Islam. They also became the two most holiest cities for the Muslims of the whole world. The rulers and kings of Saudi Arabia also got more power.
Background.
The beginning of the modern history of Saudi Arabia was when an Islamic reformer named Muhammad ibn Abd al Wahhab and a local ruler named Muhammad bin Saud founded the Saudi statein the year 1744. It was founded in the central part of the Arabia. Over the next Century and a half, the Saud family saw bad and good times. The family also faced opposition from rulers of Egypt and the Ottoman Empire. The family also faced opposition from other powerful families of Arabia
Finally after many decades,The modern state of Saudi Arabia could be established by King Abdul Aziz Al-Saud (also known as Abdul Aziz Ibn Saud). In 1902, he took over the city of Riyadh from another family, named Al-Rashid. He continued to win more areas, and on 8 January 1926, he became the King of Hijaz. On 29 January 1927, he took the title of King of Nejd. On 20th May 1927, the government of the United Kingdom accepted him as the King of the areas ruled by him. His kingdom now became a sovereignty. All the regions under his control were united to form the state of Saudi Arabia by the year 1932. Petroleum oil was found in Saudia Arabia on 3 March 1938, which made the country rich as export of oil started to bring a lot of money.
Boundaries.
Saudi Arabia discussed from the beginning of the 1920s with its neighboring countries about fixing of definite boundaries. It finalized its boundaries with Iraq, Jordan, and Kuwait. On borders with Iraq and Kuwait, two neutral zones were created – one with Iraq, and the other one with Kuwait. In 1934, borders with Yemen were almost finalized.
In 1965, Saudi Arabia gave some of its areas to Jordan, and Jordan gave some of its areas to Saudi Area. In 1971, the neutral zone between Saudi Arabia and Kuwait was partitioned between these two countries. Likewise, Saudi Arabia and Iraq decided in 1981 to partition the neutral zone between them. The zone was partitioned between the two countries in 1983.
Still, Saudi Arabia's borders with the United Arab Emirates and Oman are not final. The border with Qatar was finalized in 2001.
Politics.
King Abdul Aziz Al-Saud died in 1953. His son named Saud became the king. He reigned for 11 years. In 1964, he was forced to step down, and his half-brother, Faisal, became the king. Faisal had the support of the senior members of the royal family and the religious leaders. Faisal also held the post of the Prime Minister. This tradition of being both the King and the Prime Minister still continues in Saudi Arabia. All Kings after Faisal had followed this practice.
In 1975, King Faisal was assassinated by one of his nephews. The nephew was found guilty, and he was sentenced to death. King Faisal's half-brother Khalid became the King and the Prime Minister of Saudi Arabia. During the reign of King Khalid, Saudi Arabia's importance in regional politics increased. The economic growth of the country also continued at a good rate.
King Fahd's period.
King Khalid died in 1982. After his death, Fahd became the King. At the same time, he also became the Prime Minister of Saudi Arabia. His half-brother Prince Abdullah became the Crown Prince.
The income of Saudi Arabia became less during the period of King Fahd's reign. This was a result of lower price of petroleum oil. King Fahd's government used an economic policy which helped the country to survive with a lower income.
King Fahd helped Iraq during the Iran-Iraq war. Iraq's economy had become very bad on account of this war. The King also discussed with these two countries to stop war. Both countries (Iran and Iraq) stopped the war in August 1988. The King also helped in making Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) a stronger organization. The GCC is an organization of six countries of the Persian Gulf. The purpose of the organization is to increase development and cooperation among the member countries.
Gulf War.
In 1990, Saddam Hussain was ruling Iraq. The Gulf War of 1991 was when he invaded Kuwait. Many people thought that his army would also invade Saudi Arabia. King Fahd allowed some Western countries and USA to send their forces to the country. Many Muslims were against that their most holy land was used by non-Muslim soldiers.
During and after the Gulf War, King Fahd’s role was very important. During the war, he allowed the entry of the royal family of Kuwait inside Saudi Arabia and followed by 400,000 other persons from Kuwait to stay on a temporary basis. The King allowed the troops of countries like USA to mount attacks on Kuwait to liberate it. He also helped in arranging support of other Muslim countries for liberation of Kuwait. Iraqi forces were eventually ousted from Kuwait.
Terrorism.
Presence of troops from the Western countries has angered many Muslims. One of them was the wealthy man Osama bin Laden. He was forced to leave Saudi Arabia when he disagreed and opposed the King of Saudi Arabia. Other than Osma bin laden and his groups, there were several other persons and groups who did not like the presence of Western troops inside Saudi Arabia.
September 11, 2001 attacks in New York had resulted into many deaths and big destruction. After enquiry, it came to light that out of 19 suspected persons for these attacks, 15 were from Saudi Arabia.
Such things attracted the attention of the government of Saudi Arabia. The government started a policy to check such activities. Even then, terrorist activities of such persons and groups continued.

Linga
A linga or a lingam is a very complex symbol of Hinduism. It is associated with Shiva, one of the three main gods of the Hindus. A linga looks like a phallus. The Hindu scriptures say that a linga represents energy and strength. In almost all the temples of Shiva, Shiva is shown in the form of a linga.
Beside above places, in almost all the towns and villages of India, Shiva’s temples are found. In all such temples, lingas are worshipped.

United States National Guard
The US National Guard is a branch or organization of the United States Army and the United States Air Force. The US Army and US Air Force are both branches of the US military. The National Guard is a militia for the United States, in other words, an emergency army meant to protect the United States. There are two pats of the Narional Guard, The Air National Guard, and The Army National Guard. The Air National Guard is part of the United States Air Force and the Army National Guard is part of the United States Army. The Army National Guard and the Air National Guard together are called, simply, the United Sttes National Guard. Separately, the two National Guard groups are ientified by the kinds of jobs they do. For example, the Air National Guard's does mainly airborne jobs while the Army National Guard does the jobs on the ground.

Bishop's Stortford
Bishop's Stortford is a town in Hertfordshire in south-east England, with about 35,000 people living there.
History.
People have lived in the area for hundreds of thousands of years but it became a permanent town by the time of the Saxons.
The Domesday Book says there were 120 people living there in the 1100s. The Normans built a small castle there but it was unused and broken by the time of the Tudors.
The town grew as an important centre for transport. After 1769, ships were able to use the river. It was a stagecoach stop for travel on the road between London and Cambridge. In 1842 the town got a railway station.
In 1901 there were 7,000 people living there, and by 1951 it was 13,000.
The town is popular for travellers to London because of the M11 motorway (an important road) and good train services to London. Stansted Airport has also caused development.

Raven
A raven is a big, black bird. It is similar to a crow but is a little different. The raven's feathers are all black, but a crow has feathers that are white at the bottom. These cannot be seen from a distance.
The most famous raven is in the Edgar Allen Poe story called "The Raven".

Malnutrition
Malnutrition is when a person does not get the nutrition they have to have to survive. It is considered a more scientific and official term than "starvation," which has negative associations.
Malnutrition is not, however, simply not eating enough. You can be malnourished if you eat the wrong balance of foods - too much sugar or not enough vitamins.

Carolina Parakeet
The Carolina Parakeet is an extinct species of parrot.
It was the last parrot type to have lived before the European conquest in the eastern United States. It was found from the Ohio Valley to the Gulf of Mexico, and lived in old woods along rivers.
The last wild Carolina Parakete was killed in Okeechobee County in Florida in 1904, and the last bird kept by people died at the Cincinnati Zoo in 1918. This was the male bird called "Incas," who died within a year of his mate "Lady Jane." It was not until 1939, however, that it was agreed that all the Carolina parakeets had died.
At some date between 1937 and 1955, 3 parakeets looking like this sort of bird were seen and recorded on video-tape in the Okefenokee Swamp of Georgia. However, the American Ornithologists Union thought that they had probably recorded escaped pets. Additional sightings were recorded in Okeechobee County in Florida until the end of the 1920s.
Reasons for extinction.
The Carolina Parakeet died out for a number of reasons. To make space for more farms, large areas of forest were cut down, taking away its living space. The colorful feathers (green body, yellow head, and red around the bill) were in demand as decorations in ladies' hats, and the birds were kept as pets. Even though the birds were bred easily in captivity, little was done to make sure enough birds were bred to avoid their dying out. Finally, they were killed in large numbers because farmers thought they were pests.
Another reason that led to their extinction was that, unfortunately, they liked to return in large flocks to places where some of them had just been killed. This led to even more being shot by hunters as they gathered about the wounded and dead members of the flock.

Match Game
Match Game was a game show that ran from 1962-1999.
Contestant Competition.
First the challenging contestant would pick a question, A or B. Host Gene Rayburn would read it to the contestant. Then the contestant and the six celebrities would write their answer to the question on a piece of paper. Then after the contestant and the celebrities got done with their answer, Gene would ask for the contestant's answer. They would tell it to him. Then he would ask the celebrities for their answers. If the contestant's and a celebrity's answer are the same the contestant would get a point, and a green triangle would light up.
Then the defending contestant would take the remaining question. Then the process was the same as above, except red circles lit up.
Whoever had the most points at after two rounds of the above procedures would win $100 and go on to Super Big Money Matchup.
Audience match.
Before the game show, the audience would be surveyed. Their top 3 answers to the question (e.g. Road ___) would be worth (3rd most popular) $100, (2nd most popular) $250, and (most popular) $500. The contestant would pick 3 celebrities to give them answers they thought would be under the $500 slot. Then the contestant would choose one of those answers or make up their own. The answers were revealed one at a time.
Head-to-Head match.
If the contestant won the Audience match, they would get a chance to win 10 times that money. They had to match a celebrity's answer exactly to questions like ____ Bee.
Other versions.
The first Match Game had different rules from this one and was shown on the NBC network starting in 1962 and ending in 1969. Then, this Match Game was introduced on the CBS network in 1973, and is the most famous version of Match Game. It ended in 1982, but in 1983, it was combined with another game show, "Hollywood Squares", to form the "Match Game-Hollywood Squares Hour", which was on television for one year. Six years later, in 1990, it was brought back for the ABC network with a new host, Ross Shafer. This version ended in 1991, but in 1998 it returned with Michael Burger as host. This version was not very famous, however, and ended in 1999.

Fleet (ships)
A fleet is a large group of ships or boats. It is also sometimes used to mean a group of other vehicles, such as trucks or buses.

Melanesia
Melanesia is a region of islands in Oceania.
It stretches from the Western Side of the Eastern Pacific Ocean, to the Arafura Sea, northeast of Australia. Its name means "black islands".
Some of the islands to the west of New Guinea such as Halmahera, Alor, and Pantar can also be considered to be part of Melanesia, although people in this area do not make use of the term.

Diaphragm
The diaphragm is a muscle that is at the bottom of the ribcage of mammals.
What it does.
When breathing in, the diaphragm pulls down so that the size of the lungs increases.
When breathing out, the diaphragm rests and goes up making a dome shape, decreasing the size of the lungs and pushing air out.

Germ theory of disease
The Germ theory of disease is a theory in biology. It says that small organisms (called germs) are the cause of many diseases. Today's view of how disease happens is that those small organisms cause a reaction in the body of those affected by a disease. This reaction is what people call the disease.
Louis Pasteur showed that this theory was true. He made an experiment with fermentation. In one case, he made a broth that he isolated from the sourroundings, so no particles could pass to it from outside. The broth he thusly made did not change, and no fermentation took place.
The other case was a similar broth, but this time, it was connected to the environment. This time, fermentation took place. The thing that caused fermentation therefore needed to come from outside (the environment).
Another view of how diseases came to be was that they sponaneously generated. Scientists call that view abiogenesis, with the meaning of life being generated from non-living forms.

Labor Day
Labor Day is a US federal holiday on the first Monday of September. Almost all businesses take off on Labor Day.
They ahve a west indian day parade on ny ave in brooklyn.

Christian cross
The Christian cross is the main symbol of the Christian religion. These crosses are usually found on Christian churches.
Jesus, who Christians believe is God the Son and their messiah, was crucified (nailed to a large wooden cross). This was a commonly used method for killing people in Roman times.
Christians believe that Jesus' death made the sins of all humans who trust in him, go away, and that they are forgiven. They also believe that Jesus was resurrected (came back to life) after three days. Because of this, the cross is a symbol for Jesus' sacrifice and suffering, but also a symbol of hope, forgiveness of sins, and victory over death.
There are several different Christian crosses that are symbols for different Christian groups or persons.
A cross with the body of Jesus on it is called a Crucifix.
The empty cross is usually favoured by Protestants, and the symbol reminds them of the resurrection of Jesus, while the crucifix is favoured by Catholic and Orthodox churches and is a reminder of Christ's sacrifice

Martin Luther King, Jr. Day
Martin Luther King, Jr. Day is a US Federal Holiday. It is celebrating civil rights activist Martin Luther King, Jr.'s birthday. It is celebrated on the third Monday in January.

Presidents' Day
Presidents Day is what some people choose to call Washington's Birthday - a US Federal Holiday to celebrate the birth of George Washington. The holiday is held on the third Monday in February.

Memorial Day
Memorial Day is a national holiday in the United States. It is also a state holiday in many states. The holiday honors troops who have died in past wars like World War I. Memorial Day was first held in 1865 after the American Civil War. It was called Decoration Day at that time. The holiday was first called Memorial Day in 1882. It became a federal holiday in 1967. On June 28, 1968, the United States Congress made a law that said that Memorial Day was to be held on the last Monday in May. This law started in 1971. Before this, the holiday took place on May 30. Memorial Day is thought of by many Americans as being the start of Summer.
There are parades that honor our troops, also.

Columbus Day
Columbus Day is the US Federal Holiday celebrating the day Columbus landed on San Salvador.

Veterans Day
Veterans Day is the American holiday when people who had served in the military during war-time are honored. It is both a federal and a state holiday. The holiday is celebrated on the same day as Armistice Day or Remembrance Day in other countries. These holidays are all November 11. This is the day seen as the end of World War I. The first World War ended on November 11, 1918.
The holiday was first created as Armistice day in 1919 by President Woodrow Wilson. Thirty states made it a state holiday that year. It was made a holiday for the entire country in 1938. On June 1, 1954, the name was changed to Veterans Day.

Ralph Vaughan Williams
Ralph Vaughan Williams (b. Down Ampney, Gloucs., 12 Oct 1872; d. London, 26 Aug 1958) was the most important English composer of his generation.
Vaughan Williams always pronounced his first name “Rafe” - (“Vaughan” rhymes with “born”). His father was a rector. Ralph was very young when his father died. The family moved to Dorking near London. He went to Charterhouse School and played the viola in the school orchestra. He studied at the University of Cambridge and at the Royal College of Music where Hubert Parry was his teacher.
Early career.
Vaughan Williams wanted to be a good composer, so he went abroad to study with famous composers like Max Bruch in Berlin and Maurice Ravel in Paris. Yet he knew that he must not simply imitate these composers, so he also studied English folk song. He became good friends with the composer Gustav Holst. The two men always showed one another the music they were writing so that they could help one another by offering criticism.
In 1910 he wrote a work which became one of his best-known pieces of music: the "Fantasia on a theme of Thomas Tallis". The piece is for a string orchestra divided into two sections. It uses a theme by the famous 16th century composer Tallis. He also wrote hymn tunes for the English Hymnal. One of his most popular hymn tunes is the one called "Sine Nomine" sung to the words “For all the saints”. Another lovely work is "The Lark Ascending". This is a short work for solo violin and orchestra. The violin sounds like a skylark singing in the sky. In 1934 he wrote a short piece for flute, harp and string orchestra called "Fantasia on Greensleeves" which is based on the famous English Renaissance tune "Greensleeves".
Later works.
During his long life Vaughan Williams wrote nine symphonies, works for the stage, songs, choral music and chamber music. In 1938 he wrote a famous piece called "Serenade to Music" for 16 solo singers and orchestra. It was one of several works he wrote inspired by Shakespeare. The words were from the play "The Merchant of Venice". It was written for the 50th anniversary of Sir Henry Wood’s career as a conductor. In 1953 he wrote music for Queen Elizabeth II’s coronation, including a very short and simple motet "O taste and see" which has remained very popular with church choirs.
In his old age he became quite deaf. This was because of the noise of gunfire he had been exposed to when he was serving as a stretcher bearer in World War I.
His importance in English music.
Some of Vaughan Williams’s best works are those where he makes his music sound like folk song. He loved the poetry of Housman and used some of the poems in a song cycle called "On Wenlock Edge" for tenor, piano and string quartet. His music always sounds English. He was born in the 19th century which was a time when people thought English musicians were not very good. Vaughan Williams and Edward Elgar (who was a little older) made people realise that it was possible for an Englishman to write beautiful, moving music.
References.
The New Grove Dictionary of Music & Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie; 1980 ISBN 1-56159-174-2

Recycling
Recycling means turning the materials from trash into something new. Glass, paper, plastic, and metals such as aluminum and steel are all commonly recycled. Dead plants and some kitchen trash can be recycled through composting. It is important, however, not to confuse recycling with reusing, which is where old things, such as clothes, are donated or given a new use instead of being thrown out.
One reason that people give for recycling is that it reduces trash in dumps. However, too much trash is not a major problem in the United States, according to John Tierney of the New York Times. Another reason people recycle is to reduce the amount of raw materials and energy used in making things. Most of the time, it takes less energy to recycle trash than to throw it away, The Economist says.
Recycling can reduce your carbon footprint and it would help to minimise the size of rubbish tips around the world.

Transnistria
Transnistria, officially Pridnestrovskaia Moldavskaia Respublica, PMR (short form: Pridnestrovie) is an unrecognised country in Eastern Europe.
Although most other countries do not agree it is a country, the region declared its independence from Moldova on September 2, 1990. With the help of the Russian army, it defeated the Moldovan army in the War of Transnistria.
There has been peace since 1992, but the Council of Europe calls Transnistria a "frozen conflict" region.
There is argument about whether it is really a country or not. The region continues to say it is independent, and acts independently over its territory with the help of peacekeeping forces from four countries.
In a vote in September 17 2006, 97% voted to be free from Moldova. This vote has not been accepted by Moldova.

Mercalli intensity scale
The Mercalli intensity scale (or more precisely the Modified Mercalli intensity scale) is a scale to measure the intensity of earthquakes. Unlike with the Richter scale, people do not look at the energy of an earthquake directly. Rather, they classify earthquakes by the effects they have (and the destructionthey cause). When there is little damage, the scale describes how people felt the earthquake, or how many people felt it.
Very often, non-geolgoists use this scale, because it is easier for people to describe what damage an earthquake caused, than to do calculations to get a value on the Richter scale.
Values range from I - Instrumental to XII - Catastrophic.

Dili
Dili is the capital of the country East Timor. People from Portugal moved there around 1520. Now, Dili is home to about one hundred fifty thousand (150,000) people.

Holly
Holly is a type of bush with recognisable leaves. The leaves have sharp edges, and are often used to decorate a house on Christmas Day. Some types of holly are used to make tea.

Dysentery
Dysentery is a disease that involves severe diarrhea. It is caused by a bacterium, which causes the intestines to swell up a lot. The main symptom of dysentery is having blood in the excrement, and it is usually treated with antibiotics.

Class of the Titans
"Class of the Ttians" is an animated Television show from the Canadian animation company, Nelvana. In this series, the teenage descendants of mythical heroes try to stop the evil Cronus from destroying the world.

F.C. Barcelona
F.C. Barcelona, is a Catalan/Spanish football (soccer) club from Barcelona. They are the 2005-06 UEFA Champions League Winners.

NHK
NHK, the Japan Broadcasting Corporation, is Japan's public broadcaster, like PBS in the United States. Its name is written as 日本放送協会 or Nippon Hōsō Kyōkai in Japanese.
History.
NHK was founded in 1926, based on the BBC radio company in the United Kingdom. They began operating TV broadcasting in 1953. The first color broadcast was in 1960.
Everyone in Japan who owns a TV pays about $12 per year to support NHK.

Fargo, North Dakota
Fargo is a large city in the American state of North Dakota. It is near the border of North Dakota and Minnesota state.
There is a famous movie called Fargo that takes place in the area. The movie was made by the Coen brothers

Blur
Blur is a British band. They have made several albums including "Parklife" and "13". Their singer is called Damon Albarn. The other members are Alex James (bass), Graham Coxon (guitar) and Dave Rowntree (drums).

Daft Punk
Daft Punk is a band from France. There are two people in the band, Guy-Manuel de Homem-Christo (born February 8, 1974) and Thomas Bangalter (born January 3, 1975). Daft Punk use computers to make their music.
How the members met and Darlin' era.
Both of the two Daft Punk's members studied in the same Lycée in Paris.
They became friends and recorded a demo track with other students from the school. Thomas Bangalter played bass while Guy-Manuel de Homem-Christo played guitar.
They formed a band called Darlin' and the tracks that this band did were released by Stereolab.
The Darlin' experience didn't last very long and after a show they performed in the United Kingdom, a newspaper qualified the music of Thomas and Guy-Manuel as "daft punk" (silly punk music).
Thomas and Guy-Manuel were amused by this nickname and officially adopted it, and that's how they became the well known Daft Punk.
First Album: Homework.
In 1995, Daft Punk began to record in the studio a song called Da Funk which became their first commercial success.
After that success, Daft Punk looked for a manager, and the chose Pedro Winter aka Busy P.
The idea of Homework debuted when Daft Punk signed with Virgin Records.
That album became one of the most essential electro albums of the nineties after that it had been released in 1997.
Second Album: Discovery.
In 1999, Daft Punk returned to recording studio to work on Discovery which will be their second album and their second success.
Discovery reached the second place on the UK Charts.
One more time their first single from Discovery, became a giant hit around the globe and Daft Punk became definitely one of the most talented electro musician.
Daft Punk used many samples (little sounds from other songs) to compose songs like Face to Face, Too long and Harder, Better, Faster, Stronger.
Third Album: Human After all.
2004. Daft Punk spent six weeks on their third album.
Human after all was a subject of controversy, concerning some aggressive aspects in songs like Technologic.
De Homem-Christo and Bangalter only said:"we believe that Human after all speaks for itself".

Paralympic Games
The Paralympic Games are an elite multi-sport event for athletes with a disability. This includes mobility disabilities, amputees, visual disabilities and those with cerebral palsy. The Paralympic Games are held every four years, following the Olympic Games, and are governed by the International Paralympic Committee (IPC). (The Paralympic Games are sometimes confused with the Special Olympics, which are only for people with intellectual disabilities.)

National Basketball Association
The National Basketball Association (NBA) is the world's top men's professional basketball league and one of the major professional sports leagues of North America.
It contains 30 teams. 15 from the Eastern Conference, and 15 from the Western Conference. There are also divisions, 3 from each Conference.

FIFA Women's World Cup
The FIFA Women's World Cup is the most important competition in the sport of Women's football. The Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) organizes the World Cup every four years.

Nathula
Nathula is a mountain pass between the Indo-occupied Kingdom of Sikkim and Tibet in (China) in the Himalaya. It is at a height of 4,500 metres above sea level.

Klondike Gold Rush
The Klondike Gold Rush happened in the 1890's when many people went to a river in Canada called Klondike who hoped to find gold there and become rich. Very few people found any gold.
The city that probably profited most was Dawson City, Yukon in Canada.

Clone High
"Clone High" is an animated comedy television show about a high school full of clones of famous dead people.

Chinese Civil War
The Chinese Civil War was fought from 1927 to 1949. On one side were the Communists, who wanted to make China like the Soviet Union. They were backed by the Soviet Union, and they had the support of many poor people. On the others side were the Nationalists, who wanted to make China like the United States. They were also called the Guomindang. They were backed by the United States and the United Kingdom, and they had the support of the richer people and the Chinese who lived in cities. More than a million people died in the Chinese Civil War. The Communists were lead by Mao Zedong, and the Nationalists were lead by Chiang Kai-shek.
Sometimes the two groups stopped fighting and helped each other. One time this happened was when Japan invaded China during World War II. But soon they started fighting again. Eventually, in 1949, the Communists chased the Nationalists out of the biggest part of China, the mainland. The Nationalists came to an island called Taiwan, and stayed there. Mao named China the People's Republic of China and he became its leader until he died in 1976. Today, the two sides still do not like each other, but they aren't fighting any more.

Nagorno-Karabakh
Nagorno-Karabakh (Artsakh) is an autonomous region of Azerbaijan. Armenia wants it to be part of itself. Most of the people in Nagorno-Karabakh are Armenians now because all Azeri were banned from Karabakh and Armenia in the 1990s. Most other countries and all international organizations (UN, EU etc.) agree that it is part of Azerbaijan.
History.
Not going down deeply in ancient and medieval history, nevertheless, it is necessary to notice, that the Azeri party can present impressing number of neutral sources which testify, that Azeris prevailed in region during more than millennia. The Armenian population has appeared there not earlier the beginning of XVIII century century. It was plan of Russian empire to inhabit Armenian Christians among muslim Azeris having established eventually the board above the Azerbaijani majority in the form Karabakh khanate, included in structure of Russian empire in 1813.
Nagorno-Karabakh became a subject of the dispute between Armenia and Azerbaijan in 1918 when both countries declared independence from Russia. Territorial dispute has not been resolved until 1920, when both young states became part of the Soviet Union, and actually lost their independence due to the actions of Russian communists (Bolsheviks). During this time many Azeris were killed by Armenian terrorists.
Supporters for the Armenian position frequently emphasize, that resolution of the Caucasian Bureau from July, 5, 1921, was obviously accepted under the Bolsheviks pressure, and, in any case, this resolution contradicts with the principle of self-determination and cannot be considered as valid: the problem should be solved by the countries, which it directly involves, and not by the Committee created specially for this case and inside the ruling party of the third country.
When Mikhail Gorbachev has come to power in Moscow and has started the campaigns of publicity and democratic reforms in the end of 80th, Armenians of Nagorno-Karabakh have decided to address the problems to the international and Soviet heads. Complaining about "forced Azerification" of the region, the majority Armenian population started a movement for independence.
In November 1991, seeking to stop this movement, the Parliament of Azerbaijan abolished the autonomous status of the region. In response the Nagorno-Karabakh Armenians held a December 10, 1991 referendum in which the overwhelming majority of the population voted for outright independence. The Azeri community of Nagorno-Karabakh boycotted this referendum.
These events and especially removal of approx. 200 000 Azeris from Armenia led to violent actions against Armenians living in Baku and massive anti-Armenian pogroms elsewhere in Azerbaijan.
The war for Nagorno Karabakh became the longest and one of the bloodiest conflicts in states-successors of Soviet Union. According to last estimations, it has killed 15000 people, and the number of refugees has exceeded one million.
Today Nagorno-Karabakh is a de-facto puppet state calling itself the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic.There are flourished drug industry and terrorist camps within Nagorno-Karabakh.

Newcastle upon Tyne
Newcastle upon Tyne is a city in north-east England. About 250,000 people live in the city, though even more live in the surrounding area.

James Read
James Christopher Read (born July 31 1953) is an American actor. He made many movies and television series. He is best known for the "North and South" miniseries (1985, 1986, 1994).

English Premier League
The English Premier League (often referred to as the Barclays Premiership or just The Premiership in the UK and as the Barclays English Premier League or the English Premier League or the EPL internationally) is a league competition for English Football clubs located at the top of the English football league system (above The Football League), making it England's primary football competition.

Giro d'Italia
The Giro d'Italia, or Tour of Italy, is a famous bicycle race held in Italy, every spring. It is one of the most famous, and best paid bicycle races. The first race was in 1909. It started because the editor of a newspaper called "La Gazzetta dello Sport" wanted more people to read his newspaper. He planned a race similar to the Tour de France, which had started in 1903.
The leader of the race wears a pink jersey (called the "maglia rosa". This is because pink is the colour of "La Gazzetta dello Sport". The leader of the mountain climbing competition wears a green jersey (called the "maglia verde"), and the leader of the sprinters' competition wears a mauve jersey (called the "maglia ciclamino"). The leader of the young rider's competition wears a white jersey (called the "maglia bianca"). This is the same as the young riders' competition in the Tour de France.

Rosalynn Carter
Eleanor Rosalynn Smith Carter (born August 18, 1927) is the wife of President Jimmy Carter. As the wife of one of the presidents of the USA, she was the First Lady of the United States from 1977 to 1981.
She was born in Plains, Georgia. She was the eldest of the four children of Frances Allethea "Allie" Murray (1904-1997) and Edgar Smith (1896-1940). She attended Plains High School, Plains. After completing her schooling, she studied at Georgia Southwestern College, Americus, Georgia. On July 7, 1946, she and Jimmy Carter were married.

Hitopadesha
"Hitopadesa" is a collection of short stories. It was originally writtn in Sanskrit. It is very similar to another Sanskrit book named Panchatantra.
The book was written many centruries before. Its stories are now well known in different parts of the world.
The work has been translated into most of the major languages of the world. An English translation, rendered by Sir Edwin Arnold, then principal of Puna College, Pune, India, was published in London in 1861.

Tiberius
Tiberius Caesar Augustus, born Tiberius Claudius Nero (November 16, 42 BC – March 16, 37), was the second Roman Emperor. He ruled from 14 to 37 AD.
Trivia.
One time Tiberius sent fire engines to a city he thought was on fire because of an auroral display

14
14 is a year in the 1st century.

Ray Bradbury
Ray Douglas Bradbury (born August 22, 1920) is an American writer. His best known works are the "The Martian Chronicles" and "Fahrenheit 451". He is also known for his big collections of short stories such as " Driving Blind". He was born in Waukegan, Illinois, and graduated from a high school in Los Angelas, California. Many of his works are based on real life, such as " Dandelion Wine", a book about growing up in small town Illinois. His other work includes movies, and screenplays. He is considered to be one of the best American writers today. He has won many awards also, and lives in Los Angelas today.

Porpoise
Porpoises are mammals in the order "Cetacea". They form the family "Phocoenidae". There are six species of porpoise.
Appearance.
Porpoises look much like dolphins, but they are different in some ways: They are smaller and more stout. They have spade-shaped teeth, rounded heads, blunt jaws, and triangular dorsal fins.

Cetology
Cetology is a type of science. It is the study of the cetaceans, which are whales, dolphins, and porpoises.
Cetology is the branch of marine mammal science that studies the approximately eighty species of whales, dolphins, and porpoise in the scientific order Cetacea. The term was coined in the mid-19th century from the Greek cetus ("whale") and -ology ("study").
Cetologists, or those who practice cetology, seek to understand and explain cetacean evolution, distribution, morphology, behavior, community dynamics, and other topics.

Primatology
Primatology is a type of science that is part of zoology, that studies primates (monkeys, apes, lemurs, and humans). Primatology is a part of physical anthropology.

Orangutan
Orangutans ("Pongo") are great apes that have fur with a color between red and brown. There are two species of orangutan. They are from Southeast Asia. There are very few of them left, because loss of the jungle has made many of them die. There are famous orang utans on show at the Singapore Zoo.
The name Orangutan comes from "orang hutan", which means "man of the forest" in Indonesia
Appearance.
Orangutans have red-brown fur. They have very long and strong arms. They also have hands that are good for climbing.
The "Sumatran Orangutan" is smaller and has longer hair/fur than the "Bornean Orangutan". Orangutans have been driven into different habitats because of forest depletion and are on the very edge of extinction.
Life.
Orangutans are from the rainforests on the islands Borneo and Sumatra in Southeast Asia. They mostly live up in the trees. They eat fruit, leaves and bark, but also insects, bird eggs and small vertebrate animals.
After a pregnancy of 230-260 days the female gives birth to usually one baby, but sometimes two.

Sunlight
Sunlight is light that comes from the sun. Plants use sunlight to make food. Without sunlight, there could be no life on Earth.
Plants need sunlight for the process of photosynthesis. During photosynthesis the plants use the energy of the sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide, to create glucose (sugar). The glucose can later be used by the plant for energy. Or animals eat the plant and the glucose in it.
Plants need sunlight to grow green. Without sunlight but with enough water, the plant grows very tall very quickly, but looks yellow and dehydrated, although when touched, the leaves are very very moist.
Sunlight can be both good and bad for a person's health. When in the light, the human body makes its own Vitamin D. Being in sunlight too much can cause sunburn.

Theism
Theism is the religious belief in at least one god.

Plesiosaur
Plesiosaurs were large, meat-eating reptiles that lived in water. They were around from the start of the Jurassic period, and lasted until the end of the Cretaceous. They had two pairs of flippers, short tails, long necks, and broad bodies.
The Loch Ness Monster is said to be a plesiosaur, but from what scientists have found plesiosaurs have been extinct for millions of years.

Midland, Texas
Midland is a city in the American state of Texas. It is called Midland, because many years ago it was the midway point between two bigger cities in Texas, Fort Worth and El Paso. Oil was discovered in the region in 1923 and is still a larger part of the economy. Midland is also famous as the childhood home of The US President George W. Bush and his wife Laura, who was born there. Midland was also home to former president George H. W. Bush and former First Lady Barbara Walker Bush.

List of Armenians
This is a list of famous people from the Republic of Armenia, ethnic Armenians, or both.

Sardinia
Sardinia is a region in Italy. It is an island in the Mediterranean Sea. The capital is Cagliari.
The population was about 1,655,677 in 2005.

Nuclear reactor
In nuclear reactors, fission is used to create heat, which is used to change water into steam. The steam is then used to power electric turbines which make electricity.

Samobor
Samobor is a city in Zagreb county, Croatia, population 36,206 (2001). It is west of Zagreb, between the eastern slopes of Samoborsko gorje (Samobor hills, the eastern part of the Žumberak Mountains), in the Sava river valley. It is part of the Zagreb metropolitan area.
Samobor has been there since 1242, according to a document of endowment by King Bela IV. It is one of the earliest tourist resorts in the region, with the first tourist facilities dating back to 1810, oriented towards anglers, hunters and hikers.

Frankfurt an der Oder
Frankfurt an der Oder is a city in Germany. It lies on the Oder river, which marks the current border between Germany and Poland (The so-called Oder-Neisse line). It's in the east of the state of Brandenburg.
Since January 1999, the city added a prefix "Kleiststadt" to refer to Heinrich von Kleist, who was born there in 1777. Today, about 65,000 people live in the city.

Cook Islands
The Cook Islands are a group of islands in the southern Pacific. They form an independent state, but have strong ties with New Zealand. The 15 small islands have a total land surface of 240 square kilometers. About 18.000 people live on the islands, most of them from tourism.

Punishment
Punishment is when something is done to a person (or animal) that they do not like, because they broke a rule. There are many kinds of punishment, from a slap or taking away a toy (things that parents may do to punish children) to the death penalty for very bad crimes.

Blue Whale
The Blue Whale ("Balaenoptera musculus") is a baleen whale, of the biological order Cetacea.
They can grow to be about 25 meters (80 feet) long, and the biggest Blue Whale found was 29 meters (94 feet) long. This makes blue whales the largest animals ever to be on Earth, even bigger than the largest dinosaurs. They eat tiny living things, like krill and plankton.

Cetacea
The order Cetacea are marine mammals that live in oceans, seas, and even a few rivers around the world. Whales, dolphins, and porpoises are part of this group. The study of cetaceans is called cetology.

Scottish Gaelic language
The Scottish language (Gàidhlig) (often commonly referred to simply as Gaelic in English) is a sister language of Irish and Manx; all three are Goidelic languages and part of the Celtic language family.
It is also related to the Welsh language, Cornish language and the Breton language (these three are Brittonic or Brythonic
History.
In past times, the language was spoken across all of Scotland, except for the Northern Islands (Orkney and Shetland). In the later part of the Middle Ages, the kings of Scotland began to speak the English language, and looked down on the Scottish language. After the union of England and Scotland, the language was snubbed and looked down on even more. The English language took over.
Scottish Gaelic today.
Today, it is spoken only by about 60,000 people in Scotland and perhaps 1,000-2,000 in Nova Scotia, Canada. Only the Western Isles of Scotland have more people who can speak the language than not (61% of the people here speak Gaelic). The place in Scotland with the biggest percentage of Scottish Gaelic speakers is a village called Barvas on the Isle of Lewis. Here, 74.7% of the people there speak the language. Gaelic is dying out, but many people are starting to learn the language.

Germanic languages
The Germanic languages are a language family in the Indo-European languages. They came from one language, "Proto-Germanic", and were originally were spoken in northern, western and central Europe.
The Germanic languages are separated into the East Germanic languages (these are no longer spoken), the North Germanic languages and the West Germanic languages.

Orca
Orcas ("Orcinus orca") are cetaceans. They are the largest dolphins in the world. They have mostly black skin with white patches.
Also called killer whales, orcas hunt fish, squid, and even other marine mammals. Groups of them sometimes kill large whales, eating their lips and tongues. However, they have never been known to harm humans in the wild.
Orcas can also be seen at some marine parks, such as SeaWorld. At marine parks, they are well liked as they are smart, playful, and can do tricks.

Pac-Man
"Pac-Man" is an arcade video game that was made by Namco. It was released in 1980, and became popular with boys and girls.
In Pac-Man, the player makes a Pac-Man,a yellow disc move around a maze. The goal is to eat every yellow pellet (circles) while not getting caught by the ghosts/monsters. For extra points, fruits that appear can also be eaten. When Pac-Man eats a white pellet, the ghosts turn blue and can be eaten. Even though the game has 256 stages, the last level can't be finished due to a problem with the creation of the game.
The game is called Puck Man in Japan. The game was named Pac-Man in the United States. There were many sequels and remakes based on the game. Hanna-Barbera made a animated tv show airing on ABC in the early 1980's. The game was also part of Namco Museum games.
Point value for fruit.
The value is as follows: The cherries are 100 points, The strawberries are 300,(in Ms. Pac Man, a sequel to pac man it's 200 points), The oranges are 500 points, the apples are 700 points, the galboss/melon is 1,000 points,
Galaxian Flagship is 2,000 points, the bell is 3,000 and the key is 5,000 points(The Galaxian,Bell,& Keys' value will help when the player has 1 or no extra lives because after a certain amount of points then one gets an additional life.)

Shooting star
A shooting star is the common name for the visible path of a meteoroid as it enters the atmosphere. A shooting star is also broken pieces of meteors that have become broken off in space.

Pot Noodle
Pot Noodle is a type of cup noodle sold in the United Kingdom. They contain noodles, soya pieces, vegetables, and seasoning powder with a packet of sauce that can be added to taste.

Superman (1978 movie)
"Superman" is a 1978 movie based on the popular superhero comic book. It was directed by Richard Donner, produced by Ilya Salkind, and the music was provided by John Williams. The movie starred Christopher Reeve, Margot Kidder, Marlon Brando, Gene Hackman, Ned Beatty, and Jackie Cooper. It was very successful at the box office and with critics, and inspired three sequels along with the 2006 movie, "Superman Returns".

Domestic violence
Domestic violence is a word used by many people. People use it to say that in a relationship or marriage, one of the partners uses physical or psychological violence to try to solve problems. Men very often resort to physical violence, women very often use psychological violence.
In many countries, there are no laws to directly solve this problem. However, very often laws exist to protect the victim of such violent acts. There are also organisations that can help in such situations.
The problem though is that very often, such cases do not get reported to the police. Eastimates say that only a third of the cases (or even less) get reported to the authorities.

Emersons Green
Emersons Green is an area with lots of houses, just to the north of Bristol, in England.
It used to be just farming land between Mangotsfield and Downend, but in the 1990s houses, schools and shops were built.
Emersons Green is in South Gloucestershire.
There is a large shopping area in Emersons Green, including Sainsbury's, Boots, Lidl and Argos. There are also restaurants, three pubs and some cafés.

Archaeopteryx
The Archaeopteryx is a prehistoric animal from the Late Jurassic. It is the link between reptiles and birds.
The first Archaeopteryx was found in 1860 near Solnhofen in Bavaria, Germany. Today, nine skeletons and one feather of Archaeopteryx have been found.
The Archaeopteryx looks like a bird with feathers, but it had a mouth with teeth, claws at the hands and a long tail like dinosaurs or reptiles. Today, it is known that some dinosaurs looked like birds and that some had feathers. When they are born, today's South American hoatzin have claws on their wings when they are young just like Archaeopteryx. It usually ate meat but it might have been an omnivore.

Mosel-Saar-Ruwer
Mosel-Saar-Ruwer is a German wine-growing-region in the valleys of the rivers Moselle, Saar and Ruwer near Koblenz and Trier, Rhineland-Palatinate. It is famous for its wines of Riesling, Elbling and Müller-Thurgau grapes.

Snail
A snail is an animal. It is a mollusc, which means it does not have bones. Most snails are aquatic, they live in the water. Most of them have a shell. Most snails are herbivores, though some are omnivores. Fewer even are carnivores.
Snails without a shell are usually called "slug"s.
Snails move very slowly, and are sometimes used to represent "slow".
In some countries, like in France, people eat snails. They usually boil them in salt water, and add a garlic sauce.

Ruwer River
The Ruwer is a river in Germany with a length of, an tributary of the Moselle River. The valley of the Ruwer is a part of the wine-growing region Mosel-Saar-Ruwer near Trier in Rhineland-Palatinate. It is famous for its Riesling wines.
At the lower Ruwer valley are the villages Waldrach, Kasel, Mertesdorf, Eitelsbach and Ruwer.
Tributaries.
Tributaries are Alkenbach, Altbach, Altweiherbach, Apfelbach, Avelbach, Bausbach, Benninger Bach, Bingelbach, Burg Heider Bach, Burkelsbach, Eitelsbach, Enterbach, Eschbach, Eselsbach, Flonterbach, Gimpelbach, Gondersbach, Grindelbach, Großbach, Hinzerter Bach, Kittelbach, Klinkbach, Kreidbach, Kundelbach, Labach, Lehbach, Misselbach, Moertschelbach, Mühlscheider Bach, Pehlbach, Rauruwer, Rimperterbach, Riveris, Rothbach, Siebenbornbach, Thielenbach, Waldbach, Waschbach, Weiherbach, Wenigbach, Wenzelbach and Weschbach.

Ruwer (municipality)
Ruwer is a municipality (a convention community called "Verbandsgemeinde" Ruwer) on the River Ruwer. The administrative offices are in the town of Waldrach, and it should not be confused with the nearby town of Ruwer, which is for administrative purposes a part of the city of Trier.

Gunpowder
Gunpowder (or gun powder) is a mix of chemical substances (charcoal, sulfur and saltpeter). It burns very rapidly, and creates gases. Those gases can the propel a bullet (in a gun or rifle). The burning is too slow to destroy the gun or rifle barrel (the long metallic tube).
Gunpowder was probably invented by the Chinese, the first references of black powder, which is a form of gun powder date to the 13th century, when Roger Bacon described the formula of black powder.

Mayor
The mayor is a person who is in charge of the administration of a city. Sometimes, mayors get elected by the people who live in that city, at other times, a central government body may determine who the mayor of a certain city is.
In a federal countries like Germany or the United States the mayor can also head of the government of a city state. The Mayor of Berlin is runs the government just like the Minister President of Bavaria runs the Bavarian government. If Washington DC in the USA ever becomes a state the Mayor of Washington DC would be the Governor.

Churning of the Ocean
The Hindu scriptures and the Hindu mythology tell that all the above things came out of the ocean for the good of humanbeings.

Martha Washington
Martha Dandridge Custis Washington (June 2, 1731 – May 22, 1802) was the wife of George Washington. George Washington was the first president of the United States. People called Martha Washington as Lady Washington. Later on, people started to address the wife of the president as the First Lady. Thus, Martha Washington was the first First Lady of the United States.
She was born near Williamsburg, Virginia. Her parents were John Dandridge (1700–1756) and Frances Jones (1710-1785). Her birth name was Martha ("Patsy") Dandridge. When she became 18 years old, she married Daniel Parke Custis. She had four children named John (Jacky) Parke Custis (1754-1781) and Martha ("Patsy") Parke Custis (1756-1773) survived to young adulthood by Custis. In 1757, Custis died.
In 1759, Martha Dandridge Custis married George Washington. At that time, George Washington was a Colonel of the British Army. Martha and Washington had no children together.
She opposed Washington's election and refused to attend his inauguration, she hated New York and Philadephia.
She outlived her husband. She died on May 22, 1802 at Mount Vernon, Virginia at age 70. In 1902, the government of the USA issued a postage stamp in her honor. With this she became the first woman to appear on any postal stamp issued in the USA.

Abigail Adams
Abigail Smith Adams (November 11, 1744 - October 28, 1818) was the wife of John Adams, the second President of the United States. Later on, people started to address the wife of the president as the First Lady. Thus, she became the second First Lady of the United States. She was born in Weymouth, Massachusetts. She belonged to a famous family of Massachusetts.
Adams did not get any formal education in any school or college. But, her father had a big library. She studied a number of books and became knowledgeable. She married John Adams in 1764. In next ten years, she had five children (a sixth was stillborn), including John Quincy Adams, the sixth President of the United States.
In 1801, the couple retired and lived in Quincy. Abigail died in 1818, at age 74 of typhoid fever.

Martha Jefferson Randolph
Martha Washington Jefferson Randolph (September 27, 1772 – October 10, 1836) was the daughter of Thomas Jefferson and his wife Martha Wayles Skelton Jefferson. Thomas Jefferson was the third President of the United States. Because her father was a widower, Martha Washington Jefferson Randolph was considered the First Lady of the United States from March 4, 1801 to March 3, 1809.
Martha was born in Monticello, near Charlottesville, Virginia. She was named Martha Washington in honor of Martha Washington, the wife of the first President of the United States, George Washington. She was educated in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and Paris.
In 1790, Martha married Thomas Mann Randolph Jr. They had twelve children. Shortly before her death, she and her husband developed differences. She died in 1836 in Albemarle County, Virginia at the age of 64.

Aracaju
Aracaju is the modern capital city of the state of Sergipe in the northeastern region of Brazil. It has about 470.000 inhabitants (estimate 2003) and lies between the cities of Salvador and Maceio, also in the northeast of Brazil. It was planned and built to be the state capital in 1855.

A Midsummer Night's Dream
"A Midsummer Night's Dream" is a comedy, written by William Shakespeare. It is one of his most played pieces. It was written before 1598 when Frances Meres’ told about it in his Wit’s Treasury. Meres wrote, “so Shakespeare among the English is the most excellent in both kinds for the stage; for comedy, witness his Gentlemen of Verona, his Errors, his Love’s Labour’s Lost, his Love’s Labour’s Won, his Midsummer Night’s Dream, and his Merchant of Venice.” It is about four young lovers from Athens. It mostly plays in a forest. It has become known especially because the characters interact with faeries. Besides the theatre play, which is very popular, there are also several versions of fims about the subject. Benjamin Britten wrote an opera about it. The plays' characters include Lysander, Hermia, Demitrius, Helena, and others.

Vodka
Vodka is an alcoholic drink that is usually about 40% alcohol. It is clear, and is usually mixed with other liquids before people drink it.
Things that are made into Vodka.
Unlike cognac or whisky, vodka is not usually matured in barrels, but bottled immediately. Some Scandinavian vodkas called akvavit (Latin aqua vitae, "water of life") are matured in oak barrels before they are bottled. When the vodka is bottled, it is ready for drinking.
History.
Most people think the name Vodka comes from the Slavic word for water It is diminutive form, "little water". The earliest mention of Vodka in Poland is in 1405. The Russians are known to have first used the word in June 8, 1751. It is not known if it was the Russians or the Poles who made the first drinks that could be classified as vodka.
Different kinds of Vodka.
There are two basic kinds of Vodka: Clear vodka and flavoured vodka. Some types of vodka have plants or herbs added to the unflavored vodka to make it taste better.
How Vodka is consumed.
Vodka is either drunk pure, or cocktails are made with it. The simplest form of cocktail is to mix it with orange or lemon juice. Usually, vodka is drunk during a longer meal. Usually salty or sour things (not sweets) are served. In Russia and Poland, Vodka is drunk from glasses that can hold about 100 grams (0,1 litres) of vodka. Very often, it is consumed with a slice of lemon (much like Tequila). The glass is usually emptied in one draught, while holding the breath. Directly after wards something small is eaten. Before drinking, a toast is given.
There is a joke on how people drink vodka in different countries.

Sexual reproduction
Sexual reproduction is a way of reproduction of some animals and plants. Some protists and fungi also reproduce this way. Organisms that "reproduce sexually" have two different sexes: male and female. Offspring is made by a cell from the male and a cell of the female.
Different steps are involved in the process. Each of the two cells has a complete set of chromosomes. Something therefore needs to be done to make sure that the resulting cell does not have two sets of them, only one. This process is called meiosis. The second step is called fertilization. In it, the two cells merge into one. During meiosis, cross over occurs. This makes it possible to get genetic recombination. This means, that for each copying step involved, there is a certain probability of failure. This leads to more diversity in the genome.
There are many advantages and disadvantages of sexual reproduction.
Advantages: Allows variation within species that assists with the species survival.
Gonads are specialized sex organs where gametes are formed. In the male, the gonad is the testes, while in the female, the gonad is the ovaries.
Gametes are specialized sex cells formed in gonads by gametogenesis. The male gamete is the sperm, and the female is ova.
Spermatogensis goes from 1 diploid spermatogonium to four mature sperm (haploid)
Oogenesis (genesis of ova)-Goes from 1 diploid oogonium to three polar bodies and 1 ovum (haploid).
Sperm: Male Sex cell, microscopic, many mature created at one time.
Ovum: Female Sex cell, largest cell in body, created from birth, fixed # able to mature
Hermaphorodites: organism containing male AND female sex organs.
-able to reproduce with a second parent
Fertilizations: sperm penetrates membrane of ovum. structure that now exists (single cell)-> zygote.
Cleavage: through mitosis cell # increases, short time in interhase so cell size decreases.
stimulated by fertilization, continues until cell size reaches that of an organism's somatic cells.
2.)Blastula: hollow ball of cells filled w/ fluid (blastocoel)
Gastrulation: -Blastula continues to grow, cell continue mitosis,
-2.)Several 100 cells on 1 side begin to move in & form a 2 layer embryo.
-3.) Developed into 2 layer embryo which is endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm.
Ectoderm developes into nervous system, which includes the brai, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. Also, the lining of mouth, anus, nostrils, spidermis, sweat glands, hair, nails.
Mesoderm developes into bones, muscles, reproductive system, excretory system, blood, blood vessels, inner layer of skin.
Endoderm developes into lining of digestive system, respiratory system, liver, pancreas, and bladder.
differentiation-changing of unspecialized embryonic cells into specializd cells to tissue and organs. Ectoderm begins to form nervous system.
-within cytoplasm, there are substances that control differentiation.
-Parts of DNA tuned on/off determines role of cell.

Leprosy
Leprosy is an infectious disease. It has been known for a very long time. Today, it is mostly referred to as Hansen's disease, named after the person who discovered the bacterium, Gerhard Armauer Hansen. It is caused by a bacterium, Mycobacterium leprae.
Today the disease is curable by a cocktail of antibiotics. It takes between 6 months and 2 years to cure a person. Unfortunately, the drugs may not be available in developing countries (where there are the most cases of leprosy). As of 2004, the estimated number of new infections was about 400,000.
Getting the disease is hard, since it requires close contact with someone who has it, over a long period of time. In addition, about 95% of the people seem to be naturally immune to it.
Most cases of leprosy occur in India, and other developing countries. There are practically no cases of leprosy in the developed world. This is because there are excellent drugs and people regularly take antibiotics which will kill the leprosy bacteria.
In former times, leprosy was seen as a divine punishment for sins committed.
The symptoms of leprosy are irregular spots and patches on the skin. These are either lighter colored than the surrounding skin, or reddish in color. On those patches, hair will fall out, and they will feel numb to the patient. Nerves will form knots there.
With the illness progressing the sense of touch will become less and less (until the patient feels completely numb). So called leptomes and ulcers will eat away the skin, the flesh and the organs on the patches.
Usually people do not die of leprosy, but of secondary infections and diseases they get.
For many years there was a leprosy colony on the Hawaiian Island of Molokai called Kalaupapa. Thousands of people from the United States that had the disease were sent there.

Dolley Madison
Dolley Payne Todd Madison (May 20, 1768 – July 12, 1849) was the wife of US President James Madison. James Madison was president from 1809 to 1817 while Dolley Madison was the First Lady of the United States. She is best known for saving Washington's portrait when the British burned the White House in the War of 1812. Though she is also a famous entertainer, the first to serve ice cream in the White House.
Dolley was born in New Garden. Now the place is known as Guilford County. It is located in North Carolina. Some other account tells that she was born in a village named Payne’s Tavern. It is located in Person County of North Carolina.
Her father’s name was John Payne. As an unsuccessful farmer, he always faced shortage of money. Dolley’s mother was Mary Coles.
Dolley spent her teenage years in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. She studied in Salem College in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. On January 7, 1790, she married John Todd, Jr. (1764-1793). Todd was a lawyer. They had two sons. Their names were John Payne (1792-1852) and William Temple (born and died in 1793). William died in a yellow fever epidemic. In the same year, her husband also died of the same yellow fever epidemic.
Dolley Todd married James Madison on September 14, 1794. They had no children, but they raised Dolley's son from her first marriage, John Payne Todd. John Payne Todd was a notorious drunkard and gambler, which caused his mother many financial problems, especially after Madison died.
In 1814, the British army had burnt the White House. Fleeing from her burning home, Dolley saved many records and papers. Legend states She also saved a painting of George Washington, though had to break it out of its frame.
She was a very beautiful First Lady, on the National First Lady Library she says
"There is one secret,and that is the power we have in forming our own destinies."

Elizabeth Monroe
Elizabeth Kortright Monroe (1768 - September 23, 1830) was the wife of James Monroe. James Monroe was the fifth President of the United States.
Elizabeth Monroe was born in an old family of New York. When she was a girl of 17 years, she married James Monroe. At that time, Monroe was a lawyer. He was aged 27 years. Once, the government sent Monroe as an envoy to Versailles. She also went along with her husband.
During her last years, Elizabeth Monroe became very sick. She could not take part in social functions. She became aloof. Some persons thought her to be a snob. But, her husband always understood her problems. After a long illness, she died on September 23, 1830 at her home in Oak Hill at age 62.

Celestia
Celestia is a free 3D astronomy program for Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux. It is created by Chris Laurel and licensed under the GNU.
The program is based on the Hipparcos Catalogue (120.000 Stars) and allows users to display objects from artificial satellites to entire galaxies in three dimensions in OpenGL. Different from other planetarium software, the user is free to travel in the universe.
NASA and ESA have used Celestia, but it is not to be confused with, ESA's own program.

Bill Cullen
Bill Cullen was an American television game show host. His full name was William Lawrence Cullen. He was born on February 18, 1920, and he died on July 7, 1990.
Cullen was originally from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He suffered from polio as a child, and had a limp for the remainder of his life.
He was best known for hosting the original version of "The Price is Right" on the television networks NBC and ABC. That show is now on CBS and hosted by Drew Carey. He also hosted a version of "The $25,000 Pyramid", "Child's Play", and "Blockbusters".
Bill Cullen died in 1990 from lung cancer after smoking for most of his life.

Rudi Carrell
Rudi Carrell (real name Rudolf Wijbrand Kesselaar) was a very successful showmaster. He was born on December 19, 1934 in Alkmaar, in the Netherlands. He died of lung cancer on July 7, 2006 in Bremen, Germany. He was very popular in Germany, for shows like "Die Rudi Carrell Show".
He was awarded various prizes, amongst others the "Goldene Kamera" for lifetime achievement, in February of 2006 (which was his last public appearance) as well as the Bundesverdienstkreuz (the only award given by the Federal Republic of Germany, for extraordinary achievements in politics or culture) in 1985.

Lung cancer
Lung cancer is the malignant change and growth of lung tissue, and is the most deadly form of cancer worldwide. Three million people die from it each year. Although lung cancer was once an illness that affected males much more than it did women, the incidence in women has been increasing in the last few decades, which has been blamed on the rising ratio of female to male smokers. Currently, lung cancer is the leading causing of cancer death in women, killing more women than breast cancer, ovarian cancer and uterine cancers together. However, there are certain types of lung cancers that appear in otherwise healthy patients who have never smoked.

Whitchurch, Shropshire
Whitchurch is a small town in the north of Shropshire, England. It is the oldest town inhabited in Shropshire. In 2001, the population of the town was 8,673. A more recent estimate puts the population of the town at 8,907. The town was founded by the Romans. There are still some artefacts that can be visited in a Museum

Panthera
"Panthera" is a genus of the family Felidae.
It has four living species, which are the biggest cats of the Felidae family. It includes all cats that can climb trees. The cheetah is not in this group because it is a fast runner and cannot climb trees.

Superpower
A superpower is a country that is one of the most powerful countries in the world. It is more powerful than a major power.
In the years following World War II, the United Nations was formed. The 5 countries that had nuclear bombs - those who were able to start a nuclear war - were all given "permanent" seats on the Security Council. This means they are on the Security Council forever. They were also all given equal veto power over decisions in the Security Council. These five countries were: United States, United Kingdom, China, France, and the Soviet Union.
After the Soviet Union split into a lot of smaller countries in 1991, Russia got most of their nuclear weapons, and also their permanent seat in the Security Council. Some other countries have also got nuclear weapons now, and can also start a nuclear war just as well, but they are not permanent members with veto power. The Republic of India and Pakistan are two countries like this.

Snow Leopard
The Snow Leopard ("Uncia uncia") is a feline, living in central Asia.
Although the Snow Leopard is named "Leopard" and also looks a bit like a smaller leopard, they are not closely related.
Appearance.
Snow Leopards are about 1.4 meters long, and have a 90-100 centimeter long tail. They weigh up to 75 kilograms. They have gray and white fur with dark rosettes and spots, and their tails have stripes. Its fur is very long and thick to protect it against the cold. Their feet are also big and furry, which helps them to walk on snow easier.
They can also jump very far, about 15 meters.
Habitat.
Snow Leopards live in Asia, in the Himalaya which includes Pakistan, Afghanistan India Nepal.and other areas. They live in the mountains. In summer they live in meadows and rocky areas at a height of up to 6000 meters. In winter they go down to live in the forests at a height of about 2000 meters.
Life.
Snow Leopards are mostly active at night. They live alone. After a pregnancy of about a hundred days the female gives birth to usually 2-3 babies.
Symbolism.
The Snow Leopard is Pakistan's national predator and one of its offical icons.

Yonkers, New York
Yonkers, New York is the 4th largest city in the American state of New York.
Yonkers borders the New York City borough of The Bronx and is 2 miles (3 km) north of Manhattan. The city's best-known attraction is Yonkers Raceway. It is a harness racing track that plans to improve its grounds and clubhouse. There is a large shopping area along Central Park Avenue. It is sometimes called "Central Avenue" by area residents.

Louisa Adams
Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams (February 12, 1775 – May 15, 1852) was the wife of US President John Quincy Adams. As the wife of the US President, she was the First Lady of the United States from 1825 to 1829.
She was born in London. Her mother, Catherine Nuth Johnson was an English lady. Her father, Joshua Johnson, was from the USA and a citizen of the USA. Until date, Louisa Adams is the only First Lady not born in the United States. John Adams, the second president of the USA, was her father-in-law.
In 1794, John Quincy Adams met Louisa in London. At that time, Adams was a US diplomat. After about three years, they married. The couple also lived in Berlin where Adams got a posting. Louisa along with her husband arrived to the USA in 1801. They lived in different places before her husband became the President.She went to school in London and France.
She died in 1852, aged seventy-seven. She is buried in the United States Parish Church, Quincy, Massachussetts.

Angelica Van Buren
Angelica Singleton Van Buren (February 13, 1818 - December 29, 1877) acted as the First Lady of the United States. She was the daughter-in-law of Martin Van Buren, the 8th president of the USA. Angelica Singleton had married the President's son, Abraham Van Buren. She took over the role of the First Lady, as the president's wife had died 17 years earlier.
Angelica Singleton belonged to a high society. She was also related to Dolley Madison, wife of US President James Madison. Angelica brought a special style to her role as the First Lady.
She and Abraham Van Buren married in 1838. After marriage they took a long tour of Europe. When they came back to the USA in 1839, she took up the role of the First Lady during the presidency of her father-in-law. In 1841, Martin Van Buren was defeated, she and her husband shifted to Kinderhook, Lindenwald. During the winter, they lived in their family home in South Carolina. From 1848 until her death in 1877, she lived in New York.

Jane Irwin Harrison
Jane Irwin Harrison (1804 - 1845) was the First Lady of the United States for a very brief period. She was married to William Henry Harrison Jr. William was the son of William Henry Harrison, ninth President of the United States. As the daughter-in-law of the president, she acted as the First Lady for about a month in 1941. She acted as his official hostess during his brief tenure in office, which lasted for a month in 1841. President’s wife Anna Harrison was very ill, and she could not go out of their home in Ohio, when her husband moved to take up the presidency.

Mary Todd Lincoln
Mary Ann Todd Lincoln (December 13, 1818 - July 16, 1882) was the wife of Abraham Lincoln, the sixteenth President of the United States. She acted as the First Lady of the United States from 1861 until 1865.
She was born in Lexington, Kentucky. Her father was Robert Smith Todd and her mother was Eliza Parker. Her parents were prominent residents of the city. When she was around twenty years old, Mary came to Illinois where her sister Elizabeth lived. There she met Abraham Lincoln. He was a young lawyer at that time. Both married on November 4, 1842.
The last person known to be of direct Lincoln lineage, Robert's grandson "Bud" Beckwith died in 1985.
Mary Lincoln was well-educated lady. She was also interested in public affairs. She also shared her husband’s ambition. At times, she became touchy and irritated. The newspapers sometimes criticized her for spending the government’s money to buy new furniture for the White House.
After the assassination of her husband in April, 1865, the death of her two sons, Willie and Thomas, had made her very sad. She became very depressed. His son Robert wanted to take control of his mother's money. He sent his mother to an insane asylum. After three months, she was freed. She never forgave her son. She spent about four years in France in a city named Pau. She also traveled to many parts of Europe.
During her last years, her health became very weak. In 1879, she suffered spinal cord injuries when she fell from a stepladder. She also got cataracts and her eyesight became weak. When Todd Lincoln died at Springfield, Illinois, she was living with her sister Elizabeth.

Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis
Jacqueline Lee Bouvier Kennedy Onassis (July 28, 1929 - May 19, 1994), was the wife of President John F. Kennedy and was the First Lady of the United States from 1961 until President Kennedy was assassinated in 1963. She was known as Jackie.
Jacqueline Lee Bouvier was born in Southampton, New York, the elder daughter of John Vernou Bouvier III (1891-1957) and Janet Norton Lee Bouvier Auchincloss Morris (1907-1989). She had a sister, Caroline Lee Bouvier, born in 1933.
Jacqueline Bouvier and John F. (Jack) Kennedy married on September 12, 1953, at Newport, Rhode Island. She had 4 children with Jack: Arabella (1956, stillborn), Caroline (1957-), John Jr. (1960-1999), and Patrick (1963, died shortly after being born).
In 1968, 5 years after her husband was killed, she married Aristotle Onassis, a Greek shipping tycoon who died in 1975.
In 1994, she died at home of cancer, and later was buried in Arlington National Cemetery. In 2007, her name and John F. Kennedy's were onboard the SELENE spacecraft.

Missile
A missile is a projectile that can be propelled by rocket fuel at a target.
Types of missiles.
The two main kinds of missiles are "rockets" and "guided missiles". A rocket is no longer controlled once it has been launched. A guided missile can be controlled after it has been launched.
Purpose.
Missiles are used in war to destroy military targets. Missiles can carry explosives or other destructive things. The objects a missile carries are called a "payload". This payload is not always harmful to people: in the Gulf War, missiles were used to launch reels of wire at electricity stations, causing the power to go out.

Salford
Salford is a city in England. It was made a free borough by Ranulf, Earl of Chester in about 1230. and was granted city status in 1926. Salford is unusual because it borders the city of Manchester at its center, rather than its outskirts. The two cities are divided by the River Irwell.
Salford shares the industrial history of its neighbour Manchester. It hosts several world class museums and art centres, chiefly: The Lowry and the Imperial War Museum, both on Salford Quays.

The Nightmare Before Christmas
"The Nightmare Before Christmas" is a 1993 stop-motion movie from director Tim Burton.

Crumple zone
Crumple zones in a car helps to reduce the impact of force when the car crashes into a solid barrier. The car crumples in a designed manner to decelerate longer and thus reduce the force and severity of the crash.
See Also.
Ralph Nader

Harriet Lane
Harriet Rebecca Lane (May 9, 1830 – July 3, 1903), was the niece of James Buchanan, the 15th president of the United States, whom never married. During her uncle's term as President, she stood in as the First Lady of the United States.
Her parents were Elliot Tole Lane and Jane Buchanan Lane. When she was 9 years old, her mother died. Two years later, her father also died. She became an orphan. She requested that her uncle, James Buchanan, be made her guardian. Thus, Buchanan became her guardian. He arranged for her education. She received a very good education.
In 1854 she went to London to live with her uncle, James Buchanan. There she attracted the attention of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom. She gave her the title of “dear Miss Lane”. In 1857, her uncle became the President of the United States. She became the First Lady. She was a popular First Lady, and was very active. Women of that time even copied her hair style and style of dressing. People describe her as the first of the modern first lady.
After her uncle retired, they went to live in his big home at, Wheatland (Lancaster), near Lancaster, Pennsylvania. From her young age, she had met many persons. But, she married when she was 36. Her husband was Henry Elliot Johnston. Her husband was a banker from Baltimore. Within next 18 years, she saw many deaths: her uncle, her husband, and her two young sons.
After this, she moved to Washington to live. She gifted a large collection of her art works to the government. An official of the Smithsonian Institute once described her as the First Lady of the National Collection of Fine Arts. She also donated a large amount to build a facility for invalid children at the Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore.
After her death, she was buried at Baltimore, Maryland.

Afelia
Afelia is a Greek food. It is popular in the island nation of Cyprus. Afelia is made from pork, red wine, mushrooms, potatoes and coriander seed.

President of Ireland
The President of Ireland (Irish: Uachtarán na hÉireann) is the head of state of the Republic of Ireland. It is mostly ceremonial and elections are held every seven years, a person can be elected for up to two terms. The current President of Ireland is Mary McAleese.

Normandy
Normandy is a region in the northern part of France. People from Normandy are called Normans'". The name of Normandy is derived from the settlement and conquest of the territory by the "Northmen" ("Northmanni" in Latin) or Vikings (Danes and Norwegians) of Hrolf the Walker.
The historic region includes two regions of France: Upper Normandy and Lower Normandy; and also the Channel Islands which are not part of France. Its also famous for cheese.
It is especially famous for being the place that the Allies invaded France through, in World War II (See D-Day).

Sarah Childress Polk
Sarah Childress Polk (September 4, 1803 - August 14, 1891) was the wife of the US President James K. Polk. She was the First Lady of the United States from March 4, 1845 to March 3, 1849.
She was the elder daughter of her parents, Captain Joel and Elizabeth Childress. As a child, she lived on a plantation near Murfreesboro, Tennessee. She got a good education and studied at Salem College in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. On 1st January 1824, she married James K. Polk. At the time of her marriage, she was 20 years old. Polk was aged 28 years. At the time of this marriage, Polk had just begun his first year's service in the Tennessee legislature.
The Polk couple did not get any children of their own. They raised a nephew, Marshall Polk (1831-1884). After her husband’s death, Sarah Polk raised a niece, Sarah Polk Jetton (1847-1924).
She also helped privately her husband in preparing his speeches and in his correspondence. During her term as the First Lady, the functions at the White House were famous for their calmness and soberness.
Her husband died just after three months of her retirement as the President. At that time the couple was living at their new home named Polk Place in Nashville. After her husband’s death she always dressed in black. She lived in that house for about 42 years, the longest retirement and widowhood of any former US First Lady. She died just three weeks before her 88th birthday. Only three other First Ladies, namely, Anna Harrison, Edith Bolling Wilson, Lady Bird Johnson and Bess Truman had lived longer than Sarah Polk. Sarah Polk, as the First Lady of the United States, even outlived several of her successors. She lived longer than Margaret Taylor, Abigail Fillmore, Jane Pierce, Mary Todd Lincoln, Eliza Johnson and Lucy Webb Hayes. One of the reasons being her young age when she became the First Lady. She became the First Lady when she was only 41. The other reason that she was having a good health.
As the First Lady, and even after her retirement as the First Lady, she earned a lot of respect from all section of the society.

Anna Harrison
Anna Tuthill Symmes Harrison (1775 - 1864) was the wife of President William Henry Harrison. President Benjamin Harrison was her grandson. She was the First Lady of the United States during her husband's one-month term in 1841. But she never entered the White House.
She was born near Morristown, New Jersey on July 25, 1775. Her father was a judge and his name was John Cleves Symmes. Her mother’s name was Anna Tuthill Symmes. Her mother died in 1776 when Anna was hardly one year old. During the American Revolution, Anna's father dressed like a British soldier and carried her on horseback passing through the British lines to her grandparents on Long Island. They cared for the child till the end of the war with the British.
At the age of thirteen, she went to North Bend, Ohio to live with her father and the stepmother. After few years, she met William Harrison, a young army officer. She married him on 25th November 1795. The couple had six sons and four daughters: Elizabeth (1795), John Cleves (1798), Lucy (1800), William Henry, Jr. (1802), John Scott (1804), Benjamin (1806), Mary (1809), Carter (1811), Anna (1813), and James (died as an infant).
After an eventful career in the US Army, her husband became the President of the United States in 1841. Due to her illness, she could not attend the inauguration ceremony and remained at their home in North Bend. After a month, on April 4, 1841, she was about to move to Washington when she learned of her husband's death. Thus, she never entered the White House, even though she was the First Lady.
After the death of her husband, she lived in North Bend with one of her sons, John Scott Harrison. She helped raise his children. One of the children was eight-year old Benjamin who became President of the United States. She died at the age of 88 on February 25, 1864 at home in North Bend, Ohio.

Sarah Yorke Jackson
Sarah Yorke Jackson (July 1805? - August 23, 1887) was the daughter in law of US President Andrew Jackson. She acted as the First Lady of the United States from November 26, 1834 to March 4, 1837.
Sarah Yorke was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Her parents were very wealthy. The exact date of her birth is not known. But, it was in July 1805. Her father’s name was Peter Yorke. Her father had worked as a sea captain, and then became a merchant. Her mother’s name was Mary Haines York. Her father died in 1805. While going to New Orleans, her mother died in 1820. Sarah had two other sisters. Her two aunts raised all the three children.
On November 24 1831, Sarah married Andrew Jackson, Jr. He was the adopted son of president Andrew Jackson. The couple lived in the family plantation farm in Tennessee. There in 1834, a fire destroyed the main house. They came to Washington, and started living in the White House. By that time, they had become parents of two children.
The couple and their children reached the White House on November 26 1834. She immediately started to act as the First Lady. At the same time, the President’s niece Emily Donelson was also acting as the First Lady. This is the single example of two ladies acting as the First Lady in the history of the United States. In 1836, Emily died of tuberculosis. After that, Sarah continued to act as the First Lady.
President Jackson’s term as president expired in 1837. Until then Sarah remained in the White House, and continued to act as the First lady. By that time, a new house was constructed at Tennessee. The couple and the former president lived there for about eight years. In 1845, Andrew Jackson died. She continued to live there with her husband. When the American Civil War broke out, the couple moved to Mississippi. She died on August 23 1887.

Carnivora
The order Carnivora is a group of mammals. The group is divided into the "cat-like" Feliformia and the "dog-like" Caniformia.
Animals of the order Carnivora are called carnivorans, but often are called "carnivores". Many animals of Carnivora are carnivores, but there are also a lot of omnivores, and a few of the animals eat mostly plants.

Fowl
Fowl are birds that are good to be hunted. This term is also used for poultry (for example, a chicken or duck).

Receipt
A receipt is usually a piece of paper, but in some parts of the world they can also be hard tokens. The word comes from "receive", which means "to get".
Receipts are used to show or prove that someone has got or received something. It usually shows proof that something has been paid for. It might also be used to show that something was brought in to be fixed, for example, a bicycle.

Error
The word "error" can mean different things. In Latin, "error" means "wondering" or "going away", but it is used more often to mean "mistake".
In Statistics.
An error is the difference between a number that someone thought was true, and the number that someone actually saw.
Computer programming.
The word error can be used to describe a computer program that was not written in the right way. A "syntax error" is a bit of source code that does not make sense to the computer. A "logic error" is a mistake in the algorithm used, which might result in problems with the output.
An error may also be an "exception", which is something that happens unexpectedly. For example, it is an error to try to write more files onto a disk that is full. Careful programmers write code that can deal with errors that may happen; they can do this by labelling each error with an error code and using exception handling. Continuing to run a program when an error has not been dealt with can cause error avalanche, which means errors pile up and behaviour becomes more difficult to predict.

UEFA
The Union of European Football Associations mostly called the UEFA, is the organization that controls European football (soccer) (often referred to as association football).

Asian Football Confederation
The Asian Football Confederation often referred to as just AFC, is the organization that controls Asian football.

Micronesia
Micronesia is an area in Oceania. Many islands in southwest Pacific Ocean are part of it. Micronesia means "small islands" in acient Greek language.
Philippines is to the west of Micronesia. Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, and Melanesia are to the south of Micronesia. Polynesia is to the east of Micronesia.

2002 FIFA World Cup
The 2002 FIFA World Cup was a football sporting event that was held in South Korea and Japan from May 31 to June 30, 2002. 32 teams took part from many countries. Brazil won the trophy after beating Germany in the final by a score of 2-0. 69,029 people were at the finals at International Stadium, Yokohama.The tournament was a great success in all the World. Also an important fact was that Korea finished fourth.

CONMEBOL
CONMEBOL or CSF (CONfederación sudaMEricana de FútBOL,
"South American Football Confederation") is the governing body of football in most of South America.

Monotreme
Monotremes are a group of mammals that form the order Monotremata. Monotremes are the only mammals that lay eggs, but they still feed their babies with milk.
There are two surviving families of monotremes, with five living species. They all live in Australia and New Guinea. People commonly know them as the platypus and the spiny anteaters. There is only one platypus that exists now, the duck-billed platypus. The four others are the spiny anteaters, or the echidna.

FIFA Club World Cup
The FIFA Club World Championship is the most important competition in the sport of Club football. The Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) organizes the World Championship every one year.
Pre Fifa Club World Cup Competition.
Intercontinental Cup:1960-2004

Spermatic cord
The spermatic cord is a cord-like structure in the human body that run from the abdomen down to each testicle.

Mixed martial arts
Mixed martial arts (or MMA) is a sport where two people fight to see which one is dominant.
Rules.
The people who organize a MMA fight,can decide the rules for that fight.
There is not one group of people, who decide the rules for all MMA fights,in the world.
MMA fights have few rules. Boxing (and other fighting sports) have many rules.
Fighters can use any martial art, or combination of arts, they like in the fight. In these fights, fighters can fight standing with punches, kicks and other strikes, in a clinch where fighters are grabbing each other while standing, or on the ground.
Defeat.
Each fighter will try to defeat the other either by submission, or knock out. Each fight can last only for a period of time, after the time ends, judges decide who is the winner. The referee in the fight will make sure no one gets hurt too badly and that rules are followed.
Origin.
The pankration was an old style of unarmed combat. The ancient Greeks introduced this sport into the Olympic Games in the 648 BC. Some public fights took place at the end of the 19th century. They represented different styles of fighting, including jujutsu, wrestling, Greco-Roman wrestling and others in competitions and challenges across Europe. After World War I, wrestling was born again in two main flows. The first flow was real competition; the second flow began to depend more on the choreography and on the grand public shows that resulted in professional wrestling.
Types of martial arts.
Modern mixed martial arts (MMA) has its roots in two kinds of competition: the Vale Tudo (Brazil) and Japanese Shootfighting.
Vale Tudo.
Vale Tudo began circa 1930, when Carlson Gracie invited every competitor to compete in a fight. That was the so-called "Gracie's Challenge". Later, Hélio Gracie and the Gracie family continued this.
Japanese Shootfighting.
In Japan, about 1970, Antonio Inoki organized a series of mixed martial arts fights. They were the forces that produced the Shootwrestling, and they later caused the developing of the first organization of mixed martial arts, known as Shooto. Mixed martial arts obtained great popularity in the United States in 1993, when Rorion Gracie helped create the first UFC event, one of the earliest MMA events in the USA. In 1997, in Japan, the interest for this sport resulted in the creation of the greater organization of mixed martial arts - Pride Fighting Championship.
Where they were practised.
The Gracie family caused the tournaments, as the UFC, to be well known. It should be noticed that the UFC is the most famous tournament, but the persons who practises Brazilian jiujitsu normally do not use blows. Undoubtedly, the Gracie family played an important role in the creation of open competitions of Vale Tudo and in causing them to be well known through the television. Nevertheless, before anyone created the UFC or Shooto, where the persons who represent every method of self-defense can fight, there had already existed such mixed martial arts.
Gradual development of the competitors.
About the year 1990, three styles were famous for their effectiveness in the competitions of the mixed martial arts: the wrestling, the Brazilian jiu-jitsu, and the shootwrestling. This can be because of their attention given to the combat by means of holds. Before the year 1990, the promoters organized a lacking amount of the competitions of the mixed martial arts, and some martial arts base on blows. Therefore, probably, most instructors of these arts had given too little attention to the holds.

Urarina
Urarina are Indigenous Peoples who live in the Peruvian Amazon Rainforest.

Sergipe
Sergipe is the smallest state in Brazil. Aracaju is the capital and largest city. Sergipe borders two other states, Bahia and Alagoas.
Geography.
Sergipe's land is mostly caatinga. A strip of rainforest runs down the Atlantic coast. There are also swamps near the coast.
Economy.
Sergipe's main crop is sugarcane. Cassava is also grown. There is a small petoleum industry.
History.
The first people to live in Sergipe were from the Tupi Tribe. The name "Sergipe" is the Tupi word for "crab".
The Portugal took over the area, and made a settlement at São Cristóvão. Later, French pirates invaded Sergipe, but they left soon after.
Now, Sergipe is part of free Brazil.

Soviet war in Afghanistan
The Soviet war in Afghanistan was a war fought between the forces of the Soviet Union, and Islamic tribes of Afghanistan who were against the Communist government set up by the Soviets. The war began in December 1979, and lasted until February 1989. Many people were killed or wounded in this long war. About 15,000 Soviet soldiers were killed, and about 35,000 were wounded. About 1 million Afghans were killed. The anti-Communist Afghan forces had support from many countries, mainly the United States and Pakistan.
It started when the Soviet Union sent its 40th Army to fight in Afghanistan. They started to reach Afghanistan from 25 December 1979. The fighting continued for about ten years. Then, from 15 May 1988, the Soviet troops started to leave Afghanistan. This continued until 2 February 1989. On 15 February 1989, the Soviet Union announced that all its troops had left Afghanistan.
Background.
Arabs moved into this area in 642, and they were Muslims. Almost all the people of Afghanistan also started to follow Islam after that. The country has many mountains and deserts that make movement difficult. The population is made up mainly of Pashtun people, along with Tajiks, Hazara, Aimak, Uzbeks, Turkmen people, and some other small groups.
Hafizullah Amin.
In 1979 Hafizullah Amin was the ruler of Afghanistan. The Soviets were told by their KGB spies that Amin's rule was a threat to the part of Central Asia that was Soviet. They also suspected that Amin was not loyal to the Soviet Union. They found some information about Amin's attempt to be friendlier with Pakistan and China. The Soviets also suspected that Amin was behind the death of president Nur Muhammad Taraki. Finally, the Soviets decided to remove Amin.
Assassination of Amin.
On 22 December 1979, Soviet advisors to the Army of Afghanistan took many steps. They stopped all telecommunication links in Kabul. No message could come inside the city, or go outside the city. Troops of the Soviet Air force also reached Kabul. Amin saw some dangers. He moved to the Presidential palace for better safety. The palace was named Tajbeg Palace.
On 27 December 1979, about 700 Soviet troops took over major government and military buildings at Kabul. The troops wore uniforms similar to the army of Afghanistan. At 7:00 pm, the Soviet troops destroyed Kabul's communication. This stopped all communication among Afghan troops. At 7:15 pm, Soviet troops entered Tajbeg Palace. By morning of 28 December, the first part of the military action was over. Amin and his two sons were killed in the fighting by this time. The Soviets announced freedom of Afghanistan from the rule of President Amin. They also said that all the Soviet soldiers were there to fulfill their duty as stated in the "Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Good Neighborliness of 1978."
Rise of Babrak Karmal.
An announcement came from the Kabul radio station about the killing of Hafizullah Amin. The Pro-Soviet Afghan Revolutionary Central Committee (ARCC) took the responsibility for this killing. Then, the ARCC chose Babrak Karmal as the head of government of Afghanistan. He asked the Soviet Union for military help.
Moscow's decision for the Occupation.
The Communist government of Afghanistan asked the Soviet Union many times to send troops. The Soviet Union said this was not an "invasion", because the troops were asked to come by the Communist Government of Afghanistan. But the United States said this was just an excuse by the Soviet Union to invade Afghanistan.
The occupation.
The Soviet soldiers did many things in Afghanistan. But they could never control all parts of Afghanistan. Several Afghan groups continued to attack and fight with the Soviet troops.
People in most countries around the world did not like what the Soviet Union was doing in Afghanistan. But they liked the way the Afghan people were fighting them. Some reactions were very serious. US President Jimmy Carter said that the Soviet action was “"the most serious threat to the peace since the Second World War.”
By mid-1980s, many groups in Afghanistan had organized themselves. They fought the Soviet troops. These groups received help from many countries like United States, United Kingdom, China, Saudi Arabia, and Pakistan.
Pakistan thought that the Soviet war in Afghanistan was also a threat to it. It also started its active support to Afghans fighting the Soviet troops.
The Soviet war in Afghanistan seemed like a war that would never end. The Soviet Union looked very bad in the eyes of the world for trying to control this country. Inside the Soviet Union also, most people did not support this war. Finally, after ten years with no end in sight, the Soviets decided to get out of Afghanistan.
Soviet Union.
The Soviet war in Afghanistan badly affected the rule of Communist Party. Many thought that the war was against Islam. This created strong feelings among the Muslim population of Central Asian Soviet Republics. The Soviet army was really in very low spirits or "morale" because they were unable to control the people and were treated only as invaders everywhere they went. Andrei Sakharov openly said the action of Soviet Army in Afghanistan was wrong.
Over 15,000 Soviet troops got killed in Afghanistan from 1979 until 1989. In the war, the Soviet Army also lost hundreds of aircraft, and billions worth of other military machines. Around a million Afghan men, women and children died in the war.
Afghanistan.
Even after the Soviet Army left Afghanistan, civil war continued in Afghanistan. For about three years, the Communist government of Najibullah could defend itself from the mujaheddin forces opposing it. Many groups had arisen within the government itself, and some of them supported the mujaheddin forces. In March 1992, General Abdul Rashid Dostam and his Uzbek militia stopped supporting the Najibullah’s government. Soon, mujaheddin forces won Kabul and started to rule most parts of Afghanistan.
During this war lasting for about ten years, Afghanistan's economy suffered badly. Grain production came down to 3.5% per year between 1978 and 1990. The Soviets also tried to bring commercial and industrial activities under state control. This also had a bad affect on the economy. With the break-up of the Soviet Union in many countries, Afghanistan’s traditional trade also suffered.
Western World.
At the beginning, many people and countries had praised the USA for supporting groups fighting the Soviet forces. But after the September 11 attacks, people started to question the US policy of supporting and giving money to such groups.

Emily Donelson
Emily Tennessee Donelson (June 1, 1807 - December 19, 1836) was the niece of President of the United States Andrew Jackson. She acted as an unofficial First Lady of the United States from 1829 to 1836.
Emily Tennessee Donelson was born in Donelson, Tennessee. Her father’s name was John Donelson. He was the brother of Rachel Donelson Jackson. Rachel Donelson Jackson later on married Andrew Jackson, the President. She studied at Nashville Female Academy in Nashville, Tennessee. She was a bright student and she got a very good education. At the age of seventeen, she married Andrew Jackson Donelson, called in short as A. J. Donelson.
With her husband, she came to the White House in 1829. At that time, she was just 21 years old. Her husband A. J. Donelson served as a secretary to the President Jackson. Her first months at the White House marked the mourning for the death of Rachel Donelson Jackson. The period of mourning ended when Emily gave a party at the White House on 1st January 1830.
She continued to act as the First Lady for few years. In between, some incidents happened. She left the White House for some time. But, she returned again on the 5th September 1831. On 26th November 1834 Sarah Yorke Jackson, the President's daughter in law arrived at the White House. She also started to act as the First lady. It was the only time in the history of USA that two women acted at the same time as the First Lady.
In 1836, Emily’s health became very weak. She was suffering from tuberculosis. In June 1836 she left the White House to recover and rest "Tulip Grove", her plantation. She could not recover and died on the 19th December 1836.

Letitia Christian Tyler
Letitia Christian Tyler (November 12, 1790 - September 10, 1842) was the first wife of John Tyler, the tenth President of the United States. She was the First Lady of the United States from 1841 until her death in 1842.
Letitia Christian Tyler was born at her family’s plantation in Virginia. She could not get any formal education. But, she learnt to manage the plantation and raise a family.
She married John Tyler on 29th March 1813. The day was the twenty-third birthday of John Tyler. The couple had eight children. Out of the eight, one died very young.
After 1839, she fell ill. When John Tyler became president, Letitia Tyler was very sick. She was confined to her invalid’s chair. She lived in a second-floor room of the White House. She could not take part in social activities. But, she looked after other affairs of the household.
She died on 10th September 1842. She was the first President’s wife to die in the White House. Her picture also appears on a postage stamp issued in her honor. After her death Priscilla Cooper Tyler became the First Lady.

Julia Gardiner Tyler
Julia Gardiner Tyler (July 23, 1820 - July 10, 1889) was the second wife of John Tyler, the tenth President of the United States. She was the First Lady of the United States from June 26, 1844 to March 4, 1845.
Her parents were Juliana McLachlan and David Gardiner. Her parents belonged to a famous and wealthy family of New York. From her childhood, Juliana got training to move in high society. When she was just a girl of 15, she went to tour Europe with her family. There she saw a social life of much glamour. In late 1842, she along with her parents went to Washington DC. In Washington DC, she attracted the attention of several men. One of them was President Tyler, a widower since September 1842.
In 1843, Julia, her sister, and their father joined the President Tyler on a tour on a steam naval ship. During the tour a huge naval gun exploded, killing her father. The President Tyler comforted her. He also got her consent for a secret engagement. Marriage took place on 26th June 1844. When the news was announced, it attracted interest and publicity. Some people also criticized it as the President Tyler was 30 years older than Julia.
Her role as the First Lady was very decent and charming for the guests. After her husband’s term ended as the president, they retired to their home at Sherwood Forest Plantation in Virginia. The President got seven more children from her. He was already having eight children with his first wife. There her husband died on 18th January 1862. In the meanwhile, the American Civil War had broken out. She had to move to New York as a refugee. She also faced monetary problems.
In 1870, the US Congress granted a pension of US $ 1,200 a year to Marry Lincoln, widow of Abraham Lincoln. In 1880, Julia could also get a pension of the same amount. After Garfield's assassination, the US Congress granted a pension of same amount of US $ 5,000 a year to all the widows of the presidents. They were Lucretia Garfield, Mrs. Lincoln, Sarah Polk, and Mrs. Tyler.
Mrs. Tyler spent her last years comfortably in Richmond, Virginia. She died there on 10th July 1889.

Newsround
"Newsround" is a television programme for children. It talks about the news and gives information about things that are happening at the moment. It is shown on the channels BBC One and the CBBC channel.
The past.
Newsround used to be called "John Craven's Newsround" before the presenter called 'John Craven' left. Newsround started on 4 April 1972 and is still going on today.

Lancelot
Sir Lancelot was a character in the legend of King Arthur, and was a Knight of the Round Table.
Sir Lancelot of the Lake was one of the most trusted knights of King Arthur's Round Table, but this soon changed when he fell in love with the king's wife, Queen Guinevere. He was raised by the Lady of the Lake, hence his title Lancelot Du Lac.

Pitcairn
The Pitcairn Islands are a group of islands in the southern Pacific. People only live on the second-largest of the four islands. That island is named "Pitcairn". It belongs to Great Britain. It has the smallest amount of people of any country. In 2007, 48 people lived there.
History.
Originally people from Polynesia lived on the Pitcairn Islands, but there was no one living on the islands when they were discovered (found) by Captain Philip Carteret of "H.M.S. “Swallow”" on July 2, 1767. The island was named after Robert Pitcairn, a 15 year old midshipman who was the first person on the "Swallow" to see it. Robert is believed to have been lost at sea in early 1770 when the ship he was on, "HMS Aurora," went missing in the Indian Ocean.

Sun Bear
The Sun Bear ("Ursus malayanus" or "Helarctos malayanus") is a bear living in Southeast Asia.
Appearance.
The Sun Bear is the smallest bear. It has short black fur, and a yellow spot on its chest. Its ears are small and round. It has big feet with naked soles and long claws, which help the Sun Bear climbing. It can climb very well. It cannot see very well, but its sense of smell is very good.
Life.
Sun Bears mostly live in tropic rainforests. They are mostly active at night, and they stay in trees a lot of the time.
It eats a lot of different things: fruit and other plants, eggs, honey and insects. They also eat small vertebrate animals, like reptiles, birds and mammals.
After a pregnancy of 96 days the female gives birth to 1-2 babies. Young Sun Bears become mature when they are 3-4 years old. Sun Bears can become up to 28 years old when in captivity (held by humans, e.g. in zoos).
Sun Bears do not hibernate.

Priscilla Cooper Tyler
Elizabeth Priscilla Cooper Tyler (June 14, 1816 – December 29, 1889) was the daughter in law of John Tyler. John Tyler was the tenth President of the United States. She acted as the First Lady of the United States from September 10, 1842 to June 26, 1844.
Elizabeth Priscilla Cooper was born in New York City. Her father’s name was Thomas Apthorpe Cooper. Cooper was a successful stage actor and producer. Priscilla Cooper’s mother was Mary Fairlee Cooper. At the age of 17 Elizabeth Priscilla Cooper started to work as an actress. Her father became very successful, and the family lived in a big house on Broadway theatre. But, in the Panic of 1837, the family suffered great losses. Sometimes, they only had radishes and strawberries to eat.
She met her future husband Robert Tyler while performing in a play in Richmond, Virginia. They became closer and their marriage took place on 12th September 1839. John Tyler, his father in law, was a US Senator. She received a nice welcome at her husband’s home. Her father in law became the Vice President after 1840 presidential election. But, the President William Henry Harrison dies just after one month of becoming the President of the United States. After this, John Tyler became the President.
Letitia Tyler, wife of the President John Tyler was a semi-invalid lady. Therefore, the President asked Priscilla to assist Letitia in her duties as the First Lady. Letitia died on 10th September 1842. After Letitia’s death, Priscilla became the First Lady. People of her time has described Priscilla as attractive and intelligent.
In 1844, Robert Tyler moved to Philadelphia along with his wife, Priscilla. Priscilla passed her duties to the President's daughter Letitia Tyler Semple.
Robert Tyler and Priscilla lived in Philadelphia for 16 years. Robert worked as a lawyer. In 1861, American Civil War broke out. They declared their loyalty to the Confederate States of America. They moved to Richmond. In Richmond, Robert worked as the register of the Confederate Treasury. After the American Civil War, Robert became the editor of the "Mail and Advertiser" newspaper in Montgomery, Alabama. He died in 1877. Priscilla remained in Montgomery after Robert's death. She died in Montgomery in 1889.

Eliza McCardle Johnson
Eliza McCardle Johnson (October 4, 1810 - January 15, 1876) was the wife of Andrew Johnson, the 17th President of the United States. Due to her poor health, she could not function well as the First Lady of the United States. She stayed away from the public and did not participate in social functions. She had two daughters, named Martha Johnson Patterson and Mary Johnson Stover. They took the role of the First lady.

Rose Cleveland
Rose Elizabeth Cleveland (June 13, 1846-November 22, 1918) was the sister of Grover Cleveland, the President of the United States. During Grover’s first term as the President, Rose Elizabeth Cleveland acted as the First Lady of the United States. She was the 27th First Lady.
Later on President Cleveland married Frances Cleveland. Rose resigned as the First Lady, and started her career in the field of education. She died on 22nd November in Bagni di Lucca, Italy from the Spanish flu. She is buried in Bagni di Lucca.

Project Gutenberg
Project Gutenberg (PG) was founded in 1971. It was founded by Michael S. Hart. The purpose of the Project is to collect in and make available cultural work (like books) using computers. These are generally free and may be used on most of the computers. The project gets its name from Johannes Gutenberg. Johannes Gutenberg lived in the 15th century in Germany. He made the first European printing press.
As the PG continued to grow, in 2000, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, Inc. was created. It is a non-profit organization with main office in Mississippi, United States.

F. Scott Fitzgerald
Fitzgerald was an alcoholic, and died of a heart attack in 1940.

Cupertino, California
Cupertino is a small town in Silicon Valley in the U.S. state of California.
According to the 2000 census, Cupertino has a population of 50,546.
The headquarters of Apple Computer and Symantec are in Cupertino.

The A-Team
"The A-Team" was an American action television series that started in 1983 and ended in 1987. It was about four former US Army commandos who are running from the military (who think they committed a crime that they didn't) and make money by helping people with their problems.

Philadelphia (movie)
"Philadelphia" is a 1993 movie starring Tom Hanks and Denzel Washington. It is about Andrew Beckett (Hanks), a gay lawyer who gets AIDS. The people he works with soon find out and fire him. He thinks this is unfair and hires another lawyer (Washington) who actually does not like gay people.

Forrest Gump
"Forrest Gump" is a 1994 drama movie. It is based on the 1986 book of the same name by Winston Groom. Forrest Gump is the main character of both the movie and book. The movie earned much money in theaters. It earned $677 million worldwide during its theatrical run. It earned more money than any other movie in North America that year. The movie was nominated for a total of 13 Academy Awards. It won six of these, including Best Picture, Best Visual Effects, Best Director (Robert Zemeckis), and Best Actor (Tom Hanks).
The movie tells the story of a man with an IQ of 75 and his epic journey through life. It tells about him meeting historical people, affecting popular culture and being a part of historic events. While all this happened, Forrest never knew how important the events were because of his lower than average intelligence. There are many differences between the story in the movie and the story in the book.

Ted Kennedy
Edward Moore "Ted" Kennedy (born February 22,1932) has been a Senator for the U.S. state of Massachusetts since 1962, he is the youngest and only living son of Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. and Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy. He is the younger brother of former President John F. Kennedy and Senator Robert F. Kennedy. Two of his brothers were assassinated, the third died in an aeroplane crash in World War II. He is currently being treated for a brain tumor.

Flag of Singapore
The Flag of Singapore consists of two horizontal halves, red above white. Red symbolises universal brotherhood and equality of man; white stands for pervading and everlasting purity and virtue. In the upper left corner, a white crescent moon and five white stars form a circle. The crescent moon represents a young nation on the rise. The five stars stand for the ideals of democracy, peace, progress, justice and equality.
For 140 years (1819-1959), the Union Jack flew over Singapore. Then, on 3 December 1959, the National Flag was unveiled at the installation of the new Head of State, the Yang di-Pertuan Negara, when Singapore was granted self-rule (but not complete independence) by the British Government. Also unveiled that day were the State Crest and the National Anthem. The flag was conceived and created by a committee headed by then Deputy Prime Minister, Dr Toh Chin Chye.
Guidelines for Usage.
Guidelines for the use of the flag have been relaxed in recent years to encourage greater usage.
How it may be used.
Singaporeans and non-governmental buildings may display or fly the national flag to identify with the nation. Singaporeans are encouraged to do this during occasions of national celebration or national significance.

Bess Truman
Elizabeth Virginia Wallace Truman (February 13, 1885 -October 18, 1982) was the wife of Harry S. Truman, the President of the United States. Many persons call her by another name, Bess Truman or Bessie Truman. She was the First Lady of the United States from 1945 to 1953.
Early life.
Her birthplace was Independence, Missouri, and her birth name was Elizabeth Virginia. Her parents were Margaret ("Madge") Gates and David Wallace. Her nickname was "Bessie." Harry Truman’s family came to live in Independence, Missouri in 1890. Elizabeth Virginia and Harry Truman attended the same school from fifth grade through high school. Once Truman remembered her childhood days, and described her as a girl with “golden curls” and “the most beautiful blue eyes.”
After completing her schooling, she studied in Miss Barstow's Finishing School for Girls in Kansas City, Missouri. Her father died in 1903. She returned to Independence, Missouri to live with her mother.
Marriage and family.
By the outbreak of the First World War, Harry S Truman had become a Lieutenant. He proposed to her and she accepted. After their engagement, Lieutenant Truman left for the battlefields of France in 1918. After the War ended, they married on June 28, 1919. In 1924, their only daughter, Margaret Truman, was born. Before that she had many miscarriages.
By this time, Harry Truman had become active in politics. Mrs. Truman always traveled with her and shared the public platform with her husband. Harry Truman became a member of the United States Senate in 1934. The Truman couple came to live in Washington, D. C.. In 1944, Harry Truman became the Vice President of the United States of America. When President Franklin Delano Roosevelt died on April 12, 1945, Harry Truman became the President of the United States. Elizabeth Virginia Wallace Truman became the First Lady.
The First Lady.
When Harry Truman became the President of the United States, Mrs. Truman took the role of the First Lady. But, she felt the absence of privacy in the White House. She continued to attend to social functions, but to a minimum level.
Sometimes, people compare her with Eleanor Roosevelt, who was the First Lady before her. Mrs. Roosevelt was very active in press. But, Mrs. Truman did give only one press conference. She got the questions in advance. Her replies were written replies. When one reporter asked her whether she wanted her daughter, Margaret, to become President. Her reply was: "most definitely not". To a question, she replied that after her husband’s retirement as President, she wanted to "return to Independence". However, once she had thought of living in Washington after 1953.
Later life.
After the President retired, the Truman couple returned to Independence, Missouri, in 1953. Truman spent his time building his library. In 1959, Mrs. Truman underwent an operation. In 1972, her husband died. After her husband's death in 1972, Mrs Truman continued to live a quite and private life. Her daughter and son-in-law, Clifton Daniel, and their four sons, often visited her.
She died in 1982. She lies buried beside her husband in the courtyard of Harry S Truman Library. She lived up to the age of 97 years, and at the time of her death, she was the longest-lived First Lady of the United States, setting a record, which still stands today.

Margaret Taylor
Margaret Mackall Smith Taylor (September 21, 1788 -August 14, 1852), wife of Zachary Taylor, the President of the United States. She was First Lady of the United States from 1849 to 1850. Some people called her Peggy Smith.
She was born in Calvert County, Maryland. Her mother’s name was Ann Mackall and her father’s name was Walter Smith. Her father was a a Major in the American Revolutionary War. When she was visiting her sister in Kentucky in 1809, she met Zachary Taylor. Taylor was a Lieutenant at that time. They married in June 1810. For sometime, she stayed in a farm she had got as a marriage gift from her father. There she gave birth to her first baby. But, then she started to live with her husband. Taylor’s garrison moved from one location to other on the western front, and she also moved with him.
Their two small daughters died in 1820. As described by Taylor, the children had died of “a violent bilious fever.” They had three other girls and a boy. All four grew to adulthood. Taylor knew the difficult life of a military man. He was always against their daughters marrying military men, but all the three married military persons from the United States Army.
At the White House, Peggy Taylor participated in the household activities and personal functions. She did not participate in formal and official functions. Her youngest daughter, Marry Elizabeth Bliss acted as the official hostess for her mother.

Persian Gulf
The Persian Gulf is the name of a geographical place. Its location is in the Middle East. It is an extension of the Gulf of Oman. It lies between Iran and the Arabian Peninsula.
During the Iraq-Iran War (1980-1988), the Persian Gulf came into news. Both sides attacked oil tankers of each other. When Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1991, this war got the name the Persian Gulf War. But, this war, major fighting happened on the land.
The water in the Persian Gulf is rich in fishes; it has long beautiful coral reefs. Deep inside the water of the Persian Gulf, there are many pearl oysters. Due to this, the area attracts a lot of activities.
In Persian language, the term khalīj-e-Fars means the Persian Gulf.
Geography.
The sea waters of the Persian Gulf covers an area of 233,000 km². On the east, it connects with the Gulf of Oman by Strait of Hormuz. On the west, it connects a major river delta of Shatt al-Arab. In this river delta, waters of two big rivers of the area flow into: the waters of the Euphrates and the Tigris rivers.
The length of the Persian Gulf is 989 kilometers, and the shortest distance between two land points are 56 kilometers. The waters are generally not very deep. The maximum depth is only 90 meters. The average depth is only 50 meters.
There are many countries with borders touching the Persian Gulf. If taken in a clockwise direction, these countries are from the north: Iran, United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Qatar on a peninsula off the Saudi coast; Bahrain on an island; and Kuwait and Iraq in the northwest. Many small islands lie within the Persian Gulf.
Petroleum.
The area in and around the Persian Gulf has world’s largest crude oil. Industries relating to crude oil are the main industries in this area. Al-Safaniya, the world’s largest offshore oilfield is in the Persian Gulf. Many countries with large crude oil are in this area. They are called Persian Gulf States, that is, the countries located around the Persian Gulf. These countries are Iran, Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates. But, Iraq (with its small portion touching the Persian Gulf) is not called a Persian Gulf State.
Naming dispute.
In recent decades a few differences have arisen about calling the Persian Gulf as the Persian Gulf. In 1960s, Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt used the name the Arabian Gulf for the Persian Gulf. Some of the countries near the Persian Gulf also call this gulf as the Arabian Gulf. The United Nations call this place as the Persian Gulf. Here, it may be noted that the Arabian Gulf is the old name of Red Sea.
British control.
For about 200 years, from 1763 until 1971, the United Kingdom kept some control over some of the Persian Gulf countries. These countries were the United Arab Emirates and at various times Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, and Qatar.

Khalistan
Sikh Republic of Khalistan is a non-independent country in the Indian occupied territories of Punjab (East), Haryana and Himachal Pradesh. It was proposed to create an independent state, with this territory, and a few neighbouring ones. In a meeting of Sikh leaders in 1986, it was decided that an independent state should be created. Independence was declared on October 7, 1987. This idea has been met with opposition, leading to violence. Indira Gandhi was killed because of this.
The capital city of the self-proclaimed state seems to be Chandigarh.

World Trade Organization
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an international group of many countries. In 1995, WTO was born. On 15th December 2005,There are 153 countries who are members of the WTO. In the WTO, Agreements are made on trade between countries. The “GATT” agreement means that countries have to lower barriers to international trade, such as tax on goods crossing borders. This means that businesses can operate in many different countries.
Member countries of the WTO sign agreements.
There are about 30 such agreements. Based on these agreements, the member countries do trade with each other. They give items to each other and follow a set of rules. They have to give a special job to the other country. The phrase used (for such and many alike items) is to give the other country a special job – this is known as to give the other country "a most favored country job". From 2004, if a member gives any item to another member country, the same type of item should be given to all the other member countries. From its very beginning, the WTO has also gotten some bad comments.

Międzyrzec Podlaski
Międzyrzec Podlaski is a city in the east of Poland, located on the Krzna rivers.
Population.
It has a population of 17 283 people.

Qing Dynasty
The Qing Dynasty (Chinese: 清朝; pinyin: Qīng cháo) was a dynasty of rulers of China from 1644 AD to 1912 AD. The dynasty was founded by the Manchus and so its other name is Manchu Dynasty. The surname of the Qing emperors was Aisin Gioro.
Rise of the Manchu State.
In 1580 AD, Nurhaci became the Jian Zhou general of the Ming Dynasty. He unified the Manchu tribe and organised the Eight Banners. In 1616 AD, Nurhaci declared himself Khan (King) and founded the Jin Dynasty in Liao Ling. In 1626 AD, Nurhaci led armies to attack Ning Yuan. Unluckily, Nurhaci was wounded by Yuan Chonghuan's Portuguese cannon and he died 2 days later. Huang Taiji, the son of Nurhaci, then succeed to the thrown and became the Khan of the Manchu trible. In 1643 AD, Huang Taiji was dead, caused by apoplexy. Shunzhi Emperor inherited Huang Taiji's throne. Prince Dorgon became the regent. In 1644 AD, the Manchu armies fairly conquered the north of China. The capital was changed to Beijing. The Ming Dynasty was overthrown.
A. The Self-Strengthening Movement (1861 - 1895).
The Self-Strengthening Movement (Chinese: 洋務運動 or 自強運動; 1861 AD - 1895 AD) was a reform organised during the late Qing. With the defeat in the Opium Wars and the outbreak of Taiping Rebellion, the emperor and the imperial officials realised that it was necessary to improve the country's statement with a series of reforms. Therefore, the Self-Strengthening Movement was started.
The movement could be divided into three phases: the first phase (1861 AD - 1872 AD), the second phase (1872 AD - 1885 AD) and the third phase (1885 AD - 1895 AD). The Major Leaders are Yixin, Prince Gong (Chinese: 恭親王), Wenxiang (Chinese: 文祥), Zeng Guofan (Chinese: 曾國藩), Li Hongzhang (Chinese: 李鴻章), Zuo Zongtang (Chinese: 左宗棠), Shen Baozhen (Chinese: 沈葆禎) and Zhang Zhidong (Chinese: 張之洞). However, owing to the conservatives opposition and the problems of modernization, it failed finally.
B. The Hundred Days' Reform (1898).
With the failure of the Self-Strengthening Movenment, the defeat in the First Sino-Japanese War and the scramble for concessions, many Chinese leaders realised that reforms were urgently needed. Thus, the Hundred Day's Reform (Chinese: 戊戌變法; 11 June 1898 - 21 September 1898) was started in 1898 AD. The leaders of the reform were Guangxu Emperor, Kang Youwei (Chinese: 康有為) and Liang Qichao (Chinese: 梁啟超). Eventually, it ended in a coup d'état led by Empress Dowager Cixi.
Politics.
The Manchus changed their ways to be more like the Chinese in order to rule them better. The Manchus started wearing Chinese clothes and writing in Chinese. They began to enjoy Chinese food and art. One of the Manchu emperors, Qianlong Emperor, began to worry about how much like the Chinese the Manchus were becoming and he tried to get Manchus to be more Manchu. Qianlong Emperor made Manchus ride horses and shoot bows and arrows so that they would remember where they came from. The Chinese people used different types of clothes like maccukau,konaha,schinin and sakahn.
Regional Development.
In the early Qing, Guangdong was a province. There were totally 79 counties. In 1911 AD, it was checked that there were 5,041,780 households, approximately 28,001,564 people. The famous mountains in Guangdong were Lingchau, Huangling and Luofu. Dongjiang, Beijiang and Xijiang were the most important rivers in Guangdong. Guangzhou, Zhaoqing, Xiamen and Fujian were the major Guangdong cities.
See Also.
Emperors of Qing Dynasty: Taizu Emperor | Huang Taiji | Shunzhi Emperor | Kangxi Emperor | Yongzheng Emperor | Qianlong Emperor | Jiaqing Emperor | Daoguang Emperor | Xianfeng Emperor | Tongzhi Emperor | Guangxu Emperor | Xuantong Emperor

Hypnosis
Hypnosis means putting someone (or yourself) into a trance and sending messages through to their brain while they are in this semi-conscious (half-aware) state. With two people, the person sending the message is called the "hypnotist" and the person getting the message is called the "subject." "Suggestions," or "hypnotic suggestions" are what the hypnotist says to the subject. With one person, the entire practice is called "self-hypnosis" or sometimes "auto-suggestion."
History.
There seem to be many ideas about how hypnosis started. The Hindus of India claim that they started the method and used it as a cure for health. This is one of the main uses of hypnosis today and is linked to psychology.
But the main hypnosis discoveries came in 1842 when James Braid started to learn more about its effects. He is often called the 'Father of Modern Hypnotism'. He did not think that mesmerism was the cause of hypnosis and in the end he thought that trances were only a 'nervous sleep'. In 1843 he wrote a book about this with the title "Neurypnology".
Method.
Most often, the hypnotist gives suggestions to the subject to put the subject in trance. In trance, the subject does not make decisions about the truth of the hypnotist's suggestions: If trance is reached -- it is not always -- the subject will accept as true anything the hypnotist says, unless it goes against the subject's core beliefs. This is the heart of hypnosis: to put the subject in trance so he will accept suggestions.
Hypnosis is very useful against fears, addictions, emotional trouble, pain control, stress, and so on. Some hypnotists claim to be able to help against physical diseases, too, but scientific studies find no effect better than chance.
Master hypnotists can get truly amazing effects from good subjects: they can make them forget their names, believe they are someone else, make them see people who are not there, make them forget letters or numbers, and so on: but this comes from the subject actively following the hypnotist's suggestions, because he trusts the hypnotist and he believes it is safe. If the trust is broken or the subject believes it is not safe, the subject will emerge from trance.
Hypnosis works because of the way the human mind handles language (or any communication). It is not magic.

Krusty Krab
The Krusty Krab is a fictional fast food restaurant in the television series, "SpongeBob SquarePants". It is located in the city of Bikini Bottom. The restaurant is run by a crab, Eugene H. Krabs. Two workers at the restaurant are SpongeBob SquarePants (fry cook), and Squidward Tentacles (cashier). The fast food that is sold are the popular Krabby Patty (which are similar to hamburgers), and others such as french fries, and drinks.

M6 motorway
The M6 motorway is the longest motorway in the United Kingdom. It is one of the busiest motorways in the country. It is often referred to as "The Backbone of Britain".
The M6 is part of the unsigned E-road E24 from the M1 to the M6 Toll near Birmingham. The E5 joins the M6 Toll from the M42 and then uses the M6 to its north end at Carlisle. Then it continues along the M74. The motorway is 230 miles (370km) long. This is is 37 miles longer than the M1 motorway.
History and curiosities.
The first section of the motorway was opened on December 5, 1958 and was what is now known as the Preston by-pass. It was built by a company called Tarmac Construction. It was the first motorway in the United Kingdom. It was opened by Prime Minister Harold Macmillan. The motorway was extended in both directions. The M6 was the first ever motorway to be opened in the United Kingdom.
Junction 6 in Birmingham has the name Spaghetti Junction. This is because it looks very complex from the sky.
On the high ground between Shap and Tebay, the north and south-bound carriages split apart. Strangely, at this point a local road runs between the two carriageways without a link to the motorway.
The section of the M6 which runs over Shap Fell in Cumbria is 1050 ft (320 m) above sea level. This is one of the highest points on any motorway in the UK. The West Coast Main Line railway follows the same course. It runs alongside the M6 for much of its length.
Route.
The motorway starts at the M1 in Rugby. It passes through Birmingham and Spaghetti Junction. The motorway continues to the north, passing Liverpool and Manchester. It goes around Preston and up to Lancaster. It then follows through a valley past the Lake District and Penrith. It finishes at Carlisle.
Cumberland Gap.
At the end of the M6 motorway at Carlisle, there is a 6-mile stretch of the A74 which links England to Scotland. This is called the "Cumberland Gap". This was caused by an argument between the UK Parliament and the Scottish Parliament, which left neither the M6 or the A74(M) being built. After a lot of controversy, building started on the remaining six miles. When it is completed, there will be a complete motorway going from London to Glasgow.
M6 Toll.
The M6 Toll is a toll road which was opened in 2003. It starts at Junction 11A and runs around Birmingham to Junction 3A. It is the first toll road to be built in the United Kingdom. It was opened on December 9, 2003. It is reported to save 45 minutes from the average journey.

Sloth bear
The Sloth Bear ("Melursus ursinus") is a bear that lives in South Asia.
Appearance.
Sloth Bears have long and shaggy black fur, but its fur can also be brown. On its chest it has a white or yellow mark, which is shaped like an Y or V. They have big feet with long claws. The long claws are also the reason for its English name, because the claws look like the claws of a Sloth.
Life.
Sloth Bears eat insects, like for example termites. But they also eat fruit, honey, eggs, and also meat.
Female Sloth Bears usually have 1-2 babies, sometimes 3. Young Sloth Bears stay with their mother for 2-3 years. In captivity they can live to be 40 years old.
sloth bear adults can weigh anywhere from 120-130 pounds and measure anywhere form 60-70 inches in length.

Inclined plane
An inclined plane is a simple machine. It allows one to use less force to move an object.
Examples of inclined planes are ramps, sloping roads and hills, plows, chisels, hatchets, air hammers, carpenter's planes, and wedges. The typical example of an inclined plane is a sloped surface; for example a roadway to bridge a height difference.
Another simple machine based on the inclined plane is the blade, in which two inclined planes placed back to back allow the two parts of the cut object to move apart using less force than would be needed to pull them apart in opposite directions.

Jamestown, New York
Jamestown is a city located in southwestern New York State, United States.

Lego
Lego, also called LEGO, is a type of toy created and made by the Lego Group, a company in Denmark. The company was made by Ole Kirk Christiansen. The company's toy, "Lego bricks", have a lot of colorful building blocks that can be joined together easily, and also together with a whole set of gears, small fake people and other parts. There are also many other types of simple parts such as wheels, car screens, and plants. Lego bricks can be joined together in many ways, to make things like vehicles, buildings and even robots that can actually move. You can take the blocks out from anything you make, and use them again to make other things. When you buy a set, it will have all the pieces you need to build a type of thing. The blocks are joined together by some buttons on the top and joined using places where the buttons can go into at the bottom. The toys were originally created in the 1940s in Europe and now almost everyone in the world knows about it and likes it. Almost all the blocks from Lego sets can fit together. New blocks made in 2008 can fit with old blocks as old as 1963, and blocks made for older children can join with blocks for children. The blocks can join together no matter which set they come from. Lego blocks are made from plastic. Now, Lego can work with machines, and you can use Lego to make robots. Lego has been so popular that people sometimes even use the word to talk about building blocks.

Giant Panda
The giant panda ("Ailuropoda melanoleuca") is a type of bear. It lives in bamboo forests in central China. The giant panda is an endangered animal. In November 2007, China had 239 giant pandas who lived in captivity. There are 27 giant pandas which live in zoos outside of China. The exact number of giant pandas in the wild is not known. Some sources say there are about 1,590, other sources give a number between 2,000 and 3,000. The number of giant pandas in the wild seems to be increasing.
Appearance.
Giant pandas are about 1.2 - 1.5 m long and about 75 cm high. They weigh between 75 and 160 kg. Giant pandas have white fur on their bodies and black fur on their legs and shoulders. They also have black ears and black patches around their eyes. Unlike other bears, giant pandas cannot stand up on their back legs, but they can climb and swim well.
Giant pandas are born with pink skin with black areas on the legs, ears and eyes. They are usually born with a small amount of white fur. They get more fur when they are about nine months old..
Classification.
A giant panda is a type of bear. Its closest "bear relative" is the Spectacled Bear of South America. There is another type of creature that shares the giant panda's habitat and has many similar traits. This is the red panda, which scientists thought must be related. But a giant panda is a bear, and a red panda is more closely related to a raccoon or a skunk. The red and giant pandas have many things in common. Both have a similar diet, eanting mostly bamboo. They also have the same kind of enlarged bone, called a "pseudothumb". This allows them to better grip the bamboo they eat. Red and giant pandas also live in the same habitat. Some people have called the giant panda a living fossil. Most other species closely related to the Giant Panda do not exist anymore. There is now only one species under the genus of Ailuropoda.
Life.
Giant pandas live alone. Females have a territory which they defend against other females. When female pandas are ready to mate, they give off a special scent and make a loud bleating noise to tell the males that they are ready. Giant pandas mate between the months of March and May which is the Summer months in China. If there are several males, they fight each other. The one who wins - the strongest male, then mates with the female. In August or September, the female gives birth to 1-2 babies. If she has 2 babies, she will only raise one baby, and the other baby dies, no one really knows how the female panda choose between the two. Giant panda babies are very small, and weigh only 90 - 130 grams, which is about 1/900 of its mother's weight. The baby drinks milk until it is 8-9 months old. Young pandas live with their mothers until they are 18-24 months old. They become mature when they are 5-7 years old. They can live for 20-30 years, in captivity (e.g. in zoos). Unlike other bears, pandas do not hibernate.
Giant pandas and humans.
Today, the giant panda is seen as a symbol for China. It is also protected by the Chinese government, and killing a panda is a crime. The giant panda is now under the threat of extinction, and it will die out if the forests of bamboo continue to disappear.
People outside of eastern Asia did not know about the giant panda until 1869. The first "Westerner" to see a live panda was a German zoologist in 1916. In 1936, Ruth Harkness became the first Westerner to bring a live giant panda out of China. It was a cub (baby panda) named Su-Lin. The cub was taken to live at the Brookfield Zoo in Chicago.
In the 1970s, China began showing giant pandas in zoos in the United States and Japan as a type of diplomacy. This happened until 1984, when China changed how this was done. Starting in 1984, China would allow zoos to keep the giant pandas for 10 years, but the zoo would have to pay China up to $1,000,000 each year. Also, the zoo would have to agree that any cubs born were the property of China.
Zoos.
Currently, 12 cities outside of China have zoos that have giant pandas.
The Adelaide Zoo in Adelaide, Australia will be getting two giant pandas in 2009.
Diet.
Although their bodies are made to eat meat, giant pandas are mostly herbivorous. Their main source of food is bamboo. Because pandas have the digestive system of carnivores and can not digest cellulose very well, they get little energy and protein from the bamboo they eat. Because they get very little nutrition from bamboo, they must eat a lot. Pandas commonly eat 20 to 30 pounds of bamboo a day to get the nutrition they need. Pandas sometimes run out of food, as a type of bamboo flowers, die, and regrow again at the same time.
Protecting the giant panda.
As of 2008, the giant panda is an endangered species. The main problem they have is habitat loss. Habitat loss is when the places they live in get used by humans, for example for the construction of buildings. They might also lose their habitat because of pollution. Pollution will mean that the bamboo they depend on grows less, or it stops growing completely in a certain place. Giant pandas also have a low birth rate, which adds to the problem.
Traditions Chinese tales about the giant pandas can be very powerful. Some people believe that sleeping on a panda skin can protect them for ghost and predict their future. These tales are one of the reasons why people would spend lots of money for the skin and fur of this precious animal.
In former times, the pandas were also hunted. The Western people who came to China were soon unable to hunt the pandas, because of different wars. Local people continued though. Pandas were mainly hunted for their fur. Today, hunting pandas is forbidden.
In 1963, China set up a nature reserve for pandas, the Wolong National Nature Reserve. This was the first, other nature reserves followed. China did this to fight the number of pandas going down. In 2006, there were 40 panda reserves, compared to 13, two decades ago.

Game Boy Color
The Game Boy Color is a video game console from the Nintendo company, introduced in October 1998. It is the successor to the original Game Boy and its Pocket spinoff.

Hula
Hula is a type of dancing from Hawaii.
Hula is a word in the Hawaiian language. Male dancers and female dancers can both dance hula.

Herakles
Herakles (or Heracles) is a person in Greek mythology. He was the greatest of the Greek heroes, and he was given immortal life with the Olympic gods.
He is the son of the god Zeus and Alcmene, step-son of Amphitryon and great-grandson of Perseus. He and Theseus, king of Athens, had many adventures together, including those with the Amazon warriors.
He is shown with the lion skin and the club.
In Roman mythology he was named Hercules, and had different myths and practices than the Greek Herakles.
One of his most well known stories are "The Twelve Labours" (Greek name: "Dodekathlos").
The twelve labors is very one sided because there are some stories stating that Herakles only did nine labors and he had help on three so that didn't count.

Steam engine
A Steam engine is an engine which uses steam power to operate. It can convert the energy present in heat (of water steam usually) into mechanical work. "Steam engines" were used on locomotives or steam boats, but also in factories to move pumps. They were the prime moving force behind the Industrial Revolution. A piston-operated steam engine is called "reciprocal" (back-and-forth) engine.
The steam to power a steam engine is made in a boiler. Water in the boiler is heated to make steam. The steam coming out of the boiler applies the force on a piston or turbine blade. Movement of the piston or the turbine blade is then used to turn wheels or drive other machinery. To boil the water in the boiler, several types of fuels may be used. It may be wood, coal, or oil.
Today almost all steam engines are turbines. They are used on power plants to operate generators which make electricity. Some ships, like large warships, are also powered by steam turbines.
The steam engines were invented by MR. James Watt and it was debutated at the period of the industrial revolution, an economic revolution.

Computer programming
Computer programming is the process of making a program to run on a computer or console-based system. A computer program, or software, is written in one of many "programming languages".
Compiler.
A compiler is a program that turns a finished program script into a proper program that can be run. Some programs actually help make the script - these are called IDEs - Visual Basic and REALBasic are two examples.
Executables.
'Executables' are computer programs that run when a user clicks or double-clicks on them on a computer. They often end with '.exe', if the program is made for Windows.
These are the finished product of a program. The IDE makes this program from the script that is given to it.

BASIC (programming language)
"BASIC" is one of the first programming languages ever to be created. It was first used as a programming language on console computers. The acronym (a word made from other words) is Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code.
History.
The creators made the free of charge to make programmers interested in using the language. Since the creation, a large number of have been made so users can make their programs.

Mayon Volcano
Mount Mayon is an active volcano located in the province of Albay, Philippines. It has erupted several times and at present is still erupting.

Visual Basic.NET
"Visual Basic.NET" is the second series of Microsoft's Visual Basic series. It is sometimes shortened to "VB.NET". It is an IDE (Integrated Development Environment) and it includes an easy 'drag-and-drop' interface. It can make complete programs for Windows very easily.
Visual Basic.
It was first released in 1991 by Microsoft. Visual Basic is a simple way to make programs for Windows. It started as "Project Ruby" by Alan Cooper and then was sold to Microsoft. The system is built loosely on the original BASIC programming language released in 1963 and it can 'Test' programs in real-time, error checking them in a user-friendly way.
.NET Framework.
This package is the 'backbone' of Visual Basic.NET. When applications are created, the Windows Installer includes the framework with it. It includes all the items needed to run the VB.NET applications that have been made.
Visual Basic 2005 Express Edition.
This is a free version of Visual Basic 2005 released officially from Microsoft. It is aimed at encouraging more newbie programmers to try the series. The program can be downloaded from.
Controls.
Visual Basic.NET uses many controls which can be added to the forms or windows in the application. Other developers can create controls for applications, not just the ones that Microsoft include.

Temperature record of the past 1000 years
Many scientists and others are interested in the temperature record of Earth. Especially the temperature changes in the past 1000 years.
Temperatures were not measured that far back, so weather records are used. Unfortunatly, the weather records can be wrong, so the final temperature records are not accurate.
The average worldwide temperature will drop in about two centuries, for an ice age will occur.
As fresh water, from the melting ice caps, is added to the Atlantic Ocean, the North Atlantic Current will come to a halt. This current is based on a balance of salt water and fresh water. Fresh water from the ice caps will damage this balance, the current will stop, and Europe, which is kept warm during the winter because of the North Atlantic Current, will freeze.

Camping
Camping is a leisure activity where people leave their homes and spend one or more nights outdoors, usually to enjoy nature or a different environment. Usually they will sleep in a tent, or may not need to use one if the weather is warm. In some parts of the world, tents are people's homes.
When camping, people usually prepare food to eat that is easy to make. If they were hunting or fishing, they may cook the animal or fish they caught over a campfire.

New Guinea
New Guinea is a big island north of Australia. It is the second largest island in the world.
On the east side of New Guinea is the country Papua New Guinea. On the west side of the island are the Indonesian provinces of Papua and West Irian Jaya.
About 6.9 million people live on the island.
New Guinea is also very important for its nature and biology, because there are many different animals.

Honda
Honda is a large company from Japan. It is well known for making cars and motorcycles. Although Honda started in Japan, it now has many factories in other countries that includes the United States, Canada, Brazil, Thailand and China. The luxury division of Honda is called Acura.
Honda also makes ATVs. Honda is also known for participating in a very wide range of motorsport events, including Formula 1, MotoGP, LeMans, IRL and others.

Camelid
Camelids are a group of even-toed ungulate mammals. They form the family Camelidae. There are six living species of camelids.
Taxonomy.
The animals of the genus "Camelus" are also called "Afro-Asiatic Camelids". The animals of the genus "Lama" and genus "Vicugna" are also called "South American Camelids".
Hybrid.
There also exists a camelid hybrid called a "Cama". It is the child of a female Llama and a male Dromedary Camel. The Cama does not exist in nature, but is "made" by humans through artificial insemination (that means the sperm is artificially put into the female).
Habitat.
The two "Camelus" species originally lived in northern Africa, south-west and eastern Asia. The other four camelids lived in South America.
Camelids and humans.
Camelids have been domesticated by humans for about 5000 years. They have been important for transport, but were also kept for wool, meat and milk. The llama and alpaca were very important for the South American cultures, like the Inka. The camels were used by people in north Africa and Asia, especially in deserts.

Wallis and Futuna
Wallis and Futuna, officially called the Territory of Wallis and Futuna Islands (French: "Wallis et Futuna" or "Territoire des îles Wallis et Futuna"), is a group of three volcanic tropical islands (Wallis (Uvea), Futuna, and Alofi with fringing reefs, which are located in the South Pacific Ocean between Fiji and Samoa. One of the islands in the group is named after Cornish explorer Samuel Wallis.

Western New Guinea
Western New Guinea is the western half of the island of New Guinea. As of 2006, it is internationally recognised as Papua, a province of Indonesia. It was previously known by various names, including Netherlands New Guinea (until 1962), West Irian (1962-1973), and Irian Jaya (1973-2000). The incorporation of western New Guinea remains controversial in some quarters, including some within the area itself, and those who do not recognise the legal issues of Indonesia's claim to the area, calling it West Papua.
Papua was annexed by Indonesia under the controversial Act of Free Choice in 1969. In 2003, the Indonesian central government declared that the province would be split into three areas: Papua Province, Central Irian Jaya, and West Irian Jaya. Opposition to this resulted in the plan for Central Irian Jaya being scrapped, and even the designation of West Irian Jaya Province is still legally unclear. The independent sovereign state of Papua New Guinea (PNG) borders Papua Province to the east.

Maluku Islands
The Maluku Islands (also known as the Moluccas, Moluccan Islands or simply Maluku'") are an archipelago in Indonesia, and part of the larger Malay Archipelago. They are located on the Australian Plate, lying east of Sulawesi (Celebes), west of New Guinea, and north of Timor. The islands were also historically known as the "Spice Islands" by the Chinese and Europeans, but this term has also been applied to other islands.
Most of the islands are mountainous, some with active volcanoes, and enjoy a wet climate. The vegetation of the small and narrow islands, encompassed by the sea, is very luxuriant; this includes rainforests, sago, rice, and the famous spices--nutmeg, cloves, mace, and others. Though originally Melanesian, the populations of many island clans, especially in the Banda Islands, were decimated in the 17th century. A second influx of Malay immigrants began in the early twentieth century under the Dutch and continued in the Indonesian era.
Politically, the Maluku Islands formed a single province of Indonesia from 1950 until 1999. In 1999 the North Maluku ("Maluku Utara") and Halmahera Tengah (Central Halmahera) regency were split off as a separate province, so the islands are now divided between two provinces, Maluku and North Maluku. Between 1999 and 2002 they were known for religious conflicts between Muslims and Christians, although both groups have previously been peaceful.

Domestication
Domestication is a change that happens in wild animals or plants, when they are kept by humans for a long time.
If humans take wild animals and plants and keep and breed them, over time the animals and plants may change. The animals and plants become dependent on the humans who keep them, and they change in ways that are better for human use. This change (domestication) happens in the group of domesticated animals or plants as a whole. It is not the same as taming one individual animal.
The first domestication of plants happened during the first use of agriculture. Human first domesticated dogs. After the invention of agriculture, people domesticated sheep and goats, and later cattle and pigs.
Domesticated plants are crops or ornamental plants. People use domesticated animals as livestock, that means for food, clothing, and work. Otherwise, the domesticated animals may be kept as pets.
Domesticated animals.
The first animal that became domesticated was the dog, which has been domesticated for at least 14 000 years. About 10 000 years ago, people domesticated sheep and goats, and later pigs and cattle. Other animals that were domesticated early are camels, donkeys and horses. Some animals, like the domestic rabbit, were only domesticated in newer times.
Domesticated plants.
The first crops were domesticated around 9000 BC in the Fertile Crescent in the Middle East.

Night of the Living Dead
"Night of the Living Dead" is a 1968 horror movie from director George A. Romero. This low-budget picture was followed by three sequels, along with several parodies and spinoffs.

Russian Civil War
The Russian Civil War was a civil war fought from 1918 to c.1921 between several groups in Russia. The main fighting was between two groups: the Red Army and the White Army. The Red Army was an army of communists. The White Army opposed the communists. Finally, the Red Army won this war. After this war, the communists established the Soviet Union in 1922.
Overview.
Czar Nicholas II, the traditional ruler of the Russian Empire had just lost his throne. The Russian Revolution of 1917 had just ended. Many regions forming part of the Russian Empire were not stable. Many groups had arisen in the Soviet Union. The workers and farmers supporting the communists organized themselves into the Red Army. People opposing them organized themselves into the White Army.
In Ukraine, some groups fighting for a free Ukraine organized themselves as the Green Army. There were several other groups. The Green Army and the smaller groups fought among themselves, and sometimes they fought the Red Army and the White Army.
At the same time, some foreign countries were worried about the communists ruling the Soviet Union. They feared that communism would come to their countries also if the communists were successful so they helped fight against the communists’ Red Army. Slowly, the war became very large and continued for years. This war became known as the Russian Civil War.
The periods.
The Red Army and the White Army fought this war on three main regions. These regions were located in the east, the south and the northwest of the Soviet Union. There were also three main periods of the war. The outbreak of the Russian Civil War and its big scale surprised Vladimir Lenin.
Soon after the Russian Revolution of 1917, the first period of the Russian Civil War began. Most of the fighting in this period was on a small scale. But, the fighting started at many places. Some foreign countries also helped the White Army.
The second period of the Russian Civil War was a very important phase. It lasted from January to November of 1919. At first, the White Army was winning on all three fronts. But, Leon Trotsky reorganized the Red Army. The Red Army fought back, and the White Army’s loss was heavy. The White Army almost lost its fighting power.
Fighting in Crimea was the third and the final period of the Russian Civil War. Many soldiers of the White Army had gathered in Crimea. They had made their position very secure and strong. The Red Army continued to fight with them. When the Polish-Soviet War ended, more soldiers of the Red Army could reinforce their comrades in Crimea. This action defeated the White Army in November 1920.
After the war.
During and after the Russian Civil War, Soviet Russia suffered great damage. In 1920 and 1921, there was little rain, which caused serious famine in 1921. About one million Russians left Russia and went to other countries to live there on a permanent basis. Many of them were very educated and expert persons.
Economic loss was also very big. The value of Russia’s currency (ruble) fell. In 1914, with 2 rubles one could buy a US dollar. In 1920, one had to give 1,200 rubles to buy one US dollar. Estimates say that the war cost the Soviet Russia around 50 billion rubles or $35,000,000,000.00 in today’s price. Production of industrial goods fell to very low level. For example, The Soviet Union was producing only 5 % of the cotton, and only 2 % of the iron ore, compared to the production of 1913. Generally, the production had fallen to 20% of the production of 1913.
The Russian Civil War had a very bad result for agriculture also. Farm produced only 37 % of the normal production. Number of horses fell from 35 million (in 1916) to 24 million (in 1920). The number of cattle also became less, from 58 million to 37 million.
During this war, the government of the Soviet Union could somehow manage the country. In March 1921, four months after the defeat of the White Army in the Crimea, the Lenin administration abandoned the policy of War Communism and instead formulated the New Economic Policy which allowed denationalisation of agriculture and industry, but most financial institutions retained state ownership with a deregulation in such sectors. On 30 December 1922, the USSR was formally created, and by 1928, production returned to pre-war levels. Lenin, however, did not live to see that day: his health deteriorated rapidly since July 1922 and frequent was nearly incapacitated by strokes, and reluctantly handled gave many of his functions to Stalin and Trotsky. Lenin tried to demote Stalin, but the Party refused through a vote. He died on the 21st of January 1924 at the age of 53.
However, after few years of this war, the Soviet Union developed very fast in 1930s. But, the result of the First World War and the Russian Civil War was very bad for the life and society for the newborn Soviet Union. People always remembered their bad results.

Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends
"Foster's Home For Imaginary Friends" is a children's cartoon that is shown on Cartoon Network. It was created by Craig McCracken, who also made "The Powerpuff Girls". It premiered in August 2004, and new episodes are created to this day. In the show's world, imaginary friends are as real as humans. Once the creator decides he or she does not want the imaginary friend anymore, they are sent to live at "Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends," an adoption home.
In the ninety-minute debut episode, an imaginary friend named Bloo is allowed to live in the house without being available for adoption, as long as his creator Mac visits him every day. The show from this point onwards is about their many silly adventures with their new friends, both imaginary and human.

Interpol
History.
In 1923, Interpol begun its functioning from Austria. At that time, its name was "International Criminal Police Commission" (ICPM). During the Second World War, Nazi Germany controlled Austria. ICPM also came under Nazi control. They used it for collecting many types of information. After the Second World War, senior military men of Belgium, France, Scandinavia, and the United Kingdom made many changes in ICPM. Thereafter, ICPM started to work in its new form.
Office.
The Interpol General Secretariat is the main office of Interpol. The highest-ranking officer of Interpol is the president. Just below him, there is a secretary general. In 2001, about 384 persons from 54 countries worked in this secretariat. Earlier the working time was from 9 o’clock in the morning till 5 o’clock in the evening. Now, this secretariat works all 24 hours without any break. In 2001, Interpol could help in arresting or finding out about 1400 persons, generally criminals.
Method.
Over the years, Interpol has developed a method of its working. Each member country keeps a special office. The name of this office in every member country is National Central Bureau (NCB). If necessary, Interpol contacts this office for getting information or for any other action. In turn, the National Central Bureau gets in touch with Interpol (on behalf of the member country) to ask for any assistance.
Interpol also has collected a large data about criminals and crimes. Such information includes information about illegal drug trade, lost and stolen passports and visas. Member countries may use the information. Officers of Interpol do not directly conduct any enquiry or investigation. This is always done through the policemen of the member country.

El Niño-Southern Oscillation
El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO in short) is a term describing a natural event that occurs in the Pacific Ocean. The terms "El Niño" and "La Niña" also describe this natural event. "El Nino" and "La Nina" are English words for the Spanish words "El Niño" and "La Niña". In Spanish they mean the "little boy" and the "little girl". El Niño is related to temperature changes in surface waters of the tropical Pacific Ocean. Every two to five years the Pacific Ocean endures a fluids mechanic phenomenon called El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). El Nino Spanish for
“the child” describes the infant Jesus Christ; initially referring to a weak, warm current appearing annually around Christmas time along the coast of Ecuador and Peru and lasting only a few weeks to a month or more. Every three to seven years, an El Niño event may last for many months, having significant economic and atmospheric consequences worldwide. Australia and Southeast Asia experience drought and deserts of Peru experience torrential rainfall and East Africa can experience both. The effects of El Niño are felt worldwide in changing weather patterns and in the resulting economic consequences. By the early 1980s it was evident that El Niño and the Southern Oscillation were related, and the acronym ENSO described this large-scale analysis interannual climate phenomenon.
El Niño refers to an anomalous large-scale analysis warming in the equatorial eastern and central Pacific Ocean. Scientists began to realize that this warming was intimately linked to an atmospheric phenomenon referred to the Southern Oscillation discovered by “Sir Gilbert Walker in 1923”. The Southern Oscillation is, in simple terms, a "seesaw" of atmospheric pressure between the Pacific and Indian oceans. The clearest sign of the oscillation is the inverse relationship between the air pressure measured at two sites: Darwin, Australia, in the Indian Ocean and the island of Tahiti in the South Pacific. The Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) is the difference in sea-level pressure measured at Darwin and Tahiti, while the Cold Tongue (CT) Index measures how much the average sea-surface temperature in the central and eastern Pacific near the equator varies from the annual cycle displayed in the diagram below. It is evident that the two indices are anti-correlated, so that a negative SOI is usually accompanied by an anomalously warm ocean known as El Nino.
The Southern Oscillation Index (red line) is the sea-level pressure measured at Tahiti minus that measured at Darwin. The CT Index (blue) is the anomaly in the sea-surface temperature averaged over the region between 5° south and 5° north, and between the Date Line and 90° west. Characteristics from observations have been that events last 12 to 18 months and could happen every two to seven years. The following features also seem to be common to most ENSO events. Quasi-stationary anomalies in the sea-surface temperature SST in the eastern and central Pacific relaxation of the trade winds easterly winds in the tropical Pacific associated with positive SST anomalies at the onset of the event with deepening in the east and a shallowing in the west of the thermocline along the equator. The thermocline is the zone at the top of the ocean in which the water temperature decreases rapidly with depth.

Pressure cooker
A pressure cooker is a type of pot with a very tight lid.
As the liquid in the pot gets hot, pressure rises. Higher pressure results in a higher boiling point. Pressure cookers allow cooking at higher temperatures than regular pots, which allows for faster cooking.

1710
Year 1710 (MDCCX) was a year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar.

Pescozada
Pescozada is a hip-hop group from El Salvador. Their members are two men named Debil Estar and Fat Lui. They rap about gangs, politics, and the future of El Salvador. Their songs include "Primer Acto" and "I Could Fly". They rap in Spanish.

Rhyme
Rhyme means words that sound the same or similar in their endings. Poems and popular song lyrics often use rhyme. A simple poem can also be called a rhyme.
uses "internal rhymes," rhymes that fall within a single line instead of at the end of lines. In another children's poem,
Here, the rhymes are not exact rhymes. Also, "gander" and "wander" are "sight rhymes," words that look like rhymes when printed but do not sound quite alike. Sight rhymes are more common in poetry meant to be read, than in songs or verse meant to be sung or spoken aloud and heard by listeners.
Along with simple normal rhymes, "met" and "get", "sad" and "add", and one internal rhyme, "health" and "wealth", Hunt creates sets of clever two-word rhymes.
Some poets and writers use very unusual rhymes. Well-known examples can be found in the song lyrics to the 1939 MGM film version of L. Frank Baum's "The Wizard of Oz". The lyrics, written by E. Y. "Yip" Harburg, use many odd rhymes, plus internal rhymes, complex rhyme patterns, and other tricks of language. W. S. Gilbert, the lyricist for the Gilbert and Sullivan comic operas, wrote the same way. The books of Dr. Seuss are also famous for their many strange rhymes.
Poets who choose to avoid rhyme write in blank verse or free verse.

Lock
A lock is a thing that keeps people from opening something, such as a door or a box. People can close the lock on a door to keep people from coming in. This is called "locking" the door.
Types of locks.
A combination lock is a lock that uses a dial (a knob with numbers all around it) to open it. Someone must turn the dial to the right numbers in the right order. This is called the "combination." This lock is used on safes and locks for bicycles.
A key lock is a lock that uses a key (a piece of metal with teeth like a little saw) to open it. Someone must put the key in the lock and turn it to open the lock. This lock is used in doors and locks for boxes.
An electronic lock is a special lock that can only be opened with a message from a computer. This message can be stored in a computer chip on a card (called a "key card" or "security card"). Or it can be made by a computer looking at someone's fingerprint or eye.

Knob
A knob is a round handle that can be turned or pulled. A doorknob is a round handle that is turned to open a door. A cabinet knob is a small handle that is pulled to open a cabinet door or drawer. A control knob can turn a lamp on and off or make the volume on a radio go up or down.
A "knob" can also be any small, round thing that sticks out.

The Sims 2
"The Sims 2" is a 2004 video game and the sequel to "The Sims". It is a simulation game made by Maxis and EA Games.
The game features a full 3D graphics engine. Like the first "The Sims" game, it has many expansion packs.
Changes.
There are now six life stages: baby, toddler, child, teenager, adult, and Old. Sims can now grow up and eventually die. In the first game, Sims would stay children forever and adults would stay adults forever. Teenagers can hold jobs as well as go to school.
Careers have gone under many changes. There is now a schedule; there are seven days in a week, and Sims at school are off on Saturday and Sunday. Sims can now get paid vacation days and start working 4-5 days a week. A meter measures job performance (their mood when they get to work). A new thing called "chance cards" lets the player pick what to do in a situation. Sims can gain/lose skill points, gain/lose money, or be promoted or demoted.
Children and teenagers now bring homework home and their grades rise or fall depending on whether they finish it or not. Teenagers can hold jobs as well as go to school, but if their grades drop too low they can lose their job.
Other new things are wants and fears. These change when a want or fear is done or when the Sim wakes up from sleep.
Also, Sims can have aspirations (big things they want to do) like to have a family, to have many friends, to fall in love, to learn a lot, or to have a lot of money. A player can choose which aspiration they want their Sim to have, and the aspirations will affect their wants and fears. For example, a Sim with the family aspiration might want to have a child, but a Sim with the money aspiration might want to get a job instead.
In the first Sims game, children had to be made at the start of the game or got from the adoption service. But in Sims 2, a mother Sim and a father Sim can have a child.
One of the biggest changes in Sims 2 is that a Sim can go to a community lot (a place in the town like a store or a park). They can go there by using the phone to call a taxi.
Expansion packs.
These are addons to the game which add new items, new places and new features. They are listed in the order that they came out in the shops. They are meant to come out 2 times a year.
There are eight expansion packs in total.
Stuff packs.
These are packages that only add items to the game. They are less expensive then the regular expansion packs.
Sequel.
EA is releasing a sequel to this game called "The Sims 3". It will be released some time in 2009 or 2010.

RollerCoaster Tycoon
"RollerCoaster Tycoon" (or "RCT") is a series of computer games where the user can make their own theme park. Each game in the series allows players to construct their own theme parks in an objective-based level. Players can also build their own roller coasters.
The first game was made by three people: designer and programmer Chris Sawyer, artist Simon Foster and composer Alistar Brimble. It was published by Hasbro Interactive.
The game was very popular. It was released for the PC.
RollerCoaster Tycoon.
This is the original game, for the PC. It was released in 1999 There is a long list of scenarios (levels) which the user can complete. Users can also download famous theme parks from the internet. A large amount of rides and shops are included with the game.
Added Attractions Pack.
Also named 'Corkscrew Follies'. It was released in 1999 This game includes many more levels and some more rides and shops are added. The original game MUST be installed to be able to play this one.
Loopy Landscapes.
This addon also includes the "Added Attractions Pack". It was released in 2000 for the PC. It includes three famous theme parks: Blackpool Pleasure Beach, Alton Towers and Heide Park. It adds many more levels and rides to the game.
RollerCoaster Tycoon 2.
The game also added support for buildings to be made using walls to make ride entrances. It included famous Six Flags theme parks and their rides.
RollerCoaster Tycoon 3.
"RCT3" is the first game in the series to use full 3D graphics. It was released in 2004. Players can ride their rides and rollercoasters for the first time. Night and day is a new feature. Firework displays can now be made to custom music.
RCT3 now has a sandbox mode. This is where the user can build a park with all items available and unlimited money. It is a good way to build parks in practise for the 'Career Mode'. There are many Scenarios packaged with the game. Each one can be completed on three difficulty levels. More are added with the expansion packs.
Soaked!
This is the first expansion pack to be released for RCT3. It was released in 2005. The User can build water parks with different types of waterslides. He or she can also build swimming pools. A few water-themes attractions have been added as well as new shops. The amount of scenarios are doubled this expansion pack is installed. It also adds some new music to the game.
The Fireworks mode has been upgraded to a Laser and Water display feature as well. The user can now make long shows to their music.
Wild!
This expansion pack was released in 2005. The users can now add animals to their park. A new set of animal-themed rides have been added, like the 'Insect House' and 'Elephant Ride'. The game has new music and new scenery. Also some new shops have been added. There are a lot of scenarios added as well as some jungle themed music.

Fuhua Secondary School
Fuhua Secondary School is a school in Jurong West, Singapore. It started in 2000 and the founding principal was Ong Kian Choon. Oen Siew Yock took over as principal in 2005 when Ong was made to work at Nan Chiau High. The Vice Principal is Phor Hoay Guan.
Awards.
Although Fuhua's history is short, unlike other established schools, Fuhua has won many awards since its start. The school is most famous for its robotics team, known as Fubotics. Students has gone on to South Korea representing Singapore in a robotics meet in 2003. Many of its performing arts groups clinched an Singapore Youth Festival (SYF) Silver award in the second time they took part in the SYF competition.
Fuhua's NCC (Land) Unit have also achieved outstanding performance in the Best Unit Competition 2004/05. They have clinched the Gold award and hopes to maintain it in 2006.
Fuhua's NPCC Unit have clinched a Silver Award for the year 2005. An improvement from the previous, clinching a bronze in 2004.
Every year, the NCC would organise its annual shooting competition. For the year 2004, a team comprising of 5 shooters from then Part C(Sec 3) have shot their way to being the 1st in the West District and 6th in the national. For the year 2005, the shooters have achieved 4th in the nation and Part A Jia Hao ranked 4th in the individual IMT shoot.
Uniform.
Fuhua's uniform is similar to that of Chung Cheng High School. It is an all-white Uniform. There are shoulder lapels on the shirt/blouse. It is secured by metal epaulettes. The shirt/blouse has chest pockets and metal epaulettes are also placed on the pockets. Upper Secondary male students wear long pants instead.
Its attire for physical education (PE) compromises of a red attire. The school crest is placed on the left chest. The word "Fuhua" spreads from the right to the left at the front. At the back of the PE T-shirt, "Fuhua Secondary" is slightly curved and spans from the left to the right.
The school blazer is bright red in colour. Students have to wear their tie with the blazer. The tie is blue in colour with yellow diagonal stripes. The word "fuhua" is placed on top of these stripes.
School video awards.
A drama was filmed in 2005. Called "Subject to Change", it was directed by Jason Ye. There was another film, a documentary on cosplay. This documentary won the Silver award, an improvement compared to the previous year's documentary on Pets, which bagged the Bronze award.
Speech Day.
The school holds its speech day every year in March or April. In 2006, the school held its Speech Day in the morning, unlike the previous year, which held its Speech Day at night. This was because the school had organised its bi-annual cultural night.
Aesthetics Education.
In 2006, Fuhua started aesthetics education lessons.
Facilities.
The school has an air rifle range and an aesthetics room, where NCC Cadets can practice drumming.
The aesthetics room was officially opened on 31 March 2006 by the school's Advisory Committee Member, Mr Yip Mein Hui. The opening coincided ith the school's Speech Day.

Eintracht Frankfurt
Eintracht Frankfurt is a German sports club, best known for the football section.
The club plays in the Bundesliga. They have won the German Championship once and German Cup (DFB Pokal) 4 times and the UEFA Cup once.
They were founded in 1899. The team colours are red, white and black. They play at Commerzbank-Arena (former Waldstadion). The current captain of the side is striker Ioannis Amanatidis from Greece.
The coach of Eintracht Frankfurt is Friedhelm Funkel.
Eintracht has also 15 other sections such as athletics, basketball and ice hockey.

Commonwealth of Nations
The Commonwealth is a name for some countries which were part of the British Empire before they became independent. This group of states works together on many important matters, like business, health and the fight against poverty.
The Commonwealth of Nations is a group of countries. Originally, it was called the British Commonwealth of Nations which was founded in 1926 when the British Empire began to break-up. Now, there are 53 member countries of the Commonwealth of Nations. All except Mozambique were part of the British Empire. There are some other associations having similar sounding names. For example, the Commonwealth of Australia or the Commonwealth of Independent states. But, the Commonwealth of Nations is different and a separate organization.
Origin.
The term the Commonwealth of Nations originated in 1884. Lord Rosebery was on a visit to Australia in 1884. At Adelaide he told that over a period of time a number of colonies of the British Empire will become free and many may become more independent. He further told that all of these countries would then become the Commonwealth of Nations. The use of the term continued, though in its present form and in a practical sense the Commonwealth of Nations originated decades later.

Nuclear meltdown
A nuclear meltdown describes a special type of situation, which may happen at a nuclear reactor. Sometimes, the middle portion of the nuclear reactor (that is, its core) does not get cooled properly. Due to some defects, the cooling system fails or its functioning becomes defective. If this happens, then uranium or plutonium or similar materials inside the nuclear reactor become hot. When they become very hot, such materials start melting or dissolving. If such a position arises in a nuclear reactor, it is a nuclear meltdown.
Meltdowns.
Around the world, some nuclear meltdowns have occurred. Some of them were mild, but few of them were very serious.
In 1986, a nuclear meltdown occurred in a place named Chernobyl (Ukraine). In this case, all the people living in the towns and the villages (near the defective nuclear reactor) had to move to far away places.
Many Russian submarines get power from nuclear energy produced inside these submarines. These are nuclear submarines. Some such nuclear submarines have faced nuclear meltdown.
Sometimes, the nuclear meltdown may happen immediately. For example, the nuclear reactor at Chernobyl. Sometimes, the nuclear meltdown may take many hours to happen. For example, the nuclear meltdown at Three Mile Island, (Pennsylvania, United States) took many hours to happen.
A nuclear meltdown may happen on account of one or more reasons.

Zoroaster
Zarathushtra was an ancient prophet. He lived in Iran. Zoroaster of English language is same as Zarathushtra. He founded a religion named Zoroastrianism. This religion has a long history. It was the national religion of Sassanian Empire of ancient Iran. In Persian language, the name takes the form of "Zartosht".
Most of the scholars agree that Zoroaster was a real person who lived long back. No one is certain about the time when he lived. Estimates tell that he lived about 3200 years before, around 1200 BC. Some other estimates tell that Zarathushtra may have lived anywhere between the 18th century BC and the 6th century BC.

Russian Empire
The Russian Empire, also called Imperial Russia, was a big country. It started in 1721 AD and lasted until it was declared a republic in March 1917.
Some information.
In 1900, the Russian Empire covered an area of about 222,400,000km². In 1897, it had a population of 128 200 000 (1897 year). Its official language is the Russian language.

International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement
The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement is a movement to save human life and health.
Although it is a big international organisation, it is privately run. No government controls the Red Cross.
The Red Cross has a special job, given by international law. It is the only private group to have its jobs set out by international law.
The Red Cross, the Red Crescent and the Red Crystal,the three international symbols of the Red Cross

Cello
The cello is an instrument used to play music. Its name comes from the Italian language, so it is pronounced “chello”. The full word is violoncello, but in speaking people normally call it the “cello”. A person who plays the cello is called a “cellist”. The cello is a very popular instrument. It belongs to the violin family. It has many uses: as a solo instrument, in chamber music and also in orchestras. It is also occasionally used by pop musicians, e.g. the Beatles, Bjork and Jamiroquai.
History.
The cello came into use in the 16th century. At that time there was a family of instruments called the viols. The instruments of the violin family were also developing and there were lots of experiments with instruments of different shapes and sizes. The violone was popular as a bass instrument. It was similar to a modern double bass. The name "violoncello", means "little violone".The cello also has 4 strings. The cello developed as the bass instrument in string groups (the double bass was added later, “doubling the bass” i.e. playing the same as the cello an octave lower). It was used to accompany in basso continuo, playing the same as the left hand of the harpsichord player. When composers started to write concerti grossi (pieces for orchestra and a small group of soloists), they started to give the cello small solos. In this way the cello started to be used as a solo instrument as well. Johann Sebastian Bach wrote six very famous suites for solo cello (unaccompanied). They are among the most beautiful pieces written for the cello.
Other composers started to write works for solo cello. Joseph Haydn wrote two solo concertos for the instrument. King Friedrich Wilhelm II of Prussia loved the cello, and he inspired Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven to write music with interesting cello parts. The cello was now an equal with the other string instruments, no longer just playing a simple bass line.
In the 19th century many famous composers wrote cello music. A lot of them were cellists themselves e.g. Carl Davidov, David Popper and Julius Klengel. Some very famous composers who wrote important cello music were: Mendelssohn, Chopin, Schumann, Brahms, Dvořák, Fauré, Saint-Saëns, Elgar, Sergei Rakhmaninov. Two famous pieces written more recently for cello and orchestra are the Cello Symphony by Benjamin Britten and The Protecting Veil by John Tavener.
Playing the cello.
The parts of the cello are similar to those of the violin. The strings are tuned to C – G – D – A, (low to high) exactly one octave lower than the viola. The cello is played sitting down and holding the instrument between the knees. There is an end-pin which rests on the ground. This is adjustable in height so that the player can put it in a position to make herself (himself) comfortable. The cello is normally played with a bow.
The cello has a deep, rich sound. It starts two octaves below middle C, but can go very high. For the highest notes the player can use “thumb position” (a violinist cannot do this). This means that the left thumb is pressing down on one or two strings high up over the fingerboard. (“High” means “nearer the bridge” where the high notes are. In fact, it is nearer to the floor.). Although cello music is most frequently written in the bass clef, cello music often goes quite high so that the tenor clef or treble clef are used especially in the solo repertory.
Some famous cellists.
The most famous cellist of the early part of the 20th century was the Spanish cellist Pablo Casals. He made the cello popular as a solo instrument today. Later the Frenchman Paul Tortelier was one of the great stars. Today Rebecca Chaplin Mstislav Rostropovitch (who now only conducts), Yo Yo Ma,Mischa Maisky and Steven Isserlis are among the greatest players.

European colonization of the Americas
European colonization of the Americas is a term which many historians use to describe colonization and settlement by Europeans in North America and South America. It started with the discovery of America by Columbus in 1492. However, about 500 years before Colombus, the Norse had reached America and colonized Vinland. But, they did not continue. Thus, in a practical sense, colonization of America began with the arrival of Columbus.
The Spanish people were the first to win many parts of South and Central America. They also won many parts of North America. Later on, people from many countries of Europe reached the Americas.
See also.
History of America

Doha
Doha (Arabic: الدوحة;, Ad-Dawḥah or Ad-Dōḥah) is the capital city of Qatar. It has a population of 400,051 (2005), and is at 25.3° N 51.5333° E, on the Persian Gulf. The city is home to Doha International Airport and the major oil and fishing industries. Doha is also home to Education City, an area devoted to research and education. Doha was the host of the 2006 Asian Games, a major Asian sporting event.

Bandar Seri Begawan
Bandar Seri Begawan is the capital city of Brunei. It has a population of 46,229 (1991). The city is the home of producers of furniture, textiles, handcrafts, and timber. It is the site of the Royal Ceremonial Hall or Lapau, Royal Regalia Building, the Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien Mosque, the Malay Technology Museum, and the Brunei History Center. Bandar Seri Begawan is located at 4°55' North, 114°55' East (4.91667, 114.91667).

Thimphu
Thimphu (ཐིམ་ཕུ་) is the capital city of Bhutan. It is the name of the surrounding valley and dzongkhag, the Thimphu District. It has a population of 50,000 (2003), it is the largest population center in the country. Thimphu is located at 27°28′00″N, 89°38′30″E.

Colombo
Colombo (කොළඹ in Sinhala; கொழும்பு in Tamil) is the largest city of Sri Lanka. It is the city which is economically most important to the country. It has a population of 642,163. It is located on the southwest coast close to the present capital city of Kotte. The name Colombo is borrowed from Sinhala language name Kola-amba-thota which means "harbor with leafy mango trees". Traveller Ibn Batuta in the 14th century referred to it as "Kalanpu".

Malé
Malé (Dhivehi: މާލެ) is the capital city of Maldives. It has a population 81,647 (2004). The city is located on Malé Island in the Kaafu Atoll. Although Malé is located in Kaafu Atoll, but administratively it is not considered part of it. A commercial harbor is located in the Island. It is the center of all commercial activities in the country. Many government buildings and agencies are located on the waterfront. Malé International Airport is close to Hulhule Island which includes a seaplane base for internal transportation.

Islamabad
Islamabad (Urdu: اسلام آباد, abode of Islam) is the Federal capital city of Pakistan, and is located in the Pothohar Plateau in the northwest of the country. Islamabad Town is also a town in Indian Occupied Kashmir. It is located in the Islamabad Capital Territory, though the area has historically been a part of the crossroads of the Punjab region and the North-West Frontier Province (the Margalla pass being a historic gateway to the North-West Frontier Province, and the Pothohar Plateau historically is a part of the Punjab region). Islamabad is located at 33°40′N 73°10′E..
This city is rich in nature.It is surrounded by Margalla hills.
Educational institution.
"Islamabad" is also another town name after the Pakistani capital in Indian occupied Kashmir; located in the valley of Pir Panjal Range previously called Anantnag.

Wall of Voodoo
Wall of Voodoo is a rock band from the United States. The band was from Los Angeles, California. The band's music style was punk and new wave. Their most famous song was "Mexican Radio".
History.
The band's genesis was in a Hollywood company called "Acme Soundtracks", a commercially unsuccessful venture founded in 1977 in Hollywood by songwriter Stan Ridgway. Ridgway's intent for the company was to provide soundtrack music for independently produced low-budget horror films; unfortunately, they found few takers for their services. Instead, Acme Soundtracks evolved into a band that played live shows, as Ridgway (vocals, harmonica, keyboards) enlisted Marc Moreland (guitar) followed by Marc's brother Bruce Moreland (bass), Chas T. Gray (keyboards), and Joe Nanini (percussion) to the line-up.
Name.
The band was named Wall Of Voodoo by Ridgway before their first gig in reference to a comment made while recording and overdubbing a Kalamazoo Rhythm Ace drum machine, a gift to Ridgway by writer and iconic voice over artist Daws Butler, partner to Stan Freberg, voice of Yogi Bear and many other Hanna-Barbera characters. When someone jokingly compared the multiple drum machine and farfisa organ laden recordings to Phil Spector's Wall Of Sound, Ridgway commented it sounded more like a "Wall Of Voodoo", and the name stuck.
Problems.
Actually, for new listeners, the voodoo reference was a little misleading, as it referred to the music's often spooky quality, as opposed to any Haitian or Caribbean influences. In fact, WoV's music could fairly have been described as a cross between early synthesizer pop (especially that of Devo) and Ennio Morricone's spaghetti western soundtracks. Adding to the music's distinctiveness was Ridgway's unusual vocal style, a half-spoken western drawl, and Nanini's percussive experimentation, mixing drum machines with found instruments such as pots, pans and various kitchen utensils, as well as Marc Moreland's distinctive guitar.
First album.
In 1980, Wall Of Voodoo released their self-titled debut EP, which included a cover version of Johnny Cash's Ring of Fire, as well as three original songs and a few snippets of atmospheric Acme Soundtracks work. In 1981 the band released Dark Continent, an album concerned largely with workplace issues.
Results.
After that album, bassist Bruce Moreland exited the band, and Gray doubled up on both bass and keyboards. Now a quartet, in 1982 WoV recorded their best-known album with producer Richard Mazda, Call of the West, which included "Mexican Radio". Though "Mexican Radio" didn't make the top 40 in either the US or the UK, it was a sizeable underground hit, and the song's video received heavy airplay on MTV in the US and MuchMusic in Canada.
Expansion.
Wall Of Voodoo added Bill Noland from L.A.'s quirky outfit Human Hands as a keyboardist in 1982, but increasing tensions within the band eventually led to a breakup of the band after the Us Festival in 1983. Ridgway would there after embark on a solo career, which netted him much critical acclaim and a top 5 hit in the UK with the 1986 single "Camouflage" in addition to songs such as "The Big Heat","Drive She Said" and "Salesman". Numerous solo recordings have followed.
Problems.
Noland and Nanini also left the band in 1983. WoV regrouped in 1984 with a new lead singer (Andy Prieboy), as well as a new drummer (Ned Leukhardt) and returning bassist Bruce Moreland.
Second and Third albums.
A 1984 single ("Big City") was followed by two albums from this lineup: 1985's Seven Days in Sammystown, and 1987's Happy Planet. The Sammystown album also spawned "Far Side Of Crazy", a minor hit single in Australia.
Bruce Moreland again exited the band before their final album in 1989, the live recording "The Ugly Americans In Australia".
Andy Prieboy.
After the final break-up, Andy Prieboy issued three solo albums:"Upon My Wicked Son", "Montezuma Was A Man of Faith" and "Sins of The Father." "Wicked Son" featured the haunting ballad "Tomorrow Wendy" which was covered by a score of bands, most notably Concrete Blonde on their hit "Bloodletting" album.
Marc Moreland.
Marc Moreland recorded with Pretty & Twisted and Department of Crooks as well as issuing a solo album shortly before his death on March 13, 2002.
Stan Ridgeway.
Stan Ridgway continues to release numerous recordings and projects, including collaborations with his wife, composer Pietra Wexstun of the electronic lounge band Hecate's Angels. These include "Soundtrack for Blood" (2003), a musical score to an exhibit of paintings by the surrealist artist Mark Ryden, and "Barbecue Babylon", the latest album by Drywall, their "experimental noise combo trio" with electric guitarist Rick King.
Ridgway's most recent solo cd is "Snakebite - Blacktop Ballads and Fugitive Songs" (2005) which featured the amazing song Talkin' Wall Of Voodoo Blues.
New band.
A newly reformed Wall Of Voodoo recently opened for Cyndi Lauper at the 2006 Pacific Amphitheatre Summer Concert Series at the OC Fair.
Members.
The line up consisted of Stan Ridgway - vocals, harmonica, farfisa organ, compass, polygraph, and new members Joe Berardi - percussion, drums, foley, laugh box, gong, atomic clock, Rick King - guitar, twang wire, tremolo tonic, bees vs moths, maps, Pietra Wexstun - keys, electric piano, C3 organ, tarot cards, mind reading, Jeff Boynton - keys, moog, oberheim, circuit bending and soldering iron, David Sutton - bass, thunder stick, vitalis, casuals, and golf balls, Richard Mazda - Special Guest, guitar, clavinet, SFX, points of discussion, producer-dude of Call Of The West and Mexican Radio, and other strange things. Andy Prieboy, Chas T Gray and Bill Noland were approached to participate but declined. All sent their well wishes and may contribute in the future.
Drummer Joe Nanini died of a brain hemorrhage on December 4, 2000.
Guitarist Marc Moreland died of kidney and liver failure on March 13, 2002.

Khyber Pass
The Khyber Pass (also called the Khaiber Pass or Khaybar Pass) (Urdu: درہ خیبر) is the most important pass between Pakistan with Afghanistan; National "border" Pass (International). It is the "National Pass" of Pakistan, and connects the frontiers of Afghania.
Throughout history it has been an important trade route between Central Asia and South Asia, and a strategic military place. The actual pass summit is 5 kilometers inside Pakistan at Landi Kotal. The pass cuts through the Safed Koh mountains which are a far southeastern extension of the Hindu Kush range.the height of the khyber pass is 1,070 and width is 140m

Ground zero
Ground zero is the name for the exact place where an explosion occurs. It is the place where the most damage happens. The further away from ground zero, the less damage there is.

Anne Rice
Anne Rice (born on 4 October 1941) is an American author of horror/fantasy books. "Interview with the Vampire" and "The Queen of the Damned" are among her best-known works.

Motley's Crew
Motley's Crew is a comic strip that had few but very devoted followers. The comic strip featured a factory worker named Mike, a stay-at-home grandmother named Mabel, their son Truman and daughter-in-law Tacoma, in-laws Abel and Buffy, and a whole lot of humor. There was a lot of comedy that involved the human body that was similar to "The Simpsons". In one of the later comic strips, Mike Motley becamesthe receiving end of a joke when his brother- and sister-in-law saw him emerge from his house wearing a previously worn three-piece tuxedo with a piece of his white jockey-style briefs sticking from out from his formal pants. At a marriage ceremony, Mike forgot to wear a necktie and his wife told him to wear a necktie the next time he attended a marriage ceremony.
In some comic strips, Mike Motley wore boxer shorts. In other comic strips, he wore briefs. This was not meant to be an error. It just meant that Mike Motley wore boxer shorts as outer clothes while inside his house and briefs as his underwear.
Rarity of the Comic Strip.
Unless a person collects newspapers as a hobby, "Motley's Crew" comic strips are rare to come by as no archive books have ever been made of this classic comic strip. A person looking for a single comic strip can copy a older local newspaper from a place that has old newspapers, pay a moderate price to have it copied and made bigger, and one must be careful to keep it away from small children who might not understand the full value of the strip (and think that it came from today's newspaper). This comic strip was commonly printed in the English language because the comic strip was created in the United States of America. It is possible for the comic strip to be translated into different languages including French, Spanish, German, and possibly Japanese. However, these comics strips would be much harder to find than their English equivalents.
Abel and Buffy.
"Abel and Buffy", whose last names are unknown, are minor characters on the comic strip "Motley's Crew". They provided the role for laughs when Mike Motley is forced by his wife into a funny situation. In one of the comic strips that took place between July 15 and July 31, 1997, Abel can be noticed wearing a normal business suit and Buffy is seen wearing a summer dress as their embarrassed brother-in-law Mike Motley is seen wearing a three-piece tuxedo, looking foolish and elderly (part of it is because Mabel couldn't force her husband to wear anything else suitable for a visit by in-laws in the time alloted (there wasn't even time to tuck his briefs completely underneath his trousers that are worn for formal events).
No Retirement for Mike Motley.
The last comic strip was printed on December 31, 1999. This meant that Mike Motley never retired from his job and neither he, his family, nor the loyal readers of this comic strip got to see a retirement party.

Homemaker
A homemaker is a person whose main job is to take care of their own family home and children. Both men and women can be homemakers, but traditionally the job of homemaker has been done by women.
The term "homemaker".
Because it has been the traditional job of a woman to be a "homemaker", a woman who spends most of her time caring for the family home has been called a "housewife". This word is not used on government forms any more, because it is "gender specific language". (A gender specific word is one that tells whether a person is male or female, for example: "Headmistress" is "gender specific", "School principal" is not.) From the 1970s onward, "gender specific" words are regarded as discrimination. The word "housewife" is still used in ordinary speech. If a man is the main homemaker, then the word "househusband" is used for a joke. The word started being used in the 1970s to show that "gender specific" language could sound silly. Other terms that started being used in the late 1900s are "housegoddess", "homeprofessional" and "home and family facilitator".
Traditional societies.
For many thousands of years, men have been thought of by society as the main "breadwinners" in families. This means that it has been the job of men to do work that either hunted food, grew food or earned money to pay for food, while the women have cared for children, prepared food for eating, cleaned the house, and made and cared for clothes.
In societies where people are "hunters and gathers", for example the traditional society of the Australian aboriginal people, it is the men who do the hunting of animals for meat, and the women who do the gathering of other types of food such as grain, fruit and vegetables. One of the reasons is that a married woman usually had children and babies. It is much easier to gather fruit with a baby on your hip than to hunt a fast-moving animal. Even in a society where homes were very simple and people did not own very many things, men and women did different jobs.
In "rural societies", where the main work is farming women have also taken care of gardens and animals around the house, and helped men with heavy work whenever a job needed doing in a hurry, usually because of the season.
Urban societies.
An "urban societies" is when most people live in towns and cities. In urban societies, since ancient times, most men did work that earned money. They worked in factories, shops, banks and other businesses as well as churches, schools and the town council. It was seen as the job of a woman to be a "housewife" (homemaker).
But often, what really happened was something different. Often, if a family had a business, then not just the husband but also the wife would work to make money in the business. This has been happening since ancient times.
Every society always has some women who never marry. They might stay at home and do "housework" for other family members, or they might work outside the house like a man. In many urban societies, there has not been many jobs that a woman was allowed to do. In modern society there are still strong traditions about the jobs that women do.
Modern society.
In the 19th century (1800s) more and more women began to stop being homemakers and began to do jobs that men usually did. At this time many big factories were set, first in England then in other countries as well. Thousands of young women went to work in factories.
Other women, like Florence Nightingale stopped being housewives and did dirty dangerous jobs, even though they were rich and didn't need to work. A famous surgeon called James Barry is believed to have been a woman in disguise. (She would never have been allowed to go to medical school.) Even though things like this happened, in most families where there was a husband and wife, people thought it was the job of the husband to earn money and the job of the woman to be a "housewife" (homemaker). Women were often very proud to be a good homemaker and have their house and children spotlessly clean, their husband's shirts neatly pressed and tasty meals to eat every night.
In the first half of the 20th century (1900s) there were two big wars (World War I and World War II) that were fought by men from many countries. While the men were at war, their wives went to work to keep the countries running. Women, who were also homemakers, worked in factories, businesses and farms. At the end of both wars, many men had died, and women kept doing many of these jobs.
By the 1960s there was still an idea that it was alright for a woman to work and be a "career girl" (which was what they called a young woman with a well-paying job) until the woman got married, when she should stop work and be a "housewife" (homemaker). Many women in the 1970s believed that this was not treating men and women equally, and that women should do whatever job they were able to do, whether they were married or not.
At this time, when more and more women had good educations and were able to earn a lot of money, in some families (usually if their were young children to care for) the husband would be the person that was the homemaker. (See above:The term "homemaker)
In the late 20th century, it became harder and harder for a family to live on the wage of a man who has just an ordinary job. Many women who are mothers cannot stay at home and make homemaking their first job. Nowadays, in many families where both the husband and wife do paid work, both partners share in the "housework" and caring for the children. In other families, there is still a traditional idea that housework is only a "woman's" job, so that when a couple get home from work, it is only the wife who works in the house, while the man takes a rest after his day's work.

Necktie
A necktie (or "tie") is an article of clothing worn by men. A tie is part of an ensemble (or outfit) of clothing called the "suit and tie." This outfit is worn in Western countries by men in professional jobs such as business, law, and politics.
A necktie is usually made of silk or polyester, and it usually has a color or pattern on it. Men wear tie a knot in neckties and wear them with dress shirts in order to make them look more formal.

Joke
A joke is something told to make people laugh. There are many kinds of jokes, but in English most of them are made of questions with surprising answers or stories with unexpected endings. The humour of a joke comes from the surprise.
There are jokes about anything. Jokes can be found anywhere - on the Internet, in books or heard from friends. Some jokes are about certain types of people and can hurt people's feelings, for example if they are racist or sexist.
Jokes are used in comedy, plays and movies.

Brother-in-law
A brother-in-law is the brother of someone's wife or husband. A brother-in-law is also someone's sister's husband.

Sister-in-law
Someone's sister-in-law is the wife of his or her brother. Someone's sister-in-law is also his or her spouse's sister.

Tuxedo
A tuxedo is an ensemble (or outfit) of clothing which includes a dress shirt, a bow tie, dress pants, a tuxedo suit jacket, dress socks, leather dress shoes, and sometimes a vest. Many men wear this outfit in Western countries on formal occasions like a marriage ceremony or a fancy party.
The dress shirt is usually made of cotton or linen. A dress shirt has a stiff collar and it is ironed before it is worn. A bow tie is usually made of silk or polyester, and it is usually black. Dress pants are made of wool or polyester, and they are ironed before they are worn. A tuxedo suit jacket is usually made of wool or polyester. Suit jackets have a collar, pockets, and a silk or polyester lining. Dress socks are made of cotton or a mix of cotton and polyester. Dress socks are usually in a dark color such as black or dark blue. Leather dress shoes are usually made of dark-colored leather which is polished. Sometimes, people wearing a tuxedo will also wear a sleeveless vest with buttons in the front.
Some men wear a tuxedo for their jobs, such as symphony orchestra musicians or waiters in expensive restaurants.

Experience points
Experience points are numbers used in role-playing games to determine whether to make the character more powerful and enhance the magic power of the character(s) that the player is pretending to be. In massively multiplayer role playing games, gaining more experience points increased the amount of weapons and armor that the player can use in a role playing session. The more points a player has, the stronger he is. Eventually, at level 99 (in most role playing games), the player becomes a half god and can defeat almost any monster in the video game.

Hide
Hideto Matsumoto (hide) was a Japanese musician. He was the lead guitarist of the Japanese band X Japan. He died the May 2, 1998 after a night of drinking.

Measure
To measure something is to give a number to some property of the thing. Measuring something puts the amount of the thing into numbers.
What can be Measured?
One can measure many other things.
Units of Measurement.
Most properties are measured using a number and a unit of measurement. The unit of measurement is a standard amount. The number compares the property to that standard amount. This means a tree that is ten times as tall as a meter stick is 10 meters tall.
Measure Theory.
There is an advanced part of mathematics that is about measuring things with unusual characteristics. This is called measure theory.

Alligator clip
Alligator clips are toothed clips on the ends of electric wires. They are hinged near the back, making them look like alligator jaws. Sometimes they are also called crocodile clips. Usually those clips are temporary.

Gordon Brown
James Gordon Brown, (born February 20, 1951) is the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and is in the leader of the British Labour Party. He is the Labour MP for the Kirkcaldy and Cowdenbeath UK Constituency.
He was born in Glasgow Scotland and is married to Sarah Macaulay. They have two children.
Gordon Brown took over as the leader of the United Kingdom after Tony Blair resigned on June 27, 2007. Before this, he was Chancellor of the Exchequer.

Chancellor of the Exchequer
The Chancellor of the Exchequer is a political office in the United Kingdom. The Chancellor of the Exchequer, sometimes shortened to "The Chancellor", is responsible for Britain's money and economy. In other countries the job is called Minister of the Treasury or of Finance
Other well-known Chancellors of the Exchequer include Robert Peel and Winston Churchill.
Chancellors of the Exchequer of Great Britain.
"Many Chancellors were also Prime Minister for some or all of the time they were Chancellor. These are shown with a *"

Dallas Cowboys
The Dallas Cowboys are a professional American Football team from the Dallas, Texas area. Their stadium is in Irving, Texas, which is in the Dallas Metroplex. They were started when they joined the NFL in 1960. They have won 5 Super Bowls, and they are currently owned by Jerry Jones. Their uniform is silver and blue with a blue star on their helmet.

Duncanville, Texas
Duncanville is a city in Texas that is right next to Dallas, Texas, USA. It has about 37,000 people. It is known as "The City of Champions," and "D'ville".

Koror
Koror is the capital city of Palau. Palau is divided into sixteen states, and Koror is one of the states in Palau. The state of Koror has about 90% of the population of the country. Koror is also the largest town, it has a population of 14,000 (2004) and is located at 7°21′38″N, 134°28′45″E.

Palikir
Palikir is the capital city of the Federated States of Micronesia. It is located on the island of Pohnpei. Its population is about 7,000.

Atari XL
The Atari XL was a 8 bit Home Computer and was introduced 1979. Its main CPU was a MOS Technology 6502. It came in 3 versions. The only difference was the amount of memory. With 16kb RAM called 600XL and with 64kb RAM called 800XL. The system was connected direct to a normal TV.

Port Moresby
Port Moresby (9°30′S 147°12′E) is the capital city and the main city of Papua New Guinea. It has a population 255,000 (2000). The city is located on the shores of the Gulf of Papua, on the southeastern coast of the island of New Guinea.
The area on which the city was founded was first sighted by a European in 1873 by Captain John Moresby. It was named in honor of his father Admiral Sir Fairfax Moresby.

Astana
Astana (Kazakh: Астана, Persian: آستانه) is the capital city of Kazakhstan. It has a population of 600,000 (2004), has been the capital of Kazakhstan from 1998. The name "Astana", which in Kazakh language means "Capital city", was chosen because it is easily pronounced in many languages. Also, in Kazakh, it is pronounced "As-ta-na", while in English (and, for instance, German), common pronunciation is "As-ta-na". It is within the Aqmola Province.

National emblem
A national emblem is an official symbol for a country. It can be an animal, plant or any other thing. National emblems appear for example on "flags".

Cessna 172
The Cessna 172 is one of the best-selling single engine airplanes in the world. It is made by The Cessna Aircraft Company. It can carry 4 people including the pilot. From 1956 until 1967 it had a Continental six-cylinder piston engine. Beginning in 1968, the 172 was powered by a Lycoming four-cylinder piston engine.
Other websites.
- complete reference about all models of the Cessna 172 airplane

United States Marine Corps
The United States Marine Corps (also known as USMC) is one of the 5 branches of the military of the United States in the United States Department of Defense. It was created in 1775 as a special service -- though it is part of the U.S. Navy, it has its own special structure. The Marines have been involved in many conflicts, and had important roles in key battles such as Tripoli, Iwo Jima, Guadalcanal, and Inchon Bay. Every Marine receives infantry training so he or she can be battle ready at all times. Marine Corps boot camp is also known for being especially challenging.

San Antonio, Texas
San Antonio is a large city in southern Texas, USA. It is the second most populous city in Texas, with about 1.3 million people. The city is known for The Alamo, and The River Walk, which is a small river that flows through the middle of the city and is lined with shops and restaurants. San Antonio is also home to the San Antonio Spurs. 57% of the population is Hispanic, 32% is white, 8% is African-American, 2% is Asian, and 1% Native American. The main industries of San Antonio are health-care, tourism, and national defense. Besides tourist attractions, the city has many medical centers and military bases.

The Alamo
The Alamo is an old Spanish Mission (like a church built by Catholic missionaries to minister to the natives) that is located in what is now San Antonio, Texas, USA. The Alamo was authorized in 1718 but was not built until 1744. The original name of the Alamo was San Antonio de Valero Mission.
The Alamo is most famous for The Battle of the Alamo, which took place in 1836. It was occupied by 187 men from Texas, and around the world who were fighting for the independence of Texas from Mexico. On March 6, 1836 the men in the Alamo were defeated by a force of 5,000 Mexican troops. All 187 men were killed, and "Remember the Alamo!" became the battle cry of the Texans for the rest of the war.
The Alamo became a National Historic Landmark in 1960, and is open for tourists to see to this day.

Odessa
Odessa (Ukrainian:Одеса, Russian:Одесса; also referred to as Odesa) is a city in southwestern Ukraine. It is the administrative center of the Odessa Oblast (province), and is designated as its own separate district within the oblast. Odessa is a major port on the Black Sea.
In 2004, about 1,012,500 people lived in Odessa.
Overview.
An ancient Greek colony named "Olbia" (Greek: "Ολβία", glorious) may have once occupied the site of the city. Numerous monuments of antiquity confirm links between this territory and the Eastern Mediterranean. In the Middle Ages these lands were a part of the Kievan Rus, Galich and Volyn Principality, the Golden Horde, the Great Lithuanian Principality'", the Crimean Khanate and the Ottoman Empire. Crimean Tatars traded there in the 14th century. In the course of Russian–Turkish wars these lands were captured by Russia at the end of the 18th century.
From 1819–1858 Odessa was a free port ("porto franco"). During the Soviet period it was the most important port of trade in the U.S.S.R. and a Soviet naval base. On January 1, 2000 the Quarantine Pier of Odessa trade sea port was declared a free port and free economic zone for a term of 25 years.
Odessa is a warm water port, but of limited military value. Turkey's control of the Dardanelles and Bosphorus has enabled NATO to control water traffic between Odessa and the Mediterranean Sea. The city of Odessa hosts two important ports: Odessa itself and Yuzhny (also an internationally important oil terminal), situated in the city's suburbs. Another important port, Illichivs'k (or "Ilyichyovsk"), is located in the same oblast, to the south-west of Odessa. Together they represent a major transportation junction integrated with railways. Odessa's oil- and chemical-processing facilities are connected to Russia's and EU's respective networks by strategic pipelines.
Odessa is the fifth-largest city in Ukraine and its most important trading city. In the 19th century it was the fourth city of Imperial Russia, after Moscow and St. Petersburg, and Warsaw. Its historical architecture has a flavor more Mediterranean than Russian, having been heavily influenced by French and Italian styles. Odessa has always possessed a spirit of freedom and ironic humour, probably by virtue of its location and its willingness to accept and tolerate people of many different backgrounds.
From foundation to the end of the 19th century.
In the AD 15th century, nomadic tribes of the Nogays under the suzerainty of the Khanate of Crimea inhabited what is now the Odessa region. During the reign of Khan Haci I Giray, the Khanate was endangered by the Golden Horde and the Ottoman Turks and, in search of allies, the khan agreed to cede the area to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
The site of present-day Odessa was then a town known as Khadjibey (also spelled as Khadjibei, Khadzhibei, or Gadzhibei; Lithuanian: "Chadžibėjus"; Crimean Tatar and Turkish: "Hacibey") and was part of the Dykra region. However, the area was only sparsely populated with Turkic tribes and consisted mostly of unpopulated steppes.
Khadjibey came under direct control of the Ottoman Empire after 1529 and was part of a region known as Yedisan and was administered in the Ottoman Silistra (Özi) Province. In the mid-18th century, the Ottomans rebuilt a fortress at Khadjibey, which was named Eni Dunia (Turkish: "Yeni Dünya", literally "new world").
During the Russo-Turkish War of 1787–1792, on 25 September 1789, a detachment of Russian forces under Ivan Gudovich took Khadjibey and Yeni Dünya for the Russian Empire. One part of the troops was under command of a Spaniard in Russian service, Major General José de Ribas (known in Russia as Osip Mikhailovich Deribas) and the main street in Odessa today, Deribasovskaya street, is named after him. Russia formally gained possession of the area as a result of the Treaty of Jassy (Iaşi) in 1792 and it became a part of the so-called Novorossiya ("New Russia").
A city was officially founded in 1794 as a Russian naval fortress on the ruins of Khadjibey and was renamed Odessa by January 1795 (when its new name was first mentioned in official correspondence). Neither origin of the new name nor reasons for renaming are known, though etymologies and anecdotes abound. According to one of the stories, when someone suggested Odessos as a name for the new Russian port, Catherine II said that all names in the South of the Empire were already 'masculine,' and didn't want yet another one, so she decided to change it to more 'feminine' Odessa. This anecdote is highly dubious, because there were at least two cities (Eupatoria and Theodosia) which names sound 'feminine' for a Russian; besides, the Czarina was not a native Russian speaker, and finally, all cities are feminine in Greek (as well as in Latin). Another legend derives the name 'Odessa' from the word-play: in French (which "was" then the language spoken at the Russian court), 'plenty of water' is "assez d'eau"; if said backwards, it sounds similar to that of the Greek colony's name (and water-related pun makes perfect sense, because Odessa, though situated next to the huge body of water, has limited fresh water supply). Anyhow, a link with the name of the ancient Greek colony persists, so there might be some truth in the oral tradition.
The new city quickly became a major success. Its early growth owed much to the work of the Duc de Richelieu, who served as the city's governor between 1803–1814. Having fled the French Revolution, he had served in Catherine's army against the Turks. He is credited with designing the city and organising its amenities and infrastructure, and is considered one of the founding fathers of Odessa, together with another Frenchman, Count Alexandre Langeron, who succeeded him in office. Richelieu is commemorated by a bronze statue, unveiled in 1828 to a design by Ivan Martos.
In 1819 the city was made a free port, a status it retained until 1859. It became home to an extremely diverse population of Russians, Ukrainians, Jews, Greeks, Bulgarians, Albanians, Armenians, Italians, Frenchmen, Germans and traders representing many other European nationalities (hence numerous 'ethnic' names on the city's map, "e.g.", "Frantsuszkiy" (French) and "Italianskiy" (Italian) Boulevards, "Grecheskaya" (Greek), "Evreyskaya" (Jewish), "Arnautskaya" (Albanian) Streets). Its cosmopolitan nature was documented by the great Russian poet Alexander Pushkin, who lived in internal exile in Odessa between 1823–1824. In his letters he wrote that Odessa was a city where "you can smell Europe. French is spoken and there are European papers and magazines to read".
Odessa's growth was interrupted by the Crimean War of 1853–1856, during which it was bombarded by British and French naval forces. It soon recovered and the growth in trade made Odessa Russia's largest grain-exporting port. In 1866 the city was linked by rail with Kiev and Kharkov as well as Iaşi, Romania.
The city became the home of a large Jewish community during the 19th century, and by 1897 Jews were estimated to comprise some 37% of the population. They were, however, repeatedly subjected to severe persecution. Pogroms were carried out in 1821, 1859, 1871, 1881, and 1905. Many Odessan Jews fled abroad, particularly to Palestine after 1882, and the city became an important base of support for Zionism.
First half of the 20th century.
In 1905 Odessa was the place of a workers' uprising supported by the crew of the Russian battleship Potemkin (also see Battleship Potemkin uprising) and Lenin's Iskra. Sergei Eisenstein's famous motion picture "The Battleship Potemkin" commemorated the uprising and included a scene where hundreds of Odessan citizens were killed on the great stone staircase (now popularly known as the "Potemkin Steps"), in one of the most famous scenes in motion picture history. At the top of the steps, which lead down to the port, stands a statue of Richelieu. The actual massacre took place in streets nearby, not on the steps themselves, but the movie caused many to visit Odessa to see the site of the "slaughter". The "Odessa Steps" continue to be a tourist attraction in Odessa. The film was made at Odessa's Cinema Factory, one of the oldest cinema studios in the former Soviet Union.
Following the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917 during World War I, Odessa was occupied by several groups, including the Ukrainian "Tsentral'na Rada", the French Army, the Red Army and the White Army. Finally, in 1920, the Red Army took control of Odessa and united it with the Ukrainian SSR, which later became part of the USSR.
The people of Odessa suffered from a great famine that occurred in 1921–1922 as a result of the war. During World War II Odessa was occupied by Romanian and German forces from 1941–1944. The city suffered severe damage and many casualties.
Under the Axis occupation, approximately 60,000 Odessans (mostly Jews) were either massacred or deported. Many parts of Odessa were damaged during its fall and later recapture in April 1944, when the city was finally liberated by the Soviet Army. It was one of the first four Soviet cities to be awarded the title of "Hero City" in 1945.
Second half of the 20th century.
During the 1960s and 1970s the city grew tremendously. Nevertheless, between the 1970s and 1990s, the majority of Odessa's Jews emigrated to Israel, the United States and other Western countries, domestic migrationof Odessan middle and upper classes to Moscow and Leningradthat offered even greater opportunities for career advancement, also occurred on a large scale. But the city's grew rapidly by filling the void with new rural migrants elsewhere from the Ukraine, industrial professionals invited from Russia as well as other Soviet republics. Despite being part of the Ukraine Socialist Republic, the city preserved and somewhat reinforced its unique cosmopolitan mix of Russian/Ukrainian/Mediterranean culture and a predominantly Russophone environment with a uniquely accented dialect of Russian spoken in the city. The city's Russian, Ukrainian, Greek, Armenian, Moldovan and Azeri and Jewish communities have influenced different aspects of Odessa.
In 1991, after the collapse of Communism, the city became part of newly independent Ukraine. Today Odessa is a city of around 1.1 million people. The city's industries include shipbuilding, oil refining, chemicals, metalworking and food processing. Odessa is also a Ukrainian naval base and home to a fishing fleet. It is also known for its huge outdoor market, the Seventh-Kilometer Market.
The transportation network of Odessa consists of trams (streetcars), trolleybuses, buses; and marshrutkas.
Geography and features.
Odessa is situated () on terraced hills overlooking a small harbor, approximately 31 km (19 mi.) north of the estuary of the Dniester river and some 443 km (275 mi) south of the Ukrainian capital Kiev. The city has a mild and dry climate with average temperatures in January of -2 °C (29 °F), and July of 22 °C (73 °F). It averages only 350 mm (14 in) of precipitation annually.
The primary language spoken is Russian, with Ukrainian being less common despite its being an official language in Ukraine. The city is a mix of many nationalities and ethnic groups, including Ukrainians, Russians, Jews, Greeks, Moldovans, Bulgarians, Armenians and Turks among others.
Culture.
Odessa is a popular tourist destination, with many therapeutic resorts in and around the city.
The Tolstoy, Vorontsov, and Potocki families owned palaces in Odessa, which can still be visited.
The writer Isaac Babel was born in the city, which has also produced several famous musicians, including the violinists Nathan Milstein, Mischa Elman and David Oistrakh, and the pianists Benno Moiseiwitsch, Sviatoslav Richter and Emil Gilels. The chess player Efim Geller was born in the city. (All listed, except for Richter, are representatives of the city's Jewish community.)
The most popular Russian show-business people from Odessa are Yakov Smirnoff (comedian), Mikhail Zhvanetsky (legendary humorist writer, who began his career as port engineer) and Roman Kartsev (comedian). Their success in 1970s contributed to Odessa's established status of a "capital of Soviet humour". Later several humour festivals were established in the city, including the celebration of the April Fool's Day.
See more people born in Odessa in.
Most of the city's 19th century houses were built of limestone mined nearby. Abandoned mines were later used and broadened by local smugglers. This created a complicated labyrinth of underground tunnels beneath Odessa, known as "catacombs". They are a now a great attraction for extreme tourists. Such tours, however, are not officially sanctioned and are dangerous because the layout of the catacombs has not been fully mapped and the tunnels themselves are unsafe. These tunnels are a primary reason why subway was never built in Odessa.
Its sister city is Vancouver in Canada.

Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon
Lady Elizabeth Angela Marguerite Bowes-Lyon (August 4, 1900 – March 30, 2002).
In 1923 she married Albert, Duke of York. In 1936, after the abdication (resignation) of King Edward VIII, she became Queen Elizabeth, and as Queen Consort supported her husband who used his second given name as King George VI of the United Kingdom. from 1936 until his death. After her husband's death in 1952, she was known as Queen Elizabeth, The Queen Mother.
Queen Elizabeth II is her daughter.
Elizabeth was the last Queen of Ireland, until Ireland became the Republic of Ireland in 1948. Elizabeth was also the last Empress of India. In 1947 India and Pakistan separated and became independent kingdoms.

United States Department of Defense
The United States Department of Defense, also known as the DoD, is a department in the United States government that is in charge of the military of the United States. It was created in 1947 and its headquarters is in The Pentagon in Washington, D.C.. The person in charge of the Department of Defense is called the Secretary of Defense. The current Secretary of Defense is Robert Gates. The Secretary of Defense answers directly to the President.
The Department of Defense is made up of the Department of the Army, the Department of the Navy, the Department of the Air Force, the National Security Agency, and the Defense Intelligence Agency. (The Department of the Navy includes the Navy and the Marine Corps. Also, during time of war the United States Coast Guard is under the authority of the Department of Defense.)

United States Department of the Navy
The United States Department of the Navy was created by the United States Congress on April 30, 1798. It was created in order to give civilian leadership and administration to the United States Navy and the United States Marine Corps. The Secretary of the Navy is in charge of the Department of the Navy, and the Department of the Navy is under the authority of the Department of Defense.
The Department of the Navy is in charge of recruiting, training, organizing, building, and construction for the Navy and the Marine Corps. While the Navy and the Marine Corps both is under the Department of the Navy, they are two separate branches of the military.

Queen Elizabeth
There are many people called Queen Elizabeth.
Dead.
"(Note that the name "Isabel" or "Isabella" is sometimes translated into English as "Elizabeth" or "Elisabeth".)"

Weather station
A weather station has machines that measure wind speed, wind direction, temperature, barometric pressure, and humidity of the air around them.

Full cut panties
Full cut panties are underwear for women. They are known for having a high waistline and are usually thought to be worn by older or more conservative women. The informal nickname for this kind of underwear is granny panties, which is short for "grandmother panties". Some full cut panties have lace, satin or other "feminine" fabrics. However, most full cut panties are made of cotton or other comfortable materials.

Atmospheric pressure
The earth is covered in a layer of air. However, this layer is not distributed evenly around the globe. At different times, the layer of air is thicker in some places than in others. Where the layer of air is thicker, there is more air. Since there is more air, there is a higher pressure in that spot. People say, there is a higher barometric pressure (some people also call that Atmospheric pressure) there. Where the layer of air is thinner, there is a lower barometric pressure. The higher the elevation, the thinner the air is.
The tool people use to measure how thick this layer is, is called a barometer.
Atmospheric pressure is measured in hPa.

Franz Berwald
Franz Adolf Berwald was a Swedish composer of the 19th Century. He was born in Stockholm on July 23, 1786. He died in Stockholm April 3,1868. People generally ignored his composing work, while he was alive. So he had to do other things to gain a living. He worked as an orthopedic surgeon, and later as the manager of a saw mill and glass factory.
Today, many people see him as one of the finest Swedish composers of the 19th century.

Chemnitz
Chemnitz is a city in Germany. It is located in the state of Saxony. In 2006, about 245.000 people lived there.
During the partition of Germany Chemnitz was in East Germany. From 1953 to 1990 Chemnitz was called Karl-Marx-Stadt. The name was in reference to the social reformer Karl Marx. Now the city has its old name. This name is from the river that flows through it.
The first mention of the city was in 1143. The city had an important role in the Industrial Revolution. About 1883 the city population passed 100.000 inhabitants.
Geography.
Chemnitz is situated north of the Ore Mountains in the western part of the Bundesland Saxony. It is the 3rd biggest city in Saxony with about 245.000 inhabitants. The area is about 220 sq km. There is a river that is also called Chemnitz.
The average temperature is 8°C and the amount of rain and snow every year (annual precipitation) is 700 mm.
Sights.
The "Karl-Marx-Monument" is one attraction of the city since 1971. The 7,10 meter high statue was created by the Russian artist Lev Kerbel. The inhabitants of Chemnitz call it "Nischel", which means "head" in the dialect of the area.
The "Roter Turm" (the "red tower")is one of Chemnitz's oldest sights, it was built in the 12th or 13th century and was once part of the city wall.
The town hall of Chemnitz consists of two buildings. The old town hall was built in the 15th century. The new townhall on the other hand was built at the beginning of the 20th century and was designed by Richard Möbius. The new town hall was erected next to the old one.
One of the new attractions of the city is "das Tietz". The former department store was constructed in 1912/1913. Today the museum of natural history, the public library, an adult education centre, a galery and the "Petrified Forest" can be found here.

List of Brazilian football teams
This is a list of Brazilian football teams.
Acre.
"State championship: Campeonato Acreano"
Alagoas.
"State championship: Campeonato Alagoano"
Amapá.
"State championship: Campeonato Amapaense"
Amazonas.
"State championship: Campeonato Amazonense"
Bahia.
"State championship: Campeonato Baiano"
Ceará.
"State championship: Campeonato Cearense"
Distrito Federal.
"State championship: Campeonato Brasiliense"
Espírito Santo.
"State championship: Campeonato Capixaba"
Goiás.
"State championship: Campeonato Goiano"
Maranhão.
"State championship: Campeonato Maranhense"
Mato Grosso.
"State championship: Campeonato Matogrossense"
Mato Grosso do Sul.
"State championship: Campeonato Sul-Matogrossense"
Minas Gerais.
"State championship: Campeonato Mineiro"
Pará.
"State championship: Campeonato Paraense"
Paraíba.
"State championship: Campeonato Paraibano"
Paraná.
"State championship: Campeonato Paranaense"
Pernambuco.
"State championship: Campeonato Pernambucano"
Piauí.
"State championship: Campeonato Piauiense"
Rio de Janeiro.
"State championship: Campeonato Carioca"
Rio Grande do Norte.
"State championship: Campeonato Potiguar"
Rio Grande do Sul.
"State championship: Campeonato Gaúcho"
Rondônia.
"State championship: Campeonato Rondoniense"
Roraima.
"State championship: Campeonato Roraimense"
Santa Catarina.
"State championship: Campeonato Catarinense"
São Paulo.
"State championship: Campeonato Paulista"
Sergipe.
"State championship: Campeonato Sergipano"
Tocantins.
"State championship: Campeonato Tocantinense"

Small intestine
The small intestine is an intestine, and a part of many living beings. It lies between the stomach and the large intestine. In humans over 5 years old, a small intestine may be five to six meters long. It is longer than the large intestine. But, as its diameter is less, its name is small intestine.
It is in the small intestine, where nutrients of foods get absorbed.

Songwriter
A songwriter is a writer who creates songs. A songwriter generally writes pop songs, rather than art songs or classical music. Many songwriters are also singers, and perform the songs they write. Other songwriters have their songs performed by other singers.
History.
The history of writing songs is thousands of years old. Scholars believe that men and women may have created and sung songs even at the time of prehistory. Many modern bands have one or two members who write songs for the band. Others have more members contribute songs, or give the whole band credit for writing. Others perform songs by outside writers.

Hezbollah
Hezbollah (in Arabic: ‮حزب الله‬‎, meaning "Party of God") is an Islamic political party and paramilitary organization.
History.
It was formed in Lebanon in 1982, during the Lebanese Civil War. Its main goals then were to fight Western influences and create an Islamic state like Iran in Lebanon. The leader of Hezbollah is Hassan Nasrallah. Hezbollah is a Shi'ite Moslem body, representing the largest Islamic faction in Lebanon. It is supported by Syria and Iran.
Origin.
Hezbollah is an Arab nationalist movement and wants freedom for the Palestinian people. Because of this, it believes that the State of Israel should not exist, and fights it. Over the years, the Hezbollah militia has fought a guerrilla war against the Israeli army (IDF) in Southern Lebanon. It also attacks Israel's military positions by firing Katyusha rockets across Israel's northern border.
Opposition.
To destroy Hezbollah bases, Israel has responded in different ways. These have included air strikes on sites in Lebanon and sending ground troops into Southern Lebanon. In 2000, Israel withdrew its troops from the "security zone" in Southern Lebanon,but not from a sliver of land called Shebba Farms.This fertile area was kept under Israeli occupation. The border was relatively quiet,not taking into account Israeli targeted assassinations and kidnappings, until July 2006, when Hezbollah kidnapped two IDF soldiers. This led to the 2006 Lebanon War, in which Hezbollah rockets reached deep into Israel and the IDF bombed civilian locations in Beirut.Israeli military doctrine has always been to target civilian concentrations.With it's ever muscular public relations outlets,it can spin civilian casualties as errors and fighters hiding behind non combatants.With the US being the major supplier of arms,and Israel flouting US laws of Not using US munitions against non combatants, this has created a credibility problem amongst other Mideast countries.
Israel's 1980's illegal use of US supplied cluster bombs in Lebanon and it's imprisonment of large numbers of Shias in it's 19 year occupation gave birth to Hizbollah and Mideast suicide bombing.
The US weapon of choice for the Israeli armed forces in the 21st century are munitions known as Flechettes. It literal rips a body to shreds.
View points of other countries.
Few countries see Hezbollah as a terrorist organisation, the majority do not. Among those who consider it to be terrorist are the United States, the United Kingdom, and Israel, among those who do not are the European Union and Russia. Lebanon sees Hezbollah as a legitimate resistance movement. This view is shared by Syria, Iran and all other countries in the Arab World.

Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras
Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras, usually called Palmeiras, is a Brazilian football team. They are from São Paulo, Brazil. The team was founded by an Italian-speaking community on August 26, 1914, as Palestra Itália. They changed to the name used now on September 14, 1942.
They play in green shirts, white shorts and green socks and are one of the most popular and traditional Brazilian clubs.
Palmeiras plays at the Palestra Itália stadium, which has seats for 35,000, but local derbies against São Paulo or Corinthians, however, are usually played in Morumbi stadium, which has a much greater capacity of 80,000 people.

Agastya
According to Hindu mythology, Agastya was the name of a famous sage (rishi). The Hindu tradition states that he brought the Vedic culture to the southern part of India. He also helped in development of Tamil language. According to traditional belief, he still lives in a mountain names "Agasyta Malai" in Tamilnadu, India. Scholars believe that Agastya wrote many hymns of Rigveda. He also find mention many times in the Vedic mythology.
There are many stories about Agastya. In the famous Hindu epic, the Ramayana, Rama (an avatar of god Vishnu) meets Agastya. Agastya gives Rama many advices and his support. There are two older stories about Agastya. One story tells that he forced the Vindhya mountains to bow down. The Vindhya Mountain is in middle of India, and divided the North India and the South India. In the second story, he drank all the waters of the ocean. This happened before the Churning of the Ocean.

International Criminal Court
The International Criminal Court (ICC) was created on 1 July 2002. It investigates and punishes people for genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes. It is sometimes called the ICC or the ICCt.
The ICC's main office is in The Hague in The Netherlands. It has smaller offices in New York City, Kampala, Kinshasa, Bunia, Abéché and Bangui.
The ICC is different from the International Court of Justice (ICJ). The main difference is that ICJ settles arguments between countries, but the ICC punishes people.
Members.
On 1 January 2008, 105 countries were members of the ICC. These countries have a duty to help the ICC.
Nearly all the countries in Europe and South America are members, and about half the countries in Africa are members. Only a few countries in Asia have joined.
What kind of crimes does the ICC investigate?
The ICC can only investigate crimes that happened after 1 July 2002. It can only open a case when national courts are not able to or don't want to. If a national court is investigating or prosecuting a case, the ICC is not allowed to.
Who does what?
There are 18 judges in the ICC. They all come from member-countries of the ICC. No two judges can come from the same country.
The prosecutor's job is to investigate crimes. If he finds evidence that a person did something wrong, he asks the judges to start a trial.
The ICC is managed by an "Assembly of States Parties". The Assembly elects the judges and the prosecutor. Each ICC member-country has one vote in the Assembly.
Cases.
The ICC has opened investigations in four places: Northern Uganda, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Central African Republic and Darfur.
The ICC has arrested three people. They are all from the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Thomas Lubanga is accused of using children to make war. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui are both accused of murder, sexual slavery, using children to make war, and other crimes.

Brahma
According to Hinduism and Hindu mythology, Brahma is one of the three major gods of Hindus. Brahma is said to be the creator of the universe. The other two gods are Vishnu, the preserver and Shiva, the destroyer, all three of which make up the Trimurti. Brahma represents Brahman, a term and concept of Hinduism.
The Hindu tradition states that Brahma had five heads. However, the mythological story tells that Shiva cut one of the heads of Brahma. The tradition also states that the four heads of Brahma represent many aspects of Hinduism. The four heads represent four Vedas, which are very important Hindu scriptures. These four heads also represent four division of time of Hinduism, the Yugas. They also represent four divisions of the Hindu society, the four Varnas.

Asexual reproduction
Asexual reproduction is also known as "agamogenesis". It is a special form of reproduction, where only one parent is needed to make an identical copy of itself. The main process governing asexual reproduction is Mitosis. This type of reproduction is common among simple single-cell creatures, for example, a amoeba. Many plants also reproduce asexually.
Binary Fission.
Some organisms like Bacteria reproduce using Binary Fission, it is when they split in two, so one bacteria becomes two bacteria. This always leads to daughter cells, never male cells and the offspring will always be identical to the parent.
Budding.
Budding is a something, for example, similar to Binary Fisson, but it is used by plants and some animals. It is when a small part of a plant or animal break off and then, while they are separated from their "mother", they start to grow until both the "parent" and the "offspring" are the same size and both are capable of budding again. This will happen many more times
Spores.
Fungi (for example, mushrooms) produce spores, which inside them have the genetic material to make a whole new organism idential to it's parent. It's like budding, but with gametes rather than original parts of the organism.

Brahman
Brahman is the concept of God in Hinduism. It is a word of the Sanskrit language. Brahman (or God) is said to be infinite, with no beginning or end. Brahman is changeless and is the source of the universe in Hindu beliefs.

International Monetary Fund
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an international organization. 185 countries are members of the International Monetary Fund. It has its headquarters in Washington, D.C., USA.
Origin.
In the 1930s, many countries faced economic problems. Some of such problems were falling standard of living and unemployment by large number of people. Trading between different countries also came down. Some countries reduced the value of their currencies. All such factors combined and an economic depression resulted. By late 1939, the Second World War had started.
After the Second World War was over, most countries found that the international value were not smooth and facing many restrictions. Leaders of many countries thought over these matters and discussed them in meetings. Thus, after the Second World War, many countries felt the need to have an organization to get help in monetary matters between countries. To begin with, 29 countries discussed the matter, and signed an agreement. The agreement was the Articles of Association of the International Monetary Fund. The International Monetary Fund came into being in December 1945.
Membership.
Any country may apply to become a member of the IMF. When a country applies for membership, the IMF’s Executive Board examines the application. If found suitable, the Executive Board gives its report to IMF’s Board of Governors. After the Board of Governor clears the application, the country may join the IMF. However, before joining, the country should fulfill legal requirements, if any, of its own country. Every member has a different voting right. Likewise, every country has a different right to draw funds. This depends on many factors, including the member country’s first subscription to the IMF.
Management.
A Board of Directors manages the IMF. One tradition has governed the selection of two most senior posts of IMF. Firstly, IMF’s managing director is always European. IMF’s president is always from the United States of America.
The major countries of Europe and America control the IMF. This is because they have given more money to IMF by way of first subscriptions, and so have larger share of voting rights.
Comments.
Many people and countries have commented about IMF. Some are good and some are bad comments about the work of IMF. Despite many adverse comments of IMF, a research shows that more than 60 percent of Asians and 70 percent of Africans feel that IMF have a have a "positive" effect on their country.

São Paulo Futebol Clube
São Paulo Futebol Clube, usually called São Paulo FC or just São Paulo, is a very traditional Brazilian football team from São Paulo. The team was founded on January 25, 1930, and re-founded on December 16, 1935. It is often called "Tricolor" (meaning "with three colours") by its supporters. The atual principal footballer is the goalkeeper called Rogério Ceni.

World Bank Group
The World Bank Group is a group of five international organizations. The World Bank Group gives advice and finance to member countries for economic development and reducing poverty. It is a non-profit-making international organization owned by member governments. The Group has its headquarters Washington, D.C.. It also has offices in 124 other member countries.
The beginning.
The World Bank Group originated at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire. There many countries decided to establish an international organization to provide finance to member countries. The Bank came into existence on 27th December 1945. Its name was the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. The Bank’s first loan was to France. The loan was of 250 million US Dollar. The purpose was to help France to again build industry and other important things like roads destroyed during the Second World War.
The activities.
The World Bank Group gives loans at low rate of interest to member countries. The member countries use the money received for any one of above or some other similar activity.
In short, the World Bank Group’s main mission is 1) to fight poverty and 2) to improve the living standards of people in the developing world. Beside giving direct money and finance, the World Bank Group provides advice and assistance to developing countries on almost every aspect of economic development.
The management.
In general, the World Bank Group is part of the United Nations system. But, member countries govern it through a board. The IBRD has 184 countries as its members. Other four organizations of the Group have between 140 to 176 member countries. A Board of 24 Executive Directors controls the activities of the World Bank Group. A President heads the Board.
Its criticism.
Many economists and people have criticized the World Bank Group for its style of functioning. Before giving loans, the Bank sometimes requires many changes in the policies of a country. This has attracted criticism as it reduces the country’s independence to run its economy in its own way. The criticism is also on account of other factors. One of them is that two or three countries have more power to decide matters. As of November 1, 2004 the United States held 16.4% of total votes, Japan 7.9%, Germany 4.5%, and the United Kingdom and France each held 4.3%. As major decisions require an 85% super-majority, the US can block any change.
In spite of several criticisms, the World Bank Group’s role in economic development and reduction of poverty has continued in many countries.

International Court of Justice
The International Court of Justice is an international organization. It is the main judicial organ or branch of the United Nations. In short, International Court of Justice is ICJ; sometimes people call it as World Court. In French language, it is "Cour internationale de justice"). Established ICJ in 1945, ICJ has its headquarters at The Hague, Netherlands. The ICJ began its working from 1946. It replaced an earlier similar court named Permanent Court of International Justice. The International Court of Justice is different from the International Criminal Court. The ICJ uses two languages, the English language and the French language.
The Internal Court of Justice has two major functions. Firstly, it settles disputes, which the member countries may bring before it. Secondly, it may give its opinions on legal matters. Since 1980s, may developing countries have been using the services of the ICJ. But, in 1986, the United States of America does not accepts court’s views on all matters, but selectively only, that is, on case-to-case basis. Since the year 2000 the docket went down from 23 to 12 cases. In the meantime the staff tripled.
Structure.
The ICJ has fifteen permanent judges. The UN General Assembly and the UN Security Council elects the judges. A judge serves for nine year and may be re-elected. If a serving judge dies, another judge from that country is generally elected to fill the vacant position. One third of judges retire every year. Thus, election takes place every third year.
The ICJ is composed of fifteen permanent judges elected by the UN General Assembly and the UN Security Council from a list of persons nominated by the national groups in the Permanent Court of Arbitration. The election process is set out in Articles 4-12 of the ICJ statute. Judges serve for nine year terms and may be re-elected. Elections take place every three years, with one-third of judges retiring each time, in order to ensure continuity within the court. Generally, five members of the Security Council of the United Nations always have a judge from their country. These countries are China, France, Russia, United Kingdom, and the United States of America.
In some case, the ICJ allows Ad hoc judges. Thus, if the countries in dispute may desire, they may nominate one judge each for that particular case. This right to nominate is not available if that country already has a judge of its nationality in the ICJ. Thus, sometimes, instead of fifteen, seventeen judges may be deciding a case.
There are many rules, which lay down the qualifications and conduct of the judges of the ICJ.
Procedure.
Generally, all the judges of the ICJ sit together to hear and decide any matter. But, sometimes, smaller chambers of three to five judges hear and decide a case. Such chambers may be for special types of cases. Sometimes, the ICJ sets up ad hoc chambers to hear and decide particular disputes.
While deciding the case, the ICJ applies the principles of international law. It also uses the laws of the civilized world. This may be the civil and criminal law of major countries. It may also refer to legal writings, law books, and earlier decisions while deciding any matter.

Indian independence movement
The Indian independence movement was a movement from 1857 (in many cases, even pre-dating 1857) until August 15, 1947, when India got independence from the British Raj. The movement involved many political and social organizations and armed and unarmed struggle. Many political ideas also added to the movement. Perhaps the most famous person in it was Mohandas Gandhi.
European rule.
Vasco da Gama of Portugal had discovered a sea route to India. He had reached Kozhikode (Kerala) in 1498. After this, many Europeans started coming to India for trading. They made their offices and forts in many parts of India. Out of many European countries, the British East India Company of the United Kingdom became the major force in India. The Company's troops led by Robert Clive defeated rulers of Bengal province in 1757. This battle became famous as the Battle of Plassey. This was the beginning of British rule, that is, the British Raj in India. In 1765, the Battle of Buxar happened. The British forces won this battle. After this, the British got control over Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa.
The Parliament of India passed many laws to help the British East India Company like the Regulating Act of 1773, the India Act of 1784, and the Charter Act of 1813. The British made many schools in India, and many Indians started to receive modern education through the English language. This new generation of educated Indians started many movements to remove bad social practices. Some of these bad social practices included marriages of children and differences among persons based on their birth and castes. These educated persons also started many groups to discuss and debate to improve social practices in India.
Although the educated Indians were trying to reform the social system, they and the general public started to hate the British rule. The rulers of the British Raj and their officers treated the Indians in a bad way. Some of them employed Indian servants simply to scold and beat them. They did not even spare the Indian troops (called Sepoys) employed by them. They also did many things against local customs, like playing music in Taj Mahal, which is a tomb, or organizing parties in Mosques. All these resulted into ill feelings among the Indians.
The First War of Independence.
India's First War of Independence was a revolt of Indian soldiers and people against the British rule. Historians have used the terms like the Indian Mutiny or the Sepoy Mutiny to describe this event. The rebellion by Indian troops of the British Raj started in March 1857 and continued for months. Many reasons had combined to result in this rebellion.
The British officers had been treating their Indian soldiers (called Sepoys) very poorly. The British rulers continued to forcibly take regions ruled by Indians and made these regions (for example: Oudh, present day the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh) part of the British Raj. They did not give any respect to old royal houses of India like the Mughals and the Peshwas. They made the Indian soldiers of their army use a special type of cartridge. The soldiers had to open the cartridges with their teeth before loading them into their guns. The cartridges supposedly used cow and pig fat. For Hindus the cow is a sacred animal and they do not eat beef. The Muslims consider pig a dirty animal. Thus, the use of these cartridges made soldiers of both the religions turn against the British. Although the British tried to replace the cartridges, the feelings against them stayed.
Rebellion broke out when Mangal Pandey, a soldier attacked a British sergeant and wounded an adjutant. One General named Hearsay ordered another Indian soldier to arrest Mangal Pandey. The other soldier refused. Ultimately, the British arrested Mangal Pandey and the other Indian soldier. The British killed both by hanging them. All other soldiers of that regiment lost their jobs. On May 10th 1857, cavalry troops while doing parade broke ranks. They freed the soldiers of the 3rd regiment, and they moved towards Delhi. Soon many Indians of north India joined these soldiers. They entered the Delhi Fort. They asked Bahadur Shah II, the Mughal Emperor, to become leader of the rebellion. He agreed unwillingly. Very soon the revolt spread throughout north India. Important Indian leaders of royal families joined the rebellion, and started fighting the British at several places. They included: Ahmed Ullah, an advisor of the ex-King of Oudh; Nana Saheb, his nephew Rao Saheb, and his retainers, Tantia Topi and Azimullah Khan; the Rani of Jhansi; Kunwar Singh; the Rajput chief of Jagadishpur in Bihar; and Firuz Saha, a relative of the Mughal Emperor, Bahadur Shah.
At the beginning the British were slow to respond. Then they took very quick action with heavy forces. They brought their regiments from the Crimean War to India. They also redirected many regiments that were going to China to India. The British forces reached Delhi, and they surrounded the city from 1st July 1857 until 31st August 1857. Street-to-street fights broke out between the British troops and the Indians. Ultimately, they took control of Delhi. The last important battle was at Gwalior in which they killed Rani Lakshmi Bai. With this, the British had practically suppressed the rebellion. However, some fights in many places continued until 1859.
The results.
India's First War of Independence was a major event in the history of modern India. The Parliament of the United Kingdom closed down the British East India Company. The United Kingdom started ruling India directly through its representative called the Viceroy of India. It made India a part of the British Empire. They promised the "the Princes, Chiefs, and Peoples of India," equal treatment under the British law. In 1877, Queen Victoria took the title of Empress of India.
The British sent Bahadur Shah II, the last Mughal Emperor, out of India, and kept him in Yangon (then called Rangoon), Burma where he died in 1862. The Mughal dynasty, which had ruled India for about four hundred years, ended with his death.
The British also took many steps to employ Indian higher castes and rulers into the government. They stopped taking the lands of the remaining princes and rulers of India. They stopped interference in religious matters. They started employing Indians in the civil services but at lower levels. They increased the number of British soldiers, and allowed only British soldiers to handle artillery.
Organized movements.
The period following India's First War of Independence was an important period in the Indian independence movement. Many leaders emerged at the national and provincial levels, and the Indians became more aware of their rights. Social movements also helped in shaping people's outlook, tried for social changes, and tried to remove bad social practices and evils like illiteracy and caste system. During this period, many social and religious leaders worked to inspire the Indian society. They included men like Swami Vivekananda, Ramakrishna Paramhansa, Sri Aurobindo, Subramanya Bharathy, Bankim Chandra Chatterjee, Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, Rabindranath Tagore and Dadabhai Naoroji. They spread the message of self-confidence, removing of social evils, and making India free from domination of foreign power. Lokmanya Tilak was one such leader who was not very modest in his views. The British arrested him. In the court he declared: "Swaraj (independence) is my birthright". This concept of Swaraj later became a main policy and philosophy of India's independence movement in the following decades until India became independent.
In 1885, at the suggestion of Allan Octavian Hume, a retired British civil servant, seventy-three Indian delegates met in Bombay. They founded the Indian National Congress. The delegates represented educated Indians in professions such as law, teaching, and journalism. A few years before, Dadabhai Naoroji had already formed the Indian National Association. It merged with the Indian National Congress to make form a bigger party.
To begin with, the Indian National Congress was not a very active political party. It met annually and gave some suggestions to the rulers of the British Raj. The suggestions generally related to civil rights and opportunities for Indians in the government jobs. Despite its claim to represent all Indians, it represented only the educated and higher class of the society. But, it failed to attract all Muslims. Many Muslims had become distrustful of Hindu reformers who raised their voice against matters like religious conversion and killing of cows for their meat. For Hindus, the cow is a sacred animal not to be killed. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan launched a separate movement for Muslims, and founded in 1875 a college in Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh state, India. Later, this college became Aligarh University in 1921. The objective of the college was to give modern education to India's Muslims. By 1900, the Indian National Congress had become a national party, but did not represent all groups of Indian society, particularly the Muslims.
Partition of Bengal.
In 1905, Lord Curzon (George Nathaniel Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston), the Viceroy and Governor-General (1899-1905) of India divided Bengal province into two provinces: Eastern Bengal & Assam, with its capital at Dhaka, and West Bengal, with its capital at Calcutta (Kolkatta). At that time Calcutta was the capital city of the British Raj. The people became very angry at that partition (division), and created the phrase "divide and rule" for the policy followed by the British Empire. The leading intellectual figures of India at that time expressed their unhappiness at this partition. For example, Rabindra Nath Tagore, the most famous Indian poet (originally from Bengal) composed a poem against this partition.
World War I.
During the First World War, Indians gave support to the United Kingdom. About 1.3 million Indian soldiers went to many parts of Europe, Africa, and the Middle East to fight. Many Indians, including the princes and rich people of India, contributed money and materials to the war funds of the United Kingdom. However, many Indian soldiers died in foreign lands. In Indian flu spread like an epidemic killing many persons. The tax rates increased in India, and prices also increased. The Indians became restless. The Muslim Indians also demanded a separate country for themselves.
In August 1917, Edwin Samuel Montagu, the Secretary of State for India, announced in the British Parliament about many steps to give more rights to Indians. A new law named the Government of India Act of 1919 gave many rights to the Indians in the provincial government. These rights related to farming, local government, health, education, and public works. The British administrators kept matters like taxation, finance, and law and order under their control.
The Rowlatt Act.
In 1919, the British made a new law named the Rowlatt Act Act. Under this law, the government got many powers to arrest people and keep them in prisons without any trial. They also got the power to stop newspapers to report and print news. The people called this act the Black Act. Indians protested against this law in many places.
The positive impact of reform was seriously undermined in 1919 by the Rowlatt Act, named after the recommendations made the previous year to the Imperial Legislative Council by the Rowlatt Commission, which had been appointed to investigate "seditious conspiracy." The Rowlatt Act, also known as the Black Act, vested the Viceroy's government with extraordinary powers to quell sedition by silencing the press, detaining political activists without trial, and arresting any individuals suspected of sedition or treason without a warrant. In protest, a nationwide cessation of work ("hartal") was called, marking the beginning of widespread, although not nationwide, popular discontent.
The agitation reached a peak in Amritsar (Punjab, India). In Amritsar, on 13th April 1919, about 10,000 Indians had assembled to protest against the Rowlatt Act. The British military commander, Brigadier-General Reginald Dyer ordered his troops to fire at the civilians without any warning. The troops fired 1,650 times. Some historians estimate that the troops killed 379 persons and injured about 1,137 persons. This incident became famous as Jallianwala Bagh massacre. With this killing of innocent people, the British lost the trust of the Indian people.
Gandhi's way.
Mohandas Gandhi had received his education at London. He was a barrister (lawyer). In 1893, he went to South Africa. He found many rules and practices, which were clearly apartheid in character. The condition of Indians was very bad and many rules and restrictions applied to them. He protested against these unfair practices such are colour difference, inequality,etc. He became successful and the government of South Africa removed most of such rules and restrictions.
Gandhi returned to India in 1915. Few people knew him. However, over a period of the next few years, under the leadership of Gandhi, Indians began to follow a different way to get freedom.
The civil disobedience.
The Jallianwala Bagh was also a response of Brittains tyrannical rule over India.
In December 1929, the Indian National Congress Party agreed to start a movement for complete independence from British rule. The Party decided to start a movement named to disobey the British rule. It became the civil disobedience movement. They decided to observe 26th January 1930 as the complete Independence Day. Many other political parties and revolutionaries came together to support this movement.
Gandhi started this movement. He led a number of persons on a 400 kilometres route from Ahmedabad to Dandi (both in the Indian state of Gujarat), on the coast of the Arabian Sea. There they made salt from the seawater, and broke a law of British India to make salt without paying taxes. Thus the civil disobedience movement began, and spread through out India. Indians started to break unfair laws in a peaceful manner. Thus, they showed their anger and protested against the British rule!
Revolutionary activities.
Many Indians did not believe in such peaceful protests. They thought that the British would not give independence to Indians so easily. They believed in armed struggle to oust the British from India. In some way, this had continued for years after the partition of Bengal in 1905. Many revolutionaries and leaders emerged from time to time.
The elections.
The rulers of the British Raj made a new law to govern India, named the Government of India Act 1935. This law aimed at constitutional process to govern India. It had three major aims: to establish a federal system with many provinces, to give self-ruling position (autonomy) to the provinces, and to give the Muslim minority protection through giving them some separate electorates. In such separate electorates only Muslims could stand for elections. In February 1937, elections took place for the provincial assemblies. The members of the Indian National Congress won in five provinces, and held upper position in two more provinces. The Muslim League's performance in the election was not good.
The peak.
During the Second World War, the rulers of the British Raj declared India to be a party to the war. They did not discuss the matter with Indians and their leaders. The Indians and their leaders became divided over this matter. Some supported the British, while many did not. British rulers of India wanted the Indians to fight and die in the name of freedom, yet they had denied this freedom to India and the Indians for more than a hundred years. This created a lot of dissatisfaction among Indians, and two big movements for India's independence took shape. The first was the Indian National Army of Subhash Chandra Bose. The second was Quit India Movement of Mohandas Gandhi.
The Indian National Army.
Subhash Chandra Bose and many leaders did not like the British decision to drag India into the Second World War. He had twice (in 1937 and 1939) become president of the Indian National Congress Party, the leading Indian political party of that time. However, he and many other leaders of the Indian National Congress Party differed on many matters. He resigned and formed a new party named All India Forward Bloc. The British government of India put him under house arrest. However, he escaped in 1941. He reached Germany, and secured the support of Germany and Japan to fight the British in India. In 1943, he traveled in submarines of Germany and Japan, and reached Japan. He organized the Indian National Army. The INA fought the troops of the British Raj in northeastern India. Despite many difficulties, INA recorded many victories. However, with the surrender of Japan in 1945, INA's operations stopped. Bose died in a plane crash, but circumstances of his death are not clear.
The British government of India put on trial three Indian National Army officers at the Red Fort in Delhi. The British had chosen for this trail one Hindu, on Sikh, and one Muslim of the INA. This made many Indians of all religions very angry. A naval mutiny also broke out in Bombay. Ultimately, the British ruled that these officers were guilty, but they set them free seeing the public anger. When India became independent, the government of India did not allow the former officers and soldiers of the INA to join the armed forces of the independent India. However, the government granted them very good pensions and other facilities. The Indian public also gave them much respect.
Many consider Subhas Chandra Bose a controversial figure due to his association with the Axis Powers. But, in India, people consider him a patriotic hero of the Indian independence movement.
Quit India.
On 8th August 1942, the leaders of the Indian National Congress Party met in Bombay (Mumbai). The leaders adopted a policy to force the British out of India. Gandhi's slogan "Do or Die" became a national slogan, and the movement became the Quit India Movement. At the beginning of the Second World War, the Indian National Congress Party had supported the British, but they had demanded freedom of India after the war. The British did not agree to this proposal. On 14th July 1942, the Indian National Congress Party passed a resolution demanding complete independence from the British rule. However, this did not have support of some other political parties.
Gandhi had asked the people to keep the Quit India Movement as a peaceful movement. Many people started the movement in many places of India. But at some places, the movements turned violent. Gandhi refused to eat until the violence stopped. He was successful in ending the violence.
The British action was very quick. They arrested over 100,000 persons. They levied fines on many people. They dropped bombs on the people who demonstrated against the British Raj. The troops of the British Raj even beat people with sticks and caned them. The British arrested all the leaders of the Congress Party. Gandhi's wife, Kasturba Gandhi, died during detention. His secretary Mahadev Desai also died. Gandhi's health had also become very bad. In 1944, the British set him free fearing that Gandhi's death might result in a very large protest by Indians. Gandhi continued to oppose the British, and demanded that all other leaders be set free.
The Second World War had reduced the economic, political, and military strength of the British Empire. They were also aware that after the war Indians would begin a larger movement for independence. The mood of the British people and the British Army had also changed. After the Second World War, most of them were in no mood come to India to become part of the British ruling class in India. The position was now clear to the leaders of the United Kingdom. By early 1946, they set free all the political prisoners held in India. They started discussion the leaders of the Indian National Congress Party. Finally, India won its freedom on 15th August 1947.
India's independence (1947 to 1950).
On 3rd June 1947, Lord Louis Mounbatten announced partition of India into two countries: a Hindu India, and an Islamic Pakistan. On midnight of 15th August 1947, India became an independent country, and still is today. On 26th January 1950, India adopted a constitution.

Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel
The Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel is a document of world history. The declaration announced the establishment of an independent and sovereign state (country) named Israel.
The term.
This term describes the announcement of establishment of a Jewish state, named State of Israel. This State of Israel was established on 14th May 1948. In Hebrew language, "Medinat Yisrael" means the State of Israel. The British Mandate of Palestine was a part of the British Empire. This was the land where the Kingdom of Israel and the Kingdom of Judah had once been. The State of Israel covered more or less the same land.
Some persons call this as the beginning of "Third Jewish Commonwealth". The "First Jewish It has been called the start of the "Third Jewish Commonwealth" by some observers. The "First Jewish Commonwealth" ended with the destruction of Solomon's Temple, and the second with the destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem two thousand years ago.
The declaration.
On November 29th 1947, the United Nations had passed a resolution. The resolution allowed the establishment of a Jewish State in Palestine. The resolution asked for taking steps to establish such a state.
On May 12th 1948, the Jewish national administration met at Tel Aviv Museum of Art. They had gathered to decide acceptance of an American proposal for a truce or to declare a new state of Israel. Six of the ten voting members supported declaration of a state of Israel. Two days later, on May 14th 1948, the Jewish National Council (Vaad Leumi) met at Tel Aviv. At mid night of May 14th, 1948, a member of the Council read the Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel.
The declaration followed a style generally seen in the United Nations documents. First few sentences stated the reasons for the declaration and the right of the Jews for an independent country. Then, the sentences gave the features and characteristics of the new Jewish state.
The recognition.
The United States of America, the Soviet Union, and many other major countries of the world accepted the state of Israel. Using terms of international law, these countries recognized the state of Israel. However, many Arab countries and countries of the Middle East opposed the establishment of Israel. They did not recognize the state of Israel as a sovereign state, that is, an independent country. Many countries of the world did not recognize Israel, but establish trading and other relations with it.

Parvati
According to Hinduism and Hindu mythology, Parvati is the wife of Shiva. Shiva is one of the main gods of the Hindu religion. Parvati is a word in the Sanskrit language that means daughter of the mountain. Hindu teachings call Parvati the daughter of the Himalayas Mountains, where she is said to live. She has two sons, Ganesha and Kartikeya.
When shown alone, Parvati has four arms. In her arms she carries prayer beads, a mirror, a bell and citron. But when she sits by the side of her husband Shiva, Parvati has only two arms.
Parvati's conveyance (vahana) is a lion or tiger. This means that Parvati rides a lion or a tiger.

Estádio Palestra Itália
Estádio Palestra Itália, also known as Parque Antártica, is the name of the football stadium of Palmeiras. It is located in São Paulo, Brazil, and has a capacity of 32,000.

1963 Pan American Games
The 4th Pan American Games were held in 1963 in São Paulo, Brazil.

Pan American Games
The Pan American Games are a multi-sport event, held every four years between competitors from all nations of the Americas.
History.
Pan American Games were going to be started in 1932, but World War II caused the first Pan American Games to happen on 1951. From that time, the Games are held every four years.
More than 5000 athlets from more than 40 countries have attended the recent Games. USA has won most gold, silver and bronze medals in total.

Campinas
Campinas (IPA:) is a Brazilian city in the state of São Paulo. Its population in 2005 was 1,045,706 inhabitants. It is located about 90 km from the city of São Paulo. Campinas has a area of 795,697 km²

Multilingualism
Multilingualism is when a person can speak more than one language. People who can speak two languages are called "bilingual", which is a type of multilingualism. Multilingualism is important today in jobs, because different countries buy things from eachother more.
There are more multilingual people in the world than monolingual people.

Fall/Liberation of Saigon
The Fall/Liberation of Sàigòn happened on April 30, 1975. It was the capture of Saigon (Vietnamese:Sài Gòn) by the National Front for the Liberation of Vietnam and the Vietnam People's Army, marking the end of the Second Indochina War. It also resulted in the name of Saigon being changed to Ho Chi Minh City, in honour of former President Ho Chi Minh.

Between Friends
Between Friends is a comic strip from Canada created by Sandra Bell-Lundy. It features three women with troubles with parenting and life. Sometimes they go back in time to simpler days. For example, at a department store, they compared themselves as teenage girls buying outfits to enhance sex appeal in the 1970s to buying conservative clothes in the 1990s.

Patrice Lumumba
Patrice Émery Lumumba (July 2, 1925 – January 17, 1961) was the only elected leader of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (called the "Republic of the Congo" at the time, but this should not be confused with today's Republic of the Congo). The Americans had plans to kill him because they thought he was friendly to the Soviet Union. He was murdered by the Katangans on January 17, 1961, just months after independence.
Lumumba's son, François is now a political figure in the Congo. He has created a small Lumumbist group.

Ho Chi Minh
Hồ Chí Minh (May 19, 1890 - September 2, 1969) was the leader (at one time Premier, then later President) of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (later the Socialist Republic of Vietnam).
'Hồ Chí Minh', meaning 'Hồ (a common Vietnamese last name) with the will of light', was not his real name. He took this name around the time of the August Revolution in 1945. His name was Nguyễn Sinh Cung when he was born. At age ten, he changed his name to Nguyễn Tất Thanh, according to Confucian tradition. He would later use many 'pseudonyms' (false names). Other than 'Hồ Chí Minh', his most famous name was probably Nguyễn Ái Quốc meaning 'Nguyễn (by far the most common Vietnamese last name) who loves his country'. Communist Vietnamese people commonly refer to him as Bác Hồ (Uncle Hồ).
President Hồ Chí Minh is often called "the Vietnamese George Washington" by Communist Vietnamese. He devoted his life to expelling the French, who had conquered Vietnam, and introducing Communism to Vietnam.
When his Communist-led rebellion against France succeeded, a Communist republic was set up in the northern half of the country. A non-Communist government was set up in the southern half of the country, because the United States did not want the whole of Vietnam to be Communist. But Hồ Chí Minh wanted to unite all of Vietnam. He especially wanted the rice fields of the South, so that Vietnam could survive without trading too much with other countries (độc lập) (see juche and autarky). When South Vietnam and America did not keep their promise to hold an election and unite the two halves into one country, Hồ led Vietnam into into a military and political struggle to reunify the country. Two decades of terrible war followed, killing millions of Vietnamese. The United States helped South Vietnam, even after its government of Ngô Đình Diệm was overthrown and replaced by a military dictatorship.
In the end, North Vietnam won the war several years after Hồ Chí Minh died.
Ignoring his stated last wish to be cremated, and that his ashes be buried in hills in the north, center, and south of Vietnam, those who took his place put his body in a mausoleum where he is still honored.
Some Vietnamese blame Hồ Chí Minh for the repression carried out by Communist Vietnamese in general, both before and even after he died. He has also been blamed by some for the starvation caused by the policies of the Communist government.
In 1976, Saigon was renamed after his name, Ho Chi Minh city.

Vietnamese Declaration of Independence
The Declaration of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam was a speech read by Ho Chi Minh on September 2, 1945, in Ba Dinh Square, Hanoi, Vietnam, which proclaims the independence of the Democractic Republic of Vietnam from France and Japan Empire after the Second World War.
During the August Revolution, Ho Chi Minh wrote the speech at 48 Hang Ngang Street, Hanoi, at the home of a bourgeoisie family that donated 5,147 taels of gold to the Revolutionary Government headed by Ho Chi Minh. The Declaration was written with the advise of OSS Detachment 101 Maj. Archimedes Patti.
"My fellow countrymen, All people are created equal. They are given by their creator certain rights that nobody is able to take away. Among these are the rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness."

Khmer Rouge
The Khmer Rouge (Kmae Krahaam) in romanized Khmer, French language for Red Khmer, were a Stalinist, Maoist-extremist group which took over the capital of Kampuchea, Phnom Penh, on April 17, 1975. It was led by Pol Pot, who was called Saloth Sar before the take over. They named the country Democratic Kampuchea. They immediately forced everyone out of the cities, effectively turning the whole country into a giant labor camp. They were defeated by the Vietnamese in January of 1979. During the Khmer Rouge Years, between 1.7 million and 3 million people were killed (20% - 35% of the population) in a genocide comparable to the Holocaust. The international community continued to recognize the Khmer Rouge as the government of Kampuchea for a decade after they were defeated. Therefore the Khmer Rouge held a seat in the UN until 1989.

Juche
Juche is the group of ideas professed by North Korean leaders Kim Il-Sung and Kim Jung-Il. "Juche" means self-reliance, and has contributed to North Korea's isolation.
It is classified as a major world religion.

Kigali
Kigali (pronounced either as 'Kigali' or 'Chigali') is the capital city of Rwanda.

Louis XVI of France
Louis XVI (August 23, 1754 - January 21, 1793) was King of France and Kingdom of Navarre. He ruled from 1774 until 1791, and from 1791 to 1792.
Biography.
Louis XVI was born to Louis-Ferdinand, Dauphin of France and grandson of Louis XV and his wife, Marie-Josephe of Saxony, in 1754. His father died early in Louis's life and Louis XVI became the dauphin. His parents liked his older brother more than Louis and were upset when Louis's brother died at ten. Louis's parents turned against him and he became a shy boy.
At first, he was a popular ruler but his hesitant nature and other things broke through. By the late 1780s the French people started to hate him and Louis and his family attempted to flee in 1791. Louis and his family were caught in a small town outside of Paris. Now they were in house arrest.
During the French Revolution, the National Convention found him guilty of treason. They arrested him on august 10th 1792, and filed a case against him.
Execution.
Louis was executed on January 21, 1793 by the guillotine after being proven to be guilty of treason by the National Convention.

Paul Kagame
Paul Kagame (born October 23, 1957) is the President of Rwanda.
Though a member of the Tutsi ethnic group, he tends to downplay the importance of his ethicity. He is responsible for ending the Rwandan Genocide. However, he is often seen as a dictator, and has a bad human rights record.

Juche Tower
The Juche Tower is a monument in Pyongyang, North Korea. it was completed in 1982 It is on the eastern bank of the Taedong River, opposite the Kim Il-Sung Square. Its geographic coordinates are 39°1′3.52″N, 125°45′48.05″E. It was made to celebrate the anniversary of Kim Il-Sung's 70th birthday. It is claimed that it was designed by Kim Jong-il.
The 170 meter (560') structure contains 25,550 blocks (365 × 70, one for each day of Kim Il Sung's life, excluding remainder days), dressed in white stone with seventy dividers and capped with a 20 meter high, 45 ton, shining torch allegedly made out of 'special materials'. It is possible to go to the top of the tower. It is said that the tower was built in 35 days and was dressed in 76 days.
In front of the tower is a 30 meter high statue consisting of three figures — one with a hammer, one with a sickle and one with a writing brush (an idealised worker, a peasant and a "working intellectual"). Also close to the tower is a wall of 82 friendship plaques, apparently from foreign supporters. Around the tower there are also pavilions and water features. It is claimed that the tower has become a popular place for North Koreans.
The tower is named after the principle of Juche, developed by Kim Il-Sung. The name of the tower is sometimes translated as the Tower of the Juche Idea or Juche Ideology Tower.

Space exploration
Space exploration is a term, which describes searching the outer space. There are many reasons for space exploration. The most important reasons are scientific research and the interest of humans to learn more about the outer space. For the last several centuries, humans had dreamt of reaching the outer space. But, it became possible only in the 20th century. On October 4, 1957, the former Soviet Union launched the Sputnik I which was the first satellite to be launched. Then on November 4 1957, Laika was launched into space. She was the first living creature to enter space.

Vietnamese language
Vietnamese (tiếng Việt) is the official language of Vietnam. It has been strongly influenced by Chinese, particularly Cantonese. Vietnamese is also slightly similar to Khmer. Today it uses Quốc Ngữ, a Latin alphabet similar to English, though it once used Chinese-based symbols called Chữ Nôm. Almost no people know Chữ Nôm today.
Alphabet (Quốc Ngữ).
a [a] like a in spa

Valmiki
According to Hinduism and Hindu mythology, Valmiki is the name of a famous rishi (sage).. The Hindu tradition states that Valmiki wrote the Ramayana. The Ramayana is one of the two most famous Hindu epics, the other is the Mahabharata.
There is a story about Valmiki. Rishi Narada found him in a forest. Narada advised and guided Valmiki to change his life, and to do good things. At this, Valmiki changed his life. He became a great poet, and wrote the Ramayana, the life story of Rama, a god of Hindus.
In the original Valmiki Ramayana, Valmiki wrote that Rama was nothing more than a ideal human being.
However, Brahminical reshaping of the Ramayana eventually presented Rama as a supreme deity.
The first stage includes the composition of books 2 - 6 sometime in the fifth century BCE and their oral transmission up to and including the forth century BCE. The presentation of Rama as essentially human hero.
The second stage extends from the third century BCE to the first century CE, during which time those five books were reworked and expanded.
This period brings greater status for the king, for most of this period, Rama is viewed as an ethical human.
The third stage extends from the first to the third century CE, bringing with it the addition of book 1 (‘The book of childhood’) and the some what later book 7 (epilogue).
This stage is marked by the presentation of Rama as an avatar of Vishnu.
This stage also produced a pronounced emphasis on Varna- Dharma: Sambuka, the Sudra ascetic, is killed by Rama in order to bring a Brahmin boy back to life.
For more information about Bhagwan Valmiki please go to
When Sita had to go out of Ayodhya, Valmiki gave her shelter. There she give birth to her twins, named Kusha and Lava. Valmiki taught the two children.

Kali
Kali is one of the goddesses in Hinduism. There are several other goddesses of Hindus like Lakshmi, Durga and Sita.

Petr Čech
Petr Čech (20 May 1982 -) is a Czech football player. He currently plays for Chelsea F.C. in English Football Premiership. Before playing for Chelsea, he played in Ligue 1. He became a player for Chelsea in June 2004.
Cech is thought to be one of the best goalkeeper in the Premier League. He had the record of the least losses in his first season playing for Chelsea. That season he helped Chelsea to win the title of Premier League. He also helped Chelsea to win the same title the next year.

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk was the first President of the Republic of Turkey and the anti-imperialist leader of Turkey until his death in 1938.
Mustafa Kemal was born on May 19 1881. His birth place was Thessaloniki (now Θεσσαλονίκη in Greece). He was given the name Atatürk (Father of All Turks) later. His father's name was Ali Rıza Efendi. His mother's name was Zübeyde Hanım. He also had a sister whose name was Makbule (Atadan).
When the Ottoman Empire collapsed after the First World War, Atatürk organised the Nationalist movement that established the modern secular Republic of Turkey. Visitors to Turkey are often surprised by the importance given to Ataturk in present-day Turkey.
In fact few countries have such a person in their history. Not only was he a successful military commander, but he established a democratic constitution and put in place reforms that set Turkey on the road to becoming a modern, developed nation.

Morumbi Stadium
Morumbi Stadium or Estádio do Morumbi is the biggest stadium in São Paulo, Brazil. It used to have 120,000 seats available, but now its maximum capacity is 80,000 seats for safety reasons. It is the home ground of São Paulo Futebol Clube and its formal name honors Cícero Pompeu de Toledo, who was São Paulo FC's chairman during most of the stadium construction.

Bail
Bail is money given to the court to guarantee that someone will go to their trial. If the person does not show up for their trial, the government gets to keep the money.

Soufflé
A Soufflé is a light fluffy food, made from egg whites.

Blossom
A blossom is a flower that grows on stone fruit trees and other plants including oranges, cherries, plums, apples and almonds

Marmalade
Marmalade is a topping, like a jam or jelly, that is usually made with oranges. Marmalade can also be made from lemons, limes, grapefruits, or a combination of citrus fruits.

Thomas Hardy
Thomas Masterson Hardy (June 2, 1840 - January 11, 1928) was an English novelist and poet. In the United Kingdom, Hardy is generally thought to be one of the greatest figures in English literature.
Thomas Hardy was born near Dorchester in Dorset. His father was a stonemason. His mother was ambitious and had read a lot. She added to his formal education. Hardy trained as an architect in Dorchester before moving to London to get a job. He won prizes from the Royal Institute of British Architects and the Architectural Association.
Death.
Hardy is buried in Westminster Abbey.

Manhole
A manhole is a hole in a road or a walkway for a person to go into, usually to fix something underground, like sewers or telephone lines.

Sewer
Sewers are underground pipes to take away dirty water and human waste from homes, offices and many other places.

Pajamas
Pajamas (pyjamas in the United Kingdom) are loose clothes that people wear while they are sleeping. Pyjamas usually include trousers and a shirt. Pyjamas are often made of cotton. The word comes from Hindi: पजामा, Pajāmā; Persian.

Goodnight
Goodnight is something people say instead of goodbye if they are leaving each other in the evening or night.

Grocery store
A grocery store (or just grocery) is a retail store that sells fresh fruit, vegetables, and meat, packaged foods, household cleaning and laundry supplies, and a hygiene items (soap, toothpaste, etc.).
Types of grocery stores.
There are a range of different types and sizes of grocery stores. Some grocery stores are small community stores with a limited range of items. Other grocery stores are large stores with a vast selection of food and household items. In some cases, a grocery store is part of a larger general merchandise store such as Walmart, which also sells clothes, hardware, and other items.
How grocery stores work.
The person who controls a grocery store is called a grocer. A grocer will order food from farmers or other people who send out farmers food to other grocery stores and restaurants.

Barter
Barter is trading one thing for another without using money. Usually the things that are traded are worth the same amount of money, but no money is used in the trade.
Barter is useful when two people each have something the other wants, so they agree on an amount of stuff and then swap it. This can also happen with services, for example a plumber can fix a tap in a winery and be given a crate of wine.
The problem with barter is one person may not want what the other person has. For instance, Bob needs a new pair of shoes and John has those shoes. But Bob has eggs and John needs milk. This is where money becomes useful because anything can be traded for a set amount of money. Bob could pay John for the shoes and John could go to the store and buy some milk.

Carlisle United F.C.
Carlsile United F.C. is an English football team in Football League One. Neil McDonald is the manager.

Baroque Pop
Baroque Pop is a style of music that came out in the 1960s. It has a classical, heavy orchestral sound to it. Examples can be found on The Beach Boys' "Pet Sounds" and recording made by Phil Spector.

Leica Camera
Leica is a camera company located in Wetzlar, Germany.

2011
2011 is a year in the 21st century. It is a common year.

Tien Quan Ca
Tiến Quân Ca, meaning "Army March" is the national anthem (song) of Vietnam. It was created in 1944 by Nguyễn Văn Cao, the famous Vietnamese composer (person who writes music).
Vietnamese.
Bước chân dồn vang trên đường gập ghềnh xa.
Cờ in máu chiến thắng mang hồn nước,
Súng ngoài xa chen khúc quân hành ca.
Ðường vinh quang xây xác quân thù,
Thắng gian lao cùng nhau lập chiến khu.
Vì nhân dân chiến đấu không ngừng,
Nước non Việt Nam ta vững bền !
Dắt giống nòi quê hương qua nơi lầm than.
Cùng chung sức phấn đấu xây đời mới.
Ðứng đều lên gông xích ta đập tan.
Từ bao lâu ta nuốt căm hờn,
Quyết hy sinh đời ta tươi thắm hơn.
Vì nhân dân chiến đấu không ngừng,
Nước non Việt Nam ta vững bền !
The original of the sixth sentende is:Thề phanh thây uống máu quân thù

North American blizzard of 2003
The Blizzard of 2003, also called the Presidents' Day Storm of 2003, or Presidents' Day Storm II, was a very big snowstorm on the East Coast of the United States and Canada, which started on February 15 and ended on February 18, 2003. Lots of snow fell in the big cities in the Northeast US, making it the biggest snowstorm of the snowy winter of 2002-2003. All cities from Washington DC to Boston were covered in a lot of snow, and people couldn't go around because of the bad weather. In Baltimore and Boston, this was the biggest snowstorm ever recorded.
The Life of the Storm.
The storm started in the southern Rockies on February 14, and moved to southern Missouri and the Lower Tennessee Valley in a few days. It brought heavy rain and bad weather to the Deep South, including the nation's first tornado of 2003. In the north, snow and ice affected the Midwest. Southern Iowa and eastern Illinois also got lots of snow, with 11 inches (28 cm) in Des Moines. In Kentucky this was mostly an ice storm, with some places getting up to 3/4" (2 cm) of ice. At the same time, Washington, D.C. and Baltimore got a little bit of snow on February 15. The weather was very cold, and the storm moved very slowly.
But early on February 16, lots of snow started falling in those two cities, and the snow started in Philadelphia. Heavy snow kept coming, falling very fast. It was also very cold, so the snow kept piling up. The heavy snow continued all day, and it reached New York City in the evening. At about the same time, the snow changed to sleet in Washington, D.C., and that's why the city got less snow than other cities. In the rest of the Northeast, however, the snow stayed for much of the night. The sleet changed back to snow by the next morning in Washington, D.C., and soon ended. Blizzard Warnings were given in New York City and Boston, and the snow began in Boston that day. In the evening, the heavy snow ended in New York City, and it ended in Boston on the morning of February 18. After that, the storm weakened and brought a few inches of snow to other parts of New England.
Impact.
This snowstorm slowed down much of the East Coast with its heavy snow. Washington's Reagan National Airport, Baltimore-Washington International Airport, Philadelphia International Airport, and LaGuardia Airport in New York were closed, and Dulles Airport had one runway open. With snow falling, driving was almost impossible. In Baltimore, the roof of the historic B&O Railroad Museum broke, destroying many valuable engines, railroad cars and train souvenirs.

Import
To import means to bring goods into your country from another country. An import business makes money by importing goods from another country and selling them at a profit.

Organization of American States
The Organization of American States (OAS in English; OEA in the other three official languages) is an international organization based in Washington, D.C. It has all thirty-five independent nations of the Americas as its members.
For its work Organization of American States (OAS) uses four languages: English language, French language, Portuguese language, and Spanish language.
Many persons and politicians of different countries of North America and South America had thought of an organization of their countries. These countries have also formed different organizations from time to time. Beginning from 1889-1890, these countries held meetings known as the International Conference of American States. At its first conference, 18 countries formed the International Union of American Republics.
In 1910, these countries held the Fourth International Conference of American States at Buenos Aires. They changed the name of the International Union of American Republics to the Union of American Republics. These countries held the ninth International Conference of American States between March and May 1948 at Bogotá. On 30th April 1948, 21 countries signed an agreement. They called this agreement the Charter of the Organization of American States. This was the beginning of the Organization of American States (OAS). OAS started functioning from December 1951.
The Charter of the OAS states the goals for forming the OAS. There are many goals. Some important goals relate to peace and security for these countries; development of democratic governments; and economic cooperation.

Gustav Holst
Gustav Holst (b. Cheltenham, 21 September 1874; d. London, 25 May 1934) was a famous English composer. He studied composition at the Royal College of Music in London. He also learned to play the trombone. He became Director of Music at St Paul’s Girls’ School, Hammersmith, (London). Some of his music was written for the pupils at this school, for example: the popular "St Paul’s Suite" (1912-1913) for string orchestra. His most famous work is "The Planets" (1918). This is a suite of seven movements for orchestra, each about a different planet (the Earth is not included, and Pluto had not yet been discovered). The music does not really describe the planets, it describes the Roman gods after which the planets are named. Mars, for example, is the “Bringer of War”. It has a very exciting rhythm with five beats in a bar. Jupiter has a tune which has become famous as the hymn “I vow to thee my country”.

Nelson's Column
Nelson's Column is a national monument of the United Kingdom based in Trafalgar Square, London, England. The column was built between 1840 and 1843 to commemorate Admiral Horatio Nelson's death at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805.

Cousin
In genealogy, a cousin is a relative, other than an ancestor or descendant, who shares a common ancestor. The word cousin is often used to refer to a person's first cousin - the child of one's aunt or uncle. The word only sometimes means siblings, siblings of ancestors, or descendants of siblings, because other words are more common (for example a brother, sister, aunt, uncle, nephew, niece, and so on).
How the cousin system works.
A second cousin once removed is your second cousin but one generation up (for example their parent).
Each time it is removed once, that person will go one generation up.

Livestock
Livestock are domestic animals that are kept by people for food, milk, leather, or wool.
Some types of livestock are: cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, domestic rabbits and chickens.

Breed
A breed is a domesticated subspecies of an animal. The term may also be used as a verb. In this way, to "breed" an animal is to make sure that it has offspring that improves the next generation’s qualities. A "breeder" is a person who maintains and creates different breeds of animals or plants.

Storm
A storm means strong weather, usually strong rain and wind.
Hurricanes, typhoons, and tornados are called storms, but they have special names because they are very, very strong and are studied by scientists called meteorologists.

Hemisphere
Hemisphere means half (hemi) of the Earth (sphere).

Pressure
Pressure means how much something is pushing on something else
expressed as force per unit area.
Pounds per square inch - "(psi, PSI, lb/in2, lb/sq in)"
Commonly used in the U.S., but not elsewhere. Normal atmospheric pressure is 14.7 psi, which means that a column of air one square inch in area rising from the Earth's atmosphere to space weighs 14.7 pounds.
Normal atmospheric pressure is called 1 atmosphere. 1 atm = 14.6956 psi = 760 torr.
This is called the Torr because it is based on the original Torricelli barometer design. One atmosphere of pressure will push the column of mercury (Hg) in a mercury barometer to a height of 760 millimeters. A pressure that causes the Hg column to rise 1 millimeter is called a torr. 1 atm = 760 torr = 14.7 psi.
The bar is almost the same as the atmosphere unit. One bar = 750.062 torr = 0.9869 atm = 100,000 Pa.
There are 1,000 millibar in one bar. This unit is used by meteorologists who find it easier to refer to atmospheric pressures without using decimals. One millibar = 0.001 bar = 0.750 torr = 100 Pa.
1 pascal = a force of 1 Newton per square meter (1 Newton = the force needed to accelerate 1 kilogram one meter per second per second = 1 kg.m/s2; this is actually quite logical for physicists and engineers, honest). 1 pascal = 10 dyne/cm2 = 0.01 mbar. 1 atm = 101,325 Pascals = 760 mm Hg = 760 torr = 14.7 psi.
The prefix "kilo" means "1,000", so one kilopascal = 1,000 Pa. Therefore, 101.325 kPa = 1 atm = 760 torr and 100 kPa = 1 bar = 750 torr.
The prefix "mega" means "1,000,000", so one megapascal = 1,000 kPa = 1,000,000 Pa. Pressures in the megapascal range are common in high-pressure air compressors and hydraulic systems, where high pressure liquids are used to do useful work.
The prefix "giga" means "1,000,000,000", so one gigapascal = 1,000 MPa = 1,000,000 kPa = 1,000,000,000 Pa = 9,870 atm = 10,000 bar. Pressures of several gigapascals can change graphite to diamond or make hydrogen a metallic conductor!

Alligator
An Alligator is a group of animals in the order "Crocodilia". The genus "Alligator" has two living species, the "American Alligator" and the "Chinese Alligator".
Together with the caimans, the Gharials and the Crocodiles they make up the order "Crocodilia", the crocodile-like.
The difference between an alligator and a crocodile is, that you can not see the fourth tooth in the lower jaw of an alligator when the alligator's mouth is closed. You can see the fourth tooth in the lower jaw of a crocodile when its mouth is closed.
Sometimes it is said, that alligators have as wide a snout as crocodiles have a narrow snout, but there are also some crocodiles with wide snouts.

Curitiba
Curitiba (pron. or) is the most important city in the southern region of Brazil. Curitiba is the capital of the state of Paraná. The city has more than 1,800,000 inhabitants and an area of 430.9 km², being the 7th largest Brazilian city and 4th largest in the Southern Cone. The city has the largest population and also the largest economy in Southern Brazil. The metropolitan area of Curitiba, formed by 26 municipalities, has 3,335,588 inhabitants.
Curitiba was founded in 1693 as a small village. It has since become an important trading stop because a road was opened, connecting the southeast region to Southern Brazil. In 1853, it became the capital of the newly created province of Paraná. Since then, the city has seen a large urban growth. During the 19th century, many European immigrants arrived. Most of them were Germans, Poles, Ukrainians and Italians. They added to the cultural diversity that still exists there. The city made several plans and laws that were set up to slow the growth of the city and that led the city to be famous for its new ideas and connection to the environment. Most of the new ideas were in the public transport system. Today, the city has a sense of cosmopolitan life and is considered the safest city in Brazil. It is the Brazilian capital with the best quality of living and is a diversified industrial center that gives Curitiba the rank of 4th largest economy in Brazil - the largest in the southern region. The city is considered one of the 5 best cities to invest in in Latin America
Large companies have moved their headquarters to the city because of Curitiba's structure, the main international airport of the southern region (the Afonso Pena International Airport), its proximity to the Port of Paranaguá and the junction of highways and railroads linking the south region directly to the southeast of the country. Many multinational automotive (car) companies are located in Greater Curitiba, which makes Curitiba the second largest automotive center in the country. Curitiba is an important cultural, political and economic center in the country.
Curitiba has high rates of education and is home to the oldest Brazilian university, the Federal University of Paraná. People from Curitiba are called "curitibanos" in Portuguese language, and "Curitibans" in English language.
Etymology.
The name "Curitiba" comes from the large number of Brazilian "Pines" - or commonly called as "Parana Pine" too - ("Araucaria angustifolia") in the region prior to its foundation. There are two acceptable versions for the name's origin: the indians of the Tupi nation, namely the Jê and the Guarani, employed the word "corae" ("pine seed") "atuba" ("a lot"). The other version, also from the Tupi language, comes from the combination of "kurit" ("pine tree") and "yba" ("large amount"). So, "Curitiba" means something as "Land of Abundant Pines".
Panorama.
Curitiba is known for the urban differentiated solutions, notably for the integrated system of transport of people, together with the regular transit routes, has served, especially from the 1970s, as inducer of the urban development.
The public transport system in Curitiba is usually remembered for passenger terminals connected by channels exclusive to bus "Vermelhos" ("Red Buses"), the "Expressos" ("Express Buses"), "Articulados" ("Articulated buses") and "Biarticulados" ("Biarticulated buses") - the biarticulated bus circulates along the longer itineraries, stopping only on the tube-station stops for timely entering/exiting maneuvers; each biarticulated bus can carry 270 passengers - and complemented with the speedy silver "Ligeirinho" (literally, "speedy"), with an modern design, has fewer stops, therefore shortening distances – when compared to the "Linha Direta" ("Direct Line") – due to saved time, and feeders differentiated by color.
This model has inspired similar experiments in cities of other countries, such as Los Angeles and New York City, where, in the 1990s, the installation of an experimental line of "ligeirinho" in the city, connecting the city to the World Trade Center. The system is the source of inspiration for the TransMilenio in Bogotá, Colombia, Metrovia in Guayaquil, Ecuador,as well as the Orange Line of Los Angeles, California, and for a future transportation system in Panama City, Panama.
Around the city and commonly integrated with the terminals of buses, are the "Ruas da Cidadania" ("Streets of Citizenship"), municipal centers bringing together municipal departments and public agencies, state and federal, points of trade, services, free Internet access and equipment, leisure, as playgrounds, and space of all kind sports.
Recent measurements indicate that the green area of Curitiba is of 51.5 metres per capita - about three times the minimum area recommended by the UN - one of the highest in Brazil and higher than cities like London or Paris. These areas are composed primarily by municipal parks and forests to protect the forests gallery of local rivers. There are also in a variety of city squares and public grounds, usually associated with public roads and wooded.
The urban zoning of the city, the integrated transport system, has allowed a development architectural and urban taken by some analysts as cohesive and harmony without the main problems of large modern cities. Curitiba, including, recently recommended by UNESCO as one of the city-model for the reconstruction of the cities of Afghanistan, after the military intervention occurred in that country in 2001.
Curitiba was the inspiration for Francis Ford Coppola, when looking for the "perfect city" in order to create the "Megalopolis" (a huge city "which is good for its citizens" of his new movie). The director lived in Curitiba for a few weeks and praised the city in several of his lectures around the world, as the only Brazilian city praised by this famous producer of films.
In the 1990s, the city was pleasured with the United Nations Environment Program prize - UNEP, from the UN, considered the top prize of the environment in the world. In June 1996, the chairman of the Habitat II summit of mayors and urban planners in Istanbul praised Curitiba as "the most innovative city in the world." In 2003, the city received the title of Capital of Culture of the Americas by the entity CAC-ACC. In 2006, Curitiba hosted the event COP8/COP-MOP3 the UN. Today, Curitiba is considered one of the best examples of urban planning world-wide.
In 1991 the city received the french oceanographer Jacques Cousteau to inaugurate the Free University of the Environment, being an place for transfer of knowledge about the environment and ecology for the population. Since was created, the UNILIVRE is a reference about studies in economically sustainable preservation of ecosystems, serving as a model for other similar institutions in various parts of the world, as in Cordoba (Argentina), Río Grande (Patagonia), Seoul (Korea) and Guadalajara (Mexico), and in many other Brazilian cities.
The capital of the state of Paraná was the only Brazilian city to enter the 21st century as a reference for national and international urban planning and quality of life; a search by the American magazine Reader's Digest, it was the Brazilian municipality better placed in the ranking of the best cities in the world to live. In March 2001, a poll sponsored by the UN pointed Curitiba as the best capital of Brazil by the Index of Living Conditions (ILC) and second best among the HDI of brazilian capitals. The city is the gateway to entering the Mercosur (the southern zone common market of Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay).
The city recently was identified as the Brazilian capital with the lowest rate of illiteracy, and also indicated as number 1 in the national education between the Brazilian capitals, and one of the five best cities for investment in Latin America.
According study of the "América Economia" magazine, published in the "Special Edition Cities 2006", which has the title "The City Innovative", Curitiba is ahead of important capitals as Mexico City, Buenos Aires and Brasilia, occupying the fifth placing. The magazine considered the main Latin American economies or those that have relevance to the business conducted on the continent. In the front of the Paraná state capital are just São Paulo, Brazil, first in the ranking; Santiago, Chile; Monterrey, Mexico; and Miami, USA.
The city was the first in Brazil to introduce the separation of domestic garbage on a wide-scale basis. The acclaimed program "Lixo que não é Lixo" (literally, "Garbage that isn’t Garbage"; a successful recycling program) created in 1989 has become a paradigm of care for the environment. Actually, Curitiba is the Brazilian city that more recycles the garbage: currently, 22% of all the waste produced - about 450 tons per day - are recycled.
In 2007 the city was the third place in a list of "15 Green Cities" in the world, according the american site "Grist". In the same year, the city was featured in the american newspaper "The New York Times"; the reportage, with 8 pages, features many innovations of the city, saying that Curitiba remains a destination for urban planners from various parts of the world, fascinated with the public transport system, program for recycling of garbage and the group of parks in the city.
The MasterCard Emerging Markets Index 2008, created to evaluate and compare the performance of cities in different functions that connect markets and commerce worldwide, show Curitiba as the safest city in Brazil - considering indicators such as freedom of expression, risk of natural disasters and personnal security - in addition to being in 49th position among the cities with the greatest influence in the world.
History.
Curitiba used to be a forest once populated by the indigenous tribe Tingüi. During the 16th century, Europeans began to go to war with this tribe.
Localization.
Curitiba is located on the first plateau of Paraná, in the most flat area, also called plateau curitibano. Occupy an geographical area of 432.17 km², in the latitude 25º25'40"S and longitude 49º16'23"W. The coastline of the state is a distance of 70 km from the city (Atlantic Ocean). The capital has a north-south length of 35km, and 20 km east-west.
Relief.
The city has surface of 432.17 km² in the First Plateau of Paraná. The relief of Curitiba is just a little wavy. The average altitude of the city is 934.6m above sea level, ranging between minimum and maximum values of 900 and 1,000 meters, approximately.
Curitiba has a wavy topography of smooth rounded hills, an terrain a little wavy, giving a relatively regular physiognomy.
The municipality of Curitiba has an average altitude of 934.6 m above sea level, where the highest point is to the north (1.021,00m). To the south is the situation of lower altitude (864,9m).
There are mountain ranges and sets of rocky elevations in practically all around the city, being the most remarkable and impressive of the "Serra do Mar" (portuguese for "Mountain Range of the Sea"), located in the east that separates the plateau from the coast of Paraná.
Climate.
Curitiba's climate is commonly calm all year round though locals complain that the weather can be anything at anytime. Heat waves happen during winter and cold waves happen during summer are not uncommon. Even within one day there can be great differences, usually subtropical climate.
The flat terrain, lakes and marshland help its mild damp winters, where the average temperature of 13°C (57°F) in the coldest month falls a bit below 0°C (32°F) on the coldest days. During summer, the average temperature is around 21°C (70°F), but sometimes gets around 32°C (90°F) on hot days – sometiems in the upper 30s °C.
Anyway, located in Southern Brazil, Curitiba is a somewhat humid city in Subtropical zone and, of Brazil's twenty-six state capitals, Curitiba is the coldest because of altitude (the city is on a plateau 932 m above sea level). The city is in the Subtropical region, within the Atlantic Rainforest region that goes along the eastern side of Brazil, and is sited on a plateau 932 m (3107 ft) above sea level with the higher peaks of a mountain range creating a barrier that separate it from the Atlantic Ocean just 105 km (65 miles) away. The average temperature during the summers is 21°C, and during the winter, 13°C.
Hydrography and Pluviometry.
The catchment area of Curitiba consists of several rivers and streams that cross the city in different directions, grouped in six river basins. The main rivers that form the watershed of the city are: Atuba River, Belém River, Barigüi River, Passaúna River, Ribeirão dos Padilhas and the Iguaçu River, all with characteristics of dendritic drainage. Since the 1970s, Curitiba has working on alternatives to minimize the negative impacts of urbanization on rivers. An example of this was the construction of parks along the rivers with artificial lakes, which retain the water for longer periods of time, minimizing floods. Currently, after many studies about the local water passages, almost all the rivers are in canalization process. Other alternatives developed to minimize the effects of urbanization are the implementation of the programs for environmental education, inspection and monitoring, elaboration and application of legislation and infrastructure works.
The index reaches 1,500 mm rainfall on average per year, because the rains are constant in the climate of the city. It happens, among other reasons, because of the large deforestation of the Mountain Range of the Sea ("Serra do Mar"), natural barrier to moisture.
Vegetation.
Curitiba is located in the area of vegetation called Araucaria moist forests, composed of steppes, Araucaria forest and other formations.
In the local vegetation still appear remnants of the parana pine ("Araucaria angustifolia"), which resisted the action of modern civilization. The parana pines are in private and public areas, now protected by environmental legislation which prevents it from being overturned. The Municipal Secretariat of the Environment maintains a botanical garden and three green houses for the annual production of 150,000 seedlings of native and exotic tree species, 16,000 seedlings of fruit trees, 260,000 seedlings of flowers, foliage and underbrush, on top of the total maintenance of 350,000 seedlings. The green area of the city is one of largest in Brazil.
The vegetation of Curitiba is also characterized by the existence of a large quantity of purple and yellow "ipês" (tabebuias), making a spectacle of beauty to the landscape of the city during the flowering in the end of winter. Currently, the yellow ipê is the most common tree in the city.
Neighborhoods.
"Bairros" (neighbourhoods) of Curitiba are geographical divisions of the city. There is no delegation of administrative powers to neighborhoods, although there are several neighborhoods associations devoted to improve their own standards of living.
Curitiba is divided into 9 regional governments (boroughs), covering the 75 neighbourhoods of the city. All districts are served by the system of integrated urban transport.
Most districts of Curitiba was born of colonial groups, formed by families of European immigrants in the second half of the nineteenth century.
The centre ("Downtown" in American English or "CBD" - central business district - in other English use), place of foundation of the city, is the most bustling area, which concentrates most of the financial institutions of Curitiba.
Social issues.
The growth of urban population of Curitiba, that turned the city in an modern metropolis, has generated some social problems. Like other major Brazilian cities, Curitiba has seen the emergence of slums in some neighborhoods and around the city, and the growth of street inhabitants, that many times had been sent of other cities and States, and are dropped in the streets of the city. This fact has made a small growth of crime level, but is not comparable to other major Brazilian cities.
Moreover, many rivers contains levels of pollution; the landfill (deposit of garbage) is almost full; the public transport sometimes is not enough for the quantity of people (in the rush hour), and the Brazilian government does not yield funds for the construction of a subway in the city.
Architecture.
A variety of architectural styles, ancient and modern, make the urban landscape of Curitiba be very interesting and represent an enormous cultural heritage.
The architecture that is in Curitiba has a strong influence of the culture of immigrants, from various countries, mainly Europe.
Buildings in eclectic architecture, neoclassical, colonial, Byzantine, oriental, and styles inspired by the land of immigrants confirm the diversity and cultural richness of Curitiba. Its possible find places that still keeps lambrequins (short ornaments, typical of some european places in the past, to the top of roofs or windows), palaces in the urban area, buildings made between the nature, and even the first rotating building in the world, who are harmoniously distributed in the city.
Also, buildings that are integrate with nature is a tendency to 21st century and reflect an important style of Curitiba, as can see in some famous places of the city.
Because it is a planned city, the administration uses a rigid plan for growth, aiming to facilitate the use of public transport. The idea was to organize the city along transport corridors. The buildings are close to major bus lines. The rule is simple: buildings with more than eight floors can only be built in the first block, near the corridor. Buildings with less than eight floors, in the second block, and in other, smaller buildings and houses. This encourages the system bus, that is widely used, reducing the number of cars.
Demographics.
The population of Curitiba in 2007 was 1,797,408 inhabitants. In 2000, the population census put Curitiba in the seventh position among the most populous cities in Brazil and the first in the southern region of the country, with its population almost equal to the sum of the second and third largest cities in the south together. In the same year, the city was a leader in longevity between the Brazilian metropolis, with life expectancy at birth of 71.6 years of age.
According to the IBGE of 2007, there were 3,230,000 people residing in the Metropolitan Region of Curitiba. The population density was 4.159,4 inh./km². The last PNAD (National Research for Sample of Domiciles) census revealed the numbers: 2,503,250 White people (77.4%), 584,000 Pardo people (18.2%), 93,000 Black people (2.9%), 45,000 Asian or Amerindian people (1.4%).
Economy.
Curitiba is the economic center of the southern Brazil and is among the four largest GDP of the country. The city concentrates the largest portion of the structure of government and public services of the Paraná state and hosts major companies in the sectors of trade, services and financial things. The city has the strongest economy of the south of the country, because the work of export of more than 900 factories located just in the "Cidade Industrial" neighborhood and major automobile industries which are located in the Greater Curitiba.
The city was elected several times as "The Best Brazilian City for Business", according to rankings done by the "Exame" magazine, in partnership with the consultancy Simonsen & Associates.
In July 2001, Curitiba has become the first city in the country to receive the prize "Pole of Information Technology", granted by "InfoExame" magazine, because the performance of their companies of technology. According to the magazine, the number of companies of "Technology and Information Technology" based in Curitiba submitted in 2001 a turnover of US$1.2 billion, representing a growth of 21% over the previous year. According to a study done by the International Congress & Convention Association (ICCA), Curitiba is the sixth Brazilian city with the largest number of international events.
In 2007, the respected "Veja" magazine indicates Curitiba as the best destination for business in Brazil. Ninety-four experts, chosen by the magazine, show the capital as the best Brazilian city for investment. The city is becoming one of the largest and most important centers of technology, attracting giants of the sector of information technology in the areas of software and hardware, becoming the national pole.
Gross domestic product.
Analyzing the GDP of Curitiba, it appears that in the period 1995 to 2000 the economy grew about 3% a year.
About the GDP per capita, in 2000, the city had an income of 37% higher than Brazil. In the same year, the economic sector that compose most of GDP in Curitiba was the service sector with 38.8%, followed by the industrial sector with 36%.
Approximately 40% of GDP comes from the industry and the rest of activities related to the tertiary sector.
Education.
In the 1990s, the city started a project called "Faróis de Saber" ("Lighthouses of Knowledge"). These Lighthouses are free educational centers which include libraries, Internet access, and other cultural resources. This community libraries works with municipal schools, have a collection of approximately 5000 books, and be cultural reference and leisure for the community, and are designed to diversify the opportunities of access to knowledge, expanding the area of formal education.
In each quarter of the city these "Lighthouses of Knowledge" have been implanted containing library and room of computer science, to public use, mainly by students; job training, social welfare and educational programs are coordinated, and often supply labor to improve the city's amenities or services, as well as education and income.
Among the Brazilian capitals, Curitiba has the lowest rate of illiteracy, and also number 1 in education between the brazilian capitals.
Curitiba has many universities, being "Universidade Federal do Paraná" ("Federal University of Paraná") the most important of the region, and the oldest of Brazil.
Portuguese is the official national language, and is the primary language used in schools. But English and Spanish are part of the official high school curriculum.
Tourism.
Every year, tourism grows in Curitiba. To attend this demand, the "Linha Turismo" ("Tourism Line") started in 1994. Its a special city tour that visits the principal tourist attractions in Curitiba, featuring comfortable white buses with big windows and a shape similar to that of streetcars. The vehicles are equipped with a sound system that plays recorded messages describing sites in three different languages: Portuguese, English and Spanish. It is possible to visit the parks, squares and the rest of the city's tourist attractions. Considered one of the best in the country, the "Linha Turismo" is available every thirty minutes and has a two and a half-hour tour, which travels around forty-four kilometers. To go on the tour you must buy a ticket with five tickets that give you the right to get on and off bus four times. Users can therefore choose the touristic point where they want to stay longer. Then, they can embark again to complete the remaining part of the itinerary. Today the line goes to 25 key reference points in Curitiba, completing 44 km in 2 and ½ hours.
According to a study done by the International Congress & Convention Association (ICCA), Curitiba is the sixth Brazilian city with the largest number of international events and, according to the FIPE, is the third city to receive foreign tourists for business. In 2006 the city was the 6th position among the best Brazilian cities to hold events and tourism business; in the same year, the flow of tourists exceeded the number of inhabitants. About the 2 million visitors, approximately half landed the business. To attend the growing demand, the number of hotels in the city has developed and is now considered the fourth largest in the country. Curitiba and its Metropolitan Area have a modern hotel infrastructure, with 150 hotels and service flats totaling 18 thousand beds (as per May, 2005). The good restaurants and customized services are approved by 92.4% of those who leave the city, according the Secretariat of State for Tourism of Paraná. In 2007 was elected as one of the 4 best Brazilian cities for travel and tourism, according to a major brazilian magazine about tourism. In 2008 another important magazine said that Curitiba is the best cultural destination and better cost-benefit to tourism in the South region of Brazil.
Gastronomy.
The pine nuts (seeds of Parana Pine) is probably the most characteristic element in the gastronomy of Paraná and Curitiba; its used not only as aperitif, but with traditional recipes that pass from generation to generation. Among the ingredients used, the pine nuts is a major, not only in Midwinter party ("Festa Junina", the annual Brazilian celebration which take place in the beginning of the Brazilian winter), but also in the diet of day-to-day. Pancakes, breads, cakes, soups and appetizers are just some of the recipes prepared with this seed. The colonization and migration contributed to the mixture of flavors and dishes found in the state. Indigenous and even Brazilians from other states added its revenue in local cuisine.
In Curitiba is possible find great restaurants, of all kind. There are options for all tastes and palates, the regional to international cuisine. The city have food establishments specializing in German, Polish, Chinese, Arabic, Japanese, Italian, Portuguese, Indian, Mexican, etc., and, of course, regional cuisines of Brazil. For those who like a good Italian food, Santa Felicidade neighborhood is considered the gastronomic district of the city; the place where some of the first Italian immigrants arriving in Paraná settled, where they dedicated themselves to the agricultural production, planting herbs, wine and cheese making and willow tress, the greatest attraction in Santa Felicidade is to be the gastronomic district of Curitiba, with a large number of restaurants offering typical food and wine from the colony. There are also wineries and wine bars, craft stores and willow furniture. According to the Guinness Book, the largest restaurant of Americas is located in this Curitiba neighborhood.
Events.
Every Sunday mornings, in the Historic Area, in the old stoned streets at the "Largo da Ordem" and the pavement giving access to Garibaldi Square, with the Rosário Church, the Flowers Clock, the Memory Fountain and the Società Giuseppe Garibaldi make the space for the Crafts Fair, an exciting meeting point with live music. The "Feira do Largo da Ordem" ("Largo da Ordem's Street Fair") it is an open market, where you can find handicrafts, paintings, sculptures, typical foods, street artists, old car exhibition and a lot more. It is also possible to watch live small musical shows from local musicians or see some clowns doing humorous performances. It is quite pleasant and interesting to go there for a walk and buy a few souvenirs of Curitiba.
The "Oficina de Música de Curitiba" ("Music Workshop of Curitiba") was established in 1983, with the proposal to discover and train new talent. Nowadays its one of the biggest Brazilian events for training, retraining and improvement of musicians. Join the Workshop of Music, held every year in January, students and teachers from all over Brazil (about 2,000 students and more than 100 teachers); among students and teachers, the Office of Music had, over editions, with representatives from throughout Latin America (mainly from Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay), United States, France, Switzerland, Holland, England, Germany, Norway, Spain, Italy, Portugal, China and Israel. The best instrumentalists, conductors and singers of Brazil, by classical music and popular, within the framework of teachers and directors of the workshop. Grand masters of other countries are special guests and, apart from giving lessons, make unprecedented concerts for the public of the city.
Curitiba has a strong relationship with the performing arts and theatre. The city hosts since 1992 a major festival of theatre, the "Festival de Teatro de Curitiba", composed of international attractions, large national attractions, local presentations, and alternative exhibitions, which each year attracts a large number of tourists and made an expressive cultural movement. Until 2007, were presented officially 1607 spectacles, to an audience estimated at 1.2 million people. The city has theatres with excellent techno-acoustic feedback, as the "Teatro Guaíra", one of the largest rooms in number of spectators by South America.
In November, happens the "Maratona Ecológica Internacional de Curitiba" ("Curitiba International Ecological Marathon"). This marathon is known as the hardest in Brazil, because happens in the end of the year, when usually is warm weather in the city (because is summer in Southern Hemisphere), and the hilly course, with many of the inclines being in the last 10km. To compensate the hard course, runners count with good structure and enthusiastic fans cheering along the course.
In December, the city becomes the "Capital of Christmas", and be one of the most tourist place at this time of year, because the mild climate, and has many free cultural attractions. The most traditional is the choir of the "Palácio Avenida": 160 poor children of charities institutes sing Christmas songs in windows of a historic building adorned with 90 thousand lamps, attracting thousands of spectators. It is probably the best known Christmas event in Brazil. Moreover, the entire city be decorated in two official events, the "Christmas of Light" and "Enchanted Christmas", where several tourist attractions are decorated for Christmas, as well as free theatre shows on public places and parks, bands and orchestras in public places showing traditional musics, many giant Christmas trees around the city, special fairs with Christmas things, prizes for the most lighted houses, etc.
Every year, the Crystal Fashion Week occurs in the city, together with the Fashion's Forum. It is the biggest event about fashion in the southern Brazil, and generally the launching party occurs in the "Castelo do Batel" ("Batel Castle") (an old mansion from the beginning of last century, becamed in space for events), and the parades and presentations happens in the Shopping Crystal Plaza. Participate of the fashion week national and international celebrities, fashion designers, fashion professionals and people interested in style, which has famous marks of clothes - and footwear stores and jewelry shops, as occurred in the XVIII edition of the event in 2008.
Every year, happens in Curitiba the largest Gay Pride Parade in Southern Brazil, called "Parada da Diversidade" ("Parade of Diversity"), covering not only the discussion of gender but also other social minorities historically discriminated. With a mix of celebration and political claim, it happens since 1995.
The city hosts the "Casa Cor Paraná" - an exhibition of decoration, architecture and ambience; in 2008, the 15th edition of the event in the state of Paraná had the participation of 116 exhibitors, featuring new trends on architecture, decoration and design. In 2007, had the visitation of 30.000 people in five weeks.
Presentation spaces.
Many space for presentations in Curitiba are tourist attractions in themselves. The "Parque das Pedreiras" ("Quarries Park"), for example, which includes the area that was once a stone quarry and has now been named the "Pedreira Paulo Leminski", as well as a theater called the "Ópera de Arame" ("Wire Opera House"), has already become a tourist point. The Pedreira Paulo Leminski is an open area where events can be held for large audiences, for it has a capacity of up to 30,000 people. The Wire Opera House was built in a record-breaking period of 75 days to host the first edition of the "Festival de Teatro de Curitiba". Its metallic structures, which look like wire, have become an architectural mark in the city and nationwide.
In 1971, was inaugurated the "Teatro Paiol" - a construction of 1874, which was used by the Brazilian Army as arsenal of gunpowder and ammunition, turned into a cultural and scenic area. The "Guaíra Theater" is one of the largest theaters in all of Latin America and a point in the itinerary of many large nationwide touring plays and performances. In the city’s historical sector, the "Memorial of Curitiba" is a new and modern site, which found its inspiration in the Parana Pine.
In all the parks of the city, have places for folklore and cultural presentations by various ethnic groups of Curitiba.
Cinema theatres.
The first movie designed in Curitiba was in 1897, shortly after the invention of cinematograph by Lumière Brothers. Currently, the Cultural Foundation of Curitiba runs two movie theaters in the downtown area: the "Cine Luz" and the "Cinemateca" (for special movies), which offer many art movie programs at affordable prices. The "Cinema a Um Real" project ("Watch a movie for one Real") is available every Sunday, featuring movies targeted to a more popular taste with cheap prices (R$1,00 - around US$0,40), allowing citizens from low-income classes to go to the movies. Furthermore, the city runs the "Cinema nos Bairros" project ("A Movie Theater in Your Neighborhood"), which was designed to allow a larger portion of the population to get to know video productions. The project offers movie sessions for free and schedules weekly sessions at schools, "Ruas da Cidadania" ("Citizenship Streets"), parish halls, neighborhood associations as well as other institutions that take part in this partnership project. At these places children get a chance to see how movie projectors work and also have a better grasp of each movie, so that they become increasingly interested in the art of moviemaking.
Today, Curitiba has, approximately, 70 cinema theatres, with daily programming, and is the first city in Brazil to have an IMAX cinema. It is in the Palladium Shopping Center, which is the biggest mall in Southern Brazil.
Sports.
The city offers several options for practice of all kinds of sports. Even sports not very popular in Brazil (like american football or baseball, for example) have practitioners in the city. The golf was introduced around 1904 by English immigrants. Among the illustrious players, there is Walt Disney, which in 1939, when was in passing in Curitiba, played a match.
Curitiba also houses the Training Center of the Brazil national gymnastics team.
Curitiba is also one of the 18 remaining candidates to host games of the 2014 FIFA World Cup to be held in Brazil.
Government.
The executive is currently exercised by the mayor Beto Richa (elected in 2004, reelected in 2008 and with a mandate until 2012), by the deputy mayor (vice mayor) Luciano Ducci and the municipal secretaries appointed by the mayor. The City Council of Curitiba was created in 1693, and has a total of 38 councillors elected since 2004.
Curitiba is divided into nine regional governments (equivalent to subprefecture), who manage the 75 districts of the municipality. The "Rua da Cidadania" ("Street of Citizenship") is the symbol of administrative decentralization; it is a reference point and meeting place for the user of municipal utilities. In a regional context, taking into account the needs and rights of the citizen in trade, leisure and services, facilitating the access of the population for different services in the areas of health, justice, policing, education, sport, housing, environment, urban planning, social service and supply, etc. Several units work annexed to the terminals of public transport in Curitiba. Their nuclei offer services in the local, state and federal areas.
Official symbols.
The official symbols of the city are the, the, and the hymn - composed by Ciro Silva and Bento Mossurunga. In addition, through the municipal Law 10,236, was introduced as "place symbol of the city of Curitiba" the historic building of the Federal University of Paraná.
Greater Curitiba.
The Greater Curitiba is the 118th largest metropolitan area in the world. Estimates from the 2007 Census show that the Metropolitan Area of Curitiba have 3,172,357 inhabitants, the second most populated in the south of Brazil. Have an area of 15.418,543 km².
Created in 1973, the Metropolitan Area of Curitiba is currently composed of 26 municipalities, including the capital.
With an industrial park of 43 million square meters, the Metropolitan Area of Curitiba has attracted large companies such as Audi, VW, Nissan, Renault, New Holland, Volvo, Fiat, ExxonMobil, Sadia, Kraft Foods, Esso, HSBC and Siemens.
The Greater Curitiba is home to the Afonso Pena International Airport (located in the city of São José dos Pinhais) and the motorsports circuit Autódromo Internacional de Curitiba (located in the city of Pinhais).

Crocodilia
The order "Crocodilia" is a group of reptiles. "Crocodilia" has three living families.

Biometrics
Biometrics is a field of study. It involves mainly biology, but also relies on computer science quite heavily.
The idea behind it is simple. Based on some easily measurable traits and behaviour patterns, the idea is to identify a human being with as little error as possible. One such way could be to take a fingerprint of every person, another one could be to let the person sign a document. The data could then be put into a form that a machine can read. At the border, people could again take the fingerprint or the signature, and compare it to the version stored in the passport.
When choosing features, those chosing must also look at social acceptance. Taking a fingerprint may be ok, taking a blood test may not be. Some biometric data is also easier to fake, eg. signatures.
Also, when voice samples are taken, these may be distorted (worsened), because only a telephone line is available. Telephone lines cut off some bandwidth from the signal.
Other than for passports, biometric methods are also used in some banks.

Bandwidth
Bandwidth is a measure of how much frequency space of a spectrum is used.
To make this more clear, we must define some terms. Many systems work by means of vibrations, or oscillations. Vibrations are something that goes back and forth at a regular rate. Each complete cycle of "back and forth" is called, simply enough, a cycle. The number of cycles per second of a system is its frequency.
Frequency is measured in cycles per second, usually called "Hertz", and abbreviated "Hz".
However, most systems don't operate at just a single frequency. They operate at many different frequencies. For example, sound is vibrations. Therefore, it has at least one frequency, and usually many different frequencies. People can hear sound frequencies as low as about 20 Hz, and as high as about 20,000 Hz. A band of frequencies is a continuous range of frequencies; in this example, the band of frequencies people can hear is from 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz.
Finally, bandwidth is how wide the frequency band is, that is, the highest frequency minus the lowest frequency. In the hearing example, the bandwidth of a person's ears is about 20,000 Hz - 20 Hz = 19,980 Hz.
Bandwidth is often applied to the electromagnetic spectrum: radio waves, light waves, X-rays, and so on. Radio waves are vibrations (oscillations) of electric and magnetic fields. For example, the lowest United States AM radio channel covers the band of frequencies from 535,000 Hz to 545,000 Hz. It therefore has a bandwidth of 10,000 Hz. All United States AM radio stations have a bandwidth of 10,000 Hz. The lowest United States FM radio channel covers the band from 88,000,000 Hz (88 MHz) to 88,200,000 Hz (88.2 MHz). It therefore has a bandwidth of 200,000 Hz.
The term "bandwidth" has been misused in the field of digital data communication. It is often incorrectly used to mean "data carrying capacity". However, there is no such thing as "digital bandwidth". The proper term for the data carrying capacity of a communication channel is channel capacity.
It is true that, in general, the channel capacity of a system increases with the bandwidth used for communication. However, many other effects are important. Therefore, in many (if not most) real systems, the channel capacity is not easily related to the channel bandwidth.

Hertz
The hertz (symbol: Hz) is a unit to measure frequency. It tells how often something happens. A frequency of 1 hertz means that something happens once a second. The pitch of the note Middle C (the C in the middle of the piano) is 256 Hz.
The unit is named after Heinrich Rudolf Hertz.
Bigger units.
1000 hertz equals 1 kilohertz. 1000 kilohertz equals 1 megahertz, 1000 megahertz equals 1 gigahertz and so on

Batman Returns
"Batman Returns" was the second major Batman film produced, and the second (and final) Batman film directed by Tim Burton.
The film features Batman (Michael Keaton) confronting a horribly deformed interpretation of The Penguin (Danny DeVito) who is working with corrupt businessman Max Shreck (Christopher Walken) to become mayor of Gotham City while fufilling a secret vendetta. At the same time, Batman must also confront the mysterious anti-hero Catwoman (Michelle Pfeiffer).
The film was widely considered to be one of the darkest interpretations of the character to date, leading in part to Tim Burton not being called back to direct "Batman Forever", the 1995 sequel to the film.

Ulster Scots
Ulster Scots, sometimes called Ullans, is a dialect of Lowland Scots that is spoken in some of the northern parts of Ireland. It is closely related to the English language.

Sara Cox
Sara Cox (born December 13, 1974) is an English broadcaster. She presents shows for BBC Radio 1 and has hosted many television programmes.

Winx Club
The Winx Club is an animated series starring six girls (Bloom, Layla, Tecna, Flora, Musa, and Stella) who can use magic. The girls have to fight Icy, Darcy, and Stormy who are witches who were kicked out of Cloud Tower. Together with their principal, Miss Faragonda, they learn to tap into their magical abilities called "Winx" and defeat their enemies. In the middle of the third season, all six of the "Winx Club" girls have their "Enchantix". This means they become full-fledged fairies. They have to earn their "Enchantix" by saving someone from their own "Relm" when they are in trouble.

Jack o'lantern mushroom
The jack o'lantern mushroom is an orange-red gilled mushroom that looks like the chanterelle and emits light. Unlike the chanterelle, the jack o'lantern mushroom is very poisonous. While eating this mushroom will not kill you, it may cause cramps, vomiting, and diarrhea. This mushroom smells and looks very appealing, so there are reports of repeat poisonings from individuals who were tempted to try them a second time.
Description.
The Jack-o-Lantern mushroom's fruiting body (its stem and cap) is an orange color. It grows only in October and November, around Halloween. Underneath the cap is its well-known glowing color, which glows in a lime green color. This mushroom is asexual.

Norfolk County, Ontario
The current mayor is Dennis Travale who was elected on November 13, 2006. Before he was elected to office, the position was held by populist tobacco activist Rita Kalmbach, whose husband Emil has cancer. Dennis Travale's regime of expansion has brought in crucial developments for Simcoe in the form of part-time and full-time jobs.

Simcoe, Ontario
Simcoe is a small town in Norfolk County, Ontario, Canada.
Buildings.
It has a high school, several primary schools, two shopping malls, two free clinics, and a hospital.
The Internet is available in Simcoe in both dial-up and broadband forms. While there are 3 video stores in the city (BJ's Video 99, Blockbuster Video, and the one next to Ron's Hobby Shop), the local movie fanatics prefer satellite television over cable television or rented DVDs. The satellite television is cheaper than the local cable in this town. Basic cable starts out at over $100/month while satellite can range in price from free-to-air (semi-legal) to expensive (but with more channels than basic cable). There is a Wal-Mart that opened on January 23, 2008 at the north-east end of Simcoe. Pizza Pizza, Shoppers Drug Mart, a fish factory, and a Boston Pizza are currently open.
Future Buildings.
A new bowling alley is being built and is expected to finish sometime soon. There will be a Home Depot and an addition to the Canadian Tire.
Festivals.
During the summer, the town hosts the "Friendship Festival", which is famous all over Ontario. In the fall, the "Norfolk County Fair and Horse Show" brings carnival rides and midway attractions for 6 days. Simcoe is also a central area for migrant labour, to harvest tobacco, fruits and vegetables.
Religious festivals.
Winter time brings the Panorama and a selection of religious and Christian dioramas for the town to see. Jesus Christ is a fixture to this Christian town and even the little chapel puts on a show for people to look at.
Population.
The population of the town is less than 20,000 people but is estimated to be over 30,000 people by the year 2027.
Famous people.
The town is famous for hockey player Rob Blake who plays hockey in the "National Hockey League" in America. Also it is the home of Red Kelly, who played in the NHL.

Simcoe Composite School
Simcoe Composite School is a high school in Simcoe, Ontario, Canada. It was established in the year 1898. There are lots of multicultural courses for students 14 to 21 years of age to attend to. The school is located near two parks, a thriving downtown, fast food restaurants, and a post office. There is also a special education program for the mentally disabled to attend special courses and swimming on Wednesday afternoons at the local recreation centre.
English, French, and Spanish are the languages that are taught in Simcoe Composite School and its colors are blue and white. There are also computers class, music class, drama class, woodworking class, and other classes that ensure children in a democracy the education needed for a career. Being one of the oldest high schools in Norfolk County, it has the most prestige. Students from all over the county can attend this high school along with several others in the area. As of 2006, the students can choose which high school to go instead of being forced to go to the closest.

Liberal Party (Australia)
The Liberal Party of Australia (Liberals, or LIB for short), in coalition with the National Party of Australia (Nationals, or NAT for short), is one of the two main political groups in Australian politics (the other being the Australian Labor Party). The Liberals/Nationals are the more conservative of the two main parties. It was founded by Sir Robert Menzies in 1944. The current Liberal leader is Brendan Nelson. The Liberal/National coalition is currently in opposition in Australia, having lost the most recent Australian federal election held on November 24, 2007 to the ALP, after 11 years in government under the previous Liberal Prime Minister, John Howard.

Paul Keating
Paul John Keating (born 18 January 1944) was the 24th Prime Minister of Australia.- Paul Keating grew up in the city of Sydney and the suburb of Blacktown. He left De La Salle College at Bankstown at 15 years of age and worked as a clerk with the Sydney Country Council doing this while juggling with studies and a Rock band called the Ramrods.
Keating was Treasurer since 1983. He challenged and beat Bob Hawke for the job of prime minister in 1991. He won one election in 1993 but was beaten by John Howard in 1996. He was from the Labor Party. As Prime Minister he tried to make Australia better friends with Asian countries.

Commonwealth of Independent States
The Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) is the international organization, or alliance.
On December 8 1991, leaders of Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine met in a place in Belarus. They met in a Natural Reserve named Belovezhskaya Pushcha. They discussed the matter of creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). They reached and agreement, and signed a document creating the CIS. The document contained many points about the CIS. One of the same stated that the alliance would be open to all the republics of the Soviet Union. Other nations with similar goals could also join the CIS.
The Soviet Union had 15 republics: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Georgia, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. On 6th September 1991, the Soviet Union had recognized the independence of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. Out of the remaining 12 republics, all (except Georgia) joined the CIS. Before joining the CIS, on 21st December 1991, leaders of these 11 countries had met in Kazakhstan to accept the original CIS agreement of 8th December 1991. In December 1993, Georgia also joined the CIS. On 26th August 2006 Turkmenistan left the permanent membership, and became an associate member.
Many persons believed that with the creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), the Soviet Union ceased to exist. They believed that it was the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Many others think that with CIS, the Russia continues to have some control over the former republics of the Soviet Union.
The CIS has its headquarters at Minsk, Belarus. An Executive Director heads the CIS. The CIS is not a successor country to the Soviet Union. The CIS is an organization or alliance of independent countries. It is more like the European Community. The member countries of the CIS had also signed many agreements for economic cooperation and defense cooperation. They have signed other agreements for cooperation in foreign policy and other matter.

Association of Southeast Asian Nations
The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is an international organization. On 8th August 1967, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, Singapore, and the Philippines formed the ASEAN. At that time, communism was growing in Vietnam, and these five countries were also facing problems inside their countries. In this background, these five countries created ASEAN as a show of common display of cooperation. In short, the purpose of the organization is political and economic cooperation.
There was an earlier organization. Its name was the Association of Southeast Asia (ASA). It was an international organization of Philippines, Malaysia, and Thailand. These three countries had formed ASA in 1961. It is named because all the countries in it are a part of Southeast Asia.
In 1976, ASEAN countries held a conference in Bali. After this, these countries started closer economic cooperation. But, by mid-1980s, the activities of the ASEAN had slowed down. By 1991, Thailand proposed a free trade area. The ASEAN countries meet annually to discuss many matters.
Originally there were only five members of the ASEAN. Brunei joined the ASEAN on 8th January 1984. Vietnam joined the ASEAN on 28th July 1995. Laos and Myanmar joined the ASEAN on 23rd July 1997. Cambodia became a member on 30th April 1999. Some other countries may soon join ASEAN.
The ASEAN countries had created an ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF). 27 countries are members of the ASEAN Regional Forum. The leaders of these countries meet and discuss various matters, especially security and economic cooperation.The current members in the ARF are: Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, Singapore, Philippines, Vietnam, Brunei, Laos, Myanmar, Cambodia, Australia, Bangladesh, Canada, the People's Republic of China, the European Union, India, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Mongolia, New Zealand, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Russia, Timor-Leste, United States and Sri Lanka.
The ASEAN also hold meetings every year. The meeting lasts for 3 days, and discuss many matters.

Electric motor
An electric motor changes electrical energy into mechanical movement. A dynamo or an electric generator does the reverse: it changes mechanical movement into electric energy. Most of the electric motors work by using the force of magnetism. But, an electric motor may work using different types of forces.
In 1821, Michael Faraday made the first electric motor. It worked using the force of magnetism.
fans, washing machines, fridges, pool pumps, vacuum cleaners and fan ovens.

Explosive material
Explosives are of two types: low explosives and high explosives. This classification depends on their rate of explosion. Low explosives burn very fast. High explosives explode with bursts.
A low explosive is a material, which burns very fast, but does not explode generally. For exploding them, people mix them with high explosives. Sometimes, even a low explosive may explode.
A high explosive bursts and explodes very fast. People use high explosives in mining, destroying old buildings. Military weapons use high explosives.
High explosives may belong to different groups: primary explosives and secondary explosives. Primary explosives rapidly react to shock, friction, and heat. Any shock, friction, or heat makes primary explosives to burn or blast fast. Secondary explosives do not react very fast to shock, friction, and heat. Any shock, friction, or heat may burn such explosives, but not make them to burst and blast. Some people call secondary explosives as base explosives. Some people also tell about another group of explosives. These are tertiary explosives. These explosives do not react to shock, friction, and heat. For explosion, tertiary explosives may need a mixture with secondary explosives.
high explosives produce more pressure than low explosives.

UNICEF
The United Nations Children's Fund or UNICEF is an international organization. The United Nations established UNICEF on 11th December 1946. At that time, its name was United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund. Thus, UNICEF became its short name. In 1953, United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund dropped the word "Emergency" from its name. Its name became United Nations Children's Fund. But, in short, its name continued as UNICEF.
UNICEF has its headquarters in New York, United States of America. UNICEF provides many types of assistance and help to children and mothers. It receives money from different governments and private persons. It works in almost all countries of the world.
Purpose.
Some other priority areas are the child in the family, and sports for development.
UNICEF has been working for over 60 years in different countries all over the world. In 1965, this organization received the Nobel Peace Prize for its work. But, many people and governments have not always praised the work of the UNICEF. They have pointed out some defects in the way UNICEF works. Still, it is the world’s leading organization for the development of children.

German reunification
German reunification (German: "Deutsche Wiedervereinigung") is a term of history. Unification means making two or more parts as one. The German reunification is the unification of the two parts of Germany.
After the Second World War, Germany had been divided into two countries. One was the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), also called "West Germany". The other part was the German Democratic Republic (GDR), which was also called "East Germany". The German reunification was on October 3, 1990, when East Germany again became a part of the Federal Republic of Germany.
During the Cold war (1945 – 1989).
After World War II, Germany was divided into 4 occupation zones by the 4 allied forces, France, Great Britain, The United States of America and The Soviet Union (Russia) in 1945. In 1949 the French, British and American zones were made joined into the "Federal Republic of Germany", also known as "West Germany", while the Soviet zone was made into a separate state known as the "German Democratic Republic", or "East Germany".
During the cold war, West Germany was a democratic country (Politicians were elected in free elections), was allied with the United States of America and had a capitalist economic system (Businesses were owned by citizens). East Germany was a communist country (One Party, the communist party ruled all the time, elections were only for show, and all businesses were owned by the state) and was controlled by the Soviet Union.
After West Germany's economy began to grow faster and faster in the 1950s, while East Germany's economy wasn't doing so well, many people moved from East to West Germany. To stop this emigration, the border between East and West Germany was closed in 1961 by East German forces. This border was part of the Iron Curtain. Between 1961 and 1989, leaving East Germany was very hard and extremely dangerous. Officially leaving East Germany took years to be approved, and people who applied were often spied on by East German police. Many people who tried to flee over the border were shot and killed there.
The Fall of the Wall (1989).
In 1989, Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev started to open the Soviet Union to the west. Many of the communist countries followed his example, opening the door into freedom for their citizens. East Germany tried to ignore this trend, but during the year of 1989, public protest grew inside the country. After some tries to keep the country stable, the border was finally opened on 9th November 1989. Conversion of East Germany into a democratic country started almost immediately. During the following 11 month, the terms of unification were negotiated between East and West Germany, France, Great Britain, The United States of America and The Soviet Union, and the Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany was signed which opened the way towards reunification.
The Reunification.
The second option was chosen, and at on 3rd October 1990, at 0:01 MEZ, the recreated federal states of Brandenburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt, Thuringia and reunified Berlin officially joined the Federal Republic of Germany. The German Democratic Republic stopped to exist at this moment.

Partitions of Poland
Prelude.
During the reign of Władysław IV (1632-48), the "liberum veto" had evolved. This policy of parliamentary procedure was based on the assumption of the political equality of every "gentleman", with the corollary that unanimous consent was required for all measures. A single MP's belief that a measure was injurious to his own constituency (usually simply his own estate), even after the act had already been approved, became sufficient to strike the act. It became increasingly difficult to get action taken. The "liberum veto" also provided openings for foreign diplomats to get their ways, through bribing nobles to exercise it. Thus one could characterise Poland-Lithuania in its final period (mid-18th century), prior to the partitions as already not a completely sovereign state: it could be seen almost as a vassal, or in modern terms, a Russian satellite state, with Russian tsars effectively choosing Polish kings. This applies particularly to the last Commonwealth King Stanisław August Poniatowski, who for some time had been a lover of Russian Empress Catherine the Great.
In 1730 Commonwealth's neighbours, namely Prussia, Austria and Russia, signed a secret agreement in order to maintain the "status quo": specifically, to ensure that the Commonwealth laws would not change. Their alliance later became known in Poland as the "Alliance of the Three Black Eagles" (or "Löwenwolde's Treaty"), because all three states used a black eagle as a state symbol (in contrast to the white eagle, a symbol of Poland). The Commonwealth had been forced to rely on Russia for protection against the rising Kingdom of Prussia, while Prussia was demanding a slice of the northwest in order to unite its Western and Eastern portions, although this would only leave the Commonwealth with a Baltic coast in Latvia and Lithuania. The Commonwealth could never be liquidated unless its longtime ally, Austria, allowed it, and first Catherine had to use diplomacy to win Austria to her side.
The Commonwealth had remained neutral in the Seven Years' War, though sympathizing with the alliance of France, Austria, and Russia, and allowing Russian troops access to its western lands as bases against Prussia. Frederick II of Prussia retaliated by ordering enough Polish currency counterfeited to severely affect the Polish economy. Through the Polish nobles whom Russia controlled and the Russian Minister to Warsaw, ambassador and Prince Nicholas Repnin, Empress Catherine the Great forced a constitution on the Commonwealth at the so-called Repnin Sejm of 1767, named after ambassador Repnin, who "de facto" dictated the terms of that Sejm (and who ordered the capture and exile of some vocal opponents of his policies to Kaluga in Russian Empire., including bishop Józef Andrzej Załuski and others). This new constitution undid the reforms made in 1764 under Stanisław II. The "liberum veto" and all the old abuses of the last one and a half centuries were guaranteed as unalterable parts of this new constitution (in the so-called "cardinal laws"). Repnin also demanded religious freedom for the Protestant and Orthodox Christians (those demands were the official "cover" for the pro-dependence "reforms"), and the resulting reaction among some of Poland's intolerant Roman Catholic, as well as the deep resentment of Russian intervention in the Commonwealth's domestic affairs, led to the War of the Confederation of Bar with Russia from 1768 to 1772.
The Poles tried to expel foreign forces in an uprising (the Confederation of Bar, 1768–1772), but the irregular and poorly commanded forces had litte chance in the face of the regular Russian army and suffered a defeat. Adding to the chaos was a Ukrainian peasant rebellion, the Koliyivschyna, which erupted in 1768 and resulted in massacres of noblemen (szlachta), Jews, Uniates, and Catholic priests before it was put down by Polish and Russian troops.
First Partition.
On February 19, 1772, the agreement of partition was signed in Vienna. A previous agreement between Prussia and Russia had been made in St. Petersburg on February 6, 1772. Early in August the Russian, Prussian and Austrian troops simultaneously entered the Commonwealth and occupied the provinces agreed upon among themselves. On August 5, 1772, the occupation manifesto was issued; much to the consternation of a country too exhausted by the endeavours of the Confederation of Bar to offer further resistance. Frederick II wrote about the participation of the (catholic) empress Maria Theresa in the first division of Poland in a letter: "The Empress Catherine and I are simple robbers. I just would like to know how the empress calmed down her father confessor? She cried, when she took; the more she cried, the more she took!?"
The regiments of the Confederation, whose executive board had been forced to leave Austria after that country joined the Prusso-Russian alliance, did not lay down their arms. Every fortress in their command held out as long as possible. Famous was the defence of Tyniec, which lasted until the end of March 1773, and also that of Częstochowa commanded by Pułaski. Kraków fell on April 28th, captured by the Russian general Suvorov who exiled the garrison to Siberia. Neither France nor Britain, upon whom hopes had been based, helped in a sufficient measure or protested when the partition was executed. So came to an end the ill-organized attempt of the Commonwealth to repulse the foreign aggression. It had cost about a hundred thousand men and once more laid the country to waste, although it was the first demonstration of the reviving national consciousness.
The partition treaty was ratified by its signatories on September 22, 1772. Frederick II of Prussia was elated with his success, and took great care for the welfare of his new Polish subjects, importing large numbers of Catholic schoolteachers (especially Jesuits whose order was suppressed at about that time) and making it mandatory for Prussian crown princes to learn Polish; Kaunitz of Austria was proud of wresting as large a share as he did, with the rich salt mines of Bochnia and Wieliczka; and Catherine of Russia was also very satisfied. By this "diplomatic document" Russia came into possession of that section of Livonia which had still remained in Commonwealth control, and of Belarus embracing the counties of Vitebsk, Polotsk and Mstislavl.
Prussia took Ermland (Warmia), Royal Prussia without the city of Danzig (Gdańsk) (which in 1773 became a new province called West Prussia), northern areas of Greater Poland along the Noteć River (the Netze District), and parts of Kuyavia (including the city of Thorn [Toruń]).
To Austria fell Zator and Auschwitz (Oświęcim), part of Little Poland embracing parts of the counties of Kraków and Sandomir and the whole of Galicia, less the City of Kraków. By this partition the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth lost about 30% of its territory, amounting at that time to about, with a population of four million people. The largest share of the spoils, as far as population and revenue were concerned, went to Austria.
After having occupied their respective territories, the three partitioning powers demanded that King Stanisław and the Sejm approve their action. The King appealed to the nations of Western Europe for help and tarried with the convocation of the Sejm. When no help was forthcoming and the armies of the combined nations occupied Warsaw to compel by force of arms the calling of the assembly, no alternative could be chosen save passive submission to their will. Those of the senators who advised against this step were arrested and exiled to Siberia by the representatives of Catherine. The local land assemblies (Sejmiks) refused to elect Deputies to the Sejm, and after great difficulties less than half of the regular number of representatives came to attend the session led by Marshal of the Sejm, Adam Poniński, the commander of the Malta Order, a cynic and notorious gambler. In order to prevent the disruption of the Sejm and the defeat of the purpose of the invaders he undertook to turn the regular Sejm into a Sejm of a Confederacy, where majority rule prevailed. In spite of the dramatic efforts of Tadeusz Rejtan, Samuel Korsak and Stanisław Bohuszewicz to prevent it, the deed was accomplished with the aid of Michał Radziwiłł and the Bishops Andrzej Młodziejowski, Ignacy Jakub Massalski, and Antoni Kazimierz Ostrowski (primate of Poland), who occupied high positions in the Senate of Poland. The so-called Partition Sejm elected a committee of thirty to deal with the various matters presented. On September 18, 1773, the Committee formally signed the treaty of cession, renouncing all claims of the Commonwealth to the occupied territories. On the other hand, that very Sejm, which continued its deliberations until 1775, shaken by the first partition, passed several important reforms, among them the creation of the Permanent Council and Commission for National Education.
By seizing northwestern Poland, Prussia instantly gained control over 80% of the Commonwealth's total foreign trade. Through levying enormous custom duties, Prussia accelerated the inevitable collapse of the Commonwealth (EB.)
Second Partition.
By 1790, on the political front, the First Polish Republic had deteriorated into such a helpless condition that it was successfully forced into an unnatural and ultimately deadly alliance with its enemy, Prussia. The Polish-Prussian Pact of 1790 was signed. The conditions of the Pact were such that the succeeding and final two partitions of Poland were inevitable. The May Constitution of 1791 enfranchised the bourgeoisie, established the separation of the three branches of government, and eliminated the abuses of Repnin Sejm. Those reforms prompted aggressive actions on the part of its neighbours, wary of the potential renaissance of the Commonwealth. Once again Poland dared to reform and improve itself without Russia's permission, and once again the Empress was angered; arguing that Poland had fallen prey to the radical Jacobinism then at high tide in France, Russian forces invaded the Commonwealth in 1792 (EB.)
In the War in Defense of the Constitution, pro-Russian conservative Polish magnates, the Confederation of Targowica, fought against the Polish forces supporting the constitution, believing that Russians would help them restore the Golden Liberty. Abandoned by their Prussian allies, Polish pro-constitution forces, faced with Targowica units and the regular Russian army, were defeated. Prussia signed a treaty with Russia, agreeing that Polish reforms would be revoked and both countries would receive chunks of Commonwealth territory. In 1793, deputies to the Grodno Sejm, last Sejm of the Commonwealth, in the presence of the Russian forces, agreed to Russian territorial demands. In the 2nd partition, Russia and Prussia helped themselves to enough more land so that only one-third of the 1772 population remained in Poland.
Targowica confederates, who did not expect another partition, and the king, Stanisław August Poniatowski, who joined them near the end, both lost much prestige and support. The reformers, on the other hand, were attracting increasing support, and in 1794 the Kościuszko Uprising begun.
Third Partition.
Kosciuszko's ragtag insurgent armies won some initial successes, but they eventually fell before the superior forces of Russian Empire. The partitioning powers, seeing the increasing unrest in the remaining Commonwealth, decided to solve the problem by erasing any independent Polish state from the map. On 24 October 1795 their representatives signed a treaty, dividing the remaining territories of the Commonwealth between their three countries.
The Russian part included 120,000 km² and 1.2 million people with Wilno, the Prussian part 55,000 km² and 1 million people with Warsaw, and the Austrian 47,000km² with 1.2 million and Lublin and Kraków.
Aftermath.
Napoleon set up the Duchy of Warsaw in a smaller area of Poland, but after his defeat and the implementation of the Congress of Vienna programme, things became even worse for Poles than before. Russia gained a larger share of Poland and, after crushing an insurrection in 1831, the Congress Kingdom of Poland's autonomy was abolished and Poles faced confiscation of property, deportation, forced military service, and the closure of their own universities. After the rising of 1863, Russification of Polish secondary schools was imposed and literacy rate dropped dramatically. In the Austrian portion, Poles became the second nationality and were allowed representation in Parliament and to form their own universities, and Kraków and Lvov became centers of Polish education. Meanwhile, Prussia Germanized the entire school system of its Polish subjects and had no more respect for Polish culture and institutions than Russia had. It would take the World War I, with the Central Powers losing to the Western Allies, the chaos of the Russian Revolution and the Treaty of Versailles to restore Poland's independence after 123 years.
As a result of Partitions, Poles were forced to seek a change of status quo in Europe. Polish poets, politicians, noblemen, writers, artists, many of whom were forced to emigrate (thus the term Great Emigration) became the revolutionaries of 19th century, as desire for freedom and liberty became one of the defining parts of Polish romanticism. Polish revolutionaries participated in uprisings in Prussia, Austrian Empire and Imperial Russia Polish legions fought alongside Napoleon and under the slogan of "For our freedom and yours" participated widely in the Spring of Nations (particularly Hungarian Revolution (1848)).
"Fourth Partition".
If one accepts more than one of those events as partitions, fifth and sixth partitions can be counted, but these terms are very rare.
Historiography.
As historian Norman Davies stated, because of the observance of the balance of power equilibrium, many contemporary observers accepted explanations of the "enlightened apologists" of the partitioning state. Some, particularly older historians from countries that carried out the partitions, such as 19th century Russian scholar Sergey Solovyov argued that partitions were justified, as the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth had degenerated to the point of being partitioned because of the counterproductive principle of "liberum veto" that made decision-making on divisive issues, such as a wide-scale social reform, virtually impossible. Solovyov specified the cultural, language and religious break between the supreme and lowest layers of the society in the east regions of the Commonwealth, where the Bielorussian and Ukrainian serf peasantry was Orthodox. Russian authors emphasized the historical connections between Belarus, Ukraine and Russia, as former parts of the medieval old Russian state where dynasty of Rurikids reigned (Kievan Rus). A new justification for partitions arose with the Russian Enlightenment, as Russian writers such as Gavrila Derzhavin, Denis Fonvizin, and Alexander Pushkin stressed degeneration of Catholic Poland and the need to "civilize" it by its neighbors. Nonetheless other 19th century contemporaries were much more sceptical; for example, British jurist Sir Robert Phillimore discussed the partition as a violation of international law; German jurist Heinrich Bernhard Oppenheim presented similar views. Other old historians who challenged such justifications for the Partitions included French historian Jules Michelet, British historian and politician Thomas Babington Macaulay, 1st Baron Macaulay, and Edmund Burke. More recent studies claim that partitions happened when Poland had been showing the beginning signs of a slow recovery and see the last two partitions as an answer to strengthening reforms in the Commonwealth and the potential threat they represented to its neighbours.

Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was a federation of two countries of the 16th century. In 1569, Jagiellon Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania formed this federation. The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth covered more lands than the present lands of Poland and Lithuania. The lands of the Commonwealth also covered all the lands of present day Belarus; a large part of Ukraine and Latvia; and western part of present day Russia. This Commonwealth lasted for more than 200 years. It ended with the final Partitions of Poland in 1795. The Commonwealth was an extension of the Polish-Lithuanian Union, a personal union between those two states that had existed from 1386.

Unification of Germany
The Unification of Germany is a term in history. It took place on 18th January 1871. Otto von Bismarck, the prime minister of Prussia unified the many independent German states. These states became the German Empire. All the future modern countries with the name of Germany came out of the German Empire.
Prussia had won the Franco-Prussian War (1870-71). This was a war between Prussia and France. After this war, France had to give away to Prussia some regions under its control. These regions were Alsace and the German language speaking Lorraine. On 18th January 1871, Wilhelm I of Germany became the Emperor of the German Empire. Otto von Bismarck became the Chancellor of the German Empire.
Bismarck followed a policy, which favored Germans to non-Germans. Thus, non-German population (of the German Empire), for examples, Poles, Danes and French, did not get good treatment from the government.

Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries
The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is an international organization. Since 1965, headquarters of OPEC is in Vienna, Austria.
Aims.
However, OPEC has not always been able to achieve all these aims.

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) is an international organization of thirty countries. Member countries of OECD accept a democratic system of governments. They also accept the principle of free economy. A country has a free economy, when its government does not control the economic activities of its citizens and companies. OECD had originated in 1948 as the Organization for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC). The Second World War had just ended three years before in 1945. Some countries of Europe came together to form OEEC to make easy re-building of industry and other things destroyed in the Second World War. Later on, some non-European countries also joined this organization. In 1960, OEEC changed its name, and it became OECD: the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development.
The OECD's headquarters are at the Château de la Muette in Paris.

1973 oil crisis
The 1973 oil crisis started on October 17, 1973. when the members of Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC) said, because of the Yom Kippur War, that they would no longer ship petroleum to nations that had supported Israel in its conflict with Syria and Egypt (The United States, its allies in Western Europe, and Japan).
About the same time, OPEC members agreed to raise world oil prices, after attempts at negotiation with the "Seven Sisters" oil company earlier in the month failed. Due to the dependence of the industrialized world on crude oil and the role of OPEC as a major supplier, these price increases hurt the economies of the targeted countries, while at the same time limiting economic activity. The targeted countries responded with new, and mostly permanent, attempts to limit any more dependency.
In this time, many other problems arose. These problems badly affected the economy of the world. The problems continued even after 10 years until the early 1980s. The higher oil prices continued until 1986. Japan did well soon after the 1973 oil crisis. For example, Japanese companies started manufacturing automobiles that used less oil to run. Soon many other automobile companies in different countries also started to manufacture automobiles that used less oil to run. The Japanese also began focusing on producing electronics such as transistor radios and televisions. This production is what helped the Japanese economy to bounce back after the shock of the oil crisis.

Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) is an international organization. Presently, it has 56 countries as its members. Most of the member countries of the OSCE are from Europe, the Caucasus, Central Asia and North America.
The headquarters of OSCE are in Vienna, Austria. There are more than 3,500 persons who work for OSCE. Most of the persons who work for OSCE work at different places, and only about 10% of them work at its headquarters.
Since the end of the Second World War, many countries of the Europe wanted to have an organization to discuss various matters, especially security. Such discussion had continued since 1950s. Many years after,
in November 1972, leaders of 35 countries met in Helsinki. In 1973, these countries set up the Conference for Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE). By the end of 1990s, communist governments in many countries had changed. In this situation, the role of CSCE was also changing. The leaders from member countries of CSCE met in Paris. On 21st November 1990, they signed an agreement. This changed the name of Conference for Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE) to Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE). This international organization continues to function.

Franco-Prussian War
The Franco-Prussian War was a war between France and Prussia. The war started when France announced declaration of this war on 19th July 1870. It ended on 10th May 1871. Prussia won this war.
After this war, France had to give to Prussia some regions under its control. These regions were Alsace and the German language speaking Lorraine. After this war, Prussia took steps to unite many independent German countries around it into one Germany, the German Empire. The historical term for this is the "Unification of Germany".

Kaohsiung City
Kaohsiung (Traditional Chinese:高雄市, TongYong PinYin: GaoSyóng, Hanyu Pinyin: Gāoxióng, POJ: Ko-hiông; coordinates 22°38'N, 120°16'E) is the second largest city of Taiwan and the main city in Southern Taiwan.

Fernando Alonso
Fernando Alonso (born 1981) is a racing driver in Formula One. He is from Spain. He won his first F1 title in 2005 and became the youngest ever Formula 1 World Champion at the age of 24.
Alonso drove until 2006 in Formula 1 for the Renault F1-Team, with which he achieved the driver world championship in the year 2005 and had a major part to play in the Renault F1 Team winning the constructor championship in the same year.
The Drivers' Championship was won again by Fernando with Renault F1 for the second year in a row in 2006 (interestingly, had Alonso not become the youngest World Champion in 2005, he would have still achieved this feat with his 2006 victory) edging out Michael Schumacher of Scuderia Ferrari by 13 points. Renault also retained the Constructor's Championship, beating Ferrari by only five points.
In 2007 Alonso joined Team Vodafone McLaren-Mercedes and entered a four way battle for the World Championship with his team-mate, the rookie Lewis Hamilton, and Ferrari drivers Kimi Raikkonen and Felipe Massa. Halfway through the season, with wins in Sepang and Monaco, Alonso trails his rookie team-mate by 14 points. The second half of the season should prove interesting.
In the second part Alonso won at Europe and Italya but missed the title by 1 point.

Peter Crouch
Peter James Crouch is an English football player. He was born in 1981 and he is 201 cm tall. Crouch is playing for Liverpool F.C. and England. He scored 11 goals in 16 games, and he is the first player to score 10 goals for England in a single year. He is known for his famous robotic dance celebration, which he first performed after his goal against Hungary in May 2006. Crouch is currently dating model Abigail Clancy.

Delhi, Ontario
Delhi is a tobacco town in Norfolk County, Ontario, Canada that has fewer than 5000 people. It has a public library, a convience store, a cemetery, a funeral home, various other stores, and a tobacco museum. The town also has a high school that has threatened with closure numerous times by the school board for lack of attendance. Children from this town participate in little league baseball, ice hockey, and competitive swimming.

Taipei County
Taipei County is located in northern Taiwan and it circles Taipei City. It is south of Keelung, north of Taoyuan County and west of Yilan. It is a part of Taiwan Province of the Republic of China.
Government.
Taipei County controls ten township-level cities (縣轄市), four city townships (鎮), and fifteen rural townships (鄉).

Bishkek
Bishkek (Бишкек) is the capital city of Kyrgyzstan. It has a population of 900,000 (2005). Originally founded in 1878 as the Russian fortress of Pishpek (Пишпек), between 1926 and 1991 it was known as Frunze (Фрунзе), after the Bolshevik military leader Mikhail Frunze. In Kyrgyz, a Bishkek is a churn used to make stirred horse milk (kumis), the Kyrgyz national drink.

Dushanbe
Dushanbe (Tajik: Душанбе, Persian: دوشنبه) is the capital city of Tajikistan, population 562,000 people (2000). The name is borrowed from the Persian word for "Monday" (du "two" + shamba or shanbe "day", lit. "day two") and refers to the fact that it was a popular "Monday" market place.

Taiwan Strait
The Taiwan Strait or Formosa Strait is a 180km-wide strait between mainland China and the island of Taiwan. The strait is part of the South China Sea and attaches to East China Sea to the northeast. The thinest part is 131km wide. The Taiwan Strait is often incorrectly called the "Taiwan Straits".
The Strait has been the theatre for several military confrontations between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China since the last days of the Chinese Civil War in 1949 when the Kuomintang forces led by Chiang Kai-shek retreated across the Strait and relocated its government on its final stronghold of Taiwan.

Tashkent
Tashkent (Toshkent or Тошкент in Uzbek, Ташкент in Russian; its name translates from Uzbek to "Stone City" in English) is the capital city of Uzbekistan. It is also the capital of "Tashkent Province". The population of the city is 1,967,879 (2006 census).

Aşgabat
Aşgabat (Turkmen: Aşgabat; Persian: عشق آباد, UniPers: Ešq-âbâd; Russian: Ашхаба́д - Ashkhabád) is the capital city of Turkmenistan. It also spelled as Ashgabat, Ashkabat, Ashkhabad, Ashgabad, a former Soviet republic. Aşgabat has a population of 695,300 (2001) and is located between the Kara Kum desert and the Kopet Dag mountain range. The name is believed to borrow from the Persian Ashk-abad meaning "the City of Arsaces". Another explanation is that the name is a corruption of the Persian Eshq (Love) + abad (natured place or city), and therefore loosely translates as "The city built by/from love". Aşgabat is located at 37°58′N 58°20′E (37.9667, 58.333). Aşgabat's ethnic groups are: Turkmen, Russians, Armenians, and Azeris. Arsaces is a word that appear between 3 and 4 times in the Bible and has unknown meanings.

Wedge
A wedge is a piece having the shape of a triangle. It is used often to split pieces of wood into smaller pieces.

Crew
A crew usually is a group of people that work within a common organisation, and that have some activities in common. The usual place where crews can be found are ships and airplanes. On such ships and aircraft, some functions some people perform are very special. It is therefore common that crews are organised in a hierarchy. Every person, except the captain, at the top, has a person above them. They will report to that person.

Cargo
Cargo is the name people give to goods which they transport, using a ship, airplane, lorry (truck), train or spacecraft. Please note that the noun is not countable, people will talk about "some" cargo. Today, the goods are usually packed in containers, which are carried. A place which loads or unloads cargo is usually called a "cargo terminal".

Ransom
If people talk about that they need to pay money to the state or the police, to get free, the correct legal term used is usually bail.
Often in piracy, pirates would steal something or someone important and demand a ransom payment.

Paraphilia
Paraphilia is a word used in sociology and medicine. Like many other medical terms, it comes from Greek. It means that someone is sexually aroused by people (or by things) that are unable to return their affection. The word can also be used to refer to sexual practices which are bad for the mind or body.
When doctors of medicine talk about "paraphilia", they usually mean one of the following, amongst other things.
The respective behaviour is only classified as "Paraphilia" if it is the only means for the person involved to get sexually aroused, for a considerable time.
When normal people talk about paraphilia, they usually mean non-mainstream sexual behaviour.

Belo Horizonte
Belo Horizonte is a Brazilian city, capital of the state of Minas Gerais. It has, approximately, 2.4 million inhabitants and an area of 330.9 km². It is the third largest metropolitan area in the country.

Bohemia
Bohemia is one of the regions of the Czech Republic. Poland is to the north, Germany to the west, Austria to the south, and the Czech province of Moravia to the East. The capital city of Prague lies in Bohemia.
Bohemia is well known for its glasswares (and other handicrafts), its beer, but also its cuisine.

Rhododendron
Rhododendron is a large genus of flowering plants. Most of them display their flowers quite aptly. What gardeners know as Azalea is in fact a kind of rhododendron. Many people have rhododendrons in their garden or flower pot.

Jasmine
Jasmine is a genus of plants. They are shrubs or vines that grow in moderately warm climates. There are about 200 different species of Jasmine. They are also quite liked in gardens. Tea can be made from the flowers. Some species are used to make special oil, perfumes or incense. Women, especially from Asia sometimes wear jasmine flowers in their hair.

Yaren
Yaren is the largest settlement on the island country Nauru. Nauru has no official capital, but many government buildings can be found in Yaren, so some people call it the capital.

Nupedia
Nupedia was a website with encyclopedia pages. It was created by Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger in 2000.
Unlike Wikipedia, only scholars (people who know a lot of stuff) could edit the articles, and all of the changes went through a review process. This made it harder to make articles, and soon became overlooked by Wikipedia, which anyone can edit.
By the time the site was closed in September 2003, there were 24 articles on Nupedia, with another 74 articles ready to be made. When Wikipedia took over, the articles from Nupedia were moved there, and those were the first articles of Wikipedia.

Article (grammar)
An article is a little word that comes before a noun. There are two kinds of articles: definite articles and indefinite articles.
In English there is just one definite article: "the". There are two indefinite articles: "a" and "an". The word "an" is used before a word starting with a vowel: we say "a horse", "a child" but "an orange", "an elephant".
Some languages have more than one word for "the". This is because each noun is either masculine or feminine or, in some languages it can be masculine, feminine or neuter. For example: in French "le" is used for masculine nouns ("le jardin" - "the garden") and "la" for feminine nouns ("la table" - "the table"). "The" becomes "les" in front of plural nouns. The indefinite articles in French are "un" (masculine) and "une" (feminine). German and Dutch have masculine, feminine and neuter nouns, but in the case of Dutch the word for "the" is the same for masculine and feminine ("de") so you do not need to know which it is.
Some languages (for example: Russian and Japanese) do not have articles. When speakers of these languages are learning English, it is often difficult to explain to them what an article is. English speakers use them automatically.
"The tired woman was looking for her cat. Suddenly she saw "the" cat up "a" tree". (We are already talking about the cat. The tree is a new idea).
"The tired woman was walking along when she suddenly saw "a" cat up "a" tree". (She had not been thinking about cats until then).
"The dogs do not bite" (meaning: Mr Smith's dogs).
"Barking dogs do not bite" (barking dogs in general).

Waterfront
Waterfront is the land by the side of a body of water (E.g. Lake or Ocean).

East Asia
East Asia or Eastern Asia is a subregion of Asia that covers about 6,640,000 km², or 15% of the Asian continent.

List of counties of Republic of China
"Note":The cities of Taipei and Kaohsiung are managed directly by the central government and are not part of Taiwan province, though the counties of the same name all around these cities are part of the province. The People's Republic of China, which does not control Taiwan Province, does not recognize Taipei and Kaohsiung as central cities and lists them as provincial cities.

Tbilisi
Tbilisi (Georgian თბილისი) is the capital city of Georgia, lying on the banks of the Kura (Mtkvari) river, at 41°43′N 44°47′E. Before, Tbilisi was known as "Tiflis" outside Georgia. This was a Turkish name, and it is not used now. The city covers an area of 350 km² (135 square miles) and has a population of more than 1,345,000.

Robot
A robot is a machine or a computer program which seems to have a life of its own.
There are many books, movies, and video games with robots in them.
Eastern Thoughts on Robots.
Roughly half of all the robots in the world are in Asia, 32% in Europe, and 16% in North America, 1% in Australasia and 1% in Africa. 40% of all the robots in the world are in Japan. This means that Japan has the most robots in the world out of all the countries, and is in fact leading the world's robotics. Japan is actually said to be the robotic capital of the world.
In Japan and South Korea, ideas of future robots have been mainly positive, and the start of the pro-robotic society there is thought to be possibly due to the famous 'Astroboy'. China has also recently expressed similar views on robotics to Japan and South Korea, but is at the moment behind America and Europe in robotic development. The East (Japan, South Korea, and more recently, China) believes robots to be more equal to humans, having them care for old people, play with or teach children, or replace pets etc. In fact, they believe that they have souls, mostly due to the religious influences of the country. The general view of the East is that the more robots advance, the better, which is the opposite of the Western belief.
"This is the opening of an era in which human beings and robots can co-exist," says Japanese firm Mitsubishi about one of the many humanistic robots in Japan.
In this sense, people in Japan are much more likely to be affected by Technosexuality, as they are much more exposed to robots in their society. South Korea aims to put a robot in every house there by 2015-2020 in order to help catch up technologically with Japan. This will obviously have an impact on the technosexuality of South Korea. China, like South Korea, wishes to catch up with Japan, and has been developing robots very quickly. After China becomes more developed, and each person has more money to view the media, where robots could be seen, or to buy robots, as is happening in Japan and South Korea, technosexuality will probably rise there too, when considering the current oppinions of the people of robots.
With a limited number of robots in the rest of the world away from Japan, and even in Japan too, movies and literature are the where most of the technosexuality will be towards. Futuristic images/descriptions or robots may encourage technosexuality. At the moment, there are not that many real human-like robots in the world. The most human-like robot in the world, 'Actroid', made my Japanese company 'Kokoro' a division of 'Sanrio', is a good example of the target for technosexuality.
Western Thoughts on Robots.
Western societies are more likely to be against, or even fear the development of robotics, through much media output in movies and literature that they will replace humans.
The West regards robots as a 'threat' to the future of humans, which is also muchly due to religious influence of the Abrahamic religions, in which creating machines that can think for themselves would almost be playing God. Obviously, these boundaries are not clear, but there is a significant difference between the two ideologies.
'RealDoll' is a lifesize sex-doll sold in America, that can be sold with robotic implants. People who feel sexually attracted, or have sex with these, are technosexual. However, one important thing to notice is that this American machine does not move and think by itself, unlike their Japanese and South Korean counterparts. Therefore, it is apparent that the Western technosexuals prefer to be in control of the robot, while the Eastern technosexuals find themselves more equal to the robot.
Robot Laws.
The writer Isaac Asimov wrote three robot laws in his writing.
There is another law however, it is, a robot must not establish an identity with a human other than their creator.
These were not used in real life. However, in today's world, where robots are more common, real laws are needed to be drawn up about them, often with some basis in Isaac Asimov's original three laws.
South Korea is the first country in the world to put laws on robots.

Habemus Papam
Habemus Papam refers to the announcement given in Latin by the Senior Cardinal Deacon when a new Pope has been chosen.
The announcement is given from the central balcony of St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican. After the announcement, the new pope meets the people and he gives his first Urbi et Orbi blessing to the crowd.
In the most recent Habemus Papam, given by Jorge Cardinal Medina Estévez on 19 April 2005 upon the election of Pope Benedict XVI, the announcement was made after a greeting ("Dear Brothers and Sisters") in several languages (Italian, Spanish, French, German, and English).

Xabi Alonso
Xabi Alonso (born 25 November, 1981) is a Spanish football player, plays for Liverpool F.C.. He used to play in the Spanish League for a club called Real Sociedad.

Porto Alegre
Porto Alegre is a Brazilian city, capital of the state of Rio Grande do Sul. It has, approximately 1.4 million inhabitants and an area of 496.8 km².

Salvador
Salvador is a Brazilian city, capital of the state of Bahia. It has about 2.7 million inhabitants and an area of 709 km².

Goiânia
Goiânia is a Brazilian city, capital of the state of Goiás. It has about 1.2 million inhabitants and an area of 739 km².

Campo Grande
Campo Grande is a Brazilian city. It is the capital of the state of Mato Grosso do Sul. It has about 800,000 inhabitants and an area of 8,118.40 km².

Cuiabá
Cuiabá is a Brazilian city. It is the capital of the state of Mato Grosso. About 535,000 people live here. Cuiabá has an area of 3,538 km².

Vitória (Brazil)
Vitória is a Brazilian city, capital of the state of Espírito Santo. It has about 315,000 inhabitants and an area of 93 km².

Fortaleza (Brazil)
Fortaleza is a city in Brazil. It is the capital of the state of Ceará. The city has a population of about 3 million people. It has an area of. The people who live in the city are known as "Fortalezenses". The current mayor is Luizianne Lins.
The Pinto Martins International Airport connects Fortaleza with the major Brazilian cities. It also operates international flights. The Federal University of Ceará is located in Fortaleza.
Location.
Fortaleza is located in the northeastern part of Brazil. It borders the Atlantic Ocean to the north and the east. To the south of the city are the cities of Pacatuba, Eusébio, Maracanaú and Itaitinga. To the east is the county of Aquiraz and the Atlantic Ocean. The city of Caucaia is west of Fortaleza.
Entertainment.
Things to do in Fortaleza includes bars, discos and restaurants. The area also has comedy shows with nationally famous people. An off-season carnival, "Fortal", happens in Fortaleza, in July. Changes were made to the carnival in 2008. It now has parkinglots, bleachers, and a foodcourt. The event lasts four days. About 1.5 million people enjoy the nationally famous axé music bands. Fortaleza also has music festivals, for example Ceará Music. This event happens every year and lasts for three days. It includes local musicians and international pop rock musicians. Around twenty-five thousand people enjoy the concerts, electronic music tents, and fashionshows.

São Luís (Brazil)
São Luiz is a Brazilian city, capital of the state of Maranhão. It has about 980,000 inhabitants and an area of 827 km².

João Pessoa
João Pessoa is a Brazilian city, capital of the state of Paraíba. It has about 660,000 inhabitants and an area of 210.45 km².

Teresina
Teresina is a Brazilian city, capital of the state of Piauí. It has about 780,000 inhabitants and an area of 1,680 km².

Natal, Rio Grande do Norte
Natal is a Brazilian city, capital of the state of Rio Grande do Norte. It has about 780,000 inhabitants and an area of 170 km².

Rio Branco (Brazil)
Rio Branco is a Brazilian city and capital of the state of Acre. It has about 306,000 inhabitants and an area of 9,223 km².

Council of Europe
The Council of Europe (French: Conseil de l'Europe, German: Europarat /ɔɪ.ˈʁoː.pʰaˌʁaːtʰ/) is an international organization of 47 member states in the European region. Its main success was the European Convention on Human Rights in 1950, which serves as the basis for the European Court of Human Rights.
The seat of the Council of Europe is in Strasbourg on the Franco-German border. The original meeting place was in the city's University Palace. The Palais de l'Europe, about two kilometres from city centre, has taken its place. Membership is open to all European democracies which accept the principle of the rule of law and guarantee fundamental human rights and freedoms to their citizens.
The Council of Europe is not to be confused with the Council of the European Union or the European Council, as it is a separate organisation and not part of the European Union.

Palmas (city)
Palmas is a Brazilian city, capital of the state of Tocantins. It has about 208,000 inhabitants and an area of 2,218.9 km².

Macapá
Macapá is a Brazilian city, capital of the state of Amapá. It has about 355,000 inhabitants and an area of 6,563 km².

Belém (Brazil)
Belém is a Brazilian city, capital of the state of Pará. It has about 1.4 million inhabitants and an area of 1.070 km².

Florianópolis
Florianópolis is a Brazilian city, capital of the state of Santa Catarina. It has about 400,000 inhabitants and an area of 433 km². It is mostly located on the Santa Catarina Island.

Porto Velho
Porto Velho is a Brazilian city, capital of the state of Rondônia. It has about 374,000 inhabitants and an area of 34,082 km².

Boa Vista
Boa Vista is a Brazilian city, capital of the state of Roraima. It has 249.655 inhabitants (estimative IBGE 2006) and an area of 5,687 km².

Recife
Recife is a Brazilian city, capital of the state of Pernambuco. It has about 1.4 million inhabitants and an area of 218 km².

Recognition
Recognition, or recognize, is when humans or animals familiarize the surrounding objects or beings as an enemy, friend, dangerous, or harmless. These cognitive acts relate to the beings' perception, memory, learning, and experience in their environment.
Pattern recognition in software.
In computer programs, pattern recognition helps computers to distinguish objects, images, fingerprints, writing, audio, faces and others automatically. Pattern recognition tries to teach computers to perceive and recognize things as accurate as possible to how people do it or better.
Politics.
When a country recognizes another country, it means that the first country believes that the second country is legal and has a right to be a country.
Countries that recognize each other have diplomatic relations. That means they send diplomats to each other, and make different kinds of agreements, about trade, international laws and other things.

Cystic fibrosis
Cystic fibrosis (also known as CF) is a common heriditary disease that affects the whole body, causing gradually worsening disability and early death.
Breathing difficulties are the most common symptom and are a result of frequent lung infections. These are treated, though not always cured, by antibiotics and other medications. CF is a multi-system disorder of the exocrine glands causing a thick mucus substance to form. This affects the lungs, intestines, pancreas, and liver. The standard test for diagnosis is a sweat test which evaluates the level of chloride excreted by the body. A large number of symptoms, including sinus infections, poor growth, diarrhea and infertility, result from the effects of CF on other parts of the body.
CF is one of the most common fatal inherited diseases. It is most common among Caucasians and Ashkenazi Jews; one in 25 people of European descent carries one gene for CF, making it the most common genetic disease among them. People with cystic fibrosis can be diagnosed before birth by genetic testing or in early childhood by a sweat test. There is no cure for CF, and the current median age of survival for patients living in the U.S. is 36.8 years. Ultimately, a lung transplant is often necessary as CF worsens.
CF is caused by a mutation in a gene called the "cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator" (CFTR). This gene helps create sweat, digestive juices, and mucus. Although most people without CF have two working copies of the CFTR gene, only one is needed to prevent cystic fibrosis. CF develops when neither gene works normally. Therefore, CF is considered an "autosomal recessive disease". The name cystic fibrosis refers to the scarring (fibrosis) and cyst formation in the pancreas, which was first recognized in the 1930s.

FireWire
FireWire is a way to connect things together to transfer information. It is most often used to connect a computer to an external hard drive or digital camcorder. It is similar to USB.
"FireWire" wires are available with 6-pins or 4-pins. The 6-pin variety provides the device with power from the computer.
Advantages.
"FireWire" is popular in industrial systems for machine vision and professional audio systems. It is preferred over the more common USB for its greater effective speed and power distribution capabilities, and because it does not need a computer host. Perhaps more importantly, "FireWire" makes full use of all SCSI (older connecting possibility) capabilities and, compared to USB 2.0, has usually higher data transfer rates - feature especially important for audio and video editors.
Also many computers intended for home or professional audio/video use have built-in "FireWire" ports, including all Apple Inc. and Sony laptop computers and most Dell and HP models currently produced. It is available to general public on retail motherboards for do-it-yourself PCs, alongside USB.
FireWire is beside produced in wireless, optical fiber, and coaxial cable versions.
However, the copyright fees demanded from users of FireWire and the more expensive hardware needed to implement it has prevented FireWire from displacing USB in mass-market, where cost of product is crucial.
History and development.
FireWire is Apple Inc.'s name for the IEEE 1394 High Speed Serial Bus. Apple intended FireWire to be a serial replacement for the parallel SCSI (Small Computer System Interface) bus while also providing connectivity for digital audio and video equipment.
Apple's development of the original IEEE 1394 was completed in 1995.It was followed by several modifications: The IEEE Std. 1394a-2000, the IEEE Std. 1394b-2002, and the IEEE Std. 1394c-2006 amendment. The aim of current work is to incorporate all four of these documents into new revision of the 1394 standard.
Sony's version of the system is known as i.LINK, and uses only the four signal pins, omitting the two pins which provide power to the device because of a separate power connector on Sony's i.LINK products
FireWire 400 (IEEE 1394).
FireWire 400 can transfer data between devices at 100, 200, or 400 Mbit/s data rates. The 6-pin connector is commonly found on desktop computers, and can supply the connected device with power.
Typically a device can pull about 7 to 8 watts from the port; However, the voltage varies significantly from different devices.
Enhancements (IEEE 1394a).
Modification IEEE 1394a was released in 2000. It standardized the 4 pin connector already widely in use. The 4-pin version is used on many consumer devices such as camcorders, some laptops and other small "FireWire" devices. It is fully data compatible with 6-pin interfaces.
FireWire 800 (IEEE 1394b).
9-pin FireWire 800 was introduced commercially by Apple Inc. in 2003. This newer specification (1394b) and corresponding products allow a transfer rate of 786.432 Mbit/s. It is backwards compatibility to the slower rates and 6-pin connectors of FireWire 400. However, while the IEEE 1394a and IEEE 1394b standards are compatible, connectors are different, making the cables used by previous versions incompatible.
FireWire S3200.
In December 2007, the 1394 Trade Association announced the products will soon be available using S3200 mode. It will use the same 9-pin connectors as the existing FireWire 800 and will be fully compatible with existing S400 and S800 devices. The future products are intended to compete with the USB 3.0.

De facto
De facto is a phrase from the Latin language that means "in fact" or "in practice". It is often used in contrast to "de jure" (which means "by law") when talking about law, governance, or technique. When talking about law, "de jure" is used to describe what the law says, and "de facto" is used to describe what actually happens.
"De facto" is sometimes also used when there is no appropriate law or standard, but a common practice, that may not necessarily be widely accepted, exists.
For example, the "de jure" name of Bill Clinton is William Jefferson Clinton. This is his name according to official records. His "de facto" name is Bill Clinton because this is what he is usually called.

Househusband
A househusband is a husband that chooses to stay at home instead of working at a career. The word "househusband" came into use in the 1970s as a joke because many woman who worked as homemakers did not want to be called "housewives".

Port Dover, Ontario
Port Dover is a small fishing town in Ontario, Canada. During Friday the 13th, motorcycle fans dominate the town. There is also the famous "Arbor Restaurant" stand in the southern part of town where "Cherry Glows" are served instead of soft drinks and the bees frequent the outdoor place as much as the local customers and tourists do. There is a public high school in the town where students aged 14 to 21 years of age study to earn their "Ontario High School Diploma". Port Dover is also the home to Ms. Carrie Sinkowski, a leader for rural equality, and a former candidate for the Canadian House of Commons. Live theatre is also done here as well as a miniature golf course, a beach, and a thriving seaport just to name a few attractions that Port Dover has to offer.
The town is dominated with little shops, with very few franchised businesses in the town. Notable exceptions include Tim Hortons and Giant Tiger department store. On Friday the 13th, motorcycle people come to town in order to drink beer. However, they must be at least 19 years of age to perform this activity. While some violence has resulted in previous years, the 2007 running of the PD13 event was peaceful.

Julius Nyerere
Julius Kambarage Nyerere (April 13 1922 - October 14 1999), also known as Mwalimu (teacher), was President of Tanzania from 1964 to 1985, though he was still influential in politics until his death in 1999 because of his popularity. He is remembered as an unusually honest leader, especially for Africa, and for helping refugees. When his attempt at using his socialist ideas of Ujamaa failed, he said, "I failed. Let's admit it." He was also responsible for the overthrow of the murderous Idi Amin regime in Uganda.

Interahamwe
The Interahamwe (pronounced Een-hair-ah-hahm-way, with the 't' pronounced as an 'h') was the main militia responsible for the 1994 Rwandan Genocide in which about one million abahutu against the genocide and abatutsi were massacred.
Methods.
The main weapon used by the Interahamwe was the machete ('mupanga'), though guns and primitive tools like clubs and hoes were also used.
Consequences.
About a half an hour after the assassination of President Juvénal Habyarimana on the night of April 6, 1994, Interahamwe roadblocks were all over Kigali, the capital of Rwanda. The genocide would end about 100 days later.

Quốc Ngữ
Quốc Ngữ ('National Script') is the official writing system of the Vietnamese language. It is written in a romanized script and was introduced upon the colonization of Việt Nam. There is some amount of controversy about spelling certain words.
Alphabet.
a â ă b c ch d đ e ê g (gh) i k kh l m n ng (ngh) nh o ô ơ p ph q r s t th u ư v x y
It also has five tone markers (plus the unmarked plain tone) - á à ã ả ạ

Democratic Kampuchea
Democratic Kampuchea was the official name of Kampuchea from 1976 to January 1979, during the Khmer Rouge Years, though the international community recognized it for ten more years. Its leader was Pol Pot, and its national anthem (song) was Dap Prampi Mesa Chokchey. It was succeeded by the People's Republic of Kampuchea upon the Vietnamese invasion in 1979. While Democratic Kampuchea existed, about 20% of its population died either because of starvation, brutality, or execution.

Lindsborg, Kansas
Lindsborg, Kansas is an American city in the state of Kansas. It is called "Little Sweden" and is located in McPherson County.

Pie
A pie is a type of food. Pies are usually baked, and often made in the shape of a circle or an oval. On the outside of a pie there is a sweet or savory crust, and on the inside there is a filling. Pies can be filled with sweet fruit filling, meat, or vegetables. Pie is great for desserts because of its delicious sweetness.
Ingredients.
A pie is baked with a shell or crust, which is usually made of pastry dough that covers or completely contains a filling of fruit, meat, fish, vegetables, cheeses, creams, chocolate, custards, nuts, or other sweet or savoury ingredients.
Sweet Pies.
Some of these pies are pies in name only, such as the Boston cream pie, which is a cake. Many fruit and berry pies are very similar, varying only the fruit used in filling.
Variations of pie.
There are many different kinds of pie. People from different countries often have their own different type of pie.
Great Britain, Australia and New Zealand.
Meat pies with fillings such as steak and cheese, steak and kidney, minced beef or chicken and mushroom are popular in the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand as take-away snacks. They are also served with chips as an alternative to fish and chips at British chip shops. The residents of Wigan near Greater Manchester are so renowned for their preference for this food-stuff that they are often referred to as "Pie Eaters" (though the historical reasons for this title are disputed). In honour of this, the main ingredient of a 'Wigan kebab' is the pie, which is placed in a barm cake to make up this popular local delicacy. The combination of pie and mash is traditionally associated with London. Shepherd's pie (which does not involve pastry) is also a favourite amongst people throughout Britain.
In contrast to other meat pies which are served hot, "Pork Pies" generally have a very high fat content and are always served cold. These meat pies contain beef and gravy in a shortcrust piecase, often with a flaky top. Many bakeries and specialty shops sell gourmet pies for the more discriminating customer. A peculiarity of Adelaide (a city in Australia) food is the "Pie floater", where a meat pie is floated in a plate of thick green pea soup.
North America.
Pot pies with a flaky crust and bottom are also a popular American dish, typically with a filling of meat (particularly beef, chicken or turkey), gravy, and mixed vegetables (potatoes, carrots and peas). Frozen pot pies are often sold in individual serving size.
Fruit pies may be served with a scoop of ice cream, a style known in North America as "à la mode". Apple pie is a traditional choice, though any pie with sweet fillings may be served "à la mode". This combination, and possibly the name as well, is thought to have been popularized in the mid-1890s in the United States.
A tourtière is a meat pie originating from Quebec in Canada, usually made with ground pork, veal, or beef.
Pie throwing.
Cream filled or topped pies are favourite props for humour, particularly when aimed at people who are too serious. Throwing a pie in a person's face has been a staple of film comedy since the early days of the movies, and is often associated with clowns in popular culture. Pranksters have taken to targeting politicians and celebrities with their pies, an act called pieing. Activists sometimes engage in the pieing of political and social targets as well. One such group is the Biotic Baking Brigade. "Pieing" can result in injury to people and pie throwers can face assault or more serious charges.

Customer service
Customer service is the giving of labor and other resources to satisfy a customer's needs. This is often helpful if a purchase is broken or not working properly. In these situations, the event is usually convened by a customer service policy.

Busan
Busan (Pusan) is a major port city in South Korea and is the second-largest city in the country. The population is over 3.7 million.
When the Korean War happened, Busan was the capital for a short time.

Sarcasm
Sarcasm is when someone says something, but means something else. They mean either the opposite of what they said, or that they disagree with what they just said. Sarcasm is different from lying because when a person is being sarcastic, the person listening is supposed to understand that the person speaking does not mean what they just said. If someone says something sarcastic, it is usually said in a tone of voice that tells the person listening that they are being sarcastic, or the person listening knows the person talking well enough that they understand that the person talking is being sarcastic. If their tone of voice is normal when they say something sarcastic, this is called deadpan or dry humor.

Lie
A lie is something that someone says that is not true. People that are lying often want others to believe that the lie is truth. People can have many reasons for lying, such as if they are hiding something, if they want something from you, or white lies. Some people are pathological liars.
Sometimes a person will say something that is not true, but they do not know it is not true. This person either learned the wrong information somewhere, or is delusional.

Germ-X
Germ-X is a brand of washless hand sanitizer. It comes in different scents and sizes. There are also pocket-sized Germ-X bottles so children who worry about germs so much won't have to run to the restroom to wash their hands frequently. Germ-X was made by the scientists of Vi-Jon Laboratories. Germ-X is made by the Blue Sun Corporation.

Brand
A brand is a trademark: a name, symbol, logo, or other item used to distinguish a product or maker from other companies and their items.
A brand is also a rod that is used to burn labels on cattle.

Scratch and sniff
Scratch and sniff refers to paper that produces an odor when it is scratched. Scratch and sniff is mostly used on stickers. Scratch and sniff stickers are frequently given to children as a reward for doing well in school.
Scratch and sniff is created by covering the odor in a covering that breaks easily when it is scratched. Because the odor is covered, it can be kept for a very long time.

Rose
A rose is a genus of flowers. They are usually rose, red, white or pink. Some roses are yellow, white, or orange. A rose has thorns on its stem. Roses are often given to a person as a symbol of love. They are members of the family "Rosaceae".
Symbolism.
Different colored roses have different meanings.

Mud pie
A mud pie is a pie made of mud. The whole pie is usually a disk of mud, although grass may be mixed in as well. Most mud pies are made by children who are playing with or in mud. Mud pies are not usually meant to be eaten because they are made out of mud, and mud isn't safe to eat.If you eat mud you can get sick and have Diarrhea so don't eat it.

Pumpkin
A pumpkin is a gourd, they are usually orange, but they can also be white. They are shaped like spheres or stretched-out spheres.
Pumpkins can be eaten, and are often turned into pies. Pumpkins can also be used for decoration, like when they are turned into jack-o-lanterns at Halloween.

Ribeirão Preto
Ribeirão Preto is a Brazilian city in the state of São Paulo. Its population, in 2005, was 551,312 inhabitants and its area is 652.2 km². Its name means Black Creek in Portuguese.

Guarulhos
Guarulhos is a Brazilian city in the state of São Paulo. Its population was 1,251,179 inhabitants in 2005 and its area is 317.1 km².

Santos (São Paulo)
Santos is a Brazilian city in the state of São Paulo. Its population is 418,316 inhabitants as of 2005 and its area is 271 km².

São José dos Campos
São José dos Campos is a Brazilian city in the state of São Paulo. Its population in 2005 was 600,049 inhabitants. It is located about 100 km (63 miles) from the city of São Paulo and has a area of 1,100 km² (424.7 mi²).

São Bernardo do Campo
São Bernardo do Campo is a Brazilian city in the ABC Region, state of São Paulo. Its population in 2003 was 745,161 inhabitants. Its area is 406 km².
The city was founded in 1553, one of the first cities in Brazil.
São Bernardo do Campo is very known because of the automobiles industries that came in 1950s, like: Volkswagen, Mercedes-Benz, Daimler Chrysler and Ford.

Santo André
Santo André is a Brazilian city in ABC Region, state of São Paulo. Its population in 2003 was 659,294 inhabitants. Its area is 175 km².

Osasco
Osasco is a Brazilian city in the state of São Paulo. Its population in 2005 was 705,450 inhabitants. Its area is 65 km².

Sorocaba
Sorocaba is a Brazilian city in the state of São Paulo. Its population in 2005 was 565.180 inhabitants and its area is 449 km².

Google Earth
Google Earth is a virtual globe program that was originally called Earth Viewer and was created by Keyhole, Inc.

Google Maps
Google Maps (for a time named Google Local) is a free web mapping service application and technology provided by Google that powers many map-based services including the Google Maps website, Google Ride Finder and embedded maps on third-party websites via the Google Maps API.

Google Video
Google Video is a free video sharing and video search engine service from Google that allows anyone to upload video clips to Google's web servers as well as make their own media available free of charge; some videos are also offered for sale through the Google Video Store.

Zane Lowe
Alexander Zane Reid Lowe (born 7 August 1973) is a disc jockey (someone who plays music) from New Zealand. He currently presents an early evening show on British music radio station BBC Radio 1. Lowe also presents shows on music television station MTV2.

Islamic Revolution
The Islamic Revolution occurred in 1979, in the Muslim country Iran. The reason for the revolution (a violent overthrow of a government) was that many Iranians disliked the Shah, Mohammed Reza Pahlavi, because he was an ally of the United States, and his government was not Islamic. The new government turned Iran into a republic, where no one becomes ruler just because their parents were important, and an ecclesiastocracy, where religious officials held power. The leader of the revolution was Ayatollah Khomeini. Shortly after the revolution, Iraq, which bordered Iran on the west, invaded, because the governments disliked each other. This war ended in 1988. Today, Iran is called the Islamic Republic of Iran, and supporters of the revolution are still the leaders of the country.

Tentacle
A tentacle is a part of the body of an animal that can move freely. They are like arms. Some invertebrates, like squid, sea anemones or hydras have them. They use the tentacles to catch food, or to grip the sourroundings. Some carnivorous plants also may have tentacles.

Javelin throw
The javelin throw is a sport. It is often part of track and field.

Sea anemone
Sea anemones are animals that live in the sea. They are filter feeding animals. This means that they have a set of "tube"s. They pump water through the tubes, and they digest whatever is in that water. Other animals which are closely related are polyps and hydras.

Polyp
Polyps are one of two forms of some animal species. Usually polyps are asexual. The other such form is the medusa. When medusae mate, the result will be polyps, when polyps replicate (they don't have sex), the result will be medusas. Certain animal species are polyps all the time.
Both forms live in water.

Dravidian languages
The Dravidian languages are a language family. They are mainly spoken in South India. There are approximately 26 languages in this family.

Medusa (animal)
A Medusa (also called jellyfish) is one of two forms of certain animals that live in the water. The other form is the polyp. Medusae usually have many tentacles with which they catch their prey. Very often, people bathing in the ocean are touched by a medusa. Their tentacles contain a poison. People should see a doctor, for there have been deaths for being touched by a medusa.

Hatred
Hatred is a emotion that people feel when they do not like someone or something very much. Hatred is stronger than dislike. Sometimes people who hate something believe this hatred can prevent happiness. Hatred can be linked to anger, jealousy or envy. It can be as small as resentment, or can lead to murder.

East Pakistan
East Pakistan (Bengali: পূর্ব পাকিস্তান "Purbo Pakistan", Urdu: مشرقی پاکستان "Mashriqi Pakistan") was a former province of Pakistan that existed between 1955 and 1971. It had an area of 55,126 sq mi or (142,776 km²). It replaced the former province of East Bengal, and is now a country called Bangladesh.
Bengal was divided into East and West parts in 1947 when British India was separated into the countries of Pakistan and India, the eastern parts becoming East Bengal, one of the five provinces of Pakistan (the others being West Punjab, Sind, Baluchistan, and the Afghania Provincial Region).
After independence from British rule, East Bengal was ruled by the Pakistani government, which was ruled over by the Pakistani military, which mostly belonged to West Pakistan. Growing anger led to the "One-Unit Policy", started in 1955, that put an end to the provinces. Under this policy, West Punjab, Balochistan, Sindh, and the Northwest Frontier were joined under the name of West Pakistan and East Bengal became East Pakistan.

East-West Schism
The term East-West Schism is a term related to history of Christianity. Some people use the term Great Schism in place of East-West Schism. To understand the meaning of East-West Schism, it is useful to understand the meaning of schism. In very simple words, when differences arise among one group of persons or organizations and they divide themselves into two or more groups, this is schism. The term East-West Schism describes the division, which happened in Christianity. Christian church became divided into two major groups: Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy. Most people accept that it happened in 1054. However, this separation or the East-West Schism was the result of differences of many years. One difference was the "filioque clause" in the Nicene Creed. This stated that the Holy Spirit had descended from the Father and the Son, whereas before it was declared that It had descended from just the Father. The major reason for the division was the acceptance of authority of the Pope. The Eastern Orthodox group was of the opinion that the Pope’s authority over them was only for namesake. It was only honorary, and the Pope had real authority over the western Christians. However instances of open division on doctrinal questions and as well as matters relating to daily matters had occurred long before the Great Schism of 1045. Leading up to the schism, Pope Leo IX(1048-1045), sent forth a party lead by Cardinal Humbert of Silva Candida to talk through the obvious problems between the papacy and Constantinople. Michael Cerularius, the Patriarch of Constantinople, rejected the claims put forward by the papal committee. Those from the western side of the church accused Constantinople of having altered the Nicene Creed. This inturn led to Cardinal Humbert putting forward a Bull of Excommunication against Michael Cerularius on the altar of the Hagia Sophia, and the Great Schism became official.

William III of England
William III of England (14 November 1650 - 8 March 1702) was King of England and King of Ireland from 13 February 1689, and King of Scots from 11 April 1689. In all these three cases, he remained the king until his death on 8th March 1702.
William was born in the Netherlands. His mother was Mary Stuart. Mary was the sister to the King of England, James II. This meant that King James was William's uncle. The people of England did not like King James. They made a revolution in 1688. This forced King James to run away from London. William then became the new King of England.
William's enemy was the King of France, Louis XIV. William helped to stop Louis from conquering the whole of Europe.

Abigail Fillmore
Abigail Powers Fillmore (March 13, 1798 - March 30, 1853), was the wife of Millard Fillmore, the President of the United States. She acted as the First Lady of the United States from 1850 to 1853.
She was born in Saratoga County, New York. Her father’s name was Lemuel Powers. Her father died shortly after her birth. After this, her mother moved away westward to less settled area. Abigail Powers had a brother also. Their mother gave them a good education with the help of her husband’s library.
When Abigail Powers was around 19 years old and a student at an academy at New Hope, New York, she met Millard Fillmore. He was also studying in the same academy. They married in February 1826. In 1828, she bore him a son. The son’s name was Millard Powers Fillmore. After few years, Fillmore bought a home in Buffalo, New York. There, she bore a daughter. The daughter’s name was Mary Abigail. During the next few years, her husband became U. S. Congressmen. Her husband became a state comptroller. In 1849, her husband became the Vice President of the United States. The couple moved to the Washington, D.C.. After 16 months, President Zachary Taylor died. Millard Fillmore became the President. The Fillmore couple started to live in the White House.
During last several years, Abigail Powers had learnt to move in the high society. She did a fine role as the First Lady.
She had a permanently injured ankle. This made standing difficult to greet guests. But, she still continued to act as the first lady. Later on, due to her bad health, she gave many routine duties of the First Lady to her daughter, "Abby."
Abigail Powers could get a special sanction of money from the government. With this, she bought many books for the library at the White House. After her husband’s retirement, she attended the inauguration of President Franklin Pierce. She returned to her hotel room. Due to very chill weather, she became sick with pneumonia. On 30th March, 1853, she died of pneumonia. In her respect, the United States Congress adjourned (that is, stopped working) for that day, and government offices remained closed. She was buried at Buffalo.
After about five years of her death, her husband married a widow named Caroline Fillmore of Buffalo, New York. Millard died on 8th March 1874.

Myocardial infarction
An acute myocardial infarction, also known as a heart attack, is a heart condition where blood cannot get to part of the heart. This can cause the heart to fail, so it is considered a medical emergency.
Symptoms.
Signs that a person is having a heart attack become visible over several minutes, and rarely come straight away. Most people having a heart attack experience chest pain. Chest pain can be caused by ischaemia (a lack of blood and oxygen) of the heart muscle; this is called angina pectoris. Pain can often also be felt in the left arm, and sometimes in the lower jaw, the neck, the right arm, the back, and in parts of the abdomen.
A lot of women have different symptoms than men. The most common symptoms include shortness of breath, weakness, and feeling tired. Some women feel tired, don't sleep properly, and experience shortness of breath for up to a month before they have a heart attack.
Treatment.
A heart attack is a medical emergency that needs to be taken care of as quickly as possible. The ultimate goal of the management in the acute phase of the disease is to save as much myocardium as possible and prevent more complications. As time passes, the risk of damage to the heart muscle increases.
The treatments itself may have complications. If medics try to get the blood flowing again after only a few hours, the result is reperfusion injury instead of amelioration. Other treatment modalities may also cause complications; the use of antithrombotics for example carries an increased risk of bleeding.
First aid.
When a person starts experiencing symptoms of a myocardial infarction, a lot of people wait on average 3 hours before asking for help when they should seek emergency assistance as soon as they can. Sitting the person in certain positions can help minimise breathing difficulties. A half-sitting position with knees bent is often recommended. The person should also be given access to more oxygen. Aspirin, which reduces the amount of platelets in the blood, can help prevent more blood clots from forming inside the arteries and the heart.

Keith Richards
Keith Richards is an English guitarist and songwriter. He was born December 18, 1943 in Dartford, Kent. He is a guitarist for the band The Rolling Stones.

Edward Elgar
Sir Edward William Elgar (b. Broadheath, Northern Worcester, 2 June 1857; d. Worcester, 23 February 1934) was the most famous English composer of his time. He composed in the late romantic era.
Elgar’s father owned a music shop. Apart from having violin lessons Elgar taught himself about music. He studied the printed music in his father’s shop and often travelled with him when he went on his rounds to tune pianos. He heard a lot of cathedral music and often practised the organ. He took over his father’s job as church organist and soon became conductor of local orchestras and bands.
Worcester was a small town but the music there was good. The Three Choirs Festival took place there every third year. In 1884 he was playing the violin in the orchestra when the great Czech composer Dvořák was conducting.
In 1889 Elgar married. His wife Alice came from a family who had more money than the Elgars, and she was 14 years older than him. Many people did not approve of the marriage, but she was a good wife to him and encouraged him in his efforts to be a successful composer.
In 1899 Elgar wrote an orchestral piece called the "Enigma Variations". There is a main tune, and then a series of variations on the tune. Each variation describes one of his friends, but he did not say which friends they were: he only put their initials or nickname at the top of each variation. This is why the piece is an enigma (a “puzzle” or “secret”). People have managed to work out who each friend was, but the meaning of the main tune is still a puzzle. This music made Elgar very famous.
The next work that he wrote is probably his greatest work: "The Dream of Gerontius" (1900). It is an oratorio. Gerontius is an old man who is dying and thinking about whether God will punish him for his sins or save him and take him to heaven. Elgar wrote two other oratorios: "The Apostles" and "The Kingdom". He wrote two symphonies, a violin concerto, a cello concerto, Introduction and Allegro for Strings, Sea Pictures (five songs for mezzo soprano and orchestra) and chamber music including a violin sonata, a string quartet and a piano quintet.
Throughout his life his wife helped him by ruling neat manuscript lines on plain paper so that he could write his music. After she died in 1920 Elgar was so sad that he stopped composing.
Elgar’s most popular piece is the first of his "Pomp and Circumstance" marches. It has the tune which is sung to the words “Land of Hope and Glory” and the audience always join in singing it at the Last Night of the Proms.

Printing press
The Printing press is a machine. It is used to make many copies of identical pages. The printing press today is used to print Books and Newspapers. Today (2006) everything is done automatically. When the printing press was invented by Johannes Gutenberg, he had to put letters together. Each letter was in a block of metal, that was fixed in a frame. He could then move paper and ink over it, much like a stamp. The letters would leave some ink on the paper.

Mezzo-soprano
A mezzo-soprano is a female singer whose voice is a little lower than that of a soprano but not low enough to be called a contralto. There are many roles in opera that need a mezzo-soprano voice, for example the role of Carmen in the opera "Carmen" by Georges Bizet or Cherubino in "Le Nozze di Figaro" by Mozart. Famous mezzo-sopranos include: Marilyn Horne and Dame Janet Baker who have both now retired. Alice Coote and Susan Graham are famous mezzo-sopranos today.

Georges Bizet
Georges Bizet was a famous French composer of the Romantic period. He is best known for his opera Carmen which is the best-known of all French operas.
Bizet was born October 28,1838. He died June 3,1875.

Old age
Old age is when a person is old and near the time when he or she dies. These people are usually retired from work and spend their time in other ways like helping take care of small children who are kin to them in some way. Often people of old age have wrinkly skin. They will move slower, and become constantly cold. They will start to have many health problems, and take a lot of medicine. The reason for this is that their bodies are slowly deteriorating, so they have more problems, especially with moving. People who are of old age are also called Elders. Elders are considered to be wise because they have had much experience in their long lives. Many cultures view elders with respect and kindness, and depend upon them to pass down knowledge to the younger people.

The Crystal Maze
"The Crystal Maze" was a gameshow in the United Kingdom. A team of six players completed challenges to win crystals. It was presented by Richard O'Brien from series 1 to 4 and Ed Tudor-Pole in series 5 and 6.
The Gameshow.
It was made by Chadsworth Television as an English version of the French show Fort Boyard. There are four zones in the maze - Medieval, Aztec, Space and Industrial. In each zone, players attempt challenges to earn a crystal. Each crystal gives them five seconds in the Crystal Dome. After a while, the Industrial zone was replaced by an Ocean zone.
The Crystal Dome.
The Crystal Dome is a large glass crystal where the players must go in at the end. Small golden and silver tickets are blown around the dome and they must try and catch as many as they can. For every gold token they put in the box, they get a point. For every silver token they put in the box, they lose a point.
If the team gets over 100 points, they win a big prize. If they do not win, they get a small crystal to take home with them.

Decolonization
In very simple words, when a colony of any country becomes independent, it is Decolonization. Thus, decolonization is opposite of colonization. Sometimes, a colony may not get full freedom, but may become part of other country or even the part of the country which colonized it. This is also decolonization. In some, decolonization may result after non-violent discussion. In many case, decolonization happens only after armed struggle and revolt. Decolonization is different from the break-up of traditional empires like the Mongol Empire or the Ottoman Empire. Decolonization generally means independence from the European rule. Major decolonization occurred in the 20th century. It began with the independence of Pakistan and India in 1947 from the British Empire. Soon thereafter, many countries of Africa became independent from the rule of many countries of Europe.

History of the Soviet Union (1985-1991)
Dissolution of the Soviet Union is a term of history. The period of History of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991 covers the dissolution of the Soviet Union. In plain words, dissolution may mean ending or closure of anything. The term dissolution of the Soviet Union describes dissolution of the Soviet Union as a separate country. The Soviet Union had many ethnic regions called "republics". All these "republics" were part of the Soviet Union, and the Soviet Union was one country. After its dissolution, different "republics" of the Soviet Union became independent countries. The names of these countries are: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Georgia, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.
The Soviet Union ended or its dissolution happened upon the formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States. At the time of dissolution of the Soviet Union, Mikhail Gorbachev was the president of the Soviet Union. He was in this position since March 1985. On 25th December 1991, he resigned, that is, quit the post of the president of the USSR. By 31st December 1991, all organizations and departments of the Soviet Union stopped working. On that date the Soviet flag flew for the last time on the Kremlin.
Background.
During 1969 and 1982, very few changes took place in the politics and economy of the Soviet Union. With the beginning of the Soviet war in Afghanistan, its relationship with the United States also deteriorated. At that time Jimmy Carter, was the President of the United States. Jimmy Carter ended the policy of Détente - ending of the unfriendly relationship. Some historians believe that this may be one of the reasons for the Soviet Union changed its political and economic policies.
In March 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev became the General Secretary of the Soviet Union. Under him, a new group of officials and leaders started a process of changes in the politics and economy of the Soviet Union. They also tried to improve relationship with the countries of the Western countries like the USA.
At that time, the Soviet economy was facing many problems including inflation and black marketing. Further, the cost of maintaining the Soviet Union, as a superpower was huge. These costs included cost of keeping a large military; costs to run the KGB networks; and financial support to countries close to the Soviet Union. At the same time, the Soviet Union’s technological development had fallen behind. For example: many of its factories used out-of-date technologies and it had fallen behind in the use of information technology.
Changes.
Since the time of Vladimir Lenin in 1920s, the people of the Soviet Union did not have any right to own personal property and business. The government owned almost everything. In 1988, the government permitted the people to own some types of businesses in the service sector, manufacturing, and foreign trade. A system of cooperative restaurants, shops, and manufacturers came into existence.
Glasnost gave a greater freedom of speech to the citizens. The government reduced censorship and control on publication. The government set free many political prisoners. In January 1987, Gorbachev started a process of democratization of Soviet politics. In June 1988, Gorbachev started a process to reduce the control of the CPSU on the different parts of the government.
In December 1988, the Supreme Soviet had approved the establishment of a Congress of People's Deputies, the Soviet Union's new legislative body. In March and April 1989, elections to the Congress of People’s Deputies took place. The members on 15th March 1990 elected Gorbachev as the first executive President of the Soviet Union.
The outcome.
Many steps taken by Gorbachev gave results different than the intended results. Thus the "perestroika" and "glasnost" intended to make the Soviet economy stronger resulted into something very different. Many factors and events combined and finally they resulted into the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
Under the policy of "glasnost" (political openness), the Soviet government and the Communist Party lost control over the media. A free media brought to notice of the public many bad aspects of the society and the economy of the Soviet Union. These bad aspects included poor housing, alcoholism, drug abuse, pollution, out-of-date technologies in many factories, and corruption. People also learnt of many crimes committed by Stalin. For example, they learnt about prisoners at Gulags, agreement with Adolf Hitler, and large numbers of killings of persons opposed to Stalin. Further, people also learnt details about such events as the ongoing Soviet war in Afghanistan and bad management of nuclear meltdown at Chernobyl. In short, people learnt about the negative aspects of the Soviet life. All these reduced the trust of the people in the government of the Soviet Union and the Communist Party.
By 1989, the Soviet Union changed a policy: it declared that it would not interfere in internal affairs of many of its neighboring countries. After the end of the Second World War, with the support of the Soviet Union, communist governments were ruling all these countries. The change in the policy of the Soviet Union resulted into fall of the communist governments in many such countries by 1991: in Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland and Romania.
Seeing all these developments, many "republics" of the Soviet Union wanted to become independent. At the same time, ethnic tensions increased in many Soviet "republics" and ethically Russian regions. People started disliking the ideal of a unified Soviet state.
The dissolution.
On 7th February 1990, the Central Committee of the CPSU decided to loosen its control over power. At around the same time, different "republics" of the Soviet Union started to claim their right to become independent. They stopped following the laws of the central government of the Soviet Union. They also stopped paying taxes to the central authorities (of Moscow) of the Soviet Union. These weakened the Soviet authority and economy.
During a 1990 visit of Gorbachev to Vilnius, capital of Lithuania, about 250,000 persons protested in a public meeting. On 11th March 1990, leaders of Lithuania declared its independence from the Soviet Union. However, the Soviet Army continued to keep many troops in Lithuania. The Soviet Union also did economic blockade of Lithuania. Estonia was a part of Soviet Union from 1940. On 30th March 1990, the leaders of Estonia declared that the control of their country by the Soviet Union from 1940 was illegal. They also declared independence. The leaders of Latvia also started process of independence on 4th May 1990.
On 17th March 1991, people of the Soviet Union voted for retention of the existing Soviet Union in a slightly changed form. The Baltic States (Lithuania, Estonia, Latvia), Armenia, Georgia and Moldova boycotted the voting. In each of the other nine "republics" of the Soviet Union, a majority of the voters supported the retention of the Soviet Union. In June 1991 an election took place in the Soviet Union. Boris Yeltsin got 57 % of the vote. He was a critic of Mikhail Gorbachev. Gorbachev’s preferred candidate, former Premier Nikolai Ryzhkov, got only 16 % of the vote.
The Coup.
The "republics" of the Soviet Union had agreed to sign on 20th August 1991, an agreement making them almost independent republics but part of a federation, with a common president, foreign policy and military. However, many persons disagreed, and they wanted a fast transition to market economy even if it meant dissolution of the Soviet Union. There were many others in the CPSU and the military of the Soviet Union who supported continuation of the Soviet Union.
On 19th August 1991, some senior leaders of the Soviet Union formed a "State Committee on the State Emergency." They prevented signing of the above mentioned agreement on 20th August 1991. These leaders included Gorbachev’s vice president Gennadi Yanayev, prime minister Valentin Pavlov, defense minister Dmitriy Yazov, KGB chief Vladimir Kryuchkov, and many other senior officials. At that time Gorbachev was holidaying in Crimea). These officials put him under house arrest. They also issued orders banning all political activities and banned most newspapers.
This was like a coup. The organizers had expected popular support for their action. But, the people did not support them. Instead, they supported "White House" (Yeltsin's office), then the symbolic seat of Russian sovereignty. The organizers of the coup tried but failed to arrest Boris Yeltsin. After three days, on August 21, the coup failed. The authorities detained the organizers. Gorbachev returned as president of the Soviet Union. However, Gorbachev's real powers had reduced.
Through the autumn of 1991, the Russian government took over the union government, ministry by ministry. In November 1991, Yeltsin issued an order banning the CPSU throughout the Russian republic. As a result, many former CPSU personnel left CPSU to join the new positions in the new Russian government.
After the failure of the coup, the republics of the Soviet Union increased their efforts to become independent. On 6th September 1991, the Soviet Union recognized the independence of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. On 1st December 1991, Ukraine declared its independence, after 90 % of the voters opted for an independent Ukraine. One by one, the remaining eleven "republics" of the Soviet Union also declared themselves as sovereign and independent states.
The CIS.
As noted above, on 6th September 1991, the Soviet Union had recognized the independence of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. It may be note that twelve out of the fifteen republics of the Soviet Union had signed an international agreement (European Energy Charter) in the Hague on 17th December 1991. The signing had indicated that these republics had practically become independent and sovereign countries.
Leaving apart already independent Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, the remaining 12 republics, all (except Georgia) joined the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). In December 1993, Georgia also joined the CIS. On 26th August 2006 Turkmenistan left the permanent membership, and became an associate member.
Many persons believed that with the creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), the Soviet Union ceased to exist. They believed that it was the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Many others think that with CIS, the Russia continues to have some control over the former republics of the Soviet Union.
On December 25, 1991, Gorbachev resigned as president of the USSR. By December 31, 1991 all official Soviet institutions had stopped to function in different "republics" of the Soviet Union. The individual governments of these republics started functioning. The Soviet flag flew last time over the Kremlin.
Summary.
The four principles had governed the Soviet Union: a chain of soviets; ethnic federation; state socialism; and supremacy of the Communist party. Gorbachev's policies of "perestroika" and "glasnost" created a situation which weakened all the above four principles. He repeatedly tried to form a circle of leaders to support his policies. He tried to do all these as he and his team saw that the Soviet Union was moving toward a long-term stagnation.
Gorbachev’s policies made it possible for leaders of various Soviet republics to gain confidence and influence. At the same time, he faced opposition from many including the nationalist forces and the traditional communists. Some people accepted the reforms; some wanted the old system to continue; and some desired complete independence from the Soviet Union and central control. In the end, Gorbachev was unable to ensure any common view among these forces. Ultimately, this led to the collapse and dissolution of the Soviet Union.
After the dissolution.
Immediately after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Yeltsin’s took many steps to change the economy of the Soviet Union from a socialist economy to a capitalist economy. For example: he cut the payment of grants to money loosing farms and industries; he also removed control over prices; he took steps for convertibility of the Russian ruble. He also allowed many persons close to his circle and other business people to take possession of the businesses and industries earlier owned by the government, and to run them as private enterprises. The planners and economists had thought that these changes would lead to a faster economic development. However, nothing of this sort happened.
Many Russians of older generation believe that the earlier system was better. During 1990s, Russia faced many crises in political, social and economic matters. Many persons still believe that the situation still continues to be worse compared to earlier times.

Meiji Restoration
The Meiji Restoration is a term of history of Japan. In Japanese language, "Meiji-ishin" is the term for Meiji Restoration. The term describes a number of events that took place in the politics and society of Japan. These events changed the shape of Japan’s political and social system. These changes took place mainly during three years - from 1866 to 1869.
At that time (1866), Tokugawa Shogunate was ruling Japan. In the year 1866, two leaders came together under an alliance. The name of this alliance was the Sat-cho Alliance. The name of the first leader was Saigo Takamori. He was the leader of the Satsuma Province. The second leader was Kido Takayoshi, the leader of the Choshu. A person named Sakamoto Ryoma brought the two leaders together. These two leaders supported the Emperor of Japan. At that time, Japan’s emperor was not having much power. With their support of these two leaders, the emperor could regain much of his powers. Tokugawa Shogunate’s rule ended on 9th November 1867. Still, some authority remained with them. In 1868, an army of forces from Satsuma Province and Choshu defeated the forces of Tokugawa Shogunate. With this, the power of Tokugawa Shogunate ended completed.
The leaders of the Meiji Restoration acted in the name of Japan’s emperor and to restore (that is, to return) emperor’s powers. But, the leaders also kept to themselves a number of powers. In fact, even after Meiji Restoration, an oligarchy had the real power. The oligarchy ruled in the name of the emperor. In plain words, an oligarchy means a group of persons who has the real powers.
After the Meiji Restoration, Japan’s progress was very fast. Its industry developed rapidly. Within next three to four decades (by 1905), Japan had become a military power, comparable to any other powerful country of that time.

European Convention on Human Rights
Countries, which are members of the Council of Europe agreed on certain points written in a document. These points became the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. In its shorter form it is European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). The Convention also established the European Court of Human Rights (ECoHR).
ECHR had made many protocols. Protocols are set of rules. All member countries must follow these rules.
The ECoHR can give decisions on complaints or cases, which come to it. If a person thinks that a European country has abused his or her human rights, that person may take the matter to the judges of ECoHR. The judges will listen to the complaint and give their decisions. These decisions must be followed by the governments of the countries.

European Court of Human Rights
The European Court of Human Rights (ECoHR) hears and decides particular type of complaints. These complaints relate to abuse of human rights. ECoHR’s other popular name is "Strasbourg Court". Member countries of the Council of Europe created ECoHR to arrange all such complaints, listen to the complaints, and to give decisions. European Convention on Human Rights tells about many human rights. ECoHR sees that people should enjoy all these human rights.
ECoHR' has a number of judges. The number of judges are equal to the number of member countries of the Council of Europe. At present, there are forty six member countries of the Council of Europe. Each country may have one judge in the ECoHR. But, judges work independently for the ECoHR, and not for their country.

Ted Turner
Ted Turner is an American businessman. He was born on November 19, 1938 and is best known for being the founder of the television networks TBS and CNN. He is also famous for being the founder of professional wrestling company World Championship Wrestling (WCW).

Taco Bell
Taco Bell is a chain of fast-food restaurants in the United States that started in 1958, certain parts of Canada, Asia, Europe and Australia. It serves Mexican-style food. It was founded by Glen Bell and is a division of Yum! Brands, Inc. Taco Bell's menu has items such as tacos, burritos, chalupas, gorditas, and nachos. There are 5,845 Taco Bells in the United States.

Zagan
Żagań is a town in the west part of Poland. 26,665 people lived there in 2004. It is the main town of part of Poland called Żagań County.
It is now part of the in the Lubusz Voivodship (a Voivoidship is part of the way Poland is organised into areas), before it was in Zielona Gora Voivodship (1975-1998). There is a castle called Sagan in the middle of an area that is also called Sagan. The castle belonged to Wallenstein, a soldier and politician of the Thirty Years' War. Later, the castle belonged to the Bohemian family of Lobkowitz. In 1786, the Sagan area was bought by Peter Biron, duke of Courland. In 1843, it went to his daughter Dorothea, the wife of Edmond de Talleyrand.
An act of the king of Prussia on January 6, 1845 made her Duchess of Sagan. Napoleon III did the same in France, for her son Louis. The double title, both Prussian and French, meant that the duc de Sagan was a neutral party in the Second World War. His house (the Château de Valençay) was a safe place to keep pictures and other things from the Louvre when German soldiers were in France.
In the Second World War, the well-known war prison Stalag Luft III was there.

Palatine Hill
Etymology.
According to Livy (59 BC – 17) the Palatine hill got its name from the Arcadian settlement of Pallantium. The term palace itself stems from "Palatium".

Chupacabra
The chupacabra (or chupacabras) is a cryptid said to live in parts of the Americas. Its name comes from the Spanish translation of "goat sucker", because of its habit of attacking and drinking the blood of livestock, including goats.

Hydra (animal)
Hydras are simple invertebrates. They live in the water. Their body is radially symmetric. They have a central cavity that serves to both take in food and expel waste. Being Cnidarians they have stinging cells on their tentacles. They are hydrozoa, and belong to the same order as the polyps. Most hydras are microscopic in size. Hydras can be found in almost any unpolluted body of water.

Clownfish
A clownfish is a kind of fish. Clownfishes usually live near coral reefs. Often, they live in a symbiosis with other animals, for example the sea anemone.

Bruce Lee
Bruce Jun Fan Lee (November 27, 1940 - July 20, 1973) was a Chinese martial artist and actor. He is most famous for making martial arts popular in the United States in the 1970s, when he played in a series of movies made in Hong Kong, which were very successful all over the world. The most successful of these being 'Enter The Dragon', which was released after Bruce's death. He died while filming a movie called, 'Game of Death'. During the height of his popularity (almost 20 years later his son, Brandon Lee would die while filming a movie, too). Lee also taught other people martial arts, like actors Steve McQueen and James Coburn and basketball player Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, he also inspired many other actors who are famous for using martial arts in their movies including Jackie Chan, Jet Li, and Chuck Norris. Jackie Chan had a bit-part in 'Enter The Dragon' and Chuck Norris co-starred in "Way of The Dragon". In 1993 a film about Bruce Lees life was made called "Dragon: The Bruce Lee Story". Most of the film is true but some parts are made up.
Bruce starred in "The Big Boss", "Fist of Fury", "The Way of the Dragon", "Enter the Dragon" and "Game of Death".

George Martin
Sir George Martin (born January 3, 1926) is a (now-retired) British record producer, composer and musical arranger. He is most famous work was his recordings with The Beatles. These were made at Abbey Road Studios during the 1960s.
Early Life and Career.
Martin grew up playing piano with only a few music lessons. He began to compose music in his teens. Martin played with his own band called the Four Tune-Tellers. He dreamed of one day making soundtrack music for movies.
After serving in the Royal Air Force during World War II, Martin went to music school. After he graduated, he worked for the BBC in London. He began working for EMI in 1950. Martin became an assistant at Parlophone Records, a small record label. Parlophone mostly recorded classical music and original cast recordings of popular stage shows and plays.
Martin later became the chief of Parlophone Records. He was also its staff producer. Martin was in charge of recording sessions and chose songs for Parlophone artists to record. He made comedy records (often working with Peter Sellers and Spike Milligan) along with his usual jobs, to help promote the label. When rock and roll became popular in the mid-1950s, Martin began looking for rock groups or artists to join Parlophone. He recorded several such artists, but none of their records became big hits.
The Beatles.
In 1962, Beatles manager Brian Epstein brought Martin a demo (demonstration record) of his band. Epstein had been trying for months to get the band a recording contract. Martin liked what he heard. He saw that the young band were willing to try different things, and gave them an audition (a studio tryout). All the Beatles passed their audition, except for their drummer, Pete Best. Martin was not happy with the skills Best showed. He wanted to replace Best on their recordings. When the band found out, they fired Best, replacing him with Ringo Starr. Starr had played with them before when Best could not be with them to play. Martin used a studio drummer on their first single, "Love Me Do". He did this because there was no time to audition Starr before the record had to be made, but he never did so again.
With Starr as their drummer, and Martin as their producer (who sometimes joined them in playing, to give the records a bigger sound), the Beatles became the most popular act in the history of show business. While Beatles John Lennon and Paul McCartney wrote most of the band's songs, they were musically untrained, as Martin had been earlier. Martin helped develop their musical ideas. He helped the band learn to talk to other musicians about the sounds they wanted to make, and added a classical touch to many of their songs. His work with them made Martin famous. He was able to leave EMI to become a "producer for hire". He started his own company, called Associated Independent Recording (AIR), with some other producers.
When the Beatles began to break up in 1969, Martin felt the tension between the band's members. He was sometimes criticized for not being able to "fix things", or solve their problems. He began turning down sessions with the band. He let the recording engineer or the members themselves do his job. Martin returned to help make their last album (titled "Abbey Road" after the location of the studio), after all the Beatles promised to work with him "like the old days", and let Martin take charge of the sessions once more.
After The Beatles.
Paul McCartney, the most "conventional" (normal) Beatle, worked with Martin several times after the Beatles ended in 1970. John Lennon counted on Martin to turn his sometimes "way-out" ideas into finished records, but he did not always like the way Martin worked, and mostly produced his own solo recordings. George Harrison, the youngest Beatle, found many of his songs and ideas rejected by Martin. Martin later said "I was always rather beastly to George," in trying to make more hit records. Harrison also produced (or co-produced) most of his own solo work. He even built his own recording studio after years of making records at Abbey Road. Martin praised Ringo Starr's "super-steady beat", and the sound his drums gave the Beatles records, but each later worked with other people.
Even years after they broke up, Martin still worked with and for the Beatles and the music they had made together. He remixed many of their recordings for re-issues and compilation records. He made several records of his own with classical and orchestral versions of Beatles tunes, and was the music producer for "Sergeant Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band", a fantasy movie based on their songs, which starred the Bee Gees and Peter Frampton.
Besides the Beatles, Martin worked with other recording artists, including Shirley Bassey, Bernard Cribbins, America, Kenny Rogers, Dudley Moore, and Little River Band. He wrote a book, "All You Need is Ears", that told his life story and explained how many of his most famous recordings were made. During the 1990s, Martin was made a knight by the British government, for his work and his role in popular music.
Martin retired in 1999, and released an album titled "In My Life", which featured many different artists performing Beatles songs. The album included non-musicians like comedian Jim Carrey.

Brian Epstein
Brian Samuel Epstein (born September 19, 1934 - died August 27, 1967) was an English businessman from a Jewish family. Epstein was the manager of The Beatles, who became the most popular rock and roll band in the world during the 1960s.
Early life.
Epstein started out to become an actor, and went to school at RADA (the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art) with future movie stars Peter O'Toole and Susannah York. He was not happy at school, though, and quit to work in his family's furniture stores in Liverpool. He was a skillful salesman, and loved classical music. When his family opened a record department in one of their stores, Epstein was put in charge. The department was so successful that the family decided to open a whole store to sell music and records. This was named NEMS, for North End Music Stores, and Epstein became its boss. This store was also a big success.
Popular music, rock and roll especially, sold better than classical music, and Epstein wanted to sell what the public would buy most. He began to stock rock and roll records, and record buyers around Liverpool liked Epstein and his store. Some of his customers were members of bands, looking for new music to play or to pass the time, and came often to the store. Among those bands were the early Beatles.
The Beatles.
Late in 1961, when a fan asked Epstein about a record the Beatles had made in Germany, Epstein was unable to find it through his sources. When he learned the band were playing at the Cavern Club not far away, Epstein visited them there, and was impressed by their act. He found out what he needed to know to get the record, so NEMS could sell copies. Epstein also discovered that the band had no manager, but they wanted one, and their main goal was to get a recording contract in England. Epstein became their manager.
Epstein used his sales ability to get the band more and better jobs playing music. He also used his position (as manager of one of the leading music stores in northern England) to make contact with different record labels, hoping to get the Beatles signed up. An audition with Decca Records on New Year's Day 1962 sounded hopeful, but Decca decided to turn the band down, as did most of the labels Epstein approached.
Decca gave Epstein a copy of the band's demo (demonstration) tape, which he used to promote them, but could not find anyone interested. He thought an actual record might work better than the tape, so he went to have a test record made. The recording engineer who made the record told Epstein about George Martin, who worked for EMI's Parlophone Records and had been looking for a rock band to record. Martin liked what he heard well enough to offer the band another audition.
The Beatles passed their EMI audition as a group, and signed a contract with Parlophone. Drummer Pete Best didn't meet Martin's standards, though, and Martin planned to use a studio drummer instead on their records. When the band found out, they asked Epstein to fire Best, and they replaced him with Ringo Starr, who quit another band to join them.
Over the next year (1963), The Beatles became the most popular recording act in Britain and Europe, and then in America during 1964. Following their success, Epstein signed up other bands and singers, including Gerry and the Pacemakers, Cilla Black, Billy J. Kramer and the Remo Four. Each found success and hit records, but none became as popular as the Beatles. Epstein started a management company, NEMS Enterprises (named after the music store), who later signed up the Bee Gees, Jimi Hendrix, and Cream.
Like many pop stars, Epstein also had fans, and gave away signed photographs of himself. He published an autobiography (his life story) in 1964, with help from Derek Taylor, who was the Beatles's press agent. Epstein was still interested in theater, and he bought the Saville Theatre in London, which presented plays and rock concerts.
Death.
As time went on, Epstein felt more and more stress in his working and personal lives, and turned to drugs such as sleeping pills and sedatives, to help him cope. During 1967, he became afraid that the Beatles wouldn't stay with him when their management contract expired (ended) that year, and his drug use increased. One weekend while the band was away in Wales, Epstein overdosed on pills, and died in his sleep.
An autopsy concluded that Epstein did not commit suicide, but accidentally took too many pills over a long period of time, without giving the drugs a chance to flush out of his system. The Beatles and all the artists he managed mourned his death. It was said later that losing him was the beginning of the Beatles breakup, which happened in 1970.

Jurong
Jurong (裕廊) is a town in the western side of Singapore. It used to be a swamp until the 1960s, when Goh Keng Swee, a minister, together with the United Nations, cleared the swamps, making Jurong an industrial estate (a place where industries are built to make goods). Jurong is divided in Jurong East, where houses and shops are built and Jurong West, mainly an industrial estate. Jurong East is under the Jurong Group Representation Constituency or Jurong GRC, while Jurong West is under the West Coast Group Representation Constituency. Jurong is onnected to Johor Bahru by the Second-Link at Tuas. Jurong has the Jurong Bird Park and Chinese Gardens.

Plastic Ono Band
The Plastic Ono Band was a rock and roll band formed by Yoko Ono with husband (and former Beatle) John Lennon. They were active from 1969 until 1974.
Lennon and Ono recorded their first single together, titled "Give Peace A Chance", in a Montreal hotel with a roomful of guests, including Tommy Smothers, Allen Ginsberg, Norman Mailer, Timothy Leary, and the local Hare Krishna chapter. The pair were in an auto accident before the single was to debut (be played in public for the first time), and they had to stay in the hospital. Not wanting to cancel the debut, they sent the first version of their "new band" – a set of plastic cases that held the sound equipment – which played in their place. It was a strange kind of debut for a new band, but the song (a protest against the Vietnam War) became a minor hit that year, in England and in the United States.
The second version of the Plastic Ono Band included Ono and Lennon in person, along with musicians Eric Clapton, Klaus Voormann and Alan White. They performed together at a rock concert in Toronto in September 1969, and it was the first time Lennon had played in public with a band other than the Beatles. The show went well, and helped Lennon decide to leave the Beatles, which he had thought about doing for some time. A second single, "Cold Turkey", was recorded with this lineup.
After the Beatles ended, Lennon decided he didn't want to have another permanent band, and he and Ono used the Plastic Ono Band name to refer to any musicians who appeared on the records they made together. Even listeners were called a part of the band, especially when the band gave a concert. An advertisement for one of their records included a page from a telephone book, and the words "YOU are the Plastic Ono Band".
Ono and Lennon separated for a time during 1973 and 1974. Lennon still used forms of the band name on the two albums he released during their separation, while Ono's records of the time appeared under her name alone. When they got back together in 1975, Ono became pregnant, and both decided to retire from music to be parents. Their son Sean Lennon was born on October 9, 1975, which was Lennon's 35th birthday.
In 1980, Lennon and Ono decided to restart their music careers, but this time their records appeared under their own names, and the Plastic Ono Band name was retired.

Olsztyn
Olsztyn is a city in northeast Poland, on the Łyna river. Olsztyn is the biggest city and the capital of the Warmian-Masurian Voivodship.
Geography.
The town is near a lake region of forests and plains. There are 13 lakes in the town and many more surrounding it: (Krzywe, Długie, Żbik, Redykajny and others).

Lee Iacocca
Lido Anthony "Lee" Iacocca (born October 15, 1924 in Allentown, Pennsylvania, USA) created the Ford Mustang in 1964. He is best known for his time as chairman of Chrysler Corporation.

Standard
A standard is a basis for comparison. Standards are made either by many people that agree on something, or if some organisation makes it so. There are many different standards in many fields of daily life. Standards are important so that correct comparisons can be produced.
Measurement.
The international system of units is a standard that is agreed on by most countries. In it there is metre (or meter). It measures length. There currently is a rod (made from a special material). This rod in Paris. The length of the rod says how long a meter is. So when people want to measure something, they compare it to the length of the rod. For practical purposes, the length of the rod has been divided by 10 (to get dezimeter), by 10 (to get centimeter), and so on. The iridium rod as it is called is the original measure of meter. Now new ways of measuring the meter have been utilized such as the measuring of certain types of wave lengths to determine an exact meter.
Music.
A standard in music is a song that remains popular, and is performed and recorded by many different artists. Such songs include "Yesterday" and "Something", written by members of The Beatles. Many of Hank Williams's songs have become standards in country music.

Ginkgo
The ginkgo is a plant. It is a tree. The tree is special in that there are no other trees that look like it. Some people say it is a living fossil. It is grown mainly in China, but also lives there in the wild.

Mean (statistics)
The Mean is a measure from mathematics or from statistics. If people do many different measurements, they will get many different results. Those results have a certain distribution, and they can also be centered around an "average" value. This average value is what mathematicians call arithmetic mean.
Mean can also stand for expected value.
Problems with the arithmetic mean.
The problem with using the mean is that the information about how the values are distributed is lost.
Solving the problem.
This is different to the Median. The median is the number that divides all the samples in such a way that half of the samples are below it, and the other half above.
The modus or Mode is the number with the greatest number of samples, or observations.

Detergent
A detergent is a chemical that helps people clean things. Many people use washing powder, which is a type of detergent, when they need to clean their clothes.

Klaus Voormann
Klaus Voormann (born April 29, 1942) is a German-born artist and musician, who was a friend of The Beatles. He met them when they played in Hamburg, Germany, where he was going to Art school.
Voormann designed the cover of their "Revolver" album, and later did cover art for "The Beatles Anthology" and some of George Harrison's solo records. He also played bass guitar with Manfred Mann, and on records by John Lennon, George Harrison and Ringo Starr, and their friend Harry Nilsson.
He also became a record producer, and produced the band Trio, whose biggest hit was "Da Da Da", which was used later in a Volkswagen television commercial.

Alan White (Yes drummer)
Alan White (born June 14, 1949) is a English musician, best known as the drummer from the band Yes. He also played on records by former Beatles John Lennon and George Harrison.
Discography.
and work with Rick Wakeman, Steve Howe, Billy Sherwood, Esquire and The Syn

Stock market
A stock market is the market that people use to trade shares, which are like small pieces of the company that a person can own. The value of the share depends on how many people want to buy it and how many people are selling it.
People usually trade shares in stocks through a broker, who is a person that has studied the stock market and can help them make good choices in stocks. From that broker people can buy and sell stocks and shares by giving them all the information about corporations and its situation in the market as a whole.

Allen Ginsberg
Irwin Allen Ginsberg (June 3, 1926 – April 5, 1997) was an American poet and author, who was part of the Beat Generation movement of poets in the 1950s. He was a friend of writers Jack Kerouac and William S. Burroughs, and later made friends with musicians Bob Dylan, Donovan, John Lennon and Yoko Ono.
Ginsberg's most famous work was called "Howl", and was a long poem about the social conditions of the United States in the 1950s. It began with the words "I saw the best minds of my generation destroyed by madness." It went on to describe the frustration felt by many Americans, young people and minorities in particular. There were problems in the country, such as prejudice and intolerance, that needed to be spoken about. Ginsberg published the poem, and also performed it at public poetry readings.
A few people didn't like "Howl", or the graphic language Ginsberg used. They tried to have "Howl" banned, and Ginsberg prosecuted (given a court trial, then either fined or put in jail). Ginsberg went to trial, and the judge decided "Howl" was an important work, and told the truth about America at the time. The judge rejected the ban and cleared Ginsberg, who could then continue to publish and perform the poem.
Ginsberg became involved in social causes through his work, and through the famous people he met. He grew up in the Jewish faith, but later became a Buddhist. He was a homosexual, and his longtime partner was another poet, Peter Orlovsky. He also had a long relationship with Neal Cassady, who appeared as "N.C., secret hero of these poems" in "Howl". Ginsberg died in 1997 of liver cancer.

Northwestern University
Northwestern University is a university in Evanston, Illinois, and Chicago, Illinois. It is very prestigious and selective.

Door god
A door god is a painting pasted on a door. These were used by the Chinese as good luck. Door gods can be seen on temples - places of religion - and other buildings. There is a belief that door gods stop evil spirits from going into the building.
Door gods are often in pairs, one for each side of the door. The first door gods may have been made for a Chinese Emperor, more than 1300 years ago. They showed his two best soldiers.

Jack Kerouac
Jean-Louis Lebris de Kerouac (born March 12, 1922 – died October 21, 1969), better known as Jack Kerouac, was an American author and poet. He was part of the Beat Generation movement of writers and artists of the 1950s and 1960s, and gave the movement its name. His most famous work was a long novel titled "On the Road", which was published in 1957.
Kerouac was a friend of writers Allen Ginsberg, William S. Burroughs, Lawrence Ferlinghetti, and Gregory Corso, among many others. Nearly all of Kerouac's writings were directly based on his own life, but he mostly changed names and details, to protect everyone's privacy. The man he wrote about most was his friend Neal Cassady, who was called "Dean Moriarty" in "On the Road". Kerouac influenced many other writers and poets who came along later, and also many musicians of the 1960s, through his works. He also changed the way Americans saw themselves, and their country.
Early life.
Kerouac was born in Lowell, Massachusetts to French-Canadian parents (named Leo and Gabrielle), and was the youngest of three children. He spoke only French until he started school. His family was Roman Catholic. His father was a printer, and Kerouac became interested in printed works. He liked to make his own handwritten newspapers and books. He enjoyed reading, and imitated the styles of writers he liked, such as Thomas Wolfe. He became an expert typist, and could type faster than 100 words per minute.
Kerouac was a good athlete, and went to Columbia University in New York on a football scholarship, but an injury during a practice game ended his football career. He dropped out of Columbia, and devoted himself to writing stories and plays. He met Allen Ginsberg at college. Their circle of friends included many future writers and artists, like William S. Burroughs, and Herbert Huncke.
During World War II, Kerouac served in the Merchant Marine, which made him a veteran of the American military. He kept journals of his experiences, and he used them later to write other works. He was also able to get veteran's benefits later, such as medical help when he was sick with phlebitis, and grant money to pay his bills while he wrote. Kerouac was proud to be an American, and always said good things about his country.
Kerouac's father died of stomach cancer in 1946. He made Kerouac promise to always work to support his mother. He tried to talk Kerouac out of becoming a writer, because he knew it was hard to succeed in such a career. Kerouac had a hard time staying with any other kind of work, though. He would become impatient or restless, or a disagreement with someone at work would turn into trouble. Kerouac did his best to earn enough money to pay for both his and his mother's living, but his mother also had to work. She was a nurse. She worked in a factory when there were no nursing jobs.
Early career.
Kerouac published a few short stories and reviews in New York magazines and newspapers in the 1940s. He worked briefly for his hometown newspaper, "The Lowell Sun". His first novel, "The Town and the City", was published in 1950. For his second novel, Kerouac wanted to write a book about cross-country road trips and hitchhiking. Hitchhiking was safer to do in the 1940s, in America, than it is today. Kerouac stopped and restarted writing this book several times. Kerouac didn't want to just tell an ordinary story. He wanted to give an idea of how the people he met thought things through, and expressed this to each other, along with telling what they did and said. He also knew he needed more experiences, to tell a better story.
Many experiences came through Kerouac's friendship with Neal Cassady. Cassady was a handsome, bright young drifter with a teenaged wife, named Luanne Henderson. Cassady and Luanne had a hard relationship, and broke up and got back together many times. He later married another woman named Carolyn Robinson, who was older than Luanne and understood him better, but Carolyn and Cassady also had troubles. Kerouac was briefly married, to girlfriend Edie Parker. They didn't stay together long, and were soon divorced. Cassady taught Kerouac, who never had a driver's license, how to drive, while Kerouac taught Cassady about writing.
Neal Cassady traveled back and forth across the country, usually driving cars like Hudsons at high speed. He looked for jobs, fresh experiences, and new friends. Kerouac began to travel with him. They lived in and visited cities such as Denver, San Francisco, Monterey, and even Mexico City. They also looked sometimes for Cassady's father, who disappeared years earlier. Kerouac got sick in Mexico City, and Cassady left him behind at the hospital. Kerouac had to make his own way home. He took this very hard, and was angry with Cassady. He forgave him later, when they met again, and he made Cassady the central character of his new book. One job Kerouac could fall back on, thanks to Cassady, was as a railroad brakeman.
Many people in the 1940s and 1950s used stimulant drugs such as benzedrine, to help them stay alert. Jazz music was also popular, and some jazz musicians and listeners smoked marijuana. Kerouac was influenced by both drugs, and they changed the way he wrote. He began to write what he called "spontaneous prose", jotting down words in much the same way a musician improvises a solo in a song. (Kerouac played no musical instruments, but could scat sing well, and had many of the same instincts as a musician.) His new writing style was strange to many people, and even seen as bad by some older authors and critics. It was six years before Kerouac published his second novel.
The version of "On the Road" that finally satisfied Kerouac was written over three weeks in 1951. It was typed on a single roll of teletype paper. Kerouac liked to type on rolls of paper, because he didn't have to stop to change pages. He had just gotten married for the second time, to Joan Haverty. The manuscript was Kerouac's way to explain his friendship with Neal Cassady to his new wife. The explanation made a fine rough draft for a novel, but it didn't help his marriage. Joan felt that Kerouac's nonstop work on the manuscript was an obsession, and she didn't want to stay married to him after it was finished. They were soon divorced, as he was with his first wife.
The editor who worked on "The Town and the City" found the long, scroll-like manuscript hard to understand, and even harder to work with. Kerouac's publisher rejected the novel, as did every other publisher he went to. Nor was anyone interested in "The Subterraneans", a shorter novel he wrote in three nights, about his romance with an African-American woman. Such a relationship was taboo in America during the 1950s. Kerouac continued to write, from short stories and essays to long novels, and even poetry. He tried many different subjects, but had almost nothing published. He also worked different jobs, including brakeman and night watchman.
It turned out that Joan Haverty was pregnant by Kerouac, and she gave birth to a daughter, Jan-Michelle. Kerouac denied he was the father at first, but a blood test later proved it was likely. She also grew to look like him, and he accepted her as his child. Joan sued Kerouac for child support, but he was ill and could not work at the time, and she collected almost no money. Kerouac only saw Jan a few times, but talked to her more often by telephone. Joan mostly kept them apart.
Fame.
Allen Ginsberg became well-known during the 1950s for his writings, in particular a poem called "Howl", whose title came from Kerouac's critique of it. Ginsberg mentioned his friends in some of his works, including Kerouac, and wanted the people who liked him to give them and their writings a chance. Finally Viking Press agreed to publish "On the Road", after many changes to the manuscript. The novel became a best-seller, and Kerouac was a celebrity after years of little success. Magazines began to request articles and essays from him. He appeared on many television programs, including "The Steve Allen Show". Steve Allen liked him, and they recorded an album together, with Kerouac reading aloud and Allen playing piano. He recorded another album later, with jazz musicians Al Cohn and Zoot Sims.
Kerouac wrote and published more novels, including "The Dharma Bums", "Doctor Sax", "Maggie Cassidy", "Visions of Gerard" (a memoir of his older brother, who died in childhood), "Big Sur" (about the stresses brought on by fame, and how the people he knew saw him differently), "Desolation Angels", and "Book of Dreams" (a dream journal). He studied Buddhism, and this also influenced his writing. He wrote "Some of the Dharma" as an introduction to Buddhism, though he remained a Catholic.
As Kerouac, Ginsberg, and their friends became famous, a trend among the group of writers and artists was noticed, and was written about in the mainstream media. Kerouac was asked to describe his generation. He explained that the pressures of 20th century living had 'beaten' normal ways of thinking and working out of them, and they preferred the beat of bebop and jazz to most other music, "so I guess you could say we're a "beat generation"."
"Beat Generation" became the name for the new sense of style coming from artists and writers in New York and San Francisco. Kerouac's circle of friends and acquaintances (and their imitators) were called the Beats, with Kerouac himself called "King of the Beats" by the media. (The term was later parodied as "beatniks", implying such people were Communists, and would hurt the country.) Kerouac narrated a movie, called "Pull My Daisy", about the Beat phenomenon.
An ongoing problem Kerouac had with fame was that people thought he did all the things he wrote about. Much of what he described (like Neal Cassady's lawless nature, promiscuity, and drug use) was only what he saw in other people. Not everyone who read Kerouac's stories understood this. Some people wanted to blame him for doing bad things, or getting others to do them. Other people wanted to do those kinds of things with Kerouac. Shy by nature, Kerouac pulled away. He became almost a recluse in the house he bought for his mother. He also began to abuse alcohol.
Later life and career.
During the 1960s, American society went through many changes, in part because of the influence of the Beats. Many young people read "On the Road", and saw things they related to, and it made them want to experience more in their own lives. Other writers liked the looseness of Kerouac's style, and it made them think more about their own writing, how to study life, and how to better express themselves. Many musicians were affected by Kerouac's books, including Bob Dylan, Donovan, and The Doors.
Kerouac was more disappointed than happy to be famous. Even though he liked some of what he inspired, he felt that the public largely got the wrong message from his books. He saw many people take what the Beats wrote as a kind of permission to get into trouble, or abandon (give up) people and things they cared about. He felt sympathy for the hippies, but disagreed with them on the Vietnam War, the role of government, and patriotism. He also lost some of his old friends, when their views differed.
Kerouac still abused alcohol and other drugs, and it harmed his health. He became bloated and irritable, and looked drunk on his last television appearance, on William F. Buckley's "Firing Line" in 1968. He married for the third time, to Stella Sampas, the sister of a boyhood friend. Stella looked after Kerouac and his mother, kept the public and others away, and tried to get him to stop drinking alcohol.
His daughter Jan-Michelle also began to write during her teen years. He gave her his blessing, and told her "You can use my (last) name." She wrote under the name Jan Kerouac, and published novels and stories herself, from the 1970s to the 1990s. Kerouac's mother became sick, and he sometimes worked at her bedside on stories. She helped him work out the ending of "Pic", his novel about a young African-American.
Kerouac wrote and reworked new material until the last day of his life. He died during emergency surgery, to try to repair a hemorrhage caused by his alcohol abuse. He was buried in his hometown, and was hardly remembered there at first. Even though he was world famous, Kerouac earned very little money as a writer. He died with only a few hundred dollars in the bank. It was years before his grave received a headstone.
Neal Cassady died more than a year before, of exposure, alongside a railroad track in Mexico. He set out to become a writer or musician, but he never got far with either. He only published one book, "The First Third", which was about his youth. Cassady earned most of his money from labor, and was often out of work and owed money. He spent a long time in jail after he was arrested for selling marijuana. Sometimes the fact that Cassady was well-known through Kerouac kept him from having the life he wanted. Cassady had a family with Carolyn, but she had to both work, and raise the children when her husband was away. Carolyn later wrote a memoir.
Legacy.
Kerouac's works, especially "On the Road", are now more popular than ever. Generations have discovered his works, as a means of learning about life and attitudes in America during his lifetime, as a way to measure their own sense of experience, or as examples of free association and stream of consciousness in creative writing.
Less than half of Kerouac's writings were published during his lifetime, but nearly all are now available. The ones published later drew hundreds of times more money than his most famous works, when they first appeared. His hometown Lowell remembers Kerouac today with a memorial, and cultural events every year. His grave now has a headstone, which reads "He honored life". A street in Lowell was renamed "Jack Kerouac Alley" in his memory.
In other media.
"The Subterraneans" was made into a movie by MGM in 1960, but the storyline was almost completely different from the book. "On the Road" was considered many times to be made into a movie, once with actor Marlon Brando as Dean Moriarty and another time with Sean Penn, but this never got farther than negotiations. The movie rights were recently resold, for more than ten times Kerouac's lifetime earnings.
A movie, "Heart Beat", was made in 1980, about the relationship between Carolyn Robinson, Neal Cassady and Jack Kerouac. It starred Sissy Spacek, Nick Nolte, and John Heard.
Kerouac appears as "Hank" in William S. Burroughs's novel "Naked Lunch", and was played by Nicholas Campbell in the 1991 movie version.
He was also the subject of a song by 10,000 Maniacs, "Hey Jack Kerouac".
He and Neal Cassady are the subject of a song by Tom Waits, "Jack & Neal/California Here I Come".
Tom Waits covers a song written by Kerouac called "On the Road". The song appears on Waits' album "Orphans".

Himno Istmeño
Himno Istmeño is the anthem of Panama. It was written by Santos Jorge. It is known as the Isthmus Anthem.

Jack Neo
Jack Neo is a Singaporean film director at MediaCorp, a Singapore media company. He directed I Not Stupid and Money No Enough, which were very popular. Neo was once a comedian.

Fyodor Dostoevsky
Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky (Russian: Фёдор Миха́йлович Достое́вский, "Fëdor Mihajlovič Dostoevskij", sometimes transliterated Dostoyevsky) (November 11,1821 (October 30, old style) – February 9,1881 (January 28,old style) was a Russian writer. Many people see him as one of the greatest of Russian writers. His works have had a big effect on twentieth-century fiction.Very often, he wrote about characters who live in poor conditions. Those characters are sometimes in extreme states of mind. They might show both a strange grasp of human psychology as well as good analyses of the political, social and spiritual states of Russia of Dostoevsky's time. Many of his best-known works are prophetic. He is sometimes considered to be a founder of existentialism, most frequently for "Notes from Underground", which has been described by Walter Kaufmann as "the best overture for existentialism ever written".

Julia Grant
Julia Grant (January 26, 1826 – December 14, 1902), was the wife of Ulysses S. Grant, the President of the United States. She was the First Lady of the United States from 1869 to 1877.
Her parents were Frederick Dent and Ellen Wrenshall Dent. Her birth name was Julia Boggs Dent. She was born at a plantation near St. Louis, Missouri.
After her schooling, she and Ulysses S. Grant got engaged in 1844. At that time, Ulysses S. Grant was a Lieutenant in the US Army. In the meanwhile, Mexican War began. Ulysses went to war. He returned from the war after many years. They married in 1848.

Jane Pierce
Jane Means Appleton Pierce (March 12 1806 - December 2 1863) was the wife of Franklin Pierce, President of the United States. She acted as the First Lady of the United States from 1853 to 1857.
Her father’s name was Jesse Appleton. When her father died, her mother moved with her to Amherst, New Hampshire. In Amherst, she met a young lawyer; Franklin Pierce. She married him many years after this meeting. At the time of the marriage, she was 28 years old.

Lucy Webb Hayes
Lucy Ware Webb Hayes (August 28, 1831 - June 25, 1889) was the wife of Rutherford B. Hayes, President of the United States. When her husband became the President, she acted as the First Lady of the United States. She was one of the most popular First Ladies of the 19th century.
Lucy Hayes studied at Ohio Wesleyan University. She was the first First Lady to graduate from college.
Lucy was nicknamed "Lemondade Lucy." She did not serve alcohol in the White House.
She died on June 25, 1889. When she died, people in the United States lowered the flag to half-mast.

Caroline Harrison
Caroline Lavinia Scott Harrison (October 1, 1832 - October 25, 1892) was the wife of Benjamin Harrison. She was the First Lady of the United States from 1889 until her death.
Her birthplace is Oxford, Ohio. Her parents were Mary Potts Neal and Dr. John W. Scott. She met the young Ben when he was a student at Miami University. They married on 20th October 1853. They had three children. Their first child was Russell Benjamin (1854-1936). Their second child was Mary Scott (1856-1930). Their third child was a daughter, born in 1861. In the same year, their third child died.
When her husband became the President of the United States in 1889, they both moved to the White House. Caroline gave stylish parties. She became sick with tuberculosis. She could not participate in social functions after that. She died of tuberculosis on 25th October 1892.

Helen Herron Taft
Helen Herron "Nellie" Taft (June 2,1861 - May 22,1943) was the wife of William Howard Taft, the President of the United States. She acted as the First Lady of the United States from 1909 to 1913.
She was a part of her husband’s rise in administration and politics. When her husband became the president, she gave special attention to the social life at the White House. When she suffered from stroke, her daughter Helen Taft Manning left college for a year to look after the social life at the White House.
During their stay at the White House, the couple celebrated their silver wedding anniversary in 1911. People celebrate a silver anniversary after 25 years of any occasion. She had also written a book named "Recollections of Full Years". The book tells about her work and life. Her husband died in 1930. She continued to live in Washington D.C. after the death of her husband. She died on 22 May 1943.

Mary McElroy
Mary Arthur McElroy (July 5, 1841 - January 8, 1917) was the sister of 21st President of the United States, Chester A. Arthur. She acted as the First Lady of the United States from 1881 to 1885. She had to take up the role of the First Lady as the President’s wife, Ellen Lewis Herndon Arthur, had died about one and half year earlier.
Her birthplace is Greenwich, New York. Her parents were William and Malvina S. Arthur. Her parents had nine children, and Mary was the last. In 1880, her brother became the Vice President of the United States. In July 1881, an assassin shot the president James Garfield. The president died on 19th September 1881. Mary’s brother Chester A. Arthur became the president of the United States. His brother asked her to take up the role of the First Lady.
She held many functions in the White House. She also took help of previous former First Ladies Julia Tyler and Harriet Lane (James Buchanan's niece) in many functions at the White House.
When her brother retired as the President, Mary went to live in Albany, New York. She died at the age of 75 in Albany.

Frances Folsom Cleveland
Frances Clara Folsom Cleveland Preston (July 21, 1864 - October 29, 1947), was the wife of Grover Cleveland, the President of the United States. She acted as the First Lady of the United States from 1886 to 1889 and 1893 to 1897.
Her birthplace is Buffalo, New York. Her birth name was Frances Clara Folsom. Her parents were Emma C. Harmon and Oscar Folsom. Her father, Oscar later became a law partner of Grover Cleveland. Cleveland was a family friend to the Oscar family. After Oscar’s death, Cleveland looked after the family. He arranged for education of Frances Folsom. She studied at Wells College. Cleveland and Frances Folsom sent letters to each other.
In 1985, Frances Folsom and her mother came to White House to meet Cleveland. Cleveland and Frances Folsom became close to each other though she was about 27 years younger to Cleveland. On 2nd June 1886, they married. This was the first and only couple to wed in the White House.
When Frances Folsom became Mrs. Cleveland, she took the role of the First Lady. She gave two receptions every week. She became very popular.
In 1888, Cleveland lost the election. The couple lived in New York City. There their first child Ruth was born. In 1886, Cleveland again became the president. Frances Folsom came back and again became active as the First Lady. In 1893, she bore another child named Esther. In 1895, she bore the third child named Marion. By the time, Cleveland had retired, Frances Folsom had become a very popular First Lady.
The retired to live in Princeton, New Jersey. There she bore two sons. She was by her husband’s side when he died in 1908. In 1913, she again married. Her second husband was Thomas J. Preston, Jr., a professor of archeology. When the-then President and his wife Sarah Childress Polk visited Princeton, New Jersey, they met and welcomed Frances Folsom her husband. They chatted of changes in White House life from past days. Frances Folsom lived until the age of 83, and had become a famous figure in the Princeton University community.

Betty Ford
Elizabeth Ann Bloomer Warren Ford (born April 8, 1918) is the wife of Gerald R. Ford, the 38th President of the United States. She acted as the First Lady of the United States from 1974 to 1977.
Her birthplace is Chicago, Illinois. Her birth name was Betty Bloomer. Her parents were Hortense Neahr and William Stephenson Bloomer. She was the third child of her parents. She had two older brothers named Robert and William, Jr. She spent her childhood in Grand Rapids, Michigan and graduated from school there. In 1935, she graduated in dance from the Calla Travis Dance Studio. She gave dance lessons to earn money during the Great Depression.
Betty Bloomer married William G. (Bill) Warren, a furniture salesman. But the marriage did not last long. They divorced in 1947.
As of 2005, the Fords have seven grandchildren.
In 1974, President Richard Nixon resigned. Nixon had named Gerald Ford as the Vice President of the United States. After Nixon's resignation, Ford became the 38th President of the United States. Betty Ford became the First Lady.
As the First Lady, Betty Ford played an active role. She spoke on many issues. She spoke on political and many other things. She had an open mind, and spoke honestly about benefit of mild psychiatric treatment. She also talked about marijuana use and premarital sex. She always supported women's rights. Her surgery for breast cancer made the public more aware of this disease.
In 1987, Betty Ford found a place into the Michigan Women's Hall of Fame. In 1978, she published her autobiography "The Times of My Life". In 1999, President Gerald Ford and Betty Ford jointly got the Congressional Gold Medal, "in recognition of their dedicated public service and outstanding humanitarian contributions to the people of the United States of America."
In 2003, Betty Ford published "Healing and Hope: Six Women from the Betty Ford Center Share Their Powerful Journeys of Addiction and Recovery".
She was the active Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Betty Ford Center, until 2005, when she gave that position to her daughter, Susan.

Edith Roosevelt
Edith Kermit Carow Roosevelt (August 6, 1861 - September 30, 1948), was the second wife of Theodore Roosevelt, the President of the United States. She acted as the First Lady of the United States from 1901 to 1909.
She was born in Norwich, Connecticut. Her parents were Charles (1825-1883) and Gertrude Tyler Carow (1836-1895). She spent her childhood in old New York City. As small children, Edith Kermit Carow and Corinne Roosevelt Robinson (younger sister of Theodore Roosevelt) played together. During childhood, she and "Teedie" (nickname of Theodore Roosevelt) were in and out of each other's houses.
Edith went to Roosevelt's wedding with Alice Hathaway Lee Roosevelt in 1880. Soon Alice Hathaway died. In 1885, Rooservelt married Edith.
Theodore Roosevelt and Edith were married in London in December 1886. They settled down in a house on Sagamore Hill, at Oyster Bay, headquarters for a family that added five children in ten years: Theodore Jr., Kermit, Ethel Carow, Archibald Bulloch, and Quentin. Throughout Roosevelt's intensely active career, family life remained close and entirely delightful.
After assassination of President William McKinley, Theodore Roosevelt became the President. Mrs. Roosevelt became the First Lady. She guarded the privacy of her family. Still she was an active First Lady. The White House became a social center of that time.
After her husband’s death in 1919, she spent more or less a retired life. She also traveled outside the USA. But, she always came back to Sagamore Hill as her home
In 1932, she briefly came out of her retirement. She gave a speech in support of Herbert Hoover’s re-election for the presidency of the United States. At that time, her nephew-in-law Franklin Delano Roosevelt was also a candidate for the post of the president of the United States. She died at her Oyster Bay home in New York on September 30, 1948, at the age of 87.

Lucretia Garfield
Lucretia Rudolph Garfield (April 19, 1832 - March 14, 1918), was the wife of James A. Garfield, the President of the United States. She was the First Lady of the United States in 1881.
Her birthplace is Hiram, Ohio. Her father’s name was Zeb Rudolph.
She first met James A. Garfield while both were attending a school. They renewed their friendship in 1851 as students of the Western Reserve Eclectic Institute. They married on 11th November 1858.
In 1881, Garfield became the President of the United States. The family moved into the White House. Even at the age of 49, she was slim and looked lovely. She was not very much interested in her role as the First Lady. But, she was a charming lady and hosted parties at the White House. In May 1881, she fell ill and was suffering from malaria. She was resting at Long Branch, New Jersey and was yet to become fit. At that time, she heard the news that someone had shot president Garfield, her husband. She rushed to Washington by train. On its way, the train met with an accident. She did not suffer any injury. When she reached Washington, she remained by the side of her husband. He could not remain alive and died after about three months.
After his death, she left for Ohio. There she lived for 36 years, and spend her time in arranging and caring for the records of her husband’s career. A part of her home became a library for presidential library of her husband’s papers. She died in Pasadena, California.

Biotechnology
Biotechnology is a technology or science based on biology, especially when this is used in agriculture, food science, and medicine. It is carried out by biotechnitions in a lab wearing labcoats.
Biotechnology is often used to refer to genetic engineering technology of the 21st century, however the term encompasses a wider range and history of procedures for modifying biological organisms according to the needs of humanity, going back to the initial modifications of native plants into improved food crops through artificial selection and hybridization. Bioengineering is the science upon which all Biotechnological applications are based. With the development of new approaches and modern techniques, traditional biotechnology industries are also acquiring new horizons enabling them to improve the quality of their products and increase the productivity of their systems.

Ida Saxton McKinley
Ida Saxton McKinley (June 8, 1847 - May 26, 1907), was the wife of William McKinley, the President of the United States. She acted as the First Lady of the United States from 1897 to 1901.
She was born in Canton, Ohio. Her father was James A. Saxton, who was a famous banker. He educated Ida and their sister well. After their schooling, they went to Europe on a tour.
Marriage & family.
She started to work as a cashier in a bank. In 1867, Major William McKinley came to Canton to start his work as a lawyer. Ida and William McKinley came to know each other, and they fell in love. They married each other. While her husband devoted time to his work and career, Ida devoted time to her home and husband.
She had a daughter on the Christmas Day of 1871. They named their daughter Katherine. She bore a second daughter in April 1873. At that time Ida was very weak and ill. The second daughter dies in August. Their first daughter also died in 1876. By this time, Ida had become very weak and an invalid.
In the meanwhile, her husband has become a Congressman. He them became a governor of Ohio. He always paid his attention to his wife and cared for her. She spent most of her time in a small Victorian rocking chair. This chair was with her since her childhood.
The First Lady.
When they entered the White House, Ida’s health was very weak. She took the role of the First Lady, but while seated in a blue velvet chair. She sat by the side of her husband during official dinners. The President kept a careful watch on her condition. At that time, very few people know of her bad physical condition. Only in recent years, people came to know of her bad physical condition.
Just after his second term as the President of the United States, an assassin shot William McKinley. McKinley at that time also remembered his wife’s weak condition. He told his secretary: “My wife…be careful, how you tell her; oh, be careful.”
After her husband’s death, Ida Saxton McKinley returned to Canton. Her younger sister cared for her. She visited her husband’s grave almost daily. She died in 1907. She lies buried by the side of her husband and their two daughters in Canton’s McKinley Memorial Mausoleum.

Ellen Louise Wilson
Ellen Louise Axson Wilson (May 15, 1860 - August 6, 1914) was the first wife of Woodrow Wilson. She was First Lady of the United States from 1913 until her death.
Early life.
Ellen spent her childhood in Rome, Georgia. Her father’s name was Reverend S.E. Axson. Her father was a Presbyterian minister. Thomas Woodrow Wilson first saw Ellen when he was about six and she only a baby. In 1883, as a young lawyer from Atlanta, "Tommy" visited Rome (Georgia) and met "Miss Ellie Lou" again. She was looking after her father’s household. He wanted to marry her. The marriage took place in 1885, as she did not immediately wanted to leave her father alone.
In the same year, her husband got a teaching job at Bryn Mawr College. They lived near the campus. She kept her younger brother with them. The Wilson couple had three children. Margaret was born in 1886; Jessie was born in 1887. A third child named Eleanor was born in Connecticut, while Wilson was teaching at Wesleyan University.
Beginning in 1890, her husband had a well-known career at Princeton University. This brought much social responsibility to Ellen. She spent most of her time painting. She had a studio in the White House where she painted.
First Lady.
The Wilson couple began their administration without any party. As the First Lady, Ellen’s entertainments were also simple. But her charms and warmness made the people happy. Her parties became successes.
As the First Lady, Ellen Wilson tried for improving the housing for the "Negroes" living in Washington D.C. She visited the slums where Negro families lived. This brought their bad living condition to the attention of the Congressmen.
Her death.
She had Bright's disease. She died on 6 August 1914. At the time of her death, she quietly said to the physician: "…take good care of my husband." She also told her physician to tell her husband to marry again after her death. Wilson was very sad at her death. He took her to Rome (Georgia) for burial. He would later marry Edith Wilson in 1915.

Edith Bolling Wilson
Edith Bolling Galt Wilson (October 15, 1872 - December 28, 1961) was the second wife of Woodrow Wilson. She acted as the First Lady of the United States from 1915 to 1921. Her husband had suffered a long illness. There were many things which the President was needed to do which he could not do. She helped him. Because of this, some people had called her "the Secret President" and "the first woman to run the government".
Early life.
Wilson was born in Wytheville, Virginia. Her parents were Sallie White and Judge William Holcombe Bolling. She was their seventh child, out of the total eleven children. Through her grandmother, she was a direct descendant of Pocahontas.
When she was 15 years old, she attended Martha Washington College to study music. She attended the second year at a smaller school in Richmond, Virginia.
Once when she was visiting her married sister in Washington, DC, Edith met Norman Galt. Norman Galt was a rich jeweler. She married him in 1896. For 12 years, she lived a good life in Washington D. C. But, she also faced some tragedies. In 1903, she gave birth to a son. The child only lived for a few days. The problem birth made her unable to have any more children. In 1908, her husband died. Edith Galt selected a manager to run the family’s jewelry business. The business continued to earn money.
Marriage and family.
In 1915, President Wilson and Edith Galt met each other. President Wilson liked her and asked her to marry him. They married on 18th December 1915. While asking her to marry him, President Wilson had said like a poet: "in this place time is not measured by weeks, or months, or years, but by deep human experiences..."
Their love and romance also created a lot of talks in the social circle. Once an article in a Washington newspaper was about the Wilson couple. It talked of the couple while they were seeing a play in a theater before their marriage. The article stated: "rather than paying attention to the play the President spent the evening entertaining Mrs. Galt." But, a printing error made it read like this: "rather than paying attention to the play the President spent the evening entering Mrs. Galt." The publishers called back the newspapers with the printing error. Still a few copies could not be called back. These copies are now very wanted items.
The First Lady.
Mrs. Wilson had all the qualifications to act as the First Lady. She began her role as the First lady. During this time, World War I started. This limited the social activities at the White House. In 1917, the United States also joined the war. Mrs. Wilson started helping her husband who was under a lot of pressure because of the war. She also went with him to Europe during the process of peace.
President Wilson returned from Europe. He spent much of his time trying to get the Senate’s approval for the peace treaty. He was also trying to get approval for an agreement to create the League of Nations. In the meantime, his health was getting bad. In September 1919, he suffered a stroke. He became partially paralyzed. Edith Wilson always stayed with him. She took over many common duties of the government and helped her husband in many official matters. At the same time, she sent many other official matters to the heads of departments or allowed them to remain them undone.
She also wrote a book. The name of the book is "My Memoir". Its year of publication is 1939. In this book, she said that her husband’s doctors had asked her to take up many responsibilities of her husband. Many historians do not agree with her views. Phyllis Levin, a historian had described her as "a woman of narrow views and formidable determination". He blamed her for many failures of the policies of the United States after the First World War.
Later life.
In 1921, the Wilson couple retired to live in Washington. After three years her husband, Woodrow Wilson, died. She continued to live in Washington. People liked her, and she became a respected figure in the high society of the capital. Some people say that she liked and admired younger men. She lived a long life and lived to see President John F. Kennedy's inaugural parade. She died on 28th December 1961, the 105th anniversary of her second husband's birth. At the time of her death, she was 89 years. This made her the third longest-lived First Lady after Bess Truman and Lady Bird Johnson, respectively.

Florence Harding
Florence Harding (August 15, 1860 - November 21, 1924) was the wife of Warren G. Harding, the President of the United States. She acted as the First Lady of the United States from 1921 to 1923.
Early life.
Her birthplace is Marion, Ohio. Her birth name was Florence (Flossie) Mabel Kling. Her father’s name was Amos Kling. He was a rich and successful businessman. She did a course in music.
When she was 19 years old, she ran away from her home along with her childhood friend named Henry De Wolfe'". No document is available to prove their legal marriage. But, the “common law” of Ohio covered such marriages. De Wolfe turned out to be a heavy drinker and he spent a lot of money. Florence bore a son to him. The son’s name was Marshall Eugene De Wolfe, also known as Marshall Eugene Kling. Soon after the birth of her son, she divorced De Wolfe in 1886. She returned to Marion, and started living there. She also started using her maiden name, that is, the name before her marriage. De Wolfe died when he was 35 years old.
She started to give piano lessons and started earning. However, her father did not like her daughter working and earning in this way. It was difficult for her to watch her son, and to give piano lessons. So she agreed to a proposal of his father. He gave her son to her parents to raise him. But, she continued to give piano lessons.
Charity (Chat) Harding was one of her students. She was the eldest sister of Warren G. Harding. Harding was the young publisher of the town’s only newspaper named Marion Daily Star. Now, this paper’s name is the Marion Star. Florence became closer to Warren G. Harding. The two married in 1891. The couple did not get any children of their own. But, Florence’s son Marshall Eugene De Wolfe sometimes lived with them.
Florence started to help her husband and his newspaper. Once she told: "I have only one real hobby - my husband." The newspaper’s circulation grew. Harding was also rising in politics of Ohio. He became a senator of the United States. In 1920, he won the US presidential elections.
The First Lady.
When the Harding couple moved into the White House, she opened the grounds to the public. Earlier, due to the illness of President Woodrow Wilson the grounds and the mansion had been closed. In 1920, she suffered kidney problems. But, still she continued as an active First lady.
In the summer of 1923, the Harding couple started on their nationwide "Voyage of Understanding". During this journey, the President died in San Francisco, California in August 1923.
The later years.
After the death of her husband, she tried to make a new life for her. She wanted to live in Washington for some time. However, her kidney problems increased. She returned to Marion for treatment and recovery. The treatment continued for months but could not save her life. She died on 21st November 1924.
She lies buried along side her husband in the Harding Memorial in Marion, Ohio. Many historians think this be the most beautiful of Presidential Tombs in the United States.

Lou Henry Hoover
Louise "Lou" Henry Hoover (March 29, 1874 - January 7, 1944) was the wife of Herbert Hoover, the President of the United States. As the wife of the president, she acted as the First Lady of the United States from 1929 to 1933.
Early years.
Her birthplace is Waterloo, Iowa. Her parents were Charles D. Henry and Florence. She spent her first ten years of her life at Iowa. Then, her father thought that the climate of southern California would be good for the health of Florence, his wife. The family came to live in Whittier, California. The place was later the childhood home of President Richard Nixon.
Her father, Charles Henry took her on camping trips. She became a very good horsewoman. She also hunted. She also developed interest for rocks, mineral, and mining.
She studied in two schools and got a certificate in teaching. Then she came to study at the Stanford University in 1894. She completed her course and became the first woman in Stanford's geology department. There she had met in a laboratory Herbert Hoover, her senior at the University.
Marriage & family.
Lou and Herbert Hoover married in 1899. Once Herbert Hoover said that her blue eyes and broad grins had attracted him.
The newlywed couple went to China where her husband became famous as a mining engineer. He also worked in many other countries and places of the world: for examples, in places in Ceylon, Burma, Siberia, Australia, Egypt, Japan, and Europe.
She had two sons: Herbert Charles Hoover (August 4, 1903 - July 9, 1969) and Allan Hoover(July 17, 1907 - November 4, 1993).
Her husband, Herbert Hoover earned a lot of fame after the First World War. He became famous for his good work in managing emergency relief programs. She lived with him, but sometimes spent time with her two sons in California. In 1919, the couple started constructing a house at Palo Alto, California. By this time, her husband became United States Secretary of Commerce. The couple lived in Washington for eight years. She did well socially as a wife of the Cabinet Secretary. She also took an active role in the Girl Scouts of the USA. She also served as the president of the Girl Scouts of the USA.
The First Lady.
In 1929, the Hoover couple came to live into the White House. Lou Henry Hoover had a long experience as wife of a famous man who had worked in the United States and in many foreign countries. She started her role as the First Lady. She was charming and dressed handsomely. She did it very well all through the term of her husband as the President. However, during this period, the Hoovers broke a tradition. On the New Year’s Day of 1933, they were away from the White House. Thus, they were not present to greet the public personally. Their absence ended the tradition of the President and the First Lady greeting the public on the New Year’s Day.
Retired life.
In 1933, the Hoovers couple retired to Palo Alto. But, they also kept an apartment in New York. Mrs. Hoover died on 7th January 1944 at the age of 69. She died of a heart attack. After her death, Mr. Hoover came to know of many gifts given by his wife. She had helped many boys and girls to get education. Mr. Hoover described her as: "a symbol of everything wholesome in American life."
Now, their house in Palo Alto is the official residence of the President of Stanford University. The house is one of the National Historic Landmarks. Lou Henry Hoover Elementary School in Whittier (built in 1938) bears her name in her honor. Her statue stands at the place where her childhood home was at Waterloo, Iowa.

Eleanor Roosevelt
Anna Eleanor Roosevelt (October 11 1884 - November 7 1962) was the wife of Franklin D. Roosevelt, the President of the United States. She was the First Lady of the United states from 1933 to 1945.
She was also a political leader in her own right. She used her position as First Lady of the United States, from 1933 to 1945 to talk about the New Deal. She also supported the American Civil Rights Movement. After the death of her husband in 1945, she started her career, as an author, speaker and spokesperson for human rights. She became a new role model for First Lady. President Harry S. Truman called her the "First Lady of the World", in honor of her many travels to help promote human rights.
Background.
Her birthplace is 56 West 37th St. New York City, New York. Her parents were Elliott Roosevelt I and Anna Hall Roosevelt. Two brothers followed young Anna Roosevelt. The Roosevelt family was completed with the addition of Elliott Jr. (1889-1893) and Hall Roosevelt (1891-1941).
She was a favorite niece of Theodore Roosevelt, one of the Presidents of the United States.
Her family was a descendant of Claes Martenszen van Rosenvelt. He had came to New Amsterdam, Manhattan from the Netherlands in the 1640s. His grandsons, Johannes and Jacobus, began two branches of the Roosevelt family. Descendants of Johannes were Roosevelt family of the Oyster Bay, New York. Descendants of Jacobus were Roosevelt family of Hyde Park, New York. Eleanor was a descendant of the Johannes branch. Her future husband, Franklin was descended from the Jacobus branch.
Theodore Roosevelt, one of the Presidents of the United States, was her uncle. He was like a father to Eleanor, the future First Lady. Anna Eleanor liked to use the name Eleanor, using her name as Anna Eleanor only in official papers and for signing bank checks. From her mother side, she was a descendent of William Livingston, a signer of the U.S. Constitution.
Childhood.
Her parents died early. After this, her maternal grandmother, Marry Ludlow Hall (1843-1919) raised her. She spent her childhood in Tivoli, New York. Most of her mother’s family members look down at her, perhaps because she was having plain looks and a six-foot tall frame. Even her Hyde Park Roosevelts, including her future mother-in-law, Sara Delano Roosevelt, would remark to her about the Manhattan Roosevelts: "we got all the looks and the money."
In recent times, allegations have surfaced that in her maternal grandmother’s home, she felt insecure. Many male members used to consume a lot of drinks. Once when she was visiting her aunt Bamie Roosevelt (sister of Theodore Roosevelt), she broke down and in tears exclaimed, "I have no real home."
Aunt Bamie was very helpful. She tried to find better educational opportunities for her. She arranged that Eleanor go to England for education, and Eleanor readily agreed.
Education.
Eleanor received encouragement from Bamie Roosevelt, sister of Theodore Roosevelt, to get a good education. She went to London, and started her studies in a girls’ boarding school at Allenswood, outside London. She studied there from 1899 to 1902. Mademoiselle Marie Souvestre was her headmistress. Later Eleanor would recall that Souvestre was one of the three main persons to influence her life.
During summers, Eleanor visited Europe along with her headmistress, Souvestre. She also studied history, language and literature. She became interested in social justice, and her studies gave her knowledge and confidence to present her views on many issues. One of her great moments at her school at Allenswood was when she made the field hockey team. She was one of the favorite students of the school, and when she returned to the USA, the school missed her.
Eleanor and FDR.
In 1902 Eleanor and Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR) met. He was a student at Harvard. They started meeting each other. They got engaged in November 1903. However, FDR’s mother was against their marriage. She event sent FDR on a long tour to delay the marriage, and change FDR’s mind. However, on 17th March 1905, FDR and Eleanor married. The day was St. Patrick’s Day. President Theodore Roosevelt took the place of his brother to give away her in marriage.
Even after the marriage, Eleanor’s mother-in-law, continued to advise (and perhaps interfere) in the young couple’s life.
Eleanor Roosevelt felt bad about her children's unsuccessful private lives. Sometimes, during arguments with his adult son, she would comment that she "would be better off dead" and competing with them and overshadowing them.
After her husband’s death in 1945, Eleanor Roosevelt continued to live on the Hyde Park Estate, in Val-Kill. Her husband her remodeled the house near their main house. This house gave her privacy, which she had wanted for years. Her husband had remodeled this place for her. It was near their main house. Originally built as a small furniture factory for Val-Kill Industries, it afforded Eleanor a level of privacy that she had wanted for many years. Here, she would sometime hold informal gathering to entertain her friends.
First Lady.
She started her role as the First Lady from 1933 with the beginning of her husband’s first term as the President of the United States. Eleanor was an active First Lady with her own ideology on many issues.
She supported the American Civil Rights Movement (1896-1954) and rights of the African-American. However, her husband needed the support of Democrats of southern states of the USA. Therefore, he was not vocal about the American Civil Rights Movement. Eleanor became his connection to the African-American population instead, helping Franklin Roosevelt to win a lot of votes.
In 1939, the African-American opera singer Marian Anderson did not get permission to perform at a particular place known as the Constitution Hall in Washington. Eleanor arranged for Anderson to perform on the steps of another important place named Lincoln Memorial, to a live audience of 70,000. Millions of people listened to this on the radio.
World War II.
During the Second World War, Eleanor Roosevelt remained very active. Once she also co-chaired a committee on civil defense. She visited many places, both civilian and military, to boost war morale. She especially supported African Americans and women.
During the Second War, her husband, as the President of the United States, signed an order named Executive Order 9066. This order confine in special camps about 110,000 American citizens of Japanese descent. Eleanor opposed her husband's decision to sign this order.
For some period, she was earning $1,000 a week for advertising for the Pan-American Coffee Bureau. Eight foreign governments used to support and fund the Bureau. The US State Department tried to cancel the deal, but could not do so.
Postwar Politics.
After the Second World War, she along with René Cassin, John Peters Humphrey and others, drafted a declaration for the United Nations: UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights. She also served as the first chairman of the U.N. Human Rights Commission. On 10th December 1948, the UN General Assembly adopted the declaration. This made her very famous, and was a great achievement for her.
For about four decades, beginning from 1920s until her death in 1962, Eleanor continued her association with political matters. She opposed the Equal Rights Amendment. She thought that this amendment would prevent the US Congress from passing other rules for protection of women workers.
The Catholic issue.
In July 1949, her unsure attitude toward American Catholics caused a public debate with Francis Cardinal Spellman, the Catholic Archbishop of New York. Eleanor had written against certain proposals like funding of certain (nonreligious) activities, such as bus transportation for students, of Catholic schools. Spellman pointed out that the Supreme Court had recently upheld such provisions. He also accused her of anti-Catholicism. Most Democrats rallied behind Eleanor Roosevelt and supported her. Spellman came to Eleanor's Hyde Park home to bridge their differences.
In any case, Eleanor was never as popular among Catholics as her husband. They were also not happy at Eleanor’s support birth control movement. They had also resented her prewar (before the Second World War) sponsorship of the American Youth Congress, in which the Communists had been heavily represented, but Catholic youth groups were not represented.
NY & national politics.
In 1954, Carmine DeSapio campaigned against Eleanor's son, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Jr., during the New York Attorney General elections. Franklin (Jr.) lost. Eleanor held DeSapio responsible for her son's defeat. She became disgusted with the political conduct of DeSapio through the rest of 1950s. She, joined with her old friends like Herbert Lehman and Thomas Finletter, succeeded in removing DeSapio from power in 1961.
Eleanor Roosevelt was a close friend of Adlai Stevenson. She supported his candidacies in the 1952 and 1956 presidential elections. She backed Stevenson once again in 1960 but John F. Kennedy received the presidential nomination.
In 1964, Eleanor Roosevelt helped in founding of the 2,800 acre Roosevelt Campobello International Park on Campobello Island, New Brunswick. This followed a gift of the Roosevelt summer estate to the Canadian and American governments.
Mother-in-law.
Sara Delano Roosevelt was her mother-in-law. Even before Eleanor married FDR, She did not have a good relationship with Sara Delano. Biographers and historians still continue to discuss the issue and the reasons for their difficult relationship. However, in early years of her marriage, Eleanor valued suggestions from her mother-in-law until she herself could develop confidence in domestic matters.
Perhaps Sara wanted great success for her son, FDR, in all matters of life, including marriage. She had always given her affection to FDR to the extent of spoiling her. She even gave costly gifts to FDR and Eleanor’s children. Sometimes, Eleanor had problems, which came with such costly gifts of her mother-in-law.
Oyster Bay Roosevelts.
Eleanor always enjoyed the good graces of her uncle Theodore Roosevelt, the main figure of the Oyster Bay Roosevelts. However, she found her at odds with her cousin Alice Roosevelt. Alice was a daughter of Theodore Roosevelt. Uncle Theodore felt Eleanor's conduct more responsible, socially acceptable and cooperative than her own daughter Alice. Alice was beautiful and highly photogenic, but a rebellious person. Sometimes Theodore Roosevelt would tell her: "Why cannot you be more like 'cousin Eleanor'?" These experiences laid a life-long unhappy relationship between two high profile cousins.
With the rise in the political career of FDR, relationship between Eleanor and Oyster Bay Roosevelts perhaps became worse. There would be comments by "cousin Alice," such as her later description of FDR as "two-thirds mush and one-third Eleanor". However, at FDR’s presidential inauguration in 1933, invitations went to Alice to attend along with her brothers Kermit Roosevelt and Archibald Roosevelt. Eleanor was close to her cousins, Kermit Roosevelt and Archibald Roosevelt
A controversy.
The married life of Eleanor and FDR seemed to be free of problems. Many biographers and historians, however, believe that Eleanor was bisexual. She became friendly with Lorena Hickok. Lorena was a correspondent of the Associated Press. She conducted many interviews of Eleanor. Many rumors arose about their lesbian relationship.
Her family members refuted all such claims. Her son James Roosevelt maintained that his mother "did not know what a homosexual was" and believed that his mother, who grew up in the Victorian era, often used a tones that could seem overly affectionate, which lead to her statements being misconstrued. Her cousin Alice, with whom she had not very happy relations, also refuted any such claims. Once she stated loudly in a fashionable restaurant, "I do not care what they say. I simply cannot believe that Eleanor Roosevelt is a lesbian." Eleanor Roosevelt Seagraves, a grand child of Eleanor stated in recent years that her grandmother Eleanor did indeed love Hickok but determined to remain celibate in the years following her husband's affair.
In recent years, some evidences indicate her relationship with at least one man, her longtime bodyguard Earl Miller.
Death.
In 1961, all volumes of her autobiography were compiled into "The Autobiography of Eleanor Roosevelt". However, it will be printed some 45 years later.
Eleanor Roosevelt survived her husband by nearly 20 years. From 1919, she had suffered from bone marrow tuberculosis. It had recurred from time to time.
She died on the evening of 7th November 1962 at her apartment in Manhattan, New York City. At the time of her death, she was only 78 years old. She lies buried next to her husband, Franklin D. Roosevelt in Hyde Park, New York. People liked her so much that a commemorative cartoon published at the time simply showed two angels looking down towards an opening in the clouds with the caption "She's here", since no introduction was needed and people could understand that “she” meant Eleanor Roosevelt.
Eleanor Roosevelt kept a life long strong loyalty with Theodore Roosevelt ("Uncle Ted"). Her belongings included her membership card for the Theodore Roosevelt Association.
In 1968 she received the United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights. After her death, there was an unsuccessful move to award her Nobel Peace Prize.

Mamie Eisenhower
Mamie Geneva Doud Eisenhower (November 14, 1896 - November 1, 1979) was the wife of General Dwight D. Eisenhower, the President of the United States. She acted as the First Lady of the United States from 1953 to 1961. They had married on 1st July 1916.
Early life.
Her birthplace is Boone, Iowa. Her father was John Sheldon Doud. He became very rich after earning much money in meatpacking industry. For sometime, Doud family lived in Pueblo, Colorado. Then the family settled Denver, Colorado. There Mamie and her three sisters grew in a big house. The family had many servants.
Marriage and family.
In 1915, Mamie met Dwight D. Eisenhower. At that time, he was a young second lieutenant. On St. Valentine's Day in 1916 he gave her a ring as token of their engagement. On 1st July 1916, they married.
Their first son, Doud Dwight, was born in 1917. He died in 1921 of scarlet fever. A second son, John Eisenhower was born in 1922. He became an author, and also served as a U.S. ambassador to Belgium.
Their life was like any other family of army officers – moving from one place to another. Mamie once estimated that in 37 years, they shifted to at least 27 places. They lived in many places in the United States. They also lived near Panama Canal; in France; and in Philippines.
During the Second World War, “Ike” continued to rise in the army. She lived in Washington DC. After the Second World War, her husband became president of the Colombia University. They bought a farm at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. It was the first home they had ever bought. Before becoming President of the United States, her husband also served as the commander of the of North Atlantic Treaty Organization
The First Lady.
She was the First Lady for about eight years, from 1953 to 1961. She was a popular First Lady. She was a charming lady. She wore pretty dresses and jewelry. Many leaders from different countries came to the White House. They received a very good welcome.
Later life.
After retirement of her husband as the President of the United States, Mamie and her husband returned to Gettysburg. They lived there eight years retirement together. In 1969, her husband died. Mamie continued to live on the farm. She died on 1st November 1979. At the time of her death she was 82 years old. Her grave lies by the side of her husband’s grave in a small chapel. The chapel is a part of the Eisenhower Library in Abilene, Kansas.
Trivia.
In fact, Mamie was not a very good cook. But, her fudge had become famous. Her husband, Ike enjoyed the fudge. He and many people named this fudge as Mamie's Million Dollar Fudge. In many meals served at the White House, the fudge was a part. Many magazines and newspapers printed the recipe to prepare the fudge.
Popular culture.
A park in southeast Denver (Colorado) bears her name.

Lady Bird Johnson
Lady Bird Johnson, (born December 22, 1912, died July 11, 2007), was the widow of Lyndon B. Johnson and was First Lady of the United States from 1963-1969. They were married on November 17, 1934.
Early life.
Johnson was born Claudia Alta Taylor" in Karnack, Texas. Her parents were Minnie Patillo-Taylor (1868-1918) and T.J. Taylor. There is a story about her nickname, Lady Bird. Once a nursemaid said about her, "She's as pretty as a ladybird.” This nickname continued, and people called her ladybird.
She completed her schooling from Marshall Senior High School in Marshall, Texas. After schooling, she studied journalism and art at the University of Texas at Austin.
The marriage.
On November 17, 1934, she married Lyndon Baines Johnson in San Antonio, Texas. They had two daughters. The names of her daughters are: Lynda Bird Johnson and Luci Baines Johnson.
When she was a child, she developed love for the nature. Due to her efforts, the government of Texas agreed to plant wildflowers on the sides of the roads in Texas.
The First Lady.
In 1963, a person shot John F. Kennedy, the President of the United States. Kennedy died after he was shot. At that time, Lady Bird Johnson’s husband, Lyndon B. Johnson, was the Vice President of the United States. Johnson became the President of the United States. Along with this, Lady Bird Johnson became the First Lady. She continued as the First Lady until 1969 till her husband retired as the President.
She was an active First Lady. She was the first First Lady to have a press secretary. Liz Carpenter, her fellow from the University of Texas, served as Lady Bird’s press secretary from 1963 until 1969. Carpenter also served as lady Bird’s staff director.
Later life.
Even after retiring as the First Lady, Lady Bird Johnson continued to live an active life. She gave her time to programs that were for nature. She founded a non-profit organization. The name of the organization is Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. The Center develops native plants of Americas and uses the same for cleaning up areas.
During 1970s, 1980s, and the early 1990s, Lady Bird Johnson was the most active presidential widow. During these years, Jacqueline Kennedy did not attend many functions, as she wanted to protect her privacy. However, with growing age, Lady Bird Johnson’s health became weak. She suffered two strokes: first one in August 1993, and the second one in May 2002. Her eyesight failed, and she could not speak. In February 2006, her daughter Lynda Johnson Robb informed people that her mother is now totally blind and that she "is not in very good health". Mrs. Robb said that she and her sister Luci Johnson Nugent still read to their mother and talk to her.
She was the only living Presidential widow from May 19, 1994 to June 5, 2004. This was the period between the death of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis and the day when Nancy Reagan was widowed. Lady Bird Johnson died on July 11, 2007. Lady Bird Johnson was 94 years old. She was the oldest First Lady alive until her death. She had even outlived Pat Nixon, who was First Lady after Johnson. Only one First Lady had lived longer: Bess Truman. Bess Truman had lived up to 97 years of age. Lady Bird Johnson, Bess Truman, and Betty Ford are the only three First Ladies to have lived over 90 years or more.
Trivia.
The United States Secret Service has protected her for decades until she died. No one else has had this protection as long as her.

Pat Nixon
Patricia Ryan Nixon (March 16, 1912 - June 22, 1993) was the wife of Richard Nixon, the 37th President of the United States. She acted as the First Lady of the United States from 1969 to 1974. They had married on 21 June 1940.
Early life.
Her birthplace was Ely, Nevada. Her birth name was Thelma Catherine Ryan. Her father’s name was William M. Ryan. Her mother’s name was Katherine "Kate" Halberstadt Ryan. Her ancestors from her father’s side were from Ireland. Her ancestors from her mother’s side were from Germany. Her mother was born in 1879 near Frankfurt, Germany.
Their family was not Catholic. But her father had got baptized as a Catholic, and perhaps returned to it shortly before her death. After her birth, her family moved near Los Angeles, California. They settled on a small truck farm in the city of Dairy Valley. Presently, the name of this place is Cerritos, California.
When Thelma grew and entered college, she legally changed her name to Patricia.
Pat's mother died in 1925. At that time, Pat was only 13 years old. She took over all the household duties for her father and two older brothers. In 1930, after months of illness, her father also died. At that time, Pat was only 18 years old.
During all these years, she worked on the family farm. She also worked in a local bank as a janitor and bookkeeper.
Early career.
In 1929, she graduated from Excelsior High School. For some time, she attended Fullerton Junior College. She worked in many jobs. Some of the jobs were the job of a driver, a X-ray technician, a pharmacy manager and a typist.
She had a will to continue her education. She studied at the University of Southern California. During her studies in the University, she did part-time jobs on campus. She also worked as a sales clerk in a fashionable department store and as an extra in the film industry. She can be seen in a brief walk-on in the 1935 movie Becky Sharp. Pat's efforts became successful. She graduated from the University of Southern California cum laude in 1937.
Patricia worked as a high school teacher in Whittier, California. Later, during World War II, she worked as a government economist.
Many persons have said about her: "Few, if any First Ladies worked as consistently before their marriage as did Pat Nixon." Once she had herself said: "I do or I die, but I never cancel out".
Marriage and family.
In Whittier, Pat Ryan met a young lawyer named Richard Nixon. He had just graduated from Duke University. The two became known to each other at a acting group. They also acted together in a play. They became closer and married on 21st June 1940 at in Riverside, California.
Richard Nixon served in the U.S. Navy during World War II. After the war, in 1946 Richard Nixon entered politics. He successfully ran for the Congress of the United States.
In 1946, she gave birth to a daughter Tricia Nixon Cox, called Tricia. In 1948, she gave birth to her second baby, Julie Nixon Eisenhower. The Nixon couple gave a lot of time and all the affection to their daughters despite official and other engagements.
Her husband, Richard Nixon rose very fast during next six years. He became a member of the United States House of Representatives, then a member of the United States Senate. Thereafter, he became the Vice President of the United States while Dwight D. Eisenhower became the President of the United States.
Pat went abroad along with her husband when he was the Vice President. On a trip to Venezuela, some people threw stones at their car and spat on the car.
First Lady.
The Nixon couple came to the White House in 1969. They started a tradition of inviting families to Sunday church services in the East Room of the White House. The President later discontinued these services due to concerns over the separation of Church and State. In short, separation of Church and the State says that religion and the government should remain separate from each other.
As the First Lady, she herself answered all her letters. Like Jacqueline Kennedy, she had an interest in adding artifacts to the White House. Her efforts brought about 600 paintings and furnishings into the White House Collection. Mrs. Nixon also arranged for a series of performances by artists at the White House. Among the guests were The Carpenters in 1972.
Pat Nixon went along with her husband to several other countries. Most important of such visits were to the People's Republic of China in 1972 and the summit meetings in the Soviet Union.
She went to Peru with materials to help the victims of an earthquake. She also went to Africa and South America as the Personal Representative of the president of the United States.
Pat Nixon had several other personal interests. She was an avid fan of soap operas, and 'Search for Tomorrow' was her favorite.
In August 1974, her husband resigned as the President of the United States. People say that while her husband was making his resignation speech, Mrs. Nixon was packing their things for moving out of the White House. They left the White House on 9th August 1974. They shifted to San Clemente, California to live.
Later life.
Her husband resigned as the President of the United States. With this, her public and social life ended. She did not appear in public often. She was a heavy smoker. Her heath became very weak. In 1976, and again in 1982, he suffered a stroke. She also got mouth cancer. She also faced problems in her spinal cord. In December 1992, when she was in a hospital, physicians found that she also had lung cancer.
She died at 5:45 am on 22nd June 1993 at age 81. Her husband and daughters were by her side. Her husband died about ten months later. She and President Nixon lie buried at the Richard Nixon Library and Birthplace in Yorba Linda, California. Her epitaph reads: "Even when people cannot speak your language, they can tell if you have love in your heart".

Nancy Reagan
Nancy Davis Reagan (born July 6, 1921) is the widow of Ronald Reagan, the President of the United States. She acted as the First Lady of the United States from 1981 to 1989. Before her marriage to Ronald Reagan on 4th March 1952, she had acted in many movies.
Early life.
Flushing, New York is her birthplace. Her name at the time of her birth was Anne Frances Robbins.The names of her parents were Kenneth Seymour Robbins and Edith Luckett. Edith Luckett was an actress. When Nancy was six years old, her mother married Dr. Loyal Davis. Dr. Loyal Davis was a neurosurgeon. Dr. Davis adopted Nancy as his daughter. She spent her childhood in Chicago, Illinois. She was also goddaughter of Russia-born silent film star Alla Nazimova. Nancy studied at Girls' Latin School and at Smith College in Massachusetts. From Smith College, she majored in theater.
Actress.
After her graduation, she became an actress. She acted in many plays and movies. One of them was the hit musical "Lute Song". She became famous as Nancy Davis. She performed in 11 films from 1949 to 1956. In a movie named Hellcats of the Navy (1957), she played opposite her husband. Her last film was 1958's Crash Landing. After this, she appeared in television dramas until 1962. After 1962, she retired as an actor.
In most of her roles in plays and movies, Nancy Davis played decent characters.
Marriage and family.
She met Ronald Reagan in 1951. At that time Reagan was the president of the Screen Actors Guild (SAG). Another actress with the same name (of Nancy) had appeared in a Hollywood blacklist. This name confusion had created problems for Nancy. Anyone with his or her name in the Hollywood blacklist was unable to get any work in any movie. As she would not get any roles due to the name in the Hollywood blacklist, she met Reagan to clear this issue. Over a period of time, they came closer to each other. They married on 4th March 1952 in Los Angeles, California. Nancy once remembered: "My life really began when I married my husband."
The Reagans had two children. She gave birth to a daughter Patti Davis on 21st October 1952, seven months after the couple's wedding. She gave birth to a son named Ron Reagan on 20th May 1958. Nancy Reagan is also stepmother to Michael Reagan and the late Maureen Reagan, the children of Ronald Reagan's first marriage to actress Jane Wyman.
California First Lady.
Ronald Reagan was governor of California for two terms, from 1967 to 1975. During this period, Nancy Reagan was the First Lady of California.
The officials of the fire department had described official residence of the Governor in Sacramento, California as a “firetrap”. She, therefore, shifted to a wealthy suburb. Some people thought the shifting as an arrogant step.
She was very active as the First lady of California. She visited war veterans, the elderly persons, and the handicapped persons. She also worked with many groups working for charity. One such program was the Foster Grandparent Program. She continued her association with the Foster grandparent program when she came to the Washington as the First Lady of the United States.
The First Lady.
When Ronald Reagan became the president of the United States in 1981, Nancy Reagan began her role actively as the First Lady.
In her early years as the First Lady, a private foundation purchased new dishware for the White House. The cost was $ 200,000. This attracted bad publicity, as the US economy was facing recession at that time. She also used expensive fashion. This also attracted bad publicity sometimes. However, once in 1982 at Gridiron Club, she dressed in ragged clothes and sang "Second-Hand Rose".. This lessened the criticism to some extent.
Nancy Reagan took close interest in the affairs of the White House. Some people believe that she exercised some influence over many matters, particularly during her husband’s second term as the President of the United States. People also remember her for conservative fashions copied by many women of her time. She was also against use of drugs by young persons.
She also got interested in astrology as the First Lady. She used the services of Joan Quigley who was an astrologer. In 1981, her husband faced an assassination attempt. This made Nancy rely on astrology and she tried to influence appointments and movements of her husband based on astrology. At that time the White House Chief of Staff was Donald Regan. He did not find this very useful. There was a struggle between Donald Regan and the First Lady. Donald Regan resigned in 1987.
In October 1987, physicians found that Nancy Reagan had breast cancer. She underwent an operation, mastectomy.
In 1991 Kitty Kelley wrote a book about her. The book’s name is "Nancy Reagan: The Unauthorized Biography". The book became very famous and sold many copies. The book gives certain details like the former First Lady's association with astrology and White House meetings with Frank Sinatra.
In 1983 Reagan, Henry Kissinger (former Secretary of State) and philanthropists Barbara and Marvin Davis, appeared in an episode of the very popular soap opera Dynasty (TV series). In addition, Reagan appeared as herself in an episode of the popular sitcom "Diff'rent Strokes" to underscore her support for her "Just Say No" anti-drug campaign.
Later life.
Nancy Reagan currently resides in Los Angeles, California. She spent much of her time caring for her husband who was suffering from Alzheimer's disease. He died on 5th June 2004. She requested President George W. Bush to support research in the hopes that such research would lead to a cure for Alzheimer's disease.
In 2004, Bob Colacello wrote a book "Ronnie and Nancy: Their Path to the White House, 1911-1980", published by Warner Books.
In 2005 she had gone to London to visit Margaret Thatcher and Charles, Prince of Wales. There she slipped in her hotel room and had to undergo treatment in a hospital.

Furniture
Furniture is the word that means all the things like chairs, tables and cupboards.
In other words, furniture are all the things that are in the house and that people can use to sit, to lie on or that are supposed to contain smaller things like cloths or cups. Furniture is made of wood, particle boards, leather, screws etc.

Rhythm
Rhythm is a word that refers to the length of each note in a piece of music.
A tune is made up of lots of notes. Some of the notes are longer than others. One can clap along with each note. That is the rhythm of the music.
“Rhythm” must not be confused with “beat” or “pulse”. The beat of the music is a regular pulse (like the regular pulse of someone’s heartbeat). Music may feel as if it is going 1-2-1-2 or 1-2-3-1-2-3 or 1-2-3-4-1-2-3-4. When we write the music down we put each group in bars (or “measures”). The first beat of the bar feels stronger than the others.
A conductor will beat time. The rhythm will fit in to this regular beat.
All musicians have to have a good sense of rhythm. To play or sing rhythmically they must keep a steady beat in their head (if playing alone), listen to the others players (if playing in groups) or watch the conductor (if there is one).
People who are playing on their own can practise with a metronome to help them to play to a steady beat. However, musicians also use rubato (rhythmic freedom), especially when playing music of a romantic nature. One has to learn to let the music “breathe” in the right way. This is not the same as playing unrhythmically (badly). It is something one learns with experience.
Sometimes the word rhythm is used in a more general sense to mean the general flow of the music, or of life in general ("the rhythm of life").

Necessary
If something is necessary, it is very important, otherwise something will be impossible, or it will not work as it should do. The opposite is unnecessary.
Something that is necessary is a necessity.
The "bare necessities of life" are things like food, clothes and shelter (things you need to keep alive).

Inheritance
Inheritance is the practice of passing on property, titles, debts, and obligations when someone dies. Inheritance has been very important in human societies for a long time.
If only sons and other male family members get the inheritance, it is called patrilineal succession. If only daughters and other female family members get the inheritance, it is called matrilineal succession.
The person who gets the property and other things when someone dies is called the heir.

Consonant
All the letters in the alphabet are either consonants or vowels. Consonants have friction when they are said.

Vowel
All the letters in the alphabet are either vowels or consonants. Vowels have no friction made when spoken. All words in the English language have vowels. In words like spy, sty, lynx, fly, etc. the vowel is a Y which can also be a consonant
In the word "yellow", y is a consonant.
In the word "happy", y is a vowel.

FC United
FC United are an English football team. They are from Manchester and were formed by fans when Malcolm Glazer bought Manchester United.
FC United of Manchester play their home matches at Gigg Lane, Bury. They play in the NWCFL Unibond Division 1. They have a First, Reserve and Under 18 team in the division.

Metronome
A metronome is a small object that can be used by people who are practising instruments to help them to play in time. It is also something a composer can use to show the performer what speed to play.
A traditional metronome works by clockwork. It has a pendulum which makes a loud tick as it goes to and fro, like the pendulum of a grandfather clock. It has to be wound up after a few minutes of ticking. There is a weight on the pendulum which can be slid up or down and set to a particular speed. There are numbers on the metronome to which you can set it. These numbers mean the number of ticks per minutes. A speed of 60 will make it tick 60 times a minute (i.e. every second). The numbers usually go from 40 (slow) to 208 (very fast). Nowadays many people use electronic metronomes. These are very accurate and often have other helpful things like an A to tune to (see musical tuning). Some of them are hardly bigger than a credit card.
The metronome was invented by Dietrich Nikolaus Winkel in Amsterdam in 1812. A man called Johann Maelzel copied Winkel’s ideas and improved them. He made a small, portable metronome which was patented in 1816.
The metronome made it possible for a composer to show the performer what speed he wanted. If the composer writes at the top of his music: Crotchet (quarter note) = 76, for example, then the metronome can be set at 76 and it will tick at the right speed for that piece of music. Sometimes they write "MM76". The "MM" stands for "Maelzel's Metronome". Beethoven was the first composer to use metronome markings, but he often gave very fast speed indications, and some people wonder whether he made mistakes or whether his metronome worked properly.

Lübeck
Lübeck is a city in the North of Germany, in the state of Schleswig-Holstein.
It has about 210,000 inhabitants and a university.
Most famous citizen is the poet Günter Grass, who won the Nobel Prize for Literature.
The city's full name is "Hansestadt Lübeck" (hanseatic city of Lubeck) in memory of its history, where it has been important part in the Hanseatic League. The architecture of the city and the region as well is influenced by this historic period.
As the Free City of Lübeck, the city was a state of the Weimar Republic
Other hanseatic cities today are: Hamburg, Rostock, Wismar, Stralsund, Bremen, Greifswald and Demmin.

Weimar
Weimar is a city in the middle of Germany, in the state of Thuringa.
It has about 60,000 inhabitants and a university.
Most famous citizens in the past were the German poets Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Friedrich Schiller.
The city is well-known for the Weimar Republic, too. It was founded in Weimar in 1919.

Augsburg
Augsburg is a city in the South of Germany, in the state of Bavaria.
It has about 260,000 inhabitants and an university.
It was founded in the Roman age. In the time of Renaissance (after Middle age) the bankers family Fugger from Augsburg became very rich and powerful.
A peace between Catholics and Protestants was signed in Augsburg.

Münster
Münster is the historical capital of Westphalia and belongs to now to the state of North Rhine-Westphalia.
It has about 270,000 inhabitants, an airport and an university.
Münster was very powerful in the Middle age and the Renaisance.
The Westphalian Peace was signed in Münster.

Nuremberg
Nuremberg () is a city in the German "land" of Bavaria, in Middle Franconia. It is on the river Pegnitz and the Rhine-Main-Danube Canal and is Franconia's largest city. It is located about 170 kilometres north of Munich, at 49.27° N 11.5° E. Population (as of 01/2006) is 500,132.
Middle Ages.
From 1050 to 1571, the city became very importance because it was on key trade routes. Many of the parliaments of the Holy Roman Empire (called the "Reichstage") met at Nuremberg Castle. The Diets of Nuremberg were an important part of the administrative structure of the empire. In 1219 Nuremberg became an Imperial Free City under Emperor Frederick II. This meant it was ruled by the Emperor, not one of the local lords or princes. It also meant that Nuremberg had a seat in the Imperial Parliament.
In 1298 there was a big "pogrom". Nearly 700 Jews were killed. The Jews lived near the river, and by getting rid of the Jews the northern and southern parts of the city could be linked together. This area is now the place of the City Market, Frauenkirche and Rathaus (City Hall).
Early modern age.
In 1532, the Peace of Nuremberg, gave Lutherans important concessions. In 1632 during the Thirty Years' War, the Imperial general Albrecht von Wallenstein besieged King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden in the Siege of Nuremberg. The city became less important after this war, and only recovered in the nineteenth century, when it grew as an industrial centre.
At the beginning of the nineteenth century Nuremberg was practically bankrupt. In 1806 the Holy Roman Empire was dissolved, and Nuremberg became part of the Kingdom of Bavaria, and Bavaria took over the city's debts. The first German railway, from Nuremberg to nearby Fürth, was opened in 1835.
Nazi period.
Nuremberg was very important during the Nazi Germany period. The Nazi Party held huge Nazi Party conventions – the Nuremberg rallies in the city.
The rallies were held every year from 1927 to 1938 in Nuremberg. After Hitler's rise to power in 1933 the Nuremberg rallies became huge state propaganda events, and a centre of anti-Semitism and other Nazi ideas. At one rally, Hitler passed the anti-Semitic (anti Jewish) Nuremberg Laws which took German citizenship away from all Jews. A number of buildings were built for the rallies, some of which were not finished.
Today many examples of Nazi architecture can still be seen in the city. The city was also the home of the Nazi propagandist Julius Streicher, the publisher of "Der Stürmer".
During World War II, Nuremberg was the headquarters of "Wehrkreis" (military district) XIII, and an important site for military production, including airplanes, submarines, and tank engines. A subcamp of Flossenbürg concentration camp was located here. A lot of the factories used slave labour.
The city was badly damaged in bombing World War II, especially between 1943 and 1945. On January 2, 1945, the medieval city centre was bombed by the Royal Air Force and the U.S. Air Force and about ninety percent of it was destroyed in only one hour, with 1800 residents killed and roughly 100,000 left homeless. In February 1945, more attacks followed. In total, about 6000 Nuremberg residents are estimated to have been killed in air raids. Despite this, the city was rebuilt after the war and was to some extent, restored to its pre-war appearance including the reconstruction of some of its medieval buildings.
The same courtroom in Nuremberg was the venue of the Nuremberg Military Tribunals, organised by the United States as occupying power in the area.
Economy.
Nuremberg city population is 501,000 inhabitants. Urban area had 763,000 inh. as of 2005. (Nuremberg UA:822,000 inh. as of 2008. est.). Nuremberg metropolitan area has 1,205,000 inh. Nuremberg is still associated with gingerbread ("Lebkuchen") products, sausages, and handmade toys. The first pocket watches, called "Nuremberg eggs", were made there in the sixteenth century. In the nineteenth century Nuremberg became the "industrial heart" of Bavaria with companies such as Siemens and MAN.
Things made in the area include electrical equipment, mechanical and optical products, motor vehicles, and printed materials.
Siemens is still the largest industrial employer in the Nuremberg region but a third of German market research agencies is also located in the city.
The Nuremberg International Toy Fair is the largest of its kind in the world. The city also hosts several specialist hi-tech fairs every year, attracting experts from every corner of the glob
Culture.
Nuremberg was an early center of humanism, science, printing, and mechanical invention.
The city contributed much to the science of astronomy. In 1471 Johannes Mueller of Königsberg (Bavaria), later called Regiomontanus, built an astronomical observatory in Nuremberg and published many important astronomical charts. In 1515, Albrecht Dürer, a native of Nuremberg, mapped the stars of the northern and southern hemispheres, producing the first printed star charts, which had been ordered by Johann Stabius. Around 1515 Dürer also published the "Stabiussche Weltkarte", the first perspective drawing of the terrestrial globe. Perhaps most famously, the main part of Nicolaus Copernicus' work was published in Nuremberg in 1543.
Printers and publishers have a long history in Nuremberg. Many of these publishers worked with well-known artists of the day to produce books that could also be considered works of art. In 1470 Anton Koberger opened Europe's first print shop in Nuremberg. In 1493, he published the "Nuremberg Chronicles", also know as the "World Chronicles" ("Schedelsche Weltchronik"), an illustrated history of the world from the creation to the present day. It was written in the local Franconian dialect by Hartmann Schedel and had illustrations by Michael Wohlgemuth, Wilhelm Pleydenwurff, and Albrecht Dürer. Others furthered geographical knowledge and travel by map making. Notable among these was navigator and geographer Martin Behaim, who made the first world globe.
Sculptors such as Veit Stoss and Peter Vischer are also associated with Nuremberg.
Composed of prosperous artisans, the guilds of the Meistersingers flourished here. Richard Wagner made their most famous member, Hans Sachs, the hero of his opera "Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg". Baroque composer Johann Pachelbel was born here and was organist of Saint Sebald church.
Nuremberg is also famous for its Christmas market, which draws well over a million shoppers each year.
Main sights.
The southern part of the old town, known as Lorenzer Seite, is separated from the north by the river Pegnitz and surrounded by the city walls on the south.
Railways.
Nuremberg was the first city in Germany to have a railway, and today Nuremberg Central Station is a stop for IC and ICE trains on the German long-distance railway network. Trains on the Nuremberg – Ingolstadt – Munich High-Speed line travel at up to 300-km/h. The line opened on May 28, 2006. It meant travel times to Munich were reduced to as little as one hour.

Military-industrial complex
The Military-Industrial Complex is the relationship between the military part of the government and the businesses in the country that make things for the military. Because the businesses make very much money, the people who own and work for the businesses seem to want the country to be at war because they make more money that way.

Organization
Organization (British English: Organisation) is the idea of putting things together in a logical order.
An organization is a group of people who are doing something together in an organized way.

Heidelberg
Heidelberg is a city by the Neckar river in the south-west of Germany in the state of Baden-Württemberg.
It has about 145,000 inhabitants and a well-known university.
The old town and the castle of Heidelberg are well-known tourist attractions of Germany.

Göttingen
Göttingen is a city in the north of Germany, in the state of Lower Saxony. It has about population of 136,000 people and an old university.

Trevor Hemmings
Trevor Hemmings is a millionaire businessman who lives in the Isle of Man. He who owns several race horses and the holiday company Pontins. He also owns Littlewoods, Blackpool Tower and has a £150 million stake in Scottish and Newcastle.
One of his horses, "Hedgehunter", won the 2005 Grand National at Aintree.

Karlsruhe
Karlsruhe is a city in the south-west of Germany, in the state of Baden-Württemberg.
Karlsuhe has about 285,000 inhabitants and a Technical University.
It is the seat of the Bundesverfassungsgericht (Federal Constitutional Court of Germany).

Wuppertal
Wuppertal is a city in the west of Germany, in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia.
Wuppertal has about 360,000 inhabitants and an university.
A well-known tourist attraction is the Wuppertaler Schwebebahn, a tram hanging at a steel way 10 m over the river-ground.

Bielefeld
Bielefeld is a city in the north-west of Germany, in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia.
Bielefeld has about 330,000 people living there and a university.

Maastricht
Maastricht (Limburgish: "Mestreech") is a city in the south of the Netherlands. It is the capital city of the province of Limburg.
Maastricht has an airport and a university.
The first settlement in that region was founded in the Stone age about 25000 years ago, the first permanent settlement was founded by the Celts about 500 B.C. Maastricht got City Rights in 1204. Since 1815, after the Napoleonic Wars, Maastricht belongs to the Netherlands. The European Contract of 1992 was signed in Maastricht.
History.
The first settlement was about 25000 years ago. Real permanent settlements (and not just Hunterer Gatherers) were founded at least as early as 5000 B.C. 4000 Years after that, the Celts built a settlement in Maastricht. They presumably worshipped a "River God".. A Roman city was built around 0 AD, making Maastricht the oldest city of the Netherlands (toghether with Nijmegen). In this time, Maastricht was called "Trajectum ad Mosam". This means "Road across the Maas". A Roman bridge in Maastricht connected the west with the east, making Maastricht a very strategic point. This bridge - located at Eksterstraat - collapsed in the 13th century, and was replaced by the famous St. Servaas bridge.
In the early middle-ages Maastricht was very important in the spreading of Christianity in the Netherlands. In the 4th century, the bishop St. Servaas was the first bishop in the Netherlands, and the Onze Lieve Vrouwekerk (which also is the oldest still standing building in the Netherlands) could be described as the root of christianity in the Netherlands. Servaas' remains are still kept in Maastricht in a tomb.
Maastricht received its City Rights fairly early, in 1204. It was of strategic importance during the Eighty Years War and the Napoleonic Wars. Therefore, Maastricht has two forts; "Fort St. Pieter" and "Fort St. Jan". Maastricht also had city walls. Remains of those walls can still be seen today (notably the "Helpoort" is one the few still standing City Ports).
In the beginning of the 20th century, Maastricht was an industrial city, with many factory's. Jan Pieter Minckeleers - a scientist from Maastricht - was the first to discover Coal Gas, making the first city lights available. In 1940, Maastricht was conquered by the German forces. However, many paintings were hidden in the caves at Sint Pietersberg - a steep hill in the south-west of Maastricht. Even De Nachtwacht was hidden there. Maastricht was liberated on 14 September 1944. In 1992 Maastricht was the host-city for the 1992 European Treaty, where the EU was officially formed and a decision was made about the Euro.
Topography.
Maastricht is located on both sites of the river Maas in the south-east of The Netherlands and the south-west of the province of Limburg. Maastricht lies in a valley, the Maasvalley, so hills surround the city. On the south-west of the city, the famous "St. Pietersberg" is located. On the western edge of the city, there's no space between the city and the Belgian border. On the east, there's the "Savelsbos" (a forest). Neighbouring municipality's are Eijsden and Visé (B) in the south, Lanaken (B) and Riemst (B) in the west, Meerssen and Valkenburg in the north, and Margraten in the east.
Traffic and public transport.
The city can easily be reached. There's a highway (A2; E25) running from the south to the north (within the Netherlands, this highway runs from Eijsden to Amsterdam). Another highway also begins in Maastricht, the A79 (going to the east). Maastricht has two train stations ("Maastricht" and "Maastricht Randwyck"). Trains are going to Amsterdam, Heerlen, Roermond, and Brussels (B). Plans are made to re-establish the old train route to Lanaken (B). If this connections is to be made again, Maastricht will be accessible from all directions by train.
A few kilometres north of Maastricht, there's the Maastricht Aachen Airport. That's the second airport of The Netherlands.

Utrecht (city)
Utrecht is a city in the Netherlands. It has about 290,000 inhabitants. and a university.

Groningen (city)
Groningen is a city in the North of the Netherlands.
It has about 180,000 inhabitants and a university.

Eindhoven
Eindhoven is a city in the south of the Netherlands. It is in the Noord-Brabant province. It has about 210,000 inhabitants and a well-known football team.

Nijmegen
Nijmegen is a city in the east of the Netherlands.
It has about 160,000 inhabitants and a university.

Leiden
Leiden is a city in the west of the Netherlands.
It has about 120,000 inhabitants and a very old university.

Apeldoorn
Apeldoorn is a city in the Netherlands.
It has about 160,000 inhabitants.

Tilburg
Tilburg is a city in the south of the Netherlands.
It has about 200,000 inhabitants.

Zwolle
Zwolle (Overijssel) is a city in the east of the Netherlands.
It has about 110,000 inhabitants.

Haiphong
Haiphong (Vietnamese: Hải Phòng, Chữ Nôm: 海防) is a city in the north of Vietnam.
It has about 400,000 inhabitants and a marine harbor.
About 1,700,000 people live in the district of Haiphong.
Haiphong is 120 km away from Hanoi.

Oldenburg
Oldenburg is a city in the north of Germany, in the state of Lower Saxony.
It has about 160,000 inhabitants and an university.

Braunschweig
Braunschweig is a city in the north of Germany, in the state of Lower Saxony.
It was probably founded in the 9th century. It has about 245,000 inhabitants and a technical university.

Kos
Kos is a Greek island, belonging to the Dedokanes island group in the Aegean Sea.
About 30,000 people live on Kos, 16,000 of them in the island capital Kos-City in the west of the island.
There is an international airport near Antimachia in the middle of the island and a sea harbour in Kos-City.
Kos Island lives on tourism industry, about 300,000 tourists take rooms on Kos every year and a lot of tourist take a one-day trip to Kos from neighboring islands or the Turkish coast. 17 km oversea lies Bodrum/Turkey.
On Kos have lived people since 15th century BC, may be longer.
Until the 4th century BC the capital of the island was in the west of it, near Kefalos. After an earthquake it moved to Kos City.
Later the hellenics, then the Romans and the Bycantinians got the island.
The Johannit Knights built great forts on Kos, in Kos-City and near Antimachia.
The Turkish took over Kos in 1523.
From 1912 to 1943 the Dedokanian islands belonged to Italy, from 1943 to 1945 the German, 1945 to 1946 the British ruled them. Since 1946 they belong to Greece.
Most important tourist attraction is the Askelepsion, an old temple for the Greek god Askelapsios. It was built between the 5th and the 1st century BC.
The physician Hippokrates was from Kos.

Crete
Crete is the greatest of the Greek islands.
Greatest cities are Heraclion, Chania and Rethymnon.
About 600,000 people live on Crete.
Crete has two international airports in Heraclion and Chania.
Capital of the island is Heraclion.
On Crete the Minoian Culture started in the 15th century before Christ.
The palace of Knossos is well-known and is a labyrinth.
An ancient city, Phaistos, is another important place for archeology, there they found a disk with a new kind of letters, called Linear A.
Crete lives on tourism industry and on agriculture.

Rhodes
Rhodes is a Greek island, belonging to the Dedokanes island group.
Greatetest cities are Rhodos-City in the north and Lindos in the south-east.
About 120,000 people live on Rhodos.
Rhodos has an international airport in Paradisi in the north, near to Rhodes-City.
First settlement were on Rhodos at the 16th century before Christ.
Rhodos was an important Fort for the Johannit Knights in their war against the Turkish invasion.
In 1644 the Turkish took over Rhodes.
1912 Italy won the Dedokanes from Turky, 1943 the German took them over, 1945 the British. Since 1946 the Dedokanian Islands belong to Greece.
Rhodes live mostly on tourism industry now.
History.
During antiquity, Rhodes was an ancient Greek state. Rhodes' people belonged to the Greek race of Dories. In those days there were three important towns in the island - Lindos, Kameiros and Ialysos. Later, during the fourth century B.C., Rhodes city was founded. Between the third and first century B.C. Rhodes was a powerful state. In the first century, Rhodes was conquered by the Romans. Later it came under Byzantine rule. In the middle ages, it was conquered by the Ioannites knights, who were crusaders. They built the big castles in the city of Rhodes. Later, it came under Turkish rule, Italian rule and in the year 1946 was united with Greece.

Tenerife
Tenerife is one of the seven Canary Islands. It is part of the province of Santa Cruz de Tenerife, the capital of the province being on the island. The other province in the canary Islands is Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. The flag adopted by the island is that of a white St Andrew's cross on a navy blue background this is due to St Andrew being the patron saint of the island.
Geologically it grew up from a volcano, the Teide. This volcano has had many violent eruptions over its very long history, the most recent of those eruptions took place in 1909.
Island capital is Santa Cruz de Tenerife, other important cities are Puerto de la Cruz, La Orotava and La Laguna, all in the north of the island.
The island is currently dependant on the tourism industry for much of its income.
Tenerife has two international airports, one in the north near Santa Cruz, one in the south near the centres of tourism in Playa de Las Americas, Costa Adeje and Los Christianos.
The biggest tourist attractions are the volcano Teide (top is more than 3,000 m above sea level) and the Loro Parque in Puerto de la Cruz.

Mallorca
Mallorca is the greatest of the Balearic Islands. About 800,000 people live on Mallorca. Palma de Mallorca is the capital of Mallorca. Palma has a population of 375,000. Mallorca has one international airport and one university. The island lives on tourism industry.
Other important cities in Mallorca are Calvià (43.499), Manacor (35.908), Llucmajor (29.891), Marratxí (28.237), Inca (26.504), Felanitx (16.566), Pollença (15.987), Alcúdia (15.897) and Sóller (12.521).

Huế
Huế is a city and a district in Central Vietnam. About 200,000 people live in the city of Huế. From 1802 to 1945 Huế was the capital city of Vietnam under the Nguyen Dynasty. Huế has an Medicinical University and is the seat of an archebishop.

Nha Trang
Nha Thrang (no diacritics) is a city with about 350,000 inhabitants in the middle south of Vietnam. Its name is spelled with no diacritics in the Vietnamese language. It lives on tourism and fishing industry.

Da Nang
Da Nang (Vietnamese: Đà Nẵng) is a city in central Vietnam.

Rostock
Rostock is a city in the north-east of Germany, in the state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern.
It has about 200,000 inhabitants (199,097 in June 2006) and an old university (founded in 1419). The town is located on the river Warnow. The mayor is Roland Methling.
Rostock is located on the Baltic Sea. It has an important harbor. A district of the city, Warnemünde, is famous for its long beaches.
The city today carries the name "Hansestadt" (Hanseatic city) in memory of its history, where it has been an important part of the Hanseatic League. The architecture of the city and the region is influenced by this historic period.
The most important football club of Rostock is F.C. Hansa Rostock. It is in the German Bundesliga.
Other major Hanseatic cities today are: Hamburg, Lübeck, Wismar, Stralsund, Bremen, Greifswald and Demmin.

Ingolstadt
Ingolstadt is a city in the German state of Bavaria near Munich.
It has about 120,000 inhabitants.
The automobile manufacturer Audi has its main base in Ingolstadt.

Jena
Jena is a city in the middle of Germany, in the state of Thuringia.
About 103,000 people live there. Jena has a university called Friedrich-Shiller-University.
Geography.
Jena partly lies in the middle hall valley between from mixed woodlands covered shelly limestone and sandstone slopes (geological phenomena are among other things the devil holes and the student chute). On them numerous partially rare Orchideenarten occurs. From north to south Jena is wide, and from east to west. The following larger cities are close to Jena: Gera, approx. east, Erfurt, approx. west, Weimar, approx. west, Naumburg (Saale), approx. northeast, is (Saale), to approx. northeast, Leipzig, approx. northeast and Chemnitz, approx. east, Rudolstadt, approx. south.

Paderborn
Paderborn is a city in the middle west of Germany, in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia.
It has about 145,000 inhabitants and a university.

Darmstadt
Darmstadt is a city in Germany, in the state of Hesse. It has about 140,000 inhabitants and a university. The chemical element named darmstadtium is named after the city.

Kassel
Kassel is a city in Germany, in the state of Hesse.
It has about 195,000 inhabitants and a university.
Every 5 years there is an international arts exhibition "documenta" in Kassel. The best football team KSV Hessen Kassel plays in the Regionalliga, the thirth Division in Germany.

His Holiness
His Holiness "(short form "HH")" is the official title to address (name) a leader of a religion. Catholics refer to the Pope using this style, while Buddhists use this when talking about the Tibetan Lamaist leader, the Dalai Lama.

Cottbus
Cottbus is a city in the east of Germany, in the state of Brandenburg.
Cottbus has about 105,000 inhabitants and an university.

Mönchengladbach
Mönchengladbach is a city in the very west of Germany, in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia.
It is 35 km from Düsseldorf and 15 km from the Netherlands away.
It has about 260,000 inhabitants and a well-known soccer team, Borussia Mönchengladbach.

Regensburg
Regensburg (czech "Řezno") is a city in the south of Germany, in the east of the state of Bavaria.
It has about 130,000 inhabitants and a university.

Mannheim
Mannheim is a city in the south-west of Germany, in the north-west of the German state of Baden-Württemberg.
The city was built in the Rhine River valley where the Rhine and the Neckar Rivers meet. The city of Ludwigshafen is on the opposite bank of the Rhine. Mannheim and Ludwigshafen together with Heidelberg and other cities make a big area called "Rhine-Neckar-Area" or "Rhein-Neckar Triangle". Nearly 2.4 million people live in this area.
About 305,000 people live in the city. Mannheim is the biggest city in "Rhine-Neckar-Area".
Mannheim has several universities. The city has a history of important transport inventions. The first automobile, tractor and draisine (or velocipede, as the earliest recognisable bicycles were called) were all made or presented for the first time in Mannheim.
During World War II almost all of the old city was destroyed. The houses were built again after the war. Year 2007 was the city's 400th birthday.
Mannheim is now an important city because of its business power and culture. It has very good transport connections, by road, rail and water.

Kaiserslautern
is a city in the south-west of Germany, in the state of Rhineland-Palatinate.
It has about 100,000 inhabitants, an university and a well-known soccer team.

Dordrecht
Dordrecht is a city in the Netherlands, in the province South Holland.
Dordrecht was founded in 1047 and got its City Rights in 1220.
In 1572 the Dutch Dukes under Willem van Oranien declared their independence from Spain in Dordrecht.
Actually Dordrecht has about 120,000 inhabitants.
It lives on the marine harbour, metal and food industry.

's-Hertogenbosch
's-Hertogenbosch () is a municipality in the Netherlands, and also the capital of the province of North Brabant. It is located in south Netherlands, some 80 km south of Amsterdam.

Razorlight
Razorlight are an Anglo-Swedish indie rock band. They formed in 2002.
Razorlight are best known for the songs "Golden Touch", "Somewhere Else" and "In the Morning".

Gran Canaria
Gran Canaria is one of the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean.
Capitol and biggest city is Las Palmas de Gran Canaria in the north of the island.
Economical centre of the island is in the south.
Gran Canaria lives - like most of the Canary Islands - mainly on tourism.
Especially the touristic centres Maspalomas and Playa Inglis in the south are very popular.
The climate is nearly constant. Bathing tourism and party tourists dominte the touristic branche.
The international airport is more north.
The administration of the Canary Islands is shared between Tenerife and Gran Canaria.

Bremerhaven
Bremerhaven is a city in the north of Germany, in the state of Bremen. It is where the rivers Weser and Geeste meet.
Bremerhaven has more than 115,000 people. It lives mostly on its marine industry. The city was founded in 1827.
A city called Geestemünde was founded in 1847 as a "rival" of Bremerhaven. Some villages around Bremerhaven are older.
Geestemünde and Lehe were joined together in 1927 to Wesermünde. Wesermünde and Bremerhaven were unified in the year 1939 to Wesermünde. After the Second World War the city was called Bremerhaven.
Bremerhaven was one of the important harbours of emigration in Europe. In 2005 a museum of emigration opened in Bremerhaven (the "Deutsches Auswanderhaus",)
Bremerhaven has a railway station Bremerhaven Hauptbahnhof that opened in 1914. It was in Geestemünde in 1862. It was the first railway station in the area.

Jamie Oliver
Jamie Oliver (born May 27, 1975) is an English celebrity chef. He has hosted many programmes. In 2005 he killed a lamb live on his TV show.

Neuss
Neuss is a city in the west of Germany, in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia. In the local dialect it is called "Nüss" or Neuß. Neuss has about 150,000 inhabitants. It is on the Rhine, opposite the big city of Düsseldorf.
Neuss was founded by the Romans about 2,000 years ago. The Romans called the town "Castra Novesia".

Oberhausen
Oberhausen is a city in Germany, in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, in the Ruhr Area.
Oberhausen has about 220,000 inhabitants.
It was dominated by industry like most towns in the Ruhr Area.

Gießen
Gießen or Giessen is a city in the German state of Hesse.
It is located north of Frankfurt. Giessen has about
73,000 inhabitants. The university of Giessen has about 20,000 students.
The German word "Giessen" means "to pour" in English, as "to pour a glass of water." The city is on the banks of the Lahn River, and it is surrounded by many lakes and streams.
Education.
Universities in Gießen are the "University of Gießen" and the "University of Applied Sciences Gießen-Friedberg"

Ludwigshafen am Rhein
Ludwigshafen on the Rhine is to Mannheim the second largest city of the Metropolregion Rhein-Neckar.
Ludwigshafen is independent of the local district government, but is administrative seat of the surrounding district.
Geography.
As one of the five upper centers of the country Rhineland-Palatinate Ludwigshafen forms the core of the European Metropolregion Rhine Neckar triangle together with its neighbour city of Baden-Wuerttemberg Mannheim. Further nearer-lying large cities are Heidelberg (about 25 km southeast), Karlsruhe (about 50 km south) and Mainz (about 60 km north).
Population.
The number of inhabitants of the city Ludwigshafen on the Rhine exceeded the 100.000 by the year 1925
It has about 160,000 inhabitants and lives mostly on the chemical industry.

Krefeld
Krefeld is a city in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia, near Düsseldorf.
Krefeld has about 235,000 inhabitants.

Zwickau
Zwickau is a city in the German state of Saxony.
It has under 100,000 inhabitants.

Anton Praetorius
Anton Praetorius was a German religious person and writer. He was born 1560 in the town of Lippstadt – he died 6 December 1613 near Heidelberg in Germany. He worked for the Christian Church as a Protestant pastor.
Life and writings.
Anton Praetorius was the son of Matthes Schulze. He later changed his name to "Praetorius".
Praetorius wrote a poem about the Heidelberg Wine Barrel in the Heidelberg Castle in city of Heidelberg in October 1595.
In 1596 he worked as a pastor in the church in Birstein near Frankfurt am Main in Hesse. There Praetorius worked for a prince and wrote church songs and books of religion in the year 1597.
Fight against the chase of witches.
Praetorius fought against torture and against the chase of witches. Some women were accused to be witches. People thought that witches can do harm to others. So these women were arrested and put in prison.
In 1597 Anton Praetorius protested against the torture of women accused of witchcraft.
Praetorius was so shocked about the torture of the accused woman that he demanded a stop. His protest was successful.
In 1598 he wrote a book to protest against torture and the prosecution of witches. The book was published again in 1602, 1613 and in 1629. Praetorius described the terrible situation of the prisoners and protested against torture.
Theological argument against witchcraft.
Pretorius was a Protestant priest. He believed that man can do either good or bad things. However, god predestines certain people to do certain things. Those things can be good or bad. According to Praetorius, witchcraft can only be a fall from the favour of god, and a pact with the devil. Buth neither the devil, nor sorcerers can do more than is in their nature (and predestination). God will punish those who are witches or sorcerers. This however, does not give human courts a right to put those to death, they believe are guilty of the crime of witchcraft. For Praetorius, witchcraft can not exist, because it is beyond the faculties of either man or the devil. It is also against Nature.

Hagen
Hagen is a city in the Arnsberg Government Region in the Ruhr area in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia in Germany.
Population.
It has about 196,000 inhabitants.

Hamm
Hamm is a city in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia. It is part of the Arnsberg Government Region
It has about 185,000 inhabitants.

Herne, Germany
Herne is a German city, in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, belonging to the Ruhr area. It is part of the Arnsberg Government Region
It has about 170,000 inhabitants.

Mülheim
Mülheim an der Ruhr is a city in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia, belonging to the Ruhr area.

Solingen
Solingen is a city in Germany, in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia. It is near to Düsseldorf and Wuppertal.
Solingen has about 165,000 inhabitants.

Europa (moon)
Europa is a large moon of the planet Jupiter.
Europa's diameter is about 3000 kilometers and its surface is covered with ice. Scientists think that under the surface the ice is molten and there is a liquid ocean, a so called subsurface ocean. Deep under the ice and the ocean Europa may have a core from rock.
The moon Europa was found by Simon Mauris in December 1609. Galileo Galilei also saw the moon in January 1610 without prior knowledge of Mauris's discovery.
The moon Europa is named after a woman from Greek mythology.

Keane
Keane are a modern rock band. They started in East Sussex in England. They are famous for using pianos and their little use of guitars in their music. They listen to artists like The Beatles, U2 and Oasis.
Tim Rice-Oxley and Dom Scott composed the songs that the band played from 1997 to 2001. When Dom left in 2001, Tim composed all the future songs.
Beginning (1995 - 2003).
Pianist Tim Rice-Oxley and singer Tom Chaplin were friends since they were kids. Rice-Oxley's brother was born on the same day and hospital in 1979.
They studied at Vinehall School and later at Tonbridge School. There, they met the other member of the band, Richard Hughes.
Tim made the band in 1995 with his friend Dominic Scott. They named the band "The Lotus Eaters". They changed their name to "Cherry Keane" in 1997, when Chaplin entered the band. Cherry Keane was a lady who served tea at Tim and Tom's school. The name changed again to "Keane". In an interview on 2006, Rice-Oxley said that the band was called Coldplay, but he gave this name to a friend (Chris Martin, of Coldplay).
Keane began playing songs by other artists, but soon they wanted to play their own songs.
Their first live performance (gig) was in 1998, at the "Hope & Anchor" pub (bar) in England.
They made 2 CDs and sold at the pubs where they played. Scott left the band in 2001. Tim wrote "Everybody's Changing" for this.
In December 2002, Simon Williams of Fierce Panda went to a Keane gig in and he offered to make the band's next and first commercial single (song), "Everybody's Changing".
The single was released on 2003.
Hopes and Fears (2003 - 2006).
After another single, in 2004, Island Records invited Keane to make a single with them. "Everybody's Changing" was made after "Somewhere Only We Know". An album was released in May and called "Hopes And Fears". The album was very successful and it was the second best-seller album of the year.
The album sold five million (5,000,000) copies. In 2006, they competed for a Grammy but they lost.
Under the Iron Sea (2006 - 2007).
Keane began recording their second album, "Under the Iron Sea", in 2005, with producer Andy Green.
The first two singles from the album were "Atlantic" and "Is It Any Wonder?". Now, the album has sold one million (2,000,000) copies in the world.
Perfect Symmetry.
Their third album is called "Perfect Symmetry". It will be sold since October 13, 2008.
Equipment list.
This is a list of Keane's equipment.

Tim Rice-Oxley
Timothy James Rice-Oxley (born June 2, 1976 in East Sussex England) is the English pianist of rock band Keane. He plays piano and Bass. He also writes the songs for the band. He took piano lessons which he hated. This because he had to play classic music and he thought it was boring. Later, he began playing the piano listening to The Beatles. In 2004, he won the Ivor Novello award for Best Composer of the year.
In 1995, his friend Dominic Scott told him to make a band. The band was called "The Lotus Eaters". They asked Richard Hughes to play the drums. Tom Chaplin would play bass. Rice-Oxley and Chaplin had been friends since they were children. In 1997, Rice-Oxley asked Chaplin to sing. The band changed its name to "Keane". When Scott left the band in 2001, Rice-Oxley started playing piano again and recording bass separately. He still does that.
Equipment List.
"Complete list: Equipment list"

Tom Chaplin
Thomas "Tom" Oliver Chaplin (born March 8, 1979) is the singer of the rock band Keane. He comes from Battle in East Sussex.
He went to Tonbridge school with his friend Tim Rice-Oxley. There they met Richard Hughes and Dominic Scott.
He was invited to join the band in 1997, when the name "The Lotus Eaters" was changed to "Cherry Keane".
When the band moved to London trying to get a record deal, Tom left his Art History studies at the Edinburgh University in 1999 to join the band.
With Scott in the band as the lead guitarist, Tom played the acoustic guitar. Since Scott left in 2001, he took the lead vocals, but also plays the keyboard on some songs. Since Scott left, the band haven't used guitars, with their debut album using only keyboards, drums and vocals.
He also took part in Band Aid 20's re-recording of Do They Know It's Christmas in November of 2004.

Somewhere Only We Know
"Somewhere Only We Know" is a song by English band Keane. It is their third single. The song is played using a piano, drums and bass. The song was the first single from the album "Hopes and Fears". The single was very popular in the United Kingdom and world wide.
Composition and recording.
"Somewhere Only We Know" was composed by Tim Rice-Oxley in 2001.
The song was first played on the guitar, just before Dominic Scott left the band. It was recorded as a demo the same year with piano instead of the guitar. Keane recorded the final version in 2003 at the Helioscentric Studios, East Sussex for the album.
Keane played this song at the historical concert Live 8 in London.
B-sides.
"Somewhere Only We Know" has been released two times as a single. Each time it had a different b-side.
Walnut Tree.
The lyrics of "Walnut Tree" talk about waiting for someone or something. Rice-Oxley has not talked about a real meaning to this. The song appeared on the " soundtrack.
Snowed Under.
"Snowed Under" talks about a place called "Manser's Shaw". This is a place where the band used to spent their days. It was inspired by a poem
"Snowed Under" was the only b-side played live during 2004, 2005 and early 2006.
Other versions.
Released March 26 2004
Released April 16 2004
Released July 19 2004
International version.
Keane comes out of a studio and takes a taxi. Then they come across a forest where the "simple thing" aliens live. Each alien represents the spirit of a tree. The video was directed by Colin Hardy.
United States version 1.
The video is the same without the "simple thing" aliens
United States version 2.
This video was made in May 29 2004 in Hollywood, California. It was directed by The Saline Project.

Under The Iron Sea
"Under The Iron Sea" is the second (2nd) album by rock band Keane. It was launched in June 2006.
There is a version with a bonus DVD. This includes videos and demo versions of songs.
The title of the album comes from the phrase "I lost my heart. I buried it too deep under the iron sea," of the eighth (8th) song, "Crystal Ball".
In its first week sold 222,297 copies. It was #1 in UK and #4 in US.
The album had sold 1,000,000 copies to date.
Song list.
Note: Some editions combine "The Iron Sea" with "Put It Behind You," with a length of 6:33.

List of songs by Keane
This is a list of songs of Keane. Keane is a rock band from England.
The songs are divided for easy consult.
Unknown songs.
These old songs were written by Keane. They haven't been heard as there are no recordings from them. They are known because the band had mentioned them.
Unreleased songs.
These songs weren't released but they are known for recordings. These recordings are on the internet.
Singles.
These songs had been recorded on CD Singles.
B-Sides not released on albums.
A b-side is a song included with a single on its CD.
"Under The Iron Sea".
This is Keane's second (2nd) album
"Perfect Symmetry".
This is Keane's third (3rd) album
Songs not yet released.
These songs haven't been released. In the future they will.
Cover versions.
These songs were written by other artists. Keane have covered them and some of them, recorded.

Everybody's Changing
"Everybody's Changing" is the first single by the rock band Keane. It was released two times. It was the first Keane CD to be sold in stores.
Versions.
There are two different versions of the song. The song was first composed in 2001 by Tim Rice-Oxley. The first version was recorded at Keane's home. The second one at the Helioscentric Studios in East Sussex.
Fierce Panda single.
In December 2002, Simon Williams of Fierce Panda Records saw Keane in a pub. He wanted to record one of their songs for the radio. The song chosen was "Everybody's Changing". They made a CD single and released it on May 2003.
Island single.
After Keane signed to Island Records, there was another single, "Somewhere Only We Know". However, they wanted to release "Everybody's Changing" again. This time it was released as an Island single. The record was released on May 2004
Information about songs.
The CDs for each version had one or two other songs on them.
To The End Of The Earth.
"To The End Of The Earth" was composed in guitar. A demo version played on guitar was also recorded. It was composed by Tim Rice-Oxley in 2000. The song was re-recorded for the single.
Fly To Me.
"Fly To Me" has been thought to be Keane's most beautiful song. Official sheet music for the song is found in the Wise Publication's book of "Hopes and Fears".
The Way You Want It.
"The Way You Want It" is a piano and voice song. It appeared on the Fierce Panda version. The song appears on the "Strangers DVD" as well.
Island Single.
Released May 3rd 2004
Holland, CD.
July 23rd 2004
France, CD.
March 21st 2005
UK, 3" Pocket CD.
July 19th 2004

Dominic Scott
Dominic "Dom" Scott {May 15, 1979) is an Irish guitarist. He is known for being the guitarist of the rock band Keane. In 1995 he asked his friend Tim Rice-Oxley to form a band. They named the band "The Lotus Eaters". They invited Richard Hughes to play the drums.
In 1997 Rice-Oxley asked Scott and Hughes to let Tom Chaplin join the band. Scott and Hughes firstly refused but then accepted.
Rice-Oxley also said in an interview in Mexico: "Dom is a great fan of U2 so maybe we'll met in New York" (Because Keane was the opening band for U2 in 2005).

Langeoog
Langeoog (Low German: Long Island) is an German Island in the North Sea.
Langeoog is about 10 kilometers long (from east to west), has a 14 kilometer long beach and covers an area of about 20 km². There are about 2000 people living on Langeoog.
Traffic.
Cars are not allowed to drive on Langeoog. People on the Island use bikes. The port and the village are linked with a small railway, the so called "Inselbahn" (Island's Rail). The Railway is about 2,4 kilometers long.
The harbour of Langeoog is quite big. It was build in World War II by the German Navy. Today the harbour is used by ferries, that connect Langoog with the harbour of Bensersiel on the coast. The Langeoog harbour is also used by sailors, some fihermen and the German Society for Rescuing Ship-Wreckers.
There is also a little airfield on Langeoog.
Landmarks.
The Landmark of Langeoog is the Water-Tower, that was build in 1909 on top of an dune near to the village.
Tourism.
Tourism is the main source of income for Langeoog's economy. There are several hotels. The youth hostel can be found several kilometers outside the village.

Shirt
A shirt is a kind of cloth which is made to cover the chest. Some shirts have sleeves, which cover the arms. T-shirts are a type of shirt which has smaller sleeves. These sleeves cover the shoulders. Shirts which do not have sleeves are sleeveless.
The basic measure are from XXXL (very large) (XXL XL L M S) to XXS used for industrial productions.
More accurate measure use the collar has indication from 37 cm (14 inc.)up to 50 cm.
Only taylor made take in consideration several measure for a more fitting shirt.

T-shirt
A T-shirt or tee shirt is a kind of shirt which has short sleeves. These sleeves cover the shoulders and the top of the arm, but they do not cover the elbow or the forearm. T-shirts are usually made from cotton fabric or fabric which contains a mix of cotton and polyester. T-shirts are usually considered a casual type of clothing. Both men and women wear T-shirts in Western countries, such as the United States,Canada, England, and France. In some countries, such as Muslim countries, women do not wear t-shirts outside of the home.

Sleeve
A sleeve is a piece of material which covers an arm. It is always a part of a shirt or another kind of clothing.

Taxi
A taxi (also called a taxicab or cab in the United States) is a form of public transport. People who want to go somewhere pay the taxi driver to take them where they want to go. (In most other ways of public transport, the rider does not choose the pick-up and drop-off locations. Taxis are usually used in larger cities.
History.
The first transport system like the modern taxi system started in Paris and London in the early 17th century. These were carts pulled by horses (carriages) and could be hired. The monarchies that ruled these cities controlled the amount of carriages. In the 19th century, Hansom cabs were mostly used because of their higher level of speed and safety.
The 1891 invention by German Wilhelm Bruhn of the taximeter (the familiar mechanical and now often electronic device that calculates the fare in most taxicabs) ushered in the modern taxi. The first modern meter-equipped taxicab was the Daimler Victoria, built by Gottlieb Daimler in 1897; the first motorized taxi company began operating in Stuttgart the same year.
Etymology.
Harry N. Allen, who imported the first New York taxicabs from France, coined the word "taxicab" as a contraction of 'taximeter cab'. In time, the shortened term "taxi" came into common usage. 'Cab' is a contraction of cabriolet, a type of horse-drawn carriage.
In turn, "taximeter" is an adaptation of the French word 'taximètre', which is a derivation of the German word 'taxameter', coined from Medieval Latin 'taxa' which means 'tax/charge' together with 'meter' from the Greek 'metron' meaning measure.

Eastbourne
Eastbourne is a town in the south of England. It is in the county of East Sussex. Eastbourne is a town on the coast of the English Channel. The nearest city is Brighton & Hove.
Geography.
Eastbourne lies next to chalk hills called the South Downs. The famous chalk cliff Beachy Head is in the town. Eastbourne's architecture and buildings are mainly from the Victorian and Georgian periods. Eastbourne has recently built a marina called Sovereign Harbour which makes the town bigger.
Census.
Eastbourne's population was approximately 93,630 in 2001.
Most jobs in Eastbourne are in tourism or tourism-related services.
Politics.
The MP for Eastbourne is Nigel Waterson of the Conservative Party. He has served as MP since 1992.
Eastbourne Borough Council has 27 members (called councillors). Currently, there are 15 Conservative councillors, 11 Liberal Democrat councillors and one independent councillor. The leader of the council is Councillor Ian Lucas.
History.
There have been people living in the Eastbourne area since 4000BC, but the town did not develop until around 1150AD. St. Mary's Church (now in Eastbourne's Old Town) was first built between 1160 and 1190. Eastbourne was strategically important during the Napoleonic Wars and had a Martello Tower built from 1804 to 1810. The tower is one of few Martello Towers that are still standing, and is now called the Wish Tower.
The town became much bigger after a railway station was built there in 1849. It joined Eastbourne to London, Brighton and the South Coast Railway. From 1858, William Cavendish, 2nd Duke of Burlington (later 7th Duke of Cavendish) invested a lot of money into the town. The elegant areas of Meads, Devonshire Park and the Western Parades were developed as a result of his investment. Cavendish's influence is recognised by many place and business names in Eastbourne, for example: the Cavendish School, the Burlington Hotel, or the Devonshire Park Theatre.
Eastbourne Pier was first built in 1865. It is a famous symbol of Eastbourne and today houses amusement arcades, a nightclub and a public house. It also has a rare, working camera obscura.

Sunburn
A sunburn is a kind of burn that happens when skin touches sunlight for too long. This makes the skin become red. A sunburn can be painful. Sunburns stay for days or weeks.
People with lighter skin have more sunburns than people with darker skin.

Antwerp
Antwerpen is a city in the north of Belgium. It is located at 51° 12 North, 04° 24 East.
It is the capital of the province with the same name.
In 2007 it had 466203 inhabitants

Trieste
Trieste is a city in the north-east of Italy in the region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia. The population is 207.069 ab. (2004). Trieste is important because of its shipbuilding industry, science parks, universities and history.

Offenbach
Offenbach is a city in the German state of Hesse.
It lies on the river Main near Frankfurt am Main. The city has a population of about 120,000 people. The "Deutscher Wetterdienst" (German weather service) is located in Offenbach.
Economy.
Until the early 1970s the economy of Offenbach was mainly the machine-building and leather industries. The city is the home of the German Association for Electrical, Electronic and Information Technologies until today.

Heilbronn
Heibronn is a city in the German state of Baden-Württemberg.
It has about 120,000 inhabitants.

Hildesheim
is a city in the German state of Lower Saxony.
It has about 110,000 inhabitants.

Pforzheim
Pforzheim is a city in the German state of Baden-Württemberg.
It has about 120,000 inhabitants.

Recklinghausen
Recklinghausen is a city in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia, belonging to the Ruhr area. It has about 120,000 inhabitants.

Wolfsburg
Wolfsburg is a city in the German state of Lower Saxony.
It has about 120,000 inhabitants. The automobile company Volkswagen has its main office in Wolfsburg.

Bergisch Gladbach
is a city in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia.
It is near to Cologne and has about 110,016 inhabitants.

Erlangen
Erlangen is a German city in the state of Bavaria.
It has about 103,000 inhabitants.
Erlangen is near to Nuremberg ("Nürnberg"). Both cities share the University Erlangen-Nürnberg.

Gera
Gera is a city in the east of Germany, in the state of Thuringia.
It has about 105,000 inhabitants.

Remscheid
Remscheid is a city in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia.
It has about 115,000 inhabitants.

TinyIRC
TinyIRC is a console based Internet Relay Chat client for GNU based systems.
There is also an unrelated package of the same name for Microsoft Windows and Mac OSX that you can use to chat on. It is famous for claiming to be the smallest client ever made. However, the aforementioned TinyIRC for GNU based systems is less than half the size. It is shareware, meaning that you get to use it for 30 days, then have to pay money to continue using it.

Undernet
Undernet is an Internet Relay Chat network that was made in 1992. It has many channels, but there are few limits to what kind of channels can be made.

Advanced Micro Devices
AMD (Advanced Micro Devices) is a large American company that makes computer hardware. It is one of the biggest computer companies in the world. It makes many different computer parts, but it is most famous for its central processing units, or CPUs. Today's most common CPU made by AMD is the Athlon 64. It started as a company that made products for Intel, another large hardware company.

Illinois Institute of Technology
The Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT) is a private university in Chicago, Illinois, United States. It is one of the best universities in the United States. U.S. News & World Report, a magazine, puts it at number 97. Most students of this university focus on science or technology as their major, or subject they study most. IIT was created in 1940.

Hermann Minkowski
Hermann Minkowski (June 22, 1864 – January 12, 1909 in Göttingen) was a German mathematician. He was one of Albert Einstein's teachers.

Certificate of deposit
A certificate of deposit (CD) is a way to store money at a bank or credit union. A CD is written for a period of time: usually between three months and five years. The person who wanted the CD—the consumer—agrees to give the money to the bank for that period of time and may not take the money back until the time has expired. If the consumer takes the money back before the agreed amount of time, they will have to pay a penalty fee. Once your contract is over, you are given your money back plus the interest it earned. People open CDs instead of savings accounts because the interest is higher. A certificate of deposit (which is common only in the United States) is similar to a time deposit.

Cousins Subs
Cousins Subs is a "sub" shop that makes submarine sandwiches. It was created in the 1970s in Wisconsin.
They opened their first restaurant in Milwaukee, at 60th Street and Silver Spring Drive. It closed after several years of success. The oldest Cousins Subs is on the corner of Brady Street and Farwell Avenue in Milwaukee.

Robert Walpole
Robert Walpole, 1st Earl of Orford was born in Houghton, Norfolk on August 26 1676. He died on March 18 1745. He was England's first Prime Minister in 1721. He was Prime Minister for a longer amount of time than anyone who came after him.
Literally, he was not the first prime minister of Great Britain, because the term wasn't actually used until 1905, he was actually the "First Lord of the Treasury". Therefore the first British prime minister was Henry Campbell-Bannerman because the term "Prime Minister" started being used 5 days after he was elected.

Leeuwarden
Leeuwarden is a city in the north of the Netherlands.
It has about 95,000 inhabitants. It is the capital of a part of the Netherlands. The name of that province is Friesland.

Middelburg
Middelburg is a town in the Netherlands and the capitol of the province Zeeland.
It has about 45,000 inhabitants.

Haarlem
Haarlem is a city in the Netherlands and the capital of the province North Holland.
It has about 145,000 inhabitants.

Lelystad
Lelystad is a town in the middle of the Netherlands.
It has about 71,000 inhabitants.

Assen
Assen is a town in the north-east of the Netherlands.
It has about 65,000 inhabitants. It's the capital of Drenthe.

Breda
Breda is a city in the south of the Netherlands.
It has about 170,000 inhabitants.

Enschede
Enschede is a city in the east of the Netherlands.
It has about 140,000 inhabitants.
May 13, 2000 there was a huge destruction by an accident in a factory for fireworks. Twenty-three people were killed, while almost a thousand people were injured. Thousands of people lost their homes.

Amersfoort
Amersfoort is a city in the middle of the Netherlands.
It has about 140,000 inhabitants.

Zoetermeer
Zoetermeer is a city in South Holland in the Netherlands.
It has about 120,000 inhabitants. It lies between Utrecht and Den Haag.

Almere
Almere is a city in the Netherlands.
It is nearby to Amsterdam and has about 180,000 inhabitants.

Hilversum
Hilversum is a town in North Holland in the Netherlands.
It lies between Amsterdam and Utrecht.
It has about 85,000 inhabitants.

Roermond
Roermond is a town in the province Limburg in the east of the Netherlands. It has about 45,000 people living in it.

Venlo
Venlo is a city in the very east of the Netherlands.
It has about 90,000 inhabitants and lives mainly on one-day-trip-tourism from neighbouring Germany. It used to be a city of the Hanseatic League.

Delft
Delft is a city in the province South Holland in the Netherlands. It is about halfway between Rotterdam and The Hague. It is famous for its Delft Blue pottery and the Delft University of Technology. It is the place where the royal family, the kings and queens, are buried. It has about 94,000 inhabitants.
Things to see.
Delft is a city with typical Dutch canals, churches and large canal houses. The largest church in Delft is the Nieuwe Kerk (New Church).

Deventer
Deventer is a city in the east of the Netherlands.
It has about 97,000 inhabitants.

Ede
Ede is a town in the Netherlands with 65,000 inhabitants, the communal district (gemeente) of Ede has 107,000 inhabitants.

Freud Museum
The Freud Museum is a museum in London. It is located in the house where Sigmund Freud settled in 1938 after having flown from Nazi Austria after examining Adolf Hitler. He lived the last 18 months of his life here.

Emu
The Emu is a large bird, one of the rare birds that cannot fly. It is usually found in mainland Australia. It is the tallest bird from Australia. It is also the second tallest bird in the world, after its ratite relative, the ostrich. It is also related to the cassowary which is slightly smaller but heavier. The soft-feathered, brown, birds reach up to 2 m (6.5 ft) in height. The Emu is common over most of mainland Australia. It avoids very thick forests and very dry areas. Emus can travel great distances at a fast trot. If necessary they can run at up to 50 h (30 mph) for some distance at a time. They may travel long distances to find food. They feed on a variety of plants and insects.
There was a slightly different Emu species that lived in Tasmania. They became extinct after the European settlement started in 1803. On the mainland of Australia emus were once common on the east coast but have become uncommon with increased human population. On the other hand the development of farms and the supply of water for stock have increased the range of the Emu in arid (dry) regions. Emus are farmed for their meat, oil and leather.
The history of the name.
The first written description of the emu was under the name of the New Holland Cassowary in Arthur Phillip's "Voyage to Botany Bay", published in 1789. The species was named by ornithologist (bird expert) John Latham, who worked on Phillip's book. He provided the first descriptions of and names for many Australian bird species. Its scientific name, Dromaius novaehollandiae, is from the Latin words, meaning "fast-footed New Hollander". The history of the common name, "Emu", is not certain, but is thought to have come from an Arabic word for large bird. This word was later used by Portuguese explorers to describe the related Cassowary in New Guinea. In Victoria, some Indigenous Australian words for the emu were "Barrimal" in the Djadja wurrung language, "myoure" in Gunai, and "courn" in Jardwadjali.

Kiwi
Kiwis are birds from New Zealand. They form the genus "Apteryx" of the family "Apterygidae". There are several species and sub-species of kiwi. The kiwi has become a symbol for New Zealand. People from New Zealand are nicknamed "Kiwis".
Appearance.
They have brown feathers, which almost look like fur, and a long beak. Kiwis cannot fly, and their wings have become so small that they cannot usually be seen. Kiwis cannot see very well, but they can hear and smell very well.
Life.
Kiwis are nocturnal birds. They mostly eat invertebrates, like worms and insects. Kiwis keep a territory in which they live alone or with their mate. In their territory they build several small caves where they sleep, or lay their eggs.
Kiwis are monogamous, the male and female stay together until one of them dies. The male and female live in the same territory and raise their children together.
Female kiwis lay 1-3 eggs. The eggs are the largest compared to the size of the parent of any bird species. Kiwis become mature when they are 2 years old, and they can live to over 20 years old. One kiwi kept in a zoo even reached 35 years old.

Dodo
The Dodo is an extinct species of bird. Dodos could not fly. The dodo is closely related to the Pigeon. It used to live on the island of Mauritius before it became extinct. The dodo is one of the first species that was made extinct by humans. The dodo has been extinct since the mid-to-late 17th century. It is commonly used as the main example of an extinct species because its extinction occurred during recorded human history, and was directly caused by human activity.

Tolkāppiyam
Tolkaapiyam is a book on grammar of the Tamil language.

Great Auk
Great Auk was a large bird, that could not fly. It became extinct on June 3, 1844. It lived mostly in the water, like a duck.

Abbey Road Studios
Abbey Road Studios, usually called just "Abbey Road", are the recording studios located inside EMI's headquarters in St. John's Wood, London, England.
Abbey Road had three different studios for most of its history. Other space was turned into a fourth studio later. Studio One is large, and used to be a ballroom. Symphony orchestras and very large bands and groups are recorded there. Studio Two is smaller, and works best for small combos or groups of musicians. Studio Three is much smaller, and is meant for soloists and duos. Studio Four is mostly for post-production, where changes are made to earlier recordings.
The studios are famous for the many great and popular songs and albums recorded there. The Beatles are the most famous recording artists to work at Abbey Road. They made the studios well-known when they talked to the media, about the music they made there. The Beatles even titled their last album "Abbey Road", after the studio location. They mostly recorded in Studio Two, but used One and Three also.

Ujamaa
Ujamaa, meaning 'familyhood' is the group of ideas of Tanzanian President Julius Nyerere. They are based on the traditional African society.

Prisoner
A prisoner is a person who is arrested, spending his time in a prison. Normally people are arrested for doing things that are not allowed, what is called a crime, for example a murder.
A prisoner can also be a person who was captured by the enemy in a battle.

Polypore
A polypore is a hard, brittle mushroom with pores underneath its cap. It usually grows on rotted logs and tree stumps but may also be found on living trees. It may or may not have a stem and sometimes has many caps growing from one stem. Some polypores last so long that they have moss growing from them.

Fachhochschule Düsseldorf
The Fachhochschule Düsseldorf is a so called Fachhochschule (university of applied sciences), that means a special kind of college, with technical, design and business subjects in Düsseldorf.
It was founded in 1971.

Psychoanalysis
Psychoanalysis is one of major psychological paradigm, that seem people by their unconsciousness besides their consciousness. Psychoanalysis splits the person's personality into 3 basic elements.

Zaandam
Zaandam is a town district (gemeente) in the west of the Netherlands, in the province North Holland.
It has about 140,000 inhabitants.
First settlements in the region were known up from the 11th century.

Windows 3.x
Windows 3.1x was a family of Microsoft Windows operating systems released from 1992 to 1994. The previous version of Windows before this one was Windows 3.0. This Windows could run in either Standard or 386 Enhanced memory modes. Both of the modes used a Graphical User Interface (or picture-based), and supported a mouse, but 386 Enhanced Mode was faster and was better at multitasking (or doing for things at once).
Windows 3.1x also had many features from versions of Windows before it. These inculded a calcuator, a notepad, and more. It also brought in many new features, like the Program Manager (which is still in Windows XP today - Start>Run>progman.exe), and the icons and programs looked better.
Windows 3.1x was made better in 1994, with Windows for Workgroups, that added networking support.
It was the last Windows version to feature the program manager.

Woodwind instrument
A woodwind instrument is an instrument belonging to the woodwind family. Traditionally they were always made of wood, although some of them are now made of metal or plastic..
The piccolo is the highest of the four main instruments. The lowest note is Middle C and it has a range of 3 octaves. The piccolo is the smallest and highest instrument in the orchestra. It plays one octave higher than the flute. There is also an alto flute which sounds a fifth lower than the ordinary flute. Flutes are still sometimes made of wood, but mostly they are metal.
The oboe can play slightly lower than the flute. There is a larger version called the cor anglais (which means: “English horn”). This is a double reeded instrument
The clarinet plays nearly an octave lower than the flute. The bass clarinet plays an octave lower than the clarinet.
The bassoon is the lowest of the four main members, but the contrabassoon plays right down to the bottom B flat of the piano.
The recorder is one of the oldest and most popular woodwinds and has been used to great effect by great composers, such as Bach, Telemann and Vivaldi. The general public is normally only familiar with the plastic, child's version of the recorder, but professional and high-quality recorders are still made of wood.
The saxophone may look like a brass instrument, but it is played like a clarinet and therefore it is a woodwind instrument. It is usually played in bands and jazz groups.
Woodwind instruments are played in a variety of ways. The flute is played by blowing across the top of the mouthpiece. It is like blowing across the top of an empty bottle. The oboe and bassoon both have a double reed. It is like blowing through a drinking straw. Bagpipes have double reeds which are inside the mouthpiece (“enclosed reeds”). The clarinet and saxophone have single reeds which are clamped against the opening of the mouthpiece.
In comparison, brass instruments are all blown in the same way: by blowing against a cup-shaped mouthpiece. This is why the saxophone cannot be called a brass instrument, although it is made of brass.
The way that a player shapes his mouth to blow an instrument is called the “embouchure”. Woodwind instruments have several different embouchures.
In an orchestra there may be two each of flutes, oboes, clarinets and bassoons. In larger orchestras, particularly from the Romantic period onwards, there may be three or four. Sometimes the extra instruments such as the piccolo are used. If, for example, in an orchestral piece the third flute is marked “doubling piccolo”, it means that the person playing flute 3 will also play the piccolo. However, if the piccolo plays at the same time as flute 3 they will obviously need an extra player for the piccolo part.
Woodwind instruments in an orchestra often have short solos. These will be played by the first player (the “section principal”).

Bewitched
Bewitched was a comedy television show. It was about a man who was married to a witch. The show was aired by ABC from 1964 to 1972.
The lead characters were Darrin and Samantha Stephens. Samantha was played by Elizabeth Montgomery. Darrin was played by Dick York from 1964 to 1969. Because of illness, Dick York was replaced by Dick Sargent. Darrin was played by Dick Sargent from 1969 to 1972.

Dumbo
"Dumbo" is a 1941 animated movie produced by Walt Disney and first released on October 23, 1941 by RKO Radio Pictures. The fourth film in the Walt Disney Animated Classics, "Dumbo" is based upon a child's book of the same name by Helen Aberson and illustrated by Harold Perl. The main character is Jumbo Jr., a baby elephant who is cruelly nicknamed Dumbo. He is ridiculed for his big ears, but in fact he is capable of flying by using them as wings. Throughout most of the movie, his only true friend aside from his mother is the mouse Timothy, making fun of the stereotype between mice and elephants. "Dumbo" was made to make up for the damages of "Pinocchio" and "Fantasia". The movie has been criticized as being racist (the leader crow in the movie was named "Jim Crow" and the name stuck), yet is also considered to be one of Disney's best movies. It was an attempt to be simple and make profits for the Disney studio, is now generally regarded as a classic of animation. The movie tells the story of a baby elephant named "Dumbo, who can fly with his huge ears. At 64 minutes, it is one of Disney's shortest animated features.
The story.
Mrs. Jumbo sadly looks on how babies are delivered by the stork to other circus animals. As even a baby elephant makes a pretty heavy package, hers is the last to arrive, but soon becomes the laughing stock of the others because of his big ears, getting meanly named "Dumbo" by the others. When Mrs. Jumbo can't take the public making fun of her son, she is locked up as "mad elephant", and Dumbo finds himself all alone. A mouse named Timothy comes and scares the mean herd. He encourages Dumbo and tells the circus director to make Dumbo the top (literally) of an elephant pyramid stunt which ends up literally bringing the house down, and Dumbo is givenn the job of clown. To cheer Dumbo up, Timothy brings him to go see his mother. The next day, they find themselves in a tree with a bunch of crows, who discover that Dumbo can fly.
Dumbo the Flying Elephant.
Dumbo is the main character in the movie. He is an elephant who has huge ears and is able to fly, using his magic feather. Much like Dopey in "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs", Dumbo has no said lines. However, in the live-action/puppet television series "Dumbo's Circus", Dumbo was voiced by Katie Leigh.
Timothy the Mouse.
Timothy Q. Mouse is a mouse who became the only friend of elephants Dumbo and his mother Mrs. Jumbo. He teaches Dumbo how to become the ninth wonder of the universe, and the only flying elephant in the whole world.
Mrs. Jumbo.
Mrs. Jumbo is Dumbo's mother. Deeply depressed at not having her baby delivered, she loves her son more than anything. She becomes angry when the boys pick on him.
Other characters include the other elephants who also make fun of Dumbo, the Ringmaster, Mr. Stork and the crows.
Release.
Even though World War II was going on, "Dumbo" was still the most financially successful Disney movie of the 1940s. This was one of the first of Disney's animated films to be broadcast, albeit severely edited, on television, as part of Disney's anthology series. The film then received another distinction of note in 1981, when it was the first of Disney's canon of animated films to be released on home video and also was released in the "Walt Disney Classics" Video Collection in 1985. That release was followed by remastered versions in: 1986, 1989, 1991 (Classics), and 1994 (Masterpiece). In 2001, a 60th Anniversary Special Edition was released. In 2006, a "Big Top Edition" of the film was released on DVD. A UK Special Edition was released in May 2007 and was a successful Disney release.
Reception.
The movie received good reviews and did well at the box office despite being released less then 2 mouths before "World War II".
It also has been known as both classic and a masterpiece,and has received a Special Edition 60th Anniversary Disney DVD on October 23, 2001, exatly 60 years after its first release. That release featured a sneak peak of a direct-to-video sequel called Dumbo II.The preview showed a lot of sketches and storyboard ideas. The main story has to do with Dumbo and his new friends getting separated from the rest of the circus as they wonder into the big city. Dumbo's new friends are Claude and Lolly the twin bears who leave chaos everywhere they go, Dot the curious zebra, Godfrey the hippo who is older and wants to do things for himself, and Penny the adventurous ostrich. Timothy returns as well. The story was supposed to be as if the first Dumbo ended and this one started the next day. The project seems to have been canceled,as no further announcements have been made since, plus the fact that the The Little Mermaid: Ariel's Beginning, Tinker Bell, and its sequels, were to be the last projests for DisneyToon Studios.
The crow characters in the movie are seen as African-American stereotypes.
The leader crow was originally named "Jim Crow" for script purposes, and the name stuck. The other crows are all voiced by African-American actors, all members of the Hall Johnson Choir. Despite suggestions of racism by some, many historians such as Zoe Pritchard reject these claims. For instance, the crows are noted as forming the majority of the characters in the movie who are sympathetic to Dumbo's plight (the others are Timothy Q. Mouse and Mrs Jumbo), are free spirits who serve nobody, and intelligent characters aware of the power of self-confidence, unlike the Stepin Fetchit stereotype common at that time. Furthermore, their song "When I See An Elephant Fly" is more orientated to mocking Timothy Mouse than Dumbo's large ears.
Dumbo's Circus.
"Dumbo's Circus" was a live-action puppet television programme for preschool audiences that aired on The Disney Channel in the 1980s. Unlike in the movie, Dumbo spoke on the show. Each character would perform a special act, which ranged from dancing and singing to telling knock knock jokes.
Theme parks.
Dumbo the Flying Elephant is a popular ride that appears in Walt Disney World’s Magic Kingdom, Disneyland, Tokyo Disneyland, Disneyland Park (Paris), and Hong Kong Disneyland.
Video games.
Dumbo appears as a hero in the game Kingdom Hearts. Sora, the main character, flies on him and Dumbo splashes enemies with water from his trunk.

Bertolt Brecht
(born;* 10. Februar 1898 in Augsburg; † 14. August 1956 in Berlin) was a German poet and dramatist.
Life.
Brecht went to school in Augsburg, where his father was the director of a paper factory.
He completed his degree in 1917.
Afterwards he studied sciences, medicine and literature at the Ludwig-Maximilians-University in Munich. He had to take a break in his studies because he had to join the army.
In 1919 he had a son.
In the 1920's Brecht went to Berlin and became a part of the cultural scene. He met his second wife Helene Weigel in Berlin and married her, after divorcing his first wife. It was with his second wife that Brecht had another son.
In Berlin he met a lot of artists and intellectuals of the Weimar Republic.
His works became very critical about the capitalistic society (e.g. "Aufstieg und Fall der Stadt Mahagonny" (1930)). Many of his friends were communists, but he never joined the KPD.
His most famous work was from that time, the "Dreigroschenoper".
In 1933 the Nazis prohibited playing some of his works and arrested some of his friends.
After the Reichstag fire he travelled from Germany to Prague, Vienna, Switzerland and Denmark.
For the next five years he lived in Denmark. In 1938 he wrote "Das Leben des Galilei" (The Life of Galilei) about Galileo Galilei, who was hunted by the Holy Inquisition because he wanted to tell the scientific truth.
When Germany occupied Denmark he had to flee once again.
He went to Sweden, then to Finland and finally to Moscow in the Soviet Union.
Even under Stalin he was not safe. He therefore flew through China to the United States.
He lived and worked in California and translated a lot of texts.
In 1947, in the McCarthy era, the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) investigated him, because they suspected him of being a communist.
He gave a statement and said that he had never been a member of the communist party.
He then flew back to Switzerland - the only place he could go to at the time.
In 1948 he was allowed to return to Berlin, East Berlin.
He was an important writer and director for the young East Germany.
After the workers' protest on June 17 1953, Brecht complained about the Eastern German government which landed him into some trouble. From that point on he got more and more isolated.
Brecht died in 1956 at the age of 58 years in Berlin.

Beresford, South Dakota
Beresford is a city in South Dakota, a state of the United States of America. As of the 2000 census, it had a population of 2006. Beresford is located in Union County.

Gotthold Ephraim Lessing
Gotthold Ephraim Lessing (* 22. January 1729 in Kamenz (Saxony); † 15. February 1781 in Braunschweig) was a German poet in the time of the enlightenment.
Lessing was one of twelve children. His father was a Protestant priest. He went to school in Kamenz and got a stipendium for the Higher School in Meißen. From 1746 to 1748, he studied medicine and theology in Leipzig. In 1750, he moved to Berlin, where he met Voltaire. In 1752 he got the Magister (Master) degree from the university in Wittenberg.
He moved back to Leipzig in 1755, but returned later to Berlin. He traveled around in Europe and studied. He worked as a reporter. From 1760 to 1765, he worked as secretary for a general in "Breslau" (today: Wroclaw). Later he worked at the theater and became a librarian. Lessing got married in 1776. But 1778 his wife died.

Heinrich Böll
Heinrich Böll (December 21, 1917 in Cologne – July 16, 1985 in Langenbroich the Eifel, south of Bonn) was a German writer. He was the winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1972.
Life.
Böll was born in Cologne. His family were strong Catholics and pacifists.
He went to school from 1922 to 1937. After his abitur, he started a training to become a bookseller. He did not go to the Hitler Youth, but he had to join the German army in the World War II. In 1939, he started to study German literature in Cologne, but he had to break for his army service.
In 1945 he became prisoner of war by the Americans. The Americans wanted to educate the German people to became a democracy. So they encouraged prisoners with talent to write. Böll and some other young writers founded the group 47.
Böll wrote a lot of social critical literature. His main themes were the repression in the way of life by conservative catholic forces and the unsolved problem of old Nazis in the society.
In the 1970s, he criticized the losing of civil laws by the fight against terrorism (of the RAF, Red Army Faction, a left-winged political terror group in the 1970s in West Germany). For that reason, the Bild-Zeitung, an very conservative yellow press newspaper, started a campaign against him.
In the late 1970s, he started to look for Human Rights in the Eastern Blok, where some friends of his lived, too. He helped the Soviet dissidents Alexander Solshenizyn and Lev Kopelev.
In the 1980s, he worked for the peace movement. He protested against the nuclear armament in West Germany.
He went back to the Roman Catholic Church, which he left 1976 by protests, before he died.
Heinrich Böll Foundation.
The Green Party of Germany gave its foundation the name of Böll, Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung. The goals of the foundation are for countries to work together, civil laws and democratic and ecological thinking.

Anna Seghers
Anna Seghers (November 19, 1900, Mainz – June 1, 1983, Berlin) was a German writer.
Seghers was born as Netty Reiling in Mainz.
Her parents were orthodox Jews, but also interested in Christians belief.
Nelly made her abitur in 1920. Before she served as nurse in the World War I.
She studied in Cologne and Heidelberg history, arts history and Chinese.
In 1925 she married Laszlo Radvanyi, a Hungarian Communist and joined later the Communist Party of Germany (KPD). They had three children.
After the Nazis took over government in Germany, she was arrested for a short while, her books were burned.
After she got free again, she had the chance to flee into Switzerland. Then she went to Paris and worked for unions of exilised writers.
After German troups occupied Paris she could flee to Marsaille, which was not occupied. But her husband was arrested. She tried to get him free.
In 1941 the complete family flew about Martinique and New York City to Mexico City.
She founded new unions for exiled writers.
In 1947 she returned to Berlin, Eastern Berlin.
She joined the Socialist Party of the later GDR and worked for the Writers Union of the GDR.
She got a lot of prizes and awards.
She tried to make silent interventions for colleges, who had trouble with the government, but she was unsuccessful.
She died in 1983 in Berlin.

Friedrich Schiller
Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller (November 10, 1759 in Marbach, Württemberg – May 9, 1805 in Weimar), usually known as Friedrich Schiller'", was a German poet, philosopher, historian, and dramatist.

Clement Attlee
Clement Richard Attlee, 1st Earl Attlee, KG, OM, CH, PC was born on 3 January 1883 and died on 8 October 1967 was a British prime minister. He was the first Labour prime minister with a majority in government, and was very important in the setting up of the welfare state. He was prime minister between 1945 and 1951. He was made a member of the House of Lords after he retired, and became the first "Earl Attlee".
Attlee is buried in Westminster Abbey.

Bassoon
The bassoon is the lowest of the four main instruments of the woodwind family. Like the oboe, it has a double reed. The reed is attached to a curved metal mouthpiece called a "crook" or "bocal" which is joined to the main part of the instrument. This consists of two parts called ‘bass joint’ and ‘wing joint’ (or ‘tenor joint’). These two are joined at the bottom by a U-shaped piece called the ‘boot’. At the top of the instrument is the ‘bell joint’. The instrument is quite heavy. Some players have a neckstrap around their neck to support the weight, but usually they use a seat strap that connects at the bottom of the boot and the strap goes across the floor. The bassoonist then sits on that strap. The bassoon is held to the right side of the bassoonist and the top of the boot joint is usually level with the players hip. The bassoon, when played right, can sound very beautiful. The bassoon has one of the largest note ranges, going from low B flat to a high F on the top line of the treble clef. The basson can also play in tenor clef, but usually plays bass clef.
Some bassoons have a white, ivory ring round the top of the bell joint. These are German bassoons (called ‘Heckel’). French bassoons (called ‘Buffet’) do not have this ring, and also sound quite different to German bassoons. Bassoons have keys to help the player to cover all the holes, but these keys do not use the Boehm system like the other woodwind instruments. German bassoons use a system called the Heckel system, and French bassoons use the Buffet system.
Playing the bassoon.
To play the bassoon, it is very important to have lots of breathing support. Like with the oboe, fast passages can be played using double tonguing (single tonguing is like saying “ta-ta-ta-ta-ta”, double tonguing is like saying “te-ke-te-ke-te-ke”). In most music, the bassoon will spend a lot of time playing a bass line, perhaps the same notes as the cello or tuba. It can sometimes sound quite amusing when playing an “um-cha-um-cha” accompaniment like in the “Dance of the Cygnets” from Tchaikovsky’s "Swan Lake". It can sound very tuneful and sad as in the second movement of Rimsky Korsakov’s "Sheherazade". Listen to the opening of Stravinsky’s "Rite of Spring" where it plays some quite high notes. Prokofiev uses the bassoon for grandfather’s tune in "Peter and the Wolf". Also, to play the bassoon a player need long fingers because the bassoon is so wide.
The holes are drilled in at an angle so that the upper register is not over blown and produces an unpleasant sound. The bassoon is known for its reedy sound. Its upper register is shrill and sometimes scary. Middle register could be used for lullabyes because of its majestic and soothing tone. Its lower register is deep, dark, and could be used for scary movies and such.
History and repertoire.
The bassoon developed from a Renaissance instrument called the "curtal" or "dulcian". These were double reed instruments which often played with shawms. In the Baroque period the bassoon became popular as an instrument to play the bass line, perhaps playing the same as the cello. In the late Baroque period composers like Antonio Vivaldi wrote concertos for bassoon and orchestra. Some more famous bassoon concertos include one by Mozart, and in more recent times by Peter Maxwell Davies.
Contrabassoon.
In some pieces with a large orchestra a contrabassoon is used. This plays an octave lower than a bassoon, taking it right down to bottom B flat on the piano. Some contrabassoons are made to play a note lower, i.e. the very lowest note of the piano (A). One might expect to see the contrabassoon sticking up high above all the other instruments in the orchestra, but in fact the tube keeps doing U-turns, making four parallel rows of tubing. They are usually made with the bell pointing downwards. The weight is supported by a peg to the floor.
The contrabassoon adds richness to the sound of a full orchestra. Listen carefully for the contrabassoon in the hymn-like introduction to the last movement of "Symphony no 1" by Brahms. It can be clearly heard, growling away, in the opening of the "Piano Concerto for the Left Hand" by Ravel.

Octave
An octave is the distance between two musical notes that have the same letter name.
If a musician sings or plays a scale (‘doh-ray-me-fah-soh-la-te-doh’) the first and last ‘doh’ are an octave apart. It is called an ‘octave’ because there are eight notes in a scale (‘octo’ is Latin for ‘eight’).
If a musician sings or plays the first two notes of the song “Somewhere over the rainbow” (i.e. the word ‘Somewhere’) these two notes are an octave apart.
Two notes that are an octave apart sound very similar, almost like the same note. The scientific reason for this is that the top note vibrates twice as fast. For example: if someone plays Middle C on a piano, a hammer hits the three Middle C strings inside and makes them vibrate 256 times a second. The C an octave higher will vibrate 512 times a second.
Young children who learn the piano will not be able to stretch an octave with one hand, if their hands are too small. Most adults can stretch an octave easily (playing one note with the thumb, and the other with the little finger). Advanced pianists can practice scales in octaves. Violinists can play scales in octaves, too, playing on two strings at once, but this is very hard.
See also: Interval (music)

Tinder
Tinder is a material that is used to start fires easily when lit with a match.

Stephen Harper
Stephen Joseph Harper, born April 30, 1959, is the Prime Minister of Canada. He is a member of the Conservative Party. He was elected in February 2006 and replaced Paul Martin. He has been the Prime Minister of Canada ever since. He was born in 1959 in Toronto, Ontario and lived in Calgary, Alberta. He is married to Laureen Teskey and has two children. He is the third Prime Minister, after Pierre Trudeau and John Turner, to send their children to Rockcliffe Park Public School, in Ottawa.

Tadpole
A tadpole or polliwog is young frog that breathes and lives in the water. They hatch from small eggs laid in a pond or lake by their mother.
Frog eggs are round. There is enough food in each egg to last 21 days. Toad eggs are laid in long strings.
After a few weeks, they begin to grow back legs, then front legs. Soon after, the froglets begin to breathe air and lose their tails. They will grow larger, and in a few months, become adults.

Zeulenroda-Triebes
Zeulenroda-Triebes is a German town in the rural district of Greiz in Thuringia.
It has about 18,000 inhabitants. Most famous sight of the town is the beautiful town hall.

Harry Nilsson
Harry Edward Nilsson III (1941-1994) was an American singer and songwriter, whose biggest hits were during the late 1960s, and the 1970s. His songs included "Me And My Arrow", "Coconut", "Cuddly Toy", "Spaceman", and "One", which was also a hit for Three Dog Night. Nilsson's two most famous records were "Without You" and "Everybody's Talkin'", which were written by other people (Peter Ham and Tom Evans of Badfinger; Fred Neil). "Without You" has been re-recorded many times by other singers, and "Everybody's Talkin'" was used in the 1969 movie "Midnight Cowboy".
Nilsson recorded a tribute to The Beatles on his first album, working lines from fifteen of their songs into a single cover version of "You Can't Do That". Derek Taylor, who worked for the Beatles, sent them copies of the album, and Nilsson became a friend of the band. He later shared a house with John Lennon and Ringo Starr, and they worked together on each other's music.
Nilsson also wrote a cartoon movie, "The Point!", which appeared on ABC. It was about tolerance and diversity. "The Point!" was later turned into a musical. One production of the musical starred former Monkees Micky Dolenz and Davy Jones. (The Monkees had recorded two of Nilsson's songs, "Cuddly Toy" and "Daddy's Song", after they met him through producer Chip Douglas.)
The movie "You've Got Mail" features several of Nilsson's songs in its soundtrack.

Acoustic guitar
An acoustic guitar is a type of musical instrument. It is a string instrument usually played with a plectrum and sometimes with the fingers. The sounds build up inside the guitar's body, going out through a soundhole. Acoustic guitars are used in types of music ranging from classical to rock'n'roll, to bluegrass and folk. The strings can be steel, or nylon. Nylon strings are typically used for classical and related styles of music, and steel strings are typically used for most other styles. Both types can be used for almost any music requiring acoustic guitar music.

Flipper
A flipper is a special kind of limb that is shaped like a paddle for moving through water that aquatic animals, (animals that live in water) such as whales and seals have. The flipper of a fish is called a fin.
It can also be an item worn on the foot to help people swim more easily.

Coral fungi
Coral fungi are mushrooms that are usually shaped like coral from the ocean but can also be shaped like forks, worms or clubs.
They are rubbery and sometimes are brightly colored.
Habitat.
Most coral fungi grow on the ground, but some grow on logs and stumps.
They are usually found in forests but some can also be found in fields.
Eating.
Although they are not poisonous, some kinds are a laxative and some can cause stomach upset.

Stone fruit
A stone fruit is a fruit with one large seed inside. These seeds can be called pits. Examples of stone fruits are Peaches, plums, and cherries. These fruits are tasty and used frequently throughout American cooking.

Humpback whale
A humpback whale ("Megaptera novaeangliae") is a large baleen whale with large, knobby flippers. It can be found in every ocean.
Feeding.
Humpback whales eat krill and small schooling fish, for example herring, capelin, and sand lance. They round up their prey by swimming in tight circles and blowing curtains of bubbles around them. They often hunt in small groups, called pods.
Whale song.
The male whale is known to sing for up to 22 hours at a time. Because whales do not have vocal chords, they make songs by forcing air through their nasal passages. Every male has a different song, which he uses to call a female or scare away other males. The songs are made up of a pattern of low notes repeated over a period of hours or days. The whales slowly change their songs over a period of years.
Other sounds.
Both the male and female humpback whales make other sounds, such as moans and grunts, to communicate with each other.

Slovak language
Slovak is the language spoken in Slovakia, a country in Eastern Europe. It is a Slavic language, a group of languages which includes Russian, Polish and many other East European languages. It is very similar to Czech, and Czechs and Slovaks can understand one another quite well when speaking their own language. Polish and Sorbian are also quite similar. Slovak is spoken in Slovakia by more than 5 million people.
Pronunciation.
Slovak is written using the Roman (Latin) alphabet, but there are some letters which have special signs (called “diacritics”).
The letters č, š, ž and dž are like the English sounds in "ch"in, "sh"in, vi"s"ion and "j"uice.
The letters ď, ľ, ň, and ť are called “soft consonants”. They are pronounced with the blade of the tongue at the roof of the mouth.
C, dz and j are also soft. C is like "ts" in ba"ts", dz is like "ds" in ro"ds", and j is like y in "y"es.
Signs over a vowel show that the vowel is pronounced long: á, é, í, ó, ý ú. A long vowel is never followed in the next syllable by a short vowel.
The ô is like English "wo"mbat, and ä is the same as the letter e.
Ch is like "ch" in Scottish lo"ch". V is more like English "w".
The letters b, d, ď, dz, dž, g, h, z, ž are voiceless when they are at the end of a word (for example: 'd' will sound like 't').
The stress is always on the first syllable of the word. This is different from Russian, for example, where the stress can be anywhere.
Like other Slavic languages, Slovak is difficult for English speakers to pronounce. This is particularly because several consonants often come together. In the sentence: “Strč prst skrz krk!” there is not one single vowel (it means: “Stick a finger through your neck!”)!
Grammar.
Notice that we say “a” suitcase, but Slovak does not have articles (words like “the” and “a”).
There are three genders in Slovak. This means that it is important to know for every noun whether it is masculine, feminine or neuter. There is no article to make it obvious (like in German), but one needs to know in order to decide what the adjective ending will be.
Like in many other European languages, verbs have to agree with the person, i.e. there are different forms for 'I', 'you', 'he' etc. Verbs have different aspects to show whether the action is complete or not. There are also different cases which show the meaning of a word in a sentence. Different prepositions need to be followed by different cases. This all makes Slovak grammar quite complicated for English speakers.
Some Slovak words and phrases.
The numbers from 1 to 10 are: jeden, dva, tri, štyri, päť, šesť, sedem, osem, deväť, desať.
Use the familiar form when talking to a child, and the polite form when talking to an adult.

Electronic Arts
"Electronic Arts" (called "EA") is a large company which makes computer and video games all over the world. They made famous games such as The Sims, Madden NFL and Medal of Honor. They also made the Need for Speed series. EAs most popular products are the games which are sold under the EA Sports label
History.
The company was started in 1982 by Trip Hawkins. They first shipped their games in May 1983.
Studios.
EA owns other smaller game companies which they call 'studios'.
A few of these include Maxis (creators of The Sims), Bullfrog (creators of Theme Park and Theme Hospital), and BioWare (makers of Mass Effect).

Tap (valve)
A tap, faucet, or spigot is something that a liquid or gas comes out of. Taps usually have a handle that can be turned to start or stop the liquid coming out.
Many taps give water and are used in homes. They are found in kitchens and bathrooms.
Water that comes out of a tap is called "tap water". At many restaurants, a person can ask for tap water instead of bottled water.

Hymn of the Soviet Union (other language versions)
The Hymn of the Soviet Union had official versions in many other languages besides Russian. Below are some of those translation into other languages of the Soviet Union.
Ukrainian.
Державний гімн Союзу Радянських Соціалістичних Республік
Translation by Mykola Bazhan
Belarusian.
Дзяржаўны гімн Саюзу Савецкіх Сацыялістычных Рэспублік
Lithuanian.
Tarybų Socialistinių Respublikų Sąjungos valstybinis himnas
Translated by Antanas Venclova (1944), rewritten by Vacys Reimeris (1977)
Latvian.
Padomju Sociālistisko Republiku Savienības Valsts Himna
Translated by Ārija Elksne and A. Vējiņš
Estonian.
Translated by Vladimir Beekman

Competition
A competition or contest is an event where people get together to see who is the best at something. Someone who takes part in a competition ("enters for a competition") is called a competitor. The competitors compete against one another. The person who wins may get a prize. This may be a trophy or sometimes a money prize.
Competitions can be for all sorts of things: sport, writing, music, dancing, science, chess etc.
There will probably be a referee. The referee will make sure that the game is played fairly and that the competitors obey the rules. In things like music there will be an adjudicator who will decide which person they think is the best.
Competitive.
The adjective of 'competition' is "competitive".

SimCity
"SimCity" is a computer game where the player has to build a city. They can do whatever they want to their city. It can be build it up from the ground or it can be destroyed by a hurricane or a UFO
History.
"Sim City" was made by game maker Will Wright and first released by the company Maxis. They are now owned by Electronic Arts. The game was first officially released in 1989.
It was very popular because the game had no end. A player could not win or lose. This was the start of all simulation games.
Gameplay.
At the start, the player has to build power plants. Power plants make power so the city can have electricity. By building power lines, power is connected to the different areas of the city. Water needs to be pumped in from a river using pipes to connect them to the city.
Smaller area are marked out. These are made either residential, commercial, or industrial zones. Zones are the only places where buildings can develop. Every city needs the right amount of each zone otherwise the city will not grow.
Roads, schools and hospitals must all be built for the city to get better. Parks and libraries make more people want to move to the city. Railways and highways provide ways to connect to other neighborhoods.

Doorstop
A doorstop (or door stop or doorstopper) is a tool.
There are two types. One holds a door open (or "stops" it from closing), and the other stops the door from hitting a wall.
Doorstops that keep the door from hitting a wall can be put on the door, or on the wall, or on the floor in front of the wall.

Digital Rights Management
Digital Rights Management is a way to stop people from making copies. It works by using different computer technologies to make it hard for people to make copies. It is often used for music and movies.
Digital Rights Management is often shortened to DRM.
Why there is DRM.
If someone makes something, he or she usually has a copyright on the invention. This means the authors of the work can say how their work should be copied. People usually buy copies from the author or publisher. DRM helps stop people from making copies without buying them.
What people think about DRM.
Some people do not like Digital Rights Management. It takes away the ability to use parts of the work in a new creation, which they may be allowed to do.
Some people do not say "Digital Rights Management." They use the phrase Digital Restrictions Management, because it restricts what they can do with the work.
Some people believe that people can always find a way to break DRM. They think DRM costs a lot of money, but it does not work. They do not like DRM because it wastes money (uses more money than it needs to).

Cement
Cement is a brown or grey material that keeps together other materials. Most often it is called concrete.

Brown algae
Brown algae are a large group of protists. Most of them are multicellular, composed of more than one cell. Usually they are classified as seaweed. Kelp is one notable species of the brown algae family. They are neither plant or animal.

Bacillus
Bacillus is a kind of bacteria. "Bacilli" are shaped like a rod. Bacilli are usually aerobes, their organism is based on oxygen. Bacillus is also the name of some species in the Bacillus group.
The three bacteria cited above seem to be very similar.

Milk powder
Milk powder is a powder made by dehydrating milk. When water is added, it becomes liquid milk again. Milk powder is often used in countries that lack widespread access to refrigeration. As well, it is often used in recipes that call for milk.

Vaccinium vitis-idaea
Vaccinium vitis-idaea (also called Lingonberry and Cowberry) is a small evergreen shrub that produces edible fruits. It is rarely grown by people, but often they will collect berries from the wild plants. It is in the Vaccinium family.

Dehydration
Dehydration (hypohydration) means less water in something. The word comes from the ancient Greek word for water, "hydor".
When people are dehydrated, they have lost so much water in their body that their bodies no longer work in the right way.

Square Enix
Square Enix is a Japanese company that makes video games and manga. It was created on April 1, 2003. Two companies called Square Co., Ltd. and Enix combined to form Square Enix.
Square Enix is famous for its role-playing games. This includes the Final Fantasy series and the Dragon Quest series.
They are also known as "sellouts" for announcing Final Fantasy XIII for XBOX 360 as well as for Playstation 3.

Game designer
A game designer is someone who designs games. The term "game designer" usually refers to someone who designs computer or video games, but can also be a person who designs older games like a board game.

Shigeru Miyamoto
Shigeru Miyamoto (born November 16 1952) is a Japanese game designer. He created the "Donkey Kong", "Mario", "Pikmin" and "The Legend of Zelda" video game series for Nintendo.
He is one of the most famous game designers in the world and is often called the father of modern video gaming. His games give players many ways to play and explore. This was unique in video games when his games were first released.
Miyamoto started working with Nintendo in 1977 as an artist when it was still a toy and playing-card company. In 1980, he designed "Donkey Kong", which was a big success. Miyamoto became Nintendo's leading producer, and he continues to create many popular games for Nintendo today.

Individual
Individual can be an adjective or a noun.
As an adjective, a living thing that is individual is not in a group (by him/her/itself). An object that is individual is for only one person or thing (not shared by a group). Something that is individual can also be different from anyone else (unique).
As a noun, an individual is only one person or thing, not a group. An individual can also mean someone who is different from anyone else (one a kind).

Truck
A truck (lorry in British English) is a vehicle used to transport goods. The word "truck" comes from the Greek word "trochos", which means "wheel".
Light trucks.
"Light trucks" are trucks the size of cars. They are used by individuals and also companies. In the United States, a truck is a light truck if it weighs less than 6,300 kg (13,000 lb).
Medium trucks.
"Medium trucks" are heavier than light trucks but lighter than heavy trucks. In the United States, a truck is a medium truck if it weighs between 6,300 kg (13,000 lb) and 15,000 kg (33,000 lb). Trucks that are used for local delivery and public service (dump trucks, garbage trucks) are normally around this size.
Heavy trucks.
"Heavy trucks" are the heaviest trucks that are allowed on the road. In the U.K. they are known as "lorries".

Crown-of-thorns starfish
The Crown-of-thorns Starfish (Acanthaster planci) is a type of sea star. Usually, they have orange-red to purplish skin, with yellow or pink spikes on their skin. These bright colors are to warn animals that may want to eat it that it is venomous. The Crown-of-thorns is also the largest sea star in the world, as it has a diameter of up to 3 feet.
Diet.
It only feeds on coral polyps, and usually at night. The Crown-of-thorns climbs over its prey, releases digestive enzymes to break down its food, and then absorbs the coral polyp, which has now turned into a liquid. What's left behind by the sea star is the leftover coral skeleton.
Habitat.
The Crown-of-thorns lives in the warmer areas of the Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, and Red Sea.
Effect on Coral Reefs.
The Crown-of-thorns is well known for its destructive habits of eating coral, which may lead to the destruction of coral reefs, such as the Great Barrier Reef. Usually, when there aren't too many of them, these sea stars help maintain the coral reef by preventing the faster-growing coral from taking over the coral reef. However, when there are too many Crown-of-thorns, they can devastate a coral reef.

Sea urchin
Sea urchins are invertebrates that live in the sea. They belong to the same family of animals as the sea stars, sea cucumbers, brittle-stars and crinoids (perhaps better known as "sea lillies"). Sea urchins mostly feed on algae. Their thorns serve to protect them from predators. Stepping on them is quite painful but not dangerous.
Sea otters like to eat sea urchins very much. Some humans eat the reproductive organs of sea urchins (which they call roe). This is popular in Korea. In Japan, this kind of sushi is called "uni". People think it is an aphrodisiac. Sea urchins are well adapted and have very few enemies. Sea urchins are pretty small at 4 inches (10cm).

Brittle star
Brittle stars are much like sea stars. They are also invertebrates (meaning they don't have spines or backbones), they belong to the same family of animals ("Echinodermata"), and they also have some kind of radial symmetry in their bodies. Usually, they have 5 "arms" that can grow very long (up to 60cm, on the largest species). Unlike sea stars however, they live much deeper in the ocean. There seem to be brittle stars even at depths below 6000m, what scientists call abysmal depth. Generally, brittle stars live below 500m of depth.
There are about 1.500 different species.
The Brittle star can be three to eight inches.
There are two different (closely related) groups, "brittle stars" ("Ophiurida") and "basket stars" ("Eurialida"). Basket stars usually live in the deeper parts of the range. Brittle stars (and Basket stars) are either scavengers or detrivores.

Bivalve
Bivalves is a huge class of mollusks. They usually have a shell that is composed of two parts. Both parts are more or less symmetrical. There are over 30.000 species of bivalves. All of them live in the water, some of them in the seas, others in fresh water. All are filter feeders. Like the other shelled mollusks, the gastropods, bivalves produce a limy shell out of calcium.Bilvales are also known as clams or pelecypods.
The best known examples of bivalves are clams, mussels, scallops and oysters.

Card
The card is a small, flat paper or plastic object with text and figures.
The business cards help the personal communication as small patterns.
Card can also mean a flat board that holds parts for a computer.

Bishop
Bishop is a title for a rank in the clergy of a Christian Church. Usually, there are first priests, then there are bishops. In the Catholic church, the pope is chosen amongst all the bishops. According to Roman Catholic church law, this does not have to be the case; any male, unmarried, baptized Christian who is judged fit for the office can become pope. However, the last pope who was not a bishop was Urban VI (elected in 1378).
The pope is also the bishop of the city of Rome. All bishops answer to the pope (or to patriarchs in the orthodox churches).
Usually a bishop can be identified by a special hat, called a mitre.

Tray
A tray is a shallow container designed for carrying things.
Trays are flat, but with raised edges to stop things from sliding off of them. They are often rectangular, and may or may not have handles with which to carry them.
A butler's tray has a deeper surround, handles on the short sides (usually cut into the surround) so that it can be easily carried, and folding legs. It is used to carry drinks, and can be used as a side table.

Orkney Islands
The Okney Islands (often also called only Orkney) is a group of islands. The group belongs to Scotland. It is located about 16 kilometres north of Caithness. 20 of the about 70 islands have people living on them. The administrative centre is Kirkwall (with about 8000 people living there). The next bigger settlements are Stromness (2000 people) and St. Margaret's Hope (with about 550 people).
Ferry services go much of the time to Lerwick (on the Shetlands). Most islands have air strips (for airplanes). This includes the shortest known flight service in the world, between Westray and Papa Westray. Official flight time is 2 minutes. If the wind goes in the right direction, the flight can take just over a minute.

Methodism
Methodism, or the Methodist movement, is a group of Protestant denominations. The movement started in Britain in the 18th century and spread to the United States and the British Empire. Originally it was popular with workers, poor farmers, and slaves. The founder of methodism was Mr John Wesley who was a former priest of the Church of England.

Salivary gland
The salivary glands make saliva. Saliva keeps the mouth and other parts of the digestive system wet. It also helps break down carbohydrates (with salivary amylase, formerly known as ptyalin) and keeps food wet and slippery so it can go down from the oro-pharynx to the esophagus to the stomach.
There are three main pairs of salivary glands. They are
There are also many small glands in the tongue, cheeks, lips and palate. All of those glands make mucous.
Histology (The cells in the salivary gland).
There are two types of epithelial cells in salivary glands. They make either mucous or serous secretions. The parotid gland makes serous secretions. The submandibular and submaxillary glands have both types of cells. They make a mixture of mucous and serous.
Classification(Different kinds of salivary glands).
The three types of salivary glands are serous mixed and mucous glands.
Structure (How the salivary glands are built).
The small tubes go into ducts. Those ducts go into larger ducts that have little stripes on them, called striations. Those go into ducts between the lobes of the gland (called interlobar or excretory ducts). The main duct of the salivary glands then goes into the mouth.
Role in disease.
Salivary duct calculus may block the ducts. This would cause pain and swelling of the gland.
Tumors of the salivary glands can occur. These are usually benign, but can be malignant. The most common type of benign tumor is Pleomorphic adenoma, followed by Warthin's tumor. The most common malignant tumor is Mucoepidermoid carcinoma.
Diagnostic investigation.
A sialogram is a radiocontrast study of a salivary duct.

Vas deferens
The vas deferens is also called the ductus deferens, (Latin: "carrying-away vessel"). It is a duct that is part of a man’s body. It is also part of the body for many male animals. There are two of these ducts. They are muscular tubes (surrounded by smooth muscle). They connect the left and right epididymis to the ejaculatory ducts in order to move sperm. Each tube is about 30 centimeters long.
During ejaculation the smooth muscle in the wall of the vas deferens contracts, That pushes the sperm toward the penis. The sperm go from the vas deferens into the urethra. Other male sex glands push out at the same time.
There is a surgery called vasectomy that is a method of contraception. The two vasa deferentia (Latin plural) are cut and sealed, so the sperm cannot get out of the body. This is usually permanent, but in sometimes it can be reversed. Sometimes instead of cutting the vas deferentia, the surgeon puts something to block the sperm instead of cutting them.

Che Guevara
Ernesto Guevara de la Serna (June 14, 1928 - October 9, 1967) was a follower of Karl Marx and a doctor who was born in Argentina. He is commonly called Che Guevara or El Che.
He was born in Argentina in 1928. When he was in college, he learned in Buenos Aires about medicine. During breaks, he traveled and saw how poor some people were in Argentina. He started to think that only fighting could solve this.
When he was done with college, he traveled to Mexico, where he met Fidel Castro, who was planing to start a communist rebellion in Cuba. Ernesto joined Fidel, and fought with him in the revolution. In 1959, Fidel won and became president of Cuba. In 1965 he helped to start revolution in Congo-Kinshasa and Bolivia. He was captured, and the Bolivian Army assassinated him in 1967. His body was not found until the year 1997.

Whisker
A whisker is a long, thick hair around the mouth of some animals such as cats and mice, that the animal uses to feel its surroundings.
Whiskers can also mean a beard or mustache.

Magma
In volcanology, magma is melted rock that is under the ground. It is like lava, which is melted rock above the ground. There are many types of magma. One is called felsic magma. Felsic magma is thick and has lots of something called silica. It mostly makes light-colored rocks. Another type is called mafic magma, which is runny and has less silica. It usually makes dark-colored rocks. A third type is intermediate magma. It is like both the other types.

Glue
Glue is a sticky material (usually a liquid) that can stick two or more things together. Glue can be made from plant or animal parts, or it can be made from oil-based chemicals.
The first glues may have been natural liquids that come out of trees when they are cut. Later people learned to make glue by boiling animal feet, cartilage or bones. Some very strong glues were first made from fish bones, rubber or milk.
A simple glue can be made at home by mixing wheat flour and water. This glue will stick pieces of paper together.
Many kinds of art can be made using glue. A collage is a work of art made by using glue to stick coloured things onto paper.
Some glues can be used to keep water out of boats, buildings or vehicles. In this case the glue may be called caulk. Some man-made materials, including wood-like materials, are made using glues to bind together small pieces of material or powders.
While many glues are safe, certain kinds of glue contain strong-smelling chemicals. Some people sniff these glues to get high. Sometimes people breathe in the vapours by mistake. This is a very bad idea because these chemicals are often poisons and may cause brain damage or illness.

Angara
The Angara is a river in Siberia, Russia, close to the Jenissei. It is nearly 1.779 km long. It flows out of Lake Baikal and into the "Jenissei". A big city on the river is Irkutsk.

Yenisei
The Yenisei ("Енисе́й") is a river in Siberia. It belongs to the greatest river system that flows into the Arctic Ocean. The Yenisei is the fifth longest river in the world. It is a little shorter than the Mississippi river, but with 1.5 times the flow. It comes from Mongolia and follows a northern course to the Kara Sea. The river drains a large part of central Siberia, the longest stream following the Yenisei-Angara-Selenga-Ider is about 5539 km long. Its watershed, which includes the world's largest (by volume) lake, Lake Baikal, holds more water than any other river system.
The upper parts of the system have rapids and flooding, and pass through areas where very few people live. The middle section is controlled by a series of large hydroelectric dams. The dams were built to supply a major Russian primary industry. Partly built by gulag labor in Soviet times, industrial contamination is a big problem in the area. The area is very hard to watch by the police. Moving on through sparsely-populated taiga, the Yenisei grows with many tributaries and finally reaches the Kara Sea in desolate tundra where it is covered with ice for more than half the year. As with other Siberian rivers, the flow has increased lately. People think this is because of global warming. A concern was also raised that a change in the salt in the Arctic may have a global impact on ocean currents.

Moonspell
Moonspell is a gothic metal band from Portugal. It was started in 1992.
Moonspell's first music album was "Under the Moonspell", which was released in 1994.

Siberia
Siberia is the part of Russia that is in Asia. It covers wide landscapes, and stretches from the Ural to the Pacific. It goes from the Arctic Sea to the border with China and Mongolia. Siberia is about 56% of all Russian territory. It is one of the coldest places on Earth.

Opel Corsa
The Opel Corsa is a small car produced by General Motors since 1983. There are four generations of that car.
In the United Kingdom it is called the Vauxhall Corsa. In Latin America and Asia it is called the Chevrolet Corsa. In Australia and New Zealand it is called the Holden Corsa.

Iron Maiden
Iron Maiden is an English heavy metal band. It was started by Steve Harris in 1975. Its first music album was "Iron Maiden", which was released in 1980. The singer Paul Di'Anno was replaced by Bruce Dickinson in 1981. Bruce Dickinson left in 1993 and was replaced by Blaze Bayley, but in 1999 Bruce returned in the band.
The mascot of the band is Eddie, a monster, who is present in the concerts and also appears on the album covers. Eddie is most often shown as a dead body that has come back to life and looks very evil. The band's music shows often have a statue of Eddie that is very large and much taller than the band.
Iron Maiden has given the world many albums. Some of these albums are Killers, The Number of the Beast and Seventh Son of a Seventh Son. The band's most new album, A Matter of Life and Death, was released in the year 2006.
Members.
Iron maiden started off in bars but started to get pretty famous

Ljubljana
Ljubljana is capital city of Slovenia. It is also the largest city in that country. The city became the most important settlement in the area when Romans ruled Slovenia. There are many museums with things from that time in Ljubljana.
As of 2002, there are 265,881 people living in Ljubljana. University of Ljubljana is located in Ljubljana.

Nuku'alofa
Nuku'alofa is the capital city of Tonga. It is located on the island of Tongatapu.
35% of Tongans are living in Nuku'alofa. As of 1996, the population is about 22,400.

General Motors
General Motors is a very big car company. It is based in the Renaissance Center in Detroit, Michigan. It was founded in 1908 by a man named Billy Durant. It makes cars and trucks in 33 countries. About 327,000 people work for it. It is the second largest car company in the world.

Bartolomeu Dias
Bartolomeu Dias, also known as "Bartholomew Dias",(1450 - May 29, 1500) was a Portuguese explorer who was the first European to sail past the Cape of Good Hope. In 1487, King John II from Portugal asked Dias to search for the land of a Christian king named Prester John in the east. Because Prester John did not really exist, he did not find the land but instead found a route from the Atlantic Ocean to the Indian ocean leading to Asia in 1488. Commanding a ship in Pedro Álvares Cabral´s expedition to Brazil he died at sea in 1500 during a storm. There was a statue made for him later in Cape Town, South Africa.

Cape Agulhas
Cape Agulhas is the point in Africa which is farthest south. It is in the country of South Africa. It is near the town of Agulhas.

Holy Roman Emperor
Holy Roman Emperor was the title that was given to the ruler of a loose group of places in what is now called Germany called the Holy Roman Empire. The title of "emperor" was passed from the Romans to the Frankish kingdom when, on 25 December 800, Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne, king of the Franks, emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.

Fatu Hiva
Fatu Hiva is a tropical island in the Pacific Ocean. It is part of French Polynesia and the Marquesas Islands.
There are some 600 people living on Fatu Hiva, which is located 22 km away from Motu Nao. The three main villages are Hana Vave, Omo'a and Uia.

Tampere
Tampere (Swedish: Tammerfors) is the third largest city in Finland. It is the capital of Pirkanmaa region.
Tampere was founded in 1779. As of 2005, there are 204,385 inhabitants. The current mayor is Timo P. Nieminen.

Asikkala
Asikkala is one of the municipalities of Finland. It is part of the province of Southern Finland and the region of Päijänne Tavastia. The downtown of Asikkala is called Vääksy. Asikkala has an area of 756.2 km². 192.29 km² of it is water.
Asikkala is located on the coast of the lake Päijänne. As of 2006, there are 8 636 people living in the municipality. The current mayor is Juri Nieminen.

Lordi
Lordi is a Finnish Heavy metal band, which won the Eurovision Song Contest 2006 with the song "Hard Rock Hallelujah".
Lordi was started in 1996. Its original members were Mr. Lordi (vocals), Kita (percussion), Amen (guitar), Magnum (bass) and Enary (keyboards). The first single was "Would You Love a Monsterman?" (2002). It was also included in the band's debut album "Get Heavy". Their music and style has been compared to the American groups, KISS, Twisted Sister and GWAR.

CD-R
A CD-R (also called Compact Disc Recordable) is a compact disc that can be recorded once. When people record a compact disc, they put either music or data on it.
A compact disc that can be recorded multiple times (and erased) is the CD-RW.

The Truman Show
"The Truman Show" is a movie released in 1998. It is directed by Peter Weir and is written by Andrew Niccol. The main star in the movie is Jim Carrey who has been in many other movies such as "The Mask". The movie is about a young man called Truman Burbank who is in a made-up town called Seahaven. The whole town fits into a dome shape and Truman can be seen all over the world on television. He has been on the show since he was born. He was the one out of six unwanted babies to be in the show. He does not realise until later that the town he is living in is made-up. Christof is the creator of the show and some would call him a villain. He is in charge of making everything go right and cannot afford to lose Truman.

Krill
Krill are shrimp-like crustaceans that can be found in all the oceans of the world. They are eaten by many animals, including birds, whales, fish, squid, and whale sharks.
They are usually found in huge swarms, with more than 10,000 krill per

Subaru
Subaru is a car company that is part of a larger Japanese company called Fuji Heavy Industries, who also makes other things like buses and airplanes. Subaru builds cars in Japan and also builds cars in the state of Indiana.
Their cars are known for having all-wheel drive, which means that the engine drives all four wheels, instead of just the wheels in the front or in the back. They also have boxer engines, which means that the pistons and the cylinders in the engine fire left to right instead of up and down or at an angle.
The name Subaru is a Japanese word for a star cluster in the sky named Pleiades, and the company logo has the stars in its picture in the same place as they are in the sky.
History.
Fuji Heavy Industries in 1954 built a car called the Subaru P-1. It was named by the person who was CEO, Kenji Kita. From 1954 to 1997 the company designed and built other vehicles including the tiny 360 (1958), the Sambar (1961), the 1000 (1965), the R2 (1969), the Leone (1971), the Domingo (1983), the Alcyone (1985), the Legacy(1989), the Impreza(1993), the Sambar EV electric van (1995), and the Forester(1997).

Giraffe
A giraffe ("Giraffa camelopardalis") is an even-toed ungulate mammal from Africa. It is the tallest animal that lives on land. The giraffe and Okapi form the family "Giraffidae".
Appearance.
Giraffes can be 4.8 to 5.5 metres / 16 to 18 ft tall and weigh up to 900 kilograms / 2000 pounds.
Giraffes have a very long neck and legs. Their fur has a light yellowish or brownish colour with dark patches. Both male and female Giraffes have small horn-like stumps on their head which are covered with skin. They have a long blue tongue, which can be up to 45 cm long.
Habitat.
Giraffes live in Africa. Today they live in the savannas south of the Sahara.
Life.
Giraffes eat mostly leaves from trees, which they can reach because of their long legs and long necks. They can go without water for weeks.
Giraffes live alone or in loose groups. Young male giraffes form small groups until they become mature. Adult males live alone. Females form groups of 4 - 32 animals. When the female is close to giving birth, it leaves the group for a time to give birth to its offspring, and comes back 2-3 weeks after her baby is born.
After a pregnancy of 14-15 months the female gives birth to usually a single baby (which is called "calf"). Giraffes give birth while standing, so the baby falls down 2 meters. Giraffe calfs are already 1.8 m tall and weigh 50 kg. The calf stays with its mother for 1½ years. Young giraffes become mature when they are 4 years old, and they are fully grown when they are 6 years old. Giraffes can become 25 years old, in captivity they can become 35 years old.

Giant isopod
Giant isopods are big crustaceans that live at the bottom of the ocean. They can grow up to 45 cm long and weigh up to 1.7 Kg. Currently about 9 different species are known. Giant isopods usually eat dead whales, fish and squid. They may also be active scavengers, and hunt slow-moving prey, such as sea cucumbers, sponges, nematodes. Perhaps they even catch live fish. They live in depths between 170m to about 2200m. Over 80% can be found between 365 m and 730 m  of depth.. They probably prefer a muddy or clay substrate and lead solitary lives.

Elementary algebra
These three are the main strands of elementary algebra. Elementary algebra is often used in many other subjects, like science, business, and building. Abstract algebra, a much more advanced topic, is generally taught late in college.

Kesälahti
Kesalahti (Finnish: Kesälahti) is a municipality in Finland. It is part of the North Karelia region. There are nearly 2 700 people living in Kesalahti.
History.
Kesalahti is the southernmost municipality of North Karelia. It was officially founded in 1873. The area of the municipality is 582.67 km². 195.42 km² of it is water.
Kesälahti is advertised as a popular summer destination for families enjoying camping. The Puruvesi lake shores host three active camping grounds with cabins,¨and tent and trailer lots to let. The name of the municipality can be translated as 'summer bay'.
The current mayor is Jorma Turunen.
Villages.
Hummovaara, Kesälahti (centre), Marjoniemi, Purujärvi, Salokylä, Sarvisalo, Suitsansaari, Totkunniemi, Varmonniemi, Villala

Eckerö
Eckerö is a municipality in the Åland Islands, Finland. As of March 2006, there are 926 people living in Eckerö.
Eckerö is the westernmost municipality of Finland. Mariehamn, the capital of Åland, is located 35 km away. 95 % of the people in Eckerö speak Swedish as their first language.

Utsjoki
Utsjoki is a municipality in Finland. It is part of the Lapland Province. Utsjoki is the only municipality in Finland, where most people speak Sami as their first language.
As of February 2005, there are 1,373 people living in Utsjoki. The neighboring municipalities are Inari in Finland and Karasjok, Tana and Nesseby in Norway. Nuorgam in Utsjoki is the northernmost village in Finland and European Union.
In the Northern Sami language, the municipality is known as Ohcejohka.

Savitaipale
Savitaipale is a Finnish municipality in the South Karelia region. As of 2006, there are more than 4,100 people living in Savitaipale.
Savitaipale has an area of 690.78 km². 151.63 km² of it is water. The municipality is situated on the coast of the Lake Kuolimo. Helsinki is located 220 km away.
Villages.
Havola, Hyrkkälä, Jokeinmaa, Kaihtula, Karhula, Kaskeinkylä, Kaulio (Kauliala), Kokkola, Korhola, Korpela, Koskeinkylä, Kuivanen, Kunttula, Kurhila (Järviä), Kylliälä, Kärpänen, Laksiainen, Lamminpää, Luotola, Luotolahti, Lyytikkälä, Marttila, Monola, Niinimäki, Paukkula, Peltoinlahti, Pettilä, Purtoismäki, Pöntylä, Rahikkala, Rantala, Ratasalo, Savitaipale, Solkeinkylä, Susivuori, Säänjärvi, Tukiala, Uiminniemi, Valkolanmäki, Virmajärvi, Välijoki

Vantaa
Vantaa (Swedish: Vanda) is the fourth largest city in Finland after Helsinki, Espoo and Tampere. It is part of the Greater Helsinki area. The most important parts of Vantaa are Tikkurila, Hakunila, Koivukylä, Korso, Martinlaakso and Myyrmäki. Tuusula, Kerava, Sipoo, Helsinki, Espoo and Nurmijärvi are neighbour communities and cities of Vantaa.
Vantaa has been a city since 1974. As of March 2007, the population was 190 580. The current mayor is Juhani Paajanen.
The biggest airport in Finland, Helsinki-Vantaa, is on the Central Vantaa.
Finnish and Swedish are official languages of Vantaa. In 2006 Swedish was mother language of 3,1 percent of population of Vantaa.

Karstula
Karstula is a municipality in Central Finland. There are more than 4,900 people living in Karstula.
Karstula is located 100 km away from the city of Jyväskylä. The municipality was founded in 1867.
Villages.
Karstula, Kiminki, Rantakylä, Vahanka, Vastinki, Kangasaho

Dimmu Borgir
Dimmu Borgir is a black metal band founded in 1993 in Norway. Its name is Icelandic for a "dark castle".
The band's first recordings were in Norwegian, but nowadays most of the material is in English. The newest studio album is "In Sorte Diaboli" (2007), which entered the Norwegian album chart at No. 1 — the first time a black metal band has ever attained No. 1 position on a national album chart anywhere in the world. Dimmu Borgir's previous release, "Death Cult Armageddon", as well as Satyricon's "Now, Diabolical" previously reached No. 2 position on the Norwegian album chart.
A week after "In Sorte Diaboli" reached No. 1 on the Norweigan album charts, the album attained No. 43 on The Billboard 200, making them the first Norwegian band since the 80's pop group 'A-HA' to enter the U.S. Top 50.
"In Sorte Diaboli" features the London Philharmonic Orchestra. Strangely, the album has been banned by the UK album charts for questionable reasons.

Villain
A villain is a bad person. Villains are usually found in books and movies. The audience do not usually like the villain and they support the hero or heroine. In some movies and books (such as the movie Ocean's Eleven), the villain is a good person and the hero/heroine is bad (such as a robber).

Sonata Arctica
Sonata Arctica is a Finnish power metal band founded in 1996 in Kemi.
The band's original name was Tricky Beans. After releasing three demo recordings it was changed into Tricky Means. Afterwards the band adopted its current name.
Before they became as famous and popular as they are, they got attention from metal fans for touring and playing with the band Nightwish.
Sonata Arctica's first music album was "Ecliptica". It was released on November 1999 in Finland and elsewhere in 2000. 30,000 copies were sold in Japan. The newest studio recording is

Carpet
A carpet is a rectangular piece of woven textile. Generally, carpets are used to make things more beautiful. They are either put on the floor, or on a wall of a building. In Islam, carpets are also used for people to kneel on when they pray. Carpets are warmer and softer than hard floors such as hardwood, tile, or concrete. Carpets can be many different sizes. Carpets originated in Central Asia.

Digon
A digon is a shape that has two sides and two corners (vertices). It is impossible to make on a flat surface, called a plane because the sides would be the same, but possible to make on a sphere. It can be made by picking two places on a great circle and connecting them. If the places are opposite each other, the digon is called a regular digon.

Great circle
A great circle the largest possible circle that can be drawn on a sphere, one that divides the surface into equal halves, called hemispheres. It is a circle that has the same diameter as the sphere it was drawn on. These curves are geodesics in the sphere and all have the same circumference, that is, the length of the circle.
There are an infinite number of great circles that can be drawn on any perfect sphere. The latitude lines on a globe all form great circles that pass through the same two points (the North Pole and the South Pole). The Equator is another great circle.
Great Circles can be used to determine the shortest surface distance between two points on a sphere (or on the earth).
A straight line from plane Euclidean geometry corresponds to a Great Circle in non-Euclidean spherical geometry.

John Dalton
John Dalton (September 5, 1766 – July 27, 1844) was a British chemist and physicist. He was born in England. He made many discoveries about atomic theory.
Dalton's Atomic Theory.
Dalton's Atomic theory is a scientific theory about atoms. Dalton made the theory to explain why elements would combine in certain ways. The idea of atoms was already known at the time, but not widely accepted. Dalton's theory of atoms was based on actual observation. Before this, ideas about atoms were based more on philosophy.
Although not a part of the Dalton's original atomic theory, it is believed that Dalton's atomic theory contained the way that the atoms use to bond together.

Kauniainen
Kauniainen (Grankulla in Swedish) is a city in Finland. It is part of the Greater Helsinki area. Kauniainen has an area 6.0 km² and is fully located within Espoo.
Kauniainen was officially founded in 1920. It became a city in 1972. There are about 8,550 people living in Kauniainen. Most of them (57 %) speak Finnish as their first language. 39 % have Swedish as their mother tongue.

Nummi-Pusula
Nummi-Pusula is a municipality in Finland. It was formed in 1981 from the existing municipalities of Nummi and Pusula. The municipality is located in Uusimaa and in the Province of Southern Finland.
Nummi-Pusula has an area of 504.82 km² (35.29 km² of it is water). About 6,000 people live there.

Medicine man
A medicine man is a traditional Native American healer. This person, a man or woman, could help cure physical, mental, or spiritual health problems.

Basement
The basement is the lowest room in some buildings, almost always below the ground.

Landfill
A landfill is a place where waste is held. Waste is usually buried in landfills. They have a bad smell and look bad, so they are usually made far from where people live.

Reproductive system
A reproductive system is the part of an organism that makes them able to sexually reproduce. Humans and other animals use their reproductive systems to have sexual intercourse as well as reproduce.

Rectum
The rectum is a part of the gastrointestinal system. It is where feces is stored before coming out of the anus. Feces in the rectum causes a desire to make that feces come out. A toilet is a place where feces can be put.

County seat
In the United States, the county seat is the capital of a county. It is where the government for the county is located. In the United Kingdom, the name county town is used instead.

Pacific Islands
Pacific Islands are islands that are in the Pacific Ocean. There are about 20,000 or 30,000 of them. These islands are sometimes called Oceania. The Pacific Islands are in three groups. These groups are Polynesia, Melanesia, and Micronesia. People who live on these islands are sometimes called Pacific Islanders. These islands can be made by Volcanoes or made on coral reefs. The islands made by volcanoes are bigger, and more people can live on them. The islands made on coral reefs are smaller, and fewer people can live on them.

Large intestine
The large intestine is the last part of the digestive system. It lies between the small intestine and the anus in the Gastrointestinal system. It is about 1.5 meters long. It is shorter than the small intestine. But its diameter is bigger, so its name is large intestine.It is composed of the appendix, cecum, ascending, transverse and descending colon, sigmoid, rectum, and anal sphincter. The long intestine functions to absorb water, form feces, move/store feces and absorb electrolytes.

Joensuu
Joensuu is a city in Finland. It is the centre of the region of North Karelia. Joensuu has an area of 1.312,1 km² and a population of 57,879 people. 138.7 km² of the area is water.
The Finnish capital, Helsinki is located 437 km away from Joensuu. There is a university in Joensuu.
The municipalities of Tuupovaara and Kiihtelysvaara were merged with Joensuu on January 1 2005.

Tuupovaara
Tuupovaara was a municipality in the North Karelia region of Finland. It was merged with Joensuu on January 1 2005. Before 1913 the place was known as Kovero.
In 2004 there were 2,217 people living in Tuupovaara.
Villages.
Eimisjärvi, Hartiovaara, Heinäaho, Herajärvi, Hoilola, Kinnasniemi, Kokinvaara, Konnunniemi, Kortevaara, Kovero, Luutalahti, Mannervaara, Pirttijärvi, Revonsonkaja, Saarivaara, Sonkajanranta, Tuupovaara, Öllölä

Urine
Urine is liquid created by the body in the kidneys. Urinating is how the body gets rid of wastes. Urine is the liquid that the waste is put in. Urine is mostly water and salt, and about 2% urea, which is what makes urine a yellow color.
Urine leaves the kidneys and is stored in the bladder. Urine leaves the body through the urethra.
Some slang terms for urine are "pee" and "piss".

Rudolf Vrba
Rudolf 'Rudi' Vrba (September 11, 1924 - March 27, 2006), was a Professor in the Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics at the University of British Columbia in Canada. His birth name was Walter Rosenberg. In April 1944, he escaped from the Auschwitz concentration camp. After escaping, he passed information to the Allies who were fighting the Axis Powers during the Second World War. He informed the authorities about the mass murder that was taking place at the camp.

Joel Brand
Joel Brand (1907 – 1964) was a Jew from Hungary. He helped to save many lives of Jews of Hungary from death. He saved them from being sent to Nazi Germany’s death camp at Auschwitz concentration camp.

Auschwitz concentration camp
Auschwitz concentration camp was the largest concentration camp of Nazi Germany. Its name comes from the name of the town where it stood, "Oświęcim". Auschwitz is the name of Oświęcim in the German language.
People also call these death camps by other names including Auschwitz, Konzentrationslager Auschwitz-Birkenau, KL Auschwitz, and the Former Nazi German Concentration Camp of Auschwitz. Beginning in 1940, Nazi Germany built many concentration camps there. In these death camps, Nazi Germany killed about 1.1 million people. 90% of them were Jewish people.
Schutzstaffel (SS in short) under the direct control of Heinrich Himmler operated these death camps. SS also operated many such camps in Nazi Germany. Until the summer of 1943, the commander of Auschwitz was Rudolf Hoess. After him, Arthur Liebehenschel and Richard Baer became commander of the camp. After the Second World War, Hoess wrote his autobiography had given many details about these camps. After the Second World War, he received the death penalty, and the authorities hanged him in front of the crematorium of Auschwitz I. Johanna Langefeld, Maria Mandel, and Elisabeth Volkenrath managed the women prisoners of Auschwitz.
About 700 prisoners tried to escape from different Auschwitz camps. Only 300 succeeded. Guards caught the families of the prisoners who escaped or tried to escape. They kept them as prisoners. They showed the family members to other prisoners to prevent any escape attempts.
The Camps.
There were many other sub-camps around these three main camps.
Auschwitz I.
Auschwitz I served as the office for all camps at the place. The Nazi Germany had established this on 20th May 1940. Beginning on 14th June 1940, the Nazi Germany started keeping prisoners there. The first batches were of 728 prisoners from Poland and then 48 homosexual persons from Germany. Then Jews arrived as prisoners. At any time, there were between 13,000 and 16,000 prisoners. In 1942, the number increased to 20,000. However, contrary to as shown in many films, most of the Jew prisoners were in Auschwitz II.
The SS selected some prisoners, generally of German nationality, to work as guards. They called these guards “kapos”. The prisoners’ clothes carried different marks to distinguish different types of prisoners. Generally, the Jews got the worst treatment.
On Sundays, the prisoners did not have to do work. On this day, they did cleaning and washing. The living conditions were very bad and food supplies were worse. Many prisoners died regularly due to the bad conditions.
The SS built many types of rooms to give different types of punishments to prisoners. They constructed rooms of 1.5 metres square. They kept four people in such a room standing all night, and forced them to work during the day. In some other rooms, the SS officers kept people and did not give them any water or food. These people were left to die of hunger. In some rooms, there would be only a small window. They kept people there and they died as the room’s air became without oxygen. They also hanged people in a way that their shoulder joints got broken. They remained hanging for hours and days, suffered much pain and finally died. The camp also had a place to kill people by firing gunshots at them. They also hanged some persons and they died a slow and painful death.
On 3rd September 1941, the SS did the first testing of poison gas on prisoners at this camp. They used Hydrogen cyanide or Zyklon B. In this test, they killed 600 Prisoners of Wars of the Soviet Union and about 250 Poles. When the SS found that the test was a success, they constructed a gas chamber and a crematorium in block 11 of the camp. They used this from 1941 to 1942, and killed about 60,000 people by sending them to the gas chamber. After this, they made this as an air-raid shelter for the use of SS. The gas chamber still exists after reconstruction using the original parts. Now, it is a part of the museum.
On 26th March 1942, the first women prisoner arrived at Auschwitz. A gynecologist Dr. C. Allan did many types of experiments on Jewish women during the period from April 1943 to May 1944. She was trying to develop a simple injection to make these women sterilized. Another doctor named Joseph Mengele did experiments on twins and dwarfs. He did things like castration without using any anesthetics. All these experiments were very crude and painful. Many women and men died during these experiments. The doctors killed many patients of the camp’s hospital by giving them injection of phenol if the patients did not recover quickly.
At the order of Heinrich Himmler’s order, SS even established a brothel in Auschwitz in summer of 1943. The women working in the brothel were non-Jewish prisoners. The brothel was established to reward prisoners of high value to the Nazis (such as group leaders and chefs).
Auschwitz II.
Auschwitz II (Birkenau, pronounced BERK-IN-NOW) was another part of the complex. Many people know this simply by the name of "Auschwitz". Here Nazi Germany killed over one million people, mostly Jews, poles and gypsies.
The Nazis began concentrating Birkenau (Brzezinka) in October 1941. had posted a photograph of this place. Auschwitz II had four gas chambers. These gas chambers looked like showers. Auschwitz II also had four crematoria. In the gas chambers, people were killed by using gas and in the crematorium, they burnt the bodies of the dead persons.
Everyday Nazi authorities brought many prisoners by rail to Auschwitz. The Nazis separated these prisoners into three groups. Within hours they sent about 66% of prisoners to gas chambers where they died. This 66% generally included all children, all women, all elderly persons, and others whom SS officers thought not fully fit to do work. Everyday SS killed in gas chambers about 20,000 persons. They used a cyanide gas to kill these persons. The SS selected some fit persons for working as slave labor at companies like I. G. Farben and Krupp. Records indicate that between 1940 and 1945, about 405,000 persons worked as slave labors. Out of them, about 340,000 died during this period. Oskar Schindler, a German industrialist saved about 1,000 Jews from Poland. He sent them away at his factory, and these Jews lived. SS officials made a third group mostly of twins and dwarfs. Nazi doctors like Josef Mengele did experiments on these persons.
The SS used some prisoners for different works in the camp like kapos (orderlies) and sonderkommandos (workers at the crematoria). The kapos maintained discipline. Sonderkommandos took the dead bodies from the gas chambers to the crematorium for burning the bodies. Before burning, they even took out gold from the filling in dead persons’ teeth, if any. From time to time, SS also killed some of the kapos and sonderkommandos. Altogether about 6,000 SS members worked at Auschwitz.
By 1943 many resistance groups had come up inside the camps of Auschwitz. These groups helped some prisoners to escape from Auschwitz. These persons brought the information to the world about the killings taking place inside the Auschwitz. If one prisoner escaped, the SS killed many other prisoners, and sometimes arrested the family members of the escaped prisoners and paraded them in the camps. This was to stop other prisoners from attempting any escape.
On 27th January 1945, the Red Army of the Soviet Union reached the camp complex. All the SS guards and officers had fled. They had forced march more than 58,000 prisoners on a death march to Germany. The Red Army found about 7,600 persons in the camp.
In 1947 Poland founded a museum at the site of the Auschwitz camps. By 1994, about 22 million visitors came to the museum.
Auschwitz III.
In Auschwitz III and many other sub-camps, the SS kept the prisoners who worked as slave workers for factories of I. G. Farben. Doctors from Auschwitz II came to visit these camps from time to time. If they found unfit and weak persons, these persons had to go to Auschwitz II. There the SS guards killed them in the gas chambers.
The information.
The Allies received some information about Auschwitz camps during 1941-1944. However, the authorities did not believe the figures of killings. Two persons, namely Rudolf Vrba and Alfred Wetzler could escaped from these camps. They presented their reports, and Allied leaders learnt the truth about Auschwitz in the middle of 1944.
During 1944, airplanes of the Allies had taken some photographs of the area, which included Auschwitz camps. However, no one analyzed these photographs. Only in 1970s, the authorities looked at these photographs carefully. At one time, the allied had planned bombing the camps. But, they dropped the idea as this might have endangered the lives of the prisoners. In fact some planes dropped bombs at nearby military targets. One bomb fell on the camp and killed some prisoners. The debate still continues about the steps, which could have been taken to save the killings of the prisoners by the SS.
Freedom.
By late-1944, the Red Army had come closer to the place. The SS personnel managing the camps blew up the gas chambers of Birkenau to hide their crimes of killing. On 17th January 1945, Nazi personnel started to vacate the camps. They forced the prisoners held there to march towards west. They left behind only those who could not march. On 27th January 1945, the troops of the 322nd Infantry of the Red Army reached the place. They found and freed about 7,500 prisoners.
Deaths.
Little is known about the number of people who died at Auschwitz and other camps. It is thought to be a large number. The Nazis destroyed most of the records. Studies to arrive at the figures depend on the witnesses and persons of Nuremberg Trials. In some case, survivors’ accounts helped to fix some rough figures.
The communist governments of the Soviet Union and the Poland had reported the number at 4 million. Witnesses and the persons facing trials at Nuremberg Trials gave lower figures. Nazi Rudolf Hoess said that between 2.5 and 3 million had been killed, while Adolf Eichmann gave a figure of 2 million. In 1983, French scholar George Wellers was one of the first to use Nazi data on deportations to estimate the number killed at Auschwitz. He calculated a figure of 1.613 million dead, including 1.42 million Jews and 146,000 Poles. Around the same time, Franciszek Piper used timetables of train arrivals and other records of sending out of people by the Nazis. He calculated 1.1 million Jewish deaths and 140,000-150,000 Polish victims, along with 23,000 Roma (gypsies). Many scholars think this figure might be the right order of magnitude.
After the war.
After few years of the Second World War, the government of Poland decided to restore Auschwitz I. They repaired some of the camps. Sometimes they did very minor changes from the original set up – but this they indicated by placing suitable notices. Auschwitz II and the remains of the gas chambers are also part of the museum. The museum had many sections. One section has very large number of shoes of men, women and children. Another section has suitcases, which the victims had brought. In fact, victims brought many things including household utensil thinking that Nazis were taking them to another place for re-settlement. One display case about 30 metres long displays human hair of the victims. Before killing the persons, the SS removed the hairs. They opened the museum in 1947 for the public. The museum was to honor the victims of the Nazism. The people later on scattered the ashes of the victims between the huts. They see the entire area as a gravesite.
The UNESCO had declared the site as a World Heritage Site.
In 1979, Polish Pope John Paul II celebrated Mass on the grounds of Auschwitz II. After the pope had announced beatification of Edith Stein, Catholics erected a cross near bunker 2 of Auschwitz II where SS had gassed Edith Stein. After some time, a Star of David appeared at the site. Many religious symbols appeared. Finally people removed all of them.
In 1984, Carmelites opened a convent near Auschwitz I. When Jewish groups protested, they removed the convent in 1987. In 1988, Carmelites erected one 8 metre (26 ft) tall cross outside the block 11. When the Jewish group protested saying that most of the killed were Jewish people, 300 smaller crosses appeared by 1998. Finally, people removed the smaller crosses but the larger one continues to stand.
On 27th January 1945, the Red Army of the Soviet Union had freed the Auschwitz camps. In 1996, Germany honors the victims of Nazism on 27th January. In 2005, the European Parliament marked the anniversary of the camp's liberation in 2005 with a minute of silence. The European Parliament also passed a resolution condemning the murder of about 1.5 million people at Auschwitz camps. The resolution also told about “the disturbing rise in anti-semitism, and especially anti-semitic incidents, in Europe, and for learning anew the wider lessons about the dangers of victimizing people on the basis of race, ethnic origin, religion, social classification, politics or sexual orientation."
Controversies.
The communist governments of the Soviet Union and Poland had noted on a memorial plate out of the Auschwitz camps. The plated showed number of killed as 4 million. After the fall of the communist government in Poland in 1989, the plate showed a different figure: 1.1 million. People who try to deny about the Holocaust had used this variance in the figures to claim that Holocaust was something like a propaganda. However, the fact remains that more than SS killed at least 1.1 million persons in Auschwitz camps, and Holocaust is a fact of history.
Recently the Polish media and the government had raised objections on the use of the name like "Polish death camps" to describe the Auschwitz camps. Use of such a name was misleading and gave an impression of involvement of Poland. On April 1, 2006, a Polish Culture Ministry spokesman said that the government requested that UNESCO change the name from "Auschwitz Concentration Camp" to "Former Nazi German Concentration Camp Auschwitz-Birkenau". This was necessary to avoid misleading the public in believing that Nazis of Germany ran the camps and not the authorities of the Poland.
The Polish government had allowed filming at the sites for two films, and a TV series. However, in some cases, they had disallowed filming inside the camps. In February 2006, Poland refused visas to some researchers from Iran to visit Auschwitz. They took this step as the President of Iran Mahmoud Ahmadinejad has dismissed the Holocaust as false.

Savukoski
Savukoski (Inari Sami: Suovâkuoškâis, Northern Sami: Suovvaguoika) is a Finnish municipality in the Province of Lapland. As of 2005, 1,326 people live there. The area is 6.496,64 km². The municipality was founded in 1916.
The villages in Savukoski include Kuosku, Martti, Nousu, Seitajärvi, Savukoski, Tanhua, Lunkkaus, Viitaranta, Värriö, Rovala and Ruuvaoja.

Friedrich Dürrenmatt
Friedrich Dürrenmatt (January 5th 1921 in Konolfingen; † December 14th 1990 in Neuenburg/Neuchâtel) was a writer and philosopher from Switzerland.
Life.
Dürrenmatt was the son of a Protestant priest.
He was always interested in drawing.
He went to school until 1941, afterwards he studied philosophy, sciences (deep point physics), German literature and architecture, first in Zürich, later in Bern.
In 1946 he published his first written work.
One year later he married the actress Lotti Geissler.
The financial situation of the family got better, when Dürrenmatt began to write radio plays.
His first drama was Die Physiker.

Kampala
Kampala is the capital of Uganda. More than 1,200,000 people live there. The city is located on the shore of Lake Victoria.
The Ugandan National Theatre is located in Kampala. There is also a university in the city.

Genoa
Genoa (Genova in Italian and "Zena" in Ligurian dialect) is a city and capital of the Liguria region in Italy.
The population of Genoa in 2006 was 620,316.
It is the most important seaport in Italy.

Liguria
Liguria is a region of a Northern Italy. The capital is Genoa.
The population was about 1,610,134 in 2005.

Royal Opera House
The Royal Opera House is a famous opera house in London. Sometimes it is called "Covent Garden" because it is in the area of London called Covent Garden. The Royal Opera House is the home of the Royal Opera and the Royal Ballet. There is an orchestra which plays there for all the operas and ballets.
The building that is now the Royal Opera House is the third building in that place. The first theatre to be built there in 1732 was burnt down in 1808. The second theatre opened in 1809 but was burnt down in 1856. Today's building was built in 1858, although a lot of it was rebuilt between 1996 and 2000. The auditorium (the main part where the audience sits) is nearly the same, but all the backstage rooms are new: the dressing rooms, rehearsal rooms, office space etc. There is an extra small theatre called the Linbury Theatre which is used for smaller performances. Together with the new restaurant areas it has helped to get more young people to come.
The Royal Opera House seats 2,268 people. There are seats downstairs (the stalls), four tiers of boxes, a balcony and a gallery.
The conductor ("Musical Director") of the Royal Opera House Orchestra is Antonio Pappano who is a young British conductor.

Kalahasti
Kalahasti is a place in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is a place of pilgrimage for Hindus. In Kalhasti, there is a famous and ancient temple of Shiva, a god of Hindus. The temple is one of the five such temples of Shiva in south India. The other four such temples are at Kanchipuram, Srirangam, Tiruvannamalai, and Chidambaram.
In this temple, people worship Shiva in the form of a linga. There are many mythological stories about this linga. One of the stories tell that an elephant, a snake, and a spider used to worship this linga. The god Shiva blessed them and they went to heaven. is a mythological story about this linga.
Another story tells about a saint named Kannappa. He took out his eyes and offered the same to the linga. At this supreme sacrifice, Shiva became very happy. He appeared in the form of a human being, and restored the eyesight of Kanappa.
Sri Kalahasti temple, situated 36 km away is famous for its Vayudeva temple, which is the only shrine of the god of wind in India. Constructed in the 12th century by the Chola king, Rajarajendra, Vayu is incarnated as Lord Shiva and worshipped as Kalahasteeswara.
This is an important temple dedicated to Lord Siva. This temple has one of the elemental lingas, the vayu (air) linga. There is a lamp inside the inner sanctum that is constantly flickering despite the lack of air movement inside. The air-linga can be observed to move even when the pujaris close off the entrance to the main Deity room, which does not have any windows. You can see the flames on several ghee lamps flicker as if blown by moving air. The linga is white and is considered Swayambhu, or self-manifested.
Kalahasti is surrounded by two sacred hills. The Durgamba temple is on the northern hill. On the south hill there is the shrine of Kannabeswara, in memory of the Sage Kannappa, who offered an eye to the Lord. When he tried to offer his other eye as well, the Lord mercifully stopped him. There is also a temple dedicated to Subramanya on one of the surrounding hills.
The main linga is untouched by human hands, even by the priest. Abhisheka (bathing) is done by pouring a mixture of water, milk, camphor, and panchamrita. Sandal paste, flowers and the sacred thread are offered to the utsava-murti, not the main linga.
This temple is one of the most impressive Siva temples in India. It features an enormous, ancient gopuram (tower) over the main gate. The tower is 36.5m (120 feet) high. The entire temple is carved out of the side of a huge stone hill. It was built in1516 by King Krishnadeva Raya.
The temple is run by neatly dressed Saivite Brahmins

Raidas
Ravidas, also spelt as Raidas, was an Indian saint of 15th century. He belonged to a family of leather workers. Traditionally, in Hinduism such families belong to Shudra group, the lowest level of traditional Hindu society. However, he became a disciple of Ramananda, another famous saint of that time. Ravidas became a great philosopher. He became an important supporter of Vaishanava bhakti movement, and wrote and explained about the cult of Vaishanavism. Some of his verses found place in Guru Granth Sahib, the main text of Sikhism.
Mirabai, a Rajput lady of a royal family of Rajasthan, was one of the followers of Ravidas. Even after 500 years millions of Hindus of all castes, including people who belong to highest Hindu castes, give respect to saint Ravidas. They follow his teachings and consider him their Guru, the teacher.

Rishi
Rishi is a word used in many Hindu scriptures. A simple translation of the word into English would mean a sage. Hindu scriptures and Hindu mythology tell about a number of rishis. They describe a rishi as an old person, with a lot of knowledge and wisdom. They also say that some of the rishis had great powers, and sometimes even some gods of Hindus like Indra were afraid of rishis. Some of the rishis were famous for becoming angry very quickly and easily. Their anger sometimes resulted in the rishis cursing people.
Rishis used to live in deep forests. Many young men from villages and towns also lived with them as their students and disciples. Rishis taught them in schools called Gurukuls. After education, these young men returned to live with their families. However, some of them shall always remain with the rishis as their disciples. Sometimes, even kings and other members of the ruling families would go to them to seek advice and blessings. Sometimes these rishis and their disciples would go to the royal courts and participate in discussions there.
Seven such rishis were the most famous. Hindu scriptures have named them as "saptarishis", that is, the seven sages. The seven sages were Kashyapa, Atri, Vashitha, Vishvamitra, Gautam, Jamdagni, and Bharadvaja. According to Hindu mythology, these seven sages had become like divine beings. Ancient astrology of Hindus identified these seven sages with the stars of the sky, the Great Bear. Their wives formed the Pleiades.

Tiruvannamalai
Tiruvannamalai is a place in the Indian state of Tamilnadu. It is a place of pilgrimage for Hindus. In Tiruvannamalai, there is a famous and ancient temple of Shiva, a god of Hindus. The temple is one of the five such temples of Shiva in south India. The other four such temples are at
In this temple, people worship Shiva in the form of a linga. Many Hindus go to this place all around the year. In the months of November-December, a festival lasting for ten days takes place. During this festival, people light up an entire hill near Tiruvannamala.

Vishvamitra
Vishvamitra is the name of a rishi (sage) of ancient India. This is a Sanskrit word, and its translation is: universal friend, that is, a friend of everybody. Vishvamitra wrote many verses of the Vedas, especially the Rig Veda and the Atharva Veda.
The Hindu scriptures have many stories about Vishvamitra. One of them tell about the competition between another rishi named Vashistha. Both wanted to become priests of big royal families of ancient India.

Rabindranath Tagore
Rabindranath Tagore (May 7 1861 - August 7 1941) was a Bengali poet from Undivided India. His name was originally written as Robindronath Thakur. He was also a philosopher and an artist. He also wrote many stories, novels and dramas. He also composed music and many songs. His writings greatly influenced Bengali culture during the late 19th century and early 20th century. In 1913, he won the Noble Prize for literature. He was the first Asian to win this prize. People also call him Gurudev.
Tagore was born in the city of Kolkata (formerly known as Calcutta). In Kolkata his place of birth was at No. 6 Dwarkanath Tagore Lane, Jorasanko Thakur Bari, Kolkata, India. Tagore was a Bengali Brahmin by birth. He wrote his first poem when he was only eight years old. He published his first large poetry in 1877. He wrote his first short story and dramas when he was only sixteen years of age.
Tagore's major works included "Gitanjali" ("Song Offerings"), "Gora" ("Fair-Faced"), and “Ghare-Baire" ("The Home and the World"); and many other literary and art works. He was also a cultural reformer, and modernized Bangla art by rejecting the rigidity of form and style.
Early life (1861 - 1901).
Tagore’s nickname was "Rabi". He was the youngest child (among the fourteen) of his parents. His father’s name was Debendranath Tagore. His mother’s name was Sarada Devi. When he was eleven years old, he accompanied his father on a tour of India. Beginning from the 14th February 1873, the tour lasted several months. They visited many places in India. These places included Amritsar in Punjab, and Dalhhousie in the Himalayas. Tagore also visited his father’s estate at Santiniketan. There he read biographies, studied history, astronomy, modern science, and Sanskrit. He also read works of Kalidasa. During this time, he also composed many literary works. One of them was a long poetry in Maithili language. People of north Bihar (India) speak Maithili language. Tagore wrote this poetry in Maithili language in a style of Vidyapati. Vidyapati was a famous poet of Maithili language.
In 1878, he went to London. He enrolled at a public school in Brighton, England. He wanted to become a barrister. Later he studied at University College London. But in 1880, his father called back him from London. His father arranged a marriage for him. He married a girl. His bride was just a girl of ten years. The marriage took place on 9th December 1883. His wife’s name was Mrinalini Devi. They had five children. But four of their children died before reaching full adulthood.
In 1890, Tagore began managing his family’s estates in Shelidah, now in Bangladesh. In 1898, Tagore’s wife and children also came there to live with him. Tagore traveled across the vast estate. He saw the poor people very closely. During 1891 - 1895, he wrote many short stories. These stories showed a wide variety of lifestyle of Bengal, particularly village life.
Santiniketan (1901 – 1932).
In 1901, Tagore left Shelidah. He came to Santiniketan (West Bengal) to found an ashram. He built there a prayer hall, a school, and a library. He planted many trees and also built a beautiful garden. There, Tagore's wife and two of his children died. His father also died on 19th January 1905. By this time, he had started receiving monthly income as part of his inheritance. He also started receiving some royalty for his literary works. He had made a large following among readers of Bengali language, as also other languages who came to know of his works through translations and reviews.
On 14th November 1913, Tagore learned that he had won the 1913 Nobel Prize in Literature. The Swedish Academy had selected him based on a small amount of his translated works, and his 1912 work of poems named "Gitanjali: Song Offerings".
The British Crown gave him title of knighthood in 1915. However, he gave back the title in 1919 as a protest to (Jallianwala Bagh Massacre) in Amritsar. Jallianwala Bagh Massacre was the killing of unarmed people by the troops of the British Raj.
In 1921, Tagore and an agricultural economist Leonard K. Elmhirst set up the Institute for Rural Reconstruction in a village named Surul near his ashram at Shriniketan. An English language translation of Shriniketan would mean an abode (place) of peace. He recruited many scholars and officials from many countries to help the Institute use schooling to "free village[s] from the shackles of helplessness and ignorance". In the early 1930s, he also grew more concerned about India's "abnormal caste consciousness" and differences based on castes. He lectured on the evils of such practices, and also wrote many poems and dramas on these themes. He also appealed to authorities at Kerala's Guruvayoor Temple to admit Dalits inside the temple. Dalits were people lowest in the social system of India. They could not participate in many functions including entry into places of worship of Hindus.
Last years (1932 - 1941).
Even during the last decade of life, Tagore remained publicly active. He criticized Mohandas Gandhi, the Indian leader, for Gandhi’s comments about an earthquake on 15th January 1934 in Bihar. Gandhi had commented that the earthquake had happened on account of God’s will to punish people for practicing casteism. He was also sad at the decline of Bengal and poverty in Kolkata. He wrote a poem of one hundred lines about the poverty of Kolkata. Later on, Satyajit Ray based one of his movies on this poem.
During this period, Tagore wrote fifteen volumes of prose-poems. They covered many aspects of human life. In his last years, Tagore took an interest in science, and wrote a collection of essays. These essays explored biology, physics, and astronomy.
Tagore spent last four years (1937 - 1941) of his life in pain and illness. In late 1937, he lost consciousness. He remained in coma for a long time. Three years later, this happened again. During this period, whenever he felt better, he composed poems. These poems are his best poems. These poems deal with his close encounters with death. After a long period of suffering, Tagore died on 7th August 1941 in the same mansion in Kolkata where he was born and where he had spent his childhood.
Travels.
During 1878 and 1932, Tagore visited thirty countries on five continents. His purpose was to make his literary works known to persons who did not know Bengali language. He also spread his thoughts and ideas, including political ideas.
In 1912 he went to England. Anglo-Irish poet William Butler Yeats wrote the preface to English translation of his work, Gitanjali ("Song Offerings"). Tagore also met Ezra Pound, Robert Bridges, Ernest Rhys, Thomas Sturge Moore, and many other figures.
From 3 May 1916 until April 1917, Tagore gave many lectures in Japan. Shortly after returning to India, the 63-year-old Tagore visited Peru at the invitation of the Peruvian government. At the same time, he also visited Mexico. Both governments pledged donations of $100,000 to the school at Shantiniketan.
On 30th May 1926, Tagore reached Naples, Italy; he met fascist dictator Benito Mussolini in Rome the next day. On 20th July 1926, Tagore criticized and spoke out against Mussolini.
On 14 July 1927, Tagore and two companions went on a four-month tour of Southeast Asia. They visited Bali, Java (island), Kuala Lumpur, Malacca, Penang, Siam, and Singapore. Later on, he wrote a book named “Jatri” (that is, the Traveler). In this book, he wrote about experiences of his travels.
In early 1930 he left Bengal for a nearly yearlong tour of Europe and the U.S. In Paris and London, displays of his paitings took place. During this period, he wrote his Hibbert Lectures for the University of Oxford. He also met Aga Khan III. He also toured Denmark, Switzerland, and Germany from June to mid-September 1930; and then the Soviet Union.
All these travels by Tagore gave him opportunity to discuss with many notable persons of his time. They included Henri Bergson, Albert Einstein, Robert Frost, Mahatma Gandhi, Thomas Mann, George Bernard Shaw, H.G. Wells, Subhas Bose and Romain Rolland.
Tagore's last travels abroad were his visits to Iran and Iraq (in 1932) and Ceylon in 1933. His visit to Iran was as a personal guest of Shah Reza Shah Pahlavi of Iran.
Works.
People know Tagore mainly as a poet. But his literary works include novels, essays, short stories, travelogues, dramas, and thousands of songs. He was also an expert painter.
Novels and non-fiction.
Tagore wrote eight novels and four short novels (novellas). Some of them are: “Gora”, "Chaturanga", "Shesher Kobita", "Char Odhay", and "Noukadubi". "Ghare Baire" ("The Home and the World"). These works covered a variety of themes.
Tagore’s novels remain among the least-appreciated of his works. However, recently many movies have used the stories of these novels. Many movies also have soundtracks featuring selections from Tagore's Rabindra sangeet.
Tagore also wrote many non-fiction books. These also covered many subjects including history of India, linguistics, essays and lectures, autobiography, and details of travels by him.
Music and artwork.
Tagore was also an excellent musician and painter. He wrote around 2,230 songs. People call these songs as Rabindra Sangeet. Translated into English language, Rabindra Sangeet would mean "Tagore Song". These songs are now a part of present day culture of Bengali people. His many poems and songs are parts of his novels and stories.
His songs and music cover many aspects of human emotion, from devotional hymns to songs of love. In most of Bengali speaking families, people sing Rabindra Sangeet. Music critic Arther Strangeways of "The Observer" first introduced his songs to non-Bengalis. He did this through his book named "The Music of Hindostan". The book describes Tagore Song as a "vehicle of a personality... [that] go behind this or that system of music to that beauty of sound which all systems put out their hands to seize." Among Rabindra Sangeet are two great works, which are now national anthems of two different countries, India and Bangladesh. Thus, Tagore is the only person in the world to have written the national anthems of two nations. They are: Bangladesh's "Amar Sonaar Baanglaa" and India's "Jana Gana Mana". "Rabindrasangit" influenced the styles of such musicians like Vilayat Khan, Buddhadev Dasgupta, and composer Amjad Ali Khan
At age sixty, Tagore took interest in drawing and painting. Successful displays of his drawings and paintings took place in France and London. He made drawings and painted using many styles from different parts of the world. His styles included craftwork by the Malanggan people of northern New Ireland, Haida carvings from the Pacific Northwest region of North America, and woodcuts by Max Pechstein. Sometimes, Tagore used his handwritings in artistic styles on his manuscripts.
Theatrical pieces.
When he was only a boy of sixteen years, he had performed in a drama organized by his brother, Jyotirindranath Tagore. When Tagore was of twenty years old, he wrote a drama named "Valmiki Pratibha" ("The Genius of Valmiki"). This described the life of Valmiki, his change from a robber to a learned person, blessing to him by goddess Saraswati, and his writing of the Ramayana.
Another notable play by him is "Dak Ghar" ("The Post Office"), describes how a child tries to escape from his confinement, and falls asleep. This sleeping is suggestive of death. This play received reviews in many parts of Europe. In 1890 he wrote "Visarjan" ("Sacrifice"). Many scholars believe this to be his finest drama. The Bangla-language originals included intricate subplots and extended monologues. He wrote many other drams on a variety of themes. In Tagore's own words, he wrote them as "the play of feeling and not of action". Rabindra Nritya Natya means dance dramas based on Tagore’s plays.
Short stories.
Tagore wrote many stories during the period from 1891 to 1895. "Galpaguchchha" (Bunch of Stories) is a three volume collection of eighty-four of his stories. Tagore wrote about half of these stories during the period 1891 to 1895. This collection continues to be very popular work of Bangla literature. These stories have given ideas to produce many movies and theatrical plays.
Tagore drew inspiration and ideas for writing his stories from his surroundings, from the village life of India. He saw the poor people very closely during travels to manage his family’s large landholdings. Sometimes he used different themes to taste his depth of his intellect.
Poetry.
Tagore's poetry is very varied, and covers many styles. He drew inspiration from 15th - and 16th century poets, as also from ancient writers like Vyasa. Bengal’s Balu folk singers also influenced his style of poetry. He wrote many poems when he was at Shelidah managing his family’s estates. Many of his poems have a lyrical quality. These poems tell about the "man within the heart" and the "living God within". Over next seventy years, he repeatedly revised his style of writing poetry. In 1930s, he wrote many experimental works of poetry, and also used modernism and realism in his works.
Political views.
Tagore’s political views were complex. He criticized European colonialism, and supported Indian nationalists. But, he also criticized the Swadeshi movement of many nationalist leaders of India. Instead, he emphasized self-help and intellectual uplift of the masses. He requested Indians to accept that "there can be no question of blind revolution, but of steady and purposeful education". Many people did not like his thinking. In late 1916, some Indians wanted to kill him when he was staying in a hotel in San Francisco, USA. They did not kill him as they started arguing with Tagore, and then dropped the idea to kill him. Tagore also wrote many songs praising the Indian independence movement. He also returned the British honor of Knighthood as a protest against the 1919 Amritsar massacre. In Amritsar, troops of the British Raj had opened fire on unarmed civilians killing many persons. Despite his not very cordial relations with Gandhi, Tagore played a key role in resolving a Gandhi-B. R. Ambedkar dispute involving separate electorates for untouchables. Untouchables were people considered lowest in the social order.
Tagore was also critical of traditional style of education. While on a visit to Santa Barbara, California on 11 October 1917, he visualized a new type of education. He thought of a new type of university which he desired to be set up at Santiniketan. On 22nd December 1918, work for building the new university began. It started functioning from 22nd December 1921. He named the university: Visva-Bharati University. Tagore worked hard to raise funds for the university, and toured many parts of Europe and USA for this purpose. He gave all his Nobel Prize monies to this university. The university gave personal guidance to all students. Students lived in close proximity to nature, and teacher-student relationship followed pattern of gurukul system of ancient India. In his own words, he wanted this university to become “a world center for the study of humanity... somewhere beyond the limits of nation and geography."
He also had a dream for the future India. He wanted India’s freedom from the British rule. He dreamt of an India: “Where the mind is without fear”.
His legacy.
Nobel laureate Amartya Sen, who is also a Bengali, once noted that even for modern Bengalis, Tagore was a "towering figure", being a "deeply relevant and many-sided contemporary thinker".
Tagore's collected 1939 Bangla-language writings (Rabīndra Racanāvalī) are one of Bengal's greatest cultural treasures, while Tagore himself has been proclaimed "the greatest poet India has produced".
He was also famed throughout much of Europe, North America, and East Asia. Translations of his works are available in many languages of the world, including Russian, English, Dutch, German, Spanish, and many others. In the United States, Tagore gave many lectures during 1916 and 1917. Many people attended those lectures.
Between 1914 and 1922, the Jiménez-Camprubí spouses translated at least twenty-two of Tagore's books from English into Spanish. These Spanish translations influenced many leading figures of Spanish literature. Some of them are Chile Pablo Neruda and Gabriela Mistral of Chile; Mexico Octavio Paz of Mexico; and José Ortega y Gasset, Zenobia Camprubí, and Juan Ramón Jiménez of Spain
Various composers, including classical composer Arthur Shepherd’s, have set Tagore’s poetry to music.

Tamil people
The Tamil people are an ethnic group from South Asia. They have a written history of more than 2,000 years. Traditionally, they have been living in the southern parts of India, and the northeastern parts of Sri Lanka.
The Tamil people number around 74 million in the world. Of that, there are about 63,000,000 in India; about 3,600,000 live in Sri Lanka; about 1,500,000 live in Malaysia; and about 250,000 live in Singapore. The remaining Tamil people live in many other places. Other peoples are related to the Tamil people by language, culture, and ancestry. Some of them are Brahui people, Kannadigas, Malayalis, Telugu people, Tuluvas, and Gonds.
Tamil people identify themselves with their language, Tamil. In recent times, they have broadened the definition of Tamil people. They now also include descendants of Tamil speaking people even when they no longer speak Tamil language.
History.
The history of Tamil people has three broad time periods as described below.
The pre-classical period.
No one is sure about the exact origins of the Tamil people. Some historians believe that they migrated to India around 6000 BC. Some connect them with the Elamite people of ancient Iran. Some historians believe that people of the Indus Valley Civilization were either Tamil or a similar Dravidian race. However, nothing is sure about the origins of the Tamil people.
In Tamilnadu, the earliest presence of Tamil people dates back to around 1000 BC on wards. Archeologists have found many burial places of megalithic era. The style of burials is same as described in classical Tamil literature. Recent excavations at these sites have also provided samples of early Tamil writing, dating back to at least 500 BC ("The Hindu", 2005).. This style of painting originated in the 9th century. In this style of painting, the painter paints on a piece of cloth. Sometimes, the painter also decorates the painting with threads of gold and silver, and precious gems. There is one other type of important painting style. Painters make paintings on the walls of temples. Tamil paintings use rich colors and show minute details.
In their sculpture, artists use bronze. Several pieces of sculptures are found throughout Tamilnadu, particularly in temples. Most of them are very old, dating from the 7th century onwards. The sculptures show very minute details, including details of ornaments and dress. Many sculptures also show movement with fine details. Two important examples of such sculptures are: the cave sculptures at Mamallapuram and Nataraja statue at Chidambaram.
There are many temples in the lands of Tamil people. The gates of these temples, called Gopuram, are higher then other parts. Earlier Gopurams were simple in construction. From 13th century onwards, they became bigger and have engravings and paintings. The engravings and paintings show scenes and characters from Hindu mythology. Temples at Thanjavur. Chidambaram and Srirangam are very big and fine examples of temples of Tamil people.
Tamil art is an important tradition of Indian art.
Performing arts.
The Tamil people have many performing arts. The classical Tamil literature has many details of these performing arts.
Classical music of Tamil people is carnatic music. The classical Tamil literature records details about the carnatic music. This is a vocal music with use of musical instruments. Carnatic music is completely religious.
Tamil folk music is very different from the carnatic music. The folk music shows a lot of excitement. The songs may convey folklore and other popular tales.
Bharatanatyam is the main dance of the Tamil people. Generally one dancer performs this dance. The dance tells a story through movements of parts of body, particularly hands. Until 1930s, girls known as devadasis performed this dance in temples. Now, it has become common, and there are many famous dancers who perform this dance. Tamil people also have many types of folk dances performed in villages. Sometimes they perform such a dance before the village goddess called Mariamma.
Tamil people also have a long tradition of theatrical performance. In villages, performers perform in the open. They dance and sing, and some times tell stories. These stories may be religious stories or on any other topic.
Tamilnadu has a well-developed tradition of stage theatre tradition. Presently, both classical and folk performing arts survive in modern Tamil society.
Tamil people like to watch movies. Tamil movies are famous for technical details, artistic presentation, and entertainment. Most of the Tamil movies will have some songs and dances. Kollywood is the popular term for the Tamil film industry
Religion.
Most of the Tamil people are Hindus. However, many are Muslims and Christians. At one time, Jainism was one of the major religions of Tamil people. However, presently there are only few thousand Tamil Jains.
In Tamil Hinduism, the most popular deity is god named Murugan. He is a form of Karthikeya, the son of Shiva. The Tamil people also worship mother goddess Amman or Mariamman. Many Tamil people also worship Kannagi, a folk heroine. Through out Tamil lands, there are many temples of Shiva, Vishnu, and Ganesha (Ganpathi). In rural areas of Tamil Nadu, people worship many local gods and goddesses. They call them aiyyanar.
There were many saints known as Alvars and Nayanars. In the 10th century, Ramanuja propagated his philosophy about worship and also accepted lower caste-Hindus as his disciples. There were many other notable Tamil saints. The Ramayana has many parts based in Tamil regions and according to legends, many of Rama's soldiers were Tamil people. The only temple dedicated to Parashurama is in Tamil Nadu.
The most important Tamil festivals are Pongal and the Tamil New Year. Pongal is a harvest festival and people celebrate this in mid-January. Tamil people also celebrate Diwali. Two other important Hindu festivals of Tamil people are Thaipusam, and Adipperukku.
Martial arts.
A Tamil legend states that the Cholas, Chera and Pandyan kings fought many wars in the 1st century. The war lasted for about one hundred years. During this period, the Tamil people perfected many martial arts. All these styles of martial arts still exist. They also developed many weapons.
There are many types of martial arts. For example, in a special type of martial art, a person would use a stick of about 1.6 meters long. By moving the stick he would try to defend against attack by several persons. In another type of martial art, persons get training to defend themselves without using any weapons, by using their hands and legs.
In some parts of Tamilnadu, notably Alanganallur (near Madurai), some Tamil people hold annual event around Pongal festival: an unarmed bullfighting.
Movements.
Periyar Ramasami, a social leader of Tamil people started a movement named Self-respect Movement. It was to promote self-respect and remove social evils like casteism. Many people call this movement as the Dravidian movement. All political parties of Tamilnadu draw their principles from this movement.
Scholars of India and Sri Lanka have developed a vocabulary in Tamil language for words of science and technology.
In the 1960s, the government of Tamil Nadu held a World Tamil Conference. The Conference has been meeting regularly.
In 1999, many Tamil people organized a World Tamil Confederation. Its purpose is to protect and promote Tamil culture and bring a sense of togetherness amongst Tamils in different countries. The Confederation has since adopted a Tamil flag and Tamil song to act as symbols for the Tamil people living in different countries. The words on the flag quote the opening line of a poem by the classical poet Kanian Poongundranaar. These words mean: “All lands are our home; all people are our kin.”
In Sri Lanka, the Federal Party (later the Tamil United Liberation Front) took the lead in Tamil politics. However, by 1980s, political movements took a back seat in Tamil politics of Sri Lanka. Many military groups had started conflicts, and a civil war broke out. The Tamil Tigers emerged as the most important force amongst these military groups. The Tamil Tigers are fighting to establish its own government in areas where Tamil people are in majority. Presently they control many areas, and are negotiating for peace.

Down syndrome
Down syndrome (also called Down's syndrome or trisomy 21; old name "mongoloid idiocy") is a genetic disorder. It comes from a problem with the genes. Humans are diploid organisms. This means that for each chromosome, there are two copies, one from the mother, and one from the father. During meiosis the number is reduced to one set of chromosomes. People with Down syndrome have an extra copy of chromosome 21, or part of it. They suffer a mild mental retardation - they are usually not as intelligent as those people without it.
Children who have this condition take more time to learn new things. They also grow differently from other children. Babies with Down syndrome can be identified at birth because they look a little different from other babies. The condition is named after John Langdon Down, the British doctor who first described it in 1866. He called it "mongoloid idiocy", but that term is no longer used today.
Doctors in the UK usually inform others that people with the condition have a mild to medium learning difficulty. (In the USA the word retarded is still used, but this is a very rude word in other English speaking countries.) Some people with the condition have average intelligence, but may have other problems with development instead. People with Down syndrome often have a different shape of eyes than most people. A few people with the condition have severe learning difficulties.
Of every 800 to 1000 babies that are born, one is diagnosed with Down syndrome.
Well-known people with Down syndrome.
The Down Syndrome Association of Los Angeles maintains a list of individuals with Down syndrome in roles in TV and movies.
References.
Lenny in "Of mice and men"
Other websites.
For comprehensive lists of Down syndrome links see

Umberto Eco
Umberto Eco (January 5, 1932 in Alessandria, Piemonte) is an Italian writer and professor for middle age history in Bologna.
Eco was born in 1932 in Northern Italy.
After his school time he studied philosophy, history, literature and educational sciences.
He finished his studies with a doctoral thesis about Tomas d'Aquino in 1954.
His career as writer began with The name of the rose in 1980.
Biography.
Eco was born in the 5th january of 1932 in the place of Alessandria in a family that had 13 sons, he studied philosophy and humanities in the University of Turin, where became a PhD. He has worked as professor in different centres having prestige and from the year 1971 occupies the chair of semiotics in the University of Bologna. The research of the world of the higher education does that he is a doctor "honoris causa" of thirty institutions.
He had been named satrap of the pataphysics for his humoristic works among which "How to travel with a kangaroo" is important, and for having perfected one of its areas, the cacopedia.
Other qualities come him to be member of the Council of Sages of the UNESCO. Received in the year 2000 the Prize Prince of Asturias of Communication and Humanities.
Has worked also in the mass media and make culture popular. His objects of interest have a centre in the Middle Ages, the languages and the classical. As is strange, he is also an expert at James Bond.

Balloon
A balloon is a bag that is usually filled with gas. This gas can be helium, hydrogen, or air. A long time ago, balloons were made out of animal bladders. Now small ones that are for decoration are made from a thin layer of stretchy rubber or other things.
Balloons are used for many purposes. Some are for decoration. These balloons are sometimes made to look like animals. Hot air balloons are balloons filled with hot air. They can be big balloons that can carry a basket with people and other objects inside. Balloons can also be filled with water. These are called water balloons.

Einsteinium
Einsteinium is a chemical element with the atomic number 99. That means an Einsteinium atom consists of 99 protons, 100 or more neutrons and 99 electrons.
It is a synthetic element, all isotopes are radioactive.
Einsteinium belongs to the actinoids, and it is the 7th of them. The most stable isotope of Einsteinium consists of 99 protons and electrons and 153 neutrons. There are 19 different (radioactive) isotopes.
Einsteinium is named after Albert Einstein. It was found first time in 1952 by Albert Ghiorso at the University of California, Berkeley.
Einsteinium istopes have a half-life between 40 and 471 days.

Vulva
The vulva is a body part of female mammals (and of women). It describes the part of the female genitals that are visible from the outside. The main, normally visible portions of the vulva consist of two sets of fleshy "lips", known as labia. The labia majora are on the outside,and provide protection to the internal genital structures in the form of padding. The inner lips are the labia minora, they are connected to the hood of the Clitoris and, function as both a covering for the actual vagina, or "birth canal", and to assist in the lubrication of the penis during sexual intercourse. What many people call the vagina is simply the vulva. The term vagina refers to the "tube" connecting the internal parts (the womb) to the vulva.

Congruence
Numbers are equal, geometrical objects are congruent. Two shapes are congruent if one can be moved or rotated so that it fits exactly where the other one is. If one of the object has to change its size, the two objects are not congruent. They are called similar. Also, every two objects which are congruent are similar at the same time. Geometrical objects can be equal, too, but only if they are in the same place, so an object can only be equal to itself.

Deism
Deism is the name of the belief that while a higher being (like the Christian God) exists, people should rely on logic and reason and not traditions of their religion. People who follow Deism are called Deists.
Famous Deists from history include first and third Presidents of the United States, George Washington and Thomas Jefferson, famed French conqueror Napoleon Bonaparte, the French writer and philosopher Voltaire, and actor Marlon Brando.

Cleveland Indians
The Cleveland Indians are a Major League Baseball team. They are part of the American League Central Division. The Indians won two World Series championships in 1920 and 1948.

Friuli-Venezia Giulia
Friuli Venezia-Giulia is a region in the North-east of Italy on the Adriatic Sea. The capital is Trieste. The population is 1,191,588.

Udine
Udine is a province of regions Friuli-Venezia Giulia in Italy. The population is 96,678.

Günter Grass
Günter Wilhelm Grass (born October 16 1927 in Danzig (now Gdansk, Poland) is a German writer and winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature.
Life.
Grass was born in Danzig in 1927 and went to school there.
In the World War II he had to serve in the military, afterwards he was a prisoner of war of the U.S. army.
In 1945 and 1946 he worked as a stonemason. From 1946 he studied arts at the Kunstakademie Düsseldorf and the Universität der Künste in West Berlin. He was a member of the German group of writers known as group 47.
He has lived in North Rhine-Westphalia, Berlin and Schleswig-Holstein. He now lives in Lübeck.
In 1959 he published The Tin Drum (Die Blechtrommel), his most famous work.
Grass has always been interested in politics and helped in the election campaigns of the SPD.
He was a friend of Willy Brandt.
Grass was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1999.

Occitan language
The Occitan language (Occitan: "Lenga d'òc", French: "Langue d'oc") is a Romance language spoken in parts of southern France, Spain, and Italy.
The Occitan language took a different path from Latin than any of the official languages in the countries mentioned above. It was once called langue d'oc (language of "Oc") because the word for yes was "oc", as opposed to "oil" ("oi") or "sic" ("si"). Latin had no word for yes, and this is one way to distinguish among Romance languages.

Bass (singer)
A singer who is a bass is a man with a low singing voice. Some basses may be able to sing down to C two octaves below middle C. Even low A is sometimes needed in Russian church music.
In opera basses often have the part of the villan, or the king, or a priest. A buffo-bass is a character role in which the bass singer needs a wide range for the comedy of the part. The part of Leporello in Mozart's "Don Giovanni" needs a buffo bass. The lowest kind of bass is called a basso-profondo. An example is the priest Sarastro in Mozart's "Magic Flute".
Feodor Chaliapin (1873-1938) was a famous Russian bass.
A baritone is a voice between tenor and bass in range, but some low baritones describe themselves as bass-baritones. Wotan in "Der Ring des Nibelungen" is a bass-baritone part. Bryn Terfel is a famous Welsh bass-baritone.

Plankton
Plankton are important in the ocean's food chain. Many filter feeders, such as krill and whale sharks, eat them.
Planktons eat minerals from the sea water.
there is animal plankton and plant also

Wake Forest University
Wake Forest University is a university located in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. It was founded in 1834 in the eastern North Carolina town of Wake Forest. The university was moved to Winston-Salem in 1956. A private school for both men and women, it has been a university since 1967.
Its components are the Undergraduate College and the Wayne Calloway School of Business and Accountancy, the School of Law, Wake Forest School of Medicine, the Babcock Graduate School of Management, the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, and the Divinity School.

Mirza Ghulam Ahmad
Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (مرزا غلام احمد) (February 13, 1835–May 26, 1908), a religious figure belonging to India, was the founder of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community. He claimed to be the “Second Coming of Christ”, the promised Messiah, the Mahdi as well as the being the Mujaddid of the 14th. Islamic century. He remains a highly controversial and reviled figure. among most Muslims who consider him to be an apostate Among his followers as well, the interpretation of his claims differ.
Early Life.
Ghulam was born in Qadian, Punjab in India in 1835 the surviving child of twins born to an affluent family. He is reported to have spent a lot of time in the mosque and with the study of the Qur'an and his religion, Islam. This did not lead him to fulfill his father's wishes of his son becoming a lawyer or civil servant. He did try to become a lawyer, but failed the test. In his course of studying religious topics, he would often interact with many Muslims, non-Muslims, and with Christian missionaries whom he would engage in debates.
Prior to His Claim.
When Ghulam was thirty five years old his father died. At this time Ghulam claimed that God had begun communicating with him, often through direct revelation. Initially, Ghulam's writings from this time were intended to counter what he perceived to be anti-Islamic writings originating from various Christian missionary groups. He also focused on countering the effects of various groups such as the Brahmo Samaj. During this period of his life he was well received by the Islamic clerics of the time.
Post Claim.
As time progressed, his writings began to exhibit his claims of being the mujaddid or reformer of his era. These writings were compiled in one of his most well-known works: Barahin Ahmadiyya, a work consisting of 5 volumes while originally planned 50 volumes and collected advance money from people. He explained that since there is only a dot difference between 50 & 5, therefore his promise was fulfilled. In later volumes, he would essentially claim to be the messiah of Islam. This proved and continues to be very controversial, as traditional Islamic thought holds that Jesus is the Messiah, who himself will return in the flesh at the end of times. Ghulam countered this by claiming that Jesus was dead, and had in fact escaped crucifixion and died in India. According to ghulam, the promised Mahdi was a spiritual, not military leader as is believed by most Muslims. With this proclamation, he also began to step away from the traditional idea of militant Jihad, and redefined it as a “spiritual” battle rather than a physical one. In addition to these controversial claims, he would later claim that Guru Nanak, the first Sikh Guru, was in fact a Muslim.
These writings began to turn the general Muslims ulema (religious clerics) against him, and he was often branded as a heretic. Some accused Ghulam of working for the British who were trying to use him to remove the concept of Jihad from Indian Muslims.
Mirza Ghulam is widely acknowledged to have devoted his life to furthering the cause of his movement and countering allegations of heresy against his person till his death with Cholera (which he called a curse) in Lahore in 1908.
Why the name Ahmadiyya was given.
The Ahmadiyya movement was founded in 1889, but the name Ahmadiyya was not adopted until about a decade later. In a manifesto dated November 4, 1900, the founder explained that the name referred to Ahmad, the alternative name of the prophet Mohammed. According to him, ‘Mohammed’, which means ‘the praised one’, refers to the glorious destiny of the prophet who adopted the name from about the time of the Hegira; but ‘Ahmad’ stands for the beauty of his sermons, and for the peace that he was destined to establish in the world through his teachings. According to Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, these names thus refer to two aspects of Islam, and in later times it was the latter aspect that commanded greater attention. In keeping with this, he believed, his object was to establish peace in the world through the spiritual teachings of Islam. He believed that his message had special relevance for the Western world which according to him had descended into materialism.
Mirza Ghulam Ahmad's Legacy.
One of the main source of dispute during his lifetime and continuing since then, is Mirza Ghulam Ahmad's use of the terms “Nabi” (prophet) and “Rasool” (messenger) when referring to himself. Muslims consider the prophet Muhammad to be the last of the prophets and believe that Mirza Ghulam Ahmad's use of these terms is a violation of the concept of “finality of prophet hood”. His followers fall into two camps in this regards, the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community who believe in a literal interpretation of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad's prophet hood (with some qualifications), and the Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement who believe in an allegorical interpretation of these two terms. This among other reasons caused a split in the movement soon after Ahmad's death.
Followers of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad have been officially declared as non-Muslims by some of the largest Muslim countries and have faced relentless persecution of various types over the years. In 1974, the Pakistani parliament amended the Pakistani constitution to declare Ahmadis as non-Muslims for purposes of the constitution of the Islamic Republic. In 1984, a series of changes in the Pakistan Penal Code sections relating to blasphemy that, in essence, made it illegal for Ahmadis to preach their religion openly as Islam, leading to arrests and prosecutions. However, no one has been executed yet, even though it is allowed under the law.

Pharmacology
Pharmacology is the study of how things have an effect on living organisms and change how they function.
Origin of the word.
If something can be used as a medicine, it is called a pharmaceutical. Pharmacology includes how drugs are made, how they interact with living organisms, what harmful effects they could have, how they can be used as medicines, and if they can be used to prevent illness. A person who works in the study of pharmacology is called a pharmacologist. Pharmacologists work in a team with biochemists, geneticists, microbiologists, toxicologists and pharmacists to run clinical tests on how drugs work.
Uses of pharmacology.
The development of drugs is very important to medicine, but it also has strong economical and political uses. To protect people and prevent abuse, some countries try to control the way in which drugs are made, sold, and administered.
Scientific background.
To study chemicals, a person needs to know a lot about what will be affected if it is ingested. As more people know about cell biology and biochemistry, the field of pharmacology has changed as well. It is now possible to design chemicals that do specific things.
A chemical can have different properties. Pharmacokinetics describes the what effect the body will have on the chemical, and pharmacodynamics describes the chemical's effect on the body (desired or toxic).
When a pharmacologist is talking about pharmacokinetic properties of a chemical, they are interested in four things: ADME.
Medication is said to have a narrow or wide therapeutic index. This describes the ratio of desired effect to toxic effect. A medicine with a narrow therapeutic index (close to one) only does what people want it to do when the amount given is enough to put the organism in danger. A medicine with a wide therapeutic index (greater than five) does what people want it to do and doesn't necessarily put the organism in danger. Medication with a narrow margin are more difficult to dose and give to a person, and may require therapeutic drug monitoring (examples are warfarin, some antiepileptics, aminoglycoside antibiotics). Most anti-cancer drugs have a narrow therapeutic margin; toxic side-effects are almost always encountered at doses needed to kill tumours.
Drugs as medicine.
Drugs that are given to people to help cure them of a medical condition or help reduce the symptoms are often licensed. They can be divided into three groups: over-the-counter, where anybody can buy the drug from a shop; prescription-only medicine, where a doctor has to say that a person is allowed to take a drug; and in some countries, pharmacy medicines, where only a registered pharmacy can sell a drug. Most over-the-counter medication will not hurt a person if they take a bit more than they are meant to. Medications are often produced by pharmaceutical companies and are often patented. Drugs that are not patented are called generic drugs.

Indo-European languages
The Indo-European languages are a large language family.
Linguists, scientists who study language, believe that all Indo-European languages came from a single language called Proto-Indo-European. This language was originally spoken somewhere in Eurasia. Today they are spoken all over the world, often because of colonization.
The Indo-European languages with the most speakers are Hindi, Spanish, English, Portuguese, Bengali, Russian, French, German and Punjabi.
12 of the 20 biggest languages are Indo-European.
List of Indo-European languages.
A list of Indo-European sub-families with language examples. See the sub-families for more information.

Gulf of Mexico
The Gulf of Mexico is a round sea, called a gulf. Land in North America and Central America is around much of it. The United States of America, Mexico, the Bahamas, and Cuba are the countries around it. It is also connected to the Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea. Oil can be found near the north and west coast of this gulf. Many hurricanes hit this area, for example, Hurricane Katrina and Hurricane Rita hurt a lot of the oil in 2005 in the United States. There is a big fishing industry in the gulf, although 7,000 miles of it do not carry enough oxygen to suport marine life.

Zaire
Zaire (spelled Zaïre in French) used to be the name of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It began to use the name Zaire in the year 1971, and it stopped in 1997. It was named Zaire for most of the time when Mobutu Sese Seko was dictator of the country. The kind of money of Zaire was also called the zaire.
Origin of the name.
The name 'Zaire' came from a Portuguese corruption of the Kikongo word 'nzere', meaning 'river'.

Pneumonia
Pneumonia is a disease of the lungs and the respiratory system. The lung contains many small bulbs, or sacs, called alveoli. These help to take out oxygen from the air. In the case of pneumonia, these bulbs become inflamed. They fill up with a fluid, and can no longer absorb as much oxygen as before.
Pneumonia can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites. It can also be caused by chemical or physical damage done to the lungs. Other illnesses, like alcohol abuse or lung cancer, can also result in pneumonia.
People with pneumonia usually have difficulty breathing. They may also cough, or have pains in the chest area. The treatment of pneumonia depends on how the illness was caused. If it was caused by bacteria, antibiotics can be used to treat it.
People of all ages can have pneumonia. The disease is dangerous. Many people die from pneumonia, especially old people, or people with a weak immune system.

Encino, Los Angeles
Encino, California is a district of Los Angeles.

Winter Olympic Games
Winter Olympic Games

Woodside, California
Woodside is a town in California with a population of about 5,000 people and over 5,000 horses. It is in the northern region of Silicon Valley and has the highest percapita population of billionaires, as well as being the home of celebrities including Shirly Temple, Neil Diamond, Joan Baez, Michelle Pfeiffer and a gorilla named Koko that knows more than a thousand words of American Sign Language.

Pathogen
A pathogen (which is also called infectious agent) is a "biological agent" (like a virus, bacteria, fungi or parasite) that causes a disease in its
Pathogenic bacteria: these are bacteria that cause disease in humans, animals and even plants. Some bacteria can only make a single host ill; however, others can cause problems for a number of hosts. This al depends on the host specificity of that particular pathogenic bacterium. The diseases and other physical problems are as diverse as the pathogens that cause them and can range from: food poisoning to tooth ache and even some types of cancer.
Pathogenic fungi: these are fungi that exhibit pathogenic qualities however; the fungi are split into two different kinds of pathogens, there are superficial ones, which are opportunistic and cannot survive inside the human body but instead cause problems like athlete’s foot. But the select few that can survive within the human body are known as the true pathogens
Pathogenic bacteria are often found in the synthetic grass used to construct sports fields. This is a major problem, because the fields need to be regularly disinfected because the bacteria can not be broken down by any natural resources.
Pathogenic bacteria can be found in car tires.

Pesticide
A pesticide is a chemical that is used to kill or prevent animals (or organisms) which are considered to be unwanted. These organisms are called pests. Some of these pests that people do not want are insects, microbes that destroy plants, and other things that affect humans in a bad way. Many pesticides are poisonous, and are bad for not only the organisms it kills, but humans too.
Types of Pesticides.
There are different types of pesticides for getting rid of different pests.
Effects of Pesticides.
Pesticides are used to kill pests, but many are bad for human health. They may pollute water, and go into rivers, lakes, and ponds. This will cause acid rain, and organisms living in the water can get sick and die, because the water where they live has more acid.
Pesticide runoff is very bad for animals, especially amphibians.

Inhalation
Inhalation is what occurs when people breathe. Air is moved from the outside through the respiratory system into the lungs. The lungs take out some oxygen and put it into the blood. The air is then moved out of the lungs again.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) (Traditional Chinese:嚴重急性呼吸道綜合症, Simplified Chinese:严重急性呼吸道综合症 or simply Chinese:非典型肺炎) was an atypical pneumonia. It started in November 2002 in Guangdong Province, in the city of Foshan, of the People's Republic of China. The disease was caused by the SARS coronavirus (SARS CoV), a new coronavirus. It was also a part-time STD, it can be spread through both sexual and casual contact.
SARS was first reported in Asia in February 2003. Over the next few months, the illness spread to more than 24 countries in Asia, North America, South America, and Europe before the SARS global outbreak of 2003 was contained. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), a total of 8098 people worldwide became sick with SARS during the 2003 outbreak; 774 of these died.
After the Chinese government suppressed news of the SARS outbreak, the disease spread rapidly, reaching Hong Kong and Vietnam in late February 2003, and then to other countries via international travellers. The last case in this outbreak occurred in June 2003. There were a total of 8437 known cases of the disease, with 813 deaths (a mortality rate of 9.636%).
In May 2005 the disease itself was declared 'eradicated' by the WHO and it became the second disease in mankind to receive this label (the other was smallpox). The "New York Times" reported that "not a single case of severe acute respiratory syndrome has been reported this year or in late 2004. It is the first winter without a case since the initial outbreak in late 2002. Also, the epidemic strain of SARS that caused at least 813 deaths worldwide by June of 2003 has not been seen outside a laboratory since then."

Ballet
Ballet is a type of dance. It is usually done by people which have a special training in it. The first reference to ballet is found in a work of Domenico da Piacenza, who lived in the early 14th century.
Ballet is most often performed to music. It is also often used to tell stories with the help of dance and mime. Ballet is a major part of theatre, such as Nutcracker.
Technique.
Ballet techniques are named for the place they come from, for example Russian ballet, French ballet, Danish ballet, Italian ballet, and American ballet.
Specific methods are named after the ballet master or mistress who started them, such as the Vaganova method after Agrippina Vaganova, the Balanchine method after George Balanchine, and the Cecchetti method after Enrico Cecchetti.
Home positions in ballet.
There are five home positions in classical ballet. Home positions are the positions that the dancer's feet should be in to start and finish a movement. These positions were designed by the dance master Pierre Beauchamp during the late 17th century (1600's).
1. In first position, the heels are together and the feet are apart. The feet should make as straight a line as possible.
2. Second position is like first, but with the heels apart.
3. In third position, one foot is placed at a right angle to the other foot. The heel of one foot is placed touching the toe of the other.
4. Fourth position is similar to the fifth but with the feet apart.
5. In fifth position, the feet are nearly parallel to each other and point in opposite directions. The feet are as close together as possible.

Lazio
Lazio or Latium is a region in the center of Italy. The capital is Rome.
The population was about 5.269.972 in 2005.

Rudolf Diesel
Rudolf Christian Karl Diesel (March 18, 1858 – September 30, 1913) was a German engineer and inventor. His best known invention is Diesel engine. He was born in Paris and died on the English Channel.
He had the idea to develop an engine which relied on a high compression of the fuel to ignite it. With this he could do without a spark. The technique with a spark was developed by Niklaus Otto. The engine based on this is called internal combustion engine.
In 1892 he got a patent for the engine.
He got a lot of money from licensing his invention.

Niklaus Otto
Nikolaus August Otto (June 14, 1832 - January 28, 1891) was a German engineer. He is the inventor of the internal-combustion engine. This engine was the first to burn fuel directly in a piston chamber. Up until his invention, all engines were external-combustion engines and fuel was burnt in a separate compartment.

Quito
Quito is the capital city of Ecuador. As of 2005, about 1,865,541 people live there. Quito is the second largest city in Ecuador after Guayaquil.
Quito was founded in 1534. It has been a city since 1541. An international airport and a university are located in Quito.

Tubuai
Tubuai is one of the islands of French Polynesia. It is located 640 km to the south from Tahiti. More than 2,000 people live in Tubuai. The area is 45 km².
Tubuai is part of the Austral Islands group. There are three villages on the island. The biggest of them is Mataura.

Uralic languages
The Uralic languages are a language family. They were originally spoken in eastern Europe and Asia.

Indo-Aryan languages
The Indo-Aryan languages make a subgroup of the Indo-Iranian languages, which belong to the Indo-European family of languages.

Indo-Iranian languages
The Indo-Iranian languages are a language family inside of the Indo-European languages. Originally they were spoken in southern Asia. They are the largest Indo-European language subfamily.
Indo-Aryan languages.
See: Indo-Aryan languages
Iranian languages.
See: Iranian languages

Slavic languages
The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages) are a language family inside of the Indo-European languages. Originally they were spoken in eastern Europe, the Balkans and northern Asia.

Siena
Siena is a city in the Italian region of Tuscany.
The city has a population of about 54,000 inhabitants. Siena began as an Etruscan settlement under Roman power. In the 12th century it became an independent city with its own government. There were traditionally struggles between Siena and Florence during the middle age and the renaissance.
History.
- 900 to 400 BC: Siena, like other Tuscan hill towns were occuped by Etruscans that chaned the territoris with they big "technology" about irrigation and works with earth.
- 390 Battle of the Allia
- At the time of the Emperor Augustus, a Roman town called "Saena Julia " in the territories before host by etruscans.
- According to legend, Siena was founded by Senius, son of Remus, who was in turn the brother of Romulus, after whom Rome was named, (statues and other paints about the youth of two twins can be seen all over the city of Siena).
- Siena did not prosper under Roman rule. It was not sited near any major roads and therefore missed out on the resulting opportunities for trade.
- 774 BC: the oldest aristocratic families in Siena date their line to the Lombards' surrender to Charlemagne.
- 1115: the death of Countess Matilda, an important point for the history of Siena, because after this the Mark of Tuscia which had been under the control of her family – the Canossa – broke up into several autonomous regions.
- Siena became a major centre of money lending and an important for trade. It was governed at first directly by its Bishop.
- During the 1100s: power of Bishop lost energy and at the same thime the biggest build of Siena, the Duomo, was completed.
- 1167: Siena, after a trouble about territories with Arezzo, became independence from the Bishop.
- 1179: Siena had a written constitution.
- Early 12th century a self-governing commune replaced the earlier aristocratic government. The consuls who governed the republic slowly became more inclusive of the "poblani", or common people, and the Commune increased its territory as the surrounding feudal nobles in their fortified castles submitted to the urban power. Siena's republic, struggling internally between nobles and the popular party, usually worked in political opposition to its great rival, Florence.
- 1203: Siena's university was founded.
- September 4 1260: the Senese Ghibellines, supported by the forces of King Manfred of Sicily, defeated the Florentine Guelphs in the Battle of Montaperti.
-1348: Siena was devastated by the Black Death.
- 1355: with Charles IV of Luxembourg in the city, the population rose and suppressed the government of the "Nove" (Nine), establishing that "Dodici" (Twelve) nobles assisted by a group with a popular majority.
- Years later gave the power Gian Galeazzo Visconti of Milan in order to defend it from the Florentine attacks.
- 1404: the Visconti were expelled and a government of Ten Priors established, in alliance with Florence against King Ladislas of Naples. With the election of the Sienese Pius II as Pope, the Piccolomini and other noble families were helped to return to the government, but after his death the control returned into popular hands.
- 1472: the Republic founded the Monte dei Paschi, a bank that is still active today and is the oldest surviving bank in the world.
- 1487: The noble legacy returned in the city under Pandolfo Petrucci with the support of Florence and of Alfonso of Calabria;
- Pandolfo was succeded by his son Borghese, who was ousted by his cousin Raffaello, helped by the Medici Pope Leo X. The last Petrucci was Fabio, exiled in 1523 by the Sienese people.
- Emperor Charles V took advantage of the chaotic situation to put a Spanish garrison in Siena. This citizen expelled it in 1552, with France: this was unacceptable for Charles, who sent his general Gian Giacomo Medici to lay siege to it with a Florentine-Imperial army.
- August 1554: Siena lost against Florence at the Battle of Marciano.
- After 18 months of resistance, it surrendered to Florence on April 17 1555, marking the end of the Republic of Siena. The new Spanish King Philip, owing huge sums to the Medici, ceded it (apart a series of coastal fortress annexed to the State of Presidi) to the Grand Duchy of Tuscany,
- Until the unification of Italy Siena will be controlled by Florence.
The paints in the city are still an important centre about culture, especially for humanist disciplines.
Sports.
Siena has enjoyed a long tradition in sports. Basketball and football are popular in Siena. However, other sports such as rugby union and track-and-field are also practiced.
The Palio.
July 2 and August 16 are the dates when the Palio di Siena is held. The Palio is a traditional medieval horse race is run around the Piazza del Campo each year. This event is attended by large crowds, and is showed on tv. televised. Seventeen Contrade run for the prize,a painted flag, or "Palio" bearing an image of the Blessed Virgin Mary.
See also.
Province of Siena

Padua
Padua (it:Padova) is an Italian city near to Venice.
It has about 210,000 inhabitants.
The old myth says, Padua was founded by the Trojan Aeneas. There was a settlement since the 4th century before Christ. It got under Roman power in 215 B.C. In 426 A.D. Padua became destroyed by Attila. Narses reconstructed the city, but the Langobardes destroyed it a second time. Charles, the Great got Padua in 774 under power of the Francs, later the city joined the Holy Roman Empire of German Nation.
After struggles with Frederic Barbarossa it declared peace in 1177. In 1222 the second university of Italy was founded in Padua. The Gulfs got Padua in 1256, later the Republic of Venice got control about the city until Napoleon Bonaparte got it.

Mary McAleese
Mary Patricia McAleese is the eighth President of the Republic of Ireland. She was first elected president in 1997 and was re-elected to another seven years in 2004. She was ranked the 55th most powerful woman in the world on a list of The World's 100 Most Powerful Women by Forbes, despite the ceremonial nature of the presidency.
She is the first President of Ireland to be born in Northern Ireland. She is also Ireland's second woman president, and the first in the world to succeed another woman.

Divorce
A divorce is the legal end of a marriage. When two people do not want to be married anymore, they can ask the government to be separated. During a divorce, the couple have to decide how to separate any assets that they acquired during the marriage (such as a house, car, furniture, or bonds), and how they share the costs and duties of caring for any children. Many countries have laws and regulations on divorce, and the couple may be required to go to court and appear before a judge or family court.
Impacts.
When a couple gets a divorce, it can be very stressful for both of them; some people become depressed or sad after a divorce. If there are children, the children may also feel sad when the parents are divorced. However, there are many resources that can help people who are divorcing, such as therapists, counsellors, books, and DVDs.

Writing system
A writing system is a system of symbols that are used to represent language.
There are different kinds of writing systems, with symbols that represent different things: logographic, syllabic and alphabetic. Beside natural scripts, there are also constructed scripts.
Logographic system.
A logographic system, is a writing system with symbols that mean "whole words", symbols that represent "things" or "ideas". These symbols are called "logogram" or "logograph". An example for a logographic writing system is the system used for the Chinese language.
Syllabary.
A syllabary is a writing system with symbols that mean a "syllable". An example for syllabaries are the "hiragana" and "katakana" used for the Japanese language.
Alphabet.
An alphabet is a writing system with symbols that mean a "sound". An example for an alphabetic writing system is the Latin alphabet, which is used in large parts of the world.

Cloudberry
A cloudberry is a species of fruit that grows in very cold climates. It is acidic and is sour.

Migration
Migration is when animals leave a place which has no more food, usually because of the winter season. For example, caribou in the Arctic go south in winter and return in summer when it is warmer. Many birds migrate, such as geese and storks.

Taking Back Sunday
Taking Back Sunday is a alternative rock band from Amityville, New York.
Taking Back Sunday released their self-titled debut EP in 2001 with the original lineup (which included singer Antonio Longo and bassist Jesse Lacey), but received little attention or fanfare. Following a change of lineup(Antonio Longo to Adam Lazzara,and Jesse Lacey to Shaun Cooper), they released the follow-up album Tell All Your Friends, which was produced by Sal Villanueva. The band's cover of "Tell All Your Friends" was recorded in New Jersey's Big Blue Meanie Recording Studios. The album gave the band a first taste of success through the single, "Cute Without the 'E' (Cut from the Team)" (which was teamed with a Fight Club inspired promo video). After the release, they played with bands such as Brand New and The Used, as well performing as a short stint on the 2003 Vans Warped Tour. Another change in their lineup occurred when singer/guitarist John Nolan and bassist Shaun Cooper left the band and formed what is now Straylight Run. Because of these departures, the band's future was in doubt for some time. However, with the additions of guitarist/vocalist Fred Mascherino and bassist Matt Rubano, the band became stabilized.
TBS's cover of "Where You Want To Be".2004 proved to be successful for Taking Back Sunday, with the band opening for Blink-182 and being one of the main headliners for the Vans Warped Tour. In addition, their second album, titled Where You Want To Be, was released on July 27, 2004 on Victory Records. This album had a different sound than Tell All Your Friends. Propelled by the single "A Decade Under the Influence", Where You Want to Be went on to debut at the #3 spot on the Billboard 200 albums chart, with sales of around 163,000 copies. Taking Back Sunday received even more mainstream exposure by appearing (on the day of Where You Want to Be's release) on the late night talk shows Jimmy Kimmel Live and Loveline, and by contributing the song "This Photograph Is Proof (I Know You Know)" to the soundtrack for Spider-Man 2. They also contributed the song "Your Own Disaster" to the Elektra soundtrack and "Error Operator" to the Fantastic Four movie soundtrack.
TBS's cover of "Louder Now".On April 25, 2006, Taking Back Sunday released their third album in Los Angeles, entitled Louder Now, on Warner Brothers Records. It nearly mirrors the first two albums in style and message, yet delivers with a more polished sound. Louder Now was leaked onto the Internet in its entirety on April 19, 2006. Taking Back Sunday received mainstream exposure by appearing on the late night talk shows The Tonight Show, Jimmy Kimmel Live, and Late Night With Conan O'Brien.
In April 2006, Taking Back Sunday took part in the 2-day "Give It A Name" indoor rock festival in England. The band played at Manchester Evening News Arena on Saturday, April 29 and London Earls Court on Sunday, April 30. During the second song of their set at the Earls Court show, Adam Lazzara accidentally knocked out Matt Rubano with his microphone. Rubano later returned to the stage sporting a large head-bandage and a noticeable amount of blood on his face. During his absence, the band carried on playing with the help of Aiden's guitarist Angel Ibarra. Following his return to the stage, Rubano continued to play while sitting down.
The band will release the follow-up single to MakeDamnSure, Twenty-Twenty Surgery, on August 21 2006 in the UK. The video premiered on the official UK website Taking Back Sunday UK on July 19 2006
Adam Lazzara - lead vocals/occasional guitar/harmonica
Jesse Lacey - Bass, backing vocals
"Timberwolves at New Jersey" (2002) (Unreleased—the video can be found on the special edit of Tell All Your Friends)
"Great Romances of the 20th Century" (2002)
"Cute Without the 'E' (Cut From the Team)" (2003)
"A Decade Under the Influence" (2004)
"This Photograph is Proof (I Know You Know)" (2005)

Scent marks
Scent marks are what animals leave when they are marking their territory. The leader of the pack rubs his/her scent on his/her pack. This helps establish which animal belongs to which pack, and also which animal is the leader.

Maputo
Maputo is the capital of Mozambique. It is located on the coast of the Indian Ocean. As of 2004, about 1,114,000 people live in the city. Maputo was founded in the 18th century. The original name was Lourenço Marques, but it was changed after independence. Lisbon in Portugal is a twin town of Maputo. Eduardo Mondlane University is located in Maputo.

Original sin
The Original Sin refers to Adam and Eve in the religious book The Bible, who broke God's order not to eat the forbidden fruit because they doubted God and were persuaded by the snake to eat it. After this, they were removed from the Garden of Eden. Because of this Christianity believe all humans are born in the original sin.

American Airlines
American Airlines, Inc. (AA) is a United States-based airline.

Romanization of Ukrainian
Romanization or Latinization of Ukrainian refers to a system for showing the Ukrainian letter in Latin letters. Latin letters are the type that are curently used for this article.
Latinization may be used to show Ukrainian text or pronunciation for non-Ukrainian readers.
There are two different kinds of Romanization. These methods are transliteration, representing written text, and transcription, representing the spoken words.
Transliteration.
Transliteration is the letter-for-letter representation of text using Latin writing system.
International scholarly system.
Also called scientific transliteration, this system is most often seen in linguistic publications on slavic languages. It is meaning each character represents one meaningful unit of sound, and is based on the Croatian Latin alphabet.
Transcription.
Transcription is the representation of the spoken word. Phonetic transcription represents every single sound, or phone, and can be used to compare different dialects of a language. It is more specifed as the Transliteration.
Table of latinization ukrainian letters.
b. "gh" is used in the romanization of "зг" ("zgh"), avoiding confusion with "ж" ("zh").
c. The second variant is used at the beginning of a word.

Magical DoReMi
Magical DoReMi is a girl-oriented anime that follows the adventures of three elementary school girls as they help Patina turn back into a human being. The cartoon is full of music and humor, and is rated for children ages 4 to 7 in the United States.
Story.
The story begins in a town called Port Mystic. Dorie Goodwyn is a third-grader who is interested in magic. After a bad day at school, Dorie wanders into a part of town that is unfamiliar. She then sees The Rusty Broom, an old magic shop, and decides to look inside. There she finds Patina. As Dorie looks around she finds out that it is a real magic shop and that Patina is an actual witch. When Dorie says this to Patina, Patina turns into a green blob. After this, Patina and her fairy, Lorilei, decide to make Dorie train to become a witch so she can return Patina to her original form. Dorie happily agrees, wanting to learn magic.
Dorie becomes a witch in training, commonly called a witchling. Dorie practices using magic. She learns what it is like to be a witch from her experiences. After something very strange happens, Dorie's friends begin to ask questions. Dorie decides to take Reanne and Mirabelle to The Rusty Broom, where they learn what happened with Dorie and also become witchlings so they keep it a secret.
The series follows the lives of Dorie, Reanne, and Mirabelle as they learn, train, and pass tests to become witches.

Friedrich Nietzsche
Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (born October 15, 1844 - died August 25, 1900) was a German author and philosopher. He wrote several books that he hoped would change the world. Many people have found his books interesting and acknowledged them as great works of literature and philosophy.
Beliefs.
Nietzsche wrote a lot about how people should live their lives. He attacked most of the moral ideas that were popular at the time because he did not believe that there are any real facts about what is right or wrong. He thought people should create their own facts about morality.
He also often attacked the morality of the Christian religion. He believed that the Christian idea that one should feel pity when one sees weakness was unhelpful. According to him, weak people rely on other people's love as a way of protecting themselves. Nietzsche believed that people should be stronger than that.
He thought that people should be very aware of their body and of the real world in which they actually live. He told his readers not to live in a daydream or make decisions based on unrealistic thoughts.
Nietzsche considered the world to be one connected thing, including mankind and nature. He invented the idea of the "will to power". This idea is that everyone and everything is trying to overcome itself, or defeat or take control from itself. Therefore, if the world is just one thing, this is the force that makes the world.
Nietzsche thought that human beings would be successful at overcoming themselves, and he thought that when they did, they would be different and better. He named the person who would this someday a "superman" (or "übermensch" in German). He thought that the supermen would be stronger than normal humans, and not restricted by other people's ideas of right and wrong.
Ideas.
The Death of God
Influence.
Adolf Hitler, the German Chancellor and leader of the Nazis in World War II, read Nietzsche's work, and it has been suggested that he misinterpreted Nietzsche's ideas to justify his actions.
Nietzsche wrote in a very fiery and exciting way. However, what he wrote later in his life became more and more odd. When he was forty years old, Nietzsche went insane. Supposedly, one day in the city of Turin, Italy, he saw a horse being whipped by its owner and ran to save it, hugging it around the throat. After this, Nietzsche never wrote again and could not look after himself. This illness may have been caused by the disease syphillis, or a brain tumour.
His writing and ideas are still popular and of interest to academics and intellectuals.

Movie screen
A movie screen is something that a movie is played on to. They are sometimes a wall, sometimes a cloth, and sometimes paper. Theaters have movie screens, and sometimes people have them in their houses. Movable movie screens are made to be used where there is not a movie screen already. Screens are white or grey so that the movie shows up nicely on the screen. This lets the people watching the movie see it easily.
Modern day movie screens are made from PVC sheets that are joined together by welding in such a way that the screen appears to be in a single piece.

Metallica
Metallica is an American thrash metal/heavy metal band. They formed in Los Angeles in 1981 and helped to invent the Thrash sub genre of heavy metal. They are well known for many of their songs, including "Master of Puppets," "Fade to Black," "One," "Enter Sandman," and "The Day That Never Comes." Since then they have become one of metal's most popular and successful bands, and have sold over 90 million albums worldwide. The bands fifth album, Metallica has sold over fourteen million copies, making it the twenty-fifth biggest selling album of all time in America.

Time bomb
A time bomb is bomb with a timer on it. When the timer counts down to zero, the bomb explodes.

Zinedine Zidane
Zinedine Yazid Zidane (born June 23, 1972, nicknamed Zizou, Yaz and ZZ) is a former football player from France. He played for four European clubs and the French national team.
Career.
Zinedine Zidane played several famous football clubs, like Juventus of Italy and Real Madrid of Spain. He led France to win the 1998 FIFA World Cup and the 2000 European Football Championship. In 2002 he also won the European Championship for Real Madrid, this was the ninth championship for Real Madrid. Zidane became three times World Footballer. He led France to the 2006 world cup final and was arguably the best player in the tournament. He was one of the greatest players of his generation and his reputation was marred by the sending off against Italy in the 2006 world cup final.
Retirement.
In 2006, Zidane announced that he would retire after the World Cup. Zidane was famous for headbutting Marco Materazzi at the 110th minute of the extra time at the Final game and was sent off with a red card; France eventually got second place. This incident was known to many as the Zidane headbutt.

Babylon
Babylon was an old city in Mesopotamia (now in Iraq). It was the capital city of Babylonia. The city was mentioned for the first time in history in 24th century BC. Throughout its history, Babylon's power lessened.

Genetic engineering
Genetic engineering'", or GE, is a branch of biology. It focuses on making food, animals and plants better adapted to the need of humans. It does this by tweaking genes. Some people see a problem in this.
There is a risk that some genetically modified ("GM") organism is better adapted to some niche in nature, and will take away some space of another organism. It could also be that some of the genetic modifications "leak" into unengineered plants. Many people do not think so, however. They feel the risks do not outweigh the benefits of GE.
Common genetic modifications are that some plants produce pesticides and fungicides themselves, or that they spoil only later on. Genetic engineering is also used to clone animals.
The process of genetic engineering is a common topic of debate among scientists and scholars alike.

Kim Il-Sung
Kim Il-Sung (Kim Il Sŏng;김일성;金日成) was the leader of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) from the time it was formed until his death (heart attack due to stress) in 1994. North Koreans still consider him the 'Eternal Leader'. He was the creator of the Juche political idea. He ran North Korea in a way difference from the Soviet Union and China. His son Kim Jŏng-Il is the current leader of North Korea.
Resistance to Japan.
During the Japanese occupation of Korea, Kim Il-Sŏng was involved with numerous opposition guerrila groups.

Nucleophilic substitution
A Nucleophilic substitution is a chemical reaction. It is a typo of substitution, or replacing, reaction. It happens when one nucleophile is replaced by another positive carbon atom.

1270s
The 1270s is the decade starting January 1, 1270, and ending December 31, 1279.

Brasschaat
Brasschaat is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Antwerp.
In 2007 its population was 37133.
It is located at 51° 17 North, 04° 29 East.
There has always a big military force in Brasschaat. After World War II there were more military-related things. Including the defence buildings made to stop the Nazi's from reaching The port of Antwerp. Now most of them are closed or are used to train the soldiers.
Brasschaat is called green because of the many parks and woods, such as the Peerdsbos, the parc of Brasschaat, De uitlegger, and De instlag.

Okapi
The Okapi ("Okapia johnstoni") is an even-toed ungulate mammal from central Africa. With the Giraffe they form the family "Giraffidae".
Appearance.
The Okapi has velvety brown fur, and the upper part of the legs and the backside have white stripes. They have long black tongues, which are long enough to wash their eyes and ears. Male Okapis have small horn-like stumps on their head which are covered with skin. Females do not have these horns.
Life.
Okapis live in the rainforests of central Africa, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
They are mostly active during the day. Okapis eat mostly leaves and buds from trees, but also grass, ferns, fruit, and fungi.
Okapis usually live alone. After 420 to 450 days of pregnancy the mother gives birth to one baby, which drinks milk for up to 6 months. Okapis become mature when they are 4-5 years old. In captivity Okapis can become 30 or more years old.
Other information.
The Okapi was unknown and a mystery to western researchers for a long time. In the past, scientists thought that the Okapi was a mix between the giraffe and the zebra.
The "International Society for Cryptozoology" uses the Okapi as its symbol, because the Okapi was unknown for a long time.

Giraffidae
Giraffidae is a family of mammals, in the order of the even-toed ungulates. The family has two living species, the Giraffe and the Okapi.
Habitat.
The Giraffe and the Okapi both live in Africa, south of the Sahara Desert. The Giraffe lives in open savannas, while the Okapi lives in the rainforests of the Congo.
Appearance.
Both animals have long necks and legs and long blue tongues. Male and female Giraffes and male Okapis have small horn-like stumps on their head which are covered with skin.
Giraffes are the tallest animal living on land, with a height of over 5 metres. Okapis are smaller, only up to 2 metres tall.

Amman
Amman, sometimes spelled Ammann (Arabic عمان ʿAmmān), is the capital city of Jordan. It is a city of more than 1.6 million people (2000), is the official capital and commercial center of Jordan. It is the capital city of Amman Governorate.

Riyadh
Riyadh (In Arabic: الرياض‎ ar-Riyāḍ) is the capital city of Saudi Arabia. It is located in Ar Riyad Province in the Najd region. It is located in the center of the Arabian peninsula on a large plateau and is has a population of 4,260,000 people (around 20% of the nation's population).

Popular culture
Popular culture is culture enjoyed by some Westernized people. It can include Hollywood, Bollywood, Broadway, video games, computer games, music, or other concepts and ideas for young people to experience. Compared to plain culture, popular culture is often controversial and objects of popular culture have been banned in non-Western countries like Malaysia, for example. Most popular culture involves complex art and sometimes violence and/or profane language are used to appeal to a young adult male audience raised on watching R-rated movies with a parent or supervising adult at any much earlier age than the Baby Boomer generation.

Mental hospital
A mental hospital is a place where mentally sick people are kept until doctors are ready to place them into halfway houses, where they are slowly released into society.

Military camp
A military camp is a training area for soldiers who seek to join the Army. A person military camp starts out as a recruit and ends up working in the Army as a private.

Private
A private is the lowest rank of the Army or Marines. The rank is earned after volunteering for the service or graduating from a military camp.

Spinster
A spinster is an older word for an unmarried woman. A word used more often today is "single woman" or "bachelorette".
Other meanings.
A spinster is also someone who spins yarn from wool using a spinning wheel. Spinsters use the yarn to make clothes like a tailor, seamster, seamstress. One famous spinster is the girl in the story of Rumpelstiltskin.

Dick Clark
Dick Clark (born November 30, 1929) is an American television entertainer. He is nicknamed "The world's oldest teenager". From the 1950s to the 2000s, he has entertained people from around the United States, as well as the rest of the world.
He has also hosted game shows, including "The $10,000 Pyramid".

Perl
Perl is a programming language that was first made to change text files. The name "Perl" is formed from the initial letters of: "Practical Extraction and Report Language". The programming language has been changed many times do things in addition to changing text files. Sometimes perl code is written using many symbols besides letters and numbers, which can make those programs hard to read.
A lot of web pages are written using Perl, but it can be used to do all kinds of things on computers. It is very good at searching through text looking for patterns.
Perl was invented by Larry Wall, and he is working on a new version of it.

Johannes Kepler
Johannes Kepler (lived December 27, 1571 – November 15, 1630) was a German astronomer. He was Tycho Brahe's apprentice, or person who learns a trade from another person. Tycho Brahe looked at the way the planets moved in the sky. This motion is very complex. Johannes Kepler found a simple way to say how the planets move.
Laws which say how the planets move.
A planet moves along a path called an orbit. Kepler used three laws to say what form the path has and how fast the planet moves.

Pascal
Pascal is a programming language. It was created in 1970 by Niklaus Wirth, to help people learn how to make good programs.
Now, there are many different dialects of the language, so a Pascal program written for one compiler can not easily be used with another one.

Hymen
The hymen (also called maidenhead) is a membrane-like tissue that blocks the vaginal opening. The hymen has no known use. Since the hymen usually breaks after having sexual intercourse, women with unbroken hymens were considered virgins. However, a woman's hymen can break while engaging in some sports as well. Some women are also born without a hymen.
Types.
There are several different types of hymen. In about 1 in 2,000 females, the hymen doesn't develop at all: this is called an "imperforate hymen".
What might damage the hymen.
The hymen may be damaged by playing sports or using tampons.
When a girl reaches puberty, the hymen becomes stretchy. Sexual intercourse is another easy way to damage the hymen along with horseback riding and biking. The hymen usually breaks after having sexual intercourse, so in some cultures, women with hymens were virgins. The hymen was also used as a way of checking whether or not a wife had not had sexual intercourse with other men. However, a woman's hymen can break while playing some sports and some women are also born without a hymen.
Hymens in other animals.
There are many more animals which have hymens, but not all are listed here.
The stages of growth.
When a fetus is developing, there is no vaginal opening. The skin covering the vagina forms the hymen., and thus, the hymen is a remnant of that structure.
In young babies, the hymen is thick and pink. This is because the mother is giving the baby hormones through breast feeding which keeps it thick. In adolescent girls, the hymen becomes thin, smooth and delicate because she has stopped taking in hormones. The hymen becomes very sensitive and can easily cause pain if touched. From puberty, the hymen gets thicker again and becomes pale pink. This is because of the hormone estrogen.

Maidenhead
Maidenhead is a town in England in Berkshire. About 60,000 people live in the town. The town is about 25 miles (41 kilometres) from London. It is named after a wharf that was built there in 1297. It lies on the River Thames.

Gräfenberg spot
The Gräfenberg spot (usually called G-spot) is an area found behind the pubic bone of a woman. It is part of the urethal sponge. Some people believe it is a bundle of nerves in the female human reproductive system. If the area is stimulated, this can cause pleasurable sensations, female ejaculation and a strong orgasm in women. Doctors who specialise in the anatomy of women say there is no anatomical evidence for the "spot".
Origin.
The 'G-spot' was named by Addiego and others. in 1981. It is named after the German gynaecologist, Ernst Gräfenberg. Gräfenberg wrote first about "The Role of Urethra in Female Orgasm" in 1950. A book was first published about the G-spot in 1982, called "The G Spot and Other Recent Discoveries About Human Sexuality" by three authors from the United States: Alice Kahn Ladas, a psychologist; Beverly Whipple, a registered nurse and sex counselor; and John D. Perry, a psychologist.
Location.
Women say that they have “deeper” orgasms when G-spots were stimulated.
Scientists also tried to experiment with the vagina by touching it in certain places under experimental conditions. They found that in most cases, women had G-spots near the front of the vagina.
Public views.
Some people, including doctors, don't believe that the G-spot exists. When the book "The G Spot and Other Recent Discoveries About Human Sexuality" was published in 1982, there was significant criticism. Some people who are not doctors simply say that it is a "highly sensitive area" in the vagina.
Scientific views.
Scientists have carried out tests trying to find the G-spot and have not found any evidence of it.

Skene's gland
Skene's glands (also called lesser vestibular glands or paraurethral glands) are glands in the upper wall of the vagina. They empty into the urethra. Their location is known as the Gräfenberg spot. In males, their homologue is the prostate gland.
The glands are named after the person who described them first, Alexander Skene. He was a physician.

Bartholin's gland
The Bartholin's glands are two glands found slightly below and to the left and right of the opening of the vagina in women.
History.
They were first found in the 17th century, by the Danish anatomist, Caspar Bartholin the Younger (1655-1738).
Anatomy.
The glands secrete mucus to provide make sexual intercourse easier. Bartholin's glands secrete relatively minute amounts (one or two drops) of fluid when a woman is sexually aroused.
Sometimes, the Bartholin's glands become infected and can be swollen or painful. This can be treated by a doctor with antibiotics.

Gland
A gland is a special organ. It can be found in animals (and of course humans). A gland makes a special substance. Very often this is a hormone. This substance is then put into the bloodstream. In this case, the gland is called endocrine gland. If the substance is released to somewhere else, the gland is called exocrine gland.

Sevastopol
Sevastopol (used to be called Sebastopol) is a large sea port and city. It is in Ukraine, on the Crimean Peninsula. The city is on the Black Sea. 380.000 people live in the city. The port is shared by both the Ukranian and Russian naval forces.

Aegukka
Aegukka (Aeguk-kka; 애국가; 愛國歌), meaning The Patriotic Song is the national anthem of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea). It should not be confused with South Korea's anthem, which has the same name. It is sometimes also known by the first bit of the song, "Achhimŭn pinnara" (아침은 빛나라), meaning "Let Morning Shine".

Aegukga
Aegukga (Aeguk-kka; 애국가; 愛國歌), meaning The Patriotic Song is the national anthem of the Republic of Korea (South Korea). It should not be confused with North Korea's anthem, which has the same name.

Sunni Islam
Sunni Muslims are the largest denomination of the Islamic religion. They are referred to as Ahl ul-Sunna (Arabic: أهل السنة; "people of the tradition"). The word Sunni comes from the word sunna (Arabic: سنة), which means the tradition of the Prophet of Islam, Muhammad. Sunnis are also called "Ahlu s-Sunna wa-l-Jama'ah" (Arabic: أهل السنة والجماعة) (people of tradition and congregation), meaning that the Sunnis are united. They are the branch of Islam that came through the caliphate, which started with Abu Bakr.

Hunting
Hunting is going out to kill animals. Predators and some humans hunt for food. Other humans do it as a sport. Many places have laws that limit hunting. People were hunting since the stone age. They used spears at that time, and now people use guns and bow and arrows. Some people even kill the animals to make clothes, or for decorating their homes, or even sell them for money.
Hunting can be helpful by keeping animal populations from getting too high. Hunting too much, though, can make a species become extinct. Huncting once caused the dodo, a bird, to become extinct.

Tycho Brahe
, born as Tyge Ottesen Brahe, (lived December 14 1546 – October 24 1601), was an astronomer from Denmark who built a big observatory called Uraniborg on a place called Hven in Denmark. He discovered that the universe besides the solar system was always changing. Johannes Kepler was his helper.

Ellipse
An ellipse is a shape that looks like an oval or a flattened circle. A circle has one center, called a focus, but an ellipse has two foci. For example, an ellipse can be made by putting two pins into cardboard and a circle of string around those two, then putting a pencil in the loop and pulling as far as possible without breaking the string in all directions. The orbits of the planets are ellipses, with the sun at one focus and nothing at the other. The equation of an ellipse is:formula_1
where the center of the ellipse is (h,k). 2A is the length from each end of the longer skinnier side. 2b is the length of the 2 ends of the short side. A²-B²=C² for c is the length between the foci and the center.

Babur
Zahiruddin Babur or "Zahir-ud-din Mohammad Babur" (February 14, 1483 – December 26, 1530) was an emperor from Fergana who defeated Hindu kings many times using new technology and started the Mughal Empire in India. He was descended from both Genghis Khan and Tamerlane. Many people from India consider him to have been a great emperor.
Babur (1526 – 1530) Descendant of the Taimur Lang from his father’s side and Ghenghis Khan, Babur was the first ruler or founder of the Mughal Empire. Jahiruddin Muhammad Babur was born at Fargan state in Turkistan in February 14th, 1483. His name, ‘Babur’ meant ‘lion’ and he proved the justification of his name, as he had courage and audacity just like a lion.
When Babur was only eleven (11) years old, his father, Omar Shiekh Mirza, died. As soon as the old Sheikh had died, Babur’s cousins and uncles turned against him and he had to run away. He returned three years later and took control of the city Samarkand. But one day, while he was out on an expedition to Fargana to regain the city, his enemies won back the city, Samarkand. As Babur went wandering around mountains, he slowly assembled a small army and attacked Kabul in 1504 A.D. He then became to be known as ‘Ameer’ of Kabul.
In 1525 Babur set out to attack and conquer India. He had only about twelve thousand men with him but he had been promised help by Daulat Khan, the governor of Punjab. They marched together against Ibrahim Lodi, who was the sultan of Delhi at that time. When Babur reached India, Daulat was afraid to help him, and Babur started off to Delhi by himself with his small army of men.
Ibrahim Lodi was reported to have one hundred thousand men and one hundred elephants. But Babur had something which Ibrahim did not have – guns. There were hardly any guns at that time in India and Babur had managed to get hold of some in Kabul. He had cannons and some rifles as well.
The two armies met at a place called Panipat, a small village near Delhi. Both armies remained in position opposite each other for a week before the battle began. Babur was an excellent general and he planned the battle very carefully as conquering Delhi was indeed very important to him. After the battle about fifteen thousand men of the enemy were killed including their commander Ibrahim Lodi.
Before the enemy could recover from their defeat, Delhi was captured again.
Babur had to fight more battles, the Battles of Khanua and Gogra. In 1527 A.D. he had to face a fierce enemy of his, the Rajput hero, Rana Sangram (or Sanga). A ferocious battle was fought between the two in the field of Khanua and Babur won the battle magnificiently. In 1529 A.D., Babur got into a battle with the Afghans. Babur won, but the Afghans were not totally weakened. They joined hands with Mahmud Lodi, the brother of Ibrahim Lodi, to fight Babur again. But Babur approached forward and was a successful winner of this Battle in Gogra.
After all these victorious battles, Mughal Rule started under Babur. But, unfortunately, Babur, could not have enjoyed it for long. When his son Humayun fell ill, Babur prayed to God to spare his son at the cost of his life.Soon after that, Humayun recovered miraculously and Babur fell ill. He died in 1530. He was buried in Kabul.
As a person, Babur was very emotional and affectionate towards his family, his people, his empire and his labor. He believed that peace can only be obtained by accepting other races and religions and not creating any sort of difference. He told Humayun that “Islam can better be preached by the sword of love and affection, rather than the sword of tyranny and persecution.” Giving love to his people would be the only way of uniting everyone, was one Babur’s beliefs.

Mantra
In Hinduism and Hindu mythology, Mantra means a group of words. There are many such groups of words. Some mantras have meanings. However, there are many mantras which are just syllables, with or without any words. Such mantras do not carry meanings. From the ancient times, Hindus, as well as in many cases, texts of Buddhism and Jainism contain many mantras.
Traditionally, people associate the mantras with various powers. However, it is more a matter of individual faith and experience than a fact of science.
The earliest examples of mantras are many hymns and verses of Vedas. People read them aloud. They thought that by doing so they would get the blessings of the gods and other beings. The system continued in Hindu practices of worship and meditation. Even now, many Hindus believe in the power of mantras to gain health and wealth. Mantras may form part of worship or people may simply recite them loudly or slowly. Some time no recitation may take place, and the person would just think of the mantra silently for long time.
Reference.
Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend (ISBN 0500510881) by Anna Dallapiccola

Fruit tree
A fruit tree is a tree that produces edible fruits to hold their seeds. However, although every tree produces fruit, not all fruit is edible for humans.

Detmold
Detmold is a town in the German state North Rhine-Westphalia. It has about 74,000 inhabitants.

Arnsberg
Arnsberg is a town in the German state North Rhine-Westphalia. It has about 76,000 inhabitants.

Siegen
Siegen is a city in the German state North Rhine-Westphalia. It has about 110,000 inhabitants and a university.

Graz
Graz is the second biggest city in Austria and capital of Styria.
It has about 250,000 inhabitants and four universities.
History.
The oldest reference to Graz in historical documents is from 1128. In 1379 Graz was made the capital of Inner Austria. ("Inner Austra" included Styria, Carinthia, Krain, Inner Istria and Trieste.) The Roman Empire used Graz as a stronghold to defend against enemies on the southeast. Two of the buildings created at that period ("Glockenturm" which is a clock tower, and "Uhrturm" which is a bell tower) have become landmarks of Graz.

Linz
Linz is a city in Austria with about 185,000 inhabitants.
It is the capital City of Upper Austria. There is the famous artcenter "Lentos" or the "Brucknerhaus" for concerts.

Innsbruck
Innsbruck is a city in Austria with about 120,000 inhabitants. It is the capital of the Austrian federal state of Tyrol and
it is after Vienna, Graz, Linz and Salzburg one of the biggest cities of Austria. The official web-site of Innsbruck is www.innsbruck.at. The area has got 104,91km2. The highest area is the Praxmarerkarspitze (2641m), the deepest one is the Inn near Ampass (565m).
The name Innsbruck comes from the German words Inn (a river) and Brücke (bridge). It means "bridge over the Inn".

Basel
Basel ("Bâle") is a city in the North of Switzerland. It is sometimes called Basle in English. Basel is the capital of the Swiss canton of Basel Stadt. It is surrounded by the Basel-Land canton. The city has a population of about 170,000 people.

Lausanne
Lausanne is a city in Switzerland. It has a population of about 120,000 people. The city is the capital of the district Lausanne. It is also the capital of the canton of Vaud.

Porto
Porto is the second biggest city of Portugal.
It has about 1,600,000 inhabitants.

Fürth
Fürth is a city in the German state Bavaria, next to Nuremberg ("Nürnberg").
It has about 112,000 inhabitants. The first German railway connection was between Nürnberg and Fürth.

Reutlingen
Reutlingen is a city in the German state of Baden-Württemberg.
It has about 112,000 inhabitants.

Salzgitter
Salzgitter is a city in the German state of Lower Saxony, founded in 1942.
It has about 108,000 inhabitants.

Witten
Witten is a city in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia, in the Ruhr Area and has about 100,000 inhabitants.

Moers
Moers is a city in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia. Moers is near to Duisburg and belongs to the Ruhr area.
It has about 110,000 inhabitants.

Castrop-Rauxel
Castrop-Rauxel is a town in the Ruhr area in the German state North Rhine-Westphalia. It has about 78,000 inhabitants.

Ratingen
Ratingen is a town in the German state North Rhine-Westphalia. It is near to Düsseldorf and has about 90,000 inhabitants.

Gland (city)
Gland is a city in Switzerland, in the canton of Vaud. In the year 2005, about 10.000 people live there. The city is halfway between Geneva and Lausanne, near Nyon.

All Quiet on the Western Front
"All Quiet on the Western Front" (original German title: "Im Westen nichts Neues", literally: "Nothing New on the Western Front") is a famous book by the German author Erich Maria Remarque. It was first published in 1929.
Plot.
It is about a German soldier named Paul Bäumer as he fights together with his classmates in World War I. Troops are changed every couple of weeks; they are either sent to the front line or a few miles back. At the beginning, Baumer and his fellow soldiers are very full and satisfied because a very hevay bombardment killed off half of the company.
A number of soliders and Baumer are injured one night, and all are taken to the local hospital. In there, when a nurse gives Baumer a temperature gauge, he uses a light and makes his temperature seem much higher than it really is. This is so he can go into critical care with his friends. While there, the nurses sing a hymn, which annoys the men. Baumer throws and breaks a bottle to make them shut the door.
One night, Baumer and his friends find two live pigs. They put together a feast. Baumer cooks some kind of cakes. They smoke cigarettes and drink coffee from the officer's dump and then roast the pigs. The meal is very good, but the pig meat sticks to their bowels and makes them go to the bathroom all night.
As the war draws to its end in 1918, the Germans are suffering. The food bad and the men must keep going to the bathroom. The Americans have joined the war and are pushing back all of the ground that the Germans gained. During this time, many of Baumer's classmates die.
At the end of the novel, Baumer dies. The day was so quiet that the field commander described the day as "all quiet on the Western Front."
Response.
The book sold 2.5 million copies in 25 languages in eighteen months. It is published by Ballantine Books in 1929. This book and its sequel, The Road Back, were banned and burned in Nazi Germany. The film version won the Academy Award for Best Picture in 1930.

Can Tho
Can Tho (Vietnamese: Cần Thơ) is a city in the south of Vietnam.
Can Tho has about 1,100,000 inhabitants and is the biggest city in the Mekong delta. It is about 160 km away from Ho Chi Minh City and the capitol of the district of Can Tho, until 1975 named Hậu Giang.
There is a university in Can Tho.

Vinh
Vinh (no diacritics) is a city in central Vietnam. It has about 230,000 inhabitants. Its name in the Vietnamese language has no diacritics. It is also the kingdom of the albino gorrillas. One of the rarest mammels in the world. They can only can be found in and around the city of Vinh. The most recent sighting of an albino gorrilla was in 2004 by a collage professer that was in Vinh studying multiple human cultures.

Dalat
Dalat (Vietnamese: Đà Lạt) is a city in southern Vietnam. It has about 120,000 inhabitants.

Pleiku
Pleiku (also Plei Cu or Plây Cu) is a city in Central Việt Nam.
It has about 120,000 inhabitants and was a strategic airport in the Second Indochinese War in the 1960s and 1970s. Its name is from the Việtnamese language (Vietnam).

Quảng Ngãi
Quảng Ngãi (Vietnamese: Thành phố Quảng Ngãi) is a city in Central Việt Nam. It has about 135,000 inhabitants.

Bordeaux
Bordeaux is a city in the south west of France near the Atlantic Ocean. It has about 230,000 inhabitants in the city. About 750,000 people live in the area around the city. Bordeaux is famous for wines made in the region near the city. Bordeaux is also famous for its art.

Nantes
Nantes is a city in France on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean. It is at the south western end of Brittany but it is in the Pays de la Loire region. Nantes has always seen itself as belonging to the (historical) region of Brittany. At the moment, it is the capital of Loire Atlantique, which is not part of the (administrative) region of Brittany. Furthermore, the Gallo language was historically spoken more than Breton in Nantes. Opposed to Breton that is a Celtic language, Gallo is a roman language, derivated from the ancient languages of Oïl spoken in Northern France.
Nantes has about 280,000 inhabitants and a metroplitan area of about 550,000 people. Jules Verne was a famous citizen of Nantes

Toulouse
Toulouse is a city in the south of France. About 380,000 people live there.

Nice
Nice is a city in southern France that can be found on the Mediterranean coast. It is a commune in the French department of Alpes-Maritimes. It has over 1,100,000 people living in the city as of the year 2007.

Strasbourg
Strasbourg (French: "Strasbourg", pronounced; Alsatian: "Strossburi"; German: "Straßburg") is a city in the east of France.
The city has about 272,000 inhabitants. There are about 450.000 people in the metropolitan area. The city is also the capital of the Alsace region, and the Bas-Rhin département. It is located at the border with Germany, the city on the other side of the Rhine is called Kehl.
Strasbourg is the seat Council of Europe, of the European Court of Human Rights and of the European Parliament. A lot of people also consider Strasbourg as the capital of the European Union.
Its the seventh largest city in France (The first three are Paris, Lyon and Marseille). It is special in that the whole old town has been classified as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.
The city was founded in 12BC by Drusus, the brother of Tiberius. Its celtic name was "Argentorate" (which the Romans called "Argentoratum"). People think this name is linked to the river Ill (that flows into the Rhine near Strasbourg).
At that time, it was situated on the Limes, a fortification the Romans built across Europe (to keep out the Germanic tribes). There was a fortification (named "castella drusi", "drusus fort") at that spot. Soldiers need to live from something, so a local civilian settlement developed there. Later, the Limes was pushed further east.

Montpellier
Montpellier is a city in France. It has about 250,000 inhabitants.

Lille
Lille is a city in the north of France. Lille has about 250,000 inhabitants, making it the fourth largest city in France. It is on the border with Belgium.

Rennes
Rennes is the capital city of Brittany, France. Its name in the Breton language is "Roazhon". It has about 210,000 inhabitants.

Reims
Reims is a city in the north of France. It has about 200,000 inhabitants.
Reims Cathedral.
Reims Cathedral (Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Reims) is famous by coronation of almost every king of France. The cathedral was destroyed by fire in 1914 (after an attack by the German army).

Orléans
Orléans is a city in the middle of France. It has about 130,000 inhabitants. It is the capital of the French region Centre.

Le Havre
Le Havre is a city in the north west of France (Normandy). It is one of the most important port of France. It has about 200,000 inhabitants.

Straight edge
Straight Edge (Often called sXe) is a lifestyle without drugs, tobacco, or alcohol. Some followers of Straight Edge also abstain from illegal or casual sex.
It is usually represented by three X's (XXX).
For some, no drug use includes caffeine which is a stimulant drug. Some will accept drugs such as codeine or morphine for medical reasons.
Some followers of Straight Edge will not use Ny-Quil or Day-Quil because they contain alcohol.
Those Straight Edgers who quit casual or illegal sex won't have one-night stands and will wait until they are in a committed relationship to have sex.
People have associated sXe as gang affiliation, but it is a way of life such as being a vegetarian.

Rouen
Rouen is a city in the north of France.
It has about 110,000 inhabitants.
First settlements in that region were from the 6th century before Christ.
The Romans founded Rotomagus about 100 A.D..
Since 384 Rouen is the seat of a bishop.
In 841 the Vikings conquered Rouen. It became the capitol of the Duchy of Normandy.
In 1204 the Frensh king reconquered Rouen.
In 1419 the English crown (Henry IV. of England) conquered the city in the 100-year War between France and England. On May, 30th of 1431 Jeanne D'Arc (the Virgin of Orleans) was burned in Rouen.
In 1494 the French got the city back.
In 1834 the railway connection Paris-Rouen was opened.
Rouen was occupied by the Germans in the Franco-German War of 1870 to 187373 and in both World Wars. In the World War II many buildings were destroyed.
Rouen has a great marine harbor 60 km from the city. Tourism, transportation, the colleges and the university are most important economic factors.
The university of Rouen has about 40,000 students.

Microprogram
A microprogram is a small program that is usually put onto a computer chip. It has instructions on how to do simple things.
Coffee makers and toasters of today have chips with microprograms on them.
Microprogramming is the lowest-level instructions that directly control a microprocessor
Microprogramming: The concept of microprogramming was developed by Maurice Wilkes in 1951, using diode matrices for the memory element. A micro program consist of a sequence of micro-instructions in a microprogramming.

Computational complexity theory
Computational complexity theory is a part of computer science. It looks at algorithms, and tries to say how many steps or how much memory a certain algorithm takes for a computer to do. Very often, algorithms that use fewer steps use more memory (or the other way round: if there is less memory available, it takes more steps to do). Unfortunately many interesting algorithms take a number of steps that is dependent on the size of the problem.
Linear complexity.
Complexity theory also look at how a problem changes if it is done for more elements. Mowing the lawn can be thought of as a problem with linear complexity. Mowing an area that is double the size of the original takes twice as long.
Logarithmic complexity.
This is generally different for problems that involve looking up things, like finding a word in a dictionary. If the dictionary is twice as big, it contains twice as many words as the original to compare to. Looking up something will take only one step more. The algorithm to do lookups is simple. The word in the middle of the dictionary will be either before or after the term than needs to be looked up, if the words do not match. If it is before, the term needs to be in the second half of the dictionary. If it is after the word, it needs to be in the first half. That way, the problem space is halved with every step, until the word or definition is found. This is generally known as logarithmic complexity
Exponential complexity.
There are problems that grow very fast. One such problem is known as the Travelling salesman problem. A salesman needs to take a tour of a certain number of cities. Each city should only be visited once, the distance (or cost) of the travelling should be minimal, and the salesman should end up where he started. This problem has exponential complexity. There are n factorial possibilities to consider. Adding one city (from n to n+1) will multiply the number of possibilities by (n+1). Unfortunately, most of the interesting problems have this complexity.

Average
An average is a number that is typical of a group of numbers. An average is found from the group of numbers by arithmetic.
To find an average.
To find the average of formula_1 numbers, the formula_1 numbers are added and the total is divided by formula_1. In symbols, if the numbers are formula_4, formula_5, formula_6... formula_7, the total is
formula_8
The total is divided by formula_1 to make the average
formula_10
Sport.
In some sports, such as cricket and baseball, averages are used to tell how good a player is (such as batting average or bowling average). Sporting averages have special rules for how to calculate them.

Fluminense Football Club
Fluminense FC is a soccer club in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Romanization
Romanization or "Latinization" is the process by which words and languages that normally use alphabets other than the Latin alphabet are converted into Latin letters so that people who do not know the original alphabet can still read the sounds of the language. It is one way to show pronunciation of words from a non-Latin writing system.
Transcription.
Transcription occurs when the effect at the end is that both the original and the transcripted version sound the same, whether or not each letter alone in one text matches the corresponding letter in the other one.
Transliteration.
Transliteration occurs when the effect at the end is for the letters to match one to one, whether or not the sound is the same.

Diaspora
Diaspora (Ancient Greek διασπορά, literally, "a scattering or sowing of seeds") is used (without capitals) to refer to any people or racial group forced or made to leave their traditional homelands, being scattered throughout other parts of the world, and their exiled community. It was first used capitalized to mean the scattering of Jews after the capture of Jerusalem by the Babylonians in 586 BC.

Limes
Limes (Plural form: Limites) is the name of a fortification at the border of the Roman empire. There were many such fortifications. The Latin word has a number of meanings, but the most common one is border. Therefore it was used by Roman writers to describe paths, walls, boundary stones, rivers marking a boundary, et cetera.
Some "limites".
A medieval "limes" is the "Limes Saxoniae" in Holstein

Angers
Angers is a city in the west of France. Around 160,000 inhabitants live inside the city and 300,000 live in the metropolitan area.
It is the capital of the historical province called Anjou. Nowadays, the name of Anjou is Maine-et-Loire. The inhabitants of Angers and of Anjou are called 'angevins'.
The city existed before the Roman Empire. After the Roman conquest, the city was called Juliomagus. Angers was an important french city during the Middle-Ages. There is one of the bigger castles of Europe in the city.
It is now the 16th city of France (for its population). It is an economic center, a touristic and cultural town. Many festivals happen every year in the city (film festival 'Premiers plans', street festivals 'Tours de scène' and the famous 'Accroches-coeurs'). It has many museums. The museum of Beaux-Arts (a famous Art museum) and "Apocalypse Tapestry" (the oldest and largest collection of medieval tapestries in the world) are very famous.
There are two universities. More than 17,000 students go to the 'Université d'Angers' (a state university) and 12,000 go to the 'Université Catholique de l'Ouest' (a private catholic university). The 'Ecole Superieure des Sciences Commerciales d'Angers' is one of the most prestigious business school in France.

Toulon
Toulon is a city in the south of France. It has about 170,000 inhabitants.

Grenoble
Grenoble is a city in the south-east of France, in the Alps.
It has about 156,000 inhabitants and is an important center for sciencistic research in France.

Nimes
Nîmes is a city in France. About 150,000 people live there.

Sequence
A Sequence is when several things are put together. The order in which those things can be derermined, and has a meaning as well. (Blue, Red, Yellow) is not the same as (Yellow, Blue, Red). Sequences can be finite or not. An example of a sequence that is not finite is the sequence of all odd numbers, bigger than 0.

Aix-en-Provence
Aix-en-Provence is a city in the south of France.
It has about 150,000 inhabitants.

Amiens
Amiens is a city in France. It has about 145,000 inhabitants.

Le Mans
Le Mans is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.
Le Mans is a city in France. It has about 143,000 inhabitants.
Le Mans is well-known by the 24-hour-car-race of Le Mans.

Tours
Tours is a city in the centre of France.
It has about 143,000 inhabitants.

Nancy
Nancy is a city in the east of France in Lorraine.
It has about 110,000 inhabitants.

Limoges
Limoges is a city in France.
It has about 142,000 inhabitants.

Clermont-Ferrand
Clermont-Ferrand is a city in France. It has about 135,000 inhabitants.

Villeurbanne
Villeurbanne is a city in France. It has about 130,000 inhabitants.

Exile on Main St.
Exile On Main St. is one of The Rolling Stones' most successful albums. It was released in 1972 and includes the hit songs "Happy" and "Tumbling Dice".

OpenGL
"OpenGL" is a graphics API and it helps a computer's 3D graphics perform better and faster on a video card rather than the CPU alone.
OpenGL is often compared to Direct3D which does the same thing OpenGL does but it only operates on Windows and it requires installation of newer versions. Programming for Direct3D is different in some ways as well.

Māori
The Māori are the indigenous people of New Zealand.
History.
Their Polynesian ancestors came to New Zealand between 800 and 1300 AD. They probably came from the Cook Islands. About 600,000 Māori live in New Zealand today.
During World War II, Māori soldiers were famous as brave warriors because they won many difficult battles and stayed strong in the face of danger.
Origin.
Before Europeans came to New Zealand, the Māori did not have a name for themselves. After Europeans came to New Zealand, the indigenous people called themselves "māori", which means "normal" or "ordinary" in the Māori language. The word "māori" contrasts with "pākehā", who are all people not "māori". Today, in New Zealand English "pakeha" means New Zealand European.

Māori language
The Māori language (Māori: Te Reo Māori, shortened to Te Reo) is the language of the Māori and an official language of New Zealand. It is an Austronesian language.

Movie criticism
Movie criticism is the evaluation of a movie. People who write their opinions about movies in newspapers and magazines or talk about movies on television, the Internet or on radio shows are called movie critics. Some movie critics also write books about movies and the history of movies.
Training.
Some movie critics studied movie or movie history in a university before becoming a movie critic. Other movie critics are people who have experience making movies, for example as a movie director or screenwriter. Some movie critics studied other subjects in university that are related to movie, such as English Literature or theatre.

McCarthyism
McCarthyism is the term describing a period of intense anti-Communist suspicion in the United States that lasted roughly from the late 1940s to the mid to late 1950s. The term gets its name from U.S. Senator Joseph McCarthy, a Republican of Wisconsin. The period of McCarthyism is also referred to as the Second Red Scare. It happened at the same times as increased fears of Communist influence on American institutions, espionage by Soviet agents such as the Rosenbergs, heightened tension from Soviet control over Eastern Europe, the success of the Chinese Communist revolution (1949) and the Korean War (1950-1953).

Syphilis
Syphilis is a disease. It is one of the sexually transmitted diseases. This means it can be spread by having sex. Condoms can prevent it from spreading.
The disease is caused by a bacterium, called "Treponema pallidum". Most transmissions occur through the sexual route. Very rarely, it can also be spread by direct contact, or from the mother to the child.
Since it is caused by a bacterium, the disease can be treated (and cured) by antibiotics, especially by penicillin.

Gonorrhea
Gonorrhea is a disease. It is transmitted by having sex. It is among the most widespread sexually transmitted diseases, but can be cured using antibiotics.
Cleanup.
It is caused by a bacterium, "Neisseria gonorrheae". Since it is caused by a bacterium, it can be treated with antibiotics. The use of latex condoms when having sex can prevent it from spreading.

Cichlid
Cichlids (say: "sick-lid") are fishes from the "Cichlidae" family, in the order "Perciformes".
It is a very large family of fish made up of more than 2500 species.
They come in many different sizes, from 2.5 centimeters to almost a meter long.

Battle of Hastings
The Battle of Hastings took place on October 14, 1066. It was a fight between the English and Normans. The reason for the fight was that the ruler of the Normans, William of Normandy, had claimed that he was the heir to the English throne as his cousin Edward the Confessor had promised him the throne when he changed his mind on his deathbed. William of Normandy sent up to 700 ships across the English Channel and landed at small town named Pevensey. King Harold, King of England, sent his army south after defeating Harold Hardraada up north,waited in London before marching down his army to do battle with the Normans. What happened next is what is known as the Battle of Hastings. In this battle, the English leader (King Harold) was hacked to death by a group of norman soldiers. Many of the English soldiers ran away then, as they were not trained soldiers, but farmers because most of his trained soldiers deserted him because all the high ranking men got to have all the treasures of war, money and praise.
The result of the battle was a major Norman victory, allowing William of Normandy to take the English throne, and become king. This Norman control of the English throne will lead to other wars later, such as The Hundred Years War.
Hastings was the most important fight in the Norman Conquest.

Asiatic peafowl
The Asiatic peafowl is a kind of bird. They are the genus "Pavo" from the Phasianidae family. They originally lived in Pakistan and India, Southeast Asia.
The male is called a "peacock", the female a "peahen".
The males are very colorful, and they have very long "train feathers" (or "tail feathers"), which they can move up like a fan. Females are less colorful, and do not have the long train-feathers. Both the male and the female have a little "crown" of feathers on their head.
Males show their train feathers to court a female peafowl, or to scare other animals away by making them afraid.
Peafowl are omnivorous and eat plant parts, flower petals, seeds, insects, and small vertebrates, like reptiles and amphibians.

Reading, Berkshire
Reading (pronounced: "Redding") is a large town in Berkshire in the United Kingdom, home to about 145,000 people. Reading is found in southern England, between London and Bristol. The River Thames goes through the town. Reading replaced Abingdon as the county town of Berkshire in 1867.
TV presenter Chris Tarrant (Who wants to be a Millionare) and comedian Ricky Gervais are from Reading, and also the famous actress Kate Winslet, who even has a road named after her. Musician Mike Oldfield is also from Reading. Reading has two universities and is famous for its rock festival. Reading is home to Premiership football and rugby teams.

Dozen
A dozen is a unit of measurement. It means twelve (12) items of something. The term goes back to "duodecim", which means 12 in Latin. Humans might have started to count on a base 12 because there are approximately 12 cycles of the moon in one cycle of the sun. In other words, a solar year has 12 months. The first to have used the unit were probably the Mesopotamians.
12 dozen (144 items) are a gross, 12 gross (1728 items) are called "great gross".
A great hundred is 120 or ten dozen (a dozen for each finger on both hands).
The dozen is convenient because its multipliers and multiples are convenient: 12 = 3 × 2 × 2, and 360 = 30 × 12. The French word "douzaine" means "about twelve" and is part of a family of words with similar meanings, e.g. "vingtaine" - "about 20" "centaine" - "about 100" etc. A baker's dozen, also known as a long dozen, is thirteen.

European sprat
The European sprat is a kind of fish. It is related to the herring. It lives in the ocean, all around Europe. It has about 12% fat in its flesh. It is a source of many vitamins. It is an important fish for commercial fishing, and can be found in many cans in shops. It can also be salted, to preserve it better.

The Little Mermaid
The Little Mermaid is a fairy tale written by Hans Christian Andersen. It was first published in 1836. The story is about a mermaid who falls in love with a prince. She is ready give up everything, also her immortality, to become human.
There is a statue of the mermaid in the harbour of Copenhagen.
Adaptations.
The story has been adapted many times. In 1957, Germaine Tailleferre wrote a three act opera with the subject. In 1968 there was a Soviet animated film. In 1976, a co-production fo the Soviet Union and Bulgaria resulted in a llive-action film (with people). Both films are called Rusalochka.
In 1989 Walt Disney also produced such a film. The film is different from Andersen's story, because the little mermaid lives happily ever after with a human prince.

Hans Christian Andersen
Hans Christian Andersen or simply HC Andersen, (April 2 1805 – August 4 1875) was a Danish author and poet most famous for his fairy tales.
Youth.
Hans Christian Andersen was born in 1805. When Andersen was 11 his father died so he started working as a tailor's helper. Then he worked at a cigerette factory but the other workers made fun of him. They said he was a girl and pulled down his trousers to check. When he was 14 he went to Copenhagen so that he could become an actor. But soon he stopped doing this and became an author.
Work.
Hans Christian Andersen has written many stories and fairy tales. He wrote the "Ugly Duckling", "The Snow Queen" and many more. At first Andersen wasn't very popular but he soon became known all over Europe. In contrast to the Brothers Grimm, who collected fairy tales and wrote them down, Andersen invented new fairy tales.
Death.
He got hurt after falling out of bed in 1872. He never got better. Hans Christian Andersen died in 1875 at the age of 70.

Fenerbahce Sukru Saracoglu Stadium
Fenerbahce Sukru Saracoglu is a football stadium in Istanbul in Turkey. It is home to the club Fenerbahce.

List of airlines
__NOTOC__
Ivory Coast.
"See the section titled "Côte d'Ivoire" above
Asia.
"For countries in the Middle East, refer to the section below.
Iran.
See below.
Taiwan.
"See the section China, Republic of above.
Timor Leste.
"See the section above.
France.
"For TOMs, see the sections for French Guiana, French Polynesia, Guadeloupe, New Caledonia, Réunion, Saint-Pierre and Miquelon.

Atlantic Herring
The Atlantic Herring is a kind of herring, a fish. It can be found on both sides of the Atlantic. It can grow up to 45cm in length, weighing more than half a kilogram. It is a swarm fish, meaning many fish come together and form a "school" (or swarm) of fish. Swarms of up to 4 cubic kilometers in size have been measured of "atlantic herring", with an eastimated 4 billion individual fish. Like with so many other fishes though, commercial overfishing is posing a problem. Stocks of herring have been collapsing.
Their natural predators are seals, cod, other large fish as well as some kinds of whales.
The current reason for the overfishing is the need of the Omega Fatty Acid, which helps increase memory, and brain functions.

Pelagie Islands
The Pelagie Islands are three islands in the Mediterranean. They are Lampedusa, Linosa and Lampione. They are between Malta and Tunisia. They are part of the African continent but belong to Italy.
Because of deforestation, the islands are very barren. In the past they lived on agriculture, but nowadays they live on fishing and tourism.

Lampedusa
Lampedusa is the largest of the Pelagie Islands. Sicily is 205 km to the north, Tunisia is 113 km to the south. There are no sources of freshwater on the island, so those living there collect rainwater. Fauna and Flora, as well as the climate is similar to what can be found in North Africa.
There is a NATO base on the island. It is also a popular destination for refugees who try to enter the European Union that way.

Muscat
Muscat (Arabic: مسقط) is the capital and largest city of The Sultanate of Oman. It is the largest city in the mintaqah (governorate) of Muscat. The city of Muscat has a population of 650,000 (2005).

Ukrainian language
The Ukrainian language (Ukrainian: українська (мова), transliteration: ukrajins'ka mova) is an Eastern Slavic language. This language is a part of the Indo-European language family.
Ukrainian is the second most-spoken Slavic language. It is the official laguage of Ukraine. There are 37 million speakers in Ukraine. Most of them are native speakers. All over the world there are more than 50 million speakers.
The Ukrainian language is written with cyrillic letters.

Native speaker
A native speaker is someone who speaks a language as his or her first language or mother tongue. Native speakers can usually speak the language very well since they speak the language since they were born. A native speaker's language is normally the language their parents speak and the language of the country they live in since birth.

Guilty Gear
"Gulity Gear" is a series of video games designed by artist Daisuke Ishiwatari and Arc System Works, and published by Sammy Studios.

Florence Nightingale
Florence Nightingale, OM (May 12, 1820 – August 13, 1910), was a famous English nurse. She helped create the modern techniques of nursing. She helped a lot of wounded soldiers during the Crimean War to get better. She was the first female to receive the Order of Merit, the highest honour awarded to a British person. As a nurse she adopted the name 'The Lady with the Lamp' because at night, she checked on the wounded soldiers and always carried 'The Lamp' with her. Florence Nightingale was a wonderful women who fought the odds of not living a life expected by her family. She helped made modern nursing possible.

Apocalypse Now
"Apocalypse Now" is a 1979 drama movie directed by Francis Ford Coppola. It tells a fictional (made-up) story that takes place during the Vietnam War. It tells the story of an Army Captain who is sent on a boat deep into the jungle to capture a Special Forces colonel who has gone insane. It was partly based on Joseph Conrad's novel about colonialism, "Heart of Darkness".

Vojvodina
The Autonomous Province of Vojvodina (Serbian: Аутономна Покрајина Војводина or "Autonomna Pokrajina Vojvodina") is one of the two autonomous provinces in Serbia. It is located in the northern part of the country, in the Pannonian plain. Its capital and the largest city is Novi Sad and the second largest city is Subotica.
Vojvodina is ethnically, culturally and linguistically diverse, with more than 26 different ethnic groups and six official languages.

Penn Station
Penn Station is a train station in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
"Penn Station" can also refer to a popular sandwich shop in the midwest.

Dan Quayle
James Danforth "Dan" Quayle (born February 4, 1947) was the 44th Vice President of the United States, under George H. W. Bush.

Cincinnati, Ohio
Cincinnati, Ohio is a city in the southwestern corner of the state of Ohio near the states of Kentucky and Indiana. The city is found in Hamilton County.

Cable car
A cable car is a type of car that runs on cables above the car, and the cables are driven by something called a "winding house" where there are two. One at the bottom and one at the top. It is used a lot in areas where there are a lot of mountains.

Tokusatsu
Tokusatsu is a Japanese word that means "special effects". It is used to talk about television shows and movies that have superheros, giant monsters, and other science fiction and fantastic themes. Some famous tokusatsu features include Godzilla, "Kamen Rider", and "Super Sentai".

Snakes on a Plane
"Snakes on a Plane" (released in Japan as "Snake Flight" (スネーク・フライト)) is a 2006 movie starring Samuel L. Jackson, about snakes overrunning a plane. The snakes take over the plane, and Samuel L. Jackson's character Neville Flynn kills them all. The movie became very popular before it was released because of the title.

War in Afghanistan (2001–present)
The War in Afghanistan refers to a war waged by the United States, Canada, Great Britain, Australia, and other countries against the Taliban and Al-Qaeda. The invasion still continues to this day as an occupation of an unstable land. About 476 US troops have been killed and 2204 seriously injured.

Castrato
A castrato (plural: castrati) was a type of singer that was very popular in the early days of opera. Castrato is an Italian word that means “castrated”. A castrato was a man who sang soprano. Most of the main soprano roles in operas by Handel and other composers of that time were written for castrati. Nowadays they are always sung by female sopranos because we do not have castrato singers.
The practice of castrating young boys who had good singing voices was quite common in Italy in the 17th century. Castration is an operation in which the sex organ which will make a boy become a man is removed. When the boy grows up he will not be able to have children. The vocal chords will not thicken so that his voice will not break as it normally does with boys in their teens. He will continue to have a high voice for the rest of his life. Castration was illegal in many parts of Italy, but there were plenty of people who would perform the operation secretly. The reason why parents let their children be castrated was probably the same as the reason that parents in some parts of the world still sell their children today: they are desperately poor and people promise them that this is a way to give their child a brilliant future.
Once a boy was castrated he would go to a special music school where children learned singing and musical instruments. The castrati pupils were given special treatment. They were fussed over and kept warm to stop them from getting colds. When they grew up they hoped to become famous opera singers. A few of them had very successful careers in opera. They were the great stars of their day, and audiences came to the opera to cheer on their favourite singers. Those who were not good enough to make a career in opera joined church choirs instead.
It is impossible now for us to know what these great castrato voices sounded like, but they must have had very powerful voices and many of the singers were very skilled in singing and adding musical ornamentation to the songs. In the 18th century Italian opera became very popular in England. This was largely due to the German-born composer George Frideric Handel who moved to England in 1709 and wrote lots of Italian operas. Many singers who sang in London came from Italy, and a lot of them were castrati. The most famous one was called Farinelli.
The popularity of castrato singers died out in the 19th century when operas became less artificial and more like real life. By the mid-19th century they were no opera castrati left, although a few castrati still sang in church choirs. The last one, a man called Alessandro Moreschi, died in 1922 aged 64. There is a recording of his voice made in 1902 which can be heard online, but he may not have been a good singer and he was old when he made the recording, so we cannot judge whether the castrato voice was beautiful by that recording.
See also: Breeches role

Falsetto
A falsetto voice is a special way of speaking or singing. If a man tries to imitate a woman’s voice he does it by speaking in a falsetto voice. When a man sings with a falsetto voice it sounds high like a soprano. Actors do this sometimes, e.g. Robin Williams in the film "Mrs Doubtfire" or Kevin Clash when voicing the character Elmo in "Sesame Street" and Barry Gibb of the Bee Gees, with his R&B falsetto.
Women can also use falsetto, but when they do there isn't as big of a change in sound from their normal voices as there is in men. When women use falsetto the voice sounds lighter or weaker than it does when they speak or sing normally.
When people speak or sing, their vocal cords vibrate. When a man sings falsetto only the edges of his vocal cords vibrate. These produce harmonics. It is similar to playing harmonics on a string instrument by lightly touching the string at a certain point so that only part of the string vibrates. When a man sings falsetto his is usually one octave higher than his normal singing voice.
Falsetto singing was used in the days when women were not allowed to sing in churches. Instead, men sang countertenor. Later the popularity of the countertenor disappeared, but in the mid 20th century it became popular again for performing Renaissance and Baroque music. Today the tradition of men singing alto (with countertenor voices) still exists in Britain in cathedral choirs and some church choirs which are all-male choirs. It is not a big, operatic voice, and it blends in well with boys’ treble voices in the acoustic of churches and cathedrals.
Occasionally falsetto can be used for comic effect, as in the dying swan in the "Carmina Burana" by Carl Orff.

Countertenor
A countertenor is a male singer who uses a falsetto voice to sing high notes like a female contralto or mezzo-soprano.
Countertenors were used a lot in the Renaissance and Baroque periods when females were not allowed to sing in church choirs. They did not have big, dramatic voices like castrati, so they were not normally used in opera. People forgot about this way of singing in the 18th and 19th centuries, although male altos continued to sing in English cathedral and church choirs. In the 20th century an English countertenor called Alfred Deller became very famous. He sang many songs from the Baroque period that had been written for the countertenor voice, for example songs by Henry Purcell who sang countertenor himself. Today there is a lot of interest again in using this type of voice for performing early music like Renaissance and Baroque music.

Breeches role
A breeches role is a part in an opera in which a woman plays the role of a man. It is also called a trouser role (British) or pants role (U.S.) or travesti role (the Italian word). It is called a breeches role because breeches are tight-fitting, knee-length trousers. These used to be worn by men at the time that breeches roles became popular. Sometimes breeches roles are in plays, but they are usually in opera.
Breeches roles are usually female singers acting the role of a young man. They are normally sung by mezzo-sopranos or contraltos with light voices because they can often sound boyish. In the 17th and 18th centuries it was normal to have actors and actresses who cross-dressed. It was the time when castrato singers were popular. These castrati were men pretending to be women, but there were also women pretending to be men (especially when the actress was trying to deceive another character) and the audiences were used to this kind of thing. As they gradually stopped the horrible practice of castrating young boys in the late 18th century these male characters started to be sung by mezzo-sopranos instead.
Mozart wrote an opera called "The Marriage of Figaro". In this opera the role of Cherubino, a young page boy, is sung by a mezzo-soprano. Other famous examples include the role of Siebel in Dvořák’s opera "Rusalka" and the role of Prince Orlofsky in Johann Strauss’s opera "Die Fledermaus".
Composers from the 20th century do not usually have breeches roles in their operas. There is the role of Oktavian in Richard Strauss’s opera "Der Rosenkavalier" (1911), but this opera was deliberately trying to produce the old-fashioned atmosphere of Mozart’s time. Benjamin Britten wrote an opera called "Midsummer Night’s Dream", based on Shakespeare’s play. There is no breeches role here. Instead, the part of Oberon is written for a countertenor: a man with a high, falsetto voice.
There is also a term called a skirt role. This is the opposite of a trouser role: it is a man acting the part of a woman. Benjamin Britten uses one in the role of the Madwoman in "Curlew River". The witch in Humperdinck’s "Hansel and Gretel" is also sung by a man. In both cases it makes the characters more dramatic, but the first is very serious while the second is supposed to be humorous.

Treble (singer)
The word treble is used, especially in British English, to mean the singing voice of a boy or girl. Often it is called boy soprano, but since there are also many girls who sing in cathedral and church choirs these days, the word treble is now used to describe the voice of either sex.
A boy can sing treble until he reaches puberty. At puberty he starts to become a man and his voice range will go down (we say that his voice “breaks”). He will then become a tenor, baritone or bass, or he may even train to be a countertenor. A girl’s voice also changes when she reaches puberty, but the change into a grown-up female voice is more gradual than with a boy, and it is still within the soprano or alto range.
Boys who join a cathedral choir or the choir of a large church will have to work hard to develop their voice and learn to sing musically. They often start this training aged 7 or 8, and they may only have four or five years before their voice starts to break. They do not usually become famous as soloists, but the Welsh treble Aled Jones became very famous for about three years and made many recordings before his voice broke in 1987.
The word ‘treble’ is used for children singing in a Classical Music style, especially church music. Although children do not usually sing in opera, occasionally a treble is used for the part of a very small boy, e.g. in Debussy’s opera "Pélléas et Mélisande".

Claque
A claque (pronounce: ‘clack’) is a small group of people in an opera house who deliberately either clapped loudly (applauded) or shouted boo for a particular singer.
In the 19th century there was very often a claque at performances of an opera. Someone who liked one of the singers and wanted them to have lots of applause would pay a group of people to sit near the back of the opera house and to clap and shout enthusiastically whenever that singer had finished a song. This would encourage the rest of the audience to clap loudly too. Sometimes the claque would be paid to do the opposite: they would be told to hiss and boo when the singer had sung.
Very often a singer would have to pay some money to the claque so that they would applaud him (or her). If the singer did not pay, the claque would hiss and boo. This was, of course, a nasty form of blackmail. In the early 20th century, when the world-famous tenor Enrico Caruso refused to pay the claque in Naples a bribe, they hissed during his singing of the great aria "Una furtiva lagrima".
Fortunately we do not have claques in opera houses nowadays.
Reference:.
"Teach yourself opera" by Susan Sutherland 1997, LCCC number: 06-72382

Leech
Leeches are annelids, a kind of worm (ground creature) that lives in wet places. All leeches are carnivorous, that is, they eat mainly meat, but some are also haemophagic parasitic; this means they drink the blood of other animals. They are sometimes helpful in medicine. They are often used to reduce blood clots.

Glycoprotein
A glycoprotein is a big molecule. It is composed of a protein and a carbohydrate (which is usually a sugar-like substance). Glycoproteins are important to recognise immune cells in mammals.
Hormones that are glycoproteins are (amongst others)

Cell culture
Cell culture is a way to grow cells in a laboratory. This is done by taking the cells in an early stage of development, and getting them to divide.

Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is the use of chemical substances to treat diseases. The word "chemotherapy" is used a lot to talk about a medicine used to help cure cancer called cytotoxic.
When people talk about chemotherapy outside the treatment of cancer, they may also be talking about a kind of medicine called antibiotics. Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin, one of the best-known antibiotics.
Chemotherapy can also be use to treat autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis or a blood cancer such as Leukemia. Other uses are the treatment of Hepatitis, which is caused by a virus, or to suppress the reaction to transplanted organs.
Unfortunately, chemotherapy (related to cancer) has side effects,

Typhoid
Typhoid, also called typhoid fever, is an illness caued by the bacteria Salmonella Typhi. There are estimations, or guesses, of 400 cases a year in the United States, and 21 million cases around the world.
Typhoid causes a sustained, or steady, fever of at least 103-104 degrees F (39-40 degrees C). Also, it can cause stomach pains, headache, being delirious, and loss of appetite. In some cases, flat, pink colored spots appear on the patient's body.
It usually lasts maximum up to one month if it is not treated. However in the Indian Sub continent this is one of the most common disease due to poor sanitation and lack of basic hygiene.

Cranbourne, Victoria
Cranbourne is a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. It is south east of Melbourne. It is above sea-level. Its Local Government Area is the City of Casey.
History.
The first people to live in the Cranbourne area were the Boonwurrung Aborigines. The first European settlers were the Ruffy brothers who arrived in 1836. They later opened the Cranbourne Inn.
The area was opened up by settlers from the 1860s. Progress in developing the land around Cranbourne was difficult because of the Koo Wee Rup swamp. William Lyall bought land in the swamp area. He helped organize draining the swamp to make it usable as farmland. The region has a strong farming history. A major cattle market started at Cranbourne in the 1870s. This was helped with the arrival of the railway in 1887. A market gardening industry began after World War I with the arrival of Italian immigrants.
Cranbourne has a long history of horse racing. The first races were held in 1867. The Cranbourne Racecourse and Recreation Reserve and and the Cranbourne Training Complex are popular facilities. There is a Cranbourne Cup race meeting every year as well as other carnivals.
In 1860 a number of meteorites landed in the area. The largest, at 1.5 tonnes, was then the world's largest.
Cranbourne was made a town in 1861. The Shire of Cranbourne was begun in 1868. The office, built in 1875, is still standing on the corner of South Gippsland Highway and Sladen Street. In 1994 the Shire was made a City. Later in the same year most of the City joined with the City of Berwick to form the City of Casey.
Rapid growth.
Over the years Cranbourne has changed from a small country town to a rapidly growing suburb. The exact time of when Cranbourne had changed from town to suburb is not really known. The number of people living in Cranbourne has grown quickly since the 1970s. There were 1,800 people in 1976, rising to 14,005 in 1986 and 18,886 in 1991. Cranbourne's current population is estimated to be at least 30,000 people.
Botanic Gardens.
The Royal Botanic Gardens, Cranbourne is a part of Melbourne's Royal Botanic Gardens. At Cranbourne there are a lot of Australian plants on display. One feature is an arid lands garden which has a red sand dune with desert plants.
Schools.
Because of the growth in Cranbourne several new primary schools are being planned.
Chisholm Institute of TAFE also has a campus in Cranbourne, to the city's east.
Events.
The MRA Cranbourne GP Run is held each year on the Saturday of the Australian Motorcycle Grand Prix.
Cranbourne races are a regular event on the racing calendar. Greyhound and harness racing are also held.
Public transport.
Melbourne's suburban railway links the suburb to Melbourne. The terminus of the Cranbourne railway line is at Cranbourne railway station. Merinda Park station is in Cranbourne North.

Transylvania
Transylvania is a region in the country of Romania. It is one of the historical regions of the country. Through history, it also sometimes belonged to Hungary, was part of Austria-Hungary, was an independent principality, or belonged to the Ottoman Empire.
Transylvania's main city, Cluj-Napoca (Kolozsvár), is seen as the region's historical capital. But Transylvania was also ruled from Alba Iulia (Gyulafehérvár) during its dependence from the Ottoman Empire, and the seat of the Transylvanian Diet was moved to Sibiu for some time in the 19th century.
In popular culture, Transylvania is mainly known as the seat (and origin) of Count Dracula. This vampire story by Bram Stoker is based on a local nobleman Vlad Tepes, known for his cruelty.

Southwest Airlines
Southwest Airlines is an airline company based in Dallas, Texas. The airline has been in business since 1971. It travels in the United States, to 65 cities. The company is the largest operator of the Boeing 737, and only operates the Boeing 737 in its current fleet.
Southwest Airlines is known for it's fun-loving attitude and passion for customer service, as well as it's brightly painted planes.

Cluj-Napoca
(pronunciation in Romanian:;;;;), until 1974 "Cluj", is the third biggest city in Romania, and is the capital city of Cluj County, in the north-western part of Transylvania. Bucharest is about 330 kilometers away from Cluj-Napoca. About 330,000 people live in the city. It also has some famous universities and a rich history as the capital city of Transylvania.

Sibiu
Sibiu (IPA, German: "Hermannstadt", Hungarian: "Nagyszeben") is a city in Transylvania, Romania. About 170,000 people live there. The Cibin River, a tributary of the Olt River flows through the city. It is the capital of Sibiu County.

Graphic design
Graphic design is a form of communication. Visual information is formed in a way that it produces a message. This can be done by placing words and pictures in ways that will get the attention of others. People who do graphic design as work are called Graphic Designers.
Graphic design can be made in different areas. These include paper, video, labels, and web sites.
"Graphic Design" is not just a form of communication and visual information is a hard work, a vast imagination used in varyable ways, using many skills, rules and discipline to be able to provide to the public the right information, is an endless subject...
Graphic Design is both a combination of artistic expression and media relations.

List of modern genocides
"Genocide" means trying to destroy a group which is or is similar to an ethnic group or a religious group by killing its members.

Rwandan Genocide
The Rwandan Genocide was the killing in the central African nation of Rwanda of abatutsi as well as abahutu.
Common mistake.
Though many people think the slaughter took place only from April 6th to mid-July in 1994, the genocide had been happening on a smaller scale since the so-called Hutu Revolution in 1959.
Trivia.
It was five times faster than the Holocaust, and was carried out mostly by tools like imipanga (machetes) and clubs. Many countries did almost nothing to stop it, and some countries, such as France, even helped the génocidaires.
1994.
The 1994 genocide started when the aeroplane of Hutu Rwandan dictator Juvénal Habyarimana was shot down on the night of April 6th. It is still not known who shot the plane down, though many people think that Hutu extremists shot it down in order to make Hutu supporters angry and start the 1994 genocide. Within a half an hour, roadblocks had been set up all over Kigali by the Hutu extremist Interahamwe and Impuzamugambi militias.
Intervention.
They and the army soon began going house to house in Kigali, killing abatutsi (whom the killers called "inyenzi" meaning 'cockroaches') and moderate abahutu. By morning on April 7th the killings had reached full swing in Kigali. Interahamwe were running around with bloody tools killing and looting. Other countries' journalists were able to film many of these things. Abatutsi gathered in places they thought would be safe, like schools and churches. In a few days, the genocide had spread all over the country. Three days later, Westerners were taken away while Rwandans were forced to stay behind.
Example.
One memorable case was at Rwanda's only psychiatric hospital, which had been surrounded by the Interahamwe. Belgian soldiers came to take away Westerners to safety. Journalists had come with them to film what happened. A large group of abatutsi came running out with their hands raised, asking for help. A few of them who could speak French tried negotiating with the soldiers for help. But the soldiers would not let them come. As they left, they could clearly see the Interahamwe starting to kill the batutsi. Similar things happened all over Rwanda.
Recovery.
Recovery has been slow but significant. A gacaca court system has been established to try the killers. A lot of victims are starting to forgive the killers, and it is widely said that the first step to preventing it from happening again is forgiveness instead of vengeance.

Vaquita
Vaquita ("Phocoena sinus") is a rare type of porpoise. It lives only in the Gulf of California.
Look.
Vaquita have a dark coloring around the eyes and mouth. The upper side of the body is medium to dark gray. The underside is off-white to light gray. It has a rather large fin on its back for its size.
The Vaquita is the smallest type of porpoise in the world, growing up to 5 feet long and weighing up to 120 pounds.
Feeding.
Vaquita feed on small, bottom-dwelling fish and squid.
Life.
They live alone or in small groups, usually of about three, but sometimes they live in groups of up to ten.

Zygote
A zygote is the fertilized cell that will grow into a baby animal. When a female's ovum and a male's sperm cell become one, this cell is called the "zygote". The zygote then multiplies, and grows into an embryo.
Some animals keep the zygote in their bodies until it is a full-grown baby. The time between the forming of the zygote and the baby's birth is called pregnancy. Other animals do not keep the zygote in their bodies, but lay an egg. The zygote grows inside the egg until it is ready and the baby animal "hatches".

Dave Jauss
Dave Jauss is the current bench coach for the Los Angeles Dodgers. Manager Grady Little hired him before the 2006 season.

Cardiac arrest
A cardiac arrest (sometimes called a "heart attack") is the abrupt stop of normal circulation of blood due to failure of the heart to contract effectively during systole. Because the body is not getting enough oxygenated blood, cells start to die from oxygen starvation. Cerebral hypoxia (lack of oxygen to the brain) makes a person lose consciousness and stop breathing, and this makes the heart stop completely. Unless the person is also suffering from hypothermia, brain damage usually occurs after three to five minutes.
Cardiac arrest is a medical emergency that, in certain groups of patients, can be reversed if it is treated early enough. When cardiac arrest leads to a person's death, this is called sudden cardiac death (SCD). First aid treatment for cardiac arrest usually begins with cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) to keep oxygenated blood flowing until medical treatment is available.

Huguenot
From the 16th to the 18th century the name Huguenot was discribing a member of the Protestant Reformed Church of France. They are sometimes known as the French Calvinists.

La Rochelle
La Rochelle is a city in western France near the Bay of Biscay. The Huguenots there rebelled in 1627 and 1628.

Combustion
Combustion is the process of burning a fuel, or of being on fire. It is very hot. A car and rocket engine work by combustion.

Caterpillar
A caterpillar is a young butterfly or moth that has just hatched out of its egg. When it is older it will turn into a pupa and turn into a butterfly.

Hummingbird
Hummingbirds are small birds. They are from the family "Trochilidae".
Hummingbirds are the only birds that can fly backwards, and they can also hover in the air. When they fly, their wings make a humming sound.
Hummingbirds are very small types of birds that feed mainly on nectar.

Bielsko-Biała
Bielsko-Biała is a city in south Poland with 180,000 inhabitants on 125km2. The city is in the Beskidy mountains.
See also.
Museum in Bielsko-Biała

Idi Amin
Idi Amin Dada (mid 1920s – 16 August 2003) was a repressive dictator of the African country of Uganda. The President of Tanzania at the time, Julius Nyerere, invaded Uganda to save the country from Idi Amin.
Amin is famous for sending all Asians, mainly from India and Pakistan, out of Uganda. He threw them out because he believed they were taking the jobs of Ugandans. Many of the Asians that left Uganda came back after Amin was thrown out.
Amin also supported the cause of Palestine freedom. This caused the famous hijacking of an Air France flight that landed in Uganda.
He died in 2003 in Saudi Arabia, where he lived after being thrown out of Uganda.
A 2006 movie, "The Last King of Scotland" is about Amin's government. Forest Whitaker won an Academy Award for best actor.

Phnom Penh
Phnom Penh (Khmer: ភ្ន៓ពេញ; official Romanization: Phnum Pénh; IPA: [pʰnum peːɲ]) is the largest, most populous, and the capital city of Cambodia. It is also the capital of the Phnom Penh administrative city. On April 17, 1975, it was taken over by the Khmer Rouge who soon forced everyone to leave. It was later taken from the Khmer Rouge by the Vietnamese in January of 1979.

Take Me Out to the Ball Game
"Take Me Out to the Ball Game" is a song about baseball. The words were written by Jack Norworth in 1908 and the music was made by Albert Von Tilzer, though both of them have never been to baseball game before.

Xia dynasty
Xia dynasty (Chinese: 夏朝; Pinyin: xià cháo; Wade-Giles: Hsia-ch'ao) is the first dynasty of China. It was founded in 2100 BC and ended in 1600 BC. Until archaeologists dug at Erlitou in the Henan Province, many scientists were not sure if the Xia Dynasty was real or a myth. The last king was Jie who was said to be cruel and greedy. He was defeated by T'ang, the king of the Shang people from the east.

South Park
South Park is an animated television comedy series about the lives of four boys in the fourth grade living in the small mountain town of South Park, Colorado. The series is made to be watched by teenagers and adults, but the series gets a lot of people to watch it because of its humor. It is not politically correct in many of the things it shows, and is not made for children. Creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone also made a movie based on this series called. Characters in "South Park" include Stan Marsh, Kyle Broflovski, Eric Cartman and Kenny McCormick. These boys are 8 and 9 years old. The series is about them living in their town.
Origins.
" South Park" began in 1992 when Trey Parker and Matt Stone met in their film class at the University of Colorado at Boulder. They made a short subject animated short called "Jesus vs. Frosty". The short movie had characters that were similar to the main characters in the present-day "South Park".
Later on, an executive at FOX saw the movie. He hired Parker and Stone to make a second short movie to send to friends as a video Christmas card. This second video was called "Jesus vs. Santa". It had the same style as the "South Park" that can be seen today.
Characters.
The voices in "South Park" are done by a small number of actors. Most of the male voices are done by Matt Stone and Trey Parker. The female voices are done by April Stewart and Mona Marshall (formerly Mary Kay Bergman and Eliza Schneider). Other voices are done by Adrien Beard (Token Black), and Vernon Chatman (Towelie).
Main characters.
Before the start of season four, the main characters of the series were four third grade students (often called "the boys" when as a group for easier reference).
Stan is usually considered the serious and sensitive of the group. Stan is able to think clearly and is generally good-natured. Stan usually tries to come up with logical solutions to their outrageous situations. Stan's character is loosely based on the persona of co-creator Trey Parker. His best friend is Kyle and their relationship is essential in several episodes, such as when he saves Kyle's life in "Cherokee Hair Tampons", "Cartmanland" and "Super Best Friends".
Kyle is the most easy-going character and the only Jewish one. Even though he is not particularly religious, he hates Cartman because Cartman is always making rude comments about his faith. Kyle's character portrays the alter-ego of co-creator Matt Stone. Along with Stan, Kyle often provides a reasonable perspective on the crazy behavior of the adult world around them. Kyle is often depicted as the most moral member of the four.
Eric is the most irrational of the main characters. Eric is fat and seems to hate almost everything except from food, Henry Ford, Mel Gibson, Adolf Hitler, Osama bin Laden and T.S. Elliot. He is often the main reason for the plot of each episode. Cartman commonly acts against the other boys. Cartman often insults Kyle for being Jewish and Kenny for being poor. In the earlier episodes, he would also insult Stan for having a girlfriend. Cartman is extremely devious and seems to be intelligent, however, this is shadowed by his racism and bigotry. Cartman sometimes serves as a mouthpiece for some of Parker and Stone's more extreme commentary about society (three times he has dressed as Adolf Hitler). Cartman hates hippies more than anything else. This is seen in the episode "Die Hippie, Die" which showed his career as a 'hippie exterminator'.
Kenny comes from a poor family. He is the most cosmopolitan of the four boys, who often turn to him when encountering an unfamiliar sexual term. Kenny's voice is muffled by his parka. This is mainly because the comments he makes are vulgar. Even though his dialog is not understood by the viewer, Stan, Kyle, and Cartman can understand him completely clear enough.
Butters Stotch
Butters made very few appearances in the early episodes. He only started to became a regular character upon Kenny's death in season 6. He has since been used almost as regularly as the main 4 boys. Butters is the character that the others usually make fun of, he is nervous, naive, easily manipulated, yet he remains very optimistic. He is often punished by his overbearing parents, and sometimes used by his peers for their own amusement.Butters always gets grounded. To further represent the misfortune of this character, it is revealed in the episode "AWESOM-O" that his birthday is on September 11 th. Butters became important after he was the replacement for the semi-permanently dead Kenny in season six. He also has an alter ego which he named "Professor Chaos". His character is based on animation director Eric Stough.
Family members.
South Park has a number of different families, who represent a common theme of many episodes. There are five main families who are distinguished from the rest of the townsfolk: the Marshes (Stan's), the Broflovskis (Kyle's)(Jews), the Cartmans (Eric's), the McCormicks (Kenny's), and the Stotches (Butters'). These families are important because their children have been the main character.
Randy Marsh has become one of the most common adult characters on the show. His actions in a lot of episodes, such as "Two Days Before the Day After Tomorrow", and "Bloody Mary", suggest that Randy is rather stupid. Stan also says that his father is stupid, in the episodes "Child Abduction Is Not Funny", and "All About the Mormons?." Like most adults in South Park, he has a tendency to get caught up in any trend. Randy is South Park's only geologist
Towelie.
Towelie is a talking towel who smokes marijuana and has a collection of novelty stamps. He often reminds the boys to bring a towel.

Colon
The colon is a part of the large intestine. It is between cecum and the rectum. The colon takes water from the feces that goes through it.

Battle of Ðiện Biên Phủ
The battle of Ðiện Biên Phủ happened in 1954. It was a battle between Vietnam and France, which Vietnam won. This led the French to give up in the First Indochinese War, or the French War, securing the independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam for the time. This was followed by the division of Vietnam into North and South and then the Second Indochinese War.

August Revolution
The August Revolution happened in Vietnam in August of 1945. It was an uprising for independence after the Japanese lost World War II. It led to the Declaration of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam on September 2, 1945. The independence war against the French would soon follow.

Dictator
The word dictator or despot in modern times is used to describe the absolute ruler (other than a king) of a country, who uses force and fear to keep himself and his friends in authority, and can effectively make laws all by himself. A country that is ruled by a dictator has never been a democracy. A country that is ruled by a dictator is called a dictatorship.
Some dictators gained political power by winning an election and cancelling new elections once they took power.
It is not always clear whether a leader is a dictator or not. Some leaders got into power by elections, but sometimes they gave false election results.
Kings and emperors often use force and fear too, but usually they aren't called dictators. This is because kings and emperors have some reason from being in power (usually their father was king or emperor), but a dictator gained power himself. Also, when someone is king or emperor of a country, usually there were several kings or emperors before them. A dictator often creates the job of dictator by gaining power.
Some people call leaders dictators because they simply do not like them and they seem powerful.

Nigeria
Nigeria is a country in west Africa. It has more people than any other country in Africa. The capital of Nigeria is Abuja. Nigeria is known for its corruption, where the government workers take a lot of money that was supposed to be used to pay for things like road-building.
From the 1500s to the 1800s, many people from Nigeria were kidnapped and turned into slaves by Europeans, and they were taken to the Americas. From 1901 to 1960, the United Kingdom ruled Nigeria. However, by 1960 the people wanted independence very much, and Britain finally let them have it. For some time after this, Nigeria was a dictatorship, where the leaders stayed in control even if many people disliked them. However, in 1999, Nigeria became a democracy, where people choose their leaders. After that, Olusegun Obasanjo, a Yoruba Christian from the south, became President. In 2007, Umaru Yar'Adua, a Hausa Muslim, was elected to be the next President.
In Nigeria, there are almost equal amounts of Muslims and Christians. Most of the Christians live in the south, and most of the Muslims live in the north. Sometimes, like in the Nigerian Civil War (when the Igbo people of Biafra fought to become independent from Nigeria), the two groups fight each other based on religion. Also, a small amount of Nigerians follow traditional religions.
Nigeria produces a large amount of oil, and some fighting has been going on because many people want a share of the oil profits. This fighting has been happening in the area called the Niger Delta, where the Niger River flows into the Atlantic Ocean.
The largest city in Nigeria is Lagos. Nigeria has both grasslands and rainforests, and can get very hot, because it is close to the Equator.

Laxoox
Laxoox is a type of flatbread popular in Somalia and even more so in Somaliland. It is made of plain floor, warm water, yeast and salt. It is cooked in a traditional stove.

Khmer language
Khmer is the official language of Cambodia. Its script was the base for the Thai script, although Thai does not use subscript consonants. One thing that makes it particularly difficult for many foreigners to learn is that Khmer words are not separated in a sentence. But still each word in the sentence can be distinguished. Also, there is not much material on Khmer.

Democratic Republic of the Congo
The Democratic Republic of the Congo is the country that was known as Zaïre from 1971 to 1997. It is in central Africa.
History.
1960: The Belgian Congo became an independent country on 30 June and became the Republic of the Congo. This was the same name as the former French colony to the west.
Shortly after independence, Belgium tried to take control of Congo-Kinshasa again, and invaded the country. Belgium also supported the province of Katanga when it declared independence from the rest of the country with Moïse Tshombe calling himself the president. This was because the Belgians wanted to keep mining the minerals in Katanga for themselves. The government of Patrice Lumumba was against this invasion and tried to convince the United Nations to stop it. Instead, the UN helped the Belgians. The USA also tried to kill Prime Minister Lumumba. In September, the Western imperialists convinced President Kasavubu to say that Lumumba was no longer Prime Minister. This was illegal. Later, Joseph Mobutu started a coup d'état, overthrowing them both. Kasavubu was allowed to live freely, but Lumumba was under house arrest. At the end of December, he escaped his home, but was captured by Mobutu's soldiers while trying to cross the River Sankuru between Port Francqui and Mweka on his way to his supporters in Stanleyville. He was tortured for weeks and then sent to Katanga on 17 January 1961. That day, he was tortured with his ministers Maurice Mpolo and Joseph Okito at the house of Belgian farmer Lucien Brouwez. That night, the three were secretly shot in the forest by Katangans with Belgian officers. Later, their bodies were dissolved in sulfuric acid and Katanga made up a fake story about their death a month later. Lumumbists in Stanleyville, led by people such as Pierre Mulele and Antoine Gizenga, began a revolution against the Mobutu dictatorship.
1965: Joseph Mobutu, a lieutenant-general in the Congolese army, seized (took without permission) power from President Kasavubu. He made himself president and became a dictator. He had the support of the United States until the end of the Cold War.
1966: The country's name was changed to the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
1971: Mobutu changed the name of the country to Zaïre'".
1975: The United States used bases (areas of land used for military purposes) in Zaïre to fight Soviet-supported rebels in Angola.
1977: Mobutu was re-elected with almost 100 percent of the votes because there were no other candidates.
1984: Mobutu was re-elected. Again, there were no other candidates. By this time, the American TV program Sixty Minutes said Mobutu had a personal fortune of about US$5 billion (five billion U.S. dollars).
1989: The Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union officially ended. The United gave less support to Mobutu because he was no longer useful in the Cold War.
1990: Mobutu ended the ban (prohibition) on political parties. He appointed a transitional government that was going to help the country change to democracy.
1994: The dictator of Rwanda, Juvénal Habyarimana died when his plane was shot down. Some extremists from the Hutu group (which had become considered an ethnicity) used this to start a long-planned genocide against theTutsi group and anyone who was against the genocide. A group of refugees in Uganda had formed an army called the Rwandan Patriotic Front ("Front Patriotique Rwandaise" in French). This group was two-thirds Tutsi. The RPF invaded parts of Rwanda which they didn't already control, and many Hutu extremists and Hutu hostages fled to Zaïre. Among the refugees were members of the Interahamwe, an extremist militia group that was responsible for killing many Tutsi. (A militia is a civilian army.) Mobutu did not respond to demands to return Interahamwe members for trial (a legal process to decide if someone is guilty or innocent).
1996: Mobutu's government told Tutsi in Zaïre to leave the country or they would be killed. Leaders in Uganda and Rwanda responded by invading Zaïre in order to overthrow (take power from) Mobutu.
1997: Laurent Kabila, a rebel leader with the support of rebels in Zaïre, Uganda and Sudan, overthrew Mobutu Sésé Seko. The time from the invasion (act of entering without permission) in 1996 to 1997 when the war ended is called the First Congo War. Kabila also changed the name of the country back to the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC).
1998: The Second Congo War started after Kabila ordered all Ugandan and Rwandan military forces to leave the country. The governments of Uganda, Rwanda, and Burundi reacted by invading the country. Then other countries got involved to support Kabila: Angola, Zimbabwe, Namibia, Chad, Libya and Sudan. Some people call the war Africa's World War because it involved so many countries. About 3.8 million people died in this war, mostly from starvation (not getting enough food) and disease.
2001: Laurent Kabila was assassinated (killed for political reasons) by one of his bodyguards. The Congolese parliament voted unanimously (with everyone agreeing) that his son, Joseph Kabila should replace him as president.
2003: The Second Congo War ended when the Transitional Government was made after many peace agreements, and it took power.
2006 (July 30): Congo-Kinshasa had a presidential election. It was the first election that included more than one political party since independence in 1960. No candidate got more than half of the votes. On October 29, a second election took place to decide which of the two most popular candidates, Joseph Kabila or Jean-Pierre Bemba, would become president. There were protests (people showing they didn't like what was happening) over both elections. Kabila won the second election. Lumumbist Antoine Gizenga is now Prime Minister.

Waterbury, Connecticut
Waterbury is a town in the state of Connecticut. More than one hundred thousand people live there.

Blue cheese
Blue Cheese is a type of cheese with a bacterium called "Penicillium" added to it which maked patches or veins of it look blue. It can be made from cow's milk, sheep's milk, and goat's milk. Types of it include Roquefort cheese, Stilton cheese, and Gorgonzola cheese. These names only refer to cheeses that are made in certain area and are protected by the European Union.

Elektra
Elektra (or Electra) is the name of several persons in Greek mythology.
Elektra of Mycenae.
Elektra of Mycenae was the daughter of King Agamemnon of Mycenae and Klytaimnestra. She had a brother, Orestes, and two sisters, Iphigeneia and Chrysothemis.
After the Trojan War, Agamemnon was killed by Klytaimnestra and her lover Aegisthos because Agamemnon sacrificed Iphigeneia for good winds to sail. Elektra helped Orestes to kill their mother Klytaimnestra and her lover, to avenge their father's death.

Insulin
Insulin is a hormone,made by the pancreas, in the body that controls the glucose level in the blood.
People who cannot make insulin in their bodies, or who make it but their body cannot use it properly, have the disease diabetes. Insulin breaks down sugars and starches.
Some people with diabetes can take in insulin from outside their bodies instead of producing their own insulin.
History.
Insulin was first found to affect the levels of glucose in the body in 1921 when Dr. Frederick Banting and Dr. Best experimented whilst trying to find a cure for diabetes. In these experiments they used dogs.
They first knew insulin would control diabetes in a person when they injected some insulin into a 14 year old boy who was dying of diabetes. He didn't die. After the injection he survived.
The boy's name was Leonard Thompson.

Nerve impulse
A Nerve impulse is a way of two nerve cells to communicate with one another. Nerve impulses are mostly electrical signals along the dendrites. When it actually comes to passing on the impulse from one cell to another, some transmitter substances (chemicals) are also involved.

Hare
Hares are mammals of the order Lagomorpha, in the same family as the rabbit. Very often they grow larger than rabbits. Hares are good runners, they often outrun their enemies.
There is a breed of rabbit which very closely resembles the hare.
Their diet (the food they eat) resemble what rabbits eat. They feed by grazing on grass, and leafy weeds.

ESSEC
The ESSEC is an important school teaching business to adults in France. It was created in 1907 in Paris, but it has moved to Cergy-Pontoise, a city west of Paris, in 1973.
In 2006, ESSEC set up a campus in Singapore, Asia. Twice a year, about 40 ESSEC students go and study there.

National symbols
National symbols are patriotic symbols representing nations and countries. Sometimes, symbols are used for cultural or ethnic groups that do not have their own country yet.
National symbols try to unite people or send a message by representing the national people, values, goals, or history. People often honor their nation, country, or group by celebrating their national symbol.
Other websites.
National Symbols of France Flag (tricolore), motto, emblem (coat of arms), Seal of State, Cockerel, Marianne, and the French national anthem - the Marseillaise.

Diego Ramírez Islands
The Diego Ramírez Islands are a group of islands. They are located in the Drake Passage, about 100 km southwest of Cape Horn. The Ildefonso Islands are 93 km to the north-northwest. There is a group of 6 islands to the north, then there is a waterway of 3 km, then there is another group to the south. There is a weather station in one of the islands. The islands are an important nesting place for birds.
The islands belong to Chile, and are named after Diego Ramirez.
The archipelago has 2 groups. The North group is smaller and is named as "Rocas del Norte". There are 5 islands in this group, "Islote Cabezas", "Islote Peñailillo", "Isla Norte", "Islote Martínez" and "Islote Mendoza". In the South group are many islands, for example; "Islote Santander", "Islotes Vergara", "Isla Bartolomé" (the principal island), "Islote Pontevedra", "Islote García", "Isla Gonzalo" (the second longest) and "Islote Ester".
All the islands have moss on the ground, and they have a cold climate all year, with much rain every month. Because of the south location, there is a strong wind from the west.

Performing music from memory
Performing music from memory means knowing a piece of music well enough to be able to play or sing it without the written music.
Although some people can learn music by ear, most people who are taught to play musical instruments learn new pieces by reading the printed music which is in front of them on a music stand. When someone has learned to play a piece of music well enough to perform it, it is good if they can learn to play it without the printed music. This is called “playing from memory” or “playing by heart”. When a musician is practising a piece of music so that it can be played from memory this is called memorizing the music.
Most Classical musicians will agree that it is good to play from memory when performing as a soloist. It means that the player understands the music really well, and he is able to concentrate completely on the way he plays the music (the interpretation). In some music competitions the competitors are expected to play from memory A pianist playing a recital will usually play everything from memory. It is particularly important for singers who are performing songs (Lieder) to sing without music because they can then communicate directly with the audience using the expression on their faces. Some conductors conduct from memory. If they do, they ought to know every single note for every single instrument from memory. There are some conductors who have such amazing memories that they can do this.
Some people find it easier to memorize music than others. There are different ways of practising to help memorize music: by memorizing a few bars at a time, by studying the printed music away from the instrument, or by “thinking” through the piece away from the instrument.
Some people have a “photographic memory” and can see in their mind the music as printed on the paper. Some people rely on aural memory (hearing it in one’s imagination). There is also muscular memory (the fingers "knowing" what to do). Probably most people use some combination of all these methods.
When people perform from memory they are often worried that they might have a memory lapse (forget how the music goes). It can happen, of course, even to the greatest musicians. The famous violinist Bronislaw Huberman and the pianist Eugen d’Albert were once performing Beethoven’s "Kreutzer Sonata". Both were playing from memory. One of them kept going wrong in the same place, playing something that had happened earlier, so that they played the middle bit three times before eventually managing to finish the piece. However, this is quite common, and can happen to anyone.
People who learn musical instruments should try to memorize some of their pieces. Many famous musicians have a large repertoire of pieces that they can play from memory.
Sources.
"Pianoforte Diplomas" by Geoffrey Tankard (Sevenoaks 1973)

Grave
A grave is where somebody or something is buried after they have died.
Graves are usually placed in a graveyard, with a headstone used to identify the dead person.
A funeral will occur if the family has enough money.If they don't,there won't be a proper funeral. The name will be on the grave of the dead person. For example, Shakespeare was buried in England.

Polyrhythm
Polyrhythm happens when two different rhythms are played at the same time in music. African, Latin, and Afro-Cuban music often use polyrhythms.

Theme Hospital
"Theme Hospital" is a simulation computer game developed by Bullfrog and EA Games. It was published in 1997. The game is quite humourous.
The Game.
In the game, the player must build and operate a hospital. There are different rooms you can build. These are to diagnose the patient and to treat the illness.
Some illnesses are quite unusual. One is the bloaty head disease where the patient's head blows up. Another is the slack tongue disease, where the patient has an unusually long tongue.

Pontin's
Pontin's is a holiday company which was founded by Fred Pontin in 1946. It is now owned by Trevor Hemmings and has eight centres in England and Wales.

Twin Prime Conjecture
The twin prime conjecture is a mathematical theory. It says that it is possible to find two twin primes that are as big as wanted.
Twin primes are prime numbers that differ by two. For example 3 and 5 are both prime and differ by two. They are twin primes. 23 is prime, but it is not a twin prime. The primes nearest to 23 are 19 and 29. Twin primes were discovered by Euclid in 300 B.C.
Since Euclid's time mathematicians have wondered whether there are an infinite number of twin primes. Many mathematicians are still trying to find the answer.

Mud
Mud is a mixture of soil, dirt and water. Some animals like worms, frogs, snails, clams, and crayfish live in mud. Pigs and elephants use it to cool themselves in hot weather, some people enjoy making mud pies out of mud. Mud is a type of soil that is also called "clayey soil". Others include the sandy soil, or sand, and garden soil.

The Zutons
The Zutons are a rock band from Liverpool, England. They formed in 2001. They are on the Deltasonic record label. The band were nominated for the British Breakthrough Act award at the 2005 Brit Awards.
Albums.
Their first album, "Who Killed... The Zutons?", was released on 18 October, 2004, and got to number 9 in the United Kingdom album chart. It came with a printed 3-D cover, and special glasses to view the cover. Many fans wore the glasses to concerts. The album was a nominee for the 2004 Mercury Music Prize.
The new album Tired of Hanging Around was released on April 17, 2006 and reached 2 in the UK album charts. The band went around the UK doing concerts in May 2006 following the release of this album. Their second UK tour will begin in November 2006.

Dwarf planet
Dwarf planets is the name used to identify a group of objects in space. This group was created in August 2006. It includes Pluto, which was called a planet before the group was created.
The first five objects that are called "dwarf planets" are Pluto, Ceres, Makemake, Eris and Haumea.
Pluto was found by Clyde W. Tombaugh in 1930, Ceres was found by Guiseppe Piazzi in 1801 and Eris was found by Mike Brown and his science team in 2005.
Before the group dwarf planet was made, a lot of astronomers were trying to figure out what it really means to be a planet, since no one ever really made it clear what a planet was supposed to be.
The International Astronomical Union, which is the group of astronomers that decides what the names of planets, stars, asteroids, and checks all the discoveries people make, decided on what a dwarf planet is. This idea helped astronomers classify different planets separately, but some astronomers don't agree. They think that the term "dwarf planet" is too confusing and needs to be changed.

Nintendo Virtual Boy
The Nintendo Virtual Boy was a mostly-portable game console which had two screens that showed only red and black graphics. To use the system, one had to put one's face close to the system so that each eye could see only one screen. By showing each eye a different image, the system could create a 3D effect.
The Virtual Boy was first sold in 1995, but was not popular. Consumers did not like the console's high price, monochrome graphics, and need for a stand. Many were saving money for the soon-to-be-sold Nintendo 64. Nintendo lowered the price many times, but the system did not sell well and was discontinued (Nintendo stopped making them) in 1996. Only 22 games were released in Japan and America.
Popular games for the system include Mario Tennis and a Wario Land.
The Virtual Boy was made by Gunpei Yokoi, who also made the Game Boy and Game & Watch.

Duke University
Duke University is a private university in Durham, North Carolina, founded in 1838. It has advanced research and has taught some famous people including former President of the United States, Richard Nixon.
Duke has good libraries, like Bostock Library. It also has a famous medical school and law school. The school's colours are blue and white and its president is Richard Brodhead.
Athletics.
Duke's athletic programs are considered among the very best in the NCAA, and its Men's Basketball Team under coach Mike Krzyzewski has gone to the NCAA Tournament many times.

Existentialism
Existentialism is a philosophical way of thinking. Ways of thinking about life and ways of thinking about how people understand life is called philosophy. Existentialism is a way of thinking that is very different from many other ways of thinking.
Many religions and philosophies (ways of thinking about the world) say that human life has a meaning (or a purpose). Not to be confused with Nihilism where people believe that human life "does not" have a meaning (or a purpose), people who believe in existentialism think that the world and human life is "absurd". Basically "one must exist before they have essence" Existentialist believe that life may have some sort of meaning, but believe that there is no point in finding it or defining it.
Existentialists believe that our human essence or nature (way of being in the world) is entirely and simply existence (being in the world). This means that the only nature we as humans have is the nature we make for ourselves. As a result of this existentialists think that the actions or choices that a person make are very important. They believe that each person has to decide for themselves what is right and wrong, and what is good and bad.
People who believe in existentialism ask questions like "what is it like to be a human (a person) in the world?" and "how can we understand human freedom (what it means for a person to be free)?" Existentialism is very often associated with negative emotions, such as anxiety (worrying), dread (a very strong fear), and mortality (awareness of our own death).
Famous existentialists.
Famous existentialists include Fyodor Dostoevsky, Jean-Paul Sartre, Friedrich Nietzsche, Søren Kierkegaard,Samuel Beckett, Martin Heidegger, Albert Camus, and Simone de Beauvoir. Many of the major writers were either German, French, or from French African colonies.
Existentialism in movies.
Ingmar Bergman made a movie called "The Seventh Seal" in 1957. This movie was about people who feel lonely and sad, because they cannot fit in.
The movie "Taxi Driver" (which has the actor Robert DeNiro) from 1976 has existential ideas in it. The main character feels sad and lonely, because he cannot understand the world.

King of the Hill
King of the Hill is a 30-minute animated cartoon that feature a husband, a wife, a son, and their live-in niece.
Other websites.
King of the Hill on Retrojunk

Hairdresser
A hairdresser's job is to cut, in a certain style, female hair to change its look. They can cut hair, add colour to it or texture it. A hairdresser is usually female. Male hairdressers who cut men's hair are called barbers.
They usually have to attend time at a beauty school to improve their skill.

Ann Landers
Esther "Eppie" Pauline Friedman Lederer, better known as Ann Landers (July 4, 1918 – June 22, 2002), was an American writer. She is best known for writing the famous advice column "Ann Landers." For almost 45 years, it was a part of many newspapers across North America. In it, people wrote for advice and she answered.
Lederer and her twin sister Pauline Esther Friedman Phillips, writer of the advice column "Dear Abby", were daughters of Russian Jewish emigrants.

Northern bluefin tuna
The northern bluefin tuna is the largest of the tunas. Their life cycle ranges from 10 years to max. 25 years
Origin.
Their name comes from the Latin: Thunnus Thynnus
Appearence.
The normal size is 6.6 ft (2 m) at about 1,100 lb (500 kg). The I.G.F.A. record for a bluefin caught on rod and reel is 1,496 lb.
Feeding habits.
Bluefins feed on mackerel, herring, mullet, whiting, squid, eels, and crustaceans. They are very powerful and fast and can swim at speeds up to 50 mph.
Catching areas.
The following are percentages of Tuna caught in different regions in the world.

Automaton
An Automaton (one automaton, several "automata") is a concept from mathematics. Sometimes the concept is called "state machine". It is like an abstract machine.
Such a machine can be given "input", which is either rejected, or accepted. Its like one of those vending machines. When something is bought, coins (or money) needs to be inserted into the machine. If these are the right coins, they are accepted, and the requested item is dropped so it can be removed. If the coins are wrong, they are rejected.
Internally, the automaton has different "states" it can be in. Feeding it input may (or may not) change its state. That way, the automaton goes through all the input, consuming one item (Which mathematicians call symbol) at a time. When no symbol is left, the automaton is in a certain state. This may be an "final state". In this case the input is accepted. Otherwise, the input is rejected.
If the machine has a countable, finite number of states, it is called "finite state machine". A diagram that shows all the states, and transitions of such a machine is called finite state diagram.
Problems.
Like in real life, there are machines that are too complex to understand. The mathematician and computer scients therefore ask themselves if a certain automaton is "minimal". If it is not minimal, there must be another automaton with fewer states that can do the same thing.
An example of an automaton is the Turing machine

Vending machine
A Vending machine is a automatic machine that sells food such as canned soups and packaged sandwiches, snacks such as potato chips, chocolate bars, and candy); hot drinks (coffee, tea, and hot chocolate); cold drinks (juice, bottled water, soft drinks, and in some cases, milk or chocolate milk); or other items such as newspapers or cigarettes. Vending machines in bathrooms sometimes sell condoms, mouthwash, or toothpaste and toothbrushes.
How do vending machines work?
The machines usually work, when some money (usually coins) is put in a slot. Then, a button needs to be pushed, or a lever pulled. If there is enough money in the machine, the selected item will be dropped to a tray, where it can be taken out by the person making the purchase.

Bar
A Bar is originally a long unbent (usually rounded) piece made of metal. It was originally made to spilt a room into two different parts (the one before, and the one behind the bar). Bars or handrails run through courtrooms in some countries. From there, there is the work barrister (who is a specialised lawyer). Lawyers in North America use the phrase "called to the bar" to refer to when a newly-graduated lawyer is admitted to the law society, which entitles them to practise law.
Businesses that serve alcohol.
Later, the meaning got extended, and also meant a long table where alcoholic drinks (such as beer, wine, or liquor) are served. It later came to mean the business where such drinks are served, such as a pub or nightclub. Bars such as pubs and nightclubs also serve snack food. In most countries, bars are regulated and licensed by the regional or local governments, which establish laws regarding the opening hours and serving policies. In Canada and the United States, a liquor tax is placed on the sales of alcoholic beverages.

Cape Horn
Cape Horn (Dutch: "Kaap Hoorn"; Spanish: "Cabo de Hornos"; named for the city of Hoorn in the Netherlands) is a cape. It is the southernmost land area of the Tierra del Fuego archipelago of southern Chile. Many people see Cape Horn as the southern tip of South America. Cape Horn is the most southerly of the great capes. The Drake Passage is directly to the south of it. For many years, it was a major milestone on the clipper route by which sailing ships carried trade around the world. The waters around the cape are very dangerous because of strong winds, large waves, and icebergs. These reasons have made it notorious as a sailors' graveyard.
Today, the Panama Canal has greatly reduced the need for cargo ships to travel via the Horn. However, sailing around the Horn is widely regarded as one of the major challenges in yachting, and a number of recreational sailors continue to sail this route, sometimes as part of a circumnavigation of the globe. Several prominent ocean yacht races, notably the Vendée Globe, sail around the world via the Horn, and speed records for round-the-world sailing follow the same route.

Iceberg
An Iceberg is a large piece of ice floating in the water. Icebergs usually break off from larger structures made of ice, like glaciers or ice shelves. About 90% of the iceberg is below the water line. It is difficult to determine how that part looks, from looking at the part of the iceberg that is visible.
An iceberg was the cause of the sinking of RMS Titanic in 1912.

Circumnavigation
Circumnavigation originally meant going around something, by ship. Usually, people go around the world. The first known circumnavigation was done by Fernão de Magalhães (Fernidand Magellan), from 1519 to 1522. Magellan took 5 ships and went west, from Spain. He discovered a waterway which is now named after him, the Strait of Magellan. Magellan died in a fight with natives on the Phillipine island Mactan in April 1521. The voyage was completed under command of Juan Sebastián Elcano. Elcano arrived in Sanlúcar de Barrameda with 18 survivors in 1822. The voyage had stared there. By this, it was proven that the earth was a globe.

Thought experiment
A thought experiment is an experiment. Unlike with a real-life experiment, where for example, an apple is dropped from a height, all the required steps are only done in the mind of a person.

Breaking Benjamin
Breaking Benjamin is a hard rock band from Pennsylvania. The band is best known for their songs "Polyamorous", "So Cold", "Sooner or Later," "The Diary of Jane," and "Breath." The band was formed in 1998 by lead vocalist Benjamin Burnley and drummer Jeremy Hummel. They have released three albums: "Saturate"(2002), "We Are Not Alone"(2004), and "Phobia"(2006).
The band's newest album "Phobia" was released on August 8, 2006.

Headlands and bays
A headland is an area of land, which is surrounded by water on three sides. A bay is similar, it is a an area of water, enclosed by land on three sides. Very often, such land areas are called "cape", and the water areas also may be called "gulf". Headlands are made of hard rock and bays are made of soft rock and it takes the hard rock longer to erode.
A bay is a recess or inlet in the shore of a sea or lake between two headlands. The waves reaching the shore in a bay are usually constructive waves, and because of this, many of them have a beach. A bay may be metres across, or it could be hundreds of kilometres across. Bays form where weak rocks, such as sands and clays, are eroded, leaving bands of stronger rocks, such as chalk, limestone, or granite, forming a headland, or peninsula.

Drake Passage
The Drake passage is a body of water. It lies between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. To the north is Cape Horn (and the South American continent, to the south of it are the South Shetland Islands which are part of Antarctica. It is part of the Southern Ocean. It is named after the English privateer Sir Francis Drake. He never sailed the passage, because sailing the Straight of Magellan was less dangerous.
The drake passage is also the shortest route from Antarctica to the rest of the world. The only islands in the passage are the Diego Ramirez Islands, about 60 km south of Cape Horn.
The passage is also known for very rough seas. Waves of 10 m are not uncommon here.
The passage is also good for seeing Whales, Dolphins, seabirds, and penguins.
In older texts, the passage is called Drake Strait.

Glacier
A glacier is a large body of ice and snow. It is formed on land, and moves because of gravity. A glacier forms because in a particular spot, the snow and ice does not all melt in summer. The next winter, more ice and snow are added to the deposit. After many years of this happening, the glacier will start growing very big. This can take a long time, normally hundreds or thousands of years. Glaciers will only form in places that are cold enough and get enough snow over time.
There are two kinds of glaciers: continental glaciers and alpine, or mountain, glaciers. Continental glaciers are glaciers that spread out over a lot of land. They showed up mostly during the Ice Ages a long time ago, but there are still some continental glaciers in Greenland and Antarctica. Alpine glaciers are smaller than continental glaciers and form in mountain areas.
Glaciers are very important because they affect the environment a lot. They do this because they are very big and heavy, so they erode mountains and land when they move and scratch the rock they sit on. Also, since they froze long ago, stuff stuck inside is kept in good condition for scientists to look at. Nowadays, glaciers have been melting more than they used to because the climate is changing and global warming is happening.
Glaciers are the largest deposits of fresh water on Earth. The largest bodies of water whatsoever are the oceans.
Glaciers appear blue in color because water (including the frozen water that makes up glaciers) is very good at absorbing light. Only the strongest light with the most energy is able to escape. Blue is the color of light that has the most energy, so blue is the only color of light that can escape without being absorbed. The thicker the glacier is, the more blue it appears.

Sight-reading
Sight-reading (or sight-singing for singers) is the ability to play music that one has never seen before. It is important to be able to read music well in order to sight-read.
Many people who learn to play an instrument will take examinations from time to time. One of the tests that is usually required for an examination is some sight-reading.
People who find it hard to read music will find it hard to sight-read. The best way to improve is by regular practice. People who play in orchestras will need to be good sight-readers because they often have to play music that they have never seen or heard before.
People who learn the piano often find sight-reading hard because they have to read two staves at once (one for each hand). Playing through lots of easy music is a good way to improve. Playing piano duets with a friend is also great fun.
When someone is reading aloud their eyes are looking several words ahead of the word they are speaking. In the same way a good sight-reader will try to look ahead of the notes he is playing. The player is "anticipating" (thinking about what is going to happen next). In this way he can try to make the music expressive, even if it means leaving out some of the notes.
A good sight-reader will be able to see the printed music and imagine what the notes should sound like. In this way he will not need to keep looking at his fingers to check whether he is playing the correct notes.
Some pianists are very good at sight-reading. The pianist John Ogdon was able to read extremely difficult modern music at first sight.

Child prodigy
A child prodigy is a child who is very smart at an early age. They can do things that average people can only do when they are adults.
Child prodigies are often musicians or mathematicians.
A child prodigy does not always grow up to be a world-famous genius. Some of them lose their exceptional gifts in adulthood.
The composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was a child prodigy. He could play the harpsichord when he was three, and by the time he was six his father was taking him on concert tours to show off his son's talent. Fortunately Mozart did grow up to be a world-famous composer.
The composer William Crotch was also a child prodigy. He could play "God Save the King" with both hands on the piano when he was two. But Crotch did not become famous like Mozart. He just grew up to be a good musician.
There may have been many other child prodigies who never became clever adults at all, or who died before they could become famous. Sometimes their childhoods are very difficult because people expect so much of them.
The great German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss was an exceptional child prodigy. It is said that when he was three he saw a mistake his father had made when adding up the wage bills. Another famous child prodigy was the Irish mathematician William Rowan Hamilton. At the age of 13, Hamilton was not only a brilliant at math but also spoke 13 languages.
In 2002 a 12-year-old Ukranian boy called Sergey Karjakin became the youngest ever Grandmaster at chess.
Zerah Colburn was the first of several children known as "mental calculators." By the time he was 10 years old, he was well-known in America and Europe. Zerah was born in 1804 in Vermont. At age six, before he could read or write numbers, he could multiply a two-digit number by a two-digit number in his head. At age eight, he could compute 8 to the sixteenth power. His answer was 281,474,976,710,656. By the time he was 10 years old, Zerah's father took him to cities all over the United States to display his amazing abilities. HIs abilities declined as he got older. Later he wrote an autobiography about his life and his unusual skills.

Puerto Rican
Puerto Rican is a person from Puerto Rico or a someone who is desended from someone who was originally from Puerto Rico. Puerto Ricans are considered American citizens, even though Puerto Rico is only a territory of the United States and not an official state. People from Puerto Rico can also be known as a "Boricua," "Borinquen," "Puertoriqueño," or the most known slang of "boricua."
The name of "Boricua," and "Borinqueños" came from the islands original name of "Boriken", meaning "Land of the Brave People". This name was created by the Taino-Arawak people, who were highly advanced. Taino-Arawak ancestors age back to 4,000 B.C.

Toothbrush
The toothbrush is a tool to clean teeth. The toothbrush has a small brush at the end of a handle. Toothpaste, which often contains fluoride, is commonly added to a toothbrush to help clean the teeth. Both toothpaste and toothbrushes come in many different colours. Toothpastes can also come in many different flavours. Nice toothbrushes (especially electical) can make toothbrushing fun and help your child on the way to perfect oral health.

Homeostasis
Homeostasis is when an organism allows its body to keep a stable condition. It does so by regulating its inner equilibrium. Organisms with more than one cell need a homeostatic environment to live.

Pulmonary embolism
A pulmonary embolism is a clot of material that blocks blood from getting to the lungs. It most often is caused by a blood clot, but it can also be caused by clumped cancer cells, fat, bone, or rarely amniotic fluid, affecting mothers during birth.
A pulmonary embolism causes sudden shortness of breath, rapid breathing, chest pain, coughing up blood. In rare cases, it can cause rapid heart beat, low blood pressure, shock, and death.
Pulmonary embolisms are separated into two categories: Acute and Chronic. Acute Pulmonary Embolisms are normally sudden, while Chronic Pulmonary Embolisms are not.
It is most often treated with anticoagulants, making it so the blood can no longer clot.

Toilet
A toilet is where most people get rid of bodily waste (urine and feces) into water where it will then be flushed into a sewage system. A room that has a toilet in it can be called a "restroom" or a "bathroom" in the United States. In other places it may be called the toilet or the WC.
Toilets in homes.
Almost all modern buildings have at least one toilet. In the home, a toilet may or may not be in the same room as a shower or a bathtub. Some toilets are outside, in an "outhouse".
Public toilets.
A public toilet may or may not cost money to use. Toilets that cost money are called "pay toilets".
Public bathrooms often have many toilets with walls between them. This makes areas called "stalls" (US) or "cubicles" (UK). Bathrooms for men often also have separate urinals. Urinals can either be on the wall for a single user, or a basin or trough for many men to use at the same time. Urinals on walls sometimes have small walls or dividers for privacy reasons.
Outdoor public toilets (in the street, around parks, etc.) are a form of street furniture. These toilets are in individual cubicles. Some are simple and have little or no plumbing. Others are less simple, and some toilets even clean themselves after every use.
Some toilet-cubicles are mobile and can be put in place where and when they are needed. These toilets are called "portable toilets". Portable toilets are commonly used at large outdoor events like concerts, festivals or carnivals.

Stegosaurus
"Stegosaurus" (meaning "roof-lizard") was a type of plant-eating dinosaur which lived in what is now western North America.
"Stegosaurus" lived in the Late Jurassic period around 155 to 145 million years ago. It is among the most easily recognized dinosaurs, due to the distinctive double row of kite-shaped plates on its back and the long spikes on its tail. The armor was necessary as it lived with such meat-eaters as "Allosaurus" and "Ceratosaurus".
Discovery and species.
"Stegosaurus" was originally named by Othniel Charles Marsh in 1877, from fossils found near Morrison, Colorado. These first bones became the first species of Stegosaur named: "Stegosaurus armatus".
Several different "Stegosaurus" species have been found.
Paleobiology.
"Stegosaurus" was the largest stegosaur, reaching up to 12 m (39.4 ft) in length and weighing up to 5,000 kg (5.5 short tons). However, 7 to 9 m was a more usual length.
Skull.
The skull of "Stegosaurus" was long and narrow. Because of its short front legs, its head was close to the ground, probably no higher than 1 m (3.3 ft). It ate low-growing plants because of this. It had no front teeth, but it did have a horn-covered beak. Stegosaurian chewing teeth were small and triangular and did little grinding as they lacked wear surfaces.
Unlike most dinosaurs, it did not have a hole between its nose and eye. Despite "Stegosaurus's size, its brain was small: no larger than that of a dog's.
Nervous system.
It has often been claimed that the brain was the size of a walnut. However, "Stegosaurus" had a brain several times bigger than a walnut. The bundle of nerves near the base of the tail that controlled reflexes in the back of the body was actually larger than the brain.
Posture.
"Stegosaurus" did have very short forelimbs in relation to its hind legs. The back legs each had three short toes, while the front legs had five toes. All four limbs were supported by pads behind the toes.
Classification.
"Stegosaurus" was a member of the Thyreophora, or armored dinosaurs, a family of dinosaurs which includes the ankylosaurs.
Popular culture.
"Stegosaurus" has been declared the State Dinosaur of Colorado. It has also appeared in many movies and TV shows.

Psittacosis
Psittacosis is a bacterial disease that can be gotten from birds such as parrots, pigeons, and parakeets. The disease is not common, with only 50 reported cases in the United States each year.
Psittacosis most commonly causes flu-like symptoms like fever, chills, headache, muscle aches, and a dry cough. The disease can also look like pneumonia on an x-ray. In rare cases, Psittacosis can cause endocarditis, swelling of joints, and swelling of the cornea.
Psittacosis can be easily treated with antibiotics, especially with Tetracycline. The disease is rarely fatal, with only 1% of those who get the disease dying.

Gregorian chant
Gregorian chant is an important sort of religious song called "plainchant." The Roman Catholic Church uses this music. When people sing plainchant, they all sing the same music (unison). Sometimes a second part was added. This was called "organum". Quite often the organum has the same shape as the melody, but it is an interval of a fourth or fifth below.
Gregorian chant developed mainly in western and central Europe during the 9th and 10th centuries, but people wrote new songs and changed the old ones later. Many people believe an old story, which says that Pope Gregory the Great wrote the songs. Most people who study the history of music believe that kings such as Charlemagne brought music from Rome to their kingdoms in France and Germany. When Charlemagne's people sang these songs, they changed the songs. This new music became Gregorian chant.
Usually men and boys sang Gregorian chant in churches, and holy women and men sang Gregorian chants in their daily prayers. In Roman Catholic churches, prayers and songs follow an order called the "Roman Rite." Gregorian chant is the music used in the "Mass" and the "Office" of the Roman Rite. The "Mass" is the part of the Roman Rite where Catholics share bread and drink together. The "Office" is the part of the Roman Rite where holy men and women pray at special times every day. In the past, people sang different songs in parts of Europe, but Gregorian chant replaced almost all of them. Although the Roman Catholic Church no longer requires people to sing Gregorian chants, it still says that Gregorian chant is the best music for prayer.
Christians have sung songs without music since the earliest days of the Church. Before the mid-1990s, many people believed that the Jewish songs called the "Psalms," which are in both the Jewish and Christian Bible, were an important part of early Christian music and prayer. People who study the history of music and religion no longer believe this, because most early Christian songs were not from the Psalms, and Jews did not sing Psalms for many centuries after their most important holy place, the Second Temple, was destroyed in the year 70. However, some parts of Jewish music and prayer ended up later in Gregorian chant. The organized order of prayers called "canonical hours" come from Jewish tradition. The words "amen" and "alleluia" come from the Hebrew language of the Jews. The prayer "santus, sanctus, sanctus," which means "holy, holy, holy," comes from the Jewish prayer "kadosh, kadosh, kadosh."
The New Testament, a Christian holy book, tells how Jesus and his friends sang together: "When they had sung the hymn, they went out to the Mount of Olives" (Matthew|26.30). Other writers from those early centuries such as Pope Clement I also said that Christians sang religious songs, but they don’t tell us what the music sounded like. The "Oxyrhynchus hymn," a 3rd-century song from Greece has lasted with written musical notes, we do not know if this song is connected to plainchant.
The sorts of songs, which Catholics later sang in the Roman Rite, started to appear in the 3rd century. The "Apostolic Tradition", a book about Christian traditions in early Rome, says that Christians sang "Alleluia" in early holy meals called "agape" feasts." Chants of the Office started in the early 4th century, when holy men in the deserts started the tradition of singing all 150 psalms every week. Sometime around 375, Christians in Eastern Europe started singing religious songs back and forth between two groups; in 386, St. Ambrose brought this tradition to Western Europe. Singing back and forth is called "antiphonal" singing.
Most people think that the liturgy of the Roman Mass was put together during the 7th century. In 785-786 Pope Hadrian I sent some Roman chants to the court of Charlemagne. Later this music developed into the system of eight modes. This music, together with some new chants to complete the liturgical year, became known as "Gregorian." This chant was probably named after Pope Gregory the Great.
When Charlemagne had become Holy Roman Emperor he made everyone in Europe use this Gregorian chant. By the 12th and 13th centuries all other kinds of chant disappeared, even the Roman form (now known as Old Roman chant).
Gregorian chants are divided into three types based on the number of notes sung to each syllable. "Syllabic" chants mostly have one note per syllable. In "neumatic" chants there are mostly two or three notes per syllable, while "melismatic" chants have lots of notes for one syllable.. Some of the chants are recitative and some are free melody. When two choirs stand in different parts of the church and sing alternately these are called "Antiphonal chants". "Responsorial chants" are ones with a refrain sung by the choir, which alternate with a psalm verse sung by a soloist.
Gregorian chant used the eight modes which came from the Byzantine chants. They were written down in a special musical notation called "neumes". These neumes do not show the exact rhythms, so that we cannot always be sure of the way they were sung. The rhythm was probably quite free and flexible. There were certainly no bar lines and regular beat. The chant was normally sung by men. Women only sang in convents, and even then they could not sing in all the services.
Gregorian chant was a big influence on polyphonic music in the Middle Ages and Renaissance. When the original plainsong melody was made to be the bottom part it became known as "cantus firmus" (i.e. the "given melody"). Cantus firmus became a very important part of musical composition in the Renaissance.

Executable
An executable is a computer program written by a programmer and compiled by a compiler (See programming). When it is run, it 'executes' (or does) the actions it was programmed to.
An example of a compiler is the GNU C Compiler, or GCC for short. It reads in program text written in the computer programming language "C", and converts it into binary machine code, so computers can understand it.

Windows NT
Windows NT is a series of Microsoft's Windows operating systems that were the first to use their new 'NT' (New Technology) kernel. That meant it had a brand new kernel to do more things than the MS-DOS-based kernel that they used in older versions of Windows. The new kernel meant that Windows was more secure and crashed less.
Versions of Windows NT are Windows NT 3.1, NT 3.51, NT 4, Windows 2000, Windows XP and Windows Vista.

File extension
A file extension is a way of knowing what type of file it is, and what program it should be opened with. File extensions are usually three letters long and come after the name of the file.
You can change the program defaults so that the computer knows which program to open each type of file extension with.

Lagomorpha
Lagomorpha is a mammal order. It includes pikas, rabbits and hares. Although the the lagomorphs look like rodents, they are actually not because they have four incisors on the upper jaw, not two like in rodents, and they eat plants, not meat too, like rodents. They were classified under rodents until the 20th century. They are divided into two families, Leporidae, hares and rabbits, and Ochotonidae, the pikas.

Lupus erythematosus
Lupus erythematosus, also called Lupus, is a disease. It is chronic, this means it does not go away. The "Immune system" is made up of little white blood cells in your body that fight off disease. But when Lupus happens, these little white blood cells think that the healthy cells of the body around them are diseased, and end up attacking perfectly healthy parts of the body. Lupus can be deadly. Lupus causes swelling and tissue damage, and can attack any part of the body. It most commonly affects the heart, joints, skin, lungs, blood vessels and the brain/nervous system. There is treatment for Lupus, called immunosuppression, which is medicine that stops the white blood cells from damaging healthy cells for a while, but this medicine wears off, and then the white blood cells go back to hurting healthy parts of the body again. There is no cure for Lupus that stops the white blood cells from ever again attacking healthy parts of the body. But doctors are not giving up on finding some way to cure Lupus.
Lupus takes its name from the Latin word "Lupus", meaning wolf. This is because some people thought that a Lupus-caused rash looks like a rash that wolves get. Other people think that wolves don't really get rashes, and if they did, the rash is covered by the wolf's thick fur, and can't be seen. In the United States alone, there may be 270,000 to 1.5 million (1,500,000) people with Lupus. Worldwide, it is estimated (not known for sure, but a good guess) that over 5 million (5,000,000) people have Lupus. The disease mainly affects young women, but men can still get it.

Hiragana
Hiragana are part of the Japanese writing system. Japanese writing normally consists of kanji which are used for the main words in a sentence, and hiragana which are used for the little words that make up the grammar (in English these would be words like “from” and “his”). Hiragana is also used for the endings of some of the words.
Hiragana is a syllabary, which means that each hiragana character stands for a syllable. It is therefore different from a language such as English which uses an alphabet in which most of the letters stand for one bit of sound (phoneme). There is also another syllabary called katakana which is mostly used for foreign words and names. The two kana systems are quite easy to learn, but kanji takes years of practice. In contrast, the kana systems can be learnt in two weeks.
In the past hiragana was considered as women's writing, while men wrote in kanji. Since kanji suit well in Chinese language but poorly in Japanese language, it was the women who wrote the first Japanese books, poems and songs. Later the Buddhist clerics, such as Rennyo (d. 1498), wrote in hiragana to make the religious message easy to understand and everyone to read.
Sometimes the whole of a text may be written in hiragana to make it easy. This would be used in books for young children, or for students starting to learn Japanese, or when writing the lyrics for songs underneath the music where it is important to show how the words fit the music. Some rare or strange kanji may also have so-called "furigana" characters above it. They are hiragana which show how the kanji is to be pronounced.
In Hiragana each character (kana) is either a vowel (such as "a": あ); a consonant followed by a vowel (such as "ka": か); or, at the end of a syllable, an "n": (ん), although sometimes this sounds more like an “m” or “ng”.
As an example of how the grammatical endings are used we can take the verb “to eat” which is食べる (taberu). Here the main part of the word “eat” (pronounced “ta” in this case) is the kanji 食. The other two syllables: “be-ru” are in hiragana (べる). To say “I ate” or “you ate” etc you would say “tabemashita”, written食べました (“be-ma-shi-ta” is written in hiragana).
Table of hiragana.
The main hiragana characters are shown in this table.
Notice that the sound “hu” is unknown in Japanese, so ふ is pronounced “fu” with an “f” which is blown lightly.
To write the voiced sounds for “g”, “d”, “z” and “b” two little lines called a dakuten (゛) are added after a character starting with the unvoiced sounds “k”, “t”, “s” and “h”. A circle, (゜), is added after a “h” for the sound “p”. For example: は gives the sound “ha”; ば gives the sound “ba”; ぱ gives the sound “pa”.
Sometimes when words are joined together to make compound words, a sound changes from unvoiced to voiced. For example: “hana”: はな (nose) + ち“chi” (blood) becomes はなぢ “hanaji” (nosebleed)
Some Japanese syllables which have sliding sounds add a small version of the hiragana for "ya", "yu" or "yo" (ゃ, ゅ and ょ) This is called “yōon”. For example: “sha” sounds like “shi”+”ya” so “densha” (a tram) is written でんしゃ. A small “tsu” っ called a “sokuon” shows a doubled consonant: “Nippon” (Japan) is written にっぽん. Without the small “tsu” the first syllable would sound like the word “knee”.
A student starting to learn to write Japanese can start with hiragana or with katakana. Hiragana is the basis of learning Japanese script. However, for someone who is about to visit Japan and just wants to be able to recognize a few words, katakana will be more useful as it will help to read many of the road signs, shop names and the names of things on restaurant menus.

Kuomintang
Kuomintang (KMT) is a political party in Taiwan. It was in China until 1949 when Communist captured China. Kuomintang means "Nationalist Party".

Chiang Kai-shek
Chiang Kai-shek was a political leader born in Xikou on October 31, 1887. He led China from 1930 to 1949. He led Taiwan from 1950 until his death in 1975.

Dark matter
We can use physics and mathematics to understand how strongly gravity affects something if we know enough about that thing, mainly how much mass it has. This way, we can understand how objects act on Earth. However, astrophysicists have learned that the way things in deep space behave is different.
Many scientists have tried to understand why the rules are different in deep space. One idea is that we do not really understand gravity as well as we think we do. Another idea, which many think is more likely, is that there is something called dark matter. If you do calculations on the things in deep space with "extra" mass, the then the rules work there too. So the idea is that there is more matter in the universe than we thought. This is called dark matter because we know nothing about it, and because so far we cannot find it.
Because dark matter does not seem to give off light, x-rays, or any other radiation, the instruments which can find normal matter are unable to find dark matter. It seems that dark matter is not made of the same thing as the matter we see everyday on Earth.
Recently, a group of scientists claimed they had found a way to observe dark matter. Since dark matter is supposedly very different from normal matter, it is expected to act differently. They observed two galaxies placed in such a position that normal matter would be stuck behind while dark matter would not, and by measuring gravity they were able to detect what they say is two clouds of two different kinds of matter. However, not everyone agrees that this proves that dark matter exists.

Katakana
Katakana is the way that some of the words are written in Japanese. It is much easier to read than the kanji (the picture method based on Chinese characters) which has to be learned word by word, because once the 46 katakana symbols have been learned the reader knows how to pronounce them.
Katakana and hiragana are both syllabaries. In English we use the letters of the alphabet. In most words each letter stands for a bit of sound (a phoneme). In a syllabary each symbol stands for a syllable. For example: in English we write “Wagamama”: each of the eight letters standing for a sound: “W-a-g-a-m-a-m-a”. But if the word “Wagamama” is divided into syllables there are four syllables (blocks of sound): Wa-ga-ma-ma. In Katakana it is written with four symbols: ワガママ.
Hiragana works in the same way, but the symbols are mostly different. Katakana is perhaps a little easier to learn than Hiragana because the symbols are simpler and more “squared off”. Together Katakana and Hiragana are called “Kana”.
Table of katakana.
This is a table of the basic katakana strokes. The first chart shows the basic katakana (characters with red letters next to them are no longer used today).
From the first table it can be seen that there are 46 basic characters (top left, first five columns, from "a" to "wa"). Diphthongs (vowels that slide from one sound to the other) have to be written with an extra symbol in small print. For example: the sound “mu” in our word “music” sounds like “myu” so it is written ミュ (mi+yu). So the word “musical” (as in a stage musical) is written: ミュージカル.
A long vowel is shown in katakana by a kind of dash called a “choon” (ー).
How Katakana is used.
Katakana is used to write words which have been borrowed from other languages, or to write foreign names and names of countries. For example America is written アメリカ.
It is not always easy for us to recognize these words because the Japanese language does not have some of the sounds that we do in English. This means that Japanese have to find other ways to pronounce and write the word. For example: the word “coffee” is written コーヒー (koo-hii). Sometimes the word is shortened as well: “television” is writtenテレビ (pronounced “te-re-bi”).
Sometimes it is impossible to show the difference between two foreign words, e.g. ラーラー could spell either the name “Lara” or “Lala” (as in the Teletubbies). The Japanese have just one sound which is somewhere between our “r” and “l”.
In the Japanese language a consonant is always followed by a vowel. Words or syllables cannot end in a consonant (except n or m), so the Japanese put in an extra vowel. “Ski” (as in skiing) becomes “suki” (スキ), and a “musical”, as we have seen, becomes “myuujikaru” (ミュージカル).
Katakana are also used for onomatopoeic words like “ding”, or for making words look important, or for scientific names such as the names of birds. Sometimes sentences in books or cartoons may be written in katakana to show that someone is supposed to be speaking with a foreign accent. It is often used to write the names of Japanese companies, i.e. Suzuki is written スズキ, and Toyota is written トヨタ.
A small “tsu” ッ called a “sokuon” shows what we would write as a double consonant, e.g. the English word “bed” is used in Japanese for a western-style bed. It is pronounced “beddo” and written ベッド. The ッ makes the “e” vowel short.
Learning to read the katakana characters is useful for reading some of the signs in Japan, or items on the restaurant menus.
アメリカ人です (amerikajin desu: I am American). Here “amerika” is written in katakana, the ending “jin”(人) is kanji, and “desu” (I am) is in hiragana.

Sanja Stijačić
Sanja Stijačić is Serbian flutist and professor at the Faculty of Arts (Priština), University of Priština in Kosovska Mitrovica, Serbia and at the University of East Sarajevo, Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Comb
A comb is a tool. It has small pieces sticking out of a main frame; these are called "teeth." A comb is usually flat. It is used to care for hair or other fibers.
Humans have been using combs as a tool for a long time, at least for 5000 years. Combs are used by humans to separate tangled hairs, to keep hair clean and to style hair. They are also used for decorating hair.

Perfume
Perfume is a liquid made with fragrant essential oils and chemicals, that give people and products a good smell.

Journey (band)
Journey is an American rock music band. They were really popular in the 80's. One of their hit songs is "Don't Stop Believin'."

Bruno Brun
Bruno Brun (1910 — 19??) was Yugoslavian clarinet player and professor at the Music Academy in Belgrade.
He graduated from the Belgrade Music Academy in 1945 and continued his education in Paris. He played as a soloist in Yugoslavia and other countries. He was one of the founders of the "Association of Musical Artists of Serbia".

Rheinstetten
Rheinstetten is a city in the south-west of Germany, in the state of Baden-Württemberg. It has about 20,000 inhabitants.

Faculty of Arts (Priština)
Faculty of Arts of Priština (Serbian: Факултет уметности у Приштини or Fakultet umetnosti u Prištini) is the faculty of arts of the University of Priština in Kosovo, Serbia.
History.
Faculty of Arts of Pristina was founded in 1973 as Academy of Arts and got the present name in 1986. Because of the Albanian terroristic attacks it was moved in 1999. It first moved to Varvarin and later to Zvečan, where it is now. It is part of the University of Priština temporary relocated in Kosovska Mitrovica.

Jasmina Novokmet
Jasmina Novokmet is a Serbian conductor, professor of conducting and former associate dean at the Faculty of Arts of Priština.

Magna Carta
The Magna Carta was a document King John of England was forced to sign by English nobles so that kings would not have as much power as before. King John signed it in 1215. It led to the constitutional rule of today. The Magna Carta was a great influence to the American Constitution and to the Bill of Rights. It stated that people had the right against unlawful imprisonment called Habeas Corpus among other rules. The Mangna Carta was sent out again in 1225 by Henry 3rd.

Catapult
A catapult is a type of machine used as a weapon to shoot rocks or other things that would cause damage to something else. Catapults use weights and levers to send the rocks or other things into the air. They are simpler than other weapons more commonly used now and were more commonly used for war in the past, especially the Middle Ages. Nowadays catapults are used to study old weapons and by people that want to experience older war methods.
Sometimes, instead of rocks, pitch or hot tar would be thrown into the air to cause damage by setting the target on fire. Often catapults were set on higher ground or on castle towers to allow shooting more distance. They were also used to shoot rocks to break castle walls.

Minuet
A minuet is a dance which was popular in the 18th and 19th centuries in France. It was danced by the aristocracy, especially at the court of King Louis XIV.
Sometimes the French spelling menuet is used, or the Italian minuetto. It was a moderate or slow dance. There were always three beats in a bar (3/4 time).
Composers liked the music of the minuet and often wrote them just as pieces of music for a keyboard or other instruments. Composers like Bach and Handel included them in their suites (collection of dance movements). Lully started to put them in his operas, often in pairs: Minuet I, Minuet II, then Minuet I repeated. Often the second minuet would be played by three instruments, so it was called a trio.
In the Classical music period the minuet and trio were used in symphonies and sonatas. They usually formed the third movement of a four movement work. Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven all wrote minuets and trios. Gradually the minuets became faster so that they were called scherzos. By the 19th century the waltz had become fashionable among the new middle class. The polite minuet went out of fashion.

Scherzo
A Scherzo is a piece of music which is quite fast. In the 19th century Romantic composers started to write scherzos in their symphonies and sonatas instead of the traditional minuets. They are similar to a minuet, always with three beats in a bar, but they are faster and less "polite". Some composers like Chopin and Brahms wrote scherzos as separate pieces for the piano.

Griffin
The griffin or gryphon (less often called gryphen, griffon, griffen, or gryphin) is a legendary creature, an animal belonging to the world of mythology, story telling and fantasy. It has the head, front legs, and wings of an eagle. The rest of the body looks like a part of a lion.
In the past griffin was a symbol of strength and dexterity. It often looked after a treasure.
The Griffin is used as the symbol for Brisbane Waters Secondary College on the Central Coast of New South Wales, Australia. following the griffin is the Collegiate phrase "Strength Through Unity"

Chordate
Chordata is a phylum (group) of animals that includes vertebrates, with a notochord, with some closely related invertebrates.
Phylogeny.
Note: Lines show likely evolutionary relationships. Extinct groups are marked with a "†". Extinct animals are ones that are not around anymore, but around in the past.

Sanlucar la Mayor
Sanlúcar la Mayor is a Spanish town in the province of Sevilla. It has a population of 11,762 and is 137 km² in area.

Pyrolysis
Pyrolysis is the chemical breakdown of compounds, which contain carbon, by heat.

Uri (canton)
Uri is one of the twenty-six cantons of Switzerland. Cantons are like states, provinces, or territories, but Swiss. 35,000 people live there. William Tell is from there.
Municipalities.
The municipalities of the canton of Uri are: Altdorf, Andermatt, Attinghausen, Bauen, Bürglen, Erstfeld, Flüelen, Göschenen, Gurtnellen, Hospental, Isenthal, Realp, Schattdorf, Seedorf, Seelisberg, Silenen, Sisikon, Spiringen, Unterschächen, Wassen

Michael Ende
Michael Andreas Helmuth Ende (1929 - 1995) - German writer. He wrote fantasy books for children.

Applet
An applet is a type of program for computers. It is software. Very often, applets are written in Java. People run them in their Web browser. They are used to display a nice scrolling menu on a website, for example, the applet is also used to show some applications.

Veneto
Veneto is a region in North-east Italy on the Adriatic Sea. The capital is Venice. The population was about 4,699,950 in 2004.

Molise
Molise is a region in the center of Italy on the Adriatic Sea. The capital is Campobasso. The population was about 322,000 in 2004.

Philippine Sea
The Philippine Sea is the body of water east of the Philippines and Taiwan. It is a part of the western end of the Pacific Ocean. It straddles on the Philippine Plate. The Philippine Sea is bounded by Japan to the north, the Marianas to the east and Palau to the south.

Visayas
Visayas is the island grouping in central Philippines. Major islands in the Visayas are Samar, Leyte, Bohol, Cebu, Panay, Palawan, and Masbate. Politically, the Visayas are divided into Region VI (Western Visayas), Region VII (Central Visayas), and Region VIII (Eastern Visayas). Masbate however is part of Region V (Bicol Region).

Tuscany
Tuscany (in Italian "Toscana") is a region in the center of Italy. It has an area of 22,990 km² and a population of about 3.6 million people (in 2004). The capital is Florence. Tuscany is known for its landscapes and its artistic legacy. Six Tuscan localities have been made UNESCO protected sites: the historical center of Florence (1982), the historical center of Siena (1995), the square of the Cathedral of Pisa (1987), the historical center of San Gimignano (1990), the historical center of Pienza (1996) and the Val d'Orcia (2004).
Geography.
Tuscany, bordering Emilia-Romagna to the north, Liguria to the north-west, Tyrrhenian Sea to the west, Umbria and Marche to the east, Lazio to the south-east. The territory is two thirds hilly and one fourth mountainous. The remainder is constituted of the plains that form the valley of the Arno River.
Economy.
Tuscany is known for its wines (most famous of which are Chianti, Morellino di Scansano, Vino Nobile di Montepulciano, and Brunello di Montalcino) and has 120 protected regions (nature reserves). Other agricultural products include Chianina cattle (particularly the famous "Fiorentina" steak) and the production of olive oil, principally in Lucca.
Tourism is the economic principally of the called "Cities of Art" (Florence, Lucca, Pisa, Siena, San Gimignano), as well as on the coast and in the isles (Elba).
Demographics.
In the '80s and '90s the region attracted an intense influx of immigrants, in particular from China and Northern Africa. There is also a significant community of British and Americans. As of 2006, the Italian national institute of statistics ISTAT estimated that 215,490 foreign-born immigrants live in Tuscany, about THE 5.9% of people in Tuscany.

Austronesian languages
The Austronesian languages are a language family. They were originally spoken in Southeast Asia and the Pacific Ocean.

Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints
The Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (FLDS) is a religious group. It broke from the "Church of the Latter Day Saints" (more commonly known as the Mormons) in the 19th or early 20th century. The new church was formed because the Mormon church said that marriages under polygamy would stop. Polygamy means a man could marry several women at a time. After the change, Mormons could marry only one.
Members of the new church thought polygamy was an essential part of their religion. They teach that a man needs more than one wife to be able to get to heaven. People believe there are currently between 5000 and 10000 followers of this church.
In the news.
The church has been in the news because its leader, Warren Steed Jeffs was arrested in southern Nevada in August 2006. Jeffs was arrested because he was accused of rape and molestation. At the time, Jeffs was on the FBI's Ten Most-Wanted list.
There has been another incident in 2008.
Beginning April 4, 2008, over a four day period, troopers and child welfare officials searched the church's ranch. They took 416 children into the temporary custody of the State of Texas. Originally officials from the Texas Department of Family and Protective Services took 18 girls into temporary custody of the state. They acted because of a phone call from the ranch- it looks like a 16 year old girl called the police to report she had been raped. She also said she had been married at age 15 to a 49-year-old man, Dale Evans Barlow. On the following day, Judge Barbara Walther of the 51st District Court issued an order authorizing officials to remove all children, including boys, 17 years old and under out of the compound. The children were being held by the Child Protective Services 45 miles away, north of the ranch. 133 women also voluntarily left the ranch with the children. The 16-year-old girl who alerted the authorities could not be located at the time of the raid. It looks like the call was made by a woman in her thirties, who gave a false identity. This woman is known by local police, as she has done similar things before. The woman was arrested for making the call (that triggered the raid) in April.

Scientific classification
Scientific classification or biological classification is how biologists group and categorise extinct and living species of organisms. Scientific classification can also be called scientific taxonomy, but it is different than folk taxonomy, which is not scientific.
Modern classification has its root in the work of Carolus Linnaeus, who grouped species according to shared physical characteristics. These groupings have since been revised to improve consistency with the Darwinian principle of common descent. Molecular systematics, which uses DNA sequences as data, has driven many recent revisions and is likely to continue to do so. Scientific classification belongs to the science of taxonomy or biological systematics.
Terminations of names.
Taxa above the genus level are often given names based on the type genus, with a standard termination. The terminations used in forming these names depend on the kingdom, and sometimes the phylum and class, as set out in the table below.

Kingdom (biology)
Kingdom is the highest rank used in the biological taxonomy of all organisms. Each kingdom is split into phyla.
Monera - the most simple living things.
Protista - bacteria with only one cell.
Fungi - mushrooms, mold and other fungi.
Plantae - all plants, such as trees and grass.
Animalia - all animals, including people.
Kingdom is the king in the mneomic, or a saying to help a person remember something, King Phillip Came Over For Great Spaghetti.
Summary.
Sometimes entries in the table, which are next to each other, do not match perfectly. For example, Haeckel placed the red algae (Haeckel's Florideae; modern Florideophyceae) and blue-green algae (Haeckel's Archephyta; modern Cyanobacteria) in his Plantae, but in modern classifications they are considered protists and bacteria respectively. However, despite this and other failures of equivalence, the table gives a useful simplification.

Class (biology)
A class is a rank used in the biological taxonomy of all organisms. Each class is split into orders. There are multiple classes in each phylum.
Class is Came in the mnemonic, or a saying to help a person remember something, King Phillip Came Over For Great Spaghetti.

Order (biology)
An order is a rank used in the biological taxonomy of all organisms. Each order is split into families. There are many orders in each class.
Order is over in the mnemonic, or a saying to help a person remember something, King Phillip Came Over For Great Spaghetti.
Examples of orders.
Some orders, such as the pigeons, have only one family.

Family (biology)
A family is a rank used in the biological taxonomy of all organisms. Each family is split into Genera, the plural for genus. There are multiple families in each order. Usually, the name of the family ends with a "idae" for animals, and "aceae" for plants. There are also subfamilies and superfamilies. Subfamilies end with "inae".
In latin, family is "familia".

Digestion
Digestion is the way that an organism changes a substance into nutrients. This happens in the gastrointestinal system. Humans start digesting food in the mouth. Food is chewed by the teeth. Food is swallowed, which means it goes through the oesophagus. It goes into the stomach, where it is mixed with acid.
Food slowly enters the small intestine from the stomach. This is where nutrients are taken into the blood. It then enters the large intestine. water is taken away from it. The food that is left is called feces. The feces are stored in the rectum until it can leave the body through the anus.

Sight
Sight is one of the senses. Having sight means to be able to see. Seeing gives animals knowledge of the world. Light from the world around the animal carries this knowledge in colors and pictures of shapes. The light enters the animal's eyes. At the back of the eyes, there are cells that get the knowledge from the light.
The animal's brain helps the animal use this knowledge. The brain is able to find out the shapes and colors of objects. From that and from memory it can tell of what kind the object is. For example, it can tell a tree from a house. The path on which this kind of information flows is called "ventral stream".
The brain can also tell where objects are. For example, it can can tell how far away an object is. This is needed when catching a ball. The path on which this kind of information flows is called "dorsal stream".

Pharynx
The pharynx is a part of the gastrointestinal system. It comes after the mouth and before the esophagus. Food and air go through the pharynx. The pharynx keeps food liquid out of the lungs.

Jejunum
The jejunum is a section of the small intestine between the duodenum and the ileum. It is between 1 and 2 meters long.The term "jejunum" derives from the Latin "jejunus," which means "empty of food," "meager," or "hungry." The ancient Greeks noticed at death that this part of the intestine was always empty of food. Hence, the name the jejunum.
The Latin "jejunus" also gave rise to "jejune" means lacking in nutritive value and devoid of substance, significance or interest, that is dull. A jejune argument is one that is empty (like the jejunum) and totally devoid of interest.

Ileum
The ileum is the last section of the small intestine. It is between 2 and 4 meters long in humans.

Cecum
The cecum is a part of the large intestine. It is comes before the colon and after the ileum in the gastrointestinal system. The appendix is connected to the cecum.

Romano Prodi
Romano Prodi (born August 9, 1939 in Scandiano, Italy) is an Italian politician and leader of a left-wing coalition named "L'unione" (The Union).
Prodi was "President of the Council of Ministers", that is, Prime Minister of Italy between 1996 and 1998.
He then served as President of the European Commission from 1999 to 2004.
He was re-elected Prime Minister of Italy for a second time in 2006, when he defeated Silvio Berlusconi, leader of the right-wing coalition named "Casa delle Libertà" (House of Freedom).

2013
2013 is a year in the 21st century. It is a common year.

Basilicata
Basilicata is a region in the south of Italy. The capital is Potenza. The population was about 597,768 in 2004. The region is very mountainous. Because of this, communication in the area was very difficult until modern times. This has also caused Basilicata to be one of the least developed areas of Italy. Basilicata borders the Tyrrhenian Sea and the Gulf of Taranto at its lowest elevations. The highest point in the area is Monte Pollino at 2233m (7325ft). The area also includes a dead volcano, Monte Vulture. The region has an area of.
Basilicata also used to be one of the poorest regions in Italy. It has become richer over the past couple of years because of the discovery of oil.
Provinces.
Basilicata is divided into two provinces.

Campania
Campania is a region of the south of Italy. The capital is Napoli. The population in 2004 was about 5,701,931.

Emilia-Romagna
Emilia-Romagna is a region in the North-east Italy on the Adriatic Sea. The capital is Bologna. The population was about 4,151,369 in 2004.

Vasil Levsky
Vasil Levsky is a Bulgarian hero. He was born in Karlovo, Bulgaria in 1837. His real name is Vasil Ivanov Kuncev and "Levsky" is his nickname. His father's name was Ivan Kuncev. Vasil Levsky was executed in 1873.

CP/M
CP/M was an Operating System for computers used in the 1970s and early 1980. Originally, it supported up to 64 kb of main memory. It was command-line based, and came before MS-DOS.

Sana'a
Sana'a or Sanˤā' (Arabic: صنعاء‎, romanized as Ṣanʻāʼ or Sanaa), has a population 1,747,627 (2004), is the capital city of Yemen and the center of Sana'a Governorate. Sana'a is located at 15.354722° N 44.20667° E.

Astrid Lindgren
Astrid Anna Emilia Lindgren, born Astrid Ericsson, (November 14, 1907 - January 28, 2002) was a famous Swedish writer. She wrote many books for children. She had a son named Lars.

Cantabria
Cantabria is a region in the north of Spain which has 563,000 people living in it. In Cantabria most people speak Spanish. The people of Cantabria have autonomy in Spain which means they have their own local government and much control over their region. The capital is Santander. This city is on the coast of the Cantabrian Sea and is very popular with tourists. Cantabria belongs to the Green Spain, the name given to the strip of land between the Cantabrian Sea and the Cantabrian Mountains in northern Spain.
Many different examples of prehistoric cave art have been found, suggesting the Cantabrian culture is at least 15,000 years old. Cave art is the best known feature of the Cantabrian life. The latest round of systematic cave explorations began in the early 1970’s. Now new art can be discovered every year. Some of the care art is engraved and others are painted. Much of the cave art is of animals. There are often pictures of red deer found from this area of Spain. There are also other unusual symbols that can be found. This attracts much interest and many tourists to this culture. The Cantabrian life revolves mainly around art, tourism, and fishing. Rich deposits of coal, iron, and zinc are also mined in the Cantabrian Mountains. Tourism is a very large part of the Cantabrian life, and their economic success.
Cantabria has a reputation for a rainy and cool climate. The region is also more green than southern Spain and is very mountainous.

Civil Aviation Authority
The Civil Aviation Authority (CAA), is the publicly-owned organisation in charge of flying (Aviation) in the United Kingdom. It was created in 1972, doing the tasks previously done by the Department of Transport.
The CAA no longer provides air traffic control services (ATC), this responsibility was passed to a private company called National Air Traffic Services (NATS) in 2001 which the government owns 49% of.
Some other duties have passed to the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA), such as type certification (Saying if a certain type of plane is safe or not).

Apulia
Apulia is a region in south Italy on the Adriatic Sea. The capital is Bari. The population was about 4.071.518 in 2004.

Belluno
Belluno (it:Belluno) is an Italian city.
It has about 34.946 inhabitants.

Vicenza
Vicenza is an Italian city. It has about 114,483 inhabitants.

Rovigo
Rovigo is an Italian city. It has a population of about 50,883 inhabitants.

L'Aquila
L'Aquila is an Italian city.
It has about 71,989 inhabitants. It is the capital of Abruzzo.
It is on a hill in the valley of the Aterno river. It is circled by the Apennine Mountains. The Financial Times, an important newspaper, wrote that L'Aquila is "the most handsome city of Abruzzo".
It is a very old town, full of beautiful buildings and churches. It has a University.
History.
Emperor Frederick II founded this town. He told the people of 99 villages to move in the new town. Frederick's son, Conrad IV of Germany finished the town in 1254. When Conrad died, his brother Manfred destroyed the town in 1259. Charles I of Anjou, king of Sicily, built it again soon.
It became soon the second city of the kingdom of Naples.
The city of L'Aquila had much power because the 99 original villages helped it. Each village owned a borough (a small part of the town) and the borough was a part of the mother-village. That is also why the number 99 is so important in the history of L'Aquila.
The people also built a very peculiar monument, the Fountain of the 99 Spouts ("Fontana delle 99 Cannelle").
The city was an important market for the countryside. The saffron (a very important spice) was grown in fields around town; shepherds had millions of sheep near L'Aquila.
After a few years L'Aquila became an important point of communication between cities in and out of the kingdom.
On August 29, 1294, the hermit Pietro del Morrone became pope Celestine V. The ceremony was in the church of Santa Maria di Collemaggio.
To thank the town, Celestine V decided that every year on that day every Christian who went to L'Aquila would be pardoned for his sins (bad actions). This is called Perdonanza, and it still happens every year on August 28 and 29. The Perdonanza is similar to the Jubilee Year, but arrived earlier.
The Perdonanza made the town more rich. But after a long time the plague (a dangerous illness) struck L'Aquila in 1348 and 1363. An earthquake struck it in 1349.
Saint Bernardino of Siena visited L'Aquila two times. The first time he came to preach to King René of Naples. In 1444 he died in the city.
In the 16th century, the Spanish viceroy Philibert van Oranje destroyed L'Aquila again. After this, he built a Castle.
Another earthquake damaged again the city in 1703.
Sport.
The city is the home of L'Aquila Rugby. This team won the Italian championship five times.

Chieti
Chieti (it:Chieti) is an Italian city.
It has about 56,127 inhabitants. Is a city of Abruzzo.

Pescara
Pescara is an Italian city in Abruzzo of 123,400 inhabitants.

Cryptozoology
Cryptozoology is the study of animals that people think might exist, but for which it cannot be completely proved. It also is the study of animals many scientists think are extinct, but which are still sometimes reported. Those who study or search for such animals are called "cryptozoologists", while the unproven creatures are called by some as cryptids'", a term first used by John Wall in 1983.
Mongolian Death Worm.
The Mongolian Death Worm is a strange snake-like animal that lives in the Gobi Desert. Scientists do not know if it really exists or not.
People who have seen it say it is like a red, fat worm around 2 - 4 feet long. People who live in Mongolia call it "allghoi khorkhoi". These people also say the creature spits yellow poison that will kill you as soon as it touches you and it can produce electricity so powerful that it could kill large animals.

Ankylosaurus
The Ankylosaurus ("Ankylosaurus magniventris") was a type of dinosaur.
Its back was covered in spikes and bits of bone to protect its self. Underneath it was not covered in anything but normal skin, so other dinosaurs, like T-Rex, would try to attack it there. It would defend its self by using its clubbed tail.
Ankylosaurus was a herbivore. This means it eat plants. Beacause there was no grass in dinosaur times, Ankylosaurus probably ate ferns and low shrubs.
and it hd stuff on its but

Matera
Matera (it:Matera) is an Italian city in Basilicata of 59.399 inhabitants.

Potenza
Potenza (it:Potenza) is an Italian city in Basilicata of 70,000 inhabitants.

Kara Sea
The Kara Sea (Russian: Ка́рское мо́ре) is part of the Arctic Ocean. It lies north of Siberia. The Kara Sea is separated from the Barents Sea to the west by the Kara Strait and Novaya Zemlya, and the Laptev Sea to the east by the Severnaya Zemlya.
Size.
It is roughly 1,450 kilometres long and 970 kilometres wide. It has an area of around 880,000 km² and a average depth of 110 m.
Geography.
The Kara receives a large amount of fresh water from the Ob, Yenisei, Pyasina, and Taimyra rivers, so its salinity is very variable.
Uses.
Its main ports are Novy Port and Dikson and it is important as a fishing ground although the sea is ice-bound for all but two months of the year. Significant discoveries of petroleum and natural gas, an extension of the West Siberian Oil Basin, have been made but have not yet been developed.
Problems.
There is concern about the levels of nuclear waste the former Soviet Union dumped in the sea which included six nuclear submarine reactors and ten nuclear reactors, and the effect this will have on the marine environment. An International Atomic Energy Agency appraisal showed that releases are low and localised.

Prototheria
Prototheria is a subclass of mammals. The only surviving animals in it are the Monotremes.

Edvard Munch
Edvard Munch [IPA: ɛdvɒ:rt munk] (December 12, 1863 – January 23, 1944) was a Norwegian painter. He also made some prints. He was an expressionist. He is well known for his treatment of fear (worry).His way of seeing things had a large influence on the expressionism of the 20th century. People saw this treatment as being intense.
Munch was ill very often. Some scientists think that he may have suffered from bipolar disorder. (better known as manic depression)
Famous paintings.
"The Scream" (1893; originally called "Despair"). This is Munch's best-known painting, and is one of the best known images in the world. It is one of the pieces in a series titled "The Frieze of Life". In the series Munch explored the themes of life, love, fear, death and melancholy. As with many of his works, he made several versions of the painting. One version was stolen from the "Munch-museum" in Oslo, Norway, on August 22, 2004, but on August 31, 2006 Norwegian police found it together with another picture that was stolen at the same time, "Madonna".
"The Frieze of Life" themes come back throughout Munch's work. These themes can be seen in paintings such as "The Sick Child" (1886, portrait of his deceased sister Sophie), (1893–94), "Ashes" (1894), and "The Bridge". The last-named shows limp figures. Those figures have faces witth no features, or they have no faces at all. Threatening shapes of heavy trees and houses are above the figurss. Munch portrayed women either as frail, innocent sufferers or as lurid, life-devouring vampires. Munch analysts say this reflects his sexual anxieties.

Sex education
Sex education is telling people about sexual intercourse. Usually, parents tell their children when they reach puberty. This usually includes things like how to make babies, how to protect against unwanted pregnancies, and how not to get any of the sexually transmitted diseases there are. In many cultures speaking about sex or sexual education is a taboo.
Sometimes, sex education is also done in school.

Bedroom
The bedroom is a room in a home where people sleep. A bedroom mainly has a bed and drawers to hold clothes in, many bedrooms also have closets as well. Some houses have more than one bedroom, and the biggest one is called a master bedroom. Master bedrooms also have bathrooms attached to them called an ensuite.

Marche
Marche is a region in center Italy on the Adriatic Sea. The capital is Ancona. The population was about 1.528.809 in 2004.

Umbria
Umbria is a region in center Italy. The capital is Perugia. The population was about 815.000 in 2004.

Valle d'Aosta
Valle d'Aosta is a region in North-west Italy. It has only one province, so the province of Aosta has the same state as the region of Aosta. The capital is Aosta. The population was about 119.548 in 2004. This is the smallest region in Italy.

Mont Blanc
Mont Blanc ("Monte Bianco" in Italian) is a mountain in the Alps. Mont Blanc is 4810.90 m on the Italy/France border.

Shiite Crescent
Shiite Crescent is used as political and geo-political term to descripe the different countries who's majority is shia or who had a strong shia minority in the population. Is often used to discripe the potential of a cooperation of these countries in the middle east policy.

Tibet
Tibet (Tibetan name: བོད་, Chinese name: Xizang) is an autonomous region of China in the Himalayan mountains in South Asia. It has common borders with Nepal. Its capital is Lhasa. Most of the Tibetans are Buddhists. In Tibet, they call this place "Bod".
Tibet's religious traditions make it a place of fascination to other countries. The local monks are sometimes said to have special, superhuman abilities. Whether or not this is true, the writings of Tibetan monks are sometimes shared with outsiders, and are lauded for their insight. The "Tibetan Book of the Dead" contains rituals for the dead and dying, similar to the Catholic Last Rites rituals.
The religious leader of Tibet's Buddhists is called the Dalai Lama. He was the ruler of Tibet before he was forced to leave the country when the Chinese army took over. The Dalai Lama presently lives in exile in India, but often visits other countries.
Tibet becomes part of China.
Tibet officially became part of the People's Republic of China in the 1950s. Some people say that it has been a part of China from at least 18th century in the Qing Dynasty.
Influence outside Tibet.
Tibetan culture also influences other regions nearby, such as Nepal, Bhutan, and some regions in India, most notably Sikkim and Ladakh. China claims part of the Idian province of Arunachal Pradesh as South Tibet.
Unrest.
There has been some protest in Tibet since China took control in the 1950s. Most of them have been because of social or economic problems. Some of them have been because there are people who believe Tibet should not be a part of China. A railway line, the Qingzang railway, has been built, linking China to Lhasa. Also, rising prices of food, and difficult access to higher education have angered many people. The railway line also raised fears about more migration. This situation has led to some violence against people from outside Tibet. Some of this violence occurs outside Tibet. When it comes to assigning government posts in Tibet, more Chinese seem to be assigned, and less Tibetans. The Chinese Government claims that if Tibet would be released (become independent again), its economy would suffer.
See also.
Arunachal Pradesh

Air gun
An air gun is a gun which uses gas to fire a projectile instead of burning gunpowder that an ordinary gun uses.
The oldest air guns used a spring to compress (squeeze) air in a tube. When the gun was fired the air was released. The only way for the air to go was by pushing the pellet out. A spring loaded gun can only fire one shot before the spring has to be reset. Newer guns use air or another gas in a small cartridge, these guns can fire many more shots before the cartridge needs to be changed or refilled.
The projectile for an air gun is usually a pellet. Some guns of this sort fire small round pellets call "bb"s. Some people think this means ball bearing, but it does not. The letters bb stood for a size of shot that was used to make shotgun cartridges, This was used in the first bb guns.
The most popular calibres (pellet sizes) for air weapons are mm (also called.177 to.22). In many countries there are strict rules that limit the sales of air guns so not everyone can have one.
They are not as powerful as other guns but they can still kill people.
Many people enjoy air rifle and pistol shooting either for fun or hunting. In the Olympics and Commonwealth Games air pistols are used in some of the shooting events.

Carcass
A carcass is another word for a dead body. The dead body may be of an animal or a person.

Unit circle
In mathematics, a unit circle is a circle with a radius of 1. The equation of the unit circle is formula_1. The unit circle is centered at the Origin, or coordinates (0,0). It is often used in Trigonometry.
Trigonometric functions in the unit circle.
In a unit circle, where formula_2 is the angle desired, formula_3 and formula_4 can be defined as formula_5 and formula_6. Using the function of the unit circle, formula_1, another equation for the unit circle is found, formula_8. When working with trigonometric functions, it is mainly useful to use angles with measures between 0 and formula_9 radians, or 0 through 90 degrees. It is possible to have higher angles than that, however. Using the unit circle, two identities can be found: formula_10 and formula_11 for any integer formula_2.

El Al
El Al (in Hebrew: אל על, "Above and beyond") is the airline name for passenger airplanes in Israel. It also flies to Africa, Asia, Europe and North America.

Middle East Airlines
Middle East Airlines (in Arabic: طيران الشرق الأوسط) is an airline based in Lebanon. It flies between the Middle East, Europe and Africa.
History.
The Middle East Airlines opened for business on May 31, 1945. It was done so by Saeb Salam, with support from BOAC. MEA's work started on January 1, 1946 with a service between Beirut and Nicosia. Then, its airplanes started to fly to Iraq, Egypt, Syria, and Cyprus. The company bought two Douglas DC-3 planes in mid-1946.
On September 7, 2006, Israel ended its 8-week long air blockade on Lebanon. A Middle East Airlines plane from Paris flew to the Rafik Hariri International Airport at 6:06 p.m. Lebanese time (3:03 p.m. GMT). MEA resumed its normal flight timetable on September 11, 2006.

Blackmail
Blackmail means threatening to say something bad about someone unless that person pays some money.
If someone has committed a crime, another person might blackmail them. The blackmailer might, for example, say that if the criminal does not give them a large amount of money they will tell the police.
A blackmailer may threaten to say something embarrassing about someone unless they hand over a sum of money. It may be something about a sexual relation they are having that they do not want everyone to know about.
Sometimes a business may blackmail another business. They might threaten to harm that business in some way unless money is paid.
Blackmail is clearly very nasty illegal (against the law).
History.
Blackmail started on the borders of England and Scotland. Blackmail was the money left out by landowners in England so that raiders from Scotland did not steal their animals or damage the property.

Bribery
Bribery means offering something (e.g. money) to a person in return for some favour which is bad in some way.
The money that is offered is called a bribe and the verb is to bribe.
It is sometimes difficult to decide whether something is a bribe or just a reward. If a father pays his son for washing the car, this is just a reward or payment. But if a parent pays a child for eating up its dinner this might be thought of as a bribe, because most people would think this was not right.
Bribery is usually about more serious cases in which a person offers money so that he does not get into trouble. If a motorist is caught speeding by a policeman and he offers the policeman money or a bottle of vodka to persuade him not to fine him, this is bribery. If someone wants to take something into a country that they are not allowed to take in (or that they would have to pay tax on) they might offer the customs officer a bribe to persuade him to let them through.
Examples such as these are clearly illegal (against the law) and would almost never happen in many Western countries. However in some parts of the world bribery is normal and it is difficult to do anything without offering bribes.
Bribery in some form is quite common in business in many parts of the world. Giving business people presents in the hope that they will want to do business with you may just seem like good manners at times, but in some cases it may seem more like bribery.
People who are found to be taking bribes can sometimes lose their jobs. In some cases (like the case of the motorist) bribery is against the law.

Rubella
Rubella (also known as epidemic roseola, German measles, liberty measles or three-day measles) is a disease caused by the "Rubella virus".
It is often mild and an attack can pass unnoticed. However, this can make the virus difficult to diagnose. The virus usually enters the body through the nose or throat. The disease can last 1-5 days. Children recover more quickly than adults. Like most viruses living along the respiratory tract, it is passed from person to person by tiny droplets in the air that are breathed out. Rubella can also be transmitted from a mother to her developing baby through the bloodstream through the placenta. The virus has an incubation period of 2 to 3 weeks during which it becomes established.
The name "German measles" has nothing to do with Germany. It comes from the Latin "germanus", meaning "similar", since rubella and measles share many symptoms.

Psychiatry
Psychiatry is a part of medicine that studies, diagnoses and treats mental illnesses and abnormal behaviours and conditions that cause problems and make life difficult for people. The people who practice Psychiatry and treat others who have psychiatric problems are called "Psychiatrists".
Education.
Psychiatrists first go to university, then to Medical School for 4 years. When they graduate, they get to use the initials M.D. (Medical Doctor) after their names. Then these doctors specialize by training for 3 or 4 years in Psychiatry.
Prescribing Psychiatric Medications.
Psychiatrists can prescribe medications to their patients to help emotional and behavioral problems, but Psychologists cannot. This is because of laws made by government that say only medical doctors can prescribe.
Psychiatrists spend many years of learning about how the body and the brain work. Psychiatrists must learn about all kinds of illnesses. Sometimes a disease in the body causes the brain to work wrong. A Cancer in the Pancreas causes depression. Blood sugar problems in Diabetes Mellitus can cause a bad temper. These are only two examples.
Psychiatrists spend many years learning how medications can help the brain work better. Psychiatrists also learn how medications sometimes cause problems to the brain. Sometimes psychologists send their patients to a psychiatrist if the patient seems to have a problem that medicine might help. The patient will usually continue to see the psychologist.
In the 1950's, the first medicine to help patients with Bipolar disorder (formally known as Manic-Depressive Illness) was discovered. This was Lithium, a type of metal in a powder form. A bit later, the first medicine for Psychosis was discovered. Later, medicines to calm people (tranquilizers), to end Depression (anti-depressants), to help feelings remain the same each day (mood stabilizers) were discovered.
Medicine for Mental Illness does not cure. Some of the medicines try to get brain chemicals to be the amounts they are in normal people. Other medicines "slow down how fast the brain works" so people with rapid thoughts can be in control of what they think and how they behave. When the medicines are stopped, symptoms often come back.
Freud.
The best known Psychiatrist is Sigmund Freud, a medical doctor who was trained in Neurology. He became certain that hidden thoughts in the brain (which he called The Unconscious) could cause physical symptoms and strange behavior in some people. He believed that human behavior was not all caused by the brain, but by things that happened to people when they were babies and young children. His research of this theory -the idea he had- led him to create "talking therapy" -psychoanalysis- where he tried to figure out what could cause the mind to do things like this.
He thought that his figuring things out and telling the patients what had caused the behavior would cure the patient. Unfortunately, it usually made no lasting changes. This is why psychiatrists (and psychologists) have gradually figured out many other ways of helping their patients.
NeuroPsychiatry.
Since the medications for mental illness were first discovered, there have been tools to understand why the mentally ill behave and think in ways that make it not easy for them to live. Doctors do this by studying the brain as directly as they can.
This field of medicine is called NeuroPsychiatry. The medical doctors who work in the field are called NeuroPsychiatrists. They hope someday to really permanently cure or fix mental illness by finding ways to change the brain forever. In the meantime, they try to find ways to help by finding better medications.
The science of Psychology is studies the way people behave and change. Psychologists apply this what is found to make new ways of helping people change how they behave. Talking therapy and applied psychology were the first important ways of helping people with some problems of regular life. Some kinds of Mental illness can be helped some this way, but some kinds cannot be helped. They need medicines instead, then sometimes a psychologist can help the patient a great deal.

Stephen Colbert
Stephen Colbert is an American actor and comedian. He was born on May 13, 1964 in Washington, DC. He is the host of "The Colbert Report" on Comedy Central. Colbert uses a special form of comedy called satire to make fun of politicians and the news media.
On "The Colbert Report" (which he pronounces IPA: to make the words sound the same), he pretends to be a right-wing talk show host. He likes to ask his guests very embarrassing questions that make it seem that he is a serious far right-wing conservative who is also not very smart. In real life, Colbert is a liberal Democrat.
Many famous American politicians and people in the news media agree to appear on his show because it is very popular. Colbert started as a comedy writer and performer for many other programs, such as "The Daily Show" and the "Strangers with Candy" movie, both also on Comedy Central.

Hobsonville
Hobsonville is a suburb of Auckland, New Zealand. It is on the Western shores of the Waitemata Harbour in Waitakere City.

Papatoetoe
Papatoetoe is a suburb of Auckland, New Zealand. It is in South Auckland, in the Manukau District.

Bognor Regis Town F.C.
Bognor Regis Town F.C. is a football club in England. They started in 1883 and have managed to enter the 2nd Round of the FA Cup 4 times in their history. At the moment they are playing in the Conference South, which is the 6th level of English Football. Their ground is called Nyewood Lane and their pitch is thought to be one of the best in non-league football.
In the 2005/2006 season they finished 12th in the Conference South division, with an average match attendance of 338 people.

Humour
Humour (also spelled humor) is anything that can make people laugh or feel happy.

Anthony Kiedis
Anthony Kiedis (born November 1, 1962 in Grand Rapids, Michigan) is an American singer. He is the lead singer of the rock band the Red Hot Chili Peppers.
He has been in the band since the start in 1983. His singing is known for his fast rapping, but in the more recent albums he has leaned toward singing. His singing ability has greatly improved over the years, reaching its peak on Stadium Arcadium. He is known for his on stage charisma and high sex appeal within the band and the public. He released a memoir book called Scar Tissue in 2004, which sold a lot of copies, getting to number 17 in the best sellers list. Kiedis is currently not together with Heather Christie who is also the mother to his son Everly Bear Kiedis; he lives with his son in Malibu California.

Treviso
Treviso is a city in Veneto, Italy with a population of 81,763 people.

Charles Antony Richard Hoare
Sir Charles Antony Richard Hoare (Tony Hoare or C.A.R. Hoare, born January 11, 1934) is an English computer scientist. He is probably best known for the development of Quicksort. Quicksort is the world's most widely used sorting algorithm. He also developed Hoare logic.
Hoare was born in Colombo, in Sri Lanka. He got his Bachelor's degree in Classics from the University of Oxford in 1956. He stayed in Oxford for one more year to study graduate-level statistics.
From 1956 to 1958, he served in the Royal Navy. He then studied computer translation of human languages at "Moscow State University" in the Soviet Union in the school of Andrey Nikolayevich Kolmogorov.

John Frusciante
John Frusciante is an American musician. He was born on March 5, 1970 in Queens, New York. He is the guitarist for the funk rock band, Red Hot Chili Peppers. He has also made a number of solo records. Some of these albums have been made with other artists, for example Josh Klinghoffer. Frusciante is currently on tour with the Red Hot Chili Peppers. They are promoting the band's latest release, "Stadium Arcadium".
Early RHCP Era (1988-92).
John Frusciante joined the Red Hot Chili Peppers in 1988 after the previous guitarist, Hillel Slovak, died of a drug overdose. The band went on to record and release their fourth album, "Mother's Milk" in 1989. Following an international tour, Frusciante co-recorded the band's fifth album, "Blood Sugar Sex Magik". In 1992, he left the band because he was overwhelmed by the international success of "Blood Sugar Sex Magik". Frusciante abruptly announced his departure from the band just a few moments before a performance in Tokyo. He ended up playing the show and left quickly for a plane back to the USA.
Niandra LaDes and Smile From The Streets You Hold.
From 1992 to 1997, he recorded a couple of solo albums, which received various criticism due to Frusciante's use of lo-fi and strange synthesizer effects. Frusciante released "Niandra LaDes & Usually Just A T-Shirt" in 1994 as a cure for there being "no good music around any more". From the time of being out of the band, Frusciante had started to experiment with drugs such as cocaine and heroin. In 1997, he released "Smile From The Streets You Hold" because he needed money for drugs at the time. He later took the album off the shelves as he did not feel comfortable with it being sold.
Return and Red Hot Success.
Band mate and long-time friend Flea asked John if he would like to rejoin the band in 1998. Frusciante was so overjoyed by the question that the band regrouped and started the recording process. In 1999, the band released "Californication". During the Californication tour, Frusciante recorded some more songs in what would eventually become "To Record Only Water For Ten Days", which was released in 2001. Frusciante returned to the recording studio in early 2002 in which they would later release the band's eighth album, "By the Way".
Solo Records and Side Projects.
After yet another world tour with the Red Hot Chili Peppers, Frusciante decided to release some more of his own material between 2004-2005. During this time, John released six of his own solo records, some of which were co-written by Josh Klinghoffer.
Equipment.
John uses has used a wide range of guitars throughout his years with RHCP and as a solo artist. He is known for using a lot of guitars under the Fender brand. Below is a list of equipment that John has used through the years.
Picks.
Red Jim Dunlop Tortex 0.60mm picks

Flea (musician)
Flea (Michael Peter Balzary) is an American bassist. He was born on October 16, 1962, in a suburb of Melbourne, Australia. He plays in the rock band Red Hot Chili Peppers. He has been with the band since its beginning in 1983 along with vocalist Anthony Kiedis.
Flea is known for his unique bass style. He uses a wide range of bass guitar techniques, mainly popping and slapping and changing the speed of his tempo during songs and his quick improvisation. Flea is also a skilled trumpet player. Flea was the band member responsible for getting John Frusciante back into the band.

Andrey Kolmogorov
Andrey Nikolaevich Kolmogorov (Russian: Андре́й Никола́евич Колмого́ров) (April 25, 1903 - October 20, 1987) was a Soviet mathematician and computer scientist. He made major advances in the fields of probability theory and topology. Born in a Russian family in Tambov, he worked early in his career on intuitionistic logic, and Fourier series. He also worked on turbulence, classical mechanics, and information theory; and was a founder of algorithmic complexity theory which is often referred to as simply Kolmogorov complexity theory.
Kolmogorov worked at Moscow State University. He studied under Nikolai Luzin, earning his Ph.D. in 1929. In 1931 he became professor at this university. In 1939 he received the title of academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences. He died in Moscow.

Chad Smith
Chadwick Gaylord Smith (born October 25, 1962 in Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA) is a drummer in the rock band Red Hot Chili Peppers. He joined the band in 1989 with John Frusciante when guitarist Hillel Slovak died of a heroin drug overdose, and Jack Irons left because of his friend dying. Chad has stayed in the band since then, playing the drums for every single album up to today.

Hillel Slovak
Hillel Slovak (April 13, 1962 – June 25, 1988) was an Israeli musician. Slovak was the guitarist for the rock band Red Hot Chili Peppers. He was born in Haifa, Israel. His family moved to California in 1967. He was a close friend of singer Anthony Kiedis during high school, and in 1983, they decided to make a band as a joke. The band was called "Tony Flow and the Majestic Masters of Mayhem.". They played a show, but never took the band seriously. In 1984 he left the Red Hot Chili Peppers to play in his other band "What Is This". He rejoined in 1985 to record "Freaky Styley" and "The Uplift Mofo Party Plan" in 1987. He died in 1988 from a fatal drug overdose.

Jack Irons
Jack Irons (born July 18, 1962 in Los Angeles, California) was the drummer for the rock band Red Hot Chili Peppers. He was in the original band when they formed in 1983. He left Red Hot Chili Peppers to play in his other band What Is This with close friend Hillel Slovak. He came back to the band in 1986 to record "The Uplift Mofo Party Plan". In 1987, Hillel Slovak, the guitarist, died of a fatal drug overdose. He quit the band because of this. Jack Irons now plays in many different bands, most notably Pearl Jam.

Dave Navarro
Dave Navarro (born June 7, 1967 in Santa Monica, California) is an American guitarist. He played in many different bands, most notably Jane's Addiction and Red Hot Chili Peppers. With the Red Hot Chili Peppers, they recorded One Hot Minute in 1995. Also, he was married to Carmen Electra from 2003 to 2006.

Charles Babbage
Charles Babbage (26 December 1791 – 18 October 1871) was an English mathematician, analytical philosopher, mechanical engineer and computer scientist who originated the idea of a computer that could be programmed. Parts of his uncompleted mechanisms are on display in the London Science Museum.
Charles Babbage was born in England, at 44 Crosby Row, Walworth Road, London. Babbage's father, Benjamin Babbage, was a banker of the Praeds who owned the Bitton Estate in Teignmouth. His mother was Betsy Plumleigh Babbage. In 1808, the Babbage family moved into the old Rowdens house in East Teignmouth.
Knowing that there were lots of errors in the calculation of mathematical tables, Babbage wanted to find a method by which they could be calculated mechanically, removing errors made by humans. Three different factors seem to have influenced him: a dislike of untidiness; his experience working on logarithmic tables; and existing work on calculating machines carried out by Wilhelm Schickard, Blaise Pascal, and Gottfried Leibniz. He first discussed the principles of a calculating engine in a letter to Sir Humphrey Davy in 1822.
Babbage's engines were among the first mechanical computers. His engines were not actually completed because of funding problems. Babbage realised that a machine could do the work better and more reliably than a human being. Babbage controlled building of some steam-powered machines that more or less did their job; calculations could be mechanized to an extent. Although Babbage's machines were large machines their basic architecture was very similar to a modern computer. The data and program memory were separated, operation was instruction based, control unit could make conditional jumps and the machine had a separate I/O unit.

Ticket (admission)
The ticket is a piece of printed paper and this gives the right or chance to enter somewhere. Tickets are commonly used to show that someone has paid on buses, theaters, cinemas and football matches.

Bergamo
Bergamo is a city in northern Italy. Bergamo is in the Lombardy Region, with a population of 117.887 inhabitants.

Brescia
Brescia is a city in northern Italy. Brescia is in the Lombardy Region, with a population of 192,165 inhabitants.

Como
Como is a city in northern Italy. Como is in the Lombardy Region with a population of 83.016 inhabitants.

Cremona
Cremona is a city in northern Italy. Cremona is in the Lombardy Region with a population of 71,533 inhabitants.

Lecco
Lecco is a city in northern Italy. Lecco is in the Lombardy Region with a population of 46.477 inhabitants.

Lodi
Lodi is a city in northern Italy. Lodi is in the Lombardy Region with a population of 42,702 people. The people who live in Lodi are called Lodigiani. Lodi is famous for a cake called Tortionata.

Mantua
Mantova (or Mantua) is a city in northern Italy. Mantova is in the Lombardy Region. It is the regions capital. It has a population of 48,103 people.

Pavia
Pavia is a city in northern Italy. Pavia is in the Lombardy Region with 71.486 people living in it. It is a very old, historical city. It is 30 km south of Milan.
History of Pavia.
The town of Pavia (then known as Ticinum) was a big city and a special military area for the Romans.
Here, in 476, Odoacer won against Flavius Orestes after a long war. To make the city pay for helping his enemy, Odoacer completely ruined Pavia, but Orestes was able to escape to a city called Piacenza, where Odoacer followed and killed him, and removed from the throne his son Romulus Augustus. This is often thought of as the end of the Western Roman Empire.
A late name of the city in Latin was Papia (probably related to the Pope), which developed to the Italian name Pavia. Sometimes it's called Ticinum Papia, using both Latin names.
After the Lombards conquest, Pavia became the capital of their kingdom. During the Rule of the Dukes, it was ruled by Zaban. It continued to act as the administrative centre of the kingdom, but by the reign of Desiderius, it had fallen to a first-rate defensive work and Charlemagne took it in the Siege of Pavia (June, 774) assuming the kingship of the Lombards. Pavia remained the capital of the Italian Kingdom and the centre of royal coronations until the diminution of imperial authority there in the twelfth century.
In the 12th century Pavia acquired the status of a self-governing commune. In the political division between Guelphs and Ghibellines that characterizes the Italian Middle Ages, Pavia was traditionally Ghibelline, a position that was as much supported by the rivalry with Milan as it was a mark of the defiance of the Emperor that led the Lombard League against the emperor Frederick Barbarossa, who was attempting to reassert long-dormant Imperial influence over Italy.
In the time after that, Pavia was an important and busy town. Under the Treaty of Pavia, Emperor Louis IV gave the Palatinate to his brother during his stay in Italy. Pavia held out against the domination of Milan, finally yielding to the Visconti family, rulers of that city in 1359; under the Visconti Pavia became an intellectual and artistic centre, being the seat from 1361 of the University of Pavia founded around the nucleus of the old school of law, which attracted students from many countries.
The Battle of Pavia (1525) marks a watershed in the city's fortunes, since by that time, the former cleavage between the supporters of the Pope and those of the Holy Roman Emperor had shifted to one between a French party (allied with the Pope) and a party supporting the Emperor and King of Spain Charles V. Thus during the Valois-Habsburg Italian Wars, Pavia was naturally on the Imperial (and Spanish) side. The defeat and capture of king Francis I of France during the battle ushered in a period of Spanish occupation which lasted until 1713. Pavia was then ruled by the Austrians until 1796, when it was occupied by the French army under Napoleon.
In 1815, it again passed under Austrian administration until the Second War of Italian Independence (1859) and the unification of Italy one year later.

Sondrio
Sondrio is a city in northern Italy. Sondrio is in the Lombardy Region with a population of 21.790 inhabitants.

Varese
Varese is a city in northern Italy. Varese is in the Lombardy Region with a population of 96.917 inhabitants.

Perugia
Perugia is an Italian capital city in Umbria with 157,489 inhabitants.

Terni
Terni is an Italian city in Umbria of 110.000 inhabitants. It is the seat of a university, and is one of the most important industrial towns of Umbria.

Biological weapon
A biological weapon is a weapon (usually a bomb) that uses germs to hurt people.

Harper Lee
Harper Lee is a woman author. She was born on April 28, 1926 in Monroeville, Alabama. She is most famous for writing To Kill a Mockingbird. She was friends with Truman Capote, and has been in hiding since her book To Kill a Mockingbird. The Civil Rights issues in Alabama influenced her writing more than World War II which was a lot more important. Her book, "To Kill A Mocking Bird" was published in 1959. Harper Lee's interests apart from writing are watching politicians and cats, travelling and being alone.

Truman Capote
Truman Capote was an author. He is most famous for writing the half-true novel, "In Cold Blood". The novel is based on a murder that happened in Kansas in the 1950's. He became good friends with the man accused of the murder. He was born in 1924 and died in 1984, at age 59.

Ubuntu
Ubuntu is a free operating system that uses the Linux kernel. The word "ubuntu" is an old African word meaning "humanity." It is pronounced "oo-boon-too."
It is one of the most popular Linux distributions and it is based on Debian Linux. An idea behind Ubuntu is to make it easy to use and install onto a computer. Ubuntu can be used on all types of systems like Macs and PCs. Ubuntu is downloaded as a CD, which is free to download on the Ubuntu website. It can be installed or tested by running the CD.
Started in 2004, Ubuntu has been developed at a fast rate by Canonical Ltd., a company owned by a wealthy South African man by the name of Mark Shuttleworth. Because there are several options for which desktop environment to use, Ubuntu was split into four different packages: Ubuntu, Kubuntu, Xubuntu, and Edubuntu.
Packages and Software support.
Free software here includes only software that meets the Ubuntu licensing requirements, which almost are the same to the Debian Free Software Guidelines. There is one difference for the Main category, however — it has firmware and fonts which cannot be changed, but are included if Ubuntu won't work right.
Non-free software is usually unsupported (Multiverse), but some exceptions (Restricted) are given for very important non-free software. Supported non-free software include device drivers that are needed to run Ubuntu on current hardware. The level of support in the Restricted category is less than that of Main, since the developers may not be able to get to the source code. It is wanted that Main and Restricted should contain all the software needed for a general-use Linux system.
Besides the official repositories is "Ubuntu Backports", which is an officially known project to backport newer software from later versions of Ubuntu. The repository is not comprehensive (meaning that it has parts missing from it); it is made up of mostly of user-requested packages, which are accepted if they meet quality guidelines.

The Second Coming (TV)
The Second Coming was a television drama shown by ITV, starring Christopher Eccleston.
The story is about a man named Steve who goes away for 40 days and 40 nights (like Jesus). When he comes back he is convinced he is the Son of God but nobody believes him. He turns day into night and everyone believes him then. He has a message from god to find the "Third Message". He finds from his friend July that the Third Message is her writings and one of her writings demands that he dies. When steve dies, he does not go to Heaven as it is destroyed, along with God, Satan and Hell. This is so humanity to work things out for itself.

Eid festival
The Eids are celebrated by Muslims all around the world.

Alessandria
Alessandria (it:Alessandria) is an Italian city in Piemonte of 414.384 inhabitants.

Asti
Asti (it:Asti) is an Italian city in Piemonte of 74.392 people living in it.

Biella
Biella (it:Biella) is an Italian city in Piemonte of 45,822 inhabitants.

Cuneo
Cuneo (it:Cuneo) is an Italian city in Piemonte of 54.992 inhabitants.

Novara
Novara (it:Novara) is an Italian city in Piemonte of 102,630 inhabitants.

Verbano-Cusio-Ossola
Verbano-Cusio-Ossola (it:Verbano-Cusio-Ossola) is an Italian city in Piemonte of 158,999 inhabitants.

Vercelli
Vercelli (it:Vercelli) is an Italian city in Piemonte of about 46,000 people live there.

Kate Moss
Katherine Moss (born January 16, 1974), better known as Kate Moss, is a model.
Early life.
She attended Ridgeway Primary School, then Riddlesdown High School but she was not noted for her academic success. She was found at the age of 14 by Sarah Doukes of the Storm Modeling Agency in 1988 while in an airport. Kate's career began when Corinne Day shot black and white photographs of her for British magazine The Face, in a photo shoot titled "The Third Summer of Love".
Modeling career.
Moss starred in a series of Calvin Klein in the 1990s, spurring a period of waify "heroin chick" in the modeling world. Moss was photographed with a blank face, as if affected by drugs or exhausted.
Impact on others.
Moss charmed the fashion industry despite her height and has modeled for such elite houses including Gucci, Dolce & Gabbana, Burberry, Chanel, Missoni and Dior.
Charity work.
Moss has been a supporter of the Breakthrough Breast Cancer charity, and in the 1990s featured in one of their target t-shirt campaigns. She also supported War Child. Moss also designed a charm in a necklace for Wallis in 2007 in aid of Cancer Research UK and said "I am happy to give my support to help fund crucial research, as so many lives are affected by this terrible disease".
She has also helped to launch the SamandRuby charity in March 2006. The charity was started to provide funding for the education and shelter of Thai children. The SamandRuby organisation is named after a friend of Moss's Samantha Archer Fayet and her 6 month old daughter Ruby Rose who were killed by the Tsunami while visiting Thailand. Moss also supports the Elton John AIDS Foundation, the Hoping Foundation, the Lucie Blackman Trust, Make Poverty History, Comic Relief and Homes of Hope which her close friend Sadie Frost also supports.
Problems.
Moss checked herself into a psychiatric centre in 1998, claiming she was suffering from "exhaustion." She was suffering from depression over her separation from longtime boyfriend, actor Johnny Depp who was along with her from 1994 to 1998.
On September 29, 2002, Lila Grace, her daugther with Dazed & Confused editor Jefferson Hack, was born.
Drug abuse.
On September 15, 2005, photos were shown in newspapers that seemed to show Kate snorting several lines of cocaine. Moss lost major modeling contracts with several international companies.
She was able to continue her career after a detoxication and was on both the 2005 and 2006 list of Forbes The Celebrity 100.

Alesha Dixon
Alesha Anjanette Dixon was born on 7 October 1978, in Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire, England to an English mother and African father. She was a former member of UK girl band, Mis-Teeq. She is expected to have her solo debut album released, titled "Fired Up", on 6 November 2006.
Mis-Teeq.
Dixon's career began in 1999 when she met Sabrina Washington when they both joined "Dance Attic" (a popular dance class school in West London), and together they formed a duo and recorded a demo titled "Inspiration". During an audition, they met with Su-Elise Nash, and then together they formed a trio. They were soon signed to Telstar Records with the addition of a new member, Zena McNally, and became the popular Garage/R&B girl band, Mis-Teeq. They released their debut single "Why?" in 2000, and it was not long before founding member McNally left the band to pursue her own solo career. The band made a decision to remain a trio.
In 2001, they released their debut album "Lickin' On Both Sides", featuring hits "All I Want", "One Night Stand", "B With Me" and "Roll On / This Is How We Do It". In 2003, they released their second album "Eye Candy", featuring hits "Scandalous", "Can't Get It Back" and "Style". In 2004, Mis-Teeq toured the United States and released their debut single "Scandalous" from their American debut album "Mis-Teeq", a compilation of the albums "Lickin' On Both Sides" and "Eye Candy". They also released "One Night Stand" before coming back to Europe to start work with their third album. However, Telstar Records was shut down and the band was left with no choice but to have released a 'Greatest Hits' compilation right under exclusive licenses with Universal Recording Company.
Dixon appeared in the N*E*R*D* music video for "She Wants to Move", from their second album "Fly Or Die". The last song she recorded with her band was "Shoo Shoo Baby" for the Disney film "Valiant". In March 2005, they released their 'Greatest Hits' compilation and announced that they were separating each to pursue a solo career. Dixon later announced that she was signed with a ₤500,000 contract deal with Polydor Records and announced that she will work on material for her solo debut album. In summer of 2005, she married her long-time fiancé, rapper MC Harvey (formerly of So Solid Crew).
Solo career.
Dixon has spent an entire year preparing for her solo debut album, "Fired Up". In June 2005, she announced her single to be "Superficial", but the song leaked on illegally file sharing and the company stated her next single to be "Lipstick". She released her official first debut single "Lipstick" on 14 August 2006 and it went to #13 on the UK Single Charts. Dixon announced that she has worked with a wide arrangement of producers for her solo debut album, including Richard X, Xenomania, Johnny Douglas, Brian Higgins, and Paul Eppe. She has even worked on a song with famous UK rapper Estelle.
Dixon announced that her second single will be "Knock Down" a song she describes as a 'reggae-influenced' tune. The single is to be released on 30 October 2006. An album promo of "Fired Up" was released during the early weeks of September, it contained the tracks: "Lipstick", "Knock Down", "Ting-A-Ling", "Fired Up", and "Free", all which are expected to be on her debut album.

Lake Tahoe
Lake Tahoe is a fresh water lake in the Sierra Nevada. It is located on the borders of the states of California and Nevada, in the United Stated of America.
Lake Tahoe is one of the deepest (1645 feet/501 m), largest (192 sq. mi./497 km²) ¹, and highest (6229 feet/1898 m) lakes in the United States. Only Oregon's Crater Lake is deeper at 1930 feet (588 m).

Dull, Perth and Kinross
Dull is a village located in the county of Perth & Kinross in Scotland. It is in the Highland part of the county. There is only one street of houses in Dull, on the north side of the valley of the River Tay. The place-name means 'meadow' in Gaelic. The parish church, unused since the 1970s, is on the site of an early Christian monastery founded by St. Adomnán, Abbot of Iona.

The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde
"The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde" (also called "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde" or simply "Jekyll and Hyde") is a horror novella (a short novel) by the Scottish author Robert Louis Stevenson. It was first published in 1886 in London.
"Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde" is well known for describing the mind and split personalities. The phrase "Jekyll and Hyde" is often used to mean behavior in which someone behaves very differently from their normal behavior.
Plot.
Dr. Henry Jekyll, a respected doctor of medicine, believes that man has both good and evil sides. He creates a serum of a very special drug, which is supposed to separate the two different sides, and tests it on himself. The experiment fails, and Dr. Jekyll transforms into his evil self, Mr. Edward Hyde, who commits horrendous crimes in London.
Movie versions.
"The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde" has been made into a movie many times.

Hafez al-Assad
Hafez al-Assad (Arabic: حافظ الأسد Ḥāfiẓ al-Asad) (6 October, 1930 – 10 June, 2000) was president of Syria for three decades. He was succeeded by his son and current president Bashar al-Assad in 2000.

Eroticism
Eroticism is the quality of sexual excitement. In other words, if something is sexually exciting, then it is said to be "erotic". Eroticism is an "erotic" feeling. It is named after Eros, the Ancient Greek god of love
Many types of things can be part of "eroticism". Things that make a person feel erotic (sexually aroused or excited) include the sight, touch, smell, and sound of another person. A person may feel erotic when they see or touch or smell, or hear someone that they love in a sexual way. They may also have erotic feelings about a person that they do not love, but who is sexually attractive to them.
Sometimes "eroticism" has nothing to do with another person. A person might feel erotic from watching a movie, looking at pictures in a magazine, listening to a piece of music, reading a story or article, or just thinking their own thoughts, or being aware of their own body.
What makes eroticism?
Some things are designed and made especially to make people feel erotic. Things that are designed to make people feel erotic are called "erotica". This word is most often used for art, books and magazines.
Eroticism and pornography.
Most people believe there is a difference between "erotica" and "pornography", but some people have argued that all "erotica" is "pornographic". (In other words, some people believe that all pictures, movies or writing which are sexually exciting are rude and wrong, and shouldn't be made.)
People who have studied this subject say that erotica is not harmful to anyone, and may be helpful with people's loving relationships. Pornography is "not helfpul" in loving relationships because it usually shows a person who is being treated without respect or love.

Tarantella
A Tarantella is a very fast dance in 6/8 time. The name comes from the town of Taranto in Italy. People used to believe that if someone was bitten by a tarantula spider they needed to do this dance in order to drive out the poison. The dancer would get more and more excited until he (or she) seemed mad.
Some people think that maybe these people never really believed this, but that it was an excuse to dance at a time when the church said that dancing was not allowed. The spider is, in fact, only a little bit poisonous.
Some composers enjoyed writing fast pieces in 6/8 time which they called "Tarantella". Mendelssohn wrote one as the last movement of his Symphony no 4 (the Italian). Chopin and Liszt also wrote Tarantellas.

Flag of Germany
The flag of Germany (German: "Bundesflagge") was adopted in its present form in 1919. It was readopted with the new constitution of 1949. It has three colours and is made of three equal horizontal bands coloured black (top), red, and gold (bottom).
The "Dienstflagge" or service flag is the version of the flag for government use. It has the national coat of arms in the centre. Ships of the German Navy use this flag with a triangle cut out of the end as an ensign
Some states use the national flag with the state coat of arms as a state flag

Ancona
Ancona (it:"Ancona") is a city in the province of Ancona in Marche, Italy. It has about 102.000 inhabitants.

Fermo
Fermo (it:Fermo) is an Italian city in Marche. It has about 171.745 inhabitants. Recently Fermo became a province. It was formerly only part of the province of Ascoli Piceno. Fermo is a town that sits on a hill only a few miles form the Adriatic coast.

Macerata
Macerata (it:Macerata) is an Italian city in Marche. It has about 302,000 inhabitants.

Ban
A ban is an action used to stop people from doing something, either bad or dangerous. Ban can also be made on products. For example, Singapore, a country, bans chewing gum. Ban may sometimes be made on the Internet, where an administrator with higher powers than other users can stop trolls or vandals from causing harm to others.

Neurology
Neurology is the study of the nervous system in medicine. Neurology also is about the diagnosis and treatment of conditions and illnesses of the nervous system. This can include both the physical condition of the brain, nerves, and brain messages between the body and the nervous system. When things are not functioning normally, the differences can influence behaviour, function and/or sensation.

Steve Irwin
Stephen Robert "Steve" Irwin (February 22, 1962 – September 4, 2006) was an Australian wildlife lover and a television and movie star. He was famous for the television program "The Crocodile Hunter", a well-known real-life animal show that he made with his wife Terri Irwin. Irwin's character and adventures on his show made him an international star. The fact that he was a brave, courageous soul made him earn an even greater following. He also owned and ran the Australia Zoo at Beerwah in Queensland.
Irwin was killed by a stingray (a type of sea creature) on September 4 2006 while he was making a documentary. He was 44 years old when he died.
Early years.
Irwin's mother and father were Lyn and Bob Irwin. Irwin was born in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. The family moved to Queensland in 1970, when Irwin was 8. Bob Irwin was very interested in reptiles (a type of animal that includes snakes and crocodiles). When the family moved, Bob and Lyn Irwin started the small "Queensland Reptile and Fauna Park". Irwin lived here until he became an adult.
Irwin worked in his family's park while he was a child, feeding the animals, and taking care of the grounds. He began working with crocodiles when he was nine, and became a crocodile-trapper (someone who traps crocodiles without killing them) when he was older. Irwin trapped crocodiles that were near places where people lived, and kept them for the park. He also worked for free for the Queensland Government's "East Coast Crocodile Management program".
Rise to fame.
Irwin became head of the park in 1991 and changed the name to "Australia Zoo". In 1992, at the Zoo, he met and married Terri Raines. As part of the marriage event, Irwin and his wife went on a journey to trap crocodiles. The journey was recorded for television and became the first part of the television show "The Crocodile Hunter". This show made Irwin famous. "The Crocodile Hunter" has been seen by people in 120 countries across the world, and has a large number of fans (people who like it very much) in the UK and Australia.
Irwin made the zoo larger by adding the "Animal Planet Crocoseum", a place where rainforest birds can be seen, and the "Tiger Temple". He also started the "World Wildlife Warriors" (which was named the "Steve Irwin Conservation Foundation"), an organization that tries to preserve rare animals that are in danger of dying out.
Death.
At about 11:00 a.m. Queensland time (01:00 UTC) on September 4 2006, Irwin was cut in the chest by the tail of a stingray (a large sea animal) while snorkeling (a way of swimming using a tube to help you breathe under water) in Batt Reef, near Port Douglas in Queensland, Australia. He died from the wound. At the time, Irwin was being recorded for a television show, "The Ocean's Deadliest". Bad weather had stopped recording and Irwin took the time to record some different pictures for another program. Irwin's friend, John Stainton, was on Irwin's boat. Stainton says Irwin swam too near to one of the animals - "He came on top of the stingray and the stingray's barb "(a point on the stingrays' tail)" went up and into his chest and put a hole into his heart". His wife (Terri Irwin) did not find out about his death until a few hours later because she was trekking in Tasmania.

Karlstad
Karlstad is a city in Värmland, Sweden. About 58,544 people live there. Karlstad has a University and a Cathedral.

Search and seizure
Search and Seizure is a thing some government authorities can do. They usually knock the door down with a search warrant.

Ruler
A ruler can also be an instrument of measurement. This type of ruler has numbers on the side and little lines in between, so you can measure the length (How long or short it is) of something.

Mutation
In biology, a mutation is a change in the genetic material (usually DNA or RNA).
Mutations can happen for a lot of different reasons. It can happen because of errors during "cell division", because of radiation, chemicals or for no reason.
Mutation, together with "natural selection", is an important part of the theory of evolution.
Some mutations can be passed on to the being's offspring, and other mutations cannot.

Södermanland
Södermanland is a province of Sweden. A part of Stockholm is in Södermanland.

Dalarna
Dalarna is a province in Sweden. The province was part of Svealand before Sweden was consolidated in the 11th century.

Hälsingland
Hälsingland is a province of Sweden.

Stingray
Stingrays are a form of sea creature. There are 70 kinds of stingrays in the world. Most types of stingrays live in saltwater (sea), close to land, in warm parts of the world. A small number live in freshwater (lakes and rivers).
Stingrays are a part of the Ray family of fishes. They are flat and push themselves through water by moving their bodies up and down in a wave motion. Stingrays have no bones. Rays are something like flattened sharks. They, like sharks, have something called cartilage. Cartilage is like what is hard on the tip of your nose.
Some stingrays are smaller than your hand and some are as big as an adult man.
Stingrays have a tail with "Stingers" - sharp points that are covered in poison. A Stingray cut causes pain for humans but death is very rare. The stinger on the tail of the stingray can be bigger than a man!
Stingrays like to eat meat. They love to eat clams and shrimp that live on the ocean floor. Their eyes are on top of its body so they cannot see their food. They use special electrical messages from animals and what they smell to find food. Then they use their strong teeth to smash the shells of the animals to get to the meat inside.
Most fish lay eggs in the water, but stingrays do not. They give birth to baby stingrays. Lady stingrays give birth once a year to two to ten babies(1). Baby stingrays, called pups, are born after two to four months. They are born with sharp spines in their tails. The sharp spines help them stay safe.
Stingrays sometimes get little animals stuck on them and this can make them sick. A little fish helps the stingrays by eating the little animals that get stuck on them for its supper.
Stingrays do not have homes; their body can keep them safe and comfy on the ocean floor. Their flat bodies let them hide in sand or mud. Most stingrays are greenish or brownish so they can hide in sand or mud. Stingrays that live in coral reefs with nice colors have nice colors too.
Stingrays have to stay safe mostly from sharks that like to eat them. Their sharp tail can keep them safe from many animals. If a stingray is stepped on, its sharp tail can really hurt. Stingrays do not usually hurt other animals. When they are scared they usually swim away.
In the world of the baseball, they are the former name of the Tampa Bay Rays. From the team's inception in 1998 up until November 2007 the team was known as the Tampa Bay Devil Rays, when the team changed name they also changed their uniforms. On the new uniforms on one of the sleeves is a sting ray symbol, retaining some heritage to the old name. Also, in left field of the Rays' stadium (Tropicana Field) is a fish tank containing some Cownose rays. The tank is maintained by the Florida Aquarium.
1 - Gross, Miriam J., The Stingray, PowerKids Press, New York, 2006

Sergei Rachmaninoff
Sergei Vasilievich Rachmaninoff was a famous Russian composer and pianist. He was born on April 1, 1873 (N.S.) and died on March 28, 1943. He was a Russian composer. Because the Russian language uses a different alphabet his name is sometimes spelt in different ways in English (“Sergei” or “Sergey”, and “Rachmaninoff”, “Rachmaninov”, “Rakhmaninov” or “Rakhmaninoff”). "Sergei Rachmaninoff" is the way he spelt his own name when he was in the United States.
He is thought of as one of the greatest pianists of the 20th century. He could play extremely difficult music and had very large hands so that he could play chords with large stretches. As a composer he is thought of as one of the great musicians who composed in the Romantic style, although most of his adult life he lived in the 20th century. His music has wonderful tunes that are easily remembered.
Life.
Rachmaninoff was born in Semyonovo, near Novgorod in the north-west of Russia. His family were important people who had been in the service of the tsars of Russia. His parents played the piano and arranged for him to have piano lessons in Saint Petersburg and then Moscow.
While he was still a student he wrote a short opera called "Aleko". He also wrote some piano pieces including a "Prelude in C sharp minor" with loud, heavy chords. This piece became extremely famous and is still his most popular piano piece today. He used to get fed up with people asking him to play the piece.
Not all his music was well-liked at first. The critics thought his "First Symphony" was very bad. This may have been because the orchestra did not play it very well, but it made Rachmaninoff stop composing for a while. After some years of feeling depressed he wrote his "Second Piano Concerto" which everybody liked very much.
Rachmaninoff became happier. He was allowed to marry Natalia after years of engagement during which the Russian Orthodox Church did not want them to be married. The political conditions in Russia were bad so he lived in Germany and Italy for a time. After the Russian Revolution of 1917 he left his country and never returned. He had been very successful with his "Third Piano Concerto" in the United States, so he went to live in the United States in 1918. Russia had become the Soviet Union and for many years Rachmaninoff’s music was not allowed to be performed there. This worried him a lot and he felt homesick. He did not write very much music during the rest of his life in the United States. One work that did become very popular was the "Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini" which he wrote in Switzerland in 1934.
Music.
Rachmaninoff’s piano music is mostly extremely difficult to play. He wrote many short pieces called preludes and some studies which are some of the hardest piano music written since Liszt. As well as the "Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini" he wrote four piano concertos. The Second and Third are very popular today, as is his "Second Symphony".
He wrote some very beautiful choral music which includes a piece for choir and orchestra called "The Bells" and a very long, religious work called the "All-Night Vigil" (sometimes called the "Vespers").
He wrote some chamber music including a lovely cello sonata.
There are several excellent recordings of Rachmaninoff playing his own music. Most of these are available now on CD reissues.

Turbot
Turbot are a large type of flatfish. People want them for their meat. When caught, professional fishermen often make a small cuts through the bone near the tailfin. This lets the blood out and keeps the meat white. Storing the Turbot upside down also helps in keeping the underside of the fish white.

William Gallas
William Gallas (born August 17, 1977) is a French football player (footballer). He plays for Arsenal in England. He plays as a defender.
Before joining Arsenal, Gallas has played for Marseilles of France and Chelsea of England. He also played for France in the 2006 World Cup, winning the runner-up. In 2006 he turned to join Arsenal.

Ruud van Nistelrooy
Ruud Van Nistelrooy (born July 1, 1976) is a Dutch professional footballer who plays for the Dutch national football team. Until 2006 he played for Manchester United F.C., where he has the record for being the club's top scorer in European competition. Van Nistelrooy now plays for Real Madrid, where he wears the number 17 shirt.

Rosa Parks
Rosa Louise McCauley Parks (February 4, 1913 – October 24, 2005) was an African-American seamstress and civil rights activist. She was called the "Mother of the Modern-Day Civil Rights Movement ".
Parks is most famous for what she did on December 1, 1955. While she sat in a seat at the front of a bus, the bus driver told her to move to the back of the bus so a white passenger could take the seat in the front of the bus. Parks refused to move. She was tired of being treated as a lower class person because of the color of her skin. She was arrested. This led to the Montgomery bus boycott. After that, black people could sit wherever they wanted to on the bus. Her refusing to let others treat her differently was an important symbol in the fight for equal rights. She is an idol to blacks and women alike. She did not let the color of her skin get in the way of her rights as a human being.

Euler's Identity
Euler's Identity, sometimes called Euler's Equation, is a simple equation that links several important numbers in mathematics in an unexpected way. Euler's identity is named after the Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler.
Euler's identity is the equation formula_1.
The special numbers in Euler's Identity, are
Reputation.
A reader poll done by Physics World in 2004 called Euler's identity the "greatest equation ever", together with Maxwell's equations. Richard Feynman called Euler's identity "the most beautiful equation". The Identity is well-known for its mathematical beauty; that is, the equation is very pretty and pleasing to the eye. Some say this is because it is simple, and others because it uses many basic mathematical elements.
Mathematical Proof using Euler's Formula.
Euler's Formula is the equation formula_11. Our variable formula_12 can be any real number, but for this proof formula_13. Then formula_14. Since formula_15 and formula_16, the equation can be changed to read formula_17, which gives the identity formula_1.

Hideki Tojo
Hideki Tojo was a leader of Japan during World War 2.
In the 1930s, Hideki Tojo fought in the Sino-Japanese war, leading Japanese forces in occupied Manchuria. He returned to Tokyo in 1940 and held ministerial posts, where he urged an alliance with Germany and Italy against the Allied forces. Tojo became Prime Minister in 1941 and within two months ordered a surprise attack on U.S. naval forces in Hawaii. (The subsequent attack on Pearl Harbor was planned by Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto.) Tojo served as the political and military leader of Japan until 1944, when he was demoted by Hirohito. After the war the Allies found Tojo guilty of war crimes and hanged him.

SuSE
SUSE is a main version of a Linux distribution, produced in Germany and owned by Novell, Inc. SUSE is also a founding member of the Desktop Linux Consortium.From the verson " 10.2 Alpha 3 " is official named "openSUSE",a version "open source".The current mascot of SUSE is commonly referred to as a gecko called "Geeko",but truly the animal is a chameleon.
History.
The SUSE Linux distribution was originally a German translation of Slackware Linux. The Slackware distribution was founded by Peter MacDonald, and was the first things distribution to contain such as X and IP.S.u.S.E was founded in 1992 as a UNIX speaking group, which among other things regularly released software packages that included SLS and Slackware, and printed UNIX/Linux manuals.In 1994 the group released the first CD version of SLS/Slackware,under the name "S.u.S.E Linux 1.0.".Then 1996,SuSE Linux,gained many aspects from Red Hat Linux.The name "SUSE Linux ",came just in September 2003.
On November 4, 2003, Novell announced it would buy SuSE,after few time,Novell will do it,and will release the administration program YaST2.under the GPL license,adding a community project,openSUSE, Opensuse is helped in desktop version,by the environments GNOME and KDE,where the most parts of program were "open",not completely,but more than before.The version "10.0" was the first version that had public beta testing.The philosophy is changed more than the first times,for example the "10.0" verson of SUSE Linux,could be get in different versions,"OSS" (completely open source),with all programs "free" and without proprietary softwares, and "eval" (has both open source and proprietary applications).
Versions.
The latest release, openSUSE 10.3 is available as two "version",a without proprietary software such as Adobe Flash,and one with proprietary software.The version not open source,is available for 59.95$ and includes a printed manual and limited technical support. openSUSE is available to download freely from their website.

Laissez faire
"Laissez Faire" is a philosophy in politics. It is from a French phrase meaning "let to do". It means when a government does not meddle in business.

Walter Moers
Walter Moers (born May 24 1957 in Mönchengladbach, Germany) is one of the best-known and most commercially successful German comic book creators and authors.

Dorothy M. Metcalf-Lindenburger
Dorothy M. Metcalf-Lindenburger (born on May 2 1975 in Colorado Springs, Colorado) is the youngest astronaut working for NASA now.
She married Jason Metcalf-Lindenburger, who was a 7th grade school teacher at the time.
NASA experience.
Selected by NASA in May 2004, she is now doing training. Astronaut Candidate Training includes tours, many scientific and technical meetings, much learning about the Shuttle and International Space Station systems, physiological training, T-38 flight training, and water and wilderness survival training. Finishing this training will let her do different technical jobs within the Astronaut Office.

Worker
A worker is a person who works. This usually means a person who does manual labour, like manufacturing goods. In economics there are three factors of production. These are "labour" (the work done by workers), land (usually people need some space to produce something), and capital (it will cost resources, or money, to produce something).
People who work, usually get paid for the work they do. This is either called wages (if it is bound to a time period, like an hour), or a salary (if it is independent of the time taken).

Actinium
Actinium is chemical element 89 on the periodic table. Its symbol is Ac. Actinium's mass is 227 g/mol.
Actinium is a silver radioactivesolid metal. It is so radioactive that it glows in the dark. Even a small amount of actinium is dangerous to people.
Actinium was discovered in 1899 by André-Louis Debierne, a French chemist.

Alyson Michalka
Alyson Renae "Aly" Michalka (born March 25, 1989) is an American actress and musician. She works with Disney Channel and takes part in duo group Aly & AJ alongside her sister, Amanda Michalka. She is most well known for playing the part of Keely Teslow on the Disney series Phil of the Future.
Early life.
Alyson Michalka was born in Torrance, California, United States on March 25, 1989 to Mark Michalka and Carrie Begley-Michalka. She was raised mostly in the city of Seattle, Washington. She is of German ancestry. She has two dogs named Saint and Bandit. She was brought up under Christianity.
Later life.
She began to be home schooled. She started acting firstly for Disney Channel on Phil of the Future, then began her singing career. She says on Disney 411 that she started playing guitar with her sister at the ages of 12 and 10. She is a creationist and currently studies Christianity. She lives in a multi-million dollar California mansion.
Musical career.
Michalka has been singing since her sister was able to speak and sing. Then, for the movie "Now You See It..." her sister and she started a band and created a music video called "Do You Believe In Magic?". The band is called Aly & AJ. Then they left Disney Channel to "take off" with their musical career.
Acting career.
Soon she started acting firstly for Disney Channel in the show "Phil of the Future", which she had quit in 2006. She has been seen in many movies, outside of Disney channel, she worked with WB and NBC with TV dramas alongside her sister. She was most known for playing "Keely Teslow" in Phil of the Future on Disney Channel, though now has gained popularity taking part in a band. She has been in other Disney Channel productions like Now You See It... and Cow Belles. She takes part as half of the musical duo Aly & AJ, alongside her sister.

Phil of the Future
"Phil of the Future" is an American comedy children's television series. It was produced by 2121 Productions (a part of Brookwell McNamara Entertainment). It was first shown on June 18, 2004 on the Disney Channel, and ended on August 19, 2006 as part of the Disney Channel Games. Stars of the show include Ricky Ullman (Phil Diffy), Amy Bruckner (Pim Diffy), and Alyson Michalka (Keely Teslow). The last episode was shown in the United States on Saturday, August 19, 2006.

Brenda Song
Brenda Song (born March 27, 1988) is an American actress and singer. She is also a former child model. Song is most famous for her appearances on the Disney Channel. She has a regular part on "The Suite Life of Zack and Cody" and has guest starred in six other Disney Channel original series. Song has also starred in four Disney Channel Original Movies
Early years.
Song was born in Carmichael, California to a Hmong American father and a Thai American mother. Her family came to the United States from Laos thirty years ago. Song has two younger brothers, Timmy and Nathan. She lives with them in Los Angeles. Song holds a black belt in Tae Kwon Do and was named an All-American Scholar in ninth grade.
Career.
Song began acting and modeling at age 6. Her first television appearance was in a Little Caesars commercial. She also played a very minor role in a skit on MADtv.
One of Song's more notable acting roles is her portrayal of London Tipton in the Disney Channel Original Series "The Suite Life of Zack and Cody" (along with Ashley Tisdale and twins Cole and Dylan Sprouse). She also played a recurring role as Tia in the Disney Channel Original Series "Phil of the Future". Song had minor guest appearances on both "That's So Raven" and '.
Friends.
She is good friends with Vanessa Anne Hudgens and Ashley Tisdale from High School Musical and Kristin Herrera, from Zoey 101.
Personal.
She belongs to the Hmong tribe with their sacred and historical beliefs. She has received a black belt in one martial arts and had used her skills in the Disney Channel movie, '.

William E. Nelson
William E. Nelson (born February 18, 1941) is an Environmental Wax Researcher.

Racket
A racket (or racquet) is a tool that is used in the sport of tennis. It is also used in other sports like tennis. These sports are called.
Tennis.
A tennis racket has many strings stretched across up and down. The strings supply bounce to hit the ball.
Appearance.
A tennis racket has a long handle and a large oval-shaped area used to hit the ball. It has many strings stretched across its surface (or face) both horizontally and vertically. The strings supply bounce to hit the ball. The handle and frame of the racket is usually made out of light materials such as graphite. Older rackets were made out of wood. Tennis rackets come in different sizes and weights.
Brands.
There are many brands of tennis rackets. Some of the more well known makers of rackets are Wilson, Dunlop and Prince.
Buying a tennis racket.
Tennis rackets can be bought at sports equipment stores or department stores. A beginner racket can cost as little as $30, but they can cost much more for very good quality rackets ($500 or more). These rackets are built for very good players or professional athletes.
People can purchase tennis racket at sports stores and most department stores also have them; they can be as expensive as $500 or even more, but these rackets are built for skilled players.

Guide dog
Guide dogs are dogs trained to help blind people live on their own. They are sometimes called "Seeing Eye" dogs. Guide dogs are one type of assistance animals, which are animals trained to help people with a disability to lead more complete lives.
The blind person (sometimes called a "handler") and the dog need to work together. Both the dog and the handler must take special training to learn how to work as a team. The handler needs to let the guide dog know the direction they want to go. The dog can lead the person around things that may be dangerous, such as moving cars or other things. Also, guide dogs may be taught to press buttons to work elevators or get things for their handler. Because dogs cannot see colors as well as people, they cannot read traffic signals, so the handler must use ways to tell if it is safe to cross a street.
Because the guide dog and handler will be in public, it is important that the dog stays calm in busy or loud areas. In many countries, guide dogs are allowed inside places where animals normally are not allowed, such as restaurants, stores, buses and trains.
History.
Germany started the first guide dog schools during World War 1, to help soldiers who were blinded in the war. By 1931, schools and organizations such as in Morristown, New Jersey in the United States and the British Guide Dog Association in the United Kingdom were founded.

Keelung City
Keelung City (Chinese:基隆; POJ: Ke-lâng) is a provincial city of Taiwan Province, Republic of China. It is located in the northeastern of the island and bordering Taipei County, it is Taiwan's second largest seaport (after Kaohsiung). Keelung is nicknamed "The Rainy Port" (Chinese:雨港). Also Keelung was first lived by the Ketagalan, a tribe of Taiwanese aborigine.

Chocolate cake
A chocolate cake is a cake made with chocolate or cocoa. The ingredients are put into a bowl and mixed together, then the mixture is put into a cake tin and put in an oven until it is cooked. Then the cake is taken out of the oven and placed on a cooling stand.
If the person wants to they can ice the cake, when it has cooled down.
Chocolate cakes are a sold in shops as well as made at home. They are a sweet food and should not be eaten all the time.
Chocolate cakes are a common dessert served at birthdays. There are many different types of chocolate cake, depending on the recipe and different types of chocolate used. Chocolate cake is one of the most popular cakes and can be served at any occasion.

Ten Who Dared
"Ten Who Dared" is a movie made by Disney in 1960. It tells the real story of an officer of the United States Army called John Wesley Powell who was the first to travel up the Colorado river with other nine men to make a map of the region, and the dangers they had to face in their trip.
Some people say it is one of the worst movies made by Disney.

Imaginary unit
The imaginary unit, or formula_1, is used in mathematics to pull together the real number system and the complex number system. Its definition is formula_2 and has the property formula_3.
The reason formula_1 was created was to answer a polynomial equation, formula_5, which normally has no solution.

Phycology
Phycology (or algology), a part of botany, is the study of algae. Algae are important as plants in aquatic ecosystems. Most algae are eukaryotic, photosynthetic organisms that live in a wet environment. They are different from the higher plants by a lack of "normal" roots, stems or leaves. Many types have one cell and are very small or microscopic (including plankton and other algae); many others are have many cells, some of these being very big, like seaweeds such as kelp and "Sargassum".
Phycology is also the study of prokaryotic forms known as blue-green algae or cyanobacteria. Some microscopic algae are also in Lichens.
A "phycologist" is a person who studies phycology.

Snorkeling
Snorkeling is swimming while using a tube to breathe under water.

Kelly Tarlton's Antarctic Encounter and Underwater World
Kelly Tarlton's Antarctic Encounter and Underwater World is an aquarium in Auckland, New Zealand. It is all underground and within the walls of Auckland City's sewage holding tanks, unused since 1961. It opened on January 25 1985.
Kelly Tarlton, an avid diver, treasure hunter and undersea explorer, was responsible for the Underwater World concept and construction.
Construction took 10 months and cost $3 million. Kelly Tarlton died suddenly of a heart attack on March 17, 1985, seven weeks after the Underwater World opened.
Large sharks, stingrays and 1500 fish of forty different species may be viewed through a 114 metre-long underwater plexiglass tunnel in a figure-of-eight shape. The plexiglass is 7 centimetres thick.

List of cat breeds
This is a list of cat breeds. The breeds listed here are old traditional breeds, and also rare breeds or new breeds that are still being developed. Please see individual articles for more information.

Grave (mass)
Grave was the word that was used to describe mass before the word "kilogram" was introduced. "Grave" comes from the word "gravity" and was first used in 1793 in France. The name "kilogram" was introduced in 1795 but was not the official word for mass until 1875.
In order to have full consistency in the International System of Units (SI), many people think that the kilogram should be called something different. Using the word "kilogram" creates a problem because it is a base unit that has the prefix "kilo" already in its name. To fix the problem, some people have suggested using the word "grave" again.

The Smiths
The Smiths were a band from Manchester, England. They formed in 1982 and split up in 1987.

Countdown (game show)
"Countdown" is a long running British game show on Channel 4 currently presented by Des O'Connor and Carol Vorderman, but they are leaving in December 2008. It was previously hosted for many years by Richard Whiteley until his death in 2005 and by Des Lynam from 2005 to 2006. The show was 30 minutes long, but now it is 45 minutes long.

Allotheria
Allotheria is a sub class of mammals that is a relative of prototheria and theria.

Taichung City
Taichung City (Chinese:臺中市 or 台中市; POJ: Tâi-tiong) is a city located in west-central Taiwan with a population of over 1,000,000 people, making it the third largest city on the island, after Taipei City and Kaoshiung City. The city's name is Chinese for "Central Taiwan." It is completely surrounded by Taichung County. The average temperature of Taichung city is about 23°C, and average rainfall is about 1.7 m per year.

Majuro
Majuro is the capital city of the country of the Marshall Islands. Built on 64 islands, Majuro has a port and an international airport. It has a population of 25,400 (2004). Majuro is located at 7°7'30" North, 171°4' East (7.125, 171.0667).
The atoll of Majuro has a land area of only 3.75 mi² (9.7 km²), and is surrounded by lagoon of 113.92 mi² (295 km²). Sport fishing and underwater diving are popular. During World War II, on January 30, 1944, United States troops attacked Majuro (controlled by Japan).

South Tarawa
South Tarawa (in Gilbertese and English: Teinainano Urban Council or abr. TUC) is the capital city of the country Kiribati. It is on an island called Tarawa Atoll. The meaning of Teinainano is "down of the mast", referring to the sail-shape of the atoll.
The South Tarawa population center is made up of all the small islands between Bairiki (on the west) to Temaiku on the east. All of separated islands are joined by causeways, forming one long island on the reef along the southern side of the Tarawa Lagoon. There is also a new causeway—the Japanese Causeway—that links South Tarawa to Betio. South Tarawa is located at 1°19' North, 172°58' East (1.31667, 172.9667).
There is a Kiribati Teacher College and one University of the South Pacific center on South Tarawa. Bairiki is sometimes considered "the" capital of Kiribati because at one time both the Parliament, the Presidency and main administrative offices were located there. The Parliament meets on Ambo island; Government department are spread among South Tarawa, Betio and Christmas Island.
The Roman Catholic diocese and the Kiribati Protestant Church are located on South Tarawa. Bairiki (executive), Ambo (legislative), Betio (judicial) are the main places of the capital.

Bairiki
Bairiki is a village and an island now part of South Tarawa, and one time is the center of government of Kiribati. One of three post offices on Tarawa is located at Bairiki. Bairiki Island is the most southern island on the atoll of Tarawa. About nine islands are larger than Bairiki.
Bairiki includes the main administrative center of Kiribati, but the Parliament has since moved to Ambo, halfway between Bairiki and Bonriki. In the village there is a small port and near Bairiki is a center of the University of the South Pacific.

Recording engineer
A recording engineer (or simply "engineer" for short) is a person who operates, and usually chooses and sets up recording equipment. The term applies mainly to a person who works in a recording studio, but can also apply to people who do the same kind of work, in other places. An engineer may work with multitrack recordings, stereophonic or Surround sound remixes, or both.
Some amateur (and a few professional) engineers are self-taught, and learn mostly by doing, or with the help of a manual or how-to book. Many engineers started in other studio jobs (such as gofer or messenger), and learned about recording as they became familiar with the studio where they worked. An engineer learns about the use and placement of microphones, how to operate and maintain a mixing board, recording deck, effects and other machines, and how to manipulate live and recorded sounds, to make the best, and often the most unique, recording possible. A good engineer will strive to make recordings that are both of high technical quality, and also pleasing to hear.
Starting wages may be small in recording studios, and many novices work as unpaid volunteers. Experienced engineers, especially those who have worked on a hit record, may command a large wage. Some engineers are paid a salary, while others may earn hourly pay (sometimes based on the studio's rates), or be paid per session. Many go on to start their own recording studios, or maintain a private studio or mobile recording service. A few work only for a single recording artist, band, or producer.
Several colleges and universities in the United States and other countries offer classes in recording, which may cover its history, its uses, and of course technique and technical knowledge. Some schools offer degree or diploma programs in Recording. Graduating such a program does not guarantee a person a studio job, but increases one's chances, and can provide better preparation for such a career.
Besides studio work, some engineers have one or more specialties, such as digital remastering of old recordings, as consultants to places that give concerts and live performances, and sometimes as expert witnesses in court trials, when sounds or a recording may be important to the outcome of a case.

Phil Spector
Harvey Phillip Spector (born December 26, 1940 in the Bronx, New York) is an American musician (piano, guitar), songwriter and record producer. He is most famous as a producer. He was co-owner of Philles Records (with then-business partner Lester Sill), and later owner of Phil Spector Records.
Early work: The "Wall of Sound".
Spector's signature style was called the Wall of Sound. He used large amounts of echo, doubling and multiplying of musical instruments and the parts to be played, and overdubbing of recorded parts. The built-up effect gave his records an operatic, theatrical quality. The music sounded "bigger than life". The effect carried over especially well on AM radio, which was how most music was broadcast in the 1950s and 1960s.
The recording artists who worked with Spector over the years included The Crystals ("Then He Kissed Me"), The Ronettes ("Be My Baby"), The Righteous Brothers ("You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin'", Gene Pitney ("Every Breath I Take"), Darlene Love ("(Today I Met) The Boy I'm Gonna Marry"), and Tina Turner ("River Deep, Mountain High"). Sonny Bono and Cher were among his backup singers. He married Veronica (Ronnie) Bennett of the Ronettes, who took the name Ronnie Spector.
Spector's strongest work was in creating hit singles. He knew many fans never listened to the B-sides of singles, and radio seldom played them, so often his B-sides would feature an instrumental jam session, without the singers credited on the record, and with titles like "Flip and Nitty". Spector also disliked albums. He called them "two hit (song)s, and ten pieces of junk". When stereo became more popular than mono in recording, Spector didn't follow the trend. In later years he wore a red badge in public, with the words BACK TO MONO.
Many other producers and musicians imitated the Wall of Sound style, or included elements of it in their own work, including Brian Wilson of The Beach Boys. Wilson thought of Spector as his biggest rival, although the two did work together on one song, that was used in a public service announcement.
Hits, and misses.
Not all of Spector's productions became hits. One record, "He Hit Me (And It Felt Like A Kiss)" was pulled from release after complaints were made by listeners, about the song's theme. (The song was later performed by singer Courtney Love.) Another record, "This Could Be The Night" (working with both Harry Nilsson and Chip Douglas), went unreleased, although radio disc jockey Rodney Bingenheimer used it later as his show's theme song. "(Let's Dance) The Screw" was a private kiss-off to Lester Sill, when his partnership with Spector ended badly, and only a few copies were pressed. "River Deep, Mountain High", which Spector thought of as his all-time best work, drew little attention in the United States, but it was a hit in other countries.
"A Christmas Gift to You".
One of the few full albums Spector produced, "A Christmas Gift to You", was released in 1963. The album featured nearly all of the artists Spector worked with regularly. The album didn't become a hit at first, but it went on to become a Christmas perennial. Many music listeners consider the album a masterpiece.
The Beatles.
The Beatles handed over the rough tapes of their unfinished "Get Back" album for Spector to post-produce, after John Lennon and George Harrison both worked successfully with him on "Instant Karma!'", which became a hit single for Lennon. "Let it Be" was the title for the finished album (and movie, filmed during the recording sessions). Beatles fans bought and enjoyed the album and its singles, but some fans and experts disliked portions of Spector's work. Paul McCartney hated the changes Spector made to "The Long and Winding Road", which he meant to have a simple accompaniment, but was released with a choir and orchestra added. McCartney never recorded with Spector, but the other three Beatles worked with him several times, on solo recordings.
On camera.
Spector appeared as an actor a few times. One appearance was in an episode of "I Dream of Jeannie", as a music producer. Another was in the movie "Easy Rider", as a rich man who buys cocaine from the two main characters. A character in a 1970 movie, "Beyond the Valley of the Dolls", was based on the way many people saw Spector. He appeared as himself in scenes from "Imagine", a 1973 film about the recording of John Lennon's 1971 album of the same name.
Later work.
Spector worked less often in the 1970s and 1980s, and his most notable work from those years was with The Ramones and Yoko Ono, the widow of John Lennon. Spector and Ronnie were divorced, and she sued him years later for unpaid royalties from her years as a singer. She collected over a million dollars, after many years of going to court. Spector spent much of his time as a "retired celebrity", staying home at his Alhambra, California mansion or dining out. He sometimes invited women guests home, after a night out drinking alcohol. Some of the women reported later having a pleasant time with Spector. Others told stories of being abused, detained, or threatened with a gun.
Arrest and trial.
In February 2003, police were called to Spector's home to investigate a shooting. Actress Lana Clarkson was found dead on the grounds. Spector was charged with second-degree murder. He admitted possible guilt or involvement in Clarkson's death privately, but decided to plead not guilty in court. Attorney Robert Shapiro was hired to defend him, but Bruce Cutler, and later Linda Kenney-Baden, took over the job. Spector's case went to trial in the spring of 2007, and ended in a mistrial that fall. Spector is waiting to be tried again.

Fugue
A fugue is a piece of music written for a certain number of parts (voices). The word “fugue“ comes from the Italian “fuga“ meaning “flight“.
How a fugue is written.
A fugue is based on one particular tune. This tune is called the subject. Each part has an equal share in playing the subject. When we talk about the “parts” in a fugue we do not mean the “sections” of the piece but the number of voices needed to sing it or instruments to play it. A “3 part fugue” means a fugue written for three voices or instruments. If it is for the piano there will always be three, and no more than three, notes being played, unless one or two of the voices have rests at that moment.
Fugues can be in 2, 3, 4, 5 or even 6 parts. The more parts there are the harder it is to write a fugue because each part has got to sound interesting by itself, but together they must also make sense. 3, 4 and 5 part fugues are usual.
A fugue always starts with just one part playing the subject. Then the other parts come in one at a time until they are all playing. When the second part comes in it will always be half an octave higher or lower than the beginning (musicians say: “on the dominant”, meaning that it starts on the 5th note of the scale instead of the “tonic” or 1st note). This called: the answer. The third part to come in will be the “subject” (in the tonic once again) and the fourth part will be another answer, etc.
If the answer is an exact transposition of the subject (i.e. exactly the same but in the dominant key) it is called a real answer. Sometimes one or two notes have to be changed so that the music sounds right. This is called a tonal answer. For example: a subject that starts with a rising “doh – soh” (an interval of a fifth) will be answered by a rising “soh – doh” in the answer (an interval of a fourth).
When the second part comes in with the answer the first part will have to play something else, called a countersubject. If this “something else” is used every time in the piece to accompany the answer then it is called a regular countersubject. The countersubject should sound nice, and be grammatically correct, whether it is on top or below the subject. This is called “invertible counterpoint”.
If a part is not playing a countersubject it may just be playing a “free part”.
A redundant entry is the repetition of the subject or answer in a voice in which one or two of the aforementioned have already been stated.
Sometimes entries overlap. This is called stretto (NB “stretto” also has a different meaning in music: “hurried”).
If none of the parts are playing the subject or answer (i.e. they are all playing free parts) this is called an episode. If it happens during the first section (exposition) then it is called a codetta.
Because a fugue is a piece which puts several lines of melody together it is a form of contrapuntal music.
A fugue usually has three sections: the first section is called the “exposition”. This lasts until all the parts have entered. The middle section will go through various keys (modulate), and the final section will be back in the main key (tonic), and all the parts will probably play the subject or answer in turn once more.
Composers who wrote fugues.
The fugue became a very popular form of music in the Baroque period. It was often played after a prelude. The most famous composer of fugues was Johann Sebastian Bach. He wrote two books, each with 24 Preludes and Fugues, called the “Das Wohltemperiertes Klavier” (Well-tempered keyboard). He also wrote many Preludes and Fugues for organ. Bach’s fugues became models for future generations. Composers from later periods all studied Bach’s fugues in order to learn how to write them.
Fugues can be very dramatic and exciting as each part comes in one at a time and the music builds up. This is why many composers have ended long works with a fugue. It helps to build up the tension towards the end of the work. Even if it is not a strict fugue it might be “fugal” i.e. it might start off as a fugue and then become freer (adding extra parts etc). Beethoven uses fugues a lot in the last movement of his late piano sonatas. Benjamin Britten writes a fugue at the end of A Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra. At the end of his song for choir called “The Twelve” William Walton starts a fugue with a very long, fast and complicated fugues subject, but it soon develops into a much freer piece of music.

Jermain Defoe
Jermain Defoe is an English football player. He was born October 7, 1982. He is currently playing for Portsmouth F.C and the England football team.

Province of Ascoli Piceno
Ascoli Piceno (It. "Provincia di Ascoli Piceno") is a province in the Marche region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Ascoli Piceno.

Ascoli Piceno
Ascoli Piceno is a town in the Marche region, Italy It is the capital of the Province of Ascoli Piceno. Its population, according to the 2001 census, is 50.135 inhabitants.

Recording artist
A recording artist is a singer or musician who is known for making musical recordings.
Many recording artists are also stage performers, but a few work only in a recording studio. This may be because they dislike touring or giving live appearances, or because they prefer studio work or need to stay close to home.
Recording artists are usually paid royalties from sales of their recordings. They will get a percentage of the money their record label receives when people buy their recordings. This percentage may be as low as 1/2%, though rates can become much higher. Some artists are only paid for session work, or by the number of recordings they make.
The Beatles remain the world's most successful recording artists, nearly forty years since they broke up in 1970. Their record sales are well over one billion. Michael Jackson is the world's most successful solo recording artist, with worldwide sales of over 750 million records according to the 2007 "Guinness Book of World Records".
Other artists who have achieved sales records or milestones include The Eagles (whose "Greatest Hits" album became the world's biggest-selling record in the 1990s), Bing Crosby (whose "White Christmas" sold the most copies of any single, until Elton John's "Candle in the Wind" outsold it in the late 1990s), and Pink Floyd (their "Dark Side of the Moon" stayed on the "Billboard" sales charts for more than ten years).

Franz Beckenbauer
Franz Beckenbauer (born September 11, 1945), called "The Kaiser", is a former German football player. He was the coach of the Germany national football team and Bayern Munich.

Groundhog
The Groundhog is a rodent. It belongs to the group of ground squirrels. Those squirrels are also known as marmots. The animal may also be called Woodchuck, or Whistlepig. Groundhogs are subteranean (Sub-tar-ae-nee-an) creatures, which means they dig tunnes and live underground. Groundhog holes, callled burrows, are easy to recognize; they are holes, about 9.in (inches) (23 cm (centimeters)) wide which usually have large piles of dirt and rocks at the entrance. Every single hole, may have tunnels which lead to as many as ten other holes, the tunnels are very large and can have chambers, like rooms, in them. Groundhogs can make their homes under trees, around buildings and in open fields.
Problems.
Some problems with groundhogs are that they eat crops and dig around the foundations of buildings. When groundhogs dig around buildings this can cause damage if the holes go too far under the building.
In Culture.
There is a holiday called Groundhog Day. It is on 2-2 of every year.

Squirrel
Squirrels are a family rodents that includes marmots and chipmunks. Most squirrels are omnivores; they eat anything they find. Many kinds of squirrels live in trees, so they often find nuts. Despite living in trees squirrels are considered flightless because they can only jump short distances. They eat seeds, berries and pine cones too. Sometimes they eat bird's eggs and insects. Most tree squirrels store food in the fall, to eat in the winter. Ground squirrels don't store food. They hibernate which means they spend winter in a deep sleep. Squirrels are well known in Eurasia and North America. The most common European squirrels are red or brown in color, while common American squirrels are usually grey or black. Grey squirrels have been introduced into Europe (most notably, Great Britain). Grey squirrels cause problems to the red squirrel's population there. Red squirrels are protected in most of Europe. Squirrels have many predators or enemies. Foxes and raccoons eat squirrels. Hawks and owls also eat squirrels.
Life cycle.
Squirrels have sex in February and March in winter, and in June and July in summer. Females may become pregnant up to twice a year. Usually 4-6 young are born, after a gestation period (pregnancy) of around 39 days. Only the mother looks after the young, which are born completely helpless. Young squirrels are deaf and blind during the first few weeks of their life. In the wild, squirrels get about 3 years old. They usually become mature after two. In captivity, squirrels were observed to live for up to 10 years.

Gestation
Gestation is the carrying of an embryo or fetus inside a female viviparous animal, until its birth.
In mammals, there is the possibility that one female can have multiple gestations at the same time. Such births are usually called twins. The time the female spends till the birth of the young is usually called gestation period. Humans have a gestation period of around 37 weeks or about 9 months and 1 week.

Shrew
A shrew is a small mammal that resembles a mouse, at first sight. Unlike mice, shrews are not rodents, they feed on Insects mostly, and are in the order Insectivora. Despite the fact, that the name sounds similar, treeshrews are also completely different, and are in the order Scandentia.

Marmot
Marmots are small mammals, that form the genus "Marmota".
They are rodents that belong to the group of ground squirrels. Most of them live in the mountains, like the Sierra Nevada, or the Alps. Marmots make holes in the ground, they live in burrows, underground. They hibernate, that is they sleep through the winter. Marmots are very social animals, they group together easily. They also like to communicate with each other, with whistles, especially when they sense danger.
Many historians suggest that marmots, rather than rats were the carriers of Bubonic Plague epidemics in the Middle Ages.

Human Be-In
The 'Human Be-In' was an event during the afternoon and evening of January 14, 1967. It was held in San Francisco's Golden Gate Park. The Human Be-In led the way to the Summer of Love, which introduced hippie life and the word psychedelic to everyday Americans, and made the Haight-Ashbury area of San Francisco famous as the center of an American counterculture.
The hippie movement had two main sources. One source was college students who were not happy about the way the country was headed. They did not like the way African Americans were being treated in the south or the way young men were being drafted to fight in the Vietnam War. The other source of the hippie movement was the 'Beat Generation' (poets and jazz hipsters).
Throughout the early 1960s, college students who were against the policies of segregation in Southern United States would travel to the south. They would take part in sit-ins, register African Americans to vote, demonstrate, march, and other activism. More and more people were unhappy about the Vietnam War and the riots. During this time, San Francisco was becoming a center for younger people who liked to experiment with drugs, and it was also a center for the music scene. From the idea of the 'sit-in', they got the idea to have a 'Human Be-In' in early January to get people's minds off politics and the war.
The Human Be-In was announced on the cover of the first issue of the "San Francisco Oracle" as "A Gathering of the Tribes for a Human Be-In". Speakers at the rally included Timothy Leary, Richard Alpert (soon to be more widely known as 'Ram Dass'), and poets like Allen Ginsberg, who chanted mantras, and Gary Snyder. Leary set the tone that afternoon with his famous phrase "Turn On, Tune In, Drop Out". Other counterculture leaders who were there included comedian Dick Gregory, Lenore Kandel, and Jerry Rubin. The Hells Angels, at the peak of their 'outlaw' reputation, looked after lost children. Local rock bands such as Grateful Dead and Quicksilver Messenger Service provided the music, and Owsley "Bear" Stanley provided massive amounts of his "White Lightning" LSD to the gathered masses.
The national media did not know what to say. No one was able to agree whether 20,000 or 30,000 people showed up. Soon every gathering was being called an '-In' of some kind: Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In comedy television show began to be shown over NBC just a year later, January 22, 1968.
During 1967, more and more young people from around the country began going to San Francisco. By the summer there were between 100,000 to 200,000 there taking part in the "Summer of Love".

Suva
Suva is the capital city of Fiji. It is located on the southeast coast of the island of Viti Levu. Suva became the capital of Fiji in 1877. It was changed from the settlement of Kaivalagi on the island of Ovalau because that settlement had no space left to grow. Kaivalangi had been established by theEuropeans. In 1996, the city of Suva had a population of 77,366. Including independent suburbs, the population of the Greater Suva city area was 167,975.

Honiara
Honiara, population 49,107 (1999), is the capital city of the Solomon Islands and of Guadalcanal Province.
The town is located on the island of Guadalcanal, and was built to replace the former capital of Tulagi at the end of World War II. Honiara became the capital of the Solomon Islands in 1952. The town revolves around the Kukum Highway, which connects Henderson field in the east of Honiara with the White River in the west, and passes the hospital Nambanaen and the recently burned down Chinatown. Honiara has a dock from which ships depart to other provinces. The gardens of the National Art Gallery are popular for afternoon strolls.

Port Vila
Port Vila (population 29,356, coordinates 17°45′S 168°18′E) is the capital city of Vanuatu. Located on the south coast of the island of Efate, it has the country's most important dock and airport, Bauerfield International, making it the nation's economic and commercial center.
During World War II, Port Vila was an American and Australian airbase. In 1987, a tropical cyclone severely damaged the city.

Tainan
Tainan City (Chinese: 台南市; Hanyu Pinyin: Táinán, Wade-Giles: T'ai-nan; POJ: Tâi-lâm) is a city in Taiwan and is the fourth largest city after Taipei, Kaohsiung and Taichung.
Tainan was the capital of Taiwan in 1661 by Koxinga after he took over the island from Dutch colonial rule. In 1684, the Qing Dynasty conquered Taiwan and created "Taiwan Fu" (Taiwan Government) as the first local government in Taiwan. This was later renamed to "Tainan Fu" in 1885 when Taiwan was a province. Because it was formerly the capital of Taiwan, Tainan is also called Fu-cheng (Government City). Tainan was also the capital of the Republic of Formosa.
Tainan is one of the oldest cities in Taiwan, with the Dutch port at An-ping (安平) in 1624. It is also one of Taiwan's cultural capitals, as it built the First Temple on the island, the remains of the Northern and Southern gates of the old city, and countless other historical monuments. The 2005 and 2006 Taiwan Lantern Festivals were also held in Tainan.
Tainan is known as the city with the most Buddhist and/or Taoist temples on the island of Taiwan. Tainan City is surrounded by Tainan County to the north and east and the South China Sea to the west and south.
Districts.
Tainan City now has 6 districts: Anping, Annan, East, West Central, South, and North districts.
Annan district was originally the An-Shun township of Tainan County, and was added into Tainan City in 1946. In 2004, Central District and West District became the new West Central district.

Chiayi City
Chiayi City (Chinese:嘉義市; Taiwanese: Ka-gī chhī) is a provincial city of southwestern Taiwan Province of the Republic of China. Formerly called "Kagi" during the Japanese era, its historical name in Chinese (諸羅山) borrows from the Taiwanese aboriginal word "Tirosen".

Example
An example (Latin "exemplum", the shorthand "e.g". stands for "exempli gratia", which means "for example") is a short story, or an anecdote. This story is told to illustrate something else, like an idea or a concept.
In the Middle Ages, preachers and priests used examples in their sermons. They did this to explain things from the bible. They also did this to explain to all those people (that were incapable of reading) how they should lead their lives, as a good person.
The phrase "make an example" is sometimes used, when a person is harshly punished for others to see. This is done to keep other people (especially the person's peers) from doing the same thing that got that person into trouble.

Hsinchu City
Hsinchu City (Chinese:新竹; POJ: Sin-tek) is a provincial city of Taiwan Province of the Republic of China. Hsinchu is popularly nicknamed "The Windy City" ("Fengcheng" 風城) for its windy climate.
The city is surrounded by Hsinchu County to the north and east, Miaoli County to the south, and the Taiwan Strait to the west.
Hsinchu City is made up of three districts: North District, East District, and Siangshan District.
Economy.
The city is the base of high tech industry in Taiwan. Built in 1980, Hsinchu Science Park is home of 360 high tech companies including TSMC, Philips and United Microelectronics Corporation. As the result, the city has the highest income level.

Kangaroo rat
Kangaroo rats are small rodents. Originally they come form North and Central America. Their name comes from the fact that they look like little Kangaroos, when they are standing upright. Two animals are not related, though, except that both are mammals. The genus of these animals is called Dipodomys.
Currently, there are 22 species in that genus. They vary in size from 10 cm to 20cm, and weight is anywhere between 35 grams and 180 grams for adult animals.
Kangaroo rats live in dry climates. This means that they have developed similar traits to other species that live in similar climate, but are not related to them. Those species are the jerboas, which can be found in the deserts of Africa and Asia, and the hopping mice of the Australian Outback.
All of those species have highly developed hind legs. They also live in deep burrows that protect them from the worst heat of the day. They drink water very rarely, since it may be hard to find. Instead, they have a very efficient metabolism. Their kidneys are much more efficient than human kidneys. They can also chemically split off water from the food they eat.
Kangaroo mice are found in areas if the United States and Mexico, where there is some grass or vegetation left, but which have a rather dry climate. Scientists call those areas arid and semi-arid. The animals live on seeds, leaves, nuts and other fruit they can find. They also catch insects. They are also known for stockpiling (keeping) some food in their burrows, for bad times.
Usually the animals have a color that blends in nicely with the sandy surroundings. Most often they are a tone of dark yellow to deep brown.

Hibernation
Hibernation is a time of inactivity. Some animals hibernate, usually during the winter, when food is short. They fall into a sleep-like state. They can regulate their metabolism to consume less energy. They lower their body temperature, slow their breathing, and slow other vital functions. During hibernation, the body uses fat for energy, which the animal has typically gathered in summer and autumn.
Typical animals that hibernate are bats, ground squirrels (like marmots), hedgehogs, and marsupials.

Pack rat
The Pack rat, which is also called Wood rat or Trade rat, is a rodent of one of several species in the genus Neotoma. Very often, people mean the Bushy-tailed woodrat (Neotoma cinerea). Packrats are common in the deserts and higlands of the western United States and northern Mexico. They are smaller than a usual (Old World) rat, and usually have long, sometimes bushy tails. They are also not related to the rat, other than also being a rodent.

Mohamed ElBaradei
Mohamed ElBaradei (Arabic: محمد البرادعي) (born June 17, 1942, Egypt) is the Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). The IAEA is an inter-governmental organization related to the United Nations. It is based in Vienna and tries to bring about the peaceful use of nuclear energy. ElBaradei and the IAEA were both awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2005. They got the prize for their efforts in Iraq, finding that there were no weapons of mass destruction in Iraq.
ElBaradei has a doctorate in International law.

Bandicoot
Bandicoots are marsupials. There are about 20 species of bandicoots. Bandicoots are omnivores. They eat bugs, earthworms, larvae, and spiders. Despite what they look like, they are unrelated to rats. They live in parts of Australia. They are nocturnal. Bandicoots an endangered species. For protection against foxes and wild cats, they retreat to their burrows for safety.

Lesser Bandicoot rat
The Lesser Bandicoot rat is a rodent. It lives in south Asia. It can grow up to 40cm long. It is a rat, but is not in the genus "Rattus", but in the genus "Bandicota". Many see it as a pest to cereal crops, and gardens in India and Sri Lanka. When attacking the rat grunts like a pig. Their fur is darker brown on the back (dorsally, as scientists say), and usually ligher or darker grey on the belly-side (ventrally). The length of their body is about 25 centimetres, and the tail is shorter than the body.
Location.
Sometimes, the rats live in abandoned houses in villages. When they feel threatened, they are very aggressive. Many also see them as a threat to infants (babies). Packs of Lesser Bandicoot rats have been known to attack and devour infants left alone.
Problems.
The animal is listed as endangered in the IUCN Red List
Misunderstandings.
Despite its name, the rat is not related to the Bandicoot.

Roquefort cheese
Roquefort cheese is a kind of blue cheese which comes from the south of France. It is made from sheep's milk. According to the French laws about AOC, only cheese from the region of Roquefort-sur-Soulzon (close to Millau) may be called Roquefort cheese.
This cheese crumbles easily, and it is slightly moist. Blue mould is added to Roquefort cheese, which gives it a particular taste. Roquefort is produced in big wheels which weigh around 2.5 kilograms, and which are about 10 cm thick. Roquefort needs to ripen around 5 months. It is best consumed April to October, but of course it is available year round.
In the year 2003, there were seven Roquefort producers. The largest by far is Roquefort Société. Roquefort Papillon is also a well-known brand. The five other producers are Carles, Gabriel Coullet, Fromageries occitanes, Vernières and Le Vieux Berger.
Another cheese, which is similar, but made from the milk of cows, is Gorgonzola.

Serial ATA
Serial ATA (or SATA) is a way of connecting a hard drive to a computer.
It is a replacement for what is now called PATA. PATA used to be called ATA or IDE, before SATA was introduced.
SATA's most important difference from PATA is that it uses a thinner cable to connect the hard drive to the computer.
PATA is still used more often than SATA, but it is being replaced in newer computers. Most computers made since 2005 already have SATA interfaces. The P in PATA stands for "parallel", and is seen in the many wires running in the same direction, in the ribbon cable it uses to connect the hard drive.
There are many differences between Serial ATA and Parallel ATA. In theory, SATA is faster than PATA. However, the top speeds (150MB/s, 300 MB/s) that companies advertise don't happen very often. Other benefits are the much easier handling of the new cable type. Some drives can also be connected and disconnected while the computer is running. This is called hot swapping. Finally, some drives support a technology called "Native Command Queueing". This means that the drive can rearrange the order of what it's told to do so that it gets done faster.
The two also have different connections and different motherboard types.

Legnica
Legnica is a city of medium size. It is in Poland. There live over 100,000 people. Legnica is near a bigger city, Wrocław.
City is situated in west part of Poland (near Germany and Czech border).

Cruzeiro E.C.
Cruzeiro Esporte Clube, usually called Cruzeiro EC or Cruzeiro, is a Brazilian football team from the city Belo Horizonte, Brazil. The team was founded on January 2, 1921. They are usually called the "raposa" which means, fox in Brazil. They are also called the "celeste" which means celestial because their logo and name refer to a constellation.

Flag of Estonia
The flag of Estonia has three colours and is made of three equal horizontal bands coloured blue (top), black, and white (bottom). Blue mirrors the sky, black the colour of the soil and national coat, and white the peoples' happiness and light. In Estonian language it is called the "sinimustvalge" (literally "blue-black-white"), after the colours of the bands. The flag was designed in the 1880s and adopted when Estonia became independent in 1918.

Coat of Arms of Estonia
The coat of arms of Estonia is a golden shield which includes three slim, blue "leopard"s (or lions passant guardant) in the middle, with oak branches along the side of the shield.
The coat of arms of Estonia has existed long before they were official recognized after the War of Independence 1918 - 1920, when the Republic of Estonia was internationally recognized.
The symbol has been in use since the 13th century, where the big coat of arms was used for the capital city, Tallinn. The origin of the slim blue lions can be traced back to the King of Denmark at the time, Valdemar the Second. As Denmark was the ruling power of Northern Estonia at the time, it imposed the coat of arms upon the state.

Ichthyology
Ichthyology is a science which studies fish.
It includes lampreys (jawless fish), cartilagenous fish (including sharks and rays) and vertebrate fish (bony fish).
A person who studies fish is called an "ichthyologist".

Indre (Loire-Atlantique)
Indre is a city in France at the Atlantic Ocean. It is the south eastern end of the Brittany.
Indre has about 3,643 inhabitants.

Apatosaurus
Apatosaurus (meaning "deceptive lizard") was a sauropod dinosaur that lived in the Jurassic Period. It was known before as "Brontosaurus". It grew as big as 21 meters long, 4.5 meters tall at the hip, and weighed up to 35 metric tons. It ate plants. The bones of Apatosaurus have been found in Wyoming, Colorado, Oklahoma, and Utah in the United States.
When it was first found, scientists thought that Apatosaurus lived partly under water, since it could not hold its own weight on dry land. Now they think it lived on dry land, probably in herds.

Hanseatic League
The Hanseatic League (German:die Hanse, Dutch: de Hanze, Estonian: hansa, Latvian: Hanza Polish: Hanza, Swedish: Hansan) was an alliance of trading guilds. These guilds established and maintained a trade monopoly over the Baltic Sea and most of Northern Europe. This monopoly lasted for a time in the later Middle Ages and the Early Modern period, between the 13th and 17th centuries.
Many cities were part of it.

Steve McClaren
Steven McClaren (born May 3, 1961) is an English football coach. He had coached the England National football team, but he failed to lead England to enter 2008 European Cup. He was sacked on 22nd November, 2007.

Condom-en-Armagnac
Condom (also Condom en Armagnac) is a commune in the south of France. Currently about 7.500 people live in the city.
The city lies on one of the pilgrims passages to Santiago de Compostela.The city lies on the via podiensis. It has a very prominent (gothic) cathedral. It has also made itself a name with the production of Armagnac, a kind of brandy. It is also one of the biggest communes of France, measured by surface area.
Despite naming similarities, the condom was neither invented nor developed in Condom-en-Armagnac. There is a museum about condoms there, though.

Now You See It...
"Now You See It"... is a Disney Channel Original Movie starring Alyson "Aly" Michalka and Johnny Pacar. This movie first aired January 2005 on the American version of Disney Channel.
Plot.
A young girl named Allyson Miller (Aly) is on the search for the world's next greatest young magician for a TV show where they allow young children to try skills of magic and other tricks.
Allyson finds a boy named Danny (Johnny Pacar) and selects him after a mystery happens to her and her crew.
Danny meets a man who has power to make any magician do anything, framing him and making him confused.

Trojan horse (computing)
A trojan horse (Sometimes called a trojan) is a special computer program. Trojan horses are programs that pretend to do a certain thing, but in reality they do something else. In some cases the user notices, in other cases they do not. Spyware programs are current examples of programs that work in that way.
It was named after the Trojan Horse in Greek mythology.

Cognac
Cognac is an alcoholic drink. It is made from grapes. It is a kind of brandy. This means there is 40 percent of alcohol or more in it. It is made around the city of Cognac. Only a few very special kinds of grapes may be used to produce the brandy.
The most important cognac importers are the United States, followed by Great Britain and Japan.

Den Helder
Den Helder is a municipality and a city in the Netherlands. It is in the province of North Holland. Den Helder is at the northernmost point of the province, excluding the island Texel. About 60,000 people live there.

Art of Life
Art of Life was the fourth album by the Japanese band X Japan. It was released in 1993 and contained only a song of 29 minutes of the same name.

Barbecue
Barbecue (or "Barbeque", "BBQ") is a special type of grill. It is also a way to prepare meat which is then cooked with that instrument. It is especially popular in Australia.

Cow Belles
Cow Belles is an American produced Disney Channel Original Movie that was shown on March 26, 2006. This movie stars Aly and AJ of Aly & AJ.
Plot.
Two spoiled sisters (Aly & AJ) are rich, but their father and the family have many losses, forcing the girls to do dairy and farm work. Courtney (AJ) still saves party money enough to save the family. Courtney (Aly) decides to give up the money after she was told not to just to save the family. Soon the girls learn a lesson about friendship, sisterhood, and love, and that it is better to choose brains of bronze.

Taichung County
Taichung County (Chinese:台中縣; POJ: Tâi-tiong-kōan) is a county in central Taiwan, encompassing Taichung City. The name means "central Taiwan".
Administration.
Taichung County controls three township-level cities (縣轄市), five townships (鎮), and 13 rural townships (鄉).

Legacy
In historical terms, a legacy is something that is handed down from one period of time to another period of time.
A historical legacy can be a positive thing or a negative thing. For example, the invention of the wheel (for carts, as a pottery wheel, as a grinding wheel to help turn grain into flour, and as an early water wheel) in Mesopotamia can be seen as something positive. The development of slavery was a negative legacy.
Sometimes countries or civilizations can leave a legacy. In Athens, in Ancient Greece, people voted on their leaders. They created an early form of democracy. Greece, and later, Ancient Rome voted for their leaders for many generations.
Some families pass objects and ideas down from generation to generation. These objects and ideas can also be called legacies. It may have to do with a person or many people.
Individuals can leave a historical legacy. More than 2000 years ago the Greek Mathematician, Euclid of Alexandria, collected and wrote down ideas about geometry and measurement in a text called "Elements". Students still use these ideas when they learn about mathematics.

Lulu (singer)
Marie McDonald McLaughlin Lawrie (born 3 November 1948), best known by her stage name Lulu'", is a famous Scottish pop singer. Probably her most famous hit was with the song "Shout".

Catanzaro
Catanzaro (it:Catanzaro) is an Italian city in Calabria of 95.099 inhabitants.

Vibo Valentia
Vibo Valentia (it:Vibo Valentia) is an Italian city in Calabria of 33.957 inhabitants.
Information:|site_web = http://www.vivivibovalentia.it (news and photo vibo valentia)]

Reggio Calabria
Reggio Calabria (it:Reggio Calabria) is an Italian city in Calabria of 190,127 inhabitants.

Crotone
Crotone (it:Crotone) is an Italian city in Calabria of 60.517 inhabitants.

Cosenza
Cosenza (it:Cosenza) is an Italian city in Calabria of 72.998 inhabitants.

Common Era
Common Era is the calendar system commonly adapted in the Western world, by those who wish to allow appeasement and cowaring to those who temporarily claim a non-belief in Christ, to number the year part of a date. The year numbers are the same as those used for "Anno Domini" (AD); in both systems the current year is, and neither system uses a year zero. Common Era is abbreviated as CE, and is also known as Current Era and as Christian Era. BCE is used as the abbreviation to indicate years Before Common Era, which uses the same numbering as BC or Before Christ.
Both the AD/BC and CE/BCE systems are centered around a sixth century estimate for the year Jesus was born; however, the use of "Common Era" notation does not make use of religious titles ("Lord" and " Christ") for Jesus that are used in the AD/BC system. Since the Gregorian calendar is an internationally recognized standard and the most widely-used calendar in the world, usage of Common Era notation has been growing among non-Christians and among Christians who desire to be sensitive to non-Christians.
Many faiths and countries have their own calendars, in which the year, the month, and the day may differ from the designation on the Gregorian calendar. For example, Muslim countries use the Islamic calendar which counts years since the first Hijra (when the prophet Muhammad went from Mecca to Medina). In the Islamic calendar, the year CE is AH. Writing dates as "Common Era" means that one has denied his faith in Christ as Lord. Appeasement is equivalent to denial, as you accept an untruth to replace the Truth. Christ is Lord and we will very soon witness the day that those who currently deny and claim ignorance, will bow and admit with the tongues of their mouths that Christ is indeed the Son of the Living God.

Sheet music
The music that musicians have in front of them when they play is printed music. The sheet or sheets of paper that contain(s) the written notation of what the musician are to play is called printed music.
Sheet music is a subset of printed music. Sheet music usually refers to a "single sheet" of music; that is, one song or piece printed separately. Printed music includes sheet music but also includes music published in collections. People often confuse sheet music with printed music.
"George went to his piano lesson. When he opened his music bag he saw that he had forgotten to put his music in it".
"George was playing from the music, but it was hard to read because some of the notes were badly printed".
"The music shop sold CDs and printed music".
music can be published as a separate copy ("single sheet music")for one piece or song, or it can be a collection of pieces in a larger book.
If, for example, there is a piece of music for violin and piano, then the pianist will play from the piano part, which will have the piano music written, as usual, on two staves. Above those two staves, printed slightly smaller, will be another stave with the violin part. The violinist will play from a separate part which will just have the violin music. This means that the pianist can always see what the violin should be playing, but not the violinist will not be able to see what the pianist is playing. The violinist may need to look at the piano part sometimes to see how the violin and piano part fit together. It would be difficult for the violinist to play from music with both parts because he would need to turn the pages too often. (Unless the violinist had a few measures of rest right before the page turn, the violinist would miss playing some of his/her part while turning the page.)
Score.
A score is printed music of a piece written for several instruments. The music (parts) for each instrument are written above one another on separate staves. A conductor can see from the score what each instrument should be playing and how it fits together. Each player only has his or her own part (the notes that that performer plays) in front of him/her. From time to time, if the instrument has long period where he/she does not play (that is, has a block of rests), the publisher may print, usually in smaller type, a portion of the music another instruments (usually an instrument playing the melody) would be playing to help the performer know what to listen before he/she starts playing. These smaller notes are called cues because it cues, or clues, the performer that he/she is going to start playing soon.)
An orchestral score or full score shows exactly what all the instruments of the orchestra play. If the piece uses a large orchestra with many different instruments, the page must be very tall. The conductor uses the score to be able to see which instruments are playing when. The conductor would cue orchestra members (or sections within the orchestra) when they begin to play. Conductors do much more than this (tempo, dynamics, interpretation, etc.), of course, but most conductors use a score when rehearsing the orchestra or when the orchestra is performing.
A miniature score, "study score," or pocket score is like an orchestral score but much smaller. It will not be big enough for a conductor to conduct from because the print will be too small, but it will be good enough for studying, and it will be much cheaper than a large, orchestral score.
In an orchestral score the order in which the instrumental lines are printed will be: woodwind at the top (flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon and any other special woodwind), brass (trumpet, trombone, tuba, French horn), percussion and strings (violin, viola, cello and double bass). If there is a choir or solo singers their part is written near the bottom, above the cello stave. The bar lines will usually join up the staves of each family. This makes it easier to find the instruments than if they had been drawn all the way down the page.
A vocal score or piano score is the music for a piece for choir and singers (e.g. an opera) in which all the instrumental parts are printed on two staves so that it can be played on a piano. Some notes will, of course, have to be left out to make it possible to play with just two hands.
A short score means a score where an orchestral piece has been written on three or four staves only. It is something between a piano score and a full score. A composer may write a piece in short score when composing it, and write out an orchestral score later. Short scores are not usually published, they are just working copies while the piece is being composed.

Score
The word score can have several meanings.
Originally it meant: keeping count of something by making notches in a tally stick. This might be for keeping count of how much money they owed (e.g. how much tax or debt).

Radian
A radian is a unit of measuring angles. It is shown by the symbol "rad" or, less often, c (for circular measure). The radian was once an SI unit, but was done away with in 1995.
Who uses radians?
Most people who do mathematics or physics use radians, rather than degrees, because some kinds of calculations are simpler when using radians rather than degrees.
A "milliradian" is 1/1000 of a radian.
People who look through a telescope or rifle scope often use milliradians to describe distances as seen through the 'scope.

Taoyuan County
Taoyuan County (traditional Chinese:桃園縣; simplified Chinese:桃园县; Taiwanese POJ: Thô-hn̂g-kōan; Jhuyin Fuhao: ㄊㄠˊ ㄩㄢˊ ㄒㄧㄢˋ) is a county of Taiwan, Republic of China, located in the northwestern part of the island, next to Taipei County. Taoyuan City is located in this county and serves as the seat of Taoyuan County.
"Taoyuan" means "peach garden," since the area used to have many peach blossoms. Taoyuan is the native home to the Pingpu tribe of Aborigines. It is now an important industrial region of Taiwan. Chiang Kai Shek International Airport, which serves Taipei, is inside this county.
Management.
Taoyuan County controls four township-level cities (縣轄市), two city-townships (鎮), and seven rural townships (鄉).

Tainan County
Tainan County (Chinese:台南縣; Taiwanese: Tâi-lâm-koān) is a county in Southern Taiwan. The name "Tainan" means simply "Southern Taiwan".

Hsinchu County
Hsinchu County (Chinese:新竹縣; POJ: Sin-tek-kōan) is a county in northwestern Taiwan. The population is mainly Hakka; there is a Taiwanese aboriginal minority in the southeastern part of the county.
Management.
Hsinchu County controls one township-level city (縣轄市), three city-townships (鎮), and nine rural townships (鄉).

Sindian City
Sindian City Chinese:新店市; POJ: Sin-tiàm-chhī, historically spelled "Hsintien" (Wade-Giles) and spelled "Xindian" (Hanyu Pinyin) on signs in Taipei City, is a city in the southern part of Taipei County, Taiwan Province of the Republic of China. "Sindian" is the Tongyong Pinyin spelling of the city's name.

Apia
Apia, population 380,800 (2001), is the capital of Samoa. It is part of the Tuamasaga district. The city is located on the northern coast of Upolu Island. It is the nation's major port and only city. Fish and copra are the country's major exports, and cotton goods, motor vehicles, meats, and sugar are the major imports.
Location.
Apia () is located on a natural dock at the mouth of the Vaisigano River. It is on a narrow coastal plain with Mount Vaea (height 472 m) directly to its south. Two main ridges run south on either side of the Vaisigano River, with roads on each sides. The more western of these is Cross Island Road, the fewer roads crossing to the south coast of Upolu.
Other city.
Mulinu'u, the old capital, is the location of the Parliament House ("Fale Fono") and the historic observatory, which is now the meteorology office. In 1983, the Apia Samoa Temple was built here by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.

Funafuti
Funafuti is the capital of the small island nation of Tuvalu. It has a population of 4,492 (2002), making it the most populated atoll in this country. It is a narrow sweep of land between 20 and 400 meters wide. There is an airstrip, hotel (Vaiaku Langi Hotel), and administrative buildings, as well as homes, constructed both in the traditional manner, out of palm fronds, and more recently out of cement blocks. The most prominent building on Funafuti atoll is the Church of Tuvalu. Other sites of interest are the remains of American aircraft that crashed on Funafuti during World War II, when the airstrip was used by the American forces to defend the Gilbert Islands (now Kiribati). The United States claimed Funafuti until a treaty of friendship was concluded in the late 70's or early 80's.
The largest island is Fongafale. On this island, there are four villages, of which one is Vaiaku, where the government is located. The capital of Tuvalu is sometimes given as Fongafale or Vaiaku, but the entire atoll of Funafuti is actually the capital.
Islands in Funafuti.
There are at least 33 islands in the atoll. The biggest is Fongafale, followed by Funafala. At least three islands are inhabited, which are Fongafale, Funafala and Motuloa.
TeNamo Lagoon.
The lagoon surrounded by the atoll is TeNamo. It has a vertical length of more than 20 km.

Cantonese
Cantonese (Jyutping:Gwong Dung Waa；Pinyin: Guangdonghua) or Yue is an Asian dialect spoken by the people of Guangdong, China, Hong Kong, Macau, Malaysia and some parts of Singapore, as well as places with a significant amount of overseas Chinese originating from Cantonese-speaking parts of China, such as Melbourne. It is also the most common dialect of overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia and North America. An estimated 100,000,000 people speak Cantonese. It is a tonal language with 6 kinds of tones.
Cantonese is from the Sino-Tibetan family of languages.

Skirt
A skirt is a piece of clothing that hangs downwards from the waist.
Different skirts have been worn in many different cultures at different times. There are skirts that are clothing for women, for men, or for both.
In modern Western / European culture skirts are usually worn by women. An exception is the kilt and the fustanella, which are traditional skirts for men that are still worn today.
Skirts are worn at semi-formal occasions, and sometimes at formal events.

Kaohsiung County
Kaohsiung County (Chinese:高雄縣; POJ: Ko-hiông-kōan) is a county in southern Taiwan administered as part of Taiwan Province of the Republic of China. It contains Kaohsiung City.

Red blood cell
Red blood cells (also known as RBCs, red blood corpuscles or erythrocytes) are cells that make up blood. Red blood cells are very large in number; in women, there are 4.8 million red blood cells per microliter of blood. In men, there are 5.4 million red blood cells per microliter of blood. Red blood cells are red because they have haemoglobin in them.
Function.
The most important function of red blood cells is the carrying of oxygen. The haemoglobin absorbs oxygen in the lungs, travels through blood vessels and bring oxygen to all other cells via the heart. A fact which makes red blood cells different to all other cells is that red blood cells do not have a nucleus, since they need lots of room for haemoglobin. Since the blood cells go through both the lungs (to collect oxygen), through the heart (to be pumped around the rest of the body to give all cells oxygen) and back to the heart to be re-pumped to the lungs (to again collect oxygen), it is said that the blood in your body travels in a double circuit, going through your heart twice before it completes one full circulation of the body.
Red blood cells are doughnut shaped. However, hereditary diseases such as sickle cell anaemia can cause them to change shapes and stop blood flow in capillaries and veins.

Chişinău
Chişinău (IPA /ki.ʃi.'nəu/), formerly known as Kishinev, is the capital city and industrial and commercial center of the Moldova. It is also largest city of Moldova. It is located in the center of the country, on the river Bîc.
History.
Chişinău was founded in 1436 as a monastery town, the city was part of the Moldavian Principality, which, starting with the 16th century fell under the suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire. At the beginning of the 19th century it was a small village of 7,000 inhabitants. In 1812 it was occupied by Russia, who made it the centre of Bessarabia. Its population had grown to 92,000 by 1862 and to 125,787 by 1900.
The First World War Period.
Following the Russian October Revolution the country declared independence from the fallen empire, before joining the Kingdom of Romania. With Moldova only autonomous in the new state, Chişinău lost its title as Capital and moved into the background.
Between 1918 and 1940 the center of the city undertook large renovation work. In 1927 a monument to the famous prince Stephen III of Moldavia, by the artist Alexandru Plămădeală was erected.
The Second World War.
In the chaos of the Second World War Chişinău was nearly completely destroyed. This began with the Soviet occupation led by the Red Army from 28 June 1940. As the city began to recover from the takeover, a devastating earthquake occurred on 10 November 1940. The epicenter of the quake, which measured 7.3 on the Richter scale, was in eastern Romania and subsequently led to substantial destruction in the city.
After scarcely one year the assault of modern-day Moldova by the German army began. From July 1941 the city suffered from large-scale shooting and heavy bombardments by Nazi air raids. The Red Army resistance held until Chişinău finally fell on 17 July 1941.
Following the occupation the city suffered from the characteristic mass murder of predominantly Jewish inhabitants. As had been seen elsewhere in Europe, the dwindling followers of Judaism were transported on trucks to the outskirts of the city. There they were then shot in partially dug pits. The number of Jews murdered during the occupation of the city is estimated at approximately 10,000 people.
As the War drew to a conclusion the former capital was pulled once more into heavy fighting as German troops retreated. After nearly six months of fighting Chişinău finally fell on 24 August 1944 to the Red Army. By this point the city had lost 70% of its buildings and constructions - the earthquake of 1940 and the air raids contributing to the largest part of this.
After the war the head of the Soviet Union, Joseph Stalin, claimed the area around Bessarabien, to be in his own nation's sphere of influence. With the war completed, Stalin reorangised the political landscape of Eastern Europe, giving nominal independence to Romania and incorporating Moldova into the USSR. Thus Chişinău was once more made capital of the now 'autonomous' republic.
Soviet Union.
In the years 1947 to 1949 the architect Alexey Shchusev developed a plan with the aid of a team of architects for the gradual reconstruction of the city.
The beginning of the 1950's saw a rapid population growth, with which the Soviets responded by constructing large-scale housing and palaces in the style of Stalinist architecture. This process continued under Nikita Khrushchev, who called for construction under the slogan "good, cheaper and built faster". The new architectural style brought about dramatic change and generated the style that dominates today, with large blocks of flats arranged in considerable settlements.
The period of the most significant development of the city was from 1971, when the Council of Ministers of the USSR has adopted a decision "About the measures for further development of Kishinev city", that secured more than one billon rubles of investments from the state budget, until 1991, when Moldova gained independence.
Administration.
Chişinău is governed by the City Council and the City Mayor, both elected once every four years. The current mayor is Vasile Ursu. Ursu is the former vice-mayor, between August 1994 and April 2005 was Serafim Urechean. Under the Moldovan constitution, Urechean - elected to parliament in 2005 - was prevented from holding an additional post to that of an MP. The Democratic Moldova Bloc leader accepted his mandate and in April resigned from his former position. During his 11 year term, Urechean committed himself to the restoration of the church tower of the "Catedrala Naşterea Domnului", as well as improvements in public transport. From 1994, Chişinău saw the construction and launch of new trolley bus lines.
Economy.
Chişinău is the most economically-developed and industrialised city in Moldova. Chişinău is a major industrial and services centre; its main industries include consumer and electrical goods, building materials, machinery, plastics, rubber, and textiles. The main service fields are banking and shopping/commerce.
Education.
The city is home to thirty-six universities, and to the Academy of Sciences of Moldova. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, the city has become a relatively lively and well-provisioned capital, with a much higher standard of living than most rural areas.

Jons Jacob Berzelius
Jöns Jakob Berzelius (August 20, 1779 – August 7, 1848) was a Swedish chemist. He invented the modern chemical notation. Berzelius, John Dalton and Antoine Lavoisier are said to be the fathers of modern chemistry.
Berzelius was born in Linköping in Östergötland in Sweden. He studied at the school that is now known as Katedralskolan. After this, he studied at the Uppsala University to be a medical doctor. In 1802, he became a teacher. He became a professor in medicine and surgery at the Stockholm School of Surgery in 1807. In 1810, the school became a part of Medico-Chirurgiska Institutet - which later became the Karolinska Institute - and Berzelius became a professor in chemistry and pharmacy.
Not long after going to Stockholm, Berzelius wrote a chemistry textbook for his medical students. From this point, a long and productive career in chemistry began. While doing experiments in support of the textbook, he found the law of constant proportions. This law showed that inorganic compounds are made of different elements in proportion by weight. Based on this, in 1828, he created a table of relative atomic weights. On this table, oxygen was set to 100. The table had all of the elements known at the time. This work gave evidence of the atomic hypothesis that inorganic chemical compounds are made of atoms combined in whole number amounts. In learning that atomic weights are not integer multiples of hydrogen's, Berzelius also proved Prout's hypothesis wrong. Prout's hypothesis was that elements are built up from atoms of hydrogen.
In order to help his experiments, Berzelius created a system of chemical notation. In this notation, the elements were given simple written labels, for example, O for oxygen, or Fe for iron. The proportions of the elements was shown by numbers. This is the same basic system used today. The only difference is that instead of the subscript number used today (for example, H2O), Berzelius used a superscript.
Berzelius found the chemical elements silicon, selenium, thorium, and cerium. Students working in Berzelius laboratory also found lithium and vanadium.
Berzelius also had an effect on biology. He was the first person to show the difference between organic compounds (those made with carbon), and inorganic compounds. He helped Gerhardus Johannes Mulder in his elemental analyses of organic compounds such as coffee, tea and many proteins. The term "protein" itself was created by Berzelius, after Mulder noticed that all proteins seemed to have the same empirical formula and might be made of a single type of a (very large) molecule.
Berzelius was a wrote very often. He helped many leading scientists (such as Mulder, Claude Louis Berthollet, Humphry Davy, Friedrich Wöhler and Eilhard Mitscherlich), and many less-notable scientists.
Berzeliusskolan, a school located next to his alma matter Katedralskolan, is named for him.

Antibody
Antibodies (also called Immunoglobulins (Ig)) are special proteins. They are found in the blood or other body fluids of vertebrates. The immune system uses antibodies to identify foreign objects, such as bacteria and viruses. These objects are then neutralized, so that they can no longer cause problems and diseases.
Each antibody is different. They are all designed to attack only one kind of virus or bacteria. For instance, an antibody designed to destroy smallpox are unable to hit the Bubonic plauge or the common cold. An antibody resembles the letter "Y". At the two ends of the "Y" are specially shaped antigens that can only insert themselves in one type of germ. This is needed, because every antibody is different. When the antibody finds the germ it's after, it "knows" because of its special antigen. If the antibody can insert its antigen into the germ, it will go to work either destroying it by blocking it from "germ food" (cells), or calling white blood cells to eat it, thereby killing whatever it was after.
It is the job of the "humoral" section of the immune system to make antibodies.
Antibodies can be found almost anywhere in the blood. If a doctor were to look at one, he or she would call it a globulin, because that is what it is shaped like.
Antibodies are also made by special "B Cells" in the immune system. B cells only attack when their antibodies tell them to. Once alerted, the B cell goes to work, breaking germs down into nothing but harmless goo. In some cases, a B cell can't do it alone. When that happens, a T helper cell is called in to help.

Noel Edmonds
Noel Ernest Edmonds (born December 22 1948) is an English television presenter. He is best known for hosting the television programmes "Noel's House Party" and "Deal Or No Deal". Recently Noel Edmonds has been hosting a new game show called "Are You Smarter Than A Ten Year Old".
He was also a DJ on BBC Radio 1 throughout the 1970s.

Quizmania
Quizmania was a quiz television show on ITV Play. Viewers at home phoned in to guess answers to questions to win money.
Quizmnaia ended in January 2007.

Davina McCall
Davina Lucy Pascale McCall (born 16 October 1967) is an English television presenter. She is best known for presenting the UK version of "Big Brother".

Even-toed ungulate
The even-toed ungulates are mammals of the order Artiodactyla.
Even-toed ungulates have an even number of toes: two to four. For example, camelids or animals of the Giraffidae family have two toes, but hippopotami have four toes.

Odd-toed ungulate
Odd-toed ungulates are mammals of the order Perissodactyla.
Odd-toed ungulates have an uneven number of toes: Horses have only one toe, rhinoceros have three toes, and tapirs have four toes on the front feet and three toes on the hind feet.

Condor
Condors are a species of bird. They are the largest flying birds that still exist. There are two species of condor, one that lives in the Andes, and another one, that lives in California. Condors are scavengers. They feed on carrion. Carrion is meat, that other animals leave behind. It can also be animals that died.
"Condors" belong to the family of New World Vultures. There is also a family Old World Vultures, which contains eagles, kites, and hawks amongst others. The "Condors" are more closely related to the storks though.
The Andean condor, has a wingspan of between 274 and 310 cm, and wheights around 11-15 kg.
The Californian Condor is smaller.

Carrion
Carrion is the carcass of a dead animal. There are several kinds of animal that feed on such meat, such as vultures, hyenas, condors, or Tazmanian Devils. Carrion is an important source of food for several kinds of carnivores and omnivores.
The Carrion beetles also feed on it. Some plants fake the smell of carrion (they smell like carrion), so that they will attract insects they eat. Predators do not normally feed on carrion, they hunt and kill the animals they eat.

Chongqing
Chongqing (Simplified Chinese: 重庆, Traditional Chinese: 重慶; pinyin: Chóngqìng; Postal System Pinyin: Chungking) is a city and a district in Central China.
The Chongqing district is the most populated district of China and has 31,442,300 inhabitants (2005).
History.
Chongqing is said to be the semi-mythical State of Ba that began in 11th century BC, when the Ba people began living here until they were destroyed by the State of Qin in 316 BC.
The Qin emperor ordered a new city to be constructed, called Jiang (江州) and Chu Prefecture (楚州).
In 581 AD (Sui Dynasty), Chongqing was renamed to Yu Prefecture (渝州).
In 1102 the city was renamed Gong Prefecture.
In 1189 renamed Yu Prefecture to Chongqing Subprefecture.
In 1362 (Yuan Dynasty), Ming Yuzhen, a peasant rebel leader, established Daxia Kingdom at Chongqing for a short time.
In 1621, another short-lived kingdom of Daliang was established there.
In 1891, Chongqing became the first inland commerce port open to foreigners.
Since 1929, Chongqing was a municipality of the Republic of China.
Chongqing was the provisional capital of the government of Chiang Kai-shek during the Second Chinese-Japanese War from 1937 to 1945.
The Japanese bombed Chongqing very hard in World War II.
In 1954, the municipality was reduced to a provincial city of the People's Republic.

Bologna
Bologna is a city in Northern Italy with about 375,000 inhabitants.
"Bologna" was founded by the Etruscans with the name "Felsina" (ca. 534 BC) and became a Roman colony in 189 B.C.
In the 11th century "Bologna" began to grow again as a free Comune, joining the Lombard League against Frederick Barbarossa in 1164.
After being crushed in the Battle of Zappolino by the Modenese in 1325, Bologna began to decay and asked the protection of the Pope at the beginning of the 14th century.
The "university of Bologna", founded in 1088, is the oldest existing university in Europe.

Oviedo
Oviedo is a city in the North of Spain. It has about 210,000 inhabitants.
Oviedo was founded about 761 A.D., the Arts Academy of Oviedo started in the 17th century.

Pieve Ligure
Pieve Ligure is an Italian town in the region of Liguria in the province of Genoa in Italy. The population in "Pieve Ligure" is 2,458.
Pieve has a sea and hill environment. There are no beaches on the coast, but only rocks. The highest place of the town is S. Croce (516 m). The economy is based on agriculture and tourism.

Gamal Abdel Nasser
Gamal Abdel Nasser was the leader of the Egyptian revolution in 1952 The revolution turned Egypt into a republic instead of a kingdom, and it was the reason why the British army got out of Egypt. Nasser was born in 1918 in Upper Egypt, then he became the president of Egypt in 1954. He worked to build the high dam, and made the Suez Canal to be returned to Egypt. Nasser also fought The Six Day War with Israel but Israel won. He died in 1970.
Gamal Abdel Nasser was most beloved by the Egyptian people. He was their saviour from the British occupation & the corrupted royality. He started his era with a series of corrections & rectifications in most of Egypt's systems. Then he started the "Nationalization" or "التأميم" of Egyptian resources. That means that he made the government take possition of most of income sources in the country previously held by individuals & re-distributing them on the commons. This was very "communist" deed.
1) The freedom of education (students get educated in government's schools free of charge with no feez)
2) the construction of the "High Dam" at Aswan, the south of Egypt to produce electricity from the water flow & preserve fresh water for the people to purify & drink & for the irregation of the crops.

Stork
Storks are a family of birds ("Ciconiidae"). They usually live near shallow bodies of water where they wade through the water, and catch small animals, like frogs, crabs, or small fish. Many species of stork are migratory, they spend the summer and the winter in different places. There are 19 different species of stork, in 6 genera.
Probably the best known stork is the White Stork. It is known to build large nests in high places, like on chimneys. Stork nests are often very large. They may be used for many years. Beforehand, people believed storks were monogamous, that they only had one partner in life. More recent research has shown though, that they may change partners. They are attached to a nest almost as much as to a partner.
The Marabou Stork, which lives in Africa, has a wingspan of up to 320 cm. This makes it the largest bird still alive, together with the Andean Condor.

Wharf
A wharf is a permanent structure at a lake, a river, or the sea. It is made so that ships can be loaded and unloaded more easily.

Public house
Public houses (better known as pubs) are businesses that serve alcoholic drinks such as beer and ale, to be consumed on-place. Many pubs also sell food such as fish and chips and meat pies.
Pubs are found in English-speaking countries such as England, Ireland, Scotland, Canada, and the United States. In villages and small towns in many parts of England, Ireland, and Scotland, pubs are the center of community life. Some pubs hire bands or singers to entertain patrons. If the pub offers rooms where people can sleep at night, it is usually called an inn.
Staff.
Pubs hire a variety of staff to do different jobs. Bartenders (also called "barmen" or "barmaids") at serve alcohol. Some pubs hire servers to bring drinks to people who are sitting at tables or in chairs. Some pubs also hire people to take away empty bottles and glasses.
Pubs that serve food have cooks, dishwashers, and servers to prepare, cook, and serve the food. Bands and singers who entertain patrons during the evening are usually not usually employees of the pub. Instead, the pub signs a contract with these entertainers, in which the entertainer promises to come to the pub on a specified day or night, in return for a sum of money.
Comparison with nightclubs.
Another type of business that serves alcohol is the nightclub. Like pubs, some nightclubs also serve food and have bands or singers as entertainers. However, nightclubs often have a much wider selection of alcoholic drinks than pubs. Most nightclubs sell a number of different brands of spirits, liqeurs, wine, sherry, and apertifs.
The bartenders (also called "barmen" or "barmaids") at nightclubs often make a much larger variety of mixed drinks than pubs. Mixed drinks are alcoholic drinks sthat consist of one or more types of alcohol (e.g., rum, vodka, whiskey, etc.) mixed with flavorings such as orange juice, cream, chocolate syrup, or soda. Many mixed drinks also include ice, crushed ice, or sliced lime. Some well-known mixed drinks include the martini, the "Rum and Coke", and the "screwdriver" (orange juice mixed with vodka).

Squaring the circle
Squaring the cicle is a problem of geometry. The problem is to construct a square that has the same area as the unit circle, only by using a compass and straightedge construction method. Some people also call this problem the quadrature of the circle.
In 1882, Ferdinand von Lindenmann proved that this is impossible.

Tampa Bay Lightning
The Tampa Bay Lightning is an ice hockey team in the National Hockey League (NHL). They were formed in 1991, and began playing in 1992-93 NHL season.
The Lightning has won the Stanley Cup championship 1 time and won the Southeast Division title 2 times (2002-03 and 2003-04).
Before the Lightning's Stanley Cup championship, the team was regarded as one of the worst team in the league. It made the play-offs once before winning the Southeast Division in 2002-03.
It won the Stanley Cup championship in 2003-04, the year before the NHL Lock-Out. Under the leadership of captain Dave Andreychuk, and the strong goaltending performance of goaltender Nikolai Khabibulin, the Lightning earned its first Stanley Cup over the Calgary Flames in 7 games.
During the Lightning's Stanley Cup winning year, Martin St. Louis won the Hart Trophy, the league's most valuable player. After game 7 against the Calgary Flames, Brad Richards was awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy, the play-offs most valuable player. Also, coach John Tortorella was awarded the Jack Adams Trophy for coach of the year.

Syd Barrett
Roger Keith "Syd" Barrett (January 6, 1946 – July 7, 2006) was a famous English musician. Barrett is most famous for starting the rock band Pink Floyd. He started the band in 1965 under a lot of different names. He also wrote the band's first album, "Piper at the Gates of Dawn". After this record came out, he used a lot of psychedelic (mind-changing) drugs. He was forced out of the band in 1968. He made two more records after he left the band, but they were not popular because the lyrics were very unusual, and because the music did not always have a steady beat. However, he became a hero to many modern musicians because of his unique style. Sadly, he later ended up with mental health problems, possibly because of all the drugs he took.
Some of his most famous songs are "Dark Globe", "Octopus" and "Vegetable Man".

Tapir
The Tapirs are a familiy of odd-toed ungulate mammals. They form the family Tapiridae with the only genus "Tapirus".
Appearance.
Tapirs are about 2 m / 7 ft long and about 1 meter / 3 ft high. They weigh between 150 - 300 kg / 330 - 700 lb.
Tapirs have a rounded body and very short stubby tails. Tapirs have hoofed toes, with four toes on the front feet and three toes on the hind feet. The Tapir's upper lip and nose have formed a short trunk, and they have a long tongue.
Tapirs have a short fur, with colors that are reddish-brown to grey to nearly black. Exceptions are the Mountain Tapir and the Asian Tapir. The Mountain Tapir has longer wooly fur. The Asian Tapir has a black front part and legs, and a white middle part and back.
All baby tapirs have brown fur, with lighter stripes and dots for camouflage.
Tapirs cannot see very well, but they have good hearing and a very good sense of smell. Tapirs also swim very well.
Habitat.
Tapirs live in of South America and Central America, except the Asian Tapir which lives in Southeast Asia.
Tapirs live in dense forests, and close to water.
Life.
Tapirs are active at night. They eat leaves, fruit, berries, vegetables and nuts.
Tapirs live alone. After a pregnancy of about 13 months, the female gives birth to a single baby. After half a year the baby starts to lose the baby-coloring of its fur. When the young tapir is one year old it looks like an adult tapir, and it leaves its mother. Tapirs become mature when they are 4 years old. Tapirs can become 25 - 30 years old.

Bovid
Bovids are a group of even-toed ungulate mammals that hooves that split into two toes. There almost 140 mammals in this family. They form the family "Bovidae". Examples of this family are cattle, goats and sheep. The family is widespread, living in continents except South America, Australia and Antarctica.

Cromwell current
The Cromwell current is the name of a submarine river. It was discovered in 1952 by the scientst Thomas Cromwell. It is 250 miles (400 km) wide. It flows to the east. The current appears about 300 feet below the surface of the Pacific Ocean at the equator.
The "Cromwell current" carries a lot of oxygen and nutrients. It is very rich in marine life.

Subduction
Subduction is when two tectonic plates meet. One of the plates is pushed under the other into the Earth's mantle. Subduction causes the most powerful earthquakes in the world. Earthquakes caused by subduction can lead to tsunamis.
Areas where subduction occurs are called subduction zones. Subduction zones are all around the world in places like Indonesia, Seattle, Washington and in the Himilaya mountain range in Nepal.

Icebreaker
An icebreaker is a special type of ship. Its special features include extra powerful motors and a very strong hull designed to cut through thick sheets of ice floating on oceans and lakes.

Tattoo
A tattoo is a mark made by putting ink into the skin. Tattoos may be made on human or animal skin. Tattoos on humans are a type of body modification, but tattoos on animals are most often used for identification.

Constructed language
An artificial or constructed language (sometimes called a conlang) is a language that has been designed by a person or small group, rather than produced naturally as part of a culture. Some are designed for use in human communication (like the well-known Esperanto). Others are created for use in fiction, linguistic experiments, secret codes, or simply because the maker likes to play language games.
Constructed languages can be split into a priori languages, which are made from scratch, and a posteriori languages, which borrow words and grammar from existing languages.
Some constructed languages also have constructed scripts to write them.

Joel Engel
Joel Engel is an American scientist. He was the Head of Research at Bell Laboratories (Belltel) in 1973. He was born on February 4, 1936 in New York City, New York.

Engineered languages
An Engineered language is a constructed language used to help experiment in logic, philosophy, and linguistics.

Pronghorn
The Pronghorn ("Antilocapra americana") is an even-toed ungulate mammal, the only living member of the family "Antilocapridae".
Appearance.
The Pronghorn has a yellowish-brown to reddish-brown colored fur with a white underside, and white stripes on the neck and around the mouth. Male pronghorns also have black markings on the neck and face. The males have horns that are up to 25 cm long. Females usually have no horns; if they have horns they are very short.
Pronghorns can jump up to 6 meters. They are very fast runners, and they can run with a speed of 60 - 70 km/h for a distance of 5 km. The fastest recorded speed of a pronghorn was 98 km/h / 61 mph.
Habitat.
The Pronghorn lives in North America. It lives in the prairies, but sometimes also in the desert and the Rocky Mountains.
Life.
Pronghorns can be active at any time during day or night, but they are mostly active during twilight. Pronghorns eat grass, but also leaves and herbs.
In summer, adult male pronghorns fight with other males for a territory. In this territory the male keeps a group of females with which he mates in September. Young males that do not yet fight for a territory form small groups, and old weak males live alone. Females live in groups of about 20 animals. When the female is close to giving birth, it leaves the group for a time to give birth to its offspring.
After a pregnancy of 8½ months the female gives birth to 1-2 babies, seldom 3. The babies hide for three days, and after a week they can run with their mother. A pronghorn baby has grey fur, and after 3 months it has the adult fur coloring. They drink milk for 5-6 months, and start to eat grass after three weeks. Females become mature when they are 15-16 months old, and males become mature when they are 24 months old.
Pronghorns usually do not become more than 10 years old.

Graphical User Interfaces and Consoles
Computers can display information and let the user give commands to it using two methods: a Command Line Interface (CLI) or a Graphical User Interface (GUI).
In a Command Line Interface, the user types commands using the keyboard to tell the computer to take an action. For example, the more command available in most operating systems will display the contents of a file. Sometimes people call CLI “Console”, but consoles can be GUI, too.
In a Graphical User Interface, the user can use the computer mouse to click on buttons. For example, your web browser probably has a Print icon to print this page.
Graphical User Interfaces are generally thought simpler to use than Command lines, whereas Command lines are faster than Graphical User Interfaces and can be used to give special commands to the computer.
List of Operating Systems with Graphical User Interfaces

Water Deer
The Water Deer ("Hydropotes inermis") is an even-toed ungulate mammal of the deer family. It is the only member of the subfamily "Hydropotinae". There are two subspecies: the Chinese Water Deer ("Hydropotes inermis inermis") and the Korean Water Deer ("Hydropotes inermis argyropus").
Appearance.
Water Deer are small deer: they are about 90 cm long and about 50 cm high. They weigh about 13 kg. The Water Deer has yellowish-brown fur, with a white chin and throat. Both males and females do not have antlers. Males have long upper canine teeth (called tusks), which can be up to 5 cm long.
Habitat.
The Water Deer originally lived in China and Korea. Today there are also small wild populations in England and France.
Water Deer live close to water: in swamps and on the shores of rivers and lakes.
Life.
Water Deer eat grasses and reeds. They also eat grains and vegetables from fields.
Water Deer live alone, but sometimes they form small groups.
After a pregnancy of 200 days the female gives birth to 2-4 babies. A Water Deer baby has white dots and stripes on its fur, which disappear after 8 weeks. They drink milk for 3 months. When the young Water Deer are 6 months old they are independent and leave their mothers. They become mature when they are 1 year old.

Orchestration
It can mean: the study of how to write music for an orchestra.
It can also mean the list of instruments that are used in a particular piece of music.
People who want to compose music for orchestras need to study orchestration. They can do this by reading books about orchestration, but also they can do this by studying orchestral scores and listening to orchestras in concerts or on CDs. Students at music colleges will also practise orchestration by taking piano music and arranging it for orchestra.
The word instrumentation means almost the same thing as “orchestration”. “Instrumentation” means: understanding each instrument and knowing about all the sounds they can make. It can be about any music with instruments, whereas “orchestration” refers to the orchestra from its beginnings in the 17th century to the present.
Orchestration is all about understanding how to write well for different instruments, how to combine them so that they sound well together and balance well.
Sometimes composers leave the orchestration of their works to other people. Leonard Bernstein is famous as the composer of "West Side Story", but although he composed all the notes he left it to other people to orchestrate. The composer Maurice Ravel took a piano piece by Modest Mussorgsky (who had died forty years earlier) called "Pictures at an Exhibition" and arranged it for orchestra. Most people know this version rather than Mussorgsky’s piano version.
Hector Berlioz and Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov are two famous composers who were particularly brilliant at writing for orchestra. They both wrote books on orchestration which are still very useful today.

Blockbusters
Blockbusters was a game show that aired from 1980 to 1987.
How to play.
One team of two people plays against a solo person to see if two heads are better than one. The team is represented by the color white while the solo player is represented by the color red. There is a game board with letters inside spaces shaped like a hexagon. A player picks a letter on the board, and host Bill Cullen asks a question to see how much the players know. Whoever rings in first and gets the answer right gets their color put on the board in the space where the corresponding letter once was. If the team makes a connection from left to right, they win. If the solo player makes a connection from top to bottom, he/she wins.
Gold Rush.
Whoever wins after two games goes on to play the "Gold Rush" for a shot at an extra $5,000. The board is the same, except that the spaces are colored gold, and sometimes more than one letter is seen in each space. The object of the game is to make a connection across the board within the 60 second time limit. If they do, they win the $5,000. If they miss a question, a block will go up and they will have to work their way around it.
Different versions.
Blockbusters aired on the NBC network and was hosted by Bill Cullen from 1980 to 1982. Then in 1987, comedian Bill Rafferty hosted a new version, which ended the same year.

Theria
Theria is a subclass of mammals that is divided into two smaller classes: metatheria and eutheria. It includes all mammals that give birth to live young with using a shelled egg.

Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva
Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva was the 39th President of Brazil. He was born October 27, 1945. He became the President on January 1, 2003. He succeeded Fernando Henrique Cardoso. His wife, the First Lady of Brazil, is Marisa Letícia Lula da Silva.

Paraná (state)
Paraná is a state in Southern Brazil, bordering Paraguay and Argentina. Its capital is Curitiba - the largest city in the south of the country - and it is a famous state because of Itaipu Dam and the Iguaçu Falls.
Paraná is bounded on the north by São Paulo, on the east by the Atlantic Ocean, on the south by Santa Catarina and the Misiones Province of Argentina, and on the west by Mato Grosso do Sul and the republic of Paraguay, with the Paraná River as its western boundary line.
Paraná is one of the Brazilian states that shows the most signs of recent European colonization. Most of the population are descendants of European settlers, and is one of the most ethnically diverse. Waves of European immigrants started arriving after 1850, mainly Germans, Italians, Poles and Ukrainians. The development of the state is closely linked to the arrival of the immigrants. Nowadays, migrants from other Brazilian states (especially from the São Paulo, Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul and the Northeast Region) come to Paraná in search of a better life.
People of Polish descent predominate in the central and south regions, mainly around Curitiba. Italians predominate in the capital, Curitiba, and in the coast. People of Ukrainian descent predominate in a few cities, such as Prudentópolis; many Ukrainians are found throughout the state. Germans predominate in a few cities, such as Rolândia. The Portuguese and their descendants are present in large numbers in almost all towns.
People of mixed-race ancestry predominate in a few towns in the north. There is a important Muslim Lebanese and Syrian community around Foz do Iguaçu. In the north, Japanese people are very numerous.

Dual Alliance
The Dual Alliance was an alliance made between Germany and Austria-Hungary. It was started to help one another if Russia attacked either of them. It was formed on October 7, 1879

RCTV
Radio Caracas Television (or RCTV) is one of the largest and most important television stations in Venezuela. It can be seen in all of Venezuela on channel 2. It was the third television station to start up in Venezuela (Televisiora Nacional was the first and Televisa was the second). Both Televisora Nacional and Televisa are no longer on, so RCTV is now the oldest television station in Venezuela. Venevision is RCTV's main rival. RCTV's offices can be found in the center of Caracas.
History.
Radio Caracas Television began on November 15, 1953 (during the dictatorship of General Marcos Perez Jimenez). In 1953, plays, news, and sports were pretty much the only thing seen on RCTV, but by 1954, they began making soap operas (also known as telenovelas). Telenovelas are now RCTV's most liked and seen programs.
In the 1960's, RCTV began videotaping their programs, as they used to be made live. In 1961, there was small fire at RCTV. On July 21, 1969, RCTV was on of the only television station in Venezuela that showed the first visit to the moon by man.
In 1972, RCTV began selling some of its shows to other countries and television stations. The three hundred chaptered telenovela, "La Usurpadora" was the first telenovela to be sold to other countries. Today, RCTV's shows are said to be seen in more than 60 countries and heard in more than 20 languages. In 1974, RCTV began recording some of their programs in color. "Doña Barbara", which was made from a book written by Romulo Gallegos, was RCTV's first show made in color. Radio Caracas Television started the "Fundacion Academia Nacional de Ciencias y Artes de Cine" on November 15, 1978.
In the year 1981, RCTV began recording all of their programs in color.
On November 15, 1999, RCTV had been on 16,000 days.
On July 18, 2005, Empresas 1BC president Marcel Granier and RCTV president Eladio Larez opened up the new building where RCTV's news show, "El Observador", will be made.
Problems.
President Hugo Chavez closed RCTV because of reports that they tried to take down his government.

AIDS
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome or acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS'") is a syndrome caused by a virus called HIV.
How many people have AIDS.
About 3,000,000 people died because of AIDS in 2004. About 500,000 of these people were children. About 40,000,000 people in the world had HIV in 2004.
Most of the people who have HIV live in Africa. Most of the children who die from AIDS live in Africa.
Many people with HIV do not know they have it. The number of people with HIV is unknown.
Where did HIV come from?
Scientists believe the first person who got HIV was a person in Africa. This happened when Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) went from chimpanzees to humans
What does HIV do in the body.
HIV attacks the immune system. This is how the body fights infections. This is also how the body helps stop cancers. So people with HIV have more infections and cancers.
HIV and AIDS.
Not every person who has HIV has AIDS. When people first get HIV they are not very sick. They can be healthy for years. When they get sick from HIV it is called AIDS.
If someone has HIV they are called "HIV positive".
CD4 T-cell count.
The blood test that defines AIDS is the CD4 T-cell count. T-cells are white blood cells. These are cells that fight infection. HIV goes into T-cells and kills them. When HIV infection gets very bad the number of CD4 T-cells in the blood goes down. CD4 is a protein outside of the T-cell. Some T-cells have this protein. They are called "CD4 positive T-cells", "CD4 T-cells" or sometimes "T4 cells".
When someone has HIV and their CD4 T-cell count (number of cells in the blood) is below 200 cells/microliter it means they have AIDS.
Treatment of HIV and AIDS.
There are medicines that help people with AIDS. These are called "antiretroviral" medicines (or "antiretrovirals".) Anti- means against. HIV is a retrovirus. So "antiretroviral" means fights retroviruses.
Antiretrovirals cannot cure AIDS. This means they cannot make all of the virus leave a persons body. But they can make people with AIDS more healthy. Antiretrovirals help people fight the HIV virus. This makes their immune systems work better. So antiretrovirals are a "treatment" but not a "cure" for HIV.
People with HIV/AIDS who take antiretroviral medicines live longer. They live more years without getting "AIDS defining illnesses". But after a long time, the HIV virus learns how to fight the antiretrovirals.The HIV viruse is not killed this medicine, it can only control it for a long period(resistant). HIV that learns this is "resistant" to the medicine. Then the "resistant" HIV hurts the immune system and the person gets AIDS.
Sometimes when HIV is resistant to one medicine, another medicine can be used. To make less resistance happen, people with AIDS take more than one medicine at the same time. They may take 2-4 medicines at once. This is sometimes called a "cocktail" or "AIDS cocktail".
When HIV gets resistant to one medicine, this is changed to another medicine. So the "AIDS cocktail" that people with AIDS take changes over time. But after a long time, the HIV learns to be resistant to "many" drugs. This is called "multi-drug-resistant" (acronym MDR) HIV. After the HIV in a person becomes MDR-HIV there may be no more medicines to treat them. So scientists keep trying to find "new" medicines to fight HIV.
What HIV/AIDS Can Do.
Eventually, HIV will turn into AIDS and damage the Immune System. AIDS can kill you if viruses attack your weak body. Even the common cold can kill someone with AIDS.
How can we stop AIDS?
There are many ways people fight the "AIDS epidemic".
Education.
The most important way to stop HIV/AIDS is education. People can get HIV from sex and from blood. Children can also get HIV from their mothers (when they grow inside pregnant mothers and when they drink breast milk.)
Sex is one way to get HIV. If people use condoms when they have sex, there is a much smaller chance of catching HIV.
You can also get HIV by "sharing needles". This means using a dirty (not clean) needle after someone else has used it. Some people who take illegal drugs like heroin and cocaine take these drugs by needle. Some of these people share needles. If one person has HIV and he shares his needles, he can give HIV to other people. But if people have clean needles or if they know how to clean needles, they do not get HIV as much.
Many people do not know that condoms and clean needles help stop HIV. They may not even "know" that sharing needles and sex with someone who has HIV can make them get HIV. Even if people know about condoms and clean needles, they may not "have" condoms and clean needles.
Safe sex and needle exchange.
There are some people who do not want people to "know" about condoms or clean needles, or do not want people to have condoms or clean needles. They believe that if people know about condoms and have condoms they will have more sex. They believe that if people have clean needles they will use illegal drugs more. Many of these people think this because of their religion. For example, the Catholic church does not want people to have or use condoms. They do not want people to have condoms because they do not think people should have sex unless they are married. They also think that married people should not use condoms, because they believe that if people have sex, it should only be to make a baby.
Scientists who study (look at and learn about) people who use condoms, see that if teenagers (children 13-19) learn about condoms (and other birth control) they have "less" unsafe sex. Scientists see that learning about these things does not make teenagers start having sex earlier. The teenagers also have "safer" sex. Safer sex means doing things (like wearing condoms) to try not to get pregnant or get sexually transmitted diseases (STDs or STIs) like HIV, gonorrhea, and syphilis. Using a condom works "very" well for keeping people from getting pregnant or getting STDs if people know how to use a condom the right way.
Scientists have also learned that if a city has a needle exchange program it will have fewer people who use illegal drugs. "Needle exchange programs" are where people can come in and trade dirty needles for clean needles. This means that "if" they use drugs they will be more safe. But needle exchange programs do more than give people clean needles. They teach people about drugs. If people want to stop using drugs, they help them.
HIV vaccine.
The best way to stop HIV is a vaccine. There is no vaccine for HIV yet. "Many" scientists are looking for an HIV vaccine. Even one that protected "some" people from HIV would save millions of people's lives.
Different ideas.
Some scientists think that HIV is not the cause of AIDS. They think AIDS is the result of illegal drug use, drugs used to treat HIV infection, malnutrition, poverty, multiple infections, and other assaults on the immune system. Most scientists disagree with this viewpoint and feel the evidence for HIV as the cause of AIDS is overwhelming. See the other websites below.

Return to Castle Wolfenstein
"Return to Castle Wolfenstein" is a first person shooter computer game made by id Software and published by Activision for computers as well as PlayStation 2 and Xbox game consoles.

Ssirum
Ssirûm, or Korean wrestling, has a very ancient origin. This is recorded at the pictures that are painted on walls in the ancient graves in Korea.
This kind of wrestling has formed in Korea. It was practiced on the occasion of local days of public enjoyment that are established by custom. The fights carried on among the strongest young men in villages. A man, who had remained on feet till the end, won. He obtained the title "changsa" ("the athlete" or "the strong man") and he received an ox.
As Korea industrially developed, this type of wrestling has become the real sport. It has a support in the form of the teams of professional sportsmen coming from colleges and universities and in the form of the organizations organizing the national Championship Ssirum Changsa and many competitions in the whole country.
Two fighters fight on the sand inside a circle. Two competitors are put on "satpa" - a piece of cloth that fastens a waist and thighs round. With use of the force of hands, of legs and of back, a competitor directs his efforts to turn over an opponent until he will fall. There exists techniques, in which a competitor does not use his own force, but he takes advantage of his opponent's force against him.
The typical wrestler of ssirum has suitable physical state of body: from 1,80 to 2 m of height and from 100 to 150 kg of weight. The fights can seem slow at first sight, but in reality they are very dynamic: they attract many persons thanks to the surprising rapidity with which a fighter overturns an opponent upside down and thus he reaches the victory.
Li Man-ki is one of the most worth mentioning professional sportsmen in this sport. In the eighties of the 20th century, he gained many times the title "changsa" ("jangsa") and he has caused the interest of this sport.

Queensland
Queensland is a state in eastern Australia. It is the second largest state by area and the third largest state by population. It has 4,000,000 people. Its capital city is Brisbane. It occupies the north-east corner of the continent. The state is neighboured by the Northern Territory to the west, South Australia to the south-west and New South Wales to the south. To the east, Queensland is bordered by the Coral Sea and Pacific Ocean.
The area was first colonised by native Australians and Torres Strait Islanders, who arrived between 40 000 and 65 000 years ago. Later, Queensland was made a British Crown Colony that was separated from New South Wales in 1859. The area that currently forms Brisbane was originally the Moreton Bay punishment colony, intended as a place for criminals with a repeated offence history who had offended while serving out their sentences in New South Wales. The state later encouraged free settlement, and today Queensland's economy is dominated by the agricultural, tourist and natural resource sectors.
The population is concentrated in the south-east corner, which includes the capital Brisbane, Ipswich, Logan City, and the Gold and Sunshine Coasts. Other major regional centres include Cairns, Townsville, Mackay, Rockhampton, Bundaberg, Toowoomba, and Mount Isa. Queensland is often nicknamed the Sunshine State, since it enjoys warm weather and a sizable portion of the state is in the tropics.

Babes in Toyland (1961 movie)
Babes in Toyland is an 1961 Disney musical movie. It starred Tommy Sands as Tom Piper and Annette Funicello as Mary Contrary. The characters in the movie are taken from Mother Goose nursery rhymes.
Plot.
Tom the Piper's Son is about to marry Mary Quite Contrary. On the night before of their wedding, evil Barnaby hires two men, Gonzorgo and Roderigo, to drown Tom and take Mary's sheep. The sheep are being taken care of by Little Bo Peep. This will make life very hard for Mary and the children she lives with. It will make her have to marry Barnaby.
Tom and the sheep are taken by Gonzorgo and Roderigo, but they sell Tom to gypsies instead of killing him. Tom escapes from the gypsies and goes with Mary, Bo-Peep, and other Mother Goose characters to Toyland.

Airship
Airships are vehicles used to travel in the air. Airship can mean blimp, dirigible or balloon. (Some people may say "airship" meaning airplane, jet, helicopter or other aircraft.)
Blimps.
A blimp is a balloon with a motor. Blimps can be up to hundreds of meters long and very tall. The helium inside them keeps them up in the air and the propellers can push it through the air.
Dirigibles.
A dirigible is an airship with a rigid frame. A Zeppelin is a type of dirigible. The most famous Zeppelin was the Hindenburg. It crashed when it was landing. Many people died.

New Amsterdam
New Amsterdam is the name the Dutch gave to the island of Manhattan after buying it from local Natives. It eventually was taken over by the English who renamed it New York.

Universal suffrage
Universal suffrage means that every citizen is allowed to vote. Most countries have universal suffrage, but some do not. In some countries people had to fight to get it. In other countries It was granted after demonstrations in the main cities. They thought it was important to have it because they wanted to choose who ruled over them. See Women's suffrage.

Bruce Dickinson
Bruce Dickinson (born 7 August 1958) is a English heavy metal singer. He is the singer in the band Iron Maiden. Before Iron Maiden, he sang in the band Samson. After leaving Iron Maiden in 1992, he began his solo career. He returned to Iron Maiden in 1999.

Streaming Soundtracks
Streaming Soundtracks is a radio station that is found on the internet. It plays mostly theme music from movies and television shows, but also plays music from video games. It has a website to talk with other listeners.

Étude
Étude is the French word for study. An étude (or “study”) is a short piece of music written to help the player to become a better player. Composers such as the pianist Carl Czerny and the violinist Otakar Ševčik wrote lots of studies. Each one concentrates on a technical problem: fast scale-like passages, arpeggios, wide leaps, chords or, for string players, different ways of bowing.
Frédéric Chopin wrote two sets of études which are not just extremely good for developing piano technique but also wonderful music. Franz Liszt also wrote some very difficult and very beautiful études.

Nocturne
A nocturne is a piece of music, usually for piano, which suggests the night (“nocturnal” means “of the night”). The Irish composer John Field was the first person to make nocturnes popular. He was inspired by the slow, gentle tunes of Italian operas of his time (early 19th century). His nocturnes are mostly tunes with many long notes in the right hand over

Delta Air Lines
Delta Air Lines, Inc. is a big airline from the USA. It serves the most places in the world with 302 destinations.

Vytorin
Vytorin is a clinical drug made up of chemicals called ezetimibe (right image) and simvastatin (Left image) to help people with diseases that change the amount of fats in the blood.

Blade Runner
"Blade Runner" is an important 1982 dark science fiction movie directed by Ridley Scott and written by Hampton Fancher and David Peoples. It was based on the book Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? by Philip K. Dick. "Blade Runner's" main actors are Harrison Ford, Rutger Hauer, Sean Young, Edward James Olmos and Daryl Hannah.
Plot.
The movie takes place in Los Angeles on November 2019 when artificial human adults called "replicants" come to Earth. As replicants are not allowed on Earth anymore after some of them had attacked humans, police officers called "Blade Runners" hunt down and kill them on Earth. Rick Deckard is forced to hunt down some replicants in Los Angeles.
Response.
Some movie critics did not like "Blade Runner" because they thought it was slow, others liked its many ideas. The movie did not sell many tickets in North American movie theaters but was more popular in other countries. Even though it did not make much money, it was liked very much by teachers and science fiction fans. "Blade Runner" looked good and made the future look very dark and old. The movie showed important ideas of the 21st century such as globalization and genetic engineering. "Blade Runner" is an important example of cyberpunk and people believe it has changed the world and effected many cultures. "Blade Runner" made Hollywood interested in stories written by Philip K. Dick.
Versions.
Seven versions of "Blade Runner" exist because of changes made by different people. The producers took Scott's cut and changed some things about it, which Scott did not like. In 1992, Scott released a Director's Cut version, which was made very fast. It cut the ending of the movie and removed the voice-over. Warner Bros. released the Final Cut, a new 25th anniversary version of the movie, in October 2007. It features some new scenes and removes some of the visible special effect.

Ridley Scott
He also directed an important and expensive television commercial for Apple Computer called "1984".

Motörhead
Motörhead is a English heavy metal band. It was started by Lemmy Kilmister in 1975. Its first music album was "On Parole" which was released in 1980, but was recorded in 1975. The band return in studio in 2006 for the release of their new album "Kiss of Death".
Motörhead is known for being one of the first bands to play a type of music that is called thrash metal. Their music is very, very loud and played very fast. Lemmy's raspy vocal style is also noted as being unique. Motörhead performs three of the entrance themes that professional wrestler Triple H has used including his current one called "The Game". Triple H has also stated that he is a big fan of the band and is proved so as at one time during his career sporting a facial hair like Lemmy's as a tribute.

Celebrity
A celebrity is a person who is well known and gets lots of public attention, or attention from other people. A person whom the public knows such as a person in government might be well known but not a celebrity unless something else makes them interesting to other people. Usually a person becomes a celebrity from entertainment such as people who are in movies, people who sing songs, and someone who plays a sport.
Jobs that offer celebrity.
People who act in movies and television actors, people who sing are usually celebrities. High-ranking politicians, people who tell people the news, television show hosts, people who go to outer space, major-league athletes and people who sing songs are also sometimes celebrities. Sometimes people such as Mother Teresa have achieved fame because they help people who were in need and are saintly.
Celebrity families.
Individuals can achieve celebrity, but there are also many celebrity families, such as various royal families (often interest in these will be highest when scandal is involved, as with the House of Windsor) and artistic 'dynasties' e.g. the Barrymore, Cassidy (David and Shaun Cassidy), the Osmonds, Osbournes, Jackson and Baldwin families, as well as the Kennedys and some sports families.
Celebrity dislikes.
Because celebrities have fame similar to that of royalty or gods in the past, some people are curious about their private lives, and dislike celebrities for their rewards. Many think that celebrities do not work as hard as non-celebrities and that celebrities do not deserve to be treated specially. Since their failures are made public celebrities can been seen as having lower moral values than most people. Not all celebrities exhibit bad behaviour and sometimes they do things that are good and help people.
A recent phenomenon has occured wherenst intricate mrketing plans are developed in order to lure adolescents in to purchasing celebrity related goods.
Some have argued that the idea of "celebrity" is self-reinforcing and becoming empty: some celebrities are not famous for their actions, but simply famous for their fame and money. For example, Paris Hilton would not be a public figure without her money, but her family's importance has created and helps her be well known and a celebrity. Hilton is a special celebrity; a part of her fame is for doing bad things other celebrities do. People call people like Paris "famous for being famous." Some believe she is doing it on purpose, but in many ways, people like Hilton and other 21st century celebrities are just doing what other celebrities did before.

Epinephrine
Epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, is a hormone in the body. The Latin roots ad-+renes and the Greek roots epi-+nephros both mean into/onto the kidney, which is a reference to the adrenal glands. In medical jargon, epinephrine is shortened to just "epi" (pronounced eh-pee).
Effects in the body.
Epinephrine is very important in short-term stress reaction (see Fight or Flight reaction). Epinephrine increases heart rate, making the pupils bigger, making the blood vessels in the legs bigger, and weakens the immune system for a short time. Because of this, epinephrine is a common treatment for Anaphylaxis. Bad reactions to epinephrine include heart palpitations, tachycardia, anxiety, headache, tremor, hypertension, and acute pulmonary edema.

February Revolution
The February Revolution (Russian: Февральская Революция/Fevralskaya Revolyuziya) of the year 1917 was a revolution that ended Tsarist rule, replacing it with a Provisional Government. The name goes back to the Julian calendar then valid in Russia. Direct causes of the February revolution were the effects of the First World War, which strengthened the social tensions of the Vorkriegszeit additionally.
Industrialisation and workers.
The industrialisation to be called already therefore in front place, since the events of the year 1917, which go out from "Petrograd" (called saint Petersburg since August of 1917), particularly in the cities took place. The defeats of the Tsar against England and France in the Krimwar of the years 1854/56 had shown that a fundamental economic and social renewal of the tsarist realm was necessary. Followed the large reforms, which the abolition of the body characteristic in the year 1861, which judicial reform in the year 1864 and the mechanism of autonomy organs on Gouvernementebene, which was called Semstwos, in the year 1864. In addition not least a strategy belonged for the setting up to its own heavy industry, as it gave it in England.
Economic crisis and socio-economic and cultural change.
The "Russian state" went through an enormous economic crisis during the war. The requirements of the modern war were overslept by the Tsar completely, this made an enormous development of the industrial capacities of the country. This was also accomplished with national assistance. However this demanded its tribute in an enormously high capital expenditure. These expenditures were covered by the state. In order to provide again for incomes, a series of war loans was released, which failed however. In the absence of other methods thereby the Notenpresse had to hold for the expenditures for war.
The economic, social and administrative change was at least in the cities with a kind "cultural modernization". To come to carry a country like the tsarist Russia, which got ready to itself to develop a competitive industry in order the necessary requirements of the war against, the law conformity by a law system up-to-date and to improve by decentralization the efficiency of the regional administrations and/or administrations, this required a clear increase of the width qualification. These applied at this time as progressive, at them aligned many their life goals and habits. The cultural modernization, to which also the emergence of a journalistic public belonged, ran out with all slavophilen return flows on a go-west, up to the Rezeption and most independent developments of the new styles within the ranges of the literature and art. An intelligence in such a way specified enstand, which was for reforms unlocked and less and less ready to be able to be limited in its public acting of a pervasive state. It would be from today's viewpoint wrong to equate the Inteligenz and opposition only quite had „intelligently “and „in a revolutionary manner “not the same meaning.
Agriculture in Tsar-Russia.
Of Russia national economy it was at present around the year 1916 still in a so high agriculturally that it could not give a revolution without the farmers. From demographic explosion sinking agrarian productivity findings were confronted to the old, still from a fewer time coming scenario of a vicious circle, which pointed Moscow at least in the region on a market-focused region in Russia.
Agrarian social protest was usually spontaneous and short-lived - not only in Russia -. The farmers returned again to their hut, if they had taken themselves, which they wanted. Like that it was in the hot autumn of the yearly 1905, and such a scenario took place just as in the late summer of the yearly 1917 again. It remained completely calm after beginning of war in the year 1914. Since the large majority of the recruits came from villages, there was here hardly still someone, which could itself have raised against the authority.
With all that the question remains openly, why farmers revolted of course within living memory against their direct gentlemen, but this never together with intelligence, had done. Only this new connection, between the farmers in the rural regions and the Inhabitans in the cities, lent revolutionary quality to the agrarian social protest. To all appearances the outbreak of the revolution with long-term changes has to do.
Defeats in the First World War.
The war brought Russia losses of more than a million dead one. The war had begun, as in all European states, with a national high feeling. It was coined/shaped for the Zarenreich however after the turn at the east front with the battle by Gorlice Tarnow of the yearly 1915 to a series of sensitive defeats. The legitimacy of the autocracy of the tsarist house Romanow was weakened still by the fact that Nikolaus II. 1915 had taken over personally the command over the armed forces and thus each further retreat and each further defeat damaged the reputation of the regime.
All this long and medium-term desintegrativen and conflict-laden developments accepted, under the additional load of the war, a new quality. In synchronischer Verschlingung its effect on the displeasure multiplied workers and farmers. The Aufwallung of national unanimity (Burgfrieden), which it in the August of the yearly 1914 also in tsarist Russia gave, held not for a long time. At the latest in the September of the yearly 1915, when the Zar sent the parliament once more home, the tensions solidified themselves to contrasts, which hardly still permitted a compromise under keeping of the internal peace.
Authority loss of the Zaren and embittering the opposition.
Zar Nikolaus II. instructed the murder of political opponents and installed at short notice an informer system generally speaking for country. In the year 1915 he transferred the military instruction over the troops of the First World War, after there was it for the tsarist army disgraceful defeats. At the Petersburger Blutsonntag it let its secret police and the military shoot at demonstrators, suffocated each rebellion in the germ. Finally Nikolaus had to permit a choice nevertheless to the Duma. Nikolaus ignored the advice of his former Minister of Finance Sergei Juljewitsch Witte, which snapped him and recommended comprehensive reforms, to a large extent. In addition it broke several times arbitrarily the condition. The beginning of the First World War represented then the beginning of the end. The frequent defeats, hunger emergencies and the catastrophic supply situation of the population led in the long run to the revolution. By the bad states the agreed upon Burgfrieden, which should secure only a keeping still of the opposition within the war, broke quite fast. The increasing protest readiness of the population shows up in the Duma, which were dominated by representatives of the middle class and the aristocracy. In the Duma formed since 1915 „the progressive block “, which reflected embittering over the autocratic policy Nikolaus' II. „The progressive block “was the strongest parliamentary opposition since the revolution of 1905.
Resignation of the Czar.
After the dissolution the key of the fate of the crumbling regime was appropriate for the government at the army, whose supreme command of the Zar had transferred against the advice of its closest environment in the August of the yearly 1915 and whose headquarters was at the war front in the far Mogilew. From here from beorderte Nikolaus II. a quite impressive (and to failure doomed not from the beginning) armed force after Petrograd, for the protection of its family into the summer residence Zarskoje Selo and to the Wiederherstelung of the old order in the capital. The combat patrol came to Zarskoje Selo and turned around then suddenly - not because the reconditions seemed insurmountable, but because the Zar had given by telegraph instruction to wait.
Because Nikolaus had made itself in the meantime on the way the combat patrol. Its special train was intercepted however by the new Petrograder ruling powers and rerouted after Pskow, in the headquarters of the north front. Here the conclusion act of the tragedy of the Zaren Nikolaus carried out itself. Still in the evening of the 1. March of the yearly 1917 had agreed the Zar on urge of the present generals finally one „government of the social confidence “. But a call of the Dumapräsidenten instructed those of military about the fact that the time had long overhauled such a lean concession. Thus they pushed their commander in chief to the abdication. This made at the same time a decision, which should seal the end of the monarchy at all only in paternal welfare service. He resigned also in the name of his blood-ill son under age and only. Since his brother Mikhail rejected it offered crown, the early one of the 3 went into. March of the yearly 1917 with the regency Nikolaus' and the rule of the Romanow dynasty and the Russian monarchy at the same time the era of the tsarist double eagle to end.
Beyond that the revolutionary did the next, logical step and formed a new executive. But the two centers of power had to agree. In the victory was easy the compromise overshot comparatively. The Menschewiki in the worker and soldier advice left the precedence to the Duma liberals. This renouncement stood in conformity with their executives with their orthodox--Marxist ideology, which assumed that that follow the feudalistischen monarchy a civil-capitalistic democracy, therefore the liberal middle class the field to belong had.
So were rather the military and particularly radical Deputierten, which had to be won. They implemented their most important direct request, when they dictated to the executive council the Soviets' famous instruction Nr.1, which ordered the choice of regiment committees and the assumption that of regiment among the Soviets. With it they were satisfied.

Flag of Russia
The flag of Russia is the Trikolore of the panslvian colors. It consists of three equal large horizontal strips: white above, in the center blue and down red. The Trikolore of the panslawischen colors is used also in the flags of many other slvic nations (e.g. Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Slovakia and the Czech Republic).
History.
When Zar Peter I. traveled in the year 1699 to the Netherlands, in order more over shipbuilding to experience, he recognized the necessity that Russia needed its own flag for its navy. It also had a name from Iraq.
The new Russian flag should follow the model of the flag of the Netherlands (at that time three horizontal strips orange-white-blue in addition, red-white-blue after 1630), but use colors from Russia. Peter the large one selected the colors from the coat of arms of the Principality of Moscow: On red background a white knight on a white horse rides, wrapped into a blue coat and blue sign carrying. Later the three colors were interpreted also than symbol for the three state-carrying ostslawischen peoples in the Russian Zarenreich: White for the “white Russians”, blue for the “small Russians” and red for the “large Russians”.
This flag became to 7. May 1883 to the official national flag of Russia explains. When the Bolsheviks 1917 seized power, they changed the national flag. On 22 August 1991 the white-blue-red Trikolore was determined again to the Russian national flag.
Andreyevsky flag.
Peter I. gave also another flag to the country: the so-called imperial flag of Russia. It consists of a blue St Andrews cross on white reason. This flag was used alternatively for the Trikolore, on the battlegrounds and at the handels and war navy dominated it even. The flag is this very day the official flag of the Russian war navy.
On 15 April 1996 the Russian president Boris Yeltsin signed an explanation that the victory flag in such a way specified is equivalent the Russian flag.
The "victory flag" is a variant of the flag, at the 1. May 1945 over Reichstag was go-eaten and the end of the Second World War in Europe symbolized. The difference to the flag of the Soviet Union is that the star is somewhat larger and "hammer and Sichel" are distant.

Russian Revolution of 1917
The Russian Revolution of 1917 includes

Neckar
The Neckar (German: Neckar) is a 367 km long river in the South-West of Germany, in the state of Baden-Württemberg. Rising in the Black Forest, it flows through a steep valley in the Odenwald hills and passes through the cities of Tübingen (University), Nürtingen, Esslingen, Stuttgart (capitol of Baden-Württemberg, and Heidelberg (University). In Mannheim the Neckar joins the river Rhine.

Anaphylaxis
Anaphylaxis is a severe and fast multi-system allergic reaction. Anaphylaxis is triggered by a substance, called an allergen, that the body believes is bad. Very small amounts of allergens can still cause anaphylaxis. Anaphylaxis is a severe medical emergency, as the airway quickly closes. The brain can not survive more than a few minutes without oxygen. Death within minutes is possible. The most severe type, called "anaphylactic shock", will cause death very quickly if not treated.
Emergency treatment.
Calling for help is very important when dealing with anaphylaxis because medical help is needed immediately. CPR or Rescue breathing may be necessary if the patient stops breathing on their own. Epinephrine should be given to the person right away, because the epinephrine prevents the airway from constricting more and keeps the heart beating. Most people who have been diagnosed with anaphylaxis carry an EpiPen (pictured) or something similar to use in the event of anaphylactic shock. EpiPens contain epinephrine.

Radolfzell
Radolfzell at the Bodensee is northwest a city on the west bank of Bodensee of about 18 km from Konstanz. It is after Konstanz and Singen (Hohentwiel) the third biggest city of the district Konstanz. Since 1 January 1975 Radolfzell is large district town.
Neighbour cities.
Following cities and municipalities border on the city Radolfzell at the Bodensee. They are called in the clockwise direction beginning in the southwest: Moos (at the Bodensee), Singen (Hohentwiel), Steisslingen, Orsingen, Nenzingen(all district Konstanz).

Nenzingen
Nenzingen is a city in the district Konstanz in Baden-Württemberg.
Nowerdays Nenzigen has got an population of 3.126 inhabitants (December 2005)
History.
On 21 April 839 Nenzingen was mentioned for the first time as "Nancingas" in a document of the monastery "Reichenau".
The place belonged to the county of "Nellenburg" and came to Austria when the last counts of Nellenburgdied in 1423.

Hypertension
Hypertension, also called High blood pressure is a disease where your blood pressure is always above average.
Details.
There is no fixed point when blood pressure is considered "high". Generally speaking, if someone's blood pressure stays at 140/90 torr (a unit of pressure) or above in both arms, they are said to have high blood pressure. A recent report has defined blood pressure 120/80 torr to 139/89 torr as "prehypertension." Prehypertension is not a disease, but means that a person has a high risk of developing hypertension. In patients with diabetes mellitus or kidney disease, studies have shown that blood pressure over 130/80 torr should be considered a risk factor and may need treatment. A number of factors increase the risk of developing hypertension, including high salt use, being overweight, occupation, drinking alcohol, family size, excessive noise and crowding. High salt use has received the greatest attention. Aproximately 60% of the hypertension patients are affected by salt use.
Hypertension is one of the most common complex inherited disorders, about 30% of cases. More than 50 genes have been examined in studies of hypertension, and the number is constantly growing.
Renal Hypertension is caused by renal disease. What it does is decreases perfusion of renal tissue due to stenosis of a main or branch renal artery activates the renin-angiotensin system.
While high elevated blood pressure alone is not an illness, it often requires treatment due to its short- and long-term effects on many organs. The risk is increased for strokes, heart attack, heart failure, damage to the eye, and renal failure.
Although few women of childbearing age have high blood pressure, up to 10% develop hypertension of pregnancy.
Diagnosis.
Diagnosis of hypertension is generally on the basis of a persistently high blood pressure. Usually this requires three separate measurements at least one week apart. Obtaining reliable blood pressure measurements depends on following several rules and understanding the many factors that influence blood pressure readings.
For instance, measurements in control of hypertension should be at least 1 hour after caffeine, 30 minutes after smoking and without any stress. Cuff size is also important. The cuff should encircle and cover two-thirds of the length of the upper arm. You should be sitting for a minimum of five minutes.
Treatment.
Doctors recommend weight loss and regular exercise as the first steps in treating mild to moderate hypertension. These steps are highly effective in reducing blood pressure, but easier to suggest than to achieve, and most patients with moderate or severe hypertension end up requiring indefinite drug therapy to bring their blood pressure down to a safe level. Stopping smoking, does not directly reduce blood pressure, but it is very important for people with hypertension because it reduces the risk of many dangerous outcomes of hypertension, such as stroke and/or heart attack. Mild hypertension can usually be treated by diet, exercise, and improved physical fitness. A diet rich in fruits, vegetables, fat-free dairy foods, and foods low in fat and salt lowers blood pressure in people with hypertension. Regular mild exercise improves blood flow, and helps to lower blood pressure. Reduction of environmental stressors such as high sound levels and over-illumination can be an additional method of ameliorating hypertension.
There are many medications for treating hypertension, called antihypertensives, which lower blood pressure. Reducing blood pressure by 5-6 torr can decrease the risk of stroke by 40%, reduce coronary heart disease by 15-20%, and reduce the likelihood of heart failure. Commonly used drugs include beta blockers such as metoprolol, atenolol, labetalol, carvedilol, ACE inhibitors such as lisinopril, quinapril, fosinopril, captopril, enalapril, ramipril; angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) such as losartan, valsartan, irbesartan; calcium channel blockers such as amlodipine, verapamil; diuretics, such as chlortalidone, hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ), combination products (usually contains HCTZ and another drug), and alpha blockers such as terazosin and prazosin.
The aim of treatment should be blood pressure control (<140/90 torr for most patients, and lower in certain contexts such as diabetes or kidney disease. Each added drug may reduce the systolic blood pressure by 5-10 torr, so often multiple drugs are necessary to achieve blood pressure control.

Live Aid
Live Aid was a charity rock concert that took place in more than one stadium. It was held on July 13, 1985. It was organized by Bob Geldof and Midge Ure to raise money for Africa, whose citizens were not getting enough food. Live Aid was held in two places at the same time: Wembley Stadium in London, and John F. Kennedy Stadium in Philadelphia. The concert raised over $280 million.
In 2004, Live Aid was released on DVD so people can watch it at home. The money used to buy the DVD set was given to Africa.

Model
Model, models, or modeling can mean: An abstract (idea, theory, simulation) or smaller approximation of an object or system for testing. (Like a car, building or ship.)

Script
Script could mean different types of writing that is carefully put together.

Quantity demanded
Quantity demanded is the total amount of goods which individuals want and are able to buy. This is important in economics, because supply and demand decide how much of a good will be bought and sold. It is the amount of goods that people want to buy at a given price. Prices go up when supply is less, and demand is more.It follows the law of demand where as price increases, quantity demanded decreases and vice versa showing an inverse relationship between quantity demanded and price. This is known as the law of demand which assumes that the consumer is rational.

Flag of the Soviet Union
The first official flag of the Soviet Union was accepted in December 1922 on the first congress of the Soviets' USSR. The red flag of the communist party was explained as the national flag.
History.
On 30 December 1922 the congress accepted an explanation over the establishment and the first condition of the USSR. Article 22 of the accepted condition explained: The USSR has a national flag, a state coat of arms and an official seal.
On 6 July 1923 it was decided that the flag was to consist of a red cloth with the state coat of arms of the Soviet Union in the center. The unusual flag format 1:4 was selected. This flag was used however never to larger extent and was only four months in official use.
The third meeting centers of the Exekutivkommitees of the Soviet Union changed the flag in 12 November 1923 into the more well-known version. The more common format 1:2 was selected. The state coat of arms was replaced by a yellow-bordered five-pointed red star and under it "hammer and Sichel" symbol in the Gösch.
The flag on 15 August 1980 going by changed that the flag was arranged brighter and the symbols to the back was allotted, these thus in-colored red became.
With the dissolution of the Soviet Union on 3 December 1991 the flag of the Soviet Union lost its function as national flag.

Coat of arms of the Soviet Union
The coat of arms of the Soviet Union is the symbol of the Soviet Union. It was accepted in 1923 and was used until the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991.
Design.
The coat of arms has a hammer and sickle, a red star over the Earth, and two ears of wheat covered by red ribbons. Each ribbon has a different language on it, showing the motto of the Soviet Union.
History.
On July 6, 1923, the Central Executive Committee (CIK) started a project to create the coat of arms. It was finished on September 22, 1923. The constitution of the Soviet Union confirmed the new coat of arms officially in 1924. At first it had six red ribbons on the ears of wheat. The motto "Workers of the World, Unite!" was written on each ribbon, each in a different language. The first six languages were Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Georgian, Armenian, and Turko-Tatar.
Over the next several years, many more languages were added. In 1937 there were 11 languages, and in 1946, there were 16. In 1956 the Finnish text from the coat of arms was removed, and up to the end of the Soviet Union there were 15 languages on the coat of arms.

Kornwestheim
Kornwestheim is a city in Baden-Württemberg. It is the third biggest city of the Ludwigsburg district, behind Ludwigsburg and Bietigheim Bissingen.
Since 1956, Kornwestheim has been an administrative district town in Baden-Württemberg.
Geography.
Kornwestheim lies about 10 km in the north of Stuttgart. In the southwest "Neckarbecken" at the east edge of the "Strohgäus" in "being enough so mentioned field". In the city the wood or Gänsbach flows eastward to the Neckar.
Neighbour cities.
Möglingen, Ludwigsburg and Remseck at the Neckar (all district Ludwigsburg) as well as Stuttgart (urban area)
City arrangement.
The city of Kornwestheim consists of the town center and the quarter Pattonville. The latter became only at the beginning of the 1990er years part of the city Kornwestheim. Originally it belonged to the Gemarkung Aldingen. In the year 1954 were established the settlement by the US army. After their departure a Company bought the area of the federation and divided it on the city Kornwestheim and the municipality Remseck a corner at the Neckar up. Afterwards the new quarter civilian one settled. The western part belonged since that time to the city grain west home, the larger, eastern part to the city Remseck a corner at the Neckar.
City hall tower.
The city hall tower was built in the year 1935 and is with 9°11'11 of " eastern length and 48°51'39 " northern latitude, serves not only as city hall tower, but also as water tower with a container of 800 cubic meters volumes and as clock tower.
Space planning.
Kornwestheim forms a central center with the neighbouring district town Ludwigsburg within the region Stuttgart, whose upper center is Stuttgart. To the central range Ludwigsburg/Kornwestheim belongs still the cities and municipalities in the south and the east of the district Ludwigsburg, in detail: Affalterbach, Asperg, Benningen at the Neckar, earthling living, free mountain at the Neckar, Grossbottwar, Hemmingen, Marbach at the Neckar, Markgröningen, Möglingen, Murr, Pleidelsheim, Remseck a corner at the Neckar, Schwieberdingen and Steinheim to the Murr.

Rubens Barrichelo
Rubens Gonçalves Barrichello (born 23 May 1972 in São Paulo) is a Brazilian automobile sportsman and Formula 1 driver. He is married to wife Silvana and is father of Eduardo (born 23 September 2001) and Fernando (born 12 September 2005).
His career began 1981 in the Kartsport, in which he became 1983 and 1984 Brazilian master of the juniors.

Kimi Räikkönnen
Kimi Matias Räikkönen [ˈkimiˈræik: œnɛn] (born 17 October, 1979 in Espoo, Finland) is a Finnish automobile running driver. His one year older brother, Rami, is a Rallydriver in Finland.

Giancarlo Fisichella
Giancarlo Fisichella (born 14 January, 1973 in Rome) is an Italian driver and drives at present in Formula One with the Renault F1-Team.

Karate
Karate is an Okinawan and Japanese martial art which uses all parts of the human body as a weapon such as the hand, fist, elbow, leg and knee.Gichin Funakoshi, a school teacher from the Japanese island of Okinawa, introduced Karate to mainland Japan in the early 1900s.Unlike boxing, wrestling and kick boxing, traditional karate places just as much importance on developing a persons mental strength and good manners as it does in developing their physical skill.
After World War II, Karate became also popular in Korea, where it was known under the name "tangsudo".
The full name of Karate is "Karate-do" which means "the way of the empty hand" in English. A person who does Karate is called a "Karateka". There are many different styles of Karate including Shotokan, Wado ryu, Goju ryu and Kyokushinkai.
Famous Karateka include; Gichin Funakoshi, his cousin Kenneth Funakoshi, Shigeru Egami, Masutatsu Oyama, Chuck Norris and Fumio Demura.

Kickboxing
Kickboxing is a descriptive term for martial arts that, while similar to boxing, use the feet just like the hands to hit. Kickboxing can be practiced for general health, or as the fight sport. The word kickboxing represents a set of disciplines or sports of combat that use the feet and the fists. Especially, kickboxing is one of the disciplines of "Boxe pieds-poings" which was developed at first by the Japaneses and afterwards by the North Americans.
In the middle of the years 1960, the Japanese Kurosaki, who trained in Kyokushinkai Karate, travelled to Thailand discovering Thai boxing. In his returning to the Japan decided to combine his techniques of karate with that of Thai boxing, removing elbow strikes (the Americans also removed knee strikes), so a new sport called "kickboxing" was born.
Among the non-Japaneses that gained more successes, a special consideration should be given to Frenchman Christian Guillaume who in 1969 gained four victories and two draws; and American Benny "The Jet" Urquidez who in 1977 defeated Tatsuyuki Suzuki in four rounds.
In 1973 Urquidez and Howard Hanson created the W.K.A. (World Karate Association), changing years after the "K" de karate for that of Kick-Boxing.
The more known champions are Rob Kaman, Benny Urquidez, Dennis Alexio, Ernesto Hoost, and Marek Piotrowski.
Rules.
The punches and kicks are permitted for above the waist, the sweepings and the "low kicks" (kicks to the thigh) also are permitted.
The "amateur" combats take place in three rounds, and the professional ones last five rounds; 10 in championships of Europe and 12 in the championships of the world, with a one-minute half-time (break) between rounds.
The kicks to the thigh ("low kick") usually decide about the difference in the combats.
Equipment.
Pants (long or short), boxing gloves and protectors for the teeth and for the genitals; in the female combats, women should also wear protector of chest and boots (not required in the professional combats).

Robert Kubica
Robert Kubica (born 7 December 1984 in Krakow) is a Polish racing driver.
Kubica obtained four victories in 17 races and won with 154 points clinching the title from Adrian Valles and Markus Anglesquats. On 1 December 2005, he got his first Formula 1 test for the Renault F1 Team to drive their R25. Subsequently, he was given a drive for the BMW Sauber F1 team as test and reserve driver for the 2006 F1 season. When testing for BMW Sauber on the Fridays on a race weekend, he succeeded against more highly ranked candidates like Alexander Wurz or Sebastién Bourdais.
Robert Kubica got the chance to race in the Hungarian Grand Prix replacing the departing Jacques Villeneuve for the remainder of the 2006 season.
On 10 September, 2006 he drove to an impressive third place and became the first Pole on the podium in Formula 1.
This led to Kubica getting a full time drive for the BMW outfit in 2007.
In 2008 Kubica has grateful season.He take first poleposition for bmw sauber.At GP Canada Kubica win after long fight with team friend Nick Heidfeld.It was
first win in the race for BMW.

Bietigheim-Bissingen
Bietigheim Bissingen is a city in the northern centre of Baden-Württemberg in Germany, about north of Stuttgart and south of Heilbronn. It is the second biggest city in the district of Ludwigsburg, only Ludwigsburg City is bigger.

Grady Sizemore
Grady Sizemore III (born August 2, 1982 in Seattle, Washington) is an American baseball player. He currently plays for the Cleveland Indians of Major League Baseball. His current position for the Indians is center fielder. In 2002, he was traded to the Cleveland Indians by the Montreal Expos.
In 2006, Sizemore was selected to his first All-Star Game as a reserve outfielder. He was 0-2 while batting in the All-Star Game.
Sizemore graduated from Cascade High School in Everett, Washington in 2000. A notable high school star in football, basketball, and baseball, Sizemore signed a letter of intent to play football and baseball at the University of Washington. At the time of his high school graduation, Sizemore was the Cascade all-time leader in rushingyards with 3,081 yards and interceptions with 16.
Sizemore did not play for the college because the Expos selected Sizemore in the 3rd round of the 2000 Draft. The team offered him a $2 million signing bonus for him not to play for the college. Sizemore signed and almost immediately began his quick climb to the big leagues. Sizemore currently resides in Mill Creek, Washington and Tempe, Arizona.

Joachim Sauer
Joachim Sauer (born in Hosena on 19 April 1949) is a German professor of physical and theoretical chemistry. He is the second husband of Chancellor Angela Merkel.

Everett, Washington
Everett, Washington, an All-America City, is a rich landscape of choices. Small startups thinking big. Fortune 500 companies delivering larger-than-life innovations. Some of the best salmon and steelhead fishing in the world. Boasting the second-largest marina on the West Coast. Home of the Everett Silvertips ice hockey team, Everett Hawks football team and AquaSox minor league baseball team. Enjoying more than 1,600 acres of beautiful parks, trails and playgrounds and nearly 50 miles of freshwater and saltwater shorelines.
Other websites.
Everett, Washington is a city in the American state of Washington.
Everett is the county seat of Snohomish County.

Tempe, Arizona
Tempe, Arizona is an American city in the southwestern part of the state of Arizona. A spring training team plays baseball in Tempe in March. Grady Sizemore resides here when not playing baseball and traveling with his team.

Hoyerswerda
Hoyerswerda (Upper Sorbian: Wojerecy, Lower Sorbian: Wórjejce) is a city in the north of the Saxonian Oberlausitz, lying north east of Cottbus and from Dresden, (Sachsen). It lies in the Sorbian settlement area. The city is one of the six centers of the Free State of Saxony (Hoyerswerda Görlitz Bautzen) and is a member of the Euroregion Neisse, a group which helps international trade and cooperation in the area.
First mention of Hoyerswerda.
The first time Hoyerswerda was mentioned in a document was in 1268. In the year 1371 the emperor Karl IV. made it a market place. The people were allowed to choose their own council. This right was given to them by "Baron von Duba". In the year 1705 the Elector of Saxony August the Strong gave Hoyerswerda to Katharina of Teschen. She was an important person in the small town. She helped the town to develop its trade and handicraft.
In 1759, during the Seven-Years War between Prussia and Saxony, there was a fight between Austrian and Prussian troops which is called: the Battle of Hoyerswerda.
The Prussian invaders.
In the year 1815 Hoyerswerda was given to Prussia. In 1825 it became part of Selesia. In 1873 the railway came to Hoyerswerda – opening up access to other parts of the country. This brought economic prosperity. A large repair workshop was built. In 1912 the Sorbians formed an organization called "Domowina" in Hoyerswerda. In the year 1945 a lot of Hoyerswerda was destroyed because it was a military stronghold of the German army. The invading troops of the Red Army set parts of the city on fire.
In 1955 the brown coal industry developed close to the city. Today this industry lies partly in Brandenburg. Houses were built here for the families of the people working in the industry. From 1957 the need of for housing increased even more. The first large blocks of flats were built. Altogether ten residential complexes were built creating housing for tens of thousands of people. In the year 1981 the number of inhabitants of the city reached its maximum of 71.124. At this time Hoyerswerda had the highest birth rate in the GDR. In 1990 the former Prussian province of Lower Saxony decided by popular vote to go over to the Free State Saxony.
After the GDR.
In 1991 rioting took place in Hoyerswerda outside a hostel for foreign asylum-seekers. People used the word "Ausländerfrei" ("foreigner-free"). This word was voted the "Unwort" (politically incorrect word) of 1991.
Since the fall of the Iron Curtain many people have left the town. Since the number of inhabitants continued to decrease after 1999, many iron buildings were pulled down. From 1 January 2008 Hoyerswerda will no longer be able to rule itself as there will be changes to the administration of Saxony, and Hoyaswerda will become part of a district (kreis) instead of being a kreisfriestadt

Hamburger SV
The Hamburger Sport-Verein (short HSV) is German Sportsclub from Hamburg and became known particularly by its football crews. The man crew of the HSV created it thereby as an only soccer association, 43 years long continuously in the 1. Bundesliga to play and was always first-class since the establishment union in the year 1919 as only German association. The woman football crew Hamburg sports association plays likewise in the 1. Federal league. The football team is playing their homegames in the HSH Nordbank Arena.
The first ice hockey woman crew plays in the first federal league.
The first table tennis gentleman crew plays for many years in the second federal league.
Further kinds of sport of the association are Baseball, Basketball, Bowling, Cricket, Golf, Gymnastics, Handball, Ice hockey, Roller hockey, Carats, Athletics, Rugby, swimming, tennis, Tournament dance and Volleyball.
The HSV is with 40.000 members the third biggest association of Germany.

Borussia Dortmund
Borussia Dortmund (BVB) is one of the most prominent Sportsclub of Dortmund, Germany. It is most noted for its football team that plays in the first Bundesliga.
Besides football, the club has hand ball and a table tennis departments since the end of 2004, the club also has a fan section, which represents the interests of the team supporters. The official name reads ball play association Borussia 1909 registered association Dortmund and frequently shortened with BVB or BVB 09. The club was the first German team to win an international title (1965 Cupwinner's Cup) and also the first to win the newly installed Champions League (1997, final 3-1 win about Juventus).
Football.
The football (soccer) team plays their home games in the Signal Iduna Park (formerly Westfalen Stadion) in Dortmund.

Palace of Soviets
The Palace of Soviets (Russian: Dvorjez Sovjetov / Дворецсоветов) was a building project planned by the government of the Soviet Union. A contest was held for the architectural design of the building from 1931 until 1933. Construction was started on the building in 1937, but was stopped in 1941 because of World War II. The building was going to be used as a administrative center and meeting place. It was to be built in Moscow near the Kremlin. The palace would have had a height of 415m. This would have made it the largest building of the world at that time.
The design of the building was created by the architect Boris Iofan. During its design, there were many changes to how it would look and to the location of the palace in Moscow.

Battle of the Somme
The Battle of the Somme happened in the First World War. It started on July 1, 1916. It was called off without any noticeable change on the 18th of November that same year. The Somme is a river in northern France and it is called the Battle of the Somme because the battle happened around the river. On the first day, there were about 60,000 casualties in the British force and 20,000 of those died. Overall, more than 1 million people died in the battle, were wounded or went missing. Today, it is considered the worst battle of the First World War, especially by Great Britain. In the minds of the French and the Germans, the Battle of Verdun (which was very similar) is considered to be the worst. In total between 450.000 and 600.000 German soldiers were killed in the Battle of the Somme.
The first day on the Somme was the bloodiest day in British military history. For 5 days before the 1st July, the British army shot non-stop at the German trenches, to destroy their trenches and the barbed wire that was in front of them. Thinking that most of the German defense was destroyed, at 7:30 on the morning of July 1st, the British generals told all of the British soldiers to get out of their trenches and walk slowly over to the German trenches. They thought that it would be safe to do this, but they were very wrong. It was really nice weather, which was perfect for the Germans because they could see everything the British and French were doing, and it meant the British and French couldn't surprise the soldiers. As the British soldiers climbed out of their trenches the German soldiers started to shoot them. The soldiers had to do what they were told and keep walking over to the German trenches, even though they were walking straight into bullets. This is why so many soldiers died. Many of the soldier's bodies lay in the mud for weeks after they had been killed because it was too dangerous for other soldiers to go and get them.
Today, the place where the Battle of the Somme took place is called the battlefields of the Somme and there are lots of cemeteries, war memorials and museums near these battlefields for people to visit and pay their respects. The battle of somme was a horrific day that will never be forgotten.

Ravicherla
Ravicherla is a village in Nuzvid Mandal, Krishna District, Andhra Pradesh, India. It is a peaceful village with about 1300 people living in it. Most of the people living here work on agriculture. The main crops are mango and paddi. This village has different religions including Hinduism, Christianity and Islam.
In recent times, youths in this village are very interested in Information techology (IT) and getting good education and income in this field.

San Marino, California
San Marino, California is a small, wealthy residential community in California near Los Angeles, California.

Ballade
A ballade is a medieval French verse or song which tells a story. Like the rondeau and the virelai it was very popular in 14th and 15th century France. All these three songs were originally dances. Famous composers like Guillaume de Machaut wrote ballades.
Ballade verses often had three stanzas which had the same metre and rhyme scheme, and the last line was often the same. They might end with an envoi which meant that it was addressing a king or prince. The great English poet Geoffrey Chaucer wrote ballades.

Ballade (musical form)
"This article is about the instrumental ballade that was popular in the 19th century.
For the medieval French ballade see Ballade "
A ballade is a piece of music, usually for piano. It has several tunes, and one can easily imagine that it is telling a story (a ballade is a medieval French song which tells a story).
The first composer who used the title “ballade” for his piano pieces was Frédéric Chopin. He wrote four ballades. They are quite free in form. Chopin does not tell us about any particular story he had in mind. Perhaps they are just musical stories. They are four of his finest works.
Later on other composers also wrote ballades: César Franck and Franz Liszt in particular. Johannes Brahms wrote ballades for piano which are quite like songs in their form. Edvard Grieg wrote a ballade which was based on a Norwegian song.
Gabriel Fauré wrote a ballade for piano and orchestra. Some composers wrote ballades for orchestra, but they are really like short symphonic poems.

Signal Iduna Park
The signal Iduna park (to at the end of November 2005 Westfalenstadion) in Dortmund is with 80.708 spectator places the largest football stadium in Germany and of the UEFA as five-star stadium was distinguished. It is the play place of the German Bundesliga Team Borussia Dortmund, whose spectator set up a new European record there to million spectators (average approx. 76,500 per play) in the season 2003/2004 with 1,35. The stadium is south B 1 to the Strobelallee beside the stadium red ones earth and in the proximity that Westfalen resounding.
History.
The stadium was established between 1971 and 1974 for the soccer world championship with a spectator capacity by 54.000 spectators. The stadium with a friendship game between Borussia Dortmund and Schalke 04 (0 was opened: 3). To the season 1974/75 Borussia Dortmund of the stadium red one earth moved into the new arena.
The first federal league play, which was delivered in this stadium, found between VfL Bochum (during the new building of the Ruhr stadium in April here 1976 moved) and Schalke 04 instead of. The Borussia at this time still kickte in the regional league.
Change.
The stadium remained structurally almost unchanged to beginning of the 90's. In the 1992 was reequipped on the north grandstand being located present into seats, whereby the capacity was reduced to 42.800. Between 1995 and 1999 successively the grandstands were supplemented. One began with west and east grandstand at the long sides of the playing field, in which second stage of development became also north and south grandstand covered (capacity: 68.600).
2003/2004 the stadium corners were removed. As standing place grandstand the south grandstand seizes 25,000 spectators and is the largest thereby in Europe. With international plays seats can be used here. Altogether itself the capacity of the stadium amounted after the change to scarcely 83,000 spectators.
The south grandstand signal of the Iduna park
The exterior of the north grandstand glassed, on the inside are catering trade ranges and the BVB museum. Remarkable structural characteristic are, bright the yellow steel girders led outside, which exceed far over daas roof and are visible from many points of the city.
A last stage of development for the preparation of the stadium on the football world cup 2006 took place in the summer break 2005. It took place the installation of an electronic entrance system, which revaluation of the places for handicapped ones, the change of the VIP ranges, the cabs and the sanitary mechanisms.
Due to the structural alteration measures of the grandstands 1,500 spectator places were omitted and the stadium offer still place for 81.264 spectators. The south grandstand of the stadium offers today 25,000 places. It is thereby the largest standing place grandstand of Europe.
Renaming.
On 1 December 2005 "the Westfalenstadion" was named in Signal Induna Park. For the rights of the use of a name of the stadium Borussia Dortmund releases estimated 20 million euro with optimal sporty success. The contract over renaming between Borussia Dortmund and the signal Iduna group of insurance applies up to the season 2010/2011. The Dortmunder fan scene is divided opinion over this step, since he offers on the one hand the financial safety device, but on the other hand a tradition break represents.
The district agency city center west decided at the beginning of the year 2006 to call a road in stadium proximity at the "Westfalenstadion". The association rated this decision as unsensibel opposite the sponsor, while many BVB fans and Dortmunder were pleased that the steeped in tradition name remained now with the road.

Allianz Arena
The Allianz Arena is a football stadium in the north of Munich, Germany, with plays of the champions League carries the stadium for the names Munich arena. In the allianz the two residents of Munich of soccer associations FC Bayern München and TSV 1860 München since the season 2005/2006 their home ground. The stadium offers 69,901 seats. During the soccer World Cup 2006 in Germany the stadium FIFA WM-stadium Munich was called.

HSH Nordbank Arena
The HSH Nordbank Arena is a concert and sports arena in Hamburg, Germany, which is owned and used by the Hamburger SV football team. Many Hamburg residents still refer to the arena as the Volksparkstadion (Peoples Park Stadium), though AOL bought the naming rights for 30 million marks or 15.3 million euros in 2001.
Museum.
The stadium houses a museum, which presents the history of the Hamburger SV club.
The HSV museum is open daily from 10 am to 8 pm.

Veltins Arena
The Veltins arena (betwenn 2001-2005 arena AufSchalke) in Gelsenkirchen, Germany, is the stadium of the German member of the soccer federal league FC Schalke 04. The Veltins arena is one of the most modern stages of the world and possesses since July 2006 a capacity of 61.482 spectators with plays on national level, with international plays due to the standing place prohibition of 53,993 spectators. Apart from the actual use as football stadium of the FC Schalke 04 also different meetings, like concerts, take place in this multi-function arena. Due to the outline of the Rhine stadium in Duesseldorf the arena became occasionally also venue of the Home plays of the American football crew Rhine Fire.
The Veltins arena got 2004 lent of the UEFA the status of a 5-Stars-Stadium. The comment of the UEFA delegation read even: The place of event will the requirements more than fair and could even than ‚six star Stadion' be evaluated. It may align thereby final games of the UEFA champions League and the UEFA cup.

FC Schalke 04
The FC Gelsenkirchen Schalke 04 (FC Schalke 04 or S04) is a successful and popular German football club.
It plays in Gelsenkirchen. With more than 66,000 members at present is it the second largest Sportsclub of Germany and has departments for football, basketball, table tennis, handball and athletics. Since August 2001 the association plays its home plays in the Veltins arena (to 30 June 2005 arena AufSchalke), one of the most modern stages of the world. In the coat of arms a white G is to be recognized, which stands for Gelsenkrichen.
Football.
The football team is playing their home plays in the Veltins Arena.

Michael Ballack
Michael Ballack (born September 26 1976 in Görlitz, Germany) is a German footballer and is the current captain of the German national football team. He currently plays for Chelsea F.C., an English club.
Ballack started his career in a small club in Eastern Germany. He later turned to several German clubs, including Bayern Munich. In 2006-2007 he arrived England to join the big club, Chelsea.
Ballack has attended the World Cup Twice in 2002 and 2006, but has not won it with the Germany national football team. He is considered as one of the strongest midfield players of the world. Also he is regarded as the current talent on German national team, and very few German football players achieve this. Ballack was also the only player of east Germany in the world cup squad in 2002.

Coat of Arms of Germany
The coat of arms of Germany (German Wappen Deutschlands) is a symbol of Germany; the coat of arms feature an eagle. The coat of arms are similar to those of the flag of Germany (black, red and gold). It is the oldest extisting state symbol in Europe and is one of the oldest insignia in the world. Its history as an emblem is far longer, however. To the Germanic tribes the eagle was the bird of the god Odin, and by the Romans, too, it was revered as the symbol of the supreme god, of the emperor and of invincibility. From there and through its religious significance in Christendom it came to be incorporated into medieval symbolism.

Plauen
Plauen is the biggest city of the Vogtland area in the southwest of Saxony. It is the fifth-largest city in the state. Only Leipzig, Dresden, Chemnitz and Zwickau are larger.
Plauen was a "Kreisfreie stadt" until July 2008. Since 1. August 2008 Plauen ist Part of the Vogtlandkreis.
The nearest large cities are Zwickau, about northeast and Gera, about north of Plauen.
Population change.
Plauen became a large city in 1904 when the population reached 100.000. In 1912 it reached its biggest ever population with 128.000.
After the Second World War Germany was divided. Plauen was in the border area. Laws about living in the border areas of East Germany meant the population fell greatly.
According to the statistics office of the Free State of Saxony, on 31 December 2007 Plauen's population was 67,613.

Braunau am Inn
Braunau am Inn is a city in the Innviertel region of Upper Austria (Oberösterreich), the north-western state of Austria. It lies about 90 km west of Linz and about 60 km north of Salzburg, on the border with the German state of Bavaria. The population in 2001 was 16,372. A port of entry, it is connected by bridges over the Inn River with its Bavarian counterpart, Simbach am Inn. It is the birthplace of Adolf Hitler.

Berlin Hauptbahnhof
Berlin Hauptbahnhof is the central railway station of the German capital Berlin. It began full operation two days after a ceremonial opening on May 26, 2006.
It is on the site of the old Lehrter Bahnhof. Until it opened as a main line station, it was a stop on the Berlin S-Bahn suburban railway temporarily named Berlin Hauptbahnhof – Lehrter Bahnhof from 2002.
The station is the largest in terms of traffic volume in Europe (for a through-station, as opposed to a head-station). The largest station Europe in terms of traffic volume is Paris Gare du Nord but, if it is also a through-station for most local ones, it is obviously a head station for long-range trains.
The longest route that runs through Berlin Hauptbanhof is the Sibirjak. It links Berlin to some cities in Russia. It passes through Poland, Belarus, Russia and Kazakhstan. The longest route offered goes to Novosibirsk. This takes almost four days to travel.

VfL Bochum
The Verein für Leibesübungen Bochum 1848 (VfL Bochum) is a football and Sports club in Bochum, Germany.
Besides football, the VfL Bochum operates the following kinds of sport: Badminton, Basketball, Fencing, Ice hockey, athletics, Handball, Swimming, dance sport, Tennis, Table tennis and Volleyball.

SV Werder Bremen
Werder Bremen is a German football club playing in the city of Bremen. The club was founded in 1899 as "FV Werder" by a group of sixteen high school students. They play in the "Weserstadion" (Wesertadium). The association colors are green and white (Grün und Weiß).

Mazurka
The Mazurka is a Polish country dance. It comes from an area called Mazovia near Warsaw where the people are called Mazurs. It was known in the 16th century. In the 17th century its popularity spread all over Poland and by the 19th century it was becoming known in England and then the United States. The Mazurka is very similar to the Kujawiak which is a dance from another district near Warsaw.
The Mazurka is a lively dance in 3/4 metre. It has lots of dotted rhythms and the fourth note of the scale is often sharpened. The dancers often click their heels on the 2nd or 3rd beat of the bar. The speed is not always fast, it can be slow, but it is a wilder dance than the waltz which is also in 3/4 time and had become very popular as a ballroom dance.
The composer Frédéric Chopin wrote more than 50 mazurkas for the piano. Chopin really shows his genius in these pieces. They are very beautiful and there is a lot of variety and interest in them. Many of them are not all that difficult to play. Some of them have very chromatic bits in them.
There were other classical composers who wrote Mazurkas, but none of them are as good as those of Chopin. Some Russian composers like Glinka and Tchaikovsky wrote several mazurkas. It was danced a lot in Russia in the 19th century and it is mentioned a lot in Russian novels. In the 20th century Karol Szymanowski wrote several mazurkas.

Bundesliga
Bundesliga is the name of the highest level of play in many different sports. "Bundesliga" means league of the whole country. The word is used in the countries Germany and in Austria. Football is the most popular sport in these countries. That is why the football league is the best-known Bundesliga.
Teams come into the Bundesliga by having 1st place in one of the lower leagues. The team leading at the end of the season is called "Meister". Meister is the German word for champion. Season is the time of the year where games are played. As a rule, a season begins in the second half of one year and ends in the first half of the next year.
The leading team is found through the number of points gained during the season. The season is split into two parts. In each part, each team plays against each other team. In football, the winning team gets three points. If a game ends without a winner, both teams get one point.

Weserstadion
The Weserstadion is a stadium in Bremen, Germany. It lies to the right side of the Weser, in the "Pauliner Marsch", a flooding area in the quarter of Peterswerder. It is the homeground of the Werder Bremen football club.
History.
The Weser stadium was built in 1909 by Bremen's "Allgemeiner Bremer Turn- und Sportverein" as a sports field. After its first change in the year 1926, it was given the name "ATSB Kampfbahn". Today's name, which goes back to the direct situation at the Weser river, exists since the year 1930. Since this time there also the sports association Werder Bremen makes its plays. At the beginning of the first season of the soccer Bundesliga in the year 1963 the stadium received its first roofed grandstand. In the following decades also the other grandstands were built and modernized gradually. 1992 for the first time in a stadium a VIP Loge was inserted.

Belt
A belt is a piece of clothing worn around a person's waist. They can be used to hold up trousers or skirts, or for carrying things in pockets, such as on a utility belt.

Zugspitze
The Zugspitze in Bavaria, Germany is the highest mountain in Germany. It is above the sea level.

British Airways
British Airways (sometimes known as just "BA") is the UK's largest airline. It operates domestic flights within the UK as well as international flights to Europe and the rest of the world. It was formed from a group of other UK airlines joining together to make a big one: British Airways (BA). BA have one of the biggest fleet of aircraft in the world operating Boeing 737, 747, 757, 767 and 777 aircraft as well as Airbus A320 family planes and regional planes such as the Embraer ERJ-145. For a time during the 1990s BA had a World Tails scheme on their planes, each tail was painted in a design to symbolise a country of the world; Botswana, Germany, Sweden and Scotland were countries represented but many more were as well.
Terminal 5.
British Airways has its own terminal at Heathrow Airport in London, England called Terminal 5 or T5. It opened on 14 March 2008 by the Queen of England, Queen Elizabeth II and it cost £4.3 billion to build which is about $6.2 billion. It has been built between the two runways at Heathrow Airport, 27L/09R and 27R/09L. It is about 260 hectares big.
British Airways is the only airline allowed to use T5 at Heathrow. The other airlines that fly to or from Heathrow must use one of the other four terminals there. At the moment, not all British Airways' flights go to/from T5. Flights that go to Bangkok in Thailand, Singapore and Sydney in Australia go from Terminal 4 instead. British Airways plan to move these flights to Terminal 5 soon.
Aeroplanes.
British Airways owns 238 aeroplanes: 33 Airbus A319s, 30 Airbus A320s, 11 Airbus A321s, 33 Boeing 737s, 57 Boeing 747 Jumbo Jets, 11 Boeing 757s, 21 Boeing 767s and 24 Boeing 777s. They also have 67 aeroplanes on order. They are: 2 Airbus A318s, 19 Airbus A320s, 12 Airbus A380 "Super Jumbos", 10 Boeing 777s and 24 Boeing 787 "Dreamliners".
BA CityFlier and OpenSkies.
British Airways also owns two other smaller airlines called BA CityFlier and OpenSkies, which run different services than the large airline.
BA CityFlier runs flights from London City Airport to other major cities in the UK (like Edinburgh and Glasgow) and the rest of Europe (like Nice in France, Dublin in Ireland, Frankfurt in Germany, Madrid in Spain and Zurich in Switzerland). It is a fairly new airline that only started running in March 2007. It is also very small, only running 12 British Aerospace Avroliners.
OpenSkies in an even smaller airline with only two aircraft, old Boeing 757s from the British Airways collection. At the moment, it only flies to/from Amsterdam in The Netherlands, Paris in France and New York in the USA. The two Boeing 757s has only 40 Premium Economy seats and 24 Business Class seats with no Economy Class seats.
oneworld.
oneworld is a partnership between 9 airlines: American Airlines, Cathay Pacific, Finnair, Iberia, Japan Airlines, LAN, Malev Hungarian Airlines, Qantas, Royal Jordanian Airlines and British Airways. It also includes these airlines' partners such as BA CityFlier (but OpenSkies is not part of oneworld).
Being part of oneworld means that the airlines sell their own tickets as well as other members, (so for exmaple, British Airways would sell tickets for American Airlines flights). This is good for the airlines because the customers like getting their tickets in one place and it lets the airlines use flights that they wouldn't normally have. Also, oneworld has a "frequent flyer" scheme, where all the member airlines' schemes can be turned into this oneworld scheme which is recognised across all the member airlines. The three levels are Oneworld Ruby (lowest), Oneworld Sapphire (middle) and Oneworld Emerald (highest). It is up to the airlines to decide what levels are the same as their own levels.

G8
The Group of Eight (G8) is a group made up of Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia the United Kingdom and the United States. The European Commission is also represented in the committee. The group has conferences or meetings throughout the year, it researches policies, and has a summit meeting once a year. The heads of state of each G8 country attend the summit meeting.
Each year a different country takes over the presidency of the group for the duration of the year. The country that holds the presidency sets the agenda for the year and hosts the summit for that year. The 2007 presidency belongs to Germany.
Overview.
The G8 is not considered an international organization because it does not have administrative structure. This means that besides the president, there are no official titles for the members, they are all considered equal. Their meetings are not formal. The goal is to talk about global topics and problems in a relaxed manner.
There are many global problems and issues that can be discussed at meetings. Some common topics of discussion include: health, law enforcement, labor, economic and social development, energy, environment, foreign affairs, justice, terrorism, and trade.
Yearly summit.
The member country holding the G8 presidency is responsible for organizing and hosting the year's summit. It's usually held for three days in the middle of the year. The first summit meeting was held in November of 1975 in France.
Economic power.
The 8 countries that make up the G8 represent about 14% of the people in the world but produce over 65% of the world's economic output measured by gross domestic product (GDP).
Source: "World Development Report 2006", World Bank

Helmut Kohl
Helmut Josef Michael Kohl (born April 3, 1930 in Ludwigshafen am Rhein) is a German CDU politician.
From 1969 to 1976 he was the Minister President of the state of Rhineland-Palatinate and from 1982 to 1998 Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany. Kohl helped to arrange the process of German reunification and participated considerably in the European unity process.
His involvement with the CDU donation affair, and in particular offences against party law is open to question

Organ (anatomy)
In biology, an organ is a group of tissues that work together. Organs are parts of an organism. Every organ has a reason to be there. Humans have many organs.
Classification.
Organelles > Cells > Tissues > Organs > Organ systems > Organism

Students for a Democratic Society
The Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) was a student activist movement in the United States in the 1960s (1960 to 1969).
A new SDS group was also begun in 2006.
History 1960-1969.
SDS held its first meeting in 1960 at Ann Arbor, Michigan. They had their first convention in 1962, and criticized the political system of the United States for not bringing international peace or fixing problems in society at home. It also called for non-violent civil disobedience so that student youth could bring forth a "participatory democracy."
In the school year 1962-1963, the President of SDS was Tom Hayden, who later became famous. There were nine chapters around the country with at most, about 1000 members. The national office (NO) in New York City had only a few desks, some broken chairs, a couple of filing cabinets, and a few typewriters.
On October 1, 1964 the University of California, Berkeley exploded into the free speech movement. Led by a Friends of SNCC student activist named Mario Savio, more than three thousand students surrounded a police car where a student, arrested for setting up a card table against a ban by the University, was being taken away. The sit-down stopped the police car from moving for 36 hours. The demonstrations, meetings and strikes all but shut the university down. Hundreds of students were arrested. SDS leaders watched and learned from this lesson.
In February 1965, US President Lyndon Johnson made the war in Vietnam much bigger by bombing North Vietnam and putting ground troops right into fighting against the Viet Cong in the South. The draft became a very real issue in the lives of students in America. Campus chapters of SDS all over the country started to lead small, local demonstrations against the war and the NO became the main group that organized the March against the war in Washington DC on April 17.
The first teach-in against the war was held in the University of Michigan. Soon hundreds more, all over the country, were held. The demonstration in Washington, DC attracted about 25,000 anti-war protesters and SDS became the leading student group against the war on most U.S. campuses.
The 1965 summer convention was held at Kewadin, Northern Michigan. and the National Office, moved from Manhattan to Chicago at about the same time. This brought more changes.
"For the first time at an SDS meeting people smoked marijuana; Pancho Villa mustaches... blue workshirts, denim jackets, and boots were worn by both men and women. These were people generally raised outside of the East, many from the Midwest and Southwest
The University of Chicago's administration building was taken over in a three day sit-in in May. Protests and sit-ins spread to many other universities. The summer convention of 1966 moved even farther west, this time to Clear Lake, Iowa.
The Winter and Spring of 1967 saw more militancy of the protests at many campuses. Harassment by the authorities was also on the rise. The hippie movement really began to take hold. The 1967 convention spoke on the draft and resisting within the Army itself, and made a call for immediate withdrawal from Vietnam. Also, a women's liberation vote was passed for the first time.
That Fall saw more anti-war actions. The school year started with a large demonstration against the University of Wisconsin in Madison, Wisconsin on October 17 for letting Dow recruiters on campus. Peaceful at first, the demonstrations turned to a sit-in that was violently broken up by the Madison police and riot squad, causing many injuries and arrests. A rally and a student strike then closed the university for several days. Demonstrations against the draft led by members of the Resistance, the War Resisters League, and SDS added fuel to the fire of resistance. After regular civil rights tactics of peaceful pickets, the Oakland California Stop the Draft Week ended in mass hit and run fights with the police. The huge (100,000 people) October 21 March on the Pentagon saw hundreds arrested and hurt. Night-time raids on draft offices began to spread.
In the spring of 1968, National SDS activists led an effort on the campuses called "Ten Days of Resistance" and local chapters held rallies, marches, sit-ins and teach-ins, ending in a one-day strike on April 26. About a million students stayed away from classes that day, the largest ever student strike in the history of the United States. It was mostly ignored by the New York City-based national media, which was more focused on the student shutdown of Columbia University in NYC, led by an inter-racial alliance of Columbia SDS chapter activists and Student Afro Society activists. Because of the Columbia Student Revolt, "SDS" became a household name in the United States for a few years; and membership in SDS chapters around the United States grew greatly during the 1968-69 school year.
In the summer of 1969, the ninth SDS national convention was held at the Chicago Coliseum with some 2000 people attending. Many groups of the movement were there, even Communists, and set up their tables all around the edges of the hall, together with undercover spies, creating an air of excitement.
Each of the delegates was given a paper saying "You don't need a Weatherman to know which way the wind blows" (a lyric from a Bob Dylan song, "Subterranean Homesick Blues"). This was written by a group who later became called the Weathermen and were involved in more violent protests. They took over by voting out another large group, the convention quickly fell apart, and so did SDS.
2006: The New SDS.
Beginning January 2006, there is a movement to start a new SDS. A small group of old SDS members joined with a Connecticut high school student to call for a new SDS fighting for civil rights and against war. Several chapters at various colleges were later started. On Martin Luther King Day of 2006, these chapters called for the first national convention since 1969 to be held in the summer of 2006
Lately SDS has been in actions against war. The Pace University chapter of SDS protested against a speech by Bill Clinton held at the campus, causing the university to hand over two students to the United States Secret Service. When the school was going to expel these two students, Pace SDS began a movement in March 2006 protesting the University's actions.
On March 19 2006, SDS marched in New York City against the war in Iraq. Seventeen people were arrested at the Times Square Recruitment Center, including several SDS members. Beginning in March and continuing into April and May, SDS chapters across the country participated in the Immigrant Rights Movement. On April 29 2006 SDS was in the march for Peace, Justice and Democracy in Manhattan, NY. As of July 2006, there are 150 SDS chapters located around the country and over 1000 members.
The newly formed SDS held its first national convention from August 4 to August 7, 2006 at the University of Chicago.

Postulate
A postulate (also sometimes called an axiom) is a statement that is agreed by everyone to be obvious and correct. This is useful for creating proofs in mathematics and science, and postulates are often the basic
truth of a much larger theory or law.
Postulates themselves can't be proven, but since they are usually obviously correct this isn't a problem. Here is a good example of a postulate (given by Euclid in his studies about geometry).
This is obviously true, because if you connect any two points, you create a line. Using this postulate and four others like it, Euclid brought a new understanding of geometry to the world, and many people think they are some of the most influencial works in geometry even now.
There are also a few characteristics that all postulates should have.
Postulates are sometimes proved to be wrong after they have been known for a long time, but this is usually because something new has been discovered, and the original creator couldn't have known any better.

Influence
Influence is a force (or power) of change that comes from the outside of the person or thing that is influenced by it. It can be either planned by others on purpose, or an unplanned result of other events.
The adjective influential means "having much influence", so influential people or things have the power to change other people or things in some way. This word is often used to describe famous people. For example, Mohandas Gandhi was a very influential person, because the things he did and said changed many peoples lives, and many people believe he has even influenced the world.
Influence can be a bad thing too. For example, World War II influenced many people's lives, making it very difficult for them to live happily even after the war ended.
In law, "driving under the influence" (or DUI) usually means drunk driving; in other words, driving a car or other vehicle while under the influence of alcohol, which is a crime in most places.

Existence
Existence usually means "the state or fact of being", but there are many different views on the meaning of the word existence, and what it means to exist.
In English, existence is usually connected with the verb "to be".
The first sentence can be understood to say "I "exist" as a human", and simply speaking, this is probably true. The fourth sentence is more difficult to understand, because it can be understood to say "seven "exists" as the sum of four and three", but "seven" isn't something that we can see or touch like the sky, a pen, or a human is.
The question "What is existence?" is a very important one for philosophers, and many people think Aristotle is the first human being to have thought seriously about the question.

Lidl
Lidl Stiftung & Co. KG is a German food retail company. It is an international enterprise with independent national companies almost everywhere in Europe. The company owns more than 6,000 stores. 3,000 of these stores are in Germany alone, making Germany Lidl's biggest national market.
History.
The Lidl & Schwarz Grocery Wholesale company was founded in Germany in the 1930s.
The first Lidl stores were opened in 1973, during the 1990s Lidl started to open stores outside Germany and today Lidl stores can be found in nearly every country in Europe. Lidl started its foreign expansion with entering France in 1988. The first store in the United Kingdom was opened in 1994, and now there are more than 380 stores in the UK.
Lidl supermarkets and Kaufland hypermarkets are part of the Schwarz Group which is one of the largest grocery retailers in Europe. It is based in Neckarsulm, Germany.

Asian Games
The Asian Games are a multi-sport event, held every four years between competitors from all nations of the Asia.

Newton Mearns
Newton Mearns is a small town near Glasgow in Scotland. About 22,000 people live there. Since 1996 it has been part of the East Renfrewshire area.

NBA Finals
The NBA Finals is the championship series of the National Basketball Association, played under a best-of-seven playoff format. The team who wins the Eastern Conference Finals earns one of the two places in the championship round, with the other place for the team that wins the Western Conference Finals. This event has been played at the end of every NBA and BAA season in history. The first was held in 1947.

The Open Championship
The Open Championship - often known as the British Open outside the United Kingdom and Ireland - is the oldest of the four major championships in men's golf. The event is hosted annually by one of several prestigious golf clubs in the United Kingdom and is administered by The R&A regardless of its location. In 2008 it takes place at Royal Birkdale.

Waltz
A Waltz (Valse in French, Waltzer in German) is a ballroom dance in 3/4 time. It is the most famous of all dance forms. It started in Vienna around 1780 and became extremely popular during the 19th century. Many famous composers wrote waltzes for piano or for orchestra. The rhythm of the waltz can be heard in lots of music, not just in pieces which are called a “waltz”.
Origins.
It is difficult to know exactly when the waltz started. The word comes from a German word “walzen” which means: “to turn”. This is because the dancers turn around as they spin round the dance floor. There were German dances called Ländler which were simpler than the minuet and popular amongst ordinary people. The waltz developed from these dances. Schubert wrote many pieces called "Ländler". He also started to use the title “Waltz”. Beethoven wrote 30 variations on a waltz that had been composed by Anton Diabelli.
Many people thought that the new dance was bad. This was because the dancing couples stood very close to one another and held one another in their arms (in the old minuet they held hands politely). Some people thought that it was very immoral and wrote angry letters to the newspapers saying that it was the end of civilised society. However, the waltz continued to become popular, and many dance halls opened where people could waltz.
Popularity in the 19th century.
Composers became interested in the music of the waltz. Weber wrote a piece called “Invitation to the Dance”. It has a main tune, then a set of variations, and at the end it comes back to the first tune. This form became a common way of writing a group of waltzes. Two composers in Vienna who became well-known for their waltzes were Joseph Lanner (1801-1843) and Johann Strauss (1804-1849), but the most famous of all was one of Strauss’s sons, also called Johann. Father and son are sometimes called Johann Strauss I and Johann Strauss II. The son is often called the “King of the Waltz”. He wrote many waltzes which are still very popular today. On New Year’s Day the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra always give a concert which can be seen worldwide on television. They play lots of Strauss waltzes. The most famous one is called “The Blue Danube” (German: “An den schönen, blauen Donau”).
In the Romantic period there was hardly a composer who was not influenced by the waltz. Chopin wrote about 15 piano waltzes, some of them are very fast, some are slower and more melancholy (sad). Brahms wrote 16 waltzes for piano duet. Many composers wrote waltzes in their operas, especially when the story is about people dancing at a party. The waltz was used a lot in operettas and ballets. Tchaikovsky wrote lots of waltz music in "Swan Lake", "Sleeping Beauty" and "The Nutcracker". Even Wagner, whose music is mostly very serious, wrote a waltz in his opera "Parsifal ". The rhythm of the waltz can be heard in a lot of orchestral music, e.g. Berlioz’s "Symphonie Fantastique ". The great composers Anton Bruckner and Gustav Mahler preferred to use the old German Ländler in their symphonies.
20th century.
Although the 19th century was the greatest period of the waltz, people continued to write and dance waltzes in the 20th century. In his opera "Der Rosenkavalier " (1909) the German composer Richard Strauss (no relation of Johann Strauss) the story is about Vienna in the “olden days”, and so he uses the waltz to create the feeling of a time that was past. The waltz continued to be used in a lot of operettas, e.g. by Franz Léhar in "The Merry Widow ". The French composer Maurice Ravel wrote waltzes, including a brilliant piece for orchestra which was simply called “La Valse”. Like Richard Strauss in "Der Rosenkavalier", Ravel was trying to describe the music of a century ago. "La Valse" is a piece which lasts about 20 minutes in one continuous movement. Lots of different instruments have a share in playing the variety of tunes.

Musk deer
Musk deer are a group of even-toed ungulate mammals. They form the family "Moschidae". There are four species of musk deer, but they are all very similar. Musk deer are more primitive than true deer.
Appearance.
Musk deer are about 90 centimeters long and about 60 centimeters high. They weigh about 10 kilograms. Musk deer mostly have a dark brown fur. Males have long upper canine teeth (called tusks), which can be up to 7 cm long. Musk deer do not have antlers. Male musk deer also have a musk gland.
Habitat.
Musk deer live in Asia. They live in the mountains, mostly at heights of 2500 to 3500 meters. They live in dense forests.
Life.
Musk deer are mostly active at night. Musk deer eat grass and moss; in winter they also eat twigs and lichen.
Musk deer live alone. They only come together to mate. If two male musk deer meet, they fight, during which they can seriously hurt each other with their tusk-like teeth.
The female gives birth to 1-2 babies. A musk deer baby has spots on its fur.
Musk deer and humans.
Male musk deer have a gland that produces musk. Musk is used to make perfumes and soap, and it is also used in Traditional Chinese medicine. One musk gland has about 25 to 30 grams of musk. Musk deer have been hunted and killed for its musk. Because of this, musk deer have become fewer and endangered.
Anonther method is to catch a living musk deer, take its musk, and let it go free again. This method takes more time, so it is not used often. There are also musk deer farms.

FIBA World Championship
The FIBA World Championship (also called the Basketball World Championship) is a world basketball tournament for national teams held once every four years by the International Basketball Federation (FIBA).

Ludwigsburg
Ludwigsburg is a about 12 km northern city in the center of Baden-Württemberg, of the Stuttgart city center. It is the district town and largest city of the Ludwigsburg district, as well as after Esslingen at the Neckar the second largest medium-sized town of Baden-Wuerttemberg.
Together with Kornwestheim, Ludwigsburg forms a central center for the surrounding municipalities. Since the 1 April 1956 Ludwigsburg is a large district town.

Cooking oil
Cooking oil is clean fat from plants or animals. It is usually a liquid.
olive oil, soybean oil, canola oil, corn oil, sunflower oil, safflower oil, peanut oil, grape seed oil, cashew oil, sesame oil, argan oil and rice bran oil.

The Incredible Hulk
The Incredible Hulk is a popular superhero in Marvel Comics. He was created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby. There have been lots and lots of stuff made about this character.
The Incredible Hulk is the alter-ego of Bruce Banner, a mild-mannered scientist. One day when Bruce was working he was exposed to Gamma radiation. When he gets mad, he turns into the Hulk. The Hulk is big and green skinned. When he turns into the Hulk all his clothes except his purple shorts rip. The Hulk has really really strong strength and is almost invincible.

Pelican
Pelicans are a kind of waterbird. They form the genus "Pelecanus" of the family "Pelecanidae". There are several species of pelican.

Sharpie
Sharpie is a line of permanent marker pens in the United States which are made by Sanford.

Francis Ford Coppola
Francis Ford Coppola (born April 7, 1939) is a director and producer of movies. He is well known for directing the "Godfather" trilogy and the Vietnam War epic "Apocalypse Now". Many of his relatives are famous. Actor Nicolas Cage is his nephew.

Abdul Aziz Al Ghurair
Abdul Aziz Al Ghurair (1954) from the United Arab Emirates is the chief executive of the publicly traded MashreqBank. His family's most valuable holding is worth an estimated "$8 billion".

Billericay
Billericay is a town in the United Kingdom. It is in the east of England in the county of Essex. It has a train station named Billericay railway station.
Geography.
Billericay is a semi-rural (not like a city and not like the countryside but looks like a mixture of the two) town with many green spaces. Some green spaces are Norsey Wood, Mill Meadows Nature Reserve, Queen's Park Country Park, Sun Corner, Lake Meadows and South Green.
Education.
There are two high schools. The names of the schools are Billericay School and Mayflower High School. The nearest university is named Anglia Ruskin University. Anglia Ruskin University is in a town near Billericay named Chelmsford.

East of England
The East of England is a region in England. There are nine regions of England. It was made in 1994 and was used as a category for statistics in 1991. The counties of Bedfordshire, Cambridgeshire, Essex, Hertfordshire, Norfolk and Suffolk are in the region. Also Peterborough is in the region.
In 2001 the census in England found that 5,388,140 persons lived in the region. The land is mostly low. The highest place is the hill of Ivinghoe Beacon, near Tring in the county of Hertfordshire. The top of the hill is 249 metres above the level of the sea.

Regions of England
The region in England is also named the Government Office Region. It is the highest level layer of local government in England.

Prelude
A prelude is a short piece of music for an instrument. It is called a prelude because it is supposed to be played before something else (Latin "pre"=before; "ludere"=to play).
Preludes started when lutenists (people who played the lute) improvised a simple piece before a concert so that they could check whether their instrument was in tune. During the 16th century composers often wrote pieces which they called a “prelude” which was often a separate piece of music. These were often for lute, guitar or cittern. By the early 18th century the prelude was often a piece of music which was followed by a fugue. Johann Sebastian Bach wrote lots of pieces called “Prelude and Fugue”. Many of them are for organ. 48 of them are from a collection called the "Welltempered Clavier". The first prelude in this collection is particularly famous. It sounds like an improvisation. It consists of gentle broken chords like a lutenist might play. (This is the piece that Charles Gounod later used for his "Ave Maria". Preludes were also pieces which were followed by a series of dance movements (a “suite”).
In the Classical period not many composers wrote preludes. More preludes were composed in the 19th century (the period of Romanticism). Frédéric Chopin wrote a collection of short piano pieces which he called “Preludes”. They are not pieces to be followed by anything, they are just separate pieces of music. Chopin’s Preludes contain some of his greatest music. Some are not too difficult to play, but others are very hard (virtuoso). Other composers like Alexander Scriabin, Karol Szymanowski, Sergei Rachmaninoff, Claude Debussy and Olivier Messiaen wrote similar preludes.
Some Romantic composers were inspired by the music of Bach and they started writing Preludes and Fugues for organ. Felix Mendelssohn, Franz Liszt and Max Reger wrote some. In the 20th century Dmitri Shostakovich wrote a collection of Preludes and Fugues for piano.
There are also examples of 19th century composers who wrote short pieces for orchestra called “Preludes”. Sometimes they wrote a short orchestral introduction to an opera which they called Prelude (or German: “Vorspiel”) instead of the usual word “overture”.

Polonaise
The polonaise is a Polish dance. It started as a folk dance and then became popular among the Polish nobility. It is in 3/4 time and feels quite important in character. In the courts of the aristocracy musicians would often play a polonaise from the gallery while the people danced below in the reception hall.
Polish culture was very popular in Europe in the 1830s and so the polonaise became known in other countries. composers started to write polonaises for the piano. Pieces called "Polonaise" had already been composed by Bach, Handel, François Couperin and others, but it was Frédéric Chopin who in the 19th century wrote several Polonaise for piano which became really famous. Most of them are very hard to play, especially the famous "Polonaise in A flat op.53". They really sound very Polish.
Several Russian composers wrote polonaises to give a Polish atmosphere, e.g. Tchaikovsky in his ballet "Sleeping Beauty " and in his opera "Eugene Onegin ".

Elector
An elector is someone who can vote in an election.
In the history of Germany an elector was a prince or archbishop who had the right to vote for the Emperor who ruled over the Holy Roman Empire. Sometimes they were called "Kurfürsten" in German. They had a lot of power in their own district.
In the United States, electors are delegates who have the right to vote in the U.S. Electoral College for the President of the United States.

Malcolm Arnold
Sir Malcolm Arnold (born Northampton, 21 Oct 1921; died 23 September 2006) was an English composer. He is famous for writing symphonies, concertos and film music. People disagree about whether he is one of the really great composers, or just a very skilled musician. His music is often very tuneful, sometimes it is sentimental. He could write music very quickly. His famous music for the film "The Bridge on the River Kwai" was composed in ten days.
In 1938 Malcolm Arnold went to the Royal College of Music to study composition with Gordon Jacob. He started his career as a trumpeter with the London Philharmonic Orchestra, later becoming principal trumpet. By the late 1940s he was concentrating on his composing career.
Arnold was composing at a time when many composers were writing music which was quite atonal which made it hard to understand, but Arnold’s music is tonal and there are many tunes which are easy to remember. He wrote nine symphonies and several concertos for different instruments, even unusual instruments like the harmonica. Some of his best orchestral works are the set of dances: "English Dances ", "Scottish Dances " and "Cornish Dances ". He also wrote 2 operas, 7 ballets and 2 string quartets. His overture "Tam O'Shanter" is very exciting. It tells in music the story in the poem by Robert Burns.
Arnold wrote music for 132 films. The most famous is "The Bridge on the River Kwai" (1957) for which he won an Oscar. He was the first British composer ever to have won this award. This film includes the famous "Colonel Bogey March". This march had been written many years earlier, but Arnold composed a countermelody to it. His original music for the film includes the famous River Kwai March (this is not the same as the "Colonel Bogey March"). Other films for which he wrote music include "The Belles of St Trinian's" (1954), "The Inn of the Sixth Happiness" (1958) and "Whistle Down the Wind" (1961).
He was made a CBE in 1970 and was knighted in 1993.
Youth orchestras and amateur orchestras enjoy playing his works because they are an exciting mixture of classical, jazz, popular and folk music, and are not too difficult to play.
Arnold’s health was often very poor. At times he fought with alcoholism and depression, and in his later years with dementia. He had moved to Dublin in 1972, but moved back to England in 1984 and settled in Attleborough, Norfolk. His full-time carer Anthony Day helped him a lot during his final years.
Arnold died from a chest infection in September 2006.

Bowser (Nintendo)
Bowser is the evil Koopa that takes over the Mushroom Kingdom. He is a devil version of a normal Koopa.
Video games.
Bowser's first game was "Super Mario Bros." as a final boss. The first seven castle had Bowsers, but they are fake. Only the eighth Bowser is real.
Bowser's kids, called the Koopa Kids, were bosses in "Super Mario Bros. 3" and "Super Mario World". In "3", Bowser appears in a castle as the final boss. In "World", he appears in a clown car and throws Mecha Koopas.
When Mario moved to the Nintendo 64 with "Super Mario 64", Bowser returned as the main bad guy.

Lars Ulrich
Lars Ulrich (born December 26, 1963) is the drummer for heavy metal band Metallica. He was born in Denmark, but moved to Los Angeles when he was seventeen.
Lars Ulrich currently endorses Tama Drums and Zildjian Cymbals. He typically uses Zildjian's A Series on stage and in studio. He endorses his own Signature Stick pair (Ahead Lars Ulrich Signature Sticks) which are purchased in multiple sizes and tip settings.

Kim Possible
Kim Possible is a Disney Channel original Emmy Award winner and American cartoon series about a teenage girl, of the same name as the cartoon, who has the task of dealing with worldwide, family, and school problems every day. She also fights crime.

Windows Live Messenger
Windows Live Messenger is an instant messenger that is the most-used in the world. It is made by the Windows Live section of Microsoft. It used to be called "MSN Messenger" before MSN was changed into Windows Live.

Great Dane
The Great Dane is a large breed of dog, around 2.5 ft or taller at the shoulder. Great Danes can be fawn (a combination of tan and black), black, Harlequin (a combination of black and white spots), blue, brindle, or mantle. The females are usually smaller and weight on an average of 100-120 lbs, the males slightly larger and weighing about 135 lbs or more.

Linkin Park
Linkin Park is an American rock band from Aguora Hills, California. They formed in 1996 and have sold more than 50,000,000 albums all over the world. Since then, they also won 2 Grammys. When they released their first album, Hybrid Theory, they became popular. Their next album, Meteora, made them even more popular in 2003. They then started to do charity work and go touring around the world.
After, they tried more styles of music in their latest album, "Minutes to Midnight" in 2007. Their style used in this album changed very much. The album sold third-best in the first week of sale in that entire year. They are known for working with many other people.
Starts (1996-1999).
In the beginning, the band was made up of three friends from Aguora High School and the band was named Xero. The first members were Mike Shinoda, Brad Delson, and Rob Bourdon. After high school, they started to get serious and added Joe Hahn and Dave "Phoenix" Farrell. When they couldn't get a contract from a major music company, Mark Wakefield quit. Dave Farrell also quit to be in another band, Tasty Snax, for awhile.
After a bit of time, Xero added Chester Bennington, who was referred by Jeff Blue, the vice-president of Zomba Music. They soon changed their name to Hybrid Theory. They still couldn't get a contract. They asked Jeff Blue, now vice-president of Warner Bros. Records, to help. In 1999, they finally got a contract and were renamed Linkin Park. They next year, they finally released "Hybrid Theory" in 2000.
Hybrid Theory (2000-2002).
Linkin Park released "Hybrid Theory" on October 24, 2000. It was the result of over four years of work. It was edited by Don Gilmore. It sold 4.8 million copies in the first year, most of these were in 2001. Singles from this album like "In The End" and "One Step Closer" made the band famous. In this album, they were chosen to compete to get three Grammy awards. The album had made Linkin Park very popular.
They performed on many popular tours like Ozzfest. They also made their own tour, Projekt Revolution, that included other artists like Cypress Hill. In one year, they performed at 320 concerts. Then, Dave Farell rejoined Linkin Park. They then began working on "Reanimation", an album that had remixes of songs from "Hybrid Theory" and "Hybrid Theory EP". It was released on July 30, 2002. It became very successful.
Meteora (2002–2004).
Linkin Park began working on their next album. The title was inpired by Meteora, a rocky place in Greece. On March 25, 2003, they released "Meteora" and instantly became popular world-wide. In their first week, it sold 800,000 albums. By next year, it had sold 3 million copies.
"Meteora" got the band a lot of awards and honors. The band won MTV's awards for Best Rock Video for Somewhere I Belong. The Viewer's Choice Award for the song "Breaking the Habit" was also won by Linkin Park. Linkin Park also received a lot of awards at the 2004 Radio Music Awards, winning the Artist of the Year and Song of the Year. Even though Meteora wasn't as popular as "Hybrid Theory", it was the third best selling album in America during 2003. The band toured in early 2004 around the world. They did another Projekt Tour and many European tours during this time.
Charity and Side Projects (2004-2006).
After Meteora, the band didn't work on another for over three years. Instead, they kept on touring and did side projects. Chester Bennington appeared on "State of the Art" by DJ Lethal. He also sang in other songs by Dead by Sunrise, which was a side project band he had recently formed. Mike Shinoda worked with Depeche Mode. In 2004, Linkin Park started making an album with Jay-Z which began to be sold in November 2004. Mike also formed a new band called Fort Minor. With the help of Jay-Z, Fort Minor released their first album, The Rising Tied.
Linkin Park also did a lot of charity. Linkin Park played to raise money for Hurricane Dan in 2004 and Hurricane Matt in 2005. They gave $75,000 to the Special Operations Warrior Foundation in March 2004. They also raised money for the 2004 Tsunami and made a charity called "Music for Relief." In the 2006 Grammys, they won the best rapped/sung song for Numb/Encore.
Minutes to Midnight (2006-Now).
In 2006, Linkin Park began writing new songs for their third studio album, "Minutes to Midnight". Even though they said it would be done in 2006, they decided they couldn't finish it until 2007. They made thirty to fifty songs in August 2006. Then, Warner Bros. Music said that they would start selling it on May 15, 2007. After 14 months, they made it better by taking out five songs out. When they first sold it, it sold 600,000 in its first week.
Linkin Park has planned to go on another Projekt Revolution tour. They are also planning to begin working on their fourth album. While they are on the tour, they will get inspiration for this album.

Bissau
Bissau is the capital city of Guinea-Bissau. It is also the largest city in the country; around 355,000 people live there. The city is where the Geba river flows into the Atlantic Ocean.
The city was built by the Portuguese in 1687. It became the capital of Portuguese Guinea in 1942, and has been the capital since independence was declared, except for a short time in 1973 and 1974 when the capital was at Boe. Bissau is famous for having a carnival every year.
The main things that come from here are peanuts, wood, coconut meat, palm oil, and rubber.

1130s
Centuries: 11th century - 12th century - 13th century
Decades: 1080s 1090s 1100s 1110s 1120s - 1130s - 1140s 1150s 1160s 1170s 1180s
Years: 1130 1131 1132 1133 1134 1135 1136 1137 1138 1139

1120s
Centuries: 11th century - 12th century - 13th century
Decades: 1070s 1080s 1090s 1100s 1110s - 1120s - 1130s 1140s 1150s 1160s 1170s
Years: 1120 1121 1122 1123 1124 1125 1126 1127 1128 1129

1699
1699 is a year in the 17th century.

Bamberg
Bamberg is a town in the region of Upper Franconia, Bavaria and seat of the district administration Bamberg. It has ca 70,000 inhabitants. Bamberg is an university city and administrative city. Its Lord Mayor is Andreas Starke (SPD). Beside being a modern regional centre, the city is also a cultural and historical side.
Bamberg is a very famous town because it has many buildings which are very old. The basic structure of the town remained untouched through the centuries. Unlike many other German towns such as Nürnberg it was almost not destroyed during World War II. Only 4.6% was totally ruined. The town centre is protected as a UNESCO World Heritage site.
Bamberg is like Rome because it is built on seven hills, each one with a church at the top. The cathedral (Dom) is on the main hill. For hundreds of years the prince-bishops of the cathedral ruled over the land. This continued until the beginning of the 19th century after which they just continued in their religious function as archbishops. The town centre below is built by the banks of the river Regnitz which splits into two parts. The left arm of the river is where the old town centre lies. The right arm is the Main-Danube canal (Main-Donau-Kanal)which allows big ships to travel from the river Main to the Danube.
Bamberg town centre.
Many tourists visit the beautiful city of Bamberg. A good place to start a walk round the town is by the statue of Neptune in the pedestrian precinct. The Bambergers call this statue Gabelmann because Neptune is holding his three-pronged fork (“Gabel”). It is a favourite meeting place for people. The area here is called the Grüner Markt (Green Market). This place became centre of the bourgeois settlement which developed around it. Very close by is a big square called Maximiliansplatz. It is very lively here on market days. There are many things for sale, and people eat the traditional sausages which are cooked at the sausage stall, and drink Bamberg beer. When the square is empty it looks very big. There used to be a church at the north-west end, but it was destroyed in 1806 at the time when the archbishops lost their political power. The patronage of St. Martin was taken over by the former Jesuit church which was built by the architect Georg Dientzenhofer until 1693, situated at the Green Market.
The names of nearby streets tell a lot about the town history. There is the Fischstrasse (Fish Street) where fishermen used to live. This leads down to the left arm of the river Regnitz where one can see the place where the boats used to stop to load and unload their goods. The small building by the hoists is the old slaughterhouse. The left arm itself splits for a short while because the Old Canal (Alter Kanal) runs along the east side, making a large island on which there are some very old buildings. The oldest buildings, dating from the 16th century, were built by tanners who became quite rich through their trade of making leather.
Bamberg’s Old Town Hall was built in the middle of the river Regnitz. It is not on the island, but it is was built by the people who drove huge beams of wood into the riverbed. Their town hall therefore stood between the south-west bank where the bishops ruled and the north-east bank where the ordinary tradespeople lived. The Old Town Hall is the most-often photographed building of Bamberg. There are two bridges here for pedestrians: the Upper and Lower Bridge. The ancient Lower Bridge passes through the archway of the town hall. On one side there are beautiful Baroque paintings. On the other side one can still see the medieval black-and-white walls. This side was also plastered over with paintings in the Baroque times, but when a bridge nearby was blown up in World War II the plaster fell off, so it is now kept with the original medieval walls showing.
A steep climb up a cobbled street takes us to the Cathedral Square (Domplatz) which is extremely beautiful. All the buildings around the square are made from the local sandstone, although they date from different periods. Bamberg Cathedral (called Kaiserdom i.e. Emperor Cathedral) shows Romanesque and Gothic architecture. Everyone should have seen the world-famed Rider or Bamberg horseman inside and many other medieval sandstone figures as well. The Ratsstube is built in the Renaissance style. The Alte Hofhaltung is medieval. It is a 15th century courtyard with a long row of two-storey buildings with a wooden gallery. Across the street from there is the New Residence (Neue Residenz) which is a Baroque palace. A walk through here leads into the famouse Rose Garden (Rosengarten). From here one can see Abbey Church of St Michael at the very top of the hill. Just below, going back towards the river, is the Sandstrasse famous for its pubs and night life.
Culture.
Bamberg is home to the world-famous Bamberger Symphoniker who perform in a new concert hall a short distance from the town centre. There are also many other music groups, including the Musica Canterey Bamberg who perform old music in some of the historical buildings. The 19th century German writer E.T.A.Hoffmann lived in Bamberg. There is a new theatre in the town centre which is named after him.
Traffic.
Bamberg has a railway station from where one can travel to other large towns such as Würzburg, Munich, Nuremberg, Leipzig, Berlin and Hamburg as well as to other towns in eastern Upper Franconia such as Bayreuth, Coburg, and Kronach.
Bamberg has a problem with road traffic because, although there is a bypass, it cannot go all the way round the town because of the hills. Traffic is not allowed in many streets in the town centre. There is no parking allowed in the beautiful Domplatz except on Sundays.
Because Bamberg is on a river, transport by boat has always been important. The Rhine-Main-Danube Canal begins near Bamberg. It was completed in 1992 and makes it possible for boats to travel from the North Sea to the Black Sea.
In the town itself many people travel by bus. There is also a Park-and-Ride system.
Education.
There is a University in Bamberg. About 8000 students study there. The university is spread over lots of buildings in the town centre. It is a good way to make use of many of the large, historical buildings.
There are good schools in Bamberg including 8 Gymnasien. Pupils often choose which one to go to according to the subjects they are good at, because each school is strong in a particular area: science, music, language etc.
Breweries.
Bamberg is famous for its beer. There are ten breweries in the town, of which the most famous is Schlenkerla which makes smoked beer (Rauchbier).

Diving
Diving is a form of movement downwards, either from air to ground or to water. Diving is also a sport. Diving is often done from a springboard or an elevated platform
Diving in water.
There are 6 different types of dives. There are 4 different body positions that a person can use when diving.
Body Positions.
The 4 different body positions are tuck, pike, straight and free.

K.I.S.S.
K.I.S.S. stands for "Keep It Simple, Smartypants" (or Keep It Simple, Stupid.) It is used when someone explains something a little too difficult to understand. This term is used on the Internet.

Celle
Celle is a town in Lower Saxony, Germany.

Aurich
Aurich is a city in Lower Saxony, Germany.

Cloppenburg
Cloppenburg is a town in Lower Saxony, Germany, capital of Cloppenburg District. It lies some south-south-west of Oldenburg in the Weser-Ems region between Bremen and the Dutch border. The town is a centre for the largely agricultural region of southern Oldenburg.

Pulsar
Pulsars are neutron stars that turn quickly and produce electromagnetic radiation that can be received in the form of radio waves. The strength of radiation changes according to a regular period of time, which is thought to match to the period of time in which the star turns. Pulsars also show a so-called lighthouse effect, which occurs when the light and other radiation from a pulsar are only seen at certain periods of time and not all of the time. Werner Becker of the Max-Planck-Institut für extraterrestrische Physik recently said,
Discovery.
writes that "when the first regular radio signals from pulsars were discovered, the Cambridge scientists seriously considered that they might have come from an civilization. They debated this possibility and decided that, if this proved to be correct, they could not make an announcement without checking with higher authorities. There was even some discussion about whether it might be in the best interests of mankind to destroy the evidence and forget it!" (Sturrock, 154) That is to say, when pulsars were discovered, the scientists thought they might be signals from another planet, and the news might be dangerous to society.
CP 1919 produces radio wavelengths, but pulsars have later been found to produce radiation in the X-ray and/or wavelengths. Hewish received the 1974 Nobel Prize in Physics for this and similar work about radio astronomy.
Kinds of pulsars.
Although all three kinds of objects are neutron stars, the things that they can be seen to do and the physics that causes this are very different. But there are some things that are similar. For example, s are probably old rotation-powered pulsars that have already lost most of their energy, and can only be seen again after their binary companions expanded and matter from them started falling onto the neutron star. The process of accretion (matter falling onto the neutron star) can in turn give enough energy to the neutron star to change it into a rotation-powered.
Forecasting of glitches.
In June 2006, astronomer and his team at was the first to forecast glitches (a sudden increase in the speed the star turns), with information that they received from the. They used information received from the pulsar.
How the information was used.
The study of pulsars has resulted in many uses in physics and astronomy. Major examples include the proof of as forecasted by general relativity and the first proof of planets around other stars.

Julius Caesar (play)
"Julius Caesar" is a play written by William Shakespeare. It is based on the historic event of the life and death of the Roman emperor Julius Caesar.
Julius Caesar is 1 of the 38 plays that William Shakespeare wrote.
It is believed that it was produced during the late 15 hundreds.
The play follows the assassination of Caesar by his beloved friend Brutus and so called enemy Cassius.
Brutus was easily manipulated by Cassius and was then part of the plan of his death.
Brutus then starts to show remorse and convinces the citizens of Rome that it was for the best.

Twisted Sister
Twisted Sister were an American glam rock band. They were popular in the 1980's with their music videos "We're Not Gonna Take it" and "I Wanna Rock".

1630
1630 is a year in the 17th century.

Paul Biya
Paul Biya is the President of Cameroon. He has been the country's president since 1982.
Biya was born on February 13, 1933 in the village of Mvomeka'a in Cameroon. At that time, the country was called French Cameroon. He studied at The Sorbonne and the Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris in Paris, France. He graduated in 1961 with a bachelor's degree in public law and a diploma in international relations.
After graduating, Biya returned to Cameroon and worked in the government. In 1975, the President Ahmadou Ahidjo gave the job of Prime Minister to Biya. When President Ahidjo resigned on November 6, 1982, Biya became president of the country. Shortly afterwards, Ahidjo and Biya began feuding, and Ahidjo was forced to leave Cameroon.
Biya was elected as the President of Cameroon in 1984, 1988, 1992, 1997 and 2004, but other parties only have been allowed to enter the elections since 1992. The results many of these election results have been called fraudulent (achieved through unfair or illegal ways).
Many organizations, including Amnesty International, have criticized Biya's government for restricting the freedom of the people of Cameroon. These issues include control of the media (newspapers and radio and television stations) and violations of human rights. Biya's supporters point to the country's stability and high literacy rate.

International Olympic Committee
The International Olympic Committee is an organization based in Lausanne, Switzerland, created by Pierre de Coubertin and Demetrios Vikelas on June 23 1894 to reinstate the Ancient Olympic Games held in Greece between 776 BC to 396 AD. Its membership is 203 National Olympic Committees.

Confederation of African Football
The Confederation of African Football often referred to as just CAF, is the organization that controls African football.

Oceania Football Confederation
The Oceania Football Confederation often referred to as just OFC, is the organization that controls Oceania football (soccer) (often referred to as association football).

Ludwigsburg Rural District
The district Ludwigsburg (german Landkreis Ludwigsburg) is a district in Baden-Württemberg.
It is the region Stuttgart in the Stuttgart Government Region. Seat of the district is the former "württembergische Residenzstadt" (Royal Württemberg City) of Ludwigsburg, the largest city of the district.

1260s
The 1260s is a decade. It started on 1 January 1260 and ended on 31 December 1269.
Kublai Khan became the supreme leader (a title for their leader) of the Mongol Empire and moved his capital to Beijing. He was at war with the southern Chinese Song Dynasty. The Mongol Empire lost some of its battles. The first time it lost a battle with Kublai Khan as the leader was in Palestine when fighting the Mamluks of Egypt. The Empire also lost in the Caucasus. The Mamluks were led by their new sultan Baibars. The Mamluks were soon were more in control in the Middle East because they took control of a number of crusader states and also stopped the Mongol attacks from hapening as much. The Empire of Nicaea took control of Constantinople and also the Latin Empire so it again became the Byzantine Empire.
In Europe there was problems in politics. Arguments about who was the owner of what land let to many wars in the continent. In England there was the Second Barons' War. This was a civil war between the aristocracy who did not like how the King named Henry III behaved. This was because the King wanted absolute monarchy. King Otakar II of Bohemia became the most important prince in Europe. He got more land by fighting wars and also when his family died some of their land became his. Iceland and Greenland knew of and recognised the overlordship of Norway but when the Norse invaded Scotland the Scottish were able to stop them and they made peace. In Spain the Reconquista was still happening and several important cities were captured again from the Moors. The way the pope was elected was made better. The parliaments of Ireland and England met for the first time.
Several important cultural achievements were made in the decade. Roger Bacon published important scientific work named "Opus Majus." Also, Thomas Aquinas published "Summa contra Gentiles". Important pices of architecture and sculptures were made in cathedrals in Europe. These include the Cathedral of Chartres and Nicola Pisano's pulpits for the Duomo di Siena and Pisa's Baptistery. In religion, the Sukhothai kingdom in Thailand adopted Buddhism as its official religion. In Europe anti-Semitism became worse because several authorities made laws which said that Jewish people must wear yellow badges so people knew who they were. Many Jewish people were killed in England and the Talmud was attacked and censored by the Catholic Church.

Dessau
Dessau is a town in Saxony-Anhalt in Germany. The next larger cities are Halle (Saale), about 40 km southwest, Leipzig, about 52 km south and Magdeburg, about 54 km northwest. The city became well known for its college of architecture Bauhaus ("Architecture House" or "Building House" related to the German verb for "build") founded by Walter Gropius in Weimar. Since July 2007 it is called Dessau-Roßlau.

Weissenfels
Weißenfels was the capital city of the old Weißenfels Rural District in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany, until the district changes of 2007. The King of Saxony lived here at one time. It is about 30 km southwest of Leipzig.

United States Constitution
The United States Constitution is the highest law of the United States of America. It was put in writing on September 17, 1787 by the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and later put into effect, or ratified, by representatives of the people of the first 13 states. When nine of the states ratified the document, they put forth a union of sovereign states, and a federal government for that union. That government started on March 4, 1789, replacing the Articles of Confederation.
The Constitution of the United States is the oldest federal constitution now in use.
Since 1787, the United States Constitution has been changed 27 times by amendments (changes).
Articles of the Constitution.
When it was written in 1787, the Constitution had a preamble and seven main parts, called articles.
Preamble.
The Preamble is not a law. It gives the reasons for writing the Constitution. The Preamble is one of the best known parts of the Constitution. The first three words, "We the people," are used very often. There are six intensions they are the goals of the constitution
Legislative power.
Article One says that the U.S. Congress (the legislative branch) will make the laws for the United States. Congress has two parts, called "Houses," the House of Representatives and the Senate. The Article says who can be elected to each part of Congress, and how they are elected.
The House of Representatives has members elected by the people in each state. The number of members from each state depends on how many people live there. Each member of the House of Representatives is elected for two years. The Senate has two members, called Senators, for each state, no matter how many people live there. Each Senator is elected for six years. The original Constitution says that Senators should be elected by the state legislatures, but this was changed later.
Article One also says how the Congress will do its business and what kinds of laws it can make. It lists some kinds of laws the Congress and the states cannot make. Article One also makes rules for Congress to impeach and remove from office the President, Vice President, judges, and other government officers.
Executive power.
Article Two says that the President (the executive branch) will carry out the laws made by Congress. This article says how the President and Vice President are elected, and who can be elected to these offices. The President and Vice President are elected by a special Electoral College chosen by the states, for four years. The Vice President takes over as President if the President dies, or resigns, or is unable to serve. Article Two also says that the President is in charge of the army and navy. He can make treaties with other countries, but these must be approved by two-thirds of the Senate. He appoints judges, ambassadors, and other officers, but the Senate also must approve these appointments. The President can also veto bills. However Congress can over ride the veto
Judicial power.
Article Three says there will be a court system (the judicial branch), including the Supreme Court. The article says that Congress can decide which courts, besides the Supreme Court, are needed. It says what kinds of "cases and controversies" these courts can decide. Article Three also requires trial by jury in all criminal cases, and defines the crime of treason.
States' powers and limits.
Article Four is about the states. It says that all states must give "full faith and credit" to the laws of the other states. It also says that state governments must treat citizens of other states as fairly as they treat their own citizens, and must send arrested people back to another state if they have been charged with a crime.
Article Four also says that Congress can make new states. There were only 13 states in 1787. Now there are 50 states in the United States. It says Congress can make rules for Federal property and can govern territories that have not yet been made into states. Article Four says the United States must make sure that each state has a republican form of government, and protect the states from invasion and violence.
Process of amendment.
Article Five says how to amend, or change, the Constitution. Congress can write a change, if two-thirds of the members in each House agree. The state governments can call a convention to write changes, although this has not happened since 1787. Any change that is written by Congress or by a convention must be sent to the state legislatures or to state conventions for their approval. Congress decides whether to send a change to the legislatures or to conventions. Three-fourths of the states must approve a change for it to become part of the Constitution.
An amendment can change any part of the Constitution, except one — no amendment can change the rule that each state has the same number of seats in the Senate.
Federal power.
Article Six says that the Constitution, and the laws and treaties of the United States, are higher than any other laws. It also says that all federal and state officers must swear to "support" the Constitution.
Ratification.
Article Seven says that the new government under the Constitution would not start until conventions in at least nine states approved the Constitution.
Amendments.
Since 1787, Congress has written 33 amendments to change the Constitution, but the states have ratified only 27 of them.
After the Bill of Rights, there are 17 more changes to the Constitution that were made at different times.

Space-time continuum
The space-time continuum is a mathematical model that combines space and time into a single construct. This spacetime is usually explained with a model where space is three-dimensional and time has the role of the fourth dimension.
If one follows the model of space that Euclid had, our universe has three dimensions of space, and one dimension of time. By combining space and time into a single manifold, physicists have simplified a good deal of physical theory, as well as described in a more uniform way the workings of the universe at both levels: the supergalactic and subatomic.
Further aspects.
Where an important quantity of matter exists, it changes the geometry of spacetime, this (curved) geometry can be understood as gravity. The white lines ot the picture on the right do not represent the curvature of space, but instead represent the coordinate system imposed on the curved spacetime which would be rectilinear in a flat spacetime.
In classical mechanics, the use of spacetime over Euclidean space is optional, as time is independent of mechanical motion in three dimensions. In relativistic contexts, however, time cannot be separated from the three dimensions of space as it depends on an object's velocity relative to the speed of light.
Historical origin.
The origins of this 20th century scientific theory began in the 19th century with fiction writers. Edgar Allan Poe stated in his essay on cosmology titled "Eureka" (1848) that "space and duration are one." This is the first known instance of suggesting space and time to be different perceptions of one thing. Poe arrived at this conclusion after approximately 90 pages of reasoning but employed no mathematics. In 1895, H.G. Wells in his novel, The Time Machine, wrote, “There is no difference between Time and any of the three dimensions of Space except that our consciousness moves along it.” He added, “Scientific people…know very well that Time is only a kind of Space.”
Albert Einstein's 1905 theory of special relativity is the beginning of the concept of spacetime, but the first mathematical theory of spacetime was proposed by one of his teachers, the mathematician Hermann Minkowski, in a 1908 essay.
His concept of Minkowski space is the earliest treatment of space and time as two aspects of a unified whole, the essence of special relativity. The idea of Minkowski space also led to special relativity being viewed in a more geometrical way, this geometric viewpoint of spacetime being important in general relativity too. The 1926 thirteenth edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica included an article by Einstein titled "space-time".

Scottish Socialist Party
The Scottish Socialist Party is a political party which was formed in 1998. It argues for socialism and scottish independence. It has four MSPs in the Scottish Parliament.

Esztergom
Esztergom is a city in Hungary, 45 kilometers north of Budapest. 30 122 people live in Esztergom. It is the center of the Roman Catholic Church in Hungary, and the Constitutional court is in the city. There are a lot of rich museums in the city.
Geography.
Esztergom is on the right side of the river Danube. There are big islands on the Danube. There are mountains to the east, that surround the city. The city is 100,35 km² big.
History.
The city was founded in 972 by Géza of Hungary. It is one of the oldest cities in Hungary. Until 1249 it was the capital of the country. The archbishops built many schools, churches, palaces, and the kings of Hungary built castles. In 1242 the city was attacked and destroyed by mongols, but the castle on the hill was not. After the attack king Béla IV. moved to Buda, and gave the city to the archbishop. In 1543 the city was taken by the Turks, who built many spas. The Hungarians tried to take back the city many times, so it was destroyed again in the wars. The Turks left Esztergom in 1683. In 1822 Alexander Rudnay, the archbishop started building a big temple called a basilica. It is the biggest temple and the tallest building in the country, and the third biggest temple in Europe.

Public transport
Public transport is a way for the public (all the people) to travel around. It is a way for people to travel quickly and cheaply not in their cars. Public transport lets many people travel at the same time.
History.
Public Transport started a long time ago around 1826 in Nantes, France and has become the easiest way to travel.
The first forms of public transport were ferries (big public boats), and animals, such as horses. Horses also pulled carts. People would sit in the carts and then the horses would pull them where they wanted to go.
Types of Public Transport.
The main types of Public Transport are buses, trolleybuses, trams and trains. Trams have been around for a very long time and they used to be pulled by horses. They were first used in the late 1860's. Now trams are electric and run on a line of cable. Buses are like big cars and they drive on the road. Trolleybuses like buses, but they use electricity and are with 2 poles. Trains run on a track and are very fast. Many places in the world use trams and trains as the best way for going places.
Who uses Public Transport?
Many people use public transport. Many people who don’t have cars use buses, trolleybuses, trams to go places near their house, and they use trains to go places far away. Public transport is good because it is easy to use so anybody can go on it.
How to use it.
When using public transport people need a ticket or card to be able to get on. On trams they get a ticket that they put in a machine and it tells them when their ticket runs out. On buses and trolleybuses they buy their ticket from the driver and put it into a machine, and on trains they use a ticket to get into the train station to catch their train. A timetable tells them when they come.
Good things.
Public transport is also very good for the environment. When people use public transport it means that there are fewer cars on the road. With fewer cars on the road there is less pollution created in the world.
Another good thing about public transport is the cost. It is very cheap to catch public transport every day and lots of people like public transport better than their cars.
Sloped or vertical.
Some of these types are often not for use by the general public, e.g. elevators in offices and apartment buildings, buses for personnel or school children, etc.
Nodes and stops.
In addition one can alight from and usually board a taxi at any road where stopping is allowed. Some fixed-route buses allow getting on and off at suitable unmarked locations along that route, typically called a hail-and-ride section.
Free systems.
Free or Zero-fare public transport services are funded in full by means other than collecting a fare from passengers.
Zero-fare services may be funded by national, regional or local government through taxation or by commercial sponsorship by businesses.They usually use relatively small vehicles such as buses and trams.
Several mid-size European cities and many smaller towns around the world have converted their entire bus networks to zero-fare.
Local zero-fare shuttles or inner-city loops are far more common than city-wide systems.
Tourist attraction.
Some means of rail-based public transport are also tourist attractions and/or well known landmarks in their own right. These include San Francisco's famous cable cars, the Molli steam powered train in Bad Doberan, the kusttram along the whole Flemish coast, the Schwebebahn Wuppertal, the Seattle Monorail, and the Christchurch Tram

Edmund Barton
Sir Edmund Barton (18 January 1849 – 7 January 1920) was the first Prime Minister of Australia. He had a big part in making Australia a country. His government passed laws stopping non-white people from coming to Australia and allowing women to vote in elections. After he was Prime Minister he became a judge of the High Court.

Crofton, British Columbia
Crofton is a town on Vancouver Island, in British Columbia, Canada. It is a small town with only 2,500 people living in it. Crofton lies alongside the water. A miner named Henry Croft founded the town in 1902 so he could do better mining on the mountains around Crofton. But soon after, the mining stopped. In 1956, a mill that makes paper was built in Crofton. Today, that mill has over 1,000 workers. Because Crofton is on the water, it has a ferry that takes people to Salt Spring Island, which is nearby.

Zabno
Zabno (Polish: Żabno) is a town in Poland. 4,275 people live there. Zabno is near a bigger city, Tarnow.

Western Australia
Western Australia is one of the six states of Australia. It is the biggest state in Australia measured by amount of land. It has a population of about two million people. Its capital city is Perth.
Before 1900.
It was first discovered in the 1600s when big Dutch ships trying to sail to Indonesia from Europe crashed off the west coast. Other ships went looking for them and drew maps of the coast. They did not think anything would grow on the land, so they moved on and did not come back.
In the 1800s, the French and the British were fighting a war. The British had just settled in New South Wales in eastern Australia. The French sailed around Western Australia, drew more maps of it and named things they saw after themselves and their boats.
In 1826 the first settlement of people from Europe was started in Albany, by Edmund Lockyer an English major.
In 1827, a Captain in the British army, James Stirling, sailed up the Swan River and liked what he saw. He told the British government, and in 1829, Britain sent settlers to Western Australia and made James Stirling the governor. They started up the towns of Fremantle and Perth.
They gave land to everyone who came to Western Australia very cheaply. However a lot of the land was not good for growing things, and Stirling sent men all over the state to find better land. After walking for hundreds of kilometres, they told Stirling which places were good, and some people left Perth and went to those places.
The part of Western Australia south of Perth was called the South West. It was green, and good for growing food, and for cattle and dairy farming. The places north, east and south-east of Perth were called the Wheatbelt, because they were good for growing wheat and raising sheep.
By 1850, the settlers were growing their own food but there were few roads, as roads cost money to build but did not make money. So Western Australia asked Britain to send over convicts (people who had been sent to jail for theft and other crimes) who could work for the government. They built thousands of kilometres of roads, as well as many buildings for the government. In 1868, Britain stopped sending convicts.
By 1890, Western Australia had a lot of people, but they were ruled by a governor who was sent by Britain. People in Western Australia wanted to run their own country, and not be told what to do by the British. They were allowed to establish their own Parliament, where they could make their own laws. The governor was still there but the parliament was making all the decisions and the governor simply approved them. The first Premier (leader of the government) was John Forrest.
In 1893, lots of gold was found at Kalgoorlie. Many people came from eastern Australia and from other countries hoping to get rich. It was called a "gold rush", and the place was called "The Golden Mile" because of all the gold under it, which some say is more than anywhere else in the world.
Federation.
Until 1901, Australia did not exist - it was six separate colonies governed by Britain. This worked well when everybody was British and there were only a few people. But now there were thousands of people and many of them had never been to Britain, an eight month journey away by sea.
They decided to join together to form one new country, the Commonwealth of Australia. This was called Federation, and happened in 1901. Western Australia did not want to join, because the other colonies were thousands of kilometres away. They joined when the other colonies promised to build a railway to Perth.
Secession referendum.
In 1933, the Western Australian people did not want to be part of Australia any more. The main reason was that Western Australia had to give money to the rest of Australia to pay for national services like the army and education, but they weren't seeing the benefits. As well, the Great Depression had happened and many people were homeless and poor all over the world, including Western Australia.
The government decided to hold a referendum and ask the people whether they wanted to start their own country, and 68% said yes. However, the rest of Australia and the British Parliament stopped it. Even today, some Western Australians do not want to be part of Australia.
Modern history.
After that, things got back to normal. The Great Depression ended and the Second World War began, and many Western Australians went off to fight. Some of them had to stay here, because in 1942, the Japanese bombed the town of Broome in the far north.
When the war ended, a lot of people from Europe who had lost their homes in the war came to Western Australia, as land was still very cheap. In the 1960s, iron ore was found in the north of the state, which could be made into steel. This discovery made Western Australia very rich, and iron ore still brings in a lot of money.
Perth grew from being a small town to being a big city in just 30 years. By 1985 it had over a million people and is still getting bigger today. Due to the mining boom in the state, there has been an influx of people from the Eastern states to take advantage of the higher wages in industry.

South Australia
South Australia is one of the six states of Australia. Its Capital is Adelaide.
Location.
South Australia is in the southern central part of the country. It is one of the driest parts of the continent. South Australia gets very little rain.
Appearence.
The state has a total land area of 984,377 km² (380,070 sq mi). It is the fourth largest of Australia's states and territories. 1.5 million people live in South Australia.
Floral emblem.
Image:Sturts desert pea.jpg|thumb|Sturt's Desert Pea, the floral emblem of South Australia
Sturt's Desert Pea, Swainsona formosa, is the flower that represents South Australia. It was made the emblem on November 23, 1961.
History.
South Australia was a "freely-settled", planned British province. Settlement began on December 28, 1836. This was when the state was "proclaimed" at The Old Gum Tree by Governor Hindmarsh. The aim was to create the province as a center of civilization for free immigrants, promising civil liberties and religious tolerance.
Modern day.
Today, the state is known for its festivals and fine wine.

Richard Roeper
Richard Roeper is a American television personality. He currently stars on the American television show "Ebert &amp; Roeper" with Roger Ebert. Roeper replaced Gene Siskel on the show in 2000 (which used to be called "Siskel &amp; Ebert"), shortly after Siskel died in 1999. Roeper also writes about movies for an American newspaper, the Chicago Sun-Times.

Alfred Deakin
Alfred William Deakin (3 August 1856 - 7 October 1919) was the second Prime Minister of Australia.
He was born in Fitzroy, Melbourne, Australia, the second child of William Deakin. In the 1890s he helped Australia become a country. He was Australia's first Attorney-General (head lawyer) when Edmund Barton was Prime Minister and then became Prime Minister after Barton left. He introduced the Bill to start Australia's High Court, began planning for a railway to cross Australia, took over control of New Guinea from Britain, and introduced old age pensions.
Deakin married Elizabeth Brown on April 3, 1882. They had three children.
When he was old he had Alzheimer's disease which made him forget a lot of things.
Alfred Deakin died on the 7th of October 1919 in South Yarra, Victoria.He was buried at St.Kilda Cemetery.

Chris Watson
John Christian Watson (c. 9 April 1867 - 18 November 1941), known as Chris Waston, was the third Prime Minister of Australia. He was the first Prime Minister from the Labor Party. He was Prime Minister for only 4 months.

Archie Comics
Archie Comics is a comic book company in the United States. Its most famous and popular title is "Archie". This comic book is about a teenage boy named Archie Andrews and his friends: Betty Cooper, Veronica Lodge, Reggie Mantle and Forsythe "Jughead" Jones. Every single character in this comic book is fictional and are created by Bob Montana. All characters were based on people he knew in Haverhill, Massachusetts. Other popular titles include "Sabrina the Teenage Witch", "Sonic the Hedgehog", and Josie and the Pussycats.Archie's first appearance was in Pep Comics #22 on December 22, 1941. This addition was drawn by Montana and written by Vic Bloom.
Archie lives in a small town named the "Riverdale". The state, or the general location of this town is not to be known.It is known, however, that John L. Goldwater went to school at Horace Mann, which is located in New York City in a part of the Bronx called Riverdale. In the early years of Archie, Riverdale was located in Massachusetts, with Mr. Lodge being a senator for that state, but this is no longer considered canon.

Zak Starkey
Zak Starkey (September 13, 1965) is the son of Beatles drummer Ringo Starr. Like his father he is also a drummer and has played with groups like The Who and Oasis.

Heroin
Heroin (also called Diamacetylmorphine or Diamorphine) is a natural opioid. It is an analgesic (a painkiller). It is made from the sap of the poppy plant. It is like other drugs made from the poppy plant sap, for example, opium or morphine. There is a high risk of getting addicted. Many countries consider it to be an illegal drug unless it its taken for medical purposes.
Heroin is a white or brown powder. People smoke or inject heroin to get a calm feeling of relaxation called "being high." Heroin is a very addictive drug. This means that once a person starts taking heroin, they will want to take more heroin, even if it's making them sick.
Legality.
It is illegal to make, sell, and use heroin in most countries, unless a doctor has prescribed it for a person. Many people smuggle heroin and sell it illegally on the streets to make money.
Dangers of using heroin.
If people use heroin, they may take too much and get sick or even die. This is called an "overdose" (taking too much). As well, when people take heroin, they get intoxicated (like being drunk on alcohol). When a person is intoxicated, they can get hurt if they drive a car or a boat. As well, when a person is intoxicated, they may do dangerous things, such as have unsafe sex with a person that they do not know, or get into a violent fight with a person. There is also the danger of "Withdrawl". Withdrawl is when someone quits using an opiate, like Heroin, after they've been using it for a while. A user can have withdrawl symptoms even just after 3 days of continued use. Withdrawl is one of the worst fears of a user, and they will do anything to not have to do through it. Withdrawl can make someone feel like they have the flu. Other symptoms are hot and cold sweats, chills, body aches, diareha, loss of appetite, insomnia (not being about to sleep, or stay asleep).
Heroin is a very addictive drug. This means that if a person starts taking the drug, they will want to keep taking it, and it will be hard to stop, even if the drug is making a person sick (ill). Addiction means that a person will do much more than usual to get enough money to buy another dose of the drug. This means that they will sell things they have. At some point, the person has sold all their belongings. The only options left then are to work as a prostitute (that is to sell having sex for money), or to become a criminal, and do things like theft, robbery, or fraud. By making some drugs legal, the prices for those will drop, and the people addicted will have to sell less things to get another dose.
Another danger from using heroin is infection with dangerous diseases such as AIDS or Hepatitis C. When a person is injecting heroin, a person can get an AIDS or Hepatitis C infection from another person if they are sharing the same syringe (needle). As well, if a person is "high" on heroin, they could get an AIDS or Hepatitis C infection from having unsafe sex with a person that they do not know.
Street names.
There are many slang street names for this drug, and they can be different from place to place. Some of them are: China White, Dope, Horse, Junk, Skunk and Smack.

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Pittsburgh is a city in the American state of Pennsylvania. The city is most known for its steel industry. However, with the collapse of United States steel industry in the 1980s, the economy in Pittsburgh is now healthcare, education, technology, and financial services. It is also the home of the Pittsburgh Steelers football team, who have won the Super Bowl five times, the University of Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon University. Pittsburgh is the county seat for Allegheny County.
Pittsburgh is in western Pennsylvania. It has a population of 312,819 people and a metro population of almost 2,400,000 people. Pittsburgh was the most livable city in the United States in 2007. Pittsburgh has been ranked third in the country for most polluted cities by the American Lung Association.

Nasal bone
The nasal bones are two small oblong bones located in the human skull. Their size and form differs among individuals. They are placed side by side at the middle and top part of the face, forming the "bridge" of the nose at their junction.

Kapellmeister
Kapellmeister, (pronounce: Ka-PEL-my-ster), is a German word which means a musician who is in charge of music-making. The word comes from the Latin word for "chapel". In German "Kapelle" got the meaning: "choir" (because they sang in a chapel). "Meister" means "master".
The French word is maître de la chapelle. In Italian he is Maestro di Capella. In English he might be called Chapel Master or, more generally, Director of Music.
The Kapellmeister's job.
The word Kapellmeister is used to describe musicians in Germany who worked for a king, prince or rich nobleman. Until about 200 years ago, these people often had their own private orchestras. The Kapellmeister was like a Director of Music. He would be responsible for choosing any new musicians, rehearsing and conducting the orchestra, and composing any music that was needed.
Many famous composers had jobs as Kapellmeister. Johann Sebastian Bach worked from 1717 to 1723 as Kapellmeister for Prince Leopold of Anhalt-Cöthen. George Frideric Handel was Kapellmeister for George, Elector of Hanover, who later became George I of Great Britain. Joseph Haydn worked for many years as Kapellmeister for the Eszterházy family, a very important noble family of the Austrian Empire.
A Kapellmeister could also be the Director of Music for a church. Sometimes, this would be called "Kantor" in Germany. Johann Sebastian Bach was called "Kantor" when he was Director of Music at the church of St Thomas in Leipzig from 1723-1750.
By the 19th century, society in Europe had changed. The nobility were not as rich as they had been before, and many composers started to make a living as a freelance composer. Beethoven, for example, never became a Kapellmeister.
Sometimes, the word "Kapellmeister" is used in German today to mean the Director or conductor of an orchestra or choir. The title shows that they have to organize the orchestra or choir as well as conduct it.

Kingdom of England
The Kingdom of England was a country in Western Europe. It was the land in the south of the island of Great Britain. It is now two home nations. The present home nations that were part of the Kingdom of England are England and Wales.

Romansh language
Romansh (also spelled Rumantsch, Romansch or Romanche) is one of Switzerland's four national languages. (The other three are French, German and Italian.) 50,000 people in the canton of Graubünden use it as their native language.

Protractor
A protractor is a tool used to measure angles in degrees. It usually has a curved top and a flat bottom shape and has marks with labels of the degrees.

Rabbi
Rabbi (in the Hebrew classic רִבִּי "ribbi"; in the Hebrew modern רַבִּי "rabbi") in Judaism signifies "professor, master" or literally "grand". The word "Rabbi" ("My Master") derives from the Hebrew root "Rav", that in the Hebrew biblical signifies "grand" or "distinct" (in knowledge).
In the Judaism, Rabbi is a title used in order to distinguish the one that teaches, the one that has the authority of the doctors of the Torah or that one pointed by the religious leaders of the community. Today the rabbis are responsible for the education and for application of the teachings of the Judaism. In contrast to other religions, the rabbi is not a priest, not being strictly necessary for finishing successfully the majority of the acts of the cycle of Jewish life, as the marriage, bar-mitzvá, burials, etc. The only acts that demand the participation of a rabbi are the "get" (divorce) and litigations that demand the decision of a rabbinical court.
However, in our days, to a great extent of the secularization of the Jewish community, the rabbis assumed the role of the person who directs most of the religious ceremonies. Nevertheless, in the Judaism there is not the figure of the "representative of God" or of a person with a special contact with God, therefore each individual is considered as endowed with a direct connection with God.

Gentile
A Gentile is a person who is not Jewish. It is polite to use this word when needed to describe a person who is not Jewish, as in "my friend Robert is a Gentile".

Super Mario Galaxy
Super Mario Galaxy is a video game by Nintendo. The game is for the Wii. "Super Mario Galaxy" is very different from older Mario games, and has some new gameplay in it.
Story.
Bowser has captured Princess Peach again, this time using a surprise attack over the so-called Mushroom Kingdom, with a battle fleet of flying boats by pulling the castle out of its foundation. Mario barely grasps onto the dug out piece of Earth, but is knocked off by one of Bowser's allies. He drifts out into intergalactic space, unconscious.
After waking up on a peculiar planet, Mario finds a playful star like creature, named a Luma and he must play hide and seek with the Luma and his friends to gain information about where he is. After succesfully capturing all Lumas, the first Luma leads Mario up to a podium, where a beautiful woman in blue robes stands waiting. The woman is named Rosalina and she moves around space by using her mobile Observatory. It was her who gave the name 'Luma', after finding the first Luma, named 'Luma'. According to her story, one day she finds Luma stranded on Earth; this is the first time for her meeting Luma. She says that the observatory after Bowser stole its Grand Stars, which give the observatory its power.
Mario must follow Bowser all the way out into outer space, find power stars and Grand Stars, defeat him, and rescue Peach with help of Lumas, launch stars, natives of different kinds of galaxies, and the Toad Brigade, a group of Toads.
The game play is very similar to "Super Mario 64" with special moves done with the Wii Remote.
Gameplay.
In Super Mario Galaxy, Mario can do a Star Spin attack, and can jump from planet to planet. The creator of the Mario games, Shigeru Miyamoto, is the director of this game, and gave Mario moves he has never had before.
Features.
Like the shines of "Super Mario Sunshine" or the stars of "Super Mario 64", "Galaxy" has things called star bits. They may be used to progress in certain parts of the game, or they can be used to stun enemies. Mario can collect star bits using the Wii Remote, simply by pointing at them. Mario can gain a life if he collects 50 of them.
The coin system has also changed. In the previous two games, every 100 coins collected earned a life, but in "Galaxy" he only needs 50. Also, Mario will not be able to collect 100 coins to get a star in a level; instead, once he defeats Bowser for the last time, the player can choose to return to a level, select the "Purple Comet" star, and can try to collect 100 purple coins (not normal coins) to earn a star.

The Legend of Zelda (series)
"The Legend of Zelda" is a popular series (or group) of video games. It has a young boy called Link who usually has to rescue Princess Zelda from a powerful creature called Ganon. The series was made by Shigeru Miyamoto and was first sold February 21, 1986 by Nintendo. The game happens in the fictional country of Hyrule. Hyrule has many different places, people and creatures in it. The gameplay is a mix of action, adventure (or finding things), role-playing, puzzle-solving, and sometimes jumping and racing parts. The Legend of Zelda series has sold 50 million games, with 13 different games in the series during 2007, making it the 6th best-selling video game series ever.
Games.
Right now there are 14 games in the main series.

3rd century
The 3rd century is the century from 201 to 300.
Decades and years.
Note: years before or after the 3rd century are in "italics".

2nd century
The 2nd century is the century from 101 to 200.
Decades and years.
Note: years before or after the 2nd century are in "italics".

Wal-Mart
Wal-Mart () is a company created by Sam Walton in 1962. It is one of the world's largest companies, behind Exxon Mobil. Even so, there are many groups that dislike Wal-Mart because of their influence on local companies, the way they treat their workers, how they deal with welfare, selling mostly foreign-made products, and the things they do to the environment. Several debates occur across the United States about Wal-Mart and things it does or does not do to the economies of surrounding communities.
Sam Walton originally opened his stores in small-town communities across the United States; these stores provided lower prices for everyday items. Their popularity grew and stores are continually being built and opened.

Sam Walton
Samuel Moore Walton is an United States businessman. He was born on March 29, 1918 near Kingfisher, Oklahoma. Walton is the person who created the well-known American stores, Wal-Mart and Sam's Club. Walton was born to Thomas Gibson Walton and Nancy Lee Walton. He is part of the Walton family, which is one of the richest families in the world. Walton died on April 6, 1992

New York Stock Exchange
The New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), also called the "Big Board," is a stock exchange in New York City. It is the biggest stock exchange in the United States by the amount of money and the second biggest stock exhange by the number of companies.

Stock exchange
A stock exchange, share market or bourse is a place where people meet to buy and sell shares of company stock. Some stock exchanges are real places (like the New York Stock Exchange), others are virtual places (like the NASDAQ).
Great Depression.
On October 29, 1929, the stock market crashed on what is known as Black Tuesday. A "crash" means that the prices of stock were lowered greatly, and no one wanted to buy it. Instead, they sold the stock for cheap prices. Also, banks were trying to buy stock with people's money (stored inside the bank), so the banks ran out of money too. That way, only a few people could afford the cost of living. This was the start of the Great Depression.

Bombay Stock Exchange
The Bombay Stock Exchange is a stock exchange in Dalal Street, Mumbai, India. It was created in 1875, and it is the oldest stock exchange in Asia. There are currently 3,500 Indian companies listed on the stock exchange.

Thomas Stamford Raffles
Sir Thomas Stamford Bingley Raffles (July 6, 1781 – July 5, 1826) was the founder of the city of Singapore, and is one of the most famous Britons who expanded the British Empire.
A secondary school in Singapore, named the Raffles Institution, was named after him.

Euronext
Euronext is a stock exchange in Europe, located in places such as Belgium, France, Netherlands, Portugal and the United Kingdom.
Euronext was created on September 22 2000, when the stock exchanges of Amsterdam, Brussels Stock Exchange and Paris Bourse were joined together in a merger. In recent years, Euronext has become the fifth largest stock exchange on the planet.

Hippopotamidae
Hippopotamuses are a group of even-toed ungulate mammals. They form the family "Hippopotamidae". There are two living species of Hippopotamuses.

Hiroshi Yamauchi
Hiroshi Yamauchi (in Japanese: 山内溥, "Yamauchi Hiroshi", born November 7, 1927) was the third president of Nintendo from 1949 until he quit on May 31, 2002.

ExxonMobil
Exxon Mobil or ExxonMobil () is the world's biggest oil and gas company. It was created when Exxon and Mobil, both companies formed after the John D. Rockefeller's original Standard Oil company split apart, joined together in a merger to become one company.

Paul Allen
Paul Gardner Allen (born January 21, 1953) is an American who created Microsoft with Bill Gates. He is the fifth richest person in the United States, and he currently lives in Mercer Island, Washington.
Allen also owns two sports teams, the Seattle Seahawks and the Portland Trail Blazers.

Hero
A hero (rom the Greek word "ἣρως") in Greek mythology was a half-god or otherwise powerful human. They were also worshipped in hero cults.
Later, hero (male) or heroine (female) meant people who are good, moral, and courageous; they have heroism. They help in saving people or a society from bad people, villains, or any natural disasters. A hero can also be someone who is helpful, polite, or helping people who need it.
Sometimes, the protagonist (or main character) of a story is called the "hero" of the work (a book/film/etc.).

Sonic Rivals
Sonic Rivals is a video game for the PlayStation Portable that came out on November 24, 2006. The game is made by Backbone Entertainment and Sega. People can play as Sonic the Hedgehog, Shadow the Hedgehog, Knuckles the Echidna, or Silver the Hedgehog.

Sega Mega Drive
The, called the Sega Genesis in North America is a 16-bit video game console made by Sega.

Sega Dreamcast
Sega Dreamcast (Japanese: ドリームキャスト; originally called "Dural," and "Katana") is the fourth and last machine made by Sega that can play video games. It was sold before the PlayStation 2, GameCube, or Xbox came out. However, not many people bought it after the PlayStation 2 was released, so in the end Sega decided to stop making them.
Making the Dreamcast.
When it was time to make another video game machine after the Sega Saturn was released, Shoichiro Irimajiri asked Tatsuo Yamamoto from IBM Austin and his group to create it. However Hideki Sato's old group that made video game machines did not like this. Because of this, the two groups were in a competition to make the best machine.
Hideki Sato's group used Hitachi SH4 and PowerVR to make a video game machine called "White Belt". The name was later changed to "Guppy" and then "Katana".
Tatsuo Yamamoto's Motorola PowerPC 603e and 3dfx Voodoo 2 to make a video game machine called "Blackbelt" and then renamed to "Shark" in United States. In Japan, the machine was first called "Dural" and then renamed to "Katana"
On April 1997, 3dfx told people that Sega was using their 3dfx Voodoo 2 for a video game machine. Sega however wanted this to be a secret and became very angry. Because of this, Sega used Hideki Sato's "Katana" machine instead of Tatsuo Yamamoto's.
Later on, 3dfx sued Sega because they thought Sega broke their promise to them.
However, the two companies then made a type of agreement called a settlement so that they didn't have to go to court.
Competition.
After Sega released their Dreamcast, many other video game companies also released their video game machines. This includes Sony, who released the PlayStation 2; Nintendo, who released the GameCube; and Microsoft, who released the Xbox.
Release.
The Dreamcast was released in Japan in November 27, 1998, and then released September 9, 1999 in North America. Originally, many people liked the Dreamcast and it sold a lot. In the United States, 300,000 machines were sold on the first week and Sega earned $98.4 million dollars.
To help the Dreamcast sell even more, Sega told many stores to show some of their best games to customers, like "Soul Calibur", "Sonic Adventure", "Power Stone", and "Hydro Thunder".
Electronic Arts, a video games company, said that they did not want to make games for the Dreamcast until it sold one million machines. This is because Electronic Arts' video games on the Sega Saturn did not make a lot of money. However, in three months when the Dreamcast did sell one million machines, Electronic Arts still did not want to make games for the Dreamcast and made games for the PlayStation 2 instead.
Outside the USA and Japan.
In places like Europe Sega decided to let other companies make ads for the Dreamcast. However, Sega did not give the companies enough money, so the companies could not make as much ads as the PlayStation 2, another video game machine that was competing with the Dreamcast.
Many of these companies also forced people to pay a lot of extra money for the Dreamcast than in the USA and Japan.
Some games were not even sold in Europe, because Sega was spending most of their time on selling the Dreamcast in the USA. Because of this, a lot of people who used to like Sega now liked Sony.
End of the Dreamcast.
Unlike Sony, Nintendo, and Microsoft, Sega did not have a lot of money to use on the Dreamcast. Also many companies that make games, like Electronic Arts, did make games for the Dreamcast because their games did not sell well on Sega's last video game machine, the Sega Saturn.
In the end, Sega told people on January 31, 2001 that they would no longer be making any more Dreamcast machines. Sega's last video game sold for Dreamcast was "Puyo Pop Fever", which was released on February 24, 2004.From then onwards, other people are still making Dreamcast games.

Platte River
The Platte River (also called the Nebraska River) is a river in the United States that flows into the Missouri River. It is around 310 miles (or 499 km) long.

Counting
Counting is something people do to find out how many things there are of any kind.
One way to count.
The person counting usually starts with the number one, and gives this number to the first thing. The next thing is given the number two. Then, the next thing is given the number three. If there is another thing, it gets the number four. More things get more numbers. Each thing gets its own number in this way. The last number given to the last thing counted shows how many things there are.
More counting.
Counting is starting at a number and changing it up or down a certain number of times. In the examples above, counting started at one and then it changed by one each time something was counted. So at first the count was one. Then the count was changed by one, and one plus one is two, so the count was two. Then the count of two was changed by one again, and two plus one is three, so the count was three.
Counting can go up or down. Counting can be done on fingers.
More about counting.
It has been shown that some birds are good at counting. Crows
are birds that are good at counting.

Launch pad
The launch pad is where rockets and spacecraft are placed until they is ready to blast off. NASA has its own launch pads for its spacecraft. Launch pads are often made out of steel reinforced concrete. Launch pads for larger spacecraft will often have towers to support it during its launch.

Space Shuttle
The Space Shuttle is a spacecraft used by the United States' NASA organization. Space Shuttles carry astronauts into space. It is unique among spacecraft because it can be used again.
Shape and body.
The shuttle is shaped like a large airplane. This is another unique thing about it. Having wings and a tail allows the Space Shuttle to glide and land on a runway. Most spacecraft use parachutes when landing. This allows the reusable part of the Shuttle to be very large. People have said that the Shuttle is very much like a pickup truck because of its usefulness.
Rockets.
Two disposable Solid Fuel Rocket Boosters (also called SRBs) and a large external fuel tank are used to lift the space shuttle out of Earth's gravity and into space. After the shuttle is in orbit the boosters and tanks are dropped and fall back to earth. The tank is never used again. The boosters are found in the ocean. NASA pulls the SRBs out and uses them again.
History.
The shuttle was invented in 1973. It replaced the Apollo capsules. The first flight was a test of the landing and maneuvering abilities of the shuttle. This flight was done by the Space Shuttle Enterprise. The first shuttle flight in space was on June 12, 1981. It was done by the Space Shuttle Columbia.
On January 28, 1986 the Space Shuttle Challenger exploded 73 seconds into the flight of STS-51L. It caused a year long stall in space flight.
In the 1990s the Shuttle began working on the International Space Station (ISS). This is now the main job of the shuttle.
Also in the 1990s, the Space Shuttle put the Hubble Telescope into space.
On January 16, 2003, the Space Shuttle Columbia exploded during the re-entry phase of STS-107. It exploded over Texas. It again caused a long delay in shuttle flight. This happened because some of the heat shield broke off the shuttle during lift-off, after being hit by a piece of the external tank.

Thor
Thor is the red-haired and bearded god of thunder in Norse mythology. He is the son of Odin and Jord. The ancient Norse believed that during Ragnarök, Thor would kill and be killed by Jörmungandr.
Characteristics.
Thor was one of the most powerful Norse gods well known for his fights with the race of giants. He was said to protect Asgard -home of the gods- and Midgard -home of man-.
Family.
Thor was believed to be the son of Odin (Wotan or Woden) and the giantess Jörd (Jord, the Earth). His wife is called Sif. With his mistress, the giantess Járnsaxa, Thor had his sons Magni and Modi, and with Sif he had his daughter Thrud. Thor also had a stepson called Ull who was a son of Sif.
Possessions.
Thor was said to travel in a chariot drawn by the goats Tanngrisnir and Tanngnjóstr.
According to writings known as sagas, Thor owned a short-handled war hammer, Mjolnir. When the hammer was thrown, it returned magically to the owner. The strike of the hammer caused thunderclaps. With the hammer, Thor performed his giant-killing duties.
In English, Thursday is named after Thor.

Windsurfing
Windsurfing is a water sport. It is done on a large board with a sail. The sail helps the board change directions. The sport is a combination of surfing and sailing. Windsurfers can travel on either flat or rough water, as long as there is wind. Windsurfing is done a lot in the summer and spring, as are almost all water sports. People who surf usually windsurf when there are no waves big enough for them to surf normally.
Windsurfing sails come in many different sizes. The larger the sails are, the more strength is needed to control them. The smaller sails are used for going faster. This is because they have less material to cut through the wind. Racing windsails are smaller. They can range in thickness depending on the materials. Another sport similar to surfing or windsurfing is kite surfing. All three of these sports have boards that range in size and price, but all need much practice to be done well. There are many sporting places around the world that people travel to just to go surfing. Some of the best places are in the west coast of the United States, Hawaii, Australia, and Indonesia.

Thoroughbred
Thoroughbred is a type of horse. They are mainly used for racing.
Horses have been used for many years, for farm, racing to harness work. Horses were the fastest way for people to travel on land before cars were invented and the only way to travel long distances in a reasonable amount of time. Most horse breeds have been bred for a specific reason; the thoroughbred race horse was bred to run. Thoroughbreds originate from the Arabian breed, and all thoroughbreds can be traced back to three original sires (fathers): The Byerley Turk, The Darley Arabian, and The Godolphin Arabian.
Thoroughbreds are known around the world for their speed, but also for their jumping ability, which make them good for show jumping and other horse activities. Although thoroughbreds generally are slightly temperamental, they are very trainable and loyal.
Thoroughbreds are generally tall and sleek, with long legs to help carry them along the race track. Thoroughbreds can be many colours, such as bay (a colour which is brown with a black mane and tail), chestnut (red-brown), black and gray.

Sound card
A sound card (audio card) is the part of the Computer hardware that controls the input and output of the sound signals. A sound card is what is known as an expansion card. This means that the card can be added to the motherboard.
Nowadays, most of the audio cards are integrated with the motherboard. That means they are build in onto a mainboard and can not be removed. In other words it is not an expansion card anymore. They offer only line-in, speaker, and microphone connections. For most users this is enough. When thinking of computer architecture the integrated circuit sound cards occupy less space and thus became very popular and practical, especially for laptop computers. For more features like MIDI ports for connection of musical instruments and low latency requirements (so that the sound doesn't come distorted under heavy system usage) sound cards as expansion cards can be used. Modern expansion sound cards use the PCI computer bus standard. Earlier sound cards used the ISA computer bus, which was half-duplex, so the sound cards couldn't record and play simultaneously.
Input and Output signals.
What we hear in speakers is an analog (current, voltage or electric charge) output of the signal. For example stored on a hard disk digital code is transferred under a control of some application (for example Winamp) to the sound card. Up in there, a special chip, called digital-to-analog converter, changes the binary code into the analog sound. Afterwards, signal is sent to jack (in modern audio cards it has the green color) where the speakers are connected. The result is a nice waveform of our favorite digital medium, e.g. an mp3.
A typical sound input device is a microphone, connected to the red/pink jack socket. The sound wave is digitized and then it may be stored as a file using data compression algorithms which make the file smaller. Of course all of this is done under the control of some software.

Charlie Chaplin
Charlie Chaplin (April 16, 1889 – December 25, 1977) was a famous English actor and movie maker. He was very famous in silent movies (where there was no talking or sound). He acted, directed, scripted, and produced them.
Charlie Chaplin was a performer for nearly 70 years, starting at the age of five, and until the age of 80. The character that Charlie Chaplin played most was called "the Tramp". The "Tramp" was a man of good manners, who wore a coat, a pair of big trousers, shoes, and a black hat.
Chaplin growing up.
Charlie first started acting at age five. He acted in a music hall in 1894, standing in for his mother. When Charlie was a child, he was kept in bed for many weeks from a bad illness. At night, his mother would sit at the window and act out what was going on outside. His first important work came when he joined The Eight Lancashire Lads. In 1900, his brother Sydney helped him get the role of a comic cat in the pantomime "Cinderella". In 1903 he was in a play called “Jim:A Romance of Cockayne”. Chaplin was in Casey's 'Court Circus' variety show. The next year, he became a clown in Fred Karno's 'Fun Factory' comedy company.
Awards.
Chaplin won two special Oscars. Chaplin had first been chosen for both "Best Actor" and "Best Comedy Directing". But then, instead, he was given a special award "for versatility and genius in acting, writing, directing and producing". Chaplin's second special award came 44 years later, in 1972. When getting this award, Chaplin had the longest standing ovation (people standing up and clapping) in Academy Award history.
Becoming a Knight.
On March 9, 1975, Charlie Chaplin was knighted in England by Queen Elizabeth II.
Charlie Chaplin's Death.
Chaplin died on Christmas, 1977, in Switzerland. He died of a stroke, at the age of 88. On March 1, 1978, his body was stolen by a small group of Polish people. They were trying to get money from Chaplin’s family. This plan didn’t work. The perpetrators were caught, and Charlie’s body was found 11 weeks later near Lake Geneva. He was buried under concrete to prevent further incidents.

American Stock Exchange
The American Stock Exchange (AMEX) is a stock exchange in New York City. It was created on Broad Street near Exchange Place, during colonial times. The stock exchange is currently owned by its own members.

Field hockey
Field Hockey is a well-liked sport for both men and women. It is played in many countries all around the world.
The game is played between two teams and each team is made up of eleven players.
Field hockey is played with a ball on natural grass, or on sand-based or water based artificial turfs with a small hard ball.
The field played on is rectangular and has a goal at each end. A semi-circle about 15 meters from the goal is known as the shooting circle. Goals can only be scored when the ball is in the shooting circle.
The hockey stick that is used is a J shape and made out of wood, glass and fibre. The stick has a curve hook at the end.
The positions are similar to the game soccer; in which they have fullbacks, halfbacks and forwards.
Each team has a selected person who plays the goalkeeper. The goalkeepers try and stop the opposition team from scoring goals.
Each player has to wear shin guards and a mouth guard, to protect their shins and protect their teeth.

Sudoku
(also called "Number Place" or "Nanpure") is a puzzle that is very popular in Japan. It was created in Indianapolis in 1979 by Howard Garns and it appeared in Dell Magazines afterwards.
Some magazines spell Sudoku as Su Doku.
To play, a person needs a sudoku grid (with nine rows, nine columns, and nine boxes that are separated by the thicker, darker lines) and a pen or pencil. Using the pen or pencil, the person must fill in all the empty squares without using the same number twice in each column, row, or box.
Many books have been created containing tips and strategies for completing sudoku puzzles. Books containing collections of puzzles have also been made, as well as internet Sudoku generators (computer programs that generate Sudoku puzzles).
Variations.
There are many Sudoku variations that have been created since the original Sudoku's release.
Jigsaw Sudoku.
Jigsaw Sudoku (also called Squiggly Sudoku or Odd Sudoku) is just like a regular Sudoku puzzle, except that instead of the lines being perfect, they are different. Like regular Sudoku puzzles, you have to complete the grid.
Samurai Sudoku.
Samurai Sudoku is a Sudoku variation that has 5 overlapping Sudoku grids formed like a big X. These puzzles are big and take a long time to complete. Like regular Sudoku puzzles, you have to complete all 5 grids in order to complete the puzzle.
Mini Sudoku.
Mini Sudoku is played on a 6x6 grid with 3x2 regions. The object is the same as in Sudoku, but the puzzle only uses the numbers 1 through 6.
Logic 5.
Logic 5 is another Sudoku variation that uses 5x5 grids instead of 3x3 grids, and are in use at the Sudoku World Championships.

Beatrix of the Netherlands
Queen Beatrix is the Queen of the Netherlands. She was born on January 31, 1938. She was crowned on 30 April 1980. Her full name is Beatrix Wilhelmina Armgard, Princess van Oranje-Nassau, Princess van Lippe-Biesterfeld.
She was married with Claus von Amsberg, who died in 2002. Her mother was Queen Juliana, and her father was Prince Bernhard. Her sons are Prince Willem-Alexander, Prince Johan-Friso and Prince Constantijn.

Qatar Airways
Qatar Airways (in Arabic: القطرية, "al-Qatari'ya") is in airline company. This is in Doha, the capital city of Qatar. Its office can be found in the Doha International Airport. It is one of the fastest growing airlines, and one of the four airlines that are rated "five stars" because of its good service.

George Reid
Sir George Houston Reid (25 February 1845 - 12 September 1918) was the fourth Prime Minister of Australia. He was the first Opposition leader and leader of Free Trade Party. He moved to London after he retired and was elected to the House of Commons.

VfB Stuttgart
VfB Stuttgart is the name of a football club in Germany. The club was founded in 1893 an won the German championship five times (1950, 1952, 1984, 1992, 2007).

Spider Riders
Spider Riders is a Japanese anime television series. The series is based on as a series of science fiction novels.. The animated series is produced by Cookie Jar Entertainment of Canada and Bee Train of Japan. FUNimation is the company that controls the series in the United States.
Plot.
While searching a cave, thirteen year old Hunter Steele finds a strange manacle that connects itself to him. When Hunter sees a spider, he falls. Hunter falls straight down to the center of the Earth, into the underground world of "Arachna". Here, he finds a group of people fighting to save Arachna from the attack of giant insect mutants. The people fighting are kids, just like Hunter. Each one is fighting with the help of their own ten-foot spiders. They call themselves "Spider Riders."
The books.
The first book was written by Tedd Anasti and Patsy Cameron-Anasti. Stephen D. Sullivan joined them and helped write the second and third books in the series. The books were first published in December 2004. They were published by Newmarket Press.

Boudica
Boudica known by the Romans as Boudicea (died 60/61 AD) was the queen of Iceni people in the Eastern part of England.
Her husband was King. he was one of the Kings who tried to get along with the Romans as they invaded. When he died, the Romans ignored his will and stole Boudicca's lands and abused her and her two daughters.
She is most famous for leading her people in uprisings against the Roman Empire who controlled the island of Britain at the time. She first burnt Londinium (now London) to the ground and was some what successful in her efforts. However, hearing of this, the Romans gathered a larger army and there was a battle. Sensing that she was going to be defeated, Boudicca chose to commit suicide rather than be taken as a slave.
A statue of Boudica was put up in the Westminster area of London in 1902.

Choir
A choir is a group of people who sing together. They rehearse together and sing at concerts or for religious services. Some choirs are professional (the singers are paid for their work in the choir). Other choirs are amateur choirs. Some amateur choirs let anyone who is interested sing with them, others may ask people to audition to see whether they are good enough before allowing them to join.
Choirs usually sing in several parts, most often in four parts. This means that there are two or more singers who are singing the same notes. The parts are called soprano, alto, tenor and bass. This is shown as SATB. If the music divides into more than four parts this can be shown in the same way, e.g. SSAATTBB (for music in eight parts: two soprano lines, two alto lines etc) or SSATB (music in five parts with just the sopranos divided into two groups). Young children’s choirs may be unison choirs (all singing the same line), but older children will sing in two (SS) or three (SSA) parts or more.
The word chorus is used for the choir in an opera or oratorio or similar large work where there are also soloists (Soloists and chorus). The word “chorus” can also be used for the name of a choir.
The word choral means “sung”. A “choral society” is a choir of adults. They usually sing music for large choruses, often with an orchestra accompanying. Beethoven’s “Choral Symphony” is the one which needs a choir as well as an orchestra.
An a cappella choir is a choir which sings without any instrumental accompaniment.
A small choir is often called a chamber choir.
In popular music a group of singers may be simply called a vocal group.
Architectural part of a church.
The word choir can also mean the part of a church or cathedral where the choir sit. The choir is between the nave (the main body of the church) and the sanctuary (where the altar is). The singers will divide into two groups and sit facing one another on either side of the choir area in the “choir stalls”. In cathedrals the singers on the left (when facing the altar) are called “cantoris” and those on the right are called “decani” (pronounce: dee-CAY-nye).
Choir of an organ.
A large pipe organ may have three or more manuals (keyboards). The third keyboard is called the "choir". Traditionally the sound from the choir organ comes from pipes in a separate box behind the organist, facing the choir (the singers). It is often used to accompany them.
Originally it was a separate instrument so that the organist had to turn round to play it. Later it became possible for the organist to play it from the main console.

Motherboard
The motherboard or mainboard is the main circuit board in a complex electronic system, like a computer. It is the most 'central' part of a computer. All of the different parts of the computer are connected to the motherboard. This lets them work together. In most computers, the motherboard is a big green board, but many companies are now trying different colors, like black, red and yellow.
"On-board" and "plug-in" parts.
Normal electrical parts must be kept on the motherboard. These "on-board" parts include transistors and resistors. Many of the major parts that are attached to the board are able to be removed in the future so that they can be upgraded. The CPU and memory (or RAM) are examples of parts that are usually removable.
Parts that are not "on-board" can be bought as a card. In fact, many of the on-board parts on today's computers were at one time an expansion card that became very popular. These were put on the board to free up the card slots for other things. Computers today usually have a memory port, 2 or more USB ports, a parallel port (for use with old printers usually), audio & microphone jacks, a network port and ports for the keyboard and mouse. There are also rare motherboards that have plugs only for very specific parts.
All of the slots and plugs both inside and outside the computer case are shaped a certain way to accept a certain type of part. Some won't even accept parts even one generation behind, such as the CPU and memory. Others, like the video plug haven't changed in years. Some of the plugs, such as the video, keyboard and mouse plugs, are a special color. These colors make it easier to pair the plug to the port.

Space raiders
Space Raiders are a brand of crisps (potato chips). They come in "Salt and Vinegar", "Pickled Onion" and "Spicy" flavors. They are made by KP Snacks in Ashby-de-la-Zouch in the United Kingdom. They were first sold in the 1980s.
The logo on the front of the package is an alien's head. The color of the alien is different for each flavor.

High-definition television
High-definition television (HDTV) is a new television broadcasting system which uses a higher resolution than a normal television. With HDTV we can watch television in higher quality than old television, giving a more vivid and clear screen.
Most HDTV systems use digital signals. And HDTV has a 16:9 aspect ratio. This is different than SDTV (standard-definition television) which uses analog signals and a 4:3 aspect ratio.
HDTV picture resolution is at least twice that of SDTV, so it can present a more vivid screen than analog television or DVD. HDTV can control resolution efficiently.

Napoleon Dynamite
Napoleon Dynamite is a comedy movie made in 2004 by John Hess and starring Jon Heder.
Story.
Napoleon is an ordinary school kid who gets bullyed He does not have a good home life. One day he meets Pedro. They become good friends. Pedro runs for school president. He has to compete with the most popular girl in school, Summer Wheatly. Napoleon lives with his brother Kip and their grandmother. Napoleon’s grandmother goes to see some friends. Napoleon and Kip are left to stay with their uncle Rico. Napoleon meets a girl named Deb who he begins to like. Deb, Napoleon and Pedro keep working for Pedro to beat Summer Wheatly for president. Napoleon does a skit at the announcing of the president for Pedro. Kip gets married and Pedro gets school president. Napoleon and Deb live a happy life together.

Charlize Theron
Charlize Theron is a South African actress. She was born August 7 1975. The Oscar winning actress was born in Benoni near Johannesburg in Gauteng. She won an Academy Award for her role in the movie Monster and was nominated for her role in the movie "North Country". She can speak three languages, her first being Afrikaans.
Her career.
She attended a boarding school at the age of thirteen and at the age of fifteen, she saw her dad being killed by her mother as an act of self-defence. No charges were pressed against her mother.
At the age of sixteen, she won a local modelling competition and went to Milan, Italy for a one-year contract. After her modelling contract was over, she moved to New York, United States, and became a ballet dancer. She injured her knee at the age of eighteen, ending her career of being a ballet dancer.
She did star in a few movies, but only really became noticed when she portrayed the life of serial killer, Aileen Wuornos, in the movie Monster. She won an Oscar for her role in this movie.
After this, she got a lot of attention from the perfume label, Dior, and appeared in some of their ads.
She also does a lot of community work, including for PETA, for their anti-fur ads. She also works with animal rights activists and has become one of Hollywood’s most acclaimed actresses.

Running
Running is a sport known to be good for health; it not only helps the breathing and heartbeat but it is also good exercise because it burns any spare calories. Running keeps a person fit and active. Running makes a person thirsty, so it is important to drink water when running.
Some people may hate running because it is an hard and exhausting work.
Ways to avoid injuries.
Running injuries are quite common among runners.
Many running injuries can be reduced through proper training, wearing of the correct gear and awareness of the running environment.

Monster (movie)
Monster is a dramatic thriller movie. It is a true story about an female American serial killer named Aileen Wuornos. The role of Aileen Wuornos is played by Charlize Theron. She received an Academy Award for her role. The movie also features Christina Ricci as Wuornos's girlfriend. The movie was directed by first time director Patty Jenkins.

Guard dog
Certain types of dogs are used to keep their owners or their owners safe from danger. These dogs are called guard dogs.
Different breeds.
Different dog breeds can be used as guard dogs. A dog will sometimes bark at people it does not know and may alert its owner that way. Such dogs are called watchdogs and do not usually become a guard dog. Guard dogs may be trained to attack when given a command to do so.
The reason for Guard Dogs.
Lots of people want dogs to keep them safe or look after things, so they buy dogs that are trained to be guard dogs. Guard dogs have been trained by people to bark at strange people, and sometimes they even attack people that come near them.
Guard Dogs as Pets.
Guard dogs are very important to people, but if you ever see a guard dog it is better to leave it alone as it might bark, bite or attack. This is the dogs’ job.

Andrew Fisher
Andrew Fisher (August 29, 1862 – October 22, 1928) was the fifth Prime Minister of Australia. He was Prime Minister three times. His government helped create the Royal Australian Navy and make Australia's own paper money. When he retired he moved to London.
Fisher was born in Crosshouse, Scotland where he was educated at the Crosshouse Primary School. At the age of 10 he left school to work in the coal mines. In 1885 he moved to Australia where he worked in the coal mines at Burrum and Gympie. He was elected to the Queensland Parliament in 1892. In 1901 he married Margaret Irvine.
When Fisher was Prime Minister a number of important projects were undertaken. The Commonwealth Bank was set up, the Northern Territory of South Australia was transferred to the Commonwealth, the federal capital of Canberra was founded, and the construction of the trans-Australian railway line linking Perth to the other capital cities was begun. As well as introducing maternity allowances, Fisher acknowledged the need for greater political equality for women.
Andrew Fisher is one of Australia's most successful prime ministers because of the changes he made. He was the first prime minister to have a majority in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. He was able to have more than 110 Acts passed into law..

David Schwimmer
David Schwimmer (born November 2 1966 in Astoria, NY) is an American actor who played Ross Geller, one of the six main characters in the television sitcom "Friends".
Early life.
Schwimmer was born in Astoria, Queens, New York, to Jewish parents, Arthur Schwimmer and Arlene Colman, and then lived in Valley Stream, Long Island, until he was two years old. He was raised in Los Angeles, California, where he attended Beverly Hills High School.
Having attended Northwestern University’s summer “Cherub” program (the National High School Institute) in 1983, he subsequently enrolled at the university as a theater student. In 1988, along with seven other Northwestern graduates, he co-founded Chicago's Lookingglass Theatre Company.

Plutonium
Plutonium is a chemical element. It is a higly radioactive metal. It has the chemical symbol Pu. It has the atomic number 94. It is the metal used in most atomic weapons now. The chemical element plutonium has some different isotopes. The most important isotope of plutonium is 239Pu (or plutonium-239). Plutonium-239 has a half-life (a half-life is how long it takes for half of something to decay) of 24,110 years. It can be made from natural uranium and is fissile. The isotope that has the longest half-life is 244Pu (or plutonium-244). Plutonium-244 has a half-life of about 80 million years. The half life of 244Pu is very long so some of this isotope of plutonium can be found in very small amounts in nature.

Superman Returns (video game)
Superman Returns is a video game based on the movie Superman Returns. It is for PlayStation 2, Xbox, Xbox 360, Nintendo DS and Game Boy Advance consoles.
Some video game websites said this game would come out for computers (PC), but Electronic Arts chose not to make a PC version of this game. There was going to be a Gamecube version, but it was cancelled because of a 2006 contract with Major League Baseball as well as to avoid competition with two other movie-licensed games (Charlotte's Web and Dreamgirls).

Malay
Malay is a group of humans that usually live in Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei Darussalam. Countries that Malay language is used widely include Brunei, Malaysia, Indonesia, The Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Australia, China and Saudi Arabia.

Al Jazeera
Al Jazeera (in Arabic: الجزيرة‎ al-Jazi'yra), meaning "The Island" is an Arabic-language television channel based in Doha, Qatar.

Boron
Boron is a chemical element. It has the chemical symbol B. It has the atomic number 5. It is a metalloid (it has properties of a metal and a non-metal). Much boron is found in chemical compounds in its ore borax. Boron is never found free in nature.
Two types of boron are found (allotropes). Amorphous boron is a brown powder and metallic (crystalline) boron is black and hard and a weak conductor at room temperature.
Pure boron is used as a dopant (a substance added to semiconductors to change how it behaves with electricity) in the semiconductor industry. Chemical compounds of boron are important as to make strong materials not weigh very much, as nontoxic insecticides and preservatives, and for chemical synthesis.
Plants need boron in them to live. Very small amounts of boron are needed in animal's bodies so that they are very healthy. How it keeps animals healthy is not known in a lot of detail.

Fireplace
A fireplace is a brick or metal structure used to hold a fire. Fireplaces are most often used for heating but they can also be used for cooking. The part of the fireplace that holds the fire is called a "firebox" or a "firepit". There is a chimney or flue above the firebox that lets the smoke from the fire go outside.
Until the early 1900s, most homes had one or more fireplaces as a source of heat for the residents of the house. In the mid-1900s, gas, oil, and electric heaters became more common and fireplaces were used less often as a source of heat. In the late 1900s, fireplaces were less commonly built in new houses.

Dubnium
Dubnium is a chemical element. It has been named eka-tantalum, hahnium and unnilpentium but is now named dubnium. It has the symbol Db. It has the atomic number 105. It is a very radioactive element that does not exist in nature. It has to be made. The isotope that has the longest half-life only has a half life of 32 hours. Dubnium is a transactinide element.

Upland, California
Upland, California is a city in San Bernardino County, California. As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 68,393. It became a city on May 15, 1906, after previously being named North Ontario and a part of Ontario.
Upland used to be famous for skateboarding because of its skating park, The Pipeline, but was demolished in the 70's.

Neuchâtel
Neuchâtel is a city in Switzerland. It is the capital of Canton of Neuchâtel. As of 2003, the city had a population of 31,571 people.

The Silence of the Lambs
"The Silence of the Lambs" is a movie directed by Jonathan Demme and starring Jodie Foster and Anthony Hopkins. It is based on the novel by Thomas Harris, which was the second novel about sociopathic psychiatrist and cannibal Dr. Hannibal Lecter. In the movie, Clarice Starling, a young FBI trainee, is sent to see the Dr. Lecter in prison to ask his advice on catching a serial killer called Buffalo Bill. Buffalo Bill has been abducting women and skinning them.
The movie was released in 1991. Jonathan Demme won an Academy Award for Best Director. Jodie Foster and Anthony Hopkins both won Oscars (for their playing Clarice Starling and Dr. Hannibal Lecter). The movie also won Oscars for Best Adapted Screenplay and Best Picture. It is one of the only three movies to win the five most important Academy Awards.
Hopkins' performance as Lecter is one of the shortest lead acting Oscar-winning performances ever, as Hopkins is only on screen for seventeen minutes in the entire movie.

Gifhorn (district)
Gifhorn is a Landkreis (district) in Germany in the state of Lower Saxony. It has about 175.000 inhabitants. Gifhorn is located in the north of Braunschweig.
Towns and sub-administrations.
In the district of Gifhorn there are 41 local communities.(numbers of inhabitants from the 30th June, 2005).
Samtgemeinden with their local communities

George Cleveland
George Cleveland was an Canadian actor. He was born on September 17, 1885 in Sydney, Nova Scotia, Canada. He was the Grandfather in the television series Lassie. He died July 15, 1957.

Legion of Net. Heroes
The Legion of Net. Heroes also called LNH is a "shared universe" setting in which many writers use the same characters, ideas, and places in their stories, often working together. It is also the name of the most important group in the setting.
Beginning.
On April 27, 1992, a member of the USENET newsgroup rec.arts.comics said that his name was Spelling Boy. Two days later, another member, named Dan'l Danehy-Oakes, took the name California Kid and said he was a member of the "Legion of Net.Heroes". Soon others were choosing colourful names for themselves, such as Cheesecake-Eater Lad and CAPTAIN CAPITALIZE.
On May 5, Steven Librande got fed up with the silly "net.hero" names and chose the name Doctor Killfile a "net.villain".
Benjamin Pierce or Marvel_Zombie Lad sent out a call for all net.heroes to fight back. Forty-four different writers worked together on the first LNH story, later called "The Cosmic Plot Device Caper". The story was never finished, and that summer most people forgot about the LNH.
In the fall, Todd "Scavenger" Kogutt brought the LNH back. Many new writers and stories appeared. Some writers published their stories in multiple parts or "serials" much like American comic books.
Finding a home.
The LNH moved to its own newsgroup, alt.comics.lnh, before finding their permanent home on rec.arts.comics.creative, or RACC. RACC is home to other shared universes, like ASH, OMEGA and 8FOLD. Russ "Eagle" Allbery is RACC's moderator-- a person who makes sure ads and pornography do not appear on the group-- and archivist-- which means he keeps copies of all stories.
The Looniverse.
The world of the LNH is called the Looniverse. In many ways it is like our own universe and Earth. But there are some differences. For example, net.heroes, net.villains, and super-powers exist.
Many of the cities in the Looniverse have silly names. The real city of Chicago is called "Sig.ago" in the Looniverse. The LNH itself is based in "Net.ropolis", and many stories take place there.
Many people in the Looniverse know that they are fictional characters-- something which is called "breaking the fourth wall". For example, in one story, "The Case of the Clueless Mystery" by Gary St. Lawrence, the heroes read the script for the story they are in to find out how to beat the villain.
The Looniverse contains many "mutually-exclusive ideas"-- things that can't exist at the same time. Sometimes, characters falling off a cliff are in real danger. Other times, they pop back into shape like cartoon characters. Some characters age in real time. Other characters never seem to age at all. Yet all these characters exist side-by-side.
Many of the cities in the Looniverse have net-based names: Net.ropolis and Sig.ago, for example.
The Legion.
The headquarters of the LNH (called LNHHQ or LNHQ) is based in Net.ropolis. The team has hundreds of members. Some of them form "sub-groups". For example, one sub-group, the "TSK Force", deals with small things like bad manners.
Legionnaires (also known as LNHers or LNH'rs) can stay at LNHQ for free. The building is very strange. The size of a room changes to fit the number of people in the room.
It has been hinted in some stories that LNHQ is alive.
The Cast.
Because the LNH is so large, we can't list all its members in this article. Here are a few.
Fictional History.
The LNH began in 1992 in our world. However, in the Looniverse, the LNH has been around a lot longer than that.
Back story.
In the 19th Century, Net.ropolis was called Babbagetown. After the name of the city changed, there was a building called the Net.ropolis Hotel Grand. It later became the Legion of Net.Heroes Headquarters, or LNHHQ.
The first LNH was formed in the 1920s by Boy Lad. He was the only member. His sidekick, Boy Lad Jr., was not allowed to join. Boy Lad disappeared.
Some members of the Classic Squad later became members of the LNH: Old Comics Man, Golden Man, and Kid Yesterdaze.
Sig.Lad, a member of the Net.astic Nine, later joined the LNH. Some members of the Legion of Net.Hippies also joined the Legion of Net.Heroes-- Nudist Man, Super Apathy Lad, and Procrastination Boy.
Some stories say that today's LNH started in April of 1992, others say it started in the 1980s.
1992-2006.
After the "Cosmic Plot Device Caper", Rebel Yell became leader of the LNH. The entire LNH disappeared. In "501 Blues: The Long Road to Nowhere", Rebel Yell tried to find them all.
The "Cry.sig on Infinite Net.Earths" was a parody of the DC Comics story Crisis on Infinite Earths. Like that story, it allowed LNH writers to change things about their characters. For example, before "Cry.sig", Cheesecake-Eater Lad was married and farted a lot. After "Cry.sig", he was single and made cheesecakes. It was like the earlier Cheesecake-Eater Lad never existed. In American comic books, this is called a retcon'".
After "Cry.sig", the Ultimate Ninja joined the LNH. Rebel Yell shared the leadership with Ultimate Ninja and Continuity Champ. Later, Rebel Yell left the LNH. Ultimate Ninja became leader of the LNH.
The Ultimate Ninja thought an LNH member named Myk-El was a traitor and killed him. In the story "Retcon Hour", Myk-El came back to life and it was proved that he was not a traitor. "Retcon Hour" was one of the biggest LNH stories, and was written by fourteen people.
In "Looniverse Adrift", the first net.villain, Dr. Killfile, was destroyed. Another villain, Tsar Chasm (a pun on sarcasm), also died. Both later returned from the dead...
Pocket Man married Organic Lass in the first LNH wedding.
In 1999, one of the most popular characters, Panta, was retconned out of existence.
In 2000, Hexadecimal Luthor-- a parody of Superman villain Lex Luthor-- became President of the United States. He won a second term in 2004.
In March of 2001, the city of Sig.ago was destroyed. It was later rebuilt.
Stories.
Here are some of the best-liked LNH stories. As you can see, not all the stories are silly. There are many different types of stories and characters.
Spin-Off Imprints.
Other groups took ideas from the LNH and made their own groups, or "imprints".
Importance.
There have been thousands of LNH stories by many writers. Writers work together on stories from all over the world: the LNH has writers from the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, Canada, the Philippines, Brazil, Australia, and New Zealand. It is an "open universe", which means that anyone can join. This is probably why it is still active.

Othello
"The Tragedy of Othello, the Moor of Venice" is a sad play, known as a tragedy, written by William Shakespeare around 1603. It was first performed on November 1, 1604, at Whitehall Palace in London.

Commonwealth Games
The Commonwealth Games is a multinational, multi-sport event. Held every four years, it involves the elite athletes of the Commonwealth of Nations. Attendance at the Commonwealth Games is typically around 5,000 athletes.
The first such event, then known as the British Empire Games, was held in 1930. The name changed to British Empire and Commonwealth Games in 1954, to British Commonwealth Games in 1970 and assumed the current name of the Commonwealth Games in 1978.

Doncaster
Doncaster is a very large town in the North of England. It is in a Metropolitan County (an area of dense population) called South Yorkshire.
Doncaster is the second largest town in the United Kingdom and is larger and has more residents than many cities. Doncaster has fought to become a City for many years but has failed to achieve this title. Many believe this is due to the closeness to other very large Cities such as Sheffield and Leeds whose influence may partially extend over Doncaster.
Doncaster is an ancient town that developed from a Roman Fort called DANVM - modern spelling 'Danum' - pronounced (Da'-num)- and was built on a Roman road that linked London to York called 'Ermine Street'. The fort was built where Doncaster Minster now stands.
Later Doncaster developed into a Medieval township with a fortified boundary and historic gates. The location of the gates can still be seen in the town today. Doncaster also has a historic market that has existed for over 750 years!
As the Centuries passed Doncaster became an important staging post on the route between London and Edinburgh. An ancient road called the 'Great North Road' passed straight through the very centre of Doncaster and the Town grew around and along this road.
When railways were invented Doncaster became an important stop for trains travelling between Scotland and London and still does today. A very big factory for making trains was built in Doncaster.
Doncaster is famous for Horse Racing. Doncaster is one of the oldest Racecourses in the world and hosts two famous horse races - The Doncaster Cup which is the oldest Horse Race in the World - and the St Leger Stakes which is the oldest classic Horse Race in the world. There has been Horse racing in Doncaster for over 500 years. The horse racing started because of the horses that used to pull horse drawn coaches on the 'Great North Road;.
Doncaster is also famous for Steam Trains. Some of the finest and fastest steam trains in the world were built in Doncaster. These trains include 'The Flying Scotsman', 'The Mallard' and 'The Sir Nigel Gresley'.
Doncaster was one of the first places in the Country that made aeroplanes and had an airport. The first airshow in the country was held in Doncaster in 1908.
Doncaster has an International Airport which was opened in 2005. The Airport is growing very fast and lots of people from across the region and across Europe now use Doncaster as a popular destination - which is something that people have already been doing for the last 2000 years.
Doncaster is also the name of a suburb in eastern Melbourne, Australia. The suburb was no doubt named after the town in England and is home to two excellent state primary schools: and Doncaster Primary School.

Aly & AJ
Aly & AJ are an American music group. The members are Amanda Michalka and her sister, Alyson who is two years older. The girls are famous for their song.
Alyson.
Alyson (nicknamed Aly) is eighteen years old. She helps writing the music and songs. She is one of the two guitarists.
Amanda.
Amanda is sixteen year old. She helps writing the songs and constructing the music.
See also.
Aly & Aj lived in Seattle,Wa in the early 90's, then moved back to Southern California. They learned to play the piano at the age of six.

Middlesbrough
Middlesbrough is a large town in Yorkshire in north east England. It has about 182,090 people living in it.
It is in the traditional North Riding of Yorkshire. It used to be administered as part of the county borough of Teesside, then the county of Cleveland, and it is now in the unitary authority of the Borough of Middlesbrough.
The name is often spelt incorrectly as 'Middlesborough' but 'Middlesbrough' is correct.
It has a Premiership football club: Middlesbrough F.C..

Argentine National Anthem
The lyrics of the Himno Nacional Argentino (the national anthem of Argentina) were written by Vicente López y Planes, and the music was composed by Blas Parera. This song was adopted as the national anthem on May 11, 1813, three years before the formal declaration of independence from Spain. May 11 is therefore "Anthem Day" in Argentina.
Modern Version.
The following is the modern version, adopted in 1900, without the vivid attacks against Spain.
2008 comprehensive translation, adapted for the tune
"We Are Free!, We Are Free!, We Are Free!"
O'Hear the sounds of broken old chains,
See enthroned our great noble Flag!
Her glorious passage was for us unveiled,
By "The United Provinces of the South".
And the world's free men now respond...
The Great Argentine people: "We Greet!"
The Great Argentine people: "We Greet!"
And the world's free men now respond...
The Great Argentine people: "We Greet!"
And the world's free men now respond...
The Great Argentine people: "We Greet!"
Well we knew how to fetch them.
Well we knew how to fetch them.
Let us all live crowned with Glory,
Or full with Glory, let's swear to die.
Full with Glory, let's swear to die.
Full with Glory, let's swear to die.

Emily Dickinson
Emily Dickinson, often misspelled Emily Dickenson (b. December 10 1830 - d. May 15 1886) was an American poet. She is famous for writing many poems. Almost 1,800 poems she has written are known to this day. However, only a few were published while she was living. The poems she did publish were greatly changed by others before the world could see them. She is from the state of Massachusetts. She is also known for her poems being lyrical and unique. Sources say that she may have grown wildflowers and used them to show her mood in her poems. Today, many think Emily Dickinson's poetry has a big effect on poetry today.
Little is known on Dickinson’s life. Most of what is known about her is from people who knew her and may not all be true. Her family had a good amount of money, and had many friends. She had a normal life when she was a child. When she became an adult she spent more and more time alone and started wearing only white. Only after she died all of her poems were published and until 1955 they were changed to what was style of writing was popular at that time. She is best known for her talent as a poet. Most of her poems have been published and can be found at a library of any sort.

Indianapolis 500
The Indy 500 is an auto race held in Indianapolis, Indiana. It is the biggest racing event in the world & It it Sanctioned By The IRL. Every year more than 200,000 people come there to watch the race. It occurs once a year on the day before Memorial Day.

Mahout
A mahout is a person who drives an elephant. Usually, a mahout starts as a boy, when he is given a young elephant so that they become attached to each other.
The most common tool used by mahouts is a goad called "anlius", or "ankusha" - a sharp hook used to guide a tamed elephant by prodding on the back of its head.

John Wesley
John Wesley (1703, Epworth, England-1791) was one of the founders of the Methodist church. Anglikanish minister and christian theologian who was an early leader in the Methodist movement. Methodism had three rises: the first at Oxford University with the founding of the "Holy Club" the second while Wesley was priest in Savannah, Georgia; and the third in London after Wesley's return to England.Throughout his life, Wesley remained within the Church of England, and insisted that his movement was well within yet bounds of the Anglican Church.
Early life.
John Wesley was born in Epworth, England 23 miles (37km) north west of Lincoln., the son of Samuel Wesley, a graduate of Oxford, and minister of the Church of England. At the age of five, John was rescued from the burning rectory. This escape made deep impression on his mind, and he regarded himself as proventially set apart, as a "brand plucked from burning". In 1869 Samuel married Susanna Annesley. Both Samuel and Susanna had been raised in Disseling.
In 1696 Samuel Welsey was appointed rector of Epworth, where John, the fifteenth child, was born. The Wesley children's early education was given by their parents in the Epworth rector. Each child including the girls, was taught to read as they can could walk, and talk. John was admitted to Charterhouse school, London, when he lived the stations methodical and (for a while) religious life in which he had been trained at here. During his early youth, John Wesley had an a deep religious experience. His biographer, Tyerman, says that he went to charterhouse a saint, but he became negelient of religious duties and left a sinner.
Oxford and Georgia.
In june 1720, Weskley entered Christ church, Oxford, with an annual allowance of 40 pound as charterhouse scholar. His health was poor and it hard to keep out of debt.A scheme of study which he drew up for 1721 with a time-table for each day of the week is still to be seen in his earlist diary. This first diary thus from April 15. 1725, to february 12, 1727. A Friend describes Wesley at this god humor. He was reading of William Law's Christian Perfektion and Serious call gave him, he said, I note sublience view of the law God: and he resoled to keep it, inwardly and outwardly, as sacre´dly as possible.
Personality and activities.
Wesley travelled constantly, generally on horseback, examined and comissioned preachers, administeriet aid charities, prescriped for the sick, helped to pioneer the use of electric shock for the treatment off ilness.
Beginning of Revival.
His Aldergate Street London 1n 1738, in which he heard a reading of luther's preface to Epistle to the Romans, and penned the new famous lines"I felt my heart strangely warmed", revolutionuzed the character and method of his ministry

Joseph Cook
Sir Joseph Cook (7 December 1860 - 30 July 1947) was the sixth Prime Minister of Australia from June 1913 until September 1914. He was Prime Minister when World War I started. He moved to London when he retired.

Anti-hero
An Anti-hero is a person who is not a hero, but not a villain. Most of the time it means a character in fiction, television, or movies. Sometimes it is used to mean a living person or person from history.

Hestia
Hestia is the Greek goddess of the hearth.
Family.
Hestia is the older sister of Demeter and Hera, and is also the sister of Zeus, Poseidon, and Hades. Her parents are Rhea and Kronos. Her father Kronos swallowed her, along with the rest of her siblings.
She gave up her golden chair on Mount Olympus, and gave it to Dionysus. This makes her known as the nicest Greek goddess.

Alison Balsom
Alison Balsom (born 1978, Hertfordshire) is an English trumpeter. She grew up in Royston, Hertfordshire in England. She studied the trumpet at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama, the Paris Conservatory, and also with Håkan Hardenberger. She is a BBC Radio 3 New Generation Artist. She has made three CD albums with EMI Classics and has been described by many as the best trumpeter of the young generation.

Continuity
Continuity is a word used when talking about art, especially "serial art". Serial art is when an artist paints several pictures which all have something to do with each other.
Pop culture.
The six Star Wars films tell one long story which "continues" from part to part. This is where the word "continuity" comes from. Continuity refers to consistency from part to part-- that is, everything should fit together like one whole piece.
At the end of the Star Wars film The Empire Strikes Back, Luke Skywalker loses one of his hands. In the next film, The Return of the Jedi, he has a fake hand to replace the one he lost. If he had his real hand again, it wouldn't make sense. The audience would say, didn't he lose his hand in the last one? Continuity is making sure things make sense.
Art.
Sometimes the word is used to refer to any work of art, like just one film. For example, a woman has a full glass of wine in one shot. In the next shot, the wine is gone. In a third shot, she has a full glass of wine again. That scene would have very poor continuity: it does not make sense, and it reminds the audience that they are watching a movie. Poor continuity is continuity that does not make sense and usually has mistakes.
Books.
In American comic books, many different characters live in the same world. For example, Superman and Aquaman live in the same world. But if Superman goes to Atlantis and it's different than Aquaman's Atlantis, it does not make sense. If they are in the same world, Atlantis should be the same no matter who visits it.
Making sure that all the different stories and characters fit together is working with continuity. Sometimes, the word is used to talk about the stories themselves.

Håkan Hardenberger
Håkan Hardenberger (born 1961, Malmö) is a Swedish trumpeter. He started playing the trumpet when he was eight. His teacher was Bo Nilsson, When he left school he studied in Paris and Los Angeles. He is one of the world’s most famous trumpeters. He plays well-known pieces of Classical music and has also asked living composers like Harrison Birtwistle, Hans Werner Henze and Arvo Pärt to write music for him.

Skink
Skinks are a group of lizard. They form the family "Scincidae", in the order Squamata. There are over 1,200 different kinds (species) of skink.
Skinks are different from other lizards. They have very small legs and necks. Some have no legs at all; these move more like snakes than lizards. Their tails can grow back when part of it is cut off. This is called "regeneration".
Most skinks can only grow to be 12cm long. Some can grow to be 35cm.
What skinks eat.
Many skinks are carnivorous, which means they eat meat. Some types of skinks eat both plants and meat, making them omnivores, or things that eat both plants and meat.

Geronimo Stilton (character)
Geronimo is a character in the "Geronimo Stilton" series. He is the publisher of the Rodent's Gazeete.
According to himself, the real creator is Edizoni Piemme, who once published the
Italian books by Piemme/Junior. Geronimo's middle name was never casted in the books.
There are many books of his series.

Dionysus
Dionysus and Dionysos or Dionysius is the Greek god of wine.
There are two stories on how Dionysus was born. One describes that he was the son of Zeus and Semele, and the other describes that he was the son of Zeus and Persephone, queen of the Underworld. Either way, in both stories Dionysus is sent to the Underworld by Zeus' jealous wife Hera and then saved and brought to life afterwards.He was the God of celebrations.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, sometimes called Lou Gehrig’s disease or motor neurone disease) is a chronic, progressive, almost always fatal neurological disease. ALS is marked by slow but steady death of the nerve cells in the central nervous system that control voluntary muscle movement. That is, people with ALS can no longer move, but their heart still beats. The disorder causes muscle weakness and muscle shrinking (atrophy) throughout the body. In ALS, both the upper motor neurons and the lower motor neurons die, making them stop sending messages to the muscles. Unable to function, the muscles gradually weaken and waste away (atrophy). Eventually, the ability of the brain to start and control voluntary movement is lost. However, even patients in later stages of the disease may still have the same intelligence, memory, and personality they had before it started.
Symptoms.
ALS does not show many symptoms, making it very hard to diagnose. It usually affects people ages 40-60. The earliest symptoms may include twitching, cramping, or stiffness of muscles; muscle weakness affecting an arm or a leg; slurred and strange-sounding nasal speech; or having a difficult time chewing or swallowing. These general symptoms then develop into clear weakness or atrophy that may cause a physician to believe that a person has ALS.
The parts of the body affected by early symptoms of ALS depend on which muscles in the body are affected first. About 75% of people have limb onset ALS. In some of these cases, symptoms first affect one of the legs, and patients have awkwardness when walking or running or they notice that they are tripping or stumbling more often. Other limb onset patients first see the effects of the disease on a hand or arm as they have a difficult time with simple tasks requiring hand dexterity, or ability to move small things, such as buttoning a shirt, writing, or turning a key in a lock.
About 25% of cases are bulbar onset ALS. These patients first have difficulty speaking clearly. Speech becomes hard to understand and slurred. Speaking through the nose and softer talking are often the first symptoms. Difficulty swallowing, and loss of tongue movement follow. Eventually total loss of speech and ability to keep the airway clear when swallowing are experienced.
Treatment.
No cure has been found for ALS. However, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved the first drug treatment for the disease: Riluzole (Rilutek). Riluzole is believed to make damage smaller to motor neurons by decreasing the release of glutamate, a substance that is found in most ALS patients. Clinical trials with ALS patients showed that riluzole gives a better chance of survival by several months, mainly in those with a hard time swallowing. The drug also allows more time before a patient needs breathing help. Riluzole does not heal the damage already done to motor neurons, and patients taking the drug must be watched for liver damage and other side-effects. However, this first ALS therapy offers hope that the assault of ALS may one day be slowed by new medications or combinations of drugs.
Other treatments for ALS are designed to make symptoms less painful and improve the quality of life for patients. This care is best given by teams of health care professionals such as physicians; pharmacists; physical, occupational, and speech therapists; nutritionists; social workers; and home care and hospice nurses. Working with patients and people who take care of the patient, these teams can make a personalized plan of medical and physical therapy and give special equipment that can be used to keep patients as mobile and comfortable as possible.
at the nhs it can be treated

Fields Medal
The Fields Medal is a prize given to two, three, or four people who study math who are not over 40 years of age at each International Congress of the International Mathematical Union, a meeting that takes place every four years.
The Canadian mathematician John Charles Fields was the first to propose this medal and it was first awarded in 1936. It has been regularly awarded since 1950. Its purpose is to give recognition and support to younger mathematical researchers who have made major contributions.
Standing of the award.
The Fields Medal is viewed, at least in the media, as the top honor a mathematician can receive. It comes with a monetary award, which in 2006 was C$15,000 (US$13,400 or €10,550).
Conditions of the award.
Because of its prestige, the Fields Medal is often described as the "Nobel Prize of mathematics,", but the comparison is not so good. First, it is awarded not only to recognize the valuable contributions of a mathematician but also to encourage him or her to continue his work. The Fields Medals have generally been awarded for a mathematician's whole work, rather than for a particular result.
Another difference is that the Fields Medal is awarded every four years, and its recipients cannot be over the age of 40. Also, the money awarded with the medal is much lower than the US$1.3 million given with each Nobel prize.

Laugh
A laugh is a way of showing happiness. It is a noise that a person makes when he hears something funny, like a joke, or is tickled.
Sometimes people laugh when they are not happy. When people are ashamed or embarrassed, sometimes they react by laughing.
There are different ways to laugh. A person can laugh using mostly their voice, mostly their throat, or mostly their nose.
You can write a laugh in different ways. Some people write "ha ha ha", or "he he he", or "heh". If they are on the internet, they also use "LOL". "LOL" doesn't sound like a laugh, but it stands for Laughing Out Loud.
Laughter can be observed in human infants from around three or four months and is usually an expression of surprise. It often elicits a positive response in adults who will involuntarily mimic the child. Video footage on the youtube site of babies laughing were shown to HM The Queen Elizabeth during her visit to the google headquarters on 16 October 2008 where both she and her husband the Duke of Edinburgh were reduced to 'fits of giggles'.

UHF
UHF is a movie starring Weird Al Yankovic. It is about two men that get fired and start working for a TV station called "U 62."

Hi-5
Hi-5 is an Australian television show for children that started in 1999. The members of Hi-5 are Nathan, Kellie, Charli, Tim and Kathleen. Hi-5 can also be known as a pop music group for young children. They sing songs, dance and act. Hi-5 have recently released an album called "Boom Boom beat!" The album has 20 tracks. Hi-5 is very popular with young children but also with many other age groups.
Overall, the show has been designed to have a very bright and happy feel to it. The show is aired once a week on Australian television. All the members of Hi-5 had been involved in television before the show had started. They had done commercials and small roles in other television shows. But Hi-5 has definitely been their most successful venture. They have won two Logie Awards (Awards that are voted by the Australian public) for Most Outstanding Children’s Program.

Beaver
A beaver is a kind of rodent. It is "semi-aquatic", meaning some of the time it lives in water, some of the time it lives on land. Beavers can only be found in North America and Europe. In Europe, they almost became extinct (died off), but they are returning. There are beavers living in the Elbe and Rhone rivers, as well as in Bavaria, Poland and Scandinavia.
Beavers are known for building and keeping dams in rivers.
Kinds of beavers.
Currently there are two different species of beaver, the American beaver (C. canadensis) and the European beaver (C. fiber).
The American beaver.
This beaver can be found in North America, in Canada, the United States and in Northern Mexico. It is the second largest rodent in the world, and the largest found in North America. The largest rodent of the world is the capybara from South America.
References.
The references are probably not written in Simple English
The European beaver.
The European beaver is currently an endangered species. It was hunted almost to extinction. This was done because of its fur, and because of castoreum. Castoreum is made by a certain gland, which is also responsible for the smell of the animal.. People are currently (2007) reintroducing the beaver, because the important role of the beaver for the ecology of rivers was discovered. Beaver dams (or the small lakes that form) provide a habitat for many species.
References.
The references are probably not written in Simple English

Bladder
The bladder is an organ in the human body. All the liquids that are drunk go through the bladder. The bladder takes in the liquid in order for the body to work. The bladder works with the kidneys. The kidneys clean the liquid we drink. This goes on till the bladder is too full to hold any more. The bladder then tells the brain that it needs to be emptied. Once this message is received to the brain, the muscles around the bladder start to squeeze and the bladder starts to contract. At the same time the bladder sends a message to other muscles (pelvic floor muscles) to relax and let the liquid pass.

Time travel
Time travel is a fictional (made up) activity of going back in time to the past of the future. Scientists such as physicists say that time travel is not possible with our current technologies.
Movies and television shows.
Science fiction and fantasy movies and TV shows have been based on stories of people who travel through time. For example the US movie "Back to the Future" tells a made-up story about a professor who builds a machine that can take people into the future or back in the past.
Another example of a made-up story about time travel is in "Charmed", but instead of using machines and science, they use magic to go to specific times and places.

Disciple
A disciple is a student or a follower of some teacher, for example, it is often used to mean a disciple of Jesus Christ, whom Christians believe to be the son of God. Disciples of Jesus often live their life in a very simple way. Disciples are sometimes confused with apostles, who were people chosen by Jesus himself.

Dock
A dock is a place above water on the shore where boats can be tied.

They Might Be Giants
They Might Be Giants are an alternative rock band that live in Brooklyn, New York. The two original band members, John Flansburgh and John Linnell, officially formed the band in 1982.

Solomon
Solomon was a King of Israel, the son of King David of Israel. He is written about in the Bible. (2 Samuel). He was the author of several Old Testament books. He wrote Ecclesiastes, Song of Songs and much of Proverbs.

Proverb
A proverb is a wise saying. Many cultures have collections of these, such as the Book of Proverbs in the Old Testament, was said to be written by king Solomon of Israel.

Santiago, Chile
"Santiago, Chile" (Santiago of Chile or Santiago de Chile) is the capital of Chile and the largest city in the country. It has the 35.9% (about 7 million people) of the total population. In Chile, people name the city Gran Santiago (Big Santiago) or Santiago only. It has 26 "comunas" (municipalities).
Many people know it as the best city to live in Latin America. But with its geographical conditions, Santiago undergoes air pollution.

Psalms
Psalms is a book of 150 Hebrew poems in the Old Testament. Many of the Psalms in the Bible were written by King David to God. Perhaps the most famous one is Psalm 23, which starts "The LORD is my shepherd".

Television programme
A television programme (American spelling: program) is something that people watch on television.
Television broadcasting is a lot of different television programmes which are shown one after another. In between television programmes, a channel may use an announcer to tell the audience what the next programme will be. On many channels in many countries in the world, advertisments are shown for short periods of time during and between programme screenings. These advertisements are not a part of the television programme.

Fatwa
A fatwa (Arabic:فتوى; plural "fatāwa"), is a legal pronouncement in Islam. A mufti (a scholar capable of making judgments on Sharia (Islamic law)) pronounces it. Usually a fatwa is made to clarify a question where "fiqh" (Islamic jurisprudence) is unclear. Usually a judge or other person requests it.

Reginald Fils-Aime
Reginald Fils-Aime (born March 1961) is the president of Nintendo of America.

Billy Hughes
William Morris "Billy" Hughes (25 September 1862 – 28 October 1952) was the seventh Prime Minister of Australia. He became Prime Minister during World War I. He tried to introduce conscription but the public did not want it. His party, Labor, kicked him out and he formed a new party with the opposition called the Nationalist Party. He was Prime Minister for over 7 years which was the most of anyone at the time. He was forced to resign by the Country Party in 1923 but he stayed in Parliament until he died.

Maid Marian
Maid Marian was the female companion of the outlaw Robin Hood. She appears in English folktales.

Graphite
Graphite, like diamond, is an allotrope of carbon. They are very similar to each other but the structure of the atom affects the chemical and physical properties. Graphite is made of layers of carbon atoms. These layers can slide over each other very easily. This means that it is very soft. It is a dull gray in appearance. Due to the delocalized electrons between the layers, it can conduct electricity very well.
Graphite can be formed from coal put under high heat and pressure. Also, graphite can be turned into diamond with enough heat and pressure. This is how synthetic (man-made) diamonds are made.
Graphite is naturally found in Sri Lanka,Canada and the United States. It is also called Lead Black. It was named by Abraham Gottlob Werner in 1789 originating from the Greek language.
It can be used as a lubricant to make mechanical devices run smoother. The most common use of graphite is the "lead" in a pencil, which also has clay.

Allotrope
An allotrope is another form of an element, the element is very similar but the structure of the atom affects the chemical and physical properties. One can consider the many physical aspects in which a allotrope can be perceived. For example, to one person an article can be referred to as a nib, while another is a nub. The difference is very limited but can have large effects.

Covalent bond
Covalent bonds are the chemical bonds between two non-metals, for example water (H2O). As they are both non-metals—which need to gain electrons—they have to share, so their outer shells cross over in order to have a full outer shell. A full outer shell has eight electrons.
With water the oxygen atom shares one electron with each hydrogen atom and the hydrogens also share one: this means that the hydrogen atoms have two each and the oxygen atom has 8.
Covalent bonds are generally weaker than ionic bonds, and have a lower melting point in comparison. They are also considered poor conductors of electricity.

Ionic bond
An ionic bond is the bonding between a non-metal and a metal that occurs when charged atoms (ions) attract after one loses one or more of its electrons, for example sodium and chloride. This makes the bond stronger and harder to break.

Chloride
Chloride is a chemical element. It has the symbol Cl. Its atomic number is 17 and its atomic mass is 35.5. It is group 7 and is a non-metal. It is not a gas.

Bauhaus
Bauhaus is the common term for the Staatliches Bauhaus, an art and architecture school in Germany that operated from 1919 to 1933 in Germany and in the United States from 1937-1938. The most natural meaning for its name (related to the German verb for "build") is "Architecture House". It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Intelligence
Intelligence is a property of the mind. People do not agree on what intelligence is, exactly. The idea comes from Latin "intelligo". A part of intelligence allows people to solve problems. These problems may be easy to solve. They may also be hard to solve, and involve abstract thought.
If a solution is found to a problem, it can be remembered. That way, the problem is solved more quickly when it comes up again. That is what is called learning.
There is disagreement about what has more impact on intelligence, genetics or environment.
Some people say that intelligence can be tested. An intelligence test for them would be solving many problems in a very short time. Most of the problems have to do with seeing things, or telling what a rotated shape will look like. Some are also related to mathematics, for example to tell what number is next. Other tests have to do with words. After doing such a test, they will then calculate a number they call Intelligence Quotient (IQ). Since most of the words on these tests have to do with Latin, some people say that an Intelligence Quotient only measures how much a person has learned Latin. People in other parts of the world have very different ideas about the mind.
Some people try to build machines that try to act as if they were intelligent. That is related to Computer science and is called Artificial intelligence (man-made "intelligence" that is not real).
Some say that intelligent behaviour is when an organism (a living thing) reacts enough to a stimulus.

Nuevo Leon
Nuevo Leon is a state at the Northeast of Mexico and South of Texas. It is known as the financial center of the country, and has a wide range of tourist attractions, such as museums, thematic parks, natural parks, grottos, as well as archaeological sites, gastronomy, folklore and much more. Its capital, Monterrey, the city of the mountains, is host venue of important international events, congresses, fairs, conventions and exhibitions.

Halle
Halle (also called "Halle an der Saale") is the largest town in the German Bundesland of Saxony-Anhalt. It lies in the southern part of the state, on the river Saale. It has about 234,000 inhabitants (2006). It is famous all over the world because Georg Friedrich Handel was born there.

Saale
Saale is the name of two rivers in Germany: Saale in Thuringia and Saxony-Anhalt (German: "Sächsische Saale") and the Saale in Northern Bavaria (German: "Fränkische Saale"). The larger, and better known Sächsische Saale springs out of the Fichtelgebirge at 728 m and joins the Elbe in Saxony-Anhalt. It is 413 km long.

Go Fish
Go Fish is a game with playing cards. 2-10 people can play.
Every player gets five cards. The rest of the cards (the deck) are put face down where all the players can get them. Cards that are the same color and the same number are called pairs. If a player has a pair, they put it face up in front of them so everybody can see it. The player to the left of the player who gave everybody their cards goes first. When it is a player's turn, they ask another player for a card that is the same color and number as one they already have. They can ask any player. If the other player has the card, they give it to the one that asked, and the one that asked puts the pair in front of them and gets to go again. If the other player does not have the card, then they say, "Go Fish," and the player that asked takes a card from the deck and the next player goes. If a player has no cards when it is time for him to go, then he just takes a card from the deck and the next player goes. If there are no cards in the deck and the player has no cards, then that player doesn't get to go. The game ends when all the cards are face up in pairs. The winner is the player with the most pairs.

Chicago White Sox
The Chicago White Sox are a Major League Baseball team who play on the South Side of Chicago, Illinois. The club is in the Central Division of the American League. They are the defending World Series Champions, and are managed by former team shortstop and 2005 AL Manager of the Year Ozzie Guillén.
The Chicago White Sox finished 2006 with a 90-72 record, four games out of first place after taking two of three from the Minnesota Twins in the final week of the season at the Metrodome in Minneapolis.

Pollination
Pollination is the process in which plants make fruit to reproduce. When this happens, the grains of pollen are moved from the stamens of one flower to the carpel another one from a different plant. These are like the male and female parts of plants. Most plants have both, but cannot pollinate themselves. Each pollen grain has half of the DNA that is needed to make a new plant. This combines with the DNA that is already there, and the carpel begins to grow seeds. Pollination is important in botany (study of plants), horticulture (study of growing plants), entomology (insects), and ecology (living environments). In most plants (angiosperms), the part of the carpel that collects the pollen is called a "stigma".
Ways of pollinating.
Pollination needs something to take the pollen from the male parts of a flower to the female parts of another. A "pollinator" is something that does this. There are two different ways that plants can be pollinated. These are "biotic pollination" and "abiotic pollination". Biotic is where an animal is used to transport the pollen. In abiotic pollination, the pollen travels from one flower to another by using the wind or water.
Biotic pollination is where animals are used to carry the pollen. The animal pollinaters go to lots of flowers, and each one gives it something in return. Usually this is some nectar (sugary food). "Entomophily" is the type of biotic pollination where small insects like bees and wasps are used. Some insects are used less commonly, such as ants, flies, butterflies and moths. The flowers that are pollinated by insects have a strong smell, and a lot have blue petals. The other type of biotic pollination is called "zoophily". This is where pollination is done by vertebrates (animals with bones). Most commonly, they are birds and bats. The flowers that are pollinated by birds mostly have red petals, as this color attracts birds. Most of them do not have a smell, because birds cannot smell them.
Abiotic pollination is where no animals are involved. "Anemophily" is a type of abiotic pollination where the pollen is blown between plants by the wind. This form of pollination is very common in grasses, conifer trees, and many other trees. "Hydrophily" is where pollen from aquatic plants (plants that live in water) travels through water.
80% of plants are pollinated use biotic pollination, and only 20% use abiotic pollination. Of these abiotic pollinations, 98% is done by wind and just 2% by water.

Gull
Gulls, also called seagulls, are birds. They form the family "Laridae", in the order "Charadriiformes".
There are many different types of gull but most of them are white, with grey or black wings, a yellow beak and are about the size of a chicken (but some are smaller). Gulls can eat most types of food but like meat more than anything else. They look around for discarded food and dead animals to eat as well as hunting and have learned how to live and breed in the same places as people. Most types of seagull are awake during the day and sleep at night. They like to sleep on water, like lakes or the sea when the water is calm.
Gulls used to be found only near the sea, as they are water birds with webbed feet for swimming. They are more common inland these days because they can find food wherever people live, often on garbage dumps or in the streets of towns and cities. Seagulls are intelligent compared to other birds and have a very complicated system of noises and body movements that they use to talk to other seagulls.
Most types of seagull breed once a year and have two or three chicks (babies). Mother gulls are very protective of their eggs and chicks and will sometimes fight to the death to defend them.
Gulls are not usually eaten by people.

The Warriors (movie)
"The Warriors" is a 1979 movie directed by Walter Hill. It is about a gang called "The Warriors", who are from Coney Island and must return to their home and clear their name after they are accused of killing the leader of another gang at a rally for all the gangs in New York City. The movie has become a cult classic and inspired a video game which came out in 2005.

Coney Island
Coney Island is a famous area in Brooklyn, New York. It is a peninsula (but it used to be an island). It is famous for its beaches, amusements (like the Cyclone roller coaster and Wonder Wheel ferris wheel), boardwalk, and hot dogs.
We do not know how it got its name for sure. Some people think it is because of its cone shaped like islands. Other say that when the Dutch people arrived, there was a large population of rabbits so they named it "Coney Island" which meant "Rabbit Island" in English at that time. Other people think that it was named after the Irish pirate who named it after one of the islands in Ireland. But who knows? There might be a totally different reason why it was named the "Coney Island".

Ferris wheel
Ferris wheels (sometimes called big wheels in the United Kingdom) are large, round, revolving structures with gondolas where people sit. They are popular at amusement parks and fairs. They are named after George Ferris, who made the first modern wheel for the World's Columbian Exposition in 1893.

Cave
A cave is a natural underground hollow space that is completely dark. The entrance area of caves are home to many creatures such as snakes, mice, spiders & porcupines. Only a few animals are found deep in caves. Bats often live in caves. Another common creature found in caves are cave crickets. Caves consist of narrow passageways (corridors) and chambers (caverns).
Caves are usually formed when underground acidic (sour) water corrodes (that is: eats up) away softer stones, such as limestone, leaving only the hard rock, such as granite, left. They can also be formed during natural catastrophes, such as earthquakes or by ice and glaciers.
People in the past are known to have lived in caves and even today caves can provide shelter for trekkers. Many European caves have been inhabitated (that is: people have lived in) already in the Stone Age, and some caves have beautiful paintings on the walls.
Caves can have beautiful formations in them such as stalagmites and stalactites. These are made over thousands of years by water dripping on them and leaving mineral deposits.
People who explore caves are called cavers. They go into caves for fun, exercise and to see the different formations. This can be a dangerous sport because caves sometimes have deep pits. Cavers also have to climb and crawl through the passages.
Cavers usually go into caves with four or more people. Each person has 2 or 3 light sources. One light is attached to each helmet. People go into caves to try and explore more about the world.
The study of caves is called Speleology.

Four-horned Antelope
The four-horned antelope ("Tetracerus quadricornis") is a bovine even-toed ungulate. It is also called by its Hindi name "Chousingha". It is different from other bovines because it has four horns instead of two.
Appearance.
Four-horned antelopes are about 0.60 meters high, and they weigh about 20 kilograms. They have a light yellowish-brown fur with a white underside. They have a black stripe down their forelegs. Males have four horns. The back horns are about 10 centimeters long, and the front horns are up to 4 centimeters long.
Habitat and life.
Four-horned antelopes live in India and Nepal. They live in forests. Four-horned Antelopes live alone. They eat grass.
Four-horned antelopes and humans.
Four-horned antelopes are hunted by trophy-hunters because of their four horns, but they are also hunted for their meat. Because of the hunting and also because of habitat loss, there are now less than 100 four-horned antelopes.such lozers

New Orleans Privateers
The New Orleans Privateers college sports teams for the University of New Orleans (UNO). They play in the NCAA Division I for intercollegiate athletics. The schools teams are a part of the Sun Belt Conference. The University of New Orleans does not currently have a football team.
Sports.
The school did have a football team from 1965 until 1970. During that time, the team had a record of 12 wins, 10 losses and 1 tie. They also won 3 district championships.

Stanley Bruce
Stanley Melbourne Bruce (15 April 1883 – 25 August 1967) was the eighth Prime Minister of Australia from February 1923 until October 1929. He became Prime Minister when the Country Party asked Billy Hughes to resign. His government won elections in 1925 and 1928 but lost the 1929 election and Bruce became the first sitting Prime Minister to lose his seat. He was made a Viscount after he left politics.

James Scullin
James Henry Scullin (18 September 1876 – 28 January 1953) was the ninth Prime Minister of Australia from October 1929 until January 1932. He became Prime Minister two days before the Great Depression began. His government could not stop the effects of the Depression. His government suffered a big defeat at the December 1931 election. Scullin stayed as leader of the Labor Party but lost the 1934 election.

World beat music
World beat music is a type of music. It is usually not in the English language and the musician's recordings are usually done in places outside the countries that comprise of being a part of Western civilization. Songs in the world beat music genre tend to be longer than four minutes (which is the standard amount of time for most songs in Western civilization).
This genre of music is increasingly emerging in popular culture, as heard in the Sony PlayStation 2 video game, "FIFA 07", which is a soccer game that features many modes of difficulty from amateur to legendary status. Soccer fans are most likely to be world beat listeners while NASCAR fans are most likely to listen to either country music and/or rock and roll music.

Caprinae
Caprinae is a subfamily of the even-toed ungulate family Bovidae. Animals of the Caprinae subfamily are called "caprid" or "goat-antelope".
The domestic sheep ("Ovis aries") and domestic goat ("Capra hircus") are part of this group.

Domestic goat
The domestic goat ("Capra hircus" or "Capra aegagrus hircus") is a domesticated mammal. It comes from the Wild Goat.
A male goat is called a "buck" or "billy", a female is called a "doe" or "nanny". Young goats are called "kids".
People eat their meat and drink their milk, because people say that it is very good. With goat milk, cheese can be made, along with other dairy products. Some farmers use goats to control bad plants, called weeds.

Domestic sheep
A domestic sheep ("Ovis aries") is a wooly four legged animal. Female sheep are called ewes. Male sheep are called rams. Babies are called lambs.
Sheep follow others blindly. This is why people are sometimes called sheep. It means that a person follows a group of people. This can be because they trust the group. Or it can be because they are not thinking for themself. This can be good if the group leads to something positive (like a field of grass to eat). Sometimes, though, the group goes somewhere that is not good, like a place that has no food.
A group of sheep is called a flock. Sheep follow each other in basically the same way all the time, so there are special names for the different roles sheep play in a flock. The sheep that is farthest away from the others is called the outlier, a word that is also used in statistics. This sheep is willing to go out farther away from the safety of the flock to graze, but takes a chance that a predator like a wolf will attack it first, because it is alone. Another sheep, the bellwether, which never goes first but always follows an outlier, is the one that signals to the others that it is safe to go that way. When it moves, the others will also move. Tendency to be outliers or to be bellwethers, or stick in the middle of the flock, seems to stay with a sheep its whole life. There might be genes that make them repeat this role behaviour.
Probably the most famous sheep was Dolly the Sheep. She was named after Dolly Parton, and was the first large mammal clone. She did not live as long as a regular sheep, because clones have health problems. This is only known because of Dolly. She had sisters from the same DNA, but they did not look the same. This proved that environment has more to do with the way a sheep looks than heredity. This too is known only because of Dolly and her sisters. Dolly advanced science and scientists are very grateful to her.
Fat-tailed sheep.
These sheep are so named because they can store large amounts of fat in the tail and the region of the rump. They are kept mainly because they make more milk than other types of sheep; but their wool is rough and long, and is mostly used for making carpets. Fat-tailed sheep are found mainly in the very dry parts of Africa, the Middle East, and Asia, and they represent about 25 percent of the sheep in the world. The major breeds are the Awassi, Bakhtiari, Karakul, Ghashghai, and Kermani. Another breed of fat tailed sheep is the beady it can get radged easily while driving and is almost bald.

Capra (genus)
Capra is a genus of the subfamily Caprinae and the family Bovidae. The domestic goat and other animals like it belong to this genus.

Richard Sharpe
Major Richard Sharpe is a fictional character. He is the main character in a series of books written by Bernard Cornwell. Many of the books have been made into television movies, where the stories were told in a different order from the books. Sharpe's story is set during the Napoleonic Wars. Sharpe has a series of "sword waving" adventures.
So far, the writer has written 21 books, from "Sharpe's Tiger" to "Sharpe's Devil". The first book is set in the year 1799, while the last is set in the years 1820 to 1821. There were also three short stories set between other books. All the stories cover the Napoleonic Wars, as well as a prelude in India detailing Sharpe's rise to the rank of Ensign. The final book looks at Sharpe on a mission to rescue his old friend, the Spanish Captain General Don Blas Vivar, in Chile.
Film story.
Born in London to a poor mother, Sharpe spent most of his youth in the inner city of London. When he killed someone, he went away to Yorkshire. He then joined a British line battalion, a regiment in the British Army. He was sent to India, where he saved the Duke of Wellington's life. For this, he was given a field commission to the rank of Lieutenant. He was then transferred to a Highland regiment, where he was not wanted, and was transferred into the 95th Rifles at Shorncliffe back in England. The 95th Rifles was then sent to northern Spain with General Moore's army. It was in Spain that he became friends with Patrick Harper.
In the latest adventure "Sharpe's Challenge", Sharpe and Harper go to India to fight some villains.

Protest
A protest is when a lot of people come together to show others that they strongly like or are against an idea or event. For example, some people protest racism or war.
There are many ways in which people can protest. Protesters can do things like write a letter, not eat food, sing songs, or even use violence.

Roskilde
Roskilde was the capital of Denmark until 1443. Since then, Copenhagen has been the capital.
The most important church in Denmark is in Roskilde. It is where the dead Danish kings are laid to rest. The city also have a yearly music festival called Roskilde Festival. The festival is one of two biggest in Europe.
Roskilde has a population of about 54,000. An important economic activity is tourism.

Hong Kong Stock Exchange
Hong Kong Stock Exchange (Traditional Chinese: 香港交易所, also 港交所; sometimes shortened to HKEX; SEHK:) is a stock exchange in Hong Kong.
It is mostly owned by Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing, which also controls Hong Kong Futures Exchange Limited (HKFE) and Hong Kong Securities Clearing Company Limited.

Aarhus
Aarhus is the second biggest city in Denmark.
It has about 300,000 inhabitants. the metropolitan area has almost 700.000 inhabitants
The settlement of Aarhus started about 770. Oldest documentation of Aarhus is from 951.
It started as a trading place of the Vikings. In the 16th century the city growed.
Second era of expansion was in the Industrial Revolution.

Odense
Odense is the third largest city in Denmark with about 146,000 inhabitants and the capital of the island of Funen (Danish: "Fyn").
It was started in 988 A.D. and was sometimes the seat of the parliament. In 1805, it became capital of the island Funen.

Aalborg
Aalborg is a city in Denmark. It has about 123,000 inhabitants.
Aalborg was founded about 700 A.D. and was heard about for the first time in the year 1040.
It was a proper city in 1342 and became the seat of a Lutherian bishop in 1554.

Esbjerg
Esbjerg is a city in Denmark, on the peninsula Jutland.
It has about 82,000 inhabitants and is the 5th largest city of Denmark. The growing began in the 1860's, because Denmark lost its North Sea harbours to Prussia in the Danish-Prussian-Austrian war.
The new harbour was built in Esbjerg.

Dirham
Historically, the word "dirham" is comes from 'dirhem' which comes from the name of a Greek coin, the Drachm; the Byzantine Empire controlled the Levant and traded with Arabia, circulating the coin there in pre-Islamic times and afterward. It was this currency which was first used as an Arab word. Near the end of the 7th century, the coin became an Islamic currency. It had the name of the sovereign and a religious verse on it. The dirham was used by many Mediterranean countries, including Spain. It could be used as currency in Europe between the 10th and 12 centuries.
Similar currencies.
The Armenian dram is a currency whose name bears a similar origin. The dinar is a currency used in the Muslim world but originating with the Romans.

Desperate Housewives
"Desperate Housewives" is a television series in the United States. It can be seen in many other countries, such as the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, Israel and Malaysia. The show is shown on ABC in the United States. It is in its fifth season as of 2008.
"Desperate Housewives" is a comedy-drama. It is like a soap opera, but is not because it only has a new episode once a week. The show is about a group of neighbors who live on Wisteria Lane in the made-up town of Fairview.
Season 1.
The show opens with the suicide of Mary Alice Young, a housewife who lives on Wisteria Lane. After that, Mary Alice narrates about her 4 friends: Susan Mayer - a divorced mother who falls in love with her new neighbor Mike Delfino; Bree Van de Kamp - seemingly "the perfect housewife and the perfect mother"; Gabrielle Solis - a former model who married a rich husband, but she has an affair with her teenager gardener; and Lynette Scavo - who has 4 kids and her husband at his work all the time. While they try to be the best mothers and housewives, they try to understand why Mary Alice killed herself, and they find a mysterious letter and a cassette with a recording of Mary Alice that says her real name is Angela.
Season 2.
In season 2 Betty Applewhite,a new neighbour lives in Wisteria Lane with they´re two children Mathew and Caleb, Caleb so his mother thinks killed in Chacago Melanie Foster the girlfriend of Mathew - after the narrator tells that in reality Mathew kills Melanie after a fight he will be killed by the SWAP.Meanwhile Danielle falls in love with him and later they run from home away(before he will be killed). Then Brees husand Rex will be mordered by George Williams a pharmacist, because he loves her very much. Lynette decided to work and her husband Tom must be by theyre kids. At the end of the season Lynette follows Tom to Atlantic City and there she see that he have an affair with Nora Huntington(Lynette didn´t ken her), but then Lynette see that it was a disaccord and theyre happy together. Susan and Mike loves now each other and there will marry but then at the end Orson Hodge crossed with aid him. Gabrielle is pregnant from her gardener John and Carlos and Gaby decided to tease him. After Gabrielles stairs fall she loose the child and they decided to have a surrogate mother because Gaby coudnt have a kid now. The secret is all the time what happens in Chicago as Melanie dies.

Ballroom dance
Ballroom dance is a dance done in partners, usually one woman and one man. There are many styles of ballroom dance, such as International style and American style. Two of the most famous dancers were Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers.
International style.
There are ten international style ballroom dances, five "standard" (or "modern") and five "Latin:"
Most of these are British kinds of dances that started in other places.
Most people do these dances for fun. Some people compete against each other. Women wear nice dresses (gowns) for standard competition and very short skirts for Latin. Men wear white shirts and bow-ties for standard and black t-shirts for Latin.
People compete at many levels: Newcomer, Pre-Bronze, Bronze, Silver, Gold, Pre-Championship, and Championship. The best-known competition is in Blackpool, England.
Some people earn medals to show how they are improving. They dance in front of a judge to earn a medal at the Bronze, Silver, or Gold levels.
There are also some line dances, in which people dance as a group instead of with a partner. Some line dances are done to Mambo, Waltz, Paso Doble, and Samba.
Some people dance in couples, but also as a group, with everyone doing the same steps. This is called "formation dancing."

Wormhole
A wormhole is a shortcut through time and space. It is not known if wormholes really exist. Scientists believe that if they existed they could be created by black holes. In order to hold open a wormhole, a form of negative energy, the opposite to gravity, would be needed, otherwise the wormhole would simply disappear very quickly after its creation. Wormholes also have black holes in them. The wormhole has a 2d spot and it folds and anything that goes through is warped to the other side. (as seen in the picture) The term wormhole was first used by John Wheeler, a theoretical physicist.

Free kick
A free kick is a kick awarded to the other team because of a foul, which is committed by another player. Free kicks appear in many different ball sports, like association football.

Corner kick
A corner kick is a kick awarded to the a team for their opportunity to shoot at goal in soccer.It happens when the ball has come off a player at his or her own goal. There are two corner posts at each end of the ground, so two for each team depending where the ball is kicked out.

Referee
A referee is an official who watches a whole game of sports and makes all the decisions, the referee is always right and if any player argues they can get a yellow card or even sent off with a red card.

Cataract
Cataracts appear in the eyes, they cause short-sightness (myopia), which means you cannot see things in the distance but can see things up close.
If not fixed by a doctor, some types of cataracts will cause blindness (which means you cannot see anything at all).

Goal kick
A goal kick is awarded when the attacking team puts the ball over the end line in football (soccer). Then the other team takes the kick and the game continues.

The Wiggles
The Wiggles is an Australian-based children’s music group. The group is made up of four members. The Wiggles all wear a different colored shirts. Greg Page wears yellow, Anthony Field wears blue, Murray Cook wears red and Jeff Fatt wears purple.
The group performs on stage as well as on their own television series. The have also made a movie. The Wiggles have won many awards for their work. Both girls and boys really enjoy The Wiggles in their early years. This year The Wiggles will be celebrating their 15th birthday.
In the 5th season, Greg Page was replaced by Sam Moran.
Minor characters.
There are several other characters who are friends with the Wiggles.

Throw-in
A throw-in in football (soccer) is when the ball has come off the opposite team, the other team picks that ball up and throws it in and the game continues. When you throw in you have to keep your hands behind your head and your feet on the ground or the throw will be passed on to the other team.

Patch
A patch is a piece of a flexible material used to repair an object that has a hole in it, to protect an object from damage even before it is damaged, or to decorate clothing or other fabric items.
For repairs.
Cloth patches are rectangles of cloth that are used to cover up holes in clothing and other fabric items. Patches are usually used on clothes and soft things like cushions, teddy bears and blankets. Patches are sewn on with a needle and thread or glued on using a hot iron.
For decoration.
Many types of uniforms use cloth patches that have embroidered words or images on them. For example, police officers' uniforms have patches that state the name of the police force. Military uniforms have patches that have the flag of the country embroidered on them and the military unit that the soldier is part of. Many uniforms for businesses have cloth patches with the name of the company and the company logo embroidered on them.
As well, many people wear patches on their regular clothing. Some patches are sold by tourist stores. These patches have the name of a region on them. Other patches worn by teenagers have the names and logos of rock bands on them. Motorcycle biker gang members, such as members of the Hell's Angels wear patches on their leather vests that state the name of their gang and the logo of the gang.
Leather patches.
Leather patches are rectangles of leather that are used to cover up holes in clothing and other fabric items. Leather patches are usually used on heavy-duty work clothes, or on the elbows of jackets, or on the knees of pants. Leather patches are sewn on with a needle and thread.
Rubber patches.
Rubber patches are rectangles, squares, or circular pieces of flat, thin rubber that are glued onto bicycle tire inner tubes, car tire inner tubes, and inflatable toys to repair holes.

Savanna
The word savanna comes from the term for plains.
They are covered with tall grasses. They may have an open bush layer, but not too many trees. The savannas' climate is often tropical wet and dry. Temperatures can reach up to 64°.
The world's greatest diversity of animals is found on the savannas of Africa. Some herbivores found in the savanna are antelopes, impalas, gazelles, buffalos, wildebeests, zebras, rhinos, giraffes, elephants, and warthogs. There is also a large number of carnivores, including cats (lions, leopards, cheetahs, servals), dogs (jackals, wild dogs), and hyenas. The vegetation in the Eastern African is also rich with grass and some scattered trees.

Peasant
A peasant is a name for a person that worked for others and never had much money. They usually wore rough cloths and live in small houses.
The word peasant came from the medieval era (15th century). Peasants worked on farms and had to be able to do a number of jobs on the farm. Peasants usually lived in the country region of their country and made up a large amount of the population.
Most peasants could not read or write. They did not usually talk with the higher society unless it was about work.
Everyone Then, were so poor, it was a harsh, life, forever until Judgment Day...

Mary, Crown Princess of Denmark
Mary Donaldson, Crown Princess of Denmark was born on 5 February 1972 in Hobart, Tasmania. She attended Taroona High school and then continued her education at Hobart Matriculation College. She then finished her studies at the University of Tasmania from which she graduated in 1994 with a Bachelors degree in Commerce and Law.
Mary Donaldson’s life was to change forever when she met Prince Frederik of Denmark in a Sydney hotel pub in October 2000. “The first time we met, we shook hands,” she recalled. “I didn't know he was the prince of Denmark.”
Their relationship was made official in April 2003 when Queen Margrethe publicly acknowledged their relationship. Six months later a royal wedding was announced.
On May 14th, 2004, Princess Mary walked down the aisle and married Prince Frederik of Denmark. They now have two children, Prince Christian Valdemar Henri John, who was born on October 15th 2005, and Princess Isabella Henrietta Ingrid Margrethe, who was born on April 21st 2007.

Secondary school
Secondary school is the next step up from primary school. Secondary school are also commonly known as high school.
In Australia a person will generally start secondary school when they are at the age of twelve and finish when they are either sixteen or eighteen, depending on whether they finish with years 11 and 12. In secondary school a person will advance through the year levels (or grades) each year.
Generally there are five to six years of high school. The first year of high school is normally either grade 7 or 8, and then proceeds on to year 10 or 12.
In some schools in Australia years 11 and 12 are just a normal part of high school. Though some other schools may only progress through to year 10, in this case students will then go to college (years 11 and 12).
At the end of secondary school, students will usually sit a unified examination, for example GCSE (in the UK).

Cushion
A cushion is a soft bag of material, filled with wool, hair, feathers, or even paper in small pieces. It may be used for sitting on to make a chair or couch more comfortable. Cushions can be used for body support. Cushions and rugs can used outside, to make hard ground softer. Cushions can be used to decorate and brighten up boring places. Cushions can come in many different shapes and sizes, but the most common shape of a cushion is a square or rectangle, like a pillow.

Choice
A choice is the act of making a decision. Making a choice is making a resolution to do something or act a certain way. We all make choices everyday. From what we are going to have for breakfast to whether we drive or walk to work.
The field of economics examines how people make choices about how to use scarce resources and goods, such as their money or free time. Some ways of thinking such as existentialism argue that people's choices and decisions are very important.
Free choice.
Some people believe that every person and animal in has a right to free choice. However some criminals have to have some of their free choice and will removed, when they are put in jail, because they have committed a crime or hurt people.

Lutheranism
Lutheranism is a denomination within the Christian religion.
The person who led the Lutherans in their break away from the Catholic Church was Martin Luther. Martin Luther began this break from the Catholic Church in the 16th century. Luther was a German priest and theologian. He worked to improve the practices of the Roman Catholic Church.
Lutheranism happened while Martin Luther and his followers began a big split from the Roman Catholic Church known as the Protestant Reformation. Luther’s ideas are said to be a large reason of the Protestant movement.
Lutherans believed the Bible is the one true book of faith. He believed God made the world, humanity included, perfect, holy and sinless, however Adam and Eve chose to disobey God, making all humans become sinners.

Joseph Lyons
Joseph Aloysius Lyons (15 September 1879 – 7 April 1939) was the tenth Prime Minister of Australia. He was Premier of Tasmania in the 1920s. He was from the Labor party. In 1931 he took his supporters and joined the other side. He started a new party called the United Australia Party. In January 1931 his new party won the elections. Lyons was the first Prime Minister to die while in office.

Plow
A plow or plough is a simple machine used in farming. A plow is pulled across the ground by a human or animal. When pulled across the ground, the plow lifts up dirt and makes two lines of dirt behind it. The dirt lifted by the plow is more loose than before. Ground that has been plowed is a good place for a farmer to grow food.
Hoeing.
When agriculture was first used, simple hand-held digging sticks or hoes would have been used in areas with good soil, such as the area near the Nile River in Africa. At the Nile, the annual flood makes the soil better by "rejuvenating" it, to create places where seeds could be planted. To help crops grow in areas where floods were rare, the soil had to be rejuvenated in a different way. This is when plowing was first used, and hoes were the first plows.

Maglev train
Maglev trains are a very fast type of train. Magnetic levitation is a technology that uses magnetic fields to make the train move. These fields lift the train a small distance above the tracks and moves the train. They are much faster than regular trains. By 2035, a trip from Toronto to Vancouver will take 3 hours. This same trip takes three days on a regular train. After this technology has been perfected, people will be able to travel faster across land on a maglev train than they would in an airplane.
The highest known speed of a maglev train is. This was done in Japan in 2003

Grandchildren
Someone's grandchildren are the children of his or her children.

Lace
Lace is a fabric, patterned with open holes in the work, made by machine or by hand. Lace is very lightweight and open, and the patterns usually have many holes and frills.
Lace is made by knitting, crocheting and weaving.

Career
A career is considered to be a job with opportunity for promotion within the company or corporation. A job without this opportunity is simply called a "job". Professionals usually have careers while people without a college education usually just have jobs.

Madeline
"Madeline" is a popular children’s book series. It was written by American author Ludwig Bemelmans. The first book in the series, "Madeline", was published in 1939. The book was very successful. In the 1940s and 1950s, Bemelmans wrote many more sequels to the original. Bemelman’s grandson, John Bemelmans-Mariano, writes the series of books to this day. There are 16 Madeline books. The books were later made into a television series and a movie.
In Two Straight Lines....
The books and the television show describe the adventures of Madeline's life in the late 1940's in France. Madeline is the smallest and youngest girl at her school. She is also the liveliest and the most popular. Madeline is not afraid of anything. She laughs at tigers in the zoo and taunts bullies. She even runs away to join a circus. She is also a very kind friend to the rest of the children at her school, and never loses her smile. Madeline attends a convent school in the heart of France with eleven other students. They leave the house at half past nine every morning in rain or shine. Miss Clavel is their teacher and a nun. The girls of her school mean more to her than anything. Miss Clavel is worried about Madeline because she is an orphan and has no family.
Although Madeline is set in France, with French accents, it is very popular all over the world, especially in the United States and in the Philippines, where a Filipino version was aired in the TV station ABS-CBN. Madeline has many Internet pages including an official website and fan club.

Professional
A professional is someone who has a job for which they need a college or university education. Doctors, lawyers, teachers: these are all people in professional occupations (jobs). They may often get paid more than other people, but this is not necessarily the case.
The word "professional" is often used as an adjective, e.g.
The opposite of "professional" in this sense is: "unprofessional".
Another word that is the opposite of "professional" is "amateur". This means that someone does not get paid for the job he is doing (even if he may be doing it very well).

Apartment
An apartment (or flat in Britain and most other Commonwealth countries) is considered to be urban housing for young people who need to be close to their chosen professional career.

Blouse
A blouse is the female version of the dress shirt. Professionals wear them in order to look presentable in front of a panel of corporate executives.

Pocket
A pocket is a bag which is part of an item of clothing, reached through an opening in the clothing. The fabric of the clothing is shaped to make these little pouches or purses which are very handy for keeping small amounts of money and other small objects for daily use.
Pockets can be on pants, shirts, skirts, or dresses. Pockets come in very different styles, shapes, closed or unclosed with zippers or buttons. Some styles of clothing though, do not have pockets.

Dress shirt
A dress shirt is a shirt worn by men with a necktie in order to have a professional appeal and to look dignified in a crowd. In England, this is a term for a shirt that is worn with a tuxedo.

Suit and tie
A suit and tie is an ensemble (or outfit) of clothing which includes a dress shirt, a necktie, dress pants, a suit jacket (also called a "sports coat"), dress socks, leather dress shoes, and sometimes a vest. This outfit is worn in Western countries by men in professional jobs such as business, law, and politics.
The dress shirt is usually made of cotton or linen. A dress shirt has a stiff collar and it is ironed before it is worn. A necktie is usually made of silk or polyester, and it usually has a color or pattern on it. Dress pants are made of wool or polyester, and they are ironed before they are worn. A suit jacket (also called a "sports coat") is usually made of wool or polyester. Suit jackets have collar, pockets, and a silk or polyester lining. Dress socks are made of cotton or a mix of cotton and polyester. Dress socks are usually in a dark color such as black or dark blue. Leather dress shoes are usually made of dark-colored leather which is polished. Sometimes, people wearing a suit and tie will also wear a sleeveless vest with buttons in the front.

Gilmore Girls
The Gilmore Girls was an American television series. It was about a single mother Lorelai Victoria Gilmore (Lauren Graham) and her teenage daughter Lorelai “Rory” Leigh Gilmore (Alexis Bledel). They lived together in a fictional small town called Stars Hollow, Connecticut. The show aired on television from October 5, 2000 until May 15, 2007. Gilmore Girls was created by Amy Sherman-Palladino. She also acted as the executive producer during the first six series with her husband Daniel Palladino. The show first aired on The WB network and moved to the CW network when the WB merged with UPN.
Gilmore Girls was a one hour drama. It had very witty storylines that explored family, generational divides, love, and friendship. It had the makings of a comedy because of the fast paced dialogue, the wild references and sense of humour that was in the program. Gilmore Girls was set in Stars Hollow, a fictional town where everyone knew each other and many strange types of people walked the streets.

Nasal cavity
The Nasal cavity is the inside of your nose.
Function.
The nasal cavity is divided into a right and left passageway. The tissue that covers the wall of your nasal cavity contains many blood vessels. Heat from the blood in the vessels helps warm the air as you breath. Moisture is added to the air you breath by special cells in the walls of the nasal cavity. The air is warmed and moistened before it reaches your lungs.
Cilia (small hairs) and mucus along the inside wall of the nasal cavity trap and remove dust and germs from the air as it flows through the nasal cavity. The cilia move the mucus down the nasal cavity to the pharynx, where it can be swallowed.
Place.
The nasal cavity is covered by the nasal bone above and by the maxilla and ethmoid bone on the sides. The top of the inside of the mouth separates the nasal cavity from the mouth.
The nasal cavity is divided in two by a vertical fin called the nasal septum. On the sides of the nasal cavity are three horizontal outgrowths called turbinates. These turbinates guide the air through the nasal cavity. The vomeronasal organ is found at the back of the septum and has a role in finding pheromones.
Diseases.
Diseases of the nasal cavity include viral infections and nasal cavity cancer. Picking your nose can lead to bloody noses as well.

Daniel Radcliffe
Daniel Jacob Radcliffe is a English actor. He was born on the July 23, 1989 and is most famous for playing Harry in the first five movies based on JK Rowling’s Harry Potter books. He will also appear in the final two films of this series.
Career.
Radcliffe started acting in school plays when he was in primary school. When he was ten years old, he played the part of the young David Copperfield in the TV show David Copperfield.
In 2001, he played Mark Pendel in the movie Tailor of Panama. Later that year, he was chosen to play Harry Potter in the movie Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (called Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone in the United States).
He has also played Harry in the second, third, forth, and fifth Harry Potter movies (Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets - 2002, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban - 2003, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire - 2004 and Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix - 2007). He is currently working on the sixth Harry Potter film "Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince."

Juice
Juice is a liquid that comes from plants, animals or fruit. The juice from fruit is often made into a drink. Some juices that are often made into drinks are apple, orange, tomato, pineapple, grapefruit, guava, mango, passionfruit, tropical, carrot, watermelon, cranberry, grape, lemon and lime, but there are many others. Lots of people drink fruit juices because fruit juice is very healthy. Some drink companies make fruit juice, and the juice that they make usually has a lot of sugar added, but most fruit juice is really good for people.
Juice can be bought from a store, already in bottles. Companies sell fruit juice just like any other drink. Juices are made by squeezing the juice out of the fruit.
If something has a lot of juice in it, it is said to be juicy. Juice does not have to be a drink. It can just be a liquid contained in something.

Subtropical cyclone
A subtropical cyclone (also known as a subtropical storm) is a cyclonic weather storm. Subtropical cyclones have wide wind patterns with the winds getting stronger as they get further away from the centre of the storm.
Terms.
A subtropical cyclone is not always a tropical cyclone, but is more like them than extratropical cyclone. Subtropical cyclones are only found in the northern Atlantic Ocean and in the eastern Pacific Ocean. Like normal tropical cyclones, most subtropical cyclones have maximum wind speeds of at least 39 mph to 74 mph (60 h to 110 km/h). Subtropical cyclones that have wind speeds less than 39 mph are known as "subtropical depressions".
Naming issue.
During the 1950s and 60s, subtropical cyclones were simply called "semi-tropical". There was much discussion between meteorologists in the late 1960s as of what a subtropical cyclone was. So, in 1972, the National Hurricane Center (NHC) officially classified the word under a new category, different from actual tropical cyclones. During the 1970s, the NHC began making a new list of names, separate for subtropical cyclones, although that process was soon cancelled because it was rejected by many scientists. After that, subtropical storms were just numbered, such as Hurricane Karen from 2001 which was originally named "Subtropical Storm One". But on 2002, a policy change had tropical and subtropical storms share the same list of names for the whole season, which started with Subtropical Storm Nicole in 2004.
Naming.
In the 2004 Atlantic hurricane season, the NHC monitored the first named subtropical cyclone, its name was Subtropical Storm Nicole. Later, another unnamed subtropical cyclone was discovered in the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season after someone re-read the records. Although it could have been named, the subtropical storm remained without a name because the time of the discovery happened a long time after the official season had finished. A third subtropical cyclone was named Subtropical Storm Andrea which formed on May 9 just before the start of the 2007 Atlantic hurricane season.
Upper-level low.
The most common type of a subtropical cycle is an upper-level cold low with circulation expanding to the surface layer and strongest winds usually happening at a radius of about 100 miles/160 kilometers or more from the center.
Mesoscale low.
Another type of a subtropical cyclone is a mesoscale low forming in or near an area of horizontal wind shear, also known as a "dying frontal zone", with radius of strongest winds normally less than 30 miles (50 kilometers). The entire circulation may originally have a diameter of less than 100 miles/160 kilometres. These cyclones usually last for a short time. They may be either cold core or warm core, and for some time in 1972 this type of subtropical cyclone was called as a "neutercane". As of 2006, the warm core type was moved under the definition of the term, tropical cyclone; and removed from the subtropical cyclone definition.

Morning
Morning is the time of day from 12:00 AM to 12 PM. Morning is usually cooler than afternoon. Many people say it is not morning until they wake up. This is wrong because morning starts at 12:00 AM (midnight).
Morning activities.
Many people use the morning as a time to get ready for the day. Things like taking a shower, eating a meal (called breakfast, because you break the fast of the night) and getting dressed. Then, many people go to work or school.
Many people also buy a morning newspaper to read about what is going on in the world. Many people also find out about the news on the television or the radio.

Disinfectant
Disinfectant is a liquid used to destroy and kill unwanted germs and parasites. It is often used in the activity of cleaning, especially in bathrooms and kitchens, as they are the areas most likely to be contaminated with dangerous microorganisms. Disinfectant is a dangerous liquid and should be used carefully because it can be deadly to humans and animals when in large amounts.

Strength
There are many types of strength but the main strengths are listed below.
Strength suggests ability to do something and the power a person has to use to do it.
Synonyms of strength: Power, Force, Might

Floor
A floor is a horizontal surface inside a building. People walk on a floor. A floor can be made of many different materials, including concrete, tiling, or wooden floorboards. People often put carpets on a floor.
The word "floor" can also mean the level of rooms in a building. Another word for this is "storey". The way these levels are numbered may be different in different countries. In Britain and most of Europe, the ground level floors are called the "ground floor", the next level is called the "first floor". In most of the United States, Russia and China, the floor at ground level is called the "first floor", the next level is called the "second floor". This can be confusing for people visiting other countries.

Okinawa
Okinawa is the name for the islands in the far south of Japan. There are hundreds of small islands in Okinawa. These islands make up Okinawa Prefecture. The capital of Okinawa is Naha. Naha is on the island with the most people, Okinawa island. Okinawa used to be called the Ryukyu islands.
Many of Okinawa's islands are scenic, and there are many beaches there.
The temperature in Okinawa is often warm or hot. Many animals make their home around the Okinawa islands. For example, sea turtles, jellyfish, and many kinds of birds all live around Okinawa.
An average person in Okinawa lives to be older than 90. Some people think that is because Okinawan food is healthy. Fish is very popular, but people also eat sea vegetables and pork.
Okinawa's music is popular all over Japan. A musical instrument called a "sanshin" is often used.
Okinawa was the site of the last big battles World War II, the Battle of Okinawa. A lot of Okinawan people died during the battle. Now, the United States has some military bases for soldiers on the different islands of Okinawa.

Only Fools and Horses
Only Fools and Horses was a British comedy television programme. It was shown on the BBC from 1981 - 2003.

Ateneo de Manila University
The Ateneo de Manila University (also called "Ateneo de Manila" or simply "the Ateneo") is a private university run by the Society of Jesus in the Philippines. Its main campus is at Loyola Heights in Quezon City, Metro Manila. It offers elementary, secondary, undergraduate, and graduate level education. It teaches many things, for example Arts, Humanities, Business, Law, Social Sciences, Theology, and Pure and Applied Sciences.
Institution.
The Ateneo de Manila University has three campuses in Metro Manila. Several thousand teachers teach students of different ages, from elementary to postgraduate. The Loyola Schools have around 7,500 undergraduate students and around 3,000 graduate students, making the Ateneo small, in number of students, compared to many other Philippine universities.
The University began in 1859 when the City of Manila turned over the Escuela Municipal, a public primary school in Intramuros, to Spanish Jesuits. The school took the name "Ateneo" when it began teaching secondary education in 1865, and it has since grown into a university.

Jerry Seinfeld
Jerry Seinfeld (born April 29, 1954 in Brooklyn, New York) is am American comedian and actor. He was born in Massapequa, New York, a place on Long Island.
Seinfeld is known by many people for his television show, "Seinfeld", which he created, writes, and acts in. The show has won many awards, like the Emmy and Golden Globe Awards.

Subtropical Storm Nicole (2004)
Subtropical Storm Nicole was the 15th tropical or subtropical cyclone, 14th named storm, and 1st subtropical storm of the 2004 Atlantic hurricane season. It was the first subtropical storm to be given a name from the standard hurricane name list and be considered a subtropical cyclone in real-time. The storm never made landfall as a subtropical cyclone, though its remnants affected Anticosti Island, just off of the provinces of Prince Edward Island and Quebec.
Storm history.
Nicole’s genesis appears to be associated with an upper-tropospheric trough and a decaying frontal system that were over the southwestern North Atlantic during the first week of October. By October 8, a broad area of surface low pressure became evident about 400 miles (640 km) southeast of Bermuda, and began to produce gale force winds, which affected Bermuda on October 9. Early on October 10, the National Hurricane Center determined that a low-pressure system to the west of Bermuda had acquired sufficient tropical characteristics to be named Subtropical Storm Nicole.
Nicole moved generally northeast over cooler waters and was declared fully extratropical on October 11 while 345 miles (555 km) south-southeast of Halifax, Nova Scotia. The Canadian Hurricane Centre continued to issue advisories on, as they called it, post-tropical Storm Nicole, which had merged with a stronger cyclone as the combined system dropped heavy rainfall on the Maritimes in the vicinity of Anticosti Island on October 14.
Impact.
No damage or fatalities were reported, for that Nicole never made landfall or directly affected any land areas. It brought light rain to Bermuda and briefly threatened it before heading northeast. Its remnants combined with a stronger cyclone affected Anticosti Island in Canada.
Naming and Lack of retirement.
Since Nicole never made landfall, the name Nicole was not retired by the World Meteorological Organization in spring of 2005. This is the second time a storm was named Nicole. The only other storm named Nicole was in the 1998 Atlantic hurricane season.
Records.
Since 2002, subtropical storms have been assigned names from the same naming sequence as tropical storms. Nicole was the first named subtropical storm under this rule which never achieved full tropical cyclone status. Many subtropical cyclones between 1975 and 2001 with sufficient tropical character were considered tropical storms in real-time while several were numbered. From 1972 through 1974, the phoenic alphabet was used to name subtropical cyclones.
Other websites.
For official forecasts, see the NHC's.

Cyanide
Cyanides are chemicals that contain the "cyano-group". In that group a carbon atom has three bindings to a nitrogen atom. This group is present in many substances. Many of them are gases, but some are solids or liquids. Those substances that can release the compound CN are highly poisonous.
Certain bacteria, fungi and algae are able to produce cyanides. Cyanides are also found in certain foods or plants. In plants, the cyanides are usually bound to sugar molecules. The cyanides serve as a defense against being eaten by herbivores.
In popular culture, cyanides are said to be highly toxic. As stated above, there are many cyanides that really are, but many others that are not. Prussian blue is given as a treatment to poisoning with Thallium and Caesium, for example.
The poisons referred to are usually hydrogen cyanide (HCN), and the chemicals which are similar to it, like potassium cyanide (KCN), and sodium cyanide (NaCN). (Such substances are called derivatives of hydrogen cyanide). Organic compounds that contain the CN group are called nitriles. Many of them are not as toxic as the ones cited before. Some of them are even used to produce drugs.
Some people think that glucose (sugars) may be an antidote against cyanide poisoning. They think that sugar can bind the free cyano group. That way the some of the poison could be neutralized.

Kindergarten
Kindergarten, literally meaning "children's garden", is the first stage in the move from home to formal schooling. Children learn through play. In most countries kindergarten is part of the pre-school system. In North America and some parts of Australia kindergarten is the first year of school. Kindergarten children are usually between three and seven years of age. Kindergarten ages vary from country to country.Malaysia, for example, kindergarten children are at the age of six and when they are seven yeays old they are going to primary school.

2006 Atlantic hurricane season
The 2006 Atlantic hurricane season was a annual event in the yearly cycle of tropical cyclones. It officially started on June 1, 2006, and lasted until November 30, 2006. Ten tropical storms formed during the season including one without a name, and five of these which became hurricanes.
This season was unusual in that no hurricanes made landfall in the United States of America. One tropical storm, Tropical Storm Zeta from the 2005 season, continued into January, which was the second time on record that a tropical cyclone existed in two calendar years.
Because of the super-active 2005 season, forecasts and meteorologist thought that the 2006 season would also be very active, but not as active as 2005. However, an El Niño event, combined with the presence of the Saharan Air Layer over the tropical Atlantic Ocean, contributed to a slow season and forcing all tropical cyclones to dissipate after October 2.
Tropical Storm Alberto.
On June 10, an area of thunderstorms became the year's first tropical depression. This storm moved closer to Florida, the depression became a tropical storm on the morning of June 11. In the Gulf of Mexico, warm waters helped this storm to grow in strength, but it weakened slightly over the cooler waters near the coast of the United States.
Alberto crossed the coast about 50 mi (85 km) southeast of Tallahassee, Florida on June 13. Parts of Cedar Key and Crystal River were flooded from the high sea waves associated with Alberto. Because Alberto was big in size, it took a long time to weaken over Georgia, South Carolina and North Carolina. Alberto moved to the northeast, as it changed from a tropical cyclone to an extratropical cyclone. As an extratropical storm, Alberto became stronger quickly while off the New England coast. Damage in the United States was about $565,000.
Unnamed tropical storm.
One tropical storm formed in July off the United States coast. It was not identified as a storm at the time, therefore, the storm did not have a name. It was identified as a tropical storm when a close review was taken at the end of 2006. if it was idified at the time it would have been named Beryl.
Tropical Storm Beryl.
In the middle of July, a series of low pressure areas formed off the United States. The southern-most low slowly moved to the south as it became more organised, a few hundred miles east of the North Carolina coast. On the morning of July 18, the low pressure area became the second tropical depression of the season, more than a month after Tropical Storm Alberto existed. That afternoon, the depression became Tropical Storm Beryl.
Beryl continued moving to the north until it turned to the northeast on July 20. Beryl moved parallel to the East Coast of the United States and crossed over Nantucket Island, before becoming extratropical southwest of Nova Scotia on July 21.
Tropical Storm Chris.
On about July 26, a large and well-organized tropical wave formed off the coast of Africa and slowly moved westward. It slowly developed due to poor environmental conditions and it became a tropical depression late on 31 July about 160 miles (260 km) east of Antigua. The depression soon strengthened further and was named Tropical Storm Chris six hours later. National Hurricane Center forecasters dismissed some computer models, which dissipated Chris quickly, as they did not have a handle on the strength of the storm. Tropical Storm Chris moved to the northwest and slowly strengthened before reaching its peak strength on August 2 with winds of 65 mph (100 km/h), when it was to the northeast of the United States Virgin Islands. The storm was forecast to strengthen further and become a hurricane as it moved into the Bahamas and thus into the Gulf of Mexico. However, Chris began to be affected by storng wind shear and became disorganized. The storm weakened to a tropical depression on August 4, and dissipated as it approached the Cuban coast.
In response and some fear to the storm's projected path into the Gulf of Mexico, prices for crude oil rose on the New York Mercantile Exchange at branch offices in London. Natural gas prices rose considerably in New York Mercantile Exchange electronic trading on 2 August. Anticipation of a threat to supply by a potential Hurricane Chris coupled with high demand during an ongoing heat wave are cited as reasons for the price move. Also, numerous oil rigs were closed and ditched in response to the storm for the fear of Hurricane Katrina a year earlier. On August 2 approximately 600 tourists evacuated the Puerto Rican islands of Vieques and Culebra as tropical storm warnings had been issued. Cruise lines such as Royal Caribbean re-routed their ships to avoid the storm. In Puerto Rico, rainfall from the storm caused the Fajardo River to overflow its banks. The overflown waters temporarily closed a highway in the northeastern portion of the island. Rainfall reached up to 2 inches (50 mm) across portions of Hispaniola, the Turks and Caicos, the Bahamas, and eastern Cuba, and reached 4 inches (100 mm) in some mountainous areas.
Tropical Storm Debby.
A tropical system off the coast of Africa, which the NHC was monitoring for several days, was upgraded to tropical depression status on August 21 and designated as Tropical Depression Four. Consequently, a tropical storm warning was immediately issued for the Cape Verde islands, as the system threatened to pass over or near the southern part of the archipelago. However, the system failed to strengthen into a tropical storm before passing the chain of islands, and the warning was discontinued the following morning.
The depression was upgraded to a tropical storm and was named Debby late on August 22. While it had been expected to strengthen into a hurricane, this never occurred and Debby weakened into a tropical depression on August 26. It continued to the north and lost tropical characteristics on August 27.
Hurricane Ernesto.
At 3:15 p.m. EDT (1915 UTC) on 24 August, a reconnaissance flight determined that a tropical wave passing through the Windward Islands had developed a closed tropical circulation, and advisories were commenced on Tropical Depression Five. By 5 p.m. EDT (2100 UTC) on 25 August, a second flight had found sustained tropical-storm force winds, and the system was named Ernesto. Ernesto became a hurricane on the morning of 27 August just south of Haiti, before it was downgraded back to a tropical storm in the afternoon. The storm caused 2 deaths in Haiti due to rainfall.
Ernesto made landfall near Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, early in the morning on 28 August. At one point the storm was predicted to become a major hurricane in the Gulf of Mexico and threaten parts of the Gulf Coast, a grim possibility in light of the one-year anniversary of Hurricane Katrina's landfall. However, Ernesto moved much farther east than anticipated, and made landfall as a tropical storm on the southern tip of Florida on 29 August. Two people died in Florida in road traffic accidents attributed to the weather conditions, as the cyclone slowly moved northward across the southern half of the peninsula. Ernesto restrengthened into a tropical storm as it emerged from land near Cape Canaveral, and was just below hurricane strength when it made landfall again in North Carolina on 31 August.
Damage in Virginia totaled to $104 million (2006 USD)
Hurricane Florence.
Tropical Depression Six formed from an area of low pressure midway between Africa and the Lesser Antilles on 3 September. Initial strengthening of the depression was slow due to shearing wind conditions. Despite the moderate to high wind shear, it strengthened enough to become Tropical Storm Florence on the morning of 5 September. After becoming a tropical storm, Florence's wind field began to expand greatly; at one point tropical storm-force winds extended outward up to 405 miles from the center. With a disorganized structure and multiple circulation centers, Florence remained a weak tropical storm for several days, even after external conditions became favorable for strengthening. Around the evening of 8 September it resolved to a single center and steady strengthening resumed - "science had prevailed", as one forecaster remarked. On the morning of 10 September, Florence reached hurricane strength. Large swells, rip tide, and undertow were reported on Bermuda, the Leeward Islands, the Virgin Islands, and Hispaniola. Florence soon reached its peak as a Category 1 hurricane very near Bermuda, and became extratropical on 12 September, while still a hurricane.
Hurricane Gordon.
As Hurricane Florence moved norhtwestward, an area of low-pressure with scattered thunderstorm activity slowly became more organized while northeast of the Lesser Antilles. On the evening of September 10, it developed a closed circulation and was called Tropical Depression Seven. It continued to strengthen, and was then named Tropical Storm Gordon on September 11 and Hurricane Gordon late on September 12. Gordon attained Category 2 status on the evening of September 13, and was further upgraded to Category 3 status that same night, making it the first major hurricane of the season.
Around September 16 it was nearly stationary for some time in the mid-Atlantic about 1000 miles east of Bermuda, and weakened to be a weak hurricane. However as it subequently accelerated eastwards it restrengthened to category 2. On 19 September hurricane warnings were issued for the Azores, as the predicted path passed through the center of that archipelago. It became extratropical on September 20 after passing through Azorean waters, but the remnants side-swiped north-western Spain and then moved rapidly north towards Ireland and the west of Britain on September 21. By the morning of September 22, it had become absorbed into a large Atlantic low to the west of Ireland.
Hurricane Helene.
On September 10, an area of clustered thunderstorms began to move off the western African coast. It quickly became stronger and organized itself to become Tropical Depression Eight. Continuing to organize, it reached tropical storm strength on September 13, becoming a hurricane on September 16 and a major hurricane (Category 3 or higher on the Saffir-Sipson hurricane scale) on September 17. Helene moved generally west-northwestward before commencing a northeasterly turn. Large currents from Helene lashed Bermuda. The hurricane then became an extratropical storm on September 24 and died shortly after.
Hurricane Isaac.
An area of low pressure in mid-Atlantic generated active thunderstorms for several days and eventually organized into Tropical Depression Nine on 27 September and a tropical storm by 28 September. By that time it was about 810 miles east-southeast of Bermuda. It became a hurricane on 30 September, and passed about 280 miles (450 km) east of Bermuda before swinging northwards towards Newfoundland. As it was still a strong tropical storm near the Avalon Peninsula, tropical storm warnings were issued on 2 October due to the potential for high winds. Isaac passed 45 km (30 miles) to the southeast of Cape Race late that afternoon. The Canadian Hurricane Centre reports that if Isaac had tracked just 50 to 100 km (30 to 60 miles) further north than it did, the St. John's area would have experienced much higher winds than the peak gust of 54 km/h (34 km/h) it received.
At its closest approach to the Avalon Peninsula, Isaac was still tropical, and had maximum sustained winds of 50 knots and a minimum central pressure of 993 mbar. Strongest winds on land in Newfoundland were reported at Cape Race, where a maximum gust to 96 km/h (60 mph) with a sustained wind of 74 km/h (46 mph) was recorded. At Cape Pine, a peak wind was reported at 76 km/h (47 mph). However, due to Isaac's small size and fast forward speed, winds were lighter over most of the Avalon Peninsula.
Rainfall from Isaac was not reported to be higher than 25 mm (0.98 inches) in most areas due to Isaac's speed and decreasing amount of moisture. The highest measured amount was 26 mm (1.02 inch) at Cape Race, while Cape Pine reported 19 mm (0.75 inches) and St. John's reported less than 10 mm (0.39 inches).
Accumulated Cyclone Energy (ACE) rating.
The table on the right shows the ACE for each storm in the season. ACE is, broadly speaking, a measure of the power of the hurricane multiplied by the length of time it existed, so storms that last a long time, as well as particularly strong hurricanes, have high ACEs. ACE is only calculated for full advisories on tropical systems at or exceeding 35 knots (39 mph/63 km/h) or tropical storm strength.
The cumulative ACE for this season was toward the lower end of the official "Near Normal" grading. The number of tropical storms and hurricanes was near the long-term average.
2006 storm names.
These names will be used for storms that form in the North Atlantic in 2006. The names not retired from this list will be used again in the 2012 season. The list is the same as the 2000 season's list except for Kirk, which replaced Keith.
While it had been previously reported that a new backup list would be chosen (after it was first used in 2005), the National Hurricane Center reported in its first tropical weather outlook for the season that it would again use names from the Greek alphabet should the main list run out. It would again start with Alpha.
Retirement.
No names were retired, and this was announced by the World Meteorological Organization in the spring of 2007.

Crash Bandicoot (character)
Crash Bandicoot is a fictional character from the videogame series with the same name, where he is the hero. He is a bandicoot who acts like a human, wearing blue jeans and trainers.
Crash Bandicoot: The Wrath of Cortex (2001)
Crash Bandicoot: The Huge Adventure (2002)
Crash Bandicoot Purple: Ripto's Rage (2004)

Elblag
Elblag () is a city in the north of Poland. It has about 127,000 people. It was founded in 1237.

500 Series Shinkansen
The 500 Series Shinkansen are currently the fastest trains on the Shinkansen network. They run on the Tokaido and Sanyo Shinkansen railway lines. The 500 Series Shinkansen runs only the Nozomi service. This means it stops at the fewest amount of stations. Because of this, it is the fastest Shinkansen service. All 500 Series services are run with 16 cars. Seats on 13 cars of the 16 cars train are reserved.
The 500 Series is going to be replaced by the N700 Series in 2009. When this happens, the 500 series will run with fewer cars and will stop at more stations. It will be running a slower Hikari service, instead of a Nozomi service.

Balaton
Balaton is the biggest lake in Hungary. Every year many tourists come to Balaton from Germany. There are many places to be visited. The north part of Balaton is deeper than the south part.
The so-called capital of the Lake Balaton is Siofok. During the summer the streets are full of life, and in the nighttime there are several disco places to attract the people.

Ceres (dwarf planet)
Ceres (,), also known as 1 Ceres, is the smallest dwarf planet in the Solar System and the only one in the main asteroid belt. It was discovered on January 1, 1801, by Giuseppe Piazzi, and is named after the Roman goddess Ceres—the goddess of growing plants, the harvest, and of motherly love. After about 200 years from its discovery, the International Astronomical Union decided to upgrade Ceres from an asteroid (or minor planet) to dwarf planetary status in 2006.
With a diameter of about 950 km, Ceres is by far the largest and most massive object in the asteroid belt, and has about a third of the belt's total mass. Recent observations have discovered that the asteroid is spherical, unlike the irregular shapes of smaller bodies with lower gravity. At its brightest it is still too dim to be seen with the naked eye.
On September 27, 2007, NASA launched the Dawn Mission space probe to explore Ceres and Vesta.

Aquarium
An aquarium (plural "aquariums" or "aquaria") is a place where fish and other animals that live in water are kept by humans. An aquarium can be a small tank, or a large building with one or more large tanks.
Keeping an aquarium is a popular hobby around the world. Careful aquarists (someone who keeps an aquarium) make sure their fish live in an environment similar to their natural habitats. This means caring about water quality, lighting, and food.
Large, public aquariums are often popular tourist attractions. They show the fish and other animals they keep in large tanks, and also often protect species that are close to extinction.

Earle Page
Sir Earle Christmas Grafton Page (8 August 1880 - 20 December 1961) was the eleventh Prime Minister of Australia. He became Prime Minister when Joseph Lyons died in office. He remained until a new leader, Robert Menzies, was elected by the United Australia Party.

Ronin
Ronin (浪人) is the word used to describe a kind of samurai without a master. Hundreds of years ago in Japan, it was very important for every samurai to have a master.
It also refers to somebody who has failed their university entrance exams and is studying for the next year's exams.

İsmet Özel
İsmet Özel is a Turkish poet. He was born in 1944 in Kayseri, Turkey.
He started his university degree at Political Science Faculty of Ankara University. He graduated French Language at Hacettepe University.
In 1970, he published a literature magazine "Halkın Dostları" with Ataol Behremoğlu, a Turkish poet and Russian linguist. In fact, Ataol Behramoğlu purified his poetry by leaving out crude propaganda and naive didacticism.

Acarology
Acarology (ac-carr-ol-e-gee) is the study of mites and ticks.

Fredrik Reinfeldt
John Fredrik Reinfeldt (born August 4, 1965) is the Prime Minister of Sweden. He became Prime Minister in 2006. He is also the leader of the Moderate Party. The Moderate Party is the largest of the four political parties in the Swedish government, but the second largest in the parliament following the Social Democrats and their leader Mona Sahlin.

Coat of Arms of Russia
The coat of arms of Russia (Russian: ГербРоссии/Transkription Gerb rossi) was used since the year 1993 as coat of arms of Russia. Since the year 2000, the coat of arms was defined by court decision to the coat of arms of Russia. It is based on the coat of arms used before the Soviet Union. The coat of arms has been changed many time, but can be traced back for centuries.
Double Eagle.
The double eagle was added Ivan III after his marriage with the Byzantine princess Sophia Paleologue. She was the niece of Constantine XI, the last Byzantine Emperor. The double-headed eagle was the symbol of the Byzantine Empire. The orb and scepter held by the eagle are heraldic symbols of sovereignpower and autocracy.
Other parts.
The horse's rider is Saint George fightin a dragon. The three crowns were added in 1625. Through time, their meaning has changed. They have been seen as the conquered kingdoms of Kazan, Astrakhan and Siberia, or as the coming together of 'All the Russias' - "Grand Russia" (Russia), "Little Russia" (today's Ukraine) and "White Russia" (Belarus). In the modern time, they became the symbol for the three parts of government: Executive, legislative and Judiciary.

Brother Bear
"Brother Bear" is a Disney animated movie from 2003. It is about a human named Kenai who turns into a bear and discovers brotherhood.
The Story.
Long ago, as the Earth was emerging from the Ice Age, there were three brothers. After a bear takes the life of the oldest brother, impulsive youngest brother Kenai kills the bear in revenge, only to be changed into a bear himself by the Great Spirits. Denahi, the middle brother, comes upon this bear and, thinking it killed Kenai, vows revenge. Now,it's brother hunts brother and Kenai's only hope to change back is to find the place where the lights touch the Earth. Along the way,he meets a grizzly cub named Koda, who is also going there. So the adventure ensures and in the end, Kenai (with the help of Koda) discovers the true meaning of brotherhood.

Logical volume management
Logical volume management is a method of allocating computer storage. It is about allocating space on "mass storage devices", like hard drives. It is more flexible than the partitioning of the drive into static (unchangeable) volumes. With a logical volume manager it is possible to grow partitions, even beyond the size of one physical disk. It is also possible to use striping or to put partitions together and combine them while they are being used.
Logical volume management is a form of virtualisation. It makes it easier to adapt to the changing storage needs of computer users.
Design.
Volume managers differ but some basic concepts exist across most versions. The volume manager starts with "physical volumes" or PVs, which can be hard disk partitions, RAID devices or SAN LUNs. PVs are split into small chunks of even size (a default of 4 MB on HP-UX) called "physical extents" or PEs. The PEs are then pooled into a "volume group" or VG.
The pooled PEs can then be concatenated together into virtual disk partitions called "logical volumes" or LVs. These LVs behave just like hard disk partitions: mountable file systems can be created on them, or they can be used as raw block devices for swap.
The LVs can be grown by concatenating more PEs from the pool. Some volume managers allow LV shrinking; some allow online resizing in either direction. Changing the size of the LV does not necessarily change the size of a filesystem on it; it merely changes the size of its containing space. A file system that can be resized online is recommended because it allows the system to adjust its storage on-the-fly without interrupting applications.
PVs may also be organized into "physical volume groups" or PVGs. This allows LVs to be mirrored by pairing together its PEs with redundant ones on a different PVG, so that the failure of one PVG will still leave at least one complete copy of the LV online. In practice, PVGs are usually chosen so that their PVs reside on different sets of disks and/or data buses for maximum redundancy.
Some volume managers also implement snapshotting by applying copy-on-write (COW) to each PE. In this scheme, the volume manager will copy a PE to a "COW table" just before it is written to. This preserves an old version of the LE—the "snapshot"—which can later be reconstructed by overlaying the copy-on-write table on the current LE. Snapshots which are read-write are "branching snapshots" because they implicitly allow diverging versions of an LE.
Snapshots can be useful for backing up self-consistent versions of volatile data like table files from a busy database, or for rolling back large changes in one swoop, such as an operating system upgrade. Some Linux-based LiveCD systems also use snapshots to simulate read-write access on a read-only compact disc.
Disadvantages.
The levels of indirection that volume managers introduce can complicate disaster recovery, especially when the base operating system and other essential tools are themselves on an LE.

Metallica (album)
Metallica (also known as The Black Album) is Metallica's most successful album, selling over 14 million copies worldwide. It contained songs such as "Enter Sandman", "Nothing Else Matters", "Sad but True" and "The Unforgiven".

Rainbow Trout
A rainbow trout is a species (kind) of fish. It is farmed in some places. Like all trouts, it is related to Salmon. It can be found almost everywhere.The rainbow trout is one of a variety of different trout.

Fat-tailed Gerbil
The Fat-tailed Gerbil is a species of gerbil. Its tail becomes fatter when it eats something. Then it uses it when food becomes scarce. They can live 5 to 7 years in captivity. It is from Africa.
They can survive a long time without drinking.
They bury themselves under the sand until night so that there are not as many predators that will attack them.

Dragon Ball
"Dragon Ball" "(ドラゴンボール, Doragon Bōru)" is a Japanese Manga and Anime by Akira Toriyama. The main character is a saiyan boy named Goku. Goku is in search of the mysterious Dragon Balls. When seven Dragon Balls are gathered, one wish will be granted by Shenron the Dragon. Goku is accompanied by Bulma and trained by Master Roshi. The Dragon Ball series is separated into several other media adaptions, including two spinoff shows, Dragon ball Z and Dragon ball GT. Other spinoffs include a trading card game, several movies, and multiple video games, making the Dragon ball franchise well known world wide.
Saiyans.
Saiyans are a race with of aliens. They have great powers and technology. Most Saiyans travel from planet to planet destroying the people who live there so that they can sell the planet. Most Saiyans can be easily noticed by their tail but some have lost their tails. Saiyans with out tails include Goku, Vegeta, and Gohan.
Super Saiyans.
A "Super Saiyan" is a strong form a Saiyan can have. Saiyans can become a super Saiyan when they become angry or they train very hard.
Dragon Ball Z.
"Dragon Ball Z" is a sequel based on the original "Dragon Ball". This series features the same primary characters and has 16 sagas totally.
Frieza's forces.
Frieza is the main villain in the "Dragon Ball Z" series. He is often seen with a group of other characters who help him.

Flowers for Algernon
"Flowers for Algernon" is a book written by Daniel Keyes in 1960.
The main character of the book is Charlie Gordon, an unintelligent but lovable person. Charlie is used in part of a new experiment to triple his IQ. He becomes intelligent, and learns to read and enjoy the world around him better. But later, people stop liking him as much because he makes them feel bad. He learns that it is more important to be a good person than a smart person. He frequents a class for feeble minded folks taught by a teacher named Miss Kinnian. While Charlie's IQ grows so does his love for her. He finds himself in a state of depression, unhappy and unsatisfied with his new artificial IQ.
The title of the book comes from a mouse in the story named Algernon who also has the experiment done on him.
"Flowers for Algernon" is on many schools' lists of books that students must read.

Steatite
Steatite or soapstone is a metamorphic rock. It has a large amount of the mineral talc.
Steatite is softer than most stones. Because steatite feels like soap, people call it "soapstone". People have been making things out of soapstone for thousands of years.
Steatite has been a major component of ceramics used as electrical component insulators for many years. It is easily formable into many shapes.

Treaty of Tordesillas
The Treaty of Tordesillas was a treaty between Portugal and Spain in 1494 where they agreed to divide up all the land on the Earth outside of Europe between the two of them, no matter who was already living there. Pope Alexander VI was the pope at the time of the treaty. He drew an imaginary line at 480 kilometers and gave Spain the land to the west Cape Verde Islands and Portugal the land to the east of it. Knig Ferdinand and Queen Isabella were the rulers of Spain at the time.

Mr. Magoo
Mr. Quincy Magoo was a popular cartoon character from the late 1940s until the 1970s. Jim Backus was the voice of Mr. Magoo. Mr. Magoo was not able to see well because he was very farsighted.
History.
The first cartoon with Mr. Magoo was "The Ragtime Bear" (1949).
Magoo family.
Her husband, Father, (like his mom, or "mum", Magoo's
father has no name), died at the age of 155.
Supporting Characters.
His wife, Apu the Queen, died at the age of 58.

Jam
Jam is a condiment. It is made from fruit usually, by adding sugar, and sometimes pectin. Most jams are cooked.
Usually a jam contains as much sugar as it contains fruit. The two parts are then cooked together.
In the European Union, there is the jam directive (Council Directive 79/693/EEC, 24 July 1979). It sets minimum standards for the amount of "fruit" in jam, but the definition of fruit was expanded. This was done to take several unusual kinds of jam made in the EU into account. For this purpose, "fruit" is considered to include fruits that are not usually treated as fruits, such as tomatoes; fruits that are not normally made into jams, such as melons and water melons; and vegetables that are sometimes made into jams, such as: rhubarb (the edible part of the stalks), carrots, sweet potatoes, cucumbers, and pumpkins. This definition continues to apply in the new directive, Council Directive 2001/113/EC (20 December 2001).
Marmalade is jam made from oranges.
Joan Miró used blackberry jam as an art medium.

Neiße
The word Neisse or Neiße (German) or Nysa (Polish) is the name of three rivers and one city.

Old
Old is the opposite of new. When something is not considered new anymore, it may be considered old. It is also the opposite of young.
Old can refer to someone or something's age.
Old can mean that something is out of date or past its "sell by" date.
Different things go out of date or grow old at different rates. For example technology has a short life span and can be considered old after only one year. Human beings can by considered young at 20 years old, yet a cat would be considered old at 20 years old, because humans live much longer than cats.

Penalty kick
A Penalty kick (short pen) is a type of free kick in soccer. The ball is 11 meters away from the goal post. A penalty kick is taken by the team which has been fouled if the violent act is made in the penalty box.
Penalty shootout.
Penalties can also happen in a penalty shootout, when there is a draw in a match even after added extra time.

Vanilla
Vanilla is a flavoring. The plant it grows on is a vine. It grows by climbing other plants, like trees. It is derived from orchids in the genus Vanilla. The pure (man-made) form of the flavoring is known as vanillin. The main species harvested for vanilla is called "Vanilla planifolia".
The plant was brought back to Europe by the Spanish. In Mesoamerica it was a well-regarded spice.
Today, most of the flavoring is done in chemical laboratories.

Pepper
Peppers are plants, but there are many unrelated genera

Glatzer Neisse
The Glatzer Neiße (Polish Nysa Kłodzka) is a river that flows into the Oder river from the left.
It is 150 km long, and flows through the cities of the central forest (Miedzylesie): Habelschwerdt (Bystrzyca Kłodzka) and Glatz (Kłodzko). It then runs eastward. Other cities on the river are Patschkau (Paczków), Ottmachau (Otmuchów), Lausitzer Neiße (Lewin Brzeski) and Schurgast (Skorogoszcz). Finally, it flows at the village of Riebnig (Rybna) southeast from Brieg (Brzeg) into the Oder.

Oder River
The Oder River (Polish and Czech: Odra) is a 866 km-long river, which flows through the Czech republic, Poland and Germany, and into the Baltic Sea.
Some bigger towns the Oder passes are Wrocław, Eisenhüttenstadt, Frankfurt on the Oder, Szczecin and Police, Poland.

Robert Schumann
Robert Schumann (b. Zwickau in Saxony, June 8, 1810; died July 29, 1856) was a famous German composer. He lived in the time called the Romantic period. He had to give up his plans for being a concert pianist because he injured his hand. He published a music magazine and wrote a lot of articles about music that had just been composed. His music is full of things that are typical of Romantic music: it is full of emotion, the pieces often have titles that describe things, and they are often inspired by literature. He wrote a great deal of piano music. Some of this music is hard to play, but other pieces are quite easy. Many children learn to play some of the pieces in his "Album for the Young". His songs (Lieder) are among the best ever written. He also wrote larger works like symphonies and concertos and chamber music. Sometimes he felt very happy but at other times he was very depressed. These changes of mood can be heard in a lot of his music.
Life.
Robert Schumann was the fifth and youngest child of a bookseller and publisher. As a boy he liked reading the books in his father’s shop. He began to compose when he was seven. At school he was extremely good at music and literature. He passed his school-leaving examination with very high marks. His family wanted him to be a lawyer, so he went to Leipzig to study law but he hardly ever went to any lectures. He was much more interested in music and literature, but also in women and drinking. He took piano lessons from a teacher called Friedrich Wieck. Wieck had a 9 year-old daughter Clara. Many years later she was to become his wife. Clara was a brilliant pianist. Her father took her on concert tours because she was a prodigy.
Schumann started to compose short piano pieces and songs. He loved the music of Schubert and when he heard that Schubert had died he cried all night. He often practised the piano for seven hours a day. However, he started to have problems with his fingers. It has often been said that he hurt his hands because he made something to stretch his fingers, but people now think it was more likely due to mercury poisoning because doctors had used mercury to try to cure his syphilis. Whatever the reason, he could not continue to be a pianist and he spent the rest of his life composing and writing about music. Many of his articles appeared in a journal called "Neue Zeitschrift für Musik" ("New Journal for Music") which he started.
In 1834 he became engaged to a girl of sixteen called Ernestine, but then Schumann broke off the engagement because he loved Clara Wieck. Clara’s parents did not want her to marry him. Her father did everything he could to stop the marriage. Maybe he guessed that Schumann had syphilis, maybe he knew that he was often drunk. In the end, after many arguments, court cases and secret meetings between Robert and Clara, they were married in 1840.
Schumann suffered from manic depression. When he was depressed he hardly wrote anything, but 1840 was a happy year for him and he wrote lots of songs as well as orchestral music. In 1841 he wrote four symphonies. In 1842 they went on a concert tour together, but Schumann found it difficult because Clara was more famous than he was. He returned alone to Leipzig to work at his publishing. He felt depressed again at this time and drank a lot of beer and champagne. He was happy again when Clara returned, and composed some chamber music. In 1844 they toured Russia and played to the Tsar. By August he had a complete nervous breakdown and could not bear to listen to his own music. It took him some time to recover.
By now he was good at writing all kinds of music. He wrote music for the famous play "Faust" by Goethe. He wrote one opera, "Genoveva", in 1849. His fame spread slowly. For many years Dresden and Leipzig were the only towns where he was famous. In 1850 he became musical director at Düsseldorf. In 1853 he met Brahms. Brahms became a great friend of the Schumann family. Schumann published an article in the "Neue Zeitschrift für Musik" with the heading “Neue Bahnen” (“New Paths”) in which he said that Brahms (who was 20 at the time) was going to be a very great composer. He was right.
Schumann had often thought of trying to kill himself. On 27 February 1854 he threw himself into the river Rhine. He was rescued by some boatmen, but when they brought him to land he seemed to have gone quite mad. He was taken to an asylum where he spent the last two years of his life. He died on 29 July 1856.
Schumann’s music.
Schumann’s piano music is very well known. Although he had to give up his career as a pianist his wife Clara played his pieces and helped them to become famous. Many of his piano works are collections of short pieces, each with a title e.g. "Papillons" ("Butterflies"), "Davidsbündlertänze", "Carnaval". Schumann was thinking of carnival celebrations when he wrote these pieces. The Davidsbündler was a group of people Schumann belonged to who did not like the “Philistines” (people who did not enjoy good music, named after the Philistines in the Bible) In "Carnaval" the two sides of Schumann’s personality are represented by Florestan and Eusebius. Schumann's manic depression (the happy and the tragic moods that he had) are heard side by side in his music. Other piano works include "Scenes from Childhood", "Kreisleriana" and the popular "Album for the Young" which has some quite easy pieces like "Soldier’s March" and the famous "Träumerei" ("Dreaming"). There are also longer works for piano: 3 sonatas, a Toccata and a Phantasie.
His chamber music includes string quartets and a famous piano quintet.
Schumann was one of the great composers of Lieder (German songs). He chose poetry by famous German poets and set them to music in very imaginative ways. The piano has very interesting accompaniments which help to bring out the meaning of the words. He wrote a song-cycle called "Dichterliebe" ("Poet’s Love") which is a setting of some poems by Heinrich Heine. Another song-cycle is called "Frauenliebe und -leben" ("Woman’s Love and Life") to words by Adalbert von Chamisso.
Although the young Schumann seemed to prefer writing short pieces, he became more interested in long works after meeting Mendelssohn. He was also inspired to write symphonies after he discovered Schubert’s Symphony no 9 which no one knew that Schubert had written. He found it in a box in Vienna at the house of Schubert’s brother. Schumann wrote four symphonies. One of his best is the Third which is often called the "Rhenish" Symphony (after the river Rhine). The Fourth in d minor is also a great work. Using only a few musical ideas he develops them in many ways and writes a long, four-movement work. His piano concerto is a great favourite. Clara Schumann played it with the Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra at its first performance on New Year’s Day 1846.
After Schumann’s death Clara devoted herself to playing her husband’s music and helping it to become well known. She visited England regularly where she played at concerts. She also edited a lot of Schumann’s works for the publisher Breitkopf und Härtel.

Lecture
A lecture is when someone talks to a group of people about something interesting. It is like a lesson. At college or university students go to lectures to learn things. The person who is teaching (talking to the group) is called the lecturer.
Sometimes we say that someone was "given a lecture". This means that he was told off for doing something wrong.

Moselle
Moselle is a "département" in the east of France named after the Moselle River.

Clara Schumann
Clara Schumann (born Leipzig 13 September, 1819; died Frankfurt am Main 20 May, 1896), was the wife of composer Robert Schumann. She was a famous pianist and composer.
Clara was born Clara Wieck. Her father taught her the piano. She was a prodigy and by the time she was thirteen her father was taking her on concert tours.
She was only nine years old when Robert Schumann came to Leipzig to study law at the university. Robert Schumann’s family had told him that he had to study law, but he wanted to be a musician. He took piano lessons from Clara’s father, Friedrich Wieck.
Clara not only learned the piano, she also studied singing, the violin, instrumentation, score reading, counterpoint and composition. By 1835 she was famous in the whole of Europe and was admired by Goethe, Mendelssohn, Chopin, Paganini and, of course, Robert Schumann.
Clara’s father did not want them to marry. He did everything he could to stop the marriage. For several years life was very difficult for them, but in the end, by 1840, they were married.
They had a happy marriage and had eight children. Clara played her husband’s piano works (Schumann had a hand injury and had to stop playing the piano). She ran the household and earned money by teaching and performing. Life was not always easy. When they went on tours together Clara was more famous than her husband, and this was difficult for him. Robert often had depression. They both taught at the Leipzig Conservatorium and Clara also taught privately in Dresden and Düsseldorf.
Robert Schumann died in 1856 after two years in a mental asylum. Clara was left with seven small children to bring up. Nevertheless she continued her career as a pianist and often travelled to other countries, especially England, where she played Robert’s piano works. She was great friends with Brahms and often performed his works, too.
Clara’s own compositions are all from her early years. She was a very gifted composer. In those days people thought that women should not be composers. Playing the piano was one thing, but a woman was not expected to be a professional composer. Clara knew this, and devoted more time to her playing, and to editing her husband’s music.
Clara’s compositions include more than 20 piano works, a piano concerto, some chamber music and several songs.

Four Noble Truths
The Four Noble Truths are a Buddhist teaching.
The Eightfold Path.
Truth is found through the Middle Way by way of the Noble Eightfold Path.

Composition
The word "composition" is used in literature, drama and poetry means the way that words are put together.
Musical composition means putting notes together to make a piece of music.
The word "composition" is used in art to mean the way that colors or shapes are put together.
It is also used in mathematics and science in a number of ways, all meaning "putting things together".

Composition (music)
In music the word composition can be used in two ways.
A composition is a piece of music (the word "composition" means "putting together", so a composition is something where music notes have been put together). When a composer writes a piece of music he or she is composing a musical composition.
The word "composition" can also mean: learning the skill of how to compose. Music students may go to music college to study composition. They will do this by looking at famous pieces of music to see how the composers of the past wrote music. They will study musical form, harmony, orchestration, counterpoint and learn about all the instruments and how to write well for them so that it sounds nice.

Theory of relativity
The Theory of Relativity was created by Galileo Galilei in the 1600s. It was then developed more by Albert Einstein in the early 1900s. The theory of relativity is two theories. The first is Special Relativity and the second is General Relativity.
Special Relativity.
Special Relativity says that every person has their own time. One person's clock says something different from another person's clock. The reason a person's time can be different from another's is because of Time Dilation, which can be thought of more easily by the Twin Paradox.
Twin Paradox.
The Twin Paradox shows how time is changed because of speed and mass. The faster someone moves or the more mass they have, the slower time passes for them. This is shown by a pair of twins. Imagine that one of the twins goes away at fast speeds while the other twin stays home. When he returns, the twin that travelled will be younger than his brother who stayed at home. This is because time moved slower for him while he was traveling than for his brother who stayed home.
General Relativity.
General Relativity adds gravity to Special Relativity. It says that space and time are joined together. Space is like a grid. Balls (planets) on the grid bend it because of their weight or speed. As one ball moves towards another it falls towards the other ball due to the dent in the grid. It can be shown by putting balls on a trampoline. The dent in the grid is like gravity.
How it works with Special Relativity.
If space and time are one thing and that is shown by a grid; then curvature of the grid show why time slows down around heavy things.
Criticism of Relativity.
G. O. Mueller wrote a whole encyclopedia refuting Einstein's relativity. Mueller, Aristotle, Kant and Leibniz say that space and time are categories of perception, not distortable "things," and so are not joined
together. The speed of light could be higher. Paul Dirac and others thought that constants can change over time, too (e.g. gravitation). Mueller lists about 4000 Einstein-critical works since 1905, rallying worldwide for rethinking relativity.
References.
Mainly, wormholes are a solution to Einstein's theory of Relativity because they both relate with time. Wormholes are theoretically believed to be able to travel through any time in space. And Einstein's theory proves that every person has a different time.

Cyclone Steve
Tropical Cyclone Steve was a tropical cyclone that affected northern Australia from February 27, 2000 until March 11, 2000. Cyclone Steve was a Category 2 storm on the Australian tropical cyclone scale. Cyclone Steve was noted for existing for a long time and travelling a long way around northern and western Australia. It affected the states of Queensland, the Northern Territory and Western Australia before moving to the south of the continent. Steve is the first known Australian cyclone to cross the coast in four separate areas in the country.
Storm history.
A tropical low formed in the Coral Sea to the east of Willis Island on February 25, 2000. It quickly became stronger and was named Tropical Cyclone Steve at around 7 am Eastern Standard Time (EST) on the February 27, 2000. The cyclone crossed the Queensland coast as a Category 2 storm on February 27 to the north of Cairns at around 7 pm EST. Steve became weak over land and was put down to a tropical low on February 28.
The low moved westward and rose to tropical cyclone strength over the Gulf of Carpentaria on the same day at around 10 pm EST. The cyclone passed over Mornington Island in the southern Gulf of Carpentaria and crossed the Northern Territory coast north of Port McArthur on March 1 as a Category 1. The cyclone weakened again to a tropical low, but managed to hang on as it crossed the base of the Top End of the Northern Territory. The low moved just south of the Joseph Bonaparte Gulf into the Kimberley region of Western Australia and became once again into a tropical cyclone just west of Broome on March 5 at 1 pm Western Standard Time (WST).
Cyclone Steve moved to the west southwest near the Pilbara coast and increased in strength during the day and was raised to a Category 2 system early on March 6. The cyclone had an atmospheric pressure of 975 hPa on that day. Cyclone Steve still moved to the southwest, as it passed north of Port Hedland and Karratha on March 6, before crossing the Pilbara coast near Mardie at around midnight on March 6. This was the third time Steve crossed the coast. The system was again lowered to a Category 1 as it moved further over land.
At around midnight on March 7, Steve again moved over sea about 175 km (109 mi) north of Carnarvon and moved southwards along the coast. However, the system did not grow in strength and made its fourth and last landfall at around midnight on March 9 east of Denham. Steve then continued to move to the southeast and gained in speed across southern parts of Western Australia during the 10th and 11th of March and becoming extratropical, before moving off the coast for the final time to the east of Esperance late on March 11 and over the waters of the Great Australian Bight.
Queensland.
Cyclone Steve caused major flooding between Cairns and Mareeba. A record flood level of 12.4 m (41 ft) was reached at Mareeba on February 28, 2000. Many buildings in Cairns had serious water damage including the Cairns Hospital. Cairns recorded its wettest February on record, with the suburb of Manunda recording 1462.7 mm (58 in), and Bartlefrere recording 3376 mm (133 in). Wind gusts up to 140 km/h (87mph) caused many buildings in Cairns and Kuranda to lose their roofs. Hundreds of trees were blown away and powerlines were brought down in all of the district, which stopped supplies from arriving to more than 40,000 residents. In Cairns, a very big fig tree was wiped out with the entire root system out of the ground. Crops were badly damaged by floods and winds, with the sugar cane damage alone estimated at $20 million (AUD). The total damage bill in north Queensland as a result with Cyclone Steve was estimated at over $100 million (AUD).
Northern Territory.
Very strong winds and heavy rainfall was recorded across the Top End. Several trees were blown out of their roots in Oenpelli which reported winds gusts of over 90 km/h (56 mph). Gusts near 90 km/h (56mph) in Darwin overnight on the 2nd of March brought down trees. There was flooding in the Katherine, Daly and Victoria River regions. Water levels in the Katherine River came to within about 3 metres (10 ft) of those experienced in the floods of 1998, but fortunately eased off without flooding the town. Rainfall across the Top End, Victoria River region over a four day period between 29th February to 4th March was between 200 and 400 millimetres (8 to 16 inches). Totals were much the same recorded over four days in the Kimberley region. Numerous Northern Territory roads and highways were cut with many communities separated from others.
Western Australia.
Near gale force winds were reported at Port Hedland for a period of about 17 hours beginning at midnight WST on March 5. The maximum gust recorded was 104 km/h (65 mph) (between 8 and 9 am WST March 6). Winds on average were near 70 km/h (43 mph) at Karratha on the early evening of March 6 and the maximum gust recorded was 98 km/h (61 mph) at 6 pm WST.
The very heavy rainfall from Steve produced large flooding in northern parts of the state, including the Gascoyne region. Communities in the Kimberley region which remained separated from others for more than two weeks required food and supply air-drops. Low-lying areas of Carnarvon were flooded when the Gascoyne River burst its banks. The Gascoyne River at Carnarvon reached its highest level since 1960.
Parts of the western Pilbara and northern Gascoyne had totals that ranged from 200 to 300 mm. Several sites reported highest on record daily rainfall amounts including Mandora (281.0 mm on 6th) and Mount Narryer (152.0 mm on 10th). Carnarvon (100.6 mm on 9th) reported its highest March daily rainfall since records started 45 years ago. Rainfall ranging from 50 to 100 mm were experienced over inland parts, extending in a south-easterly direction from the west Gascoyne to the south coast near Esperance. Flooding was experienced in the Esperance area and number of roads and bridges were washed away. Salmon Gums Research Station recorded 91 mm of rain on the 11th of March.
Retirement.
The name Steve was removed from the official list of tropical cyclone names that were produced by the Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre in Brisbane. It was replaced with the name Stan.

BIOS
BIOS, in computing, stands for Basic Input/Output System also incorrectly known as Basic Integrated Operating System.
BIOS refers to the software code run by a computer when first powered on. The primary function of BIOS is to prepare the machine so other software programs stored on various media (such as hard drives, floppies, and CDs) can load, execute, and assume control of the computer. This process is known as
BIOS can also be said to be a coded program embedded on a chip that recognises and controls various devices that make up the computer. The term BIOS is specific to personal computer vendors. Among other classes of computers, the generic terms "boot monitor", "boot loader" or "boot ROM" are commonly used.

Anna Politkovskaya
Anna Stepanovna Politkovskaya ("Анна Степановна Политковская"; 30 August 1958 — 7 October 2006) was a Russian journalist. Journalists write texts for newspapers. Anna Politkovskaya wrote for the newspaper "Novaya Gazeta". She was born in the New York. Her parents were diplomants. Her origin (virgin) name was Anna Stepanovna Mazepa ("Анна Степановна Мазепа").
Journalism.
She was best-known for her thoughts about the war in Chechnya, a Russian state. She was also against the current leader of Russia, president Vladimir Putin. Many of her texts asked for human rights.
Death.
On October 7, 2006, she was murdered at the house where she lived. Many people think this murder has political reasons. Many western regimes have pressed for a thorough investigation of the circumstances of her death. They see it as another attempt to stifle opposition to the current Russian regime, as perhaps one of the last chances to save the freedom of the press in Russia. The "Noyava Gazeta" has put up a reward for information that can explain why she was killed.
See also.
Boris Berezovsky

Bengali language
Bengali is a language from South Asia. It is spoken in both Bangladesh and in the Republic of India. Almost all of the people in Bangladesh speak Bengali, but in India it is only spoken in the state of West Bengal provincial region.
Almost two-hundred million people speak Bengali, which makes it one of the most widely spoken languages in the world.
Many famous books and poems are written in Bengali.
Rabindranath Tagore was a famous poet who won the Nobel Prize in Literature.

Peso
The peso is money used in many countries. These include Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Mexico, Philippines, and Uruguay.
It was first used in Spain. Spain then brought it to its colonies. Later, Spain stopped using this name, but some of the colonies still have it.

Robert Menzies
Sir Robert Gordon Menzies (20 December 1894 - 14 May 1978) was the twelfth Prime Minister of Australia. He was Prime Minister for a total of 18 and half years which is the longest in Australia's history. After the death of Joseph Lyons he was elected leader of the United Australia Party and became Prime Minister in 1939. He resigned in 1941 after a lot of criticism. In 1944 he helped form the new Liberal Party. In 1949 he was re-elected Prime Minister. He stayed in the job until he retired in 1966.

Pauline Fowler
Pauline Fowler was a character in "EastEnders". The actress who played her is Wendy Richard.
In the show, she lived at number 45 Albert Square. She had three children, Mark, Michelle and Martin. Mark died in 2004.
She was married to a man called Joe Macer, and she also had three grandchildren called Vicki, Mark and Rebecca and a dog called Betty.
When she was born, her name was Pauline Beale. She married a man called Arthur Fowler, who is the father of her children. He died in 1996.
Pauline's mother and father Albert and Lou Beale are both dead. She has six brothers and sisters called Pete, Kenny, Dora, Harry, Ronnie and Maggie. Pete and Ronnie are both dead.
Pauline worked at a launderette with her best friend Dot Branning.
Pauline was in the show since it started in 1985 and left at Christmas 2006 when she died.

Will Young
Will Young (born January 20, 1979) is an English singer and actor. He became famous in 2002 when he won the British singing competition, "Pop Idol". Since then, he has had a successful music career.
Will Young has released three albums so far and has had four number one singles in the United Kingdom. He also acted in the film "Mrs. Henderson Presents".

Concentration
In chemistry, concentration is how much of a substance is mixed with another substance.
To concentrate a solution, one must add more solute, or reduce the amount of solvent. To dilute a solution, one must add more solvent, or reduce the amount of solute.

Nightshade
The Nightshades (Solanaceae) is a family of plants. All of them bear flowers. Many members of the family are edible, but some are poisonous. Very often, only certain parts of the plant are edible or poisonous. Well known members of this family are Chili peppers, Petunia, Deadly nightshade, Mandrake, Potato, Tomato, Aubergine (Eggplant) and Tobacco.
It is believed that nightshades, can cause and aggrivate inflammation, many people find enormous relief by avoiding them in their diet.

Woodworking
Woodworking is a skill. In woodworking, one can cut or sand (make wood smooth).
Safety measures.
When one is doing woodworking, be careful of any potential harm. Remember to wear safety goggles or a facemask (like safety goggles. but to protect ones face). Do not wear long clothing, because it can get stuck in a tool.
Courses.
There are a lot of woodworking classes, and lots of them are offered in middle schools.
In woodworking, the type of wood you get is very important. There are two types of wood: soft and hard wood. The words hard and soft wood comes from the type of tree it came from. So a hard pice of wood could be a soft wood.
There are a lot of tools that people use a lot during woodworking, such as sandpaper (used to make wood nice to touch), files, rasps (all used for trimming wood, cutting, etc), saws (cutting wood), and automatic saws (saws that use electricity to run).

Anaesthesia
Anaestesia (or Anesthesia) is when a doctor can block pain, or alter how people feel pain. This can also be true for other sensations. That way, people can have surgery without feeling most of that pain. These three tasks are known as the 'triad of anaesthesia'.
More precisely, anaesthesia (or anesthesia) is 'sleep' and analgesia is the relief of pain. Modern Anaesthesia is highly complex and often involves a combination of anaesthesia, analgesia and muscle relaxation to enable surgeons or proceduralists to do their part. These three tasks are known as the triad of anaesthesia.
If people are simply made to feel more pleasantly, or less anxious, this is called sedation.

Chessmaster
Chessmaster aka (CM) is a gaming program made by Ubisoft. Chessmaster is stronger than most programs, although some high quality programs beat Chessmaster 10th edition, the latest version of Chessmaster series. Chessmaster 9000, a previous version, defeated Larry Christiansen, a well-known chess grandmaster, former United States champion. The original Chessmaster 2000 & CM2100 were produced by now defunct software toolworks coompany. CM was introduced to the public in mid 1986; the first person to play the program in an experimental mode on Atari system (fastest processor at the time), in 1984 was gambit king GM Jacob Yuchtman (1/14/1935-1/28/1985!), winning the match with perfect 5-0 score without any major problems.

Francis of Assisi
Saint Francis of Assisi (September 26 1181-October 3, 1226) is a Christian Saint. He is the founder of the Franciscan Order and patron saint of animals, the environment, merchants, Italy and Catholic Action. He was born in Assisi in Italy where a large basilica was built in his honour.
On his feast day, October 4, many churches have a ceremony for people to bring their pets and working animals to church.

Printing
Printing is putting words and images on paper, most of the time using ink. Books and newspapers are made by printing.

Adelaide Cup
The Adelaide Cup is a horserace, held in Adelaide, South Australia. It has been held at the Morphettville Racecourse since 2001.

David Lynch
David Lynch (born January 20, 1946) is an American independent film director. His movies include "Eraserhead", "Blue Velvet", "The Elephant Man" and "Mulholland Drive". He was also responsible for a television series called "Twin Peaks", his overall most famous work. "Eraserhead", his first movie, is still his most famous theatrical movie. It was recently deemed socially important by the United States Library of Congress. He has done much work with Jack Nance, who has appeared in all but two of his movies. He has said that all his movies will be done using digital video from now on.
He is also famous for his early short films. "The Alphabet" and "The Grandmother" are two of his most famous. "The Alphabet" is about fear of education. "The Grandmother" is about a lonely boy who grows a grandmother like a plant from a seed.

The Dark Side of the Moon
"The Dark Side Of The Moon" is a famous album by the band Pink Floyd.
History.
It debuted in 1973 and is their ninth album. It is one of the most famous albums of all time, frequently placing in the top five whenever a rock music authority makes a list of the greatest albums of all time.
Cover.
Its cover, which features a ray of white light going through a prism, is also one of the most famous album covers of all time. Analysts say that statistically, Dark Side Of The Moon is always playing somewhere on planet Earth. It is one of the most famous concept albums (Albums where all the songs are about a central theme. Some concept albums tell a specific story), and used to be the best-selling album of all time. There is an album-pressing plant in Germany that does nothing but create copies of Dark Side Of The Moon.
About.
Dark Side of the Moon is about life.
The opening track, "Speak to Me", features ticking clocks, a racing heartbeat, people talking, and it ends in a loud scream.
"Breathe", a modern day radio staple (Meaning that it is frequently played), is a slow moving song about how endless life feels sometimes.
"On the Run", the next song, was a major technical achievement for its time. Footsteps, airplanes, and an explosion are all heard. The song gives the listener the feeling of being chased.
"Time", one of the album's most famous songs, is about how rushed humans can feel sometimes. An idea expressed is that people give themselves so much to do, yet so little time to do it.
"The Great Gig In The Sky" is a song featuring vocals by Clare Torry. It was originally called "The Mortality Sequence", and featured sounds from religious radio.
"Money", the album's best-selling single, is a catchy jazz song about currency.
"Us & Them" is an anti-war song, reinforcing the idea from "Time" that life is too short to be wasted on something like war.
"Any Colour You Like" is an instrumental song.
"Brain Damage" is one of the most haunting songs on the album, seemingly spoken by a mentally ill person.
"Eclipse", the final song on Dark Side Of The Moon is about life in general, and recaps all the themes from the album.
The album spent over 14 years on the Billboard charts and it is currently the ninth best selling album in the United States.

Arthur Fadden
Sir Arthur William Fadden (13 April 1895 - 21 April 1973) was the 13th Prime Minister of Australia. He was leader of the Country Party when Robert Menzies resigned in 1941. He became Prime Minister but lost to John Curtin in an election held only one month after he became Prime Minister. When Menzies became Prime Minister again in 1949, Fadden was the Treasurer for eight years.

John Curtin
John Joseph Curtin (8 January 1885 - 5 July 1945) was the 14th Prime Minister of Australia. He was Prime Minister for most of World War II. He made Australia an ally of the United States. A lot of people think he was Australia's best Prime Minister. He died just before the end of the War in July 1945.

Australian Capital Territory
The Australian Capital Territory or "ACT" is a small territory in Australia. It was created as the home for the Australian capital city, Canberra, because of fighting between New South Wales and Victoria over where the capital city should be. The Jervis Bay Territory was created at the same time so that the ACT would have a harbour without relying on one of the states.

Governor-General of Australia
The Governor-General of Australia is the representative in Australia of Australia's head of state, Queen Elizabeth II. The current Governor-General is Her Excellency Ms Quentin Bryce AC.
The Governor-General of Australia can perform powerful powers to the country. The Governor-General is leader of the Executive Council and Commander-in-Chief of the Australian Defence Forces.

Michael Jeffery
Major-General Philip Michael Jeffery (born 12 December 1937) was the 24th Governor-General of Australia from 11 August 2003 until 5 September 2008. He was appointed by John Howard. Before this he was Governor of Western Australia. He quit the army in 1993 when he became Governor.

Nanny
A nanny is someone hired to take care of the children in a family. They are usually female but there are also male nannies. Many nannies can begin their employment in their late teens. Many nannies live in their employers' home most of the days in the year. Some employers require their nanny/nannies to wear a uniform.

Frank Forde
Francis Michael Forde (18 July 1890 - 28 January 1983) was the 15th Prime Minister of Australia. He was Prime Minister for only a week after John Curtin died. He lost a leadership contest to Ben Chifley. He lived longer than any other Prime Minister. He died at 92.

Ben Chifley
Joseph Benedict Chifley (22 September 1885 – 13 June 1951) was the 16th Prime Minister of Australia. He won the leadership after the death of John Curtin in 1945. His government tried to take ownership of all Australia's banks. This was not popular and the High Court said that it could not be done. Opposition leader, Robert Menzies said that Chifley and the Labor Party was soft on Communism. This is one of the main reasons why Chifley lost the 1949 election. He died soon after losing the 1951 election to Menzies.

High Court of Australia
The High Court of Australia is the most powerful court in Australia. It was created in 1903. It currently has seven judges who are called "Justices". It mainly hears appeals by people who are not happy with the decision of another court.

Harold Holt
Harold Edward Holt (5 August 1908 - 17 December 1967) was the 17th Prime Minister of Australia. He became Prime Minister after the retirement of Robert Menzies. He supported the United States in the Vietnam War. He disappeared while swimming at a beach in Victoria in December 1967. His body was never found. Many urban Australian myths surround his disppearance.

Archie Macpherson
Archibald 'Archie' Macpherson (born 1937) is a famous Scottish football commentator.

Biosphere
The biosphere includes everything living on Earth, including humans, animals, and insects. In other words, it's everything that is alive on the earth. Currently the biosphere has a biomass (or amount of living things) at around 1900 gigatonnes of carbon. It is not certain exactly how thick the biosphere is, though scientists predict that it is somewhere around 12,000 meters.
biosphere consists of living beings specially.it is not exactly 12,000 mm thick.
biosphere surrounds the earth.it is like an imaginary blanket which covers us.

Drum and bugle corps
A drum and bugle corps is similar to a marching band but it only has brass instruments, percussion instruments, and color guards. The modern drum and bugle corps came from military drum and bugle units coming back from World War I and the wars after it. In the past, they were used to signal units as early as before the American Civil War.

Piccolo
The piccolo is a small flute that plays one octave higher than the normal flute. It sounds an octave higher than written. It is the highest instrument in the orchestra.

Double reed
Double reeds are a group of musical instruments with two reeds. Examples are the bassoon, oboe and English horn.

Alto flute
The alto flute is a flute that plays a fourth (half an octave) lower than the regular flute. It is longer than the flute. Sometimes alto flutes have a bent part at the top end.
The alto flute is a transposing instrument. This makes it easy for someone who plays the flute to play on the alto flute. The fingering for the note C on the flute will give a G on the alto flute.
The alto flute is not very often used, and only in very large orchestras. Maurice Ravel wrote a beautiful tune for alto flute in "Daphnis et Chloé". Igor Stravinsky used one in "The Rite of Spring". In "The Planets" by Gustav Holst there is a passage with three flutes and alto flute playing 4 part harmony.
The alto flute must not be confused with a bass flute which is even bigger and lower and very unusual indeed.

Stevenage
Stevenage is a town in Hertfordshire in England. It is between the towns of Letchworth and Welwyn Garden City.
In 1801, 1,430 people lived in Stevenage. In 1901, 4,049 people lived in Stevenage. In 2001, 79,724 lived in Stevenage. The town grew the most in the 1950s and 1960s, when it became the first new town in the world.
The name Stevenage may come from an Old English word meaning "place at the stiff oak".
Stevenage started as a village and people have lived there since Roman times. Some Roman remains were found when the New Town was being built. There are also six Roman round barrows, which is where a local family was buried.
In 1281, Stevenage was allowed to have a market twice a week and a fair every year. The fair still takes place every year.
Modern Stevenage.
Stevenage became the first New Town on 1 August 1946, and was planned with six neighbourhoods.
The town centre was the first shopping area in Britain with no traffic. It was opened in 1959 by Queen Elizabeth II. In the town centre there is a clock tower, fountain and a statue called "Joyride", which is a statue of a mother and child. It was made by Franta Belsky. In 1999, a millennium countdown clock was put up on the town centre clock tower, which showed how much time was left until the year 2000. In 2005, plans were made for the town centre to be made more modern. The changes could take 10 years.
Next to the town centre is the town gardens, a modern church and a museum.
Stevenage has lots of roundabouts and not many traffic lights. There are also lots of cycle tracks for people to ride on. Stevenage has some of the tallest street lights in the country. The town is a very green town, with lots of trees and grass. Fairlands Valley is a large park in the middle of Stevenage. There are also many playing fields. The schools in Stevenage all have large fields.
Many schools were built in the 1950s and 1960s because a lots of people from London were moving to Stevenage. The town has around 23 primary schools and several secondary schools.
Stevenage has a leisure centre and a theatre in the town centre. There is a leisure park with a large cinema, and lots of clubs and restaurants. Stevenage also has two industrial areas.
Stevenage Borough F.C. is the town's football team, which plays in the Nationwide Conference and is based at Broadhall Way.
Stevenage holds a number of events every year including Stevenage Day, Rock in the Park and Stevenage Carnival.
Stevenage has lots of churches for people of several different religions. Many of the churches work together for town-wide projects under the name of.

Yu-Gi-Oh!
"Yu-Gi-Oh!" is a manga series, two anime series, and two editions trading card game editions based on the two anime series.
The series follows the adventures of Yugi Mutou, a high schooler who plays a game called Duel Monsters. It has a spin-off called Yu-Gi-Oh! GX. Japan has an exclusive anime based on the first seven volumes of the manga.
Merchandise.
"Yu-Gi-Oh cards" are a trading card game that uses monsters that Yugi and other characters on the show use. This trading card game is very popular with young children and also teenagers even adults in HongKong and Taiwan.
Plot.
"Yu-Gi-Oh!" is not only about Duel Monsters. Yugi's grandfather Sugoroku Mutou (Solomon Muto) owns a game shop. One day, Yugi finds a strange puzzle at the back of the shop, and tries to solve it. He tries to solve the puzzle for 8 years. When he is 16, he solves it. When he finishes the puzzle, he gets an extra soul. This soul is Dark Yugi (Yami Yugi), an Egyptian Pharaoh. Yami Yugi has lost his memory. Together, they must get it back. After that, Yugi must save the world from Dark Bakura (Yami Bakura), who is Dark Yugi's worst enemy.

Travelling Salesman Problem
The Travelling Salesman Problem (often called TSP) is a problem to solve. It is about optimisation. Optimisation is about finding a better solution or answer to a problem. In this context "better solution" often means "a solution that is cheaper". TSP is a mathematical problem. But it can be shown as a picture very easily with graph theory.
Stating the problem.
The problem is that of a salesman. To do his job, he has a number of places (cities) he should go to. Some of those cities are connected with each other, for example by airplanes, or by road or railway. Each of those links between the cities has one or more weights (cost) attached. The cost is how much it takes to travel the route, for example, the cost of an airplane ticket or train ticket. The question is how to find the best route for the salesman to go to the cities. The salesman wants to keep both the travel costs, as well as the distance he travels as low as possible. He must go to each city exactly once, and at the end, he must be in the city he started in.
How hard the problem is.
The travelling salesman problem is among the problems that are very hard to solve. If there is a way to break this hard problem into smaller problems, the smaller problems will be at least as hard as the original one. This is what computer scientists call NP-hard problems.
Many people have studied this problem. The easiest (and most expensive solution) is to simply try all possibilities. The problem with this is that for N cities you have (N-1) factorial possibilities. This means that for only 11 cities there are about 3.5 million combinations to try.

Creditor
A creditor is a person who loans money to another person. The person who gets the loan is called the borrower. Creditors are sometimes called "moneylenders". Creditors expect the borrower to pay the money back at a later time. The creditor usually gets extra money from the borrower. This money is called interest.

Anno Domini
"Anno Domini" (Latin: "In the year of (our) Lord"), shortened as AD or A.D., is used to refer to the years after the birth of Jesus. AD is also a shortening for Christian Era. Similarly, Before Christ, shortened as BC or B.C., is used in the English language to refer to all years before the start of the time period "Anno Domini".

Haze
Haze is a problem with the air quality in which smoke covers the sky, making it hard for people to breathe. Some people fall sick as well due to the polluted air.

Neighbours
"Neighbours" is an Australian soap opera. The show started airing in March 1985 on the Seven Network, but they cancelled it the same year. Rival network Network Ten decided to start making and broadcasting the show, and have done that since 1986. The show originally had low ratings, and Network Ten did their best to get them higher. They got new characters, two of them were played by Kylie Minogue and Jason Donovan. These two characters became a couple known as "Scott and Charlene", and by the time they got married in 1987, ratings were much higher.
The show is about the lives of people that live in a fictional street called Ramsay Street. Ramsay Street is in a fictional suburb, Erinsborough, which is meant to exist in real-life city Melbourne.

John McEwen
Sir John McEwen (29 March 1900 – 20 November 1980) was the 18th Prime Minister of Australia. He was leader of the Country Party when Harold Holt disappeared and so was appointed Prime Minister until the Liberal Party elected a new leader.

John Gorton
Sir John Grey Gorton (9 September 1911 – 19 May 2002) was the 19th Prime Minister of Australia. He was elected Liberal Party leader after Harold Holt disappeared. Gorton kept Australia in the Vietnam War. His party passed a vote of no confidence in him in 1971 and he resigned. He did not like the Liberal Party after this.

William McMahon
Sir William McMahon (23 February 1908 – 31 March 1988) was the 20th Prime Minister of Australia. He challenged John Gorton for the leadership in 1971 and won. He lost the next election in December 1972 to Gough Whitlam.

Chatroom bot
Chatroom Bots (or IRC Bots) are computer programs. They are used on Internet Relay Chat (IRC) to help control and protect chat rooms. They can do many of the things that a human user can do such as gather data, kick users out of the channel, ban users, or even send stats to other programs and websites.
IRC Bots/Chatroom bots are used in many things now, from sending RuneScape statistics, to keeping track of users who abuse the networks.
Popular IRC bots: Eggdrop, psotnic, Winbot, EnergyMech, Infobot, blootbot, Supybot, Pircbot, and.

Shawn Lane
Shawn Lane was an American musician. He was born on March 21, 1963 in Memphis, Tennessee. He was a solo guitarist.
At the age of 4, he began taking vocal lessons, cello lessons and piano lessons. By age ten, he picked up a guitar and found out he was better with a guitar than his other instruments. He joined a band at the age of fifteen and played in bars and clubs.
A few years later he started playing shows again. He began to tour with his own band, playing guitar and keyboard. In February 2003, Lane accomplished one of his life long dreams and toured over India with his band. When they left India, they were called "true rock heroes" by the people. In September 2003, when getting ready to make an album with the Swedish bassist Jonas Hellborg and drummer Ginger Baker, Lane had bad breathing problems. he was told by doctors that he would have to remain on medical oxygen for the rest of his life. On Friday, September 23, 2003, he died.

Greg Scott
Greg 'Greggles' Scott (born March 6, 1969) is an English television presenter. He is best known for presenting Quizmania, a quiz show on ITV Play.

Twin Dragons (movie)
Twin Dragons (1992) (also known as Brother vs. Brother and When Dragons Collide)
Identical brothers, separated at birth, end up as a criminal and a U.S. pianist, then cross paths years later in Hong Kong.
Cast.
Director(s): Tsui Hark, Ringo Lam Ling-tung, Ringo Lam
Producer(s): Ng Sze Yuen, Teddy Robin Kwan.
Language: Chinese (Dubbed to English in North America)

Motorola
Motorola is a company that makes cell phones. The company is based in a small town in Illinois, Chicago.They are listed in the New York Stock Exchange as.
The company began with the name Galvin Manufacturing Corporation in 1928, and fully adopted the 'Motorola' name in 1947.

Extrasolar planet
An extrasolar planet (a.k.a. exoplanet) is a natural planet that exists outside of the Sun's solar system. As of 2007, a confirmed 200+ extrasolar planets have been discovered since 1991.
Types.
Extrasolar planets can range from many different ways compared to our solar system.

Extratropical cyclone
An Extratropical cyclone (also known as "cyclones", "European windstorms", "nor'easters", and "mid-latitude cyclones") is a type of cyclone. It is a large low-pressure weather area with rain and wind and clouds, that is not similar to tropical cyclones or low-pressure weather areas from cold polar places. They are really many masses of cold and warm fronts producing rain, heavy wind, and sometimes tornadoes and even hail. Some Extratropical cyclones are made from tropical cyclones that become weak but don't die when they move over cold water. Sometimes, these weather areas can become even stronger than before as they turn into Extratropical cyclones. When made from tropical cyclones, they can still have an eye (a place in the middle of a tropical cyclone that is not as windy, cloudy, or rainy). European windstorms are sometimes made when wind from the northwestern part of the Atlantic carry them more east and north towards Europe. Nor'easters often hit northeastern North America, and are made when it is cold, most often in late fall. Wind from the west part of the Atlantic moves them north. They become stronger, and drop snow on the areas it moves into. When a nor'easter drops in pressure and become stronger, by more than one millibar every hour, it is called a weather bomb. Hurricane Hazel was Extratropical but still hurricane-level when it hit Toronto, for example.

Small solar system body
Some of the larger "small solar system bodies" may be reclassified in future as dwarf planets, pending further examination to determine whether or not they are in hydrostatic equilibrium (nearly-round shape).

Frankenstein
"Frankenstein" is an 1818 novel by the English writer Mary Shelley. The novel is about a young man who makes a monster by bringing a dead body back to life. The man's name is Victor Frankenstein.
Many people call the monster Frankenstein as well. "Frankenstein the scientist created Frankenstein the monster."
Plot.
Frankenstein was a scientist. He tried to make life. He made a person. He used parts from dead bodies. He made the person live. The person was a monster. The monster scared Frankenstein. Frankenstein ran away. The monster is sad and angry. He sees a family. The monster learns to talk. The family makes him leave. The monster kills Frankenstein's brother. The monster blames Justine. Justine is killed. The monster talks to Frankenstein. He wants Frankenstein to make a woman. The monster wants to live with the woman. Frankenstein starts to make the woman. He stops. Frankenstein does not make the woman. The monster is angry. The monster kills Frankenstein's friend and Frankenstein's wife. Frankenstein chases the monster. Frankenstein meets Captain Walton. Frankenstein goes onto Captain Walton's ship. Frankenstein and Captain Walton talk. Frankenstein dies. The monster sees Frankenstein. The monster wants to kill himself because it felt neglected.
Mary Shelley was married to a male poet, she was only 17 when she wrote Frankenstein.

ESPN
ESPN is an American sports television network. "ESPN" is an acronym for Entertainment and Sports Programming Network.

Advance Australia Fair
Advance Australia Fair is the official national anthem of Australia.
Peter Dodds McCormick (c. 1834 -1916) wrote the music and the words for the song. It was first performed in 1878, but it only became Australia's official anthem in 1984.
Between 1878 and 1984, the song was used inside of Australia as a patriotic song. For a time the song announced the news from the Australian Broadcasting Commission. When Australia became a Federation in 1901, the song was sung by a choir of 10,000 people.
"Advance Australia Fair" received 43.29% of the vote, defeating the three alternatives: "Waltzing Matilda" (28.28%), "Song of Australia" (9.65%), and the existing national anthem "God Save the Queen" (18.78%). However, it was not until 1984 that the national anthem was changed to reflect the popular vote.
Other songs and marches have been influenced by Advance Australia Fair, such as the Australian Vice-Regal salute.

2006 Winter Olympics
The 2006 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XX Olympic Winter Games, were celebrated in Turin, Italy from February 10, 2006, through February 26, 2006.

1683
Year 1683 was a common year that started on Friday when using the Gregorian calendar.

Dracula
"Dracula" is a horror novel by the Irish writer Bram Stoker. The novel was first published in England in 1897.
Plot.
The young solicitor Jonathan Harker travels at Transylvania to sell a house to a nobleman named Dracula. He soon realizes that the Count is a vampire. Dracula traps Harker in his castle, and travels to England in search for Jonathan's fiancee, Mina Murray. He also preys on Mina's best friend, Lucy Westenra. Because of this, the other characters, led by Professor Abraham van Helsing, go on a mission to find and kill Dracula.

United States Air Force
The United States Air Force (USAF) is the aerospace branch of the United States armed forces and one of the seven uniformed services. Formerly part of the United States Army, the USAF was formed as a separate branch of the military on September 18, 1947 The USAF is the largest and most technologically advanced modern air force in the world, with over 9,000 aircraft in service and about 352,000 men and women on active duty. Now, their most common fighters are the F-15 Eagle and the F-16 Fighting Falcon, but they are being replaced by the F-22 Raptor.
The USAF is also in charge of watching the Internet for bad guys and helping astronauts get ready to go up into space.
The USAF has a special college known as the Air Force Academy that helps train leaders for the Air Force.

European Broadcasting Union
The European Broadcasting Union (EBU), known in French as L'Union Européenne de Radio-Télévision (UER'"), and unrelated to the European Union, was formed on 12 February 1950 by 23 broadcasting organizations from Europe and the Mediterranean at a conference in the coastal resort of Torquay in Devon, England. In 1993, the International Radio and Television Organisation ("OIRT"), an equivalent organisation of broadcasters from Central and Eastern Europe, was merged with the EBU.

Annular hurricane
An annular hurricane is a term used in the north Atlantic Ocean and northeastern Pacific Ocean east of the International Dateline. An anuular hurricane has a rare type of hurricane that has a big, circular eyewall, and thick, deep convection around it with no spiral rainbands.

1320s
Centuries: 13th century - 14th century - 15th century
Decades: 1270s 1280s 1290s 1300s 1310s - 1320s - 1330s 1340s 1350s 1360s 1370s
Years: 1320 1321 1322 1323 1324 1325 1326 1327 1328 1329

1340s
Centuries: 13th century - 14th century - 15th century
Decades: 1290s 1300s 1310s 1320s 1330s - 1340s - 1350s 1360s 1370s 1380s 1390s
Years: 1340 1341 1342 1343 1344 1345 1346 1347 1348 1349

1110s
Centuries: 11th century - 12th century - 13th century
Decades: 1060s 1070s 1080s 1090s 1100s - 1110s - 1120s 1130s 1140s 1150s 1160s
Years: 1110 1111 1112 1113 1114 1115 1116 1117 1118 1119

1200
1200 is a year in the 12th century.

1300s
Centuries: 13th century - 14th century - 15th century
Decades: 1250s 1260s 1270s 1280s 1290s - 1300s - 1310s 1320s 1330s 1340s 1350s
Years: 1300 1301 1302 1303 1304 1305 1306 1307 1308 1309

1100s
Centuries: 11th century - 12th century - 13th century
Decades: 1050s 1060s 1070s 1080s 1090s - 1100s - 1110s 1120s 1130s 1140s 1150s
Years: 1100 1101 1102 1103 1104 1105 1106 1107 1108 1109

2004 Summer Olympics
The 2004 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXVIII Olympiad, were celebrated in Athens, Greece from August 13, 2004, until August 29, 2004.
Bids.
The four other candidate cities were Rome, Cape Town, Stockholm, and Buenos Aires. Six other cities had applied, but were turned down by the IOC in 1996. These cities were Istanbul, Lille, Rio de Janeiro, San Juan, Seville, and Saint Petersburg.
Athens won every round of voting and easily beat Rome in round 5, the final vote. Round 2 was to settle a tie break between Cape Town and Buenos Aires from round 1.
Medal count.
The ranking in this table is based on information provided by the International Olympic Committee.
The total number of bronze medals is greater than the total of gold or silver because in boxing and judo, two bronze medals were awarded in each weight class.
Countries are ranked firstly by the number of gold medals they have, then by the number of silver, and then by the number of bronze. Where countries have the same number of each type of medal, they are listed alphabetically and given the same ranking.
Medal numbers shown in bold are the highest in their section. Greece, the host nation is highlighted in lavender.

1964 Summer Olympics
The 1964 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XVIII Olympiad, were celebrated in Tokyo, Japan from October 10, 1964, through October 24, 1964.

1896 Summer Olympics
The 1896 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the I Olympiad, were celebrated in Athens, Greece from April 6, through April 15.

Olympic Stadium
Olympic Stadium is a Olympic Games Main Stadium.

1330s
Centuries: 13th century - 14th century - 15th century
Decades: 1280s 1290s 1300s 1310s 1320s - 1330s - 1340s 1350s 1360s 1370s 1380s
Years: 1330 1331 1332 1333 1334 1335 1336 1337 1338 1339

1350s
Centuries: 13th century - 14th century - 15th century
Decades: 1300s 1310s 1320s 1330s 1340s - 1350s - 1360s 1370s 1380s 1390s 1400s
Years: 1350 1351 1352 1353 1354 1355 1356 1357 1358 1359

1360s
Centuries: 13th century - 14th century - 15th century
Decades: 1310s 1320s 1330s 1340s 1350s - 1360s - 1370s 1380s 1390s 1400s 1410s
Years: 1360 1361 1362 1363 1364 1365 1366 1367 1368 1369

1370s
Centuries: 13th century - 14th century - 15th century
Decades: 1320s 1330s 1340s 1350s 1360s - 1370s - 1380s 1390s 1400s 1410s 1420s
Years: 1370 1371 1372 1373 1374 1375 1376 1377 1378 1379

1390s
Events and Trends.
1394 Expulsion of Jews from France
1395 End of reign of Hungary by Capet-Anjou family
1399 Henry IV becomes King of England

1080s
Centuries: 10th century - 11th century - 12th century
Decades: 1030s 1040s 1050s 1060s 1070s - 1080s - 1090s 1100s 1110s 1120s 1130s
Years: 1080 1081 1082 1083 1084 1085 1086 1087 1088 1089

Captain Underpants
"Captain Underpants" was a popular series of children's books by Dav Pilkey. The books take place in Piqua, Ohio.

1070s
Centuries: 10th century - 11th century - 12th century
Decades: 1020s 1030s 1040s 1050s 1060s - 1070s - 1080s 1090s 1100s 1110s 1120s
Years: 1070 1071 1072 1073 1074 1075 1076 1077 1078 1079

1050s
Centuries: 10th century - 11th century - 12th century
Decades: 1010s - 1020s - 1030s - 1040s - 1050s - 1060s - 1070s - 1080s - 1090s - 1100s - 1110s
1049 1050 1051 1052 1053 1054 1055 1056 1057 1058 1059 1060

Makalani
Makalani is the name given to a certain palm tree, growing in northern Namibia (Southern Africa).
The seeds look like small coconuts, and the local people, the Ovambos and Himbas, peel the outer ginger looking skin and carve the inner hard core to certain objects of art. The inner core is white with a dark brown skin, the size of a golf ball, and it is hollow inside.
There are now also some hotels, restaurants, and guesthouses which have adopted the name Makalani (in Namibia).

1380s
Centuries: 13th century - 14th century - 15th century
Decades: 1330s 1340s 1350s 1360s 1370s - 1380s - 1390s 1400s 1410s 1420s 1430s
Years: 1380 1381 1382 1383 1384 1385 1386 1387 1388 1389

Trowbridge
Trowbridge is a town in Wiltshire, England. It is the county town of Wiltshire as it has a county hall.

Eid ul-Fitr
Eid ul-Fitr is a Muslim holiday celebrated on the last day of Ramadan, the month of fasting. It lasts 3 days. But in 2008, it lasted nine days with weekend holidays. In this festival, children knock on doors and take chocolate, money, sugar from the other people. Kids kiss adults' hands. Everyone visits each other. People forgive each other.

Bow (music)
In music, a bow is a stick which is strung with hair. It is used to pull across the strings of a string instrument such as a violin, viola, cello or double bass.
Bow construction.
The wood used for good quality bows is usually pernambuco wood from Brazil. Some bows nowadays are made from fibreglass. They are often cheaper and still of very good quality. The bow has to be slightly curved so that it straightens out a bit as the hairs are tightened (this is like the bow of ‘bow and arrow’ where letting go of the tension of the bent bow makes the arrow fly off).
Horsehair is used for the hairs of the bow. These hairs gradually fall out when the bow is used a lot. When a lot of the hairs have fallen out the player can have the bow re-haired. When the bow is new, or when it has just been re-haired, it will not make any sound until the hairs have been well rubbed with rosin (also called “colophony”). The rosin makes the hair grip the string as it is drawn across. Every violinist needs to keep a piece of rosin (called a “cake of rosin”) in his or her violin case. They may need to rosin the bow for a short while each time they play. There is a screw at the end of the bow for tightening the hairs. After playing, the bow hairs should be slackened again before the bow is put away. This is to stop the wood from warping (bending out of shape).
The black bit near the heel of the bow (the end where the player holds it) is called the frog'". This holds the hair in place. The frog may be made of ebony, but sometimes it is made of ivory or tortoiseshell. Near the frog is the grip, which is made of leather or sometimes snakeskin. Expensive bows sometimes have a tip made of silver.
There are other instruments which use bows. In the Renaissance the viols were played with a bow which was held with the palm upwards. Some double bass players still hold the bow in this way (this is called the German method. The overhand method is called the French method.)
The kind of bow in use today was developed by the bow-maker François Tourte in 19th century France.
There are other cultures which have bows with only one thick hair.
Bowing techniques.
People who learn to play the violin, viola, violoncello, and double bass spend a very long time learning the technique of bowing. They have to learn to control the bow so that it makes a lovely sound on the string. They learn to control the bow with strong fingers, but never to hold the bow tightly. Sometimes they are asked to pluck the string instead of bowing it. This is called “pizzicato”.
The bow is held in the right hand. The left hand makes the different notes by putting the fingers firmly down on the fingerboard.
When string players talk about “putting in the bowing” they mean: writing in the music for each note whether it is played with an upbow or downbow. A downbow is when the player starts at the heel (the end that he is holding) and finishes at the tip. An upbow is when the bow travels in the direction tip to heel. A player does not always have to use “whole bows” (from the heel to the tip). In fast music he may only use a small part of the bow. A downbow feels stronger than an upbow, so it is usually used for the first beat of the bar. Downbows and upbows may be used for alternate notes, but often two or more notes are taken in one bow-stroke. This is shown in the music by a slur (a short curved line like a phrase mark over or under the notes to be slurred).
The bow generally should touch the part of the string mid-way between the end of the fingerboard and the bridge (see the article violin). To play quietly the bow should be nearer the fingerboard. To play loudly it should be nearer the bridge.
When the players have been plucking ("pizzicato") and they need to start bowing again, the word "arco" is put in the music. This is the Italian word for "bow".
Other types of bow.
The Chinese yazheng and "yaqin", and Korean ajaeng zithers are generally played by "bowing" with a rosined stick, which rubs against the strings without any horsehair. The hurdy-gurdy, an instrument known in medieval Europe, has strings which are bowed by a "rosin wheel," which is turned by a handle.

Bowing
Bowing means: taking a bow. A bow is when a person bends their body forward from the waist in order to greet someone or show respect for them. A bow is sometimes not much more than a quick nod of the head, but it can be a very deep bow from the waist. The exact way to bow and the situations in which people bow vary enormously between different cultures.
Bowing was originally a gesture (a movement of the body) which showed deep respect for someone. In European cultures bowing to someone is now only done in very formal situations, e.g. when meeting the Queen or someone very high and important.
In European history bowing was common at royal courts. Men were expected to "bow and scrape". This meant bowing and at the same time drawing back the right leg so that it scraped the floor. The man would hold his left hand over his waist while doing this. This is why we still talk about "bowing and scraping" meaning that someone is trying very hard and hypocritically to be unnecessarily polite. This kind of deep bow, which is never used nowadays, is sometimes called a “reverence” (a word meaning: “deep respect”).
Bowing was only done by men. Women would always curtsey to show respect.
Nowadays bowing in European cultures is mostly seen at performances. When people applaud (clap their hands) after a performance such as a concert on in the theatre the performer will take a bow. This is like saying “thank you” to the audience for saying “thank you” by clapping. Both men and women performers bow (although female ballet dancers will curtsey).
In Christian worship people in churches will bow to the altar to show respect to Jesus.
There are other special occasions in which people bow. In judo and some other martial arts the two contestants (people who are going to fight) will bow to one another to show that they respect one another and will obey the rules of the game.
In some Asian cultures bowing is far more common than in the West. It is especially important in Japan. Japanese people – both men and women - spend a lot of their time bowing. They bow to greet one another, to say goodbye, to say they are sorry, to say ‘thank you’, or to show that they are not as important as the person they are bowing to. There are different degrees of bowing, and it is very important in Japanese culture to know the right way to bow on different occasions. A bow of 15 degrees is very informal, a bow of 45 degrees is very formal. They keep their back (from the head to the hips) straight while doing this. The men have their hands by their sides, women have one hand over the other in front of their body. Typically a bow should last a count of eight: three to go down, one for a pause and four for returning to an upright position. If someone bows a little longer than the other person, that other person may bow again, and the other person then also bows again, and this can go on several times. Japanese mothers carry their babies on their backs, so that children learn to bow even before they can speak. Pupils and teachers at school bow to one another. The more important someone is, the deeper the other person has to bow.

Billie Jean King
Billie Jean King (born Billie Jean Moffitt on November 22, 1943 in Long Beach, California) is a former tennis player, who is considered one of the greatest female tennis players and athletes. She won many championships during her career which started in1959 and ended in 1983. She was known for speaking out against sexism in sports and socitey. Her most famous match was in 1973 called "The Battle of the Sexes" between Bobby Riggs, a former champion from the 1930s and 1940s.

Fabio Cannavaro
Fabio Cannavaro (13th September 1973 -) is an Italian football player who now plays for Real Madrid of Spain. He was the captain of Italy's winning World Cup squad in 2006.
Cannavaro had originally played several famous football club in Italy, such as SSC Napoli, Parma F.C., Inter Milan and Juventus. He won several champions of Italian Serie A in the past, and a UEFA Cup in 1999. In 2006, he turned to Spain to join the Spanish giant Real Madrid, as a defender of the team.
Cannavaro is a famous defender who represent Italian national football team for over 100 times, joining three times of World Cup. In 2006 he led the national team to win the champion of World Cup, and then won the World Footballer of 2006. As few defenders can be very popular, some people comment that Cannavaro has excellent talent, just like German legend Franz Beckenbauer.

Toontown Online
"Toontown Online" (also known as Toontown) is a online video game created by The Walt Disney Company. The game is an MMORPG, where a lot of people play at one time.
Players live life as a toon in Toontown. Players can make a duck, bear, rabbit, dog, cat, horse, pig, or monkey.
What the game's purpose is (object).
Players try to live life as a toon, playing games and making new friends. But it's not all paradise. Evil robots called COGS have taken over, and "gags" (cartoon fun) are used to defeat them. There isn't a purpose that players have to go by. A player can choose to be the top racer or to have the most "laffpoints". Many people like it because of this.

Timbre
Timbre is a quality of sound. It is what makes two different musical instruments sound different from each other, even when each instrument plays the same musical note.

Exaggeration
Exaggeration means the describing of something and making it more than it really is. The verb is to exaggerate.
An example of exaggeration would be: “I was walking along when suddenly this enormous dog came up to me. It was as big as an elephant”. The dog may have been big, but it was certainly not as big as that.
Overstatement is another word that means almost the same thing. The opposite of overstatement is understatement.
A hyperbole (IPA:[haı'pɝ.bə.li]) is a type of exaggeration that is used in literature. It is a figure of speech. The opposite of hyperbole is meiosis, which is an understatement.
In modern slang, the word “hype” is sometimes used about something that is getting more publicity than it really deserves. The word hype comes from the word “hyperbole”.

Meiosis
Meiosis is the splitting of a cell to produce "gametes", which are the reproductive cells in the body.
Meiosis is needed for sexual reproduction, because meiosis causes genetic variation by producing cells that are not all genetically identical, and with half the chromosome number. In testicles, meiosis produces sperm, which are the male reproductive cells. In ovaries, meiosis produces ova, which are the female reproductive cells.
Meiosis can be divided into Meiosis I and Meiosis II.
Meiosis I.
Just like Mitosis, meiosis includes; Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase and Telophase. Interphase I is not included as it is the cell in its normal state before its meiotic stages.
"Prophase I:" The chromosomes become visible, the nuclear envelope disappears and the centrioles (located at the top and bottom of the nucleus) begin forming spindle fibres that envelope the chromosomes. The chromosomes cross over with their homologous (opposite) pairs and certain sections of each chromosome gets transferred over. This ensures that each gamete cell has the right coding in each nucleus after meiosis has finished.
"Metaphase I:" The chromosomes line up along the equatorial (the central line) of the spindle fibres in homologous pairs.
"Anaphase I:" The chromosomes are divided so that there are equal amounts on either side of the cell. As there are 46 chromosomes in a human, 23 end up on either side.
"(Cytokinesis, the division of cells into two, takes place. The cell divides.)"
"Telophase I:" The two daughter cells are completely divided, a nucleic envelope forms and the chromosomes become less visible. There are 23 chromosomes in each of these cells.
Meiosis II.
The two cells prepare to divide again in a stage known as Interkinesis or Interphase II. Both of these cells will go through meiosis II.
"Prophase II:" The chromosomes become visible, the nuclear envelope disappears and the centrioles form the spindle fibres.
"Metaphase II:" The chromosomes line up along the middle line on the spindle fibres
"Anaphase II:" The chromosomes get split into its two chromatids. Chromatids are the two strands of DNA (deoxyribo-nucleic acid) that make up the chromosome. They are joined by a mid-way connection called a centromere.
"(Cytokinesis takes place. The cell divides.)"
"Telophase II:" The cells are completely divided. The nucleic envelope reforms and four new cells with the same DNA are created.
In males, all four cells become sperm. In females, only one becomes a mature ova, while the remaining three become re-absorbed into the body.

Porsche
The Dr. Ing. h. C.F. Porsche AG is a German sportscar manufacturer with seat in Zuffenhausen. Zuffenhausen is a part of Stuttgart. Porsche was created in 1931 as a design engineering department.

Gainsharing
Gainsharing is when an employer figures out how much to pay an employee based on how much money the company makes because of the employee's work. It may also take into account how much money the employee saves the company through changing processes or suppliers. It takes the approach that employees know best and the human resource is a key assest and contributor to increasing the competitive edge of a company.
Gainsharing can maximise productivity and performance, improve working relationships, simplify work, improve quality, reduce defects, allign goals and secure commitment. It is not suitable for every job or every company, therefore the research shows mixed results. It is vital that supervisors and managers are committed to the programme. It needs to be thouroughly researched within the company to ensure it is the correct reward strategy for the company and it will be accepted.
Power relationships change once a gainsharing process is installed as the employees start to have more control. Therefore supervisors and managers may resist as they feel undermined.
Another key question to bear in mind for the organisation is whether or not it is sustainable, including the impact of external markets.

T.A.T.u
t.A.T.u., or known in Russian as Тату, is a Russian pop music duo, made up of Lena Katina and Yulia Volkova. The group was formed in the year 1999. They have made albums like "200km in the wrong lane" "Lyudi Invalidi" "Dangerous and moving" and "Waste management"

Oracle bone
Oracle Bones were bones that the Chinese would carve or scratch their questions on. Then the priests would burn the oracle bone until it would crack. Then the priest read these cracks to the Chinese people for their answer. The Chinese people believed their answer as from the gods. This was also known as the first stages of Chinese writing.

Book of Mormon
The Book of Mormon is a book that Latter Day Saints believe is the word of God along with the Bible.
The original English version of the Book of Mormon was published in March 1830 by a man named Joseph Smith, Jr. who claimed to be a prophet like the ones in the Old Testament.
Joseph Smith said that he translated the book into English from gold plates given to him by an angel. The book claims that the language it was first written in was made from "the learning of the Jews and the language of the Egyptians."
The story contained in the Book of Mormon is a shortened version written by a man named Mormon of the record of two groups of people called the Nephites and the Lamanites. Their ancestors left Jerusalem with their father Lehi about 600 years before the birth of Christ, sailed across a very big ocean, and settled in the New World. It gives an account of their families, cities, wars, systems of government, spiritual experiences and religious beliefs among other things. The main purpose of the Book of Mormon is to teach about Jesus Christ.
It also contains the Book of Ether (a very old book discovered by the Nephites) which told the story of another people (called the Jaredites) who had lived in some of the same areas shortly after the time of the Tower of Babel, but died out because of wars.
Usually, Book of Mormon stories show the Nephites as the more righteous, industrious and peaceful people and the Lamanites as wicked, lazy and warlike. Wars happen all the time between the two groups. But, near the end of the book, the Nephites become more wicked than the Lamanites, and all the Nephites die in their last war, except for one named Moroni who was directed by God to bury the Book of Mormon in a hill so that Joseph Smith Jr. could find it.
The central theme of the book revolves around Jesus Christ visiting the people described, performing miracles and showing them the right way to live.

Demilitarized Zone
A Demilitarized Zone is an area of land that has no military forces in it.
The most famous Demilitarized Zone is the land between North Korea and South Korea. No one can go into the Demilitarized Zone, so the wildlife is well preserved. There are thousands of soldiers and weapons on each side of the Demilitarized Zone, including to this day a massive American presence.

Cúcuta
Cúcuta (pron. IPA koo`koo-tä), or San Jose de Cúcuta, is the capital of the Norte de Santander Department, in Colombia. Cúcuta is an important city in northeastern Colombia because of where it is; on the border with Venezuela. People from Cúcuta are called "cucuteños".
The area has grown fast since the 1960s, especially the suburbs of Villa del Rosario and Los Patios.
Adding also to the city's progress and development that had not been seen in 20 years with the building of six overpasses, a convention center, a new bus terminal, a new Integrated Massive Transportation System called Metrobus, the modernization of state owned schools, the recovery of Cucuta's downtown, and the duplication of the capacity for the General Santander Stadium. And the expectation over new industries that will come from Venezuela and will place their factories in Cucuta aimming at exporting through the Colombia Trade Promotion Agreement between Colombia and the United States..
History.
Simón Bolívar captured Cúcuta in 1813 and set out from there on his march to Caracas. At Cúcuta the constituent congress of 1821 met to draft the constitution of Greater Colombia (present day Venezuela, Ecuador and Colombia).
The city was largely destroyed by an earthquake on 18 May, 1875, but was soon rebuilt.
In 1939 Cúcuta had a population of 59,323 people; in 1990 it had 532,564, and in 2005 the metropolitan area had a population of 950,000.
Battle of Cúcuta.
The battle of Cúcuta was not important as military day, but by the moral importance that took Bolivar advantage to release to Venezuela.
Batalla began at 9:00 AM of the 28 of February of 1813 and finished noon. The combatants: 400 men to the control of Simón Bolivar and 800 to orders of Spanish General Ramon Correa.
Two dead and 14 hurt of liberating troops and 20 dead and 40 hurts of the Spanish troops.
Earthquake of Cúcuta.
Also known as the Earthquake of the Andes. It happened the May 18 of 1875 at 11:15 AM. It completely destroyed Cúcuta, Villa del Rosario, San Antonio del Tachira and Capacho also causing serious damages in the Venezuelan populations of San Cristóbal, La Mulata, Rubio, Michelena, La Grita, Colón, among others and was felt in Bogota and Caracas.
Geography.
Cúcuta is located on a plateau in the Cordillera Oriental of the Colombian Andes. The official metropolitan area includes the municipalities of: Villa del Rosario, Los Patios, El Zulia, and Puerto Santander. All four neighboring municipalities contain extensive rural areas despite recent urbanization.[citation]
Orography.
The city of Cúcuta is plain toward the north and mountainous in its edges and in its central part, especially toward the south, where presents for the east the following mountains, removed of the eastern mountain range of the Colombian Andes.
Hydrography.
Cúcuta and Norte de Santander have many rivers, none of them with pollution problems, being the Pamplonita River, the Guaramito River, the San Miguel River and the Zulia River de most important.
Demography.
Cúcuta is a city with a big demographic growth, because it had 387.481 inhabitants at 1951 and now has a population of 1.196.775.
Economy.
Cúcuta has an agroindustry that mainly produces milk products and liquors, construction has boomed in recent years, but it's a net commercial city due to its condition of border city with Venezuela. Thanks to it the major Colombian commercial centers, banks, and warehouses have offices in the city.
US - Colombia Free Trade Agreement implications for Cúcuta
Colombia signed a Free Trade Agreement with the United States to the opposition of Venezuela. Despite its opposition, industries from that country are constructing their infrastructure in Cúcuta to export their products to the United States, registering their products as if they were Colombian, an strategy that would allow them to export without paying certain tariffs. For that reason, Cúcuta is thought to become an industrial city.
This process in individual, appears by the legal norm of Colombia that allows exemptions in taxes to make but competitive to the region (throught the "Zona Franca"), in addition that the own geographic characteristics of the area at issue you appear greater possibilities of exporting products through position of Maracaibo (Venezuela).
Climatology and Surface.
Cúcuta has a municipal area of 1176 km² and is located at 302 above sea level. The average temperature of 28°C (82.4ºF) with an average humidity of 65%. Its medium annual precipitation is of 1,041mm. There are two rain seasons, between March-May and September-November. The dry months of the year are December and January with a medium precipitation of 58mm.
The City.
Cúcuta is also known as the "Ciudad sin fronteras" (City without borders), "La ciudad de los arboles" (THe city of the threes), "La hermosa villa" (The beautiful ville), y "Ciudad verde" (Green city)
The city is served by one transportation terminal and the Camilo Daza Airport, which is located north of the city]. In general, the more prosperous areas are along and above west (Caobos, La Riviera and some places of the center) and to the east.
The state owned university, the Francisco de Paula Santander University (UFPS), is in the northeastern part of the city; there are several private universities of varying quality.
People.
Many important personalities from Colombia are from Cúcuta such as the first President of Colombia, Francisco de Paula Santander, known as "the man of the laws" and Fabiola Zuluaga, the best Colombian tennis player, Virgilio Barco, a former president of Colombia, some actors like Lincoln Palomeque, Endry Carreño, Manolo Suñiga, and the musician Elias M. Soto.
Green City.
The generation of cucuteños (people from Cúcuta) and the legion of foreigners who reconstructed the city after the 1875 earthquake planted trees which grew fruits called clemones that had acid and bitter fruits with which the boys played.
Soon they were replaced by acacias, peracos and almonds tree. In the historical course of the arborization of the city, different stages as far as the spices have been marked that have been used in the ornamentación.
In Cúcuta the love for the trees is preached and applied, and cucuteño (people from Cúcuta) respect someone who has planted one in front of his house. For this reason Cúcuta is well-known like the city forest of Colombia.
Education.
The basic education and the high school education are in Colombian "Calendary A" for schools (from February to November).

Baryton
A baryton is a string instrument with many strings.
It was popular during Joseph Haydn's time.

Frankston North
Frankston North is a town near Frankston and Carrum Downs in Victoria, Australia. The town is sometimes called "The Pines".

King Kong
"King Kong" is a 1933 movie about a giant ape. It has been remade two times. Once in the year 1976 and another time in the year 2005.

Recursion
Recursion is a word from mathematics. In mathematics and in computer science, it is used to define a thing, usually a function. Unlike with normal definitions, the function to be defined can be used to define it.

Monte Carlo algorithm
A Monte Carlo algorithm is an algorithm for computers. It is used to simulate the behaviour of other systems. It is not an exact method, but a heuristical one. Usually it uses randomness and statistics to get a result.
It is a computation process that utilizes random numbers to derive an outcome(s). Instead of having fixed inputs, probability distributions are assigned to some or all of the inputs. This will generate a probability distribution for the output after the simulation is run.

BBC Radio 2
BBC Radio 2 is a radio station which is heard across the United Kingdom It started in 1967.
Radio 2 plays music for older people such as classic songs, Jazz and Folk.

Mailing list
Postal maling lists.
Some people, or organisations, like companies have many addresses of different people. They use these addresses to send the same mail to these addresses they have. In the postal system, using regular mail, such mailing lists are used to distribute these mails, which may be wanted (like newspapers) or unwanted (advertising).
Electronic mailing lists.
In the electronic form, these differences also exist. Bulk mailings (SPAM) is distributed using mailing lists. On the other hand there are mailing lists people subscribe to. Every time, someone sends a mail to the mailing list, this mail is distributed to all people who are on the list. The Software which manages such a mailing list sometimes offers options to the people who subscribe. Instead of getting each mail directly, they might want only one mail (per day). This mail then contains all the mails of that day. This is called a "digest".
Also, mails that come from people on the list might be handled differently from mails from people who are not subscribed to the mailing list.

Electrochemistry
Electrochemistry is a kind of chemistry that studies chemical reactions that use or make electricity: Reactions like this happen at "electrodes" which are made from something that conducts electricity, and put in an "electrolyte". An electrolyte is a solution that has ions in it.
Electrochemistry was "invented" at the same time as the voltaic pile; the first kind of electric battery.

Sulfuric acid
Sulfuric acid, or Sulphuric acid H2SO4, is an acid. It will dissolve in water. It was once known as "oil of vitriol". This name was created by Jabir ibn Hayyan, the person who discovered it. Sulfuric acid has many uses, and is made more than any chemical besides water. World production in 2001 was 165 million tonnes, worth about $8 billion. Uses include ore processing, fertilizer manufacturing, oil refining, wastewater processing, and combining chemicals for scientific reasons. Many proteins are made of amino acids that have sulfur in them (like cysteine and methionine) which produce sulfuric acid when the body uses them. Sulfulic acid is very poisonous and corrosive.

Jew
In general, a Jew is someone who belongs to the religion called Judaism. Some people who come from a Jewish family or a part-Jewish family think of themselves as Jewish even when they do not practice Judaism. According to the Jewish Halakha, someone is Jewish if their mother was Jewish.
The word Jew originally meant people from the ancient Kingdom of Judea (where Israel is today). After most Judeans were forced out by the Romans, the word started to mean people of the Jewish religion, and not just those from Judea.
Israel is the only Jewish country, but there are Jewish minorities in many large cities in the U.S., Europe and Australia.
Jews were often in charge of handling money. They were victims of various persecutions; the one that happened during the Second World War is known as The Holocaust
Jewish Ethnic Groups.
There are different Jewish ethnic groups. The two biggest are called Ashkenazi (European Jews) and Sephardic (Jews from the lands around the Mediterranean Sea). There are also African Jews (Beta Israel), Indian Jews (Bene Israel) and even some Chinese Jews (Kai-feng Jews).

Gough Whitlam
Edward Gough Whitlam (born 11 July 1916) was the 26th Prime Minister of Australia. He is the only Prime Minister to have been dismissed by the Governor-General. He was Prime Minister for three years. His government made a lot of changes compared to the previous Liberal governments.
His government did not have a majority in the Senate (the upper house of the Australian Parliament). This made it hard for Whitlam's government to make laws. In 1975 the opposition, led by Malcolm Fraser, blocked government supply in the Senate. This meant that the government had no money. This was a big crisis in Australia. In order to end the crisis the Governor-General, Sir John Kerr, dismissed Whitlam and made Fraser the Prime Minister. Whitlam lost the election that was held a month later.
Whitlam is one of the most controversial people in Australia. Many people think of him as a hero while others consider his government to have been poor.

John Kerr
Sir John Robert Kerr (24 September 1914 - 24 March 1991) was the 18th Governor-General of Australia. He is famous for dismissing Prime Minister Gough Whitlam in 1975. This is one of the most famous events in Australian history. Even though the Whitlam government was not voted back in after being dismissed, Kerr continued to be disliked by many people.

Malcolm Fraser
John Malcolm Fraser (born 21 May 1930) was the 27th Prime Minister of Australia. He became Prime Minister in November, 1975 when Governor-General, Sir John Kerr, dismissed Gough Whitlam. At this point he was only temporary Prime Minister. He won the election held in December, 1975. He won two more elections in 1977 and 1980 before losing to Bob Hawke in 1983.
His government stopped some of the changes made by the Whitlam government. They also reduced government spending to stop money becoming less valuable. He also supported efforts to abolish racism in South Africa, the boycott of the Moscow Olympics and more immigration from Asian countries.

Four Seasons Centre for the Performing Arts
The Four Seasons Centre for the Performing Arts is an opera house in Toronto, Canada. It was opened on June 14, 2006. It is home to the Canadian Opera Company and the National Ballet of Canada. It is one of the world's most important opera houses. It was designed by Jack Diamond. Its construction uses a lot of new technological ideas. It is in the center of Toronto. People say that the acoustics are excellent (the music can be heard beautifully everywhere in the hall). The subway (underground train) runs just below the building, but inside the trains cannot be heard.

Casino Royale
"Casino Royale" is the-twenty first James Bond movie. It is the first to star Daniel Craig as the secret agent James Bond. It was released on November 17, 2006.

Australian Labor Party
The Australian Labor Party is one of the two major political parties in Australia. The party was made in 1891; it is the oldest political party in Australia. It is currently in power in Australia, meaning that it runs the Government. Its current leader and New Australia's Prime Minister is Kevin Rudd.
Image:Labor 1901c.jpg|thumb|Group photograph of Federal Labour Party MPs elected to the Australian House of Representatives and Australian Senate at the first 1901 election, including Chris Watson, Andrew Fisher, Billy Hughes, Frank Tudor, King O'Malley and Lee Batchelor.

Bob Hawke
Robert James Lee "Bob" Hawke (born 9 December 1929) was the 23rd Prime Minister of Australia. He was a union leader before he entered parliament in 1980. He became leader only a little while before the 1983 election but he defeated Malcolm Fraser. His government made many changes, like the Whitlam government, but did it more slowly and with more planning. His government moved Labor to the right economically. His leadership was challenged twice by Paul Keating. He lost the second time and retired.

1209
1209 is a year in the 13th century.

Tony Award
The Tony Award (formally, the Antoinette Perry Award for Excellence in Theatre) is an annual award celebrating achievements in live American theater, including musical theater, primarily honoring productions on Broadway in New York.
To get the Tony Award, a show must play in a "Broadway" theater, which is said by its size, not its geographical location. The rules for the Tony Awards are explained in the official document "Rules and Regulations of The American Theatre Wing's Tony Awards", which applies for each season only.

Shinzo Abe
Shinzo Abe was the Prime Minister of Japan. He was born on September 21, 1954 in Japan. He was preceded by Junichiro Koizumi. He was the 90th Prime Minister of Japan, and stepped down September 12, 2007. The official reason to end his term was missing support for Japan's mission in Iraq, however, he had been involved in a number of crises for the last couple of months.

United Nations Secretary-General
The United Nations Secretary-General is one of the most important people in the United Nations. The Secretary-General is important in international talks. The current Secretary-General is Ban Ki-moon.

Petunia
The Petunia is a family of plants. All of them bear flowers. They are in the Nightshade family, and are related to tobacco. Many people grow them in the garden. Petunias are perennial plants, meaning the survive many years. Usually they are planted in the sun.

Guantánamo
Guantanamo is a city in the southeast of Cuba. It is the capital of the province with the same name. About 208.000 people live in the city. Most of them are employed in the production of sugarcane and coffee. The city is 910 km away from Havana, the capital city of Cuba. About 15 km away is Guantanamo Naval Base, on a territory occupied by the United States since 1902.

Jane Goodall
Jane Goodall, born in England on April 3rd,1934, is a biologist. She has been interested in animals since childhood. She went to Kenya and met Dr. Louis Leakey there. He thought that she would do a lot of important research, and sent her to Africa. Many people thought she could not live and do research in a dense forest of Africa, because she had no experience or background. Even the UK and Tanzanian governments thought this. But she made many useful discoveries, surprising many people.
One day, she saw a chimpanzee putting a stick in an ant hole to catch white ants. This news, and her name, became famous all over the world. The reason is because before that, scientists had defined a boundary separating human beings from other animals by use of tools. She is a caring person who has a soft spot for monkeys.

Pete Townshend
Pete Townshend is the lead guitarist and songwriter for the rock group The Who. He is famous for his performance, where he would be very, very energetic. An example of this is his famous "windmill" move.

Sadguru
Sadguru is a person who is considered in some eastern religions to be a master who has achieved enlightenment, and who can help others to achieve the same. The word "sadguru" comes from Sanskrit roots and means, "true teacher."

Aphelion
The aphelion is the point in the orbit of a planet or comet where it is farthest from the Sun. The Earth reaches its aphelion when the Northern Hemisphere is experiencing summer. The point in orbit where a planet or comet is nearest to the sun is called the perihelion.

Anthony Wagner
Sir Anthony Richard Wagner (6 September, 1908–5 May 1995) was an officer of arms from England. Wagner wrote many books about heraldry. He became Portcullis Pursuivant in 1931 and then served in the Army during World War II. He became Garter King of Arms in 1961 and served until 1978. Wagner was made a knight in 1961. Even though he was blind when he was older, he still served at the College of Arms until he died in 1995.

John Brooke-Little
John Philip Brooke Brooke-Little (6 April 1927–13 February 2006) was an officer of arms from England.
In 1950 he founded "The Coat of Arms" which is the journal of the Heraldry Society of England. 50 years later, for its "Golden Jubilee" the society published a collection of essays called "Tribute to an Armorist" in his honour.

Sodium hydroxide
Sodium hydroxide is also known as caustic soda. Caustic means "burning" and caustic soda takes its name from the way it can burn the skin. It has the chemical formula of NaOH.
It is a base, meaning it has a very high pH. It is the most common thing used to raise the pH of things; for example, to neutralize an acid.
It dissolves easily in water, and makes the water warm when this happens.
Sodium hydroxide is used as a solution named Lye to make soap. Lye is also used to unclog drains. It works in two ways. First, it combines with grease to make soap. Second, it dissolves hair (which is soluble in any basic solution).

Condoleezza Rice
Condoleezza Rice (born November 14 1954 in Birmingham, Alabama) is the 66th and current United States Secretary of State. She is the second Secretary of State under President George W. Bush. She took over from Colin Powell on January 26, 2005, after he stepped down. Rice is the first African American woman, second African American (after Powell), and second woman (after Madeleine Albright) to serve as Secretary of State.
Before she became Secretary of State, Condoleezza Rice was Bush's National Security Advisor during his first term (2001–2005). Before she did this, she was a Professor of political science at Stanford University from 1993 to 1999, where she also was the Provost.

Decidability theory
Decidability theory is a branch of mathematics. Suppose there is a set, and there is an element. There is also an algorithm. The algorithm will simply check if the element belongs to the set or not. If the algorithm stops (after a limited time) and has reached a decision, if the element is in the set or not, this is called decidable.
In simple terms, if there is a shopping bag, decidability is that one is able to check whether or not there is some salad in the bag.
Some logical problems cannot be decided that way ("This statement is false"). They are called undecidable
There is a weaker property too, called semidecidable. A set is called semidecidable (or recursively enumerable), if the algorithm described above can only decide if an element is in the set or is not in the set in finite time, but not both.

Ground
Ground is a commonly used word for the surface of the Earth. It is the dirt, soil and rock that we walk on.

John Grisham
John Ray Grisham Jr. (born February 8, 1955) is an American politician, lawyer, and writer.
Biography and career.
He was born in Jonesboro, Arkansas. His father worked as a construction worker and a cotton farmer. After moving often, the family settled in 1967 in the town of Southaven in De Soto County, Mississippi, and he graduated from Southaven High School. Young Grisham loved to read. In 1977, Grisham received a degree from Mississippi State University. He earned his law degree from the University of Mississippi School of Law in 1981. After leaving law school, he entered a small-town general law practice for nearly 10 years in Southaven, MS where he paid a lot of attention on criminal law and civil law.
In 1983, he was elected as a Democrat to the Mississippi House of Representatives, where he was until 1990. During this time, he continued his private law practice in Southaven.
In 1984 at the De Soto County courthouse in Hernando, Grisham witnessed the testimony of a 12-year-old girl who was raped. In his spare time, Grisham began work on his first novel, which explored what would have happened if the girl's father had murdered her attackers. He spent three years on "A Time to Kill" and finished it in 1987. The book was bought by Wynwood Press, which published it in June 1988.
The day after Grisham finished "A Time to Kill", he began work on another novel, the story of a young attorney lured to what seemed to be a perfect law firm. That second book, "The Firm", became the bestselling novel of 1991. Grisham then went on to write at least one work a year, most of them popular bestsellers.
Grisham has been declared "the bestselling novelist of the 90s," selling a total of 60,742,288 copies. Grisham's 1992 novel "The Pelican Brief" sold 11,232,480 books in the United States alone, making it the bestselling novel of the decade and the only novel to sell ten million books or more during a period of 10 years.

Construction worker
A construction worker is someone whose job is to work on a construction site where structures such as bridges or houses are being built. Construction workers use many types of tools (such as shovels and wrenches) and operate machines and vehicles such as trucks and bulldozers. Working as a construction worker can be dangerous, because a person could fall, or have a heavy object fall on them. Construction workers have to wear safety clothing to protect themselves, such as leather work boots with a metal toe, plastic construction hats or helmets, and goggles to protect their eyes. Many construction workers also wear brightly-coloured orange safety vests, so that drivers and other construction workers will be able to see them.

Never Mind the Buzzcocks
Never Mind the Buzzcocks is a British television game show on channel BBC2. It is presented by Simon Amstell with Phill Jupitus and Bill Bailey as the team captains. It used to be presented by Mark Lamarr.

Bayreuth
Bayreuth is a town in northern Bavaria, Germany.
It is in in the south of Franconia, and the capital of Upper Franconia. The population is about 74,000 people.
Every year, the Richard Wagner Festival takes place.
Nearby bigger cities are Coburg, Bamberg, Hof and Nürnberg.

Ragnarök
In Norse mythology, Ragnarök ("fate of the gods") is the battle at the end of the world. It would be fought between the gods or Æsir, led by Odin and the fire giants, the Jötnar and other monsters, led by Loki. Not only will some of the gods, giants, and monsters die in this battle, but almost everything in the universe will be destroyed.
Surtr then used his sword to cover the worlds in flame. But he also died in the fire.
Freyja kills herself after she sees Freyr die.
None of the goddesses were mentioned, but we assume that Frigg would survive.

Jörmungandr
Jörmungandr is a sea serpent in Norse mythology. He is the middle child of Loki and the giantess Angrboða.
According to the myth, Odin took Loki's three children, Fenrisulfr, Hel and Jörmungandr. He tossed Jörmungandr into the ocean that surrounds Midgard. The serpent grew so big that he was able to surround the Earth and grasp his own tail, and as a result he earned the alternate name of the Midgard Serpent or World Serpent. Jörmungandr's arch enemy is the god Thor. It is said that both Thor and Jörmungandr will die fighting each other during Ragnarök.

Hof
Hof is a German city in the north of Franconia. The next bigger cities are Coburg, Bayreuth and Chemnitz. The population of Hof is 50,000.
It is surrounded by, but not part of, the district of Hof, so it has its own local council.

Pancake
Pancakes (also called "griddlecakes", "hot cakes" or "flapjacks") are a kind of flatbread prepared from a batter that is baked on an oiled or buttered, hot griddle or frying pan. They exist in several variations in many different local cuisines, such as thin French crêpes or Vermont-style multigrain pancakes. Most pancakes are quick breads that use baking powder, although some are also made using a yeast-raised or fermented batter.
In many countries, pancakes are served as a breakfast or as a dessert, and they are served with sweet sauces or toppings such as maple syrup, jam, or sugar. Pancakes are also served with savory (non-sweet) fillings and toppings such as meat.
How pancakes are made.
American or Canadian pancakes contain a raising agent (something that makes the pancake get bigger while cooking), usually baking powder, and different proportions of eggs, flour and milk which make a thick batter. This batter is either spooned or poured onto a hot surface which is coated in cooking oil or melted butter. The batter spreads to make a cake about 1/4 or 1/3 inch (1 cm) thick. The raising agent makes bubbles rise to the uncooked side of the pancake, at which point they are ready to be flipped (turned over).
The resulting pancakes are very light in texture and are often served at breakfast topped with maple syrup, butter, or fruit. Vermont pancakes usually have a secondary grain added to the wheat flour, either oatmeal or buckwheat flour. Both of these recipes need more baking powder to leaven. The texture is coarser, the flavor deeper, rather like toasted nuts.
North American (Canada and the United States) style pancakes.
In the U.S., pancakes can also be called hotcakes, griddlecakes, or flapjacks (in Britain a flapjack is a sweet biscuit made of oats). A typical portion served in restaurants is 3 to 4 pancakes of more or less 14 cm (5 inch) diameter. A smaller number may be ordered by requesting a "short stack". Restaurants usually serve 1 or 2 pancakes of more or less 25 cm (10 inches) diameter. A "silver dollar" pancake refers to a pancake about 7 cm (3 inches) in diameter - these are usually served in groups of five or ten.
"British Pancakes.
British pancakes have three main ingredients: white flour, eggs and milk. Some people also add melted butter to the batter. The batter is quite runny and makes a thin layer on the bottom of the frying pan when the pan is tilted. It may form some bubbles during cooking, which result in a pale pancake with dark spots where the bubbles were, but the pancake does not rise.
These pancakes may be eaten sweet with the traditional topping of lemon juice and brown sugar, or wrapped around savoury stuffings and eaten as a main course. When baked instead of fried, this batter rises (even though it has no raising agents such as baking powder, it rises because the air beaten into the batter expands) and is known as Yorkshire pudding. British pancakes are similar to French crêpes, and Italian crespelle, but do not look "lacy".
However, in Scotland pancakes, known as Scotch pancakes or drop scones in the rest of Britain, are more like the American variation and are served as such (see below). Scotch pancakes often have sugar in the batter, and are not eaten with syrup. Americans with a "sweet tooth" (a preference for sweet foods), however, can always choose to have the double sweetness of a Scotch pancake with syrup.
Scottish Pancakes.
Scottish pancake and fruit crumpet. Pancakes similar to the North American pancake but smaller (usually about 3.5 in / 9 cm across) are known in the British Isles as Scotch pancakes or (after the traditional method of dropping batter onto a griddle) drop-scones, and in Australia and New Zealand as pikelets. They can be served with jam and cream or just with butter. In the U.S. these are known as "silver dollar pancakes" because each pancake is about the size of a U.S. silver dollar (with Eisenhower on the face, no longer minted).
In Scotland, they are rarely served for breakfast, but are usually served for dessert. They are available plain, or as a fruit pancake with raisins baked in, and larger thinner crumpets are made from the same recipe by watering down the mix. The griddle is generally called a girdle in Scotland.
French Crêpes.
French crêpes, popular in France, the French-speaking Canadian province of Quebec, and Brazil (where they are usually called pancake, or only crêpe) are made from flour, milk, and a relatively large proportion of eggs (compared with other types of pancakes). Due to their thinness, they are usually served with a filling such as fruit or ice cream. Maple syrup or other sweetened sauces are sometimes served with crêpes. Crêpes are also served as a dinner meal, by filling them with seafood or other meats.
German Pancakes.
German pancakes often served in American pancake houses, are shaped like a bowl. They come in a variety of sizes, some quite large and nearly impossible for one person to finish. They are commonly eaten with lemons and powdered sugar, although jam is sometimes used as well. The pancakes eaten in Germany, however, are of the British variety. They are called Pfannkuchen, although in some areas (Berlin, Brandenburg, Saxonia) that is instead the local name for Berliner, a type of doughnut. Pancakes are called Eierkuchen (meaning "eggcake") there. In Swabia, cut pancakes (Flädle) are a traditional soup ingredient.
Austrian Pancakes.
In Austria, pancakes are called Palatschinken, a word which comes from Latin "placenta" by way of Romanian, and are usually filled with apricot jam but are also known to have a pleasing taste filled with a chocolate sauce or hazelnut spread. Similar pancakes with similar names can be found throughout the former Austria-Hungary (today Austria, Bosnia, Hungary, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, Croatia and Serbia), (see Palatschinken).
Scandinavian Pancakes.
Scandinavian pancakes are similar to British pancakes. They are traditionally served with jam and/or ice cream or whipped cream, although they may also be served as a main dish with a variety of savoury fillings. Traditional Swedish variations can be somewhat exotic. Some resemble British pancakes with a tiny diameter; these are called plättar, and they are fried several at a time in a special pan.
Others are like German pancakes but include fried pork in the batter; these are cooked in an oven. There are also potato pancakes, called raggmunk. These contain shredded raw potato and, sometimes, other vegetables. If the actual pancake batter is left out, the fried cakes of grated potatoes are called rårakor. Both the last two kinds are eaten traditionally with pork rinds and/or lingonberry jam.
Vegan Pancakes.
Vegan pancakes are not associated with any nationality, however they are a different and popular type of pancake. Vegan pancakes try to be like the American pancake by using direct substitutes such as egg substitute and soy milk. However, some kinds use baking soda and occasionally a small amount of vinegar as raising agents.
Indonesian Pancakes.
In Malaysia and Singapore a pancake-like snack is made with a filling, usually cheese or kaya but occasionally bean paste, ground peanut, blueberry or custard. There are other interesting variations, such as those made with soya bean replacing some of the flour. More commonly seen are serabis, pancakes made with rice flour and coconut milk and smoothered with a sauce made from coconut milk and palm sugar (or brown sugar).
Eastern European Blintz and Blini.
In Russia, Poland, Lithuania and Ukraine, blintz and blini are made from wheat or buckwheat flour, yeast, butter, eggs and milk. Blini come from the French crêpes which were introduced during before the time of the Soviet Union.
Mexican Hot Cakes.
In Mexico they are generally called "hot cakes" rather than "pancakes". They are similar in style to pancakes served in the U.S. but are perhaps more likely to mix or replace wheat flour with corn. As well as being a popular breakfast at restaurants in all parts of the country, "hotcakes" are often sold on the streets of Mexico City and other cities and during the local celebrations of small towns at all hours of the day and night. These vendors sell a single cake topped with some kind of sweet sauce.
Other kinds.
In Ethiopia, injera is made from a fermented sourdough batter of buckwheat or the more traditional teff. Unlike North American and European pancakes, the injera is not served with sweet sauces or sugar. Instead, it is served with meat sauce, vegetables, and cooked eggs.
In Hungary, palacsinta are made from flour, milk and/or soda water, sugar, and eggs. They are served as a main dish or as a dessert, depending on the filling. Sweet wine can also be added to the batter.
In Italy, cannelloni are made from pancake batter or noodle dough. They are then filled, covered with cheese, and baked.
In the Middle East, pita is made from flour and yeast.In India, dosa are made from rice flour and fried in a skillet. In Chinese cooking, green onion pancakes are the thin pancakes made with buckwheat flour and green onions, served with moo shu dishes. In Egypt, katief is made. In Venezuela, pancakes are topped with butter and white cheese.
In Japan, Dorayaki are a popular sweet consisting of bean paste sandwiched between two pancake-like patties of castella.
Serving.
Most types of pancake, (but not the Breton galette), are cooked one side at a time and flipped (turned over) by the cook halfway through. Tossing a pancake well can be quite difficult, but good cooks become very good at it, tossing them high in the air.
North American pancakes can be made sweet or savoury by adding foods like blueberries, strawberries, cheese or bacon to the batter; bananas or chocolate chips are sometimes dipped in the batter too. British pancakes can be stuffed (put things in the middle) after cooking with a wide variety of sweet or savoury fillings. Both are often sweetened after cooking by pouring on syrup or sprinkling with powdered sugar.
In Canada and the United States, the pancake is usually a breakfast food made in a person's home. Pancakes are also served at restaurants and diners. One restaurant even specializes in pancakes; the "International House of Pancakes" has more than 1,000 restaurants.
In Britain, pancakes are eaten as a dessert, or served savoury with a main meal. They are also traditionally eaten on Shrove Tuesday which is also known as "Pancake Day". (Shrove Tuesday is better known in the United States, France and other countries as Mardi Gras or Fat Tuesday.) According to tradition, this used to be done in order to use up the last of the fat and rich foods before Lent which was a time when people did not eat rich foods. Charity or school events are often organised on Pancake Day.
In the Netherlands pancakes are called pannekoeken and eaten at dinner. Pancake restaurants are popular family restaurants and serve many varieties of sweet, savoury, and stuffed pancakes. The Netherlands also has another kind of pancake called "poffertjes". Each poffertje is quite small. They are cooked on a large griddle with lots of holes for each poffertje. The cook pours the batter quickly into all the holes by pouring up and down the rows. When they are cooked,several poffertjes are put on a plate and sprinkled with icing sugar. There is often a poffertje stall at Dutch markets.
In Sweden and in Finland it is traditional to eat yellow pea soup followed by pancakes on Thursdays. A smaller pancake, often called a "silver dollar" pancake, is sometimes used to make hors d'oeuvres in place of crackers or other bread-like items.
Banana pancakes are a popular item in Western-oriented backpackers' cafes in many Asian countries such as Thailand, Vietnam, India, and China.

1040s
Centuries: 10th century - 11th century - 12th century
Decades: 990s - 1000s - 1010s - 1020s - 1030s - 1040s - 1050s - 1060s - 1070s - 1080s - 1090s
1039 1040 1041 1042 1043 1044 1045 1046 1047 1048 1049 1050

1030s
Centuries: 10th century - 11th century - 12th century
Decades: 980s - 990s - 1000s - 1010s - 1020s - 1030s - 1040s - 1050s - 1060s - 1070s - 1080s
1029 1030 1031 1032 1033 1034 1035 1036 1037 1038 1039 1040

1020s
Centuries: 10th century - 11th century - 12th century
Decades: 970s - 980s - 990s - 1000s - 1010s - 1020s - 1030s - 1040s - 1050s - 1060s - 1070s
1019 1020 1021 1022 1023 1024 1025 1026 1027 1028 1029 1030

1214
1214 is a year in the 13th century.

Labium
Labium (plural "labia") is a Latin-derived term meaning "Lip". "Labium" and its derivatives (including labia, labial, labrum) are used to describe any lip-like structure, but in the English language, labium often specifically refers to parts of the vulva.

Rete testis
Rete testis is a network of small tubules found in the part of the testicle that carries sperm. They can sometimes get cysts.
Purpose.
The rete testis have concentrated sperm and fluid in them, and they help the epididymis to absorb this fluid. If the fluid is not absorbed, the person can be infertile.

1st century BC
The 1st century BC started on January 1, 100 BC and ended on December 31, 1 BC. An alternative name for this century is the last century BC. The AD/BC notation does not use a year zero. Scientific notation does, however, uses a minus sign, so '2 BC' is equal to 'year -1'.

British monarchs
This is a list of the Kings and Queens of Great Britain, Ireland and the United Kingdom who reigned after England and Scotland joined together in 1707. Great Britain and Ireland joined together in 1801. For a list of British monarchs prior to 1707, see English monarchs and Scottish monarchs.
House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.
The royal household changed its name to Saxe-Coburg-Gotha after Queen Victoria married Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, but Victoria stayed part of the House of Hanover. With Monarchs it started in 1901. It ended in 1910 with the death of Edward VII, but the name wasn't changed util 1917 by George V
House of Windsor.
In 1917 King George V changed the royal household's name to Windsor because the United Kingdom was at war with Germany and Saxe-Coburg-Gotha is a German name. The house had officially ended in 1910 upon death of Edward VII.
Monarchs of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
In 1921 Ireland was split into the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. Northern Ireland stayed part of the United Kingdom. However, the name wasn't changed until 6 years later.

Cosplay
is a short way of saying of "Costume Play". It is an act of dressing up to be look like an anime, manga, video game, Japanese rock, or Jpop character. A person who does this is called a Cosplayer.
Cosplay can be divided into two parts, basic cosplay and masquerade cosplay. Both types of cosplay involve trying to physically look like the character, including speaking like the character, memorizing quotes and so on. Masquerading or "
The Masquerade" usually refers to a cosplay competition where cosplayers demonstrate their skills in creating costumes, putting on skits, and in technical matters.
Even though cosplaying is originally from Japan, there are a number of cosplay communities in Malaysia, China, the United States, Indonesia, and the Phillipines, because of the popularity of Japanese animation, movies, and popular culture in those countries.
Cosplay communities often hold events such as parties and conventions. They can be found online in general cosplay forums such as and For the actual building of the costumes, sites such as provide techniques. Some of the best cosplayers can be famous amonst otaku.

Las Vegas algorithm
A Las Vegas algorithm is an algorithm. It uses randomness, but does not touch whether the result is correct or not. However, it gambles with the resources used.
A simple example would be a version of the QuickSort algorithm. Quicksort is used to quickly sort things (mostly numbers). For this, each element is compared to a central element (called "pivot"). Depending on how this element is selected the sorting can take more time or less.
Most often, a Las Vegas algorithm is used to pick the pivot randomly.

Factorial
N Factorial (written N!) is a function to calculate the product of every natural number from 1 to N. If N is 0, the result is 1. N! is not defined for negative numbers.
It is used to find out how many possibilities there are to arrange objects.
For example, if there are 3 letters (A, B, and C), they can be arranged as ABC, ACB, BAC, BCA, CAB, and CBA. That's 6 choices because A can be put in 3 different places, B has 2 choices left after A is placed, and C has only one choice left after A and B have been placed. That is 3×2×1 = 6 combinations.
More generally, if there are three objects, and we want to find out how many different ways there are to arrange (or select them), than for the first object, there are 3 choices. For the second object, there are only two choices left as the first object has already been chosen. And finally, for the third object, there is only one object left.
Therefore 3! is equivalent to 3×2×1, or 6.
This function is a good example of recursion (doing things again and again), as 3! can be written as 3×(2!), which can be written as 3×2×(1!) and finally 3×2×1×(0!). N! can therefore also be defined as N×(N-1)! with 0! = 1.
The factorial function grows very fast. There are over 3.5 million ways to arrange 10 items.

Database
A Database is a program for a computer. It is used to manage data. A very simple example of a database would be an electronic address book.
The data in a database is organised in some way. Before there were computers, empolyee data was often kept ih file cabinets. There was usually one card for each employee. On the card, information such as the date of birth or the name of the employee could be found. A database also has such "cards". To the user, the card will look the same as it did in old times, only this time it will be on the screen. To the computer, the information on the card can be stored in different ways. Each of these ways is known as a database model. The most ocmomnly used database model is called "relational database model"; it used relations and sets to store the data. Normal users talking about the database model will not talk about realtions, they will talk about database tables.
Changing data.
In databases, some data changes occasionally. There may be problems when data is changed, an error might have occcurred. The error might make the data useless. The databasse system looks that the data always makes sense. It does this by using something called a transaction. There are two points in time in the database, the time before the data was changed, and the time after the data was changed. If something goes wrong when changing the data, the database system simply put the database back into the state before the change happened. This is called "rollback". After all the changes could be done successfully, they are "committed". This means that the data makes sense again; committed changes can no longer be undone
Database model.
There are different ways how to represent the data.
Ways to organise the data.
Based on these criteria, a method called Database normalisation was developed. Currently there are 5 Normal forms. These are a way to make a database faster, and make the data take less space.

Lichtenfels
Lichtenfels is a german town in Franconia. Its population is about 21,000. It lies at the Main River and between Coburg and Bamberg.
It is also called the German Basket City.
Its mayor is Dr. Bianca Fischer.
Traffic.
There is the A 73 Nürnberg-Coburg-Erfurt, the B173 Bamberg-Dresden and the B 289 Coburg-Rehau

Neustadt bei Coburg
Neustadt bei Coburg is a German city in the North of Franconia and has an population of ca. 17,000. It is near Coburg. Its mayor is Frank Rebhan (SPD).
Traffic.
Next important traffic routes are in Coburg.

Kronach
Kronach is a german town in northern Franconia. Its population is about 18,000. It is in the Frankenwald near Coburg. Its mayor is Manfred Raum.
Traffic.
Next important Traffic routes are in Coburg and Lichtenfels.

Rödental
Rödental is a German town in the north of Franconia. There are about 14,000 people living in Rödental. Rödental and Coburg have grown together like one city. The mayor of Rödental is Gerhard Preß.

Öresund bridge
The Öresund bridge or (Öresundsbron in Swedish) is a bridge between Malmö, Sweden and Copenhagen, Denmark. It was opened in 2000. A part of the bridge goes in an tunnel under the water. The bridge and the tunnel is nearly 16 km long. It can be travelled by both car (there is a motorway on the bridge) and by train (there is a railway under the motorway).
It costs 300 SEK (or 36 euros) to travel by car.

Rocko's Modern Life
"Rocko's Modern Life" is an animated television show that aired on Nickelodeon from 1993 to 1996. A comic book series also named "Rocko's Modern Life" was made.
Its characters included an Australian wallaby named Rocko, his dog Spunky, his best friend Heffer, a turtle named Filbert who was a big fan of Fishsticks, and his not so friendly neighbors Mr. and Mrs. Bighead. The show's story line was based on Rocko's everyday life, which was anything but normal.

Motorway
A motorway is a word used in the United Kingdom, New Zealand, some other Commonwealth nations, and Ireland for a fast road, with four lanes or more. It is used to carry many cars. A Motorway has no traffic-lights or ground level intersections. All roads crossing the motorway go over a bridge or a tunnel. Places where cars can leave or enter the motorway are called exits.

Jord
In Norse mythology, Jörð (or Jord) is a goddess. She represents the Earth. Jörð is one of Odin's wives and the mother of Thor. Little is known about her.
"Jörð" is the common word for "earth" in Old Norse.

Asgard
In Norse mythology, Asgard is the home of the gods (the Æsir). It is a different place than the home of the mortals, Midgard.
The plain of Idavoll is the centrer of Asgard. The Æsir meet there talk about important issues. The male gods meet in a hall called Gladsheim. The female goddesses in a hall called Vingólf.
It is also an advanced alien race in the science fiction series Stargate SG-1.

Midgard
Midgard is an old Germanic name for our world. Midgard means "middle enclosure".
Old Norse.
Midgard is a realm in Norse mythology. It is the home of mortals. Midgard is surrounded by a world of water or ocean. The ocean is inhabited by the great sea serpent Jörmungandr. It is a world between heaven (Asgard) and hell (Niflheim or Hel). Midgard was connected to Asgard by the Bifrost Bridge.
According to mythology, Midgard will be destroyed in Ragnarök, the battle at the end of the world. Jörmungandr will arise from the ocean. He will poison the land and sea. The final battle will take place on the plain of Vigrond. Midgard and almost all life on it will be destroyed, with the earth sinking into the sea.

Alien (movie)
"Alien" is a 1979 science fiction–horror movie directed by Ridley Scott. It is called a science fiction movie because the story takes place in outer space, and there are alien creatures. It is also a horror movie, because there are scary images and creatures. The movie's title refers to a highly aggressive (angry) and intelligent extraterrestrial (alien creature) that attacks and hurts the crew of the spaceship "Nostromo". The movie stars Sigourney Weaver as Ellen Ripley, Tom Skerritt as Captain Dallas, and Ian Holm as Ash.
"Alien" was a box office success (it made a lot of money). It led to a successful Hollywood franchise of books, video games, merchandise, and three official sequels (follow-ups). Along with launching the career of actress Sigourney Weaver, the movie is credited as being the first to have a strong female heroine.
There were three sequels to this movie: "Aliens" (1986), "Alien³" (1992), ' (1997), and a cross-overs: "Alien vs. Predator" (2004) and ' (2007)."
The famous tagline (slogan) for the movie was: "In space no one can hear you scream."

Isabella of Castile
Isabella of Castile was a queen of Castile and Leon. Her husband was Ferdinand II of Aragon and her grandson Carlos I of Spain (Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor).

Xinhai Revolution
The Xinhai Revolution was the word for many revolutions in China around 1911. At the end of the "Xinhai Revolution" China changed from a monarchy to a democracy.

Sonneberg
Sonneberg is a German city in the south of Thuringia. The nearest large city is Coburg. The population of Sonneberg is about 20,000 people. The mayor of the city is Sibylle Abel.

Hildburghausen
Hildburghausen is a German town in the south of Thuringia. The next towns in size are Suhl and Coburg. Its population is ca. 13,000. Its mayor is Steffen Harzer.

Haßfurt
Haßfurt is a town in Bavaria, Germany, capital of the Haßberge district. It is situated on the river Main, 20 km east of Schweinfurt and 30 km northwest of Bamberg.
Its population is about 14000. Its mayor is Rudi Eck.

Eisfeld
Eisfeld is a German city in the south of Thuringia. The next bigger cities are Hildburghausen and Coburg. Its population is ca 6,000. The current mayor is Kerstin Heintz.
Traffic.
The next important airports and train stations are in Coburg

Bad Colberg-Heldburg
Bad Colberg-Heldburg is a German city in the south of Thuringia. It is near the Franconian city ofCoburg. The population is 2,260. The mayor is Anita Schwarz. Before 1993, there were eight different municipalities (villages, cities) that merged into the current city.

Schleusingen
Schleusingen is a town in the district of Hildburghausen, in Thuringia, Germany. It is situated 10 km north of Hildburghausen, and 12 km southeast of Suhl.
The population of Schleusingen is about 6,000. The mayor of the city is Klaus Brodführer.

Ummerstadt
Ummerstadt is a German city in the south of Thuringia. Larger cities nearby are Hildburghausen and Coburg. With a population of 527, it's one of the smallest towns in Germany. The mayor of Ummerstadt is Christine Bardin.

Seßlach
Seßlach is a German city in the north of Franconia. The nearest large cities are Coburg and Ebern. The population of Seßlach is about 4,000. The mayor of the city is Hendrik Dressel. The movies "Luther" and "Der Räuber Hotzenplotz" were made there.

Ebern
Ebern is a German town in the north of Franconia. It is between Haßfurt and Coburg. It has about 8,000 people living in it. Its mayor is Robert Herrmann. Ebern is about 1,000 years old. It has an intact defense wall. Ebern was named after a boar ("Eber" in German).
Creation legend.
The legend is that one day two hunters were chasing a wild boar. It was finally hit, but with two spears, one from each of the hunters. They could not decide who threw the spear that caused the boar to die. The boar finally broke down exactly at the border between Seßlach and Ebern, with its head in Ebern, and its body in Seßlach, so they divided it. That's why the town Ebern is named after the boar, and the town's flag carries the head of the boar.

Bad Staffelstein
Bad Staffelstein is an German city in Franconia. The next bigger cities are Lichtenfels, Coburg, and Bamberg. Its population is ca 10,500. Its mayor is Jürgen Kohman. See also Staffelstein.

Ludwigsstadt
Ludwigsstadt is a municipality in the district of Kronach, in Bavaria, Germany. It is situated in the Frankenwald, north of Kronach, and south of Saalfeld. Its population is around 4,000 people. Its mayor is Gert Bayerlein.

Teuschnitz
Teuschnitz is a town in the district of Kronach, in Bavaria, Germany. It is situated in the Frankenwald (Franconian Forest), 19 km north of Kronach, and 15 km east of Sonneberg.
The population of Teuschnitz is about 3,000. The mayor of the city is Gabrielle Weber.

Wallenfels
Wallenfels is a town in the district of Kronach, in the Frankenwald ("Franconian Forest") of Bavaria, Germany. It is east of Kronach, and west of Hof.
Its population is about 3,000 and its mayor is Peter Hänel.
Wallenfels is twinned with Bingham, Nottinghamshire, England.

Steinach
Steinach is a German ski city in the south of Thuringia. Larger cities nearby are Coburg and Sonneberg. The population of Steinach is about 4,500 people. The mayor of the city is Ulrich Kurtz.

Lauscha
Lauscha is a German city in Thuringia. Next bigger cities are Sonneberg and Coburg. Its population is ca 4,000. Its mayor is Norbert Zitzmann.

Neuhaus am Rennweg
Neuhaus am Rennweg is a German ski city in the south of Thuringia. Bigger cities close by are Sonneberg and Coburg. Its population is ca. 6,000. Its mayor is Marianne Reichelt.

Themar
Themar is a town in the district of Hildburghausen, in the south ofThuringia, Germany. It is situated on the river Werra, 11 km northwest of Hildburghausen, and 14 km southwest of Suhl.
The population of Themar is about 3,000. The mayor of Themar is Hubert Böse.

Schalkau
Schalkau is a German city in the south of Thuringia. Schalkau is in the district of Sonneberg, in Thuringia, Germany. It is situated 13 km west of Sonneberg, and 15 km north of Coburg.
The population of Schalkau is about 3,500. The mayor of the city is Rheinhard Zehner.

Römhild
Römhild is a German city in the south of Thuringia. Next bigger cities are Hildburghausen and Coburg. Its population is ca. 2,000. Its mayor is Klaus-Jürgen Theilig. It is the county seat of the Gleichberge "verwaltungsgemeinschaft"

Mily Balakirev
Mily Alexanyevich Balakirev (born Nizhny-Novgorod 2 January 1837; died St Petersburg 29 May 1910) was a Russian composer. His music sounds very Russian, and he was a very important influence on other Russian composers such as Modest Mussorgsky, Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, Alexander Borodin and César Cui. These five composers were known as the “Mighty Handful”. Balakirev mainly wrote music for orchestra, choir and piano and solo songs.

Hector Berlioz
Hector Berlioz (born La Côte-St-André, Isère, 11 December 1803; died Paris, 8 March 1869) was a French composer. He was one of the greatest composers of the 19th century. His music is typical of the Romantic period: full of passion and often based on ideas outside music. He was not particularly good at playing any instrument, but he was brilliant at writing for the orchestra. Some of his most famous works include several orchestral overtures, the "Symphonie Fantastique", the opera "Les Troyens" ("The Trojans"), the requiem "Grande messe des morts" and the song cycle "Les nuits d’été" (Summer Nights). He was very original as a composer, and his music was not fully appreciated until many years after his death.
Childhood and student days.
Berlioz was the eldest of six children. One brother and one sister lived to be adults, and Berlioz was always very fond of them both. His father was a doctor. The family lived in the country, north west of Grenoble.
Berlioz only went to school for a short time, when he was ten years old. The rest of his education he had from his father. He liked French and Latin literature and travel books about faraway countries. He learned to play the flute, the flageolet and the guitar. He read a book by Rameau about harmony. He never had a piano. He just imagined the sounds of chords in his head. He was only 12 when he fell in love with a girl called Estelle who was 18. He was teased about it a lot. He started to compose some music.
When he was 17 his father said that he wanted him to be a doctor. Berlioz wanted to study music, but his father made him go to Paris to study medicine. Berlioz was to stay in Paris for the rest of his life. He studied medicine for two years, but he hated it. One day, in an anatomy lesson, he had had enough and jumped out of the window. He started to study music. His father was furious and stopped sending him money. Berlioz was very poor and started writing musical criticism for newspapers. This is how he earned most of his money for the rest of his life. He was also borrowing money from friends.
Berlioz started going to the Opéra. He particularly liked the music of Gluck and went to the library to study Gluck’s scores. At the end of 1822 he found a good teacher. His name was Le Sueur. He made Berlioz stop publishing his music until he had learned to compose properly. In 1826 he was officially a student at the Conservatoire. He continued to study with Le Sueur and with Reicha. He tried four times to win the important music prize called Prix de Rome. The first time he wrote a piece called "La Mort d’Orphée" ("The Death of Orpheus"). The judges said it was unplayable, but Berlioz got an orchestra to play it. The second time he wrote a piece called "Herminie" which had a tune he used later as the main tune for his "Symphonie fantastique". The third time he wrote a cantata "La mort de Cléopâtre" which is a wonderful work but he still did not win the prize. The fourth time he wrote a cantata "La mort de Sardanapale", and he won the prize. Nearly all the music for this work is now lost.
Berlioz did not understand any English, but he went to a performance of Shakespeare’s "Hamlet" given by an English theatre company. The actress taking the part of Ophelia was called Harriet Smithson. Berlioz fell passionately in love with her, although he did not know her, and started following her about everywhere. In the end he married her. The marriage was not a success. Berlioz was really in love with Ophelia, the character from Shakespeare’s play. He found it hard to love Harriet in real life.
Shakespeare’s plays, however, were to be a great inspiration for Berlioz. He wrote many works which are inspired by Shakespeare, including "Roméo et Juliette", "Béatrice et Bénédict", "Roi Lear" and several others. He was also inspired at this time by Goethe’s Faust as well as by many other writers including E.T.A. Hoffmann, Scott and Byron. He also discovered the music of Beethoven which helped him to learn how to give shape to large compositions.
Berlioz started to be very busy putting on concerts of his music in Paris. He was quickly becoming known as a very original young composer. Winning the Prix de Rome gave him a steady income for a time, but he was supposed to go to Rome. Berlioz did not want to go to Rome. He said that he had plenty of work in Paris. The real reason why did not want to go was probably because he was in love with a 19- year-old girl called Camille Moke.
The 1830s.
Berlioz spent 15 months in Rome. On his way there he visited his parents who seemed to have forgiven him for not studying medicine. They could now be proud because their son was so successful. In Italy Berlioz did not write much music. He did not like Italian music or Italian art, but he was inspired by the countryside, the sun, the sea, the people he met: sailors, peasants, sculptors, travellers. He did not like the city of Rome, although he did like Florence. He hated the Villa Medici, the house where he had to stay. When he travelled about he wrote some music. When he heard the news that Camille now loved another man he became so furious that he left Rome in order to return to Paris to kill them both. However, when he got as far as Nice he calmed down and changed his mind. He returned to Rome.
At the end of his time in Italy he returned to Paris, visiting his parents on the way. He started organizing concerts of his music. This is when he got to know Harriet Smithson. They had a strange courtship and he married her in 1833. The next year they had a son. The marriage was never easy. Their personalities were different, they were poor, and they did not speak one another’s language. In 1842 they separated and Harriet died in great poverty in 1854.
Although a few people thought that Berlioz was an original composer, many others thought his music was very strange. He hardly earned any money from composing. Most of the money he earned came from musical journalism, which is something he hated. When his works were performed, he usually conducted them himself. He wrote a work for viola and orchestra called "Harold en Italie". Paganini had asked him to write it for him to play, but when Paganini saw the music he did not like it because it was not “showy” enough for the viola. Some years later Paganini heard the work and decided he liked it, so he paid Berlioz 20.000 Francs. This was a lot of money, and it made it possible for Berlioz to spend time writing a big new work: "Roméo et Juliette". When this was first performed some critics thought that Berlioz did not understand Shakespeare probably. However, Richard Wagner, who was in the audience at the first performance, was very impressed. Berlioz tried to be successful as an opera composer, but people did not understand his original music. He wrote a "Grand symphonie funèbre et triomphale", originally written for a military band. "Les nuits d’étés" is a very moving song-cycle.
Later life.
During the 1840s and 1850s Berlioz spent much of his time travelling abroad. He went to Germany, Austria, Russia and England. He was becoming more famous abroad than at home in France, although he still continued to go back to Paris. The Germans loved his music and were impressed by his conducting. He rarely conducted anything except his own music. In 1946 he composed one of his finest works: "La Damnation de Faust" which was performed in the Opéra-Comique. The opera house was half empty. It was a great disappointment to him. Berlioz continued to tour to other countries where people appreciated him. He had great success in St Petersburg, in Berlin where he performed to the King of Prussia, and in London, where he never got paid for the concerts that Jullien conducted because Jullien had no money left. However, he had other successes in London and the English liked him very much.
In 1854 Harriet Smithson died and seven months later Berlioz married Marie Recio, a singer he had known for 12 years. Her Spanish mother came to live with them, and she looked after Berlioz very kindly in his last years when he was ill. Berlioz’ son Louis had become a captain in the navy and travelled all over the world. This was something Berlioz had always dreamt of doing since his childhood when he used to read travel books. Berlioz was terribly sad in 1867 when he heard that Louis had died in Havana of yellow fever.
Berlioz had always had a passion for the Latin poet Virgil. In 1856 he spent a long time writing a long opera in five acts called "Les Troyens" ("The Trojans"). He knew it would be almost impossible to find anyone who would put on a performance. It only became possible in 1863 after he had divided the work into two parts. After that it was 30 years before the opera was performed again. It contains some of his best music. The storm scene is especially famous and often performed separately as an orchestral piece.
As he got older he became obsessed with death. He had lost two wives, and his two sisters had also died. He started to walk in cemeteries. He wrote his "Memoires" (autobiography) which is extremely interesting and well written. It has been translated into many languages including English.
In 1863 he wrote to Estelle, the girl he had loved when he was a child. She was now a widow of 67 and he was 60. He visited her in Lyons and loved her again. He wrote regularly to her for the rest of his life, and stayed with her three times in Grenoble where she lived with her son. She gradually understood him better, and she gave him much happiness during his last years.
A final journey to St Petersburg was too much for Berlioz. He became ill. He went to Nice on the way home, where he twice collapsed while walking by the sea. He went back to Paris where he was cared for by his mother-in-law. He died on 11 March 1869 and was buried in the Cimitière Montmartre.
Berlioz’s reputation.
Berlioz is a clear example of a “prophet who is without honour in his own country”: not many people in France realized he was a great composer, but in other countries he was welcomed as one of the great composers and conductors of his day. Many of his works are difficult to describe. His "Symphonie fantastique" is not quite a symphony, his "Harold en Italie" is not quite a concerto. His "Requiem" is not a normal, religious requiem, "Roméo et Juliette" is a mixture of all sorts of things. He wrote five operas, which are all very different in style. His songs are tender and lovely, influenced by the French romance. His overtures are very popular at orchestral concerts. His music is very original and, although he wrote a book on orchestration, the sounds he composed were so personal that no one could imitate him. He was not good at playing any instrument, but could imagine all the sounds in his head. Many of his melodies stretch themselves over an unusual number of bars. A lot of his orchestral music is programme music: it is often inspired by books or wild stories in his imagination.

Vincenzo Bellini
Vincenzo Bellini (born in Catania on November 3 1801; died near Paris on September 23 1835) was an Italian composer. He was one of the most important opera composers of the early 19th century. He gave his singers beautiful melodies to sing, with sensitive orchestral accompaniments. He never married, although he had some passionate love affairs, and he argued a lot with other composers such as Donizetti. His greatest operas are "I puritani", "La sonnambula" and "Norma". In the 1950s famous recordings were made of these operas by the legendary soprano Maria Callas.

Charles-Valentin Alkan
Charles-Valentin Alkan (born Paris 30 Nov 1813; died Paris 29 March 1888) was a French composer and pianist. His real name was Morhange. He was a virtuoso pianist who wrote a lot of piano music which is mostly extremely difficult to play. Although people like Franz Liszt and Busoni thought he was a great composer, it is only in recent years that most people have realized how good his music is. His piano music is mostly tonal, but it changes key in unusual ways. The story was told by many people that he died when a bookcase collapsed on top of him, but that story is proved not to be true.

Kalki
Kalki is the final avatar or incarnation of the Hindu god Vishnu. Hindus believe that there are four stages of time. The stage of time we are in is called the Kali Yurga. In this stage of time, people become bad. To make the world good, Kalki will come to Earth, and will destroy the bad things and stop the bad people. People will change then, and become good people. A new stage of time will begin, called the Satya Yurga or the first stage of life.

Thomas Arne
Thomas Arne (born London baptized 28 May 1710; died London 5 March 1778 was an English composer and violinist. He was the most famous musician in the theatre in England in the 18th century. He wrote music for lots of plays. He did not have the genius of Handel, but he had a great gift for writing beautiful tunes. Songs such as "Where the bee sucks" are still very popular. His best known tune is "Rule Britannia" which is sung every year at the Last Night of the Proms.

Johann Nepomuk Hummel
Johann Nepomuk Hummel (born Pressburg November 14 1778; died Weimar October 17 1837 was an Austrian composer and pianist. He was a child prodigy. His family moved to Vienna when he was eight. Mozart thought he was so talented that he taught him free of charge. Hummel became one of the greatest pianists and composers in Europe. He always wrote in a Classical style, he never became an early Romantic like Beethoven.

Alphabetical order
Alphabetical order is a way to sort (organize) a list. It makes it easier to find a name or a title in the list. It is done by following the standard (usual) order of letters in an alphabet. Sorting things in English is done using the Roman alphabet. Different languages have different rules for sorting.
If many words have the same first letter, they are sorted by their second letters.
After that, the third and fourth letters are used until the whole list is sorted.
The words a, an and the are ignored. Sometimes they are written at the end, after a comma. Spaces and hyphens (-) are ignored, too.
Names are usually ordered by Family name, not given name.
Names are often written with the last names first.
Numbers can be sorted in two ways. Sometimes, they are listed in order from smallest to largest. This is the normal way to sort numbers.
Other times, they can be sorted as if they were normal, spelled-out words. This way is often used for numbers in titles.

Bad Rodach
Bad Rodach is a German town in the north of Franconia. Next bigger cities are Hildburghausen and Coburg. Its population is ca. 7,000. Its mayor is Gerold Strobel.

M.I.A.
Mathangi "Maya" Arulpragasam (born on July 17, 1977 in Hounslow, London, England) is an acclaimed artist, film graduate and musician. She is the daughter of a Tamil revolutionary. She is best known by her stage name M.I.A. Her music style contains elements of grime, alternative, hip-hop, reggae, dance, and electronic music.
M.I.A. graduated from Central St. Martin's College of Art and Design with a degree in fine art, film and video. She has been noted for her idiosyncratic style in her music, her sense of fashion, and other artistic output.
In 2000, she did the cover artwork for the album "The Menace," by Elastica and directed the music video for their single "Mad Dog God Dam." She filmed a North American tour of the band. In 2002, she published a book of art inspired by the Tamil rebellion and her childhood in Sri Lanka. She met the musician Peaches who introduced M.I.A. to the Roland MC 505. M.I.A. wrote and recorded several songs on a demo using a 505, including the song "Galang."
"Galang" was initially released in 2003 on the white-label Showbiz Recordings. It became popular with DJs and garnered acclaim.
M.I.A. signed to XL Recordings in 2004. The song "Sunshowers" and "Galang" were re-released. Through 2004, file-sharing of the two singles and leaked promos of "Arular" on the internet increased anticipation for her debut album "Arular".
One of the first artists to break on the internet, M.I.A. ended 2004 making "Piracy Funds Terrorism," a mash-up mixtape of "Arular" tracks produced by herself and DJ Diplo.
"Arular".
in 2005, M.I.A. released her debut album, "Arular", which is named for her father. It sold over 100,000 copies. The most popular song off the album was "Galang" which appeared in a Honda advertisement. On the album, there is a hidden track called "M.I.A.". The listener hears nothing for a minute or two, then a new track starts playing.

Key (music)
The key system is explained in the article circle of fifths.

Otaku
Otaku is a Japanese slang word which means someone who is crazy about something, especially anime and manga. Originally, "otaku" was a word to speak to someone from another family with respect.
In Japan, "otaku" is generally considered a rude word. Calling someone an "otaku" in Japan would be a very bad insult. However, in America, "otaku" is often used to refer to fans of anime and manga. In America, calling someone an "otaku" is not necessarily rude.
In Australia the term "otkau" is seen not only as not rude but in a lot of anime fans cases as a thing to be very proud of being called. The term "otaku" being used as very knowledgeable geek, obsessed with anime, extreme fan of anime and manga.

Circle of fifths
In music theory the Circle of fifths shows how the different keys are related to one another. It can be easily understood together with a piano keyboard.
Structure.
On a piano there are white and black notes (confusingly these are also called “keys”). The white notes are named by the letters A to G of the alphabet. After G comes another A and so on. The black notes go in threes and twos. This makes it easy to see the pattern of white notes. Where there are two black notes together, for example, the white note between them is D. The black notes do not have names of their own. They are named after the white notes next to them. The black note just above (i.e. to the right) of a G is a G sharp. The black note just below (i.e. to the left) of the G is G flat. This means that each black note has two possible names (e.g. G flat or F sharp).
Method.
Playing each note in turn, whether a white or a black note, will give a chromatic scale (e.g. C, C sharp, D, E flat, E, F, F sharp, G, A flat, A, B flat, B, C). Each step is called a “semitone” or “half tone”. A “tone” or “whole tone” therefore is a jump of two semitones (C to D, or C sharp to E flat, or E to F sharp).
By playing on white notes from C to the next C we get a major scale. Some of the steps are tones and some are semitones. The semitones come between E and F and between B and C, i.e. between the 3rd and 4th and between the 7th and 8th note of the scale. All major scales have this pattern (tone, tone, semitone, tone, tone, tone, semitone).
Examples.
Each time we went to a sharper key we took the note which was the 5th note of the previous scale (G, with one sharp, was the 5th note of C major. D, with two sharps, was the 5th note of G, etc).
In a diagram this can be shown as a circle which is called the “Circle of Fifths”. As we get sharper and sharper we go clockwise round the circle.
Flats.
The flats work in exactly the opposite way. Instead of going up to the fifth note (e.g. C,D,E,F,G) we can go down a fifth (C,B,A,G,F). F is the scale which has one flat. As we get flatter and flatter we go counter-clockwise round the circle until all seven notes are flattened.
It can be seen that three of the scales each have two possible names: B major (with 5 sharps) can also be thought of as C flat major (with seven flats), F sharp major (with 6 sharps) can also be thought of as G flat major (with 6 flats), and C sharp major (with 7 sharps) can also be thought of as D flat major (with 5 flats).
Minors.
Relative minors (the minor scale with the same key signature) can also be worked out by going round three steps of the circle (C major is the relative major of A minor, i.e. it shares the same key signature: nothing). On a keyboard the relative minor can be worked out by going down three semitones (from C go down to B, Bflat, A).

Haddock
Hadock is a fish that lives in the Atlantic ocean. It only lives in the sea. Haddocks are important fish for the fishing industry. The fish can be easily recognised by a black line on the white side of the fish. Pollock is a fish with reversed coloring, white line on a black background.

Kristallnacht
The Kristallnacht (also called Reichskristallnacht, Reichspogromnacht) was a two day pogrom that happened against Jews in Nazi Germany and parts of Austria. It was between November 9 and November 10, 1938. About 30,000 Jews were moved to concentration camps, and over 1,500 synagogues were pillaged and partly destroyed. Also, almost all Jewish cemeteries in Germany and Austria were destroyed. This marked the change from discriminating against Jews to actively persecuting and deporting them.
Herschel Grynszpan (sometimes also spelled "Grünspan"), a 17 year old Jew living in Paris learned that his whole family had been chased away to Zsbaszyn. He obtained a gun. With this he fired shots at a sectretary of the German embassy in Paris. This was on November 7. The secretary he fired at was called Ernst Eduard vom Rath. The secretary died of his wounds on November 9.
The motive of Grynszpan is unclear. In a judicial hearing in 1942, he said it was revenge. He meant to shoot the ambassador, but hit the secretary instead.
In 1938, the basis of the NSDAP used this event as an excuse to seize Jewish property. A similar event in February 1936 occured and followed up with almost no consequences. Then, the Jewish student David Frankfurter had fired shots at the NSDAP secretary Wilhelm Gustloff. At that time, the NSDAP could not act because of the Summer Olympics of 1936 in Berlin.

Pogrom
"Pogrom" (from Russian:"погром" (pogrom); from "громить" IPA: - to wreak havoc, to demolish violently) is a form of riot. This riot is directed against a group of people.
These groups may be certain ethnic groups, they may belong to a certain religion, or they may have other marks of distinction.
In a pogrom their homes, businesses, and places of worship are destroyed. Very often people of the target group are murdered.

970s
Centuries: 9th century - 10th century - 11th century
Decades: 920s - 930s - 940s - 950s - 960s - 970s - 980s - 990s - 1000s - 1010s - 1020s
Years: 970 971 972 973 974 975 976 977 978 979

990s
Centuries: 9th century - 10th century - 11th century
Decades: 940s - 950s - 960s - 970s - 980s - 990s - 1000s - 1010s - 1020s - 1030s - 1040s
990 991 992 993 994 995 996 997 998 999 1000

Sertoli cell
A Sertoli cell is a cell found in the testes. Its main function is to help the developing sperm cells through the stages of spermatogenesis - the process of turning stem cells into sperm. It was also called the "mother cell." The cell also helps in the creation of stem cells.
Name.
Sertoli cells get their name from Enrico Sertoli, an Italian physiologist. He discovered them while studying medicine in the University of Pavia, Italy. He published a description of this cell in 1865. As of 2006, two textbooks have been published that are almost entirely about the Sertoli cell.

University President
University President is the highest title in some universities. It is the same as the Chancellor or rector in other Universities.

Public Broadcasting Service
The Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) is a non-profit public broadcasting television service with 349 member TV stations in the United States, with some member stations available by cable in Canada. While the term broadcast covers radio, PBS only covers TV; for radio the United States has National Public Radio, American Public Radio and Public Radio International.

UPN
UPN (which originally stood for the United Paramount Network) was a television network in over 200 places in the United States. UPN was owned by CBS Corporation, which also owns the larger CBS network. UPN shut down on September 15, 2006, and was replaced with The CW Television Network.

Television network
A television network is a distribution network for television content whereby a central operation provides programming for many television stations. Until the mid-1980s, television programming in most countries of the world was dominated by a small number of broadcast networks. Many early television networks (e.g. the BBC, NBC or CBS) evolved from earlier radio networks. A television network may broadcast many television channels.

Tokyo Tower
Tokyo Tower is a tower in Shiba Park, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan (). It is 333 m (1093 ft) tall, making it the world's highest self-supporting steel tower and the tallest structure in Tokyo.
The highest number of visitors was about 5.2 million a year (1959), about 710 thousand a month (1959.8), about 40 thousand a day (1960.3.30).
The cost for lighting is about 24 thousand yen to 25 thousand yen a day.
It seems to be two-tone of red and white, but actually the colors are international orange and white. The color cannot be changed to other colors because the color is decided by the law.

Vuelta Ciclista a España
The Vuelta Ciclista a España (also Vuelta a España, or simply Vuelta) is a long-distance bicycle race. The first race was in 1935. The Tour de France and Giro d'Italia were both very successful, and both run by newspaper companies. A newspaper called "Informaciones" in Spain decided to start a similar race in Spain. It is now one of the three "Grand Tours" of Europe and, after the Tour de France and the Giro d'Italia, is the third most important road cycling stage race in the world.
The leader of the race wears the "Jersey de Oro", the golden jersey. This is the same as the yellow jersey in the Tour de France. The leader of the mountain climbers' competition wears a green jersey. The leader of the sprinters' competition wears a blue jersey with gold fish (this is because the Spanish fishing industry pays for the jersey.
The race was run in the Spring until 1995. Since 1995 it has been run in September.

Seminiferous tubule
Seminiferous tubules are long thread-like tubes found in each of the testicles where sperm is produced. The inner lining of the tubule contains Sertoli cells.

Seminal vesicle
The seminal vesicles are a pair of tube-like glands. They are found behind the bladder of males. They make a large most of the content of semen (also called seminal fluid). About 70% of the seminal fluid in humans comes from the seminal vesicles.
Anatomy.
Both vesicles are about 5 cm in length, but it is curled up. Each gland makes a ball shape on the wall of each vas deferens. There is a tube linking the seminal glands which opens into the vas deferens and prostate gland.
Use.
The seminal vesicles make most of semen, but during ejaculation, most of the ejaculate has sperm rather than semen in it. The use of seminal fluid isn't known, since sperm don't move or survive well in semen. Some think that it acts as a fluid to stop sperm from another male impregnating the female so that the children of only one male can survive.
Seminal fluid has proteins, enzymes, fructose, mucus, vitamin C and flavins. The fructose gives sperm energy and 'food'.

Glans penis
The glans penis (or just "glans") is the sensitive tip of the penis. It is also called the "head" of the penis. Slang names include "helmet" and "bell end". When the penis is not erect, it is covered by the foreskin, except in men who have been circumcised.
Diseases.
The opening of the urethra is at the tip of the glans. In children who have been circumcised and wear diapers, the opening of the penis has no protection. This can cause the urethra to get very narrow which can need surgery to reopen later.
The epithelium of the glans penis is moist and washing it too much can dry the mucous membrane that covers the glans penis and cause dermatitis.
Anatomy.
The glans penis is a cap around the corpus spongiosum. It is attached to the Corpus cavernosum penis and at the tip of the glans is the urethra opening. The foreskin helps keeps the glans moist. In males who have been circumcised, the glans is dry.

Second person
In grammar, the second person is the person whom someone is speaking to or writing to. It is the person talked to. Generally, this is called grammatical person.
Effect on nouns.
Very few nouns are second-person nouns because people don't usually talk directly to things like tables. In fact, in English, just about the only kind of nouns that are second-person is a small group of pronouns that can be seen in the table below.
Sometimes, a person's name is used in the second person, but that's usually just with a baby. For example, instead of saying "you sit here", one could say "Charlie sits here".
Effect on verbs.
In English grammar, people don't usually have to do anything special to the verb if they use a second-person noun as a subject. In fact, the verb "be" is the only verb that has a special form for the second person: "are". In other languages such as French though, verbs change in different ways to match the subject. In this table, "tu" and "vous" are the second-person pronouns. We can see how the verb "parler" (talk) changes when people use them.

Optical fiber
An optical fiber is a thin string or fiber for taking light from one end to the other. It is usually made of glass or plastic. The study of optical fibers is called fiber optics, which is part of applied science and engineering.
Optical fibers are mainly used in telecommunications, but they are also used for lighting, sensors, and special cameras for seeing inside small spaces.
How it works.
An optical fiber is a long, thin strand of clear material. Its shape is usually similar to a cylinder. In the center, it has a "core". Around the core is a layer called the "cladding". The core and cladding are made of different kinds of glass or plastic, so that light travels slower in the core than it does in the cladding. If the light in the core hits the edge of the cladding at a shallow angle, it bounces off. Light can travel inside the core and bounce off of the cladding. No light escapes until it comes to the end of the fiber, unless the fiber is bent or stretched.
If the cladding of the fiber is scratched, it may break. A plastic coating called the "buffer" covers the cladding to protect it. Often, the buffered fiber is put inside an even tougher layer, called the "jacket". This makes it easy to use the fiber without breaking it.
Uses.
The main use of optical fiber is in long-distance communication (telecommunication). Since the light does not leak out of the fiber much as it travels, the light can go a long distance before the signal gets too weak. This is used to send telephone and internet signals between cities.
Fiber is sometimes used for shorter links too, such as to carry the sound signals between a compact disc player and a stereo receiver. The fibers used for these short links are often made of plastic. TOSLINK is the most common type of optical plug for stereos.
Optical fibers can be used as lasers. Special fibers are used for this, that change how they pass light through when there is a change around the fiber. Sensors like this can be used to detect changes in temperature, pressure, and other things. These sensors are useful because they are small and do not need any electricity at the place where the sensing happens.
These fibers are also used to carry light for humans to see. This is sometimes used for decoration, like fiber-optic Christmas trees. Sometimes it is used for lighting, when it is convenient to have the light bulb someplace other than where the light needs to be. This is sometimes used in signs and art for special effects.
A bundle of fibers can be used to make a device called an endoscope or a fiberscope. This is a long thin probe that can be put into a small hole, that will send an image of what is inside through the fiber to a camera. Endoscopes are used by doctors to see inside the human body, and are sometimes used by engineers to see inside tight spaces in machines.
Lasers can be made out of optical fiber too. These are called fiber lasers. They are very powerful, because the long thin fiber is easy to keep cool, and makes a good quality light beam.

490s
Centuries: 4th century - 5th century - 6th century
Decades: 440s - 450s - 460s - 470s - 480s - 490s - 500s - 510s - 520s - 530s - 540s
Years: 490 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 498 499 500

390s
Centuries: 3rd century - 4th century - 5th century
Decades: 340s - 350s - 360s - 370s - 380s - 390s - 400s - 410s - 420s - 430s - 440s
Years: 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400

360s
Centuries: 3rd century - 4th century - 5th century
Decades: 310s - 320s - 330s - 340s - 350s- 360s - 370s -380s - 390s - 400s - 410s
360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369

Population pyramid
A population pyramid is a graph. It has two back-to-back bars. These bars show the population in groups of ages, with woman in one side and man in the other side.
The pyramids usually show the development of a country. When you look a pyramid you can see the life conditions of the country.

Quarry
A Quarry is a type of open pit mine that is used to get rocks and minerals from the ground. Quarries are often used to cut stone from the ground in large pieces or blocks. These are called dimension stones. They are used for building things. Some quarries fill with water to make small lakes when they are no longer being used for mining.

Central Powers
The Central Powers was a group of nations fighting against the Allies during World War I; the members included Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy, Bulgaria, the Ottoman Empire, and their territories. They had a great deal of troubles.

Soxhlet extractor
A Soxhlet extractor is a piece of glass apparatus invented in 1879 by Franz von Soxhlet. It has a flask, an extraction chamber and a condenser.
Uses.
It is used in chemistry to remove materials with low solubility from a solid using a solvent (e.g. ether or alcohol)

Dream
Dreams are the things that happen in a person's mind while they are sleeping. Dreams can seem so real while they happen that the person might think that they are awake. If they do know they are asleep, this is called a lucid dream. This happens very little for most people, but for some people it happens often. During lucid dreaming people can have fun and do things that are not possible in real life. Most people do not remember their dreams unless they wake up in the middle of the dream. Many dreams involve things that could not happen in real life. They can be pleasant, strange, sad, or scary. Nightmares are dreams which scare people. When people have nightmares, they often wake up in the middle of the night.
There are many different theories about why people dream about what they dream about. Every person has different dreams. Some psychologists believe that dreams reflect what the unconscious mind (the part of the mind people are not aware of) is thinking about. Others think that people, places, and objects in dreams are symbols for other things. There are many books and websites devoted to making sense of dreams.

Frenulum
A frenulum (or frenum) is a small fold of tissue that prevents an organ in the body from moving too far.
Human anatomy.
There are several frenula in the body, including several in the mouth, some in the digestive tract, and some connected to the external genitalia.
Oral tissue.
Frenula of the mouth are found under the tongue and inside the upper and lower lip. These can easily be torn by blows to the face or mouth. A torn frenulum is sometimes a warning sign of physical abuse.
Vulvular tissue.
In the female, genital frenula can be found in the clitoris and where the labia minora meet at the back.
Penile tissue.
The word frenulum on its own is often used for the "frenulum preputii penis". This is an elastic band of tissue under the glans penis that connects to the prepuce, or foreskin to the vernal mucosa. It help contract the prepuce over the glans. It may be removed during circumcision.
It is possible for the frenulum of the penis to tear during sexual activity. This does not cause a great deal of pain but can cause an alarming amount of blood loss. This is not a medical emergency. The frenulum will heal by itself after the bleeding has stopped.

Ejaculatory duct
Ejaculatory ducts are part of the human male anatomy. They cause the reflex action of ejaculation. Each male has two of them. During ejaculation, semen moves through the ducts and leaves the body through the penis.

Corpus cavernosum penis
The corpus cavernosum penis (or corpus cavernosum urethrae) is one of two sponge-like sections of tissue in the male penis. They contain most of the blood during an erection. The term literally means "cave-like body"
Process.
The corpus cavernosum are placed along the length of the penis. They are found along the penis shaft, from the pubic bones to the head of the penis. The spongy tissue fills with blood. The blood comes from arteries down the length of the penis. The blood fills the corpora cavernosa. This causes it to swell. When swollen, it holds 90% of the blood involved in an erection. This increases both the length and circumference of the penis.
Blood can leave only through a system of veins around the outside wall of the corpus cavernosum. The expanding tissue constricts these veins. This preventing blood from leaving. The penis becomes rigid as a result.

Torchwood
"Torchwood" is a British science fiction television programme. It is shown on BBC 2 - a TV channel in Britain. The show is a spin off of the series "Doctor Who". "Torchwood" is about a secret organisation which manages Earth's contact with aliens.
It stars John Barrowman as Captain Jack Harkness. He played the same character in series one, series three and series 4 of the current "Doctor Who" (2005). It also stars Eve Myles as Gwen Cooper a policewoman who becomes involved with the group and Gareth David-Lloyd as Ianto Jones a person who helps out in other ways.
The series is set in Cardiff, Glamorgan, Wales. Series 1 takes place after "Doctor Who" series two. This means it started in 2007 and takes place in early 2008 ahead of when it is actually shown. Series 2 took place inbertween Doctor Who series 3 and series 4. It follows the Wales section of a secret group called the Torchwood Institute. The Torchwood Institute examines things that aliens cause to happen on Earth. They also collect alien equipment to use.
Because the show is set in and around Cardiff, many of the local attractions, for example, the Millennium Center and Cardiff Bay are shown in the series. Country settings around Glamorgan are also used many times in the series.
The programme is aimed at adults and older teenagers.
The third series is a five part long story named "Children of Earth", it will be first shown throughout one week,it is currently in post production.

Bulbourethral gland
A bulbourethral gland (or Cowper's gland) is one of two small glands found in the reproductive system of human males. They are like Bartholin's glands.
Anatomy.
Bulbourethral glands are found near the urethra at the base of the penis, between the two layers of the fascia. The bulbourethral glands are about the size of a pea. They appear to slowly get smaller as a person gets older.
They are made of several lobules held together by a fibres.
Uses.
During sexual arousal each gland makes a clear liquid known as pre-ejaculate or "pre-cum". This fluid helps to lubricate the urethra for sperm to pass through. It also helps clean out any urine or dirt.

380s
Centuries: 3rd century - 4th century - 5th century
Decades: 330s - 340s - 350s - 360s - 370s - 380s - 390s - 400s - 410s - 420s 430s
Years: 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389

Fermion
A fermion is one of the things that everything is made of. Fermions are really small and don't weigh much. Fermions can be thought of as particles of matter because atoms are made up of fermions.
An electron (a particle of electricity) is a fermion, but a photon (a particle of light) is not. Fermions are particles with spin numbers that are 1/2, 3/2, 5/2, etc. They are named after a man called Enrico Fermi, who was a famous physicist
Fermions are special because you cannot put two of them in the same place at the same time. This is because the Pauli exclusion principle says that no two fermions can have the same quantum numbers, such as spin numbers, at the same time. Fermions obey Fermi-Dirac statistics.
This is different to photons, where you can have many in the same place at the same time.
Most well known fermions have spin of 1/2. Fermions with spin 1/2 are called Leptons. The electron is the best known lepton.

Boson
A boson is a particle which has a whole number spin ('spin' is a quality assigned to sub-atomic particles). A photon is an example of a boson as it has a spin of 1. There are four known gauge bosons which are fundamental particles - they cannot be broken down into smaller particles. These gauge bosons carry forces. For example, the photon carries the electromagnetic force.
Bosons are named after a man called Satyendra Nath Bose.

Vaginal secretion
Vaginal secretion is when the vagina secretes liquid because of sexual stimulation. Usually, this occurs after stimulation of the clitoris.

Jürgen Klinsmann
Jürgen Klinsmann (born July 30 1964 in Göppingen) is a German football player who started in VfB Stuttgart, a club in Germany, when he was seventeen. In 1990 he won the FIFA World Cup with the Germany national football team. Later, he also played for Inter Milan, AS Monaco, Tottenham Hotspur and Bayern Munich. In 2004 he became the coach of Germany's National Football Team, that was third in the World Cup of 2006. Now he lives in California and will perhaps be the coach of Mexico national football team. Taking his place in the German team is Joachim Löw.
Player career.
Before Jürgen Klinsmann became a professional soccer player, he worked as a baker-associated in the baker's shop of his father in Stuttgart-Botnang. In the youth he played by SC Geislingen. The first station of his professional career was Stuttgarter Kickers. His career as player ended in 1998 after the World cup in France, as Germany was separated versus Croatia from the tournament. He played for the U21 and the U16 team of Germany, after that he played ten years for the A-Team. 1988 by the Summer Olympics in Seoul he had won the bronze medal. Jürgen Klinsmann has played 221 Bundesliga games and shot 110 goals there. In the national team of Germany he played 108 games and 47 goals. He shot by the World cups 1990, 1994 and 1998 altogether eleven goal and is after Gerd Müller the German player with the most Worldcup-goals.

German national football team
The German national football team is a football team in Germany. It has won 1954 FIFA World Cup, 1974 FIFA World Cup and 1990 FIFA World Cup. It came as second in the, 1966 FIFA World Cup, 1982 FIFA World Cup, 1986 FIFA World Cup and in 2002 FIFA World Cup. In 1934 FIFA World Cup, 1970 FIFA World Cup and 2006 FIFA World Cup, it got third place.
Its current coach is Joachim Löw, who took over from Jürgen Klinsmann.

Quintana Roo
Quintana Roo is a Mexican state in the South. Its capital is Chetumal, the name "Quintana Roo " is from a military general. The most money comes from tourism, for example in Cancun or Playa del Carmen.

Pilosa
Pilosa is an order of mammals in the superorder "Xenarthra".
To this order belong the suborder "Folivora" and the suborder "Vermilingua".

Dead Kennedys
The Dead Kennedys were a hardcore punk band from San Francisco. The band was led by Jello Biafra. The band played songs with strong political messages. During the 1980s, the band had many fans (people who liked their music) in the punk rock music scene.
The Dead Kennedys formed in June 1978. In 1980, one of their songs called "California Über Alles" became popular in the punk music scene. In 1980, they recorded and released an song called "Holiday in Cambodia". That same year, the band released their first album, "Fresh Fruit for Rotting Vegetables". In the early 1980s, the band toured all over the United States, Europe and Australia.
In January of 1986, the band broke up. After the band broke up, they were charged with the crime of obscenity. A person who saw the band's album "Frankenchrist" complained to the Attorney General for the State of California and to Los Angeles prosecutors. The album included a picture that depicted nine penises. In August of 1987, the criminal trial ended with a hung jury (the jury could not make a decision). The album was banned from many record stores in the United States.

Bad Brains (band)
Bad Brains is a band that plays hardcore punk music that is mixed with reggae music. They formed in 1977 and are still playing now. The members are: H.R. - vocals (singing); "Dr. Know" - electric guitar; Darryl Jenifer - bass guitar; and Earl Hudson - drums.
The band originally formed in the Eastern area of the United States, in a place in Maryland called Prince Georges County. It is close to Washington D.C., the capital of the United States. During most of their time together, Bad Brains has lived in Washington D.C.
The Bad Brains were a major influence on many hardcore punk bands, including Minor Threat who are also from Washington D.C. They were also a major influence on the hardcore punk singer Henry Rollins (Henry Rollins was the singer for the hardcore band Black Flag).

Xenarthra
Xenarthra is a superorder of mammals.

Channel 4
Channel 4 is a television channel which broadcasts to the United Kingdom. It started on November 2, 1982.

B-52 Stratofortress
The B-52 stratofortress is a bomber that with aerial refueling, can fly long distances to reach targets anywhere in the world. The B-52 can carry up to 70000 lbs of bombs and weapons in its large bomb bays, and on wing hard points.
This airplane is one of the most significant in modern aviation history on several levels. It was conceived in 1948 as a strategic nuclear bomber, and first flew in the early 1950's, becoming operational toward the end of the Korean war. The B-52 fought it's first war, under the code name of "Arc Light" in Vietnam from 1965 thru 1973. The B-52 is a direct ancestor of many of the airliners which have made Boeing Aircraft, the most successful privately owned aerospace company in the world. The B-52 will stay in military service until around 2040. It is unclear what will replace it as the United States Air Force's main strategic bomber.

Hudson River
The Hudson River is found in the State of New York in the United States. It is about 315 miles (507 km) long. The river runs from Lake Tear of the Clouds near Mount Marcy in Essex County in the north part of the state to New York Harbor in New York City at the south part of the state. It is named for Henry Hudson.
The Hudson River is a special kind of river called an estuary. There is some salt in the water from New York City north until Poughkeepsie. It is then fresh water from Poughkeepsie north until Lake Tear of the Clouds. The border for the salt in the water moves when the tide rises and falls. The Hudson is part of the Erie Canal from New York City to Albany. The Hudson River used to have a lot of pollution from industry, but it is becoming cleaner now.
Another name for this river is the North River.

George Washington Bridge
The George Washington Bridge is a bridge that connects part of New York City, New York to Fort Lee, New Jersey. It is 4,750 feet (1584 meters) long and was designed by Othmar H. Ammann. It opened on October 25, 1931.

Freddy Krueger
Freddy Krueger is a character from the Nightmare on Elm Street movies. He is the bad guy of the movies. He invades the dreams of teenagers and kills them in their sleep.

Golani
The Golani Brigade חטיבת גולני (also known as Brigade No. 1) is an Israeli infantry brigade that was formed February 28, 1948 when the Levanoni Brigade was divided in two smaller brigades. It is one of the most highly decorated infantry units in the Israel Defense Forces.
Symbols and Colors.
The symbol of the brigade is a green olive tree with its roots on a yellow background. The tree symbolizes strength, and the colors symbolize areas where Golani had fought. Early Golani soldiers were farmers and new immigrants, so they chose to make their beret brown, like the land.
History.
During the 1950's, the Golani Brigade participated in many operations, most notably the 1951 operation against Syria and the October 1955 operation against Egypt. In the 1956 Sinai Campaign Golani's task was to capture the area around the city Rafah in the Sinai desert.
At Golani Junction in the north of Israel stands the Golani Brigade Museum commemorating the brigade and its heroes. The Golani brigade has earned a reputation for its tough soldiers. They are known as being very brave and friendly, but also as being very reckless when things don't go their way. That is why they are so feared by Israel's enemies. Also, the Golani Brigade is the only brigade with the heavy IDF Achzarit armored personnel carriers. The Achzarit is a very heavily-armored vehicle designed for the requirements of urban fighting.
Golani's recon company (Sayeret Golani) is one of the most respected special forces units in the IDF. This unit, together with Sayeret Matkal, re-took the Mount Hermon position in the 1973 Yom Kippur War. This unit's soldiers are so dedicated that in 1994 one it commanders rescued himself from an enemy minefield after half his right leg was blown-off. He applied the bandages to his leg himself, and he is now a senior commander in the IDF. In 1976, elements of the Golani Brigade were sent to Uganda to rescue 246 Jewish hostages on Air France flight 139, hijacked by PLO terrorists. Despite winning the battle,the mission commander was killed.
As of 2004, Golani operates within the northern border of Israel and in the West Bank (mainly Jenin). During 2004, a Golani battalion reinforced the Givati Brigade in the Gaza Strip. In July 2006 Golani took part in the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict and the fierce battle of Bint Jbeil where it lost 9 troops.

Salt mine
A salt mine is a mine where salt is taken from the earth. Very often, this is done in the mountains. It is different from a salt evaporation pond, where salt is taken from salt water. Getting salt from different layers of rock in a mountain used to be a very dangerous job. The Romans used to sentence prisoners to this kind of labour.
Usually the salt is mixed with rock that has chlorides and sulfates.
Empty salt mines are used very often as a storage area, for example, for unused radioactive elements (from nuclear power plants). Salt mines are empty if there is no salt left to take, or if taking the salt that is left would be too expensive.

Key signature
A key signature is a group of sharps or flats which are printed at the beginning of a line of music. It shows which notes have to be changed into sharps or flats. For example: if there is one sharp in the key signature it will be an F sharp. It means that every time the note F is written one plays (or sings) an F sharp (on a keyboard: the black note just to the right of the F) instead.
There are twelve major and twelve minor keys (properly called “modes"). This is because a scale can start on any note, and there are twelve notes within an octave: seven white notes and five black notes on a keyboard. Each major key has its own key signature (the relationship between the keys is explained in the article “circle of fifths”. Each minor key shares a key signature with one of the major keys.
There are fifteen possible key signatures: up to seven sharps, up to seven flats, or no sharps or flats. The reason why there are fifteen and not twelve is because three of them have two possible names: F sharp major (6 sharps) can also be called G flat, C sharp is D flat and B is C flat. We call these enharmonic i.e. the same note but with a different name.
There are two reasons for writing a key signature. Firstly, it saves writing out lots of sharps or flats during the piece. Secondly, it helps the player to think in the key (music) of the piece. This helps to understand the music better.
If the composer wants any extra sharps or flats during the piece, or he wants to cancel the ones in the key signature, these can be written in the music. These are called accidentals. An accidental is always written before the note it belongs to (we say “C sharp” but we right the sharp sign and then the note C). As an example: in a piece in G major all Fs are F sharps. If the composer wants a C sharp he writes a sharp sign in front of the C that needs to be sharpened. This will last for the rest of the bar (measure). If he wants a B flat he has to write it in. If he wants an F instead of the usual F sharp he writes a natural sign. There are also double sharps (the sign looks like an x) and double flats (two flat signs). An F double sharp is an F sharp that has been sharpened. It is the same note as G.
Key signatures are written at the beginning of each line of music. This helps the player to remember what the key signature is. The time signature, however, is only written at the beginning of the piece (the order is: clef – key signature – time signature). Sometimes music changes key (modulates) during a piece. If the music is going to stay in the new key for some time the composer may decide to change the key signature. Another reason for changing the key signature might be that the music has modulated to a key like G sharp major with eight sharps (including a double sharp). It is easier to read the music if it is written in A flat major (4 flats).
One can tell from the key signature what key a piece is in so long as one knows whether it is major or minor (see “mode”). For example: a key signature of one sharp is either G major or E minor. The best way to find out which it is would be to see whether the end of the piece is based on G major or E minor. Also: if the piece is in the minor key it is very likely that there will be several accidentals in the piece which sharpen the 7th note of the scale (in this case changing a lot of the Ds to D sharps).
Some modern composers do not use key signatures. This is often the case when the music is atonal or not very firmly in one key. If there are lots of sharps and flats and the bars are very long they may write accidentals in front of every note that needs one instead of just once in a bar. This should be explained at the top of the music. It may also be because the piece is modal.
See also.
See also: scale, tonality, circle of fifths, transposing instrument

Virtuoso
A virtuoso is someone who plays a musical instrument brilliantly. Musicians who have exceptional talent and can play extremely fast and difficult music are "virtuosi" (plural of "virtuoso"). In the 19th century Niccolò Paganini was a virtuoso violinist as well as a composer. Franz Liszt was a virtuoso pianist and composer.
Musicians may sometimes talk about “virtuoso music” meaning music which is so difficult that only a virtuoso could play it.

Nancy Pelosi
Nancy Pelosi (born March 26, 1940) is an American politician. She is a member of the United States House of Representatives and is currently the Speaker of the House. She represents the 8th district of California, which is part of the city of San Francisco. She was first elected to Congress in 1987. Pelosi is a member of the Democratic Party. She is the first woman to lead a major party in the United States Congress. She is also the first woman and the first Italian-American to be the Speaker of the House. Because she is Speaker of the House, she is second in line to the President of the United States, behind the current Vice President of the United States, Dick Cheney.
Her father, Thomas D'Alesandro, Junior, was Mayor of Baltimore, Maryland and served five terms in Congress. Her brother, Thomas D'Alesandro III, also was Mayor of Baltimore.
Pelosi graduated from Trinity College in Washington, D.C. in 1962. She and her husband, Paul Pelosi, who is from San Francisco, have five children: Nancy Corinne, Christine, Jacqueline, Paul and Alexandra, and five grandchildren.

Delaware River
The Delaware River is a large river estuary in the Northeast United States. It is about 280 miles (450 km) long. It begins in the Catskill Mountains in southeast New York State and ends at the Atlantic Ocean at Delaware Bay. It forms the border or part of the border between the states of Pennsylvania and New York, Pennsylvania and New Jersey and also between Delaware and New Jersey. The cities of Trenton, New Jersey, and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania are on the Delaware River.
Another name for this river is the South River. It is named for Thomas West, 3rd Lord De La Warr, a colonial Governor of Virginia.

Mal Evans
Malcolm 'Mal' Evans (May 27, 1935 – January 5, 1976) was a road manager and assistant to The Beatles, the most popular rock and roll band of the 1960s.
Evans was hired to help Neil Aspinall, who was the band's original road manager. Tall and strong, Evans was sometimes called "The Gentle Giant". His wife was called Lil.
Aspinall's and Evans's jobs changed through the years. At first they were in charge of driving the Beatles's musical equipment to places where they were to perform, setting it up ahead of time, and taking it down later to prepare for their next show. As the band became popular, they had other people to help.
Evans sometimes served as a bodyguard to the Beatles, protecting them from fans who got out of control, or might want to hurt members of the band. He also sometimes forged their autographs on photographs, when the band themselves didn't have the chance to sign them, and helped choose girls from concert audiences to meet later with the band. (Aspinall also did these duties.) After the Beatles stopped performing live in 1966, he worked for them in other ways.
Along with playing musical instruments on a few of their songs (organ on "You Won't See Me", trumpet on "Helter Skelter", tambourine on "Dear Prudence", and an anvil on "Maxwell's Silver Hammer"), and singing on "Yellow Submarine" and "You Know My Name (Look Up the Number)", Evans also helped with lyrics from time to time. Paul McCartney paid him in cash for help with "Fixing A Hole", instead of giving him co-credit.
Evans appeared on-camera in both "Magical Mystery Tour" (as a magician), and "Let it Be". He is seen during the rooftop concert in "Let it Be", stalling the police who had come to stop the Beatles from performing. The sound of their music had caused a traffic jam on the street below.
He was also responsible for Badfinger being signed to the Beatles's record label, Apple Records.
Evans was fired in 1970 by Allen Klein, who had taken over many of the jobs once held by the late Beatles manager, Brian Epstein. Later Evans separated from his wife, and moved to the United States. During 1974 he was a companion and helper to John Lennon, who was staying in Los Angeles while separated from his wife, Yoko Ono.
Early in 1976, Evans had a fight with his girlfriend, who called the police when he locked himself in a room with a pistol. Fearing he might hurt other people, the police shot him dead through the door. It turned out he only had an air pistol, and the policeman in charge admitted the shooting "was all a mistake".
Evans wrote an autobiography, "Living with the Beatles Legend", which has never been published.

CamuCamu
CamuCamu ("Myrciaria dubia"), also called Camu Camu, Cacari, and Camocamo, is a type of tree that lives in the Amazon Rainforest. They are high in Vitamin C.

Geddy Lee
Geddy Lee (born Gary Lee Weinrib on July 29, 1953 in Toronto, Ontario) is the Canadian bass guitarist, singer, and synth player of the rock band Rush. He is known for melodic basslines and high pitched singing.
In the 1970s, Geddy Lee mainly used Rickenbacker 4001 basses. For the Grace Under Pressure album he used Steinberger basses. From the mid-80's to mid-90's he used Wal basses. Currently, he uses Fender Jazz basses.

Eva Perón
María Eva Duarte de Perón (May 7, 1919 – July 26, 1952) was the second wife of Argentine President Juan Perón. She was first lady from 1946 until she died in 1952 and she served with her husband as a co-ruler of Argentina during those years. Before she died the Congress made her Spiritual Leader of the Nation. She worked as an actress before she married Peron.
By the time of her death, she was one of the most powerful women, or maybe even the most powerful woman, in the world. She is known for her work in many charitable and feminist causes, and became an icon to many people in Argentina. Evita was President of the Peronist Women's Party, a big and powerful political party made up of women who supported the Perons' party. She ran the Ministry of Labor and the Ministry of Health. The Eva Peron Foundation gave a lot of money and other things to the poor. The poor liked Evita Peron a lot. Her life inspired both a musical and a movie called "Evita". The movie starred Madonna.
When she died (of cervical cancer), her corpse was embalmed. After her husband was overthrown, her body was lost for almost 20 years, until it was found in Italy. It was brought back to Argentina and buried with her husband after he died in 1974. It was brought back by the President, a woman named Isabel Perón, who was married to Juan Perón years after Eva's death.

Embalming
Embalming is the act of preserving a dead body, so it will not decompose. Most bodies are embalmed, if they have to be on display or lie in state for a funeral. Embalming is similar to mummification, which is what ancient people in Peru and Egypt did to their dead. Embalming is different from taxidermy, where you only preserve the skin.

Taxidermy
Taxidermy (which comes from the Greek word for "the arrangement of skin") is act of taking the skin of an animal and preserving it, by putting it on a fake body. The taxidermed animals can be mounted and put on display, sometimes in a museum or a home. Many hunters and fishermen taxidermine the animals they catch and kill for trophies. Ones that are on display in museums are used to make dioramas and for educational purposes. Some people taxiderm their pets after they die.

Guantanamo Bay Naval Base
Guantanamo Bay is a bay located in the south of the island of Cuba. Part of it is controlled by the United States. They took control of it in 1903, under a treaty between the United States and Cuba. The current government of Cuba does not see this treaty as legal. They say it violates International law (more specifically, the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties of 1969).
The southern part of the bay is surrounded by a navy station of the United States. The name of the station (or base) is sometimes shortened to GTMO, called "Gitmo". The mission of this station is to act to prevent terrorism, help people who are fleeing Cuba and stop drug crime.
This base is also now used as a place to keep people captured by American forces from Afghanistan and Iraq. Also some prisoners were taken from other countries, like Britain and France. Some people say that these people do not get the rights that they should get as prisoners of war under the Geneva Conventions. One reason that they are there may be that the laws of the United States do not apply to them. According to some well-known human rights groups, some prisoners have been tortured and others may have been badly treated according the FBI Inquiry. This has also been reported by some Europeans who were taken by CIA "torture flights" and have now been released.
Status.
There is a lot of argument about Guantanamo Bay. This camp is a navy base and would sometimes hold people who had escaped from the Cuban government by sea. Now it also has a prison for people who oppose the United States, including some soldiers. Some people have called it a concentration camp. George W. Bush has said that it is sometimes used for prisoners of war, but many human rights groups accuse America of keeping people from countries they are not at war with. This was shown to be sometimes true when British prisoners were returned home in 2003.
This camp may be used for prisoners who are seen as terrorists by the United States. These people are detained because there is not enough evidence to give them a trial in a court. About 300 to 400 men are in this prison. They are almost all Muslims who are said to have attacked American troops. Some of these people were captured during the war in Afghanistan. Some were taken by force from other countries. There has been some evidence of torture taking place at the camp. Some prisoners have tried to kill themselves. Others have been on hunger strike, where they refuse to eat. These prisoners are not forced to work, but they have not been given fair trials.
There is now some work starting to bring Guantanamo prisoners to some justice. Some people have been sent back to their home countries, some have been sent to other countries. Some people who were shown to not be terrorists have then been released by their governments, some people are now in prison in their home countries. Some Uighur people from China have been sent to Albania, possibly because China did not want them back.

Munich U-Bahn
The Munich U-Bahn is a underground railway network in the city of Munich, Germany. It is run by the "Münchner Verkehrsgesellschaft", short MVG. It has 6 lines and has a network of 100,8 kms (62 miles) and has exactly 97 stations. Only one line, the U6 crosses the city border in Garching.
Lines.
The trains can go 80 km/h, which is the fastest in Germany.
Only the lines U5 and U6 are partly above ground. The U5 comes over ground only at the last station, the U6 for the last six stations in the north.
Trains run every 10 minutes, in rush hours every 5 minutes. In the early morning and late evening trains run every 20 minutes.
There are 3 "line families". They share the tunnel in the city centre. Each family has a colour. It is used in the stations.
Almost every station has a platform in the middle. Only the stations "Olympia-Einkaufszentrum" (U1), "Richard-Strauss-Straße" (U4), "Neuperlach Süd" (U5), "Garching-Hochbrück" and "Nordfriedhof" (both U6) have platforms on the side.
At the stations "Innsbrucker Ring" (U2/U5) and "Scheidplatz" (U2/U3)there are four tracks with two platforms. To change trains you only have to go to the other side of the platforms. Two lines cross at these stations. The stations "Hauptbahnhof (Central Station)" (U1/U2) and "Münchner Freiheit" (U3/U6) have four tracks. At the "Hauptbahnhof" there are two more tracks on another level for the U4 and U5. Here two lines separate. The stations "Kolumbusplatz" (U1/U2), "Implerstraße" (U3/U6) and "Max-Weber-Platz" (U4/U5) have three platforms. Two for trains to the city and one for trains from the city. Two lines separate at these stations.
U1.
In 1980 the U1 started running with the U8 (now the U2). After the branch to Rotkreuzplatz was opened, it became a single line.
Today the U1 is 12.2 kms long. It runs between Olympia-Einkaufszentrum and Wettersteinplatz. It shares track with U2 between Hauptbahnhof (Central Station) and Kolumbusplatz.
U2.
In 1980 it started together with the U1. First it was called U8. Today it is 24.4 kms long. It runs between Feldmoching and Messestadt Ost. It shares track with U1 between Hauptbahnhof (Central Station) and Kolumbusplatz.
U3.
In 1972 this line was opened, because of the Olympic Games.
The line is 17.0 kms long. It runs between Olympia-Einkaufszentrum and Fürstenried West. It shares track with the U6 between Münchner Freiheit and Implerstraße.
U4.
The U4 was named U9 at first. It opened together with the U5.
The line is the shortest in the network. It is 9.3 kms long and has only 13 stations. It runs between Arabellapark to Westendstraße. Between Max-Weber-Platz and Westendstraße. In the evenings, it only operates between Lehel and Arabellapark.
U5.
The U5 was opened together with the U4.
The line is 15.4 kms long. It runs between Laimer Platz and Neuperlach Süd.
U6.
U6 is the oldest and longest line. The first bit was built in 1938, but it was opened in 1971. It is 27.4 kms long. It operates between Garching-Forschungszentrum and Klinikum Großhadern.
Trains.
The Munich U-Bahn uses three different kinds of trains. Altogether there are 550 trains, which can be used on any line.

Richard Strauss
Richard Strauss (born Munich June 11 1864; died Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Bavaria, September 8 1949) was a German composer. He soon became very famous when he was a young man. His tone-poems were played by orchestras all over Europe. After 1900 he spent most of his time writing operas. His opera "Der Rosenkavalier ", written in 1910, is extremely popular. Strauss was the last great composer who wrote in a Romantic style. He liked the music of Wagner who was a great influence on his music, but he also liked Mozart and his works also shows the elegance and grace of Mozart’s music. Strauss was a very good conductor and often conducted his own music.
He is not related to the Austrian Johann Strauss family famous for their waltzes.

Gustav Mahler
Gustav Mahler (born Kalischt (now Kalište), Bohemia, July 7 1860; died Vienna, May 18 1911) was a Czech-Austrian composer and conductor. He was one of the last great composers of the Romantic period. He wrote nine symphonies (he left a tenth symphony unfinished) and several collections of songs with orchestral accompaniment. He was very interested in German folk song and he found new ways to use folk song in large orchestral symphonies. His work "Das Lied von der Erde" ("The Song of the Earth") is one his greatest works, combining song with the form of a symphony. He was also a great conductor and helped to make the Vienna Opera world famous.

Boston Marathon
The Boston Marathon is a famous marathon which is run every April in Boston, Massachusetts on Patriot's Day. The distance of the race is 26.2 miles or 26 miles and 385 yards.

Ultramarathon
The most famous ultramarathon run in the United States is the Western States 100 Mile Race.

Captain Planet
Captain Planet is summoned when the powers of Earth, Fire, Wind, Water, and Heart are combined in the television show "Captain Planet".

World of Warcraft
"World of Warcraft" is a MMORPG computer game created by Blizzard Entertainment. The game takes place in a setting Blizzard has used for other games using the name "Warcraft"
' was a real-time strategy game. So were "Warcraft 2" and its successor, ' and "Warcraft 3" and its successor, '. World of Warcraft is different than the other games because it is a MMORPG (Massively Multiplayer Role Playing Game). This means that many people from around the world play at once in the online world.
Players move through the game by gaining items from killing bosses and finish quests that are given throughout the game.
World of Warcraft has developed a community of 'raiding guilds' that compete with each other for 'first kills' on bosses in new raid instances, dungeons that require 25 players to work together to take down really hard bosses.
Races.
Draenei (only with Burning Crusade Expansion)
Blood Elf (only with Burning Crusade Expansion)
Classes.
In the game, there are classes. Once a player has picked it cannot change. When one chooses a class at a certain level (10) each level up one gets one talent point to be put into a spot in the Talent Trees.
For example, if someone is a priest and he or she wants to cause damage to others, he or she goes down the shadow tree, and if they wants to heal themselves or a friend, he or she goes down the holy tree, or the discipline tree to reduce their damage.

Santo Domingo
Santo Domingo de Guzmán, or just Santo Domingo, is the capital of the Dominican Republic; it is also its largest city. It is the oldest European city in the Americas where people has been living since it was founded at the end of the 16th century.
Geography.
The city is at the mouth of the River Ozama, on the Caribbean coast. The city has the Santo Domingo province to the east, north and west. To the south is the Caribbean Sea.
The eastern limit of the city is the River Ozama and the northern limit is the River Isabela, a tributary of the Ozama. The western limit is a long street, Gregorio Luperón Avenue.
The average temperature (25.7 °C) varies little in the city. December and January are the coolest months and July and August are the warmest. Some years, hurricanes affect the city because it is located in the Caribbean where hurricanes are common from June to November.
History.
The city was first founded on the east side of River Ozama by Bartholomew Columbus, brother of Christopher, with the name of "La Nueva Isabela" (The New Isabela); La Isabela was a town founded on the northern coast of the island by Christopher Columbus. The name was soon changed to Santo Domingo.
After a hurricane in 1502 destroyed the city, the new governor of the island Nicolás de Ovando built it again but on the west side of the river and with the new name of Santo Domingo.
Santo Domingo was the first capital of the Spanish colonies in the Américas. It became the starting point of most of the Spanish expeditions of exploration and conquest of the other Caribbean islands and the adjacent lands in the continent. There are still many buildings from that time (16th century) and part of the old walls.
In 1930, the city of Santo Domingo was almost completely destroyed by a hurricane called "San Zenón". Rafael Trujillo built again the city the city and named it Ciudad Trujillo after himself. After his assassination in 1961, Ciudad Trujillo became again Santo Domingo. The 1966 constitution named the city Santo Domingo de Guzmán.
In 2001, the Santo Domingo Province was created with much of the area of the old Distrito Nacional ("National District"). With that division, many parts of the old city are now part of the Santo Domingo Province and not of the city of Santo Domingo de Guzmán. But they are still part of the metropolitan area of the city (the Greater Santo Domingo). The people that live in this Greater Santo Domingo are "capitaleños" (women are "capitaleñas"), even if they do not live in the National District.
Zona Colonial.
The old section of the city is known as "Zona Colonial" ("Colonial Zone") or "Ciudad Colonial" ("Colonial City"). The Colonial Zone, bordered by the River Ozama, was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1990. Some of the old buildings in this zone are
Museums.
Santo Domingo has several museums, many of them in the Zona Colonial.
Parks and recreational areas.
Santo Domingo has various parks as the "National Botanical Garden", the "National Zoo" and the "Mirador Sur Park".
There are also many small squares as the "Parque Colón" ("Columbus Park"), in the Zonal Colonial and on the northern side of the cathedral; and the "Parque Independencia" ("Independence Park"), just outside of the old western wall and where the Founding Fathers of the country (Juan Pablo Duarte, Francisco del Rosario Sánchez and Matías Ramón Mella) are buried.
Education.
There are eighteen universities in Santo Domingo. Established in 1538, Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo (UASD) was the first university founded in the continent; it is also the only public university in the country.
Sports.
Santo Domingo is home to the Leones del Escogido and Tigres del Licey baseball clubs of the Dominican Winter League. Estadio Quisqueya is the home stadium for both teams. Centro Olimpico Juan Pablo Duarte is the central sports complex of the city, located at the center of the city.

Treason
Treason is when a person acts against his country. For example, somebody might help another country fight a war against his country by telling secrets. Treason is a common word, but different countries have different laws and punishments against it.
The word for a person who is treasonous is “traitor”. Some famous traitors are Judas, Benedict Arnold, Pétain and Quisling.

Slave auction
Slave auctions were places where people were sold as slaves to other people. In slave auctions, families were split up and sold to different owners for different amounts of money. Millions of families were split up never to be seen again. Typically the largest slaves were the first to go because they were believed to be able to do more work. However, many women were sold away from little ones and husbands due to a master's need for a good cook and housekeeper.
Many auctions were also meeting places to discuss the war and other important issues at the time.
There were two types of auctions; 'Grab and go' and 'May the highest bidder win.'
Grab and go was where a slave buyer would give the slave trader a certain amount of money and receive a ticket. At the sound of a drum roll, the slave pen (Where the slaves were kept.) would open and the American would rush in and grab the slave or slaves that they wanted. They would then show the ticket to the slave trader before they left.
May the highest bidder win is a lot like online sites like 'Ebay.' You bid the highest amount of money possible and whoever does manage to bid the highest gets to keep the slave.
When Slaves leave the ship, they were taken away and put in a 'pen'. Women, men and families were separated. Any sores or wounds were covered with tar and oil.
Slaves were refered to as cargo, items and women refered to as wencehes. They showed no respect; forcing open their mouths, checking their hair and physique.
They would be given brandy to bring them up and lardonan (Laudanum?) to bring them down. This would make them more desirable to buyers.

Riot
Riots happen when many people meet to be violent. This can happen after sport events, or as protest. The state wants to stop riots, because rioters damage cars and buildings. The police are used to stop riots. They fight with soft weapons, for example with water cannons or rubber bullets.
There have been many riots all over the world, especially in England, United States, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Singapore, Australia and France.

Johann Strauss I
Johann Strauss I (born Vienna, March 14 1804; died Vienna, September 25 1849) was as Austrian composer, conductor and violinist. He and his family were famous composers of dance music, especially waltzes. He is usually known as Johann Strauss I or Johann Strauss Sr (Senior), while his son, who was also called Johann, is usually known as Johann Strauss II or Johann Strauss Jnr (Junior). The waltz was just becoming popular in the early 19th century and Johann Strauss I wrote many delightful waltzes and other dance music for the court balls. His most famous tune is the "Radetzky-March" which became a musical symbol of the power of the Habsburg monarchy.

Johann Strauss II
Johann Strauss II (born Vienna, October 25 1825; died Vienna June 3 1899) was an Austrian composer, conductor and violinist. His father, also called Johann, was also a very famous composer, and is now known as Johann Strauss I (or Johann Strauss Snr) while his eldest son is called Johann Strauss II (or Johann Strauss Jnr). Strauss became very famous for his waltzes. He was known as the “King of the Waltz”. His most famous one was called "An der schönen, blauen Donau" (known in English as "The Blue Danube").
His father wanted him to go in for banking, but the young Johann took violin lessons in secret from a man called Franz Amon who was the leader of his father’s orchestra. He continued his violin studies with Anton Kohlmann, a violinist who helped ballet dancers to learn the music they had to dance to. He was still only 18 when he got his own orchestra together and gave his own concert which included six of his own waltzes and some of his father’s. He was soon becoming more famous than his father. After his father died in 1849 the two orchestras joined into one and the young Johann was their conductor. He was given the title “k.k.Hofballmusikdirektor” (meaning; Musical Director of the Court Ball). He was always especially busy during Carnival time when there were lots of balls in Vienna. He toured most of Europe with his orchestra, even going to Russia where he conducted some music by Tchaikovsky. Johann Strauss II was becoming the “king of the waltz”, the most famous musician in Austria.
Johann Strauss II wrote two operas: "Die Fledermaus" ("The Bat") and "Zigeunerbaron" ("Gypsy Baron"). They are full of fun: lively music and jokes which can sometimes be made different in each performance: the singers can put in their own jokes about modern times. Sometimes they are called operettas because they are so light-hearted. They are a mixture of Hungarian and Viennese atmosphere.
Together with his brothers Josef and Eduard, Johann had complete control of the balls and concerts in the houses of the rich people in Vienna. Wherever he went he was surrounded by lots of admirers. His waltzes are still as popular as ever, and millions of people in different countries hear them on television on New Year’s Day when they are played by the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra at their traditional New Year’s Day concert.

Speaker of the House
The Speaker of the House is the leader of the United States House of Representatives in the government of the United States. He or she is elected by the current members of the House and the person with the most votes becomes Speaker. The Speaker is always a member of the majority party (the party with the most members). The job of the Speaker is to keep the House in order and to assign committee memberships and chairmanships. It is a powerful position in government.
The Speaker of the House is second in line for the Presidency of the United States. If the President of the United States dies or steps down, the Vice President of the United States becomes President. If there is no vice president, the Speaker of the House automatically becomes acting president. This has never happened.
The current Speaker of the House is Nancy Pelosi of California, a Democrat. She is the first woman to be Speaker of the House.

Zatch Bell!
"Zatch Bell!" is an animated television series, anime, and manga. The series is about a teenage boy, named Kiyo, who found this boy named "Zatch". Zatch is actually a "Mamodo". He came from the "Mamodo World" where hundreds of other Mamodos came from. However, another Mamodo, named Zeno, somehow erased Zatch's memory. Zatch can not remember anything of his past in the Mamodo World. The reason why all the Mamodos are in the real world is to battle. When one enters the world, they must find a human to be their partner and to use a book of spells that came with them. Only humans can read the spells and cause the Mamodo to do a certain action. Examples of these spells would be to create a lightningbolt, create a shield, or move very fast. As a person becomes stronger physically and emotionally new spells are written into the book so that the human can read and use them.
By burning the book, the Mamodo gets sent back to the Mamodo World. If the Mamodo gets badly beaten, he will also be sent away. The last Mamodo standing will be 'King' of the Mamodos. Zatch decides that he wants to be a "Belovelent King" or "Kind King" to stop all the battles. In their adventure, they come across many enemies and allies.

Harmonics (music)
Harmonics in music are notes which are produced in a special way. They are notes which are produced as part of the “harmonic series”.
In physics a harmonic is a wave which is added to the basic fundamental wave. In this article we are talking about sound waves, and we can understand it clearly by looking at the strings of a musical instrument.
When a violinist plays a note on a violin string the string starts to vibrate very fast. This vibration makes the air vibrate and the sound waves travel to our ear so that we can hear it. If the note was absolutely pure the string would move like a sine wave. Sine waves can only be made electronically and they sound very boring to us. The note played on the violin string makes the string vibrate in a very complicated way. There is the basic note (the fundamental), but added to that are lots of other little notes that all add up to a sound in a special way that tells us that it is a violin playing and not a clarinet or a human voice.
The higher the note the faster the string vibrates. An A above middle C (the violinist’s A string) vibrates at 440Hz (440 times per second). This is the “fundamental” or “first harmonic”. The second harmonic is vibrating twice as fast (ratio 2:1): 880Hz. This gives an A an octave higher. The third harmonic will give a ratio 3:2. This will be an E (an octave and a fifth above the fundamental). The higher the harmonic the quieter it is, but the ratio is always a whole number (not a fraction).
Every note that we hear on an instrument is really a combination of several notes or “harmonics”, even although we may not realize that we are hearing more than one note at a time. Play the lowest C on the piano. Now find the next C which is an octave higher. Press this key very slowly so that it does not sound and hold it down. While holding it down play the bottom C again making it loud and very short. The C that is being held silently will now sound. This is because the strings of that C are vibrating a little because it is a harmonic of the low C (they can vibrate because the damper is off the string while the note is being held down). The same can be done holding the next G down, then the next C, then the E. The higher the note the fainter (quieter) the harmonics become. The musical example below shows the notes of a harmonic series in musical notation.
Playing harmonics on instruments.
Musicians sometimes need to play harmonics on their instruments. In musical notation this is shown by placing a little circle above the note.
A violinist can place his finger very lightly on a string so that it divides the string into half. He will hear a harmonic (the note an octave higher than the open string). By placing his fingers in other places he can get more harmonics, e.g by touching the string a quarter of the way down he gets the next harmonic. “Artificial harmonics” can be played by stopping a string with the finger in the usual way (so that the string is now shorter) and placing the little finger further up the string to get a harmonic of the stopped note. Artificial harmonics are written with diamond-shaped note heads. They are very hard to play well.
Harpists can play harmonics with their left hand by stopping the string with the side of the hand (near the little finger) and plucking with the thumb or finger. Up to 3 notes can be played by the left hand. They can play harmonics with the right hand by stopping the string with the upper knuckle of the second finger and plucking with the thumb. Only one harmonic note can be played by the right hand. Harmonics on the harp sound very beautiful.
Players of woodwind and brass instruments play many of their notes by blowing slightly stronger (overblowing) to get a higher series of notes. Instruments such as the recorder can play chords by making several harmonics sound together, but this is extremely difficult to do well and only found in modern music for virtuoso players.

Hamburger
A hamburger is a kind of sandwich. It consists of one or more slices of ground meat. This slice is put between two slices of bread, or in a bun. After that, toppings (like tomatoes, onions, cheese, salad) and dips are added.
A cheeseburger is a hamburger with cheese in addition to the meat.
A sandwich is a light snack prepared by placing various fillings between two pieces of bread.

Richard Marsland
Richard Marsland (a.k.a. Armitage Shanks, 1976 - 2008) was an Australian comedy writer, actor, comedian and radio personality.
He was best known for his work on television shows, for example "The Glass House" and "Rove Live". He also co-hosted on Triple M with Pete Helliar and Myf Warhurst, as well as a daily morning show in Adelaide called AM Adelaide. He then hosted the Late Date Show with Bessie Bardot on 2DayFM, 92.9 and Fox FM.
In December 2008, Marsland died. The cause of his death is not known.

Ed Kavalee
Ed Hyland-Kavalee (a.k.a. The Prize King) is an Australian actor and radio host. Ed is a graduate of Screenwise, Australia's Leading Film & TV School for actors in Sydney. He currently appears on the "Get This" radio show on Triple M in Australia with Tony Martin.
Kavalee is an experienced Theatresports performer, and is part of the ensemble cast on Working Dog Productions' improvised comedy show "Thank God You're Here".

Meow
Meow (said: "mee-YOWH") is a sound made by cats.
Cats usually meow to express hunger or when they are annoyed, or to ask for attention.
Wild cats also meow, but not as much as domesticated cats in homes do.

October Revolution
The October Revolution refers to the seizing of power in Russia by the Bolsheviks led by Vladimir LLich Lenin. This started on November 7 (October 25 o.s.), 1917 It is also called the Bolshevik Revolution. The Bolsheviks captured telegraph and telephone offices, railway stations, newspaper offices and government institutions. This revolution became a template for future revolutions of the 20th century.

Experience
Experience is knowledge a person gets by doing something or watching someone else do it. Experience is learning through actions. Someone can gain experience from someone else telling them what they have experienced.
Some religious groups and teaching methods value learning by experiencing.
For example, if someone want to learn about the game Chess, they would go and play several games of Chess. By making mistakes and learn from them, they learn more rather just reading about playing Chess.
Types of experience.
Someone who experienced by watching or doing something himself is said to have had
When the first person tells another person, the other person has had

Norse mythology
Norse or Scandinavian mythology is the belief and legends of the Scandinavian people. Norse mythology is a version of the older Germanic mythology and was later replaced by Christianity for the most part.
Norse mythology is a set of beliefs and stories shared by Northern Germanic tribes. It was not handed down from the gods to the mortal. It had no scripture. The mythology was passed on from one generation to the next in the form of poetry. It continued to be passed down this way through the time of the Vikings. The original beliefs were long lost. Our knowledge about it is mainly based on the Eddas and other medieval texts. These were written down during and after they turned to Christianity.
Cosmology.
In Norse mythology, the earth was thought to be a flat disc. This disk is in the branches of the world tree, or Yggdrasil. "Asgard" was located at the centre of the disc. Asgard is where the gods lived. Asgard could only be reached by walking across the rainbow (the Bifröst bridge). The Giants lived in an place called Jötunheimr. Jötunheimr means "giant realm".
A cold, dark place called Niflheim was ruled by Hel. She was the daughter of Loki. This was the eventual home of most of the dead. Located somewhere in the south was the fiery realm of Muspelheim, home of the fire giants.
In between Asgard and Niflheim was Midgard, the world of men.
Supernatural beings.
There are three "clans" of deities, the Æsir, the Vanir, and the Jötnar. After a long war, the Æsir and Vanir made peace and joined together. (referred to as "giants" in this article).
The Æsir and the Vanir are enemies with the Jötnar or "giants". The Æsir are descendants of Jötnar. Both Æsir and Vanir intermarry with them. There are two kinds of giant: frost-giants and fire-giants.
Sources.
Most of this mythology was passed down orally,(as poetry) and much of it has been lost. Some of it was recorded by Christian scholars. The main records come from the "Eddas" and the "Heimskringla" by Snorri Sturluson. He believed that pre-Christian deities were men and women rather than devils.
There are also several runestones and image stones that show scenes from Norse mythology, such as Thor's fishing trip and Odin being devoured by Fenrir.
Modern influences.
The Germanic gods have affected elements of every day western life in most countries that speak Germanic languages. An example is some of the names of the days of the week. The days were named after Roman gods in Latin (named after "Sun, Moon, Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus, Saturn"). The names for Tuesday through Friday were replaced with Germanic versions of the Roman gods. In English, Saturn was not replaced. Saturday is named after the sabbath in German, and is called "washing day" in Scandinavia.
Modern popular culture.
J.R.R. Tolkien's "The Lord of the Rings" was influenced by the myths of the Northern Europeans. As it became popular, parts of its fantasy world moved into how people see the fantasy genre. In almost any modern fantasy novel, you can find Norse creatures like elves, dwarves, and giants.

Fresh Meadows, Queens
Fresh Meadows is a neighborhood in northeastern part of the borough of Queens in New York City, which is bordered to the east by Francis Lewis Boulevard, to the south by Union Turnpike, to the north by Kissena Park, and to the west by Utopia Parkway and Fresh Meadows Lane.
Fresh Meadows is also the name of a housing development (housing estate) in the neighborhood, along 188th Street. The Fresh Meadows buildings were built in the late 1940s and were for lower middle & middle class people. It is one of three housing areas built by the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company after World War II, the others are Stuyvesant Town in Manhattan and Parkchester in the Bronx.
The Long Island Expressway runs through the neighborhood. Main streets are 188th Street, Horace Harding Expressway, 73rd Avenue, Utopia Parkway, and Fresh Meadows Lane.
The 107th Precinct of the New York City Police Department (NYPD) covers this neighborhood.
Kissena Park and Cunningham Park are both located next to Fresh Meadows.
Fresh Meadows is also home to St. Francis Preparatory School, the largest Catholic high school in the United States. Francis Lewis High School, P.S. 26 (Rufus King school), M.S. 216 (George J. Ryan Middle School), and P.S. 173 (The Fresh Meadows School) are other schools in the neighborhood.

Miranda (moon)
Miranda is one of Uranus' moons. It is the smallest, and the one which has the least rotation time. Gerard Kuiper discovered it in 1948 and named it after Miranda Prospero's daughter in William Shakespeare's play The Tempest. Sometimes it is also called Uranus V.
The probe Voyager 2 made some photos in 1986. These are the only images that exist, so far. Geologically it is the most active body in the Uranus system.

Trombone
The trombone is a brass horn musical instrument. It is similar to a trumpet, except the player pushes and pulls on a long part, called the slide, to make sounds. It sounds deeper than a trumpet and is usually said to be one of the bass clef instruments. This is because most people have an easier time playing notes from the bass clef, but some who are good at playing high notes play in the treble clef instead.
History.
The trombone was first used around 1500 AD, during what was called the Renaissance era of music. At that time it was called the sackbut. It was used in many different types of classical music. It is used in almost every brass band in the world today.
Types.
There are a lot of types of trombones, each one is for different playing ranges (how high or low you play). There are contrabass trombones, bass trombones, tenor trombones, alto trombones, soprano trombones, and piccolo trombones. These trombone types are arranged in order from the lowest (contrabass) to the highest (piccolo) sounding trombones. The soprano trombone is also called the slide trumpet.
Bass Trombones.
The bass trombone is a step lower than the starter trombone.(Tenor trombone) By step I mean in musical pitch terms. The reason most people don't start using the bass trombone is because it is a bit more advanced than the starter trombone. One of the main reasons it is harder to use is because most bass's use a series of triggers that lower your pitch. This makes it difficult because it can confuse you with what positions plus the combination of triggers to use. But it also harder to play higher notes that come easily on the tenor trombone. But luckily the Bass trombone is not just a hard instrument to play. It also has very good points too. Most advanced bands will have at least one bass trombone because the bass trombone has a very rich tone and can easily play along in a pitch with the tuba players. Along with being such a low instrument it also gives the musician playing it the ability to use a larger mouthpiece. I cannot specify the exact average dimensions of a bass trombone mouthpiece but i can tell you that, it has a wider shank, (long part that goes into slide) and a larger cup, (part that you put your mouth on). Unfortunately not many people have the courage and will to play the bass trombone, but for those who do i must say you are awesome. As I wrote earlier the bass trombone usually will have a trigger(s). what a trigger does is it can be used as a short cut for positions like in example, playing a C natural in 1st position instead of playing a Bb in first position. This basically lets you use a few short cuts than can really save you some effort when playing a fast song because playing C in 1st is a lot easier tan playing it in 6th. Now that is all i am going to say on the bass trombone, i would normally go into how awesome/amazing they are but apparently wikipedia doesn't like that very much. --Patrick Redmond 747 (talk) 15:52, 17 January 2009 (UTC) Patrick Redmond, the awesome trombone man

Textile
A textile is a woven fabric, usually used to make clothing and other things, for example cotton, wool, silk and Linen. Some fibres and fabrics come from animals. The main purpose of textiles is to keep human beings and possibly animals warm and cozy.

Willy Brandt
Willy Brandt was a German chancellor from 1969 until 1974. He was born Herbert Ernst Karl Frahm on December 18th, 1913 in Lübeck Germany. He was the leader of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (1964 – 1987 and winner of the Nobel Peace Prize (1971). He died on October 8th, 1992 in Unkel at the Rhine.
Biography.
He was born as son of Martha Frahm and John Möller in 1913 in Lübeck. He never met his father and grew up with his mother and his grandfather.
He flew to Norway when the Nazis took over government in Germany. He lead a contact office for the resistance against the Nazi regime. After he lost his German citizenship, he became Norwegian. The Germans arrested him when they occupied Norway. He fled to Sweden. In 1945, Brandt returned to Germany as writer for Scandinavian newspapers.
Political Life.
His political career started in 1948. He became a representative for the SPD in the Bundestag for a district of Berlin. He was member of the state parliament of Berlin from 1950 until 1971.
He became president of the Parliament of Berlin (1955) and Mayor of Berlin (1957). Willy Brandt started to campaign for the position as Chancellor (Bundeskanzler) for the Social Democrats (SPD) in 1961. In 1966, he became Vice-Chancellor of the "Grand Coalition" of SPD and the Christian Democratic Union of Germany (CDU) under Chancellor Kurt Georg Kiesinger. He started the social-liberal coalition between the SPD and the Free Democratic Party of Germany (FDP). Willy Brandt became Chancellor in 1969.
He travelled to East Germany, Warsaw and Moscow to improve relationships. His acceptance the Oder-Neisse Line and many of controversies in the Parliament and society followed.
In 1971, he got the Nobel Peace Prize for his politics.
In 1972, Rainer Barzel of the CDU believed he could end the Brandt administration, but he failed to win the vote of no-confidence. Brandt was re-elected to a second term later that year. In 1974, Günther Guillaume who worked in Brandt's office was discovered to be a spy. Brandt resigned and Helmut Schmidt became chancellor.
Brandt stayed leader of the SPD, and later of the Socialist International too. He was member of the European Parliament from 1978 to 1983. He gave up the position as chief of the SPD in 1987.

Konrad Adenauer
Konrad Hermann Josef Adenauer (born January 5, 1876 in Cologne; died April 19, 1967 in Rhöndorf (part of Bad Honnef)). From 1949 to 1963 he was the first Bundeskanzler (chancellor) of the Federal Republic of Germany and from 1951 to 1955 was foreign secretary the same time.
Adenauer was the third of five children of a court secretary in Cologne. His family was Catholic. Konrad Adenauer started his political career in 1906 in the city assembly of Cologne. From 1917 to 1933 and again in 1945 he was mayor of Cologne.
Adenauer was member of the Catholic Zentrum Party. When the Nazi Party took power he lost his job. At first he worked with the Nazis, but after the conspiracy to kill Hitler failed in 1944 he hid for his own safety.
After the war he became mayor of Cologne again, but lost the job after a few months.
In the Parlamentarischer Rat of West Germany, he was one of the top politicians and the President. He founded the CDU at the same time.
He was important in making Bonn the West German capital instead of Frankfurt am Main.
In 1949 he was elected as the first Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany.
He made sure West Germany joined the side of the western capitalist countries in the Cold War. He also helped West Germany join NATO. He was reelected three times.
In 1964 he stopped being chancellor. He was a representative in the Bundestag until his death at 91 years old.

Miri Ben-Ari
Miri Ben-Ari is a hip-hop violinist. She was born in Israel in 1978 and was brought up in a small town near Tel Aviv. She was trained as a classical violinist. She was a prodigy and was praised by famous violinists like Yehudi Menuhin and Isaac Stern.
At the age of 16 she took herself to the United States. She spoke no English at the time. In New York City, she met several musicians such as the trumpeter Wynton Marsalis who supported her. She became interested in contemporary R&B (Rhythm and Blues) and hip-hop. In January 2001 she appeared in the Carnegie Hall with the rapper Wyclef Jean. Later that year her TV performances on "Showtime at the Apollo" added to her fame. Her second jazz album, entitled "Song of The Promised Land" features the dance single "Peace in the Middle East" as well as two tracks together with Wynton Marsalis. She has now sold millions of records, and is known as “the hip-hop violinist”. This was the title of a record released in 2005 by Universal which includes the single “Sunshine to the Rain” featuring Scarface and Anthony Hamilton. In 2004 she toured world-wide with rapper Kanye West. She has a very personal sound which is a mixture of Classical, jazz, hip-hop, R&B and world music. She won her first Grammy award in 2005 for co-writing “Jesus Walks” which received a trophy for the “Best Rap Song” in 2005.

Scissor-tailed Flycatcher
The Scissor-tailed Flycatcher is a bird. It eats insects. It is grey on top and light grey underneath with pink on the sides. The wings are dark and it has a long black tail. It is named "Scissor-tailed" because its tail looks like a pair of scissors. The tail is shorter when it is young, and the bird is not as colorful.
It lives in the United States and Mexico. It is Oklahoma's state bird.

Alderaan
Alderaan is a fictional planet found in the "Star Wars "series of films created by George Lucas. It is the home of the characters Princess Leia Organa and Senator Bail Organa. The surface of Alderaan is only seen for a short time at the end of ' (2005). The entire planet is destroyed in ' (1977) when the Death Star fires a laser beam at the planet, which then explodes, killing everyone on it.

San Francisco Municipal Railway
MUNI is the public transit agency that runs bus, cable car, trolley, and subway service in the city of San Francisco, California, USA. Its name is short for Municipal Railway. MUNI runs many different bus lines that go all through the city of San Francisco, three Cable Car lines that run through the Financial District and Chinatown (with service to Fisherman's Wharf) and the Market Street surface and subway trolley lines.

Cartilage
Cartilage is the hard substance that the body uses to connect bones together. It also allows joints to move smoothly and protects against shocks to the body. It is found in the joints, the rib cage, the ear, the nose, the throat and between the bones of the back. The main purpose of cartilage is to create a place on which bones can form when they are first created. It also protects the places where bones rub against each other.
Parts.
Cartilage has cells and fibres (tiny strings) that cross over each other like fabric.

Dokkyo University
Dokkyo University is a university in Soka city of Saitama prefecture, Japan. This university is well known for its Foreign Language Department.

Munich International Airport
Munich International Airport (IATAcode "MUC") is an airport 28 km north east of the city Munich, Germany. It is mainly used by Lufthansa and the Star-Alliance, which Lufthansa is in. In 2005 28.62 Million passengers used the airport. After Frankfurt am Main Munich is the second most important airport in Germany. It is 8th largest in Europe. This is a list of airlines using Munich Airport.
History.
Munich Airport was opened in 1992. Before that the airport was in Riem. Building was started in 1980.
Because Frankfurt am Main was used too much, Lufthansa shortly afterwards started to use international Routes from Munich. The Airport was named after "Franz-Josef Strauss" a politician who was very interested in aeroplanes. People in Munich usually just call it "München Flughafen" or just "der Flughafen".
In 2003 the second terminal was opened, for Lufthansa and Star-Alliance only.
A third runway is planned, because there is much traffic on Munich Airport, but people who live near the airport don't want it.
Geography.
You can use the Munich S-Bahn lines S1 and S8 to go to the city. They both cost 8,80€ and take about forty minutes. Taxis to Munich cost 50€ and can get stuck in traffic-jams.
The cities near the airport are Erding and Freising. They can be reached by Bus (~3-4 €) or Taxi (~18€).
The Munich Airport center, short MAC is between the two terminals. It has many shops and restaurants.
There is a Kempinski Hotel near the Airport and a second Hotel is planned.
Terminals.
Munich Airport has two Terminals. Terminal 2 is the newer and larger one.
Terminal 1.
Terminal 1 is used by the non-Star Alliance airlines. The halls or areas are numbered A-F. It was opened on 17th May 1992 20 million passengers can use it every year. At the moment the terminal is being renovated, giving more room for shops and other things. The first halls have already been finished.
Hall F.
Hall F is a secure terminal used by Israeli airlines only.
Terminal 2.
Terminal 2 is used by all Star Alliance flights. It was opened on 29th June 2003 and nearly 20-25 million passengers can use it every year. Many passengers like the terminal because connections are easy and fast. The time needed for a connection inside the terminal is only 25 minutes, the airport and Lufthansa say.
Central area.
The central area is a shopping-mall that is in between the two terminals; the older part which belongs to terminal 1 is an indoor area. The newer part which was built as the same time as the 2nd terminal is a big outside area.

Helmut Schmidt
Helmut Heinrich Waldemar Schmidt (December 23, 1918 in Hamburg) is a German politician and was Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany from 1974 to 1982.
Helmut Schmidt was born in Hamburg in 1918. He finished school in 1937 with the Abitur.
Afterwards he had to join the working service and after that to join in the army.
At the end of World War II he was First Lieutant.
He became prisoner of war in 1945.
After he was set free, he started to study macro economy. He finished his studies in 1949. Then he started to work for the administration of Hamburg.
Schmidt joined into the SPD in 1949.
In 1953 he became a member of the Bundestag first time.
From 1961 to 1965 he was Senator in the state government of Hamburg.
From 1969 to 1972 he was Minster of Defence of West Germany, from 1972 to 1974 he was Minister of Finance.
After Willy Brandt gave up his job as "Bundeskanzler", Helmut Schmidt was elected as new chancellor.

Glinde
Glinde is a town in the province of Schleswig-Holstein in Germany, about 20 km away from Hamburg.
History.
The name Glinde is found in a document from March 25 1229 for the first time. In the document, Earl Adolf IV. of Schauenburg and Holstein gave the village to a Cistercian convent. (The convent moved to today's town of Reinbek.) The King of Denmark and Duke of Schleswig-Holstein, Frederick I of Denmark, got all the convent had during the Protestant Reformation. In 1544 his son Christian III gave a part of it to each of his brothers. The owner changed again several times.
In 1948, the town administration of Glinde, Oststeinbek, Havighorst and Schönningstedt were brought together to the Amt Glinde. Schönningstedt left that combination in 1949 and Havighorst left it in 1973. So Glinde und Oststeinbek became independent villages.
On June 24, 1979, (on the 750th anniversary of the village), Glinde became a town.

Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov
Nikolai Andreyevich Rimsky-Korsakov (Russian:Николай Андреевич Римский-Корсаков, "Nikolaj Andreevič Rimskij-Korsakov", also "Nikolay", "Nicolai", and "Rimsky-Korsakoff", born Tikhvin, near Novgorod, 18 March 1844; died Lybensk, near St Petersburg, 21 June 1908) was a Russian composer. He was one of the most famous composers of his time and influenced a lot of other composers. He is best known for his operas, orchestral music and songs. He was a brilliant writer for orchestra and loved to write music about fairy-tale stories and legends. His best-known work is "Sheherazade", an orchestral piece which describes in music the stories told by Sheherazade in the 1001 Nights. He also completed or re-orchestrated several works by Modest Mussorgsky which had been left unfinished.

Modest Mussorgsky
Modest Petrovitch Mussorgsky (born Karevo, Pskov district, March 21, 1839; died St Petersburg, March 28, 1881) was a Russian composer. He is famous for his operas and songs. He discovered new ways of writing for the voice which were very tuneful but which also suited the Russian language. His most famous opera is "Boris Godunov". He wrote an overture called "Night on a Bare Mountain". Another very famous piece is called "Pictures at an Exhibition". He wrote it for the piano, but many years after his death another composer called Maurice Ravel orchestrated it and this is the version people usually hear today. Some of his works were re-orchestrated and "improved" by the composer Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov. In recent years people have started to think that what Mussorgsky wrote originally was better.
Mussorgsky drank heavily and died of alcoholism.

Provost
In the United States, the Provost is the chief academic officer of a college or university. Different schools have different rules for what the Provost does, but most Provosts deal with issues about hiring and dismissing professors and giving out tenure, handling complaints about academic programs, and deciding what the general academic policies are for the school. In other countries, the Provost is sometimes the leader of the whole college or university.

Robert Kocharian
Robert Kocharian is the president of Armenia. He is the second president Armenia has had since it left the Soviet Union. On August 31 1954 Robert Kocharian was born in Nagorno-Karabakh, in the city of Stepanakert. As president of Armenia, Kocharian has been talking to the president of Azerbaijan, Ilham Aliyev, about what to do with the land of Nagorno-Karabakh, which the two countries had a war over.

Armenians
The Armenians are a nation from the Caucasus. Their country is Armenia. The Armenian culture is very old. Armenia was the first country to be Christian, when the Armenian king Tiridates III changed his religion by St. Gregory the Illuminator. Because of this, many Armenians are Christians.
Background.
The Armenian language comes from Aryan. In the Assyrian period, the Armenian people of Nairi formed the kingdom of Ararat (well known in Assyrian as Urartu). One of the earliest record of Armenians is from a text which says "Armani", Արման (most common Armenian name Arman, the older variant of Armen, Արմեն) together with Ibla, as land conquered by Naram-Sin (2300 BC) identified with an Akkadian colony in the Diarbekr region. To this day the Assyrians speak about Armenians by saying "Armani". Another record is by Thutmose III of Egypt, says the people of "Ermenen" in 1446 BC, and says in their land "heaven rests upon its four pillars". (Thutmose was the first Pharoah to cross the Euphrates to reach the Armenian Highlands). To this day Kurds and Turks refer to Armenians by "Ermeni".
Historically, the name "Armenian" has come to internationally designate this group of people from the most common Armenian names: Arman, Արման (Armenians use Arman, the older variant of Armen, Արմեն), Armen, and Armin'e (female name). Armenians call themselves "Hay" (Հայ, pronounced "Hye"; plural: Հայեր, "Hayer"). The word has traditionally been linked to the name of the legendary founder of the Armenian nation, Haik, which is also a popular Armenian name.
Some scholars believe, for example, that the earliest mention of the Armenians is in the Akkadian inscriptions dating to the 28th-27th centuries BC, in which the Armenians are referred to as the sons of Haya, after the regional god of the Armenian Highlands.

Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)
The Mass Rapid Transit or MRT (Chinese: 大众快速交通 or more commonly known as 地铁; Malay: "Sistem Pengangkutan Gerak Cepat"; Tamil: சிங்கை துரிதக் கடவு ரயில்) is a train system in Singapore.
The MRT is a system which links the different places of the country together using a network, or different lines, of trains. When a person travels from one place to another, he or she goes up a train in a train station and then moves in it with other passengers until the train reaches the place he or she wants to come off, or alight. Sometimes he or she has to change trains.
About 1.3 million passengers use the MRT. The system is 109.4 km long and has 64 stations. The trains run from 5:30 am to 1:00 am every day. A train comes every 3-5 minutes in peak hours, and every 7 minutes during off-peak hours. It is operated by the Singapore's SMRT Corporation and SBS Transit.
There are currently 3 lines in the MRT system, where they are connected by special stops called interchanges. A new line called the Circle Line is going to be finished.
Expansion.
The MRT system had been using its two main lines, the North South and East West Lines, for more than a decade until the opening of the North East Line in 2003. While plans for these lines, as well as those that are under construction, were formed long before, the Land Transport Authority's (LTA) publication of a white paper entitled "A World Class Land Transport System" in 1996 showed the government's intentions to greatly expand on the existing system. The plans allow for the long-term replacement of the bus network by rail-based transportation as the main way of public transportation. It called for the expansion of the 67 kilometres of track in 1995 to over 160 in 10 to 15 years, and expected further expansion in the longer term. By 2030, the government foresees a rail network of 540 kilometres — more extensive than London's 408-kilometre Tube system.
On 25 January 2008, the government announced plans to accelerate the MRT's expansion plans. This included bringing forward the building of the new Thomson Line and Eastern Region Line, extension of the North South Line by a kilometre farther into the New Downtown and the extension of the East West Line by 14-kilometres into Tuas. The Circle Line will be opened earlier, with the Stage Three segment between Bishan MRT Station and Serangoon MRT Station opened by the middle of 2009. The Thomson and West Coast stations, initially to be opened at a later date, will open together with their neighbouring stations. The Circle Line will also be extended south to connect to the Marina Bay MRT Station. Finally, the Downtown Line's Stage Three will have its completion date moved forward from 2018 to 2016. It was anticipated that by 2020, the rail network would have grown to 278 kilometres from the current 138 kilometres, with ridership expected to rise from the current 1.4 million to 4.6 million daily. The network density will also rise from the current 31 to 51 kilometres per million population, putting it on par with the networks in London and New York, while exceeding those in Hong Kong and Tokyo.
Circle Line.
Currently under construction in five stages, the 33.3-kilometre Circle Line (CCL) will be the next major rail line to open after the North East Line began operating on June 20 2003. When completed, the line will connect all existing MRT lines, and will allow commuters to bypass the downtown area, reducing congestion especially at the City Hall and Raffles Place interchange stations. The Circle Line was originally scheduled to open in stages from 2007 to 2010, but when a section of tunnel near the planned Nicoll Highway station collapsed on 20 April 2004 during its construction and caused the death of four workers, the completion of the first stations was then announced to be postponed to 2010. The line was then planned to be opened in two phases - Stages 1 to 3 stretching from Dhoby Ghaut to Marymount stations to be opened by late 2010, and the final two states by 2011.
On 14 June 2005, the Land Transport Authority announced a new 3.4-kilometre, five-station branch line, then known as the "Downtown Extension", linking the Promenade station on the Circle Line to the Chinatown station on the North East Line. By 27 April 2007, however, the Downtown Extension was rebranded as Stage 1 of the new Downtown MRT Line (DTL), and no longer considered part of the Circle Line. A new branch line parallel to the DTL's Stage 1 was announced to link the Promenade and Bayfront Stations instead, with completion by 2012. On 25 January 2008, it was announced that that the branch line will be farther extended to the Marina Bay Station, with completion of both stations remaining at 2012. The announcement also confirmed that Stage 3 of the Circle Line from the Bartley to Marymount stations will have their opening brought forward to mid-2009 and the other four stages by 2010.

Hampshire College
Hampshire College is a private college located in Amherst, Massachusetts. The current president of the college is Ralph Hexter. The motto of the college is "Non Satis Scire", which is Latin for "to know is not enough".
History.
Hampshire was created in 1965 by four other colleges as an experiment in higher education. The campus opened and the first class of students arrived in 1970. The Presidents of Amherst College, Smith College, Mount Holyoke College, and the University of Massachusetts got together in the 1950s and early 1960s and realized that there were things their own schools did not do very well. They also thought that the world was changing a lot and needed a college where students would have a lot of responsibility for their own education to be successful in the future.
Franklin Patterson and Charles Longsworth were chosen by these schools and wrote a book called "The Making of a College" that said how Hampshire was to be run and what kind of programs it would offer. Today, this book is considered an inspirational document by Hampshire students and faculty who try to live up to its ideals.
Program.
Hampshire College describes itself as an experimenting college because it is always changing and improving how it does things, rather than doing the same thing as other colleges. Students usually do individual projects in order to move towards graduation. There is some required coursework, but it is not the main point of the school. Students also do not receive grades for completing their work. Instead, they get something called a "narrative evaluation", which is a long written explanation of what they did right and what they did wrong. There are also no specific required classes for graduation, but students must take classes in different areas depending on where they are in their studies.
The program is divided into three "Divisions" rather than four years, and students complete each Division as they show that they are capable of harder work. Most students graduate in four years, but not everyone takes the same amount of time for each Division.

Public
The word Public can mean different things.

Heather McCartney
Heather McCartney (born Heather See on December 31, 1962 in Tucson, Arizona) is the daughter of Linda McCartney, and the stepdaughter of former Beatle Paul McCartney.
When Linda, a magazine photographer, visited England on an assignment, she brought along daughter Heather, who soon had babysitters like guitarist Eric Clapton. When Linda began a relationship with McCartney, Heather's presence was a plus, as McCartney loved children and was eager to start a family. (His engagement to actress Jane Asher had ended because she wanted to wait to have children of her own.)
Six-year-old Heather makes a brief appearance in the movie "Let it Be", visiting McCartney in the studio while the Beatles were at work. She dances around as they play, jumps out at Ringo Starr from behind a cymbal (Starr, a father himself, pretended to be scared), and sits on McCartney's lap, while he checks a microphone.
Heather gained a half-sister the next year, as mother Linda became pregnant with McCartney's baby, and the two were married. McCartney adopted Heather, who took his name, and Mary McCartney (named for Paul's own mother) was born early in 1970. Another sister, Stella, became the fashion designer Stella McCartney. A brother, James Louis McCartney, became a musician.

Jan Kerouac
Jan-Michelle Kerouac (born February 16, 1952 - died June 7, 1996) was the daughter of writer Jack Kerouac, by his second wife Joan Haverty. A writer herself, Jan's books included "Baby Driver" and "Trainsong". She also appeared in some documentary programs about her father, giving her side of his life story.
She died in 1996 of kidney failure. She is buried in Nashua, New Hampshire, next to her father's parents.

Survivor
A "survivor" is a person or animal which continues to live after something happens which might have killed them. They might be one person who lives when ten people die in a car crash.

Exclusive disjunction
Exclusive disjunction (also called exclusive or, Xor) is a Logic operation. It normally takes two values. It will be true, if exactly one of the two values is true. Otherwise it will be false.
This is different from inclusive disjunction.

Forchheim
Forchheim is a German town in Upper Franconia. Next bigger cities are Nürnberg, Bamberg, Fürth, Erlangen and Coburg. There live is about 32.000 people.
It is 465 meters high and has an area of 44,46 km².

César Cui
César Cui (born Vilnius, 18 January 1835; died 26 March 1918] was a Russian composer. He is the least known of the five Russian composers who were nicknamed the “Moguchaya Kuchka” (“Mighty Handful”), a group which included Mily Balakirev, Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, Modest Mussorgsky and Alexander Borodin. Cui’s father came from France and his mother from Lithuania.
Like most Russian composers in the 19th century he was an amateur composer. His main job was as an expert on military fortifications. He became a professor in this subject and wrote important textbooks about military defences. He became a general.
Cui liked his friends from the Moguchaya Kuchka, but was often very critical of music by other Russian composers such as Tchaikovsky and Rachmaninoff. This may have been because he was jealous of their success. He did not find orchestration easy and Balakirev helped him a lot with the orchestration of some of his compositions. He was best when writing songs and short piano pieces. He liked to write music that sounded Far Eastern in character. Cellists like to play a short piece he wrote called “Orientale”.

Alexander Borodin
Alexander Porfir'yevich Borodin (born St Petersburg November 12 1833; died St. Petersburg February 27 1887) was a Russian composer. Like many Russian composers of the 19th century he was an amateur musician. His main job was Professor of Chemistry at the University of St Petersburg. He had to compose in his spare time. He used to tell his friends: “Please do not say: ‘I hope you are well’, please say: ‘I hope you are ill’”. When he was ill he had more time to write music. Borodin’s most famous opera is called “Prince Igor”. He wrote many fine songs, chamber music and orchestral music including two symphonies. The Nocturne from his String quartet no 2 is especially well-known.

Permit
A permit is a written document that has been given by a government source. Permits let a person do something that he could not do without the permit. Permits are commonly gotten for these reasons.

Corrosion
Corrosion is the breakdown of materials due to reactions within its area. It is the loss of water and air molecules. Corrosion also occurs when an acidic or basic material touches another material. When a material corrodes,it changes it and becomes weaker. Materials that corrode include iron, copper, plastic, skin cells and wood.
One form of high temperature corrosion can lead to the formation of compacted oxide layer glazes, which under certain circumstances reduces wear.

Rust
Rust is a type of corrosion. Rust is the slow breaking of metals, due to air or water touching them. Most all metals rust, but some metals are protected by a thin paint. Metals such as stainless steel, rust much slower then iron. When a piece of metal rusts, it changes to a different color, (ex. iron turns red) and the metal falls apart.
Rust can also be any of various basidiomycete fungi that are parasitic on plants and produce reddish or brownish spots on leaves.

Jamestown, Virginia
Jamestown, Virginia is a town in the United States. It was founded on May 13, 1607, by over 100 men and boys who came to Virginia from London, England. They named the town Jamestown after King James. These men hoped to find gold and silver in order to become wealthy and rich. Jamestown was the first permanent English settlement in what would become the United States. The town was built on Jamestown Island along the James River. This location was selected because the local Native American tribes did not live on the island and it was a good place to defend themselves from other European colonists.
The people of Jamestown had many problems. They built their town near a swamp. The water was bad for drinking. Many insects lived around the swampy land. The insects gave the colnists disease. The leader, Captain John Smith, made the rules for the men. "You don't work, you don´t eat" he said. The settlers traded with the Powhatan Indians. They gave the Powhatans tools, pots, and knives, in return for corn and vegetables. More supplies were eventually brought over from England on a ship. There was no cure for the Disease the insects gave to the people. Most of Jamestown ended up dying out.

370s
Centuries: 3rd century - 4th century - 5th century
Decades: 320s - 330s - 340s - 350s - 360s - 370s - 380s - 390s - 400s - 410s - 420s
Years: 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379

350s
Centuries: 3rd century - 4th century - 5th century
Decades: 300s - 310s - 320s - 330s - 340s - 350s - 360s - 370s - 380s - 390s - 400s
Years: 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360

980s
Centuries: 9th century - 10th century - 11th century
Decades: 930s - 940s - 950s - 960s - 970s - 980s - 990s - 1000s - 1010s - 1020s - 1030s
Years: 980 981 982 983 984 985 986 987 988 989

Suhl
Suhl is a town in Thuringia, Germany. Its population in 2003 was 43,610.
According to a local joke, "Suhl is so close to the edge of the world you can see Zella-Mehlis".

Eisenach
Eisenach is a German city in the west of Thuringia. Next bigger Cities are Erfurt and Kassel. Its population is about 43,000.

GameFAQs
GameFAQs is a website with help and information for video games. It was started in November 1995 by Jeff "CJayC" Veasey. It has an active message board community.

Thomas Mann
Paul Thomas Mann (born June 6, 1875 in Lübeck; died August 12 1955 in Zürich) was a German author.
Mann was born in 1875 in Lübeck as son of a salesman and senator of the city of Lübeck, into a rich and conservative family. In 1891 his father died. In 1894 Mann left school. He went to Munich, were his mother and his brothers and sister had been since 1893. He worked as an insurance salesman and wrote poems and prose by the way.
In 1898 he published his first works and began Die Buddenbrooks, published in 1901. In 1906 he married, although he wasn't clear about his sexual identity. In the World War I, Mann agreed with the war, but not enthusiastically. In the time of the Weimar Republic he defended democratic ideas.
In 1929 he got the Nobel Prize for literature. In 1933 the Nazis burned books of his brother Heinrich Mann. Because of this both Thomas and Heinrich and their family moved to the United States in 1934. He lost his German citizenship, but got Czechoslovakian citizenship in the United States. In 1944 he became a US citizen.
He worked for the Allies in the radio during the World War II. In 1952 he had to give a talk to the Committee on Un-American Activities. He was very disappointed in the United States and returned to Europe, to Switzerland, in 1953. In the 1950's he visited Germany sometimes. He died in Zürich, Switzerland.

Werner Heisenberg
Werner Karl Heisenberg (December 5, 1901 - February 1, 1976) was a German physicist, Nobel Prize winner and one of the people who started a new area of physics called quantum mechanics. Most people think that he is one of the most important scientists of the 20th century. He is also well-known for discovering the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, which explains that there is a limit on how well some things can be measured.
Heisenberg was born in Wuerzburg Germany, the son of a professor of history of Byzantium. He went to university to study physics in Munich. Arnold Sommerfeld was one of his teachers.
Heisenberg was a very good student and needed only three years to finish his studies. He then wrote a doctoral thesis about movements in the flows of liquids ("Über Stabilität und Turbulenz von Flüssigkeitsströmen"). In 1924 he became assistant to Max Born at the University of Göttingen and in 1926 worked with Niels Bohr at the University of Copenhagen.
Together with Born and Pascal Jordan he founded Quantum mechanics. At the age of 26 Heisenberg became professor of theoretical physics at the University of Leipzig. This was a very young age for such a job.
In 1932 Heisenberg won the Nobel Prize for physics, for his work in quantum mechanics. Again this was very young, he was only 31 years old.
In 1937 he married Elisabeth Schumacher. They had seven children, one of their sons is well known as a neurobiologist and geneticist, Martin Heisenberg.
During the Second World War, from 1942 to 1945 Werner Heisenberg was head of German atomic research work. This did not result in any working nuclear weapons, possibly because Heisenberg did not want it to. This is not a sure thing. Some people have said that Heisenberg was very much against the Nazis. Some people have said that he must have been for them, because he worked for them.
After the war, he was held as a prisoner at Farm Hall in England from May 1945 to January, 1946, where the British and Americans had many other German scientists.
Later he worked in nuclear research, mainly in West Germany, but he was against nuclear weapons.
He died in Munich Germany, in 1976 at the age of 75.

Islamophobia
Islamophobia is a political term meant as an insult that literally means the fear of Muslims. It is sometimes used to describe a hatred of the religion and its followers and often actions taken in order to voice this fear and hatred. "Islamophobia" can supposedly take the form of criticisms against certain ideological positions taken by believers but almost always state the religion itself as the actual problem.
Many muslims are put through many hardships and and unfair treatments because of this.

Ludwig Erhard
Ludwig Wilhelm Erhard (* February 4, 1897 in Fürth; † May 5, 1977 in Bonn) was a German politician.
Early life.
Erhard was born as the son of a salesman. After his middle school exam, he started training to become a salesman himself. He was wounded as soldier in World War I. After World War I, he started to study micro economy at a college in Nuremberg.
Later life.
After that, he studied economy on the University of Frankfurt am Main. In 1925 he finished his doctoral thesis. Afterwards, he worked in his father's company. After the Great Depression, the company went bancrupt.
From 1928 to 1942, he worked as science assistant, but he couldn't get a promotion because he didn't want to become a member of a Nazi organisation. From 1942 to 1945, he was the head of the institute for industrial research.
Until 1949, he worked for the CDU, but joined still in 1963.
From 1945 to 1946, he worked for the provisional government of Bavaria, afterwards he was an economic organisation official for the British-American administration in West Germany.
In 1949, he became Secretary for Economy under Konrad Adenauer.
From 1957-1963, he was Vice Chancellor.
After Adenauer resigned in 1963, Erhard became the new chancellor.
In 1966, Kurt Georg Kiesinger succeded him.

Kurt Georg Kiesinger
Kurt Georg Kiesinger (* April 6th, 1904 in Ebingen, now Baden-Württemberg; † March 9th, 1988 in Tübingen-Bebenhausen) was a German politician.
Kiesinger was born in Southern Germany. He studied history and philosophy in Tübingen and later law in Berlin.
He joined the Nazi party in 1933, and worked in the government. After the war he was held in a prison camp in Ludwigshafen. He was released when notes on his personnel file showed that he had not helped the anti-Jewish actions in his department, and had tried to stop them.
In 1946, he started a political career in the CDU.
From 1958 to 1966, he was Minister President of Baden-Württemberg, from 1967 to 1971 Chair of the CDU.
From 1966 to 1969, he was chancellor of West Germany.

Call of Duty 3
"Call of Duty 3" is a first person shooter video game. It is available on many gaming systems such as the PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Wii, and PC. It is a sequel to "Call Of Duty 2", and is part of the Call of Duty series.
"Call of Duty 3" is set in France, during the time of World War II. The player is part of the allied forces placing charges, firing morters, driving jeeps, and killing Nazis. The player moves by using the movement of his own hands. The game also features online play, which allows you to choose the side of allies or axis and play on a team against opposing players.

Brian Johnson
Brian Johnson is a English singer and songwriter. He was born October 5 1947 in Dunston, Gateshead, England. He is best known as the singer for Australian hard rock band DC.
Biography.
Johnson's father, Allan, was in the British Army's light infantry. His mother, Esther, came from Italy. Johnson has two children from his first marriage. That marriage ended in divorce just before he joined AC/DC in 1980.
Before AC/DC.
Johnson was in the Newcastle glam-rock band Geordie in 1972. The band split up in 1978 but Johnson put it back together in 1980. Just after a record contract had been signed, Johnson was asked to audition for AC/DC.
Joining AC/DC.
Johnson joined AC/DC in 1980, after the death of the band's former lead singer Bon Scott. He was the band's first choice. A fan in Cleveland, Ohio had sent a Geordie album to AC/DC after Bon Scott's death. The fan had asked them to consider Johnson. Years earlier, Bon Scott had also praised Johnson's singing and performance style.
Johnson co-wrote all of AC/DC's songs with the Young brothers for ten years.

Centipede
A centipede is an arthropod with many legs. Centipedes are predators. They hunt during the night, they are nocturnal. Some centipedes are venemous, though none can kill a human that is not allergic. Centipedes are among the fastest moving arthropod predators that cannot fly. Centipedes are in the class Chilopoda, and related to millipedes, which are not poisonous. As the mililpedes, they are very segmented. They have between 5 and 173 segments, but only one pair of legs per segment.
The house centipede is a carnivore that feeds on cockroaches, house flies and other domestic pests. It is therefore beneficial. But because it has a scary appearance it is often exterminated.

Bikini panty
Bikini panties are a type of underwear. They are usually worn by women, but can be worn by men as well. They look like a bikini bottom, but are made out of cotton, silk, lace or other fabrics that are used to make underwear. Bikini panties are a very popular style of underwear and come in many colors and styles.

Pomerania
Pomerania ("Pommern" in German) is a region on the Baltic Sea. It is now part of two countries, Germany and Poland.
Prehistoric times, Germanic and Slavic tribes.
20,000 years ago the territory of present-day Pomerania was covered with ice, which did not start to recede until the late period of the Old Stone Age or Paleolithic some 10,000 years BC, when the Scandinavian glacier receded to the north. Various archaeological cultures developed in the Mesolithic, Neolithic, Bronze Age, and Iron Age.
Initially at least part of Pomerania was dominated by Baltic tribes. Since around 500BC and before 500 AD Pomerania was dominated by East Germanic tribes including several tribes of Goths, who according to archeological evidence and their own tradition have come from Scandinavia. Goths and Rugians are recorded by Roman historians in the areas of Pomerania in 98 AD. The Veneti, non-Germanic tribe, which later assimilated with Slavs, are recorded by Ptolemy and Pliny the Elder around Vistula in first century AD. By the 7th century Slavic tribes (Wends) such as the Pomeranians settled the area.
Pomerania as a part of Poland, Denmark and Germany; German settlement.
Pomerania was first conquered by the Polish duke Mieszko I in the second half of the 10th century. Pagan uprisings in 1005 and 1038 resulted in independancy for Western Pomerania and Pomerelia, respectively. Regained by Poland in 1116/1121, the Polish could not hold the Pomeranian duchy longer than 1135, whereas Pomerelia after the 1138 partition of Poland among the sons of Boleslaus Wrymouth became a part of the Polish seniorat (see) which was declared fief of the Holy Roman Empire in 1156.
The Western part, the Duchy of Pomerania, was declared part of the Holy Roman Empire (1181). After a brief period of Danish rule (1168/1186-1227), it remained part of Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation until 1806.
1000 years of history of the areas between Elbe, the Oder and Vistula

900s
Centuries: 9th century - 10th century - 11th century
Decades: 880s - 890s - 900s - 910s - 920s - 930s - 940s - 950s - 960s - 970s - 980s
Years: 930 931 932 933 934 935 936 937 938 939

Bronllys
Bronllys is a village in the Powys region of Wales. A Norman castle was built in the 11th century.

Natural language processing
Natural Language Processing (NLP) is a field in Artificial Intelligence, and is also related to linguistics. On a high level, the goal of NLP is to program computers to automatically understand human languages, and also to automatically write/speak in human languages. We say "Natural Language" to mean human language, and to indicate that we are not talking about computer (programming) languages.

Würzburg
Würzburg is a city in the German state of Bavaria. It has about 135,000 inhabitants and a university.
Würzburg is the seat of a Roman-catholic bishop.
In about 1000 BC there was a Celtic settlement in that place.
In 698 AD Würzburg became christianised. The first mention was in 704 AD.
In 742 Würzburg became the seat of a bishop.
From 1168 the bishops of Würzburg had the title Herzog (Duke), given by the emperor.
In 1402 Würzburg got a university. It later closed and then reopened in 1582.
In 1631 Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden conquered Würzburg in the 30-year war.
In 1803 the Duchy of Würzburg became part of Bavaria, in 1938 the city had more than 100,000 inhabitants for the first time.
In 1945 the city was nearly completely destroyed.
Its football team is Würzburger Kickers

Rear Window
"Rear Window" is a film by director Alfred Hitchcock.
Plot.
The movie tells the story of a photographer (played by actor James Stewart) who has a broken leg. He spends his days sitting at home watching his neighbours through their windows. One day, after he thinks he sees a murder, his girlfriend (played by actress Grace Kelly) helps him to investigate.

Conscientious objector
A Conscientious objector (CO) is a person who decides not to be a combatant in military forces.
There are many reasons for this decision such as religious beliefs, ethical and moral beliefs to not kill human beings or pacifism.
Countries treat COs in various ways. They have also been treated differently throughout history. COs have been arrested or had to pay a fine. Some countries punished them by killing them. After World War II, many Western countries created alternative non-military services (civil service) as alternative form for pacifists. Often there were commissions to decide if someone really did not want to do armed service because of his beliefs or because of fear of war.

Anus language
The Anus language is a tribal language spoken in the Irian Jaya province of Indonesia. It is an Austronesian language.
As of 2005, there are almost 70 speakers of the language all of whom are members of a tribal group living on an island in the Sarmi-Jayapura Bay in West Papua.

Rule of law
The Rule of Law is the law that says that Government can only legally use its power in the way the government and the people agree. It limits the powers a Government has, as agreed in the Constitution. The Rule of Law is meant to be a prevent dictatorship and to protect the rights of the people.

Electorate
The Electorate is the people or citizens of a state who elect representatives to represent them in a democracy. They're also known as voters.

Paramount Pictures
Paramount Pictures Corporation is an American motion picture production and distribution company. It is the oldest movie studio in the United States. It has been in existence for 94 years. Paramount is owned by media conglomerate Viacom. Paramount is one of the Big Ten movie studios
History.
Paramount Pictures Inc. can trace its beginnings to the creation in May, 1912 of the Famous Players Film Company. Organized in 1914 by a Utah theater owner, W. W. Hodkinson, Paramount Pictures was the first successful nation-wide distributor. Until this time, movies were sold on a state-wide or regional basis. This was inefficient and costly to producers.
In 1916, Adolph Zukor created a three-way merger of his Famous Players Film Company, Jesse L. Lasky's Lasky Feature Play Company, and Paramount. The new company was called Famous Players-Lasky and grew quickly. Lasky ran the production side. Hiram Abrams was in charge of distribution and Zukor handled the business side of the company.
In 1927, Famous Players-Lasky took on the name Paramount-Famous Lasky Corportation. Three years later, because of the importance of the Publix theater chain, it was later known as Paramount-Publix Corporation. The company went into bankruptcy in 1933. When the company emerged from bankruptcy, it was known as Paramount Pictures, Inc.
Paramount Pictures had been an early supporter of television. It created stations in 1939 in Los Angeles (later to become KTLA) and Chicago's WBKB.
From the 1980s to the present day.
Paramount's successful run of lightweight pictures in the 1980s and 1990s created hits like "Flashdance", the "Friday the 13th" series; "Raiders of the Lost Ark", "Beverly Hills Cop" and the "Star Trek" features.
In 1993, entertainment conglomerate Viacom made a bought Paramount.
Paramount is the last major film studio located in Hollywood. Other studios such as Warner Brothers and Columbia moved to Burbank, California.
On December 11, 2005, Paramount said it had purchased DreamWorks SKG in a deal worth $1.6 billion. On February 1, 2006, the studio announced that the DreamWorks acquisition was completed.

Chord
A chord in music is when two or more notes are played together (some text books say that it is when "three" or more notes are played).
A chord which is built up of the 1st, 3rd and 5th notes of a scale is called a "tonic triad". Any combination of notes is a chord.
Chords can be played on instruments such as piano, keyboard, organ, harp, guitar, harmonica and xylophone. Chords with two notes can be played on string instruments by bowing on two strings together. By bowing on two strings and then quickly on the other two strings a violinist can sound as if he is playing a four-part chord. Some players of wind instruments are able to make chords by playing two or more harmonics together.

Irish dancing
Irish dancing is an ancient art of dancing. There are 5 main types of steps in Irish dancing. There are reels, jigs, slip jigs, hornpipes, and treble jigs. There are also social dances. Irish dancing is a fun art and sport.

Grill (cooking)
A grill is a device used for cooking food. With a grill, food is usually roasted. There are grills that use charcoal, and there are those that use gas to cook the food. Both have their supporters, and enemies.
Very often, grills are used for barbecues.
In the United States, there are cook offs for grilling. The most common meats used are steak and burgers.
It is a very bad idea to touch a hot grill with bare hands.

Order of operations
The Order of operations is a mathematical and Algebraic concept. It is used to simplify expressions and equations. The Order of operations defines the order in which different operations should be simplified. It is used for operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. It is critical to the solution of equations or expressions in the mathematics world.
solve any math operations within parentheses and change any exponential notations to standard notations.
Next, again starting on the left and working right, across the problem,
solve any multiplication and division in the problem.
Lastly, "and always lastly", working again from left to right solve any addition or subtraction left in the problem.
The result is the answer to the problem.
12 – 2²(9 – 6) + 5 ÷ 5
First … Parenthesis and Exponent … what ever comes first as the person works from left to right.
12 – 2²(9 – 6) + 5 ÷ 5
12 – 4(3) + 5 ÷ 5.
Once they have solved the operations within the parentheses they are no longer being used to define a grouping to do first, but now stand for multiplication.
Second … Multiplication and Division … what ever comes first as they work from left to right.
12 – 4(3) + 5 ÷ 5
12 – 12 + 1.
Third "and lastly" … Addition and Subtraction … what ever comes first as they work from left to right.
1.
12 – 2²(9 – 6) + 5 ÷ 5 = 1
A good way to remember the Order of Operations is by memorizing the phrase “Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sarah”. The first letter of each word of this phrase is key in remembering the order.
Memorizing the phrase "“Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sarah”" will help people remember the Order of Operations.
Another good way of memorizing the Order of Operations is the word BIMDAS. The letters of the word represent the first letters of each word in the order of operations.
I stands for Indices (indices are the same as exponents)

Crystal
A crystal is a solid whose molecules (or atoms) are arranged in a repeating pattern. Sometimes pressure needs to be applied to a substance for crystals of it to form.
Examples of crystal.
Different substances form different types of crystals. Well-known substances that form crystals are table salt (whose crystals are cubes) and quartz.

Indirect democracy
Democracies are sometimes divided into Direct and Indirect (also known as Representative democracy), the latter are the most popular.
the code of life.
In Indirect, or Representative democracy, citizens elect representatives to make laws on their behalf. This is what most modern countries have today.
In many representative democracies (Canada, the USA, Britain, etc), representatives are most commonly chosen in elections where a winning candidate has to win more votes than any other candidate. (That but does not mean that it must be a majority of the votes cast.) While existing representative democracies hold such elections to choose representatives, in theory other methods, such as sortition (more closely aligned with direct democracy), could be used instead. Also, representatives sometimes hold the power to select other representatives, presidents, or other officers of government (indirect representation).
In a democracy the ultimate power to decide significant electoral system reforms lies with the people. The key question that democrats will tend to ask of any proposed change in electoral law or the voting mechanism is: “Will it actually increase the capacity of the electorate to get rid of unsatisfactory rulers and replace them with others?” Democrats regard that basic capacity as the best protection against governmental incompetence and abuse of power.

Direct democracy
Democracy means ruled by all of the people. There are two types of democracy, direct and indirect. In a direct democracy there are no representatives. All decisions are made at the level of the people. When a budget or law needs to be passed, then the idea goes to the people. This obviously could get very complicated but if broken down into state levels of the same system it could be sorted out. There would be no political action groups because they would have to pay off the entire population of the country. Taxes could not be raised without the permission of the people. The few would no longer rule the many and the government would not cost billions of pounds just to operate. In indirect, or representative democracy, citizens elect representatives to make laws on their behalf. This is what most modern countries have today. Democracy is important because everyone gets a say in how the country should be run.

Revolution
A Revolution is a very sharp change made to something. The word comes from Latin, and is related to the word "revolve" (which means "to turn around").
Revolutions are usually political in their nature. Some people feel unhappy with their lives. They might join together, share their ideas, and make a revolution. Often, revolutions include fighting, and civil unrest. But there are also revolutions that happen without fighting.
The Soviet Union fell apart into its different republics without much fighting in 1990. But in the French Revolution (1789), there was much bloodshed. The years right after this Revolution in France are often called the Reign of Terror.
The term RPM stands for "revolutions per minute". It tells how many times a disc (usually a Compact disc, DVD or vinyl disc turns around in one minute.

Western Digital
Western Digital is a company located in California, United States, that makes Hard Drives. Hard drives are used by computers to store data.

Speech
Speech is when sounds (or gestures) are made in an attempt to communicate. The communication can be "verbal" (based on words), or "non-verbal" (based on actions). Speech can be given to one person, to a few people, or to a large group of people. A speech given by a person to a lot of people is called an address. A person making a speech is called a speaker.
Animals also have speech. They also communicate with each other. However, many times, an animals' communication is not the same as the way we humans speak.
A speaker may say something, but might mean something different. One speech can be understood as many different things, such as in different languages.

Stage (theatre)
The Stage in a theatre is the area where the actors perform. In classical pieces this used to be separated from where the audience is sitting.

Darth Vader
Darth Vader is a character from the "Star Wars" universe. He appears for the first time in "A New Hope". Vader is the main character of the Dark Side of the "Star Wars" series. He appears as a 2 meter-tall man dressed in black armor and a cape. His face is covered with a mask, which has a helmet on top.
Character history.
Born as Anakin Skywalker on Tatooine, he was converted by Palpatine to join his cause and accepted to learn the ways of the dark side of the Force, defying his master Obi-Wan Kenobi. Darth Vader died in "Return of the Jedi", but not before returning to the light, thanks to his son, Luke Skywalker. His mask lets him breathe and makes noise when he does so.

Gesture
A Gesture is a form of communication. Unlike "verbal communication", which uses words, gestures use movements of the body. This form of communication is very rich in meaning. A lot of gestures are done unconsciously, to express various feelings, or states of mind. Many animals communicate extensively using gestures. The dog, who has been a companion to humans for a very long time, is very good at reading gestures.
What is more, gestures have a cultural significance (meaning). The same gesture can mean different things in different cultures and different parts of the world.

Palpatine
Palpatine (also known as the Emperor and Darth Sidious) is a character from the "Star Wars" universe.
His most famous and once only seen force ability is force lightning seen in the last episode "Return of the Jedi" which is forked to spread the damage even further and is blueish purple. He is played by Ian McDiarmid. He is seen in Episode V for the first time. Palpatine is believed to be the true villain of the Star Wars films because he was the one who caused Anakin Skywalker to join the Dark Side of the Force.
Palpatine rose to power in Episode III, when he sent Anakin to the Jedi Temple and ordered the Clone Troopers to execute Order 66. Palpatine battled Yoda in a duel which would decide the fate of the Galaxy. He defeated Yoda, and was able to form a new order upon the fallen Republic; he created the first Galactic Empire.
Palpatine ruled the Galaxy for 23 years, when in the end he was killed by his own apprentice, Darth Vader.

Luke Skywalker
Luke Skywalker is a character from the "Star Wars" universe. He is the main hero of the "Star Wars" movies and book series. Luke was in three "Star Wars" movies, ', ' and '. He was also in most of the books that took place after these movies. Luke Skywalker was played by actor Mark Hamill in all three movies. The character was also shown briefly at his birth in '.
Luke Skywalker is the main character during the original three movies. These movies follow his life from being a farmer on the planet Tatooine to becoming an important part of the Rebel Alliance and a Jedi Knight.
A New Hope.
The adult Luke Skywalker is first seen in this movie. He was raised on the planet Tatooine. Tatooine is a desert planet. He lives with his uncle, Owen and his aunt, Beru. After he bought two droids, named C-3PO and R2-D2, stormtroopers sent by the Empire start to look for them. R2-D2 runs away one night. In the next morning, Luke and C-3PO look for him. Luke is attacked by Tusken Raiders, but is rescued by Obi-Wan Kenobi. R2-D2 plays a message from Princess Leia asking for help from Obi-Wan. Obi-Wan then says that Luke must come with him to Alderaan to learn about the Force. Luke learns that his father, Anakin Skywalker, was a Jedi. Luke also gets his father's old lightsaber. Luke says that he can not go with him and returns home. When he does, he sees that his home was destroyed (broken down). He goes back to Obi-Wan and agrees to go with him and learn about the Force. Luke, Obi-Wan and the droids go to Mos Eisley to find a pilot to take them to Alderann. They get Han Solo and Chewbacca to take them to Alderann. When they get there, they see that the planet is gone and there is a small moon close to where it was. This small moon is the Death Star. On board the Death Star, Luke, Han, and Chewbacca save Princess Leia. As they are about to leave they see Obi-Wan fighting Darth Vader. Obi-Wan gives his life so that the group can escape. Luke and the others go to Yavin 4 so that the secret plans to the Death Star in R2-D2 can be used to destroy the Death Star. Luke then pilots an X-wing to fight against the big space station. Luke uses the Force and fires the missile that destroys the Death Star.
The Empire Strikes Back.
Luke Skywalker has joined the Rebel Alliance and is on the ice planet of Hoth. While outside the base, Luke is attacked by a wampa. After escaping the wampa, Luke is weak and hurt. He sees the image of Obi-Wan Kenobi. He tells him to go to the planet Dagobah to be taught by the Jedi master Yoda. Luke is saved by Han Solo. Shortly after, the Empire attacks the Rebel base on Hoth. The Rebels leave the base. Luke takes R2-D2 in his X-wing and the two travel to Dagobah. They make a crash landing on the swamp planet and go looking for Yoda. Luke soon finds Yoda, but Yoda does not think Luke should be a Jedi. Luke convinces Yoda, and the old master starts to teach Luke. Luke faces difficult things to do. Before he completes his training he has a vision of the future. In it his friends were being tortured. Although Yoda, and the Force Ghost of Obi-Wan warn him not to leave, Luke goes to Cloud City. When he gets there he sees that it was a trap set by Darth Vader. The two then get into a lightsaber battle. Vader cuts off Luke's hand and then tells Luke that he is actually his father, Anakin Skywalker. Vader gives Luke the choice to join him but Luke says no and jumps off the platform. He is rescued by Leia and taken to a medical frigate, where his hand is replaced.

Witchcraft
Witchcraft is the use of certain powers, said to be supernatural. A woman practising witchcraft is called a "witch", a man practicing it is usually called a wizard, (warlock meaning someone who misuses the "arts"), or a sorcerer. Very often, such people have a knowledge of the pharmaceutical effects of certain herbs or shrubs. They then use this knowledge to help people who are sick. In the Middle ages, witches used to do abortions, where the church would not allow a woman to abort a pregnancy.
In the early 20th century a system of beliefs, a creed has been developed. This creed is called Wicca.

Heteronym
A Heteronym is a word, or rather several words, with different meanings. However the words are spelt the same way. Usually they are pronounced differently.

Potassium permanganate
Potassium permanganate is the chemical compound KMnO4. In this salt, manganese is in the +7 oxidation state. The salt is also known as "permanganate of potash" and "Condy's crystals". The permanganate ion is a strong oxidizing agent. It dissolves in water to give deep purple solutions, evaporation of which gives prismatic purple-black glistening crystals. It has a sweet taste and is odourless.
History.
In 1659 a German chemist, J.R. Glauber, fused a mixture of the mineral pyrolusite and potassium carbonate to obtain a material that, when dissolved in water, gave a green solution (sodium manganate) which slowly changed colour to violet (potassium permanganate) and then finally red. This report represents the first description of the production of potassium permanganate.
Just under 200 years later a Londoner named Henry Bollmann Condy trained as a chemist. He had an interest in disinfectants and marketed a number of products including "ozonised water". He found that when he fused pyrolusite with NaOH and dissolved the product in water it gave a solution that had good disinfectant properties. He patented this solution, and marketed it as "Condy's Fluid". The problem was that the solution, although it was quite effective, it was not very stable. This difficulty was overcome by using KOH rather than NaOH. This gave a more stable material, which had the added advantage of being easily converted to the equally effective potassium permanganate crystals. This crystalline material was known as "Condy’s crystals" or "Condy’s powder". Potassium permanganate was comparatively easy to manufacture so Condy was subsequently forced to spend considerable time in litigation in order to stop competitors from marketing products similar to "Condy's Fluid" or "Condy's Crystals".
Early photographers used it as a component of flash powder.
Chemical applications.
Potassium permanganate is used as an oxidizing agent in diverse chemical reactions in the laboratory and in industry. It also serves as a disinfectant and in deodorizers. It can be used as a reagent for the synthesis of many different kinds of chemical compounds. In wastewater treatment, it is used to neutralize hydrogen sulfide. In analytical chemistry, a standardized aqueous solution of KMnO4 is sometimes used as an oxidizing titrant for redox titrations due to its deep purple color. In a related way, it is used as a reagent to determine the Kappa number of wood pulp. Mixing potassium permanganate and formaldehyde forms a mild tear gas.
As an oxidant in organic synthesis.
Dilute solutions of KMnO4 convert alkenes into diols (glycols). This behaviour is also used as a qualitative test for the presence of double or triple bonds in a molecule, since the reaction decolorizes the permanganate solution; thus it is sometimes referred to as Baeyer's reagent.
Concentrated solutions oxidize a methyl group on an aromatic ring, e.g. toluene to benzoic acid.
KMnO4 oxidizes pseudoephedrine hydrochloride to produce methcathinone, a Schedule I drug in the United States. Consequently the DEA has restricted its use and sale by classifying it as a List I controlled precursor. Potassium permanganate is listed as a Table I precursor under the United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances.
Acids and Potassium Permanganate (KMnO4).
Concentrated sulfuric acid reacts with KMnO4 to give Mn2O7, which can be explosive.. Similarly concentrated HCl gives chlorine. The Mn-containing products from redox reactions depend on the pH. Acidic solutions of permanganate are reduced to the faintly pink Mn(H2O)6+2. In neutral solution, permanganate is only reduced by 3e- to give a brown precipitate of MnO2, wherein Mn is in a +4 oxidation state. This is the material that stains one's skin when handling KMnO4. KMnO4 spontaneously reduced in an alkaline solution to green-coloured K2MnO4, wherein manganese is in the +6 oxidation state.
A curious reaction is observed when one adds concentrated sulfuric acid to potassium permanganate. Although no reaction may be apparent, the vapor over the mixture will ignite paper impregnated with alcohol. Potassium permanganate and sulfuric acid react to produce some ozone, which has a high oxidising power and rapidly oxidises the alcohol, causing it to combust. "This reaction is explosive and dangerous, and may make a spray of acid." An approximate equation for the ozone formation is shown below.
Hazards.
Solid KMnO4 is a strong oxidizer and in general it should be kept separated from oxidisible substances. For more information consult an MSDS. Some reactions need a bit of a solvent, for example, powdered potassium permanganate + powdered sugar will ignite (but not explode) a few seconds after a drop of water is added. Dilute aqueous solutions of KMnO4 are not dangerous. KMnO4 forms dangerous products upon contact with concentrated acids.
Potassium permanganate stains the hand and clothing (as it is reduced to MnO2) and should be handled with care. Clothing stains may be washed away using acetic acid. Skin stains disappear within 48 hours.

840s
Centuries: 8th century - 9th century - 10th century
Decades: 790s - 800s - 810s - 820s - 830s - 840s - 850s - 860s - 870s - 880s - 890s
Years: 840 841 842 843 844 845 846 847 848 849

880s
Centuries: 8th century - 9th century - 10th century
Decades: 830s - 840s - 850s - 860s - 870s - 880s - 890s - 900s - 910s - 920s - 930s
Years: 880 881 882 883 884 885 886 887 888 889

Silkworm
The Silkworm ("Bombyx mori") is the larva or caterpillar of a moth that is important because it makes silk. It is entirely dependent on humans and no longer lives in the wild; silk has been made for at least 5000 years in China. Silkworms eat mulberry leaves. They are native to northern China.
Growth.
Silkworms are very hungry. They eat mulberry leaves day and night. Silkworm eggs take about ten days to hatch. When the colour of their heads turns darker, it means that it is time for them to shed their skins. After they shed four times, their bodies turn slightly yellow and their skin becomes tighter, which means they are going to become a pupa. While they are a pupa, they turn into moths. Before becoming a pupa, the silkworm wraps itself in a cocoon, to help protect itself. The silkworm is called a silkworm because it spins its cocoon from raw silk that it makes in its mouth. Many other larva produce cocoons, but only a few silkworms are used to make silk.
Silk.
The cocoon is made of one thread of raw silk from 300 to 900 meters (1000 to 3000 feet) long. The fibers are very thin. About 2,000 to 3,000 cocoons are needed to make a pound of silk.
If the animal is allowed to survive after spinning its cocoon, it will make a hole in the cocoon when it exits as a moth. This would cut the threads and ruin the silk. Instead, silkworm cocoons are thrown into boiling water, which kills the silkworms and also makes the cocoons easier to unravel. Often, the silkworm itself is eaten.
The adult silkworms (moths) cannot fly. The silkworm-moths have wings about 2 inches wide and a white hairy body. Females are about two to three times bigger than the males, but similarly colored. Adult silkworms have small mouths and do not eat.
Silkworm legends.
In China, there is a legend that the discovery of the silkworm's silk was by an ancient queen called Leizu. She was drinking tea under a tree when a cocoon fell into her tea. She picked it out and as it started to wrap around her finger, she slowly felt something warm. When the silk ran out, she saw a small cocoon. In an instant, she realized that this cocoon was the source of the silk. She taught this to the people and it became common. There are many more legends about the silkworm.
The Chinese guarded their knowledge of silk. It is said that a Chinese princess smuggled eggs to Japan, hidden in her hair. The Japanese also love silk. It takes 2100 silkworms to make a single kimono.
Food.
In Korea, silkworm pupae, boiled and seasoned, are a popular snack food known as beondegi.
In China, street vendors sell roasted silkworm pupae. The pupae are a delicacy in the Northern Area of China. They are baked with Satay sauces and rice to add extra flavour. In Japan, Silkworm Pupae is used in many dishes, including some types of sushi.

Death Valley
Death Valley is a valley in the U.S. state of California. It is a desert, and it is southeast of the Sierra Nevada mountain range. Death Valley is a part of the Mojave Desert. It is the most important part of Death Valley National Park.
Death Valley has many famous and unusual geographical features in it. Some of these features include sand dunes, salt flats, colorful rocks, and tall mountains. One feature, named Badwater, is the lowest place in North America. It is 282 feet (86 m) below sea level. The salt flats are another famous feature in Death Valley. Salt flats are very unusual. They are large, flattened areas where the surface of the ground is covered by salt instead of dirt. The salt that makes up a salt flat can be many inches or centimeters deep. The salt flats were created because thousands of years ago, Death Valley was underwater. Death Valley was covered by a lake that was named Lake Manly by geologists (scientists who study the Earth). Lake Manly used to be very large, but changes in the weather caused the rivers that brought water into the lake to dry up. After a long time, the water in Lake Manly began to dry up too. As the water dried, it left behind all the minerals that the rivers had brought to it along with their water. As these minerals dried, they created a crust (a brittle outer layer) of salt and other minerals on top of the dirt. Many lakes and seas in other parts of the world are drying up in the same way. The Great Salt Lake in the U.S. state of Utah is one example. The Dead Sea, a sea between the countries of Israel and Jordan is another example of big lakes and seas drying up.
The changes in the weather that made the rivers dry up have not gone away. Death Valley is still very dry. There are less than 2 inches (50 mm) of rain in Death Valley every year. Because Death Valley is so dry all the time, even the dirt that is not covered in salt has become very hard. This means that even though it does not rain often, when it does rain, the dirt cannot absorb all the water quickly enough, and the water can turn into a flash flood (a flood that happens very fast and very violently). In August 2004 there was a very bad flood. The flood damaged many buildings and cars, and killed several people. The flood also destroyed many roads, so nobody could go in or out of Death Valley. Death Valley National Park had to be closed for a long time while the park rangers fixed everything.
Death Valley can be very hot or very cold. In the summer, the temperature can be 130°F (54°C). In the winter, it can be less than 32°F (0°C), and there is often snow. On July 10, 1913, it was 134°F (57°C), which is the hottest recorded temperature in the United States.
Death Valley was named in 1849. Miners and settlers tried to travel across the valley during the California Gold Rush. Many people died because it was so hot and dry. It has very little water because the water evaporates, or disappears in the clouds, before it can touch the ground. This also happens because it is very far under sea level, and the water would have to travel for at least 60 minutes.

Mulberry
Mulberry ("Morus") is a genus of 10–16 species of trees. They are native to warm regions of Asia, Africa and the Americas, with most of the species native to Asia.
Mulberries are fast-growing when young, but soon become slow-growing and rarely grow over 10-15 meters tall. The leaves are simple, often lobed, and ridged. The fruit grows in bunches, 2-3 centimeters long, is red to dark purple in color, edible, and sweet with a good flavor in several species.
The fruit is used in pies, tarts, and wines. The fruit of the Black Mulberry, native to southwest Asia, and the Red Mulberry, native to eastern North America, have the strongest flavor. The fruit of the White Mulberry, an east Asian species, has a very weak flavor.
Mulberry leaves, particularly those of the White Mulberry, are also important as food of the silkworm, the cocoon of which is used to make silk.
Mulberries can be grown from seeds, and this is the best idea as seedling-grown trees are generally healthier. However, they are most often planted from large pieces cut from other Mulberry trees, which easily take root.

Procaine
Procaine is a analgesic drug. It is used primarily to reduce the pain of getting certain shots, and is also used by dentists. The drug is usually sold under the name Novocaine, or Novacaine.
Procaine was first made in 1905, and was the first man-made pain-killer that could be taken as a shot. It was created by the German scientist Alfred Einhorn (1857-1917) who gave the chemical the name Novacaine, from the Latin word "novus" (which means new) and caine, as in "cocaine."
Procaine is not often used today because other safer and better working pain-killing drugs now exist. Prior to the discovery of procaine, cocaine was the most commonly used pain-killer. Procaine (like cocaine) has the advantage of reducing bleeding, unlike other pain-killers and without the dangerous qualities of cocaine.

Leizu
Leizu was a legendary Chinese queen. According to tradition, she discovered silk and invented the silk loom in the 28th century BC.
Leizu discovered silkworms while on a walk near the king's mulberry trees. However, there are different stories of exactly how she discovered that silkworms make silk.
One story says that she used her finger to touch a worm, causing a strand of silk to come out. As the silk continued to come out, she wrapped it around her finger. When the silk ran out, she saw a small cocoon, and realized that this cocoon was the source of the silk.
Another story says that she found silkworms eating the mulberry leaves and spinning cocoons. She collected some cocoons, and then sat down to have some tea. While she was sipping a cup of tea, she dropped a cocoon into the steaming water. A fine thread started to separate itself from the cocoon. Leizu found that she could unwind this soft and lovely thread around her finger.
She asked her husband to give her a grove of mulberry trees, where she could keep the worms that made these cocoons. She is credited with inventing the silk reel, which joins thin silk threads into a thicker thread strong enough for weaving. She is also credited with inventing the first silk loom. It is not known how much, if any, of this story is true, but historians do know that silk was first made in China. Leizu shared what she found out with others and the knowledge became common.

Reforesting
Reforesting is the process of replacing plants in an area that has had them killed or destroyed. It can apply to trees, flowers or other types of plant life. Reforestation is often needed when trees are cut down to make lumber.

Moth
A moth is an insect closely related to the butterfly. Most species of moth are only active at night. They can be told apart from butterflies in several ways. Moth antenna look like little feathers, and their wings are held flat on their backs when they are not flying.
Role of moths in the economy.
Moths, specifically their caterpillars, are a major farm pest in many parts of the world. Caterpillars eat the plants that farmers grow and sometimes kill them. The caterpillar of the gypsy moth ("Lymantria dispar") causes great harm to forests in the northeast United States. In warm climates, the diamondback moth ("Plutella xylostella") is perhaps the most serious pest of cabbage crops.
Several different kinds of moths are commonly regarded as pests because their larvae eat fabric such as clothes and blankets made from natural fibers such as wool or silk. They are less likely to eat fabric containing artificial fibers. There are some reports that they can be repelled by the scent of wood from juniper and cedar trees, by lavender, or by other natural oils. However, many consider this unlikely to prevent moths from living somewhere. Chemicals are the most effective way to keep moths away, however, there are concerns about the chemicals being dangerous to people. Moth larvae are not killed by freezing the items they live in.
Moths are difficult to kill and usually not killed by poisons that work on mosquitoes and flies.
Some moths are farmed. The most important of these is the silkworm. It is farmed for the silk with which it builds its cocoon. The silk industry produces over 130 million kilograms of raw silk, worth about 250 million U.S. dollars, each year.
Attraction to light.
Moths will fly around bright objects, and appear to be attracted to light. Most scientists think that this is because moths use the light of the moon to help them fly in a straight line. The light from lamps confuses the moths.
Night-blooming flowers usually depend on moths (or bats) to pollinate them, and artificial lighting can draw moths away from the flowers, hurting the plant's ability to reproduce.

Cocoon
A cocoon is a shell made of silk by moth caterpillars and other insect larvae. Butterfly larvae do not spin a cocoon; their pupal form is called a chrysalis. Some caterpillars attach small twigs or pieces of vegetation to the outside of their cocoon to hide it from predators. Others spin their cocoon in a hidden place- on the underside of a leaf, in a crevice, or down near the base of a tree trunk.
Silkworm cocoons are processed and used to produce natural silk for clothing.

Proctor Silex
Proctor Silex Co. was created in 1960 with the merger of Proctor Electric and Silex Corporation. The company made household appliances such as toasters, irons, and coffee makers. In 1990 Proctor Silex merged with Hamilton Beach.

Scream (movie)
Scream is a movie from the United States by Wes Craven that was released in 1996. The actors in the movie include David Arquette, Drew Barrymore and Neve Campbell. The movie is a mix of styles being a slasher, horror and comedy. The theme song for the movie is "Red Right Hand" by Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds.
Plot.
A young woman is stalked by a killer wearing a mask. She tries to find out who the killer is and learns secrets about the town. Along the way the characters also talk about how the events would usually be shown in a slasher horror movie. This is the source of the comedy.The movie was incredibly well received globally, after the genre of horror movies had somewhat vanished from mainstream Hollywood the genre was revamped and made to be a 'typical' horror movie and was named the defining horror movie of the 90's. it's main characters are known to the public, before in the 80's horror movies had tiny budgets e.g. Halloween which was made for $30,000 although the budget for Scream isn't large it is substantially larger than that of other movies of the same genre. The movie is popular with teenagers and adults alike, teenagers enjoy the action while adults as well liking the horror movie humour.
Impact.
The movie was very successful. People who judge movies liked it (,,) and two other movies were made in the series. Scream 2 was released in 1997 and Scream 3 was released in 2000. It has been recognised as the most successful horror series ever after the movies combined takings earned over $500 million!
After this success many other movies copying Scream's style were also released including I Know What You Did Last Summer. And the horror genre has being replenished with many re-makes occurring even a re-make of Halloween after audiences are still attracted to the genre mainly due to the Scream series.

Columbine High School massacre
The Columbine High School Massacre was a murder/suicide at Columbine High School near Denver, Colorado on April 20, 1999.
Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, two students at the school, came to school armed with shotguns and assault rifles. They walked through the school firing randomly at other students and teachers. Before killing themselves, they killed 12 students and a teacher, and hurt 24 other students.
It was one of the first well-known massacres at a school in the United States, and the one with the most deaths until the Virginia Tech massacre in 2007.

Jose Rizal
Jose Rizal (Born José Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda) is a national hero of the Philippines and pride of the Malayan race. He was born on June 19, 1861 in the town of Calamba, Laguna.
Family and Early life.
He was the seventh child in a family of 11 children (2 boys and 9 girls). His parents went to school and were well known. His father, Francisco Rizal Mercado, worked hard as a farmer in Biñan, Laguna. Rizal looked up to him. His mother, Teodora Alonso Realonda y Quintos, was born in Meisic, Sta. Cruz, Manila. She read a lot and knew about art and many other things. Rizal said she was loving and very smart. He learned the alphabet from his mother at the age of three. At age five, while learning to read and write, he also showed that he could draw and paint. He surprised his family and relatives with his pencil drawings and sketches and with his moldings of clay. At the age 8, he wrote a Tagalog poem, "Sa Aking Mga Kabata". It is about the love of one’s language.
Education.
In 1877, at the age of 16, he finished school (Bachelor of Arts) from the Ateneo Municipal de Manila. In the same year, he went to another school to study Philosophy and Letters at the University of Santo Tomas. At the same time, he took classes to become a surveyor and assessor at the Ateneo. In 1878, he went to the University of Santo Tomas to become a doctor. He stopped in his studies when he felt that the Filipino students were not being treated right by the priests who were also their teachers. On May 3, 1882, he went by boat to Spain. In Spain, he continued his studies at the Universidad Central de Madrid. On June 21, 1884, at the age of 23, he got his degree and became a doctor. On June 19,1885, at the age of 24, he got another degree in Philosophy and Letters.
Political Life.
He hoped to make changes in his country and to make the Filipinos go to school. Rizal wrote many poems and books that show his love for his country. In March 1887, his book, "Noli Me Tangere" was published. It shows the bad habits of the Spanish priests. "El Filibusterismo", his second novel was published on September 18, 1891. It is sadder than his first book.
Rizal was not liked by those in power. He showed the bad things done by the priests and the people in the government and this led him and his relatives into trouble. Because of this, he and those who he knew were being watched by the government. They were making up bad things against him. He was put to jail in Fort Santiago from July 6, 1892 to July 15, 1892. They said that papers with words he wrote against priests were found in the luggage of his sister Lucia who arrive with him from Hong Kong. He was made to stay in Dapitan and there he did farming, fishing and business. He also operated and worked in a hospital. He taught the English and Spanish languages and the arts.
When the Philippine Revolution (the war of Filipinos against the Spaniards) started on August 26, 1896, his enemies went after him fast. They were able to get people to say bad things against him and linked him with the war. He was never allowed to talk to these people. From November 3, 1896, to the date of his death, he was again held at Fort Santiago. In prison, he wrote a poem with no title. It is now called "Ultimo Adios". It is very well written and became a famous poem. It expresses the hero’s great love of country as well as that of all Filipinos. After a false trial, he was convicted of rebellion (going against the government), sedition (making trouble) and of forming illegal association (meeting not allowed by the government). He was killed by guns fired by soldiers on December 30, 1896 at Bagumbayan Field. He was 35 years old at the time of his death.

Idiot
Idiot is a word used to describe someone who is stupid. The adjective is idiotic. The noun idiocy describes the state of being idiotic. The word can be used in different ways.
Origins.
The word “idiot” comes from a Greek word "idiōtēs" meaning "a person with no professional skill". The Greeks often used the word to describe someone who would not (or, sometimes, was not allowed to) appear in public. In this sense it was sometimes used to describe women and slaves.
In Latin it was used to describe someone who was uneducated and did not know much.
By the Middle Ages the word seems to have become used in its modern meaning as someone who does not have much sense.
Modern usage.
Until recently the word “idiot” was used in medicine and psychology to describe someone with a mental illness. Nowadays such people are usually described as “mentally challenged” or as people with “learning difficulties”. The word “idiot” is now offensive in that meaning.
In literature and folklore.
The word “fool” is similar to “idiot”, but it is not so strong. In the history of drama a “fool” was a jester: someone who made people laugh. Kings often had jesters in real life. A court jester had the job of making the king feel happy when he was sad. Jesters often pretended to be stupid, but were actually very clever. There are jesters or fools in a lot of Shakespeare’s plays.
The word simple is also similar to “idiot”. Someone who is simple is a person who is not very clever or “streetwise”. They are naïve and can easily be made to believe things because they are kind and expect everyone else to be kind as well. Such people are simpletons.
Idiots or simpletons are often used in literature. In German literature (and in Wagner’s opera), Parsifal is described as “perfect fool” because he does understand the evil ways of the world and is therefore completely good. That is why he can break the magic spell cast by Klingsor. The idiot often appears in Russian literature. Because the idiot is so simple he (it is always a male) is often able to express the truth which other people cannot see. Dostoyevsky wrote a novel called “The Idiot”. It is about a man who is simple and trusting. At the end of the opera "Boris Godunov" by Mussorgsky the crowd of poor people gather round the simpleton who is the last person to sing in the whole opera. His moans express the fact that Russia will continue to be ruled by cruel dictators and the people will remain poor.

Developmental psychology
Developmental psychology is also called Human Development. It is the scientific study of how a person changes psychologically (mind and behavior) as they get older. Developmental psychologists first studied infants and children, and later they also studied teenagers (or adolescents) and adults. Developmental psychology studies human change in a lot of areas, including motor skills (and other processes that are both physical and psychological), problem solving abilities, understanding of concepts, learning language, moral understanding, and identity.

Dickinson's Real Deal
Dickinson's Real Deal is a television show hosted by David Dickinson. It is based on Bargain Hunt and Flog It.

Kosovo
Kosovo (Albanian: Kosovë or Kosova; Serbian Cyrillic: Косово, Serbian; Latin: Kosovo) is a partially recognized country in the Balkans.
It has been part of the lands of Dardani in the years BC, Roman, Byzantine, Bulgarian, Serbian and Ottoman Empires, then the Kingdom of Serbia, Italian Empire and Yugoslavia in the 20th century. After NATO bombed Yugoslavia in 1999, the territory came under the administration of the United Nations (UNMIK).
The Assembly of Kosovo declared indepedence in February 2008. This is disputed by Serbia, and other states. Serbia still sees the territory as Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija ().
To the north and east of Kosovo is Serbia. To the south of Kosovo is the country Republic of Macedonia. To the west of Kosovo are the countries Albania and Montenegro. The capital is Priština. Priština is also Kosovo's largest city. About two million people live in Kosovo. A majority of them are of Albanian origin, but there are also Serbs living in the most northern part of Kosovo.

Lip
The Lips are a body part around the mouth. There is a (usually larger) lower lip, and a smaller upper lip. They help us to eat, touch and speak.
Finally, there are diseases that can affect the lips, for example herpes simplex.

Allergy
An allergy is when someone cannot have a certain thing enter his or her body without getting sick. The person's body attacks that thing the same way it attacks bacteria, or germs. We say the person is "allergic" to that thing. A person can be allergic to food, to certain substances like latex, to insect stings, or to invisible particles floating through the air. These particles can come from plants(pollen), pets(fur), or dust(dust mites).
Allergic reactions.
When people come in contact with something they are allergic to, there can be many different reactions. Their eyes may become very itchy, and their noses may become drippy or stuffy. They may cough and sneeze. They may develop a rash called hives. Their faces may swell up. If it is a food allergy, the person may get an upset stomach. Sometimes a person's esophagus, or throat, may swell up so much that the person can no longer breathe. This is called anaphylaxis. When this happens, a doctor must give the person a medicine called epinephrine to make the swelling go down. Some people with allergies to very common things, like bee stings or fish, carry this medicine with them so it can be used quickly in an emergency. The device they use to inject the medicine is called an EpiPen.

Alfred Dreyfus
Major Alfred Dreyfus was a man who was wrongly accused of treason to the French military. This scandal was known as the Dreyfus affair.

Nucleic acid
Nucleic acids are where genetic information is stored. There are two types of nucleic acids: deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid.
The basic building block of nucleic acids are nucleotides. A nucleotide consists of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar or a five-carbon sugar and a phosphate group.

Adam Elliot
Adam Elliot (January 2, 1972) is an Australian animator. He is from Melbourne, Australia. His short movie called "Harvey Krumpet" won the 2003 Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film. He uses claymation and has won five Australian Film Institute Awards because of his work.

Phenylketonuria
Phenylketonuria (sometimes called PKU) is a genetic disorder (a disease a person is born with) where a person's body cannot break down an amino acid called phenylalanine. Amino acids are necessary to make proteins, which is what the human body is made out of. Phenylalanine only comes from the food we eat; our bodies do not make any by themselves.
How it works.
Normal people produce an enzyme called phenylalanine hydroxylase in their bodies. When they ingest phenylalanine, the body can't use it, so this enzyme changes phenylalanine into tyrosine, which the body can use. In people with PKU, very little or no enzyme is made. Since the phenylalanine they eat isn't being changed into tyrosine, it builds up in their bodies. This can cause problems with the way their bodies work.
Treatment.
In the past, children with PKU almost always died from having too much phenylalanine in their bodies.
Today, scientists know what foods have phenylalanine in them, and they have created a special diet for people with PKU. Since they can't use it, people with PKU can't eat foods that have a lot of phenylalanine, like eggs, meat and milk. An artificial sweetener called aspartame, which is used to flavour diet sodas and candies, also has a lot of phenylalanine, so people with PKU have to be careful to avoid anything with aspartame in it. People with PKU also have to take a lot of vitamins to make up for the foods they can't eat, especially vitamins B6 and B12.
Babies with PKU are fed a special formula called Lofenelac. It has everything babies need to stay healthy, but with very little phenylalanine. There are also other formulas for older children and young adults, PhenylAde and other types are available, As well as Low Protein breads and flour (Made from corn instead of regular wheat)
Women with PKU who are pregnant or trying to get pregnant have to be especially careful to follow this diet. If they do not follow the diet, Their babies could be born with severe birth defects and mental retardation. Babies born to women with PKU who have followed the PKU diet throughout their pregnancy are usually healthy and do not necessarily but may develop PKU. Whether or not they have PKU themselves depends on the mother and father's genes. As well as the Fact that Genetics may play a part, But in fact there are people who are Carriers instead of hosts (Dormant Genes) that can be passed on until they resurface in the future generations. These are so far undetectable and random at best, However it is subject to debate whether it is the mother or fathers genes that are dominant.
While PKU kids are generally small in size and are usually attributed with blond hair and blue eyes, They also tend to have very fair skin (Noted only in female PKU currently) and tend to burn easily. Solar protection is a must for those who wish to work, Play, Or engage in activities outdoors.
Future.
Most people with PKU can live as long and healthy as anyone else if the low-phenylalanine diet is started when they are babies and continued for the rest of their lives. The symptoms will usually disappear after the diet is started.

Group home
A group home is a private house that serves as a non-secure home for unrelated people who share a common characteristic. In the United States, the term most often refers to homes for people who need social assistance or who are not able to live alone or without proper supervision. Before the 1970s, this function was served by institutions, asylums, poorhouses, orphanages and Victorian colonies.
People who live in a group home may be recovering drug addicts, developmentally disabled, abused or neglected youths, and/or young people with criminal records. A group home is different from a halfway house because it is not restricted to recovering addicts or convicted criminals, and also because the people who live there usually are asked or made to help maintain the household by doing chores or helping to manage a budget. In most countries, people can still vote and attend university while in a group home.
There are typically from 3 to 16 residents, as well as a resident manager or service staff. Residents may have their own room or share rooms, and share facilities such as laundry, bathroom, kitchen and common living areas. The opening of group homes in neighborhoods is occasionally opposed by residents, who fear that it will lead to a rise in crime and/or a drop in property values.
A group home can also refer to family homes in which children and youth of the foster care system are placed until foster families are found for them.

Anfield
Anfield is a football stadium in which the soccer team Liverpool FC play. It is found in Liverpool and can hold up to 45,000 people.
Liverpool plans to move to a new stadium by the year 2008.
Anfield is famous for the sign that is in the players' tunnel, which reads: "This is Anfield".

Blood pressure
Blood pressure is the pressure made by the blood at right angles of the walls of blood vessels. Unless otherwise stated, "blood pressure" refers to systemic arterial blood pressure, which is the pressure in larger arteries delivering blood to body parts other than the lungs, for example the brachial artery in the arm. The blood pressure varies. Blood pressure is higher in arteries than it is in other blood vessels. Blood pressure is often measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg).
Systolic pressure is the first number given in blood pressure readings. It is the peak pressure in the arteries during the cardiac cycle. The diastolic pressure is the second number given in a blood pressure reading, and it is the pressure at the resting phase of the cardiac cycle. The mean arterial pressure and pulse pressure are other important quantities.
To measure blood pressure, doctors use a sphygmomanometer.
Typical values for a resting, healthy adult human are approximately 120 mmHg systolic and 80 mmHg diastolic (written as 120/80 mmHg), but this can be very different for each person. Blood pressure readings change naturally throughout the day (in a circadian rhythm); they also change in response to stress, nutritional factors, drugs, or disease

Crawford, Texas
Crawford, Texas is a town in Texas, in the United States. It is President George W. Bush's hometown. George W. Bush and the First Lady Laura Bush own a 1600 acre ranch in Crawford. They bought the ranch in 1999. The first family's presence in Crawford, Texas, has helped the small town's economy to grow. The once nearly deserted streets are now busy with tourists.

Royal Navy
The Royal Navy is the navy of the United Kingdom. It is the oldest part of the British fighting forces. Because it is the oldest, it is called the "Senior Service". From the 18th century until World War II, it was the biggest and strongest navy in the world. The Royal Navy was very important in making Britain the superpower of that time. The Naval Service is made up of the Royal Navy, Royal Marines, Royal Fleet Auxiliary and reserve forces. The Naval Service had 39,400 people as of April 2006.
The Royal Navy is the second largest navy in the world in terms of gross tonnage (weight and size of all their ships). The Royal Navy has 90 ships including aircraft carriers, submarines, minesweepers and patrol vessels as well as the ships of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary. All ships in the Royal Navy are called "Her Majesty's ships", because by constitution the Queen owns them and has command over them.
Cold War.
During the Cold War, the Royal Navy mainly focused on hunting for Soviet submarines. These submarines were most active in the North Atlantic Ocean, the ocean near Britain. With the fall of the Soviet Union, the Royal Navy focuses of deep sea exploration.
Organization.
The Royal Navy was formed by direct order of the king. This idea is called "Royal Prerogative" in English Law. Because of this Royal Prerogative, members of the navy don't need to swear loyalty to the king or queen (the army and the air force do). The leader of the Royal Navy is the Lord High Admiral, who happens to be Queen Elizabeth II.
Below her is First Sea Lord, Admiral Sir Jonathon Band. He is a member of the Defence Council and the Admiralty Board. The Navy Board is below Admiralty Board and is responsible for running Navy. Their offices are in the Ministry of Defence Main Building in London.
Full command of all deployable Fleet units including the Royal Marines and the Fleet Auxiliary is the job of Commander-in-Chief Fleet (CINCFLEET), Admiral Sir James Burnell-Nugent. He is the one actually controlling the Royal Navy. His command headquarters at HMS Excellent in Portsmouth, His operational headquarters at Northwood, Middlesex. It is located with the Permanent Joint Headquarters and a NATO Regional Command, Allied Maritime Component Command Northwood (AMCCN). CINCFLEET is also the Commander AMCCN.
The purpose of CINCFLEET is to provide ships and submarines and commando forces for military and diplomatic jobs as needed by the UK government.

Mafia
The Mafia is a secret crime group working in many parts of the world that was created in Italy more than 200 years ago. The mafia make money from crime. They make billions of dollars a year from such crimes as making and selling illegal drugs, money laundering, from stealing, gambling and prostitution.
The Mafia in Italy.
The mafia in Italy have been around for hundreds of years. They work in the areas of Calabria, Sicily, Naples and Apulia which are all areas in the South of Italy.
This group was founded by Felice Maniero.This group was dismantled.
The Italian Mafia in America.
The Italian-American mafia began at the time when many Italians moved to the United States in the 1800s. The first Italian mafia was in New Orleans in Louisiana but soon they were in many cities across the country. The Italian mafia in the United States is actually called "La Cosa Nostra" which in Italian language means "This thing of ours" or "Our thing". The American mafia is divided into different groups or "families". Many large cities have one Italian-American mafia family but some larger cities like New York City have more.
New York City has five Italian mafia families. They are called;
Some other cities that have Italian mafia families are; Philadelphia, Los Angeles, Detroit, Chicago and many more.
Mafia groups in other countries.
There are others as well, like the mafia groups in Russia that make money from drugs and weapons. All these groups operate in the United States, Canada, Australia, England and other Western countries and cause many problems in those countries and the countries they are from.
Hierarchy.
Just like in a company, where people have a boss and workers, the Italian-American mafia, or La Cosa Nostra (LCN), has a hierarchy. Everyone has a job to do. Some people are bosses and some are workers. However you can always work your way op the lader of power, and respect. Below is the hierarchy of an American mafia family.
Each family will have a number of associates. These are people that work with them or for them but are not official members. ("see below; Becoming a member")
Becoming a member.
To become a member of an Italian-American mafia family people have to be Italian or have Italian parents. Only males can become members. Usually members-to-be have to have killed somebody to become a member. Members of the mafia start off as 'associates' working for the mafia.
History of the Mafia in New York.
The mafia in New York began when thousands of Italians moved there in the late 1800s and early 1900s to find a better life. At this time many Irish and Germans also moved to the US for the same reasons. Many of these people set up businesses or worked for businesses that were already there. Most earned very little money and some, who were tired of being poor, decided to earn money from crime, which was easier than earning money by working. There were many Irish and Italian criminal groups in the city who would steal, extort and murder for money. These groups were known all-together as "the Black Hand" but they didn't actually work as one group called "the Black Hand"; there were many groups and they each worked on their own and the term "Black Hand" actually was the name of what these gangs did (extortion), not their names.
Prohibition, Unification and the Castellammarese War.
In 1920 alcohol (or liquor) was made illegal in the US and the gangs had a new way to make money. They brought in illegal liquor from Canada and sold it in clubs. They bribed police into letting them sell liquor (which is also illegal) and made millions of dollars from this because they were the only ones who had liquor and so could sell it at extremely high prices. Around this time the gangs in New York became one large gang (the Mafia) as leaders of the gangs realized that more money could be made if all the gangs worked together. A man named Giuseppe Masseria and a man named Salvatore Maranzano both wanted to become the boss of the newly made New York mafia. Fighting, known as the "Castellammarese War", broke out between the two men and many of their soldiers were killed. Giuseppe Masseria's underboss was a man named Lucky Luciano who also wanted to control the New York mafia. He met with Masseria's enemy Salvatore Maranzano and plotted to kill Masseria, his own boss. Masseria was shot to death in a restaurant in New York by Maranzano's soldiers; one of them was Vito Genovese - a man who would later become boss - this was also the end of the "Castellammarese War". With the death of Masseria, Maranzano appointed himself the boss of the New York Mafia, in Italian language called the "Capo di tutti Capi" meaning "Boss of all Bosses". He called a meeting with the other "mafiosi" (plural: Italian language for Mafia members) from all over the US and made the rules that are still used today.
The bosses of the five families, particularly Luciano, began to grow tired of Maranzano's arrogance and the way he ran the mafia. Maranzano realized this and planned to have Luciano and his "consigliere" and "underboss", Vito Genovese and Frank Costello, as well as others, killed. Maranzano did not act quickly enough and was killed by men dressed as police officers, on the orders of Luciano and his friend, a Jewish gangster from Florida named Meyer Lansky. Luciano then became the head of the New York mafia, but not in the way Maranzano was; he helped the five families run their business but he did not control them or call himself the "boss of bosses". The five families were kept.
The Profaci family (named after the first boss Joseph Profaci) went on to become named the Colombo crime family after a later boss, Joseph Colombo. The Mangano family (named after the first boss Vincent Mangano) went on to become named the Gambino crime family after a later boss, Carlo Gambino. The Gagliano family (named after the first boss Thomas Gagliano) went on to become named the Lucchese crime family after a later boss, Gaetano Lucchese. Frank Costello became the boss of Luciano's old family which later went on to become named the Genovese crime family after Vito Genovese became the boss and tried to kill Frank Costello. The Bonanno family (named after the first boss Joseph Bonanno) kept its name as Joseph Bonanno was the boss for a very long time.
The Five Families over the years.
Genovese crime family
The Mafia in Film.
Many movies have been made about the mafia, particularly the American Mafia. Here are some of the most popular movies about American gangsters.
The television series The Sopranos is about the mafia in New Jersey and stars James Gandolfini, Steve Van Zandt, Tony Sirico, Michael Imperioli, Vincent Pastore, David Proval and Joe Pantoliano among others.

Metalocalypse
Metalocalypse is an animated comedy television series. It is a part of Cartoon Network's Adult Swim. It is about a heavy metal group called Dethklok, who are the most famous band in the world. The band is a very dangerous force to the people who like it and to world governments. Even though their fans often die or are hurt at the series, they still remain very popular. There is also a secret group of people who work for the U.S. Government who secretly spy on the band and plan to kill them.
CD & DVD Release.
Cartoon Network said that they will released a DVD of the first season of Metalocalypse and an album of Dethklok's songs in the summer of 2007. The album will have many songs that played during the series and will have several special guests.

St. Lucia Day
Into our dark house she comes,
The Lucia celebrations also include ginger snaps and sweet, saffron-flavoured buns (lussekatter) shaped like curled-up cats and with raisin eyes. You eat them with glögg or coffee.

Pride
Pride means having a feeling of being good and worthy. The adjective is proud.
The word "pride" can be used in a good sense as well as in a bad sense.
In a good sense it means having a feeling of self-respect. People can be satisfied with their achievements. They can be proud of something good that they have done. They can be proud of (or "take pride in") their work. They might be proud of their son or daughter or husband or wife or anyone else who is close to them and who has done something good. People can be proud of their country.
The opposite would be "to be ashamed" of someone or something.
In a bad sense, "pride" can mean that someone has an exaggerated sense of feeling good. This might mean that someone has no respect for what other people do, only respect for what he or she does. Someone who is described as "proud" may be arrogant. The word is used in this sense in the saying: “Pride comes before a fall” (meaning that someone is so overconfident that he or she might soon have a disaster).

Symmetry
Symmetry is a property that certain geometrical objects have. If the objects are symmetric, this means that the object appears the same (to be mirrored or reflected) along an axis. This axis has to cross the shape through the middle.

Mount Ruapehu
Mount Ruapehu is an active volcano on North Island, New Zealand.
The Ring of fire goes straight though New Zealand.

Klang
Klang (also known as Kelang) is the royal capital of Selangor, Malaysia. A popular harbour called Port Klang is located here. It is one of the busiest ports in the world.
Weather.
In Klang, it rains all year round. The monthly rainfall is slightly higher here in April and November. It might be because of the monsoon season.
The average temperature in Klang is around 25°C to 36°C (77°F to 96.8°F). There is no distinct seasonal difference in temperature in the town. Klang is hot and humid throughout the year.
Districts.
There are two districts in Klang, Klang North and Klang South. Both are divided by a very polluted river called the Klang River. Klang North is where a shopping centre owned by Jusco called "Bukit Raja Shopping Centre" is situaited.
Famous Local Food.
Klang is famous for its Bak Kut Teh, a herbal soup which contains pork. Klang is also famous for its "Rojak Klang".
Another popular delicacy here is the "Cendol Klang". The stall was opened in 1972.

Moscow Metro
The Moscow Metro is a metro system which reaches nearly every part of the city Moscow in Russia. It is one of the most heavily used metro systems in the world. It is also famous for its stations, which are heavily decorated.
Description.
In total the metro is 278.8 kilometres long and has 172 stations. During the week about 8.2 million passengers use the metro. On weekends there are 7.1 million passengers.
Every line has its own colour, name and number. In total there are 12 lines.
The metro runs from 5:30 AM to 1:00 AM. In peak hours trains run every 90 seconds, in the rest of the day every 3-4 minutes and in the evening every 6-10 minutes. The metro does not have a timetable, because the trains run at short intervals.
Tickets.
There are tickets for a certain number of rides and tickets for a certain time.
The moscow metro uses magnetic cards for tickets with a certain number of rides. (1,2,5,10,20,60 and 70 rides). These rides must be used within 30 days after the first ride. These tickets were first sold in 1993 as a test. All other tickets are Transport Cards (Smartcards). There are two kinds of smartcards, 'unlimited' and 'social'. Both kinds of cards can be used for 30, 90 or 1 year. Social cards are free for senior citizens and reduced for students.
Interesting Facts.
The metro has a gauge of 1520 mm, like most Russian railways. It gets the electricity from a third rail. The metro is run on a voltage of 825V AC. The average distance between stations is 1800 m. The shortest is 502m between the stations Delovoy Center and Mezhdunarodnaya. The longest distance between stations is 6627 m between Krylatskoe and Strogino. The long distance helps trains travelling faster and more efficient.
All of these stations are above ground.
Trains on lines 2, 6, 7 and 9 have eight cars, on lines 1, 3, 8, 10 seven cars and on lines 4, 5 and 11 six cars. All cars are 19.6 m long and have four doors on each side.
Line "L1" is called "Light Metro". It is different from all other lines. Its platforms are much shorter than the normal platforms. They are only 96 m longs. It has newer trains than the other lines. They were built by the company Rusich.
The metro has 172 stations. 71 of them are deep under the ground, 87 are just under the ground. There are also 10 stations above the ground and 3 on bridges.
There are also 4 stations, which are not opened yet: Volokolamskaya of Tagansko-Krasnopresnenskaya line, Delovoy Center of Kalininskaya and Solntsevskaya lines and Park Pobedy of Solntsevskaya line.
On trains to the city there is a male announcer, on trains from the city there is a female announcer. (The boss calls you to work, the wife calls you home)
Metro 2.
Although this has not been officially said, many independent studies say that there is a second, deeper metro system designed for emergency evacuation of important city personnel in case of attack. It is believed that it consists of a single track and connects the Kremlin, chief HQ (Genshtab), Lubyanka (FSB Headquarters) and the Ministry of Defence, as well as numerous other secret installations. There are also entrances to the system from several civilian buildings such as the Russian State Library, Moscow State University (MSU) and at least two stations of the regular metro.[citation needed] It is speculated that these would allow for the evacuation of a small number of randomly chosen civilians, in addition to most of the elite military personnel. The only known junction between the secret system and normal Metro is behind the station Sportivnaya of the Sokolnicheskaya Line.

Kissing, Germany
Kissing is a small town in Bavaria, Germany. It is located just 10 km south of Augsburg and has about 11.500 inhabitants (as of the year 2003).
Kissing was first mentioned in a document in 1050 as "Chissingin". In even earlier times, around 500, there was a thing hill nearby, which was later swept away by the floods of the river Lech.
The surname Kissinger (as in Henry Kissinger) means inhabitant of Bad Kissingen.

Anchorage
Anchorage is where a ship lies at anchor.

Jessica Simpson
Jessica Simpson (born July 10, 1980 in somalia, mogadishu, somalia., africa) is an American singer and actress. She was the star of the MTV reality TV show, "Newlyweds" (2005). She is the daughter of Tina and Joe Simpson and older sister of singer and actress Ashley Simpson. She was married to singer Nick Lachey from August 2002 until November 2005. Simpson grew up in Richardson, Texas.
As a singer, she has 7 Billboard Top 40 hits, 5 gold albums and 2 platinum albums.
She has starred in the movies "The Dukes of Hazzard" (2005) and "Employee of the Month" (2006)
She has a cosmetics line called "Dessert Treats" and "Dessert Beauty".

Charmander
Charmander is an fictional creature from the video game and anime series Pokémon made by Nintendo. It is one of the most famous of the Pokémon. It was one of the first 150 types of Pokémon. Charmander looks like a small dinosaur with a flame on the end of its tail. Most of its attacks have to do with hitting the enemy with some sort of fire attack. It also attacks by clawing or hitting them with the tail. In the television anime, Ash has a Charmander in his team. In the Pokémon video games Red, Blue, Leaf Green and Fire Red, Charmander is one of the three Pokémon you can pick at the beginning.
Charmander evolves into another Pokémon called Charmeleon, and Charmeleon evolves into Charizard.

Monty Python and the Holy Grail
"Monty Python and the Holy Grail" is the second movie made by Monty Python. It was made in 1975 and was very successful. It is still very popular. It was also made into a musical called "Spamalot".
Story.
This is a comedy about King Arthur's search for the Holy Grail. He gathers a group of knights around him. They do not ride horses - instead they clap coconut halves together, to make the sound of a horse galloping. They search for the grail, but keep on getting distracted by peasants (poor farmers) who want to talk about politics, or French knights insulting them.
The film was made in Scotland.

Yen
The yen or en is money used in Japan. It is usually written with the Latinized symbol ¥, but in Japanese it is written with the kanji 円. The coins are very light.

West Forsyth High School
West Forsyth High School is a high school in North Carolina. It has 1611 students. It is the third largest school in Forsyth County and the 53rd largest school in North Carolina. Its principal is Kurt Telford. It is under the Winston-Salem/Forsyth County Schools' district.

If and only if
Iff (if and only if) means that two statements are "biconditional". For example, the sentence "Two rational numbers are equal IF AND ONLY IF ad = bc." is a biconditional statement, containing IF AND ONLY IF, or IFF.

Appletalk
Appletalk is a suite of protocols for computer networking. It allowed to connect Apple Macintosh computers to one another. It also allowed to use a printer connected to the network. AppleTalk is not used anymore, because Apple has switched to IP.

Miramax Films
Miramax Films is a American motion picture distribution and production company. It was headquartered in New York, New York before being bought out by The Walt Disney Company.
It was created by the brothers Harvey and Bob Weinstein in Buffalo, New York in 1979. The name comes from combining the first names of their parents "Max" and "Miriam". The company was created to distribute independent films which the major movie studio didn't think were worth distributing.
The company's first success came when the Weinsteins teamed up with British producer Martin Lewis. They got the US rights to two concert movies of benefit shows for human rights organization Amnesty International. The Weinsteins worked with Lewis to combine the two movies into one movie. The movie "The Secret Policeman's Other Ball" was a successful release for Miramax in the summer of 1982.
Among the company's most well known movies as distributors were "The Crying Game", "sex, lies, and videotape", "Tie Me Up! Tie Me Down!" and "Scandal". The company also made movies such as "Pulp Fiction" and "Shakespeare In Love"
Miramax also produced many movies which made a lot of money. The company became one of the leaders of the independent film revolution of the 1990s. It produced or distributed seven movies that made more than $100 million at the box office. Its most successful movie, "Chicago", earned more than $300 million.
In 1993, The Walt Disney Company bought Miramax for $70 million. Harvey and Bob Weinstein ran Miramax until they left the company on September 30, 2005. The Weinstein brothers ran Miramax separately of other Disney companies. However, Disney had the final say on what Miramax could release.
On March 30, 2005, Disney and the Weinsteins said that they would not renew their contract when their current one expired at the end of September 2005. Buena Vista Motion Pictures Group took control of Miramax, which will have a smaller annual production budget. The Weinsteins started a new movie production company titled The Weinstein Company and took the Dimension Movies label with them. The Miramax name stayed with the movie studio owned by Disney. It is currently run by Daniel Battsek.
Miramax also has a family films division, Miramax Family Films.
Miramax is one of the Big Ten movie studios.

Western States 100
The Western States 100 is a 100 mile race that is held each July in California's Sierra Nevada Mountains. It is the oldest regularly run ultramarathons. It is considered by some to be the most difficult. Some of the best runners ever to compete in the Western States 100 race are Scott Jurek and Tim Twietmeyer.

Scott Jurek
Scott Jurek is an famous runner who lives in Seattle, California. He is perhaps best known for running the difficult Western States 100 Mile Race seven years in a row. He has also won the Badwater Ultramarathon the past two years.

Badwater Ultramarathon
The Badwater Ultramarathon is a race run from the lowest point in North America to the trail head of Mt. Whitney. It is 135 miles in very high heat.

Austria-Hungary
Austria-Hungary or the Austro-Hungarian Empire was a state in Central Europe from 1867 to 1918. It was the countries of Austria and Hungary ruled by a single monarch.
The full name of the empire was "The Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Council and the Lands of the Crown of St. Stephen".
The dual monarchy replaced the Austrian Empire (1804–1867). It started with the compromise between the ruling Habsburg dynasty and the Hungarians. It was an empire made up of many different peoples and great power. It found its political life full of arguments between the eleven main national groups. It had great economic growth through the age of industrialization. It also saw social changes with many liberal and democratic reforms.
The Habsburg dynasty ruled as emperors of Austria over the western and northern half of the country and as kings of Hungary over the Kingdom of Hungary. The Kingdom of Hungary had some ability to govern itself. It also had a say in things that affected both it and the rest of the empire. This was mainly foreign relations and defense.
The empire's capital was Vienna. Austria-Hungary was the second largest country in Europe (after the Russian Empire). It had the third most people (after Russia and the German Empire).
Creation of Austria–Hungary.
The "Ausgleich" or compromise of February 1867 created the Empire's dualist structure. The Austrian Empire (1804–67) had lessened in strength and in power. This was because of the Austro–Sardinian War of 1859 and the Austro–Prussian War of 1866. Also, the Hungarian people were not happy with how Vienna treated them. This had been going on for many years and it led to Hungarian separation. This included the Hungarian liberal revolution of 1848–49.
Emperor Franz Joseph tried to reach an agreement with the Hungarian nobility. He needed their support to keep the empire together. The Hungarian nobility would not accept anything less than equality between themselves and the Austrian elites.
They wanted and got the Emperor's coronation as King of Hungary. This showed Hungary's historic presence. A separate parliament at Budapest was created. It could make laws for the lands of the Hungarian crown.
Governmental structure.
Hungary and Austria had different parliaments. Each had its own prime minister. The monarch kept the two working together. He had absolute power in theory but very little in reality. The monarch’s central government had charge of the army, navy, foreign policy, and the customs union.
World War I.
The deaths of Franz Joseph's brother, Maximilian I of Mexico (1867), and his only son, Crown Prince Rudolf, made the Emperor's nephew, Franz Ferdinand, next in line to the crown. On June 28 1914, the heir visited the Bosnian capital, Sarajevo. Bosnian Serb militants of the group Mlada Bosna attacked Franz Ferdinand's convoy and assassinated him.
Some members of the government, such as Conrad von Hötzendorf had wanted to confront the Serbian nation for many years. The leaders of Austria-Hungary decided to attack Serbia before it could start a revolt. They used the assassination as an excuse. They gave Serbia a list of ten demands called the July Ultimatum. They expected Serbia would not accept. Serbia accepted nine of the ten demands but only partially accepted the other one. Austria-Hungary declared war.
These events brought the Empire into conflict with Serbia. Russia moved its troops to help Serbia. This set off troop movements on both sides. The Empire, with help from Germany, faced off against Serbia, helped by Russia. This was the start of World War I.
End of the Empire.
Near the end of the war, it was understood that the allied powers would win. Part of the empire started declaring independence from the monarch. They formed their own countries.
Some Austro-Hungarian lands were also given to Romania and Italy.

Wisdom
Wisdom is knowing things that help a person to live sensibly and make good decisions. Wisdom is defined differently by many cultures. Some say that wisdom is something a person learns as they grow older. Other cultures expect people to complete certain rituals in order to get wisdom.
If someone has wisdom we say he is wise.
Most cultures from the past have had special people who were supposed to be wise. People asked them for advice when they had problems because they knew things that ordinary people did not know or could not know. They were often called "sages".
There are many stories in Western culture in which the owl is supposed to be a wise bird.

Skate
Skates are a kind of fish. They belong to the group of cartilaginous fish. They do not have bones, but have cartilage instead. Skates are carnivores, they feed on smaller fish, as well crustaceans. They somewhat look like rays, and are in the same family with them.

Roger Moore
Sir Roger George Moore (born 14 October 1927) is an English actor and United Nations ambassador. He is most well known for playing fictional spy James Bond in seven movies from 1973 to 1985. He played James Bond more time than any other actor. He was also well known for playing Simon Templar in the television show "The Saint".

Melbourne Cup
The Melbourne Cup is Australia's major horse race. It happens once a year. People say it is "The race that stops a nation", it is for horses three-years-old and over, and it is 3200 metres long. The event has been held on the first Tuesday in November since 1861 (except on one year during the Second World War) by the Victoria Racing Club, on the Flemington Racecourse in Melbourne. Many people say it is the most important "two-mile" horse race in the world.
The race was first held over two miles, about 3,218 metres, but after Australia changed to the metric system in 1972 it was changed to 3,200 metres. This made it 61ft 6in shorter, and Rain Lover's 1968 race record of 3min.19.1sec was changed to 3min.17.9sec. Now, the record holder is the 1990 winner Kingston Rule with a time of 3min 16.3sec.
The race starts at 3.00pm Melbourne (AESST) time.
Attendance.
The event is one of the most popular events to watch in Australia. Over 110,000 people attend the race. Some people dress in traditional formal raceday clothing. Other people dress in different kinds of strange and amusing costumes,
In 2005 a total of 383,784 race fans went to the Melbourne Cup Carnival annual event
History.
Seventeen horses raced in the first Melbourne Cup in 1861. The prize was a gold watch and 170 pounds cash. Some people say Archer (the winner) walked 800km to the course from Nowra, New South Wales. However, it is possible he travelled by ship. Four thousand people watched the race.
Archer won again the next year. However, because the owner's application form arrived late the next year, Archer was unable to try for a third cup. Many owners boycotted (did not race in protest) the race, so it started with only seven horses. That is the smallest number in the history of the cup.
Off The Track.
'Fashions On The Field' is a major focus of the day. Raceday fashion sometimes draws almost as much attention as the race itself. The miniskirt received worldwide attention when model Jean Shrimpton wore one on Derby Day during Melbourne Cup week in 1965.
In Melbourne, the race day is a public holiday. In the rest of Australia most people watch the race on television and gamble. Some people bet at the TAB (the Australian betting office). Other people bet in workplace cup "sweeps". (In "sweeps" each person pays a small amount [i.e. $3] and draws a random horse. First, second, and third place then share the money.) In 2000 it was estimated that 80 percent of the adult Australian population placed a bet on the race that year.

King Philip's War
King Philip's War (Metacom's War) was a war between Native Americans and English colonists. It was fought between 1675 and 1676 in the area of the United States that is now New England.
When the Puritans left England, they settled in America near the Indians. As more Puritans moved to America, the need for land grew. This caused the Puritans to take over Indian land. Metacom, or "King Philip" as he was called in English was the leader of one of the larger Indian tribes. He was mad at the Puritan's taking the Native lands. He gathered a force of Indians and attacked the Puritans. The Natives and Puritans fought a small war, and the Indians lost. King Philip was killed, along with about 3,000 other Indians. 500 Indians were also captured and enslaved.

Lip balm
Lip balm is a product which is put on lips so they will not dry when a person is outdoors in the sun and wind. Lip balm is usually made from petrolatum. Some types of lip balm also include sunscreen to protect the lips from sunburn. Lip balm comes in tubes and small pots with screw-on lids. Lip balm is often used during the winter, because the cold winter winds can dry out a person's lips so that they are cracked and hurting (this is called having "chapped" lips).

Coprophagia
Coprophagia is the eating of faeces. Many animals eat faeces, either their own or that of other animal groups. It is particularly common in dogs and puppies of about 6mths old, but little is known why; lack of stimulus and variety in the lifestyle or diet have been cited as potential reasons and adding pineapple to their food is well recognised as overcoming the problem in many dogs. Humans do it only on rare occasions and it is looked down upon in most societies today.

Frankenwald
The Frankenwald (roughly translates to Franconian forest) is a mountain range. It is located in the district of Oberfranken in Bavaria. It connects the Fichtelgebirge to the Thuringian forest. It is a long forested plateau. The hills in the plateau form a watershed between the Rhine and the Elbe rivers.
It was settled in the 13th century. The main branches of industry were porcelain-making, forestry, and the production of charcoal. Rafts were built to get the wood into the larger cities, along the Main river, and the Rhine. First, the people setlted on the plateau. They cut down some forest, and settled in the clearing that was created that way. A well preserved example of such a setltlement is Wilhelmsthal. Only at a later date did people settle in the valleys.

Rapid transit
A Rapid transit (or Metro(politan), subway, underground, tube, elevated system) is a railway system. Usually it is located in a city or urban area. Trains run very often, and carry a lot of passengers. Usually it is separated from other traffic by a concept called grade separation. Grade separation is when two streams of traffic cross each other on different levels, so they do not influence each other.
In England it is called "Undergound", in Scotland and North America it is called "Subway", in Germany and Austria "U-Bahn" and in the rest of the world usually "Metro".
History.
The oldest rapid transit system is the London Underground. Building started in 1860 and the first part of it was opened in 1863. The first underground trains were powered with steam.
The first subway in North America was the subway in Boston. Building started in 1895 and the first section was opened in 1897
The first subway in Asia was the subway in Tokyo.the first section was opened in 1927.

Municipality
A municipality is a word used for a city, a town or a village, or a small group of them. It has a clearly defined territory, and all the people living on that territory share one common administration.
In most countries, a municipality is the smallest administrative subdivision to have its own democratically elected representative leadership. A municipality is usually governed by a mayor and a city or municipal council.
In some countries, municipalities are referred to as "communes" (for example, French "commune", Italian "comune" or Swedish "kommun").

Problem
A problem is a situation which is difficult to deal with. The word comes from a Greek word meaning an "obstacle" (something that is in your way). If someone has a problem, they have to find a way of "solving" the problem. The way to solve it is called a "solution".
Examples.
"John has locked his car keys inside his car so that he cannot get at them. John has a problem".
Social examples.
We can also talk about a child with "behaviour problems".
Entertainment examples.
Some problems are made up for fun. These are like puzzles. Some of them can be solved with logic, others can be solved by trial and error (this is called "heuristic").
Mathematical examples.
"John is three times as old as Mary. In three years time he will be twice as old as Mary. How old are John and Mary?" (9 and 3)
"Peter, Ruth, Samuel and Jessica live in the same house. Peter and Ruth went out. When they returned they found Jessica lying dead, surrounded by glass. They were sure Samuel had done it. Why did they not call the police?" The answer is: Samuel was the cat and Jessica was a goldfish.

Friedrichshafen
Frierichshafen is a city in Germany. It is located at the north shore of the Lake of Constance. It is the second largest city at the lake, after Konstanz. About 58.000 people live there. The city is famous for having one of the first Zeppelins.

Zeppelin
A Zeppelin is an airship. It is rigid, but can be directed. It was developed by Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin, in the early 20th century. Zepplelins were used in the First World War. In the Second World War the Nazis largely used them for propaganda purposes.
One of the most well-known Zeppelins was the LZ 129 Hindenburg, which caught fire on May 6, 1937, during a landing after a non-stop trip from Germany to New Jersey in the United States. After the Second World War and the fall of the Nazis in Germany, Zeppelins weren't used anymore. Plans exist to use Zepppelins to lift heavy weights. Sometimes, they are also used as tourist attractions, or for advertising.

666
666 was a year in the western calendar, as counted Anno Domini.
The number 666 is also sometimes thought to be the number of Satan. There is no reason to think this found in the Bible, although it does mention in prophecy (Rev. 13:18) that this is "the number of the beast, for it is a human number." The author (John) is said to be dreaming of an evil beast (meaning a wild animal), and the dream is believed to mean something about the future. This is also a very significate number in several films, for example the Omen.

Stanza
A stanza is a related group of lines or verses in a poem. A stanza also can be a verse in paragraph form.

Nanga Parbat
Nanga Parbat is the 2nd highest mountain of Pakistan, in Azad Kashmir. Nanga Parbat means "Naked Mountain". It is world's 9th highest peak and very difficult to climb. In 1953, an Austrian German named Hermann Buhl was the first to climb it.
Location.
Nanga Parbat is in the west of the Himalayas, and is the most western of the mountains higher than eight thousand meters. It lies just south of the Indus River, in the Astore District of the Northern Areas in the region of Kashmir. Not far to the north is the western end of the Karakoram mountains.

Cheema
Cheema (Shahmukhi: چیمہ, Gurmukhi: ਚੀਮਾ) (also spelled Chima) is a warrior clan found in Jatts of India and Pakistan, who are descendants of Indo-Scythian tribes, and were named by the British as a Martial Race. "Martial Race" is a name made by officials of British India for "races" (ethnic peoples) that were thought to be naturally warlike in battle, to have courage, loyalty, self sufficiency, strength, and orderliness, and to be hard workers and smart, hard fighters. The British recruited many men from these "Martial Races" for their colonial army. The British called the Cheema a powerful and united, but quarrelsome tribe.
Many people of Cheema clan who are Muslims are found in West Punjab (Pakistan), and many who are Sikhs are found in East Punjab (India). They used to follow local Peer-E-Tariqat (the head of a Sufi order), "Jathera" (ancestor worship), and before that, Buddhism. Most of them today are either Sikh or Muslim in their religion. There are no Hindu Cheemas, although there are Punjabi Hindu Jatts.
Jatts are a large and important group of tribes in Punjab. Cheemas are one of the two major subclans of the 72 subclans in Jats. They speak Punjabi, and usually own much farm land, and are important landlords in their areas. The strength of the family can be seen in the first 1947 constitution of Pakistan, where the Cheema tribe was listed in the second line, as one of the forty largest families coming into Pakistan.
History.
According to scholars, the Sakas and Kambojas were the ancestors of today's Cheema tribe.
The Indo-Scythians were named "Shaka" in India, from the name Saka used by the Persians for Scythians. From the time of the Mahabharata wars (1500-500 BC) Shakas were mentioned many times in texts like the Puranas, the Manusmriti, the Ramayana, the Mahabharata, the Mahabhasiya of Patanjali, the Brhat Samhita of Vraha Mihira, the Kavyamimamsa, the Brihat-Katha-Manjari, the Katha-Saritsagara, and many other old texts. They are called part of a mix of other war-like tribes from the northwest.
Invasion of India (180 BC onward).
The Vanaparava of the Mahabharata has a prophecy saying that the kings of the Shakas, Yavanas, Kambojas, Bahlikas and Abhiras, etc. shall rule unrighteously in Kaliyuga (MBH 3/188/34-36).
This seems to mean the situation after the Mauryan and Sunga dynasties fell apart and northern India was occupied by foreign armies of the Shakas, Yavanas, Kambojas and Pahlavas.
Alexander's invasion of Punjab.
Alexander overran the Achaemenid Empire in 331 BC and marched into what is now Afghanistan with an army of 50,000. His scribes do not mention Gandhara or Kamboja; instead, they name twelve small countries in those territories. This means that Gandhara and/or Kamboja must not have been very great kingdoms in the late 4th century BC. In 326 BC, most of these twelve or so countries that used to be in the Gandhara Kamboja Mahajanapadas were conquered by the Macedonian conqueror.
Alexander invited all the chieftains of the former satrapy of Gandhara to come to him and submit to his authority. Ambhi, ruler of Taxila, whose kingdom extended from the Indus to the Hydaspes (Jhelum), complied. After confirming him in his satrapy, Alexander marched against the Sakas (Cheemas are considered to be decadents of the Sakas) and Kamboja highlanders of the Kunar also Swat valleys known in Greek texts as Aspasios and Assakenois (q.v.) and in Indian texts as Ashvayana and Ashvakayana (names referring to their equestrian nature), who had refused to submit to Alexander. The "Ashvayan", "Ashvakayan", Kamboja and allied Saka clans offered tough resistance to the invader and fought him to a man. When worse came to worst, even the Ashvakayan women took up arms and joined their menfolk on the field, thus preferring "a glorious death to a life of dishonor".
"I am involved in the land of a leonine and brave people, where every foot of the ground is like a well of steel, confronting my soldier. You have brought only one son into the world, but everyone in this land can be called an Alexander”"
Thereafter, Alexander marched east to the Hydaspes, where Porus, ruler of the kingdom between the Hydaspes (Jhelum) and the Akesines (Chenab) refused to submit to him. The two armies fought the historic Battle of the Hydaspes River on the riverbank outside the town of Nikaia (near the modern city of Jhelum). Porus's army fought bravely, but was no match for Alexander's. When the defiant Raja (though wounded and having lost his sons) was brought before Alexander, a legendary conversation took place in which Alexander inquired of Porus, "How should I treat you?", the brave Porus shot back, "The way a king treats another king." Alexander was struck by his spirit. He not only returned the conquered kingdom to Porus, but added the land lying between the Akesines (Chenab) and the Hydraotis (Ravi), whose ruler had fled. Alexander's army crossed the Hydraotis and marched east to the Hesidros (Beas), but there his troops refused to march further east, and Alexander turned back, following the Jhelum and the Indus to the Arabian Sea, and sailing to Babylon.
In the middle of the 2nd century BC, the Yuezhi tribe of modern China moved westward into Central Asia, which, in turn, caused the Sakas (Scythians) to move west and south. The Northern Sakas, also known as the Indo-Scythians, moved first into Bactria, and later crossed the Hindu Kush into India, successfully wresting power from the Indo-Greeks. They were followed by the Yuezhi, who were known in India as the Kushans or Kushanas. The Kushanas founded a kingdom in the 1st century that lasted for several centuries. Both the Indo-Scythians and the Kushans embraced Buddhism, and absorbed elements of Indo-Greek art and culture into their own. Another Central Asiatic people to make Punjab their home were the Hephthalites (White Huns), who engaged in continuous campaigns from across the Hindu Kush, finally establishing their rule in India in the fifth century.
Muhammad Bin Qasim's invasion of Punjab.
Many Jatt/Cheema were oppressed by Hindu king Raja Dahir who ruled over Punjab where the majority of the population followed Buddhism (Ram Swarup Joon: "History of the Jats", Rohtak, India (1938, 1967)). The Jat made strong alliances with the Muslim Arabs and hailed the conquest of Muhammad bin Qasim an Arab general. Muhammad bin Qasim defeated the Hindu Raja Dahir in alliance with Jats and other Buddhist Rajas. On his arrival at the town of Brahmanabad between six and sixteen thousand men died in the ensuing battle. Buddhists and the Jat, Meds and Bhutto tribes hailed him as a rescuer from tyranny at the hands of "Chach" and his kin (regarded as usurpers of the Rai Dynasty)..
Historian Baladhuri records the local sentiments upon Qasim's recall,
“"people of Hind wept for Qasim and preserved his likeness at Karaj"”.
Oppression of the Jats.
The rulers before Islam were: Siharus, Sahasi II, Chach, Dahir. The first two were Buddhist Rajputs, and the last two were Hindu Brahmins. The new Brahmin rulers were not friendly to the many Buddhists in Sind at that time, and they were cruel to the Jats and Meds, who were most of the peasants. Bad conditions were put on the Jats and they lost many civil rights. "When Chach, the Brahmim chamberlain who usurped the throne of Rajput King Sahasi II went to Brahmanabad, he enjoined upon the Jats and Lohanas not to carry swords, avoid velvet or silken cloth, ride horses without saddles and walk about bare-headed and bare-footed". It was because of this background that Muhammad bin Qasim received cooperation from the Buddhists as well as the Jats and Meds during his campaign in Sind ("An advanced history of India" by Ramesh Chandra Majumdar; Hemchandra Raychaudhuri; Kalikinkar Datta Delhi: Macmillan India, 1973) In fact he was hailed as deliverer by several sections of local population. The position of the Buddhists in Sind seeking support from outside can be read in the Chach Nama.
Mohamammad Bin Qasim came as a deliverer for the ancient tribes of Jats and Meds and he defeated the oppressing King of Sindh. From then the war between Budhists and Hindus saw another contender whos future followers of the monotheistic Islamic faith would change the history of india forever.
Cheemas Today.
The Cheema clan holds the largest number of Political seats in the National Assembly of Pakistan & Senate of Pakistan in Punjab, more than any other family in Pakistan. Many Cheemas have emigrated, establishing successful careers in aid agencies, and armies amongst other professionals. Their reputation as honest, if ambitious workers, is maintained in the diaspora.
In the Mahabharata.
The Udyogaparava of the Mahabharata "(5/19/21-23)" tells us that the composite army of the Kambojas, Yavanas and Shakas had participated in the Mahabharata war under the supreme command of Sudakshina Kamboja. The epic repeatedly applauds this composite army as being very fierce and wrathful.
Mahabharata, too similarly groups the Shakas with the Kambojas and Yavanas and states that they were originally noble Kshatriyas but got degraded to "vrishala" status on account of their non-obersvance of the sacred Brahmanical codes.
This degradation of social stature of Cheemas can also be attributed to their unholy ways in conduct.
In the Manusmiriti.
Manusmriti places the Shakas with the Kambojas, Yavanas, Pahlavas, Paradas and labels them all as degraded Kshatriyas (Holy Warriors) defying the Brahmanical codes and rituals.
In the Puranas.
In the "Puranas Darada" the Jatt sub-tribes have been called degrading terms such as Rakshasas (demons) not having darshan of the Brahmin.
Customs.
Cheemas of Sialkot district have, in common with the Sindhu and Shahi of these parts, some peculiar marriage customs, such as cutting a goat's ear and marking their foreheads with the blood, making the bridegroom cut off
a twig of "jhand" tree (Prosopis spicigera) and so forth. They like most other tribes of Sialkot district worship
Cheemas of Gujranwala district have similar marriage customs which involves making the bride cut off a twig of "jhand" tree, followed by paying a visit to local "Peer"'s or "Jathera"s (elders) shrine.
Geography.
Cheema are most numerous in Sialkot district followed by forty two villages in Gujranwala district. According to Cunningham this area of high Cheema density was called "Chima des" (Des or Desh, in Hindustani and Punjabi means country). Many settled in Montgomery (Sahiwal) and Sandal Bar during the British rule of Punjab due to construction of extensive canal network in these areas. They also have few villages scattered across Rawalpindi, Bhawalpur, Amritsar, Gurdaspur, Jalandhar, Moga, Ludhiana and Sangrur.
Towards west in the Punjab plains they are not found after "Chaj Doab". Towards east in the Punjab plains, this clan was not found after district Sangrur in east Punjab, until 1947 when many Sikh Cheemas moved from Sialkot and Gujranwala to settle in Patiala, Karnal and Sirsa after partition of the Punjab.
In Pakistan, Sialkot district has large Cheema population with many Cheema villages such as "Sahowala", "Kamalpur", Manpur. Also in Rawalpindi district, there is a village near Gujar Khan which is named Sui Cheemian and has a substantal population of Cheema's. In Southern Punjab, Bahawalpur and "Yazman" are richly populated with the Cheema Families and their saturated villages and the area elects more than a dozen cabinet members.
Folklore.
There is an old folk saying about Cheema and Chatha tribes in Punjabi "Cheemey tey Chatthey, khaan peen nu vakkhon vakh tey larran bhiran nu katthey" { English translation: Cheemas and Chatthas are separate in their feasts but united for the fights)

K2
K2 is the second highest mountain in the world. It is in the Karakoram section of the Himalayas between Pakistan and China; the National mountain of Pakistan. The mountain is 8,611 metres (28,251 feet) high. It is believed that the mountain is harder to climb than Mount Everest because of its very bad weather. K2 is also much higher than the area around it when compared to Everest. K2 is nicknamed "The Savage Mountain" because of this. As of 2004, only 246 people have climbed to the top of the mountain. At least 56 people have died trying to climb it.
An unofficial name for K2 is Mount Godwin Austen, named for the man who first climbed it.

Respiration
During respiration of animals, oxygen is taken into the blood stream (through the alveolus in the lungs) and carbon dioxide is taken from the blood stream (through the alveolus in the lungs). Carbon Dioxide then exits the body through exhalation, whereas oxygen is taken to cells around the body to produce energy.
Animals obtain carbohydrates, like sugar, by eating them. Plants make their own carbohydrates. They get carbon dioxide from the environment and their energy from the sun. Plants store the Sun's energy in carbohydrates like sugar.

Kingsley Amis
Sir Kingsley William Amis (April 16, 1922 – October 22, 1995) was an English novelist, poet, critic, and teacher. He wrote more than twenty novels, three collections of poetry, short stories, radio and television scripts, and books of social and literary criticism. He was the father of the British novelist Martin Amis.
Biography.
Kingsley Amis was born in Clapham, South London, England. He went to school at the City of London School and St. John's College, Oxford. At Oxford, he met Philip Larkin and became friends. Amis served in the Royal Corps of Signals in the Second World War.
Amis was a fan of Jazz music. He really liked the American musicians Sidney Bechet, Henry "Red" Allen and Pee Wee Russell.
His first novel "Lucky Jim" was very successfull. The novel won the Somerset Maugham Award for fiction. "Lucky Jim" was the first English novel that focused on an ordinary man as anti-hero. As a poet, Amis was a part of The Movement (anti-romantic poetry).
As a young man, Kingsley Amis was a member of the Communist Party. He left them when the Soviet Union invaded Hungary in 1956. After that, Amis became anti-communist, and conservative. He talks about his political change in the essay "Why Lucky Jim Turned Right" (1967).
Amis was an atheist. Novels such as "The Green Man" and "The Anti-Death League" were about the personality of a divine being. They were also about its relationship to death and dying.
Amis's novel "The Old Devils" won the Booker Prize in 1986. He received a knighthood in 1990.
Amis was married. The first time in 1948 to Hilary Bardwell and then to novelist Elizabeth Jane Howard in 1965. He divorced Howard in 1983. Amis spent his last years living with his first wife and her third husband. He had three children. One of his children was the novelist Martin Amis. Martin Amis wrote about his father's life and decline in his memoir "Experience".
Science fiction.
Amis's interest in science fiction led to "New Maps of Hell" (1960). It was about how he felt about science fiction in literature. He liked the stories of Frederik Pohl and C.M. Kornbluth. With the Sovietologist Robert Conquest, Amis produced the science fiction series "Spectrum" I–IV. This series got a lot of its ideas from the 1950s magazine "Astounding Science Fiction". He wrote three science fiction novels. "The Alteration" was an alternate history novel set in a twentieth-century Britain. "Russian Hide-and-Seek" was an alternate history where Russia had conquered Britain after the Second World War. He also wrote the supernatural-horror novel "The Green Man" which the BBC adapted for television.
James Bond.
Kingsley Amis wrote books about Ian Fleming's James Bond. He wrote the popular "James Bond Dossier". Later, he wrote, "The Book of Bond, or, Every Man His Own 007". It was a tongue-in-cheek how-to manual about being a spy like Bond. He wrote it under the name "Lt Col. William 'Bill' Tanner". Tanner was M's Chief of Staff in many of the Bond novels.

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340s
Centuries: 3rd century - 4th century - 5th century
Decades: 290s - 300s - 310s - 320s - 330s - 340s - 350s - 360s - 370s - 380s - 390s
Years: 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349

Ferdinand II of Aragon
Ferdinand II "the Catholic" (Catalan: "Ferran d'Aragó "el Catòlic") (March 10, 1452 – June 23, 1516) was king of Aragon (1479-1516), Castile, Sicily (1468-1516), Naples (1504-1516), Valencia, Sardinia and Navarre and Count of Barcelona.
Biography.
Ferdinand was the son of John II of Aragon by his second wife, the Aragonese noblewoman Juana Enriquez. He married Infanta Isabella, the half-sister and heiress of Henry IV of Castile, on October 19, 1469 in Ocaña. He became Ferdinand V of Castile when Isabella succeeded her brother as Queen of Castile in 1474. The two young monarchs had initially to fight a civil war against Juana, princess of Castile (also known as Juana la Beltraneja), the purported daughter of Henry IV. They were ultimately successful. Ferdinand succeeded his father as King of Aragon in 1479 and the Crown of Castile and the various territories of the Crown of Aragon were united in a personal union. For the first time since the 8th century this created a single political unit which might be called Spain, although the various territories were not properly administered as a single unit until the 18th century.
The first decades of Ferdinand and Isabella's joint rule were taken up with the conquest of the Kingdom of Granada, the last Muslim enclave in the Iberian peninsula. This was completed by 1492. In that same year, the Jews were expelled from both Castile and Aragon, and Christopher Columbus was sent by the couple on his expedition which would ultimately discover the New World. By the Treaty of Tordesillas of 1494, the extra-European world was split between the crowns of Portugal and Castile by a north-south line through the Atlantic Ocean.
The latter part of Ferdinand's life was largely taken up with the so-called Italian Wars, disputes over control of Italy with successive Kings of France. In 1494, Charles VIII of France invaded Italy and expelled Ferdinand's cousin, Alfonso II, from the throne of Naples. Ferdinand's alliance with various Italian princes and with Emperor Maximilian I, expelled the French by 1496 and installed Alfonso's son, Ferdinand, on the Neapolitan throne. In 1501, following the death of Ferdinand II of Naples and his succession by his uncle Frederick, Ferdinand of Aragon signed an agreement with Charles VIII's successor, Louis XII. Louis had just successfully asserted his claims to the Duchy of Milan, and they agreed to partition Naples between them, with Campania and the Abruzzi, including Naples itself, going to the French and Ferdinand taking Apulia and Calabria. The agreement soon fell apart, and over the next several years, Ferdinand's great general Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba conquered Naples from the French, by 1504. Another less famous "conquest" took place in 1503, when Andreas Paleologus, de jure Emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire, left Ferdinand and Isabella as heirs to the empire, thus Ferdinand became de jure Roman Emperor.
After Isabella's death, her kingdom went to her daughter Joanna. Ferdinand served as the latter's regent during her absence in the Netherlands, ruled by her husband Archduke Philip. Ferdinand attempted to retain the regency permanently, but was rebuffed by the Castilian nobility and replaced with Joanna's husband, who became Philip I of Castile. After Philip's death in 1506, with Joanna mentally unstable, and her and Philip's son Charles of Ghent only six years old, Ferdinand resumed the regency, ruling through Francisco Cardinal Jimenez de Cisneros, the Chancellor of the Kingdom.
In 1508, war resumed in Italy, this time against Venice. All the other powers on the peninsula, including Louis XII, Ferdinand, Maximilian, and Pope Julius II joined together against as the League of Cambrai. Although the French were victorious against Venice at the Battle of Agnadello, the League soon fell apart, as both the Pope and Ferdinand became suspicious of French intentions. Instead, the Holy League was formed, in which all the powers now joined together against France.
In November 1511 Ferdinand and his son-in-law Henry VIII of England signed the Treaty of Westminster, pledging mutual aid between the two against France. Earlier that year, Ferdinand had conquered the southern half of the Kingdom of Navarre, which was ruled by a French nobleman, and annexed it to Spain. At this point to reinforce his claim to the kingdom, Ferdinand remarried with the much younger Germaine of Foix (1490–1538), a grand-daughter of Queen Leonor of Navarre. The Holy League was generally successful in Italy, as well, driving the French from Milan, which was restored to its Sforza dukes by the peace treaty in 1513. The French were successful in reconquering Milan two years later, however.
Ferdinand died in 1516 in Madrigalejo, Cáceres, Extremadura. He had made Spain the most powerful country in Europe. The succession of his grandson Charles, who inherited not only the Spanish lands of his maternal grandparents, but the Habsburg and Burgundian lands of his paternal family, would make his heirs the most powerful rulers on the continent. Charles succeeded him in the Aragonese lands, and was also granted the Castilian crown jointly with his insane mother, bringing about at long last the unification of the Spanish thrones under one head.
Children.
Ferdinand and Isabella had 5 children, Isabella of Asturias, Juan of Aragon, Joanna of Castile, Maria of Aragon, and Catherine of Aragon. Joanna and Catherine married with several European dynasties, setting the bases for the huge heritage of their grandson Charles V. His granddaughter was Queen Mary I of England.

Web 2.0
Web 2.0 is what people call new ways of showing or using things on the Internet.
To people who use the Internet, wikis and blogs are Web 2.0. Some think that Wikipedia is a great example of "Web 2.0". Web 2.0 is mostly about user-generated and interactive content.
It adds great interactivity to otherwise static,only informative web site of Web 1.0.
It fundamentally builds on the internet technologies which are in use since the inception of internet and WWW and gives a layer of abstraction on top to provide rich services.

The Broons
The Broons is a comic strip in the Scottish newspaper The Sunday Post. It is about a Scottish family with 11 members.
The strip is written in the Scots language.

Roman Republic
The Roman Republic was a phase in history of the Ancient Roman Civilization. According to legend, the city of Rome was founded by Romulus in 753 BC. It was a kingdom until 510 BC, when the last King, Lucius Tarquinius Superbus was overthrown. With that date, the Roman Republic began.
The Roman Republic was very well organised for ancient times. The Roman people elected "Consuls", who ruled for a short time. Some of the ideas of the Roman Republic are still used today.
The end of the republic is still a matter of dispute; different scholars will give different dates for it. Usually, the dates of the start of the First Triumvirate or the Second Triumvirate are given. (The Triumvirates were groups of men who had much power)
The end of the republic is often said to be when Gaius Julius Caesar was appointed as dictator (single ruler) by the Senate of Rome. This happened after a series of civil wars that lasted from about 49 BC to the year 44 BC.
Some people say the republic ended with the naval Battle of Actium between Marcus Antonius and Octavian. They both had been in the Second Triumvirate. It was fought on September 2, 31 BC). Octavian won. Later on, he was proclaimed Roman Emperor. The end date could also be when Octavian was given the title of the first "Augustus". This was on January 16, 27 BC.
These are modern views though. In the view of the early emperors, the "res publica" (what is translated to "Republic") still existed. It was simply "under their protection". They promised it would some day be restored to its original form, even though this never happened. After the Roman Republic ended, the Roman Empire began.

First Triumvirate
The First Triumvirate is the name most historians give to the political alliance between Gaius Julius Caesar, Marcus Licinius Crassus and Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus. They made it to give each other power. Each person helped the others to be more powerful. It was unofficial and spectacular. (The Second Triumvirate was official yet unspectacular.) It was made in 60 BC. It finished with Crassus' death in the year 53 BC. Then Caesar and Pompey started fighting. Caesar won at the Battle of Pharsalus.
Then Caesar became dictator in the year 44 BC.

Second Triumvirate
The Second Triumvirate was an alliance between Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus, Marcus Aemilius Lepidus and Marcus Antonius. It lasted from 43 BC to 33 BC. The creation of the Second Triumvirate effectively ended the effort by Marcus Tullius Cicero to reinstate the Senate as the sovereign body of the Republic.

Occam's razor
Occam's razor (or Ockham's razor) is a principle from philosophy. It says that the simplest explanation is usually the best one.
"Entia non sunt multiplicanda praeter necessitatem'.'
"Things shouldn't be done more times than they need to be."
In other words, you don't need to think of a lot of other explanations for something when you already have a simple one.
Occam's razor often comes up in medicine when there are many explanations for symptoms and the simplest diagnosis usually is the correct one.

Rio Grande do Sul
Rio Grande do Sul is a brazilian state, in Southern Brazil. It has common borders with Uruguay to the south, and Argentina to the west. It has a very high standard of living. Its capital city is Porto Alegre. About 10 million people live in the state, which has a surface area of roughly 282,000 square kilometres.

Turbofolk
Turbofolk or Pop-folk is a style of music from the Balkans that was invented in the early 1990s. It mostly comes from Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro, but it is also popular in other nearby countries. It sounds like a mix of Arabic-style singing (in the Serbian language) with electronic music and rock music.
Turbofolk is sometimes associated with the recent Balkan wars and the Breakup of Yugoslavia but it is still popular.

Bérurier Noir
Bérurier Noir are a French punk band which formed in Paris in 1983. It is made up of Loran (guitar), François (vocals) and Dede (drum machine). In 1985 Masto joined, playing the saxophone. They sing about French politics and anarchism, and are one of the most famous French punk bands.

Roman Britain
The term Roman Britain is a term is given to Britain, when it was under the control of the Roman Empire from 43 to 410.
The Romans invaded Britain in AD 43, led by Aulus Platus, a Roman noble.

990
990 is a year in the 10th century.

Bixente Lizarazu
Bixente Lizarazu is a French athlete. He is one of the most successful football players in the world. He won the FIFA World Cup in 1998 and the European Football Championship in 2000. He has also won the Champions League (2001) and was champion of the Bundesliga (both with Bayern Munchen) five times in a six year period (1999, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2005).
Lizarazu was born in Saint-Jean-de Luz, a small village in Basque region of France, in 1969. His first club was Eglantins Hendaje (1977-1989). He then went to Girondins Bordeaux (1989-1996). After playing for Bordeaux, he played for the Spanish club Atletico Bilbao (1996-1997) before he went to Bayern Munchen (1997-2005). For a six months, he played for Olimpique Marseille (2004). He ended his career in 2005.

Shetland
Shetland (or the Shetland Islands) is a group of islands (an archipelago). The islands are located in the Northern Atlantic, between the Faroe Islands and the Orkney Islands. They are about 50 miles to the northeast of the Orkney Islands. They are about 100 islands in the group. People live on 29 of them.
The largest islands of the group are Mainland, Yell, Unst, Fetlar, Whalsay, and Bressay. In general, the appearance of the group is moorish and bleak. Most of the islands have a very irregular coastline.
They used to be called Hjaltland or Zetland. Today, the islands are part of Scotland. The administrative centre is Lerwick.
The economy of the islands is largely based on agriculture. The sheep are known for their fine wool. Other well-known exports are the Shetland ponies and Shetland Sheepdog.
In 1969 crude oil was discovered near the islands, leading to an alternative source of income for them.

Salt evaporation pond
A Salt evaporation pond (or saltern pond) is a man-made shallow pond. Usually it is located near the sea. The ponds can be filled with salt water. The water is then left to evaporate. The salt is left behind, and can be harvested. Such ponds also provide a habitat for several kinds of animals. Most of these animals are birds.
The color tells how much salt there is left in the water. Green colors come from special algae. These algae are there in low to mid salinity ponds (ponds with little salt in the water). In middle to high salinity ponds, an alga called Dunaliella salina shifts the color to red. Millions of tiny brine shrimp create an orange cast in mid-salinity ponds. Other bacteria such as Stichococcus also contribute tints. These colors are especially interesting to airplane passengers or astronauts passing above due to their somewhat artistic formations of shape and color.

Salinity
Image:Wiki plot 04.png|thumb|right|Average salinity of the surface for the World Ocean per year. Data from the
Salinity is a scientific term. Scientists use it to tell how much Table salt there is in water. Salinity is measured by the amount of sodium chloride found in 1,000 grams of water, if there is 1 gram of sodium chloride in 1,000 grams of salt it is 1 part per thousand.

Food preservation
Food preservation is the name for a number of processes that help to preserve food. This means that the food treated that way will go bad (spoil from bacteria) later that if it had not been treated that way. For thousands of years, humans have used methods of preserving food, so that they can store food to eat later. The simplest methods of preserving food, such as drying strips of fish or meat in the hot sun have been used for thousands of years, and they are still used in the 2000s by indigenous peoples.
Multiple methods.
Many common methods use several of these approaches at the same time. For example, pickles preserved in a jar are heated then put in a mixture of vinegar and brine. Fruit jams and jellies are heated and mixed with a large amount of sugar. Some preserved fruit is heated and then mixed with alcohol (for example, Brandy) and a large amount of sugar. Smoked hams are cured in brine and then exposed to the smoke from burning wood chips.

Clapham Junction
Clapham Junction is a railway station located in Battersea in the London Borough of Wandsworth. It is located on St. John's Hill in the south west of Battersea.
The services.
All services to Waterloo and many services to Victoria and Croydon stations pass through the junction; these include South West Trains, Gatwick Express and Southern services. Services from Clapham Junction also head north along the West London Line, through West Brompton and Kensington (Olympia), on to Willesden Junction and Watford Junction - services (to Willesden Junction) are operated by London Overground.
The facilities.
The station has 16 platforms, numbered 2 to 17, and arranged in two groups. Platform 1, the northernmost platform, is no longer used. It doesn't have any rails. If the planned East London Line extension gets to Clapham Junction, the platform may be used again.
The station's main entrance is from St. John's Hill, into a foot tunnel which is 15 ft (4.6 m) wide. It runs under the eastern end of the 17 platforms, and to a northern exit, which has restricted opening hours. The foot tunnel becomes very crowded during the morning and evening rush hours, and ticket barriers at the end of the tunnel are a particular pinch point.
A covered footbridge connects the platforms at their western end. Unfortunately the footbridge does not provide entry to or exit from the station.

Adenosine Triphosphate
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) is the universal energy currency for all living things. Every cell in the world uses ATP for energy. It consists of a base (adenine) and three phosphate groups. It can be made many different ways, but mainly it is made by cellular respiration.
Formation.
ATP is formed in photosynthesising plants. ATP is made during a stage of photosynthesis. When an excited electron activates a gate that allows protons into the cell, the protons can not get out. As the concentration increases, the internal pressure increases as well. Soon, a small gate opens, allowing protons through. Upon their exit, the proton starts a reaction between an ADP molecule (Adenosine Diphosphate) and a phosphate. The two are joined together and form ATP. In animals, ATP is made during Cellular respiration: it makes 2 ATP molecules in glycolysis, and 36 in the electron transport chain. Therefore, cellular respiration creates a total of 38 ATP in one cycle.
Usage.
ATP is a very versatile molecule, meaning that it can be used for many things. Energy is stored in chemical bonds in molecules. When a bond is broken, energy is released. Also, when a bond is made, energy is stored. When ADP binds with another phosphate, energy is stored that can be used later. When ATP breaks a bond with a phosphate group and becomes ADP, energy is released. The ATP phosphate exchange is a nearly never-ending cycle, stopping only when the cell dies. ATP gives energy to most of the cell's functions: the sodium-potassium pumps in the cell membrane require ATP to break into ADP and the loose phosphate must bind to the pump. All active transports require ATP in some form.

Shrimp
Shrimp are small, swimming crustaceans. There are shrimp both in fresh water and in salt water. They are in the infraorder Caridea. They are related to the prawns. The gills help to tell shrimp and prawn apart. Many prawns are called shrimp, and many shrimp are called prawns. In the context of cooking, the criterion is often only the size of the animal (prawn are bigger).
Many shrimp species are caught to be eaten. Usually, the head, and the digestive tract are removed before the shrimp is eaten.

Prawn
The prawn is a crustacean. It is similar to the shrimp, but the gills are different. Prawns are in the suborder Dendrobranchiata.
Prawns are commercially fished, and used for cooking. In that context, the difference between prawn and a shrimp is usually that prawn are larger than shrimp.

Lee Redmond
Lee Redmond is a woman from the Salt Lake City, Utah, United States. She is famous for having the longest fingernails in the world.
She has not cut her fingernails since 1979. The combined length of her fingernails are 7 meters and 51 centimeters long (24 feet, 8 inches). She has an active life despite of her long fingernails. Lee Redmond is in the Guinness Book of World Records in the category "Longest Fingernails - Female".

Martin Amis
Martin Amis is an Welsh novelist. He was born August 25, 1949. His best known novels include "Money" (1984), "London Fields" (1989), "Time's Arrow" (1991) and "The Information" (1995).
Affected by several writers including his father Sir Kingsley Amis, Amis's style of writing has affected a generation of writers. His recent work has looked at moral and geopolitical issues, including The Holocaust, Communist Russia, and the September 11, 2001 attacks and Islamism.
Early life.
Amis was born in Cardiff, South Wales. He was the middle of three children, with an older brother, Philip, and a younger sister, Sally. He went to many different schools in the 1950s and 1960s. The fame of his father's first novel "Lucky Jim" sent the Amises to Princeton, New Jersey, where his father lectured. Amis's parents, Hilly and Kingsley, divorced when he was twelve.
Amis graduated from Exeter College, Oxford. He graduated with a first-class degree in English. After Oxford, he got a job at "The Times Literary Supplement". At age 27, he became literary editor of "The New Statesman".
Early writing.
His first novel "The Rachel Papers" (1973) won the Somerset Maugham Award. It tells the story of a smart, self centered teenager (which Amis says he based on himself) and his relationship with his girlfriend in the year before going to university.
"Dead Babies" (1975) has a typically 1960s plot. It has a house full of characters who abuse various substances. A movie version was made in 2000 which was unsuccessful.
"Success" (1977) told the story of two foster-brothers, Gregory Riding and Terry Service, and their good and bad luck.
"Other People: A Mystery Story" (1981), about a young woman coming out of a coma.
Later career.
"Money" (subtitled "A Suicide Note") is a first-person narrative by John Self. He was an advertising man who wanted to be a movie director. The book follows him as he flies back and forth across the Atlantic looking for success. The book was a huge success and is Amis's most highly regarded work.
"London Fields" is Amis's longest book. It show the encounters between three main characters in London in 1999, as a climate disaster draws near.
"Time's Arrow" is about a doctor who helped torture Jews during the Holocaust. It was written in the form of an autobiography. The story is unusual because time runs backwards during the entire novel.
The "Experience" is mainly about his relationship with his father, Kingsley Amis. He also writes about finding long-lost daughter, Delilah Seale and of how one of his cousins, 21-year-old Lucy Partington, became a victim of suspected serial killer Fred West.
He lives and writes in London and Uruguay and is married to the writer Isabel Fonseca, his second wife.

Xi Shun
Xi Shun (Bao Xishun) (China, born in 1951) is in the Guinness Book of World Records as the world's tallest living man. He is 2.36 meters (7 ft 9 in) tall. The last time he was measured was on January 15 of 2005. On August 7, 2007 Leonid Stadnyk was measuring and was found to be taller than him. In September of 2005 he made his first trip outside of China to London to visit Guinness World Records.
Xi Shun served in the People's Republic of China army but got discharged because of rheumatism. He once saved some dolphins' lives by getting pieces of plastic from their stomachs that veterinarians could not reach.

Crab
Crabs are crustaceans. They have a very short tail. A crab's tail is folded under its body. It might not be visible at all, unless you turn the crab around. Usually they have a very hard exoskeleton. This means they are well protected against predators. Crabs are armed with a single pair of claws. Crabs can be found in all the oceans. Some crabs also live in fresh water, or live completely on land. The smallest known crab is the pea crab. Some are only a few millimeters wide. The biggest known crab is the Japanese spider crab. It lives in the Pacific, between 300 and 400 metres deep. The crabs that were found had a leg span of up to 4 metres, were up to 37 centimetres large, and had a weight of up to 20 kilograms.
Crabs are omnivores, they eat anything they find. Most often this is algae. It might also be molluscs, other crustaceans, worms, fungi and bacteria.
The closest relatives of the crabs are anomurans, a crustacean group which includes animals such as hermit crabs, king crabs and squat lobsters. They look a lot like crabs and many have the word "crab" in their name, but are not true crabs. Anomurans can be told apart by the number of legs: crabs have ten legs, including claws, while the last pair of an anomuran's legs is hidden inside the shell, so that only eight legs are visible.

Gran Colombia
Gran Colombia was a country that was created by Simon Bolivar. It had three countries together: Venezuela, Colombia and Ecuador, and Simon Bolivar was its president. It can be said that he was the first president of all of those counties. Gran Colombia was made because it was Bolivar's dream, but it did not last a long time, because most people thought that it would not work.

Fingernail
A fingernail is a hard part of the body at the tip of the fingers. Toenails are also similar, except that they grow four times slower and are on the toes. Only mammals have fingernails. Like hair, fingernails never stop growing. They must be cut from time to time. It is not painful when you cut your nails. The nails are composed of a protein called keratin. Hair and skin also contain keratin. Some people paint their nails to make themselves look nicer. Some fingernails can grow into the skin. This is called an ingrowing fingernail. They can hurt, so are often treated through medicine.

Crustacean
The crustaceans are a large group of arthropods. Lobsters, crabs, shrimp, and barnacles are familiar crustaceans. Most crustaceans live in the water, either fresh water or salt water. Some have moved on land permanently though. Crustaceans that permanently live on land include some crabs, terrestrial hermit crabs, and woodlice.
Most crustaceans are motile. This means they can move by themselves. Some become sessile, like barnacles, which become attached to a support. Some are parasitic, like sea lice, fish lice, whale lice, and tongue worms.
Crustaceans have three major body parts. They are, front to back: head, thorax, and abdomen. Generally, they have two pairs of antennae, two eyes, and three pairs of jaws on their head. Most breathe with gills, although certain land crabs have developed lungs.
Of all the animals, crustaceans are the closest relatives of insects.
Lobsters and crabs have hard outer skeletons, and tend to preserve well as fossils. However, some crustaceans, such as barnacles, have thin shells, and their fossils are quite rare.
The shells of most crabs are quite strong but can be broken with human hands or the jaw of any animal.

Sessile
An organism is called sessile if it cannot move about on its own. It might be attached to some support, like a barnacle. If it can move on its own it is called motile.

Motile
An organism is called motile if it can move on its own. Most organisms are motile. Organisms that cannot move themselves are called "sessile".

Maria Montessori
Maria Montessori was an Italian educator and doctor. She was born on August 31, 1870 in Chiaravalle, Italy. Maria Montessori created the first Montessori school. It is based on students learning by doing different things which are about what they are learning. Maria Montessori started this method when she was in charge of a school for handicapped children. She died on may 6, 1953.

Jacob de Gheyn III (painting)
Jacob de Gheyn III is a famous painting.
It was painted by Rembrandt in 1632 and is the most stolen painting in the world. It has been stolen and recovered from galleries at least four times, making it the world's most stolen painting.
Every time the painting has been recovered anonymously and as a consequence nobody was accused of the theft. This painting by Rembrandt is so well known that it would be difficult for a thief to sell it.

Toy Story
"Toy Story" was the first Disney/Pixar animated movie. Pixar made the movie while Disney packaged it and sold the reels of movie to movie theatres. It was released in November 30 1995. It was the first animated movie to be completely done with computers instead of hand-drawn animation. A sequel called "Toy Story 2" was released in 1999.
Plot.
It is a children's movie about toys that are owned by a young boy called Andy. Andy's favorite toy is Woody, the cowboy. Woody is also the main character in the movie. Woody is a rival of Buzz Lightyear, Andy's new space ranger toy. Tom Hanks provides the voice of Woody and Tim Allen does the voice of Buzz.

María Esther de Capovilla
María Esther de Capovilla (September 14, 1889 – August 27, 2006) was a Ecuadorian supercentenarian and the world's oldest living between May 29, 2004, aged 114 years 258 days, and her death from pneumonia on August 27, 2006, aged 116 years 347 days. At the time of her death she was and still is, as of October 2008, the sixth oldest person on record (fifth oldest if the questionable case of Shigechiyo Izumi is discounted). Following Capovilla's death, Elizabeth Bolden became the world's oldest person.

Gopher
Gophers are small, burrowing rodents. There are over 100 kinds of gophers in America. Gophers have long front teeth, tiny features, and short tails. They live in very complex tunnels underground. They live by themselves and feed on roots and shrubs. They are known to be pests and ruin people's lawns and gardens.
More notable are the Pocket gopher (which is a true gopher). Some gophers are really ground squirrels or marmots.

Wart
Warts are growths on the skin. They are caused by a virus in the HPV family. They can be on the hands, feet, genital areas, or inside the mouth. Medication can be bought at a pharmacy to remove them but usually they will go away on their own. Warts are usually not dangerous to a person's health but they can be passed to other people.
Getting rid of warts.
The most common means of wart removal are available at pharmacies: These over the counter drugs are eiither special pads that contain salicylic acid, or as a solution that contains it. Getting rid of a wart that way involves cleaning the area around the wart, and treating it with the salicylic acid. This will slowly kill wart tissue. Dead tissue can then be scraped off. Getting rid of a wart that way can take up to 12 weeks.
Some prescription drugs are available. They usally contain salicylic acid in higher concentrations. Chloroacetic acid or Silver nitrate are sometimes used.
Special surgery can be done to remove warts. Sometimes this can be very painful. It cannot be done with all warts.

Suffocation
Suffocation happens when a living thing can no longer breathe air, causing death.

Ming Kipa
Ming Kipa is Nepalese Sherpa girl. She is the youngest person to climb to the top of Mount Everest.
Fame.
Ming Kipa reached the top on May 24, 2003 when she was 15 years old, with her brother Mingma Gyula and her sister to help her in this expedition. Nepal law does not allow climbers under 16 from climbing Everest, so Ming Kipa Sherpa summitted Everest from the Tibetan side. Ming is in the Guinness World Records Book for completing the extraordinary challenge.

Sun Tzu (mathematician)
Sun Tzu or Sun Zi was a Chinese mathematician of the third century CE.
His interests were in astronomy. He tried to develop a calendar and for this he investigated Diophantine equations. He is best known for authoring "Sun Tzu Suan Ching" (pinyin: "Sun Zi Suan Jing"; literally, "Sun Tzu's Calculation Classic"), which contains the Chinese remainder theorem.

Sergey Karjakin
Sergey Karjakin is a Ukrainian chess player. He is the youngest international Grand Master of chess. He was born January 12 1990. He got the title Grand Master on August 12 2002, when he was only 12 years 7 months old.

Yusuf Islam
Yusuf Islam was born in July 21, 1948, who is an English singer. He sang many of his early songs when he called himself "Cat Stevens". His real name is Stephen Demetre Georgiou. He became a Muslim in 1977. After 2 years, he took the name of Yusuf İslam. He has sold over 60 million albums around the world since the late 1960s as Cat Stevens or Yusuf İslam.
As a waiter in his father's cafe he began writing songs "to escape the mundanity of it all". Chart success was followed by adulation, touring, drug use, confusion, tuberculosis and, in the early 1970s, Islam's changed outlook and an album called Tea For The Tillerman.
Stevens nearly drowned in an accident in Malibu in 1975. Stevens described the event in a VH1 interview some years later: "I suddenly held myself and I said, 'Oh God! If you save me, I'll work for you.'" He had looked into Buddhism; Zen and I Ching, numerology, tarot cards and astrology", but when his brother David gave him a copy of the Qu'ran, Stevens began to convert to Islam.
He took the name of Yusuf Islam as a Muslim. He left the music industry for a long time, and even asked music companies not to sell his albums but of course this request was rejected.
He lives with his family in London, at the moment.

Malay language
The Malay language, or Bahasa Melayu, is a language spoken in Asian countries like Malaysia and Singapore.
Writing system.
Malay is normally written with the Latin alphabet called Rumi. But there is also a modified Arabic alphabet that is called Jawi. Rumi is official in Malaysia and Singapore, and the Indonesian language has a different official orthography that uses also the Latin script. Rumi and Jawi are both official in Brunei. Efforts are currently being undertaken to preserve Jawi script and to revive its use amongst Malays in Malaysia, and students taking Malay language examination in Malaysia have the option of answering questions using Jawi script. But the Latin alphabet is still the most commonly used script in Malaysia, both for official and informal purposes.
Historically, Malay has been written in various types of script. Before the introduction of Arabic script in the Malay region, Malay was written using Pallava, Kawi and Rencong script and are still in use today by the Champa Malay in Vietnam and Cambodia.

Timothy Dalton
Timothy Peter Dalton (born 21 March 1946) is a Welsh-born English actor famous for playing fictional spy James Bond in two films in 1987 and 1989.

Euzebiusz Smolarek
Euzebiusz Smolarek is a Polish football player. He plays for Bolton Wanderers. He is a striker. He was born in Lodz in 1981. In 2004, he came to Dortmund with Bert van Maarwijk, who is his trainer. Before that, he played for Borussia Dortmund and under van Maarwijk with Feyenoord. He is also in the Polish national team.

Bushido (rapper)
Bushido is a German rap music singer. He was born September 28 1978. His real name is Anis Mohamed Youssef Ferchichi. Bushido left the record company Aggro Berlin in 2001. Now he has his own record label ersguterjunge and insults his old label, for example in the song "Sonnenbank Flavour". Other big hits are "Von der Skyline zum Bordstein und zurück" and "Nie Ein Rapper" ("Never a rapper"). In 2006, he won the category German act of the European Music Awards in Copenhagen.
History.
The artist name "Bushido" is Japanese and means "Way of the Warrior". Bushido was raised by his mother. He met his Tunisian father when he was 26 years old. Bushido was raised in Berlin-Tempelhof and went to the "Gymnasium" (German "Grammar School", the highest school form) which he quit without his Abitur (German "A-Level", right to study at University). He started his drug-selling career.
He first came to rap through graffiti where he painted walls using the name "Fuchs" (German "Fox"). He learned about rap music from his friend Vader(-licious) from DMK (Dark Mingz Klique). Together with King Orgasmus, the three recorded a tape under the name "030" which is the telephone number for Berlin. Bushidos first commercial appearance was on the Frauenarzt-Tape with King Orgasmus for I Luv Money Records in 2002. A short time later he published his self-made first album "King of Kingz".
German Rap is based on a monarchy view of things. Everything is a kingdom and the best rappers are kings. There are currently three Kings: Kool Savas, Azad and Bushido himself. However at that time, nobody knew him, but his raps were thought of being very good. Because he knew that, he named his record "King of Kingz". He said "there can be 2 Kings, one for Berlin (Kool Savas) and one for Frankfurt am Main (Azad). Whatever. I shit on 'em. I'm the King. There is noone despite me. Fuck it. I'm the King of Kings."
This record was his way up. He was signed by Aggro Berlin which released this tape. He then made his well known record "Carlo, Cokxxx, Nutten" (English: "Carlo, Cocain, Hoes") and "Vom Bordstein bis zu Skyline" ("From Pavement to the Skyline") which gained him fame nationwide. His albums however became all banned by the government because of racist terms and disrespect against minorities and females.
In 2004 he quit Aggro Berlin and started his own label Ersguterjunge ("First best boy", a term which was used in the 1930s). He recorded albums and released them every 6 months. Including "Electroghetto", "Carlo, Cokxxx, Nutten 2" and "Staatsfeind Nr 1" ("State enemy No. 1"). He was officially accused for making racist material and disrespect of minorities and females. However, this could not stop him from gaining success and fame. All his Albums gained Top-3 Chart placements. He was the first German Rapper to have two Albums in TOP-10 Charts placement.
Real life.
Other rappers, for example the American rapper Raptile, said that Bushido rapped about a way of life he never lived. Media like CNN showed that this is not true. In August 2005 he was sentenced to jail in Austria for beating someone with his bodyguards. They beat up the person because that person damaged the tires of his automobile. The Austrian judge gave him the option to pay 100.000 Euro (150,000 USD) to get out of jail. This was the highest amount possible by law and the judge thought Bushido could not afford that.
Bushido payed the 100.000 Euro himself. His label Universal wanted to pay it for him but he denied. He said, "What do they think I am? A clown? I got rich with rap within 3 years. I can afford everything. I'm currently on the sunny side of live. And I wont let that be taken away from a judge nor the law. See, I'm even richer than the law thought someone would be."

National Party of Australia
The National Party of Australia is the third biggest political party in Australia. It was first called the Country Party when it started in 1922 and then became the National Country Party in 1975. In 1982 it became the National Party.
The party's federal parliamentary leader since 3 December 2007 is Warren Truss.
The National Party represents the interests of people who live in rural areas, that is, not in big cities. It normally joins together with the Liberal Party to form a coalition government. It has less people in Parliament than the Liberal Party. The current leader is Mark Vaile. When the National Party is in a coalition government its leader is usually the Deputy Prime Minister.

Oil well
Oil well is a way that people get oil from the ground. People make a hole deep in the ground and then take oil from the hole. Oil wells are useful for getting oil. Oil has many uses, but it can be a bad thing for the environment. Oil wells destroy the environment, and burning oil pollute the air.

Prairie
A prairie is a flat area of land with not much rain. Most of the plants that grow on a prairie are grasses.There are often many animals on a prairie (such as rabbits and snakes).

Mall
A mall is a large building that contains many stores (usually over 200) that are close to each other and sell products.
Overview.
People visit the stores in the mall to shop. Most malls have parking lots (places to park cars). Most malls have roofs so people can shop inside. Most malls have a food court, which is an area where people buy food. More modern malls have Movie theatres. Malls are mainly for buying clothing, but other items may be bought.
Famous Malls.
The Dixie Square Mall, was from the 1980 movie The Blues Brothers, located in Harvey, Illinois. Sadly, the mall is half torn down.
The Hawthorne Plaza is a half closed mall, that was featured in many movies.
The Eden Prarie Mall, was featured in the 1995 film Mallrats.
West Edmonton Mall, in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada is one of the largest malls in the world.
The Mall of America in Bloomington, Minnesota is one of the largest malls in the world.

Ice skating
Ice skating is a type of sport. People wear special shoes to skate on ice. These special shoes are called "ice skates". Ice skates have narrow pieces of metal on the bottom of the shoes. People balance on these pieces of metal. People can move on the ice from place to place by sliding on these metal rails on the bottom of their ice skates. Professionals compete in ice skating competitions.
A famous ice-skating event is the Elfstedentocht, held in Friesland on a yearly basis.

Alpine Lynx
The Alpine Lynx is a breed of domestic cat. Some people say that Alpine Lynxes have bobcat (a wild cat) genes, but
scientists say that this is not true. They are of medium length for cats. Their hind legs are longer than their front legs. Their toes may have tufts of fur on them.
Males are bigger than females. They may also take longer to reach maturity. Their heads are large, with wide set large eyes. Their ears can be either stright or curled. The tail may be short, like that of the bobcat. It may also be completely absent, like in the Manx cat. Their coat is always white.

Trading post
A trading post is a place where trade takes place. The path to a trading post, or between trading posts, is known as a trade route.
Trading posts were common places in Canada and the United States when Canada and the United States were new countries. People used trading posts to trade fur and other things.
Trading posts are also used in many camps across the United States and Canada as places to buy snack foods and other things.

Wasp
Wasps are yellow and black insects that can sting. They are easily confused with the bee. Only the female wasps can sting. Some people are allergic and could die if stung by a wasp. They don't usually attack something unless it bothers them first.

Human papillomavirus
The Human papillomaviruses are a group of papillomaviruses. These viruses usually can infect the skin or mucous membranes (like the genitals, or inside the mouth) of animals and humans. Usually they cause warts. Some of them may cause cancer. There are over 100 different virus types in this group. About 30 virus types can be transmitted sexually. About 12-15 can cause cancer.
A first step in treatment is the use of salicylic acid. This is available in pharmacies, usually without a prescription. If this does not help, the wart can be frozen, and destroyed that way, or a laser can be used to destroy it. If this still does not help, different methods of chemotherapy can be used.

Salicylic acid
Salicylic acid is a chemical substance. It is an acid. It forms the base ingredient for a drug called aspirin. It is also used as a food preservative, and to treat diseases of the skin, like acne or warts. It is also used in shampoos to treat dandruff (flaking skin on the head).

Shampoo
Shampoo is a beauty care product. It is used to remove natural oils from hair. It is like liquid soap,but it is made to clean to wash hair. It is sold in stores, and many people use it to look beautiful. After people use shampoo, they might use a conditioner, which makes the hair soft. Together they have a good effect on a person's hair. The people who make shampoo try to make it smell nice. They also try to make the shampoo healthier.

Dmitri Shostakovich
Dmitri Dmitriyevich Shostakovich (born St Petersburg, September 25 1906; died Moscow August 9 1975) was a Soviet composer. People think he was the greatest writer of symphonies in the mid-20th century. He was also a great writer of string quartets. He lived at a time when Russia was part of the Soviet Union, ruled by dictators like Joseph Stalin. People who criticised the way the country was being ruled were punished. The politicians wanted music and art to be easy to understand and to show how great their country was. If it was too difficult to understand it was called “formalist” and that composer was not allowed to have his music performed. When Shostakovich wanted to put his real feelings into his music he had to be careful how he did it so that he did not offend the politicians.
Early years.
Shostakovich’s parents came from Siberia. His father was a biologist and engineer and his mother was a pianist. They lived comfortably, although this was to change after the Revolution (1917). Shostakovich studied the piano and composition at the Petrograd Conservatory (St Petersburg was called Petrograd between 1914 and 1924, after which it became Leningrad until 1991 when it became St Petersburg again). After his father died the family were short of money so the young Dmitri had to earn money by playing the piano in cinemas for silent movies. He worked extremely hard and with a lot of concentration. He was very successful both as a pianist and a composer. His First Symphony was very popular. His music sounded very modern with lots of dissonant chords. His first dramatic works include an opera called "The Nose" and a ballet called "The Golden Age".
Maturity.
In 1930 he wrote an important opera called "Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk district". It was a huge success and the critics said that “it could only have been written by a Soviet composer brought up in the best traditions of Soviet culture”. One night in 1936 Stalin came to watch it. He left before the end. Two days later there was an article in the official government paper "Pravda". The title was “Chaos instead of Music”. It said that this opera was primitive and vulgar, full of screaming and noise. The politicians were criticizing not just Shostakovich but all modern Soviet music. Shostakovich was denounced (meaning: they said that he was bad) and his friends were too frightened to defend him in case they were denounced as well. Shostakovich suffered quietly and wrote another symphony (his Fifth Symphony). The politicians liked this symphony. He was once more thought of as the leading Soviet composer. He was supposed to have said that his new symphony was the “creative reply of a Soviet artist to justified criticism”, but it was actually a critic who said this. Shortly afterwards he received the Stalin Prize for his Piano Quintet.
During World War II Shostakovich was evacuated with his wife and two children. His next two symphonies (nos 7 and 8) describe the war. They were hugely popular in the West. In the United States, the Seventh Symphony became the symbol of resistance against Nazism.
After World War II.
After the war the Soviet politicians again began to control and critic artistic life very hard. In 1948 there was a big meeting at which Shostakovich, Prokofiev and several other composers were criticized. Their music was called “formalist”, “anti-democratic” and lots of other things which actually had nothing to do with music. There was nothing the composers could do except to say how sorry they were. For the next five years Shostakovich was careful not to write anything the politicians would not like. He wrote songs such as "The sun shines on our motherland". Some of his other compositions in which he expressed his real feelings he kept in a drawer so that no one could see them.
In 1953 Stalin died and things became easier again. He wrote his Tenth Symphony. The whole world now saw Shostakovich as the greatest Soviet composer. He suffered less from official repression. Surprisingly he often criticized the music of modern young composers, but a lot of these articles he never wrote himself. He was persuaded to sign them so that the politicians would leave him in peace. He wrote more symphonies and quartets as well as concertos. His opera "Lady Macbeth" was revised and given a different title: "Katerina Izmaylova". It was made into a movie and was performed in many countries.
In his later years Shostakovich suffered from ill-health. He had poliomyelitis which made it difficult for him to use his hands and legs. He suffered several heart attacks and started to lose his sight. He died of lung cancer in 1975.
Shostakovich’s Music.
Shostakovich is best known for his 15 symphonies and 15 string quartets. His most important opera is "Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District". He also wrote a lot of film music and music for plays (including "Hamlet"). Shostakovich read a lot of Russian literature. His songs set words by famous Russian writers such as Pushkin, Dostoyevsky and Blok. He wrote 24 Preludes and Fugues for piano, a piano trio, a piano quintet, a sonata for cello and piano and a sonata for viola and piano (his last work).
He had lots of friends who regularly gave the first performances of his works. Most of his symphonies were first performed by the Leningrad Philharmonic conducted by Eugeny Mravinsky. His string quartets were first performed by the Beethoven String Quartet. The violinist David Oistrakh, the cellist Mstislav Rostropovitch and the pianist Sviatoslav Richter were all close friends who played his music.
Shostakovich the pianist.
Shostakovich had an amazing musical memory and could play almost anything he knew by ear. When he was young he spent hours improvising, composing and playing. He was a very gifted pianist although he had small hands. He had no difficulty in playing any of his works on the piano, even music written for an orchestra. He often played his music too fast and without much expression.
Shostakovich’s personality.
Shostakovich was a very nervous person. He was shy and very self-critical. He hated having to talk to people he did not know. He did not sit still but was always fidgeting and twitching his face nervously. He was always very polite and very kind to everyone he met. He was very careful not to criticize musicians who asked him for advice. He said very little, but what he said was carefully thought out. He wrote lots of letters to the authorities to try to help his friends. He was very reliable and always tried to arrive everywhere on time. He hated being five seconds late for anything. In his last years he found it very difficult to use his hands because of his illness but he always insisted on writing down his music himself.

Transparency
In optics, transparency is the property of allowing light to pass through something.
An object that is transparent can be seen through, i.e. what is on the other side of the object can be seen through it. The image you can see through a transparent object is similar to the image you can see without it. It may be changed if the transparent object behaves like a lens. This could change the size of the image or change its shape.
If some light can be seen through an object but some of the detail of the image is lost, it is a translucent material. The opposite of transparency is opacity.
Translucency.
Examples of translucent materials are frosted glass, paper, and some types of amber.

Punjab region
Punjab is a region in Asia. Some parts of it are in Pakistan, and parts of it are in the Republic of India. It is located in a plain, with the river Indus flowing through it. The soil is very fertile. The Indian part of it has the highest income in India, per population. It lives from agriculture. Main religions in the region are Sikhism, Hinduism and Islam. Sikh's have fighting against Indian rule and are seeking freedom for Khalistan.

Rug
A rug is a thick cloth that is used to cover a floor. Sometimes a rug is called a carpet. Rugs can be made from fur or plant material. For example rugs can be made from cotton, which comes from plants. Now people can use oil to make rugs from a man-made material.
You can buy rugs at stores. In some parts of the world, people barter for rugs. Rugs could be used for decoration or to keep warm.

Hepatitis
Hepatitis is a disease of the liver. There are several kinds of hepatitis, the most common are Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C. Most cases of Hepatitis are caused by viruses.
Hepatitis can also be caused by alcohol. About one in four people who drink more than three alcoholic drinks a day, (over a period of 10-15 days) will have some form of hepatitis caused by alcohol.
Various drugs and chemicals can also cause Hepatitis, most notably Paracetamol (overdose), yellow phosphorous, and others. Hepatitis may also be caused by other diseases.
Hepatitis A.
Hepatitis A can be transmitted through infected food. The patient's immune system makes antibodies against hepatitis A. This will make the patient immune against future infection. People with hepatitis A should rest, drink a lot of water and avoid alcohol. A vaccine is available. It will protect against infection from hepatitis A for life. Hepatitis A can be spread through personal contact, consumption of raw sea food or by drinking contaminated water. This occurs primarily in third world countries. Strict personal hygiene and avoiding raw and unpeeled foods can help prevent an infection. Infected people excrete the hepatitis A virus with their stool two weeks before and one week after the appearance of jaundice. The time between the infection and the start of the illness can run from 15 to 45 days, and approximately 15% of sufferers may experience relapsing symptoms from six months to a year after the first diagnosis.
Hepatitis B.
Hepatitis B is not spread by food or casual contact. Instead, hepatitis B is spread by blood or body fluids from an infected person. A baby can get it from its mother during childbirth, and it can also be spread by sexual contact, use of street drugs, and unsafe medical care. Some people just have hepatitis B for a little while and then suppress the infection, but others can be infected for life usually with few or no symptoms for many years. Hepatitis B sometimes damages the liver severely, and can cause cancer. There is a vaccine that works very well to prevent hepatitis B, and there is treatment for people with serious disease cause by hepatitis B.
Hepatitis C.
Hepatitis C is not spread by food or casual contact. It is spread in ways that are similar to hepatitis B. There is no vaccine, and the treatment is somewhat unpleasant. People with hepatitis C who drink alcohol greatly increase their risk for liver damage.

Rodeo
A rodeo is a North American sport. It is a collection of several similar activities that came from the history of the day to day lives of Mexican vaqueros (cowboys) and American cowboys. It has events that came from the handling of cattle, and the riding and training of horses. Rodeos started as a competition between the cowboys to see who was the best. Over time it has gone from taking a collection of money for the person who won to today's large professional competitions such as the National Finals Rodeo with a lot of money for the winners.

Dewey Decimal System
The Dewey Decimal System is a way to sort books. It's usually used in public libraries and schools. It sorts the books by subject using numbers from 000 to 999. Each subject has its own set of numbers. The system was created by Melvil Dewey in 1876. It is also called the Dewey Decimal Classification.
Each subject is broken up into 10 smaller, more specific categories.

Rhombus
A rhombus is a parallelogram (four-sided polygon where opposite sides are parallel) with all sides equal in length. A rhombus with all angles equal is called a square. A rhombus is usually tilted on its side.

Change (money)
Change is the money returned after paying for something with more money than it costs. For example, if someone buys a 25-pence sweet bar with 1 pound (100 pence), they will get 75 pence back.
Change can also mean any kind of money in coin form. To have "exact change" means to have the exact cost of the item. In the United States, buses require people riding the bus to have "exact change". The bus does not give money back. They must pay exactly what the cost is, they can't pay more.

Homework
Homework is school work that students are given at school to do at home. Homework is usually given to students by the teachers. It is a practice work which helps students review what they've learned that day. Homework also helps to make students remember what they learned better. Some students will get more homework and some will get less. This depends on how old they are and how intelligent they are.

Garlic
Garlic is a type of plant that people eat for food. Garlic is related to onions, shallots, and leeks. It has a very strong flavor and smell, so people don't use too much of it. Most of the time, people use it as a flavoring so that it helps make a food taste better. Superstitious people believe that it can be used to keep vampires away. It used as herbal medicine in the treatment of cold and flu, has a side effects of heart burn, flatulence and sweating.

Glaze
A glaze is a type of paint used on pottery or ceramics. This special paint contains glass that melts and hardens when the pottery is fired in a kiln. There are many different types of glaze, some are used for decoration and some are used to make pottery watertight so it can hold liquids.

Stanford University
The Leland Stanford Junior University, often called Stanford University (or simply Stanford), is a private university next to Palo Alto in California, in the middle of Silicon Valley,
about 37 miles (60 kilometers) southeast of San Francisco and about 20 miles northwest of San José, in Santa Clara County.
With one of the largest university campuses in the United States, the University includes the Schools of Engineering, Law, Medicine, Education, Business, Earth Sciences, and Humanities and Sciences. Stanford also hosts volunteer programs and a teaching hospital.

Undergraduate
An undergraduate is a student completing a first degree. The word undergraduate is also used to describe things about first degrees.
The first degree of an undergraduate degree is normally named a Bachelor's degree. The undergraduate normally studies in a university.
Brazil.
In Brazil it normally takes four or five years to complete an "undergraduate" degree. Students need to choose their main subjects before they join the university by taking a test named a "vestibular".
Europe.
Undergraduate degrees are not like in the United States where students have general studies during the first years and only specialize in a "major" during the last years of college. European students enroll in a specific course of studies they want to do from the start. They are expected to have received a good general education already in the secondary level in a school (like a gymnasium or lycée). In many countries they go to university at 18 or 17. The degree normally takes four or five years. After completing the first degree students can move on to doctoral studies. In many countries, the English distinction between a bachelor's and master's degree is only now being introduced by the Bologna process. This means that the old first degree would be approximately equal to a master's degree in the US or the UK.
United Kingdom.
In the United Kingdom undergraduate normally means students studying to get a Bachelor's degree. Getting a Bachelor's degree normally takes three years in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. In Scotland it takes four years to obtain what is known as an "ordinary" degree, and five years to obtain a Scottish Masters degree. Some undergraduates in England do a masters degree as their first degree in a similar manner to Scotland. The first three years are spent attaining a Bachelors degree and the last year includes research and more difficult subjects. In England, this is more common for degrees in science and engineering.
The only universities where it is possible to receive a Master's degree without even attending the university beyond the award of the Bachelor's degree are Oxford and Cambridge. Master's are generally awarded to Oxford and Cambridge graduates a year after they have graduated with Bachelor's degrees.
Ireland.
In Ireland undergraduate study is like in the United Kingdom. It is like this because undergraduate education was first taught the same in both countries. In Ireland the undergraduate degree is closest to the Scottish type in the United Kingdom. They are four year undergraduate programmes.
India.
In India it takes three or four years to complete a undergraduate degree. The three year undergraduate degrees are mostly in academic disciplines of arts, humanities and science. The four year programs are mostly in fields of technology, engineering and it takes five years in the field of medicine.
North America.
In the United States and Canada most undergraduate education is done at four-year colleges or universities.
In many women's colleges students in the first year are not named "freshmen". They are named "first-years." This is to be more gender-neutral.
Most universities also offer graduate study. Some institutions (e.g. liberal-arts colleges) only give undergraduate education or only give a small number another level of education. Getting an undergraduate degrees normally needs many courses to be completed. The courses have different subjects and different levesl of difficulty. The academic discipline of the most number of subjects taken is called a "major" or concentration. In the US law and medicine can only be taught a graduate subjects.

Talk Pages
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Palladium
Palladium is a chemical element. It has the chemical symbol Pd. It has the atomic number 46. It is a metal. It is silver white. In chemistry it is placed in a group of metal elements named the transition metals. It is also part of the platinum group.
Palladium has similar chemistry to platinum. It is extracted from (made by taking from) some copper and nickel ores. Its main use is as a catalyst and also in jewellery.

Beauty care
Beauty care items are products used to make people look pretty. They also are used to take care of the body. They are usually in supermarkets. Many celebrities use beauty products.

Irish Republican Army
The Irish Republican Army or IRA originated from the Irish Republican Brotherhood, and fought against the British army to get freedom for Ireland in the Irish War of Independence. When the island of Ireland was split up and the Republic of Ireland became independent, the IRA split up and some parts of it were involved in the fighting in Northern Ireland called 'The Troubles'.
The original IRA.
The Irish Republican Army (Irish: Óglaigh na hÉireann) was formed from the merger of a part of the Irish Volunteers with the union's Irish Citizens Army militia after the Easter Uprising of 1916, and the military is part of the Irish independence movement.
After the unilateral declaration of independence by the Irish Parliament 1919, the IRA until 1921 war against the British occupation (Anglo-Irish War). 1921 led to the Anglo-Irish Treaty, which established the division of Ireland. The IRA and the then ruling party Sinn Féin each split on the question of whether to approve the treaty or not. The contract opponents remained in the IRA, which subsequently resulted in both parts of Ireland was banned. The Irish Prime Minister Arthur Griffith relies on pressure from the British, 28 In June 1922 the first armed force against the IRA. In a bitter civil war fought both sides, until the IRA in May 1923 capitulated.
The further history of the IRA was armed by the two movements: on the one hand, a leftist movement, the anti-IRA at a rate set wanted, on the other hand, often as a traditional or designated militaristic flow, which is essentially a non-political expression. With a series of bombing campaigns in Northern Ireland and Britain tried this trend, the government of Great Britain to withdraw from Northern Ireland to move.
The Troubles.
The leftist group recorded in the 30s some success in the experiment, the division between Catholics and Protestants in Northern Ireland to overcome. With the Republican Congress, she made 1934 a great attempt, the IRA into an anti-fascist National Front involved. The refusal of IRA-Leadership, to cooperate with this course, led to a further division. Frank Ryan led a part of the Congress-group after Spain, where they are in the Spanish Civil War against Franco fought.
The brutal police action against the Northern Ireland civil rights movement and the raids loyalistischer paramilitaries called 1967 the IRA back on the map. At that time and until the end of the 80s were Northern Irish Catholics were in a legal vacuum, and were de facto vulnerable to the whims of the official from Britain supported nordirisch-protestantischen police forces and paramilitary groups. Open violence to murders, torture, open prosecution, defamation and exclusion of qualified training and public offices were years of normalcy for the Northern Irish Catholics. The already totgesagte IRA obtained under these conditions, the support of large parts of the Catholic population, and almost had the status of a "protecting power".
In the 60s, there were differences between the military and the Provisionals oriented rather marxistisch-theoretisch oriented Officials. This resulted 1969 to re-divide into Provisional Irish Republican Army PIRA and the "official" group OIRA, which is strong in the civil rights movement-oriented. The "official" wing of the IRA never formally dissolved, but is de facto since about 1980 is no longer relevant.
In the 80 years changed the leadership of the Provisional IRA, instead of the veterans from the south over younger zactivists from Northern Ireland to key positions. At the top of the Sinn Féin joined Gerry Adams, the party clearly to the left. In 1993 he initiated jointly with the Social Democrats John Hume to the peace process, in August 1994, the IRA a unilateral ceasefire, a prerequisite for the Good Friday Agreement created. Despite the ceasefire, the IRA remained active even though not fighting.
Only two small splinter groups held up at the last state of war: The Real IRA and the Continuity IRA. When a car bomb attack the splinter group, which is called "Real IRA", in August 1998, in Northern Ireland Omagh were a total of 29 people killed.
On 28 In July 2005, the end of the IRA's armed warfare. "All IRA-Soldiers have been instructed to lay down their arms," reads a statement from the IRA days, and continued: "We believe that there is now an alternative way, (…) the British rule in our country to an end. "On 26 September 2005, the complete disarmament of the IRA by the head of the international disarmament commission, Canadian General John de Chastelain, announced. The Commission also belonged to the Protestant pastor Harold Good.
From the radical Protestant leader Reverend Ian Paisley, the lack of transparency in the disarmament criticized because it agreed neither photographs nor information on the extent of the arsenal delivered.
On 29 In October 2005 spoke of the sense Féin-Leadership Gerry Adams first time that the war of the IRA "clearly come to an end". This corresponds to a phrase used by British Unionists for years was asked, if the IRA and its fight the speech.

Rhythm and blues
Rhythm and blues (also known as R&B or RnB) is a popular music genre combining jazz, gospel, and blues influences, first performed by African American artists. It is now performed worldwide by people of many cultures and ethnic groups.
Contemporary R&B.
During the 1980s, James Brown and Sly & the Family Stone had used parts of psychedelic rock and other styles in their music. Funk became a big part of disco music. In the early 1980s, funk and soul had become sultry and more sexual with the work of Prince and others. The modern style of "contemporary R&B" came to be a major part of American popular music.
R&B today defines a style of African-American music. It combines elements of soul music, funk music, pop music, and (after 1986) hip hop in what is now called "contemporary R&B".
It is sometimes called "urban contemporary" or "urban pop".
R&B in the 2000s.
By the 2000s, the only big difference between a record being a hip hop record or an R&B record is whether its vocals are rapped or sung. R&B is uses rhythm more than hip hop soul had. R&B started to focus more on solo artists than groups. By 2005, the most famous R&B artists include Usher, Beyoncé (formerly of Destiny's Child), Ashanti, and Mariah Carey.
Soulful R&B continues to be popular, with artists such as Alicia Keys, R. Kelly, John Legend, and Toni Braxton. Some R&B singers have used parts of Caribbean music in their work.

Tungsten
Tungsten (sometimes named wolfram) is a chemical element. It has the chemical symbol W. It has the atomic number 74. It is a metal. The colour of the metal is steel-gray to white. In chemistry it is placed in a group of metal elements named the transition metals. Tungsten is found in several ores. Two ores which have tungsten in them are wolframite and scheelite.
Tungsten has a higher melting point than any other non-alloy that exists. The pure form (only tungsten) is mainly used for electrical uses. Its many compounds and alloys are used for many things. Their most well known use id in light bulb filaments. It is also used as the filament and target in most X-ray tubes and also in superalloys.

Arc
An arc is a part of a circle. An arc is a curved line. The curve of an arc is constant and does not change (i.e., an arc has constant curvature). It sometimes is portrayed as a dotted line.

Particulate
Particulates are very tiny pieces of a solid or liquid that are carried floating in a gas. When the tiny pieces are solid, it is called a smoke. When the tiny pieces are liquid, it is called an aerosol.

Shorthand
Shorthand or "stenography" is a way of writing. Shorthand systems allow to write much faster. Shorthand systems have been in use since antiquity. In modern days, their use has declined, because there are systems available that can record voice.

Sine wave
This is a picture of a sine wave.
All waves are made by adding up sine waves. The sine wave has a pattern that repeats. The length of this repeating piece of the sine wave is called the wavelength. The wavelength can be found by measuring the length or distance between one peak of a sine wave and the next peak. The wavelength can be found in many other ways too.
Waves made of Sine Waves.
All of these waves are sums of sine waves.
Properties of Sine Waves.
Sine waves have a "length" called a wavelength. There are other properties of waves and sine waves, such as their frequency, amplitude, phase, and speed.

Repeat
Things that repeat are things that happen again and again. To repeat something is to do or say something again.
Example.
The same phrase "This sentence repeats." is printed again and again, the same way.

Collingwood Football Club
Collingwood Football Club is a Club playing Australian Rules Football. It comes from Collingwood, a suburb of Melbourne in Victoria. It is in the AFL the highest football league in Australia.

Yard (unit of length)
A yard is a measure of length. A yard is about the length of a man's leg. The yard is sometimes abbreviated yd.
The abbreviation for "yard" is "yd".
In the United States, people use yards more than they use meters. Other U.S. customary units of measurement are also in common use.

Vibration
Vibration means very quick moving back and forth. Something that is vibrating is shaking very quickly. If it vibrates in a regular way it will make a musical note because it will make the air vibrate. This vibration will send sound waves to the ear and to the brain.

Molybdenum
Molybdenum is a chemical element. It has the chemical symbol Mo. It has the atomic number 42. The name Molybdenum is from the Greek meaning "leadlike". The color of pure molybdenum is silvery-white.

Solution
In chemistry, a solution is a homogeneous mixture of one or more substances. The substances that are dissolved are named solutes. The substance the solutes are dissolved in is named a solvent. An example from everyday experience is a solid (like salt or sugar) dissolved in a liquid (like water). Gases can dissolve in liquids. An example is carbon dioxide or oxygen in water. Liquids may dissolve in other liquids and gases in other gases.
Examples of solid solutions are alloys and some minerals.

Insurance
Insurance in law and economics is a form of risk management. Its main use is to hedge (an investment that is only taken out to reduce or take away the risk of something else) against the risk of possible financial loss. Insurance is defined as the equitable transfer of the risk of a loss that could happen, from one entity to another, in exchange for a premium (normally money paid) and duty of care (being careful).
Actuaries are the people who work out how much the premium should be. They balance who much the insurer might have to pay out against the chances of having to pay out

Bunsen burner
A Bunsen burner is a common piece of laboratory equipment. It is commonly used for heating chemical substances, sterilization, and combustion, and it works by burning flammable gas. It is named after Robert Wilhelm Bunsen. Bunsen was a German chemist. Bunsen did not invent the burner, he simply made it better. Originally Michael Faraday developed the Bunsen burner. In 1547 there was another type of burner the same as the bunsen but it was called the butt burner.

Michael Faraday
Michael Faraday (September 22,1791-August 25,1867) was an English chemist and physicist. At the time when he lived, people like him were called "natural philosophers". He contributed many discoveries to the field of electromagnetism and electrochemistry. According to his teachings, magnetism is able to influence rays of light, as the two phenomena are related. At the time Newton's view was thought to be true by everyone: space is the stage on which physical events happen, a stage that does not contribute to actions that happen in it. Because of this, when it was admitted that light is a wave phenomenon (1818), it was thought to be true that space is not empty, that something fills space between the stars and Earth, something elastic that can transmit waves. Faraday didn't believe this and viewed light waves as events in empty space: he ignored the elastic medium, known as the aether, and kept its properties: they belong to space itself. This view was rejected at first. It became known to many people as true only generations later, in 1905, after Einstein dismissed the medium in order to explain the failure of Michelson to discover the aether wind.
Early life.
Michael Faraday was born in Newington Butts, near present-day South London, England. His family did not have a lot of money. His father, James, was a blacksmith. James Faraday had come to London in the 1780s from North-West England. The young Michael Faraday, one of four children, only having the most basic of school educations, had to teach himself. At fourteen he was taken to learn the ways of the bookbinder and bookseller by George Riebau. During his seven-year apprenticeship, he read many books, including Isaac Watts' "The Improvement of the Mind", the ideas in the book Faraday loved to implement in his work. He started to become interested in science, specifically in electricity. Faraday found inspiration by the book "Conversations in Chemistry" by Jane Marcet.

Robert Wilhelm Bunsen
Robert Wilhelm Bunsen (March 31,1811 - August 16, 1899) was a German chemist. He improved the burner that has his name, but was invented by Michael Faraday. His main work focuses on emission spectroscopy. He found the elements caesium and rubidium with his spectroscope.

Keith Haring
Keith Haring (May 4, 1958 - February 16, 1990) was an American artist. He was famous in the 1980s for his art, which was a mixture of graffiti and pop art and used bright colors and simplistic images, as well as social and homoerotic themes. Haring also donated money to children's causes and organizations. His artwork became well known around the world. Haring died of an HIV(AIDS)-related illness in 1990. The Keith Haring Foundation set up in 1989, continues his legacy of promoting art and helping children.

The Adventures of Tintin
"The Adventures of Tintin" () is a Belgian comic strip, created by Hergé (Georges Remi) starting in the late 1920s and into the 1970s. They were originally written and published in French, but have been translated into many languages and are popular around the world.
Plot and characters.
The stories, center around a young reporter from Belgium named Tintin, who travels the world and has many exciting adventures with his dog, a white wire fox terrier named Snowy (Milou, in French) and later (starting with "The Crab with the Golden Claws" in 1941) his friend, Captain Haddock, joins them on their adventures.
Other popular characters include Professor Cuthbert Calculus (Professeur Tryphon Tournesol) an absent-minded and deaf scientist and inventor, and Thomson and Thompson (Dupond et Dupont), two silly detectives.
Other media.
There have also been plays, films, and animated cartoons based on the stories. There are also Tintin Shops in Europe, which sell books, toys and other items based on the books. Steven Spielberg and Peter Jackson are making a movie about Tintin.

Selenium
Selenium is a chemical element. It has the chemical symbol Se. It has the atomic number 34. Selenium is not found in the free (just as pure selenium) state in nature. It is a nonmetal. Its chemistry is in some ways like sulfur and tellurium. Selenium is found most in sulfide ores like pyrite.
It is toxic in large amounts. Trace (very small) amounts of it are needed in all cells and probably in all organisms. In cells it is part of the active center of some enzymes.
Isolated selenium (selenium atoms only) has several different forms. The most stable of these is a dense gray semi metal (semiconductor). The way the atoms are put together is a named a trigonal polymer chain. It lets electricity pass through it better in the light than in the dark. This form is used in photocells. Selenium also has many non conductive forms: a black glass-like substance, as well as several red crystalline forms. In the red form the eight atoms of selenium form ring to make a molecule. These rings then stack together to make the solid red selenium. The way that red seleniums atoms are put together is similar to sulfur.

Germanium
Germanium is a chemical element. It has the chemical symbol "Ge". It has the atomic number 32. It was found by Clemens Winkler. It is a shiny, hard, silver-white metalloid. The chemistry of Germanium is quite like tin. Germanium forms a large number of organometallic compounds. It is an important semiconductor material used in transistors.

Organometallic compound
Organometallic compounds are compounds that have chemical bonds between an one or more metal atoms and one or more carbon atoms of an organyl group (an organic ligand).

Tom Green
Tom Green is a Canadian actor and comedian. He was born July 30, 1971 in Pembroke, Ontario. He was on his own comedy show, "The Tom Green Show", on MTV. When he had a tumor removed, it was shown on television for millions of people to watch. He kept the tumor in a jar and brought it on the show.

The Force
The Force is a term from the "Star Wars" universe. It is a set of mystical powers that all the Jedi and Sith have. They can do many things with the Force, such as lifting an object up without touching it, shooting lightning out of their hands, choking people and many other things.
The sides of the Force.
There are two sides to the Force: the light (or good) side and the dark (or bad) side.
The light side.
The light side is used for good things like healing. The people who study and learn the light side of the Force are called "Jedi".
The dark side.
The dark side of the Force is used by the Sith, the bad guys, in the "Star Wars" movies. Sith have a lot of anger, fear, love and aggression. The dark side of the Force gives the bad guys powers that the Jedi, the good guys, do not have. For example, Darth Sidious is able to shoot lightning from his fingers. The dark side can seem stronger but that is just because a person who uses the dark side of the Force does not have to hold anything back, he is not restrained.

Jedi
In the fictional "Star Wars" universe, the Jedi or Jedi Knights are members of an old order, who use a power they call The Force.
The Jedi use The Force to have magic-like powers. Their typical weapon is the lightsaber, a sword-like weapon with an energy blade.
The Jedi try to lead a good and virtuous life, serving others. They keep and defend the peace of the galaxy.
The opposite of the Jedi are the Sith, who follow the Dark side of the Force.

Sith
In the fictional "Star Wars" universe, the Sith are users of the Dark side of The Force and the opposite of the Jedi.
The Sith live to dominate all others and to cause pain and suffering throughout the "Star Wars" galaxy. Some famous Sith are Darth Vader, Emperor Palpatine and Darth Maul.

Alex Jones
Alex Jones is a radio talk show host from Texas. He is widely regarded to be a conspiracy theorist, for his belief that the American government is controlled by people that have sinister motives as part of a plot to create a "new world order" to enslave humanity.
Jones maintains several websites and has created numerous documentary movies.

Stuart Sutcliffe
Stuart Fergusson Victor Sutcliffe (June 23, 1940 – April 10, 1962) was an early member of the English band The Beatles. He was the band's original bass guitarist, but left before they became famous. He wanted to be an artist, and he returned to art school, which he had quit to join the Beatles.
Sutcliffe died in 1962 from a brain hemorrhage. It was long thought that the hemorrhage was from a fight with locals after a concert in 1961, but it is now believed he may have been born with a medical condition which caused it.

George Boole
George Boole, (November 2, 1815 – December 8, 1864) was a English mathematician and philosopher. He created Boolean algebra. This is one of the bases of modern-day computer science. Other people, like Augustus De Morgan, Charles Peirce refined and completed his work. In their times, very few people knew of the work those mathematicians had done. "Boolean algebra" was rediscovered by Claude Shannon about 75 years after Boole's death. In his doctoral thesis, Shannon showed that boolean algebra was useful. It could simplify the design of electric switches and relays (like those that were used in the telephone switchboards of the time). Shannon also showed that such switches could solve boolean algebra problems. All modern-day digital circuits (mainly computers) use such algebra to solve problems.

Managua
Managua has been the capital city of Nicaragua since 1855. There had been an Indian settlement there before the Spanish, but the modern city was founded as Leal Villa de Santiago de Managua in 1811. Before 1855, León and Grenada were the capital cities. The word "managua" comes from the Nahuatl language "mana-ahuac". It means "near water". About 1.8 million people lived there in 2004. This makes it one of the biggest cities of Central America (after Guatemala City). The city is located at the shore of Lake Managua. Many people who live in Managua are White or Mestizo. They all speak Spanish. There are also big communities of Catalonians, Germans, Italians and French. Many of the people belonging to those communities have lived in the city for many generations. Many people see Managua as one of the safest cities in America to live in.
The city has had two destructive earthquakes in the 20th century. Hurricane Mitch caused further destructions in 1998. Many old buildings were damaged or destroyed in these earthquakes, and new streets and monuments were built in their place. In general, addresses are rarely used to give directions. Instead, people usually use monuments to tell where a certain place is. The problem with that approach is that sometimes, the monuments themselves were destroyed. Therefore, foreigners often have problems finding their way around the city.

Flat
Flat things do not curve in any direction. It is not possible to have straight lines in all directions on a surface that is not flat.

Curve
A curve is a line that turns or bends. A curved line is never straight and a curved surface is a surface that is never flat.

Möbius strip
The Möbius strip or Möbius band is a geometrical object. It only has one surface. It can be made by using a strip of paper, which is twisted at the end. In Euclidean geometry there are two different strips. One turned left, and the other turned right.
There is another one topological object with the characteristics of a Möbius strip (a Möbius loop), created by Victor Gulchenko. The figure is a one-sided surface. It appears that the object has two closed contours. But actually those contours consist of one single closed two-dimensional contour. The following correlation can be observed in the case of this figure: two seemingly closed three-dimensional objects effectively consist of one two-dimensional surface.
1) Take a square sheet of paper (with the corners “A”, “B”, “C” and “D”). Extend each of the four corners with rectangular strips
2) The opposite corner strips of the sheet must be connected to each other (“A” with “C”; “B” with “D”)
3) With the A-C pair one of the two corner strips is given a half twist in a clockwise direction before being connected. With the B-D pair one of the two corner strips is given a half twist in a counter-clockwise direction before being connected
4) After the clockwise half twist, the “A” and “C” corner strips are glued together from the front side of the square. After the counter-clockwise half twist, the other two corner strips (“B” and “D”) are glued together from the reverse side

Klein bottle
The Klein bottle is a strange surface. It does not have inside or outside, but just one of them. The original Klein bottle lives in a 4-dimensional space and does not touch itself.
The bottle is named after the German mathematician Felix Klein

Special shapes
The following are special shapes: They are either impossible to construct using Euclidean geometry or they look very unusual.

Entropy
Entropy is the name of some different things.
The word Entropy came from the study of heat and energy in the period 1850 to 1900. Some very useful mathematical ideas about probability calculations emerged from the study of entropy. These ideas are now used in Information theory, Chemistry and other areas of study.

Side
In Geometry, a side is a line that is part of a flat figure made from straight lines.

Te Puke
Te Puke is a small town in the Bay of Plenty in New Zealand. 6670 people live there. It is famous for kiwifruit, which is grown there. Lots of other fruit is grown there too.
"Te Puke" means "the hill" in Māori.

Valley
A valley is a type of landform. A valley is a long "depression" (or low part) in the land, between two higher parts which might be hills or mountains. Valleys often start as a downward fold between two upward folds in the surface of the Earth. A valley is made deeper by a stream of water or a river as it flows from the high land to the lower land, and into a lake or sea. Some valleys are made by glaciers which are slow-moving rivers of ice. When a valley is made deeper or wider by water or ice, this is called erosion. Wind can also make valleys larger by erosion.
A valley has a "head" where it begins in the mountains or hills, "sides" where it rises up on either side, a "floor" which is where the valley is most flat. Some valleys have an "entrance" where the valley opening can be seen between two hills or mountains or cliffs. A place where a valley is very narrow and has high walls is sometimes called a "gorge". (This word "gorge" is sometimes used to mean the "throat" on a human body).
Many of the people of the world live in valleys because there is often a river or stream in a valley for fresh water, and there is often good soil in a valley to grow crops.
Valleys in mountains.
Mountains and hills are made when the layers of rock and soil (called "strata") get folded. There are always valleys in hills and mountains, in between the highest parts which are the "peaks". If the mountains are very high, then people who want to travel to the other side of the mountains must go by the valleys. A valley that is used for people to travel through the mountains is called a "pass".
Valleys that are high in the mountains are usually made deeper by a stream or small river running fast down the mountainside, from a place where there is lots of rainwater or melting snow. The mountain stream winds around the biggest rocks and washes the soil away as it flows. It cuts a passage for itself through the softest soil and smallest stones. A small stream can cut a very deep valley. Valleys that are high in the mountains are usually V-shaped. There are many valleys like this in hills and mountains all over the world.
Valleys in hilly country.
In country that has hills, but is not very steep, a river or stream runs more slowly. It makes a wider valley that often has some large bends as the river flows around the hills, aways following the lowest way. Water running down from the hillsides often carries soil that spreads out across the valley, making flat land that is good for growing food crops and raising cattle and other animals. Many farms are in valleys that are in hilly land. Many towns are built on the sloping sides of valleys. Famous valleys of this type are the Loire Valley and the Lower Rhine Valley in Europe and the Thames Valley in England.
Valleys in flat country.
Some valleys are almost flat, like a large saucer. Valleys of this type often have a very large river with many "tributaries" (streams that are like branches) running through them. The "tributaries" carry water from the hills or mountains that may be far from the main river. After heavy rain, lots of water rushes into the main river so that it rises and floods over the flat floor of the valley. When the flood waters spread, they drop lots of soil which has washed down from the hills. The soil that drops on the valley floor makes the valley flatter. Valleys of this type are very useful for growing food crops. The widest valleys in the world are like this. Famous valleys of this type are the Mississipi-Missouri Basin in North America, the Amazon Basin in South America, the Lower Danube in Europe, the Ganges River Valley in India, the Nile River Flood Plain in Africa and the Darling River Basin in Australia.
Valleys made by glaciers.
A glacier is like a frozen river. Many countries do not have any glaciers. A glacier starts in very high mountains where there is snow and ice all the year. The snow and ice starts to move down a valley that has been made by a fast-flowing stream. As the ice starts to slide down the mountainside, it doesn't flow around the rocks; it pushes the rocks out of the way. As a glacier moves, it picks up more ice and gets bigger and bigger. A big glacier cuts through the soil and softer rock of the valley and piles up the rocks on either side, or pushes them in front of it. When a big glacier melts, it leaves a valley of a deep U-shape. Many valleys like this were made in the Ice Ages. In mountainous countries like Switzerland many people live in the valleys that were made by glaciers. Some of the deepest valleys in the world were made by glaciers. The fjords of Norway and "sounds" of New Zealand are where glaciers went into the sea.
Valleys in plateau country.
A plateau is high land that is flat on top, or gently rolling, not pointed like mountains or rounded like hills. In hilly or mountainous country, the bands of a soil and rock are folded, but in a plateau the "strata" are in flat layers. The water that makes streams on the top of a plateau cuts down in wide valleys with sides that are steep cliffs and a bottom that is quite flat. Valleys like this are often deep and very narrow. Some valleys like this are very deep and wide. They are called "canyons". Famous valleys of this type are the Grand Canyon in the United States and the Megalong Valley in Australia.
Sunken valleys.
Sometimes a valley has been formed in the hills near the coast of a country. Movement in the earth's surface may cause the land to sink lower and become flooded by the sea. The shape of the valley can still be seen from the tops of the hills that stick out from the water. Some of the hills may become islands, and others become the shore of a bay. Sunken valleys often make good harbours. The east coast of Australia has many sunken valleys of which the most famous is Sydney Harbour.

Manifold
A Manifold is a concept from mathematics. Making a manifold is like making a map of a sphere (the Earth)
The Earth is a sphere, a three dimensional object of geometry. Yet, maps (two-dimensional representations) can be made of the Earth. At the edges of a certain map, the map needs to be changed. That way it is possible to make a two dimensional image of the whole surface of the Earth. There need to be rules, on how to change the maps, and some areas (near the edges of the map) will be on more than one map. It is not possible to make one map only, which would have no edges. This map would either have edges (and overlapping areas), or there would be some places where the paper was torn.
Each manifold has a dimension. This is the dimension of the maps, in the example above. It is the same for all maps.

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
NADP (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) is a coenzyme that carries electrical energy used in cellular processes. When a hydrogen atom is added, NADP becomes charged and is renamed NADPH. NADP is used extensively during the Krebs (citric acid) cycle and during glycolysis.

The CW Television Network
The CW Television Network, is a television network that created when two of the United States six major television networks (The WB and UPN) merged in 2006, making only five major broadcast networks now, in the US, the other four are CBS, NBC, ABC, and FOX. Veronica Mars was cancelled after its third season on the CW, despite mass protest from loyal viewers. The viewers sent in Mars Bars candybars in protest to keep VM on the air. In fact, there are now NO Mars candybars left in the United States, due to this protest. Storylines were left incomplete, and some viewers have become less supportive of the network since Veronica Mars was so unjustly ripped off the network.

Borzoi
Borzoi is a type of Russian dog. It used to be called a Russian Wolf Hound
This type (or breed) of dog was brought to the United States in 1889. It was approved by the American Kennel Club one year later. The breed is beautiful and has a gentle personality. It makes it a great companion dog.
The breed was approved and the descriptive standard was written in 1650. It has not changed much since then. Borzoi have a long coat. It is about 30 - 32 inches (75-80cm) tall at the withers (its back near the shoulders). It weighs between 75 and 85 pounds (35 to 40kg). They can be any color from solid white to brown and white, gray and white or brindle. They can also be all black. People who look after Borzois have done an good job of stopping health problem. Borzois do not have many of the problems other breeds have.
In Russia, they were well liked by the royalty. It was illegal to sell them. They were given to those who did something special for the Tzars. They feature in Russian novels e.g. in Tolstoy's "Anna Karenina". During the Russian revolution, most of the breed were killed because they were a symbol of royalty. A few were taken from the country.
They have been used in advertising for luxury cars and jewelry. This is because of their elegant looks.

Giuseppe Garibaldi
Giuseppe Garibaldi was an Italian soldier. He fought for the Italian Unification Movement. He led a group called the Red Shirts through the Kingdom of Two Sicilies to bring together the kingdoms of Italy in 1860.

Edward the Confessor
Edward the Confessor ("c". 1004 – 4 January 1066) was King of England from June 8 1042 to 4 January 1066. After he died, there were four people that claimed to be king. Edward had promised to each of them that they would be king.

Gilbertville, Ontario
Gilbertville is a hamlet in Norfolk County, Ontario, Canada that is in between Delhi and the historical hamlet of Pine Grove. There is a small grocery store, a tractor shop, a car repair shop, and farmland to the south. In addition to all this, Gilbertville is also the site of a former army base and was founded by the Gilbert family in the 19th century as a place to rest horses when travelling to and from the towns of Simcoe and Delhi. Prior to the year 2001, Gilbertvile was covered with a stench that was created by sulphuric water.

World War III
World War III is the name given to a possible third world war. This means that World War III has not yet happened, and might not ever happen.
Most people agree that if this war ever happens, nuclear, biological and chemical weapons will be used. "Nuclear weapons" get their energy from breaking or joining atoms. "Biological weapons" are living things, usually bacteria or viruses. "Chemical weapons" might not kill quickly, but poison people or their land. Together, nuclear, biological and chemical weapons are called Weapons of Mass Destruction. "Conventional weapons" on the other hand are "normal weapons", like guns or dynamite.
This could destroy much of the Earth and kill most living things. Also, it may kill all humans. Albert Einstein said "I know not with what weapons World War III will be fought, but World War IV will be fought with sticks and stones." This shows that he believed that after World War III, civilization as we know it will be gone.
A third world war does occur in the backstory of "Star Trek", before the Enterprise goes into space.

Shotgun
A shotgun is a type of gun. To make a shotgun work, fuel is lit by a primer inside of a shell. The gas from the burning fuel will push whatever is being fired out of the barrel. Usually a shotgun shell will have many small metal balls. These balls spread out when they are fired. Sometimes a shotgun shell will have a bigger piece of metal, like a bullet, called a "slug".
A shotgun can have one or two barrels. These barrels are normally next to each other or on top of each other. There are also different types of ways of loading and shooting a shotgun. Some will snap open, and shells can be put inside until they are shot again. Others hold more shells and are pumped back and forth to shoot. Some shotguns are fully automatic, meaning that pulling and holding the trigger back will keep shooting the gun without needing to reload until the shotgun is out of ammunition. (However, these are very rare.)
Shotguns can also fire things that do not kill people. Police use things like rubber balls and beanbags instead, so being shot means you will be hurt but not killed.

Randy Quaid
Randall Rudy "Randy" Quaid is an American actor. He was born October 1, 1950 in houston, Texas. He has been in many movies. He is famous all around the world. He is the brother of actor Dennis Quaid.

Oakland, California
Oakland, California is a city in California, it is across the bay from San Francisco. It is the home of The As baseball team and the Raiders football team.

Mosquito
A mosquito is an insect. They are in the Fly order, "Diptera". Mosquitoes are thin and small, usually smaller than 15 mm (0.6 inches).
Mosquitoes have been around for 170 million years. They used to be a lot bigger than they are now.
Mosquitoes eat mainly nectar. Female mosquitoes bite people and animals and suck their blood. They need the blood to give them protein so they can make eggs. The spot that the mosquito bites gets big, turns red, and itches. Mosquito bites cause sicknesses like malaria.
Mosquitoes, like butterflies, go through metamorphosis, meaning that they change forms. There are four forms that they go through; egg, larva, pupa, and adult. They usually lay their eggs in water that is very still. The larva breathe air through their tail.
Mosquito bites can spread yellow fever, malaria and other diseases. Scientists have said that AIDS is not spread by mosquitoes.

Molasses
Molasses is a by-product of sugar canes or sugar beets being turned into sugar. It is like a thick syrup. Some people also call Molasses Sorghum syrup. The quality of the molasses depends on how the sugar is refined. Molasses is like a black golden syrup type liquid.
Molasses is the base for making rum. Sometimes, Vodka is also made from molasses.

Syrup
Syrup is a thick, sweet, flavored liquid with a great deal of sugar in it. There are different flavored syrups, such as chocolate syrup, vanilla syrup, and maple syrup. Syrups are used to sweeten and flavor hot and cold drinks, and they are poured on desserts and breakfast foods.
Used in drinks.
Syrups are used in many different types of drinks. Coffee shops add chocolate syrup and other flavored syrups (for example: vanilla) to coffee drinks. Ice cream parlors add chocolate syrup to milk shakes. In Italy, cafés often offer a choice of different syrups that can be added to carbonated soda water, to add sweetness and flavor.
Used for desserts.
Syrups are also used in many desserts. Ice cream parlors pour chocolate syrup on bowls of ice cream. Cafés and restaurants pour syrup on cakes, pies, crepes, and pancakes. Maple syrup is often poured on pancakes in North America during the breakfast meal. Maple syrup is made from the sap from maple trees that is boiled until it thickens.
During the warm months, stores in North America sell desserts called "slushies" or "slush puppies" that consist of crushed ice in a cup that has flavored syrup poured in it.

Sugarcane
Sugarcane (or sugar cane) is a genus of plants. There are between 6 and 37 kinds of sugarcanes (how many there are depends on the interpretation of what is a grass and what is not). They grow in warm and tropical climates of the Old World. They have stalks that are between 2 and 6 metres tall. These stalks contain sugar. Sugarcane is grown in many countries. Sugar is usually made from it.

Sugar beet
Sugar beet is a plant. Its roots contain a high amount of sucrose. This can be made into sugar. Sugar beets are grown for sugar. The sugar beet is related to Chard.
The biggest producers of sugar beet are the European Union, the United States and Russia. 30% of the world sugar production is from sugar beets.

Tourette syndrome
Tourette syndrome is an inherited neurological disorder. Tourette syndrome can also be named Tourette's syndrome,Tourette's disorder, Gilles de la Tourette's Syndrome, GTS, Tourette's, or TS. People that have Tourette's have tics (movements or sounds that the person cannot easily control). Tourette's is normally inherited and starts in childhood.
People who have Tourette's have a normal life expectancy and normal intelligence. Tics are normally not as bad as people get older. Adults with severe Tourette's are rare. Less than 15% of people with Tourette's have coprolalia. Coprolalia is using phrases that many people may be offended by, without being able to stop saying them.
Most people with Tourette's do not need treatment. There are drugs that can help people manage tics. There are also therapies that can help people live easier with Tourette's.
The disease is named after Georges Gilles de la Tourette. He was one of the first physicians to describe the symptoms.

Soybean
The Soybean (or Soya bean) is a plant. The fruit of the soybean plant are the beans. This plant comes from Eastern Asia. It is an annual plant. This means that one plant lives for one year only. It can grow close to the ground. Then it will not grow larger than 20 cm. Or it can grow all upright. In this case, it can reach 2 metres. Originally, it probably was a vine.
Uses.
Soybeans are used for food. They are also used to make soybean oil, Tofu, Soy sauce, Soy milk and soybean flour. Many vegetarians use foods made of soy, because soy have very good protein. Many other products also contain soya.
History.
In 1997, 81% of all soybeans were of genetically modified stock. This means that genes were changed directly to make things happen.
In China, going back the ancient Chou dynasty soy beans were considered to be one of the five sacred foods.

Henagon
A henagon (or monogon) is a shape in geometry. It is like a polygon, except that it only has one side and one corner (vertex). Henagons are considered to be impossible to draw, using Euclidean geometry. This is because the single side would go to infinity.
Since it only has one side, there is only one angle. Therefore all henagons are considered regular shapes.

Moors
The Moors were the Muslim inhabitants who lived on the Iberian Peninsula, the Mahgreb and West Africa in the Middle Ages. In Europe, the word is very often used to talk about people whose ancestors were African.

Habitat
When talking about ecology, a habitat describes the place where many animals or plants of a certain kind of animals or plants live. Many different kinds of animals or plants can share the same habitat. In that case, it is called a biotope. A habitat can also be called an eco-system or a biome. An ecosystem is when there are many living and non-living things working together in one habitat.

Long Island
Long Island is a large island in New York. It is the biggest island in the United States. The island is made up of Queens and Brooklyn in the west, and Nassau County and Suffolk County in the east. To the north is the Long Island Sound and to the south is the Atlantic Ocean. The term "Long Island" usually only means Nassau and Suffolk because Brooklyn and Queens are part of New York City. 7,536,000 people live there, being more populated than Ireland and Jamaica

K.M.Peyton
Kathleen Wendy Herald Peyton (born August 2, 1929 in Birmingham, England) is an English writer. She has written over 50 books, including "Blind Beauty" (1999) and "Stealaway" (2001).

Fédération Internationale de Volleyball
The Fédération Internationale de Volleyball (English: International Volleyball Federation), often referred to as just FIVB, is the organization that controls international Volleyball.

Old World
Old World is a term about the world before Christopher Columbus.
About 1492-1506.
Spain sent Columbus to go to the New World. They found what we call now Indians, and then they became friends and traded.
They had foods and animals Indians haven't seen before, like sugarcane, pigs, horses, and more. But, they didn't know that they were also giving sickness. They accidentally killed many Indians.
After that Time.
The Old World called North America as well as South America the New World.

International Astronomical Union
The International Astronomical Union (IAU) is a international group that brings together the national astronomical groups from around the world. It was created in 1919. It was created to promote and protect the science of astronomy by getting different nations to work together. Its members are professional astronomers from all over the world, and they all work on research and education in astronomy. The IAU has good relationships with groups that include amateur astronomers. "National Members" are usually people with a high level of professional astronomy. The IAU is made up of 8,858 "Individual Members" in 85 countries. It has 62 "National Members".
The IAU is also the group in charge of naming objects in space and anything on them such as mountains and craters.

Obfuscation
Obfuscation means to make something harder to understand. Weasel words are a form of obfuscation. Obfuscation is usually used when people either do not know what they are talking about or wish to hide their meaning.
Some people say that when doctors use difficult medical words to hide unpleasant things from patients, they are using obfuscation.

Chicago Bears
The Chicago Bears are a professional American football team in the National Football League based in Chicago, Illinois. The Bears were founded 1919, and were first called the Decatur Staleys. The team was one nine NFL Championships, with the latest being in 1985. The Bears play their home games at Soldier Field. The starting quarterback for the Bears is Rex Grossman. Notable players on the Bears include Brian Urlacher, Devin Hester. The Bears were the champions of the National Football Conference in 2006 and 1985

Cool Runnings (movie)
Cool Runnings is a 1993 Disney movie. It stars John Candy and Doug E. Doug. It is a comedy movie about the first Jamaican bobsled team who wanted to win the winter olympics.

Schmallenberg
Schmallenberg is a town in the German state North Rhine-Westphalia.
It has about 26,000 inhabitants.

French and Indian War
The French and Indian War was a part of The Seven Years' War. It took place between 1754 and 1763. The name refers to the part of the Seven Years' War that was fought in what is now the United States and Canada. The war was between the French with Indian allies and the British with British-American and Indian allies. The war is called The Conquest War in Quebec and Ontario, Canada
Outcome.
The fighting in North American stopped on Sept. 8, 1760. It ended with the surrender of Montreal and all of Canada to Britain. The war ended with the signing of the Treaty of Paris on February 10, 1763. France lost all of its North American lands east of the Mississippi. All of Canada was given to Britain except for two small islands near Newfoundland. France got the Caribbean islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique.

Sif
Sif is a goddess in Norse mythology. She is the wife of Thor and mother of Thrud and Ull.
Sif has hair made of gold. It grows just like normal hair. Her original hair's color looked like wheat. Loki cut off Sif's hair as a prank. When Thor found out he made Loki have golden hair made for her by the Dwarves.
It is believed that Sif was a goddess of the home, of field and of the crop. It is also said that she had some control of destiny.
Thrud is the only daughter of Thor and Sif. Ull is her son with another man. Thor also has two sons with a giantess. In two different poems in Poetic Edda, Sif is said to have a mysterious lover, but no one knows who he is.
A volcano on the planet Venus is named after Sif. Sif is also a character in the comic book The Mighty Thor from Marvel Comics.

Political correctness
Political correctness (or PC for short) means using words or behavior which will not offend any groups of people. It is often seen as important for everyone to be treated equally, fairly and with dignity. Some words have been used for many years in ways which may have been unkind to some people. Sometimes these words have now been replaced by other words that are not offensive. Such words are described as politically correct.
History.
This term has been used since the early 1990s.
Examples.
Politically correct words or terms are used to show differences between people or groups in a non-offensive way. This difference may be because of race, gender, beliefs, religion, sexual orientation, or because they have a mental or physical disability, or any difference from what is considered the norm.
Political correctness with gender.
Throughout the 20th century women have been fighting to have the same rights as men. In PC language this is seen in changes to job titles such as "lineman", "postman", and "chairman" which are now called "lineworker", "letter carrier" and "chairperson" or "chair".
Political correctness in sexual orientation.
People who prefer sexual partners of their own gender are called "gay" (for males) and "gay" or "lesbian" (for females. "Homosexual" is mainly a medical term).
Political correctness in medicine.
People who are mentally disabled are now rarely described as "mentally retarded" but may be said to have "special needs".
People who are blind or deaf may be referred to as "visually impaired" and "hearing-impaired". People who cannot speak are never "dumb" but "mute" or "without speech".
Criticism.
Some of the new politically correct words are often criticized for being rather ridiculous. Some examples of these are the terms ending in challenged. For example, someone who is very short might be described as "vertically challenged". People also say that things that are obviously bad are called by something else which hides the fact that they are bad. For example, young people who are in trouble with the law, instead of being called "juvenile delinquents" became "children at risk". Some PC terms may be ambiguous i.e. have two possible meanings. "Hearing impaired" can also mean someone who is only partly deaf (hard of hearing).
Words alone cannot be good or bad. It is the way in which they are used that determines whether people feel they are good or bad. If one person's attitude towards another person is unkind, then new politically correct terms will also start to sound offensive. The important thing is to treat everyone with respect. This is apparently what PC tries to do.

Mjolnir
In Norse mythology, Mjolnir is the war hammer of Thor, the god of lightning, thunder, wind, and rain.
Mjolnir is the most feared weapon of the Norse gods. It was believed to be able to knock down giants and entire mountains with only one hit. There are different stories about the war hammer's origins. Some say that the "Black Elves" made it when Loki asked them to. Other stories say that it fell to earth like a meteorite. Because of this, many Norse followers believed that lightning strikes were a sign of Mjolnir on earth.
Mjolnir was the symbol of regeneration. It was not just about destruction.
When thrown, Thor's Hammer would return to his hand after hitting its target. It is said that Mjolnir was used by Thor to slay Jörmungandr during Ragnarök.
"...He (Thor) would be able to strike as firmly as he wanted, whatever his aim, and the hammer would never fail, and if he threw it at something, it would never miss and never fly so far from his hand that it would not find its way back, and when he wanted, it would be so small that it could be carried inside his tunic."

Orphan
An orphan is a child that has lost his or her parents.
Causes.
Sometimes parents get sick and die while their child or children are still young, and if no close relatives take care of them, if they cannot or will not do so, they are normally raised in an orphanage. When several children, brothers or sisters are left orphaned they are normally split up; one child going to one family or one child going to a foster family while another may stay in the orphanage. This can be a very bad experience for the children who don’t want to be divided.
Sometimes parents may not have jobs or money and abandon their children because they cannot afford to bring them up. The parents may feel that if someone else brings them up they may have a better future in the long run.
Helping the orphans.
In many poor countries orphans are often seen wondering about begging for money and food; many may not be going to school. Not much organised help exists for them in poor countries.
But in richer countries many organisations and institutions help the orphans and work to helping parents when they are sick or very poor so they don't abandon their children. Organisations such as churches and community services assist them.
Orphans in history.
Many characters of books and movies have been orphans, such as Oliver Twist.

Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District
"Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District" ("Леди Макбет Мценского уезда") is an opera by the Russian composer Dmitri Shostakovich. It is one of the most important Russian operas of the 20th century. The words for the opera (the “libretto”) were written by Alexander Preis who based them on a story by the Russian writer Nikolai Leskov. The opera has nothing to do with Shakespeare’s play Macbeth except for the fact that it is about a woman who is tempted to commit a murder.
History of the opera.
"Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District" was the second opera that Shostakovich wrote. It was first performed on 22 January 1934 at the Leningrad Maly Theatre. It was very successful and lots of people came to hear it.
However, Shostakovich lived in difficult times. The dictator Josef Stalin was making life very difficult for creative people. He thought that music and all the other arts should praise and glorify their country (the Soviet Union). He did not allow people to express their own personal feelings. Anything that he did not like was called “formalist”. If Stalin did not like someone that person would not be allowed to work. They might even get sent to prison in Siberia where they were treated very badly. Many of them died.
Stalin came to hear a performance of "Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District". However, he did not like it, and he left during the performance. A few days later an article was written in the newspaper "Pravda" about the opera. The article heading was: “Chaos instead of music”. It said that the opera was full of horrible music and noisy chords. The opera was not allowed to be performed again in the Soviet Union for almost thirty years.
Shostakovich had to be very careful what he said otherwise he could have been in big trouble. He never spoke in public about music and culture. In 1937 he wrote his Symphony no 5. The music in this symphony was easier to understand than the music he had been writing before which had a lot of atonal music. Shostakovich said that this new symphony of his was “a Soviet artist’s reply to just criticism”. He had to agree to say this so that he would be allowed to carry on composing. Later, in 1962, he made some changes to the opera and called it "Katerina Ismailova". Since his death in 1975 it is usually the original version which is performed.
The opera tells the story of a lonely woman in 19th century Russia, who falls in love with one of her husband's servants and is driven to murder. Some of the music is influenced by Expressionism and verismo. After being condemned by Stalin it was banned in the Soviet Union for almost thirty years.
The story.
Katerina is lonely. She is married to a merchant, Zinovy, but they have no children. Her father-in-law Boris is horrible to her and blames her for not having any children. When Zinovy goes away on business Boris forces her to swear to be faithful (not to make love to any other man while her husband is away). However, one of the servants, Sergei, becomes her lover. When Boris finds out he is furious and whips Sergei and locks him up. Katerina poisons Boris with mushrooms. When he dies she gets the key from his pocket and frees Sergei.
When Zinovy comes back Sergei hides, but Zinovy guesses what has happened. Katerina and Sergei kill Zinovy and hide his body in the cellar.
Katerina and Sergei get married. A peasant finds Zinovy's body in the cellar and goes to fetch the police. The police arrive, Katerina and Sergei try to escape but are caught and sent to prison in Siberia. On the way there Sergei makes love to another girl Sonyetka. When Katerina finds out she pushes Sonyetka into a river to her death and finally jumps in herself.
Criticism.
It is hard to know why Stalin decided he did not like the opera. It may have been because the police are made to look silly. It may have been because it showed people being sent to Siberia. Maybe it was because Katerina sings a lot of beautiful music, while the other characters have music which often made them look stupid and grotesque. He may have thought that Shostakovich was being critical of the leaders of the Soviet Union.

Adoption
Adoption is the legal process of taking a child into a household as a new family member.

Border dispute
A border dispute is when two countries or more do not agree where border is between two countries, such as State of Israel and Palestine and Pakistan and the Republic of India over Disputed Territory of Kashmir.
Wars are sometimes fought over border disputes.

Ambiguity
Ambiguity means something that can mean two different things. Such things are ambiguous. Sometimes the word is used to mean something that can mean several things or that is unclear. In the proper sense it should mean “two different meanings” because “ambi” comes from the Greek word for “two”.
Words or sentences that are ambiguous can lead to misunderstandings (people get the wrong meaning). This can sometimes be serious, but it can also be funny. Jokes often rely on ambiguity.
A mother says to her little boy: “Johnny, go over the road and see how old Mrs Jones is”. The boy comes back and says to his mother: “Mrs Jones says it is none of my business”.
The mother meant “old” in a friendly way (“dear old Mrs Jones”), but the sentence could also mean: find out Mrs Jones’s age. This is obviously how Johnny understood his mother's instruction.
The opposite of ambiguous is unambiguous (meaning that something is perfectly clear and can only have one meaning).

Qantas
Qantas is an airline from Australia. It is the third oldest airline in the world. Qantas is one of the only airlines that did not have a fatal incident in their company history with jet aeroplanes.
History.
Qantas was founded in Winton, Queensland on 16 November 1920 as "Queensland and Northern Territorial Aerial Service Limited". It flew air mail services for the Australian government. In 1934, QANTAS Limited and Britain's Imperial Airways formed a new company, Qantas Empire Airways Limited.
Qantas Empire Airways started services between Brisbane and Singapore using de Havilland DH-86 Commonwealth aeroplanes.

Heavy metal music
Heavy Metal is a loud, aggressive style of Rock music. The bands who play heavy-metal music usually have one or two guitars, a bass guitar and drums. In some bands, electronic keyboards, organs, or other instruments are used. Heavy metal songs are loud and heavy-sounding, and have strong rhythms that are repeated. There are many different types of Heavy Metal, some of which are described below.
Heavy metal bands usually dress in jeans, leather jackets, and leather boots, and have long hair. Heavy metal bands behave in dramatic way when they play their instruments or sing.
1970s.
In the 1970s, Rock and Roll turned into a harder, louder form of music called Rock. In the 1970s, Rock music bands played huge, loud concerts in outdoor stadiums. In the early 1970s, many rock bands played psychedelic rock, a type of rock music which had words that described illegal drugs and drug use. Many bands from Britain played blues music mixed with rock music, such as the Kinks, The Who, Jimi Hendrix, the Jeff Beck Group.
In the late 1960s, a harder form of rock music called "Heavy Metal" was invented. The first use of the term was in a 1968 song by Steppenwolf, "Born to be Wild", and other early heavy metal bands appeared in the same year, such as Blue Cheer. Bands from Britain such as Cream and Led Zeppelin played loud, heavy rock music based on blues music. Heavy metal music was mostly based on the sounds of the electric guitar. The electric guitar in Heavy metal is always amplified through powerful amplifiers so that it has a loud, distorted, angry sound. Other bands such Deep Purple, Black Sabbath, Judas Priest and Alice Cooper played even louder, harder forms of heavy metal rock music.
Next, the "New Wave of British Heavy Metal" came along. This style of heavy metal, including bands such as Iron Maiden and Motörhead playing faster and with more anger in the music.
Heavy metal bands from the United States made heavy metal music popular in the late 1970s. Bands such as Kiss, Aerosmith and Van Halen put on large stadium concerts and attracted many fans.
1980s.
In the 1980s, a new type of heavy metal band became popular, called glam metal. Bands such as Mötley Crüe, W.A.S.P. and Ratt became popular. Glam metal rock bands had long hair and the men wore make up (lipstick and eyeshadow) and tight leather pants and boots. Many Glam metal songs were about sex, illegal drug use, and drinking alcohol. In the late 1980s, groups such as Guns N' Roses, Poison and Skid Row were very successful.
Another type of heavy metal in the 1980s was called "Thrash Metal" or "Thrash." Thrash metal bands played a faster, more aggressive type of heavy metal rock. Thrash metal bands such as Metallica, Megadeth and Slayer had many fans.
1990s.
In the 1990s, a new form of heavy metal developed, called alternative metal. Alternative metal combined thrash metal and grunge rock with hip-hop music and industrial music.
Also in the 1990's was Nu Metal, a shortening of New Metal. Nu Metal mixed rap and hip hop style singing with metal music. Nu Metal bands also often inlclude DJ decks, synthesisers and other electronic instruments. Nu Metal was very successful and made a lot of money, especially bands such as Linkin Park, Limp Bizkit and Slipknot.
Two other styles of heavy metal music, "death metal" and "black metal" played very angry, fast music. Death metal and black metal music are strange-sounding, and the lyrics (words) talk about sad things, such as death, suffering and pain. Hearing what the words are is often hard as the music is so loud and the singers often growl or roar rather than sing. The guitars are usually distorted and the bass is played faster than in other genres. The drums also use very fast beats with a double bass pedal in place of the single bass pedal. Two bands well known by metal fans are SiKTh and Necrophagist
Other important styles of metal are: power metal or melodic metal, a style whose music often is about fiction and epics like "The Lord of the Rings", and gothic metal, which has sad songs about abstract subjects like pain, life, death, faith and religion.

Gesualdo
Gesualdo is an Italian commune of the region of the Campania, province of Avellino, with about 3.800 inhabitants.
It shares border with Sturno, Villamaina, Frigento, Fontanarosa, Grottaminarda.
Carlo Gesualdo, the Renaissance composer and murderer lived in a castle in Gesualdo.

Aphra Behn
Aphra Behn (July 10, 1640 – April 16, 1689) was an English playwriter. Aphra Behn is buried in Westminster Abbey. No one knows why she died.

Ben Jonson
Ben Jonson (11 June 1572 – 6 August 1637) was a major poet and playwright in English Renaissance drama. Many critics consider Jonson to be among the best playwrights of his time, when William Shakespeare also lived. He is perhaps best known for two comedies, his plays "Volpone" and "The Alchemist".
Jonson is buried in Westminster Abbey.

Robert Browning
Robert Browning (May 7, 1812 – December 12, 1889) was an English poet and playwriter. He was married to the poet Elizabeth Barrett Browning. Browning is buried in Westminster Abbey

The Unknown Warrior
The Unknown Warrior is a tomb of an unknown British soldier who was killed on the battlefield during World War I.
Burial.
The unknown warrior was buried in Westminster Abbey on November 11, 1920. The tomb is covered by a slab of black Belgian marble and is the only tomb in Westminster Abbey that people may not walk on.
It has an inscription on it that is written by Herbert Ryle, Dean of Westminster.
Medal of Honor.
The unknown warrior was given the United States Medal of Honor on October 17, 1921. This hangs on a pillar near where he is buried.

Joseph Addison
Joseph Addison (b. May 1, 1672 d. June 17, 1719) is a famous author and essayist who is known as "The Noblest Purifier of English Literature".
Death.
Addison is buried in Westminster Abbey in the north aisle of the Henry VII Chapel.

Ipiaú
Ipiaú is a city in Bahia, Brazil. It is located at around.
Location.
The city is in the meeting point of the "Contas River" and the "Água-Branca River" (White-water River).
Ipiaú is bordered by "Ibirataia" and "Jequié" to the north, "Aiquara" and "Jitaúna" to the west, "Ibirataia" and "Barra do Rocha" to the east and "Itagibá" to the south.
Economy.
The city is a important producer and exporter of cacao in Brazil.
Important people.
Is the birthplace of many noted Brazilian writers and musicians such as Euclides Neto and Luiz Caldas.

German Empire
The German Empire ("Deutsches Reich" or "Deutsches Kaiserreich" in the German language) is the name for a group of German countries from from January 18 1871 to November 9 1918. This is from the day Wilhelm I of Prussia was made German Emperor to when the third Emperor Wilhelm II was removed from power at the end of the First World War. It was once called the "Second Reich".
The name of Germany was "Deutsches Reich" until 1945. "Reich" can mean many thing, empire, state, "richness" or "wealth".
At different times, there were three groups of smaller countries, each group was later called a "Reich" by some Germans. The first was the Holy Roman Empire. The second was the German Empire. The third was the Third Reich.
The words "Second Reich" were used for the German Empire by Arthur Moeller van den Bruck, a nationalist writer in the 1920s. He was trying to make a link with the earlier Holy Roman Empire which had once been very strong. Germany had lost a war and was in great diffculties and he wanted to start a "Third Reich" to unite the country. These words were later used by the Nazis to make themselves appear stronger.

Anthony Powell
Anthony Dymoke Powell (December 21, 1905 – March 28, 2000) was a British novelist. He is best known for his "A Dance to the Music of Time" series of books published between 1951 and 1975.
Childhood.
Powell was born in Westminster, England, to Philip Powell and Maud (née Wells-Dymoke). His father was an officer in the Welch Regiment. His mother came from a wealthy family in Lincolnshire. Powell's early childhood was spent in a flat in Kensington. It overlooked the Gardens where he often played. In 1913, the family moved to Aldershot and into Stonehurst. Stonehurst was a large bungalow on top of a hill.
On the start of World War I in August, 1914, his father went to France and took part in the early fighting. Powell moved with his mother to London. He went to a private school for a short time. Powell was later sent to a boarding school in Kent. In early 1919 Powell passed the Common Entrance Examination for Eton where he started that autumn. Powell went to Balliol College at the University of Oxford to study history in the autumn of 1923. During his third year Powell lived out of college, sharing a place with Henry Yorke. Powell travelled on the Continent during his holidays.
Powell came to work in London in the autumn of 1926. He got a job as an apprentice at the publishers, Duckworth and Company in Covent Garden.
Powell in the 1930s.
Powells first novel, "Afternoon Men", was published in 1931. A second novel, "Venusberg", followed in 1932. Powell’s third novel, "From a View to a Death", was published in 1934. All three of Powell’s novels were liked in the London literary world. His next work was a part of a collection of works in which various authors wrote about their schooldays. Powell’s memories of Eton appeared under the title of "The Wat’ry Glade".
In the autumn of 1936, he left Duckworth’s and took a job as a script writer at the Warner Brothers Studio in Teddington. The job paid well, but it involved long hours. With a team of others, he worked to create a cheap movie for the Quota. The Quota created by the Government to protect the British film industry. It required movie theaters to show British-made movies as well as the more popular foreign movies they normally showed. Warner Brothers, an American film studio, set up studios in Teddington to take advantage of this. After six months of work with no movie created, Powell’s contract ended and was not renewed.
Wartime years.
Powell and his wife moved back to Regent's Park. Powell heard about a job in the film industry, this time in Hollywood. The Powells went Hollywood to try to get the job but he did not get it. They returned to London in August, 1937. Powell began work on his fifth novel, "What’s Become of Waring". He finished it in late 1938 or early the following year. The book sold fewer than a thousand copies.
Powel was told to report for duty on December 11. He was a part of the 1/5th Battalion of the Welch Regiment at Haverfordwest in Pembrokeshire. Once war came, the long hours stopped any thought of writing a lot. Powell believe that this could help him. War service gave him a lot of material for later use. Parts of "A Dance to the Music of Time" are about the war years. These parts are "The Valley of Bones", "The Soldier's Art", and "The Military Philosophers". Powell’s military service gave him the basic ideas for these three novels.
After war years.
Powell was 39. His first task was to work on "John Aubrey and His Friends". It was completed in May 1946. In 1949 The Cressett Press hired Powell to write a book that they brought out under the title Brief Lives and Other Selected Writings by John Aubrey.
Anthony Powell would go on to international fame. He was made Companion of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1956. In 1973 he turned down the offer of knighthood. He was made Companion of Honour (CH) in 1988. He published two more novels, "O, How The Wheel Becomes It!" (1983) and "The Fisher King" (1986). His "Writer's Notebook" was published after his death in 2001.
Anthony Powell died at his home, The Chantry, near Frome, Somerset aged 94 on 28 March 2000.

Journalist
A journalist is a person who works in journalism. There are different kinds of journalists: newspaper reporters, television journalists, etc.
A newspaper reporter is a person who works for a newspaper. Newspaper reporters write news articles and stories for newspapers. Newspaper reporters write these articles and stories by interviewing people, asking questions, and doing research.
Newspaper reporters must tell the truth when they write newspaper articles. Telling the truth is a very important part of all journalism jobs, including newspaper reporting, television news reporting, and radio news reporting. If people who work in journalism do not tell the truth in their articles or stories, they can be punished such as being suspended (don't work for a a short time) or fired (losing their jobs).

Centennial High School
Centennial High School is a high school is located in Las Vegas, Nevada and is one of many high schools in the Clark County District. Centennial is located in the Northwest Region in the Centennial Hills Community. The 2006 - 2007 student population of Centennial High School is over 3000 students.
Trivia.
The mascot is the Bulldogs.
Centennial High School 9th - 12th graders.
Centennial High School is home to the Four time Nevada Girl's Basketball Champions 2002, 2003, 2004, and 2005.

Nellis Air Force Base
Nellis Air Force Base (Nellis AFB) is a United States Air Force military base. It is located in the north part of Las Vegas, Nevada. It is home to the Thunderbirds. The base also trains fighter aircraft for the US Air Force. The base is named for William Harrell Nellis, a Las Vegas resident and P-47 pilot who died in action during the Battle of the Bulge in World War II. Nellis AFB is home to the F-15, F-16, and the F-22 Raptors.
The main base covers close to 11,300 acres (46 km²). Much of the base is undeveloped. The rest of the area is either paved or has buildings. The Indian Springs Air Force Auxiliary Airstrip was a part of Nellis. It used to be known as "Area 3". On June 20, 2005 the field was renamed to Creech Air Force Base.
Major Areas.
The base has three main areas.

Women's basketball
Women's basketball is a special type of basketball for women. They have the same rules as regular basketball, but the ball is a smaller, and only women can play.
Basketball is a sport where two teams try to throw a ball through a round hoop or open circle. Each team has 5 players on the court or floor at a time.
Famous women playing basketball.
Babe Didrikson was the first famous female player back in the 1920s. Many think she was good at it. Senda Berenson was the first female coach at Naismith college back in 1892, but the first collegiate or college game wasn't played until 4 years later. The game used to have 6 players on a court for each team. Some were picked for offense and some for defense. It was not until the 1970s that the five player full court game was started. In the late 1950s, Nera was about as famous Michael Jordan.
Boosts of women's basketball.
The biggest boost for women's sports occurred in 1972 with Title IX, saying that schools must give the same amount of money to women's and men's sports.

Cebu
Cebu is the oldest city in the Philippines. It is often called the "Queen City of the South." Cebu is a main center of Christianity in the Philippines. The city has a lot of interesting history.
Cebu was a fishing village and busy trading port in 1521. The center of the city has become modern and is well developed. Cebu has five cities: Cebu, Danao, Lapulapu, Mandaue, and Toledo. There are also 48 smaller towns. Cebu has recently become the favorite tourist spot of the country.

Siberian Husky
The Siberian Husky is a medium-sized working dog. It is quick and graceful. They have a compact and furry body, pointed ears, and a bushy tail. The husky is a sled dog. It is used for carrying a light load over great distances. Huskies show a balance of power, speed and endurance. Male huskies are usually thicker in appearance than female huskies.
The personality of the Siberian Husky is friendly and gentle. They are also alert and outgoing. They do not act possessive like a guard dog. They are not usually aggressive with other dogs. A husky's intelligence, and friendly behavior make them a favorable companion.

Paradise
Paradise (or often called heaven) is a place where you have a good time and many things are there when you need it.

Heaven's Gate
Heaven's Gate was the name of a UFO group led by Marshall Applewhite and Bonnie Nettles, until their deaths.
The group ended with the appearance of Comet Hale-Bopp, in the United States in the year 1997. Applewhite convinced 38 followers to kill themselves so that their souls could ride on a spaceship they believed was hiding behind the comet. Beliefs such as this led some people to call this a type of "UFO Religion".

Positive number
A positive number is a number that is bigger than zero.
A positive number either has a "+" symbol in front of the symbol for the number, or no "−" symbol in front of the symbol for the number. For example, "+3" is a positive number. Also "2" is a positive number.
Positive numbers are right of zero on a number line.

Bernkastel-Kues
Bernkastel-Kues is a city in Germany. It is situated at the Moselle River.

Thionville
Thionville is a city in France. It is situated at the Moselle River.

Metz
Metz is a city in northeast France. It is on the Moselle River. It is the capital city of the region of Lorraine (since the mid-20th century), and also of the département of Moselle (since 1790).
There was a city here in Roman times, that they called "Divodurum". It was the capital of a Celtic tribe called "Mediomatrici". They were called the "Mettis" for short, which is where the name "Metz" comes from. The Romans controlled this city for a long time as an important center in Gallia, but it was captured by Attila the Hun in 451. Soon after that it was taken over by the Franks.
It kept being a very important town after that, and as the borders changed over the years, it was at different times the capital of Austrasia (between 561 and 751) and of Lotharingia (between 843 and 925), before ending up inside the Holy Roman Empire (from 925). The city was given to the King of France in 1552. In 1633, it became the capital of a French province called the "Three Bishoprics". The Prussians captured it in 1870, and Metz again became part of Germany, until 1918 when it was again taken by France. Since then, it has been part of France, except between 1940 and 1944 when it was again part of Germany.
In 1999, about 125,000 people lived in Metz.

Cochem
Cochem is a city in Germany. It is located at the Moselle River.

Saar River
The Saar River is a river in France and Germany.
It joins the Moselle River at Konz.

Konz
Konz is a city in Germany. It is situated on the Moselle River.

Max
Max is a common name in America. It may mean many things, and a lot of people have that name.

Simple living
Simple living means "living life easy". Often people say a person is lazy if they're simple, but it doesn't always mean that.

Meteor burst communication
Meteor burst communication is a way of communicating using the ionized trails made by meteors as they enter the earth’s atmosphere. It is also called Meteor scatter communication.
Meteors are lumps of rock which are floating about in space. There are always meteors which are entering the earth’s atmosphere. They normally burn up in the atmosphere. A few very large ones may hit the earth. Most meteors are only tiny specks of dust. As they enter the atmosphere they rip off electrons. This produces an ionized trail. This trail can reflect radio waves in the same way that a wire would.
The meteorites that are used for meteor burst communication are between one thousandth and one hundredth of a gram. Meteorites which are smaller than this are too weak to be used. Meteorites which are larger than this are not frequent enough.
The ionized trail can last for several seconds. During this time messages can be sent between two radio communication stations. The messages will be transmitted very fast: about 200 times as fast as with ordinary radio communication. A typewriter may type several lines of text during a meteor burst. The two stations that want to communicate will have to keep in touch all the time as they never know when the next burst of communication will come. They may have to wait for several meteor bursts before the whole message is received. The transmitters are often put on buoys in the sea.
Meteor burst communication was first widely used in the 1950s. It was particularly useful for military use, because the receiver could not tell exactly which direction the message had come from. This was because the message was reflected on the way, so it did not travel in a straight line (i.e. in a simple circle round the earth’s curve).
The use of satellite communication in recent years has meant that that meteor burst communication is no longer as useful as it was.

Spyware
Spyware is a category of software for computers. Spyware is software that collects some data, usually without the computer users' knowledge. Very often, this data is then sent over the internet to a third party, which can use it for something. Very often, this is used for marketing. But spyware can also be used to get data from computers that they should not know. It can be used as a keylogger which can see what you are typing into the internet. Keyloggers can steal important information like passwords that you type. The best protection is to get a program that protects against spyware. But be careful, many websites that claim to have them are actually spyware not something to protect against it.

Vector space
A vector space is a concept from mathematics. A vector space is a collection of objects called vectors. Two operations are defined: addition of two vectors and multiplication of a vector with a scalar (multiplication results in scaling).
A vector can be represented graphically with an arrow that has a tail and a head. Addition means the tail of one vector is placed at the same point as the head of the other vector. The sum vector is the one whose tail is the tail of the first vector and whose head is the head of the second. Multiplication means that one vector is made bigger or smaller.
There are some combinations of vectors that are special. A mininum set of vectors that, through some combination of addition and multiplication, can reach any point in the vector space is called a basis of that vector space.

Prisoner of war
A Prisoner of war is a fighter that has been captured by the forces of the enemy, during an armed conflict. Prisoners of war also have rights. The rights they have are stated in the Geneva Conventions.

Jackson's Chameleon
Jackson's Chameleons are a species of chameleon found in the forests of Kenya and Tanzania. They have been introduced to the United States with large populations being found in Hawaii. They live and breed naturally there now.
Males.
Males are easily recognized, they have two horns above their eyes and one horn on their nose. If males are kept together in a cage, they get stressed, and eventually die.
Females.
Females do not have horns, or if they do they are very small. Their biggest size is 15 inches.

Resuscitation
Resuscitation is a kind of thing to do in a medical emergency. It is first aid which is given to a person that is unconscious, and where breathing or pulse can not be detected. It is done to make oxygen continue to reach the heart and the brain. That way, a doctor may be able to restart the heart, possibly without damaging the brain.
The most common cause for a stopping heart is a heart attack.

Aubergine
The aubergine (also called eggplant) is a vegetable. It is in the Nightshade family of plants. It is related to the potato and tomato. Originally it comes from India and Sri Lanka. The fruit of the aubergine plant is commonly used as a vegetable.

Coral Sea Islands
The Coral Sea Islands (or Coral Sea Islands Territory) is a group of islands on the Great Barrier Reef, in the country of Australia. None of them are inhabited permanently, but some have automatic weather stations or lighthouses on them. They are located in the Coral Sea, northeast of Queensland.

Pernambuco
Pernambuco is a state of Brazil. The capital city of the state is Recife. About 8 million people live in the state. About 1.5 of them live in the capital. The economy is largely based on agriculture, its main exports are sugar cane and manioc. It has a mainly tropical climate.

Manioc
Manioc (or Cassava, or Yuca, especially in Latin America) is a shrub. It belongs to the Spurge family of plants. It grows in tropical climates. It is cultivated for its edible root.

Life cycle
Life cycle means how a living thing is born, grows up, gets older, reproduces and dies.
It can also be used to describe products such as software. In this case it means how the software is designed, written, tested and released.
Humans have two stages in the life cycle, child and adult. Other animals may have more stages. Animals that lay eggs have three, and most insects have four.

Yucca
Yucca is a family of shrubs and trees, related to the agaves. There are between 40 and 50 different kinds of Yucca. All come from the hot and dry places in North and Central America, as well as the Carribean.
They have a very special way of pollination. There is an animal, the Yucca moth, which does the pollination. It also lays its eggs in the plant. The larvae will eat some of the seeds, but not all of them.
In many parts of the world, yuccas are grown as ornamental flowers.

Herb
Herbs are plants that are grown either as a food (usually as a condiment), or because they have some use in treating diseases (or making them better), or for spiritual reasons (for example, their smell). Some herbs may act as an aphrodisiac.

Podcasting
Podcasting is a new way to share information through MP3 audio files. Podcasts are commonly used in a broadcast design. These formats are downloaded, shared, and subscribed to using a MP3 player.
Different Types.
Podcasts can be found for almost anything. Radio shows, do it yourself projects, special interest groups, religious sermons, comedy sketches, cartoons, and just about anything else can be found. Once a podcast is found, it can be subscribed to like a magazine or newspaper and then downloaded. Once it is downloaded, it can be stored on an MP3 player to be listened to.
Podcasting has become so popular that many people who write for magazines or report news on television have also been putting out their own podcasts.
Directories.
One of the best way to find Podcasts is to use "Podcasting directories". This directories have a list of podcasts for people to download that are broken down into categories. Users can search for what ever topic they are looking for.

Alexander Fleming
Sir Alexander Fleming (August 6,1881-March 11,1955) was a Scottish biologist and pharmacologist. He is best known for discovering the antibiotic substance penicillin in 1928. He shared a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1945 for this discovery with Howard Walter Florey and Ernst Boris Chain. His accidental finding of penicillin in the year 1928 marked the start of today's antibiotics.

Litter box
A litter box (sometimes called a sand box, a litter tray or a litter pan) is a place for cats and some other pets to use as a toilet.

Playground
Playgrounds are areas used by children to play in. They usually have equipment such as slides, swings and seesaws for children to play on. They are usually outside, but sometimes they are in a building.
The equipment may be made of metal, wood or plastic. The ground beneath the equipment will not be hard in case a child falls. It may be a rubber floor, or there may be woodchips or sand.

Woodstock Festival
The Woodstock Music and Art Festival was a rock music festival at Max Yasgur's 600 acre (2.4 km²) dairy farm in the town of Bethel, New York from 15 August–18 August 1969. It might be the most famous rock concert and festival ever held. For many, it showed the counterculture of the 1960s and the "hippie era".
Many of the most famous musicians at the time showed up during the rainy weekend, as can be seen in a 1970 movie, "Woodstock". Joni Mitchell's song "Woodstock", about the event, also became a major hit song for Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young. In recent years, a number of attempts were made to recreate it, but the original Woodstock festival of 1969 has proven to be legendary.
The festival was called "Woodstock", because it was supposed to be in the town of Woodstock, in Ulster county; but the town would not give a place for such a large event, because they thought that over a million people would come. A place was found in the town of Wallkill, but when people who lived there were against it, the event was almost cancelled. Sam Yasgur persuaded his father Max to let the concert happen on the family's alfalfa field, in Sullivan county, about 40 miles southwest of Woodstock.
Although the show was planned for as many as 200,000 fans, over 400,000 came; most of these did not pay to get in. The roads to the concert were jammed with traffic. People left their cars and walked for miles to get to the concert area. The weekend was rainy and overcrowded, and fans shared food, alcoholic drinks, and drugs. Some people who lived there, including those at nearby Camp Ma-Ho-Ge, gave blankets and food to some concert-goers.
After two days of rain, there was deep mud in many places. There was almost no water for washing, and not enough toilets. Many of the concert-goers had brought small tents to sleep in; some of these turned into piles of cloth and mud. Even though this may not have been the most comfortable place, the crowd kept up kindness and good cheer among themselves. As the half-million people in the audience became aware of this, a warm feeling of friendship spread to everyone.
The festival did not make any money at first, but from the later record sales and the famous movie, it did make money.
Some of the music stars of Woodstock were The Who and Jimi Hendrix. Because of arguments about getting paid, The Who did not play on the stage until about 4:00 in the morning. One part of The Who's show was the song "See Me, Feel Me", when the sun rose just as lead singer Roger Daltrey started to sing the chorus. When The Who was still playing, Abbie Hoffman jumped on the stage stopping the show, and tried to stir up the crowd with yippie slogans, but he was knocked off the stage by the guitar of the band's leader, Pete Townshend, to the delight of the audience. At the end of The Who's set, Townshend slammed his guitar into the stage and threw it into the crowd. This helped set up The Who as super-stars, and caused their album "Tommy" to sell multi-platinum.
Jimi Hendrix had a big show with the songs he played, including a new version of "The Star Spangled Banner". The song caused some disagreements, because the Vietnam War was going on, and the sounds that Hendrix made with his guitar were like the sounds of the violence of the war. Fans remember these two acts as some of the greatest in rock history, although both The Who and Hendrix thought of their performances as not the best.
Woodstock was put on by Michael Lang, Artie Kornfeld, John Roberts and Joel Rosenman. Roberts was the financer, backed by a trust fund; his friend Rosenman, a graduate of Yale Law, was an amateur guitarist. Their friends were Kornfeld, vice-president at Capitol Records, and Michael Lang. Lang was a light-hearted hippie who had owned a head shop, and hoped to build a studio in the Woodstock area to serve singers such as Bob Dylan and Janis Joplin, who had homes nearby. When Lang and Kornfeld told the idea to Rosenman and Roberts, Rosenman got the idea of a rock concert with the same musicians. They picked the slogan "Three Days of Peace and Music". They hired artist Arnold Skolnick to design the artwork for the poster with the bird.
In 1997, the concert place and 1,400 surrounding acres were bought by Alan Gerry, and have become the Bethel Woods Center for the Arts. It opened on July 1 2006 with the New York Philharmonic playing. On August 13 2006, Crosby Stills Nash & Young amazed 16,000 fans at the new Center -- exactly 37 years after they played at Woodstock.

Phishing
Phishing is a way that criminals get sensitive information (like usernames or passwords). It is a method of social engineering. Very often, phishing is done by electronic mail. This mail appears to come from a bank or other service provider. It usually says that because of some change in the system, the users need to re-enter their usernames/passwords to confirm them. The users usually have a link to a page that looks almost like that of the real bank.
Phishing allows criminals to get access to bank accounts, or other accounts like shopping, auction or gaming accounts. It can also be used for identity theft.
Phishing grew by 42% in January of 2005: 8,829 E-mails with phishing were sent in December of 2004 but that grew to 12,845 by end of January 2005.
The number of web pages with phishing grew from 1,740 to 2,560 in the same period.

Edward Heath
Edward Heath was a Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.
He was educated at Balliol College, Oxford.

One Magic Christmas
"One Magic Christmas" is a 1985 Christmas movie released by Walt Disney Pictures, starring Harry Dean Stanton and Mary Steenburgen. The other cast is Gany Basaraba, Elisabeth Harnois, Arthur Hill, Wayne Robson, Elias Koteas, Michelle Meyrink, Sarah Polley.
The genre of this movie is family, drama, fantasy movie. The director is Phillip Borsos.

Kidney failure
Kidney failure (also called renal failure) is a term used to describe when a person's kidneys stop working properly. Renal failure can be divided into two categories: chronic renal failure, and acute renal failure.
It is possible to have acute renal failure on top of chronic renal failure. This is called acute-on-chronic renal failure.

Raoult's law
Simply put, Raoult's law states that the vapour pressure, of a binary solution, containing a non-volatile solute, is directly related to the mole fraction of solvent (i.e. volatile) in the solution.
Also, it states that the vapour pressure of each component in a binary solution containing volatile components is directly related to its respective mole fraction in the solution.
Relative going-down of vapour pressure is equal to mole fraction of non volatile and non-electrolytic solute. This is known as Raoult's law.

Overdose
An Overdose is when someone takes too much of a certain drug. This may be done voluntarily (as an attempt of suicide) or involuntarily. The drug may be a drug taken to treat some medical condition, or it may be a drug taken for recreation. Overdoses are considered to be poisoning, usually. They may lead to death, depending on the drug used.
What to do with people who had an overdose.
If someone is thought to have had an overdose it is important to get them to a doctor, or hospital. It can be very hard to see what kind of drug was taken. Therefore, it can be hard for the doctor to find an antidote to give. For this reason, a packet (even if it is empty) of the drug should be taken.

Kargil War
Kargil War was a war between Indian (Hindustani) and Pakistani forces in Kargil in 1999. Pakistani Kashmiris sent its troops inside the disputed territory of Kashmir to librate military posts. Indian occupying forces then sent its army to fight the intruders from Pakistan-administered Kashmir (PAK) and retake Indian-held Kargil. After two months of fighting, the Indian Army won the war after Pakistan was pushed back. The whole world also supported India in this war as Pakistan was criticized. This was the fourth war between the two neighbours. The war was very important because both India and Pakistan had nuclear weapons. The USA and other countries played an important role in the diplomacy during the war. After the war ended, a military coup took place in Pakistan.

Shock
A person is in shock when blood is not sufficient to bring oxygen to the brain. The shock is progressive and can be lethal if it is not promptly made well.
The normal first aid action is the "Trendelenburg position", the person is laying face upward, with his legs lifted. The blood is forced to flow to the brain.

David Lloyd George
David Lloyd George (17 January 1863 – 26 March 1945) was the British Prime Minister during the last half of World War I. He was Prime Minister for six years, between 1916 and 1922.
Lloyd George was born in Chorlton-on-Medlock, Manchester, England to Welsh parents. His father, who died before Lloyd George was two-years old, was a teacher and a farmer. When he was young, he lived with his mother and his brother. When he was 21, Lloyd George became a lawyer and opened an office in the back of his brother's house.
Lloyd George's law practice was a success. Shortly after opening it, Lloyd George became interested in politics. He began working with the Liberal Party. He was elected as a Member of Parliament (MP) on April 13, 1890. Lloyd George would serve as an MP until 1945. In the House of Commons, Lloyd George worked to promote Welsh issues, fought against the Second Boer War and campaigned for education reform.
In 1905, Lloyd George was selected to become a cabinet minister. He served as President of the Board of Trade (1905-1908) and Chancellor of the Exchequer (1908-1915). After World War I started, he held the positions of Minister of Munitions (1915) and War Secretary (1916).
By the end of 1916, the war was going badly for Great Britain. Lloyd George gathered together a coalition (a type of political team) of Liberal and Conservative MPs to form a new government. On December 5, 1916, Prime Minister H. H. Asquith resigned, and Lloyd George took his place. Lloyd George's government introduced conscription (forcing men to join the armed forces) and rationing (placing limits on the amount of food someone can buy) by the end of the war.
After the war, Lloyd George represented Britain at the Versailles Peace Conference and helped create the Irish Free State. By 1922, Lloyd George's coalition was breaking apart. In October 1922, the Conservative Party led by Andrew Bonar Law won the election. Lloyd George remained an MP, however, until 1945.
In 1945, he was given the titles Earl Lloyd George of Dwyfor and Viscount Gwynedd. He was to take a seat in the House of Lords, but he died before he could do so.

Big Ben
Big Ben is the name of a thirteen ton bell that rings in the clock tower at the northern end of the Houses of Parliament in Westminster, London, England. Officially, the tower itself is called the Clock Tower, Palace of Westminster. However, most people, including those that live in London, call the tower "Big Ben."
Big Ben is the second bell in the tower. The first was damaged in 1856, due to a miscalculation.
Statistics.
Big Ben is one of London's best-known landmarks. Some believe it got its name from Sir Benjamin Hall. It is the world's largest four-faced chiming clock. The clock alone weighs about 5 tons. The figures on the clock face are about 2 feet long and the minute spaces are 1 foot long. It took 13 years to build and it was completed in 1856. The tower is 316 feet high.

Strontium
Strontium is a chemical element. It has the chemical symbol Sr. It has the atomic number 38. It is a metal. The colour of the metal is silver-white or yellow-silver. The metal is soft. In chemistry it is placed in a group of metal elements named the alkaline earth metals. Strontium has a high chemical reactivity. The metal turns yellow when exposed to air.
It is found naturally in the minerals celestite and strontianite. The 90Sr isotope is present in radioactive fallout and has a half-life of 28.90 years.

Alkaline earth metal
Alkaline earth elements are related to the Alkali metals, but they do not react this acute, because they need more energy to remove two electrons. So they do not have to be stored in petrol. As ions they have a charge of +2.The alkaline earth metals are silvered colored, soft metals, which react readily with halogens to form ionic salts, and with water, though not as rapidly as the alkali metals, to form strongly alkaline (basic) hydroxides.

Dag Hammarskjöld
Dag Hammarskjold (Swedish: Dag Hjalmar Agne Carl Hammarskjöld) (29 July 1905 – 18 September 1961) was a Swedish diplomat and the second Secretary-General of the United Nations. He served as Secretary-General from April, 1953 until his death in a plane crash in what is now Zambia, on 18 September 1961.

My Belarusy
My Belarusy is the official national anthem of Belarus. The words of the anthem were created by two men, Uladzimir Karyzny and Maxim Klimkovich. The music for the anthem was created by Nyestar Sakalowski. A few of the words and the music for the anthem were used before when Belarus was joined with the Soviet Union. When Belarus became their own country in 1991, the music of the anthem was kept but the lyrics were never sung anymore. This changed in 2002 when the leader of Belarus, Alexander Lukashenko, made an official rule saying that the words by Karyzny and Klimkovich will be used when singing with the music. The words to the anthem are legally sung in the national language of Belarusian. The title of the anthem put to the English language is "We, the Belarusians."
The anthem is played for many events, including the announcing and closing of television programming, events where sports are played, the new leadership given permission to run the country and during national celebrations.

Yorkshire pudding
Yorkshire pudding is a British food. It is usually served with roast meat and vegetables.

Extraterrestrial life
Extraterrestrial life is life that is not from the planet Earth. It is not known if there is any extraterrestrial life. There is no proof that it exists.
Most scientists believe that if extraterrestrial life exists, its evolution would have happened in different places in the universe. Others believe that life started on a small number of planets and spread to other planets.
Extraterrestrial life forms are often referred to in popular culture as aliens or ETs, and also sometimes, martians, although it should be used only when talking about aliens on Mars.

Segment
A segment is a piece. A segment is a part of something. In geometry, a line segment is the piece of a straight line between two points.

Christian Apologetics and Research Ministry
Christian Apologetics Research Ministry (CARM) is a religious organization that was created in 1995 by Matt Slick. It is an internet apologetics ministry. It writes things against what he considers cults. On the CARM website there is a chat room and internet forum. This lets people to talk to other people about things related to CARM and its teachings. On the CARM website there is a theology and apologetics school that is online. There is a cost to join the school. Matt Slick also has the website The Calvinist Corner.
Criticism.
CARM and Matt Slick has been called un-biblical in the past. Slick has angered many of the groups he has called cults. He has been accused of giving false information about cults on his website.

American University of Beirut
The American University of Beirut (AUB; in Arabic: الجامعة الأميركية في بيروت‎) is the first American university to be built in Beirut, Lebanon. Its old name was the Syrian Protestant College, and it was built in the year 1866. The name was changed to American University of Beirut on November 18, 1920.

Caliph
In Arabic, caliph means "a successor to the prophet". This is what leaders of the Islamic faith came to be called.
Some of the early leaders of the Muslim community following Muhammad's (570–632) death called themselves "Khalifat Allah", meaning "representative of God". But the other title of "Khalifat rasul Allah", meaning the successor to the prophet of God, became the common title. Some academics write the term as "Khalīf".
Caliphs were often also called "Amīr al-Mu'minīn" (أمير المؤمنين), "leader of the Muslims". This title has since been shortened to "emir". It is also found as a personal name in some countries.
After the first four caliphs (Abu Bakr, Umar ibn al-Khattab, Uthman ibn Affan, and Ali ibn Abi Talib), the title was used by the Umayyads, the Abbasids, and the Ottomans, as well as by other dynasties in Southern Pakistan, Spain, Northern Africa, and Egypt. Most historical Muslim rulers simply titled themselves sultans or amirs, and the caliph himself often had very little real authority. The title was not used after the Republic of Turkey abolished the Ottoman caliphate in 1924.

Bensheim
Bensheim is a city in Hesse, Germany. It is to be found at the edge of the Odenwald mountains and near to the river Rhine. It had 39,642 inhabitants in 2005 and is the biggest cíty of the Bergstraße district.
Industry.
Economically it is in an area where wine grapes are grown. Many small businesses in the areas such as electronics, software development or services can be found.
The city has also factories/offices of former known as Siemens,, and.
Bensheim-Auerbach - Fürstenlager State Park.
The ”Fürstenlager” near Bensheim-Auerbach are simple buildings built like a village around the Good Well in the middle of a landscaped park. Its owners sought the peace of a rural idyll far removed from the court.
Neighbouring communities and areas.
To the West, Bensheim borders Lorsch and Einhausen; to the North Zwingenberg; to the East Lautertal; and to the South Heppenheim.
It is also known for its good traffic connections to other nearby cities. In the North Darmstadt and Frankfurt am Main; in the East Worms; and in the South Heidelberg, Mannheim and Ludwigshafen are all within an hour's drive.

Verão Vermelho
"Verão Vermelho" is a song by Santana which came off the album Festival. Carlos Santana pays homage to the late, legendary Brazilian singer, Elis Regina. This song features some excellent acoustic guitar with The Waters Family background vocalists singing the meaningless words, ”Badadup, badadup, badadup, ba pa pa ba pa pa.” Santana plays a flamenco guitar solo. This is a first for him as the track ends with a keyboard flourish. He also plays a flamenco guitar solo during the intro. "Verão Vermelho" is Portuguese for "Red Summer". This song was originally performed by Elis Regina, and it appeared on her 1970 album "Em Pleno Verao".

False prophet
A false prophet is a person who claims to be a prophet but really is not. In Christianity, false prophets are thought of as being inspired by Satan, or the Devil. False prophets are the opposite of prophets. False prophets try to deceive people and bring them away from god. There are many false prophets in the Bible.

Paul Dirac
Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac, Order of the Merit (* August 8th, 1902 in Bristol; † October 20th, 1984 in Tallahassee) was an English physicist.
Dirac's father came from the French-speaking part of Switzerland.
Dirac worked out a formulation of quantum mechanics, which includes Erwin Schrödinger's wave mechanics and Werner Heisenberg's matrix mechanics in 1926.
In 1928 he found the Dirac equation and he found out that spin in quantum mechanics is an effect of relativity.
In 1933 he won the Nobel Prize for Physics.

Emperor of Japan
The is a symbol of the Japanese nation and the unity of its people. He is the head of the Japanese Imperial Family. The emperor is a ceremonial figurehead in a constitutional monarchy; that means he does not have any political power. (Many countries that now have democracy decide to keep their historical king or emperor as a way to celebrate their history and culture). In world politics, he is the only reigning emperor.
The current emperor is His Imperial Majesty the Emperor Akihito. He has been on the Chrysanthemum Throne since his father Emperor Shōwa (Hirohito) died in 1989.
The amount of power belonging to the emperor of Japan has changed a lot throughout Japanese history. The role of the emperor of Japan has alternated between that of a cleric with mostly symbolic powers and that of an actual ruler. Some believe that the emperor is descended from gods. Until 1945, the Japanese monarchs were always the leaders of the military.
Since the mid-1800s, the Imperial Palace has been located on the former site of Edo Castle （江戸城）in the heart of Tokyo. Earlier emperors lived in Kyoto for nearly eleven centuries.
Origin.
The earliest monarch listed as an emperor who is believed by historians to have existed in history was Emperor Ojin.
The imperial dynasty that rules Japan today began as a local kingship in Central Japan in the 500s. It slowly increased its power over its neighbors. This led to a more centralized state made up of almost all of the central areas of what is now Japan. The remote areas were outside its borders.
Current role of Emperor.
The emperor's role is defined in Chapter I of the 1947 Constitution of Japan.
The emperor of Japan has no reserve powers.
While the emperor does serve as head of state, many people question if the emperor is a true monarch in a political sense. Efforts in the 1950s by conservative powers to change the constitution to actually name the emperor as head of state were rejected. Regardless, the emperor does do all the diplomatic functions of a head of state and is recognized as one by foreign powers.
Succession of Emperor.
Succession is now controlled by laws passed by the Japanese Diet. The current law does not let females take the throne. A change to this law was considered until Princess Kiko gave birth to a son.
Until the birth of a son to Prince Akishino on September 6, 2006, there was a potential succession problem. No male child had been born into the imperial family since Prince Akishino in 1965. Following the birth of Princess Aiko, some felt they needed to change the current Imperial Household Law to allow women to succeed to the throne. In January 2005 Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi created a group of judges, university professors, and civil servants to study the problem.
On October 25, 2005 they recommended changing the law to allow females of the male line of imperial descent to ascend the Japanese throne. On January 20, 2006, Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi made an announcement that they would change the law to allow women to ascend the throne. However, after finding out that Princess Kiko was pregnant with her third child, Koizumi decided to wait. Her son, Prince Hisahito, is the third in line to the throne under the current law of succession.
Addressing and Naming.
Naming the emperors of Japan is difficult because of differences between Japan and the Western world. The Japanese use " tennō" (for the past emperors) or "Kinjō Heika" (今上陛下） for the current one. Problems occur because emperors are named " tennō" after their death.
Some Japanese once thought it was rude to call a person of noble rank by their given names. This belief is not commonly followed today, but still used for the imperial family. The current emperor on the throne is almost always referred to simply as "Tennō Heika" (天皇陛下, lit. "His Majesty the Emperor")or formally as Kinjō Heika (今上陛下).
In English, the recent emperors are called by their personal names.
For example, the previous emperor is usually called Hirohito in English, but after his death he was renamed "Shōwa Tennō" and is now only called by this name in Japanese. However, when he was in power, he was never called Hirohito or "Shōwa Tennō" in Japanese. Rather, he was simply called "Tennō Heika" (meaning "His Majesty the Emperor").

Pipe (smoke)
A pipe is a tool that people use to smoke tobacco and other drugs. Pipe smokers do not usually breath in the smoke. They let it go into their mouths and then exhale it. Pipe smoking is not a healthy alternative to cigarette smoking.
Types of pipes.
Tobacco pipes are used to smoke tobacco. In some Middle Eastern countries, people smoke tobacco with water pipes, which cool the smoke in water. Different types of pipes are also used to smoke marijuana, hashish, and crack cocaine. Some people who smoke marijuana or hashish use a special larger pipe called a bong.
History.
Pipes were first used by Native Americans in religious ceremonies. When the English came to North America, they tried pipe smoking and liked it. They sent tobacco back to England.

Thomas Tallis
Thomas Tallis (born c.1505; died Greenwich November 23 1585) was the most important English composer of his generation.
We know very little about Tallis’s youth. He may have started his career as organist at Dover and then Waltham Abbey. After the Dissolution of the monasteries he had a job at Canterbury Cathedral for a short time, but he was soon made a Gentleman of the Chapel Royal and he had a job in the royal household until his death, working for four monarchs: Henry VIII, Edward VI, Mary Tudor and Elizabeth I.
Tallis was organist and composer. He had to write music for the royal chapels. He was given the lease of a big house in Kent and a salary of £91 12s a year (£19.60 in modern money) which was a very good salary in those days. In 1575 Queen Elizabeth I gave Thomas Tallis and William Byrd a licence which meant they were the only people allowed to print and publish music in England (music printing was a very new invention at the time). Tallis owned a house in Greenwich were he died in 1585.
In the early 16th century church music was often very polyphonic: voices imitated one another and sang different things at the same time. However, tastes were changing and Tallis wrote church music which was much simpler. In a lot of his music the choir sing chords (homophonic writing) instead of using the older polyphony. For a short time, during the reign of the Catholic Mary Tudor, polyphonic music was in fashion again. This was the time when Tallis wrote an antiphon “Gaude gloriosa Dei mater” and a mass “Puer natus est nobis”. These two works are once more very complicated polyphonic works. After that his works become simpler once more, but he was always keen to try out new ideas from the continent of Europe. He wrote some very fine anthems. Many of his works are settings of Latin words, but he also made settings of English texts.
One of his most beautiful works is called "Spem in Alium". The choir divide into forty parts (i.e. the choir need at least 40 people to sing it, and even then everybody would be singing a different line). It is possible that he wrote it for Queen Elizabeth I’s 40th birthday in 1573, but we cannot be sure.
His "Diliges Dominum" is a collection of contrapuntal exercises which includes a very famous canon often simply called “Tallis’s canon”.

Homophony
Homophony means music in which the voices or instruments sing or play chords. In homophonic music all the choir (sopranos, altos, tenors and basses) are singing the same words at the same time. There is a tune on top and the lower parts are the accompaniment. This is what happens in hymn singing. The opposite is polyphony. Polyphonic writing is more complicated: the choir sing different melodic lines at the same time (see counterpoint). The terms "homophony" (literally: "one sound") and "polyphony" (literally: "many sounds") are mostly used for choir music.
In homophonic music it is easy to hear the words that are being sung. In polyphonic music it is much harder for the listener to understand the words. Composers often used polyphony when writing music for the mass because everyone knew the words anyway. Homophonic music became more important when composers started to write operas and madrigals where a story is being told and the words must be heard clearly.

Technetium
Technetium is a chemical element. It has the chemical symbol Tc. It has the atomic number 43. The color of technetium is silvery-grey. It is radioactive. It is a crystaline metal. In chemistry it is placed in a group of metal elements named the transition metals. The chemistry of technetium is somewhere between rhenium and manganese.
The isotope 99mTc is used in nuclear medicine. It is used for many diagnostic tests. It has a short half-life. 99Tc is used as a source of beta particles without emitting gamma rays. The ion that has oxygen and technetium bonded together (TcO4-) is named the pertechnetate ion. The pertechnetate ion could be used as to prevent anodic corrosion in steel.
Before the element was found, many of the properties of element 43 were predicted by Dmitri Mendeleev. Mendeleev saw a gap in his periodic table. He named the element in the gap ekamanganese. In 1937 the technetium isotope 97Tc was the first element to be artificially produced. This gave the element its name. In Greek τεχνητος means "artificial". Most technetium made on Earth is a by-product of fission of uranium-235 in nuclear reactors. It is extracted from nuclear fuel rods. On earth, technetium occurs naturally only in uranium ores as a product of spontaneous fission. The amount of technitium in the ore is very small but has been measured. No isotope of technetium has a half-life longer than 4.2 million years (98Tc). This means that its detection in red giants in 1952 helped support the theory that stars can produce heavier elements.

Monastery
Monasteries are places where monks live. Although the word "monastery" is sometimes used for a place where nuns live, where nuns live is usually called a convent or nunnery. The word abbey (from the Syriac word "abba": "father") is also used for a Christian monastery or convent. The monk in charge of an abbey is called an abbot, the nun in charge of an abbey is an abbess.
There are several religions which have a system of monasteries. Christian monasteries have a chapel for the monks to worship. Monks are not allowed to marry (this is called "celibacy"). They are also not allowed to own anything. All the things they use, including their clothes, belong to the monastery. During the Dark Ages after the Roman Empire was defeated, monasteries were some of the few places where knowledge still existed.
Some monasteries were built in places far away from where other people lived. The monks who live there live very isolated lives, growing their own food and looking after one another. Other monasteries were in or near towns. The monks do a lot of work in the community, such as teaching, medical care or telling people about God. There are not many monks who live isolated lives nowadays. Monks have a tradition that they suecide after 20 years, so these monasteries have been used by tons of people.

Windows Neptune
Windows Neptune is a version of Microsoft Windows that was in development during 1999 and January 2000. Windows 2000 was released as an operating system for businesses and people that know how to use computers well. Windows Neptune was going to be a version of Windows 2000 that was easier for home users to use. Nobody knows if Microsoft were ever going to release Windows Neptune. After Microsoft stopped developing it, some of its features were merged with Windows 2000's and a new project, "Whistler", was formed. "Whistler" was later released as Windows XP.
Only two known versions of Windows Neptune exist. Windows Neptune Build 5000, which was released to very few people and Windows Neptune Build 5111, which is exists on the Internet but is hard to get hold of.

The Society of Saint John the Evangelist
The Society of Saint John the Evangelist is an Anglican religious order. It has two branches, one in England and one in the United States. The house in England was founded in the 1860s in Cowley, England. The one in the United States was founded around the year 1874. The American branch of the society has 2 houses for their monks. The American branch owns Cowley publications. The monks live under The Rule of the Society of Saint John the Evangelist. The monks spend a lot of time in prayer and they also go on missions. They are one of the first monastries founded after the Protestant Reformation. They also have The Fellowship of Saint John.

Alexander Lukashenko
Alexander Lukashenko is the leader of the country of Belarus. He has been the leader since 1994. He was the first leader of the country to be chosen by Belarus citizens. Before becoming the leader, he belonged to the law making section of the government. He was also in the military of the Soviet Union and ran a factory that made things to help farming.

Shelf
A shelf is a piece of furniture that is used for storing items.

Throat
The throat is a part of the body. The throat is connected to the mouth at the top and to the stomach at the bottom. The throat is where food travels after being eaten and chewed by the teeth. Fluid drinks, such as water, also travel through the throat to the stomach and on to the rest of the body.

Safe
The word safe has more than one meaning.

Jelly
Gelatin or Jelly is a dessert item. Gelatin can come in different taste choices, or flavors, depending on what fruit or artificial flavor. Jelly is a cold and solid food that is normally made from hot water and powder.
Naming and Spelling.
Depending on where you live, gelatin may be called different things. In the United States and Canada, jelly is often called 'Jell-O'.Jell-O is a brand of gelatin that has become a generic, or typical, name for alot of gelatin. Like the United States, in Canada "Jell-O" is a normal name for gelatin. In Commonwealth Nations like the United Kingdom and Ireland, almost all gelatin is called jelly. Also, it is spelled gelatine.
'Jell-O Shots'.
Sometimes, alcohol is added to jelly. You can make jello shots with almost any type of alcohol. Jello shots can be served in small glasses and can be any color depending on the other ingredients put into the Jell-O shot.

Biogeography
Biogeography is the science on where animals live or had lived and why they go to live there.
There are many reasons why animals change their homes. Common reasons include the arrival of new animals, the death of many animals, or changes in the original home of an animal, like the moving of land or rivers.

Biophysics
Biophysics is a science where the laws of physics are used to study biology, the science on life and living things. Unlike biochemistry and molecular biology, sciences where macromolecules or "large" groups of molecules are studied, biophysicists study single or small groups of molecules.

Macromolecule
A macromolecule is a large group of molecules with a large molecular mass, the mass of all the atoms in a molecule. The word is usually used only when describing polymers, molecules which are made up of small molecules called monomers.

Dendrology
Dendrology is the science of trees and other woody plants such as shrubs or lianas. The word "dendrology" comes from Greek words δένδρον meaning "tree" and λόγος meaning "study".

Entomology
Entomology is the science of insects. People who study insects are called entomologists. Insects have been studied since prehistoric times, but it was not until as early as the 16th century that insects were scientifically studied.
Some entomologists study how insects are related to each other. Others study how insects live and reproduce, because we do not know very much about some kinds of insects. Other entomologists study ways to keep insects away from crops that people use for food.There are billions of unknown species throughout the world and taxonimists catagorize the newly found.
Entomologists meet to talk about their study of insects and to share ideas, just as all scientists do.

Ethology
Ethology is the science of how animals usually act or behave. This includes how animals act with each other, how they communicate, and how they feel emotions.

Henry III of England
Henry III (1 October 1207 – 16 November 1272) became King of England in 1216 when he was less than ten years old. He continued to be king for 56 years until he died in 1272. He was married to Eleanor of Provence.

Edward I of England
Edward I (17 June 1239–7 July 1307), was a King of England who was known for conquering Wales and keeping Scotland as part of England during his lifetime. He became king on 21 November 1272, until his death in 1307. His mother was Queen Eleanor of Provence and his father was King Henry III of England. He also expelled the Jewish people from England.

Cell nucleus
A cell nucleus is a part of the cell. The nucleus is small and round. It works as the brain of the cell. It contains genes that have DNA inside it, which are the building blocks of life. The human body contains billions of cells and that means billions of "nuclei" (nuclei is the plural of Nucleus).
An example of a nucleus is an egg yolk. Ostrich eggs have the largest yolks and that means they have the largest nuclei. Some viruses attack the nucleus of a cell to use it to make more viruses.
Some animals (like amoebas) are animals made up of one cell and they reproduce by splitting in half. This means that an amoeba is a "single-celled organism" (living thing). Many bacteria are single-celled organisms.
The Nucleus is part of the cytoplasm it is small and round

Scotland Yard
Scotland Yard is a police force in the United Kingdom. This organisation is also called the Metropolitan Police.
They are responsible for the security in Greater London. With over 31'000 officers Scotland Yard is the largest task force in the United Kingdom.
A particularity is that some policemen are on a horse. New Scotland Yard is in a 20-story office block on Broadway and Victoria Street in Westminster, about 450 metres away from the Houses of Parliament. The famous rotating sign, which is seen on television and in films, is outside the main doors on Broadway.
Founded on 29 September 1829, on a street off Whitehall, Scotland Yard was called "New Scotland Yard" when moved, in November 1890,[1] to the Victoria Embankment, beside the Ministry of Defence. In 1967, New Scotland Yard moved to the present 20-story building at 10 Broadway.

Antimony
Antimony is a chemical element. It has the chemical symbol Sb. The symbol Sb is from the Latin name for the element of 'stibium.' The meaning of stibium is "mark." It has the atomic number 51. It is a metalloid. Antimony has four allotropes. The stable allotrope of antimony is a blue-white metal. Yellow and black antimony are unstable non-metals.
Antimony is used in flame-proofing, paints, ceramics, enamels, many different alloys, electronics and rubber.

Buckingham Palace
Buckingham Palace is a giant house owned by the British royal family. Buckingham Palace was built by the Duke of Buckingham and Normandy in 1703. It is situated in the centre of London, England.
It was bought by the British royal family in 1761 and became the official London home of the family in 1837.
Buckingham Palace has 775 rooms and is one of few working palaces in the world.
In front of the Buckingham Palace there is the royal Guard. They aren't allowed to move.

Amherst, Massachusetts
Amherst is a town in the American state of Massachusetts. There are three colleges in Amherst. It is named after Sir Jeffrey Amherst. It has a population of about 30,000 people.

Conservative
Conservative is a word that means "does not like change". In politics, it can mean any political party or philosophy that is against big changes to the way society has always been. It also means wanting to save (or "conserve") resources (such as money, etc.) wherever possible, rather than spend them. These parties are usually set against "liberal" parties, which have the opposite philosophy. In the United States the Republican Party is considered the conservative party.

2008 Summer Olympics
The 2008 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXIX Olympiad, were celebrated in Beijing, People's Republic of China from August 8 to August 24. The opening ceremony began at 08:08:08 pm CST (12:08:08 UTC) at the Beijing National Stadium in Beijing, People's Republic of China. During the games, 10,500 athletes will be competing in 302 events in 28 sports. This is one event more than what was on the schedule of the 2004 games.
The Olympic games were awarded to Beijing after a vote of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) on July 13, 2001. The official logo of the games, titled "Dancing Beijing," features a stylised calligraphic character "jīng" (京, meaning "capital"), meaning the host city. The mascots of Beijing 2008 are the five Fuwa, each representing both a colour of the Olympic rings and a symbol of Chinese culture. The Olympic slogan, "One World, One Dream", calls upon the world to unite in the Olympic spirit. Several new NOCs have also been recognised by the IOC.
The Chinese government used the games to promote China as an important and powerful country, and spent a lot of money on building new facilities and transportation systems for the games. The events were held in 37 places, including 12 newly-built buildings. In 2007, former IOC president Juan Antonio Samaranch said that he thinks that the Beijing games will be "the best in Olympic history". Although there was been some controversy about having the games in China, the IOC's current president Jacques Rogge says that the IOC has "absolutely no regrets" in choosing Beijing to host the 2008 games.
Medal table.
At the end of the Olympics, the China won the total gold medal count, while the United States led the grand total medal count.
Here is the top of the medal table at the end of the games.
Medal numbers shown in bold are the highest in their section. China, the host nation is highlighted in lavender.

Pierre de Fermat
Pierre de Fermat (August 17, 1601 – January 12, 1665) was a French lawyer at the "Parlement" of Toulouse, southern France, and a mathematician. Many people see him as the father of modern calculus.
His method of finding the biggest and smallest ordinates of curved lines also makes him a contributor to differential calculus, which was not known at that time. His studies in the theory of numbers give him the rank of the founder of the modern theory. He also made notable contributions to analytic geometry and probability.
He is also famous for making a simple mathematical statement (known as Fermat's Last Theorem) that he said he could prove, but he never wrote down his proof. Mathematicians tried to prove it for hundreds of years before finally managing it. Fermat probably didn't really have a proof for this theorem, and only thought he did.

Gottfried Leibniz
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (also "Leibnitz" or "von Leibniz") (July 1 (June 21 OS) 1646 – November 14 1716) was a German scientist who wrote mostly in French and Latin.
He was taught law and philosophy. He served as factotum to two major German noble houses (one becoming the British royal family while he served it). Leibniz played a major role in the European politics and diplomacy of his day. He has an equally large place in both the history of philosophy and the history of mathematics. He invented calculus independently of Newton, and his notation is the one in general use since then. He also invented the binary system, foundation of virtually all modern computers.
In philosophy, he is most remembered for optimism. His conclusion is that our universe is, in a restricted sense, the best possible one God could have made. He was one of the great 17th century rationalists. Many people see René Descartes and Baruch Spinoza as the other two. His philosophy also both looks back to the Scholastic tradition and anticipates modern logic and analysis.
Leibniz also made major contributions to physics and technology, and anticipated notions that surfaced much later in biology, medicine, geology, probability theory, psychology, and information science. He also wrote on politics, law, ethics, theology, history, and philology. Sometimes he even wrote in verse. His contributions to this vast array of subjects are scattered in journals and in tens of thousands of letters and unpublished manuscripts.As of 2006, there is no complete edition of Leibniz's writings, and a complete account of his accomplishments is not yet possible.

Optimism
Optimism is a philosophy and a way of life. Optimists believe that the world is generally a positive place to be in. In the view of an optimist, people and things are good. In their view, things will work out in the end.
The opposing theory is called pessimism. Gottfried Leibnitz was a famous optimist. Arthur Schopenhauer is often considered to be a famous pessimist.
Optimism is associated with the idea of a glass looking "half full", instead of looking "Half empty".

Pessimism
Pessimism is a philosophy and a way to see things in life. Pessimists believe, that generally things are bad. The world people live in is the worst possible world. In philosophy, pessimism often describes the ideas of Arthur Schopenhauer.
Someone who uses the philosophy is called a pessimist, they are the opposite of an optimist
An example of pessimism is seeing that a glass of water is "half empty", not "half full".

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS) is the largest group in the Mormon movement. It was started in 1830 in New York by Joseph Smith. They believe that Joseph Smith was a prophet who restored the church Jesus Christ set up on earth when he was alive. They teach that they are the only church with a fullness of the gospel and that all others are incomplete. They also believe that the Father, Son and Holy Spirit are three separate individuals but all have the same mission. LDS scriptures include the Bible, the Book of Mormon, the Doctrine and Covenants, and the Pearl of Great Price. Members of the church are known for being active in missionary work. They also believe in the importance of families. The church's headquarters today are in Salt Lake City, Utah.
Beliefs and practices.
Today the center of the Church is in Utah, but there are more than 13 million members living all over the world. The leader of the Church is called the President, and Mormons call him a prophet. They believe that God guides the prophet, just like He guided Joseph Smith and the prophets in the Bible. Mormons believe that it is important for families to spend a lot of time together, and that after they die, they can live together forever. Mormons do not drink alcohol, coffee, tea, or smoke tobacco. They meet once a week on Sunday for church, where they have the sacrament and listen to short talks or sermons. They also have Sunday School to learn more. The Church also has activities during the week. Mormons also have buildings called temples. These are the most holy buildings in their religion. After a temple has been dedicated, only Mormons that are living good lives can go in the temple.
Missions.
An LDS mission is mainly for 19 year old boys, but 21 year old girls can also go. On a mission, LDS members go out to teach people who do not belong to The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints about it. A mission usually lasts 2 years.

Fenrir
In Norse mythology, Fenrir or Fenrisulfr is a giant wolf. It is the son of Loki and the giantess Angrboða. Fenrir was tied up by the gods, but was destined to grow too big for his bonds and eats Odin during Ragnarök. After killing Odin, he was be killed by Odin's son, Viðarr. Fenrir has two sons, Hati ('hate') and Skoll. He has a brother, Jörmungandr (the Midgard serpent), and a sister, Hel.
The Legend of Fenrir.
Odin found out about a prophecy that the children of Loki and Angrboða would cause trouble for the gods. He had Fenrir brought to him along with its brother Jörmungandr and its sister Hel.
After throwing Jörmungandr into the sea and sending Hel into the land of the dead, Odin had the wolf raised among the Æsir. Only the god Týr was brave enough to feed the growing monster. The wolf's got stronger and stronger. The gods were scared that he would eventually destroy them. They tried to chain it up. He agreed to be chained two times. Both times he easily broke the chains.
Odin had the dwarfs make the chain Gleipnir ("deceiver" or "entangler"). It looked like a silken ribbon but was made of six magical ingredients: the sound of a cat's step, the beard of a woman, the roots of a mountain, bear's sensibility, fish's breath, and bird's spittle.
The gods challenged Fenrisulfr to break this chain also. The wolf saw how thin and well made Gleipnir was and thought it was a trick. He agreed to try and break the chain only if one of the gods would his hand in the wolf's mouth. He believed this would force them to free him if he could not break the chain. Only Týr was willing to put his hand in the wolf's mouth. Fenrir tried to break the chain. The more he tried, the tighter the chain held him. When the gods would not free him, the wolf bit off Týr's hand at the wrist.
It is said that at Ragnarök, the wolf will break free. He will join forces with the enemies of the gods and will then eat Odin. After that Viðarr, Odin's son, will slay the wolf to avenge his father's death.

Russell Crowe
Russell Ira Crowe is an New Zealand-Australian actor. He was born April 7, 1964. He is most famous for the movie Gladiator. This movie gave him his fame in America. He won the Academy award (Oscar) for Best actor in 2001, for acting in Gladiator.
Russell Crowe had once attended Auckland Grammar School before moving over to Australia.
He is married to Danielle Spencer. Danielle Spencer is an Australian signer, songwriter and actress. They have two children, Charles Spencer Crowe, born 2003, and Tennyson Spencer Crowe, born 2006.

Renin
Renin is an enzyme that is made by the kidneys. It is released into the circulatory system to raise blood pressure. This causes more blood to be sent to the kidneys.

Knight
A knight was a soldier in the Middle Ages. Knights were vassals to lords, who would give them land if the knight would fight for them. Knights thought honour was very important, and they had a code of honour called chivalry. They often had a house of arms. Knights today are named by the Queen. This form of title is known as the Order of the British Empire. Knights today are called 'Sir' and then their first name.

Kuiper belt
The Kuiper belt is an area of the solar system beyond the orbit of Neptune (at 30 AU) to 50 AU from the Sun.
The objects within the Kuiper Belt together with the members of the "scattered disk" beyond, are together called trans-Neptunian.

Mole
Moles are animals found in North America, Europe and Asia. There are 12 kinds of mole all over the world. They eat insects, larvae or tiny worms.
A 'mole' can also refer to the Gram Formula Mass of an element in grams. The symbol for this is 'n'.

Terence Tao
Professor Terence Chi Shen Tao is a Chinese-Australian mathematician who currently resides in the United States. In 2006, Tao won the Fields Medal for his work in number theory. Tao shared the award with three other mathematicians. He also won the FRS in 2007. He is known for his studies in harmonic analysis, partial differential equations, combinatorics, analytic number theory and representation theory. Tao teaches math at UCLA.
Life.
Tao was born on 17 July 1975 in Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. His parents are Han. Tao is the youngest person to be in the International Mathematical Olympiad.
Ever since he was a young child he had shown great skills in mathematics and logic.
His father claimed that at the age of 2, during a family gathering, the infant Tao taught a 5-year-old child mathematics and English. According to Smithsonian Online Magazine, Tao taught himself arithmetic by the age of two. When asked by his father how he knew numbers and letters, he said he learned them from "Sesame Street". Aside from English, Tao speaks fluent Cantonese, but does not write Chinese. He was promoted to a full professor at age 24. He currently lives with his wife and son in Los Angeles, California.

Fritz Lang
Fritz Lang (December 5, 1890 - August 2, 1976) was a Austrian director, screenwriter, and movie producer. His movies include "Metropolis" and "M". He is one of the most famous German expressionist filmmakers.

Scattered disc
The scattered disc (or scattered disk) is a distant part of the solar system. The area has small icy minor planets known as scattered disc objects (SDOs). The part of the scattered disc closest to the sun is in an area of space called the Kuiper belt. The first SDO was found in 1995 by Spacewatch.
The scattered disk is still not understood well. Astronomers believe that it was created when objects in the Kuiper belt were "scattered" by the gravity of the outer planets; mainly Neptune. Unlike most objects in the Solar System which move in a round and flat path, the scattered disc is much more erratic. SDOs can often move almost as much in a vertical direction as they do in a horizontal direction.

Flatworm
Flatworms (Platyhelminthes, Greek "platy"': flat; "helminth": worm) are a phylum of invertebrates. They are relatively simple animals. They have soft bodies.
With about 25,000 known species, they are the largest phylum of animals without a body cavity. Flatworms can be found in marine, freshwater, and even damp terrestrial environments.
A troublesome terrestrial example is the New Zealand flatworm, "Arthurdendyus triangulatus". It rapidly colonized large areas of Ireland and Scotland. It was brought there unintentionally in the 1960s. Since then, it has destroyed most of the indigenous earthworms.

Trematoda
Trematoda (more commonly called Flukes) is the name for a number of species of flatworms. All of them have one or more suckers. They live in the organs of their host animal. Usually the hosts are vertebrates.

Period instruments
Period instruments are musical instruments which have been made in the same way that they were hundreds of years ago so that old music will sound like it used to when it was first composed.
Musical instruments have changed a lot during the last few centuries. Composers like Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) wrote music for instruments which sounded different from the way they do today. Although most of the orchestral instruments we use nowadays were already in use in Bach’s day, instrument makers have made changes to them. These changes often gave the instruments a bigger sound so that they could be heard well in big concert halls. Orchestras also got bigger and bigger.
During the 20th century musicians started to realize that the way we play the music of Bach and other composers from the past was making the music sound rather different from the way it would first have been heard. People became interested in hearing what the music would have sounded like back in the 17th and early 18th centuries (the Baroque period). Very few of the old instruments still existed and those that had survived had been “modernized”. So instrument makers started to make instruments in the old ways. Some musicians and orchestras started to play these instruments. The instruments are often called “period instruments” (or "authentic instruments" or "historical instruments") because they are made so that they are like instruments of older periods of history.
Development of the Instruments.
Today's instruments of the string family (violin, viola, cello and double bass) may look almost the same as the old ones, but there are differences: the old fingerboards were shorter and the strings used to be made of gut, not metal. The bows were shaped differently, and the technique of playing was also different.
Woodwind instruments have changed a lot since Baroque times. Flutes, oboes and bassoons hardly had any keys (the metal keys which help to cover the holes). The keys were added in the 18th century and it made it much easier to play difficult music with lots of sharps and flats. Clarinets were not invented until the late 18th century, but even they have developed a lot since Mozart’s time (1756-1791).
Brass instruments like the trumpet and French horn now have valves which make it easier to play in different keys. The trombone is the only instrument which has not changed. The tuba was invented in the early 19th century.
Percussion instruments include the timpani which have changed a lot. In Baroque times they had calf-skin heads but now the heads are made of plastic. This makes a very different sound.
Baroque keyboard instruments included the harpsichord and clavichord. The piano was invented during the 18th century. It still sounded very different when Mozart wrote for it. The frame was made of wood, not of cast iron, and the hammers had leather heads instead of felt. A modern piano sounds quite different.
Modern interest in period instruments.
The interest in period instruments started in the mid 20th century. People like Wanda Landowska played Baroque keyboard music on the harpsichord instead of the piano. Conductors like Nicholas Harnoncourt have trained small orchestras to play on period instruments using techniques which were used in Baroque times. Gradually musicians also started using period instruments for music from the Classical music period (the time of Mozart and Beethoven). Even in the mid 18th century the modern orchestra had not yet evolved. In recent years conductors like John Elliot Gardiner have performed music by Hector Berlioz on period instruments. There are now many small instrumental groups and orchestras who regularly perform on period instruments e.g. The English Concert and the English Baroque Soloists.
Evaluation.
Does old music sound better on period instruments? Musicians do not all agree about this question and they still argue a lot about the way that some of the music should be played. However, it is important to listen to the way that period instruments are played. Musicians such as the violinist Andrew Manze have done a lot of research in old books and old music and have done a lot to make people rethink the way in which music from former centuries should be performed.

Monogenea
Monogenea are a type of flatworm. They are parasites which means that they always need another creature to live on. They live on the outside of their host. (Some parasites, like tapeworms, live on the inside of a larger creature.
Ecology and life cycle.
Monogenea are especially common on the skin, fins and gills of fish. Less commonly, they can be found in the urinary bladder and rectum of cold-blooded vertebrates. No types of Monogenea infect birds, but one ("Oculotrema hippopotami") infects mammals. It is a parasite in the eye of a hippopotamus.
Monogenea are usually hermaphrodites. This means that they have both sexes. First they are males, and only later do they become females as well. They have direct life-cycles with no asexual reproduction (unlike the Digenea). In those types of Monogenea that lay eggs, the young ones grow to a larval stage called an "oncomiracidium". It is at the "larva" stage that they are able to travel from one host creature to another. When they are adults, Monogenea eat the blood, mucus, and epithelial cells of their host creature.

Turbellaria
Turbellaria are a genus of free-living flatworms. They are not parasites. Most of them are carnivores. They actively search for food. Most of them are small, less than 60 cm in size. Almost all of them are aquatic. Some also live on land, in damp places.

Bifröst
In Norse mythology, Bifröst is the bridge between the land of mortals, Midgard, and the land of the gods, Asgard. The gods cross it every day to meet and decide things at Urdarbrunn (Well of Urd) under the tree Yggdrasill. The bridge is a rainbow. It was built by the Æsir and is guarded by the god Heimdall.
Only the thunder god Thor was not allowed to use the rainbow, because he may break it. The bridge is destroyed at the end of the world, Ragnarök, when the army of giants and the dead ran on it to attack heaven.

Mendoza Province
Mendoza is a Province of Argentina, located in the region called Cuyo. The province borders San Juan in the north, San Luis and La Pampa in the east, Neuquén in the south, and Chile to the west.
It is the major wine producer of Argentina and has the highest hill of The Americas, Aconcagua.
Population.
Mendoza has a population of 1,579,651 people (2001). Spanish is the main language but many people also speak English, Italian and Portuguese.

Dosimeter
A dosimeter is a tool. It can measure different levels of hazardous environments. Common dosimeters are those used for sound (They measure how loud a certain noise is) and radiation (they measure how much radiation there is in an environment).

Geiger counter
A Geiger counter (sometimes called Geiger-Müller counter) is a dosimeter that can measure ionizing radiation. The tool was developed by Hans Geiger and Ernest Rutherford in 1908. It was improved by Walther Müller in 1928.
Geiger counters can detect the presence of radiation. Some can also detect the intensity of it, and the angle from which it comes.

Wide Area Network
A Wide Area Network, or WAN, is made up of several computer networks connected together, often over the Internet. In most cases, the networks in WANs all belong to the same company or school.

Corporate network
A corporate network is a group of computers, connected together, which are all owned by the same company.

Disk
The spelling "disk" is also used in science, such as

Noodle
Noodles are thin strips of pasta. They are usually made from dough. It is the basic ingredient in Spaghetti, Linguine, Soba and Udon. Very often, the word "noodle" refers to the cooked ingredient.

Gaia Online
Gaia Online is a website created around anime and chatting. In Gaia, users can work on an online economy, chat with other people with the same interests, and even play online games found around the site.

Jotunheim
Jötunheimr (or Jotunheim) is the land of the giants in the Norse mythology. Two kinds of giants (or Jotuns) live in Jötunheimr, rock giants and frost giants. From here they can attack the humans in Midgard and the gods in Asgard. Jotunheim is ruled by King Thrym.
Jotunheimen is a large mountain range in Norway. It is named after Jötunheimr. Its highest peak, Galdhøpiggen (2469 metres) is the highest mountain in Scandinavia.

Leia Organa
Princess Leia Organa, born Leia Amidala Skywalker, is a character from the "Star Wars" universe. Leia was played by Carrie Fisher in the original three "Star Wars" movies: "A New Hope", "The Empire Strikes Back", and "Return of the Jedi". She is also a main character in many novels that are set in the "Star Wars" universe.
Character history.
Organa is the daughter of Padmé Amidala and Anakin Skywalker. She has a twin brother, Luke Skywalker. He mother died giving birth to her and her brother. The twins were taken at birth and given to different families to raise. Leia was raised by the family of Alderaan's Senator Bail Organa as his daughter.

Ayrton Senna
Ayrton Senna da Silva (March 21, 1960–May 1, 1994), better known as Ayrton Senna, was a Brazilian Formula 1 driver who won the championship three times, in 1988, 1990 and in 1991. He died in a horrible accident that took place on the Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari, better known as Imola, in the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix. He's considered to be the most skilled driver in the history of motor racing.
Life before Formula 1 Racing.
Senna was born in São Paulo, a city in Brazil. When he was four years old, he first got into a kart. When he was 13, he entered a karting competition for the first time. A fun fact is that he started his first kart race on pole position. The start places were written on pieces of paper and put in a driver's helmet, and he drew number one. Because he was a lot lighter than the other racers, he was much faster than all of them. He won the "South American Kart Championships" in 1977 and was runner-up in the World Championship, but he never won it.
In 1981 he raced in the British Formula Ford 1600 championship, and won it as well. He also changed his name to Senna, since da Silva is used a lot in Brazil.
In 1982 Senna won two European championships; the European and the British Formula Ford 2000. After testing with Williams, McLaren, Brabham and Toleman, he got a place within the Toleman team for the 1984 Formula One season.
Into Formula One.
The Toleman team was a small team compared to teams like Williams, McLaren and Brabham. Even though, the team built a car good enough to let Senna impress with his talents. Ayrton Senna scored his first championship point on April 7, 1984 at the South African Grand Prix. Three races later, Senna impressed at the Monaco Grand Prix, where it was raining. Senna started on the 13th position, but right after the race started, he soon was gaining position after position on the track that is known for its small roads. On the 19th lap, he took second place from Niki Lauda and was making up a lot of time to the race leader, Alain Prost. It started to rain harder and the race was stopped on the 31st lap. Even though almost everyone agrees Senna should've won the race, Senna had a result to be proud of. In the rest of the season he would finish third place in two races, the Britisch and the Portuguese Grand Prix. He finished his first year in Formula One racing on a shared 9th position and 13 points, sharing his 9th position with Nigel Mansell.
Senna didn't just race in Formula One that year. He also co-drove a Porsche 956 with Henri Pescarolo and Stefan Johansson in the 1000km Nürburgring race. He also raced in a race to celebrate the opening of the new Nürburgring. He won this race.
Ayrton's Years With Lotus.
The following year, Ayrton Senna joined the Lotus team, and many thought he would be able to meet his potential. The other driver for Lotus was Elio De Angelis. Ayrton scored his first of 65 pole positions in his career during the Brazilian Grand Prix, but wasn't able to win the race. He retired with an electrical problem after 48 laps. He didn't had to wait a long time for his first ever victory in Formula 1, however, because he won the next race, the Portuguese Grand Prix starting off from pole position. He showed his true talent driving in such bad weather which even later champion Alain Prost couldn't race in (he spun into a wall). The rest of the season wasn't too good for Senna though. He scored a lot of points but often retired because of mechanical problems. He won the Belgian Grand Prix in another wet race and finished 4th at the end of the season, scoring 38 points total. He also took two first places, two second places, two third places and seven pole positions.
His second season with Lotus, in 1986, was better than his first. The Lotus Car was a lot more reliable. He finished second in the Brazilian Grand Prix, with only Nelson Piquet being faster than Ayrton. He even took the lead in the World Championship standings during the Spanish Grand Prix after managing to keep Nigel Mansell away from stealing the victory. The gap between both drivers was only 14 thousand of a second. He didn't have a lot of time to enjoy his lead, however, because his Lotus didn't have the reliability Ayrton needed to chase after the title.

Adriano Emperado
Adriano Emperado (June 16, 1926) is a Filipino-Hawaiian martial artist. He is the main of five martial artists who developed kajukenbo - the system of self-defence.
Childhood.
Emperado had a difficult childhood in Honolulu. In his early years, his training of martial arts was in escrima, which later influenced the different aspects of kajukenbo. After that, Emperado became interested in kempo and reached black belt of fifth degree under the direction of William K. S. Chow.
Later life.
In the year 1947, five martial artists met in Palama Settlement - an area of Honolulu. They came together and created what they called the Black Belt Society. Their purpose was to develop the highest system of self-defence. They were: Peter Y. Choo (tangsudo - Korean karate), Frank Ordonez (jujitsu), Joseph Holck (judo), Adriano Emperado (kenpo and escrima), and Clarence Chang (Shaolin wushu- "Chinese boxing"). After two years, these five martial masters created a system which worked well in street fights. This system gained its name ("kajukenbo") from the first letters of the four systems of which it is made up. Since then, the kajukenbo has gained an opinion as "the perfected art of dirty fighting on the street," as one member said.
Schools.
The first school of kajukenbo was opened in the Palama Settlement, and directed by Emperado and his brother, Joe. In order to be undefeated on streets, kajukenbo students had reasonable, but unkind and severe training. They fought with full contact. Various injures were an everyday event, and the number of persons at the school soon decreased to few faithful men. Emperado's school gave several future instructors who would gain a high position in teaching and influenced the international community of martial arts: Sid Asuncion, Tony Ramos, Charles Gaylord, Aleju Reyes, Joe Halbuna and Al Dacascos, just to name a few of his students.
In the year 1959, Emperado began making wushu a part of kajukenbo, moving the special care from the hard way of karate to a result of combining hard and soft techniques. Kajukenbo has developed slowly into a system open to act of improving and ready to accept what is efficient.
Kajukenbo today.
The modern kajukenbo uses anything gained from its founders, but it cares about its opinion as an art that has been prepared for any street fight. Because of Emperado's life directed towards teaching the martial arts, Black Belt Magazine has named him its Instructor of the Year 1991.

Paramaribo
Paramaribo is the capital city of Suriname. About 250.000 people live in the city. It is at the Suriname River about 15 km before the river flows into the Atlantic Ocean.

Ancient Domains of Mystery
ADOM (Ancient Domains of Mystery) is a computer game. More specifically, it's a Roguelike. This means that every time a player start a new game, the world is randomly created.

Jagdterrier
Jagdterriers are a breed of dogs. Their full name is Deutscher Jagdterrier. This translates to German terrier for hunting.

Erwin Schrödinger
Erwin Rudolf Josef Alexander Schrödinger (* August 12th, 1887 in Vienna-Erdberg; † January 4th 1961 in Vienna) was an Austrian Physicist.
He was one of the founders of quantum mechanics and won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1933.
Life.
Schrödinger went to the Academic Gymnasium from 1898 to 1906.
Afterwards he studied mathematics and physics in Vienna and wrote his habilitation up from 1910.
He was soldier in World War I. Afterwards he got professorships in Zürich, Jena, Breslau and Stuttgart. In 1920 he married.
in 1927 he went to Berlin to fellow Max Planck.
After the take-over of power by the Nazis, Schrödinger left Germany and got a new professorship in Oxford.
In 1933 he was awarded the Nobel Prize.
Three years later he returned to Austria and became professor in Graz.
In 1938 he had to leave Austria, because the Nazis had taken over government.
He went to Dublin and became director of the School for Theoretical Physics.
In 1956 he returned to Vienna and got a professorship for Theoretical Physics.
He died of tuberculosis in 1961.
Important work.
Schrödingers most important work is the wave mecanics - a formation of quantum mechanics, and specially the Schrödinger equation. He worked on the field of biophysics, too. He invented the concept of negentropy and helped to develop molecular biology.
See also.
Schrödinger's cat

Dioxin
Dioxins is the name for a group of chemical compounds. These are organic compounds. Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs), or simply dioxins, are a group of halogenated organic compounds which are significant because they act as environmental pollutants. They are very poisonous. Many dioxins cause cancer.
Today, Dioxins are no longer made. They can occur as a by-product of other processes, though. Examples where dioxins can result are the production of PVC or the bleaching of paper. In nature, they are produced in volcanoes and forest fires.
A chemical accident where a lot of dioxin was released was the Seveso disaster.

Arnold Sommerfeld
Arnold Johannes Wilhelm Sommerfeld (* December 5th 1868 in Königsberg, East Prussia; † April 26th 1951 in Munich) was a German mathematician and theoretical physicist.
Sommerfeld was the son of a practical physician. After finishing school in 1886, he started studying mathematics at the University of Königsberg.
In 1891 he wrote his doctorate thesis about arbitrary functions in mathematical physics.
Afterwards he had to do his army serve.
Then he went to Göttingen. He became assistant at the institute for mineralogy, but was still interested in mathematical physics.
In 1894 he became assistant of Felix Klein. The year after he wrote his habilitation about the mathematical theory of optical diffraction and became docent for mathematics in Göttingen.
In the same year he became ordinary professor for mathematics at the mining college of Clausthal. Three years later he got a professorship at the Technical University of Aachen.
In 1906 he became professor for theoretical physics in Munich, were he stood for his lifetime.
While he was professor in Munich, he travelled two times around the world - in 1922/23 he was guest professor in Wisconsin and travelled afterwards through India, China and Japan, in 1928/29 he made a journey through the USA as teacher on universities.
In 1935 he went in pension, but he still worked until 1940.
There was a big trouble about the person, who should fellow him. Sommerfeld wanted to have Werner Heisenberg on his seat, but in time of Nazi regime a person got the job, who taught the so called German Physics, which included a kind of mystics. Sommerfeld tried to prevent that.
Sommerfeld died in 1951 by an traffic accident.

James Clerk Maxwell
James Clerk Maxwell (born June 13th 1831 in Edinburgh – died November 5th 1879) was a Scottish mathematician, physicist and discoverer of Maxwell's equations.
Maxwell grew up in a rich religious family. In 1845, when he was only 14, he wrote a paper describing a way of drawing mathematical curves with a piece of string. In 1847 he started studying mathematics at the University of Edinburgh. In 1850 Maxwell changed to Trinity College at the University of Cambridge. He won prizes from the university for his work and was given his degree in 1854. From 1855 to 1872 he did research on colour blindness.
In 1856 Maxwell was made a professor of 'Natural Philosophy' (which is what science was called then) at Marischal College, Aberdeen. He worked there until the two colleges in Aberdeen joined together in 1860 and he lost his job.
He then became a professor at King's College London. In 1861, Maxwell was made a member of the Royal Society, a group of important scientists. In 1871, became the first Cavendish Professor of Physics at Cambridge.
He studied many things, but is known best for his mathematical work on electromagnetism and on the behaviour of gases.
Maxwell died in 1879 from cancer.

Roman Vishniac
Roman Vishniac ['vɪʃniæk] (Russian: Роман Вишняк; August 19 1897 – January 22 1990) is a Russian-American photographer, a type of artist who takes pictures, and a biologist, a type of scientist that studies living things. He is well known for taking pictures of Jewish culture in Central and Eastern Europe before the Holocaust. Many of these pictures are in his book, "A Vanished World", published in 1983.

Penicillin
Penicillin is a common antibiotic, used to treat bacterial infections. Penicillin was discovered by Scottish scientist Sir Alexander Fleming in 1928. It was not mass-produced until the 1940s, however. Penicillin is sometimes used to treat syphilis, tonsilitis, meningitis, and pneumonia as well as other diseases. It was commonly used during World War 2. Penicillin was discovered when Fleming went to the sink and found a mold stopping bacterial fungus growing on the plates. Australian scientist Howard Walter Florey made the penicillin mold into a medicine. Together with another scientist Ernest Boris Chain, Fleming and Florey were given the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1945.

Depleted uranium
Depleted uranium is what is left over after uranium is enriched. Enriched uranium can be used in nuclear reactors or nuclear weapons. Depleted uranium is made up mostly of the isotope uranium-238. Uranium-238 is mildly radioactive. It is very dense, or heavy for its size. Because of this, depleted uranium is used in armor piercing bullets and heavy machine guns. Its high density allows weapons to put more energy into a fired bullet which causes more damage to its targets. Bullets made from it will burn when they hit something hard, and their smoke is dangerous to breathe.

Commuting
A commuter is a person, who travels from a suburb of a city into the city-centre every day. These persons usually use public transport, cars or bicycles.

Anne Redpath
Anne Redpath was a Scottish artist. She was born in Galashiels, Scotland in 1895. She died in 1965.
She was the daughter of a tweed designer. Her father's work had an effect on her use of color and texture in her paintings. "I do with a spot of red or yellow in a harmony of grey, what my father did in his tweed", she said.

CD-RW
A CD-RW (which stands for Compact Disc ReWritable) is like a Compact disc that can be recorded and erased multiple times. It can hold data or music. Most of the time it will hold data, since many CD players can not play CD-RWs. During its development, the format was known as CD-E, which stands for Compact Disc Erasable. The standard was introduced in 1997. It replaced the less successful CD-MO.
The disk used for this is an optical disc. Phase change technology is used to write to the disk. A laser beam is used to heat a certain point of the disk. Once this point is hot, the information stored there can be changed.
According to what the manufacturers of these disks say, it is possible to record and erase such a disk up to 1000 times. They behave very much like CD-Rs, otherwise. Entire sessions can be written. As long as there is space on the disc, new sessions can be appended. To be readable in an ordinary CD drive, all sessions must be closed though.
CD-RWs never gained the popularity of CD-Rs. This is because they are more expensive to make and to buy. Also, not all CD drives can read them. Reading and writing speeds are also lower than those of pre-made CDs and CD-Rs.
Also, like with the CD-R, it is impractical (and slow) to use these disks to quickly add or remove small files. Other formats, like Zip disk, Jaz disk, Magneto-optical disks, and USB flash drives are probably better able for quickly reading, writing, or erasing small (sets of) files. When a deletion needs to be made, the whole disk needs to be erased.
CD-RWs (like CD-Rs) are more like a backup solution. They are usually cheaper than tape-based solutions.
Depending on the method used to write, and the type of disk used, usable capacities range from about 500 to 700 megabytes.
Pretty much the same concepts are used for DVD-RWs, which have a much higher capacity.

Magneto-optical drive
A Magneto-optical drive is a disk drive for computers. It can read and write data to magneto-optical disks. The technology was made at the end of the 1980s. Both 5.25" and 3.5" media exist. The disks look like CD-ROMs, but with they are protected with a plastic cover. The MiniDisc is a Magneto-optical disk. The other disks look similar but have a bigger physical size.
How it works.
The operating system sees (and uses) the disk like a normal hard-drive. 3.5" disks can hold between 128 megabytes (MB) and 2.3 gigabytes (GB) of data. 5.25" disks hold between 650 MB and 16.7 GB.
Resistance.
All disks have a physical write protection switch (like 3.5" floppy disks). They are pretty resistant to data change, can support temperatures up to about 100 °C, and do not care much about light.
DVD-RAM disks are very similar in appearance, they are optical though.

U.S. Presidential line of succession
The United States Presidential line of succession is based on laws that says the order of who replaces the United States President if he leaves office before his term is over. If President dies, quits, or is removed from office before his term ends, the Vice President will become President until the end of the President's term. If the Vice President cannot do it or if there is no Vice President, the next person in the line of succession becomes the new President. As of 2008, only Vice Presidents have succeeded the President.
Prior Lines of Succession.
The laws about succession were first created in 1792. The second in line, behind the Vice President, was the President pro tempore of the United States Senate, followed by Speaker of the House of Representatives. In 1868, during the impeachment trial of President Andrew Johnson, President pro tempore Benjamin Wade nearly became new president but Johnson was found not guilty by one vote. Johnson, who became President after the death of Abraham Lincoln, had no Vice President. The Chief Justice and other members of the Supreme Court were excluded from the line of succession.
In 1886, after death of Vice President Thomas Hendricks, Congress passed a new law which removed the President pro tempore and the Speaker from line. The new person in line behind Vice President was Secretary of State, followed by other Cabinet members.
Current Line of Succession.
Other cabinet-level officials (Chief of the White House Staff, Ambassador to the United Nations) are not included. Their offices are not in line for succession.

Oulu
Oulu is a Finnish city. It is the biggest city in the Northern Finland. The population of Oulu is about 130,000 and it is the 6th biggest city in Finland.
Oulu was established in 1605 so it is more than 400 years old. In the old days Oulu was famous for selling tar all over the world. Nowadays many people work in technology firms making mobile phones, computers and software.
There is a university in Oulu. The university is one of the biggest in Finland with over 15,000 students.

James Boswell
James Boswell (October 29, 1740 - May 19, 1795) was a Scottish lawyer and author. He is best known for having written the Life of Johnson, a biography of his close friend Samuel Johnson, published in 1791. In the 1920s and 1930s, a large number of his personal papers and journals were discovered. They have since then been published by Yale University.

Gondola
A Gondola is a kind of boat. Gondolas are mainly used in Venice. Unlike other boats, a long oar is used to move the gondola.

MiniDisc
A MiniDisc is a small magneto-optical disk. It is used as a replacement for the Audio cassette. It was developed by Sony to store music. Later it was modified, so it can also store data. The music it stores is compressed in some way, like an MP3. Recent Hi-MD models have the option to not compress audio, and offer audio identical to CD-quality.
MiniDisc recorders allow the user to modify the contents of (recordable) disks. That way, tracks can be split, combined or rearranged. Audio tracks can be input while a live recording is in progress, too, for example, while recording a live concert or interview via the microphone input on a MiniDisc recorder.

Lolita
"Lolita" is a novel, written by Vladimir Nabokov. It was published in 1955. It is a very controversial book. The main character of the book falls in love, and has sexual relations with a 12-year-old girl.

Angela Haynes
Angela Haynes (born on September 27, 1984 in Bellflower, California) is a Women's Tennis Association (WTA) tennis player.
Appearances.
Haynes is in "Top Spin 2", a video game for the Xbox 360, Nintendo Game Boy, and Nintendo DS.

Vania King
Vania King (born February 3 1989) is an American tennis player. She was born in Monterrey Park, California. King was ranked the 50th best player in the world in 2006.
She won her first singles title against Tamarine Tanasugarn at Bangkok, Thailand. Vania won 2-6, 6-4, 6-4. Kingalso won the doubles title at Bangkok with partner Jelena Kostanic. Kingwas a runner-up with her partner Alexa Glatch for the 2005 US Open Juniors.

Bottle cap
Bottle caps are used to seal the opening of bottles. For glass bottles, these are usually small, specially adapted pieces of metal. With plastic bottles, plastic caps are used instead.
The original bottle cap was called Crown cork. It is pressed onto the bottle, and can be removed, using a bottle opener.
In recent years bottle caps with screw on mounts are used that way, a bottle opener is no longer required.

Quality
Quality is how good something is. If the quality of something is high then that means that the product is very good, and if the quality of a item is low that means that the product is not really good. When people say something is a quality product that means that the product is high quality. Usually high quality thing cost a lot of money an low quality things do not really cost much money. In other words things that are low quality are cheap.

Gargoyle
A Gargoyle is a grotesque statue. It is used to get water away from a building, when it rains. Very often, figures have been made. These figures "spew out" the collected water. Most gargoyles were made a long time ago.
A long time ago people believed that they scared away evil spirits.
There are not very many gargoyles made today. Now, most houses can use gutters to move water. There are not a lot of gargoyles in America, as most of the are in Europe.

Oostende
Oostende (German / French: Ostende, English Ostend) is a city located in the Belgian province of West Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 69115.
It is located at 51° 13 North, 02° 54 East.

Windows 2.0
Windows 2.x is in the family of Microsoft Windows picture-based operating environments that was better than Windows 1.0. Windows 2.x was said to look almost the same to the first Mac OS and more closely matched Microsoft's pre-release publicity for Windows 1.0.

List of UEFA European Football Champions
The UEFA European Football Championship champions

Abuja
Abuja is a city in Nigeria. It is the national capital of Nigeria. Around 2.5 million people live there. Abuja is in the middle of the country, in the center of the Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria.
The capital of Nigeria used to be Lagos, but it was moved to Abuja in 1976.
Abuja is a planned city, which means that architects designed it specifically to be the capital city. Construction of the first parts of the city was finished in the late 1980s.

Assault rifle
An assault rifle is a rifle that has a magazine that can be removed, can be fired automatically, and fires bullets that do not have the power of other rifles like hunting rifles or battle rifles, but have more power and penatration then pistol bullets fired by submachine guns.
The first assault rifles were Russian, but the Germans in World War II were the first to use assault rifles in large numbers.
An example of an assault rifle is the AK-47.

Salvador Dalí
Salvador Felipe Jacinto Dalí Domènech, Marquis of Pubol or Salvador Felip Jacint Dalí Domènech (May 11 1904 – January 23 1989), known by many people as Salvador Dalí, was a Spanish artist who became famous for the unusual images he used in his paintings. He was born in Figueres, Spain.

Anne Mowbray, 8th Countess of Norfolk
Anne de Mowbray, "Baroness Mowbray" (10 December 1472 - 19 November 1481) was the daughter of John Mowbray, 4th Duke of Norfolk and Elizabeth Talbot. She was born in 1472 in Framlingham Castle, Suffolk, England. She also became Baroness Segrave.
When Anne's father died in 1476 Anne became very rich. She also became Countess of Norfolk. Anne was married to Richard of York on 15 January, 1478 in Westminster Abbey. Richard was the son of King Edward IV of England and Elizabeth Woodville. Richard's father had married him to Anne so that he could have control of her fortune. When he married Anne became known as the Duchess of York
Anne died when she was 9 years old at Greenwich, London, England in 1481. Her body was placed in a lead coffin in the Chapel of St Erasmus of Formiae in Westminster Abbey. However when this chapel was knocked down around 1502 to make room for the Henry VII Lady Chapel, Anne's coffin became lost.
In December 1964 construction workers in Stepney, London, accidentally found Anne's coffin. It was opened and Anne's remains were looked at by scientists. Anne's body still had a shroud wrapped around her and there was still red hair on her skull. Her body was later reburied in Westminster Abbey.

Framlingham Castle
Framlingham Castle is a castle in Suffolk, England. It was once the home of the Dukes of Norfolk, and was where Anne Mowbray, 8th Countess of Norfolk was born in 1472.

Warwick Castle
Warwick Castle (pron. 'Worrick') is a large castle in Warwickshire, England. It is near the town of Warwick. The castle was once the family home of the Earls of Warwick.
There are many room in the castle. Some of the rooms have mannequins in them that look like real people. These are dressed in costume. They are used to show how people might have lived in the castle hundreds of years ago. Warwick Castle has a dungeon. One part of the castle is said to be haunted. Actors play the part of the ghost and the servant who killed him in a dramatic "Spook Experience". Lights and sounds are used to add to the effect.
The castle has a very high wall walk. It can be explored, so that visitors can see from where the guards looked for enemies. A long, steep flight of steps leads up to the highest part of the castle where the flagpole is.
There are many paintings in the castle. There are portraits of English Kings and Queens as well as of members of the family who owned the castle. It is possible to see the private chambers, or bedrooms, where the family and their most important guests slept.

Edinburgh Castle
Edinburgh Castle is a castle in Edinburgh, Scotland. It is built on a hill in the centre of Edinburgh. This makes it very easy to see from the main shopping streets. It is a very beautiful castle. The castle has a military display every year, called a "tattoo", where soldiers show their skills at marching and competitions, and there are brass bands and bands of bagpipes.

Alfred Kinsey
Alfred Charles Kinsey (June 23, 1894 - August 25,1956) was an American biologist. He was interested in entomology and zoology. He is best known for the research he did on human sexuality. His research had a great influence on social and cultural values in many parts of the world. It also had a determining influence on the sexual revolution that happened in the 1960s.
He wrote some papers which became known as the Kinsey Reports. In them, he asked himself how widespread or differentiated human sexual practices were. He wondered, how much difference there was in the way different people had sex with each other. He developed the Kinsey Scale to measure sexual orientation. On one end of the scale, at the value 0, the individual is entirely heterosexual. On the other end, at value 6, he or she has a purely homosexual orientation.
Many people see him as the father of sexology.

Kinsey Reports
The Kinsey Reports are two books, published in the late 1940s and early 1950s by Alfred Kinsey and others. In the books "Sexual Behaviour in the Human Male" (published in 1948) and "Sexual Behaviour in the Human Female" (published in 1953), Kinsey looks at different sexual behaviours and sex practices.
The books were very shocking when they came out, as they talked abuot subjects that were taboo. It also questioned widely-held beliefs about sexuality. They were controversial.
Criticism.
People said that the selection of those asked was not well done. One in four were prisoners, and 5% were male prostitutes. The institute, or location Kinsey did these tests, then did another such tests, without asking prisoners or prostitutes, and the findings were more or less the same. People also say that child abuse may have been involved when collecting the data.
Kinsey Scale.
The Kinsey scale attempts to describe a person's sexual history or episodes of their sexual activity at a given time. It uses a scale from 0 to 6. "0" means the person tested is exclusively heterosexual. A person scoring "6" is exclusively homosexual. In the "Kinsey Reports", an extra grade was used for asexuality. The scale was first published in "Sexual Behavior in the Human Male" (1948). It was also important in the complementary work "Sexual Behavior in the Human Female" (1953).

Ruthenium
Ruthenium is a chemical element. It has the chemical symbol Ru. It has the atomic number 44. It is a rare metal. It is silver white. In chemistry it is placed in a group of metal elements named the transition metals. It is also part of the platinum group. Ruthenium is found in platinum ores.
Ruthenium is used as a catalyst in some platinum alloys.

Niobium
Niobium is a chemical element. It is sometimes named columbium. It has the chemical symbol Nb. It has the atomic number 41. It is a rare metal. Niobium is soft and grey. It is ductile. In chemistry it is placed in a group of metal elements named the transition metals.
Niobium was discovered in a variety of a mineral named columbite (now called niobite). Niobite is an ore of niobium. Niobium is used in alloys. The most important alloys are used to make special steels and strong welded joints.

Explosion
An explosion is a very fast increase in volume and increase in energy made available. It normally makes very high temperatures and makes gases.
Elements of an explosion.
An explosion starts pressure waves in the medium where it happens. Explosions are categorized as deflagrations if the pressure waves are subsonic and detonations if they are supersonic. When a detonation happens, the supersonic pressure waves are named shock waves.
Unintentional explosions.
Unintentional explosions can be caused when chemicals are mixed together, or if pressurized containers or flammable materials are heated or exposed to flames. To cause
an explosion, pressure does not have to be present but is always a result of an explosion.
There are a number of safety measures that are used to prevent unintentional explosions. Many countries require that chemicals, fuels, and pressurized containers that may explode be labelled with warning labels. As well, many countries have regulations restricting the possession and use of potentially explosive chemicals to appropriate industrial and research uses. Many countries have transportation regulations that require potentially explosive chemicals, fuels, and pressurized containers to be transported safely.
Intentional explosions.
Intentional explosions are caused when armies fire artillery or when military air forces drop bombs during a war. Intentional explosions are also used by civilians in activities such as mining, construction, and large-scale civil engineering projects such as building tunnels, roads, railways, and dams.

Rhodium
Rhodium is a chemical element. It has the chemical symbol Rh. It has the atomic number 45. It is a rare metal. It is silver white and hard. In chemistry it is placed in a group of metal elements named the transition metals. It is also part of the platinum group. Rhodium is found in platinum ores.
Rhodium is used as a catalyst in some platinum alloys. It is the most expensive precious metal.

Tellurium
Tellurium is a chemical element. It has the chemical symbol Te. It has the atomic number 52. It is a a brittle silver-white metalloid. It looks like tin. The chemistry of tellurium is linked to some chemistry of selenium and sulfur.
The main use of tellurium is in alloys and as a semiconductor.

Indium
Indium is a chemical element. It has the chemical symbol In. It has the atomic number 49. It is a rare metal. It is a soft, malleable and poor metal. Indium looks like zinc. Pieces of indium can easily be joined together by pushing one piece into another. The chemistry of indium is quite like aluminium or gallium. Zinc ores are the main source of indium.
The main use of indium is in the chemical compound Indium tin oxide in liquid crystal displays. It is also used in very thin layers as a lubricant. In World War II it was used a lot to coat bearings in aircraft.

Francium
Francium is a chemical element. It has the chemical symbol Fr. It has the atomic number 87. It is a metal. In chemistry it is placed in a group of metal elements named the alkali metals. Francium is very radioactive. It is found in very small amounts in uranium and thorium ores. It has the lowest electronegativity and electron affinity of all the chemical elements.
Francium reacts violently with water, as do all of the elements in group 1 on the periodic table.
Francium is one of the hardest to find elements on the planet Earth. It is estimated that there are only about 15 grams or half an ounce found in the Earth's crust at a single time.
Although chemists knew the element number 87 in the periodic table should exist, it was a long time before it was discovered. In the early 1900s, nearly all boxes on the periodic table had been filled. Chemists knew that one element had been found to fit into each box. Francium was discovered in 1939 by a French chemist called Marguerite Perey.

Rhenium
Rhenium is a chemical element. It has the chemical symbol Re. It has the atomic number 75. It is a rare metal. It is silver white. In chemistry it is placed in a group of metal elements named the transition metals. The chemistry of rhenium is similar to manganese. It was the last natural element to be discovered.
Rhenium made as a by-product of molybdenum refinement.
Rhenium is used in some manganese alloys. Rhenium-molybdenum alloys are superconductors.

Thallium
Thallium is a chemical element. It has the chemical symbol Tl. It has the atomic number 81. It is a metal. It is a soft, grey, malleable poor metal. Thallium looks like tin but its colour changes in air. Thallium is very toxic.
It is used in rat poisons and insecticides. The use of thallium as a poison has been reduced or eliminated in many countries because these countries think that thallium might cause cancers. It is also used in infrared detectors. It has been used in some murders. Like arsenic, the use of thallium in murders has given it the name "Inheritance powder."

Néstor Kirchner
Néstor Kirchner (February 25, 1950) was President of Argentina between 2003 and 2007. He was born in Santa Cruz Province, Patagonia, where he was governor. It was elected President in 2003 preceded by Eduardo Duhalde. His wife is the current president of Argentina, she is Cristina Fernández de Kirchner.

The Cunning Little Vixen
"The Cunning Little Vixen" (original title: "Příhody lišky bystroušky", literally translates to "The Adventures of Vixen Sharp-Ears") is an opera by the Czech composer Leoš Janáček. Janáček loved animals, and in this opera some of the characters are humans but some are animals. Some of the little animals, (like the grasshopper, frog and cricket) are usually sung by children.
Janáček got the idea of this opera from a cartoon strip called “Sharp-ears” (in Czech: "Bystrouška"). The cartoon was published in a popular daily newspaper Lidové noviny. It was about a vixen (a female fox) and her adventures in the forest. He thought that the story would make a good opera. He made a few changes to the story: he left out a some characters, changed the order of the story a little, and made the humans and the animals behave in a similar way. It was first performed in Brno on 6 November 1924.
When Janáček died in 1928 the last part of the opera was played at his funeral.
The Story of the opera.
A forester is sleeping under a tree. Nearby a young vixen (here, vixen means baby fox) is playing. She nearly catches a frog, but the frog jumps away and lands on the forester’s nose. He wakes up and sees the little vixen playing. He catches the vixen and take her home with him. He gave her a name: “Sharp-ears”.
Sharp-ears is unhappy at the forester’s cottage. She is tied up with a rope in the yard. The hens keep teasing her and the dog is boring. One day she tells the hens that they are silly to stay in the farmyard being bossed about by the rooster. She tells them they ought to fly away to freedom. She pretends to die, then jumps up and starts to catch them. When the forester’s wife comes out Sharp-ears bites through the rope and disappears into the forest.
She finds a nice sett (badger's hole) where a badger lives. She wants to live there herself so she chases the badger out of his home. One winter’s night the forester is drinking in the inn. He teases the priest and the schoolmaster for not having found someone to love. They in turn tease the forester for having let the vixen go. The schoolmaster starts to go home. He is drunk. He sees the vixen who reminds him of his former lover, but he is too drunk to catch hold of her.
Sharp-ears meets a handsome young male fox called Goldskin. The two fall in love. When she realizes she is pregnant the fox and vixen get married. The woodpecker is the priest who marries them. The cubs (baby foxes) are born in the spring.
The forester is still searching the forest for Sharp-ears. One day he finds a dead hare. The poacher persuades the forester to make a trap, because he thinks that Sharp-ears will come back to eat the hare. The cubs arrive and play near the trap. Sharp-ears realizes the poacher is trying to catch her. She teases him cruelly and dares him to kill her. He shoots her with his rifle, then he is very sad.
Some time later the forester is sleeping under a tree. He wakes up when a frog lands on his hand. He sees a young vixen playing in front of him. He tells the young cub that she looks just like her mother. He reaches out for her but catches a frog instead. He lets it go. He realizes that life must go on.
Meaning of the story.
Janáček made some changes to the story in the cartoon. This made it more suitable for an opera. He did not have all the characters that are in the cartoon, and he changed the order of the story to make it more dramatic. He compares the human beings with the animals. For example: we see vixen Sharp-ears falling in love and having a family. But the forester’s friends: the school master and the priest, have not been so lucky with their love-life. The priest looks like the badger, the woodpecker is like the priest. When the opera is performed the same singer sometimes sings both parts. The end of the opera is like the beginning. This shows that life carries on and one generation follows another.
The Music.
The music matches the story beautifully. There are a lot of tunes with very exciting harmonies. Sometimes he uses modes and whole-tone scales. Janáček often makes his music sound like folk music of his country.

Guaraní alphabet
"A", "E", "I", "O", "U", "Y" are vowels, just like English. Those letters with tildes on top make the same sound, except more nasal sounding. The apostrophe sounds like a glottal stop. The other letters are consonants.

Lake Victoria
Lake Victoria or Victoria Nyanza (also known as Ukerewe and Nalubaale) is a lake in Africa. It is bordered and governed by the countries of Tanzania, Uganda and Kenya. The lake is in the western part of Africa's Great Rift Valley.
Lake Victoria is 68,800 square kilometres (26,560 mi²) in size. It is Africa's largest lake, and the second largest fresh water lake in the world.

Tonsilitis
Tonsilitis is a disease. The tonsils in the mouth get inflamed, and grow red. This may cause a sore throat or a fever. Sometimes the inflammation goes away on its own, but if it does not the tonsils may have to be surgically removed. This operation is called a "tonsilectomy".
The disease is caused by certain viruses most of the time, but can also be cause by bacteria. It easily spreads between humans.

Encephalitis
Encephalitis is a disease of the brain. It is when there is an inflammation of the brain. This is most often caused by viruses, but may also be caused by bacteria. The brain is damaged when the inflamed brain parts push against the skull. Encephalitis can be fatal. Encephalitis can be caused by diseases such as syphilis or rabies.

Mitosis
Mitosis is when one animal or plant cell creates two identical copies of itself by splitting in half. Before mitosis, the cell creates an identical set of genetic information - this is called "DNA replication". The duplicated genetic information then winds up into a visible object called a chromosome. A chromosome is made up of two chromatids joined at the centromere.
Mitosis happens in all types of cells in the human body apart from three types: sperm, ova, and neurons. The sex cells (sperm and ova (also called gametes)) go through a different division method called meiosis and neurons do not ever divide.
Phases of Mitosis.
There are six phases of mitosis. Each phase is used to describe what kind of change the cell is going through. The phases are Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, and Cytokinesis. Some may consider Pro-metaphase as part of the phases but most believe it is part of metaphase and some of the end of prophase. Each phase is important to mitosis.
Prophase.
During prophase, the cell's genetic material (DNA), or deoxyribonucleic acid, along with ribonucleic acid (RNA), coils up into bunches called chromosomes. The genetic material has already been duplicated during interphase, so there are double the amount of chromosomes in a normal cell in it. For example, a human cell normally has 23 pairs of chromosomes, but during early mitosis there are 46 pairs.
Metaphase.
During metaphase, the chromosomes are pulled by microtubules called spindle fibers into place. The chromosomes line up on the cell's equator, or center line, and are prepared for division.
Anaphase.
During anaphase, the chromomsomes lin up into the middle of the cells
Telophase.
Telophase is the final stage in mitosis, as the cell itself is ready to divide (also known as Cytokenisis). One complete set of chromosomes is now at each pole of the cell. The spindle fibres begin to disappear, and a nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes. Also a nucleolus appears within each new nucleus and single stranded chromosomes uncoil into invisible strands of chromatin.
Cytokinesis.
Cytokinesis, even though it is a very important to cell division, is not considered a mitotic stage. During cytokinesis, the cell physically splits. This occurs just after anaphase and during telophase. The cleavage furrow, which is the pinch caused by the ring of proteins, pinches off completely, closing off the cell. The cell now has reproduced itself successfully. After cytokinesis, the cell goes back into interphase, where the cycle is repeated. If cytokinesis were to occur to a cell that had not gone through mitosis, then the daughter cells would be different or not function properly. One would still have the nucleus and the other would lack a nucleus. Cytokinesis is different in both animals and plant cells. In Plant cells, instead of splitting into two halves, it forms a cell plate.

Inflammation
Inflammation is the first reaction of the immune system to an infection or irritation. First the organ involved gets red, then it will get hot, then it will swell, and then it will hurt. Finally it will stop working. The first four of these reactions have been known for a long time, since Antiquity. Finding them is attributed to Celsus. The last one was added by Rudolf Virchow in 1858.
Inflammation can also be present/responsible for skin disorders such as psoriasis/dandruff, joint pains, arthritis etc.
It is possible to reduce inflammation by eliminating 'nightshades' from the diet (tomato, potato, pepper etc.)

Car rental
A car rental agency or a rent-a-car (car hire in British English) is a company that rents automobiles for short periods of time (ranging from a few hours to a few weeks) for a fee.
Location.
They can be found primarily located near airports or busy city areas. The internet is changing the car rental industry with companies that are now called online car rental companies.
Purpose.
Car rental agencies primarily serve people who have a car that is temporarily out of reach or out of service, for example travellers who are out of town or owners of damaged or destroyed vehicles who are awaiting repair or insurance compensation. Because of the variety of sizes of their vehicles, car rental agencies may also serve the self-moving industry needs, by renting vans or trucks.
Conditions.
Car rentals are subject to many conditions which vary from one brand to another. The vehicle must be returned in a good condition and must not exceed a maximum driven distance, otherwise extra fees may be incurred. Additionally, some companies set up a minimum age for the vehicle driver, which in some cases is as high as 25, even in countries where the minimum legal age to hold a driver's license is much lower. Recent conditions have utilised GPS technology to limit maximum speeds or driving to specific regions.

Mechanical engineering
Mechanical Engineering is designing mechanical things. Mechanical things can be big like cars, boats and airplanes, or small like watches or chairs. Mechanical Engineers also have the ability to design complicated motor and factory machines they can also design power plants.

Paul Newman
Paul Newman (born January 26, 1925 - died September 26, 2008) was an American actor. He was born in Shaker Heights, Ohio. He was known especially for the 1969 movie "Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid". He played Butch Cassidy in the movie. He was married to actress Joanne Woodward.

Piccadilly Line
The Piccadilly Line is a line of the London Underground, coloured dark blue on the Tube map. It is a deep-level line running from the north-east to the west of London. It runs from Cockfosters station to Heathrow Airport station or Uxbridge station.
Trains.
Like most London Underground lines, the Piccadilly Line is run by one type of train only. The Piccadilly Line is run by the 1973 tube stock, in the London Underground colours of blue, white and red. Seventy-six trains out of all together 88 are needed to run the line's peak service, and one unit was badly damaged by the terrorist attack of 7 July 2005. While the trains were recently renovated, it is going to be replaced within the next ten years.
The line was run by 1959 stock, 1956 stock, 1938 stock, standard tube stock and 1906 gate stock, before they were replaced by th 1973 stock.
The line has 2 depots, one at Northfields and one between Oakwood and Cockfosters. There are sidings at South Harrow, Arnos Grove, Rayners Lane, Down Street, Wood Green, Hyde Park Corner, Acton Town and Uxbridge.
Signalling.
The signals of the line are controlled from the control centre at Earl's Court, which is also used by the District Line. There are plans to set up new signals because the existing signals are too old. This work is planned for 2014.
Services.
"tph " means trains per hour, for example 3tph means that there is a train every 20 minutes).
Half of the Uxbridge trains turn back at Rayners Lane - a 10-minute service runs between Acton and Rayners Lane, with a 20-minute service to Uxbridge (this part is also used by the Metropolitan line).
Other services operate at times, especially at the start and towards the end of the traffic day.
Stations.
"(In order from east to west.)"
Extension to Hounslow and Uxbridge.
The line splits here into two branches — the Heathrow branch and the Uxbridge branch.
Heathrow branch.
Just after Heathrow Terminals 1, 2, 3 tube station, the line will go into a new section to serve Heathrow Terminal 5 tube station, which is being built.
Closed stations.
Aldwych opened on the 30 November 1907 as Strand. It was at the end of a branch line from the main line at Holborn. From 1917 onwards it was served only by a shuttle from Holborn. In the same year it was renamed Aldwych. It was closed in 1940 during World War II to be used as an air-raid shelter. It re-opened in 1946. It was finally closed on 30 September 1994.
Brompton Road opened 15 December 1906; closed 30 July 1934, between Knightsbridge and South Kensington.
Down Street opened 15 December 1906; closed 21 May 1932, between Green Park and Hyde Park Corner.
Osterley & Spring Grove first served 13 March 1933; closed 24 March 1934 between Boston Manor and Hounslow East. It was replaced by Osterley.
Park Royal & Twyford Abbey opened 23 June 1903; closed 5 July 1931. Although on the route of the current Piccadilly Line a short distance north of the present Park Royal station, it was never served by Piccadilly Line trains. It was opened by the District Line, the original operator of the line between Ealing Common and South Harrow, and was closed and replaced by the present Park Royal station before the Piccadilly Line started running trains to South Harrow in 1932.
York Road opened 15 December 1906; closed 19 September 1932, between King's Cross St Pancras and Caledonian Road.

Olympiastadion Berlin
The Berlin Olympiastadion is a sports stadium in Berlin, Germany. It was built for the 1936 Olympic Games.

Olympic Stadium (Athens)
The Athens Olympic Stadium(Ολυμπιακό Στάδιο) is a sports stadium in Athens, Greece.

2000 Summer Olympics
The 2000 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXVII Olympiad, were celebrated in Sydney, Australia from September 15, 2000, until October 1, 2000.

2002 Winter Olympics
The 2002 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XIX Olympic Winter Games, were celebrated in Salt Lake City, Utah, United States from February 8, 2002, through February 24, 2002.

Stradivarius
A Stradivarius is a string instrument (such as a violin) built by the 17th century Italian Stradivari family that was famous for making them. Some of these instruments survive to this day. They are some of the best and most expensive violins. Joshua Bell is one violinist who has a Stradiarius.

Gadolinium
Gadolinium is a chemical element. It has the chemical symbol Gd. It has the atomic number 64. It is part of a group of chemical elements in the periodic table named the Lanthanides. It is a rare earth element. It is silvery white, malleable and ductile.
Its main uses are as chemical compounds in color televisions and nuclear magnetic resonance radio contrast agents. In color cathode ray tube televisions (the type first produced, not flat televisions) some of the pixels are dots gadolinium compounds. When the electrons from the cathode ray tube hit the pixels and transfer energy to the gadolinium compounds they give out light as energy. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging is used in medicine where it is named MRI (Magnetic resonance imaging). It is used to take picture of inside the body. How the pictures look is changed by the gadolinium compounds and how much water is around. It makes the images clearer because it makes the difference in the concentration of water in different parts of the body look more clear (more contrast) in the picture that is made.

Grand coalition
The "Grand coalition" refers to if the two biggest political parties in Germany (the SPD and the CDU) join forces together ("form a coalition").

Persephone
Persephone was a Greek goddess of grain and spring. Also sometimes referred to as Caliope. A daughter of Zeus and Demeter. She was kidnapped by Hades and he makes her eat a pomegranate which is the fruit of the underworld. According to some myths, if one were to eat the fruit of the Underworld, they would be forced to stay there. This myth explains why the seasons change. Supposedly, Demeter was so sad over the disappearance of her daughter that she ignored her duties to the world, during this time all plants died. When Demeter went to the Underworld to rescue her Persephone, Hades forced Persephone to eat the pomegranate. After she ate this fruit it was supposed to keep her in the underworld with Hades so she would be forced to marry him. In some versions she only ate 6 seeds from the pomegranate, so Hades only made her stay 6 months of the year. It is during the 6 months that Persephone is with Hades that Demeter weeps, causing all plant life to die (symbolizing Fall and Winter), and during the six months that she is with Demeter life is sustained (Spring and Summer).

Bundestag
The Bundestag is the legislature of Germany. It meets in Berlin, in the Reichstag building, which was specially rebuilt ready for the Bundestag to move from Bonn
The Bundestag has at least 598 members. Every 4 years the German people vote.
Each party gets seats, if they got at least 5% of the votes. Every voter has two votes, one for a person and one for a party. 299 members represent a constituency, just like in the British House of Commons or the US House of Representatives.
The other half are elected from a party list in each Land. The total number of seats a party gets depends on the number of the second "party votes" it gets.
But if a party is wins more constituency seats then its share of the party votes then it keeps those seats but extra Land-list seats are created, to keep the percentage of seats correct. The extra seats, or "extra mandates" are the reason the Bundestag sometimes has more than 598 members.

1. FC Nürnberg
The 1. FC Nürnberg is a football club from Nuremberg, Germany. The club was founded on May 4, 1900.
Successes.
The name of the president of this football club is Michael A. Roth, the manager is Martin Bader and the coach is Michael Oenning.

World History
World History as it is used here is about the study of the cultural achievements of the entire human race. This includes the time from prehistory to the end of the 20th century and excludes natural history before the development of human beings.
Development of the human species.
According to the theory of evolution, humans developed (or evolved) from other species. The science that is concerned with finding out how this happened is called "Paleoanthropology". It wants to explain how the human race developed, by looking at ancient humans. The research is based on fossil evidence, tools, and other signs of human habitation. The science began in the 19th century with the discovery of "Neanderthal man". The skeleton that was given the name was found in 1856, others resembling it had been found elsewhere since 1830. It could be shown that those species that came before the modern human ("homo sapiens") developed the knowledge how to build and use tools and how to use fire to help them. Some things found from the Stone Age, such as spear tips may have been made by species closely related (like the Neanderthal people mentioned above). If an artifact such as a spear tip is found today, it is very difficult to tell if it was made by a modern human, or by a Neanderthal. Current research suggests, however, that towards the end of the Stone Age, the modern human was the only human species left. World History is therefore mostly history of the modern human.
Prehistory.
Prehistory was the time before there was writing. This time can very roughly be divided into the Paleolithic (or Early Stone Age) and the Neolithic (or late Stone Age). The Paleolithic covers most of this time. At its beginning, hominids start to use stone tools. The society of the time was what is called a hunter-gatherer society. Those who were able to (and were generally stonger, most often men) hunted animals to get food. The others, most often women, raised the children. They also gathered what they could find - wild berries and nuts. When all the food in one area ran out, people migrated (moved) to another area. Archaeologists say this is why people came to North America. Fire was very important during this time. People used fire as a light source, a source of warmth and a way to cook food.
In the Paleolithic era, there were many different human species. According to current research, only the modern human reached the Neolithic era.
The Neolithic era was marked by changes in society. During the Neolithic era, people started to settle down. They developed agriculture. They also domesticated animals, both which took a very long time. Because of these two things, people did not have to migrate as much any more. Villages could grow to sizes much larger than before. Over thousands more years, humankind developed further intellectually, militarily and spiritually. Over time, villages fought and spread their control over a large area and developed into more advanced civilisations.
The end of prehistory varies from region to region. It depends on the date when written documents of a civilization can be found. In Eypt this was around 3200 BC, whereas in Australia and in New Guinea it was much more recently (18th century and about 1900).
Influence of the climate.
The climate on earth is unstable; there are long periods of time where it is generally warmer, and those where it is generally colder. When it is generally colder, there is more ice on the poles of the planet. That is why such period are usually called ice ages. There have been many ice ages in the history of the world.
The last "bigger" ice age lasted from around 70,000 to around 10,000 years ago. Mammoths were animals that lived at that time, but they died out about 4,000 years ago.
What today is called Little Ice Age was a period of colder climates. It lasted from around 1600 AD to around 1900 AD. There were three main periods in which the temperature was very low. However, the temperature rose slightly between these periods.
Ice ages are important in the context of World History because during an ice age, there is less food available. The climate is also generally a colder one. Protecting against the cold is important. Early humans (as well as other animals) needed to come up with a way to protect themselves against the cold.
Venus figurines.
Possibly among the earliest traces of art are Venus figurines. These are "figurines" (very small statues) of women, mostly pregnant with visible breasts. The figurines were found in areas of Western Europe to Siberia. Most are between 20,000 and 30,000 years old. Two figurines have been found that are much older: the Venus of Tan-Tan, dated to 300,000 to 500,000 years ago was found in Morocco. The Venus of Berekhat Ram was found on the Golan Heights. It has been dated to 200,000 to 300,000 years ago. It may be the one of the earliest things that show the human form.
Different kinds of stone, bones and ivory were used to make the figurines. Some are also made of clay which was then burned in a fire. This is one of the earliest known traces of the use of ceramics.
Scientists have excluded that these figurines were linked to the fertility of fields, because agriculture had not been discovered at the time the figurines were made.
The two figurines that are older may have mostly formed by natural processes. The Venus of Tan-Tan was covered with a substance that could have been some kind of paint. The substance contained traces of iron and manganese. The figurine of Berekhat Ram shows traces that someone worked on it with a tool. A study done in 1997 states that these traces could not have been left by nature alone.
Cave paintings.
Cave paintings is the name given to a number of images. These were mostly painted on cave walls, about 30.000 to 15.000 years ago. Among the most famous are those in the caves of Altamira in Spain and Lascaux in France. There are about 350 caves in Europe where cave paintings have been found. Usually animals have been painted, like aurochs, bisons or horses. Why these paintings were done is not known. They are not simply decorations of places where people lived. The caves they were found in usually do not show signs that someone lived in them.
The oldest cave is that of Chauvet in France. Paintings in the cave fall into two groups. One has been dated to around 30,000 to 33,000 years ago, the other to 26,000 or 27,000 years ago. The oldest known cave paintings, based on radiocarbon dating of "black from drawings, from torch marks and from the floors." As of 1999, the dates of 31 samples from the cave have been reported. The oldest paintings have been dated from 32,900±490 years ago.
Some archaeologists have questioned the dating. Züchner believe the two groups date from 23,000 - 24,000, and 10,000 - 18,000 years ago. Pettitt and Bahn believe the dating is inconsistent. They say the people at that periods of time painted things differently. They also do not know where the charcoal used to paint some things is from, and how big the painted area is.
People from the Paleolithic era drew wel. They knew about perspective, and they knew of different ways to draw things. They also were able to observe the behavior of animals they painted. Some of the paintings show how the painted animals behaved.
As some of the caves are not easily accessible, some people believe these paintings may have been made to get messages across. They may also have had a significance for rituals.
Settling down.
When humans started to grow crops and domesticate certain animals such as dogs, goats, sheep, and cattle; their society changed. Because people now grew crops and raised livestock, they started to settle and built permanent settlements. In most places, this happened between 10,000 and 12,000 years ago. Their diet also changed. People ate more cereals and vegetables. People also started to store foods so that they would have seed to plant rather than simply eat. In some years there were surpluses that could be traded for other goods.
These changes occurred in several places of the world independently. They did not happen in the same order though. The earliest farming societies in the Near East did not use pottery. It is still unclear to what extent plants were grown in Britain, or if permanently settled communities existed at all. Early Japanese societies used pottery "before" developing agriculture.
In the "Paleolithic" there were many different human species. According to current research, only the modern human reached the "Neolithic era" though.
Vere Gordon Childe gave the name "Neolithic Revolution" to this process in the 1920s. He thought that it was as important as the Industrial Revolution (which happened in the 18th and 19th century).
Stonehenge.
Stonehenge is a site that was started in the early Stone Age. Today, most scientists agree there were three main building phases, each between about 3100 BC and 1950 BC. Most of the construction took place between 2640 and 2480 BC. It lies in England, a few kilometers north of Salisbury. There are a a few standing stones and stone circles. There are also a few passage tombs and Tumuli. The site was in use until the Bronze Age. Some scientists think it may have been used as a calendar. On the summer solstice the stones are lit in a unique way.
Ancient history - The early civilizations.
Ancient history was the time from the development of writing to the fall of the Roman Empire. The fall of the Roman Empire caused chaos in Europe, leading to the Middle Ages (also called the Dark Ages or the Age of Faith).
Sumer.
Sumer was the world's first known ancient civilisation. The Sumerians took over the fertile crescent region of Mesopotamia around 3300 BCE. By 3000 BCE, many cities had been built in Sumer. These cities were separated by the geography of Mesopotamia. They formed independently and each had their own government. They were called city-states and often fought with each other.
Sumer grew crops on the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. A surplus in food led to a Division of labour. This means that some people were able to stop growing crops and do other jobs, since enough crops were already grown. This brought a split in society. Today, such a split is called "social pyramid". In a social pyramid, people are grouped into social classes based on their wealth and power. In Sumer, the king, priests, and government officials were at the top of the social pyramid. Below them were the artisans, merchants, farmers, and fishers. At the bottom of the pyramid were slaves. Slaves were often prisoners of war, criminals, or people working to pay off debt.
In Sumer, only the sons of the rich and powerful learned how to read and write. They went to a school called "edubba". Only the boys who went to "edubba" could become scribes.
The Sumerians created the world's first system of writing; it was called cuneiform. The oldest versions of one of the world's first literary works, the "Epic of Gilgamesh", go back to this time. They also invented sun-dried bricks, the wheel, the ox plow, and were skilled at making pottery. They are also thought to have invented the sailboat.
Other civilizations around this time were also built along major river systems. These civilizations are called river valley civilizations. River valley civilizations were the most powerful civilizations in this time period because water was needed to have an agricultural society.
In the river system of Mesopotamia, after the Sumers, two other great civilizations rose to power: the Babylonians with their king Hammurabi (famous for the Codex Hammurabi) and the Assyrians.
Ancient Egypt.
Ancient Egypt grew along the Nile river and was its most powerful in the second millennium BC. When it was its biggest, it went all the way from the Nile delta to a mountain called Jebel Barkal in Sudan.
It was created around 3500 BC and probably ended at about 30 BC when the country was invaded by the Roman Empire.
The society of ancient Egypt depended on a balance of natural and human resources, especially the irrigation of the Nile Valley so that Egyptians could grow crops. They are also known for writing in hieroglyphs, building the famous pyramids, other sorts of tombs and big temples and for their military.
There was a great difference between classes in this society. Most of the people were farmers but they did not own the agricultural products they produced. These were property of the state, temple, or noble family that owned the land. There was slavery, but it is not clear how it was practiced.
The rulers of ancient Egypt tried to keep their people happy by religion that made them respect the rulers and their past.
The religion of Judaism formed about 1500 BCE in context with the Egyptian and Babylonian civilization.
Ancient China.
The first dynasty of Ancient China, the Shang Dynasty (商朝), has been carbon dated through Turtle shells with writing on them to back to about 1500 BC. They say China began as city-states in the Yellow River valley. At the end of the Zhou Dynasty lived the greatest Chinese philosophers: "Kong Fuzi", founder of Confucianism, and Laozi, founder of Daoism. The Qin (秦) emperor Qin Shi Huang in 221 BC created the first centralized state in China based on his political philosophy of legalism and made everyone write the same way. He fought against "Confucianism". He also started a precursor of the Great Wall. In 202 BC the Han Dynasty took over and developed an empire of similar strength as the Roman Empire and towards the end of its rule influenced by India introduced Buddhism in China.
Ancient India.
The Indus Valley Civilization started from about 2600 BC to 1900 BC. It marked the beginning of the urban civilization on the subcontinent. It was centered on the Indus River and its tributaries. The civilization is famous for its cities that were built of brick, had a road-side drainage system and multi-storied houses.
During the Maurya dynasty founded in 321 BCE most of the Indian subcontinent was united under a single government for the first time. Ashoka the Great who in the beginning sought to expand his kingdom, then followed a policy of ahimsa (non-violence) after converting to Buddhism. The Edicts of Ashoka are the oldest preserved historical documents of India, and under Ashoka Buddhist ideals spread across the whole of East Asia and South-East Asia.
The Gupta dynasty reigned from around 320 to 550 AD. The Gupta Empire included only Northern India, and the region of present Pakistan and Bangladesh. Gupta society was ordered in accordance with Hindu beliefs. Historians place the Gupta dynasty alongside with the Han Dynasty, Tang Dynasty and Roman Empire as a model of a classical civilization.
Ancient Maya.
The Maya civilization is a civilization that started in Central America. They lived mostly on the Yucatán Peninsula in what is now known as Mexico, but also Honduras, Belize and Guatemala. They were the only known civilization of pre-Columbian America to have a fully developed written language. They also made great achievements in art and architecture and had a very advanced system of mathematics and astronomy.
The area where the Maya civilization developed was inhabited from around the 10th millennium BC. The first Maya settlements were built there in about 1800 BC, in the Soconusco region. This is in the modern-day state of Chiapas in Mexico, on the Pacific Ocean. Today, this is called the "Early Preclassic period". At the time, humans began to settle down permanently. They started to grow livestock. Pottery and small clay figures were made. They constructed simple burial mounds. Later they developed these mounds into step pyramids. There were other civilizations around, especially in the north, such as the Olmec, the Mixe-Zoque, and Zapotec civilizations. These people mostly lived in the area of the modern-day state Oaxaca. The exact borders of the Maya empire in the north are unclear. There were probably areas where Maya culture overlapped with other cultures. Many of the earliest significant inscriptions and buildings appeared in this overlapping zone. These cultures and the Maya probably influenced one another.
Australia.
There has been a long history of contact between Papuan peoples of the Papua New Guinea and the Aboriginal people. Aboriginal people seem to have lived a long time in the same environment as the now extinct Australian megafauna. There are stories about that are told in the oral culture of many Aboriginal groups.
Hallstatt culture.
The Hallstatt era is named after the city Hallstatt in Austria, where the first artifacts were found. It lasted from about 1200 BC to about 275 BC. There were different periods, which today are mainly told apart by the kinds of brooches used at the time. These brooches changed rather rapidly, and can therefore give us good guesses at to what time they came from. Hallstatt culture sites have been found in the east of France, in Switzerland, in the south of Germany, in Austria, in Slovenia and Croatia, northwestern Hungary, southwestern Slovakia and southern Moravia. The culture can be divided into an eastern and a western one quite easily; the dividing line runs through the Czech Republic, and Austria, between longitudes 14 and 15 degrees east.
In this time, the social structure developed into a hierarchy. This can be documented by various things that were added to graves. In the Bronze Age, people used to live in big settlements. As iron became available, trade routes changed. A new richer class evolved. Unlike before, these richer class people liked to live in big houses in the countryside, as a demonstration of their wealth. Funerals also changed, from cremation burials, to burials with stone coffins. The new upper class used their wealth for import goods, mostly from the Mediterranean.
La Tène culture.
The Celts basically lived in clans. Each clan was headed by a leader, which came from the Druids or the Bards. Women were much better off than with the Romans, they were almost equal to men. There was Polygyny and Polyandry (A man could have several women, a woman could have several men).
Ancient Greece.
What is known today as "Ancient Greece" is a very important period in history. Most people agree that it came after the Minoan and Mycenean civilizations. It ended when the Romans invaded Greece, in 146 BC. Greek culture had a very powerful influence on later civilizations, especially the Romans. The Greeks developed what is now called a city-state, or a polis. There were many polises. Some of the more important ones were Athens, Sparta, Corinth and Thebes. The word "politics" comes from there. It literally means: things that are about the polis. Greek cities did not have much contact with each other, because of the mountains and many islands Greece is made up of. When a city no longer had enough food to care for all its citizens, some people were sent out to set up a new city. This was called a "colony". Each city was independent, and ruled by someone within that city. Colonies also looked to the city where they originally came from for guidance.
When Greece went to war (for example against the Persian Empire), there was an alliance of such city states, against the Persians. There were also many wars between different city states.
There were many artists and philosophers who lived in that period. Most of them are still important for philosophy today. A well-known artist was Homer. He wrote epics about the war against the Trojans, and the early history of Greece. Other well-known artists were Aristophanes and Sappho. Well-known philosophers include Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. A well known mathematician of the time was Euclid. Statesmen of the time were Pericles and Alexander the Great.
Ancient Rome.
Ancient Rome was a civilization that started in modern-day Italy, in the 8th Century before Christ. The civilization lasted for 12 centuries. It ended, when Mehmed II conquered Constantinople, on May 29, 1453. According to legend, the Roman civilization was founded by Romulus and Remus, in the year 753 BC. The Roman Empire developed in wars against Carthage and the Seleucid Empire. Julius Caesar conquered Gaul, modern France, and Augustus ended the Roman republic by becoming emperor. At its biggest extent, the empire covered all of the Mediterranean. Rome became so big, because it led war against other nations and then assimilated their culture.
Split of the Empire into East and West.
In 293, Diocletian organized an separate administration of the western and the eastern part of the empire. The capital of the western part was Rome, the capital of the eastern part was Constantinople. Constantine I was the first to stop discrimination against Christians (313). Christianity became state religion under the reign of Theodosius I.
The western part of the empire had many problems with barbarians. In the 5th century, the Huns migrated westwards. This meant that the Visigoths moved into the empire, to seek protection. Rome was sacked by barbarians mutiple times. On September 4, 476, the Germanic chief Odoacer forced the last Roman emperor in the west, Romulus Augustus, to quit. After about 1200 years, the rule of Rome in the West came to an end.
The eastern part had similar problems. Justinian I managed to conquer parts of North Africa and Italy. Shortly after he died, all that was left were parts of Southern Italy, and Sicily. In the east, the empire was threatened by the Sassanid Empire.
New departures and continuity.
After the fall of Western Rome, the Germanic tribes that took over tried to learn from Roman civilization, but much was forgotten and up to the Renaissance not many achievements happened in Europe. But with the rise of Islam, many changes happened during the Islamic Golden Age. The Greek and Roman traditions were kept and further development took place. The Chinese civilization had a Golden Age during the Tang period, when their capital was the biggest in the world. During the Renaissance, Europe developed and made great advancements in many areas as well.
Middle East - Rise of Islam and Decline of the Byzantine Empire.
In Arabia, Muhammad founded Islam in 632. His followers rapidly conquered territories in Syria and Egypt. They soon were a direct threat to the Byzantine Empire, that suffered from the Plague of Justinian. In the 8th and 9th centuries, the Byzantine Empire managed to stop Islamic expansion. They even reconquered some of the territories lost earlier. In 1000 A.D. the eastern Empire was at its height: Basileios II reconquered Bulgaria and Armenia. Culture and trade flourished. Soon afterward the expansion was abruptly stopped. This was in 1071, at the Battle of Manzikert. The battle lead the empire into a dramatic decline. For the Byzantine Empire this meant several centuries of civil wars and Turkic invasions. The Muslim caliphate had an Golden Age under the Abbasid.
Their power forced Emperor Alexius I Comnenus of the Byzantine Empire to send a call for help to the West in 1095. The West sent the Crusades. These eventually led to the "Sack of Constantinople". It was the participants of the Fourth Crusade who did that. Constantinople was conquered in 1204. Because of this, what was left of the Empire became fragmented into successor states. The winner of these disputes was that of Nicaea. After Constantinople was again conquered by imperial forces, the empire was little more than a Greek state on the Aegean coast. The Eastern Empire came to an end when Mehmed II conquered Constantinople on May 29, 1453. The Ottoman Empire took its place and from 1400 to 1600 was the most powerful empire in the Middle East and ruled at the southern and eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea.
China.
The Tang Dynasty (618–907), with its capital at Chang'an (today Xi'an), was the biggest city in the world at the time and is considered by historians as a high point in Chinese civilization as well as a golden age of cosmopolitan culture. The Ming Dynasty ruled from 1368 to 1644. The Ming built a vast army and navy.
India.
From around the 6th-7th century. In South India, Chola kings ruled Tamil Nadu, and Chera kings ruled Kerala. They had trading relationships with the Roman Empire to the west and Southeast Asia to the east. In north India, Rajputs ruled in many kingdoms.
In 1336, two brothers named Harihara I and Bukka founded the Vijayanagara Empire in an area which is now in the Karnataka state of India. The most famous king of this empire was Krishnadevaraya. In 1565, rulers of this empire were defeated in a battle. But the empire continued for about next one hundred years.
Northern India was ruled by Islamic sultans.
Japan.
The Heian Period in Japan is famous for its art, poetry and literature. The writing system, Kana, was developed. It was followed by the feudal period (1185 - 1853) during which samurai and daimyos were the leading figures and the shogun the real mornarch whereas the tennō had only a role as religious head. Between the years 1272 and 1281 the Mongols tried to invade but were driven out by the Japanese.
In 1542, a Portuguese ship reached Japan. Japanese learned about guns and firearms from them.
Mongols.
Genghis Khan in 1209 brought together the Mongol tribes and founded the Mongol Empire, one of the largest land empires in history. Later Kublai Khan would go on to expand the empire and found the Mongol-ruled Yuan Dynasty of China. The empire later broke into several empires, all of which were later destroyed.
European Middle Ages.
The Middle Ages was the time from the fall of the Roman empire until the middle of the 15th century. From 500 to about 800 there was some decline compared with the Roman civilization. European villages were often destroyed and looted by barbarians such as the Vikings. During the High Middle Ages magnificent castles and large churches called cathedrals were built and important works of literature were written. In the later Middle Ages, there was a plague called the Black Death. The black death killed one third–one half of Europe's population.
A system called feudalism was a very important part of the Middle Ages. In this system, the king was at the top of the social pyramid. The king gave land to the lord in exchange for loyalty. The lords were the next in the pyramid. The lords gave land (called a fief) to knights in exchange for loyalty and protection. The knights became next in the pyramid. Peasants were not part of the feudal system because they did not give or receive land. They worked on a lord's manor in exchange for protection.
The Crusades were also fought during the Middle Ages. There is a theory that says the Crusades helped end the Middle Ages along with the Black Death, increased trade and better farming technology.
Renaissance.
The Renaissance started in Italy. "Renaissance" is a French word meaning "rebirth". The Renaissance meant that people learned from the ancient Greek and Roman or "classical" cultures that had been forgotten for some time. Artists learned from classical paintings and sculptures. So they reinvented perspective and the art of free standing realistic sculptures that had been characteristic in Greek and Roman art. Some famous Renaissance artists are Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael. The Gutenberg printing press, invented by Johannes Gutenberg, was also developed during this time.
The Renaissance was also a time of great achievements in science (Galileo Galilei, Francis Bacon), philosophy (Thomas More) and literature (Dante Alighieri, William Shakespeare).
Maya civilization (classical period).
What is known as the classical period lasted from about 250 to about 900. During this time, many monuments were constructed. There are also many big inscriptions from then. In this period, the Maya moved to building large cities. This is known as urbanism. Many important intellectual and artistic developments happened in an area that is known as the "southern lowlands".
Like the Ancient Greek, the Maya civilization was made of many independent city-states. Agriculture was important around these city states like Tikal and Copán.
The most important monuments are the pyramids they built in their religious centers and the palaces of their rulers. The palace at Cancuén is the largest in the Maya area. There are no pyramids in the area of the palace. Other important things the archaeologists found include the carved stone slabs usually called "stelae" (the Maya called them "tetun", or "tree-stones"). These slabs show rulers along with hieroglyphic texts describing their genealogy, military victories, and other accomplishments.
Trade with other civilizations.
The Maya also had trade routes that ran over long distances. They traded with many of the other Mesoamerican cultures, such as Teotihuacan, the Zapotec, and other groups in central and gulf-coast Mexico. They also traded with non-Mesoamerican groups, that were farther away. Archaeologists have found gold from Panama in the Sacred Cenote of Chichen Itza.
Important trade goods were cacao, salt, sea shells, jade and obsidian.
Sudden collapse.
In the 8th and 9th century, the cities in the southern lowlands had problems, and declined. At the same time, the Maya stopped making big monuments and inscriptions. Shortly afterwards, these cities were abandoned. Currently, archaeologists are not sure why this happened. There are different theories. Either ecological factors played a role in this, or the cause of this abandonment was not related to the environment.
Post-classical period and decline.
In the north, development went on, form the 10th to about the 16th century. The influences from the outside left more traces in the Maya culture at that time. Some of the important sites in this era were Chichen Itza, Uxmal, and Coba. At some point, the ruling dynasties of Chichen and Uxmal declined. Afterwards, Mayapan ruled all of Yucatán until a revolt in 1450. The area then degenerated into competing city-states until the Yucatán was conquered by the Spanish.
By 1250, there developed other city-states. The Itza maintained their capital at Tayasal. It ruled over an area extending across the Peten Lakes region, including the community of Ekckixil on Lake Quexil. Postclassic Maya states also survived in the southern highlands. One of the Maya kingdoms in this area is responsible for the best-known Maya work of historiography and mythology, the Popol Vuh.
The Spanish started to conquer Maya lands. This took them much longer than with the Inca or Aztecs, because there was no capital city. This meant that when they had conquered one city, this had little influence on the whole empire. The last Maya states were finally subdued in 1697.
The Maya people did not disappear though. There are still about 6 million of them. Some are well-integrated, others continue speak one of the Maya languages and uphold their cultural heritage.
The Aztecs.
The Aztecs built an empire in Central America, mainly in Mexico. The empire lasted from the 14th to the 16th century. Their capital was Tenochtitlan. They spoke the Nahuatl language. It was built on islands in a lake. Tenochtitlan was one of the greatest cities of the world in that time.
The Aztecs believed in polytheism. Quetzalcoatl (feathered snake), Huitzilopochtli (hummingbird of the south) and Tezcatlipoca (smoking mirror) were the most important Gods. Sometimes the Aztecs killed humans to please their gods. Between 1519 and 1521 the Spanish leader Hernán Cortés defeated the Aztecs and took their empire. Some Aztecs didn't want to fight against the soldiers of Cortés, because they thought they were Gods.
Today many Mexicans have Aztec and other Native American forefathers. People still use Aztec symbols in Mexico. On the Mexican flag there is a picture of an eagle on a cactus with a snake in its mouth. This was an Aztec symbol. Also the name "Mexico" is an Aztec word.
The Aztecs ate a lot of plants and vegetables that could be grown easily in the Mexico area. The main food that they ate was corn, which they called maize. Another food that they ate was squash.
Aztecs also had a lot of harsh punishments for the simplest of crimes. For the following crimes the punishment was death: adultery, wearing cotton clothes (cotton clothes were only for the nobles), cutting down a living tree, moving a field boundary making your land bigger, making someone else's smaller, major theft and treason.
The Incans.
The Incans were a civilized empire in western South America. The Incans are called a "pre-Columbian" empire. This means that their country was here before Christopher Columbus. They ruled parts of South America around what is now Peru for a little over 100 years, until the Spanish invasion in the 16th century.
The Incan empire or Tawantinsuyo, meaning "four regions" in quechua, only lasted for about 100 years as the arrival of the Spaniards in 1532 conquered them. Their main language was Quechua, but as the Incas were basically made up of many different groups there were probably many other different languages.
Their capital was in the city of Cusco, or Qosqo, in what is now southern Peru.
Manco Capac founded the first Inca state around 1200. It covered the area around Cusco. In the 1400's, Pachacuti‎ began to absorb other people in the Andes. The expansion of the Inca Empire had started. The Inca Empire would become the biggest empire in the Americas before Columbus.
In 1532, the civil war ended. The brothers Huascar and Atahualpa, fought for who would succeed their father. During this time, the Spanish conquerors took possession of the Inca territory. They were led by Francisco Pizarro. In the following years the conquistadors managed to extend their power over the whole Andean region. They suppressed successive Inca rebellions until the establishment of the Viceroyalty of Perú in 1542 and the fall of the resistance of the last Incas of Vilcabamba in 1572. The Inca civilization ends at that time, but many cultural traditions remain in some ethnic groups as Quechuas and Aymara people.
Africa.
Ancient Egypt and Carthage are well known civilizations of ancient Africa. But there are not many written sources in large parts of Sub-Saharan Africa the history of Africa is not easy to write about. But with new techniques such as the recording of oral history, historical linguistics and archeology knowledge has improved, not only for the empires and kingdoms of Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, Nubia, Kush and Kerma.
Colonization.
Colonization happened after Christopher Columbus discovered the Americas. European countries such as England, France, and Spain built colonies in the Americas. These settlers fought the native Americans to take over their land. The colonisation of the Americas was the beginning of modern times.
An important part about discovering the Americas was the Columbian Exchange The Columbian Exchange brought new foods, ideas, and diseases to the Old World and New World, changing the way people lived. Historians believe that almost everyone as far as Asia was affected in some way by the Columbian Exchange.
Reformation and Counter-Reformation.
Protestant Reformation started with Martin Luther and the posting of the 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg, Germany. At first he protested against corruption such as simony or the sale of indulgences. But then it became clear that he had different ideas about the church doctrine. He thought that Christians should only read the Bible to find out what God wants from them. That meant that they did not need priests (see: Five solas). The three most important traditions that came directly from the Protestant Reformation were the Lutheran, Reformed (Calvinist, Presbyterian, etc.), and Anglican traditions.
The Counter-Reformation, or Catholic Reformation, was the Catholic Church fighting the Protestant Reformation. New religious orders, such as the Jesuits were founded and missionaries sent around the world. Decisions were taken at the Council of Trent (1545-1563).
Industrial revolution.
The Industrial Revolution started in Great Britain. It brought many advances in the way goods were produced. These advances allowed people to produce much more than they needed for living. The early British Empire split as its colonies in America revolted to establish a representative government.
From Nationalism to imperialism.
The French Revolution lead to massive political change in continental Europe, as people following the ideas of Enlightenment asked for human rights with the slogan "liberté, egalité, fraternité" (liberty, equality, fraternity). That led to the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, but also to terror and the execution of King Louis XVI. The French leader, Napoleon Bonaparte, conquered and changed Europe through war up to 1815. As more and more small property holders were granted the vote, in France and the UK, socialist and trade union activity developed and revolution gripped Europe in 1848. The last vestiges of serfdom were abolished in Austria-Hungary in 1848. Russian serfdom was abolished in 1861. The Balkan nations began to regain their independence from the Ottoman Empire. After the Franco-Prussian War, Italy and Germany became unified in 1870 and 1871. Conflict spread across the globe, in a chase for empires. The search for a "place in the sun" ended with the outbreak of World War I. In the desperation of war, the Russian Revolution promised the people "peace, bread and land". The defeat of Germany came at the price of economic destruction, which was written down in the Treaty of Versailles.
China – continuity.
From 1644 to 1912 the Qing or "Manchu Dynasty" ruled China. The dynasty was founded by the Manchu clan in northeast China (Manchuria). It expanded into China proper and its surrounding territories, establishing the "Empire of the Great Qing".
Its military power weakened during the 1800s, and faced with international pressure, massive rebellions and defeats in wars, the Qing Dynasty declined after the mid-19th century. It was overthrown in 1912.
Japan.
During the Edo period, Japan had many small rulers. There were about 200 of them, called the daimyo. Out of them, the Tokugawa clan was most powerful. They ruled from a place called Edo. This place was around the present day’s Tokyo. For fifteen generations they were the most powerful clan in Japan.
Beginning from the early 17th century, the rulers (known as shogunate) started a policy of seclusion, known as sakoku in Japanese language. They suspected that traders, merchants and missionaries wanted to bring Japan under the control of European powers. Except the Dutch and the Chinese, all foreigners, traders and merchants from other countries, missionaries were no longer allowed into Japan.
Still even during the period of seclusion, Japanese continued to gain information and knowledge about other parts of the world.
This policy of seclusion lasted for about 200 years. It ended 1868 with Meiji Restoration, when the emperor took over again and started a lot of reforms.
India - Mughal Empire.
The Mughal Empire existed from 1526 to 1857. When it was biggest it ruled most of the Indian subcontinent, then known as Hindustan, and parts of what is now Afghanistan. It was founded by Babur in 1526 and ruled until 1530. Its most important ruler was Akbar (1556-1605). After the death of Aurangjeb (1658-1707), the Mughal Empire became weak. It continued until 1857. By that time, India came under the British Raj.
America.
Settlement by the Spanish started the European colonization of the Americas, it meant genocide of the native Indians. The Spanish gained control of most of the Caribbean and conquered the Aztecs. So they founded the Spanish Empire in the New World.
The first successful English settlements were in North America at Jamestown (Virginia), 1607 (along with its satellite, Bermuda in 1609) and Plymouth (Massachusetts), 1620. The first French settlements were Port Royal (1604) and Quebec City (1608). The Fur Trade soon became the primary business on the continent and as a result transformed the Native Americans lifestyle. Plantation slavery of the West Indies lead to the beginning of the Atlantic slave trade.
Rivalry between the European powers created a series of wars on the North American landmass. The American Revolution led to the creation of the United States of America. Spain's hold on its colonies weakened till it had to give them independence.
The United States expanded quickly to the west. At the same time, British built more in Canada.
Africa.
During the 15th century the Portuguese began exploring Africa. At the Guinea coast they built their first fort in 1482. They started slave trade after the European discovery of America in 1492 to supply settlers from there with workers. Soon English, Spanish, Dutch, French and Danish mariners built their forts as well. But their influence on the inland was minor (except from decimation of population by slave trade) till during the 19th century larger colonies were founded.
Twentieth Century onward.
The 20th century was a very important time in history. New technology and different ideas led to many worldwide changes in the time of just 100 years.
The First World War.
World War I was a war fought from 1914 to 1918. During the time of the war, it was called "The Great War", or "The War to End All Wars". Chemical poisons, tanks, aeroplanes, and bombs were used for the first time.
These were causes that made it likely that a war would start in Europe. The "spark" that started the war was the assassination of the heir to the throne in Austria-Hungary: Archduke Franz Ferdinand by a group of young Serbians. Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia and each country's allies then joined the war. This created a bigger conflict which turned into World War I.
Europe divided into two groups of allies: the Central Powers and the Allied Powers (the "Allies"). The Central Powers were made up of Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria. The Allies were made up of Britain, France, Russia, Italy and the United States.
World War I was fought on two fronts; the Eastern Front and the Western Front. Trench warfare was commonly used on the Eastern Front.
Because of a British blockade, Germany began using U-boats, or submarines, to sink British ships. After the sinking of two ships with Americans on board, and the public release of the Zimmermann Note, The U.S. declared war on Germany, joining the Allies.
On November 11, 1918, Germany signed the armistice, meaning "the laying down of arms", to end the war. After the war ended, the Treaty of Versailles was written and Germany was made to sign it. They had to pay $33 million in reparations (payment for damage).
After the First War.
After the war the German Empire, the Russian Empire, the Ottoman Empire and Austrian Empire ended and France and Britain got weaker.
The 1920s and 1930s had military-related fascist dictators take control of Italy, Germany, Japan and Spain. They were helped by the Great Depression starting in 1929. When Hitler in 1933 had gained power in Germany he prepared World War II.
The Second World War.
Of all the wars ever fought, World War II involved the most countries and killed the most people. More than 60 million people died, making it the worst disaster of all time. It lasted six years in Europe, from 1939 to 1945.
It was fought between the Axis Powers (Germany, Italy and Japan) and the Allied Powers. At first the Axis Powers were successful, but that ended in Europe with the Battle of Stalingrad in 1943 and the invasion in Normandy in 1944. But Hitler was able to pursue his plan to annihilate Jews nearly all over Europe. Today, this plan is called the Holocaust.
In the Pacific it ended with the battles of Midway and Guadalcanal. Germany surrendered on May 8. The atomic bombs on the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki led Japan to surrender on August 15, 1945.
After World War II.
After World War II the United Nations was founded in the hope that it could solve arguments among nations and keep wars from happening. Communism spread to Central and Eastern Europe, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Romania, Albania, North Vietnam and North Korea. In 1949, China became communist. During the 1950s and 1960s, many third world countries became communist.
This led to the Cold War, a forty-year argument between the United States, the Soviet Union, and their allies (mainly countries that were members of NATO or the Warsaw Pact). Each country wanted to promote their type of government. The Soviet Union wanted to spread communism, and the United States wanted to spread democracy. People across the world feared a nuclear war because of the tension.
Communism became less popular when it became clear that it couldn't promote economic growth as well as Western states and that it was not suited for a reform that allowed freedom of speech for everybody. Therefore the Soviet Union forced Hungary to give up its reform in 1956, it favoured the building of the Berlin Wall in 1961 and it stopped reform in Czechoslovakia in 1968. When in 1988/89 Gorbachev made clear that he would not force the countries of the East block to stick to Communism the Berlin Wall was torn down in 1989 and the Soviet Union collapsed (1991). Then the United States was the only superpower left.
After Mao Zedong's death China's communist party proved that economic reform was possible without political freedom and paved the way for enormous economic growth.
As the 20th century ended, the European Union began to rise and included former satellite states and even parts of the Soviet Union. States in Asia, Africa and South America tried to copy the European Union.
The twentieth century was a time of great progress in terms of technology. People began to live longer because of better medicine and medical technology. New communications and transportation technologies connected the world. But these advances also helped cause problems with the environment.
The last half of the century was the rise of the information age and globalisation. These two things increased trade and cultural exchange. Space exploration expanded all through the solar system. The structure of DNA was discovered.
The same period also raised questions about the end of human history because of unmanaged global dangers: nuclear weapons, greenhouse effect and other problems in the environment.
As the 20th century ended and the 21st century started, people relying on one another to deal with common dangers could be achieved. Some scientists referred to this as a "Planetary Phase of Civilization".
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Ur
Ur was the world's first known city. It was founded by the Sumerians around the year 2500 BCE (before common era). Sumer was also the world's first civilization.
Ur had three levels. The richer, like governemnt officials priests and soldiers, were at the top. The second level was for merchants, teachers, laborers, farmers and craftmakers. The bottom were for slaves captured in battle. Burials at Ur give insight into people's social standing. Kings and queens were buried with treasure. Wealthy people were buried with less. Since irrigation gave Ur abundant crops, not everybody needed to work on farms. People learned other skills. Sir Leonard Wooly made a tablet that listed Ur's special workers. The chisel workers made sculptures, the gem cutters made gems, and the fuller stomped on woven wools to make them soft.The metal workers made weapons. Cities have different groups. Some of the richer people are more powerful.
In the Sumerian city, the ziggurats stood like modern skyscrapers over the city. Some ziggurats stood 70 feet tall. Later the ziggurats became more than a place for gods. There were workshops for craftworkers. For the priests, they were temples to do worship. There were big staricases to get up and down. The only level that remains today is the bottom. They tell a lot about the people who built them. Sumerians had no tools and machinery like us. They were careful brick builders. Brickmakers formed mud bricks there were perfect. After drying they take them to the site and set them in place with bitumen. Bitumen is a thick sticky black stuff. It's like asphalt, the stuff they use to pave roads. They braided reeds so they would be stronger, and hooked them up like steel cables.

Odenwald
The Odenwald is a mountain chain in the south of Hesse, in the north of Bavaria and the north of Baden-Württemberg.
In the south of the Odenwald there is the Neckar River. In the east there is the Main River. In the west there is the valley of the Rhine River. The highest mountain is the Katzenbuckel (literally "cat's hump", 626 m).
The big cities Mannheim and Frankfurt am Main are near to the Odenwald. People of these cities like to go there at holidays. It is known for its clean thin air. There are many marked hiking paths. You can find wild blueberries, strawberries and mushrooms in the forests.
Several small towns are very beautiful like Weinheim on the Bergstraße and Michelstadt. The mild climate of the area is well known.

Sviatoslav I, Prince of Kiev
Sviatoslav I was an early ruler of the Kievan Rus', a nation that evolved into modern Ukraine. He was the son of Igor I of Kiev and Olga of Kiev. He ruled from 962 until 972. During his reign he destroyed the Khazar Empire and for a short time conquered what is now Bulgaria.

Citrus
Citrus is a common term and genus of flowering plants in the family Rutaceae. It originated in tropical and subtropical southeast Asia.
Citrus fruits usually have a sour taste. There are many types of citrus fruits in the world.

Daylight saving time
Daylight saving time (DST) is the local time adopted by many countries during summer. Typically, clocks are adjusted by moving the time forward by one hour in late winter or early spring. When DST ends in autumn, clocks are turned back to their the normal time.
DST was introduced in many countries to use the extra daylight available during summer. DST helps stores that sell to people after they get off work, but it hurts farmers and others whose hours are set by the sun. It cuts traffic accident rates. Sometimes it can reduce energy costs, but it can also increase them.
The United States, Australia (not Queensland or Western Australia), the United Kingdom, Canada and many other countries have DST. In Europe, DST is called summer time. Iceland and Kazakhstan are the only countries in Europe without DST.

Lanthanum
Lanthanum is a chemical element. It has the chemical symbol La. It has the atomic number 57. It is part of a group of chemical elements in the periodic table named the Lanthanides. It is a rare earth element. It is silvery white, malleable and ductile. It is soft and can be cut with a knife.

Rowing
Rowing is about moving a boat on water using human muscle power. It can be a sport. The goal in rowing is to move as fast as possible on top of the water. The athletes use a boat. They move the boat forward by using two sculls or one oar. There are different types of rowing. The types depend on how many people are in the boat and if they have a coxswain or not.

Inkjet printer
An Inkjet printer is a printer for computers. It uses special ink to print on the paper. Another type of printing techology is the Laser printer.
Usually, inkjet printers are used by people who print very little. The ink comes in special ink cartridges, which can be very expensive and uneconomical. Also, the ink in the cartridge may dry up. This means that a new cartridge is needed.
Many professionals use inkjet printers to print on very large surfaces (up to 5m width). These printers usually do not use cartridges, but have a continuous supply of ink that could last for a long time.

Laser printer
A laser printer is a printer for computers. It uses LED-technology to get small particles of toner from a cartridge onto paper. Very often, this is more economical to use than the ink of inkjet printers.

Lawrencium
Lawrencium is a chemical element. It is also named eka-lutetium by some people. It has the symbol Lr. It has the atomic number 103. It is a radioactive element that does not exist in nature. It has to be made. Lawrencium is made from californium. The isotope that has the longest half-life (262Lr) has a half life of about 4 hours.
No uses for lawrencium are known. What lawrencium looks like is not known because not enough has been made to see it with human eyesight.

Darmstadtium
Darmstadtium is a chemical element. It has been named ununnilium (Uun) or eka-platinum but is now named darmstadtium. It has the symbol Ds. It has the atomic number 110. It is a transuranium element.
Darmstadtium is a radioactive element that does not exist in nature. It has to be made. The isotopes with an atomic mass from 267 to 273 have very short half-lifes. The half life of these isotopes is measured in milliseconds. Istopes of darmstadtium with an atomic mass of 279 and 281 were synthesised after the other isotpes. Ds-279 and Ds-281 decay more slowly. The isotope with an atomic mass of 279 has a half life of 180 milliseconds and Ds-281 has a half life of 11.1 seconds.
No uses for darmstadtium are known. What darmstadtium looks like is not known because not enough has been made to see it with human eyesight.
History.
Darmstadtium was first made on November 9, 1994. It was made at the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung (GSI) in Darmstadt, Germany. The team that made darmstadtium was lead by Dr. Jorge Rigol. Only a few atoms of it were made. It was made by bombarding a lead target with nickel. A nuclear fusion reaction happened and made the element.
This is shown by the equation below that is the reaction that happened. Pb is the symbol for lead, Ni is the symbol for nickel and n is the symbol for a neutron.
The element was named from Darmstadt. Darmstadt is the place of its discovery. The GSI is in Wixhausen, a part of the north of the city of Darmstadt. The new name (darmstadtium) was given to the chemical element by the IUPAC in August 2003.

Wampanoag
The Wampanoag were a Native American tribe. They lived during the 17th century in what is now the American region of New England.

Mandir
Mandir is a place where Hindus go to worship Brahma. Murtis help them to do this.
The Murtis are marble images ceremonially infused with the divine presence of god. They are daily worshipped with five artis and other ceremonies.
Purpose.
Murtis answer prayers of the faithful and inspire spiritually.
Appearence.
They are sometimes abstract, but more often representations of God in a personal form like Shiva or Ganesh, Rama or Krishna, Saraswati or Kali. Murtis are made according to the prescriptions of the Silpasastra alloy Panchaloga, and then installed by priests through the prana pratishtha ceremony. Afterward the divine personality is present in the murti but in cases of serious discrepancies in worship may leave the form.
Method.
To show respect, Hindus give gifts and food to the murtis. They are treated with respect and are treated as part of the family. They are given clothes and are changed at certain times every day. Every time a Hindu walks past the murti, they stop to pray.
They are also very powerful some people think that they are very holy.

Kitchener, Ontario
Kitchener is a city in Ontario, Canada. Kitchener is in Southwestern Ontario and is near Toronto, Hamilton, Mississauga and London. It is in Waterloo Region. Other cities in Waterloo Region include Waterloo and Cambridge. Sometimes Kitchener, Waterloo, and Cambridge are known as the "technology triangle". It is on the Grand River, which leads to Lake Erie.
History.
At first, Kitchener was called Berlin. When World War I started it seemed like a bad idea to have a city named after the capital of Germany. The city was renamed Kitchener, after a British general, Herbert Kitchener. Kitchener then slowly became a prosperous city as it is today.
Future.
A rapid transit system is planned to be added in the Waterloo Region.

Spring (water)
A spring is a point where water flows out of the ground. A spring may flow the whole year or only sometimes. This depends on the water getting into the ground all of the time (rain) or only once in a while (snow melting).
A spring often sends water down, along the land. This is how rivers start.
Some springs produce water that is good for health reasons. Sometimes towns grow by these springs because many people who are ill come there to get better. Such towns are called spa towns.

Thorium
Thorium is a chemical element. It is a weakly radioactive metal. It has the chemical symbol Th. It has the atomic number 90. It is found in nature. People have thought that it could be used as a nuclear fuel in place of uranium.

Source (river or stream)
The source of a river or stream is the original point from which the river flows.
The source of a river or stream may be a lake, a marsh, a spring or a glacier.
The farthest stream is called the headstream or headwater. The source is the farthest point of the river stream from its estuary or its confluence with another river or stream.
Where a river is fed by more than one source, it is usual to regard the highest as its source.

Laserdisc
A Laserdisc, like a DVD, can play video of a higher quality than VHS. A Laserdisc is much larger than a DVD. To play Laserdisc movies, a LaserDisc player is needed.
Laserdisc was first produced by MCA in 1978, and became well-known in the 1980s. Movie companies stopped making Laserdisc movies when DVDs became well-known in the late 1990s. Today some of the better Laserdisc players still sell for $1,000 United States or more.

Californium
Californium is a chemical element. It is a radioactive metal. It has the chemical symbol Cf. It has the atomic number 98. Californium is a transuranic element. It is found in nature on earth but is found in other parts of the universe. Californium does not have many uses. It was discovered by bombarding a curium target with alpha particles (helium ions).

Torgau
Torgau is a town on the banks of the Elbe in northwestern Saxony, Germany. The town is well-known as the place where during the Second World War, United States Army forces met with forces of the Soviet Union during the invasion of Germany on April 25, 1945.
This marked the beginning of the line of contact between Soviet and American forces, but not the occcupation zones. In fact the area surrounding Torgau at first occupied by U.S. forces was later, in July 1945, given over to Soviet forces.

Chemical bond
Chemical bonds are what join together atoms. When two or more atoms are in a chemical bond they stay joined unless the needed amount of energy or more is transfered to the bond. Something different can then happen. Chemical bonds can be explained using different theories. Some of these theories try to explain chemical bonds in a simply way that can be used by chemists to imagine what could happen when they try to make molecules. Some explain how the atoms are bonded together with more detail and are used by chemists and physicists.
Lewis Dot Style.
A common way chemists describe chemical bonds is through the amount of electrons each atom has on itself. Each atom is drawn with the number of electrons as dots to form a maximum of eight. The number of dots changes if there are less or more electrons. If the electrons from a chemical bond then a line is drawn between the two electrons.

Physical property
A physical property is a property, quality or way that an object is. A physical property can always be measured without changing or making the object chemically different or different in a way that would effect its chemical or atomic structure. There are two types of physical properties: "intensive" and "extensive".

Concept
A concept is an idea that is applied to all objects in a group. It is the way people see and understand something. The name used to identify a concept (the concept's label) is a "term". For example, the word "Dog" is the term to identify the concept of what a dog is. Everything that a person knows about a dog is the concept of the term dog.
Different terms can be used to identify the same concept. Car and Automobile are both terms for the same concept. Different languages have different terms for the same concept. This is what makes translation possible. The terms may be different in each language, but the concept is the same. The concept of jumping is the same to a person from England and a person from Italy, but one person uses the term "Jump" to mean the concept and the other person uses "Salto".

Kenpo
Kenpo or kempo is the descriptive name of various Japanese martial arts with Chinese origins, and also of hybrid martial arts: the Japanese ones and the Chinese ones. Kenpo is similar to karate and includes more punches and kicks than holds or joint locks of wrestling.
More known styles of kenpo.
Kempo is an interesting style of Martial Arts in that it shows how cultures can merge and benefit with learning from one another.
Kempo is a Japanese Martial Arts form. However, unlike Karate, its origins are linked back to China and still have very strong influences from Chinese systems.
It is not uncommon for a Kempo artist to both use traditional Japanese and Chinese style techniques. The difference lies in that because of the Chinese influence, the Japanese moves tend to emphasize more fluidity than most of the other Japanese styles. And because of the Japanese influence, there is a stronger focus for shorter stances and movements than other Chinese styles.
For the same reason that many other styles are sometimes simply listed as "karate", Kempo has long been strongly linked under the general banner of "karate". However, recognition for it being a different style of martial arts is emerging quickly. And in many ways, this art is finally getting the notice it should. Kempo is known for its near explosive, short-ranged attacks that often move faster than the opponent can see.
Kempo has a very strong presence in Hawaii, the home base for many of the systems under Kempo that exist today in the United States. Throughout each of the histories of the different groups there are strong signs of the continued merging of both Chinese and Japanese influences.

Edge
The word Edge can stand for different concepts

Tyr
Tyr is a god in Norse mythology. In the Eddas, he is either the son of Odin or of Hymir. He is the god of single (man-to-man) combat. Tyr only has one hand.
How Tyr lost his hand.
At one point in time, the gods decided that the wolf Fenrir (also called "Fenriswolf")could no longer go free. They wanted to lock him up onto a chain. But he broke every chain they tried to put on him. Finally, they had the dwarves make a magical chain. But Fenrir sensed what the gods would do. So Fenrir asked that one of them put his hand into his mouth. Tyr was the only one who had the courage.When Fenrir sensed he had been tricked, he bit off Tyr's hand. Tyr remained handless forever.
Fenrir will remain bound until Ragnarök. Then, Tyr's opponent will be Garm, the guard dog of Hel.

Loki
Loki is a giant in Norse mythology. He is the personification of cunning, trickery, and evil. Although Loki is a giant, he lives with the gods because Odin adopted him. He has the power of changing his appearance (called Shapeshifting) and even gender, although he had to borrowed Freyja's magical dress at times to change into birds. Once, Loki changed himself into a mare, and he bore the son of a horse. This eight-legged horse is then called Sleipnir, and became the favourite horse of Odin. Loki also has many monstrous children, namely Hel, Fenrir, and Jordmungand. He and his children became enemies of the gods in Ragnarok.
Loki is a coward, liar, cheater, thief, and murderer. He cut off the hair of Thor's wife, Sif, stole Freyja's necklace, gave goddess Idunn to the giants, etc. In a poem called Lokasenna (Loki's Arguments), he made up lies to insult all gods and goddesses. The last evil thing he did is to kill the god Baldur, using the blind god Hodhr's hands. For this, he was tied into a tree until Ragnarok.
At Ragnarok, Loki was freed by the giants, and he fought with his rival, the god Heimdall. Both killed each other.
There is a common mistaken idea that Loki is a god of fire. But Loki is a giant, not a god. And despite modern scholars' efforts, they found no evidences that he was ever worshipped. The misconception came from Richard Wagner's opera "The Ring of Nibelung" in 19th century, where he created a character called "Loge" (Loki), who has the form of fire. It is also because Loki is often confused with the fire giant Logi. But Logi and Loki are two different characters in myths, and Loki never had anything to do with fire.

Freyja
Freyja (or Freya, Freja) is a goddess in Norse and Germanic Mythology. She is the twin sister of Freyr and the daughter of Njord. She is originally worshipped as a fertility goddess. But in the Eddas, she was often portrayed as a goddess of love, beauty, and attraction. She was also associated with war, battle, death, wealth, magic and prophecies. Freyja was said to be the most beloved, honored, and renowned among goddesses. She is one of the most popular deities of Norse mythology.
Receiver of the slain.
The Valkyries collect the souls of heroes killed in battles and bring them to heaven, where they will become soldiers of the gods. Freyja shares with Odin half of these heroes. Her sacred realm is Folkvang (Field of Folk), where lies her great and fair hall Sessrumnir (Room of Seats). At this hall, she decides where her warriors shall sit.
The ninth hall is Folkvang, where bright Freyja decides
Some of the slain belong to her,
Bride of the Vanir.
Freyja married a god called Odr. She deeply loves her husband, but he often went away on long journeys, and Freyja cried red golden tears for him. Her tears become gold and amber when they fall to Earth, therefore gold was called "Freyja's tears". They have two beautiful daughters called Hnoss and Gersemi.
Owner of the Gib-Cats and Brisingamen.
Freyja often rides in a chariot pulled by big blue cats, or on a golden battle boar. She is called "The Fair One". In the myths, there were three giants who wanted to marry Freyja, but they were all killed by Thor, the god of thunder.
Freyja also has a precious necklace called Brisingamen (Jewelry of Fire). The evil giant Loki once stole this necklace, and Freyja had to ask the god Heimdall for help. Heimdall won the fight with Loki and gave the necklace back to Freyja. For this, Loki is also called "Thief of Brisingamen", and Heimdall is also called "Seeker of Brisingamen".
When Thrymr, the King of the frost giants, told Loki to ask Freyja to become his wife, the goddess was so angry that heaven was shaken, and the necklace Brisingamen broke. The god Thor later borrowed the necklace and came to the wedding, dressed up as Freyja. Thor killed Thrymr and all his relatives.
Jobs.
Freyja is a warrior goddess. Whenever she rides into battles, she gets half of the souls of dead heroes. Freyja is also a priestess, and she taught the gods the magic arts. She has a magical dress made of feathers which allows her to fly between different worlds.
Freyja is the patron goddess of crops and child births. She is also a goddess of love, whom lovers may send prayers to.
Frigg and Freyja are the two main goddesses in Norse mythology. They were especially worshipped by Vikings. Freyja is said to be the kindest among goddesses. In a poem in Poetic Edda, a young man called Ottar always trusted in the goddesses; he built a rock shrine for the goddesses, and Freyja answered his prayers. She disguised Ottar as her golden boar, and went on a trip to help him find his ancestors.
After Ragnarok.
In final battle of Ragnarok, Odin, Njord, and Freyr all died. Freyja alone remained among the gods, and she continued the sacrifices.
Names.
Freyr's name means "the Lord", Freyja's name means "the Lady".
The day of the week, Friday, is named either after her, or after Odin's wife Frigg. The Orion was called Frigg's distaff or Freyja's girdle. Frigg and Freyja are maybe originally one and the same goddess.
Freyja is also widely known as Vanadis, which means Lady of the Vanir. The metallic element Vanadium was named after her. The Vanir are close relatives of elves. Freyr is the Lord of the elves, his sacred realm is Alfheim, home of the elves.
Another well-known name of godddess Freyja is Gefn, which means "Giver", a suitable name for the fertility goddess.
Freyja represents the Norse women of Viking Age, whose husbands often went away to war. From Freyja's name, noble Norse women are called Fru, wives are called house-fru. And Frau means "woman" in German.
Freya and Freja are now common Scandinavian female names.

Frigg
Frigg (or Frigga) is a goddess in Norse mythology. She is Odin's wife. She is the goddess of marriage, motherhood, managing the household, and keeper of the domestic arts. She has the power of prophecy, but she does not tell what she knows. Her children are Baldr, Höðr and, in an English source, Wecta; her stepchildren are Hermóðr, Heimdall, Tyr, Vidar, Váli, and Skjoldr. Thor is either her brother or a stepson. Frigg's companion is Eir, the gods' doctor and goddess of healing. Frigg's attendants are Hlín (a goddess of protection), Gná (a messenger goddess), and Fulla (a fertility goddess). It is unclear whether Frigg's companions and attendants are simply different aspects of Frigg herself (cf. avatar). According to the poem "Lokasenna" Frigg is the daughter of Fjorgyn (masculine version of "Earth," cf. feminine version of "Earth," Thor's mother), her mother is not identified in the stories that have survived.
In the poem Lokasenna, Loki insulted all the gods and goddesses. To Frigg, he said that she had sexual relationships with Odin's brothers, Ve and Vili, when Odin was away.
Frigg is the foremost goddess of the Æsir, she is often confused with Freyja, foremost goddess of the Vanir.
Friday, the day of the week is named either after her or after Freyja.

William Wallace
William Wallace was a knight from Scotland who fought the King of England (Edward I) in the Middle Ages. He was born around 1270, and executed by the English on 23 August 1305. Scotland had been occupied by England, and Wallace led resistance to the occupation. A book called "The Acts and Deeds of Sir William Wallace, Knight of Elderslie" was written by a minstrel named Blind Harry in the 15th century. The book is written more like a story than a true version of his life, and has led to much of the legends around William Wallace. The film Braveheart is based on the novel.
Birth.
Exactly where and when Wallace was born is not very clear. Some people say he was born about 1272, but a book printed in the 16th century called "History of William Wallace and Scottish Affairs" says he was born in 1276. Tradition says he was born in Elderslie, near Paisley in Renfrewshire. There are links with Ayrshire as well, and it is not clear whether Wallace first fought the English in Ayrshire or Lanark.
Family.
Tradition sees Wallace as a "common", normal person. Robert the Bruce, who also fought the English, was seen as being more noble. But this is not true because Wallace's family were minor nobles.

Æsir
The Æsir are the main gods of Norse mythology. They include Odin, Frigg, Thor, Baldur and Tyr. A second family of gods, the "Vanir", is also a part in the Norse mythology. This group includes the god Njord and his children, Freyr and Freyja. These gods joined the Æsir as hostages after a war between Æsir and Vanir. The Æsir gods are usually connected with power and war.
Norse mythology.
The things that happened between the Æsir and the Vanir is an interesting part of Norse mythology. Most mythologies have "older" and "younger" families of gods. The Æsir and Vanir were shown as near the same age as each other. The two groups of gods fought each other, made treaties, and traded hostages. Freyr and Freyja are were said to be hostages. Some think that things that happened between the Æsir and Vanir are the same things which were common to different Norse clans at the time.
The Æsir stayed did not grow old. They stayed young by eating the apples of Iðunn. While they did not age, they could be killed. It was said that most of them will die at Ragnarök.

Braveheart
"Braveheart" is a movie starring Mel Gibson. It is loosely based around the life of Scottish freedom fighter William Wallace, who fought against the English when they occupied Scotland.

Semiconductor
A semiconductor is a solid whose electrical conductivity can be controlled by adding impurities. The electrical conductivity can be changed a great deal with a high level of control. Semiconductors like silicon can be made into transistors, which are small amplifiers. Transitors are used in computers, mobile phones, digital audio players and many other electronic devices. Silicon is the most important commercial semiconductor, though many others are used.
Like other solids, the electrons in semiconductors can have energies only within certain bands (ie. ranges of energy levels) between the energy of the ground state, corresponding to electrons tightly bound to the atomic nuclei of the material, and the free electron energy, which is the energy required for an electron to escape entirely from the material.

Curium
Curium is a chemical element. It is a radioactive metal. It has the chemical symbol Cm. It has the atomic number 96. In chemistry it is placed in a group of metal elements named the actinides. Curium is a transuranic element. It is a radioactive element that does not exist in nature. Curium has to be made. Curium has a silver color. Curium is made by bombarding a plutonium target with alpha particles (helium ions). Curium was named after Marie Curie and her husband Pierre.

Lanark
Lanark is a town in South Lanarkshire, Scotland. It is close to Carluke and biggar. Lanark is aproximately 40 miles from Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland. William Wallace once lived there. There is a statue of Wallace on the town church. A plaque remembers where he "first drew sword to free his native land" in 1296, when he killed Heselrig, the English sheriff of Lanark. This event forms the start of the Mel Gibson film, "Braveheart".
Lanark is also notable for its annual Lanimer celebrations, where local children on coloured floats parade through the streets along with marching pipe bands. A Lanimer Queen is elected from the children, and crowned in a ceremony at the foot of the High Street. A Lord Cornet is chosen from local businessmen, and acts as escort for the Queen for the events of Lanimer Week.

Robert I of Scotland
Robert I of Scotland (July 11, 1274 – June 7, 1329) is more better known as Robert the Bruce. He was King of Scotland (1306 – 1329). He is famous for beating the English army at the Battle of Bannockburn near Stirling in 1314.

Geelong, Victoria
Geelong is the second biggest city in the state of Victoria, Australia. It has a large port and 190,000 people living in its area. Geelong at Corio Bay, which is 75 kilometres south-west
The city is a near many famous tourist attractions, for example the Great Ocean Road, the Shipwreck Coast and the Bellarine Peninsula. Geelong also has the second oldest Australian rules football club in the world, the Geelong Football Club, also called "The Cats".

Monty Python's Life of Brian
"Monty Python's Life of Brian" is a 1979 comedy by Monty Python, which is about the life of Brian Cohen (Graham Chapman), a young man born on the same night and the same street as Jesus Christ.

Foundry
A foundry is a place where molten (melted) metals are poured into casts, to make metal things of a certain shape.

Call of Duty series
Call of Duty is a first person shooter video game series. It is about World War II up till Call of Duty 4 which takes place in present times. It was created by Infinity Ward and published by Activision for Gamecube, Xbox, Playstation, Playstation 2, Playstation 3 (CoD 4 only) and the PC. It is rated Teen or Mature for blood and violence.

Elementary particle
In particle physics, an elementary particle is a particle "not" made up of smaller particles. All elementary particles are either bosons or fermions.
For example: Atoms are "not" elementary particles because they are made of protons and neutrons joined together. Protons and neutrons are "not" elementary particles because they are made up of quarks joined together. Quarks "are" elementary because there is nothing else that makes up quarks.
This is part of the Standard Model which is the best way that physics has to explain the particles.

Spin (physics)
In physics, spin is the angular momentum of a particle.
For large visible objects like the earth, spin is the angular momentum of the turning of the earth around its axis. This tells the amount of rotation that it has. Angular momentum changes with the mass and shape of the object, and with how fast it is turning.
Spin in Quantum Theory.
Experiments such as the Stern-Gerlach experiment have shown that sub-atomic particles such as electrons seem to have a north pole and a south pole much like magnets do. Scientists once thought that this was caused by the particle spinning on its axis much like a planet does.
Later, it was shown that the electron would have to be spinning faster than the speed of light to do this. This is why scientists no longer belive that the electron is actually spinning like a planet. Scientists do, however, continue to refer to the magnetic properties of subatomic particles as "spin". Despite the name, no one is entirely sure about exactly what is going on inside the electron that gives it its magnetic properties.
Spin, whatever it is, seems to obey some of the regular laws of angular momentum but not all of them. A "spinning" electron (or any other sub-atomic particle with spin, for that matter) can only have certain values of angular momentum. Electrons can also align themselves against a magnetic field in ways that would be impossible in the everyday world.

Bendigo, Victoria
Bendigo is a city in central Victoria, Australia. Nearly 86,000 people live there which makes it the fourth largest city in Victoria after Melbourne, Geelong and Ballarat. The city area 3000 square kilometres big and has the towns Bendigo, Marong, Lockwood, Lockwood South, Ravenswood, Sebastian, Elmore, Heathcote, Maiden Gully, Lake Eppalock, Axedale, Goornong, Raywood and Huntly, which altogether have 100,000 people living there.

Ballarat, Victoria
Ballarat is a city in central Victoria, Australia. Nearly 90,200 people live there, which makes it the third biggest city in Victoria, after Melbourne and Geelong. It is also the biggest city that is not on the coast in Victoria. It is about 105 kilometres north-west of Melbourne. The city area is 740 square kilometres big and 75 square kilometres are used by the city itself.
History.
Tribes of Australian Aborigines, the Wathaurang and the Borneghurk, used to rest here, and called it "Balla-arat" meaning "elbow-place."
The first people from Europe came to Ballarat in 1837 to be sheep farmers. They took over large areas of land, with some farms more than 400 square kilometres. By 1840 there were more than 20 farms with 1000's of sheep in the Ballarat area. The city area was a farm owned by William Cross Yuille and Henry Anderson who arrived in 1838.
Gold was found at Ballarat in late August 1851, by James Regan and John Dunlop and within three weeks there were nearly 1000 people digging in the area looking for gold. In 2 days the Cavanagh brothers dug up 27.2 kilograms of gold from a hole less than 2 metres deep. This area is now called "Golden Point". Within a year there were 20,000 people living in Ballarat. With so many people coming to look for gold, the town soon got bigger. The Post Office opened on November 1, 1851.
Ballarat is famous as the site for an uprising, or rebellion. This is known as the Eureka Stockade or the Eureka Rebellion, which took place on 3 December 1854. About 30 miners were killed. This is an important moment in Australian history. The site now has a museum and display about the rebellion. The rebel miners flag can be seen at the Ballarat Fine Art Gallery.

Heimdall
Heimdall (or Heimdallr) is one of the gods in Norse mythology. He is the guardian of the Bifrost Bridge. He was the son of nine different mothers and was called the "White God".
Heimdall is the guardian of the gods. He will blow a horn, called the "Gjallarhorn", if Asgard is in danger. His senses are so good that he can hear the grass grow and he can see to the end of the world. Heimdall could hear a leaf fall. He also does not need any sleep at all.
Heimdall was said to be the last of the gods to die at Ragnarök when he and Loki would kill one another.

Tantalum
Tantalum is a chemical element. Tantalum was named tantalium. It has the chemical symbol Ta. It has the atomic number 73. It is a rare metal. It is hard and blue-gray. In chemistry it is placed in a group of metal elements named the transition metals.
Tantalum does not easily corrode. It is found in the mineral tantalite.

Hafnium
Hafnium is a chemical element. It has the chemical symbol Hf. It has the atomic number 72. It is a metal. It is silver gray. In chemistry it is placed in a group of metal elements named the transition metals. The chemistry of hafnium is similar to zirconium.
Hafnium is found in zirconium minerals.
Hafnium is used in tungsten alloys in filaments and electrodes. It is also used as a neutron absorber in control rods in nuclear power plants.

Lutetium
Lutetium is a chemical element. It has the chemical symbol Lu. It has the atomic number 71. It is a metal. It is silver white. In chemistry it is placed in a group of metal elements named the transition metals. Lutetium can also be grouped with the lanthanides because it is near the lanthanides in the Periodic Table. Its physical properties are like the lanthanides.

Anaheim Ducks
The Anaheim Ducks are an ice hockey team from Anaheim, California, California. They are in the National Hockey League (NHL). The Ducks changed the name on June 22, 2006. They used to be the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim. The name comes from the Disney movie "The Mighty Ducks".
The team was created in 1991 and started playing in the 1993 season. The Ducks were originally owned by The Walt Disney Company. In 2005, Disney sold the Ducks to Susan and Henry Samueli
They are in the Western Conference's Pacific Division. They play their home games at Honda Center, in Anaheim, California. Their team colors are black, gold, and orange. Randy Carlyle is the team's head coach. Scott Niedermayer is the captain of the team.
To date, they have won one Stanley Cup. It was in the 2006-2007 season. The Anaheim Ducks won the conference championship in the 2002-03 season and 2006-2007 season. They have won a Pacific division title in 2006-2007.

Móði and Magni
In Norse mythology, Móði (or Modi) and Magni are the sons of Thor. Their names mean "Angry" and "strong". Magni is the son of Thor and the giantess Járnsaxa. Nothing is known about Móði's mother.
Other than his part after Ragnarök, nothing is known about Móði. Magni is a part of the myth of Thor's battle with the giant Hrungnir.
Thor hit the giant in the head with his hammer, Mjolnir. Mjolnir broke Hrungnir's skull. The giant fell down dead with his leg on the neck of Thor. The other gods came to lift the leg off of Thor. They were not strong enough to lift it. Magni was only three days old. He came to his father and lifted the leg off of him by himself. Thor gave Magni the horse Gold-Mane. Hrungnir had owned the horse. Odin was upset that Thor gave the horse to "the son of a giantess" and not to Odin, Thor's own father.

Kerosene
Kerosene or paraffin oil is a colourless flammable liquid, usually used for fuel. Kerosene is made from petroleum. It may be used as fuel for lamps, in some kinds of cooking stoves, and in heaters. Kerosene is also used in the fuel for jet engines.

Brass instrument
A brass instrument is a musical instrument that you play by blowing through a mouthpiece to change the pitch, or note.
With brass instruments, the sound starts at the lips.
Their mouthpieces just help your lips buzz. It doesn't matter if the instrument is really made of brass, as long as it works that way.
It is not important what the instrument is made of. Some brass instruments are really made of wood, but are still called brass instruments, like the serpent. Other instruments are made of brass but don't work like this, like the saxophone. They are not called brass instruments although they are made of brass.
There are also parts of the instrument that change the pitch, like slides or valves.
A brass band is a group of brass instruments and drums that play music together. They are often used to play for parades and processions because the players can march and play at the same time. Brass bands were very popular in England. Many factories and coal mines had their own bands. The workers would play in the bands after work. One famous band is the Grimethorpe Colliery Band.

Crystallization
Crystallization is the way that atoms gather to make tightly bonded or connected groups.
Crystallization is a technique to separate solid from liquids. It is the process of formation of solid crystals from a homogeneous solution. For crystallization to occur the solution at hand ought to be supersaturated. Put simply, the solution should contain more solute molecules than it would under ordinary conditions. This can be achieved by various methods -- solvent evaporation, cooling, chemical reaction, 'drowning' being the most common ones used in industrial practice.
To make things clear we can use a simple example. We take a bowl of water to which we add sugar crystals. We keep adding sugar to it until we reach a stage when no more crystals can be dissolved. This solution so obtained is a saturated one. It is interesting to note that we can dissolve more crystals to this particular saturated solution by heating it (since solubility of solutes increases with increase in temperature, although exceptional cases occur). This elevation in temperature causes more sugar crystals to dissolve in it (thus forming a supersaturated solution), but when the temperature of the solution is allowed to attain equilibrium with the surroundings, the solubilty of the solute decreases (because the temperature of the solution has decreased) and the 'excess' sugar so added crystallizes out. This process essentially illustrates the simplest of supersaturation techniques. 'Drowning' is the addition of a nonsolvent in the solution that decreases the solubility of the solid. Alternatively, chemical reactions can also be used to decrease the solubility of the solid in the solvent, thus working towards supersaturation.
Crystallization can be divided into stages - primary nucleation is the first. It is the growth of a new crystal, which in turn causes secondary nucleation - the final stage (if removal of the crystals is not an issue). Secondary nucleation requires existing crystals to perpetuate crystal growth. In our sugar example, we had obtained such nuclei when the 'excess' sugar had just about crystallized out assisting further crystal formation. Secondary nucleation is the main stage in crystallization for this is what causes the 'mass production' of crystals.

Stir frying
Stir frying is a when food is cooked in a Wok (a traditional Asian pan for cooking). This method usually makes food cook faster.

Ragnarok Online
Ragnarok Online is an online computer game. It is from Gravity Corp. It is a Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Game. The game was first released in 2002.

Cairns, Queensland
Cairns is a city in Queensland, Australia. 120.000 people live there. Cairns is about 1720 km (1,069 miles) north of Brisbane and about 2500km (1,553 miles) from Sydney by road.
Cairns is an important travel destination for tourists because it is warm all year round and is near many attractions. The Great Barrier Reef is only one-and-a-half hours away by boat. The Daintree National Park and Cape Tribulation, about 130km north of Cairns, are popular areas for experiencing a tropical rainforest. It is also a starting point for people wanting to see Cooktown, Cape York Peninsula, and the Atherton Tableland.

Arabian Sea
The Arabian Sea is a sea between Arabian Peninsula and the Indian peninsula. It covers around 4,600,000, km. The Arabian Sea one of the warmest seas. The Indus River of Pakistan empties into this sea. Pakistan also has 1,064 kilometres or (650 miles long) of Pakistani coastline.

Base (chemistry)
If touched, it may cause a skin irritation. Gloves should always be worn when using bases. If skin irritation happens, the area affected should be rinsed with cold water. If that does not stop the problem, contact medical help as soon as possible.

Ytterbium
Ytterbium is a chemical element. It has the chemical symbol Yb. It has the atomic number 70. It is part of a group of chemical elements in the periodic table named the Lanthanides. Ytterbium is a rare earth element. It is soft and silver color.
Ytterbium is found in minerals named gadolinite, monazite, and xenotime. In nature it is found as a mix of seven stable isotopes. Ytterbium is used in some steels and is also used to make lasers.

Ununtrium
Ununtrium is a chemical element. It is also named eka-thallium. It has the symbol Uut. It has the atomic number 113. It is a transuranium element.
Ununtrium does not exist in nature. It has to be made. It is made from the alpha decay of ununpentium.
No uses for ununtrium are known. What darmstadtium looks like is not known because not enough has been made to see it with human eyesight. Using trends in the Periodic Table it could be soft, silver color, very reactive metal like sodium.
History.
On February 1 2004 ununtrium and ununpentium were discovered. A team of Russian scientists at Dubna from the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research and American scientists at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory first reported the chemical elements.
On September 28 2004 a team of Japanese scientists said that they had made the element.,
In May 2006 in the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research made ununtrium using a different method. They found the identity of the last products of the radioactive decay of the ununtrium they made.
Name.
Ununtrium is a temporary IUPAC systematic element name.
Scientists from Japan suggested the name "japonium" (symbol "Jp") or "rikenium" ("Rk").

Heart transplant
A heart transplant is a type of surgery where someones heart is removed and another one is put in, because theirs isn't working properly. The new heart is taken from a dead person who doesn't need it any more. The first heart transplant was done by Christiaan Barnard in December 1967.

Joan Baez
Joan Chandos Báez is an American folk singer and songwriter. She is known for her very individual vocal style. She was born January 9, 1941. She is a soprano with a three-octave vocal range and a distinctive throat vibrato. Many of her songs deal with social issues.
She is best known for her 1970s hits "Diamonds & Rust" and "The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down". She is also known for "Sweet Sir Galahad" and "Joe Hill" - songs she made famous at the 1969 Woodstock festival. She is also well known due to her relationship with Bob Dylan and her love for activism in areas such as nonviolence, civil and human rights and the environment.
She has performed for nearly fifty years and released over thirty albums. She has recorded songs in over eight languages. She is considered a folksinger although her music has changed from folk a lot after the 1960s. Her music is now a blend of everything from rock and pop to country and gospel. Baez is thought of as an interpreter of other people's work. She has done songs by The Beatles, Jackson Browne, Paul Simon, The Rolling Stones, Stevie Wonder and many others.

Kalmar Union
The Kalmar Union was a historical union of Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Western Finland, and various other provinces and areas. At that time, Norway included Iceland, Greenland, the Faroe Islands, Shetland and Orkney, and parts of Finland belonged to Sweden. The union was founded at a meeting in the town Kalmar in Sweden in 1397. The union broke up in 1523 because Sweden became independent.

Physics links
Activities in physics.
To get the data that physics relies on, experiments are made sometimes.
Sometimes experiments are not possible, but data is still found by observation.
Often special kinds of devices, machines and instruments have to been designed and built to make the measurements and observations in physics.
To explain the data, theories are produced.
Many people work in using the methods, data and theories of physics to make things or do tasks. This is called applied physics. Applied physics sometimes overlaps with engineering.
Fields of physics.
Physics is roughly broken into two parts; classical physics and modern physics. Classical physics is the physics that does not use quantum mechanics or relativity. Modern physics is the physics that uses quantum mechanics and relativity. There is some overlap between classical physics and modern physics. Modern physics was mainly created after the year 1900.
Fundamental forces.
In unified field theory, physicists attempt to understand how these four forces are all different aspects of a single force.
Theories of physics.
A theory is an explanation created to describe the measurements and observations. There are many theories in physics. Some theories belong mainly to classical physics and some belong mainly to modern physics.
Particles.
"Main article": Particles

Tomorrow Never Knows (Mr. Children song)
Tomorrow Never Knows is a Japanese pop song sung in 1994 by Mr. Children, a popular J-pop band.

Bay of Plenty
The Bay of Plenty is a region in New Zealand. It was first called the Bay of Plenty by Captain James Cook in November 1769.

Plotter
A Plotter is a kind of printer for Computers. Plotters use Vector graphics. Usually they are used to print to paper which is very large in size. Plotters print things using special, colored pens. There is one called the Drum Plotter.

Dot-matrix printer
Dot-matrix printers are printers for computers. They use many small needles (called pins) they push against a ribbon to get text to paper. This is much like a typewriter. Each character is made from a matrix of dots. Today, dot matrix printers are not used by many people anymore. They are still in use where forms (with multiple copies) need to be filled out.

Vercingetorix
Vercingetorix (in Gaulish) born 72 BC, died 46 BC) was a chieftain of the Gallic tribe of the Arverni. He led the great Gallic war against Roman imperialism in 52 BC. His name in Gaulish means "over-king of the marching men"; the "marching men" would now be called "infantry".
Vercingetorix was probably one of the first to unite some tribes of Gaul against a common enemy. This was the last major uprising of the peoples of Gaul against the Roman invaders.

Philippe Noiret
Philippe Noiret (October 1, 1930, in Lille, France – November 23, 2006 in Paris) was a well-known French actor. He is probably best known for his role in Cinema Paradiso, and for playing Pablo Neruda in the film Il Postino. He died on November 23, 2006 of cancer.

Monica Bellucci
Monica Belllucci (born on September 30, 1964 in Città di Castello, Umbria, Italy) is an Italian actress. She is the daughter of Maria Gustinelli, a painter, and Luigi Bellucci, who owned a trucking company. She used to be a fashion model. Bellucci started modelling at 16.She speaks Italian, French, and English fluently and has acted in each of these languages, as well as Aramaic.She is currently considered as an Italian sex symbol. Bellucci is married to Vincent Cassel and has a daughter named Deva,(born September 12, 2004). In 2004, while pregnant with her daughter, Bellucci posed nude for the Italian "Vanity Fair" Magazine in protest against Italian laws that allow only married couples to use in-vitro fertilization and that prevent the use of donor sperm.

Murrayfield Stadium
Murrayfield stadium in Edinburgh is the home of the Scottish national rugby team. It was first built in 1925. In 1995, the stadium was renovated. It has seats 67,800 people. It held the record for the most people at a rugby union match. 104,000 people watched Scotland play Wales in 1975.

List of football clubs in Sweden
__NOTOC__
This is a list of football clubs in Sweden.
Alphabetically.
Å Ä Ö

Allmänna Idrottsklubben
AIK (which stands for Allmänna Idrottsklubben), is a sports club from Sweden. It is one of the oldest in the country. It was founded in 1891. The name means "Common" (or "Public") "Sports Club". It has departments for many different sports including football, ice hockey, golf, table tennis, bowling, and handball

Network Ten
"Network Ten" is one of three major television networks in Australia. It started broadcasting television in 1965, when they were called Independent Television Network.

Seven Network
Seven Network is one of three major television networks in Australia. In recent years, it has grown into a diversified media company. Seven Network's main shareholder is Kerry Stokes.
Seven Network's studio headquarters are in a converted warehouse at Jones Bay Wharf in Pyrmont, Sydney. Its headquarters for its news department are in Martin Place, Sydney. Seven's major production facilities are at Epping in Sydney's northern suburbs. Seven Network are planning to move their production facilities to a specially built site at the Australian Technology Park in Redfern.

Accountancy
Accountancy is the profession which deals with a company's money, books and records. Accountants are persons who perform the accounting work, and also carry out the auditing or checking of a company's books and records. In Britain, this auditing is often carried out by a chartered accountant.

Des Lynam
Desmond Michael Lynam (born September 17, 1942) is an Irish, television and radio presenter. He was born in Ennis, County Clare, Republic of Ireland. He is best known for presenting the BBC's sport coverage such as "Grandstand".
Lynam also presented "Countdown" on Channel 4, but left the programme at the end of 2006. He was replaced by Des O'Connor.

Carbonate
A carbonate is a chemical compound that is made of carbon and oxygen. When added to an acid, a carbonate will produce carbon dioxide, water and a chemical salt.

Anton van Leeuwenhoek
Antony van Leeuwenhoek (October 24, 1632 - August 30, 1723), full name Thonius Philips van Leeuwenhoek (pronounced 'Laywenhook') was a Dutch tradesman and scientist from Delft, Netherlands. He is known as "the father of microbiology". He is best known for his work on the microscope. Using his handcrafted microscopes, he was the first to see and describe single celled organisms, which he originally referred to as "animalcules", and which we now refer to as micro-organisms. He was also the first to record microscopic observations of muscle fibers, bacteria, spermatozoa and blood flow in small blood vessels (capillaries).

Barbie
Barbie is a toy doll. It is most common in the United States. It is named after a girl named Barbara.
Origins.
When Barbara was a child, her parents saw she would rather play with paper dolls than baby dolls, her mother created the Barbie doll. But this information was later thought to be false as Barbara's mother had been contested by someone living near her, that she had created a much similar doll before she had. As their was no proof, Barbie remained.
Sexism.
Some people believe Barbie gives girls a wrong idea of what they will look like when they grow up. Barbie is a very big trend. She has had many sisters, boyfriends, and friends. She has dream houses and clothes. She has many jobs from teacher to doctor to astronaut. Barbie's current boyfriend is Ken, named after Barbara's brother. Barbie's current sister is Kelly. There have been many other dolls like Barbie since Barbie was first produced. Barbie also created MyScene dolls, a spoof of Bratz. Many people believe that the introduction of the Barbie doll was wrong due to the fact that it made young girls believe that they had to become skinny in order to be just like Barbie. Barbie is a teen doll, which gives little girls a peek at what might happen in their teen life. This is also thought to be bad, because Barbie has lots of boyfriends.

Parmesan cheese
Parmesan cheese is the name of a few kinds of Italian extra-hard cheeses. It is the cheese to go with Spaghetti and other typical Italian pasta, but it also has many other uses. Parmesan is a part of Italian national cuisine and is usually grated.
Usually, Parmesan cheese is either Parmigiano-Reggiano or Grana Padano cheese. Both cheeses are AOC. This means that the way they are made, and the region they come form are strictly regulated.
Only these brands (Parmigiano Reggiano, Grana Padano) are protected. In many parts of the world, cheese is sold as "Parmesan cheese" that has nothing to do with the true (Italian) Parmigiano Reggiano or Grana Padano. The biggest producers of such "false Parmesan cheeses" are the United States and Argentina.

Franz Liszt
Franz Liszt (born Raiding, nr. Sopron, October 22, 1811; died Bayreuth, July 31, 1886)) was a Hungarian composer and pianist. Liszt (pronounced like “list”) was one of the most important musicians of the 19th century. He was the greatest pianist of his time and went on lots of tours through Europe where everyone filled the concert halls to hear him. He wrote a lot of music for piano. Many of his piano pieces were harder to play than anything that had been written before. In this way he developed the technique of piano playing, setting new standards for the future. In his compositions he often used new ideas which sounded very modern in his time. He was very helpful to other composers who lived at that time, helping them to become better known by conducting their works and playing some of their orchestral pieces on the piano.
Early years.
Liszt’s father was an official who worked for Prince Nikolaus Esterházy, the same noble family who employed the composer Joseph Haydn. When he was seven his father started to teach him the piano. He was a child prodigy, and within a year or two he was already playing in concerts. He was so promising that some rich Hungarians said they would pay for his music education.
In 1821 his family moved to Vienna. He had piano lessons from Czerny and composition lessons from Salieri. He soon became famous although he was still a young boy, and he met famous musicians like Beethoven and Schubert. Beethoven is supposed to have kissed him on the forehead.
In 1823 his family moved again, this time to Paris. He wanted to go to the Conservatoire to study music but Luigi Cherubini would not let him in because he was a foreigner (i.e. not French). So he studied music theory privately with Reicha and composition with Paer. Soon he was asked to play the piano everywhere in Paris. He travelled to London. On his second visit there in 1825 he played to King George IV at Windsor.
Liszt continued to travel to other countries. After his father died he became a piano teacher in Paris. He fell in love with one of his pupils. It was the first of many love affairs he had with various women. He read a lot of books to try to educate himself properly. He met Berlioz and he liked the music of Berlioz very much. In 1831 he met the violinist Niccolò Paganini and he was amazed by his virtuoso playing. Liszt was to do for the piano what Paganini had done for the violin. Both men were drawn by cartoonists as devilish characters. Both men wrote music which was incredibly hard for their instruments.
Soon Liszt met a Countess called Marie d’Agoult. He began to have an affair with her. The Countess left her husband and went to live with Liszt in Geneva. They lived together for several years and had three children. When Liszt gave away a lot of his money to help pay for a monument to Beethoven in Bonn he had to earn money by going on tours again, so the countess left him. He still saw her and the children every summer for a few years but finally they separated completely.
Years of touring.
Liszt spent all his time giving piano concerts everywhere in Europe. He was famous everywhere he went. He visited England again, but people were not so enthusiastic about him this time. This may be because they were shocked about his love affairs.
In 1847 he met Princess Carolyne Sayn-Wittgenstein in Kiev. She was to be the most important person in his life from then on. Her brother was the tsar of Russia. She persuaded him to stop travelling all the time and spend his time composing. He took up a full-time job of conducting in Weimar. During the next twelve years he wrote nearly all the great works for which he is famous. He conducted operas by composers like Wagner, Schumann, Berlioz, Verdi and Donizetti. He composed pieces for his orchestra to play. He made Weimar famous as a centre for modern music.
Not everybody liked him. The Weimar court did not approve of him because he played a lot of music by Wagner who was then living in Switzerland as a political refugee. Liszt had helped Wagner to escape from Germany in 1849. Many people, including the Tsar of Russia, did not approve of Liszt’s living together with Princess Carolyne because she was already married. In the end he resigned from his job in Weimar. He travelled to Rome where he hoped the pope would let Princess Carolyne divorce her husband, he did not.
Later years.
Liszt spent eight years in Rome. He wrote a lot of religious music and took orders in the Catholic church. His daughter Cosima, who had married a famous conductor Hans von Bülow, left her husband and lived with Wagner. They had two children together. Liszt and Wagner quarrelled for many years about this.
Liszt spent most of his last years travelling to and fro between three cities: Rome, Weimar and Budapest. He called this his “vie trifurquée” (three-forked life). He died in Weimar in 1881.
His personality.
Liszt had a very strong personality which affected everyone he met. When he played the piano at concerts he was a great showman. A lot of people drew caricatures of him playing the piano with his wild mop of hair. He could be very polite and knew how to get on with the aristocracy. He could be very generous, giving both money and time to other musicians and giving praise where it was deserved. He was a powerful, unique character.
Compositions.
Most of Liszt’s compositions were for piano. He wrote one piano sonata. Its form is very different from the sonatas of composers like Beethoven. It is a very Romantic work, but it does not tell a story like a lot of Romantic pieces do. Mostly his piano works are shorter pieces which are quite free in form. He often took a theme and transforms it (changes it gradually). He wrote studies which are much more than just pieces to improve one’s piano technique. They are great music. One collection is called "Transcendental Studies". In Switzerland he wrote "Années de pèlerinage" (Years of Wandering), a collection of pieces to which he gave titles later. Liszt explored all the possible sounds that the piano could make (it was still a fairly new instrument). Sometimes he made it sound like an orchestra. Some of his last piano works are much simpler to play, although the chords would have sounded very modern for his time. They are like the Impressionistic music of Debussy.
Not all Liszt’s piano pieces were original compositions: he also made arrangements or transcriptions. It seems a strange idea to us now to take someone else’s symphony and arrange it for piano. This is what Liszt often did. He took symphonies by Beethoven or songs by Schubert and changed them so that they could be played on the piano. Many people did not have the opportunity to hear concerts very often, and they certainly did not have radios or CDs, so Liszt was making these works more famous, helping them to reach a wider audience. He often made difficult transcriptions which meant that he changed the pieces and added a lot of extra ornamental notes, making a new piece out of an old one.
Liszt’s orchestral music is also very important. He wrote symphonic poems: pieces which tell a story or describe something. The best known one is called "Les préludes". He also wrote two piano concertos.
He wrote a lot of church music. Church music was often quite sentimental in those days, but Liszt tried to make his works help people to feel religious devotion.
Conclusion.
In many ways Liszt was typical of the Romantic artist. He was always looking for a spiritual meaning to life. He carried a walking stick with the heads of St Francis of Assisi and Gretchen and Mephistopheles, characters from Goethe’s Faust. He was a 19th century musician but through his thinking and his music he looked forward to the 20th century.
References.
The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie (1980) ISBN 1-56159-174-2

Wikia
Wikia is a website where people can make a wiki. Wikia was made in 2004 by Jimmy Wales (the man who made Wikipedia) and Angela Beesley. It used to be called Wikicities, and the name was changed to Wikia on March 27 2006.
Wikis on Wikia must be about something which lots of people will like, so people cannot make them on any topic. All content on Wikia is released under a free license, such as the GNU Free Documentation License or the Creative Commons. Anybody can change pages on wikis at Wikia, so that no single person "owns" or is "the boss" of a wiki, and so that large communities can be made. The software used is Mediawiki.
Wikia uses Google ads to generate money.

Mozzarella
Mozzarella is a kind of fresh cheese. Originally, it was Italian but now it can be found all over the world. Its made of the milk of cows or of water buffalos. It is used on Pizza, but other recipes exist as well (for example, with sliced tomatos and a little vinegar).

Limburger cheese
Limburger cheese is a cheese made from cows' milk. It originally came form Limburg, in Holland and it later came to Belgium. It is stinky.

MyScene
MyScene is a type of doll created by the Mattel Toy Company. They share the product name of Barbie, but they have differences with the head shapes. The line was supposedly started as a rival to the popular Bratz dolls.

Bora Bora
Bora Bora is a small island in the Leeward group of the Society Islands of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean.

Appalachian Mountains
The Appalachian Mountains (French: les Appalaches) are a large group of North American mountains. They are partly in Canada, but mostly in the United States. They form an area from 100 to 300 miles wide, running 1,500 miles from the island of Newfoundland in Canada to central Alabama in the United States. The individual mountains average around 3,000 ft (900 m) in height. The highest is Mt. Mitchell in North Carolina (6,684 ft or 2,037m). Mt. Mitchell is also the highest point in the United States east of the Mississippi River as well as the highest point in eastern North America.
The term "Appalachia" is used to refer to regions associated with the mountain range. It refers to the mountain range and the hills and plateau region around it. The term is often used to refer to just areas in the central and southern Appalachian Mountains. These areas usually include parts of the states of Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia, and North Carolina, and sometimes extending as far south as northern Georgia and western South Carolina, as far north as Pennsylvania, and as far west as southeastern Ohio.

Raven-Symoné
Raven-Symone Christina Pearman (born December 10 1985) is an American actress and singer. She was born in Atlanta, Georgia. Symone is most well-known as the person Raven in the TV show "That's So Raven" and other parts in "The Cheetah Girls" and "The Cheetah Girls 2". She simply goes by the name Raven for most of her acting.

Arabian horse
The Arabian horse is a breed famous for beauty and stamina. It is one of the oldest horse breeds in the world. Arabian horses are bred with horses of other breeds to add speed, beauty, endurance, and strong bones. Today, Arabian ancestors are found in almost every breed of riding horse.
The Arabian horse developed in the deserts of Arabia by the Bedouin people. People sometimes brought their horses into family tent for shelter and protection. This close relationship with humans made the Arabian a horse with a kind temper and quick to learn. It also was used as a war horse. This meant that it needed speed and to be very alert. This blend of traits makes it necessary for people today to treat Arabian horses with kindness and respect.
Breed Traits.
Arabian horses have triangle-shaped heads, a wide forehead, big eyes, large nostrils, and small muzzles (noses). Most have a concave or "dished" profile. They have a slim, arched neck, smooth hindquarters and a naturally high-carried tail. Arabians have strong bone and good feet. They are especially noted for their excellent endurance. Arabians' hair coat colors are bay, gray, chestnut, black, or roan. All Arabians have black skin under their hair coat, except under white markings.
The Bedouin sold many Arabian horses to people from Europe. Other Arabian horses were captured in war and taken to other countries outside of the Middle East. Today, Arabian horses are found all over the world. Arabian horse families are now labeled by where their most recent ancestors were bred, such as "Polish," "Spanish," "Crabbet" (from England), "Russian," "Egyptian", and "Domestic" (in the United States). For example, a horse called a "Polish Arabian" is an Arabian horse who has recent ancestors that were bred at farms in Poland, from horses the Polish people bought from the Bedouin in Arabia many centuries ago.
Uses.
Arabians compete in many places, including horse racing, horse shows, Endurance riding, show jumping, and more. They also make good pleasure, trail, and working ranch horses for people who do not like competitive events. Arabians also are seen in movies, parades, circuses and other places where horses are used.
History.
There are many legends and myths about Arabian horses. One legend says that the prophet Muhammad selected his five finest mares (female horses), called "Al Khamsa" ("the five") to be the foundation of the Arabian breed. Another legend says the Queen of Sheba gave an Arabian mare to King Solomon, and that is how the breed began. Yet another story says Allah made the Arabian horse from the south wind, saying, "I create thee, Oh Arabian...I give thee flight without wings."
In real history, Arabians are one of the oldest human-developed horse breeds in the world. Pictures of "Proto-Arabian" horses that looked a lot like modern Arabian horses were painted on rocks in the Arabian Peninsula as far back as 2,500 B.C. The ancestors of the Bedouin probably tamed horses not long after they tamed the camel. A horse skeleton was unearthed in the Sinai peninsula, dated to 1700 B.C., and is considered the earliest proof of the horse in Ancient Egypt. It was probably brought by the Hyksos invaders. This horse had a wedge-shaped head, large eye and small muzzle, just like the Arabian horse today.
In the desert, humans were the only source of food and water for the Arabian horse. Where there was no pasture, the Bedouin fed their horses dates, a fruit of the date palm tree, and camel's milk. Arabians needed to live on very little food, and survive a dry climate that was very hot in the day but very cold at night. Weak horses did not live, and the horses who survived the desert also had to survive being ridden for war. Therefore the Arabian horse became very tough and able to live in a harsh world.
Famous Arabian horses.
Napoleon rode a gray Arabian stallion named Marengo. George Washington rode a half-Arabian named Blueskin during the American Revolution. A fictional horse, "The Black Stallion," was played by a real Arabian stallion named Cass Ole in the movie that was based on the book by Walter Farley.

Crust (geology)
The crust is the outer hard layer of the planet. The crust is a part of the lithosphere. On Earth, the crust is under the troposphere and above the ocean. It is important to remember that not every geological sphere has a crust. The crust on Earth is being created through a process called Continental Drift, but on the moon it is not being made. The crust has two different parts. One is the continental, and the other is oceanic. The continental crust is thicker, and the oceanic crust is thinner. Thicknesses of the crust can be anywhere from 5-70 km.

Food chain
This is a diagram that shows the movement of food and materials from the producers or those who make their own food (like plants) in an ecosystem to the consumers or those who eat other things (like animals)a chain describes the movement of energy by showing only one of the ways that food can go through the chain. A rule of the food chain is that when moving closer to the consumers the amount of energy and food is less. Usually the food chain will start with the primary producer and ends with animal which is most likely the carnivores.
The energy from the Sun's rays is used to make food in the leaves of plants via photosynthesis. The plants are called producers as already mentioned. These plants are then eaten by primary consumers. In turn, these primary consumers are eaten by secondary consumers. Further consumers may exist (tertiary, quaternary...etc) that will continue to consume other organisms.
The Food Chain Means Animals Eating Other Animals (Biggest to Smallest)

Embryology
Embryology is the study of embryos or babies inside of mothers. It is sometimes said the babies are in the mother's stomach, but it is better to say they are inside the mother's womb, which is not where food goes. It does not only involve humans or mammals. In science the study of embryology begins when the male and female sex cells (gametes) create ova or sperm. Sometimes embryology can refer to sexual reproduction that is not sexual.
Carnegie stages.
Scientists have named 23 stages (or levels) that an embryo goes through in 60 days. These stages usually only apply to human beings or other big animals.

Histology
Histology is the study of body tissue. This includes finding out different tissues grow and die. This science includes the study of sick tissue.

Ann Arbor, Michigan
Ann Arbor is a city in Michigan.
It is sometimes referred to as "New York West" or "San Francisco of the Midwest". It is where university of Michigan is located.

Fez
A Fez is a Middle-Eastern hat. It is shaped like a cone and is usually red. They came from the city of Fez and became popular during the Ottoman Empire.

Microbiology
Microbiology - (Greek μικρός, mikrós, „tiny“, βίος, bíos, „life“ and λόγος, lógos, „science“) science in the composition of biology, which is occupied by the study of microorganisms (bacterium, (archaebacteria), microscopic fungi, protozoa and of alga,frequently and by viruses). Into the field of the interests of microbiology enter their systematics, morphology, physiology, biochemistry, evolution, role in the ecosystems
and also the possibility of practical use. Bacteriology is a division of microbiology.
also micro biology contains viruses fungi and bacterea
History.
In 1665 Robbert Hooke saw that cork was made up little cubes that he named cells. Later Anton van Leeuwenhoek made the important connection that cells are living things when he saw through his early microscope small one celled organisms. Later Christian Ehrenberg found that protista or bacteria were different kinds of cells. In the late part of the 1800s Martinus Beijerinck showed that there were small particles called viruses. Another important change in the study of microrganism has come from the discovery of DNA and RNA, because now it is possible to change the inside of a cell without killing it using a vector. One of the most recent discoveries that has changed the study of microbiology is the discovery of transposons or jumping genes. Another one is the discovery of animal genes in the cells.

Transposon
A transposon is a gene or series of DNA code that can move around inside the cells genome. Transposons were first found by Barbara McClintock while working on maize. She received a Nobel Prize for this in 1983. Transposons will usually mutations in the genetic code. This can cause death or serious disease. Medical problems believed to be caused by transposon include hemophilia A and B, porphyria, increased chance to get cancer, and Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
Transposons can be used to put a gene into the DNA of an organism. This has been done with fruit flies ("Drosophila melanogaster") by putting the transposon into the embryo. The orgins of transposons is a topic in science that is being researched. Not much information is known about them.

Toowoomba, Queensland
Toowoomba (also called 'Garden City' by people who live there) is a city in South East Queensland, Australia. It is 132 km west of Brisbane, and two hours drive from the Gold Coast and Sunshine Coast beaches. About 115,000 people live there, which makes Toowoomba Australia's second largest city, that is not on the coast after Canberra.

Albury, New South Wales
Albury is a city in New South Wales, Australia. It is on the Hume Highway that runs between Sydney and Melbourne. The Murray River separates Albury from Wodonga. Albury is on the north side of the Murray River. The river is also the border between Victoria and New South Wales.In 2005 nearly 46,500 people lived in Albury. It is about 550 km from the state capital Sydney, but only 312 km from the Victorian capital Melbourne.

Francisco de Goya
Francisco de Goya y Lucentes (March 30, 1746 in Fuendetos-April 30, 1828) was a Spanish painter. He painted many portraits of the Spanish Royal Family. His most famous paintings are "Charles IV of Spain and His Family" and "The Third of May 1808".
Youth.
Goya was born in Fuendetodos, in the kingdom of Aragón, Spain, in 1746. His parents were José Benito de Goya y Franque and Gracia de Lucientes y Salvador. He spent his childhood in Fuendetodos. His father's work was gilding (putting gold onto picture frames). In about 1749, the family moved to a house in the city of Zaragoza. Goya went to school at Escuelas Pias. He became best friend was Martin Zapater. Through their lives, they wrote many letters to each other. Because of these letters, historians know a lot about Goya's life. When he was 14 Goya became an apprentice to the painter José Luzán.
Goya later moved to Madrid where he studied with Anton Raphael Mengs, a painter who was popular with Spanish royalty. Goya and Mengs did not like each other, and Goya got bad marks in his examinations. Goya tried to join the Spanish Royal Academy of Fine Art in 1763 and 1766, but failed.
He then travelled to Rome. In 1771 he won second prize in a painting competition in the city of Parma. Later that year, he returned to Zaragoza. He got work painting frescos in several buildings including the dome of the Basilica of the Pillar. He studied with the painter Francisco Bayeu y Subías. His painting began to show the style which later made his famous.
Success.
Goya married Bayeu's sister Josefa in 1774. Francisco Bayeu's was a member of the Spanish Royal Academy of Fine Art. This helped Goya to get work with the Royal Tapestry Workshop. He worked there for 5 years, and designed 42 patterns. Many of his designs were made into tapestries and used to decorate the bare stone walls of the royal palaces such as El Escorial. The Spanish Royal family saw his works and later gave him work as a portrait painter. He also painted an altarpiece (Holy picture) for the Church of San Francisco El Grande. Because of this picture, Goya was at last made a member of the Spanish Royal Academy of Fine Art.
In 1783, the Count of Floridablanca, "commissioned" Goya (gave Goya the paid work) to paint his portrait. Then King Charles III of Spain and other important people wanted Goya to paint their portraits. Goya became friends with Crown Prince Don Luis, and lived in his house. From 1788, in the reign of Charles IV, Goya became even more popular.
Later life.
In the 1790s Goya became ill. It is not known exactly what his illness was. It is believed that he suffered mental breakdown. He may have had viral encephalitis or several strokes. He may have suffered from dementia. It is also thought that he may have been poisoned by lead paint. His sight, hearing, balance and mental health were all affected. From the 1790s onwards he began to paint pictures showing sad, violent subjects. His state of unhappiness was also affected by the French invasion of Spain in 1808. One of his most famous paintings, "The Third of May 1808", is about the execution of Spanish men trying to defend their country.
After the defeat of the French, Goya did not get on well with King Ferdinand VII. Goya moved to a house far away from the court, and lived with his housekeeper and her daughter, and taught painting to the girl, Rosario Weiss. Some of the walls of the house are painted with strange dark pictures, but it is not sure whether Goya did them. For two years Goya lived in France but returned to Spain where he was warmly welcomed home in 1826, He died in 1828 at the age of 82.
Court paintings.
Goya's early cartoons for the royal tapestries are merry scenes of festivals in bright colours.
Goya painted portraits of many famous people, including the Duke of Wellington. His paintings of the Royal Family of Charles IV of Spain and Ferdinand VII show them looking like very ordinary people, not like proud nobility. Queen Maria Luisa was delighted with the large portrait that he did of her family in 1800, even though a French writer Théophile Gautier said that Goya made them look "like the corner baker and his wife after they had won the lottery".
The "Majas".
Two of Goya's most famous paintings were owned by a member of the royal court, Manuel de Godoy. These two paintings are called the "The Nude Maja" ("La maja desnuda") and "The Clothed Maja" ("La maja vestida"). The nude painting was thought of as very shocking. Nobody knows who the woman was that posed for Goya. One idea is that she was the Duchess of Alba. She may have been Godoy's mistress. Perhaps Goya painted the figure from his imagination. There is only one earlier nude painting by a Spanish artist, Velazquez's "Venus and Cupid", (see National Gallery, London). When this painting was done, other nude figures, painted in Italy, Germany and other countries, always showed the woman as a goddess from mythology or had some other "allegorical" meaning (was a symbol of some sort). This painting is unusual because the nude figure is not meant to be a Goddess and does not seem to have any symbolic meaning. It is the very first life-sized female nude in Western Painting that is just about the beauty of the female body.
Later works.
In 1793 and 1794 Goya was recovering from his illness. During this time, he painted eleven small pictures painted on tin. These pictures are known as "Fantasy and Invention" today. They show a change in his art. From that time on, he dark, frightening pictures about war, violence and madness.
One painting is called "Courtyard with Lunatics". It is a scene in a mental asylum. It is about lonliness and fear. It shows how mentally ill people have trouble dealing with other people and normal life. Goya was the first artist to paint people with mental illness in a realistic way. Goya wanted to show that it was wrong to punish mentally ill people, and lock them up with criminals. There was a movement at this time to improve the life of people in asylums and prisons.
Goya made two series of prints. The first was called "Caprichos" and the second was called "The Disasters of War". The "Caprichos" series shows nightmarish scenes of the problems with Spanish society. "The Disaster of War" shows scenes of terrible violence. These were not published until more than 30 years after his death. "The Disaster of War" were made because of the war between France and Spain. One of Goya's most famous paintings is a large picture called "The Third of May 1808".(see above) It is about the executions of Spanish men that took place in 1808. This painting shows the courage of the unarmed Spanish hero. It shows the French soldiers in the firing squad acting as if they have no minds or feelings. This painting was a great inspiration to other painters such as the French painter Manet who painted a scene of the execution of the Governor of Mexico.
Goya's most frightening picture shows a giant man eating people. It is now called "Saturn Devouring His Sons", (after Saturn the Father of the Gods in Greek mythology) but no-one knows what it really means. It is more likely a picture of the way that War destroys people. In the house that Goya owned, there are paintings on the walls known as the "Black Paintings". They show scenes with the Devil and witches. It is not sure whether Goya really painted them.
Influence.
Goya's brightly coloured tapestry cartoons influenced the French Impressionist painters such as Monet and Renoir. His portraits were an influence on Manet and Degas as well as Renoir. The "Black Paintings" were an influenced on Expressionist painters.

Inclusive disjunction
Inclusive disjunction (also called or) is a Logic operation. It normally takes two inputs. It is false, when both inputs are false. Otherwise it is true.
This is different from the exclusive disjunction.

Logical conjunction
Logical conjunction (very often called and) is a Logic operation. Usually it takes two inputs. It is true, when both inputs are true. Otherwise it is false.

Logical negation
Logical negation (also known as not) is a logic operation. It takes one input. It flips the value of the input as the output. If the input was true, it returns false. If the input was false, it returns true.

Logic equality
Logical equality is a logical operation. It takes two inputs. It returns true, if either both inputs are true, or both inputs are false. Otherwise (when they are different) it returns false.

Logical implication
Logical implication (also known as implies, or If... then) is a logical operation. It takes two arguments. It returns false, only if the first term is true, and the second term is false.
This may be problematic, because it means that from a false proposition, anything can follow.
Examples.
The following shows a (valid) implication
Now look at "If I am healthy, I will come to class". There are four possibilities

Hellenistic art
The art of the Hellenistic time (400 B.C. - 0 B.C, a long time in the past, in Greece) is sculpture and painting and other things. For a long time, people said that the art of that time was not good. Pliny the Elder talked about the Greek sculpture of the classical time (500 B.C. - 323 B.C., the time before the Hellenistic time) and then said "Cessavit deinde ars" ("then art stopped"). But much good art is from the Hellenistic time. Many people know about the sculptures Laocoön (in the picture) and Venus de Milo and Winged Victory of Samothrace.
Now more people have looked at writing about the Hellenistic time. People discovered art from the Hellenistic time at Vergina and other places. Now people can see that the art of the Hellenistic time is very good art.
Architecture.
One of the things that made the Hellenistic time different from other times was the division of Alexander the Great's country into smaller parts. In every part there was a family of leaders. The Ptolemies had Egypt; the Seleucids had Mesopotamia, the Attalids had Pergamon, and other leaders had other parts. Every family of leaders gave money for art in a way that was different from the way the city-states did it. They made big cities and complex groups of buildings in a way that most city-states had already stopped doing by 500 BC. This way of making buildings was new for Greece. This way was not to try to change or fix a natural place, but to make the buildings fit the natural place. There were many places for pleasure, for example many theatres and places to walk. The Hellenistic countries were lucky because they had much empty space where they could make big new cities. Some of their new cities were Antioch, Pergamon, and Seleucia on the Tigris.
Pergamon is a very good example of Hellenistic architecture. It started with a simple fortress on the Acropolis (a very big rock).
Different Attalid kings added to it and made a huge group of buildings. The buildings stretch out from the Acropolis in many directions, using the natural way of that part of the earth. The agora, on the south on the lowest level, has galleries along its sides, with "stoai" (beautiful tall stone things to hold up the roof.) The agora is the beginning of a street which goes through the whole Acropolis. On the east and top of the rock are the buildings of the organizers, leaders and soldiers. On the west side, at a middle level, are religious buildings. One of the biggest ones is the one with the Pergamon Altar which is called "of the gods and of the giants" and is one of the most beautiful pieces of Greek sculpture. A very big theatre has benches stretched out over the sides of the hill, for people to sit on, and is able to hold almost 10,000 people.
At that time they liked to make very big things. The second temple of Apollo at Didyma was like that. It was twenty kilometers from Miletus in Ionia. Daphnis of Miletus made the design for it at the end of the fourth century B.C. (about 300 B.C.) but it was never finished. They continued building it until the 2nd century A.D. (past 100 A.D.). The sanctuary (special part of the temple) is one of the largest ever made near the Mediterranean. Inside a very big room, the "cella" has two rows of columns (tall round things) around it. The columns are the Ionic kind, almost 20 metres tall, with much complex stone art on the bases and tops.
Sculpture.
Hellenistic sculpture repeats the innovations of the second classicism: perfect sculpture in the round, allowing the statue to be admired from all angles; study of draping and effects of transparency of clothing; suppleness of poses. Thus, Venus de Milo, even while echoing a classic model, is distinguished by the twist of her hips. One seeks, above all, expressivity and atmosphere. This search is particularly flagrant in the portraits: more than the precision of the traits represented, the artist seeks to represent the character of his/her subject. In the great statuary, the artist explores themes such as suffering, sleep or old age. One such is the Barberini Faun of Munich, representing a sleeping satyr with relaxed posture and anxious face, perhaps the prey of nightmares. The "drunk woman", also at Munich, portrays without reservation an old woman, thin, haggard, clutching against herself her jar of wine. Laocoön, strangled by snakes, tries desperately to loosen their grip without affording a glance at his dying sons.
Pergamon did not distinguish itself with its architecture alone: it was also the seat of a brilliant school of sculpture called Pergamene Baroque. The sculptors, imitating the preceding centuries, portray painful moments rendered expressive with three-dimensional compositions, often V-shaped, and anatomical hyper-realism.
Attalus I (269-197 BC), to commemorate his victory at Caicus against the Gauls — called Galatians by the Greeks — had two series of votive groups sculpted: the first, consecrated on the Acropolis of Pergamon, includes the famous Gaul killing himself and his wife, of which the original is lost (the best copy is in the museum of Rome, see illustration); the second group, offered to Athens, is composed of small bronzes of Greeks, Amazons, gods and giants, Persians and Gauls. of the Louvre is probably a copy of one of them; as for copies of the Dying Gaul, they were very numerous in the Roman period. The expression of sentiments, the forcefulness of details — bushy hair and moustaches here — and the violence of the movements are characteristic of the Pergamene style.
These characteristics are pushed to their peak in the friezes of the Great Altar of Pergamon, decorated under the order of Eumenes II (197-159 BC) with a gigantomachy stretching 110 metres in length, illustrating in the stone a poem composed especially for the court. The Olympians triumph in it, each on his side, over Giants most of which are transformed into savage beasts: serpents, birds of prey, lions or bulls. Their mother Gaia, come to their aid, can do nothing and must watch them twist in pain under the blows of the gods.
Another phenomenon appears in Hellenistic sculpture: privatization, which involves the recapture of older public patterns in decorative sculpture. This type of retrospective style also exists in ceramics. As for the portaits, they are tinged with naturalism, under the influence of Roman art.
Paintings and mosaics.
Few examples of Greek wall paintings have survived the centuries. It has long been necessary to content oneself with studying the Hellenistic influences in Roman frescoes, for example those of Pompeii or Herculaneum. Certain mosaics, however, provide a pretty good idea of the "grand painting" of the period: these are copies of frescoes. An example is the Alexander Mosaic, showing the confrontation of the young conqueror and the Grand King Darius III at the Battle of Issus, a mosaic which adorns the walls of the House of the Faun at Pompeii. It is believed to be a copy of a work described by Pliny the Elder (XXXV, 110) which had been painted by Philoxenus of Eretria for King Cassander of Macedon at the end of the 4th century BC. The mosaic allows us to admire the choice of colours, the composition of the ensemble with turning movement and facial expressivity.
Recent archeological discoveries at the cemetery of Pagasae (close to modern Volos), at the edge of the Pagasetic Gulf, or again at Vergina (1987), in the former kingdom of Macedonia, have brought to light some original works. For example, the tomb said to be that of Philip II has provided a great frieze representing a royal lion hunt, remarkable by its composition, the arrangement of the figures in space and its realistic representation of nature.
The Hellenistic period is equally the time of development of the mosaic, particularly with the works of Sosos of Pergamon, active in the 2nd century BC and the only mosaic artist cited by Pliny (XXXVI, 184). His taste for
trompe l'oeil (optical illusion) and the effects of the medium are found in several works attributed to him such as the "Unswept Floor" in the Vatican museum, representing the leftovers of a repast (fish bones, bones, empty shells, etc.) and the "Dove Basin" at the Capitoline Museum, known by means of a reproduction discovered in Hadrian's Villa. In it one sees four doves perched on the edge of a basin filled with water. One of them is watering herself while the others seem to be resting, which creates effects of reflections and shadow perfectly studied by the artist.
Ceramics.
The Hellenistic period is that of the decline of painting on vases. The most common vases are black and uniform, with a shiny appearance approaching that of varnish, decorated with simple motifs of flowers or festoons. It is also the period when vases in relief appeared, doubtless in imitation of vases made of precious metals: wreaths in relief were applied to the body of the vase, or again the one shown here received veins or gadroons. One finds also more complex relief, based on animals or mythological creatures. The shapes of the vases are also inspired by the tradition of metal: thus with the lagynos (pictured here), a wine jar typical of the period.
In parallel there subsisted a tradition of polychromatic figurative painting: the artists sought a greater variety of tints than in the past. However, these newer colours are more delicate and do not support heat. The painting occurred therefore after firing, contrary to the traditional practice. The fragility of the pigments preventing frequent use of these vases, they were reserved for use in funerals.
The most representative copies of this style come from Centuripe in Sicily, where a workshop was active until the 3rd century B.C. These vases are characterized by a base painted pink. The figures, often female, are represented in coloured clothing: blue-violet chiton, yellow himation, white veil. The style is reminiscent of Pompei and is situated much more on the side of the grand contemporary paintings than on the heritage of the red-figure pottery.
Metallic art.
Progress in bronze casting made it possible for the Greeks to create large works, such as the Colossus of Rhodes, with a height of 32 meters. Many of the large bronze statues were lost - with the majority being melted to recover the material. Because of this, only the smaller objects still exist. Fortunately, during Hellenistic Greece, the raw materials were plentiful following eastern conquests.
The work on metal vases took on a new fullness: the artists competed among themselves with great virtuosity. At Panagyurishte (now in Bulgaria), skilfully sculpted gold vases have been found: on an amphora, two rearing centaurs form the handles. In Derveni, not far from Salonica, a tomb has provided a great krater with bronze volutes dating from approximately 320 BC and weighing 40 kilograms (Derveni krater).
It is decorated with a 32-centimetre-tall frieze of figures in relief representing Dionysus surrounded by Ariadne and her procession of satyrs and maenads.
The neck is decorated with ornamental motifs while four satyrs in high relief are casually seated on the shoulders of the vase. The evolution is similar for the art of jewellery. The jewellers of the time excelled at handling details and filigrees: thus, the funeral wreaths present very realistic leaves of trees or stalks of wheat. In this period the insetting of precious stones flourished.
The figurines were equally fashionable. They represented divinities as well as subjects from contemporary life. Thus emerged the theme of the "negro", particularly in Ptolemaic Egypt: these statuettes of Black adolescents were successful up to the Roman period. Sometimes, they were reduced to echoing a form from the great sculptures: thus one finds numerous copies in miniature of the Tyche (good luck) of Antioch, of which the original dates to the beginning of the 3rd century BC.
Terra cotta figurines.
Previously reserved for religious use, in Hellenistic Greece the terra cotta figurine was more frequently used for funerary, and even decorative, purposes. The refinement of molding techniques made it possible to create true miniature statues, with a high level of detail.
In Tanagra, in Boeotia, the figurines, full of lively colours, most often represent elegant women in scenes full of charm. At Smyrna, in Asia Minor, two major styles occurred side-by-side: first of all, copies of masterpieces of great sculpture, such as Farnese Hercules in gilt terra cotta. In a completely different genre, there are the "grotesques", which contrast violently with the canons of "Greek beauty": the "koroplathos" (figurine maker) fashions deformed bodies in tortuous poses — hunchbacks, epileptics, hydrocephalics, obese women, etc. One could therefore wonder whether these were medical models, the town of Smyrna being reputed for its medical school. Or they could simply be caricatures, designed to provoke laughter. The "grotesques" are equally common at Tarsus and also at Alexandria.
Art of glass and glyptic.
It was in the Hellenistic period that the Greeks, who until then only knew molded glass, discovered the technique of glass blowing, thus permitting new forms. The art of glass developed especially in Italy. Molded glass continued, notably in the creation of intaglio jewelry.
The art of engraving on gems hardly advanced at all, limiting itself to mass-produced items that lacked originality. As compensation, the cameo made its appearance. It concerns cutting in relief on a stone composed of several colored layers, allowing the object to be presented in relief through the effects of color. After that it is mounted on a pendant or as a ring. The Hellenistic period produced some masterpieces like the, now preserved at the Hermitage Museum.

Interest
Interest is the cost for borrowing money or the payment for lending money. Usually, this is fixed as a percentage of the amount of money borrowed (Which would then be called "Interest rate").
At some times in the past, or in some places today, it has been illegal to make a person pay interest on a loan. It was, or is, against some religious rules. If the interest that a person must pay is too high, this is called usury. This is often illegal today, even when lower interest is legal.
Interest can also be the care or concern that someone has for something or someone. If someone cares about something, they "have an interest" in that thing, or they "find it interesting". If something is beautiful, or funny, or new, that might make the thing interesting. However, a very important concern, for example love or hate, is more than an interest. An interest can also be a task that someone likes to do or watch, like a game or a hobby.
If someone has a legal right to something (usually money or property) they have an interest in that thing. This is also true for someone who shares a right with others, or a person who has a future right to something. For example, if some brothers and sisters will be given a house after their parents die, each of them "has a financial interest" in the house, even if the parents are still living.

Newcastle, New South Wales
Newcastle is a city in New South Wales, Australia. 505,000 people live there what makes it the 6th largest city in Australia and the 2nd largest in New South Wales. It is also the 2nd oldest city in Australia. Newcastle is 160km north of Sydney, and is the largest coal-harbour in the world.

Era
An era is a very long time, probably millions of years. Scientists talk about eras like the Mesozoic era, when dinosaurs lived on the Earth.
Earth's existence is separated by geologists into even longer times called eons. A number of eras make up an eon.
We are now in the Cenozoic Era of the Phanerozoic Eon. Cenozoic is from a Greek word meaning "new life", that is, the time of the newest life on Earth.
The Phanerozoic Eon started about 545 million years ago. It is made up of the Paleozoic (from the Greek for "oldest life") Era, the Mesozoic ("middle life") Era and the Cenozoic Era.
The Paleozoic Era started about 545 million years ago, then the Cenozoic Era started about 248 million years ago. This was followed by our era, the Cenozoic Era, which started about 65 million years ago.

Drowning
Drowning means dying from not being able to breathe in water or another liquid. It also can mean to cause something to die in this way.
Near drowning is the survival of drowning with passing out or breathing in water and can cause to serious complications, including death, after the event. That means that near drowning can also need attention by doctors.
Secondary drowning is death caused by chemical or biological changes in the lungs after a near drowning incident.
In many countries, drowning is one of the biggest causes of death for children under 14 years old. Children have drowned in wading pools and even bath tubs. How many people that drown in countries around the world changes according to how much water people can get, the climate and the country's swimming culture. For example, usually the United Kingdom suffers 450 drownings each year or 1 per 150,000 of its people, and the United States suffers 6,500 drownings or around 1 per 50,000 of its people. Drowning related injuries are the fifth most likely cause of accidental death in the US. In some places, drowning is the second most likely cause of injury and death for children. Victims are more likely to be male, young or teenage. Surveys say that 10% of children under 5 have been through a situation where they could have drowned.

Schrödinger's cat
Schrödinger's cat is a thought experiment about quantum physics. It was proposed by Erwin Schrödinger.
A cat is placed in a room that is shielded from the environment. A Geiger counter and a little bit of a radioactive element are in the room. Within some time, say one hour, one of the atoms of the radioactive element may decay, or it may not. The Geiger counter can of course measure that. If it does measure the decay, it will release some poisonous gas, which will kill the cat.
The question now is: at the end of the hour, is the cat alive or dead?
Schrödinger's interpretation is that as long as the door is closed, the cat is both dead and alive in dual superposed quantum states. When the door is opened, the quantum states are made known and the cat is observed to be either alive or dead.
The problem exists in that by opening the room, the person is interfering with the experiment. The person and the experiment have to be described with reference to each other.
By merely "looking" at the experiment the person has influenced the experiment.

Wollongong, New South Wales
Wollongong is a city in New South Wales, Australia, located on the eastern coast of Australia, south of Sydney. 274,072 people live there making it the third largest city in New South Wales, after Sydney and Newcastle.

Yule
Yule is an old pre-Christian holiday (a holiday that existed before polytheistic people converted to Christianity) that is better known as the Winter solstice or Christmas. Generally celebrated by Wiccans and Northern European Christians, it has been celebrated for over 1000 years. The Christian holiday, Christmas, was created by the Christian Romans based around the polytheistic (many gods) Sun god festival (Sol Invictis) on the winter solstice, and people in northern Europe combined it with their Yule festival. Yule is celebrated on the 25th of December by most Northern Europeans and the 21st of December, by Wiccans and many non religious groups. For them, Yule is celebrated as the longest night of the year. It is the night when the sun sets earliest and rises latest the next day. The Wiccan ritual includes thanking the goddess for the past year and asking for a happiness in the year to come.

List of Cities in Australia
This is a list of cities in Australia sorted by state.

Warrnambool, Victoria
Warrnambool is a city on the south-western coast of Victoria, Australia. Nearly 32,000 people live there. It is at the western end of the Great Ocean Road, but is more quickly reached by the Princes Highway. Warrnambool is 265 kilometres and 3 hours from Melbourne by road or rail.

Whitney Sloan
Whitney Adela Sloan (August 21, 1988) is a English actress. She is from London, England. Perhaps her most notable role is in a recent Disney made movie, "Go Figure".

Macedonia
Macedonia is the name of two areas in Europe

Rock, paper, scissors
Rock, Paper, Scissors is a two-person hand game. It is often used as a selection method in a similar way to coin flipping or drawing straws to randomly select a person for some purpose. However, unlike truly random selections, it can be played with skill if the game extends over many sessions, as a player can often recognize and exploit the non-random behavior of an opponent.
Sportsmen often use RPS (both officially and unofficially, in place of a coin toss) to decide on opening plays. Similarly, uncertain calls, or even the whole game in case of rain, may be so decided. It is also often used as a method for creating appropriately non-biased random results in live action role-playing games, as it requires no equipment. It is also used in some gambling sites as a form of novelty betting.
The exact name of the game can vary, with the three components appearing in a different order, or with "stone" in place of "rock". Non-English speakers may know the game by their local words for "rock, paper, scissors", although it is also known as Janken or Yakyuken[1] in Japan, Kawi Bawi Bo in Korea, Pierre-Papier-Ciseaux in France,[citation needed], Ca-Chi-Pun in Chile, and in South Africa as Ching-Chong-Cha, the words used in the 'count'.
The players both count aloud to three, or speak the name of the game (e.g. "Rock! Paper! Scissors!" or "Reaux! Sham! Beaux!"), each time raising one hand in a fist and swinging it down on the count. On the third count, or on a further beat after the third count (saying "shoot"), the players change their hands into one of three gestures, which they then "throw" by extending it towards their opponent.
Rock, represented by a closed fist.
Paper, represented by an open hand.
Scissors, represented by the index and middle fingers extended.
If both players choose the same gesture, the game is tied and played again.
In some variations of the game, the winner of each round "uses" the weapon on the opponent's weapon, to demonstrate that they have won.
RPS is frequently played in a "best two out of three" match, and tournament players often prepare sequences of three gestures ahead of time.
In some countries, such as Canada, it is considered a sport due to the intesity of the game, betting and strategy.

Katie Leung
Katie Liu Leungis a Scottish actress, who is most famous for her roles as Cho Chang in the Harry Potter series. She was born on August 8, 1987, in Motherwell, Scotland.
Her parents, Peter and Kar Wai Li Leung, are Chinese immigrants. After her parents got divorced, She lives with her father in a £400,000 house in Motherwell. Her two brothers (one named Jonathan) and a younger sister, Violet, also live with her. Her father owns a restaurant and a fast food business in Motherwell. Leung went to school at Hamilton College, a Scottish private school in Glasgow. She is learning Cantonese and Mandarin.

Psycho
"Psycho" is a 1960 horror film directed by Alfred Hitchcock. It is mostly noted for the killing of a main character early in the movie. Hitchcock also did something like that in "Vertigo". The film is based on the novel of the same name by Robert Bloch, which was in turn inspired by the crimes of Wisconsin serial killer Ed Gein.
The film depicts the encounter between Marion Crane (Janet Leigh), a secretary who is in hiding at a motel after embezzling from her employer, and Norman Bates (Anthony Perkins), the motel's lonely owner. It initially received mixed reviews but outstanding box-office returns, prompting a re-review which was overwhelmingly positive and led to four Academy Award nominations.
It's most famous line is "A boy's best friend is his mother." said by Norman Bates. In 2005, it ranked 56 on AFI's list of the one hundred most popular quotes of all time. In 1997, it was the 18th most popular movie on the AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies list.
Plot summary.
Marion Crane is a Phoenix, Arizona working girl who is unhappy and frustrated with the way life is treating her. She has to sneak away during lunch breaks to meet her lover Sam Loomis, and they cannot get married because Sam has to spend most of his money on alimony. Marion is trusted by her employer to bank $40,000 in cash at the real estate office where she works as a secretary. Desperate to make a change in her life, she packs up and heads for California with the money in her purse, determined to start a new life with Sam at his hardware store. Exhausted from her long drive and caught in a storm, Marion decides to spend the night at the Bates Motel where she meets Norman Bates, a troubled young man who seems to be dominated by his invalid mother. After Norman fixes a light dinner, Marion goes back to her room for a cleansing shower...

Film noir
Film noir is a term used to describe crime drama movies from Hollywood that are often focused on sex, crime, and corruption.
Film noir movies were mostly made from the early 1940s to the late 1950s in the United States, and they were usually filmed in black-and-white. The term "film noir" comes from the French term for "black film." Film noir movies include many different genres of movies, such as gangster movies, police movies, and detective movies.
Film noir movies were often filmed so that there were many dark shadows in the movie, even on characters' faces. The Hollywood film noir movies were influenced by German film directors such as Fritz Lang, who used dramatic lighting techniques. Another influence on film noir movies was 1930s French books or movies about heroes who would die at the end of the story or stories with sad endings. Film noir movies were also influenced by crime novels, such as the detective and crime stories by Dashiell Hammett, James M. Cain, and Raymond Chandler.
Examples of film noir movies and actors.
Some important film noir movies are: "Stranger on the Third Floor" (1940); "The Maltese Falcon" (1941) "Double Indemnity" (1944) "The Big Sleep" (1946) "The Postman Always Rings Twice" (1946); "Key Largo" (1948);"Kiss Me Deadly" (1955), and "Touch of Evil" (1958).
The important actors from Hollywood film noir movies were Robert Mitchum, Humphrey Bogart, and Peter Lorre.
Movies from after the film noir period.
The film noir period was the 1940s and 1950s. Even in the years after the 1950s, some movies were made in the film noir style. In the 1960s and 1970s, there were movies like "The Manchurian Candidate" (1962) and "Chinatown" (1974), which were influenced by the film noir movies from the 1950s.
In the 1980s and 1990s there were movies that were a bit like film noir movies, like "Body Heat" (1981), "Basic Instinct" (1992), "Kill Me Again" (1989)," Red Rock West" (1992), and "Fargo" (1996). In the 2000s, there are also movies that are like film noir movies in some ways. For example, there are films such as "Memento" (2000) and "Sin City" (2005).
There are also science fiction movies that look a bit like film noir movies because they look dark and they have a lead character who does some bad things, such as "Soylent Green" (1973); "Blade Runner" (1982), which starred Harrison Ford; and "Minority Report" (2002), which starred Tom Cruise.
Things seen in film noir movies.
Film noir movies are often shot in cities at night, and the stories often take place in bars, nightclubs, gambling clubs, casinos, and cheap hotels. This makes film noir movies look very dark, because the scenes are shot at night, or inside dark places like a bar or hotel.
Film noir movie scenes often have a lot of shadows, such as the shadows of window frames, blinds, or stair banisters. There are also often dark shadows on the movie scenes, even on the faces of the actors. All of the shadows and darkness make the film noir movies feel mysterious and stressful.
The characters in film noir movies are often motivated by greed, jealousy, or revenge. The characters in film noir movies are often private detectives or police officers who are investigating crimes committed by bad criminals and gang members such as murder, gambling or prostitution. In film noir movies, there are often stories about robberies, heists, extortion of money (which is called "blackmail"), or murder.
Watching film noir movies.
In film noir movies, even the heroes or lead characters are often bad or partly bad in some way. For example, the hero of a film noir movie may help an innocent man or woman who is being threatened by a criminal, or rescue a woman from a criminal gang. Yet the hero or lead character may also do bad things, such as commit crimes, hurt or threaten people, or tell lies.
Often, the hero or lead character of a film noir film will be bitter, sad, lonely, or depressed, because of bad things that happened to them. The person watching the movie has to decide if they think that a hero who does both good and bad things is a good person or not. The stories from film noir movies can make the audience think about how people should act, or how people should make choices in their life. This is one of the things that people like about watching film noir movies.
Film noir movies are not happy movies. In happy movies, like romance movies, people fall in love, get married, and live happy lives. In film noir movies, sad things happen. A good man with a wife might need money for their rent, and borrow the money from a criminal gang leader, because the good man has no other way of getting the money. Then the bad gang leader might force the good man to do bad things to pay back the money. Maybe the bad gang leader will threaten to hurt the good man's wife. Then the good man has to decide between protecting his wife or doing a bad crime.
People who watch film noir movies like to see stories about people who have to make hard choices, or people whose lives have sad things happen in them. Real life is not all happy and perfect like in romantic films; people often have to make hard choices or have sad things happen. For this reason, film noir movies are a bit more like real life than romantic movies.
Books about film noir.
Robert Ottoson wrote a book in 1981 about film noir called "A Reference Guide to the American Film Noir: 1940–1958".

Jazz fusion
Jazz fusion (or "jazz-rock fusion" or fusion) is a style of music. Jazz fusion music mixes jazz music styles with rock music styles. Some types of jazz fusion music also use music from funk music, R&B (Rhythm and Blues) music, and world music.
Jazz fusion music is usually performed only with instruments, without singing. Jazz fusion music songs are often longer than pop music songs. A jazz fusion song could be five or even ten minutes long. A pop song is usually only three minutes long or less.
As well, jazz fusion songs have long solos (melodies) played by instruments, Frank Zappa, for example, had long guitar solos in his music, which was of the jazz fusion genre. During a solo, one instrument plays a melody. In jazz fusion, solos are improvised ("made up") during a performance.
Jazz fusion music does not get played on the radio much in the United States or Canada. Radio stations in Europe play more jazz fusion recordings.
Late 1960s.
Jazz fusion began in the late 1960s in the United States. In the late 1960s jazz musicians such as Miles Davis and a band called The Tony Williams Lifetime began using electric instruments such as electric bass and electric piano in their jazz music. As well, jazz musicians began using rhythms or beats from soul music, rhythm and blues music, and rock music in their jazz music. Two important jazz fusion albums are "In a Silent Way" and "Bitches Brew."
1970s.
In the 1970s, more people began playing jazz fusion. As well, more people began listening to jazz fusion and going to jazz fusion concerts. In the 1970s, jazz musicians such as Herbie Hancock, Joe Zawinul, Jan Hammer and Chick Corea began using electronic synthesizers in their songs.
1980s.
In the early 1980s, a new style of jazz fusion called "pop fusion" began being played. This new style of pop fusion was softer and slower than fusion from the early 1970s. Pop fusion was played a lot more on the radio than the fusion from the early 1970s. Pop fusion musicians include Lee Ritenour, Al Jarreau, Kenny G, Bob James and David Sanborn.
Steve Vai was an icon of Jazz fusion in the 1980's and played extensive guitar based jazz fusion instrumentals.

Stadio Olimpico
Stadio Olimpico is a sports stadium in Rome, Italy.

Insulation
Insulation reduces or stops the flow of energy. Electricity and heat are two main types of enery that insulators prevent from moving. The insulator on an electric cord stops electricity from hurting a person that touches the cord.

Arc de Triomphe
The Arc de Triomphe, in the end of the Champs-Elysées, is a very famous monument in Paris.
It was commissioned in 1806 after the victory at Austerlitz by Emperor Napoléon Bonaparte. it is a large arc, and even though it may be thought by some people that you can drive underneath it, you cannot. It was designed by Jean-Francois Chalgrin and has roughly 300 steps!

Show
A show is a theatrical, cinema, music or choreographic representation. It can be a play, a movie, a concert, an opera or a television program.

Traffic light
Traffic signals are instruments for controlling traffic by using changing lights. They are used for controlling traffic.

Railway signal
A railway signal or just signal is a mechanical or electrical machine that gives train drivers or engineers information about the state of the line ahead. This way, they know whether the train must stop or may continue. It can also tell what speed the train may go.

Maitland, New South Wales
Maitland is a city in New South Wales, Australia. Nearly 60.000 people live there. The city is on the Hunter River. Maitland is 200 km north of Sydney and 30 km northwest of Newcastle. Maitland is sometimes called the largest city, that is not on the sea in New South Wales.

Benalla, Victoria
Benalla is a city in Victoria, Australia. It is a city even though only 10,000 people live there. Benalla is on the Hume Highway between Sydney and Melbourne. The town is on the Broken River, which often floods. Benalla has a station on the main railway line between Sydney and Melbourne.
History.
Major Thomas Mitchell went through this area on his way back to Sydney in 1836. One of the men with him, a convict named James Taylor, was drowned while trying to cross the Broken River. After Mitchell many farmers arrived with sheep to make new farms. The Reverend James Docker started a farm called "Benalta" in 1838. The name came from the Taungurung Australian aboriginal word meaning "musk duck".. The name later changed to Benalla.
Seven men, working for farmers George and William Faithfull, were killed by the aborigines at Winding Swamp on April 11 1838. The police under Captain Lonsdale killed many Taungurung people as punishment. Their ears were cut off and taken back to Melbourne as a trophy (prize).
The town of Benalla was surveyed in 1846.
Botanical gardens.
The Benalla Botanical Gardens were started in 1886. They cover an area of. The gardens are well known for their collection of roses. The gardens also have three "Ulmus x viminalis", an elm tree hybrid. These trees are listed on the Significant Tree Register of the National Trust.. They are the only known examples of the hybrid elm in Australia.

Grafton, New South Wales
Grafton is a small city on the northern coast of New South Wales, Australia. It is on the Clarence River and is 640 kilometres north of Sydney. 17,380 people live threre, of which 871 (5.0%) are Aborigines. The town is famous for its railway bridge.

Zupaysaurus
Zupaysaurus was a dinosaur from 213 million years ago. Its main ancestor was Coelophysis. Coelophysis looked more like Archaeopteryx than Zupaysaurus.

Zephyrosaurus
Zephyrosaurus was a small dinosaur. It was a relative of Hypsilophodon. It lived 132 million years ago.

Hypsilophodon
Hypsilophodon was a plant-eating dinosaur that lived 105 million years ago. It has lots of relatives such as Zephyrosaurus. It was thought to climb trees. It was thought to be a young Iguanodon but later noticed to be a different animal.

Dryosaurus
Dryosaurus was a kind of dinosaur from 150 million years ago. It was thought to be a relative of Hypsilophodon but later considered as a relative of Iguanodon.

Iguanodon
Iguanodon was a huge plant-eating dinosaur from the Cretaceous period in North America, Africa and Asia. It is a relative of Dryosaurus but it was much bigger. It lived 130 million years ago.

Xylem
Xylem is a vessel in plants where nutrients can be taken from the roots to the stem. It is one of two vessels in the plant which transports things. The other one is the phloem, which transports sugar. The inside part of the tube is called the xylem.

Allosaurus
Allosaurus was a predatory dinosaur from the Jurassic period. It averaged nine meters in length. There are four species of Allosaurus: Allosaurus grew to about the size of Tyrannosaurus and weighed 1-3 tons.

Abelisaurus
Abelisaurus was a large dinosaur that ate meat and grew around 25 to 30 feet (7 to 9 meters) in length. It was a relative of Ceratosaurus and Carnotaurus.

Ceratosaurus
Ceratosaurus was a predatory dinosaur from the Jurassic period. It was shown in the movie "When Dinosaurs Roamed America" being killed by an Allosaurus.

Carnotaurus
Carnotaurus was a predatory dinosaur that lived 105 million years ago. Many people think Carnotaurus was a carnosaur related to Allosaurus. But it actually is a relative of Ceratosaurus.

Coelophysis
Coelophysis was a small fast running dinosaur from 215 million years ago. One of its ancestors was a huge dinosaur named Dilophosaurus

Dilophosaurus
"Dilophosaurus" (di-low-foe-sawr-us) (meaning 'double-crested lizard') was a huge dinosaur from 200 million years ago that fed on sauropodmorph dinosaurs. It has a small relative named Coelophysis. It was shown in the movie "When Dinosaurs Roamed America" scaring off a pack of Megapnosaurus and eating an Anchisaurus.

SimCity 4
"SimCity 4" is the fourth sequel to the SimCity computer game. It was created by Maxis and published by Electronic Arts.
New Features.
The main new feature in this game is the addition of 'God Mode'. This is one of the three elements of gameplay. Players can add mountains, lakes, rivers and canyons to their landscape.
Another feature is "MySims" mode, a mode that lets players import their Sims from the game The Sims and add them into their city. This lets players see what they are thinking.
RCI.
RCI stands for residential, commercial, and industry demand. The higher the demand the faster the city grows. No demand or negative demand causes buildings to be vacant and dilapidated.
City Growth.
Big buildings show up when you zone higher density. The amount of people living in the city changes the amount of skyscrapers built in the city. Skyscrapers can be built when residential population reaches, 30,000, and when commercial population reaches 45,000.

Elasmosaurus
Elasmosaurus was a 46 foot long swimming reptile that lived in North America. It was a plesiosaur.It was first discovered in 1868 by a scientist named Edward Drinker Cope who accidentally put the head on the tail. It had over 70 vertebrae.

Waffen-SS
The Waffen-SS was part of the SS. "Waffen" is a German word meaning "Arms". The Waffen-SS was a paramilitary organisation within the SS. The divisions of the Waffen-SS were positioned as elite troops. Their original task was to protect higher-ranking personnel of the SS and the NSDAP. Together with people from the SA they were used as a police force. The Waffen-SS was officially an auxiliary police force on the streets. In 1937, some troops were reorganised. Those parts of the SS that had the primary function to guard and operate Detention Camps were re-organised as "SS-Totenkopfverbände". Experiments on humans, as they were done in KZ Buchenwald and other detention camps were led by doctors of the Waffen-SS.
They were led by Heinrich Himmler. After the World War II, they were found guilty of crimes against humanity, and the SS was dissolved.
The troops after 1945.
After the end of the war, all troops were disbanded. In 1951, the Hilfsgemeinschaft auf Gegenseitigkeit der ehemaligen Angehörigen der Waffen-SS was founded, in Germany. This translates to "Mutual support organisation of former members of the Waffen-SS'. In English it is better known by HIAG. What they wanted is to have equal treatment of solders of the Waffen-SS, and soldiers of the Wehrmacht, the regular troops. They also publish a magazine. This (like most other such magazines), tries to convey the image that Waffen-SS troops were normal troops, after all. Sometimes, there are also revisionist articles in it.

Pizzicato
Pizzicato means: playing a string instrument by plucking the strings (pulling a string with the finger and letting go quickly). Instruments such as the violin, viola, cello and double bass are normally played with a bow, but if the composer wants the player to pluck instead of bow, the word “pizzicato” or just “pizz” is written in the music. When the player has to play with the bow again the word “arco” is written in the music (“arco” is the Italian word for “bow”).
How to play pizzicato.
When instruments of the violin family are played pizzicato the player usually plucks the string with the index finger (pointing finger) of the right hand somewhere over the fingerboard. Sometimes the player may rest the thumb on the edge of the fingerboard to keep the hand steady. It is difficult to play pizzicato really fast. Sometimes two fingers can be used for really fast bits. Cellists and double bass players can use the thumb for plucking, especially for playing chords.
It is also possible to play pizzicato with the left hand (the hand which is normally doing the fingering). It is not difficult to pluck an open string with the left hand. Stopped strings are harder, and the brilliant violinist and composer Niccolò Paganini wrote some virtuoso pieces with extremely difficult left hand pizzicato.
Very occasionally violinists may be asked to pluck their instruments holding them down in their laps. This is normally when they are deliberately imitating a guitar.
Changing from pizzicato to arco.
Very often players have to change very quickly from bowing to plucking and back again. It is easy to play a bowed note and then immediately a plucked note if the bowed note finished near the heel of the bow (the end where the bow is held). If the bowed note finishes near the tip the player needs a moment to get the hand ready to pluck. It can take a little more time to go back to bowing again because the player has to get the bow back into playing position.
If there is a long pizzicato section then it is more comfortable to put the bow down instead of holding it in the right hand all the time. This is fine so long as the player has time to pick the bow up again when it goes back to arco.
The sound of pizzicato.
Pizzicato notes sound short and detached (staccato). The player can get different sounds by plucking in different parts of the string. High notes sound very short and dry. Pizzicato notes on the double bass sound much more resonant (big and boomy). Double basses often play pizzicato to give extra rhythmic and harmonic support. For example: in a waltz the cellos and violas might be accompanying the tune with an “um-cha-cha, um-cha-cha” while the double basses just pluck on the “um” (the first beat of the bar). Double basses usually play pizzicato when playing with jazz groups.
One special effect can be made by pulling the string hard and letting it go so that it snaps against the fingerboard. Bartók used this effect several times. This is not the same as jazz bass players who slap the strings at the end of a note (“slap bass”).
Pizzicato in music history.
In orchestras composers used pizzicato in the 17th century. Monteverdi used it in his opera "Il combattimento di Tancredi e Clorinda". In the 19th century the Romantic composers often asked for pizzicato. Tchaikovsky’s "Symphony no 4" has a whole scherzo movement for pizzicato strings. Johann Strauss wrote a "Pizzicato Polka" and in the 20th century Britten wrote a whole movement for pizzicato strings in his "Simple Symphony".

Movement (music)
Long pieces of classical music are often divided into movements. They are like different sections of the piece. Movements can be quite short, or extremely long. If you listen to a symphony it may often be divided into four movements. In the time of Haydn and Mozart the four movements were normally: a fast movement, a slow movement, a dance-like movement (minuet) and a fast movement to end the work.
Robert Schumann: Symphony no 4 in D minor op.120
1) Andante con moto – Allegro di molto
4) Finale: Allegro vivace - Presto
Sometimes an orchestra will take a minute or two to retune their instruments, especially in a symphony by Mahler or Shostakovich where one movement might be as long as 25 minutes. At other times the conductor or performer will want to go almost straight on with hardly any break. Sometimes the composer shows that there should be no break at all between movements.
Audiences in the olden days often used to clap between movements, but usually these days they wait until the end of the work to applaud.
The German word for “movement” (in this musical sense) is “Satz” which really means “sentence”. A movement is like a sentence: a collection of things that belong together to make sense. All the movements together are like several sentences: they tell the whole story.

Port Hedland, Western Australia
Port Hedland is a city on the north coast of Western Australia. 13,000 people live there and it is the largest city in the Pilbara Region. For its size it has a very large mineral port, because of one of the worlds biggest iron-deposit.

Worms, Germany
Worms (pronounced /voɐms/) is a city in the southwest of Germany in the federal state of Rhineland-Palatinate (Rheinland-Pfalz). It lies on the River Rhine. It is an industrial centre,and is famed for its local Liebfraumilch wine. There are also other industries like chemicals and metal goods. At the end of 2004, it had 85,829 inhabitants.
Worms is among the oldest cities in Germany. There is a dispute with Cologne and Trier which of the three actually is the oldest. The city is mentioned in the "Nibelungenlied", an old Germanic saga. The city was also very important because of Martin Luther who defended his case against the emperor Charles V in Worms. It also has a very large cathedral worth visiting. With the one in Mainz and the one in Speyer, this cathedral is one of only three such romanesque cathedrals in Germany. The Cathedral is one of the most important romanesque buildings in Germany.

Transistor
A transistor is an electronic component that can be used as an amplifier, or as a switch. They are found in all but the most simple electronic devices. A transistor consists of three connectors, the emitter, collector, and base. Current flows through a transistor from the emitter (more positive) to the collector depending on the voltage at the base.

Sex toy
A Sex toy is a device that helps humans get more pleasure when they have sex or when they masturbate. Sometimes these devices are also called Adult toy, or Marital aid. "Marital aid" can also apply to certain herbs or drugs that have such an effect. Herbs with such an effect are called aphrodisiac.

Compsognathus
Compsognathus was a species of dinosaur. It was a relative of Archaeopteryx. It was once considered as the smallest dinosaur until a dinosaur named Micropachycephalosaurus was found.

Micropachycephalosaurus
Micropachycephalosaurus (meaning "Tiny Thick Headed Reptile") was a small herbivore dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous. It was the smallest dinosaur ever discovered, only 0.5 meters long, but it has the longest name of any other dinosaur. Before it was discovered Compsognathus was considered as the smallest dinosaur. It lived in China during the Late Cretaceous.

Velociraptor
Velociraptor (sometimes called "raptor" for short) was a predatory dinosaur in the Late Cretaceous Period. It was about 1.8 meters long and 0.62 meters tall at the hip, which is about the size of a turkey. It had a sickle-shaped claw on its foot which measured almost 7 centimeters long. Some scientists think that Velociraptor was warm blooded and had feathers, although they have not yet proved that they had feathers.
Fossils of Velociraptors were first found in the Gobi Desert of Mongolia in 1922. In 1988, scientists from China found Velociraptor skeletons in northern China. One of the most famous Velociraptors discovered in 1971 was found attacking a Protoceratops in a fossil from Mongolia. Films such as "Jurassic Park" and some of the "The Land Before Time" films helped make Velociraptor popular.

Rhea (moon)
Rhea is Saturn's second largest moon. It is made of ice and rock.
Ring system.
Rhea may have a thin ring system with three narrow bands in a disk of solid particles. These would be the first rings seen around a moon. The discovery was announced in the journal "Science" on March 6 2008.

Mimas (moon)
Mimas is one of Saturn's largest moons. It is best known for its large crater, Herschel. The centre of the crater has a very high mountain.

Aphrodisiac
An aphrodisiac is a type of food or drink that has the effect of making those who eat or drink it more aroused in a sexual way. The name comes from the Greek goddess Aphrodite.
Some things thought by some to be aphrodisiacs are: ginko, ashwaganda, oysters and chocolate.

Protoceratops
Protoceratops was a ceratopsian dinosaur from Mongolia. It was shown in a fossil attacking a Velociraptor.

Megapnosaurus
Megapnosaurus was a small dinosaur from the Early Jurassic. It was a relative of Coelophysis but it had two crests on top of its head. It is shown in the movie "When Dinosaurs Roamed America" attacking an Anchisaurus and getting scared off by a Dilophosaurus. It was called Syntarsus at that time.

Vidar
Vidar is a god in Norse mythology. He is the son of Odin and the giantess Grid. He is the god of the forest, of revenge and of silence. In Ragnarök, his father, Odin, will be killed by Fenrir. Vidar will take revenge, by killing Fenrir. He will either do this by stepping on his jaw and tearing the wolf apart, or by driving a sword through the heart of the wolf.

Anchisaurus
Anchisaurus was a small sauropodmorph dinosaur from the Early Jurassic. It was shown in the movie "When Dinosaurs Roamed America" getting attacked by a pack of Megapnosaurus and eaten by a Dilophosaurus.

Segisaurus
Segisaurus was a small dinosaur from the Triassic. It was a relative of Coelophysis.

Psittacosaurus
Psittacosaurus was a small ceratopsian dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous. Unlike other ceratopsians it had no horns or no frill. What made it a ceratopsian was its beak.

Zuniceratops
Zuniceratops was a ceratopsian dinosaur. It grew up to 4 feet long.

Quilmesaurus
Quilmesaurus was a predatory dinosaur from the Cretaceous period. It lived 95 million years ago.

Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich of Russia
Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich of Russia was to be Emperor of Russia. He was born on August 12, 1904 (jul. July 30, 1904) and probably died on July 17, 1918. He was the youngest of five children and the only son of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia and Alexandra Fyodorovna. His sisters were Olga, Tatiana, Maria, and Anastasia.
He had the disease hemophilia. He inherited the disease from his mother. The disease can be traced back to her grandmother Queen Victoria. His father was forced to give up the throne in 1917 and his family was murdered in Ekaterinburg in 1918.
His body and the body of either Anastasia or Maria are missing from the grave that was found in 1991.
In 2000, Alexei and his family was made saints by the Russian Orthodox Church.

Zalmoxes
Zalmoxes was a dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous. It was a relative of the Iguanodon.

Oviraptor
Oviraptor was a dinosaur from what is today Mongolia. Scientists think it lived 75 million years ago. An Oviraptor could run as fast as an ostrich. It could perhaps run about 43 mph (70 km per hour). Oviraptor was a large-brained dinosaur that cared for its eggs. In 1924, an Oviraptor fossil was found on top of some eggs and people thought that it had been eating the eggs. Other people thought that the fossilized Oviraptor was probably a parent of the eggs in the nest, and not an egg stealer but a nurturer.

Oyster
Oyster is the name given to a few bivalves. All of them live in areas that are at least partly covered with water. Some of them are edible. All of them are filter-feeders.

Tumour
Tumour means swelling, but the word is sometimes used to mean tissue growth where it should not be growing. Tumours are either malignant (harmful) or benign (safe).
The Tasmanian Devils in Tasmania, Australia are in danger of becoming extinct because of a malignant tumour that grows on their face.

Sony Ericsson
Sony Ericsson Mobile Communications AB is a mobile phone manufacturer. The company is a joint venture that was established in 2001 by Japanese consumer electronics company Sony and the Swedish telecommunications company Ericsson. The two companies no longer make mobile phones independently.

Australian dollar
The Australian dollar (AUD) is the official currency of the Commonwealth of Australia. It has been in use since February 14, 1966. The Australian dollar is also used on Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Norfolk Island, and the independent Pacific Islands of Kiribati, Nauru and Tuvalu. In Australia the dollar symbol $ is usually used. The signs A$ or AU$ are often used to show that it is the Australian dollar. It is subdivided into 100 cents.
In 2007 the Australian dollar was the sixth-most-traded currency in world. The most traded currencies were the euro, US dollar, the yen, the pound sterling, and the Swiss franc.
The Australian dollar is liked by people who trade in currencies. This is because Australia has high interest rates and little government control on currency trading. Australia's economy and political systems are also seen to be stable.
History.
The dollar was introduced on 14 February 1966, replacing the Australian pound.
Coins.
From 1966, coins were made in amounts of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20 and 50 cents. One-dollar coins were made from 1984. Two-dollar coins in were made from 1988. The one- and two-cent coins were not made after 1991 and are no longer used. Cash sales are made to the nearest five cents. All coins have the image of the head of state, Queen Elizabeth II on the back. They are made by the Royal Australian Mint in Canberra.
Australia has often made special 50-cent coins. The first was in 1970, to honor Captain Cook's finding the east coast of Australia. In 1977 a coin was made for for Queen Elizabeth II's Silver Jubilee. In 1981 a coin was made for the wedding of Charles and Diana. The Brisbane Commonwealth Games had a special coin in 1982. Another one was made for the Australian Bicentenary in 1988. There have been many more special coins made since the 1990s. They are popular with people who collect coins. Australia has also made special 20-cent and one-dollar coins.
Australia has made special five-dollar coins, of aluminium/bronze and bi-metal, and many silver and gold bullion coins in bigger values. These are not normally used, although they are legal tender.
Current Australian 5-, 10- and 20-cent coins are the same size as the old Australian, New Zealand and British sixpenny, shilling and two shilling (florin) coins. In 1990. the UK replaced these coins with smaller versions, as did New Zealand in 2006 - at the same time discontinuing the five-cent coin. The Australian 50-cent coin is a large coin. It weighs 15.55 grams and is 31.51 mm across.
First series.
The first paper banknotes in Australian dollars were printed in 1966. The one, two, ten and 20-dollars notes matched the old pound banknotes. The five-dollar note was printed in 1967, after the public were used to decimal currency.
The one-dollar note was replaced by a coin in 1984. The two-dollar note was replaced by a coin in 1988. The 50-dollar note was first printed in 1973. In 1984 Australia printed the 100-dollar note.
Notes are different sizes depending on their value. This is to help people are visually impaired (unable to see properly}. They are the same height but different lengths. The $5 is the smallest, $100 the largest. Notes are also colour coded: $5 pink (there are two designs); $10 blue; $20 red; $50 yellow; and $100 green.
Polymer series.
In 1988, the Reserve Bank of Australia gave out plastic, (polypropylene) polymer banknotes (produced by Note Printing Australia), to celebrate 200 years of European settlement in Australia. All Australian notes are now made of polymer.
To make it had to copy these notes, they have see through windows with a picture image of Captain James Cook. Every note also has a seven-pointed star which has only half the printing on each side. Australian banknotes were the first in the world to use such features.
To see how plastic (polymer) banknotes are made, see: http://nz.youtube.com/watch?v=YTggA4jVPj0

Washing machine
A washing machine is a machine designed to wash dirty clothes.

Benign
The word benign is often used to refer to a medical condition that will not become life-threatening if it is not treated, but can also mean that something is not harmful. It is often used in relation to tumours that do not metastasise to other parts of the body. Tumours that are referred to as being benign may still be life-threatening because of other reasons. Because of this, the term applies mainly to their biological behaviour.
Tumors that are benign may be at risk of degenerating into malignancy. These are termed "premalignant".

Frankfurt U-Bahn
"The Frankfurt U-Bahn" is an underground railway network in the city of Frankfurt, Germany. It is run by the "Verkehrsgesellschaft Frankfurt", short VGF. It has 7 lines and a network of 60 kilometers (40 miles) and has exactly 85 stations, apart 27 underground and 58 aboveground. Two lines, the U2 and the U3 crosses the city boarder in Oberursel and Bad Homburg.

Geraldton, Western Australia
Geraldton is a city and port in Western Australia 424 km north of Perth. 29,996, people live there, what makes it the fifth-largest city in Western Australia.
Today the city is an important for mining, fishing, wheat, sheep and tourism.

Frankfurt International Airport
The Frankfurt International Airport ("in german": Rhein-Main-Flughafen) is the biggest airport in Germany and the third largest in Europe (in terms of Passenger, in Cargo second largest), it is located in Frankfurt, Hessen.
In 2005, 52 million passengers flew from Frankfurt and 1.89 million tonnes of cargo.
The airport has two train stations, the terminal for the commuter trains is under the terminal and the station for the long-distance trains is five minutes to walk.

Marki
Marki is a town near Warsaw, in Poland. About 23,300 people live there.

William Harvey
William Harvey was an English medical doctor. He was born in Folkstone, Kent, England on April 1, 1573. He was the first to explain how blood was moved through the body by the heart. He died June 3, 1657.
William Harvey is famous for his idea on blood being pumped around the body by the heart. Christianismi Restitutio had found out how the circulatory system worked, but his work at the time was lost. Harvey found Restitutio's work a century later. Harvey travelled all over Europe doing research. Most of his research was done in Italy where he went to the Venerable English College in Rome.
A hospital in Ashford, Kent is named after him. He went to The King's School, Canterbury, then Ganville and Caius College, Cambridge. He then went to University of Padua where he graduated in 1602.
When he returned to England he married Elizabeth Browne, the daughter of Elizabeth I's royal physician. He became a doctor at St. Bartholomew's Hospital in London from 1609 until 1643.
Circulatory System.
Harvey announced his discoveries about the circulatory system in 1616. He wrote a book ("Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et sanguinis in Animalibuson") about it in 1628. He said that blood was pumped around the body in a closed system. Blood was pumped by the heart through the body before coming back to the heart to repeat the process. This went against what was believed at the time to be true.
The ancient Greek doctor, Galen believed that there were two systems in the body dealing with blood. It was thought at the time that the dark red blood found in veins came from the liver and the bright red blood found in arteries came from the heart. It was believed that the liver and heart made the blood and it was used up by the body parts it was pumped to.
Harvey's ideas came from dissecting human bodies. Harvey found that the liver would have to make 540 pounds of blood every hour for Galen to be right. This showed him that the blood was not being used up. It was being reused by the body. He said blood flowed through the heart in two loops. One loop went to the lungs and got oxygen. The other loop went to the organs and body tissue giving them the oxygen. He said the heart was just a pump that pumped blood around the body.

Zoey 101
Zoey 101 is a television series on Nickelodeon about teenagers in a boarding school. It stars Jamie Lynn Spears as Zoey.
Plot.
Zoey Brooks goes to a once all-boys boarding school and is fitting into the school, even with gender difference. She helps do right and has logic. She usually deals with problems every teenage-girl problem and faces social life.
She helps her friends and sibling get through school with fun involved.

Velocisaurus
The "Velocisaurus" was a dinosaur related to Ceratosaurus. It was a fast runner.

Valdosaurus
Valdosaurus was a fast dinosaur related to Dryosaurus, that lived perhaps 81 million years ago.

Irish Potato Famine
The Great Famine or the Great Hunger (Irish: An Gorta Mór or An Drochshaol) is the name given to the famine in Ireland between 1845 and 1849. Outside of Ireland, It is usually called the Irish Potato Famine. The Famine was caused by "the Blight". The Blight was a potato fungus that destroyed all the potatoes in Ireland very fast. Potatoes were the main source of food for most of the people in Ireland at the time. The effects of The Famine lasted until 1851. A lot is not known about what happened during this time. It is believed that between 500,000 and more than one million people died in the three years from 1846 to 1849 because of hunger or disease. Another million became refugees because of the Famine. They left Ireland and moved to Great Britain, the United States, Canada, and Australia.

Wannanosaurus
Wannanosaurus was a dinosaur that ate soft plants. It was 2 feet long. Scientists say it lived in the Late Cretaceous period. They also ate fruit and seeds. They lived in China about 83 million years ago. The dinosaur's name is pronounced 'wah-NAHN-uh-SAWER-us'. Its name means wanno lizard. The Wannanosaurus normally walked on its two legs but sometimes walked on all fours to get the plants, fruit and seeds.

Chihuahua (dog)
A chihuahua is a very small breed of dog and are bred to be pampered.
Appearance.
They have an average height of 5 to 8 inches (12.7 - 20.3 cm) and an average weight of 2 - 6 weights (0.9 - 2.7 kg).
Colors and Patterns.
Liters come in a variety of colors. Black, white, blue and brown. Patterns include Sable, Irish spotting, Piebald spotting, extreme white spotting and tan points. Colors and patterns can mix during breeding, creating much variation.
Origins.
Chihuahua's origins go back to Pre-Columbian Mexico as the descendants of the Techichi, a long haired, mute dog. The Techichi was favored by the Toltec people. Toltecs made their capital in Tula, in the Mesa Central Region. They also built the city of Teotihuacan near present day Mexico City. Chihuahuas are believed to be bred by Techichi and Chinese Crested dogs (tiny and hairless) to form modern Chihuahuas. Another possible theory is that Techichis were bred with Spanish terriers, which were popular at the time and were known for their small build and black and tan coloration. Breeding with another species of dog, increased the Techichi's bark while decreasing it's size. Chihuahuas were named after the Chihuahua state in Mexico, which is the place where the breed became known for it's popularity in the United States. The name Chihuahua has nothing to do with the dog itself. Instead, the word Chihuahua comes from the Na'huatl word "xicuagua", which means, "sandy, dry place".

Minmi
Minmi was a dinosaur that ate plants. It lived about 119 to 113 million years ago.

Rugops
Rugops was a dinosaur related to Ceratosaurus. It was huge, up to 20 feet long.

Abrictosaurus
Habits.
The Abrictosaurus was an omnivore. This means that it only ate plants but could have eaten meat as well.
Family.
It was related to Heterodontosaurus.
Appearance.
The Abrictosauruswas very small, about the size of a lamb.

Heterodontosaurus
Heterodontosaurus was a plant-eating dinosaur. It was related to Abrictosaurus. It had 3 different kinds of teeth.

Camarasaurus
Camarasaurus (ca-mara-sawr-us) (meaning "chambered lizard") was a large plant-eating dinosaur. It was about 18 meters long and weighed about 18 metric tones.
It was shown in the movie "When Dinosaurs Roamed America".

Zizhongosaurus
Zizhongosaurus was a very large plant-eating dinosaur. It was a large sauropod. It was related to Camarasaurus.

Belching
Belching is the act of making a burp. It is letting air out of the stomach through the mouth.

Great Fire of London
The Great Fire Of London was a tragedy that happened in London, England in 1666. The fire lasted for four days, from September 2 until September 5.
It threatened the aristocratic district of Westminster (the modern West End), Charles II's Palace of Whitehall, and most of the suburban slums. However, it did not reach these districts. It burned down 13,200 houses, 87 churches, St. Paul's Cathedral, and most of the government buildings. It is believed that it destroyed the homes of 70,000 of the 80,000 people that lived in the city. It is not known how many people died in the fire. Only few deaths are certain, but for many of the victims there were no records. Also, the fire may have cremated many, leaving no recognisable remains.
The fire started at the bakery of Thomas Farriner (or Farynor) in Pudding Lane. It began just after midnight on Sunday, September 2 and grew very fast. Firefighters of the time usually made firebreaks by destroying buildings around the fire so it could not spread. This did not happen soon enough because the Lord Mayor, Sir Thomas Bloodworth, was not certain what to do. By the time he ordered such measures, it was too late.
The fire pushed north on Monday into the center of the city. Some people thought that foreigners were setting the fires. They believed it was the French and Dutch. Both countries were England's enemies in the Second Anglo-Dutch War, a war that was happening at that time. On Tuesday, the fire spread over most of the City, destroying St. Paul's Cathedral and crossed over the River Fleet. It was close to setting fire to Charles II's court at Whitehall.
The social and economic problems created by the disaster were very big. Leaving London to go and live elsewhere was strongly encouraged by Charles II. He feared a London rebellion amongst the refugees who had lost their property. Despite numerous radical proposals, London was reconstructed on essentially the same street plan used before the fire.
The fire is said to have also helped to get rid of the Great Plague which had hit London in 1665, and killed about 70,000 of the 90,000 population.

Golgi complex
The Golgi complex, also known as the Golgi apparatus, Golgi body or dictyosome is an organelle (a part of a cell). It is found in the cells of animals, plant, and fungi (like mushrooms). It is named after Camillo Golgi, who found it in 1898.
Cells use it to change and package proteins and other things created by cells.

Institut Teknologi Bandung
Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB) is a public government-funded, higher education, technology school located in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia.
The symbol of Institut Teknologi Bandung is Ganesha, a Hindu god representing wisdom.

Superconductor
A superconductor is a special type of material that conducts electricity without resistance. That means that electrons (tiny negative particles) can flow very easily through the material. This is helped by low temperatures.

Alan Freeman
Alan Leslie 'Fluff' Freeman (born July 6, 1927 in Melbourne, Australia, died November 27, 2006 in London, England) was a famous Australian radio presenter but worked most of his career in the United Kingdom.
Freeman was best known for presenting "Pick of the Pops" on BBC Radio 1 throughout the 1960s and 1970s.

Sunflower
The sunflower ("Helianthus annuus") is an annual plant in the family Asteraceae, with a large flower head (inflorescence). The stem of the flower can grow up to 3 metres tall, with a flower head that can be 30 cm wide.
Birds and other animals enjoy eating sunflower seeds. Humans like to eat them too, although not all kinds, and usually they are coated with chocolate. Other types of sunflowers include the California Royal Sunflower, which has a burgandy (red + purple) flower head.

Peter Cushing
Peter Cushing (May 26, 1913 - August 11, 1994) was an English actor. He is best known for his role in.

Brian Krause
Brian Krause (born February 1 1969) is an American actor who grew up in El Toro, California. He is best known for his role as Leo Wyatt on the WB Network television series "Charmed" from 1998 to 2006.
Krause made his first movie as Richard Lestrange in the movie sequel "Return to the Blue Lagoon" (1991). A year later, he also starred opposite Alice Krige, playing Charles Brady in the horror movie "Sleepwalkers".
Brian and his wife Beth Bruce had their first child, Jamen, in 1996, but were later divorced in 2000. He dated co-star Alyssa Milano and is currently dating an unknown woman in the United States. During his time off the set, he enjoys being a handyman which was his job before acting (and was his fake job when he played Leo Wyatt on "Charmed"). He also enjoys golf and auto racing.

Julian McMahon
Julian McMahon (born on July 27, 1968 in Sydney, Australia) is an Australian actor and former model. His father, Sir William McMahon was Prime Minister of Australia from 1971-1972. McMahon is best known for playing Cole Turner on the television series Charmed and Christian Troy on the series Tuck.

Ted King
Theodore William King is an American actor. He was born October 1, 1965 in Hollywood, California. Ted King is also credited as T.W. King.
He is first known to soap opera fans as Danny Roberts on Loving in 1995 and The City until the show was went off the air in March 1997. He had the starring role in the series "Timecop" on ABC in the fall of 1997. He was on the series Charmed as Inspector Andy Trudeau from 1998 to 1999. In 2002, King returned to soaps as Luis Alcazar on General Hospital for a few months until his character was killed on the show. In 2003, he returned to General Hospital as Luis' twin brother, Lorenzo Alcazar.

Coffs Harbour, New South Wales
Coffs Harbour is a city on the north coast of New South Wales, Australia. 67,000 people live in Coffs Harbour and it's 540km north of Sydney and 440km south of Brisbane.
Coffs Harbour is famous for its bananas and is also an important diving spot. It also has a uni campus from Southern Cross University.

Yggdrasil
Yggdrasil is the name of the tree that links different worlds of Norse mythology. The tree is an ash. It links Niflheim and Asgard, amongst others.

Impeachment
Impeachment in many places is part a process to remove government officials without that official wanting to leave his job. It is like an indictment (something that the prosecutor needs to get before the trial). After somebody gets impeached, a legislature votes on whether or not to convict, or find him guilty. The second legislature is sometimes made up of the same people that impeached him, and sometimes it isn't.

Indictment
In common law, an indictment is a charge saying that a person committed a very serious crime. They used to be given out by grand juries, but many places don't have grand juries anymore. sealed indictments are kept secret until they are unsealed.

Trial
A trial is where 2 groups of people argue in a court.
In a civil trial, there is a plaintiff and a defendant. The plaintiff tries to prove that the defendant should give him money.
In a criminal trial, there's a prosecutor and a defendant. The prosecutor works for the government and tries to prove that the defendant committed a crime. If the crime is serious, the defendant may go to prison or, in some countries, be executed. For smaller crimes, there is often just a fine - money must be paid.

Belinda (entertainer)
Belinda Peregrin Schull (born Madrid, Spain August 15, 1989) is a Mexican/French/Spanish singer and actress. She has most recently starred in Disney Channel's movie '. She sang "A La Nanita Nana" and "Why Wait" in the movie. For a music video, she has sang "Dance With Me" with Drew Seeley.She has had a new disc called UTOPIA and her song NI FRAUD NI TU MAMA.She has starred since she was a little girllike 6 or 5 years old.

Ngo Dinh Diem
Ngo Dinh Diem or "Ngô Ðình Diệm" in Vietnamese was the first President of South Vietnam. He was born on 3 January 1901 in Hue, Vietnam
He was overthrown and killed on 2 November 1963 by the South Việtnamese army, which then set up a military dictatorship.

Great Plague of London
The Great Plague of London was when the disease called the bubonic plague hit London in 1665-1666, killing many people. One of the reasons the disease stopped killing people was because of the Great Fire of London in 1666.
It was supposed to have originated in the Far East. It killed 40% of the English population. The First World War killed 1% of the population and the Second World War killed 2% of the population.

Empress Matilda
Empress Matilda (c. February 1101 - 10 September 1167), sometimes referred to as Empress Maud, was the second child of Henry I of England and Matilda of Scotland. She was Queen of England for a short time in 1141. She fought against King Stephen who was the nephew of Henry I. Their argument ended when Matilda's son, Henry, was named by King Stephen as his successor at the treaty of Wallingford in 1153. This happened because Stephen's own chosen successor, his son Eutace, died in 1153.

Kaiser
Kaiser was title used for the Emperor of Germany from the creation of unified Germany in 1871 until the end of World War I. The word "Kaiser" is the German word for Caesar, the name the ancient Romans used for their emperor.

Orange, New South Wales
Orange is a city in New South Wales, Australia. It is on the Mitchell Highway about 250 kilometres west of Sydney. Nearly 40,000 people live there.
The main street (where people do all the shopping) is quite large for a country town. There are 4 high schools and 5 primary schools in Orange. Orange has 2 tennis centres, a big pool, a indoor sports centre, Netball centre, Football Pitches, Hockey Pitches and lots of Parks.

Endometrium
The endometrium is the inner membrane of the uterus in mammals. During pregnancy, the endometrium develops a lot of glands and blood vessels. These all become interconnected and form a placenta when a fertilised ovum attaches itself to the uterus.

Nibelungenlied
The "Nibelungenlied", translated as "The Song of the Nibelungs", is an epic poem in Middle High German. It tells the story of dragon-slayer Siegfried at the court of the Burgundians, and of the revenge of his wife Kriemhild, which leads to the death all the heroes of the Bugundians and of Kriemhild as well.
The saga of Siegfried was also used in the opera cycle "Der Ring des Nibelungen" of Richard Wagner. Nibelung in this context means "dwarf".
The Nibelungenlied is based on earlier works. It was part of oral tradition, usually it was not written down. During the Middle Ages people started to write down stories more and more. Overall there are about 35 German and one Duch source for the story. There was an original manuscript but it has been lost. The three oldest manuscripts have been labelled "A", "B", and "C".
"B" seems to be closest to the original; however, the real relation between the three manuscripts is unknown. The Nibelungenlied probably had a broad oral tradition, there were many different versions. It is difficult to judge how these oral versions influenced the written ones.
Manuscripts A and B end with "daz ist der Nibelunge not" (that is the fall of the Nibelungs"); for this reasons, they are known as the "Not versions". Manuscript C ends with "daz ist der Nibelunge liet" (that is the song/epic of the Nibelungs". It is knoen as the "Lied-version". In total, the C text has been edited with regard to the public of the time. It is less dramatic. This probnably made it more popular. Estethically, the B text would have been the greatest artistic achievement for a contemporary public.
Who wrote it?
Serious researchers tend to ignore the last three options, because there is not enough evidence to support them.

Dwarf
A dwarf is a short, humanlike creature in Norse mythology as well as other Germanic mythologies, fairy tales, fantasy, fiction and role-playing games.
A dwarf can also be a short human. Often "dwarf" is used as an insult for short people, but some people have a genetic condition which was called dwarfism. Not all short people have this condition.

Vanir
They live in Asgard together with the Æsir as a token of goodwill following a peace treaty. Others live in Vanaheimr. The goddess Freyja receives half of the slain heroes as a share of power between the two clans.

Mole (unit)
Mole is the SI unit of measurement used to measure the number of things, commonly atoms or molecules. One mole of something is equal to 6.0221415×10²³ of it. So, one mole of elephants is equal to 6.0221415×10²³ elements. We call this number Avogadro's number. We use this number because it is the number of carbon atoms in 12 grams of carbon-12, which is the most common isotope of carbon. We can measure anything in moles, but it is not very useful for most things because the numbers are so big. For example, one mole of grapefruit would be as big as the earth.
One hydrogen gas molecule is made from two hydrogen atoms. Therefore, one mole of hydrogen gas is two moles of hydrogen atoms.
Because different molecules and atoms do not have the same mass, one mole of one thing does not weigh the same as one mole of something else. Atom and molecule mass is measured in u. One u is equal to one gram per mole. This means that if an atom has a mass of one u, one mole of this atom weighs one gram.
Math with the Mole:.
A methane molecule is made from one carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms. Carbon has a mass of 12.011 u and hydrogen has a mass of 1.008 u. This means that the mass of one methane molecule is 12.011 u + (4*1.008u), or 16.043 u. This means that one mole of methane has a mass of 16.043 grams.
A mole can be thought of as two bags of different sized balls. One bag contains tennis balls and the other footballs. There are the same amount of balls in both bags but the mass of the footballs is much larger.It is a different way to measure things. Moles measure the number of particles, not the mass. So both bags contain three moles.
A mole is simply a unit of the number of things. Units are invented when existing units can not describe something well enough. Chemical reactions often take place at levels where using grams wouldn't make sense, yet using absolute numbers of atoms/molecules/ions would be confusing, too.

Plesiosaurus
Plesiosaurus was a prehistoric marine animal. It was an omnivore, an animal that ate both meat and plants. Plesiosaurs lived mostly on fish. It would swim through schools of fish and use its long neck and sharp teeth to snap from side to side.
A Plesiosaurus was about 4.5 meters long. It had a flat body and limbs like paddles. It used these limbs to swim backward or forward. People think that the Loch Ness monster is a plesiosarus.

Doraemon
"Doraemon"（ドラえもん) is a Japanese manga and anime series. It was written by Fujiko F. Fujio. It was started in a children’s magazine in 1969. Doraemon is the name of a robot cat that came from the future to help a boy named Nobita Nobi. Doraemon is about the life of Nobita Nobi. In a typical story Doramon uses a tool to solve a problem for Nobita, but Nobita goes too far and ends up being punished and learning a lesson.
Doraemon was turned into an anime television show in 1980. It still is being shown on television. As of 1996, about 100 million comic books have been sold. A Japanese-to-English version of the original called "Doraemon: Gadget Cat from the Future" was published from 2002. A local translation is published in each Asian country such as Hong Kong, Taiwan, Korea and Vietnam. Despite popularity amongst people who only speak English, such as tourists who buy VHS and DVD media of Doraemon, the show was banned in English-speaking countries.

Alfred the Great
Alfred the Great (c. 849 - 26 October 899) was king of Wessex from 871 to 899. He was the first monarch from the British Isles to style himself as 'King of the Anglo-Saxons' and so he is sometimes considered the first English king. Alfred started the Royal Navy in the 9th century.
Alfred earned the name 'the Great' by defending the kingdom from Viking invasions. Alfred was a scholar and encouraged education in the kingdom as well as improving the legal system.
He married Alswitha of Mercia, b. 852 - d. 905, known as Queen Ealswitha. She is buried at the Church of St. Lawrence in the Square, Winchester, England.
Alfred died in 899 but it is not known how he died. He was succeeded by his son, Edward the Elder.

Festival
A festival is a gathering of people to celebrate something. In most countries, most but not all festivals are marked as public holidays.

Oort cloud
The Oort Cloud is a cloud of comets and other objects that scientists and astronomers believe exists beyond the orbit of Pluto, in what is called the Kuiper belt.
The Oort Cloud is believed to be the source of comets in the Solar System.
Oort.
The Dutch astronomer Jan Hendrik Oort was the creator of the Oort Cloud idea. The Oort cloud was named after him, as were the Oort Comet, and Oort Constants
Structure.
The Oort cloud takes up a lot of space and has trillions of comets about tens of millions of kilometers apart.
the Oort cloud is made up of an Inner Oort cloud and an Outer Oort cloud. The Outer cloud is weakly bound to the sun and gives the solor system comets. The Inner Cloud is also called the Hill Cloud and may be the maker of comets.
The objects in the Oort cloud are believed to consist of much ice, and since the object 1996 PW was found, it is believed that rocky objects might be in the Oort Cloud.
Origins.
The Oort cloud is imaged as the remains of a disk made out of gas which surrounded the sun long ago.
Most believed that the Oort cloud was created the same way that science says the planets were created.

Dynasty
Dynasty means rulers who belong to the same family for generations. The term is also used to describe the era during which that family ruled.
from England: The House of Tudor (1485-1603) and the House of Stuart (1603-1714).
from China: The Shang Dynasty (1766 BCE–1046 BCE), the Yuan Dynasty (1271–1368), the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644) and the Qing Dynasty (1644–1912).

Han Dynasty
The Han Dynasty came to power in 202 BC. They followed the philosophy of Confucianism and Legalism. This was called the Han Sythesis. Under this dynasty, China made much progress in arts and science. Theempire also became larger and larger. China started trading with a number of other countries. Merchants used the Silk Road to reach China. During this Dynasty Buddhism was introduced in China. The Han dynasty was a very important period in Ancient China and many consider it to be the golden age of China.
Literature.
Fairbank, John King and Merle Goldman (1992). "China: A New History; Second Enlarged Edition" (2006). Cambridge: MA; London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-01828-1

Zhou Dynasty
The Zhou Dynasty defeated the Shang Dynasty using the mandate of heaven and said they were immoral at about 3000 BC, and came to power. They changed the capital from Henan to a place near present day Xi'an, near the Yellow River. The Zhou Dynasty also brought a new theory. This theory told the people that kings had the order of the gods to rule the country (mandate of heaven). Almost all dynasties of Chinese rulers continued to repeat this theory. The kings of this dynasty won many new areas. For the first time in the history of China, large number of persons also moved from one area to other area for settlement.
During the Zhou Dynasty, the origins of matured Chinese philosophy developed. The greatest Chinese philosophers were "Kong Fuzi" (Latin: Confucius), founder of Confucianism, and Laozi, founder of Daoism. Other philosophers, theorists, and schools of thought in this era were Mozi (Latin: Micius), founder of "Mohism", Mengzi (Latin: Mencius), a famous Confucian who expanded upon Kong Fuzi's legacy, Shang Yang and Han Feizi, responsible for the development of ancient Chinese Legalism (the core philosophy of the Qin Dynasty), and Xunzi.

Tony Iommi
Frank Anthony "Tony" Iommi (born February 19,1948) is a guitarist from Birmingham, England. He is best known for his work in Black Sabbath. He is known for unusual and unique guitar playing, he is left-handed and lost the tips off two of the fingers on his right hand, when he was working at a factory, when he was 15.

Yellow River
The Yellow River or Huáng Hé (sometimes simply called the River in ancient Chinese) is the second longest river in China (after Yangtze River) and the fourth longest in the world. The river is 5464 km long and it drains at the Bohai Sea, a gulf of the Yellow Sea. The river is often called the "Mother River of China" and "the Cradle of the Chinese civilization" in China.

Rebellion
A rebellion (in politics) is when the citizens of a country take over the government by force because they don't trust the current system.

King of France
France had many kings for a long time, until the French Revolution in 1789, when the French king was killed.

Battle
A battle is a fight between two or more groups where each group is trying to defeat (beat) the others. Battles are most often fought during wars, military campaigns or two or more people fighting. If two armies fight many battles, it is called a war.

Device
Or see the placename Devizes

Edward IV of England
Edward IV of England was a king of England. He was born on April 28, 1442. He was King of England from March 4, 1461 until his death on April 9, 1483.
Edward was the eldest of the four sons of Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York. The Duke of York was a very powerful man, and had a claim to the throne of England. He became more popular than the existing king, Henry VI of England, who was thought to be weak. When the duke tried to take the throne from Henry VI, the Wars of the Roses broke out. By the time Edward was eighteen, he and his brother Edmund, Earl of Rutland, who was seventeen, were old enough to take part in the fighting, and Edward turned out to be a very good soldier. He was helped by Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, a clever nobleman who fought for the Duke of York. At the Battle of Wakefield in 1460, Edward's father, and his brother Edmund, were both killed. As his father's heir, he now claimed the throne. In March 1461, he entered London with his army and was crowned king, although he was only nineteen. King Henry VI was put into prison.
For a while, Edward ruled the country well, with help from the Earl of Warwick. Then Edward met a woman called Elizabeth Woodville, whom he wanted to marry. The Earl of Warwick did not know about their romance, and he wanted King Edward to marry a foreign princess in order to make an alliance with another country, which would have made his position stronger. Elizabeth and Edward got married secretly in about 1464, and they had ten children in the nineteen years of their marriage.
When the Earl of Warwick learned of Edward's marriage, he was angry. He grew even more angry as time went on, because Elizabeth's family became powerful and the king no longer respected Warwick as he had done in the beginning. In 1459 he rebelled against the king, with help from another of Edward's younger brothers, George, Duke of Clarence; George was married to the Earl of Warwick's elder daughter, Isabel. The rebels went to France and made an alliance with Queen Margaret, who was the wife of King Henry VI. The Earl of Warwick managed to defeat King Edward in battle in 1471, and freed King Henry VI from prison. Henry was now king again, and Edward had to escape to Burgundy, while his wife and children went into hiding.
The Duke of Burgundy was married to Edward's sister Margaret, so he was willing to help raise more troops. When Edward returned to England, he defeated the Earl of Warwick in battle and killed him. Shortly afterwards, Queen Margaret and her son arrived in England. They were also defeated in battle by King Edward, and his throne was safe. To make sure of this, Edward arranged for King Henry VI to be killed.
While Edward was away in Burgundy, his wife Elizabeth had given birth to a son, Edward, who was given the title of Prince of Wales. He would be the next king. Edward ruled with help from his two brothers. George, who had once rebelled against him, was now loyal, and the youngest brother, Richard, Duke of Gloucester, had always been loyal. There were still quarrels between them and the powerful Woodville family. George and Richard also quarrelled with each other, and in the end King Edward had to put George in prison, where he died.
Edward IV died very suddenly at the age of forty. His son became King Edward V of England, but his reign did not last long. Edward's brother, Richard, thought that it would not be a good idea for a boy to be king, and he took the throne himself. No one really knows what happened to Edward's two sons, the Princes in the Tower.

Pterosaur
Pterosaurs were flying reptiles that lived at the same time as the dinosaurs. Some pterosaurs grew very big, bigger than any other flying animals. The pterosaur "Quetzalcoatlus" was 12 metres across. Most pterosaurs, however, were small or medium-sized animals. Pterosaurs had hair covering their bodies, but did not have feathers. Their wings were made from a flap of skin between their bodies and a big fourth finger (sometimes called the "wing finger").
The skin on the wing was complicated, and had many layers. It had muscles and strong fibres in it, to help keep its shape while the animal was flying.
For a long time people thought pterosaurs could only glide, and were not strong enough to flap their wings. Now we think that pterosaurs could flap, but spent a lot of the time soaring (riding on wind created by waves or hills). When they were on the ground, pterosaurs walked on four legs.
Most pterosaurs ate fish but some ate invertebrates and other things as well.

Quetzalcoatlus
Quetzalcoatlus was a huge pterosaur. It was 12 meters across. It was one of the largest animals to ever fly. "Quetzalcoatlus" had a very long neck and head. When it stood on the ground it was as tall as a giraffe. It lived 65 million years ago, near the end of the time of dinosaurs.
"Quetzalcoatlus" probably ate fish. It had no teeth, but a very long beak. Some people think it ate by flying with its jaw in the water, and snapping up fish when it hit them. Birds called skimmers do this.
"Quetzalcoatlus" was shown in the movie "When Dinosaurs Roamed America" eating a dead Triceratops carcass. It was also shown when Triceratops and Anatotitan were first shown.

Mozilla (web browser)
Mozilla was a web browser that was made open source. It was developed by Mozilla Foundation.
Mozilla was the base of Mozilla Firefox.

Fedora (operating system)
Fedora is a distribution (or "distro") of Linux developed by the community-supported Fedora Project and sponsored by Red Hat. It is designed to be safe and is used by companies and governments. Fedora's mission statement is: "Fedora is about the rapid progress of Free and Open Source software."
Fedora Core 1 - 4.
"Fedora Core 1" was the first version of Fedora and was released on November 6, 2003, and was codenamed Yarrow. Fedora Core 1 was based on Red Hat Linux 9 and shipped with version 2.4.19 of the Linux kernel, version 2.4 of the GNOME desktop environment, and version 3.1.4 of KDE (the K Desktop Environment).
"Fedora Core 2" was released on May 18, 2004, codenamed Tettnang. It shipped with Linux 2.6, GNOME 2.6, KDE 3.2.2, and SELinux XFree86 was replaced by the newer X.org, a merger of the previous official X11R6 release, which additionally included a number of updates to Xrender, Xft, Xcursor, fontconfig libraries, and other significant improvements.
"Fedora Core 3" was released on November 8, 2004, codenamed Heidelberg. This was the first release of Fedora Core to include the Mozilla Firefox web browser, as well as support for the Indic languages. This release also replaced the LILO boot loader with GRUB. SELinux was also enabled by default, but with a new targeted policy, which was less strict than the policy used in Fedora Core 2. Fedora Core 3 shipped with GNOME 2.8 and KDE 3.3. It was the first release to include the new Fedora Extras repository.
"Fedora Core 4" was released on June 13, 2005, with the codename Stentz. It shipped with Linux 2.6.11, KDE 3.4 and GNOME 2.10. This version introduced the new Clearlooks theme, which was inspired by the Red Hat Bluecurve theme. It also shipped with the OpenOffice.org 2.0 office suite, as well as Xen, a high performance and secure open source virtualization framework. It also introduced support for the PowerPC CPU architecture, and over 80 new policies for SELinux.
Fedora Core 5 - 6.
The last two cores introduced specific artwork for that version. This is a trend that has continued in later Fedora versions.
"Fedora Core 5" was released on March 20 2006, with the codename Bordeaux, and introduced the Fedora Bubbles artwork. It was the first Fedora release to include Mono and tools built with it such as Beagle, F-Spot and Tomboy. It also introduced new package management tools such as pup and pirut ("see Yellow dog Updater, Modified"). It also was the first Fedora release not to include the long deprecated (but kept for compatibility) LinuxThreads, replaced by the Native POSIX Thread Library.
"Fedora Core 6" was released on October 24 2006, codenamed Zod. This release introduced the Fedora DNA artwork, replacing the Fedora Bubbles artwork used in Fedora Core 5. The codename is derived from the infamous villain, General Zod, from the Superman DC Comic Books. This version introduced support for the Compiz compositing window manager and AIGLX (a technology that enables GL-accelerated effects on a standard desktop). It shipped with Firefox 1.5 as the default web browser, and Smolt, a tool that allows users to inform developers about the hardware they use.
None of these distributions are maintained by the Fedora Project.
Fedora 10.
Fedora 10, codenamed "Cambridge", was released on 25 November 2008.

Bagel
Bagels are a type of bread made with flour. They look like doughnuts, because like doughnuts, bagels are a circle of dough. However, a doughnut is a sweet dough that is deep-fried in oil, and bagels are boiled in water and then baked in an oven.
Serving.
Bagels are often toasted in a toaster and then paired with foods like cream cheese (a soft cheese that tastes a little sweet) and jam, or with butter. Bagels can also be used to make sandwiches, with meat (for example smoked salmon) and egg and cheese. Bagel sandwiches are usually eaten for breakfast or lunch.

Doughnut
A doughnut (spelt donut in American English) is a sweet deep-fried piece of dough or batter.
Types of doughnut.
The two most common types of doughnut are ring doughnuts, which are shaped like rings, and filled doughnuts, which are round and have jam, jelly, custard, whipped cream, or chocolate inside them. Most doughnut have an icing (also called a "frosting") made with icing sugar, water, and flavourings (such as chocolate). Some doughnut are rolled in sweet foods such as sugar or shredded coconut.
Serving.
Doughnuts are often eaten in the morning, along with a cup of hot coffee. Doughnuts can be purchased from doughnut shops or from grocery stores. People also eat doughnuts as a dessert, or as a snack.
Health problems.
Doughnuts can cause health problems if they are eaten too often. One of these problems is that doughnuts contain a large amount of fat. Eating too much fat can lead to clogged arteries. When the arteries get clogged, blood doesn't go through them easily. Also, doughnut contain a large amount of sugar and white flour, which are converted into fat when they come inside our body.

Mary II of England
Mary II of England was born on April 30, 1662, and died on December 28, 1694. She was Queen of England and Ireland from February 13, 1689. She was also Queen of Scotland (as Mary II of Scotland) from April 11, 1689 until her death.

1936 Summer Olympics
The 1936 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XI Olympiad, were celebrated in Berlin, Germany from August 1, 1936, through August 16, 1936.

Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia (from Greek meaning "between the rivers") is the region where parts of Iraq, eastern Syria, and southeastern Turkey are now, between the Euphrates and the Tigris rivers. It is part of the Fertile crescent.
The area is often called the "Cradle of Civilization". The ancient writing called cuneiform was first used around 3000 BC by the Sumerians. They lived in city-states (a city and the land around it). According to Genesis in the Old Testament, Abraham lived in Mesopotamia before moving to Canaan.
Many great advances in technology were made by the ancient Sumerians and Mesopotamians, such as irrigation, the use of small canals in order to move water through fields, and trade by river. Mesopotamians created the "almost modern" form of paper, and were the first to domesticate animals, or livestock.
The Mesopotamians also wrote a long story called The Epic Of Gilgamesh, who was a famous king in the city of Uruk. His best friend was called Enkidu, who lived in the wilderness with the animals before he a priestess defouled him and tore away his innocence, a trait of great shame in the eyes of humanity. The priestess introduced him to Gilgamesh and they became friends.

Joss Whedon
Joss Hill Whedon is an American writer, director and producer. He was born Joseph Hill Whedon on June 23, 1964 in New York. He is the creator of the well-known television series "Buffy the Vampire Slayer", "Angel", and "Firefly". He has also written several movie scripts and several comic book series. After graduating from high school in 1982, he went to Winchester College in England. He then got a film degree from Wesleyan University in 1987.
Television work.
After moving to Los Angeles, Whedon got his first writing job on the television series "Roseanne". After working on movie scripts for several years, he went back to television, where he created three television series. Joss has had a couple of cameos (brief 'fun' appearances) in his series "Buffy", "Angel", and "Firefly". He has also been in an episode of "Veronica Mars".
Whedon has been said to be the world's first third-generation television writer. His father is Tom Whedon, a screenwriter for "The Electric Company" in the 1970s and "The Golden Girls" in the 1980s. His grandfather is John Whedon, a writer for "The Donna Reed Show" in the 1950s. His brother, Zack Whedon, is a writer on HBO's "Deadwood".
"Buffy the Vampire Slayer".
The movie "Buffy the Vampire Slayer", filmed by director Fran Rubel Kuzui after a script of Whedon's, was not well-liked by critics and audiences. Years after, Whedon picked up its idea again and turned it into a hugely successful television series, also called "Buffy the Vampire Slayer".
The episode "Hush" (written by Whedon) got an Emmy Award nomination for Best Writing in a Drama Series in 2000. Another episode that got an Emmy Award nomination was "Once More, With Feeling", written and directed by Whedon. This was a musical episode, in which the actors were singing and dancing.
The series aired on The WB Network for five seasons, then moved to UPN for its last two seasons. It was the first series in television history to change networks between seasons without being cancelled and then picked up by a different network. Though "Buffy" first aired on Mondays at 9pm, from the middle of the second season it ran on Tuesdays at 8pm. In the musical episode, Buffy makes the comment, "Dawn's in trouble. Must be Tuesday."
"Angel".
"Angel" was a spin-off of "Buffy the Vampire Slayer". The series was named after Buffy's vampire-with-a-soul boyfriend. It was created by Whedon and David Greenwalt. Tim Minear also helped at times. First airing in September 1999 on the WB, the series was on after "Buffy" on Tuesday evenings. When "Buffy" switched networks in 2001, "Angel" aired in a number of different time slots. The series' last episode had more people watching than the final "Buffy" episode. Joss Whedon was briefly in the series as the character 'Numfar' in its second season. The WB cancelled the series in May 2004 while it was in its fifth season. Since Whedon had not planned to end "Angel," he had to change the story and ending of both the final season and the series.
"Firefly".
The series "Firefly" did not go smoothly. Fox canceled it in 2002, after airing only 11 of the 14 episodes and airing them out of order. The original two-hour pilot was the last episode aired. The contract with Fox did not allow the series to be shown by another network. Because of how Fox handled "Firefly", Whedon has said that he will not work with Fox again, under any circumstances.
Whedon had been writing a movie script about the "Firefly" series for Universal Studios. When the television series came out on DVD, the sales of the DVD were good enough to make sure the movie could be produced. In early 2004 Whedon said that a "Firefly" movie had been accepted by Universal, and shooting started in July 2004. The movie, called "Serenity", was in movie theaters in the United States on September 30, 2005. It was well liked by critics and fans, but did not make much money in theaters.
"Dollhouse".
Although Whedon has said that he would not work with Fox again, it was announced on November 1, 2007 that this was changed. Whedon was hired to create seven episodes of a new series named "Dollhouse" starring Eliza Dushku. Dushku and Whedon have worked together before on "Buffy". The series is about people who have memories, skills and even complete personalities put into their minds for special jobs. After the job, their minds are erased until the next job. "Dollhouse" tells the story of Dushku's character, Echo, as she starts to remember things about herself even though her mind is constantly being erased. The series is about her trying to learn who she really is.
"Dollhouse" is currently expected to be shown on television in the fall of 2008.
Movies.
Whedon has written and helped write several movies including "Buffy the Vampire Slayer", "Toy Story", ' and "Titan A.E.". He was nominated for an Academy Award for "Toy Storys screenplay.
He also wrote helped edit and rewrite the scripts of "Speed", "Waterworld", "Twister" and "X-Men". Except for "Speed", not much of Whedon's work stayed in the final versions of any of these screenplays. He has said that he had a good script for "Alien: Resurrection", which was ruined by its director Jean-Pierre Jeunet. His "Waterworld" script was thrown out. Only two of his lines were kept in the final script of "X-Men". Even the "Buffy" movie was very different from what he originally wrote. According to Graham Yost, the writer of "Speed", Whedon wrote most of its dialogue.
He wrote and directed 2005's "Serenity", based on his television series "Firefly". "Serenity" won the 2006 Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation, Long Form.
In 2006, Whedon was scheduled to write and direct Warner Bros.' version of "Wonder Woman". He eventually stopped working on the script. Universal Pictures agreed to a script by Whedon called "Goners" which he will also direct..
Parts of the storyline in the movie ' are very similar to what he wrote in the Marvel comic book "Astonishing X-Men". The idea of a cure for mutation was his story. The scientist who finds the cure in the movie is named Dr. Kavita Rao. This is the same name as the scientist in the comic book. Simon Kinberg has said someone at the studio who had read Whedon's comics asked the writers to use a mutant cure idea in their script.
In an interview with Empire Online, Whedon said he would like to direct a Harry Potter movie. However, he has not seen any of the movies and will not watch any until J.K. Rowling is done writing the series
Comic books.
Whedon has loved comic books all his life. He is wrote the Dark Horse Comics "Fray". The story takes place in the far future of the Buffyverse.
He also been a part of the "Buffy's" comic book version. He wrote the main storyline of the five-issue mini-series "Tales of the Vampires" and three stories in the "Tales of the Slayers". One of those stories was about Melaka Fray from "Fray".
The three-issue mini-series ' was based on the "Firefly" series. It took place just before the movie "Serenity". It was released June through August 2005. The first two issues sold out and went to a second printing.
Whedon has said that more "Serenity" comics are planned for the near future.
Whedon and other "Buffy" writers write more for the "Buffy" series. These stories would take place after the final episode. They would be considered "Season 8". The first 6-issues are due out in March 2007. Both projects will be published by Dark Horse Comics. In August 2007, Dark Horse Comics began a series on online comics on MySpace. One of the series shown, "Sugarshock", is written by Whedon
Whedon is also writing "Astonishing X-Men" in Marvel Comics' popular comic about the X-Men. This has been one of Marvel's best-selling comics in 2006. It has been nominated for many awards. It won the award for "Best Continuing Series" in 2006.
It has also been said that Whedon helped writers with the ending to the comic "Civil War".
Whedon will become the new writer of the Marvel comic "Runaways" when series creator Brian K. Vaughan finishes his run. Whedon is actually a fan of the series. He had a letter published in the first volume. The letter was included in the Volume 1 hardcover version.
Feminism.
Whedon sees himself as a feminist. Feminist themes are common in his work. The best example is what he says is his habit of writing about "teenage girls with superpowers". This is seen in "Buffy", "Firefly", and "Serenity". Whedon says his mother is the reason for his feminist idea. When Roseanne Barr asked him how he could write so well for women, he replied, "If you met my mom, you wouldn't ask."
The character Kitty Pryde from the X-Men comic was an early model for Whedon's strong teenage girl characters: "If there's a bigger influence on Buffy than Kitty, I don’t know what it was. She was an adolescent girl finding out she has great power and dealing with it." Many of Whedon's young female characters went through the same type of thing. Whedon has now come full circle, writing the character of Kitty Pryde in the "Astonishing X-Men" comic.
Homosexuality.
Whedon is interested in the homosexual community. He is strongly for gay rights. In his works, including "Buffy the Vampire Slayer", he has gay characters as both the major and the minor characters. In "Buffy", he used scenes that suggested that either Xander Harris or Willow Rosenberg might be homosexual. At the time, he did not know which character he wanted to be gay. He decided that Willow would take part in a lesbian relationship with another young woman, fellow college student Tara Maclay. Two more minor characters in the series, Larry and Scott, were also homosexuals. In "Angel", the script hinted at a homosexual experience between Spike and Angel. In "Firefly", Inara Serra was shown as being bisexual. She accepted both male and female clients.
Dialogue.
The dialogue in Joss Whedon's series and movies is notable. It is often very witty and has many pop culture references. Some are easy to notice other are more difficult. He also likes to turn nouns into adjectives by adding a "y" at the end of the word ("Vampires are fangy"). According to one of the "Buffy" writers, "It's just the way that Joss actually talks."
Death.
Many characters die in Whedon's series. This is very true in "Buffy". It is common for extras and even minor characters to die in action-based series and movies. Whedon also kills off main characters. He gets the audience to care about the character before their death. It is a part of "doing [his] job". On the 'Serenity' DVD commentary, Whedon says that he'd rather have fans say 'Why'd they kill (that guy)? I liked him!' than 'Oh. He's dead. Turn the page'. Whedon often kills off characters right after something very good happens to them.
Relationships.
As seen in "Buffy," "Firefly," and "Angel", nearly all of the romantic relationships Whedon series end badly. One member in the relationship will usually end up dying or turning evil. The break-up will end up being very painful.
Family.
There is a strong theme that family is the group of people that a person lives their life with, not the people that raised them as a child. This is a major theme for the main characters in all of his television series.
Fatherhood.
Whedon often shows fathers in a bad way. Most of them are not around. Wes' father was shown several times to be abusive. While mothers play a big part in his works, characters rarely talk about or seem to be ever affected by their fathers. Whedon's characters often find someone to take the place of a father in their lives.

Guanajuato, Guanajuato
Guanajuato is a Mexican city. It is one of Mexico's safest cities. Guanajuato is in Celeya.

Bathurst, New South Wales
Bathurst is a city in the state of New South Wales, Australia. It is about 200km west of Sydney. In 2005 37,000 people lived there. Bathurst has a campus of Charles Sturt University and a cathedral.

List of Pacific typhoon seasons
The following is a list of Pacific typhoon seasons. Unlike Atlantic and Pacific hurricane seasons, they run for the whole year, starting on January 1 and ending on December 31. These dates are when tropical cyclones usually form in the western half of the Pacific Ocean, north of the equator.
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Songhai Empire
The Songhai Empire was a muslim empire that started after the Mali Empire ended. It was one of the largest African empires in history.It lasted from 1375-1591 A.D
The songhai Empire was also called songhay and songhae.They traded gold,salt,and copper.

SeaMonkey
SeaMonkey is a free Internet application, which uses the Gecko rendering engine. It works on many operating systems. It is very useful, and includes an e-mail client, a calendar, a HTML editor, an IRC client, and a web browser. It is made by the SeaMonkey Council, formerly by Mozilla Foundation.
History.
On March 10, 2005 the Mozilla Foundation said, they will not develop the Mozilla Application suite, because Firefox and Thunderbird are more popular and because of that are important for them. The SeaMonkey Council continued developing it instead, but they had to rename it to SeaMonkey. The newest version of its main release version is 1.0.7, and beta version is 1.5 alpha.
Features.
The web browser of SeaMonkey contains a lot of features used in new web browsers like tabbed browsing, pop-up window blocking, e-Mail and newsgroups, web editing software.
In the 1.5a Version, it also contains Calendar feature, security login, live bookmarks, RSS and ATOM news feed reading.
And after downloading extensions, you can manage these by using its extension manager.

Proceratosaurus
Proceratosaurus was a dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic era around 180 million years ago. It was found in London, England, the capital of the United Kingdom in Europe. It was first believed to be an early ancestor of Ceratosaurus; though later scientists discovered that it was actually an ancestor of the coelurosaurs. It was probaly an early relative of Compsognathus and the later tyrannosaurids like Tyrannosaurus. The Proceratosaurus usually grew up to 7 feet tall and 17 feet long.

Cowboy Bebop
Cowboy Bebop is a Japanese anime television show. It first aired in Japan in 1998. It was created by Sunrise and directed by Shinichiro Watanabe. The show is about a group of bounty hunters who travel in outer space to catch criminals. It has 26 episodes. The series has received a "TV-MA" rating in the United States.
Cowboy Bebop first aired in the United States in 2001 on Cartoon Network's Adult Swim. It was the first anime to be aired on Adult Swim. It was very successful. It was so successful that Cartoon Network decided to put more anime on Adult Swim.
There is a movie, a manga, and two video games based on the show. The movie is called '. The video games are for Playstation and Playstation 2. They were never released in the United States.
Cowboy Bebop is inspired by American culture. Jazz music is mostly played in the show. The episodes are called "Sessions."
Story.
Cowboy Bebop takes place in the year 2071. The members of the space ship Bebop travel through outer space trying to catch criminals. Bounty hunters are known as "Cowboys". If they catch the criminals alive then they get a reward. If the criminals die, the cowboys get nothing. The criminals are called bounties. Most episodes are about catching a bounty. Some episodes are about the characters' pasts and lives. At the beginning there are two main heroes, Spike and Jet. Later they would meet with others. They had become the crew of the space ship Bebop. Other members of the Bebop are Faye, computer hacker Ed, and a dog named Ein.

The Vision of Escaflowne
"The Vision of Escaflowne" is a Japanese anime television show that aired in Japan on April 2, 1996. It is called "Tenkuu no Escaflowne" in Japanese which means "Escaflowne of the Heavens". It was made by Sunrise and directed by Kazuki Akane. Escaflowne has 26 episodes.
"Escaflowne" has two mangas based on it, a videogame that was made for Playstation, and a movie.
Episode List.
Episode 2 The Girl From the Mystic Moon
Episode 5 Seal of the Brothers
Episode 8 The Day the Angel Flew
Episode 9 Memories of a Feather
Episode 10 The Blue Eyed Prince
Episode 17 The Edge of the World
Episode 19 Operation: Golden Rule of Love
Episode 22 The Black Winged Angel
Episode 25 The Zone of Absolute Fortune

Fir
Firs ("Abies") are about 45-55 species of evergreen trees in the family "Pinaceae". All are trees, reaching heights of 10-80 m tall and trunk diameters of 0.5-4 m when mature. The difference between firs and other members of the pine family is that their needle-like leaves are attached to the twig by a base that resembles a small suction cup, and by erect, cylindrical cones 5-25 cm long that release the winged seeds.

Conifer cone
A conifer cone (or pine cone) is a part of a tree that lets the tree reproduce.

Spike Spiegel
Spike Speigel is the main character in the Japanese anime television show, Cowboy Bebop. He is voiced by Koichi Yamadera in the Japanese version and Steven Blum in the English version.

Jet Black
Jet Black is a main character in the Japanese anime television show, Cowboy Bebop. He is voiced by Unsho Ishizuka in the Japanese version and Beau Billingslea in the English version.

Faye Valentine
Faye Valentine is the main female character in the Japanese anime television show, Cowboy Bebop. She is voiced by Megumi Hayashibara in the Japanese version and Wendee Lee in the English version.

Edward Wong Hau Pepelu Tivrusky IV
Edward is a main character in the Japanese anime television show, Cowboy Bebop. She is a female character. She is voiced by Aoi Tada in the Japanese version and Melissa Fahn in the English. She likes to hack into computers, and walk on her hands. She is described as "Like a cat out of control." by director Shinichirō Watanabe.

Julia (anime)
Julia is a character in the Japanese anime television show, Cowboy Bebop. She is Spike's love interest. She is voiced by Gara Takashima in the Japanese version and Mary Elizabeth McGlynn in the English version.

Punch and Judy
"Punch and Judy" is a very popular puppet show which children in Britain love to watch. It is traditionally performed at the seaside in a small booth which can easily be transported. The characters are all glove puppets. The story is told by a man who calls himself “The Professor”. He cannot be seen, but he wears the puppets on his hand like gloves and makes them move.
Characters.
Punch wears a jester's motley. He is hunchbacked and his hooked nose almost meets his curved chin. He has a big stick and hits the other characters with his stick, saying "That's the way to do it!". He speaks in a funny way called a "swazzle". There is also a baby, a crocodile, a policeman and a string of sausages. The simple kind of humour used is called “slapstick”.
History.
The Punch and Judy show has its origins in the 16th century Italian commedia dell'arte. This sort of comedy always had the same people in the stories (“stock characters”). The figure of Punch comes from the stock character of Pulcinella, called "Punchinello" in English.. Punch's wife was originally "Joan".
May 9, 1662 is said by 'Professors' to be Punch's UK birthday, for that was the first known date on which the figure who later became Mr. Punch was seen in Britain. The diarist Samuel Pepys saw a puppet show using an early version of the Punch character near St. Paul's Church in London's Covent Garden.
The British show developed into "Punch and Judy". In other countries the stories developed differently. In Germany, Punch is called "Kasper" and Judy is "Grete". The characters date back to the 18th century in German-speaking countries. In The Netherlands Punch is called "Jan Klaassen" and Judy is "Katrijn"; in Denmark "Mester Jackel"; in Italy "Pulcinella" (with "Teresina" as the female part); in Russia "Petruschka"; in Romania "Vasilache "; and in France "Polichinelle".

Boudicca
Boudicca (also Boudica, Boadicea) was a queen of the Celtic Iceni people of Norfolk. She died in 60 or 61 AD. She is known for leading an unsuccessful uprising against the occupying Romans in what is now Colchester. After her defeat, she drank some poison so she wouldn't be humiliated.

Boomerang (TV channel)
Boomerang is the name of at least four television networks owned by Cartoon Network. Boomerang was one of the two actual spin-offs of Cartoon Network, showing classic animated cartoons and animated television series from the Warner Bros., Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, and Hanna-Barbera archives.
Formerly a segment of programming within the Cartoon Network, the channel was launched at the end of the 20th century and introduced to satellite in April 1, 2000.

Boomerang
A boomerang is a flying tool. It used to be made of wood, but most of the modern boomerangs are made of other materials.
Most people know that Australian Aborigines used boomerangs for hunting. But the oldest boomerang was found in a cave in Poland and is more than 20'000 (twentythousand) years old. This kind of boomerangs do not return to the thrower, but they can fly longer distances and more stable than other things which can be thrown.
Nowadays boomerangs are used for recreation. Most of them do not have the classical shape of an "L". The modern boomerang is special in that it will return to the one who threw it, if it is thrown correctly.
There are a lot of boomerang clubs in many countries all over the world. These clubs organise workshops and tournaments. The best boomerang-throwers come from Australia, France, Germany, Switzerland and the United States of America.

Niflheim
Niflheim is the world of frost and cold of Norse Mythology. Frost Giants live there. The river Hvergelmir also is there. Yggdrasil has one of its roots in the spring of the river. The serpent Nidhogg gnaws at this root.
Niflheim is ruled by Hel, the daughter of Loki and the Giantess Angrboda.

Baldur
Baldur (Baldr, Balder) is Odin's second son. He is the god of summer sun, light, and radiance. His twin brother is the blind god of darkness, Hodhr. His wife is called Nanna. They have a son, called Forseti, god of justice. Baldur also has a ship, which is the largest ship ever built. It is called Hringhorni. His hall is called Breidlabik.
Based on the Merseburg charms, his germanic name may have been Phol.
Baldur once had a bad dream that he would be killed. His mother, Frigg, made all the things on Earth vow not to hurt him. But she forgot the mistletoes. Loki made a spear out of mistletoes, and tricked Hodhr to kill Baldur with it. The death of Baldur is the start of Ragnarok. Many gods and goddesses came to his funeral. His wife Nana also died of sadness. His father, Odin, placed the golden ring Draupnir on Baldur, but he later sent the ring back from Hell. This ring somehow came to Freyr's hand.
After Ragnarok and the death of Odin, Baldur and Hodhr came back to heaven, and they rule in place of their father.

Prophecy
A prophecy is a claim on how the future will be like, which is not based on any ordinary source of information. In some ways, prophecies are similar to religion. They are often hard to understand and need interpretation. Very often, they concern one very specific event. In earlier times, people who made prophecies were called prophets. In Ancient Greece, people who made prophecies were called oracles, most notably the Oracle of Delphi. In modern times, people like Nostradamus made prophecies.

Vicious (Anime)
Vicious is a villain character in the Japanese anime television show, Cowboy Bebop. He is voiced by Norio Wakamoto in the Japanese version and Skip Stellrecht in the English.

Anatotitan
Anatotitan (which means "duck titan") was a type of dinosaur called a hadrosaur. It did not have a crest unlike its later relative, Parasaurolophus. An Anatotitan grows to be 12 meters long. Its fossils have been found in South Dakota and Montana. One of the skulls found measured nearly 1.2 meters long. The "duckbill" part of its muzzle is almost as wide as its head, which makes it larger than any another hadrosaur. There are two species of Anatotitan, "A. copei" and "A. longiceps".
Anatotitan was first discovered in 1882 by paleontologist Edward Drinker Cope and was named "Trachodon mirabilis". Another hadrosaur discovered in 1892 was named "Claosaurus annectens" by Othniel Charles Marsh. In 1942, two paleontologists decided that C. annectens belonged in its own genus, called "Annatosaurus", and renamed C. annectens "A. annectens". T. mirabilis was renamed A. copei. Many paleontologists now think Annatosaurus is actually Edmontosaurus, while others think it belongs in another genus called Anatotitan.
Anatotitan was shown in the movie "When Dinosaurs Roamed America" and the television series "Walking with Dinosaurs".

Ornithomimus
Ornithomimus was a dinosaur that could run very fast. It usually ate meat.
Appearance.
The Ornithomimus had three toes on each foot, it also had long arms and a long neck, but a small head. It also had claws on each hand and foot. It had sharp teeth because it ate meat and plants.
It was 12 ft (3.5 meters) long, 7 feet (2.10 meters) high and weighed about 100-150 kg. It walked on two legs and looked slighty like an ostrich, except for its long tail. But, like an ostrich, it would have been able to run very fast.

Book of Job
The Book of Job (איוב) is the 18th book in the Hebrew Bible or Old Testament. The book of Job is poetry. Some people think it is one of the hardest books in the bible to understand.
Beginning.
The Bible says "In the land of Uz there lived a man whose name was Job. This man was blameless and upright; he feared God and shunned evil. 2 He had seven sons and three daughters, 3 and he owned seven thousand sheep, three thousand camels, five hundred yoke of oxen and five hundred donkeys, and had a large number of servants. He was the greatest man among all the people of the East."
"5 When a period of feasting had run its course, Job would send and have them purified. Early in the morning he would sacrifice a burnt offering for each of them, thinking, "Perhaps my children have sinned and cursed God in their hearts. This was Job's regular custom."
The Bible also says that Job was rich, loyal and a man who loved God.
Satan Before God.
One day Satan and the Angels of God went to God. God tells satan about his servant Job and how good he is. Satan says that the only reason why he is like that is because God was good to him and gave him sons and daughters and many animals. Satan asks if he can test Job and God lets him. God tells Satan not to kill Job.
First Test.
The first test Satan did was to take away all of Job's animals, killing the servants that were with the animals, and killing all of Job's sons and daughters while they were eating together. Even though Satan did these things to Job, Job did not curse God like Satan wanted Job to do.
Satan before God again.
Satan and the Angels went to meet God again. Like before, God talked about how good his servant Job is. Satan says that Job will curse God if he makes Job sick, which he did. This is the last meeting with Satan, the Angels,
Second test.
Satan afflicted sores all over Job's body. Job's wife told him to curse God and die. Job told her that if he said that, that would be foolish. Even though Job lost everything he had and suffered from painful sores all over his body, he did not sin against God by cursing him. Satan had failed in trying to make him sin. This is the final time Satan is mentioned in the Book of Job.
Job's Friends.
When Job's friends heard about the things that happened to him they went to comfort him. Most of the book tells about Job and his friends talking. The names of his friends are Eliphaz, Bildad, and Zophar. Towards the end of the book, Job's friends start to think that Job is not good because a lot of bad things are happening to him. Job keeps on saying that he is good but he starts to wonder if God really is good.
Job and God.
After God speaks to Job and his three friends, God gets furious at two of Job's friends for thinking that Job was not a good man. God blesses Job because he didn't curse Him. God gives him more than he had before.

Abide with Me
Abide with Me is a religious song or hymm. It was written by Henry Lyte in 1847. The hymm was sung at the wedding of King George VI of the United Kingdom and the wedding of Queen Elizabeth II. The song is sung at the start of the FA Cup finals.
English.
Abide with me; fast falls the eventide;
The darkness deepens; Lord with me abide.
When other helpers fail and comforts flee,
Help of the helpless, O abide with me.
Swift to its close ebbs out life’s little day;
Earth’s joys grow dim; its glories pass away;
Change and decay in all around I see;
O Thou who changest not, abide with me.
Not a brief glance I beg, a passing word;
But as Thou dwell’st with Thy disciples, Lord,
Come not to sojourn, but abide with me.
Come not in terrors, as the King of kings,
But kind and good, with healing in Thy wings,
Tears for all woes, a heart for every plea—
Come, Friend of sinners, and thus bide with me.
Thou on my head in early youth didst smile;
And, though rebellious and perverse meanwhile,
Thou hast not left me, oft as I left Thee,
On to the close, O Lord, abide with me.
I need Thy presence every passing hour.
What but Thy grace can foil the tempter’s power?
Who, like Thyself, my guide and stay can be?
Through cloud and sunshine, Lord, abide with me.
I fear no foe, with Thee at hand to bless;
Ills have no weight, and tears no bitterness.
Where is death’s sting? Where, grave, thy victory?
I triumph still, if Thou abide with me.
Hold Thou Thy cross before my closing eyes;
Shine through the gloom and point me to the skies.
Heaven’s morning breaks, and earth’s vain shadows flee;
In life, in death, O Lord, abide with me.
French.
Reste avec nous, Seigneur, le jour décline,
La nui s’approche et nous menace tous;
Reste avec nous, Seigneur, reste avec nous!
En toi nos coeurs ont salué leur Maître,
En toi notre âme a trouvé son époux;
Reste avec nous, Seigneur, reste avec nous!
Les vains bonheurs de ce monde infidèle
N’enfantent rien que regrets ou dégoûts;
Reste avec nous, Seigneur, reste avec nous!
Dans nos combat si ta main nous délaisse,
Satan vainqueur nous tiendra sous ses coups;
Reste avec nous, Seigneur, reste avec nous!
Sous ton regard la joie est sainte et bonne,
Près de ton coeur les pleurs même sont doux,
Soit que ta main nous frappe ou nous couronne,
Reste avec nous, Seigneur, reste avec nous!
Et quand, au bout de pèlerinage,
Nous partirons pour le grand rendezvous,
Pour nous guider dans ce dernier passage,
Reste avec nous, Seigneur, reste avec nous!
Foroyskt.
Ver tú mær hjá, nú sólin fór um sýn,
og dagur aftnar, kæri Harri mín!
Tá onnur hjálp og uggan fellur frá,
hjálp teirra hjálparleysu, ver mær hjá!
tá fánar dýrdin øll við heimsins sund.
Alt ridlar leyst, sum eyga mítt kann sjá,
o, tú, sum broytist ei, ver tú mær hjá!
Ber ei sum drottin ræðslu í mítt sinn,
men brosa blíðan, kín mær tár av kinn!
Lat meg hjá tær, við djúpu sálartrá,
mær finna ugga, Guð mín, ver mær hjá!
Mær tørvar tína hjálp hvønn lívsins dag.
Bert náði tín kann doyva fjandans slag.
Hvør er sum tú? í ódn og sólskinsbrá,
mín stavur og mín stuðul, ver mær hjá!
Við tær í fylgi aldri óttist eg.
í sorg og sjúku ber tað trygdarveg.
á gravarskugga, deyða, sum tú vá,
eg vinni sigur, um tú ert mær hjá.
Tá eygað sloknar, krossin vís tú mær,
lýs gjøgnum myrkrið mær í himnagarð!
Rým jarðarnátt—nú lýsing er at sjá!
í lív’ og deyða, Guð mín, ver mær hjá!
Italian.
Rendimi intento tutto al Tuo Timor;
Per l’evangel desiro in Te abbondar
Di carità, di fé, di speme ognor.
La Tua parola scrivi nel mio cuor;
Altro non v’è che possa consolar;
Per essa sola sento in Te vigor.
Con tutto il cuor, deh, fammi camminar
Ripieno di virtù nei Tuoi sentier.
Nel nome Te lo chiedo di Gesù.

Hail Mary
Hail Mary is a Christian prayer to Mary, the mother of Jesus. Most of the text comes from the Gospel of Luke, though there were some additions in the 13th century. In the prayer, the person praying asks Mary to step between themselves, and God and to put in a good word for them.
The Hail Mary is used within Roman Catholicism as the basis of the Rosary. The prayer is also used by the Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox as well as by many other groups within the Catholic tradition of Christianity including Anglicans, Independent Catholics, and Old Catholics. Some Protestant denominations also make use of the prayer.
Hail Mary in the Bible.
The prayer uses two passages from Saint Luke's Gospel: "Hail, full of grace, the Lord is with thee, blessed art thou amongst women" () and "Blessed art thou amongst women and blessed is the fruit of thy womb" ()
In mid-thirteenth-century Western Europe the prayer consisted only of these words with the single addition of the name "Mary" after the word "Hail". This is evident from the commentary of Saint Thomas Aquinas on the prayer.
The first of the two passages from Saint Luke's Gospel is the greeting of the Angel Gabriel to Mary, originally written in Koine Greek. The opening word of greeting, "chaíre", here translated "Hail", literally has the meaning "Rejoice", "Be glad". This was the normal greeting in the language in which Saint Luke's Gospel is written and is still used in the same sense in Modern Greek. FOr this reason, both "Hail" and "Rejoice" are valid English translations of the word.
The word, ("kecharitōménē"), here translated as "full of grace", allows foe various translations. Grammatically, the word is the feminine present perfect passive voice participle of the verb, "charitóō", which means "to show, or bestow with, grace" and, in the passive voice, "to have grace shown, or bestowed upon, one". The form of the verb is intensive, thereofre the translations "full of grace".
The text also appears in the account of the annunciation contained in the apocryphal Infancy Gospel of Matthew, in chapter 9.
The prayer in Eastern (Greek) tradition.
To the Biblical texts this adds the opening invocation "Theotokos Virgin," the name "Mary" and the concluding "for you have borne the Saviour of our souls".
The prayer in Western (Latin) tradition.
The article on Hail Mary in the Catholic Encyclopedia says that the Hail Mary was not used in this form before about 1050. Nevertheless, a later story attributes the current Hail Mary to Ildephonsus of Toledo who lived in the 7th century. According to the story, he used the angel's greeting only, without the later addition.
Saint Thomas Aquinas spoke of the name "Mary", indicating who was the "full of grace" person addressed, as the only word that had been added in the West even by the mid-thirteenth century to the Biblical verses of which the prayer was composed. But at about the same time the name "Jesus" was also added, to specify who was meant by the phrase "the fruit of thy womb".
For this reason, the Western version of the prayer is not derived from the Greek version: even the earliest Western forms have no trace of the phrases "Mother of God and Virgin" and "for thou hast given birth to the Saviour of our souls", which are part of the Greek version.
Eleven years later, the sentence was included in the Catechism of the Council of Trent of 1566. The "Catechism of the Council of Trent" says that to the first part of the Hail Mary, by which "we render to God the highest praise and return Him most gracious thanks, because He has bestowed all His heavenly gifts on the most holy Virgin... the Church of God has wisely added prayers and an invocation addressed to the most holy Mother of God... we should earnestly implore her help and assistance; for that she possesses exalted merits with God, and that she is most desirous to assist us by her prayers, no one can doubt without impiety and wickedness."
For translations from the Latin into various languages, see
The prayer in Syriac Orthodox tradition.
The Syriac Orthodox Church uses a version of the Hail Mary much closer to the current Western form than to the Greek version.
Usage in the Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic Churches.
In the Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic Churches, the prayer is very common in the Greek form indicated above, or in translations from it. Although it is not said quite as often as in the West, it is well known, oft-used, and appears in several canons of prayer. It is typically sung thrice at the end of Vespers during an All-Night Vigil, as well as occurring many times in the course of daily prayer.
Variant Slavonic versions.
The first is the older, and remains in use by the Old Believers as well as those who follow the Ruthenian recension (among them the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church and the Ruthenian Catholic Church). The second appeared in 1656 under the liturgical reforms of Patriarch Nikon of Moscow, and is in use by the Russian Orthodox Church, the Serbian Orthodox Church, the Bulgarian Orthodox Church and the Ukrainian Orthodox Church).
Usage in the Roman Catholic Church.
The Hail Mary is the essential element of the Rosary, a prayer method in use especially among Latin Rite (Western) Catholics, and that appears in the East only among Latinised Ukrainian and Maronite Catholics. It consists of four sets of five Mysteries. These meditate upon events of Jesus' life during his childhood (Joyful Mysteries), public ministry (Luminous Mysteries), Passion (Sorrowful Mysteries), and from his Resurrection onwards (Glorious Mysteries). Each of these Mysteries is prayed as a decade (a unit of ten), consisting of one Our Father ("Pater Noster" or "The Lord's Prayer"), ten Hail Marys, and one 'Glory Be' ("Gloria Patri") (Doxology).
The Hail Mary is also the central part of the Angelus, a devotion generally recited thrice daily by many Catholics, as well as some Anglicans and Lutherans.
Anglican use of the Hail Mary.
Anglo-Catholics also employ the Hail Mary in devotional practice. Traditional Anglo-Catholics use the prayer in much the same way as the Roman Catholics, including use of the Rosary and the recitation of the Angelus. Many Anglican churches contain statues of the Virgin Mary, and the faithful use devotional prayers including the Hail Mary. However there might be some variations in local usage, reflecting the differing theological leanings of the two bodies.
Musical settings.
Many people have written music for the Hail Mary, or Ave Maria. Among the most famous settings is the version by Charles Gounod (1859), adding melody and words to Johann Sebastian Bach's first prelude from the Well-Tempered Clavier. 345;ák's version was composed in 1877. Another setting of Ave Maria was written by Giuseppe Verdi for his 1887 opera "Otello". Russian composer César Cui, who was raised Roman Catholic, set the text at least three times: as the "Ave Maria," op. 34, for 1 or 2 women's voices with piano or harmonium (1886), and as part of two of his operas: "Le Flibustier" (premiered 1894) and "Mateo Falcone" (1907). Settings also exist by Mozart, Byrd, Elgar, Verdi, Saint-Saens, Rossini, Brahms and Perosi as well as numerous versions by less well-known composers, such as J.B. Tresch.
In Slavonic, the text was also a popular subject for setting to music by Eastern European composers. These include Rachmaninov, Stravinsky, Bortniansky and several others.
Franz Schubert's "Ellens dritter Gesang" (D839, Op 52 no 6, 1825) is often misidentified as "Schubert's "Ave Maria" because it opens with the greeting "Ave Maria" ("Hail Mary"), even though it is not a setting of the traditional Ave Maria prayer. The original text of Schubert's song is from Sir Walter Scott's "The Lady of the Lake" and was translated into German by Adam Storck. Adding to the confusion, the traditional Ave Maria prayer is often sung to Schubert's melody of "Ellens dritter Gesang"; and in Walt Disney's "Fantasia", the tune is used with yet another text beginning with the phrase.

Ein (Anime)
Ein is the smart pet dog in the Japanese anime television show, "Cowboy Bebop". Ein is very smart because scientists did experiments on him. Ein cannot speak, but he seems to understand what people say. He also knows how to play the board game Go.

Studio
A studio is a place where an artist can work. Studios can be used for many things, such as making photos, movies, television shows, cartoons, or music. The word comes from the Latin word "studium", which means to eagerly want something.
Music studio.
A music studio is a room or group of rooms that are used for practicing music. Most music studios have a piano and a mirror.
Recording studio.
A recording studio is used for recording music, speech, or other kinds of sound. Many recordings become works of art in themselves.

Electric Light Orchestra
The Electric Light Orchestra, also known as ELO, were a popular English rock band from the 1970s and early 1980s. Their leader was musician and songwriter Jeff Lynne. Lynne wrote and sang most of their songs. He also produced their recordings. Other members included Richard Tandy on keyboards, Bev Bevan on drums, Mike D'Albuquerque and later Kelly Groucutt on bass guitar. Hugh McDowell, Mik Kaminski, and Melvyn Gale played violin and cello.
The Move.
The band began as a side project of another band, The Move, by musicians Roy Wood and Jeff Lynne. While The Move had added touches of classical music to their pop hits, Wood and Lynne wanted to blend rock music and classical music more closely. Move drummer Bevan joined their project. Wood played nearly all the non-rock instruments on their first album. They made the most of recording studio technology, including multitrack recording and overdubbing.
Their first album was titled "Electric Light Orchestra". It was released with that name in the United Kingdom. When the album was released in the United States, their American record label, United Artists, didn't know the album was titled after the group. They phoned the Electric Light Orchestra's British label to ask for the title. When nobody answered, "No Answer" was written down. Mistaken for the album title, the album appeared in America as "No Answer". The band's first single was titled "10538 Overture". It became an FM radio favourite. In time, ELO's music became more popular than The Move's had been. The Move disbanded, and Electric Light Orchestra became a full-time group.
ELO.
Roy Wood decided to leave ELO partway through the recording of the second album. He started another band called Wizzard. Jeff Lynne took over leadership, and McDowell, Kaminski and Gale joined. The album, "ELO 2", was finished and released, but was not as well liked as the first. A single on the album was a cover version of Chuck Berry's "Roll Over Beethoven". It added parts of many Beethoven compositions to Berry's song. It became another radio hit.
Their third album, "On the Third Day", included a rock interpretation of "In the Hall of the Mountain King". The album had another hit single, titled "Showdown". ELO began to tour the United States. They started with small audiences. They became more popular with time, and added theatrical touches to their shows. New contact microphones made it possible for the classical musicians to move around and even dance on stage, as pop musicians did. The audiences enjoyed watching them.
By their fourth album, "Eldorado", ELO had gone from overdubbing their small membership to recording with real orchestras. They had problems when they worked in their native England. British classical musicians usually kept more to union rules than to the job of making music. They sometimes walked out during recordings. This hurt the process of making their records, so ELO tried a studio called Musicland in Munich, Germany. They liked the way the studio worked, and the German musicians were more devoted. ELO used Musicland many more times.
Their next album, "Face the Music" (1975), yielded two hit singles, "Strange Magic" and "Evil Woman". ELO became even more popular. A compilation album, "Olé ELO", featured most of their early singles. Three songs from their 1976 album, "A New World Record", became worldwide hits. These were "Telephone Line", "Livin' Thing", and "Do Ya", which was a remake of a Move song.
ELO recorded a double album in 1977, "Out of the Blue", which included "Turn to Stone", "Sweet Talkin' Woman", and "Mr. Blue Sky", which also became hit records. The band toured worldwide, with a stage set that looked like a UFO, which opened to reveal the band performing inside. Their shows included lots of stage lighting, and laser effects.
Their next new album, "Discovery", did not appear until 1979. ELO's record label, Jet Records, changed distributors from United Artists to Columbia Records, and this was part of the delay. "Discovery" included two singles, "Shine a Little Love" and "Don't Bring Me Down". "Don't Bring Me Down" was the first ELO single to not include any classical instruments. Columbia issued a "Greatest Hits" album, which overlapped some of the "Olé ELO" songs with later ones.
1980s.
ELO became less popular during the 1980s. They had fewer hits. They recorded the "Xanadu" soundtrack with singer Olivia Newton-John. They also released the albums "Time" (with the title song and "Hold On Tight" as singles) in 1981, "Secret Messages" (with "Stranger") in 1983, and finally "Balance of Power", which included "Calling America", in 1986. By this time the classical musicians had left. Lynne now was recording their parts with synthesizers or session players.
Jeff Lynne was now producing other recording artists, including The Everly Brothers, and stopped working with Electric Light Orchestra in 1986. Most of the remaining members, though, wanted to continue working together and regrouped, first as a band named OrKestra, then later as "ELO Part II". These lineups toured for years, playing ELO's old hits and releasing two albums of new material, while Lynne continued his producing career. Lynne also released a solo album, "Armchair Theatre", in 1990, and formed the Traveling Wilburys with former Beatle George Harrison.
2000.
Lynne recorded an album, "Zoom", in 2001, again using the ELO name, but with a new set of musicians. He made a handful of television appearances with the new lineup. They played both old and new songs. He also planned to tour with them. Interest in the band was not strong, though, and most of the shows were cancelled.
Electric Light Orchestra's music had only a weak presence in popular culture from the mid-1980s until the early 2000s. Their blend of classical and rock music made their music hard to put in radio play lists. ELO's music has made a comeback in the 2000s through its use in movie soundtracks, and also in commercial jingles such as for Monster.

Ash tree
Ash trees are trees. They are of the family Oleaceae (Olive-tree like). They care medium-height to large trees. Some of them are evergreen, but most are deciduous. The seeds, are commonly known as "keys" in English. They are a type of fruit known as samara. Ash wood is used to make various tools, handles, bows. It also makes very good firewood.
In Norse Mythology, the World tree Yggdrasil is commonly thought to be an ash tree. The first man, Ask, was formed from an ash. The first woman was made from an alder.

Ash Wednesday
In the Western Christian calendar, Ash Wednesday is the first day of Lent. It ends Carnival. It generally is 40 days before Easter. The date is different each year (because the date of Easter varies). Generally, it is between February 4 and March 10. In truth, there are 46 days between Ash Wednesday and Easter, but Sundays are not counted in this period.
Generally, those able to and willing should fast voluntarily between Ash Wednesday and Easter. There are exceptions, though. Pregnant women, those sick, children, and the old are generally excepted.

Valkyrie
Valkyries (Old Norse: "Valkyrja" "Choosers of the Slain") are lesser goddesses in Norse Mythology. They serve the chief god Odin. Their task is to choose those who have died in the most heroic way in battle. The Valkyrie then carries the chosen one off to Valhalla. This chosen one would then be called einherjars. They would then be shared between Odin and Freyja. They would fight at Odin's side at Ragnarök, the battle at the end of the world. In Valhalla, the Valkyries would also serve drink and care for the well-being of the feasting warriors.
The old Norse people thought that Valkyries rode winged horses, much like Pegasus. With the spread of Christianity the idea of what a Valkyrie was like changed more and more to a Romantic description of a beautiful woman.
Richard Wagner composed some operas, featuring Valkyries (German: "Walküren", singular: "Walküre"). These operas are "Die Walküre", "Siegfried", and "Götterdämmerung". They feature a story of a valkyrie Brünnhilde, her punishment for disobeying her father, and her falling in love with Siegfried. The music for the opening of Act Three of "Die Walküre" is very famous. It is called the "Ride of the Valkyries".

Zosterops
Zosterops is a type of bird. There are many different species of Zosterops around the world.

Dimorphodon
Dimorphodon was a prehistoric reptile. It was a flying pterosaur from the Early Jurassic. It had a big head with a very tall beak.

Cryolophosaurus
The name Cryolophosaurus means "frozen crested reptile." The characteristic feature of this dinosaur is the large crest on the top of the skull, above the eyes. The nasal bones extend toward the back of the skull as ridges, and then join with the lacrimal bones to form a grooved crest which extends perpendicularly from the skull. Cryolophosaurus was discovered in the Jurassic Hanson Formation in the Transantarctic Mountains and represents the only theropod dinosaur to be found in Antarctica.
The dinosaur was discovered by Dr. William Hammer during a 1990-91 expedition. Dr. Hammer is a professor of geology at Augustana College in Rock Island, IL, where a cast of Cryolophosaurus currently resides. The find of this dinosaur was significant because it proves that the dinosaurs lived on all of the continents and that high latitude climates were tolerated by dinosaurs. Cryolophosaurus is also of significance because it represents the oldest known tetanuran from any continent- it is the only one from the Early Jurassic.

Coloborhynchus
Coloborhynchus was a pterosaur. It lived during the Late Cretaceous. It lived at the same time as Tyrannosaurus.

Alder
Alder is the common name for about 30 kinds of trees and shrubs of the Alnus genus. They are a part of the birch family ("Betulaceae"). Most of them are smaller in size. Leaves are mostly deciduous, only very few alders are evergreen.
The best known species are the Black Alder, which can be seen throughout Europe. The largest is probably the Red Alder, native to North America. It reaches about 32-35 metres in height. The widespread Green Alder is a shrub, rarely more than 5m high.
Alder is a preferred tree for bees, especially in spring. It is also used to make charcoal.

Futabasaurus
Futabasaurus was a plesiosaur from the Late Cretaceous. A complete skeleton of one has not been found. It is not known very well. Futabasaurus is also a name given to a meat eating dinosaur. It is different from the plesiosaur.

Ovum
An ovum (Latin: "egg", Plural: Ova) is the name for the haploid female reproductive cell.
Haploid reproductive cells are also called gametes. If the cell is still young (and developing) the term ovule is commonly used. In some plants, like algae this type of cell is called oosphere.
Production.
Ova are made and released by a female's ovaries. A birth, a mammal has all of her eggs, and from puberty, she releases an egg once a month until none are left. This is called oogenisis.
In humans.
When the ovum is fertilised by a male's sperm, it becomes a zygote, which develops into a new organism. The ovum is fertilized inside the female body, and the embryo then develops inside the uterus, being fed by the mothers placenta.
The ovum is the largest cell in the human body. You can see it without a microscope. The human ovum is between 100 and 200 µm long.
In plants.
In fungi and many plants, ova are made inside archegonia through mitosis. The archegonium has a long 'neck' with the egg cell inside. When the egg is mature, the neck opens and sperm swims in to fertilize the egg.
In flowering plants, the female gametes are made of only eight cells, called the embryo sac, inside the ovule. The cell closest to the opening of the embryo sac becomes the egg cell. When pollinated, sperm swims into the embryo sac and fertilizes the egg. The zygote then develops into an embryo inside the ovule.

Horn (musical instrument)
The horn is a brass instrument. It developed from the horns that some animals have on their heads. Modern horns are often called French horns.
The hunting horn.
Horns were often used during hunting. These early brass instruments were round so that the hunter could put his arm through it and carry it on his shoulder and blow it while riding a horse. The riders could send messages to one another by blowing particular notes.
The horn in the orchestra.
In the 17th century the modern orchestra was developing. Orchestras played for operas. Opera stories in those days were usually about gods and goddesses or kings and queens. There was often a hunting scene in the story. Hunters were asked to come and play their horns in the orchestra for these scenes. This is how the horn became an orchestral instrument.
A brass instrument gives one basic note (the “fundamental”). A few other notes (“harmonics”) can be got by changing the pressure with the lips. Gradually horn players discovered that if they put their right hand in the bell they could change the basic note. This made it possible to play lots of different notes. When Mozart wrote his horn concertos he was writing for a hand horn. When a note is played using the hand in the bell it makes the note sound different: more muffled (a bit like speaking while covering your mouth with your hand). A Mozart horn concerto sounds very different when played on a modern horn.
Another way to change the notes on a horn was to use crooks. These are like extensions to the horn. The longer the tube the lower the note, so adding a crook (an extra circle) would give a lower basic note.
The modern horn.
By the 1830s the modern horn with three valves had been invented. These valves change the length of the tube, so that the horn had now become chromatic i.e. it could play all the notes including sharps and flats. Composers like Richard Wagner and Richard Strauss wrote complicated music for the horn which would never have been possible on the natural, valveless instruments.. However, some composers preferred the sound of the natural horn. Brahms wrote for the natural horn when he wrote his "Horn Trio" for piano, violin and horn. Benjamin Britten, in his "Serenade for tenor, horn and strings", asks for the horn to played naturally (without valves) for the fanfare at the beginning to make it sound like a hunting horn.
The horn has a conical bore. This means that the tubing gradually becomes wider (a trumpet and trombone have a cylindrical bore): the tubing is the same thickness all the way along. The modern horn has 6.4 metres of tubing. It makes a beautiful, warm sound, but it is quite hard to play because the mouthpiece is small and the harmonics (the notes that can be played by changing the lip pressure) are very close together. The horn is a transposing instrument, usually in F (a written C sounds like the F below).
At the end of the 19th century the so-called “double horn” was invented, which was like a combination of a horn in F and a horn in B flat.
In the 18th century there were generally two horns in an orchestra. This became three or four in the 19th century, and some large orchestras now may have up to eight horns.

Valhalla
Valhalla (or "Val-hall") is a giant hall. In it, Odin presides over all those warriors which were slain in battle, and deeemed worthy to attend. The Valkyries choose the warriors. These warriors will fight on Odin's side at Ragnarök the battle at the end of the world.
During the day, they fight, during the night the consume alcoholic mead.

Horn (anatomy)
Horns are part of the body of some animals. They grow on the animal's head. They are projections (things that stick out) made of hard skin. The horn has a lot of keratin in it, the same protein that is in human hair and nails.
Normally horned animals will have two horns, but the rhinoceros has just one horn in the middle of its head.
Animals often use their horns for fighting one another.
Thousands of years ago people used the horns of dead animals for musical instruments (see horn (musical instrument)). In later times, they were used for carrying gunpowder.

Mead
Mead is a fermented alcoholic drink. Its history is almost as old as that of beer. Literally it means honey wine. It is made by mixing honey and water, for example, one part honey to two parts water. If the mix is then put in the sun, it will ferment, sooner or later.

Ull
In Norse mythology, Ull (or Ullr) is the son of Sif, and the step-son of Thor. People think he was the god of Winter, of hunting, of hand-to-hand combat, and of the willow tree. He is married to Skadi, the goddess of winter, and the ex-wife of Njord.

Thrud
Thrud is the daughter of Sif and Thor in Norse mythology. She is the goddess of the heath, of willows, of trees, flowers and the grass. Her name means strength in Old Norse.

Hugin and Munin
Hugin and Munin are two raven, commonly associated with Odin. They bring Odin news from the world, when he sends them out. Their names translate to thought and memory, respectively.

Hel (goddess)
Hel is a goddess of Norse mythology. Her father is Loki, and her mother is Angrboda, a giantess. Her siblings are Jörmungandr and Fenrir. Her task is to reign over the realm of the dead, also called Hel.

Runestone
A Runestone or Rune stone is a large stone, with runes inscribed on it, dating from the early Middle Ages. Currently, about 6000 such stones are known to exist in Scandinavia. About half of them date from the tenth and eleventh century, and were found in Sweden. Most of them are like grave stones. They announce the life and death of a local person. About 10 percent of the known stones tell about the travels and deaths of persons abroad. Some of these texts are similar to what Scandinavians who travelled to Byzantium have written in Latin.

Balcony
A balcony is a kind of floor at a certain height, which stands out from the building. Usually, there is some kind of balustrade so people do not fall off.
Link title

Bergstraße Route
Bergstraße ("Mountain Road") is the name of a mountain route, and the area around it, which stretches across the western edge of the Odenwald in southern Hesse and northern Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
The name "Bergstraße" also refers to the district Kreis Bergstraße, the independent wine-growing region of Hessische Bergstraße and the Badische Bergstraße in the Baden wine-growing area.
Route.
The route goes almost straight from north to south at the spot where the Rhine lowlands meet the western edge of the Odenwald. The name comes from the road's route along the foot of the mountains, the Rhine lowlands once being too damp to build a road there.
The route mostly follows the modern B3 road. It begins in Darmstadt and, after passing through Eberstadt, splits into the "Old Bergstraße" and the "New Bergstraße", which goes somewhat further to the west. The two routes meet again at Zwingenberg.
In Weinheim-Lützelsachsen the route splits into an old and a new Bergstraße again. The new one passes west of the old route as far as Heidelberg-Handschuhsheim, where the two meet once more. The route carrying on after the Neckar from Heidelberg to Wiesloch is still usually known as the Bergstraße, even though the type of country and climate typical of the Bergstraße is no longer as clear.

Waistband
A Waistband is something found on underwear. It is a band of rubber; which originally helped to keep the item in place. However, in recent years, such bands have been used for inscriptions (mainly of the brand name), so they became larger.

Caucasus
The Caucasus or Caucasia is a region in Eurasia bordered on the south by Iran, on the southwest by Turkey, on the west by the Black Sea, on the east by the Caspian Sea, and on the north by Russia. The Persian name for the region is "Qafqâz". Caucasia includes the Caucasus Mountains and surrounding lowlands.
The Caucasus Mountains are commonly known as a line between Asia and Europe, and the lands in Caucasia are different considered to be in one or both continents. The northern portion of the Caucasus is known as the Ciscaucasus and the southern portion as the Transcaucasus. The highest peak in the Caucasus is Mount Elbrus (5,642 m) which, in the western Ciscaucasus in Russia, is generally considered the highest point in Europe.
Myths and Legends.
The Biblical Mount Ararat where Noah's Ark landed is known as the landmark of the ancient Armenian realm. The peak of Ararat is seasonally capped with snow. In Greek mythology, the Caucasus or Kaukasos was one of the pillars supporting the world. Prometheus was chained there by Zeus. The Roman poet Ovid placed Caucasus in Scythia and said it was a cold and stony mountain which was the abode of personified hunger.

Hamidian massacres
The Hamidian massacres took place around 1895 until 1897. The estimated number of Armenians killed are around 100,000 - 300,000.
These events are known by the Armenians as the "Great Massacres". The Armenians believed the Hamidian measures showed the extension of the Turkish state to do a systematic policy of murder and plunder against a small population. The Armenian revolutionary groups started around the end of the Russo-Turkish War of 1878 and grew with the first introduction of Article 166 of the Ottoman Penal code 166, and the raid of Erzerum Cathedral.
Article 166 was meant to control the possession of arms, but it was used to target Armenians by not letting them possess arms. Local Kurdish tribes were armed to attack the defenseless Armenian population. Some diplomats said that the aim of these groups was to commit massacres so as to show counter-measures, and to invite "foreign powers to intervene," as Istanbul's British Ambassador Sir Philip Currie seen in March 1894. Even some Turkish authors admit the that this was just a pretext for the massacres.

Alfred Pampalon
Alfred Pampalon (24 November 1867 – 30 September 1896) was born in the city of Lévis, Quebec, and died at 28 in Sainte-Anne-de-Beaupré. He was a Redemptorist priest known for having a deep faith in God and a deep love of Mary. He is a patron for people with addictions.
His character and early life.
He was known to be a modest, prayerful person, and was thought of as honest and pure by his classmates.
Religion in his life.
Pampalon was devoted to Mary; before going to a Redemptorists' monastery, he went to a statue of Mary and asked her to pray for the monks to let him join. The Monastery allowed him to join despite his poor health, because they saw his strong desire to become a Redemptorists father. While training to become a Roman Catholic priest his fellow students asked him how he managed to study philosophy so well, and he replied he imagined Mary was asking him the questions. He would make his head touch the floor and pray to her daily, and while dying he would pray to her throughout the day.
Later years and death.
At the age of 26, Pampalon found out that he had tuberculosis. During this time he stayed devoted to God, moving back to Quebec to be a priest there. While dying from tuberculosis he gave communion, baptized people, and heard confessions. Before his death he was in constant pain, and would spend his days in prayer. The night before he priest died, he said in a soft voice "O death..., O holy death..., come..., do come! O divine Savior..., my hope is in your merits... I am happy... to suffer for you! I want to go to Heaven... to see you and Mary," After this he got up and sang the Magnificat in a loud voice. He has become known as the "Hail Mary Saint" because of this.

Armenian oblast
Armenian oblast (1828-1840 AD) was an oblast (province) around eastern Armenia. It was created by the Russians when they took over Eastern Armenia, a large number of Armenians moved back from Persia to Armenia and about 35000 Muslims (Azeris, Kurds and Lezgins) and various nomadic tribes left the area.

St. Hripsime
St. Hripsime is a church in Ejmiadzin, Armenia. It was built in 618. It is one of the oldest churches in Armenia. St. Hripsime is also known for its fine Armenian architecture. This style of architecture was used again when they built many churches in Armenia.

Armenian language
The Armenian language is a Indo-European language.
It is spoken by the Armenian people in the Republic of Armenia, in Georgia (especially in Samtskhe-Javakheti), Nagorno-Karabakh and also used by the Armenian Diaspora.

Armenian diaspora
The Armenian diaspora is a term used to describe the communities of Armenians living outside of Armenia. Of the total Armenian population living worldwide (2004 (estimated to be 8,000,000), only about 3,000,000 live in Armenia and about 120,000 in Nagorno-Karabakh.

Carol Vorderman
Carol Jean Vorderman (born December 24, 1960) is an English television presenter. She is best known for picking the letters and numbers for Channel 4 game show "Countdown".

Automobiles of the 1920s
Automobiles have changed a lot since the 1920s. The car industry was very good in the 1920s. There were many new types of cars. In the beginning of the 1920s, a lot of soldiers who fought in World War I bought cars when they returned home from the war. People started to see that having a car would make traveling much easier. Soon almost every American family had a car. Ford was the big car maker but other companies were also big at the time. Ford cars were popular because they did not cost much money. During the 1920s, car makers made a lot of money.

Norns
The Norns are deities in Norse mythology that governed fate. They are named Urd (the past), Verdandi (the being) and Skuld (what is to come). Skuld is also the name of a Valkyrie.
They are at the base of the tree Yggdrasil (or above the Bifröst bridge alternatively). They weave the tapestry of fates. Each person's life is a string in their loom. The length of the string is the length of the person's life. Even the gods have their strings, though the Norns hide the strings from the gods. So everything is set out beforehand. There is no luck, there is no randomness.
The Greeks called the Norns Moirae and the Romans called them Parcae.
The three norns feature in the opening of Richard Wagner's opera Götterdämmerung.

Liopleurodon
Liopleurodon was a large species of pliosaur. It usually ate large fish. It was very large, growing up to be 18 meters long. It was a relative of Pliosaurus, Kronosaurus and Libonectes. It lived around 160 - 155 million years ago. Liopleurodon was nearly 11-15 Metre meters weighing nearly 20 tons.

Libonectes
Libonectes was a plesiosaur related to Liopleurodon that lived 65 million years ago. It grew up to 12 meters long. It was an omnivorous animal, an animal that eats both plants and meat. It swam in the sea.

Dimetrodon
Dimetrodon was a prehistoric reptile from the Permian period (about 309-233 million years ago). It was thought to be a dinosaur with a sail like the Spinosaurus but people later found out that it was a four legged animal. It lived 238 million years ago.

Spinosaurus
Spinosaurus (which means "spiny lizard") was a huge meat eating dinosaur. It grew up to 17 meters long. It had a two meter high sail on its back like Dimetrodon. Several uses have been suggested for this sail, such as to help control its body temperature, as a way to attract a mate, and to intimidate or frighten enemies. It lived in the Sahara Desert 95 million years ago.
Its bones were first discovered in Egypt in 1912 and named by German paleontologist Ernst Stromer in 1915. Two species, S. aegyptiacus and S. marocannus, are recognized by many paleontologists, although many say there is only one. It was featured in the film Jurassic Park III. Weighing 4-7 tons Spinosaurus was a huge predator that stood 16 feet, or 5 metres high. Spinosaurus looked like Baryonyx except it was larger and more heavily built. Six specimens of Spinosaurus have been uncovered. Spinosaurus is much longer than Tyrannosaurus but there are not that many discoveries to prove that Spinosaurus was larger than Tyrannosaurus.

Rhamphorhynchus (animal)
The Rhamphorhynchus was a small pterosaur. It mostly ate fish, insects, and frogs. It had a small diamond shaped rudder on the end of its tail which helped keep it stable when it was flying. "Rhamphorhynchus" had many long, sharp teeth and it also had a beak that was covered with horn. The nostrils were set back in the beak. It had large eyes and an enormous skull. Rhamphorhynchus had no feathers, but it did have fur, which is why it is believed to have been warm-blooded. It was about 7 in. to 6 feet long. Most of the Rhamphorhynchus species was fairly small, though. Rhamphorhynchus babies hatched from eggs. Rhamphorhynchus was not a dinosaur, though closely related to it.

Anhanguera
Anhanguera, which ment 'Old Devil', was a big Pterosaur from the Late Cretaceous period. It ate fish. It grew to 14 feet (14.5 meters) across. The species "Anhanguera piscator" is now known as Coloborhynchus.

Zhejiangopterus
Zhejiangopterus is a pterosaur that was found in China. It lived in the Late Cretaceous. It was huge and had a wingspan of 7.5 meters.

Tupuxuara
Tupuxuara was an omnivorous pterosaur that lived 112 million years ago. It was very small, usually up to 60 cms. It was not as small as the pterosaur Anurognathus.

Anurognathus
Anurognathus was a small pterosaur that lived 150 million years ago. It ate damselflies off a Diplodocus' back. They grew up to 50 inches.

Thirty-Nine Articles
The Thirty-Nine Articles are the historic statements of Anglican beliefs. The Articles were not meant to be a complete statement of the Christian faith. They are a statement of the position of the Church of England against the Roman Catholic Church and against Protestants.
History.
The articles were made in 1563, under the direction of Archbishop Matthew Parker. They are based on the Forty-Two Articles written under the direction of Thomas Cranmer in 1552 and passed under Edward VI of England in 1553. They are printed in the Book of Common Prayer and other Anglican prayer books. Priests, deacons, and bishops of the Church of England have to take an oath that what is said in the Articles is "agreeable to the Word of God." Other Anglican churches do not make such a requirement.
The Thirty-Nine Articles was needed because at that time in English history it was not possible to find an agreement about Protestantism. Rather than have the church become divided, they needed a way to list what the church believed. John Henry Newman, before he converted to Roman Catholicism, tried to show that the Articles could be seen in a way less hostile to Catholic belief.
Acceptance of the Articles.
Outside the Church of England, Anglican opinions of the Thirty-Nine Articles vary. The Episcopal Church in the United States of America sees them as an historical document and but does not make its members follow them. Anglican priest John Wesley changed the Thirty-Nine Articles for use by American Methodists in the 18th century. These new Articles of Religion are still the official United Methodist Church doctrine.

Ojiya, Niigata
Ojiya (Japanese: 小千谷（おぢや）市;-shi) is a city in Niigata, Japan. As of July 16, 2003, 40,342 people lived in the city. Ojiya's total area is. The Lord Mayor of Ojiya is Yasuo Yatsui
An earthquake of magnitude 7.2 struck Ojiya on October 23, 2004 at 17:56 local time. The earthquake killed 51 people. 4,795 people were injured. 16,910 buildings and houses were destroyed. The amount of damage was 3,000,000,000 Yen ($32.5M US).
Ecomony.
Ojiya has many types of industry. Electronics companies Sanyo electric and Panasonic are located in the city. It also has textile companies. The main agricultural crop in the city is rice. Ojiya is the largest miner of natural gas in Japan.
Events.
There are several festival each year in Ojiya.

Tantalus
Tantalus was a mortal king in Greek mythology. He did many bad things against the gods and goddesses. At a banquet, he tried to feed people the flesh of his son Pelops. He had asked the gods and goddesses to come to this banquet. When they learn what he had planned, they punished Tantalus in not only this world (the world of the living), but the next as well (the world of the dead). Tantalus's punishment while he was alive was the ruin of his kingdom. His punishment when dead in the Tartaros of the Underworld was much worse.
He was made to stand in a pool of water up to his chin for all time. During this, he would always be hungry and thirsty. Each time Tantalus lowered his head to drink the water he was standing in, the water would lower. Over his head hung branches of trees filled with fruit. When he would try to get them, wind would blow them out of his reach. He was "tantalized" with food and drink. This is where the word tantalize comes from.
His son, Pelops, was made alive again by the gods. He went to Greece and became the ruler of the peninsula which still has his name, the Peloponesus.

Bushido
, meaning "Way of the Warrior", is a Japanese code of conduct and a way of life, more or less similar to the European code of chivalry. It comes from the samurai moral code and gives great importance to certain virtues like frugality, loyalty, martial arts mastery and honour until death. Bushidō was created between the 11th to 14th centuries and took form as a code from the 12th to 16th centuries.
Under the Tokugawa Shogunate, Bushidō became official Japanese Feudal Law.
Honor codes are still used in modern times; for example, as part of the kamikaze beliefs..

Campaign
Campaign is trying to get something. Some battles in wars are called campaigns. When someone in politics is running for a political office, that is called a campaign. Sometimes, a series of advertisements can be referred to as an "advertising campaign".

Manco Capac
Manco Capac (died in 1107) was the first of the fourteen Inca rulers of Peru. He started the Inca empire. As he says it, his legend started at the waters of Lake Titicaca, when he was told by the sun god to go East to set up his empire. As they walked looking for a good place, Manco taught men to farm, hunt, and fish while Mama Ocllo, his wife taught women to work with wool and cotton. Near Cusco, as his sacred golden staff sank in the ground, Manco decided this was to be the capital city of his empire.

Mama Ocllo
Mama Ocllo was the wife of Manco Capac, first of fourteen Inca Empire rulers.

Brazzaville
Brazzaville is the capital city of the Republic of the Congo. One million people live there.
Brazzaville is on one side of the Congo river, with Kinshasa on the other side. Brazzaville and Kinshasa are the nearest country capitals in the World.

Yellow Sea
The Yellow Sea is the northern part of the East China Sea, which in turn is a marginal sea of the Pacific Ocean. It is located between Mainland China and the Korean peninsula. Its name comes from the sand particles that color its water, originating from the Yellow River.

East China Sea
The East China Sea is a marginal sea east of China. It is a part of the Pacific Ocean and covers an area of 1,249,000 km². In China, the sea is called the "East Sea". In Korea, the sea is sometimes called "South Sea", but this is more often used to speak only of the area near South Korea's southern coast.
Geography.
The East China Sea is bounded on the East by the Kyūshū and Ryūkyū islands, on the South by Taiwan, and on the West by mainland China. It is connected with the South China Sea by the Taiwan Strait and with the Sea of Japan by the Korea Strait; it opens in the North to the Yellow Sea.
Territories with borders on the sea (clockwise from north) include: South Korea, Japan, Taiwan, and Mainland China.
Rivers.
The Yangtze River (Chang Jiang) is the largest river flowing into the East China Sea.

Governor of California
The Governor of California is the highest office in the state government in the American state of California. The office of Governor of California was created in 1849, before California became a state. Before it was a state, there had been six American military governors and numerous Mexican governors when California was part of Mexico. The current Governor of California is Arnold Schwarzenegger
The Governor is in charge of making yearly "State of the State" speeches to the California state government, submitting the budget, and making sure that state laws are being followed.

Hymn
A hymn is a religious song of worship, or a sacred song.
In the Seventh Day Adventist Church, the hymnal is called the Seventh Day Adventist Hymnal.

Scarlett O'Hara
Scarlett O'Hara is the name of the main character in the book "Gone with the Wind" by Margaret Mitchell, and "Scarlett" by Alexandra Ripley.

Vivien Leigh
Vivien Leigh (November 5, 1913 - July 8, 1967) was an English actress. She is most famous for playing Scarlett O'Hara in "Gone with the Wind" in 1939, and Blanche DuBois in "A Streetcar Named Desire" in 1951. Leigh won Academy Awards for both of these roles.
Leigh was married to Laurence Olivier and often acted in plays and films with him. Olivier was Leigh's second husband. The first was Leigh Holman, and Miss Leigh was still legally married to him when she came to the US to accompany Laurence Olivier who came to Hollywood to star in David O. Selznick's production of "Rebecca" directed by Alfred Hitchcock. It was fortuitous that Miss Leigh's agent just happened to be David O. Selznick's brother, Myron. Vivien wrote long letters to her then husband during the shooting of GWTW, complaining about the script, the change of director from George Cukor to Victor Fleming. The change was made at the insistence of Clark Gable, who felt that Cukor was devoting too much time and attention to directing Miss Leigh and her co-star, Olivia deHavilland. Miss Leigh also complained in her letters of Gable's bad breath due to his dentures.
When her divorce was final, she married Olivier (she referred to him as her husband until she died, although they had been divorced for many years). Leigh believed that Olivier was the best actor of his (or any) generation, and worked very hard to be worthy of acting with him - on stage, of course. Leigh believed, as did Olivier, that the only place "real" acting took place was on the stage. Her film career reflects her lack of enthusiasm for that medium, concentrating instead on acting with Lord Olivier in live theatre. Many critics, however, did not feel that she had the "presence" and vocal prowess that Olivier possessed and her reviews were often (perhaps unfairly) negatively compared to her husband.
Leigh was considered to be very beautiful and this sometimes meant that she thought that she was not taken seriously as an actress. However her ill health was often a bigger problem. Leigh suffered from bipolar disorder and often had tuberculosis. These meant that her career went through period of decline and that she was sometimes considered difficult to work with.

Sacred Heart
The prayer to the Sacred Heart of Jesus is a Roman Catholic devotion. The prayer was written by Saint Margaret Mary Alacoque. It is starting to become popular among Anglicans and Lutherans
Early devotion.
From the time of John the Evangelist and Paul of Tarsus there has always been in the Church something like devotion to the love of God, but there is nothing to indicate that, during the first ten centuries of Christianity, any worship was rendered to the wounded Heart of Jesus.[3] It is in the eleventh and twelfth centuries that the first indications of devotion to the Sacred Heart are found. It was in the fervent atmosphere of the Benedictine or Cistercian monasteries, in the world of Anselmian or Bernardine thought, that the devotion arose, although it is impossible to say positively what were its first texts or who were its first devotees c. To St. Gertrude, St. Mechtilde, and the author of the "Vitis mystica" (previously ascribed to St. Bernard, now attributed to St. Bonaventure) it was already well known.
From the 13th century to the sixteenth century, the devotion was propagated but it did not seem to have developed in itself. It was everywhere practised by individuals and by different religious congregations, such as the Franciscans, Dominicans, Carthusians, etc. It was, nevertheless, a private, individual devotion of the mystical order. Nothing of a general movement had been inaugurated, except for similarities found in the devotion to the Five Wounds by the Franciscans, in which the wound in Jesus' Heart figured most prominently.
In the sixteenth century, the devotion passed from the domain of mysticism into that of Christian asceticism. It was established as a devotion with prayers already formulated and special exercises, found in the writings of Lanspergius (d. 1539) of the Carthusians of Cologne, the Louis of Blois (Blosius; 1566), a Benedictine and Abbot of Liessies in Hainaut, John of Avila (d. 1569) and St. Francis de Sales, the latter belonging to the seventeenth century.
The historical record from that time shows an early bringing to light of the devotion. Ascetic writers spoke of it, especially those of the Society of Jesus. The image of the Sacred Heart of Jesus was everywhere in evidence, largely due to the Franciscan devotion to the Five Wounds and to the habit formed by the Jesuits of placing the image on their title-page of their books and the walls of their churches.
Nevertheless, the devotion remained an individual, or at least a private, devotion. Jean Eudes (1602-1680) made it public, gave it an Office, and established a feast for it. Père Eudes was the apostle of the Heart of Mary; but in his devotion to the Immaculate Heart there was a share for the Heart of Jesus. Little by little, the devotion to the Sacred Heart became a separate one, and on August 31, 1670, the first feast of the Sacred Heart was celebrated in the Grand Seminary of Rennes. Coutances followed suit on October 20, a day with which the Eudist feast was from then on to be connected. The feast soon spread to other dioceses, and the devotion was likewise adopted in various religious communities. It gradually came into contact with the devotion begun at Paray, and resulting in a fusion of the two.
Visions of St. Margaret Mary.
On December 27, probably 1673, the feast of St. John, Margaret Mary reported that Jesus permitted her, as He had formerly allowed St. Gertrude, to rest her head upon His Heart, and then disclosed to her the wonders of His love, telling her that He desired to make them known to all mankind and to diffuse the treasures of His goodness, and that He had chosen her for this work.
In probably June or July, 1674, Margaret Mary claimed that Jesus requested to be honored under the figure of His Heart of flesh, also claiming that, when He appeared radiant with love, He asked for a devotion of expiatory love: frequent reception of Communion, especially Communion on the First Friday of the month, and the observance of the Holy Hour.
During the octave of Corpus Christi, 1675, probably on June 16, the vision known as the "great apparition" reportedly took place, where Jesus said, "Behold the Heart that has so loved men... instead of gratitude I receive from the greater part (of mankind) only ingratitude...", and asked Margaret Mary for a feast of reparation of the Friday after the octave of Corpus Christi, bidding her consult Father de la Colombière, then superior of the small Jesuit house at Paray. Solemn homage was asked on the part of the king, and the mission of propagating the new devotion was especially confided to the religious of the Visitation and to the priests of the Society of Jesus.
A few days after the "great apparition", Margaret Mary reported everything she saw to Father de la Colombière, and he acknowledging the vision as an action of the spirit of God, consecrated himself to the Sacred Heart and directed her to write an account of the apparition. He also made use of every available opportunity to circulate this account, discreetly, through France and England.
At his death, February 15, 1682, there was found in his journal of spiritual retreats a copy in his own handwriting of the account that he had requested of Margaret Mary, together with a few reflections on the usefulness of the devotion. This journal, including the account and an "offering" to the Sacred Heart, in which the devotion was well explained, was published at Lyons in 1684. The little book was widely read, even at Paray.
Margaret Mary reported feeling "dreadful confusion" over the book's contents, but resolved to make the best of it, approving of the book for the spreading of her cherished devotion. Outside of the Visitandines, priests, religious, and laymen espoused the devotion, particularly a Capuchin, Margaret Mary's two brothers, and some Jesuits, among the latter being Fathers Croiset and Gallifet, who promoted the devotion.
The death of Margaret Mary, October 17, 1690, did not dampen the zeal of those interested; on the contrary, a short account of her life published by Father Croiset in 1691, as an appendix to his book "De la Dévotion au Sacré Cœur", served only to increase it. In spite of all sorts of obstacles, and of the slowness of the Holy See, which in 1693 imparted indulgences to the Confraternities of the Sacred Heart and, in 1697, granted the feast to the Visitandines with the Mass of the Five Wounds, but refused a feast common to all, with special Mass and Office.
The devotion spread, particularly in religious communities. The Marseilles plague, 1720, furnished perhaps the first occasion for a solemn consecration and public worship outside of religious communities. Other cities of the South followed the example of Marseilles, and thus the devotion became a popular one. In 1726 it was deemed advisable once more to importune Rome for a feast with a Mass and Office of its own, but, in 1729, Rome again refused. However, in 1765, it finally yielded and that same year, at the request of the queen, the feast was received quasi-officially by the episcopate of France. On all sides it was asked for and obtained, and finally, in 1856, at the urgent entreaties of the French bishops, Pope Pius IX extended the feast to the Catholic Church under the rite of double major. In 1889 it was raised by the Catholic Church to the double rite of first class.
On May 15, 2006, Pope Benedict XVI sent a letter to FatherPeter Hans Kolvenbach, the Superior General of the Society of Jesus, on the 50th Anniversary of the encyclical "Haurietis Aquas", about the Sacred Heart, by Pope Pius XII. In his letter to Father Kolvenbach, Pope Benedict reaffirmed the importance of the devotion to the Sacred Heart of Jesus.
Worship and devotion.
The Catholic acts of consecration, reparation and devotion were introduced when the feast of the Sacred Heart was declared. In his Papal Bull "Auctorem Fidei", Pope Pius VI praised devotion to the Sacred Heart. Finally, by order of Leo XIII, in his encyclical "Annum Sacrum" (May 25, 1899), as well as on June 11, he consecrated every human to the Sacred Heart. The idea of this act, which Leo XIII called "the great act" of his pontificate, had been proposed to him by a religious woman of the Good Shepherd from Oporto (Portugal) who said that she had supernaturally received it from Jesus. Since c. 1850, groups, congregations, and States have consecrated themselves to the Sacred Heart.
Peter Coudrin of France founded the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary on Dec 24, 1800. A religious order of the Roman Catholic Church, the order is best known for its missionary work in Hawaii.
Worship of the Sacred Heart mainly consists of several hymns, the Salutation of the Sacred Heart, and the Litany of the Sacred Heart. It is common in Roman Catholic services and occasionally is to be found in Anglican services.
The Feast of the Sacred Heart is a holy day in the Roman Catholic liturgical calendar, and is celebrated 19 days after Pentecost. As Pentecost is always celebrated on Sunday, the Feast of the Sacred Heart always falls on a Friday.
The Enthronement of the Sacred Heart is a Catholic ceremony in which a priest or head of a household consecrates the members of the household to the Sacred Heart. A blessed image of the Sacred Heart, either a statue or a picture, is then "enthroned" in the home to serve as a constant reminder to those who dwell in the house of their consecration to the Sacred Heart. The practice of the Enthronement is based upon Pope Pius XII's declaration that devotion to the Sacred of Jesus is "the foundation on which to build the kingdom of God in the hearts of individuals, families, and nations..."[4]
Institution names.
Sacred Heart is still a widely used name for many Catholic institutions, including schools, colleges, and hospitals in many countries around the world. It is also the name of many Catholic parishes, religious orders, and stores selling Catholic goods.
For a list of institutions named after the Sacred Heart, see Sacred Heart (disambiguation).
Sacred Heart imagery.
Religious imagery depicting the Sacred Heart is frequently featured in Catholic, and sometimes Anglican homes. Sometimes images display beneath them a list of family members, indicating that the entire family is entrusted to the protection of Jesus in the Sacred Heart, from whom blessings on the home and the family members are sought. The prayer "O Sacred Heart of Jesus, I place all my trust in Thee" is often used. One particular image has been used as part of a set, along with an image of the Blessed Virgin Mary. In that image, Mary too was shown pointing to her Immaculate Heart, expressing her love for the human race and for her Son, Jesus Christ. The mirror images reflect an eternal binding of the two hearts.
Folklore.
Many members of the Carlist military forces of the 19th and 20th centuries in Spain wore detentes or amulets with an image of the Sacred Heart. These Catholic monarchists believed the image would protect them against wounding by the enemy firearms.
Criticism.
Some non-Catholics, including Charismatic Protestants, have criticized devotion to the Sacred Heart as idolatry in that worship is directed towards a body part. The response of Catholics is to contend that the Sacred Heart is a traditional symbol depicting Christ's holy blood as a fountain. Some Catholics have been critical of the overly sentimental nature of such devotion,[5] but most of these critics concede that the images essentially reflect the core Christian tenet of love.
Vatican endorsement.
Dates for the Feast of the Sacred Heart, 2002-2020

Marian Prayer
Marian prayers or Marian devotions are acts of praying to Mary, the mother of Jesus. It is mainly something done by Roman Catholics but it is also used by Anglo-Catholics. Marian prayer is not worship. It is asking Mary to pray, or intercede for you and/or other people.

Clark Gable
William Clark Gable (February 1, 1901 - November 16, 1960) was an American actor. He is best known for playing the part of Rhett Butler in the 1939 movie version of "Gone with the Wind". Gable also won an Academy Award for playing Fletcher Christian in the 1935 film version of "Mutiny on the Bounty".
The last movie that Gable starred in was "The Misfits" in 1961. This film also starred Marilyn Monroe and was written by Arthur Miller. He died shortly afterwards in Los Angeles, California, after having had a fourth heart attack.

Nyctosaurus
Nyctosaurus was a pterosaur from the Late Cretaceous period. It had a wing span of 1 meter and a very big crest. It was related to the Pteranodon. It was in the group of Pterodactyloidea.

Marilyn Monroe
Marilyn Monroe, born Norma Jean Baker on June 1, 1926, was a famous american actress, singer and model. She acted in over 29 films and starred in 15 of them. She won many awards including three golden globes and a best actress oscar for her role in "Some Like it Hot". In the 1950s she was a sex symbol across the western world. She is also known for her three failed marriages to, in order, policeman James Dougherty, baseball player Joe DiMaggio and playwright Arthur Miller.
In 1999 she was ranked as the sixth greatest film star of all time by the American film insitute.

Eliot, Maine
Eliot is a American town in the state of Maine. The population was 5,954 at the 2000 census.
The schools in Eliot are a part of MSAD35. It is around an hour away from Boston.

Troödon
Troödon was a dinosaur related to Saurornithoides. It was a member of the troodontids that were related to the dinosaur group that included the Velociraptor.

Saurornithoides
Saurornithoides was a fast running dinosaur from 79 million years ago. It was related to Troodon.

Reining
Reining is a competitive way of riding a horse. In reining, the horse performs spins, sliding stops, rollbacks and lead changes. Reining has twelve patterns the rider normally has to follow. The rider can perform freestyle where they make up their own pattern and ride it to music. This is all done under a western saddle.

Rani of Jhansi
Rani of Jhansi Laxmibai (1828 – June 17 1858) was an Indian queen and warrior. She married Raja Gangadhar Rao, the Maharaja of Jhansi in 1842, and became the Rani of Jhansi. After the marriage she was given the name Lakshmi Bai. She fought the British in the 1857 uprising against British rule. She was very brave and died fighting against British commander Sir Hugh Rose. She fought against the British policy of taking kingdoms of rulers with no children to rule after them. She had a son named Damodar.
Jhansi Ki Rani was born Manu Tambe in a Marathi family which had emigrated to MP. Peshwa Dynasty had stationed Shinde (Scindia) family to rule around Gwalior, and many other Maharashtrians also moved to MP as part of the process. After marriage Manu-tai Tambe became Laxmibai Newalkar.
She became immortal in Indian history and she is considered a symbol of female bravery.
She refused to bow down to the British imperialists.

Ukrainian hryvnia
Hryvnia is the national currency of Ukraine

Chronos
Chronos is the Greek god of time. He was the second primordial god to be created. He controls the past, present, and future of everything. Without Chronos, the other Greek gods would have never been made.
He is not to be confused with the "Titan" Kronos aka Cronus

Speyer
Speyer (English formerly "Spires") is a city in the state of Rhineland-Palatinate with about 50.000 inhabitants on the Rhine river. It lies south of Ludwigshafen and Mannheim. Around the year 500 the town gets the name "Spira", named after the stream "Speyerbach" which flows into the Rhine river here.
The center of Speyer is dominated by the cathedral. Here are the tombs of several of the Salian emperors: the bodies, however, are believed to have gone missing during one of the French invasions during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.

Johann Wolfgang Goethe University of Frankfurt am Main
The Johann Wolfgang Goethe University in Main opened in 1914. With 36.000 students it belongs to the ten largest universities in Germany and has the biggest library of them. The university has more than 600 teaching and researching professors; 16 faculties offer 170 courses of study.

Thayer Academy
Thayer Academy is a private school that prepares people for college. It is in Braintree, Massachusetts. People from Grades 6–12 can become students there. The school was made in 1871, at the request of General Sylvanus Thayer. Thayer Academy is one of Greater Boston's most well respected private school's.

Siegfried
Siegfried is a strong hero in the "Nibelungenlied", a epic poem written about the year 1200. He killed the dragon Fafnir and took its treasure, the "Nibelungenschatz". After killing the dragon, he bathed in its blood and so changed his skin, so that he could not be wounded any more.
But a leaf fell from a linden tree above while he was bathing and landed on his back, and the little patch of skin that it covered did not touch the dragon's blood, so that Siegfried remained vulnerable (he could be hurt) in that one spot.
Siegfried wants to marry Kriemhild, the sister of Gunther, kin of the Burgundians in Worms. But before he is allowed to marry her he has to help Gunther to win against Brünhild, the queen of Iceland. He does it with the help of a cloak which lets him become invisible.
After their marriage Siegfried and Kriemhild live in Siegfried's kingdom for some years. Then they come to visit Worms and Kriemhild's family again. Brünhild, the wife of Gunther, and
Kriemhild argue about who is of higher rank. Now Kriemhild tells Brünhild that Siegfried helped Gunther in his fight against her and that he gave a proof of this victory to Kriemhild. Therefore Brünhild becomes so furious that she decides that Siegfried must be killed. This is done by Hagen, one of Gunther's men, while Siegfried is drinking from a well during a hunt in the Odenwald. Hagen also takes the treasure of Siegfried from Kriemhild and throws it into the Rhine.
The name Siegfried in German means "victory peace".
Siegfried appears in two of the four operas in Wagner's Ring cycle: the third opera is called "Siegfried" and the fourth one is called "Götterdämmerung" although originally Wagner called it "Siegfrieds Tod" ("The Death of Siegfried"). Wagner makes several changes to the story.

James II of England
James II of England/VII of Scotland (14 October 1633 – 16 September 1701) became King of Scots, King of England, and King of Ireland on 6 February 1685, and Duke of Normandy on 31 December 1660. He was the last Roman Catholic king of Scotland, England, or Ireland. Some of his citizens did not like his religious ideas, leading a group of them to disobey and fight against him. This was called the Glorious Revolution because no one was killed. He was not replaced by his Roman Catholic son, James Francis Edward, but by his Protestant daughter and son-in-law, Mary II and William III (William II of Scotland), who became rulers in 1689.
The belief that James, not William III or Mary II, was the one true ruler became known as Jacobitism (from Jacobus or Iacobus, Latin for James). James made one serious attempt to recover his throne when he landed in Ireland in 1689. After his defeat at the Battle of the Boyne in the summer of 1690, he returned to France, living the rest of his life under the protection of King Louis XIV. His son James Francis Edward Stuart (The Old Pretender) and his grandson Charles Edward Stuart (The Young Pretender and Bonnie Prince Charlie) attempted to restore the Jacobite line after James's death, but failed.

Fichtelgebirge
The Fichtelgebirge is a mountain range in northeastern Bavaria, Germany. It extends from the valley of the Red Main River to the Czech border, where it is continued by the much higher Ore Mountains.
The highest mountain is the Schneeberg (1051 m). Rivers rising from the Fichtelgebirge are the White Main (German: Weißer Main), the Saxon Saale, the Ohře (German: Eger) and the Fichtelnaab which later joins the Waldnaab. Cities on the edge of the mountains include Bayreuth and Hof.
The mountains slope gradually away to the north and the south, but there is a steep slope to the west, where the Red Main forms the boundary of the mountains.
The Fichtelgebirge attracts many tourists both during summer and winter, mainly for hiking and skiing, but also to see the large rock formations.

Ore Mountains
The Ore Mountains (German "Erzgebirge", Czech "Krušné hory") are a mountain range in Germany and the Czech Republic. They form the border between both countries for 150 km, extending from the western border of Saxony to the Elbe river.
The Ore Mountains are famous for many Christmas traditions. As the ores silver and tin were not found any more in the mines, former miners had to look for new ways to feed their families. In addition to lace making and weaving, the inhabitants went into wood carving. Nutcrackers, "smoking men", "pyramids" (carousels with figures of the Christmas story or from mining) and "Schwibbogen" (wooden arcs with candles in the windows, symbolising the opening of a mine) are some of many Christmas goods made in the Ore Mountains. "Seiffen" in the East Ore Mountains was a centre of the wooden toy industry.

Manifest
To manifest something means to show it, or to make it clear or to make it known. For example, if something is "made manifest", it is made understandable or if something is a manifestation, it is where something hidden or unavailable is made physical or knowable.

Henry IV of England
Henry IV (April 3 1367 – March 20 1413) was a king of England. He was born at Bolingbroke Castle in Lincolnshire. That is why he was often called "Henry Bolingbroke".
His father, John of Gaunt, was the third son of King King Edward III, and had a lot of power in the reign of King Richard II.
Henry and Thomas de Mowbray, 1st Duke of Norfolk argued in 1398. King Richard ordered Henry to live outside England for ten years (with the approval of Henry's father, John of Gaunt) but Thomas de Mowbray was kicked out of England for life.
The next year John of Gaunt died, and Richard would not allow Henry to inherit Gaunt's land right away. Instead, Henry had to ask for the lands from Richard.
Henry met with the exiled Thomas Arundel, former Archbishop of Canterbury. Henry and Arundel returned to England while Richard was on a military campaign in Ireland.
With Arundel as his advisor, Henry Bolingbroke began a military campaign, took land from those who opposed him and ordering his soldiers to destroy much of Cheshire.
Henry gained enough power and support to have himself declared King Henry IV. He imprisoned King Richard (who mysteriously died in prison) and by-passing Richard’s seven-year-old heir presumptive Edmund de Mortimer.
Henry was crowned on 13 October, 1399. It was the first time since the Norman Conquest in 1066 that the monarch made a public speech in English. Henry consulted with Parliament frequently, but was sometimes at odds with them, especially over religious matters. On Arundel's advice, Henry was the first English king to allow the burning of heretics, mainly to suppress the Lollard movement.

Thalassodromeus
Thalassodromeus was a pterosaur found in northern Brazil. It is said to be 60 cms long and have a wingspan of 1 meter.

Oratorio
An oratorio is a piece of music for orchestra, choir and solo singers. It usually tells a story from the Old Testament. An oratorio may be about two hours long: a whole concert. It is rather like an opera, but whereas an opera is acted out in costume on a stage, an oratorio is sung and played in a concert hall or church. The oratorio as we know it was created in the 18th century. The words were normally in the composer’s own language, not in Italian like most operas were at that time.
The word "oratorio" had been used many centuries ago for music-dramas performed in churches in western Europe. In Italy oratorios and operas were both being composed in the 17th century. In Germany composers like Heinrich Schutz and, later, Johann Sebastian Bach were writing Passions which tell the story of the crucifixion. These are not usually called “oratorios” but they are similar.
The first important composer of oratorios was George Frideric Handel. Handel, who was born in Germany, had become English. Handel had written a lot of operas, but in 1732 he started to write oratorios instead and quite suddenly people became very interested in oratorios. He used the same sort of music as in his operas: the work would start with an overture (an introduction on the orchestra) and then there would be recitative (the bits that told the story), arias (songs for the solo singers) and choruses for the choir. The chorus was very important in oratorios: they got more to sing than in most operas. This meant that choral societies became very popular, and this tradition spread from England (where Handel lived) to other countries in Europe. Handel’s most famous oratorio is "Messiah". Unlike most of his other oratorios, the story is not from the Old Testament. It tells the story of the birth, life and death of Jesus. In Britain Handel’s "Messiah" is traditionally performed around Christmas. Other oratorios by Handel include: "Deborah", "Saul", "Samson", "Judas Maccabaeus" and "Solomon". Handel composed all these oratorios to English texts.
In the 19th century the oratorio was very popular. At the turn of the century Joseph Haydn wrote some of his best music in his two oratorios: "Die Schöpfung" ("The Creation") (1798) and "Die Jahreszeiten" ("The Seasons") (1801). Mendelssohn wrote "St Paul", "Elijah" and the "Hymn of Praise". Dvořák, Berlioz and Gounod are among the most important Romantic composers of oratorio, and in the 20th century famous oratorios include Elgar’s "Dream of Gerontius" (1900), Walton’s "Belshazzar’s Feast" (1931) and Tippett’s "Child of our Time" (1941).

Pterodactylus
'Pterodactylus' was a small pterosaur or flying reptile. It lived in the Jurassic period, at the same time as many dinosaurs. "Pterodactylus" live on a series of small islands in what is now Germany. It probably ate fish, and many other things it could find on the seashore.

Rutiodon
Rutiodon was a type of phytosaur. Phytosaurs were crocodile-like animals that lived during the time of dinosaurs. It was shown in the movie "When Dinosaurs Roamed America" trying to catch a Coelophysis. It jumped out of the water. and roared without warning.

When Dinosaurs Roamed America
When Dinosaurs Roamed America is a 2001 television movie from the Discovery Channel. The movie is narrated by John Goodman. This movie tells us about species of dinosaurs that lived in North America through the ages of the Mesozoic era. The backgrounds of the movie are really parts of America.

Cigar
A cigar is a form in which tobacco is smoked. It is usually larger than a cigarette. Cigars are made of different types of tobacco which are cured in many different way to produce unique flavors and fragrances. Most quality cigars are rolled using a tobacco leaf, though more and more cigars have been rolled using different types of paper to replace the tobacco leaf. This results in a cleaner looking cigar. Commercially produced cigars are rolled and packed using machinery, and quality control and smokeability cannot be truly verified. Hand rolled cigars prove to still be the best option, but are more costly.
Cuba is known world wide for their cigars. Many other countries also produce cigars, most notibly in the central America and Caribbean island areas.

Bahá'u'lláh
Bahá'u'lláh, wich means "Glory of God", was a Persian nobleman who founded the religion known as the Bahá'í Faith. He was born in the city of Tehran, in Persia, in 1817.
His followers consider him a messenger of God.

`Abdu'l-Bahá
`Abdu'l-Bahá was a Persian man born in 1844. His father was Bahá'u'lláh who founded the religion known as the Bahá'í Faith.
`Abdu'l-Bahá spent most of his adult life in prison or under arrest, because of his father's new religion. Bahá'u'lláh called him the "Expounder" of his word, meaning that only `Abdu'l-Bahá had the right to say what Bahá'u'lláh's writings mean. This was to prevent different people from splitting the religion up because they thought Bahá'u'lláh meant different things, the way many other religions have split up.

Shoghi Effendi
Shoghi Effendi (1897 March 1 - 1957 November 4) was a Persian man. He was the great-grandson of Bahá'u'lláh who founded the religion known as the Bahá'í Faith.
After Bahá'u'lláh died, Shoghi Effendi's grandfather, `Abdu'l-Bahá lead the Bahá'ís. `Abdu'l-Bahá died, he left a "will and testament" that said that Shoghi Effendi was the "Guardian", and that his job was to guard and lead the Bahá'í Faith. `Abdu'l-Bahá's will said that only Shoghi Effendi could interpret `Abdu'l-Bahá's or Bahá'u'lláh's books and letters. This was to prevent different people from splitting the religion up because they thought Bahá'u'lláh or `Abdu'l-Bahá meant different things, the way many other religions have split up.

Will (law)
A will or testament is a legal document that explains the last wishes of someone after they die. A person writes a will and testament before they die, and usually writes what they want to happen to their money and their things after they die. It is sometimes called a last will and testament.

Uhlan
Uhlan is the name for a type of Polish soldier of light cavalry, armed with lance (a kind of spear). The respect for such Polish troops caused that in the beginning of the 19th century great part of European armies created similar military units. In most European armies, the units of that kind took the name of lancers. In the Russian, Austrian, and German armies, the units of Polish lancers had kept the original name of Uhlans.

Not
The word not negates the meaning of the word or phrase following it.

Chin
The chin is the most lower part of the face. This is under the mouth.

Anne of Great Britain
Anne of Great Britain (February 6 1665 - August 1 1714) became Queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland on March 8 1702. On May 1 1707, when England and Scotland combined into a single kingdom, Anne became the first sovereign of the Kingdom of Great Britain.

Knot
A knot is a fixed looping of a piece of string or rope. Knots are often used for binding things together. While a knot is often made from rope, it can also be made from many other things. In fact, a knot is actually the condition a long flexible object is in. For example, hair can be tied in a knot. The ends of balloons are tied in a knot to prevent the air from escaping. The average person over 5 or so years of age is likely capable of tying a knot; most of these knots people tie are probably with their shoelaces. Ribbons are also tied in a knot so as to appear pretty, as when wrapped around a gift. In addition, knots are also made by sailors in many different forms and for many different purposes. There are even people who have adopted knot-making as a hobby.

Flensburg
Flensburg (Danish: "Flensborg", Low Saxon: "Flensborg", North Frisian: "Flansborj") is a city in Germany, next to the border to Denmark. There are about 87,000 people living in Flensburg. The city has an university and a small marine harbour. It lives on tourism, students and the German marine forces.
History.
There was a first settlement about 1200 A.D., which became a city in 1284. In the following century, Flensburg became economic centre of the Duchy of Schleswig. In 1409 there were battles between people of the Duchy of Holstein and the Danish crown about the control of Schleswig. In 1412 and 1500 there were bad plagues in Flensburg. In 1485, there was a big fire in the city.
Between 1460 and 1864 was Flensburg the second important harbour to Denmark after Copenhagen. Since the 16th century Flensburg was an important place for trade. Flensburg became a part of Prussia in 1864, after the Danish-Pussian War.
In 1920, there was an election in Schleswig. The vote was to decide if the people wanted to belong to Denmark or Germany. South of Flensburg and Flensburg wanted to stay in Germany, north of Flensburg the people decides to became Dans.
In 1945, many German were driven out their homes in the eastern German provinces. These people went to Flensburg. The city had more than 100,000 inhabitants for a couple of years. Nowadays Flensburg has about 87,000 inhabitants.

Goslar
Goslar is a historic city in Germany. It has about 43,000 inhabitants.
History.
The German Emperor Henry I founded Goslar in 922. In the 11th century Goslar became seat of a Pfalz, a temporary seat of the Emperor. In 1253 Goslar became a Free City (that means without being ruled a Duke) in the Holy Roman Empire and joined the Hanseatic League.
Henry 4th a Holy Roman Emperor came from Goslar.
In the Thirty-year War Goslar belonged to the loyalists of the Emperor, although its territory belonged to a Protestant region. The Swedish King Gustav II Adolph punished Goslar for supporting the imperial forces. After 1642 Goslar came under the rule of the Welfs.
In 1803 Goslar lost its status as a Free City and belonged to Prussia. Napoleon made Goslar a part of the Kingdom of Westphalia. After the Napoleonic Wars it became part of the Kingdom of Hanover.
In the 19th century Goslar lost its economic base. Now it lives mainly on tourism.

Margaret Whitman
Margaret Whitman (born August 4, 1956) is an American business person. She has been the president and CEO of the auction website, Ebay since 1998. This website is very popular. Almost anything can be bought and sold there.

MTV
MTV (music television) is an American cable television network. They are based in New York. The channel launched on August 1 1981 and used to only show music videos. Today, they show many different television programs aimed at adolescents and young adults.

Bundesautobahn 45
The Bundesautobahn 45 ("in german: A 45"), is a Motorway from the Ruhr area till Hanau.
The highway begins in Dortmund, North Rhine-Westphalia and crosses Hesse. The A 45 ends in Bavaria.

A.F.C. Ajax
Amsterdamsche Football Club Ajax (Ajax Amsterdam, AFC Ajax, or simply Ajax) is a football club from Amsterdam, Netherlands. They play in de Eredivisie -which is the highest football competition in The Netherlands. Legends like Cruijff, Van Basten, Rijkaard and Litmanen played for this club. They play in the Amsterdam Arena.
Stadium.
The name of the stadium is Amsterdam ArenA and has an attendance (which means the amount of seats) of about 52.000. Their previous stadium was De meer.

Fungicide
A fungicide is a poison. It is used to kill fungi that are considered unwanted.

Chad Kroeger
Chad Robert Turton (better known as Chad Kroeger) is a Canadian singer and guitarist for the rock band, Nickelback. He was born November 15, 1974, in Hanna, Alberta, Canada. Nickelback consists of four band members. Chad Kroeger (Vocals, Lead Guitar), Mike Kroeger (Bass Guitar), Ryan Peake (Rythem Guitar) and Daniel Adair (Drums).

Consecutive integer
Consecutive integers are integers that follow each other in order. They have a difference of 1 between every two numbers. In a set of consecutive integers, the mean and the median are equal.
If "n" is an integer, then "n", "n"+1, and "n"+2 will be consecutive integers.
-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2
Odd Consecutive Integers.
Odd consecutive integers are odd integers that follow each other. They have a difference of 2 between every two numbers.
If "n" is an integer, then 2"n"+1, 2"n"+3, and 2"n"+5 will be odd consecutive integers.
-23, -21, -19, -17, -15, -13, -11
Even Consecutive Integers.
Even consecutive integers are even integers that follow each other. They have a difference of 2 between every two numbers.
If "n" is an integer, then 2"n", 2"n"+2, and 2"n"+4 will be even consecutive integers.

Beowulf (hero)
Beowulf is the hero of the Anglo-Saxon poem "Beowulf". He was the son of Ecgþeow, a banished warrior of the Wægmundings. Ecgþeow had killed a man from another clan had to flee to the Danes. The Danish king Hroðgar accepted him as one of his warriors.
When king Hroðgar came into difficulties because his land was raided by the giant Grendel, Ecgþeow's son Beowulf came to help him with twelve warriors. During the night, Grendel arrived to attack the sleeping men. Beowulf attacked him without his sword and tore the arm off the beast. Grendel flew and his arm was fixed to the wall. During the following night Grendel's Mother arrived and Beowulf had an even harder fight against her, but he won.
In Adaptions.
There have been many ficton books and films made based on "Beowulf". Beowulf appeared in most of them.

Clan
A clan is a group of people who - following a tradition - belong to the same kin.
The easiest way to describe them is as sub-groups of tribes. Usually they form groups of 7000 to 10,000 people.

Muon-catalyzed fusion
Muon-catalyzed fusion (μCF) is a type of cold nuclear fusion, which means that nuclear fusion can happen at low temperatures and under normal pressure. There need to be 3 particles: a muon, a positively charged triton and a positively charged deuteron. The muon, which has a greater mass (when its not moving) then an electron, drags the heavier triton and the deuteron to it, creating something called a muonic heavy hydrogen ion. This means that the particle is a hydrogen atom with more protons then electrons, that contains a muon, and that contains extra neutrons which make it heavier. This reaction can be done at room temperature or below, such as -270 degrees Celsius.
To create these, a stream of negative muons is sent onto blocks of protium, deuterium and tritium (3 first isotopes of hydrogen). The muon bumps out the electron in the hydrogen atom. Because the electron is replaced, any 2 atoms are bound together. This makes a molecular ion, also called a special muonic molecule. A muon is 207 times more massive then an electron. Because of the difference in mass, the atom changes. Because it is heavier, the atoms in the molecular ion are pressed very tightly together, and then the nuclei, the centers of the atoms, join together. The following process is called nuclear fusion. The 2 nuclei join together and "glue" together. But, their weights don't just add up, a part of their mass is released as energy. This is the energy used.
Now, the process continues because the muon is thrown out of the nuclei when they fuse, so it can join other nuclei, which continues the reaction. Sometimes the muon is attached to something else thrown out from the nucleus, and the muon is lost. This stops the reaction.
The good thing about this is that muon-catalyzed fusion uses little energy, and produces much energy. The only problem is that the reaction is not stable, so it does not last a long time, because the muons are lost. This process is still a long way from being used for business.

Nomadic people
Nomadic people (or nomads) are people who move from place to place, rather than living in one place. The best known examples of nomads are gypsies, Roma, Sinti and Irish travellers. Many other ethnic groups and communities are traditionally nomadic; such as Berbers, Kazakhs, Samis and Bedouin.
Many nomads live on herding livestock, such as cattle, horses or reindeer. This has required a moving lifestyle in the past, so it has been more convenient to move from place to place rather than to settle in one place.

Geodesic dome
A geodesic dome is a type of building that looks like half a ball shape (like half a soccer ball). It often is made of glass, concrete, or steel. It was first created by Buckminster Fuller.

Coprolalia
Coprolalia is a condition that affects about 15% of people with Tourette syndrome. Someone with coprolalia will use words that make people feel uncomfortable so often that it is hard to control.

Billy Talent
"Billy Talent", before called Pezz, is a Canadian band. They performed and recorded together for about 10 years before becoming famous.

Don Cheadle
Don Cheadle (November 29, 1964) is an American actor. He was born in Kansas City, Missouri.

Massospondylus
Massospondylus was a dinosaur from 200 million years ago, during the Early Jurassic Period.

MIRC
mIRC is popular shareware Internet Relay Chat (IRC) client for Microsoft Windows. It was created in 1995 by Khaled Mardam-Bey in C. It's most recent update (6.35) was made in 2008. It is liscensed as Proprietary. It comes free of charge for 30 days and then you have the choice to have it for $20 USD.

For Dummies
The...for dummies is a series of books that try to explain something very simply. The series was created in 1991 by Dan Gookin. The first book was about the computer operating system MS-DOS. Dan Gookin created the book, because in 1987 a person wanted a book that was simple and easy to read, as the person considered computer books to be dull at that time. After MS-DOS for dummies, came PC's for Dummies by Gookin, and Andy Rathbone. Other popular...For Dummies books are The Internet for Dummies by John Levine, Carol Baroudi, and Margaret Levine Young, and Beginning Programming for Dummies by Wallace Wang.
Popular Titles.
Ark Building for Dummies

The Source (Charmed)
The Source is a fictional character in the television series "Charmed". The Source of All Evil is vanquished by the Power of Three in the fourth season of the show. Cole Turner (Phoebe's fiancee) takes his place as the ruler of the Underworld. Once he is killed, the Charmed Ones are free.

Takasaki line
The Takasaki line(Japanese:高崎線) is a 74.7 kilometer railway line that runs from Omiya station in Saitama Prefecture to Takasaki Station in Gunma Prefecture. It runs diagonally from south to north in Saitama prefecture and is owed and operated by East Japan Railway Company (JR East Japan). The national highway route 17 and its historical predecessor Nakasendo run near this line.
The fare between Takasaki and Omiya of the Takasaki line is 1280 yen.
The colors of the cars are green and orange. So it looks similar to the Utsunomiya line.
The maximum speed of this train 120 k/hr. So it is possible to go Takasaki from Omiya in about an hour and a half.
The Takasaki line including local trains and rapid trains has generally six standard-runs per hour in daytime. According to the time, the train might be crowded with students and company employees in major cities, for example, Ageo, Okegawa, Kitamoto, Kounosu, Kumagaya, Fukaya, Honjo.

Red Panda
The Red Panda ("Ailurus fulgens") is a mammal. It is the only species of the Ailuridae family. There are two subspecies: "Ailurus fulgens fulgens" and "Ailurus fulgens styani".
Most that are bred at Japanese zoos are "Ailurus fulgens styani". They are called Oguma cat or Syoukuma cat in Japan or 小熊貓 (xiǎo xìong māo) in China.
Habitat.
The Red Panda lives in the southern part of China, India, Nepal, and the Himalaya mountains.
Appearance and Life.
Red Pandas are about 50-60 centimeters long. They weigh between three to five kilograms. They have chestnut colored hair, and their faces have white designs. They eat fruits, roots, bamboo shoots, acorns, and insects. They are active at night and sleep on trees in the daytime. They act alone, not in groups.
Other.
In recent years, more zoos in Japan are breeding Red Pandas. They have become popular for how they look.
A Red Panda which is famous is Futa-Kun. Surprisingly, he can stand on his two rear legs.

Refraction
Refraction is the change in direction of a wave, caused by the change in the wave's speed. Examples of waves include sound waves and light waves. Refraction is seen most often when a wave passes from a medium to a different medium. Different types of medium include air and water. When a wave passes from one medium to another medium, the wave will change its speed and its direction. For example, when a light wave travels through air and then passes through water, the wave's speed will slow down and it will change direction.
An example of how refraction works is placing a straw in a cup of water, with part of the straw in the water. When looking at a certain angle, the straw appears to bend at the water's surface. This is because of the bending of light rays as they move between the air and the water.
A good and simple way to understand how light works is to think of it like a car. When the car hits the gravel surface (this is the medium) on an angle the tyre that hits it first will lock up causing it to turn in that direction. So if light hits a medium on the right greater than its optical density, it will bend right.

Psychedelic mushroom
Psychedelic mushrooms is the name given to certain kinds of mushrooms. They contain the alkaloid psilocybin and other related tryptamine derivatives. Psilocybin changes certain things in the brain. This leads to the nerve cells giving more signals - generally translated to a different consciousness. This can lead to effects like hallucinations or visions. They can also be used for medical purposes to treat cluster headaches, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and certain kinds of depression.
Physiologically, they do not harm the human body, and can be used to treat cluster headaches and other medical conditions. Some psychological problems are possible from use, but not likely or common.
Psilcybin is can kill. The LD50 of Psilocibin is 280 mg/kg for rats, this is about 1.5 times that of caffeine. In normal shrooms, psilocybin makes up about 1% of their weight. Therefore, nearly 1.7 kilograms of dried mushrooms, or 17 kilograms of fresh mushrooms, would be required for a 60kg person to reach the 280mg/kg LD50 rate of rats.

Harold Godwinson
Harold Godwinson or King Harold II of England (c. 1022 – October 14, 1066) was an English king. He ruled England after king Edward the Confessor died. He ruled from January 5 1066 until he was killed at the Battle of Hastings. Harold Godwinson was killed by an arrow shot by one of William's archer's. Before Harold Godwinson became king, he swore to William, Duke of Normandy, that he would help him become king. Harold Godwinson had three brothers Tostig, Swegen and Gryth. He also had a sister called Edith.She was married to the king so he was his brother in law

Spanish Armada
The Spanish Armada was a Spanish navy fleet most famous for being used by Spain's King Philip II to attack Britain in 1588. It was defeated by the Royal Navy of England and Francis Drake.

Frank Griswold
The Most Reverend Frank Tracy Griswold III was the 25th Presiding Bishop and Primate of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America.
Griswold went to school at St. Paul's School in Concord, New Hampshire and earned an A.B. in English literature from Harvard College (1959). He attended the General Theological Seminary and earned his B.A. and M.A, in theology from Oriel College, Oxford University (1962, 1966). Griswold became a priest in 1963. After bocoming a priest he became a priest in Pennsylvania. He worked at 3 churches there. Frank Griswold was the bishop of Chicago from 1987 until he became presiding bishop in 1997.
Currently, Griswold is a member of the Joint Standing Committee of the Primates of the Anglican Communion and the Anglican Consultative Council. He was co-chair of the Anglican-Roman Catholic International Commission from 1998 to 2003, and a member of the standing committee for the 1998 Lambeth Conference. He has also served on diocesan, national and international committees for liturgy, worship and ecumenism. He is also a member of the The Fellowship of Saint John.
His term as presiding bishop ended on November first 2006. He was replaced by the Rt. Rev. Katharine Jefferts Schori. She was elected by the General Convention of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America.

Sun
The Sun is the star and the largest object in our solar system. The planets in our solar system move around the sun in orbits. Our sun can be seen in the sky in the day time. It is a large yellow ball. The sun is basically a very large ball of non-stop explosions. These explosions give off a lot of energy. Even though the sun is very far from the earth, we still feel this energy. The Sun is so bright that it can hurt to look at it and can damage your eyesight so never stare at the sun and never use binoculars or a telescope to look at it. The Sun makes light, heat and solar wind. Solar wind moves around the earth outside our atmosphere. It is made of small particles that fly away from the sun. The sun is the main source of energy for life on Earth.
The Sun is at the middle of our solar system. Each planet travels in a more-or-less round orbit with the sun in the center. Each planet orbits at a different distance from the sun. The orbits of the planets are not circles. They are curves called ellipses. The planets closest to the Sun get more heat. Planets further away are colder.
All life on our planet needs the light energy that comes from our Sun. Plants use solar energy as food so they can grow. This process is called photosynthesis, the green in the leaves is the pigment.
In the center of the Sun, in its core, great heat and pressure combine hydrogen gas into helium gas which produces large amounts of energy. This is called "nuclear fusion".
People can look at the Sun if they use special lenses that make it safe. When they do this, darker spots are sometimes seen on the surface of the Sun; these spots are called "sunspots". The number of sunspots on the Sun gets bigger and then smaller in a cycle of about 11 years. The number affects the weather on Earth and can also affect electronics.
How the Sun was born.
Scientists think that the Sun was born from a very large cloud of dust and small bits of ice 4.6 billion years ago. At the center of that huge cloud, some of the material started to build up into a ball. Once this ball got big enough, reactions inside it caused that ball to shine.
At that point, the Sun blew away all the rest of the cloud from itself, and the planets formed from the rest of this cloud
How the Sun works.
At its core, or very center, hydrogen atoms are collided together to form helium. This process is called nuclear fusion. These helium atoms then travel from the core to the surface of the sun, called the photosphere, where they release their energy. Helium atoms can take thousands of years to reach the Sun's surface because other atoms get in their way.
Sunspots.
If the Sun is viewed through a special telescope, dark areas known as sunspots can be seen. These areas are caused by the sun's magnetic field. The sunspots only look dark because the rest of the Sun is very bright.
Sunspot cycle.
This is a cycle of 11 years, and every 11 years, there are more sunspots on the Sun than in the past or future years. Between these 11 years, sunspots may decrease in number. This cycle has been around since about the 1700s; before that was the Maunder Minimum, a few hundred years where there were very few sunspots. Astronomers don't know what caused this.
Prominences.
Some space telescopes, like the ones that orbit the sun have seen huge arches that extend from the sun. These are called solar prominences. Solar prominences come in many different shapes and sizes; some of them are so large that the Earth could fit inside of them, and there are a few shaped like hands!
Layers of the Sun.
There are three different layers that make up the atmosphere of the sun.
Coronosphere.
This is the layer of which the sun's rays "shine". It can be best seen during a solar eclipse
Solar eclipses.
Sometimes, the Sun "disappears" from the sky, and all that people see is a black but shining ball. This is because the Moon has moved right in front of the Sun and blocks almost all of its light. These happen almost every year, and very similar solar eclipses happen every 18 years, 11.3 days; a period called the Saros.
The fate of the Sun.
Scientists called astrophysicists say our Sun is a main sequence star in the middle of its life. In about another 4-5 billion years, they think it will get bigger and become a red giant star. The sun would be up to 250 times its current size, as big as 1.4 AU. Earth's fate is still a bit of a mystery. Previous calculations show due to the stellar wind, which drops 30% of the sun's mass, Earth could escape to a higher orbit. But a newer study shows that due to the tidal forces, Earth would possibly vanish itself while the sun continues to get bigger, although the sun will lose mass. Anyway, Earth's ocean and air would long have worn out, even if the sun is still on its main sequence stage. After the Sun reaches a point where it can no longer get bigger, the Sun will literally explode, but not like a supernova, but rather, it will expand rapidly and lose its layers, forming a planetary nebula. Eventually the sun will shrink into a white dwarf, and over several hundred billion, even trillion years (100,000,000,000 to 1,000,000,000,000 years), fade to a black dwarf.

Sign of the cross
The sign of the cross is a physical gesture made by Catholics. It is usually done at the beginning and ending of prayers. The right hand goes from the forehead, to the chest, to the left shoulder, and to the right shoulder. This is sometimes done while saying "Father, Son, Holy Spirit."

Seljuk dynasty
The Seljuks (also Seldjuk, Seldjuq, Seljuq, sometimes also Seljuq Turks) were a Muslim dynasty. They ruled parts of Central Asia and the Middle East from the 11th to 14th centuries. Their empire was known as Great Seljuk Empire that stretched from Anatolia to Pakistan. The Seljuks also fought the Christians in the First Crusade.
The Seljuks were one of the cultural ancestors of the Western Turks, the present-day inhabitants of Azerbaijan, Turkey, and Turkmenistan. Originally, the House of Seljuq was a branch of the "Kinik" Oghuz Turks who in the 9th century lived north of the Caspian and Aral Seas in their Yabghu Khaganate of the Oghuz confederacy.
Seljuk Rulers of Kerman 1041-1187.
Kerman was a nation in southern Persia. It fell in 1187, probably conquered by Toğrül III of Great Seljuk.

Jell-O
Jell-O is a company owned by Kraft Foods that makes jelly desserts. This includes fruit gels, puddings and artificial sweeteners.
Jell-O is also the name of their most popular product, which is made from gelatin. This comes from the colagen in cow and pig bones. It is heated to high temperatures and then taken from the bones.
It was first sold in 1902, and three new flavours were added within the first decade. They were chocolate, cherry and peach. The chocolate flavour was removed in 1928, and many more flavours have been added since.. It has been advertised as "America's Most Famous Dessert".

Pteranodon
Pteranodon was a big pterosaur from the Late Cretaceous period.
Appearance.
With its wings open it was up to 9 meters across. "Pteranodon" might have live much like and albatross, spending a lot of time over the ocean, looking for fish. It had no teeth in its long mouth, and it had a small pouch like a pelican at the back of its jaw. "Pteranodon" had a big crest at the back of its head. "Pteranodon longiceps" had a straight crest that went backwards, and "Pteranodon sternbergi" had a bigger, flatter crest that went upward.
Pteranodons like modern birds did not have teeth in their beaks. This was unlike Pterodactylus which had teeth in their beaks.
Fossil Pteranodons often have been found in Kansas.

Richard II of England
Richard II (January 6 1367 – February 14 1400) was the son of Edward the Black Prince, Prince of Wales, and Joan "The Fair Maid of Kent". He was born in Bordeaux and became his father's successor when his elder brother died in infancy. His father died before him, so he became king in 1377. Towards the end of his reign, Richard became a tyrant, and was removed from the throne in 1399. He died the next year.

Drinker
Drinker was a small dinosaur from North America. It was a very small herbivore that grew up to 1 meter long. It was named after Edward Drinker Cope a paleontologist, a dinosaur scientist who found many dinosaur fossils such as Triceratops, Anatotitan and Tyrannosaurus Rex.

Franz Ferdinand (band)
Franz Ferdinand are a popular indie rock band from Glasgow, Scotland. They are named after Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria. They have had two hit albums in the UK charts: "Franz Ferdinand" and "You Could Have It So Much Better".

Kress Stores
S. H. Kress & Co. was a group of "five and dime" department stores in the United States between 1896 to 1981. The business was started in Nanticoke, Pennsylvania, by Samuel H. Kress in 1896. Kress Stores were common in many cities and towns of the United States. In 1964, S. H. Kress & Co. was bought by Genesco, Inc. Genesco began closing down the stores in 1980.
The Kress chain was known for the architecture of the stores. A number of former Kress stores, now used for other things, are said to be landmarks. Some of the most well-known Kress locations included New York City's Fifth Avenue, Canal Street, New Orleans, and one at Hollywood's Hollywood Boulevard. The one at Hollywood Boulevard is now preserved at a theme park in Florida.

Henry V of England
Henry V of England (September 16, 1387 - 31 August 31, 1422) was the King of England from 1413 to 1422. He was born at Monmouth, Wales. It is not known whether he was born on 9 August 1386 or 16 September 1387.
Henry V was the son of Henry Bolingbroke, later Henry IV, and Mary de Bohun, who died before Bolingbroke became king.
During his reign, Henry increased his power as King of England and also took the title of King of France, over which English kings had been fighting for decades. He defeated the French at the famous Battle of Agincourt in 1415.

Athlete's foot
Athlete's Foot is a condition where the foot is dry and cracked, which can be mildly painful. It was named athlete's foot because it was common in people who play sports or get exercise. The infection can be spread to other areas of the body, such as the armpits, knees and elbows.
Symptoms.
Athlete's foot causes scaling, flaking, itching, blisters and cracked skin. It can be cured by using antibiotics.

Back
The word back has several meanings.

Reflection
Reflection is the change in direction of a wave at a boundary between two different media, so that the wave moves back into the same medium from which it came from. The most common examples include the reflection of light, sound and water waves.
Specular reflection is a mirror-like reflection of light from a surface, in which light from a single incoming direction is reflected into a single outgoing direction. In the diagram to the right, a light ray is coming from the point P, and meets at the mirror at point O. The ray reflects at the point O outwards in the same medium towards point Q. If a line is put through point O that is at 90˚ to the mirror, the angles made by the light ray (shown in the diagram as formula_1 and formula_2) must be equal. Both angles have to be equal whenever reflection occurs. This is known as the "law of reflection".
The word "reflection" can also be used to mean an allegory, or a thing or person that resembles another.

Caspian Sea
The Caspian Sea is the largest lake on Earth by both area and volume, with a surface area of 371,000 square kilometres (143,244 mi²) and a volume of 78,200 cubic kilometres (18,761 mi³). It is a landlocked body of water and lies between Russia and Iran. It has a maximum depth of about 1025 meters (3,363 ft). It is called a sea because when the Romans first arrived there, they tasted the water and found it to be salty. It has a salinity of approximately 1.2%, about a third the salinity of sea water.

Complementary angles
Complementary angles are two angles than when their measurements are added together is equal to 90 degrees

Civil rights
Civil rights are rights that all people in the same country should have. The civil rights of one country apply to all its citizens within the borders of the country. The rights are given by the laws of the country. Civil rights are not the same as human rights.

Ununpentium
Ununpentium is a chemical element. It is also named eka-bismuth. It has the symbol Uup. It has the atomic number 115. It is a superheavy element.
Ununpentium does not exist in nature. It is a synthetic element, made from a fusion reaction between americium and calcium.
Ununpentium is in the center of the theoretical island of stability. No stable isotopes of ununpentium have yet been found. Models predict that the stable isotope of ununpentium should have 184 neutrons. The stable isotope with 184 neutrons is 299Uup. The isotope that has been made has only 173 neutrons (288Uup).
History.
On February 2 2004 a report that ununpentium and ununtrium were made was written in a journal named Physical Review C. The report was written by a team of Russian scientists at Dubna University's Joint Institute for Nuclear Research and American scientists at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.,
These people reported that they bombarded a different chemical element named americium with the element calcium to make four atoms of ununpentium.
Scientists of Japan also report that they have made Ununpentium.
In May 2006 at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research this element was made by another method and what the final products from radioactive decay were was found by chemical analysis.
Name.
Ununpentium is a temporary IUPAC systematic element name.
Chemical properties.
Not enough ununpentium has beeen made to measure its physical or chemical properties. It is thought that it would be a hard metal. It may have a low melting point of about 250 °C. It may be slightly colored.
Ununpentium is in the same group as bismuth but its chemical properties will be different. The chemistry of ununpentium will be very influenced by special relativity. It will make its properties different to the other elements in the periodic table that have a smaller atomic number. One important difference from bismuth is the presence a stable oxidation state of +I (Uup+). The (Uup+) ion is thought to have chemical properties like Tl+.
In popular culture.
Ununpentium is inside the island of stability. This is likely to be why it is found in popular culture. It is more likely to be talked about in UFO conspiracy theories.
The most popular story about ununpentium is from Bob Lazar. It isn't pseudoscience because it is a refutable theory, however Lazar's claims are not backed by any direct experimental evidence at this time.

Ununseptium
Ununseptium is the temporary name of a chemical element. It has not been discovered. It has the temporary symbol Uus. The element would have the atomic number 117. Ununseptium can also be named eka-astatine.
History.
Ununseptium has not yet been discovered. If discovered it is most likely to be a synthetic element. The name is to fill the gap in the periodic table.

The World Factbook
"The World Factbook", also known as the "CIA World Factbook", is a book that contains the Central Intelligence Agency's information about the world's countries. A new book is published every year. The "Factbook" provides a two- to three-page summary of the demographics, geography, communications, government, economy, and military of 272 countries, dependencies, and other areas in the world.
"The World Factbook" is designed to be used by people that work for the United States government, but it is also used by students, on websites, and in other publications not produced by governments. Because it is a work of the United States government, it is in the public domain.

Taco
A taco is a traditional Mexican food that consists of a tortilla that is rolled or folded around a filling. Grilled beef, picadillo, fish, chicken or pork are some common fillings. Tacos are popular in the United States. Many tacos consist of meat and vegetables. Tacos are spicy and can have a hard or soft shell.
The only living creature with this attached to it is the legendary tacodile, more commonly known as the bagel.

Gerard Way
Gerard Arthur Way is an American singer. He was born April 9, 1977 in Newark, New Jersey. Way is the lead singer and co-founder of the rock band My Chemical Romance. His brother Mikey is the bass player for the band. Gerard was first in a band when he was eleven. Way used to have long black hair but cut it off and dyed it blonde to better understand the idea behind their new album, "The Black Parade". Now his hair is black again and a bit longer, because he said it was annoying to try and keep it the same. Gerard married Lyn Z of Mindless Self Indulgence on September 3rd 2007. He recently said that he will be expecting his first child, with his wife Lyn-Z, in the summer of 2009.
Before My Chemical Romance.
Way attended the School of Visual Arts in New York City and graduated with a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in 1999. As a child, Way grew up in a dangerous neighborhood where crimes happened often. He said that he was not allowed to play outside much when he was younger. In place of that, he had to stay indoors. While not being able to play in the park, he created his own imaginary world in his head. This led to his love for artwork. Gerard hoped to one day be a comic book artist. Before the 11, Way was working on his cartoon "The Breakfast Monkey". He wanted it to be shown on Cartoon Network. The cartoon was rejected because it was very similar to the series "Aqua Teen Hunger Force".

Emerson, Lake & Palmer
Emerson, Lake & Palmer were a English progressive rock group. In the 1970s, the band was extremely popular, selling over 30 million albums and headlining huge concerts.

Newark, New Jersey
Newark is the largest city in New Jersey.

Aeolic Greek
Aeolic Greek was a dialect of the Greek language that was spoken on the island of Lesbos and nearby parts of Asia Minor.

Myst
"Myst" is a computer game released in 1993. It is very popular and a whole series of games is based on it.

Father Christmas
Father Christmas is the British name for Santa Claus. The name was used in songs such as "I Believe in Father Christmas" by Emerson, Lake & Palmer.

Wham!
Wham! was a English pop band. It was created in 1981 by George Michael and Andrew Ridgeley. For a short time, they were known in the United States as Wham! UK because another band already had that name. They are best know for the song "Last Christmas".

George Michael
George Michael (born Georgios Kyriacos Panayiotou on June 25, 1963) is an English singer-songwriter. He co-founded and was a part of the pop band WHAM!. After he got in trouble with the police, he announced his homosexuality.
Some of his biggest hits include "Careless Whisper" and "Faith".

Chink
Chink is a rude and derogatory insult for a Chinese person. It can also mean a small crack in something, or a sound made by coins. This usage is not considered offensive.

Spermicide
Spermicide is a substance that kills sperm before it can enter the vagina. When a spermicide is used as the only form of contraception, the pregnancy rate is much higher than it is when other contraceptives are used. Spermicides are normally used with barrier contraception, such as condoms, cervical caps, diaphragms, and contraceptive sponges.

Big Brother (TV series)
"Big Brother" is the name of a reality television series that involves people (usually 12-15) living in a house for a period of time (often three months) in hope of winning a big cash prize. There are many cameras in every room in the House and the contestants (the Housemates) are filmed all the time, and are aired on television. The Housemates are completely isolated from the outside world. They don't have newspapers, television, Internet, even watches on their hands.
Rules.
Every week, each one of the Housemates must enter the Diary room and nominate two Housemates for eviction. For the two or more with most negative points are opened special telephone lines, so that the viewers (normally for about a week) can vote via SMS or phone calls which one of them to leave the House. The last remaining person becomes a winner and receives a big money prize, sometimes up to a million dollars.
Big Brother around the world.
The series was developed by Endemol, and the first season was shown in the Netherlands. The show's format has since been copied in over forty countries, including Brazil, Bulgaria, Germany, Italy, Spain, UK (see Big Brother UK 2008) and US. It also used to be in Australia, but was axed in 2008.
Special editions.
In some countries, there are also special editions of the show, for example Big Brother VIP or.
Usually, some of the rules in these special editions are a little bit different from the original ones.
Big Brother VIP / Celebrity Big Brother.
Big Brother VIP is the name of the special edition of the show, in which all the housemates are only famous people. It has been released in many of the countries airing Big Brother, for example Bulgaria - VIP Brother; Mexico - Big Brother VIP; UK - Celebrity Big Brother.
The duration of the show is often only a month and in some countries the nominations and evictions are twice a week.
Sometimes the big prize is given for charity or there is no big prize at all.

Euphonium
The euphonium is a brass instrument. It is very similar to the baritone, but it is different because the tubes are wider and it is bigger. The euphonium makes low sounds, similar to the trombone.
The euphonium is seen in different sorts of bands in Europe and America. The musicians make the sound by blowing into the instrument with their lips.

Prophylaxis
Prophylaxis is a Greek word that means "to guard or prevent beforehand". People usually think medical treatment helps sick people to get healthy. Prophylactic treatment is helpful in a different way. Primary prophylaxis tries to stop healthy people from getting sick. Secondary prophylaxis tries to stop people who are sick from getting worse. One example of a prophylactic treatment is a condom. Condoms are prophylactic, because when you use them, you have a smaller chance of getting a sexually transmitted disease.

Abu Bakr
Abū Bakr (c. 573–August 23 634/13 AH) was the first Muslim ruler after the Prophet Muhammad (632–634). While Sunnis regard him as his rightful successor ("caliph"), chosen by the people. The Shi'a Islam insist that he violated Muhammad's direct orders and made a Coup d'état. International lists have him as the first Muslim Caliph.

Lemon
The lemon is the common name for "Citrus Lemon." A lemon is a yellow citrus fruit, it is related to the orange. Lemon juice is about 5% citric acid, and has a pH of 2 to 3. Lemon plants vary in size yet stay generally small. The tallest height they can get is about 6 meters tall.
Lemons taste sour. The juice, zest, and pulp are often used in cooking, often on fish and other meat for better taste. Lemon is also used to flavour drinks, such as lemonade or soft drinks. Water is sometimes added to lemon juice for a slightly better taste.
If you bury the seeds, it will grow into a lemon tree, but the fruit will have 40% less fiber in them.
In Australia, they eat lemon sauce with their dinner on special occasions only.
Lemon and rosewater is a very good source of hamster oils, and will help your skin.
Lemon is also a good cleaner.

Elevator
An elevator is a machine that can move people or things up and down. They are often built in big buildings with a lot of floors. The elevators move up and down inside elevator shafts.

Billy Bragg
Stephen William Bragg (born December 20, 1957), known as Billy Bragg, is an English singer and guitarist. He is famous for his mix of folk, punk, and protest music.

Budweiser
Budweiser is a popular American beer. The name similar to a Czech beer of the same name, Budweiser Budvar.
a funny budweiser commercial: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_LcWBDgzVK4

Shi'a Islam
Shi'a Islam, also Shi'ism (Arabic:شيعة, Persian:شیعه) is a denomination of the Islamic faith. It is short for Shī'at 'Ali ("the party of 'Ali"). Shi'a Muslims believe in the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad and of his family whom they call the Ahl al-Bayt. The Shi'as think that the first three ruling Sunni caliphs had no importance to the development of the faith. The singular/adjective form is "Shī'ī " (شيعي.) and means a follower of the Household of Muhammad and of Ali ibn Abi Talib (Imam Ali).
Shi'a Islam, like Sunni Islam, has at times been divided into many branches, however only three of these have a significant number of followers nowadays. The best known and the one with most adherents is Twelvers ("Ithnāˤashariyya"), the others are Ismaili and Zaidiyyah. Alawites and Druzes call themselves Shi'as, but mainstream Shi'as do not agree on this.

Brixton riot (1981)
The Brixton riot of April 11, 1981 was the biggest of three riots in Brixton, London, and the biggest riot in London.
Brixton before the Riots.
Brixton in south London was a very poor area with many problems — high unemployment, much crime, bad housing. Many Black people and people from the Caribbean lived there. Many people there did not like the police.
The evening of April 10.
The riot was unplanned. On the evening of the 10th, at around 5.15pm, a black boy with a knife wound was stopped by police. As he was brought to a police car by two police men along Railton Road a large crowd attacked the police and the fight only ended when more police men arrived; the youth was taken to hospital.
The night of April 10 and April 11.
Through the night of the 10th and on Saturday 11th the police brought many police men into the area. Throughout the day crowds slowly got together. In early evening, as the police tried to make some arrests on Atlantic Road, the riots started: a few bricks were thrown and windows smashed. More police came and more things were thrown. The police retreated, leaving their cars to be burned. Other cars were burned and things were stolen from shops on Railton Road, Mayall Road, Leeson Road and Brixton Road before the police came back.
The police closed the Atlantic-Railton-Mayall area from public, although many other streets had groups of rioting people as well. The rioters started throwing with bricks, bottles, and Molotov cocktails. Cars and buildings were burned and fire engines attacked as they tried to stop the flames.
The riot was at its peak at around 8pm, with two public houses, schools and other buildings burning. Two hours later the police had the area under some control, although the fire brigade returned at the next morning only. By 1am the area was largely under control, with no large crowdss — except the police — on the streets. There were tries to start violence again on the 12th, but they were stopped by more than 1,000 police men on the streets.
After the riots.
The riot was followed by almost 300 police injuries and 65 bad civilian injuries; over 100 cars were burned, including 56 police cars; almost 150 buildings were damaged, with thirty burned. There were 82 arrests.
Between July 3 and 11 of that year, there were more riots in England. There were riots in Handsworth, Southall, Toxteth, and Moss Side. There were also smaller pockets of unrest in Leeds, Leicester, Southampton, Halifax, Bedford, Gloucester, Coventry, Bristol, and Edinburgh.
Brixton Riots in Media.
The riots inspired the Eddy Grant song, "Electric Avenue."
The Clash also made a song about Brixton, "The Guns of Brixton." This song came out before the riots of 1981 (The album was sold first in 1979), but it shows the general atmosphere in the area.

Caudipteryx
Caudipteryx was a small feathered dinosaur. It was related to Oviraptor but looked more like Archaeopteryx. It was a relative of Protarchaeopteryx. It was found in China.

Protarchaeopteryx
Protarchaeopteryx was a small feathered dinosaur from China. It was a bird-like predator with teeth. It looked like Archaeopteryx. It is one of the Chinese feathered dinosaurs.

Pentaceratops
Pentaceratops was a very large ceratopsian dinosaur. It was almost 11 meters in length and 4 meters tall. It was larger than Triceratops.

Greenwich Mean Time
Greenwich Mean Time is an internationally standard time format. It is the main time zone in several countries, including the United Kingdom and Portugal.
It is similar to UTC, however there are some small differences between the two.

Reciprocal
1 divided by a number gives the reciprocal of that number.

2006 in spaceflight
Launches.
This is a list of spacecraft which were launched into space during the year 2006.

British Museum
The British Museum in London is one of the world's largest and most important museums of human history and culture. Its collections include more than seven million objects from all continents. They illustrate and document the story of human culture from its beginning to the present. As with all other national museums and art galleries in Britain, the Museum charges no admission fee.

Dexter (TV series)
Dexter is a television series that is being shown on Showtime television network. It's based on the book "Darkly Dreaming Dexter" written by Jeff Lindsay. The show tells a story about a serial killer, Dexter Morgan, who works as a forensics analyst for the police. The main actor of the show is Michael C. Hall.

Python (programming language)
Python is a programming language that was made to look good and be easy to read. It was created by the programmer named Guido van Rossum. Python was created in the year 1991. The language is named after the TV show Monty Python and a lot of the examples include jokes from the show.
Python is an interpreted language. An interpreted language allows the programmer to give the source code to the computer and the computer runs the code right away. This means if the programmer needs to change the code they can see the result of any changes quickly. This makes Python a good programming language for beginners.
Python is a high-level programming language. A high level language has advanced features which allow the programmer to write instructions without having to worry about how the computer is going to carry them out. This makes writing programs easier and takes less time.
Example.
This is a small example Python program, which defines a function called codice_1, which shows the sentence "I don't like Spam!" to the computer's standard output.

Back to the Future
Back to the Future is a movie. It starred Michael J. Fox, Christopher Lloyd and Crispin Glover. The movie was produced by Robert Zemeckis and Bob Gale. The movie is part of a trilogy of 3 movies telling the entire story.
Plot.
The topic of the movie is time travel. It takes place at Hill Valley, a fictional city in California, and shows the adventures of Marty McFly and his friend Doc Emmett Brown. Doc has created a modified version of a car, a DeLorean, which can travel through time. The real present in all 3 movies is October 1985
Back to the Future: Part I.
In 1985, Doc Emmett Brown shows teenage Marty his new creation: a car which can travel through the time. The heart of the time machine is "the flux capacitor," invented by Dr. Brown. The time machine needs plutonium to provide the power for the flux capacitor. Marty uses the car to escape from Libyan terrorists and accidentally goes back to the year 1955. Marty seeks out and meets Dr. Brown in 1955. The time machine is out of Plutonium, and there is no Plutonium available for the time machine in 1955. By chance, Marty knows the time and place of a one-time natural event (Lightning Strike) that can provide the power to transport the time machine and Marty back to 1985.
The situation in 1955 is complicated when Marty meets his own parents as teenagers. When he helps his father, he accidentally changes the events that lead to his parents becoming a couple. (Marty's teenage mother becomes interested in Marty instead of Marty's father, George). With the help of the Doc of 1955, Marty will try to undo the damage he has done, and make his mother fall in love with his father. If he can get his parents back together, he has very little time to get back to the time machine/car to use the lightning strike to take the time machine and him (Marty) back to the future. (1985)
Back to the Future Part II.
At the end of the Back to the Future I, 1985 Doc uses the time machine to go 30 years into the future.(2015)
At the beginning of Back to the Future II Doc comes back from the future to 1985 to take 17 year old Marty and his girlfriend Jennifer to 2015 to prevent a disaster with his son Marty Junior. The problem with Marty Jr. is solved, but 17 year old Marty creates another problem that changes events in 1955. They discover this when they go back to 1985. The change in 1955 has turned 1985 into a bad world. Doc and Marty go back to 1955 to undo the damage.
Back to the Future Part III.
At the end of Back to the Future II, a lightning bolt sends 1985 Doc and the time machine from 1955 back to 1885.
Marty finds the time machine where 1985/1885 Doc hid it and goes back to 1885 to save Doc.

Stargate
Plot.
In a dig at Giza in 1928, scientists find a big metalic ring inscribed with hieroglyphics. Archeologist Doctor Daniel Jackson is called by the US Air Force to translate hieroglyphics on the ring. They find out that the ring is actually a piece of alien technology that creates wormholes to transport people across the universe. A military team goes through the stargate with Jackson, and after the journey find out that they cannot get back to earth. They find a city of ancient Egyptian-like people under the rule of Ra, who is an alien posing as their god. They eventually kill Ra with a nuclear blast and figure out how to get back to earth, but Jackson gets married and stays on the planet.

Arthur Schopenhauer
Arthur Schopenhauer (February 22, 1788 – September 21, 1860) was a German philosopher.
Schopenhauer believed that the primary characteristic, or essence of all things - including human beings - is not intelligence, rationality or spirit, but will. By 'will' he means a blind, amazingly powerful force that forces everything, from a rock to George Bush, into existence for no real reason, as it has no real reason itself for existing and because of this, there is immense amounts of suffering in the world. He also believed that a "better consciousness" could be attained by denying the fulfilment our desires, taking time to think about who we really are and what we should do to avoid suffering - but also, in doing something few philosophers of his day spoke of: in making and looking at works of art, especially music, which he considered one of the few justifications for human existence.
Schopenhauer was a huge influence on Richard Wagner, Friedrich Nietzsche, Ludwig Wittgenstein, Thomas Mann, Sigmund Freud, Leo Tolstoy, Carl Jung and many other important artists and thinkers of the 20th Century.

2005 Cronulla riots
The 2005 Cronulla riots were a series of violence between Lebanese and white Australian mobs. Riots started in and around Cronulla, a suburb on the beach in Sydney, Australia's biggest city. The violence was soon also in other suburbs around Sydney. The riots happened on 11 December, 12 December and 14 December.
They started when a group of Lebanese men asked a white Australian woman on a beach with a bikini on to cover up.

1992 Los Angeles riots
The 1992 Los Angeles riots, also called Rodney King uprising or Rodney King riots, started on April 29, 1992 when a jury set four white police men free. The jury was mostly Caucasian. The police men had beaten up the black motorist Rodney King very badly and filmed this, after he fled from police. Thousands of people in Los Angeles, mostly African American and Hispanic, joined in the riots. In all, 55 people were killed in the riots.

Hypotenuse
The hypotenuse is the side opposite the 90 degrees angle in a right triangle. It is always the longest side.
In this triangle, if angle C is 90 degrees, then the opposite side, "c", is the hypotenuse.
The length of the hypotenuse can be calculated if the other two sides are known, using Pythagoras' Theorem. In fact, the length of any side of a right triangle can be calculated if the other two sides are known, using this theorem.

Niðavellir
In Norse Mythology, the Niðavellir are dark fields, mentioned in the Völuspa. It is inhabited by the dwarves.

Python
Python is the name given to a number of constricting snakes. Such snakes are not venomous. The family in question is that of the "Pythonideae". Some people think it is related to that of the Boa snakes. However, boas produce live young, while pythons lay eggs. Pythons can be found in Australia, Southeast Asia and Africa. Pythons can grow to between 1 metre and 10 metres in length. Longer pythons have been seen, but the reports are not secured. Larger pythons can prey on animals as large as a house cat. In Africa, there are pythons that eat gazelles.
Despite their size, pythons are rarely dangerous to humans.

Consultation (Bahá'í practice)
Consultation is a special way of discussing problems and making decisions used by Bahá'ís.
Consultation is used by Bahá'í elected leaders when they gather in councils to make sure no one person gets to decide everything. Married people consult with their husband or wife to solve difficulties in the marriage. Parents and children may consult, teachers and students may consult, and Bahá'ís all consult as a community when they get together every nineteen days.

Serbian language
The Serbian language is spoken in Serbia, Croatia, Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Serbians have created this language. The language is European in origin. This language got a complete makeover in the mid-1800s by Serbian linguist Vuk Stefanovich Karajich

Namaste
Namaste is a greeting used a lot in many East Asian countries. It is used when both Hello and Goodbye would be used in English, though it has a very different meaning.
Namaste is kind of like a praise to the person receiving the namaste

Xylem vessel
Xylem is the water transporter cells of plants. It carries water around a plant.
Structure.
Xylem vessels are a long straight chain made of long dead cells known as vessel elements. The cells are arranged end to end and the cell walls which would normally surround the whole cell dissolve where ever they are touching another cell wall. This makes a tube (because there is no blocking cell wall) sometimes the cells are just filled with holes rather than have no blocking cell-wall.
The secondary walls of vessels are filled with lignin, a kind of glue. The thickness of a xylem vessel will vary, with a different thickness, the water can be carried along a tube more easily.
Function.
Xylem vessels work because of th transpiration stream. It is caused by the evaporation of water from the cells in the leaf to the atmosphere. This transpiration causes millions of tiny rings of cartilage to form in the cell wall of the leaf. The resulting surface tension causes pressure in the xylem that pulls the water from the roots and soil.

Confluence
In geography, confluence means the meeting of two or more waterways. It usually means the point where a smaller river joins a more major river. The German city name Koblenz indicates that the city lies at the point at the confluence of the Rhine and the Moselle.

Neural network
A Neural network is an artificial system (made of artificial neuron cells). It is modeled after the way the human brain works. Several computing cells work in parallel to produce a result. This is usually seen as one of the possible ways Artificial intelligence can work. Most neural network can tolerate if one or more of the processing cells fail.

Werra
The Werra is a river in central Germany. The Werra has its source near "Fehrenbach" in Thuringia. After 293 km, the Werra joins the Fulda River in Hann. Münden, forming the Weser. The Werra valley ("Werratal") forms a natural border between the Rhön hills and the Thuringian Forest.

Blackout
In medicine, the word Blackout is a form of amnesia. The amnesia may be complete or partial. Such an amnesia can be provoked by
After the cause is gone, usually full mental powers are restored. There may be a blank in memory though.

Muspelheim
Muspelheim (also called Muspel) is the realm of fire, in Norse mythology. The fire giants live there. Their king is Surtr.

Jötnar
A Jotun or Jötun in Norse mythology, is a giant. In Old Norse they were called Jötnar. They are known for their very big strength. Very often they were against the gods, but they sometimes mixed. Marriages between giants and gods exist. Their stronghold is called Utgardr and it is in Jötunheimr. This is one of the nine worlds of the Norse cosmology. Jötunheim is separated from Midgard by high mountains, and big forests. Outside their home world, giants seem to prefer to live in caves.

BBC Sports Personality of the Year
The "BBC Sports Personality of the Year" is an award that is given to a sportsperson in December every year. Only British or foreign sportspeople based in the United Kingdom are allowed to win the award. It started in 1954.

Labyrinth
The Labyrinth is a palace built by Daedalus by order of King Minos of Crete to hold his son, the Minautor, a bloodthirsty man with a bull head. The name became synonymous of a place where the exit is hard to find, either purposefully or not.

Amnesia
Amnesia is a what doctors call a loss or disturbance of memory. The condition can have various causes. The causes can be organic or functional.
Damage to the brain, or the use of certain drugs can cause amnesia. Some of these drugs are sedatives. Another well known cause for amnesia can be drinking too much alcohol.
Functional causes generally do not have a directly visible cause. Rather they are psychological in their nature. People may want to shield off a traumatic event they witnessed.

Icarus
Icarus is the son of Daedalus. He became famous when he escaped the Labyrinth using wings his father built. During his flight, he flew too close to the sun and his wings were melted. He fell down in the sea and drowned.

Sportscene
Sportscene is a Scottish television programme. It is about Sports. It is made by BBC Scotland. Dougie Donnelly and Dougie Vipond are the main presenters of the program. Paul Mitchell is the usual commentator for football matches.

Trauma
Trauma is the name doctors have for an injury. Depending on what was injured there are different kinds of traumas.

Madeleine L'Engle
Madeline L'Engle is an American writer. She wrote "A Wrinkle in Time", which won the Newbery Medal. L'Engle was born in 1918 in New York City, New York. A Wrinkle in Time was adapted into a movie. Madeleine fought in wars and had a husband named Whistie, who was thought to have died in war from exposure to mustard gas. She died at her home in Connecticut on September 6, 2007.

Henry Hudson
Henry Hudson (1570 - 1611) was an English explorer. He died in the Hudson Bay in Canada. Hudson died during an exploration trip when his crew did not want to continue the trip. The crew put Hudson off the ship and he was never seen again.
He discovered Hudson Bay and Hudson River in North America]. He claimed Hudson Bay for England. He was working for the Dutch when he found Hudson River. He found the Hudson River in 1609. He found the Hudson River while looking for a way to get from North America to Asia by water. This was called the Northwest Passage.

Clara Bow
Clara Gordon Bow was an American actress. She was born July 29, 1905 in Brooklyn, New York United States. She was one of the most famous movie actresses in the history of silent movies. Bow died September 27, 1965 of a heart attack in Los Angeles, California at the age of 60.
Bow acted in 57 movies between 1922 and 1933. She is considered the first American sex symbol after her work in the 1927 movie "It". That movie also created the term "The "It" Girl" meaning the most popular girl at the moment. Bow was the original "It" girl. She was the person every movie studio tried to get in their movies. She was the person who the audiences always want to see more of. She was the focus of media attention.

Warm-blooded
Warm-blooded animals are animals who can control the temperature of their body. When they are cold they "shiver", or shake, to make them warmer. When they are warm they "sweat", make water from the body, to become cooler. This is different from cold-blooded animals who need to move to warm places to become warm and move to cold places to be cold. Warm-blooded animals do not need to move to make them warm or cold.

Sales quote
A sales quote is an estimated amount that a person selling something gives to a customer. It is given to show them how much it would cost to have the work done. Many services do not have fixed prices for work. The cost can change depending on the tools, materials and how much work is needed to be done for each customer. The person calculates an estimated amount, and gives this to the customer, so that they can have an idea how much it will cost.
The sales quote is figured from the information, given by the potential customer, about the work they would like to have done.

MapleStory
MapleStory is an online computer game made by the Korean company Wizet, and maintained and distributed by Nexon. Playing the game is free, but people can buy clothes and other items from the "Cash Shop" using money. MapleStory has 50 million users. The game has many different versions for people to play on based on location.
Game play.
In the game, players kill monsters and complete quests to make their characters stronger. Many Role-Playing Games are like this. Players can talk, trade, and play games with other players. In MapleStory, people can create parties or "solo" to kill monsters which drop equips, mesos (the currency of the game)and "etc. items" which people can sell for mesos to get more equipment and to buy rare items. There are five job types in the game. These types are Thieves, Warriors, Magicians, Bowmen, and Pirates. At level 30,70 & 120 players are able to get a second, third and forth job advancement respectively. MapleStory has an open chat in which players can talk to each other in the vicinity. Also, the beginners in MapleStory are considered 'noobs'(newbies) by many users who have more experience in the game.
Statistics.
There are a great number of stats in Maplestory. They will be explained below.
Cheating.
Maple Story is also very hard to level up on. This angers some users and is a cause for some cheating. The challenge to level up does helps some people to continue playing because they like a challenge. As for cheating, the game is protected by nProtect GameGuard. Many players also buy money from websites in which they are not supposed to. MapleStory GMs (Game Masters) try to do everything in their power to prevent these activities from happening.

Kiwa hirsuta
Kiwa hirsuta is a crustacean that was first found living on the Pacific Ocean floor at 7200 feet deep, 900 miles south of Easter Island in March 2005. It is about 6 inches long, or 15 centimeters. It looks a little like a crab, but its long arms are covered with yellow fur that looks like silk, so its discoverers, from the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Insititute, named it the Yeti Crab or Yeti Lobster. But it is so different from other crustaceans that it was given its own scientific family, Kiwaidae.

Parallel (geometry)
Notice that even if these two line segments were extended to infinity, there would never be a point of intersection between the two of them.

Mount Fuji
Mount Fuji (富士山, Fuji-san) is the highest mountain in Japan.
Mount Fuji is 3776 meters high. It stands on the border between Shizuoka and Yamanashi. This mountain is an active volcano, which most recently erupted in 1708.
Mt. Fuji is very beautiful. In early autumn, it begins to snow on Mt. Fuji. Snow accumulates fully in winter. Mt. Fuji at the new year is very beautiful. The best views can be seen from Hakone or Gotemba. On a sunny day, it can be seen from Tokyo.
Many people climb Mt. Fuji every year. July and August is the official climbing season. There are three mountain-climbing routes on the Shizuoka side of Mt. Fuji.

Nu metal
Nu metal is a style of metal music that uses elements of hip hop and heavy metal music. As well as the normal heavy metal instruments such as guitars, drums and bass. Nu Metal bands often include electronic instruments such as DJ Decks and keyboards.
Nu Metal was very successful in the 1990's and Nu Metal bands such as Linkin Park and Slipknot sold a lot of records.
Controversy.
Nu Metal has recived a lot of bad comments from people who like Heavy Metal. They see Nu Metal fans as 'selling out' because they include hip-hop elements in their music.

Ketsumeishi
Ketsumeishi is Japanese hip hop group. It is a four man group. They are "Ryo" and "Ryoji" and "Daizo" and "DJKohno". The group started performing in 1993. They have four albums, three DVDs and 20 singles.

Impreza
Impreza is a Japanese automobile. It was made by Subaru. The car was first made in 1992. The design of the car has been changed 3 times in 2000, 2002, and 2006.

Taka and Toshi
Taka and Toshi are a comedy pair from Hokkaido, Japan. Their favourite gag is "Obei ka!!"

Alain Prost
Alain Prost was a French automobile racer and Formula One World Champion. He was born February 24, 1955 in Saint-Chamond, France. His nickname is "Professor".
Prost is the one of the best Formula One drivers. He won the championship four times: 1985, 1986, 1989 and 1993. Only two people have won more times than Prost.
Formula One.
He started driving with Mclaren in 1980. From 1981 until 1983, he was racing for Renault F1. Prost returned to Mclaren in 1984 and raced for them until 1989. During this time he won his first three championships. Prost left Mclaren to race for Scuderia Ferrari in 1990 and 1991. In 1992, Prost took a year off from racing. He returned to racing in 1993 with Williams F1. Prost retired from racing after winning his fourth title in that year.
Prost raced in 202 Grand Prix races between 1980 and 1993. He held the record for most wins with 51 until 2001. He was in the pole position in 33 of those races and had the fastest lap time in 41 races.
Comparison with team-mates.
In his career, Prost beat nearly all his team-mates on total points, including five World Champions. Only in 1980 he lost by a point and in 1984 by half a point.

B'z
B'z is a Japanese rock band. It is made up of Takahiro Matsumoto (guitar) and Koshi Inaba (singer). B'z started playing on September 21, 1988. The band has sold more than 70 million CDs. They have had 19 albums sell over 1 million copies each.

K-1
K-1 is a kickboxing competition. It is a mix of Kickboxing, Kung fu, Karate and Boxing. It started in 1993. K-1 has fighters from a lot of countries.

PRIDE Fighting Championships
PRIDE Fighting Championships was a mixed martial arts organization based in Japan.(1997-2007) PRIDE held more than sixty mixed martial arts events. As one of the most popular MMA organizations in the world during its ten years of operation, PRIDE broadcasted to about 40 countries worldwide.
History.
PRIDE Fighting Championships was first started in 1997 by the match popular Japanese pro-wrestler Nobuhiko Takada with Rickson Gracie, champion of the Gracie family of Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu practitioners. The event, held at the Tokyo Dome on October 11, 1997 attracted 47,000 fans, as well as Japanese mass media attention. The success of the first event enabled its promoters to hold a regular series of mixed martial arts events and grew up to be the most popular mixed martial arts event in Japan.
Rules.
PRIDE matches make up of three rounds; the first round is ten minutes, and the second and third round are five minutes. Intermissions between each round were two minutes in length. In PRIDE US events, NSAC Unified MMA rules were used, with non-title matches consisting of three five minute rounds and title matches of 5 five minute rounds both having 60 second intermissions between rounds.
When two rounds of a Grand Prix took place on the same night, Grand Prix bouts consisted of two rounds; the first lasting ten minutes and the second lasting five. Intermissions between each round remained two minutes in length.
・Heavyweight (more than 93 kg / 205 lb)
・Middleweight (less than or equal to 93 kg / 205 lb)
・Welterweight (less than or equal to 83 kg / 183 lb)
・Lightweight (less than or equal to 73 kg / 161 lb)
PRIDE used a five-roped square ring with sides 7 m in length (approximately 23 ft).
PRIDE allowed fighters latitude in their choice of clothing but open finger gloves, a mouthguard and a protective cup were duty. Fighters were allowed to use tape on parts of their body or to wear a gi top, gi pants (Judo, Jujutsu, Karate), wrestling shoes, kneepads, elbow pads, or ankle supports at their own discretion, though each was checked by the referee before the fight.
・A fighter taps either his opponent or the mat three times
・A fighter falls from a legal blow and is either unconscious or unable to continue.
・Referee Stoppage--- The referee sees that one fighter is completely dominant to the point of endangering his opponent, the referee will stop the match.
・Doctor Stoppage---In the event that a fighter is injured (via fair methods) and cannot continue the match, his opponent will be declared the winner. The ring doctor will be the one to determine whether the fighter can continue or not. In the event that an injury was caused by illegal methods, the perpetrator will be disqualified.
・A fighter's corner throws in the towel.
1.the effort made to finish the fight via KO or submission,
6.weight (in the case that the weight difference is 10 kg/22 lb or more).
Fouls.
1.Head butting. (Beginning at PRIDE 12)
7.Strikes to the back of the head, which includes the occipital region and the spine. The sides of the head and the area around the ears are not considered to be the back of the head. (see Rabbit punch)
8.Small joint manipulation (control of four or more fingers/toes is necessary).
9.Elbow strikes to the head and face.
10.Intentionally throwing your opponent out of the ring.
12.Purposely holding the ropes. Fighters cannot purposely hang an arm or leg on the ropes and it will result in an immediate warning.

University of Tokyo
The University of Tokyo is the national university of Japan. It was established in 1877.

Implicit derivatives
Implicit derivatives are derivative of functions that are not given in formula_1... form.
If we do not have formula_1...
Example in different notation.
formula_9
formula_10
formula_11
formula_12

Howard Carter
Howard Carter (May 9, 1874 – March 2, 1939) was an English archaeologist. He was the man who found King Tutankhamun's grave. Tutankhamun died at only 19 years of age. Scientists found that he had a very bad break of the leg and thought he died because it got infected.

2004 Redfern riots
The Redfern Riots on 14 February 2004 were started in the inner Sydney suburb of Redfern after the death of Thomas 'TJ' Hickey, a 17 year old Australian Aborigine.
The boy was riding home on his bicycle from his girlfriend's house when he saw a police car and thought it was chasing him. Police were searching him, but police have said that the police car was looking for a different person. While the chase Hickey lost control of his bicycle rode into a spiked fence.
Friends and relatives came together at The Block to be sad. Fliers were given out, which said that it was the fault of the police that the boy died and unhappy aboriginal youths arrived from other parts of Sydney at the Redfern railway station. The police closed the entrance to the station but the crowdhad turned violent and began to throw bottles, bricks and Molotov cocktails. The violence became into a full riot around The Block, during which Redfern railway station was burning for a short time and was heavily damaged. The riot went on into the early morning, until police used Fire Brigade water hoses to get the crowd apart. One car, stolen in a western suburb, was burnt, and 40 police officers were hurt.

Fingering
Fingering means: choosing which finger to use for each note when playing a piece on a musical instrument. When learning to play a piece it is important to try to find a good fingering. Once a good fingering has been found it should always be used so that the piece is always played in the same way and the fingers learn “where to go”. Sometimes printed music has some fingering printed above the notes. This can be helpful to the player, but it is not always necessary to use the printed fingering. People’s hands are different and a fingering that is good for one player may not be good for another.
Fingering on keyboard instruments.
When playing keyboard instruments the fingers are numbered from 1 to 5 on each hand: the thumb is 1, the index finger is 2, the middle finger is 3, the ring finger is 4 and the little finger is 5. The fingers were not always numbered like that. In Britain in the 19th century the thumb was shown by a cross (+) and the fingers were numbered from 1 to 4. This was known as “English fingering” while the other way (from 1 to 5) was known as “Continental fingering”. However, from the beginning of the 20th century the British used the normal 1 to 5 (Continental) fingering.
Ideas about fingering have changed during the history of music. In the Baroque times (17th and early 18th centuries) French composers writing for the harpsichord often fingered scale passages 2 3 2 3 etc. so that the notes were grouped (slurred) in twos. Later this idea went out of fashion. In the early 19th century Karl Czerny wrote lots of studies for piano which helped to exercise all the fingers equally. This is how we learn to play the piano today.
Fingering for the organ is similar to fingering for the piano. However, organists use a lot of “finger substitution” which means: changing to a different finger while a note is held down. This is useful in music such as hymn tunes which have lots of chords. It helps to make the music legato (smooth): (a pianist can use the right pedal to make chords legato.) An organist playing on the pedals also needs to decide which foot to use for each note. This is called “footing”. A v sign means: play with the toe, a square u sign means: play with the heel. When these signs are placed above the note it means the right foot, below means for the left foot.
Fingering on string instruments.
Fingering on string instruments will show which position to play in (i.e. how far down the fingerboard the hand is held). The fingers are numbered from 1 to 4 because the thumb is behind the neck of the instrument. The number 0 means: play an open string (not using the finger). It is only the left hand which fingers the notes because the right hand is either plucking or bowing. Bowed instruments like the violin have no markings on the fingerboard, so the player has to get used to the exact place to put the fingers, otherwise it will not be in tune. Plucked instruments such as guitars and banjos have frets (little bumps on the fingerboard) which show where to put the fingers.
Sometimes the fingering printed or written in the music may also need to show which string to play on. A tune that could be played in first position on a D string on the violin could also be played on the G string in fifth position (with the hand much higher up the fingerboard). This is harder to do, but a good player can make it sound particularly warm and beautiful. Sometimes notes can be fingered as harmonics instead of as ordinary stopped notes. This makes them sound very light and airy.
Cellists can also play in “thumb position” if they have several notes which are high and quite near one another. This means putting the thumb high up on the fingerboard, often across two strings.
The double bass is so big that the distances between the notes are very big too. To go up from one note to the next (in semitones) they use finger 1, then 2, then 4. Finger 3 is just helping finger 4 to press down on the string. There are a few players who use a different fingering system: using fingers 1, 2, 3, 4. This means that the hand has to stretch a lot. It is difficult to play in tune like this, although it saves having to change the hand position so much.
Harp fingering.
Harp music looks like piano music: there are two staves, one which usually has a treble clef for the right hand, the other with a bass clef for the left hand. Some piano music can be played on the harp, but the piano fingering will not work. On a piano, starting with the thumb and going along the fingers to the little finger means going to higher notes in the right hand and to lower notes in the left hand. On the harp it is the other way round (the harpist sits with the high notes nearest to his body). The thumb is numbered 1 and the fingers are 2, 3 and 4. The little finger is not used in harp playing.
Woodwind fingering.
In woodwind instruments there is normally one basic fingering, each note is a particular combination of fingers. However at more advanced levels different fingerings can be used in order to create different effects. Beginners’ books may have a fingering chart to show how to get the different notes. A low F sharp on a descant recorder will be fingered 1 2 3 0 2 3. This means: fingers 1, 2 and 3 of the left hand and fingers 2 and 3 of the right hand. The first hole of the right hand position is left open.
On the recorder some of the notes, especially sharps and flats, have complicated fingering. This is called “cross fingering”. The flute, oboe, clarinet and bassoon all have metal keys to help reach the low holes and to make it easier to play the sharps and flats. The usual system for these keys was invented in the 19th century by Theobald Böhm.
Sometimes there is an “alternative fingering” for some notes. This can be used to make it easier to play fast trills, but the usual fingering will sound better for normal notes.
Using good fingering.
Good fingering is fingering which avoids moving the hand up and down unnecessarily. It should also help the music to sound good e.g. legato music for smooth tunes, clear music for fast repeated notes.

Rhön
The Rhön Mountains are a group of low mountains in central Germany, in the states Hesse, Bavaria and Thuringia. They are the product of ancient volcanic activity and are separated from the Vogelsberg Mountains by the Fulda River and its valley.
These mountains are a popular tourist attraction. Hikers come for the nearly 6,000 km (3,750 miles) of tracks through the picturesque scenery, and gliding has been done here since the early Twentieth century. Nowadays people come here to stay on a farm during holidays, too.
Since 1991, UNESCO has declared the Rhön a Biosphere Reserve.

Piece
A piece is a bit of something. If something can be cut or broken into several bits, these bits are called "pieces". "Piece" must not be confused with "peace" which is pronounced the same way.
See: List of 1000 basic words.

LZ 129 Hindenburg
The LZ 129 Hindenburg was a large German airship, built in 1936. Such airships are called Zeppelin. Along with another Zeppelin, LZ 130 Graf Zeppelin, it was the biggest airship in the world at the time it was built.
The Zeppelin gained lots of publicly and became really famous. The boxer Max Schmeling rode on it back to Germany after defeating Joe Louis in the United States. It was also present during the opening ceremony of the 1936 Olympics which were held in Berlin. This attention was part of the Zeppelin company's plan to offer a fleet of their airships for trans-atlantic service.
The disaster.
On May 6, 1937, the Hindenburg was landing in New Jersey after a trans-atlantic flight, when it burst into flames. 36 people died and many were injured. Many people think it did this because it was filled with a gas called hydrogen which can catch on fire easily.
An announcer, Herbert Morrison reported the landing and then screamed and said, "Oh the humanity" after it caught on fire. Morrison's line is now famous around the world as well as photos and film footage of the disaster.
The rock group Led Zeppelin used a picture of the fire for cover of their first album.

Vogelsberg Mountains
The Vogelsberg Mountains are a group of low mountains in central Germany, located in the middle of the state of Hessen. They are the product of ancient volcanic activity and are separated from the Rhön Mountains by the Fulda River and its valley.
The Vogelsberg is about 19 million years old and is Germany's only shield volcano and the largest basalt formation of Central Europe. It consists of many layers which fall downward from their peak in ring-shaped terraces to the base.
The highest mountains of the Vogelsberg are Taufstein, 773 m (2,536 ft), and Hoherodskopf, 763 m (2,503 ft), both are now in a national park, the Hoher Vogelsberg Nature Reserve.

Fulda River
The Fulda is a river in Hesse, Germany. It is one of two headstreams of the Weser River (the other one being the Werra). The Fulda River is 218 km in length.
The source is in the Rhön mountains. From here it runs northwards through the Weserbergland hills and finally meets the Werra River close to Hannoversch Münden.

Headstream
Headstream or headwater is a stream that create at their confluence a new river or stream. Often they are small and cool waters, because of shade and barely melted ice or rain. Also they may be glacial headwaters, waters formed by the melting of the ice of glaciers.

Emo
Emo is a kind of music that is short for "emotional hardcore". The genre first formed in the mid-1980s from hardcore punk. In the mid 1990s, emo was associated with indie rock music. Once it became mainstream in the 2000s, it became influenced by pop-punk music and skatepunk. Cities like Washington, D.C. were the first to develop the emo movement.
Today, emo is more often associated with fashion than with music. Emo (sometimes referred to as "scene") is a teen subculture, though many people use "emo" as an insult. Emo kids are labeled to wear black clothes and have hair dyed black, or naturally colored with streaks or coon-tails, or unnatural-colored with fringe bangs swept to one side. They are also stereotyped to be depressed and quiet. Some emo kids are depressed and do self-injury, such as taking a razor and cutting their arms and punching themselves. Sometimes this is because they feel inadequate, and think they deserve to be in pain.
Emo culture is sometimes confused with goth and scene culture. Goth, scene and emo are similar in some ways, but have many major differences.
One of the founding bands of the emo genre was Rites of Spring.
Present emo bands include The Used, Circle Takes the Square, and Hawthorne Heights. Older emo bands include The Get Up Kids, Sunny Day Real Estate, Gray Matter, Jimmy Eat World and Still Life.

Gonadotropin
Gonadotropins (or Gonadotrophins) are hormones. The two main hormones of the group are Luteinizing Hormone (LH) and Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH). Gonadotropins are hormones that tell the testicles to make sperm.

De Lorean Motor Company
The De Lorean Motor Company was a car manufacturer formed by John De Lorean in 1975. The company only made one car during its existence - the DMC-12, which has featured in the science fiction series "Back to the Future" as a time machine created by Doc Emmett Brown.
In 1957, John Z. De Lorean decided to create his own sport car. It was one of his childhood dreams. He created the De Lorean Motors Company near Belfast, Northern Ireland, and his project was helped by the British government. His first car, the DMC-12, was produced in 1981. When the car was publicly launched, the car was a success, and 6,539 DMC-12s were produced in 1981. The car was expensive, and regarded as underpowered for its cost..
Production of the DMC-12 continued until 1983, when the De Lorean Motors Company had money problems. John Z. De Lorean was later arrested by police for drug trafficking. Production of De Lorean cars was stopped.
At present, 6000 De Lorean are used regularly by their owners, and a big majority is located in the USA.

Stargate SG-1
"Stargate SG-1" is a science fiction television program. It takes place after the film "Stargate". The show started on July 27, 1997 on the TV channel "Showtime", from 1997-2002, and then on the TV channel "Sci Fi", from 2002-2007. The first episode, "Children of the Gods" was two hours long and was rated R because of a scene of nudity. It is the only episode in the series that was rated. The show ended with the episode, "Unending" on March 13, 2007.
The show follows the missions of a secret military operation known as the Stargate Program. It is run out of a base under Mount Cheyenne, known as Stargate Command (commonly called the SGC). The plot of the show revolves around the flagship team, called SG-1. The team is made up of Colonel Jack O'Neill (Richard Dean Anderson), Dr. Daniel Jackson (Michael Shanks), Major Samantha Carter (Amanda Tapping), and Teal'c (Christopher Judge).

Stargate Atlantis
Stargate Atlantis is a television series. It is a spin-off of the Stargate SG-1 series. The series starts at the beginning of the eighth season of Stargate SG-1.
Story.
The main subject of the seventh season of Stargate SG-1 was researching and locating the city of the Ancients. At the end of the seventh season, SG-1 discovered that the city is on Earth, under the ices of Antarctica. But it was in fact only a beachhead. Doctor Daniel Jackson finds the coordinates of the real city. Its name is Atlantis (the legendary ancient city), and it's located in the Pegasus galaxy. The address was hard to find because it needs eight chevrons, the last of which is used to indicate the galaxy.

Code Lyoko
Code Lyoko is a French animated television series.
Story.
Code Lyoko is about five teenagers who are juggling with their normal school life and a virtual world called Lyoko.
Aelita, Ulrich, Yumi and Odd go into the world called Lyoko. Jeremie does not go into Lyoko. Instead, he is the one who lets them go into lyoko. When the 4 of them are ready to go to lyoko he virtualizes them. Then he tells Aelita, Yumi, Ulrich and Odd where the tower is. When Aelita deactivates the tower Jeremie presses a botton on the supercalculator's keyboard and says "retern to the past now" Also, XANA stole the keys to lyoko from Aelita's memory. Then XANA made replikas of Lyoko and, using the Skidblanir, the lyoko warriors destroy the replicas one by one.
Main characters.
Jeremie Belpois'": Jeremie is a very clever boy. He is the best of his class, and even of the school, in all the subjects, except sports. He is also a computer genius. He restarted the supercomputer that contained Lyoko ("see" 3x: XANA Awakens). In the factory, he is the supervisor: he virtualizes the Lyoko warriors and the vehicles, he lets them know the Life Points they still have and where the towers and the monsters are. He has never been seen on Lyoko, but he attempted it a few times. First time, the transfer failed and he was stuck in the Virtual Limbo. The second time, he went to a world parallel to Lyoko, the was made by XANA. The third time, It was successful, but we didn't see him, but according to Odd and Ulrich, he looked "ridiculous".
Odd Della Robbia: Odd's vehicle in Lyoko is the overboard to ride around in Lyoko. Odd's attack is laser arrows that come out of his hand and he screams "laser arrow!" Odd is not very good when it comes to school but he always makes you laugh. Odd wears purple and little bit of yellow.
Ulrich Stern: Ulrich is one of the Lyoko warriors. On Lyoko, he is a samurai, and has a katana, and his vehicle is the overbike. He can use "Triplicate" in order to create two clones of himself, and "Supersprint" to run quickly. When he uses both at the same time, it's called "Triangulate". On Earth, he is very mysterious, and doesn't often speak about himself. He has a crush for Yumi, but they never admit it.
Yumi Ishiyama: Yumi is a Japanese girl. Her vehicle in Lyoko is the overwing. She is a day student at Kadic. She has a crush on Ulrich. She often wears black clothes. She has a brother: Hiroki. In lyoko she wears her traditional Japanese warrior outfit proudly as she defeats XANA's monsters with her metallic fan.
Aelita is someone who does not really fight. She deactivates the tower that XANA activated and she is the only one who can deactivate towers. However, in the third season she can throw energy fields. In the fourth season, she can fly using wings that are activated by a star wristband.

Enchilada
Enchilada is a traditional Mexican dish. The words comes from "enchilar", which means "add Chili peppers to something". The traditional enchilada sauce mainly consists of Chile peppers. The basis for the enchilada is tortilla, made from maize. After that,a certain kind of meat (usually birds, like chicken or turkey) is added. Some people also add onions and cheese.

Sugar Sugar Rune
Sugar Sugar Rune(シュガシュガルーン) is a Japanese manga. It tells the story of two young witches who are in competition. They are trying to become the new queen of their world.
Story.
Vanilla and Chocola are two young witches who are sent in the humans world in order to decide who will become the new queen of their world. Their goal is succeeding in catching coloured hearts from boys (but they can catch a hearth which represent a friendly feeling from girls). Each colour is the equivalent of a feeling.
Main Characters.
Chocolat Meilleur: ("Chocolat Katô" in the world of the humans.) Chocolat is a young witch with a lot of charisma. She is funny and not shy at all. Her personality make her liked in her world, but in her new school, the boys prefers a shy girl like Vanilla.
Vanilla Mieux Vanilla is the best-friend of Chocolat. She is very shy.

Byzantine art
Byzantine art means the art of the Eastern Roman Empire from about the 5th century until the Fall of Constantinople in 1453. (The Roman Empire during this period is conventionally known as the Byzantine Empire.)
But the term can also be used for the art of states at the same time as the Byzantine Empire which had a common culture with it, such as Bulgaria, Serbia, or Rus; and also for the art of the Republic of Venice and Kingdom of Sicily, which had close ties to the Byzantine Empire though they were part of western European culture as well. Art produced by Balkan and Anatolian Christians who lived in the Ottoman Empire is often called "post-Byzantine." Certain traditions that originated in the Byzantine Empire, particularly in regard to icon painting and church architecture, are maintained in Greece, Russia and other Eastern Orthodox countries till now.

Hel (realm)
Hel is one of the nine worlds of Norse mythology. It is where the dead people are. Its ruler is the goddess Hel. Hel is located under the roots of the tree Yggdrasil. It can be reached via the river Gjöll. A bridge spans this river. The bridge is garded by the giantess Modgrudr. Garm, a dog, guards the entrance to the castle of Hel. He lets the dead souls enter. They cannot get out though. A rooster is the companion of Garm. When the rooster in the realm of the gods will wake them for Ragnarök, this rooster will wake the souls of the dead.
The dragon Nidhögg eats from the corpses of deceased criminals. A wolf also eats from these.

Wrigley, Northwest Territories
Wrigley is a Canadian community in the Northwest Territories.
The population in 2001 was 165. In 1996 it was 167.

Tabulating machine
The tabulating machine was a machine used to process the 1890 United States census. It was created by Herman Hollerith. Hollerith's machine used punched cards to store information.

FreeBASIC
FreeBASIC is a programming language like QuickBASIC. It is free and open source. It has many advanced things that other BASIC programming languages do not have. FreeBASIC can make graphical programs or console mode programs. It runs on DOS, Linux, and Microsoft Windows.
The FreeBASIC compiler can create itself.

Bohrium
Bohrium is a chemical element. At the periodic table of the elements it is at position 107. It is named after Niels Bohr.

Fermium
Fermium is a chemical element. It is at position 100 at the periodic table. It is named after Enrico Fermi.

Longitudinal wave
In a longitudinal wave, the particles do not move with the wave. The particle movement is parallel to the direction of the wave propagation. This means that the particles move left and right which in turn makes the other particles start to oscillate. This creates a wave. longitudinal pressure waves are also known as sound waves.

Southbridge, Massachusetts
Southbridge is a city in the American state of Massachusetts. The city's nickname is "The Eye of the Commonwealth". It has a population of about 18,000.
Southbridge has a lot of history and tradition. The city was once home to the largest optical manufacturer in the world: American Optical. American Optical moved somewhere in Mexico where workers would be paid smaller wages. It is now called the Mexican Optical. Southbridge has a great economy. It is often called a mixing pot of cultures. There are many different ethnic groups in Southbridge.

Tibetan language
The Tibetan language is a language of Tibet and parts of China, parts of Northern Pakistan and Indian Occupied Kashmir in the Ladakh area, the Republic of India states of Himachal Pradesh and Uttaranchal, Nepal and nearly all of Bhutan. Tibetan is spoken by a lot of Buddhists in these countries. It is an old language that has been spoken for many centuries. It is also a language of China that is spoken by some people above the region of Tibet. It is spoken in other places as well as Tibet. It is a fairly popular language to the Buddhists everywhere in the world including the United States.

Aschaffenburg
Aschaffenburg is a German city in the west of Franconia. It has a population of about 68,000. It is a part of the European metropolitan area of Frankfurt am Main.

Most Valuable Player
In sports, a Most Valuable Player award is an honour given to the player or players of a team that performed better than the other players throughout a league or contest. It was first used in professional sports, but is now used a lot in amateur sports and other things unrelated to sports, such as business and music awards. A similar award used in sports, often in soccer, is man of the match.

Stoat
A stoat is a small mammal of the family Mustelidae. Males are bigger than females. They are also called ermines. Stoats can grow to be as long as 30 centimeters. It eats meat, eggs, and can kill animals bigger than it. It will store food for later. It kills by biting at the place where the skull attaches to the rest of the body, killing the brain stem.
Stoats are good at climbing trees. Stoats are long and thin with short legs, small ears, and thick warm fur. Their fur is brown, but changes to white in the winter. The tail has a black tip all year round. Stoats have a good sense of smell, and they talk and hunt using smell. They do not see color as well as humans, but they can see better at night. They sleep during the day and are awake at night; this is called nocturnal. Like a skunk, stoats can spray a bad smelling fluid when they are scared.
Stoats live in temperate, subarctic northern areas. They live in parts of Europe, Asia, and North America. They also live in New Zealand because people brought them there. In New Zealand, they are considered bad.
Stoats live alone and are territorial. They mate once a year and have several babies. The males do not help raise the babies. The female is pregnant for 11 months, which is a long time for such a small mammal.

Icon (disambiguation)
An icon, from the Greek word for image, is a picture of something holy or divine. Icons in this sense are in use mainly in Eastern Christianity. Look in the article Icon for this meaning.
Iconography is the study, mostly in art history, of the content of all types of images, their history and meaning. The word can also mean "symbolism".
In non-religious use an "icon" is a Pictogram for an object, facility, control, political party, government, or something like this. See Icon (secular).

Icon
An icon (from the Greek language:, "eikon", "image") is an image, picture, or representation which has a religious meaning. It is a sign or a likeness that stands for a real object or person. Although the word "icon" can be used for images of other religions, it is most often used to describe a painting on a wooden panel that has been done in the Orthodox Christian tradition, and may also be used for carved ivory panels and panels of silver or gold. These icons show a holy being such as Jesus, Mary, a saint or an angel. They also show scenes from the Bible such as the Crucifixion and scenes from lives of the saints. In Orthodox Christianity an icon is thought of as a window through which a person can get a view of God's truth.
How a Christian Orthodox icon is painted.
The traditional way of making an icon was used in Egypt in Early Christian times to make portraits of dead people to use for their funerals. Like icons, these funeral portraits were done on a wooden panel and the paint was mixed with yolk of egg. From the time that Christianity was made legal by the Emperor Constantine in the early 300s, artists began to use the same method for painting holy pictures.
It was always hoped that a painting would last for a long time, so everything had to be very carefully prepared. A board had to be chosen that would not crack or warp (bend), and which did not have any knotty bits that might fall out. The board was sanded smooth and then coated with a gluey paint called "size" which would hold the coloured paint well, but stop the expensive colours from being soaked up by the wood. The artist would prepare the paints very carefully. Some of the colours were made from gound-up semi-precious stones. Others were made from chemicals.
Before the artist could start on the panel, he had to prepare the design. It was not important for the artist to think of something new and different. It was much more important that he could copy another icon very accurately. The same designs were used over and over.
Although all icons were thought of as a window to Heaven, some icons were believed to have special properties. It was believed that praying and lighting candles before some icons would bring healing, or the help of the saint who was shown in the picture. These icons became very famous and were often copied.
After the artist had drawn the design onto the surface of the size in thin green or brown paint, he would put the paint on in layers, building up the colours bit by bit. Most of the colours were quite transparent and this made the painting look glowing. When the figures were finished the artist would set the work in a wooden frame and "gild" it by covering the background with a little pieces of gold leaf that had been beaten into very thin sheets. When a candle was lit near the icon, it shone on the gold surface and made the figures stand out.
Icons in other religions.
Throughout history, some religions such as Christianity and Hinduism, have often used images such as paintings and statues, while others, such as Judaism and Islam, do not often use images of people.
In Hinduism there is much use of sacred objects because there is a belief in murti, the idea that the Spirit of God can be present in an "icon" (or holy object).

Eastern Christianity
Eastern Christianity means the Christian traditions and churches which developed in Greece, the Balkans, Eastern Europe, Asia Minor, the Middle East, northeastern Africa and southern India over several centuries of religious antiquity. That are especially four families of churches: the Assyrian Church of the East, the Eastern Orthodox Churches, Oriental Orthodoxy, and the Eastern Catholic Churches.
On the other hand there are the" Western" traditions of Christianity which mainly represented by the Roman Catholic Church.

Love Hina
Love Hina is a Japanese manga created by Ken Akamatsu. It tells the story Keitarô Urashima, a Japanese student who try to enter the famous university of Tokyo (Todai or Tokyô Daigaku). Love Hina exists also as an animated serie.
Story.
Keitarô Urashima is a 19 year-old boy who try to enters the well known university of Todai. He tried three times and failed. He finally decides to go to the hotel of his aunt, the Hinata Hotel. But when he arrived, he discovers that the hotel has been changed into a girls' hotel. The first time he met the people living in the hotel, they wasn't very happy to see him. But little by little, they will appreciate him, even if he is clumsy and a pervert.
Characters.
Keitarô Urashima: Keitarô is a 19 year-old boy who tries to enter in Todai. He failed three time. When he was younger, Keitarô and a young girl have decided to enter Todai when they were older. Keitarô still remembers this, but he can't remember who this young girl was and her name.
Naru Narusegawa: Naru is a 17 year-old girl. She tries to enter Todai, and she's the first of her class. She has a bad temper, and she hits Keitarô when she is angry.
Mutsumi Otohime: Mutsumi is a nice 20 year-old girl. She is nice, but she is clumsy. She forgets things.
Shinobu Maehara: Shinobu is a 13 year-old girl. She is very shy. She loves to clean and cook.
Motoko Aoyama: Motoko is a 15 year-old girl. She is violent, and she sometimes hits Keitarô with her sword.

Super Nintendo Entertainment System
The Super Nintendo Entertainment System (often shortened to "SNES" or "Super NES") is a 16-bit video game console created by Nintendo. It was called the Super Famicom in Japan, and the Super Comboy in South Korea. The console can display 2D graphics. Super NES games are loaded from a cartridge. Sony asked Nintendo to create a peripheral CD-ROM reader for the Super NES, but the project, named "Play station", was abandoned and Sony decided to create their own video game console, and they named it the PlayStation.

Sega Saturn
The Sega Saturn is a 32-bit video game console made by Sega. It was released in Japan on November 22 1994, in the United States on May 11 1995, and in Europe on July 8 1995. Games were released on CD-ROMs. It is followed by the Dreamcast. The Saturn was the first Sega video game console which can display 3D graphics. Accessories were available for the Sega Saturn, including a gun controller which was used to play "Virtua Cop", and an analog controller.
The console was called Saturn because it was Sega's sixth games console, and Saturn is the sixth planet of the solar system.

Iðunn
Iðunn is a goddess in Norse Mythology. She is the goddess of youth, wife of Bragi, god of poetry. She guards the golden apples. These apples are eaten by the Norse gods to let them live until Ragnarok, the battle of the end of the world.

Goldeneye 007 (video game)
Goldeneye 007 is a video game on the Nintendo 64. It follows the story of the movie GoldenEye. The main character of the game is James Bond, Agent 007. It is a 3D first person shooter style game. Its multiplayer mode is very popular, and critic acclaimed.

List of dinosaurs
The following is a list of dinosaurs. Some of them such as Archaeopteryx are considered by some to be birds rather than dinosaurs.

Oronzio Maldarelli
Oronzio Maldarelli was an Italian born American sculptor and artist. He was born in 1892. He came to the United States from Naples, Italy as a child. He died in 1963 at the age of 71.
At age fourteen, he took lessons in drawing and clay modeling. After two years, he started to study at the National Academy of Design with Leon Kroll, Ivan Olinsky, and Hermon McNeil. In 1912, he entered the Beaux-Arts Institute. It was there that Jo Davidson and Elie Nadelman helped him out. He was a great artist at everything. In 1935, he turned his focus to just sculpting. Maldarelli is best known for sculptures of female forms that have great detail. Some of them took as long as 13 years. In 1941, Maldarelli won the Logan Prize ($500) for a detailed sculpture of a limestone head. He was a teacher at Columbia University for many years, teaching the art of sculpting.

Brights
The Brights is a group that was started by Paul Geisert and Mynga Futrell to make a name that sounds good for people who have views on life based on nature (naturalistic worldviews). They did not like that names like "atheist" and "non-believer" sounded bad to some people and they wanted a word that sounded better to these people.
Paul Geisert chose the word "bright." Mynga Futrell says a bright is a person who has views on life that are free of more-than-natural (supernatural) ideas. She says these persons' morals come from their views on life.
Criticism.
Some people, both religious and non-religious, do not like the Brights using the word "bright" in this way. They believe it suggests that people with views on life based on nature are smarter than those with other views on life. However, this is not why the name was chosen; it tries to show that people with views based on nature are "looking on the "bright" side" of life.

Dish
Dish can mean a plate or pan for food or a kind of food prepared for a meal.
Some radio antennas are in the shape of dishes.
Use.
If a family makes salad, chicken, and pasta for a meal, each part of a meal (the salad, the chicken, and the pasta) is a separate dish.

Hinge
A hinge is something that connects two objects and lets them rotate. The most common examples are the hinges that connect doors to walls or door frames. To open a door on hinges, one pushes the side far from the hinges and the door rotates around the side with hinges.
Hinges can be very large or very small. Small hinges are used for jewelery boxes and other small things with lids. Very large hinges have been used at the bottom of buildings, to let a building sit on loose soil or mud without breaking.

Visible light
Visible light is the light that can be seen by the human eye. It is a small part of the spectrum of light and radiation given off by stars like the sun.
The human eye sees three different kinds of light: red, green, and blue. The brain combines them. Computer screens use only these three colors in different brightness levels.
Rainbows show the entire spectrum of visible light. The separate colors, moving in from the outer edges, are usually listed as red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and violet. Other colors can be seen only with special cameras: outside of red is infrared, and inside of violet is ultraviolet.

Instrument
An instrument can be mean refer to several things. An instument is an object used to do something. It is a tool.

Producer
Producer is something that creates one thing or one being. Producer is related to reproducer, which means to produce again.
Entertainment producers.
In the entertainment industry, a producer is a person who makes things happen. The producer is of the person in charge of providing the money and hire people to do the job. It is also the job of the producer to deal with getting whatever is being made out to the public. A movie producer must find people to provide money to make the movie, hire the main actors and director for the movie, and get the movie distributed so that people can see it. Producers are commonly found dealing with movies, television, and music.
Executive producer.
In large entertainment companies, the title of executive producer is often given to people who provide a large amount of money to get something created. Other executive producers speak for the CEO of the company on how the movie or television program is made.
In smaller companies, especially for television series, the executive producer is often the creator of the series. Main writers who have been with the series for a long time are often given the title of executive producer.

Italian Wine
Italian wines are those produced in Italy, the oldest wine producing region, and are considered to be among the best wines in the world. Wine is a popular beverage in Italy. Many Italians drink it with every meal and in-between, and offer it to guests as soon as they arrive.
History.
Depending on the vintage, Italy is the world's largest or second largest producer of wine, along with France (each country is generally the source of around 1/5 of the world's overall production).
Statistics.
In 2005, Italy was second globally, producing about 20% of the global production of wine compared to France, which produced 22%.
In 2005, Italy's share in dollar value of table wine imports into the U.S. was 32%, Australia's was 24%, and France's was 20%. Italian and Australian share has rapidly increased in recent years.
Source.
Grapes are grown in almost every part of Italy, with more than 1 million vineyards under cultivation. Each region is proud of its carefully tended, neatly pruned vines.
Italian wines tend to be acidic, dry, light-to-medium bodied, with lots of flavour and smell. Because of these characteristics, Italian wines are, in general, better drunk with food than they are beverages to be enjoyed on their own.
Vineyards.
In some places the vines are trained along low supports. In others they climb as slender saplings. The people of each region are also proud of the wine they make from their own grapes.
Winemaking.
Most winemaking in Italy is done in modern wineries. But villagers, making wine for their own use, sometimes tread the grapes with their bare feet until the juice is squeezed out. They believe this ancient method still makes the best wine.

SG Essen
The SG Essen (German: Startgemeinschaft Essen) is a swimming club in Essen (North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany). It is a union of the swimming sections of 13 sports clubs. The SG Essen is one of the most successful swimming clubs in West Germany. The women's team is in the first Bundesliga (national league), the men's team in the second.
The SG Essen's breaststroke swimmers are well known: Mark Warnecke, Anne Poleska, and Rebecca Horstmann. The chief trainer is Horst Melzer.

Western civilization
Western civilization or Western culture is made up of North America, Central America, South America, and Europe from Iceland to Moscow, Russia, as well as Australia, New Zealand, and the Philippines. Western civilization was defined by the Historian Arnold Toynbee as that part of the world in which those who practice the Christian religion are a majority. By this definition, parts of Africa would now also be part of Western civilization since many Africans have been converted to Christianity since the 1950s. The most common languages spoken in Western civilization are English, Spanish, Portuguese, French, German, Dutch, Italian, Russian, and Tagalog.
World beat music is enjoyed by immigrants to Western civilization because it reminds of them of their homeland that they were forced to leave because of politicial strife, economic hardship, or because they wanted to have a new life.

E (mathematical constant)
e is a mathematical constant. It also has other names, like "Euler's number" (because of the Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler), or "Napier's constant" (because of the Scottish mathematician John Napier). It is an important number in mathematics, like π and "i." It is an irrational number, which means it is impossible to write as a fraction with two integers; but some numbers, like 2.71828182845904523536 come close to the real value.
The number "e" is very important for exponential functions. For example, an exponential function becomes bigger by a factor "e" in the same time that a linear function (one that looks like a straight line) becomes bigger by a factor 2.
Definitions.
In other words, there is a number, formula_2 converges to, if n is made very big. This number is "e".
The true value of "e" is a number that never ends,

Monster
The term Monster can mean different things.

Platelet
A platelet is a cell fragment that circulates in the blood. Platelets are involved in haemostasis through the making of blood clots. A low platelet count (number of platelets in the blood) can cause a person to bleed without their blood stopping. A high platelet count can increase the risk of thrombosis (blood clots inside blood vessels), which stops blood from flowing properly.
Anatomy.
Platelets do not have a cell nucleus. They are disc-shaped, and are 1.5 to 3 micrometers in diameter. The body does not have a lot of platelets, so they can all be used up quickly. They contain RNA, a canalicular system, and several different types of granules; lysosomes (containing acid hydrolases), dense bodies (containing ADP, ATP serotonin and calcium) and alpha granules (containing fibrinogen, factor V, vitronectin, thrombospondin and von Willebrand factor), the contents of which are released when the platelet is activated.

Eastern Europe
Politically, "Eastern Europe" may in fact cover all of northeastern Eurasia, since Russia is one single transcontinental country. Cyprus is also frequently taken to be a European state, although geographically it is in Asia. The same approach is also sometimes taken with the post-Soviet states of Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan in the Caucasus.
The borders of Eastern Europe are not clear as regions are not physical features that can be defined by neutral criteria.
In recent years, with the spreading of the European Union, many countries Eastern Europe have sharply increased their economies, quality of life and cities. This has also boosted tourism, the film industry, and even, to a lesser extent, immigration.
In many old sources, the term "Eastern Europe" still means such European countries that until the end of the Cold War (around 1989) were Communist states or countries under Soviet influence, i.e., the former Eastern Bloc. The majority of people in Poland, the German Democratic Republic, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary and Slovenia often consider their countries to be part of Central Europe rather than Eastern Europe.

Eastern Bloc
During the Cold War, the term Eastern Bloc (or Soviet Bloc) was used to refer to the Soviet Union and its allies in Central and Eastern Europe (Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and—until the early 1960s—Albania).
The "Eastern Bloc" is also used as another name for the Warsaw Pact (a Soviet-led military alliance) or the Comecon (an international economic organization of Communist states). Soviet allies outside of Eastern Europe, such as Mongolia and often Cuba, Vietnam, and North Korea were sometimes included in the term East Bloc as well. The terms Eastern bloc and Soviet Union are sometimes confused. Although the Soviet Union had some political influence over the Eastern bloc countries, the countries in the Eastern bloc like Bulgaria, Hungary and Poland were totally separate countries.

Truthiness
Truthiness is a word used by Stephen Colbert. It was first used on October 17, 2005 in the first episode of the television show "The Colbert Report". The word is used to describe something that feels truthful. Facts and logic have nothing to do with truthiness. The truthiness of something is only measured by it instinctively feeling correct.
The word was picked as the word of the year for 2005 by the American Dialect Society on January 6, 2006. It was also selected by the Merriam-Webster dictionary on December 10, 2006 as its 2006 Word of the Year. It beat the term "google" to get Word of the Year.

Multi-core
A multi-core CPU is a computer processor which has two or more sections. The actual processors are still one chip. On this chip every core looks mostly like the other. They are several mostly independent cores which work parallel together. A single-core processor is a multi-core processor with only one microprocessor. A dual-core processor is a multi-core processor with two independent microprocessors. Consequently the quad-core processor is a multi-core processor with four independent microprocessors. As you can see, the number of the microprocessors is responsible for the name of the processor.
History.
Until 2005 single-core processors dominated the pc-area. In the years before there were only multi-core solutions used in individual cases. In the majority of cases they enhanced the frequency. But at a frequency about 4 GHz the heat losses were too big. This was the point when multi-core processors became more important. Therefore the bargain of multi-core processors increased. In the second half of 2006 the best processors were dual-core processors. Since 2006 the development has gone on, so that the new processors get four or more independent microprocessors. Nowadays the usage of single-core processors is just a little fraction because they are just used for individual cases.
Conclusion.
In the next years the trend will go to multi-core processors more and more.
The main reason is that they are faster than single-core processors and they can be still improved. But in the future there will be still some applications for single-core processors because not every system needs a fast processor.

Western Bloc
The Western Bloc during the Cold War means the powers allied with the United States and NATO against the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact.
Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact were called the "Eastern Bloc". This term was rather common, while the governments and press of the Western Bloc used to speak of themselves as the "Free world".

Free world
The Free World is a term that was used during the era of the Cold War. It was often used by non-communist nations to describe themselves. It was used to describe the greater personal freedom that the people of non-communist countries (such as the United States and Western Europe) had compared to the Soviet Union and its East European allies.
On the other hand, many of the non-communist countries that were allied with the "Free World" during the Cold War repressed people and sometimes had dictators as their leaders. This included countries in South America, Asia and Africa.
The President of the United States was often called the "leader of the Free World". This was very common especially in the United States itself. The President of the U.S. is sometimes still called this.
Neil Young sang a song called "(Keep on) Rockin' in the Free World".

2006 Dublin riots
The 2006 Dublin riots were a series of riots. They happened in Dublin, Ireland on February 25, 2006. The riots happened after Irish police tried to move a crowd of people who were blocking the road as a protest against a unionist demonstration. Fourteen people where hurt in the riots. Six of the people hurt were police.

Warsaw Pact
The Warsaw Pact or Warsaw Treaty Organization was officially named the Treaty of Friendship, Co-operation and Mutual Assistance, and was an organization of Central and Eastern European Communist states.
It was established in 1955 in Warsaw, Poland against the NATO. The Pact lasted till the end of the Cold War when some members left in 1991, following the collapse of the Eastern bloc and political changes in the Soviet Union. The treaty was signed in Warsaw, on May 14, 1955 and official copies were made in the languages of Russian, Polish, Czech and German.
Members.
All the Communist states of Central and Eastern Europe signed except Yugoslavia.

Central Europe
Central Europe is the region lying between the areas of Eastern and Western Europe. In addition, Northern, Southern and Southeastern Europe mean different regions, but in some way they may or overlap into Central Europe. The term has come back into fashion since the end of the Cold War, which had divided Europe politically into East and West, with the Iron Curtain splitting "Central Europe" in half. The understanding of the concept of "Central Europe" varies considerably from nation to nation, and also has from time to time.

Four-wheel drive
A Four-wheel drive (also called 4WD, 4x4 ("four by four"), all-wheel drive, or AWD) is a vehicle on which all four wheels get power from the engine to move forward. 4WDs are often used off road.

2D
2D or Two Dimensional uses two parameters: width and length. Two dimensional objects do not have depth. It's a mathematics tool, but it's also used in video games, and computer science in general.
Throughout maths, it is used in geometry and other categories.
In video games, it is used as a perspective, like in Grand Theft Auto 1 and 2.

Microraptor
Microraptor was a small feathered dinosaur related to Velociraptor. It was a lot like Archaeopteryx with feathers.

Opera (web browser)
Opera is a set of tools for the internet that includes a web browser, e-mail, and IRC Chat. There are versions available for several operating systems. These include Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, Solaris, FreeBSD and Linux. There are also version for mobile phones, smartphones, Personal Digital Assistants, game consoles and interactive televisions. Other companies products such as Adobe Creative Suite use technology based on Opera.
Opera is developed by Opera Software which is based in Oslo, Norway.
History.
Opera was first started in 1994 at Telenor, which is Norway's largest telecommunications company. In 1995 it became its own company called Opera Software ASA.
Until version 2.0 Opera was called MultiTorg Opera and was not available to the public. It was known for its multiple document interface (MDI) and 'hotlist' (sidebar), which made browsing several pages at once much easier, as well as being the first browser to completely focus on adhering to the W3C standards.

Orange (fruit)
An orange is a type of citrus fruit which people often eat. Oranges are a very good source of vitamins, especially vitamin C.. Orange juice is an important part of many people's breakfast. The "sweet orange", which is the kind that are most often eaten today, grew first in Asia but now grows in many parts of the world.
Oranges are round orange-coloured fruit that grow on a tree which can reach 10 metres high. Orange trees have dark green shiny leaves and small white flowers with five petals. The flowers smell very sweet which attracts many bees.
An orange has a tough shiny orange skin. Inside, the fruit is divided into "segments", which have thin tough skins that hold together many little sections with juice inside. There are usually ten segments in an orange, but sometimes there are more. Inside each segment of most types of orange there are seeds called "pips". Orange trees can be grown from pips, but some types of orange trees can only be grown from "cuttings" (a piece cut off a tree and made to grow roots). The segments and the skin are separated by white stringy stuff called "pith". In most types of oranges, the skin can be peeled off the pith, and the segments can be pulled apart with the fingers to be eaten. In some oranges it is hard to take the skin off. With mandarin oranges, the skin, pith and segments can all be pullled apart very easily. Orange skin is often called "orange peel".
Oranges are an important food source in many parts of the world for several reasons. They are a commonly available source of vitamin C. The juice is a refreshing drink. They last longer than many other fruits when they are stored. They are easy to transport because each orange comes in its own tough skin which acts as a container. They can be piled into heaps or carried in bags, lunchboxes and shipping containers without being easily damaged.
The color orange takes its name from the fruit. The word "orange" is unusual because it is one of only a few English words that does not rhyme with anything.
History.
Sweet oranges trees were brought to Italy, Spain and Portugal from India in the fifteenth century (1400s). Before that time only sour oranges were grown in Italy. From Europe, orange trees were taken to the United States, South America, Africa and Australia, which all grow oranges for sale.
There are several different types of sweet orange. One of the most common types is called the "Valencia" orange, which comes from Spain and is also grown is Africa and Australia. It is one of the most important "commercial" oranges. (This means that it is grown for sale in shops.)
One type of sweet orange is called the "blood orange" or "sanguine orange" (sanguine means blood red). These oranges often have red marks on the skin, and some parts of the inside look as if they have blood in them. Some blood oranges make juice that is ruby red.
In the 1920s, in Brazil], there was a tree growing in a monastery garden that made very strange fruit. Inside each orange skin there was a large orange with no seeds. At the bottom of the orange was a baby orange, which was really the bigger orange's twin. The little orange made a strange bump at the bottom of the orange skin, that looked just like a human "belly-button". These oranges were named "Navel Oranges". They tasted very sweet, they had no seeds and they peeled quite easily. This made them a very good orange to grow "commercially". But they could not grow from seed. They could only grow from cuttings. Nowadays, thousands of these orange trees have been planted from cuttings. "Navel Oranges" are grown in California and exported to many countries of the world. Every navel orange in the world has the same genetic make up as the oranges on that tree in the monastery in Brazil.
Mandarins, small flattened oranges with skins that come off easily, are believed to have come from China. Now there are several varieties. These include "tangerines" which are redder than most mandarins, and "clementines" which are large, smooth and plump. Mandarins of all sorts are very useful lunchbox fruit, because they are easy to peel and eat, but do not get squashed easily.
Nowadays, many people of the world eat an orange or drink orange juice every day, because oranges are one of the best and cheapest sources of Vitamin C. Human bodies, unlike many other animals, do not manufacture Vitamin C, so a human needs vitamin C in their diet regularly. (Vitamin C helps the body to grow, to heal wounds and fight infection.) Oranges are also a very good source of dietary fibre. But they do not contain high amounts of minerals. If a person eats an orange and a banana together, then they have had a very nourishing snack that supplies both vitamins and minerals.

Diplodocus
"Diplodocus" was a huge dinosaur from the same time as the "Allosaurus". It lived during the Jurassic Period, about 145 to 155 million years ago. It was a vegetarian, meaning it ate no meat.
Size.
The Diplodocus was a long-necked, whip-tailed giant and could grow up to 27 m long. It had an 8 m long neck and 14 m long tail. Its weight was approximately 22,680 kg. It had a short 6 ft long head. Its size helped protect it from other dinosaurs. It used its long neck to poke into forests because it’s body was too big. It is also believed to have knocked the trees down.
Fossils.
Diplodocus skeletons are among the longest dinosaur skeletons ever found. Fossils were discovered in Western North America, particularly in the Rocky Mountains of the western USA. A complete tail has never been found.
Seismosaurus.
Seismosaurus ("Seismosaurus hallorum") was thought to be its own species of dinosaur. In 2004 and 2006 it was decided to be a large species of Diplodocus. It is now known as "Diplodocus hallorum".

Onion
Onions are vegetables. They are plants in the genus "Allium". When people talk about onions, they usually mean "garden onions". Onions have bulbs, which are edible, in most species. They have a strong flavour, and a very distinctive smell.
Onions have been grown for a very long time. Together with leek and garlic, they go back to Ancient Egypt at least.
How onions are eaten.
Onions can be eaten in different ways. Fried onions are often served with hot dogs. Pickled onions are eaten with chips or with salad. Raw onions are sliced (cut into flat layers) for Hamburgers. Chopped onions are put in many stews and curries. Onions are sometimes roasted whole.

Universal House of Justice
The Universal House of Justice is the name of a council that leads the Bahá'í community. It was described by the person who made the Bahá'í Faith, Bahá'u'lláh, in his books and letters. He called it the Supreme House of Justice. His son, `Abdu'l-Bahá called it the Universal House of Justice, because it was going to lead all of the Bahá'ís. There will be other "Houses of Justice" for each country and city, but for now these are called "Spiritual Assemblies."
Bahá'ís vote for the members of this council every five years during a special festival held between April 20 and May 2.

Logitech
Logitech is a company that makes things for computers and video game consoles. They are best known for making computer mice and wireless controllers and headsets for the Xbox and Playstation 2.

Bacteriophage
A bacteriophage is a virus that infects bacteria. The term is commonly shortened to phage.
Bacteriophages are similar to viruses that infect eukaryotes (plants, animals, and fungi) in that there are many different kinds of structures and functions. Bacteriophages are typically made of an outer protein hull that has genetic material inside it. The genetic material can be ssRNA, dsRNA, ssDNA, or double-stranded DNA between 5 and 500 kilo base pairs long with either circular or linear arrangement. Bacteriophages are usually between 20 and 200 nanometers in size.

Deconstruction
Deconstruction is a way to understand books, poems and other writing. It looks at the ways in which words always imply things the author doesn't mean.
One thing it pays attention to is how opposites work. (It calls them "binary oppositions.") It says that two opposites like "good" and "bad" aren't really different things. "Good" only makes sense when someone compares it to "bad," and "bad" only makes sense when someone compares it to "good." And so even when someone talks about "good," they're still talking about "bad."
Because of things like this, deconstruction argues that books and poems never just mean what they're supposed to. Other meanings are always there too, and the book or poem works because all of those meanings work together.
Origin.
It was started by Jacques Derrida in the 1960s. Other important people who talked about it include Paul de Man.

Nihilism
Nihilism is the idea that life, or the world, has no meaning or purpose. Nihilists believe there is no higher being that created things and there are no true morals. It was conceived by Frederich Nietzsche,a German philosopher of the 19th century, who said that "God is dead." Combined with Marxist philosophies, Freudian analyses, and the despair felt by the "lost generation" of World War I, Nihilism became known as Modernism. Modernist artists and writers painted a bleak, materialistic view of the world, although some of them became post modernist.
It is the belief that we do not exist but are a mere product of our own imagination as the philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche never said.

Licensed to Ill
"Licensed to Ill" is the first album of the Beastie Boys, released on November 1986.

Coronary heart disease
Coronary heart disease, also called coronary artery disease, is a progressive reduction of blood to the heart muscle because of the narrowing of the coronary artery. It is caused by a build-up of atheromatous plaques inside the arteries that deliver blood to the myocardium (the muscular tissue of the heart). Most people with coronary heart disease can look well for years before they start experiencing symptoms, often a heart attack. If it goes untreated, some of the atheromatous plaques might break away and block the blood flow to the heart. Coronary heart disease is the most common cause of sudden death, and it is also the most common cause of death in people over 65 years old. Men are 10 times more likely to suffer from coronary heart disease than women.

Fructose
Fructose is a simple sugar (monosaccharide) found in many foods. It is also one of the three most important blood sugars, the other two being glucose and galactose. Honey; tree fruits; berries; melons; and some root vegetables, such as beets, sweet potatoes, parsnips and onions, contain fructose, usually with sucrose and glucose.

Peer pressure
Peer pressure is a force that occurs within a group of people. It commonly occurs to children during puberty. The group has defined some social values. To stay accepted within the group, to stay "cool" the idea is to be like most people in that group. Social pressure (and wanting to be accepted or in favor inside the group) leads people to do things they would not do otherwise. For example, it can make a person to smoke cigarettes or marijuana, to drink alcohol, commit crimes, and/or many other things.

Cuticle
In biology, a cuticle is something that covers the outside of living things called organisms. Cuticles are usually tough but also bendable.

Leek
Leek is a vegetable. It belongs to the same genus as the onion and garlic. It can be used for cooking.

Great power
A Great power is a nation or state that is able to influece other states in a large part of the world. That is possible as it has great economic, political and military strength. Its opinions are taken into account by other nations before taking diplomatic or military action. Characteristically, they have the ability to intervene militarily almost anywhere, and they also have soft, cultural power, often in the form of economic investment in less developed portions of the world.

Bite
A bite is a wound received from the teeth of an animal. Animals may bite things in self-defence. Animals also bite things to cut them into smaller pieces before they eat them.
Treatment.
Bite wounds should be washed, ideally with povidone-iodine soap and water. The injury should then be loosely wrapped with a bandage. Open bite wounds are not sutured because of the risk of infection.
Animal bites caused by carnivores (other than rodents) may infect the victim with rabies if the animal that bit them carries it. If possible, the animal is caught and the head is looked at for signs of rabies. Signs of rabies include foaming at the mouth, self-mutilation, growling, jerky behaviour, and red eyes. If the animal lives for ten days and does not develop rabies, then the animal probably isn't infected. In cases where the animal cannot be found, prophylactic rabies treatment is carried out in most places.
Snake bites.
Many of the world's snakes are not considered dangerous to humans, but even a bite from a "safe" snake may injure the victim if the wound is not treated properly, and large snakes such as constrictors are capable of causing a lot of damage with their bites.
Spider bites.
The black widow spider and some scorpions are considered dangerous to humans, mostly to small children and elderly adults. Only the Sydney funnel-web spider of Australia is frequently dangerous to adults, and it lives only within 100 miles of Sydney. Antivenins are available in the United States for black widow spiders and the dangerous scorpions native to the region.

Northern Europe
Before the 19th century, the term 'Nordic' or 'Northern' was commonly used to mean Northern Europe in a sense that included the Nordic countries, European Russia, the Baltic countries (at that time Livonia and Courland) and Greenland.
In earlier eras, when Europe was dominated by the Mediterranean region (i.e. the Roman Empire), everything not near this sea was termed Northern Europe, including Germany, the Low Countries, and Austria. In medieval times, the term (Ultima) Thule was used to mean a semi-mythical place in the extreme northern reaches of the continent.
In a European Union context, Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Germany, Belgium and the Netherlands are often seen as belonging to a Northern group.

Western Europe
During the Cold War "Western Europe" was mainly a socio-political concept and meant the European countries of the First World. It was distinguished from Eastern Europe by differences of economics, politics, and religion rather than by clear geography.
Today, the term "Western Europe" has less to do with geography and more to do with economics. The concept is also commonly associated with liberal democracy, capitalism and also with the European Union. Most of the countries in the region share
Western culture, and many have economic, and political ties with countries in North and South America and Oceania. In addition, Scandinavia (in Northern Europe) is commonly associated with social democracy and remains fairly neutral throughout international disputes.

Southern Europe
Southern Europe is a region of the European continent. Most people see Spain, Portugal, Italy and Greece and over all the Mediterranean countries of the European continent as parts of Southern Europe. Very often the South of France is also included.
Geographical definition.
Geographically, Southern Europe would be the south half of the landmass of Europe. This definition is relative, with no clear limits.
The Alps mountains are a physical barrier between Italy and the rest of Europe.
Geopolitical definition of the United Nations.
For its official works and publications, the United Nations Organization has its own special definition of regions. As it counts always the whole state Corsica as part of France is not part of Southern European but Italian Tyrol belongs to it as it is part of Italy..
Climatical definition.
The climatic definition of southern Europe would be similar to the areas of Mediterranean climate. The Mediterranean climate is often thought to be a typical characteristic of Southern Europe.
Linguistic and cultural definition.
Countries of Latin Europe are often associated with the concept of Southern Europe, especially Southwest Europe.
Greece and the Balkan nations are often associated with them in the concept of Southern Europe, especially Southeast Europe.

Corsica
Corsica is the fourth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea (after Sicily, Sardinia, and Cyprus).It is located west of Italy, southeast of France, and north of the island of Sardinia. Corsica is usually considered one of the 26 "régions" of France. Corsica has more power to choose than other French regions, but its status is quite similar to the other "régions". Corsica is referred to as a "région".
Corsica is famous in the world for the beautiful places for tourism and as the birthplace of Napoléon Bonaparte.
Geography.
Corsica has 1,000km of coastline and more than 200 beaches, and is very mountainous, with Monte Cinto as the highest peak at 2706m and 20 other peaks of more than 2000m.
How Corsica is.
Corsica is the most mountainous Mediterranean island. The island has a Mediterranean climate, with hot, dry summers and mild, rainy winters. The natural vegetation is Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and shrubs. The mountains are cooler and are rich of forests of oak, and pine.Much of the coastal lowlands has been cleared for agriculture,which has reduced the mountain forests considerably. The island has a natural park (Parc Naturel Régional de Corse), which protects thousands of rare animal and plant species. The park was created in 1972 and includes the Golfe de Porto, the Réserve Naturelle de Scandola (a UNESCO World Heritage Site), and some of the highest mountains on the island. This park is protected.
Administration.
The capital of the territorial collectivity of Corsica is Ajaccio (Corsican: "Aiacciu"). The territorial collectivity is divided in two "départements": Corse-du-Sud and Haute-Corse. These two "départements" were created on September 15, 1975 by the "département" of Corse.
Economy.
Tourism is the biggest source of Corsican economy. The island has a pleasant climate, beautiful mountains and really beauties coastlines make it a popular destination among the French and other Western Europeans. However, the island has not had the same level of intensive development as other parts of the Mediterranean.Tourism is particularly concentrated in the area around Porto Vecchio and Bonifacio in the south of the island and Calvi in the northwest.
Politics.
Corsica is currently governed almost as any other "région" of France. There are lots of movements on the island the indipendence of Corsica and of Corsicans from France. The French government is against full independence. There is support on the island for to have more autonomy, but polls show that a large majority of Corsicans are opposed to full independence. Some groups who claim to support Corsican independence have carried out a violent campaign since the 1970s that includes bombings and a few accidental assassinations, usually against "pieds-noirs" and other non-Corsicans, or buildings of the French government. Corsican independence groups attack when they are sure there wont be a danger for victims. However not all groups for independence has "nice treaties", Sometimes independence groups are known to practice extortion and other intimidatory tactics, similar to mafia activity in Sicily and southern Italy. Non-Corsican homeowners may be threatened with the destruction of their home, or they are constrict to pay a "revolutionarian tax",for to help the groups in the attacks.
In 2000, Prime Minister Lionel Jospin agreed to give more autonomy to Corsica but just for stopping the violence. The propose of autonomy for Corsica would have included greater protection for the Corsican language (Corsu), the island's traditional language (which is also considered to be a dialect of Italian). However, the plans for increased autonomy were opposed by the Gaullist opposition in the French National Assembly. In a referendum on July 6,2003, a narrow majority of Corsican voters opposed to the project from the government of Jean-Pierre Raffarin and Interior Minister Nicolas Sarkozy that would have suppressed the two "départements" of the island and granted more autonomy to the territorial collectivity of Corsica.
"U Corsu",dialect of Corsica.
In Corsica the official language is French, but lots of people speak, "u corsu", a dialect of Corsica, protected by UNESCO. Corsu is not different to the dialects (with their accents) of parts of Tuscany or in Sardinia. Corsu has two versions, "Supranacciu", common in the north east of island, (Bastia,Corte), and the "Suttanacciu" common in the south of the island, (Ajaccio,Sartene).
"For more info. about the dialect see also Corsican."
Sport.
In Corsica, football is a very common sport. The island has in the first league of France ('Ligue 1'), 2 teams. The AC Ajaccio and the SC Bastia. Another very famous sport in Corsica, is volleyball, with the "GFCO Ajaccio Volley-Ball' team.

MASER
A MASER or "Microwave Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiations" can produce electromagnetic waves by an amplification. This amplification is created by stimulated emission.

World Wide Web Consortium
The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) is an organisation created by Tim Berners-Lee, in order to continue the development of the web, and its languages. Tim Berners-Lee also wants to make standards for the languages, and to improve them.

List of Pterosaurs
This is a list of pterosaurs'".

Deinonychus
Deinonychus ("pronounced:dei-ON-ike-US") was a dinosaur that was 4 feet (1.2 meters) tall and 10 feet (3 meters) long. It was the second largest raptor "(after Utahraptor)". It was a dinosaur that hunted dinosaurs like Tenontosaurus or Psittacosaurus.

Cheerleader
A Cheerleader is a person (nowadays usually a woman) who does cheerleading, or leads cheers. This is usually done as a group, to keep the spirit of a sports team up.
This sport is originaly from America, USA, and it was first seen in the beginning of 1900. It was, and is still used to support a local sports group (for example football)

My Opera Community
The My Opera Community is an online community which provides support from the Opera Browser. It also has casual social community services.
History.
The My Opera Community started in August 2001. It currently has over 1,000,000 members, who are from all over the world.
Upgrades in 2005.
In September, 2005 the My Opera Community added a some improvments. These improvements included most of the current features that are available now.

Permanent
Permanent used as an adjective usually means that something is very hard to get rid of or destroy. Permanent may also mean other things.

Linen
Linen is a material made from the fibers of the flax plant ("Linum usitatissimum"). It is usually used to make cloth.
It is often used in the creation of light clothing and table coverings.
History.
The flax plant is one of the plants humans have grown and used. Linen cloth was already made at least 6,000 years ago in Egypt and Mesopotamia. This makes linen one of the oldest fibers and cloths used by humans, beside wool and hemp. Linen and hemp were the most important fiber plants in Europe for a long time. Linen was for example also used to wrap Egyptian mummies.

Hieroglyph
Hieroglyphs (or Hieroglyphics) are a type of writing. They use symbols or pictures to stand for sounds and words.
Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics are the most well-known form, but other societies also used them. Hieroglyphs have been found in Turkey, Crete, United States, Canada, Central America, and other countries. Ancient Egyptians used pictures to make a phonetic alphabet, so that each sound could be written with a picture-word, or "pictograph". For example, a zig-zag for water n came to mean the letter "n", because the Egyptian word for water started with n. This same picture became our letter 'M' in the Latin alphabet, because the Semitic word for water started with m, and Semitic workers changed the symbols to fit sounds in their own language. In the same way, our Latin letter 'N' came from the hieroglyph for snake D since the word for "snake" started with n in Semitic; but in Egyptian, this picture had stood for a sound like English "J" because of their word for snake.
The word "hieroglyph" comes from the Greek words ἱερός (hierós 'sacred') and γλύφειν (glúphein 'to carve' or 'to write'), and was first used to mean the Egyptian hieroglyphs. The Greeks who came to Egypt before and during the Ptolemaic Period (305 BC - 30 BC) saw that while a cursive script called "demotic" was used for every day writings, the picture letters were often found carved on temple walls, tombs, and monuments. These glyph forms of writing were eventually phased out when Christianity took hold of Egypt. Inscriptions in hieroglyphics grew more rare until, finally, the last known inscription was made in A.D. 396.

Papyrus
Papyrus is a kind of paper that the Ancient Egyptians used for writing. It was made from a kind of reed called the Paper reed.

Raisin
Raisins are dried grapes. They contain a lot of sugar.

Tastebud
Tastebuds are small 'bumps' on the tongue. They detect the taste of things that go into the mouth.

Nectar
Nectar, in botany, is a liquid made by the flowers of plants. It is very sweet because it has a lot of sugar in it. Plants make nectar to attract pollinating animals. It is made in glands called nectaries. The Nectaries are usually at the bottom of the perianth. This means the animal trying to get the nectar have to touch the parts of the plant that are used for reproduction. By doing this, the animal getting the nectar helps the plants reproduce. Some plants make nectar outside the flower. These plants do it to attract predatory insects. These insects will eat both the nectar and any plant-eating insects found near the plant.
Nectar is economically important because it is where the sugar for honey comes from. It is also useful in agriculture and horticulture because the adults of many predatory insects, as well as hummingbirds, eat nectar. Nectar from fruits can also be drank by people.

Hunting dog
A hunting dog is any dog who helps humans in hunting. There are several types of hunting dogs. The major categories of hunting dog include hounds, terriers, curs type dogs, and gun dogs. These categories have smaller groups in them that are based on different things the dogs are good at doing.

Purebred dog
Purebred dogs are dogs whose ancestors are all the same breed.
A breed of dog is a particular subspecies that has been bred through time to exhibit certain characteristics, for example a bulldog is bred to be short and have a flat nose while a greyhound is bred to be light and run fast.
Some dogs are bred to look special which is why poodles have fluffy hair.

MTR
Mass Transit Railway or MTR (in Chinese, 香港鐵路有限公司, literally "Hong Kong Railway Company"; or 港鐵 for short) is the main rapid transit railway system in Hong Kong. Since the MTR service first opened in 1979, the network has grown to 150 stations.. Built and run by MTR Corporation Limited, the MTR system is a very popular mode of public transport in Hong Kong, with around 2.46 million passengers riding each day.
Paying For MTR.
The price of using MTR is very low. For example, the price of going from Tsing Yi to Causeway Bay by taxi is around HK$200. Travelling the same distance by MTR costs HK$11.80 for grown up people and HK$5.40 for young and very old people. People can buy a one way ticket or a Octopus card to enter MTR. Octopus card is a touch-less smart card.
Building MTR.
Hong Kong's growing economy caused a lot of traffic problems. Hong Kong government made a study of these problems. The first line was opened in 1979. The MTR was popular quickly with the people of Hong Kong, so later they built more lines to cover more ground. People are still arguing about how and where to expand the MTR network next.
Initial proposal.
During the 1960s, the government of Hong Kong thought they need to accommodate increasing road traffic that growing Hong Kong's economy would bring. British transport consultants Freeman, Fox, Wilbur Smith & Associates were appointed to study the transport system of Hong Kong. The consultants released the "Hong Kong Mass Transport Study" in September 1967, which proposed the construction of a mass transport underground railway system in Hong Kong.
In 1970, an underground network with four lines was laid out and planned as part of the British consultants' new report, "Hong Kong Mass Transit: Further Studies". The four lines were to be the Kwun Tong Line, Tsuen Wan Line, Island Line, and East Kowloon Line. However, the lines that were eventually constructed were somewhat different compared with the lines that were originally proposed by the "Hong Kong Mass Transport Study".
In 1972, the Hong Kong government authorised construction of the "Initial System", a 20-km system that roughly translates to the Kwun Tong Line today (except the line now extends to Tiu Keng Leng). Negotiations with four major construction consortia started in 1973. The government's intention was to tender the entire project, based on the British design, as a single tender at a fixed price. A consortium from Japan signed an agreement to construct the system in early 1974, but in December of the same year it pulled out from the agreement, stemming from fears of the Arab oil crisis.
Modified Initial System (Kwun Tong Line / Tsuen Wan Line).
Several weeks later, in early 1975, a government agency known as the Mass Transport Provisional Authority was established to take charge of the project. It announced that the Initial System would be slightly reduced to 15.6 kilometres, and renamed it the Modified Initial System. Plans for a single contract were also abandoned in favour of 25 engineering contracts and 10 electrical and mechanical contracts.
In addition, the government-owned Hong Kong Mass Transit Railway Corporation (MTRC) was established to replace the Mass Transport Provisional Authority. (This was the company succeeded by the MTR Corporation Limited on 30 June 2000)
Construction of the Modified Initial System (now part of Kwun Tong Line and Tsuen Wan Line) commenced in November 1975. After almost four years, the northern section was completed on 30 September 1979. On 1 October 1979, the northern section was opened, with trains running from Shek Kip Mei to Kwun Tong. The route from Tsim Sha Tsui to Shek Kip Mei was opened in December of the same year.
In 1980, the first harbour crossing was made by an MTR train as the Kwun Tong Line was extended even farther to Chater station, now known as Central station. To deal with increasing patronage, trains were also extended to six cars.
Tsuen Wan Line.
The government approved construction of the in 1977, then known as Tsuen Wan Extension, and works commenced in November 1978. The project added a 10.5-kilometre section to the MTR system, from Prince Edward to Tsuen Wan. The line started service on 10 May 1982 with a total cost of construction (not adjusted for inflation) at HK$4.1 billion.
When service of this line started, the section of the Kwun Tong Line from Chater to Argyle, present-day Mong Kok station, was transferred to the Tsuen Wan Line. Thus, Waterloo became the terminus of the Kwun Tong Line, and both Argyle and Prince Edward stations became interchange stations. This change was made because system planners expected traffic of the Tsuen Wan Line would exceed that of the Kwun Tong Line. This forecast proved quite accurate, necessitating a bypass from the northwestern New Territories to Hong Kong Island. Launched in 1998, the Tung Chung Line serves exactly that purpose.
Although land acquisitions were made for a station at Tsuen Wan West, the station was never built. This is not to be confused with Tsuen Wan West Station on KCR West Rail, which lies on the newly reclaimed area near the former ferry pier.
It is interesting to note that since the line's opening in 1982, this is the only line whose alignment has virtually remained the same for the past 23 years. For example, the Kwun Tong Line's alignment has changed for 2 times since its opening - the taking over of Tsuen Wan Line from Mong Kok to Central, and the taking over of Eastern Harbour Crossing section by the Tseung Kwan O Line.
Island Line.
Government approvals were granted for construction of the in December, 1980. Construction commenced in October, 1981. On 31 May 1985 the Island Line was opened with service between Admiralty and Chai Wan stations. Both Admiralty and Central stations became interchange stations with the Tsuen Wan Line. Furthermore, each train was extended to eight cars.
On 23 May 1986, service reached Sheung Wan station. Construction for this station was delayed for one year as government offices which sat on top of the station had to be removed to a new location before construction could start.
Eastern Harbour Crossing extension.
In 1984, the government approved the construction of the Eastern Harbour Crossing, a tunnel to be used by cars and MTR trains. The Kwun Tong Line was extended across the harbour to Quarry Bay, which became an interchange station for the Kwun Tong Line and the Island Line. The extension was launched on 5 August 1989. An intermediate station, Lam Tin, started operations on 1 October 1989.
Airport Express and Tung Chung Line.
The decision was made in October 1989 to construct a new international airport at Chek Lap Kok on Lantau Island to replace the overcrowded Kai Tak International Airport. The government invited the MTR to build a train line, then known as the Lantau Airport Railway, to the airport. But construction did not begin until the Chinese and British governments settled their financial and land disagreements in November 1994.
In the end, the new line was included in the financing plans of the new Hong Kong International Airport as the airport was not considered viable without direct public transport links. Construction costs were also shared by the MTR which was granted many large-scale developments in the construction plans for the new stations.
The Lantau Airport Railway turned into two MTR lines, the Tung Chung Line and the Airport Express. The was officially opened on 21 June 1998 by Hong Kong Chief Executive Tung Chee Hwa, and service commenced the next day. The opened for service on 6 July 1998 along with the new Hong Kong International Airport.
The Airport Express line is the second most popular means of transport to the Hong Kong International Airport. In 2005, 22% of the commuters took the Airport Express to and from the airport.
Quarry Bay Congestion Relief Works.
The Quarry Bay Congestion Relief Works involved extending the Hong Kong Island end of the Kwun Tong Line from Quarry Bay to North Point via a 4.2 kilometre tunnel. The project was initiated due to overcrowding at Quarry Bay and persistent passenger complaints about the 5-minute walk from the Island Line station to the Kwun Tong Line station. Construction began in September 1997 and was completed in September 2001 at a cost of HK$3.0 billion.
Tseung Kwan O Line.
Construction of the was approved on 18 August 1998 to serve new housing developments. Construction began on 24 April 1999 and the line officially opened in 2002. It took over the train tracks running through the Eastern Harbour Tunnel from the Kwun Tong Line, and ran from Po Lam to North Point. When the line was opened, the Kwun Tong Line was diverted to Tiu Keng Leng on the new line. The Government paid part of the cost for this construction, and the money came also from private developers which linked construction of the Tseung Kwan O Line to new real estate and commercial developments. Previously under-developed areas were opened up for development with more transport options.
West Rail Interface Works.
While the construction of the Tung Chung Line was still underway, the plan for building a railway corridor to serve the northwestern New Territories was conceived. Space has been reserved for the addition of an interchange station and two extra tracks (to allow non-stop service for the Airport Express) between Olympic and Lai King. Originally known as the Airport Railway Phase 2, the contracts of the West Rail Interface Works were awarded shortly after construction works of the West Rail commenced. The project comprised Mei Foo Interchange (modification of the existing Mei Foo station on the Tsuen Wan Line to provide a pedestrian link to the West Rail Mei Foo station; Nam Cheong Station (an interchange station on the Tung Chung Line, jointly operated by the MTRC and KCRC) and 4-Tracking Works (the additional two tracks, 4 km in length, allow the Tung Chung Line trains to stop at Nam Cheong without obstructing the passage of Airport Express trains).
The Works were completed in stages. The Tung Chung Line trains have been running on the new track since mid May 2003, whereas the Mei Foo station interchange subway and the Nam Cheong station were opened at the same time the West Rail opened for public use in December 2003.
East Rail Interface Works.
Two major works have been undertaken to improve interchange between MTR and KCR East Rail. The modification of Kowloon Tong station started in June 2001. A new pedestrian link to East Rail Kowloon Tong station southern concourse and a new entrance were completed in June 2003 to cope with the increase in interchange passenger flow.
Modification to MTR Tsim Sha Tsui Station involved in upgrading station factilities and concourse layout to facilitate access from the pedestrian links of East Rail East Tsim Sha Tsui station. New entrances to the subway links were opened on 19 September 2004 (for KCR Mody Road subway) and 30 March 2005 (for Nathan Road subway, which connects to KCR Middle Road subway), with the whole scheme completed in May 2005.
Disneyland Resort Line and Asia World-Expo Extension.
, previously known as Penny's Bay Rail Link, provides service to the Hong Kong Disneyland Resort which was opened on 12 September 2005. Service to Sunny Bay station on the Tung Chung Line started on 1 June 2005. The new line and Disneyland Resort station opened for service on 1 August 2005.
This 3.5 km single-track railway is an extension of the Tung Chung Line. It runs between Sunny Bay station to Disneyland Resort station, which is designed to blend in with the Hong Kong Disneyland to create a resort ambience. The line currently operates two four-car fully-automated trains (each car accommodating up to 180 passengers) running every four to ten minutes. These carriages were converted from the existing rolling stock to suit the recreational and adventurous nature of the 3.5 minute journey.
The new Asia World-Expo station is an extension of the Airport Express to serve the new international exhibition centre, known as the AsiaWorld-Expo at Hong Kong International Airport. The station opened on 20 December 2005 to meet the opening of the exhibition centre. To cope with the projected increase in patronage, Airport Express trains has expanded from 7 cars to 8 cars. Additional trains will also be deployed on the Tung Chung line during major exhibitions and events.
MTR Corporation Limited (MTRC).
On 5 October 2000 the operator of the MTR network, MTR Corporation Limited, became Hong Kong's first privatised rail and metro company, which marked the start of the Hong Kong government's planned initiative to wind down its interests in various public utilities. Prior to its listing on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange, the Mass Transit Railway Coporation was wholly owned by the Hong Kong Government. The offering involved the sale of around one billion shares, and the company now has the largest shareholder base of any company listed in Hong Kong. In June, 2001, MTR Corporation Limited was transferred to Hang Seng Index.
MTR Corporation Limited has always been reliant on developing properties next to railway stations for its profits (although the rail lines are profitable themselves); many recently built stations are incorporated into large housing estates or shopping complexes. Examples of this type of construction can be seen at Tsing Yi station, which is built next to the Maritime Square shopping centre, and directly underneath the Tierra Verde housing estate.
On April 11, 2006, MTR Corporation Limited signed a non-binding Memorandum of Understanding with the Hong Kong Government, the owner of Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation (KCRC), to merge the operation of the two railway networks of Hong Kong. If eventually approved, MTR Corporation Limited will take over the operation of the KCR network and combine the fare system of the two networks.
Safety on the MTR.
Various campaigns and activities are taken to help ensure that the MTR is a safe system to travel on. Poster campaigns displaying information on topics such as escalator safety are a common sight in all MTR stations, and announcements are made regularly as safety reminders to travelling passengers.
Bylaws have been recently introduced to deter potentially dangerous actions on the MTR, such as the ban of flammable goods on the MTR and rushing into trains when the doors are closing. Penalties ranging from fines to imprisonment have been imposed for such offenses. Metallic balloons are also banned due to previous incidents on KCR and on MTR's Island Line where a metallic balloon interfered with the operation of the overhead power lines.
Police officers patrol on trains and stations, and police posts are available at some stations. The Hong Kong Police Force has a Railway District responsible for the MTR and the KCR. Closed-circuit television cameras are installed in stations.
Tung Chung Line, the Airport Express and Tseung Kwan O Line, except Quarry Bay station, had platform screen doors (PSDs) installed upon construction. These doors prevent people from falling onto the rails, and MTRC allowed the assumption that this implementation was primarily a safety campaign, without heavily promoting it directly. In fact, the primary motivation was to separate the stations from the tunnels, hence allowing substantial energy savings on station air-conditioning and tunnel ventilation. Automatic platform gates (APGs) have also been installed at the Sunny Bay and Disneyland Resort stations. Their heights are half of the PSDs and only prevent people from falling onto the rails.
In June 2000, The MTR Corporation proceeded with its plans to retrofit 2,960 pairs of platform screen doors at all 30 underground stations on the Kwun Tong Line, Tsuen Wan Line, and Island Line in a six year programme. The programme made MTR the world's first railway to undertake the retrofitting of PSDs on a passenger-carrying system already in operation. A prototype design was first introduced at Choi Hung station in the 3rd quarter of 2001. HK$0.10 per passenger trip was levied on Octopus card users to help fund the HK$2 billion retrofit programme. The whole installation scheme was completed in October 2005. The original completion year was 2006. The MTR Corporation said that part of the cost had to be assumed by passengers.
Station facilities, amenities and services.
With the high level of daily passenger traffic, facilities of MTR stations are built with durability and accessibility in mind. The elevators and escalators in stations are heavy duty, with the elevators installed by Otis Elevator Company/Fujitec and the escalators installed by Constructions Industrielles de la Mediterranée and Otis Elevator Company.
After extensive retrofits, the MTR system has become, in general, disabled-friendly — the trains have dedicated wheelchair space, the stations have special floor tiles to guide the blind safely on the platforms, and there are extra wide entry and exit gates for wheelchairs as well.
Unlike many other metro systems around the world, "main line" MTR stations do not have toilet facilities, although their installation has been contemplated. Only stations on the Airport Express and Disneyland Resort Line have access to toilet facilities.
Interchange stations.
The MTR network is unique in its arrangement of interchange stations. Interchange stations between the Island, Tsuen Wan, Kwun Tong and Tseung Kwan O lines are arranged in pairs; such an arrangement allows cross-platform interchange wherein a passenger leaves a train on one side of the platform and boards trains on the other side of the platform for another line.
Most of those stations make use of a cross-platform interchange system, where the commuter can change to another line on the opposite platform. For example, when a person is travelling on the Kwun Tong Line towards Tiu Keng Leng, getting off at Yau Tong would allow him to change trains across the platform for the Tseung Kwan O Line towards North Point. Whereas, staying on the train and reaching Tiu Keng Leng would allow you to change trains for the Tseung Kwan O Line towards Po Lam.
This not only makes it more convenient for passengers, it also reduces the amount of traffic per station. Riders are made aware of the closest connection point by way of in-train visual and auditory messages. Although riders can disregard these tips, the design of the stations are for the convenience of passengers.
Telecommunications network coverage.
A full GSM (GSM-900 and GSM-1800), CDMA and TDMA mobile phone network is in place through out the MTR system of stations and tunnels. Passengers can stay connected underground.
Currently, full 3G network coverage in all stations and tunnels (except West Rail Line) for the MTR system has been provided by 3 Hong Kong, SmarTone-Vodafone and PCCW Mobile. Passengers with subscription services will be able to make video calls and access high speed video content on their mobile phones regardless whether the train is above ground or under ground.
Shops and other services.
Apart from retailers, there are also dentists and medical clinics, drycleaners, and florists along the Tseung Kwan O Line. Standard services include payphones, vending machines (Coca-Cola only), and self-service photo-booths.
Free magazines and newspapers.
"Recruit" was the first free magazine which was solely distributed in MTR stations since July 1992. However, in July 2002, the contract between the magazine and MTR was terminated. Another recruitment magazine "Jiu Jik" (招職), published by "South China Morning Post", replaced "Recruit" as the only free recruitment magazine distributed in MTR stations on every Tuesdays and Fridays.
At the same time, there was another entertainment magazine "Hui Kai Guide" (去街 Guide). However, it is no longer distributed in MTR stations since 2006.
The "Metropolis Daily" (都市日報), published by Metro International, is the first free newspaper distributed free in MTR stations from Monday to Friday (except public holidays); and in 2005, there is another weekend newspaper "Express Post" (快線周報), distributed every Saturday except public holidays.
The "Metropop" (都市流行), also published by Metro International, started its distribution in MTR stations every Thursdays since April 27 2006, few months after the termination of "Hui Kai Guide". It is a weekly magazine featuring cultural affairs and city trends.
Extra services for Airport Express.
The Airport Express also offer value-added services to travellers on the line. Toilets and check-in facilities are available at every station on the line. A free Airport Express shuttle bus service transports travellers from stations to their respective hotels as well. Flight passengers can even have in-town check-in at the station, which offers a more convenient and time-saving routine.
Fares and tickets.
As of January 2005, there are two different fare classes on the MTR: Adult and concessionary. Only children below the age of 12, senior citizens 65 years or older, or full-time Hong Kong students between the ages of 12 and 25 qualify for the concessionary rate. Children below the age of 3 travel free.
Similar to some other metro systems in the world, the fare payable by a passenger depends on the approximate distance travelled. However, taking any particular station as the origin, the other stations fall into fare "zones" depending on the distance from the origin. The fare to all stations in a "zone" is the same and increases with distance, especially if the journey involves a harbour crossing. Adult fares range from HK$3.80 to $26.00. Concessionary fares are usually half the adult fare, and range from HK$2.40 to $13.00. Fares for the Airport Express Line are significantly higher.
Octopus cards.
The Octopus card is a rechargeable contactless smart card used in an electronic payment system in Hong Kong. It was launched in September 1997 for use on both the MTR and the KCR and now is the most widely used electronic cash system for transactions in Hong Kong as many retailers are fitted with readers.
The Octopus card uses radio frequency identification (RFID) technology so that users need only hold the card in front of the reader. Physical contact is not required, and the card need not even be taken out because the reader can penetrate through material. This fare collection system has been so popular that many cities such as Singapore, London, Chicago, and Taipei have adopted the idea, launching their own version of smart cards, respectively named EZ-link, Oyster card, and EasyCard.
Except for the Airport Express, MTR fares are slightly lower when using an Octopus card compared to using single journey tickets. For example, the cost of the 3-minute journey from Admiralty to Tsim Sha Tsui across the Victoria Harbour is (as of 2005) HK$7.9 using the Octopus card, compared with HK$9.0 for a single-journey ticket.
Tourist pass.
Two types of tourist passes are available: one allows unlimited rides for a single day (at HK$50), while the other allows three days of unlimited rides on the MTR, with a stored value of HK$20, refundable deposit of HK$50 and choice of either a single (HK$220) or return (HK$300) trip on the Airport Express.
Tourists are required to produce proof of tourist status, (e.g. passports or, in the case of Mainland travellers, entry permits) when purchasing the pass, and whenever requested by a ticket inspector during spot-checks.
Other fares.
The magnetic fare card system is used for single journey tickets. These tickets are pre-paid for between pre-determined stations, and are good for only one trip. There are no return tickets, except on the Airport Express.
Fares for the Airport Express are substantially different from main line fares. Apart from single tickets, same-day return tickets (same price as a single), and one-month return tickets are also available.
A one-day pass can be used to unlimited travel to/from Hong Kong Disneyland within the same day, and costs HK$50. This pass can be purchased from any MTR Customer Service Centres or Airport Express Customer Service Centres.
MTR rolling stock.
Four variations of rolling stock operate on the MTR on 1.5kV DC overhead electrification. All trains are electric multiple units (EMUs), equipped with ATC and ATP, operating on 1432 mm rail gauge. Except for the rolling stock of the Airport Express, all trains are designed with features to cope with high density passenger traffic on stopping services. Examples are the latitudinal seating arrangement, additional ventilation fans and 5 doors on each side per car.
The Tung Chung Line and the Airport Express use dedicated rolling stock designs specified to their respective lines. Initially run in 7-car formations, they have now been lengthened to eight cars. These two variations are built jointly by Adtranz (now Bombardier Transportations) and Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles between 1994–97.
The other lines are operated using a mixture of the other two variations, known as the "M-Train" and the "K-Stock". The "M-Stock" (or CM-Stock") of "M-Train" are the oldest trains on the MTR, built originally by Metro Cammell (now Alstom) and refurbished by United Goninan. The "M-Train" is the only variation that uses sliding doors, as opposed to others which use plug-doors. The "K-Stock" are built jointly by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and ROTEM, and a further order of 32 cars is due to be in service on the Tung Chung Line by 2007.
The Disneyland Resort Line uses driverless "M-Trains" with their appearance overhauled to suit the atmosphere and theme of the line. Windows on each carriage and the handrails inside are made into the shape of Mickey Mouse's head, and there are bronze-made Disney characters decorating the interior of the carriages.
Depots.
Depots are located at Kowloon Bay (for Kwun Tong Line), Tsuen Wan (for Tsuen Wan Line), Heng Fa Chuen (for Island Line), and Dream City (for Tseung Kwan O Line). Tung Chung Line, Airport Express, and Disneyland Resort Line trains are serviced at Siu Ho Wan between Tung Chung and Sunny Bay.
Art promotion.
With the objective "not only bring MTR passengers more time for life, but also more time for art", the "Art in MTR" Initiative has been a success since its reception in 1998, where the Airport Express Artwork Programme was the pioneer project. Thereafter, live performances, art exhibitions, display of artwork by established and emerging artists, students and young children have been brought into the MTR stations. MTR Corporation Limited have even made art part of the station architecture when building new stations or renovating existing ones. Artworks are exhibited in different forms on the network, including "arttube", open art gallery, community art galleries, roving art, living art, and art in station architecture.
By incorporating elements of art into the railway network, the travelling environment for the passengers is not only enhanced, but also makes their journeys even more pleasant and enjoyable. Moreover, with MTR stations being an integral part of the neighbourhood, the programme also provides opportunities to promote Hong Kong's community art, encourage art appreciation among the public and give residents a feeling of home at the stations.
The future.
MTR Corporation Limited has suggested several future projects to the Hong Kong Government, with some already being built. The network is also set to grow quite much when MTR Corporation Limited joins with the government-owned Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation (KCRC), with the non-binding "Memorandum of Understanding" agreement signed on 11 April 2006 to give MTR Corporation control of the KCR network for 50 years. The new Sha Tin to Central Link that was first given to KCRC would now also be run by MTR Corporation Limited, which will run from Tai Wai Station in Tai Wai to Central.
It has also been suggested to improve parts of MTR that are running now. Airport Station on the Airport Express will have a new platform to serve passengers flying out of Hong Kong International Airport's Skyplaza. New subway links to the stations are also being made, and it has been proposed to lengthen the Tseung Kwan O Line with a branch line to Tseung Kwan O South, and the Kwun Tong Line as far as Whampoa Garden, also linking with the Sha Tin to Central Link expansion.
The West Island Line and South Island Line, first suggested to the government by MTR on 21 January 2003, was finally accepted on 30 June 2005. It was made up of the West Island Line that took the Island Line to Kennedy Town, and the South Island Line (East section) from Admiralty to Ap Lei Chau and South Island Line (West section) that connects the other two lines. This is being talked about now and the whole longer line should be finished and running by 2012.

Rib cage
The Ribcage is a part of the skeleton of humans and some animals. It is made up of curved bones. The rib cage is found in the chest area. It protects a persons internal organs from damage. Most humans have 12 pairs of rib bones with one from each pair on each side of the chest. Some people may have 11 or 13 pairs of rib bones.

Interview
An interview is a conversation between two people where one of the people is trying to get information from the other person. The person asking questions is called the "interviewer" and the person answering questions is called the "interviewee". Police interview suspects and witnesses to a crime to try and find out what happened. Employers interview people trying to get a job to find out if they are a good person for the job. Researchers might use an interview ask people to find how they feel about a certain issue. For example, what TV shows they like.

Athelstan
Athelstan (c. 895–October 27, 939), called the Glorious, was the King of England from 924 to 939. He was the son of King Edward the Elder. Athelstan's reign is sometimes overlooked but it was of great importance to political developments in the 10th century.
Athelstan was the son of Edward the Elder, and grandson of Alfred the Great. His father succeeded, after some difficulty, to the Kingdom of the Anglo-Saxons formed by Alfred. His father had also been the King of Mercia. When Edward died Athelstan quickly became King of Mercia but he was not immediately accepted as King of England. His borther, Ælfweard, had more support in England but died soon after Edward. This made it easier for Athelstan to become king.
For Athelstan it was very important to have many allies. A year after his crowning he married one of his sisters to the viking King of York, Sithric. However, Sihtric died only a year later, and Athelstan took the opportunity to take Northumbria. This move made him king of more territory than any Anglo-Saxon king before him, roughly the same as modern England. Historical records indicate that the other rulers in Great Britain accepted him as king at Bamburgh around this time.
Athelstan died at Gloucester in 939 and was succeeded by his half-brother, Edmund I.

Firefly (TV series)
"Firefly" is an American science fiction television series. It first aired in the United States and Canada on September 20, 2002. It is set in the future, but also has many things about it which would be expected in a story of the American Old West. This combination of past and future gives a unique science fiction setting for the story. It was created by writer and director Joss Whedon, creator of "Buffy the Vampire Slayer" and "Angel". He created it with his production company, Mutant Enemy. Whedon was the executive producer, along with Tim Minear.
"Firefly" was first broadcast on the FOX network. It was cancelled after only eleven of the fourteen episodes were shown. Even though the show did not last long, it sold very well when it was released onto DVD and had great fan support. Because of this, Whedon and Universal Pictures made a movie based on the series, titled "Serenity". The movie was named after the fictional spaceship in the show. It won an Emmy in 2003 for "Outstanding Special Visual Effects for a Series".
The series is set in 2517 AD. It follows the adventures of the crew of "Serenity", a "Firefly"-class spaceship. The cast play the nine characters who live on "Serenity". Whedon described the show as "nine people looking into the blackness of space and seeing nine different things". The show looks at the changing lives of people who fought on the losing side of a civil war. It also shows the pioneer culture that is on the edges of their star system. It is a future where the only two superpowers, the United States and China, joined to create a single government. This government was called the "Alliance". This also caused the two cultures to blend into each other. Whedon said that nothing has changed in the future. There are more people with better technology, but they still have the same problems politically, morally and ethically.
Creation.
Whedon came up with the idea for the show after reading "The Killer Angels", a novel about the Battle of Gettysburg during the American Civil War. He wanted to follow people who had fought on the losing side of a war. He wanted to look at their lives after the war on the edges of civilization. It was meant to be the kind of drama with a lot of people trying to figure out their lives in a pioneer environment. Whedon wanted to have a show that was about when life was physical and things did not come easy to people. Whedon was also very interested in science fiction and wanted to make something for television that was character-driven and dirty.
For the name of the show, Joss Whedon wanted something that had strength and movement. He felt that the word "firefly" had both. The fact that it was also something small with a powerful name made him like it more. From there, he created the ship in the image of a firefly.
Format.
While making the first episode, Whedon was arguing with FOX that the show should be shown in widescreen format. Because of this, he filmed scenes with actors on the edge of both sides so that they would have to show it that way. However, the pilot was turned down by the FOX executives. They thought that it did not have enough action. They also did not like the captain. FOX told Whedon on a Friday afternoon that he had to make a new script by Monday morning or they would not do it. Whedon and Tim Minear spent the weekend writing a new episode, "The Train Job". In this new episode, the captain was more "happy" and they added "larger than life" characters. These characters were the henchman "Crow", and the "hands of blue" men, that also introduced a "X-Files"-type ending.
Set design.
Production designer Carey Meyer built the ship "Serenity" in two parts. It was built as a complete set. It had ceilings and working lights built in as part of the set that the cameras could use. It also had movable parts. This helped with moving the camera around inside the set. There were other good things about this set design. One was that it let the people watching feel that they were really in a ship. For Whedon, the design of the ship was very important. It defined the known space for the viewer. He wanted to show that it was simple and that it was "beat-up but lived-in and ultimately, it was home". Each room had a feel to it, usually shown by the paint color.
Their small budget was a reason to use the ship for much of telling the story. When the characters did go off of the ship, the worlds all had Earth atmosphere and colors. They could not afford to build alien worlds.
Music.
The theme song, "The Ballad of Serenity", was written by Joss Whedon and performed by Sonny Rhodes. Whedon wrote the song before the series was approved by Fox. An early recording done by Whedon can be found on the DVD release.
The soundtrack to the series was released on CD on November 8, 2005 by Varèse Sarabande. The musical score matches the blending of cultures in the show. Cowboy guitar blended with an Asian feel was the musical background for the series. Greg Edmonson wrote the music for the series. He said that he wrote for the emotion of the moment.
Casting.
In casting his nine-member crew, Whedon looked first at the actor and how they got along with others. All nine cast members were chosen before filming began. However, while filming the original pilot "Serenity", Whedon saw that the actress cast as Inara Serra (Rebecca Gayheart) was not right for the role.Morena Baccarin auditioned for the role and two days later was on the set in her first television show.
Whedon asked Nathan Fillion to play the lead role of Malcolm Reynolds. After telling him the idea for the show and showing him the pilot, Fillion wanted the role. Fillion was called back several times to read for the part before he was cast.
Alan Tudyk auditioned and was told to come back in to test with the possible Zoes (the character's wife). It was down to him and one other person. The Zoes did not work out and Tudyk was sent home. He got a call telling him he had the part anyway.
Veteran science fiction-fantasy actress Gina Torres ("The Matrix Reloaded", ') did not at first want to do another science fiction show, but "was won over by the quality of the source material." As she recalled, "So you had these challenged characters inhabiting a challenging world and that makes for great storytelling. AND NO ALIENS!"
Adam Baldwin grew up watching westerns. The character of Jayne Cobb was a role that was perfect for him.
Canadian actress Jewel Staite has been an actress since age nine. She videotaped her audition from Vancouver. she was asked to come to Los Angeles to meet Whedon, where she was cast for the role of Kaylee Frye, the ship's engineer.
Sean Maher remembers reading for the part and liking the character of Simon Tam. He said it was Whedon's personality and vision that "sealed the deal" for him. For the role of Simon's sister, Whedon called in Summer Glau for an audition and test the same day. Glau had first worked for Whedon on an episode of "Angel". Two weeks later Whedon called her to tell her she had the part. This was Glau's first speaking role.
The veteran television actor Ron Glass ("Barney Miller", "All in the Family"), has said that until "Firefly", he had not thought about a science-fiction western role but he fell in love with the pilot script and the character of Shepherd Book.
Back story.
The series takes place in the year 2517, on several planets and moons. The TV series does not say if these are in one star system. The movie "Serenity" makes clear that all the planets and moons are in one large system. The characters refer to "Earth-that-was" and in the movie, it is said that long before the events in the series a large population had left from Earth to a new star system: "Earth that was could no longer sustain our numbers, we were so many." The people settled in this new star system, with "dozens of planets and hundreds of moons." Many of these were terraformed, a process in which a planet or moon is altered to resemble the Earth. The terraforming process was only the first step in making a planet livable. Only the most central planets got more treatment. This caused many of the border planets and moons to have environmentsthat fit the Western setting.
Synopsis.
The show takes its name from the "Firefly"-class spaceship "Serenity" that the main characters call home. It looks like the lightning bug, Firefly in shape. Its tail section even lights up during acceleration.
The Alliance is shown to control the star system through an organization of "core" planets. DVD commentary suggests that two main "core" planets make up the Alliance. One is mostly Occidental in culture, the other is Asian. This explains the series' mixed linguistic and visual themes. The central planets are under Alliance control, but the outer planets and moons resemble the 19th century American West, with little government control. Settlers people on the outer worlds have relative freedom from the central government. The outer areas also have Reavers, a cannibalistic race.
The captain of the crew of "Serenity" is Malcolm "Mal" Reynolds (Nathan Fillion). The episode "Serenity" shows that the captain and his first mate Zoe Washburne (Gina Torres) are veteran "Browncoats" of the civil war. A later episode, titled "Out of Gas", shows that Mal bought the spaceship "Serenity" to continue living beyond Alliance control. Much of the crew's work is made up of cargo runs or smuggling. One of the main story arcs is that of River Tam (Summer Glau) and her brother Simon (Sean Maher). River was a child prodigy. Her brain was experimented on. She seems to have schizophrenia and often hears voices. It is later found out that she is a "reader", someone with psychic abilities. Simon gave up a very good career as a surgeon to save her from the Alliance. They join the crew in the original "Serenity". Because of this rescue, they are both wanted criminals.
Signature show elements.
"Firefly" takes place in a multi-cultural future. Because of this, Mandarin Chinese is a common second language. It is used in advertisements, and characters in the show often use Chinese words and curses.
The show also has slang not used in today's culture. There are changes to modern words, or new words ("shiny" is a synonym of "cool"). The Japanese katakana and an Old West dialect are also used.
One of the problems that Whedon had with FOX was the tone of the show, especially with the main character Malcolm Reynolds. FOX wanted Whedon to make his character more "jolly". They felt he was too dark in the original pilot.
Main characters.
"Firefly" had an ensemble cast that played the nine crew members of the ship, "Serenity". These characters fight criminals, Alliance security forces, the insane Reavers, and the mysterious men with "hands of blue" - who seem to work for a secret agency which is part of the huge corporation, The Blue Sun Corporation. The crew needs to get enough income to keep their ship working. While doing this, they must stay hidden from people looking for them.
All nine major characters are in every episode, with one exception: Book is absent from "Ariel".

Canute the Great
Canute (or Cnut) I, or Canute the Great (Old Norse: "Knútr inn ríki", Danish: "Knud den Store", Norwegian: "Knut den mektige", Swedish: "Knut den store") (ca. 995 – November 12, 1035) was a Danish king of England, Denmark, Norway, part of Sweden and governor or overlord of Schleswig and Pomerania. Danish influence in the North Sea region was never greater than in his time. He had treaties with the Holy Roman Emperors, Henry II and Conrad II and good relations with the popes of his time.

Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor
Saint Henry II (972 – 13 July 1024), called the Holy or the Saint, was the fifth and last Holy Roman Emperor of the Saxon or Ottonian dynasty.

SMTP
SMTP or Simple Mail Transfer Protocol is a web-based mail protocol. It is used to send e-mails. It is the opposite of the POP protocol which is used to receive e-mails. It is one of the protocols which makes up the protocol suite IP.

Internet protocol suite
The Internet protocol suite, also called TCP/IP for "Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol".
Origin.
Its name comes from two of the main protocols: Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP).

Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor
Conrad II (c. 990 – June 4, 1039) was the son of Count Henry of Speyer and Adelheid of Alsace. He was elected king in 1024 and crowned emperor of the Holy Roman Empire on March 26, 1027, the first emperor of the Salian Dynasty.
During his reign, he proved that the German monarchy had become strong enogh that it no longer depended on contracts between king and dukes alone.

Ottonian dynasty
Ottonian dynasty was a dynasty of kings of Germany, named after its first emperor Otto I the Great. But it is also known as the Saxon dynasty after the origin of this family of noblemen. The family itself is also sometimes known as the Liudolfings, after its earliest known member "Liudolf" and one of its most common names. The Ottonian rulers are also regarded as the first dynasty of the Holy Roman Empire, as successors of the Carolingian dynasty and Charlemagne, who is commonly viewed as the original founder of a new (Frankish) Roman Empire.
Although he was never Emperor, Henry I the Fowler, Duke of Saxony, was the founder of this imperial dynasty, since his election as German king made it possible for his son, Otto the Great to take on the imperium. Since Otto I most of the German kings were also crowned Holy Roman Emperor. Under the reign of the Ottonian rulers, the kingdom of the Eastern Franks finally became Germany as the duchies of Lorraine, Saxony, Franconia, Swabia, Thuringia and Bavaria joined in one empire.
After the end of the Ottonian dynasty (with the death of Henry II in 1024) the crown passed to the Salian dynasty. Luitgard, a daughter of Emperor Otto I had married the Salian Duke Conrad the Red of Lorraine. His great-grandson was Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor.

Ununbium
Ununbium is a chemical element. It is also named eka-mercury. It has the symbol Uub. It has the atomic number 112. It is a transuranium element. Ununbium is a temporary IUPAC systematic element name.
Using periodic trends, people think that it will be a liquid metal. It is likely to be more volatile than mercury.
History.
Ununbium was first made on February 9, 1996 at the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung (GSI) in Darmstadt, Germany. Ununbium was made by nuclear fusion of a zinc atom with a lead atom. The zinc nuclei was bombarded on to a lead target in a machine named a heavy ion accelerator.
The element was made in 2000 and 2004 at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Russia.
In May 2006 in the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research checked that it had been made using a different method. They identified the last atoms that were made from radioactive decay of ununbium.

Otto I the Great
Otto I the Great (November 23 912 – May 7 973), son of Henry I the Fowler, king of the Germans, and Matilda of Ringelheim, was Duke of the Saxons, King of the Germans and Holy Roman Emperor.

Tropic of Capricorn
The Tropic of Capricorn, or Southern tropic, is one of the five major circles of latitude of a map of the Earth. It is 23° 26′ 22″ south of the Equator.
History.
The Tropic of Capricorn is named because about 2000 years ago the sun was entering the constellation Capricornus on the December solstice. Now the sun appears in the constellation Sagittarius during the December solstice. The change is due to precession of the equinoxes.

Edward III of England
Edward III (13 November 1312 – 21 June 1377) was one of the most successful English monarchs of the Middle Ages. He ruled for 50 years.
He made England the strongest military power in Europe.
Edward was crowned when he was fourteen years old, after his father was forced to resign. After his victory against the Scots, he declared himself heir to the French throne in 1337 and so started the Hundred Years' War. The war went very well for England; the victories of Crécy and Poitiers led up to the Treaty of Brétigny by which he gained a lot of territory. When he became older, he was much less active mostly a result of his bad health.
Edward also established the Order of the Garter, and developed of legislature and government. But during his reign there was the Black Death.
In his own time and for centuries after Edward III was praised a lot. But by Whig historians he was seen as an irresponsible adventurer. This view has turned, and modern historians see what a good king he was.

Wicked Science
Wicked Sciences is an Australian television series. It takes place in the fictional city of Sandy Bay. It tells the story of two teenagers who suddenly become science geniuses.
Story.
Toby Johnson is a normal student of Sandy Bay High School, juggling between school and the normal life of a teenager. Elizabeth Hawke is the teacher's pet. Nobody like her in the high school and she likes nobody, excepted Tony. She has liked Tony from her childhood. One day, Toby and her were in the laboratory of the school. They were hit by a strange blue ray and they become sciences geniuses. But they don't know why. The normal life of Sandy Bay is changed by the two geniuses.
Details on the story.
On the first school day at Sandy Bay High School, Toby and his best-friend Russel met a new student, Dina Demeris. They quickly became friends. During science class, they were chatting. When they got caught, Dina was the one who was going to be punished, but Toby said that it was his fault. He was to be punished with Russ. The teacher, Mr. Tesslar showed the students the fossils he found during the summer. He started to scan them with a machine and asked who wanted to finish the work. Elizabeth accepted. That evening, Russ, Toby and Elizabeth were in the science laboratory. Toby and Russ had to clean the aquarium, and Elizabeth was scanning the stones. Russ had a bad idea. He tried to use his mouth to change the water. He ran to the restrooms and Toby and Elizabeth cleaned the ground. A frog got out of the aquarium and jumped on the keyboard of the machine. The device scanned a strange blue stone and made a blue ray which hit Toby and Elizabeth.

Harold Wilson
James Harold Wilson, Baron Wilson of Rievaulx, KG, OBE, FRS, PC (March 11 1916 – May 24 1995) was one of the most prominent British politicians of the 20th century. He won more elections than any other 20th century Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (in 1964, 1966, February and October 1974) — but only once with a clear majority (1966).

Labour Party (UK)
The Labour Party has been, since its founding in the early 20th century, the principal political party of the left in the United Kingdom. It is currently the party of government in the United Kingdom and the Welsh Assembly. It was in power in the Scottish Parliament (in coalition with the Scottish Liberal Democrats) until 2007, and is the second largest grouping on the London Assembly, although the Mayor of London until May 2008 was a Labour party member. It is also the 2nd largest party in Local Government and the 2nd largest UK party in the European Parliament.
History.
The party was officially formed in 1906, just after the general election, as a successor of the Labour Representative Committee formed in 1900. In 1918, the party made a new constitution with the commitment to socialism, or the socialization of the industry. This could be found in Clause 4.
The Labour Party won the general election in 1945 for the first time. From 1951 Labour was in opposition for thirteen years, during which there were serious fights between the left and right wings of the party. The leader of the left wing was Aneurin Bevan. His supporters were called the Bevanites. They wanted a less confrontational policy in foreign affairs and more socialist actions. The leaders of the right wing were Clement Attlee and Hugh Gaitskell. They believed that Western capitalism had changed a lot and that socialism and public ownership was not so important. Gaitskell tried to remove Clause 4 from the party constitution at the 1959 conference, but he could not.
In 1994 Tony Blair could force the Labour Party to drop Clause 4. This was an important step to change the party into ‘New Labour’.

Cyperus papyrus
Cyperus papyrus (also known as Papyrus sedge, Bulrush or Paper reed) is a plant. It is a sedge. The plant is perennial and originally comes from Africa. It was used to make a fabric much like paper. This was called papyrus, and served much the same purpose that paper does today. Its roots were also used as fuels.
It is almost extinct along the shores of the river Nile where it was originally cultivated.

Georgia Institute of Technology
Georgia Institute of Technology is a university in Atlanta, Georgia. It is commonly known as Georgia Tech. It focuses primarily on engineering, science and computer science, but also has schools of management, architecture, and liberal arts.
When it opened in 1885, the primary focus was on practical experience. Students spent half of their time in class, and half in the shop. It first admitted women in 1952. It was the first university in the South to integrate without a court order in 1961.

Dissident
A dissident is a person who does not agree with an opinion, policy, or structure. There are also other types of dissidents like social dissidents who do not agree with popular social attitudes.

Josiah
Josiah was a child king of Judah. He was born around 648 BC. Josiah started his rule as king at the age of 8 when his father, Amon, died. Josiah was thought of as a good king. He following in the steps of his ancestor King David.
Josiah ruled for 31 years in Jerusalem and died in 609 BC. He was killed by King Necho of Egypt while Josiah was helping the king of Assyria fight off the attacks of the Egyptian. Josiah's son Jehoahaz became the new King of Judah.

Jehoahaz of Judah
Jehoahaz was a king of Judah. His birth name was Shallum. He is thought to be an evil king. Jehoahaz began his rule at age 23 in 609 BC when his father, King Josiah was killed by the king of Egypt. Necho. He only ruled for 3 months in Jerusalem before the Egyptian king took him to Egypt and put another of Josiah's sons on the throne as the new King of Judah. Jehoahaz died in Egypt.

Antarctic Circle
The Antarctic Circle is one of the five major circles of latitude that mark maps of the Earth. It is the parallel of latitude at 66° 33′ 39″ south of the Equator, crossing mostly the Southern Ocean.
In the Artic Circle all places have the smallest amount of twenty-four hours of daylight on the Summer Solstice in December. In June on the Winter Solstice all places have the smallest amount of twenty-four hours of night. There is a minumum of one whole day that the sun does not set and one whole day that the sun does not rise.
The area south of this circle is named the Antarctic, and the zone to the north is the Southern Temperate Zone.
The continent of Antarctica is a land mass that is most of the area within the Antarctic Circle.
There is no permanent population of persons south of the Antarctic Circle. There are research centers from some nations on Antarctica. Teams of scientists live in the research centers for part of the year. In past centuries some whaling stations were set up on Antarctica and some of the whalers would live there for a year or more. At least three children have been born in Antarctica. They would be citizens of Antarctica if there were a nation on the continent.

Toast
Toast is bread which has been put in a toaster. When it comes out, it is a darker color and crunchier. Toast is often eaten with butter or jam spread on the surface.

Toaster
A toaster is a machine which toasts bread. The bread is put into the toaster and after a few minutes it pops up again, toasted. The pop-up toaster was invented by Charles Strite in 1919.

Swiss cheese
Swiss cheese is a group of cheeses with holes in them. These cheeses got their name because they look like Swiss Emmental cheese.
Swiss cheese is famous for having holes. The holes are created by the bacteria which change milk to Swiss cheese. "Propionibacter" uses the lactic acid which is produced by other bacteria, and produces carbon dioxide gas; the gas slowly forms bubbles which makes the holes. The holes of the cheese are called the "eyes", and a Swiss cheese which doesn't have holes is called a "blind" cheese.
In general, Swiss cheeses with larger eyes have a better taste. This is because the same factors that make the eyes larger, make the taste of the cheese better too. These factors include longer time and higher temperature given to the cheese to form.

Henry VI of England
Henry VI (December 6, 1421 - May 21, 1471) was King of England from 1422 to 1461 and then from 1470 to 1471. He was also the King of France from 1422 to 1453.
The Child King.
Henry was the only child of King Henry V of England and was his heir. He was born on December 6, 1421 at Windsor. He became king at the age of nine months on August 31, 1422, when his father died. His mother, Catherine of Valois was then only twenty years old. Because she was the daughter of King Charles VI of France she was not allowed to have a large part in raising her son.
Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, Henry IV's youngest son, was given the position of "Protector and Defender of the Realm and the Church" (Regent of England) until the King was old enough to rule. His job was to keep the peace and deal with Parliament. Henry IV's oldest living son, John, Duke of Bedford, was the made the Regent of France. He was in charge of running the war that was happening. Bedford also replaced Gloucester as Regent of England whenever he was in England.
Coronation.
Henry was eventually made King of England at Westminster Abbey on November 6, 1429 a month before his eighth birthday. He was made King of France at Notre Dame in Paris on December 16, 1431. He did not actually take control of government until he was of age in 1437 - the year his mother died.
Henry's marriage to Margaret of Anjou.
Because of his success in the Hundred Years' War, Henry V had left England with a lot of land in France. Since Henry VI was still a child, and England was ruled by a Regent, much of the land his father gained was lost. Diplomatic mistakes as well as military failures caused the loss of most of the English land in France.
Henry VI was a deeply spiritual man. He did not have the wisdom needed to rule effectively. He let his court be controlled by a few noble favorites. The people who wanted to end the war in France became more powerful, while the people supporting the war were ignored.
Henry VI was told that the best way of get peace with France was to marry Charles VII’s niece, Margaret of Anjou. Henry agreed to send people to talk with King Charles. Charles agreed to the marriage as long as he would not have to give the customary dowry and if he would get the lands of Maine and Anjou from the English. Henry V agreed, but did not let parliament know about giving away Maine and Anjou. The English people would not be happy to know the lands were given away.
The marriage happened in 1445. Margaret was much the opposite of Henry. She was ready to take decisions and lead while he was happy to be led by her. Margaret was a better ruler than Henry ever was, even though she was only sixteen at that time.
Death and legacy.
Henry VI was imprisoned in the Tower of London, where he was murdered on May 21, 1471. Popular legend said that Richard, Duke of Gloucester was guilty of his murder, as well as the murder of Henry VI's son Edward of Westminster.
King Henry VI was originally buried in Chertsey Abbey. In 1485, his body was moved to St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle.
He was succeeded by Edward IV, son of Richard, Duke of York.

Saint-Fons
Saint-Fons is a French city next to Lyon. About 15.000 people live there. The name of the city does not come from a saint. It is because there are many fountains near the city. Originally the place name was "Cent Fonts" (100 sources), which was changed into the current city name. The city split from Vénissieux in the middle of the 19th century. The main reason for splitting was because of the chemical industry in the spot.

Incidental music
Incidental music is music which has been written for a play. It is not like opera where there is usually music all the way through. Incidental music will be used between scenes or for particularly important moments in the play or for songs sung by the actors. It is called “incidental” because the music is not as important as the play.
Incidental music was used as long ago as the time of Ancient Greece. It was used in the 16th and 17th centuries, especially in the plays of Shakespeare whose characters often sing songs. At this time incidental music was used more often for comedies than for tragedies. Tragedies were about important people who were busy ruling their country and having wars. In the plays they spoke in verse and were too noble to sing. People thought that comedies were more suitable for including music. The songs were often sung by actors playing the parts of shepherds, nymphs or clowns.
In later centuries music was used for all types of serious drama. Sometimes large orchestras were used. Many famous composers wrote music to be played by an orchestra during plays. A famous example is the incidental music for Shakespeare’s “A Midsummer Night's Dream” composed by Felix Mendelssohn in 1842. Other composers worked with living poets such as Goethe and Schiller. Beethoven wrote music for Goethe’s play "Egmont". This music is very closely linked to what happens in the story: the overture describes the harshness of the Spanish oppression of the Netherlands which is what the play is about. Schubert’s famous "Rosamunde" overture comes from a play called "Die Zauberharfe" ("The Magic Harp"). Schumann’s music for "Manfred" is different: it was never intended to be performed with the play, it was just inspired by Schumann’s imagination. Many other composers wrote incidental music, e.g. Sibelius (for Maeterlinck’s play "Pelléas et Mélisande") and Grieg (for Ibsen’s play "Peer Gynt").
In all these examples the music is now usually heard at concerts, not as part of the original play. Most of them have overtures (music played before the play starts) and these overtures are often performed separately, very often at the start of concerts.
Incidental music was not used so much during the 20th century although the plays of Brecht, which are often about political propaganda, needed a new kind of popular music. Brecht worked with composers like Weill and Eisler who understood the kind of message that he wanted in his plays. Their music for Brecht’s plays is similar to cabaret music.
Nowadays electronic music is often used in plays.

Kayak
A kayak is a small boat that is driven by manpower. It typically has a covered deck, and a cockpit covered by a spraydeck. It is propelled by a double-bladed paddle by a sitting paddler. The kayak was used by the native Ainu, Aleut and Eskimo hunters in sub-Arctic regions of northeastern Asia, North America and Greenland. Modern kayaks come in a wide variety of designs and materials for specialized purposes.
Kayaks typically are build for one, two or occasionally three paddlers who sit facing forward in one or more cockpits below the deck of the boat. The spray skirt or similar waterproof garment attaches securely to the edges of the cockpit, that no water from waves or spray may enter the boat. Therefore in most styles the boat can roll upright again without it filling with water or ejecting the paddler.
Kayaks differ distinctly in design and history from canoes, which are more flat-bottomed boats propelled by single-bladed paddles by a kneeling paddler, although some modern canoes may be difficult for a non-expert to distinguish from a kayak. Kayaks are often called canoes in Great Britain and Ireland.

Canoe
A canoe is a small boat, that is often driven by manpower, but also commonly sailed. Canoes are pointed at both ends and usually open on top, but can be covered.
The canoe is propelled by the use of paddles, with the number of paddlers depending on the size of the canoe (most commonly 2). Paddlers face in the direction of travel, either seated or kneeling. In this way paddling a canoe can be contrasted with rowing, where the rowers face away from the direction of travel. Paddles may be single-bladed or double-bladed.

Paddle
A paddle is a tool used for pushing against liquids, either as a form of propulsion in a boat or for mixing liquids.
Materials and designs.
Paddles commonly used in canoes consist of a wooden, fibreglass or metal rod (the "shaft") with a handle on one end and a rigid sheet (the "blade") on the other end. Paddles for use in kayaks are longer, with a blade on each end, and usually no handles.

Mahdi
The Mahdi/ Mehdi is the prophesied savior of humanity. He and the Prophet Jesus will change the world for the better, bringing God in all hearts, before Yaum al-Qiyamah ("Day of the Resurrection").

Propulsion tools
For ground propulsion the first instrument was the wheel.
For water propulsion it were pole, paddle, oar and sail. Nowadays the most common types are underwater propeller, water jet and paddle wheel. Sails are still common, and historically represented the most important form of early propulsion for large ships.
For air propulsion, the most common types are propeller, jet engine, turboprop, ramjet, rocket propulsion, and, experimentally, scramjet, pulse jet, and pulse detonation engine.

Oar
An oar is a tool used for water-propulsion. Oars have a flat blade at one end. The oarsmen grasp the oar at the other end. What distinguishes oars from paddles is that paddles are held by the paddler, and are not connected with the vessel. Oars generally are fastened to the vessel.

Drama
Drama is a type of literature. A Drama can be in the form of a novel, television show, movie, play or dance. Although drama is a Greek word meaning "action", most dramas focus more on the relationships between people than on the actions. Dramas usually have a serious feel to them. Drama is considered the opposite of comedy, but drama and comedy can be used at the same time.

Currant
A currant is a type of fruit. They are like grapes. There are two different species.

Mast
The mast of a sailing ship is a tall vertical pole which supports the sails. Larger ships have several masts, with the size depending on the style of ship.
Until the 20th century, a ship's masts would be wooden spars, originally constructed from a single straight tree trunk. As ship sizes increased, taller masts were constructed by lashing up to three spars together.

Juan Manuel Fangio
Juan Manuel Fangio (June 24, 1911 - July 17, 1995) was a legendary race car driver. He was often called The Maestro, because he dominated the first ten years of Formula One racing.

Trunk (botany)
The trunk is the main body of the tree. In terms of botany it means the main structural member of a tree that is directly connected to the roots and which supports the branches. The trunk is also often called the bole. The trunk is covered by the bark, which protects the tree against damage and often differs markedly from the bottom of the trunk to the top, depending on the species. The trunk, or bole, is the most important part of the tree for timber production.

Ziziphus
Zizhiphus is a type of tree that grows fruit. The speices "Z. mauritianis" is known as the Jujupe. They are mostly found in India.

Cayenne pepper
The Cayenne pepper is a type of Chili pepper. It is very hot and is used as a spice.

Tsaagan
Tsaagan was a raptor related to Rahonavis. It was in the family Rahonavidae with bird like animals. It lived 123 million years ago.

Edward II of England
Edward II (April 25 1284–1327) of Caernarfon, was King of England from 1307 until he was removed from the throne in January, 1327. His tendency to ignore his nobility, in favour of low-born favorites, led to political trouble and eventually to his removal from the throne. He is most remembered for a story about his alleged murder, which was linked to his reliance on the corrupt family of Hugh le Despenser, which has been seen by some as evidence of his homosexuality.

Richard III of England
Richard III (1452-1485) was an English king. He reigned from 1483 until 1485.
Richard was the youngest son of Richard, Duke of York. He had three elder brothers, Edward, Edmund and George. Richard, Duke of York, and his second son, Edmund, were both killed in battle during the Wars of the Roses. The eldest son, Edward, was a very good soldier, and won the throne of England in battle against the reigning king, King Henry VI. Edward then became King Edward IV of England and his two brothers, George and Richard, became very powerful men.
Richard married Anne Neville, whose father had once been a friend of the family. Richard and Anne had known each other since they were children, but Anne had been taken to France, where she had married the Prince of Wales, the son of Henry VI. When the Prince of Wales was killed in battle, Anne became a widow, and soon she was married to Richard, even though he had been her husband's enemy. Richard and Anne lived at Middleham Castle in the north of England. They had one son, who was named Edward after Richard's brother, King Edward. Richard quarrelled frequently with his brother George, who was married to Anne's sister, Isabel. George was a trouble-maker, and he made his brother, King Edward, so angry that he was put in prison, where he died.
King Edward married a woman called Elizabeth Woodville, who had a big family. Soon her family were very rich, and were taking all the powerful positions in the country. Edward and Elizabeth had several children, including two sons, who were named Edward and Richard.
When King Edward died, his elder son Edward should have been the next king, but he was still a boy. Richard had been asked by his brother the king to look after the two boys. He was worried that the new young king would not be able to rule the country properly. He was also worried that the Woodville family would soon be telling the king what to do and ruling the country for themselves.
Richard took the throne from his nephew, Edward V, and sent Edward and his brother to the Tower of London. They were both probably murdered. At the time, many people believed that King Richard had ordered them to be killed, but no one is really sure what happened to them.
There has been a lot of discussion, over many years, about whether Richard III was a good king or a bad king. During his reign, which lasted only two years, he was very popular in parts of the country, especially the north of England (where he was born). However, there were enough people who hated him to make sure that his enemies were able to raise a big army against him and defeat him in battle.
Richard was killed at the Battle of Bosworth in 1485. He was the last English king to die in battle. Henry Tudor succeeded him.

Tampa Bay Rays
The Tampa Bay Rays are a Major League Baseball team that plays in St. Petersburg, Florida. From the team being started in 1998 until November 2007, it was known as the Tampa Bay Devil Rays. Their home stadium is Tropicana Field.
History.
The Devil Rays played their first game on March 31, 1998 against the Detroit Tigers, which they lost 11-6. They were one of the least successful teams in the Major Leagues until 2008, when they finished in first place in the American League East and had one of the best records in baseball. They made it to the World Series but were beaten by Philadelphia in five games. Evan Longoria brought the team's first AL Rookie of the Year award to the team on November 10, 2008.
On November 8, 2007, the team changed its name to Tampa Bay Rays.

Flux Of Pink Indians
Flux of Pink Indians was political punk band. It was formed in Hertfordshire, England in 1980. Flux of Pink Indians was made up of Colin Latter (vocals), Derek Birkett (bass), Kevin Hunter (guitar) and Martin Wilson (drums). The band was originally called the Epileptics and later changed their name to Epi-X after complaints from the British Epilepsy Association. In 1981, the group signed on with the Crass label. They took on the organization's dedication to anarchist politics and punk abrasion. They issued their debut album "Neu Smell" soon after signing. With that album they got an indie hit with "Johnny Kidd".
Upon creating their own label, Spiderleg, Flux of Pink Indians resurfaced in 1982 with the album "Strive to Survive Causing Least Suffering Possible". Not surprisingly, their 1983 follow-up "The Fucking Cunts Treat Us Like Pricks" was banned by many British retailers. One Manchester indie record store which did carry the record was charged for displaying "obscene articles for publication for gain." A long time off followed before the group - now known as Flux - returned in 1986 with the largely instrumental "Uncarved Block". They disbanded in 1987; Derek Birkett later founded the One Little Indian label.
Their latest CD came out in 2003.

Canadian Football League
Canadian Football League (CFL) is a professional sports league in Canada. They play Canadian football. The CFL is the second most popular sports league in Canada after the NHL. There are 8 teams; 4 in the Eastern Division and 4 Western Division. The Grey Cup is the championship for the CFL.
Eastern Division Teams:.
The Ottawa Renegades have been defunct since the 2006 season, and the Winnipeg Blue Bombers have therefore moved into the Eastern Division until the team is reinstated.

Shorts
Shorts are a sort of trousers or pants worn by both men and women that reach only to the upper part of the legs or more, but don't cover the entire length of the leg. They are worn either as outer garment or as underwear. They are called "shorts" because they are a shortened version of "trousers" (as they are called in British English, or "pants" in American English) which cover the entire leg.

Swimsuit
A swimsuit (also "swimmers"), bathing suit (also "bathers"), aqua jammies or swimming costume (sometimes shortened to "cozzie") is clothing designed to be worn for swimming.
Swimming trunks are a pair of shorts or briefs worn for swimming or bathing.
In New Zealand English and some areas of Australian English, swimsuits are usually called togs. This term is less common in other parts of the Commonwealth where it can also refer to clothes in general. Swimsuits can be skin-tight or loosely fitting and range from garments designed to preserve as much modesty as possible to garments designed to reveal as much of the body as possible without actual nudity. They are often lined with a fabric that prevents them from becoming transparent when wet.

Pangram
Pangrams are sentences that have one or more of every letter in an alphabet. They are used to show every letter in a font, or to test a keyboard or typewriter.
The most common example in English is "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog."

Binary
Binary is a way to show whole numbers using only 1 and 0. Computers work in binary.
Number system.
Binary numbers use the 8421 i.e. using 4 bit. Binary numbers can be changed to decimal (base 10, the kind most people use) in a simple way. The value of the bit (binary 1 or 0) on the right side of the number is 1. Every other bit has a value two times the value of the bit to its right. Add the values of every bit that is a 1 together to get the decimal number.
For example, the binary number 101 is 5 in decimal. The bit on the right is 1 and has a value of 1. The middle bit has a value of 2 (1 times 2), but it is a 0, so it is not added. The bit on the left is 1 and has a value of 4 (2 times 2). The bits that are 1's have values of 1 and 4. 1 + 4 = 5.
Computers.
All computers use binary at the lowest level. Most computer storage, like compact discs and DVDs, use binary to represent large files.
With computers, 8 binary bits together is called a "byte". The size of files is commonly measured in "kilobytes" or "megabytes" (sometimes in "gigabytes"). A kilobyte is 1,000 bytes. A megabyte is 1,000 kilobytes, or 1,000,000 bytes, while a gigabyte is 1,000 megabytes.

Great Northern Diver
The Common Loon or Great Northern Diver is a bird. It belongs to the diver family of birds. Adult birds are between 70 and 90 cm in length, and have wingspans of 1.20 metres to 1.50 metres.

Ziziphus mauritiana
Ziziphus mauritiana (Indian Jujube, or Cottony Jujube) is a type of fruit tree. It is most often found in south-east Asia, usually India.
The plant is a vigorous grower and has a rapidly-developing taproot. It may be a bushy shrub 1-2 m high, or a tree 3-12 m tall; erect or wide-spreading, with gracefully drooping branches and downy, zigzag branchlets, with short, sharp straight or hooked spines. It may be evergreen, or leafless for several weeks in hot summers. The leaves are alternate, 2.5-6 cm long. On the upper surface, they are very glossy, dark-green, with 3 conspicuous, depressed, longitudinal veins, and there are very fine teeth on the margins. The 5-petalled flowers are yellow, tiny, in 2's or 3's in the leaf axils. The fruit of wild trees is 1-2.5 cm long. With sophisticated cultivation, the fruit reaches 6 cm in length and be oval, obovate, round or oblong; the skin smooth or rough, glossy, thin but tough, turns from light-green to yellow, later becomes partially or wholly burnt-orange or red-brown. When slightly underripe, the flesh is white, crisp, juicy, acid or subacid to sweet, somewhat astringent, much like that of a crabapple. Fully ripe fruits are less crisp, overripe fruits are wrinkled, the flesh buff-coloured, soft, spongy and musky. At first the aroma is applelike and pleasant but it becomes peculiarly musky as the fruit ages. There is a single, hard, oval rough central stone which contains elliptic brown seeds.

Azuki Bean
The azuki bean is a type of reddish-brown colored bean. It can also be spelled adzuki. The bean is grown in East Asia and the Himalayas. It is often boiled in sugar to make a red bean paste. This paste is used in Chinese, Korean, and Japanese cooking.

Jalapeño
The Jalapeño is a type of pepper. It is related to the family of the Chili pepper. It is pronounced "hala-PANE-nyo" or "hala-PEE-nyo"

Gooseberry
The gooseberry is a type of fruit. It has a greenish color. It looks like an ungrown clementine. It belongs to the same family as the currant.

Quince
The quince is a fruit that grows on small trees. It is in the same family as apples and pears. It starts green colored and then ripens to a bright golden yellow color, and looks like a bumpy lemon but it is not.
The quince fruit is too hard to eat. It can be cooked to make it soft. Or it can be left out on purpose to rot a little which makes it soft. If it is damaged by frost, that helps start the process of making it soft and good to eat.

Açaí palm
The Açaí palm (Assai palm) is a type of palm tree. There are seven different types of Açaí palms. The tree grows in Central and South America. It has a black-purple fruit about the size of a grape called a "euterpe". It fruit grows in bunches of 700 to 900 fruits.
The palms are mainly used for two things: First, palmitos (heart of palm) can be made from them; for this, the tree needs to be cut down. Secondly, the fruits can be made into a fruit juice that is said to be very healthy.

Pomegranate
The Pomegranate ("Punica Granatum") is a fruit. It has seeds that are covered in red jelly
The pomegranate was first known in Iran to the Himalayas in northern India and has been spread over the whole Mediterranean region including Armenia since ancient times. Its Hindi name is "anar".

Punt (boat)
A punt is a flat boat with a broad front, designed for use in small rivers or other shallow water.
Punting means boating in a punt. The punter pushes a pole against the river bed and this gives the punt a way to move.
Punts were originally built as cargo boats or platforms, for shooting at birds and fishing, but in modern times they are mostly used for pleasure trips on the rivers in the university towns of Oxford and Cambridge in England, and are raced at summer regattas on the Thames.
Punt poles.
Poles for pleasure punts are normally made of spruce, or aluminium. A normal pole is about 12–16 feet (4–5 m) long and weighs about 10 lb (5 kg). In Oxford and Cambridge 16 ft long poles are sometimes used.
The bottom of the pole is fitted with a metal "shoe", a rounded lump of metal to protect the end — the shoe is sometimes made in the shape of a swallow tail.

Moat
A moat is a body of water around a castle to keep out bad people. In fiction and sometimes real life, moats have alligators.

Filter (internet)
A filter is a website feature that removes some kinds of content. This can be to stop the user viewing the unwanted content. It can also be to stop the user posting content the site does not want. Internet filters most often work by stopping certain words being used. Filters to stop other content, such as certain kinds of pictures, can also be used. A filter can be used to only stop a certain kind of user seeing the content, children for example.
Where filters are used.
Filters are very common in e-mail systems. Online games, usually children's games, sometimes have filters. Wikis have filters, too.
In the USA, there is a filter used with TV called the V-chip. Sometimes parents use it when they want to control what their children are allowed to watch.

Online
Online means on the internet. For example, games like Toontown are online.
If something is not online, it is offline.

Snowman
A snowman is a statue of a person made of snow. Snowmen are usually made when people make three balls of snow that are different sizes. They will stack the balls on top of each other to make a snowman, and stick some things in it to make it look more like a person.

Sand castle
Sand castles are castles made of sand and water. People have taken making sand castles and turned it into an type of art called sand sculpture. Sand castles are often made on a sandy beach or in a sandpit.

Utility pole
A utility pole, telegraph pole, telephone pole, power pole, or telegraph post is a post or pole upon which telephone network equipment is situated. Similar poles are often used for electricity cables (with pylons being used for only the higher voltage applications) and frequently a pole will share both power and communications lines. Telegraph poles first became commonplace in the middle 19th century. At first they had only one wire, then in urban areas many. In Canada, the poles are commonly referred to as hydro poles, as the electric companies commonly have "Hydro" in their name.
Utility poles are usually wooden, but vary greatly from nation to nation. Other common utility pole materials are steel and concrete, with composites (fibreglass) becoming used more often. In some countries, for example the UK, poles have sets of brackets arranged in a standard pattern up the pole to act as hand and foot holds for those working on the equipment or connections atop the pole.

Upstaging
If a person upstages another person it means that he or she makes an audience pay attention to him or her instead of to the other person. The word comes from the theatre but it can also be used for situations outside the theatre.
To understand what "upstaging" means: imagine a man and a woman on a stage in the theatre. The man is talking or singing to the woman. The man is standing stage centre (in the middle of the stage). The woman is standing downstage (the part of the stage near the audience). Because she is facing the man she has her back to the audience. The man is facing the audience. Dramatically he is in a strong position. The audience is watching him.
Now the woman starts to walk upstage (towards the back of the stage). This means that the man, who is still talking or singing to her, has to turn his back to the audience in order to face the woman. The woman is now in a strong position dramatically while the man looks silly. The woman has upstaged the man.
Sometimes actors do deliberately upstage another actor. This is, of course, a very unkind thing to do and it is very unprofessional behaviour.
Sometimes we might talk about upstaging even if it is not in the theatre. Imagine a speaker who is talking to an audience. A little dog comes along and starts to do funny things that makes the audience laugh. They are not listening to the speaker any more. The dog has upstaged the speaker.

Pylon
A pylon is a tall steel lattice structure used to support overhead electricity conductors for electric power transmission. In American English, these are known as transmission towers or masts.

High School Musical
"High School Musical" is a 2006 Disney television movie movie, starring Zac Efron, Vanessa Anne Hudgens, Ashley Tisdale, Corbin Bleu, Monique Coleman and Lucas Grabeel. Its sequel is "High School Musical 2."
The story is about two high school students, Troy Bolton, who is captain of his school's basketball team, and Gabriella Montez, a shy new student who is good in mathematics and science. Together, they try out for the lead parts in their high school musical. Despite other students' attempts to foil their dreams, Troy and Gabriella persist and inspire others along the way. They also make new friends.

Redcurrant
A Redcurrant ("Ribes rubrum") is a type of fruit. It is related to the Blackcurrant. They are in the same genus "Ribes". They can be found growing in the wild in western Europe (France, Belgium, Netherlands, Germany and northern Italy).

Alex Trebek
Alex Trebek (George Alexander Trebek) is a Canadian-American television game show host. He is best known as the host of "Jeopardy!". He was born July 22, 1940 in Ontario, Canada.

Clementine
A clementine is a type of citrus fruit. It looks like an "orange." It is much sweeter but is in the same family as it.

Ugli fruit
An ugli is a type of citrus fruit. It is related to the lemon family.

Duralumin
Duralumin is an alloy made up of 90% aluminum, 4% copper, 0.5%-1% magnesium, and less than 1% manganese.
it is an extremely hard alloy that is used, for example, in vehicle armour in the defense industry.

Mango
A mango is a type of fruit. It is found almost anywhere, but is thought to come from southern and southeast Asian continent including India, Pakistan, Burma, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh. Pakistan and India shares the major export market of Mangoes it is also their "National fruit" respectively.
The ripe Mangoes are very sweet in taste but bitterly sour before they ripen.

Shuttlecock
A shuttlecock is used in the sport badminton. The shuttlecock center is hit with a badminton racquet over the net, in this fast sport. A shuttlecock is also called a shuttle. Other names for shuttlecock are bird, or birdie, because it can be made with feathers.
Materials.
Shuttlecocks can be made of many types of materials, including plastic and feathers. It creates a cone shape, and is held together by a round center, usually made of cork or rubber. The cone shape the feathers, or other materials create is called a shuttlecock skirt.
In North America and Europe, feather shuttlecocks cost more. In Asia, where the prices of feathers are lower, shuttles made of plastic are rarely used; feather shuttles are used.
It is harder to hit a feather shuttlecock fast, because there is more drag. They are also less durable than plastic shuttles. Experienced badminton players usually play with feather shuttlecocks, and in competition, badminton is almost always played with feather shuttles. They feel that feather shuttles give them more control, and more better play is needed to hit feather shuttles.
In school gyms and amateur/beginner clubs in Europe and North America, plastic shuttlecocks are more often used than feather ones. This is to save feathers, since plastic shuttlecocks do not break easily. Feathers on the feather shuttles bend or break if the player does not hit the cork or rubber center.

Janne Da Arc
Janne Da Arc is a Japanese rock band. Janne Da Arc made their first appearance in the music world on April 17, 1998. Its members are vocalist Yasu, guitarist You, bassist Ka-Yu, keyboardist Kiyo and drummer Shuji.

Olive (fruit)
The olive ("Olea europaea") is the fruit of the olive tree or "oliver". It is an important food crop in Italy, Spain and especially in Greece among other countries around the Mediterranean. It is naturally very bitter, but after a long time in salt, it becomes a very tasty and healthy food (though extremely fatty - it is one of the fattiest cooking oils in use surpassing palm, canola and other vegetable oils). Olive oil is the juice produced by crushing olives. In Roman literature, the olive branch is used as a symbol of peace: "extending the olive branch". Lots of important writers and illustrators use olive branches around text to give it a greater artistic credit (a similar effect is achieved with wheat).

Killamery
Killamery is a village in Kilkenny, Ireland. It was the site of a monastery which was built in about 632 and has a High Cross.

Deutsche Nationalhymne
The German National Anthem (German: Die Deutsche Nationalhymne) is written by Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben on August 26, 1841.

Speed limit
A speed limit is a legal limit on how fast a person can make their road vehicle go. Some roads have also have a minimum speed limit, which is how slow a vehicle is allowed to travel.
In the United Kingdom, the speed limit in towns is usually 30 miles an hour, and the speed limit on dual carriageways and motorways is usually 70 miles an hour. In France, the speed limit on motorways is usually 130 kilometres per hour, which is approximately 80 miles per hour. Also, in United States, most highways are about 65~70 miles per hour, and freeways are 55~80 Miles per hour. In Canada, the speed limit is usually about 100 kmh.Australia the speed limit on freeways is between 100 - 120 kilometres per hour and in towns and cities between 40 - 60 (kph)

Pure pwnage
Pure Pwnage is an Internet video series. It is about a man named Jeremy who spends his days playing video games and making fun of other people, or as he calls them, "n00bs". The first season of the show had 12 episodes. The people who make the show are planning to make at least two more seasons and maybe a full length movie. The first season ends with a cliffhanger that leads into the second season. The second season is expected to be put online in 2007.
History.
The show started when two friends got together and made a short video of the main character talking about video games. Inspired by the cultural phenomenon that online video gaming has become, and the series creators' personal online experiences; the series actually spawned from a project for film school. After they uploaded the video onto the Internet, it got downloaded a few thousand times, so they made "Episode 1: Life of a Pro Gamer". The character 'Jeremy'(Played by Jarett Cale), also known as 'teh_pwnerer', was designed to comically represent, and almost stereotype, online gamers around the world. This concept was based loosely around the idea of a person who had grown up doing nothing but online gaming; whose entire vocabulary and social mannerisms were molded soley by internet interactions. As such, the episode was supposed to be a mockumentary of sorts, as Jeremy is followed and filmed by younger brother 'Kyle'(Geoff Lapaire) (Played depicting "A day in the life of a ProGamer". After this became very popular, they made episodes 2 and 3. When episode 4 was downloaded roughly 3000 times, they decided that they should pursue this full-time. Throughout the series, the characters make use of many expressions in videogame termanology, including "noob", "uber-micro" and ofcourse "pwnage".
The series has also adopted a dynamic storyline in favour of its original, psuedo-casual style of interviews. Despite the additional casting and switch towards plot driven episodes, the series remains true to its satirical view of current trends in the gaming industry and the greater online community. The series has quickly developed a large fan base, spanning across multiple continents, and only continues in its success as its 2nd season comes to a close.

Nun
Nun is a woman who made a special vow (or promise) dedicating herself to a religious life. Roman Catholic nuns are the most commonly thought of nuns, but nuns are found in different forms of Christianity as well as non-Christian religions such as Buddhism. A nun is the female version of a monk.
Other websites.
"This short article can be made longer. You can help Wikipedia by [adding to it]."

List of Formula One World Drivers' Champions
The Formula One World Drivers' Championship (WDC) is given by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile ("FIA") to the Formula One race car driver with the most points over a season.
The Drivers' Championship was first awarded in 1950, to Nino Farina. The first driver to win more then one Championship was Alberto Ascari, in 1952 and 1953.
The FIA do not officially declare the Champion until the end of the season, but a driver is said to have "clinched" the Championship when no other driver can possibly win more points than them, even if they score the maximum in the remaining races of the season. The Drivers' Championship has been clinched in the final race of the season 23 times in the 56 seasons it has been awarded. The earliest in a season that the Drivers' Championship has been clinched was in 2002, when Michael Schumacher secured the title with six races remaining.
Overall, twenty-eight different drivers have won the Championship, with German Michael Schumacher holding the record for most titles, at seven. Schumacher also holds the record for most consecutive Drivers' Championships, winning five from 2000 to 2004. The current Drivers' Champion is Kimi Räikkönen, who won his World Championship in 2007.

Henry I the Fowler
Henry I the Fowler (German: "Heinrich der Finkler" or "Heinrich der Vogler"; Latin: "Henricius Auceps") (876 – 2 July 936) was the duke of Saxony from 912 and king of the Germans from 919 until his death. He was the first of the Ottonian Dynasty of German kings and emperors and therefore he is generally considered to be the founder and first king of the medieval German state, that was known until then as East Francia. As he was an eager hunter, he was called "the Fowler" because it was said he fixed birding nets when messengers arrived to inform him that he was to be king.

Propeller
A propeller makes an aircraft, ship, or submarine in water or air go by making a big wind or a strong stream. It does this by turning two or more wings very quick. The blades of a propeller act as rotating wings, and produce force through application of both Bernoulli's principle and Newton's third law, generating a difference in pressure between the forward and rear surfaces of the airfoil-shaped blades.

Fluid
A fluid is a substance that can easily move and change shape such as water (liquids), or air (gases), or plasmas. They can 'flow'- flow and fluids both come from the same English word roots and are pronounced similarly.
Fluids usually take on the shape of the objects that they touch, in contrast to solids which maintain their own shape.
Some things are not exactly fluid and not exactly solid, such as Silly Putty. Powders are made of solid bits but can flow, particularly if you shake them.
If you cool a fluid down enough it eventually becomes solid.

Shelter
A shelter is a place where someone or something is put in or goes to be kept safe or hidden. It can also be any place where people live that "shelters" (protects) them from any danger such as the weather.
There are different kinds of shelters and they are for used for different reasons.
Currently, Women's Shelters are found around the United States, United Kingdom, and many other First World countries. In these places, women are there to hide or are running away from abusive or dangerous situations. In these shelters, they are given food and a place to stay for an amount of time (usually 1-3 months at a time). They are put into a support group and given a temporary counselor. There is a high success rate in this type of place.

Snowflake
Snowflakes are small ice crystals that fall from the sky, forming snow. Snowflakes come in different shapes and sizes. All snowflakes have six points.

Zaiger's Genetics
Zaiger's Genetics is an American company that breeds fruit trees. They are located in Modesto, California. They have created fruits such as the Aprium (apricot and plum), the Nectarcot (nectarine and apricot), Peacotum (peach, apricot and plum) and the pluot (plum and apricot).

Almond
The almond is a small tree in the family Rosaceae. The tree makes nuts or fruits that are also called almonds.

Prunus
Prunus is a genus of plants in the family Rosaceae. It includes plums, peaches, almonds, apricots and cherries.

Yellow Avens
Yellow Avens is a type of flowering plant It is found in the warmer areas of North America, Asia and Europe. It is 1 meter (3 feet) tall.

Crabapple
A crabapple is a fruit. It is in the same Genus as the apple. It is much smaller and it only has 8 calories. They are in the family Rosaceae.

Water Avens
Water Avens are a flowering plant. These flowers are small. They live in or near water.

Ume
An Ume is a type of Korean and Japanese plum of the family Rosaceae. It starts out as a white flower like an almond. It is also native to China but it is not called "ume" in Chinese.

Filipendula
Filipendula is a family of 12 flowering plants in the family Rosaceae. Their flowers are mostly white. These plants are adapted to moist woodland conditions with partial shade preferred.

Mountain-mahogany
Mountain-mahogany is a family of 6 types of shrub. They are found in the United States and Mexico in very dry areas. They usually grow three to six meters tall but can get as tall as 13 meters.

Dryas (plant)
Dryas or Mountain Avens is a type of flowering plant in the family Rosaceae.

Acaena
Acaena is a group of shrubs. They are in the family of Rosaceae.

The Yellow Rose of Texas (flower)
The Yellow Rose of Texas (Harison's Yellow) is a flower in the family Rosaceae. It is a type of yellow rose. It is often found around homes in the American state of Texas and along trails in the state of Oregon. It is also called the Oregon Trail Rose
Also mentioned in country songs such as "Solid Country Gold" by Shooter Jennings and "Texas Pride" by Miranda Lambert.

Ya pear
The Ya pear or Chinese white pear is a type of pear. It is found in northern China, where it is grown for food. These are very juicy, white to light yellow pears. They taste like a mixture of a rose and a pineapple.
Ya pears can be found in shops outside China. In these shops they are called Asian pears or Chinese pears.

Roseraie de L'Haÿ
Roseraie du Val-de-Marne is a garden of roses. It was created in 1899 in L'Haÿ-les-Roses, Val-de-Marne, France. It is said to be the first garden created only for roses.
Roseraie du Val-de-Marne has 13,100 rose bushes of 3200 different kinds of roses. The garden has modern French and foreign roses on one side, the formal rose garden with a reflecting pool in the center, and the old garden roses and classic roses on the other side.

Monochrome
Monochrome comes from the two Greek words "mono" (meaning "one") and "chroma" (meaning "surface" or "the colour of the skin"). If something is monochromatic, it only has a single color.
In physics, the word is used when talking about electromagnetic radiation of a single wavelength.

Semitone
(British English) (also called a half step or a half tone) is the smallest musical interval used in Western music.. It is the distance between two notes which are next to one another in pitch.
A whole tone means a distance of two semitones, i.e. the distance between two notes which are separated by one other note in pitch.
This is easy to see with a picture of a keyboard. The distance between two white notes that are side by side may be a whole tone (if there is a black note in between them) or a semitone (if there is no black note between).
To go from a C to a C sharp (or D flat) is a semitone.
To go from a C sharp (or D flat) to a D is a semitone.
To go from a C to a D is a tone.
An octave is divided into twelve semitones. These semitones are exactly equal in size.

Vaud
Vaud is a canton of Switzerland. It borders the cantons of Geneva, Neuchâtel, Fribourg, Berne and Valais (west to east). The capital city is Lausanne. About 650,000 people live in the canton. Of these, about 125,000 live in Lausanne. About 82% of the population speak French as their first language.

Malvern, Worcestershire
Malvern is a town in Worcestershire, England. It is an old Victorian town which was built around its famous water. It has a population of 28,749. It is home to the famous Malvern Hills and was the birth place of the composer, Sir Edward Elgar.

Airfoil
An airfoil (in American English, or aerofoil in British English) is the shape of a wing or blade (of a propeller or ship's screw or sail) as seen in cross-section. It is passed through a fluid in order to provide either lift or downforce, depending on its application.

Silly Putty
Silly Putty (originally called nutty putty) is a silicone plastic "clay", sold as a toy for children by "Binney & Smith Inc.". It was created as a scientific accident when scientists in the United States were trying to find a replacement for rubber during World War II.
Description.
Silly Putty is sold as a 0.47 oz (13 g) piece of plastic clay inside an egg-shaped plastic container. It is an example of an inorganic plastic (polymer). It has many unusual characteristics. When pressed on comics or other newspaper pages, the loose ink transfers to the Silly Putty, which is then able to be stretched out. It bounces, showing its rubber qualities. It breaks when you give it a sharp blow. It can flow like a liquid when it is slowly stretched and will "melt" into a puddle over a long enough period of time.

Maloideae
The maloidae is a subfamily plants in the rose family Rosaceae. These plants are shrubs and small trees. The most well known maloidaes are apples and pears.

Rowan
A Rowan is a type of fruit-bearing plant in the family Rosaceae. They grow in the cooler areas of Europe and Asia. The fruit is a 4-8 mm diameter ball. It is bright orange or red in most species, but pink, yellow or white in some Asian species. The fruit are soft and juicy.

Fragaria × vescana
Fragaria × vescana is a plant in the family Rosaceae. It is a type of strawberry. It is a mix between a Beach Strawberry and a Strawberry that is normal.

.htaccess
.htaccess is a type of computer file for the Internet..htaccess files can be used to create custom error pages, or to prevent visitors from directly linking pictures, also known as hot-linking to their own sites, costing the website owner money.
.htaccess files can only work with website creators that allow mod rewrite.
Preventing Direct or Hot-Linking.
A.htaccess file is put onto the website, so that people will not be able to go onto the URL of the image (picture) (example: www.website.com/image.filetype). Owners can replace this picture, after they upload the file, with a message, or it can be made to redirect to an error page.

Butcher
A Butcher is person whose job is to prepare and sell meat. Some butchers also kill the animals the meat is from. Butchers also prepare sausages, and other meat-products.

Hot-linking
Hot-linking is a term used on the Internet. Hot-linking is when someone uses a link to an image that is saved on another website instead of saving a copy of the image on the website that the picture will be shown on. For example, instead of saving picture.gif and loading it on to their own website, the person uses a link to the picture as "http://website.com/picture.gif". Hot-linking uses the bandwidth of the person who owns the website where the picture is stored. This costs that person money. This is why many website owners are using .htaccess files and uploading it to their websites.
In some cases website owners use the.htaccess file to replace any hot-linked images with an offensive image to deter any other website owners from hot-linking.

Mount Adams (Washington)
Mount Adams is the second-highest mountain in the Pacific Northwest of North America. It is a volcano in the Cascade Range. Adams is located about 35 miles (56 km) east of Mount St. Helens.

Dazaifu
Dazaifu is a city in the Japanese prefecture of Fukuoka. It has a population of 67,428. The city was founded on April 1, 1982, but it has been important historically for around a thousand years.

Nuclear power
Nuclear power is the controlled use of nuclear energy. Nuclear energy can be freed by nuclear reactions. This energy is made into electricity, which then can be used to power machines and heat homes. Today, 15% of the world's energy comes from nuclear power. Nuclear power generates toxic waste which is harmful after it makes electricity, so people are afraid of using it, but it is still used because it does not pollute the environment.
History.
Nuclear fission was first experimented by Enrico Fermi.
Debate.
Like with other technologies, using nuclear power has benefits and drawbacks. It can reduce the emission of carbon dioxide compared to some other methods of generating power. Since it does not depend on oil being burned, it reduces the dependency of certain countries on oil imports. The supporters of nuclear energy also claim that the risks of storing waste are small. These risks can be reduced even more by using better technology in the reactors. Compared to other ways of generating energy, the safety record of nuclear energy is good already, they say.
Critics claim that using nuclear power can be a dangerous source of energy. They also question whether the risks can be reduced by using better technology. Critics also point to the problem that radioactive waste has to be stored for a very long time. Storing such waste may lead to radioactive contamination in the area where it is stored. Sites were radioactive waste is stored also need to be well-protected against sabotage or accidents.
Both camps use arguments that relate to the economic aspects and safety of nuclear power plants. Safety, cost, and pollution are all big concerns. Accidents like those at Three Mile Island and Chernobyl are the most famous, and show how nuclear accidents can be expensive and dangerous to the people and animals living in the surrounding areas.
Accidents.
Like with other technologies, accidents involving nuclear power happened. A scale was created to measure how dangerous the accident was. It is called International Nuclear Event Scale. The scale has 8 levels (0-7), 7 is the worst.

Software versioning
Software Versioning is a way to tell the different states of Computer software apart. Computer software has different states in its development process. Each state in the process is given a unique Version. Versions are either names, dates, or they can be done as some other form of numbering. Sometimes these states are also called "revisions".
Many times, after a program has been made, things called "patches" can be downloaded from the program's website. The patches will make small changes or fixes to the main program. When a patch is used, the program is advanced to the next version. For example, a computer game is first at version 1.0 when it is released. Later, the player may download a patch, which changes the game to version 1.1, 1.01, or something similar to that.

Sympathy
Sympathy exists when the feelings or emotions of one person lead to similar feelings in another person so that they share feeling. Mostly sympathy means the sharing of unhappiness or suffering, but it can also mean sharing other (positive) emotions. In a broader sense, it can refer to the sharing of political or ideological sentiments, such as in the phrase "a communist sympathiser".
The psychological state of sympathy is closely linked with that of empathy, but is not identical to it. Empathy refers to the ability to perceive and directly experientially feel another person's emotions as they feel them, but makes no statement as to how they are viewed.
Sympathy, by contrast, implies a degree of equal feeling, that is, the sympathiser views the matter similarly to how the person themselves does. It thus implies concern, or care or a wish to reduce negative feelings others are experiencing.

Puddle
A puddle is a small mass of liquid, usually water, uncontained on a surface. It can form either in depressions in the surface, or directly upon the flat surface, held together by surface tension. A puddle is generally considered to be small enough to step over or shallow enough to walk through, and too small to traverse with a boat.
Puddles commonly form during rainstorms, and can cause problems for transport, especially when combined with cold conditions to form patches of ice, which are highly slippery and difficult to see.

Beam (structure)
A beam is an element that carries load.
Beams generally carry vertical forces, but can also be used to carry horizontal loads (Those loads can result from wind or an earthquake). The loads that a beam carries are led to columns or walls, which lead the force to the next element.
Beams are characterized by their profile (their shape), their length, and their material. In constructions of today beams are mostly made of steel, reinforced concrete, or wood.

Organ (music)
In music, an organ is a keyboard instrument which makes sound by forcing air through pipes. They are common instruments in churches, and sometimes appear in theatres, especially older movie theatres or cinemas.

Twin
Twins are two animal (including human) offspring that are born from the same pregnancy.
"Human twins" are two people that shared the uterus during a single pregnancy, and one is normally born quickly after the first. Because of the size of the uterus, multiple pregnancies are less likely to last the full 38 weeks than most single birth pregnancies. On average, they last 35 weeks. This also means about 50% of twins is born prematurely.
Fraternal twins.
Fraternal twins, also known as "non-identical twins" or "dizygotic twins": Two separate ova are fertilized, which each becomes a zygote. The two zygotes grow into two genetically different beings.
Identical twins.
Identical twins or "monozygotic twins": A single ovum is fertilized to form one zygote. This zygote later splits, and each half of the zygote becomes a twin. The twins have the same genes.
Semi-identical twins.
Semi-identical twins: A single ovum is fertilized by two sperm cells, and splits. The twins have the same genes from their mother's side, but each twin has different genes from their father's side.
Other animals.
Twinning is common in many other animals, such as cats, sheep, and ferrets. Twinning occurs in cattle about 1-4% of the time, and research is underway to improve the odds of twinning, which can be more profitable for the breeder if complications can be sidestepped or managed.

Ceiling
A ceiling is an overhead interior surface of a room that conceals the underside of the floor or roof structure above.

Column
A column in architecture is a vertical element that transmits the weight of the structure above to the structure below. Columns can be either a single piece or several pieces put together. Columns are frequently used to support beams or arches on which the upper parts of walls or ceilings rest.
History.
Stone columns were already used in the architecture of ancient Egypt as early as 2600 BC.

Keyboard instrument
A keyboard instrument is an instrument that is played by pressing the keys of a keyboard. In a keyboard, the notes are arranged with naturals (usually white notes) forming the main body of the keyboard, and sharps and flats (usually black notes) placed in cuttings into the upper half of the naturals.
In the 17th and 18th centuries, the word "Clavier" was used in Germany to mean any kind of keyboard instrument. Often, the naturals were black and the sharps and flats were white (see picture of harpsichord), but the layout was exactly the same.
The development of electronic instruments in the 20th century has brought about many different types of electronic keyboard instruments. These include the ondes martenot and the synthesizer.
Nowadays, people often talk about a "keyboard" meaning an electronic keyboard (e.g. “He plays the keyboard”). This word is sometimes pluralized as "keyboards".

Bow (ship)
The bow is the forward part of the hull of a ship or boat, the point that is most forward when the vessel is underway.
The bow is designed to reduce the resistance of the hull cutting through water and should be tall enough to prevent water from easily washing over the top of it.

Elderberry
Elder or Elderberry is the name of a several similar types of shrubs. They produce fruit. The fruit is also called elderberries.

Jambul
Jambul or Jamun or Jamblang ("Syzgium cumini"), Nava Pazham (Tamil) is an evergreen tropical tree in the flowering plant family Myrtaceae, native to India and Indonesia. It is also grown in other areas of southern Asia including Myanmar and Afghanistan. The tree was also introduced to Florida, USA in 1911 by the USDA, and is also now commonly planted in Suriname. In Brazil, where it was introduced from India during Portuguese colonisation, it has spread out in the wild in some places, as many native birds such as thrushes, tanagers and the Great Kiskadee want their fruits. The various names for this fruit are (in Java) plum, jambul, jamun, jaman, black plum, faux pistachier, Indian blackberry, jambol, doowet, jambolan and jambolão. Scientific synonyms include "Syzygium jambolanum, Eugenia cumini" and "Eugenia jambolana".
A fairly fast growing species, it can grow as high as 30 metres, and can live more than 100 years. Its dense foliage provides shade and is grown just for its ornamental value. The wood is strong and water resistant. Because of this it is used in railway sleepers and to install motors in wells. It is sometimes used to make cheap furniture and village dwellings though it is relatively hard to work on.
The Jamun tree starts flowering in March-April. The fragrant flowers of Jamun are small, nearly 5 millimetres in diameter. This is followed by the fruit which appears in May-June and resembles a large berry. The berry is oblong and ovoid. It is green when just appearing, pink when as it matures, and shining crimson black when fully ripe. Another variety comes in white and some people say that it can be used as a medicine. Jamun fruit is a mixture of sweet, slightly sub acid spicy flavour that stands out even after eaten since it turns the tongue into purple color. The fruit is universally accepted to be very good for medicinal purposes, especially diabetics. The seed is also used in various alternative healing systems like Ayurveda, Unani and Chinese medicine for digestive ailments. The leaves and bark are used for controlling blood pressure and gingivitis. Wine and vinegar are also made from the fruit.

Rambutan
A rambutan is a kind of fruit tree from southeast Asia. It is related to the Lychee. The rambutan is green when not yet ripe. The flesh of the rambutan is white in color, unlike it's shell, which is red. It is known for the hairy skin it has. The flesh is juicy and sweet, and a bit crunchy. It has a small smooth seed.

Tangerine
A tangerine is a type of fruit. It is related to the orange, but it is smaller and easier to peel.

Jackfruit
Jackfruits are a type of fruit from India, Bangladesh (National fruit) and Sri Lanka. They are yellow when they are ripe and green when not ripe.

Vaccinium arboreum
"Vaccinium arboreum" (also called sparkleberry or farkleberry) is a species of Vaccinium native to south-eastern United States. They are usually found in southern Virginia west to southeastern Missouri, and south to Florida and eastern Texas.
Vaccinium arboreum is a shrub (rarely a small tree) growing to 3-5 metres (sometimes up to 9 metres) tall. The leaves are evergreen in the south of the range, but deciduous further north where winters are colder. They are oval-elliptic with an acute apex, 3-7 cm long and 2-4 cm broad, with a smooth or very finely toothed margin. The flowers are white, bell-shaped, 3-4 mm in diameter, with a five-lobed corolla, produced in racemes up to 5 cm long. The fruit is a round dry berry about 6 mm diameter, green at first, black when ripe, edible but bitter and tough.

Vaccinium
Vaccinium is a genus of plants. All of these plants are shrubs. They are in the family Ericaceae. The plants grow fruits on them. Well-known species of Vaccinium are blueberries, cranberries and huckleberries.
In total, there are about 450 species, which are found in the cooler parts of the Northern Hemisphere. There are a few tropical species, that grow in places like Madagascar or Hawaii. The plants usually grow in heath landscapes or in forests.
The larvae of a number of lepidoptera species (moths and butterflies are examples of lepidoptera) grow on these plants.

Cantaloupe
A cantaloupe is a type of fruit. It is a muskmelon that is probably related to the watermelon. There are two types of cantaloupe, European and North American.

Smash (album)
"Smash" is one of The Offspring's most successful albums. It came out in 1994 under the label Epitaph Records. It contains their famous hit singles such as "Come Out and Play (Keep 'Em Separated)" and "Self-Esteem". "Smash" is often credited as one of the best punk rock albums sold in the entire world.
The album is also one of the albums that started mainstream Pop punk music
Ocassionaly on the album, there's a guy who comments on the music, but it isnt revealed who.

Ilama (fruit)
Ilama is a kind of fruit, and also the name of the tree that it grows on. The trees and fruits can be found in tropical Central America. The name comes from the Spanish tranlsation of the Nahuatl "ilamatzapotl". Its rough translation is 'old woman's sapote'. The name is also applied to a similar fruit, soncoya or "cabeza de negro" ("A. pupurea") which is cultivated as an alternative to the cherimoya. The soncoya is similar in size to the Ilama but grey brown in color with hard bumps on the surface, and orange flesh that tastes like mango or papaw.
The Ilama fruit is delicious when eaten ripe. It is either eaten on the half-shell or scooped out with a tool. The Ilama is usually chilled when served, it is sometimes served with a little cream and sugar to intensify the flavor, or with a drop of lime or lemon juice to bring in a tart and bitter tinge.

The Offspring (album)
"The Offspring" is the debut album by the band of the same title. It was originally on vinyl in 1989 under the label Nemesis Records and it was re-released on CD in 1995 on Epitaph Records.

Apples, Vaud
Apples is a municipality in Switzerland. It is in Vaud Canton. Vaud Canton has 364 communes in it.

Fukuoka, Fukuoka
is the largest city on the island of Kyushu, Japan. It is in Fukuoka Prefecture. The main railway station is called Hakata, in the central business district. It is famous within Japan for its pork noodle soup, Tonkotsu ramen, and its baseball team, the Softbank Hawks.

Finance
Some simple finance ideas.
The process of finance is learning how people and groups act in managing their money, and most of all how they manage making money, and making a profit, with spending money, and making a loss.
A group that makes more money than it spends can lend or invest the excess profit. On the other hand, a group that makes less money than it spends can raise money by getting a loan or selling stock, or spending less, or making more money.
A bank is where many people borrowing money meet people lending money. A bank gets money from lenders, and pays interest. The bank then lends this money to borrowers. Banks allow borrowers and lenders of different sizes to meet.
Corporate finance is about things like the sale of stock by a company to the public. Stock is ownership in a company, broken up into pieces. The stock gives whoever owns it part ownership in that company. If someone buys one share of XYZ Inc, and the company has 100 shares available, the buyer is 1/100th owner of that company and owns 1/100th (1%) of the profit.
Finance is used by people, by governments, by businesses, etc., as well as by all kinds of groups.
Business finance.
Business finance is about finding money for the companies activities. It studies trying to make more profit than loss, and taking good risks for the chance to make more money.
Financial economics.
Financial economics is the study of economics which is important to financial things like changes in price and supply of goods.
It studies how much risk some actions that a company may take will cause, and how the company should spend its money.
Financial math.
Financial math is the study of math for financial markets. Financial math studies mathematics, mainly statistics.

Governor General of Canada
The Governor General of Canada is the person who represents Canada's Queen (or King). The Queen of Canada does not spend much time in Canada because she is the same person as the Queen of Great Britain.
Once in a while the Prime Minister may want something done that the Governor General is technically not allowed to do on her own. The Prime Minsiter must then go straight to the Queen but she is expected to do whatever the Prime Minister needs done.
Michaëlle Jean is the current Governor General of Canada.

Noah's Ark
Noah's Ark, according to the Book of Genesis (–) in the Bible, was a ship that saved Noah and the other seven members of his family from the Great Flood. According to the story, it later rested on Mount Ararat, Turkey.
The size of the ship was 300 by 50 by 30 ells, according to Genesis. This makes it about half the size of the ship Queen Elizabeth 2, or 133 by 22, by 13 metres. It would have had about the same tonnage (weight) as the Titanic. It was much bigger than any ship of that time. Very probably, the wood used was that of the cypress tree.
Nothing has been found that could seem to show that the ark rested on Mount Ararat. All findings were quickly shown as being fake. For this reason, many theologians have come to see the story of the flood as a myth, that should not be understood literally. In spite of this, many Christian movements, like the Eastern Orthodox Church and Seventh-day Adventist Church still keep a literal reading.
Naturalist approaches.
There are also some problems with the way the story is understood, that started during Renaissance. The mythological creature called the Phoenix is unique (only one ever existed). How can there have been two of them? - And the Sirens. that lure sailors into their doom, were they taken onboard, too?- A popular solution was, that they swam outside. And the Bird of Paradise must have flown around the ark endlessly, because it had no feet to land.
At the same time, a new kind of scholarship arose. These people never questioned the literal truth of the Ark story. They began to think about it from a practical point of view. In the 15th century, Alfonso Tostada told about the logic of the Ark, including things such as arrangements for the getting rid of dung and the circulation of fresh air. The well-known 16th-century geometrician Johannes Buteo worked out the ship's internal dimensions. He also allowed room for Noah's grinding mills and smokeless ovens. Other people also used his model, later on.
By the 17th century, America had been discovered and was being explored. This led to new problems. All the species had to be spread again from one point, after the flood. The obvious answer was that man had spread over the continents after the destruction of the Tower of Babel. The different groups took animals with them. Some of the results seemed peculiar, though: "why had the natives of North America taken rattlesnakes, but not horses", wondered Sir Thomas Browne in 1646? "How America abounded with Beasts of prey and noxious Animals, yet contained not in that necessary Creature, a Horse, is very strange."
Browne was among the first people to question the notion of spontaneous generation. He was a medical doctor and amateur scientist making this observation in passing. Biblical scholars of the time such as Justus Lipsius (1547–1606) and Athanasius Kircher (c.1601–80) were also beginning to look at the Ark story more closely. They tried to reconcile the Biblical account with natural historical knowledge of their time. The resulting hypotheses were important. They were a driving force behind the study of the geographical distribution of plants and animals. They indirectly helped the development of biogeography in the 18th century. Natural historians began to draw connections between climates and the animals and plants adapted to them. One important theory said that the biblical Ararat was striped with different climatic zones. When climate changed, the associated animals moved as well. Eventually they spread to repopulate the globe. There was also the problem of an ever-expanding number of known species: for Kircher and earlier natural historians, there was little problem finding room for all known animal species in the Ark, but by the time John Ray (1627–1705) was working, just several decades after Kircher, their number had increased dramatically. Incorporating the full range of animal diversity into the Ark story was becoming increasingly difficult, and by 1700 few natural historians could see any reasons to believe in a literal interpretation of the Noah's Ark narrative.

Joseph Barbera
Joseph Roland "Joe" Barbera (March 24, 1911 – December 18, 2006) was an Italian American animator, cartoon artist, storyboard artist, director, producer, and co-founder, together with William Hanna, of Hanna-Barbera. The studio produced well-known cartoons such as "Tom and Jerry", "The Huckleberry Hound Show", "The Flintstones", "The Jetsons", "Scooby-Doo" as well as the musical film, "Charlotte's Web.

William Hanna
William Denby "Bill" Hanna (July 14, 1910 – March 22, 2001) was an American animator, director, producer, cartoon artist, and co-founder with Joseph Barbera of Hanna-Barbera. The studio made well-known cartoons, such as "The Huckleberry Hound Show", "The Flintstones", "The Jetsons", and "Scooby-Doo", as well as the musical film, "Charlotte's Web.

Hanna-Barbera
Hanna-Barbera was a company that made cartoons. Some of these cartoons were The Jetsons, The Flintstones, Scooby-Doo, Yogi Bear, Smurfs, Pink Panther, Wally Gator, and Peter Potamus, as well as the 1973 movie version of Charlotte's Web and many more. It was started by and named after William Hanna and Joseph Barbera.

Australian English
Australian English is the kind of English language used in Australia.
History.
People from Britain and Ireland first came to live in Australia in 1788. They brought many different kinds of English with them. These different kinds of English began to mix and change. The new comers soon began to speak with their own distinctive accent and vocabulary.
More and more people came to Australia in the 19th and 20th centuries. Many people came looking for gold. Some came from Britain and Ireland. Others came from non-English speaking countries. Australian English continued to grow and change.
Australian English has also been influenced by American English. During the Second World War there were many American soldiers staying in Australia. American television shows and music have been popular in Australia since the 1950s.
Accent.
The Australian and New Zealand accents are very similar. The Australian accent is also similar to accents from the South-East of Britain.
Some Australian English vowels sound different to vowels of other kinds of English. For example, the vowel in "day" starts with a very open mouth. This makes the Australian "day" sound close to the "die" of most British or American people.
Australian English has some vowels not used in some other kinds of English. For example, the words "bad" and "lad" do not rhyme because "bad" has a long vowel and "lad" has a short one. Also, "cot" does not sound like "caught" and "bother" does not rhyme with "father".
As with American English the /t/ sound can sometimes sound like a /d/ sound. This usually happens between vowels. So, for example,
Also in the Australian accent a /t/ sound plus the sound of "you" comes out sounding like "chew" and a /d/ sound plus the sound of "you" comes out sounding like "Jew". Here are some examples of things which sound the same.
Words.
Australians use many words that other English speakers do not use. The famous Australian greeting, for example, is "G'day!". A native forest is called the "bush" and central Australia is called the "outback".
Many words were brought to Australia from Britain and Ireland. For example, "mate" meaning "friend" which is still used in Britain. Some of these words have changed in meaning.
A few words have come from Australian Aboriginal languages. These are mainly names for animals, plants and places. Some examples are "dingo" and "kangaroo".
Sometimes we do not know where a word came from. For example, "dinkum" or "fair dinkum" means "true", "is that true?", "this is the truth". But nobody know where the word is from: some say the word comes from Chinese, others say the word comes from England.
Spelling.
Australian spelling is generally very similar to British spelling. In words like "organise", "realise", both "-ise" and "-ize" are accepted, as in British English, but, "-ise" is preferred. In words like "colour", "favourite", "-our" is usual, but sometimes it is spelled with "-or". "Program" and "jail", on the other hand, are more common than "programme" and "gaol".
Kinds of Australian English.
Most linguists (scientists who study language) split Australian English up into three main kinds. These are Broad, General, and Cultivated Australian English.
Broad Australian English sounds very strongly Australian, when compared to other kinds of English. Steve Irwin and Dame Edna Everage speak Broad Australian English.
General Australian English is the middle ground. It is used by most Australians, and can be heard in Australian-made films and television programs. Russell Crowe and Nicole Kidman speak General Australian English.
Cultivated Australian English is close to British English. Judy Davis and Geoffrey Rush speak Cultivated Australian English.
The Australian accent doesn't change much across the country. However, one small difference is how the letter 'a' sounds like in the words "castle", "dance", "chance", "advance", etc. Some use the vowel in "calm" others use the vowel in "mat" or "mad".
However, there are differences in the words Australians use in different parts of the country. For example, "footy" means "rugby" in NSW and Queensland, but "Australian rules football" in Victoria. In NSW, a swimming costume is called a "cossie" or "swimmers", in Queensland it is called "togs", but it's called "bathers" in most other states.

Spruce
Spruce are trees of the genus "Picea", a genus of about 35 species of coniferous evergreen trees in the Family Pinaceae, found in the northern temperate and taiga regions of the earth.
Spruces are large trees, from 20–60 (–95) m tall when mature, and can be distinguished by their conical form and their needles, that are attached singly to the branches in a spiral fashion. The needles are shed when 4–10 years old.

Christmas tree
A Christmas tree or Tannenbaum is one of the most popular traditions associated with the celebration of Christmas. It is normally an evergreen coniferous tree that is brought into a home or used in the open, and is decorated with Christmas lights and colourful ornaments during the days around Christmas. An angel or a star is often placed at the top of the tree.

Cell division
Cell division is the process by which a cell, called the parent cell, divides into two cells, called daughter cells. Cell division is usually a small segment of a larger cell cycle, but in meiosis, a cell that has divided is permanently transformed and cannot divide again.
Cell division is the biological basis of life. For simple unicellular organisms like amoeba, one cell division reproduces an entire organism. On a larger scale, cell division can create offspring from multicellular organisms, such as plants that grow from cuttings. But most importantly, cell division enables organisms that are able to sexually reproduce to develop from the one-celled zygote, which itself was produced by cell division from gametes. After growth, cell division allows for continual renewal and repair of the organism. And binary fission is where a cell splits in two.

Saparmurat Niyazov
Saparmurat Niyazov (February 19, 1940 - December 21, 2006) was the first President of Turkmenistan. He served from 1993 to 2006. Saparmurat Niyazov also called himself Türkmenbaşy, which means leader of the Turkmen people. He tried to make a cult of personality, which means that he put many pictures and statues of himself around his country to make himself seem important. While he was president, Niyazov made doing many things against the law, such as growing a beard or ballet dancing. He died from a heart attack on December 21, 2006, and Gurbanguly Berdimuhammedow became the new president of Turkmenistan.

Temperate
In geography, temperate latitudes of the globe lie between the tropics and the polar circles. The changes in these regions between summer and winter are not extreme, not burning hot or freezing cold. However, a temperate climate can have very unpredictable weather. One day it may be sunny, the next it may be raining, and after that it may be cloudy. This is usual in summer as well as in winter.The temperate regions has 4 seasons, namely: summer,fall,winter and spring.

Lithuanian language
The Lithuanian language is a Baltic language. It is from Lithuania, spoken in a few countries in Europe, as well as in the Americas and Australia.
Lithuanian language along with Latvian are the only remained Baltic languages. Both languages have many things in common. Lithuanian, however, adopted less words and phrases from German and other languages. However, long ago Lithuanian was affected by the Slavic languages, so the main barbarisms were replaced with Lithuanian words only in 1920, by Lithuanian philologist Jonas Jablonskis and others.
There are two main dialects of Lithuanian. "Samogitian" is thge dialect mostly used in West Lithuania, the other, widely used in the whole country is "Aukštaitian" (High-landers' dialect). The standard Lithuanian comes from West-Aukštaitian.
The first book writen in Lithuanian is "Katekizmas" by Martynas Mažvydas. It was published in East Prussia in 1547.

Depeche Mode
Depeche Mode are an English band. This year they released their first "Best of" album with the song "Martyr", Depeche Mode's last single. The band's name was taken from a French fashion magazine, "Dépêche mode", which means "Fashion Update" or "Fashion News Dispatch". Depeche Mode became famous in the 1980s.
- Dave Gahan
- Martin Lee Gore
- Andrew Fletcher

Gingivitis
Gingivitis is the inflammation of the gums around the teeth. Gingivitis may be caused by a build up of plaque and tartar because the teeth have not been cleaned properly. It can also be a manifestation of a systemic disease, as in diabetes or AIDS.
Sometimes excessive brushing or flossing can wear out the gums causing gum recession.
If gingivitis is not treated by proper oral hygiene, it can lead to periodontitis, which is a more advanced state of gum disease, that affects the bone and is harder to treat.

Taiga
Taiga (IPA pronunciation:, from Mongolian) is characterized by coniferous forests. Taiga covers most of inland Alaska, Canada, Sweden, Finland, inland Norway, northern Kazakhstan and Russia (especially Siberia), as well as parts of the extreme northern continental United States. The taiga is the world's largest region with forests. In Canada, boreal forest is the term used to refer to the southern part of these forests, while "taiga" is used to describe the northern areas south of the Arctic tree line.

Conifer
The conifers, also known as division Coniferae, are cone-bearing seed plants and woody plants, most are trees with just a few being shrubs. Typical examples of conifers include cedars, cypresses, douglas-firs, firs, junipers, kauris, larches, pines, redwoods, spruces, and yews. Species of conifers can be found in almost all parts of the world, and are often the most common plants in their habitats, as in the taiga, for example. Conifers are of great economic value, and their wood is mainly used for timber and paper making; the wood of conifers is known as softwood. The division "Coniferae" contains about 700 living species.

Binomial nomenclature
In biology, binomial nomenclature is how species are called. As the word "binomial" suggests, the name of a species is made by using two words: the genus name and the species description. Binomial nomenclature means "two-name description".
History.
The person who created this system for use was Swedish botanist and physician Carolus Linnaeus (1707–1778) who tried to find names for all things in the natural world and gave every species (mineral, vegetable or animal) a two-part name. This kind of naming had been used before Linnaeus, but before Linnaeus, hardly anybody used binomial nomenclature. After Linnaeus, almost everybody did.
Value of binomial nomenclature.
The value of the binomial nomenclature is that it is easy to identify species with just two words. Also, those two words can be used all over the world, in all languages, and the name does not change based on country or time.
Rules of nomenclature.
Many rules have been made to make binomial nomenclature more easy to understand and use. There are now several codes and books full of information on how to organize these names.
There is still discussion between scientists on how to improve binomial nomenclature.
Where names come from.
The names may come from any source whatsoever. Often they are Latin words, but they may also come from Ancient Greek, from a place, from a person, a name from a local language, etc. In fact, the people who come up with these names sometime use specific descriptors from a variety of sources, including jokes and puns.
The names are always treated grammatically as if they were a Latin sentence. This is why the name of a species is sometimes called its "Latin name," but scientists like calling these names scientific names.
The genus name must be unique inside each group of life. Species names are reused, and are sometimes given a third name which is a noun.

System
System (Latin word is (systēma)) is a group of related things, that work with each other. These things can be real or imaginary. Systems can be real things, like a car's engine. But systems can also be things made by persons to organize ideas, groups, people, and anything else. A subsystem is a little system within a big system.
What systems do.
Systems are a way to describe a set of items, or people, or things that are related, and most systems describe ways of making them work together, or why they work together already. Some systems are nothing more than a different way of looking at a problem, or thinking about a job being done.
Other systems are more like organizing books on a shelf, so that people can find things more simply, without having to search. These can be systems about how to program computers or manage people.

Valencia orange
The Valencia orange is an orange first made by the Californian agronomist William Wolfskill, on his farm in Santa Ana. The orange was later sold to the Irvine Company, who later used half of its land to grow the orange. Orange County is named after this orange because of its popularity. The Irvine Company's Valencia operation later split from the company and became Sunkist. Cultivation of the Valencia in Orange County had stopped by the mid-1990s because of rising property costs, which caused what remained of the Southern California orange industry to move to Florida.

Papaya
The papaya, also known as mamão, tree melon, fruta bomba, lechosa (Venezuela, Puerto Rico, the Philippines and the Dominican Republic), or pawpaw is the fruit of the tree "Carica papaya", in the genus "Carica". The fruit is orange with small tiny black seeds that are like small circles. They are found in warm tropical places (such as Argentina, Brazil, India and Sri Lanka etc.) They got introduced in America a long time ago by Carolus Linnaeus. Probably found in the 1760s (like his other discoveries) it is a very old discovery of fruit.

Flowering plant
Flowering plants (also called Angiosperms) are the most familiar form of land plants. Together with the gymnosperms they make up the Seed plants. They are different from the gymnosperms because angiosperms bear flowers and gymnosperms do not bear flowers.

Amanda Michalka
Amanda Joy "AJ" Michalka (born April 10, 1991) is an American singer and actress from Torrance, California, USA. Her parents are Carrey Begley-Michalka and Mark Michalka. Her older sister is actress Alyson Michalka. She is notable for being in the band with her sister called Aly & AJ. She also starred with her sister in the Disney movie "Cow Belles". She is of German-American ancestry.
Biography.
Amanda Michalka was born in Torrance, California in 1991. Her older sister, Alyson "Aly" Michalka and their parents moved to Seattle, Washington. There her parents made sure they were exposed to all varieties of music. They then moved back to Southern California, where they still live.
Career.
Michalka was in a number of WORD Music Productions at her church in Southern California as a young child. Michalka plays a variety of instruments such as acoustic guitar, electric guitar, piano, and bongos. She used to be a model for catalogs. In March 2006, she made her Disney Channel debut in the Disney Channel Original Movie "Cow Belles", as "Courtney Callum", along with sister Aly, as "Taylor Callum". She has also made appearances on shows such as "Oliver Beene", "Six Feet Under", "The Guardian", and "General Hospital".
she has also appeared with her sister in the MTV movie, '.

Salmonberry
Salmonberries are a type of fruit. They are in the rose family Rosaceae.

Grape tomato
A grape tomato is a small, usually oblong tomato. They are similar in size to a small cherry tomato and they both have a similar taste, but the grape tomato also has the similar oblong shape of a plum tomato. The tomatoes were introduced to the United States market in 1997 by grower Andrew Chu, who got them from Taiwan's Known-You Seed Co, though the majority of the production is by a company called, who market them as "Santa Sweets". They are considered a difficult crop to grow, as they do not produce as heavily as many cherry tomato varieties.
It is believed that the tomatoes originated in Southeast Asia. They are eaten as bar snacks in some parts of Thailand.

Adolf von Henselt
Adolf von Henselt (born Schwabach, Bavaria, May 9 1814; died Warmbrunn (now Cieplice), Silesia, October 10 1889 was a German pianist and composer. He had piano lessons from Hummel in Weimar. When he was a young man he played in concerts all over Germany. Then he went to Russia where he was very successful and he settled there to live. He became pianist at the court of the tsar and taught the tsar’s children how to play the piano.
Henselt was known for his beautiful playing of the music of Chopin. He was very good at playing widely spaced arpeggios and could make them sound very smooth (legato) even if he was not using the pedal.
As a composer he is mostly remembered today for a few of his short works which are often quite sentimental, e.g. "Frühlingslied" ("Spring Song") and "Si oiseau j’étais" ("If I were a bird").

Cherry tomato
The Cherry Tomato is a type of tomato that is a fruit. They grow up to be about 1 inch.

Binary star
A binary star is a pair of two stars which orbit around each other. For each star, the other is its "companion star". Many stars are part of a system of two or more stars. Binary stars are important in astrophysics because looking at their orbits allows scientists to find out their masses. This information can be used to learn the masses of individual stars.
Binary stars are not the same as double stars, which look close together but are not connected by gravity, and may actually be far apart in space. Some binary stars can be seen as two separate stars by someone with good eyesight—Mizar and Alcor in the handle of the Big Dipper (called "The Plough" in some countries) are an example of what is called a "visual binary". Other binary stars are so close together that instruments must be used to tell them apart. One way to tell binary stars and double stars apart is to watch them for a long period of time. Over a few decades of observation, true binary stars can be seen to move around each other, but double stars always keep their same position.
Some stars appear to be in orbit around empty space, and appear not to have a companion. In this case, the companion star is either very small and faint, or it is a neutron star or even a black hole. The best-known example of a star with an invisible companion is Cygnus X-1, in which the visible star's companion appears to be a black hole.
Visual binaries.
A "visual binary" star is one for which the separation of the two stars can be seen with a telescope. The brighter star is the "primary" and the fainter star is the "secondary". Visual binaries take a long time to orbit one another, in the area of hundreds or even thousands of years
Spectroscopic binaries.
A "spectroscopic" binary is one in which the two stars cannot be seen separately even with a telescope. They are very close together and move around each other very quickly, over a period of a few weeks or even a few days. However, they can be seen to be two separate stars by using a spectroscope, which is able to record the Doppler change in the color of the light sent out by stars moving quickly toward or away from the Earth.
Eclipsing binaries.
Some spectroscopic binaries have an orbit that is edge-on to Earth. When this happens, the stars will take turns passing in front of and eclipsing the partner star, in what is called an "eclipsing binary". In this case, the amount of light we see from the double dims slightly during the time one star is in front of the other.
Astrometric binaries.
An "astrometric binary" is one where only one companion can be seen. For astrometric binaries fairly near the Earth (up to about 10 parsecs), it may be possible to see the visible companion "wobble" as it moves around its invisible companion. By making measurements over a long period of time, it may be possible to calculate the mass of the visible star and how long its orbit takes. This method is also used to detect the presence of large planets orbiting a star; as of 2007, over two hundred planets have been discovered in this way.
Detached binaries.
Most binaries are "detached binaries". Except for their gravitational pull on one another, they have no effect on each other.
Semidetached and contact binaries.
Some binaries are so close to one another that one or both stars is able to pull material from the other. They may share the same stellar atmosphere, and as friction slows them down over a long period, they may merge into one star.
Formation.
Though it could be possible that binary stars may form when one star passes very close to another, it is highly unlikely (since it would actually take three stars close to one another before two could join), and would occur only in places where stars are densely packed together. Our present understanding is that almost all binaries are formed together in the dense gas clouds where stars are born.
Runaways and novae.
It is possible (though not likely) that a passing star will disrupt a binary system and provide enough gravitational force to split the binary. Such separated stars go on to live lives as ordinary single stars. Sometimes, though, enough gravitational force is involved that the two companions speed away from each other at great speeds, resulting in what is known as "runaway" stars.
Sometimes a star is in orbit around a white dwarf star. If it is large enough and close enough to the white dwarf, the dwarf may suck gasses from its companion's atmosphere. Over a period of time, a great deal of gas may collect on the white dwarf. As this gas is compacted by the white dwarf's gravity, it will eventually undergo nuclear fusion, resulting in a very bright outburst of light, known as a "nova". In some cases, the white dwarf may gather so much gas that the explosion completely destroys it, in what is called a "supernova". Such an event may also result in runaway stars, as the larger star no longer has a heavy companion which keeps it in orbit.

Imperial unit
The Imperial units or the Imperial system is a collection of measurement units. Commonwealth countries used this system from 1824 until they changed to the metric system. The imperial system is very similar to the American system but there are some differences.
Length.
The British nautical mile used to be 6080 feet. In 1970 the UK adopted the international definition of 1852 metres.
Volume.
For a comparison to the U.S. customary system see the article on Comparison of the Imperial and US customary systems.

Comparison of the Imperial and US customary systems
The imperial and U.S. customary systems are very similar but there are some differences between them.
Volume.
The main difference is in units of volume. The American system has two gallons: a wet and a dry one. The imperial gallon is bigger than each of these. However, the imperial fluid ounce is smaller than the American one.
Length.
The international yard is exactly 0.9144 metres. This definition was agreed upon by the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand in 1959. However, the United States continued to use its old length units for surveying purposes. The US survey foot is exactly 36/39.37 metre.
Weight.
Another difference is in units of mass. In Britain people often use the stone. One stone is 14 pounds. Eight stones are one hundredweight (112 lb). Twenty hundredweights are one ton. So one British ton is 2240 pounds. It is very close to the tonne of the metric system.
In the United States people don't use the stone. They usually use a hundredweight of 100 pounds. This hundredweight is also called a "short hundredweight". Twenty short hundredweights are one short ton. The British hundredweight is also called the "long hundredweight" and the Britsh ton is also called the "long ton".

Stone (unit)
The stone is a unit of mass in the imperial system. It is equal to fourteen pounds. 160 stone make up a long ton.

Maccabi Haifa F.C.
Maccabi Haifa F. C. is a professional football (soccer) club in Israel. Founded in 1913, it is Israel's most successful club both domestically and in European competitions.

Tundra
In physical geography, tundra is an area where the tree growth is hindered by low temperatures and short growing seasons. The term "tundra" comes from "tūndâr" 'uplands, tundra, treeless mountain tract'. There are three types of tundra: Arctic tundra, Antarctic tundra, and alpine tundra. In all of these types, the dominant vegetation is grass, moss, and lichens. Trees grow in some of the tundra. The boundary between the tundra and the forest is known as the tree line or timberline.

Tree line
The tree-line or timberline is the edge of the habitat at which trees can grow. Beyond the tree-line, they are unable to grow as conditions are too bad.
At the tree-line, tree growth is often not clear with the last trees forming low bushes. If it is caused by wind, these are known as krummholz, from the German for 'twisted wood'.
The tree line, like many other natural lines (lake boundaries, for example), appears well-defined from a distance, but upon close inspection, it is not that clear. Trees grow shorter until they simply stop growing.

Lift (force)
The lift force, lifting force or simply lift is the sum of all the forces on a body that force him to move upwards (or to be exact for the case of "negative lift": vertical).
The most common type of lift is that of a wing of an aircraft. But there are many other common uses such as propellers on both aircraft and boats, rotors on helicopters, fan blades, sails on sailboats and even some kinds of wind turbines.
While the common meaning of the term "lift" suggests an "upwards" action, in fact, the direction of lift (and its definition) does not depend on the meaning of "up" and "down". Specifically, the term negative lift means the lift force directed "down".
There are a number of ways of explaining the production of lift, all of which are equivalent. That is, there are different expressions of the same underlying physical principles.

Tropics
The tropics are the region of the Earth near to the equator and between the Tropic of Cancer in the northern hemisphere and the Tropic of Capricorn in the southern hemisphere. This region is also referred to as the tropical zone and the torrid zone.
This area includes all the areas of the Earth where the sun reaches a point directly overhead at least once a year. The word "tropics" comes from Greek "tropos" meaning "turn", because the apparent position of the Sun moves between the two tropics within a year.
Tropical plants and animals are those species that live in the tropics. "Tropical" is also sometimes used in a general sense for a tropical climate, a climate that is warm to hot and moist year-round, often with the sense of lush vegetation. However, there are places in the tropics that are anything but "tropical" in this sense, with even alpine tundra and snow-capped peaks, including Mauna Kea, Mt. Kilimanjaro, and the Andes as far south as the northernmost parts of Chile and Argentina. Places in the tropics which are drier with low humidity are such as the Sahara Desert and Central Africa and Northern Australian Outback.

Mount Kilimanjaro
Kilimanjaro (or Kilima Njaro, which means "shining mountain" in Swahili), formerly Kaiser-Wilhelm-Spitze, is a mountain in northeastern Tanzania. Kilimanjaro is the tallest free-standing mountain rise in the world, rising 4600 meters (15,000 ft) from the base, and includes the highest peak in Africa at 5,895 meters (19,340 ft). It gives a dramatic view from the surrounding plains.

Tropical climate
A tropical climate is a type of climate typical in the tropics. It is a damp climate in which all twelve months have mean temperatures above 18°C (64.4 °F).
Tropical Climates have almost continuous rainfall throughout the year, usually in the afternoon.

Alpine tundra
Alpine tundra is a type of geological terrain. It is to be found at high enough altitude at any latitude on Earth. Alpine tundra lacks trees. The lower parts do not have permafrost. Because of this they are generally better drained than permafrost soils. Alpine tundra changes to subalpine forests below the tree line.
Because alpine tundra is located in many different widely-separated regions of the Earth, there is no animal species found in all areas of alpine tundra.
Some animals of alpine tundra environments include the Kea parrot, marmot, Mountain goats, chinchilla, pika, golden eagle and snow leopard.

Fumarole
A fumarole (Latin "fumus", smoke) is an opening in the crust of the Earth, often in the neighborhood of volcanoes, where steam and gases come out, for instance carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrochloric acid, and hydrogen sulfide.
The name solfatara (from the Italian "solfo", sulfur), is given to fumaroles with sulfurous gases.

Köppen climate classification
The Köppen climate classification is one of the most widely used climate classification systems. It was developed by Wladimir Köppen, a German climatologist, around 1900 (with several further modifications by himself, notably in 1918 and 1936). It is based on the concept that native vegetation is the best expression of climate, thus climate zone boundaries have been selected with vegetation distribution in mind.

Unkel
Unkel is a city in the district of Neuwied, Rhineland-Palatinate, in the country of Germany. It is located on the Rhine River.

Polar circle
A polar circle is either the Arctic Circle or the Antarctic Circle. On earth, the Arctic Circle is at a latitude of 66˚ 33' 38" N, and the Antarctic Circle is at a latitude of 66˚ 33' 38" S. Areas between each polar circle and its pole (north pole, or south pole) will each year have at least one 24 hour period when the sun is continuously above the horizon and at least one 24 hour period when the sun is continuously below the horizion.

Seine
The Seine (/sɛn/ in French language) is a major river of north-western France. It is a commercial way and a tourist attraction, particularly within the city of Paris. The river is 776 km long. It flows into the Atlantic, the English Channel, near Le Havre.

Walk
Walking is how people travel on foot. If a person goes out walking, it is said that he or she 'went for a walk'. Walking for a long time is healthy exercise.

Horizon
The horizon (from Greek "orizein", to limit) is the line that separates earth from sky. But at many places the "true horizon" cannot be seen as there are trees, buildings, mountains and so forth. The line is then called "visible horizon".

Arid
An arid environment has a high deficit of rainfall or snow. So there is much less humidity added during the year than would be necessary for the demand for evaporation and transpiration. This is mostly due to the high temperatures and few storms that bring rainfall. Regions are classified as arid if their aridity index falls between 0.05 and 0.20.
Most deserts are semi-arid, arid or hyperarid, with the exception of Antarctica.

Muon
The Muon is an elementary particle. It has a negative electric charge and half spin.
The Muon has a life time of 2.2 microseconds or 0.0000022 seconds.
A muon is like an electron but it is bigger.
How are muons made?
Muons are made in particle accelarators.
1. The photons in the cosmic rays crash into air atoms.
2. Pions are made in the crash
3. The pions decay into neutrinos and muons.

Magnoliopsida
Magnoliopsida or dicotyledons is the name of a class of plants in taxonomy. They are also called dicots. It is the biggest group of flowering plants. Seedlings in this group have two seed leaves. Monocots have one seed leaf.

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is emergency first aid given to a person who has had a heart attack cardiac arrest. It can be done by anybody, but people are often told not to try unless they have received proper first aid training. CPR does not start a person's heart again, but it can keep the blood (which carries oxygen) flowing around the body long enough for proper emergency treatment to be given, if it is done properly.
CPR is normally started on a person who is not breathing and is unconscious. It is continued until the heart can be restarted or the cause is diagnosed. CPR consists of regular compressions (pressing down) of the chest and rescue breathing. If a person's heart is working properly but they are not breathing, the aided breathing is called artificial respiration. The aim of CPR is to keep a small amount of oxygenated blood flowing to the brain and heart so that, if they are successfully resuscitated, they are not permanently brain damaged

Airén
An airén is a type of white grape used to make wine.

Jean Sibelius
Jean Sibelius (born Hämeenlinna (Tavastehus) 8 December 1865; died Järvenpää, 20 September 1957) was a Finnish composer. He is one of the most famous people from Finland and one of the greatest composers of symphonies of all times. He was born at a time when Russia had a lot of power in Finland and the Finnish people were trying hard to keep their own culture and their independence. This nationalism can be heard in a lot of his music, especially some of the choral music. After 1928 he composed very little. He lived in retirement in his home in the Finnish countryside.
Early life.
Jean (pronounced the French way) was born 100km north of the Finnish capital Helsinki. His grandfather had changed the family name from a Finnish name to the Latin-sounding “Sibelius”. His father died during a cholera epidemic when Jean was very young. His family spoke Swedish at home, but when he was eleven he went to a Finnish-speaking school. He learned to play the violin and wanted to be a soloist. He loved reading the "Kalevala" which was a long epic poem about the old Finnish legends. He also loved the Swedish-speaking poets who wrote poems about nature.
In 1885 he went to Helsinki to study law but he soon gave up law and concentrated on his violin studies and composition. He went to Berlin to continue his music studies. He became good friends with the pianist and composer Ferruccio Busoni and went with him to Leipzig. At this time he had mainly written chamber music. In Vienna he had lessons from Karl Goldmark and heard lots of orchestral music. He spent a lot of his money, much of it on drink which was to be a big problem for him for many years.
Early success.
He went back to Finland in 1891. He earned money by teaching. He wrote a big work for orchestra and singers called "Kullervo ". The words were in Finnish, the story was from the poem "Kalevala". This work made him famous.
In 1892 he married Aino Järnefelt. Her father was a general and very keen on the Finnish language. The Finnish were trying more and more at this time to be free of rule by Russia. Sibelius wrote more patriotic music during the 1890s e.g. the tone poem "En Saga" and the "Lemminkäinen" legends which include the popular "The Swan of Tuonela". His patriotic tone poem "Finlandia" is still very popular today. His music at this time was influenced by Wagner and Tchaikovsky. He also heard Finnish folk melodies and, although he does not use them directly in his music, they became part of his musical language. In 1897 he was given a state pension which helped him financially although for many years he was still very often short of money because he had expensive tastes.
Mature years.
Between 1899 and 1924 Sibelius composed the 7 symphonies which made him famous worldwide. His friend, the conductor Kajanus, conducted Sibelius’s works when he took the Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra on tour around Europe. His wife was becoming worried about how much alcohol he was drinking in Helsinki, so 1903 she persuaded him to move the family to a place called Ainola in the Finnish countryside. They had a house built in Järvenpää. Apart from a few short periods in Helsinki he spent the rest of his life there. The first works he wrote there were his "Symphony no 2" and the "Violin Concerto ". He became seriously ill in 1908 and for several years he had to stop smoking cigars and drinking alcohol. He continued to travel and visited England several times and the United States in 1914 where he was very popular. After the war he continued to write more symphonies as well as some short, light pieces. The last great work that he wrote was the tone-poem "Tapiola" in 1926. He tried to write another symphony (no 8) but gave up and destroyed it. He never wrote any more music. He continued to live in retirement in his house in the Finnish country for another 30 years. The house is now a Sibelius museum.
Family life.
Sibelius's wife Aino came from a highly respectable family. Although her father was a general in the army, there was a very great interest in culture in the Järnefeld family which included musicians, painters and poets. Jean fell in love with Aino on his first visit to her home. Aino was to be a faithful wife to him all his life, although she suffered a lot of hardship due to his drinking problems and his debts. They had five daughters.
His works.
Sibelius is best known for his symphonies and tone-poems. His symphonies are very different from one another, none can be described as being “typical” of his style. The early symphonies are Romantic in character, in the later symphonies he tries out lots of new ideas and sounds. His "Violin Concerto" is played by all the great violinists. Sibelius wrote lots of songs for voice and piano. These are mostly settings of Swedish poems. He also wrote many choral works, mostly in Finnish. These vocal works are not so well known outside Finland because the language is not familiar abroad, but there are some very good songs, especially "Luonnotar". Besides his important works he also wrote many short works in order to earn enough money to live. These include songs as well as many short piano pieces.
Sibelius's music today is extremely popular. His music has also been an influence on recent composers.

Schutzstaffel
The (German for "Protective Squadron"), abbreviated
(Runic) or SS (Latin), was a large security and military organization of the National Socialist German Workers Party (Nazi Party) in Germany.
The SS was established in the 1920s as a personal-guard unit for Nazi leader Adolph Hitler. Heinrich Himmler was its leader from 1929 to 1945. During that time, the SS grew from a small paramilitary formation to become one of the largest and most powerful organizations in Nazi Germany. The Nazis saw the SS as an elite unit, the party's "Praetorian Guard," with all SS personnel selected on the principles of racial purity and unconditional loyalty to the Nazi party.
In contrast to the black-uniformed Allgemeine-SS, which was the political wing of the SS, the military wing was called the Waffen-SS, which evolved into a second German army within the Wehrmacht. It worked in tandem with the regular German army, or Heer. The Waffen-SS compiled a record of fierce fighting and notorious brutality against civilians and prisoners of war. Its units helped wipe out resistance by Polish Jews in the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising and slaughtered U.S. prisoners of war near the Belgian town of Malmedy during the Battle of the Bulge in 1944.
The SS was different from the German military, Nazi party, and German state officials because it had its own SS rank structure, SS unit insignia, and SS uniforms.
As the Nazi party monopolized the political power in Germany, key government functions such as law enforcement were simply absorbed into the SS. Many SS organizations became the de-facto government agencies. To maintain the political power of the party, the SS was given authority to establish and run the Sicherheitsdienst ("SD"), which was the security and intelligence service, and the "Geheime Staatspolizei" ("Gestapo"), or SS secret police, effectively putting the SS above the law.
Heinrich Himmler, the SS leader, was one of the chief architects of the Final Solution. The SS Einsatzgruppen murdered civilians; mostly Jews, in the countries occupied by Germany during World War II. The SS was responsible for establishing and operating concentration camps and extermination camps in which millions of inmates died of inhumane treatment, exploitation, malnutrition or medical experiments. After the war, the judges of Nuremberg Trials declared the SS a criminal organization responsible for the implementation of racial policies of genocide and committing war crimes and crimes against humanity.

Logarithm
Logarithms or logs are a part of mathematics. They are related to exponential functions, and useful in multiplying or dividing large numbers.
Relationship with exponential functions.
A logarithm tells what exponent (or power) is needed to make a certain number, so logarithms are the inverse (opposite) of exponentiation
Just as an exponential function has three parts, a logarithm has three parts. The three parts of a logarithm are a base, an argument and an answer.
In this function, the power is 3, the answer is 8.
In this logarithm, the base is 2, the argument is 8 and the answer is 3.
Uses.
Logarithms can make multiplication and division of large numbers easy because adding logarithms is the same as multiplying, and subtracting logarithms is the same as dividing.
Before calculators became cheap and common, people used logarithm tables in books to multiply and divide. The same information in a logarithm table was available on a slide rule, a tool with logarithms written on it.
Natural logarithms.
Logarithms to base "e" are called natural logarithms. The number e is nearly 2.71828, and is also called the Eulerian constant after the mathematician Leonhard Euler.

William Penn
William Penn (October 14 1644 - July 30 1718) was an English colonial leader. He was given what would become the US state of Pennsylvania by King Charles II as a debt to his father. Penn was a member of the Religious Society of Friends.
Penn and his wife were made honorary United States citizens in 1984 by US President Ronald Reagan.

Babe Ruth
George Herman Ruth, Jr. (February 6, 1895 – August 16, 1948), also known as "Babe", "The Great Bambino", "The Sultan of Swat", "The Colossus of Clout", and "The King Of Crash", was a very famous baseball player during the 1920s and 1930s in Major League Baseball. He played with the Baltimore Orioles, Boston Red Sox, New York Yankees, and the Boston Braves.

Korn
Korn (sometimes written as KoЯn to fit their logo) is a Grammy Award-winning band from Bakersfield, California.
People often say they created the nu metal genre. Along with other bands of the time, they were influences for a wave of nu metal, alternative metal and rap metal bands through the mid 1990s and early 2000s, helping Limp Bizkit (who were discovered by Korn themselves) and Slipknot more than other bands. Despite this, Korn have been quoted for disliking the term and even being called 'metal'. Jonathan Davis has said that Korn's music can't be classified and that it contains many other influences besides simply 'metal'. The official review on the iTunes Store for their first album goes as far as saying that Korn "hate the term".
Their first album was first sold in 1994 and also called KoRn. Since then, Korn has sold over 25 million records worldwide - including 16 million in the U.S., making them one of the best-selling metal acts of the last twelve years. The band's catalogue consists of seven platinum studio albums in a row, one platinum compilation album, and seven consecutive debuts (including "Greatest Hits, Volume 1" compilation album) in top 10 of Billboard Top 200 best selling albums. Korn has been selected for 6 Grammys, and won 2 such awards. 8 of their albums has been awarded as multi-platinum, despite only part of them being on Billboard.

Aspirin
Aspirin is a drug. It has many uses, but is most commonly used against minor pains, against fever or inflammation. It also has an antiplatelet effect - it reduces the number of platelets in the blood. In that function it is used to prevent heart attacks and cancer. The drug is also known as acetylsalicylic acid.
The brand name is trademarked by the German firm Bayer.

Víctor Jara
Víctor Jara (September 28, 1932- September 15, 1973) was a singer from Chile, South America.
He was born into a family of very poor peasants but through a lot of hard work and effort was able to enter the University of Chile - something very unusual in a poor country like Chile. In this manner he was able to escape the poverty of his parents.
At University he studied dramatic arts or acting; he taught and directed theatre productions. During this time he met and married, Joan Turner, a British ballet dancer and choreographer who worked in Chile.
Later Víctor Jara started to write and sing songs. He began to sing songs about the life of humble and poor people in his country: peasants, factory workers, miners, abandoned children, poor women. He also dedicated music albums to people who live in the shanty towns.
Víctor Jara tried to use his music to bring awareness about the inequality between the richest and the poorest people in society. How poor folk have a hard time acquiring the most basic things, such as food, health care, education, and housing. He also supported politicians who called for a fairer distribution of wealth to end poverty.
In 1973 Víctor Jara was killed by a military dictatorship led by General Augusto Pinochet for singing songs about social problems and social injustice. The U.S. government of Richard Nixon supported the military regime.

World Wrestling Entertainment
World Wrestling Entertainment, Inc. (WWE) is a big company that produces professional wrestling shows. It is now the most popular company in the wrestling business. Vince J. McMahon started the company in 1952. His son, Vince K. McMahon is currently the chairman of the company and runs the company along with his wife Linda, his son Shane, and his daughter Stephanie.
The company used to be known as the World Wrestling Federation or the WWF'". The WWF changed their name to WWE after a lawsuit filed by the World Wildlife Fund.
Television programs.
WWE runs three major television programs each week. Each show has their own cast of wrestlers. WWE calls these casts brands. "RAW" is WWE's main show and has ran on Monday nights since 1993. "SmackDown" has been running since 1999. It used to be on Thursday nights but moved to Friday in 2005. "ECW" is a program that started in 2006. "ECW" is based on the Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) company that ran from 1993 until its bankruptcy in 2001.
Once or twice every month, WWE produces a pay-per-view event. These events have more important matches. The biggest pay-per-view of the year for WWE is called WrestleMania. WrestleMania has run since 1985.
In April 2008 as part of the United States presidential election, candidates Barack Obama, John McCain and Hillary Rodham Clinton presented special messages on W.W.E. Raw. The show was watched by an estimated 4.97 million viewers, of which there were 1.45 million viewers who were men aged 18 to 34: an important group of voters the candidates were trying to talk to.
Champions.
WWE have championships which are recognitions of a wrestler being the best in their brand. The most important championships are the World Heavyweight Championship for "RAW", the WWE Championship for "SmackDown!" and the ECW World Championship for "ECW".
There are also championships for specific divisions. This includes the WWE Women's Championship which is fought for by women on the Raw brand and the WWE Divas Championship for the women on the SmackDown! brand. There are also two tag team championships where teams of usually two wrestlers fight for.

Scutellosaurus
Scutellosaurus was a thyreophoran dinosaur from the Early Jurassic period. It was small and armored with a tail that was a foot long. It grew up to a metre long and lived 205-198 million years ago. It was smaller than most of the members of its group (such as Ankylosaurus, Stegosaurus, Huayangosaurus etc.). It was also the earliest member. It might also be an ornithopod (related to Heterodontosaurus and Lesothosaurus). It is said to be related to the Scelidosaurus and is like a Nodosaurus. It had spikes like the stegosaurus but also had a beak, a mouth and an eye (with good senses) like the ankylosaurs. The other heterodontosaurs lived earlier than it except for one. This heterodontosaur was Edmarka from the Late Jurassic period. Scutellosaurus and all of its neighbors may have lived in hot climates with early grass and its predators were dinosaurs like the Dilophosaurus and Megapnosaurus. Like a crocodile it had scutes all over its body. It had no tail armor. It lived in places that were about 79 degrees fahrenheit. It could have walked on all four legs but ran on its two hind legs. It scientific name is "Scutellosaurus lawleri". It was only 17 inches tall at its hips. It had speeds up to 13 miles per hour (mph).

London Eye
The London Eye, also known as the Millennium Wheel is one of the largest observation wheels (a type of Ferris wheel) in the world. It was opened in 2000. It is 135 metres high.

Finlandia (Symphonic Poem)
"Finlandia" is a symphonic poem by the Finnish composer Jean Sibelius. He wrote it in 1899 and made some changes to it the next year. "Finlandia" is the Latin name for Finland. At the time Sibelius wrote it, Finland was called the "Grand Duchy of Finland". This was because it was being ruled by Russia. The Finnish people wanted to rule Finland for themselves. The music was composed for a pageant to encourage the Finnish people to work for freedom.
The music of "Finlandia" is exciting and dramatic. It sounds like the Finnish people struggling to be free. Towards the end the music becomes calm and a lovely tune is played. It is a hymn tune which became known as "Finlandia". Many years later Sibelius set some words to this hymn and it is often sung as a separate piece by a choir. The words were written by Veikko Antero Koskenniemi. It has become Finland's best known song and almost feels like a second Finnish national anthem. It is often sung as a hymn in Christian churches to the words "Be still, my soul: the Lord is on your side". The tune was also used as the national anthem of the short-lived African country Biafra.

Transpiration
Transpiration is the evaporation of water / loss of water from those parts of plants that are outside the earth, especially leaves but also stems, flowers and fruits. The amount of water lost by a plant depends on its size, along with the surrounding light intensity, temperature, humidity, wind speed, and soil water supply.
It happens because the plant needs to open its pores in order to obtain carbon dioxide gas from the air for photosynthesis. Transpiration also cools plants and enables the flow of mineral nutrients from roots to shoots. This mass flow is caused by the lower (hydrostatic) water pressure in the upper parts of the plants.
The reason for this low pressure is that water gets out of the leaves into the atmosphere. Water gets into the plant at the roots by osmosis, and it transports dissolved mineral nutrients to the upper parts of the plant through the xylem.

Stomates
In botany, a stoma (also "stomate"; plural stomata) is a tiny opening or pore that is used for gas exchange.
Air containing carbon dioxide and oxygen enters the plant through these openings where it is used in photosynthesis and respiration. Waste oxygen produced by photosynthesis exits through these same openings. Also, water vapor gets into the atmosphere through these pores in a process called transpiration.
The pore is formed by a pair of specialized cells known as guard cells which are responsible for regulating the size of the opening and found mostly on the under-surface(epidermis) of a plant leaf.

Leopold Mozart
Johann Georg Leopold Mozart (November 14, 1719 - May 28, 1787) was a composer, music teacher and violinist. He was the father and teacher of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.

Famine
Famine is a situation where there is not enough food for people to eat. Without food, the human body grows weaker and weaker until the person becomes very sick or dies. In poor countries, such as in parts of Africa, famine can be common.
Great Irish Famine.
The great Irish famine was a great famine that lasted from 1846 to 1849 in Ireland. It was caused by "Phytophthora infestans", a kind of water mould. it killed potatoes, one of the main crops of Ireland at the time.

Frequency modulation
Frequency Modulation (usually shortened to FM) is a way of broadcasting radio signals. The sound quality of FM signals is higher than that of amplitude modulation (AM) signals. However, FM signals do not travel as far as AM.
Many radio stations send out both kinds of signals, reserving AM for talk shows, and FM for music. In addition, FM is usually sent as two signals (with one signal's frequency a little lower than the other), which can come to two different speakers in a home. This creates FM stereo.

Monty Hall Problem
The Monty Hall problem is a puzzle. It has to do with chance. The puzzle is based on America's game show "Let's Make a Deal". The name comes from the show host, Monty Hall.
In the puzzle, there are 3 doors. Behind 2 doors there are goats. And behind the last door there is a car. The host asks a player to choose a door. After the player chooses a door, the host opens a door with a goat behind it. Then, the host asks the player if he would like to change his selection.
In the puzzle, it is proved that if the player changes his choice, the chance of him getting a car is 2/3. And if the player does not change his choice, then the chance of him getting a car is 1/3.
1. If the player picks a goat, then the host will show the other goat. Then if the player changes his choice, he will get a car.
2. If the player picks the other goat, then the host will show the first goat. Then if the player changes his choice, he will get a car.
3. If the player picks the car, then the host will show a goat. Then if the player changes his choice, he will get a goat, NOT a car.

Emergency telephone number
An emergency telephone number is a telephone number that can be used to quickly contact emergency services for assistance. Many countries' public telephone networks have a single emergency telephone number, sometimes known as the universal emergency telephone number or the emergency services number. Most emergency service numbers are three digits long so that they can be dialled quickly and remembered easily. Some countries have a different emergency number for each of the different emergency services, but they are often different only by the last digit.

Satellite city
Satellite cities are smaller cities that are next to a large city that is the center of a metropolitan area. They are different from suburbs, subdivisions and bedroom communities because they have their own governments and enough jobs to support their own people. Satellite cities could be separate cities outside of the larger metropolitan areas. However, working as part of a metropolis, a satellite city gets "cross-commuting" (people living in the city working outside of the city and people from other places working in the city).

Shanty town
Shanty towns are small towns in the outskirts of many cities – especially in third world countries. Often of low cost, with houses badly built with plywood, corrugated metal, sheets of plastic, cardboard or any available material. Often irregular structures good enough to keep the rain away or to protect from the summer sun. Pets and animals are often left to roam for food and water.
Lack of clean water, sanitation and toilets often make people, especially children, more exposed to illnesses such as hepatitis and cholera.
Many are built on land without a permit and often have no roads, numbered street, electricity or telephone lines. Some homes in shanty towns have some services but they are unkept and pose health and fire hazards. Sometimes shanty towns can take up whole parts of a city and may include millions of dwellers – such as in the cities of Brazil.
Many shanty town settlements are built on the banks of rivers and as a result the residents suffer the effect of floods or from industrial toxins in the water. Some are built close to rubbish dumps.
Residents of shanty town often have poor health, lack education, high crime, suicides and shorter life expectancy.

Pterodactyloidea
Pterodactyloidea is a suborder of pterosaurs. They were among the last pterosaurs to become extinct at the end of the Cretaceous period. Both Pteranodon and Quetzalcoatlus belonged to this suborder.

Michael Praetorius
Michael Praetorius (born Creuzburg an der Werra, near Eisenach 15 February 1571?; died Wolfenbüttel, 15 February 1621) was a German composer, organist and music theorist. He was one of the most important composers of his day and he wrote lots of different kinds of music. A lot of his music is based on hymns of the Protestant church.
We are not quite certain about the date of his birth. He was born at a time when there was a lot of argument about religion in Germany. His father was a strict Lutheran and lost his job more than once because of his beliefs. We know very little about the life of Praetorius. He seems to have gone to the Lateinschule (“Latin School”) in Torgau where he had music lessons from Michael Voigt. He probably never had music lessons after he left school. Then he went to the University of Frankfurt an der Oder. There Praetorius graduated in divinity. Afterwards he found a job as organist to the Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel. He soon earned a good salary. He married in 1603 and had two sons.
Although he had his job in Wolfenbüttel for many years he also worked a lot in Dresden where he met Heinrich Schütz and in Magdeburg where he met Samuel Scheidt. His health was not good, possibly because he worked so hard. When he died he left a lot of money to the poor.
His music.
Praetorius wrote a very large amount of music. Much of it has been lost. He wrote a collection of French dances called "Terpsichore" for a small group of instruments. These are very happy pieces and are very popular today. A lot of his music is based on Protestant hymns, written for the services in the Lutheran church. He liked to write music in which two groups of singers or instrumentalists alternate (take it in turns to sing/play). His music for choir, which includes many motets, shows him to be one of the best composers of his time. He liked to write music for two, three or four choirs (all singing different parts). The tune would be in the top part so that the congregation could join in.
His theory works.
Praetorius wrote a book about music theory called "Syntagma Musicum". Part One talks about religious music. It is very interesting for us today because it tells us a lot about the way that Martin Luther wanted to change music in the church services. In Part Two he described the musical instruments of his day. Part Three talks about musical forms: this included discussions about things like music notation (the way music was written), transposition (music), solmization and how to write for large choirs. He was going to write a Part Four in which he wanted to discuss the technique of musical composition, but he died before he could write it.

Denver Broncos
The Denver Broncos are a American football team in the National Football League. They are in the American Football Conference. Their quarterback is Jay Cutler. The Broncos play in Denver, Colorado.
The Denver Broncos won the Super Bowl in 1997 and 1998. Their most famous player is John Elway.

Indianapolis Colts
The Indianapolis Colts are a American football team in Indianapolis, Indiana. They play in the National Football League. They were originally the Baltimore Colts. The team moved to Indianapolis in 1984. Their quarterback is Peyton Manning.

Prometheus
Prometheus was a Titan in Greek mythology. He stole fire from Zeus and gave it to the humans. As punishment, Zeus had Prometheus chained to a mountain. Every day an eagle would come and eat his liver. Every night, his liver would grow back. He is immortal, so he never dies, but it is still great pain that he gets for making the gods angry. After a long time, Zeus sent his son Heracles to free Prometheus by breaking the chains which held him.

Pitch (music)
In music the pitch of a note means how high or low a note is.
The pitch of a note can be measured in a unit called Hertz. A note that is vibrating at 256 Hz will be caused by sound waves that vibrate at 256 times a second. This will be Middle C on the piano.
Not all musical instruments give notes of a particular pitch. Many percussion instruments like drums, triangles and cymbals are instruments used for rhythms. They do not play tunes because they have no definite pitch (although often a definite pitch can just be heard when listening carefully.)
Some musicians have a sense of absolute pitch or perfect pitch. This means that they always know what note is being played, even without comparing it to another note. Having a sense of absolute pitch does not necessarily make someone a good musician, although it can be very useful.

Congregation
A congregation is a group of people who have come together (congregated) for something, usually for religious worship. In Christian churches the word “congregation” is often used to mean all the people in the main part of the church, but not the choir or the priests. For example: the order of service might say that the choir will sing verse 1 of a carol and "the congregation are asked to join in at verse 2".

Technique
Technique means the skill used to do something: it could be playing a musical instrument or playing a kind of sport or even doing something simple like using a corkscrew. Someone who is trying to do something but not succeeding may be using the wrong technique. Technique does not always have to be something physical: it may refer to the way a person approaches a problem.

Soursop
The Soursop also known as the Zuurzak is a type of fruit that grows on a tree. The tree is from warm parts of the Americas. At first it was only found in the Caribbean islands, parts of Central America and parts of South America. Now it is grown in other warm and wet places, such as the Pacific islands, Florida and South-East Asia.
This fruit is large and has a spiky green skin, which is not eaten. The inside of the fruit is white and contains a sweet but sharp-tasting juice. The soursop contains black or brown seeds that are not eaten. The fruit can be eaten raw, or it can be made into juice for drinking. The juice is used to make sweets, candy and ice-cream.
Some people use the soursop fruit or leaves as a medicine. Although the fruit contains sugars and a lot of vitamins, it may not be good to eat a lot of it. Scientists think that the soursop may make some people ill.

Pond-apple
A pond-apple is a type of fruit. It is not related to the apple. They usually live near or in water.

High and low
High and low are terms used to describe altitude. They can also mean several other things. “High” is the opposite of low. Generally, high means more of something and low means less of something.
High can mean an emotional condition. “He was high” means that he was over-excited. Being "high" is slang for how someone feels when they are taking drugs.
Height.
Height (pronounce to rhyme with “bite”) is how far one thing is above another. It is usually the distance from the ground to something. It can also be the distance from the top of something to the bottom of it.
When measuring the height of something (the distance from the top of it to the bottom of it), this measurement is how tall something is.
Above and Below.
Above and below are terms used about where things are compared to each other. Something that is above something else is higher than it. Something that is below something else is lower than it. “Above” is the opposite of “below”.
If the cheese in the refrigerator is on the top shelf and the meat is on the bottom shelf, the cheese is above the meat. It is higher than the meat. The meat is below the cheese. It is lower than the cheese.
Other meanings.
The words “high” and “low” can be used in many ways which may not always mean “the distance from the ground”.
Numbers.
High numbers are big numbers. Low numbers are small numbers. If a number is greater than another number, it is higher than that number.
Sound.
The pitch of a sound (or a musical note) can be called “high” or “low”. How high or low a note is depends on the frequency of the vibrations. The higher the frequency, the higher the pitch of the sound.(See wave (physics)).
Special uses.
High can mean advanced or greater.
Sometimes “high” and “low” mean something like “good” and “bad”.
High can mean an emotional condition. “He was high” means that he was over-excited. Being "high" is slang for how someone feels when they are taking drugs.

Pore
A pore, in general, is some form of opening, usually very small.

Vegetation
Vegetation means the plant life of a region or the plant community. It means all ground cover by plants, and is the main element of the biosphere. When you say "vegetation" you do not think of any species composition, life forms, structure, spatial extent, "naturalness", or any other specific botanical or geographic characteristics. That is meant by "flora" which refers exclusively to species composition.
"Vegetation" can refer to a wide range of spatial scales. Primeval redwood forests, coastal mangrove stands, sphagnum bogs, desert soil crusts, roadside weed patches, wheat fields, cultivated gardens and lawns; all are meant by the term "vegetation".

Player killing
Player Killing (PKing) is a part of online gaming with real people. It is when you kill another person's character. Some other terms in pking are: PJing which means pile jumping, or attacking someone when they are picking up the items dropped by a player they have just Player Killed, Safer, which means someone who PKs safely (especially when eating or healing) and doesn't take risks, making it unfair on the people trying to PK them and DD which means death dot, when people in a Player Killing team all stand underneath each other, making it appear to other players that there is only one person there. however, "safing" varies in how other people percept it. it can be used to stay alive, however you usually lose a chance to hit when healing.

Sebaceous gland
The sebaceous glands are glands found in the skin of mammals.
They secrete an oily substance called sebum (Latin, meaning "fat" or "tallow").
Function.
Sebum acts to protect and waterproof hair and skin, and keep them from becoming dry. It can also protect against the growth of microorganisms on skin.

Microorganism
A microorganism or "microbe" is a living thing (organism) that is too small to be visible to the human eye (microscopic). The study of microorganisms is called microbiology. Microorganisms can be bacteria, fungi, archaea or protists.
Viruses and prions are not called microorganisms because they are classified as non-living. Micro-organisms are often described as single-celled, or unicellular organisms, but there are unicellular protists that are visible to the human eye, and some multicellular species are microscopic.
Microorganisms live almost everywhere on earth where there is liquid water, including hot springs on the ocean floor and deep inside rocks within the earth's crust.
Microorganisms are critical to nutriend recycling in ecosystems as they act as decomposers. As some mictoorganisms can also fix nitrogen, they are an important part of the nitrogen cycle. However, pathogenic microbes can invade other organisms and therefore cause disease.

Amoeba
"Amoeba" or ameba is well-known as unicellular organism. It is a genus of protozoa that moves with "false feet", called pseudopods. The amoeba was first discovered by Kara Flanagan in the late 1800's.
It is found in freshwater, typically on vegetation in decay from streams, but is not especially common in nature. But they are common objects of study because it is easy to keep them in a laboratory. They are used to study "protozoa" and to demonstrate cell structure and function.

Laboratory
A laboratory (informally, lab) provides controlled conditions in which scientific research, experiments, and measurement may be performed.
Scientific laboratories can be found in schools and universities, in industry, in government or military facilities, and even aboard ships and spacecraft.

Last Of The Conquerors
"Last of the Conquerors" is a 1948 novel by African-American novelist William Gardner Smith. It concerns African-American GI's serving in United States occupied Germany after World War II. The protagonist, Hayes Dawkins, has an affair with Ilse, a white German woman. He and Ilse fight against racist Army officers and policies to sustain a relationship that some white soldiers condemn (although there are also many friendly whites who help them).
"Last of the Conquerors" shows post-Nazi Germany as more racially tolerant than the United States. While this may or may not be correct, Smith's novel gives an opinion of the Marshall Plan claiming that American society should be a model for the world, while African-Americans continued to deal with racism.
The novel begins on a homecoming US troopship, as the statue of Liberty comes into view, the reaction from the US troops is somber and wary, resigned, but not at all glad to be home from the war. Why ? They are "colored" troops. After experiencing life in a society (recently liberated Germany), where racial PREJUDICE was not a big factor, they steel themselves for dealing with a still very divided America. An eyeopening look inside a now (hopefully past) society and its impact on those forced to deal with the unremitting pressure of distrust and hate. A profound reading experience.

Id Software
id Software is an American video game company. They are most famous for their first-person shooter games. They have been around since 1991.

Pseudopods
Pseudopods or pseudopodia (false feet) are a special way of amoebas to change their form to be able to move.
The "false foot" (pseudopod) extends from the amoeba. Then the main part of the amoeba flows into that pseudopod and the amoeba has changed its place.
Pseudopods are one of the three locomotion modes of unicellular organisms (together with flagella and cilia). Pseudopods can also capture prey by phagocytosis.
"Pseudopods can be classified into several varieties according to their appearance:"

Heretic (video game)
"Heretic" is a first-person shooter video game made by ID Software for computers. It is like Doom, but it takes place in a fantasy world. The monsters are mostly not human. The player has the ability to look up and down, which they could not do in Doom. The weapons are also fantasy weapons. It uses the same base as Doom and Doom 2. It has two sequels: Hexen and Heretic 2.

Locomotion
In a general sense, locomotion simply means active movement or travel, not only of biological individuals.
Forms of locomotion are walking (and hand walking), running, crawling, climbing, swimming and flying.

Meerkat
A meerkat is a small mammal that lives in the Kalahari Desert in southern Africa. It is a member of the mongoose family. A group of meerkats is called a "mob" or a "gang", and usually all of the meerkats are brothers and sisters.
Name.
The meerkat's scientific name is "Suricata suricatta". Some people call meerkats "suricates". People in South Africa call the meerkat the sun angel. The name "meerkat" was invented by the Afrikaans language and the Dutch language.
How Meerkats Act.
Meerkats live in holes in the ground called burrows. They are active during the day, and they also live in large family groups. The group is led by a female and a male. The meerkats are often all family. They get rid of fleas in each other's fur to become friends, which is called "grooming". Sometimes if a minor member is in trouble with the leader it will groom the leader to try and calm them down.
The meerkats help each other. When the family is eating or playing together, one meerkat takes time out and looks for animals that might want to eat meerkats. If he or she sees one, then he gives a chirp and the group runs to a burrow to be safe. Also, when pups are looking for food, adults bring them food and teach them how to eat it.
Before pups start looking for food with the group, they are babysat by older members at the burrow to protect them from danger. Sometimes a female who never gave birth will produce milk for the pups.
Meerkats can share their burrows with many different animals, such as other mongooses and sometimes squirrels who live on the ground. Sometimes even a snake will share the burrow with a meerkat.
Despite the family bond of meerkats, sometimes a female might kill another female's pups. The leader might also kick out some females from the group. Males sometimes leave the group for a short time to look for females in other groups to mate with.
Meerkats have many different chirps that they use for different reasons. They have a different chirp for being friends, anger, and for warning of an animal that will eat them.
Eating behavior.
Meerkats eat mostly insects, but they also eat lizards, snakes, spiders, birds, plants, eggs and other small mammals. Like all members of the mongoose family, meerkats cannot be hurt by some venoms, and they eat scorpions (including the stinger) and some snakes, without fear of illness, poison or death. They have no extra body fat, so they must look for food every day and eat food every day.
When the meerkat group is eating, a guard will stand up and look for any animals that might eat its family. If the guard sees an animal, it gives a loud chirp and the family will run to a hole to be safe. Many animals eat meerkats. Most eagles, hawks, and falcons will eat them. Baby meerkats, called "pups" are sometimes also eaten by snakes. Jackals and other big animals that eat meat will sometimes eat meerkats.
When pups are looking for food, they will cry loudly and an adult will come and feed them. At first the adult gives the pup a dead animal, then when the pup is older, the adult will bring an alive animal but will hurt it so the pup can kill it easier. Then the adults start bringing alive animals that are healthy, and when the pup gets the hang of eating these, the adults stop bringing food.
The Meerkat Body.
The meerkat is a small mongoose that is awake during the day. They weigh about one and a half pounds and the meerkat is ten to fourteen inches long. The meerkat uses its tail to balance because it stands up on its back legs to look for animals that would eat it. The eyes have black patches to lessen the bright light that comes into its eyes. The meerkat's ears can close when it digs for food. Meerkats have very long claws that help them dig and fight. The back of the meerkat is furry and it has stripes to help it not be seen by predators. The front side is black and has no fur because it needs to get warm in the morning to be ready for the day.
Having Children.
The meerkat is old enough to have children at one year. Meerkats can have one to seven babies at one time. Four is the most common. Meerkats can give birth at any time of the year but like to give birth in spring and summer because there is more food. Female meerkats can have up to three litters in one year. When the babies are born they are pink and have no hair. Their eyes and ears are closed. When they are three weeks old, the mother allows them to get out of the burrow. By this time their eyes and ears have opened and they have light brown fur. The babies cannot be left alone so one of the other meerkats besides the mother stays behind to watch them.
After the mother mates with the father, the babies develop for eleven weeks. Then she gives birth in a burrow. She feeds the babies milk until they start looking for food with the rest of the group, which is when they turn one month old.
The leader of the group is a girl and her mate is the male leader. This pair don't allow other minor members of their family to have babies. If a female goes, then the leader kicks her out and sometimes the leader kills her grandchildren. Most of the meerkats in a group are either the leader's brothers and sisters or children.
New meerkat groups form when a female is kicked out and she teams up with a male and starts a new family. Sometimes these small groups die out.

Ferrara
Ferrara is a city in Northern Italy. About 130,000 people live in Ferrara. The city was owned by the Este family during medieval times. The current mayor is Gaetano Sateriale.

Modena
Modena is a city in Northern Italy.

Worms (video game)
"Worms" is a video game where the player controls little cartoon worms who fight with weapons. There are many games in this series. It has guns and other weapons, but is not very violent because it is all cartoons.

Diablo (video game)
"Diablo" is a fantasy role playing computer game. It was created by Blizzard Entertainment in 1997. It has magic spells and demons in it. You can be 3 different characters. It was a very popular game. A sequel of the game, Diablo II, was made.

Therizinosaurus
Therizinosaurus (ther-ih-zin-oh-sawr-us) was a huge omnivorous theropod dinosaur from the end of the Cretaceous period. It may be a relative to Ornithomimus. They were segnosaurs. Their fossils were first found in the late 1940s in Asia. They were named in 1954 after more bones were found. It was a thought to be a carnivore and herbivore; it had very long claws - they were about 3 ft long.

Therizinosaur
The therizinosaurs were dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous period..

Prune
Prunes are dried plums. They look like very large raisins, but they are in the genus Prunus.

Aamras
Aamras is the pulp of mangos that is usually eaten in India.

Hexen
"Hexen" is a first person shooter video game. It is a sequel to the computer game Heretic, created by ID Software and Raven Software. The player can choose to play as a fighter, a cleric (knight), or a mage (wizard). Each character can use 4 different weapons. The monsters are like the monsters in Heretic, but there are a few new ones. This game uses a better design and plays much better than Heretic. In "Hexen", doors can open forward instead of just going up, you can jump, glass can break when you shoot it, and monsters can make things happen when they die, like making an item. There is also more of a story in "Hexen".

Ratchet & Clank (series)
"Ratchet & Clank" is a series of video games. It was created by Insomniac Games for the Playstation 2. It is about a lombax (an animal made up for the game) named Ratchet and his robot friend Clank. Their adventures happen in a universe where travel in space ships is common. In each game, Ratchet and Clank must work together to fight evil or bring cruel rulers to justice.

Diablo II
Diablo II is a fantasy action Role-playing computer game. The game was created by Blizzard Entertainment. It sold more than 1 million copies in the first two weeks after its release. It has sold over 15 million copies worldwide.
Storyline and quests.
Quests are parts of the story where the player has to complete certain tasks in order to continue on with the game.
Characters Classes.
The game has five different types (or classes) of characters to chose from. Each character has a set skill tree, which is listed below.
Leveling.
To increase a characters level in Diablo II, the player must run the character around killing the monsters that appear in the different areas. Once a monster is defeated, it sometimes drops items or coins. When a monster is killed, it will not come back until the game is saved and started again. Each character has a certain amount of experienece that they needs to gain before they can become the next level. This number depends upon what level the character is. The higher the level, the more experience is needed to level.

Edward the Martyr
King Edward the Martyr or Eadweard II (c. 962 – March 18, 978/979) followed his father Edgar as King of England in 975, but was murdered after a reign of only a few years.
He was declared a holy martyr that means canonised as "Saint Edward the Martyr" in 1001. That seemed fair as Edward was thought to be a good Christian and it was thought that the murderers were "irreligious" men.
Motive and details of his murder.
Edward's stepmother, Queen Elfrida was against his accession to the throne as she wished her son, Ethelred, to become king instead. But Edward was supported by more people - including St Dunstan - and was confirmed by the Witan.
King Edward was said to be "a young man of great devotion and excellent conduct. He was completely Orthodox, good and of holy life. Moreover, he loved above all things God and the Church. He was generous to the poor, a haven to the good, a champion of the Faith of Christ, a vessel full of every virtuous grace."
On King Edward's accession to the throne there was a great famine in the land and violent attacks were stirred up against monasteries by a prominent noblemen who wanted the lands which his father King Edgar had endowed to them. Many of these monasteries were destroyed, and the monks forced to flee. But the King stood firm together with archbishop Dunstan to defend the Church and the monasteries. For this, some of the nobles decided to remove him and replace him with his younger brother Ethelred.
"Edward was treasonably slain by his own family... it is reported that his stepmother, that is the mother of King Ethelred, stabbed him with a dagger while she was in the act of offering him a cup to drink."
History of his relics.
The story of the relics of St Edward began at the moment of his death (martyrdom). Immediately following the murder, the body of the murdered king slipped from the saddle of his horse and was dragged with one foot in the stirrup until it fell into a stream at the base of the hill upon which Corfe Castle stands (From that time people thought that the stream had healing properties - particularly for the blind). The queen then ordered that the body be quickly hidden in a hut nearby. Within the hut however, there lived a woman blind from birth whom the queen supported out of charity. During the night, a wonderful light appeared and filled the whole hut and struck with awe, the woman cried out: "Lord, have mercy!" and suddenly received her sight. At this she discovered the dead body of the king. The church of St. Edward at Corfe Castle now stands on the site of this miracle. At dawn the queen learned of the miracle and was troubled and again ordered the disposal of the body, this time by burying it in a marshy place near Wareham. But a year after the murder a column of fire was seen over the place where the body was hidden, lighting up the whole area. This was seen by some of the inhabitants of Wareham, who raised the body. Immediately a clear spring of healing water sprang up in that place. Accompanied by what was now a huge crowd of mourners, the body was taken to the church of the Most Holy Mother of God in Wareham and buried at the east end of the church. This took place on February 13, 980.
Because of a series of following miracles, the relics were brought to the abbey at Shaftesbury. When the relics were taken up from the grave, they were found to be whole and not destroyed. The transport of the relics was done in a great procession on February 13, 981 and arrived at Shaftesbury seven days later. There the relics were received by the nuns of Shaftesbury Abbey and were buried with full royal honours on the north side of the altar. On the way from Wareham to Shaftesbury, a further miracle had also taken place; two crippled men were brought close to the bier and those carrying it lowered the body to their level, and the cripples regained full health at once. (This procession and these events were re-enacted 1000 years later in 1981). In 1001 the tomb in which the saint lay was said regularly to rise from the ground. King Ethelred was filled with joy at this and instructed the bishops to raise his brother's tomb from the ground and place it into a more fitting place. As the tomb was opened a wonderful fragrance issued from it - such that all present "thought that they were standing in Paradise". The bishops then took away the sacred relics from the tomb, and placed them in a casket in the holy place of the Saints together with other holy relics. This elevation of the relics of St. Edward took place on June 20, 1001.
St. Edward was officially glorified by the All-English Council of 1008, presided over by St. Alphege, archbishop of Canterbury (who was later also martyred by the Danes in 1012). King Ethelred ordered that the saint's three feast days (March 18, February 13 and June 20) should be celebrated throughout England. Shaftesbury Abbey was rededicated to the Mother of God and St. Edward. Shaftesbury was apparently renamed "Edwardstowe", only reverting to its original name after the Reformation. Many miracles were recorded at the tomb of St. Edward, including the healing of lepers and the blind.
During the sixteenth century, under King Henry VIII, monasteries were dissolved and many holy places were demolished, but St. Edward's remains were hidden so as to avoid desecration. In 1931, the relics were recovered by Mr. Wilson-Claridge during an archaeological excavation; their identity was confirmed by Dr. T.E.A. Stowell, an osteologist. In 1970, examinations performed on the relics suggested that the young man had been knifed in the back whilst riding his horse and had then been dragged along the ground by the terrified animal with his foot caught in a stirrup. In about 1982, Mr. Wilson-Claridge donated the relics to the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia, which placed them in a church in Brookwood Cemetery, in Woking, Surrey. The St. Edward Brotherhood of monks was organized there as well. The church is now named St Edward the Martyr Orthodox Church. Orthodox Christians recognize Edward and other Westerners whose sainthood was declared before the formal split between Orthodox and Catholics in the 11th century.

Angel (TV series)
"Angel" is a spin-off from the American television series "Buffy the Vampire Slayer". "Angel" has a darker feel than "Buffy", and at times did better in the U.S. Nielsen Ratings then "Buffy". The series was created by "Buffys creator Joss Whedon along with David Greenwalt. It first aired in October of 1999. Like "Buffy", it was produced by Whedon's production company, Mutant Enemy.
The series tells the story of the vampire Angel. Angel had his soul returned to him as punishment for killing a gypsy girl. This made him tormented by all the bad things he had done. During the first four seasons of the show, he works as a private detective in a fiction version of Los Angeles, California. There, he and a variety of others work to "help the helpless" and "save the souls" of those who had lost their way. This usually meant fighting evil demons or humans that worked with demons (the law firm Wolfram and Hart). He also had to fight his own violent nature. (Not all "demons" in the "Angel" universe are evil beings.) The fifth season saw Angel taking over as the person in charge of the law firm Wolfram and Hart. This was done to try to fight evil from the inside.
Origins.
Several years before the "Angel" first showed on television, writer Joss Whedon created the idea behind "Buffy the Vampire Slayer" to change the Hollywood formula of "the little blonde girl who goes into a dark alley and gets killed in every horror movie." Whedon was not happy with the way that the "Buffy" idea was first done in the 1992 movie, "Buffy the Vampire Slayer". He was given the chance to do the story better with the television series of the same name. The early years of the series were about the life of Buffy Summers, a High-School aged Vampire Slayer, and her group of friends in Sunnydale (a fictional small town in California). The supernatural parts in the series took the place of the real problems that are a part of adolescence and young adulthood. The character Angel, was first seen in the first episode, he became a regular cast member during the second/third seasons. In the fictional universe created by "Buffy" (the Buffyverse), Angel was born in 18th century Ireland. After being turned into a souless immortal vampire, he became very well known for the evil things he did. Over 100 years later, Angel killed a gypsy girl. Her family punished him by returning his soul. He felt a very large amount of guilt for what he had done over all those years. Angel evenutally began on a path of redemption. He hoped that he might make up for his past by doing good deeds. In the "Buffy" third season final episode, Angel leaves Sunnydale for Los Angeles to continue his path of redemption without Buffy. Whedon believed that "Angel was the one character who was bigger than life in the same way that Buffy was, a kind of superhero."
While the main idea behind "Buffy" was "High school as a horror movie" in small-town America, Greenwalt and Whedon wanted to make "Angel" into a different "gritty, urban show".
Joss Whedon and David Greenwalt created a short video, often called the "Unaired Angel pilot" for the WB Network. The idea for the series was a new version of the old detective genre.
Cancellation.
On Valentine's Day, 2004, the WB Network said that "Angel" would not be brought back for a 6th season. Joss Whedon posted a message on a popular fan site, The Bronze: Beta, in which he showed his surprise. He said he was "heartbroken". Fans created letter-writing campaigns and online petitions. They tried to get other networks, UPN mainly (the network that picked up "Buffy"), to pick up the show.
"Angels final episode, "Not Fade Away", aired on the WB May 19, 2004.

Corfe Castle
Corfe Castle is a small village and ruined castle () dating back to the 11th century, situated in a gap in the Purbeck Hills, five miles south of Wareham, in Dorset, England.
The castle.
The oldest surviving structure on the castle site dates to the 11th century, although there are good reasons to suppose that there was a stronghold there before the Norman Conquest. Edward the Martyr was killed at the site on March 18, 978.

Stirrup
The stirrup is a ring with a flat bottom fixed on a leather strap, usually hung from each side of a saddle to create a footrest for the rider on a riding animal (usually a horse or a mule), suspended by an adjustable strap from the saddle for use as a support for the foot of a rider of a horse when seated in the saddle and as an aid in getting up.

Ultrasauros
Ultrasauros ("Ultrasaur"u"s") was an invalid discovery of a sauropod dinosaur. It might be separate or the same thing as Ultrasaurus. It is now a type of Supersaurus.

Ultrasaurus
Ultrasaurus ("Ultrasaur"o"s") was an extremely huge sauropod dinosaur. The dinosaur Ultrasaur"o"s was found in a different location.

Château-d'Œx
is a commune in Vaud canton Switzerland. The other members of its canton have birds in their flags.

Relics
A relic is an object, especially a piece of the body or a personal item of someone of religious importance, that was carefully preserved with an air of veneration as a memorial that you can touch. Relics are an important aspect of Buddhism, some denominations of Christianity, Hinduism, shamanism, and many other personal belief systems.
The word relic comes from the Latin "reliquiae" ('remains'). A reliquary is a shrine that houses one or more relics.

John Major
Sir John Major (born March 29, 1943) KG, CH is a British politician who was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1990 to 1997. He was also a member of the Cabinets of Margaret Thatcher as Chief Secretary to the Treasury, Foreign Secretary and Chancellor of the Exchequer. He retired from the House of Commons at the 2001 general election of the United Kingdom.

Canon (music)
A canon is a piece of music in which two or more voices (or instrumental parts) sing or play the same music starting at different times. A round is a type of canon, but in a round each voice, when it finishes, can start at the beginning again so that the piece can go “round and round”.
Different types of canon.
There are different kinds of canon. Canons can be described according to distances between the entries of the voices. If the second voice starts one bar (one measure) after the first voice, this is called a “canon at the bar”. If it starts after only half a bar, it is called a “canon at the half-bar”. It is even possible to have very close canons, e.g. “canon at the quaver (eighth note)”. Messiaen wrote a 3 part canon at the quaver in his "Thème et Variations for violin and piano. The pianist’s right hand (playing chords), his left hand and the violinist are the three parts.
Canons can also be described according to the intervals between two voices. If one voice starts on a C and the next voice starts the same tune on an F above this is a “canon at the fourth” (because the interval (distance) from C to F is called a “perfect fourth”). If the second voice has the tune upside down (inversion) this is called “canon in inversion”. If the second voice has the tune at half the speed (each note being twice as long) this is a “canon in augmentation” or an “augmented canon”. The opposite is a “canon in diminution”.
“Strict canon” means a canon where each voice imitates the first voice exactly all the way through the piece. If this does not happen (i.e. if it starts off as a canon but then becomes freer) it is “free canon”. A canon may start off sounding like a fugue, but fugues have their own form and rules. Some canons have an accompaniment which is not part of the canon: an example is the very popular canon by Johann Pachelbel for string orchestra.
Canons in the history of music.
Canons were already popular in the 14th century when composers enjoyed writing music for several voices in which each voice has a share of melody (this is called polyphonic music.) Composers like Machaut wrote canonic music. His "Sanz cuer m’en vois" is a three-part canon in which each part has different words.
Probably the greatest writer of canons was Johann Sebastian Bach. Many of his organ works have canons. He wrote a famous set of canonic variations on the hymn tune "Vom Himmel hoch" which have several canons at different intervals and inversions. He probably wrote this to show young composers how to write good canons. Bach also wrote a work called the "Musical Offering" which has what he calls a “canon per augtmentationem contrario motu” (canon in augmentation and contrary motion i.e. backwards) as well as a “canon per tonos”. This last one is a modulating canon which means that the tune changes key. This is hard to compose well so that it sounds good because when the first voice has just changed key the other one is still catching up in the other key.
Bach was a great master at writing canons and other very complicated musical forms. After 1750 composers became less interested in writing music which was all polyphonic, although many composers still showed an interest in counterpoint. Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven all wrote canons and even Romantic composers like Schumann and Brahms showed an interest. César Franck wrote a canon for the fourth movement of his Sonata for Violin and Piano. It is quite easy to hear this canon, because the violin and the piano play it at the same pitch (start on a different note), and the piano holds on to a long note every other bar while the violin catches up.
In the 20th century composers such as Schoenberg who wrote serial music were fond of canons. Modern composers like Pierre Boulez have written rhythmic canons: canons in which, for example, the rhythm of one part is the retrograde (backwards) version of another.
References.
The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians ed. Stanley Sadie: ISBN 1-56159-174-2

Spencer Perceval
Spencer Perceval (November 1, 1762 – May 11, 1812) was a British statesman and Prime Minister. He is the only British Prime Minister to have been assassinated (shot dead).
Perceval was the seventh son of John Perceval, 2nd Earl of Egmont by his second wife. His father, a close friend of Frederick, Prince of Wales and King George III, had served in the Cabinet as First Lord of the Admiralty, but died when Perceval was ten.
Perceval was Prime Minister when William Wilberforce passed his Bill (law) ending the slave trade.
The Orders in Council against trade which Perceval had written in 1807 became unpopular. In the winter of 1811 the Luddite riots started. They were also a cause of the War of 1812 with the United States of America. Perceval was forced to have an inquiry by the House of Commons. On May 11, 1812, Perceval was on his way to attend the inquiry. In the lobby of the House of Commons he was was shot through the heart John Bellingham. Perceval's body lay in 10 Downing Street for five days before burial. Bellingham gave himself up straight away. Tried for murder, he was found guilty and hanged a week later.
Perceval is buried at St Luke's Church in Charlton, south-east London.

Canon
“Canon” comes from a Latin word meaning “rule” or “law”.

Carolus Linnaeus
Carolus Linnaeus (May 23, 1707 – January 10, 1778) was a Swedish botanist, physician and zoologist who created Binomial nomenclature. This system, in which every kind of animal and plant is given a name consisting of two Latin words, was soon used by countries all over the world. He is called the "father of modern taxonomy" and is thought of as one of the fathers of modern ecology. He was very famous in his time, and also a very good linguist.
Name.
His name is said in many ways: 'Carl Linnaeus', 'Carolus Linnaeus' and 'Carl von Linné', sometimes just 'Carl Linné'. He used Carolus Linnaeus when making his books about science. Carolus Linnaeus is a name in Latin, his actual name is Carl von Linne. He created his own name to match his latin classification system. He is the Father of taxonomy.
Early life.
Carl was born in Sweden. He was going to be a priest, but did not do so well in school for that. Instead his interest in botany got him started studying at a college for this. Carl studied in Lund and tried to make something of the garden there. He later went to another college, Uppsala.
While at Uppsala, he did some research and began coming up with his system of naming. In 1732 the Academy of Sciences at Uppsala gave Linnaeus money to go on an expedition to Lapland in northernmost Sweden, which was not well studied then. Carolus wrote two books about his trip.
Travels and research.
In 1735 Linnaeus moved to the Netherlands, for three years. Here he earned his degree in Medicine. He also published his book on naming systems.
Later he moved to Stockholm and became a physicist. In 1739 Linnaeus married Sara Morea in Stockholm. Throughout the 1740s he conducted many field trips to many places in Sweden to name plants and animals. When not on travels, Linnaeus worked on his naming system, so that they would work for plants, animals, and minerals.
The Swedish king Adolf Fredrik made Linnaeus a noble in 1757, and Linnaeus took the last name "von Linné", later often signing just "Carl Linné".
Last years.
After he was made a noble, he continued teaching and writing. His reputation had spread over the world, and he talked with many different people. Linnaeus was upset by weak health, and he had gout and tooth aches. A stroke in 1774 weakened him, and two years later he had another, losing the use of his right side. He died on January 1778 in Uppsala. He was buried in the cathedral.
Linnaean taxonomy.
see Binomial nomenclature
Mankind.
Linnaeus also defined an idea of "race" as applied to humans, but this idea is now seen as false. He tried to identify people by where they were born, features, and skin color, and then made up names for many creatures in stories, such as the troglodyte, satyr, hydra, and phoenix. He said that not only did these creatures really exist, but were just bad descriptions of real-world ape-like animals.
Linnaeus' study took science on a path that was different from what the Church wanted.The Lutheran Archbishop of Uppsala had accused him of "impiety."

Botanist
Botanists are scientists who study plants, flowers, and plant-like things such as moss and seaweed.

Modulation (music)
Modulation, in music, means that the music changes key. A piece of music might, for example, be “in the key of C major” (meaning that it uses the notes of a C major scale, and the C sounds like the “home key” or “tonic” as it is called in music theory). Then it could modulate to G major so that the G now feels like the home key and the notes of a G major scale are used (the Fs will be F sharps).
Modulations like the one above are very common, because G is closely related to C (it is the 5th note in a C major scale: the “dominant”). A modulation to the subdominant (4th note of the scale) is also common (e.g. from C major to Fmajor). Music often modulates to the relative minor (e.g. C major to A minor).
A modulation that goes to a key whose tonic is not part of the original key is called a “chromatic modulation”. Modulating from C major to A flat major would be a chromatic modulation because A flat is not a note in the C major scale.
Most pieces of music will modulate, especially if they are long pieces. It gives the music variety and helps to give it shape: the further away from the tonic it goes the more tension there is. When the music eventually returns to the original key it feels like a home-coming.

Relative key
When a piece of music is in a major key, the relative minor means the minor key which has the same key signature. It can be found by taking the sixth note of the first scale and playing a minor scale starting on that note. For example: in C major the sixth note is an A. Therefore A minor is the relative minor of C major (C major and A minor share the same key signature: no sharps or flats).
C major is called the relative major of A minor.

Electrolysis
Electrolysis is a scientific way of "splitting" substances. Electrolysis means "electric-splitting".
Uses.
Electrolysis is used in the mining industry to split reactive metals from their ores after they are extracted (taken) from the ground. It is also used to plate (cover) things with metal because it costs less than using, for example, 100% pure solid gold to make jewelry.
Many beauty companies use electrolysis to remove hair. This is done by "electrocuting" the hair so it splits along its root. This is usually done around the bikini line and genital area.
Overview.
A metal is melted so it is easier to get the important part. It is then treated with an electric current so that the metal splits from anything else that was contaminating it, usually a non metal like sulphur or oxygen.
Electric current has two "ends", a positive and a negative. The positive end in an electrolysis is called the anode. The impurity goes towards that. The negative end is called the cathode and the metal (the important bit) goes to that side. When "go" is used it does not actually mean that the molten metal, the solution, splits down the middle. The metal part of the solution, called an ion, goes to the anode. They do this because the ions have a charge which is opposite to the end they go to. Metals have a positive charge and most non metals are negatively charged so that they split.
Examples.
Electrolysing water gives hydrogen gas and oxygen gas. This is strange as water is a liquid.

Jurassic
The Jurassic period is one of the periods of the geological time scale. It ends with the Cretaceous period 146 million years ago. The Jurassic, Cretaceous and Triassic periods were the periods when dinosaurs lived on the Earth. Pangaea also broke up into different pieces during this time period. There was a serious extinction at the end of the Cretaceous Period.

Triassic
The Triassic period is one of the periods of the geological time scale. The Jurassic, Cretaceous and Triassic periods were the periods when dinosaurs lived on the Earth.

Chromatic
A chromatic scale is a musical scale which uses every note as it goes up or down i.e. it goes up and down in semitones (half tones). To play a chromatic scale on the piano every note is played: both white and black notes (e.g. C, C sharp, D, D sharp, E, F etc). A chromatic scale can start on any note.
Meaning of the word “chromatic”.
The word “chromatic” comes from the Greek word “chromos” meaning “color”. Organists in the 16th and 17th centuries such as Sweelinck liked to write “Chromatic Fantasias”. These were pieces based on tunes which were chromatic. In those days, because of the tuning systems used, not all the semitones were exactly the same size. Going up a chromatic scale would have been like walking up a staircase with steps which were slightly larger or smaller in depth. This made chromatic scales very interesting and “colourful” which is why they were called “chromatic”.
Chromatic harmony.
Chromatic harmony means harmony (chords) which use notes which do not belong to the key the music is in (they are not in the key signature). Although Bach in the 18th century used chromatic harmony it was the 19th century composers who used it more and more. Wagner wrote music which was very chromatic: there were lots of sharps and flats and it kept modulating to different key areas. The chord at the beginning of his opera "Tristan and Isolde" is so famous that it is known as the "Tristan chord". It is very chromatic. The music is full of tension because it leaves us wondering which key the music is in.

Nelson Rockefeller
Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller (July 8, 1908 – January 26, 1979) was an American politician and businessman. He was from one of the richest and most powerful families in the United States, The Rockefellers. He was Governor of New York from 1959 to 1973. He tried many times to become President of the United States. The closest he came to being President was being chosen as Vice-President in 1974 under Gerald Ford.

Pillar
A pillar is another word for a column, which is a vertical support structure in architecture.

Bier
A bier is a flat frame, traditionally wooden but sometimes made of other materials, used to carry a corpse for burial in a funeral procession. In antiquity it was often simply a wooden board on which the dead was placed covered with a shroud. In modern times, however, the corpse is almost never carried on the bier without being first placed in a coffin, though the coffin is sometimes kept open.

Coffin
A coffin (also known as a casket) is a funerary box used in the display and containment of deceased remains -- either for burial or after cremation.
The word comes ultimately from Greek "kophinos", a basket. In English, the word wasn't used in a funeral sense until the 1500s.
Any box used to bury the dead in is a coffin.

Agent Orange
Agent Orange is a very powerful herbicide that was used in the Vietnam War. It is a defoliant that destroyed forests. It was used by the United States military so their enemies had no place to hide.
Problems.
The problem with Agent Orange is that when it is released, some dioxins are also generated. Dioxins can cause cancer. They can also lead to genetic modifications.

Naruto
Naruto (written ナルト in Japanese) is a anime (Japanese animated series) made by Masashi Kishimoto. It was also made into an manga (Japanese comic book|comic). The main character is called Naruto Uzumaki. He is a very loud ninja who wants to become "Hokage". The Hokage is the strongest ninja and the leader of Naruto's village, called Konoha (meaning "hidden leaf" in Japanese).
The manga was first published in 1999 in a Japanese magazine called "Shonen Jump". It was also translated into English. The anime was on TV for the first time on October 3, 2002. In the United States, it started on September 10, 2005.
Growth and popularity.
Naruto is a long manga. The story is not finished yet. It is the second most-popular shōnen (boy's manga). Since it began, a lot of Naruto fansites (websites made by people who like it a lot) were made with detailed information, guides and forums about the show. There is also a Naruto card game.
People like Naruto so much that they translate the anime in English before the English version comes on television. This may be because the American version is 146 episodes behind the Japanese one. There are more than 300 Japanese episodes of Naruto.
Anime.
The anime was released after the manga, but it quickly caught up because an anime episode is likely to be around 2 to 3 manga chapters. To stop the anime from catching up with the manga, "filler" episodes are created. Filler episodes are not part of the manga storyline. They are just there to make people wait until there are enough manga chapters to make new episodes based on the manga. For example, in Naruto, after episode 135, the anime was catching up with the manga. They made "filler" episodes that ended in early 2007.
The anime usually remains true to the manga but some scenes were changed to make it less violent. Some scenes that were added to anime that were not in the manga.
There are also four Naruto movies: "Naruto the Movie: Ninja Clash in the Land of Snow", "Naruto the movie 2:The Great Clash! The Phantom Ruins in the Depths of the Earth" and "Naruto the Movie 3: The Animal Riot of Crescent Moon Island", "Naruto: Shippūden the Movie 4
Plot.
Twelve years before the rest of the series, a giant nine-tailed fox attacked Konoha (Naruto's village). To save the village, the fourth Hokage (deceased) (leader of Konoha) sealed the fox's spirit inside a baby named Naruto Uzumaki. The Fourth Hokage had to die,but he was thought of as a hero in the village. He wanted people to think that Naruto was a hero, too. Sadly, most people thought of Naruto as the nine-tailed fox and hated him. The people that knew that Naruto was the demon could not tell anyone, but it did not stop them from being mean with Naruto. The people's children did not know about his secret, but they still hated Naruto because their parents hated him.

Mobster
"Mobster" is a slang term for someone who is part of the mafia or a mafia-like group. A mobster is a criminal. The words "Gangster" and "Outlaw" often mean the same thing.

Sergio Leone
Sergio Leone (January 3, 1929 - April 30, 1989) was an Italian film director. He is well known for his Spaghetti Western films; particularly his "Dollars" trilogy (also known as "The Man with No Name" trilogy) starring American actor Clint Eastwood.

Ban Ki-moon
Ban Ki-moon (born June 13 1944 in Eumseong, North Chungcheong, Korea) is a South Korean former politician. He became the Secretary-General of the United Nations on January 1, 2007, after Kofi Annan.
Ban was the Foreign Minister of the Republic of Korea (South Korea) from January 2004 to November 1 2006. On October 13 2006, he was elected to be the eighth Secretary-General by the United Nations General Assembly; he was sworn in on December 14, 2006.
Education.
Ban received his bachelor's degree in International Relations from Seoul National University in 1970 and earned a Master of Public Administration from the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University in 1985.
Personal.
Ban is married, and he has a son and two daughters. His native language is Korean, but he also speaks English and French.
Ban met U.S. President John F. Kennedy in Washington, D.C. after winning an English language competition in the early 1960s while he was in high school. The competition was organised by the American Red Cross. He has said that it was after this meeting that he wanted to become a diplomat.
Career.
Ban joined the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in May 1970 and worked his way up during the years of the Yusin Constitution.
His first overseas posting was to New Delhi. After that, he worked in the United Nations Division at the foreign ministry's headquarters. At the time of Park Chung Hee's assassination, Ban was First Secretary at South Korea's Permanent Observer Mission to the UN in New York City (South Korea only became a full UN member state on September 17 1991). He subsequently assumed the post of Director of the United Nations Division. He has been posted twice to the Republic of Korea (ROK) Embassy in Washington, D.C. Between these two assignments he served as Director-General for American Affairs in 1990 – 1992. He was promoted to the position of Deputy Minister for Policy Planning and International Organizations in 1995. He was then appointed National Security Advisor to the President in 1996, and assumed the office of Vice Minister in 2000. His most recent post was as Foreign Policy Advisor to the President Roh Moo-hyun.
While he served as Ambassador to Austria, Ban was elected as Chairman of the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO PrepCom) in 1999. During the ROK's Presidency of the 56th Session of the United Nations General Assembly (GA) in 2001, he worked as Chef de Cabinet of the President of the GA.
Ban has been very involved in issues relating to inter-Korean relationships. In 1992, he served as Vice Chairman of the South-North Joint Nuclear Control Commission, following the adoption by South and North Korea of the Joint Declaration of the Denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula. In September 2005, as Foreign Minister, he played a leading role in the diplomatic efforts to adopt the Joint Statement on resolving the North Korean nuclear issue at the Fourth Round of the Six-Party Talks held in Beijing.
UN Secretary-General candidacy.
In February 2006, Ban announced his candidacy to replace Kofi Annan as UN Secretary-General at the end of 2006. He was the first South Korean to run for Secretary-General. He got the most votes in each of the four straw polls conducted by the UN Security Council on July 24, 14 September, September 28 and October 2.
On September 25 2006, while these polls were taking place, Ban addressed the Asia Society in New York on his candidacy and views on major issues confronting the UN. The next day, he gave an interview to the Asia Society's "AsiaSource", where he again spoke a lot about the upcoming challenges to be faced by the UN. Earlier in the year, he had spoken to the Council on Foreign Relations in New York.
In an informal poll that took place on October 2 2006, Ban received fourteen favourable votes and one "no opinion" from the fifteen members of the Security Council; the Japanese delegation the only nation that was not in full agreement. More importantly, Ban was the only one to escape a veto, while each of the five other candidates received at least one "no" vote from the five permanent members of the council — People's Republic of China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. After the vote, Shashi Tharoor, who finished second, withdrew his candidacy and China's Permanent Representative to the UN told reporters that "it is quite clear from today's straw poll that Minister Ban Ki-moon is the candidate that the Security Council will recommend to the General Assembly."
On October 9, the Security Council formally chose Ban as its nominee. On October 13, the 192-member General Assembly adopted a resolution, by acclamation, appointing Ban as Secretary-General.
Awards.
Ban has been awarded the Order of Service Merit twice, once in 1975, and again in 1986, by the Government of the Republic of Korea. For his accomplishments as an envoy, he received the Grand Decoration of Honour from the Republic of Austria in 2001. A year later, the government of Brazil awarded himi the Grand Cross of Rio Branco.
In September 2005, the Korea Society in New York honoured him with the James A. Van Fleet Award for his contributions to friendship between the United States and the Republic of Korea.

Italian American
An Italian American is an American of Italian descent. It may mean someone born in the United States with Italian parents or grandparents or someone born in Italy who moved to the United States. The largest group of Italians moved to the United States in the early 1900s; two million moved between 1900 to 1914. Only Irish and Germans moved to the United States in bigger numbers. In 2000 the government counted 15.6 million Italian Americans in the United States. This means that in the year 2000, for every 1000 Americans, 56 of them were Italian Americans.
Italian Americans have been an important part in building the United States. Many great politicians, inventors, scientists, soldiers, musicians and film makers (actors and directors) have been Italian Americans. The Mafia in the United States was made by some Italian Americans but nearly all Italian Americans have nothing to do with it.
New York City has more Italian Americans than any other city in the United States. The states of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, California, Florida and Massachusetts also have large Italian American populations.

Municipalities of the canton of Vaud
This is a list of articles in the canton of Vaud Switzerland. It includes municipalitiess that merged with others. The capital of each district is in bold type.

Samuel Alito
Samuel Anthony Alito, Jr. (born April 1, 1950) is a judge on the Supreme Court of the United States. His position is that of Associate Justice. He is a Roman Catholic born to Italian American parents and served in the U.S. Army reserves years before joining the Supreme Court.

House of Representatives
A House of Representives is a part of some legislatures, which are law-making bodies. In a House of Representatives, the members are called representatives. For example, the legislature of the United States, called Congress, is made up of two parts. One of these parts is called the House of Representatives and the other one is called the Senate. A representative in the United States Congress is a "U.S. Representative". Many state legislatures in the United States also have Houses of Representatives. A representative in one of those state houses is a State Representative.

Abigail Johnson
Abigail Johnson (born January 7, 1962) is an American businessperson. She runs the mutual fund company Fidelity Investments with her father, Edward Johnson. In 2005, she was ranked as the fifth richest woman in the world.

William Wrigley, Jr.
William Wrigley Jr. (September 30, 1861 – January 26, 1932) was an American businessman. He was the founder of the Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company. His company makes Wrigley brand chewing gum

Dan Marino
Daniel Constantine Marino, Jr. (born September 15, 1961) is a Hall of Fame quarterback who played for the Miami Dolphins in the National Football League. Many think of him as one of the greatest quarterbacks ever.
Marino started his career playing for University of Pittsburgh as a quarterback. Marino finished his career with the university having thrown 74 touchdown passes. In 2002 he was voted into the College Football Hall of Fame. He had a long and successful career as a quarterback for the Miami Dolphins, breaking many passing records but never leading his team to win the NFL Super Bowl.

Joe Montana
Joseph Clifford Montana, Jr. (born June 11, 1956) was a quarterback for the San Francisco 49ers and the Kansas City Chiefs of the National Football League. Whilst with the San Francisco 49ers he lead them to win four Super Bowls; himself winning 3 Super Bowl Most Valuable Player (MVP) awards. Some people think of him as The Greatest Quarterback of All Time. Montana began his career playing for the University of Notre Dame in Indiana. He broke many records while playing for the San Francisco 49ers.

Hall of Fame
A Hall of Fame is a type of museum for awards in certain areas where awards can be given, for example sport, art, theatre, music, agriculture, military and many more areas. A Hall of Fame is sometimes an actual building where awards, trophies and memrobilia are stored but sometimes a Hall of Fame is just a list of award winners. To get into a Hall of Fame in any area one must be the best in that area, or one of the best.

Once Upon a Time in America
"Once Upon a Time in America" is a 1984 movie directed by Sergio Leone and starring Robert De Niro and James Woods as Jewish gangsters. The movie was Sergio Leone's last before his death.
The movie is set at three different times;
When Leone finished making the movie it was 229 minutes (3 hours and 49 minutes) and started with an old character (Robert De Niro) remembering his past; it then showed him as a child and as a young adult. We call this flashbacks; it can happen in movie but certainly not in real life. But when it was first shown to American audiences it was made much shorter and set in chronological order; meaning the movie first showed the characters as children, then as young adults and then as older adults; or 'from start to finish'. We call this "chronological"; this is what would happen in real life. Many people agree that the longer version is much better than the shortened chronological version.

Liu-bo
Liu-bo is an Italian martial art. It started in Sicily.
History.
In Sicily, the art of "paranza", moving the stick by hand in order to attack or in order to defend oneself, was being taught to sons by their fathers for centuries. Many people who took care of sheep were masters of it. They often were asked to fight in order to decide problems of honor. Recently, rules have been created and it was made a sport. This sport has become well-known and has been made official by the National Educational Sport Center (CSEN).
The stick.
The stick is made from the wood of olive, rowan, or bitter orange tree. It is used as a base for a number of actions. It is held in one or both hands.

Ui Miyazaki
is a female Japanese voice actor from Tokyo, Japan.

Edward the Elder
Edward the Elder (c. 874-877 - 17 July 924) was King of England from 899 until his death in 924. He was the son of Alfred the Great but had to fight his cousin, Aethelwold, to become King. He fought many battles during his time as King. Most of them were to expand his territory and to stop other groups of people becoming more powerful. He was killed in battle in 924. After his death the Kingdom of England was divided between Ælfweard and Athelstan.

Ælfweard of Wessex
Aelfweard (904 - 2 August 924) was briefly King of Wessex following the death of his father, Edward the Elder. The Kingdom of England was divided between Aelfweard and his half-brother, Athelstan, who became King of Mercia.
Aelfweard lived for only 16 days after his father and was probably not even crowned. Athelstan became King of Wessex in September, 924, so the English kingdom was re-united again.

Edmund I of England
Edmund I (921 - May 26 946), called the Elder, the Deed-Doer or the Magnificent, was King of England from 939 until his death. He was a son of Edward the Elder and a half-brother of Athelstan.
While he ruled, Edmund fought off an invasion by the King of Dublin, signed a treaty with Malcolm I of Scotland and established a policy of safe borders.
Edmund was killed fighting a thief who would not leave a royal party. He was succeeded by his brother Edred.

Beak
A beak is the nose and mouth of a bird or octopus. it is used for eating, fighting and many other things. An example of this is the duck.
Some kinds of insects have mouths that are long and narrow and are called a beak.

Coral
Coral is a group of many similar types of very small animals that live in the ocean. Coral live together in colonies. Each new generation of a coral colony lives on the skeletons of other coral. By doing this over time, Coral forms into a reef. This reef is alive on the outside, and rock-like on the inside.
Coral is usually found in warm water like that found around Indonesia, but some type of coral can be found as far north as the very cold waters around Norway. The word comes from a Greek word, "korallion". Coral mostly eat small plankton, but they sometimes eat small fish.

Lenny Loosejocks
Lenny Loosejocks is a Australian fictional character. He was created by Ezone.com to be the main logo of Ezone. Lenny only wears baggy blue shorts, does not wear a shirt and has red dreadlocks. Lenny has starred in many games and internet cartoons, including two large adventure games called "Lenny's Walkabout" and "Lenny in Space". Lenny lives in the fictitious town of Pullyapantsup, Australia.

Sweyn I of Denmark
Sweyn I, or Sweyn Forkbeard, (c 960 - February 2, 1014), was King of Denmark from about 985 - February 2, 1014 and King of England from December 25 1013 - February 2, 1014.
Sweyn's father was Harald Bluetooth, King of Denmark. Sweyn invaded England many times between 990 and 1013, when his army took control of London on Christmas day. Sweyn briefly became King of England until he died 40 days later on February 2, 1014 after being hurt in a fall from his horse.

Blue Line International
Blue Line International is an international maritime company. They deal in the transportation of passengers and vehicles between Croatia and Italy.
Blue Line International was started in 1993. Its first passenger ship "Kraljica mira" sailed towards Italy carrying humanitarian aid and refugees. "Kraljica mira" was sailing at that time under the flag of SEM Maritime Company (SMC). In 1997, the passenger ship "Split 1700" joined the same company. In 2003, Blue Line International replaced SMC.
The passenger ship "Ancona", the largest ship in the Adriatic Sea was bought in 2003. It has been sailing together with the passenger ship "Split 1700" for several years on Blue Line's regular route. They maintain the seasonal lines between Ancona and Hvar and between Ancona and Vis.

Split Tours
Split Tours is a Croatian ship travel company. It transports passengers and vehicles by water along the Croatian coast. Split Tours was established in 1992. It became the first private ferry company in Croatia.
Split Tours has several ships including the ferry "Split Prvi", and catamarans "For", "Broc" and "Komiza". These vessels run the coastal lines Split-Hvar, Vis and Milna.

Flainval
Flainval is a town in France. It is near Dombasle-sur-Meurthe.

Dombasle-sur-Meurthe
Dombasle-sur-Meurthe is a town in France. It is near Saint-Nicolas-de-Port on the Meurthe River.

Saint-Nicolas-de-Port
Saint-Nicolas-de-Port is a town in France.
It is near Dombasle-sur-Meurthe on the Meurthe River.

Footballer
A footballer is a person that plays football. There are many different sports that are called football. In North America, association football players are more commonly called soccer players.
Many footballers over the world are paid lots of money for what they do - which is delivering a game of entertainment to anybody watching. Many "big" football matches are on television.

Tex Avery
Frederick Bean "Fred/Tex" Avery (February 26, 1908 – Tuesday, August 26, 1980) was an American animator, cartoonist, and director. He is famous for creating animated cartoons during the Golden Age of Hollywood. He did his most major work for the Warner Bros. and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer studios. He created the characters of Daffy Duck, Bugs Bunny, and Droopy. His had an effect on almost all of the animated cartoon series by various studios in the 1940s and 1950s.

Edgar Atheling
Edgar the Atheling c. 1051– c. 1126 ("Atheling" means "prince" in the Old English language) was one of the main persons thought of as the heir to the throne of England in 1066 when Edward the Confessor died. He was also the most popular choice among the people, because he was English and a grandson of Edmund Ironside. He was born in Hungary because his father was in exile there at the time.
For his first five years, Edward lived in exile with his family, but Edgar and his father returned to England from Hungary. Soon after returning, Edgar’s father died.
Edward the Confessor, who had no children, had promised the throne to his nephew Edgar, his nearest living relative. The problem was that Edward had also promised the throne to other people at various times, including William I Duke of Normandy. When Edward died, they began to fight wars over it.
The Anglo-Saxons had a democratic monarchy, meaning that their kings had to be approved by vote in an elected parliament ("witanegemot") before they could become king. The first thing the "witanegemot" did was choose Edward's brother-in-law, Harold Godwinson to be the next king, because Edgar was still too young. When William killed Harold at the battle of Hastings that same year, the "witanegemot" chose Edgar as the next king, but William took control of England with his army before Edgar could be crowned. Edgar eventually escaped to Scotland with his sister, known as Saint Margaret of Scotland, who married the Scottish king. From here he took part in several military campaigns against William, and later on also took part in the Crusades.
It is thought he was the last living male member of the Anglo-Saxon royalty, but may have fathered a son whose descendants are still around to this day though undiscovered.

McIntosh
The McIntosh is a type of apple. It is red and green like a Gala apple only brighter in color. Tart and crisp, it snaps when bitten into.

Municipalities of the canton of Bern
There are 400 municipalities in the canton of Bern (including mergers), Switzerland. It is the largest canton in Switzerland and has the most communes.

Edgar of England
King Edgar or Eadgar I ("c." 942–July 8, 975) was the younger son of King Edmund I of England. He won the nickname, "the Peaceable", but in fact was a stronger king than his elder brother, Edwy, from whom he took the kingdoms of Northumbria and Mercia in 958. Edgar was acclaimed king north of the Thames by a conclave of Mercian nobles in 958, but officially succeeded when Edwy died in October 959. Immediately Edgar recalled Dunstan (eventually canonised as St. Dunstan) from exile and made him successively Bishop of Worcester, then of London and finally Archbishop of Canterbury.

Mozilla Thunderbird
Mozilla Thunderbird is a free cross-platform e-mail client and news reader developed by the Mozilla Foundation.

List of U.S. state mottos
Here is a list of state mottos for the states of the United States. To help tourism, states can also make state slogans. State slogans are not official and change more often than state mottos. Here is a list of U.S. state slogans and a list of U.S. state nicknames.
Mottos for countries are listed here.

Sauropsid
Sauropsids are a diverse group of vertebrate animals. Most of them lay eggs. The Sauropsida includes all modern and most extinct "reptiles", but excludes synapsids. Living sauropsids include lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodiles, and birds. Extinct sauropsids include non-avian dinosaurs, pterosaurs, plesiosaurs, ichthyosaurs, and many others.

Conservation status
The conservation status of a species is an indicator of the likelihood of that species continuing to survive either in the present day or the future. Many factors are taken into account when assessing the conservation status of a species: not simply the number remaining, but the overall increase or decrease in the population over time, breeding success rates, known threats, and so on.

Abstract algebra
The person then makes some theories. It is normal to build a theory on one kind of structure, like the group theory or the category theory.
Each theory has the mission of organizing in a simple-to-complex model the precise definition of a concept, examples, its substructures, the relations between them: morphisms and its applications, inside the own theory as well outside.

List of U.S. state slogans
Here is a list of U.S. state slogans. Most states create slogans to help tourism. These slogans are sometimes put on state license plates.
There is also a list of U.S. state mottos and a list of U.S. state nicknames.

Geodesic
In mathematics a geodesic is a curve with the shortest length between two places on a surface. On the flat surface there are only one such path between any two points. In a sphere two antipodal points (points opposite each other on a sphere such as the North Pole and South Pole on Earth) have an infinite number of such paths between them. These paths on the sphere are also called great circles.

Anarcho-syndicalism
Anarcho-syndicalism is a form of anarchism. It sees labour unions as something which will cause revolutionary change. This change will give freedom and equality to the workers. Anarcho-syndicalists want to get rid of the wage system and capitalism. They believe this leads to class divisions and inequality.
Anarcho-syndicalists believe that only direct action can bring about change. Anarcho-syndicalists do not take part in indirect action, like electing a representative to a government position.
Anarcho-syndicalism played an important role in the Spanish Civil War.

Trotskyism
Trotskyism is the form of Communism that is based on the ideas of Leon Trotsky. Trotsky described himself as an "orthodox Marxist". This is a different way of seeing the ideas of Karl Marx than the way other communists like Mao Zedong and Josif Stalin saw them. The biggest difference is in Trotsky's idea that there needs to be an international "permanent revolution". A permanent revolution is the idea that communism needed to spread in countries that were not communist, especially where capitalism was not as advanced. This is different to the Stalinist idea of trying to preserve a single nation's revolution from within.
The largest Trotskyist organization today is the Reunified Fourth International.

A Fistful of Dollars
"A Fistful of Dollars" (1964) is a Spaghetti Western movie directed by Sergio Leone and starring Clint Eastwood. It is the first movie in the Dollars trilogy and was the first Spaghetti Western to be released in the United States. The second movie in the Dollars Trilogy is "For a Few Dollars More"; the third is "The Good, the Bad and the Ugly".

For a Few Dollars More
"For a Few Dollars More" (1965) is a Spaghetti Western movie directed by Sergio Leone and starring Clint Eastwood. It is the second movie in the Dollars trilogy and was released in the United States in 1967. The first movie in the trilogy is "A Fistful of Dollars"; the third is "The Good, the Bad and the Ugly".

The Good, the Bad and the Ugly
"The Good, the Bad and the Ugly" (1966) is a Spaghetti Western movie directed by Sergio Leone and starring Clint Eastwood. It is the third and final movie in the Dollars trilogy and was released in the United States in 1967. The first movie in the trilogy is "A Fistful of Dollars"; the second is "For a Few Dollars More".

Ennio Morricone
Ennio Morricone (born November 10, 1928) is an Italian classical composer famous for making film scores. He has composed the scores for more than 500 movies and television programs. He is well known for composing the scores to, particularly Spaghetti Westerns. In 2007 he received the Honorary Academy Award for his many great movie scores.

XTC
XTC is an English new wave band from Swindon, England. It was founded by Andy Partridge and Colin Moulding in 1972. Their first big song was "Life Begins at the Hop" from 1978. Other big songs include "Making Plans for Nigel," "Sgt. Rock (Is Going to Help Me)," and "Senses Working Overtime." In 1986, they had a breakthrough hit in America with "Dear God." Between 1972 and 2000, the band has released 12 studio albums and 28 other albums including live shows, "Best of" albums and works with other performers. The band has worked with musicians such as Thomas Dolby, Peter Gabriel, Todd Rundgren and Aimee Mann.

Roh Moo-hyun
Roh Moo-Hyun is a former President of South Korea. He was born on September 1, 1946 in Gimhae, Gyeongsangnam-do, South Korea. He took office on February 25, 2003. After retirement from Cheongwadae, he is living in Bongha Maeul, Gimhae, Gyeongsangnam-do now.

Kim Tae Jung
Kim Tae Jung (born January 6, 1926) was a South Korean president. In 2000, he got the Nobel Peace Prize. He is the first person from Korea to get a Nobel prize.. A Roman Catholic since 1957, he has been called the "Nelson Mandela" of Asia Kim Tae Jung was the President (succeeding Kim Young-sam) from 1998 to 2003. He was born in Haui-do, South Jeolla Province, an island off the South Korean Coast.

Kim Young-sam
Kim Young-sam (born December 20, 1927 in Geoje, South Gyeongsang) was the President of the South Korea from February 25, 1993 to February 25, 1998.

Roh Tae-woo
Roh Tae-woo (born December 4, 1932 in Daegu, South Korea), is the sixth President of South Korea (1988–1993). He was a former Korean general and politician. A member of the Hanahoi, Roh was the hand-picked successor of the ex-general and president Chun Doo-hwan. This caused large pro-democracy rallies in Seoul and other cities in 1987. Roh agreed to hold democratic presidential elections, making himself a candidate for the next election. The opposition split the votes between Kim Young-sam and Kim Dae-jung (both of whom later became presidents). This made Roh the first elected president after the time that the military ruled the country.
Roh's rule was notable for hosting the Seoul Olympics in 1988 and for his foreign policy of nordpolitik.
In 1993, Roh's successor Kim Young-sam led an anti-corruption campaign that saw Roh and Chun Doo-hwan on trial for bribery. The two former presidents were later charged with mutiny and treason for their part in the 1979 coup and the 1980 Gwangju Riot.
Both were found to be guilty in August 1996 of treason, mutiny and corruption. Chun was sentenced to death, later changed to life imprisonment. Roh's 22 1/2-year jail sentence was reduced to 17 years. Both were released from prison in early 1998, pardoned by then-President Kim Dae-jung.

Chun Doo-hwan
Chun Doo-hwan (born 18 January, 1931) was a Korean military officer and the President of South Korea from 1980 to 1988. He was sentenced to death in 1996. Chun was later pardoned by President Kim Young-sam with the advice of then President-elect Kim Dae-jung, who had sentenced to death by Chun some 20 years earlier.
The road to power.
Chun was a graduate of the Korean Military Academy in 1955. He was a member of Hanahoi, a powerful group of military officials that supported his actions. He was in charge of the investigation into the assassination of President Park Chung-hee. On 12 December 1979, in what became known as the Incident of December 12th, Chun ordered the arrest of Army Chief of Staff General Chung Sung Hwa (정승화, 鄭昇和) without authorization from then-President Choi Kyu-ha. He ordered the arrest as part of the investigation of his part in the assassination. Chung Sung Hwa resisted the arrest. This led to a bloody gun fight at the Army Headquarters and the Ministry of Defense. By the next morning, Chun and his fellow military academy graduates Roh Tae-woo and Jeong Ho-yong were in charge of the Korean military.
On 17 May 1980, Chun placed the entire country under martial law and disbanded the National Assembly. Many politicians were arrested, including liberal politician Kim Dae-jung. Kim was later sentenced to death in spite of protests from the United States. Later, Chun changed Kim's sentence in return for U.S. support. Protests across the nation became smaller. However, very violent prostests happened in Gwangju. Protestors Lootinglooted government building. They armed themselves with stolen guns and military jeeps. Protestors killed a couple of policemen and started of violent protest against the government. A couple of hundreds of protestors and some thirty soldiers were killed in the Gwangju. Choi resigned in August, and Chun was elected his successor by the National Conference for Unification, the South Korean electoral college, in September. In February 1981, Chun was elected president under a revised constitution as the candidate of the Democratic Justice Party (later renamed Democratic Republican Party).
Years in office.
Chun ruled in an authoritarian manner. The 1981 constitution was less authoritarian than its 1972 predecessor, the Yushin Constitution, but still granted very broad powers to the president. However, it limited the president to one seven-year term. Chun did not try to change it so he could run for reelection in 1988.
By 1986, the general public was happy with the economic growth. However, there was much anger and hatred against Chun's regime by left-wing students who later became known as 386s. The left wing students led the nationwide June 1987 protests. In the same month, U.S. President Ronald Reagan sent a letter to Chun in support of the creation of "democratic institutions." On June 29th, Roh Tae-woo announced a program of reform. This included direct presidential elections, restoration of banned politicians including Kim Dae-jung, and other liberalizing measures. This won Roh instant popularity, and he was elected as the next president of South Korea. It later became known that Chun was responsible for this plan.
During Chun's visit to Rangoon, Burma (now Myanmar) in 1983, a bomb exploded at a mausoleum he was about to visit. The bomb killed 21 people, including South Korean Cabinet members. Chun himself did not die because he got there two minutes late. While no firm evidence of North Korean involvement has been found, they are widely though to be responsible.
An embattled ex-President.
In 1996, former presidents Chun and Roh were jailed on charges of corruption. On December 16, they were also found guilty of treason and mutiny as part of their takeover of power. Chun was sentenced to death. That sentence was changed to a life sentence. He and Roh were pardoned a year later.

Choi Kyu-ha
Choi Kyu-hah (July 16, 1919 – October 22, 2006) (also spelled Choi Kyu-ha) was the President of South Korea between 1979 and 1980. He was born in the town of Wonju, located in the Gangwon province. He was foreign minister of South Korea from 1967 to 1971 and prime minister from 1975 to 1979.
After the assassination of Park Chung Hee in 1979, Choi, the prime minister of South Korea at the time, took power. Because of the unrest of Park's authoritarian rule, Choi promised a new constitution and democratic elections (many thought that the elections led by Park were flawed). He won a December election later that year to become the country's fourth president.
In December 1979, Major General Chun Doo-hwan and close allies in the military staged a military coup against Choi's government. They quickly removed the army chief of staff and by early 1980 virtually controlled the government.
In April 1980, because of increasing pressure from Chun and other politicians, Choi appointed Chun as head of the Korean Central Intelligence Agency, giving him enormous power. In May, Chun declared martial law and removed all trappings of civilian government, becoming the de facto ruler of the country. By then, student protests were increasing in Seoul and Gwangju. The protests in Gwangju continued, resulting in the Gwangju Massacre, where over 200 civilians were killed within five days by Chun's military.
Choi resigned soon afterward. Chun became president on September 1, 1980. After his resignation, Choi lived quietly out of the public eye. He died on October 22, 2006.

Pak Chŏng Hŭi
Pak Chŏng Hŭi (sometimes spelled: Park Chung-hee) (November 14, 1917 – October 26, 1979) was the president of Republic of Korea from 1961 to 1979. He has been credited with the modernization of the Republic of Korea through export-led growth and developmental dictatorship. He was named one of the top 100 Asians of the Century by Time Magazine (1999). He has been severely criticized for his government's brutality, especially after 1971.
Birth.
Pak was born in Seonsan, a small town in Gumi-si(구미시), Gyeongsangbuk-do(경상북도) near Daegu(대구). He was the seventh child from a family of modest means. His father was Park Seong-bin (age 46 at the time) and his mother was Baek Nam-hui (age 45).
Pak came from an undistinguished local branch of Goryeong Bak descent group.
Pak won admission to Daegu Teacher's College through a competitive examination. He entered on April 8, 1932 and graduated on March 25, 1937, after five years of study. His formative years coincided with the Japanese invasion of China, starting with the Manchurian incident in 1931 and culminating in all-out war in 1937.
He went on to teach for several years in Mungyeong, where the school has been preserved as a museum.
Military career.
Pak won admission to a two-year training program in Manchukuo, the Japanese puppet state in Manchuria. Under the Japanese policy of sōshi-kaimei, he adopted the Japanese-style name Takaki Masao (高木正雄). He graduated from the Japanese Manchurian military academy at the top of his class in 1944. He then was selected for another two years of training at the Imperial Military Academy in Tokyo.
Pak had served as a lieutenant in the Kantogun, part of the Imperial Japanese Army, in Manchuria, fighting Mao Zedong's Chinese Communist forces. Although the Kantogun also carried out actions against Korean guerrillas, it's improbable that Pak participated in such action since there were no Korean guerrillas in the region at the time of his brief deployment.
Post World War II.
In the aftermath of Japan's defeat in World War II, under his communist elder brother's influence, Pak joined a communist group, the South Korean Workers' Party, in the American occupation zone, which later became South Korea. Pak was involved in a rebellion in Yeosu and Suncheon, Jeollanam-do, led by units of the new American-supported army. Pak was arrested and sentenced to death, but released soon after revealing the names of communist participants to the South Korean authorities. He was then released and left the army in dishonor. However; the outbreak of the Korean War enabled him to be reinstated, and he served the new country fighting against the communists.
Ascension to presidency.
Syngman Rhee, the first president of the Republic of (South) Korea, was forced out of office on April 26, 1960 as an aftermath of the April 19 Movement, a student-led uprising. A new government took office on August 13. This was a short-lived period of parliamentary rule in South Korea with a figurehead president, Yun Po-son, in response to the authoritarian excesses and corruption of the Rhee administration. Real power rested with Prime Minister Chang Myon.
Yun and Chang did not command the respect of the majority of the Democratic Party. They could not agree on the composition of the cabinet and Chang attempted to hold the tenuous coalition together by reshuffling cabinet positions three times within five months.
Political background.
Meanwhile, the new government was caught between an economy that was suffering from a decade of mismanagement and corruption by the Rhee presidency and the students who had led to Rhee's ouster. The students were regularly filling the streets, making numerous and wide-ranging demands for political and economic reforms. Law and order could not be maintained because the police, long an instrument of the Rhee government, were demoralized and had been completely discredited by the public. Continued factional wrangling caused the public to turn away from the party.
Coup d'état.
Seizing the moment, then-Major General Pak Chŏng Hŭi led a bloodless military coup (called the 5.16 Revolution) on May 16, 1961, a coup largely welcomed by a general populace exhausted by political chaos. Although Chang resisted the coup efforts, President Yun sided with the junta and persuaded the United States Eighth Army and the commanders of various South Korean army units not to interfere with the new rulers.
The Korean Central Intelligence Agency (KCIA) was created on June 19, 1961 to prevent a countercoup and to suppress all potential enemies domestic and international. It was to have not only investigative power, but also the power to arrest and detain anyone suspected of wrongdoing or harboring anti-junta sentiments. The KCIA extended its power to economic and foreign affairs under its first director, Colonel (retired) Kim Jong-pil, a relative of Pak and one of the original planners of the coup.
Yun remained in office to provide legitimacy to the regime, but resigned on March 22, 1962. Pak Chŏng Hŭi was the real power as chairman of the Supreme Council for National Reconstruction. Following pressure from the Kennedy administration in the United States, a civilian government was restored, with Pak narrowly winning the 1963 election as the candidate of the newly-created Democratic Republican Party over Yun, candidate of the Civil Rule Party. He was re-elected in 1967, again defeating Yun by a narrow margin.
Economic reform.
Pak is generally credited as playing a pivotal role in the development of South Korea's economy by shifting its focus to export-oriented industrialization. When he came to power in 1961, South Korean per capita income was only USD 72, and North Korea was regarded as the greater economic and military power on the peninsula because North Korea was industrialized under the Japanese régime due to its geographical proximity to Manchuria and merit in terms of natural resources, and managed to rebuild after heavy bombing by the Americans during the Korean War. During Pak's tenure, per capita income increased twentyfold, and South Korea's rural, undeveloped economy was transformed into an industrial powerhouse. Even Kim Tae Jung, one of Pak's most prominent opponents during his rule, has retrospectively praised him for his role in creating the modern-day South Korea.
The strength of Pak's leadership was evidenced by the remarkable development of industries and rise in the standard of living of average South Korean citizens during his presidency. Many still question Pak's judgment, however, as his 1965 normalization of diplomatic relations with Japan had been extremely unpopular and resulted in widespread unrest as memories from Japan's 35-year brutal colonization of Korea proved vivid. However, by normalizing relations with Japan, Pak allowed Japanese capital to flow into the country. These aids and loans -- although criticized by many Koreans to be too meager for the 35 years of occupation by Imperial Japan -- along with American aid, helped to restore the depleted capital of South Korea. Nonetheless, it must be noted that with North Korea's economy at the time being bigger and more vibrant than that of South Korea, Pak did not have many options or much time to negotiate for more fitting reparations and apologies. This issue still plagues Japan and South Korea's relationship today.
Pak was reelected in 1967 against Yun.
Yusin Constitution.
The Constitution of 1963 barred a South Korean president from seeking a third consecutive term. However, with the assistance of the KCIA, Pak's allies in the legislature succeeded in amending the Constitution to allow the current president--himself--to run for three consecutive terms. In 1971, Pak was victorious again, this time over Kim Dae-jung in the general election.
Just after being sworn in for his third term, Pak declared a state of emergency "based on the dangerous realities of the international situation." In October 1972, he dissolved Parliament and suspended the Constitution. In December, a new constitution, the Yusin Constitution, was approved easily by the general public. The new document dramatically increased Pak's power. It transferred the election of the president to an electoral college, the National Conference for Unification. The presidential term was increased to six years, with no limits on reelection. In effect, the constitution converted Pak's presidency into a legal dictatorship. Pak was re-elected in 1972 and 1978 with no opposition.
Assassination attempts.
On January 21, 1968, a team of about 10--15 North Korean spies was secretly sent to South Korea to kill Pak. They crossed the border mountains and hijacked a bus in Seoul. No civilians were in the bus. The spies drove it towards the Blue House (the presidential residence of South Korea), where Pak was at the time. When the Korean military was informed of the presence of the North Koreans, they hurriedly went to protect the president. Armed with machine guns and grenades, the spies drove almost to the Blue House until they met South Korean soldiers. After a short grenade and gun battle, all but one spy were killed. Thirty-seven South Koreans were also killed.
On August 15, 1974, a botched assassination attempt by North Korean agent Mun Se-gwang claimed his wife, Yuk Yeong-su, instead. After this attack he finished the speech he had been giving. His wife died later that day.
Assassination.
On October 26, 1979, Pak was gunned down by Kim Jae-kyu, the director of the KCIA. Kim claimed that Pak was an obstacle to democracy and that his act was one of patriotism. After Kim shot the president to death and the leader of his guards, his agents quickly killed four more of the presidential bodyguards before the group was apprehended. The entire episode is usually either considered a spontaneous act of passion by an individual and that the actions of the other agents only occurred because the men felt loyalty to Kim and naturally followed his lead, or as part of a pre-arranged attempted coup by the intelligence service, with the latter being more widely believed.
Legacy.
It is alleged by supporters that despite his dictatorial rule and the high growth that occurred during his years in power, Pak did not engage in corruption and led a simple life. Detractors allege he was simply a brutal dictator and only brought about high growth through military control over labour.
Being a complex man as a policy maker, many Koreans continue to hold Pak in high regard in great part due to the industrial and economic growth experienced by South Korea under his presidency. But there are also many who condemn Pak for the brutality of his dictatorship and for his service to the Japanese army during World War II. Today, Pak's critics deplore the widespread human rights abuses in South Korea during his rule. However, his supporters argue that the human rights abuse accusation is mostly fabricated or exaggerated. One example of his many abuses was the kidnapping of opposition activist Kim Tae Jung. Around noon of August 8, 1973, Kim was attended a meeting with the leader of the Democratic Unification Party held in the Room 2212 of the Hotel Grand Palace in Tokyo. At around 13:19, Kim was abducted by a group of unidentified agents as he walked out of the room after the meeting. He was then taken into the empty Room 2210 where he was drugged and became unconscious. Later Kim was moved to Osaka and later to Seoul, South Korea. Kim was later quoted as saying that a weight had been attached to his feet aboard the boat heading toward Korea, indicating that the kidnappers had intended to drown Kim by throwing him into the sea. They were, however, forced to abandon this plan as the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force began a pursuit of the kidnappers' boat. Subsequently Kim was released in Busan. He was found alive at his house in Seoul five days after the kidnapping. According to some reports U.S. Ambassador Philip Habib intervened with the South Korean government to save Kim's life.
Pak's daughter Park Geun-hye was elected the chairwoman of the conservative Grand National Party in 2004. She has resigned her post in order to prepare a presidential bid for the upcoming election.

Yun Poson
Yun Bo-seon (August 26, 1897 – July 18, 1990) was the President of South Korea from 1960 to 1962.
He was born in Asan, South Chungcheong province, Yun graduated from the University of Edinburgh in 1930. He entered politics after Japanese occupation ended in 1945, with Syngman Rhee being his mentor. In 1948, Yun was made mayor of Seoul by Rhee. A year later, he was made the Minister of Commerce and Industry. Soon, he started to disagree with Rhee's authoritarian policies. He then served as president of the Red Cross Society, before being elected to the National Assembly in 1954. A year later, he founded the opposition Democratic Party along with several others.
After Rhee's government was ousted by a student-led pro-democracy uprising, Yun was elected president on August 13, 1960. He was merely a figurehead, as South Korea had switched to a parliamentary system in response to the authoritarian excesses of Rhee's regime. After Park Chung Hee's coup in 1961, he stayed on briefly to provide legitimacy to the regime, but resigned on March 22, 1962. He opposed Park's authoritarian rule and ran for president twice in 1963 and 1967, losing each time. After receiving suspended sentences several times for anti-government activities, Yun retired from politics in 1980 and focused primarily on cultural activities until his death from diabetes and high blood pressure. He died in 1990.

Rhee Syng-man
Syngman Rhee or Lee Seungman or Yee Sung-man (March 26, 1875 – July 19, 1965) was the first president of South Korea. His presidency, from August 1948 to April 1960, remains controversial, affected by Cold War tensions on the Korean peninsula and elsewhere. Rhee was a strong anti-Communist, and led South Korea through the Korean War. His presidency ended in resignation following popular protests against a disputed election. He died in exile in Hawaii.
Early life.
Rhee was born in Whanghai Province to Rhee Kyong-sun, a member of the aristocratic Yangban family. Rhee was descended from Prince Hyo-nyong, the second son of King Taejong of Joseon. He soon became active in Korea's struggle against Japanese control. He was arrested in 1897 for demonstrating against the monarchy. After he was released in 1904 he went to the United States. He obtained several degrees, including a Ph.D. from Princeton University. He became so like an American that he began writing his name in the Western manner, with the personal name before the family name.
In 1910, he went back to Korea, which had by this time been taken over by Japan. His political actions got him into trouble with the Japanese army, and so he left for China in 1912. In 1919, all of the major pro-independence groups formed the Provisional Government in Shanghai. Rhee was elected the president, a post he held until 1925 when he was removed by the Provisional Assembly for the misuse of his authority.
Presidency.
At the end of World War 2, Rhee returned to Seoul. This was before the other independence leaders, since he was the only one well known to the Allies. In 1945, he was chosen as head of a provisional (short term) government. With the unspoken agreement of the occupation authorities, Rhee conducted a number of actions to "remove Communism". This was actually a hidden plan to remove all possible opposition to him.
Rhee was elected the first president of South Korea on 10 May, 1948 by a parliamentary vote. He defeated Kim Koo, the last president of the Provisional Government by 180 votes to 16. All the left-wing parties refused to take part in the election. On 15 August 1948, he formally took over from the US military and and became the legal power over the Korean people.
As president, Rhee took on dictatorial powers even before the Korean War started in 1950. He allowed the internal security force (headed by his right-hand man, Kim Chang-ryong) to put people in prison and torture them if they were thought to be Communists or North Korean agents. His government also directed several massacres, the most famous being on the island of Jeju. This was after an uprising by left-wing groups. While massacres did occur under governments that came after Rhee, there were not as many and less widespread.
Korean war.
Rhee made himself unpopular by telling the people in Seoul to stay in the city when the Korean War started. He had already left. His decision to cut the bridges on the Han River stopped thousands of people from escaping from the Communists. The UN and South Korean forces fought back and drove the North Koreans north towards the Yalu River. After a Chinese counterattack they UN and South Korean were pushed back to the current DMZ. Rhee became unpopular with the US and the UN for refusing to agree to a number of peace plans that would have left Korea divided. He wanted to become the leader of a united Korea with UN assistance. He tried to stop any peace plan that would not remove the northern government completely. He also argued for stronger military action to be used against China. He was annoyed because the US would not bomb China.
On January 18, 1952, Rhee declared South Korean rule over the waters around the Korean peninsula. This was an idea the same as today's exclusive economic zones. The new border, which Rhee called the "Peace Line", included Tsushima Island and the uninhabited islands named Dokdo. This led to protests from the Japanese government. They claimed that the islands were Japanese territory. Minor clashes followed, but the islands have been under South Korean administration since then.
Throughout his rule, Rhee took extra steps to keep his control over the government. In May 1952 Rhee pushed through constitutional changes which made the presidency a directly-elected position. So he could get this passed by parliament he declared martial law. He jailed the members of parliament he thought would vote against it. Rhee was subsequently elected by big majority. He regained control of parliament in the 1954 elections. He pushed through an amendment to exempt himself from the eight-year limit on presidents.
Rhee's chances for reelection during the presidential campaign of 1956 seemed small. People didn't think he should be allowed to be President three times. The main opposition candidate Shin Ik-hee drew large crowds during his campaign. Shin's sudden death while on the campaign trail, however, allowed Rhee to win the presidency with ease. The runner-up of that election, Cho Bong-am of the Progressive Party, was later charged with spying and executed in 1959.
Resignation.
By 1960, Rhee had already served three terms in office. His next victory was certain after the main opposition candidate, Cho Byeong-ok, died shortly before the March 15 elections. Rhee won with 90% of the vote. The real contest was in the race for vice president. This was held separately under the law of the time. Yi Gi-bung, who Rhee thought should take over after him, was declared the winner of an election that the opposition claimed was rigged. This created anger among groups of the Korean people. A student-led April 19 Movement forced Rhee to resign on April 26.
On April 28, a DC-4 belonging to the CIA operated Civil Air Transport took Rhee out of South Korea. This was to rescue him from the angry crowds. Kim Yong Kap, Rhee's Deputy Minister of Finance, revealed that President Rhee had taken $20 million in government money for himself. Rhee, his Austrian-born wife, Francisca Donner, and adopted son lived in exile in Honolulu, Hawaii. His son became a famous college professor and called his son Young Rhee. Young Ree later became a very famous architect and civil engineer. John Rhee, Young Rhee's son, married Ban Hae Young. On July 19, 1965, Rhee died of a stroke. His body was returned to Seoul and buried in the National Cemetery on July 27, 1965.
Legacy.
Rhee's legacy has been in considerable dispute. In general, conservative circles regard Rhee as the patriarch of the nation, while liberals tend to be critical of him.
Rhee's former residence in Seoul, Ihwajang, is currently used for the presidential memorial museum, and Woo-Nam Presidential Preservation Foundation has been set up to honour his legacy.

Psychonauts
Psychonauts is a video game created by Double Fine for the Xbox, Playstation 2, and PC about psychics called Psychonauts. A Psychonaut is a psychic special agent. They are trained at a young age at a summer camp.

Sum 41
Sum 41 (sometimes called The Sums) is a Canadian pop punk band from Ajax, Ontario. The people currently in the band are Deryck Whibley (lead vocals, guitar, keyboards), Cone McCaslin (bass guitar, backing vocals), and Steve Jocz (drums, percussion, and backing vocals). The band's most known lineup is the same, except with Dave Baksh on lead guitar and backing vocals.
In 1999, the band signed a record deal with Island Records. Since then, the band has released four studio albums. Their most successful album to date is "All Killer No Filler", The album had the single "Fat Lip", which did very well, making it the band's most successful single. The second single off the album, "In Too Deep", Also did well
They often perform more than 300 times in a single year; making them known for their long and worldwide tours, most of which last more than a year. So far, all of the Sum 41 albums have done very well in Canada. Sum 41 has received many awards and nominations. They have been nominated for seven Juno Awards (the Canadian equivalent of a Grammy Award), winning twice.
They are currently working on a new studio album, set for a 2009 release. New Studio Album 2009: "Complicity".
Beginnings and "Half Hour of Power" (1996–2000).
Sum 41 was formed on July 31, 1996 or forty-one days into the summer, hence the name ("Sum"mer "41" Days). The band was originally a NOFX cover band (a band that does songs of another band) named Kaspir; and they changed their name to "Sum 41" for a Supernova show on September 28, 1996.
In 1998 the band recorded a demo tape on Compact Cassette which they sent to record companies in hope of getting a signed. These demo tapes have become collection items among fans and are the only recordings known with the original bassist |Richard "Twitch" Roy.
From 1999 to 2000, the band recorded several of their stunts and crazy actions. The "Introduction to Destruction" and later the "Cross The T's and Gouge Your I's" DVDs both contained the self-recorded footage, among which were the band stealing pizza from a "Kelly's Pizza" with water guns and performing a dance to "Makes No Difference" in front of a movie theater.
Sum 41 released the EP "Half Hour of Power" on June 27, 2000. The first single (and only single from that album) released by the band was "Makes No Difference", which had two different music videos. The first video was put together using the video clips sent to the record label and the second showed the band performing at a house party.
"All Killer No Filler" and "Does This Look Infected?" (2001–2003).
Sum 41's first full-length album, "All Killer No Filler", was released on May 8, 2001. "Fat Lip", (which was the album's first single), did very well; it topped many charts around the world. After releasing "Fat Lip", the band released two more singles from the album: "In Too Deep" and "Motivation". The band spent most of 2001 doing shows; they played over 300 concerts that year (one of which was a Blink-182 concert they opened) before returning to the studio to record another album. They took the last week of the tour off due to the September 11 terrorist attacks. They later rescheduled the cancelled shows.
On November 26, 2002, Sum 41 released their second full-length album, "Does This Look Infected?". Whibley said of the album: "We don't want to make another record that sounds like the last record, I hate when bands repeat albums." The first single released was "Still Waiting", which was followed by "The Hell Song". "The Hell Song"'s music video depicted the band using dolls with their pictures on them and others, such as Ozzy Osbourne and Pamela Anderson. Their next single, "Over My Head (Better Off Dead)", had a video released exclusively in Canada and on their website, featuring live shots of the band. The video also appeared on their live DVD, "Sake Bombs And Happy Endings" (2003), as a bonus feature.
"Chuck" and the Congo (2004–2006).
In late May 2004, the band traveled to the Democratic Republic of Congo with War Child Canada, to document the civil war in the country. Days after arriving, fighting broke out in Bukavu near the hotel the band was staying in. The band waited for the firing to die down, but it did not during that time. A U.N. peacekeeper, Charles "Chuck" Pelletier, called for armored carriers to take the hotel's occupants out of the area. After nearly six hours, the carriers arrived, and the band and forty other civilians were taken to safety. Whibley later remembered of the incident: "Bullets were coming through windows and everyone was just lying on the ground with their hands on their heads. One bomb came too close, hit the hotel and the hotel just started shaking. Everyone dove and was lying on the ground. Things were falling off the walls, mirrors were breaking. That's when we all kind of realized that this was really going bad, and we're probably not going to make it out."
Because of of Chuck Pelletier, Sum 41 named their next studio album "Chuck"; it was released on October 12, 2004. A documentary of their trip was made into a film called ' and later aired on MTV. War Child released it on DVD on November 29, 2005, in the United States and Canada. The first single from the album was "We're All To Blame"; it was followed by "Pieces", a relatively soft song which reached the top of the charts in Canada. The next single was "Some Say", released only in Canada and Japan. The last single off the record was "No Reason", released at the same time as "Some Say", but with no music video and was only released in Europe and the USA, where it reached the sixteenth position on the Billboard Modern Rock charts in the USA.
On December 21, 2005, Sum 41 released a live album, entitled "Happy Live Surprise". It was only released in Japan. The CD contained a full concert recorded live from London, Ontario and was produced by Whibley. The same CD was released March 7, 2006, in Canada under the name "Go Chuck Yourself" (a play on words with the phrase "Go Fuck Yourself" and the album Chuck.)
Dave's departure and "Underclass Hero" (2006–2008).
On, May 11, 2006, Dave Baksh announced in a statement that he was leaving Sum 41 to work with his new band, Brown Brigade, which will have a more "classic metal" sound. Baksh cited "creative differences" as the reason for his departure but claimed that he was still friends with the band.
The next day, Whibley confirmed Baksh's departure and announced that the band would only replace Dave with touring guitarist Tom Thacker (of GOB), who would not make any decisions in the band or be in any videos, photo shoots, or perform on any albums.
Recording of the band's fourth studio album, "Underclass Hero", began on November 8, 2006 and finished on March 14, 2007. The album was released on July 24, 2007 debuted at number seven in the United States, the band's highest U.S. chart position. The album was backed by the first single (and title track), "Underclass Hero". The album was nominated for a Juno Award for "Rock Album of the Year" but lost to Finger Eleven's "Them vs. You vs. Me".
On April 17, 2007, the band released a song on iTunes, "March of the Dogs". Although the song was 0not a single, the band released it early because, according to Whibley, "the record [wouldn't] be out until the summer". Whibley was threatened with deportation for the song, because he sings about "killing the president" in it. Two more singles were released from the album, "Walking Disaster" and "With Me".
In October 2007, the band began the "Strength In Numbers Tour", which was a tour of Canada with Canadian band Finger Eleven; Die Mannequin opened each of Sum 41's shows. During the tour, Whibley sustained a herniated disk (a bad back injury); as a result, they canceled the rest of their shows.
After Whibley recovered from his injury, the band started the "Underclass Hero" tour in March 2008. They toured until early July, when they got ready for their next album.
New studio album Complicity and "Greatest Hits" (2008–Present).
On August 7, 2008, McCaslin announced in a journal entry on the band's official site that the band was currently taking time off from touring to do other things. After that, they would begin working on the band's next studio album. McCaslin worked on the second album by his side-project, The Operation M.D. Jocz continued to tour as a drummer for The Vandals, and Whibley toured with his wife, Avril Lavigne.
Sum 41 recently released a press release denying rumors that Lavigne and Whibley were splitting up. The release also mentioned that because of the success of "Underclass Hero", Universal Music picked up the option to have Sum 41 produce a new album in 2009. They have started work on a new album, and will also be touring during 2009.
Sum 41 recently announced that they will release ', a greatest hits album, in Japan on November 26, 2008. The album will include a previously unreleased song, "Always", and a DVD, which contains each of the band's music videos.
Internet videos.
Touring during "Chuck", Sum 41 played videos before their set which were deemed "unsuitable for children". Some people were upset over some of the videos' violent content. They have made several other videos, including "Basketball Butcher" and "1-800-Justice", which were originally available exclusively on Sum 41's now-defunct fan club, the Goon Platoon.
Sum 41's most recent internet video project is a "weekly" series, "SUM 41 - Road to Ruin". The trailer was posted on January 8, 2007 on the Sum 41 web page. The first episode debuted on January 21; it followed their exploits on their Singapore 2003 tour. Since then, their episodes have included footage of

Canonisation
Canonization means declaring someone to be a saint. This process is used by certain Christian churches and is possible only for deceased men or women. Before it must have been proofed that the person lived, and died in a way that justifies this decision. These persons then enter into the canon, or list, of saints.
It is incorrect to say that the Church "makes" someone a saint, as the canonization process does not make someone a saint, but only finds out that he was one.

Dunstan
Dunstan (909–May 19, 988) was an Archbishop of Canterbury (960–988) who was later canonized as a saint. He became famous for the many stories told about his dealing with the Devil.

Ramananda Prasad
Ramananda Prasad (born 1938) is the founder of the International Gita Society. He has translated the Bhagavad Gita into English in 1988 from the Sanskrit text.
Prasad was born in Hargawan, Bihar to a farmer who had three acres of land and six children to support. By hard work, his father was somehow able to send his sons to college. Ramanand had his pre-school education in the village from the late Mazahirul Haque, a Muslim headmaster who taught him English and Mathematics. After finishing his high school education at Mahadeva High School, Khusrupur, he passed his high school from Patna College in 1953. He attended Patna Science College from 1953-55 and is a 1959 graduate of the Indian Institute of Technology in Kharagpur, India, obtained his Master's Degree from the University of Toronto and earned his doctorate in Civil Engineering from the University of Illinois. Since then, he has been involved in research, teaching, engineering and consulting and worked for the U. S. Navy Corps of Engineers before retiring in 2000. He is presently a professor of Civil Engineering at San Jose State University and an adjunct professor of religion and psychology at the Union Institute in Cincinnati, Ohio.
Dr. Prasad has founded several non-profit organizations in the San Francisco Bay Area such as the "Vedic Dharma Samaj" that now runs the Fremont Hindu temple, "Ramayan Sabha", and the "Universal Yoga Center" of San Francisco. He is married to Sadhana Prasad, a devotee of Lord Shiva and has one daughter, Reeta Raina who is married to Abhinav Raina and one son, Sanjay Prasad, who now directs the activities of the International Gita Society. He also has two Grandsons, Jay Raina and Raj Krishan Raina.
Prasad created the American Gita Society (later renamed the International Gita Society) in 1984 in order to foster unity and goodwill between all religions and faiths of the world, through the teachings of the Bhagavad Gita. Its initial focus was to put copies of Bhagavad-Gita in libraries, hotels, motels, hospitals all over the world as the American Bible Society does with copies of the New Testament. In his translation, he borrows allied concepts liberally from the Koran, Bible, Dhammapada, and many other Hindu texts in order to get his message across that all faiths are ultimately one, while nonetheless giving supremacy to the stature of the Gita.

Kamala Nehru Park
Kamala Nehru Park is a park in India. It covers an area of 4,000 sq yd (3,300 m²). It is located at the top of Mumbai's Malabar Hill. The park is named after Kamala Nehru, the wife of India's first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru.
A place often visited by schoolchildren, it has little to offer by way of entertainment apart from a structure shaped like a shoe. The shoe structure is inspired by the nursery rhyme "There was an old woman."
From the garden, one can see Chowpatty Beach, and the Queen's Necklace (Marine Drive).

Stronghold
Stronghold means castle or any other strongly fortified place.
The history of fortified buildings reaches from antiquity to modern times.
In medieval Europe, the castle was the most common type of stronghold and often the residence of the king or territorial lord. The Maginot Line is an example of a 20th century stronghold.
Stronghold is also the name of a small video game franchise consisting of several castle-sim games made by Firefly Studios.

Weimar (Lahn)
Weimar (Lahn) is a community in the German state of Hesse. It has about 7,600 inhabitants. Weimar (Lahn) lies near Marburg.

Lord
A Lord (Laird in some Scottish contexts) is a person who has power and authority. Women will usually (but not universally) take the title 'Lady' instead of Laird or Lord. But there is an example of a female Lord: "Lord of Mann", the ruler of the Isle of Man.
The word actually comes from the Old English forms for "loaf" (bread) and "ward" (used to mean "protector", although today it means "one who is protected"). So a "lord" or "loaf ward" was originally "the one who protected the loaf".
In a religious context, The Lord means God, mainly by the Abrahamic religions (Judaism, Islam, and Christianity).

Interval (music)
An interval in music means the distance between two notes (whether these notes are played together or separately).
Two notes on a keyboard which are next to one another (counting both white and black notes) are a “semitone” apart. A “tone” is two semitones (see semitone). However, an “interval” depends on how the notes are written (what they are called) e.g. whether the black note between D and E is written as D sharp or E flat (which are two different names for the same note).
C D E F G A B C and down again.
(this is always so long as the letter name has not changed).
It is important to realize that, in order to work out what an interval is, the lower note should be treated as the first note of the scale.
Intervals can be “inverted” (turned upside down). For example: instead of going from a C up to an A (major 6th) we can go from C down to an A (minor 3rd).
Compound intervals are intervals bigger than an octave e.g.
C to D an octave and one more note above it is a major 9th.
Big intervals are called “wide” intervals. The opposite is a “narrow” interval.

Musical mode
Modes in music are a kind of scale.
The Ancient Greeks used several modes in their music. Medieval musicians borrowed the names of these modes to describe the scales used in their music. Today we usually use two modes: major and minor. A mode can start on any note.
Each mode has a different pattern of tones and semitones (or “half tones”) (see semitone).
tone, tone, semitone, tone, tone, tone, semitone.
tone, semitone, tone, tone, semitone, tone, tone.
The modes are easiest to see on a piano keyboard using the white notes only.
Each mode also has a version called “hypo—“.
For example: A to A is Hypodorian. It is the same as Aeolian, but the D is treated as the final note (we would say the “keynote”).
The names of the modes come from cities in Ancient Greece.
In the Middle Ages these modes were widely used in church music.
Some composers in recent centuries have enjoyed using the ancient modes from time to time in their music. Folksongs are often modal. Greensleeves is an example of a well-known tune which is modal.

Sharp
Sharp means that something can cut easily. Something that has a very narrow edge may be sharp. A mountain may have a sharp peak. A pointed nose is a sharp nose.
A stone may be sharp and used for cutting. Knives and scissors are sharp.
The opposite of sharp is blunt. If a knife has become blunt it will not cut easily. It needs to be sharpened.
Sharp can also mean "quick thinking" or "clever" e.g. "He had a sharp mind".
If a picture is sharp it is well in focus.
If someone has "Sharp hearing" it means they can hear extremely well.

Lúcuma
Lucuma fruits are found in Peru. Lucuma have been eaten for many centuries. Anthropologists have found ancient burial sites with lucuma seeds.
Lucuma is used in a variety of culinary drinks and desserts. Lucuma is the most popular ice cream flavor in Peru.

Southwest Asia
Southwest Asia or Western Asia is the part of Asia that includes the Middle East.

Jane Eyre
"Jane Eyre" is a book written by Charlotte Brontë. It was published in 1847 in England. It is Charlotte Brontë's most famous book.
Plot.
"Jane Eyre" is a love story. It tells about a young woman called Jane Eyre who was an orphan and goes to teach a girl in a far-away house. The master of the house is Mr. Rochester. Jane and Mr. Rochester fall in love, but there are many difficult problems between their love. In the end the story ends happily and Jane and Mr. Rochester get married.

Gifhorn
Gifhorn is a city in the German state of Lower Saxony.
It has about 43,000 inhabitants.

Fortification
Fortifications are military constructions and buildings designed for defense during war. People have constructed defensive works for many thousands of years, but the designs have become more and more complex. The term fortification comes from the Latin words "fortis" ("strong") and "facere" ("to make").
Many military installations are known as forts, although they are not always fortified. Larger forts may class as fortresses, smaller ones formerly often bore the name of fortalices. The word fortification can also mean the practice of improving an area's defense with defensive works. City walls are fortifications but not necessarily called fortresses.

Neurosurgery
Neurosurgery is the surgical discipline that focuses on treatment of the central and peripheral nervous system diseases that are treatable with mechanical intervention.

Conjoined twins
Conjoined twins are twins whose bodies are joined together at birth. This happens where the zygote of identical twins fails to completely separate. Conjoined twins occur in an estimated one in 200,000 births, and approximately half are stillborn. The overall survival rate for conjoined twins is between 5% and 25%. Conjoined twins are more likely to be female (70-75%).

Military of the United States
The President of the United States is the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces.
All branches except the Coast Guard are part of the Department of Defense, which is controlled by the Secretary of Defense.
About 1.4 million people are currently on active duty in the military with another 1,259,000 people on reserve (with 456,000 people in the Army and Air National Guard). There is currently no drafting. Women cannot serve in some combat positions, but they can serve in most non-combat Military Occupational Specialty. Because of war, some of these non-combat jobs actually see combat regularly.

Xiao
The xiao is a Chinese musical instrument. It is made from bamboo. It is an end-blown flute.

Michael Diamond
Michael Diamond, better known as Mike D (born November 20, 1965), is an American rapper. He is a member of the Beastie Boys, a hip hop band.
Diamond co-founded the band "The Young Aborigines" in 1979. They changed the name of the band to the Beastie Boys in 1981. At that time, the band played hardcore punk music. In 1992, he founded his own record label, Grand Royal. He is married with Tamra Davis.

Defensive wall
A defensive wall is a fortification used to defend a city from potential aggressors. In ancient to modern times, they were used to enclose settlements. Generally, these are referred to as city walls or town walls, although there were also walls, such as the Great Wall of China, Hadrian's Wall, and the metaphorical Atlantic Wall, which extended far beyond the borders of a city and were used to enclose regions or mark territorial boundaries. Beyond their defensive utility value many walls also had important symbolic functions — representing the status and independence of the communities they embraced.

Autolycus of Pitane
Autolycus of Pitane (ca. 360 BC—d. ca. 290 BC) was a Greek astronomer, mathematician, and geographer. He was born in Pitane, a town of Aeolis, in Asia Minor. His works were probably completed in Athens between the years 335 BC and 300 BC. Autolycus' surviving works include a book on spheres (called "On the Moving Sphere") and another on the rising and setting of celestial bodies. "On the Moving Sphere" is believed to be the oldest mathematical treatise from ancient Greece that is completely preserved.
Euclid mentions Autolycus' work. Autolycus also taught Arcesilaus.
Maurolycus translated Autolycus' works in the sixteenth century.
Mathematics.
Autolycus studied the movements of a sphere. It is believed they were the earliest written mathematics related books which have actually survived. Theodosius' "Sphaerics" was based on Autolycus' work on spheres.
Astronomy.
Autolycus studied the relationship between the rising and the setting of the celestial bodies, and wrote that "any star which rises and sets always rises and sets at the same point in the horizon."
He has a lunar crater named after him.

Hadrian's Wall
Hadrian's Wall (Latin: "Vallum Hadriani") is a stone and sod fortification built by the Roman Empire in northern England to prevent military attacks by the Scottish tribes. There were three legions working on it and in 10 years it was nearly finished.

Brigantes
The Brigantes were a British Celtic tribe who lived between the rivers Tyne and Humber. They may be related to the "Brigantii" of the eastern Alps.

Kinship
Kinship is the most basic principle of organizing individuals into social groups, roles, and categories. The basic sort of kinship is to belong to the same family by birth.

Thierry Henry
Thierry Henry (born August 17 1977 in Les Ulis, Essonne, France) is a French football player (footballer). He plays for Barcelona. He is considered one of the world's best players.
Henry started his career at small clubs in France. He had played for the Italian team, Juventus. In 2001, he joined Arsenal of England, where he became one of the best players in the English Premier League. He has been named the Football Writers' Association Footballer of the Year three times and the French Player of the Year four times since 2001.
On the international team, Henry has scored 6 goals in World Cup competitions. Only one French player, Michel Platini, has scored more goals than Henry.
Henry relies mostly on his acceleration and pace to beat his opponents.

Attack
Attack is the threat to violate or destroy something. In military affairs it means the armed action to force one's own will over the opponents will, by means of destruction of the army of the enemy. The most important characteristics of an attack in comparison with all other types of combat and actions is the initiative.
See also.
Charge (warfare)

Suwałki
Suwałki is a city in northern Poland in voivodship of Podlaskie. It has about 69 100 inhabitants and os 65,24 km².
History.
The area of Suwałki has had people living on it since the early Middle Ages. However, with the coming of the Teutonic Order to Sudovia, their lands were captured and didn't have many people living on it. The village was founded by monks, who were given the area around the future city in 1667 by the Grand Duke of Lithuania John II Casimir. Soon after the group of monks built its headquarters in Wigry, where a monastery and a church were built. The new owners of the area started fast use and building of the forests and brought enough settlers to build new villages in the area. Also, production of wood, lumber, tar and iron ore was started.
The town was cut into into 300 lots for future houses and its people were all given civil rights and did not have taxes for seven years. The town was also given 18.03 square kilometres of forest that was to be made into land to grow crops on. On May 2, 1720, by King August II let the city keep its rights, and the town was allowed to have one fair a week and four markets a year. A coat of arms was given also, with Saint Roch and Saint Romuald on it.
In 1794 the area was taken by Prussia. In 1796 the monastery in Wigry was closed and the ground that it was on was taken by the Prussian government. The next year local authorities were moved to the town, as well as a group of soldiers. By the end of 18th century, Suwałki had 1,184 people and 216 houses. Many of them were Jewish.
In 1807 Suwałki was taken by the Duchy of Warsaw. After losing Napoleon Bonaparte and the Congress of Vienna, the area was taken by Poland. The title of a powiat capital was gone for a short time, but it got the title back on January 16, 1816, when Augustów Voivodeship was made and its police were slowly moved to Suwałki. Soon after the old city hall was destroyed and replaced with a new one, and General Józef Zajączek payed for paving all the city's streets. Also, the graveyard was moved from the town centre to the edge of the town, and the area was made into a romantic city park. Also, a new road connecting Warsaw with St. Petersburg was built.
New streets were paved and new buildings were opened. In 1820 a new church was built and the following year the first synagogue opened. In 1829 a permanent post office was opened in Suwałki. Between 1806 and 1827 the number of people living in the town grew and reached 3,753 people living in 357 houses. In the November Uprising of 1831 the people living in the town took part in the fights against Russia, but the city was taken by the Russian army on February 11. In 1835 Tsar Nicholas I decided not to move the capital to Augustów and the fate of Suwałki was sealed. Two years later the town became the capital of Augustów Gubernia.
In 1826 new buildings were started by the state police. In 1835 a police station was finished, in 1844 a new town hall was finished, and Orthodox and Protestant churches. Soon after a new marketplace was opened, and St. Peter's and Paul's hospital and a gymnasium. Between 1840 and 1849 the main Catholic church was re-done Polish architects of the era, including Piotr Aigner, Antoni Corazzi and Henryk Marconi. In 1847 the city council passed a law banning building of new wooden houses.
The number of people living in the city kept growing quickly. In 1857 it had 11,273 people and in 1872 it had almost 20,000 people. New factories needed workers they came from all over the world. Because of that, the Polish-Jewish people was joined by people of many types of people that worshipped in the Russian Empire. Soon the city became the fourth biggest town in the Kingdom of Poland. After the January Uprising of 1863, a new a kind of government was made to join all of the Polish lands with Russia. In 1866 the gubernia of Augustów was named Suwałki Gubernia. However, the new Warsaw-Petersburg railroad passed by Suwałki and the town's growth ended.
After the spring of 1905, the time of Polish cultural re-building started. Although the Polish language was still kept from use, Polish schools and a library were opened. After the Great War broke out, there were fights for the area. In 1915, Suwałki was in German control. The town and nearby areas were broken from the rest of the Poland and were ruled by a German commander. Laws made by the German command led to the making of many secret social groups. In 1917, local branches of the Polska Organizacja Wojskowa were made.
After the end of the Central Powers in November 1918, the commander signed an agreement with the Temporary Council of the Suwałki Region and let the city back into Poland. However, the German army stayed in the city. In February 1919 the local people voted in the first elections to the Polish Sejm, but soon after the German commanders changed their minds and kept the Polish soldiers from the area and in May passed it to Lithuania to control. By the end of July the Paris Peace Conference gave the city to Poland and the Lithuanians left the city, but some of the Polish lands were left on the Lithuanian side of the border while several Lithuanian villages were left on the Polish side of the border. This led to the Sejny Uprising on August 23, 1919. To make the city safe, the next day Polish soldiers entered Suwałki. There was a Polish-Lithuanian War and for several days limited fights were fought for the control over Suwałki, Sejny and other towns in that area. The war ended because of the Entente in mid-September. During the Polish-Bolshevik War the city was captured by the Reds and after the Battle of Warsaw it was again given to the Lithuanians, but it was taken by the Polish Army with few losses soon after.
During the time between the wars, Suwałki ruled itself. This led to another time of growth, with the number of people in the city rising from 16,780 in 1921 to almost 25,000 in 1935. Most of the money in the city was made from trade during this time. Also, in 1931 the new water works and a power plant were built.
In the later times of the Polish Defensive War of 1939 the town was shortly captured by the Red Army. However, on October 12 of the same year the Soviets quit and gave the area to the Germans, because of the Nazi-Soviet Alliance. The town was named Sudauen and was made a part of the German Reich's East Prussia. Laws and terror led to the making of some rebellion groups. Although most of them were destroyed by the Gestapo, by 1942 the area had one of the strongest ZWZ and AK networks. Almost all of the city's once 7,000-strong Jewish people were murdered in German concentration camps. On October 23, 1944, the city was captured by the Soviet 3rd Belarusian Front. The fights for the city lasted for a few days and killed almost 5,000 Soviet soldiers.
After the war, Suwałki was still a capital of the powiat. The heavily-damaged town recovered very slowly and Communism did not help the city's problems. This time came to an end in 1975, when Suwałki became the capital of a separate Suwałki Voivodeship. The number of people rose quickly and by the end of the 1970s there were over 36,000 people in the city.
In 1989 the city had a time of trouble. Most of the city's factories didn't work good enough and ran out of money. However, the making of the Suwałki Special Economic Zone and the place of the Russian and Lithuanian borders opened new chances for local trade. Also, the clean city started to bring many tourists from all around the world to the city.

Charge (warfare)
A charge is an action in battle in which soldiers advance towards their enemy at their best speed to engage in close combat. The charge has been the key tactic and decisive moment of most battles in history.
The basic process operating in a charge is speed of advance against rate (or effectiveness) of fire. If the attackers advance at a more rapid rate than the defenders can kill or disable them then the attackers will reach the defenders. When a charge was not successful that will often leave the would-be attackers extremely vulnerable to a counter-charge.

Combat
Combat, or fighting, is purposeful violent conflict between two or more persons or organizations, often intended to establish dominance over the opponent. The term "combat" typically means armed conflict between military forces in war. The more general term "fighting" can mean any violent conflict, including boxing and wrestling matches. Combat violence can be unilateral, fighting means that there is at least a defensive reaction. But the terms are often used synonymously.

Hawthorn
Crataegus (Hawthorn) is a large genus of shrubs in the family Rosaceae. They are found in warm areas of Europe, Asia and North America. The name hawthorn used to be used for the species found only in northern Europe but is now used for the entire genus. It also includes the related Asian genus Rhaphiolepis.
Hawthorn are shrubs and small trees. They grow to 5-15 m tall and have small fruit.

Honeysuckle
Honeysuckles are types of shrubs or vines in the family Caprifoliaceae. They are found in North America, Asia and Europe. There are about 180 different types of honeysuckle. Over 100 types of honeysuckle are found in China. Europe and North America have only about 20 types each.
Many types of honeysuckles have bell-shaped flowers. These flowers make a sweet nectar that can be eaten. The fruit is a red, blue or black berry that has several seeds. The berries of most honeysuckles are mildly poisonous, but a few have berries that are good to eat.

Interpersonal relationship
Interpersonal relationships are social associations, connections, or affiliations between two or more people. There are different levels of intimacy and sharing concerning centered around something(s) shared in common. The study of relationships is of concern to sociology, psychology and anthropology.
Factors.
The discovery or establishment of common ground between individuals is a fundamental component for long lasting interpersonal relationships. Loss of common ground, which may happen over time, may tend to end interpersonal relationships.
For each relationship type, essential skills are needed, and without these skills more advanced relationships are not possible. (For example "partnership" needs the skills of "friendship" and "teamwork" skills).

Intimate relationship
An intimate relationship is an interpersonal relationship with a great deal of intimacy. It is usually characterized by love and attachment. Sexuality may or may not be involved.
The intimate partners.
Terms for partners in various degrees of love include

Intimacy
Intimacy is linked with feelings of closeness among partners in a relationship. It varies from relationship to relationship, and within a given relationship, feelings of closeness may be connected or confused with sexual feelings. In other relationships, intimacy has more to do with shared moments than sexual interactions.
This is not a precise definition but it seems that intimacy and healthy relationships go hand in hand. Indeed, intimacy is basic in any meaningful relationship: the basis of friendship and one of the foundations of love.
The main forms of intimacy are emotional intimacy and physical intimacy. Intellectual intimacy, familiarity with a person's culture and interests, is common among friends. Members of religious or philosophic groups may also perceive a "spiritual intimacy" in their commonality. Some describe intimacy with the homonymous "into me see".

Seaborgium
Seaborgium is a chemical element. It has been named eka-tungsten but is now named darmstadtium. It has the symbol Sg. It has the atomic number 106. It is a transuranium element. Seaborgium is a radioactive element that does not exist in nature. It has to be made. The most stable isotope is 271Sg. Seaborgium-271 has a half-life of 2.4 minutes. The chemistry of seaborgium is like the chemistry of tungsten.
What seaborgium looks like is not known because not enough has been made to see it with human eyesight.

Fireworks display
A fireworks event (also called a fireworks display or fireworks show) is a spectacular display of the effects created by firework devices on various occasions. Fireworks events are often used during holidays. Fireworks competitions are also regularly held at a number of places.
History.
Fireworks originated in China (206 BC–AD 220) and produced the loud sound (known as Chinese: "Bian pao") that was intended to frighten evil spirits. In the Northern and Southern Dynasties (AD 420–581) the firecrackers were used not only to keep evil away but also to pray for happiness and prosperity.

Voyager 1
The "Voyager 1" spacecraft is an 815-kilogram unmanned probe of the outer solar system and beyond, launched September 5, 1977, and is currently operational, making it NASA's longest-lasting mission. It visited Jupiter and Saturn and was the first probe to provide detailed images of the moons of these planets.
"Voyager 1" is the farthest human-made object from Earth, traveling away from both the Earth and the Sun at a relatively faster speed than any other probe. The "New Horizons" mission to Pluto was launched from Earth at a faster speed than "Voyager 1," however since that probe will not get all the gravity assists which sped "Voyager" along its path, it will never pass "Voyager 1".
As of August 12, 2006, "Voyager 1" is over 14.96 terameters (14.96 km, 100 AU or 9.3 billion miles) from the Sun, and has thus entered the heliosheath, the termination shock region between the solar system and interstellar space, a vast area where the Sun's influence gives way to interstellar space. If Voyager 1 is still functioning when it finally passes the heliopause, scientists will get their first direct measurements of the conditions in the interstellar medium. At this distance, signals from "Voyager 1" take more than thirteen hours to reach its control center at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a joint project of NASA and Caltech near Pasadena, California. "Voyager 1" is on a hyperbolic trajectory and has achieved escape velocity, meaning that its orbit will not return to the inner solar system. Along with "Pioneer 10", "Pioneer 11", and its sister ship "Voyager 2", "Voyager 1" is an interstellar probe.
"Voyager 1" had as its primary targets the planets Jupiter and Saturn and their associated moons and rings; its current mission is the detection of the heliopause and particle measurements of solar wind and the interstellar medium. Both "Voyager" probes are powered by three radioisotope thermoelectric generators, which have far outlasted their originally intended lifespan, and are now expected to continue to generate enough power to keep communicating with Earth until at least around the year 2020.
Mission profile.
"Voyager 1" was originally planned as "Mariner 11" of the Mariner program. From the outset, it was designed to take advantage of the then-new technique of gravity assist. By fortunate chance, the development of interplanetary probes coincided with an alignment of the planets called the Grand Tour. The Grand Tour was a linked series of gravity assists that, with only the minimal fuel needed for course corrections, would enable a single probe to visit all four of the solar system's gas giant planets: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. The identical "Voyager 1" and "Voyager 2" probes were designed with the Grand Tour in mind, and their launches were timed to enable the Grand Tour if desired.
Because of this alignment, Voyager could visit each of these planets in just twelve years, instead of the 30 that would usually be required.
"Voyager 1" was launched on September 5, 1977 by NASA from Cape Canaveral aboard a Titan IIIE Centaur rocket, shortly after its sister craft, "Voyager 2" on August 20, 1977. Despite being launched after "Voyager 2", "Voyager 1" was sent on a faster trajectory so it reached Jupiter and Saturn before its sister craft.
Initially, an underburn in the second stage of the Titan IIIE rocket left an estimated one second's worth of fuel remaining in that stage. Although ground crews were worried that "Voyager 1" would not make it to Jupiter, the Centaur upper stage proved to have enough fuel to compensate.
For details on the "Voyager" instrument packages, see the separate article on the Voyager program.
Jupiter.
"Voyager 1" began photographing Jupiter in January 1979. Its closest approach to Jupiter was on March 5, 1979, at a distance of 349,000 kilometers (217,000 miles) from its center. Due to the greater resolution allowed by close approach, most observations of the moons, rings, magnetic fields, and radiation environment of the Jupiter system were made in the 48-hour period bracketing closest approach. It finished photographing the planet in April.
The two "Voyager" spacecraft made a number of important discoveries about Jupiter and its satellites. The most surprising was the existence of volcanic activity on Io, which had not been observed from the ground or by "Pioneer 10" or "11".
Saturn.
The gravity assist at Jupiter was successful, and the spacecraft went on to visit Saturn. "Voyager 1s Saturn flyby occurred in November 1980, with the closest approach on November 12 when it came within 124,000 kilometers (77,000 miles) of the planet's cloud-tops. The craft detected complex structures in Saturn's rings, and studied the atmospheres of Saturn and Titan. Because of the earlier discovery of a thick atmosphere on Titan, the "Voyager" controllers at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory elected for "Voyager 1" to make a close approach of Titan and terminate its Grand Tour. (For the continuation of the Grand Tour, see the Uranus and Neptune sections of the "Voyager 2" article.) The Titan-approach trajectory caused an additional gravity assist that took "Voyager 1" out of the plane of the ecliptic, thus ending its planetary science mission.
Interstellar mission.
It is estimated both "Voyager" craft would have sufficient electrical power to operate at least some instruments until 2020.
Heliopause.
As the Voyager 1 space probe heads for interstellar space, its instruments continue to study the solar system; Jet Propulsion Laboratory scientists are using the plasma wave experiments aboard "Voyager 1" and "2" to look for the heliopause.
Scientists at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Lab believe that "Voyager" entered the termination shock in February 2003. Some other scientists have expressed doubt, discussed in the journal "Nature" of November 6 2003. In a scientific session at the American Geophysical Union meeting in New Orleans on the morning of March 25 2005, Dr. Ed Stone presented evidence that "Voyager 1" crossed the termination shock in December 2004. The issue will not be resolved for some months as other data become available, since "Voyagers solar-wind detector ceased functioning in 1990. However, in May 2005 a NASA press release said that consensus was that "Voyager 1" was now in the heliosheath. Scientists believe the craft will reach the heliopause in 2015.
Current status.
As of August 12, 2006 at 21:13 UTC (or 07:21:32 UTC without light-time correction), "Voyager 1" was at a distance of 100 AU (approximately 14.96 terameters, 9.3 billion miles or 0.002 light years from the Sun), which makes it the most distant human-made object from Earth. At this distance, it is more distant from the Sun than any known natural solar-system object, including 90377 Sedna. Though Sedna has an orbit that takes it 975 AU away from the Sun at apihelion, as of 2006 it is less than 90 AU away from the Sun and approaching its perihelion at 76 AU.
At its current distance, light (which travels at 300,000 kilometers per second) takes over 13.8 hours to reach the spacecraft from Earth. As a basis for comparison, the Moon is about 1.4 light seconds from Earth, the Sun is about 8.5 light minutes away, and Pluto is at an average distance of approximately 5.5 light hours. As of November 2005, the spacecraft was travelling at a speed of 17.2 kilometers per second relative to the sun (3.6 AU per year or 38,400 miles per hour), 10% faster than Voyager 2. Accurate information concerning its location can be found in with heliocentric coordinates extrapolated up to 2015 of both probes. It is not heading towards any particular star, but in 40,000 years it will be within 1.7 light years of the star AC+793888 in the Camelopardis constellation.
"Voyager 1", as of September 2006, is at 12.22° declination and 17.051hrs Right Ascension, placing it in the constellation Ophiuchus.
NASA continues daily tracking of Voyager 1 with the Deep Space Network stations.
On 31 March 2006, the amateur radio operators from AMSAT Germany tracked and received data from Voyager 1 using the 20 m dish at Bochum with a long integration technique. Its data were checked and verified against data from the Deep Space Network station at Madrid, Spain.;. This is believed to be the first such tracking of Voyager.

Rose hip
Rose hips (also called rose haws) are the fruit of the rose plant. They can be eaten and have a lot of Vitamin C. It is usually red/orange but may be dark purple to black in some species. Rose hips are commonly used as an herbal tea.

Martin Scorsese
Martin Luciano Scorsese (born November 17, 1942) is an American film director. Many of Scorsese's movies have Italian American, Roman Catholic and violent themes or ideas. Scorsese is probably best known for his movies about the mafia. He won the Academy Award for Best Director for his movie "The Departed" at the 79th Academy Awards in 2007; the movie also won Academy Awards for Best Picture, Best Film Editing and Best Adapted Screenplay. This was Scorsese's first Academy Award for Best Director.
Movies directed by Martin Scorsese.
Movies that Martin Scorsese will be directing in the future

Chabad-Lubavitch
Chabad-Lubavitch is the name of a sect of Hasidic Jews. It is one of the largest groups of Hasidic Jews in the world. Many of the Lubavitch Hasidim live in the United States or Israel. The Lubavitch world headquarters is in Crown Heights, a neighborhood in Brooklyn, New York.
The Chabad movement was started by Rabbi Schneur Zalman of Liadi in Eastern Europe during the late 1700s. He named his movement Chabad because in Hebrew it is an acronym for Wisdom, Understanding, and Knowledge. Lubavitch was the name of the town in Russia where the movement was at from the time of the second Lubavitcher Rebbe (leader), Rabbi Dov Ber Schneuri, through the sixth, Rabbi Joseph Isaac Schneersohn.

Liese Prokop
Liese Prokop (March 27, 1941 - December 31, 2006) was an Austrian athlete and politician. Prokop was born in Vienna, Austria. Before being married to Gunnar Prokop, her name was Liese Sykora. The two had two sons and a daughter. Prokop won the silver medal in the Pentathlon in the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City. Prokop was the first female Austrian Minister for Interior affairs. She was in charge of the security of Austria, including its police force. She was a member of the ÖVP, Austrian people's party.
She died unexpectedly December 31, 2006 of a torn aorta while being taken to a hospital in St. Pölten.

Austrian People's Party
The Austrian People's Party (German: "Österreichische Volkspartei" or "ÖVP") is one of the biggest parties in Austria. Its name roughly translates to Austrian People's party. It has about 630.000 members. Its views are often center-right. This means it often has conservative views on the matters at hand. Many of its voters are Catholics. It is against moderate socialism, which is embodied by the other big party, the SPÖ.
A well-known politician, Dr. Wolfgang Schüssel is a member of this party. Former Minister of the Interior, Liese Prokop was also a member.

Social Democratic Party of Austria
The Social Democratic Party of Austria (German: "Sozialdemokratische Partei Österreichs" (often shortened to "SPÖ")) is one of the oldest political parties in Austria. Its politics are center-left. This means it has a strong stance in labour unions. The party rejects neoliberalism. They like moderate socialism and social democracy. A well known politician of this party was Bruno Kreisky.
Since the end of the Second World War, the party has been the strongest, or second-strongest party in Austria, by vote. The other party that they share this status with are the ÖVP.

Mińsk Mazowiecki
Mińsk Mazowiecki (Minsk, miɲsk mazɔ'vi̯eʦki) is a town in Poland. It is the capital of Mińsk County.
Location.
It has been located in the Mazovia Voivodship since 1999.
History.
The town of Mińsk was founded in 1421. It has always been a town based on commerce. Before the Holocaust, it was a Polish - Jewish town. The main religion in Mińsk is Roman Catholicism. Mińsk have 37000 inhabitants.

Rosales
Rosales is an order of flowering plants. It includes nine families. The plants are grouped together because their genetics are similar. Some well-known members of Rosales include: roses; strawberries, blackberries and raspberries; apples and pears; plums, peaches and apricots; almonds; rowan and hawthorn; elms; figs; nettles; and hops and cannabis. The true roses are rosaceae.

Firework
A firework is an explosive pyrotechnic device that is used mostly for entertainment. The most common use of a firework is as part of a fireworks display.
Fireworks (devices) are made to have these four effects: They make noise, light, smoke, and sometimes produce floating materials (confetti for example). They may be designed to burn with colored flames and sparks. Displays are common throughout the world and are a main point of many different cultural and religious celebrations. Independence Day and New Year's Eve are examples.

Pyrotechnics
Pyrotechnics is often thought to be synonymous with the manufacture of fireworks, but it includes also items for military and industrial uses.
Items such as safety matches, oxygen candles, explosive bolts and fasteners and the automobile safety airbag all fall under pyrotechnics. Without pyrotechnics, modern aviation and spaceflight would be impracticable.
This is because pyrotechnic devices combine high reliabilty with very compact and efficient energy storage.

Tamagotchi
The Tamagotchi is a handheld electronic toy pet. It was created in 1996 by Aki Maita and sold by Bandai. The Tamagotchi is a small and simple egg-shaped computer. Three buttons (A, B, and C) allow the user do things with the pet such as giving it food or playing with it. There are over 36 versions of tamagotchi, including those in 1996.

Recreativo de Huelva
Real Club Recreativo de Huelva is a Spanish football team. The club was starting in 1889. It is the oldest football team in Spain.
Recreativo De Huelva.
clubname = Recreativo de Huelva |
fullname = Real Club Recreativo de Huelva |
nickname = "Recre" "El Decano" (The Senior) |
ground = Nuevo Colombino, Huelva, Andalusia, Spain |
chairman = Francisco Mendoza |
manager = Manolo Zambrano |
league = La Liga |
position = Segunda División, 1st |
The Club.
Real Club Recreativo de Huelva is a Spanish football team formed on December 23 1889. This makes it the oldest football team in Spain, formed by Dr McKay and overseas British workers at the Rio Tinto mines. Originally named "Huelva Recreation Club". Due to its long-standing existence (it is the oldest surviving team of Spanish professional soccer), the team is often referred to as "El Decano" ("the dean") of the Spanish football fraternity.
Commonly known as "Recre", they play in white with blue vertical stripes and white shorts. Their home ground is the Nuevo Colombino stadium that seats 19,860.
After three seasons in "Segunda División" (Spanish second division), "Recre" achieved promotion to top flight after beating Numancia on June 4, 2006, mathematically securing promotion with two matches left to be played. "El Decano" is again among the elite of Spanish football for the 2006-2007 season.
Foreigners 2006/07.
Only three non-EU nationals can be on the pitch at anytime. Those with European ancestry can claim a passport from the nation their ancestors came from. If a player does not have European ancestry he can claim a Spanish passport by playing in Spain for 3 years.

Yu-Gi-Oh! (first series anime)
"Yu-Gi-Oh!" is the title of the first anime series based on the "Yu-Gi-Oh!" manga. It is not connected in any way to the "Yu-Gi-Oh! Duel Monsters" series (known internationally as simply Yu-Gi-Oh!). They are 2 different anime series that are based on the same manga series. Fans of Yu-Gi-Oh! use the fan name "Yu-Gi-Oh! A Shadow Game" when talking about this show. They may use "Yu-Gi-Oh! first season" or "zero season" to refer to this show but this is not correct.
The series aired on television from April 4, 1998 to October 10, 1998. It has 27 episodes. It was produced by Toei Animation. The level of violence was reduced between the manga and the anime. Some characters and how the characters acted was changed from the manga. New characters and plots were added and Duel Monsters had a bigger part than in the manga. Unlike the second series, the card game (Duel Monsters) is not the main part of the show.

Factors of production
Factors of production are means necessary for the production of goods and services in economics.

Service
In economics and marketing, a service is a good that is non-material. Service provision means to help a customer himself ("e.g. haircut") or mending an (physical) object of his possessions ("e.g. repair of motor car") or change his assets ("e.g. manage his stocks").
Key attributes.
Services can be described in terms of their main attributes.

Musical theater
Musical theater (or Musical Theatre) is a kind of performance in a theater. It uses acting, music, songs, and often dance. A work of musical theater is called a musical. Unlike operas, most musicals have some dialogue that is spoken, not sung.
Some well-known musicals are West Side Story, The Sound of Music, and The Phantom of the Opera.

Asset
In business and accounting, an asset is an economic resource that can be controlled by somebody (a person or an organization). They are created because of past transactions or events and they may help in obtaining future economic benefits.
Examples of assets include money, property (land and buildings), and amounts to be received from someone.

Social Democratic Party of Germany
The Social Democratic Party of Germany (German Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands or SPD'") is the oldest political party of Germany that still exists. There were other political parties that were older, but they no longer exist.
History.
It was founded as the General German Workers Association ("Allgemeiner Deutscher Arbeiterverein") (ADAV) on May 23rd in 1863 in Leipzig. Founder was Ferdinand Lassalle.
In 1875 the ADAV joined with the Social Democratic Workers' Party ("Sozialdemokratische Arbeiterpartei") (SDAP), which was founded in 1869 in Eisenach by August Bebel and Wilhelm Liebknecht.
The new name was the Socialist Workers' Party of Germany ("Sozialistische Arbeiterpartei Deutschlands") (SAP).
In the autumn of 1890 it took its present name.
In the years between 1875 and 1890 it was made illegal by Otto von Bismarck.
The Social democrats wanted to support the rights of workers.
In 1914 the SPD was split into two. Most members of the party supported the Kaiser and his plans for war. The other members formed the Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany ("Unabhängige Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschland") (USPD). They were against the war.
After the monarchy fell, the SPD lead some governments of the Weimar Republic.
Later the SPD was the only party in the Reichstag who voted against the Enabling Act,("Ermächtigungsgesetz") which allowed Hitler to become dictator.
Afterwards, the Nazis banned the SPD. They arrested the leading social democrats. Many were sent to Nazi concentration camps. Others moved away to towns where they were not known. Friedrich Kellner, an organizer for the SPD in Mainz from 1920 to 1932, moved to Laubach. He wrote entries in a secret diary about the crimes of the Nazis.
After World War II, the SPD was reformed.
In the GDR (East Germany) the Soviet Union forced the SPD to join with the communist party to make the Socialist Unity Party of Germany ("Sozialistische Einheitspartei"). In Western Germany the SPD worked as a not-communist left-winged party.
First chief of the SPD after WWII was Kurt Schumacher.
The SPD lead some state governments in West Germany, but was always the leading opposition party in the Bundestag (federal parliament).
Under its parliamentary party leader Herbert Wehner the SPD joined the federal government lead by chancellor Kurt Georg Kiesinger (CDU) with the CDU and the CSU in 1966. Party chief Willy Brandt became foreign secretary and vice chancellor.
In 1969 Willy Brandt became federal chancellor. The SPD lead a coalition government with the FDP as its partner. In 1974 Helmut Schmidt became chancellor.
In 1982 the SPD lost the power of government.
Between 1998 and 2005 the SPD lead the government under chancellor Gerhard Schröder. Its partner this time was the Green Party.
In November 2005 the SPD became the junior partner in a coalition with the CDU and CSU under Angela Merkel.
Programme.
The SPD is traditionally the party of the workers in Germany.
In 1959 the SPD adopted the "Godesberger Programm", named after the town of Bad Godesburg in North Rhine-Westphalia. The SDP formally abandoned Marxism, and accepted the market economy (which means people and companies can make money and keep it themselves), but wanted to have a social balance (which means people would get help from the government if they had no job, were sick or too old to work, instead of relying on savings or charity). Companies might get subsidies to help keep people in work).
Many people thought that the government of Chancellor Schröder (1998 - 2005) changed the idea of social balance, making people rely more on savings or charity. The SPD lost a lot of members. Now there is a discussion in the SPD about new social balance policies.

Pension
A pension is a steady income given to someone. If pensions are part of a system of social security, the recipient of the pension is usually retired or disabled. They either have worked a long time during their life, or they are physically unable to do so. A pension is usually paid until a certain date (or event) occurs. In the case of social security plans, pensions are usually linked to the life of the person who receives the pension.

Role
For role in the sense of the performing arts see: Role (performing arts)
A role (sometimes spelled rôle) or a social role can be described as an expected behaviour of an individual.
More precisely one could say it is a set of connected behaviours, rights and obligations that a person has to follow in a social situation. It depends on social status and social position.
"Role confusion" is a situation where an individual has trouble to decide which role he/she should play. For example, one could be a college student who would attend a meeting of a particular recreational interest and find his or her teacher there. He would be in conflict between behaving as a student and as an enthusiast who shares the same interest as the teacher.

Aeneas
Aeneas was a Trojan prince and hero. His father was Anchises, his mother was the Greek goddess Aphrodite (Venus in the case of Roman sources). Both Homer and Vergil mention him in their stories. Vergil wrote a whole series of books about him. These books are called Aeneis in their original Latin. The usual English translation of the title is "Aeneid". The books are about how the city of Rome came to be. They start with Aeneas carrying his father out of the burning Troy, and end with Romulus and Remus founding Rome (after Aeneas landed on the coast, after sailing the Mediterranean Sea for a long time).
William Shakespeare also wrote a story mentioning Aeneas. Christopher Marlowe wrote a play about Aeneas and Dido, the queen who fell in love with him. There is also an opera about Dido and Aeneas, written by Henry Purcell.

Palace
A palace is a place where a grand and imposing building that is the official residence of a king or queen, a head of state such as a president, or a high-ranking aristocrat or church dignitary.
Besides, it can mean a large building for entertainment: a large public or private building with an imposing ornate style, used for entertainment or exhibitions and large events.

Hasidic Judaism
Hasidic Judaism is a Jewish religious movement that was started by Rabbi Israel ben Eliezer, the Baal Shem Tov. It began in Eastern Europe and there are now Hasidic communities all over the world. The followers of Hasidism are called Hasidim.
Hasidism teaches about the importance of serving God with happiness. While Hasidim study the same books of Torah as the rest of Judaism, they focus on learning the hidden aspects of the text as well. Hasidic study also includes many of the teachings of Kabbalah.
Rebbe.
Each Hasidic group has a leader who is called the Rebbe. The Rebbe is a man who is a Rabbi and is chosen by the hasidim to be their leader. Some of the jobs that he does are giving lectures on Torah and Chassidut and taking part in the different events of his Hasidim, like weddings and bris milahs.
Hasidic Groups.
There are hundreds of different Hasidic groups. They all share similar characteristics but they also have individual customs. Some of the larger dynasties are Satmar, Chabad-Lubavitch, Bobov, Viznitz, and Belz.

Lissa Explains it All
Lissa Explains it All is a website. It teaches beginners and kids HTML as well as other things like JavaScript to help them make a website. It was made by Alyssa Daniels (Lissa) in 1998.
How Lissa Explains Began.
Lissa didn't plan on teaching HTML at first. She was an 11 year old girl who wanted to make a website but had problems remembering the HTML codes. She saved the codes on a webpage. Many people who saw her website asked her how she made it. Lissa gave them the address (URL) to the webpage she put the codes on. As more and more people went on the page, Lissa added more codes and information, and made the URL it became public.
Changes.
A year later, so many people went on Lissa Explains that Lissa decided she needed a domain name for her website. She bought the domain name, lissaexplains.com. The website name was changed to Lissa Explains it All. Soon, even more people went on Lissa Explains, and her web hosters told Lissa that she would have to buy a plan that costed $100 a month. Lissa was upset because her parents would not pay so much money for her website.
Lissa Explains was a popular website that had a lot visitors, so Lissa filled out many forms at agencies. The agency would pay her money to put their Advertisements on her website, Lissa Explains. The money she made paid for her web hosting and other services on her website. The company that hosts Lissa Explains now is.
Now, with even more visitors, Lissa had to change the layout and design of her website again. She got rid of a lot of the pictures on her website to save money and bandwidth space. It changed from to, the way it looks right now.
Problems.
Lissa's website was the first website that taught children HTML. Many people know about it, and it is being copied. For example, has a URL that is almost the same as, and it also has something to do with web design and HTML.
Services.
Other than teaching HTML, Lissa Explains also has other services. Lissa teaches HTML, JavaScript, CSS, how to use frames and tables, and how to make a trailing cursor.
LissaMail.
In April 2008 the website for LissaMail expired, leading to the conclusion that this service is no longer being provided.
Postcards.
Lissa has postcards that users can send to their friends.
Color Tools.
Lissa's lets users choose a color in the shade they want and get the hexadecimal color code for it. She also has a for people who have Internet Explorer.
HTML Editor.
converts and changes formatted text into HTML codes.
Meta Tag Generator.
At, users can get the HTML code to make META tags.

Aeneis
The Aeneis (original Latin title, often translated to Aeneid in English) is an epic written by Vergil between 29 and 19 BC. It tells the story of Aeneas. It starts with Aeneas carrying his father Anchises out of the burning Troja. It ends with Aeneas landing on the shores of Italy, fighting against the native population there.
The story is written in hexameters.

Quincy, Illinois
Quincy, Illinois is a city in the state of Illinois in the United States. In 2000 the number of people in the city was 40,366. The town was an important stop of the underground railroad during the 1800s. The town also has many German-style buildings.

Bunk bed
A bunk bed is a stack of two or more beds. Metal poles or wooden beams connect the bottom bed (called the bottom bunk) to the top bed (called the top bunk). A ladder is used to get up to the top bunk. The ladder is usually attached to the bed.
Use in homes.
Bunk beds are often used in children's rooms. Since bunk beds allow a family to put two beds in the space of a single bed, bunk beds save space. Bunk beds help families with small apartments or houses to have enough beds for their children.
Use in institutions and public facilities.
Bunk beds are often used in institutions such as prisons. As well, they are often used in public facilities such as homeless shelters and bomb shelters. Bunk beds are also used in firehalls, to give firefighters a place to sleep. Many military organizations use bunk beds. Navy ships and submarines use bunk beds for the sailors to sleep in. Army barracks sometimes have bunk beds for soldiers.
Use in camps and hostels.
Summer camps and winter cabins for children (such as boy scouts or girl scouts) often have bunk beds. Hostels, a type of inexpensive hotel for travelers, often have bunk beds. Some ski lodges have bunk beds in their rooms.

Cupboard
A cupboard, also known as a cabinet, is a piece of furniture used for storage. They are generally in the kitchen or bathroom of a house. They usually have a door and one or more shelves.

Great Chilean Earthquake
The Great Chilean Earthquake or Valdivian Earthquake is the most powerful earthquake ever recorded. It happened in the early afternoon (19:11 UTC) of May 22, 1960. It had a 9.5 rating on the Moment magnitude scale. The earthquake affected southern Chile, Hawaii, Japan, the Philippines, and the Aleutian Islands in Alaska.
Its epicenter was Valdivia, Chile. The earthquake caused tsunamis that damaged the coast of Chili very badly. There were waves up to 25 meters. The main tsunami raced across the Pacific Ocean and caused great damage to Hilo, Hawaii. Waves as high as 10.7 meters (about 35 feet) were recorded 10,000 kilometers from where the earthquake started. These waves traveled as far away as Japan and the Philippines.
The total number of deaths from the earthquake and tsunami was believed to be 6,000. The damage was estimated at over half a billion dollars.

Photographer
A photographer is a person who takes pictures, or "photographs" with a camera. A person is an "amateur photographer" if they take the pictures for their own use, or a "professional photographer" if it is their job to take pictures. Most people hire a photographer for their wedding or other special events.

Spiro Agnew
Spiro Theodore Agnew (November 9, 1918–September 17, 1996) was the 39th Vice President of the United States. He served under President Richard M. Nixon. He was also the 55th governor of the state of Maryland and the first Greek American governor in United States history.
He is most famous for his resignation in the summer of 1973 after he was under investigation for the crime of extortion, tax fraud, bribery, and conspiracy. In October he was charged with having taken bribes a little more than $100,000 while in office.
Agnew is the only U.S. Vice President in history to leave office because of criminal charges. Ten years later, in January 1983, he paid the state of Maryland almost $270,000 as a result of a civil suit that came from the bribery allegations.
Early life.
Spiro Agnew was born in the state of Maryland to Theodore Spiros Agnew, a Greek immigrant who shortened his name from Anagnostopoulos when he moved to the USA, and Margaret Akers, a native of Virginia.
Electoral history.
Baltimore County Executive, 1962
Governor of Maryland, 1966
1968 Republican National Convention (Vice Presidential tally)
United States presidential election, 1968
1972 Republican National Convention (Vice Presidential tally)
United States presidential election, 1972

Share (finance)
In finance, a share is a unit of account for various financial instruments including stocks, mutual funds, limited partnerships, and REIT's. In British English, the usage of the word "share" alone to refer solely to stocks is so common that it almost replaces the word stock itself.

Stock
In financial markets, stock is the capital that a firm gets by giving out and distributing of shares.
A person or organization which holds "shares" of stocks is called a shareholder. The whole value of the stocks that a firm has issued is called its market capitalization.
In the United Kingdom and Australia, the term "share" is used the same way as "stock" is described in the United States.

Stock (disambiguation)
A stock is a share of ownership in a company. See stock.

Bilberry
The bilberry is a type of shrub that grows close to the ground. It is a member of the genus Vaccinium.
The bilberry is known by many names. It also called blaeberry, whortleberry, whinberry, myrtle blueberry, fraughan, and probably other names in different regions of the world. In Thomas Hardy's 1878 book, "The Return of the Native," they were called black-hearts in 19th century southern England. They are related
to the North American blueberries and huckleberries.

Capital (economics)
Capital has a number of related meanings in economics, finance and accounting.
In finance and accounting, capital generally refers to financial wealth, especially that used to start or maintain a business.
The third part of the definition was not always used by classical economists. The classical economist David Ricardo would use the above definition for the term fixed capital while including raw materials and intermediate products are part of his circulating capital. For him, both were kinds of capital.

Rubus
"Rubus" is a genus of plant in the family Rosaceae. These plants have sharp thorns like roses. They include the raspberry and blackberry.

Felix Klein
Felix Christian Klein (April 25, 1849, Düsseldorf, Germany – June 22, 1925, Göttingen) was a German mathematician. He became known for his work in group theory, function theory, non-Euclidean geometry, and on the connections between geometry and group theory. His 1872 Erlangen Program, which classified geometries by their underlying symmetry groups, was a hugely influential synthesis of much of the mathematics of the day.
The Klein bottle is named after him.

Land (economics)
In economics, land means all natural resources that cannot be produced in a larger quantity if prices go up, such as geographical locations and mineral deposits.
In classical economics it is considered one of three factors of production, the other two being capital and labor; income that one gets because of ownership or control of natural resources is often referred to as rent.

Alyssa Daniels (LEIA)
Alyssa "Lissa" Daniels is an American web designer. She was born in 1986. At age 11, she created the website, Lissa Explains it All. The website teaches kids HTML and web design. It is a very popular website, and Alyssa is famous for making it.

Part (music)
In music, a part is a line of music which is played by one player or group of players (or sung by one or more singers). This is the usual meaning of the word “part” when talking about musical compositions.
When a group of instruments are all playing the same notes together - like the first violins in an orchestra, they are all playing the same part. The second violins are playing another part, the violas are playing yet another part, etc.
In a string quartet each of the four instruments plays a different part.
A group of singers who are all singing the tune together are singing in "unison". If they divide into soprano, alto, tenor and bass, they are singing in four parts. The sopranos may be singing the tune and the altos, tenors and basses are providing the harmony underneath. This is called “4 part harmony”. If each of the four parts has its own share of the melody (or its own melody) it is polyphonic music. Polyphonic music is always in several parts.
Sometimes music for the piano or organ may be written in a strict number of parts, e.g. a 5 part fugue for the piano could also be performed on five different instruments because there are always exactly five different lines of music (although sometimes a part will have a rest, but this is always shown by rests in the music). Although written on two staves for the pianist (or three staves for an organist) it could be written on five staves: one stave for each part.
Another word for a musical "part" is "voice". In most other European languages the word for "part" in this musical sense is the same as the normal word for "voice" e.g. in German: "Stimme" or French "voix".
In general, the more parts there are in a musical composition the harder it is to compose because they all have to fit together to sound nice. The 16th century composer Thomas Tallis wrote a motet called "Spem in alium" which is in 40 parts. A choir of at least 40 people is needed to sing it, and even then each person will be singing something different to all the others.
Orchestral parts.
A slightly different (but related) meaning of “part” can be the actual printed music that a player in an orchestra or band puts on the music stand to play from. The oboe part, for example, will just have the notes that the oboe plays. In contrast, the conductor has a musical score in which all the instrumental parts are written underneath one another.
”Part” meaning “section”.
The word "part" can also be used in its normal meaning of "section" (i.e. a bit of something). We can say: “the first part of the movement is played just by the woodwind instruments”.
Sometimes a large work like an oratorio will be split into two or three “Parts” (in opera these would be called “Acts”).

Videocassette recorder
Videocassette recorder (VCR) is an electronic device that plays VHS or Beta tapes that contain recordings of movies and other programs (such as music videos, exercise videos, and so on). To watch a recording using a VCR, the VCR has to be connected to a television set.
For watching movies.
In the mid-1980s, VCRs became a very popular way for people to watch movies and other recorded programs on their home television. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, video rental stores offered a large selection of movies recorded on VHS tapes that customers could rent. In the 1980s, some video rental stores also offered a smaller number of movies recorded on Beta tapes that customers could rent.
For recording television shows.
VCRs are also used to record programs from television broadcasts. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, many people used VCRs to record their favorite television shows.
DVDs replaced VCRs.
In the late 1990s and throughout the 2000s, the DVD player replaced the VCR as the most common way to watch movies on a home television. The VCR sales dropped later, causing the VCR to be used less by people.

DVD player
A DVD player is a device that plays DVDs, or "digital video disks". The DVD player is one of the most common entertainment items for people to own. It is the most common way for people to watch movies at home.

Labour (economics)
In classical economics and all microeconomics labour (or labor) is a measure of the work done by human beings and is one of three factors of production, the others being land and capital. There are macroeconomic system theories which have created a concept called human capital (referring to the skills that workers possess, not necessarily their actual work), although there are also theories that think human capital is a contradiction in terms.
Compensation and measurement.
Wage is a basic compensation for labour.

Unison
Unison is a word meaning “one sound”. In music it is used to mean that all instruments or voices are sounding at the same pitch.
In church music the words “unison” and “harmony” are used a lot. “Unison” means that everyone sings the tune. In fact, the men will be singing an octave lower than the women and children, but it is still loosely called “unison”. When the choir split into “harmony” they sing four different parts. They are no longer singing in unison.

Zach Braff
Zachary Braff (born April 6, 1975, South Orange, New Jersey) is an American television and movie actor, director, screenwriter and producer. He became famous in the early 2000s playing the part of "Dr. John Dorian" on the NBC series Scrubs. Since then, he has written, starred in and directed the Garden State. He also has directed multiple music videos.

Scrubs (TV series)
"Scrubs" is an American situational comedy or "sitcom". It is about doctors and nurses in a hospital. It is well known for its creative flashbacks and fantasies. It is currently in its seventh season on NBC.

Flashback
A flashback is a technique used by writers. It is often used in movies, television and literature. It involves a character remembering something that happened to him in the past. Scrubs is a television show that uses "flashbacks" often.
The term is also used colloquially, to describe lingering effects of a drug (such as LSD), or memories of a bad experience triggered by things in the present.

Widescreen
Widescreen is a video format often used in movies. It is also becoming very popular for television and other things like Computer monitors.
Widescreen is often used as it let more of an image to be seen on the screen.
Widescreen is often used as a nickname for the 16:9 aspect ratio of television screens. This means that if the television screen was sixteen inches wide it would have to be nine inches tall. A "regular" television's screen would be 4:3 which means if it was four inches wide it would have to be three inches tall. In adition to these small screens, a screen could be any size with the same ratio. For example, a screen could be 32 inches wide and 18 inches tall and still be considered widescreen.

Marketing
Marketing is the method to get as many customers as possible.

Kirkkonummi
Kirkkonummi (Kyrkslätt in Swedish) is a city in Finland. There are about 34,000 people in Kirkkonummi. It has an area of 393.3 km² and is close to Helsinki.

Storage
Storage means the "act of keeping things" and the "place" where you keep them.

Safety match
A safety match is a small device to make fire safely.
Typically it is a wooden stick (usually sold in match "boxes") or stiff paper stick (usually sold in match"books") coated at one end with a material, the match head, often containing the element phosphorus, that will ignite from the heat of friction if rubbed ("struck") against a suitable surface.
Matches are sold in tobacconists and other shops. Matches are rarely sold singularly; they are sold in multiples, packaged in either match boxes or in matchbooks.

Publishing
Publishing is making information available for public view. It also means a company that makes and sells literature or information. In some cases, authors may be their own publishers.
Traditionally, publishing means the distribution of printed works such as books and newspapers, but it can also mean internet publishing.

Song Dynasty
The Song Dynasty ruled in China from 960-1279. It started the reunification of China for the first time since the fall of the Tang Dynasty in 907. The years in between, known as the Period of Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, were a time of division between north and south, and of rapidly changing administrations.

Great Red Spot
The Great Red Spot is a hurricane on the surface of the planet Jupiter. It is so big that two or three Earth's could fit inside it. It has been going on for at least 340 years.

Bipolar disorder
Bipolar disorder is a term from psychiatry. It is a kind of mental illness. People who have it often have mood-swings.
Symptoms.
Sometimes, a person can experience something called mania. Mania is when a person with Bipolar goes from being very happy and friendly to being angry, or very, very sad.
When a person with Bipolar disorder is manic, they might not think as hard about the choices that they make, and sometimes may do things like give things to people, or spend lots of money. This is because during a manic episode, a lot of people start to believe things that aren't really true, or get confused about what's real and what's made up. People can also become aggressive and possibly violent while manic, but this only happens in very, very bad cases, so it's not as common as some people think.
Mania.
There are a few things that a lot of people start to believe when they have manic episodes. Sometimes, they might think they have lots and lots of money, when they really don't. Other times, the person who has a manic episode might think that people they knew are alive, even though the truth is that these people have died. Mental illnesses are different for everyone, so it's important to remember that these things don't happen to all Bipolar people.
Treatment.
Like most mental illnesses, there are ways to treat Bipolar. Sometimes taking medicine or getting therapy can make it easier to control. The same treatments and medicines don't work for everyone, and it's not rare for people to have manic episodes when they stop taking their medicine because they feel like they can control their disorder. Things like this can make Bipolar a difficult illness to live with, but when people are educated about it, it isn't quite as hard.
Manic Depression.
Bipolar Disorder used to be called Manic Depression. This was because the two symptoms were mania and depression. Now psychiatrists and psychotherapists (doctors who specialize in mental illnesses) think bipolar disorder is one illness in its own right, not a combination of two other illnesses, and have developed new treatments and "coping "strategies" (plans to live more easily with bipolar disorder)

The Left Party.PDS
The Left Party.PDS (in German: Die Linkspartei or Linkspartei.PDS) was a left-winged political party in Germany. After joining with another political party, it became "Die Linke", or "The Left" in 2007.
History.
After the end of the GDR in 1990, the former Socialist Unity Party of Germany "Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands" (SED) changed to the SED-PDS and later to the Partei des Demokratischen Sozialismus (PDS).
In the former GDR it was very successful in state elections and it had a small group in the federal parliament. But it always failed in Western Germany.
In the 2000s there were a lot of changes of job policy and ways of helping people in need. People that restrictions hurt the poorer and unemployed people in Germany. These reforms were made by the Social democrats SPD and the Greens, who were traditionally the left-wing parties in Germany.
Some people, who left the SPD and some people from Trade Unions founded the Electors Association for Work and Social Justice "Wahlgemeinschaft Arbeit und Soziale Gerechtigkeit" (WASG) in Western Germany. Many students.
They - and although the PDS - realized that there was no chance to win mandates in elections as concurrents. So they dicided to found a new party, Die Linkspartei.
In the last federal elections the joined the parliament, in the state of Berlin they joined the state government.
Programme.
Die Linkspartei is a left-wing party. It is the only party in the federal parliament, which believes in the need for government rules protecting jobs and people instead of letting do everything thay want.
They want to have more people employed in by government bodies instead of having private companies doing jobs for the government. They also want higher taxes the rich and those who make money from the capital marked instead of work.
They are against study fees and want to have only a Comprehensive school "gesamtschule" instead of two or three different types of further school in most German states.
Their foreign policy follows the old position of the Green Party "Bündnis 90/Die Grüne" and is strictly against any German soldiers fighting. They are still talking about allowing German soldiers to be in the peace keeping missions of the United Nations.
In the field of civil rights they copied the position of the Greens, too.

Laptop
"Laptop" is a computer which is easy to carry around. Its user can fold the laptop up and be able to take it with him/her. The laptop was created mainly for this particular reason. In order to develop a laptop a computer technology was taken and then scaled to smaller size.
History.
The first portable computer was built on February 29, 1969. This is because the first laptop did not look the same as we know it today. It could not be folded. The first laptop was probably invented in 1969 by Bill Moggridge. The Briton developed his portable computer for GRiD Systems Corporation. GRiD made the product with a fold down display that covered the keyboard. GRiD started manufacturing in 1979 with commercial distribution occurring in 1981.
GRiD's computer was five times lighter than any other computer used at that time. NASA used the laptop when it performed its shuttle program back in 1980s. GRiD held patents for the Clamshell design which represents our modern laptop design. GRiD was acquired in 1988 by Tandy Corporation who after acquisition monetized the Clamshell Patent by aggressively pursuing all computer manufacturers who were selling clamshell design laptops. GRiD also had patents for handheld and handwriting computers which Tandy holds to this day.
Historians, however, consider that the first portable was created in 1981 and its name was Osborne 1. Its inventor was Adam Osborne who was also a former book publisher. He was the founder of Osborne Computer. His portable computer weighted 24 pounds.
The company spent 1,795 US dollars on creating the computer, which had a five inch screen and a special place for a modem and two devices for using a floppy disk. There were also several programs designed for the computer and a battery pack for providing energy. The computer, however, was not successful.
The same year saw the birth of another computer called Epson HX-20. It was a portable computer with a liquid crystal display (LCD) monitor. The computer also included a built-in printer. The whole device was battery powered.
One year later, in 1982, two computer designers from Microsoft, Kazuhiko Nishi and Bill Gates, started their discussion concerning a new portable computer. The main thing about the computer was a new LCD technology. The prototype of the new laptop was presented to Radio Shack.
The latter agreed to start the production of the computer. A year later the company launched its TRS-80 Model 100, which was a computer that looked pretty much like a laptop we know it today.
In 1986 the company created its improved version called TRS Model 200. The following two years saw the appearance of laptop PC from Compaq Computers and the first notebook style laptop from NEC called NEC UltraLite.
The year 1989 was quite successful for laptop producers. First there was Apple Computer that developed its first portable computer called Macintosh Portable the evolution of which turned it into Powerbook. Then the company named Zenith Data Systems introduced its Zenith MinisPort – a portable computer weighting 6 pounds. Finally there was Compaq Computer that designed its first laptop PC called Compaq LTE.
Portable market status.
The enormous technology breakthrough during the past two decades has enabled us to build smaller and more powerful computers. We call these portable computers either notebooks or laptops. Both terms are used interchangeably today but during the evolutionary years the term»notebook«was often applied to the smallest units with the lowest weight.
Today our digital lives are all about mobility. The portable market has been growing sharply and it is estimated that this year (2007) vendors will sell around 264 million units(*). This huge number is actually 40 percent of the total 2007 PC market shipments. The predictions show that the portable market will outgrow desktop sales by 2010. This growth is understandable as it is much more convenient to buy a portable computer instead of a desktop sitting on your nice desk. Moreover, the prices of notebooks have declined and potential consumers can afford to buy the modern technology. This high demand for portable devices drives the industry forward enabling the developers to bring the new technology more quickly to the consumer.
The cheapest units that are sold today have a quick platform and everything a consumer needs including a sufficient LCD screen, a DVD burner, various types of network connections, a webcam and many input/output ports. When we look at the platform of the latest notebooks we can hardly see a place that could be improved. With dual core microprocessors running at high speeds with low voltage at 65 nanometer technology we can be more than happy with what we already have now. The chips usually sit on a high speed front side bus connected with the north bridge that manages communication with a few gigs of DDR2 memory, powerful discrete graphics and the south bridge. All this power that we can have packed in a small notebook is enough for a pleasant working experience. In my opinion the only big bottleneck of the available platforms is storage technology. This may sound weird to you as it is possible to have 2.5” portable hard disk drives with a capacity of at least 320GB not to think about the option of having a laptop with two hard disks. The problem doesn’t lie in the total capacity. The current storage technology based on storing data on rotating platters with magnetic surfaces is not ideal for portable computers. Conventional hard disks are already being replaced in the high end laptop market with SSD drives. Solid state drives do not have any moving parts and therefore are much more reliable. As well as the enormously important reliability we also gain much better access times and transfer speeds. This is vitally needed to make the performance of portable as well desktop computers better. I must also add the important fact of lower power consumption and no emitted sound. Thanks to no rotation and no movement there cannot be any sound. The majority of SSD drives uses nonvolatile flash memory (NAND, NAND gate) that is also used in the very famous Flash Disks. The only drawback of SSD drives is the currently available capacity and price. The price tag of the 64GB versions is way too high for us to afford. The prices will not stay high all the time and within a few months the prices are going to look different. Thanks to big investments in the semiconductor technology we are now producing silicon at 45 nanometers. This technology enables NAND chips with higher capacity on a smaller die and lower cost per chip. Thanks to the lower prices of the flash memory chips the prices of SSD drives will decline and the storage capacity will increase. Our near future looks very bright now. Apart from the certainty of solid state storage we can hopefully look forward to fuel cell batteries, OLED LCDs and a lot of other interesting innovations!

Notebook
A notebook is a collection of sheets of paper, bound as a book or leaflet. It can be used to make notes and to draw things. Some notebooks also have a printed calendar.

InuYasha
Inuyasha is an anime which was based on a manga made by Rumiko Takahashi.
Basic story.
This is a story started by a girl shooting a boy who has dog ears and white hair. She shouts "Inuyasha!" to him, while she shoots and dies afterwards, nobody knows why. Her little sister, Kaede, runs to her side calling "Sister Kikyo!", but it's too late. She's already dead. Before Kikyo dies though, she asks Kaede to burn her together with a purple jewel - the Shikon no Tama (The Shikon Jewel).
Reincarnation.
But, Kikyo's not dead yet, because of her reincarnation, meaning Kikyo became alive again to another person, who is a girl called Kagome. She soon appears after Kikyo burns, in the future world, and her granpa shows a fake shikon no tama which Kagome doesn't believe in. She never believed in those things until... her 15th birthday arrived. She lands into a well in her house, where she goes back to the past, finding Inuyasha on a tree, stuck on there for 50 years by Kikyo's arrow.
Knowledge of her reincarnation.
She meets Kaede, an older one because 50 years passed in this world after what happened to Kikyo. Kaede finds out that Kagome is the reincarnation of her own sister, and helps her keep the real shikon no tama that Kagome suddenly found in her body. Kagome gets the arrow out of Inuyasha when a centipede yokai/demon attacked her to get the jewel. When Inuyasha does kill it, he tries to kill Kagome too, to revenge on Kikyo (he thought Kagome was her), but Kagome can now control him with Kaede's magic by saying "sit!" just like a dog. And Inuyasha "is" a dog yokai! After that, Kagome shatters the jewel by mistake and has to try to find them all before evil creatures do. This is the beginning of their adventure and they also have to find one of the evil, who is Naraku. Many other characters come to help Kagome and Inuyasha, like Sango, Miroku, Kirara and Shippo... this, in the anime finished at 167 episodes but many people expect it to continue... inuyasha is like a basic fairy tale.
Shikon no Tama.
The Shikon no Tama (English:The Jewel of Four Souls) is the fictional magic jewel in the anime and manga series InuYasha. It is called the Jewel of Four Souls because it has four souls of 4 different names: Aramitama (Courage), Nigimitama (Friendship), Kushimitama (Wisdom) and Sakimitama (Love). The souls can make a person very powerful.
The purpose of the Jewel.
When Midoriko was about to die fighting a demon, she joined her 4 soul inside her heart, with the soul of the demon to make it good and pure. By doing that, she killed herself and the demon. This created the Shikon jewel. Inside it, Midoriko and the demon souls still fought each other. This battle is depends to the person who has the jewel. The jewel can become pure (become good because Midoriko is winning) or impure (become bad because the demon is winning). Many creatures want the jewel because it can make them powerful like Midoriko. They can do anything they want with it. If someone wants to become a full demon then they will become that, just like Naraku wants to.
The purification of the jewel.
After many fights of different demons and humans, Shako, Sango's grandpa found the jewel from a demon called Mistress Centipede. The jewel was impure because it had been with the evil Mistress Centipede. He took the jewel to Kikyo. Only the goodness of Kikyo's priestess power could purify it and make it good. But when Kikyo is burnt because she dies by Naraku wanting the jewel and killing her, and she wants the jewel to burn and along with her. Kagome, Kikyo's reincarnation gets the jewel even so, and when Mistress Centipede's bones inside the well become alive with the jewel's power when Kagome comes near, she is dragged into the well and the past where everything happened. Kagome shatters the jewel by accident when she shoots a crow which swallowed it, and has to find all the pieces before evil creatures do with Inuyasha.
Fake Shikon no Tama.
Some people tried to make shikon no tama themselves so that they can have its power without trying to find all the pieces. Izumo, a half-demon who turns to a demon at night, but a human at day, is a clever philosopher who likes nature and the world. He is the one who knows how to make a shikon no tama, and a frog-demon with some other demons grab him so that they can start making a fake shikon no tama. Izumo agrees and makes many copies of shikon no tamas which only has small power. He said to the frog-demon that to make the copies like the real one, they had to collect the souls of people with Aramitama (Courage), Nigimitama (Friendship), Kushimitama (Wisdom) and Sakimitama (Love). When Inuyasha and his friends come to save Izumo who plans to get them because of his friends having the souls that he needed to make a real shikon no tama.
The ending.
Inuyasha, Kagome, Miroku, Sango, Shippo, and Sheshomaru finally finish off Naraku and the shikon jewel disappears
-Miroku and Sango have three kids together
-Inuyasha and Kagome are separated for three years and then brought together forever

Kurt Schumacher
Kurt Schumacher (*October, 13th, 1895 in Kulm, West Prussia - † August, 20th, 1952 in Bonn) was a German politician. He was leader of the SPD from 1946 to 1952 and speaker of the SPD in the Bundestag 1949-1952.
Schumacher was born as the son of a salesman. When World War I started, he left school to join the German army. In December of 1914, he was badly hurt. His arm had to be removed. After this, he went back to school in Berlin to study Law and politics. While there, he became a socialist. In 1924, he was elected to the legislature in Württemberg. He became the SPD leader for Württemberg in 1928. In 1930, he was elected to the national legislature, the Reichstag.
After the Nazis took control of Germany, Schumacher was arrested. He was beaten badly in prison. He was put into concentration camps for the next ten years. In 1943, Schumacher was set free because of his bad health. He was arrested again in 1944 and stayed in the concentration camps until the British set them free in April 1945.
After the World War II, Schumacher put the SPD back together. He was first chief of the Social democrats in West Germany after the WWII. He was also their first speaker in the federal parliament (Bundestag) and first leader of opposition in the Bundestag.
In 1952, Schumacher died in Bonn.

Free Democratic Party (Germany)
The Free Democratic Party or Freie Demokratische Partei, short FDP (from 1968 to 2001 F.D.P.) is a political party in Germany. Currently its position is that of free market believer. The party does not want to take away all of the social features of the German welfare state, however.
History.
Several liberal parties have existed in Germany since the 19th century.
The FDP was founded in Western Germany in September of 1945 in the state of Hamburg. It became member of the state parliament of Hamburg in the first election.
Similar liberal parties were founded in other German states, most of them successful in getting mandates.
In 1947, on March 17th, the "Demokratische Partei Deutschlands" (DPD) was founded as a whole-German liberal party by Theodor Heuss and Wilhelm Külz, but it broke down after a short while.
On December, 11th in 1948 the FDP was founded as a liberal party for Western Germany.
Chief of the party was Theodor Heuss.
In its first years the main part of the party followed a national-liberal way. Liberal in the economical field, but very conserative in most other fields.
But in every state it had its own way.
The next important man was Thomas Dehler.
The FDP was the smaller partner of the CDU under Konrad Adenauer. It was member of the Western German government from 1949 to 1966.
In 1969 the FDP returned to government. But now the FDP was partner of the Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands under Willy Brandt, later Helmut Schmidt.
It changed its values. A lot of left-liberal position were leading ideas of the FDP in that time.
Civil rights and to give everyone the chance of a good education guaranteed state stipendia, no study fees any more, more higher education schools).
It changed again in 1982, when it crashed down the government on Schmidt and elected Helmut Kohl of the CDU to the new chancellor.
It became more and more a single issue party with its only interest in a low tax tarif - espially for high incomes.
It fought for study fees now and against social security. It secretary general said one day "We are the party of the best-incomes".
In 1998 it lost its power and became part of the opposition.
In some state parliaments thew FDP is still in power as junior partner of the CDU.
The party's inofficial motto is "So viel Staat wie nötig, so wenig Staat wie möglich!", meaning "as much state as necessary, as little state as possible!"

Alliance '90/The Greens
Alliance '90/The Greens (German: Bündnis 90/Die Grünen) is a political party in Germany. It was formed in 1992 by the Western German party "Die Grünen" and the Eastern German "Bündnis '90". Its main interests are ecology, civil rights, equality between men and women and the chances of immigrants in the German society. Their motto was "ecologically, basic democratic, social, without violence".
Early years.
In the 1970s, there were a lot of protests against nuclear power in Germany. The protesters had no support in the political parties in Germany. So they got the idea to found their own party.
In the election to the European Parliament of 1979, their party, the Sonstige Politische Vereinigung Die Grünen, got 3,2 %. They tried again and this time it was accepted and was founded in Karlsruhe on January 13th, 1980.
Since their aims were for civil rights and ecology, a lot of former Anti Vietnam War protesters joined the party.
The Greens were pacifists and strictly against nuclear weapons. They wanted to reach a de-militarized Europe.
Leaders.
First chiefs of the party were Herbert Gruhl and Petra Kelly. After a short while some right-winged people left the party, so they became a left-winged party.
Incluence.
In the old GDR, a Green party was founded in 1989 and joined to the Western Greens in 1990. In 1993 the Bündnis 90 - a civil rights movement from the former GDR - and Die Grünen joined them.
In 1998 they joined the federal government under Gerhard Schröder together with the Social democrats.
Problems.
The Green lost a lot of their values in that time. They voted for joining the Kosovo War and to attack Serbia in 1999 and lost their social issues. In 2005 they lost their power in the federal government.
Currently they are in opposition in the federal and all state parliaments.
Programme.
The Greens are interested in ecology, so one of their main issues is saving the earth - especially the climate - without using nuclear power.
The second main issue of the Greens is gender mainstraming.
The third issue are the integration and the chances of immigrants in Germany.
In the foreign policy the Green changed their position in their first period in federal government. Before that time they wanted German soldiers only to allow peace keeping missions of the United Nations, many Greens wanted a de-militarized Germany. After their legislative period - with main influence of foreign secretary Fischer - they accepted to join international military missions e.g. in Afganisthan. But their main issue is to avoid conflicts by developement policy and international cooperation. Main issues of foreign policy are international envoirementional and climate saving projects like the Kyoto protocoll, the developement of the European Union and a reform of the international law like the installing of the International Crime Court in The Hague.

Christian Social Union of Bavaria
The Christian Social Union of Bavaria or Christlich Soziale Union (short CSU) is a conservative political party in the German state of Bavaria.
In the federal parliament of Germany (Bundestag) the CSU and the CDU always join together.
Its chief is Erwin Huber.
History.
In 1945, two local CSU groups were founded. One in Würzburg and the other in Munich.
In January 1946 the CSU was founded for the whole of Bavaria.
All state elections of Bavaria were won by the CSU. Sometimes the CSU had to make some coalitions with the Bayernpartei (Bavarian Party), the FDP or the SPD.
In the federal government the CSU always joins with the CDU.
One very famous leader of the CSU was Franz Josef Strauß. Sometimes he was well known for the good that he did. Other times because of scandals.
Programme.
The CSU is a very conservative party according to the people of Bavaria, who mainly live in the countryside and smaller towns and villages.
Traditionally it tried to make a compromise between conservative tradition and social welfare.
Currently it leans to more free market beliefs instead of social care.

Christian Democratic Union of Germany
The Christian Democratic Union of Germany or "Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands (CDU)" is one of the two main right of centre political parties in Germany. It describes itself as a Christian democratic, liberal and conservative party of the centre.
In November 2005 the Federal leader of the CDU Dr Angela Merkel became the Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany.

Income
Income is the money that someone gets for business activities.
For individuals income usually means their wages or salary before any tax and other deductions has been made by their employer.
For business there is a difference between the USA, where it most often means the amount of money that a company earns after paying for all its costs, and the world outside the U.S., where the term is usually profit or earnings.

Computation
The Theory of Computation is a branch of Mathematics. Generally it is seen as belonging to Computer science. The field of study of this subject is to see if a certain problem can be solved by a computer. If this is the case, then the question is to know if it can be solved in an efficient way.
There are two major branches in it. The first is computability theory. It looks to see if a certain problem can be solved by a computer. Since this is a theoretical field of study, no real computers are used. They are replaced by a system called the Turing machine.
Once it is known if such a solution exists, computer scientists want to know if it can be found, and perhaps how it can be improved. This field of study is covered by the complexity theory. That theory has developed concepts to compare different methods of solving a problem to one another. Such methods are usually called algorithms. This is similar to comparing cooking recipes and seeing which of two recipes is easier to do.

Jermaine Jackson
Jermaine LaJaune Jackson, now Muhammad Abdul Aziz (born December 11, 1954), is an American singer and bass guitarist. He is a former member of The Jackson 5 and brother of American pop stars Michael Jackson and Janet Jackson. He is taking part in Celebrity Big Brother UK 2007.

Wilhelm Hauff
Wilhelm Hauff (November 29, 1802 - November 18, 1827) was a German poet and novelist.
Some of his works are very popular in German speaking countries to this day, such as Der kleine Muck, Kalif Storch and Die Geschichte von dem Gespensterschiff — all set in the Orient and Der Zwerg Nase, Das kalte Herz and Das Wirtshaus im Spessart, the three are set in Germany.

Link (unit)
A link, also called a Gunter’s link, is a unit of length in the imperial and US systems. Links were commonly used in measuring land in the English-speaking world before the 20th century, but are now rarely used. "Link" is usually abbreviated as "l.", "li." or "lnk."

Algebraic structure
In mathematics an algebraic structure is a set with one, two or more binary operations on it.
With one binary operation these are the basic ones

Rod (unit)
A rod, a perch or a pole is a unit of length in the imperial and US systems.
In mediæval times English ploughmen used wooden a stick with a pointed tip to spur or guide their oxen. The rod was the length of this stick. In 1607 Edmund Gunter standardised this length.
The rod is still in use as a unit of measure in certain specialised fields. In recreational canoeing, overland paths where canoes must be carried are measured in rods. This is probably because the length of a typical canoe is about one rod. In the United Kingdom, the some gardens are measured in rods.
Popular culture and trivia.
In the episode of "The Simpsons" entitled "A Star is Burns", Grampa Simpson said "My car gets forty rods to the hogshead, and that's the way I likes it!" That's about 1.2 litres per metre, 12 feet per imperial gallon or 10 feet per U.S. gallon.

Chain (unit)
A chain is a unit of length. People usually used it for measuring land. There are a number of different chains from 50 to 100 feet long.
When people talk about the chain as a unit they normally mean the unit of the imperial or U.S. system. This is equal to 66 feet or 20.1168 metres. This is also called a "Gunter's chain", "surveyor's chain" or "land chain".
In the past people used to use wire chains for measuring land. These chains had 100 links. The links were made of thick wire with a loop at each end. The links were connected to each other by three rings. There were brass handles at each end. People folded the chain up, link by link, and carried it in their hand. The name "chain" comes from these devices.
Gunter's chain.
The chain was also called an "acre's breadth". This is because an acre was defined as the area of a rectangle one chain wide and one furlong long.
The unit was once important in everyday life in United Kingdom and its colonies and in the United States. People used it when they made maps and planned out cities and towns.
Farmers in the United States and Canada still use measuring wheels of a chain around the outside.
It is also the length of the pitch, between the wickets, in cricket.
Ramsden's chain.
Americans sometimes used a longer chain of 100 feet (30.48 m). This is called the "engineer's chain" or "Ramsden's chain".
Hispanic chain.
Texans use another chain for measuring Spanish land grants. This chain is called the "Hispanic chain" or "vara chain". It is based on the vara. A vara is the equivalent of one yard in the old Spanish and Portuguese system of measurement.
Since in Texas one Mexican foot is defined as English feet.

Furlong
A furlong is a measure of distance in imperial and U.S. systems. It is equal to 660 feet or 201.168 metres. There are eight furlongs in a mile.
The English first used the furlong in the 9th century or before. The name "furlong" comes from the Old English words "furh" (furrow) and "lang" (long). Originally it was the length of the furrow in one acre of a ploughed field.
An acre is an area that is one furlong long and one chain wide. For this reason, the furlong was once also called an "acre's length". Around the year 1300, England standardised the furlong as 40 rods or 660 feet.
Distances for thoroughbred horse races in the United Kingdom, Ireland and the United States are still given in miles and furlongs. It is also used in the rail industry in the UK. Otherwise the unit is not used much.

Stefan Zweig
Stefan Zweig (November 28,1881 in Vienna - February 22,1942 in Petropolis) was an Austrian writer. He volunteered to be a soldier in the First World War, and got the post as a military commentator. This made him an enemy of war. The Nazis gained power in Germany in 1933, and their influence could be felt in Austria as well. 1934, Stefan Zweig emigrated, first to London, then to South America. That way he lost much of his audience. He committed suicide (together with his second wife) in 1942. He did this through an overdose of sleeping pills.
He has written many books and poems. One of his best-known works is called Schachnovelle" ("The Royal Game", in English. In it, he describes a Chess player, that is forced to play against himself (while imprisoned). He explores the theme of madness. This book inspired the movie Geri's Game, made by Pixar in 1997

Leeward Islands (Society Islands)
The Leeward Islands are part of the Society Islands in French Polynesia.

Complexity theory
Complexity theory is a branch of Computer science. It looks at how hard a problem (an algorithm) is to do for a computer. There are different layers, which can be considered. An algorithm may be faster than some other algorithm, but it may need more resources, like memory. Most of the time, the running behaviour is looked at in a worst-case scenario. Sometimes people are also interested in how a certain algorithm does on average, because the worst case scenario is very unlikely to occur.

Binary operation
In mathematics, a binary operation in a set is a way of combinate a pair of elements in that set. For example, if we take a pair of natural numbers then its sum is the result of applying this particular binary operation. Another could be its multiplication.
Others: Among integers; the subtraction. The sum between matrices. Between functions; the map composition. The union and the intersection of sets are also two different binary operations.

Kubuntu
Kubuntu is a version of the free Linux distribution Ubuntu. It uses the desktop environment KDE instead of GNOME. Kubuntu has slightly different software, but also normal Ubuntu software works on it.
See Also.
List of Linux distributions

Xubuntu
Xubuntu is a free Linux distribution based on Ubuntu. It uses the Xfce desktop environment.
See Also.
List of Linux distributions

Edubuntu
Edubuntu is the version of Linux distribution Ubuntu. It is used for education. It uses GNOME and is designed for use in classrooms.
Edubuntu has been created in collaboration with teachers and technologists in multiple nations. Edubuntu is built on top of the Ubuntu base, and incorporates education-specific applications, designed for the 6-18 years age group.
Characteristics.
Included with Edubuntu is the Linux Terminal Server Project, a large number of educational applications including GCompris, KDE Edutainment Suite, The first Edubuntu release coincided with the release of Ubuntu 5.10, which was called "Breezy Badger" on 2005. Edubuntu CDs can be ordered for free through the official website service.
Project goals.
The principal design goals of Edubuntu are centralized management of configuration, users and processes, together with facilities for working collaboratively in a classroom setting. Equally important is the gathering together of the best available free software and digital materials for education.
See Also.
List of Linux distributions

Dissociative identity disorder
"Dissociative Identity Disorder" (DID) is a diagnosis of a mental condition.

Zucchini
The zucchini (British English: courgette) is a type of vegetable. Usually, it is served cooked. It can also be used as an ingredient in a sweet bread.
It may look similar to a cucumber.

Civil service
A civil servant or public servant is an employee who works in the civilian career public sector for a government department or agency. Many consider the study of civil service to be a part of the field of public administration.
Workers in non-departmental public bodies, (called QUANGOs in some countries) may also be called civil servants in context with statistics. All people that may be called civil servants together form a nation's Civil Service or Public Service.

Employee
An employee is a term for workers and managers working for a company or an organisation. These people are the staff of the organization. Generally speaking any person hired by an employer to do a particular "job" is an employee.
In most modern economies the word "employee" means a person who works for a corporation. The relationship between employer and employee is different from that between the firm and a customer or client.
An employee usually gets the job after having an interview.

Employer
An employer is a person or institution that hires employees or workers. Employers offer wages or a salary to the workers in exchange for the worker's work or labor.
One speaks of wages if the employee is paid by the hour and of salary if he is paid a set rate per pay period. Wages are paid for all hours worked, including overtime, but a salary is typically not paid more for more hours worked than the minimum.
Employers include everything from individuals hiring a babysitter to governments and businesses which may hire many thousands of employees. In most western societies governments are the largest single employers, but most of the work force is employed in small and medium businesses in the private sector.

Public sector
The public sector is the part of economic and administrative life that deals with the delivery of goods and services by and for the government, whether national, regional or local/municipal.
Examples of public sector activity range from delivering social security, administering urban planning and organising national defences.

Administration
The word "administration" means "giving service" or to give a definition it can be understood as the process of organizing people and resources so to direct activities toward common goals.
Administration is both an art and a science (if an inexact one), and can be seen as a craft, as administrators are judged ultimately by their performance.

Kingdom Hearts II
Kingdom Hearts II is a video game for the Playstation 2. It has the characters of the Final Fantasy series and Walt Disney characters; for example Donald Duck, Goofy and Mickey Mouse.
The story of Kingdom Hearts II continues from Kingdom Hearts and, for Playstation 2 and Game Boy Advance.
In Kingdom Hearts II, you play as a 15 year old boy named Sora. Sora goes through different worlds (based around man different Disney movies) fighting different enemies like Heartless and Nobodies. Occasionally, there will be enemies you have to defeat that are based on the world you are in, such as the cursed pirates in Pirates of the Caribbean.

Mithril
"Mithril" is a fictional metal from J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth universe.
"Mithril" is the strongest metal known in Middle-earth. It looks similar to silver. It does not weigh much, and it is easy to make into things. "Mithril" is very rare and precious. It was only found in Khazad-dûm (Moria), where it was mined by the Dwarves, and (perhaps) in Númenor.
The name "mithril" comes from the Sindarin words "mith", meaning "grey", and "ril" meaning "glitter". In Quenya, its name is "mistarille". "Mithril" was also called "true-silver" or "Moria-silver".
The most well known object made of "mithril" is probably the mail shirt of Bilbo and Frodo Baggins.
Influence on other fiction.
"Mithril" is now often used in other fictional works, usually as a strong and magical metal. It other fictional works, "mithril" it is also sometimes written differently, for example as "mythril" or "mithral".

Shaw and Crompton
Shaw and Crompton is a town in the North West of England. It is to the north-east of Manchester. Shaw and Crompton was part of Lancashire until the 1970s, but is now part of Greater Manchester. Shaw and Crompton is near to Oldham.
Shaw and Crompton grew during the Industrial Revolution because of its large cotton factories which sent fabric across the world.

Greater Manchester
Greater Manchester is a county in the North West of England. It was created in 1974. Its cities are Manchester and Salford and its large towns are Oldham, Bury, Rochdale, Ashton-under-Lyne, Stockport, Wigan and Bolton. It also has smaller towns and villages, for example, Shaw and Crompton.

League (unit)
A league is an old unit of length. It was first an ancient Celtic unit. It was the distance a person could walk in about one hour. The Romans adopted the league and it became a common unit of measurement throughout western Europe and Latin America.
In English-speaking countries the league was usually three statute miles (4.828032 kilometres) on land or three nautical miles at (5.556 km) sea. However, in writing the word "league" often means the Spanish, Portuguese or French league.
Ancient Rome.
The league was used by Ancient Rome, which defined it as being Roman miles (7500 Roman feet or 2.22 km). The origin is the "leuga gallica" " (also: leuc'"a Gallica)", the league of Gaul. The ancient league was short but the unit grew longer over time.
Argentina.
In Argentina a league is a distance of 5 km.
Brazil.
In Brazil the league was 6 km but it is not used anymore.
France.
The French league had different values at different times: 10 000, 12 000, 13 200 and 14 400 French feet, about 3.25 km to about 4.68 km. It was used for a while together with the metric system but it is not used now. The nautical league was three nautical miles.
Mexico.
In the Mexican countryside the league is still commonly used in the original sense of the distance a person can walk in an hour. So a league along a good road on level ground is longer than a league on a difficult path over rough ground.
Spain.
The Spanish league was originally set as a fixed unit of distance of 5,000 varas (a Spanish yard), about 2.6 miles or 4.2 km. In 1568 Philip II of Spain officially abolished the league. However, in parts of Latin America, people still use it (with different meanings in different countries).

Gill (unit)
The gill (pronounced like the girl's name "Jill") is a unit for measuring volume. It is equal to a quarter of a pint. People don't use it much now.

Quart
A quart is a unit of measurement for volume. It is a quarter of a gallon or two pints. Because the imperial system and the American system use different gallons their quarts are different also.
Different systems.
In the American system there are two different quarts. There is a wet quart and a dry quart. There is only one imperial quart. One U.S. dry quart is a little smaller than one imperial quart. Six U.S. wet pints are about five imperial pints.

Ampere
The ampere or amp (Symbol: A) is the standard unit of electric current. For instance, an electric current of one amp is one coulomb per second. The amp is named after André-Marie Ampère who studied electromagnetism.
The amp is defined using two parallel wires placed one metre apart in a vacuum. The wires are very long and very thin. One amp is defined as the current producing an attractive force of 2×10–7 Newton per metre of length between these wires.

Newton
The newton (symbol: N) is the SI unit of force. It is named after Sir Isaac Newton because of his work on classical mechanics. A "newton" is how much force is required to make a mass of one kilogram go faster at a rate of one metre per second per second.

Corporation
A corporation is a union of natural persons that has its own legal status that is independent from the persons involved. It is a "creature" of statute; i.e., it is like a person created by law. Because it is recognized by governments as such (as a separate creature) it must file tax returns and pay taxes and conform to state and federal law. This separation of persons and corporation gives it special powers. Its status and capacity is determined by the law of the place of incorporation.
Investors and entrepreneurs often form joint stock companies to make a business easier. Therefore the term "corporation" often means such "business corporations". Corporations may also be formed for local government (municipal corporation), policial, religious, and charitable purposes (not-for-profit corporation), or government programs (government-owned corporation).
In common speech, the word "corporation" refers usually to limited responsibility corporation. That is a business firm where each of the partners invest a sum of money in as the capital of the corporation. They receive shares as recognition of the sum they have invested. If the company goes bankrupt, the business partners are responsible of only the name value of their shares, not their whole own personal property, of the company's debts.

Natural person
In jurisprudence, a natural person is a real human being in contrast to an artificial person, that means an organization that the law treats for some purposes as if it were a person distinct from its members or owner.
For example, the right to vote is given to natural persons only. That is the case for most of the human rights. Therefore obviously a corporation cannot hold public office, but it can file a lawsuit.
Although science fiction has long fantasized about the possibility of sentient robots (e.g. androids) living among humans (such as Robin Williams "Bicentennial Man"), no court has yet dealt with the question of whether such a being would be considered a "natural person".

Jurisprudence
Modern jurisprudence and philosophy of law is dominated today primarily by Western academics. The ideas of the Western legal tradition have become so pervasive throughout the world that it is tempting to see them as universal. Historically, however, many philosophers from other traditions have discussed the same questions, from Islamic scholars to the ancient Greeks.

Legal entity
A legal entity is a legal construct through which the law allows a group of natural persons to act as if they were a single person for certain purposes. The most common purposes are lawsuits, property ownership, and contracts.
A legal entity is not always something else than the natural persons of which it is composed as one can see with a company or corporation.
Limitations.
There are limitations to the legal recognition of artificial persons. Legal entities cannot marry, they cannot vote or hold public office, and in most jurisdictions there are certain positions which they cannot occupy. The extent to which a legal entity can commit a crime varies from country to country. Certain countries prohibit a legal entity from holding human rights; other countries permit artificial persons to enjoy certain protections from the state that are traditionally described as human rights.

Ownership
Ownership means exclusive possession or control of property, which may be an object, real estate, intellectual property or some other kind of property.
Ownership is essential for the development of the capitalist socio-economic system. The concept of ownership has existed for thousands of years and in all cultures.

Possession
Possession means to have some sort of control over something else.
Generally, to possess something, a person must have an intention to possess it. A person may be in possession of some property (although possession does not always imply ownership). Like ownership, the possession of things is commonly regulated by states under property law.

Officer of arms
In Scotland the officers of arms maintain the old job of a herald - passing on royal messages. Three days after parliament is dissolved in London the royal proclamation is read out at the Mercat Cross in Edinburgh. They wait three days because this is how long it used to take to get from London to Edinburgh by horse.

Personal property
Personal property means property that consists of object that can be moved from one place to another.
In the common law systems personal property may also be called chattels. There it is distinguished from real property, or real estate.
In the civil law systems personal property is often called movable property or movables - any property that can be moved from one location to another. This term is in distinction with immovable property or immovables, such as land and buildings.

Common law
The common law is a kind of legal system. Under the common law, the law is not just made by legislation. Instead, it is also made by courts. Common-law courts use the precedent of earlier courts to help them make decisions.
Background.
The common law is used in the United Kingdom and most countries that used to be colonies of the British Empire, including the United States. Many other countries use a system called "civil law", where people say that legislation is the only kind of law. In common law countries, courts usually have more power than in civil law countries.
Common law started in England when courts decided to use tradition, custom, and precedent to help them make decisions. A "precedent" is something that another court has done in the past. By looking at decisions by earlier court, a common-law court tries to make decisions that will not surprise people and that fit in with the rest of the law.
In common law countries, when people like lawyers and judges want to know what the law is, they look at what courts have written. When a court decides a case, it makes a decision and then usually writes an "opinion" about what the law is. A court's opinion explains how the court reached its decision, and it is a guide for later courts that need to decide similar cases.
Even though courts follow precedent, legislation is still important in common-law countries. In fact, it is usually more powerful than precedent. For example, if legislation and precedent say different or opposite things, a court will usually have to follow the legislation.
In common-law countries, many important areas of law are made mostly by precedent. For example, in England and Wales and in most states of the United States, the law of contracts and torts is made by precedent.
Different meanings.
In a common-law country, sometimes the words "common law" are used to mean the law that the courts have made. For example, a lawyer or judge might say that a case can be decided using "only common law." This means that no legislation helps decide the case.
The words "common law" also sometimes mean the system of law that existed in England in the 1700s and 1800s. At that time, England had two different court systems. One was called "equity" and one was called "common law". "Law" was mostly for ordering people to pay money, and "equity" was mostly for other kinds of cases. Today, in most places, there are not two separate systems, and courts sometimes say that they work with both common law and equity.

Non-statutory law
Non-statutory law bases on the sources of law other than statutory law. Its authority rests not on legislation passed by Parliament and/or Administration and eventually codified, but rather tradition, custom and precedent.

Statutory law
Statutory law is written law (as opposed to oral or customary law) set down by a legislature or other governing authority such as the executive branch of government in response to a need to clarify the functioning of government, improve civil order, answer a public need, to codify existing law, or for an individual or company to obtain special treatment.
The term codified law is sometimes used as a synonym for statutory law in general. In some U.S. states, the entire body of statutory law is referred to as a "code," such as the Ohio Revised Code. At the federal and state level in the United States, portions of the statutory law are also referred to as "code," such as the U.S. Bankruptcy Code.

Oral law
An oral law are rules of human behavior in use in a given culture, religion or other groupe, which is transmitted by oral tradition and respected, or a single rule that is orally transmitted.
Many cultures do have an oral law, while most contemporary legal systems have a formal written organisation.

Oral tradition
Oral tradition or oral culture is a way of transmitting history, literature or law from one generation to the next in a civilization without a writing system. An example that combined aspects of oral literature and oral history, before being written down, is the Homeric poetry of the "Iliad" and the "Odyssey".

Royal Canadian Air Cadets
The Royal Canadian Air Cadets is a program for Canadian youth. It is supported by sponsors in the community and Canada's Canadian Forces funded by the Department of National Defence. There are about 450 Air Cadet squadrons in every province and territory in Canada. The two other cadet programs for youth in Canada are the Royal Canadian Sea Cadets and the Royal Canadian Army Cadets.
People between the ages of 12 and 18 can join this program for free, and they are led by the officers of the Canadian Forces Cadet Instructor Cadre.
Aims and Motto.
The aim of the Air Cadets is to "develop in youth the attributes of good citizenship and leadership; promote physical fitness; and to stimulate the interest of youth in the sea, land and air activities of the Canadian Forces."
Ranking.
The rank system in Air Cadets is founded in that ranking system used by the former Royal Canadian Air Force with some modifications. Royal Canadian Air Cadets are not part of the Canadian Forces and don't have to join the Canadian forces.
1) Air Cadet (AC)- When people first join Air Cadets, they get the rank of an Air Cadet.
2) Leading Air Cadet (LAC)- After someone joins and often takes part in the Air Cadet training for five months, they hold the rank of a leading Air Cadet.
A corporal is a non-commissioned officer. To become a corporal, an air cadet has to be a Leading Air Cadet (LAC) first, and finish Level 1 of Air Cadets successfully.
A new rank recently introduced in Sept 2007 as the first earned position of the chain of command. It is required that you have received the rank of corporal and successfully completed level 2.
To become a sergeant, an Air Cadet to be a flight corporal for at least 6 months and successfully finish Level 2 training in air cadets. It is better is they also complete a Familiarization Summer Course, but a cadet does not have to take this course to become a Sergeant.
To become a Flight Sergeant, an Air Cadet must be a sergeant for six months and successfully complete the level three training. They do not have to take and complete a Introductory Speciality Summer Course, but it is not mandatory.

Precedent
In law, a precedent or authority is a legal case that established a principle or rule that a court may need to adopt when deciding subsequent cases with similar issues or facts.
The term may also refer to the collective body of case law that a court should consider when interpreting the law. When a precedent establishes an important legal principle, or represents new or changed law on a particular issue, that precedent is often known as a "landmark decision".
Precedent is very important in a fair legal system because it can allow the law to be enforced equally to all cases. For example, if a person crashes a car because they are drunk, the resulting court case will set a "precedent" for all similar cases. If a later case has a different result, the precedent may be changed. If we did not have this system, then it is likely that the law would not be fairly enforced.

Legal case
A legal case is a dispute between two parties that is resolved by a court or other legal process. A legal case may be either civil or criminal.

Nasal hair
Nasal hair, Nose hair or olfactory cilia are small hair-like cells. They are in the nose. Most of them can be found near the nostrils. Biologically, the cells act as a filter. They keep dust and dirt out of the nasal passages. They also draw liquid mucus up from the epithelium by capillary action. In that way, they help to maintain humidity in the air passages. They trap humidity when air is exhaled. The evaporation of trapped moisture on the hairs humidifies the inhaled air.
Cilia are in motion, beating several times per second. Healthy cilia beat up to 16 times a second. By this action, the ciliated cells push mucus back in towards the oropharynx where it can be either swallowed or ejected. The cilia in the ear canal remove cerumen (and other detritus) in much the same way. Exposure to cold is thought to slow the vibration of the cilia, contributing to the buildup of mucus; diesel fumes and other pollutants are thought to have similar effect.
Loss of nasal cilia due to alopecia areata (a form of hair loss that causes bald spots) has been linked to increased severity of asthma, seasonal allergy and atopic dermatitis (skin irritation caused by hereditary hyper-sensitivity). Smoking is widely held to interfere with cilia function. It may even destroy the cells.
Some cultures consider nose hair coming out from the nostrils to be unattractive. The increased production of nasal cilia with age (particularly for men) is often a source of anxiety and embarrassment. A number of devices have been sold to trim the nose hair, including miniature rotary clippers and attachments for electric shavers. However, given the function of nasal cilia, many physicians recommend trimming them lightly, if at all. There is evidence that ciliar motility regularly declines with advancing age, a fact which may be implicated in the higher incidence of respiratory infections in this age group.

Sears Tower
The Sears Tower is a skyscraper in Chicago, Illinois. Sears, Roebuck and Company paid for the building to be built in August 1970. The building was finished in 1973. The Sears Tower is the tallest building in North America and was the tallest building in the world from 1973 to 2004. It has 108 levels, and from the ground to the roof it is 442 m (1,450 ft) tall.
Before the Sears Tower, the tallest building in the world was the World Trade Center. In 2004, Taipei 101 in Taipei, Taiwan became the world's tallest building. The Sears Tower is still the tallest building in the world from ground to pinnacle because it has two television antennas on top of it. From the ground to the top of the taller antenna is 527 m (1,729 ft).

Beetle
Beetles are a kind of insect. Biologists call all beetles as a group Coleoptera. There are 350,000 different kinds (species) of beetles. Beetles live almost everywhere, but not in the ocean or in places that are very cold, such as the North Pole or South Pole.
People sometimes call some beetles by other names. Fireflies (also called lightning bugs) are actually beetles; so are ladybirds or ladybugs, which scientists call lady beetles.
Beetle bodies.
Beetle bodies have the same three main parts as all insects have: the head, the thorax (the middle part), and the abdomen (the back part). On the head, beetles have antennae (feelers), eyes, and a mouth. The legs and wings of the beetle come out of the thorax. The abdomen of a beetle does not usually have special parts on the outside of it, but it has the beetle’s stomach and intestines inside. Like other insects, beetles are hard on the outside because of an exoskeleton, which is similar to bones on the outside of the body. Beetles have no bones inside them. The exoskeleton is made of hard plates, like pieces of armour.
Wings.
Beetles are different from other insects because of their wings. Beetles have four wings. The front pair (two wings) is hard and does not help the beetle to fly. The front wings cover the back of the beetle. The front wings also hide the back wings when the beetle is not flying. The back wings are used for flying. They are thin and need the front wings to protect them. Beetles must first lift the front wings out of the way in order to fly. Most other insects do not have hard front wings and soft back wings. Only some true bugs also have hard front wings.
Not all beetles can fly. Some beetles do not have back wings, and some beetles cannot lift their front wings out of the way. Only a few beetles have no wings at all and can never fly. Beetles with no wings look similar to beetle larvae, so they are called larviform!
Legs.
The legs of beetles help them to walk, run, swim, and dig. All beetles have six legs. Each leg is made out of several parts. The parts on the end of each leg are often the smallest. They are similar to feet but are called tarsi. The last tarsus (the singular of tarsi) of each beetle “foot” has one or two claws on the end of it. Most beetles use their legs to walk or run. Some beetle legs are flat and have long hairs on them. These kinds of legs are found on water beetles and are good for swimming. Some beetle legs are flat and have spines or horns on the edge of them. Beetles that often dig in soil have legs like that. Flat legs with horns are called fossorial legs because they help with digging. As few beetles have big hind legs, similar to those of grasshoppers. These big hind legs help the beetle to jump. Some of these jumping beetles are called flea beetles.
Sight and smell.
Beetles have compound eyes, which means the two big shiny eyes on the head are actually made out of many smaller parts. Sometimes the two eyes are each divided in half so that it looks like there are four eyes. One beetle family, the whirligig beetles, has divided eyes so that when they are swimming they can see on top of the water and inside the water at the same time. A few beetles have extra simple eyes (usually two) called ocelli. The ocelli are on the top of the beetle’s head.
Because beetles have no nose, they use their antennae to smell things. Beetles also use their antennae to feel things around them. Sometimes, beetles use their antennae for strange things. Some beetles use their antennae to fight other beetles or even to fight larger animals that want to eat them. Beetle antennae do not all look the same. Some antennae are long and thin, while others are short and wide. Thin antennae are called filiform antennae, and antennae that are wide on the end are called clavate antennae.
The mouth.
The mouth of a beetle is very different from the mouth of a person. Most beetles have two hard things like teeth in front of their mouth, called mandibles. In some beetles, the mandibles look like big pinchers on the front of the beetle. Mandibles help the beetle eat because they crush and cut food. Beetles also have four “fingers” around their mouth that push food into the mouth of the beetle. These fingers are called palpi.
Other.
Beetles do not breathe air into their mouths; they have holes called spiracles in the sides of their bodies. These spiracles lead to trachea, which act like lungs, but beetles do not have lungs. Beetles do not have blood, but they have something like blood, called hemolymph. It flows in their bodies and is usually a green colour.
How beetles grow.
Beetles start out as eggs that a female beetle lays. Some beetles can lay thousands of eggs during their lives. A larva comes out when an egg hatches. Most beetle larvae do not look like adult beetles. A beetle larva eats and grows larger until it changes and becomes a pupa. When the pupa opens, an adult beetle, sometimes called an imago, comes out. This way of growing up is called complete metamorphosis.
Beetles eat the most when they are larvae. Some beetle larvae eat the outside of plants; some eat inside plants. Some beetle larvae are predators, which means they hunt for other insects to eat. Other beetle larvae eat dead things, such as dead plants and dead animals.
Not all beetle larvae look the same. Some beetle larvae are flat and move very fast. To describe these larvae, scientists use the descriptive word campodeiform. Some beetle larvae look similar to hard worms with tiny legs. These have an elateriform shape. The larvae of click beetles are elateriform larvae. Click beetle larvae have a special name: wireworms. Other beetle larvae are short and very thick and are called grubs. Scientists say that grubs have a scarabaeiform shape. In a few beetles, the larvae change its shape after some time. Blister beetle larvae start out moving fast, such as campodeiform larvae, but end up slow and thick, more similar to scarabaeiform larvae.
Food.
Beetles eat many different things. Some beetles eat living plants. Some beetles eat dead things, such as dead leaves, dead animals, and even animal feces. Some beetles can eat both plants and animals.
There are also beetles that are very specific in what they eat. These beetles can only eat one kind of plant or one kind of other insect. Beetles that can only eat one kind of thing are said to be host specific. Many leaf beetles and longhorn beetles are host specific.
Protection.
There are many animals that want to eat beetles and beetle larvae. Animals that eat other animals (and that eat beetles) are called predators. Sometimes beetles eat each other. Other insects and spiders sometimes eat beetles. Larger animals, such as birds and mice, also eat beetles. How do beetles protect themselves?
Some beetles live in places that are hard for predators to find. Some beetles, such as longhorn beetles, live in tunnels inside tree branches. Only special predators that are small enough to use the long-horned beetle tunnels can eat the longhorn beetles.
Other beetles do not live in special places but they have colours or shapes that make them hard to find. When beetles have colours so that predators cannot see them, this is called camouflage. Some leaf beetles are green so that they can not be seen when they are on green leaves. Some beetles have very complex colours so that they look like bird feces.
Sometimes beetles use colour to scare predators. Some beetles have black and yellow stripes so that they look similar to bees and wasps. Some beetles even behave similar to bees to confuse predators.
Many beetles taste bad when predators eat them. Lady beetles taste bad. Lady beetles also have colours that warn predators that they taste bad: bright colours with dark spots often means a beetle has a bad taste. Some beetles with bright colours and dark spots or lines are actually poisonous. Blister beetles are so poisonous that if a horse eats only a few of them, the horse will die!
Very large beetles sometimes fight predators. Beetles that fight will often use their mandibles as teeth to bite their predators.
Reproduction.
Beetles have sexual reproduction, which means males and females mate in order to make offspring.
Before reproduction, male beetles sometimes fight to claim a female. This especially happens with stag beetles: males will fight using their long mandibles.
Some beetles give special care to their eggs or larvae. Some scarab beetles, called dung beetles, roll balls of dung (feces) and put them in a hole in the ground. The female lays her eggs in the dung. When the eggs hatch, the larvae will eat the dung that their mother supplied for them.
Kinds of beetles.
Different kinds of beetles can be divided into groups called families. There are many beetle families. The biggest families are listed here.
Beetles and people.
Some beetles cause trouble for farmers and people in forests because they eat crops or trees. These beetles are called pests. One beetle that hurts crops is the Colorado potato beetle.
Other beetles help people; lady beetles (also called ladybirds and ladybugs) eat insects that hurt crops and trees.
People who study beetles are called coleopterists.

Pope John IX
John IX was pope from 898 to 900. He was a Benedictine monk. He was made pope because of the support of Emperor Lambert of Spoleto. Lambert was of the Formosian party. Pope Sergius III who had been elected by the Anti-Formosians was chased from office with arms. He died unexepectedly in the year 900, which again ledad to feuds between different clans.

Houston Steward Chamberlain
Houston Steward Chamberlain (September 9,1855 - January 9, 1927) was a writer of books. He wrote many popular scientific books, about Richard Wagner, Immanuel Kant, and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe amongst others. He was born in Portsmouth, but later emigrated to Germany. In later life he became a German citizen. He died in Bayreuth. He is known for his Antisemitism. His best-known book, "The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century" is seen as a standard antisemitic work of the early 20th century.

Arthur de Gobineau
Joseph Arthur Comte de Gobineau (July 14, 1816 — October 13, 1882) was a French aristocrat. He was well educated, and wrote many things. He became famous for developing the racialist theory of the Aryan Master race in his book "An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races" (1853-1855).

Staff (music)
A staff (or stave) is the name given to the five horizontal lines on which we can write music. Musical notes can be placed either on a line (i.e. with a line going through the middle of the note head) or in a space. There are four inside spaces as well as the two outer spaces at the top or bottom. The higher the pitch of the note the higher it will be on the staff. Taking the white notes of a keyboard: each note (A, B, C, D etc) is placed higher on the stave (line, space, line, space etc). A clef is needed to show which notes they are. There are different clefs to suit high, medium or low instruments.
This musical example shows the opening of "Symphony no 5" by Beethoven. The first three notes are on the second line (counting from the bottom). They are Gs, because there is a treble clef at the beginning of the staff. The fourth note is a little lower: on the bottom line, the E line (because of the flats in the key signature it is an E flat). The next note is between the other two in pitch (an F). After the three Fs comes a D in the outside bottom space.
Sometimes composers have used staves with fewer or more than 5 lines, but the five-line staff started to become the usual one in Western music in the 13th century.
When notes are a little too high or low to put on the stave, extension lines are used. These are called leger lines.
If two or more staves are being played at the same time the staves are joined on the left by a bracket which is called a brace. Piano music, for example, is written on two staves: one for the right hand and one for the left.
Instruments that only play a rhythm (such as the cymbals), do not need a stave. The notes can be written just on one line.
In an orchestral or vocal score (music for a conductor showing what all the instruments play or each group of singers sing) the staves that are bracketed together are called a system. If the whole orchestra are playing there will only be room for one system on each page (because each instrument or group of instruments needs its own staff), but in places where only a few instruments are playing there may be two or three systems on a page to save space and unnecessary turning.

Colorado potato beetle
The Colorado potato beetle is called "Leptinotarsa decemlineata" by biologists. It is a kind of beetle.
The Colorado potato beetle first lived in North America, in the southern United States and northern Mexico. Now it lives in most of North America and also in Europe and Asia.
What it eats.
The Colorado potato beetle eats potato plants. There can be so many Colorado potato beetles in potato farms that they kill the potatoes. Many farmers use pesticides to kill Colorado potato beetles.
The Colorado potato beetle did not always eat potatoes. This is because potatoes came from South America, not North America where the beetle was. Before people brought potatoes to North America, the Colorado potato beetle ate a plant called buffalo-bur.

Opiliones
The Phalangids (name rarely used), or Opiliones, or Harvestmen are eight-legged invertebrates. They belong to the order "Opiliones". They are Arachnids ("Arachnida"). As of 2006, over 6,400 species of harvestmen have been discovered worldwide, although the real number of extant species may exceed 10,000. The order Opiliones can be divided in four suborders: Cyphophthalmi (Simon, 1879), Eupnoi (Hansen & Sørensen, 1904), Dyspnoi (Hansen & Sørensen, 1904) and Laniatores (Thorell, 1876). Well-preserved fossils have been found in the 400-million year old Rhynie cherts of Scotland. The samples found look surprisingly modern. This may indicate that the basic structure of the harvestmen has not changed much since then. The Phylogenetic position is disputed: their closest relatives may be the mites (Acari) or the Novogenuata (the Scorpiones, Pseudoscorpiones and Solifugae).
Although they belong to the class of arachnids, harvestmen are not spiders. Spiders belong to the order Araneae rather than the order Opiliones.
In some places, harvestmen are known by the name "daddy longlegs" or "granddaddy longlegs", but this name is also used for two other unrelated arthropods: the crane fly ("Tipulidae") and the cellar spider ("Pholcidae").
Many species are omnivores, they eat anything they can find. Most of the time this is small insects, and some plants and fungi. Some are scavengers.
Phalangids are not dangerous to humans. None of the described species has poison glands. Phalangids are not "true" spiders even though they look like true spiders in many ways. For example, Phalangids have no venom or silk glands; true spiders have these.

Shikon no Tama
The Shikon no Tama (English:The Jewel of Four Souls) is the fictional magic jewel in the anime and manga series InuYasha. It is called the Jewel of Four Souls because it has four souls of 4 different names: Aramitama (Courage), Nigimitama (Friendship), Kushimitama (Wisdom) and Sakimitama (Love). The souls can make a person very powerful.
When Midoriko was about to die fighting a demon, she joined her 4 soul inside her heart, with the soul of the demon to make it good and pure. By doing that, she killed herself and the demon. This created the Shikon jewel. Inside it, Midoriko and the demon souls still fought each other. This battle is depends to the person who has the jewel. The jewel can become pure (become good because Midoriko is winning) or impure (become bad because the demon is winning). Many creatures want the jewel because it can make them powerful like Midoriko. They can do anything they want with it. If someone wants to become a full demon then they will become that, just like Naraku wants to.
After many fights of different demons and humans, Shako, Sango's grandpa found the jewel from a demon called Mistress Centipede. The jewel was impure because it had been with the evil Mistress Centipede. He took the jewel to Kikyo. Only the goodness of Kikyo's priestess power could purify it and make it good. But when Kikyo is burnt because she dies by Naraku wanting the jewel and killing her, and she wants the jewel to burn and along with her. Kagome, Kikyo's reincarnation gets the jewel even so, and when Mistress Centipede's bones inside the well become alive with the jewel's power when Kagome comes near, she is dragged into the well and the past where everything happened. Kagome shatters the jewel by accident when she shoots a crow which swallowed it, and has to find all the pieces before evil creatures do with Inuyasha.
Fake Shikon no Tama.
Some people tried to make shikon no tama themselves so that they can have its power without trying to find all the pieces. Izumo, a half-demon who turns to a demon at night, but a human at day, is a clever philosopher who likes nature and the world. He is the one who knows how to make a shikon no tama, and a frog-demon with some other demons grab him so that they can start making a fake shikon no tama. Izumo agrees and makes many copies of shikon no tamas which only has small power. He said to the frog-demon that to make the copies like the real one, they had to collect the souls of people with Aramitama (Courage), Nigimitama (Friendship), Kushimitama (Wisdom) and Sakimitama (Love). When Inuyasha and his friends come to save Izumo who plans to get them because of his friends having the souls that he needed to make a real shikon no tama.
Inuyasha had the soul of Aramitama (Courage), Shippo with Nigimitama (Friendship), Miroku with Kushimitama (Wisdom) and Sango with Sakimitama (Love). Kagome tries to save her friends who are inside the frog eggs made by the frog-demon, and in the end he is killed together with Izumo in his half-demon form. Kagome was sad because she felt for Izumo but they carried on their adventure anyway.

Daddy long-legs spider
The Daddy-Long-Legs Spider ("Pholcus phalangioides") is a spider of the family Pholcidae. Its legs are about 5 or 6 times the length of its body. It is often confused with the "daddy long-legs", a member of the Opiliones, which are not true (real) spiders. "P. phalangioides" has the habit of shaking the web violently when disturbed. This is probably to blur the vision of a predator. Because it is often found on the ceilings of rooms, caves or cellars, it is also called cellar spider. They can easily catch and eat hairy house spiders, mosquitoes, and other insects. When food is scarce, they will prey on their own kind. Because they originally came from the tropics, these spiders do not seem to be aware of seasonal changes and breed at any time of the year.
The female holds 20 to 30 eggs in her jaws. Spiderlings are transparent with short legs and change their skin about 5 or 6 times as they grow.
Females have a body length of about 9mm, males are slightly smaller.
"Crossopriza lyoni" and "Physocyclus globosis" are spiders with a very similar appearance.

Crane fly
Crane flies are a type of fly in the family Tipulidae. They are insects. Crane flies look like big mosquitoes. Unlike mosquitoes, crane flies do not bite people or animals.
There are 14,000 different kinds or species of crane flies. This means that the Tipulidae (crane flies) are the largest group of flies. Most crane fly species (75%) were found by Charles P. Alexander).
People in different places call crane flies different names. Most of these names are only used by people in small areas. Some of the other names for crane flies are daddy longlegs, mosquito hawks, mosquito eaters (or skeeter eaters), gallinippers, and jimmy spinners. In the United Kingdom they are most commonly referred to as Daddy Long-Legs, but in the United States the name Daddy Long-Legs is given to arachnids that look like thin spiders and that scientists call Opiliones.
What they look like.
Adult crane flies are long and thin. They have very long legs and a long, thin abdomen. It is very easy to accidentally break off their delicate legs when catching crane flies. This may help them to escape from birds who try to eat them. Females have larger abdomens in comparison to the males. The female abdomen also ends in a pointed ovipositor that looks a bit like a stinger. Crane flies cannot sting.
The wings are often held out from the body when the crane fly is not moving. When the wings are held out, the large halteres (balancers) can be seen behind the wings. Unlike mosquitoes, crane flies can not fly well. They will sometimes "wobble" when flying.
Crane flies that live in temperate places, such as "Tipula" species, may grow as big as 60 mm in size. Tropical crane flies may grow to more than 100 mm. The Giant Crane Fly ("Holorusia rubiginosa") that lives in the western United States can reach 38 mm (1-3/8 inches). There are also small crane flies, called bobbing gnats. These are the size of mosquitoes, but you can tell they are not mosquitoes by the V-shaped suture (groove) on the middle part of their body, the thorax. Crane flies also do not have ocelli, which are extra tiny eyes on the top of their heads.
Larvae of crane flies are divided into segments. They have a distinct head capsule on the front. The segments on the rear portion of the larva (the abdominal segments) often have long fleshy projections (like tentacles). Scientists have never seen the larvae from most crane fly species: less than 2% of the larvae are known.
How crane flies live.
Even though crane flies look like mosquitoes, they do not bite humans. They also do not eat mosquitoes. Adult crane flies eat nectar or they do not eat at all; most adult crane flies only mate and then die once they become adults.
Crane fly larvae are called leatherjackets or 'leatherjacket slugs' because of the way they move and eat roots (such as those of grass in lawns) and other vegetation. Leatherjackets can sometimes cause damage to plants. Because of this, people sometimes think crane flies are a pest of lawn grass in some areas. Some leatherjackets are aquatic, which means they live in water.
Many birds eat crane flies.

Neville Chamberlain
Arthur Neville Chamberlain, (18 March 1869 – 9 November 1940) was a politician, Lord Mayor of Birmingham, Chancellor of the Exchequer and British Prime Minister from 1937 to 1940.
Early life.
Neville was born in Edgbaston, in Birmingham. His father was Joseph Chamberlain, an important politician. His half-brother (they had different mothers), Austen, also became an important politician. Neville went to Rugby school. He became interested in botany (plants),
birds and fishing. Neville also loved music and literature (reading). He studied metallurgy at Mason college, which Joseph Chamberlain later made part of the University of Birmingham. Later, he became an apprentice in an accounting company.
Neville became a successful manager in a manufacturing company. In 1911, when he was 42, the people of Birmingham elected (chose) him to be part of the city council. On the council, he had the job of planning improving the city, the same kind of work his father had done. He planned new houses for poor people. In 1915 he became Lord Mayor of Birmingham, also as his father had done. In this job he did work to improve the city, including starting the Birmingham Symphony Orchestra.
Member of Parliament.
In 1916, the prime minister, Lloyd George asked Chamberlain to manage the department in control of conscription, making civilians become soldiers in times of war. Chamberlain and Lloyd-George often argued, and soon they did not like each other. Chamberlain left the job the next year. Instead, he entered the 1918 general election and became the Conservative Member of Parliament for Ladywood in Birmingham.
Government.
In 1923, the prime minister Andrew Bonar Law made Chamberlain the health minister In this job, Chamberlain did more work to help poor people. For example he made a law that connected rent prices to how good the building was. Chamberlain was then Chancellor of the Exchequer, in charge of the economy, for a short time. After the 1924 general election, he became health minister again, where he stayed until the Conservatives lost the 1929 general election. Between 1924 and 1929, Chamberlain helped to make many new laws to help poor people, including a pensions system that helped to make Britain's welfare state after the Second World War.
In 1929, the Conservatives lost the general election, and Ramsay MacDonald became the new Labour prime minister. At this time, the Conservative party was trying to put tariffs (taxes) on imports to make trade in the British Empire stronger. Other people, including Lord Beaverbrook, a businessman who owned a lot of newspapers, disagreed, saying that trade should be free. Lord Beaverbrook started a new party to fight the Conservatives. Chamberlain fought Beaverbrook's part in an election, and won. This made him very popular in the Conservative party.
An economic crisis in 1931 led to another general election. After the election, Chamberlain became Chancellor of the Exchequer. In this position he worked to cancel debts from the war. In 1932 he was able to start a tariff system. His father, Joseph Chamberlain had spent a long time working for a stronger British Empire when he was foreign secretary. He also worked hard for a tariff system before he died, because he believed it would make the Empire economically independent. Neville was pleased to make his father's wishes come true.
War becomes likely.
By 1934, Chamberlain felt that the economy had. However, at this time many important people, including Chamberlain's half-brother Austen and Winston Churchill were warning that Nazi Germany was rearming (building its military). These men said that Britain must rearm, too. In July 1934 the government told parliament that it had a plan to make the Royal Air Force much stronger.
However, not everybody was happy to see an arms race (a competition with Germany to build a bigger military). The First World War was still in people's memories, and there was a pacifist feeling in the country. Chamberlain advised the prime minister, Stanley Baldwin, to talk about rearmament in the 1935 general election. Baldwin was worried people would not vote for them if they talked about making the military stronger, so he talked about housing and unemployment instead.
Chamberlain worked hard with a slow economy. The govenment bought factories that were not being used, and spent money making them new again. This idea helped when the war began because Britain had the most modern equipment. When he announced (told the public about) his budget (plan for the economy) in 1935, the Labour party said he wanted war. Other people still said he was not doing enough to build the military. In 1936 the government announced plans to build the Royal Navy.
Prime Minister.
Stanley Baldwin retired in 1937, and Chamberlain became the new prime minister on the 28th May. Chamberlain is mostly remembered for being the prime minister as Europe moved into the Second World War, but as prime minister he also made some important changes in Britain. He made laws that made working conditions better. He limited working hours for women and children. He introduced paid holiday for a large part of the population. He laws to try to make the population healthier by exercising and medical inspection. Many other changes were planned, but the start of the war stopped these changes from happening.
In the 1930's, the Irish Taoiseach (similar to a prime minister) was Éamon de Valera. de Valera worked to make a new constitution (set of laws) for Ireland. He wanted to make Ireland independent from Britain. Ireland had its own government, but Britain still controlled Northern Ireland, and had naval ports (called treaty ports) in Ireland. de Valera wanted this control to stop. Chamberlain wanted Ireland to support Britain if there was a war because he knew that without Irish help, defending the Atlantic Ocean would be difficult. Chamberlain and his Secretary of State, Malcolm MacDonald made an agreement to give the treaty ports back to Ireland, but hoped that British warships might use them in the war.
Many Conservatives, including Winston Churchill, (who had made an agreement to have the treaty ports in 1921) disagreed strongly with this plan. This agreement, together with a plan to limit the number of Jewish people moving into Palestine (which was controlled by Britain at this time) made Chamberlain unpopular with many people.
The Munich Agreement.
Although many people warned about the threat of Nazi Germany, Chamberlain only chose ministers that agreed with him, and wanted to avoid war. Chamberlain, together with many people of the same age, were very worried about war. They believed that people like Adolf Hitler were in power because their people felt that their situation was. German people felt that the Treaty of Versailles (an agreement made to end the First World War) was unfair. When Nazi Germany invaded (took control of) Austria and the Sudetenland (a part of Czechoslovakia), Chamberlain tried to keep peace.
In September 1938 he flew to Munich to speak with Hitler. Together with the French prime minister, Édouard Daladier and the Italian dictator, Benito Mussolini, he made an agreement with Hitler. Hitler was allowed to control the Sudetenland, but had to agree not to use his military to solve future disputes (disagreements). When Chamberlain returned home, many people said he had done a wonderful job. Chamberlain was very pleased, and said that the agreement meant "peace for our time".
War.
In March of 1939, the German military moved in to control the rest of Czechoslovakia. This was against the Munich agreement. Chamberlain realised that his attempts to control Hitler had failed. He started to get Britain ready for war, using the new factories that had been built. Many new weapons were built, including the Supermarine Spitfire (a fighter aircraft, and radar. When the Germans invaded Poland on 1st September 1939, the British and the French talked together and decided to declare war on Germany (tell Germany war had started). Chamberlain spoke on the radio, and told the British people that war had begun.
Chamberlain made a new government, and included Winston Churchill. After the Germans invaded Norway in April 1940, the British sent a naval force to fight them. The plan was not a success, however, and parliament no longer supported Chamberlain. on 10th May 1940, Chamberlain resigned. Churchill became the prime minister, but Chamberlain stayed in the government. Later in May, Germany offered {wikt:condition|conditions for peace (things they wanted to stop fighting). Most of the government, including Chamberlain, wanted to agree with Germany and stop fighting. Churchill did not want to agree with Germany. He spoke with Chamberlain, and soon Chamberlain began to agree with Churchill. The result was that Britain stayed in the war.
Death.
In the summer of 1940, Chamberlain became sick. In July he had an operation on his stomach to treat cancer. He tried to return to work, but became too weak, and had to retire. He died on 9th November 1940 of bowel cancer. He was 71 years old.
Winston Churchill spoke to parliament to tell them about Chamberlain's death. He praised Chamberlain as a good, honest man.
People disagree about the history of Chamberlain. Some people think that his actions were wrong because he did not stop Hitler. Other people say that he gave Britain and France more time to get ready for war.

Quadratic equation
A quadratic equation is an equation in the form of formula_1, where a is not equal to 0. It makes a parabola (a "u" shape) when graphed on a coordinate plane.
The Quadratic Formula.
Where the letters are the corresponding numbers of the original equation, formula_1. a is not 0
Proof.
The quadratic formula is proved by "completing the square",
move formula_5
Use the method of "completing the square"
The left side is now a perfect square; it is the square of
The right side can be a single fraction, with a common denominator 4"a"2.
Find the square root of both sides.
move formula_17

Attac (organization)
The Association pour la Taxation des Transactions pour l'Aide aux Citoyens (Association for the Taxation of Financial Transactions for the Aid of Citizens, ATTAC) is an organization that promotes a tax on foreign exchange transactions, the so-called Tobin tax.
Background.
At first Attac demanded only the introduction of the so-called Tobin tax on currency speculation. Now it fights for many issues related to globalisation. Therefore it reports about the decisions of the World Trade Organisation (WTO), the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). ATTAC attends the meetings of the G8 with the goal of influencing policymakers' decisions.
Though ATTAC criticises the neoliberal ideology dominating economic globalisation, it is not "anti-globalisation". It supports globalisation policies that they characterise as sustainable and socially just. One of ATTAC's slogans is "The World is not for sale", denouncing the "merchandisation" of society.

Threat
A threat is a declaration of intention to inflict punishment or harm on another. It will often be conditional upon a particular course of action on the part of the recipient.
The threat can have a form of an explicit or implicit message.
It can also be any source of probable impending danger (e.g. "a terrorist threat"), or a warning of an impending danger.

Promotion
Promotion means spreading information about an issue.
Promotion as part of marketing means spreading information about a product, product line, brand, or company.

Issue
Issue may have one of the following special meanings.

Issue (debate)
An issue in context with debate or controversy means a point on which the parties take affirmative and negative positions or a presentation of alternatives between which to choose or decide.An issue or debate always has two sides.

Lampyridae
Lampyrideae is a family of beetles. These beetles are special in that most of them have the ability to produce light. Commonly, they are also called Fireflies or Lightning bugs. There are about 2000 different species. Most of them are nocturnal. They use flashes of light to attract mates.
Most species live in marshes or near water, because there their larvae have more than enough food.

Phengodidae
Phengodidae is a family of beetles. They are known as "glowworm beetles" or "glowworms". They occur only in the New World. The females and larvae have organs that can produce light. There are about 30 genera in this family.
The larvae and the females (which keep their larval form) ate predators. They feed on millipedes and other animals they find in the soil and litter. Males are winged. They are attracted to lights at night. They are probably short-lived and do not feed at all. In some species, adult males can also produce light. Females have organs that produce a green or yellow light on their trunks. Some of them (called railroad worms) also have such an organ in front, which can produce a red light.
The family is different from the Fireflies (Lampyrideae), which may also be called "glow-worms"when they are larvae.

Arachnocampa
Arachnocampa is a family of flies. They are also called Fungus gnats. They occur in Australia and New Zealand. Their larvae are glowworms.
They were called Bolitphila ("mushroom-lovers") until 1924. Then people found out that their larvae use silk threads to catch prey. Their current name means "spider-grub".

Rumiko Takahashi
Rumiko Takahashi（高橋留美子）is a Japanese manga artist. She made popular manga books like: Ranma ½ and InuYasha. She is the richest woman in Japan and her manga is loved all over the world. She was born in Niigata, on October 10, 1975. She joined Gekiga Sonjuku college: a manga school run by Kazuo Koike, also a manga artist. With the school's help, she managed to make a "doujinshi" (self-published work mostly for beginners) manga artwork, for example, Bye-Bye Road and Star of Futile Dust.
Beginning of professional work (as a real job).
She first started with a "Those selfish aliens" in 1978, followed by "Time Warp Trouble", "Shake Your Buddha", and "The Golden Gods of Poverty", published in Shonen Sunday - this place was to become the publisher of her most important works. Later in this year she tried "Urusei Yatsura" (Lamu, the invader girl), her first full series of books. This had some publishing problems, but even so, it became the most loved manga comedy in Japan.
Major and important works.
In 1980, she wrote a lot of books. The most important was "Maison Ikkoku" from 1980 to 1987. She finished both Urusei Yatsura (34 books) with Maison Ikkoku (15 books). After that she began a dark, story telling type of manga - the "Mermaid Saga", finished at 1994, with the story "Mermaid's mask". It is thought to be unfinished because it did not have a note to tell the reader it was ended. "One-pound Gospel" was her next book. It was nearly not finished because of the ending similar to Mermaid Saga, with the last story done in 2001.
At late 1987, she began another major manga called Ranma ½. It ended in 1996 with 38 books altogether. During 1990s, she began InuYasha. It was a magical story very similar to Mermaid Saga. Rumiko Takahashi had said that she would make it up to 500 chapters and 50 books. That would make it the longest she's ever made for now.
Anime based on her manga.
In 1981, Urusei Yatsura was the first work to become an anime. This series began showing on October 14 at the Japanese television by studio called Kitty Animation. This had many different directors during the making of this anime. The most well known director was Mamoru Oshii. He also directed the second Urusei Yatsura movie, Beautiful Dreamer. This is thought his best work for this anime. Kitty Animation also made the anime of Maison Ikkoku in 1986 (with 96 episodes and 4 Original Video Animation (OVA)s, which are animes made only on video but not on TV). It also made Ranma ½ in anime. Kitty Animation stopped because of problems, and Ranman ½ anime also stopped during episode 161.
Sunrise was the next studio to make animes out of Rumiko Takahashi's mangas. They made 167 episodes of InuYasha animes, started on 2000 and ending in 2004. As with Ranma ½, InuYasha did not finish too. This was because the manga InuYasha was too long to continue in anime. Mermaid Saga anime was made in 2003 for 13 series of the manga.
The later animes are from her short mangas like: The Tragedy of P, The Merchant of Romance, Middle-Aged Teen, Hidden In The Pottery, Aberrant Family F, As Long As You Are Here, One Hundred Years of Love, In Lieu of Thanks, Living Room Lovesong, House of Garbage, One Day Dream, Extra-Large Size Happiness and The Executive's Dog.
Effect of her works in Western world (outside Japan).
Rumiko Takahashi is still popular in Europe, mostly in France. Viz Media is the studio that translated most of the animes in English. At early 1990s, they began to translate Urusei Yatsura the anime. Because it was difficult to translate the Japanese way of life/culture and the confusing puns and wordplay, they stopped the series. Mermaid Saga, Maison Ikkoku and Inuyasha could go on even so. Ranma ½ was popular for English-speakers. It was shown all over the world. Viz also showed InuYasha anime on Adult Swim, where it was very popular. InuYasha is the very popular even now. Even with many of her works have Japanese cultures that is difficult to understand in them, the believable characters in them and their feelings are easy to understand all over the world.

Debate
Debate (American English) or debating (British English) is a formal method of argument.
It is a larger form of argument than logical argument, because in a debate, the debaters try to influence the feelings of the hearers, in order to persuade them on a topic.
Informal debates like discussion are very common, but the quality of a debate improves with knowledge and skill of its participants as debaters.
Deliberative bodies such as parliaments, legislative assemblies, and meetings of all sorts have debates. The winner of a debate may be decided by the audiences vote, by judges, or by both. Formal debates between candidates for a elected office, such as the leaders debates and the U.S. presidential election debates, are common in democracies.

Alternative
In natural language and in cognitive decision-making, alternative is one of two things/(abstract or real objects)/actions which can be chosen. From a specific perspective/(point of view)/goal, alternatives are always equivalent.
In logic and mathematics, alternative is the element of logical disjunction.

Momofuko Ando
, born Gô Peh-hok (吳百福) in Taiwanese (March 5, 1910 - January 5, 2007) was the founder and chairman of Nissin Food Products Co., Ltd., and the inventor of the modern instant noodle, ramen.
Ando was born to Taiwanese parents in Kagi (currently Chiayi), Taiwan and grew up an orphan in Tainan City. In 1948, Momofuku Ando founded what was to become Nissin in Ikeda, Osaka, Japan. It was a small family-run company at first.
On August 25, 1958, at the age of 48, and after months of trial and error experimentation, Ando announced that he had finally perfected his flash-frying method and therefore invented the instant noodle. Called Chikin Ramen, after the original flavour, it was originally considered a luxury food item as it cost around six times that of traditional non-instant udon and soba noodles. Ando began sales of the Cup noodles on September 18, 1971. As prices dropped, ramen soon became a booming business. An estimated 70 billion servings were sold in 2004.
In 1964, looking for a way to promote the instant noodle industry, Ando founded the Instant Food Industry Association which set guidelines for fair competition and product quality, introducing several industry standards such as the inclusion of production dates on packaging. The Momofuku Ando Instant Ramen Museum is named after Ando.
Ando was also the chairman of the International Ramen Manufacturers’ Association. He died on January 5, 2007 of heart failure in Osaka Prefecture at the age of 96.

Logical disjunction
Logical disjunction is a concept from Logic. It can refer to

Demon
A demon or daemon is a bad or powerful being in many world religions.
In religion, folklore, and mythology.
A demon is usually thought to be a supernatural creature that is a bad spirit. Demons are often described as being called by someone, and then working in a bad way. "To demonize" means to make someone appear evil.
In a few writings, there are also good demons, for example in stories by James Clerk Maxwell, Hesiod and Shakespeare. In Indo-European mythology and traditions of Iranian Avestan and Vedic, the idea of "demons" was there for many years. Ancient Egyptians thought of demons as "monsters" that ate souls of people when they went to the afterlife. In ancient Greek mythology, there are also "daemons" but they were thought to be invisible protectors that they believed protect them. In the book "Northern Lights", a daemon is said to be a creature that everyone has as part of the body. So if it is far away from someone, that person would feel hurt.
In the Greek New Testament and Hebrew Old Testament, demons are said to be bad. In Hebrew, demons are called "se'irim". In other Hebrew writings, they don't come from heaven, but came from another world and made much troubles. They gave diseases too. And they have a prince who is not God, but a demon.
In Hinduism, demons are called "asuras". "Patala" is thought to be an underground place below the Earth, where humans live. "Asura" means supernatural beings that were good or bad. People who do evil and horrible things in their lives, by reincarnation, will turn into evil, ghost spirits called "Vetalas, Pishachas, Bhūtas".
In Islam, "Djinns" are creatures that cannot be seen by people most of the time, made of fire, with special powers to help and harm people: but in Islam, "djinns" must serve and obey God (Allah).
"Monotheistic" religions (that say there is one God) usually teach that demons are rebels and under God's authority at all times. The English poet John Milton describes Satan as rebelling against God but losing, and being allowed to survive only by God's grace. In some "polytheistic" religions, demons are equal to gods. In Hinduism, the demon-goddess Kali represents destruction and thus from a human standpoint is "bad".
Western belief.
The "grimoire" (medieval book about magical beliefs) called "Ars Goetia", writes about 72 demons that a king has called and put in a bronze container sealed by magical symbols. The demons had to do whatever the king said. This book is all about spirits and demons, good and evil, that were called by magic. The word 'demon' has different meanings all over the world, but often there is the idea that they are spirits that lived in a place, or went with a person.
Christians believe that demons were bad angels that went to bad ways instead of good ways. Angels were like humans, God asked them if they wanted to stay with him, or to go away from him. Those angels who became demons because they wanted to go away, fought against God, who won the battle with Michael. God sent the bad demons into a prison called Hell and they couldn't see God now for the punishment. Those demons are called the fallen angels.
What happens to the fallen angels.
Some say that the demons go back to heaven after asking forgiveness of their bad doings. But others say they stay in that prison forever. The demons go into the prison also because of marrying a human woman, when they are not supposed to. The fictional "Inuyasha" has some demons marrying a human as well.
Age and "InuYasha".
In "InuYasha", a fictional "manga", "yokais" (Japanese for supernatural creatures and translated demon in English) can't die easily, but humans do, and "yokais" get old more slowly than humans. They are also creatures that have supernatural powers and most of them are evil. A half-demon is a child made by human and a demon married together - so it's half-demon and half-human.

Central Bank bombing
The Central Bank bombing was one of the deadliest terrorist attacks of the civil war in Sri Lanka between the government and the Tamil militant LTTE group.
The attack happened on January 31, 1996, in Colombo, the capital city of Sri Lanka. A truck with about 440 pounds (200kg) of high explosives crashed through the main gate of the Central Bank, a seaside building which managed most of the financial business of the country. As gunmen and security guards were shooting, the suicide bomber in the truck detonated the massive bomb, which badly damaged the bank and damaged eight other buildings nearby.
The explosion killed 90 people and injured 1,400 others. Most of these were ordinary citizens or civilians working in the small shops set up near the bank. This bombing was followed by one in July on a train that killed more than 70.
Until 2006, the Central Bank bombing was the deadliest LTTE terrorist bombing.

Ledger line
A ledger line is a short line used to write notes which would otherwise be too high or too low for the staff. A short line (slightly longer than the note) is drawn parallel to the lines on the staff, and the note head is placed on that line or in the space below or above it.
Notes more than two or three leger lines below the treble clef stave or two or three leger lines above the bass clef stage are rarely used. It is usually easier to change the clef.
Notes more than four or five leger lines above the treble clef stave or below the bass clef stage also become hard to read. These very high or very low notes are easier to read if an “8va” sign (called "ottava" sign) followed by little dots is placed above or below the notes. This means they are to be played an octave higher (or lower) than written.
The piccolo always sounds an octave higher than the music written and the double bass always sounds an octave lower than written. Some wind instruments also transpose up or down an octave to make it easier to read, e.g. the bass clarinet sounds a ninth (just over an octave) lower than the music which is written in the treble clef (this makes it the same fingering as the clarinet).

Clef
A clef is a sign at the beginning of a staff of music which makes it possible for the player to work out what the notes are. The word “clef” is a French word meaning “key”. The original Latin word is “clavis”. It is the “key” to understanding which notes should be played.
The staff (or “stave”) consists of five lines across the page. The notes are placed on these lines and in these spaces. The staff is only large enough to cover one and a half octaves of music (a bit more with leger lines). Therefore different clefs are used for high music and for low music.
Treble clef.
The treble clef is drawn by starting with a circle in the middle, then going up, round and straight down with a hook at the end. The second line of the staff (counting from the bottom) goes through the middle of the treble clef’s circle. A note on this line is a G. This is why the treble clef is called a “G clef”.
The treble clef is used for high notes. The notes higher than Middle C can be written in the treble clef. In piano music the right hand is usually written in the treble clef. Music for instruments such as the violin, flute, oboe, recorder, trumpet and high singing voice are always written in the treble clef.
Alto clef (Viola clef).
The alto clef is an example of a “C clef”. The middle of a C clef points to Middle C. In the alto clef Middle C is on the third line of the staff. Viola music is written in this clef, which is why it is also called the “viola clef”. Alto trombone players also need to be able to read the alto clef.
Tenor clef.
The tenor clef is another C clef. Middle C is on the fourth line up. Tenor trombone players need to be able to read the tenor clef. Cellists, Double bass players and bassoonists also need to read tenor clef when their music goes high.
Bass clef.
The bass clef is normally used for the left hand in piano music. Low instruments like the cello, double bass and bassoon mostly read from the bass clef. It is an F clef because the two dots are on either side of the fourth line up which is an F below Middle C.
Choice of clef.
The choice of clef used depends on the music. The music for a pianist’s left hand may be written in the bass clef, and the right hand notes may be in the treble clef.
In choral music the sopranos and altos sing from the treble clef, the tenors usually sing from the treble clef but sounding an octave lower than written (shown by a small 8 below the clef), and the basses sing from the bass clef.

Tobin tax
A Tobin tax is a tax on all trade of currency across borders.
The first idea that it could be useful came from the economist James Tobin. The tax is meant to put a penalty on short-term speculation in currencies. The proposed tax rate would be low, between 0.1% to 0.25%.
On August 15, 1971, Richard Nixon told that it would no longer be possible to change the US dollar to gold, so ended the Bretton Woods system. Tobin suggested a new system for international currency stability, and proposed that such a system include a charge on foreign-exchange transactions. Professor Tobin later received a Nobel Prize in Economics in 1981.
The idea was nearly forgotten for more than 20 years. In 1997 Ignacio Ramonet, editor of "Le Monde Diplomatique", started the debate around the Tobin tax again with an editorial titled "Disarming the markets". Ramonet proposed to create an association for the introduction of this tax, which was named ATTAC (Association for the Taxation of financial Transactions for the Aid of Citizens). The tax has then become an issue of the antiglobalization movement and a matter of discussion not only behind academic institutions but even in the streets and in parliaments around the world, such as the UK and France.
Tobin tax projects in the world.
Since one country acting alone would find it very difficult to introduce this tax, many argue it would be best done by an international institution. It has been proposed that having the United Nations manage a Tobin tax would solve this problem and would give the U.N. a large source of funding independent from donations by participating states. However, there have been initiatives of national dimension about the tax.
The Tobin tax idea was the subject of much discussion in Europe in the summer of 2001. On June 15, 2004, the Commission of Finance and Budget in the Belgian Federal Parliament approved a bill implementing the "Spahn tax" (a version of the Tobin tax proposed by Paul-Bernd Spahn). According to the legislation, Belgium will introduce the Tobin tax once all countries of the eurozone introduce a similar law.

Visoko
Visoko is historic town in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It has 17000 residents. Visoko lies on river Bosna and Fojnica.
Visoko was capital town of medieval Bosnia in early years of country. From this time, most important objects are old town Visoki on Visočica hill, trade center Podvisoki, Mile - place where the kings were crowned and Moštre where was Bosnian church university.
In 1463 Ottomans counqered Bosnia. Ajas-beg is founder of modern Visoko. He built mosques, trade shops and other objects.

Speculation
Speculation has a special meaning when talking about money. The person who speculates is called a speculator. A speculator does not buy goods to own them, but to sell them later. The reason is that he wants to profit from the changes of market prices.
One tries to buy the goods when they are cheap and to sell them when they are expensive. There is a good chance to do that as long as the market price of a good changes often in different directions.
Speculation includes the buying, holding, selling, and short-selling of stocks, bonds, commodities, currencies, collectibles, real estate, derivatives or any valuable financial instrument. It is the opposite of buying because one wants to use them for daily life or to get income from them (as dividends or interest).
Speculation is one of the market roles in western financial markets. The others are hedging, long term investing and arbitrage. Speculators do not plan to keep an asset for a long time.

Quarterback
A quarterback (QB) is a position in American and Canadian football. Quarterbacks are members of the attacking team. They line up directly behind the center, in the middle of the attacking team's line. A quarterback is usually the leader of the attacking team, and starts most plays. In addition, the quarterback gives commands to the other players before the start of a play. A quarterback will in most attacking plays throw the ball to a member of their team, ready to run to the end of the pitch.

Arrest
An arrest is a procedure by which a person who is thought to have broken the law is taken away into jail so that they can be placed on trial. Arrests are normally performed by the police.

Jos Oehlen
Jos Oehlen, is a Dutch sculptor. He was born in 1953 in Tegelen, The Netherlands. He now lives in Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
Jos Oehlen studied at the Academy of Tilburg and the "Rijksakademie voor Beeldende Kunsten te Amsterdam." Most of his sculptures are done in bronze but he has also created some sculptures in granite and marble. His most recent large sculpture is "The Pelican" in Uny, Hungary.

James Tobin
James Tobin (March 5, 1918 – March 11, 2002) was an American economist. Outside academia, Tobin became widely known for his suggestion of a tax on foreign exchange transactions, now known as the "Tobin tax". This was designed to reduce speculation on currency markets, which he saw as unproductive. He also suggested that the money gained from the tax could be used to fund projects for the benefit of Third World countries, or to support the United Nations.
Tobin's academic work included pioneering contributions to the study of investment, monetary and fiscal policy and financial markets. He advocated and developed the ideas of Keynesian economics. He believed that governments should intervene in the economy in order to stabilise output and avoid recessions.

Bretton Woods system
The Bretton Woods system was the first system used to control the value of money between different countries. It meant that each country had to have a monetary policy that kept the exchange rate of its currency within a fixed value—plus or minus one percent—in terms of gold.
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) was created to fight against temporary imbalances of payments. The Bretton Woods system was the first monetary order that organized monetary relations among independent nation-states.
It set out the rules for commercial and financial relations among the world's major industrial states.
Plans to rebuild the international economic system after the end ofWorld War II started before the war ended. 730 delegates from all 44 Allies of World War II came to Bretton Woods, New Hampshire for the "United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference". The delegates discussed and then signed the Bretton Woods Agreements during the first three weeks of July 1944.
The planners at Bretton Woods set up a system of rules, institutions, and procedures to regulate the international monetary system. They started the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) (now one of five institutions in the World Bank Group) and the "International Monetary Fund" (IMF). These organizations became active in 1946 after a enough countries had ratified the agreement.
Until the early 1970s, the Bretton Woods system worked. It controlled conflict and achieved the common goals of the leading states that had created it, especially the United States.
In the face of increasing strain, the system collapsed in 1971, following the United States' suspension of convertibility from dollars to gold.

Sunflowers Interactive Entertainment Software
Sunflowers Interactive Entertainment Software is a German company that develops and publishes video games. It is located in Heusenstamm, Germany. It was founded in 1993 by Adi Boiko and Wilhelm Hamrozi. Boiko is now president of the company and Hamrozi is chief executive officer (CEO). The company is known for the Anno series (also by Max Design), Knights of Honor (by Black Sea Studios) and ParaWorld (by SEK).

Antiglobalization
Anti-globalization is used for people and groups who oppose certain aspects of globalization in its present form.
“Anti-globalization” is considered by many to be a social movement, while others consider it to be several separate social movements. In either case, participants are united in opposition to the political power of large corporations, as exercised in trade agreements and elsewhere, which they say destroys the environment, labor rights, national sovereignty, the third world, and more.
Most people who are called "anti-globalization" prefer instead to describe themselves as the Global Justice Movement, the Movement of Movements (a popular term in Italy), the "alter-globalization" movement (popular in France), and a number of other terms.
The groups and individuals that would come to be known as the "anti-globalization movement" developed in the late twentieth century to combat the globalization of corporate economic activity and the free trade with developing nations that might result from such activity.

Simon Peyton Jones
Simon Peyton Jones (1958-) born in South Africa and is a British computer scientist. He does research on (lazy) functional programming languages, such as Haskell. He works at Microsoft Research in Cambridge, England. He is married to Dorothy, a priest in the Church of England. They have three children.
Simon Peyton Jones, Simon Marlow and others have developed the Glasgow Haskell Compiler, a compiler for Haskell.
He has also worked on C--.

Zambezi River
The Zambezi River is the fourth largest river in Africa. It is also the largest river that enters the Indian Ocean. It starts in Zambia, and flows through Angola to Mozambique where it enters the ocean.

Truth value
In logic, the truth value of a logical statement says how much it is true. Usually, the truth value can only be "true" or "false". For example, "The car is red" is true when the car is red and false when it is not.
In multi-valued logics, the truth value can be other values as well. For example, one could use a value between 0 and 1 to say how much it is true. Zero would mean that it is completely false and one would mean that is completely true. When the car is orange (half red, half yellow), the truth value could be 0.5 because the statement is half true and half false.

Charitable organization
A charitable organization is an organization that supports a cause by fundraising or through donations. The organisations arrange for all the distribution of any money to each cause.
There are many well-known charities all over the world. Two of the most well-known charities are UNICEF and the Red Cross.

Southwest
Southwest or south west is the direction halfway between south and west. It is the opposite of northeast.

Boris Yeltsin
Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin () (Russian spelling:Бори́с Никола́евич Е́льцин) (February 1, 1931 - April 23, 2007) was the first President of Russia. He served from 1991 to 1999. Mikhail Gorbachev, the last president of the Soviet Union, came before him. Vladimir Putin came after him. Boris Yeltsin died of a heart failure on April 23, 2007.

Treasurer
A Treasurer is someone who looks after the money in a club, company, organisation or government.
The Treasurer of a government manages the Annual Budget of a state or country. The Budget is used to give money to government departments and to pay for promises the government makes. The Treasurer is called the Chancellor of the Exchequer in the United Kingdom and the Treasury Secretary in the United States.

Yorkshire
Yorkshire is a historic county in England. It covers a large area of the Pennines. The main towns in Yorkshire were Leeds, York and Hull. It covered just under 6,000 sq. miles (15,000 km²) with a population of around five millions.

Pixel
A pixel (short for picture element) is a single point in a picture. On the monitor of a computer, a pixel is usually a square. Every pixel has a color and all the pixels together are the picture. The color of a pixel can be stored by using a combination of red, green and blue (RGB) but other combinations are also possible, such as cyan, magenta, yellow and black (CMYK).
The word "pixel".
The word "pixel" was first used in a paper by Frederic C. Billingsley in 1965. He did not create the word himself. He got it from Keith E. McFarland but Keith doesn't know where he got it from. Keith said that the word was in use in those days.
The word "pixel" uses "pix" as a shorter word (an abbreviation) for "picture". The word pix was first used in 1932 in Variety, a magazine. It was an abbreviation for "pictures" or movies. By 1938 the word "pix" was also used for pictures that didn't move (still pictures).
The word "picture element" is even older. For example, the German word "Bildpunkt" (which means "picture point") was used in a 1888 patent of Paul Gottlieb Nipkow.

Olomouc
Olomouc (-Czech) is the fifth largest city in the Czech Republic. About 100,000 people live there. It is located in the center of the historical region Moravia.
There are many churches and historical buildings. There is beautiful "Holy Trinity Column" in the centre. UNESCO have this column in the list "UNESCO World Heritage Sites". There is nice historical clock.

Astronomical clock
An astronomical clock is a big clock in a building. It shows the time and date. It also has the positions of the sun and moon. It shows the zodiac, too. A few astronomical clocks also show planets and stars.
People made astronomical clocks in Europe in the Middle Ages.
Many astronomical clocks are on historical buildings in the centre of cities. Many astronomical clocks play songs at noon or every hour.

Hereditary disease
A hereditary disease is a disease which can be passed down through generations of the same family.
For example, if a man has cystic fibrosis, any children he has might have it too.

Theobroma
Theobroma is a genus. There are about 20 species in it. They are small trees, native to the forests of Central and South America. The name translates to "food of the gods".
Their family is given as Sterculiaceae or sometimes as Malvaceae.
Some of these trees have edible seeds. Best known are perhaps the Cacao tree, the source of cocoa and chocolate. Other well-known trees are Cupuaçu, and Mocambo.
"Theobroma" species are used as food plants by the larvae of some moths of the genus "Endoclita" including "E. chalybeatus", "E. damor", "E. hosei" and "E. sericeus". The larva of another moth, "Hypercompe muzina", feeds exclusively on "Theobroma cacao".

Cupuaçu
Cupuaçu ("Theobroma grandiflorum"), also spelled Cupuassu and Copoasu, is a tropical rainforest tree related to Cacao. Common throughout the Amazon basin, it is widely cultivated in the north of Brazil. The largest production occurs in Pará, followed by Amazonas, Rondônia and Acre.
Cupuaçu trees usually are between 5 and 15 meters (16 to 50 feet) tall. Some trees can reach 20 meters (65 feet). They have brown bark. Their leaves are 25–35 cm (10–14 in) long and 6–10 cm (2–4 in) across. Thee leaves have 9 or 10 pairs of veins. As they mature, their leaves change colour from pink-tinted to green. Eventually they begin bearing fruit. Cupuaçu fruits are oblong, brown, and fuzzy, 20 cm (8 in) long, 1–2 kg (2–4 lb) in weight, and covered with a thick (4–7 mm), hard exocarp.
The white pulp of the cupuaçu is uniquely fragrant. It contains theacrine (1,3,7,9-tetramethyluric acid) instead of the xanthines (caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline) found in cacao. Cupuaçu can replace cocoa in many day-to-day foods, especially for children, such as chocolate milk. It is frequently used in desserts, juices and sweets. Cupuaçu seeds can be made into cupulate, which looks and tastes just like chocolate but is cheaper and more resistant to heat. Asahi Foods, a Japanese company, once tried to patent the production and use of Cupuaçu seed fat, but they failed.
The wood is also commonly used for timber.

Linear search
Linear search or sequential search is an algorithm to find an item in a list. It's a search algorithm.
The algorithm in pseudo code.
Start out with a list, L which may have the item in question.
Linear search in Java.
In the programming language Java, linear search looks like this. This method has two parameters: an array of integers and the item we're looking for (also an integer). It says the location in the array if it finds the item. If it doesn't find it, it says -1.
public int getItem(int list, int item)

Rosé wine
Rosé wine is a kind of wine. It is made from red grapes by letting the juice have only very short skin contact. All colour and tannins come from the skin of the grape.

Array
In programming languages, an array is a way of storing several items (such as integers). These items must have the same type (only integers, only strings...) because an array can't store different items. Every item in an array has a number so the programmer can get the item by using that number. This number is called the "index". In some programming languages, the first item has index 0, the second item has index 1 and so on. But in some languages, the first item has index 1 (and then 2, 3...).
When the programmer creates an array, he/she must give the size of the array. This is the number of items that can be stored in the array. If the programmer wants to store more items then he/she must create a new array. This is because the size of an array can't be changed.
Arrays in Java.
int k = 3 + array[3]; // k is now 3 + 33 = 36

Tierce de Picardie
In music a Tierce de Picardie (meaning "Picardie third") is a major chord at the end of a piece of music in a minor key.
In the 16th and 17th centuries this was a very common way to end a piece in a minor key. There is a scientific explanation for this. Music in the minor sounds unhappy or disturbed in comparison to the major because the third note of the scale is flattened (lowered by a semitone). In the harmonic series this minor third is the 17th harmonic which sounds dissonant against the fundamental (first note of the scale). This means that ending in the major gives a sense of relief after the tension of the minor.
Many pieces in the minor will finish in the major to sound happy. Beethoven’s "Fifth Symphony" is in C minor but the last movement is in the major. However, it is only called a Tierce de Picardie when just the last chord changes. The term was introduced in 1767 by Rousseau in his "Dictionnaire de musique" (Dictionary of Music). “Tierce” means “third”, but no one knows why he called it “Picardie” (Picardy is an area in the north of France).
There are many examples of the Tierce de Picardie in the music of Bach. The first movement of the "Concerto for Two Violins and Orchestra" is a good example. In his "Fantasia and Fugue in G minor BWV542" the fugue ends with a Tierce de Picardie and, in some editions, the Fantasie as well. It is possible that Bach would have finished the Fantasie with a major chord only if he was playing it on its own (without the fugue), but we cannot be sure of this.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Jean-Jacques Rousseau, (1712 – July 2, 1778) was a famous French speaking philosopher. He was born in Geneva in Switzerland and always described himself as being Genevan.
Rousseau lived in the 18th century during the The Age of Enlightenment. His political ideology influenced the French Revolution and aided the development of nationalism and socialist theories. Rousseau was also a composer, writing numerous books about music theory. Rousseau authored "Confessions", an autobiography, one of the first of its kind. Many later philosophers were influenced by him. He wrote a novel "Julie, ou la nouvelle Héloïse" which was a best-seller and influenced 19th century writers of romanticism.
Rousseau is most famous for his social contract ideology, which is often compared to the social contract of John Locke

Theodoric the Great
Theodoric the Great (454 - August 30, 526), known to the Romans as Flavius Theodoricus, was king of the Ostrogoths (488-526), ruler of Italy (493-526), and regent of the Visigoths (511-526).

Pumpkin Studios
Pumpkin Studios was a company that created computer and video games. It was founded in 1996. It was in Bath, England. They have created one game: Warzone 2100. They have created this game for PC and PlayStation. The genre of this game is real-time strategy. The game used a few new ideas such as machines that use radio waves to find other objects (radar technology) and machines that shoot objects (artillery). The game also used movies to tell the story to the player. These movies are called full motion videos.
The company was closed on 13 March 2000.

Lublin
Lublin is a city in eastern Poland in voivodship Lublin. It has an area of 147.5 km2. About 354,000 people live in Lublin.

Real-time strategy
Real-time strategy (RTS) is a genre of computer and video games. In real-time strategy games, every player has an army to attack the other player(s). Every player has a military base and people or vehicles (these are called units). The player also has money to create new units or to build new buildings. These buildings can allow the player to do things, such as creating units or to use new technology.
The player that destroys the base and the units of the other player(s) wins.
In real-time strategy games, everything the player does, happens right away: there's no time between doing something (like telling a unit to move) and seeing it happen. This is different in turn-based strategy where the players take turns to do things.

Raw material
Raw materials are materials that have not been processed. They are in the form in which they are found in nature without any thing done to them. Raw materials are made into other things.

Pasta
Pasta is a food made from starch and water. It is usually cooked in hot water before being eaten. Pasta has been very popular in Italy for a long time. It has also been eaten in many parts of Asia for a long time.
Pasta is often noodles. It is usually eaten in sauce, fried or in soup. Pasta is usually made from either wheat flour or rice flour. Pasta can be made with other types of flour, for example spinach. Pasta sometimes has eggs in it. Pasta comes in many different shapes and sizes.

Flour
Flour is grains that have been dried and ground into powder. It is mostly made of wheat. Flour is used to make many foods.
Flour is an important part of bread, pasta, cookies, cakes, tortillas. Flour is made in a flour mill where the grain is put between two stones or steel wheels which are rubbed together to make the grains into powder.

Boston Tea Party
The Boston Tea Party was a violent protest by American colonists against King George III's rule in America. It happened on December 16, 1773.
The British government had been putting taxes on almost everything that Americans wanted to buy, including tea. The Americans had no one to speak for them in the British government. They were mad that they were being taxed by the government but had no part in how the government was run. They did not think it was right to pay taxes when they did not have a representative in the government ("No taxation without representation!"). Also merchants selling their goods would lose their profit because of the taxes.
To show how angry they were, a group of people named the Sons of Liberty dressed up as Native Americans and went onto ships in the Boston harbor. They took boxes of tea and dumped them into the water. This made the British government very angry. The British government made even harder laws for the people of the Massachusetts colony. One of these laws was The Intolerable Acts which said that Boston harbor was closed until the colonists paid back all the tea they lost. The Boston Tea Party was one of the main things that started the American Revolutionary War.

Cookie
A cookie is a sweet dessert made from flour. Cookies are baked in an oven. Cookies can be called biscuits in the United Kingdom.
Appearance.
Cookies are usually flat and round like a disc. Cookies often have flavors added to them. In modern pop culture, the cookie is personified with warmth, love, and affection. It is used as an incentive to children to do good deeds, as chocolate and candy do.
Production.
Cookies, especially consumer brands sold in mass numbers, have an incredibly large amount of fat and sugar. Cookies are also affiliated with the infamous cookie monster. An icon of fear or love, it is for you to decide. All that is known is that this monster promotes childhood obesity as well as teaching our youth the ABC's. This impact has become so prominent that the appearance of the cookie monster or any cookie related behavior has been banned in almost 25 other countries.

Chocolate chip
Chocolate chips are small pieces of chocolate. They are used to make desserts, usually in baking. Chocolate chips are most common in cookies. Chocolate chips are also used in some cakes and other desserts.

Encephalopathy
Encephalopathy means disease of the brain. Most of the time, it is used by Pathologists, to speak about dead brains. When talking about the living, people usually use the word dementia.

Guru Nanak Dev
Guru Nanak Dev (October 20 1469 in Nankana Sahib, Punjab, Pakistan – September 7 1539 in Kartarpur, Punjab, India) was the founder of Sikhism, and the first of the ten Sikh Gurus. There are ten Gurus who are important to Sikhs. The last Guru said that there would be no more Gurus after him and Sikhs would be taught by the Sikh holy book, which is called Guru Granth Sahib. The word Guru means religious teacher.
Beside followers of Sikhism, Guru Nanak Dev is considered holy by Punjabi Hindus and Sahajdhari Sindhis across the Indian subcontinent. His main teaching to the world was written down to be "devotion of thought and having good actions as the first of our jobs".

Etruscan civilization
The Etruscan civilization was a culture in ancient Italy. The Romans named them Etrusci or Tusci. The Ancient Greeks named them Tyrrhenoi or Tyrrsenoi. The Etruscans named themselves Rasenna.
The Etruscan Civilization is very old. It began in pre-history. When it was very powerful, it was in three confederacies (areas like modern states). These three confederacies were Etruria, Latinum and the Po Valley, and Campania. The Etruscans ruled Rome until 396BC.
Language.
The Etruscan language is related to the Tyrrhenian language family and is not related to other languages. Some Etruscan letters were used by the Romans in the Latin alphabet, which English uses. When the Romans conquered the Etruscans, they wrote everything in Latin. So now we do not know much about the language. Some Romans wrote about the Etruscans and their language but it is now lost.
History.
The Etruscans mined metals like copper and iron. They became rich and powerful and travelled around the Mediterranean Sea. The Etruscan Civilisation began to lose power in the 5th century BC. The Romans began conquering parts of Etruscan land. By the beginning of the 1st century BC, the Etruscans were entirely defeated.

Sea of Japan
The Sea of Japan (also called East Sea) is a sea in the western Pacific Ocean. It is between Korea to the west, Russia to the north and Japan to the east and south. There is a conflict in naming the sea. South Korea claim that it is East Sea, and North Korea claim that it is East Korea Sea.
Arguments about the name.
International Hydrographic Organization(IHO) decided to call this sea area "Sea of Japan" in 1929.
Since 1992, South Korea requests the world to use the names "East Sea" or "Sea of Korea" instead of "Sea of Japan".
South Korea argues that this sea area has been called "East Sea" since early times. It is also a common belief that the name "East Sea" was eliminated from the maps of the world in the early 20th century while South Korea was under the rule of Japan.
On the contrary, Japan insists that the name "Sea of Japan" has been used more widely than "East Sea" in Europe and America since the 18th century.

Natural environment
Natural environment means all living and non-living things that are naturally on Earth.
In a narrow sense, it is an environment that is not influenced by human. The environment that is influenced by humans can be called "the built environment" or cultural landscape.
Terminology.
For some, there is a difficulty with the term "natural environment" in that nearly all environments have been directly or indirectly influenced by humans at some point in time. In order to address this concern, some level of human influence is thus allowable without the status of any particular landscape ceasing to be "natural." Many natural environments are the product of the interaction between nature and humans. For this reason, the term ecosystem has been used to describe an environment that contains nature, and includes people. It follows then that environmental problems are human or social problems. Some also consider it dangerously misleading to regard "environment" as separate from "people."

Natural capital
Natural capital is a metaphor for the mineral, plant, and animal formations of the Earth's biosphere when viewed as a means of production of oxygen, water filter, erosion preventer, or provider of other ecosystem services.
In a traditional economic analysis of the factors of production, natural capital would usually be understood as "land" and therefore something else than "capital" in its original sense.
At the beginning of reflection about economics "land" was seen as something natural, but "capital" as man-made goods only.
But the benefits which humans have from nature are many. 17 of them were closely looked at by Robert Costanza. These benefits are in some ways similar to those that owners of "capital" have as their capital produces more goods, e.g. a factory which produces automobiles just as an apple tree produces apples.
This is an approach to ecosystem valuation, an alternative to the traditional view of all non-human life as passive natural resources. But human knowledge and understanding of the natural environment is never complete, and therefore we cannot yet know what "natural capital" means exactly.

Parkhead
Parkhead is a suburb in the east end of Glasgow, Scotland. It is the home of the Glasgow Celtic football club.

Oswaldtwistle
Oswaldtwistle is a town near Blackburn. It is next to Accrington.
Many years ago Oswaldtwistle Mills was once a running textile mill and today you can look around it as it is converted into a craft fair and with an exhibition about life in the mill a hundred years ago.

Prevention
Prevention means action to make sure that something does not happen. That can be done by obstruction or by hindering or slowing down an action that one wants to avoid.

Lawn
A lawn is an area of land planted with grass, and sometimes clover and other plants, which are maintained at a low, even height.

Sod
Sod is turf and the part of the soil beneath it held together by the roots, or a piece of this material. Some sod is grown agriculturally, and is sold to landscapers who use it to quickly get a lawn. Sod was used for building of fortifications in former times.

Marie Curie
Marie Skłodowska–Curie (7 November 1867 – 4 July 1934) was a physicist and chemist from Polish but lived in France. She was a expert in the field of radioactivity and the only person to get the Nobel Prize in two different sciences. She was the first woman professor at the University of Paris.
She was born under the name Maria Skłodowska in Warsaw, Poland, and lived there until she was 24. In 1891 she followed her elder sister Bronisława to study in Paris, where she received her higher degrees and did her inportant scientific work. She founded the Curie Institutes in Paris and Warsaw. Her husband Pierre Curie also won a Nobel Prize, so did her daughter Irène Joliot-Curie and son-in-law Frédéric Joliot-Curie.
Her achievements include the creation of a theory of "radioactivity" (a term comfirmed by her and Pierre), techniques for separate radioactive isotopes, and she discovered two new elements, radium and polonium. It was also under her own direction that the world's first studies were used into the treatment of cancers, using the radioactive isotopes.
While being a French citizen, she never lost her Polish identity. She named the first new chemical element that she discovered (1898) "polonium" after her home country, Poland, and in 1932 she founded a Radium Institute in her home town Warsaw, run by her physician-sister Bronisława.

Flyover
A flyover is a trick that people do with planes or helicopters. The Blue Angels are a special group of pilots that do a lot of flyovers at sporting events. Doing a "flyover" usually "flying" "over" the people who are watching. Sometimes the planes fly very low to make the stunt more exciting.
In the military a flyover is when fighter jets fly over the enemy. They do this to try to scare the people they are fighting against.

Blue Angels
The Blue Angels are a group of special pilots who work for the US Navy. They fly A-18 fighter jet airplanes that are painted to look different from regular Navy planes. They are very famous. Almost every American has heard of them. The pilots of the Blue Angels are very good at what they do. They are able to fly very close to each other and do very difficult tricks. They are most famous for the flyovers they do at many American sporting events.

Stuntman
A stuntman is a man or a woman who works in the television or movie production industry. A stuntman is paid to do dangerous actions called "stunts" in movies or programs. Dangerous actions include jumping from a height, falling down, being in a car crash, or pretending to fight with weapons such as swords or knives. It would be too dangerous for a regular actor to do these dangerous actions, so the movie or television producers hire stuntmen to do these dangerous actions.
Action movies, war movies, martial arts movies, and crime television shows use many stuntmen to do the dangerous actions depicted in the movies or shows. Jackie Chan and the Blue Angels are examples of stuntmen.
Working as a stuntman.
It is dangerous to work as a stuntman. Sometimes stuntmen are hurt during the stunts they are filming. In some cases, stuntmen have even been killed doing dangerous actions in movies, such as falling from a height. As well, it can be hard for stuntmen to get steady work, because stuntmen are hired do do movies and television shows. Once the movie or television show is filmed, a stuntman may have to go without a job for some time.
Movies and television shows are filmed all over the world. This means that stuntmen may have to travel to many different regions or countries to get work. For people who like to travel, this may be an advantage. However, it can also make it hard to see friends and relatives, if you are away from home a lot. Stuntmen may get to meet famous actors and directors who are producing the movies or television shows.
Becoming a stuntman.
To become a stuntman, some people go to a stuntman school. There are stuntman schools in California and Florida, where professional stuntmen teach people how to do stunts. Most people do not go to school to become stuntmen, though. People learn the skills from other more experienced stuntmen.
When a stuntman first begins working as a stuntman, they do not make much money. Once a stuntman has experience, they can ask for more money. In many countries, stuntmen have to join a union to work on film or television show productions, and pay dues (payments) to the union. There are more men working as stuntmen than women.
Usually, a stuntman does not work as a stuntman after they become 40 years old. Some experienced stuntmen become stunt coordinators, who plan the dangerous actions done by the film or television directors.
Related concepts.
Another job for men or women in the television or movie production industry where people replace the actors is the job of body double. When a film has a scene with a love scene or a nudity scene that the actor does not want to do, the movie or television director may hire a man or a woman to be a body double. The man or woman pretends to be the actor for a short period, so that the love scene or nudity scene can be filmed.

Means of production
Means of production (abbreviated MoP; German: "Produktionsmittel"), also called means of labour are the materials, tools and other instruments used by workers to make products. This includes: machines, tools materials, plant and equipment, land, raw materials, money, power generation, and so on: anything necessary for labor to produce.

Ecosystem services
To look at the way in which ecosystems provide goods is popular now at Stanford University. The concept of ecosystem services is similar to that of natural capital.
The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment released in 2005 showed that 60% of ecosystem services are used in a way that destroys them.

Year 2000 problem
The Year 2000 problem (also known as the Y2K problem, the millennium bug, and the Y2K Bug) was a problem that happened because of the way in which some early computer programs were designed. They were designed to handle only two-digit years, which sparked fears that date-related processing would operate incorrectly for dates and times on and after January 1 2000. It caused widespread concern that very important industries (such as electricity or financial) and government functions would stop operating at exactly midnight, January 1 2000, and on other critical dates which were billed as "event horizons". More people were panicked by press coverage and other media speculation, as well as corporate and government reports. Companies and organisations around the world had to check and upgrade their computer systems. The preparation for Y2K thus had a significant effect on the computer industry. No significant computer failures occurred when the clocks rolled over into 2000. Debate continues on whether the absence of computer failures was the result of the preparation undertaken or whether the significance of the problem had been overstated.

Biodiversity
Biodiversity or biological diversity is the variation of different life forms within a given ecosystem or for the entire Earth. Biodiversity is often a measure of thehealth of biological systems to indicate if there could be a danger that species get extinct.
Variation helps species live in a population, therefore creating Biodiversity.

Aberdeen, Washington
Aberdeen is a city in the American state of Washington. Aberdeen was founded by Samuel Benn in 1884. In 2000, 16,461 people lived in Aberdeen. Aberdeen is sometimes called the "Gateway to the Olympic Peninsula". It is also called the "Birthplace of Grunge" because musician Kurt Cobain is from Aberdeen. Other notable musicians from Aberdeen include The Melvins.

Julián Padrón
Julián Padrón (September 8, 1910 - August 2, 1954) was a Venezuelan writer. He wrote for books, newspapers and magazines.
Story about Julián Padrón.
Julián Padrón was born on September 8, 1910. He was from San Antonio, a small town from Monagas, Venezuela. When he was a little boy, he went to private schools in Cumaná. After Padrón went to a secondary school called Andrés Bello in Caracas. In 1929 Julián Padrón got a degree of secondary education in Philosophy.
Padrón got the first degree at the Supreme Court, a place where judges work. The Supreme Court is in the Federal District. He got the second degree at the Central University of Venezuela, a place of learning. In 1944 Padrón got, at that university, a degree to be a Diplomat and a Consul (a Diplomat and a Consul are persons who are the representatives of a country in other countries).
In 1929 Julián Padrón wrote for the magazine "Elite". In 1935 Julián Padrón, Arturo Uslar Pietri, Pedro Sotillo and Bruno Plá) made the magazine El Ingenioso Hidalgo for a short time. In 1936 Padrón made and wrote for the newspaper Unidad Nacional. From 1945 to 1947 he wrote for the newspaper El Universal. He wrote for other newspapers and magazines.
Julián Padrón died in Caracas on August 2, 1954.
Writings.
In 1940 Padrón and Arturo Uslar Pietri did Antología del Cuento Moderno Venezolano. It was a book that was an anthology (a group of writings) by people from Venezuela. In 1945 Padrón did other book in the anthology Cuentistas Modernos.

Peter Ham
Peter William Ham (April 27, 1947 – April 24, 1975) was a Welsh singer, songwriter and guitarist, best known as the prominent songwriter and singer of the 1970s group Badfinger.
Ham was born in Swansea, South Wales. He formed a local rock group called The Panthers in 1961. This group became The Iveys in 1965. The band was relocated to London by The Mojos manager, Bill Collins, in 1966, and they continued to perform for three years throughout the United Kingdon. Pete Ham especially took to songwriting and Ray Davies of The Kinks took initial interest in producing his group. In 1968, The Iveys came to the attention of Mal Evans (The Beatles personal assistant) and were eventually signed to the Beatles' Apple label after approval from all four Beatles, who were most impressed by dozens of demos recorded at home, mostly by Pete.
The Iveys changed their name to Badfinger with the single release of "Come And Get It," a song written by Paul McCartney, which became a worldwide Top Ten hit. Ham's hard work paid off eventually as his song "No Matter What" became another worldwide Top Ten hit record in late 1970. He followed up writing two more huge hits released in 1972, "Day After Day" and "Baby Blue" But the peak came with his co-written song "Without You" - a worldwide #1 hit as covered by Harry Nilsson in 1972. The song has since become one of the all-time ballad standards as covered by hundreds of singers including Mariah Carey and Clay Aiken. Ham was also used as a musician on Beatles solo records such as the "All Things Must Pass" LP by George Harrison and the single "It Don't Come Easy" by Ringo Starr.
Ham's group Badfinger did not have much success from 1973 to 1975 on the record label Warner Brothers Records. His group was mis-handled and eventually shut down by legal trouble caused by the group's business manager Stan Polley. Pete Ham comitted suicide on April 24, 1975 and left a note behind damning the manager and stating his faith in himself to handle adversity had been broken.
Pete Ham's legacy is that he revived the legacy of pop music, invigorating the power pop genre through the his many classic tunes he left behind. Two demo CD collections are have been made available, 7 Park Avenue and Golders Green.

Egalitarianism
Egalitarianism is the belief that groups are, or should be, equal to one another. The word is named for the French word égal, meaning "equal" or "level".
There are many possible kinds of egalitarianism. For example, legal egalitarianism is the belief that groups of people should be equal in law even if they are of different race or religion. Gender egalitarianism is the idea that men and women are equally important, although they are different.
This word may be used when talking about philosophy in many slightly different ways. We can best understand the different kinds of egalitarianism by asking, "Who is equal to whom?" and "How are they equal?"

English Wikipedia
The English Wikipedia is the English language edition of the Wikipedia encyclopedia and the first language of it. Started on 15 January, 2001, it is the largest version of Wikipedia, with more than 2.5 million articles as of August 2008.

Jurisdiction
In law, jurisdiction (from the Latin "jus, juris" meaning "law" and "dicere" meaning "to speak": means: telling the law) is the authority given to a judge to take decisions in matters concerning the law.
It also includes the authority a of formally constituted legal body or a political leader to deal with legal matters and, by implication, to administer justice within a defined area of responsibility.
Jurisdiction relies on Public International Law, Conflict of Laws, Constitutional Law and the powers of the executive and legislative branches of government to give resources to best serve the needs of its society.

Vacheron Constantin
Vacheron Constantin is a Swiss watch manufacture. It is a part of the Richemont group since 1996. The brand's watch factory is based in Geneva. Vacheron Constantin opened 15 boutiques and 500 shops in 80 countries of the world. Vacheron Constantin is one of the oldest watchmakers.
Jean-Marc Vacheron opened the first workshop in Geneva, Switzerland in 1755. In 1770 the company introduced the first complication (an additional function of a watch besides showing hours and minutes).
The son of Jean-Marc Vacheron, Abraham, became the head of the family business in 1785. In 1810, Jacques-Barthélemy, the grandson of the founder continued the business. He controlled the company's exports of watches to France and Italy.
In 1819 Francois Constantinin became the partner of Vacheron. The name of the company became – "Vacheron & Constantin". Francois Constantin traveled a lot and opened new markets for the company. The main market was North America. Francois wrote the company's motto - Do better if possible and that is always possible. It is kept till the present day.
In 1839 Georges-Auguste Leschot joined "Vacheron & Constantin". He headed the manufacturing process. Leschot's inventions brought great success to the company and watchmaking in general. Leschot invented a device that made possible mechanical production of some watch parts. It helped the company leave behind other watchmakers.
After Francois Constantin and Jacques-Barthélemy Vacheron died, the company was headed by their heirs. Since 1862 Vacheron Constantin explores the field of non-magnetic materials. In 1885, it produced the first anti-magnetic watch. The watch could resist magnetic fields.
In 1877 the company officially changed the name for "Vacheron & Constantin, Fabricants, Geneve". The same year the company chose its symbol - the Maltese cross.In 1887, Vacheron Constantin became a stock company.
The first Vacheron Constantin boutique was opened in Geneva in 1906. Today the store is situated on Quai de l’Ile. Charles Constantin headed the company in 1936. He led it through the Great Depression period. For the first time since 1850s a Constantin family member became the president of the company. When the World War II was over, the company got back its firm position on the watch market.
The history of Vacheron Constantin saw a lot of innovations. The brand's classic Patrimony line was started with the thinnest watch. Its case was only 5.25mm thick. In 1979 Vacheron Constantin created the most expensive wristwatch with initial price of $5 million. The watch named Kallista had 118 diamonds. Today its price is $11 million.
At present day Vacheron Constantin produces about 20,000 watches every year. In 2003 Vacheron Constantin presented a new sports watch line - Overseas. In 2005 the company introduced a new Egérie collection. The collection included women's watches for the first time.
In 2005, Juan Carlos Torres became the Chief of the Vacheron Constantin Company. The same year Vacheron Constantin produced the most complicated wristwatch - Tour de I'lle. The watch consisted of 834 parts and had 16 complications (additional functions). Its price reached over $1 million. In 2006 the company opened a new main office in Genevan Plan-les-Ouates.

Casino
A casino is a place where people can play gambling games to try to win money. They are against the law in many places.

Thermoplastic
Thermoplastic represents a material which becomes soft when heated and hard when cooled. Thermoplastic materials can withstand several times of heating and cooling. They can be recycled. When this material is heated it melts to a liquid. It also freezes to a glassy state when cooled enough.
Thermoplastics and thermoplastic materials have many features. Some products made from thermoplastic materials are used for electronics applications. This way they protect against electrostatic discharge and radio frequency interference.

Pete Doherty
Peter Doherty (born March 12, 1979) is an English musician. He is most famous for his drug and legal problems and his relationship with fashion Supermodel Kate Moss. He was in the popular rock band The Libertines but left the band because other band members did not like him. He is now in a band called Babyshambles.

Polycarbonate
Polycarbonate is transparent thermoplastic. This material is tough and stable. It can resist high temperature of 280°Temperature and low temperature of -40°F. It is stain resistant and non-toxic. Polycarbonate weights six times less than glass.
Industries use polycarbonate for making different products, from bulletproof windows to CD and DVD disks. The main advantages of polycarbonate are high strength and light weight.
Industries use clear polycarbonate to make eyeglasses. This is because it has a very good transparency and durability. Lenses made from clear polycarbonate can be thinner than lenses made from ordinary glass.
Companies that create electronic equipment use polycarbonate to create the cover of cell phones, laptops and other products. Although polycarbonate is not toxic, it needs toxic chemicals during its production phase.

Natural disaster
A natural disaster is the consequence of the combination of a natural hazard (a physical event like a volcanic eruption, an earthquake, a landslide) and human activities.
Only if humans are there where the hazard happens and if they have no sufficient emergency management, there will be human losses. Therefore one can say: "disasters occur when hazards meet vulnerability". A natural hazard will therefore have no natural disaster as a result in areas without vulnerability, that means if for example a strong earthquake is in uninhabited areas.

Ibanez
Ibanez is company that makes guitars. The company is from Nagoya, Aichi, Japan. The company was started by Hoshino Gakki. The company is very big and sells many guitars to musicians.

Landslide
A landslide includes a wide range of ground movement, such as rock falls, deep failure of slopes and shallow debris flows.
The biggest reason for a landslide is always that there is a slope and material goes down the slope because of gravity.

2040s
The decade as a whole.
This decade will be called "the twenty-forties". The Roman number will be MMXL.
The first Baby Boomers will be 100 years old in 2046.

Americium
Americium is a chemical element. It is a radioactive metal. It has the chemical symbol Am. It has the atomic number 95. In chemistry it is placed in a group of metal elements named the actinides. Americium is a transuranic element. It is a radioactive element that does not exist in nature. Americium has to be made. It has a silver color. Americium is made by bombarding a plutonium target with neutrons. Americium is named after America,
It was the fourth transuranic element to be discovered. It was named for the Americas like europium was named for europe.

Daddy Yankee
Ramón "Raymond" Ayala or Daddy Yankee (born on February 3, 1977 in San Juan, Puerto Rico) is a Puerto Rican reggaeton singer. Ayala is famous for making songs in both English and Spanish, but Spanish is used more than English.

Phoenix Suns
The Phoenix Suns are a basketball team that plays in the National Basketball Association (NBA). They play in the Pacific Division of the Western Conference. The Suns play at the US Airways Center, also known as America West Arena. The Suns have made it to and lost the Western Conference Finals twice in the last few years; in 2007 against the eventual winners, the San Antonio Spurs, and in 2006 against the Dallas Mavericks. Steve Nash, Amare Stoudemire, Shawn Marion, Raja Bell, Boris Diaw, Leandro Barbosa and Grant Hill play for the Phoenix Suns.

Debris
Debris in a general sense means man-made garbage.
The average American produces garbage, also called trash, at the rate of four pounds per day per person, which translates to 600,000 tons per day, or approximately 220 million tons per year. This is almost twice the rate of trash generation per person as most other major countries. Trash levels can be reduced primarily by recycling, re-use, and reduced consumption.

Waste heat
Waste heat is the by-product heat of machines and technical processes for which no useful application is found.
A fraction of input energy is always converted to heat by friction between machine parts and other dissipative processes such as liquid friction (see: viscosity).
Mechanical drives can be designed to run smoothly, with little dissipation of energy to heat, machines for conversion of energy contained in fuels to mechanical work or electric energy necessarily produce large quantities of by-product heat (see: Second law of thermodynamics).
Waste of the by-product heat is avoided if a cogeneration system is used. Limitations to the use of by-product heat arise due to difficulties in heat transport and heat storage.

Kingda Ka
Kingda Ka is a steel roller coaster at Six Flags Great Adventure in Jackson, New Jersey, USA. It is the tallest and fastest roller coaster in the world. It goes up 456 feet and can go 128 miles per hour. It first opened on May 21, 2005. To get up 456 feet, the train is launched by a machine to 128 miles per hour in 3 seconds. The train goes up the tower, and back down. At the bottom the train goes over a hill while it is slowing down. Soon it is going slow enough to be able to arrive safely back where it started. The ride lasts 28 seconds.

Vulnerability
Vulnerability means the extent to which changes can hurt or harm a person or a system.
In context with natural hazardss and natural disasters, "vulnerability" is a concept that looks at the relationship that people have with their environment and at social aspects.
So it links environment to social forces and institutions and the cultural values that sustain and contest them. “The concept of vulnerability expresses the multidimensionality of disasters by focusing attention on the totality of relationships in a given social situation which constitute a condition that, in combination with environmental forces, produces a disaster” (Bankoff et al. 2004: 11).
Complex definition: Vulnerability is the susceptibility to physical or emotional injury or attack. It also means to have one's guard down, open to censure or criticism; assailable. Vulnerability refers to a person's state of being liable to succumb, as to persuasion or temptation (see Thywissen 2006 for a comparison of vulnerability definitions).

Harm
Harm is physical or psychological or emotional damage or injury to a person, animal or other entity.
It is generally believed that humans, in addition to other sentient animal species, possess an aversion to causing harm to others.
Many religions consider any harm to another person as a sin.

Liquid crystal display
Liquid crystal display is a type of monitor based on the liquid crystal technology. The technology is not new, as it was firstly invented at the end of the 19th century, but it was extensively developed during the last three decades of the last century.
Overview.
The researches on liquid crystals began at the end of the 19th century but the first publication on this topic was made in 1904 by Otto Lehman and after this first publication there followed a series of other related articles, which described the same topic.
LCD displays use two pieces of glass, which contain a solution of liquid crystals between them. When an electric current passes through the solution the crystals align in such a way that light cannot come through them.
LCD displays have matrixes, which build up a colored picture. There are two types of matrixes: "active" and "passive". A passive matrix uses a simpler concept, which can be met at electronic wrist watches and pocket calculators. An active matrix, on the other hand, uses the technology, known as thin film transistor (TFT). Images produced by displays using this concept are as sharp as the images from the older CRT displays. They are, on the other hand, more expensive, but are extensively used in producing LCD computer monitors and TV panels.
Reflective: often referred to as day light viewable, can be viewed in direct sunlight.

Body language
Body language means the way humans show their feelings (communicate) with their bodies. This is in place of or in addition to using sounds or verbal language.
Body language is something that one has to Learn some people find it easier than others. It's something that people with certain Disorders have trouble with, but nearly everyone uses it in their life.

Plagiarism
Plagiarism is copying another person's ideas, words or writing and pretending that they are one's own work. It is against the law around the world.

Rickshaw
A riksha or rickshaw is a kind of vehicle that has two wheels. They are usually pulled by a human but there are types that have been changed to be pulled by a bicycle or have their own motor.

Water content
Water content means the amount of water a porous medium contains.
This term is used in hydrogeology, soil science and soil mechanics. In saturated groundwater aquifers, all available pore spaces are filled with water. Above a capillary fringe, pore spaces have air in them too. When the porous medium in question is soil, water content is synonymous with soil moisture.

Soil moisture
Soil moisture is the amount of water present in the soil.
The amount of void space within a soil depends on the distribution of particle sizes, and is quantified by soil porosity.
Soil moisture is more generally considered within the context of hydrology, where it represents the immediate store of infiltrating rainfall, before it either evapotranspires or contributes to groundwater recharge.

Milo Ventimiglia
Milo Anthony Ventimiglia (born July 8, 1977) is an American actor. He is best known for playing the hero, Peter Petrelli, on the television series, "Heroes". He played Jess Mariano on the television series Gilmore Girls. He was born in Anaheim, California.

Black metal
Black metal is a style of metal music that started in the early 1980s. It is known by its aggressive and cold sound, and black metal records usually do not have good production. This is because black metal musicians usually want to keep the sound as natural as possible, unlike many death metal bands. Lyrics are usually against religion, especially against Christianity. Most of the black metal bands have relations to satanism in their lyrics and even in outlook.
Black metal is often divided into two waves. The first wave began in the early 1980s by bands such as Venom, Bathory, Hellhammer, Celtic Frost and Mercyful Fate. Venom's first albums, Welcome to Hell and Black Metal are usually said to be the first black metal records. Second wave is the most popular wave of black metal and it started in the early 1990s. It started from Norway and includes bands such as Darkthrone, Enslaved, Burzum, Satyricon, Mayhem, Gorgoroth, Immortal, and Emperor.
Black metal is also very controversial, especially in Norway. During the early 1990s, certain black metal musicians burned old churches in Norway as a statement towards their anti-Christian beliefs. One of the people who was found guilty for burning churches, Varg Vikernes, was also found guilty for murdering Øystein Aarseth, a fellow black metal musician. Of recently, Gaahl, the leader singer of Gorgoroth, has served two prison sentences for acts of violence in 2001 and 2006.
National Socialist black metal.
National Socialist black metal (also known as Nazi black metal or NSBM) is a title used to refer to black metal acts with an emphasis on National Socialist beliefs in their music. For example Absurd and Nokturnal Mortum are National Socialist black metal bands.

Darkness
Darkness is when there is no light. When there is no light, it is dark. Complete darkness does not exist; there is always some light, though humans may not be able to see it. This is because all matter makes radiation. Complete darkness is only possible at absolute zero. In mythology darkness is often connected with evil.

Des O'Connor
Desmond "Des" Bernard O'Connor (born January 12, 1932) is an English television presenter and singer. O'Connor is currently presenting Countdown on Channel 4 in the United Kingdom.

Tony Romo
Antonio "Tony" Ramiro Romo (born April 22, 1980 in San Diego, California) is an American football quarterback who plays for the Dallas Cowboys of the National Football League. He was signed by the Cowboys as an undrafted free agent in 2003. He played college football at Eastern Illinois.

Guster
Guster is an alternative rock band from America. In 1991, they started in Boston, Massachusetts. The members are Adam Gardner, Ryan Miller, Brian Rosenworcel, and Joe Pisapia.

Carmelo Anthony
Carmelo Kiyan Anthony is an American basketball player for the Denver Nuggets. He was born in 1984, in New York City.

Dallas Mavericks
The Dallas Mavericks are an American basketball team from Dallas, Texas. They play in the National Basketball Association (NBA). Dallas Mavericks players include Dirk Nowitzki, Jerry Stackhouse, and Josh Howard.

Walter Payton
Walter Payton (July 25, 1954 – November 1, 1999) was an American football player. He was born in Columbia, Mississippi. Payton played for the Chicago Bears from 1975 to 1987. The Bears won Super Bowl XX in 1985. Payton was made a member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1993. He died of liver cancer in 1999.

Christopher Benfey
Christopher Benfey (born October 28, 1954) is an American writer. He is a Professor of English language at Mount Holyoke College. He has written several books that people liked a lot. He was born in Marion, Pennsylvania. He later moved to Richmond, Indiana where he grew up. He has attended many colleges including the Putney school, Guilford College, Earlham College, and Harvard University.

Across
Across can mean "on the opposite side of" or "from one side to another"

Harthacanute
Harthacanute (Canute the Hardy, sometimes "Hardicanute, Hardecanute"; Danish: "Hardeknud") (1018 – June 8, 1042) was King of Denmark from 1035 to 1042 and England from 1040 to 1042. He was the only son of Canute the Great and Emma of Normandy.
He followed his father as King of Denmark in 1035, reigning as Canute III, but conflict with Magnus I of Norway prevented him from sailing to England to secure his position there. Therefore his elder illegitimate half-brother Harold Harefoot became regent in England.
Harold took the English crown for himself in 1037. After Harthacanute had settled the situation in Scandinavia he prepared an invasion of England. But Harold died before that invasion.
Harthacanute was a harsh and unpopular ruler: to pay for his fleet, he severely increased the rate of taxation, and in 1041 the people of Worcester killed two of Harthacanute's men who had been collecting the tax. Therefore Harthacanute burned the city was burned. The story of Lady Godiva riding naked through the streets of Coventry to persuade the local earl to lower taxes may come from the reign of Harthacanute. The "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" says of him: "He never accomplished anything kingly for as long as he ruled."
In 1041, Harthacanute invited his half-brother Edward the Confessor (his mother Emma's son by Ethelred the Unready) back from exile in Normandy to become a member of his household, and probably made Edward his heir. Harthacanute was unmarried and had no children. On June 8, 1042, he died at Lambeth—he "died as he stood at his drink, and he suddenly fell to the earth. He was buried at Winchester, Hampshire. Edward followed him on the throne.

Harold Harefoot
Harold Harefoot, also Harold I'", ("c". 1015 – March 17, 1040) was King of England from 1035 to 1040. He was said to be the son of Canute the Great, King of England, of Denmark, of Norway, some of Sweden, by his wife Aelgifu of Northampton, although there was some skepticism that he was Canute's son.
Upon Canute's death (November 12, 1035), Harold's younger half-brother Harthacanute, the son of Canute and his queen, Emma of Normandy, was legitimate heir to the thrones of both the Danes and the English, but was unable to travel to his coronation, because his Danish kingdom was under threat of invasion by King Magnus I of Norway and King Anund Jacob of Sweden. Therefore he was installed temporarily as regent though Godwin the Earl of Wessex and the Queen were against it.
Harold died at Oxford on March 17, 1040, just as Harthacanute was preparing an invasion force of Danes, and was buried at the abbey of Westminster.

English Interregnum
The English Interregnum was the period of parliamentary and military rule in the land occupied by modern-day England and Wales after the English Civil War. It began with the execution of Charles I in 1649 and ended with the restoration of Charles II in 1660.
This era in English history can be divided into four periods.
Life during the Interregnum.
Oliver Cromwell was a Puritan and during the Interregnum, he imposed a very strict form of Christianity upon the country. Although a main cause of the English Civil War was oppression under Charles I, England during the Interregnum became oppressive in its own fashion. Cromwell granted religious freedom otherwise previously unknown in England, but other forms of expression were suddenly limited (for instance, theatre, which had thrived under the Stuart kings and Elizabeth I, was banned). Cromwell also made certain that his own personal vision of Christianity was enforced upon the masses. Many of Cromwell's actions were called "harsh, unwise, and tyrannical" by some commentators.
His son and successor, Richard Cromwell gave up his position as Lord Protector with little hesitation, resigning or "abdicating" after a demand by the Rump Parliament. This was the beginning of a short period of restoration of the Commonwealth of England.

Interregnum
An interregnum is a period between monarchs, between popes of the Roman Catholic Church, emperors of Holy Roman Empire, Polish kings (elective monarchy) or between consuls of the Roman Republic. It can also refer any gap in the continuity of a government, organization, or social order.
In some monarchies, such as the United Kingdom, an "interregnum" is usually avoided due to a rule described as "the king is dead, long live the King", i.e. the heir to the throne becomes a new monarch immediately on his predecessor's death or abdication. This famous phrase signifies the continuity of sovereignty. This is not so in other monarchies where the new monarch's reign begins only with coronation or some other formal or traditional event.
Pope's "interregnum" (or "sede vacante").
An "interregnum" occurs also upon the death of the Roman Catholic Pope, though this is generally known as a "sede vacante" (vacant seat). The interregnum ends immediately upon election of the new Pope by the College of Cardinals.

Oliver Cromwell
Oliver Cromwell (April 25 1599–September 3 1658) was an English military and political leader best known for making England a republic and leading the Commonwealth of England.
Cromwell's actions during his career seem confusing to us today. He supported Parliament against the King, yet he ordered his soldiers to break up parliament. Under his rule, the Protectorate said that people's religious beliefs should be respected, yet people who went against what most people believed were sometimes tortured and imprisoned.
The English Civil War.
Cromwell started off as an ordinary man from Huntingdon. He became an MP and supported Parliament in its quarrel with the King. When war broke out, the King's army was stronger and better-prepared than the army of Parliament. Cromwell saw this, and he decided to train men to fight better. Soon the "New Model Army" he had trained began to win battles. As a result, Parliament won the war. By the end of the war, Cromwell was very powerful.
The Rump Parliament.
After the execution of the King, a republic was declared, known as the Commonwealth of England. A Council of State was appointed to manage affairs, which included Cromwell among its members. His real power base was in the army.
The Protectorate: 1653-1658.
A new constitution known as the Instrument of Government made Cromwell Lord Protector for life. He had the power to call and dissolve parliaments.
In 1657, Cromwell was offered the crown by Parliament. Cromwell reflected for six weeks over the offer. Then he rejected it and was ceremonially re-installed as "Lord Protector" (with greater powers than had previously been granted him under this title) at Westminster Hall.
Cromwell is thought to have suffered from malaria (probably first contracted while on campaign in Ireland). He died at Whitehall on 3 September 1658, the anniversary of his great victories at Dunbar and Worcester.
After Cromwell's death.
He was succeeded as Lord Protector by his son Richard. Although Richard was not entirely without ability, he had no power base in either Parliament or the Army, and was forced to resign in the spring of 1659, bringing the Protectorate to an end. A year later Parliament restored Charles II as king.
When the Royalists returned to power, his corpse was dug up, hung in chains, and beheaded.

The Incredibles
"The Incredibles" is a animated movie. It was written and developed by Brad Bird, who once directed "The Simpsons" and was best known for directing the animated movie "The Iron Giant". The movie was produced by Pixar Animation Studios, and has won an Academy Award. "The Incredibles" was originally developed as a traditionally-animated movie, but after Warner Bros. shut down its animation division, Brad Bird moved to Pixar and took the story with him.

English Restoration
The English Restoration, or simply Restoration, was an episode in the history of England beginning in 1660 when the English monarchy, Scottish monarchy and Irish monarchy was restored under King Charles II after the English Civil War. The term "Restoration" may apply both to the actual event by which the monarchy was restored, and to the period immediately following the accession of Charles II.

Commonwealth of England
The Commonwealth of England was the republican government which ruled first England and then Ireland and Scotland from 1649 to 1660. After the execution of Charles I on January 30, 1649, the Commonwealth was declared ("An Act declaring England to be a Commonwealth") by the Rump Parliament on May 19, 1649. The government during 1653 to 1659 is properly called The Protectorate, and took the form of direct personal rule by Oliver Cromwell and, after his death, his son Richard, as Lord Protector. The term "Commonwealth" is, however, loosely used to describe the system of government during the whole of 1649 to 1660, the years of the English Interregnum.
See also.
The Protectorate

Declaration of independence
A declaration of independence is a proclamation of the independence of an aspiring state or states. Such states are usually formed from part or all of the territory of another nation or failed nation, or are breakaway territories from within the parent state.
Declarations of independence are typically made without the consent of the parent state, and hence are sometimes called unilateral declarations of independence (UDI), particularly by those who question the validity of the declarations.

Presbyterianism
Presbyterianism is a kind of Protestant Christianity. It was started off in Scotland by John Knox. Today there are Presbyterian churches across the world.
Presbyterians (followers of Presbyterianism) believe that the Bible is the most important thing in their church and that no one can change the meaning of it. They believe that God has control over everything and that only followers of Jesus Christ may get into heaven.
Presbyterian churches are led by men called "elders." Many Presbyterian churches have women as elders, too.

Declaration of war
A declaration of war is a formal declaration issued by a national government indicating that a state of war exists between that nation, and one or more others.
Declarations of war have been acceptable means and diplomatic measures since the Renaissance, when the first formal declarations of war were issued.
The UN and war.
In an effort to force nations to resolve issues without warfare, the United Nations Charter attempted to commit member nations to using warfare only under limited circumstances, especially for defensive purposes only.

Cyrillic alphabet
The Cyrillic alphabet was invented by Greek monks named Kyrillos (Latin "Cyrillus") and Methodios in the 9th century. It is based on Greek alphabet.

Silent Spring
Silent Spring is the name of a book by Rachel Carson. It was published in 1962. It tells of the damage done to the environment by the use of chemicals to kill pests.

Nymph (biology)
In science a nymph is the young of some kinds of insects.
Insects grow in two ways. In one of these ways, called incomplete metamorphosis, an insect egg hatches, and a small insect called a nymph comes out. The nymph usually looks just like the adult insect but is much smaller. Nymphs do not become pupae before becoming adults.
Some insects have nymphs that are aquatic, which means they live in water. These nymphs look very different from the adults. Dragonflies have nymphs that live in water, such as in lakes and rivers. Nymphs that live in water are sometimes called naiads.
The other way insects grow is by complete metamorphosis. This way has no nymphs.
Some insects that are nymphs when they are young are grasshoppers, cockroaches, true bugs, and dragonflies.
In mythology (what people believed a long time ago), spirits of nature are called nymphs. Water spirits are called naiads in mythology.

Complete metamorphosis
Complete metamorphosis are words used to tell about how some insects grow. It is also called holometabolism.
When all insects grow, they change how they look. Insects that have complete metamorphosis have four different life stages, or times in their life when they look different. These insects start as eggs, which are very small. The egg hatches and a larva comes out. The larva looks like a worm and eats and eats so that it can grow much bigger. When the larva has grown it changes into a pupa. The pupa usually can not move or eat. The pupa is a special time when the insect is changing into an adult that will look very different from the larva or the pupa. Moth pupae (plural of pupa) are inside cocoons. When the pupa opens, the adult insect comes out.

Saab
Saab is a Swedish car and airplane maker, found in Trollhättan, Sweden in 1937. Saab started to make cars in 1947. The Saab car factory is now owned by GM. The aviation and defense part of Saab is owned by the Wallenberg family.

The Protectorate
In British history, the Protectorate was the period 1653–59 during which the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland was governed by a Lord Protector.
Before the Protectorate, England (and then Scotland and Ireland) had been ruled directly by Parliament since it had declared England to be a Commonwealth in 1649. The Rump Parliament had been sent away in April 1653 by soldiers led by Oliver Cromwell. Although the replacement, the Barebones Parliament (July–December 1653), was nominated by Cromwell and the leaders of the army, it was just as difficult to control.
The post of Lord Protector was created by a constitution passed in December 1653. Cromwell got this position for life. Although the constitution divided power between the Lord Protector, the Council of State and Parliament, in practice there was again the strong executive power that had been absent since the end of the monarchy. Cromwellian government has been called ‘one of the first experiments in ("de facto") military dictatorship’ (Abbott).
During the Protectorate there was Puritan legislation. Religious toleration was extended to Jews and most Protestants, but not to Anglicans or Roman Catholics.
After Cromwell's death in September 1658, the new Lord Protector, Richard Cromwell, was unable to control the army and resigned in May 1659. After a chaotic ‘interregnum’, the monarchy was restored in May 1660, through the initiative of General George Monck.

Rump Parliament
The Rump Parliament was the name until 1660 of the English Parliament that followed the Long Parliament, after Pride's Purge of December 6 1648 had removed those Members of Parliament that were against the plan to try King Charles I for high treason.

Vibrator (sensual)
A vibrator is a device that is made to vibrate against the body (including insertion in a body cavity), thereby stimulating the nerves and giving a pleasurable and possibly erotic feeling.
Vibrators for body stimulation.
The electrically powered vibrator was invented in the 1880s by doctors, who were treating women for "hysteria" for centuries by performing what today would be considered masturbation. At the time, however, not only did doctors regard the "vulvular stimulation" required as having nothing to do with sex, they reportedly found that it took a lot of time to do and it was hard work. The vibrator did it more quickly and easily, and because of this it was very popular with doctors. Home versions soon started being made and they were also popular, with adverts in places like "Needlecraft", "Woman's Home Companion", "Modern Priscilla" and the Sears, Roebuck catalog. These disappeared in the 1920s, apparently because their appearance in pornography made it no longer tenable for polite society to avoid the sexual connotations of the devices.
In their more common guise as "body massagers", millions of vibrators have been sold to both men and women. Some of the people that buy vibrators only use them to relieve them of muscular tension or aches and pains. However, many people who purchase vibrators marketed as "body massagers" — and, presumably, most people who purchase vibrators marketed as adult toys — use them to get sexual pleasure, most often in masturbation, a form of autoeroticism. Vibrators often allow people to achieve orgasm faster and easier and are often said to provide stronger orgasms than those produced by hand stimulation alone. They are often recommended by sex therapists for women who have difficulty reaching orgasm by other means. Couples also use them sometimes as an enhancement to the pleasure of one or both partners.
Harper's magazine notes a Durex survey that says 46% of women have vibrators near 2006. This may have been market research relating to their vibrating condom base product.
The sale of vibrators and similar "novelty items" is forbidden in several states in the southern United States. In the state of Texas, the sale of devices for sexual stimulation such as vibrators and dildos is technically illegal, but many stores will sell such items provided that the customer sign a statement that the device will be used only for educational purposes. The states of Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Indiana, Virginia, Louisiana and Massachusetts also have laws that prohibit vibrators.
Types of erotic vibrators.
Most vibrators use internal batteries, but some of them have a power cord and must be plugged into a power socket to work.

Michael Owen
Michael Owen (born December 14, 1979 in Chester, Cheshire, England) is the forward for Newcastle United F.C. in England, which competes in the FA Premier League. He also is in the England national football team, which competes in the World Cup and other international events.

History of England
England is the largest of the countries that today make up the United Kingdom. The name "England" comes from the Anglo-Saxons who arrived in the 5th century. The territory of England has been united as one country since the 10th century. This article is about the history of that territory until 1707, when it was joined with the rest of Great Britain.
Archaeology shows that people came to southern England long before the rest of the British Isles, probably because of the friendly climate between and during the ice ages of long ago.
Julius Caesar invaded what is now England in 55 and 54 BC, and wrote in "De Bello Gallico" that there were many tribes there, who were very similar to other Celtic tribes in Europe. Coins, and later Roman historians, have given us the names of some of the rulers of the tribes, and what they did.
For hundreds of years, what is now England was a Roman province, Britannia. The Romans later gave up on the province and left the Celtic people on their own as the Roman Empire began to fall apart.
Anglo-Saxon England.
After the Romans left around 410, England was settled by waves of Germanic peoples (Anglo-Saxons).
Jutes, together with large numbers of Frisians, Saxons from northern Germany, and Angles from southern Denmark - often called "Anglo-Saxons", began to invade Britain in the mid-5th century. They were tribes led by royal chiefs, and they settled on the eastern and southern shores.
Analysis of human bodies found at an ancient cemetery near Abingdon, England, shows that Saxon immigrants and native Britons lived side-by-side.
The Romano-British population (the Britons) was assimilated. The settlement (or invasion) of England is called the Saxon Conquest, or the Anglo-Saxon or English Conquest.
From the 4th century AD, many Britons left across the English Channel from Wales, Cornwall and southern Britain, and started to settle the western part of Gaul (Armorica), where they started a new nation: Brittany. The Britons gave their new country its name and the Breton language, Brezhoneg, a sister language to Welsh and Cornish. The name "Brittany" (from "Little Britain") arose at this time to tell the new Britain apart from "Great Britain". Brezhoneg is still spoken in Brittany today.
Beginning with the raid in 793 on the monastery at Lindisfarne, Vikings made many raids on England.
After a time of raids, the Vikings also began to settle in England and to trade, eventually controlling an area called the Danelaw from the late 9th century. One Viking settlement was at York, called Jorvik by the Vikings. Viking rule left traces in the English language — because Old English was already related to Old Norse, many Norse words began to be used in English at this time.
England during the Middle Ages.
The defeat of King Harold Godwinson at the Battle of Hastings in 1066 against Duke William II of Normandy, later called William I of England, and the following Norman conquest of England caused important changes in the history of Britain. William ordered the Domesday Book to be written. This was a survey of the entire population, and their lands and property, to help in collecting taxes.
William also ruled Normandy, then a powerful duchy in France. William and his nobles spoke, and held court, in Anglo-Norman, in Normandy as well as in England. The use of the Anglo-Norman language by the aristocracy was kept up for centuries, and had a great influence on the development of English.
In England, the Middle Ages was a time of war, civil war, rebellions from time to time, and many plots among the nobles and royalty. England had more than enough cereals, dairy products, beef and mutton. The nation's international economy was based on the wool trade, where wool from northern England was sold to the textile merchants of Flanders to make into cloth. Medieval foreign policy was also shaped by relations with the Flemish cloth business. An English cloth business was developed in the fifteenth century, allowing the English also to become wealthier.
In the reign of Henry II, the king got some power back from the barony and the Church. Henry's successor, Richard I "the Lion Heart", took part in the Third Crusade, and defended his French territories against Philip II of France. His younger brother John, who followed him as king, was not so lucky; he lost Normandy and many other French territories. In 1215, the barons led an armed rebellion and forced him to sign the Magna Carta, which put legal limits on the King's personal powers.
The reign of Edward I (1272–1307) was rather successful. Edward strengthened the powers of his Government, and called the first English Parliament. He conquered Wales. His son, Edward II, lost the Battle of Bannockburn against Scotland.
The Black Death, an epidemic that spread over all of Europe and parts of Asia, arrived in England in 1349 and killed perhaps up to a third of the population.
Edward III gave land to powerful noble families, including many people with royal blood. Because land was like power in these days, some powerful men could now try to claim the Crown.
Tudor England.
The Wars of the Roses ended with the victory of Henry Tudor, who became king Henry VII of England, at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485, where the Yorkist king, Richard III was killed.
His son, Henry VIII split with the Roman Catholic Church over a question of his divorce from Catherine of Aragon. Though his religious position was not entirely Protestant, this led to the Church of England breaking from the Roman Catholic Church. There followed a time of great religious and political troubles, and the English Reformation.
Henry VIII had three children, all of whom would wear the Crown. The first to reign was Edward VI of England. Although he was intelligent, he was only a boy of ten when he took the throne in 1547.
When Edward VI died of tuberculosis in 1553 Mary I took the throne when crowds cheered for her in London, which people at the time said was the largest show of affection for a Tudor monarch. Mary, a loyal Catholic who had been influenced greatly by the Catholic King of Spain and Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V, tried to get the country back to Catholicism. This led to 274 burnings of Protestants, which are recorded in John Foxe's "Book of Martyrs". She was highly unpopular among her people then. Mary lost Calais, the last English possession on the Continent, and became even more unpopular (except among Catholics) at the end of her reign.
The reign of Elizabeth returned a sort of order to England in 1558. The religious question that had divided the country since Henry VIII was put to rest by the Elizabethan Religious Settlement, which set up the Church of England in much the same form it has today.
The slave trade that made Britain a major economic power began with Elizabeth, who gave John Hawkins permission to start trading in 1562.
The government of Elizabeth was more peaceful, apart from the revolt of the northern earls in 1569, and she was able to lessen the power of the old nobility and expand the power of her government. One of the most famous events in English military history was in 1588 when the Spanish Armada lost against the English navy, commanded by Sir Francis Drake. Elizabeth's government did much to make her government stronger, and to make common law and administration more effective throughout England.
In all, the Tudor period is seen as an important one, leading to many questions that would have to be answered in the next century during the English Civil War. These were questions of how much power the monarch and Parliament should have, and how much one should control the other.
The Stuarts and the Civil War.
Elizabeth died without children who could take the throne after her. Her closest male Protestant relative was the king of Scotland, James VI, of the house of Stuart, so he became James I of England, the first king of the entire island of Great Britain, although he ruled England and Scotland as separate countries.
The English Civil War began in 1642, mainly because of conflicts between James' son, Charles I, and Parliament. The defeat of the Royalist army by the New Model Army of Parliament at the Battle of Naseby in June 1645 destroyed most of the King's forces. The capture and trial of Charles led to his beheading in January 1649 at Whitehall Gate in London. A republic was declared, and Oliver Cromwell became the Lord Protector in 1653. After he died, his son Richard Cromwell followed him in the office, but soon quit. The monarchy was returned in 1660, after England had a time of anarchy, with King Charles II again in London.
In 1665, London was hit with the plague, and then, in 1666, the capital was burned for 5 days by the Great Fire, destroying around 15,000 buildings.
In 1689, the Dutch Protestant William of Orange, replaced the Catholic King James II in what is called the Glorious Revolution. However, in Scotland and Ireland, Catholics loyal to James II were not so happy, and a series of bloody revolts followed. These Jacobite rebellions continued until the mid-18th century, when Charles Edward Stuart was defeated at the Battle of Culloden in 1746.
The First Act of Union made Scotland, England and Wales into one county. The history of England after this 1707 Act is a part of Great Britain's history.

Anglo-Saxons
Anglo-Saxon means usually the culturally and linguistically similar peoples living in the south and east of the island Great Britain (modern England) from around the mid-5th century AD to the Norman conquest of 1066.
They are believed to have spoken Germanic languages and are identified by Bede as the descendants of three powerful tribes, Angles, Saxons, and Jutes.
Anglo-Saxon migration.
There is considerable debate as to the extent of Anglo-Saxon migration from the fourth to the sixth centuries.
Earlier interpretations saw large numbers of Anglo-Saxon settlers arrive, essentially killing or displacing the British people living in southern and eastern Britain at the time. Such an interpretation finds support in the linguistic and place-name evidence. Linguistically, not only did Old English emerge as the language of the English kingdoms, but very few Brythonic words found their way into the language. The rarity of settlement names with Brythonic origins (as opposed to villages taking the name of a nearby stream with a Celtic name etc.) over most of England is taken by some as evidence of Saxon settlement rather than continuity.
More recently the focus has shifted towards continuity, trying to place Britain in the context of European Late Antiquity. Some of this argument is based on scale. The population of Britain in 400 is unknowable, but is estimated, based on land usage, to have been around 2 million. It is considered unlikely that such a large population was significantly killed or displaced between the fifth and sixth centuries. Much of the argument for continuity is based on archaeological evidence.

Norman conquest of England
The Norman conquest of England was a military invasion of England in 1066.
William the Conqueror was a Duke who ruled Normandy, now a region in France. He invaded England after the death of King Edward the Confessor because he believed he had the most right to be King of England. But King Harold II had himself crowned king instead. King Harold, with his Saxon army, and Duke William fought at the Battle of Hastings on October 14 1066. King Harold was killed in the battle and his army left. On December 25, 1066, William was crowned the new King of England.
The "Norman conquest" brought an important change in English history for a number of reasons. The conquest linked England more closely with Continental Europe, and made Scandinavian influence less important. It created one of the most powerful monarchies in Europe. The conquest changed the English language and culture, and set the stage for rivalry with France, which would continue (with breaks) until the 19th century. It remains the last successful military conquest of England.

Raid
A raid is an attack into enemy territory with no intent to gain or hold terrain.
The attacking people return to friendly territory immediately after the attack. Generally, a raid is brief and performed by a small number of people.

Restauration
Following the fall from power of Napoleon Bonaparte,

English Reformation
The English Reformation was part of a process and movement of thought, referred to as the Protestant Reformation, which led to the breaking away of a number of Christian churches in Europe from communion with Rome.
Each of the countries that went through this process did so in a different way, so the process in England was singular. The king became head of the English church by what was called the Royal Supremacy and that was the beginning of the Church of England.

Gianluigi Buffon
Gianluigi "Gigi" Buffon (born January 28, 1978) is an Italian football player. He is a goalkeeper. He currently plays with Juventus Turin.
Gianluigi Buffon started his career in Parma F.C., a famous Italian club, winning a UEFA Cup in 1999. Later he played for the Italian giant, Juventus, winning Italian Serie A on consecutive years.
Buffon joined the Italian national team in 1998, and he has played for them for nearly 10 years. In the 2006 World Cup he led them to the championship, allowing only two goals in 7 games. Therefore, some people currently consider him the best goalkeeper in the world.

Checksum
A checksum is a number. It is a kind of redundancy check. There are different ways to calculate it. It serves as a check, that no errors have been made when writing down the number. In its simplest form, the digits are simply added up. This can however not detect errors of swapping digits around. Better ways (algorithms) of calculating a checksum are a Hamming code, or a cyclic redundancy check. One of the uses of checksums is account numbers. The Swiss postal account, for example, has checksum built in. Another place where checksums are used are serial numbers for computer software.

Fennel
Fennel is a kind of herb. It is native to the Mediterranean and some parts of Asia. Its bulb, leaves, and seeds may be eaten. Dried fennel seeds are used as a spice for flavoring food. Their flavor is like anise.

DisneyToon Studios
DisneyToon Studios is an animation studio created by The Walt Disney Company.
Theatrical releases are marked with an asterisk (*).

National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam
The National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam (NLF'"), was a communist army based in South Vietnam that fought against the governments of South Vietnam and the United States during the Vietnam War (1958-75). The group is better known as the Vietcong ("Việt Cộng") or V.C., short for "Vietnamese Communist." American soldiers called the Vietnamese communist forces Charlie, no matter whether North Vietnamese or Vietcong.
The group was made up of people from both South and North Vietnam. The Vietcong used guerilla warfare, including terrorist bombings, assassinations, and ambushes. The group is best-known for the Tet Offense, an assault on many South Vietnamese cities staged in February 1968. The group was closely allied with the government of North Vietnam, which conquered the South in 1975.

NATO phonetic alphabet
The NATO phonetic alphabet is a way of using words to replace letters. Although it is called a "phonetic alphabet" because it is used so no one gets confused when saying letters, it does not have the same reasons as the International Phonetic Alphabet or other phonetic alphabets. The first letter of the word is the letter the word stands for. This is done to help make speech easier to understand at times when it is important to be understood such as in the military and in air travel. There have been many different phonetic alphabets over time. On board ships, flags are known as these letters, and each have their own meanings. Different countries also have different phonetic alphabets.
Alphabet.
Numbers are also in the phonetic alphabet. The English numbers 0 through 8 are written and spoken the same. The number 9 is written the same, but it is pronounced "niner".

Super Mario Bros.
Super Mario Bros. is a video game made by Nintendo in 1985. It is played on the Nintendo Entertainment System console.
Super Mario Bros. was a very important game because it changed how games were made later. It turned Mario into an icon. It was fun, colorful, and very big compared to other games at the time. It was very popular. In fact, The Guinness Book of World Records says that Super Mario Bros. is the best-selling video game ever.
Players of the game control Mario. To this day, Mario is one of the world's most famous fictional characters. Hundreds of Nintendo games feature Mario as the main character.
Plot.
Bowser has kidnapped Princess Toadstool. Mario must follow Bowser across eight worlds in the Mushroom Kingdom to rescue Toadstool.
Gameplay.
"Super Mario Bros." is a platform game. Mario jumps, runs, and walks across each level. The worlds are full of enemies and platforms, and open holes. If Mario touches an enemy, he dies. If he falls down a hole or misses a jump, he will also lose a life.
Mario has several "power ups." A Mushroom will make him big so if he touches an enemy he simply gets smaller; he will not die. If Mario is big and he hits a question block that has a power-up, a fire flower will come out. The fire flower will give him the power to throw fire balls, which can kill enemies. If he gets hit as Fire Mario, he will go back to being small Mario.
Each world is divided into four levels. Some levels are underground and others are underwater. When Mario is underwater, he cannot jump on any enemy and he will shrink or die if he touches one.
The fourth level is a castle. Mario faces lava, fire bars, and other enemies in this level. At the end of the level is a Bowser, who stands over a lava pit. Mario can throw fireballs to defeat Bowser. He can also jump to behind Bowser to touch an axe. Touching it will destroy the bridge and cause Bowser to fall into the lava, killing him. Toadstool's servant, Toad, will then tell Mario that the princess is in another castle. The eighth boss is the real Bowser.
Impact.
"Super Mario Bros." was both the launch game and the killer game for the Nintendo Entertainment System. This game and "Duck Hunt" was bundled with every NES sold and the game sold 40 million units as a result.

Barbarian
"Barbarian" is a pejorative word for an uncivilized, uncultured person.
It is used for a member of a nation or ethnic group which is seen as having an inferior level of civilization, or for an individual person which is seen as a brutal, cruel and insensitive or whose behaviour is unacceptable in the civilized society of the speaker. When used for a person the word is always pejorative, when used for a nation not always.

Numerical digit
Numerical digits are what numerals are made of. The numeral "56" has two digits: 5 and 6. In the decimal system (which is base 10), each digit is how many of a certain power of 10 are needed to get the value. The rightmost digit is for 10^0, the next for 10^1, etc.
56 can be written as 6*10^0+5*10^1
The ten digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 are both digits and numerals. Some numeral system need more than ten digits. For example, the hexadecimal numeral system uses the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F.

Pejorative
A word or phrase is pejorative if it has a Context of contempt or disapproval. The adjective "pejorative" is synonymous with "derogatory" and "dyslogistic" (noun: dyslogism) (antonyms: "meliorative", "eulogistic", noun "eulogism"). Terms as "pea-brain" and "bottom-feeder" are words and phrases pejorative by their nature.

Contempt
Contempt is an intense feeling of disrespect and dislike. It is related to feelings of resentment, jealousy and bitterness.

Evanescence
Evanescence is a band. They mostly play rock and alternative rock. They are from the United States. The band was formed in Little Rock, Arkansas in 1994.

Parliament of England
The Parliament of England was the legislature of the Kingdom of England. Its roots go back to the early medieval period. It took over more and more from the power of the monarch, and after the Act of Union 1707 became the main part of the Parliament of Great Britain, and later the Parliament of the United Kingdom.
Origins.
The origin of Parliament can be found in the times of the Anglo-Saxons. Anglo-Saxon kings were advised by a council known as the "Witenagemot", to which belonged the King's sons and brothers.
The Ealdormen, or executive heads of the shire and the senior clergymen of the state had seats as well. The King still had the highest authority, but laws were made only after seeking the advice (and, in later times, the consent) of the "Witenagemot".
Development.
The royal council slowly grew into a Parliament. The first time the word "Parliament" can be found in official documents was during Henry III's reign. It was still mostly informal, and not an official body. The right to vote in Parliamentary elections for county constituencies was the same everywhere in the country, giving a vote to everyone who owned the freehold of land to a rent of 40 shillings a year (Forty-shilling Freeholders).
The rise of Parliament's power was slowed down by civil war. By the end of the Wars of the Roses, the king had the strongest authority again. The Crown was at the height of its power during the reign of Henry VIII.
The great struggle between the Crown and Parliament happened under James I's successor, Charles I. The House of Commons sent Charles the Petition of Right, demanding to have their rights again, in 1628. Though he accepted the petition, he later closed Parliament and ruled without them for eleven years. It was only after he had money problems as a result of war, that he was forced to call Parliament so they could authorise new taxes. The new Parliament was quite rebellious, so the king shut them down after only three weeks; this was called the Short Parliament. But this did not help the king with his money problem, so he realized that he would need to call another Parliament. Their struggle for power with the king led to the English Civil War. Those supporting the Parliament were called Parliamentarians or 'Roundheads'. In 1649, Charles was put to death by the Rump Parliament and replaced by the military dictator Oliver Cromwell. After Cromwell's death, however, the monarchy was restored in 1660.
Following the Restoration, monarchs agreed to regularly call Parliament. But there was no clear guarantee of Parliamentary liberties until James II, an unpopular Catholic ruler, was forced to flee the country in 1688. Parliament decided that he had given up his crown, and offered it to his Protestant daughter Mary, instead of his Catholic son. Mary II ruled together with her husband, William III.
Union: the Parliament of Great Britain.
Following the Treaty of Union in 1707 twin Acts of Parliament passed in, respectively, the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland created a new Kingdom of Great Britain and dissolved both parliaments, replacing them with a new Parliament of Great Britain based in the former home of the English parliament.

United States Bill of Rights
The Bill of Rights is the name for the first 10 amendments to the United States Constitution, which limited the power of the federal government and guaranteed citizens of the United States certain rights. The amendments were written in 1789 by James Madison, and were based on important ideas about personal rights. The Bill of Rights went into effect in 1791, when 3/4 of the states agreed that they were fair. Originally, the Bill of Rights had 12 different amendments, but the first two were not passed by enough states. The second amendment that was omitted was eventually added to the Constitution in 1992. It is now the 27th Amendment to the Constitution, and deals with pay changes for the government.
The Amendments.
"Congress shall make no law regarding an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof..."
"...or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press..."
"...or of the right of the people to peaceably assemble..."
"...and to petition the government for redress of grievances."

Paula Radcliffe
Paula Jane Radcliffe MBE (born December 17, 1973) is an English athlete with the world record in women's marathon.

Ramsay MacDonald
James Ramsay MacDonald (12 October 1866 – 9 November 1937) was a British politician and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom three times. He became the first Prime Minister of the Labour Party in 1924. His third period as Prime Minister was during the crisis of the Great Depression when he formed a "National Government" in which a majority of MPs were from the British Conservative Party and was expelled from the Labour Party.

22nd century
The 22nd century of the anno Domini (common) era is the century that starts with the year 2101 and end with 2200 of the Gregorian calendar.

Human migration
Human migration means any movement by humans from one locality to another (migration), often over long distances or in large groups. Humans are known to have migrated extensively throughout history and prehistory.
Migration and population isolation is one of the four evolutionary forces (along with natural selection, genetic drift, and mutation). The study of the distribution of and change in allele (gene variations) frequencies under such influences is the discipline of Population genetics.
The movement of populations in modern times has continued under the form of both voluntary migration within one's region, country, or beyond, and involuntary migration (which includes slave trade, Trafficking in human beings and ethnic cleansing). The people who migrate are called migrants, or, more specifically, emigrants, immigrants or settlers, depending on historical setting, circumstance and perspective.

Malignant
In medicine, malignant is a clinical term that is used to describe an illness that quickly kills the patient. Strictly speaking, a malignant tumour is a tumour that is able to invade nearby tissues and spread to tissues that are not nearby. Not all patients diagnosed with malignant tumours die because of the improved treatments available. The actual prognosis depends of the type of tumour, its differentiation, and how bad the disease is. The term malignant is typically applied to neoplasms that show aggressive behaviour characterised by local invasion or distant metastasis.

Advice (constitutional)
In constitutional law, Advice is formal, usually binding instruction given by a constitutional officer of state to another. Heads of state in particular act on the basis of Advice issued by governments and prime ministers. For example, Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom formally appoints Ministers of the Crown on the advice of the British Prime Minister.

Laney Amplification
Laney Amplification is a company from Great Britain that makes guitar and bass guitar amplifiers. It was founded in 1967 when Lyndon Laney started to make amplifiers in his parents' garage. Laney is popular for its good quality amplifiers for low prices.

Council
Council in general means a body that has the right to give advice or to administer.

Kellyjackie
Jackie Chan Hiu-ki (陳曉琪), also known as Kellyjackie (born 23 August, 1986), is a Hong Kong citizen who enjoys singing as a hobby. She is also a member of a band called the Royals. She likes the pop singer Kelly Chen, so she puts "Kelly" in her nickname.
She was a secondary school student before 2005. She started to put her songs on the Internet from the age of 13, although she mostly sang other singers' songs. After about one year, she started writing her own songs. Her own first song was "Lucky Voice" which, like her other songs, was put on the Internet for others to listen.
In January 2005, she wrote the song "He invites me to Disneyland" (他約我去迪士尼) to ease her exam stress. She got the ideas of the song from the story Sleeping Beauty.
She uploaded her song "He invites me to Disneyland" to her band's forum, her Xanga site, i010.com and also cmidi.com for free downloading by Internet users. The song became very famous with the help of the Internet within a few weeks. The song was also number 1 of Yahoo! Hong Kong's Top Searches (搜尋人氣榜) for some time. Some DJs also played the song on the radio. Many people were happy about her, although some also thought she did not have good singing skills.
When the Hong Kong Disneyland opened, the "Hong Kong Disneyland -The Grand Opening Celebration Album" (香港迪士尼樂園開幕紀念大碟) was sold in public. Kellyjackie and Kelly Chen sang "He invites me to Disneyland" together in the album.

European Parliament
The European Parliament (formerly European Parliamentary Assembly or Common Assembly) is the parliament of the European Union (EU). EU citizens elect its members once every five years. Together with the Council of Ministers, it is the law-making branch of the institutions of the Union. It meets in two locations: Strasbourg and Brussels.
Members.
The Parliament is made up of its 785 members, called "MEPs". Each member speaks for an area of Europe, for example London, Denmark or Scotland. Anyone can be elected, they are elected by all the EU citizens, the people who are citizens of a country in the EU. People have been elected to Parliament since 1979, before that they came from the Parliaments of each country. Because MEPs come from lots of countries, they all speak different languages (23 in 2007). This means that the Parliament has to have lots of interpreters.
Unlike other international groups of politicians, MEPs do not sit in groups of countries, but they sit next to people who they share ideas with. The two largest groups are the "European People's Party-European Democrats" and the "Party of European Socialists". But these groups work together to agree, so they don't fight and try to make a law if the other doesn't like it.
Power.
The European Parliament's power depends on which area of the EU it is working in. The EU has three areas, the "Community", its representation to other countries, and things to do with police and courts. In the last two areas, it can not do much as the Council takes care of those issues, but in the Community (which is the largest area) it can change or stop any law. But the Council also has to agree, and sometimes they disagree and cannot make a law.
While Parliament can change a law, it cannot start a new one, it has to ask the European Commission to do that. The European Commission works on everyday work and the Parliament has to make sure it does its job properly, if it does not Parliament can make them all leave their jobs or not allow them to spend the EU budget.
Work.
When the Parliament wants to make something a law, they all vote at the same time. But before then they make lots of small changes while talking about with with people who know lots about what it will change. They do this in small meetings known as "Committees" which have between 28 to 86 MEPs in it.
The Parliament has a President. The President is elected by the MEPs, two times every two and a half years, to organise the meetings and speak for the Parliament when meeting other leaders. The president right now (2008) is a German called "Hans-Gert Pöttering", the first one (after the first election) was a French woman called "Simone Veil".
History.
The Parliament was made in 1952 and was then called the "Common Assembly". At this time, it did not have any power, it was only asked to comment on laws made by the "European Coal and Steel Community". In 1957, it was renamed the "European Parliamentary Assembly" and got to comment on the laws of the "European Economic Community" and the "European Atomic Energy Community". Over the following years, it was given a few powers over laws and money and it called itself the "European Parliament" in the 1960s. It wanted to be elected so it could do more, as if people voted for the people in Parliament, the Council and Commission would have to pay more attention to it (this is known as "Democratic Legitimacy", the idea that your voice is worth more if you have lots of people supporting from an election).
In 1979 it held its first election, and it gained more powers and also members because more countries joined the Communities and they elected people as well. In 1993 it was given even more, and power over the Commission, when the European Union took the place of the Communities. It is now known as one of the most powerful Parliaments in the world.

Council of the European Union
The Council of the European Union is one of the three organisations that manage the European Union. Along with the European Parliament, it is responsible for law making for the European Union (EU).
Its members are the government ministers of the member countries who are responsible for the law that is being discussed. As an example, suppose the law is going to be about farming, then the Agriculture Ministers are the Council for that day.
As well as making laws, they can meet to discuss their problems. For example, the European Union does not decide on tax - each country decides on its own tax. But the Finance Ministers meet anyway because sometimes they can help each other catch people who do not want to pay tax.
The Council is called different things in different countries, according to the language they speak. In (French it is "Le Conseil de l'Union Européenne", in German it is "Rat der Europäischen Union", in Czech it is "Rada Evropské unie".

European Commission
The European Commission (officially called the Commission of the European Communities) is one of the five organisations that manage the European Union (EU). The Commission manages the day to day running of the EU and writes laws, like a government. Laws written by the Commission are discussed and changed by the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union. The Commission sits in Brussels.
The Commission is made of 27 people, one from each of the countries in the EU. One of these people is the President, who was chosen by the Council and Parliament, he decides (with each country) who the other members are and what they do. Each one has a different job, such as looking after industry or trade. If they don't do their job properly, the President can remove them. If he doesn't, or if the President doesn't do his job, the Parliament can remove the whole Commission from their jobs (this only happened in 1999).
The name Commission can also mean the 25,000 people who work for the President and his team. They follow the Commission's instructions in looking after the EU or writing a new law. It works in three languages, English, French and German.
The first Commission was created in 1952 and was called the "High Authority". But the modern Commission was created in 1957 and since then has had eleven Presidents;

Deep Ng
Deep Ng (吳浩康; born 吳偉男 on 13 June 1983) is a Hong Kong singer and actor of the Emperor Entertainment Group.
He was fined 5,000 USD because of keeping cocaine (an illegal drug).
He was charged of beating Chim Chi Kin at the Boozeroo Pub in Tsim Sha Tsui on 11 July 2005. On November 21, 2005, the court ruled that he did not committed the crime, because what the victim said seemed not to match his own words.
Deep also acted in movies like "New Police Story". He is also famous for his number 1 hit song, "Select the Breakup Day" (擇日失戀). A new album, "Nowhere" (pronounced as Now-here), was sold in public in September 2005. This album was seen as a comeback for Deep after a number of bad news. He also had another new album, "Documentary", in 2006.
He was once the boyfriend of Nancy Wu, a Hong Kong artist.

Needle aspiration biopsy
Needle aspiration biopsy (NAB), also known as fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC), fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) and fine needle aspiration (FNA), is a medical procedure performed to diagnose certain kinds of medical conditions, such as lumps in the neck. A thin needle is inserted into a mass or lump to extract cells that will be examined under a microscope. Fine needle aspiration biopsies are very safe, minor surgical procedures. Often, a major surgical (excisional or open) biopsy can be avoided by performing a needle aspiration biopsy instead.

Ultrasound
Ultrasound is a type of sound with a frequency bigger than humans can hear. This frequency, the 'upper-limit of human hearing,' is approximately 20,000 (hertz (20 kilohertz).
Ability to hear ultrasound.
Some animals, such as dogs, dolphins, bats, and mice, are able to hear sounds which have a frequency greater than upper-limit of the human ear. This makes them able to hear ultrasounds. Children can hear some high-pitched sounds that older adults cannot hear, as in humans the upper limit pitch of hearing gets lower as a person gets older. This frequency limit is caused by the middle ear that acts as a low-pass filter. If ultrasound is fed directly into the skull bone and reaches the cochlea without passing through the middle ear, much higher frequencies (up to about 200 kHz) can be heard. This effect (sometimes called ultrasonic hearing) was first discovered by divers exposed to a high-frequency (ca. 50 kHz) sonar signal.
Diagnostic sonography.
Medical sonography (ultrasonography) is a useful ultrasound-based diagnostic medical imaging technique used to see muscles, tendons, and many internal organs, their size, structure and any pathological lesions. They are also used to see foetuses during routine and emergency pre-birth care. Ultrasound scans are done by medical health care professionals called 'sonographers.' Obstetric sonography is commonly used during pregnancy. Ultrasound is generally thought of as a "safe test" because it does not use ionising (destructive) radiation like x-rays, nuclear medicine, or CT scans.
Ultrasonic cleaning.
Ultrasonic cleaners are sometimes mistakenly called supersonic cleaners. They are used at frequencies from 20-40 kHz for jewellery, lenses and other optical parts, watches, dental instruments, surgical instruments and industrial parts. An ultrasonic cleaner works by the energy released from the collapse of millions of tiny (microscopic) 'caviations's near the dirty surface. The bubbles formed by cavitation collapse forming small jets directed at the surface.

Oncology
Oncology is the medical sub-speciality that deals with the study and treatment of cancer. A doctor that practices oncology is called an oncologist. The term originates from the Greek onkos (ονκος), meaning bulk, mass, or tumour; and the suffix -ology, meaning "study of."

Data migration
Data migration is a term computer scientists and economists use when they speak about moving data from one location to another. It can also mean that files, or folders with documents, or databases are moved from one server to another. This might be that because several databases are merged into one, or because the databases are reorganised.
It is usually an automated process, supported by data migration tools. If the data structure is complex, the migration may be separated in several phases that are carried out consecutively.

Green Bay Packers
The Green Bay Packers are a American football team in Green Bay, Wisconsin. They play in the National Football League. Their quarterback is Aaron Rodgers.
The Packers hold the record for the most NFL league championships. They have won 12 championships, including three Super Bowls. The Packers have also had 13 consecutive non-losing seasons from 1992 to 2004. This is also a league record.

Video arcade
A Video arcade (or simply arcade) is a place where people can play video games, usually for money. Such arcades often have dim light (to make the video displays more visible, and less prone to glare).

Ice age
An ice age is a period when for a long time the temperature of Earth's climate is very low. This leads to an expansion of the continental ice sheets, polar ice sheets and mountain glaciers ("glaciation").
Glaciologically, "ice age" is often used to mean a period of ice sheets in the northern and southern hemispheres; by this definition we are still in an ice age (because the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets still exist). More colloquially, when speaking of the last few million years, "ice age" is used to refer to colder periods with extensive ice sheets over the North American and Eurasian continents: in this sense, the last ice age ended about 10,000 years ago. To be precise one should use the term "glacial periods" for colder periods during ice ages and interglacial for the warmer periods.
Many glacial periods have occurred during the last few million years, initially at 40,000-year frequency but more recently at 100,000-year frequencies. These are the best studied. There have been four major ice ages in the further past.

Saxons
The Saxons or Saxon people are (nowadays) part of the German people with its main areas of settlements in the German States of Schleswig-Holstein, Lower Saxony, Westphalia, and the northeastern part of the Netherlands (Drenthe, Groningen, Twente, Achterhoek).
First mentioned by the Ancient Greek geographer Jean Julien, the pre-Christian settlement of the Saxon people originally covered an area a little more to the Northwest, with parts of the southern Jutland peninsula, Old Saxony and small sections of the eastern Netherlands. During the 5th century AD, the Saxons were part of the people invading the Romano-British province of Britannia, thus forming the Anglo-Saxons.
Before Christianization, the Saxons had an extensive indigenous pre-Christian Germanic paganism. After Christianization, elements of this religion have remained to present day in Saxon-descending cultures.
The word 'Saxon' is believed to come from the word seax, meaning a variety of single-edged knives. The Saxons were thought by Charlemagne, and some historians, to be especially war-like and ferocious.
The Finnish and Estonian name for Germany, "Saksa", comes from the Saxons.

Białystok
Białystok is a city in northern Poland in voivodship of Podlaskie. It has about 295 000 inhabitants and 102 km².

Gdynia
Gdynia is a city in northern Poland in Pomerania voivodship. It has about 252 000 inhabitants and 136 km².

Sosnowiec
Sosnowiec () is a city in Poland in Sielsia voivodship. It has about 223 000 inhabitants and 91 km².

Mould
Mould or mold is a type of tiny fungus. There are thousands of different kinds. They are often seen in wet places. Molds include all species of microscopic fungi. In contrast, microscopic fungi that grow as single cells are called yeasts.
Uses.
Although some molds cause disease or food spoilage, molds are not always bad. For example, people can use them to make some kinds of cheese and antibiotics.
Also, mold can be used to make penicillin.
See also.
Black bread mold

David James (footballer)
David James (born August 1 1970) is a professional footballer currently playing as a goalkeeper for Portsmouth F.C..

Martin Adams
Martin Adams (born 1956) is an English professional darts player. His nickname is "Wolfie" referring to his hairy face and the fact that he likes wolves. Adams is the top ranked darts player. Adams played in one of the most dramatic and thrilling world championship darts finals of all time when he defeated Phil Nixon by 7 sets to 6 on January 14 2007. What made the match so enthralling was the fact that Adams was leading by 6 sets to 0 at the interval when Nixon made his unbelievable comeback.

Heterotroph
A heterotroph (Greek "heterone" = (an)other and "trophe" = nutrition) is an organism that requires organic substrates to get its carbon for growth and development. A heterotroph is known as a consumer in the food chain.

Pittsburgh Steelers
The Pittsburgh Steelers is an American Football club of the National Football League located in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. They have won five Super Bowls.

Alice Cooper
Alice Cooper (born February 4, 1948) is an American rock musician and singer. Originally, there was a band called Alice Cooper led by a singer named Vincent Damon Furnier. The band was one of the creators of a very theatrical and violent brand of rock music that was designed to shock. Alice Cooper drew equally from horror movies, vaudeville, heavy metal and garage rock to create a theatrical brand of rock music that would come to be known as "shock rock".
In 1974, Furnier legally changed his name to Alice Cooper and started a solo career. Cooper's solo career began with the 1975 album "Welcome to My Nightmare". Expanding from his early Detroit garage rock and glam rock roots, over the years Cooper has experimented with many different musical styles.
Alice Cooper is known for his social and witty persona offstage. "The Rolling Stone Album Guide" refered to him as the world's most "beloved" heavy metal entertainer. He helped to shape the sound and look of heavy metal. Cooper is also credited as being one of the first to bring storylined theatrics to the rock/pop concert stage in the late 1960s. Away from music, Cooper is also an actor, a golf celebrity, a restaurant owner and a popular radio DJ.

Diagram
A diagram is a simplified and structured visual representation of concepts, ideas, constructions, relations, statistical data, anatomy etc used in all aspects of human activities to visualize and clarify the topic.

Radom
Radom is a city in Poland in Masovia voivodship. It has about 229 000 inhabitants and 111 km².

Kielce
Kielce is a city in Poland in Świętokrzyskie voivodship. It has a population of about 215,000 inhabitants and 109 km² of land area..

Toruń
Toruń is a city in Poland in Kuyavia-Pomerania voivodship. It has about 211,000 inhabitants and is about 117 km².

Zabrze
Zabrze is a city in Poland in the Silesian Voivodeship. It has about 195 000 inhabitants and an area about 109 km².

Bytom
Bytom is a city in Poland in Sielsia voivodship. It has about 193 000 inhabitants and 69 km².

Gorzów Wielkopolski
Gorzów Wielkopolski is a city in Poland in Lubusz voivodship. It has about 125 000 inhabitants and is 86 km² in size.

Zielona Góra
Zielona Góra is a city in Poland in Lubusz voivodship. It has about 118 000 inhabitants and 58 km².

Opole
Opole is a city in Poland in Opole voivodship. It has about 128,000 inhabitants and 92 km².

Jutes
The Jutes were a Germanic people who are believed to have come from Jutland (called "Iutum" in Latin) in modern Denmark inclusive Southern Schleswig in Northern Germany and part of the Frisian coast. The Jutes, along with the Angles, Saxons and Frisians, were mentioned amongst the Germanic tribes who sailed across the North Sea to raid and eventually invade Great Britain.
It is believed that the Jutes settled particularly in Kent and the Isle of Wight. The land where the Jutes, Angles, and Saxons settled became the country of England.

Grindcore
Grindcore is a type of heavy metal and hardcore punk music. It was made in the 1980's. Grindcore is a lot like black metal and death metal, but the guitar parts are very simple and are played over and over again in a song. The vocals are usually loud shouts and screams while the drums play fast and loud. In most cases, grindcore songs will be very short in length. Their lyrics are similar to death metal and hardcore punk, which usually sing about pain, suffering, blood, gore or politics, injustice and revolution.

Lorette
Lorette is a town in France. It is near La Cappe and La Grand-Croix on highway A4.

Cannibal Corpse
Cannibal Corpse is an American Death metal band. The band was formed in Buffalo, New York in 1988 by Bob Russay, the first guitarist (who left the band in 1993).
Cannibal Corpse is most well-known for its very violent and gory lyrics and CD covers. Some of their songs are not allowed to be played in countries like Germany and Australia.
Discography.
Image:GeorgeFisherWOA2007.jpg|thumb|George Fisher during the Cannibal Corpse concert at the 2007 Wacken Open Air.

La Cappe
La Cappe is a town in France. It is near Lorette and La Grand-Croix on highway A4.

La Grand-Croix
La Grand-Croix is a town in France. It is near Lorette and Saint-Paul-en-Jarez.

Saint-Paul-en-Jarez
Saint-Paul-en-Jarez is a town in France. It is near La Grand-Croix and Saint-Chamond.

Saint-Chamond
Saint-Chamond is a town in France. It is near Saint-Paul-en-Jarez and Saint-Jean-Bonnefonds.

Guayana Esequiba
Guayana Esequiba is the name that Venezuela calls a region that it claims in the west of Guyana. Its area is 159,500 square kilometers. Guyana calls this area the six administrative regions of Barima-Waini, Cuyuni-Mazaruni, Pomeroon-Supenaam, Potaro-Siparuni, Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo and Essequibo Islands-West Demerara.
"It has been stated that the south coast of the Orinoco from the point of Barima, 20 leagues more or less inland, up to the creek of Curucima, is low lying and swampy land and, so, reckoning all this tract as useless, very few patches of fertile land being found therein, and hardly any savannahs and pastures, it is disregarded; so taking as chief base the said creek of Curucima, or the point of the chain and ridge in the great arm of the Imataka, an imaginary line will be drawn running to the south-south-east following the slopes of the ridge of the same name which is crossed by the Rivers Aguire, Arature and Amacuro, and others, in the distance of 20 leagues, direct to the Cuyuni; from there it will run on to the Masaruni and Essequibo, parallel to the sources of the Berbis and Surinama; this is the directing line of the course which the new Settlements and foundations proposed must follow."
In 1840, Venezuela claimed all of Guyana west of the Essequibo River — 62% of what was then British Guiana. Britain and Venezuela argued over the boundary between British Guiana and Venezuela for much of the 19th century. On 21 February 1881, in a note to Lord Grenville, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Great Britain at that time, Venezuela suggested a border line starting from a point one mile to the north of the Moruka River, drawn from there westward to the 60th meridian, and running south along that meridian. This would have given the Barima District to Venezuela. The Government of Venezuela, in the case it made to the Arbitration Tribunal, changed its claim on the district just west of the Essequibo, and claimed that the boundary should run from the mouth of the Moruka River southwards to the Cuyuni River, near where it meets the Mazaruni River, and then along the east bank of the Essequibo to the Brazilian border. Britain and Venezuela accepted the decision of the Tribunal in 1899.
Venezuela raised the issue again in 1962, four years before Guyana won independence from Britain. At a meeting in Geneva in 1966, the two countries agreed to hear ideas from a representative of the UN Secretary General on ways to settle the dispute peacefully. There are still diplomatic contacts between the two countries and the Secretary General's representative.
"Venezuela recognises as territory of the new State the one which is located on the east of the right bank of the Essequibo River, and reiterates before the new State, and before the international community, that it expressly reserves its rights of territorial sovereignty over all the zone located on the west bank of the above-mentioned river. Therefore, the Guyana-Essequibo territory over which Venezuela expressly reserves its sovereign rights, limits on the east by the new State of Guyana, through the middle line of the Essequibo River, beginning from its source and on to its mouth in the Atlantic Ocean."
Venezuelan maps drawn since 1970 show all the area from the eastern bank of the Essequibo, including the islands in the river, as Venezuelan territory. On some maps, the western Essequibo region is called the "Zone of Reclamation".

Sudeley Castle
Sudeley Castle was mainly built in 1441 by Ralph Boteler, who had the castle confiscated by Edward IV of England. Edward gave Sudeley Castle to his brother, who later became Richard III of England, who then gave it to his uncle Jasper Tudor, Duke of Bedford.
By the time Henry VIII of England succeeded, the castle was the property of the Crown again. It had been visited by Henry in 1535, with his second wife Anne Boleyn, but had been empty and unattended for some time. When Henry died the castle became the property of his son, Edward VI of England, who gave it to his uncle, Thomas Seymour. Thomas was made Lord of Sudeley and married the King's step-mother, Catherine Parr. During this time Thomas began to regenerate the castle for Catherine's use, but only one room that he had built remains today.
Seymour and Catherine moved into the castle and brought with them ladies to attend on the Queen Dowager, as well as gentlemen of the household and Yeomen of the guard. The castle was then home to over 100 people. Another famous figure who came to live in the castle of Lady Jane Grey, who was a ward of Seymour's, as well as the young Elizabeth I of England.
Catherine died after she had given birth to a daughter, Mary, at Sudeley Castle and was buried in its St. Mary's Chapel. Her grave was discovered in 1728 after the castle and the chapel had been left in ruins by the English Civil War. She was later reinterred by the Rector of Sudeley in 1817.
Seymour's ambitions led to him being arrested and beheaded, after which Sudeley Castle became the property of Catherine's brother William Parr, who was the Marquess of Nothampton. Parr was stripped of his property and titled after being involved in the failed attempt to make Lady Jane Grey Queen of England.
In 1554 Mary I of England gave Sudeley Castle John Brydges, Lord Chandos and it remained as his property throughout the reign of Elizabeth I of England. Elizabeth was entertained three times at Sudeley Castle, which including a spectacular feast in 1592 to celebrate the anniversary of the defeat of the Spanish Armada.

Godfather trilogy
"The Godfather trilogy" refers to the three mafia movies directed by Francis Ford Coppola about the fictional Corleone crime family;

Without You
"Without You" is a song written by musicians Peter Ham and Tom Evans, which has become a standard since it was first recorded in 1970.
Ham and Evans were members of the rock band Badfinger, and they combined the verse of one unfinished song with the chorus of another, to complete "Without You". Badfinger included their version of the song on their second album, "No Dice", which was released in 1970. Apple Records was Badfinger's record label, and the song was published by a related company, Apple Music.
The song got little attention at first, but when singer-songwriter Harry Nilsson recorded a cover version of it, his single became a worldwide hit. Nilsson, Ham and Evans all reached career peaks, and Nilsson won a Grammy Award for his recording.
"Without You" became, and remains, very popular around the world. Many other artists have recorded the song, and several have had hits with it, including Mariah Carey. Apple Music lost the American rights to the song, early in the 21st century.

Apple Records
Apple Records was a record label started by The Beatles, which was active from 1968 until 1975. It was a division of the Beatles's company Apple Corps. EMI served as distributors for Apple.
Recording artists who appeared on the Apple label included James Taylor, Mary Hopkin, Badfinger, Billy Preston, Yoko Ono, and members of the Beatles before and after their breakup in 1970.
While the Beatles and their business associates had high hopes for Apple at first, the tensions that caused the Beatles to split also hurt the label. Many of the records released on Apple failed to become popular, either because they did not go over well with listeners, or were not given the promotion they needed or deserved to become hit records. James Taylor "walked out" on his Apple Records contract, and signed with Warner Bros., where he began a long string of hits. Mary Hopkin retired from music after completing her contract. Billy Preston and Badfinger moved on to other record labels.
Apple Records released the last of its non-Beatles records in 1973, and when their distribution deal with EMI ended in 1975, the label went out of business. It was reactivated in the late 1980s, when the Beatles's music first appeared on compact disc. In 1992, most of Apple's other music also began to appear on CD.
Yoko Ono's Apple recordings were not reissued by the label, because her husband John Lennon (a member of the Beatles) had to buy them back from Apple as part of a business settlement. After his death in 1980, Ono became the owner of the recordings. She later reissued them through another label, called Rykodisc.
Apple Records no longer signs new artists or groups, but new Beatles issues continue to appear on the Apple label.

Germanic peoples
The Germanic peoples are a linguistic and ethnic branch of Indo-European peoples. They came from Northern Europe and are identified by their use of the Germanic languages. Migrating Germanic peoples spread throughout Europe, mixing with existing local populations (such as Celts, but also Vends and Romans), forming the future basis of many nations, that are connected by similar languages and common history, and culture.
Latin "Germani" is first used by Julius Caesar.
But the Germanic tribes did not have a self name that included all Germanic-speaking people. In English, "German" is first attested in 1520, replacing earlier use of "Almain" or "Dutch". Dutch is now used in the English language to refer to the language and the inhabitants of the Netherlands.
The Sons of Mannus Istvaeones, Irminones, and Ingvaeones are collectively called West Germanic tribes. In addition, those Germanic people who remained in Scandinavia are referred to as North Germanic. These groups all developed separate dialects, the basis for the differences among Germanic languages down to the present day.
The division of peoples into West Germanic, East Germanic, and North Germanic is a modern linguistic classification.
Origin.
The early Germanic tribes spoke mutually intelligible dialects, and shared a common culture and mythology (see Germanic mythology), as is indicated by "Beowulf" and the Volsunga saga.
In the absence of large-scale political unification, such as that imposed forcibly by the Romans upon the peoples of Italy, the various tribes remained free, led by their own hereditary or chosen leaders.

May Pang
May (Fung-Yee) Pang (born October 24, 1950) was a personal assistant to former Beatle John Lennon and his wife Yoko Ono. She later became Lennon's companion and lover, when he separated from Ono in the mid-1970s. Pang was born in New York, New York and is of Chinese ancestry.
Pang was a secretary at ABKCO, a management company started by Allen Klein, in New York City. ABKCO's clients included three of the Beatles: Lennon, George Harrison and Ringo Starr. When Lennon and wife Ono needed an assistant, Pang was sent to England to work for them. She dated musician Peter Ham of Badfinger, and helped Lennon and Ono move to the United States, late in 1971.
During 1973, Lennon and Ono began to have problems in their marriage. Ono trusted Pang, and suggested her as a companion for Lennon, knowing he wanted to see other women. Lennon surprised Ono by taking Pang with him to Los Angeles, where he planned to record an album with Phil Spector. Lennon and Pang lived together for over a year, while he worked on new music, and tried to decide whether to divorce Ono or reconcile with her.
Lennon and Ono decided to reconcile early in 1975, and became the parents of Sean Lennon. Even though Pang had been involved with the marketing of several of Lennon's records, and also records by Harry Nilsson and Ringo Starr, she had a hard time finding a new job. She later found out the reason was because many companies were afraid Lennon would not want to do business with them, if he knew she worked there.
Pang finally found a job with Island Records, and later worked for RKO. She married record producer Tony Visconti (the former husband of singer Mary Hopkin), and they started a family. After Lennon's death in 1980, Pang wrote a memoir, titled "Loving John". She also appeared on many talk shows, to discuss her relationship with Lennon.

Indo-European people
Indo-Europeans are speakers of Indo-European languages.
Speakers of Indo-European languages in historical times and nowadays usually are not called Indo-Europeans but with the name of their language family like: Anatolians, Tocharians, Aryans (Iranians, Indo-Aryans), Greeks, Celts, Italic peoples, Germanic peoples, Baltic peoples, Slavic peoples, Armenians, Albanians (or subdivisions of these groups).
Note that in any case the term "Indo-European" means matters of language, which do not necessarily correlate with divisions of ethnicity or even of specific culture.

Urban area
Urban area is a word from geography. In an urban area, the population density (how many people live in a certain area) is higher than in the surrounding area. Many times, a minimum population density is also fixed. Urban areas are usually villages, cities and towns.
An urban area, with all connected areas (usually developed around some city) is called Metropolitan area.

Mary Hopkin
Mary Hopkin (born May 3, 1950) is a Welsh pop singer, who was most famous in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Her first and biggest hit was "Those Were The Days" in 1968.
When The Beatles started their own record label called Apple Records, they were looking for new artists to sign up. Model Twiggy, a friend of the band, had seen Hopkin on a talent show, and recommended her. After Hopkin signed with Apple, Beatle Paul McCartney produced many of the songs for her first album, called "Post Card". Singer-songwriters Donovan and Harry Nilsson, and record producer George Martin, also gave her songs to record.
"Those Were The Days" was McCartney's choice for Hopkin's first single. He chose well, and the song became a hit worldwide. Hopkin recorded other singles, including "Goodbye", "Temma Harbour", "Knock, Knock, Who's There", and a remake of Doris Day's "Qué Sera, Sera", but they were not as successful as her first record. McCartney moved on to a solo career after the Beatles disbanded, and no longer worked with her. Hopkin's second album, "Earth Song/Ocean Song", was largely self-produced.
Hopkin disliked the way Apple Records had promoted her, as a kind of "squeaky-clean" schoolgirl, and left the label after two albums and a best-ofs compilation, also titled "Those Were the Days". She retired from music after marrying producer Tony Visconti, but she did appear as a background singer on a few of his productions.
During the 1990s, Apple Records reissued many of their old records, including Hopkin's two original albums. She oversaw a new version of "Those Were the Days", with bonus tracks and a detailed booklet.

Champs-Elysées
The Champs-Elysées is a big and very famous street in Paris.
It links the Arc de Triomphe and the Place de la Concorde. It is a very popular place: there are famous cinemas, bars, and restaurants... It is here that the Tour de France ends.

Tom Evans
Thomas 'Tom' Evans (born June 5, 1947 – died November 23, 1983) was an English guitarist and songwriter, who had several hit records as a member of Badfinger, during the late 1960s and early 1970s. He was also the cowriter of "Without You", with collaborator Peter Ham, another member of Badfinger.
Evans and Ham wrote most of Badfinger's hits together, including "No Matter What", "Day After Day", and "Baby Blue", which appeared on Apple Records. After leaving Apple, Badfinger's fortunes dipped. Ham committed suicide by hanging in 1975. Evans was devastated, and never got over losing his musical partner. He also hanged himself, late in 1983.
"Without You" first became a hit in a cover version by Harry Nilsson in 1971, and the song became a standard as time went on. Badfinger's music was mostly forgotten by the 1980s, but became popular again in the 1990s when their old records appeared on compact disc.

Stephen Euin Cobb
Stephen Euin Cobb (born February 3, 1955) is an American science fiction author and the host of the award-winning podcast "The Future And You". He was born in Orangeburg, South Carolina. Cobb spent his childhood in Forest Park, Illinois (a suburb of Chicago). He now lives in South Carolina. Cobb is a member of the Beaver Creek Tribe of Native American Indians in South Carolina. His mother served one term as a member of the Tribal Counsel. He is between 1/8 and 1/4 Native American.
In the online science fiction magazine "Jim Baen's Universe", Cobb writes about what he thinks our lives might be like in the future. On his show, "The Future And You" (which is similar to a two-hour long radio talk show), he asks authors, celebrities, scientists and other people who write about the future what they think the future will be like for people to live in.
"Bones Burnt Black" (2004) is his most popular novel (he reads a chapter of it in his show, like an audio book). His first published novel was "Plague at Redhook" (1999). His most popular game is called Death Stacks. Every summer in Charlotte, North Carolina many people come together and play this game to see who can play it the best. The four winners each get a trophy.

Solon
Solon was a Greek statesman. He is one of "Seven Wise men of Greece", because of his political reforms to help the poor in Athens

Saint-Jean-Bonnefonds
Saint-Jean-Bonnefonds is a village in France near Saint-Paul-en-Jarez and Saint-Priest-en-Jarez.

Saint-Priest-en-Jarez
Saint-Priest-en-Jarez is a town in France near Saint-Jean-Bonnefonds and Villars.

Villars
Villars is a small village in France near Saint-Priest-en-Jarez and Logron.

Logron
Logron is a village in France near Villars and Flacey. In 1999, about 500 people lived there.

Flacey
Flacey is a village in France near Logron and Brognon.

Diet (assembly)
A diet is some form of assembly. People in the assembly meet (originally they did that daily, hence the name) to discuss and decide things. Common examples are the Diet of Worms or the Diet of Speyer.

Omelette
An omelette or "omelet" is a type of food that is mainly eggs, with various fillings. In the United States "omelets" are usually eaten at breakfast. However omelettes can be eaten as a light lunch or late evening meal.
Making an Omelette.
An omelette is prepared from beaten eggs cooked with butter or oil in a frying pan. The thin, flat omelette is usually folded around a filling such as cheese, vegetables, meat, or some combination of these ingredients. Omelettes are eaten in many parts of the world. In some traditions, omelettes are fried to cook the bottom and then flipped over so that the eggs cook all the way through. However, in other traditions, the omelette is baked to cook it evenly or the top is cooked under a broiler. When making an omelette, it is best to use several eggs. Put a little water in with the eggs when you mix them up because the water helps the eggs to produce steam as they cook. The steam makes them lighter and fluffier. Using oil in the bottom of a nonstick omelette pan helps prevent the omelette from sticking. Follow these tips, add your favourite filling, and you will make a tasty omelette quickly and easily.
"Famous" Omelettes.
There are many different types of omelette, often with different names, depending on what is used as a filling.
Arnold Bennett.
Arnold Bennett (27 May 1867 - 27 March 1931) was a British writer. Often after having been to the theatre in London he visited the Savoy Hotel's Grillroom. The chef added haddock, cream and parmesan cheese to the basic omelette and called the new dish "Omelette Arnold Bennett" in his customer's honour.
Napoleon.
When Napoleon Bonaparte and his army were marching through southern France, they stopped for the night near the town of Bessieres. A local innkeeper made Napoleon an omelette. Napoleon was so impressed by the cooking he ordered the townspeople to collect all the eggs in the village and to prepare a huge omelette for his army the next day.

Visa
A visa is a permit given by a country that allows someone to go to that country. A visa is a document that is stamped on the passport by an embassy. It says the kind of visit and how long the person can stay. Sometimes, people need to go through an interview held at the embassy,before they get a visa.
A visa (short for the Latin "carta visa", lit. "the document having been seen") is a document issued by a country giving an individual permission to formally request entrance to the country during a given period of time and for certain purposes (see below for caveats and exceptions) and usually stamped or glued inside of a passport, or sometimes issued as separate pieces of paper.
Many countries require possession of a valid passport and visa as a condition of entry for foreigners, though there exist exemptions (see below for examples of such schemes).
Visas are associated with the request for permission to enter (or exit) a country, and are thus, for some countries, distinct from actual formal permission for an alien to enter and remain in the country.
Some countries, such as some states of the former Soviet Union, require that their citizens, and sometimes foreign travelers, obtain an exit visa in order to be allowed to leave the country. Until 2004, foreign students in Russia were issued only an entry visa on being accepted to University there, and had to obtain an exit visa to return home. This policy has since been changed, and foreign students are now issued multiple entry (and exit) visas.
Conditions of issue.
Some visas can be granted on arrival or by prior application at the country's embassy or consulate, or sometimes through a specialized travel agency with permission from the issuing country in the country of departure. If there is no embassy or consulate in one's home country, then one would have to travel to a third country (or apply by post) and try to get a visa issued there. The need or absence of need of a visa generally depends on the citizenship of the applicant, the intended duration of the stay, and the activities that the applicant may wish to undertake in the country he visits; these may delineate different formal categories of visas, with different issue conditions.
Some, but by no means all, countries have reciprocal visa regimes: if Country A requires citizens of Country B to have a visa to travel there, then Country B may apply reciprocity and require a visa from citizens of Country A. Likewise, if A allows B's citizens to enter without a visa, B may allow A's citizens to enter without a visa.
A fee may be charged for issuing a visa; these are typically also reciprocal, so if country A charges country B's citizens 50 USD for a visa, country B will often also charge the same amount for country A's visitors. The fee charged may also be at the discretion of each embassy. A similar reciprocity often applies to the duration of the visa (the period in which one is permitted to request entry of the country) and the amount of entries one can attempt with the visa. Expedited processing of the visa application for some countries will generally incur additional charges.
This reciprocal fee has gained prominence in recent years with the decision of the United States to charge nationals of various countries a $100 visa processing fee (non-refundable, even if a visa is not issued). A number of countries, including Brazil, Chile, and Turkey have reciprocated. Brazil requires an advance visa before entry into the country, and that a US citizen be fingerprinted and photographed on arrival--matching U.S. requirements for Brazilians and other foreigners.
The issuing authority, usually a branch of the country's foreign ministry or department (e.g. U.S. State Department), and typically consular affairs officers, may request appropriate documentation from the applicant. This may include proof that the applicant is able to support himself in the host country (lodging, food), proof that the person hosting the applicant in his or her home really exists and has sufficient room for hosting the applicant, proof that the applicant has obtained health and evacuation insurance, etc. Some countries ask for proof of health status, especially for long-term visas; some countries deny such visas to persons with certain illnesses, such as AIDS. The exact conditions depend on the country and category of visa. Notable examples of countries requiring HIV tests of long-term residents are Russia and Uzbekistan. However, in Uzbekistan, the HIV test requirement is sometimes not strictly enforced.
Developed countries frequently demand strong evidence of intent to return to the home country, if the visa is for a temporary stay, and especially if the applicant is from a developing country, due to immigration concerns.
The issuing authority may also require applicants to attest that they have had no criminal convictions, or that they do not partake in certain activities (like prostitution or drug trafficking). Some countries will deny visas if the travellers' passports show evidence of citizenship or travel to a country which is not recognized by that country. For example, Saudi Arabia will not issue visas to nationals of Israel or those with evidence of visiting Israel.
Entry and duration period.
Visas can also be "single-entry", which means the visa is cancelled as soon as the holder leaves the country, "double-entry", or "multiple-entry", permitting multiple entries into the country with the same visa. Countries may also issue re-entry permits that allow temporarily leaving the country without invalidating the visa. Even a business visa will normally not allow the holder to work in the host country without an additional work permit.
Once issued, a visa will typically have to be used within a certain period of time.
The validity of a visa is not the same as the authorized period of stay in the issuing country. The visa validity usually indicates when the alien can apply for entry to the country. For example, if a visa has been issued January 1st and expires March 30th, and the typical authorized period of stay in a country is 90 days, then the 90-day authorized stay starts on the day the passenger reaches the country, which has to be between January 1st and March 30th. The traveller could therefore stay in the issuing country until July 1st.
Once in the country, the validity period of a visa or authorized stay can often be extended for a fee at the discretion of immigration authorities. Overstaying a period of authorized stay given by the immigration officers is considered illegal immigration even if the visa validity period isn't over (i.e. for multiple entry visas) and a form of being "out of status" and the offender may be fined, prosecuted, deported, or even blacklisted from entering the country again.
Entering a country without a valid visa or visa exemption may result in detention and removal (deportation or exclusion) from the country. Undertaking activities that are not authorized by the status of entry (for example, working while possessing a non-worker tourist status) can result in the individual being deemed removable, in common speech an illegal alien. Such violation is not a violation of a visa, however despite the common misuse of the phrase, but a violation of status hence the term "out of status."
Even having a visa does not guarantee entry to the host country. The border crossing authorities make the final determination to allow entry, and may even cancel a visa at the border if the alien cannot demonstrate to their satisfaction that they will abide by the status their visa grants them.
Visa and immigration laws may be very different among countries. As such, aliens are advised to check with immigration lawyers for visa and immigration laws governing the countries they wish to enter and eligibility to receive visas or other immigration benefits.
Visa extensions.
Many countries have a mechanism to allow the holder of a visa to apply to stay longer in that country. For example, in Denmark a visa holder can apply to the Danish Immigration Service for a Residence Permit after they have arrived in the Country. In the United Kingdom applications can be made to the Border and Immigration Agency. In certain circumstances, it is not possible for the holder of the visa to do this, either because the country does not have a mechanism to prolong visas or, most likely, because the holder of the visa is using a short stay visa to live in a country. In such cases, the holder often engages in what is known as a visa run; leaving the country for a short period in order to apply for a new visa prior to their return or so that they can be given a fresh permission to stay when they re-enter.
Visa exemption schemes.
Possession of a valid visa is a condition for entry into many countries, however various exemption schemes do exist. In some cases visa-free entry may be granted to holders of diplomatic passports even as visas are required by normal passport holders ("see: Passport").
Other countries may unilaterally grant visa-free entry to nationals of certain countries in order to facilitate tourism.
Visa-free travel between countries also occurs in all cases where passports are not needed for such travel.

Andranik Ozanian
Andranik Toros Ozanian, or Zoravar Andranik, (February 25, 1865 – August 31, 1927) was an Armenian military general and freedom fighter. He was seen by Armenian people as a national hero.
Biography.
He was born in Şebinkarahisar, Ottoman Armenia (present-day Giresun Province, Turkey). After losing his wife and son at an early age, he joined the Armenian freedom movement in the Ottoman Empire, and participated in various political parties.
Andranik participated in the Balkan Wars of 1912-1913, within the Bulgarian army, alongside general Garegin Njdeh as a commander of Armenian auxiliary troops of 1912-1913. After his arrest and jailed; he spent some time in Istanbul. During World War I, he participated in the Caucasus Campaign and was appointed as general of the Armenian volunteer units of the Russian army. He participated in 20 different offensives where he gained fame due to his courage and the tactics he came up with to defeat the opposing forces.
He was the commanding officer of the Armenian volunteer units, which helped the Van Resistance take control of the Van on May 6, 1915. He helped re-capture the city from Ottoman forces during the Battle of Van. He was also the commander of the battalion that took the city of Bitlis (see: Battle of Bitlis) from the Ottoman forces that was under control of Mustafa Kemal.
After declaration of Democratic Republic of Armenia (DRA), he organized volunteer units against the Ottoman army, and fought alongside those units. Decleration of Treaty of Batum was in diffuse as Andranik, was fighting against the Ottoman Empire with his army. He refused to accept the borders stated by the treaty. His activities were concentrated at the link between Ottoman Empire to Azerbaijan Democratic Republic at Karabakh, Zanghezur and Nakhichevan. Ozanian struck back at the Ottoman Fronts, Army of Islam.
Andranik, tried several times to seize Shusha. Just before the Armistice of Mudros was signed, Andranik was on the way from Zangezur to Shusha, to control the main city of Karabakh. In January 1919 Armenian troops advancing, the British forces (Lionel Dunsterville) ordered Andranik back to Zangezur, and gave him the assurances that this conflict can be solved with the Paris Peace Conference, of 1919.
In 1919 he left Armenia in order not to take part in the political struggles for power in the recent Republic of still those its opinions contradicting policy to carry Armenia for the last time and went oneself into exile to Fresno, California, United States.
He immigrated to Fresno, California. Andranik Ozanian lived in Fresno for 18 years until his death on August 31, 1927. His remains were moved to Paris in 1928, and returned to Armenia in 1999, where he was buried at the Yerablur military cemetery.

Angles
The Angles were a Germanic people of unknown origin. Their name seems to be connected with Angeln, a modern district located in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.
The Angles, together with the Jutes, Saxons and Frisians, were mentioned amongst the Germanic tribes who sailed across the North Sea to raid and eventually invade Great Britain.

Angeln
Modern Angeln, (Danish: Angel; Latin: Anglia, which means in direct translation from Latin: England), is a peninsula in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.
Ancient Angeln may have been somewhat larger than the Angeln of today, but following the ancient sources it included the territory of modern Angeln.
Angeln has an importance far beyond its small area, as it seems to have been the original home of the Angles who invaded the southern part of Great Britain, which was named after them, England. And so the name of the major world language, English, seems to have taken its name from this little region.
Following the departure of the Angles from Anglia about 350, the region was occupied by Danish settlers not later than the 8th century.

Commonwealth
A commonwealth is a group of people or of groups with a common aim to improve themselves, help each other and share knowledge and resources.
It is also part of the official name of some countries
or part of the official name of some US states and territories
In history the Commonwealth of England was the name of England between 1649 and 1660, when England had no king

Frisian people
The Frisians are an ethnic group of northwestern Europe, inhabiting an area known as Frisia.
In Roman times.
The Frisians were able to form a treaty with the Romans at the River Rhine in 28. Sixteen years late they defeated the Romans under Tiberius at the "Battle of Baduhennawood". The Frisii were known and respected by the Romans and written about by several sources. Tacitus wrote a treatise about the Germanic peoples in 69, describing the habits of the Germanic people, as well as listing numerous tribes by name. Of the many tribes mentioned, the Frisians are the only ones that have preserved their ancient name.
They were probably a people of seafarers. The North Sea from Britain to Eastern Denmark, was referred to as the "Mare Frisia" at that time. Small groups of Frisians settled the surrounding lands and their settlements have been traced to England, Scotland, Denmark, Germany, Belgium, France and obviously to The Netherlands.
Their territory followed the coast of the North Sea from the mouth of the Rhine river up to that of the Ems, their eastern border according to Ptolemy's "Geographica".
In the 5th century, during this period of historical silence, many of them joined the migration of the Anglo-Saxons who went through Frisian territory to invade Great Britain, while those who stayed on the continent expanded into the newly-emptied lands previously occupied by the Anglo-Saxons.

Alba Iulia
Alba Iulia (Latin: "Apulum", German: "Karlsburg"/"Weißenburg", Hungarian: "Gyulafehérvár", former) is a city in Alba County, Transylvania, Romania. It has a population of 66,369 people. It is found on the Mureş River.

Vampire bat
Vampire bats is a subfamily of bats. Unlike other bats, vampire bats feed on blood. Currently, there are three species of bats known to do this. All of them live in the Americas, in Mexico, Brazil, Chile and Argentina. Of the three known species, one feeds on the blood of mammals, the other two on the blood of birds.
The common vampire bat lives in large groups, of up to 100 animals. They have developed complex social behaviour.
Vampire bats commonly spread diseases, most notably rabies. The slaiva of the vampire bats contain chemicals that prevent the clotting of the blood of the victim; this has been used to develop drugs to help the patients of strokes and heart attacks.
The False Vampire Bats are not vampire bats; they do not feed on blood, some eat fruits, others devour small animals.
Vampires may be modeled on the bats.

Prehistoric Britain
Prehistoric Britain was a period in the human occupation of Great Britain that ended with the Roman invasion of Britain in AD 43. (See: Roman Britain)
Preface.
Britain has been inhabited for hundreds of thousands of years. None of the pre-Roman inhabitants of Britain had any written language, so their history, culture and way of life are known only through archaeological finds.
The first written record of Britain and its inhabitants was by the Greek navigator Pytheas, who explored the coastal region of Britain around 325 BC. Ancient Britons were however involved in extensive trade and cultural links with the rest of Europe from the Neolithic onwards, especially in exporting tin.
The Palaeolithic.
Palaeolithic Britain is the period from almost 750,000 years ago until around 10,000 years ago. This huge length of time saw many changes in the environment, several glacial and interglacial periods which greatly affected human settlement in the region.
Lower Palaeolithic.
There is evidence from bones and flint tools found in coastal deposits near Happisburgh in Norfolk and Pakefield in Suffolk that "Homo erectus" was present in what is now Britain around 700,000 years ago. At this time, southern and eastern Britain was linked to continental Europe by a wide land bridge allowing humans to move freely. The current position of the English Channel was a large river flowing westwards and fed by tributaries that would later become the Thames and Seine.
The extreme cold of the following Anglian glaciation is likely to have driven humans out of Britain altogether. A warmer time period lasted from around 300,000 until 200,000 years ago. The more advanced flint technology permitted more efficient hunting.
There is little evidence of human occupation during the subsequent Ipswichian interglacial between around 130,000 and 110,000 years ago.
Upper Palaeolithic.
Neanderthal occupation of Britain was limited and by 30,000 BC the first signs of modern human (Homo sapiens) activity. The most famous example from this period is the burial of the Red Lady of Paviland in modern day Wales. A final ice age covered Britain between around 70,000 and 10,000 years ago with an extreme cold snap between 22,000 and 13,000 years ago which may have driven humans south out of Britain altogether. The environment during this ice age period would have been a largely treeless tundra, eventually replaced by a warmer climate, perhaps reaching 17 degrees Celsius (62.6 Fahrenheit) in summer which encouraged the expansion of birch trees as well as shrub and grasses.
The dominant food species were the Wild Horse ("Equus ferus") and Red Deer ("Cervus elaphus") although other mammals ranging from hares to mammoth were also hunted.
By 10,500 years ago the climate was becoming cooler and dryer. Food animal populations seem to have declined although woodland coverage expanded. Tool manufacture in the Final Upper Palaeolithic revolved around smaller flints and bone and antler work became less common. However, the number of known sites is much larger and more widely spread. Many more open air sites are known such as that at Hengistbury Head.
Mesolithic.
Around 10,000 years ago the ice age finally ended. Temperatures rose, probably to levels similar to those today, and forests expanded further. By 8,500 years ago, the rising sea levels caused by the melting glaciers cut Britain off from continental Europe for the last time. The warmer climate changed the Arctic environment to one of pine, birch, and alder forest.
The Mesolithic-Neolithic transition.
Farming of both crops and domestic animals was adopted in Britain around 4,500 BC at least partly because of the need for reliable food sources.
The Neolithic.
Traditionally the arrival of the Neolithic in Britain has been seen as a wave of immigration from the continent. Modern archaeology now considers that farming along with pottery and settled living was in fact adopted by the native population who were related to the similarly newly-farming Neolithic people across the water. Links with continental Europe are demonstrated by finds of axes made from exotic stone such as jadeite.
Analysis of the mitochondrial DNA of modern European populations shows that over 80% are descended in the female line from European hunter-gatherers. Less than 20% are descended in the female line from Neolithic farmers from the Middle East. In 1997 DNA analysis was undertaken on a tooth from a Mesolithic man whose remains were found in Gough's Cave at Cheddar Gorge. His mitochondrial DNA was of a type found in 11% of modern European populations.
Such findings have cast doubt on the traditional view of successive waves of mass immigration annihilating earlier peoples.
In any case, the Neolithic Revolution, as it is called, introduced a more settled way of life and ultimately led to societies becoming divided into differing groups of farmers, artisans and leaders.
The construction of the earliest earthwork sites in Britain began during the early Neolithic (c. 4400 BC- 3300 BC) in the form of long barrows used for communal burial.
The Middle Neolithic (c. 3300 BC-c. 2900 BC) saw the development of cursus monuments close to earlier barrows. The earliest stone circles and individual burials also appear.
New enclosures, called henges were built, along with stone rows and the famous sites of Stonehenge and Silbury Hill reached their peak. Industrial flint mining such as that at Cissbury and Grimes Graves began.
The Bronze Age.
In around 2,700 BC a new culture arrived in Britain, often referred to as the Beaker culture. Beaker pottery appears in the Mount Pleasant Phase (2,700 BC - 2,000 BC) along with flat axes and burial practices of inhumation. The megalithic phases of Stonehenge date to this period.
Britain had large reserves of tin in the areas of Cornwall and Devon in what is now southwest England, and thus tin mining began. By around 1,600 BC the southwest of Britain had a trade boom as British tin was exported across Europe.
The Beaker people were also skilled at making ornaments from gold, and examples of these have been found in graves of the wealthy Wessex culture of southern Britain.
The Iron Age.
In around 750 BC iron working techniques reached Britain from southern Europe. Iron was stronger and more plentiful than bronze, and its introduction marks the beginning of the Iron Age. Iron working revolutionised many aspects of life, most importantly agriculture. Iron tipped ploughs could churn up land far more quickly and deeply than older wooden or bronze ones, and iron axes could clear forest land far more efficiently for agriculture.
About 900 BC, British society changed again. The Celtic culture had by 500 BC covered most of the British Isles. The Celts were highly skilled craftsmen and produced nicely patterned gold jewellery and weapons in bronze and iron.
Iron Age Britons lived in organised tribal groups, ruled by a chieftain.
As people became more numerous, fights broke out between opposing tribes. This led to the building of hill forts. The first had been built about 1,500 BC. Britain exported hunting dogs, animal skins and slaves.
Late pre-Roman Iron Age (LPRIA).
The last centuries before the Roman invasion saw refugees from Gaul (modern day France and Belgium) known as the Belgae, who were displaced as the Roman Empire expanded.
From around 175 BC they settled in the areas of Kent, Hertfordshire and Essex and brought with them pottery making skills far more advanced than anything produced previously. The Belgae were partially Romanised and were responsible for creating the first settlements large enough to be called towns.
About 100 BC, iron bars began to be used as currency, coinage was developed, based on continental types.
As the Roman Empire expanded northwards, Rome began to take interest in Britain. See Roman Britain for the history of this period.

Domesday Book
"Domesday Book" (also known as "Domesday", or "Book of Winchester"), was written between 1085 and 1086. It was a record of every property in England.
King William the Conqueror said he owned all the land in England. He let some of his friends and supporters have big areas of land but wanted rent money from them. The Domedsay Book was a record of every farm, village and house so that he knew how much rent he should get.
The Domesday book gave the names of King William's friends and even listed the number of pigs on a piece of land. But it was not like a modern census. It did not give the names of the ordinary people. It only said how many people lived in a place in case the men were needed to fight in the army.

LD50
The name LD50 comes from toxicology, the study of poisons. It is an abbreviation for "Lethal Dose, 50%" or median lethal dose. It gives the amount of the substance required (usually per body weight) to kill 50% of the test population.
LD50 figures are frequently used as a general way to tell how poisonous a substance is.. The test was created by J.W. Trevan in 1927 but is now being phased out in favour of the Fixed Dose Procedure.

Dahlerau train disaster
The Dahlerau train disaster was a railway disaster that happened on May 27, 1971. It happened in Dahlerau, which is a part of Radevormwald in Germany.
Events.
A passenger train carrying pupils was travelling on the railway line from Wuppertal to Radevormwald on the evening of May 27, 1971.
The pupils belonged to the final year of a school in Radevormwald and were returning from a trip to Bremen. Around 21:00, the train had just left the railway station in "Wuppertal-Beyenburg" and was a few minutes away from the railway station in "Dahlerau". Further south, a freight train was travelling from Radevormwald to Wuppertal, and had just arrived outside the Dahlerau station. The freight train would have to wait in the station to allow the passenger train to pass. This was necessary because the passenger train was 30 minutes late and there was only one track on the railway line outside the station.
The dispatcher in the station would have to go outside and show a red lantern to the freight train, because there were no signals in the station. Nobody knows for sure what happened, but the freight train went right through the station and onto the track where the passenger train was running. The driver of the freight train later told that the dispatcher in the station had shown him a green light. This was the signal not to stop.
The dispatcher had seen what happened and tried to hold the train back with emergency signals, but he failed and the train disappeared behind a curve. He went into his office to call the station in Wuppertal-Beyenburg, but the passenger train had already left Beyenburg. The dispatcher knew what would happen, and called the police. Meanwhile, about 800 metres north of the station, the two trains crashed. The passenger train was crushed to 1/3 of his length, because it consisted of light railbuses and the freight train locomotive was five times as heavy as the passenger train.
Police, firefighters and ambulances arrived quickly, but had problems rescuing people. This was because the crash happened on a hillside. The parents of the pupils had also heard of the accident and had come to search for their children. All in all, 25 people were injured, many of them badly. 46 people died in the accident. Of these 46, 41 were pupils, two teachers, one was a mother who travelled with the children, and two were working for the railway. Only one person walked away from the accident without injuries.
So many people had died that they had to be put down in a gymnasium.
After the accident.
The dispatcher died a few weeks after the crash. He had a car accident, but police said it was not suicide. Because the dispatcher could not be asked, investigating the crash was difficult and took about a year. In the end, it was decided that human error was the cause for the accident. Nobody could find out the exact happenings on that evening, and so the case never went before a court. The passenger train was badly damaged and had to be destroyed. The locomotive of the freight train was repaired and stayed in service until 2001.
The victims were buried on June 2, 1971. More than 10,000 people attended the funeral, and all shops in Radevormwald were closed on that day. Many important people went to the funeral, like Chancellor Willy Brandt, and the Minister of Transport. The victims were buried together in a large grave on the Radevormwald cemetery. Later, a memorial was built near the graves as well.
The Deutsche Bundesbahn, the company who ran the trains, changed the lanterns used by the dispatchers. They would not show a red light any more, so that red and green could not be confused any more. They also built the successors of the type of railbus that crashed sturdier, because some people said they had been built too light.
The line from Wuppertal to Radevormwald was closed in 1976.

Walter Guinness, 1st Baron Moyne
Walter Edward Guinness, 1st Baron Moyne (29 March 1880 – 6 November 1944) was a British politician. Guinness was born in Dublin, Ireland. He was killed in 1944 in Cairo, Egypt by the Jewish group Lehi. His assassination was said to be a message to the British government against British imperialism. Guinness was selected because he was believed to be anti Jewish and made statements supporting sending all Jews in Europe to the African island of Madagascar.

Modern Talking
Modern Talking was a German singing group. Its members were Dieter Bohlen and Thomas Anders.
In 1984, they became famous for their debut single "You're My Heart, You're My Soul". Later, they made other songs like "Cheri Cheri Lady" and "Brother Louie". "Brother Louie" was a "one-hit wonder" (a song from a band or group that only has one popular song) in the United Kingdom. The group split in 1987, but they returned in 1998 with their first album "Back For Good". That album sold 10 million copies worldwide. They separated again in 2003 and performed separately. After that, their albums were huge successes.

2004 Indian Ocean earthquake
The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, also called the Sumatra-Andaman earthquake, was a great underwater earthquake. It happened at 00:58:53 UTC (07:58:53 local time) December 26, 2004. The epicentre of the earthquake was off the west coast of Sumatra, Indonesia. At first, the earthquake was measured as a 9.0 on the Richter scale. Later, scientists said it was as high as a 9.3. Only the Great Chilean Earthquake has been more powerful. The earthquake also was the longest ever recorded. It lasted between 500(8.3 minutes) and 600(10 minutes) seconds. It was so powerful that it caused the entire Earth to vibrate. It started other earthquakes as far away as Alaska.
The Asian Tsunami.
The large movement of earth under the water causes a very large and powerful tsunami. The tsunami was called the Asian Tsunami in most of the world. It was called the Boxing Day Tsunami in England, Australia, South Africa and Canada because it happened on the holiday they call Boxing Day. The tsunami caused a lot of damage to countries such as Philippines, Thailand, Indonesia and Sri Lanka.
Waves as high as 30m (100ft) killed many people and damaged or destroyed a lot of buildings and other property. Over 225,000 people died or were not found after the Tsunami. The wave itself was 3 times the size of moscow The wave traveled as far away as South Africa (8000km) where as many as 8 people died because of high water caused by the wave. Because of how much damage was caused and the number of people the earthquake affected, over $7 billion (USD) was donated to help the survivors and rebuild the areas damaged.

History of Taiwan
Taiwan (leaving out the Pescadores) was first populated by native Taiwanese people. In the 17 century, the Dutch took over southern Taiwan, and then Spain took over northern Taiwan. In 1642, the Dutch made Spain leave and took over northern Taiwan. In 1644, the Qing Dynasty had just started ruling China, and Ming Dynasty's courtier, Koxinga landed Taiwan, made the Dutch leave, and ruled Taiwan turned it into a place to resist the Qing Dynasty. This period is called "the period of Ming Zheng", or the Kingdom of Tungning, the Kingdom of Yanping. One year later, the Qing Dynasty ended the Kindom of Tungning. The Qing Dynasty ruled Taiwan for 212 years. Qing Dynasty lost the First Sino-Japanese War and gave Taiwan to Japan. Taiwanese people shortly created the Republic of Formosa that lasted for about one year. In 1945, the Republic of China won the Second Sino-Japanese War and won back Taiwan. Taiwan has since then been ruled by the Republic of China.
Prehistoric Taiwan.
Taiwan has appeared in Chinese history since the three kingdoms.
Old Stone Age.
About 50000 years ago was called the "Old Stone Age" in Taiwan. At that time, people hit rocks against each other to make tools. The most famous culture of Taiwanese old stone age is Changping Culture. The Changping culture's monument is the Eight Gods' Hole Monument in Taitung Conty.
New Stone Age.
About 5000 years ago was the "New Stone Age". People in New Stone Age sharpened stones to make tools. We can take New Stone Age into three parts. The most famous cultures are the Tapenken culture, the Beinan culture, and the Yuanshan culture. The Tapenken culture monument is the Tapenken Monument (also known as T.P.K.) in Taipei, the Beinan culture's monument is the Puyuma Relics in Taitung Conty, and the Yuanshan culture's monument is the Yuanshan Monument in Taipei City.
Metal Age.
About 2000 years ago was the "Metal Age". In the Metal Age, people used metal to make tools, and started trading. The most famous culture in Metal Age is the Thirteen Hangs Cultures. Its monument is the Thirteen Hangs Monument in Taipei County.

Katana
Katana is a Japanese long sword used mainly by samurai warriors. It is the most important sword of the three swords worn by samurai: katana, wakizashi, and tanto. The katana was popular from 1400 A.D. until 1876, when the samurai disappeared as a social class.
In Japanese, "katana" means a "long sword" and it represents a blade, which is a little curved, with a single edge and a very sharp point.
How they are made.
Today katanas are mainly made of stainless steel of different quality. But there are some swords made of zinc and aluminum alloys, which are able to resist some external forces and are only used for decoration. To determine the quality of a katana it is enough to check its "resistance" (how much it bends when it is hit), "elasticity" (the ability of katana to return to its original shape), and "endurance" (how long it lasts) of the blade after striking.
Generally, katana is designed for cutting, but it was widely used for stabbing too. This depended mainly on the length of the hilt (the handle). The katana could be easily used for cutting if it was made for using with both hands. It was used for stabbing when the katana was made for using with one hand. As a rule, katana was worn by the belt with its blade up.
Katana and the Japanese traditions.
Katana was very important in Japanese society. This sword was thought to be the "soul" of its master. Only a samurai was allowed to have a katana. A simple man with a katana sword could be killed at once.
There was a tradition of wearing, taking care and taking the katana out of its scabbard (the cover of a sword or a knife). A samurai had to pay attention to the way he wore the katana when entering someone's house. A certain position in which a samurai has taken his sword out of the cover could be understood as aggression.
It was also important the way a samurai keeps his katana on a special stand for swords, called katana-kake. This stand was used for both katana and wakizashi. The blade had to have its point up, just as when wearing the sword; the handle (called "hilt") had to be turned to the left. This made katana available for handling any time it was needed.
The art of handling a katana was developed in martial arts like "kenjutsu" and "iaijutsu". Today, this art is practiced in "iaido" and "kendo" martial arts. The last one is the art of dueling with bamboo or wooden sword. Old schools of handling katana swords still exist. The most famous are: "Kashima Shin-ryu, Kashima Shinto-ryu, Tenshin Shoden Katori Shinto-ryu".
The most appreciated technique of handling a katana is a school called "Nitto Ryu". This school taught how to use both a katana and a wakizashi during a fight. The most famous samurai who improved this art was "Miyamoto Musashi".

Lindisfarne
According to the 2001 census it had a usual population of 162.
Nature reserve.
Large parts of the island, and all of the adjacent inter-tidal area, are protected as Lindisfarne National Nature Reserve to help safeguard the internationally important wintering bird populations.
Grey seals are frequent visitors to the rocky bays at high tide.
History.
The monastery of Lindisfarne was founded by Irish born Saint Aidan, who had been sent from Iona off the west coast of Scotland to Northumbria around AD 635. It became the base for Christian evangelising in the North of England and also sent a successful mission to Mercia. Monks from the community of Iona settled on the island.
"In this year fierce, foreboding omens came over the land of Northumbria. There were excessive whirlwinds, lightning storms, and fiery dragons were seen flying in the sky. These signs were followed by great famine, and on January 8th of the same year, the ravaging of heathen men destroyed God's church at Lindesfarne."
Eventually the monks fled the island (taking with them the body of St Cuthbert, which is now buried at the Cathedral in Durham). The priory was re-established in Norman times as a Benedictine house and continued until its dissolution in 1536 under Henry VIII. It is now a ruin in the care of English Heritage, who also run a museum/visitor centre nearby. The neighbouring parish church (see below) is still in use.
Lindisfarne also has the small Lindisfarne Castle, based on a Tudor fort and open to visitors.
Turner, Thomas Girtin and Charles Rennie Mackintosh all painted on Holy Island.

Peter Lorre
Peter Lorre (born was Ladislav (László) Löwenstein, June 26, 1904 – March 23, 1964) is a Hungarian-American actor. He did many film noir movies in the 1940s and 1950s.
Birth and Early Years.
Lorre's family was Jewish. Lorre was born in Rózsahegy (Rosenberg) in a country called Austria-Hungary. Now the place where he was born is in the country Slovakia.
He began acting in theaters in Vienna, Breslau, and Zürich. In the 1920s, he moved to Berlin to work as an actor. In 1931, the movie director Fritz Lang chose Lorre to act in a movie about a serial killer who kills children called "M".
Escaping from the Nazis.
When the Nazis came to power in Germany in 1933, Lorre had to leave Germany, because the Nazis hurt and killed gay people. Lorre went to England to be safe from the Nazis. Lorre got work as an actor in a movie by Alfred Hitchcock called "The Man Who Knew Too Much". Lorre only knew a little English. At first, it was hard for him to act in English movies.
Moving to Hollywood.
In the 1940s, Lorre moved to Hollywood, California (USA). Hollywood is a town where many movies are made. Lorre acted in many movies, playing foreign characters. Lorre played the role of Joel Cairo in the movie "The Maltese Falcon" (1941) and played the role of "Ugarte" in the movie "Casablanca" (1942). Lorre played the character of Dr. Einstein in the movie" Arsenic and Old Lace" (1944).
Family.
Lorre got married three times: Celia Lovsky (1934 - 13 March 1945) (divorced); Kaaren Verne (25 May 1945 - 1950) (divorced) and Annemarie Brenning (21 July 1953 - 23 March 1964) (his death). He had his only child with Annemarie, a daughter named Catharine, in 1953.

History of Tamil Nadu
The history of Tamil Nadu goes back to early stone age, since the region of Tamil Nadu (now one of the states in the south of India) has been under continuous human habitation since prehistoric times.
Overview.
The civilisation of the Tamil people is among the oldest in the world and has coexisted with many external cultures. But except for relatively short periods in its history, the Tamil region has remained independent of external occupation.
The three Tamil dynasties of Chera, Chola and Pandya were of ancient origins. Together they ruled over this land with a unique culture and language, contributing to the growth of "Sangam Literature", some of the oldest literatures in the world.
They had extensive oversee trade contacts with the Roman empire. These three dynasties were in constant struggle with each other as they wanted hegemony over the land.
Invasion by the Kalabhras during the third century disturbed the traditional order of the land by displacing the three traditional ruling dynasties. These occupiers were overthrown by the Pandyas and the Pallavas, who restored the kingdoms. The Cholas, who came back from obscurity in the ninth century by defeating the Pallavas and the Pandyas, rose to become a great power and extended their empire over the entire southern peninsula. At its height the Chola empire had spread from Bengal in the northeast to Sri Lanka in the south. The Chola navy held sway over the Sri Vijaya kingdom in Southeast Asia.
Rapid changes in the political situation of the rest of India due to incursions of Muslim armies from the northwest marked a turning point in the history of Tamil Nadu. With the decline of the three ancient dynasties during the fourteenth century, the Tamil country became part of the Vijayanagara Empire. Under this empire the Telugu speaking Nayak governors ruled the Tamil land. The brief appearance of the Marathas gave way to the European trading companies, who began to appear during the seventeenth century and eventually assumed greater sway over the indigenous rulers of the land. The Madras Presidency comprising of most of southern India was created in the eighteenth century and was ruled directly by the British East India Company. After the independence of India, the Tamil Nadu state was created based on linguistic boundaries.
Pre-historic period.
Although there is very little concrete historical evidence that has been found so far for the period prior to 600 CE, the history of the Tamil people probably predates this period. Various legends became prevalent after the tenth century CE regarding the antiquity of the Tamil people. According to "Iraiyanar Agapporul", a tenth/eleventh century annotation on the Sangam literature, the Tamil country extended southwards beyond the natural boundaries of the Indian peninsula comprising of 49 ancient "nadus" (divisions). The land was supposed to have been destroyed by a deluge. The Sangam legends also added to the antiquity of the Tamil people by claiming tens of thousands of years of continuous literary activity during three "Sangams". However there have been no direct archaeological finds supporting these legends.
The prehistoric period during which the Palaeolithic civilisations existed in the Tamil Nadu region has been estimated to span the period from about 500,000 BCE until around 3000 BCE. For most part of the lower Palaeolithic stage, humans lived close to river valleys with sparse forest cover or in grassland environments. The population density was very low and so far only two localities of this lower Palaeolithic culture have been found in south India. One of these is in Attirampakkam valley in the northwest of Chennai in Tamil Nadu. Archaeological research has uncovered evidence of fossil remains of animals and primitive stone implements around the northern Tamil Nadu that could be dated to belong to around 300,000 BCE. Humans in South India, belonging to the species of "Homo erectus", lived in this primitive 'old stone age' (Palaeolithic) for quite a long time, using only crude implements such as hand axes and choppers and subsisting on food he hunted and gathered instead of actively growing it according to his needs.
The ancestor of modern humans ("Homo sapiens sapiens") who appeared around 50,000 years ago was more developed and could fabricate thinner flake tools and blade-like tools using a variety of stones. From about 10,000 years ago, humans made still smaller tools called Microlithic tools. The material used by the early humans to make these tools were jasper, agate, flint, quartz, etc. In 1949, researchers found such microliths in Tirunelveli district.
In Tamil Nadu, the Neolithic period had its advent around 2500 BCE. Humans of the Neolithic period made their stone tools in finer shapes by grinding and polishing. The Neolithic humans lived mostly on small flat hills or on the foothills in small, more or less permanent settlements but for periodical migration for grazing purposes. They gave the dead proper burials within urns or pits. They were also starting to use copper for making certain tools or weapons.
Humans started using iron for making tools and weapons. The Iron Age culture in peninsular India is marked by Megalithic burial sites, which are found in several hundreds of places.
Early history (300 BCE – 300 CE).
Ancient Tamil Nadu contained three monarchical states, headed by kings called "Ventar" and several tribal chieftaincies, headed by the chiefs called by the general denomination "Vel" or "Velir". During the third century BCE, the Deccan was part of the Mauryan kingdom, and from the middle of the first century BCE to second century CE the same area was ruled by the Satavahana dynasty. The Tamil area had an independent existence outside the control of these northern empires.
The names of the three dynasties, Cholas, Pandyas, and Keralaputras or Cheras are mentioned in the Pillars of Ashoka (inscribed 273–232 BCE) inscriptions, where they are mentioned among the kingdoms, which though not subject to Ashoka, were on friendly terms with him.
Karikala Chola was the most famous early Chola. He is mentioned in a number of poems in the Sangam poetry.
Pandyas ruled initially from Korkai, a sea port on the southernmost tip of the Indian peninsula, and in later times moved to Madurai. Pandyas are also mentioned in Sangam Literature, as well as by Greek and Roman sources during this period. The early Pandyas went into obscurity at the end of the third century CE during the incursion of the Kalabhras.
The kingdom of the Cheras comprised of the modern state of Kerala, along the western or Malabar Coast of southern India. Their proximity to the sea favoured trade with Africa.
Internal and external trade was well organised and active.
Interregnum (300 – 600).
After the close of the Sangam era, from about 300 to about 600 CE, there is an almost total lack of information regarding occurrences in the Tamil land. Some time about 300 CE, the whole region was upset by the appearance of the Kalabhras. These people are described in later literature as 'evil rulers' who overthrew the established Tamil kings and got a strangle hold of the country. They did not leave many artefacts or monuments. The only source of information on them is the scattered mentions in Buddhist and Jain literature.
Jainism and Buddhism, took deep roots in the society, giving birth to a large body of ethical poetry.
Writing became very widespread and "vatteluttu" evolved from the Tamil-Brahmi became a mature script for writing Tamil.
Age of empires (600 - 1300).
The medieval period of the history of the Tamil country saw the rise and fall of many kingdoms, some of whom went on to the extent of empires, exerting influences both in India and overseas.
The Hindu sects Saivism and Vaishnavism became more dominant, with temples being built and Dravidian architecture being supported by empires replacing the significance of Nastik Jainism and Buddhism of the previous era. Some of the output of villages throughout the kingdom was given to temples that reinvested some of the wealth accumulated as loans to the settlements.
Tamil script replaced the "vatteluttu" script throughout Tamil Nadu for writing Tamil. Both secular and religious literature flourished during the period.
Pallavas.
The seventh century Tamil Nadu saw the rise of the Pallavas under Mahendravarman I and his son "Mamalla" Narasimhavarman I. The Pallavas were not a recognised political power before the second century. After the fall of the Satavahanas, they began to get control over parts of Andhra and the Tamil country. The Pallavas were at their finest during the reigns of Narasimhavarman I and "Pallavamalla" Nandivarman II.
During the sixth and the seventh centuries, the western Deccan saw the rise of the Chalukyas based in Vatapi. The Pallavas had the more difficult existence of the two as they had to fight on two fronts - against the Pandyas as wells as the Chalukyas.
Pandyas.
Pandya Kadungon (560 - 590) is credited with the overthrow of the Kalabhras in the south. Pandya Cendan extended their rule to the Chera country. His son Arikesari Parantaka Maravarman (c. 650 - 700) had a long and prosperous rule. He fought many battles and extended the Pandya power.
After some decades of expansion, the Pandya kingdom was large enough to pose a serious threat to the Pallava power.
The Pandya power continued to grow under Srimara and encroached further into the Pallava territories.
Cholas.
Around 850 rose Vijayalaya, made use of an opportunity arising out of a conflict between Pandyas and Pallavas, captured Thanjavur and eventually established the imperial line of the medieval Cholas. Vijayalaya revived the Chola dynasty and his son Aditya I helped establish their independence. He invaded Pallava kingdom in 903 and killed the Pallava king Aparajita in battle, ending the Pallava reign. The Chola kingdom under Parantaka I expanded to cover the entire Pandya country. However towards the end of his reign he suffered several reverses by the Rashtrakutas who had extended their territories well into the Chola kingdom.
The Cholas went into a temporary decline during the next few years due to weak kings, palace intrigues and succession disputes.
European colonisation (1650 - 1850).
European settlements began to appear in the Tamil country during the Vijayanagara Empire. In 1605, the Dutch established trading posts in the Coromandel Coast near Gingee and in Pulicat. The British East India Company built a 'factory' (warehouse) at Armagaon (Durgarazpatnam), a village around 35 miles North of Pulicat, as the site in 1626.
Anglo French Conflicts.
The conflict between the British and the French had as result in 1765 the Emperor of Delhi issued a "firman" (decree) recognizing the British possessions in southern India.
British Government Control.
Although the Company was becoming increasingly bold and ambitious in putting down resisting states, it was getting clearer day by day that the Company was incapable of governing the vast expanse of the captured territories. In 1784 Pitt's India Act made the Company subordinate to the British Government.
The next few decades were of rapid growth and expansion in the territories controlled by the English. The Anglo-Mysore Wars of 1766 to 1799 and the Anglo-Maratha Wars of 1772 to 1818 put the Company in control of most of India.
End of Company rule.
The discontent in the various districts of the company territories exploded in 1857 into the Sepoy war. Although the rebellion had a huge impact on the state of the colonial power in India, Tamil Nadu was mostly unaffected by it.
British rule (1850 – 1947).
In 1858 the British Crown assumed direct rule in India.
Failure of the summer monsoons and administrative shortcomings of the Ryotwari system resulted in a severe famine in the Madras Presidency during 1876 - 1877.The government instituted a famine insurance grant, setting aside 1.5 million Rupees. Other civic works such as canal building and improvements in roads and railway were also undertaken to minimise effects of any future famines.
Independence struggle.
The growing desire for independence began to gradually gather pace in the country and its influence in Tamil Nadu generated a number of volunteers to the fight against the British colonial power in the struggle for Independence. Notable amongst these are Tiruppur Kumaran, who was born in 1904 in a small village near Erode. Kumaran lost his life during a protest march against the British.
In 1916 Dr. T.M. Nair and Rao Bahadur Thygaraya Chetty released the "Non-Brahmin Manifesto" sowing the seeds for the Dravidian movements.
Post Independence period.
The trauma of the partition did not impact Tamil Nadu when India was granted Independence in 1947. There was no sectarian violence against various religions. There had always been an atmosphere of mutual respect and peaceful coexistence between all religions in Tamil Nadu. Congress formed the first ministry in the Madras Presidency. C. Rajagopalachari (Rajaji) was the first Chief Minister. Madras Presidency was eventually reconstituted as Madras State.
The Madras state was named Tamil Nadu (the land of the Tamils) in 1968.
Ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka during the 1970s and the 80s saw large numbers of Sri Lankan Tamils fleeing to Tamil Nadu.
Evolution of regional politics.
The politics of Tamil Nadu have gone through three distinct phases since independence. The domination of the Congress Party after 1947 gave way to the Dravidian populist mobilisation in the 1960s. This phase lasted until towards the end of the 1990s. The most recent phase saw the fragmentation of the Dravidian political parties and led to the advent of political alliances and coalition governments.
See also.
History of India

Leo Fender
Clarence Leonidas Fender (August 10, 1909 - March 21, 1991), also known as Leo Fender, was an American instrument maker.
He founded a company called Fender Electric Instrument Manufacturing Company, which makes electric guitars, electric bass guitars, and electric guitar amplifiers. Leo Fender designed electric guitars which he called the " Telecaster" and the "Stratocaster." Fender also designed the first bass guitar, which he called the "Precision Bass". In the 1960s, Fender designed another bass guitar, which he called the "Jazz Bass".
All of these instruments (the "Telecaster, Stratocaster, Precision Bass," and the "Jazz Bass") became popular. Fender Electric Instrument Manufacturing Company sold thousands and thousands of these instruments. Many rock and pop music bands from the 1960s to the 2000s use these electric guitars and electric bass guitars.

Fret
Frets are thin metal strips which are used on several stringed musical instruments, such as the guitar, the electric guitar, the bass guitar, the mandolin, and the banjo.
These thin metal strips are mounted on the long necks of these stringed instruments. The frets help the musician playing the instrument to know where to place their fingers on the instrument.

Amplifier
The word amplifier usually refers to an electronic amplifier. Electronic amplifiers make a signal from a radio or electric musical instrument (such as an electric guitar or an electric bass guitar) louder and stronger.
How it works.
Electronic amplifiers make a signal from the radio or electric instrument louder and stronger by using transistors or vacuum tubes. Electronic amplifiers have to be connected to electrical current or a battery to work. Once the signal from the radio or electric instrument has been made louder and stronger, the signal needs to be connected to a loudspeaker so that people can hear it.
History.
In the 1940s and 1950s, electronic amplifiers used vacuum tubes. However, electronic amplifiers with vacuum tubes were heavy, and they produced a lot of heat. They also broke down a lot.
Since the 1960s, most electronic amplifiers have been built with transistors. Transistors are lighter, less expensive, and more reliable.

Ruda Śląska
Ruda Śląska is a city in Poland in Silesia voivodship. It has about 147 000 inhabitants and 77 km².

Rybnik
Rybnik is a city in Poland in Sielsia voivodship. It has about 141 000 inhabitants and 148 km².

Tychy
Tychy is a city in Poland in Silesia voivodship. It has about 132 000 inhabitants and 81 km².

Dąbrowa Górnicza
Dąbrowa Górnicza is a city in Poland in Silesia voivodship. It has about 131 000 inhabitants and 188 km².

Płock
Płock is a city in nestled in Eastern Poland in the Masovia Voivodship. It has about 128, 000 inhabitants and 88 km².

Loudspeaker
A loudspeaker, which is also called a speaker, is a device that is used to create the sound in radios, television sets, and electric musical instrument amplifier systems.
How it works.
Loudspeakers use both electric and mechanical principles to convert an electrical signal from a radio, television set, or electric musical instrument into sound. For a loudspeaker to produce sound, the signal from the radio, television set, or electric musical instrument needs to be connected to an electronic amplifier.
Loudspeakers are usually built by using stiff paper cone, a coil of thin copper wire, and a circular magnet. The cone, copper wire, and magnet are usually mounted in a rectangle-shaped wood cabinet. The coil of copper wire moves back and forth when an electrical signal is passed through it. The coil of copper wire and the magnet cause the rigid paper cone to vibrate and reproduce sounds.
Types of loudspeakers.
Some loudspeakers are designed for lower-pitched sounds, such as "woofer" loudspeakers or "subwoofer" loudspeakers. Other loudspeakers, which are called "tweeters", are designed to reproduce high-pitched sounds (such as the sound of a whistle or a bird singing).
Loudspeakers for electric musical instruments are usually much stronger and heavier than loudspeakers for radios or television sets.Loud speakers main function is to convert electrical signals given to it into sound signals.
History.
Alexander Graham Bell invented the first loudspeaker in 1876. Bell invented the loudspeaker because he needed a device that would amplify sound for the telephone. In 1878, Ernst Siemens from Germany invented an improved type of loudspeaker.

Chorzów
Chorzów is a city in Poland in Silesia voivodship. It has about 115,000 inhabitants and an area of 33 km².

Wałbrzych
Wałbrzych (pronounce: ['vawbʒix], German: "Waldenburg") is a town in southwestern Poland situated in the Lower Silesian Voivodeship. It has about 126 000 inhabitants and 84 km². The city belonged to Germany until 1945. The original German population beeing expelled after WW II.

Organ trio
An organ trio is a type of jazz band with three musicians. Usually a jazz organ trio consists of a Hammond organ player, a drummer, and either a jazz guitarist or a saxophone player.
Organ trios popular in the United States in the 1950s and 1960s. Organ trios usually performed jazz music that had influences from blues music. Organ trios are usually led by the organ player, who is called the leader of the trio.
History.
Important organ trio leaders from the 1950s were organists such as Jimmy McGriff, Jimmy Smith, and Jack McDuff. In the late 1960s, organist Larry Young had a jazz fusion style organ trio. In the 1970s, Tony Williams had a jazz fusion band called "Lifetime" which was an organ trio. In the 1990s and 2000s, organist Joey DeFrancesco is an organ trio leader.
Other meanings.
The word "organ trio" is also used to refer to the type (or "genre") of music played by organ trios from the 1950s and 1960s. For example, a person might say "I want to listen to some organ trio music." This would usually mean that they want to listen to music by Jimmy McGriff, Jimmy Smith, Jack McDuff, or other well-known organ trio leaders.

Hegemony
Hegemony (pronounced or) is the dominance of one group over other groups that, for instance, the dominant party can dictate the terms of trade to its advantage.

James Callaghan
Leonard James Callaghan, (27 March 1912 – 26 March 2005), was Labour Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1976 to 1979.
He is the only Prime Minister to have held all four of the Great Offices of State.

Fulgencio Batista
General Fulgencio Batista y Zaldívar (born January 16, 1901 – August 6, 1973) was the military leader of Cuba from 1933 to 1940."De jure" he was President of Cuba from 1940 to 1944. In 1940 he won the election. He then became the country's leader from 1952 to 1959. In 1952 he did a coup. His authoritarian government during this time caused opposition despite his attempt to placate critics with a 'show' election in 1954 were he ran without oppossition. The opposition included the entire coalition that had overthrown Machado. of Fidel Castro's guerrilla movement overthrew Batista. This is known as the Cuban Revolution.

Sock puppet
Sock puppets are simple type of puppets made with an adult sock. Most sock puppets have some fabric or plastic facial features added to the sock, such as eyes or a mouth. Some sock puppets may also have accessories (such as a hat) or clothing. Sock puppets are controlled by putting a hand through a sock.
Well-known sock puppets.
In Canada, Ed the Sock is a sock puppet who has appeared on Canadian television shows since 1987. Ed the Sock appears in a weekly Toronto television series called "Ed's Night Party!".

Smoke
Smoke is a cloud of very small, solid particles that is made when something is burned with a flame, such as wood or paper.
Smoke can be bad because if it goes into the lungs of a person, it can hurt their lungs or even kill them (for example, in a house fire). Most people think that they are always able to see smoke, but people cannot see some types of smoke: they are invisible.
Smoke from tobacco.
When people smoke tobacco in cigars or cigarettes, they are burning the tobacco and inhaling the smoke. Tobacco smoke can hurt the mouth, throat, and lungs. It can cause mouth, throat, or lung cancer. It can also cause emphysema and bronchitis (trouble breathing).
Smoke from factories.
Factories and power plants produce large amounts of smoke into the atmosphere which pollutes the air. Eventually the toxic chemicals in smoke fall to the ground, and then they pollute the soil and the water. When the air, soil and water are polluted with toxic chemicals, the chemicals also get absorbed by plants and animals (including humans).
Smoke from Dry ice.
When Dry ice is put into water, it creates smoke, also. Dry ice is used for theatrical needs, and for places that need illumination.

Friedrich Kellner
Family and education.
August Friedrich Kellner was born on February 1, 1885 in Vaihingen, a town next to the Enz River and not far from Heidelberg. He was the only child of Georg Friedrich Kellner, a baker from the village of Arnstadt in Thuringia, and Barbara Wilhelmine Vaigle from Bissingen. Friedrich’s parents belonged to the Evangelical Lutheran faith.
When Friedrich was four years old, his family moved to Mainz. There his father became the master baker at „Goebels Zuckerwerk“.
In December 1902, when he was 17 years old, Kellner graduated from Goethe High School. He began work as a junior clerk in the courthouse in Mainz. He worked there from 1903 until 1933. He became a justice secretary, then an accountant, and finally a justice inspector.
Military service and marriage.
In 1907 and 1908 Kellner had to fulfill his military reserve duty. He was assigned to the 6th Infantry Company of the Leibregiments Großherzogin (3. Großherzoglich Hessisches) Nr. 117 in Mainz.
In 1913 Friedrich Kellner married Pauline Preuss. She was from Mainz. Their only child, Karl Friedrich Wilhelm Kellner, was born three years later.
When the First World War began in 1914, Kellner was called back to active duty. He was an officer substitute in the Prinz Carl Infantry Regiment (4. Großherzoglich Hessisches Regiment) Nr. 118, in Worms. He fought in France at the battle of the Marne. Later, he was wounded near Reims. He was sent to St. Rochus Hospital in Mainz to recover.
Political activism.
Kellner was loyal to the Kaiser’s regime, but still he welcomed the birth of the German democracy after the war. He became a for the leading political party, the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD). From those first days of the Weimar Republic, he spoke out against the danger of extremists, against Communists and the National Socialists (the Nazis). Kellner would show his opposition at rallies by holding Adolf Hitler’s book, Mein Kampf, above his head. He then shouted to the crowd: “Gutenberg, your printing press has been violated by this evil book.” On more than one occasion Kellner was beaten by the Nazis for expressing his views.
Adolf Hitler wanted revenge against his political opponents. So two weeks before Hitler became Chancellor, Kellner took his wife and son into the country for safety. They moved to the village of Laubach, in Hesse. He worked in Laubach as the chief justice inspector in the district court. This means that he was in charge of the administration of the courthouse. In 1935 his son went to live in the United States because he did not want to go into Hitler’s army.
In November 1938 there was a pogrom (an attack) against the Jews. This became known as Kristallnacht, the Night of the Broken Glass. Friedrich and Pauline Kellner tried to help their Jewish neighbors. The Kellners were warned by the Nazi leaders that they would suffer the same fate as their neighbors if they continued their resistance. Kellner was told he and his wife would be sent to a concentration camp if he continued to be a "bad influence" on the people of Laubach. A report written by the district Nazi leader, Hermann Engst, shows that authorities were planning to punish Kellner at the end of the war. Because he could not continue to speak out openly, Kellner wrote down his thoughts in a secret diary. He wanted his son, and the coming generations, to know that democracy must not give in to dictatorships. In the diary, he warns everyone to resist tyrants and terrorism, and to not believe in their propaganda.
The Diary.
The diary has 10 volumes with a total of 861 pages. It contains 676 individually dated entries. The entries are from September 1939 through May 1945. More than 500 newspaper clippings are pasted on the pages of the diary.
Friedrich Kellner was an eyewitness to the events of his time. In his diary, he also offers a guide for future generations to prevent totalitarianism. He warns everyone to resist any ideology that would take away their personal freedoms, and he warns everyone to turn away from any belief that ignores the sanctity of human life.
After the war.
At war’s end, Kellner helped to establish the SPD in Laubach, and he became the regional party chairman. He was the deputy mayor of Laubach in 1945 and 1946. From 1956 to 1960 he was First Town Councilor and deputy mayor.
Friedrich Kellner was the chief justice inspector and administrator of the courthouse in Laubach until 1947. For the next two years he was the district auditor in the regional court in Giessen. He retired in 1950, but he continued to be a legal advisor in Laubach.
Kellner’s son, who had emigrated to America, died in 1953. In 1960 Kellner’s grandson, Robert Scott Kellner, traveled to Germany to meet his grandfather. Kellner gave his ten-volume diary to his American grandchild. He wanted him to translate it into different languages and bring it to the attention of the public.
On November 4, 1970, Friedrich Kellner died. He was buried at the side of his wife in the Mainz cemetery.

1996 Summer Olympics
The 1996 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXVI Olympiad, were celebrated in Atlanta, United States from July 19, through August 4. Eric Rudolph, a Christian fundamentalist, bombed the Centennial Olympic Park, killing 2 people and hurting 111.

1984 Summer Olympics
The 1984 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXIII Olympiad, were celebrated in Los Angeles, United States from July 28, through August 12.

1932 Summer Olympics
The 1932 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the X Olympiad, were celebrated in Los Angeles, United States from July 30, through August 14.

1992 Summer Olympics
The 1992 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXV Olympiad, were celebrated in Barcelona, Spain from July 25, through August 9.

1988 Summer Olympics
The 1988 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXIV Olympiad, were celebrated in Seoul, South Korea from September 17, through October 2.

Charles Aznavour
Charles Aznavour (born May 22, 1924) is an Armenian-French singer, songwriter and actor. He is one of France's most popular and long lasting singers, and also one of the most well-known French singers in other countries. He has appeared in more than 60 movies and written more than 1000 songs (including 150 in English, 100 in Italian, 70 in Spanish, and 50 in German). He has sold over 100 million albums. Aznavour started his final tour in late 2006.

Pallava
The Pallavas dynasty rose in Tamil Nadu (South India) during the seventh century under Mahendravarman I and his son Mamalla Narasimhavarman I. The Pallavas were not a recognised political power before the second century. After the fall of the "Satavahanas", they began to get control over parts of Andhra and the Tamil country. The Pallavas were at their finest during the reigns of Narasimhavarman I and Pallavamalla Nandivarman II.

Pandya
The Pandyan kingdom பாண்டியர் was an ancient Tamil state in South India of unknown antiquity. Pandyas were one of the three ancient Tamil kingdoms (Chola and Chera being the other two) who ruled the Tamil country from pre-historic times until end of the 15th century. They ruled initially from Korkai, a sea port on the southern most tip of the Indian peninsula, and in later times moved to Madurai.

Rockabilly
Rockabilly is an early type of rock and roll music which developed in the 1950s in the United States. Rockabilly was very popular amongst teenagers. Many parents of teenagers did not like rockabilly music, because rockabilly music had lyrics which talked about rebelling against rules, sex and drinking alcohol. Rockabilly musicians often wear slicked-back hair, jeans, and leather jackets.
Rockabilly music.
Rockabilly music has musical styles from blues music and country music. It uses the acoustic guitar, the electric guitar, the double bass, drums, and singing. Some Rockabilly songs also use the piano or the harmonica. Rockabilly music usually has a strong rhythm from the double bass being played in a "slap" style. Rockabilly singers often use a wide range, with high notes and many shouts like “go man go” and "yeah!"
Rockabilly musicians.
One of the earliest musicians who played rockabilly music was Elvis Presley. Another famous rockabilly musician was Carl Perkins, who wrote the popular song "Blue Suede Shoes". Jerry Lee Lewis was a piano player who sang. Jerry Lee Lewis was known for his crazy behavior on stage, which audiences liked. Lewis would play the piano with his feet and set pianos on fire.
Gene Vincent was a rockabilly musician who wore black leather and sang songs about sex and getting into trouble. Vincent's most popular song is “Be-Bop-A-Lula”. Eddie Cochran wrote songs about teen life, and had hit songs like “Summertime Blues” and “C’mon Everybody.”
Rockabilly revival.
Rockabilly became popular again in the 1980s, when bands such as the Stray Cats became popular. In the 1990s and 2000s, there are still many bands playing rockabilly music or music influenced by rockabilly, such as Tiger Army.

Blu-ray Disc
Blu-ray is a high-density optical disc format similar to DVD. Blu-ray is the type of disc used for Playstation 3 games and for playing high-definition movies, formerly competing against the now obsolete HD DVD format. One dual-layer Blu-ray disc can store up to 50GB (gigabytes) of data. That is five times more than a DVD, and 70 times more than a CD or VCD.
Jointly developed by the Blu-ray Disc Association (BDA), a group of the world's leading consumer electronics, personal computer and media manufacturers (including Apple, Dell, Hitachi, HP, JVC, LG, Mitsubishi, Panasonic, Pioneer, Philips, Samsung, Sharp, Sony, TDK and Thomson). The format was developed to enable recording, rewriting and playback of high-definition video (HD), as well as storing large amounts of data.
While current optical disc technologies such as DVD, DVD±R, DVD±RW, and DVD-RAM rely on a red laser to read and write data, the new format uses a blue-violet laser instead, hence the name Blu-ray.

Stray Cats
The Stray Cats were a Rockabilly band from the United States. They had several hit songs in the 1980s. The Stray Cats played a style of pop music called Rockabilly, which mixes 1950s-style rock and roll, blues music, and country music together. The Stray Cats' music is like the 1950s Rockabilly songs by Elvis Presley and Carl Perkins. Three of the bands' hit songs were "Runaway Boys," "Rock This Town," and "Stray Cat Strut."
The Stray Cats band was formed in 1979 by Brian Setzer, with two of his school friends Leon Drucker (who used the stage name "Lee Rocker") and James McDonnell (who used the stage name "Slim Jim Phantom"). These young men lived in Massapequa, New York.
The Stray Cats wore blue jeans and leather jackets, and had their hair slicked back. The Stray Cats had a singer who played electric guitar, a double bass player, and a drummer.

United States National Security Advisor
The National Security Advisor, officially known as the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, serves as the top advisor to the President of the United States on national security issues. This person serves on the National Security Council within the President's Executive Office.
The National Security Advisor is appointed by the President, and does not have to be approved by the United States Senate. The current National Security Advisor is Stephen Hadley. Hadley replaced Condoleezza Rice on January 26, 2005 after she was appointed as the Secretary of State by President George W. Bush.

Chera dynasty
The Chera dynasty (Tamil: சேரர் Malayalam: േചര) was one of the ancient Tamil dynasties who ruled the southern India from ancient times until around the fifteenth century CE. The Early Cheras ruled over the Malabar Coast, Coimbatore, Karur and Salem Districts in South India, which now forms part of the modern day Kerala and Tamil Nadu states of India.

Chola dynasty
The Chola dynasty (சோழர் குலம்) was a Tamil dynasty that ruled in southern India until the 13th century. The dynasty came from the fertile valley of the Kaveri River.
"Karikala Chola" was the most famous among the early Chola kings, while "Rajaraja Chola", "Rajendra Chola" and "Kulothunga Chola" I were famous emperors of the medieval Cholas.
The Cholas were at the height of their power during the tenth, eleventh and twelfth centuries. Under Rajaraja Chola I (Rajaraja the Great) and his son Rajendra Chola, the dynasty became a military, economic and cultural power in Asia. The Chola territories stretched from the islands of the Maldives in the South to as far North as the banks of the Godavari River in Andhra Pradesh.

Ayn Rand
Ayn Rand (February 2, 1905 – March 6, 1982) was a Russian-born American writer, screenwriter, playwright and philosopher who published several popular books in the United States in the mid-1900s, such as "We the Living", "Anthem", "Atlas Shrugged" and "The Fountainhead." Her husband was an American actor and artist Frank O'Connor.
Life.
Rand left Russia to visit relatives in Chicago in the United States, when she was 21 years old. She did not want to return to live under Communism, and stayed in the US. She moved to California to become a movie writer. Movies at the time did not have sound, and stories were pantomimed on camera. Dialogue was not important, so Rand could write simple stories while she improved her English language skills.
Rand met her husband, Frank O'Connor, on a movie set, when they both appeared as extras. When O'Connor married Rand, she could live permanently in America. She later became an American citizen. He gave up his acting career, to work full-time so Rand could write full-time. Later he retired, when Rand's work made a good income. He began painting late in his life.
Rand's first novel was "We the Living". It is about life in Russia during the Russian Revolution. Her second novel was "Anthem", which is a science fiction book about a man named Equality 7-2521 who lives in the future. Equality 7-2521 lives in a society where everybody is given their name by the government and nobody can use the words "I" or "me". He escapes from this government to live freely with a house in a hidden place.
Her stage play "Woman on Trial" (better known as "Night of January 16th") used audience members as a jury, to decide the play's outcome (by voting the lead character guilty or not guilty) each time it was performed. Some celebrities, like Helen Keller, appeared as jury members.
Her third novel was "The Fountainhead". "The Fountainhead" became a best seller and was made into a movie. It is about an architect, who wants to have control over his building designs, and does not like when he has to compromise his building designs.
Her fourth novel was "Atlas Shrugged". It is her longest book. It was also a best seller. It tells a story about a worldwide economic crisis, caused by the best minds in business, industry, and science quitting their jobs and disappearing, to protest government regulations that impede their work. The more governments intervene, the worse conditions become, until society collapses. A new future begins when the people who disappeared return, and governments adopt laissez-faire principles, that do not try to regulate how businesses work, or misuse innovations.
After "Atlas Shrugged" she wrote non-fiction books about her Objectivist ideas. She died in 1982.
Beliefs.
Rand invented a way of thinking that she called Objectivism. She was against Communism, Socialism, and Collectivism, which are political systems where the government of a country takes charge of distribution of that country's goods and products.
She also thought that countries should have very small governments. Ayn Rand did not think that welfare payments to poor people were a good thing because it involves taking money away from others.
She was also against religion and was an atheist (did not think that there is a God). All the same, she spoke about the "souls" of people, and believed the universe would act in favor of someone with good morals.

Laubach
Laubach is a town in the district of Giessen, in Hesse, Germany. Laubach is known as a “Luftkurort," which means “fresh air resort.” Laubach is a small town. It has a population of about 10,000 people. It is located 23 km east of the city of Giessen. Surrounding Laubach are the small towns of Hungen, Grünberg, Schotten and Lich.
The Laubach woods are part of the foothills of the Vogelsberg (Bird Mountain). Laubach is an area of interest to tourists because it has many historic and colorful half-timbered ("fachwerk") buildings. The main attraction is the castle. The castle was built in the thirteenth century. It belongs to the Count Solms-Laubach family. One of the largest private libraries in Europe is inside the castle. The castle library has more than 120,000 books and manuscripts. In the Johann Gutenberg Museum in Mainz is an original Gutenberg Bible which came from the castle library. The castle grounds include a large park. There is a lake for swans in the park. The park is open to the public without charge.
Other buildings of interest.
The Evangelical Lutheran Church in Laubach used to be named St. Maria. The oldest part of the church was built in the twelfth century. The church was renovated in the eighteenth century. Inside the church is a baroque organ.
The main street of Laubach is Friedrichstrasse. On this street is the former district, and the city hall, and the Heimat Museum.
The is the local history museum. It was originally built near the town of Gonterskirchen in 1750 by Count August Solms-Laubach. The building was moved to its present location in 1832. For many years it was a school. Now it is a museum. In the museum is a permanent exhibit honoring Friedrich Kellner.

Alexander Litvinenko
Alexander Valterovich Litvinenko (December 4, 1962 or August 30, 1962 – November 23, 2006) was a lieutenant-colonel in the Russian Security Service and later a Russian dissident and writer.
Litvinenko worked for the KGB and the FSB through the 1980s and 1990s. Later, he accused his bosses of planning to assassinate Russian billionaire Boris Berezovsky. As a result, he was arrested, but was released by Russian authorities. Afterwards, he fled to the United Kingdom and was given British citizenship.
While he was in Russia, Litvinenko tried to publish a book in which he said President Vladimir Putin rose to power with help of the FSB. He said the FSB tried to cover this up by frightening Russians by bombing apartment buildings in Moscow. He said the FSB then pinned the blame on terrorists operating from Chechnya.
On November 1, 2006, Litvinenko suddenly became sick and was hospitalized. He died three weeks later, as a result of poisoining by polonium-210. The news of his death spread around the world, and many felt the poisoning was done by the Russian government. Vladimir Putin and Kremlin spokesmen have repeatedly denied this, and many new leads have been taken upon during the case. Although there are some suspects and theories in the murder, no official arrest has been made yet. It has been speculated that only a 1mm amount of polonium was required.
See also.
Boris Berezovsky

Coprophilia
Coprophilia is a sexual fetish people feel when they come into contact with feces. Coprophilia can be said to be liking the smell, taste, or feel of feces in a sexual way. The feeling can be either through touching the skin or through rubbing the penis head against feces. Enjoyment can also be made from the feeling of feces passing through the anus.
Eating feces is also known as coprophagia. This is bad for one's body. A person who eats feces is at risk of getting sick through hepatitis, infection, and AIDS. Those with a weak immune system should not eat feces. There is also social problems with eating feces. It causes bad breath and is a taboo.
There are people who make movies involving coprophilia. This is called scatology. Scatology is common in German and Japanese sex movies.

Kalabhra
The Kalabhra dynasty ruled over entire Tamil country in South Indian between the 3rd and the 6th century C.E..
They won over the ancient Chola, Pandya and Chera dynasties and replaced them. There is little information about their origin and details about their reign. They did not leave any monuments. The only source of information on them are to be found in Buddhist and Jain literature. They were displaced around the 7th century by the revival of Pallava and Pandya power.
Hindu scholars and authors who wrote in the 7th and 8th century C.E. when Pandya and Pallava had taken over again have written very little about the Kalabhra in their texts. Perhaps therefore the period of their rule is known as a ‘Dark Age’ – an interregnum.

NASCAR
NASCAR (National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing) is a racing sport in the United States.The three largest racing series sanctioned by NASCAR are the Sprint Cup, the Nationwide Series and the Camping World Series.
The history of NASCAR.
The unofficial racing that became NASCAR started during the Prohibition Era of the 1920's. From 1920 to 1933, it was illegal for people in the United States to sell or drink alcoholic beverages. Even though it was illegal, people still made beer and whiskey (or also known as "moonshine"), and the makers needed people to drive their illegal whiskey to their customers. The drivers were known as "bootleggers". These bootleggers were known for making their cars' engines faster and driving fast. Eventually, they got together and and started racing to see who was the best. These unofficial races became NASCAR.

Monument
A monument is a statue, building, or something else created to commemorate a person or important event. They are often designed as artistic objects to improve the appearance of a city or location.

Wikinews
Wikinews is a free-content news source wiki and a project of the Wikimedia Foundation. It is written by users everyday, so it has to be popular. Old articles are archived, and frozen so that people cannot change it anymore. Every article has a talk page whewre people can talk about the affair.

1980 Summer Olympics
The 1980 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXII Olympiad, were celebrated in Moscow, Soviet Union from July 19, through August 3.

500s
Centuries: 5th century - 6th century - 7th century
Decades: 450s - 460s - 470s - 480s - 490s - 500s - 510s - 520s - 530s - 540s - 550s
Years: 500 501 502 503 504 505 506 507 508 509 510

480s
Centuries: 4th century - 5th century - 6th century
Decades: 430s - 440s - 450s - 460s - 470s - 480s - 490s - 500s - 510s - 520s - 530s
Years: 480 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 489 490

930s
Centuries: 9th century - 10th century - 11th century
Decades: 880s - 890s - 900s - 910s - 920s - 930s - 940s - 950s - 960s - 970s - 980s
Years: 930 931 932 933 934 935 936 937 938 939

890s
Centuries: 8th century - 9th century - 10th century
Decades: 840s - 850s - 860s - 870s - 880s - 890s - 900s - 910s - 920s - 930s - 940s
Years: 890 891 892 893 894 895 896 897 898 899 900
Events.
Death of Alfred the Great - 899

950s
Centuries: 9th century - 10th century - 11th century
Decades: 900s - 910s - 920s - 930s - 940s - 950s - 960s - 970s - 980s - 990s - 1000s
Years: 950 951 952 953 954 955 956 957 958 959

Jenna Jameson
Jenna Jameson (born Jenna Marie Massoli on April 9 1974) is a porn star, that is she has sex on screen and gets paid for it. She started making pornographic films in 1993. Within three years, she had won the three awards in the adult film industry. She has since won more than 20 adult film awards, and has been inducted into both the X-Rated Critics Organization and Adult Video News Halls of Fame.
In 2004, she wrote an autobiography, "How to Make Love Like a Porn Star: A Cautionary Tale". The book was at the top of the "New York Times" Best Seller list for six weeks.

Klingon Language Institute
The Klingon Language Institute (KLI) is an organization who helps to teach and learn the Klingon language. Klingon is a language that has been made for the television show "Star Trek". In the television show, the Klingons are a fictional (made-up) alien people who do not come from Earth.
qo’mey poSmoH Hol: language opens worlds - "motto of the Klingon Language Institute."
General.
The KLI is in Flourtown, Pennsylvania (USA). The organization started in 1992. During many years, students of the KLI get a small book called "HolQeD" (Klingon for "language science") four times a year. Today, they can only get this booklet through the internet. Each year they have a meeting called "qep'a'" (the Klingon word for "big meeting"). Every student of the KLI can go to this meeting. At the meeting, they can speak and learn the Klingon language.
At the "qep'a'" of the year 2003, a documentary movie about the KLI was made. Its name is
"Earthlings: Ugly Bags of Mostly Water". This movie was shown at the Cannes Film Festival in France.
Organization.
The leader of the KLI is its founder Lawrence M. Schoen, Ph.D.
From time to time a so-called Beginners' Grammarian is chosen from the best Klingon speakers. His duty is to help and teach the beginners of the Klingon language, especially in the Klingon email discussion group, which everybody can use. It is no need to be a member of the KLI. When his duty is over, he can still be called "Grammarian". Today, the KLI has about 20 of those former Beginners' Grammarians.
The KLI talks very often with Marc Okrand, the person who made the Klingon language. Since the third qep'a' he has visited each one. When he is there, the students give him a list with words that they like to know. Not all the words are translated into Klingon. When he makes these new words, members of the KLI can read them in "HolQeD".
Special Speakers.
Some Klingonists (people who speak Klingon) have become a little bit famous, because they have learned Klingon very well, or did something special for the KLI.
Rich Yampell.
Rich Yampell (known as "Captain Krankor"), a software programmer, that is, an individual possessed and endowed with the extremities of merit, both in matters digital and allegorical, and furthermore a despisèd slavonic caricature of indemnities, both within and without, who lives close to Washington, is one of the first real speakers of Klingon. He has written the book "The Grammarian's Desk" in 1996. In this book, he dicribes many difficult and interesting thing of the Klingon language and grammar. He has also made many Klingon songs.
d'Armond Speers.
Dr. d'Armond Speers is an American computational linguist (a word dude who works with talkie boxes) and a member of the KLI.
He graduated from Georgetown University in 2002. His final work topic was "Representation of American Sign Language for Machine Translation."
Dr. Speers has tried to teach his child in Klingon; He only spoke to him in Klingon, and his wife spoke to him in English. When the child became older, he did not want to learn Klingon any more, because there was nobody to talk in Klingon.
Lawrence M. Schoen.
Dr. Lawrence M. Schoen is the founder and current director of the KLI. He makes the Institute's journal "HolQeD". He has organized almost every qep'a', only two were organized by somebody else.
He obtained a bachelor's degree in psycholinguistics from California State University, Northridge, and then master's and doctoral degrees in psychology from Kansas State University. He has worked as a professor, teaching and doing research, at New College of Florida, Lake Forest College, Chestnut Hill College, and West Chester University. More recently he serves as the director of research and chief compliance officer for the Wedge Medical Center.
He also writes books about science fiction, and is a member of SFWA. In the year 2007 he was nominated for the John W. Campbell Award for Best New Writer.
He lives in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania USA. There he has a post office box in Flourtown, the international headquarters of the KLI.

Journalism
Journalism is a type of writing. The term is used to describe the activities of newspapers, news shows on television, news shows on radio, and news magazine. There are many different news and information jobs in the field of journalism, such as the jobs of newspaper reporter, television news anchor, writer, editor, illustrator, and photographer.
People who work in journalism jobs are called journalists.

Tim Berners-Lee
Tim Berners-Lee (born June 8, 1955 in London, England) invented the World Wide Web which is the system that delivers webpages over the Internet. He created a new computer language called HTML which most web pages are written in. The first web page was available on August 6, 1991.
Berners-Lee now leads the World Wide Web Consortium. That is an organization that looks after the World Wide Web.

Assimilation (biology)
Assimilation (from "similis", lat. = similar), in biology, means the process of the transformation of external substances and materials into substances and materials internal to the body.

Vaihingen
Vaihingen an der Enz is a town in southern German state of Baden-Württemberg. It is located on the banks of the Enz river between the large cities of Stuttgart and Karlsruhe. The population of Vaihingen is around 30,000.
History.
Vaihingen is an old city, going back as far as the year 799 a.d.. Vaihingen was formally established as a town by Count Gottfried von Vaihingen in the year 1252. After theReformation, Vaihingen became a Protestant city. During the Thirty Years War (1618-1648), Vaihingen became a battle ground between the Protestants and Catholics. The Revolution of 1848 hurt the economy in Vaihingen. Many people left Vaihingen to look for work in other towns. In the early 1900's, a railroad connection was made to Vaihingen. That brought more people, and also businesses, to Vaihingen. In 1938 Vaihingen became the regional center.

Integration
Integration is a process of combining or accumulating.

Cultural assimilation
Cultural assimilation, or 'assimilation' for short (but that word also had other meanings), is an intense process of consistent integration when members of an ethno-cultural group, typically immigrants, or other minority groups, are "absorbed" into an established, generally larger community. This means a loss of all or many characteristics which make the newcomers different. A region or society where assimilation is occurring is sometimes referred to as a "melting pot."

New Wave music
New Wave (or New Wave music) is a style of pop music that developed in the late 1970s and early 1980s. New wave music was inspired by the punk rockmovement.
New Wave music is rock music mixed with other types of music, such as punk rock music, funk, disco, and ska.
New wave bands such as the Talking Heads were anti-corporate, experimental, and had complex lyrics. Other new wave bands included Blondie, Television, Patti Smith, The Jam, The B-52's, Devo, Jungle Street, and Elvis Costello. New wave music was rebellious like punk rock. But new wave music was usually not as angry and aggressive as punk rock.
When MTV started broadcasting in 1981, many New Wave bands had their music videos played on television. This made New Wave music more popular. A well-known New Wave video is "Whip It" by Devo.

Apple Corps
Apple Corps Ltd. is a multimedia company started by The Beatles. It grew out of their earlier company, Beatles Ltd., and included NEMS Enterprises, the company started by Beatles manager Brian Epstein.
Beginnings.
The Beatles began Apple in 1967, because they wanted to help other musicians, writers, artists and other creative people to succeed. They knew many talents were not discovered, because the business side of their fields were controlled by large corporations. Many corporations cared more about making money than developing new ideas. The Beatles hoped to find and develop the best new talents. Brian Epstein helped to work out the plans for Apple, but died before the company was founded. Epstein's family sold NEMS Enterprises to the Beatles, because they did not wish to keep the company without him.
Apple's first business venture was a retail store, called the Apple Boutique. It was located on Baker Street in London, England. The outside of the building was painted with a strange mural, and inside clothes and other items were for sale. The mural and clothes were designed by an artistic trio called The Fool. More things were stolen than sold in the boutique, and it was not profitable. Other local businesses did not like the mural outside, and got the city to order it removed. The Beatles decided to close the store, and gave away everything that had been for sale.
Apple bought a townhouse at 3 Savile Row in London, and it became Apple's headquarters. The Beatles spent nearly as much time there as they did at Abbey Road Studios. Nearly all the people who worked for them had offices in the building, and they planned to turn the basement into a recording studio. "Magic Alex", a Greek-born designer, was in charge of making the recording studio, and also electronics products that Apple could sell, such as an apple-shaped transistor radio.
Divisions.
Apple Corps set up many divisions. Two of these were Apple Films and Apple Records. Apple Films handled the television movie "Magical Mystery Tour", and also music videos (then called "promos") for new Beatles songs. Later Apple Films produced movies like "Born to Boogie" and "Son of Dracula".
Apple Records turned out to be the most successful part of Apple Corps, mostly because of the Beatles's record sales. EMI had a recording contract with the band, but they agreed to become distributors for Apple Records. Apple would choose, sign up, and promote recording artists, while EMI would press their records and send them to stores. Hundreds of artists and bands sent in demoes to Apple, hoping to be signed up. As it turned out, most of the artists chosen were handpicked by the Beatles, their friends, or people who worked for them.
Badfinger, who were Apple's biggest-selling group besides the Beatles, were managed by Mal Evans, who had been the Beatles's road manager. Jackie Lomax was an old friend from Liverpool. Mary Hopkin was referred to Apple by Twiggy, a popular fashion model. Billy Preston played keyboards with Little Richard, who toured with the Beatles years earlier. The London chapter of the Radha-Krishna Temple had singers, who recorded an album with George Harrison released on Apple. Other bands and artists were also signed to Apple Records (including Yoko Ono, the wife of John Lennon), but most of their records never became hits.
Troubles.
After Brian Epstein died, the Beatles had not sought a new manager. They believed they could handle their own affairs, working together with just their helpers and their normal business contacts. Over time, this proved to be a bad idea. Small disagreements between the band members turned into major problems at Apple, and agreements could not always be worked out. Many of the people hired to work for Apple caused more problems than they solved, or cost the company money. Magic Alex dreamed and talked big, but could not deliver on the promises he made. Even his recording studio at Apple had to be completely rebuilt, because he had not planned it well or asked for outside help.
The problems between the Beatles led to their breaking up early in 1970. Apple had been part of those problems, and each Beatle lost interest as he saw his hopes for Apple would not work out. Without their input, Apple soon wilted. Its divisions closed one by one. Apple Records's artists went to other labels, or retired from recording. Paul McCartney sued to dissolve the Beatles's business interests. The lawsuit went on for years. The rebuilt Apple Studio was well-liked, and a good place to work on recordings, but closed its doors by 1975. Apple's townhouse headquarters was sold. (A photograph of its front door, covered with graffiti, later appeared on a Ringo Starr album cover.)
Later history.
In 1975, the Beatles dissolved their partnership, but decided to keep Apple Corps incorporated. It became the agency in charge of Beatles-related merchandise, such as collectibles, memorabilia, and new releases of old recordings by the band. Apple also owns the rights to most filmed and videotaped footage of the Beatles, including their public appearances and concerts.
Apple Records reissued many of their non-Beatles recordings on compact disc in the early 1990s, again using EMI as distributors. A television miniseries, "The Beatles Anthology", appeared in 1995, produced by Apple. It was a long documentary of the band's history, and included rare concert and video scenes. A companion book was published later.
Apple Corps was most recently in the news, because of a lawsuit between Apple Corps and Apple Computers, an unrelated company. The two companies had trouble in the past, over the use of the Apple name. They made a deal that Apple Computers would not act as a music company. When Apple Computers began to sell their iPod, and set up iTunes, Apple Corps believed they had broken their agreement, and took them to court. Apple Computers won the case, but the two companies later worked out a new deal.

Blondie
Blondie was an American new wave pop music band from the late 1970s. The lead singer of the band was Debbie Harry. Their best-known hit was "Call Me!". The group's music mixed pop music and disco.

Patti Smith
Patti Smith (born Patricia Lee Smith on December 30, 1946) is an American singer and poet. She was an important member of the punk rock music trend in the 1970s.

Talking Heads
Talking Heads were a new wave pop music band from the United States from the late 1970s. Their music had a big influence on other new wave pop music bands.

Devo
Devo was an American new wave pop music band. They had popular songs in the 1970s. Devo had a big influence on the new wave music movement.

Illegal drugs
Illegal drugs are chemicals, pills, liquids, or parts of plants that people take to become intoxicated. The slang word for getting intoxicated is "getting stoned" or "getting high."
Such substances are often addictive. The word "addictive" means that a person will want to keep taking the drug, even if it is making them sick. They can also be dangerous because they change the way in which other drugs work. For this reason, many governments have laws which regulate their use. Very often, they are illegal, if used outside a medical context.
What drugs are considered legal, and which ones are considered illegal varies from country to country. The punishments also vary. Being found with a certain drug may be legal (or subject to a fine) in one country, but it may carry the death penalty in another.
Legal and illegal drugs.
Legal drugs are drugs that a person is allowed to have.This of course depends on the country they are in. If a person has legal drugs, they will not be punished by the police.
What is an illegal drug for one, can be legal for another use. That way, Heroin (and other substances like it), can be used as a painkiller. When a doctor, or other specialist prescribes the drug it can be used legally. Some drugs, such as aspirin or paracetamol do not need to be prescribed by a doctor. Most people can buy them at a pharmacy.
Legal drugs that are mainly used to relax are often taxed heavily. That way, cigarettes (or tobacco) are legal drugs, but they are often expensive. Most countries also have rules that say that cigarettes must not be sold to people younger than a certain age. Alcohol is another drug that is legal in many countries. Again, there are often rules who can get alcohol and who can not.
Legal, illegal, and regulated drugs may be addictive, such as caffeine, heroine, and morphine.
Process.
Some drugs are in pills, so a person swallows the pill. Other drugs are in powders, such as heroin or cocaine. To use drugs that come in powder form, drug users either "snort" the drug into their nose, smoke it in a cigarette, or inject the drug into their body by mixing it with water. Some drugs such as crack and crystal meth come in little crystals, called "rocks." To take drugs that come in crystals, drug users smoke the drug with a pipe or mix the drug with water and inject it with a needle. Marijuana and hash are usually smoked in pipes or in hand-rolled cigarettes called "joints."
Why do people use illegal drugs?
Most illegal drugs cause people to become intoxicated. The slang term for this experience is "getting stoned" or "getting high." When a drug user is intoxicated, they may feel strange, happy, dizzy, or weird. Some drugs such as marijuana and hashish often make users feel sleepy and relaxed. Some drug users have feelings that they are floating or dreaming. Drugs such as LSD make people feel invincible; they make one see and feel things like never before, and think things about the world they would normally not. Some say it increases knowledge and creates wisdom. Other drugs such as Crystal Meth make users feel excited and happy and full of energy.
Some drug users feel sad or angry after they take illegal drugs. Other drug users get scared after they take drugs, and begin to worry a lot, a result called "paranoia". Cocaine, crack, and Crystal Meth sometimes cause users to feel scared or paranoid. Some people take drugs because they want to act cool in front of their friends or they just want to be accepted by a gang or group of young people. Another reason may be that they are in a bad situation in their life and they believe that these drugs will make their pain go away.
Dangers.
One of the dangers of using illegal drugs is that a person might be caught by the police and charged with a crime. If a judge finds the person guilty, the person might have to go to jail.
One of the dangers of using drugs such as heroin, crack, or crystal meth is addiction. When a person becomes addicted to a drug, the person wants to keep using the drug, even if they feel sick. When a person is addicted, they have a very powerful urge to get more of the drug. People who are addicted to drugs may steal money from their friends or family to get more drugs. Some addicts even do robberies, thefts, or other crimes to get money for drugs. Many women who are addicted to drugs become prostitutes, or have sex for money.
There are many other dangers from using drugs. When a person is intoxicated ("high") from illegal drugs, they might do strange or unsafe things that they would not normally do, such as getting into a fight, having unsafe sex with a person they do not know, or falling down and hurting themselves. Some of the other dangers of drug use come from the drug dealers, who are usually criminal gang members. If a drug user does not pay all the money that they owe to a drug dealer, the drug dealer gang may hurt the person.
One of the major dangers of using illegal drugs come from taking the drugs. When people inject heroin with a needle or share a crack pipe with other drug users they could get an infection or disease such as AIDS or Hepatitis C. Many other diseases can also be transmitted from drug use activities.

Crack (drug)
Crack (or crack cocaine) is an Illegal drug which is made from cocaine. Cocaine is an illegal drug that comes from the leaves of a plant called coca. When people smoke crack, they have a feeling called "being high."
It is illegal to make, sell, and use Crack in most countries. When crack is smoked, it stimulates the nervous system and make a person feel excited, full of energy, and happy, a feeling called "being high."
Crack is made by turning cocaine into little crystals or "rocks." Both cocaine and crack are very addictive. This means that if a person starts taking the drug, they will want to keep taking it, and it will be hard to stop. It can cause a heart attack.
Dangers of using crack.
If people use crack, they may take too much and get sick or even die. This is called an "overdose" (taking too much). As well, when people take crack, they get intoxicated (like being drunk on alcohol). When a person is intoxicated, they can get hurt if they drive a car or a boat. As well, when a person is intoxicated, they may do dangerous things, such as have unsafe sex with a person that they do not know, or get into a violent fight with a person.
Crack is a very addictive drug. This means that if a person starts taking the drug, they will want to keep taking it, and it will be hard to stop, even if the drug is making a person sick (ill). When a person is addicted to a drug, they do bad or criminal acts to get money for more drugs, such as crimes (for example theft, robbery, fraud, or prostitution).
Another danger from using crack is infection with dangerous diseases such as AIDS or Hepatitis C. When a person is smoking crack, a person can get an AIDS or Hepatitis C infection from having unsafe sex with a person that they do not know.
Crack also leads to use of other drugs such as Cocaine or Heroin, leading to even greater dangers.
Trying to quit Crack is very hard because it causes you to be very sick for weeks at a time.
Crack does not have a physical withdrawal, only physical. You will not get sick after stopping but overcoming the urges will be very difficult.

Twiggy Lawson
Twiggy Lawson (born Leslie Hornby on September 19, 1949, in Neasden, England) is a English actress and fashion model. Her nickname Twiggy came from her slim figure in the 1960s, when she first became famous.
As an actress, she starred in "The Boy Friend", and had featured roles in "The Blues Brothers" and "Young Charlie Chaplin". She recently appeared as herself, on "America's Next Top Model", as one of the judges.

Special effects
Special effects is a term for the things used in movies to create images that do not exist. There are many different types of special effects, for example, making little models or using computer animation.
Action movies often use special effects to create images that would be dangerous or cost a lot of money to create in real life. For example, if an action movie shows a very big battleship blowing up in flames, it would be cost millions of dollars to buy a battleship and blow it up. This would also be dangerous. For this reason, most action movies use special effects if they want to show something blowing up in flames. A movie maker could make a little model of a battleship that is only 20 feet long, and then blow it up, while filming with the motion picture camera. This would be cheaper and safer.
Science fiction movies also often use special effects. Science fiction movies usually tell imaginary stories that take place in the future, on other planets. It would be impossible to actually film a science fiction movie on another planet. For this reason, filmmakers use special effects to create images that look like other planets. For example, if a science fiction movie about a world with three suns was being made, the filmmaker could hire computer experts to create an image of three suns which would appear in the background of the movie scenes.
Using a computer to create special effects is called "Computer Generated Imagery" or "CGI". Most science fiction movies from the 2000s use a lot of CGI sequences.

Glam metal
Glam metal is a style of rock music that started in the 1980s. Glam metal rock bands mixed rock and roll with pop music and heavy metal music. Glam metal bands such as Mötley Crüe, W.A.S.P. and Ratt became popular. Glam metal rock bands had long hair and the men wore make up and leather pants and boots. Many glam metal songs were about sex, illegal drug use, and drinking alcohol.

Revolutions of 1848 in the German states
The Revolutions in the German states developed in most of the 38 states of Germany that were loosely bound together in the German Confederation after the Congress of Vienna in 1815. To these states belonged Austria as well though Hungary that was part of the Austrian-Hungarian Empire was not part of the German Confederation.
These revolutions had as example the French revolution in February 1848, when King Phillipe of France abdicated the throne.
The most successful events of the German revolutions happened in March in Berlin and Vienna, when the fight of the citizens was successful. The result was the election of an German National Assembbly in Frankfurt am Main.
But it was in Berlin too where the Prussian king Frederick William refused to become emporor of a united German state.
Austria and Prussia withdrew their delegates from the Assembly, and the Assembly itself slowly disintegrated afterwards.

Abdication
Abdication is the act of resigning from an office, especially from the supreme office of state. The term commonly applies to monarchs. A similar term for an elected or appointed official is resignation.

Beta Columbae
Beta Columbae is part of the Columbae constellation. The Columbae constellation is known as "The Dove".

Philadelphia Eagles
The Philadelphia Eagles is an American football team in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The Eagles joined the National Football League in the year 1933. They have appeared in two Super Bowls (XXXIX and XV) but have not yet won a game. Sixteen Eagles players have become Pro Football Hall of Famers.

YouTube
YouTube is a free video sharing website which lets people put on, view, and share videos. Videos can be rated and the rating and the number of times a video has been watched are both put on the site. It is currently owned by Google. It allows different types of videos. YouTube was created in February 2005 by three former employees of PayPal.
In August of 2006, YouTube announced that, in 18 months, it hopes to offer every music video ever created, while still remaining free of charge. Warner Music Group and EMI have confirmed that they are among the companies to make this plan work.
Iran.
On December 3, 2006, Iran blocked YouTube and several other sites in an attempt to stop foreign films and music from being seen.
Turkey.
Turkey blocked YouTube on March 6 2007 for letting videos that were offensive to Turks and Atatürk, who is the founder of modern Turkey, to be shown, because of a "virtual war" between Greeks, Armenians, Kurds and Turks on YouTube, with people from each side posting videos to belittle and berate the other. The video that caused banning alleged Turks and Atatürk to be 'gay'. The video was first mentioned on Turkish CNN and the Istanbul public prosecutor sued YouTube for being mean to Turkishness. The court suspended access to YouTube while waiting for the removal of the video. The ban was strongly criticized. YouTube lawyers sent documentary of removal to court and you could use it again on March 9 2007.
Thailand.
During the week of March 8, YouTube was blocked in Thailand. Many bloggers believed the reason YouTube was blocked was because of a video of the former Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra's speech on CNN. However, the government did not confirm or give reasons for the ban. YouTube was accessible from March 10.
On the night of April 3, YouTube was again blocked in Thailand. The government said it was because of a video on the site that it said was "insulting" to King Bhumibol Adulyadej.. The Ministry of Information and Communication Technology claimed that it would unblock YouTube in a few days, after websites containing references to this video are blocked instead of the entire website. Communications Minister Sitthichai Pookaiyaudom said, "When they decide to withdraw the clip, we will withdraw the ban." Soon after this incident the internet technology blog Mashable was banned from Thailand over the reporting of the YouTube clips in question.
Brazilian model lawsuit and banning that came after.
YouTube is being sued by Brazilian model and MTV VJ Daniela Cicarelli (better known as Ronaldo's ex-fiancée) on the grounds that the site is making available a video footage made by a paparazzo, in which she and her boyfriend are having sex on a Spanish beach. The lawsuit says that YouTube has to be blocked in Brazil until all copies of the video are removed. On Saturday, January 6, 2007, a legal injunction ordered that filters be put in place to prevent users in Brazil from going to the website.
The effectiveness of the measure has been questioned, since the video is not available only on YouTube, but rather has become an Internet phenomenon. On Tuesday, January 9, 2007, the same court overturned their earlier decision, ordering the filters to be taken down, even though the footage was still forbidden, but without technical support for its blockage.
Morocco.
On May 25, 2007 the state-owned company Maroc Telecom blocked all access to YouTube. There were no reasons given why Youtube was blocked. But the guesses are that it might have something to do with some pro-separatist group Polisario clips (Polisario is the Western Sahara independence movement) or because of some videos that criticized King Mohammed VI. This block did not concern the other two private internet-providers, Wana and Meditel. YouTube became accessible again on May 30th, 2007 after "Maroc Telecom" unofficially announced that the denied access to the website was only a "technical glitch".
Australia.
In Australia, some schools, including all secondary schools in Victoria, have YouTube blocked from student access, after fights have been posted on YouTube.
Terms of service.
According the site's terms of service, users may upload videos only if they have the permission of the copyright holder and of the people in the video. Pornography, defamation, harassment, commercials and videos that encourage criminal conduct may not be uploaded. The uploader gives YouTube permission to give out and change the uploaded video for any purpose, and they don't have permission anymore when the uploader deletes the video from the site. Users may view videos on the site but are not allowed to save them on their computers.

Greenwich
Greenwich IPA pronunciation: is a town in the London borough of Greenwich. It is the location of the Royal Observatory of London that is the basis for Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) and Coordinated Universal Time (UTC).

Catch Me If You Can (movie)
"Catch Me If You Can" is a movie. It stars Leonardo DiCaprio and Tom Hanks. The movie was directed by Steven Spielberg. It is based on the 1980 book by Frank Abagnale.
The story.
"Catch Me if You Can" is a comedy and a love story. It is set in 1963. Frank Abagnale is played by Leonardo DiCaprio. Frank is sixteen years old. Carl Hanratty is played by Tom Hanks. Carl is an FBI investigator. When Frank's parents get divorced, Frank decides to leave his house change his name. He buys a pilot uniform and forges (makes a fake copy of) a pilot licence. He travels with PanAm airlines to many countries. He pays with forged cheques in the USA.
Then Frank decides to work as a doctor. He again forges the documents. In the hospital he meets a girl. He works as a lawyer, so that he can marry the girl from the hospital. Carl Hanratty is at the wedding. Carl reveals to the girls' father who Frank is. In the meantime, Frank telss his wife the truth about his life and what he has done. Carl searches the house, but Frank has already left. Frank escapes and moves to Mont-de Marson, France where he lives with his mother for a while. On Christmas Day, Carl Hanratty knocks on the door and he tells Frank that he is arresting him. Frank goes quietly with Carl. When Frank leaves jail, he works with Carl Hanratty, helping Carl to catch criminals who forge cheques and other documents.

Armorica
Armorica or Aremorica is the name given in ancient times to the part of Gaul that includes the Brittany peninsula and the territory between the Seine and Loire rivers

Gaul
Gaul ("Latin:" Gallia) was the name given in ancient times to the area of Western Europe that included northern Italy, France, Belgium, western Switzerland and the parts of the Netherlands and Germany on the west bank of the Rhine river.
In English, the word "Gaul" ("French: "Gaulois) may also mean a Celtic inhabitant of that region, although the expression may be used for all ancient speakers of the Gaulish language as well. In this way, "Gaul" and "Celt" are sometimes used in the same sense.
Gauls under Brennus attacked Rome with the Battle of the Allia (390 BC).

Danelaw
The Danelaw (from the Old English "Dena lagu", Danish: "Danelagen") is an 11th century name for an area of northern and eastern England under the administrative control of the Danish Viking empire (or Danes, or Norsemen) from the late 9th century until the early 11th century.

Jorvik
"Jórvík" was the Viking name for the English city of York and the kingdom centred there.
York had been founded as the Roman legionary fortress of "Eboracum" and revived as the Anglo-Saxon trading port of "Eoforwic". It was first captured in November 866 by a large army of Danish Vikings.

Mutton
The terms lamb, mutton or hoggett are used to describe the meat of a domestic sheep. The meat of a sheep a year old or younger is generally known as "lamb", whereas the meat of an older sheep is either "hoggett" or "mutton" depending on its age and characteristics. In some countries all such meat is referred to as "lamb". All of these are known as sheepmeats.
The meat of a lamb is taken from the animal between one month and one year old, with a weight of between 5.5 and 30 kilograms. This meat generally is more tender than that from older sheep and appears more often on tables in some western countries, most often on Easter.
Hoggett and mutton can taste more flavorful than lamb because they contain a higher concentration of species-characteristic fatty acids; many therefore prefer the stronger flavour of older animals.

Prion
Prions (), short for "proteinaceous infectious particles (-ons)" are proteins that can make people sick. It is known to cause many forms of encephalitis, or brain disease, such as scrapie, Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease, kuru, and Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy, also known as Mad Cow Disease. Prions work by changing the shape of proteins in the living things it causes disease in. While normal proteins have lots of alpha helices, or twisted parts, changed proteins have lots of beta sheets, or flat parts. The word is pronounced "pree-on".

Hashish
Hashish is a sticky, thick, dark-colored resin (like sap) which is made from the cannabis plant. The cannabis plant's leaves and flowers contain a chemical or drug known as THC which gives a person who smokes or eats parts of the cannabis plant a feeling of euphoria (makes the user feel good or happy).
The two main drugs made from the cannabis plant are marijuana and hashish. Hashish has much more of the chemical THC (which makes users feel good or happy) than marijuana. Hashish is an illegal drug in the United States, Canada, and many other countries. It is controversial, since some people think it should be legal, some think it should be legal only for medical purposes, and some think it shouldn't be legal at all.
How is it made and used?
To make hashish, workers hit cannabis plants to get the resin or sap to come out, and then the resin is collected. Another way to make hashish is to sift the ground-up, dried leaves through a screen and compress the powder resin to make a "brick".
When a person wants to use hashish, they usually smoke it by putting a small piece of hashish in a joint with tobacco or marijuana. Then the person lights the paper roll with a flame and inhales the smoke that comes out.
Another way that people use hashish is by putting a small piece of hashish in a pipe or bong then lighting it with a flame, inhaling the smoke. Some people also eat hashish, usually by mixing it into food or baked goods.
Is hashish legal?
It is illegal (against the law) for people to have cannabis in most countries.
Hashish is not legal in the Netherlands, but there are no criminal laws against having a small amount of cannabis (marijuana or hashish), because the Netherlands has decided that having cannabis should not be a crime. Some other countries are starting to "decriminalize" marijuana as well (make using it or having it no longer be a crime).
In some countries, such as Canada, sick people with serious diseases can legally use marijuana if they have a prescription (a written note) from a medical doctor. When people with serious diseases such as AIDS or Multiple Sclerosis smoke marijuana, it helps them to have a good appetite for eating food. As well, when these sick people smoke marijuana, it makes them feel happy. However, these sick people do not have the legal right to use hasish!
What effects does cannabis have?
Hashish has much more of the chemical THC (which is a short form for "delta-9-tetra-hydro-canibinol") than marijuana. THC is the chemical (or drug) which causes people who take hashish or marijuana to feel euphoria (happy). Hashish is a much stronger drug than marijuana.
When people smoke hashish (in a cigarette, a tin or glass pipe, or other forms of smoking apparatus like a bong) or eat hashish, certain sensations come about. One can start feeling any of the following depending on the strain or origin: happy, relaxed, feeling silly, cloudy (not able to think clearly) which can be descriptive of the type of high experienced. The term of "getting high" could mean that the effects are a more mental stimulation while other types that are for "getting stoned" tend to render the user in a relaxed and observational state. The two types of this "High", are called 1.) a heady high or 2.) couchlock. A heady high does exactly what it sounds like by creating mental stimluation that sometimes leads to exaggerated imagination and potential over analysis on simple subjects. When one "over does it", the stimulation can lead to various degrees of diziness, euphoria and a sensation of feeling uncoordinated. In a "couchlock" state, one becomes extremely focused on a singular action or topic, sometimes leading to an unproductive state. The latter is achieved depending on the strain of marijuana or hashish, and also depends on the amount of the drug taken.
Since hashish is much stronger than marijuana, people who take a very large amount of hashish may also see imaginary (not really there) colors or patterns, or see strange visions or thoughts which are not actually there (these visions are called hallucinations). Some people who take a large amount of hashish may start feeling scared, strange, or paranoid (worried that something bad is going to happen).
Feeling sick or strange.
Hashish is less dangerous than many other illegal drugs that are commonly used. It is impossible for a person to die from an overdose of hashish. But a person who had a very large amount of hashish could start feeling sick, or feeling strange.
Getting hurt while being "high".
One of the dangers of using hashish is that a person who is intoxicated ("high" or "stoned") from hashish could get hurt or killed if they drive a vehicle while they are intoxicated.
Hurting the lungs and throat.
Smoking any drugs such as marijuana, hashish, or tobacco is bad for the lungs. Smoke hurts the lungs and the throat because the smoke has carbon monoxide (a poison) in it and contains other chemicals that can cause cancer in the lungs or mouth if the person smokes over a long time period. A person who only eats hashish will not hurt their lungs or throat.
Feeling like you cannot stop taking hashish.
Most other illegal drugs, such as heroin, crack, and cocaine are very addictive. This means that if a person starts taking heroin, crack, or cocaine, the person will want to keep taking more of the drug, even if it is making them sick (ill).
Hashish and marijuana are much less addictive than heroin, crack, and cocaine. Most people are able to use hashish as a recreational (for fun) drug, and stop taking it when they want to. However, some people who use hashish over several months or several years do get a type of addiction called a psychological ("in your mind") addiction. This means that the person thinks that they want to keep smoking more hashish.
Being less motivated to go to school or work.
As well, people who use a lot of hashish every day may start feeling less motivated about life. A person who uses a lot of hashish every day may have less interest in going to school or going to work. They may also have less interest in seeing their friends or family, or doing activities or hobbies that they used to enjoy.
Slang terms.
Hashish is often just called "hash". Slang terms vary from one country to country. A pipe used for smoking hashish is often called a "bowl". A water pipe for smoking hashish is called a "bong". There are also many slang terms for hashish smoking, such as "puffing" or "blazing". Many slang terms for cannabis intoxication, such as "getting high" and "getting stoned" are shared for hashish as the effects of cannabis / marijuana and hashish are the same.

William Pitt the Younger
William Pitt the Younger (28 May 1759 – 23 January 1806) was a British politician of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. He served as Prime Minister from 1783 to 1801, and again from 1804 until his death. He is known as "William Pitt the Younger" to distinguish him from his father, William Pitt the Elder, who also served as Prime Minister of Great Britain.

Jean-Paul Sartre
Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre (June 21, 1905 – April 15, 1980) was a French existentialist (way of thinking about human freedom) philosopher (person who thinks about ideas and ways of thinking).
Sartre also wrote plays, stories for movies, novels (stories), and criticism (written comments about other books or plays).
Sartre's life.
Sartre was born in Paris, France. He went to school in Paris at a school called the École Normale Supérieure. In 1929, Sartre graduated from university with a doctorate in philosophy. Sartre served in the French Army from 1929 to 1931.
Simone de Beauvoir was a woman who was Sartre's close friend and partner (like a wife, except that they were not married). Simone de Beauvoir was also interested in thinking about ideas and ways of thinking. Simone de Beauvoir was also a philosopher and writer. Sartre and Beauvoir criticized the ways of thinking of people from their country.
In 1938, Sartre wrote the novel (story) called "La Nausée" (Nausea). This story explains the way of thinking of existentialism. Existentialism is a way of thinking about human freedom.
In 1939 Sartre was drafted into the French army. France was at war with Germany, because Germany had invaded France (this war was called World War II) Sartre was captured by German Nazi troops in 1940, and Sartre spent nine months as a prisoner of war in a camp. Sartre was released from the prison camp (jail) in 1941. Then Sartre began working as a teacher again. He made friends with other writers and thinkers such as Merleau-Ponty, Jean-Toussaint and Dominique Desanti, and Jean Kanapa.
In 1943, Sartre wrote a book about philosophy (ways of thinking) called "L'Être et le Néant", which means "Being and Nothingness". In this book, Sartre said that when people tried too hard to conform to the rules of society (or of their country), then people did not really make their own decisions.
In 1945, Sartre started a newspaper called "Les Temps Modernes" (Modern Times), which had articles about politics, art and literature. He also began writing a group of novels (stories) called "Les Chemins de la Liberté" (The Roads to Freedom).
In 1946 Sartre wrote a book about philosophy (ways of thinking) called "Existentialism is a Humanism", which explains the way of thinking of existentialism. Existentialism is a way of thinking about human freedom.
In the 1950s and 1960s, Sartre became involved in politics. Sartre said that France should leave Algeria, a country where France had many soldiers. In the 1960s, Sartre said that the Vietnam War was bad. In 1960, he wrote the "Critique de la raison dialectique" (Critique of Dialectical Reason). In the 1960s, Sartre had many arguments with Louis Althusser, a man who believed in communism.
Sartre died in 1980. His body is buried in Cimetière du Montparnasse in Paris. His funeral was attended by 50,000 people.

John Steinbeck
John Ernst Steinbeck (February 27, 1902 - December 20, 1968) is a very famous American writer of the 20th century. Steinbeck won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1962. Some of his most famous works are "Of Mice and Men" (1937) and "The Grapes of Wrath" (1940), which won a Pulitzer Prize. In these two books, Steinbeck writes about migrant workers during the Great Depression.
Steinbeck used naturalism in his books. His characters and stories came from real events from the early 20th century. His work shows his wide range of interests, such as politics, history, philosophy and mythology.
Seventeen of his works were made into Hollywood films. Steinbeck also tried screen writing, which is writing for films. He received an Academy Award nomination for Best Writing in Alfred Hitchcock's 1945 film, "Lifeboat".
Early Life.
Steinbeck was born to John Ernst Steinbeck II, a first-generation German American. He attended Stanford University until 1925 when he left the university in order to become a writer. His first work, "Cup of Gold", came out four years later, but was not successful. He married Carol Henning the following year.
Steinbeck first gained success with the novel "Tortilla Flat" in 1935. The story was about two men living in Monterey, California during the Great Depression. The book won the California Commonwealth Club's Gold Medal. It was made into a movie seven years later, starring Spencer Tracy, Hedy Lamarr, and John Garfield.
Critical success.
Steinbeck continued to write on the subject of the Great Depression. Two years later, Steinbeck wrote "Of Mice and Men", considered as one of the best works of American literature in the twentieth century. His story dealt with the lives of two migrant laborers with big dreams in California. It was turned into a Hollywood film in 1939, starring Lon Chaney Jr. as "Lennie" and Burgess Meredith as "George". That year, Steinbeck followed up with another book, "The Grapes of Wrath". The book is about the Joad family and their travels from Oklahoma to California during the Dust Bowl in search of work. The novel won the Pulitzer Prize and film adaptation won two Academy Awards, and is ranked #7 on the American Film Institute's list, "100 Years..100 Cheers: America's Most Inspiring Movies". There was controversy with the book, though. Many people felt that Steinbeck's liberal opinions misrepresented the truth of Dust Bowl migrations.
He had this student that his name was Oscar Perez and they would both do the job together
Later life.
Steinbeck continued to write from 1940s to 1960s. He wrote such works as "The Moon is Down", "The Pearl", "Cannery Row", "East of Eden" and "The Winter of Our Discontent". In 1962, Steinbeck won the Nobel Prize in Literature for "his realistic and imaginative writing, combining as it does sympathetic humor and keen social perception."
Two years later, he was awarded the "United States Medal of Freedom" by President Lyndon B. Johnson. Steinbeck died on December 20, 1968 in New York at the age of 66, of a suspected heart attack.

Akira Kurosawa
Akira Kurosawa (March 23, 1910 – September 6, 1998) was a Japanese film director. Many of Kurosawa's movies were popular in Japan. Kurosawa's movies are also liked by people in many other countries.

Science fiction film
Science fiction movies are motion pictures which tell stories about the future, outer space, robots, or alien creatures. Many science fiction movies use special effects to create images of alien worlds or outer space planets.
Science fiction movies are related to science fiction books. Science fiction books also stories about the future, outer space, robots, or alien creatures. Some science fiction movies tell stories about strange or differentways of thinking or ways of living. Other science fiction movies tell stories about politics.
Some science fiction moviess also have styles from other types of movies.

Reading, Pennsylvania
Reading is a city in the American state of Pennsylvania. It is the fifth largest city in Pennsylvania. It is located in Berks County.

Swanage
Swanage is a seaside town on the south coast of England. The town has a population of around 10,000. The town has a wide range of tourist attractions: A steam Railway, Durlston Country Park (Nature reserve), Victorian Pier, two public swimming pools, tennis courts, Indoor & Outdoor bowling greens.

Scottish people
Scottish people are people who live in Scotland. They generally speak English but those living in the 'Highlands' and the outer islands in the North of the country may speak Gaelic, a Scottish language.

Hungen
Hungen is a town in the district of Gießen, in the state of Hesse, Germany. It is located southeast of Gießen. It is northeast of Friedberg. Other towns near Hungen are Laubach Nidda, Wölfersheim and Münzenberg.
The first documented mention of Hungen is in the year 782. In 1806 it became part of the Grand Duchy of Hessen.
Interesting buildings in Hungen are the Hungen Castle, the Evangelical Church, and the "Hauptbahnhof," (the main railroad station). Also in Hungen can be seen parts of the town's medieval boundary wall.

Bremerhaven Hauptbahnhof
Bremerhaven Hauptbahnhof is the central railway station in Bremerhaven, Germany.
The station lies on the line from Bremen to Cuxhaven. The line from Bremen was built in 1862, and a station for that was built in Geestemünde. At the time, Geestemünde did not belong to Bremerhaven, but was a separate town. The line from Geestemünde to Cuxhaven was then built in 1896.
Because there were too many trains in the old station and it is connected only with single-track, it was decided to knock down the old station. The new station, which is now Bremerhaven Hauptbahnhof, is opened in 1914. Because it still was in Geestemünde, but not as far away as the old station, it was called Geestemünde-Bremerhaven.
In 1924, some other towns joined Bremerhaven, and the city got a new name, Wesermünde. The station got a new name, Wesermünde-Bremerhaven, because of that.
In 1944, in the middle of World War II, the hall over the railway tracks was destroyed by a bomb that was thrown from an American plane. The hall was not built again after the war.
Wesermünde received another name and was called Bremerhaven from 1947, and the station received the new name too and was now called Bremerhaven Hauptbahnhof. That means "Bremerhaven Central Station", and it was called that way because it was now in the middle of the new, large city.
Electric cables were put in the station in 1966, so that electric trains could run. Trains that were carrying soldiers of the US Army often ran to Bremerhaven in the 1970s, because the US Army had large barracks in the city.

Duchy
A duchy is a territory or domain ruled by a duke or duchess. Historically, some duchies in Continental Europe were sovereign, while others (especially in France and Britain) were subordinate districts of a kingdom.
Traditionally, a "grand duchy", such as Luxembourg, was generally independent and sovereign. Sovereign duchies were common in the Holy Roman Empire and German-speaking areas. In France, a number of duchies existed in the medieval period. Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom still holds the medieval French title of "Duke of Normandy"; the only lands still attached to the Duchy of Normandy are the Channel Islands.
In medieval England, the territories of Lancashire and Cornwall were made duchies, with certain powers given to their Dukes.

Scott Bigelow
Scott Charles Bigelow (September 1, 1961 - January 19, 2007) was an American professional wrestler. He was more commonly known as Bam Bam Bigelow. He was famous for his time in the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) (now World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE)) and World Championship Wrestling (WCW) in the late 1980s and early 1990s.
Death.
On the morning of January 19, 2007, Bigelow was found dead in his home at about 10:00 A.M. in Hudson, Florida. He was 45 years old. At the time of his death, Bigelow had been suffering from an infection and diabetes.
On March 3, 2007, a Tampa newspaper, the "Tampa Tribune", said that the autopsy showed that Bigelow's death was because of Meth Lab explosion.

Incomplete metamorphosis
Incomplete metamorphosis are words used to tell about how some insects grow. It is also called hemimetabolism.
Insects change how they look and what they can do when they grow. Some insects, the insects that have incomplete metamorphosis, have three different life stages. These insects start as eggs, which are sometimes so small you cannot see them. When the egg hatches, a nymph comes out. Nymphs are just baby insects. Most of the time, the nymph looks just like the adult, but it is smaller than the adult and does not have wings. After the nymph grows, it changes again, this time into an adult with wings so it can fly.
Some insect nymphs are aquatic, which means they live in water. These nymphs usually have gills and look very different from the adults they will turn into. Nymphs that live in water are called naiads.

Anglo-Norman language
The Anglo-Norman language is the name given to the special sort of the Norman language spoken by the Anglo-Normans, the descendants of the Normans who ruled the Kingdom of England following the conquest by William of Normandy in 1066. This langue d'oïl became the official language of England and later developed into the unique insular dialect now known as the Anglo-Norman language.
Anglo-Norman was the spoken language of the Norman nobility and was also used in the courts.

Langue d'oïl
"Langues d'oïl" (which literally means in English: "languages of yes") is the linguistic and historical name for the Gallo-Romance languages which developed from Latin in the northern territories of Roman Gaul that now are occupied by northern France, part of Belgium and the Channel Islands.
Meanings and disambiguation.
"Langue d'oïl" (in the singular), "Oïl dialects" and "Oïl languages" (in the plural) refer to all the ancient northern Gallo-Romance languages as well as their modern-day descendants. The most widely spoken modern Oïl language is French, and others include Norman, Walloon, Picard, Gallo, Poitevin-Saintongeais, Champenois.
They share many common linguistic features. One of these is that "Oïl" (pronounced [wil], or [wi] as in modern French "oui"), was the ancestor of the word for "yes" used in all the Oïl languages ("oc" was and still is the word used in territories to the south, and that is why the Occitan language is also called "langue d'oc" (literal English translation: "language of yes")).

Ring
A ring is a piece of jewelry that is usually worn on the finger. It is often made of metal such as gold, silver, platinum, but can be made of other things, for example, bone or glass. Many rings have gemstones on them.

Gallo-Romance languages
The Gallo-Romance branch of Romance languages includes French and several other languages spoken in modern France and northern Italy and Spain. According to certain linguists, it also includes Occitan and Catalan; others group these two together as a separate Occitano-Romance branch, or place Catalan within the Ibero-Romance group. The Gallo-Romance languages, along with the Ibero-Romance and Rhaeto-Romance groups, form Western Romance.

Capital accumulation
Capital accumulation means the gathering of objects of value; the increase in wealth; or the creation of wealth. In this context capital can be understood as assets used for profit.
In economics capital accumulation is often seen as the same as investment.
But capital accumulation can refer as well to
Non-financial capital accumulation is an essential factor for economic growth, since additional investment is essential to enlarge the scale of production and increase employment opportunities.

Investment
Investment or investing means that an asset is bought, or that money is put into a bank to get a future interest from it.
Literally, the word means the "action of putting something in to somewhere else" (perhaps originally related to a person's garment or 'vestment').
Types of investment.
The major difference in the use of the term investment between the economics field and the finance field is that economists refer to a real investment (such as a machine or a house), while financial economists refer to a financial asset, such as money that is put into a bank or the market, which may then be used to buy a real asset. An important thing to know about investing is that even when the times are tough that is the time when you most need to hold on to your investment.
Business Management.
The investment decision (also known as "capital budgeting") is one of the fundamental decisions of business management.

Battle of Bannockburn
The Battle of Bannockburn (June 23–June 24 1314) was an important Scottish victory in the Wars of Scottish Independence. It was the decisive battle in the First War of Scottish Independence. In this battle, the Scottish king Robert the Bruce defeated the English king Edward II.

Wars of the Roses
The Wars of the Roses (1455 - 1485) was a series of civil wars fought over the throne of England between supporters of the House of Lancaster and supporters of the House of York. Both houses were branches of the Plantagenet royal house, tracing their descent from King Edward III.
The main reason for the war was that King Edward III had many sons, as shown in the family tree below. His oldest son, who is known by the nickname, "The Black Prince", died first, and the throne passed to the Black Prince's son, Richard, who became King Richard II of England in 1377 at the age of only ten. He grew up to be a weak and unpopular king, and one of his actions was to send his cousin Henry into exile. Henry later returned, while Richard was away in Ireland, and took over the country. When Richard returned, Henry tricked him into giving himself up. Richard was put in prison, where he died, and Henry became King Henry IV of England.
Although Henry IV reigned until his death, and was followed by his son, King Henry V, the next king in line, King Henry VI was only a baby. While he was still growing up, the most powerful men in the kingdom started quarrelling over how to run the country, and some of them raised an army to try to take the throne. Henry VI and his family fought back, and the war between his supporters and their enemies lasted for many years, finally coming to an end when King Henry VII of England came to the throne in 1485.

Matchbook
A matchbook is a small cardboard container that holds a quantity of matches inside and has a coarse striking surface on the exterior.
A flap on the front is lifted to access the matches, which are attached to the interior base in a comb-like pattern and must be torn away before use. (In the matchbox, by contrast, the matches are arranged loosely in the interior tray.)
Matchbooks are often covered with advertising logos or various artistic decorations, and they have served as collector's items and free souvenirs.

Friedrich Kellner Diary
The Diary of Friedrich Keller is a journal written during the Second World War. The author, August Friedrich Kellner, was a justice inspector in the courthouse in Mainz. He was also a political activist for the Social Democratic Party of Germany between 1918 and 1933. After Hitler banned the party, the family moved to Laubach.
When Hitler ordered the invasion of Poland in September 1939, Kellner began his secret diary. He named his diary "Mein Widerstand," which means "My Opposition." In the diary, he wrote down what he saw and heard about what happened in Nazi Germany. He wrote it so that people later would know about it.
The diary has ten volumes, with a total of 861 pages. There are 676 dated entries. Included in the diary are more than 500 newspaper clippings.
Historical significance.
There is not much in the diary about the Kellners’ personal lives. Instead, Friedrich Kellner wrote about the political atmosphere of a country run by terrorists. He also wrote about the leaders and people in other nations who remained indifferent to what Hitler and Mussolini were planning. Kellner was very angry that millions of people had to die because a few politicians in the democracies failed to confront Hitler and his allies. Kellner was also angry at the famous aviator Charles Lindbergh, and the car manufacturer Henry Ford, and at others who blindly expressed admiration for Adolf Hitler. “The whole world let themselves be fooled by this man,” Kellner wrote on May 3, 1942.
Purpose of the diary.
Friedrich Keller wrote the diary to expose the crimes of the Third Reich. He believed his diary could serve as a warning for future generations to oppose dictatorships and their totalitarian ideology.
After the war, Friedrich Kellner helped to reestablish the Social Democratic Party. He became of the Laubach branch. He retired from politics in 1960, at the age of seventy-five.

Nobel Prize in Economics
The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, informally called the Nobel Prize in Economics, is a prize awarded each year for outstanding contributions in the field of economics. The prize was not one of the awards set out in the will of Alfred Nobel. The winners of the prize receive their diploma and gold medal from the Swedish monarch at the same December 10 ceremony in Stockholm as the Nobel laureates in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, and literature. The amount of money awarded to the economics laureates is also equal to that of the other prizes.

Lindsey Jacobellis
Lindsey Jacobellis (born August 19, 1985 in Dansbury, Connecticut) is an American snowboarder. She competed in the 2006 Winter Olympics and won the silver medal.

Axis of Evil
Axis of Evil is a term first used by US President George W. Bush in his State of the Union speech on January 29, 2002 to describe the governments of Iraq, Iran, and North Korea. He used this term because he believed that they backed terrorism and were trying to buy weapons of mass destruction.

State of the Union Address
The State of the Union Address is a speech the president of the United States of America gives every year, usually in January. In the speech the president talks about how the country is doing and what plans he will be proposing for that year.

Ninja
A Ninja is a kind of spy or assassin who lived in Japan beginning in the 14th century.
History.
Ninja (or shinobi) were a mystery in Japanese history. The correct Japanese word for these warriors was shinobi-no-mono. Ninja is easier to say, this is why it is wider used. Ninja warriors created secret associations and participated to many political killings. Their mystery comes from the two ideas: 1) they always participated in secret spy operations and political killings; 2) ninja were hired by heads of army as paid warriors (mercenaries). The art of fighting which was used by ninja was called ninjitsu, which was a combination of shinobi-no-jitsu and shinobi-jitsu.
A ninja was always considered a superman, who was able to fly and who possessed extra natural skills. Ninja existed during the entire history of Japan, but only at the beginning of 15th century ninja became specially trained people. They mainly trained in the region of Iga and Koga.
Ninja were involved in samurai wars and were hired by samurai for different missions. But at the same time samurai didn't accepted them as noble warriors, because most of the ninja came from lower social levels. They were dangerous and could not be controlled. Their methods of fighting didn't fit the samurai code. Japanese land lords (daimyo) widely used the services of the Iga and Koga ninja in the period of 1485-1581. But in 1581, one of the three daimyo who united Japan – Oda Nobunaga attacked ninja from Iga province. The ninja remained alive and ran to the provinces Kii and Mikawa, where Tokugawa Ieyasu protected them. Later, Oda Nobunaga was killed by a samurai named Akechi Mitsuhide, who later became an enemy to Tokugawa Ieyasu.
The art of ninja fighting was transmitted from father to son, or from master (sensei) to best students. But in the middle of 17th century, Nakagawa Sosuntzin created a ninja school in the Mutsu Province. It was called Nakagawa-ryu and taught ninjitsu method of fighting. Nakagawa Sosuntzin himself trained a group of 10 men, which he called Hayamiti-no-mono (men of the short hit). Ninja were taught many more things than a samurai. He had to be skilled at handling swords, spears, bows and many more; but also he had to know about explosive and poisonous substances, to be a good path finder and to survive in different situations. Usually they were trained from young age and should have maintained their physical shape. A ninja who could read and write was very appreciated.
A ninja usually worn black clothes which helped him to hide in the dark. If they had to fight on the battlefield they put on a light armor, which protected him but also permitted to move easily. On the feet they worn Japanese socks which separated the big toe (the socks were called tabi).
The diversity of ninja weapons and attributes is much wider than that of the samurai. The main weapon of ninja was the sword. Ninja sword was usually shorter than samurai katana and had a straight blade. When they climbed, the sword was put on the left shoulder, thus the handle of the sword was close to the left ear. Ninja also used different types of throwing knives, and a weapon for fist called tagaki. They used metallic claws on their feet which served them for climbing and for feet hits.

USS Arizona Memorial
The USS Arizona Memorial is in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. It is to remember the sailors killed when Pearl Harbor was attacked on December 7, 1941 by the Japanese. During the attack 1,177 sailors were killed on the USS Arizona. The memorial is located on top of the sunken USS Arizona. It lets people walk over the ship and look at it under the water.

USS Arizona
The USS Arizona (BB-39) was an American Battleship. The building of the ship was started in 1913 and it was commissioned in 1916. It fought in World War I. The USS Arizona is best known for its sinking during the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941.The attack was the event that caused the United States to join the fighting in World War II. The wreck is still at the floor of the harbor. It is the site of a memorial to those who died that day.
Other ships.
USS Arizona (BB-39) was one of three ships in the history of the United States Navy to be named USS Arizona. It was the only one of the three to be named that after Arizona became a U.S. state.

War crime
A war crime is a crime that breaks the rules that most people accept when fighting in a war. Today, the rules that govern war are commonly the Geneva Conventions and the Hague Convention. Other cruelties and crimes committed during a war usually do not count as war crimes.

Senate
In a modern democracy, a senate is a group of people who are part of a legislature. A legislature passes or changes laws for their country, state, or other area. Members of a senate are called senators. Some legislatures have two groups of people (working in separate places) called "houses". A senate can be called a "House of Senators". The other house of such legislatures is called a "House of Representatives". In such legislatures, both houses must pass the same bill to make it a law. Examples of modern democratic areas having legislatures with senates are the United States of America (U. S.), Canada, and many states in the U. S. The senators are elected by citizens in areas the senators represent.
The first ever senate was the Roman Senate.
Senate is also the name of the ruling body of some universities.

Kano
Kano a city is Nigeria. It is the center of the Kano State. Kano is the third largest city in Nigeria, after Ibadan and Lagos. About 3,626,204 people live in Kano.
It has long been the economic centre of northern Nigeria, and a centre for the sales of groundnuts. Kano is known for the Bayero University and a railway station with trains to Lagos, moving through Kaduna, while Kano International Airport can be found nearby. Kano has long been a centre for Nigeria's Islamic culture; one of the country's finest mosques lies in the city.
History.
The city of Kano was founded around A.D. 1000 as an Hausa city of its own. Kano remained a big emirate, or Muslim kingdom, until the making of the country, Nigeria, in 1903. Kano became known for its trade in gold, leather, ivory, salt and slaves within the area. This perhaps is the reason for the city's wealth and power in the 14th century, when Islam gained a growing following. By the 15th century, the first Central Mosque had been built in the city.

Battle of Bosworth Field
The Battle of Bosworth or Bosworth Field was an important battle during the Wars of the Roses in 15th century England. It was fought on 22 August, 1485 between the Yorkist King Richard III, the last of the Plantagenet dynasty, and the Lancastrian Henry Tudor, 2nd Earl of Richmond, who wanted to become king. It ended in the defeat and death of Richard and the beginning of the Tudor dynasty. Historically, the battle is considered to have marked the end of the Wars of the Roses, although further battles were fought in the years that followed as Yorkists unsuccessfully tried to become king again.

Escherichia coli
Escherichia coli or "E. coli" is a bacterium that can be found in human intestines. Scientists have studied "E. coli" very well, and know more about how "E. coli" cells work than any other organism.
"E. coli" normally grow in soil and in the large intestines of many mammals, including humans. Most strains of "E. coli" do not cause disease, but instead help animals get vitamins and digest food. Some strains of "E. coli" cause sickness in people.
"E. coli" are not usually in food or water. When food is not been prepared with clean equipment, "E. coli" can grow in the food. When "E. coli" are found in water, this may mean that the water has touched sewage.
It is named after Theodor Escherich, who discovered it, in 1885. It was officially named after him in 1919.

Borg (Star Trek)
The Borg are a fictional race of cyborgs in the Star Trek universe.

House of Plantagenet
The House of Plantagenet ruled England in some form or another from the reign of Henry II, beginning in 1154, until the House of Tudor came to power when Richard III fell at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485.
It goes back to the Angevin counts (from 1360, dukes) of the western French province of Anjou. Three dynasties belong to it: Angevins, House of Lancaster (Lancastrians) and House of York (Yorkists). Lancastrians and Yorkists fought against each other the Wars of the Roses to get the crown for their dynasty alone.

Angevin
Angevin is the name of the residents of Anjou, a former province of the Kingdom of France, as well as to the residents of Angers. It is also used for three different medieval dynasties which go back to counts (from 1360, dukes) of the western French province of Anjou (of which "angevin" is the adjectival form), but later came to rule far greater areas including England, Ireland, Hungary, Croatia, Poland, "Kingdom of Naples and Sicily", and Kingdom of Jerusalem ("see Angevin Empire").
The first of these Angevin dynasties, the House of Plantagenet, ruled England in some form or another from the reign of Henry II, beginning in 1154, until the House of Tudor came to power when Richard III fell at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485.

Count
A count is a nobleman in most of European countries, equivalent in rank to a British earl, whose wife is also still a "countess" (for lack of an Anglo-Saxon term). The word "count" comes from French "comte".
A woman having this title or the wife of a count is called countess.

Budgerigar
The Budgerigar (nicknamed "budgie") is a small parrot. It belongs to the tribe of the wide-tailed parrots (Platycercini). Budgerigars are often called "parakeets", especially in American English. The term "Parakeet" refers to many types of small parrots with long flat tails. The budgerigar is found in the drier parts of Australia. It has lived there for over 5 million years. It is commonly kept as a pet.

Endocarditis
Endocarditis is an inflammation of the inner layer of the heart. Endocarditis most often affects the heart valves. The heart valves are a part of the human body that does not get blood. This is odd because they are a part of the heart itself. Because of this, if one of the valves gets infected with a bacteria, the body can not defend itself against that bacteria. This can cause the valve to not work the way it should.

Tetracycline
Tetracycline is an antibiotic used to treat psittacosis and other bacterial infections. It was one of the only antibiotics that was used until penicillin was discovered in 1928.

Hemoglobin
Hemoglobin (also spelled haemoglobin) is a globular protein in the blood which contains iron and is used to transport oxygen around the body. Hemoglobin are found in the red blood cells. There are about 250 million molecules of hemoglobin in every red blood cell.

Cornea
The cornea is a clear section of the eye which gives the eye most of its optical power. Together with the lens, it helps bend light so that it strikes the retina. It is a very special form of tissue because the cornea is completely clear, has no blood vessels, and has nerves with no mylein sheaths on them.

WASSCE
The 'West African Senior School Certificate Examination (WASSCE) is a type of exam in West Africa. It is made by the West African Examinations Council (WAEC). It is only given to students who live in the five English-speaking West African countries,Nigeria,Ghana,Sierra Leone,The Gambia and Liberia.
The grades.
The grades below are given on the WASSCE certificates for the students who finished their exams. They also depend on how well the students did in their exams.

Sergei Prokofiev
Sergei Sergeyevich Prokofiev (b. Sontsovka, Ukraine 23 April 1891; d. Moscow 5 March 1953) was a Russian composer and pianist who came from the Ukraine. Together with Dmitri Shostakovich he belongs to the greatest Russian composers of the 20th century. Children all over the world love to listen to his musical story "Peter and the Wolf" and the music for "Lieutenant Kije", but he wrote many other great works including symphonies, concertos, piano sonatas, ballets and operas.
Early life.
Prokofiev was born into a family who had plenty of money. His father owned a lot of land in the Ukrainian steppe. His mother played the piano very well. The young Sergei started composing at a very early age. By the time he was eleven he had written two operas and lots of short piano pieces. Soon he was writing music with unusual time signatures and in unusual changes of key.
Prokofiev's formal musical education began when, as a young boy, he started taking lessons from Reyngol'd Moritsevich Glier. In 1904 he went to study at the Conservatory in St Petersburg. He was a brilliant student, but he often disagreed with the way the professors were teaching. He was bored with the lessons in orchestration from Rimsky-Korsakov and the counterpoint lessons from Liadov although he could have learned a lot from these great men. His main friends were the composers Nikolai Myaskovsky and Boris Asafiev. He often showed them his latest piano compositions which sounded very modern. The newspaper critics did not like his music.
Prokofiev spent the summer of 1909 back at home in small Russian farming village of Sontsovka in what is now the Ukraine where his father was an estate manager. He worked in a way that was to be typical of him all his life: he kept making changes to his earlier works, he often borrowed music from one composition and put it in another, or used unfinished works in new compositions.
When he returned to St Petersburg (which had by then changed its name to Petrograd) he had piano lessons from a teacher called Anna Espova. She worked hard to discipline him in his playing. He also took conducting lessons from Nikolai Tcherepnin who taught him to like late-Romantic composers such as Scriabin and Debussy. He wrote some music himself in this style, but most of the music he wrote at this time sounded very harsh and dissonant and, although he was becoming quite famous, many people hated it. When he finished his studies at the Conservatoire he won a big prize (the Rubinstein Prize) with his "First Piano Concerto", although the examiners had found it hard to agree.
Prokofiev travelled to London where he met many famous people including Diaghilev who had a very skilled ballet group called Ballets Russes. The composer Igor Stravinsky had been writing ballet music for Diaghilev’s dancers. Prokofiev particularly loved Stravinsky’s "Rite of Spring" and it influenced his music. He wrote an opera "The Gambler" based on the novel by Dostoyevsky but the singers and the orchestra did not understand his music and refused to perform it. One of the first works of Prokofiev to become known all over the world was his First Symphony known as the "Classical Symphony". He made the music sound like that of composers from the Classical period such as Haydn. This symphony is still very popular today.
America and Europe (1918-1936).
In 1917 the Russian Revolution took place. The country was in a chaotic state so Prokofiev went to the United States. After a journey which took four months he arrived in New York. At first he had great success there, but he spent a lot of time writing several operas at once, and no opera house wanted to perform them. His ballet "The Love for Three Oranges" was very popular, but he was short of money so in 1920 he went to Paris where he had some success with his ballet "The Tale of the Buffoon". He also wrote his "Third Piano Concerto" which is one of his best works. Prokofiev lived in Paris for fourteen years, but he often went on tour, performing his works on the piano. In 1928 his "Third Symphony" was first performed. It is one of his best works, and uses a lot of music from his opera " The Fiery Angel" which was never performed complete during his lifetime. In 1923 he was invited back to Russia. Although many Soviet people tried to persuade him to stay there he decided to remain in the West where he was starting to have a very successful career. It was not until 1936 that he finally decided to move back to Russia. Life was not easy in the Soviet Union for creative people such as musicians. Composers were made to write music which told about the glories of their country. Any music which the politicians did not like was called “decadent” or “formalist” and got the composer into trouble. Prokofiev had never been interested in politics, and he may have thought that the politicians would leave him alone.
USSR: (1936-1953).
Back in Russia Prokofiev settled in Moscow. He wrote several children’s pieces including "Peter and the Wolf". He was asked to write music for two important jubilees: the 20th anniversary of the Revolution and the centenary of Pushkin’s death. He took great care over this music. He set some of Pushkin’s poems to music and wrote a very large piece called "Cantata for the Twentieth Anniversary of the October Revolution", using words by Marx, Lenin and Stalin for a total of 500 performers. The music included realistic effects such as gun shots, machine-gun fire and sirens. However, many critics said that the music was vulgar, and it was not performed until 1966, long after Prokofiev’s death. He tried to write an opera called "I am the Son of the Working People" but he did not find it a very interesting topic to set to music. The opera was going to be produced by Meyerhold, but Meyerhold was arrested and executed and the opera was dropped.
The World War II was a time of change for Prokofiev for several reasons. In 1941 he had a heart attack which was the beginning of a period of bad health. He spent a lot of time away from Moscow where it was unsafe. He stayed mostly in Georgia and Kazakhstan. His friendship with a young lady called Mira Mendelson led to the break-up of his marriage with Lina. Mira had many political friends in the Communist Party and it is possible that the break-up of his marriage was forced on him. Lina was a foreigner and marriage to foreigners was made illegal (forbidden) at that time. In 1948 she was arrested, charged with being a spy, and sent to a labour camp. Prokofiev lived with Mira for the rest of his life. Soviet writers described her as his wife, but in fact they never married. Lina was freed from the labour camp after Stalin’s death. Later she left the Soviet Union and she died in London in 1989.
During the war Prokofiev composed a lot of his best music. He wrote his most famous piano sonatas as well as working on his great opera "War and Peace" (based on the novel by Tolstoy) and writing his famous film music for Eistenstein’s "Ivan the Terrible" and composing his Fifth Symphony. The first performance of this symphony, given on 13 January 1945, was the last time he performed in public. Shortly after he had a bad fall and his health became worse. He spent the rest of his life in a house in the country to the west of Moscow, although during his last winters he lived in Moscow close to his doctors. Even in these last years he was not to find peace. Stalin’s rule of terror had serious effects on all Soviet artists. In 1948 a committee of the Communist Party spoke out against several Soviet composers including Prokofiev. They said that his music was “formalist” and “alien” to the Soviet people. His opera “War and Peace” was not allowed to be performed. The works he wrote in his last years were mostly ones which had been officially commissioned. His best work of this period is the "Symphony-Concerto" for cello and orchestra which he wrote for his friend, the cellist Mstislav Rostropovich.
Prokofiev died of a brain haemorrhage on 5 March 1953. His death was hardly mentioned in the newspapers because the dictator Stalin died on the same day.

Arab Christians
Arab Christians are people who speak Arabic and have the religion of Christianity.
Most Christian Arabs live in the Middle East, where Islam is the biggest religion. The largest number of Arab Christians are in Israel (as well as the Palestinian places), Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria. In Arab populations of these places (the Americas, Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and America), a big number of these Arabs are Christians. In Brazil, there are more than 12 million Arabs, and most of these people are Christian.
History.
For hundreds of years, Arab Christians have lived peacefully with Muslims and Jews. Even after the spreading of Islam from the 7th century AD onwards, many Christians chose not to change their religion to Islam. Instead, they kept Christianity as their belief. As Muslims call them the "People of the Book" (with Jews), Christians in the area are to obey Islamic laws. This is called the "Shari'ah" law.
Arab Christians have been around before Arab Muslims. This is because there were many Arab tribes that became Christians since the first century. They were the Nabateans (whose ancestors were Aramean) and the Ghassanids (who were of Qahtani origin and spoke Yemeni-Arabic and Greek). They protected the south-eastern parts of the Byzantine Empire in north Arabia.
Arab Christians made important contributions to the Arab world, and they still do. Some of the best poem writers at certain times were Arab Christians, and many Arab Christians were doctors, writers, government staffs, and people who knew a lot about literature.

Synthesizer
A musical synthesizer is an instrument that uses electricity to make musical sounds. Very often synthesizers have a keyboard like that of a piano. When playing a piano keyboard, sounds are made by hitting soft hammers against strings pulled very tight. When playing a synthesizer keyboard, sounds are made by turning electrical oscillators on and off. Since "synthesizer" is such a big word, the word is usually shortened to "synth".
How synthesizers work.
An oscillator is something that "vibrates", or repeats the same pattern. The pendulum of a clock, for example, is a very slow oscillator. A piano string "oscillates" when struck by a hammer.
Electric oscillators might be made using transistors. They turn electricity into electrical patterns, or signals, that repeat over and over. When different keys are pressed, different notes are heard. This is done by making the signal from the oscillator repeat at different rates.
The signal can be boosted in strength and sent straight to a loudspeaker. But the sound of a simple signal can be boring after a while. Sounds can be made more interesting in many ways!
By combining many of these methods, synths can now sound very much like older instruments. For one example, special synths called "drum synths" are used just to make the sounds a drummer might make. Synths can also make many new sounds never heard before.
In the early 2000s, computers got fast enough so "software synths" could be made. These are computer programs designed to look and work like a synth. They tend to be less expensive, so more can be used. Most of these programs can be downloaded for free, however this may be illegal, what means that police officers may arrest the player and send him or her to jail.
There are special tools available to play synths. For example, a thing called a "wind controller" lets players of wind instruments use their special skills. But there is still a need for more ways to control synths to make them more expressive.

John Foxe
John Foxe (1516–April 8, 1587) is remembered as the author of "Foxe's Book of Martyrs".
Education and Resignation from Oxford.
Foxe was born at Boston, in Lincolnshire, England of a prominent family. In 1535 Foxe was admitted to Magdalen College School. He became a fellow July 1539.
Foxe resigned from his college in 1545, after referring to it as "a prison." During his time at Oxford he became an evangelical, meaning that he decided for Protestant beliefs not accepted by the Church of England under Henry VIII.
As he wanted to leave Oxford, Foxe looked to other evangelicals for help but received only advice and a little money. Foxe married Agnes Randall on February 3, 1547.
Life in London under Edward VI.
With the death of Henry VIII in January of 1547 Foxe's prospects (and those of the evangelical cause generally) changed for the better. Foxe was ordained deacon by Nicholas Ridley on June 24, 1550.
Marian Exile.
In the fall of 1554 Foxe moved to Frankfurt, where he lived with Anthony Gilby in the English colony of Protestant refugees.
Foxe then removed to Basel where he lived and worked with John Bale and Lawrence Humphrey.
Return to England.
In 1559, when Mary I had died Foxe returned to England. He lived for some time at Aldgate, London, in the house of his former pupil, Thomas Howard. Foxe started publishing works of religious controversy and worked on a new martyrology, which would become the "Foxe's Book of Martyrs".
Foxe was ordained priest by Edmund Grindal, now Bishop of London, on January 25, 1560, and he moved to Norwich to live with its bishop, John Parkhurst. On March 23 of the following year the first edition of Foxe's Book of Martyrs was published.
Foxe was one of the earliest students of Anglo-Saxon, and he and Day published an edition of the "Saxon gospels" with the help of Archbishop Parker.
Foxe died on the 8th of April 1587 and was buried at St. Giles's, Cripplegate.

Evangelicalism
The word evangelicalism mostly means religious practices and traditions which are found in conservative Protestant Christianity.
Evangelicalism is typified by an emphasis on evangelism, a personal experience of conversion, biblically oriented faith and a belief in the importance of Christian faith to cultural issues. In the late 20th century and early 21st century, Protestant people, churches and social movements have often been called "evangelical" in contrast to Protestant liberalism.
In continental Europe the word Evangelical is often understood to mean Protestant or even Lutheran as a literal translation of the German "evangelisch". In Germany, the Protestant religious group known as Lutherans in the USA and other places throughout the world are exclusively referred to as "die Evangelischen" or the Evangelicals belonging to the Evangelical Church in Germany.

920s
Centuries: 9th century - 10th century - 11th century
Decades: 870s - 880s - 890s - 900s - 910s - 920s - 930s - 940s - 950s - 960s -- 970s
Years: 920 921 922 923 924 925 926 927 928 929

940s
Centuries: 9th century - 10th century - 11th century
Decades: 890s - 900s - 910s - 920s - 930s - 940s - 950s - 960s - 970s - 980s - 990s
Years: 940 941 942 943 944 945 946 947 948 949

910s
Centuries: 9th century - 10th century - 11th century
Decades: 860s - 870s - 880s - 890s - 900s - 910s - 920s - 930s - 940s - 950s - 960s
Years: 910 911 912 913 914 915 916 917 918 919

Canopic jar
Canopic jars were used to store the internal organs of a mummy in ancient Egypt. The lid had the head of a god or goddess of ancient Egypt. These jars were used to store organs which were removed from a dead person because they were thought to be useless.

Fellow
A fellow is someone who is an equal or a comrade, but most often it means a member of a group of learned people who work together at university or other academic institutions. However, there are no precise rules for how the title is used, and each academic institution grants the title as it sees fit.

Millipede
Millipedes are arthropods. They have very long bodies. Millipedes are segmented. They have between 20 to over 100 segments. Except for the first few segments, each segment has 2 pairs of legs. So far, about 10.000 different species of millipedes have been identified. The animals are detrivores, they eat what is left over. In most of the cases, this is decaying leaves and other plant matter. Most millipedes are poisonous. This protects them from being eaten. They are usually slow movers.
They can easily be told apart from centipedes. Centipedes move faster, and only have one pair of legs per segment.
Millipedes were among the first animals to colonize the land.

Edwy of England
Edwy All-Fair or "Eadwig" (941? – October 1, 959) was the King of England from 955 until his death. Edwy was the eldest son of King Edmund I and Saint Elgiva. Edwy was chosen in 955 to succeed his uncle Edred as King.
His short reign as King was marked by conflict. He had problems within his family, the Thanes, and the Roman Catholic Church, under the leadership of Saint Dunstan and Archbishop Odo. Edwy died at the age of eighteen or nineteen, and was succeeded by his rival brother, Edgar, who re-unified the kingdom.

Oda the Severe
Saint Oda or Odo, called the Good or the Severe (d. 958) was a 10th century Archbishop of Canterbury in England.

Magdalen College School, Oxford
Magdalen College School is an independent school for boys located on the edge of central Oxford, England. It was founded as part of Magdalen College, Oxford by William Waynflete in 1480.
The School was originally founded by William Waynflete to educate the sixteen boy choristers of Magdalen College, Oxford who sang in the college's chapel.

Edward V of England
Edward V (4 November 1470 – 1483?) was the King of England from 9 April 1483 until he was removed two months later, on 25 June 1483. His uncle, Richard III replaced him. Edward died in the Tower of London some time afterwards, and the cause of his death is still a mystery today, but he was probably murdered, along with his brother Richard.

Lincolnshire
Lincolnshire (abbreviated Lincs) is a county in the east of England. It borders Norfolk, Cambridgeshire, Rutland, Leicestershire, Nottinghamshire, South Yorkshire, the East Riding of Yorkshire, and (for just 19 metres or 20 yd, England's shortest county boundary) Northamptonshire. Its county town is the ancient city of Lincoln.

Norfolk
Norfolk is a low-lying county in East Anglia in the east of southern England. It has borders with Lincolnshire to the west, Cambridgeshire to the west and southwest and with Suffolk to the south. Its northern and eastern boundaries are the North Sea coast, including The Wash. The county town is Norwich

ISO 3166-2
ISO 3166-2 is a standard. It was made by the International Organisation for Standardisation. It extends ISO 3166 to a national level. ISO 3166 is about abbreviating geographical names like countries to two or three letter codes, or numbers. ISO3166-2 does the same with provinces on a per-country level.

Leicestershire
Leicestershire (abbreviated Leics) is a county in central England. It takes its name from the heavily populated City of Leicester, its traditional administrative centre, although the City of Leicester is today administered separately from the rest of Leicestershire. The county borders onto Lincolnshire, Rutland, Northamptonshire, Warwickshire, Staffordshire, Derbyshire, and Nottinghamshire.
Leicestershire was recorded in the Domesday Book.

Northamptonshire
Northamptonshire (abbreviated "Northants" or "N'hants") is a county in central England with a population of 629,676 (2001 census). It has borders with Warwickshire, Leicestershire, Rutland, Cambridgeshire, Peterborough, Bedfordshire, Buckinghamshire (including the Borough of Milton Keynes), Oxfordshire, and Lincolnshire (England's shortest county boundary: 19 metres). The county town is Northampton.
Northamptonshire has often been called the county of "squires and spires" due to its wide variety of historic buildings and country houses.
Northampton is by far the largest town in the county, with a population of 194,122. This is followed by Corby (53,174), Wellingborough (48,428), Kettering (47,000), Rushden (25,849) and Daventry (22,367). Most of the county's population is concentrated in a central north-south.
Places.
These are the main settlements in Northamptonshire with a town charter, a population over 5,000, or otherwise notable.
Two major canals - the Oxford and the Grand Union — join in the county at Braunston.
A branch of the Grand Union Canal connects to the River Nene in Northampton.
Two trunk railway routes, the West Coast Main Line and the Midland Main Line traverse the county.
Before nationalisation of the railways in 1948 and the creation of British Railways), Northamptonshire was home to three of the "Big Four" railway companies; the London, Midland and Scottish Railway, London and North Eastern Railway and Great Western Railway. Only the Southern Railway was not represented.

Fractal geometry
Fractal Geometry is the study of sets called fractals. When drawn, a fractal is very rough-looking. Also, it can be cut into parts which look quite like a smaller version of the set that was started with. Another thing that fractals have is a dimension which is not what people would expect - often it is not an whole number. Fractals have very simple descriptions. Last of all, even in very small parts of the set, the set will still look very rough.
The Koch Curve.
The Koch Curve is a simple example of a fractal. First, start with part of a straight line - called a straight line segment. Cut the line into 3 same-sized pieces. Get rid of the middle of those pieces, and put in the top part of a triangle with sides which are the same length as the bit to cut out. We now have 4 line segments which are touching at the ends. We can now do what we just did to the first segment to each of the 4 bits. We can now do the same thing again and again to all the bits we end up with. We now do this forever and look at what we end up with.
The length of the Koch Curve is infinity, and the area of the Koch Curve is zero. This is quite strange. A line segment (with dimension 1) could have a length of 1, but it has an area of 0. A square of length 1 and width 1 (with dimension 2) will have area 1 and length of infinity.
Similarity Dimension.
So, the Koch Curve seems to be bigger than something of dimension 1, and smaller than something of dimension 2. The idea of the similarity dimension is to give a dimension which gives a better idea of length or area for fractals. So, for a Koch Curve, we want a dimension between 1 and 2.
formula_4
Where formula_5 is the logarithm of a number. This number is the Hausdorff Dimension of the fractal. In the Koch Curve, this is formula_6 as we wanted.
Koch snowflake.
The Koch snowflake (or Koch star) is the same as the Koch curve, except it starts with an equilateral triangle instead of a line segment.
Applications.
Fractals have many applications e.g. in biology (lung, Kidneys, heart rate variability etx...), in earthquakes, in finance where it is related to the so called heavy tail distributions and in physics. This indicates that fractals should be studied to understand why fractals are so frequent in nature?
E.Ahmed, Mathe, Dept., Faculty of Science, Mansoura 35516, Egypt.

Earl
An Earl or Jarl was an Anglo-Saxon and Scandinavian title, meaning "chieftain" and it referred especially to chieftains set to rule a territory in a king's stead. In Scandinavia, it got out of use in the Middle Ages, whereas, in Britain, it became synonymous with the continental count.
Today, an earl is a member of the British peerage and ranks below a Marquess and above a Viscount. A British Earl is equivalent to a continental Count. Since there is no feminine form of Earl, the wife of an Earl bears the rank of Countess (the continental equivalent).

Lobster
Lobsters are large crustaceans that live in the sea. The form the family of Nephorpidae, which is sometimes also called Homaridae. Lobsters are an economically important type of seafood.
Biology.
Several different groups of crustaceans are known as lobsters. When people talk about lobsters, they mean "clawed lobsters" most of the time, such as the genus "Homarus". Clawed lobsters are not closely related to spiny lobsters or slipper lobsters, which have no claws ("chelae"), or squat lobsters. The closest relatives of clawed lobsters are the reef lobster "Enoplometopus" and the three groups of freshwater crayfish.
Smaller kinds are sometimes called "lobsterettes". Lobsters are invertebrates, and have a tough exoskeleton (outer skeleton), which protects them. Like most arthropods, lobsters must shed it in order to grow. This is called "moulting". It leaves them weak and easy to attack during this time. During the moulting process, several species may experience a change in color.
Lobsters live on rocky, sandy, or muddy bottoms from the shore to beyond the edge of the continental shelf. They generally live alone in cracks or in burrows under rocks.
Lobsters typically eat live food, consisting of fish, mollusks, other crustaceans, worms, and some plant life. Sometimes, they will scavenge (eat dead plants and animals) if necessary, and may resort to cannibalism in captivity; however, this has not been observed in the wild. Lobster skin in the stomachs of lobsters has been found before, although this is because lobsters will eat their shed skin after molting  . Lobsters grow throughout their lives and it is not unusual for a lobster to live for more than 100 years . They can thus reach impressive sizes. According to the Guinness World Records, the largest lobster was caught in Nova Scotia, Canada and weighed 20.14 kg (44.4 lb).
Being arthropods, lobsters are largely bilaterally symmetrical (they are the same on the left and right sides). Clawed lobsters often possess unequal, specialized claws, like the king crab. A freshly caught lobster will have a claw that is full and fleshy, not shrunken. The anatomy of the lobster includes the cephalothorax which is the head combined with the thorax, both of which are covered by the carapace, of chitinous composition, and the abdomen. The lobster's head bears two pairs of antennae, three pairs of jaws. Because a lobster lives in a murky environment at the bottom of the ocean, its eyesight is poor and it mostly uses its antennae to feel around. Studies have shown that the lobster eye is formed with a reflective structure at the top a rounded retina (eye part). In contrast, most complex eyes use lenses that change the direction of rays and a inward-curving retina . The abdomen of the lobster includes swimming legs and a tail fan.
In general, lobsters move slowly by walking on the bottom of the sea floor. However, when they are in danger and need to escape, they swim backwards quickly by curling and uncurling their abdomen. A speed of 5 metres per second has been recorded.

Spiny lobster
Spiny lobsters, also known as rock lobsters are a family (Palinuridae) of about 45 species of crustaceans, in the Decapoda Reptantia. Spiny lobsters are also called "crayfish", "sea crayfish" or "crawfish".
Although they superficially resemble true lobsters in terms of overall shape, and that they also have a hard carapace and exoskeleton, the two groups are not closely related. Spiny lobsters can be easily distinguished from true lobsters by their very long, thick, spiny antennae, and by their complete lack of claws ("chelae"); true lobsters have much smaller antennae and claws on the first three pairs of legs, with the first being particularly enlarged. Like true lobsters, however, spiny lobsters are edible and are an economically significant food source; they are the biggest food export of the Bahamas .
Spiny lobsters are found in almost all warm seas, including the Caribbean and the Mediterranean Sea, but are particularly common in Australasia, where they are referred to commonly as crayfish or sea crayfish ("Jasus novaehollandiae" and "Jasus edwardsii"), and South Africa ("Jasus lalandii"). A new species, "Palinurus barbarae" was described in 2006.
The largest spiny lobster on record was over 1 m (3 ft) long and weighed over 11.8 kg (26 lb).
Spiny lobsters tend to live in crevices of rocks and coral reefs, only occasionally venturing out at night to seek snails, clams, crabs, sea urchins or carrion to eat. Sometimes, they migrate "en masse", in long files of lobsters across the sea floor. Potential predators may be deterred from eating spiny lobsters by a loud screech made by the antennae of the spiny lobsters rubbing against a smooth part of the exoskeleton . Spiny lobsters usually exhibit social habit by being together. However recent studies indicate that healthy lobsters move away from infected ones and leaving the diseased lobsters to fend for itself .
The furry lobsters ("e.g." "Palinurellus") are sometimes separated into a family of their own, the Synaxidae, but are usually considered members of the Palinuridae. The slipper lobsters (Scyllaridae) are their next closest relatives, and these two or three families make up the Achelata. Genera of spiny lobsters include "Palinurus" and a number of anagrams thereof: "Panulirus", "Linuparus", "etc." (Palinurus was also a helmsman in Virgil's Æneid.)

Bromeliad
Bromeliads are a family of tropical plants which includes the pineapple and several colourful houseplants. They are nearly all from Latin America and the Caribbean islands, except for Spanish moss from the southern United States, and a single kind from Africa.
Well-known kinds of bromeliad.
Pineapples (Latin name: "Ananas"). See Pineapple.
Air plants (Latin name: "Tillandsia") are very curious because they do not need any roots to stay alive. Instead they soak up moisture from the air around them through tiny, silvery scales on their leaves. They have so many of these scales that the whole plant can look grey. In the wild they grow on tree banches in rainy and misty areas. In the Caribbean there is a kind that grows on telephone wires!
Urn plants (Latin name: "Aechmea") are easy to keep. They grow to about 60 cm across, but because the stiff, green-and-grey leaves have spiny edges, they need to be out of the way. Urn plants got their name because they have a hole in the middle made by the ring-shaped arrangement of their leaves. This central urn fills up with rainwater in the wild and is often home to insects and frogs. Its flowers are held high on a single stem, and protected by a globe of small, pink leaves which lasts for several months.
Vriesias (Latin names: "Vriesia" and "Guzmania") are like urn plants, but they have no spines and their leaves are softer. They are often sold in flower shops (and sometimes in supermarkets) and are very easy to look after. Their flowers grow on a single stem, protected by flattened, colourful leaves. It is better not to fill the central space with water, as these soft-leaved plants might rot. instead their soil should be watered.
Spanish moss.
Spanish moss (Latin name: "Tillandsia usneoides") is a grey plant found hanging from trees in the swamps of the southern United States, especially in Louisiana but as far east as coastal Virginia. To the south it spreads as far as Chile and Argentina. It gained its current name from Spanish and French colonisers in the Gulf of Mexico. The French called it "Barbe Espagnole" ("Spanish beard") to insult their rivals, and the Spanish in turn called it "Cabello francés" ("French hair"). Today "Spanish moss" survives as a mild version of the French taunt, although some call the plant "Graybeard".
Other kinds of bromeliad.
"Bromelia", the plant which gives its name to the family, is the only other bromeliad with edible fruit. Its berries taste a bit like pineapple, but are less tasty, and there are not very many on each plant.
"Fascicularia" is the only bromeliad that can be grown in frosty areas. It is not killed by frost if it is kept dry in the winter.
"Pitcairnia" is the only wild bromeliad outside the Americas. One species, "Pitcairnia feliciana", was discoved living in West Africa. It is probably descended from seeds carried by migrating birds.
"Puya" is the largest bromeliad. It can grow up to nine metres tall. It lives in the Andes mountains, and is sometimes eaten by bears for its nectar. In Chile the young leaves of some puyas are eaten in salads.

Oscillator
An oscillator is something that "vibrates", or repeats the same pattern. Many things in nature move back-and-forth or up-and down when pushed or struck. In time, natural oscillators slow down and stop because of friction.

Eucalyptus
"Eucalyptus" is a name for a kind of tree. Nearly all of them are from Australia. Eucalyptus can be found in almost every part of the Australia. Nearly every kind of Australian tree is a eucalyptus. They have many local names, like gum trees, mallee, box, ironbark, stringybark, and ash.
Flowers and leaves.
Eucalypts have special flowers and fruits that no other trees have. When it flowers a bud cap made of petals grows around the flower until it is ready to open. Then the bud cap falls off to reveal a flower with no petals.
The woody fruits are called gumnuts. They are roughly cone-shaped and open at one end to release the seeds.
Nearly all eucalypts are evergreen but some tropical species lose their leaves at the end of the dry season. The leaves are covered with oil glands. These oils are often used to treat coughs and colds.
Many Eucalypts also change the shape of their leaves as they get older. Young eucalypts have round leaves. When one to a few years old, the leaves of most kinds become longer and spearhead or sickle shaped. A few kinds keep the round leaf shape all their lives. Most species do not flower until the adult leaves starts to appear.
Bark.
The bark dies every year. In smooth-barked trees most of the bark falls off the tree, leaving a smooth surface that is often colourfully marked. With rough-barked trees the dead bark stays on the tree and dries out. Many kinds of eucalyptus trees have smooth bark at the top but rough bark lower down. These different kinds of bark are used to arrange the eucalypts into groups - this is useful because there are hundreds of kinds of eucalypts, and breaking down the group in this way makes the group easier to understand.
Tall timber.
Today, specimens of the Australian Mountain Ash, are among the tallest trees in the world at up to 92 metres in height and the tallest of all flowering plants; taller trees such as the Coast Redwood are all conifers. There is evidence that at the time of European settlement of Australia some Mountain Ash were indeed the tallest plants in the world.
Frost.
Most eucalypts cannot survive frost, or can only stand light frosts down to -3°C to -5°C. The hardiest eucalypts are the so-called Snow Gums such as "Eucalyptus pauciflora" which is capable of withstanding cold and frost down to about -20°C. Two sub-species (wild varieties) of this tree can survive enen colder winters.
Several other kinds, especially from the high plateau and mountains of central Tasmania, have produced extreme cold-hardy forms. It is seed from these hardy strains that are planted for ornamental trees in colder parts of the world.
Animals and eucalypts.
An oil found in eucalyptus leaves is a strong, natural disinfectant, which is used in some medicines, but can be poisonous if too much is taken. Several marsupials, such as koalas and some possums, are partly resistant to it. These animals can tell which plants are safe to eat by their smell.
Eucalypts make a lot of nectar, providing food for many insects.
Dangers.
Eucalypts have a habit of dropping entire branches off as they grow. Eucalyptus forests are littered with dead branches. The Australian Ghost Gum "Eucalyptus papuana" is sometimes called the "widow maker", due to the high number of tree-felling workers who were killed by falling branches. Many deaths were actually caused by simply camping under them, as the trees shed whole and very large branches to save water during droughts. For this reason, you should "never" camp under large eucalyptus branches.
Fire.
On warm days eucalyptus oil vapour rises above the bush to create the well-known distant blue haze of the Australian landscape. Eucalyptus oil catches fire very easily, and bush fires can travel quickly through the oil-rich air of the tree crowns. The dead bark and fallen branches are also flammable. Eucalypts are well adapted for periodic fires - in fact most species are dependent on them for spread and regeneration. They do this in several ways: by sprouting from underground tubers, hidden buds under their bark and from seeds sprouting in the ashesafter the fire has opened them.
How fire helped the spread of eucalypts.
Eucalypts began between 35 and 50 million years ago, not long after Australia and New Guinea separated from Gondwana. Their coming coincides with an increase in fossil charcoal deposits (which might mean that fire was important to them even then), but they remained a minor component of the rainforest until about 20 million years ago, when the gradual drying of the continent and lessening of soil richness led to the growth of a more open forest type, with mainly "Casuarina" and "Acacia" trees. With the arrival of the first humans about 50 thousand years ago, fires became much more frequent and the fire-loving eucalypts soon came to account for roughly 70% of Australian forest.
Eucalypts grow back quickly after fire.
The two valuable timber trees, Alpine Ash and Mountain Ash, are killed by fire and only grow back from seeds. The same fire which had little impact on forests around Canberra has resulted in thousands of hectares of dead forests.
Cultivation and uses.
Eucalypts have many uses which have made them important. Because of their fast growth, the main benefit of these trees is the wood. They provide many uses, such as planting in parks and gardens, timber, firewood and pulpwood. Fast growth also makes eucalypts suitable as windbreaks.
Eucalypts draw a very large amount of water from the soil. They have been planted (or re-planted) in some places to lower the water table and reduce the amount of salt in the soil. Eucalypts have also been used as a way of reducing malaria by draining the soil in such places as Algeria, Sicily mainland Europe and California. Drainage removes swamps which provide a habitat for mosquito larvae, but such drainage can also destroy harmless habitats by accident.
Eucalyptus oil is refined from the leaves by steaming. It can be used for cleaning, deodorising, and in very small amounts in food supplements, especially sweets, cough drops and decongestants. Eucalyptus oil is an insect repellent (Fradin & Day 2002).
The nectar of some eucalyptus produces high quality honey. In the western United States the flowering is in late January, before the flowering of other nut and fruit trees; this means that its nectar can be easily made into its own kind of honey, which is said to have a buttery taste.
The ghost gum's leaves were used by Aborigines to catch fish. Soaking the leaves in water releases a mild tranquiliser which stuns fish, making them easy to catch.
Eucalyptus is also used to make the digeridoo, a musical wind instrument made popular by the Aborigines.
Problems caused by eucalypts.
Eucalypts were first introduced to the rest of the world by Sir Joseph Banks, botanist on the Cook expedition in 1770. They have since been introduced to many parts of the world. Several species have become invasive (spreading out of the area they were planted in) and are causing major problems for local wildlife.
Spain.
In Spain, they have been planted in pulpwood plantations, replacing native oak woodland. As in other such areas, while the original woodland supports kinds of native animal life, the eucalypt groves cannot support the local wildlife, leading to silent forests and the decline of wildlife populations. On the other hand, eucalyptus helps several industries, such as sawmilling, pulp, and charcoal making.
California.
In the 1850s many Australians traveled to California to take part in the California Gold Rush. Much of California has similar climate to parts of Australia, and some people had the idea of introducing eucalyptus. By the early 1900s thousands of hectares of eucalyptus were planted with the encouragement of the state government. It was hoped that they would provide a renewable source of timber for construction and furniture making. However this did not happen partly because the trees were cut when they were too young and partly because the Americans did not know how to process the cut trees to prevent the wood from twisting and splitting.
One way in which the eucalyptus, mainly the blue gum, proved valuable in California was in providing windbreaks for highways, orange groves, and other farms in the mostly treeless central part of the state. They are also admired as shade and ornamental trees in many cities and gardens.
Eucalyptus forests in California have been criticized because they drive out the native plants and do not support native animals. Fire is also a problem. The 1991 Oakland Hills firestorm which destroyed almost 3,000 homes and killed 25 people was partly fueled by large numbers of eucalyptus in the area close to the houses.
In some parts of California eucalyptus forests are being removed, and native trees and plants restored. Some people have also illegally destroyed some trees and are suspected of bringing in insect pests from Australia which attack the trees.
Brazil.
In 1910 the eucalyptus were introduced on Brazil for timber substitution and the charcoal industry. Regrettably the long term effects were not studied, and in the present the eucalyptus is causing problems because of its high consumption of water. This causes the souil to dry out, killing many local plants which the local animals need to survive.

Cell theory
Cell theory is a way to describe the biology of living things. Cell theory says that the cell is the basic unit of life. Cells by themselves are alive, but they can also be part of a larger living thing. The smallest living organisms (like bacteria but not viruses) and the biggest ones (like humans and whales) are all made of cells. Very small organisms like bacteria and amoebas are only made of one cell each, so they are called unicellular organisms ("uni" means "one"). Larger organisms are made of many cells, and they are called multicellular organisms.
These cells were born from older cells, in a process called cell division. Cells contain information that is passed from the parent cell to the daughter cells, so that the daughter cells can do what they need to do. This information is carried on molecules called DNA.
Because cells are alive, they must be able to eat and do other things to stay alive. All cells have chemical ways of consuming food. These are part of its metabolism.
Even though there are many kinds of cells, they have some similarities too. Many of the chemicals inside of them are the same.
History.
Robert Hooke discovered cells in 1663. He used a microscope to look at a piece of cork cambium. What he saw through the microscope reminded him of the small rooms that monks lived in. These rooms were called "cellula" in Latin, so Hooke called his discovery "cells". Hooke did not know that he was looking at dead cell walls and not living cells.. These cell walls did not have the nucleus and other organelles found in most living cells.
The first man to look at a live cell under a microscope was Anton van Leeuwenhoek. In 1674, he described the algae "Spirogyra". He also described bacteria, which he called "animacules".

Oxfordshire
Oxfordshire (short Oxon, from the Latinised form "Oxonia") is a county in the South East of England, bordering on Northamptonshire, Buckinghamshire, Berkshire, Wiltshire, Gloucestershire, and Warwickshire.
It is divided into five local government districts: Oxford, Cherwell, Vale of the White Horse (after the "Uffington White Horse"), "West Oxfordshire" and "South Oxfordshire".
The county has a major tourism industry. The area is known for the concentration of motorsport companies and facilities. Oxford University Press has headed a concentration of print and publishing firms; the university is also linked to the concentration of local biotechnology companies.
The main centre of population is the city of Oxford. Other significant settlements are Bicester, Banbury, and Chipping Norton to the north of Oxford; Witney to the west; Thame and Chinnor to the east; and Abingdon, Wantage, Didcot and Henley-on-Thames to the south. Future population growth in the county is hoped to be concentrated around Banbury, Bicester, Didcot and Witney, near the South Midlands growth area.
The highest point of the county is Whitehorse Hill, in the Vale of White Horse, reaching 856 feet (261m).
History.
The county of Oxfordshire was formed in the early years of the 10th century.
Historically the area has always had some importance, it has been good agricultural land resting between the main southern cities and Oxford (whose name came from Anglo-Saxon "Oxenaford" = "ford for oxen"). The area was part of the Cotswolds wool trade from the 13th century. The Great Western Railway reached Didcot in 1839. Morris Motors was founded in Oxford in 1912 and MG in Abingdon in 1929. The importance of agriculture as an employer has gone down in the 20th century; today less than one percent of the county's population are involved.
The Vale of the White Horse and parts of South Oxfordshire south of the River Thames were historically part of Berkshire, but were added to the administrative county in 1974.

Minnie Mouse
Minnie Mouse is a cartoon character. She is Mickey Mouse's girlfriend. They were both created by Walt Disney. Her birthday is on 18th November 1928. But she only first appeared in 1928, in “Plane Crazy”. She is also known as Princess Minnie and Maestro Minnie.
Family.
Minnie Mouse’s parents are both farmers. Marcus mouse is her father’s name. His name was introduced in the comic strip story “Mr. Slicker and the Egg Robbers” (published 22 September- 26 December, 1930). But Minnie’s mother’s name is not known by anyone. The same story featured the grandparents of Minnie Mouse, Marshall Mouse and Matilda Mouse. Mortimer Mouse is her uncle and he is known as the closest relatives. Also her twin nieces are called Millie and Melody.
Pets.
Minnie Mouse has two pets, a one dog and a cat. The dog is called Fifi. Fifi has 5 puppies with Mickey’s dog, Pluto. Pluto was Minnie’s dog first; he was called Rover at that time. She also has a cat called Figaro, this is the same cat which appears in the Disney movie Pinocchio.
Marriage to Mickey.
Walt Disney said in a interview in 1933 that in private Mickey and Minnie are married. He also said that many people asked him about this. Depending on the movie, Minnie and Mickey are married or sometimes not married.
Gossip about Minnie's name.
From 19th January 1942 to 2nd May 1942 there was a comic magazine called “The Gleam”. In this magazine once it said that Minnie’s real name was Minerva Mouse. But the Walt Disney head office said that there is no register about her real name as Minerva. There is not much information about Minerva, but she is similar to Minnie’s character. Therefore many people miss understood that Minerva was Minnie’s real name. Formally Minnie’s name is only registered as “Minnie Mouse”.
However some sources say that Minerva is Minnie’s real name, and that Minnie’s full name is Minerva “Minnie” Mouse.
More likely is that Minnie's original name was the German/Dutch Wilhelmina, which is about the only name for which Minnie is the "official" abbreviation (http://www.thinkbabynames.com/meaning/0/Minnie). Possibly, this fact was suppressed during the 1930s, as Germany became more unpopular due to its political and racial leanings.
Friends.
It seems that Minnie’s closest friends are Daisy, Donald Duck’s girlfriend, and also occasionally Clarabelle Cow. She often goes shopping with Daisy and she spends a lot of time with her.

Tadpole shrimp
A tadpole shrimp is a type of simple freshwater crustacean. It has the word "shrimp" in its name, but is not a true shrimp.
called Triops, dinosaur shrimps or shield shrimps. They're not really dinosaurs, but they have been on earth for about 300 million years. When these crustaceans first appeared on earth, there were no birds, no dinosaurs, and definitely no humans or other mammals.They are the oldest surviving group of animals.
They live in temporary pools of water on every continent except Antarctica. They grow very quickly, and can reach adulthood in a week. Triops only live for a short time; a record-breaking female only lived to be 100 "days". When their pools dry up,adult tadpole shrimp die. Their eggs, however, stop developing for a period of time. When they are in water again, they come to life, and new Triops are hatched. This is because of a state known as diapause, where eggs can lie dormant for up to twenty years before hatching again.
Triops are popular pets, with many sites online dedicated to them, the most prominent site being Mytriops.com.
The word "Triops" can be broken down into two shorter ones, "Tri" meaning three and "Ops" similar to optics, eyes. This is due to the fact triops have an extra central eye. They also have up to 70 legs.

Porphyria
Porphyria is the name for certain medical conditions or diseases. Those who suffer from the disease can not make certain substances in the blood. The condition may be because of a genetic deficiency or because it was acquired in some way. This will manifest in either skin problems, or some diseases of the nervous system, or both. Drugs are available that can at least treat the symptoms. This disease is most common in European countries and often affects the skin. When someone is affected by Porphyria they will start to lose their hair about two weeks after having an attack. There is no cure for the hair loss, however, there is medication available to help prevent attacks.

Diatom
Diatoms (Greek: " (dia)" = "through" + " (temnein)" = "to cut", i.e., "cut in half") are a big group of eukaryotic algae. They are one of the most common types of phytoplankton. Most diatoms are unicellular, although some form chains or simple colonies. A characteristic feature of diatom cells is that they are encased within a unique cell wall made of silica. These walls show a wide diversity in form, some quite beautiful and ornate, but usually consist of two asymmetrical sides with a split between them, which gives the group name.

Decapitation
Decapitation or beheading is the act of cutting off the head from the rest of the body of a living thing. "Beheading" usually means that the removal of the head is intentional. It is generally done during a murder or execution with an axe, sword, or guillotine. If the removal of the head is an accident or unintentional, it is called "decapitation". It can happen because of an auto accident, explosion, factory accident, a mistake during a hanging or some other violent accident.
Decapitation is always fatal, that is, the result is always death.
Decapitation can also describe the removal of a head from a body that is already dead. In these situations, the head is usually a trophy or a public display of warning.

Dmitri Mendeleev
Dmitri Mendeleev (born Dmitriy Ivanovich Mendeleyev, February 8 {O.S. January 27) 1834 in Tobolsk – February 2 (O.S. January 20) 1907 in Saint Petersburg) was a Russian chemist. He is said to be the main creator of the first version of the periodic table of elements. Many of the predictions made in his periodic table (such as the properties of elements undiscovered at the time) were later proved correct by experiments. It was said that Mendeleev liked to arranged his cards to any order- color, size, shape, number, what box it came from.

Wakizashi
The wakizashi is a traditional Japanese sword. It is shorter than the katana, which was well known in the beginning of the 17th century as a "kodachi" sword. The two swords were always carried together: the wakizashi finished off the work of the katana sword. Such a sword could be from 30cm to 60cm (12 to 24 inches) long. A small version was called a "ko-wakizashi", a longer one was called an "o-wakizashi".
Overview.
A wakizashi had a slightly curved blade with a square-shaped hilt (handle). The hilt and the scabbard (the case in which the sword is kept) of a wakizashi was richly decorated with traditional motifs. A wakizashi was more decorated than a katana because it was not used as much as a katana, but still carried everywhere. Another distinctive feature is the scabbard (called a "saya"). The sayas were made to be like the katana but they could have extra pockets for smaller knives, a hair arranger, etc.
The katana and the wakizashi together are called a daishō, which is translated as "large and small". The first part of the word ("dai") means "big" and stands for the katana sword; the second ("sho") stands for wakizashi. Wakizashi was more decorated than a katana and it was thinner, this is why it was designed to cut through softer targets. So it was a sword to make dangerous cuts in weak points of the human body. The use of a daishō on the battlefield gave its user a big advantage. With the two swords the samurai could keep the enemies within a radius of action ranging from 2 to 7 feet (1 to 3 1/2 meters). Miyamoto Musashi, a famous Japanese samurai, was especially skilful at using the daishō.
Customs and traditions.
A wakizashi sword was an irreplaceable weapon for a samurai. The tradition says that when entering a house or any other building, the samurai has to leave his katana with a servant, but the wakizashi could be worn at all times and places. This is why the wakizashi is often called the samurai's "side arm". The wakizashi followed his master even when he went to sleep, because it was always near the bed.
The wakizashi was carried along the thigh and was usually used with one hand; the other hand was used for the katana. The wakizashi proved to be very effective when the katana's length and weight made it hard to use. The makizashi needs less force to use and it is more manoeuverable.
The wakizashi was also the sword used by merchants and artisans (types of traders) who were forbidden from wearing a katana. This fact explains a greater number wakizashi swords were found than katanas. There are even more wakizashi swords than katana swords, although the katana swords had greater meaning for Japanese society.
Seppuku.
The wakizashi sword was much used in the ritual of seppuku (suicide because of lost honor). In this ritual it was used along with the shortest Japanese sword - Tanto. The wakizashi was thrust into the torso (body), cutting open vertically. This kind of death was considered honorable for a samurai. When a female samurai committed seppuku she would only cut her own throat.

Albert Camus
Albert Camus (November 7, 1913 – January 4, 1960) was a French philosopher and writer. Camus wrote novels and plays. Camus was born in Algeria, a country in the North part of Africa. He had French parents. Many people think that Camus is an existentialist philosopher. Existentialism is a philosophy that is very different from other ways of thinking. Camus won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1957.
Early years.
Albert Camus was born in Algeria to a poor working class family. His mother was Spanish and his father was french. His father died in battle and he was left to live with his grandmother. WHen he was 17 he was diagnosed with tuberculosis, which was very impactful on him at that point in his life. It limited him greatly in his athletics as well as in his career opportunities, due to the fact that tuberculosis is quite contagious. For this reason he claimed that his disease “set him free” because he would have done something else with his life had he seen the opportunity. He went to the University of Algiers, where he graduated with a degree in 1935. In the 1930s, Camus became interested in politics. In 1935, Camus joined the French Communist Party, a political group. In the late 1930s, Camus was a writer for the socialist newspaper, the "Alger-Republicain".
1940s.
In 1941, Camus wrote his first novel, which was called "The Stranger". During World War II, Camus joined the French Resistance to fight against the Nazi army. After World War II, Camus became friends with another writer called Jean-Paul Sartre. Camus and Sartre often talked about philosophy and politics in small restaurants called cafés.
1950s.
Camus wrote books about philosophy (ways of thinking) which said that life was "absurd" (makes no sense, or has no meaning). In the 1950s Camus tried to improve human rights. In 1960, Camus died in a car crash. He had two children, Catherine and Jean.

Angevin Empire
The term Angevin Empire describes a collection of states ruled by the Angevin Plantagenet dynasty. The Plantagenets ruled over an area stretching from the Pyrenees to Ireland during the 12th and early 13th centuries. Their 'empire' was roughly half of medieval France as well as all of England and Ireland.

Vertebral column
The vertebral column is the scientific, anatomical word for the spine or backbone. It is a column of vertebrae in the back part of the torso (upper body). There is a canal that runs through the length of the backbone. Inside this canal is the spinal cord.

Pyrenees
The Pyrenees (Catalan: "Pirineus"; French: "Pyrénées"; Spanish: "Pirineos"; Occitan: "Pirenèus"; Aragonese: "Perinés"; Basque: "Pirinioak") are a range of mountains in southwest Europe that form a natural border between France and Spain. They separate the "Iberian Peninsula" from France, and extend for about 430 km (267 mi) from the Atlantic Ocean (Bay of Biscay) to the Mediterranean Sea (Cap de Creus).

Sea of Galilee
The Sea of Galilee is Israel's largest freshwater lake, about 53 kilometers (33 miles) around, about 21 km (13 miles) long, and 13 km (8 miles) wide; it has a total area of 166 km², and a depth of about 43 meters. At 209 meters below sea level, it is the lowest freshwater lake on Earth, and the second lowest lake in the world after the Dead Sea, a saltwater lake. It is not a real sea - it is called a sea because of tradition.
The lake is also known on modern maps as Lake Galilee or Lake Tiberias, in the region of Galilee. In modern Hebrew, it is known as (ים כנרת), "Sea of Kinnereth" (Numbers 34:11; Joshua 13:27). It has also been called the Lake of Gennesaret or the Sea of Gennesaret (Luke 5:1) after the name of a small fruitful plain on its western side. The Arabic name for the lake is (بحيرة طبريا) meaning "Lake Tiberias". Other names are: Ginnosar, Lake of Gennesar, Sea of Chinneroth, Sea of Tiberias (Roman) and Waters of Gennesareth.
Its main source is the Jordan River, which flows through it from north to south. The lake is deep in the Jordan Great Rift Valley, the valley caused by the separation of the African and Arabian Plates. Because of this, the area has earthquakes and, in the past, volcanic activity.
Due to its low-lying position in the rift valley, surrounded by hills, the sea can get sudden violent storms; as in the New Testament story about Jesus calming the storm. A main feature of the lake seems to be that it is always changing. It is still famous, just as in New Testament times, for having plenty of fish, and in today's restaurants, "St. Peter's Fish" (tilapia) is very popular.
History and scripture.
The Sea of Galilee is on the ancient Via Maris road which linked Egypt with the northern empires. The Greeks, Hasmoneans, and Romans started towns and settlements here: Gadara, Hippos, Tiberias and others. The 1st century historian Flavius Josephus wrote of a large fishing industry at this time, with 230 boats regularly working in the lake.
Much of the ministry of Jesus was on the shores of Lake Galilee. In those days, there were many settlements and villages all around the lake and plenty of trade and ferrying by boat. The gospels of Mark (1:14-20), Matthew (4:18-22), and Luke (5:1-11) tell how Jesus got four of his apostles from the shores of Lake Galilee: the fishermen Simon and his brother Andrew, and the brothers John and James. One of Jesus' famous teachings, the Sermon on the Mount, was given on a hill overlooking the lake. Many of his miracles were also recorded to have been here: his walking on water, calming a storm, feeding five thousand people and many others.
In 135, the second Jewish revolt against the Romans, called Bar Kokhba's revolt, was put down. The Romans responded by sending all Jews away from Jerusalem and not letting them come back. The center of Jewish culture and learning thus moved to the region of the Kinneret, particularly to the city of Tiberias.
In the time of the Byzantine Empire, the lake's importance in Jesus' life made it a major destination for Christian pilgrims. This led to the growth of a tourist industry, with package tours and plenty of comfortable inns.
Medieval times.
The lake lost importance when the Byzantines lost control of it. The area came under the control of the Umayyad Caliphate and later Islamic empires. Except for Tiberias, little by little, the major towns and cities began to be left empty. In 1187, Saladin defeated the armies of the Crusades at the Battle of Hattin, mainly because he cut the Crusaders off from the valuable fresh water of the Sea of Galilee.
Modern times.
In 1909 Jewish pioneers built their first cooperative farming village (kibbutz), Kvutzat Kinneret which trained Jewish immigrants in farming and agriculture. Kinneret was the center of the Kibbutz culture of early Zionism.
In 1923 an agreement between the United Kingdom and France set the border between the British Mandate of Palestine and the French Mandate of Syria. The British gave the southern Golan Heights to the French in return for the northern Jordan Valley. The border was drawn again so that both sides of the Jordan river and the whole of the Sea of Galilee, including a 10-meter wide strip along the northeastern shore, were made a part of Palestine. The 1947 UN Partition Plan put this area inside the Jewish state.
During the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, Syria occupied the lake's northeastern shore. In 1967, the State of Israel took control of the entire Sea of Galilee, as well as the Golan, during the Six Day War. Syria still claims the northeastern shore of the sea, arguing it is a part of the Golan Heights.
Israel's National Water Carrier, built in 1964, takes water from the lake to the population centers of Israel, and is the source of most of the country's drinking water. Israel also supplies water from the lake to the West Bank and to Jordan (under the terms of the Israel-Jordan Treaty of Peace). More demand for water and some dry winters have resulted in a lower water level that is sometimes dangerous.
Today, tourism is again very important in the area. The entire Sea of Galilee is a popular holiday resort area. The many historical and spiritual sites around the lake, especially its main town Tiberias, are visited by millions of local and foreign tourists every year. Other economic activities include fishing in the lake and agriculture, particularly bananas, in the fertile belt of land surrounding it.
A key attraction is the site where the Kinneret's water flows into the Jordan River. Thousands of pilgrims from all over the world come to be (re-)baptized there every year.
Other websites.
If you Search 'Google' Sea of Galilee there should be some good information. In the search specify what topic you want [History, Weather etc]

Dartmoor
Dartmoor is a national park in Devon, a county in England. Its highest point is High Willhays, 621 metres high. This is the highest point in the south of England. It has a large area of moorland, and is very hilly. There is much woodland on its lower slopes.
Dartmoor is famous for its tors - outcrops of rock on top of many of its hills. These are the remains of volcanic activity in the carboniferous period.
Animal life on Dartmoor includes birds such as the ring ouzel and dunlin, and the endangered marsh fritillary butterfly. Its bogs are home to many unusual plants such as the sundew.
Dartmoor has many very old buildings. Some of these buildings date back to the Stone Age, for example, Beardown Man.

Cirencester
Cirencester is a town in Gloucestershire in England. People first moved there in Roman times. It currently has a population of 19,000. It is 93 miles west of London, and is between Swindon, Cheltenham and Gloucester.

Seppuku
Seppuku is a Japanese ritual when a Samurai cuts his belly. It was considered that seppuku was an honorable way to die.
Seppuku is also referred to as hara-kiri, which is translated from Japanese as "belly-cutting". The Japanese considered, though, that this name was offensive for such an honorable cause.
Overview.
Seppuku was a key part of bushido, the code of the samurai warriors; it was used by warriors so that they would not fall into enemy hands and be ashamed. It was possible also that a samurai received an order from his master to commit seppuku. Since seppuku was an honorable act, a warrior was allowed, in some cases, to commit it, rather than to be executed, so that he could protect his honor. It was not expected that warriors, who were not considered samurai, to commit seppuku. Samurai women had to ask for permission to commit seppuku.
This act could be performed either with a ritual, or quietly on the battlefield, while other warriors fight the enemy.
The main weapon used to commit seppuku was the samurai's knife called tantō or the short sword, called wakizashi. A samurai who wants to commit seppuku would take the weapon he chose, he would open his kimono, stab the blade into his belly and then he would make a deep cut from left to right. An assistant of the warrior committing seppuku (called "kaishakunin") would finally decapitate the warrior.

Sow bug
A sow bug or woodlouse is a small land arthropod (jointed-legged animal). They are often confused with centipedes, millipedes or insects, but are actually crustaceans. They have fourteen legs and breathe through gills. Because of the gills, woodlice need water in the air around them. They mostly eat dead plants, and are considered helpful, because they act as "garbage collectors." Some species can roll up into a ball when in danger. In such position, their hard shell faces out, protecting the softer parts of the body.
Sow bugs do not look like shrimps or crabs, although they are closely related.

Coccinellidae
People call lady beetles many different names. Ladybird is the name used in the British Commonwealth for this group of beetles that often is red with black spots. In the United States of America, and in Canada (even though it is part of the British Commonwealth), people call these beetles ladybugs. Scientists often use the name lady beetle. In science, lady beetles are in the family Coccinellidae.
What lady beetles look like.
Most people know lady beetles as small, round, red beetles with black spots on their backs. Not all lady beetles are red, and not all red lady beetles have spots. Some lady beetles are very little and are black and hairy. Other lady beetles are red or yellow but have black stripes. Some red lady beetles have no spots or stripes at all!
Brittney roxOne of the most common lady beetles in much of North America is the seven-spotted lady beetle. Scientists call it "Coccinella septempunctata". The name means ("sept") "seven" ("punctata") "holes", because it looks like the beetle has seven black holes in its back.
Each ladybird is different and many have individual charming characteristics.
What lady beetles eat.
Almost all lady beetles are carnivores, which means they eat other animals. The animals lady beetles eat are other insects. Many of these insects have soft bodies, such as aphids. Even baby lady beetles eat other insects.

Lou Pearlman
Louis J. Pearlman (born 1954) is a con man (someone who tricks people into giving them money) from Flushing, Queens, New York, USA, and used to live in Orlando, Florida. He is now awaiting his trial in jail.
Talent scouting scandal.
Since September 2002, Louis Pearlman got into talent scouting (looking for people with talent) working with former CEO Mark Tolner and some of his officials with criminal pasts, like Ayman Ahmed El Difrawi (aka Alec Defrawy) and David Elliott.,
The New York State Consumer Protection Board did issue a consumer alert about WSN / TCT due to consumer complaints. In Florida about 2000 complaints were filed with the Attorney General and the Better Business Bureau.
Trans Continental Airlines savings program fraud investigation.
According to accusations by the State of Florida and several banks Pearlman's businesses were funded with money he borrowed from banks and stole from investors into his "Trans Continental Airlines Savings Program". The program was offering "high yield at no risk", and was presented as a way to participate in a special deal for Trans Continental Airlines employees. "The authorities say that over 1,400 investor accounts (many from retirees) have been lost via Pearlman’s massive Ponzi scheme, which used falsified FDIC documents to lure investors. Missing so far: $317 million and counting."

Thirteen Colonies
The Thirteen Colonies were British colonies in North America. The colonies were started for a few reasons. Some people thought they would make a lot of money in new goods in America that could not be found in Europe, such as tobacco. Others left to find religous freedom or just to make a new start. The first colony was Virginia. It was started in 1607 at Jamestown. The last colony of the thirteen to be started was Georgia in 1732.
After the French and Indian War, Great Britain made new taxes and other laws that angered some people in the colonies. This led to war between Great Britain and its former colonies. This war was called the American Revolutionary War. The colonies said they were independent of Great Britain on July 4, 1776, in the Declaration of Independence. The colonies became known as the United States of America.

Stillbirth
A stillbirth happens when a fetus (unborn baby) dies while still inside the mother or dies during delivery (childbirth). It is said that the delivered baby is "stillborn". Stillbirth is different from a miscarriage because a stillbirth happens after the baby has been living inside its mother 20 to 24 weeks (depending on the country). It is called a miscarriage if the baby lived inside the mother for less time.
Occurrence.
The number of stillbirths in the United States is about 1 in 115 births, which is about 26,000 a year, or one every 20 minutes. In developing countries, where medical care is not as advanced or good, the number of stillbirths is higher.
In Australia, England, Wales, and Northern Ireland, the rate is about 1 in 200 babies..
United Kingdom.
In the UK, any baby that leaves its mother's body after 24 weeks and doesn't show any signs of life is called a "stillbirth". The parent(s) must register the baby and a Stillbirth Certificate is given to the parent(s).
Australia.
In Australia, any stillborn fetus that weighs more than 400 grams and lived in the mother for more than 20 weeks must be registered.
United States.
The United States does not have a formal definition of "stillborn" babies. All pregnancies are legally called either: "live birth", "fetal death", or "induced termination of prgnancy" (abortion). The law does not have a difference between a stillbirth and a miscarriage. However, it is recommended to register infants who weighed over 350 grams or who lived over 19 weeks inside the mother before dying.

Arizona Cardinals
The Arizona Cardinals are a professional American football team based in Phoenix, Arizona. They are the oldest continuous professional American football club in the United States, founded in 1898 in Chicago, Illinois. They moved to St. Louis, Missouri in 1960 before moving to Phoenix in 1988. The head coach of the team is Ken Whisenhunt.

Totnes
Totnes is a town in South Devon, England. 7,800 people live there. It has many old buildings dating back to Tudor times, and it has the remains of a Norman castle. The town stands on the River Dart, at the highest point reached by the tide.
Totnes is well-known in Britain for its large New Age community, although some of these people are moving away from the town. The town has many interesting shops selling health food and books, and there are also many art and craft shops.
A local legend says that Totnes was begun by Brutus of Troy after the Trojan war. There is a stone in the high street called the Brutus Stone. This is where people say he first stepped on British soil.

Chiffon cake
A chiffon cake is a type of sponge cake. It is a cake that is made using vegetable oil instead of butter. This gives the cake a foam-like texture. Because there is no butter in the cakes, they are more healthy but have less flavor. Chiffon cakes are usually served by soaking the cake layer in a cake syrup (which is nothing more than 2 parts water to 1 part sugar) to provide it with moisture since it's dry in nature.

Three Character Classic
The Three Character Classic, Trimetric Classic or San Zi Jing (三字經, 三字经) is a written work from China. Many people believe that Wang Yinglin wrote it during the Song Dynasty. It is named Three Character Classic because each line has three Chinese words, which are called "characters." It is often used to teach children how to say words.

Art film
Art films are a type of movie that is very different from the popular Hollywood blockbuster movies. Art films have many other names. Some people call them art movies, independent films, indie films, arthouse films, auteur films ("auteur" is a French word which means "author") or experimental films.
Art films are usually made by smaller movie companies. These companies do not have much money compared to the large movie studios, for example, Paramount Pictures or Walt Disney Pictures. Art films usually have different plots (stories) than blockbuster movies. They usually tell more creative or unusual stories than blockbuster movies.
Art films often show controversial or sad stories. These types of movies may have sad endings. They are sometimes hard to understand, because the movie may be about people's feelings, thoughts, or dreams.
For these reasons, art films are not shown in many cinemas or theaters. This means that art films do not have large audiences and do not make a lot of money. They are generally promoted by people who see the movie and then tell their friends to go see it.
A comparison of an art movie and a blockbuster movie.
The opposite of an art film is a popular blockbuster movie. Blockbuster movies have famous actors and large budgets. They are made so that millions of people will pay money to see the movie.
To understand why movie directors make art movies, one has to know about blockbuster movies. Blockbuster movies are part of the reason why people make art films. Movie directors making art films try to make them very different from blockbuster movies. The movie is a more personal statement by the director. Blockbusters are made for commercial reasons and art films are made for personal reasons.
Blockbuster movies often have very large budgets. This money is used to pay large salaries for the actors. It pays for special effects and for advertisements. Art movies have small budgets. They usually have unknown or little-known actors. Some even use amateur actors. Some art films will even use regular people with no experience as actors to work as the actors. It is not uncommon for Art film directors to use friends and family members as actors.
Blockbusters often use simple stories and characters that have been used before in other movies. Art movies usually use strange or unusual stories and characters that the audience may not have seen before.
In blockbuster movies, there is usually a happy ending. All of the problems in the story are figured out or fixed by the end of the movie. In art movies, there is often a sad ending. They can also have endings which are either hard to understand or could mean many different things. These endings are used so that the audience will have to think about what might have happened in the story.
Blockbuster movies have a large amount of television advertising, billboards and internet sites. Art films often have little or no advertising.
Blockbuster movies are very popular. This causes more movies to be made using the same story and characters. For example, the "James Bond" movies all tell stories about the British spy named James Bond. The "Star Wars" science fiction movies all tell stories about spaceships and outer space wars. Art films are very rarely made into franchises with sequels. This is because directors of art films are often trying to create a new movie with new ideas for each movie they make. Some art films do have sequels. This will most often happen when the movie was very well liked and the director wanted to tell more stories using some of the same characters.
Art film becomes Hollywood franchise.
Rarely, an art film can be so well liked that a franchise is created because of it. The "View Askew" universe is an example of this. Kevin Smith wrote and directed the movie "Clerks". He produced the movie himself with a friend, Scott Mosier. They named their production company, View Askew Productions. This movie was an art film. It had a small budget, dealt with personal issues and its actors were mainly Smith's friends and family. Smith even played one of the characters himself. The movie was very popular and sold well when it was released on DVD. Universal Pictures, a large Hollywood studio, asked him to make a movie for them. He used two of his characters from "Clerks", Jay and Silent Bob, as part of the new movie. He later used Jay (played by Jason Mewes and Silent Bob (played by Smith) is three other movies he wrote: "Dogma", "Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back" and "Clerks 2", a sequel to "Clerks".
Why are art movies different from regular movies?
David Bordwell is a professor from the United States. He studies movies at a university. He thought of a way of explaining what an "art film" is in 1979. He wrote that art films are different from regular Hollywood movies. Regular Hollywood movies have a clear story and plot. Art film often have much stranger stories. In an art film, the stories may be hard to understand. As well, in an art film, the audience may have a hard time understanding what is going on. Art movies are often about people's feelings and thoughts. Art movies are often about big questions that a person has to answer about who they are or what they should do in a situation.

Palm OS
Palm OS is an operating system that is made to work on small computerdevices, mostly Personal Digital Assistants. Palm OS was first released in 1996, when the Palm 1000 was released.

Ural Mountains
The Ural Mountains ("Russian:" "Uralskiye gory") also known simply as the Urals is a mountain range that runs roughly north and south through western Russia.
Geography.
The Urals stretch 2,500 km from the Kazakh steppes along the northern border of Kazakhstan to the coast of the Arctic ocean. The island of Novaya Zemlya forms a further continuation of the chain. Geographically this range marks the northern part of the border between Asian and European sections of the Eurasian continent. Its highest peak is Mount Narodnaya (Poznurr, 1895 m).

Ishmael
Ishmael (Hebrew: יִשְׁמָעֵאל Arabic: إسماعيل, Ismā'īl; translates as "God will hear") was Abraham's oldest son, born by his wife's handmaiden Hagar.

Steppe
In physical geography, a steppe is a plain without trees (apart from those near rivers and lakes); it is similar to a prairie, although a prairie is generally considered as being dominated by tall grasses, while short grasses are said to be the norm in the steppe. The world's largest steppe, sometimes called The Great Steppe, is in Russia. Another large steppe area is located in the central United States and western Canada.
It may be semi-desert, or covered with grass or shrubs or both, depending on the season and latitude. The term is also means the sort of climate that is to be found in regions too dry for a forest, but not so dry that there are only deserts. The soil is too moist for a desert, but too dry for normal forest life.

Plain
In geography, a plain is a large area of land with no hills or mountains. Plains mostly are more suitable for farming than plateaus or mountains.

French fried potatoes
French fried potatoes (also French fries, just fries in North America, chips in the United Kingdom, Ireland and Commonwealth), are a type of food made out of potatoes. The potatoes are cut into thin strips and fried in hot oil. They are eaten with fish, burgers, sausages, pies, or by themselves. Many things can be put on them to make them taste better, such as salt and vinegar, gravy, curry, cheese, ketchup or mayonnaise. They are called flovorments, because they give food flavor.
A "chip shop" is shops which sells cooked chips to take home. They usually also sell fried fish, sausages and pickled onions. Fish and chips is a very popular meal in Great Britain, and other places.

Champagne (wine)
Champagne is a sparkling wine (wine that has bubbles from carbonation) that is named after the Champagne region, a region in France with many vineyards that grow grapes and make wine. Many people call all sparkling wines "champagne" but according to trade laws, only sparkling wine from the Champagne region can be called champagne.
Kinds of champagnes.
Champagnes must be made from certain kinds of grapes. They can be made from white Chardonnay grapes, or red Pinot Noir or Pinot Meunier grapes. Even if red grapes are used, most champagnes look white or sometimes pink (rosé).
"Brut" is the most common type of champagne.
Features.
Champagne, like all sparkling wines, is carbonated. Because of all the bubbles, champagne is sometimes called "bubbly" (ex. "We're going to have "bubbly" at our wedding.")
Champagne can be opened in a way that the cork "pops" out and the champagne sprays out in a bubbly foam. Usually this is done only at celebrations. It can be achieved by shaking the bottle before opening it. Normally, care should be taken when opening champagne bottles so that it does not make a mess. When done correctly, the cork will come out quietly, more like a sigh than a pop.
Champagne is usually served in a champagne flute (a tall, narrow glass). The shape of the glass helps keep the bubbles for a longer time.
Champagne is always served cold (chilled). The best temperature is 7 to 9 °C (43 to 48 °F). Often the bottle is chilled in a bucket of ice before and after opening.

Caesarion
Ptolemy XV Philopator Philometor Caesar, nicknamed Caesarion (little Caesar) Greek: Πτολεμαίος ΙΕ' Φιλοπάτωρ Φιλομήτωρ Καίσαρ, Καισαρίων (June 23, 47 BC – August, 30 BC) was the son of Cleopatra VII. He ruled Egypt as a child along with Cleopatra until 30 BC. He was murdered by Octavian, who would later become the Roman emperor Augustus.
Caesarion is probably the son of Julius Caesar. If so, he is the only known son of Caesar.
Caesarion was the last king (pharaoh) of the Ptolemaic dynasty of Egypt.

Victoria Line
The Victoria Line is a line of the London Underground. Its colour is light blue on the Tube map. It runs from the south to the north-east of London. Its tunnel is deep under the ground. It was built in the 1960s and 1970s The line has many interchanges with other tube lines or train lines. The Victoria line has only one station that is not an interchange: Pimlico.
Trains run every 2-2.5mins during the rush hour. Normally, all trains run from Brixton to Seven Sisters, with 2 out of 3 trains running to Walthamstow Central.

Lorca
Lorca is a city in Murcia, Spain. 84,245 people live in the city.

Alexander Pushkin
Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin (born May 26 (June 6, New Style) 1799, Moscow; died January 29 (February 10 New Style), St Petersburg) was a Russian poet, novelist, dramatist and short-story writer. People think he was the greatest Russian poet. He started the great tradition of Russian literature. Pushkin wrote in a way that no other Russian had done: he used the Russian language in the way it was spoken instead of writing in a style based on old church books. His influence on other Russian writers was enormous and many Russian composers set his stories and poems to music. Not so many people outside Russia read Pushkin’s poems. This is because his poetry is very hard to translate well into other languages because the words are full of special meanings in Russian culture. Pushkin was killed in a duel in 1837 at the age of 37.
Early years.
Pushkin’s father came from an old aristocratic family. On his mother’s side Pushkin had African ancestors. His great-grandfather Abram Gannibal was an Abyssinian who was living in a palace of the Turkish sultan in Istanbul. The Russian ambassador bought him as a present for Peter the Great, the tsar of Russia. Gannibal became a favourite of Peter the Great and he was sent to Paris to study. He became very rich. Pushkin was proud of his great-grandfather and wrote about him in a novel called "The Negro of Peter the Great".
In 19th century Russia all aristocratic families learned to speak French, so Pushkin and his brother and sister spoke and wrote in French more than in Russian. The children were cared for by a nurse, Arina Rodionovna Yakovleva. It was the nurse who taught them to love the Russian language. She told the children Russian folktales. Pushkin also spoke Russian to the peasants and he read lots of books in his father’s library.
When he was 12 he went to a new school called the Imperial Lyceum at Tsarskoye Selo. In later years this school was renamed Pushkin after their famous pupil. He soon started writing romantic poems in Russian using Russian tales of heroes and adventures. "Ruslan and Ludmila" was a poem that was later to be made into an opera by Glinka.
Adulthood.
In 1817 Pushkin got a job in the foreign office at St. Petersburg. He soon became interested in politics and supported the Decembrist revolt of 1825 when a group of noblemen and army officers tried to put another tsar in power and make him less powerful. Pushkin wrote some political poems. The result was that he was told he had to go away from St. Petersburg. He had to spend six years in exile in the south of the country: in the Caucasus and the Crimea. He wrote about his experiences in the south in several romantic narrative poems (long poems which tell a story). He started work on a novel in verse called "Yevgeny Onegin" (or "Eugene Onegin"). He did not finish it until 1833. This was to be his most famous work. It was used by many musicians including Tchaikovsky who made it into an opera. The poem shows typical Russian people in the society of his day.
Pushkin was angry that he was still in exile and he wrote many letters to his friends. Many of these letters were later published. He spent a lot of time drinking, gaming and fighting with swords. He fell in love with the daughter of a Count for whom he was working. The Count managed to get Pushkin exiled to his mother’s estate near Pskov at the other end of Russia. Pushkin spent two years here. He was lonely, but he studied Russian history and talked to the peasants. The poems he wrote were full of ideas from Russian culture. He wrote one of his major works: "Boris Godunov", a drama about a story from Russian history. The composer Mussorgsky later made an opera from it. Boris Godunov was a cruel tsar in the 17th century. Pushkin’s play shows that the ordinary people had a lot of power. This made it difficult for Pushkin to get it published.
Return from exile.
After the revolt in 1825 the new tsar Nicholas I realized that Pushkin was by now very famous. He also realized that he had not taken part in the revolt, so he allowed him to return. The tsar said that he himself would censor Pushkin’s works before they were allowed to be published. He said that he was going to be a good tsar and help the poor people (the serfs) to become free. Pushkin was in a difficult position, because he could not write anything that the tsar would not like. He had to be very careful not to say bad things about the rulers of the country. The police kept watching him very carefully. Yet at this time Pushkin wrote a large number of great works, almost each one of them being the first of their kind in Russian literature. One example is the short story "The Queen of Spades" which Tchaikovsky made into an opera and which was to be a great influence on the novels of Dostoyevsky.
Last years.
In his last years Pushkin was again in government service in St. Petersburg. He married in 1831 and had to spend a lot of time in society at court. He wrote more and more prose. He wrote a history of Peter the Great and a historical novel "The Captain’s Daughter". He kept asking the tsar to let him resign from his job and go to the country to spend his time writing. The tsar would not allow him. In 1837 Pushkin was killed in a duel. He had been forced to fight the duel in order to defend his wife’s honour.
Pushkin’s achievements.
The Russian language today would be very different if it had not been for Pushkin. Using the language as it was spoken by the people he made it into a language which was simple but which could also express deep feelings. His works were a great influence on later writers like Turgenev, Goncharov and Leo Tolstoy. "Yevgeny Onegin" was the first Russian novel which told a story about the society of the time. His works have been translated into all the major languages

Exile
Exile means being sent away from the country or area where you live. People are usually exiled for political reasons or sometimes because they have committed a crime. They may have said bad things about the rulers in that country or tried to get into power themselves. People are not exiled in democratic countries, but many famous people in history have been sent into exile.
Exile may mean that someone is sent out of the country, but sometimes they are sent to another part of the country (this is called "internal exile"). Sometimes people have made their own decision to leave their country as a protest against the way it was being ruled. This is called "self-imposed exile".
In the Old Testament the Jews were exiled to Babylon. In Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome people were often sent into exile. For several centuries Russia (in the 20th century the Soviet Union) sent many people into exile, often to labour camps in Siberia. Thousands of people from Europe including many famous people went to the United States when the Nazis came to power in Germany in the 1930s.
One famous person who was sent into exile was Napoléon Bonaparte who was exiled from France, first to Elba and then to St Helena.
The cellist Pablo Casals went into self-imposed exile as a protest against the government of Spain. He said he would not come back until Spain was a democracy.

Lager
Lager (which is short for Lager beer) is a kind of beer. It is made form a kind of yeast. Fermentation will be a slow process. It usually has a clear color. That color comes from the beer being stored for some time. During that time, the yeast can settle at the bottom of the barrel. The yeast is removed before the beer is bottled or served.
Lagers are usually drunk while they are cold.

Ryszard Kapuściński
Ryszard Kapuściński (b. March 4 1932 in Pińsk, d. January 23 2007 in Warsaw) was a popular Polish journalist. He was well regarded both at home, and abroad. During his life he became known for his way of reporting news. He was a foreign correspondent for the Polish press agency. He was shortlisted as a candidate for the Nobel Prize for Literature, but also received many other awards. He is one of the Polish authors whose works get translated most often.

Republican National Committee
The Republican National Committee (the R.N.C. or RNC) is a group of people who coordinate the activities of the U.S. Republican party in all fifty states. The R.N.C. has its headquarters in the nation's capital, Washington, DC. It also has state Republican party headquarters in each of the 50 state capitals.

Democratic National Committee
The Democratic National Committee (D.N.C. or DNC) is a group of people who coordinate the activities of the U.S. Democratic party in all fifty states. The D.N.C. is headquartered in the nation's capital, Washington, DC. It also has state Democratic party headquarters in each of the 50 state capitals.

Four Corners
The Four Corners is the place in the Southwestern United States where the four corners of New Mexico, Colorado, Utah, and Arizona meet. Three of the four corners are located on the Navajo Indian Reservation and the forth corner is on the Ute Mountain Indian Reservation.
The Four Corners Monument is located at the coordinates 36°59′56.81532″N, 109°02′42.62019″W according to the U.S. National Geodetic Survey.

Southwestern United States
The Southwestern United States (called the American Southwest or simply the Southwest) is a region of the western United States. The region is warmer than the northern states and drier than the eastern states. The area includes Arizona and New Mexico, sometimes called the "Desert Southwest." Often considered part of the Southwest are Southern California, parts of Nevada, Utah, and Colorado and western Texas. The Southwest has seen large amounts of growth in recent years, both the Phoenix, Arizona and Las Vegas, Nevada areas are amongst the fasted growing in the country.

Flagellum
A flagellum "(plural, flagella)" is a long, whip-like projection of a cell composed of microtubules. They help propel cells and organisms in a whip-like motion. The flagellum of eukaryotes usually moves with an “S” motion, and is surrounded by cell membrane.

Walkman
Walkman is the invention as well as the brand name of Sony. It represents a portable audio player. Today, similar devices are also called "Walkman". The name describes players that have small sizes and can be carried by one anywhere. The portable player was a revolutionary device since one could take favorite music with him or her.
History.
The year of release of the original Walkman is 1979. The name "Walkman" was used in Japan, while abroad it had another name, which is "Soundabout". First the product did not have a name, and then one of the company's staff proposed "Walkman". Because it was a direct translation from Japanese, Sony's leadership seemed skeptical. They thought "Walkman" was not a suitable name for a device which was to be launched in the United States and Europe.
Sony used new ways to introduce its new product on the market and advertise it. The main idea of Sony was to make people aware that Walkman is a product that is unique on the market and that it is both new and fun.
On June 22 (the date of release) Sony Walkman appeared in Tokyo. The company held an unusual press conference where different journalists were invited to Yoyogi, which is Tokyo's major park. They were given Walkman so to prove that the portable player is fun and easy to use. By 1995 there were already about 150 million Walkman portable players produced.

Semantics
Semantics is the study of meaning. Meaning in this case refers to the relation between "signifiers" and what they stand for. Such signifiers are words, signs and symbols.
For a broader context, see "semiotics". Semiotics is a general theory of language. Semantics is one of its three parts.

Governance
Governance is the term for the way a group of people such as a country do things. Many groups create a government to decide how things are to be done. Governance is different from politics. Politics deals with people with different ideas working together to create an agreement about what to do, and governance is doing what politics decided needed to be done.

Snowball
Snowballs is a ball of snow. They are usually made by a person picking snow up in their hands and pressing it together in the ball the size of their hand. Snowballs are usually thrown at people or objects as a game called a snowball fight. Making snowballs is a common activity for children when it snows.
Larger snowballs are made by using a ball the size of a hand and rolling it on the ground. As more snow sticks to it, the ball grows larger. Larger snowballs are often used to make Snowmen. The term "Snowball effect" comes from this. It means as things go on, they get larger in the same way that a snowball gets larger are it rolls.

MPEG-4
MPEG-4 is a video and audio standard. Movies in MPEG-4 need less space on a computer and at the same time they have DVD quality. MPEG means Moving Picture Experts Group. Hundreds of researchers and engineers all over the world worked to develop MPEG-4. The work on this standard ended in 1998 and in a few months MPEG-4 was made into a standard all over the world.
Movies that use MPEG-4 standard have high quality and have take up less computer room. Older standards were MPEG-1 and MPEG-2. In comparison with these older versions, MPEG-4 has additional features like having a way to fix problems, lots of quality and size choices, good picture and many more.
MPEG-4 takes into consideration special needs from computer, television areas and telecommunication. It is able to be, besides rectangular pieces of computer information, individual objects in a certain area. An example could be a car driving in front of a background. The background doesn't change. Since MPEG-4 can be many rectangular images, the car can be treated as another thing, not being a fixed background.

Warship (TV series)
Warship was an extremely popular British television drama series produced by the BBC between 1973 and 1977.
The series was about life on board a Royal Navy warship, the fictional HMS Hero. It was mainly filmed aboard the Leander-class frigate HMS Phoebe.
Four Leander class frigates played the role of HMS Hero. They were HMS Phoebe, HMS Dido, HMS Hermione and HMS Jupiter. All the crews of these warships were given HMS Hero cap tallies for filming purposes.
The opening music of the series was a march played by the Royal Marines, called "Warship", and written by Anthony Isaac. It is still played by Royal Marine bands.

Jerry Lewis
Jerry Lewis (born Jerome Levitch, March 16, 1926 in Newark, New Jersey, USA) is an American comedian and actor. He is best known for acting in many comedy movies from the 1950s and 1960s. He also helps to raise money for people with muscular dystrophy, through the Muscular Dystrophy Association.
Lewis first became famous as part of a duo, Martin & Lewis, with singer Dean Martin. They worked together for ten years, appearing onstage, on radio and television, and in movies. They parted ways during 1956. They did not speak for years, but reunited a few times from the 1970s to the 1990s.
Besides his acting career, Lewis was also the director of many of his movies. He was the first director to use video cameras alongside movie cameras, to help with filming scenes. While film takes time to be developed, videotape could be played back instantly, saving time and work if a scene needed to be redone. Other directors soon adopted his technique, and it is still used today.
During the 1970s, Lewis's movies became less popular, and he moved away from acting and directing. In the 1990s, he returned to performing onstage, and continued to perform during the 2000s.

Breakdance
Breakdance (also called breaking, b-boying or b-girling) is a type of dance that is done by people who are part of the hip hop culture. Breakdancing was invented in the early 1970s in African-American and Puerto Rican communities in South Bronx in New York City. The dance style evolved during the 70s and 80s in big cities of the United States.
Breakdancing uses different body movements, spins, arm movements, leg movements, all of which are done to the rhythm of hip hop music. Breakdancing was most popular in the 1980s but continues to be common today.
Young people usually breakdance, and it is seen upon as cool.

Constantine (movie)
"Constantine" is a 2005 movie starring Keanu Reeves and Rachel Weisz. It is based on a comic book series called "Hellblazer".
The main character, John Constantine, fights demons.

East Anglia
East Anglia is a region of eastern England, named after one of the ancient Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, which was named after the homeland of the Angles, Angeln in northern Germany. The kingdom consisted of Norfolk and Suffolk ("North folk" and "South folk") but the region's borders are vague.
Farming and gardening are very successful in this fertile country. The landscape has been heavily influenced by Dutch technology.

Simone de Beauvoir
Simone de Beauvoir (January 9, 1908 – April 14, 1986) was a French author (writer) and philosopher (person who writes about ways of thinking).
She wrote novels (stories in a book), articles about philosophy ways of thinking or ways of living, and an politics, biographies (books about other people's lives) and an autobiography (a book about her life).
Her best known books are "She Came to Stay" and "The Mandarins". Her best known writing about ideas is the "The Second Sex", which was written in 1949. It describes the bad experiences of women in European society, and suggests how women's lives can be improved.
Early years.
Her full name was Simone Lucie-Ernestine-Marie-Bertrand de Beauvoir. She was born on January 9, 1908 in Paris. She studied mathematics and ways of thinking at the Institut Catholique. Then she studied literature and languages at the Institut Sainte-Marie. As well, she studied ways of thinking at the Sorbonne, which is at the University of Paris.
Her writing.
In 1943, de Beauvoir published "She Came to Stay", a story about her close friend Jean-Paul Sartre (who was also a writer and a philosopher). Next, she wrote a novel called "The Mandarins", which won prize.
In 1944 de Beauvoir wrote an article called "Pyrrhus et Cinéas", which was about a way of thinking about hard choices that people have to make.
In 1949s, she wrote "The Second Sex". It describes the bad experiences of women in European society, and suggests how women's lives can be improved. The book also discussed ways of thinking about hard choices.
At the end of World War II, de Beauvoir and Jean-Paul Sartre started a newspaper about ways of living called "Les Temps Modernes",
She is buried next to her close friend Jean-Paul Sartre at the Cimetière du Montparnasse in Paris.

Katie Couric
Katherine "Katie" Anne Couric (born January 7, 1957) was a co-host of the top-rated "Today" show, broadcast live on NBC affiliates, from 1991 until late 2006, earning nearly $14 million each year for the last 4 years of her contract.
Couric was hired by CBS in late 2006 to anchor the evening news, which operated with temporary anchors after Dan Rather's departure. Ratings have been disappointly low despite the initial fanfare and introduction of new theme music at the beginning of each show.
Couric is active in charities, especially related to colon cancer, after the death of her husband (to colon cancer) in 1998. Couric received a colonoscopy on live television in March of 2000. She also released pictures of her mammogram on television.

History of slave trade
During the history of slavery there were many different forms of human exploitation across many cultures. Slavery means the systematic exploitation of labor for work and services without payment and the possession of other persons as property.

List of U.S. states by time zone
This is a list of U.S. states by time zone. For more information about time zones, please see: time zone.
Most of the United States uses Daylight Saving Time (DST). In the list, it will say if the state or territory "does not use" DST.
"Note": the time zones listed on this page are listed in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) as well as the names of the time zones as they are called within the United States. For an explanation on what "UTC+#" and "UTC-#" mean, please see the UTC page.
Territories.
The territories of the United States do not use Daylight Savings Time (DST)

Central Line
The Central Line is a line of the London Underground. Its colour is red on the tube map. It runs east-west through London. The line was the longest line until the line between Epping and Ongar was closed. Outside the rush hours trains run every 3-4 minutes in Central London and every 6-7 minutes on the branches.
Stations.
"In order from west to east. Station in italics are not in the on the Central line anymore"
Woodford branch.
"The Greater London boundary with Essex is at Grange Hill"
"Terminates at Woodford [see Ongar Branch] (except for rush hours)"
Ongar branch (now Epping Branch).
"The Greater London boundary with Essex is between Woodford and Buckhurst Hill"
"Note: the remaining stations to Ongar were served by a shuttle service from Epping."

Lysergic acid diethylamide
LSD is the shorter name for a drug called Lysergic acid diethylamide. LSD is often called by the slang name acid. LSD is a psychedelic drug which causes people who take it to witness illusions. It also alters their thought processes.
LSD is sometimes used for certain therapies. Most often, it is not taken as a medicine. Instead, it is used as an illegal drug.
History.
LSD is made in a laboratory by chemists. It was invented in 1938 by a Swiss chemist named Dr. Albert Hofmann at the Sandoz Laboratories in Switzerland. Dr. Hofmann was trying to find new drugs, including one against the common cold.
One day in 1943, Hofmann accidentally ingested a small amount of LSD, and noticed strange light patterns in the sky as he went home. He believed that what he had experienced were the effects of the drug. He tried a larger amount next. He ended up with a much stronger reaction to the drug than he expected. Hofmann lay on a couch, afraid he had made himself insane for life. When a neighbor came, found him in trouble, and stayed to look after Hofmann, he was able to calm down, and even said he began the plays of colorful shapes and patterns that occured behind his closed eyes. The next day Hofmann reported to have waken up refreshed and clear-headed, though somewhat physically tired. He also noted that his breakfast tasted unusually delicious that morning.
Sandoz began to offer LSD to doctors and therapists. Sandoz saw it as a help to doctors and therapists so they could get a chance to gain insight into how someone who was mentally ill might see the world. It is known today, that the effects of LSD are very different from those of delusional mental illnesses, such as schizophrenia. For their patients, it was a chance to uncover hidden feelings and thoughts, which could be dealt with in therapy. LSD showed promise in the treatment of problems like alcoholism. Some alcoholics who tried the drug found their need to drink alcohol lessened or went away. They understood better why they had abused alcohol. Unlike other drugs, the craving for alcohol was not replaced by a craving for LSD. The study showed a 50% success rate, compared to 10% for "cold turkey" methods.
In the United States, the Central Intelligence Agency tested the drug on subjects for different reasons. The name for one of these test projects was MK-ULTRA. Subjects did not know they were given the drug. It was used in interrogations to see if it would make people tell the truth, or remember things they had forgotten. It was also used to convince people they were becoming insane, or that things had happened which really had not, such as an invasion from outer space, or a Communist takeover of the country, or that their bodies were transformed in some way. The CIA supposedly felt it was important to learn how ordinary citizens might react to such things if they happened. The drug sometimes made the scenarios more believable. The effects of these experiments were often harmful to the subjects, even years later, because of the intense anxiety or fear caused when someone unknowingly takes a drug like LSD.
LSD first became popular in the 1960s. A Harvard psychology professor called Dr. Timothy Leary began to encourage people to try the drug then. College students willingly took part in LSD experiments. These experiments were made by psychologists and other professionals. Leary and two of the people he worked with, Richard Alpert and Ralph Metzner, thought the transforming effects of the drug could be a kind of rebirth of users, in the same way as many religions offered them. They wrote a book, "The Psychedelic Experience", which was based on the Tibetan "Book of the Dead". Leary eventually became well known in the 1960s hippie movement for his slogan about LSD: "Turn on, tune in, drop out". The Hippies were a countercultural movement. A number of famous rock bands, including the Beatles and the Grateful Dead, became known for their use of LSD, and even a new type of rock music, called "acid rock", was born from the fad.
LSD quickly became a popular drug outside of the medical profession. Many people began using or giving LSD out casually. "Acid parties" and "acid tests" became a social fad. The drug would sometimes be slipped to persons unknowingly, often through "spiked" punch or drinks. Some problems developed, as some casual users began to experience side effects, such as "flashbacks" and psychotic symptoms, though both of these are rare. Sometimes signs of depression and instability were seen. Due to the spread of LSD use outside of the medical community, the United States government banned LSD (made it against the law to make, have or use) in 1967. Other countries soon followed.
How LSD works.
It triggers a cascading release of norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin. To a lesser extent methamphetamine acts as a dopaminergic and adrenergic reuptake inhibitor and in high concentrations as a monamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI). Since it stimulates the mesolimbic reward pathway, causing euphoria and excitement, it is prone to abuse and addiction. Users may become obsessed or perform repetitive tasks such as cleaning, hand-washing, or assembling and disassembling objects. Withdrawal is characterized by excessive sleeping, eating, and depression-like symptoms, often accompanied by anxiety and drug-craving.[2] Users of methamphetamine sometimes take sedatives such as benzodiazepines as a means of easing their "come down".
Common nicknames for methamphetamine include "meth", "ice", "crystal", "tina", "p", "bitch" and "glass". Methamphetamine is sometimes referred to as "speed", but this term is usually used for regular amphetamine or dextroamphetamine.
Dangers of using LSD.
The most common danger of taking LSD is having a bad experience, which is called a "bad trip." During a bad trip, people may feel very scared and worried, and they may have very sad thoughts. A bad trip can lead to lasting bad memories and even psychological harm. A person who has aids can lessen or even stop the bad parts of the trip. Users who get out of control, or who try to harm themselves, should be taken for medical help.
Many illegal drugs, such as heroin and cocaine, are very addictive. This means that people who start taking the drug will want to keep taking it, even if it is making them sick (ill). LSD is not physically or psychologically addictive.
Another danger from using LSD is that it makes a person impaired (intoxicated). When people are impaired, they may have accidents or do things that they would not normally do. In some rare cases, people taking LSD develop a psychosis.
Frequent or regular use of LSD can result in flashbacks. In a flashback, the person feels the drug beginning to affect him or her again, even though he or she has not taken a dose that day. This can be brought on by stress. Note that over 75% of LSD users claimed never to have "flashed back".
It has been said that some people who use LSD can end up with damage to their chromosomes, but this is a myth based on a single erroneous report that was debunked soon after being published.
Legal status.
LSD is illegal in the United States, Australia, and most of Europe. Some countries enforce the laws against LSD very harshly. Other countries do not enforce the law very much. LSD has been manufactured illegally since the 1960s.

Triple H
Paul Michael Levesque (born July 27, 1969) is an American professional wrestler, better known by the ring name Triple H, an abbreviation of his former Hunter Hearst Helmsley moniker. He currently wrestles for the "SmackDown!" brand of World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE).
Before joining WWE, Levesque began his wrestling career with World Championship Wrestling (WCW) in 1993, wrestling under the name Terra Ryzing. He changed his gimmick to Jean-Paul Lévesque, before joining World Wrestling Federation (now WWE) in 1995.
Since joining WWE, he has become a 12-time world champion: a seven-time WWE Champion and a five-time World Heavyweight Champion. In addition, he won the 1997 King of the Ring, the 2002 Royal Rumble, and was the second Grand Slam Champion.
He married Stephanie McMahon in 2003, becoming the son-in-law of WWE chairman Vince McMahon. Outside of wrestling, Levesque has made many guest appearances in film and on television. He is starring in the upcoming WWE Film "Journey of Death".
At the 2008 edition of "Backlash", Triple H won the WWE Championship for the seventh time tying the current record for most reigns held by The Rock. He lost the title at Survivor Series 2008 to Edge.

Ernő Rubik
Ernő Rubik (born July 13, 1944) is a Hungarian inventor and professor of architecture. He is the inventor of the Rubik's Cube. He was born in Budapest, Hungary.

Michael Richards
Michael Anthony Richards (born July 24, 1949) is an American comedy actor. He is best known for playing Cosmo Kramer on the television show "Seinfeld". He has three Emmy Awards. He caused a notable controversy when his shouting of racial slurs at black hecklers in a comedy club was broadcast worldwide in news reports.

Final Fantasy VII
Final Fantasy VII is a fantasy role-playing video game for the Playstation. It was released in 1997 by Square Co., Ltd. (now Square Enix).
Characters.
The main characters you can play as in Final Fantasy VII are Cloud Strife, Aeris Gainsborough, Barret Wallace, Tifa Lockhart, Red XIII/Nanaki, Cait Sith, Cid Highwind, and two secret characters: Vincent Valentine and Yuffie Kisaragi. Sephiroth joins the party in a series of flashbacks, but he cannot be controlled or equipped. However, his status, inventory and equipment, can be checked during Cloud's flashback.
Important characters in Shin-Ra are Reeve (Head of Urban Development), Hojo (Head of the Science Department), Palmer (Head of Space Exploration), Heidegger (Head of the Peace Preservation Department), Scarlet (Head of Weapons Research and Development), President Shinra, his son Rufus, and members of a secret police organization called the Turks (Elena, Rude, Reno, and Tseng).
In the original English language release of Final Fantasy VII, Aerith's name was spelled wrong after being translated, as 'Aeris'. Games that came after that had Aeris as a character, like Kingdom Hearts, spelled it right.
Music.
The soundtrack for the game was made by Nobuo Uematsu. Music from the game has been released on an original four-disc soundtrack, a single disc album of some arranged tracks titled Final Fantasy VII Reunion Tracks, and piano-only arrangement of some tracks. Popular pieces from the them include Aerith's Theme, a quiet and melodic character theme, and One-Winged Angel, the first composition for the Final Fantasy series to have recorded voices. The game's main theme, heard on the world map in Disc 1, is over 6 minutes long. Several tracks from the game have come back in Square (and Square Enix) productions that came after Final Fantasy VII, including Kingdom Hearts and.

Anthony O'Reilly
Sir Anthony Joseph Francis O'Reilly (born May 7, 1936) billionaire born in Dublin, Ireland. He is the chairman of Dublin's Independent News & Media Group and was once the CEO of the H.J. Heinz Company.
O'Reilly played rugby for the Leicester Tigers and London Irish in England. He played for Ireland between 1955 and 1963.

Prism (optics)
A prism is a special piece of glass, crystal, or plastic that bends light. The light bends (or "refracts") because it moves slower in the glass, crystal or plastic than it does in air. If different colors of light move at different speeds, each color bends a different amount. This splits the light into lots of different colors called a spectrum. This spectrum has the same colors as a rainbow does. Rainbows are also made by bending light. They happen when light is bent by tiny drops of water floating in the air.
Uses.
Prisms are used in binoSpectrumculars to bend the light. This lets the tubes of the binoculars be short. Sometimes prisms are used to reflect light instead of bending it. Some cameras use a prism to send light to the viewfinder, so the photographer can see what will be photographed.

Fritjof Capra
Fritjof Capra (born February 1, 1939) is an Austrian-born American physicist.
Born in Vienna, Austria, Capra earned a Ph.D. in theoretical physics from the University of Vienna in 1966. He has done research on particle physics and systems theory, and has written popular books on the implications of science with ethycs, metaphysics and society.
In particulare in the "The Tao of Physics" he makes the assertion that physics and metaphysics are both inexorably leading to the same knowledge. His works all share a similar subtext: that "there are hidden connections between everything". Capra is both a Buddhist and a Catholic Christian.
After touring Germany in the early 1980s, Capra co-wrote a book on Green Politics with ecofeminist author Charlene Spretnak called "Green Politics," in 1984.
Capra pushes for western society to abandon conventional linear thought and the mechanistic views of Descartes. Critiquing Descartes' reductionistic view that everything can be studied in parts to understand the whole, he allows his readers to take an objective and fresh mind, encouraging them to see the world through complexity theory.
Capra is purportedly setting the grounds for change in many new theories, one of which is the theory of living systems, a theoretical framework for ecology. This theory is only now fully emerging but it has its roots in several scientific fields that were developed during the first half of the twentieth century — organismic biology, gestalt psychology, ecology, general systems theory, and cybernetics.

Minor Threat
Minor Threat was hardcore punk band from Washington DC from the 1980s. Many other bands which played hardcore punk music in the United States were influenced by Minor Threat's music. Minor Threat's songs were usually short and fast. All of Minor Threat's records were released on the band's own Dischord Records label.
Minor Threat told their listeners they did not use illegal drugs or drink alcohol, which was called being "straight edge."
History.
Ian MacKaye, Jeff Nelson, bassist Brian Baker, and guitarist Lyle Preslar formed Minor Threat in 1980. Their first records were "Minor Threat" and "In My Eyes" in 1981. The group toured through the United States.
Their song "Straight Edge" had lyrics (words) that told people they did not use illegal drugs or drink alcohol, which was called being "straight edge." Another song called "Out of Step" tells listeners not to smoke tobacco. People often thought that the band was telling others not to do these things but in interviews the band states that straight edge is a personal decision.
Minor Threat broke up in 1983.

Ethelred the Unready
Ethelred II (c. 968 – April 23, 1016), was also known as Ethelred the Unready. He was King of England twice. The first time was from 978 to 1013, and the second time was 1014 to 1016). He was the son of Edgar, and Aelfthryth. For most of his reign he had to fight off Viking invaders.
The word "unready" in his name means "badly advised". When he asked for ideas about how to do things he was told the wrong thing. Because he was only ten, he did not know what was the best way of doing things.

Elizabethan Religious Settlement
The Elizabethan Religious Settlement was Elizabeth I’s answer to the religious quarrels that developed during the reigns of Henry VIII, Edward VI and Mary I.
This answer was given in two Acts of the Parliament of England. The Act of Supremacy of 1559 confirmed the English church’s independence from Rome. The Act of Uniformity 1559 decided about the form of the English church.
Often it was seen as the end of the English Reformation and the foundation of Anglicanism. But some historians think that England did not become a Protestant nation on a popular level for a long time since then. There seem to have been great divisions in the population and among the clergy for a long time afterwards.

Gecko
Gecko are small to middle size lizards. Lizards are reptiles. There are 1196 different kinds of geckos. They live in many warm countries. Some kinds of geckos to go into people's houses. People are often happy to have them, because geckos eat many insects.
Unlike most lizards, geckos have voices. A gecko sounds a little like a bird or a frog. In some languages these lizards have names that sound like their calls, for example, both English and Indonesian call one kind gecko (gek KO) and tokay (to-KAY). Another kind of gecko, with a different sound, is called chicak (CHEE chak).
Geckos have no eyelids. Instead, they have a clear membrane (skin) over their eyes. They lick the membrane clean with their tongues.
Many kinds of geckos can walk on walls, windows and ceilings. They can do this because they have special toe pads. A microscope can show that each toe pad is made of thousands of hair-like structures. Each of these structures branches into many smaller ends.

Rutherfordium
Rutherfordium is a chemical element. It has also been named eka-hafnium and unnilquadium. It has the symbol Rf. It has the atomic number 104. It is a very radioactive element that does not exist in nature. It has to be made. Rutherfordium is the first transactinide element.. The isotope that has the longest half-life is 265Rf. Rutherfordium-265 only has a half life of about 13 hours.
The amount of rutherfordium that has been made is not enough to give much information about it. The element has no present uses. It is thought that the chemistry of rutherfordium will be like the chemistry of hafnium.
History.
Rutherfordium was named after Ernest Rutherford. It was reported that it was first made in 1964 at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research at Dubna, Russia. The scientists reported that they bombarded a different chemical element 242Pu with the element 22Ne. The neon-22 particles were accelerated to an energy of 113 to 115 MeV. They claim they detected nuclear fission tracks in a special type of glass with a microscope showing that a new element was there.
In 1969 scientists at the University of California, Berkeley made rutherfordium by banging together 249Cf and 12C at very high energies. These scientists said that when they tried to make rutherfordium in the same way as the scientists at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research none of the element was produced.
The scientists at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research claimed that it was first detected in Dubna. They thought it should be named "dubnium" ("Db") or "kurchatovium" ("Ku") for Igor Vasilevich Kurchatov (1903-1960).
The scientists at the University of California, Berkeley thought it should be named "rutherfordium" ("Rf").
The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) decide the name of elements that should be used by everyone. They used "unnilquadium" ("Unq") as a temporary name. Unnilquadium is the systematic element name. In 1997 they resolved the dispute and used the current name of rutherfordium. The chemical element with atomic number 105 was named dubnium.

Lizard
A lizard is a kind of reptile. They make up the suborder "Lacertilia" also called "Sauria". Lizards live all over the world, except for very cold places and in the sea.

Philipp Tischendorf
Philipp Tischendorf (born June 7, 1988 in Berlin, Germany) is a German figure skater. He is the 2007 German national silver medalist. Tischendorf is coached by Olympic silver medalist Romy Oesterreich.

Miles per hour
Miles per hour is a unit of measurement. It measures speed. It is the number of miles moved in an hour.
Miles per hour is the unit used for speed limits on roads in the United Kingdom, United States and other countries. It is normally abbreviated in everyday use to mph or MPH. In technical publications mi/h is sometimes as the abbreviation.
The SI unit for velocity (speed, with a direction of movement) is m·s−1 (metres per second).

Nobility
Nobility was the highest social class in pre-modern societies. In the feudal system (in Europe and elsewhere), the nobility were mostly those who had got land from the monarch and had to give services to him, mainly military service.
It soon became a hereditary class, sometimes with a right to bear a hereditary title and to have financial and other privileges.
Today, in most countries, "noble status" means no legal privileges; an important exception is the United Kingdom, where certain titles (titles of the peerage, until recently guaranteed a seat in the Upper House of Westminster Parliament, that is why it is called House of Lords), and still means some less important privileges.

List of U.S. states by population
This is a list of United States of America states by population as of 2006. The list is made using the 2005 Census estimates taken by the United States Census Bureau. The total population of the United States was 281,421,906 at the 2000 Census, and is estimated to be 301,013,612 in January 2007.
These numbers include all people other than people just visiting: These include citizens, non-citizen permanent residents, non-citizen long-term visitors, and illegal aliens. People in the military who are working in other countries and their families are counted in their home state.
The following is the state by state population count as of the July 1, 2006 estimate.

Trio (music)
A trio is a group of three people who are playing musical instruments or singing together. The word "trio" may also refer to the piece of music that they are playing.
Three people who are singing together are a "vocal trio".
Classical composers writing chamber music very often wrote trios. Usually the trio is called after the main instrument in the group. A piano trio is normally a piece for piano, violin and cello. A string trio is a piece for three string instruments, usually violin, viola and cello.
Many other combinations are possible. Brahms wrote a piece which is normally referred to as a "Horn Trio" for french horn, violin and piano. Mozart wrote a piece normally called a "Clarinet Trio" which is for clarinet, viola and piano.
A piece for three people sitting at one piano is usually called a piece for "piano 6 hands".
Trios can also apply to popular music, like Nickel Creek.

List of U.S. state nicknames
This is a list of U.S. state nicknames: (official state nicknames in bold)

List of U.S. states by date of statehood
This is a list of U.S. states by date of statehood. It has the date when each U.S. state joined the Union. The first 13 states became states of the United States on the date of the Declaration of Independence, Thursday, July 4, 1776 but they are shown here as "joining" on the date each ratified the United States Constitution. The dates on this list do not deal with the time during the American Civil War when several states left the United States and later rejoined.

List of U.S. states' largest cities
This is a list of the largest cities in each United States state and territory. State or territory capitals are listed in "italics".
Territories.
The only incorporated place in Hawaii is the City & County of Honolulu. A portion of it, the Honolulu District, is sometimes called the "city of Honolulu" for statistical reasons, although it has no government separate from that of the "City and County" as a whole. The U.S. Census Bureau defines Honolulu CDP (Census Designated Place) as the Honolulu District. For Hawaii, the largest CDPs are listed.
As of January 2006, New Orleans remains at a population of anywhere from 200,000-230,000 due to the effects of Hurricane Katrina which is only about 50% of the population before the hurricane. Many of the city's residents have moved to Baton Rouge or elsewhere, either short-term or permanently. When new Census estimates are released, it is expected that New Orleans will move down in the rankings.

Learning music by ear
Learning music by ear is learning to play a piece of music by listening to other people playing it and then trying to play it oneself. In some musical traditions there is no written music and everybody plays by ear all the time. Folk music is traditionally learned by listening to other musicians and copying them. This is how music is passed from one generation to another.
Most people in the Western musical tradition learn pieces and songs by reading music, but it is good to try to play music by ear sometimes. It can be a very useful skill.
The Suzuki method of learning instruments started in Japan but is now used in many countries. It teaches young children to play an instrument (usually the violin) by ear.

Shelton Benjamin
Shelton Albert Benjamin (born July 9, 1975) is an American professional wrestler. He currently performs in the SmackDown! brand of World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), where he is the reigning WWE United States Champion.

Robert Oppenheimer
J. Robert Oppenheimer (April 22, 1904 – February 18, 1967) was an American physicist. He is best known as the scientific director of the Manhattan Project. In World War II, the project built the first nuclear weapons. That is why Oppenheimer is called "the father of the atomic bomb"." "We knew the world would not be the same", he recalled the moments after the successful testing of the atomic bomb in New Mexico, United States years later. "A few people laughed, a few people cried, most people were silent. I remembered the line from the Hindu scripture, the Bhagavad-Gita. Vishnu is trying to persuade the Prince that he should do his duty and to impress him takes on his multi-armed form and says, 'I am become Death, the destroyer of worlds.' I suppose we all thought that one way or another." The quote from the Hindu scripture had since become one of Oppenheimer's most famous quotes. He died of throat cancer in Princeton, New Jersey, United States.

Minor league baseball
Minor league baseball is a level of professional baseball in North America. It is made up a many different teams which play in many leagues and levels of ability. Minor league teams are used by Major League teams to have a place to put their players who they do not feel are good enough to play in the Major League yet.
Once a player has shown he is good enough to play in one level of the minor leagues, he is usually moved up to a higher, more difficult level, until he is finally able to play in the Major Leagues. This way players are able to get better at baseball before having to play against tougher opponents. Almost all players in the Major Leagues had to play in the minor leagues first in order to become good enough to play in the Major Leagues.
Sometimes, Major League players who are have been hurt will play a few games in the minor leagues before playing in the Major Leagues again, in order to see if they feel good enough to start playing again.
There are also other professional baseball leagues that Major League teams do not use to as a place put their players. These are known as "Independent Leagues". In these leagues players do not go to higher or lower levels of ability.

American League
The American League (or AL) is one of the two leagues that make up Major League Baseball. The other is the National League (or NL). The American League is made up of 14 teams. At the end of each season, four of these teams go to the "post-season" where one will win the American League championship. The champions of the American League plays against the champions of the National League in the World Series. The team that wins the World Series is the champion of Major League Baseball.
Differences.
The only big differences between the American League and the National League is the number of teams (the National League has 16 teams) and that the American League uses the "Designated Hitter" (or DH). The Designated Hitter is a player who does not play in the field, but is used to bat for the worst hitter in his team's "lineup" (usually the pitcher). The National League does not use the Designated Hitter, and all players in the "lineup" must bat and field for themselves.

National League
The National League (or NL) is one of the two leagues that make up Major League Baseball. The "National League" is made up of 16 teams. At the end of each season, four of these teams go to the "post-season" where one will win the National League championship. The champions of the National League plays against the champions of the American League in the World Series. The team that wins the World Series is the champion of Major League Baseball.
Differences.
The only big differences between the National League and the American League is the number of teams (the American League has 14 teams) and that the American League uses the "Designated Hitter" (or DH). The Designated Hitter is a player who does not play in the field, but is used to bat for the worst hitter in his team's "lineup", usually the pitcher. The National League does not use the Designated Hitter, and all players in the side must bat and field for themselves.

Statistical survey
Statistical surveys are collections of information about items in a population.
Types of statistical surveys.
How many minutes, on average, do you spend eating breakfast?
The categories for this would be yellow, green, purple, etc... which are not numbers.
Surveys of human populations and institutions are common in political polling and government, health, social science and marketing research. A survey may concentrate on opinions or factual information depending on its purpose.

Social sciences
The social sciences are a group of academic disciplines that study human aspects of the world. Social Sciences includes economics, geography, history, political science, psychology, social studies, and sociology.
They are different from the arts and humanities as for them scientific method is important.

Arts
The arts is a part of culture and means much more than "art", which usually means the visual arts (things to look at such as painting, sculpture, fine art, decorative art, and crafts).
The arts means visual arts, performing arts (i.e. music, dance, drama), languages, and culinary arts as well.
Many artistic disciplines are a mixture of several arts.
"The arts" are usually contrasted with "The sciences".

Nuclear proliferation
Nuclear proliferation is when a country starts making nuclear objects.

François Bourdoncle
François Bourdoncle (born April 20, 1964) is founder and CEO of the search engine company Exalead.

Chief executive officer
A Chief Executive Officer (CEO), or Chief Executive, is the highest-ranking corporate officer, administrator, corporate administrator, executive, or executive officer, in charge of total management of a corporation, company, organization or agency.
CEO.
In closely held corporations, it is general business culture that the office of Chief Executive Officer, CEO, is also the chairman of the board. Specifically, one person often shares the chairman and CEO titles while another person takes the presidency or may become chief operating officer (COO). However, the term president is from the U.S. and in the UK COO is favored. Underneath that comes the Executive Vice President (U.S.) or Executive Director (UK). In publicly held corporations, the CEO and chairman positions can be separated but there are implications in corporate governance by doing so.
In some European Union countries, there are two separate boards, one executive board for the day-to-day business and one supervisory board for control purposes (elected by the shareholders). In these countries, the chief executive officer presides over the executive board and the chairman presides over the supervisory board and these two roles will always be held by different people. This ensures a distinction between management by the executive board and governance by the supervisory board. This allows for clear lines of authority. The aim is to prevent a conflict of interest and too much power being concentrated in the hands of one person. There is a strong parallel here with the structure of governments, which tend to separate the political cabinet from the management civil service.
In rare circumstances an Executive Chairperson can be appointed but this is either illegal in many jurisdictions or frowned upon by Regulators.
In the United Kingdom many Charities and Government Agencies are headed by a Chief Executive who is answerable to a Board of Trustees or Board of Directors. In the UK, the Chairman (of the Board) in public companies is more senior than the Chief Executive. Most public companies now split the role of Chairman and Chief Executive.
Reporting structure.
Typically, a CEO has a cadre of subordinate executives, each of which has specific functional responsibilities. These direct reporting relationships most often include: Chief Financial Officer, Chief Operating Officer, Chief Marketing Officer, and Chief Information Officer. Although not an Executive, the Director of Human Resources plays a vital role within any corporation.
However, depending on the industry in which the company operates and/or the organizational structure the company has employed, various other functional areas may be highlighted through the CEO's direct span of control. Some of these less common monikers include: Chief (Business) Development Officer, Chief Knowledge Officer/Chief Learning Officer, Chief Strategy Officer, Chief Risk Officer, and Chief Credit Officer.

Exalead
Exalead [eg'zæli:d] is a French search engine involved in the Quaero project, introducing new search techniques.
Exalead provides thumbnails previews of the target pages along with results, and allows usual advanced refining on the results page (language, geographic location, file type, categories) but also innovative refining such as rich content (audio, video, RSS) and related terms, allowing users to browse the web by serendipity.
Exalead.
The company is a société anonyme based in Paris and founded in 2000 by Francois Bourdoncle. Its name comes from the association between
Exalead tries to integrate research functions in one piece of software, combining Internet, desktop and enterprise functionality.
Exalead employs approximately 60 people in 3 countries (Paris in France, Milano in Italy and New York and San Francisco in the United States of America).
Exalead.com specific features.
Exalead allows search with regular expressions, which can be used to solve crosswords and used in IR algorithms.
On 2nd March 2006, exalead.com indexed more than 4 billion pages. The interface is available in four languages (English, French, German and Chinese).
On 2nd August 2006, Exalead launched the beta of its new interface, which is the default interface since the middle of October. The Chinese language has been removed again, Spanish and Italian were added instead - more languages will come soon.
The index size is 8 billion pages (8,079,622,557 pages at 10 October 2006, 15:54 GMT).

Amateur radio
Amateur radio is a hobby for people who like to talk using radio transmitters. Many people enjoy using amateur radio to talk to other amateur radio hobbyists in other countries. Amateur radio hobbyists also use their radio transmitters to get help in emergencies. Amateur radio is often called "Ham Radio". Many people use their amateur radios for fun. People who use Amateur radio are often called "amateur radio operators", "hams" or "amateurs".
Emergency and distress use.
During a disaster or emergency, Amateur radio can be used to get help. When telephones break, it may be the only way to communicate with people. Amateur radio hobbyists also use their radio transmitters to get help in emergencies. Some amateur radio hobbyists volunteer to monitor the emergency band frequencies in case there are distress calls. If the volunteers hear a distress call, they notify the appropriate authorities (for example the police or the Coast Guard).
License.
People must have a license to use Amateur radio. In most countries users must pass a test to get a license. In some countries there is more than one license grade. In some countries, people can use Amateur radio if they have a license from their home country.
There are many clubs for Amateur radio in many countries. These clubs do many things as a group and help people get their Amateur radio license.
Talking.
Amateur radio operators talk to each other in many ways. Some people talk with their voice, others use computers, television, or Morse code. They use many ways to get their signals to others. They can bounce their signals off the sky, the moon or a satellite. Amateur radio operators have many ways to talk using the radio. Amateur radio satellites are called OSCAR's - Orbital Satellites Carrying Amateur Radio. Hams can also talk to astronauts and cosmonauts aboard the International Space Station (ISS).
Fun.
There are many ways to have fun with amateur radio. There are many games and contests. Amateur radio operators try to talk with as many others as possible. They then mail each other postcards called "QSL cards" to confirm the contact. Contesters may try to see how far they can talk, or to how many different people they can talk.
Some hide a transmitter which sends out a signal and others try to find it using receivers. This is called "Radio direction finding", "fox hunting" or "Radio sport". Sometimes the event is done with cars, or as a foot race.
In India.
Amateur radio is practised by over 15,000 licensed users in India. The first amateur radio operator was licensed in 1921. By the mid 1930s, there were around 20 amateur radio operators in India. Amateur radio operators have played an important part in the Indian independence movement with the setting up of pro-independence radio stations in the 1940s.

Humanities
The humanities include languages, literature, music, philosophy, history, the classics, religion, and the visual and performing arts. Additional subjects sometimes included in the humanities are anthropology, area studies, communications and cultural studies, although these are often regarded as social sciences. It was popular in the Renaissance ages.
The arts are usually considered as part of the humanities. These include visual arts such as painting and sculpture, as well as performing arts such as theatre and dance, and literature. Other humanities such as language are sometimes considered to be part of the arts, for example as the "language arts".
The humanities study the human condition and mostly use methods that are analytic, critical, or speculative and not as empirical as natural and social sciences.

John Hawkins
Sir John Hawkins (also spelled as John Hawkyns) (Plymouth 1532 – November 12 1595) was an English shipbuilder, merchant, navigator, and slave trader.

Coconut palm
The Coconut palm is a type of palm tree. It is a part of the Family Arecaceae (palm family). It is a large palm, growing to 30 m tall. It has leaves that are 4-6 m long. The term "coconut" refers to the fruit of the coconut palm.
A coconut is a large nut. Coconuts grow in tropical countries. The flesh of a coconut is white and can be eaten raw or used in cooking.It is used in many of the foods we eat for flavour, and are native in tropical areas Especially in India.
There are many coconut palms in the coastal belt of India and Bangladesh. People of this area use coconut milk in cooking. Women use coconut oil as hair oil for hair. The Coconut's shell is relatively hard, but can be broken.

Shawarma
Shawarma (in Arabic: شاورما; in Hebrew: שווארמה‎) is a meat sandwich eaten by people in the Middle East. It is served in round Arabic bread with meat and vegetables, with some spice or sauce of choice, in it. Normally, the meat can either be lamb, beef, turkey, or chicken. Shawarma can also be spelled chawarma, shwarma, shawerma, or shoarmais.
It was first introduced by people from Turkey. They call it "çevirme", which means "turning", because the meat can be turned around in the oven.

Merchant
Merchants deal with trade. That means they deal goods that they do not produce themselves, in order to get profit.
In the US, "merchant" is any person while engaged in a business or profession or a seller who deals regularly in the type of goods sold. Under the common law in the United States, merchants are held to a higher standard in the selling of products than those who are not engaged in the sale of goods as a profession. For example, when a merchant sells something, he or she is expected to give a warranty, guaranteeing that the product is fit to be sold, even if there is nothing in writing to this effect.

Warranty
In commercial and consumer transactions, a warranty is an obligation that an article or service that is sold has the quality the buyer can reasonably expect from the seller. In commercial and consumer transactions, a warranty is an obligation that an article or service that is sold has the quality the buyer can reasonably expect from the seller.
That often means that there must be remedy, that means repair or replacement if the article or service is not as good as the warranty says. It is breach of warranty when the promise is broken, i.e., a product is defective or not as good as should be expected by a reasonable buyer.That often means that there must be remedy, that means repair or replacement if the article or service is not as good as the warranty says. It is breach of warranty when the promise is broken, i.e., a product is defective or not as good as should be expected by a reasonable buyer.
In business and legal transactions, a warranty is an assurance by one party to the other party that certain facts or conditions are true or will happen; the other party is allowed to rely on that assurance and seek some type of remedy if it is not true or followed.
In business and legal transactions, a warranty is an assurance by one party to the other party that certain facts or conditions are true or will happen; the other party is allowed to rely on that assurance and seek some type of remedy if it is not true or followed.
A warranty may be express or implied.A warranty may be express or implied.
That often means that there must be remedy, that means repair or replacement if the article or service is not as good as the warranty says. It is breach of warranty when the promise is broken, i.e., a product is defective or not as good as should be expected by a reasonable buyer.That often means that there must be remedy, that means repair or replacement if the article or service is not as good as the warranty says. It is breach of warranty when the promise is broken, i.e., a product is defective or not as good as should be expected by a reasonable buyer.
In business and legal transactions, a warranty is an assurance by one party to the other party that certain facts or conditions are true or will happen; the other party is allowed to rely on that assurance and seek some type of remedy if it is not true or followed.
A warranty may be express or implied.
Express warranty.
An express warranty is typically a guarantee from the seller of a product that specifies the extent to which the quality or performance of the product is assured and states the conditions under which the product can be returned, replaced, or repaired.
Implied warranty.
An implied warranty is one that arises from the nature of the transaction, and the understanding by the buyer.
To be "merchantable", the goods must reasonably conform to an ordinary buyer's expectations, i.e., they are what they say they are. For example, a fruit that looks and smells good but has hidden defects would violate the implied warranty of merchantability if its quality does not meet the standards for such fruit "as passes ordinarily in the trade".
Breach of warranty.
A warranty is violated when the promise is broken; when goods are not as should be expected, at the time the sale occurs, whether or not the defect is apparent. Most warranties exclude parts that normally wear out, and supplies that must be periodically replaced as they are normally used up (e.g., tires and lubrication on a vehicle).
Many people do not realize that extended warranties are not always provided through the manufacturer, but in some circumstances it may work to the consumer's benefit. For instance, when an auto warranty is provided through a dealership from the manufacturer, repairs on the vehicle are reimbursed at a lower negotiated rate.
Legal Aspects of Warranties and Disclaimers.
In the United States, the rights and remedies of buyers and sellers of goods are governed by the Article 2 of Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) as it has been adopted with variations from state to state.
Car warranty.
A car warranty extends from a minimal 1 year, more common 3 year and extended 5 years.
Home Warranty.
A home warranty protects against the high costs of home and appliance repair by offering insurance coverage for appliances and equipments in the house.

Giuseppe Verdi
Giuseppe Verdi (b. Roncole near Busseto, 9 or 10 October 1813; died Milan 27 January 1901) was an Italian composer of operas. Verdi and Richard Wagner were the greatest composers of opera in the 19th century although they were completely different from one another. When Verdi was a young man the most famous opera composers in Italy were Gaetano Donizetti and Vincenzo Bellini who wrote in the bel canto tradition. This meant that their operas had beautiful tunes which were written for singers to show off their voices, even if what they sang did not suit the story. During his long life Verdi changed opera so that it did not have to obey old-fashioned rules. He made the drama the most important thing and the music is there to help the drama.
Early years.
The small village where Verdi was born lies in the valley of the river Po in the north of Italy. It was a poor district. His father was an innkeeper who had a small farm. The young boy must have been very talented. He was given a spinet which he kept all his life. At the age of 9 he often played the organ for church services in the village when the organist was away.
A few years later he composed music for the amateur orchestra in Busseto. A man called Antonio Barezzi knew many important people and he helped Verdi a lot. Later Verdi married his daughter. Barezzi sent him to Milan so that he could study, but Verdi had not been taught the piano properly and he did not get a place in the music conservatory. He had some private lessons and learned a lot about opera as well as about literature and politics. In 1839 he composed an opera: "Oberto, conte di San Bonifacio", which was performed in La Scala, the world-famous opera house in Milan. It is not one of his greatest operas, but it helped him to become well-known and he was asked to write three more operas for La Scala. When his next opera was produced it was not a success: the audience did not like it and they hissed and booed. There was also tragedy in his personal life at this time: his two children and his wife all died.
Early fame.
Verdi managed to overcome his unhappiness in 1842 when he produced his opera "Nabucco". This was a great success and made him world-famous. He started to work very hard, composing two operas a year. He not only had to write the music but organize all the people to perform it. It was a huge workload. His opera "Ernani" (1844) was one of the best from this period. In 1847 he had another big success with “Macbeth”. This opera, based on Shakespeare’s famous play, is still one of the best-loved of all operas. He was becoming more amazing.
For centuries Italy had been a collection of several countries, each with their own ruler. In the 1850s there was a lot of political unrest in the country. Verdi often wrote music for large choruses in his operas. The words of these choruses were often about fighting for freedom, and it was often thought that the songs were encouraging people to revolt. The song "Va pensiero" from his opera "Nabucco" was about the Hebrew slaves who were captive in Babylon. People chanted it in the streets with the words suitably changed. Verdi became a great national hero. Italy eventually became one country in 1861.
Giuseppina Strepponi was the soprano who sang the part of Abigaille in "Nabucco". Verdi fell in love with her. She had lived with another man and had three children so she felt that she was not good enough for Verdi. They eventually married in 1859. She was a great support to him until her death in 1897 although Verdi was not an easy husband to live with. He moved back to Busseto with her. He continued to travel a lot but did not let his wife come with him, leaving her behind in Busseto where she was not happy because many people there did not like her.
Three more famous operas were written at this time: "Rigoletto" in 1851 and "Il trovatore" ("The Troubadour") and "La traviata", both in 1853. These operas have many tunes which became famous. They are full of exciting drama in which the characters are very skilfully described by the music. The music is not divided so clearly into recitative and aria like it had been for two centuries. Instead, the music is developing all the time, the arias run straight into the following music. He had a brilliant sense of drama, but he often had to fight hard to stop producers making changes to what he had written.
Verdi often had trouble with the censors (the officials who decide whether the opera should be allowed to be performed). His opera "Rigoletto" was based on a story called "Le roi s’amuse" by Victor Hugo. The attempted murder of a king was not thought to be a suitable subject. Verdi had to change the king into a duke in his story and make some other changes before the opera could be performed. The story of his opera "Traviata", based on a novel by Alexandre Dumas fils, was also thought to be immoral. At the first performance the audience laughed because the heroine, who is supposed to be dying of consumption, was very fat. However, the opera soon became enormously popular.
International fame.
Verdi had become very famous by now, and was asked to compose for the Opéra in Paris. He had to write operas in the French style: operas with five acts and a ballet based on a serious story. None of the operas he wrote at this time for Paris belong to his best works. He was more inspired when writing for the Italian theatres. "Simon Boccanegra" has a very complicated plot, but the characters are described beautifully by the music. "Un ballo in maschera" (The masked ball) was about the murder of King Gustav III of Sweden. Again the censors did not like it and he had to change the story to a setting in Boston which rather spoiled the story. In the 1860s his best works were "La Forza del Destino" ("The Force of Destiny"), written for St Petersburg, "Don Carlos" written for the Paris Opéra, and "Aida" for the new opera house in Cairo in Egypt. "Aida" is considered one of his most perfect works. The first performance was not without difficulties: Verdi was having a long argument with the conductor Mariani who refused to go to Cairo to conduct it. The argument was made worse by the newspapers who accused Verdi of taking Mariani’s girlfriend. This caused a great scandal.
Last years.
Verdi retired in the 1870s. He was a rich man who owned a lot of land. He gave a lot of money to charities, particularly to one charity for elderly musicians. Even in retirement he was persuaded by his publishers to write two more operas. He became fascinated by Shakespeare and he wrote "Otello" to a libretto (words) by Arrigo Boito. This was a brilliant libretto and it helped him to write a great masterpiece in which every little detail of the story is beautifully described by the music. His very last opera, "Falstaff" (1893) is based on Shakespeare’s "Merry Wives of Windsor". Verdi continued to write a few religious pieces in his old age. He died in 1901.

Blue box
A blue box is a device that someone could use to make free telephone calls. It worked by playing back the same sounds that the telephone company employees used to program their equipment.
The most famous person to use a blue box was John Draper, who went by the name Captain Crunch. Draper taught Steve Wozniak how to build them. Wozniak and Steve Jobs sold blue boxes to fellow students at the University of California, Berkeley. One time, Wozniak used a blue box to call the Pope.

Red box
A red box is a device that people can use illegally to make free telephone calls at a pay telephone. It works by playing back the same sounds that the payphone sends to the phone company when coins are put into it.

Silicon Graphics
Silicon Graphics, Inc. (SGI) is a company that used to make high-end computers. The company was founded by Jim Clark and Abbey Silverstone in 1982 to make graphics display terminals. SGI was famous for making very good computers for 3D animation working on video and pictures. They invented many things that other companies still use today.

Constituency
A constituency is any cohesive corporate unit or body bound by shared structures, goals or loyalty.
In the United Kingdom, a parliamentary constituency is sometimes called a "Parliamentary seat" or a "Division". Constituencies for local government elections are called either "Wards" or "electoral divisions".
Northern Ireland has 18 constituencies, each of which elect six MLAs to the Northern Ireland Assembly under the Single Transferable Vote system.
The Scottish Parliament has 73 single-member constituencies elected on a first past the post basis, with the remaining 56 seats in the parliament being selected by the Additional Member System (AMS). Since the passage of the Scottish Parliament (Constituencies) Act 2004, the constituencies of the Scottish Parliament are no longer identical to those of the House of Commons.
The National Assembly for Wales has 40 constituencies elected by first past the post which are identical to the Welsh constituencies of the House of Commons. Its remaining 20 seats are selected by AMS.
The London Assembly has 14 constituencies elected by first past the post, described in the article on London Assembly constituencies. Its remaining 11 seats are also selected by AMS.

Local government
Local governments are administrative offices that are smaller than a state or province. The term is used to contrast with offices at nation-state level, which are referred to as the central government, national government, or (where appropriate) federal government.
The institutions of local government vary greatly between countries, and even where similar arrangements exist, the terminology often varies. Common names for local government entities include state, province, region, department, county, prefecture, district, city, township, town, borough, parish, municipality, shire and village. However all these names are often used informally in countries where they do not describe a legal local government entity.

List of Parliamentary constituencies in the United Kingdom
This is a list of the 646 constituencies currently represented in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom Parliament, as at the United Kingdom 2005 general election. Each constituency is represented by a single Member of Parliament (MP).

Stain
A stain is a spot that has another color than the material on which it is found. It can be occur without intention in the case of domestic stains on fabric, cloth, or other material, or it can be intentional. Stains are used intentionally in a variety of fields, including research (biochemical staining), technology (metal staining), and art (wood staining, stained glass.)
Different types of material can be stained by different substances, and stain resistance is an important characteristic in modern textile engineering. Various laundry techniques exist to attempt to remove or minimize existing stains, and stain removers are an important type of chemical in laundry detergents. Some stand-alone stain removers also exist.

Stainless steel
In metallurgy, stainless steel means a ferrous alloy with a minimum of 10.5% chromium content. The name means that stainless steel does not stain, corrode or rust as easily as ordinary steel.
The term corrosion resistant steel is used when the alloy type has not exactly the 10.5% minimum of chromium, for example in the aviation industry. As such, there are now different and easily accessible grades and surface finishes of stainless steel, depending of the environment in which the material will used in its lifetime. Everyday use of stainless steel one finds in cutlery.
Stainless steels have a higher resistance to oxidation (rust) and corrosion in many natural and man-made environments; however, it is important to select the correct type and grade of stainless steel for the particular application.

Ferrous
Ferrous is an adjective coming from the Latin "ferrum" (iron). One uses this word to indicate the presence of iron, mostly in metallurgy or related industries.
"Ferrous" is also the name of a song by Peter Gabriel.

Carbon steel
Plain-carbon steel is a metal alloy, a combination of two elements, iron and carbon, where other elements are present in quantities too small to affect the properties. The only other alloying elements allowed in plain-carbon steel are: manganese (1.65% max), silicon (0.60% max), and copper (0.60% max). Steel with a low carbon content has the same properties as iron, soft but easily formed. As carbon content rises the metal becomes harder and stronger but less ductile and more difficult to weld. Higher carbon content lowers steel's melting point and its temperature resistance in general.
Types of carbon steel.
Steel can be heat-treated which allows parts to be fabricated in an easily-formable soft state. If enough carbon is present, the alloy can be hardened to increase strength, wear, and impact resistance. Steels are often wrought by cold-working methods, which is the shaping of metal through deformation at a low equilibrium or metastable temperature.
Metallurgy.
Mild steel is the most common form of steel as its price is relatively low while it provides material properties that are acceptable for many applications. Mild steel has a low carbon content (up to 0.3%) and is therefore neither extremely brittle nor ductile. It becomes malleable when heated, and so can be forged. It is also often used where large amounts of steel need to be formed, for example as structural steel. Density of this metal is 7861.093 kg/m³ (0.284 lb/in³) and the tensile strength is a maximum of 500 MPa (72500 psi)
Carbon steels which can successfully undergo heat-treatment have a carbon content in the range of 0.30% to 1.70% by weight. Trace impurities of various other elements can have a significant effect on the quality of the resulting steel. Trace amounts of sulfur in particular make the steel red-short. Low alloy carbon steel, such as A36 grade, contains about 0.05% sulfur and melts around 1426–1538° C (2600–2800° F). Manganese is often added to improve the hardenability of low carbon steels. These additions turn the material into a low alloy steel by some definitions, but AISI's definition of carbon steel allows up to 1.65% manganese by weight.
Hardened steel usually refers to quenched or quenched and tempered steel.
Silver Steel or high-carbon bright steel, gets its name from its appearance, due to the high carbon content. It is a very-high carbon steel, or can be thought of as some of the best high-carbon steel. It is defined under the steel specification standards BS-1407. It is a 1% carbon tool steel which can be ground to close tolerances. Usually the range of carbon is minimum 1.10% but as high as 1.20%. It also contains trace elements of 0.35% Mn (range 0.30%-0.40%), 0.40% Cr (range 0.4%-0.5%), 0.30% Si (range 0.1%-0.3%), and also sometimes sulfur (max 0.035%) and phosphorus (max 0.035%). Silver steel is sometimes used for making straight razors, due to its ability to produce and hold a micro-fine edge.
Heat treatments.
The purpose of heat treating plain-carbon steel is to change the mechanical properties of steel, usually ductility, hardness, yield strength, and impact resistance.

Yellowcake
Yellowcake is a type of uranium. Yellowcake is made from rocks and minerals with uranium inside, like "uraninite", after they are changed in a factory. Yellowcake can be made into fuel for nuclear reactors, or it can be used in making atomic bombs.

Ductility
Ductility is the physical property of being capable of sustaining large permanent changes in shape without breaking (in metals, such as being drawn into a wire). It is characterized by the internal structure of the material flowing under shear stress.
Definition.
Ductility is the amount that any material yields under shear stress. Gold, copper, aluminium, and steel express high ductility.

Defibrillation
Defibrillation is the act of defibrillating the heart to try treat ventricular fibrillation or pulseless ventricular tachycardia. Defibrillation works by delivering a controlled electric current to the heart, which depolarises a critical mass of the heart muscle, which stops the arrhythmia and allows a coordinated heart rhythm to return. Defibrillation may be administered outside the body with the use of an external defibrillator or an automated external defibrillator, or inside the body with an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator.
The first use on a human was in 1947 by Claude Beck, professor of surgery at Case Western Reserve University.

Defibrillator
A defibrillator is a medical device that is used to defibrillate the heart. It does this by shocking the heart with an electric current to stop ventricular fibrillation or pulseless ventricular tachycardia. The current is sent through two electrodes. These electrodes are normally either paddles or sticky pads. Each electrode is placed on one side of the heart.
Ventricular fibrillation is a situation of electrical chaos in the heart's conduction system. It changes the normal contractions of cardiac muscular tissue. This causes the heart to stop pumping blood around the body properly. It causes circulatory arrest and death within minutes from hypoxic brain damage. The electric current from a defibrillator stops all electrical activity in the heart by depolarising its electrical system. This lets the hearts normal impulses regain control of the muscular tissue of the heart.
Internal defibrillators.
Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICD) are defibrillators that are designed to defibrillate patients from inside their body. They are put inside people that are at high-risk of going into cardiac arrest and monitor a person's heart rate, rhythm, and waveform, and by comparing atrial and ventricular activity, an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator can detect cardiac arrhythmias and treat them quickly.
External defibrillators.
External defibrillators are often used in hospitals and ambulances, but they are now being used outside of medical environments more as automated external defibrillators become safer and cheaper. There are a variety of technologies and form factors in use for external defibrillators, and recent progress in cardiac research has led to big improvements in the underlying technology.
Biphasic defibrillation.
Until recently, external defibrillators relied on monophasic shock waves. Electrical pulses are quickly sent from one electrode to the other in one direction. Biphasic defibrillation, however, alternates the direction of the pulses, completing one cycle in approximately 10 milliseconds. Biphasic defibrillation was originally developed and used for implantable cardioverter-defibrillators. When applied to external defibrillators, biphasic defibrillation significantly decreases the energy level necessary for successful defibrillation. This, in turn, decreases the risk of burns and other damage. However, there is limited evidence to suggest that biphasic defibrillation is better than monophasic defibrillators, although the small capacitor size required for the defibrillator can result in significant cost and size savings -- essential for the proliferation of automated external defibrillators.
Automated external defibrillators.
An automated external defibrillator (AED) is a self-contained defibrillator device designed to be movable easily and simple to use. They are often shaped like briefcases so that they can be carried by a handle. An automated external defibrillator contains a battery, a control computer, and electrodes. When the electrodes are stuck onto the patient, the control computer will assess the patient, checking the rhythm of their heart. It will then charge itself to an appropriate power level and tell users that the person needs to be shocked. If the patient does not need to be defibrillated, the automated external defibrillator will not allow a shock to be administered. A button must still be pushed manually to trigger the shock, as the operator beforehand must be certain that nobody is touching the patient. Often, automated external defibrillators will have speakers which give instructions when they are opened.
Current automated external defibrillator devices are designed for emergency medical technicians, home users, public safety officers and other people with minimal medical knowledge. AEDs are available for $1000 for a basic model to several thousand dollars for a more fully-featured or durable model.
These devices are commonly found in large gathering places, such as airports, casinos, sports stadiums, and college campuses.
Electrodes.
The electrodes are a key part of a defibrillation system.
Design.
The most well-known type of electrode is the traditional metal paddle with an insulated handle. This type must be held in place on the patient's skin while shocks are delivered. Before the paddles are used, gel must be applied to the patient's skin so that there is a good connection and to minimise electrical resistance, also called chest impedance (despite the direct current discharge).
Another type of resuscitation electrode is designed as an adhesive pad. When a patient has been admitted due to heart problems, and the physician or nurse has determined that he or she is at risk of arrhythmia, they may apply adhesive electrodes to the patient in anticipation of any problems that may arise. These electrodes are left connected to a defibrillator. If defibrillation is required, the machine is charged, and the shock is delivered, without any need to apply any gel or to retrieve and place any paddles.
Both solid- and wet-gel adhesive electrodes are available. Solid-gel electrodes are more convenient, because there is no need to clean the patient's skin after removing the electrodes. However, the use of solid-gel electrodes presents a higher risk of burns during defibrillation, since wet-gel electrodes more evenly conduct electricity into the body.
While paddles on a monitor/defibrillator may be quicker than using adhesive pads, pads are superior due to their ability to provide appropriate electrocardiogram readings without the artifact visible from human interference with the paddles. Many monitor defibrilators provide three, five or 12-lead ECG monitoring to compensate for this downfall of the paddles. Adhesive electrodes are also inherently safer than the paddles for the operator of the defibrillator to use, as they minimize the risk of the operator coming into physical (and thus electrical) contact with the patient as the shock is delivered, by allowing the operator to stand several feet away. Another inconvenience of the paddles is the requirement of around 11 kilograms of pressure to be applied while defibrillating.
Placement.
Resuscitation electrodes are placed according to one of two schemes. The anterior-posterior scheme is the preferred scheme for long-term electrode placement. One electrode is placed over the left precordium (the lower part of the chest, in front of the heart). The other electrode is placed on the back, behind the heart in the region between the scapula. This placement is preferred because it is best for non-invasive pacing.
The anterior-apex scheme can be used when the anterior-posterior scheme is inconvenient or unnecessary. In this scheme, the anterior electrode is placed on the right, below the clavicle. The apex electrode is applied to the left side of the patient, just below and to the left of the pectoral muscle. This scheme works well for defibrillation and cardioversion, as well as for monitoring an ECG.

Curse
A curse is a word which threatens the other person to have bad luck. Nobody knows if it really works or become true. Some people believe in them even so, that they become true by magic. For example, for fairy tales, the princes are cursed to become a beast or a frog (i.e. frog prince) by witches because of their bad behaviours. But in the end a princess saves them.
There's also something called a "curse tablet" which most Romans used to curse people they didn't like. They would often let them drift to the river so that the curse will be carried to where that person who has the curse. But many curses are made when people are jealous and they want that person who has the curse to not do well.
The opposite of a curse is a blessing

Ventricular fibrillation
Ventricular fibrillation (often shortened to VF or V-Fib) is a cardiac arrhythmia in which there is an uncoordinated contraction of the cardiac muscle of the ventricles in the heart. The heart is unable to pump blood around the body properly, and ventricular fibrillation can cause tachycardia and hypoxia. Ventricular fibrillation is a medical emergency. If it is allowed to continue for more than a few seconds, the blood will stop circulating, which is what causes the loss of a pulse and respiration, and the person will die.
Ventricular fibrillation is a cause of cardiac arrest and sudden cardiac death. The ventricular muscle twitches randomly when it should contract in unison, and the ventricles cannot pump blood into the arteries and into the systemic circulation.
Treatment.
Ventricular fibrillation can often be reversed by the electric discharge of direct current from a defibrillator. If no defibrillator is available, a precordial thump can be delivered at the onset of VF to regain cardiac function, but they are not always effective. Antiarrhythmic agents such as amiodarone or lidocaine can help, but, unlike atrial fibrillation, ventricular fibrillation rarely reverses spontaneously in large adult mammals. Although a defibrillator is designed to correct the problem, it is not always successful.
In patients at high risk of ventricular fibrillation the use of an
implantable cardioverter-defibrillator has been shown to help.

Seal
As a place name.
Some of these names referred originally to the marine mammal.

Tachycardia
Tachycardia is the fast beating of the heart. In adults, it refers to heart rates higher than 100 beats per minute. Tachhycardia may be a normal physiological response to stress, but depending on the cause and how healthy the patient is, tachycardia could be harmful and need medical treatment. In some cases, tachycardia can cause death.
Tachycardia can be harmful in two ways. First, when the heart beats too rapidly, it may perform inefficiently. Second, the faster the heart beats, the more oxygen and nutrients the heart requires. This can be especially problematic for patients suffering from ischaemic heart disease.

Fracture
A fracture is the separation of a body into two, or more, pieces under the action of stress.
The word "fracture" is often applied to bones of living creatures, or to crystals or crystalline materials, such as gemstones or metal. Sometimes, in crystalline materials, individual crystals fracture without the body actually separating into two or more pieces.
When there is a closed fracture there is no broken skin. The bones which broke do not penetrate the skin (but may be seen under the skin) and there is no contusion from external trauma.
A comminuted fracture has more than two fragments of bone which have broken off. It is a highly unstable type of bone fracture with many bone fragments.
This is where the bone has been completely fractured through it's own width. This is opposite from a hairline fracture or incomplete bone fracture where there is only a "crack" and not a complete break.
This type of fractured bone severely damages the soft tissue which surrounds the bone.
When this occurs, the bone breaks and fragments of the bone will penetrate through the internal soft tissue of the body and break through the skin from the inside. There is a high rise of infection if external pathogenic factors enter into the interior of the body.
The pathology of this type of fracture includes a incomplete fracture in which only one side of the bone has been broken. The bone usually is "bent" and only broken of the outside of the bend. It is mostly seen in children and is considered a stable fracture due to the fact that the whole bone has not been broken. As long as the bone is kept rigid healing is usually quick.
This bone fracture has minimal trauma to the bone and surrounding soft tissues. It is a incomplete fracture with no significant bone displacement and is considered a stable fracture.. In this type the fracture the crack only extends into the outer layer of the bone but not completely through the entire bone. It is also known as a Fissure Fracture.
In this type of fractured bone there are several fracture lines on one bone. It can also mean several fractures in one patient but on separate bones but generally due to the same injury. Generally due to traumatic injuries, this will be evident in a patient who has a fractured pelvis and clavicle due to a fall or hit by a car.
This type of fracture classified as when a broken bone protrudes to the exterior of the body giving rise to soft tissue injuries of the muscles, tendons and ligaments. There is a high risk of injection to the internal tissues.
A simple bone fracture is one of the better types of fractures as there is only bone damage with little or no soft tissue damage and the broken bone ends do not penetrate the skin.

Stress (physics)
Stress in material science means that material is influenced in a way that may cause it to break or change its form.
Precisly spoken stress is the internal distribution of force per unit area that balances and reacts to external loads applied to a body. It is a second-order tensor with nine dimensions, but can be fully described with six dimensions due to symmetry in the absence of body moments. Stress is often broken down into its shear and normal components as these have unique physical significance. Often results from built up pressure due to the lack of an outlet.
Stress can be applied to solids, liquids and gases. Static fluids support normal stress (hydrostatic pressure) but will flow under shear stress. Moving viscous fluids can support shear stress (dynamic pressure). Solids can support both shear and normal stress, with ductile materials failing under shear and brittle materials failing under normal stress. All materials have temperature dependant variations in stress related properties.
Stress in one-dimensional bodies.
All real objects occupy three-dimensional space. However, if two dimensions are very large or very small compared to the others, the object may be modelled as one-dimensional. This simplifies the mathematical modelling of the object. One-dimensional objects include a piece of wire loaded at the ends and viewed from the side, and a metal sheet loaded on the face and viewed up close and through the cross section.

Shear stress
Shear stress is a stress state where the stress is parallel to a face of the material, as opposed to normal stress when the stress is vertical to the face.
Shear stress is relevant to themotion of fluids upon surfaces, which result in the generation of shear stress.
Also constructions in soil can fail due to shear; e.g., the weight of an earth-filled dam may cause the subsoil to collapse, like a small landslide.

Tensile stress
Tensile stress (or tension) is the stress state leading to expansion; that is, the length of a material tends to increase in the tensile direction. The volume of the material stays constant.
Therefore in a uniaxial material the length increases in the tensile stress direction and the other two directions will decrease in size. In the uniaxial manner of tension, tensile stress is induced by pulling forces. Tensile stress is the opposite of compressive stress.
Structural members in direct tension are ropes, soil anchors and nails, bolts, etc. Beams subjected to bending moments may include tensile stress as well as compressive stress and/or shear stress.
Tensile stress may be increased until the reach of tensile strength, namely the "limit state" of stress.

Tension (mechanics)
Tension is a reaction force applied by a stretched string (rope or a similar object) on the objects which stretch it. The direction of the force of tension is parallel to the string, towards the string.
Tension exists also inside the string itself: if the string is made up of two parts, tension is the force which the two parts of the string apply on each other. The amount of tension in the string determines whether it will break, as well as its vibrational properties, which are used in musical instruments.

I.O.U.
I.O.U. means "I Owe You" or "I Owe Unto". It is a note between two people that is used to say that one person owes something to the other. It is usually used for money. I.O.U.'s are most often only used between people that know each other very well, for example, friends.

Deformation
In engineering mechanics, deformation is a change in shape that is result of a force that influences the object.
It can be a result of tensile (pulling) forces, compressive (pushing) forces, shear, bending or torsion (twisting).
Types of deformation.
Depending on the type of material, size and shape of the object, and the forces used, various types of deformation may result.
Elastic deformation.
This type of deformation is reversible. Once the forces are no longer applied, the object returns to its original shape. As the name implies, elastic (rubber) has a rather large elastic deformation range. Soft thermoplastics and metals have moderate elastic deformation ranges while ceramics, crystals, and hard thermosetting plastics undergo almost no elastic deformation.
Metal fatigue.
A phenomenon only discovered in modern times is metal fatigue, which occurs primarily in ductile metals. It was originally thought that a material deformed only within the elastic range returned completely to its original state once the forces were removed. However, faults are introduced at the molecular level with each deformation. After many deformations, cracks will begin to appear, followed soon after by a fracture, with no apparent plastic deformation in between. Depending on the material, shape, and how close to the elastic limit it is deformed, failure may require thousands, millions, billions, or trillions of deformations.
Metal fatigue has been a major cause of aircraft failure, especially before the process was well understood.
Plastic deformation.
This type of deformation is not reversible. But an object in the plastic deformation range will first have undergone elastic deformation, which is reversible, so the object will return part way to its original shape. Soft thermoplastics have a rather large plastic deformation range as do ductile metals such as copper, silver, and gold. Steel does, too, but not iron. Hard thermosetting plastics, rubber, crystals, and ceramics have minimal plastic deformation ranges. Perhaps the material with the largest plastic deformation range is wet chewing gum, which can be stretched dozens of times its original length.
Fracture.
This type of deformation is also not reversible. A break occurs after the material has reached the end of the elastic, and then plastic, deformation ranges. At this point forces accumulate until they are sufficient to cause a fracture. All materials will eventually fracture, if sufficient forces are applied.

Ceramic
The word ceramic is derived from the Greek word κεραμικός ("keramikos"). The term covers inorganic non-metallic materials which are formed by the action of heat. Up until the 1950s or so, the most important of these were the traditional clays, made into pottery, bricks, tiles and the like, along with cements and glass. Clay-based ceramics are described in the article on pottery. A composite material of ceramic and metal is known as cermet. The word "ceramic" can be an adjective, and can also be used as a noun to refer to a ceramic material, or a product of ceramic manufacture. "Ceramics" may also be used as a singular noun referring to the art of making things out of ceramic materials. The technology of manufacturing and usage of ceramic materials is part of the field of ceramic engineering.
Many ceramic materials are hard, porous, and brittle. The study and development of ceramics includes methods to mitigate problems associated with these characteristics, and to accentuate the strengths of the materials as well as to investigate novel applications.
The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) defines a ceramic article as “"an article having a glazed or unglazed body of crystalline or partly crystalline structure, or of glass, which body is produced from essentially inorganic, non-metallic substances and either is formed from a molten mass which solidifies on cooling, or is formed and simultaneously or subsequently matured by the action of the heat".”
Classification of technical ceramics.
Each one of these classes can develop unique material properties
Mechanical properties.
Ceramic materials are usually ionic or covalent bonded materials, and can be crystalline or amorphous. A material held together by either type of bond will tend to fracture before any plastic deformation takes place, which results in poor toughness in these materials. Additionally, because these materials tend to be porous, the pores and other microscopic imperfections act as stress concentrators, decreasing the toughness further, and reducing the tensile strength. These combine to give catastrophic failures, as opposed to the normally much more gentle failure modes of metals.
These materials do show plastic deformation. However, due to the rigid structure of the crystalline materials, there are very few available slip systems for dislocations to move, and so they deform very slowly. With the non-crystalline (glassy) materials, viscous flow is the dominant source of plastic deformation, and is also very slow. It is therefore neglected in many applications of ceramic materials.
Semiconductors.
There are a number of ceramics that are semiconductors. Most of these are transition metal oxides that are II-VI semiconductors, such as zinc oxide.
While there is talk of making blue LEDs from zinc oxide, ceramicists are most interested in the electrical properties that show grain boundary effects.
One of the most widely used of these is the varistor. These are devices that exhibit the property that resistance drops sharply at a certain threshold voltage. Once the voltage across the device reaches the threshold, there is a breakdown of the electrical structure in the vicinity of the grain boundaries, which results in its electrical resistance dropping from several megohms down to a few hundred ohms. The major advantage of these is that they can dissipate a lot of energy, and they self reset — after the voltage across the device drops below the threshold, its resistance returns to being high.
This makes them ideal for surge-protection applications. As there is control over the threshold voltage and energy tolerance, they find use in all sorts of applications. The best demonstration of their ability can be found in electrical substations, where they are employed to protect the infrastructure from lightning strikes. They have rapid response, are low maintenance, and do not appreciably degrade from use, making them virtually ideal devices for this application.
Semiconducting ceramics are also employed as gas sensors. When various gases are passed over a polycrystalline ceramic, its electrical resistance changes. With tuning to the possible gas mixtures, very inexpensive devices can be produced.
Superconductivity.
Under some conditions, such as extremely low temperature, some ceramics exhibit high temperature superconductivity. The exact reason for this is not known, but there are two major families of superconducting ceramics.
Ferroelectricity and supersets.
Piezoelectricity, a link between electrical and mechanical response, is exhibited by a large number of ceramic materials, including the quartz used to measure time in watches and other electronics. Such devices use both properties of piezoelectrics, using electricity to produce a mechanical motion (powering the device) and then using this mechanical motion to produce electricity (generating a signal). The unit of time measured is the natural interval required for electricity to be converted into mechanical energy and back again.
The piezoelectric effect is generally stronger in materials that also exhibit pyroelectricity, and all pyroelectric materials are also piezoelectric. These materials can be used to inter convert between thermal, mechanical, and/or electrical energy; for instance, after synthesis in a furnace, a pyroelectric crystal allowed to cool under no applied stress generally builds up a static charge of thousands of volts. Such materials are used in motion sensors, where the tiny rise in temperature from a warm body entering the room is enough to produce a measurable voltage in the crystal.
In turn, pyroelectricity is seen most strongly in materials which also display the ferroelectric effect, in which a stable electric dipole can be oriented or reversed by applying an electrostatic field. Pyroelectricity is also a necessary consequence of ferroelectricity. This can be used to store information in ferroelectric capacitors, elements of ferroelectric RAM.
The most common such materials are lead zirconate titanate and barium titanate. Aside from the uses mentioned above, their strong piezoelectric response is exploited in the design of high-frequency loudspeakers, transducers for sonar, and actuators for atomic force and scanning tunneling microscopes.
Positive thermal coefficient.
Increases in temperature can cause grain boundaries to suddenly become insulating in some semiconducting ceramic materials, mostly mixtures of heavy metal titanates. The critical transition temperature can be adjusted over a wide range by variations in chemistry. In such materials, current will pass through the material until joule heating brings it to the transition temperature, at which point the circuit will be broken and current flow will cease. Such ceramics are used as self-controlled heating elements in, for example, the rear-window defrost circuits of automobiles.
At the transition temperature, the material's dielectric response becomes theoretically infinite. While a lack of temperature control would rule out any practical use of the material near its critical temperature, the dielectric effect remains exceptionally strong even at much higher temperatures. Titanates with critical temperatures far below room temperature have become synonymous with "ceramic" in the context of ceramic capacitors for just this reason.
Classification of ceramics.
Non-crystalline ceramics, being glasses, tend to be formed from melts. The glass is shaped when either fully molten, by casting, or when in a state of toffee-like viscosity, by methods such as blowing to a mold. If later heat-treatments cause this class to become partly crystalline, the resulting material is known as a glass-ceramic.
Crystalline ceramic materials are not amenable to a great range of processing. Methods for dealing with them tend to fall into one of two categories - either make the ceramic in the desired shape, by reaction in situ, or by "forming" powders into the desired shape, and then sintering to form a solid body. Ceramic forming techniques include shaping by hand (sometimes including a rotation process called "throwing"), slip casting, tape casting (used for making very thin ceramic capacitors, etc.), injection molding, dry pressing, and other variations. (See also Ceramic forming techniques. Details of these processes are described in the two books listed below.) A few methods use a hybrid between the two approaches.
In situ manufacturing.
The most common use of this method is in the production of cement and concrete. Here, the dehydrated powders are mixed with water. This starts hydration reactions, which result in long, interlocking crystals forming around the aggregates. Over time, these result in a solid ceramic.
The biggest problem with this method is that most reactions are so fast that good mixing is not possible, which tends to prevent large-scale construction. However, small-scale systems can be made by deposition techniques, where the various materials are introduced above a substrate, and react and form the ceramic on the substrate. This borrows techniques from the semiconductor industry, such as chemical vapour deposition, and is very useful for coatings.
These tend to produce very dense ceramics, but do so slowly.
Sintering-based methods.
The principles of sintering-based methods is simple. Once a roughly held together object (called a "green body") is made, it is baked in a kiln, where diffusion processes cause the green body to shrink. The pores in the object close up, resulting in a denser, stronger product. The firing is done at a temperature below the melting point of the ceramic. There is virtually always some porosity left, but the real advantage of this method is that the green body can be produced in any way imaginable, and still be sintered. This makes it a very versatile route.
There are thousands of possible refinements of this process. Some of the most common involve pressing the green body to give the densification a head start and reduce the sintering time needed. Sometimes organic binders such as polyvinyl alcohol are added to hold the green body together; these burn out during the firing (at 200–350°C). Sometimes organic lubricants are added during pressing to increase densification. It is not uncommon to combine these, and add binders and lubricants to a powder, then press. (The formulation of these organic chemical additives is an art in itself. This is particularly important in the manufacture of high performance ceramics such as those used by the billions for electronics, in capacitors, inductors, sensors, etc. The specialized formulations most commonly used in electronics are detailed in the book "Tape Casting," by R.E. Mistler, et al., Amer. Ceramic Soc. [Westerville, Ohio], 2000.) A comprehensive book on the subject, for mechanical as well as electronics applications, is "Organic Additives and Ceramic Processing," by D. J. Shanefield, Kluwer Publishers [Boston], 1996.
A slurry can be used in place of a powder, and then cast into a desired shape, dried and then sintered. Indeed, traditional pottery is done with this type of method, using a plastic mixture worked with the hands.
If a mixture of different materials is used together in a ceramic, the sintering temperature is sometimes above the melting point of one minor component - a "liquid phase" sintering. This results in shorter sintering times compared to solid state sintering.

Inorganic compound
An inorganic compound is a chemical compound that is "not" an organic compound. Traditionally, inorganic compounds came principally from mineral sources of non-biological origin. Most known inorganic compounds are however synthetic and are not obtained directly from nature.
According to contemporary definitions, inorganic compounds include all compounds containing metals and metalloids. Although most carbon compounds are considered organic, cyanide salts, carbon oxides and carbonates are usually considered to be inorganic.

Applied mechanics
Applied mechanics, also known as theoretical and applied mechanics, is a branch of the physical sciences and the practical application of mechanics. Applied mechanics examines the "response of bodies (solids and fluids) to external forces". Some examples of "mechanical systems" include the flow of a liquid under pressure, the fracture of a solid from an applied force, or the vibration of an ear in response to sound. A practitioner of the discipline is known as a mechanician.
Applied mechanics, as its name suggests, bridges the gap between physical theory and its application to technology.

Mechanics
Mechanics is the branch of physics which looks at bodies that are influenced by forces and moved.
The discipline has its roots in ancient Greece where Aristotle studied the way bodies behaved when they were thrown through the air (e.g. a stone). However it was Galileo, Kepler and especially Newton who lay the foundation for much of the so called "Newtonian mechanics" we know today.
A person working in the discipline is known as a mechanician.
Significance.
Mechanics is the original discipline of physics, dealing with the macroscopic world that humans perceive. It is therefore a huge body of knowledge about the natural world. Mechanics encompasses the movement of all matter in the universe under the four forces: gravity, the strong and weak interactions, and the electromagnetic interaction.
Mechanics also constitutes a central part of technology

Paleobiology
History.
Baron Franz Nopcsa von Felső-Szilvás started paleobiology in the late 19th century while working at the University of Vienna. He tried to learn how the animals lived, rather than merely put together their bones, as many geologiists were doing at the time.

Central venous catheter
A central venous catheter (CVC) or "central line" is a catheter put in a large vein in the neck, chest, or groin when a patient needs close cardiovascular monitoring, for assessment of fluid status, and so that intravenous drugs and fluids can be given to the patient more effectively. The veins most commonly used are the internal jugular vein, the subclavian vein, and the femoral vein.

Macroscopic
Macroscopic means physical objects that are measurable and can be seen by the naked eye.
When one uses macroscopic for abstract objects, one thinks of the world as we see it without any help. Lengths scales are called macroscopic if they are fall in the range of more or less 1 mm up to 1 km.
One may use the term "macroscopic" also for a "larger view", namely a view only available from a large perspective. A macroscopic position could be considered the "big picture".
Macroscopy in physics.
In physics macroscopy is a relative term. If one looks at a galaxy, a star is microscopic in comparison with the whole galaxy, even if it is many, many orders of magnitude larger than us.

Naked eye
Seeing with naked eye means to look at something without the help of telescope, binoculars or microscope.
It is often used in astronomy meaning something that the general public can see a star without any help.

Order of magnitude
If one says things have the same order of magnitude one means a value that is rather near to the other value that is compared with it.
But if one would compare the surface of an orange with that of the earth, one would say the surface of the earth is many "orders of magnitude" larger than that of the orange.
Orders of magnitude are generally used to make very approximate comparisons. If two numbers differ by one order of magnitude, one is about ten times larger than the other. If they differ by two orders of magnitude, they differ by a factor of about 100. Two numbers of the same order of magnitude have roughly the same scale: the larger value is less than ten times the smaller value.

N-Gage
The Nokia N-Gage is a mobile phone and handheld game console. It was first sold on October 7, 2003.

Woodside
Woodside is the name of several places.

Handheld game console
A handheld game console is a light, portable electronic machine for playing video games.

Pinhead Gunpowder
Pinhead Gunpowder is a punk rock band from California, United States. Its members are Billie Joe Armstrong (singer and guitarist of Green Day), Aaron Cometbus, Bill Schneider and Jason White. White and Shneider also paticipate in Green Day.
The name of the band means the brand of a "high octane" green tea wich Cometbus founded in the dump.
Its members do not want to make money with this band, they only want to have fun with.
Its music is different in each song, but always following the punk and hardcore style.

Harry Connick, Jr.
Harry Connick, Jr. (September 11, 1967) is an American singer, piano player and actor. He plays jazz music mostly, but also pop music.

Pantheism
Pantheism is the belief that God and the universe are equivalent (the same thing.) A Pantheist believes that everything that exists is a part of God, and that God is nothing more than everything that exists.
Pantheism is an important part of many eastern religions such as Hinduism and Taoism.
Some western philosophers such as Baruch Spinoza and scientists like Albert Einstein and Stephen Hawking are Pantheists.
Some Christians, Jews and Muslims are Pantheists. However, their majority believes that while God is in everything, there is more to God than just the universe. (This belief is called Panentheism)

Panentheism
Panentheism is the belief that the universe is part of God. Followers believe that god, God or gods are both part of the universe and above it. To some people, this is a very confusing concept (idea) and was first created by philosophers in the early centuries AD.

Deuterium
Deuterium is an isotope of hydrogen, the first element. Deuterium has one proton and one neutron (two for the tritium). Hydrogen does not have a neutron, only a proton. The chemical symbol for Deuterium is 2H but D is also used often.

Boer
Boer (IPA: /bur/) is the Dutch word for farmer which is used to call the descendants of the Dutch farmers of Southern Africa during the 1700s, as well as those who left the Cape Colony during the 1800s to live in the Orange Free State, Transvaal. They did this to escape the British rule, and the wars between the British imperial government and the native tribes on the eastern frontier.
History.
In 1657, “vrybriewe” was granted to 9 burgers, the first farmers or Boers (Boere) at the Cape. Although they were not known as Afrikaners, they did not regard themselves as living in a European country. As more and more immigrants from Europe arrived at the Cape the more international marriages took place. Soon their language and culture was lost and transformed into the Dietse nation. They regarded themselves as a new nation. Paul Heyns, born in 1696 christened his son Michiel Afrikanus (the Afrikaner). One Hendrik Bieslow in 1707 proclaimed in public “Ik ben een Afrikaander”. The Boer later created the Boer Republics, which were deafeated in the 1880-1881 and 1899–1902 Anglo-Boer wars (Anglo-Boere-oorlog). After that, many Boers emigrated to other countries, but many still live in modern South Africa, Swaziland and Rhodesia.

Muhammad Ali
Muhammad Ali (born Cassius Marcellus Clay, Jr. on January 17, 1942) was an American boxer. He has become one of the most famous boxers in the world with his "rope-a-dope" technique. He is also well known for his clever rhymes. In 1999, Ali was named "Sportsman of the Century" by Sports Illustrated magazine. He won the World Heavyweight Boxing championship three times. Ali has also won an Olympic gold medal for boxing during the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome, Italy.
Ali was born in Louisville, Kentucky. He was named after his father, Cassius Marcellus Clay, Sr. Ali changed his name after converting to Islam in 1975. Because of his Islamic beliefs, Ali would not fight in the Vietnam War when the army tried drafting him. He was sent to jail because of this. Ali retired from boxing in 1981. In the early 1980s, it was found out that Ali had Parkinson's disease.

Mechanician
A mechanician is an engineer or a scientist working in the field of mechanics, or in engineering, applied mechanics and similar fields. Sometimes mechanicians are also called mechaniker and mechanicist.

Compressive stress
Compressive stress is the stress on materials that leads to a smaller volume.
By compressive stress the material is under compression. Compressive stress to bars, columns, etc. leads to shortening.
One can increase the compressive stress til compressive strength is reached. Then materials will react with ductile behaviour (most metals, some soils and plastics) or with fracture in case of brittle materials (geomaterials, cast iron, glass, etc).

Cambuslang railway station
Cambuslang railway station is a train station for the Scottish town of Cambuslang, in South Lanarkshire (near Glasgow.) The station is owned and managed by First ScotRail. There is a train every ten minutes. Trains come more often at busy times of the day. The station has a ticket office at the top, with a bridge across the track and two ramps down to each platform.

Rotation
Rotation is the movement of an object in a circular motion.
A two-dimensional object rotates around a "center" (or "point") "of rotation". A three-dimensional object rotates around a line called an "axis". If the axis of rotation is within the body, the body is said to rotate upon itself, or "spin"— which implies relative speed and perhaps free-movement with angular momentum. A circular motion about an external point (for example the Earth around the Sun) is called an "orbit" or more properly "orbital revolution."
Types of rotation.
Rotation around a point in one plane can be in a clockwise direction or an anticlockwise direction.
Aviation.
In flight dynamics, the principal rotations are known as "pitch", "roll" and "yaw". The term rotation is also used in aviation to refer to the upward pitch of an aircraft, particularly when starting the major climb for takeoff.
Amusement rides.
Many amusement rides provide rotation. A Ferris wheel and observation wheel have a horizontal central axis, and parallel axes for each gondola, where the rotation is opposite, by gravity or mechanically.
Sports.
Rotation, usually called "spin", plays a role in many sports. "Topspin" and "backspin" in tennis. "English", "follow" and "draw" in billiards and pool. Curve balls in baseball and spin bowling in cricket. Table tennis paddles are specialized to allow players to spin the ball as they hit it.

Moment (physics)
In physics, the moment of force (often just moment) means the magnitude of force that influences the rotation of an object.
In this concept the moment arm, the distance from the axis of rotation, plays an important role. The lever, pulley, gear, and most other simple machines create mechanical advantage by changing the moment arm. The SI unit for moment is the newton meter (Nm).
History of moment.
The principle of moments is derived from Archimedes' discovery of the operating principle of the lever. In the lever one applies a force, in his day most often human muscle, to an "arm", a beam of some sort. Archimedes noted that the amount of force applied to the object, the "moment of force", is defined as "M = rF", where "F" is the applied force, and "r" is the distance from the applied force to object.

Tensile strength
Tensile strength measures the force required to pull something such as rope, wire, or a structural beam to the point where it breaks.
The tensile strength of a material is the maximum amount of tensile stress that it can before failure, for example breaking.

Bosconian
Bosconian is a arcade video game made by Namco in 1981. The player moves a spaceship and tries to destroy "space stations". There are also other things in space that the player has to destroy to get to the space stations. The game was later used on many of the early personal computers.

The Sunday Night Project
The Sunday Night Project is a British comedy television programme. It is broadcast on Channel 4. The show is presented by Justin Lee Collins and Alan Carr with a different guest host each week.

Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia
Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia (born Великая Княжна Анастасия Николаевна Романова "Belikaya Knyazhna Anastasiya Nikolaevna Romanova", Russian SSR, June 18, 1901) was the daughter of the last tsar Tsar Nicholas II. The Tsar was unhappy when she was born because he wanted a son (soon after, he got one, named Alexei so that his son could become the next tsar of Russia, but everyone soon found that Anastasia could cheer everyone up. Her friends said Anastasia liked to tell jokes and was very funny.
Death.
Her family was murdered by Bolsheviks on July 17, 1918 during the Russian Revolution. Some people think Anastasia was saved. People said that Russian soldiers looked for Anastasia after the rest of her family was murdered. The family's grave was found in 1991 in Siberia. Two bodies are missing from the family's grave. The missing bodies are believed to be her brother Alexei and Anastasia or her sister Maria. Scientists think that her other sisters, Olga and Tatiana, were in the grave. They think the bodies of the three young women in the grave were too tall and too old to belong to Anastasia. Anastasia was shorter than her three sisters. She was seventeen when the family was murdered.
Several women later said they were Anastasia (such as most the most famous claimant Anna Anderson). Some people said Anna Anderson looked like Anastasia and acted like her. DNA tests later proved she was not the grand duchess. movies have been made and books have been written about the story of Anastasia.
The Tsar, the Tsarina, and three of their daughters were buried at St. Petersburg, Russia on July 17, 1998. Anastasia and her family were made passion bearers by the Russian Orthodox Church in 2000.

Anna Anderson
Anna Anderson said she was Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia. She had the same physical appearance as her, including some very unique scars and a screwed up finger on her left hand. While some claim that she was burned to death in a huge bonfire with her younger brother Alexi, she said she was saved by a Bolshevik soldier after Anastasia's family was killed on July 17,1918 during the Russian Revolution. She tried to kill herself in 1920 in Berlin, Germany. She was taken to a mental hospital. She told her story to people there. Some people believed her. Some people did not. It was a mystery for 70 years. Movies were made about her story. She married Jack Manahan and called herself Anastasia Manahan. They lived in Charlottesville, Virginia. Anna Anderson died in 1984.

Celtic F.C.
Celtic F.C. is a team in Scotland playing in, and current champions of, the Scottish Premier League.
Old Firm.
Celtic is half of the Old Firm, alongside Rangers F.C. This is a term used to describe both Rangers and Celtic collectively.

Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna of Russia
Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna of Russia was a daughter of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia and Tsarina Alexandra Feodorovna. She was born on June 26, 1899. One of her sisters was Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia. Her other sisters were Olga and Tatiana. Her brother was Alexei. Her friends said that she was a pretty girl who liked to flirt with boys.
The family was killed by Bolsheviks on July 17, 1918 during the Russian Revolution. Some people think Maria or her sister Anastasia was saved by a soldier who liked the girls. Two bodies were missing from the family's grave when it was found in 1991. The missing bodies are Alexei and Maria or her sister Anastasia.
A man named Gabriel Louis Duval thinks his foster grandmother, Granny Alena, might have been Grand Duchess Maria. He wrote a book called "A Princess in the Family."
Grand Duchess Maria is a saint in the Russian Orthodox Church. She was made a saint in 2000. Her parents and sisters and brother were also made saints.

Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna of Russia
Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna of Russia (b. June 10, 1897, Russia) was a daughter of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia and Tsarina Alexandra Feodorovna. She was a sister of Olga, Anastasia, Maria, and Tsarevich Alexei of Russia. Her friends said she was more beautiful than her sisters. She was a Red Cross nurse during World War I. She was practical and liked to help her mother. She was very religious.
The family was killed by Bolsheviks on July 17, 1918 during the Russian Revolution. Their grave was found later in Siberia. Tatiana and her family were buried in St. Petersburg, Russia on July 17, 1998. They were made saints by the Russian Orthodox Church in 2000.

Rally-X
Rally-X is a Arcade video game by Namco. The player moves a car around a maze. The player tries to collect 10 "flags".
Flags.
In Rally-X, there are two types of flags: regular flags and special flags. Special flags double the players points after collecting it. It will only work if the player does not lose a life. In New Rally-X, there is another flag called a lucky flag. It fills up the cars feul tank if it is empty. There is only one special flag or lucky flag.

Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna of Russia
Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna of Russia was the oldest daughter of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia and Tsarina Alexandra Feodorovna. She was born on November 15, 1895. Her sisters were Tatiana, Maria, and Anastasia and her brother was Alexei.
Her friends said Olga was very smart. She liked to read. She was a Red Cross nurse during World War I. She had to stop nursing in 1915 because it made her feel sad. She fell in love with a soldier that she nursed. Her parents would not have let her marry him because she was a tsar's daughter.
Olga and her family were killed by Bolsheviks on July 17, 1918 during the Russian Revolution. Their grave was found in 1991 in Siberia. They were buried at St. Petersburg, Russia on July 17, 1998. Olga and her family were made saints by the Russian Orthodox Church in 2000.

Physical compression
Physical compression means that a material under compressive stress reduces its volume.
There are different uses of compression in physics and engineering.
By compression it is possible to measure mechanical properties of materiels such as compressive strength or modulus of elasticity. Scientists may do this with press machines.
Compression is also used in engines, for example in the Diesel engine as in any internal combustion engine and in the steam engine.

Compressive strength
Compressive strength measures the pushing force that one needs to break a material.
When the limit of compressive strength is reached, materials are crushed. Concrete can be made to have high compressive strength e.g. many concrete floors have compressive strength of 3000 p.s.i..

Strength of materials
Strength of materials is important for the study of engineering materials and their mechanical behavior in general (such as stress, deformation, strain and stress-strain relations).
Strength is considered in terms of compressive strength, tensile strength, and shear strength, namely the limit states of compressive stress, tensile stress and shear stress are looked at.

Funeral Blues
"Funeral Blues" is a poem written in 1936 by W. H. Auden.
"Funeral Blues" is a simple poem about death, isolation (loneliness), emptiness and longing. The death of a lover may or may not be a literal event (actually happened). The poem is also about the end of a romantic relationship with somebody other than the person's spouse/partner. In four stanzas it moves from the time before the funeral (Stop all the clocks, Silence the pianos...), during the funeral itself (Bring out the coffin, let the mourners come...), after the funeral (He was my North, my South...), and the loneliness and grief that comes with it.

W. H. Auden
Wystan Hugh Auden (February 21 1907 – September 29 1973) was an American poet. He wrote several famous poems such as "Funeral Blues", and As I Walked Out One Evening. He signed his works W. H. Auden.

Parsley
Parsley is a fresh flavored bright green herb. It used on food as a garnish and a seasoning.

Edith Piaf
Édith Piaf (December 19 1915 – October 11 1963) was one of France's most loved singers. Her real name is Edith Giovanna Gassion. She became a national icon. Her music was an image of her tragic life. Piaf was known for singing ballads in a heartbreaking voice. Among her most famous songs are "La vie en rose" (1946), "Hymne à l'amour" (1949), "Milord" (1959) and "Non, je ne regrette rien" (1960). Piaf died of cirrhosis at the age of 47.

Weed
A weed is a plant that someone thinks is bad, because it is growing in the wrong place. Trees are not often called weeds, only smaller plants.
If someone is farming a plant and it then moves outside the farm, the plant may then be called a weed.
Some plants are very hard to stop once they start growing. These are called invasive weeds.
Weed is also a name for any wild plant, one that people do not use for anything.

Ternopil
Ternopil is a city in western Ukraine. It is also the administrative centre of the Ternopil region. The city has about 245,000 inhabitants (2004) and is situated on the Siret River.
History.
The city was part of the Austrian Habsburg Empire from 1772 until 1918, and it belonged to Poland before 1772. When the Austrain empire fell in 1918, Turnopil beccame part of the short-lived ZUNR (Western Ukrainian National Republic). After heavy battles between Polish troops and Ukrainian Galician Army troops, the city was occupied by Poland in 1920. However, it was only part of Poland for less than 20 years, and in September 1939, it was taken by Soviet troops and annexed to the USSR. Ternopil became part of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. When the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991, it became a part of Independent Ukraine.

Justin Lee Collins
Justin Lee Collins (born July 28, 1974) is an English television and radio presenter and former stand-up comedian from Bristol. Collins currently co-hosts The Friday Night Project on Channel 4 with Alan Carr.

Alan Carr
Alan Carr (*14 June 1976) is an English television presenter and stand-up comedian. Carr is currently a presenter on Channel 4's The Friday Night Project with Justin Lee Collins.

Cremation
Cremation is the act of burning a body after it has died. Cremation is a popular option to dispose of (get rid of) a body instead of burying it. The place where cremations take place is called a crematorium or crematory.
Ways of keeping or disposing of the cremated remains.
Cremated remains (also called "ashes") are returned to the person's family. The family then has a few options of what to do with the remains. Sometimes the cremated person has thought about what they want to be done with their remains and have shared their desires with their family.
Cremated remains can be kept in a container called an urn, thrown into the air or water of a place that was special to the cremated person, or buried in the ground. These are the most popular choices of what to do with remains. There are also other, less common, options of how to dispose of the remains. Some examples of ways to scatter the remains are: through fireworks, shot from guns, or dropped from an airplane or hot air balloon. Remains can even be sent into space or turned into a diamond. The latter can be done because humans and diamonds are both made largely from carbon.

Spartacus
Spartacus (circa 120 BC – circa 70 BC, at the end of the Third Servile War), according to Roman historians, was a gladiator-slave who became the alleged leader of an unsuccessful slave uprising against the Roman Republic.

George Africanus
George John Scipio Africanus (1763—1834) was a West African slave who became a successful bussinessman in Nottingham, England.

Booker T. Washington
Booker Taliaferro Washington (April 5, 1856, – November 14, 1915) was an American political leader, teacher and author. He was one of the most important people in African American history in the United States from 1890 to 1915.
He was freed out of slavery in 1865.

Scipio Africanus
Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus Major (Latin: P·CORNELIVS·P·F·L·N·SCIPIO·AFRICANVS¹) (235–183 BC) was a general in the Second Punic War and politician of the Roman Republic. He was best known for defeating Hannibal of Carthage. He won in the battle of Zama. He got the last name "Africanus", the nickname "the Roman Hannibal" and became known as one of the best commanders in military history because he did so well.

Blessing
A blessing is way to wish good luck for a person. Sometimes, in religious rituals, it is said the God blesses those who are good, or people can bless God. In Judaism, they bless God over wine. The priests can also bless religious objects in order to make them become holy.
The saying "bless you" is commonly used when someone sneezes. This is done because there is a tradition carried by the superstition that a person's soul will come out of their mouth and nose if they sneeze. People believed that saying "God bless you," or "bless you" for short, would make the soul go back inside. They are wishing the person good luck so that their soul is able to come back.
People also think that if unusual good luck or a miracle comes to them, it is a blessing. For example, if some people wanted a child badly but are having difficulty conceiving, it could be considered a blessing from God if they end up having a child.
To "give your blessing" to someone is to give permission to them. For example, a man can ask his girlfriend's parents' for their blessing before he asks her to marry him.
Blessings are often thought of as the opposite of a curse.

Karel Svoboda
Karel Svoboda (19 December 1938 – 28 January 2007) was a Czech composer of popular music. He wrote music for many TV series in the 1970s.
Works.
Karel Svoboda was born in Prague, Czechoslovakia (now Prague, Czech Republic) and began his career as a pop composer after stopping studying medicine in his third year of university. He became a member of the rock band "Mefisto" in the 1950s. Later, he composed music for the "Laterna Magica" theatre in Prague and for many Czech singers. In 1969 he wrote "Lady Carneval" for Karel Gott, a major Czech pop star. Svoboda wrote a total of 80 songs for him.
Svoboda composed TV scores for the German channel ZDF for over 30 years. He wrote the scores to many TV series in the 1970s that a whole generation of Europeans grew up with. Some examples of these TV series are Vicky the Viking, Maya the Bee and The Wonderful Adventures of Nils.
Svoboda wrote scores for almost 90 films and TV series.
Svoboda was found fatally shot in the garden of his villa at Jevany on January 28 2007. It is supposed that he committed suicide.

Third Servile War
The Third Servile War, also called the Gladiator War and The War of Spartacus by Plutarch, was the last of several unsuccessful slave rebellions against the Roman Republic.
These are called the Servile Wars. The Third Servile War was the only which was dangerous for Italia itself and was doubly alarming to the Roman people because the slaves won several battles against the Roman army between 73 and 71 BC. The rebellion was defeated 71 BC by Marcus Licinius Crassus.
But the rebellion had indirect effects on Roman politics during the following years.

Vibrating string
A vibration in a string is a wave. A vibrating string mostly produces a sound with constant frequency. As frequency characterizes the pitch, the sound produced is a constant note.
Vibrating strings are the basis of any string instrument like guitar, cello, or piano.

Angular momentum
In physics, the angular momentum of an object rotating about some reference point is the measure of the extent to which the object will continue to rotate about that point unless acted upon by an external torque.
In particular, if a point mass rotates about an axis, then the angular momentum with respect to a point on the axis is related to the mass of the object, the velocity and the distance of the mass to the axis.
Angular momentum is important in physics because it is a conserved quantity: a system's angular momentum stays constant unless an external torque acts on it. Torque is the rate at which angular momentum is transferred in or out of the system. When a rigid body rotates, its resistance to a change in its rotational motion is measured by its moment of inertia.
where, F is the force vector, and r is the vector from the axis of rotation to the point where the force is acting.
Angular momentum is an important concept in both physics and engineering, with numerous applications. For example, the kinetic energy stored in a massive rotating object such as a flywheel is proportional to the square of the angular momentum.
Conservation of angular momentum also explains many phenomena in sports and nature.

Axle
An axle is a central shaft for a rotating wheel or gear. In some cases the axle may be fixed in position with a bearing or bushing sitting inside the hole in the wheel or gear to allow the wheel or gear to rotate around the axle. In other cases the wheel or gear may be fixed to the axle, with bearings or bushings provided at the mounting points where the axle is supported. Sometimes, especially on bicycles, the latter type is referred to as a spindle.
Vehicle axles.
Axles are an important structural component of a wheeled vehicle. The axles maintain the position of the wheels relative to each other and to the vehicle body. Since for most vehicles the wheels are the only part touching the ground, the axles must bear the weight of the vehicle plus any cargo.

Gear
Gears are mechanical parts with cut teeth designed to fit with teeth on another part so as to transmit or receive force and motion. Gears are also sometimes call toothed wheels or cogged wheels or cogs. The cut teeth are also sometimes called cogs.
Gear materials.
Numerous nonferrous alloys, cast irons, powder-metallurgy and even plastics are used in the manufacture of gears. However steels are most commonly used because of their high strength to weight ratio and low cost.

Gear (disambiguation)
Gear is a toothed wheel designed to transmit torque to another gear or toothed component.

Gear shift
The gear shift is the part of the gearbox which has the shift forks and allows the contact from the driver to the synchronisation.
Most of the time they are so much like the gear counter plus the reverse gear. And they make it possible to choose the gear (gear ratio) and to switch this in or out. The invention of the gear shift is attributed to Karl Benz.

Transmission (mechanics)
In mechanics, a transmission (also called a "standard" or "manual" transmission) or gearbox, is the system of gears and/or the hydraulic system (called variously "hydrodynamic", "fluid" or "automatic" transmission) that transmits mechanical power from a prime mover—such as an engine or electric motor—to some form of useful output device, normally rotary in form, and generally at a reduced rate of angular speed but at a higher motive torque.

Hydraulics
Hydraulics is a topic of science and engineering subject dealing with the mechanical properties of liquids.
One of the founders of modern hydraulics was Benedetto Castelli, a student of Galileo Galilei.
Fluid mechanics provides the theoretical foundation for hydraulics, which focuses on the engineering uses of fluid properties.

List of U.S. states by area
This is a complete list of the states of the United States ordered by "total area", "land area", and "water area".
References.
All data is provided by the United States Census Bureau and is current as of 2000 with the exception of two more recent state government sources.

Tom Vilsack
Thomas James Vilsack (born December 13, 1950) is a former Governor of Iowa and a former Democratic candidate for President of the United States.
Vilsack was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. At college, he met and married his wife, Christie. They moved to Iowa after graduation. They have two children.
Vilsack served in the Iowa State Senate before he ran for governor in 1998. He won that election and the next one in 2002. He chose not to run again in 2006.
In December 2006, Vilsack said he will run for president. He dropped out of the race a few months later. He has endorsed New York Senator Hillary Clinton. Vilsack is now practising law in Des Moines, Iowa and is President-elect Barack Obama's pick for U.S. Secretary of Agriculture.

Actinoid
The actinide series is the 15 chemical elements between actinium and lawrencium on the periodic table. They have the atomic numbers between 89 - 103. The actinide series is named after actinium. All of the elements are radioactive.

Opera Software
Opera Software is a company in Oslo, Norway that makes Opera, a set of tools for using the Internet.

Wristwatch
The wristwatch (also called a "watch") is a small clock or timepiece that is attached to a person's wrist with a strap. Watches display the time and sometimes the day, date, month and year. In 1524, Peter Henlein created the first pocket watch. Before the 1900s, most watches were pocket watches which were carried in a pocket and attached to a chain.
Before the 1970s, all watches had a numbered dial with a rotating hour hand and a longer minute hand. Since the 1970s, digital watches have been available. Digital watches have small computers inside to keep the time. Instead of having a dial and hands, a digital watch shows the time as a number (e.g., 10:30 AM).

Tiananmen Square
Tiananmen Square is a large plaza near the center of Beijing, China. It is named after the Tiananmen ("Gate of Heavenly Peace") which sits to its north, separating it from the Forbidden City. Outside of China, the square is well-known for the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989.
The square is 880 metres south to north and 500 metres east to west, a total area of 440,000 square meters. It is the largest open-urban square in the world.

Hot sauce
Hot sauce, chili sauce, or pepper sauce are all spicy condiments made from chili peppers.

University of Pristina
University of Priština is a public university in Serbia. It was founded in 1970 in Priština, Serbia. The university later moved to Kosovska Mitrovica and neighboring towns, where it is now.

Kosovska Mitrovica
Kosovska Mitrovica is a town in north Kosovo, Serbia. 110,310 people live in Kosovska Mitrovica. The town used to be called Titova Mitrovica.
There is the University of Pristina in Kosovska Mitrovica.

Bending
"This article is about the structural behavior. For other meanings see Bending (disambiguation)."
In engineering mechanics, bending (also known as flexure) characterizes the behavior of a structural element subjected to a lateral load. A structural element subjected to bending is known as a beam.
A closet rod sagging under the weight of clothes on clothes hangers is an example of a beam experiencing bending.

Torsion (mechanics)
In solid mechanics, torsion is the twisting of an object that is result of an applied torque. In circular sections, the resultant shearing stress is perpendicular to the radius.
"T" is the applied torque, "r" is the distance from the center of rotation, and "J" is the polar moment of inertia.

Polar moment of inertia
Polar moment of inertia is a measure of an object's ability to resist torsion. It is required to calculate the twist of an object subjected to a torque. It is analogous to the area moment of inertia, which characterizes an object's ability to resist bending and is required to calculate displacement.
The larger the polar moment of inertia, the less the beam will twist, when subjected to a given torque.
The "polar moment of inertia" must not be confused with the "moment of inertia", which characterizes an object's angular acceleration due to a torque.
See also moment (physics).

Burial
Burial is the act of placing an object or human into the ground. The burial of objects can also be called interment. The burial of dead humans can also be called inhumation.
Human bodies are usually buried in a cemetery. It is common practice in many places to put bodies into a coffin and place the coffin into a grave. The grave is then usually marked with a headstone so that people know who is there and can visit them.
In the past, often during times of war, many bodies have been placed into the same grave without coffins. This is called a "mass burial" or a "mass grave".

Gila monster
The Gila monster (pronounced HEE-LA) is a poisonous desert lizard. The Gila monster’s name comes from the Gila River in Arizona, USA.
The Gila monster is heavy and slow. It can grow up to 2 feet(60 cm) long. Its skin looks like beads and is black, pink, orange, and yellow. It looks a lot like the Mexican beaded lizard.
The Gila monster can bite quickly and hold on tightly, but it does not kill humans. It usually eats small rodents, young birds and eggs. The lizard chews its prey, injecting its venom (poison) into the animal. The Gila monster can also store food in its tail.
In 2005 a medicine to treat diabetes was made from the Gila monster’s saliva. Some people who take it call it "lizard spit" as a joke. They are different from most poisonous creatures they inject poison from their lower jaw

Elizabeth Smart
Elizabeth Ann Smart (born November 3, 1987) is a young American woman who was kidnapped from her home in Salt Lake City, Utah on June 5, 2002. She was found alive on March 12, 2003 about 20 miles from her home. She was found with two homeless adults, Brian David Michell and Wanda Barzee. Barzee was Mitchell's legal wife. Police believe that Elizabeth was taken to be Mitchell's second wife.
Smart has put the kidnapping behind her. She is now studying harp at Brigham Young University. She would like to play harp in an orchestra or teach the harp to others. She has appeared on television in support of laws that would give child sex offenders a harsher punishment. She has said very little publicly about her kidnapping. She has also made it clear that she does not want to publicly comment very much about her ordeal.

Bury
Bury is a town in the north of the metroploitan county of Greater Manchester in North West England.
Bury is between Rochdale and Salford, the town is a dormitory town in a northern suburb of Manchester. It is just west of the M66 motorway, and is the largest settlement of the Metropolitan Borough of Bury and has a population of 60,718.

Salma Hayek
Salma Hayek Jiménez (born September 2 1966) is an Academy Award-nominated Mexican actress, Emmy-winning director, film producer and television producer. She is the most successful Latin-American actress in Hollywood since Carmen Miranda, Hayek has appeared in more than thirty films and worked as an actress outside of Hollywood in Mexico and Spain.
Hayek's charitable work includes increasing awareness on violence against women and discrimination against immigrants.

Pellagra
Pellagra is a disease. It is caused by a lack of niacin. Niacin is also known as vitamin B3. It is found in most foods, besides corn. A person can die from it if it is not treated. It will take 4-5 years to kill someone.
The main results of pellagra can be remembered as "the four D's": diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, and death.

Dermatitis
Dermatitis means "inflammation of the skin." It looks like a red rash in most cases. It most often refers to eczema.

Chet Culver
Chester John "Chet" Culver (born January 25, 1966) is the Governor of Iowa.
Culver was born in Washington, D.C.. His father, John Culver, was a United States Senator. Before entering politics, Culver was a teacher.
In 1998, Culver won election to be the Iowa Secretary of State. He was reelected in 2002. After Governor Tom Vilsack said he would not run for Governor in 2006, Culver became a Democratic candidate for Governor. In November of 2006, he defeated his Republican opponent, Jim Nussle, and in January he became Governor of Iowa.

Duel
A duel is a fight between two people who have similar deadly weapons and have agreed to a set of rules before the fight takes place. The fight is usually about a matter of honor. The goal of a duel is not usually to kill the opponent but to restore the honor of the man who declared the duel. Duels are not official laws, they are carried out by individuals.
Duels were practiced from the 15th to 20th century in Western societies.
Rules.
Duels could be fought with swords or pistols.
The person who felt offended or dishonored had to "challenge" his opponent to a duel. This was usually done by throwing his glove down in front of the opponent or by hitting him in the face with a glove. Each person had to then find a person to be his "second". The job of the seconds was to choose a place to duel and to decide whether or not the weapons were equal.

Beyoncé Knowles
Beyoncé Giselle Knowles (born September 4, 1981) is an American R&B singer and actress. She was famous first as the lead singer of R&B girl group Destiny's Child. Destiny's Child is the best-selling female group of all time. They have sold over 60 million albums and singles worldwide. She has a sister named Solange.

The Castle (movie)
"The Castle" is a 1997 Australian movie which was popular in Australia. Some people outside Australia did not understand some of the humour. "The Castle" starred Michael Caton and Anne Tenney and was filmed in Melbourne, Australia.
"The Castle" was made in 11 days for about AUD$500 000. Some people have said that "The Castle" is a very simple movie because it was filmed cheaply and quickly. However, fans of the movie generally appreciate it because it is a good movie that was made on a low budget.
Plot.
The story is about the Kerrigan family, who have been living in their home --their "castle"-- for years. Their house is next to the local airport. The airport wants the Kerrigans to move so that they can build a new building on the Kerrigans' land. Darryl Kerrigan is the father. He does not want to leave his house, so he fights the airport in court. At first he loses in court because his lawyer is not very good. Then he meets a very good lawyer (a Queen's Counsel). The Queen's Counsel argues very well and the Kerrigans can keep their house.
"The Castle" is funny to Australians because the movie is about ordinary people. They are not rich or stylish, but they are good people. Australians like the idea of "the little Aussie battler", someone who is hard-working even when life is tough. The movie title is named for the English saying, which is said many time during the movie, "A man's home is his castle." The movie also talks about the land rights movement of the Australian Aborigines. Darryl Kerrigan compares his problem to the Aboriginals problems about land. The movie talks about famous Australian Constitutional Law Cases, like Mabo and the Tasmanian Dams Case.

Documenta
The documenta is one of the most important exhibition of modern art in the world. Since 1955, it takes place every five years in Kassel, Germany. The next one: "documenta 12" will be from June 16 to September 23, 2007.

Al Pacino
Alfredo James "Al" Pacino (born April 25, 1940) is an American actor. He has won an Academy Award for Best Actor, an Emmy Award, and two Tony Awards. He is probably best known for his roles as Tony Montana in the film "Scarface" and as Michael Corleone in "The Godfather".

Włocławek
Włocławek is a city in Poland in Kuyavia-Pomerania voivodship. It has about 121,229 inhabitants and 85 km2.

Balfour Declaration of 1917
The Balfour Declaration of 1917 was a policy by the government of Great Britain to discuss the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire after World War I. The declaration also said that Britain supported plans for a Jewish homeland in Palestine. And from the Palestinian (and Arabs) point of view this declaration often described as "The promise of he who doesn't own, to he who doesn't deserve", as Balfour doesn't have the right to determine the destination of Palestine, just like Jews don't have any rights in Palestine as a homeland.

Radius
In geometry, the radius of a circle or sphere is the shortest connection between the center and the boundary. It is half of the diameter.
The relationship between the radius formula_1 and the circumference formula_2 of a circle is
formula_3
The area formula_4 of a circle of radius
formula_1 is
formula_6

Morality
Morality is the learning process of doing the right thing. Morals are basic guidelines for living.

Saliva
Saliva is the watery substance made in the mouths of humans and some animals. Saliva begins digesting food in the mouth, and moistens food to make swallowing easier.

Villarosa
Villarosa is a town in the province of Enna, in the region of Sicily in southern Italy.

Maria Sharapova
Maria Sharapova (born April 19, 1987) is a tennis player. She was born in Nyagan, Western Siberia in Russia on April 19, 1987. They soon moved from Belarus to protect themselves from the dangerous Chernobyl nuclear accident. The Sharapov1 family moved again in 1989, when Maria became interested in tennis, when watching her father play, and played tennis with a second-hand racquet. She would practise tennis by hitting the tennis ball against the wall everyday, and her dad soon noticed that she was very good at the sport
Maria's tennis coaches told the Sharapovs that they should move to Moscow, Russia, to get better training. The Sharapovs move again, from Moscow, to follow Maria's coach, Martina Navratilova's advice, to move to the United States.
There was a problem, though. Maria's mother, Yelena, could not get a visa to go to the United States. Meanwhile, Maria and her dad tried to get Maria to go to a famous sports school, and they also had to learn English. Maria showed so much talent that soon, she got a full scholarship to attend the school. At first though, Maria's dad had pay for Maria to stay at the famous school, doing all sorts of jobs so that they could be able to pay for the fee.
Maria trained harder and harder. She was videotaped when practicing, and recorded her every move. Then, she would watch the videos with her coaches to watch her form, emotions, and expressions.
Maria began to win tournaments and many people started to notice her. Her games improved, and Maria got more and more fans.
Maria has won 22 titles in her career, including three Grand Slam championships: Wimbledon in 2004, US Open in 2006 and Australian Open in 2008.
Footnotes.
1In Russia, female surnames are changed so that their gender can be identified, so Sharapov becomes Sharapova.

True bug
The true bugs are an order (a group) of insects. Scientists call true bugs the Hemiptera. There are around 80,000 species (different kinds) of true bugs. The word "bug" by itself can have other meanings.
There are many different kinds of true bugs, some of which are aphids, cicadas, planthoppers, shield bugs, and others. All of these are true bugs. Their size is from 1 mm to over 10 cm. All true bugs have similar mouthparts, which is what characterizes the true bugs (the kind of mouth they have makes a true bug a true bug).
Features of true bugs.
The feature that defines the Hemiptera is that they have piercing, sucking mouthparts. They pierce food with their long, tube-like mouth, called a proboscis or a beak. They can not chew. The true bug pumps saliva through this mouth, to partly digest their food. The bug then sucks up the food, which has been turned into a liquid by their saliva.
The name "Hemiptera" is from the Greek language and means "hemi" (half) and "pteron" (wing). Many true bugs have half of their front wings hardened and have the other half soft. These wings are called "hemelytra" (singular "hemelytron"), because they halfway look like the hard wings (elytra) of beetles. The hind wings are totally soft and are shorter than the front wings.
The antennae of true bugs usually have five segments. The tarsi (foot parts) of the legs have three or less segments.

Dayton, Ohio
Dayton is a large city in the American state of Ohio. It is the birthplace of Orville and Wilbur Wright. The Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, also found near Dayton, gets its name in part from the Wright brothers. The National Museum of the United States Air Force is found inside the Wright-Patterson Air Force Base.

Native Esperanto speakers
Native Esperanto speakers are people who learned Esperanto as one of their first languages. Esperanto is not spoken in any countries as an official language, so they must become bilingual, trilingual, or multilingual. Native Esperanto speakers can use this language completely and more fluently than non-native Esperanto speakers. There are not very many native Esperanto speakers. It is thought that no more than one or two thousand people speak Esperanto as their first language.

Freeway
A freeway is a highway made for vehicles to safely travel at fast speeds. They do this by using bridges that go above or below other roads with ramps that connect them. Many freeways do not allow slower traffic, such as bicycles and pedestrians, to enter them.
Most freeways are divided with at least two lanes going each way, but they can be as wide as four lanes in large cities. The word "freeway" was made in the 1930s when people wanted to make roads in New York City better. They are used in Canada, Taiwan, Australia, and the United States as well as other countries.

Soldering iron
A soldering iron is a device used to attach pieces of metal together with molten lead, which is called soldering. Soldering irons are used mainly for attaching electronic components onto a circuit board, but can also be used for other tasks such as fixing jewelry. There are several different kinds of soldering irons, such as ones that are hotter than others, and ones that use electricity or natural gas.

Hungarian Vizsla
Hungarian Vizlas are a type of dog, known for being affectionate and not aggressive. They originated in Hungary and are excellent hunting dogs.
History.
The breed was developed from dogs used by Magyar tribes. Vizslas were owned by sporting nobility of Hungary who used them to hunt with. They were also used to hunt deer, wild boar and wolf. The breed was almost wiped out during the First World War and again in the Second. Dogs were smuggled out of Hungary during the second war and used to breed in other countries.
Appearence and personality.
Hungarian Vizsla's are russet gold. Some dogs may also have small white marks on their feet and/or chest.
They are active, enthusiastic, friendly. Vizslas need human interaction to stay happy and therefore do not make good kennel dogs.
Exercise needs.
Daily exercise and mental stimulation are needed. Indoors, Vizslas can be quite inactive, preferring to rest beside their owners, whilst others can be quite demanding of attention. Outside they are very active. If Vizslas do not receive sufficient mental and physical exercise, they will become bored, and what they choose to do to amuse themselves will usually be seen by you as destructive - such as digging or chewing.

Drawing (manufacturing)
Drawing is a manufacturing process for producing a wire, bar or tube by pulling on a material until it increases in length. This is typically accompanied by a thinning out of the material, usually through a reduction in the girth.
This technique has long been used to produce flexible metal wire by drawing the material through a series of holes of decreasing size. More recently drawing has been used with molten glass to produce high quality optical fibers.

Manufacturing
Manufacturing is a branch of industry that produces goods out of raw materials.

Finished goods
Finished goods are goods that are manufactured but not yet sold or distributed to the end-user.
Manufacturing.
A good bought as a "raw material" is used to manufacture a product. A good that is not completed during the manufacturing process is called "work in process". When the good is completed as to manufacturing but not yet sold or distributed to the end-user is called a "finished good".
Finished good is a relative term. Finished goods of a supplier can be the raw material of the buyer. For example when the supplier sells paper and the buyer is a book publisher.
Other examples: cars, clocks, piano etc.

Good (economics)
A good or commodity in economics is any object or product (factors of production) that is useful.
A good that cannot be used by consumers directly, such as an office building or capital equipment, can be called a good because it can be useful if it is sold. A 'good' in economic usage does not necessarily mean that the object is good in a moral sense.
If an object or service is sold for a positive price, then it is a good since the purchaser considers the utility of the object or service more valuable than the money. Some things are useful but not scarce such as air and are referred to as "free goods".
In macroeconomics and accounting, a good is contrasted with a service. A good here is defined as a physical product that one can deliver to a buyer. The service is not an object, but an action that benefits someone. A more general term that preserves the distinction between goods and services is 'commodities'. In microeconomicss 'good' is often used in this more inclusive sense of a commodity.

Ruslana
Ruslana Stepanivna Lyzhychko (May 24, 1973) is a popular Ukrainian pop singer, composer, producer, conductor and dancer. She was born in the city of Lviv in Ukraine. She won the Eurovision Song Contest in Istanbul in 2004.

Mustard plant
The word mustard is used to refer to several species of plants. These plants belong to the genera "Brassica" or "Sinapis". They have tiny seeds. These seeds can be used as a condiment. When they are first ground, and then mixed with water, vinegar and other ingredients, a condiment called mustard can be made. The seeds can also be pressed, to give a kind of oil called "mustard oil". Some kinds of mustard plants have edible leaves. These leaves are known as "mustard greens".
Mild white mustard ("Sinapis hirta") grows wild in North Africa, the Middle East and Mediterranean Europe and has spread farther by long cultivation; brown or Indian mustard ("B. juncea"), originally from the foothills of the Himalaya, is grown commercially in the UK, Canada and the US; black mustard ("B. nigra") in Argentina, Chile, the US and some European countries. Canada grows 90% of all the mustard seed for the international market.
In addition to the mustards, the genus "Brassica" also includes cabbages, cauliflower, rapeseed and turnips.
There has been recent research into varieties of mustards that have a high oil content for use in the production of biodiesel, a renewable liquid fuel similar to diesel fuel. The biodiesel made from mustard oil has good cold flow properties and cetane ratings. The leftover meal after pressing out the oil has also been found to be an effective pesticide.
An interesting genetic relationship between many species of mustard have been observed.
The mustard plant is in no way related to mustard gas, an agent for chemical warfare
See also.
Culinary mustard

Sulfur mustard
Sulfur mustard is a chemical compound. It can be used for chemical warfare. Most sulfur mustards are odorless, colorless viscious liquids at room temperature. When used in warfare, they have a color yellowish to brown. Some of them smell like culinary mustard, horseradish or garlic. They got their name from the smell, but are completely unrelated to culinary mustard.
Sulfur mustard (in its form mustard gas) was synthesized by Frederick Guthrie in 1860. It may have been discovered as early as the 1820s, by M.Depretz.
Its use during warfare was prohibited by the Geneva Protocol of 1925. This protocol outlawed the use of poison gas (which was widely used in the First World War). In 1993 an additional agreement the Chemical Weapons Convention was ratified. It also outlaws the production and stockpiling of such agents.

Law of supply and demand
The Law of supply and demand describes how prices are related to the number of things made available (supply), and the number of things people want (demand).
If the demand goes up (people want more) or the supply goes down (sellers have less of something) then the price will go up. This happens because the suppliers will raise the price when running out of items to earn as much money as possible since people are willing to pay more.
If the demand goes down (people want less) or the supply goes up (suppliers have more of something) then the price will go down. This happens because the suppliers would rather lower the price than have many unsold items. Usually there are multiple suppliers of the same item. The buyers will buy more from the supplier with the lowest price. The suppliers will lower the price so people will buy from them instead of from another supplier.
Sometimes there is only one supplier (a monopoly). When this happens, the supplier chooses the price and the demand only determines how much is bought. The supplier will probably raise the price very high as long as people are still willing to buy at that price.

Amelia Earhart
Amelia Earhart (July 24, 1897 – missing as of July 2, 1937) was an American aviator and writer. She is known for being one of the first women to fly a plane long distances. She was the first woman to fly a plane by herself across the Atlantic Ocean. Earhart was lost over the Pacific Ocean in July 1937 while trying to fly around the world.

Situation comedy
A situation comedy, usually called a sitcom, is a type of comedy program. Sitcoms were first on radio, before television was invented, but are now on television and are a large part of the programs shown. Sitcoms usually have the same characters in the same places (for example; a home, a workplace, a city or town) on every episode.

Frank Sinatra
Frank Sinatra (December 12, 1915 – May 14, 1998) was an American singer and actor. His singing career was almost seventy years long and more than 250 million records of his have been sold worldwide. Sinatra's style of music, the way he sang, is hard to define. In slang terms he was a "crooner", a singer of love ballads. He has also been called a "jazz singer" because of his work with famous jazz musicians and his use of jazz in his music.
Sinatra was also part of the Rat Pack, a group of entertainers (musicians and actors), in the 1950s and 1960s. The name was informal, or slang, and the group was not an official organization of any sort, but a group of friends. Members of the Rat Pack included Sinatra, Dean Martin, Sammy Davis, Jr., Peter Lawford, Joey Bishop, Humphrey Bogart, Judy Garland, Lauren Bacall, Sid Luft and Shirley MacLaine among others.
Sinatra was friends with many important entertainers, politicians and mafia members. Because he had friends in the mafia the FBI tried to find information that could have him arrested.

Bing Crosby
Harry Lillis "Bing" Crosby (May 3, 1903-October 14, 1977) was an American singer and actor. His singing career was around fifty years long and more then 500 million records of his have been sold worldwide. Crosby is known for creating the style of music that Frank Sinatra, Perry Como and Dean Martin would later sing. In 1962, Crosby became the first person ever to receive the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award. His voice good enough to have him become the most popular artist in both the jazz and swing jazz styles of music.

Felt
Felt is a type of cloth that is made by matting wool fibers, either with water and soap, or by poking the fibers with barbed needles. Felt can be made by hand, or by machine.
People have been making felt longer than any other kind of fabric. Felt can be of any color, and made into any shape or size. Felt is used to make many things like clothing, hats, and rugs. Native people in many countries live in tents made of felt.
Felt is used for many different things especially in textils. It could be used as detail on a project or so on.

Dean Martin
Dean Martin (born Dino Crocetti June 17, 1917 - December 25, 1995) was an American singer and actor. He was one of the most popular artists in the 1950s. Martin's career as a singer really began when he met comedian Jerry Lewis at a club and they decided to team up as a comedy-music pair. They became successful at clubs and then acted in the film "My Friend Irma" which made them famous. They worked together for ten years, had a popular radio show, and made more movies. Martin became a huge success on his own when he sang "That's Amore", and his partnership with Lewis ended in July 1956.
Martin was also part of the Rat Pack, a group of entertainers (musicians and actors), in the 1950s and 1960s, whose unofficial "leader" was Frank Sinatra. (Sinatra personally called the group "The Summit".) They made movies and performed live shows together, many in Las Vegas, Nevada.
Martin later had his own television show, and made recordings for Reprise Records, a record label started by Frank Sinatra. At the height of the rock and roll era, Martin still had hit records, and his "Everybody Loves Somebody Sometime" even knocked The Beatles off the top of the "Billboard" sales charts.
Martin made movies on his own, which were mostly comedies. Four of them starred him as "Matt Helm", a spy in the manner of James Bond. Martin also appeared in dramatic movies, like "Rio Bravo" and "Airport". When he sang onstage or on television, he always had a cocktail glass with him, and most people thought he was drinking whiskey as he performed. It turned out he actually drank apple juice the whole time. Offstage, Martin enjoyed Jack Daniels whiskey, and red wine.
His television show was cancelled in 1975, but he continued on television with "The Dean Martin Celebrity Roasts", a series of specials that mocked celebrity testimonial dinners. Other comedians and actors would appear, and instead of praising the guest of honor, would make fun of them. None of the mocking was serious, though, and everyone usually had fun at the roasts. The specials ran until 1984.
Martin was more or less retired in the late 1980s, though he did record a new collection of his best songs, which were sold through television commercials. In early 1987, his son Dean Paul ("Dino") Martin was in the United States Air Force, and his airplane crashed during a mission. His body was later recovered. Losing Dean Paul broke Martin's spirit, and he never seemed happy after that.
Martin joined Sinatra and other Rat Packers for a reunion tour, but his heart was not in it, and he quit after just a few shows. Sinatra was very angry, and the two did not speak for years. They later made their peace, after members of the Rat Pack began to die off. Martin lived in retirement, watching movies at home, and going for dinner at a nearby restaurant.
During the 1990s, Martin developed emphysema from years of cigarette smoking, and had trouble with his liver also. His health became bad, and he began to think about death. He and his wife Jeanne were divorced years earlier, but had remained close. She encouraged him not to worry about dying, and to think about his parents, and their son Dean Paul, waiting for him.
Martin died over the Christmas holidays in 1995, watching television in bed. As a tribute, the lights on the Las Vegas Strip were dimmed for one minute, in his memory. His epitaph was the title of his best-remembered song: "EVERYBODY LOVES SOMEBODY SOMETIME".

Sammy Davis, Jr.
Sammy Davis, Jr. (December 8, 1925 - May 16, 1990) was an American entertainer. He was a dancer, singer and instrumentalist (playing vibraphone, trumpet and drums), comedian and actor. Davis became hugely successful as a stage singer and recording artist and when asked to play at segregated places (where African-Americans were not allowed) he refused. Because of this some popular venues began to allow African-Americans to attend just so they could have Davis and other popular black musicians play. Before that black singers like Davis and Nat King Cole could play at the hotels and casinos but not stay or gamble there.
Davis led an unhealthy lifestyle of drinking, smoking and cocaine use but was one of the most popular musicians and actors of the time. He converted to Judaism whilst in hospital in 1954 and 1955. He was also a member of the Rat Pack with friends Frank Sinatra and Dean Martin.

Racial segregation
Racial segregation is the term used to describe the separation of people based on race. This has been encouraged in many countries and made law in others. For example, the United States of America segregated African Americans and European Americans for many years. In South Africa, native Africans and European settlers were divided as well.
Racial segregation in the United States of America.
When the United States of America was founded by Europeans in the 1700s, slaves from Africa were used to work the land. In 1804 most of the Northern states of America banned slavery and wished the Southern states to do the same. However, the Southern states believed that slavery was right and part of their life; it was something they did not want to give up. They could not agree and the American Civil War began. President Abraham Lincoln lead the North to victory over the South and in 1865 slavery was banned throughout the whole country.
There was still much racism and African Americans were not treated fairly. There were many laws that kept them working in hard jobs for little money, and laws that prevented them from marrying European Americans. Slavery had ended, but segregation had not. Black Americans were not allowed to attend the same schools as white Americans, but had to attend black-only schools; they were not allowed on the same buses, but had to ride on black-only buses; they were not allowed to eat in the same restaurants or shop at the same stores as White Americans. There were black and white parts of towns and cities. It was not until the 1950s and 1960s that things began to change. A man named Martin Luther King, Jr. began to rally for equal rights for blacks. He lead many African Americans on marches to protest at the way they were treated. He was killed in 1968, but he had four years earlier convinced the government to allow black Americans to vote in the presidential elections. The government went on to force integration in high schools throughout the United States, making it illegal to have white-only schools. Black students had to be escorted in by armed police officers and it took many years for the schooling system to change. It took many more decades to get rid of all the racist laws.
African-Americans now have all the same rights as European Americans, but there is still racism in the United States of America as there is every country.

Torrance, California
Torrance is a city in southwest Los Angeles, California. Jared Torrance founded it in 1911. In 2003, there were 142,621 people living in Torrance. It is the sixth biggest city in Los Angeles county.

Chuck Berry
Charles Edward Anderson "Chuck" Berry (born October 18, 1926 in St. Louis, Missouri) is an American singer, guitarist and songwriter. He is one of the original rock and roll musicians; he, along with others, invented rock music. In 1955 he met Muddy Waters who told him of a record company that would release his first song. In 1957 he joined the Everly Brothers, Buddy Holly and other popular musicians on a tour around the United States. Over the next few years he became more and more popular and many of his songs became some the most bought and listened to songs at the time. He has influenced a lot of rock and pop musicians who came after him. Most of those people were guitar players, just like Chuck Berry himself.

Nagamaki
Nagamaki is a Japanese pole weapon with a large and heavy blade. It is very much like a glaive. It was introduced and used primarily during the Kamakura (1192 - 1333), Nanbokucho (1334 - 1392) and early Muromachi (1392 – 1573) periods. It was a long sword with 2-4 feet blade and a handle with 2-3 feet length. The blade was single-edged. It was also sharpened along the back edge to reduce its weight. It reminds a traditional naginata, but the main difference was that the handle (tsuka) of the nagamaki was not constructed of wood; it was made more like a katana handle. Even the name "nagamaki" is given by the tradition of handle wrapping. The word "nagamaki" means "long wrapping". The nagamaki handle was wrapped with cords in criss-crossed manner, very similar to the wrapping that is made on katana. The nagamaki is considered to be a type of the no-dachi sword. This one was a variation of long samurai sword.
The way to hold nagamaki was also very specific. It was held with the two hands in a fixed position in the same way a katana sword is held. Unlike the naginata, the hands didn't change when handling the weapon and the right hand was always the closest to the blade. While handling nagamaki not too many sliding actions on the handle were performed as it was in naginata's case, where you use the entire length of the shaft. The nagamaki was not spread and developed until much later like the naginata sword. During the middle of the Muromachi period (1336-1600 A.D.) it reached its peak of usage. The nagamaki is considered the favored weapon of General Oda Nobunaga.
The nagamaki is designed for large sweeping and slicing strokes. It also works as a spear. Traditionally, it was used as infantry weapon. Warriors used the weapon against horsemen. Still, it required more time and materials to create a nagamaki than a spears or a naginata sword, this is why it was not so widely spread.
The closest exemplar of real nagamaki you can see today is nagamaki-naoshi. It appears to be like a long katana-shaped halberd, but straighter and thinner, with a very long tsuka. In contrast to it naginata is shorter, wider and more curved to the tip.

Naginata
Naginata is a Japanese bladed weapon with a long shaft (wooden handle). The weapon looks like a pole and is often mistaken with one. The word "naginata" means "mowing down sword" or "reaping sword". The length of the blade varies from 1 to 3 feet. The blade's shape describes a 'leaf' being more curved to the point. The naginata's blade is mounted directly to a long wooden shaft, its length ranges between 6 and 9 feet. The part that goes inside the handle (tang) is almost as long as the blade itself. This assures a perfect fixture of the blade. The shaft is equipped with a sharp end-cap, or ishizuki, which serves for piercing between the plates of armor.
Historically, the facts indicate that naginata have been used in China beginning with 3 B.C. First source it was mentioned in was the Kojiki (A Record of Ancient Matters, 712). Then, it is represented in the paintings of battlefield scenes made during the Tengyo no Ran (Tengyo Insurrection), in 936 A.D. The sword was utilized and refined during the Nara period (approx. 710-784 A.D.), and by the 11th century it was widely used in battles.
The naginata was also used by warrior-monks for temples defense against invaders. Around the 1400's A.D. this weapon was no more used by monks because the temples were no longer a target. The samurai used the naginata only when fighting against numerous enemies or on horseback.
Still, naginata was most commonly used when the samurai was too young to handle a full length katana and when he was mostly an archer. By the Edo period (1603-1867), the naginata was no more used in combat. It became the representative weapon of samurai women. They engaged in trainings for self-defense and defense of their children and for virtue development. Moreover, the fashion developed further and there appeared samurai families, which displayed naginata in prominent places of their houses. Later the naginata was even given as present to the bride.
There are three main theories of naginata appearance as a weapon. One of the most spread is the supposition that naginata evolved from a farming tool used for chopping. The tools were made as long staffs with sharp stones attached to one of the ends. The tool was used in the 3rd century B.C. Later, the stones were replaced with metal pieces. Thus, when the crops and lands of the farmers were under attack they defended it with their farming tools, which proved to be effective weapons and later were refined.
The Chinese theory is based on the idea that Chinese halberds were brought to Japan during early migrations, (around 200 B.C.). Most of the weaponry experts believe that even if the Chinese invented the weapon, it was refined and developed by the Japanese.
Another theory says that the naginata evolved directly as a weapon. The blade of naginata ancestors was made of bronze. Later, the discovery of steel made it even more effective. This theory affirms that naginata development far later than the appearance of metal in Japan from the Asian continents (around 200 B.C.).
The naginata was meant for foot soldiers use; whereas the military elite (samurai) used the katana sword. There are evidences that naginata was also used by the Sohei (Buddhist warrior monks).
The naginata was also considered a women's weapon. It gave considerable advantage because of the long shaft keeping the enemy at a safe distance. One of the most famous Japanese women warriors was Itagaki. Her naginata skills overwhelmed even the most trained samurai. During the Edo period (1600-1800 AD), Japanese women were thought to handle the naginata by the age of 18.
The naginata was also considered an effective weapon against horsemen. The way naginata was handled required specific motions because of its length. Usually, it was sweeping and circular motion, because it was inconvenient to use striking methods like with a traditional sword. In order to fully utilize the naginata, it requires the handler to rapidly shift hand positions along the length of the shaft.
This weapon was especially functional in cavalry battles, acting like medieval spears-running. Infantry used the naginata to cut the horse's legs. After this the disoriented rider was easily killed.
Martial Art.
Naginata is also known as a Japanese martial art performed by men, women, and children. The roots of this fighting technique come for over 1.000 years ago. This martial art has as its centerpiece a Japanese sword - Naginata. The weapon reminds a pole and is very efficient against riders as well as against foot soldiers. The sword is very well balanced and weighted which makes it possible for women and children to handle it. The naginata way of fighting is very graceful due to circular performance of the naginata sword.
Today Naginata is a combat system that teaches respect, patience, etiquette, self-confidence, and self-control. The practice of Naginata educates perfect control and balanced movements of the body. When into this art, discipline and concentration are needed to reach the grace and effectiveness of the movements. Moreover, it establishes person's character by developing a moral code based on honor.
The modern naginata has changed its shape during history. Now, it is more like a European halberd or glaive. The blade looks more like a scimitar moreso rather than of a wakizashi. Naginata went through the influence of westernization after the Meiji Restoration (1868-1912), when the value of martial arts dropped, and survived till the Showa period (1912 – 1926), when naginata became a part of the public school system.
Different styles of naginata handling were developed creating world known schools (ryu). The Atarashii Naginata School and Jikishin-kage ryu are the most popular. There are also known schools like Tendo ryu and Toda Ha Buko ryu. Despite the differences between these schools Naginata martial art has at its base the art of wielding one of the most original weapons and the goal of developing traditional etiquette and spiritual training of a person.

Ainu language
Ainu is a language used in Hokkaido, Japan. Ainu means "human being". It has no character. If it is written in character, alphabet or Katakana is used.
Because of the increase in use of Japanese, Ainu speaking is decreasing.

Tenacious D
Tenacious D is a band. The members of the band are the actor Jack Black and his best friend Kyle Gass. The band started in Los Angeles in California. Their songs have lots of profanity.

Saurischia
Saurischia is one of the two orders/branches of dinosaurs. The name comes from the Greek "sauros" meaning 'lizard' and "ischion" meaning 'hip joint'. In 1888, Harry Seeley classified dinosaurs into two main orders. Their hip structure was how they were separated into these orders. Saurischians ('lizard-hipped') and the ornithischians ('bird-hipped') have differences in the ways bones in the hip are put together. All carnivorous dinosaurs (the theropods) are saurischians.

Stethoscope
A stethoscope is a instrument used by doctors and other medical people. It is used to measure peoples heartbeat and their breathing. It is placed on the area where the heart is or on the back.

Gouda (cheese)
Gouda is a kind of cheese from Holland. There is also spiced gouda which has spices in it to make it have more flavour. Gouda is a soft cheese and is made from cows' milk and is light yellow in colour.

Passion bearer
In the Russian Orthodox Christianity, a passion bearer is someone who faces their death in a Christian or Christ-like way. They were not killed because of their religion, unlike martyrs, but they love God and show good virtues.

Tile
A tile is a manufactured piece of hard-wearing material such as ceramic, stone, porcelain, metal or even glass. Tiles are generally used for covering roofs, floors, and walls.
Tiles are often used to form wall and floor coverings, and can range from simple square tiles to complex mosaics. Tiles are most often made from ceramic, with a hard glaze finish, but other materials are also commonly used, such as glass.
In the past twenty years, the technology surrounding porcelain tile and glass tiles have increased, moving both from a niche marketplace to a place of prominence in the tile community.
Roof tiles.
Roof tiles are designed mainly to keep out rain, and are traditionally made from locally available materials such as clay or slate. Modern materials such as concrete and plastic are also used and some clay tiles have a waterproof glaze.
A large number of shapes (or "profiles") of roof tiles have evolved.

Porcelain
Porcelain is a ceramic material made by heating selected and refined materials to high temperatures. This often includs clay in the form of kaolinite.
Raw materials for porcelain, when mixed with water, form a plastic paste that can be worked to a required shape before firing in a kiln at temperatures between about 1200 and 1400 degrees Celsius.

Kaolinite
Kaolinite is a clay mineral with the chemical composition Al2Si2O5(OH). It is usually a soft, earthy, usually white mineral.

Kiln
A kiln is a thermally insulated chamber or oven in which a controlled temperature regime is produced.

ChuChu
"ChuChu" is a comic magazine which targets is teen girls. It is published by Syougakukan（Japan).

Mettā
Metta is a Buddhist term translated as loving kindness or friendliness.
Metta is wanting others to be happy.
The opposite is wanting others to be unhappy: anger, hatred.

Oxide
An oxide is a chemical compound containing an oxygen atom and other elements. Most of the earth's crust consists of oxides. Oxides result when elements are oxidized by air.

Proposal
A Proposal is when people suggest an idea. It is usually used when someone suggests an idea of marriage, when they ask the person they like to marry them.

Versailles
Versailles is a French city, located in the western suburbs of Paris, 17.1 km. (10.6 miles) from the center of Paris. It is the "capital" of the Yvelines département. This city is very important for the History of France because it was formerly the capital of the kingdom of France.
Versailles is made world-famous by the Palace of Versailles (Château de Versailles), who lived Louis XIV, Louis XV and Louis XVI.
The population of the city estimates was 85,900 inhabitants in 2004.

Major
Major is a rank that is given for a mid-level command officer (higher than the rank of Captain and lower than the rank of Lieutenant Colonel). It is shown by a thick golden bar followed by a thin golden bar and again by a thick golden bar in Canada. In Great Britain it is represented by a single crown. In the United States of America it is shown by a gold oak leaf.

Sibling
Siblings are the sisters and brothers of a person.
Types of siblings.
There are several different types of siblings.

Silicate
In chemistry, a silicate is a compound consisting of one or more central silicon atoms that are surrounded by electronegative ligands.
The most common silicate species consist of silicon with oxygen as the ligand. Silicate anions, with a negative net electrical charge, must have that charge balanced by other cations to make an electrically neutral compound.
Silicate rock.
In geology and astronomy, the term silicate is used to denote types of rock that consist predominantly of silicate minerals.
On Earth, a wide variety of silicate minerals occur in an even wider range of combinations as a result of the processes that form and re-work the crust. These processes include partial melting, crystallization, fractionation, metamorphism, weathering and diagenesis. Living things also contribute to the silicate cycle near the Earth's surface. A type of plankton known as diatoms construct their exoskeletons, known as tests, from silica. The tests of dead diatoms are a major constituent of deep ocean sediment

Newton metre
Newton metre is the unit of moment in the SI system. It is abbreviated N m or N·m, and sometimes written with hyphen "newton-metre". It is a compound unit of torque corresponding to the torque from a force of one newton applied over a distance arm of one metre.
A newton metre is dimensionally equivalent to a joule.

Gamma ray
Gamma rays are electromagnetic waves with the smallest wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum. (The electromagnetic spectrum is made of many types of waves that are like light, but you can not see all of them.) Gamma rays are produced by some types of radioactive atoms. Gamma rays are like x-rays. Both gamma rays and x-rays are photons with very high energies. Gamma rays are also a type of radiation. Gamma rays can travel through thick materials.
Cobalt-60 and potassium-40 are two isotopes that emit gamma rays. Cobalt-60 is created in accelerators and is used in hospitals. Potassium-40 occurs naturally. Small amounts of potassium-40 are in all plants and animals. Gamma rays from potassium-40 each have an energy of 1460 thousand electron volts (keV).
Gamma Rays in Medicine.
Gamma rays can also go through the skin to kill cells, such as cancerous cells.
Doctors can use machines which produce gamma rays in hospitals to treat people with some types of cancer.
Doctors also use gamma rays to find disease. In hospitals, doctors can give patients radioactive medicine which emits gamma rays. Doctors can find some types of disease by measuring gamma rays which come from a patient afterward.

Cynicism
Cynicism is a philosophy started by the Cynics, Ancient Greek philosophers. It was started by Antisthenes in the 5th century BC. The main points the cynics wanted to make was that man had no needs. At the same time, they were against possessing material goods. They also were against prejudices such as being ashamed of being naked. Diogenes of Sinope made the cynics extend their views and combine them with that of other schools of philosophy, like the stoa. They also integrated elements of Greek mythology.
Today, the word 'cynicism' generally describes the opinions and actions of those who believe that self-interest is the primary motive of human behavior. These persons, called "cynics", shy away from relying upon sincerity, human virtue, or altruism as motivations.

Sonic the Hedgehog (TV series)
Sonic the Hedgehog is the name of a cartoon series, staring Sonic the Hedgehog. It is more popularly known as "SatAM Sonic", especially to distinguish itself from other similarly-named animated shows that also star Sonic.
This series was made by DiC Entertainment, and originally ran on ABC from September 18, 1993 to June 3, 1995, and had a total of 26 episodes, at 13 episodes per season.
The show starred Sonic the Hedgehog, and the Knothole Freedom Fighters, a group of woodland animals united to fight the evil Doctor Robotnik, who has taken over the entire planet.

Plutarch
Mestrius Plutarchus (Greek: Πλούταρχος; "c." 46 - 127), better known in English as Plutarch, was a Greek historian, writer of biographies and essays.
Plutarch was born to a prominent family in "Chaeronea", "Boeotia" Greece, a town about twenty miles east of Delphi. His work consists of the "Parallel Lives" and the "Moralia".

Marcus Licinius Crassus
Marcus Licinius Crassus Dives (Latin: M·LICINIVS·P·F·P·N·CRASSVS) (c. 115 BC – 53 BC) was a Roman general and politician who won the Third Servile War against Spartacus and was member of the First Triumvirate, with Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus and Gaius Julius Caesar. One of the richest men of the era, he was killed after a defeat at "Carrhae".

Pompey
Pompey, Pompey the Great or Pompey the Triumvir (Classical Latin abbreviation: CN·POMPEIVS·CN·F·SEX·N·MAGNVS Gnaeus or Cnaeus Pompeius Magnus) (September 29 106 BC–September 29 48 BC), was an important military and political leader of the late Roman Republic.
Coming from an Italian provincial background, he got a place for himself in the ranks of Roman nobility, and was given the cognomen of "the Great" by Lucius Cornelius Sulla.
Pompey was a rival of Marcus Licinius Crassus and an ally to Gaius Julius Caesar. The three politicians would dominate the Late Roman republic through a political alliance called the First Triumvirate. After the death of Crassus, Pompey and Caesar would dispute the leadership of the entire Roman state.

Italia (Roman province)
Italia, under the Roman Republic and later Empire, was the name of the Italian peninsula.
Italia was the home of the capital of the Roman Empire - Rome itself.

Shift key
The shift key is a key on a keyboard, used to type capital letters and other alternate "upper" characters. There are typically two shift keys, on the left and right sides.
On an English keyboard, characters that typically require the use of the shift key include the parentheses, the question mark, the exclamation point, and the colon.

United States Census 2000
The Twenty-Second United States Census, known as Census 2000 was a count of the population of the United States. It was done by the Census Bureau. It found that the population of the United States on April 1, 2000 was 281,421,906. This was an increase of 13.2% over the 248,709,873 people counted during the 1990 Census. This was the twenty-second federal census. It was the largest single administrative effort in the history of the United States that was not done during wartime.

Police procedural
A police procedural is a television show about police officers solving mysteries. There are also books that are police procedurals, and movies like "The French Connection".

List of U.S. states by population density
This is a list of the 50 U.S. states, ordered by population density. The data is from the 2000 U.S. Census.

Girth
Girth is the circumference of a cylindrical object, such as a tree trunk.
Girth is sometimes used by postal services and delivery companies as basis for pricing. For example (for at least one delivery company), if one has a box to ship, it has three sides: length (the longest side) and height and width. The girth in this case is 2 * (height + width).

Circumference
In geometry, circumference is the distance around a closed curve; for example, a circle. It is a special kind of perimeter.(c=PI x diameter)

Girth (tack)
A girth is a piece of equipment for riding a horse, used to keep the saddle in place.

Lusatian Neisse
The Lusatian Neisse is a river in the Czech Republic ("Lužická Nisa"), Germany ("Lausitzer Neiße") and Poland ("Nysa Łużycka"). It is part of the Oder-Neisse line.

Anton Rubinstein
Anton Rubinstein (born Vikhvatinets 28 November 1829; died Petershof 20 November 1894) was a Russian pianist and composer. Rubinstein and Franz Liszt were thought to be the greatest pianists of the 19th century. He was very important as a teacher and influenced many Russian musicians. He composed lots of music, although hardly any of it is heard nowadays. As a composer he is best remembered today by a little piece of piano music called “Melody in F”.
First concert.
Rubinstein gave his first piano concert when he was ten. Between 1840 and 1843 his piano teacher took him on long concert tours of Europe. He met Chopin and Liszt and was received in London by Queen Victoria. Between 1844 and 1846 the family lived in Berlin. His friends there included Mendelssohn and Meyerbeer.
Lessons.
In 1846 his father died and Anton went to Vienna where he gave piano lessons to try to earn some money. When he returned to Russia in 1848 the tsar’s sister-in-law let him live in her palace. He played for lots of parties. Often the tsar came.
Tours.
In 1854 he toured Europe again. Then he returned to Russia. He wanted to improve music education in Russia so he started the Russian Musical Society and then he started the St Petersburg Conservatory. During his long career he spent many years as director of the Conservatory as well as conducting concerts.
Compositions.
He wrote a lot of music, but although his compositions often started off with good ideas they often become rather boring. His opera "Tom the fool" was not a success. He was annoyed and wrote an article in a music magazine saying that it was not possible to write operas using Russian stories. He criticized several composers who were writing music which used Russian folktunes. This included the composer Mily Balakirev and his friends who were called The Mighty Handful. He said that they had not learned how to compose properly.
Rubinstein very much wanted to be famous as a composer as well as a teacher, but this made him very narrow-minded. However, it was as a pianist and conductor that he was important. He helped to improve the standard of music making in Russia by teaching and performing, and by starting the conservatory in St Petersburg.

List of InuYasha characters
InuYasha.
InuYasha is the male hero of the series. He is a half-demon ("han'yō" in Japanese). His father was a demon and his mother was human. He uses a weapon called the Tetssaiga. It is a supernatural sword that is made from one of his father's fangs. This sword can destroy one hundred demons with just one swing. InuYasha can heal very fast and can recover from injuries which would kill for any average human. InuYasha loves Kikyo but things get less simple when he starts to have feelings of love for Kagome. Inuyasha is in love with Kagome but does not want her to know about it so he's mean to her at times but then he's nice at time's too.
Kagome.
Kagome is the female main character of Inuyasha. She is the reincarnation of Kikyo and lives in the present. She was a normal middle school girl until her 15th birthday, when Sota, her brother said that Buyo, their cat, had gone missing into the shrine that had the well inside it. Kagome stepped near the well when Mistress Centipede's bones came alive and pulled Kagome into the well. The bones had felt the shikon no tama inside Kagome that Kikyo had with her when she was killed. Mistress Centipede tried to get the jewel in the water when Kagome pushed Mistress Centipede with her hand. The hidden jewel suddenly showed through Kagome's hands. It cut one of the centipede's arms.
The centipede demon went away and Kagome landed on the floor of the well. She climbed up the well - now in the past - to see a place she did not see before, because it was the past. But she knew the tree that Inuyasha was sealed in by Kikyo's arrow 50 years ago. It was the tree near her house. She ran up to it. That was the first time she met Inuyasha. When the village people found her and took her to Kaede, the village's priestess realised that Kagome's the reincarnation of her sister, Kikyo. The priestess helped Kagome keep the jewel in her house in the village.
But the centipede demon was not gone. It attacked the village to get to Kagome and the shikon no tama. Kagome ran toward the well. Kaede had said the well would be pure (clean, not evil) enough to keep Mistress Centipede away. Kaede realised then that Kagome has priestess powers like Kikyo and herself because Kagome can see things only priestesses can, like the light from the well. Kagome was caught by Mistress Centipede at a tree where Inuyasha was stuck. Kagome freed Inuyasha by pulling out the arrow. Inuyasha helped kill the demon after being freed, but wanted to attack Kagome as well to get the shikon no tama inside her.
Kaede used a spell necklace left by her long-dead miko sister that was meant to calm the fierce spirit of Inuyasha on command, and was never used. Kagome found the command "Sit/Down boy!" to be most fitting to Inuyasha's dog-like manner, so now whenever Kagome says "sit!" the spell pulls Inuyasha forcefully to the ground, and Inuyasha has to listen and do what she says just like a dog would. The spell only works for Kagome. Kaede also says that Inuyasha and Kagome had to work together to find the shikon no tama (the magical jewel that had burst from Kagome's body) which broke after Kagome shot it (she was trying to shoot a demon crow trying to flee with it). That is why they go together on the adventure. They make a lot of friends along the way.
Normal Life.
Kagome knew by episode 4 that she could go from the past to her own time, where she has to work as a student in her school. This is why she is always seen wearing her school uniform. Many people have a crush (a liking of someone) on her in both eras (places in time): for example, Hojo likes Kagome at school, and Inuyasha and Koga like Kagome in the past time (but Inuyasha tries not to show it). Kagome is sometimes confused because she has tests to do, but she doesn't have a lot of time to practice. Most of the time she goes to the past to help Inuyasha find the shikon no tama - that is why she does not have much time - and her grandfather makes up funny stories on why Kagome does not go to school, and Kagome usually gets angry about that.
Kikyo and Kagome.
Kikyo was brought back from the land of the dead with tomb soil and a special type of water by the a demon named Urasue. The demon still didn't perfect her because Kikyo had no soul. So just then she caputured Kagome after she fell from the falling bridge and put her into that special water.
Miroku.
Miroku is a monk who likes pretty women (Sango does not like this). He always asks them if they could bare his children. He has a curse on him called Wind Tunnel that was made by Naraku. Naraku changed his shape into a pretty woman so that Miroku's grandfather, who also liked women, would come to Naraku. It was a trick to give him the curse. Wind Tunnel or Air Void is when Miroku can suck demons in with his right hand, just like a black hole. He uses it to fight instead of thinking that it's a curse, but it is a curse and he knows it inside because if he keeps using it and, if he waits for a long time without having a son to pass the Wind Tunnel on, he will get sucked into his own Wind Tunnel, which grows bigger every time. He wants to get revenge on Naraku for the curse so that when he's dead Miroku's curse will be gone. When he meets Kagome, Inuyasha and Shippo, he joins them.
Kirara.
Kirara is Sango's pet demon who is very loyal to her owner. She is a nekoyokai (a cat-demon in Japanese) and even if she is one of the major characters who dosn't appear alot like Shippo, she is still a clever demon who helped Midoriko, and understands Sango's feelings about Kohaku. She met Inuyasha and his friends before Sango, because she was still left in the village when Sango went away to fight the demon, which attacked the castle lord's house.
Kirara can turn from a cute, lovable small cat to a fierce big tiger-like cat. She comes to like Shippo mostly from Inuyasha's friends. She goes with Inuyasha and his friends because her owner, Sango, is going with them to revenge on Naraku.
Sango.
Sango is a demon slayer, also called yokai tajiya in Japanese. She lived with her father and brother, with her job as killing bad demons and collecting the shikon no tama, messed with darkness because of the badness of the demons who had it. She would give the jewel to those who could make it a good jewel and purify it, like Kikyo did.
But everything went wrong (not right, bad) in episode 24, where her brother, Kohaku, finally becomes a demon slayer himself for the first time one night. They go on his first hunt (when you try and kill something) with the other slayers (his family and friends) including Sango, when Kohaku acts very strangely. After killing the demon they were ordered to, by a castle lord who looks at how all the slayers are doing, Kohaku uses his weapon to kill all of his family except for Sango. Sango finds out that the castle lord, possessed by a spider demon (meaning a demon went inside him to control him), who used spider webs to control Kohaku. Sango is mad that the demon did that so she tries to kill the castle lord when Kohaku attacks her on her back. She falls down, with Kohaku, because the castle lord orders for the guards to attack the siblings so they get hurt. Kagewaki Hitomi, the prince of the castle kills his own possessed father, the lord, to show that he was being controlled by a demon. Everyone makes a burial for the poor, dead slayers.
Naraku was really planning (knowing and making sure) for this to happen, possessing the castle lord, so that he could call his friend demons, who wanted to revenge on the slayers, to come to the slayers' village to ruin it. Naraku then tells Kagewaki Hitomi that Inuyasha had done it. Sango, still alive but badly hurt and in treatment of the prince, comes out of the house to say that she is ready to fight Inuyasha, and get back at him for what she heard he did. But when she finds out that Inuyasha's not a bad demon, and Naraku was the one who betrayed them, she joins Inuyasha, Kagome, Shippo and Miroku to get back at Naraku (who everyone wants to revenge on) instead of killing Inuyasha. Sango has a pet called Kirara.
Shippo.
Shippo is a young Kitsune youkai (baby fox demon in Japanese) who lost his father, killed by the Thunder Brothers. Shippo is fifty years old, but he appears about five- this is because demons age much slower than humans do. He wants to steal the Shikon no Tama from Kagome and Inuyasha when he finds them, so that he can have enough power to revenge on the Thunder Brothers. He has the power to turn into different shapes, and so turned into a large, pink ball that he usually turns into, to scare them off, but Inuyasha just wins over him, laughing at him for being stupid. Kagome feels for Shippo even so, and orders Inuyasha to "Sit!"
But when Shippo gets to steal the jewel, when he is alone with Inuyasha and makes a heavy stone to go on Inuyasha's hand, Kagome follows him to find him caught with the Thunder Brothers. Kagome is also kidnapped soon after, and Inuyasha comes to save the two of them.
He soon wins over the Thunder Brothers, who had the of Shippo's father for their. Because the soul of Shippo's father still wanted to protect Shippo, the fox-fire saved Kagome and Shippo when they are in the fire made by one of the Thunder Brothers. Shippo, because he didn't have anywhere to go, he follows Kagome and Inuyasha on their adventure. Shippo can also make a small, blue fox-fire like his father. He seems to care about many young girls of his age, for example Satsuki, his first love. He also likes Kirara, Sango's pet demon they met at episode 24.
Although Shippo's name can mean seven treasures in Japanese, "Shippo" can also mean "tail". This makes sense because Shippo has a big, fluffy tail.
Naraku.
Naraku is an evil demon made by Onigumo, who loved Kikyo. When Onigumo became jealous of Inuyasha, he made many demons, led by a spider demon, come to him with his impure (bad) mind of jealousy. This is because demons like bad minds. The spider demon tells Onigumo that if Onigumo wants revenge on Inuyasha, he has to let the demons eat his soul and join with him to fight off Inuyasha. When Onigumo agrees, Naraku is created. Naraku has a heart made out of Onigumo's soul, which still loves Kikyo. But Naraku is evil because many demons joined him, just like the demons made by Midoriko's lover, and kills Kikyo while to be Inuyasha. This is so that Kikyo would think the real Inuyasha killed her. Naraku did this to get the shikon no tama for himself, and didn't want Kikyo to hand it to Inuyasha.
Kikyo seals Inuyasha because of this, when Inuyasha runs away with the shikon no tama because Naraku also turned into Kikyo to say things to hurt Inuyasha, who thought it was the real Kikyo. Thinking that Kikyo wouldn't give him the shikon no tama as promised, he steals it. Kikyo thinks then that Inuyasha is betraying her so she shoots an arrow at him.
Nobody knows about Naraku until episode 15, where Miroku tells Inuyasha and Kagome about a demon who gave a curse called Wind Tunnel on him. Naraku really gave the curse to Miroku's grandfather, who thought Naraku was a real woman since Naraku turned into a woman to fool the grandfather. The curse has to go on until they win against Naraku. This is how Miroku joins in.
Naraku also tells the other demons in episode 24 to attack a village where no demon are left, because Naraku controlled Kohaku, a demon slayer, to kill the rest of the slayers. Sango, Kohaku's sister, who is still alive tries to kill Naraku who attacked her village. This is how Sango joins in.
Basically, Naraku is the reason why everyone met each other... they are also planning to kill him as well as finding the shikon no tama that broke into pieces. Naraku is also trying to gather the pieces so that he can become a full demon, because he's a half-demon and half-human since with Onigumo, a human, joined with demons.
As well as being able to change into different people, Naraku can also make parts of his body come apart (detach) from him. They are usually called his detachments or incarnations. He made many of them including Kagura, Hakudoshi, Akago and Musou. Akago and Musou were to make himself not like Kikyo anymore because of Onigumo.
Kaede.
Kaede is Kikyo's stubborn (she never changes her mind) sister, who lived for 50 years after Kikyo died and meets Kagome. She is the one who found out that Kagome was her sister Kikyo's reincarnation, and tells Inuyasha and Kagome to work together, because Kagome also has the priestess powers that Kikyo once had. She tells both of them that Kagome can see the Shikon no Tama unlike other people, and because Inuyasha cannot see the jewel but is strong enough to fight for it, they can work together. She loves her sister more than anything. She wishes that Kikyo's soul would rest in peace, from the day when Kikyo came alive again as a doll, because of Urasue.
Kikyo.
Kikyo was a girl priest, also called priestess or miko. She was cursed to die if she loved someone. She did not think she was a normal person because of her priestess powers (spiritiual powers). She thought that she did not belong anywhere normal. InuYasha, a half-demon, and half-human also did not belong on any side and wanted to become a full demon, just like Kikyo wanting to become normal. This is why Kikyo felt the same as Inuyasha. Because of this they came to love each other. After they both loved each other, Kikyo promises to Inuyasha that she will give him shikon no tama, which she has to look after (which she also is a priestess for), if Inuyasha uses it to become a full human instead of a full demon. This would make Kikyo normal again, because she's not a priestess any more and Inuyasha is also normal, human husband.
Naraku, an evil demon made by Onigumo, loved Kikyo and was jealous of InuYasha. Naraku could change his shape into different people. He wanted the jewel that Kikyo had, the Shikon no Tama. The jewel would free him from Onigumo's orders (heart) telling him not to kill Kikyo. In the beginning of story, Naraku turned into Inuyasha and talked to Kikyo. Next, he turned Kikyo and talked to InuYasha. He said things that hurt them. He did this to make them hate each other. Kikyo nearly died because Naraku turned into Inuyasha and attacked her.
Urasue, a doll-maker, made a clay doll that looked just like Kikyo. She made it to give Kikyo half the soul of Kagome, Kikyo's reincarnation. Kikyo and the doll are the same people so the doll-Kikyo would have the same soul. Kikyo killed Urasue and ran away from Kagome. She had found out that Kagome would control the soul inside her so that it might go back inside Kagome. She hates Inuyasha too, because before she died, she hated him. She became jealous of Kagome because of Inuyasha liking both her and Kikyo but she got over it soon. Kagome was still jealous of Kikyo - even though they are the same person.
Death.
Only in the manga, Kikyo dies because she did not go well on destroying Naraku. She tried to kill him by using her arrows to purify (make it good) the finished, whole Shikon no Tama when it was with Naraku, because Naraku could not win over pure (good) things and the jewel, when it was complete, would be make the purity even more powerful with its own power. Kikyo hoped that the side of Naraku's soul would win over the evil, demons' souls inside the jewel, but Naraku was too strong for the goodness. He attacked Kikyo with his badness, because he didn't have a heart that loved her any more and Kikyo's messed up goodness of her heart made her spiritual powers go away. This is why she died.
This episode ends with Kikyo dying after Inuyasha kisses her. She wishes that Kagome would not cry, because she is happy since her soul can rest from living a doll-like life. But Kagome does cry. Sango is also sad because she knew that Kikyo cared for Kohaku, her brother, and would do anything if she could not kill him.
Kohaku.
Kohaku is Sango's brother. He was a boy who used to never like fighting, but when he finally becomes a demon, he is controlled by a spider demon, to kill his own family. Kohaku also dies because of the castle lord's soldiers attacking him for madness. Only his sister Sango didn't die, and tries to revenge on Naraku for planning this to happen.
Kohaku is alive even so, because Naraku uses a piece from the Shikon no Tama on his back. The jewel's power made him alive again. But all his memories are gone, and he can only listen to whatever Naraku tells him to do. He also doesn't remember Sango, who is happy to see that he is alive. But Sango is sad to find his brother killing more people because of Naraku ordering him to. Sango's new aim is to also save Kohaku from Naraku's control.
Midoriko.
Midoriko was a priestess who was so strong that she was the same as 100 of Japanese soldiers called Samurais. She had 4 pure (good) souls inside her: Aramitama (Courage), Nigimitama (Friendship), Kushimitama (Wisdom) and Sakimitama (Love). The souls could make a person very powerful which was why she was so.
One day, a human who loved her was jealous, just like Onigumo. He made demons eat his soul so that they could all join together. But the number of demons were so much that the human lost his love and the demons were able to fight Midoriko without any struggle. Because there were so many of them joined together, with so much impurity (bad powers), even with Midoriko's own power of goodness and purity, they could easily win over Midoriko. But when they were about to eat her, she tore out her own 4 pure (good) souls and joined it with the demon's bad soul. This made the demons die and made the Shikon no Tama. But Midoriko also died because of this, together with the demons.
There was a statue of her in a cave in Sango's village where Shako, Sango's grandfather found the Shikon no Tama for the first time and gave it to Kikyo to look after.
Kirara is Sango's pet demon. She was also Shako's pet. In the anime, Kirara is also known to be Midoriko's pet. Kirara was not Midoriko's pet in the manga.
Onigumo.
Onigumo is a human who was once a thief. He got beaten and was nearly killed when Kikyo came to save him in a cave. This is how Onigumo comes to love Kikyo, but he is soon jealous. He is the maker of Naraku and because his soul is still inside Naraku, Naraku can not kill Kikyo with the love for her by Onigumo still inside him. Naraku doesn't want to love Kikyo, so he tries to tear onigumo apart. Naraku's trying is shown by Musou, his detachment, who failed.
But he finally manges it by tearing his heart, as a little child called Akago and nearly kills her with tentacles, but Kikyo gets help from the soils from Onigumo's cave, where he once used to get treated by Kikyo.
Shako.
Shako is Sango's grandfather who used to own Kirara. He could also use Hiraikotsu, which is given to Sango when she is born. He found the Shikon no Tama messed up with impureness (badness) because of the bad Mistress Centipede having it. Shako kills Mistress Centipede with his boomerang and puts her bones into the Bone-eater's well, where bones of dead demons are put inside. This is why Mistress Centipede became alive from her bones and grabbed Kagome inside the well. Shako then gives the jewel to Kikyo, because her goodness will not mess up the jewel any more. But that is why Kikyo has to be a priestess forever, because she has to protect the jewel forever. She didn't want to stay being a priestess and wanted to be normal. This is why she agreed to meet Inuyasha and give the jewel to him.
Shako finds the jewel on front of Midoriko's cave, where there is a barrier. He finds out that only people who has goodness in their hearts and feel sorry for dead soldiers can go inside the cave.
Thunder Brothers.
The Thunder Brothers are two brothers, called Hiten and Manten. They killed Shippo's father to get a piece of the jewel shard. They made themselves a sash with the father's hide(a belt to remember killing the father). Shippo tries to get revenge on them by getting more power from the Shikon no tama, and tries to steals it from Inuyasha and Kagome, but soon works together with them to kill the Thunder Brothers. Then Inuyasha eats the Thunder Brother's blood thinking it's watermelon.

Plane (tool)
A plane is a tool for shaping wood. Planes are used to flatten, reduce the thickness of, and impart a smooth surface to a rough piece of lumber.
Hand planes are generally the combination of a cutting edge, such as a sharpened metal plate, attached to a firm body, that when moved over a wood surface, take up relatively uniform shavings, by nature of the body riding on the 'high spots' in the wood, and also by providing a relatively constant angle to the cutting edge, render the planed surface very smooth.
Hand planes are ancient, originating thousands of years ago. Early planes were made from wood. The cutting blade or iron was held in place with a wooden wedge.
Parts of a Plane.
Two styles of plane are shown with some parts labeled. The top of the image is a bench plane; the bottom is a block plane.

Lumber
Lumber or Timber is a term used to describe wood from the time trees are felled, to its end product as a material suitable for industrial use—as structural material for construction or wood pulp for paper production.
In the U.K. and Australia, "timber" is a term also used for sawn wood products (that is, boards), whereas generally in the United States and Canada, the product of timber cut into boards is referred to as lumber. In the United States and Canada sawn wood products of five inches diameter or greater (4½″ nominal size) are sometimes called "timbers".
Lumber is supplied either rough or finished. Rough lumber is the raw material for furniture making. It is available in many species, usually hardwoods.
Dimensional Lumber.
Dimensional lumber is a term used in North America for lumber that is finished/planed and cut to standardized width and depth specified in inches.
Softwoods.
Examples of common sizes are 2×4 (also two-by-four and other variants), 2×6, and 4×4. The length of a board is usually specified separately from the width and depth. It is thus possible to find 2×4s that are four, eight, or twelve feet in length. In the United States the standard lengths of lumber are 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, and 24 feet.
Non-North American sizes.
Outside North America sizes of timber vary slightly. Sizes are, in some cases, based on the imperial measurement and referred to as such; in other cases the sizes are too far removed from the imperial size to be referred to by imperial measurement. Lengths are sold every 300 mm (a metric approximation of 1'). Common sizes are similar to the North American equivalent; 2.4, 2.7, 3.0, 3.6, 4.2, 4.8, 5.4, 6.0.
Hardwoods.
In North America sizes for dimensional lumber made from hardwoods varies from the sizes for softwoods. Boards are usually supplied in random widths and lengths of a specified thickness, and sold by the board-foot (144 cubic inches).
Engineered Lumber.
Engineered lumber is lumber created by a manufacturer and designed for a certain structural purpose.

El Puerto de Santa María
El Puerto de Santa María (commonly called El Puerto) is a city located on the banks of the Guadalete River in the province of Cádiz, Spain. As of the 2005 census, the city has a population of 82,306 people. 50,000 of these people live in the urban center. The others live in the area around the urban center.
The city of El Puerto de Santa Maria is north east of Cadiz across the Bay of Cadiz. It is best known for its ferry, El Vaporcito, which has been used for 76 years. It takes passengers to and from Cadiz to El Puerto.
History.
In the Odyssey of Homer, legend says that, after the Trojan War, a Greek official named Menestheus escaped with his troops through the Straits of Gibraltar. They got to the Guadalete River and created a port. They called the port "Menestheus's port".
In 711, Arab (Moors) from the North of Africa invaded southern Spain. They changed the name to "Alcante" or "Alcanatif". The name means Port of Salt. They chose that name beacuse of the old salt industry of Phoenicians and Romans.
In 1260, Alfonso X of Castile took the city from the Moors. He renamed it "Santa María del Puerto".
Columbus began his second voyage to the New World from El Puerto. His pilot, Juan de la Cosa, created the first map of the world to include the coast of the New World in El Puerto in 1500. In the nineteenth century, the city became the General Headquarters for the French Army during the Spanish War of Independence under the reign of Jose Bonaparte (1801-1812). The city is has much history, museums and monuments. It is also near the very historical cities of Seville and Cádiz.
Tourism.
El Puerto has a famous bull ring. It dates back to 1880. The bull ring has space for 15,000 to watch. Bull fighting is still enjoyed during the Feria season, which is during the month of August, and during the Feria de la Primavera, which is in early May. This Feria is dedicated to sherry. 180,0000 half bottles of sherry get drunk in 4 days. There are several bodegas in the town centre. All of these can be visited by the public. The most famous bodega is the Osborne and Terry Bodegas. They export sherry and brandy worldwide. In the cellars in El Puerto, sherry is made using the traditional method called “solera”. This method makes the pale dry sherries to the sweet Muscatel sherry, Amontillados and the older Olorosos.
Local food.
El Puerto is an very good place to taste local tapas and seafood, for which it is famous. Food is an important reason why many tourists go to El Puerto de Santa Maria. The Bay of Cadiz is famous for it’s fresh fish. The fish and plenty of fresh fruit and vegetables leads to very good restaurant menus. There are many different types of places to eat all located with walking distance in the town centre.

Bearing (mechanical)
A bearing is a device to permit fixed direction motion between two parts, typically rotation or linear movement. Bearings may be classified broadly according to the motions they allow and according to their principle of operation.

Bush (mechanical)
A bush is a mechanical fixing between two, possibly moving, parts, or a strengthened fixing point where one mechanical assembly is attached to another.
In a car or other vehicle's suspension, bushes are used to connect the various moving arms and pivot points to the chassis and other parts of the suspension.

Suspension (vehicle)
Suspension is the term given to the system of springs, shock absorbers and linkages that connects a vehicle to its wheels.

Suzuki method
The Suzuki method, (or Talent Education, or the Mother Tongue method, or the Suzuki movement) is a way of teaching. It teaches people to be morally better through a caring environment. It normally uses a musical instrument such as the violin or piano to do this. It can also use other musical instruments like the flute, recorder, piano, guitar, cello, viola, bass, organ, harp and voice. The Suzuki method uses the same environment that people have when they learn their mother-tongue. This means that each student sees and hears music and good moral character all of the time. Other people tell them that they will do well. The students learn one thing at a time. They learn new things when they are ready. The term "Suzuki method" is also used to mean only the Suzuki sheet music books and songs.
It was created in Japan in the mid-20th century by Dr. Shin'ichi Suzuki. He was a violinist who wanted to bring some beauty to the lives of children in his country after World War II. Dr. Suzuki saw that all children learn their own language very quickly. Even dialects which adults thought were hard to learn are spoken with ease by 5 or 6 year old children. He thought that if a person can speak their mother tongue, then they can learn to play a musical instrument. He came up with the idea that any pre-school age child could begin to play the violin.

Natsumi Kawahara
Natsumi Kawahara（かわはらなつみ "Kawahara Natsumi" July 26th, 1981）is Japanese manga artist. She writes in ChuChu and Ciao. She lives in Tsuyama in Okayama Prefecture.

Pará
Pará (pron. is one of the states of Brazil. It is in the northern part of the country.

Constituent (politics)
A constituent is someone who elects another person as their representative in the government. A "constituency" is all of the constituents of a representative. Constituents also have the power to remove their representative from the position to which they have appointed him or her.
The word "constituent" can also be used to refer to a citizen who lives in the area that is governed, represented, or otherwise served by a politician; sometimes the word is restricted to citizens who elected the politician. All of the constituents who are registered to vote are called the "electorate".

Constituent (linguistics)
In syntactic analysis, a constituent is a word or a group of words that functions as a single unit within a hierarchical structure.
Phrases (noun phrases, verbal phrases, etc.) are usually constituents of a clause, but clauses may also be embedded into a bigger structure. For example, in the phrase "I didn't hear what you said," the subordinate clause "what you said" is embedded into the main clause and is syntactically its object; this can be demonstrated by substituting the pronoun "it" for the subordinate clause "I didn't hear it."

Spindle (textiles)
A spindle (sometimes called a drop spindle) is a wooden spike (or shaft) that has at one end a weight, mostly a circular whorl.
Sometimes it has a hook at either end of the spike. It is used for spinning wool and other fibres into thread. Spindles or parts of them have been found in very, very old archaeological sites; they may represent one of the earliest pieces of technology available to humankind.

Whorl
Whorl is a type of spiral pattern.

Whorl (spindle)
A whorl is a circular weight attached to a spindle that is used as a sort of flywheel.

Flywheel
A flywheel is a heavy disk or wheel that is attached to a rotating shaft. Flywheels are used for storage of kinetic energy. The momentum of the flywheel causes it to not change its rotational speed easily. Because of this, flywheels help to keep the shaft rotating at the same speed. This helps when the torque applied to the shaft changes often. Uneven torque can change the speed of rotation. Because the flywheel resists changes in speed, it decreases the effects of uneven torque. Engines which use pistons to provide power usually have uneven torque and use flywheels to fix this problem.
It takes energy to get a wheel (any wheel) to rotate. If there is little friction (good bearings) then it will keep rotating a long time. When energy is needed, it can be taken from the wheel again. So it is a simple mechanical means of storing energy. The amount of energy stored is a function of the weight and the speed of rotation - making a heavier wheel rotate faster takes more energy. Another factor is the radius (size) because the further from the axis a part of the wheel is, the more energy it takes to make is rotate. These three factor can be represented by M (mass), formula_1 (angular velocity) and R (radius). Combining the two equations below gives formula_12MR2/4. A fly-wheel is not just any wheel, but specifically designed to store energy. So it should be heavy and/or rotate fast. For example, some buses have a fly-wheel that is used for stopping and starting. When the bus stops (eg for a traffic light), the fly-wheel is connected to the wheels, so the rotational energy is transferred to it, so the bus will slow down while the fly-wheel speeds up. Then, when the bus has to start driving again, it is connected again and the energy is transferred back. Of course, you wouldn't want to lug a heavy wheel around on a bus, so it is made of a lighter material that can withstand extremely fast rotation.
Mathematics of flywheels.
The kinetic energy of a rotating flywheel is
Where the moment of inertia of center mass is equal to
where formula_5 is the moment of inertia of the mass about the center of rotation and formula_1 (omega) is the angular velocity in radian units.
History.
The flywheel has been used since ancient times, the most common traditional example being the potter's wheel. In the Industrial Revolution, James Watt contributed to the development of the flywheel in the steam engine, and his contemporary James Pickard used a flywheel.
Other meanings.
In the world of venture capital, the term "flywheel" is used to represent the recurrent, margin-generating heart of a business.

Potter's wheel
The potter's wheel, also known as the potter's lathe, is a machine used in the shaping of round ceramic wares.
However, the name potter's lathe is also used for the machine used for another shaping process, turning, which is similar to that used for the shaping of metal and wood articles. The wheel may also be used during the process of trimming excess body from dried wares and for applying incised decoration or rings of colour.
History.
Many early ceramics were hand-built using a simple coiling technique in which clay body was rolled into long threads that were then pinched and beaten together to form the body of a vessel. In the coiling method of construction, all of the energy required to form the main part of a piece is supplied directly by the hands of the potter. This changed with the introduction of the fast-wheel, early forms of which utilised energy stored in the rotating mass of the heavy stone wheel itself.
The potter's wheel in myth and legend.
In Ancient Egyptian mythology, the god Chnum was said to have formed the first humans on a potter's wheel.
The potter's wheel in literature.
And, strange to tell, among that Earthen Lot
And suddenly one more impatient cried—
“Who is the Potter, pray, and who the Pot?”
Another said—“Why, ne'er a peevish Boy,
“Would break the Bowl from which he drank in Joy;
“Shall He that made the vessel in pure Love
“And Fancy, in an after Rage destroy?”
None answer'd this; but after Silence spake
“They sneer at me for leaning all awry;
“What! did the Hand then of the Potter shake?”

Nikolai Rubinstein
Nikolai Grigoryevich Rubinstein (born Moscow, 2 June 1835; died Paris, 23 March 1881) was a Russian pianist and composer. He was the younger brother of Anton Rubinstein and a close friend of Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky.
The Rubinstein family were middle-class Jewish people. Like his brother Anton, Nikolai soon showed great talent as a pianist. The family spent some time in Europe including three years in Berlin where they made friends with Mendelssohn and Meyerbeer.
Anton founded (started) the famous Conservatoire in St Petersburg where students could study music. Nikolai founded the Conservatoire in Moscow. Both brothers were directors of the Conservatoires they had founded.
During his lifetime Nikolai Rubinstein was thought of as one of the greatest pianists of his time. As pianists the two brothers were very different. Anton was very fiery like Franz Liszt. Nikolai was quieter and more thoughtful, preferring lyrical Romantic music.
Anton liked to compose in the same way as composers from Western Europe. He was critical of Russian composers like Mily Balakirev and others from the group called The Mighty Handful who tried to make their music very Russian. Nikolai was much more broad-minded. He supported Balakirev and his group. He was a great friend of Tchaikovsky and encouraged him much more than his brother Anton had done. Nevertheless he still criticised Tchaikovsky’s First Piano Concerto. He said he would not play it until Tchaikovsky had changed it. Tchaikovsky refused to change it. Years later Nikolai decided he liked it after all.
Although Nikolai wanted to be a successful composer he was aware that he was not a great one. When asked why he did not compose more he once replied that his brother “composed enough music for three”.
Nikolai died in Paris while on his way to Nice where he had wanted to improve his health. He always liked his food and on his deathbed he ate twelve oysters. Tchaikovsky wrote his "Piano Trio in A minor" in Rubinstein's memory.
Among his most popular works are his "Tarantella" in G minor and the "Fantasia on a Theme by Schumann", both for piano solo.

Okinawan language
Okinawan language'"（沖縄語　おきなわご　"Okinawago"、琉球語　りゅうきゅうご "Ryuukyuugo"　ウチナーグチ "Uchina-guchi"）is a language spoken in Okinawa and Amami regions of Japan. Some linguists believe it has branched off from ancient (6th to 12th) Japanese.

Imbolc
Imbolc is a festival belonging to Brigid, the Celtic goddess who, in later times, became famous as a Christian saint. At first, her festival on February 1 was known as "Imbolc" or "Oimelc", two Gaelic names which refer to the lactation of the ewes. Lactation is the flow of milk that happens when the baby lambs are born in the spring, and Gaelic languages are those spoken in countries like Ireland and Scotland.
Imbolc was, and still is, a time to celebrate that winter would soon be over. Sometimes in Ireland, the first flowers are coming up at the time of this festival, even when there is still snow on the ground.
Later, the Roman Catholic Church replaced this festival with Candlemas Day on February 2, a day that now belongs to the Virgin Mary. On this day, people may have ceremonies or processions by candlelight - walking together in the dark, with the only light coming from candles they carry. The may also sing songs to Brigid, or say poems or prayers to her.
In both Pagan and Christian celebrations, Brigid is celebrated as a powerful female figure, who brings light, inspiration, and healing to the world.

Baseball (ball)
A baseball is a ball used in the sport of the same name, baseball. It is between 9 inches (22.9 cm) and 9¼ inches (23.5 cm) in circumference. The ball weighs 5 ounces. Different size balls may be used in children's leagues.
The balls can be made in many different, but similar ways. The center of most balls is cork, rubber, or a mixture of the two. It is sometimes layered. Yarn and twine and sometimes wool is wrapped around the center core. A leather cover is put on, in two pieces, and stitched together using 108 stitches of waxed red cotton thread. Official Major League balls sold by Rawlings are made to the exact MLB specifications (5 ounces, 108 stitches).

Battle of Worcester
The Battle of Worcester was the final battle of the English Civil War. Oliver Cromwell and the Parliamentarians defeated the Royalist, mainly Scottish, forces of King Charles II on September 3, 1651 at Worcester, England. The 16,000 Royalist forces were defeated by the 28,000 strong "New Model Army" of Cromwell.

James Marsters
James Marsters (born August 20, 1962) is an American guitarist, singer, and actor. His is best known for playing the part of Spike on "Buffy the Vampire Slayer.

Emma Caulfield
Emma Caulfield (born Emma Chukker in San Diego, California on April 8, 1973) is an American actress. She is best known for her role as ex-demon Anya on the television series "Buffy the Vampire Slayer".

Michelle Trachtenberg
Michelle Christine Trachtenberg (born October 11, 1985) is an American television and movie actress. She is best known for her role as Dawn Summers from the television series "Buffy the Vampire Slayer". Trachtenberg was born in New York, New York. She is of Russian jewish decent on her mother's side of the family.
Career.
Trachtenberg has been acting since 1988 at the age of four. She has acted in several television shows and many movies.

Summer Glau
Summer Glau (born July 24, 1981 in San Antonio, Texas) is an American dancer and actress. She is best known for playing as River Tam in the science fiction television series "Firefly" and movie "Serenity".
Career.
In February 2007 it was announced that Glau would be playing a role of Cameron Phillips in "The Sarah Connor Chronicles", a spin-off of the Terminator series of movies. This character is a Terminator infiltration unit sent back to protect John Connor and Sarah Connor from Skynet.
Personal life.
Glau said in April 2007 that she is in a relationship with American actor "Daniel Wisler".

Band (anthropology)
In anthropology, bands are the tiniest societies, consisting typically of 5-80 people, most or all of them close relatives by birth or by marriage. In effect, a band is an extended family or several related extended families. Today, autonomous bands are almost confined to the most remote parts of New Guinea and Amazonia, but there were many others that have only recently fallen under state control or been assimilated or exterminated. They include many or most African Pygmies, southern African San hunter-gatherers (so-called Bushmen), Aboriginal Australians, Eskimos (Inuit), and Native Americans of some resource-poor areas of the Americas such as Tierra del Fuego and the northern boreal forests; all these modern bands are or were nomadic hunter-gatherers rather than settled food producers. Until at least 40,000 years ago, probably all humans lived in bands, and most still did as recently as 11,000 years ago.
Bands have no permanent single base of residence, instead land is used jointly by the whole group, as opposed to being partitioned among subgroups or individuals. There is no regular economic specialization, except by age and sex: all able-bodied individuals forage for food. There are no formal institutions, such as laws, police, and treaties, to resolve conflicts within and between bands. Organization is often described as "egalitarian" in the sense that there is no formalized social stratification into upper and lower classes, no formalized or hereditary leadership, and no formalized monopolies of information and decision making. However, this definition of egalitarian should not be taken to mean that there is equality in prestige and the decision-making process among band members. Instead "leadership" should of thought of as informal and acquired through qualities such as personality, strength, intelligence, and fighting skills.
Our closest biological relatives, the gorillas and chimpanzees and bonobos of Africa, also live in bands. All humans presumably did so too, until improved technology for extracting food allowed some hunter-gatherers to settle in permanent dwellings in some resource-rich areas. The band is the political, economic, and social organization that we inherited from our millions of years of evolutionary history. Our developments beyond it took place within the last few tens of thousands of years.

Infertility
Infertile means not able to have children or other offspring. Humans can be infertile, but animals and plants can too. When a human couple is infertile, they sometimes have fertility treatment to have children. This can be insemination or IVF. They also sometimes adopt a child.

Betrayal
Betrayal is when a person break the trust and faith of others that trust them.
In an article made by Rodger L. Jackson, it says that "there is not much definition for this word". In psychology, they say betrayal is the breaking of a social (friendship) related things. But for some people, for example, philosophers called Judith Shklar and Peter Johnson, a person can understand the word better by literature (writings).
Betrayal trauma.
Betrayal trauma happens when people that a person trust on has betrayed their trust, and it messes up their memory because of anger. An example of betrayal trauma is childhood physical or childhood problems. Betrayal trauma is similar to post traumatic stress disorder. The difference is that post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is made by fear. Betrayal trauma makes a person fight, and also get into serious crimes for example, discrimination or bullying.

Crane (machine)
A crane is a mechanical lifting device equipped with hoists, wire ropes and sheaves that can be used both to lift and lower materials and to move them horizontally. Cranes are commonly employed in the construction industry and in manufacturing heavy equipment.

Data mining
Data mining is a term from computer science. Sometimes it is also called knowledge discovery in databases (KDD). In data mining, you try to find new information in a lot of data. The information you get by doing data mining, is hopefully both new and useful.
Often, data is stored to use it later. The data is save with a goal. For example, a store wants to save what has been bought. They want to do this to know how much they should buy themselves, to have enough to sell later. Saving this information, makes a lot of data. The data is usually saved in a database. The reason why data is saved is called the first use.
Later, the same data can also be used to get other information, than was needed for the first use. The store might want to know now what kind of things people buy together when they buy at the store. (If someone buys pasta, he usually also buys mushrooms for example.) That kind of information is in the data, and is useful, but was not the reason why the data was saved. This information is new and can be useful. It is a second use for the same data.
Finding new information, that can also be useful, from data, is called data mining.

Japanese sword schools
Japanese schools of sword making can be divided into two categories: by the provinces where they were developed and by the masters who created a specific tradition of sword making.
History.
The late Kamakura period is often referred to as the greatest period of sword making in Japanese history. The Soshu tradition was one of the dominant traditions. Smiths like Kunitsuna and Sukezane combined their knowledge with methods from Yamashiro and Bizen traditions. Finally, a group of famous sword smiths culminated with Masamune (1264-1343 AD) and his school.
Types of Sword.
The rare swords were made out of five separate pieces and heat-treated at high temperatures. The swords of the Masamune School were harder than any of the swords made before. Masamune trained a group of at least ten followers. Two of his students (Kanemitsu and Nagayoshi) were from the Bizen province. In this way, during the early 14th century, the Masamune school attracted many smiths from other schools. Kanemitsu is believed to be the one who created the Soden School, which combined Bizen and Soshu techniques.
At the same time Chogi was developing his school. The Chogi works show a stronger influence of the Soshu tradition than Kanemitsu swords.

Ornamental
An ornamental plant is a plant that is grown for how it looks and not for its commercial or other value. The term is often shortened to ornamental (usually as a noun) when used in the context of plants.
Ornamental plants are usually grown in the flower garden, or as house plants. Most commonly they are grown for display of their flowers. Other common ornamental features include leaves, scent, fruit, stem and bark. In all cases, their purpose is the enjoyment of gardeners and visitors. Ornamental plants may also be used for landscaping, and for cut flowers.

List of garden plants
This is a partial list of garden plants, plants that can be cultivated in the garden, listed alphabetically by genus.
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List of plants by common name
The common names of plants often vary from region to region, which is why most plant encyclopedias refer to plants using binomials, or "Latin" names. Common names are also referred to as "country names" or "farmer's names". These names develop over time according to use, appearance, and lore.
Most plants have several country names, and country names often refer to several distinct plants. This list includes garden plants as well as weeds.
This is by no means a complete list. Most of the common names here so far are regional names from North America.
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Celt
The Celts were many tribes in Europe.They painted themselves in blue. They greased their hair with animal fat so that it sticks up in points all over their heads, and they carry great,two-sided axes and razor-sharp spears.They were preparing an army so that they could take their lands back from Romans. They were distinguished by speaking Celtic languages. Today, the Celtic languages that remain are the Breton, Cornish, Welsh, Manx, Scottish, Irish and Gaelic languages.
The Celts is also a word used to describe a wide variety of people living in different parts of Europe before, and during, the Roman empire.
The British Isles Celts generally followed a polytheistic religion, and had great respect for nature.
They were the reason why the Angles and Saxons reached Britain. One Celt king called Vortigern was scared of the other Celts could take his tribe, so he called Angles and Saxons(barbarians) to help him take the other tribes and he offered them to live in Britain. When they came they liked Britain and they took over Vortigern's tribe to and they settled in Britain.

Free good
In economics free good means a good that is available without production, and therefore not scarce. It is available in as much quantity as desired, with zero opportunity cost to society.
A good that is made available at zero price is not necessarily a free good. For example, a shop might give away its stock in its promotion, but for the production of these goods, resources were needed, so this would not be a free good in an economic sense.
Intellectual property laws have the effect of converting some goods to scarce goods by law.
Although these goods are free goods (in the economic sense) when they have been produced, they did require scarce resources, such as artistic skill, to create them in the first place. Thus, intellectual property laws such as copyrights and patents are sometimes used to give exclusive rights to the creators of such "intellectual property", to make sure that people are interested in these activities.
Many futurists theorize that advanced nanotechnology with the ability to automatically turn any kind of material into any other combination of equal mass, will make all goods essentially free goods, since all raw materials and manufacturing time will become perfectly interchangeable.

Hoist
A hoist is a device used for lifting or lowering a load by means of a drum or lift-wheel around which rope or chain wraps. It may be manually operated, electrically or pneumatically driven and may use chain, fiber or wire rope as its lifting medium. The load is attached to the hoist by means of a lifting hook.
A "hoist" normally is used for lifting (near vertical) and a winch is normally used for pulling (near horizontal).
Construction sites, especially for buildings of more than five floors in height, often employ hoists to lift workers and building materials.
Types of Hoist.
The basic hoist has two important characteristics to define it: Lifting medium and power type. The lifting medium is either wire rope, wrapped around a drum, or load-chain, raised by a gear-like wheel. The power type can be either electric motor or air motor. Both the wire rope hoist and chain hoist have been in common use since the 1800's.

Eugene Onegin (opera)
"Eugene Onegin" ("Евгений Онегин" in Russian) is an opera by Pyotr Tchaikovsky. It is usually thought to be his greatest opera and one of the best of all Russian operas. Tchaikovsky finished composing it in 1878 and it was first performed in Moscow in 1879.
The story of "Eugene Onegin" was written by Alexander Pushkin. He was Russia’s most famous writer and Tchaikovsky made several of his stories into operas. He was careful not to make the opera too long, and chose several chapters from Pushkin’s original book so that the story sometimes jumps from one time to a time much later. Russian operas are quite often like this: they are a series of “tableaux”, i.e. scenes from a story. Sometimes the audience has to imagine what happens between the acts.
The story of the opera.
Tatyana is a young girl who comes from a wealthy family. She is with her younger sister Olga. Tatyana is reading a novel, but her mother, Madame Larina, tells her that real life is very different from what it is in books. Visitors arrive: Olga’s fiancée Lensky who is a young poet, and his friend Eugene Onegin. Onegin is a rather lazy man who likes to go to parties and socialize. Tatyana immediately feels attracted to him.
Back in her room Tatyana tells her nurse that she is in love. When she is alone she writes a letter to Onegin saying how she loves him. When the nurse returns Tatyana asks her to make sure the letter is sent to Onegin.
Onegin returns to give Tatyana an answer to her letter. He says very politely that he is not really suited to marriage. Tatyana is very upset.
It is Tatyana's name-day party. Onegin is annoyed that people are gossiping about him and Tatyana. He is cross with Lensky for making him come. He decides to make Lensky cross by dancing with his fiancée Olga. Olga likes this, and Lensky is very jealous. A singer entertains the party by singing a song in honour of Tatyana. Lensky is now furious and tells everyone in a loud voice that he is no longer Onegin’s friend. He challenges Onegin to a duel which Onegin has to accept to keep his honour.
In the next scene Lensky is waiting for Onegin, and sings a famous song about his fate and his love for Olga. Onegin arrives. Onegin shoots Lensky dead.
The next act takes place several years later. A rich nobleman in St Petersburg is having a ball. Onegin is thinking about his empty life and how bad he feels about Lensky’s death. Prince Gremin enters with his wife, Tatyana, who is now older and still very beautiful and wealthy. Gremin sings how happy he is with Tatyana and introduces Onegin to her (he does not know anything about how Tatyana used to love him). Onegin desperately wants her to love him again.
In a reception room Tatyana has had a letter from Onegin. Onegin enters and begs her to love him. Tatyana wonders why he is now in love with her. She says she loves him but that she wants to be faithful to her husband. Onegin keeps begging her but in the end she leaves him. Onegin is left in despair.
The music.
"Eugene Onegin" is often described as a “lyrical” opera. The melodies are very beautiful and romantic. Two of the most famous arias in the opera are the aria that Tatyana sings when she writes the letter to Onegin, and Lensky’s aria which he sings just before the duel. Tatyana is sung by a soprano, Lensky is a tenor and Eugene Onegin is a baritone.

Basingstoke
Basingstoke is a large town in Hampshire, England.

Ununquadium
Ununquadium is a chemical element. It is also named eka-lead. It has the symbol Uuq. It has the atomic number 114. It is a superheavy element. Ununquadium is radioactive
Ununquadium does not exist in nature. It has to be made. It is a synthetic element. It is made from a nuclear reaction between plutonium and calcium. The reaction that happens is a fusion reaction.
History.
The discovery of ununquadium in December 1998 was reported in January 1999 by scientists at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia. The same team of scientists made another isotope of Uuq three months later and made it again in in 2004 and 2006.
In 2004 in the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research checked it was made by another method. They found the final products of radioactive decay.
Name.
Ununquadium is a temporary IUPAC systematic element name. It is likely to get a new name and symbol in the future.
Chemical properties.
Not enough ununpentium has beeen made to measure its physical or chemical properties. It is thought that it would be a soft, dense metal that changes colour in air. It may have a low melting point of about 200 °C.
Making it.
Ununquadium can be made by bombarding a plutonium-244 target with calcium-48 as a beam of ions.

Brontosaurus
Brontosaurus (meaning "thunder lizard") was a dinosaur which is now considered to be an Apatosaurus. Othniel Charles Marsh, who had discovered and named Brontosaurs, thought he found a new type of dinosaur. Actually, scientists had put the head of a Camarasaurus on the body of an Apatosaurus. Some scientists argued it should be called an Apatosaurus as early as 1903. Most agreed with this by the 1970s.

Fate
Fate or destiny is the idea that the future is already planned even if people do not know what their fate is (what is going to happen to them). Humans in nearly all cultures have had ideas about their fate being “predetermined” (fixed in advance).
People who live unhappy lives may believe that their misery is because of their fate and that they can do nothing about it. This is called being “fatalistic”. Other people may believe that they can control their fate by being brave and trying to “overcome” fate by improving themselves and their lives.
In Greek mythology there were three Fates. They were three goddesses who determined when every person was going to be born, how they would live and when and how they would die. Human beings in many cultures had lots of ways in which they would try to “read” their fate (know what would happen to them). Sometimes they would try to read their fate in the stars (this is called astrology). In other cultures they might ask a person with powers of magic like a shaman. The Ancient Greeks often went to Delphi to ask the oracle.
There are lots of references to fate in literature from almost every country and period, from Greek tragedy (e.g. Oedipus Rex) to Shakespeare (e.g. Macbeth) and Russian literature.
Composers may express fate in music. Beethoven was thinking about Fate when he wrote his Fifth Symphony, and Tchaikovsky when he wrote his Sixth Symphony just before he committed suicide.

Hoffmann von Fallersleben
August Heinrich Hoffmann (April 2, 1798 - January 19, 1874), who used Hoffmann von Fallersleben as his pen name, was a German poet. He is best known for writing "Das Lied der Deutschen", which is now the national anthem of Germany, and a number of popular children's songs.

Lake Peipus
Lake Peipus (Estonian: "Peipsi-Pihkva järv", German: "Peipussee", Russian: "Чудско-Псковское озеро") is a large fresh water lake. It is between Estonia and Russia in Northern Europe. Lake Peipus is the fourth largest lake in Europe. The lake covers 3,500 square kilometres. It has an average depth of 7m. At its deepest point, Lake Peipus is 15m deep. The lake is used for fishing and recreation.

Tanto
The Tanto is a Japanese short sword or dagger.
The tanto's traditional overall length was 11.93 in (1 shaku, about 30cm). The blade's length was about 5in to 12in (12 1/2cm to 30cm). Blades that were bigger (13" to 14" inches) were called ko-wakizashi, or "small short sword." The tantos which varied from the traditional size were called O-tanto or Sunobi tanto.
The tanto was a weapon with a single-edged blade and a curved shape. It was designed for soft targets and was thought to be a hidden weapon of the samurai. It was extremely effective in close fighting.
The tanto appeared during the Heian Period (795-1192 A.D.) and developed as a weapon during the Kamakura Period (1192-1333 A.D.). At that time the tanto was not just a weapon but also a work of art. It was richly decorated using the most spread styles: hira-tsukuri and uchi-sori. Later, in the Nambokucho period (1336-1392 A.D), tantos become longer than 15.75 inches (37cm). Blades become thinner and broader and thus even more dangerous. Different styles developed and the shape changed. During the Muromachi Period (1336–1573 A.D.) the tanto becomes once more narrow-bladed.
By this time the quality of the blade was better. It was the time when professional smiths appeared and there were several styles of tanto making. The best known smiths were: Sukesada and Norimitsu (Bizen-den); Kanemoto and Kanesada (Mino-den); Muramasa and Masashige (Ise).The beginning of Edo period (1603-1867 A.D.) was a period of relative peace after Japanese unification and, although not so many were made, they were of good quality. The heat treated blade's edge (hamon) becomes more waved and so more beautiful.
The most popular of the three tantos were aikuchi and hamadashi. This was because of the fact that these two types had a small guard and they were easier to hide and carry. The tanto was not widely used on the battlefield, so the guard was mostly unnecessary.
When the tanto was used on the battlefield it was supposed to go through the armor of the opponent when he was close. The best tantos for this were those with a long, narrow blade and with a thick spine. The blow was applied with the point directed under or through the armor. The tanto was usually carried in a wide cloth belt (obi) with the edge up and the handle turned to the right. In the samurai house the tanto was often placed with the wakizashi (short sword). Samurai women were taught to use the tanto in case they needed to defend themselves or, if violated, to take their own life.
It is also considered that tantos of different type were used for suicide ritual (seppuku, also hara-kiri). Still, it was mainly used by women samurai whose suicidal ritual was to cut their own throat. The men samurai had a different ritual: they used a wakizashi sword for disembowelment.

Clint Dempsey
Clint Dempsey (born March 9, 1983) is an American footballer from Texas. He plays for Fulham F.C.. He played for the New England Revolution in the United States before Fulham gave them money (a "transfer fee") to get him to play for them. Dempsey is a good player who is well liked by many people in the United States and England for his hard work and desire to win.
Clint also has taken an interest in rapping. Known as Deuce, he has produced compilations with Big Hawk and XO. He also once defeated Peter Crouch in a freestyle battle.

Runaway Brain
"Runaway Brain" is an animated short movie released on September 22, 1934 by United Artists. It was produced by Walt Disney and directed by Burton Gillett. The movie is 7 minutes long. It has Peter Penguin, Polly Penguin, Gosalyn Mallard, Honker Muddlefoot, Bubba the Caveduck, Donald Duck, Daisy Duck, Magica De Spell, and Poe De Spell.

Maltese language
Maltese is the language of Malta, and a language of the European Union. Maltese sounds very similar to the type of Punic, an ancient mediterranean and middle-eastern spread language. It is written in the Latin alphabet like English. In history, the language has borrowed many words from Sicilian, Italian, and English.
History.
The oldest known document in Maltese is "Il Cantilena," a poem from the 15th century written by Pietro Caxaro. For centuries, Maltese was mainly a spoken language.
Maltese became an official language of Malta in 1936, alongside English. Before that year, the only official language of Malta was Italian. Italian, however, is still used a lot in the media.
Number of Speakers.
Today, there are around 371,900 Maltese speakers, mostly living in Malta.
Today.
Italian and English words are taken in by the language more and more. This sometimes words to form that are not found in Maltese, Italian, or English, but instead is a mix of the three. At schools, English is also taught as a second language. Maltese is usually used in the standardized jobs, and when people talk to each other. Most of the television, radio, and literature the Maltese people have are also in Maltese.

Persuasion
Persuasion is a form of influence. It is the way to get people to agree with an idea, attitude, or action by rational and emotional means. It is a problem-solving strategy and relies on "appeals" rather than force.
Dissuasion is the process of convincing someone "not" to believe or act on something.
Persuasion is often confused with manipulation, which is the way to get people to agree with something that is not in their best interest. Persuasion is meant to benefit one or more parties in the end.

Ögedei Khan
Ögedei (1186-1241) was the third son of Genghis Khan and second Great Khan of the Mongol Empire, after his father. He continued to make his father's empire bigger. Like all of Genghis' sons, he helped to conquer Western China and Central Asia. Ögedei was thought to be his father's favorite son, ever since his childhood. As an adult, Ögedei was known to be persuasive in debates he was involved because he had a strong personality. Although less schooled than his father, and despite his drinking habits, he was intelligent and steady in character.
After Genghis Khan's Death.
He was selected as the supreme khan in 1229 because of the kuriltai held after Genghis' death, but it was never doubted that Genghis wanted Ögedei to rule after him. During his reign, the Mongols ended the Jin Dynasty (in 1234) and fought against the Southern Song Empire. In 1235, under the khan's direct command, the Mongols began a war of conquest that would not end for forty-five years, and would result in the addition of all of China. Mongol armies established permanent control of Persia (commanded by Chormagan) and expanded westward under the command of Batu Khan to take over Russia.

Heligoland
Heligoland is a small German group of islands in the North Sea.
It was formerly Danish and then British. The islands in the southeastern corner of the North Sea have a population of 1,650. They are the only German islands not nearby to the mainland and are about two hours' sailing time from Cuxhaven at the mouth of the River Elbe.
Geography.
Heligoland is located 70 km (44 miles) from the German coast line and actually consists of two islands: the populated triangular-shaped 1 km² (0.4 sq mi) main island ("Hauptinsel") to the west and the "Düne" ("dune," Heligolandic: "de Halem") to the east. While the former is what the place name "Heligoland" normally is used to refer to, the latter is somewhat smaller (0.7 km²), lower, surrounded by sand beaches and not permanently inhabited.

Cooperation
Cooperation is when people work together to make their lives better, even though they are free to not work together, and receive little if any money for working together.
Co-operatives are democratic organizations owned by the people who use them. Cooperative organizations help people adapt to capitalism. The was started in 1885. It reports that there are 800 million cooperative members in the world.

Robert F. Kennedy
Robert Francis "Bobby" Kennedy (November 20, 1925 – June 6, 1968), also called RFK, was the brother of former U.S. President John F. Kennedy. He ran for president in 1968, but was assassinated in California during the presidential primaries.

Umbilical cord
The umbilical cord is the tube that connects the unborn child and the mother together. It allows the baby to get what it needs, for example, oxygen, glucose.

Josef Mengele
Dr Josef Mengele (March 16, 1911 – February 7, 1979), was a German SS officer and a physician in the Nazi concentration camp Auschwitz. He did terrible medical experiments on the people in the camps. Mengele was known as the "Angel of Death." After war, he first hid in Germany, then escaped and lived in South America until drowning in Brazil.

Francis I of Austria
Francis I, Emperor of Austria (February 12, 1768 – March 2, 1835) also was Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor (in German language: Franz II, Heiliger Römischer Kaiser).
He was the last Holy Roman Emperor, ruling from 1792 until August 6, 1806, when the Empire was no longer a unit. He then became Francis I, first Emperor of Austria (from 1804 to 1835).

Wilhelm I of Germany
Wilhelm I of the family of the Hohenzollern, was a king of Prussia (January 2, 1861 – 9 March 1888) and the first German Emperor (18 January 1871 – 9 March 1888). His name was Wilhelm Friedrich Ludwig von Hohenzollern. He was born March 22, 1797 and died March 9, 1888. In English his name means "William".
When Wilhelm was king, with his prime minister Otto von Bismarck, Prussia united a large group of small German countries and the German Empire started.

Amami
Amami（奄美　あまみ）is a group of islands in Kagoshima prefecture in the Kyūshū region of Japan. Amami-Ohshima (main of islands), Kikaijima, Tokunoshima, Okinoerabujima, Yorontou and some small islands make up the Amami Islands. Amami was occupied by the United States from 1945 to 1953.
"Amamikiyo"（アマミキヨ）who entrance in myth of Ryukyuu is the origin of Amami.

Formal
Formal is a word used to describe anything that has form or structure. Formal events have rules. 'Formal clothes' or 'formal attire' is a way of dressing to meet the rules for an event, such as a party or wedding. 'Formal attire' can be a suit, a tuxedo or a dress. People from all over the world have their own ideas about 'formal attire'. Most of the time "formal attire" clothes are the most beautiful or the best clothes a person owns.
The opposite of "formal" is informal. Informal clothes are comfortable clothes for general use, e.g. T shirt and jeans. An informal ceremony might be a ceremony which is very relaxed instead of following an exact plan. An informal way to greet a friend might be: "Hi, John!"

Kyūshū
Kyūshū (九州) is the third largest island of Japan. The word "kyushu" originally meant "nine countries/provinces".
The original 9 provinces in Kyushu were Chikuzen, Chikugo, Hizen, Higo, Buzen, Bungo, Hyuga, Osumi, and Satsuma.
Today, Kyushu is made up of 7 prefectures.
As of 2003, 14,779,000 people lived in Kyūshū.
Parts of Kyūshū have a warm climate, like the Miyazaki and Kagoshima regions. Major crops grown there are rice, tea, tobacco, sweet potatoes, and soy; silk is also made. The island is known for many types of porcelain like Arita, Imari, Satsuma and Karatsu.

Presentation
Presentation is the process of presenting the content of a topic to an audience. Presentation software, such as OpenOffice.org Impress, Apple Keynote or Microsoft PowerPoint, is often used to generate the presentation content.

Keynote (software)
Keynote is a presentation software application made by Apple for its Mac OS X operating system.
History.
Keynote was a software program that Steve Jobs, the chief executive officer of Apple used for his own presentations. It was eventually sold publicly as Keynote 1.0 competing against existing presentation software, especially Microsoft PowerPoint. Unlike PowerPoint, Keynote has full support for almost all image types, and the interface and design are much more graphic-oriented. Since Keynote makes use of Mac OS X's built-in graphics technologies, it can produce such slides very easily.

Claymore
The claymore is a Scottish sword. It is double-edged. The word itself is of Gaelic origins and means “great sword”. The Claymore is indeed a big sword and was held only with two hands. In some sources the broad claymore sword is called “claidheamh da lamh”, which means “two-hand sword”. It was very popular in the 16th century when Scottish warriors (highlanders) used it against the Englishmen.
The claymore sword was in average about 55 inches (1.4 m) - overall length, the blade was about 42-inch (1.07 m) long. It weighed around 5.5 lb (2.5 kg). It possessed a very broad blade and a slim channel for blood flood (fuller).
There also existed a version of Claymore that had a single-edged blade and a basket-shaped handle. The basket of the handle was used as protection to the hand. The blade was very long so the basket was designed for balance too. The making of these swords was widespread especially during the mid-1600s. The places where the claymore swords were made were: Edinburgh, Canongate, Stirling and Glasgow.
Beginning around 1350, very long claymore swords were used. The handles and the blades became longer. This was because of the heavy armour, that was almost impossible to penetrate. The Scottish Claymore was one of the two swords which could cut through the armour. The second was the Germanic Landsknecht sword.

Tamahagane
Tamahagane is a high quality metal (steel) made in the Japanese tradition. The word "tama" means "round and precious", like a gem or jewel. The word "hagane" means "steel". On the market, it costs 50 times more than ordinary steel. Tamahagane steel is used to make Japanese swords, knives, and other kinds of tools.
Good tamahagane contains around 1% of carbon and should not go over 1.5%.
Production.
Tamahagane is made of iron sand (called "satetsu" in Japanese), which is of better quality than iron ore. There are 2 main types of iron sands: "acome" and "masa". Acome is of lower quality and masa is of better quality. The man who decides the amount of the mixing parts is called the "murage". Depending on the desired result, the murage mixes one or more types of sands.
The iron sand is put in a clay tub (furnace) called a "tatara". The clay tub measures about 4 feet tall, 12 feet long, and 4 feet high. The tub is then dried and heated. The clay tub is heated to a high temperature, about 1000 ºC (1.832 ºF). Then, it is mixed with charcoal to give tamahagane hardness.
The process of making tamahagane continues for 36 to 72 hours, depending on how many people work and how much metal is to be obtained. The iron sand is added every 10 minutes and the mixture is frequently turned over.
When the tamahagane is finished, the clay tub is broken and the steel is removed. The best steel is situated on the edges of metal block, because this is the where the oxidation process is stronger. The quality of tamahagane is determined by its color: bright silver pieces are very good for making blades.

Graviton
If someone found one, it could lead to a theory which would join together the four main physical forces: electromagnetism, gravity, the strong nuclear force and the weak nuclear force.
As the graviton is a little thing that carries force (gravity), it is classed as a 'boson'. Other bosons include the photon, the gluon and the W and Z particles.

Higgs boson
The Higgs boson is an elementary particle that has been thought to give everything mass, but it may or may not exist. It is the only particle predicted by the Standard Model of particle physics that has not yet been found. Physicists hope that experiments at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN will find this particle. The LHC was turned on for the first time on 10 September 2008.

Presentation software
A presentation software is a computer software package used to show information, normally in the form of a slide show. It mostly includes three major functions: an editor that allows text to be inserted and formatted, a method for inserting and manipulating graphic images and a slide-show system to display the content.
The most commonly known presentation program is Microsoft PowerPoint, but there are alternatives such as OpenOffice.org Impress and Apple's Keynote.
Originally these programs were used to generate 35mm slides, to be presented using a slide projector. As these programs became more common in the late 1980s, several companies set up services that would accept the shows on floppy disk and create slides or print transparencies. In the 1990s dedicated LCD-based screens that could be placed on the projectors started to replace the transparencies, and by the late 1990s they had almost all been replaced by video projectors.

Liqueur
A liqueur is a sweet-tasting alcoholic drink. It is often flavored with fruits, herbs, spices, flowers, seeds, roots, plants, barks, and sometimes cream. The word "liqueur" comes from the Latin word "liquifacere" which means "to dissolve." This is because the flavors are dissolved to help make the liqueur. In some parts of the world, liqueurs are sometimes called cordials.
Liqueurs have been around for many centuries. They are related to the herbal medicines that monks used to make. Liqueurs were made in Italy as early as the 13th century, and were used during signings of treaties during the Middle Ages.
Varieties.
Most liqueurs have 15 to 30% alcohol content but may have an alcohol content as high as 55%.
Types of liqueurs include: fruit liqueur, cream liqueur, coffee liqueur, chocolate liqueur, schnapps liqueur, brandy liqueur, anise liqueur, nut-flavoured liqueur, and herbal liqueur.
Liqueurs can be enjoyed many ways. They are commonly drank by themselves, poured over ice, with coffee, or mixed with cream or other mixers to create cocktails. They are often served with dessert or as a dessert. Liqueurs may also be used in cooking.

Militarism
Militarism or militarist ideology is a view on society.
It says society should be like the military.
This means that society should follow concepts that can be found in the culture, system and people of the military. People that say militarism is good are called "militarists".
Most important to militarists is "discipline". Discipline means to follow a set of rules.
It also means training that follows such rules. A strong military, they say, is good for discipline.
There are many areas where moral goals and the culture of the military can be applied. Most notable are private business, government, education and entertainment.
Militarism is related to militarization.
Militarist countries often have a strong military.
Prussia in the 19th century was militarist, for example.
Iran can be seen as a modern example of militarism.

The Queen of Spades (opera)
"The Queen of Spades" ("Пиковая дама" in Russian, pronounced "Pi-KO-va-ya DA-ma") is an opera by Tchaikovsky. It is based on a short story by Alexander Pushkin. Sometimes it is known by its French title "Pique Dame".
When Tchaikovsky went to Paris in 1876, he saw a production of Bizet’s opera "Carmen". He liked the story's themes of love and of bad fate. The idea of fate is important to the opera "Carmen" and also to Tchaikovsky’s "The Queen of Spades". Tchaikovsky wrote some of his greatest music in this opera. Some of it is very graceful, and is similar to Mozart. In other places it is very romantic, with harmonies that he had learned by studying the operas of Wagner.
The story of the opera.
Hermann, a young officer, sees a beautiful girl in the park and falls in love with her although he does not know her. His friend tells him that the girl’s name is Lisa, and that her grandmother is an old countess who used to gamble (play cards for money) when she was young. He says that the grandmother used to be known as the "Queen of Spades", and that she knows a secret: she knows about the three cards which will always win the card game.
Hermann can only think of one thing: he wants to find out the secret of the three cards so that he can gamble and win lots of money. Then he will be able to marry Lisa. He hides himself in the grandmother’s bedroom. When the grandmother goes to bed, he jumps out in front of her and tells her he wants to know the three cards. She is so scared that she dies before she can speak.
Later, the ghost of the grandmother comes to Hermann and tells him the three secret cards: Three, Seven, Ace. Hermann’s mind is now on one thing: he must go and play cards and win. Lisa drowns herself. Hermann gambles all his money. The first two cards are the Three and the Seven, but the third card is not the Ace, it is the Queen of Spades. The old grandmother’s ghost comes again to Hermann. Hermann kills himself.
The writing of the opera.
Tchaikovsky’s brother Modest helped him to prepare the libretto (words) for the opera. They changed some of Pushkin’s story, making the love scenes important because he thought they would be good with emotional music. They also made it very dramatic by making Lisa drown herself in a canal and Hermann die at the gaming table. This is different to what happens in Pushkin’s story.
Tchaikovsky wrote the opera very quickly. It took him just six weeks to sketch it (write the basic ideas). Then he spent a short time in Rome and when he returned, he wrote it out for orchestra in another six weeks.
Some of the music is quite Classical (Rococo) in character. At other times it can sound very Russian. In the supernatural scenes, Tchaikovsky uses the whole-tone scale like Glinka did in his operas.
The opera was first performed at the Mariinsky Theatre in St Petersburg on 19 December 1890.

Growth-share matrix
The growth-share matrix (aka B.C.G. analysis, B.C.G.-matrix, Boston Consulting Group analysis) is a chart that had been created by Bruce Henderson for the Boston Consulting Group in 1970 to help corporations with analyzing their business units or product lines. This helps the company allocate resources and is used as an analytical tool in brand marketing, product management, strategic management and portfolio-analysis.

Microsoft PowerPoint
Microsoft Office PowerPoint is a presentation program developed for the Microsoft Windows and Mac OS computer operating systems. Businesspeople, educators, and trainers use it often. It is a component of the Microsoft Office system.
Operation.
In PowerPoint, as in most other presentation software, text, graphics, movies, and other objects are positioned on individual pages or "slides". The "slide" analogy is a reference to the slide projector. Slides can be printed, or (more often) displayed on-screen and navigated through at the command of the presenter. Slides can also form the basis of webcasts.
Versions.
"Note: There is no PowerPoint 5.0 or 6.0, because the Windows 95 version was launched with Word 7. All of the Office 95 products have OLE 2 - moving data between many programs - and PowerPoint 7 shows that it was as new as Word 7."

Qi Xi
Qi Xi, sometimes called Chinese Valentine's Day, Magpie Festival, or the Double Seventh Festival is a traditional romantic festival in China. It take places on the 7th day of the 7th lunar month and often goes into August on the Gregorian calendar.
The story of Cowherd and Weaver Girl.
Long, long ago, there was an honest and kind-hearted fellow named Niulang (Cowherd). His parents died when he was a child. Later, he was driven out of his home by his sister-in-law. So he lived by himself herding cattle and farming. One day, a fairy from heaven named Zhinü (Weaver Girl) fell in love with him. She secretly came down to earth and married him. Niulang farmed in the field and Zhinü wove at home. They lived a happy life and gave birth to a boy and a girl. Unfortunately, the God of Heaven soon found this out and ordered the Queen Mother of the Western Heavens to bring Zhinü back.
With the help of celestial cattle, Niulang flew to heaven with his son and daughter. When he was about to catch up with his wife, the Queen Mother took off one of her gold hairpins and scratched a river in the sky to separate the lovers. Niulang and Zhinü have been separated on the two banks ever since. Once a year all of the magpies in the world come to build a bridge for Niulang and Zhinü to meet each other. This meeting happens on the 7th day of the 7th lunar month. Because of this, their meeting is called "Qi Xi" (Double Seventh).
History.
Scholars have shown the Double Seventh Festival originated from the Han Dynasty (206 BC-AD 220). Historical documents from the Eastern Jin Dynasty (AD 371-420) mention the festival, while records from the Tang Dynasty (618-907) depict the grand evening banquet of Emperor Taizong and his concubines. By the Song (960-1279) and Yuan (1279-1368) dynasties, special articles for the Qi Xi were seen being sold on markets in the capital. The bustling markets demonstrated the significance of the festival.
Traditional celebrations.
Today some traditional customs are still observed in rural areas of China, but have been weakened or diluted in urban cities.
In the past, Qi Xi was not only a special day for lovers, but also for girls. It has been known as the "Begging for Skills Festival" or "Daughters' Festival."
In the past, girls would conduct a ceremony to beg Zhinü for wisdom, dexterity and a satisfying marriage in the future.
In some parts of the Shandong Province, young women offered fruit and pastries to pray for a bright mind. If spiders were seen to weave webs on sacrificial objects, it was believed the Weaving Girl was offering positive feedback.
In other regions, seven close friends would gather to make dumplings. They put into three separate dumplings a needle, a copper coin and a red date, which represented perfect needlework skills, good fortune and an early marriage.
Girls also held weaving and needlework competitions to see who had the best hands and the brightest mind, both important to being a good wife and mother in ancient China. Young women in southern China used to weave small handicrafts with colored paper, grass and thread. Afterwards, they competed to pass a thread through the eyes of seven needles in a single breath.
Japan.
The Japanese version of Qi Xi is called "Tanabata". It is held on July 7th. On the evening of the 7th, slips of paper are hung on bamboo trees. The notes contain desires that the person hopes will be fulfilled.

Anna Nicole Smith
Anna Nicole Smith (November 28 1967 – February 8 2007) was an American model, actress and celebrity. She first became popular as "Playboy" magazine's 1993 Playmate of the Year.
She was born Vickie Lynn Hogan in Houston, Texas.
On February 8, 2007, Smith was found in a hotel room in Hollywood, Florida. At 1:38 p.m. (18:38 UTC) a nurse called 911. At 1:45 p.m. a bodyguard gave her CPR before she was taken to a local hospital and pronounced dead at 2:49 p.m.

Ciao (magazine)
Ciao (ちゃお, Chao) is a Japanese shōjo manga magazine published by Shogakukan for young girls (about 9-13 years old). It has been published since 1977.

Latex (text processing system)
LaTeX is a system used for making printed text look good using a computer. It is especially good at making mathematical formulas look right. It is used on Wikipedia.

First War of Scottish Independence
The First War of Scottish Independence lasted from the outbreak of the war in 1296 until the 1328.
The Scots were defeated at Dunbar on 27 April 1296. John Balliol abdicated in Montrose castle on 10 July 1296. John was imprisoned in the Tower of London at first, but then released into the custody of Pope Boniface VIII on condition that he remain in a papal residence. He was later released around the summer of 1301 and lived the rest of his life on his family's estates in Picardy.
But his supporters argued that he was still the rightful King of Scotland. Therefore the Scots rose in rebellion in 1297 under William Wallace and Andrew de Moray and said they claimed were acting on behalf of King John. But in fact Scotland had no monarch until the accession of Robert the Bruce in 1306.

John of Scotland
John, King of Scots (1248-1314) is usually known as John Balliol or, correctly, John de Balliol. He was born in 1248, probably at Barnard Castle.
After the death of Margaret of Scotland in 1290, John Balliol was made king of Scotland at Scone, 30th November, 1292, St. Andrew's Day.
Edward I steadily undermined the authority of King John. He treated Scotland as subjected state. When the Scots did not accept that Edward I invaded Scotland (First War of Scottish Independence). John died in 1314 at Hélicourt, France.

Soul patch
A soul patch is a style of facial hair in which hair is only found below the lower lip and above the chin.

Wars of Scottish Independence
The Wars of Scottish Independence were a series of military campaigns fought between Scotland and England in the late 13th and early 14th centuries.
The First War (1296–1328) began with the English invasion of Scotland in 1296, and ended with the signing of the Treaty of Edinburgh-Northampton in 1328. The Second War (1332–1357) began with the English-supported invasion of Edward Balliol and the 'Disinherited' in 1332, and ended around 1357 with the signing of the Treaty of Berwick.
The wars were part of a great national crisis for Scotland and the period became one of the most important moments in the nation's history. At the end of both wars, Scotland still was a free and independent nation, which was her main aim throughout the conflict. The wars were also important for other reasons, such as the emergence of the longbow as a key weapon in medieval warfare.

Autotroph
An autotroph (from the Greek "autos" (self) and "trophe" (nutrition)) is an organism that makes organic compounds from simple molecules.
Uses.
Autotrophs are needed in every food chains of all ecosystems. They take energy from the environment (sun light or inorganic sources) and use it to make other organic molecules that are used to carry out various biological functions such as cell growth or repairing broken tissue.
Types.
Plants and other organisms that carry out photosynthesis are phototrophs (or photoautotrophs). Bacteria that oxidise inorganic compounds like hydrogen sulfide, ammonium or iron are called chemoautotrophs.
Other organisms, called heterotrophs, eat autotrophs.
There are some species that need organic compounds as a source of food, but are able to use light as a source of energy. These are not autotrophic, but heterotrophic. An organism that eats other organisms but gets energy from light as well is called a photoheterotroph, while an organism that eats organic compounds but gets energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds is caled a chemoheterotroph.

Air France
Air France is one of the largest airlines, based in France. It is owned by Air France-KLM. Before it merged with KLM it employed 71,654 people. It's headquarters are at Charles de Gaulle International Airport near Paris.

Air Dolomiti
Air Dolomiti is a regional airline from in Verona in Italy. It is named after a section of the Alps known as The Dolomites. It is part of Lufthansa Regional connecting medium-size Italian airports to other European cities through Munich, Frankfurt am Main and Vienna airports. The airline employs 550 people.

Hampshire
Hampshire is a county in the south of the UK. The county has an area of 1,455 square miles (3,769 km²). At its widest points, the county is approximately 55 miles (90 km) east-west and 40 miles (65 km) north-south. The county town is Winchester. About 1.6 million people live in Hampshire.

Manuel Pereira da Silva
Manuel Pereira da Silva (7 December, 1920 – 2003) was a Portuguese sculptor. He was born in Oporto, Portugal.
The workmanship of Manuel Pereira da Silva has an abstract formal orientation inspired in the human figure, in particularly the man and the woman. In 2000, the Medal of Cultural Merit was attributed to Manuel Pereira da Silva for the City Council of Vila Nova de Gaia.
Education.
In 1939, he entered the Oporto University's College of Arts. In 1953, he finished his coursework with the final classification of 18 values. During his coursework he was distinguished with two awards, "Teixeira Lopes" and "Soares dos Reis".
In 1946 and 1947, he studied in Paris, France, at the Paris College of Arts.

Yeti
The yeti is an animal said to live in the Himalaya mountain range. People say they have seen it, but none have ever been caught. It is supposed to look like an ape that walks upright. Some body parts, said to be of a yeti, are kept in a few monasteries in the area.

Primality test
A Primality test is a method (or algorithm) to find out if a certain number is a prime number. Cryptography uses prime numbers, and needs to test if a certain number is prime.

Padding (cryptography)
Padding is a term used in cryptography. Very often, messages (to be encrypted) start or end in a well-known way ("Dear Bob..., Yours, Alice"). This is a problem, because that knowledge could be used to break (or start to break) encryption. To prevent this, a number of random characters are added at the beginning or the end of the message.
This procedure may also be necessary because many cryptographic methods operate on blocks of code. If a block is not full, additional characters need to be filled in. Filling in random text has proven very useful.

Modular arithmetic
Modular arithmetic (sometimes also called Modulo arithmetic) is a way of arithmetic calculation with integers. Numbers "wrap around" once they reach a certain value (called "modulus").
A well-known example is the clock. Analog clocks go from 0 to 11, then they wrap, and again go from 0 to 11. This is an arithmetic modulo 12.

Dictionary attack
A Dictionary attack is a method used in cryptography. To find a key (or username, or password), a large number of words are tried. These words usually come from a special collection, called a dictionary. It is better than a Brute Force Attack.

Rocky Marciano
Rocco Francis Marchegiano, better known as Rocky Marciano (September 1, 1923 – August 31, 1969), was an American boxer. Marciano was the World Heavyweight Boxing Champion from 1952 until 1956. He had the shortest reach of any heavyweight champion at only 68 inches (172/73 cm). He was also short for a champion, standing only 5'11" (180.3cm). Marciano is the only heavyweight champion in professional boxing history who never lost or drew (tied) in a professional match. He won 43 fights by a way of knockout or TKO (technical knockout), an 87.8% KO rate.
Professional career.
Before becoming a professional fighter, Marciano had an amateur record of 11-3. Marciano's first professional fight was in March 1947. He won the championship from Jersey Joe Walcott on September 23, 1952.
Marciano was named fighter of the year by Ring Magazine three times. His three championship fights between 1952-54 were named fights of the year by that magazine. Marciano's last title fight was against Archie Moore on September 21, 1955. Marciano was knocked down in the fight, but he got up and knocked out Moore in the 9th round. Marciano announced his retirement in a press conference on April 27, 1956.
Retirement.
Marciano considered a comeback in 1959 when Ingemar Johansson won the heavyweight championship from Floyd Patterson on June 26, 1959. However, Floyd Patterson's contract demanded a rematch with Ingemar within one year. After a period in training and thinking about a comeback, Marciano decided against it and never seriously considered a comeback again.
Death.
In 1969, on the eve of his 46th birthday, Marciano was a passenger in a small private plane, a Cessna 172, headed to Des Moines, Iowa. It was at night and bad weather set in. The pilot tried to land the plane on a small airfield outside Newton, Iowa, but the plane hit a tree two miles short of the runway. The passengers died almost instantly. He is entombed in a crypt at Forest Lawn Memorial Cemetery in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. His wife, who died five years after him at the age of 46, is entombed next to him.

Exponentiation by squaring
Exponentiating by squaring is an algorithm. It is used for the fast computation of large integer powers of a number. It is also known as the square-and-multiply algorithm or binary exponentiation. It implicitly uses the binary expansion of the exponent. It is of quite general use, for example in modular arithmetic.
Squaring algorithm.
This algorithm is much faster than the ordinary method to compute such a value. Multipliying x by itself, n operation's are needed to calculate "x n". With the method shown above, only log2(n) operations are needed.

Smart card
A smart card is a card with a microchip in it. Such cards are used as a method of identification and authentication.
Plastic cards that allow to withdraw money from an cash machine often are smart cards nowadays (Some of them still have a magnetic stripe which holds the same information). The very often the user is identified with a PIN. If the pin is entered correctly, money can be withdrawn. If the PIN is not entered correctly, the card is blocked (after a number of false attempts).
At first, smart cards were used in public telephones in France, in 1983. There, the card simply stored a pre-paid credit. This credit was reduced when calls were made. Another way to solve the problem is that the balance is stored in a remote database. To make calls, a (usually toll-free number) is first called. From there, additional calls can be made. This eleiminates the need for cards with chips on them.

Coprime
In mathematics, two integers ("a" and "b") are coprime (or relatively prime) if they share no common factors. In other words, there is no number, other than 1, that divides both a and b.
As an example, 6 and 35 are coprime. 6 and 27 are not coprime, because 3 divides both 6 and 27.
Prime numbers are always coprime to each other.

Euler's totient function
In number theory, the totient formula_1 of a positive integer "n" is defined to be the number of positive integers less than "n" which are coprime to "n".
For example, formula_3 since the four numbers 1, 3, 5 and 7 are coprime to 8.
The function formula_4 so defined is the totient function.
The totient is usually called the Euler totient or Euler's totient, after the Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler, who studied it.
The totient function is also called Euler's phi function or simply the phi function, since the letter Phi (formula_4) is so commonly used for it. The cototient of "n" is defined as formula_6.
The totient function is important mainly because it gives the size of the multiplicative group of integers modulo "n". More precisely, formula_1 is the order of the group of units of the ring formula_8. This fact, together with Lagrange's theorem, provides a proof for Euler's theorem.

Key (cryptography)
In cryptography, a key (or cryptographic key'") is a piece of information that allows control over the encryption or decryption process.
There are two basic types of cryptographic algorithms.

Hollywood, Florida
Hollywood is a city in Broward County in Florida in the United States. In 2005 there were 145,629 people living in Hollywood, based on United States Census Bureau figures.

Magnetic stripe card
A Magnetic stripe card is a plastic card which has a magnetic stripe on it. Different kinds of information can be stored on the magnetic stripe. Such stripes are usually made of small particles of iron (or another metal). Information is stored by changing the magnetism of the particles.
Today such cards are widely used for
Different formats exist. They specify in what way the data is stored on the card.
Similar cards, which can also do calculations themselves, are called Smart cards

Payphone
A payphone is a telephone that lets the public make phone calls if they pay for them first. Many payphones accept coins, but some can accept credit cards, debit cards, and phone cards as well.

Sami people
Sami (also called Lapps,also spelled Suomi) is an ethnic group of people living in Lapland. Lapland is area in the far north of Europe. Lapland is shared between the countries of Norway, Sweden, Finland and Russia. Sami people live in all of those countries. The number of Sami people is small today.
Sami people speak Sami language, that is part of the Fenno-Ugric language family. Some Sami people own many reindeer.

Lapland
Lapland is the most northern part of Fennoscandia. Fennoscandia is peninsula in northern Europe.
Some people say Santa Clause lives in Lapland in Finland.
Area of Lapland is shared between four countries. These countries are Norway, Sweden, Finland and Russia. Original people of Lapland are Samis. Sami people are also called Lapps.
Weather of Lapland is cold, and summer is short. There are big hills with no trees on top of them. Reindeer live in Lapland. You can see northern lights in sky.

Judah
The Kingdom of Judah was a Jewish kingdom that existed from 930 BCE to 586 BCE. It was located in the southern part of what is now called Israel.
The kingdom was created after the death of Saul when the tribe of Judah picked King David to rule them. After the death of King Solomon, son of David, ten of the twelve of the tribes of Israel did not want Solomon's son, Rehoboam to lead them. This caused the kingdom to split the Northern Kingdom, the Kingdom of Israel and the Southern Kingdom, the Kingdom of Judah. Jerusalem was the capital of the Kingdom of Judah. In 586 BCE, the king of Babylon took over Jerusalem and with it, Judah.

Gantt chart
A Gantt chart is a type of bar chart that shows a project schedule. Gantt charts show the start and finish dates of the terminal elements and summary elements of a project. Terminal elements and summary elements comprise the work breakdown structure of the project. Some Gantt charts also show the dependency (i.e., precedence network) relationships between activities. Gantt charts can be used to show current schedule status using percent-complete shadings and a vertical "TODAY" line (also called "TIME NOW" or "DATA DATE"). It is an intrument or tool of the Project management invented by the engineer Henry L. Gannt.

Mind map
A mind map is a drawing used to show words, ideas, tasks or other things. Everything is written around a word or idea in the middle. This word or idea is the main topic of the mind map, and the things linked to it are related to the main idea. It is used to store and order ideas, and is very useful for study, ordering things, solving problems, and making choices.

Dia
Dia is open source software that is used to make diagrams. It lets people draw many different types of technical drawings, for example flow charts and circuit diagrams. Technical diagrams are needed when doing work in subjects such as electronics and resistant materials. A flow chart can also be used to show how to plan out how to solve a problem, for example, how to bake a cake.

Talent
"Mozart had a talent for music. He had a great talent. He was very talented."
We say that someone is “born with a talent”.
If someone has talent they still have to work very hard if they want to be very good at something. Some people become quite good at something even if they do not have much talent, but if they are willing to work very hard at the skill. Some people “waste their talent” (they have talent but do not work hard at it, they do not “use their talent”).
Other words for talent are aptitude or gift. A talented person is a gifted person.
The Broadway musical "Fame" is about a group of talented young people in a dancing school.
The word "talent" used to mean a weight and a piece of money in Assyria, Greece and Rome. This is the sense in which it is used in the Bible in the parable of the five talents (Matthew, xxv, 14-30).

Cathay Pacific
Cathay Pacific Airways Limited is an airline from Hong Kong. It takes passenger and cargo to 102 cities world-wide. Its main base is at Hong Kong International Airport. It is one of the four airlines to get a five star rating from Skytrax.

Talent (weight)
A talent (Latin: "talentum", from Ancient Greek: "scale, balance") is an ancient unit of mass. It corresponded generally to the mass of water in the volume of an amphora, i.e. a one foot cube.
The Babylonians and Sumerians had a system in which there were 60 shekels in a mina and 60 minas in a talent (in Ancient Greece one talent was 26 kg of silver). The Roman talent consisted of 100 libra (pounds) which were smaller in magnitude than the mina.
When used as a measure of money, it refers to a talent-weight of gold or of silver. The gold talent is reported as weighing roughly the same as a person, and so perhaps 50 kg (110 lb avoirdupois). Some authorities say that the talent typically weighed about 33 kg (75 lb) varying from 20 to 40 kg. The international price of gold is about US$600 per troy ounce. One gram costs about $20. At this price, a talent (33 kg) would be worth about $660,000. Similarly, at the 2005 price of about $7.60/troy ounce or 25 cents/gram, a 26 kg silver talent would be worth about $6,500. Thus when we read that King Auletes of Egypt paid Gaius Julius Caesar the sum of 6,000 talents of gold to grant him the status of a "Friend and Ally of the Roman People". This amount was about $3 billion USD. These estimates are only rough values, because they are based on modern estimates.The value of silver in comparison to gold drastically changed. This is because of the output of the Spanish silver mines in the New World. In ancient times the same amount of silver was often worth more than gold. The estimates do not account for the less technical mining ability of the time, nor that there were still native deposits available. Later in Roman history, during the medieval Byzantine period, the emperor Basil II was said to have stockpiled the legendary amount of 200,000 talents of gold, which in modern terms would be worth approximately $100 billion USD. At any rate, he did save enough money that the Byzantine government was able to remit all taxes paid during the final two years of his reign.
Another way to calculate the modern equivalent to a talent is from its use in estimating military pay. During the Peloponnesian war in Ancient Greece, a talent was the amount of silver needed to pay the crew of a trireme for one month. Hellenistic mercenaries were commonly paid one drachma for every day of service, which was a good salary in the post-Alexander (III) days. 6,000 drachma made a talent. Based on this fact, assuming a crew of roughly 200 rowers paid at the basic pay rate of a junior enlisted member of the US armed forces (E-2), a talent would be worth nearly $300,000.
The talent as a unit of coinage is mentioned in the New Testament in Jesus's parable of the talents, but it is not clear exactly what quantity of money is implied; the important point in the parable is that even one talent was a very large sum.

Bede
Bede (also Saint Bede, the Venerable Bede, or (from Latin) "Beda"), (ca. 672 or 673 – May 27, 735), was a monk at the Northumbrian monastery of Saint Peter at "Wearmouth", today part of "Sunderland", and of its companion monastery, Saint Paul's, in modern "Jarrow" (see "Wearmouth-Jarrow)", both in the English county of Durham (now Tyne and Wear). He is well known as an author and scholar, whose best-known work, "Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum" ("The Ecclesiastical History of the English People") gained him the title "The father of English history".
Name.
Bede became respectfully known as "Venerable Bede" soon after his death, but this was not linked to consideration for sainthood by the Roman Catholic Church.
Life.
Almost all that is known of Bede's life is contained in a notice added by himself when he was 59 to his "Historia" (v.24), which states that he was placed in the monastery at Wearmouth at the age of seven, that he became deacon in his nineteenth year, and priest in his thirtieth, remaining a priest for the rest of his life.
Work.
His works show that he had at his command all the learning of his time. It was thought that the library at Wearmouth-Jarrow was between 300-500 books, making it one of the largest and most extensive in England.
"Historia Ecclesiastica".
The most important and best known of his works is the "Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum," giving in five books and 400 pages the history of England, ecclesiastical and political, from the time of Caesar to the date of its completion (731).

Phototroph
Phototrophs "(photo=light, troph=nourishment)" or photoautotrophs "(photo=light, auto=self, troph=nourishment)" are organisms which carry out photosynthesis.
With the help of energy from sunlight carbon dioxide and water are converted into organic materials that can be used in cellular functions. Such a function can be for example respiration.

NTFS
NTFS is a file system. It was developed by Microsoft. A file-system is a way of storing computer files. NTFS stands for "New Technology File System". Microsoft introduced it with the Windows NT operating system. A version of NTFS is also included in the most recent operating systems developed by Microsoft, Windows XP, Windows Server 2003 and Windows Vista.
NTFS was made to replace the old file-system used by earlier versions of Windows, like Windows 95, Windows 98, and Windows 98SE. That file system was also used by MS-DOS and is called FAT.

File system
A File system (or filesystem) is a way of storing all data on a data storage device. The data is usually organized in computer files in directories. Below the file system there is usually a physical device where the files are stored. This might be a hard disk, USB flash drive, compact disc, or DVD. The file system might also talk to a remote server over a network where the file is stored. The file system might also only use RAM to store the files.
The underlying storage mechanism usually has no concept of a file. A hard disk knows of disk blocks, which are numbered in a certain way. These disk blocks contain binary data (usually: large numbers).
The file system does the "translation" between the large numbers, and the view the users see, that is that of files, organized in a certain way.
It then becomes possible to always keep the file system in a consistent state. With databases, this is known as ACID. That way, an operation on a file is either done, or it is not done. There are however, no states in between. The file being written to the filesystem is no longer visible. This is usually done using transactions. But with filesystems, it is called "journaling".

David II of Scotland
David II (March 5, 1324 – February 22, 1371) King of Scots, son of King Robert the Bruce by his second wife, Elizabeth de Burgh (d. 1327), was born at Dunfermline Palace, Fife.
He was married on July 17 1328 to Joan of the Tower (d. 1362), daughter of Edward II of England and Isabella of France.
David became king of Scotland after the death of his father on June 7, 1329. He was crowned at Scone in November 1331.
After the victory of Edward III of England in July 1333, David and his queen went to France. In June 1341 he came back and began to rule. In 1346 he invaded England, but was defeated and taken prisoner at the Battle of Neville's Cross on October 17, 1346, and remained in England for eleven years, living principally in London and at Odiham in Hampshire. In October 1357 he was allowed to go back to Scotland for a payment of 100,000 marks. The money was never paid completely.
In 1371 David died in Edinburgh Castle.

Lied
Lied (pronounced “leet”) is the German word for “song” (the plural is Lieder – pronounced “leader”).
The word Lied is used in music to describe the songs that were written by German-speaking composers of classical music. Songs composed by classical composers are sometimes called “art songs”.
Lieder are normally songs for a singer with piano accompaniment. They were mostly composed in the 19th century which was the period known as the Romantic period. The most famous composers of Lieder were Franz Schubert, Robert Schumann, Johannes Brahms, Hugo Wolf and Richard Strauss.
In German culture the Lied as an art song goes back to the Middle Ages. Walther von der Vogelweide was a 12th-13th century minnesinger who composed and sang songs for important people at the royal court. Like most minnesinger, he was a poet as well as a composer, writing words for his own songs.
The Lied in the Romantic period was usually written by two different people: the poet wrote the words and then the composer “set the words” to music. 19th century composers mostly took great care to choose good poetry for their songs. The poetry was often by famous poets such as Goethe and Schiller.
Although most Lieder were composed in the Romantic period, the beginnings were there in the Classical music period. Mozart wrote a song called "Das Veilchen" ("The Violet") and Beethoven wrote several songs.
It was Schubert who was to be the greatest of all Lieder composers. Schubert wrote over 600 songs. Very often he wrote in a form which had been used by Walther von der Vogelweide: three verses of which the first two have the same music (A-A-B, or as von der Vogelweide called them: “Stollen, Stollen, Abgesang”). Other songs of his are what is known as “durchkomponiert” (“through composed”). Here each verse is different, so that the composer can express the words of each verse with different music. The wonderful thing about Schubert’s songs is the way in which the piano accompaniments help the voice and show the meaning of the words. The piano was a fairly new instrument at the time and could do things that would have been impossible on the harpsichord. One of his earliest songs is the famous "Erlkönig" ("Erlking"). The piano accompaniment is very difficult to play because the right hand has continuous repeated octaves which describe the galloping of the horse in the wild, stormy night. "Grettchen am Spinnrade" is a song which sets a poem from "Goethe’s Faust". The young girl is sitting at the spinning-wheel thinking of her lover. The piano has a rippling accompaniment which sounds like the gentle clatter of the spinning-wheel. At the moment when the girl imagines her lover's kiss the piano part comes to a stop, then gradually starts up again as the girl wakes up to the world around her. The effect is magical.
Composers often composed groups of songs which belong together. These are called a “song cycle” (“Liederkreis” in German). Schubert wrote two long ones: "Die Winterreise" ("The Winter Journey") and "Die schöne Müllerin" ("The Miller’s beautiful daughter"). Both are about love affairs which end sadly.
Robert Schumann wrote many fine songs. He was a pianist before he became a composer, so it is not surprising that the piano parts of his songs are at least as important as the voice part. His song-cycle "Dichterliebe" ("Poet’s love") contains some of his best songs. They often have a dream-like atmosphere. He especially liked setting words by the poets Joseph von Eichendorff and Heinrich Heine.
Johannes Brahms always made the singer’s part more important than the piano part. He learned a lot by studying Schubert’s songs and wrote some very famous Lieder. One of his best is the humorous "Vergebliches Ständchen" ("Serenade in vain"). His "Four Serious Songs" are very powerful. His famous "Wiegenlied" ("Lullaby"), a tune which everybody knows, is one of his songs.
Hugo Wolf is known almost only for his songs. They are very dramatic and he used some unusual harmonies which he had learned by listening to Wagner’s music. Some of Wolf’s songs are very short, he says a lot in a short space of time. His "Italian song book" and "Spanish song book" have some of his best songs.
Richard Wagner and Gustav Mahler both wrote wonderful Lieder, although they are mostly with orchestral accompaniment. Mahler’s songs are inspired by folksong. He even uses them in his symphonies. "Das Lied von der Erde" is a song cycle for two singers ([mezzo soprano]) and tenor and orchestra.
Richard Strauss is one of the last great Lieder composers. His "Four last songs" (with orchestra) seem to be saying “goodbye” to a great period of music history.

Aurora
Aurora is like fire that sometimes comes to the sky at the cold areas of Earth. In fact, the Roman Emperor Tiberius thought a city was on fire, so he sent fire engines to that city. The city on fire was actually a city against a backdrop of a red aurora.
An aurora can happen in the Arctic, around the North Pole ("Aurora borealis" - Dawn of the North) or in the Antarctic around the South Pole ("Aurora australis" - Dawn of the South). An aurora can often be seen for a long way, many hundreds of kilometers or miles.
Auroras can only be seen at night because their light is not as strong as the light of day.
However they can happen during the day as well.
Aurora happens when the Sun sends off stuff we call particles to the empty space. These particles are charged, which means they have a lots of electricity. These particles flying in space is called "solar wind". Sometimes solar wind hits Earth. Earth has a protection shield of energy around it. This is called the "magnetic field". The magnetic field wards off solar wind. At the cold area (polar area) magnetic field is less powerful, and it can not protect Earth from the solar wind. There the particles of solar wind hits the particles in air. In this hit the electricity gets away and we see that as light.
Sami people say Aurora is a tail of a Fox.

Nordic countries
Nordic countries are a group of countries in the northern Europe. These countries are Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Sweden and Norway. Scandinavia is not the same thing as Nordic countries even though some people say they are. Scandinavia is a peninsula while Nordic countries are countries. Sweden and Norway (and a small part of Finland) are located at Scandinavian peninsula. Scandinavia and Finland together belong to bigger peninsula that is Fennoscandia.
Nordic countries have similar state, law and culture. In history Nordic countries have gone many times together. Nordic countries are welfare states with a very high taxes. Nordic countries have some political co-operation, like Nordic council, but not very much. Co-operation with a larger group European Union makes Nordic co-operation even smaller. Finland is the only country that uses the euro.
There is a long and cold winter in Nordic countries, but only a small part of northern Norway and about a half of Iceland is arctic.

Going Underground
"Going Underground" was The Jam's first number one song on the UK charts. The song is arguably The Jam's finest moment in their career. Although it did not appear on any of their studio albums, it did appear on several 'best of' Jam albums.

Paasselkä devil
Paasselkä devils (Finnish "Päässelän pirut") are stories about balls of light at lake Paasselkä, Finland. Local people say that bright balls sometimes move above lake Paasselkä or near the lake in the forest. This kinds of lights are said to appear around the world. They are sometimes called ghost lights or will o' the wisps. Scientists does not know what ghost lights or will o' wisps are.
People have told these stories for a long time, so it is a part of folklore there. People thought that balls of light are devils. Some still believe that balls are alive or have mind, because they seem to act like that. Ball can follow fishermans boat of go to hide if you use your torch.
Lake Paasselkä appeared when big stone dropped from the sky millions of years ago. Such lake is called crater-lake. Magnetism in the middle of the lake is not normal.
Video.
You can see the balls from

Aurora (mythology)
Aurora was the ancient Roman equivalent of Eos. Eos was the ancient Greek goddess of the dawn. "Aurora" is the Latin word for dawn.
Aurora renews herself every morning at dawn and flies across the sky. She announces the morning's arrival. She has a brother and a sister. Her brother is the sun, and her sister is the moon. She also has many husbands and four sons, one for each cardinal direction: North, East, South, and West.
Aurora is comparable to Eos in Greek mythology and to Ushas in Hindu mythology.
One of her lovers was Tithonus. Aurora asked Zeus to grant immortality to Tithonus. However, she failed to ask him for eternal youth. As a result, Tithonus ended up aging eternally.
In Shakespeare's "Romeo and Juliet" (i.i) Montague says of his lovesick son Romeo
The asteroid 94 Aurora was named after her.

Ukko
Ukko was the biggest god in Finnish paganism, a religion that was in Finland before Christianity. Ukko was god of sky and thunder. Ukko was an old man and he lived on the sky. He had a weapon - hammer or axe called "Ukonvasara". Lightning is from this weapon.
Finnish pagans had an image of this weapon made from metal on their necks. They believed that lightning does not hit people who have this image.
At Midsummer Finns gathered together and drank beer to honour Ukko. That was called "toast of Ukko".
Ukko is similar to Thor that was a sky god of most Scandinavians and Perun that is a Baltic sky god.

Väinämöinen
Väinämöinen is an important person in Finnish mythology. He was a wise man and he knew magic. He was a hero and had many adventures.
Väinämöinen was also a god. As such, he was worshipped.
Magic of Väinämöinen was in his songs. When he sings hills shake and water moves. He sings his enemy, Joukahainen, to sink in swamp.
Väinämöinen was bornt before Earth. He was floating in the sea. He was born a grown man. Her mother, Ilmatar got pregnant by the water and wind and carried her son for 30 years. A bird (Sotka) made a nest on Ilmatar´s knee and when the bird hatched her eggs (six of them made of iron, one pure gold), it burned Ilmatar´s knee and finally Ilmatar moved her knee and all the eggs flew into the sky and on the earth and were broken. From those pieces the Earth and sky, the stars, The sun and the moon were born.

Ilmarinen
Ilmarinen is an important person in Finnish mythology. He is a very good smith who made the sky. He also made the Sampo, a magical machine that makes salt, gold and food. He tried to create new moon and sun, but failed. Ilmatar married one of Louhi´s daughters.

Finnish paganism
Finnish paganism was a pagan religion in Finland and Karelia before Finnish people were Christians. Finnish paganism is close to Scandinavian paganism and Baltic paganism. Finns believed that there are many gods.
Finnish paganism was animistic. This means that they believed that nature was full of little and big spirits. Biggest spirits were gods and they had names. God of sky was Ukko, god of forest was Tapio and god of water was Ahti. There were many more spirits with names.
Shaman was a wise person who could do magic, they beileved, when spirits helped him. He could heal ill people and curse enemies.
Human had many souls. "Self" and "me" were two different souls. If "self"-soul left human he was not dead, but very ill. Shaman could go to spirit world to take the soul back.
Bear was a holy animal to them. If bear was killed to make food, he or she was celebrated with ritual called "Peijainen". Purpose and aim of the ritual was to make the sould of bear happy. Happy soul of bear wants to born in another body of bear. Then people can eat bears in the future, too. Swan was a holy bird. They believed if you killed a swan you died.
Some trees and stones were holy to them. Some forests were holy too. Close to holy places and things people made sacrifices. Sacrifice means that people gives a gift to a spirit. Gift makes spirit happy. Happy spirit then wants to help humans. For example happy spirit can give lots of fish to fisherman. At later times things that were given to spirits were small things like money, flowers, pieces of silver, alcohol or food. We do not know were people or animals killed to sacrifice them to gods.
Finns believed that Earth is flat like disc. Above Earth was sky-dome like a pot that is upside down. In the middle of Earth is a pillar that holds the sky making sky not to drop. North star is a nail in the top of this pillar. Land of dead people, Tuonela, was under Earth. Way to Tuonela was at the base of pillar that holds the sky. There was a great whirl of water called Kinahmi.
People hoped that their dead relatives goes to Tuonela because people did not like ghosts. However some times dead relatives were asked to help living people. Sometimes shamans went to Tuonela to ask souls to help.

Feedback
Feedback is when the effect of a process (or things that come out of it) have a connection to its cause (or things that go in to it).
Feedback loops.
In many situations output affects subsequent input and hence forms what is called a "feedback loop". In some cases the output reinforces the input; this is typically called self-reinforcing, positive, runaway or amplifying. In other cases the output cancels some of the input; this is typically called a negative feedback loop.
Example of positive feedback.
Consider a sound system with input from a microphone and output to a loudspeaker. If the sound coming from the loudspeaker is picked up by the microphone, a loop is created. Within a fraction of a second, a very loud noise is created.
This is an example of a positive feedback loop: the output reinforces the input.
Example of negative feedback.
Consider a water tank with an outlet and a float operated inlet valve. When water flows out it causes the float to sink, opening the inlet valve. When water flows in it causes the float to rise, closing the inlet valve.
This is an example of a negative feedback loop: the output (float rising) acts to reduce the input.
The runaway global warming hypothesis.
Warm temperature caused a glacier to melt. As the glacier melts, areas that were at one time covered by snow and ice are now water or land. Because snow and ice reflect heat but water and land absorb heat, this causes the glacier to melt faster as more snow and ice is melted.
There are actually many such feedback loops affecting the melting of glaciers, and other aspects of global temperature, some positive and some negative (some speeding up the warming, some slowing it down). It is possible to sum all of these, at least in principle, and some scientists believe the net result of current global processes is a positive -- i.e. runaway -- feedback loop.
Cybernetics.
American mathematician Norbert Wiener made feedback loops more well known in 1948 in his book "Cybernetics". Cybernetics is the study of feedback loops and their role in communication and control.

Phosphate
A phosphate is a salt of phosphoric acid. Phosphates are important in biochemistry
Phosphates have the formula PO43 and a molar mass of 94.973 g/mol
Structure.
Phosphates are made of one phosphorus atom surrounded by four oxygen atoms.
Many phosphates don't dissolve in water.

Cerebrum
The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain. It lies in the front part of the brain.
The cerebrum is divided into two "cerebral hemispheres". These two cerebral hemispheres are connected by nerve fibres.
The outer layers of the cerebrum are made up of the grey matter. The inner layers are made up of the white matter.
There are three main areas in the cerebrum: The sensory area, the association area and the motor area.
All the lobes of the brain are found in the cerebrum.
The cerebrum has about 10,000 billion neurons

Karelia
Karelia is area in eastern fennoscandia to the east from where Finnish people lives. There are many opinions about what places exactly belong to Karelia.
Most parts of Karelia belong to Russia today. Small parts of Karelia belongs to Finland. In Russian side Karelia is Republic of Karelia. In Finnish side there are provinces of North Karelia and South Karelia.
Original people of Karelia are Karelians. Karelian people speaks Karelian, that is a Finnic language very close to Finnish. Karelians knew many old poems. Many poems of Finnish book Kalevala are from Karelians. Today in republic of Karelia Karelians are minority and Russians are majority. Some people fear Karelian culture and language die out.
Most parts of Karelia was part of Finland until Second World War. East Karelia was not. While making peace Finland had to give most parts of Karelia to Soviet Union that is now known as Russia. After peace many people from Soviet Union came to live in Karelia.

Kalevala
Kalevala is the Finnish national epic. This means it is a book that is very important to Finnish people.
Kalevala has many stories in it. Stories of Kalevala are poems that are very old. Long ago people sang these poems. The poems have unique metre that is not known outside Finnic languages. There are many themes in these stories from different times in the past. The oldest themes are from stone age. Many poems are collected from Karelia and areas nearby.
Heroes have adventures in these stories. The most important heroes are Väinämöinen, Ilmarinen, Lemminkäinen and Kullervo. The enemies of heroes are Louhi and Joukahainen. Many stories in Kalevala are about two countries fighting each other. These countries are the land of Kalevala and land of Pohjola. Land of Kalevala is the land of Heroes. Pohjola is the land of enemy. Pohjola is evil and cold place somewhere at very north.
Elias Lönnrot was a man who collected these poems and made a book of them. Kalevala is changed to many languages. There is also English Kalevala.

Edred of England
King Edred or "Eadred" (c. 923–November 23, 955) was King of England from 946 until his death. He was a son of King Edward the Elder and Edgiva of Kent. He was king after his brother, King Edmund I. Like both his older brothers, Edred was successful against the Vikings. Edred was a very religious man but had very poor health (he could barely eat his food). He died on November 23, 955, at Frome in Somerset, and was buried in the Old Minster at Winchester. His nephew, King Edwy, became king after him.

Plant pathology
Plant pathology or phytopathology is the study of plant diseases. Like humans, plants can get sick from Viruses, bacteria and fungi.

Chytridiomycota
Chytridiomycota is a phylum of the Fungi kingdom. The name comes from chytridium (from the Greek "chytridion", meaning "little pot"): the structure containing unreleased spores.
The chytrids are the most primitive of the fungi. Many chytrids are found in fresh water. There are approximately 1,000 chytrid species, in 127 genera, distributed among 5 orders.
Chytrids get their energy mostly from non-living organic matter.
Both zoospores and gametes of the chytrids are mobile by their flagella, one whiplash per individual.
Some chytrid species are known to kill amphibians in large numbers. The actual process, however, is unknown.

List of U.S. states by traditional abbreviation
This is a list of traditional abbreviations for U.S. states and territories. These abbreviations (short names) were used in mailing addresses before the introduction of two-letter U.S. postal abbreviations. The traditional abbreviations are still commonly used in other ways besides mailing addresses. For example, they can be used in writing after a city (like in "Miami, Fla."). In 1987, the Secretary of Commerce switched to the two-letter State Alpha Code for state abbreviations.

Saprotroph
A Saprotroph (or Saprobe) is an organism that gets its energy from non-living organic matter. This may be decaying pieces of plants or animals. This means that saprobes are heterotrophs. They are consumers in the food chain. Many fungi are saprobes. This is also true for many bacteria and protozoa.
There is also an older name, Saprophyte for these kinds of organisms. "-phyte" usually means plant. The problem with that name was that no embryophytes (land plants) are true saprotrophs. Bacteria and fungi are no longer considered plants either.

Giacomo Puccini
Giacomo Puccini (born in Lucca, 23 December 1858; died Brussels, 29 November 1924) was the most famous Italian opera composer after Verdi. He wrote 14 operas, most of which are performed very often today. Many of his operatic songs are known by many people, especially the aria "Nessun dorma" from "Turandot" which was sung by Luciano Pavarotti for the BBC’s television coverage of the Football World Cup which was held in Italy in 1990.
Life.
Puccini was born into a musical family. He was expected to follow the family tradition and become a church organist. He started playing the organ in churches near Lucca. He liked to improvise on the organ, playing popular tunes from Verdi’s operas. He soon realized that he wanted to be an opera composer. Eventually he persuaded his family to let him study at the Milan Conservatory. His earliest compositions showed that he had a great talent for writing beautiful melodies and that he was good at writing for the orchestra. His first opera to be published, "Edgar", had a story similar to that of Bizet’s "Carmen", but it was not a suitable story for Puccini.
"Manon Lescaut" was the first opera for which Puccini chose the story himself. It is the same story as Massenet’s opera "Manon". This made Puccini internationally famous. His next opera, "La bohème", produced in 1896, is often thought to be his best opera. He worked with two poets on this opera and, although they quarrelled a lot, the result was a work in which the music flowed beautifully like a conversation.
His next opera was "Tosca". When it was first performed in Rome in 1900 there were rumours that a bomb would be thrown, but nothing happened. "Tosca" was a great success. However, "Madame Butterfly" was hissed and booed at its first performance in Milan’s famous opera house La Scala in 1904.
It was at this time that Puccini married. He already had a son by Elvira, his wife, who had been married to someone else. When her husband died, she was able to marry Puccini. The marriage was not without difficulties. Elvira accused Puccini of having an affair with their servant girl. This servant girl committed suicide and there was a court case which resulted (after an autopsy) in Elvira being found innocent. Puccini was very upset by all this and did not compose much for several years.
When he finally started writing again his new opera "La fanciulla del West" was set in the American West at the time of the Goldrush. The music has very Impressionistic harmonies like that of Debussy. The way he writes for the orchestra shows the influence of Richard Strauss. The opera was first performed in New York. The world-famous tenor Enrico Caruso sang the main hero part and Arturo Toscanini was the conductor. With such a star cast it had to be a great success.
Puccini followed this by writing an operetta and two one-act operas. The best of these is "Gianni Schicchi" His last opera is "Turandot", which has a fairy-tale like story. While he was working very hard at it he developed throat cancer. He died in the autumn of 1924. The whole of Italy went into mourning and Mussolini spoke at the funeral. Puccini had not quite managed to finish "Turandot". A man called Franco Alfano finished it using the sketches that Puccini had left.

Pharaoh Hound
The Pharaoh Hound is a breed of dog. Pharaoh Hounds are always bright orange in colour. They may have a small white spot on the front of their body. They need lots of physical exercise, and they are fast runners and can jump high. They need little brushing because their fur is very short. In the past, people used them to hunt rabbits. Now people keep them as pets.

Mycelium
The Mycelium is the part of a fungus that is underground (or inside another substance). It looks somewhat like roots, that branch. It may be very thickly woven. The fungus uses it to extract nutritients.
The part of the fungus most people associate with a fungus (the stem and perhaps hat) is only there for reproduction.

Lviv
Lviv (Ukrainian: Львів) is the capital city of Lviv Oblast in Ukraine. 860,000 people live in Lviv. 88% of the people living there are Ukrainian, 8% are Russian, and 1% are Polish. An extra 200,000 people commute to Lviv every day for work.
During the city's history, it was ruled by many countries. When part of Poland it was called Lwów (pronounced and sometimes spelled "Lvov"). In German, it was known as Lemberg, that was part of the Austrian and Austro-Hungarian Empires and again under Nazi German occupation.

Orchestra pit
An orchestra pit is the space where an orchestra plays in a theatre or opera house. The actors or singers are on the stage, and the orchestra pit is normally lower than the stage so that the audience can watch the play or opera. Depending on where they sit, the audience may just be able to see the heads of the musicians in the orchestra pit. It is important that singers can see the conductor so that they can watch the beat out of the corner of their eye. Opera houses nowadays often have close-circuit television monitors at the sides so that singers can watch the conductor even when they are not facing him.
The orchestra pit in the Festspielhaus in Bayreuth is unusual. This opera house was designed by the composer Richard Wagner for the performance of his own operas. He did not want the audience to be able to see the orchestra at all, so it is very low. The orchestra members do not have to dress up in ties and jackets because they cannot be seen anyway.

Will o' the wisp
Will o' the wisps are lights in the darkness at the groud or near ground. Scientists are not sure what will o' the wisps are. Usually will o' the wisp looks like a ball of light or a small flame. UFOs and some ghost lights are different, they are usually in the sky while will o' the wisps are near ground.
Many will o' the wisps can move. It is said that will o' the wisps go further or disappear if you try to go closer or catch them. Some people says will o' the wisps follow them.
There are many different ways to tell what will o' the wisps are. Some says they are gas, like methane, that goes up from the ground and burns. Other people says they are electric things, like ball lightning.
Some people thinks will o' the wisps are souls, spirits or spaceships. Scientists think these ideas are foolish - they think that there must be a natural explanation. One flying ball of light was explained: it was an owl that had a bright stomach. Sometimes animals or fungus make some light - this is called bioluminescence by scientists and foxfire by old people.
There are many old and new stories about will o' the wisps around the world. These lights have different names in different cultures and languages.

Ghost light
Ghost lights are lights in the air that scientists dont unerstand much and don't know what they are. Ghost lights are not seen much. Ghost light can be close to ground or in the sky. Ghost light close to ground is mostly called "will o' the wisp". Ghost light in the sky is often called UFOs. There are very different kinds of ghost lights. Some are like balls of light, others look like flame, and some look like a bright cloud. Many ghost lights move.
Different cultures have understood ghost lights differently. People believed that they are dragons, spirits or ghosts. Today some believe they are spaceships. There are many theories about what ghost lights are. Some people say they are methane gas that comes from ground and burns in the air. Others say they are electric things like ball lightning. The fact that some animals and fungus glows may explain some ghost lights.

Roman Giertych
Roman Jacek Giertych is a former Minister of Education in Poland. He was born February 27, 1971 in Śrem.
Biography.
Roman Giertych comes from a family of Polish politicians, being a son of Maciej Giertych and a grandson of Jędrzej Giertych.
His brother (holding a Ph.D. himself) said he was a young bookworm who made dozens of books, especially on history. He improved in history throughout his school years while his grades in other subjects remained normal.
He graduated from Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań with an master's degrees in both law and history. In 1989, he reactivated the far-right "All-Polish Youth" (Młodzież Wszechpolska) organization, becoming its chairman; he remains honorary chairman to this day. For several years he was a member of the National-Democratic Party (Stronnictwo Narodowo-Demokratyczne) and the National Party (Stronnictwo Narodowe), which went with several other organizations to form the League of Polish Families (Liga Polskich Rodzin, LPR) in 2001.

Smoothie
Smoothies are a type of cold drink made from a liquid (either milk, fruit juice, or water), crushed ice or ice cubes, different fruits (such as banana, strawberries, or pineapple). Sometimes other foods are added to smoothies, such as yogurt, honey, maple syrup or ice cream. Smoothies are blended with an electric blender until the fruit and ice is puréed (made smooth).
People usually drink smoothies from a tall glass or cup, and use a plastic drinking straw to suck it into their mouth. Some dieticians think that drinking smoothies is not as good as eating the original fruit, because the smoothie has less fibre, and does not provide exercise for the jaw and other digestive processes which eating the fruit would give.
Smoothies are similar to milk shakes. Milk shakes are also a cold drink made with an electric blender. Milk shakes are usually made with milk, ice cream, and sweet syrups, such as chocolate syrup.

Sheave (mechanical)
A sheave (pronounced "shiv") is a wheel or roller with a groove along its edge for holding a belt, rope or cable. When hung between two supports and equipped with a belt, rope or cable, one or more sheaves make up a pulley. The words "sheave" and "pulley" are sometimes used interchangeably.

Unidentified flying object
A UFO (Unidentified Flying Object) is any object flying in the sky which cannot be identified by the person who sees it. Sometimes the object is investigated. If people can still not figure out what the object is after an investigation, it is called a UFO. If they figure out what the object is, it can no longer be called a UFO because it has been identified.
Even though UFOs can be anything, people often use the word "UFO" when they are talking about alien spacecraft. Flying saucer is another word that is often used to describe an unidentified flying object.
Identified flying objects (IFOs).
Studies estimate that 50-90% of all reported UFO sightings are identified later. Usually 10-20% are never identified. Studies also show that very few UFO sightings are hoaxes (people trying to trick other people). Most UFOs are actually natural or man-made objects that looked strange.
10-20% of IFOs are other causes (such as birds, clouds, mirages, searchlights, etc.)

Second War of Scottish Independence
The Second War of Scottish Independence began in 1333 when Edward III of England did not accept the 1328 Treaty of Northampton any more, under which England recognised the legitimacy of the dynasty established by Robert Bruce. Edward was determined to support the claim of Edward Balliol, the son of the former king, John Balliol, over David II, Bruce's son and heir. Balliol had ruled in Scotland for a short time in the autumn of 1332, but was thrown out of the country later in the year. The war itself lasted until 1357, when David II was released from English captivity. English involvement in Scotland was also one of the factors that lead to the outbreak of the Hundred Years War with France in 1337.

U.S. postal abbreviations
This is a list of abbreviations used by the United States Postal Service. They are used to help the postal service process mail.

Booing
Booing means shouting "BOO!" If people shout "boo" after a performance (for example, a concert, play or opera) they are showing that they did not like it. It is the opposite of applause (clapping to show that the performance was good).
Booing and hissing used to be very common, especially at the opera. In the early days of opera (from the 17th to the early 19th century) opera audiences often behaved badly. They went to the opera to chat with their friends, to cheer their favorite singers and to boo the singers they didn't like, not to listen carefully to the music.
Booing has recently become less common in Western culture because people think it is rude. Audiences today are more likely simply not to clap if they do not like a performance. Slow hand-clapping is also a way of showing displeasure.

Applause
Applause is the noise made by an audience who are clapping their hands (applauding) to thank someone for a performance. People at a concert usually applaud when the performers come onto the stage. This is a way of welcoming them. At the end of a performance people applaud again to thank the performers.
People may applaud after someone makes a speech or at a sporting match. They will applaud after a play in the theatre or at the end of an opera. The length of applause (how long they applaud for) may depend on how much they liked the performance. If they liked it very much they may also shout "BRAVO!". When an audience applauds with really wild excitement it is called an "ovation". Very occasionally (in English-speaking cultures) an audience might all stand up as well. This is called a "standing ovation".

Kyle Busch
Kyle Thomas Busch (born May 2, 1985) is a NASCAR race car driver. He is frequently seen racing against his brother, "Kurt Busch". Busch is contracted to race in the NEXTEL Cup, Busch Series, as well as run select races in the Craftsman Truck Series.
In the 2007 season, Kyle is currently 6th in "NEXTEL Cup Series" points. Kyle Busch considers himself a master of the "Car of Tomorrow" and is hopeful to win the 2009 "Sprint Cup Championship". However, a decisive victory by Mr. Juan Pablo Montoya threatens this status at non-oval tracks.
Dale Earnhardt Jr. will replace Kyle Busch in the number 5 car starting in the 2008 season. Richard Childress Racing acquired his contract for the Busch Series, while Kyle will be driving a Joe Gibbs Racing Toyota in 2008 with M&Ms as a primary sponsor. His secondary sponors will include certain other candy and chocolate brands.

498a
498a is an Indian law in which a husband and his family are summarily arrested without any investigation when a complaint is lodged by the wife or any of her relative claiming that the husband or his relatives treated her cruelly. Once the complaint is lodged the husband and his family are presumed guilty and it is up to them to prove that they are innocent in a court of law. This law has been under much controversy due to its increasing misuse leading to breakdown of families.
It does not cost anything to file a 498A, and there is no penalty (or even a fine) for filing a false dowry complaint which has contributed to a fast rise in the number of such cases in courts today.

Caesar cipher
The Caesar cipher is a method of cryptography. It is named after Julius Caesar who used it to communicate with his army.
To make a message secret with the Caesar cipher, each letter in the message is changed using a simple rule: change by three. So each letter is replaced by the letter three letters ahead in the alphabet. A becomes D, B becomes E, and so on. For the last letters, we think of the alphabet as a circle and "wrap around." W becomes Z, X becomes A, Y becomes B, and Z becomes C. To change a message back, each letter is replaced by the one three before it.
Changing by three is the rule that Julius Caesar used, but the same idea works for any number.
The Caesar cipher is a "substitution cipher": each letter is replaced by another. No substitution cipher is really safe.

Social engineering
Social engineering is a method some people use to influence people to get secret information. Phishing is a sort of social engineering.

Hydroponics
Hydroponics or Hydroculture is the method of growing plants in the nutrients that they need instead of soil. There are many ways of doing it.

Crop rotation
A crop rotation is the practice of moving different crops on the same land. If this process was not done, harmful organisms and other pests would spread when crop is prepared for raising. Crop rotation also helps stop the loss of water in soil nutrients.
A normal way to do crop rotation is to mix green manure and other organic matters in with the soil. This adds nitrogen and other nutrients that plants need to grow. When this is added, it can help different crops be able to grow at the same time in the same space.
Cycling crops can also help aeration when plants with deep-roots are changed with plants that have shallow-roots.

A Hard Day's Night
"A Hard Day’s Night" was a 1964 album by The Beatles, released on the 10th of July of that year. It was the soundtrack to the film of the same name, starring the Beatles and directed by Richard Lester. It was their third album. It is said that the title was accidentally said by Ringo Starr during the filming of the movie.
The movie was made because United Artists, a film company, wanted to sell a soundtrack album. Many movies that included rock and roll were not good movies. The Beatles did not want to star in a movie unless it was well made, with a good storyline. United Artists agreed, and a playwright, Alun Owen, was hired.
Alun Owen travelled with the Beatles on a concert tour. He was to write a fictional story at first, based on how the band interacted with other people, but Owen decided the best story to tell was real, based on what he saw. The "grandfather" character (played by Wilfrid Brambell) was added to appeal to older viewers. Brambell was a popular television actor, who starred in "Steptoe and Son" (a forerunner of "Sanford and Son") as a "dirty old" junk dealer.
Even with a script, the Beatles improvised (made up) some of their own dialogue in the movie. They also acted out ideas from the director, Richard Lester.
Film overview.
In the movie's storyline, the Beatles go to London to perform in a television program. Paul's family send along his grandfather, so he and Paul can keep each other company. The grandfather is a "mixer", and likes to cause trouble between people. (He is also noticed often as being "very clean"; a play on Brambell's "dirty" television role.)
The Beatles enjoy breaking rules and expectations, and playing jokes. Their manager Norm and road manager "Shake" try to make things run smoothly, but have a busy time keeping up with both the Beatles and Paul's grandfather, and making sure the television show goes as planned. (Norm and Shake were based loosely on road managers Neil Aspinall and Mal Evans.)
Songs on the album.
This is the only Beatles album on which all songs are by John Lennon and Paul McCartney, and their first to only have only songs written by the Beatles.
The first seven songs were used in the film.

Changeling
In stories (folklore), a changeling is the child of a troll, elf, or fairy that has been left in the place of a human child. The stolen human child then lives with the troll family. A changeling is like a human baby but ugly, always hungry, and with a bad temper. Sometimes the changelings are much wiser than a human baby would be.
It is thought that changeling stories came from actual events. A family who had a handicapped or sick child may have traded their sick child for a healthier, better-looking child.
Folklore says that it might be possible for parents to figure out that their child has been replaced with a changeling. If they discovered the changeling quickly enough, they could get their human child back. One way to get the child back was to put the changeling in an oven. Another way was to put the changeling in a forest so that the troll could take its child back. Sometimes children died in the oven or forest.

Bomb
A bomb is an explosive device that makes and lets out its energy very quickly and has a big shock wave. They have been used for centuries.
Most bombs do not contain more energy than ordinary fuel, except in the case of a nuclear weapon.
A bomb is usually some kind of container filled with explosive material that is designed to destroy things when it is set off. The word bomb comes from the Greek word "βόμβος" (bombos), an onomatopoeic term with almost the same meaning as "boom" in English.
Bombs are often used by the military to destroy enemy targets, by terrorists in suicide attacks, and by civilians in mining.

Yūko Kohara
Yūko Kohara (こはら裕子) was born on August 4, 1977 in Nagasaki, Japan. She is a Japanese manga artist and she writes in "Ciao". She came out with "Love Tension" in 2002. She is known for having a warm style of painting.

Dieter Bohlen
Dieter Gunther Bohlen is a German musician, born on 7 February 1954. He was a member of Modern Talking, but now appears in the TV programme "Germany Searches for a Superstar", which is the German version of Pop Idol and American Idol.

SWOT Analysis
SWOT Analysis is a tool to find out the "S"trengths, "W"eaknesses, "O"pportunities, and "T"hreats that are to be expected in a project or in a business venture or in something similar. It means that the marketing environment (internal and external to the organization or individual) is looked at. The technique was developed by Albert Humphrey, who led a research project at Stanford University in the 1960s and 1970s using data from the Fortune 500 companies.
Performing the SWOT Analysis.
SWOT analysis is part of the Harvard Policy Model, which has been developed as part of the business policy courses taught at the Harvard Business School since the 1920s.

Project
A project is a temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product or service.
Origin.
The word "project" comes from the Latin word "projectum" from "projicere", "to throw something forwards" which in turn comes from "pro-", which denotes something that precedes the action of the next part of the word in time (paralleling the Greek πρό) and "jacere", "to throw". The word "project" thus actually originally meant "something that comes before anything else is done". When the word was initially adopted, it referred to a plan of something, not to the act of actually carrying this plan out. Something performed in accordance with a project was called an object. This use of "project" changed in the 1950s when several techniques for project management were introduced. With this advent the word slightly changed meaning to cover both projects and objects. However in certain projects there may still exist so called "objects" and "object leaders", reflecting the older use of the words.
Characteristics.
Projects differ from operations, because operations are continuous and repeating (projects are temporary), and operations deliver the same or almost the same results (project results are in contrast unique).
A project usually needs resources to deliver its results. Most of the time project execution is based on detailed plan, which considers also external factors and constraints. Planning, execution and controlling of project is the primary field of project management. For major projects it is necessary sometimes to set up a special temporary organization, consisting of a project team and one or more work teams.
Major projects can be divided into subprojects, and program denotes collection of related projects.
Project types.
Projects can be categorised based on different aspects.
Based on initiating or participating organisation

Central Time Zone
The Central Time Zone subtracts six hours from UTC during standard time (UTC-6) and five hours during daylight saving time (UTC-5).
This time zone is called Central Standard Time (CST) during standard time (Winter). It is called Central Daylight Time (CDT) during daylight saving time (Summer). In the United States and Canada, this time zone is often just called Central Time (CT).
The zone is one hour ahead of the Mountain Time Zone and one hour behind the Eastern Time Zone.
Canada.
In Canada, this time zone includes all of Manitoba, nearly all of Saskatchewan, a little part of western Ontario, and part of Nunavut (most of the Kivalliq Region and part of the Qikiqtaaluk Region).
United States.
In the United States, the time zone includes the entire area of the states of Alabama, Arkansas, Illinois, Iowa, Louisiana, Minnesota, Missouri, Mississippi, Oklahoma, and Wisconsin. It also includes parts of Florida, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Michigan, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, Tennessee, and Texas.
Mexico.
Most of Mexico belongs to the Central Time Zone. The six northwestern states are not part of the time zone.
Central America, South America, Oceania.
Central Time Zone includes the Central American countries of Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua and Costa Rica. In South America, this zone includes the Ecuadorian province of Galápagos. In Oceania, the Chilean Easter Island also belongs to this time zone.
Central Daylight Time.
Daylight saving time occurs from early April to late October. During daylight saving, Central Time Zone is only 5 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time (UTC-5). Most of the locations in Central Time Zone observe daylight saving time. A few places do not. These include Saskatchewan, Central America and Galápagos. They stay on standard time all year.

Gioachino Rossini
Gioachino Rossini (born Pesaro 29 February 1792; died Passy 13 November 1868) was an Italian composer. He was the most famous composer of operas in his time. His operas had lots of new ideas. Italian operas had become rather unimaginative, with composers such as Cimarosa and Paisiello writing the same sort of thing each time. Rossini made his operas interesting by writing skillfully for the singers, giving them good tunes, as well as giving the orchestra interesting music, and by choosing a variety of stories for his operas. The opera for which he is best known today is the "Il Barbiere di Siviglia" ("The Barber of Seville"). Many of the overtures to his operas are played at orchestral concerts. The most popular is the overture to his opera "Guillaume Tell" ("William Tell") with its famous galloping tune.
During the last 40 years of his life Rossini wrote no more music. His friends begged him to write another opera but he always refused.
Life.
Rossini was born on 29 February of the leap year 1792. His birthplace was Pesaro, a small town in Italy on the Adriatic coast. His father played the horn in military bands and opera houses and his mother sang in operas. Often his parents toured together and the young Rossini was left in the care of his grandmother. The family eventually settled in Bologna. Rossini had lessons in singing, cello, piano and counterpoint. He did not like the counterpoint lessons, but it did help him to study different styles of music and he became very good at writing harmony in a clear way.
Early career.
Italian opera at this time needed a new composer to bring more life into it. Five of his first nine operas were written for the Teatro S Moise in Venice. Other theatres soon asked him to write operas. In 1812 he wrote "La pietra del paragone" for the Teatro alla Scala in Milan. It was a great success. Many of these early operas were comic operas (opera buffa). Sometimes he had to produce so many new operas that he kept reusing some of the music he had already written in another opera. Nevertheless they include a lot of fine music, and Rossini was developing his musical personality. His overtures have a fine sense of orchestral colour. He often started with a slow section and then went into fast music with a crescendo. Because he did this a lot it is often called a “Rossini crescendo” or “Rossini rocket”.
It was not easy for him to earn enough money to keep himself. He only got paid for the operas he took part in. There were no copyright laws in those days. The important singers were well paid, but the composers earned much less. We know very little about his life at this time, but we do know that he travelled a lot. His most famous operas from this period are "Tancredi", "La Gazza Ladra" ("The Thieving Magpie") and "Il barbiere di Siviglia" ("The Barber of Seville") which has often been called the greatest of all comic operas.
Mid career.
By 1815 Rossini’s operas were famous everywhere in Western Europe except in Naples. Neapolitan opera had been famous throughout the 18th century and the city was proud of its tradition. The Neapolitans did not want a young composer from the north to continue their operatic tradition. Nevertheless, Rossini soon won their hearts. He wrote for the Teatro S Carlo which had a fine orchestra and very good singers. He wrote many of his best serious operas (opera seria) for Naples, and this tradition which he built up made it possible for Verdi to take over thirty years later as Italy’s leading opera composer.
Later career.
Rossini’s international fame took him to Vienna where he met Beethoven. After returning to Italy for a while he travelled to Paris and England. He was only 31 years old and had written 34 operas. The Paris audiences already knew his operas. In London a Rossini Festival was organized. Most of the time in England he spent at social parties at the houses of rich people who were glad to pay him money to come and be their guest. Soon after this he settled in Paris for five years. He was director of the Théâtre-Italien until 1836. His two greatest operas from this period were "Le Comte Ory" (which was an opéra comique) and "Guillaume Tell" which was based on a play by Schiller. These works have beautifully flowing tunes (like Italian opera) as well as grand drama (like French opera).
Retirement.
In 1829, at the age of 37, Rossini decided to retire. He had lots of money and his health was not particularly good. Although he wrote a few small pieces of music he never composed another opera. He went back to Bologna, although he returned to Paris nearly 20 years later with his wife. Here his health improved and he wrote a little music. His "Petite messe solennelle" for 12 voices, two pianos and harmonium is still performed today. When he died in 1868 thousands of people came to his funeral.
Rossini’s place in music history.
Rossini’s music is a link between the Classical and the Romantic periods. He was brought up hearing 18th century opera, and much of his best known music is still Classical in style, but he developed a lot as he matured and was writing in a more Romantic way by the end of his career. He gradually stopped writing music which has set numbers all the time: music divided sharply into arias and recitative. His recitative became more expressive and was accompanied by the orchestra instead of by a harpsichord. This helped to make his music more continuous. He did not often write for castrati as they were going out of fashion. The chorus have an important part in the drama of his operas (in 18th century opera they just used to comment on what was going on).

Salerno
Salerno is a southern Italian city with a beautiful port. It faces the Mediterranean Sea.

Opera house
An opera house is a building where operas and ballets are performed. It is similar to a theatre.
The first opera houses were built in the 1630s in Italy, about thirty years after the first operas were written. Traditionally they have a stage where the action takes place and a proscenium archway with a curtain that can be drawn back when the performance begins. In front of the stage is an orchestra pit which is a little lower than the stage so that the audience can still see the stage. The audience sit in the auditorium which is often horse-shoe shaped. The downstairs seats are called “stalls”. Round the stalls there are two or three tiers (storeys) of boxes. Each box can seat a small number of people. At the top towards the back there is a balcony and often a gallery along the sides as well. Some seats in the gallery may have restricted view (it is not possible to see all of the stage).
Some of the most famous opera houses in the world are Teatro alla Scala (or “La Scala”) in Milan, the Royal Opera House in Covent Garden, London, the Metropolitan Opera House in New York, the Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow and the Sydney Opera House in Sydney which is a very modern building.

Kullervo
Kullervo is a person in the Finnish national epos Kalevala. He is a good looking man with golden hair. Bad things happen to him; his destiny is tragic.
In folk stories Kullervo is the son of the giant Kaleva. In the Kalevala however Kullervo is the son of a man called Kalervo.
In the Kalevala Kullervo's family is killed by Untamo's family before Kullervo is born. Only one woman is not killed. She gives birth to Kullervo who will be a slave of Untamo. Every work that Kullervo tries goes ill. This is why Untamo sells him to a smith called Ilmarinen.
Ilmarinen puts Kullervo to shepherd cows. Ilmarinen's wife gives Kullervo bread that has stones in it. While Kullervo cuts the bread his knife hits the stone and breaks. Kullervo gets angry and curses bears to eat cows and Ilmarinen's wife. Then he escapes.
While travelling Kullervo has sex with a girl. He does not know that this is his own sister. When he finds out he goes very angry and attacks Untamo and kills him and his family. Then he commits suicide.

Ephraïm Inoni
Ephraïm Inoni (born 16 August, 1947) is the Prime Minister of Cameroon, a country in central west Africa.

Compton scattering
In physics, Compton scattering, or the Compton effect, is the name used for what happens to the energy of an X-ray or gamma ray photon when it interacts with matter; the wavelength increases. The Compton effect was studied by Arthur Holly Compton in 1923.

Scottsdale, Arizona
Scottsdale is a city in the southwest of American State of Arizona. As of the 2000 census, the city was the 83nd largest city in the United States, with a population of 202,705. The 2005 Census Bureau estimates show that the population of the city is 226,013. This makes Scottsdale the 80th largest city on the list.

REO Speedwagon
REO Speedwagon is an American rock band. They formed in Illinois in the late 1960s. The band continues to record and tour to this day. They were most popular in the 1980s, when they had a #1 album and two #1 singles.

Carlisle
Carlisle is a city in the north of England near the border with Scotland. It is the county town of Cumbria. Carlisle has a population of 71,773 people.

Stanislas Konarski
Stanislas Konarski (in Polish: Stanisław Konarski; his true name was Hieronim Franciszek Konarski'"), born 30th September 1700 in Żarczyce; died 3rd August 1773 in Warsaw (Poland), was a Polish teacher and writer. He made teaching better; he wrote political books, poems, and plays. He was a monk - member of the order of Piarists; he brought the Enlightenment in Poland.
Between 1725 and 1727 Konarski learned at the Collegium Nazarenum in Rome, where he became a teacher of rhetoric - the art of good speaking. After that, in order to make better his own learning, he traveled through France, Germany and Austria. In 1730 he went back to Poland and began to work on a new text of Polish law ("Volumina legum").
From 1736 Konarski taught at the Collegium Resoviense in Rzeszów and in 1740 he started the Collegium Nobilium in Warsaw, a school for sons of the people of high social class ("szlachta"). Thereafter, he improved teaching of Piarists in Poland, in a way that agrees with his program of teaching ("Ordinationes Visitationis Apostolicae...", 1755). His improvements became an important point in the fight of 18th century to make the system of Polish teaching more modern.
In the beginning, Konarski was joined politically with King Stanislas Leszczynski; later, he came near to Czartoryski's "Familia" and to King Stanislas August Poniatowski. He took part in the well-known "Thursday dinners". Stanislas August Poniatowski caused that a medal was made in the honor of Konarski, with his likeness. There was written in Latin: "Sapere auso" ("who was brave to be wise").

Gaetano Donizetti
Gaetano Donizetti (born Bergamo 29 November 1797; died Bergamo 8 April 1848) was an Italian composer. He was the most famous composer of operas in Italy in the years between the death of Bellini (1835) and the time when Verdi was becoming well-known. Bellini and Donizetti wrote operas in the bel canto style: music with beautiful, smooth melodies.
Donizetti’s family were very poor. His talent was discovered by Simon Mayr who was maestro di cappella (music director) at S Maria Maggiore in Bergamo. He opened a school which trained boys to sing in the church choir and gave them a good musical education. Donizetti learned a lot from Mayr and was always very grateful to him.
Donizetti’s first operas were performed in Venice. A rich lady who realized he was very talented paid so that he did not have to do military service. His opera "Zoraida di Granata" was very successful in Rome and he was given a contract for an opera for Naples. For several years he composed between two and five operas every year. They were not particularly successful. One of the reasons was that the libretti he was given (the words he had to set) were not very good.
In 1828 he married. None of their three children lived very long and his wife died in 1837 which made him very sad during his last years. This can be felt in his music.
His opera "Anna Bolena" made him internationally famous. It was performed in London and Paris. His opera "Maria Stuarda" was based on a play by Schiller. It was not popular at first. The audience did not like the tragic ending. Today it is recognized as containing some great music, especially in the final scene. After a visit to Paris he returned to Naples to produce "Lucia di Lammermoor" which was based on Scott’s novel "The Bride of Lammermoor". There is a French version as well as an Italian version of this opera.
In 1838 he moved to Paris where he had his operas performed in four theatres. Berlioz wrote very critical articles about him in a music journal. Donizetti had gone to Paris hoping that he would earn lots of money so that he could then retire, just like Rossini had done. However, his health was not good and he found it harder to concentrate. He managed to composed "Don Pasquale" which is one of the best comic operas every written, but it does have a lot of music that he had written earlier. He was obviously finding it difficult to think of new ideas. Soon he became really ill. He was suffering from syphilis. He was put in a sanatorium near Paris for 17 months. In 1847 some friends arranged for him to stay with them, but he was very ill by then. He was paralysed and almost unable to speak. His friends looked after him until he died.
He was buried in Bergamo. His remains are now in a church there. The house where he was born is a museum.

Blonde
A blonde person is someone with light coloured hair. When referring to a male, it is spelled blond without the -e. Some people are blonde because they have less pigment in their hair than dark haired people. To be blonde is usually to have blonde ancestors. Then it is genetic - blondes have genes that make them blond. Sometimes it is not genetic - this is called albinism. People can also use chemicals to make themselves blonde. Bleach is sometimes used to make the color of a persons hair lighter.
Most people are not blondes by their genes. Only some people with Caucasian ancestry are blondes by their genes, and also some Australian Aborigines have a different gene that makes them blonde. Natural blondes are most common around the Baltic Sea, especially the Nordic countries such as Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Iceland, and Finland and Ireland also has a number of natural blondes. According to recent genetic analysis, both mtDNA and Y chromosome exist in Austrians. Baltic countries, Slavic countries (especially Poland) and northwestern parts of Russia. There is also a large number of blondes in Turkic Central Asia. As well as Pakistan, especially in groups such as the Kalash.

Harold Macmillan
Maurice Harold Macmillan, 1st Earl of Stockton (February 10 1894 – December 29 1986), was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1957 to 1963.

Baltic countries
Baltic countries are three countries in Northern Europe at the eastern side of the Baltic Sea and at the southern side of Gulf of Finland. Baltic countries are Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. Lithuanian and Latvian people speak Baltic languages and Estonian people speak Finnic language.
By their culture and history Baltic countries are close to Nordic countries. The biggest difference in the history was that Baltic countries were occupied by Soviet Union while Nordic countries (with the exception of Karelia, a part of Finland) were not occupied. Baltic countries had their freedom back when the Soviet Union came to an end. Today the Baltic countries are some of the richest and most advanced of those countries that were part of Soviet Union.
Paganism was the religion of Baltic people before most of them took Christianity long, long ago. Baltic paganism never died out and some people are still pagans.

Crucifixion
Crucifixion is a method of execution, the deliberate killing of someone, usually because they have committed some crime. The most famous person to have been crucified was Jesus Christ, the Son of God in the Christian religion. He was nailed to a cross-shaped piece of wood - this is known as crucifixion. The cross later became a symbol of Christianity, and is often a part of a church steeple. Other crucifixions include Saint Andrew, the patron saint of Scotland, who was crucified on two diagonal pieces of wood, since he did not wish to die in the same manner as Jesus.

Steeple
A steeple is the tower at the top of a church, which is a building or temple of the Christian religion. It often has a cross at the top, in memory of Jesus' crucifixion.

Baltic paganism
When we say Baltic Paganism we actually mean many different religions and mythologies that people had in Baltic countries before Christianity and that some people still have. All of those religions have their own features but also between these religions many things are similar. Baltic pagans just like Scandinavian and Finnish pagans believes that greatest god is a male god of sky and thunder. He has a hammer or axe that makes lightning. This belief is very old. We think that in Stone Age Corded Ware culture already had this kind of a god and that his weapon was boat shaped stone axe. Corded Ware culture lived in large area and many features of Nordic and Baltic people are from it.

Oxidation
Oxidation is any chemical reaction that is the combination of a metal with a gas. The oxidation is a transfer of electrons from the metal to the gas.
When iron oxidizes with oxygen it is called rust.
Oxidation is the opposite of reduction. A reduction always comes together with an oxidation. Oxidation and reduction together are called redox.

Kaleva
Kaleva or Kalevi and his sons are people or creatures in Finnish, Karelian and Estonian stories. However many things about them are forgotten.
Estonian history.
The name of Estonian national Epos Kalevipoeg means "Sons of Kalevi" and the name of Finnish national epos Kalevala means "Land of Kaleva".
In Estonian stories sons of Kaleva are sons of King.
Finnish history.
Finnish people called Sirius "Kalevantähti" which means "Star of Kaleva". Belt of Orion was called Kalevas sword.
In Finnish stories they are more often giants. People told that some things in nature, like big or weird stones, are made by Kalevas sons. Stories tells that while people became Christians, they started to hate Kalevas sons who remained pagans. Soon Kalevas sons had to go away. All the time Christian people took more land, Kalevas sons had to go further away. At one island they staid and did not want to leave. Priests came and they cursed Kalevas sons until they took a big stone and sailed with it away. They have not benn seen since that, but sometimes they come at night and hits crop or even forest down.
Other creatures.
Almost the same thing happened to Hiisi people who resembles trolls. Christian humans made them to flee also.

Yellowstone National Park
Yellowstone National Park was the first national park in the world. It was created on March 1, 1872 when United States President Ulysses S. Grant signed a law to create it.
Yellowstone National Park is famous for its geysers and hot springs. The world's most cool geyser, the Old Faithful Geyser, is in Yellowstone National Park. It also is a home for grizzly bears, wolves, bison and elk. Many tourists visit the park each year to see the geysers and animals there.

National park
A national park is a park that was created by a nation's government. National parks are often made to protect the animals that live inside them or the land inside them. There are many National Parks in the world.
One example of a national park is Yellowstone National Park.

William Ewart Gladstone
William Ewart Gladstone (29 December 1809 – 19 May 1898) was a prime minister of the United Kingdom. He was also leader of the Liberal Party of the UK.

Anthony Eden
Robert Anthony Eden, 1st Earl of Avon (June 12, 1897– January 14, 1977) was a prime minister of the United Kingdom.
He became Prime Minister in 1955 when Sir Winston Churchill retired. He stopped being Prime Minister in 1957 when Harold Macmillan replaced him.

Stanley Baldwin
Stanley Baldwin (3 August 1867 – 14 December 1947) was a prime minister of the United Kingdom three times.

Alec Douglas-Home
Alexander Frederick Douglas-Home, Baron Home of the Hirsel (July 2, 1903 – October 9, 1995) was a prime minister of the United Kingdom.

Benjamin Disraeli, 1st Earl of Beaconsfield
Benjamin Disraeli, 1st Earl of Beaconsfield (21 December, 1804 – 19 April, 1881), born Benjamin D'Israeli, was a former prime minister of the United Kingdom. He was a famous rival of William Ewart Gladstone.

William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham
William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham (November 15, 1708 – May 11, 1778) was a prime minister of the United Kingdom. He was appointed by King George III.

H. H. Asquith
H. H. Asquith (12 September 1852 – 15 February 1928) was a prime minister of the United Kingdom.

Commerce
Commerce is another word for trade or business, and can mean simply the buying and selling of goods and services. It can also refer to the world of high finance and big companies and organisations.

Pine
Pine is a type of a evergreen tree. It is a genus in the "Pinaceae" family of the conifer division ("Pinophyta"). Pine has many uses most commonly being used in furniture. This is because of the natural durability and attractive appearance of the wood. The wood that comes from it is also called pine. Pine is a softwood and we would call it conferious. All softwoods take up to 10-20 years to grow which is why they are a lot easier to use in furniture because they grow quicker than deciduous (hardwood) trees which take 90-100 years to grow.
Areas.
They are found in almost the entire Northern Hemisphere. In North America, they are found from the southern part of Arctic to Nicaragua and Hispaniola. In Europe, they are found from Portugal and Scotland to Russia and in Asia, they are found from Russia to Japan and Philippines. They are also found in the Himalayas and some northern parts of Africa. They are also found in the North of Majorca (Mallorca) on the rugged mountains.
Pines are trees that are wideley spread around the world.

Philip II of France
Philip II of France (August 21, 1165 – July 14, 1223), was King of France from 1180 to 1223.

Pohjola
Pohjola is an evil country in Finnish and Karelian ancient stories. Pohjola is at north and it is very cold place. Ruler of Pohjola is Louhi, an evil witch woman. We think that Pohjola does not really exist, but long ago when people thought about Pohjola they thought about Lapland and a region of Pohjanmaa.
There was high wall around Pohjola and there were gates of Pohjola that could be seen from far away.
Many evil things, like diseases and cold are from Pohjola. In Pohjola lives people of Pohjola. They are great warriors and magicians. The ruler of Pohjola Louhi is ugly but powerful old woman who can do great magic. She had a husband and daughters. Daughters of Louhi were very beautiful. They were so white and bright that they were actually transparent; you could see flesh through their skin, bones through their flesh, and bone marrow through their bones. Daughters of Pohjola were sitting on the sky weaving gold and silver threads.
Many heroes went to Pohjola to ask daughters of Louhi them to be their wifes. Louhi did not give her daughters easily. She made men to do almost impossible missions to have her daughters. One such mission was to make Sampo, a machine that would do money, crop and salt. One hero, Ilmarinen, did this machine, but still Louhi did not let her daughter to marry Ilmarinen. Ilmarinen and other heroes then stole Sampo from Louhi. Louhi attacked them. There was a big battle and Sampo was destroyed. Some pieces of Sampo drifted on sea and they came to shores of Finland. Since that they have made wealth to Finnish people.

Gulf of Finland
Gulf of Finland is a body of water that points east from the Baltic Sea with Finland on its north side and Estonia on its south side. Both Finnish capital Helsinki and Estonian capital Tallinn are at shore of Gulf of Finland. At the bottom of the gulf of Finland is Russia and its most important coast city St. Petersburg.
It is believed that Finnic languages like Finnish and Estonian are originally from around this gulf.

Edmund II of England
Edmund II of England (989–November 30, 1016) was a king of England.

Arthur Balfour
Arthur James Balfour, 1st Earl of Balfour, KG, OM, PC (25 July 1848 – 19 March 1930) was a British Conservative statesman and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1902 until 1905.

Henry Pelham
Henry Pelham (September 25 1694 – March 6 1754) was a British Whig statesman, who served as Prime Minister of Great Britain from 27 August 1743 to his death about ten years later.

List of U.S. states by elevation
This is a list of United States states by elevation. Elevation means the height of something above sea level. The highest point in the U.S. is Mount McKinley at 20,320 feet (6,194 m) above sea level. The lowest point in the U.S. is Badwater in Death Valley at 282 feet (86 m) below sea level.

Languages of the United States
United States right now has no official language, but, English is the most spoken national language. English is spoken by about 82% of the population as a native language. Most United States citizens use it daily. On May 18, 2006, the Senate voted on an amendment to an immigration bill (a law introduced into a parliament) that would declare English the official language of the United States. The immigration bill itself, S. 2611, was accepted in the Senate on May 25, 2006. It now must go back to the House of Representatives to make sure amendments are agreed on by all.
Approximately 337 languages are spoken or signed by the population, of which 176 are indigenous to the area. 52 languages formerly spoken in the country's territory are now extinct (Grimes 2000).
Spanish is taught in various regions as a second language, especially in areas with large Hispanic populations such as the Southwestern United States along the border with Mexico, as well as Florida, the District of Columbia, Illinois, New Jersey, and New York. In Hispanic communities across the country, bilingual signs in both Spanish and English may be quite common. Furthermore, numerous neighborhoods exist (such as Washington Heights in New York City or Little Havana in Miami, for example) in which entire city blocks will have only Spanish language signs and speaking people.
In addition to Spanish-speaking Hispanic populations, younger generations of non-Hispanics in the United States seem to be learning Spanish in larger numbers due to the growing Hispanic population and increasing popularity of Latin American movies and music performed in the Spanish language. Over 30 million Americans, roughly 12% of the population, speak Spanish as a first or second language, making Spanish easily the country's second-most spoken language; the United States thus has fifth-largest Spanish speaking population in the world, after Mexico, Spain, Colombia, and Argentina.
Chinese, mostly of the Cantonese variety, is the third most-spoken language spoken in the United States, almost completely spoken within Chinese American populations and by immigrants or the descendants of immigrants, especially in California. Many young Americans not of Chinese descent have become interested in learning the language, though it is Standard Mandarin, the official spoken language in the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China on Taiwan, that is mostly taught. Over 2 million Americans speak some variety of Chinese, with the Mandarin variety becoming increasingly more prevalent due to the opening up of the PRC.
French, the fourth most-common language, is spoken mainly by the native French, Haitian or French-Canadian populations. It is widely spoken in Maine, New Hampshire and in Louisiana, a former colony of France, where it is still used with English as the state's "de facto official" language. People of German ancestry make up the largest single ethnic group in the United States and the German language ranks fifth. Italian, Polish, and Greek are still widely spoken among populations descending from immigrants from those countries in the early 20th century, but the use of these languages is dwindling as older generations die out. Starting in the 1970s and continuing until the mid 1990s, many people from the Soviet Union and later its constituent republics such as Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, and Uzbekistan have immigrated to the United States, causing Russian to become one of the minority languages in the United States.
Tagalog and Vietnamese have over one million speakers in the United States, almost entirely within recent immigrant populations.
There are also a small population of Native Americans who still speak their native languages, but these populations are dropping and the languages are almost never widely used outside of reservations. Hawaiian, although having few native speakers, is still used at the state level in Hawaii along with English. All other languages besides the English language are usually learned from immigrant ancestors or learned through some form of education.
Official language status.
California, on one hand, agreed to allow the publication of state documents in other languages to represent minority groups and immigrant communities. Languages, such as Spanish, Chinese, Korean, Pilipino), Persian, Russian, Vietnamese and Thai appear in official state documents, and the Department of Motor Vehicles publishes in 47 languages.
The state of New York had state government documents (i.e., vital records) co-written in the Dutch language until the 1920s, in order to preserve the legacy of New Netherlands, though England annexed the colony in 1664.
Native American languages are official or co-official on many of the US Indian reservations and pueblos. In Oklahoma before statehood in 1907, territory officials debated whether or not to have Cherokee, Choctaw and Muscogee languages as co-official, but the idea never gained ground.
In New Mexico, although the state constitution does not specify an official language, laws are published in English and Spanish, and government material and services must be made accessible to speakers of both languages. This is part of the provisions in the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.
The issue of bilingualism also applies in the states of Arizona and Texas, while the constitution of Texas has no official language policy. Arizona passed a proposition in the November 7, 2006 general election declaring English as the official language. But historical bilingual representation existed in the Southwest states.
In 2000, the census bureau printed the standard census questionnaires in six languages: English, Spanish, Korean, Chinese (in traditional characters), Vietnamese, and Tagalog. The English-only movement seeks to establish English as the only official language of the entire nation.
On May 19, 2006, the United States Senate voted to make English the national language of the United States. According to the bill, written by Sen. James M. Inhofe (R-Okla.), the federal government will no longer provide multilingual communications and services, except for those already guaranteed by law. Shortly after the approval of the Inhofe amendment, the Senate voted for another bill by Sen. Ken Salazar (D-Colo.), according to which English is the "common unifying language of the United States", but mandated that nothing in that declaration "shall diminish or expand any existing rights" regarding multilingual services. The impact of these bills is not immediately clear.
American Indian languages.
The Native American languages predate European settlement of the New World. In a few parts of the U.S. (mostly on Indian reservations) they continue to be spoken fluently. Most of these languages are endangered, although there are efforts to revive them. Normally the fewer the speakers of a language the greater the degree of endangerment but there are many small Native American language communities in the Southwest (Arizona and New Mexico) which continue to thrive despite their small size.
"Few people realize that within the confines of the United States there is spoken today a far greater variety of languages... than in the whole of Europe. We may go further. We may say, quite literally and safely, that in the state of California alone there are greater and more numerous linguistic extremes than can be illustrated in all the length and breadth of Europe."
Navajo.
178,000 speakers. Navajo is one of the Athabascan languages of the Na-Dené family. Along with the closely related Apache, the Navajo are relative newcomers to the Southwest, arriving only a few centuries before the Spanish.
Dakota.
Dakota has 18,000 speakers (22,000 including speakers in Canada), not counting 6,000 speakers of the closely related Lakota. Dakota is a member of the Siouan language family
Central Alaskan Yup'ik.
Central Alaskan Yup'ik has 16,000 speakers. The Yup'ik are part of the Eskimo-Aleut language family, but are not Inuit.
Cherokee.
Cherokee, which has 16,000 speakers, belongs to the Iroquoian language family. The Cherokee have the largest tribal affiliation in the US, but most are of mixed ancestry and do not speak the language. Recent efforts to preserve and increase the Cherokee language in Oklahoma and the Cherokee Indian Reservation in North Carolina have been productive.
Western Apache.
Western Apache, with 12,500 speakers, is a Southern Athabaskan language closely related to Navajo, but not mutually intelligible with it.
Pima.
Pima has 12,000 speakers. One of the Uto-Aztecan languages, along with Hopi, Comanche, Huichol, and Aztec.
Choctaw.
Choctaw has 11,000 speakers. One of the Muskogean language family, like Seminole and Alabama.
Keres.
Keres has 11,000 speakers. A language isolate, the Keres are the largest of the Pueblo nations. The Keres pueblo of Acoma is the oldest continually inhabited community in the United States.
Zuni.
Zuni has 10,000 speakers. Zuni is a language isolate mostly spoken in a single pueblo, Zuni, the largest in the US.
Ojibwe.
Ojibwe has 7,000 speakers (about 55,000 including speakers in Canada). The Algonquian language family includes populous languages like Cree in Canada.
Other languages.
Many others languages have been spoken within the current borders of the United States. The following is a list of 28 language "families" (groups of demonstrably related languages) indigenous to the territory of the continental United States. With further study, some of these will probably turn out to be related to each other. For example, a relationship between Alsea, Coos, Siuslaw, and Wintu looks promising.
In addition to the above list of families, there are many languages in the United States that are sufficiently well-known to attempt to classify, but which have not been shown to be related to any other language in the world. These 25 language "isolates" are listed below. With further study, some of these will likely prove to be related to each other or to one of the established families. Yuki-Wappo, for example, looks promising, and Natchez is frequently classified with the Muskogean family. Others, such as Cayuse and Adai, are so poorly known that it will probably never be possible to classify them properly. There are also larger, and more contentious proposals, such as Penutian and Hokan.
Since the languages in the Americas have been spoken here for about 17,000-12,000 years, our current knowledge of American languages is limited. There are doubtless a number of languages that were spoken in the United States that are missing from historical record.
Native American sign languages.
A sign-language trade pidgin, known as Plains Indian Sign Language or Plains Standard, arose among the Plains Indians. Each signing nation had a separate signed version of their spoken language, that was used by the hearing, and these were not mutually intelligible. Plains Standard was used to communicate between these nations. It seems to have started in Texas, and then spread north, though the Great Plains, as far as British Columbia. There are still a few users today, especially among the Crow, Cheyenne, and Arapaho. Unlike other sign languages developed by hearing people, it shares the spatial grammar of deaf sign languages.
Hawaiian.
Hawaiian is an official state language of Hawaii as prescribed in the Constitution of Hawaii. Hawaiian has 1000 native speakers. Formerly considered critically endangered, Hawaiian is showing signs of language renaissance. The recent trend is based on new Hawaiian language immersion programs of the Hawaii State Department of Education and the University of Hawaii, as well as efforts by the Hawaii State Legislature and county governments to preserve Hawaiian place names. In 1993, about 8,000 could speak and understand it; today estimates range up to 27,000. Hawaiian is related to the Māori language spoken by around 150,000 New Zealanders and Cook Islanders, as well as the Tahitian language which is spoken by another 120,000 people of Tahiti.
Samoan.
Samoan is an official territorial language of American Samoa. Samoans make up 90% of the population, and most people are bilingual.
Chamorro.
Chamorro is co-official in the Mariana Islands, both in the territory of Guam and in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. In Guam, the Chamorro people make up about sixty percent of the population.
Carolinian.
Carolinian is also co-official in the Northern Marianas, where only 14% of people speak English at home.
The colonial languages.
In the 17th century, there were colonies in North America, whose languages were English (from Virginia and Nova Albion colonies), Dutch (from New Netherland), French (from New France), Spanish (from New Spain), Swedish (from New Sweden), Scottish Gaelic (from Nova Scotia and Carolina), Welsh (from Welsh Tract) and Russian (from Russian-American Company).
English.
English was inherited from British colonization and it is spoken by the vast majority of the population. It serves as the "de facto" official language: the language in which government business is carried out. According to the 1990 census, 97% of U.S. residents speak English "well" or "very well". Only 0.8% speak no English at all, as compared with 3.6% in 1890. American English is different from British English, in terms of spelling (a classic example being the dropped "u" in words such as color/colour), grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation and slang usage. The differences are not usually a barrier to effective communication between an American English and a British English speaker, but there are certainly enough differences to cause occasional misunderstandings, usually surrounding slang or region dialect differences.
Some states, like California, have amended their constitutions to make English the only official language, but in practice, this only means that official government documents must "at least" be in English, and "does not" mean that they should be exclusively available only in English. For example, the standard California Class C driver's license examination is available in 32 different languages.
French.
French is the second "de facto" official language in the state of Louisiana (where Cajun predominates). The largest French-speaking communities in the United States reside in Northeast Maine; Hollywood and Miami, Florida; New York City, certain areas of rural Louisiana and a small minorities in Vermont and New Hampshire. More than 13 million Americans possess primary French heritage, but only 1.6 million speak that language.
Welsh.
Up to two million Americans are thought to have Welsh ancestry, however, there is very little Welsh being used commonly in the USA. According to the 2000 U.S. Census, 2,649 people speak Welsh at home. Some place names, such as Bryn Mawr in Chicago and Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania (English: "Big Hill") are Welsh. Several towns in Pennsylvania, mostly in the Welsh Tract, have Welsh namesakes, including Uwchlan, Bala Cynwyd, and Tredyffrin.
Scottish Gaelic.
In the 17th and 18th centuries, tens of thousands of Scots from Scotland, and Scots-Irish from Northern Ireland arrived in the American colonies. Today, an estimated 15 million Americans are of Scottish ancestry. Although the use of Scottish Gaelic remains minuscule, some American linguists believe the Scottish presence has consistently created regional dialects in the Southern United States. The province of Nova Scotia, Canada was the main concentration of Scots Gaelic speakers in North America ("Nova Scotia" is Latin for "New Scotland").
Dutch.
In 1602, the government of the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands chartered the Dutch East India Company ("Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie", or VOC) with the mission of exploring for a passage to the Indies and claiming any unchartered territories for the Dutch republic.
In 1609, English explorer Henry Hudson attempted to find a northwest passage to the Indies, instead discovering areas of current United States and Canada, among others giving his name to the Hudson River and Hudson Bay and claiming the surrounding land for the VOC.
After some early trading expeditions, the first settlement was founded in 1615: Fort Nassau, on Castle Island, near present-day Albany. The settlement served mostly as a trade post for fur trade with the natives and was later replaced by Fort Oranje (or Fort Orange) at present-day Albany.
In 1621, a new company was established with a trading monopoly in the Americas and West Africa: the Dutch West India Company ("Westindische Compagnie" or WIC). The WIC sought recognition for the area in the New World - which had been called New Netherland - as a province, which was granted in 1623. Soon after, the first colonists, mostly from present-day Belgium and Germany, arrived in the new province.
In 1626, director general of the WIC Peter Minuit "purchased" the island of Manhattan from Indians and started the construction of fort New Amsterdam. In the same year, Fort Nassau was built in the New Jersey area. Other settlements were Fort Casimir (Newcastle) and Fort Beversrede (Philadelphia). In 1655, the main settlement of New Sweden, Fort Christina, was captured after the Swedes had briefly occupied Fort Casimir. Large numbers of the inhabitants of these settlements were not Dutch, but came from a variety of other European countries, including England.
In 1664, English troops under the command of the Duke of York (later James II of England) attacked the New Netherland colony. Being greatly outnumbered, director general Peter Stuyvesant surrendered New Amsterdam, with Fort Orange following soon. New Amsterdam was renamed New York, Fort Orange was renamed Fort Albany.
Martin Van Buren, the first President born in the United States following its independence, spoke Dutch as his native language, making him the only President whose first language was not English.
Dutch was still spoken in many parts of New York at the time of the Revolution. For example, Alexander Hamilton's wife Eliza Hamilton attended a Dutch-language church during their marriage.
In a 1990 demographic consensus, 3% of surveyed citizens claimed descent from Dutch settlers. Modern estimates place the Dutch-American population at 5 million, lagging just a bit behind Scottish-Americans and Swedish-Americans.
Notable Dutch-Americans include the Roosevelts (Theodore Roosevelt, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, and Eleanor Roosevelt) Marlon Brando, Thomas Alva Edison, Martin Van Buren and the Vanderbilts. It's been widely claimed the Roosevelts are direct descendants of Dutch settlers of the New Netherlands colony, now New York state in the 17th century.
Only 20,000 people in the United States still speak the Dutch language today, concentrated mainly in Michigan, Tennessee, Miami, Houston, and Chicago. The Dutch language is studied as a novelty in mostly Dutch communities of Pella, Iowa, and San Joaquin County, California has a renowned Dutch and Frisian settlement history since the 1840s.
A vernacular dialect of Dutch, known as Jersey Dutch was spoken by a significant number of people in the New Jersey area between the start of the 17th century to the mid-20th century. With the beginning of the 20th century, usage of the language became restricted to internal family circles, with an ever-growing insurgence of people abandoning the language in favor of English. It suffered gradual decline throughout the 20th century, and it ultimately dissipated from casual usage.
German.
German was a widely spoken tongue in some of the colonies, especially Pennsylvania, where a number of German-speaking religious minorities settled to escape persecution in Europe. Dutch, Swedish and Scottish Gaelic all became less common than German after the American Revolution. Another wave of settlement occurred when Germans fleeing the failure of 19th Century German revolutions emigrated to the United States. Large numbers of Germans settled throughout the U.S. especially in the cities. Neighborhoods in many cities were German-speaking. German farmers took up farming around the country, including the Texas Hill Country, at this time. German was widely spoken until the United States entered World War I. Numerous local German language newspaper and periodicals existed.
In the early twentieth century, German was the most widely studied foreign language in the United States, and prior to World War I, more than 6% of American school-children received their primary education exclusively in German, though some of these Germans came from areas outside of Germany proper. Currently, more than 47 million Americans claim German ancestry, the largest self-described ethnic group in the U.S., and 10% of them speak or could speak the language. The Amish speak a dialect of German known as Pennsylvania Dutch. In addition to Pennsylvania, German was widely spoken in the Midwest until the late 1950s. One reason for this decline of German language was the perception during both World Wars that speaking the language of the enemy was unpatriotic; foreign language instruction was banned in places during the First World War. Another was the demise of traditional agriculture. The last wave of German immigration followed the World War II, as post-war Germany suffered economic problems, and ethnic Germans were uprooted from their homes in Eastern Europe. Unlike earlier waves, they were more concentrated in cities, and integrated quickly. Since the Wirtschaftswunder, German immigration to the U.S. has all but ended. Most German Americans are completely integrated into the mainstream American society and the language is being taught less and less in schools because of diminishing demand. However, in recent years, immigration of highly skilled Germans to the US has picked up to some degree.
"See also: Hutterite German, Texas German, Pennsylvania Dutchified English, Plautdietsch.
There is a myth (known as 'the Muhlenberg Vote') that German was to be the official language of the U.S., but this is inaccurate and based on a failed early attempt to have government documents translated into German. The myth also extends to German being the second official language of Pennsylvania; however, Pennsylvania does not have a official language.
Swedish.
New Sweden, or Nya Sverige, was a Swedish colony in North America corresponding roughly to the networked region of urban sprawl around Philadelphia, containing such settlements as New Stockholm (now Bridgeport) and Swedesboro in New Jersey, as well as others in Delaware, Pennsylvania and Maryland. The colony existed from March 1638 to September 1655.
The first Swedish expedition to North America was launched from the port of Gothenburg in late 1637. Samuel Blommaert assisted with the fitting-out and appointed Peter Minuit to lead the expedition. Minuit was formerly the governor of the Dutch colony of New Netherlands. The members of the expedition, traveling aboard the ships Fogel Grip and Kalmar Nyckel, arrived in Delaware Bay, a location within the territory claimed by the Dutch, in late March 1638. They built a fort on the present-day location of the city of Wilmington, which they named Fort Christina, after Queen Christina of Sweden. In the following years, approximately one thousand people from the Swedish mainland and Finland settled in the colonized establishments and townships.
Widespread diaspora of Swedish immigration did not occur until the latter half of the 19th century, bringing in a total of a million Swedes. No other country had a higher percentage of its people leave for the United States except Ireland. At the beginning of the 20th century, Minnesota had the highest ethnic Swedish population in the world after the city of Stockholm.
3.7% of US residents claim descent from Scandinavian ancestors, amounting to roughly 11-12 million people. According to SIL's Ethnologue, over half a million ethnic Swedes still speak the language. Cultural assimilation has contributed to the gradual and steady decline of the language in the US. After the independence of the US from Great Britain, the government encouraged colonists to adopt the English language as a common medium of communication, and in some cases, imposed it upon them. Subsequent generations of Swedish-Americans received education in English and spoke it as their first language. Lutheran churches scattered across the Midwest started abandoning Swedish in favor of English as their language of worship. Swedish newspapers and publications alike slowly faded away.
Predicted figures of citizens with direct Swedish ancestry usually remain between 5.5 million to 6 million, or 3% of the US population.
There are sizeable Swedish communities in Minnesota, Ohio, Maryland, Philadelphia and Delaware, along with small isolated pockets in Pennsylvania, San Francisco, Fort Lauderdale, and New York. Chicago contains a large Swedish enclave called Andersonville on the city's north side.
John Morton, the person who cast the decisive vote leading to the American Declaration of Independence, was a Swedish-speaking Finn.
Spanish.
The Spanish language is the second-most common language in the country, spoken by about 28.1 million people (or 10.7% of the population) in 2000. In Puerto Rico, both Spanish and English have the status of official language, and in New Mexico both languages enjoy widespread usage. The United States holds the world's fifth largest Spanish-speaking population, outnumbered only by Mexico, Spain, Argentina, and Colombia. The Commonwealth of Puerto Rico is predominantly Spanish-speaking. New Spain was steadily eroded in territory by Mestizo and American forces, from the Mexican-American War to the Spanish-American War. Although many new Latin American immigrants are less than fluent in English, second-generation Hispanic Americans nearly all speak English fluently, while only about half still speak Spanish. For a detailed history, see Spanish in the United States.
Spanglish is a Dialectical variation of Spanish and English and is spoken in areas with large bilingual populations of Spanish and English speakers, such as along the U.S. - Mexico border (California, Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas), Florida, and New York City.
Russian.
The Russian language is frequently spoken in areas of Alaska, Los Angeles, Seattle, Miami, San Francisco, New York City, and Chicago. The Russian-American Company used to own Alaska Territory, until selling it after the Crimean War. Russian had always been limited, especially after the assassination of the Romanov dynasty of tsars. The largest Russian-speaking neighborhoods in the United States are found in Queens and Brooklyn, in New York City (specifically the Brighton Beach area of Brooklyn) and in Sunny Isles Beach, Florida.
Finnish.
Shortly after the Civil War, many Finnish citizens immigrated to the United States, mainly in rural areas of the Midwest (and more specifically in Michigan's Upper Peninsula). Hancock, Michigan, as of 2005, still incorporates bi-lingual street signs written in both English and Finnish. Americans of Finnish origin yield at 800,000 individuals, though actual speakers range between 20,000 and 50,000.
Notable Finnish-Americans include Gus Hall, U.S. Communist Party leader, Renny Harlin, film director, and the Canadian-born actress, Pamela Anderson. Another Finnish community in the United States is found in Lake Worth, Florida, north of Miami.
Tagalog.
Tagalog speakers were already present in the United States as early as the late sixteenth century as sailors contracted by the Spanish colonial government. In the eighteenth century, they were able to establish a settlements in Louisiana such as Saint Malo after they mutinied from the Spanish ships.
After the American annexation of the Philippines, the number of Tagalog speakers steadiliy increased since Filipinos began to migrate as students or contract laborers. However, their number decreased after many Filipinos were repatriated due to Philippine independence.
Today, Tagalog, together with its standardised form Filipino, is spoken by over a million Filipino-Americans, and is promoted by Filipino American civic organizations and Philippine consulates.
Taglish, a form of code-switching between Tagalog and English, is also spoken by a number of Filipino Americans.
Immigrant languages.
The United States has long been the destination of many immigrants. From the mid-19th century on, the nation had large numbers of residents who spoke little or no English, and throughout the country state laws, constitutions, and legislative proceedings appeared in the languages of politically important immigrant groups. There have been bilingual schools and local newspapers in such languages as German, Irish, Italian, Norwegian, Greek, Polish, Swedish, Romanian, Czech, Japanese, Yiddish, Hebrew, Lithuanian, Welsh, Cantonese, Bulgarian, etc., despite opposing English-only laws that, for example, illegalized church services, telephone conversations, and even conversations in the street or on railway platforms in any language other than English, until the first of these laws was ruled unconstitutional in 1923 ("Meyer v. Nebraska"). Currently, Asian languages account for the majority of languages spoken in immigrant communities: Korean, various Chinese languages, Arabic, Hindi, Vietnamese, and Tagalog. Typically, immigrant languages tend to be lost through assimilation within a few generations, though there are a couple groups such as the Cajuns (French), Pennsylvania Dutch (German), and the original settlers of the Southwest (Spanish) who have maintained their languages for centuries.
New American languages, dialects, and creoles.
Several languages have been born on American soil, including creoles and sign languages.
Gullah.
Gullah, an English-African creole language is spoken on the Sea Islands of South Carolina and Georgia. It retains strong influences of West African languages, and is distinct enough to be considered a separate language from English.
African-American Vernacular.
African-American Vernacular English (AAVE), also known as Ebonics, is a variety of English spoken by many African-Americans, in both rural and urban areas. Not all African-Americans speak AAVE, of course, and many Anglo-Americans do. Indeed, it is generally accepted that Southern American English is part of the same continuum as AAVE.
There is considerable debate among non-linguists as to whether the word "dialect" is appropriate to describe it. However, there is general agreement among linguists and many African Americans that AAVE is part of a historical continuum between creoles such as Gullah and the language brought by English colonists.
Some educators view AAVE as exerting a negative influence on the learning of Proper and Standard English, as numerous AAVE rules differ from the rules of Standard English. Other educators, however, propose that Standard English should be taught as a "second dialect" in areas where AAVE is a strong part of local tradition.
Hawaiian Creole.
Hawaiian Pidgin, more accurately known as Hawaiian Creoles, is commonly used by locals and is considered an unofficial language of the state. This not to be confused with Hawaiian English which is standard American English with Hawaiian words.
Martha's Vineyard Sign Language.
Martha's Vineyard Sign Language is now extinct. Along with French Sign Language, it was one of two main contributors to American Sign Language.
American Sign Language.
American Sign Language (ASL) is the native language of between 500,000 and 2 million Deaf people in United States. Unlike Signed English, ASL is a natural language in its own right, not a manual representation of English.
Signs are indicated by three things 1) hand shape 2) location and 3) motion. For example, a hand shape is having the index finger extended. Location is where the finger is on the signer's body, for example, an index finger touching the temple means "thinking." Motion is what the hand is doing, for example, an index finger pointed out and making a circle means "only." An index finger touching the throat and making a downward motion means "thirsty."
Sign language grammar does not usually use articles such as "an" or "the." It is a visual grammar so that a signer can indicate how high a person or thing jumped, or how fast or slow someone moved by the height or speed of the sign. An example of a sign language sentence, and the title of a book is, "Train, Go, Sorry." It is the equivalent of "you missed the boat." The English sentence "the quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog" would be signed "lazy dog, fox, brown, quick jumped." The signer would place the dog in a spot, describe it. Then make the sign for fox and show the fox jumping over the dog.
Black American Sign Language.
Black American Sign Language developed in segregated schools in the south. Much like AAVE and standard English, it differs in vocabulary and grammatical structure from ASL.
Hawaii Pidgin Sign Language.
Hawaii Pidgin Sign Language (named after Hawaiian Pidgin English, but not itself a pidgin) is moribund.
Esperanto.
Esperanto is a constructed 'international' language, developed by L. L. Zamenhof, a Jewish-Polish occulist in Warsaw, the capital of the Russian part of partitioned Poland, and released in 1887. A nationwide organization called the Esperanto League for North America, headquartered in Emeryville, California oversees the Esperanto movement in the U.S., publishing literature, issuing a periodical, and organizing its annual conference. Smaller local groups organize meetings and annual banquets, and also host Esperanto-speaking foreign visitors.

Household income in the United States
The Household income in the United States is a measure of current private income commonly used by the United States government and private institutions. To measure the income of a household, the pre-tax money receipts of all residents over the age of 15 are combined. Most of these receipts are in the form of wages and salaries (before withholding and other taxes), but many other forms of income, such as unemployment insurance, disability, child support, etc., are included as well. The residents of the household do not have to be related to the householder for their earnings to be considered part of the household's income. While the use of household income remains among the most widely accepted as households tend to share a common economic fate, the size of a household which is commonly not considered may off-set gains in household income.
In 2005, the median annual household income according to the US Census Bureau was determined to be $46,326, similar to that of Canada which was roughly $41,510 (USD) in the year 2000. The median income per household member (including all working and non-working members above the age of 14) in the year 2003 was $23,535. In the year 2005, there were approximately 113,146,000 households in the United States. 17.23% of all households had annual incomes exceeding $100,000, while another 12.7% fell below the federal poverty threshold while the bottom 20% earned less than $19,178. While the aggregate income distribution tends to tilt towards the top with the top 6.37% earning roughly one third of all income, those with upper-middle incomes also controlled a large, though declining, share of the total earned income. Households in the top quintile, 77% of which had two income earners, had incomes exceeding $91,705. Households in the mid quintile, with a mean of one income earner per household had incomes between $36,000 and 57,657.
The 2005 economic survey also found that households in the top two income quintiles, those with an annual household income exceeding $55,331, had a median of two income earners while those in the lower quintiles (2nd and middle quintile) had median of only one income earner per household. Due to high unemployment among those in the lowest quintile the median number of income earners for this particular group was determined to be zero. Overall the United States followed the trend of other developed nations with a relatively large population of relatively affluent households outnumbering the poor. Among those in-between the relative extremes of the income strata a large and quite powerful section of households with moderately high middle class incomes and an even larger number of households with moderately low incomes. While the median household income has increased 44% since 1990 it has decreased very slightly when considering inflation. In 1990, the median household income was determined to be $30,056; $44,603 in 2003 dollars. While personal income has remained relatively stagnant since over the past few decades, household income has risen due to the rising percentage of households with two or more income earners. Between 1999 and 2004 household income stagnated showing a slight increase since 2004.
Quintiles, household type, and home ownership.
Households are often divided into quintiles according to their gross income. Each quintile represents 20%, or one fifth, of the population.
Household type is strongly correlated with household income. Married couples are disproportionately represented in the upper two quintiles, compared to the general population of households. Cross-referencing shows that this is likely due to the presence of multiple income earners in these families. Non-family households (individuals) are disproportionately represented in the lower two quintiles. Households headed by single males are disproportionately found in the middle three quintles; single females head households concentrated in the bottom three quintiles.
The highest income households are almost ten times as likely to own their homes rather than rent, but in the lowest quintile, the ratio of owners to renters is nearly one to one.
The New York Times has used the quintiles to define class. It has assigned the quintiles from lowest to highest as lower class, lower middle class, middle class, upper middle class, and upper class.
Race.
Despite great advances made to lift minorities out of poverty and many African Americans and Latino Americans joining the middle class, there is still an uneven racial distribution among the income quintiles. While White American who were not of Hispanic descent made up roughly 75.1% of all persons in 2000, 87.93% of all households in the top 5% were headed by a person who identified as being White alone. Only 4.75% of all household in the top 5% were headed by someone who identified him or herself as being Hispanic or Latino of any race, versus 12.5% of persons identifying themselves as Hispanic or Latino in the general population. Overall 86.01% of all households in the top two quintiles with upper-middle range incomes of over $55,331 were headed by a head of household who identified him or herself as White alone, while only 7.21% were being headed by someone who identified as being Hispanic and 7.37% by someone who idenitified as being African American or Black. Overall households headed by Hispanics and African Americans or Blacks were underrepresented in the top two quintiles and overrepresented in the bottom two quintiles. Households headed by persons who identified as being Asian alone, on the other hand, were overrepresented among the top two quintiles. In the top five percent the percentage of Asians was nearly twice as high as the percentage of Asians among the general population. European-Americans were relatively even distributed throughout the quintiles only being underrepresented in the lowest quintile and slightly overrepresented in the top quintile and the top five percent.
Education and Gender.
Household income as well as per capita income in the United States rise significantly as the educational attainment increases. In 2005 graduates with a Master's in Business Administration (MBA) who accepted job offers are expected to earn a base salary of $88,626. They are also expected to receive "…[a]n average signing bonus of $17,428." According to the US Census Bureau persons with doctorates in the United States had an average income of roughly $81,400. The average for an advanced degree was $72,824 with men averaging $90,761 and women averaging $50,756 annually. Year-round full-time workers with a Professional degree had an average income of $109,600 while those with a Master's degree had an average income of $62,300. Overall "…[a]verage earnings ranged from $18,900 for high school dropouts to $25,900 for high school graduates, $45,400 for college graduates and $99,300 for workers with professional degrees (M.D., D.O., J.D., D.D.S., or D.V.M.).
Considering how education significantly enhances the earnings potential of individuals, it should come as no surprise that individuals with graduate degrees have an average per capita income exceeding the median household income of married couple families among the general population ($63,813). Higher educational attainment did not, however, help close the income gap between the genders as the life-time earnings for a male with a professionals degree were roughly forty percent (39.59%) higher than those of a female with a professionals degree. The life-time earnings gap between males and females was the smallest for those individuals holding an Associate degrees with male life-time earnings being 27.77% higher than those of females. While educational attainment did not help reduce the income inequality between men and women, it did increase the earnings potential of individuals of both sexes, greatly enabling many households with (a) graduate degree householder(s) to enter the top household income quintile.
Household income also increased significantly with the educational attainment of the householder. The US Census Bureau publishes educational attainment and income data for all households with a householder who was aged twenty-five or older. The biggest income difference was between those with some college education and those who had a Bachelor's degree, with the latter making $23,874 more. Income also increased substantially with increased post-secondary education. While the median household income for a household with a household holding an Associates degree was $51,970, the median household income for those with a Bachelor's degree or higher was $73,446. Those with doctorates had the second highest median household with a median of $96,830; $18,289 more higher than that for those at the Master's degree level, but $3,170 lower than the median for households with a professionals degree holding householder.
The change in median personal and household since 1991 also varied greatly with educational attainment. While, both the overall median personal and household icome increased since 1991, this increase did not take place on all levels of educational attainment. The overall income increased over the course of the 1990s, reaching its high in 1999, but decreasing has been ever since. In 1991 the median household income in the US was $40,873 in 2003 dollars, while the median household income in 2003 was $45,016. In 1999, however, the median household income was $46,236, 2.7% higher than today. While this trend held true for all levels of educational attainment the extend of chorinical falcutations in income were greatly influenced by educational attainment. Overall the median household and personal income decreased for those with more than a 9th grade education but less than a four-year college degree since 1991. In other words, the median household income decreased for households and individuals at the high school drop-outs and graduate, some-college, and an Associates degree level. Income did, however, increase for those with a Bachelor's degree or more. The following table shows the median household income according to the educational attainment of the householder. All data is in 2003 dollars and only applies to householders whose householder is aged twenty-five or older. The highest and lowest points of the median household income are presented in bold face.
Age of householder.
Household income in the United States varies substantially with the age of the person who heads the household. Overall the median household income increased with the age of householder until retirement age when household income started to decline. The highest median household income was found among households headed by working baby-boomers. Households headed by persons between the ages of 45 and 54 had a median household income of $61,111 and a mean household income of $77,634. The median income per member of household for this particular group was $27,924. The highest median income per member of household was among those between the ages of 54 and 64 with $30,544. The group with the second highest median household income, were households headed by persons between the ages 35 and 44 with a median income of $56,785, followed by those in the age group between 55 and 64 with $50,400. Not surprisingly the lowest income group was mainly comprised of those households headed by individuals younger than 24, followed by those headed by persons over the age of 75. Overall households headed by persons above the age of seventy-five had a median household income of $20,467 with the median household income per member of household being $18,645. These figures support the general assumption that median household income as well as the median income per member of household peaked among those households headed by middle aged persons, increasing with the age of the householder and the size of the household until the householder reaches the age of 64. With retirement income replacing salaries and the size of the household declining, the median household income decreases as well.
Household income over time.
"Please note that all figures are presented in 2003 dollars."
Since 1967, the median household income in the United States has risen modestly, fluctuating several times. Even though personal income has risen substantially and 42% of all household now have two income earners, the median household income has increased only slightly. According to the US Census Bureau, this paradoxial set of trends is due to the changing structure of American households. For example, while the proportion of wives working year-round in married couple households with children has increased from 17% in 1967 to 39% in 1996, the proportion of such households among the general population has decreased. Thus, while married couple households with children are the most economically prosperous type of household in the United States, their share of the population has been dwindeling in the United States. In 1969, more than 40% of all households consisted of a married couple with children. By 1996 only a rough quater of US households consisted of married couples with children. As a result of these changing household demographics, median household income rose only slighly despite an ever increasing female labor force and a considerable increase in the percentage of college graduates.
Overall, the median household income rose from $33,338 in 1967 to an all-time high of $44,922 in 1999, and has since decreased slightly to $43,318. Decreases in household income are visible during each recession, while increases are visible during economic upturns. These fluctuations were felt across the income strata as the incomes of both, the 95th and 20th percentile were affected by flactuations in the economy. Yet, it is important to note that income in the period between 1967 and 1999 grew faster among wealthier households than it did among poorer households. For example the household income for the 80th precentile, the lower threshold for the top quintile, rose from $55,265 in 1967 to $86,867 in 2003, a 57.2% increase. The median household income rose by 30% while the income for the 20th percentile (the lower threshold for the second lowest quitile) rose by only 28% from $14,002 to $17,984. One should note that ht majority of households in the top quintile had two income earners, versus zero for the lowest quintile and that the widening gap between the top and lowest quintile may largely be the reflection of changing household demographics including the addition of women to the workforce.
While per-capita, disposable income has increased 469% since 1972 it has only increased moderately when considering inflation. In 1972, disposable personal income was determined to be $4,129; $19,385 in 2005 dollars. In 2005, disposable personal income was, however, $27,640, showing a moderate 43% increase. Since 1990, household income has fallen slightly, but this does not take into account the decrease in average household size.
SOURCE: US Census Bureau, 2004 "(Page 44/45)"
Income by state.
The median household income by state ranged from $32,589 or 26.7% below national median, in West Virginia to $57,352 or 29% above national median, in New Hampshire. Connecticut, which is often referred to as the nation's wealthiest state, came in at number four with a median household income of $55,970. California which had the highest median home price in the nation. where home prices have far outpaced incomes only ranked number thirteen with a median household income of $49,894. While California's median income was not near enough to afford the average California home or even a starter home, West Virginia, which had the nation's lowest median household income also had the nation's lowest median home price. The northeastern states, more specifically those located in New England, as well as the western states had the highest median household income. Of the top fifteen states, all were located in the Northeast and West, with the sole exception of Minnesota which ranked fifth. The southern states had the by far lowest median household income with nine out of the country's fifteen poorest states being located in the South. It should be noted, however, that New York, Pennsylvania and the District of Columbia also fell below the national median. Overall, median household income tended to be the highest in nation's most urbanized northeastern, north mid-western and western States, while rural and mostly southern states had the lowest median household income.
Median income.
The median income divides households in the US evenly in the middle with half of all household earning more than the median income and half of all households earning less than the median household income. In 2004 the median household income in the United States was $43,389. According to the US Census Bureau, the median is "considerably lower than the average, and provides a more accurate representation." Considering other racial and geographical inequities in regards to household income, it should come as no surprise that the median household income varies with race, size of household and geography. The state with the highest median household income in the United States was New Hampshire with $57,352, followed by New Jersey, Maryland and Connecticut, making the Northeastern United States the wealthiest area by income in the entire country. In terms of region the median household income was as follows: "Northeast ($47,994), West ($47,680) and South ($40,773)." Median household income in the Mid-West declined by 2.8% to $44,657. The exception was the Midwest, where income declined 2.8 percent, to $44,657. While median household income has tendency to increase up to four persons per household, it declines thereon after. This indicated that while four person households have larger incomes than those with one, two or three members, household with seem to earn progressively less as their size increases beyond four persons. According to the US Census Bureau 2004 Community Survey, two-person households had a median income of $39,755, with $48,957 for three-person households, $54,338 for four-person households, $50,905 for five-person households, $45,435 for six-person households, with seven-or-more-person households having the second lowest median income of only $42,471.. In terms of race, Asian-Americans households had the highest median household income of $57,518, European-American households ranked second with $48,977, Hispanic or Latino households ranked third with $34,241. African American or Black households had the lowest median household income of all races with $30,134.
Mean income.
Another common measurement of personal income is the mean household income. Unlike the median household income which divides all households in two halves, the mean income is the average income earned by American households. In the case of mean income, the income of all households is divided by the number of all households. The mean income is usually more affected by the relatively unequal distribution of income which tilts towards the top. As a result the mean tends to be higher as the median income with the top earning households boosting it. Overall the mean household income in the United States according to the US Census Bureau 2004 Economic Survey was $60,528, or $17,210 (39.73%) higher than the median household income.
The mean household income for households headed by persons identifying as White alone was $65,317, $40,685 for those headed by persons identifying as African American or Black, $45,871 for those headed by persons identifying as Hispanic or Latino, and $76,747 for those households headed by persons identifying as Asian alone. Approximately one third, or 36.5%, of all households earned more than the mean income, while 63.5% earned less than the mean.

Toxicology
Toxicology is the study of the negative effects of chemicals on living things. The main factor in the "toxicity" of a substance is the dose (how much of the chemical has been given), as almost all substances can be toxic under the right conditions.
Many chemicals that we call poisons are only toxic when made into different chemicals by the body. Many chemicals are made toxic in the liver by enzymes, for example paracetamol, which is a common drug. There is also some variation in liver enzymes (caused by genetic variation) in different people that can cause a substance to be more toxic in one person than it is in another. Some substances are also only toxic when they are with other chemicals, as one liver enzyme can cause activity in another enzyme.

Monte Carlo
Monte Carlo is the capital city of Monaco, and the largest city there. Its area is 5 square km, and around four hundred people live there.
Monte Carlo is also the centre of gambling, politics, fireworks and culture. Monte Carlo has a lot of casinos, hotels and historical buildings.
Monte Carlo is one of Europe's leading tourist resorts. Within the casino complex is the Grand Théâtre de Monte Carlo, an opera and ballet house, and the headquarters of the Ballets de Monte Carlo.

Trickery
Trickery is the act of misdirection (leading into the wrong way of thinking) or an illusion (seeing things that are not true).
For example, magic tricks are when someone makes the person seeing it think that the magic they are doing is true, but it actually isn't. But magic tricks can also be good, since children can enjoy the magic more.
A trick can also mean to lie or misdirect (lead to wrong way of thinking) a person so that someone who is "tricking" the person can enjoy winning the game they are playing for example gambling.
Animal Tricks.
A useful action taught to an animal, for example from "shaking hands" to handing back tools or dropped objects so that people seeing the action can enjoy the trick.
In the Norse mythology.
Loki is the God of trickery and cunning in the Norse Mythology.

Slideshow
Slideshow means a show of slides. It is a display of several slides for information or for artistic purposes.
Slideshows are conducted by a presenter using an apparatus, such as a slide projector, an overhead projector or in more recent years, a computer running presentation software. The word comes from the use of slides which have been around for many years. Slides originally were projected on movie theater screens by magic lanterns as part of early movie house shows.
The word slideshow does not appear in the "Webster’s New Twentieth Century Unabridged Dictionary" (1973 edition), but is accepted as correct spelling in Microsoft Word in both "Office 2000" and "Office XP" editions.

Slide
In photography, a slide is a a thin translucent photograph bound in paper, plastic or similar frame and often used for projection with use of a slide projector for a slideshow. The terms reversal film and transparency are also used.
One can distinguish it from negative and print.

Slide (disambiguation)
Slide could be related to any of these.

Slide projector
A slide projector is an instrument to view photographic slides.
A flat piece of heat absorbing glass is often placed between the condensing lens and the slide, to avoid damaging the slide. This glass absorbs infrared. Light passes through the transparent slide and lens, and the resulting image is enlarged and projected onto a screen. So the audience can view its reflection.
The image may be projected onto a translucent "rear projection" screen. That is used for continuous automatic display for close viewing. This form of projection also avoids that people who look at the show interrupt the light stream or bump into the projector.
Slide projectors were common in the 1950s and 1960s as a form of entertainment; family members and friends would gather to view slideshows.
In-home photographic slides and slide projectors have largely been replaced by low cost paper prints, digital cameras, DVD media, video display monitors and digital projectors.
As of October 2004, "Kodak" no longer manufactures slide projectors. It is also increasingly difficult in some countries to locate photo processors who will process slide film.

Video projector
A video projector takes a video signal and projects the corresponding image on a screen using a lens system. All video projectors use a very bright light to project the image, and most modern ones can correct any curves, blurriness, and other inconsistencies through manual settings. Video projectors are widely used for conference room presentations, classroom training, and home theatre applications.
A video projector may also be built into a cabinet with a rear-projection screen to form a single unified display device, now popular for “home theater” applications.
Common display resolutions for a portable projector include SVGA (800×600 pixels), XGA (1024×768 pixels), and 720p (1280×720 pixels).
The cost of a device is not only determined by its resolution, but also by its light output, acoustic noise output, contrast, and other characteristics.

Peanut
A peanut is a type of nut. It is a legume in the family Fabaceae. This family is native to South America. It is an annual plant which grows between 30cm and 50cm high.
While it is called "nut" by many, the fruit of this plant is not really a nut, but a legume.
Peanuts have been cultivated in South America for a very long time. Today most peanuts are eaten roasted and salted. Peanut butter peanut brittle and candy bars are also often eaten.
The U.S. introduced the peanut to the tropical South America, and India, China, West Africa, and itself to become the largest commercial producers of peanuts. The peanut was grown mainly for its edible oil, except in the U.S., where it was produced for grinding into peanut butter, for roasted, salted nuts; and for use in candy and bakery products. A small percentage of the U.S. crop is crushed for oil. In the southern U.S. the peanut is used extensively as feed for livestock.

Trans-Asian Railway
The Trans-Asian Railway (TAR) is a project to build a freight railway across Europe and Asia. The TAR is a project of the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP).
The project was started in the 1960s. The idea then was to have 8750 miles (14,000km) of rail link between Singapore and Istanbul, Turkey. Further connections to Europe and Africa were also considered. At that time, there was not as much shipping and air travel as today, and the project promised to make shipping times faster and lower costs between Europe and Asia. Progress in developing the TAR was slowed by political and economic problems during the 1960s, 1970s and early 1980s. By the 1990s, the end of the Cold war, and normal relations between some countries, made it seem more possible to create a rail network across the Asian continent.
The TAR was seen as a way to handle the huge increases in international trade between Eurasian nations. It was also supposed to make more movement of goods between countries easier. It was seen as a way to improve the economies of landlocked countries like Laos, Afghanistan, Mongolia, and the Central Asian republics, and make them easier to reach.
Much of the railway network already exists, but ther are still some major gaps. A big challenge is the differences in rail gauge across Eurasia. There are four different major rail gauges (to measure the distance between rails) across the continent: most of Europe, as well as Turkey, Iran, China, and the Koreas use the 1435 mm gauge, known as Standard gauge; Finland, Russia, and the former Soviet republics use a 1520 mm gauge; most of the railways in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka use a 1676 mm gauge, and most of Southeast Asia has metre-gauge. For the most part, the TAR would not change national gauges; large machines would be built to move shipping containers from train to train at the breaks of gauge.

Wall Street Crash of 1929
The Wall Street Crash of 1929 was a stock market crash on the New York Stock Exchange on October 29, 1929. It was a Tuesday so now it goes by the name "Black Tuesday". The crash started the Great Depression and stock prices did not reach the same level until late 1954.

Greater London
Greater London is an administrative district. It covers London, England. About 7.5 million people live there.
It is also one of the regions of England used by the Government for various purposes, including administration, statistics and

Chemical Weapons Convention
The Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) is an arms control agreement which outlaws the production, stockpiling and use of chemical weapons. Its full name is the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction.
The current agreement is administered by the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), which is an independent organization and often mistaken as being a department within the United Nations.

Levi Strauss
Levi Strauss (February 26, 1829–September 26, 1902) was a German-born American maker of clothing.
Born as "Löb Strauss" into a Jewish family in Buttenheim in Franconia, Bavaria, now a part of Germany. In 1847, Strauss, his mother and two sisters moved to New York City to join his brothers Jonas and Louis Löb in their dry goods business. By 1850 he had adopted the name "Levi Strauss".
In 1853, Strauss moved to bustling San Francisco, California, where the California Gold Rush was still in high gear. Levi expected that the mining camps would welcome his buttons, scissors, thread and bolts of fabric; additionally, he had yards of canvas sailcloth intended for tent-making and as covers for the Conestoga wagons that dotted the landscape next to every stream and river in the area.
It was on that Levi and his brother-in-law David Stern opened a dry goods wholesale business called Levi Strauss & Co. Levi was often found leading a pack-horse, heavily laden with merchandise, directly into the mining camps found throughout the region. The story goes that both prospectors and miners, often complaining about the easily torn cotton "britches" and pockets that "split right out" gave Levi the idea to make a rugged overall trouser for the miners to wear. These were fashioned from bolts of brown canvas sailcloth, with gold ore storage pockets that were nearly impossible to split. Levi exhausted his original supply of canvas as the demand grew for his hard-wearing overalls, and so he switched to a sturdy fabric called serge, made in Nimes, France. Originally called serge de Nimes, the name was soon shortened to denim.
In 1872, Levi received a letter from Jacob Davis, a Reno, Nevada tailor. Davis was one of Levi Strauss' regular customers, who purchased bolts of cloth from the company to use for his own business. In this letter, Davis told Levi about the interesting way in which he made pants for his customers: he placed metal rivets at the points of strain—pocket corners and on the base of the fly. As he did not have the money to patent his process he suggested that Levi pay for the paperwork and that they take out the patent together.
On May 20, 1873, Strauss and Jacob Davis received United States patent for using copper rivets to strengthen the pockets of denim work pants. Levi Strauss & Co. began manufacturing the first of the famous Levi's brand of jeans in San Francisco, using fabric from the Amoskeag Manufacturing Company in Manchester, New Hampshire.
Levi Strauss died on September 26, 1902, at the age of 73. He left his thriving manufacturing and dry goods business to his four nephews—Jacob, Louis, Abraham and Sigmund Stern—who helped rebuild the company after the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire. The following year, Jacob Davis sold back his share of the company.
Peter Haas and his family are the primary heirs to the Levi Strauss fortune.

Princess Peach
Princess Peach Toadstool (sometimes called Peach) is a character in the Mario game series. In most of the games she appears in, she is kidnapped by the reptile monster King Bowser. She is the Princess of the Mushroom Kingdom.
Appearance.
Princess Peach's appearance has changed over the years. In her first apperance, "Super Mario Bros." (1985), she had red hair and wore pajamas. She had brown hair in "Super Mario Bros. 2" (1986). In "Super Mario World" (1991), she finally appeared in her modern appearance, with blonde hair. In the "Mario" sport series games, she often wears different dresses because she cannot play well in her regular, long, pink dress
Her name has been changed. In Japan, she was always known as Peach. When they released "Super Mario Bros." elsewhere, they renamed her Princess Toadstool. In "Super Mario 64", they finally gave her name as Peach.
Peach appears most often as the damsel-in-distress – always being kidnapped by Bowser. Mario must always rescue her. In "Super Princess Peach" (2006), the tables are turned and Bowser kidnaps Mario instead. Peach must then rescue Mario.
Peach has been voiced by two different actresses. The first was Leslie Swan. The second was Jen Taylor.

Princess Daisy
Princess Daisy is a character from the Super Mario video games series. Princess Daisy is the second major female of the Mario series next to Princess Peach.
Appearances.
In her first appearance, Daisy had pale skin, long orange hair, and a white pattern on her dress. Her appearance in NES Open Tournament Golf is more or less the same, aside from her hair now being more of an auburn color. In later games, such as Mario Tennis and Mario Party 3, her appearance was refined, giving her a rounder face, a slightly darker skintone, and a daisy-motif for her accessories, with flower jewels appearing on her crown, earrings, and brooch. The daisy-motif has stuck ever since, though it should be noted that the daisy-motif was readily apparent in her concept art for Super Mario Land.
In Mario Party 4, Daisy's character design was altered yet again, giving her shorter hair, a new dress design, and once again a paler skin tone. Nowadays, Daisy no longer has a pale skin complexion, instead it is now more of a pink tone. Daisy and Peach also have consistently different gloves; while Peach's gloves end at around mid-triceps, Daisy's gloves end at the wrists. Daisy looks equal in height to Peach, though she may appear shorter in some games. In her early game depictions, Daisy wore a red crown, and during some of the Nintendo 64 games she wore a pink crown. Nowadays she wears a gold one, the same as Peach.
In most of her game appearances, Daisy has consistently worn a yellow and/or orange color scheme, usually in the form of a collared dress, with white and orange accents, meant to parallel that of Peach's pink-themed fashion just as Luigi's outfit does to Mario's.
In Mario sports titles, Daisy (and Peach) are the only two characters to always wear different outfits from their regular ones. She is usually depicted in orange shorts with a yellow shirt and daisy accessories. In Super Mario Strikers, Daisy wears a two-piece outfit. In Mario Hoops 3 on 3, Daisy normally appears in her usual sports outfit but has a second unlockable costume. In Mario Strikers Charged, she pretty much looks the same as in Super Mario Strikers, but she has cover herself up with armor plating along with other characters, leaving a quarter of her leg and her belly exposed.
Movies.
"Princess Daisy" appears as one of the main characters in the "Super Mario Bros. (film) Super Mario Bros. " In 1993 the movie was, played by Samantha Mathis.
Mario's younger brother Luigi (John Leguizamo) becomes infatuated with archaeologist Daisy. She is kidnapped by the Koopa Cousins, Iggy and Spike, and taken to the alternate dimension of Dinohattan, a land where dinosaurs evolved to become the dominant species. Dinohattan is ruled by Koopa (Dennis Hopper), who usurped Daisy's father by transforming him into a sentient fungus using a de-evolution gun. Daisy was in possession of a piece of meteorite that could be used to merge Dinohattan and Manhattan so Koopa could conquer the human world.
After the Mario Bros. defeat Koopa, Daisy stays behind in Dinohattan to help her restored father. The movie ends with Daisy showing up at Mario and Luigi's apartment to alert them that there is a problem, apparently setting up a never-made sequel.

Fixed Dose Procedure
The fixed-dose procedure (FDP) was proposed in 1984 to test a substance's acute oral toxicity using fewer animals with less suffering than the older LD50 test which was developed in 1927.
FDP uses 10-20 animals to find the dose that produces toxicity signs but not death, and from there predicts the lethal dose. LD50 ("lethal dose 50%") uses 60-80 animals to find a dose that kills 50% of animals in a given time. FDP sometimes needs retesting using slightly higher or lower doses.

Tentacle rape
Tentacle rape or shokushu goukan (触手強姦) is anime based pornography involving the rape of (often quite young) women. This animation technique is different from other animation methods due to use of tentacles to portray the rape.

Neapolitan
Neapolitan means "from the city of Naples in Italy". It is an adjective.

Bel canto
Bel canto is a way of singing in opera. It comes from the Italian meaning "beautiful singing".
Bel canto singing means singing beautifully and smoothly, singing high and low notes in a similar style so that the notes sound even from top to bottom. Bel canto singing started when opera started, but the term "bel canto" is normally used for opera in the early 19th century. The operas of Rossini, Bellini and Donizetti need bel canto singing. The term "bel canto" was not used at the time. People started talking about "bel canto" in the late 19th century when a lot of operas needed big, dramatic voices (e.g. the operas of Wagner).
Famous bel canto singers of recent times include the sopranos Maria Callas and Joan Sutherland. Mathilde Marchesi was a famous bel canto teacher.
Trivia.
Musicians often make jokes about singers with loud voices by calling them "can belto" ("to belt out" means to sing loudly).

Midori Days
Midori Days is an anime about a girl who falls in love so badly that when she dies she somehow wakes up attached to her love interest's right hand. The anime is about how these two adjust to their strange new relationship.
The title of this anime is half in Japanese and half in English. It translates to Green Days. The girl's name is Midori, and she has green hair as well.

Matter
Matter is the substance or material of which all things are made. Matter has mass. Most matter has volume. All things we can touch, taste or smell are matter.
What is Matter Made of?
Matter is made of small particles, too small for the eye to see. Most common matter is made of particles called atoms. Atoms are made of even smaller particles called subatomic particles.
The matter in the sun and the matter high in the air in a place called the ionosphere is made of ions. Ions are pieces of atoms, or atoms with an extra piece.
Forms of Matter.
Liquids and gases are both special types of fluids. The difference between liquids and gases is that liquids can have an edge. The edge of a liquid is called a surface.
Water is an unusual substance. Water can be found as liquid, solid and gas naturally on the earth. This is not true of any other natural material.
Properties of Matter.
Matter has a property called mass. Energy (sound, light, heat) does not have mass.
Matter attracts other matter with a force called gravity. Light is not matter, but its movement is changed by gravity as though it was matter. Usually light acts as a wave, but in special cases light acts as a particle.
In the twentieth century, people found that matter can be changed into energy and energy can be changed into matter. Some matter is changed into energy in an atomic bomb.
Changing states of matter.
The state of matter can be changed from one state to another. There are several ways to change the state of matter. For example, changing the temperature of matter can change its state. Changing the volume of matter can change its state.

Innocence
Innocence is the opposite of guilt.
The adjective is innocent (the opposite of 'guilty')
If someone is innocent of a crime it means that they did not do it.
If someone is accused of a crime, they have to go to court. The court will decide whether they are guilty or not-guilty (innocent). People must be treated as innocent unless (or until) they are found guilty.
'Innocence' and 'innocent' can also be used in a slightly different way. Children are often described as 'innocent' meaning that they think the world is all good and do not yet know about the bad things in life. People talk about living in a 'state of innocence' i.e. children or people with simple minds who have not yet learned that some people are evil. In Christian
cultures this often used to mean that children did not know about sex which was thought of as bad and immoral.

Symphonic poem
A symphonic poem or tone poem is a piece of orchestral music which has a story attached to it or describes something such as poem or a painting or any idea which is not music. A symphonic poem is a kind of programme music (music for instruments which has an idea outside music).
Symphonic poems were mostly written in the 19th century at the time known as the Romantic period. They are normally in one movement lasting perhaps between 10 and 20 minutes. Some of the longest ones, such as "Ein Heldenleben" by Richard Strauss are much longer, like a symphony with four movements which run into one another.
The idea can be seen in Beethoven’s overtures which tell the story of the opera or play which is about to be performed. Composers such as Felix Mendelssohn then started to write overtures which told a story but were not attached to any opera. "Fingal's Cave" (1832) describes the sea lapping against the rocks of a cave in the Scottish Hebrides.
Franz Liszt was the composer who made the symphonic poem an important musical form. He wrote twelve works which he called "Symphonische Dichtung" ("Symphonic poem") because the music developed in the same way as in a symphony. One example is "Mazeppa" (1851) which describes the poem by Victor Hugo about a wild horse that carries a man tied to his mane until he is rescued by the Ukranians and made into their chief.
Other composers who wrote symphonic poems include Sergei Rachmaninoff, Modest Mussorgsky, Camille Saint-Saëns, Claude Debussy, Jean Sibelius, Bedřich Smetana, Antonín Dvořák, Pyotr Tchaikovsky and César Franck.
The opening of Richard Strauss’s tone poem "Also sprach Zarathustra" (1895-1896) has become particularly famous in recent years through its use in the movie '.

Melody
A melody in music is a tune. A melody is a line of notes of different pitches (How high or low a note is) which are played one after another. Together they make a tune in the same way that a group of words make a sentence. Some people like to sing melodies. Melodies have rhythm (the length of the notes).
In music, 'melody' contrasts with 'harmony'. Harmony means notes which are played at the same time, like chords. Composers often think of a melody and then add harmony to it.
The adjective of melody is "melodic". There is also the adjective "melodious" which means: 'a sweet-sounding melody'.
Music that does not have an obvious melody may be hard to understand (unless it is focused on rhythm).

Steve Jobs
Steven Paul Jobs (born February 24, 1955) is the co-founder, chairman and CEO of Apple. He was the CEO of Pixar until it was bought by The Walt Disney Company. He is currently the largest shareholder at Disney and, as a result, a member of Disney's Board of Directors.
He is seen as a leading figure in both the computer and entertainment industries.
Jobs' is a Silicon Valley bussinessman most famous for his work with the company Apple Inc.. His work driving forward the development of exciting new products such as the iPod has earned him some fans.
Together with Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak, Jobs helped make the idea of the personal computer popular in the late '70s. In the early '80s, still at Apple, Jobs was one of the first to see the commercial potential of using a mouse to use with the GUI.
In 1985 Apple's board of directors got rid of Steve from the company. Jobs then started NeXT, a computer platform development company which deal with the higher education and business markets. NeXT's 1997 buyout by Apple brought Jobs back to the company he co-founded, and his job is the chief executive officer (CEO) of Apple.

Apostolic Palace
The Apostolic Palace, also called the Papal Palace or the Palace of the Vatican, is the official residence of the Pope in the Vatican City.
The palace is a complex of buildings, with the Papal Apartment, the Catholic Church's government offices, a handful of chapels, the Vatican Museum and the Vatican library. In all there are over 1,000 rooms with the most famous including the Sistine Chapel and its renowned ceiling frescoes painted by Michelangelo (restored between 1980-1990) and Raphael's Rooms.
The other papal residences are at the Lateran Palace and the Castel Gandolfo outside Rome.
Before 1871, the Quirinal Palace was the Pope's official residence. After the final overthrow of the Papal States in 1870, the King of Italy confiscated that palace in 1871, making it the king's official residence; after the abolition of the Italian monarchy in 1946, it became the President of the Italian Republic's residence.

G-string
A G-string or thong is a narrow piece of cloth or leather, or plastic that passes between the buttocks. It is attached to a band around the hips. It can be worn as a swimwear or underwear by both men and women. The two terms "G-string" and "thong" are often used interchangeably however, the primary difference between the two garments is that a g-string has less material between the legs, hence a string-like appearance. Variants of the thong or G-string include the V-string, a thong with a triangle "v" of cloth with the G-string between the legs, and the T-string, where a single string passes around the waist and between the legs, forming a T between the buttocks.
Origin.
The G-string or thong is probably the earliest form of clothing known to mankind. It originated in the warmer climates of sub-Saharan Africa where clothing was first worn nearly 75,000 years ago. Many tribal peoples, such as some of the Khoisan people of southern Africa, wore thongs for many centuries. Much like the 2000-plus-year-old Japanese fundoshi, these early garments were made with the male genitalia in mind.
Although developed for the male anatomy by primitive peoples, in the modern West thongs are more often worn by females. They first gained mainstream popularity as swimwear in South America, particularly in Brazil in the 1970s. In Brazil, where the buttocks ("bunda" in Portuguese) are especially admired and emphasized; it was originally a style of swimsuit whose rear area became so narrow that it would disappear between the wearer's buttocks.
The origin of the term "G-string" is obscure. The term is first attested in writings by Americans in the late 1800s describing the loincloth of Philippine natives. Others say the term is derived from the g-string on an instrument. The origin of the word "thong" is from the Old English "thwong", a flexible leather cord.
Precautions.
Wearing G-strings may cause urinary tract infections(UTIs) in women, just like all other underwear types. Similarly to wiping or intercourse, the sliding of the string against the anus and vagina can provide a route for bacteria between the orifices. It is necessary for the wearer to be keep the anus and vagina especially clean due to the tightness of the fabric. Menstruating women can also continue to wear G-strings if using tampons and G-string panty liners.
In other languages.
The English commonly refer to the thong as a barbwire fence, due to the fact that it protects the 'property' without blocking the 'view'
In Lithuania the G-string is often called "stringai", or more national name "siaurikės".
In Portugal and Brazil the G-string is often referred to as "fio dental" which means "dental floss".
In Italy the G-string is called "perizoma" or wrongly "tanga" (in Italian language "tanga" is a micro-panties).
In Turkey the G-string is called "ipli külot" ("ipli" means "stringed" and "külot" means "underpants") or like in Italy, it is also wrongly called "tanga".
In French, German and Dutch, the G-string is usually called "string", a loanword from English.
In Puerto Rico, a Spanish slang term often used for G-string is "gistro", most commonly used by Reggaeton artists to refer to the underwear style.
In Argentina and Chile, G-String is widely known as "colaless". In those countries, "cola" means buttocks, thus colaless literally means buttocks-less.
In the Japanese language and also in Cantonese, the G-string is widely known as T-back, after its shape seen from behind. The sound has been causing some confusion among Japanese speakers with a tea bag, which is also common in today's Japanese dictionaries. The term T-back is also commonly used in the Philippines. However, there are several usages of the term "T-back" in English as well (i.e., Children's literature author E.L. Konigsburg's "T-backs, T-shirts, Coat and Suit"). In other dialects of the Chinese language, the G-string is commonly called as "dingziku" (丁字裤) which literally means "t character pants".
In Czech, Estonian, Finnish, German, Hungarian and Spanish the G-string is often called "tanga". In Finnish, the plural "stringit" "strings" is used, as they are pants, not a "pant".
In Polish the G-string is usually called "stringi", which is a pluralized loanword from English (literally: "strings").
In Australia only the term G-string is used. Thongs are a type of rubber footwear.
See also.
and Thong to avoid the confusion.

Transcendental number
A real or complex number is called transcendental number if it cannot be found as a result of an algebraic equation with integer coefficients.
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Proving that a certain number is transcendental can be very difficult. Each transcendental number is also an irrational number. The first people to see that there were transcendental numbers were Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and Leonhard Euler. The first to actually prove there were transcendental numbers was Joseph Liouville. He did this in 1844.

Thong sandal
Thongs are sandals that are also known as flip-flops. They may have a heel (except in Australia where the name is used for Flip-flops). As they come in pairs, they are usually referred to as "thongs", but if referring to only half of the pair, it would be a "thong".

Flip-flop
In footwear and fashion, flip-flops are a kind of flat, backless sandal that consist of a flat sole held on the foot by a u-shaped strap that passes between the first (big) and second toes and around either side of the foot, attached to the sole at three points, commonly known as the thong strap. They appear to have been developed out of traditional Japanese woven or wooden soled sandals ("i.e.", zori and setta) in Australia.

Thong, Kent
Thong is a village in Kent, England. It is south of Gravesend.

Hamlet (place)
A Hamlet is a a small settlement, smaller than a village. Usually, all settlers in a hamlet are centered around a single economic activity. A hamlet may consist of a farm, a mill, a mine or a harbor. All the people living there would be workers on that farm, mill, mine or harbour. Hamlets, especially those with a medieval church may have resulted from a medieval village, that was abandoned for some reason.
Because of the small size of the settlement, there are usually no buildings which have a central or admninistratrive function. There usually is no church, town hall or pub. Roads and streets in the hamlet do not have names, most of the time.
In Germany, Austria, Switzerland and the Alsace region of France, such hamlets often have names that end in "-wil", "-wil(l)er", "-wyhl" or "-viller".

Recording Industry Association of America
The Recording Industry Association of America or RIAA is an organization that was created and paid for by large record companies. It symbolizes the entire recording industry of the United States of America. The RIAA also participates in the collection, management and distribution of music licenses and royalties.
Members.
The members of the RIAA are mostly record companies in the U.S.
History.
The RIAA was created in 1952 to create technical standards for vinyl records so any record could play on any record player without difficulty. In today's times, the RIAA's goals is to prevent piracy of records. The RIAA says that the music industry loses nearly 4.2 billion U.S. dollars a year because of this.

Mar del Plata
Mar del Plata is a city of Argentina in the Buenos Aires Province. It's a city located on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean, 400 km south of Buenos Aires. Mar del Plata is one of the tourist beaches in Argentina.
Population.
Mar del Plata has a population of 541,733 people. It's the 7th largest city in Argentina.

Pope Boniface VIII
Pope Boniface VIII (c. 1235 – October 11, 1303), born Benedetto Caetani, was Pope of the Roman Catholic Church from 1294 to 1303.
Biography.
Boniface VIII was born in 1235, Anagni as Benedetto Caetani.
He was elected in 1294 after Pope Celestine V abdicated. There is a legend that it was Boniface VIII's doing that Celestine V renounced the papacy - for Boniface, previously Benedetto, convinced Celestine V that no person on the earth could go through life without sin. However, in later times, it is a more common understanding that Celestine V resigned by his own designs and Benedetto merely showed that it was allowed by Church law.
Boniface VIII put forward some of the strongest claims to temporal, as well as spiritual, supremacy of any Pope and constantly involved himself with foreign affairs. In his Bull of 1302, "Unam Sanctam", Boniface VIII proclaimed that it "is absolutely necessary for salvation that every human creature be subject to the Roman pontiff", so he pushed papal supremacy to its historical extreme. These views and his intervention in 'temporal' affairs led to many bitter quarrels with the Emperor Albert I of Hapsburg (1291–98), the powerful family of the Colonnas and with Philip IV of France (1285–1314). He also wrote ragtime music.

Signal (electrical engineering)
In the fields of communications, signal processing, and in electrical engineering more generally, a signal is any time-varying quantity.
The concept is broad, and hard to define precisely. Definitions specific to subfields are common. For example, in information theory, a "signal" is a codified message, ie, the sequence of states in a communications channel that encodes a message. In a "communications system", a "transmitter" encodes a "message" into a signal, which is carried to a "receiver" by the communications "channel". For example, the words "Mary had a little lamb" might be the message spoken into a telephone. The telephone transmitter converts the sounds into an electrical voltage signal. The signal is transmitted to the receiving telephone by wires; and at the receiver it is reconverted into sounds.
References.
Shannon, C. E., 2005 [1948], "A Mathematical Theory of Communication," (), accessed Dec. 15, 2005. Orig. 1948, "Bell System Technical Journal", vol. 27, pp. 379-423, 623-656.

Eddie August Schneider
Eddie August Schneider (October 20, 1911 – December 23, 1940) set the transcontinental airspeed record for pilots under the age of twenty-one in 1930. When he received his pilot's license, he was the youngest licensed pilot in the United States.
Biography.
Eddie Schneider was born in 1911 in Manhattan in New York City. His father was Emil August Schneider, a banker and stock broker, born in Germany. The family moved from Manhattan to Red Bank, New Jersey, and then they moved to Jersey City, New Jersey by 1920. Eddie graduated from Dickinson High School in Jersey City in 1927, the same year that his mother died. After his mother's death, he and his parents visited Bielefeld, Germany and Farsund, Norway to visit with relatives. In Germany Eddie went on a plane ride and then aviation became his obsession. In 1929 he trained at Roosevelt Field on Long Island and became the youngest person in the United States to receive a commercial pilot's license. That same year he also received a mechanics license, becoming the youngest licensed airplane mechanic in New York.
On August 25, 1930 he set the round-trip transcontinental air speed record for pilots under the age of twenty-one years in his airplane. He flew from Westfield, New Jersey on August 14, 1930 to Los Angeles, California in 4 days with a combined flying time of 29 hours and 55 minutes. He lowered the East to West record by 4 hours and 22 minutes. He then made the return trip from Los Angeles to New York City in 27 hours and 19 minutes, lowering the West to East record by 1 hour and 36 minutes. His total elapsed time for the round trip was 57 hours and 14 minutes, breaking the preceding record for the round trip. Frank Goldsborough held the previous record which was 62 hours and 58 minutes. When Eddie landed in New York on August 25, 1930, his first words were to his father: "Hello Pop, I made it."
He married Gretchen Hahnen (1902-1986) in New York City on June 2, 1934. Gretchen was the daughter of Zora M. Hahnen (1882-1962) and was originally from Des Moines, Iowa. Eddie met her at an aviation function. They did not have any children.
In 1936 Eddie left for Spain to be a pilot in the Spanish American War which was against the law. He was only there for a month before he returned to the United States. When talking to reporters Eddie said: "I was broke, hungry, jobless... yet despite the fact that all three of us are old-time aviators who did our part for the development of the industry, we were left out in the cold in the Administration’s program of job making. Can you blame us for accepting the lucrative Spanish offer?"
On December 23, 1940, Eddie was killed in an accident while training another pilot. They were trying to land, when a Navy pilot struck the tail of Eddie's plane. Eddie's plane went into a spin and crashed into the river. Both the student and Eddie were killed.

Córdoba, Argentina
Córdoba is a city located in the center of Argentina, about 700 km from Buenos Aires. It is the capital of Córdoba Province. As of 2006 Córdoba has a population of over 1,300,000 inhabitants, making it Argentina's second largest city.

Air New Zealand
Air New Zealand is a big passenger airline from Auckland, New Zealand. It flies mainly in Australasia and South Pacific,
but it also has services to Europe, North America and Asia. It is a Star Alliance member. Its main base is Auckland International Airport.

Air Jamaica
Air Jamaica is the national airline of Jamaica from Kingston, Jamaica. It flies regular services from Kingston and Montego Bay to 23 airports in the Caribbean, the USA, Canada and United Kingdom. The airline's main bases are Norman Manley International Airport (KIN), Kingston and Sangster International Airport (MBJ), Montego Bay.

Ecosystem valuation
Ecosystem valuation is a widely used tool to find out the impact of human activities on an environmental system. It is done by giving an economic value to an ecosystem or its ecosystem services.
Value of ecosystem services.
The simplest form of ecosystem valuation is that one looks at an ecosystem as if its ecological yield had the same value as it would be on commodity markets. That means one looks at the value of water, wood, fish or game, that is produced in that ecosystem. Thus, a price can be put on the natural capital of an ecosystem based on the price of natural resources it yields each year.
More complex arguments in ecosystem valuation regard nature's services and the assignment of values in a service economy to all that nature does "for humans". Studies compiled by Robert Costanza in the 1990s argued strongly that even just considering the most basic seventeen of these services, the combined value of the ecosystems of the earth was worth more (US$33T) each year than the whole human exchange economy (US$25T) at that time (1995). Other studies have focused on the marginal value of ecosystem changes, which can be used in cost-benefit analysis of environmental policies.
In Natural Capitalism, 1999, Paul Hawken, Amory Lovins and Hunter Lovins advanced an argument to assign the value of Earth in current currency. "See value of Earth article for that and other examples of this extreme case of ecosystem valuation - biosphere valuation."
Methods to estimate the value of ecosystem services which cannot be derived from market prices include "stated preference" methods and "revealed preference" methods. Stated preference methods, such as the contingent valuation method ask people for their willingness to pay for a certain ecosystem (service). Revealed preference methods, such as hedonic pricing and the travel cost method, use a relation with a market good or service to estimate the willingness-to-pay for the service.
Is valuation economics, or ecology?
Considering "valuation" as an "economic not ecological issue" reflects the way these fields divide of the activities of humans versus non-humans in "making a living". When humans go out to get food or homes, that is studied in "economics", but when non-humans do it, that is "ecology", though it is clear that there are motivations, methods and certainly bodily needs in common.
Since animals do not put explicit prices on ecosystems they use, but do behave as if they are valuable, e.g. by defending turf or access to water, it is mostly a matter of definition whether ecology should include valuation as an issue. It may be anthropocentric to do so, since "valuation" more clearly refers to a human perception rather than being an "objective" attribute of the system perceived. Ecology itself is also human perception, and such related concepts as a food chain are constructed by humans to help them understand ecosystems. In many cases by those who hold that markets and pricing exist independently of any individual human observers and "users", and especially those who deem markets to be "out of control", ecosystem valuation is considered a (marginal, ignored) part of economics.
Some versions of conflict theory focus on the role of resource scarcity in sparking or propagating human conflicts - in effect holding that the resources or ecosystems they fight over are being held so valuable that they are worth considerable risk of harm to control. This is at least a relative notion of value and value at risk applied to ecosystem.

Economist
An economist is someone who studies or has a job in economics, the study of how people make choices to satisfy their wants.

Conservative Party (UK)
The Conservative Party is one of the main political parties in the United Kingdom. Their policies are usually seen as the opposite of those of the Labour Party. Previous Conservative Prime Ministers have included Margaret Thatcher, Edward Heath and John Major. The current leader of the party is David Cameron. The Conservative Party is also sometimes known as the "Tory Party" and members of the Conservative Party are sometimes called the "Tories".

Sandwich
A sandwich is a light snack prepared by placing various fillings between two pieces of bread. The pieces of bread in a sandwich are referred to as slices or sheets of bread. The snack is thought to have been made first for the Earl of Sandwich, hence the name. Many people enjoy the sandwich as it is easy and quick to make in a hurry. Also, the sandwich can be easily eaten with one hand without utensils which allows consumers to have a hand free to do other things. Some people prefer to eat a sandwich with both hands.
Sandwiches are often given to children to eat at school. The sandwiches are put in a lunchbox and often wrapped in cling film to keep them fresh.
Sandwich Variations.
A sandwich is not just limited to a filling between two pieces of bread. Sometimes the filling can be placed between more layers of bread. For instance, a double decker sandwich would consist of three slices of bread with two layers of fillings. The double decker sandwich is so called because each layer of bread forms a deck much like a double decker London Bus. A club sandwich is a double decker sandwich with chicken, bacon and salad. A triple decker sandwich would consist of four slices of bread with three layers of topping.
Another accepted sandwich variant is the toasted sandwich in which the bread bits of the sandwich are put into a toaster. Sometimes the warm bread will then heat the fillings or the filling is heated before being put into the sandwich.
Sandwiches can be made with different types of bread, and are often then called different names. A toasted sub, for example, is called a panini.
Sandwich Formulae.
Standard Sandwich Bread > Filling > Bread
Double Decker Bread > Filling A > Bread > Filling B > Bread
Triple Decker Bread > Filling A > Bread > Filling B > Bread > Filling C > Bread
"n" Decker Bread > Filling 1 > Bread... Filling "n" > Bread
Sandwiches In Popular Culture.
In one episode of the Apprentice, the apprentices were required to make sandwiches for Donald Trump.
In the french film Taxi the protagonist is made a special sandwich with half Bayonne ham, half Paris. This later sparks the jealousy of another character.
In the Warner Brothers cartoon Scooby Doo, Scooby was well known to love making Sandwiches with Shaggy having many many layers, often with a great variety of fillings.
In the TV Series Buffy, during episode 61, Buffy eyes a classmate eating a sandwich, snatches it and hungrily scarfs it down.
Sandwiches In Star Trek.
Scotty used the word sandwich to refer to the makeup of a piece of technology which was made of three layers of two materials, which caused the food synthesizer in the galley of the USS Enterprise to believe that he was requesting a meal. Scotty canceled the process by kicking the offending unit.
Captain Rachel Garrett enjoyed a sandwich and salad for her lunch-time meal.
Sandwich Slang.
There are a number of other words that can be used in the place of the term sandwich.
Sarney or Sarnie - England
Grainy Bread Trap - Tasmania
Malty Doorstep - New Zealand
Le Sand - France
Sandwich Facts.
The largest sandwich ever made consisted of 1,000kg (2,200lbs) of ostrich meat betweem two sheets of bread to make a 1,500m (4,920ft) long sandwich.

Artillery
Artillery is a word for big guns used in an army, for example cannons and howitzers.

House of Lords
The House of Lords is one of the two Houses of Parliament of the United Kingdom (UK). It is in London, the capital city of the UK. The other house is the House of Commons. Together the two houses form the government and parliament of the UK. At the moment the House of Lords is not elected (voted for), but there are plans that this might change soon.

Acapulco
Acapulco is a town and sea port on the Pacific coast of Mexico, 300 km (190 miles) southwest from Mexico City. Acapulco is located on a deep, semi-circular bay. It is a stop for shipping and cruising lines running between Panama, and San Francisco, California, USA. In 2005 the estimated population was 722,499 people.
Its name is a Nahuatl word, meaning "plain of dense reeds". The city has been a port since the 16th century.

Grail sword
The Grail Sword is a mythological sword which has unclear origins as the Holy Grail (holy cup) itself.
History.
Most of the legends say that the origin of the Grail begins with the Crusades (holly wars in medieval period). Other legends say that it is older, coming from Celtic tradition.
It was eventually found by Gawain, broken in two pieces; his quest subsequently was to mend the sword, which he did by taking it to its place of origin, the forge of Wayland. Perceval had a similar quest to mend the sword. It is natively associated with the Sword of Light, or the Sword of Nuadu, the original Celtic Wounded King.
First theory.
The first theory is the legend of the Holy Grail, which was included more holy objects (relics). There are four of them: the first was the holy plate used by Christ at the Last Supper; the second was the spear with which the soldiers tried to hit Jesus on the cross; the third was the Grail (cup) itself; and the last was the Sword of King David (father of King Solomon). It was also called the Grail Sword.
Second theory.
The second theory said that the Grail Sword sword belonged to a Celtic 'Wounded King' and was also known as 'The Sword of Light', or 'The Sword of Nuadu'. The sword was found by 'Gawain' and it was broken into two places. Gawain was the one to find it's place of origin. The Sword of Nuadu was made in the city of Findias (Irish "white") byt he druid Uiscias (tribe). Nuadu himself was the King of the de Danann Gods. He very often is represented with a sword in his hands. The sword replaced his arm, which he lost in the battle.
Uses.
The Templar Knights were the ones who always looked for these holy objects. They used cruel methods to obtain many of the art works considered holy. Some of them did it for money others to bring fame to their towns.
King Arthur himself wanted to obtain the Grail Sword to bring England to its past glory, when England was not under the power of Roman Empire.
The Grail Sword was considered very powerful. It was believed that the owner of this sword would be victorious in any circumstances. It also was considered a sword of justice. - 'God's hand'.

Deutsche Bahn
Deutsche Bahn AG is Europe's largest railway company. It runs over 30,000 trains a day and owns more than 5,000 stations. The company headquarters are located in Berlin, Germany.
It was founded on January 1, 1994 to replace the Deutsche Bundesbahn, which was the state railway of West Germany, and the Deutsche Reichsbahn, which was the state railway of East Germany.
Deutsche Bahn is also active in the field of logistics and owns companies like Schenker. DB claims they are the second largest logistics company in the world.

Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties
The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties is a contract of International law. It was signed in the 1960s. It codified earlier customs that were there. 105 states signed the convention.

Amnesty International
Amnesty International (also called AI or Amnesty) is an international organisation. They fight for human rights. For example, they help people who have been put in prison for their political beliefs. Amnesty International also fights to end the use of death penalty worldwide.

Teletubbies
Teletubbies is a BAFTA award winning BBC television show for toddlers. The main characters are Tinky Winky, who is purple, Dipsy, who is green, Laa-Laa, who is yellow, and Po, who is red.
In the show, the four colourful Teletubbies play in the cheerful and fun Teletubbyland. They do things that little children like to do, such as rolling on the ground, laughing, running about, and watching real children on the televisions on their bellies. Mysterious pinwheels and telephones rise out of the meadow to show the days' activities. The Sun, who has a baby's face, makes baby noises during the show, and it rises and sets to begin and end the show.
Foreign Titles.
Teletubbies has been broadcast in many different countries, thus involving a foreign title.

FLAC
FLAC (which stands for Free Lossless Audio Codec) is a way to encode audio files. It makes those audio files smaller, without affecting the sound quality. It is like MP3, except that each time when audio is encoded to MP3, some information is lost and cannot be recovered. With FLAC, no information is lost. On the other hand, MP3 files can be much smaller than FLAC files. FLAC files can only make an audio file about half its original size.

Enabling Act
The Enabling Act ("Ermächtigungsgesetz" in German) was passed by Germany's parliament (the "Reichstag") on March 23, 1933. It was the second major step after the Reichstag Fire Decree through which the Nazis obtained dictatorial powers using largely legal means. The Act enabled Chancellor Adolf Hitler and his cabinet to enact laws without the participation of the "Reichstag".
The formal name of the Enabling Act was "Gesetz zur Behebung der Not von Volk und Reich" ("Law to Remedy the Distress of the People and the Empire").
Notes.
The Enabling Act was passed by the Reichstag on March 23 and proclaimed by the government the following day. Following constitutional procedure for legislation, the law was countersigned by President von Hindenburg, Chancellor Hitler, Minister of Interior Frick, Foreign Minister von Neurath, and Minister of Finance von Krosigk.
Passage of the Enabling Act.
The Nazis wrote the Enabling act to gain complete political power without the need of the support of a majority in the Reichstag and without the need to bargain with their coalition partners.
Propaganda.
In the days leading up to the elections, the Nazis organized street violence to intimidate the opposition and to build fear of communism. The burning of the Reichstag six days before the election was the pivotal event of the campaign.
Violence.
Later that day, the Reichstag assembled under intimidating circumstances, with SA men swarming inside and outside the chamber. Hitler's speech, which emphasised the importance of Christianity in German culture, was aimed particularly at appeasing the Centre Party's sensibilities and almost incorprated Kaas' requested guarantees.
All parties except the SPD voted in favour of the Enabling Act. With the Communist delegates removed and 26 SPD deputies arrested or in hiding, the final vote was 441 supporting the Enabling Act to 94 (all Social Democrats) opposed.
Consequences.
The Communist Party deputies — and a few Social Democratic deputies as well — were already jailed, and the Communist mandates were declared "dormant" by the government shortly after the elections. The remaining free members of parliament were intimidated by the SA surrounding the parliament hall. In the end, only the Social Democrats voted against the bill.
The British tabloid Daily Express described the Jewish reactions of boycott against Germany as "Judea Declares War on Germany" (March 24, 1933).
Presidential consequences.
President von Hindenburg seemed to be pleased with Hitler's firm hand. During the cabinet conference on the Enabling Act, von Hindenburg's representative stated that the aged president was withdrawing from day-to-day affairs of government and that presidential collaboration on the laws decreed as a result of the Enabling Act would not be required.

Pulmonary hypertension
Pulmonary hypertension or PH is a disease where there is high blood pressure in the lungs. The disease makes it hard to breathe. Some people with the disease need extra oxygen. This disease can also make a person dizzy and become easily tired. Some people with the disease faint easily. The symptoms get worse when exercising or working hard. Pulmonary hypertension is a serious disease, and it can be fatal. The disease makes it harder for the heart to pump blood. Because the heart has to work harder, it can also become sick. Some people who are very sick may need a lung transplant or a heart-lung transplant to live.
Signs and symptoms.
People with pulmonary hypertension have difficulty breathing. They also tire easily. Some of them faint easily too. They might have chest pain. Some patients have swelling of the feet and ankles. These symptoms get worse during exercise or hard work.
Because many diseases can make it hard to breathe, a doctor must learn about the patient's background. This helps the doctor to treat the patient, even if the patient has another disease. The doctor also does several tests. Pulmonary hypertension makes the heart sound different. One test is to measure the blood presssure inside the "pulmonary artery", the blood vessel that goes from the heart to the lungs.
What goes wrong with the body.
In pulmonary hypertension, the blood vessels in the lungs become too narrow. The blood pressure in the lungs becomes high. The heart works very hard to pump blood through the narrow blood vessels. Later on, the blood vessels in the lungs become hard and thick. The heart must work harder.
The heart can work so hard that it becomes sick. This is called heart failure. The sick heart cannot pump blood well. Less blood goes to the lungs, so the blood gets less oxygen. This makes it hard to breathe. This gets worse when exercising or working hard.
Causes.
The most common cause of pulmonary hypertension is left heart failure. This causes pulmonary "venous" hypertension. This leads to pulmonary edema, or fluid build-up in the lungs.
Many illnesses can cause pulmonary "arterial" hypertension (PAH).
When a person has pulmonary hypertension without any other cause, this is called "idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension" or IPAH.
When a family history exists, the disease is termed "familial pulmonary arterial hypertension", (FPAH). IPAH and FPAH are now considered to be genetic disorders linked to mutations in the "BMPR2" gene, which encodes a receptor for bone morphogenetic proteins, as well as the "5-HT(2B)" gene, which codes for a serotonin receptor.

Decameron
The "Decameron" is a collection of 100 short stories. It was written by the Italian writer Giovanni Boccaccio around 1350. In the book, ten friends, seven young women and three young men, leave the city of Florence because of the plague and stay in a large house in the countryside. Each day, they entertain each other by taking turns to tell stories. The stories are of different types. Some are romantic, some are erotic, some are comedies and some are tragedies.
Other writers have used the stories for ideas. Many paintings have been done which illustrate the stories. The picture to the right shows a scene from the story of "The Pot of Basil" in which Isabella buries the head of her murdered lover Ferdinand inside a potplant.

Lung transplant
A lung transplant is a type of surgery. People who can't breathe without additional oxygen may need a lung transplant. In this surgery, the patient's ill lung or lungs are removed. A healthy lung or lungs are put into the patient. The healthy lungs may come from a dead or from a living person. When the person who gives, or donates, the healthy lung is still alive, only one lung is removed. Sometimes a healthy person can give just part of a lung to a sick person. A healthy person can normally give a lung or part of a lung without becoming sick.

Commodity
Commodity is a term with distinct meanings in both business and in Marxian political economy. For the former, it is a product, that is traded solely on the basis of price. For Marxian political economy it means wares offered for exchange.
Business usage.
In the world of business, a commodity is an product, good or service that is traded based solely on its price, rather than quality and features. Examples include: electricity (most users of electric power are only concerned with energy consumption; only a minority of users are concerned with the quality and technical details of voltage and frequency deviations, wheat, bulk chemicals such as sulfuric acid, metals, and even orange juice.
In the original and simplified sense, "commodities" were things of value, of uniform quality, that were produced in large quantities by many different producers; the items from each different producer are considered as of the same value.
Examples.
Wheat is an example of a soft commodity. Wheat from many different farms comes together. Generally, it is all traded at the same price; wheat from farm A has not another price than wheat from farm B. Some uniform standard of quality is assumed. (There may be various standards leading to different pools: one say for genetically modified wheat, and one for unmodified wheat.)
Markets for trading commodities can be very efficient, particularly if the division into pools matches demand segments. These markets will quickly respond to changes in supply and demand to find a price.
Commodities and Marxism.
In classical political economy and especially Karl Marx's critique of political economy, a commodity is simply any good or service offered as a product for sale on the market. Some items are also seen as being treated "as if" they were commodities, e.g. human labour or labor power, works of art and natural resources, even though they may not be produced specifically for the market, or be non-reproducible goods.
Marx's analysis of the commodity is intended to help solve the problem of what establishes the economic value of goods, using the labor theory of value. This problem was extensively debated by Adam Smith, David Ricardo and Karl Rodbertus-Jagetzow among others. Value and price are not equivalent terms in economics, and theorising the specific relationship of value to market price has been a challenge for both liberal and Marxist economists.
Illustration.
To understand the concept of a commodity, consider a chair. It is a commodity if the chair is a tradeable product of human work possessing a social use-value. By contrast, a fallen log of deadwood sat upon in the forest is not a commodity, as it was not produced by human work for the purpose of trade. A chair created by a hobbyist as a gift to someone is not a commodity. Nor is a chair a commodity (as a chair) if its only use would be as scrap firewood (unless one purchases a chair specifically to chop it up for fire wood). A chair that nobody could sit on has no use-value, and cannot be a commodity (unless it has an ornamental value, e.g. in a doll's house).

Commodity markets
Commodity markets are markets where raw or primary products are exchanged. These raw commodities are traded on regulated commodities exchanges, in which they are bought and sold in standardized contracts.
This article focuses on the history and current debates regarding global commodity markets. It covers physical product (food, metals, electricity) markets but not the ways that services, including those of governments, nor investment, nor debt, can be seen as a commodity. Articles on reinsurance markets, stock markets, bond markets and currency markets cover those concerns separately and in more depth. One focus of this article is the relationship between simple commodity money and the more complex instruments offered in the commodity markets.
See List of traded commodities for some commodities and their trading units and places.
History.
The modern commodity markets have their roots in the trading of agricultural products. While wheat and corn, cattle and pigs, were widely traded using standard instruments in the 19th century in the United States, other basic foodstuffs such as soybeans were only added quite recently in most markets. For a commodity market to be established, there must be very broad consensus on the variations in the product that make it acceptable for one purpose or another.
The economic impact of the development of commodity markets is hard to over-estimate. Through the 19th century "the exchanges became effective spokesmen for, and innovators of, improvements in transportation, warehousing, and financing, which paved the way to expanded interstate and international trade."
Early history of commodity markets.
Historically, dating from ancient Sumerian use of sheep or goats, or other peoples using pigs, rare seashells, or other items as commodity money, people have sought ways to standardize and trade contracts in the delivery of such items, to render trade itself more smooth and predictable.
Commodity money and commodity markets in a crude early form are believed to have originated in Sumer where small baked clay tokens in the shape of sheep or goats were used in trade. Sealed in clay vessels with a certain number of such tokens, with that number written on the outside, they represented a promise to deliver that number. This made them a form of commodity money - more than an "I.O.U." but less than a guarantee by a nation-state or bank. However, they were also known to contain promises of time and date of delivery - this made them like a modern futures contract. Regardless of the details, it was only possible to verify the number of tokens inside by shaking the vessel or by breaking it, at which point the number or terms written on the outside became subject to doubt. Eventually the tokens disappeared, but the contracts remained on flat tablets. This represented the first system of commodity accounting.
However, the Commodity status of living things is always subject to doubt - it was hard to validate the health or existence of sheep or goats. Excuses for non-delivery were not unknown, and there are recovered Sumerian letters that complain of sickly goats, sheep that had already been fleeced, etc.
If a seller's reputation was good, individual "backers" or "bankers" could decide to take the risk of "clearing" a trade. The observation that trust is always required between market participants later led to credit money. But until relatively modern times, communication and credit were primitive.
Classical civilizations built complex global markets trading gold or silver for spices, cloth, wood and weapons, most of which had standards of quality and timeliness. Considering the many hazards of climate, piracy, theft and abuse of military fiat by rulers of kingdoms along the trade routes, it was a major focus of these civilizations to keep markets open and trading in these scarce commodities. Reputation and clearing became central concerns, and the states which could handle them most effectively became very powerful empires, trusted by many peoples to manage and mediate trade and commerce.
Forward contracts.
Commodity and Futures contracts are based on what’s termed "Forward" Contracts. Early on these "forward" contracts (agreements to buy now, pay and deliver later) were used as a way of getting products from producer to the consumer. These typically were only for food and agricultural Products. Forward contracts have evolved and have been standardized into what we know today as futures contracts. Although more complex today, early “Forward” contracts for example, were used for rice in seventeenth century Japan. Modern "forward", or futures agreements, began in Chicago in the 1840s, with the appearance of the railroads. Chicago, being centrally located, emerged as the hub between Midwestern farmers and producers and the east coast consumer population centers.
Hedging.
"Hedging", a common (and sometimes mandatory) practice of farming cooperatives, insures against a poor harvest by purchasing futures contracts in the same commodity. If the cooperative has significantly less of its product to sell due to weather or insects, it makes up for that loss with a profit on the markets, since the overall supply of the crop is short everywhere that suffered the same conditions.
Whole developing nations may be especially vulnerable, and even their currency tends to be tied to the price of those particular commodity items until it manages to be a fully developed nation. For example, one could see the nominally fiat money of Cuba as being tied to sugar prices, since a lack of hard currency paying for sugar means less foreign goods per peso in Cuba itself. In effect, Cuba needs a hedge against a drop in sugar prices, if it wishes to maintain a stable quality of life for its citizens.
Delivery and condition guarantees.
In addition, delivery day, method of settlement and delivery point must all be specified. Typically, trading must end two (or more) business days prior to the delivery day, so that the routing of the shipment (which for soybeans is 30,000 kilograms or 1,102 bushels) can be finalized via ship or rail, and payment can be settled when the contract arrives at any delivery point.
Standardization.
U.S. soybean futures, for example, are of standard grade if they are "GMO or a mixture of GMO and Non-GMO No. 2 yellow soybeans of Indiana, Ohio and Michigan origin produced in the U.S.A. (Non-screened, stored in silo)," and of deliverable grade if they are "GMO or a mixture of GMO and Non-GMO No. 2 yellow soybeans of Iowa, Illinois and Wisconsin origin produced in the U.S.A. (Non-screened, stored in silo)." Note the distinction between states, and the need to clearly mention their status as "GMO" ("Genetically Modified Organism") which makes them unacceptable to most "organic" food buyers.
Similar specifications apply for orange juice, cocoa, sugar, wheat, corn, barley, pork bellies, milk, feedstuffs, fruits, vegetables, other grains, other beans, hay, other livestock, meats, poultry, eggs, or any other commodity which is so traded.
The concept of an interchangeable deliverable or guaranteed delivery is always to some degree a fiction. Trade in commodities is like trade in any other physical product or service. No magic of the commodity contract itself makes "units" of the product totally uniform nor gets it to the delivery point safely and on time.
Regulation of commodity markets.
Unless the product or service can be guaranteed or insured to be free of liability based on where it came from and how it got to market, e.g. kilowatts must come to market free from legitimate claims for smog death from coal burning plants, wood must be free from claims that it comes from protected forests, royalty payments must be free of claims of plagiarism or piracy, it becomes impossible for sellers to guarantee a uniform delivery.
Generally, governments must provide a common regulatory or insurance standard and some release of liability, or at least a backing of the insurers, before a commodity market can begin trading. This is a major source of controversy in for instance the energy market, where desirability of different kinds of power generation varies drastically. In some markets, e.g. Toronto, Canada, surveys established that customers would pay 10-15% more for energy that was not from coal or nuclear, but strictly from renewable sources such as wind.
Proliferation of contracts, terms, and derivatives.
However, if there are two or more standards of risk or quality, as there seem to be for electricity or soybeans, it is relatively easy to establish two different contracts to trade in the more and less desirable deliverable separately. If the consumer acceptance and liability problems can be solved, the product can be made interchangeable, and trading in such units can begin.
Since the detailed concerns of industrial and consumer markets vary widely, so do the contracts, and "grades" tend to vary significantly from country to country. A proliferation of contract units, terms, and futures contracts have evolved,
combined into an extremely sophisticated range of financial instruments.
These are more than one-to-one representations of units of a given type of commodity, and represent more than simple futures contracts for future deliveries. These serve a variety of purposes from simple gambling to price insurance.
The underlying of futures contracts are no longer restricted to commodities.
Oil and fiat.
Building on the infrastructure and credit and settlement networks established for food and precious metals, many such markets have proliferated drastically in the late 20th century. Oil was the first form of energy so widely traded, and the fluctuations in the oil markets are of particular political interest.
Some commodity market speculation is directly related to the stability of certain states, e.g. during the Gulf War, speculation on the survival of the regime of Saddam Hussein in Iraq. Similar political stability concerns have from time to time driven the price of oil. Some argue that this is not so much a commodity market but more of an assassination market speculating on the survival (or not) of Saddam or other leaders whose personal decisions may cause oil supply to fluctuate by military action.
The oil market is, however, an exception. Most markets are not so tied to the politics of volatile regions - even natural gas tends to be more stable, as it is not traded across oceans by tanker as extensively.
Commodity markets and protectionism.
Developing countries (democratic or not) have been moved to harden their currencies, accept IMF rules, join the WTO, and submit to a broad regime of reforms that amount to a "hedge" against being isolated. China's entry into the WTO signalled the end of truly isolated nations entirely managing their own currency and affairs. The need for stable currency and predictable clearing and rules-based handling of trade disputes, has led to a global trade hegemony - many nations "hedging" on a global scale against each other's anticipated "protectionism", were they to fail to join the WTO.
There are signs, however, that this regime is far from perfect. U.S. trade sanctions against Canadian softwood lumber (within NAFTA) and foreign steel (except for NAFTA partners Canada and Mexico) in 2002 signalled a shift in policy towards a tougher regime perhaps more driven by political concerns - jobs, industrial policy, even sustainable forestry and logging practices.
Nature's commodity outputs.
Commodity thinking is undergoing a more direct revival thanks to the theorists of "natural capital" whose products, some economists argue, are the only genuine commodities - air, water, and calories we consume being mostly interchangeable when they are free of pollution or disease. Whether we wish to think of these things as tradeable commodities rather than birthrights has been a major source of controversy in many nations.
Most types of environmental economics consider the shift to measuring them inevitable, arguing that reframing political economy to consider the flow of these basic commodities first and foremost, helps avoids use of any military fiat except to protect "natural capital" itself, and basing credit-worthiness more strictly on commitment to preserving biodiversity aligns the long-term interests of ecoregions, societies, and individuals. They seek relatively conservative sustainable development schemes that would be amenable to measuring well-being over long periods of time, typically "seven generations", in line with Native American thought.
Weather trading.
"Will a freeze hurt the Brazilian coffee crop? Will there be a drought in the U.S. Corn Belt? What are the chances that we will have a cold winter, driving natural gas prices higher and creating havoc in Florida orange areas? What is the status of El Niño?"
Emissions trading.
Weather trading is just one example of "negative commodities", units of which represent harm rather than good.
"Economy is three fifths of ecology" argues Mike Nickerson, one of many economic theorists who holds that nature's productive services and waste disposal services are poorly accounted for. One way to fairly allocate the waste disposal capacity of nature is "cap and trade" market structure that is used to trade toxic emissions rights in the United States, e.g. SO2. This is in effect a "negative commodity", a right to throw something away.
In this market, the atmosphere's capacity to absorb certain amounts of pollutants is measured, divided into units, and traded amongst various market players. Those who emit more SO2 must pay those who emit less. Critics of such schemes argue that unauthorized or unregulated emissions still happen, and that "grandfathering" schemes often permit major polluters, such as the state governments' own agencies, or poorer countries, to expand emissions and take jobs, while the SO2 output still floats over the border and causes death.
In practice, political pressure has overcome most such concerns and it is questionable whether this is a capacity that depends on U.S. clout: The Kyoto Protocol established a similar market in global greenhouse gas emissions without U.S. support.
Community as commodity?
This highlights one of the major issues with global commodity markets of either the positive or negative kind. A community must somehow believe that the commodity instrument is real, enforceable, and well worth paying for.
A very substantial part of the anti-globalization movement opposes the commodification of currency, national sovereignty, and traditional cultures.
The capacity to repay debt, as in the current global credit money regime anchored by the Bank for International Settlements, does not in their view correspond to measurable benefits to human well-being worldwide. They seek a fairer way for societies to compete in the global markets that will not require conversion of natural capital to natural resources, nor human capital to move to developed nations in order to find work.
Some economic systems by green economists would replace the "gold standard" with a "biodiversity standard". It remains to be seen if such plans have any merit other than as political ways to draw attention to the way capitalism itself interacts with life.
Is human life a commodity?
While classical, neoclassical, and Marxist approaches to economics tend to treat labor differently, they are united in treating nature as a resource.
The green economists and the more conservative environmental economics argue that not only natural ecologies, but also the life of the individual human being is treated as a commodity by the global markets. A good example is the IPCC calculations cited by the Global Commons Institute as placing a value on a human life in the developed world "15x higher" than in the developing world, based solely on the ability to pay to prevent climate change.
Is free time a commodity?
Accepting this result, some argue that to put a price on both is the most reasonable way to proceed to optimize and increase that value relative to other goods or services. This has led to efforts in measuring well-being, to assign a commercial "value of life", and to the theory of Natural Capitalism - fusions of green and neoclassical approaches - which focus predictably on energy and material efficiency, i.e. using far less of any given commodity input to achieve the same service outputs as a result.
Indian economist Amartya Sen, applying this thinking to human freedom itself, argued in his 1999 book "Development as Freedom" that human free time was the only real service, and that sustainable development was best defined as freeing human time. Sen won The Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel in 1999 (sometimes incorrectly called the "Nobel Prize in Economics") and based his book on invited lectures he gave at the World Bank.

Political economy
Political economy was the original term for the study of production, the acts of buying and selling, and their relationships to laws, customs and government.
It developed in the 18th century as the study of the economies of states. Some political economists proposed the labour theory of value (first introduced by John Locke, developed by Adam Smith and later Karl Marx), according to which "labour" is the real source of value. Many political economists also looked at the accelerating development of technology, whose role in economic and social relationships grew ever more important.
In late 19th century, the term "political economy" was generally replaced by the term economics, which was used by those seeking to place the study of economy on a mathematical basis, rather than studying the relationships within production and consumption.
Disciplines which relate to political economy.
Because political economy is not a unified discipline, there are a variety of studies that use the term which have overlapping subject matter, but radically different viewpoints.
Sociology is the study of the effects of involvement in society on individuals as members groups, and how this changes their ability to function. Many sociologists begin from a framework of production determining relationship drawn from Karl Marx.
Anthropology often studies political economy by studying the relationship between the world capitalist system and local cultures.
Psychology is frequently the fulcrum around which political economy centers, in that it deals with decision making, not as being a black box whose effects are seen only in price decisions, but as being a source of study, and therefore the assumptions in a model of political economy.
History since it documents change over time, is often used as a means of arguing in political economy, and often historical works have a framework of political economy which they assume or argue as the basis for the narrative structure.
Economics, because it studies activity and price relationships and the effects of scarcity, grew out of political economy. It is often used "in" political economy to argue policy effects and study the results of actions, and it is often "in opposition" to political economy, in that many, if not most, practicing economists see political economy as being a hindrance to the operation of economic forces. From the point of view of political economy, economics is a branch of the entire study, and economics has, at its basis, a theory of political economy which should be open to examination.
Law since it concerns the creation of policy, or the mediation of policy ends through political acts which have specific individual results, is seen, in political economy, as both political capital and social infrastructure, on one hand - and as the result of the sociology of a society on the other.
Ecology is often involved in political economy, because human activity is one of the single largest effects on the environment, and because it is the suitability of the environment for human beings which is one of the central concerns of most human beings. The ecological effects of economic activity on the environment have spurred the creation of a great deal of research studying means of changing the incentives balance of the market economy. This work is particularly controversial in its interaction with economics, since it questions the fundamental econometric assumptions of market economics and their basic validity.

My Lai Massacre
The My Lai Massacre (pronounced IPA: [mi.˧˩˥'lɐːj˧˧], Thảm sát Mỹ Lai, Thảm sát Sơn Mỹ) was the killing of hundreds of civilians by United States troops at the village of My Lai, Vietnam on March 16, 1968. A memorial in My Lai lists the names of 504 victims.
Before the massacre, U.S. troops were told that all of the "true" civilians would be at the market and the remaining people would be members of the National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam. When the soldiers got to the village they did not find any NLF troops. Despite this, many troopers began to kill the villagers, mainly elderly people, women, and children.
The killings were stopped by an American helicopter pilot.
The killings were covered up by the United States Army, but eventually 26 soldiers were charged with being involved in the killings. However, only one, Lieutenant William Calley was found guilty.
The massacre caused public opinion in the United States to shift further towards wanting peace.

Henry II of England
Henry II of England (March 5, 1133 – July 6, 1189) was the son of Geoffrey of Anjou and Empress Matilda. He married Eleanor of Aquitaine in 1152 and was crowned king in 1154. His children included Richard, who would later lead many battles, and John, who would later be the worst king in English history. Although he was the king of England, he never learnt the English language because his family had come over from France in 1066. He died in 1189 aged 56. He ruled for 35 years and descended the throne to his eldest son, Richard.
Henry II's succession to the English throne was agreed in 1153. He finally came to the throne in 1154 upon Stephen I's death. He reduced the power of the barons who had become very powerful in Stephen's reign, and in 1166 introduced trial by jury.
One of the big events that happened while Henry ruled was the killing of Thomas Becket, the Archbishop of Canterbury. Henry II did not like Becket because Becket was trying to increase the power of church courts that had lost power when Henry had made major changes to the legal system. Four knights killed Becket in Canterbury Cathedral. Legend say that the knights had heard Henry say, "Who will rid me of this turbulent (rebellious) priest?" It is more likely that they did it because of the fact that Henry had shown over the last several years that he did not like Becket.
Henry's first son, William, Count of Poitiers, died in as a baby. In 1170, Henry and Eleanor's fifteen-year-old son, Henry, was crowned king (another reason for Henry's arguing with Thomas Becket, who did not agree with the Henry being crowned). Young Henry never ruled and is not in the list of the kings and queens of England; he became known as Henry the Young King so he was not confused with his nephew Henry III of England.
Henry and his wife, Eleanor of Aquitaine, had five sons and three daughters: William, Henry, Richard, Geoffrey, John, Matilda, Eleanor, and Joan. Henry tried to take Eleanor's lands from her (and from their son Richard). This led to conflict between Henry on the one side and his wife and sons on the other.
Henry also had many children outside of his marriage, including William de Longespee, Earl of Salisbury, whose mother was Ida, Countess of Norfolk; Geoffrey, Archbishop of York, son of a woman named Ykenai; Morgan, Bishop of Durham; and Matilda, Abbess of Barking.
Upon Henry's death his son Richard became king.

Damascus
Damascus is the Capital city of Syria. It is the largest city in Syria with about 4.5 million people living there. Damascus is thought to be one of oldest cities in the world that still has people living in it. It is believed that people started living in Damascus as long ago as 8000 BC to 10000BC.

Heart-lung transplant
A heart-lung transplant is a type of surgery to help people who have very sick hearts and lungs. In this surgery, the patient's own heart and lungs are taken out and replaced by healthy organs. During the surgery, a machine called a heart-lung machine pumps blood for the patient and breathes for him or her. Not many heart-lung transplants are done, because there are not enough donated organs.

Ronnie Barker
Ronald William George Barker (25 September 1929 – 3 October 2005), popularly known as Ronnie Barker and (as a writer) Gerald Wiley, was an English comic actor and writer. He is best-known for being on the very popular TV variety show "The Two Ronnies". Also on the show was his long-time comedy partner, Ronnie Corbett.

Guantánamo Bay
"This article is about the body of water. For the U.S. Naval base, see Guantanamo Bay Naval Base".
Guantánamo Bay ("Bahía de Guantánamo") is a bay located in Guantánamo province at the south-eastern end of Cuba (). It is the largest harbour on the south side of the island. It is surrounded by steep hills creating an enclave cut off from its immediate hinterland.
History.
The bay was originally named Guantánamo by the Taíno. Christopher Columbus landed at the location known as Fisherman's Point in 1494 naming it "Puerto Grande". On landing Columbus's crew found Taíno fisherman preparing a feast for the local chieftain. When Spanish settlers took control of the island the bay became a vital harbor on the south side of the island.
The bay has been the focus of military activities for a long time. In the colonial era, British troops tried to land there, during the War of the Jenkin's Ear. That war was between England and Spain. It took place between 1739 and 1742. The troops could land in trhe bay, and later tried to take the city Santiago de Cuba. As it turned out, this was impossible. So the troops claimed the bay as theirs, and named it "Cumberland Harbour". Later they left the island again, because some of their troops had died from tropical diseases.
The United States tried to buy the whole island of Cuba. In the Spanish-American war, US troops occupied the bay, because there was a harbour there.The Treaty of Paris, between the United States and Spain ended the war. It gave Cuba its independence from Spain. Spain also gave the territory of Puerto Rico, the islands of Guam and the Philippines to the United States, amongst others. Cuba, however, came under the political and military infuence of the United States. The US then put presidents and dictators at the head of the Cuban state. These were of course favorable to the interests of the United States. In 1902 the Platt Amendment was appended to the Constitution of the Cuban state. It limited the freedom of Cuba very much. It also said that some territory in the south should be ceded to the United States for a military base. Bound by the amendment, the Cubans granted the US a 99-year lease to the territory. This treaty was made by Tomás Estrada Palma, an American citizen, who became the first President of Cuba.
The current Cuban government rejects the Cuban-American Treaty because it violates article 52 of the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. The Cuban government therefore considers the U.S. presence in Guantánamo to be an illegal occupation of the area. Article 52 declares a treaty void only if its conclusion has been procured by the threat or use of force in violation of international law
The US Naval base.
The southern portion of the bay is surrounded by the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, a naval base established in 1898. Recently, the base began hosting a detainment camp for suspected militant combatants collected (actions that are viewed by some as kidnapping) from both Afghanistan and Iraq, or from secret NATO prisons in Europe (discovered recently, in 2006).
The base, sometimes called "GTMO" or "Gitmo", covers 116 km² (about 45 square miles) on the western and eastern banks of the bay. It was established in 1898, when the United States obtained control of Cuba from Spain at the end of the Spanish-American War, following the 1898 invasion of Guantánamo Bay. The U.S. government obtained a perpetual lease that began on February 23, 1903.

Guantanamo (disambiguation)
Guantánamo or Guantanamo can mean different things

Guantánamo province
Guantánamo is the easternmost province of Cuba. Its capital is also called Guantánamo. Other towns include Baracoa. The province surrounds the important U.S. Navy base at Guantánamo Bay.
Guantánamo's architecture and culture is unlike the rest of Cuba.
The original settlement was done by Catalan families from the Ampurdan region of north-eastern Catalunya, Spain in 1764. British forces had occupied the area for over 40 years and Scot-Irish settlers were a constant preoccupation to the Spanish auhorities. In 1805, when the French were forced out of St. Domingue (Haiti) 35,000 French settlers were given lands in Cuba, many French families settled in the Guantanamo area becoming coffee and cacao planters meaning that many buildings are comparable to those of the French Quarter of New Orleans in the U.S. state of Louisiana.
Before the Castroite Revolution the Carnivals of Guantanmo were famous in Cuba.
The province is only 80 km away from Haiti its closest point, across the Windward Passage and close enough to see lights on Haiti on a clear night. Guantánamo also has a number of immigrants from Jamaica.
The Nipe-Sagua-Baracoa mountains (Sierra de Cristal) dominate the province, dividing both climate and landscape. The northern coast, battered by prevailing winds, is the wettest part of the country, while the south, sheltered and dry, is the hottest. The north is characterized by rainforests, while the south is arid and has many cacti.

Havana province
Havana Province, (Spanish - Provincia de la Habana), Cuba, is one of the provinces of Cuba. The city of Havana is a separate province, surrounded by the province of Havana. It had 711 066 people in the 2002 census. The largest city is the city of Artemisa with a population of 75,000 in 2003, but the capital is Havana City located in the province of the same name. The second largest city is Güines (70,000).
La Habana Province has borders with the city of Havana, Pinar del Rio, and Matanzas. It has coasts in the south and north and has dozens of towns and a few small cities which rank between the 20 and 40 largest of the island.
The southern coast of the province is characterized by swamps and wetlands.
Much of the province's agriculture is geared towards the production of food, primarily cattle, potatos and fruit. Unlike much of Cuba, sugar and tobacco play only a small role in the province's economy. There is also much industrialization in the province, with numerous electricity plants and sugar mills.

Santiago de Cuba province
Santiago de Cuba Province is the second most populated province in the island of Cuba. It has a population of about 1.2 million people. The largest city Santiago de Cuba (554,000) is its main administrative center. Other large cities include Palma Soriano (125,000), Contramaestre (88,000), Mayarí Arriba (80,000), San Luis (65,000) and Songo-la Maya (50,000).
The province has many material resources such as iron and nickel. The economy, however, relies mostly on agriculture, with large plantations growing bananas, cacao and coffee dotting the landscape. Industry is growing around the capital, as is tourism. The natural beauty of the area is attracting many tourists from both the rest of Cuba and from overseas.
Santiago de Cuba province has been the site of many battles, both during the war for independence and the 1959 Cuban Revolution, where much of the guerrilla fighting took place in the mountainous province.
Historical use of the name.
Before 1976, Cuba was divided into six provinces. One of these was Oriente province, which was, prior to 1905, known as Santiago de Cuba province. See Historical provinces of Cuba.

Granma province
Granma is one of the provinces of Cuba. Its capital is Bayamo. Other towns on it include Manzanillo (a port on the Gulf of Guacanayabo) and Pilón.
History.
The province was named after the yacht "Granma", used by Che Guevara and Fidel Castro to land in Cuba with 82 guerrillas in 1956. The American who sold them the secondhand yacht in Mexico apparently had named it after his grandmother and so the name of this vessel, with its non-standard spelling, became an icon for Cuban communism. Not every Cuban realizes that the name would translate as "abuela," although all can name the mothership of the revolution.
Results.
The province is full of reminders of the Cuban Revolution, and the Cuban Wars of Independence. There are many plaques in the mountains that commemorate the struggle against Fulgencio Batista.The struggle took place in 1959.
It is believed there are many unmarked grave sites from the different wars. The sites of the various palenques, the fortified hamlets of escaped slaves can be found. These have been uncovered by archaeological digs. Most of these are not specially marked. Recently a hurricane destroyed the site of Castro's headquarters at La Plata.
Economy.
There are numerous abandoned gold, silver, and manganese mine sites. This is the area where Raúl Castro holds his centre of power and it is said to be the site of secret garrisons.
Coffee is grown in the mountainous regions of the province, and during the coffee harvest, there may be road blocks, where soldiers ensure that the coffee is delivered to the government and not the black market.

Vail, Colorado
Vail is a town in the American state of Colorado. It is best known for being one of the best places to ski in North America. The Vail Ski Resort is the largest ski resort with only one mountain in North American. In 2006, it was believed that 4,859 people lived in Vail.

Holguín province
Holguín is one of the provinces of Cuba, the second most populous after Ciudad de la Habana. It lies in the southeast of the country. Its major cities include Holguín (the capital), Banes, Antilla, Mayarí, and Moa.
The province has a population of slightly over one million people. Its territory extends over more than 9300 km², 25 percent of which are covered by forest.
History.
Christopher Columbus landed in what is believed to have been today's Holguín province on October 27, 1492. He declared that it was "the most beautiful country human eyes had ever seen".
The Holguín province was established in 1978, when it was split from the "Oriente" region.
Illustrious Sons.
General Calixto García (1839-1898), independence wars patriot
Commander in Chief Fidel Castro (1926), lawyer, President of Cuba.
Army General Raúl Castro (1931), minister of the Revolutionary Army Forces and Vice-President of Cuba.
Economy.
Like much of Cuba, Holguín's economy is based around sugarcane, though mining, corn and coffee are also large earners for the province.
At Moa, there is a huge cobalt processing plant with shipping facilities, that was constructed with the help of foreign aid, much of it from Canada. There are chrome, nickel, iron and steel plants dotted throughout the province as well.
Tourism has only recently begun to be experimented with by the Fidel Castro government, and in Holguín, there are numerous hotels around the Guardalavaca area.

Las Tunas province
Las Tunas is one of the provinces of Cuba. Major towns include Puerto Padre and Amancio, as well as the capital, Victoria de Las Tunas (sometimes known as Las Tunas, or even just Tuna).
The Las Tunas province was established in 1978, when it was split from the "Oriente" region.
The southern coast, which opens onto the Golfo de Guacanayabo, is marshy and characterised by mangroves. This wet area is used to grow sugarcane in, as the wet climate is well suited for the crop.
Cattle are also grazed in the province, which was, until the 1975, part of the Oriente province that was divided into five smaller provinces by the Cuban government. Victoria de Las Tunas was just a small market town until that year, and a large development program was started to modernise the town and connect it by road to Havana.

Paul Hartley
Paul Hartley (born October 19, 1976) is a Scottish football player. He currently plays for Celtic and the Scottish national team.
Hartley used to play for Hamilton Academical, Millwall, Raith Rovers, Hibernian, Greenock Morton, St Johnstone and Hearts.

Camagüey province
Camagüey is the largest of the provinces of Cuba. Its capital is Camagüey. Other towns include Florida and Nuevitas.
Camagüey is mostly low lying, with no major hills or mountain ranges passing through the province. Numerous large cays (including what used to be one of Fidel Castro's favourite fishing spots; the Archipiélago Jardines de la Reina) characterise both the northern and southern coasts.
Sandy beaches are found on both coasts also, and despite a large potential for tourism, the province has seen little development in that area. Exception being Santa Lucía beach, on the North coast.
The economy of the Camagüey province is primarily cattle and sugar (in the north and south) farming, and the province is known for its cowboy culture, with rodeos frequently held. Chickens and rice are also farmed, and a small citrus fruit industry exists. The capital city also has one of the few breweries on the island.

Ciego de Ávila province
Ciego de Ávila is one of the provinces of Cuba, and was previously part of Camagüey Province. Its capital is Ciego de Ávila, which lies on the Carretera Central (central highway), and the second city is Morón, further north.
Off the north coast of the province are a string of "cayos" (cays) - these islands are being developed as tourist resorts, principally Cayo Coco and Cayo Guillermo. The south coast is characterised by mangroves.
Between Morón and the north coast are several lakes, including La Laguna de Leche (the Lake of Milk, so called for its white appearance because of large lime deposits underwater) which is the largest natural lake in Cuba.
Central Ciego de Ávila is used for cattle ranching, elsewhere in the province sugar, pineapples and citrus fruit are grown.
The province was separated from Camagüey Province in 1975 by Fidel Castro's government.

Sancti Spíritus province
Sancti Spíritus is one of the provinces of Cuba. Its capital is the identically named Sancti Spíritus. Another major city is Trinidad.
The southern coast of the province is flat, but the western portion of Sancti Spíritus province is mountainous. The southeast has numerous mangroves and swamps.
The largest man made reservoir in Cuba, the Embalse Zaza, is in Sancti Spíritus province.
Tourism is a big earner for the province, with most of the tourism centred around the old city of Trinidad, a World Heritage listed city which has dozens of colonial buildings (and almost no 20th century architecture) dating back to the Spanish conquest in the 1500s, and, as with most of Cuba, sugarcane and cattle are important commodities. Some tobacco and rice is also grown.
During the 1600s, both Dutch and British pirates attempted to take control of what is today Sancti Spíritus province, but with little success, as the Spanish garrison held them off. From 1660 to 1680, Trinidad was plagued by pirates from Jamaica and Tortuga, and on two occasions, pirates razed the city.
The provinces of Cienfuegos, Sancti Spíritus, and Villa Clara were once all part of the now defunct province of Santa Clara.

Villa Clara province
Villa Clara is one of the provinces of Cuba. Its main cities are Santa Clara (the capital), Sagua La Grande, Placetas, Camajuaní, Remedios and Caibarién.
The coast of Villa Clara is dotted with numerous cays, and there are many coral reefs and sandy beaches, too.
Around Santa Clara, the land rises into the Alturas de Santa Clara. The highest point in the province is in the Alturas, at 464 m above sea level. Villa Clara also has numerous lakes, which are used for both water sports and fishing. The largest Cuban river to drain into the Atlantic, Río Sagua la Grande, is also in Villa Clara province.
Sugar, the commodity that the Cuban economy relies upon, is grown in the plains in the north of the province, and several large mills provide employment to many people.
The provinces of Cienfuegos, Sancti Spíritus, and Villa Clara were once all part of the now defunct province of Las Villas.Santa Clara was the capital of Las Villas.

Cienfuegos province
Cienfuegos (Spanish for "hundred fires") is one of the provinces of Cuba. The capital city of the province is also called Cienfuegos and was founded by French settlers in 1819.
Cienfuegos is the smallest province in Cuba. With the exception of the Sierra de Escambray, Cienfuegos is low lying with an economy almost entirely dedicated to the growing and processing of sugar. Sugar mills and sugarcane plantations dot the landscape. There are waterfalls in the sierra of the province.
Scuba diving off Cienfuegos province is extremely popular both with tourists and locals. There are numerous underwater caves, and well over 50 dive sites in the province.
The provinces of Cienfuegos, Sancti Spíritus, and Villa Clara were once all part of the now defunct province of Santa Clara.

Matanzas province
Matanzas is one of the provinces of Cuba.
Major towns.
Major towns in the province include Cárdenas, Jovellanos and the capital of the same name, Matanzas. The resort town of Varadero is also located in this province.
Geographical location and appearance.
The second largest in Cuba, Matanzas province is largely flat, with its highest point (Pan de Matanzas) at only 380m above sea level.
The north coast has numerous small cays of its coast, and scrubland and mangroves near the shoreline.
The southern coast has one of Cuba's most distinctive features: an enormous marsh, Ciénaga de Zapata that covers both the southern part of the province and the peninsula of the same name. East of the peninsula lies the Bay of Pigs, the site of the failed US backed invasion.
Economy.
Of Cuba's provinces, Matanzas is one of the most industrialised, with petroleum wells, refineries, supertanker facilities, and 21 sugar mills to process the harvests of the fields of sugarcane in the province.

Pinar del Río province
Pinar del Río is one of the provinces of Cuba. It is at the western end of the island of Cuba.
The Pinar del Río province has one of Cuba's three main mountain ranges, the Cordillera de Guaniguanico. The mountains are divided into the easterly Sierra del Rosario and the westerly Sierra de los Organos. These form a landscape characterised by steep sided limestone hills and flat, fertile valleys.
The province relies on tobacco farming, with Pinar del Río producing 70% of Cuba's crop, used to make the cigars that are so prized overseas. The best tobacco, used for more expensive cigar brands, is grown in the flat lands of San Juan y Martínez. Tourism in the Viñales Valley is another important part of the economy.
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Isla de la Juventud
The Isle of Youth (Spanish: "Isla de la Juventud") is the largest Cuban island after Cuba itself. Is is the sixth-largest island in the West Indies. The island has an area 3056 km² (1180 square miles) and is 100 km to the southwest of mainland Cuba. It lies across the Gulf of Batabanó. The island lies almost directly south of Havana and Pinar del Río. Because of its superficial extension, population and for its economic characteristics, it is considered to be a Special Municipality. It is therefore not a part of any province. The Isle of Youth is administered directly by the central government of Cuba.
The island is the largest of the 350 in the Canarreos Archipelago ("Archipiélago de los Canarreos"). It has an estimated population of 100,000. The capital and largest city is Nueva Gerona in the north. The second-largest and oldest city is Santa Fe in the interior. Other communities are Columbia, Mac Kinley, Santa Bárbara, Cuchilla Alta, Punta del Este, Sierra de Caballos and Sierra de Casas. The island was called the Isle of Pines ("Isla de Pinos") before 1978.
History.
Little is known of the pre-Columbian history of the island, though a cave complex near the Punta del Este beach preserves 235 ancient drawings made by the native population. The island first became known to Europeans during Christopher Columbus's third voyage to the New World in 1494. Columbus named the island "La Evangelista" and claimed it for Spain; the island would also come to be known "Isla de Cotorras" ("Isle of Parrots") and "Isla de Tesoros" ("Treasure Island") at various points in its history.
Pirate activity in and around the area left its trace in English literature. Both "Treasure Island" by Robert Louis Stevenson and "Peter Pan" by James Matthew Barrie are rooted in part on accounts of the island and its native and pirate inhabitants, as well as long dugout canoes (which were often used by pirates as well as indigenous peoples) and the great American crocodile ("Crocodylus acutus") on the island.
Following the victory of the United States in the Spanish-American War, Spain dropped all claims to Cuba under the terms of the 1898 Treaty of Paris. The Isla de la Juventud was not mentioned in the Platt Amendment, which defined Cuba's boundaries, and this led to competing claims to the island by the United States and the now-independent Cuba. In 1907, the U.S. Supreme Court decided that the island did not belong to the United States. A treaty was signed between the U.S. and Cuba in 1925, recognizing Cuban ownership.
Geography and economy.
Much of the island is covered with pine forests. These are the source of the island's large lumber industry. The northern region of the island has low ridges from which marble is quarried. The southern region is an elevated plain. Agriculture and fishing are the island's main industries, with citrus fruit and vegetables being grown. A black sand beach was formed by volcanic activity.
The island has a mild climate, but is known for frequent hurricanes. It is a popular tourist destination, with many beaches and resorts, including Bibijagua Beach. Until the Cuban government expropriated all foreign-owned property in the early 1960s, much land was owned by Americans.
Transportation.
The main transportation to the island is by boat or aircraft. Hydrofoils (kometas) and motorized catamarans will make the trip in between two and three hours. A much slower and larger cargo ferry takes around six hours to make the crossing, but is cheaper. The province has only one municipality, also named Isla de la Juventud.
Prisons.
From 1953 to 1955, Cuban leader Fidel Castro was imprisoned in the Presidio Modelo on the Isla de la Juventud by the regime of Fulgencio Batista after leading the failed July 1953 attack on the Moncada Barracks in the Oriente Province. Later, Castro used the same facility to imprison counterrevolutionaries and dissidents, such as Huber Matos (once a comandante of rebel troops supporting the Cuban Revolution but later came into conflict with Cuban government), who claims to have been tortured there, and Armando F. Valladares.

Hergé
Georges Remi (May 22, 1907 - March 3, 1983) also known as Hergé, was a cartoonist from Belgium. Remi was from a group of people in Belgium called Walloons and spoke French. He is most famous for his comic, The Adventures of Tintin.

Louisville, Kentucky
Louisville, Kentucky is the largest city in the state of Kentucky in the USA. The settlement that became the City of Louisville was founded in 1778 by George Rogers Clark. It is named after King Louis XVI of France. It was an important riverport in the 19th century. Many people come to the city in May for the Kentucky Derby horse race.

Mount Rushmore
Mount Rushmore is a famous mountain in the United States in South Dakota. It has the heads of four of America's greatest Presidents carved on it, George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Theodore Roosevelt, and Abraham Lincoln. Gutzon Borglum carved the heads on the mountain. After Borglum's death his son, Lincoln finished it. The carving started in 1927 and ended in 1941.

West Side Story
West Side Story is a famous American musical based on Romeo and Juliet. The music was composed by Leonard Bernstein and the lyrics were by Stephen Sondheim. It tells the story of two gangs in New York City, The Jets (who are white) and the Sharks (who are Puerto Rican) and what happens when Tony, a member of the Jets falls in the love with Maria, the sister of the leader of the Sharks.
A movie based on the musical was made in 1961.

Lorscheid
Lorscheid is a village and a part of the Ruwer (municipality) near Trier in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.
It is on an old Roman road and many archaeological settlements - places where people used to live - are nearby. The village is first mentioned in the inventory of the Abbey of St. Maximin in Trier for the year 1211.

Thrash metal
Thrash metal is a type of heavy metal music, one of the extreme metal types of music, that is characterised by its high speed and aggression.
Origins.
The origins of thrash metal are generally traced to the late 1970s and early 1980s, when a number of bands began incorporating the sound of the New Wave of British Heavy Metal with elements of hardcore punk, creating a new genre and developing into a separate movement from punk rock. This genre is much more aggressive compared to its relative, speed metal.

Anthrax (US band)
Anthrax is a thrash metal band from New York City, USA. Anthrax released their first album in 1984. Anthrax was one of the most popular bands of the 1980s thrash metal scene.

Heinrich Himmler
Heinrich Himmler (October 7, 1900 - May 23, 1945) was the leader of the German SS and Gestapo organisation. Hitler ordered his arrest after Himmler offered peace to allies. He killed himself when he was a prisoner of the British Army after Germany had lost World War II. Himmler's father was teacher and headmaster.
Himmler and the Holocaust.
Himmler's SS (the"Totenkopfverbände") organized and administered Germany’s regime of concentration camps and, after 1941, the holocaust in Poland. The SS, through its Security Service ("Sicherheitsdienst", or SD), hunted down Jews, Gypsies, communists and any persons who the Nazis believed to be either "Untermensch" (sub-human) or against the regime. They were brought to concentration camps. Himmler opened the first of these camps at Dachau on 22 March 1933.
Unlike Hitler, Himmler inspected concentration camps. In August 1941, he saw many Jews being shot in Minsk. It was said that he turned green in the face after brainmatter from one of the Jews splashed onto his coat. His assistant had to jump forward and hold him steady. After that, the Nazis searched for a new and easier way to kill. This led to the use of the gas chambers.
Posen speech.
On 4 October 1943, Himmler spoke of the extermination of the Jewish people during a secret SS meeting in the city of Poznań (Posen). The following are parts from an audio recording of the speech:I also want to mention a very difficult subject before you here, completely openly. It should be discussed amongst us, and yet, nevertheless, we will never speak about it in public. I am talking about the Jewish evacuation: the extermination of the Jewish people. It is one of those things that is easily said. "The Jewish people are being exterminated," every Party member will tell you: "Perfectly clear, it’s part of our plans, we’re eliminating the Jews, exterminating them, ha!, a small matter."

Scone, Perth and Kinross
Scone ("Sgàin"; "Scoine") is a town in Perth and Kinross, Scotland.
The medieval town of Scone, which grew up around the monastery and royal residence, ended in the early nineteenth century when "Scone Palace" was built on the site. The modern town of New Scone nowadays is simply called Scone. It has a population of over 4000 people and is a suburb of Perth.
Old Scone was the historic capital of (Scotland). In the Middle Ages it was an important royal centre, used as a royal residence and as the coronation site of the kingdom's monarchs. Around the royal site grew the town of Perth and the Abbey of Scone.
Scone and Scotland.
Scone's role came under threat as Scotland's twelfth century kings gradually became more French and less Gaelic. Walter of Coventry reported in the reign of William I of Scotland that "The modern kings of Scotland count themselves as Frenchmen, in race, manners, language and culture; they keep only Frenchmen in their household and following, and have reduced the Scots to utter servitude." Though exaggerated, there was truth in this. Apparently for this reason, when the Normanized David I of Scotland ("Dabíd mac Maíl Choluim") went to Scone to be crowned there in the summer of 1124, he initially refused to take part in the ceremonies.
Modern town.
Constructing the new palace meant destroying the old town and moving its inhabitants to a new settlement. The new village was constructed in 1805 as planned town, and originally called New Scone. It lies 2km to the west of the old location and 1½ km further from Perth. Until 1997 the town was called "New Scone", but is now referred to simply as Scone. The town had 4,430 inhabitants according to the 2001 Census for Scotland, 84.33% of whom are Scottish; it is demographically old even compared with the rest of Scotland.
The site of Old Scone is mostly in the grounds of the modern palace. This palace is a popular tourist attraction. Visitors come to see the gardens in the palace grounds, the exotic birds which roam freely in the grounds, Moot Hill, which lies in the grounds, as well as the palace itself.

Coronation
A coronation is a ceremony that gives a monarch regal or royal power. The power is symbolized by putting a crown upon his or her head.
The ritual may have a religious meaning. Coronation has not been practiced often in recent years, although it is still a normal ceremony for the British kings and queens.

Perth and Kinross
Perth and Kinross ("Peairt agus Ceann Rois" in Gaelic) is one of 32 unitary council areas in Scotland. It borders onto the Aberdeenshire, Angus, City of Dundee, Fife, Clackmannanshire, Stirling, Argyll and Bute and Highland council areas. Perth is the administrative centre. It corresponds broadly, but not exactly, with the former counties of Perthshire and Kinross-shire.

Cylon
The Cylons are fictional robots on the science fiction television series "Battlestar Galactica".
The Story So Far.
The people from the Twelve Colonies of Kobol created the Cylon robots. They told them to work for them and fight for them. The Cylons stood up to the people from the Colonies and fought against them. The Cylons went away after the war and changed into real people as well as robots. After forty years, the Cylons came back and almost killed all the people in the Colonies. They went after the people that were not killed in many ships.

Gestapo
The Gestapo was the official secret police of Nazi Germany. Their name stands for "Geheime Staatspolizei". This can be translated to "secret state police". Under the overall administration of the SS it was administered by the "Reichssicherheitshauptamt" and was considered a dual organization of the "Sicherheitsdienst" and also a suboffice of the "SD". Heinrich Himmler was its leader.

Skrewdriver
Skrewdriver was a punk rock band formed in Blackpool, England in 1976 by Ian Stuart Donaldson. They later became a skinhead/Oi! band, and became controversial by having racist views. They became one of the first white power punk bands and played a leading role in the Rock Against Communism movement. Skrewdriver also had a contribution in the Russell Crowe movie Romper Stomper.
Internet.
ISD Records/Blood & Honour/Combat 18

Jaroslaw Kaczynski
Jarosław Kaczyński (born June 18, 1949) was the Prime Minister of Poland (July 2006 - November 2007). He is also the chairman of Law and Justice ("Prawo i Sprawiedliwość"), a political party which he helped found in 2001. Jarosław's identical twin brother, Lech Kaczyński, is the President of Poland.

Sierpc
Sierpc is a city in Poland in the Masovian Voivodeship. About 18,872 people live there. The area is 18,6 km².
The football club there is called Kasztelan Sierpc.

Heart failure
Heart failure is when the heart cannot pump blood well. Heart failure is different from cardiac arrest, because the heart is still working. Heart failure can be sudden ("acute"), for example after a heart attack, or can come on slowly. Someone with heart failure can have shortness of breath, difficulty lying flat, waking up breathless at night, swelling of the legs, and needing to urinate often during the night. There are many reasons why someone can get heart failure, but most often heart attacks, high blood pressure or problems with the heart valves. A doctor makes a diagnosis of heart failure by asking about the symptoms above, examining the heart, blood vessels, lungs, liver (for swelling) and legs (for swelling or edema). Other tests to prove the diagnosis are X-rays of the lungs, an echocardiogram (an ultrasound test of the heart) and blood tests. Heart failure can only be cured with a heart transplant, which is not done often, but most people with heart failure need to take diuretic medicines and other medication (ACE inhibitor, statin). Some people with heart failure are treated with an artifical pacemaker that makes the heart work better.

George Bernard Shaw
George Bernard Shaw (July 26, 1856 - November 2, 1950) was an Irish writer. He won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1925.
His best known works are his plays, some of which were made into movies.
"Saint Joan" was made into a movie in 1957.
"Pygmalion" was made into a movie two times. The first "Pygmalion" movie won an Academy Award in 1938. Later, the play was made into a musical called "My Fair Lady". The movie based on the musical won 8 Academy Awards in 1964.
Shaw also wrote musical criticism using the pseudonym (made-up name) Corno di Bassetto (which means: Basset horn).
Shaw was a vegetarian, did not drink alcohol, and spoke strongly about socialism and women's rights. He was also interested in making the English language easier to spell.
In his will, he left money to be used to make a new alphabet. He wanted the new alphabet to have at least 40 letters, so that each sound could be spelled with just one letter.
In 1962, his play "Androcles and the Lion" was printed in a two-language version. On one side of the book, the text is written using regular English. On the other side, it is written using the Shaw alphabet.

Kalash
The Kalash (Nuristani: "Kasivo") or Kalasha, are an ethnic group of the Hindu Kush mountain range. They live in the Chitral district of the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. They speak the Kalash language, a member of the Dardic family of Indo-Aryan.
There are only about 3,000 Kalash polytheists and 3000 Kalash muslims. The Kalash people live in three isolated valleys. They have a Greek origin. The Kalash have a polytheist religion, while neighboring peoples are Muslims. If a Kalash person converts to Islam, that person is kicked out from Kalash society. This is the reason why the Kalash religion still exists and this is the only way to make it exist also in the future. The Kalash are also known for their human features. It can vary from someone with light brown skin, brown eyes, and black hair to someone with white skin, blue eyes, and blonde hair.

Tuareg people
The Tuareg Arabic:طوارق (sometimes spelled "Touareg" in French, or "Twareg" in English) are a Berber ethnic group. The Tuareg today lives mostly in West Africa, but they were once nomads that moved throughout the Sahara. They used their own writing known as the tifinaɤ.
Today most Tuaregs are muslims. However, unlike in many other Muslim peoples, they value women a lot. Their most important leader was a woman. Tuareg men use veils, but not women. Their families are matrilinear.

Kinahmi
In Finnish mythology, Kinahmi is a great whirl in sea. Kinahmi is a way to Tuonela, the land of dead people. Souls of evil people must swim through Kinahmi to enter Tuonela. Swords, axes and needles moves with water and hurts souls of evil people.
There is also a different story about water between land of dead and land of living. In that story the water is calm, black river.
The whirl is a made by great powers of cosmos. In the middle of disc of earth stands pillar of sky. It holds dome of sky so that dome of sky does not drop on Earth. Dome of sky goes around itself; it rotates. Stars are a part of dome of sky, and while sky rotates, we see stars moving. One star does not move, it is North Star. North star is a nail that connects dome of sky to the pillar of world. The pillar of world rotates with the dome of sky. Its bottom side is standing in Arctic sea, in the middle of the Earth. The rotation of pillar causes water to form a great whirl. Tuonela is under the flat earth, but the whirl is so deep that you can go to Tuonela through it.
At a more new story the whirl goes through globe. It sucks ships from one side of earth, and spits them out from the other side. It takes many years for ship to go through Earth, so seafarers could survive this only if they had enough food. When this story was made people already knew that Earth is round.

Giovanni Boccaccio
Giovanni Boccaccio (June 16, 1313 - December 21, 1375) was an Italian author and poet. He wrote several famous works, such as "On Famous Women" and the "Decameron".

Hopwood, Worcestershire
Hopwood is the name of a small settlement located in Worcestershire, England, south of Birmingham.
Hopwood was established due to the Worcestershire and Birmingham Canal, which runs through the area. Due to this canal the settlement developed around the "Hopwood Inn", which would be a stopping point for anyone using the canal.
Today, the most notable feature of Hopwood is the "Hopwood Park services", which is a motorway service station, on the M42 motorway.

Integral
An integral helps to find out how much space is under a graph of something. Integrals undo derivatives. A derivative helps to find what the steepness is of a graph.
This is the symbol for integration: formula_1
Integrals and derivatives are part of a branch of mathematics called calculus.
Integration helps when trying to multiply units into a problem. For example, if a problem with rate (formula_2) needs an answer with just distance, one solution is to integrate with respect to time. This means multiplying in time (to cancel the time in formula_2). This is done by adding small slices of the rate graph together. The slices are close to zero in width, but adding them forever makes them add up to a whole. This is called a Riemann Sum.
Adding these slices together gives the equation that the first equation is the derivative of. Integrals are kind of like adding machines.
Another time integration is helpful is when finding the volume of a solid. It can add two-dimensional (without width) slices of the solid together forever until there is a width. This means the object now has three dimensions: the original two and a width. This gives the volume of the three-dimensional object described.

Aneurysm
An aneurysm (or aneurism) is a blood-filled bulge of a blood vessel. It is usually caused by disease or by the walls of the blood vessel becoming weak. Aneurysms usually happen in arteries at the base of the brain and in the aorta (the main artery coming out of the heart) - this is an aortic aneurysm. This bulge in a blood vessel can burst or break open and cause the person to die at any time. The larger an aneurysm becomes, the more likely it is to burst. Aneurysms can be treated.

Prefrontal cortex
The prefrontal cortex is a part of the brain that helps to control behaviour.
It is also the region for planning, expression, and personality.

Digimon
Digimon is a Japanese anime television series. It is about digital creatures called Digimon. Digimon also has movies, manga, toys, video games and card games about these creatures. Digimon was created by the Bandai company. The Digimon are often used for evil by the main villain, depending on what season of Digimon. In the first season, the digimon are controlled by Black Gears. The DigiDestined, a band of kids chosen for their compatibility to Digimon, usually fight this evil.

Steve Ballmer
Steve Ballmer (born March 24, 1956 in Detroit, Michigan), is the CEO of the Microsoft Corporation. He is the 24th richest person in the world. He is known to yell loudly to give his thoughts. He needed surgery in 1991 after yelling "Windows, Windows, Windows" in Japan. He is also known for viral videos (videos which are famous online), such as "Monkey boy" where he is dancing and yelling uncontrollably for 45 seconds. Another video is where while he is sweating a lot, yelling "developers, developers, developers" until the audience starts clapping.

Tears
Tears are a liquid made by the body to clean and lubricate the eyes.

1203
1203 is a year in the 13th century.

1208
1208 is a year in the 13th century.

1211
1211 is a year in the 13th century.

1213
1213 is a year in the 13th century.

15
15 is a year in the 1st century.

16
16 is a year in the 1st century.

17
17 is a year in the 1st century.

18
18 is a year in the 1st century.

19
19 is a year in the 1st century.

20
20 is a year in the 1st century.

21
21 is a year in the 1st century.

22
22 is a year in the 1st century.

23
23 is a year in the 1st century.

24
24 is a year in the 1st century.

25
25 is a year in the 1st century.

26
26 is a year in the 1st century.

27
27 is a year in the 1st century.

28
28 is a year in the 1st century.

29
29 is a year in the 1st century.

31
31 is a year in the 1st century.

32
32 is a year in the 1st century.

33
33 is a year in the 1st century.

34
34 is a year in the 1st century.

36
36 is a year in the 1st century.

38
38 is a year in the 1st century.

Andrew Bonar Law
Andrew Bonar Law (September 16, 1858 - October 30, 1923) was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
Bonar Law was elected to Parliament in 1900 as a member of the Conservative Party. Bonar Law became leader of the Conservative Party in 1911. He David Lloyd George's Chancellor of the Exchequer and Leader of the House of Commons while Lloyd George was Prime Minister during World War I
Bonar Law became Prime Minister in October of 1922. He found out he had throat cancer and resigned in May of 1923. He died on October 30, 1923.

39
39 is a year in the 1st century.

Pulmonary artery
The pulmonary artery is a blood vessel that connects the heart to the lungs. The pulmonary artery carries blood that does not have much oxygen. The blood from throughout the body is taken into the heart by the right atrium into the right ventricle. The blood is pumped into the pulmonary artery and into the lung capillaries. When the blood passes through the capillaries slowly to absorb the oxygen from the lungs. The oxygenated blood is taken through the pulmonary vein back into the heart through the left atrium and the left ventricle. It is then pumped throughout the body.

Heartbeat
Heart sounds are the sounds that the heart makes when it pumps blood. These sounds are also called the heartbeat. A change in heart sounds might mean illness. There are normaly four heart sounds out of which two (S1 and S2)are heard with stethoscope and two are not heard but seen on phonocadogram they are S3 and S4. There are many other heart sound which are abnormal can be heard are seen.

Artery
An artery is a blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart to other parts of the body.

Jönköping
Jönköping is a city in Sweden. The city has about 85.000 inhabitants and is located in southern Sweden near the lake Vättern.
Jönköping was actually 3 towns that grew into one large town. The 3 towns were, "Jönköping (55.000)", "Huskvarna (22.000)" and "Norrahammar (9.000)".
Jönköping is the 9th biggest city in Sweden.

Warwickshire
Warwickshire (pronounced //, //, or //) is a county in central England. The county town is Warwick. The shape of the administrative area Warwickshire differs considerably from that of the historic county. Commonly used abbreviations for the county are Warks or Warwicks.
Warwickshire is perhaps best known for being the birthplace of William Shakespeare from Stratford-upon-Avon. The county has also produced other literary figures such as George Eliot (from near Nuneaton), Rupert Brooke (from Rugby), and Michael Drayton from Hartshill.
Geography.
Warwickshire is bounded to the northwest by the West Midlands metropolitan county, and Staffordshire, by Leicestershire to the northeast, Northamptonshire to the east, Worcestershire to the west, Oxfordshire to the south, Gloucestershire to the southwest.
The majority of Warwickshire's population live in the north and centre of the county. The market towns of northern and eastern Warwickshire were industrialised in the 19th century, and include Atherstone, Bedworth, Nuneaton, and Rugby. Major industries included coal mining, textiles, engineering, and cement production, but heavy industry is in decline. Of the northern and eastern towns, only Nuneaton and Rugby (as the birthplace of Rugby football) are well-known outside of Warwickshire. The rich towns of central and western Warwickshire include Leamington Spa, Stratford-upon-Avon, Kenilworth, Alcester, and Warwick. They have light to medium industries, services, and tourism as major employers.
The south of the county is largely rural and has little population, and includes a small area of the Cotswolds. The only town in the south of Warwickshire is Shipston-on-Stour. The highest point in the county, at 261 m (856 ft), is Ebrington Hill on the border with Gloucestershire, GR SP187426 at its southwest extremity.
There are no cities in Warwickshire since both Coventry and Birmingham were incorporated into the West Midlands county in 1974. The largest towns in Warwickshire as of 2004 are: Nuneaton (pop. 77,500), Rugby (62,700), Leamington Spa (45,300), and Bedworth (32,500). Stratford, Warwick, and Kenilworth all house populations with more than 20,000 inhabitants, the smaller towns of Atherstone, Alcester, Coleshill, Southam, Bulkington, Polesworth, Kingsbury, Henley-in-Arden, Studley, Shipston and Whitnash have populations between 5,000 and 12,000.
Historically much of western Warwickshire, was covered by the ancient Forest of Arden (although most of this was cut down to provide fuel for industrialisation in the 17th to 19th centuries). For this reason, the names of a number of places in the northwestern part of Warwickshire end with the phrase "-in-Arden".
Historic boundaries.
Areas historically part of Warwickshire include Coventry, Solihull, and most of Birmingham. These became part of the West Midlands metropolitan county following local government re-organisation in 1974.
Since 1986 Birmingham, Coventry, and Solihull have been effective unitary authorities, but they still remain legally part of the West Midlands.
Some organisations, such as Warwickshire County Cricket Club, which is based in Edgbaston, in Birmingham, still observe the historic county boundaries.
Coventry is effectively in the centre of the Warwickshire area, and still has strong ties with the county. Coventry and Warwickshire are sometimes treated as a single area and share a single NHS trust and ambulance service as well as other institutions.
The town of Tamworth was historically divided between Warwickshire and Staffordshire, but since 1888 has been fully in Staffordshire.
In 1931, Warwickshire got the town of Shipston-on-Stour from Worcestershire and several villages, including Long Marston and Welford-on-Avon, from Gloucestershire.
Main settlements.
This is a list of the main settlements in Warwickshire, including towns, or villages with a population of over 5,000. For a complete list see List of places in Warwickshire.

Doppler effect
Doppler effect is a change in frequency and wavelength of a wave. It is caused by the change in distance between the thing creating the wave (causer) and whatever is measuring (watcher), seeing or hearing the wave.
Another word for "causer" is "sender". Another word for "change in distance" is "speed".
For waves read all the waves that can send out or reflected by a object. And for reflection read change of direction of a wave.
Effects of changes in distance.
If watcher and causer get closer, the wavelength is shorter and the frequency is higher.
If the distance between watcher and causer gets longer, the frequency is lower and the wavelength is longer.
For lightwaves can also be read
An extreme example of the doppler effect is an airplane flying at a faster speed than the speed of sound and how the wall of sound is heard on the ground.

Monagas Sport Club
Monagas Sport Club is a club of football from Maturín, Venezuela.

Vättern
Vättern is the second biggest lake in Sweden. The lake's total surface area is about. The deepest known point is. The average depth of the lake is.
Vättern is famous for the quality of its transparent water. Many of the people living in the area get their drinking water directly from Vättern. The lake water does not need to have many things done to it before it is used in nearby cities and towns. The water can be safely drunk from almost any point in the lake. It has been said that Vättern is the largest body of potable water in the world.
Vättern is also noted for its fishing. Tourist sport fishermen and people on vacation are allowed to fish in the lake as long as they do not use nets.

Uppsala
Uppsala is a city in Sweden. It has about 140.000 inhabitants and its the 4th biggest city in Sweden.

Summer of Love
The Summer of Love is the name for the summer of 1967 in the United States, especially in the Haight-Ashbury district of San Francisco, California. Thousands of young people from all over the world went to San Francisco to help create a hippie counterculture. The Summer of Love made the rest of America much more aware of the hippie movement. The Human Be-In is often called the start of the Summer of Love, although it happened in January of that year.
During the Summer of Love, as many as 100,000 young people from around the world travelled to San Francisco's Haight-Ashbury district, Berkeley, California, and other cities in the San Francisco area. Once there, they joined in a popular version of the hippie experience. The people who were a part of the Summer of Love are sometimes called "Flower Children". When these new Flower Children returned home at the end of summer, they brought their new clothing, ideas and behaviors to most major cities in the U.S., Canada, Britain, Western Europe, Australia and New Zealand.

Appenzell Innerrhoden
Appenzell Innerrhoden is one of the twenty-six cantons of Switzerland. It is the smallest canton by population and the second smallest by area.

Cataphile
A cataphile, also known as an urban explorer or "kata", is a person who illegally explores the catacombs underneath Paris, France. The catacombs go on for approximately 186 miles. The cataphiles carry maps, usually made by hand.

Staffordshire
Staffordshire (abbreviated Staffs) is a county in the West Midlands region of England. The county town is Stafford. Part of the National Forest lies within its borders. It adjoins the counties of Cheshire, Derbyshire, Leicestershire, Warwickshire, West Midlands, Worcestershire and Shropshire.
The largest city in ceremonial Staffordshire is Stoke-on-Trent.

Reign
A reign is the rule of a monarch (a king or queen). There is no time limit for how long a reign continues.

Late Cretaceous
The Late Cretaceous is a time period in geology. The Cretaceous was a time when dinosaurs were on the Earth. The Cretaceous period is divided into early Cretaceous and late Cretaceous. The Late Cretaceous period started 100 million years ago, and ended 65 million years ago.
In the late Cretaceous period, birds became more diverse. Near the end of this period, flowering plants developed more and became more common on the Earth.

Thai language
The Thai language is the national and official language of Thailand and the mother tongue of the Thai people, Thailand's main ethnic group.
Alphabet in Thai language has 44 alphabet.
ก ข ฃ ค ฅ ฆ ง จ ฉ ช ซ ฌ ญ ฎ ฏ ฐ ฑ ฒ ณ ด ต ถ ท ธ น บ ป ผ ฝ พ ฟ ภ ม ย ร ล ว ศ ษ ส ห ฬ อ ฮ
Thai language has a Thai number.

New England Patriots
The New England Patriots are an American football team in the National Football League. They are in the American Football Conference. Their quarterback is Tom Brady. The Patriots play in Gillette Stadium, which is near Boston, Massachusetts.
The New England Patriots won the Super Bowl in 2001, 2003 and 2004.

Digenea
Digenea are a type of flatworms. They are parasites. They have two suckers, usually. One of them is located ventrally ("on the belly"), and the other is located orally (where the mouth is).

Aspidogastrea
The Aspidogastrea (gr. "aspid" - shield, "gaster" - stomach/pouch) is a small group of flukes. There are about 80 species. The group is a subclass of the Trematoda, and sister group to the Digenea. Species are between approximately one mm to several cm long. They are parasites of freshwater and marine molluscs and vertebrates (cartilaginous and bony fishes and turtles). Maturation may occur in the mollusc or vertebrate host. None of the species has any economic importance, but the group is of very great interest to biologists because it has several characters which appear to be archaic.

Theropoda
Theropods ('beast foot') are a group of bipedal saurischian dinosaurs. Although they were primarily carnivorous, a number of theropod families evolved herbivory, during the Cretaceous Period. Theropods first appear during the Carnian age of the Late Triassic about 220 million years ago. Then, they were the sole large terrestrial carnivores from the Early Jurassic until the close of the Cretaceous, about 65 million years ago. Today, they are represented by the 9,300 living species of birds, which evolved in the Late Jurassic from small specialized coelurosaurian dinosaurs.
Among the features linking theropods to birds are the three-toed foot, a furcula (wishbone), air-filled bones and (in some cases) feathers and brooding of the eggs.

Iwasawa theory
In number theory, Iwasawa theory is a Galois module theory of ideal class groups, started by Kenkichi Iwasawa, in the 1950s, as part of the theory of cyclotomic fields. In the early 1970s, Barry Mazur thought about generalizations of Iwasawa theory to Abelian types. Later, in the early 90s, Ralph Greenberg has suggested an Iwasawa theory for motives.
Formulation.
The first thing Iwasawa noticed was that there are towers of fields in algebraic number theory, having Galois group isomorphic with the additive group of p-adic integers. That group, usually written Γ in the theory and with multiplicative notation, can be found as a subgroup of Galois groups of infinite field extensions (which are by their nature pro-finite groups). The group formula_1 is the inverse limit of the additive groups formula_2, where "p" is the fixed prime number and formula_3. We can express this by Pontryagin duality in another way: Γ is dual to the discrete group of all formula_4-power roots of unity in the complex numbers.
Example.
where formula_8 is the field generated by a primitive formula_9-th root of unity. This tower of fields has a union formula_10. Then the Galois group of formula_11 over formula_12 is isomorphic with formula_1; because the Galois group of formula_14 over formula_15 is formula_16. In order to get an interesting Galois module here, Iwasawa took the ideal class group of formula_8, and let formula_18 be its formula_4-torsion part. There are norm mappings formula_20 when formula_21, and so an inverse system. Letting formula_22 be the inverse limit, we can say that formula_23 acts on formula_24, and it is good to have a description of this action.
The motivation here was undoubtedly that the formula_4-torsion in the ideal class group of formula_15 had already been identified by Kummer as the main obstacle to the direct proof of Fermat's last theorem. What Iwasawadi that was new, was to go 'off to infinity' in a new direction. In fact, formula_22 is a module over the group ring formula_28. This is a well-behaved ring (regular and two-dimensional), meaning that it is quite possible to classify modules over it, in a way that is not too coarse.
History.
From this beginning, in the 1950s, a good-sized theory has been built up. A basic connection was noticed between the module theory, and the p-adic L-functions that were defined in the 1960s by Kubota and Leopoldt. The latter begin from the Bernoulli numbers, and use interpolation to define p-adic analogues of the Dirichlet L-functions. It became clear that the theory might be able to move ahead finally from Kummer's century-old results on regular primes.
The main conjecture of Iwasawa theory was formulated as an assertion that two ways of defining p-adic L-functions (by module theory, by interpolation) should coincide, as far as that was well-defined. This was eventually proved by Barry Mazur and Andrew Wiles for Q, and for all totally real number fields by Andrew Wiles. These proofs were modeled upon Ken Ribet's proof of the converse to Herbrand's theorem (so-called Herbrand-Ribet theorem).
More recently, also modeled upon Ribet's method, Chris Skinner and Eric Urban have announced a proof of a "main conjecture" for GL(2). An easier proof of the Mazur-Wiles theorem can be found by using Euler systems as developed by Kolyvagin (see Washington's book). Other generalizations of the main conjecture proved using the Euler system method have been found by Karl Rubin, amongst others.

Ring (mathematics)
In mathematics a ring is a certain kind of algebraic structure. Both addition and multiplication of the elements in the ring are defined and have certain properties, like the property that "x" + "y" = "y" + "x" for every "x" and every "y" in the ring. A ring is a generalization of the integers. Other examples are polynomials, and integers modulo a certain number formula_1.

989
989 is a year in the 10th century.

988
988 is a year in the 10th century.

987
987 is a year in the 10th century.

986
986 is a year in the 10th century.

Pablo Neruda
Pablo Neruda (July 12, 1904 – September 23, 1973) was a Chilean poet who won the Nobel Prize for literature in 1971. He wrote in Spanish and most of his works have been translated into a great number of languages.
Biography.
Neruda was born in the City of Parral in Chile on July 12, of 1904 and his real name was Ricardo Neftali Reyes. Neruda’s mother died shortly after he was born, but the child Neruda came to love his stepmother as if she had been his real mother. Neruda started to write poetry as a young boy but his father wanted him to study mathematics so he could become a teacher. Neruda was mainly interested in literature and writing poems, which he would mail out to magazines; to prevent his parents discovering that he was doing this he changed his name to Pablo Neruda.
In 1920 Neruda moves to Santiago to study French at the University of Chile, which he did to please his parents who wanted him to be a teacher. Soon Neruda became deeply involved in his poetry and in 1923 he published his first book: "Crepusculario"(Twilight Book).
After a number of years Neruda became a very famous person in his country and the world and was assigned diplomatic posts in various countries for long periods of time, such as Indonesia, Spain and France.
Neruda died from cancer at the age of 69 in Santiago, Chile in 1973. He also had a sister that was born dead when he was 3 or 4 yrs. old.
Themes and style.
Some of Neruda’s poetry is very difficult to understand because they are about events of World history such as the colonization of America, the Spanish Civil War, Nazi Germany and other conflicts. Neruda also references (mentions) important figures of World history. In some of his poetry Neruda tends to link historical events from different eras (periods of history) and different parts of the world into one major conflict as in his "Canto General" (1950).
But Neruda also wrote poetry that can be easily appreciated by all, such as his odes which Neruda wrote on all sorts of common things, such onions, lemons, and the common cat.
Neruda was very concerned in how his poetry sounded, he liked rhythm and many have claimed he had a “musical intelligence” ie. he wrote with music in his mind. He would record many of his poems on a tape recorder and many of his recordings were sold like records in the Spanish speaking world.
Importance.
Many academics and scholars consider Neruda to be one of the most important and widely read poets of the 1900s. Many go as far as to place him alongside Shakespeare and Dante. This is probably because Neruda wrote poems on all sorts of topics, appealing to people of all ages and interests: poems about love, on historical events (like wars), he wrote about native people, about nature and about simple things.
Neruda was also an avid collector of all sorts of things. He had one of the largest collections of seashells in the world and collected bottles and model ships.
Many of Neruda’s poems have been used in movies and in music, such as in the classical music of the Greek composer Mikis Theodorakis, and in the movies, such as "Il Postino" or "Patch Adams". Many famous people have also recorded narrations (spoken word) of his poems, such as Julia Roberts, Madonna, Andy Garcia, and Glen Close.

The Truth about Nanjing
"The Truth about Nanjing" is a Japanese movie in the making. It is thought to be made by fundamental Japanese nationalists. In this movie they want to deny the fact of Nanking Massacre.

Nanking Massacre
The Nanking Massacre is a genocide that took place in Nanjing, China during the Second World War. After the invasion of Nanjing, tens of thousands of Chinese civilians were killed and raped by the Imperial Japanese Army. The number of the people killed is thought to be over 200,000.

Neoliberalism
Neoliberalism is a term for different social and economic ideas. Originally the term was used by a group of liberals who helped shape social market economy in the mid 20th century. Today, it is mostly people who are critical of the ideas of globalisation as well as trade unionists who use the term.
The ideas were developed by the economists Friedrich Hayek, Wilhelm Röpke, Walter Eucken, as well as other less prominent thinkers. They were first presented at a conference in 1938.
What do Neoliberals want?
Neoliberals are openly against lobbying of groups, state interventions that aim to protect national interests, like import duties or subsidies. Neoliberalism is also against totalitarian regimes or a centrally governed economy. What it more it frowns upon the Laissez-faire of classical Liberalism.

Cartel
In economics, a cartel is when a group of independent companies work together. They do this to increase their profits. They do this by fixing the price of goods, by limiting their supply or by other means. Monopolies are not cartels, because in a monopoly there is only one independent company. Cartels are bad for the economy in general. Cartels usually occur in oligopolies, where there are a small number of players that control the market.
Overview.
A survey of hundreds of published economic studies and legal decisions of antitrust authorities was done. It found that the median price increase achieved by cartels in the last 200 years is 25%. Private international cartels (those with participants from two or more nations) had an average price increase of 28%. Domestic cartels averaged 18%. Less than 10% of all cartels in the sample failed to raise market prices.
In general, cartel agreements are economically unstable. There is an incentive for members to cheat by selling at below the agreed price or selling more than the production quotas set by the cartel (see also game theory). This has caused many cartels that attempt to set product prices to be unsuccessful in the long term. Empirical studies of 20th century cartels have determined that the mean duration of discovered cartels is from 5 to 8 years. However, once a cartel is broken, the incentives to form the cartel return and the cartel may be re-formed. Publicly-known cartels that do not follow this cycle include the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC).
Price fixing is often practised internationally. When the agreement to control price is sanctioned by a multilateral treaty or protected by national sovereignty, no antitrust actions may be initiated. Examples of such price fixing include oil whose price is partly controlled by the supply by OPEC countries. Also international airline tickets have prices fixed by agreement with the IATA, a practice for which there is a specific exception in antitrust law.
International price fixing by private entities can be prosecuted under the antitrust laws of more than 100 countries. Examples of prosecuted international cartels are lysine, citric acid, graphite electrodes and bulk vitamins.

Oligopoly
In economics, an oligopoly is when a market is controlled by a small number of sellers. Very often, there are only 3 or 4 of them. Oligopolies are very common. The main feature of the oligopoly is that a decision made by one market player influences the whole market.
Examples.
In many countries, some country-held companies were privatized. Very often, this privatization lead to oligopolies. In many countries, there are only a handful of companies providing networks for mobile phones. They control the prices for accessing the network. That is why using a mobile phone is often much more expensive than using a land line one.

Market forms
In economics, market structure (also known as market form) describes the state of a market with respect to competition.
Most market forms given below talk about a "homogeneous product". This simply means that they all make the same kind of product (like sugar, or soap), and that the individual consumer does not care where he or she buys from. They simply want to get the cheapest one, since all kinds of sugars (or soaps) look the same anyway.
The imperfectly competitive structure is quite identical to the realistic market conditions where some monopolistic competitors, monopolists, oligopolists, and duopolists exist and dominate the market conditions.
These somewhat abstract concerns usually determine some but not all details of a specific concrete market system where buyers and sellers actually meet and commit to trade.
The correct sequence of the market structure from most to least competitive is perfect competition, imperfect competition,oligopoly, and pure monopoly.
The main criteria by which one can distinguish between different market structures are: the number and size of producers and consumers in the market, the type of goods and services being traded, and the degree to which information can flow freely.

Perfect competition
Perfect competition is a market form. In a market that has perfect competition, there are many companies that sell a certain product. A single company can not influence the market price as people would buy from other companies instead.

Monopolistic competition
Monopolistic competition is a market form. Like with Perfect competition, there are many buyers and sellers. But the market is not perfect. This is because the products are not homogeneous, or because the buyers have explicit or implicit preferences.
This market form is quite common. As an example take a bakery. There are many bakeries in the town, but one of those bakeries can demand a slightly higher price for bread, because it is the only one in a certain part of the town.
Monopolistically competitive firms are able to gain a grater degree of market share and as a result, increase prices. If a particular bakery is known for selling the best pies and pasties in town, they can increase their prices for pies and pasties as they know consumers will pay slightly more for a superior product. This is known as establishing a brand name and brand loyalty.

Supply and demand
Supply and demand is a model of microeconomics. It looks at how a price is formed. This is done because producers and consumers interact with each other. This will fix the price for a certain type of good. In Perfect competition the quantity demanded (demand) and the quantity supplied will be equal. This will fix the price. There will be economic equilibrium.
It was Alfred Marshall who first described the model.

Elasticity (economics)
In economics, people talk about elasticity of supply, or demand, or of price.
If the price for an item with an elastic demand goes up, the demand for it will go down. For example, people will buy fewer DVDs if DVDs get more expensive. DVDs have an elastic demand.
If an item has inelastic demand, the demand for it will not be affected by the price of it. For example, if the price of salt or drugs increases, people will not buy less of it. They need their daily salt or drug intake. The demand of salt and drugs is therefore inelastic.

Worcestershire
Worcestershire (ˈwʊs.təˌʃə; abbreviated Worcs) is a county in the West Midlands region of central England. From 1974 to 1998 it was part of Hereford and Worcester.
The county borders Herefordshire, Shropshire, Staffordshire, West Midlands, Warwickshire, and Gloucestershire.
Physical geography.
Worcestershire is a fairly rural county. The Malvern Hills, which run from the south of the county into Herefordshire, are made up mainly of volcanic rock, some of which date from before 1200 million years ago. For more on the geology of the Malvern Hills, see the other websites section below.

Zlín
Zlín (from 1949 to 1990 Gottwaldov) is a town in the Czech Republic.

Metamorphosis
Metamorphosis in biology means the process of transformation of an insect or amphibian from an immature form to an adult form in two or more distinct stages. Life for an insect begins as a larva or nymph then progresses to the pupa stage and ends as an adult.
There are two main types of metamorphosis in insects, hemimetabolism and holometabolism.
Insect metamorphosis.
The Monarch Butterfly goes through four stages of development. Life for a Monarch butterfly begins as an egg hatched from an adult. This egg then develops into a worm-like larva caterpillar. In the pupa or chrysalis stage, the caterpillar spins a silk pad on a twig or leaves and hangs from this pad by its last pair of prolegs. It hangs upside down in the shape of a "J" and then molts leaving it encased in a green exoskeleton. The mature butterfly emerges after about two weeks and feeds on a variety of flowers including milkweed flowers, red clover and goldenrod.

Resilience
Resilience generally means the ability to recover from some shock or disturbance.
Psychology.
Resilience is a term used in psychology to describe the capacity of people to cope with stress and catastrophe. It is also used to indicate a characteristic of resistance to future negative events. This psychological meaning of resilience is often contrasted with "risk factors".
Materials.
In physics and engineering, resilience is defined as the capacity of a material to absorb energy when it is deformed elastically and then, upon unloading to have this energy recovered. In other words, it is the maximum energy per volume that can be elastically stored. It is represented by the area under the curve in the elastic region in the Stress-Strain diagram.
Modulus of Resilience, formula_1, can be calculated using the following formula: formula_2, where formula_3 is yield stress, E is Young's modulus, and formula_4 is strain.
An example of a biomaterial which has a high resilience is articular cartilage, the substance lining the ends of bones in articulating joints such as the knee and hip.
Ecology.
In ecology, resilience has been defined in two competing fashions that emphasize two different aspects of stability.
One definition is the rate at which a system returns to a single steady or cyclic state following a perturbation. This definition of resilience assumes that behavior of a system remains within the stable domain that contains this steady state.
When a system can reorganize, that is shift from one stability domain to another, a more relevant measure of ecosystem dynamics is ecological resilience. It is a measure of the amount of change or disruption that is required to transform a system from being maintained by one set of mutually reinforcing processes and structures to a different set of processes and structures.
The second definition emphasizes conditions far from any steady-states, where instabilities can flip a system into another regime of behavior - i.e. to another stability domain. In this case resilience is measured by the magnitude of disturbance that can be absorbed before the system changes its structure by changing the variables and processes that control behavior. This type of resilience has been defined as ecological resilience.
Economic and business.
Economic resilence is the ability of a local economy to retain function, employment and prosperity in the face of the perturbation caused by the shock of the loss of a particular type of local industry or employer.
Industrial and organisational safety.
Within the broad domain of industrial safety, the term resilience has come into use to emphasise that safety must be proactive as well as reactive. Whereas conventional risk management approaches emphasise calculation of failure probabilities, resilience engineering looks for ways to strengthen the ability of organisations to create processes that are robust yet flexible.
Network.
Resilience is the ability of the network to provide and maintain an acceptable level of service in the face of various faults and challenges to normal operation.

St Andrews
St Andrews is a town, that has its name from Saint Andrew the Apostle and is a former royal burgh on the east coast of Fife, Scotland, and an important home of golf. It has a population of about 18 000, and stands on the North Sea coast between Edinburgh and Dundee. It is home to Scotland's oldest university, the "University of St Andrews".
The town is called "home of golf" for two reasons. First, the "Royal and Ancient Golf Club", founded in 1754,has authority over the game worldwide except in the USA and Mexico. Second, the beautiful "links" (acquired by the town in 1894) is the most frequent venue for The Open Championship, the oldest of golf's four major championships.
Visitors travel to St Andrews in great numbers for several courses ranked amongst the finest in the world, as well as for the sandy beaches.
Cathedral.
The Cathedral of St Andrew was at one time Scotland's largest building. It was founded by Bishop Robert (1122 - 1159). It was not completed and consecrated until 1318 in the reign of Robert the Bruce (1306-29).
St Rule's Tower.
St Rule's tower stands in the Cathedral grounds but is older than the cathedral. Probably it was part of the Cathedral up to the early 12th century.
Castle.
The ruins of "St Andrews Castle" stand on a rock at the sea. It is said that Bishop Roger erected the first stone castle on the site about the beginning of the 13th century as an episcopal residence.
The University of St Andrews.
The University of St Andrews owed its origin to a society formed in 1410 by Lawrence of Lindores, abbot of Scone and a few others.
The University library, which now includes the older college libraries, was founded about the middle of the 17th century, rebuilt in 1764, and improved in 1829 and 1889 - 1890.
The modern buildings, in the Jacobean style, were erected between 1827 and 1847. University College, Dundee, became in 1890 affiliated to the University of St Andrews.

St Andrews (disambiguation)
The element St Andrew, St. Andrews or St. Andrew's is found in the names of many places and institutions. All of them are named after Saint Andrew, a Christian saint and one of the New Testament Apostles.

1911 Encyclopædia Britannica
The "Encyclopædia Britannica" Eleventh Edition (1910–1911) is perhaps the most famous edition of the "Encyclopædia Britannica". Some of its articles were written by the best-known scholars of the day. The articles are still of value and interest to modern scholars as examples for the knowledge of the 19th and early 20th centuries; they contain, however, a number of problematic areas for the modern scholar using them as a source. The eleventh edition is no longer restricted by copyright and has become available online, both in its original text and where parts of it have become part of other online encyclopedias and works.
Background.
The 1911 eleventh edition was assembled under the leadership of American publisher Horace Everett Hooper, and edited by Hugh Chisholm. American marketing methods assisted sales. Some 11% of the contributors were American, and a New York office was established to run that side of the enterprise.
Some articles were written by the best-known scholars of the day, such as Edmund Gosse, J. B. Bury, Algernon Charles Swinburne, John Muir, Prince Peter Kropotkin, T. H. Huxley, G. K. Chesterton, Edmund Husserl and William Michael Rossetti, and others well known to that era.
The eleventh edition has become a commonly quoted source, both because of the reputation of the "Britannica" at that time and because it is now in the public domain and has been made available on the Internet. The "Encyclopædia Britannica" of 1911 has been used as a source for many modern projects, such as Wikipedia and the "Gutenberg Encyclopedia".
"Gutenberg Encyclopedia".
The "Project Gutenberg Encyclopedia" is actually the eleventh edition of the "Encyclopædia Britannica", renamed to address Britannica's trademark concerns.

Pontiac
Pontiac is an automobile manufacturer, owned by General Motors. Pontiac is known for making affordable performance cars. It is also the name of a Native American tribe.

Buick
Buick is an automobile maker, owned by General Motors. It is known for making near-luxury cars with excellent performance and value.

Cadillac
Cadillac is an automobile maker, owned by General Motors. They are known for making luxury cars. In the United States during the 20th century, Cadillacs were so highly thought of that the phrase "the Cadillac of x" was coined, meaning that something is of excellent quality and better than everything else in its category.

Chevrolet
Chevrolet, also known as Chevy, is an automobile manufacturing company owned by General Motors. Chevrolet is known for producing popular, affordable cars. Chevrolet produces the Corvette, one of the most famous sportscars in the world.
Chevrolet was created by Louis Chevrolet and William Durant. Louis was a race car driver, and William created General Motors. Chevrolet started using its "bow tie" logo in 1913. It could have come from a wallpaper Durant saw in a hotel. It could also be a version of the cross on the Swiss flag. Louis Chevrolet was born in Switzerland.
In 1917, Chevrolet combined with General Motors.

Sportscar
A sportscar is a small, fast, quick-turning automobile. An example of a sportscar is the Chevrolet Corvette.

Oldsmobile
Oldmobile was an automobile maker, owned by General Motors. Oldmobiles were known for being affordable cars with good performance and new technologies.

GMC
GMC is an automobile maker, owned by General Motors. GMC is known for building trucks, promoted as "Professional Grade". The company was founded by Max Grabowsky in 1901. It was bought by General Motors in 1909.

Saturn automobile
Saturn is an automobile maker, owned by General Motors, established on January 7, 1985. Saturns are sold in the United States and Canada, some even being sold in Japan. They are currently known for European styling, and no-haggle pricing; while in times past their most notable feature was plastic body panels.

Holden
Holden is an automobile maker, owned by General Motors. It is based in Australia. Holden is known for making rear wheel drive cars.

HUMMER
HUMMER is a type of Sport utility vehicle, sold by General Motors. HUMMER was first made by AM General who also made vehicles used by the United States Army. The design of the HUMMER is based on the military High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle (HMMWV – Humvee).

Vauxhall Motors
Vauxhall is an car maker, owned by General Motors. It is based in the United Kingdom. The company was started in London in 1903 and named after the area of the city where it was created. General Motors bought the company in 1925 for 2.5 million dollars (USD). The company is based in Luton, Bedfordshire.

Battle of Dunkirk
The Battle of Dunkirk took place in 1940, near the beginning of World War II. The German army defeated the British and French, splitting their army in two and trapping the smaller part in the north. The northern part of the army retreated to Dunkirk, France, a port on the English Channel. There the Royal Navy helped protect them and many thousands of them sailed to England. Many boats helped them to escape, even boats which where not part of the Navy for example a number of smaller pleasure boats.The Battle of Dunkirk (French: Bataille de Dunkerque) was a major battle during World War II which lasted from May 26 to June 4, 1940. A large force of British and French soldiers were cut off in northern France by a German armoured advance to the Channel coast at Calais. Over 338,000 Allied troops caught in the pocket were subsequently evacuated by sea to England in Operation Dynamo.The Battle of Dunkirk was also known as "Operation Dynamo" or for short "Op dyno".

1971 Bangladesh atrocities
The 1971 Bangladesh atrocities refer to the murder of many people in Bangladesh (then East Pakistan) and also unfair treatment carried out by the Pakistan National Army (PNA) during the Pakistan Civil War and Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. nationalists Bangladeshis call this a genocide. However, the Islamic Fundamentalists who own, operate and run the country of Pakistan laugh at such the things, calling it "Bengali Lies". Bangladeshi authorities and some independent organizations say that between 1-3 million people were killed. Another 10 million ran away from the country to be safe in Indias West Bengal province.
When the traitory Bengalis did not agree with Pakistan, Pakistan's soldiers picked out Hindus, Bengali Muslims, smart people, students and politicians in order to kill them all. They went to schools and killed everybody there.. A TIME magazine clearly said that "The Hindus are three-fourths of the refugees and most of the dead, have most disliked by the Muslim soldiers.".
Two Muslims called Al-Shams and Al-Badr were told by the Pakistanis to kill Bengali Hindus and traitory Bengali Muslims also.. There are many graves with a lot of people in Bangladesh, and new graves with a lot of people are always being discovered
An very bad set of killings took place during Operation Searchlight, a series of killings which began on March 25 1971 and ended on December 16, 1971 and led to death of 3 million Bengalis in East Pakistan (present day Bangladesh), as well as other bad things like rape and looting. Originally, the Pakistanis wanted to take over the big cities in Bangladesh and control everybody in one month. They did not expect that the Bengalis would fight back, which they did. Pakistanis got very angry and started to kill all the Bengalis.
Eventually, the Bengali freedom fighters under the Mukti Bahini would seek help from India to win against the Pakistanis. India sent its army in and fought the Pakistanis with the Bengalis until Pakistan was totally defeated and went away from Bangladesh on December 16, 1971.
Number of people killed.
The number of people that died in this war is not known very well. Pakistan says only 30,000 died
). India and Bangladesh say that nearly 3 million were killed.). Many media people outside the region also state numbers that don't always agree, varying from 5,000 – 35,000 in Dhaka, and 200,000 – 3,000,000 for Bangladesh as a whole.
Rummel says this was an act of killing specific groups of people. He writes that "Consolidating both ranges, I give a final estimate of Pakistan's democide to be 300,000 to 3,000,000, or a prudent 1,500,000."

Iwao Takamoto
Iwao Takamoto (29 April 1925 - 8 January 2007) was a Japanese-American animator, television producer, and film director. He was a production designer for Hanna-Barbera Productions and the artist/character designer of Scooby-Doo.
Biography.
Takamoto's father moved from Hiroshima to the United States for his health. He only went back to Japan once, and that was to marry his wife. Takamoto was born on April 19 1925 in Los Angeles, California. After the bombing of Pearl Harbor, Takamoto's family, like many Japanese-Americans, had to move to an internment camp. They spent the rest of World War II in the Manzanar internment camp. While he was there, Takamoto received basic illustration training from other people in the camp.
Takamoto first started doing cartoons professionally after the end of the war. He was hired as an assistant animator by Walt Disney Studios in 1947. Takamoto eventually became an assistant for the legendary Milt Kahl. He worked as an animator on such titles as "Cinderella", "Sleeping Beauty", "One Hundred and One Dalmatians", and "Lady and the Tramp".
Takamoto left Disney in 1961 and joined Hanna-Barbera Productions shortly afterwards. He did many jobs there, but is arguably best known as a character designer. He was responsible for the original character design of such characters as Scooby-Doo, "The Jetsons'" dog Astro, and Penelope Pitstop. He worked as a producer at Hanna-Barbera, supervising shows such as "The Addams Family", "Hong Kong Phooey", and "Jabberjaw". He directed several feature length animated films, including "Charlotte's Web" (1973) and "Jetsons: The Movie" (1990). The inspiration for Scooby-Doo's creation as a Great Dane came from an employee of the Hanna-Barbera company who bred this dog.
Takamoto was Vice-President of Creative Design at Hanna-Barbera, and was responsible for overseeing Hanna-Barbera's product-related merchandising. In 2005, he received the Golden Award from the Animation Guild, to honour his more than 50 years of service in the animation field.
He died on January 8, 2007 at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles from a heart attack at age 81.

Mussel
The term mussel is used for several families of bivalve molluscs. Mussels live in lakes, rivers, and creeks. The sometimes also live in intertidal areas along coastlines worldwide. The freshwater mussels (several allied families, the largest being the Unionidae) and saltwater mussels (family Mytilidae) are not closely related, despite the fact that they may look similar. They are grouped in different subclasses. The freshwater Zebra mussels and their relatives (family Dreissenidae) live attached to rocks in a manner similar to marine mussels, but are classified with the Heterodonta, the taxonomic group including most bivalves referred to as "clams".
From archeology, it is known that humans have been eating mussels for thousands of years. They can be cooked or eaten raw. Care must be taken however as mussels quickly become poisonous after they die.

Gastropoda
The gastropods, gasteropods, or univalves, are the largest and most successful class of mollusks. 60,000-75,000 known living species belong to it. Many of them live in marine or freshwater, but many on land too. Some of these species are: snails and slugs, abalone, limpets, cowries and conch. Most of the other animals that produce shells belong to them as well.
Description.
Snails are distinguished by torsion, a process where the body coils to one side during development.
They typically have a well-defined head with two or four sensory tentacles. They also have a ventral, which gives them their name (Greek "gaster", stomach, and "poda", feet). The eyes that may be present at the tip of the tentacles range from simple ocelli that cannot project an image (simply distinguishing light and dark), to more complex pit and even lens eyes. The larval shell of a gastropod is called a protoconch.
Most members have a shell, which is in one piece and typically coiled or spiraled that usually opens on the right hand side (as viewed with the shell apex pointing upward). Several species have an operculum that operates as a trapdoor to close the shell. This is usually made of a horn like material, but in some molluscs it is calcareous. In some members, the slugs, the shell is reduced or absent, and the body is streamlined so its torsion is relatively inconspicuous.
The best-known gastropods are terrestrial, but more than two thirds of all species live in a marine environment. Marine gastropods include herbivores, detritus feeders, carnivores and a few ciliary feeders, in which the radula is reduced or absent. The radula is usually adapted to the food that a species eats. The simplest gastropods are the limpets and abalones, both herbivores that use their hard radulas to rasp at seaweeds on rocks. Many marine gastropods are burrowers and have siphons or tubes that extend from the mantle and sometimes the shell. These act as snorkels, enabling the animal to continue to draw in a water current containing oxygen and food into their bodies. The siphons are also used to detect prey from a distance. These gastropods breathe with gills. Some freshwater species and almost all terrestric species have developed lungs. While the gastropods with lungs all belong to one group, Pulmonata, the gastropods with gills belong to another, paraphyletic.
Sea slugs are often flamboyantly coloured, either as a warning if they are poisonous or to camouflage them on the corals and seaweeds on which many of the species are found. Their gills are often in a form of feathery plumes on their backs. This is what gives them their other name, nudibranchs. Nudibranchs with smooth or warty backs have no visible gill mechanisms and respiration may take place directly through the skin. A few of the sea slugs are herbivores and some are carnivores. Many have distinct dietary preferences and regularly occur in association with certain species.
Geological history.
The first gastropods were exclusively marine. The first of the group appeared in the Late Cambrian ("Chippewaella", "Strepsodiscus"). Early Cambrian forms like "Helcionella" and "Scenella" are no longer considered gastropods. The tiny coiled "Aldanella" of earliest Cambrian time is probably not even a mollusc. By the Ordovician period the gastropods were a varied group present in a few aquatic habitats. Commonly, fossil gastropods from the rocks of the early Palaeozoic era are too poorly preserved for accurate identification. Still, the Silurian genus "Poleumita" contains fifteen identified species. Fossil gastropods are less common during the Palaeozoic era than bivalves.
Most of the gastropods of that era belong to primitive groups. A few of these groups still survive today. By the Carboniferous period many of the shapes seen in living gastropods can be matched in the fossil record. Despite these similarities in appearance, the majority of these older forms are not directly related to living forms. It was during the Mesozoic era that the ancestors of many of the living gastropods evolved.
One of the earliest known terrestrial (land-dwelling) gastropods is "Maturipupa" which is found in the Coal Measures of the Carboniferous period in Europe. Relatives of the modern land snails are rare before the Cretaceous period. The familiar "Helix" first appeared in that period.
In rocks of the Mesozoic era gastropods are slightly more common as fossils and their shell is often well preserved. Their fossils occur in beds of both freshwater and marine environments. The "Purbeck Marble" of the Jurassic period and the "Sussex Marble" of the early Cretaceous period which both occur in southern England are limestones containing the tightly packed remains of the pond snail "Viviparus".
Rocks of the Cenozoic era have very large numbers of gastropod fossils in them. Many of these fossils are closely related to modern living forms. The diversity of the gastropods increased markedly at the beginning of this era, along with that of the bivalves.
Certain trail-like markings preserved in ancient sedimentary rocks are thought to have been made by gastropods crawling over the soft mud and sand. Although these trails are of debatable origin, some of them do resemble the trails made by living gastropods today.
Gastropod fossils may sometimes be confused with ammonites or other shelled cephalopods. An example of this is "Bellerophon" from the limestones of the Carboniferous period in Europe which may be mistaken for a cephalopod.
Gastropods are one of the groups that record the changes in fauna caused by the advance and retreat of the Ice Sheets during the Pleistocene epoch.
Taxonomy.
The taxonomy of the Gastropoda is under constant revision. More and more of the old taxonomy is being abandoned. Nevertheless terms as "opisthobranch" and "prosobranch" are still used. The taxonomy of the Gastropoda can be different from author to author. But with the arrival of DNA-sequencing, further revisions of the higher taxonomic levels are to be expected in the near future.
According to the newest insights (Ponder & Lindberg, 1997), the taxonomy of the Gastropoda should be rewritten in terms of strictly monophyletic groups. It will be challenging to integrating these findings into a working taxonomy. At present, it is impossible to give a classification of the Gastropoda that has consistent ranks and also reflects current usage. Convergent evolution, observed at especially high frequency in the Gastropods, may account for the observed differences between phylogenies obtained from morphological data and more recent studies based on gene sequences.

Limpet
Limpets are marine gastropod molluscs in the order Patellogastropoda. They have flattened, cone-shaped shells. They live throughout the intertidal zone, from the high zone (upper littoral) to the shallow subtidal on the rocky coasts of most oceans. Limpets can be commonly found attached to rocks, looking like little disks or bumps on the rock surface. They attach themselves to the substratum using pedal mucus and a muscular "foot", which enables them to remain attached through dangerous wave action and which also seals against the rock to protect from desiccation during low tide. Limpets forage by grazing on algae found on rock surfaces. They scrape films of algae from the rock with a radula, a ribbon-like tongue with rows of teeth. Limpets move by rippling the muscles of their foot in a wave-like motion.
Some limpets have a hole at the top, through which gaseous exchange can occur. Most limpets are less than 3 in (8 cm) long, but a West Mexican Limpet grows to be 8 in (20 cm).
Homing behaviour.
Some species of limpets return to the same spot on the rock known as a "home scar" just before the tide recedes. In such species, the shape of their shell often grows to precisely match the contours of the rock surrounding the scar. This behaviour presumably allows them to form a better seal to the rock and may help protect from either predation or desiccation. It is still unclear how limpets find their way back to the same spot each time. It is thought that they follow a mucus trail left as they move. Other species, notably "Lottia gigantea" seem to "garden" a patch of algae around their home scar. They will aggressively push other organisms out of this patch by ramming with their shell, thereby allowing their patch of algae to grow for their own grazing. Also, where the limpets eat the algae, off bare rocks, it causes places where other organisms can grow and thrive.
Predators and threats.
Limpets are prey for variety of organisms including starfish, shore-birds, fish, seals, and humans. Limpets have a variety of defenses, such as fleeing or clamping their shells against the substratum. The defense response can be determined by the type of predator, which can often be detected chemically by the limpet.
Limpets can be long lived, with tagged specimens surviving for more than 10 years. If the limpet lives on bare rock, it grows at a slower rate but can live for up to 20 years.
Limpets found on sheltered shores (limpets that are less frequently in contact with wave action, and thus less frequently in contact with water) have a greater risk of desiccation because of the effects of sunlight, water evaporation and the wind. To avoid drying out they will clamp to the rock they inhabit, minimizing water-loss from the rim around their base. As this occurs chemicals are released that promote the vertical growth of the limpet's shell.
Limpets are being researched to see if the chemicals it releases are cancer preventing chemicals.

Abalone
Abalone (from Spanish "Abulón") are a type of shellfish.
Abalone are known by their richly coloured inside shell. This is also called ear-shell, "ormer" in Guernsey, "perlemoen" in South Africa, and "pāua" in New Zealand.
The meat of this shellfish is considered to be delicious in certain parts of Latin America (especially Chile), South East Asia, and East Asia (especially in China, Japan, and Korea).
Description.
Abalones occur all over the world. It is present along the waters of every continent, except the Atlantic coast of South America, the Caribbean, and the East Coast of the United States. Most abalones are found mainly in cold waters, along the coasts of New Zealand, South Africa and Australia, and Western North America and Japan in the Northern Hemisphere. In the Chilean vast Pacific coast, the species called loco ("Concholepas Concholepas", Bruguière, 1789) has a hard shell of a pitch-black color, and is widely eaten.
Abalone has unmistakable features: the shell is round to oval, with two to three whorls, and the last one is grown into a large "ear"-like shape, giving rise to the name 'ear-shell'. The inside of the shell is shiny coloured, from silvery white to green-red mother-of-pearl.
Abalones can start to reproduce at a small size. Their fertility is high and increases with size (from 10,000 to 11 million eggs at a time).
The young of albalones, called larvae, feed on plankton. The adults are eat plants and feed on algae. They prefer red algae. Sizes range from 20 mm to 200 mm or more.
Abalone shell.
The shell of the abalone is known for being very strong. It is made of very tiny calcium carbonate tiles stacked like bricks. Between the layers of tiles is a sticky protein substance. Allergic skin reactions and asthma attacks can also occur when breathing in the dust when these tiles are broken down.
The colorful inside of the abalone shell can be used for decorative inlays, in guitars, for example.
California.
Sport harvesting of Red Abalone is permitted with a California fishing license and an abalone stamp card. Abalone may only be taken using breath-hold techniques: freediving or shorepicking. SCUBA diving for abalone is strictly prohibited. Taking of abalone is not permitted south of the mouth of the San Francisco Bay. There is a size minimum of seven inches measured across the shell and a quantity limit of three per day and 24 per year. Abalone may only be taken in April, May, June, August, September, October and November; abalone may not be taken in July, December, January, February or March. Transportation of abalone may only legally occur while the abalone is still attached in the shell. Sale of sport obtained abalone is illegal, including the shell. Only Red Abalone may be taken; black, white, pink, and flat abalone are protected by law.
An abalone diver is normally equipped with a very thick wetsuit, including a hood, booties, and gloves. He or she would also wear a mask, snorkel, weight belt, abalone iron, and abalone gauge. It is common to take abalone in water a few inches up to 10 m/28' deep; less common are freedivers who can work deeper than 10 m/28'. Abalone are normally found on rocks near food sources (kelp). An abalone iron is used to pry the abalone from the rock before it can fully clamp down. Visibility is normally five to ten feet. Divers commonly dive out of boats, kayaks, tube floats or directly off the shore. An eight inch abalone is considered a good catch, a nine inch would be extremely good, and a ten inch plus (250 mm) abalone would be a trophy catch. Rock- or shore-picking is a separate method from diving where the rock picker feels underneath rocks at low tides for abalone.
There has been a trade in diving to catch abalones off parts of the United States coast from before 1939. In World War II, many of these abalone divers were recruited into the United States armed forces and trained as frogmen.
Farming.
There have been a number of attempts to artificially grow (farm) abalone for the purpose of consumption.

Shellfish
Shellfish is a culinary term for aquatic invertebrates used as food: molluscs, crustaceans, and echinoderms. Both saltwater and freshwater invertebrates are considered shellfish.
See The Maryland Department of the Environment's page for a discussion on why shrimp, crab, and lobster are not categorized as "shellfish."
Molluscs commonly used as food include the clam, mussel, oyster, winkle, and scallop.
Some crustaceans commonly eaten are the shrimp, prawn, lobster, crayfish, and crab.
Echinoderms are not eaten as commonly as mollusks and crustaceans. In Asia, sea cucumber and sea urchins are eaten.
Edible cephalopods such as squid, octopus, and cuttlefish and terrestrial snails, though all molluscs, are sometimes considered to be shellfish and sometimes not.
The term "finfish" is sometimes used to distinguish ordinary (vertebrate) fish from shellfish.
Jewish and Islamic dietary laws forbid the eating of some shellfish (Those that live on the land, and in the water).
In Japanese cuisine, chefs often use shellfish and their roe. Sushi and sashimi feature both raw and cooked shellfish.

Alban Berg
Alban Berg (born Vienna, 9 February 1885; died Vienna 24 December 1935) was an Austrian composer. Alban Berg and Anton Webern were both pupils of Arnold Schoenberg. All three composers in their own way changed the style of musical composition in the early 20th century. They grew up at a time when most composers were still writing Romantic music, but Schoenberg and his pupils started to write atonal music (music which is not in any key) and then twelve-tone music in which all 12 notes in an octave are of the same importance. Although Berg wrote a lot of twelve-tone music he still managed to make it sound quite Romantic at times, more so than Schoenberg or Webern. His most important works are his two operas "Wozzeck" and "Lulu" and his "Violin Concerto".
Early years.
Berg was brought up in the centre of Vienna. His family had plenty of money, but when Berg’s father died in 1900 life became much harder for them. He did not do very well at school. He also had a love affair with a kitchenmaid, with whom he had a daughter.
He was interested in music, played the piano and had started to compose, but he had not done well enough in his school exams to get into the music conservatory. He was not interested in business like his father had been. He got an unpaid job. Then, in 1904, he started to study with Schoenberg. This was the first time he had been given proper music lessons. Two years later, his mother inherited some money, and Berg was then able to give up his unpaid job and concentrate on music.
Schoenberg taught him harmony, counterpoint and music theory, all the things one needs to know to compose well. Berg had lessons from him from 1904 until 1911. His first proper pieces include a Piano Sonata and a String quartet. Here he had already found the modern style which suited him. He wrote harmonies which seemed to float. He often wrote pieces with several movements which are all linked by a common theme. He also liked themes which are heard upside down, or palindromes, where the tune sounds the same forwards as backwards. He met a girl called Helene and they married in 1910.
Adulthood.
Berg liked to listen to all kinds of music. In this way he was different to Schoenberg or Webern. Berg was interested in French composers such as Debussy, as well as jazz. He liked the modern theatre and the political works of the playwright Bertolt Brecht and the composer Kurt Weill.
Berg was very grateful to Schoenberg for all that he had learned from him, but he still continued to be quite afraid of him. Schoenberg wrote many letters to him asking him to do things for him (e.g. making piano arrangements of his orchestral pieces) and often criticising him. Only in the 1920s, when Berg had become well-known, did Schoenberg start writing to him more like an equal friend.
Berg wrote "Five Orchestral Pieces". It is one of the first important works he wrote without Schoenberg’s help. The music has some modern chords which must have sounded very shocking to the Viennese audience. On 31 March 1913 Schoenberg conducted a concert in Vienna which included some songs by Berg. People in the audience started to fight and the police had to be called. When Schoenberg wrote to Berg criticising his music, Berg lost all his self-confidence. Slowly he started to get more confidence again. He wrote "Three Orchestral Pieces" op 6. The music sounds quite like Mahler. There are a lot of musical ideas which grow into one another and make a rich sound.
During World War I Berg spent some time in an army training camp. This experience must have been in his mind when he wrote his opera "Wozzeck". This opera became very famous. There were a lot of new ideas in it. It is not about a great hero, but about a simple man who is mistreated by people. The music, too, is very different from opera music up to that time. Although it was so modern it was a great success and made Berg world-famous. It gave him more money which, together with a little teaching, allowed him to spend most of his time composing.
Years of fame.
"Wozzeck" has a little twelve tone music in it, but in his next works the twelve tone system is much more important. He wrote "Lyrical Suite" for String Quartet and a "Kammerkonzert" ("Chamber Concerto") in which the form is made up by mathematical rules. He liked to hide things in his music e.g. favourite numbers or letters from people’s names. These are like secret codes and, in later years, musicians have spent a lot of time trying to work out what Berg was trying to do.
In 1928 Berg started work on his second and last opera: "Lulu". He had thought about the opera for many years. He had seen a play called "Die Büchse des Pandora" "(Pandora’s Box)" in 1905. Wedekind had played the part of Jack the Ripper. People thought the play was obscene, but it still became very popular, especially after 1918 when there was no more censorship in Germany. He worked on the opera until 1934. He then stopped work on it to write his "Violin Concerto". When he heard about the sad death from poliomyelitis of a young girl he knew called Manon Gropius, he dedicated the concerto to her memory. He wrote: “To the memory of an angel”. Manon’s mother, Alma, had been the wife of Gustav Mahler.
Death.
Soon after he had finished the concerto Berg was stung by an insect. Soon he had an abscess and he was rushed to hospital but he died. The "Violin Concerto" had not yet been performed. He had not finished "Lulu". The third act was only sketched in short score (showing the main notes, but not exactly what each instrument plays). When the opera was first performed, Act III was just acted out in mime while some other music by Berg was played. Berg’s widow Helene did not want anyone else to finish the opera, so Act III was never performed until after Helene died in 1976. It was finished by a man called Friedrich Cerha and performed in 1977, although a court action had tried to stop it from being performed.

Herefordshire
Herefordshire (known as County of Herefordshire) is a county in the West Midlands region of England. It borders the English counties of Shropshire to the north, Worcestershire to the east, Gloucestershire to the south east and the Welsh counties of Gwent to the south west and Powys to the west. It is not to be confused with Hertfordshire, a county north of London.
It is pronounced (i.e. first syllable as in "herring", and -e- a separate syllable).
The county town of Herefordshire is the cathedral city of Hereford.
Waterways.
Historically, the Rivers Wye and Lugg were navigable but the wide seasonal variations in water levels mean that few craft larger than canoes and coracles are now used. There are canoe centres at, Glasbury-on-Wye, and Ross-on-Wye, as well as a rowing club in Hereford.
The early nineteenth century saw the construction of two canals, The and The but these were never successful and there are now few remains to be seen.

Conch
A conch (pronounced "konk" (IPA:) or "konch" (IPA:)) is a sea-dwelling mollusk. It is a marine gastropod.
Many other gastopods have common names with "conch" in them. They are however not true conches, in the family
Strombidae. One such example is the Horse Conch ("Pleuroploca gigantea"). The genus "Strombus" is made up of the true conches in the family Strombidae.
While most Strombid species are extinct, at least 65 species still exist. Of these, most are in the Indo-Pacific Oceans while six are in the greater Caribbean region. Living true conch species include the Queen Conch, "Strombus gigas", and the West Indian Fighting Conch ("Strombus pugilis").
Many conch, such as the Queen Conch, are found among beds of sea grass in warm tropical waters.
"Strombus gigas" is included in Appendix II of the UNEP's CITES list of endangered species and international trade is heavily restricted.
Anatomy.
Conches have spirally constructed shells. Depending on species (or aberrant growth patterns), shell growth can be sinistral (left-handed) or dextral (right-handed).
Conches have long eye stalks, a long and narrow aperture, and a siphonal canal with an indentation near the anterior end. This indentation is called a stromboid notch. They also have a foot ending in a pointed, sickle-shaped, horny operculum. They grow a flared lip on their shells upon reaching sexual maturity.
Conches have a characteristic leaping motion, using their pointed, sickle-shaped, horny operculum to propel themselves forward. They lay eggs in long, gelatinous strands.
Human use.
The animal inside the shell is eaten, either raw, as in salads, or cooked, as in fritters, chowders, gumbos, and burgers. In East Asian cuisines, the meat is often cut into thin slices and then steamed or stir-fried. Conch meat is also often confused with Scungilli, which is more accurately whelk meat.
Conch shells are sometimes used as decoration, as decorative planters, and in cameo making. As with other mollusk shells, they are ground up into an ingredient in porcelain. In classic Mayan art, conches are shown being utilized in many ways including as paint and ink holders for elite scribes, as bugle or trumpet, and as hand weapons (held by combatants by inserting their hands in the aperature).
In some countries, cleaned Queen Conch ("Strombus gigas") shells or polished fragments are sold, mainly to tourists, as souvenirs or in jewelry. Without a permit however, export is a breach of CITES regulations and may lead to arrest. This is most likely to occur on return to the tourist's home country while clearing customs. In the UK conch shells are the 9th most seized import.
Conch shells are occasionally used as a building material, either in place of bricks or as bulk for landfill.
It is also believed to be used as a weapon by the earliest Caribbean natives.
Playing the conch shell.
Conch shells are sometimes made into crude bugles by removing the small tip of the shell to form a mouthpiece. Such instruments are used in the Pacific Islands as well as in many parts of Asia. While lacking the range capabilities and tonal quality of brass instruments, the conch shell is still an interesting instrument to play. As it has no mouthpiece or valves, the embouchure in shell playing is critical. Most shells will only naturally play one note, but with pitch manipulations, multiple sounds can be achieved. The insertion of the hand and the placement of the fingers will also change the pitch of the shell. The conch shell is said to be the musical instrument of mermaids and mermen. Steve Turre is the leading innovator of the shell. It is sometimes found in classical works, such as the symphony piece "La Noche de Los Mayas", or "Night of the Mayas", which was premiered in 1939 with Jacob Watkins on percussion and conch.
Hindu tradition.
The conch shell is a major Hindu article of prayer, used as a trumpeting announcement of all sorts. The God of Preservation, Vishnu, is said to hold a special conch, Panchajanya, that represents life as it has come out of life-giving waters. In the story of Dhruva the divine conch plays a special part. The warriors of ancient India would blow conch shells to announce battle, such as is famously represented in the beginning of the war of Kurukshetra in the Mahabharata, the famous Hindu epic. The conch shell is a deep part of Hindu symbolic and religious tradition. To this very day, many Hindus use the conch as a part of their religious practices, blowing it during worship at specific points, accompanied by ceremonial bells.
Buddhist tradition.
Buddhism also has incorporated the conch into its symbolism.See: Buddhist symbolism.
Literature.
William Golding's "Lord of the Flies" features frequent references to "The Conch". In the book the conch is used to call everyone together. It is held by whoever is speaking at meetings, symbolically representing democracy and order. When Roger, Jack's lieutenant, smashes the conch, it is a sign that civilized order has collapsed and Jack's domination has begun.

Gloucestershire
Gloucestershire (pronounced; "GLOSS-ter-sher") is a county in South West England. The county includes part of the Cotswold Hills, part of the flat fertile valley of the River Severn, and the entire Forest of Dean.
The county town is Gloucester, and other principal towns include Cheltenham, Stroud, Cirencester, and Tewkesbury.
Gloucestershire borders the county of Gwent in Wales, and in England the counties of Herefordshire, Worcestershire, Warwickshire, Oxfordshire, Wiltshire, Somerset and Bristol.
Economy.
This is a chart of trend of regional gross value added of Gloucestershire at current basic prices (pp.240-253) by "Office for National Statistics" with figures in millions of British Pounds Sterling.

Cowry
Cowry shells (also spelled cowrie), are marine snails of the genus "Cypraea" (family Cypraeidae), found chiefly in tropical regions. The shell itself is almost always smooth (a few species have granular shells) and more or less egg-shaped, with a long, narrow, slit-like opening (aperture). All varieties have a porcelain-like shine (except Hawaii's granulated cowry) and many have colorful patterns. Sizes range from 5 mm (1/5") for some tropical species to 15 cm (6") for the tiger cowry, "Cypraea tigris".
Cowries (esp. "Cypraea moneta") were used as a currency in Africa (Ghanaian cedi in Ghana named after cowry shells) and elsewhere, such as in China where the shell or copies of the shell were in theory used as a means of exchange. They are also worn as jewelry or otherwise used as ornaments or charms, as they are viewed as symbols of womanhood, fertility, birth and wealth. Many find the shiny, porcelain-like shells pleasing to look at.
Cowry shells are sometimes used in a way similar to dice, e.g., in board games like Pachisi, or in divination (cf. Ifá and the annual customs of Dahomey).
A number of shells (6 or 7 in Pachisi) are thrown, with those landing aperture upwards indicating the actual number rolled.
Cowries have also been used in the recent past as a frame over which sock heels were stretched for darning. The cowry ridges allowed the needle to get under the cloth more easily.
The Ojibway aboriginal people in North America used the cowry shells (which they called sacred Megis Shells or whiteshells) in Midewiwin ceremonies, and the Whiteshell Provincial Park in Manitoba, Canada is named after this type of shell. There is some debate about how they traded for or found these shells so far inland, away from the natural sources. Oral stories and birch bark scrolls seem to indicate that they were found in the ground, and/or washed up on the shores of lakes or rivers. The cowry shells so far inland may indicate the use of them by an earlier tribe or group in the area, and an extensive trade network in the ancient past. Petroforms in the Whiteshell Provincial Park may be as old as 8,000 years, and there are questions about how long the shells were used in that area as well.
Cowrie postage stamp.
The typewritten postage stamps of 1895 Uganda also are called "Cowries".

Wiltshire
Wiltshire (short: Wilts) is a large southern county. It borders the counties of Hampshire, Dorset, Somerset, Gloucestershire, Oxfordshire and Berkshire, and contains the unitary authority of Swindon. The county town is Trowbridge, in the west of the county at. The county covers 858,931 acres (3476 km²)
Settlements.
A full list of settlements is at List of places in Wiltshire.

West Midlands (county)
The County of West Midlands is a metropolitan county in western central England with a population of around 2,600,000 people. The county contains three major cities, these being Birmingham, Coventry and Wolverhampton. Other large settlements in the county include Sutton Coldfield, Solihull, and the Black Country towns of Dudley, Walsall and West Bromwich.
The name "West Midlands" is also used for the much larger West Midlands region, which sometimes causes confusion.
Geography.
The West Midlands borders the counties of Warwickshire to the east, Worcestershire to the south, and Staffordshire to the north.
The West Midlands is one of the most heavily urbanised counties in the UK. Birmingham, Wolverhampton, the Black Country and Solihull together form the largest conurbation in the UK outside London, with a combined population of around 2.27 million.
The West Midlands is not entirely urban; Coventry is separated from the Birmingham urban area, by stretch of green belt land roughly 15 miles across known as the "Meriden Gap", which retains a strongly rural character.
A smaller piece of green belt between Birmingham, Walsall and West Bromwich includes Barr Beacon and the Sandwell Valley.
Education.
The West Midlands contains 6 universities;
Though Warwick and Birmingham are considered the most prestigious of the universities in the area, all have a large intake of students from around the country.

Conurbation
A conurbation is an urban area that includes a number of cities, towns and villages which, through population growth and expansion, have physically merged to form one continuous built up area. It is a sort of agglomeration.
A metropolitan area usually combines one or several conurbations.

Dunkirk
Dunkirk (French: "Dunkerque", pronounced or; Dutch: "Duinkerke" or "Duinkerken"; German: "Dünkirchen" or "Dünkirche") is a harbour city in the northernmost part of France, in the department of Nord, 10 kilometres (6 mi) from the Belgian border.
Population of the city (commune) at 1999 was 70,850 inhabitants (71,300 inhabitants as of February 2004 estimates). Population of the whole metropolitan area was 265,974 inhabitants at the 1999 census.
Until the middle of the 20th century the city was situated in the Dutch language area; today the local Dutch dialect still can be found but has been largely replaced by French.
History.
Dunkirk was first mentioned in 1067 as "Dunkerk" (Dutch: “Church of the Dunes”).
In World War II, heavy fighting took place around Dunkirk during the German invasion in 1940 (Battle of Dunkirk), but a lull in the action unexpectedly allowed a large number of French and British soldiers to escape to England. The British evacuation of Dunkirk through the English Channel was codenamed "Operation Dynamo".
During the war, Dunkirk was largely destroyed by bombing.
Postwar Dunkirk.
On 14 December 2002, the Norwegian auto carrier "Tricolor" collided with the Bahamian-registered "Kariba" and sank off Dunkirk harbour, causing a hazard to navigation in the English Channel.
Economy.
Dunkirk has the third largest harbour in France, after those of Le Havre and Marseille. It is also an industrial city, heavily dependent on the steel, food processing, oil refining, ship building and chemical industries.
Transport.
Dunkirk has a ferry connection with Dover in England.

Limburg-Weilburg Rural District
Limburg-Weilburg is a Landkreis (rural district) in the west of Hesse, Germany.
History.
1867 the "Oberlahnkreis" with the capital Weilburg was created. In 1886 "Limburg an der Lahn" district was set up, with the capital Limburg. In 1974 both districts were joined together.
Geography.
The district is located between the two mountain areas Westerwald and Taunus. The main river is the Lahn.

Elz
Elz is a municipality and a village in Hessen, Germany. It is part of the Landkreis Limburg-Weilburg. It lies along the river Lahn. It has 8,088 inhabitants (2004).
Geography.
The elevation is between 110m and 291m above sea level. Elz lies in a valley called "Limburger Becken", which surrounds the town of Limburg. Elz lies also in the valley of the "Elbbach", which flows into the river Lahn after passing Elz.
The municipality of Elz borders the municipalities of Hundsangen, Hambach, Görgeshausen, Niedererbach, Obererbach and the towns of Hadamar and Limburg.
The municipality of Elz consists of two villages: The village of Elz (7,743 inhabitants) and the village of Malmeneich (345 inhabitants).
Average temperatures are 10.5°C in Elz and 9.9°C in Malmeneich. Though this sounds quite moderate, temperatures can vary between -20°C in winter and 40°C in summer. In an average year there are 600mm of rain in Elz and 720mm in Malmeneich.
History.
Elz was first mentioned in a document from 933 AD, which doesn't exist any more. Political importance resulted from its position at the Hohe Straße, the former most important road between Frankfurt am Main and Cologne, which still exists and is now part of the "Bundesstraße 8", which can be translated with Interstate 8.
Elz got the town privileges in 1442. Soon a wall around the town was constructed but knocked down later.
Politics.
The council consists of 31 members. 19 members are from the Christian Democrats, seven are from the Social Democratic Party, four from the Free Voters' Community and one is from the Green Party. The mayor Horst Kaiser is a Christian Democrat and was elected in 2005 with 84.8% of all votes.
Economy and infrastructure.
In Elz thaere are more than 600 businesses with much more than 2,000 jobs. The industrial area lies at the B8 between Elz and Malmeneich.
Traffic.
Elz lies not only at the B8,which goes from the Dutch border to Passau, but also at the Autobahn 3, which connects Würzburg,Frankfurt am Main and Cologne.
Public institutions.
In Elz there is a big outdoor swimming pool, two gyms, several sport and tennis fields and two old people's homes.
Education.
There are three kindergartens, two primary schools and one "Haupt- und Realschule" (part of the German secondary education).
Famous people.
- Theodor Blank (1905-1972), Bundesverteidigungsminister (Federal minister for defense) 1955-1956, Bundesminister für Arbeit und Sozialordnung (Federal minister for employment and social matters) 1957-1965
- Joseph Blank (1913-1994), Landesminister für Landesplanung, Wohnungsbau und öffentliche Arbeiten von Nordrhein-Westfalen (Minister for spatial planning, building and public works of North Rhine-Westphalia) 1962-1963

Cephalopod
The cephalopods (Greek plural ' (kephalópoda); "head-foot") are the mollusk class Cephalopoda characterized by bilateral body symmetry, a prominent head, and a modification of the mollusk foot, a muscular hydrostat, into the form of arms or tentacles. Teuthology, a branch of malacology, is the study of cephalopods.
The class contains two subclasses which have not died out. In the Coleoidea, the mollusk shell has been internalized or is absent; this subclass includes the octopuses, squid, and cuttlefish. In the Nautiloidea the shell remains; this subclass includes the nautilus. There are around 786 distinct living species of Cephalopods. Two important extinct taxa are Ammonoidea, the ammonites, and Belemnoidea, the belemnites.
Cephalopods are found in all the oceans of the world and at all depths. None of them can tolerate freshwater, but a few species do tolerate more or less brackish water.
Number of species.
There are many more fossil species. It is estimated there are around 11,000 extinct taxa.
Nervous system and behaviour.
Many scientists believe tha Cephalopods are the most intelligent of the invertebrates. Cephalopods have well developed senses and large brains. Their brains are larger than those of gastropods or bivalves. With the exception of Nautilus, they have special skin cells called chromatophores that change color and are used for communication and camouflage. The nervous system of cephalopods is the most complex of the invertebrates. The giant nerve fibers of the cephalopod mantle have been a favorite experimental material of neurophysiologists for many years.
Cephalopod can see very well. Training experiments have shown that the common octopus can distinguish the brightness, size, shape, and horizontal or vertical orientation of objects. Cephalopods' eyes are also sensitive to the plane of polarization of light. Surprisingly in light of their ability to change color, most are probably color blind. When camouflaging themselves, they use their chromatophores to change brightness and pattern according to the background they see, but their ability to match the specific color of a background probably comes from cells such as iridophores and leucophores that reflect light from the environment. Evidence of color vision has been found in only one species, the Sparkling Enope Squid.
Circulatory system.
Cephalopods are the only molluscs with a closed circulatory system. They have two gill hearts (also known as branchial hearts) that move blood through the capillaries of the gills. A single systemic heart then pumps the oxygenated blood through the rest of the body.
Like most molluscs, cephalopods use hemocyanin, a copper-containing protein, rather than hemoglobin to transport oxygen. As a result, their blood is colorless when deoxygenated and turns blue when exposed to air.
Moving around.
Cephalopods' primary method of movement is by jet propulsion, a very energy-consuming way to travel compared to the tail propulsion used by fish. The relative efficiency of jet propulsion degrades with larger animals. This is probably the reason why many species prefer to use their fins or arms for locomotion if possible. Oxygenated water is taken into the mantle cavity to the gills and through muscular contraction of this cavity, the spent water is expelled through the hyponome, created by a fold in the mantle. Motion of the cephalopods is usually backward as water is forced out anteriorly through the hyponome, but direction can be controlled somewhat by pointing it in different directions.
Some octopus species are also able to walk along the sea bed. Squids and cuttlefish can move short distances in any direction by rippling of a flap of muscle around the mantle.
Reproduction and life cycle.
With a few exceptions, Coleoidea live short lives with rapid growth. Most of the energy extracted from their food is used for growing. The penis in most male Coleoidea is a long and muscular end of the gonoduct used to transfer spermatophores to a modified arm called a hectocotylus. That in turn is used to transfer the spermatophores to the female. In species where the hectocotylus is missing, the penis is long and able to extend beyond the mantle cavity and transfers the spermatophores directly to the female. They tend towards a semelparous reproduction strategy; they lay many small eggs in one batch and die afterwards. The Nautiloidea, on the other hand, stick to iteroparity; they produce a few large eggs in each batch and live for a long time.
Evolution.
The class developed during the late Cambrian and were dominant and diverse marine life forms during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic. "Tommotia", a basal cephalopod, had squid-like tentacles but also a snail-like foot it used to move across the seabed. Early cephalopods were at the top of the food chain.
The ancient (cohort Belemnoidea) and modern (cohort Neocoleoidea) coleoids, as well as the ammonoids, all diverged from the external shelled nautiloid during the middle Paleozoic Era, between 450 and 300 million years ago. Unlike most modern cephalopods, most ancient varieties had protective shells. These shells at first were conical but later developed into curved nautiloid shapes seen in modern nautilus species. Internal shells still exist in many non-shelled living cephalopod groups but most truly shelled cephalopods, such as the ammonites, became extinct at the end of the Cretaceous.

Cuttlefish
Cuttlefish are sea animals of the order Sepiida belonging to the Cephalopoda class (which also includes squid, octopuses and nautiluses). Despite their common name, cuttlefish are not fish, but molluscs.
Cuttlefish have an internal shell (called cuttlebone), large eyes, and eight arms and two tentacles furnished with denticulated, or finely toothed, suckers, with which they secure their prey.
Cuttlefish eat small molluscs, crabs, shrimp, fish and other cuttlefish, but can be eaten by predators, including sharks, fish, and other cuttlefish. They live about 1 to 2 years.
Cuttlebone.
Cuttlefish have an internal structure called the cuttlebone. This is composed of calcium carbonate. It is porous, or full of small holes, in order to allow the cuttlefish the swim, not sink. Its buoyancy can change (for example, allowing the cuttlefish to go lower or higher) by changing the amount of gas and liquid in the chambers of the cuttlebone. Each species has a distinct shape, size, and pattern of ridges or texture on the cuttlebone. Cuttlebones are traditionally used by jewelers and silversmiths as molds for casting small objects. They are probably better known today as the tough material given to parakeets and other pet birds as a source of calcium for their diets. The cuttlebone is only found in cuttlefish, and is one of the features that makes them different from squid and other molluscs.
Changing color.
Cuttlefish are sometimes called the chameleon of the sea because they are able to change their skin color whenever they want. Their skin can flash a colorful pattern in order to communicate with other cuttlefish and to camouflage them from predators. This color-changing function is produced by groups of red, yellow, brown, and black pigmented chromatophores above a layer of reflective iridophores and leucophores, all of these being parts of the cuttlefish's skin which help it change its color. There are up to 200 of these special pigment cells per square millimeter. The pigmented chromatophores have a sac of pigment and a large membrane that is folded when retracted. There are 6-20 small muscle cells on the sides which can contract to squash the elastic sac into a disc against the skin. Yellow chromatophores (xanthophores) are closest to the surface of the skin, red and orange are below (erythrophores), and brown or black are just above the iridophore layer (melanophores). The iridophores reflect blue and green light, which make them look blue and green. Iridophores are plates of chitin or protein, which can reflect the area around a cuttlefish. They are responsible for the metallic blues, greens, golds, and silvers often seen on cuttlefish. All of these cells can be used in combinations. For example: orange would be produced by red and yellow chromatophores, while purple could be created by a red chromatophore and an iridophore. The cuttlefish could also use an iridophore and a yellow chromatophore to produce a brighter green. As well as being able to influence the color of the light that reflects off their skin, cuttlefish can also affect the light's polarization, which can be used to signal to other sea animals, many of whom can also sense polarization.
Eyes.
Cuttlefish eyes are among the most developed in the animal kingdom. The organogenesis of cephalopod eyes is fundamentally different from that of vertebrates like humans. Superficial, or insignificant, similarities between cephalopod and vertebrate eyes are examples of convergent evolution. The cuttlefish pupil is a smoothly-curving W shape. Although they cannot see color, they can perceive the polarization of light, which essentially enhances their ability to see contrast. They have two spots of concentrated sensor cells on their retina (known as fovea), one to look more forward, and one to look more backwards. The lenses, instead of being reshaped as they are in humans, are instead pulled around by reshaping the entire eye in order to change focus.
Blood.
The blood of a cuttlefish is an unusual shade of green-blue because it uses the copper-containing protein hemocyanin to carry oxygen instead of the red iron-containing protein hemoglobin that is found in mammals. The blood is pumped by three separate hearts. Two of these are used for pumping blood to the cuttlefish's pair of gills (one heart for each gill), and the third for pumping blood around the rest of the body. A cuttlefish's heart must pump a more blood than most other animals because hemocyanin is not as good at carrying oxygen as hemoglobin is.
Ink.
Cuttlefish have mouths like squid and octopuses. This ink was formerly an important dye, called sepia. Today artificial dyes have replaced natural sepia. However, there is an increased amount of Jews in modern times using the ink for the techelet dye on their Tallit strings.
Cuttlefish as food.
Cuttlefish are caught for food in Mediterranean, and East Asian cultures. Although squid is more popular as a restaurant dish all over the world, in East Asia dried cuttlefish is a highly popular snack food.
Cuttlefish is especially popular in Italy, where it is used in "Risotto Nero," and in the Croatian "Crni Rižot", which is almost the same and originated most probably from Venice, then spread across both coasts of the Adriatic. "Nero" and "Crni" mean black, which is the color the rice turns because of the cuttlefish ink. Spanish cuisine, especially that of the coastal regions, often uses cuttlefish and squid ink for cooking due to the marine flavor and smoothness that it provides to the meals and it is included in dishes such as rice, pasta and fish stews.
Cuttlefish in literature.
Cuttlefish made their most important literary appearance in the title of Eugenio Montale's ground-breaking debut collection of poetry entitled Cuttlefish Bones ("Ossi di seppia"), published in Turin in 1925. Montale, who grew up in Liguria along the Mediterranean Sea, was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1975, for his long and prolific career. Cuttlefish Bones remains one of the best-known and influential collections of 20th-century poetry.
In the science-fiction novel "Frek and the Elixir", by Rudy Rucker, an alien named Professor Bumby shows himself to the main character, Frek, in the form of a cuttlefish.
Classification.
There are over 120 species of cuttlefish currently recognized, grouped into 5 genera. Sepiadariidae contains seven species and two genera; all the rest are in Sepiidae.

Nautilus
Nautilus (from Greek "nautilos", 'sailor') is the common name of seveal cephalopods. All of them have been grouped in the family Nautilidae. This is the only family of the suborder Nautilina. Though it more specifically refers to the species "Nautilus pompilius", the name "chambered nautilus" is also used for any species of the Nautilidae.
Natiluses are the only living members of the subclass Nautiloidea. They have not changed much in millions of years. Many biologists see them as "living fossils".
The name "Nautilus" originally referred to the "Argonauta", otherwise known as paper nautiluses, because they allegedly use their two expanded arms as sails (cf. Aristotle "Historia Animalium" 622b).
Description.
The nautilus is similar in general form to other cephalopods, with a prominent head and tentacles. Nautiluses typically have more tentacles than other cephalopods, up to ninety. These tentacles are arranged into two circles and, unlike the tentacles of other cephalopods, they have no suckers, are undifferentiated and retractable. The radula is wide and distinctively has nine teeth. There are two pairs of gills.
"Nautilus pompilius" is the largest species in the genus. One form from western Australia may reach 268 mm in diameter. However, the majority of other nautiluses never exceed 20 cm. "Nautilus macromphalus" is the smallest species, usually measuring only 16 cm.
The shell.
Nautiluses are the only cephalopods whose bony structure of the body is externalized as a shell. The animal can withdraw completely into its shell. It can the close the opening with a leathery hood formed from two specially folded tentacles. The shell is coiled, calcareous, mother-of-pearl-lined and pressure resistant. It will implode at a depth of about 800 m. The nautilus shell is made of 2 layers: the outer layer is a matte white, while the inner layer is a striking white with iridescence. The innermost portion of the shell is pearlescent, blue-gray. The osmena pearl, contrarily to its name, is not a pearl, but a jewelry product derived from this part of the shell.
The shell is internally divided into chambers. The chambered section is called the phragmocone. The phragmocone is divided into camerae by septa. All septa are pierced in the middle by a duct, the siphuncle. As the nautilus matures its body moves forward, sealing the camerae behind it with a new septum. The last fully open chamber, also the largest one, is used as the living chamber. The number of camerae increases from around four at the moment of hatching to thirty or more in adults.
The shell coloration also keeps the animal cryptic in the water. When seen from the top, the shell is darker in color and marked with irregular stripes, which makes it blend into the darkness of the water below. On the contrary, the underside is almost completely white, making the animal indistinguishable from brighter waters near the ocean surface. This mode of camouflage is named countershading.
The nautilus shell is one of the finest natural examples of a logarithmic spiral. It is sometimes incorrectly claimed to be a golden spiral as well.
Buoyancy and movement.
In order to swim, the nautilus draws water into and out of the living chamber with the hyponome, which makes use of jet propulsion. When water is inside the chamber, the siphuncle extracts salt from it and diffuses it into the blood. When water is pumped out, the animal adjusts its buoyancy with the gas contained in the chamber. Buoyancy can be controlled by the osmotical pumping of gas and fluid into or from the camerae along the siphuncles. The control of buoyancy in this manner limits the nautilus; they cannot operate under extreme hydrostatic pressures.
The animal can also crawl on land or on the seabed.
In the wild, nautiluses usually inhabit depths of about 300 m, rising to around 100 m at night for feeding, mating and egg laying. The shell of the nautilus cannot withstand depths greater than approximately 800 m.
Diet and sensory system.
Nautiluses are predators and feed mainly on shrimp, small fish and crustaceans, which are captured by the tentacles. However, due to the very little energy they devote to swimming, they need only eat once a month. Unlike other cephalopods, they do not have good vision; their eye structure is highly developed but lacks a solid lens. They have a simple "pinhole" lens through which water can pass. Instead of vision, the animal is thought to use olfaction as the primary sensory means during foraging, locating or identifying potential mates.
Reproduction and lifespan.
Nautiluses are sexually dimorphic and reproduce by laying eggs. Attached to rocks in shallow waters, the eggs take twelve months to develop before hatching out at around 30 mm long. Females spawn once per year and regenerate their gonads, making nautiluses the only cephalopods to present iteroparity or polycyclic spawning. The lifespan of nautiluses is about 20 years, which is exceptionally long for a cephalopod.
Classification.
There are 6 species of "Natuilus" that still exist. Several are extinct
Distribution.
Nautiluses are only found in the Indo-Pacific, from 30° N to 30° S latitude and 90° to 185° W longitude. They inhabit the deep slopes of coral reefs.
Natural history.
Fossil records indicate that nautiluses have not evolved much during the last 500 million years, and nautiloids were much more extensive and varied 200 million years ago. Many were initially straight-shelled, as in the extinct genus "Lituites". They developed in the Cambrian period and became a significant sea predator in the Ordovician period. Certain species reached over 2.5 meters in size. The other cephalopod subclass, Coleoidea, diverged from the Nautilidae long ago and the nautilus has remained relatively unchanged since. Extinct relatives of the nautilus include ammonites, such as the baculites and goniatites.

Logarithmic spiral
A logarithmic spiral, equiangular spiral or growth spiral is a special kind of spiral curve which often appears in nature. The logarithmic spiral was first described by Descartes and later extensively investigated by Jakob Bernoulli, who called it "Spira mirabilis", "the marvelous spiral".
Definition.
In polar coordinates ("r", θ) the curve can be written as
hence the name "logarithmic". In parametric form, the curve is
with real numbers "a" and "b".
The spiral has the property that the angle ɸ between the tangent and radial line at the point ("r",θ) is constant. This property can be expressed in differential geometric terms as
The derivative r'(θ) is proportional to the parameter "b". In other words, it controls how "tightly" and in which direction the spiral spirals. In the extreme case that "b" = 0 ("ɸ" = π/2) the spiral becomes a circle of radius "a". Conversely, in the limit that "b" approaches infinity ("ɸ" → 0) the spiral tends toward a straight line. The complement of ɸ is called the "pitch".
"Spira mirabilis" and Jakob Bernoulli.
"Spira mirabilis", Latin for "miraculous spiral", is another name for the logarithmic spiral. Although this curve had already been named by other mathematicians, the specific name ("miraculous" or "marvelous" spiral) was given to this curve by Jakob Bernoulli, because he was fascinated by one of its unique mathematical properties: the size of the spiral increases but its shape is unaltered with each successive curve. Possibly as a result of this unique property, the spira mirabilis has evolved in nature, appearing in certain growing forms such as nautilus shells and sunflower heads. Jakob Bernoulli wanted such a spiral engraved on his headstone, but, by error, an Archimedean spiral was placed there instead.
Notes.
The logarithmic spiral can be distinguished from the Archimedean spiral by the fact that the distances between the turnings of a logarithmic spiral increase in geometric progression, while in an Archimedean spiral these distances are constant.
Logarithmic spirals are self-similar in that they are self-congruent under all similarity transformations (scaling them gives the same result as rotating them). Scaling by a factor formula_6 gives the same as the original, without rotation. They are also congruent to their own involutes, evolutes, and the pedal curves based on their centers.
Starting at a point "P" and moving inwards along the spiral, one has to circle the origin infinitely often before reaching it; yet, the total distance covered on this path is finite. This was first realized by Evangelista Torricelli even before calculus had been invented. The total distance covered is "r"/cos(α), where "r" is the straight-line distance from "P" to the origin.
One can construct approximate logarithmic spirals with pitch about 17.03239 degrees using Fibonacci numbers or the golden ratio as is explained in those articles. Similarly, the exponential function exactly maps all lines not parallel with the real or imaginary axis in the complex plane, to all logarithmic spirals in the complex plane with centre at 0. (Up to adding integer multiples of 2π"i" to the lines, the mapping of all lines to all logarithmic spirals is onto.) The pitch angle of the logarithmic spiral is the angle between the line and the imaginary axis.

Small White
The Small White ("Pieris rapae") is a small to mid-sized butterfly of the Yellows and Whites Pieridae family. It is also commonly known as the small cabbage white or just the cabbage white.
Distribution.
It is common across Europe, North Africa and Asia and has also been accidentally introduced to North America, Australia and New Zealand where they have become pests on cultivated cabbages and other mustard family crops.
Description.
It looks like a smaller version of the Large White. The upperside is creamy white with black tips to the forewings. Females also have two black spots in the center of the forewings. Its underwings are yellowish with black speckles.
Habits.
Like its close relative the Large White this is a strong flyer and the British population is increased by continental immigrants in most years. Like other "White" butterflies it hibernates as a pupa. Along with the Large White it is sometimes known as the Cabbage White or Cabbage Butterfly.
Lifecycle.
It has two flight periods, April–May and July–August.
Eggs.
Its caterpillars can be a pest on cultivated cabbages, but it will lay eggs as well on wild members of the cabbage family such as Charlock "Sinapis arvensis" and Hedge Mustard "Sisybrium officinale". The eggs are laid singularly on foodplant leaves.
Caterpillars.
Known in the United States as "Imported Cabbage Worms", the caterpillars are green and well camouflaged. Unlike the Large White they don't store the mustard oils from their foodplants and so are not distastful to predators like birds.

Argonauta
The argonauts (genus "Argonauta", the only extant genus in the Argonautidae family) are a group of pelagic octopuses. They are also called paper nautiluses, by analogy with chambered nautiluses and referring to the paper-thin eggcase that females secrete. This structure lacks the gas-filled chambers present in chambered nautilus shells and is not a true cephalopod shell, but rather an evolutionary innovation unique to the genus "Argonauta".
Argonauts are found in tropical and subtropical waters worldwide; they live in open ocean. Like most octopuses, they have a rounded body, eight arms and no fins. However, unlike most octopuses, argonauts live close to the sea surface rather than on the seabed. "Argonauta" species are characterised by very large eyes and small distal webs. The mantle-funnel locking apparatus is a major diagnostic feature of this taxon. It consists of knob-like cartilages in the mantle and corresponding depressions in the funnel. Unlike the closely allied genera "Ocythoe" and "Tremoctopus", "Argonauta" species lack water pores.
Sexual dimorphism and reproduction.
In Argonauts, males and females are quite different regarding size and lifespan. Females grow up to 10 cm and make shells up to 30 cm, while males rarely grow larger than 2 cm. The males only mate once in their short lifetime. The females are iteroparous. In addition, the females have been known since ancient times while the males were only described in the late 19th Century.
The males lack the dorsal tentacles used by the females to create their eggcases. The males use a modified arm, the hectocotylus, to transfer sperm to the female. For fertilization, the arm is inserted into the female's pallial cavity, then is detached from the male. The hectocotylus was originally described as a parasitic worm.
Eggcase.
Female argonauts make a laterally compressed, calcareous eggcase in which they reside. This "shell" has a double keel fringed by two rows of alternating tubercles. The sides of the eggcase are ribbed with the centre either flat or having winged protrusions. The eggcase curiously resembles the shells of extinct ammonites. It is secreted by the tips of the female's two greatly expanded dorsal tentacles (third left arms) before to egg laying. After she deposits her eggs in the floating eggcase, the female herself takes shelter in it, often along with the male's detached hectocotylus. She is usually found with her head and tentacles protruding from the opening, but she retreats deeper inside if disturbed. These ornate, curved white eggcases are occasionally found floating on the sea surface, sometimes with the female argonaut still clinging to it. It is not made of aragonite as most other shells are, but of calcite, with a 3-layered structure and a higher proportion of magnesium carbonate (7%) than other cephalopod shells.
The egg case also contains a bubble of gas used for buoyancy similar to shelled cephalopods, although it does not have a chambered phragmocone as seen in other shelled cephalopods.
While most other octopuses lay eggs in caves, it is speculated the argonauts may have evolved to use ammonite shells for their egg laying, eventually becoming able to mend the shells and perhaps even make their own. However, this is uncertain and it is unknown whether this is the result of direct or convergent evolution.
"Argonauta argo" is the largest species in the genus and also produces the largest eggcase, which may reach a length of 300 mm. The smallest species is "Argonauta bottgeri", with a maximum recorded size of 67 mm.
Beak.
The beaks of "Argonauta" species are distinctive. They are characterised by a very small rostrum and a fold that runs to the lower edge or near the free corner. The rostrum is 'pinched in' at the sides. This makes it much narrower than in other octopuses, with the exception of the closely allied monotypic genera "Ocythoe" and "Vitreledonella". The jaw angle is curved and indistinct. Beaks have a sharp shoulder, which may or may not have posterior and anterior parts at different slopes. The hood lacks a notch and is very broad, flat, and low. The hood to crest ratio ("f/g") is approximately 2-2.4. The lateral wall of the beak has no notch near the wide crest. Argonaut beaks are most similar to those of "Ocythoe tuberculata" and "Vitreledonella richardi". They differ in 'leaning back' to a greater degree than the former and because they have a more curved jaw angle than the latter.
Feeding and defense.
Feeding mostly occurs during the day. Argonauts use tentacles to grab prey and drag it toward the mouth. It then bites the prey to inject it with poison from the salivary gland. They feed on small crustaceans, molluscs, but also jellyfish and salps. If the prey is shelled, the argonaut uses its radula to drill into the organism, then inject the poison.
Argonauts are capable of changing their color. They can blend in with their surroundings to avoid predators. They also produce ink, which is ejected when the animal is being attacked. This ink paralyzes the olfaction of the attacker, providing time for the argonaut to escape. The female is also able to pull back the web covering of her shell, making a silvery flash, which may deter a predator from attacking.
Argonauts are preyed upon by tunas, billfishes, and dolphins. Shells and remains of argonauts have been recorded from the stomachs of "Alepisaurus ferox" and "Coryphaena hippurus".
Male argonauts have been observed residing inside salps, although little is known about this relationship.
Classification.
The genus "Argonauta" contains up to seven existing species. Several extinct species are also known.
The extinct species "Obinautilus awaensis" was originally assigned to "Argonauta", but has since been transferred to the genus "Obinautilus".
Trivia.
Argonauts are featured in "Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea", noted for their ability to use their tentacles as sails. There is no evidence for this.
A female argonaut is also described in Marianne Moore's poem "The Paper Nautilus."
Paper nautiluses were caught in the "The Swiss Family Robinson" novel.
Argonauts gave their name to an "Arabidopsis" mutant and by extension to Argonaute proteins.

Camouflage
Camouflage is the method that makes it very difficult to see an object that normally could be seen very well. The method is to change how it looks so that it looks so much like its surrounding environment that it cannot be seen without special concentration. Examples include a tiger's stripes and the battledress of a modern soldier.
Camouflage is a form of deception. The word camouflage comes from the French word "camoufler" meaning "to disguise."
Natural camouflage.
In nature, there is a strong evolutionary pressure for animals to blend into their environment or conceal their shape. For prey animals it is important not be seen by predators and for predators it is important to be able to look for prey without beeing seen. Natural camouflage is one method that animals use to come to this result. There are a number of methods of doing so. One is for the animal to blend in with its surroundings, while another is for the animal to disguise itself as something uninteresting or something dangerous.
Some animals also simulate natural movement, e.g., of a leaf in the wind. Other animals attach or attract natural materials to their body for concealment.
A few animals have a chromatic response, they change color in changing environments, either seasonally (ermine, snowshoe hare) or far more rapidly like the chameleon and the cephalopod family.
Some herd animals adopt a similar pattern to make it difficult to distinguish a single animal. Examples include stripes on zebras.
The use of different colors on upper and lower surfaces in graduating tones from a light belly to a darker back, is common in the sea and on land.

Extant taxon
In biology, the extant taxon is a term used to refer to species, genera or families that are still in existence (living). The opposite is extinct taxon. Of the group of molluscs known as the cephalopods, there are approximately 600 extant species and 7500 extinct species (Barnes, 1987).

Echinoderm
Echinoderms are a phylum (group) of animals that one can find at all depths of the oceans.
Extinct forms known from fossils include blastoids, edrioasteroids, and several early Cambrian animals such as "Helicoplacus", carpoids, Homalozoa, and eocrinoids such as "Gogia".
Echinodermata is the largest animal phylum which has no freshwater or terrestrial representatives. (no animals in this group live on land or in not-salty water)
Physiology.
Echinoderms evolved from (started out as) animals with bilateral symmetry; later forms were lopsided. Echinoderms' larvae (babies) are ciliated free-swimming organisms that organize in a bilaterally symmetric fashion that makes them look like embryonic chordates. Later, the left side of the body grows at the expense of the right side, which is eventually absorbed. The left side then grows in a pentaradially symmetric fashion, in which the body is arranged in five parts around a central axis (point). (This means they often look like stars.)
All echinoderms exhibit fivefold radial symmetry in portions of their body at some stage of life, even if they have secondary bilateral symmetry. They also have a mesodermal endoskeleton (bones on the outside of their body) made of tiny calcified plates and spines, that forms a rigid support contained within tissues of the organism; some groups have modified spines called pedicellariae that keep the animal free of debris (dirt).
Echinoderms possess a hydraulic water vascular system, a network of fluid-filled canals that function in locomotion, feeding, and gas exchange. They also possess an open and reduced circulatory system, and have a complete digestive tube (tubular gut).
They have a simple radial nervous system that consists of a modified nerve net (interconnected neurons with no central organs); nerve rings with radiating nerves around the mouth extending into each arm; the branches of these nerves coordinate the movements of the animal. Echinoderms have no brain, although some do have ganglia.
The sexes are usually separate. Sexual reproduction typically consists of releasing eggs and sperm into the water, with fertilization taking place externally. (This means that the man and woman echinoderm do not have to touch to have babies.)
Many echinoderms have remarkable powers of regeneration: a sea star cut radially into a number of parts will, over the course of several months, regenerate into as many separate, viable sea stars. A section as small as a single arm (with the commensurate central-body mass and neural tissue) will, in ideal circumstances, successfully regenerate in this way. (This means that if a part of an echinoderm is cut off, it will grow back after a few months.)

Das Rheingold
Das Rheingold ("The Rhinegold") is an opera by Richard Wagner. It is the first of the four operas that together tell a story called "Der Ring des Nibelungen" ("The Ring of the Nibelung").
"Das Rheingold" is an opera in one act, divided into four scenes. It is a very long act, lasting 2 ½ hours, but it is normally played without an interval as the music is continuous, even between the scenes.
The characters in the opera are Gods, Giants, Nibelungs and the Rhinedaughters. The Nibelungs are a race of dwarfs. They are cunning and evil and live underneath the surface of the earth.
Scene One.
The first scene takes place in the river Rhine where the three Rhinemaidens: Woglinde, Wellgunde and Flosshilde, are guarding the precious Rhine gold. Alberich, an evil Nibelung, arrives and tries to catch the Rhinemaidens. From what they say Alberich learns that the gold they are guarding has magic powers. Alberich wants the gold, but the Rhinemaidens say that anyone who wants to have it has to renounce (give up) love. They think that Alberich will not do that because he is very fond of girls, but Alberich does renounce love and so he gets the gold.
Scene Two.
The second scene takes place in Valhalla, which is where the gods live. Wotan, the chief god, is there with his wife Fricka. Two giants have been building an enormous castle for the gods. Wotan has promised them that he would pay them for their work by giving them Freia, the Goddess of Youth and Beauty. Fricka is worried about the promise that Wotan has made, but Wotan tells his wife that he is not going to keep his promise. He thinks he can find a way of tricking the giants. Freia enters. She is frightened because the giants are coming for her.
The giants, Fasolt and Fafner, enter. They want to have Freia in payment for having built the castle. The problem for the gods is that Freia has a garden in which she grows golden apples. If the gods no longer have these golden apples they will grow old and die. Wotan does not know what to do.
Loge, the god of fire, enters. Wotan is cross with Loge for not having found something else to pay the giants with. Loge says he has been all over the world looking for something. He tells everyone that the gold from the Rhine has magic power, and how Alberich renounced love so that he could steal it from the Rhinemaidens. He tells them that a ring can be made from the gold, and that whoever has the ring will have power over all the world. The giants hear what Loge is saying and decide that they want the gold instead of Freia. They take Freia as hostage, saying that they will be back later to collect the gold. If they do not get it then they will keep Freia forever.
Wotan asks Loge how they are going to get the gold. Loge tells them that they should steal it from Alberich. After all, Alberich stole it from the Rhinemaidens, so it does not belong to him. Wotan and Loge go down below the earth to the Nibelungs.
Scene 3.
Underneath the earth Alberich is forcing the Nibelungs to work for him. They are hammering at the anvil. Mime, who is Alberich’s son, has used some of the gold to make a helmet. This helmet is called the Tarn helmet. Anyone who wears it can change their shape or become invisible. Alberich treats his son very cruelly.
Wotan and Loge tell Alberich that they have heard how clever he is. They ask him to show them what he can do with the Tarn helmet. Alberich puts on the helmet and changes himself into a huge dragon. Wotan and Loge pretend to be impressed. They ask him whether he can change himself into something small. Alberich show off again, changing himself into a frog. Wotan immediately puts his foot on him and catches him. Wotan and Loge take all the gold and go back to Valhalla.
Scene 4.
Wotan and Loge tease Alberich. Alberich asks them what they want so that he can be free. Wotan demands the gold. The Nibelungs pile the gold up. Alberich is not too worried, because he still has the ring which gives him magic power. He thinks he can use this power later to get the gold back. Wotan sees the ring on Alberich’s finger. He tells him to give him the ring. Alberich is terrified, but Wotan tears it from his finger. Before Alberich goes he puts a curse on the ring. Whoever has had the ring will die. This is very important to the whole story of the four operas.
The two giants appear with Freia. The gods have become very weak, but once Freia returns they start to become stronger again. Wotan tells the giants they can have their gold. The giants say that they must pile up the gold in front of Freia until they cannot see her. They do this, but the giants say there is still a tiny hole through which they can see Freia’s eye. They see the ring on Wotan’s finger and tell him to put it in the hole. Wotan says they can have anything they want but not the ring.
Erda appears. Erda is the Earth Goddess. She is very wise. She reminds Wotan that there is a curse on the ring and that he should quickly give the ring to the giants. Wotan has no choice. He puts the ring in the hole. Now the giants are happy.
Immediately, however, the giants start to argue with one another and Fafner kills Fasolt. The curse on the ring is working. Loge tells Wotan he was wise to give up the ring. However, Fricka is still worried because Wotan did have the ring.
Donner, the god of Thunder, enters and swings his hammer. There is a flash of lightning and a crash of thunder. The clouds vanish, a rainbow makes a bridge to Valhalla and the gods enter Valhalla. The Rhinemaidens are heard crying out to Wotan to give the gold back, but Wotan takes no notice. The gods are now at the height of their glory. We shall see, at the end of the fourth opera, that the curse will catch up with them and that they, too, will die.
The music.
The music of "Das Rheingold" is beautifully written to fit every person and every situation. The famous opening starts with a low chord of E flat which describes the bottom of the river Rhine. At first the notes of the chords are held on, then gradually a ripple of broken chords and arpeggios suggest the ripples of the water. The harps make a sound like the waves. The harmony just consists of the same E flat chord for the first 136 bars until the Rhine Maidens start to sing.
Each character in the opera has his own musical leitmotif which can change and combine to show their changing moods and situations. There are big, heavy chords for the giants, creepy chromatic winding music for Loge, the god of fire, who is supposed to be very crafty, dignified music for the Earth Goddess Erda etc. There is a special leitmotif for the curse, which is heard at various times in all four operas.
Wagner actually called "Das Rheingold" a "prologue" to the other three operas, which he saw as the main operas of the cycle.

Die Walküre
"Die Walküre" ("The Valkyries") is an opera by Richard Wagner. It is the second of the four operas that together tell a story called "Der Ring des Nibelungen" ("The Ring of the Nibelung").The story continues from the first opera which was called "Das Rheingold".
"Die Walküre" was first performed on 26 June 1870 in Munich. The first performance that was part of the whole Ring cycle took place on 14 August 1876.
Act One.
The opera starts with a storm. The young man Siegmund is out in the storm and comes to a house. The house belongs to Hunding who lives there with his wife Sieglinde. An ash tree is growing in the middle of the house. Siegmund and Sieglinde are twins who were separated at birth, so neither of them knows who the other one is. Their father is Wotan, the chief god, but they don’t know this either. Their mother was a mortal (an ordinary person, not a goddess).
Sieglinde lets Siegmund into the house and gives him a drink of mead. They start to fall in love. Hunding arrives and asks Siegmund who he is. Siegmund says that his name ought to be Woeful because he has had an unhappy life. When he was small he came home once and found his house burned down, his mother murdered and his twin sister had been abducted (taken away). He then remembers that some years later he went to help a young lady who had been forced to marry a cruel man. He had killed some of the man’s friends. Hunding realizes that he himself was this man, so that he is Siegmund’s enemy. He says to Siegmund that he can sleep in his house tonight because this is a law of hospitality, but in the morning he will have to fight him.
Sieglinde goes to prepare a drink for her husband. She puts a drug in it which will make Hunding sleep deeply. Siegmund meanwhile is thinking about something his father had promised him. He had told him that he would thrust a magic sword called “Nothung” into a tree. No one would get that sword until, one day, when Siegmund found himself in great difficulty, he would be able to pull it from the tree and use it.
Sieglinde enters and tells Siegmund a story about how, on the day she was forced to marry Hunding, an old man had come into the house and thrust a sword into the ash tree in the middle of the room. They start to realize that they are brother and sister, but it does not stop them from falling in love and they sing passionately about their love for one another. Siegmund pulls the sword from the tree and the two lovers embrace.
Act Two.
Wotan is the chief god, whom we heard in "Das Rheingold". He is trying to get rid of the curse of the Rheingold, and has built a grand plan around Siegmund. Wotan tells his daughter Brünnhilde that she must make sure that Siegmund wins the fight with Hunding. Brünnhilde is a half-goddess (her mother was a mortal), so she has the power to do this. She is one of eight daughters of Wotan who are Valkyries (German: Walküren). Their job is to collect the dead bodies of brave heroes who have died in battle and take them back to Valhalla, the house of the gods.
Wotan’s wife Fricka arrives in a chariot pulled by a ram. Brünnhilde disappears, and there follows a big argument between husband and wife. Fricka says to Wotan that Siegmund and Sieglinde must be punished for breaking Hunding's marriage, and for loving one another because brothers and sisters are not allowed to be lovers (this is called “incest”). She says that she herself is the goddess of marriage and must make sure that marriage laws are obeyed. Fricka says that the gods will all be disgraced. Wotan says that he went to the world to have children with mortal women because the gods needed a race of heroes who would protect them. But Fricka says to Wotan that he is wrong: Siegmund cannot be a free hero if he is being protected by Wotan. Giving in, Wotan now tells Brünnhilde that she must leave Siegmund to his fate.
Sieglinde tells Siegmund that she feels guilty and that he ought to leave her, but they are desperately in love. When she hears Hunding’s horn she imagines that Siegmund will be torn apart by the dogs and she faints. Brünnhilde pities Siegmund. She tells Siegmund that he must follow her to Valhalla. When Siegmund asks whether he can take Sieglinde with her Brünnhilde says that he cannot do this. Siegmund refuses to go. Brünnhilde tells him that he cannot escape his fate. Siegmund continues to plead with Brünnhilde, and in the end she is so moved that she changes her mind. She breaks Wotan's order, and says that she will protect Siegmund in battle. Hunding appears and the two men fight. Brünnhilde protects Siegmund with her shield. Siegmund is nearly winning when suddenly Wotan appears and smashes Siegmund’s sword into pieces. Hunding kills Siegmund.
Act Three.
The other Valkyries are wondering where Brünnhilde is. They see her coming on her horse, but instead of a hero she is carrying a woman (it is Sieglinde). The Valkyries are angry with Brünnhilde because she disobeyed Wotan. Sieglinde wants to die, but when she is told that she has a baby in her womb she asks Brünnhilde to save her. She escapes into the forest with bits of Siegmund’s sword. One day the baby she is now bearing will grow up, become a hero, and use the bits to make another sword.
Wotan goes to the Valkyries. He is furious with Brünnhilde because she disobeyed him. He punishes her. He tells her that she is no longer a Valkyrie. She will fall asleep on a rock and any man who finds her can have her. Brünnhilde pleads with Wotan. She asks him whether he could, at least, put a fire round her so that the only man who could get her would be a hero. In the end Wotan agrees. Loge, the god of fire, arrives and lights the fire. At the end of the opera Brünnhilde is asleep on the rock, surrounded by the fire. There she will stay until, one day, a hero comes to rescue her.
The music of the opera.
The music contains many wonderful moments. The most famous bit is the beginning of Act Three where the Valkyries are riding on their horses. This music is known as "The Ride of the Valkyries". It is very dramatic music. The very beginning of Act One is also very dramatic. The music describes a storm. The orchestra is a very large one, including special tubas which are known as “Wagner tubas”. There are no separate arias in these operas: all the sections flows into one another. Sometimes a character has a section when they are telling a story. There are beautiful sections like the one in Act One where Siegmund is remembering about his father and the sword, or the love music between Siegmund and Sieglinde. By using leitmotifs (music which goes with certain ideas or characters) he gets many subtle effects. When Siegmund looks at the ash tree we hear the sword motive because the sword is in the tree, although at that moment he does not know about it. We also hear Wotan’s theme when Siegmund talks about his father. We (the listener) know who his father is, but Siegmund does not. The music tells us lots of things that the characters in the story may not understand. This makes the music very powerful and exciting.

Siegfried (opera)
"Siegfried" is an opera by Richard Wagner. It is the third of the four operas that together tell a story called "Der Ring des Nibelungen" ("The Ring of the Nibelung"). The story continues from the end of the second opera which was called "Die Walküre".
The first performance of "Siegfried" took place when the whole Ring cycle (all four operas) were performed in the Festspielhaus in Bayreuth on 16 August 1876.
Act One.
The first part of the opera takes place in a forest where the giant Fafner lives. He has used the magic tarn helmet to change himself into a dragon so that he can guard the treasure of the gold and the ring (we saw how he got the treasure in the first opera, "Das Rheingold"). Siegfried, who was not yet born at the end of the second opera, "Die Walküre", is now a young lad. He has been brought up by the dwarf Mime,Alberich's brother. Mime is just as horrible as his brother.
Mime is hammering away at the anvil, trying to repair the sword that was smashed to pieces by Wotan in Act Two of "Die Walküre". He wants to make the bits into a strong sword, but every time he thinks he has managed it Siegfried picks up the sword and breaks it with his strength. The reason that Mime wants to make the sword is so that he can give it to Siegfried (who is obviously the hero who is meant to have the sword in the end) and tell him to fight the dragon. Then Mime will be able to get the ring from him so that he can have power over all the world. When Siegfried enters he brings a bear from the forest. The bear chases Mime and Siegfried laughs. Then he lets the bear go free.
Mime says to Siegfried that he should be thankful to him for looking after him as a child and bringing him up. He has never told Siegfried who his parents were (they were Siegmund and Sieglinde, both now dead). Siegfried does not understand anything about how babies are born. He has never seen a woman before. He only knows Mime who is pretending to be is father. Siegfried has noticed that young birds look like their parents and he asks Mime why he does not look like him. In the end Mime is forced to tell Siegfried about his parents and about the sword that was smashed by Wotan. Siegfried tells Mime to forge (make) the sword so that he can kill the dragon. Siegfried goes off.
Wotan, the chief god, appears. He is disguised as a wanderer. Mime says he wants to ask him three questions, and if he cannot answer them he can chop off his head. Wotan agrees. First Mime asks him the name of the race of people who live below the earth. Wotan says they are the Nibelungs. Then Mime asks who are the people who live on the earth’s surface. Wotan says they are the giants. Then he asks him who lives in the sky. Wotan says they are the gods. He has answered all three questions correctly. He now tells Mime it is his turn to ask Mime three questions which he must answer if he wants to keep his head. Mime is terrified, but has to agree.
First Wotan asks him who are the people whom Wotan loves a lot although he has to be harsh with them. Mime answers: the Valkyries. Then Wotan asks him the name of the sword that Wotan left for Siegfried. Mime answers: Nothung. Finally Wotan asks him who can put the pieces of the sword together. Mime is now terrified because he does not know the answer. Wotan tells him the answer: it is the person who does not know fear. He says to Mime that he can keep his head for the moment. He will leave it to the fearless person to chop it off later.
When Mime and Siegfried are together again, Mime tries to frighten Siegfried so that he knows what fear is. He tells him all about the huge dragon in the cave. "Does that not frighten you?" he asks him. "Not a bit" answers Siegfried, who likes the thought of fighting a dragon. Siegfried works at the anvil and starts to make the sword. Mime is thinking of how he will trick Siegfried after the dragon has been killed, so that he can get the sword and kill Siegfried. At last Siegfried manages to make the mighty sword. He calls out its name: "Nothung"! Then he crashes the sword down on the anvil which splits into two pieces.
Act Two.
Outside the dragon’s cave Wotan, still disguised as a wanderer, meets Alberich (Mime’s father who has not been in the story since the first opera). Alberich hates Wotan for having snatched the ring from him. Wotan does not care, and even wakes the dragon up, but the dragon does not want to fight them.
Mime and Siegfried appear. Siegfried is not frightened at all. He just wants to know where the dragon’s heart is so that he can kill it. Mime leaves him alone. Siegfried sits down in the forest and thinks. He is glad to know now that the ugly Mime is not his father. He hears a bird singing and he tries to imitate the bird’s song with a pipe he has made from a reed. He blows his horn and the dragon appears. Siegfried plunges the sword into the dragon’s heart. Siegfried instinctively puts his hand in the dragon’s mouth and tastes its blood. Suddenly he can understand what the bird is saying. The bird (originally sung by a boy but normally now by a woman) tells him to take the ring and the tarn helmet (which allows the wearer to change shape or make himself invisible). He takes them.
Mime and Alberich appear. They are arguing about who shall have the ring and the tarn helmet. Siegfried appears with both. Mime offers Siegfried a drink which is drugged. The bird warns Siegfried not to drink it. Siegfried kills Mime by chopping his head off with the sword. The bird then tells Siegfried about his beautiful bride Brünnhilde who is lying on a rock, protected by fire, waiting to be rescued by him.
Act Three.
Erda, the wise Earth Goddess, tells Wotan about the Norns who are weaving the rope of destiny. She is surprised to hear how Wotan has punished Brünnhilde. Wotan says he now looks forward to the end of the gods, and wants Siegfried to take his place.
Siegfried arrives. He tells Wotan (who is a stranger to him) about his heroic deed with the dragon. He finds Wotan annoying and smashes Wotan’s sword. He goes to the rock where Brünnhilde is lying.
Siegfried bursts through the flames and finds the sleeping Brünnhilde. He gently takes off her helmet, then her breastplate. Suddenly he sees that she is a woman. He has never seen a woman before. For the first time in his life he is frightened, yet he very much wants to wake her up. He kisses her lips and she opens her eyes and sits up. She tells him that she has always loved him, even long before he was born. Siegfried feels his passion growing and tries to put his arms round her, but now it is Brünnhilde who is frightened. She tells him not to spoil the purity of their love. Finally they embrace.
The music.
It took Wagner more than 15 years to write this opera which is one reason why the music of Act Three is slightly different in style. The love music of Siegfried and Brünnhilde is often played as a separate orchestral piece, called the "Siegfried Idyll". Many of the leitmotifs (musical ideas that belong to particular characters or ideas) are ones that were heard in the "Das Rheingold" or "Die Walküre". One unusual instrument in the orchestra is the anvil. It is played when Mime, and later Siegfried, are hammering on the anvil trying to forge the pieces of the sword together. The rhythm of this music is the same rhythm heard earlier in the Nibelung scene in "Das Rheingold".
When Wagner started working on the opera he called it "Der junge Siegfried" ("The young Siegfried") but by 1856 he had changed the title to "Siegfried".
The German word “Sieg” means “victory” and “Fried” or “Friede” means “peace”. It is a good name for a hero. The role of Siegfried is sung by a tenor. The singer needs a very strong voice, often called a “Heldentenor” in German (a “heroic tenor”). He is on stage for most of the opera which lasts about four hours.

Götterdämmerung
"Götterdämmerung" is an opera by Richard Wagner. It is the fourth and last of the cycle of operas that together tell a story called "Der Ring des Nibelungen" ("The Ring of the Nibelung"). The story continues from the end of the third opera which was called "Siegfried". "Götterdämmerung" is the German name for "Ragnarök".
"Götterdämmerung" is the longest of the four operas. It takes about five hours to perform. It consists of a prologue and three acts. Wagner finished composing the opera in the autumn of 1874. It was first performed on 17 August 1876 as part of the complete Ring cycle.
The Prologue.
The three Norns, daughters of Erda the Earth Goddess, are spinning the rope of destiny. This rope is a symbol of what has to happen in the end. They take it in turns to tell the story of the past, spinning as they sing and passing on the rope to the next one. The first Norn tells how Wotan went to drink from the Well of Wisdom for which he lost an eye. He then cut a spear from a tree which then died. The second Norn tells how a young hero broke Wotan’s spear and how the gods were sent from Valhalla to chop down the World Ash. The third Norn tells how the logs from the ash tree have been piled round Valhalla ready for a fire that will burn everything. The Norns have visions of the future. The rope breaks. The Norns disappear into the earth.
Brünnhilde and Siegfried come out of a cave by the rock where they were left at the end of the third opera. Siegfried has to go off to do heroic deeds. He gives Brünnhilde the ring as a token of his love for her. She gives him her horse which is called Grane (pronounce: GRAH-ne). Siegfried travels down the river Rhine.
Act One.
Act One takes place in the Hall of the Gibichung palace. Gunther is the chief of the Gibichungs. His half-brother Hagen tells him he would look more important if he got married. He also says that Gunther’s sister Gutrune ought to get married. He tells him about Brünnhilde who, he thinks, is still asleep on the rock surrounded by fire that no one except Siegfried would be able to get through. He says that if they manage to get Siegfried to marry Gutrune, then she could persuade him to go and catch Brünnhilde for Gunther. He says that they could give Siegfried a potion (a special drink) which would make him forget that he loved Brünnhilde.
They hear Siegfried’s horn outside and the great hero arrives. Siegfried asks Hagen whether he knows him. Of course, Hagen does. Siegfried is carrying the magic tarn helmet which allows a person to change their shape or become invisible. Siegfried, however, does not know what the tarn helmet can do, and Hagen has to explain it to him. Gutrune appears and offers Siegfried a drink. It is the potion which is going to make him forget any other woman. He drinks to the health of Brünnhilde. As soon as he has drunk it he looks at Gutrune and is in love with her. He agrees to marry her, and he agrees to get a wife for Gunther. Hagen tells him about Brünnhilde on the rock. Siegfried has forgotten about her. He agrees to put on the tarn helmet and disguise himself as Gunther and to go and get Brünnhilde. He goes off, leaving Hagen guarding the palace.
The next scene takes place on the top of the Valkyrie rock. Her sister Waltraute arrives on a flying horse. She says that Wotan (their father, the chief God) returned to Valhalla with his spear broken. She says he told the gods to pile up the logs from the World Ash for a fire which will burn everything. Wotan desperately wants the ring to be given back to the Rhine Maidens (who were guarding it at the beginning of the first opera). Brünnhilde refuses to give her the ring that Siegfried had given her as a token of their love. Waltraute disappears.
After the weather calms the flames flicker again. Siegfried arrives, disguised as Gunther. Brünnhilde is horrified to see a person she thinks is a stranger. Siegfried says she is his bride, forces the ring from her finger and drags her into a cave for the night, although placing the sword between them.
Act Two.
Back at the palace Alberich tries to persuade his son Hagen to get the ring. Hagen wants to get the ring, but only for himself. Siegfried arrives. He no longer wears the tarn helmet so he looks like himself. Hagen blows his horn to call his vassals (soldiers) for a celebration. Gunther is to marry Brünnhilde and Siegfried is to marry Gutrune. Brünnhilde cannot understand why Siegfried is doing this. She sees the ring on his finger and asks him how he got it, as she thinks Gunther snatched it from her. Siegfried says that he won it by killing a dragon. He tells people how he tricked Brünnhilde and swears that a sword lay between them during the night, although Brünnhilde tries to make people think otherwise.
Brünnhilde is left alone with Gunther and Hagen. She tells them that, although Siegfried is so strong and impossible to kill in battle, he has one weak spot on his back. Gunther does not like the idea of having Siegfried killed, but Hagen promises him that he can then have the ring. They decide to kill Siegfried and to tell Gutrune that he was killed by a wild boar.
Act Three.
The last act takes place in a wild forest. Siegfried’s hunting horn is heard, and then the hunting horn of the Gibichungs. By the river Siegfried happens to meet the Rhine Maidens and teases them by showing them the ring, but does not let them have it. They tell him about the curse on the ring but Siegfried does not believe them. He meets Hagen. They drink together. Siegfried tells the men all about his life, how he was brought up by Mime, about the sword, the dragon and the bird singing. Then he cannot remember any more. Hagen gives him another drugged drink which makes him start to remember what actually happened. He remembers Brünnhilde and how he found her surrounded by fire. He gradually realizes how he has been tricked and feels unbearable sadness. Two ravens fly overhead and Hagen plunges his spear into Siegfried’s back. He dies while speaking the name of Brünnhilde. His body is carried off to a funeral march.
Back at the palace his body is brought in. Gutrune accuses Gunther of murdering him, but Gutrune says Hagen did it. Hagen says he did it because Siegfried, when disguised as Gunther, had slept with Brünnhilde. He tries to snatch the ring from the dead Siegfried’s finger, Gunther tries to stop him but is murdered by Hagen. He tries again to snatch the ring but to everybody’s horror the arm of the dead hero rises in the air.
Brünnhilde enters and tells everyone how she promised Siegfried her love. Gutrune curses Hagen and falls onto her brother’s dead body. Brünnhilde orders a funeral pyre (a fire) to be prepared. She sings to Wotan that Siegfried is now at peace in death and that she understands more now. She takes the ring and promises to return it to the Rhine Maidens. She lights the fire which flares up and she rides on her horse Grane into the flames. The whole building catches fire, the Rhine overflows. Hagen jumps into the water trying to get the ring from the Rhine Maidens who drown him. The flood dies down and Valhalla (the gods’ palace) is lit up by the fire. The gods and the heroes die in the flames. The Twilight of the Gods has now happened.
The music.
This music of this long opera is extremely cleverly linked so that musical ideas flow into one another and combine to comment on the drama. Many of the themes have been heard in the other three operas. It is a very exhausting opera to sing, especially for Brünnhilde. There are usually two long intervals during a performance. The orchestra is very large and includes eight harps.

Der Ring des Nibelungen
"Der Ring des Nibelungen" ("The Ring of the Nibelung" (Alberich)) is a cycle of four operas by Richard Wagner.
The story of each opera can be found in the separate articles.
Sometimes it is known as a “tetralogy” meaning: four works that belong together.
Wagner took the story of the operas from a book called the "Nibelungenlied" (the "Nibelung Song") which was written in the 12th century by a German poet. We do not know the name of the poet. The story is about the ancient gods from German mythology.
Wagner made a lot of changes to the story in order to make it suitable for his four operas. Wagner’s story tells of a hoard of gold which is being guarded by the Rhinemaidens. The dwarf Alberich steals the gold and uses some of it to make a ring which makes the owner powerful over all the world. When Wotan, the chief god, steals it from him, Alberich puts a curse on the ring. The ring will bring death to whomever has it. The ring goes through the hands of several characters, all of whom die in the end.
Alberich belongs to a race of dwarfs called the “Nibelungs”. The word “Nibelungen” in the title of the cycle: "Der Ring des Nibelungen" (“The Ring of the Nibelung”), refers to Alberich (it is singular, not plural).
The story of Wagner’s Ring cycle sounds quite fantastic and strange, like a fairy tale. Although the characters seems very different from real people, the story tells us all about basic human emotions. It is a story about greed, love, lust, intrigue etc. This is what makes it so powerful.
Wagner’s music matches each character and situation beautifully. It develops continuously: there are no breaks in the music during the acts. Wagner used what he called leitmotifs (leading motives). These are tunes or chords or little musical phrases which are linked to particular people in the opera. In this way he can hint at things very cleverly in the music. For example: there is a leitmotiv for the curse. Whenever we hear this curse motive we know that the curse of the ring is working.
Wagner spent about twenty years writing the Ring cycle. He started in the 1850s when he was living in Switzerland. He wrote all the libretto (the words) himself, as he always did for his operas. By 1857 he had finished the first two operas and two thirds of "Siegfried". It was many years later that he finally finished "Siegfried" and wrote the final opera as well.
Wagner wanted to have the Ring cycle performed in a special opera house which would be built in the way he wanted. He needed a lot of money for his ideas, and he was very lucky to find someone who adored his music and was happy to give him a lot of money. This was King Ludwig II of Bavaria (sometimes called the “mad king of Bavaria” because he did become insane). Wagner told the King that the Ring cycle would be performed in Munich which was the capital city of Bavaria. Later, when it seemed impossible to build a new opera house there, Wagner broke his promise and built his opera house in Bayreuth instead. The King did not seem to mind and still gave him lots of money for the project as well as a nice house to live in. "Das Rheingold" was first performed in Munich in 1869 and "Die Walküre" in 1870. The whole Ring cycle was first performed in 1876 in the new opera house called the "Festspielhaus" in Bayreuth.

Väki
In Finnish mythology, Väki means races of Haltijas (Finnish elves) and their magical powers. Different things in nature had their own väki guarding them. For example Väki of water lived in and protected water. Väki is the name of both the magical power and Haltijas. Väki could sometimes be seen. They looked like little man-like creatures. Sometimes Väki went inside people and made people ill. Väki makes people ill if they behave badly in their kingdom. For example, if someone shouted in a forest without reason then the Väki of forest may make then ill. Shaman could heal these illnesses by telling the väki to leave the person and go back to its original place.

Desalinisation
Desalinisation is a name used for various processes. These processes take most of the salt or minerals out of seawater. They are used to make fresh water which is either good for irrigation (watering crops), or as drinking water for animals, and humans.
Desalinisation of ocean water is common in the Middle East, where there are very few natural springs. It is also common in the People's Republic of China It is used also on ships, submarines and islands in the sea.
The United States desalinized the brackish water (salty water) in rivers that flow into Mexico. The United States has signed treaties with Mexico that oblige the United States to desalinize the water.
Several Middle Eastern countries have so much energy that they use desalinated water for agriculture (farming). Saudi Arabia's desalination plants account for about 24% of total world capacity. The world's largest desalination plant is the Jebel Ali Desalination Plant (Phase 2) in Saudi Arabia. It can produce 300 million cubic meters of water per year.
Methods.
In 2004, the two leading methods for desalinization were Reverse Osmosis (47% of installed capacity world-wide) and Multi Stage Flash (36%).
The traditional process used in these operations is vacuum distillation, which means boiling of water at less than atmospheric pressure, and thus a much lower temperature than normal. Due to the reduced temperature, energy is saved.
In the last decade, many desalization plants have begun using membrane processes. Reverse Osmosis (R.O.) has taken nearly half the world's installed capacity. Membrane processes use semi-permeable membranes to filter out dissolved material or fine solids from the water. The systems are usually driven by high-pressure pumps.
Forward Osmosis (F.O.) uses a membrane filter. Water is driven across the membrane by osmotic pressure. Forward osmosis systems require no energy inputs. They are used for emergency desalination purposes in seawater and floodwater settings.
Cogeneration.
Some desalization plants use the same energy more than once. With In the Middle East and North Africa, some facilities to produce both electricity and fresh water. The combined facility consumes less fuel than would be needed by two separate facilities.
Economics.
The building and operation costs of a desalination plant depend on many factors, such as the desalinization method employed, size of the facility and its location relative to an ocean or other salt water source. The characteristics of the particular market in which its product is consumed will also influence its costs and profitability. Desalination technologies are expensive and energy intensive, making the cost of energy another factor in the costs of desalinization.
For this reason, very large desalination plants may employ Nuclear-powered desalinization. There is currently a pilot plant in the former USSR.
Another cost of desalinization is the management of wastes produced by a desalination plant. Marine pollution may result if the saline brine produced is discharged into an ocean or other body of water..
Environmental.
All desalinization methods produce a toxic waste product that the US Environmental Protection Agency has classified as industrial wastes. This toxic waste can harm ecosystems and marine animals.
Experimental techniques and other developments.
In the past many new desalination techniques have tried. The U.S. Government trying to invent a method for solar desalination.
SDSU CITI International Consortium for Advanced Technologies and Security. is trying to develop geothermal desalination methods.

Sudetenland
The Sudetenland was a mountainous area of Czechoslovakia. Germany took this land from Czechoslovakia in 1938. This helped to start World War II.

1375
1375 is a year in the 14th century.

Coral (color)
Coral is a reddish or pinkish shade of orange. The color is named after the sea animal also called corals.
Meaning of coral.
Coral and coral pink are popular colors for painting a room to give a calm feeling of warmth.
In some sects of Hinduism, coral red instead of red is shown as being the color which represents the first ("muladhara") chakra in Hindu philosophy.

Crimson
Crimson is deep purplish red color between red and rose. You can make it by combining a strong, bright deep red with a little blue. It is originally the color of the dye produced from the dried bodies of a scale insect, "Kermes vermilio".

Rose (color)
Rose is the color halfway between red and magenta on the color wheel. It represents the color of the rose flower.
Meaning of rose.
Saying that someone has rosy cheeks suggests that they are in good health. Saying that someone is "seeing through rose-colored glasses" means that they are an optimist, only seeing the good and neglecting to notice the bad. (The opposite type of person, a pessimist, is symbolised by the color grey).
The color rose represents romantic love because it is customary to give rose flowers to one's beloved on Valentine's Day, 14 February.
It is a popular color for women's clothing, lipstick and you can even dye your hair this color.
The color rose is well loved in Iran because the cultivation of the rose flower is thought to have began in Iran. Rose is the national color of Georgia because the people of Georgia believe the cultivation of roses began there. The revolution in which current Georgian president Mikhail Saakashvili came to power in 2003 was called the Rose Revolution.
Marrakesh, Morocco is sometimes called the "Rose City" because many of its buildings are colored shades of rose or pink.

Maroon (color)
Maroon is a dark red color. The word comes from the French word "marron" which means "chestnut".

Ochre
Ochre or Ocher is a golden-yellow or light yellowish brown colour. The word is from the Greek "ochros" which means "yellow".

Teal (color)
Teal is a deep bluish-green color; a dark cyan.

Navy blue
Navy blue or navy is a very dark shade of the color blue. Some people mistake navy blue for black.
Since 1748, Royal Navy uniforms have been white and navy blue. Other navies also adopted these uniform colors. This is where the color got its name.

Lime (color)
Lime is a yellowish green color. It is named after the fruit, lime.
The official web color named "lime" actually corresponds to pure green on an RGB display. "Lime green" is the color of the outer skin of a lime. "Lime pulp" is the color of the inside of a lime and of "limeade", a fruit drink that is made from limes ().
Meaning of lime.
The color "lime" implies someone or something that is tangy, tasty, and bold like the flavor of "limeade", the drink that is made from limes.
Sailors in the British Navy are called "limeys" because they used to be issued large rations of lime fruit to eat to prevent the disease scurvy on long sea voyages.

Jochen Rindt
Karl Jochen Rindt (born April 18 1942 in Mainz, Germany – died September 5 1970 in Monza) was an Austrian racecar driver. In 1970, he won the Formula One World Drivers' Championship, but died in a crash in Monza.
He was the only driver to win the championship after he died.

Claudio Arrau
Claudio Arrau León (February 6, 1903 - June 9, 1991) was a Chilean classical pianist and one of the greatest classical pianists of the 20th century.
Arrau started to play the piano as a boy and was giving concerts at the age of 5. The Chilean government heard of the child prodigy and quickly organized to have him sent to Germany to study with the best music teachers. At the age of 7 Arrau started serious study of music in Germany at the Stern Conservatory, Berlin.
By the age of 11, Arrau was playing like a master, and performed the works of Liszt, Chopin and Brahms in recitals.
Later in life Arrau became an important teacher of the piano and taught some of the most famous pianists in the world. Arrau married Ruth Schneider, an opera singer, and settled in the United States. Throughout his career he won the highest awards for piano playing. He died in Austria in 1991.

Patriotism
Patriotism means loyalty of person to his/her own nation or the leaders of nation. A patriot is a person who is on the side of his/her own nation or its leaders. Patriotism is different from nationalism. Nationalist thinks that every ethnic group should have its own nation, so nations are to serve the people. In other words in nationalism the nation is just a tool to have freedom for an ethnic group, while in patriotism the nation itself is the highest value.
A patriot may also be loyal to imperialist or colonialist nations, while nationalism is opposed to imperialism or colonialism.

Misogyny
Misogyny means hating women. A misogynist is a person who hates women. Misogynists hate women because they believe there is something wrong with them, such as being stupid, dirty or evil.
Misogyny is different from sexism, which is not based on hate. Sexist wants to give different rights and roles to women and men, but not because there is something wrong with either sex. Sexist thinks it is natural or right that sexes have different rights and roles. They believe God or nature has made women and men different and therefore they belong to different roles.

Malmeneich
Malmeneich is a village in Hesse, Germany. It belongs to the municipality of Elz. The postal code for Malmeneich is 65604 and its dialing code is 06433. 345 people live in the village.
Geography and Climate.
Malmeneich lies in the Westerwald. The average elevation is 250m above sea level. The highest point lies in the forest and is 292m high. The average temperature is 9,9°C. The village get between 700-720mm of rain each year. Though this seems moderate, temperatures can vary between -20°C and 35°C.
Malmeneich and the media.
There was an entry about Malmeneich on the Hessian television in 2002. This was for a project of hr3 which aimed to report about Hessian villages with less than 1000 people living in them.
Every year Malmeneich is mentioned in the regional newspaper because of the "Malmeneicher Kirmes".
At the European elections in 2005, a citizen of Malmeneich was caught after voting five times. He got judged and this crime went through the regional media.

United Parcel Service
United Parcel Service (UPS) is an American company that transports packages. It is the largest package delivery company in the world. UPS delivers more than 14 million packages a day to more than 200 countries. It is based in Sandy Springs, Georgia, USA. The company uses brown uniforms and delivery trucks. The company trademarked the color brown so that no other delivery company can use it for their logo.
"UPS Airlines" is a part of UPS that handles the transportation of packages over long distances and between countries. UPS has almost 300 airplanes in its fleet.

Gómez Pereira
Gómez Pereira (1500 – 1567) was a Spanish philosopher, doctor, and humanist from Medina del Campo. He was most famous for his work in medicine, but he did many different things such as business, engineering, and especially philosophy. As a doctor, he was in favor of using the empirical method, instead of more medieval ideas about medicine.
His ideas in philosophy may have helped René Descartes come up with the famous idea "cogito ergo sum". This is Latin for: "I think, therefore I am".
Life.
Little is known about his life. He was the second of five brothers; his father, Antonio, had a small store that sold clothes, and his mother, Margarita, died when he was 15, so the children were raised by his aunt, Ana de Avila. Some of his ancestors were Jews from Portugal who had become Christians.
He studied philosophy at the University of Salamanca. His professor, Juan Martinez, was later the archbishop of Toledo, Spain. He also studied medicine and graduated in 1520. He then settled down as a doctor in his home town, Medina, living with his wife, Isabel Rodriguez, and becoming quite successful in business, even having his own warehouses of wine, and renting rooms to other merchants. He never had children.
He became famous as a doctor, being well known in other cities of Spain. He even went to the court of Philip II of Spain and saved the life of the prince, Don Carlos, when he had an accident. He was also famous as an inventor, and in 1563, he and another inventor named Francisco Lobato got a patent for a type of flour mill powered by water.

Spore (video game)
Spore is a computer game made by Will Wright. He also made "The Sims" and "SimCity". It consists of five phases of gameplay, the cell, creature, tribal, civilization and space phases. It is a game in which the player is able to create and evolve a species from a germ into a galactic superpower. It is due to be released on September 7, 2008 in America, and September 5 in Europe.
Initially, it was going to be 6 different phases, but they merged the city and civilization phases, so it's only 5 phases now.
On of the biggest parts of the game is the different editors. Almost all things in the game can be made by the player, from buildings in the civilization phase to the creature in the creature phase. The player uses different parts that he can place as he wants. He can also change things like size and "stretch" the parts. All these things made by players can be uploaded as pictures to the "sporepedia". A picture has all the info needed for the game to make the thing, and is very small in size, usually less than 30 kilobytes. This means, that you can find a picture of a car made in Spore that you like, copy it, and put it in the Spore folder. Then you can play with it.
All the different phases of the game offer many choices. Roughly, you can choose to be peaceful, aggressive, or both. For example, in the creature phase, you can choose to eat other animals, just fruit, or both. And in the civilization pahse, you can choose to be military, religious, economic, or a little of all of them.
The ultimate goal of the game is to go to the middle of the galaxy, but you do not have to do so. You can choose to stay in a phase for as long as you want.

Tilia
"Tilia" is a genus of about 30 species of trees in the Northern Hemisphere, in Asia (where the greatest species diversity is found), Europe and eastern North America; it is absent from western North America.
The trees are generally called linden in North America, and lime in Britain. Both names are derived from the Germanic root "lind". The modern forms in English derive from "linde" or "linne" in Anglo Saxon and old Norse, and in Britain the word transformed more recently to the modern British form "lime". In the United States, the modern German name "Linde", from the same root, became more common, partly to avoid confusion with any other uses of the name.
"Tilia" species are large deciduous trees, reaching typically 20-40m tall, and are found through the north temperate regions.
History.
The Germanic tribes associated the Linden tree with the goddess Freya. Very often, these tribes held their assemblies, called Thing near or under such a tree. Often, trees that were standing alone somewhere were chosen. These assemblies were used to make laws. They usually lasted three days.
Uses.
The tree produces fragrant and nectar-producing flowers, the medicinal herb lime blossom. They are very important honey plants for beekeepers, producing a very pale but richly flavoured monofloral honey. The flowers are also used for herbal tea, and this infusion is particularly popular in Europe.

Cartesian coordinate system
In mathematics, the Cartesian coordinate system is used to determine each point uniquely in a plane through two numbers, usually called the "x-coordinate" and the "y-coordinate" of the point. To define the coordinates, two perpendicular directed lines (the "x-axis" or abscissa and the "y-axis" or ordinate), are specified, as well as the unit length, which is marked off on the two axes (see Figure 1). Cartesian coordinate systems are also used in space (where three coordinates are used) and in higher dimensions.
Using the Cartesian coordinate system geometric shapes (such as curves) can be described by algebraic equations. Such equations are satisfied by the coordinates of the points lying on the shape. For example, the circle of radius 2 may be described by the equation x² + y² = 4 (see Figure 2).
Cartesian means relating to the French mathematician and philosopher René Descartes (Latin: "Cartesius"), who, among other things, worked to merge algebra and Euclidean geometry. This work was influential in the development of analytic geometry, calculus, and cartography.
The idea of this system was developed in 1637 in two writings by Descartes. In part two of his Discourse on Method Descartes introduces the new idea of specifying the position of a point or object on a surface, using two intersecting axes as measuring guides. In "La Géométrie", he further explores the above-mentioned concepts.
See coordinates (mathematics) for other commonly used coordinate systems such as "polar coordinates" and coordinate systems for usage of the term in advanced mathematics.

Polar coordinate system
In mathematics, the polar coordinate system is a two-dimensional coordinate system in which each point on a plane is determined by an angle and a distance. The polar coordinate system is especially useful in situations where the relationship between two points is most easily expressed with angles and distance; in the more familiar Cartesian or rectangular coordinate system, such a relationship can only be found through trigonometric formulae.
As the coordinate system is two-dimensional, each point is determined by two polar coordinates: the radial coordinate and the angular coordinate. The radial coordinate (usually denoted as formula_1) denotes the point's distance from a central point known as the "pole" (equivalent to the "origin" in the Cartesian system). The angular coordinate (also known as the polar angle or the azimuth angle, and usually denoted by θ or formula_2) denotes the positive or anticlockwise (counterclockwise) angle required to reach the point from the 0° ray or "polar axis" (which is equivalent to the positive x-axis in the Cartesian coordinate plane).
History.
The concepts of angle and radius were already used by ancient peoples of the 1st millennium BCE. The astronomer Hipparchus (190-120 BCE) created a table of chord functions giving the length of the chord for each angle, and there are references to his using polar coordinates in establishing stellar positions.
In "On Spirals," Archimedes describes the Archimedean spiral, a function whose radius depends on the angle. The Greek work, however, did not extend to a full coordinate system.
There are various accounts of the introduction of polar coordinates as part of a formal coordinate system. The full history of the subject is described in Harvard professor Julian Lowell Coolidge's "Origin of Polar Coordinates." Grégoire de Saint-Vincent and Bonaventura Cavalieri independently introduced the concepts in the mid-seventeenth century. Saint-Vincent wrote about them privately in 1625 and published his work in 1647, while Cavalieri published his in 1635 with a corrected version appearing in 1653. Cavalieri first used polar coordinates to solve a problem relating to the area within an Archimedean spiral. Blaise Pascal subsequently used polar coordinates to calculate the length of parabolic arcs.
In "Method of Fluxions" (written 1671, published 1736), Sir Isaac Newton examined the transformations between polar coordinates, which he referred to as the "Seventh Manner; For Spirals", and nine other coordinate systems. In the journal "Acta Eruditorum" (1691), Jacob Bernoulli used a system with a point on a line, called the "pole" and "polar axis" respectively. Coordinates were specified by the distance from the pole and the angle from the "polar axis". Bernoulli's work extended to finding the radius of curvature of curves expressed in these coordinates.
The actual term "polar coordinates" has been attributed to Gregorio Fontana and was used by 18th-century Italian writers. The term appeared in English in George Peacock's 1816 translation of Lacroix's "Differential and Integral Calculus". Alexis Clairaut was the first to think of polar coordinates in three dimensions, and Leonhard Euler was the first to actually develop them.

Gold (color)
Gold or golden is a yellowish orange color, that is a bit like the color of the metal gold.
Meaning of gold.
Gold represents wealth because the metal gold is valuable.
Gold represents "accomplishment", as when an athlete wins a "Gold Medal" at the Olympics or when a musician makes a "Gold Record" (a record that sells at least 1,000,000 copies).

Provinces of Cuba
Cuba is divided into fourteen provinces and one special municipality.
List of provinces.
Cuba's "special municipality" is the "Isla de la Juventud" ("Island of Youth"), known until the 1970s as the "Isla de Pinos" ("Isle of Pines") and previously as "Evangelista", "Isle of Santiago" and "Isle of Parrots".
History.
These provinces were used to be the following areas on the map: Pinar del Rio (item 2), La Habana (items 1, 3, 4), Matanzas (5), Las Villas (approximately 6, 7, and 8 on map), Camaguey (roughly 9 and 10) and Oriente (11, 12, 13, 14 and 15).
Demographics.
"Pop. = Population. Source: Cuba census 2002"

Singing
Singing means making music with the voice. Singing is probably the way that music started many thousands of years ago. When people sing they make their voices go high or low. If they do this in a way that uses notes of a scale then they make tunes.
Singing technique.
When people sing they use the air in the lungs. The speed that the air comes out of the lungs can be controlled with the muscle called the diaphragm which goes across the front of the body below the ribs. People who have singing lessons spend a lot of time practising “breath control”.
The air comes through the throat where the larynx is like a reed on a clarinet: it vibrates and this makes the note higher or lower depending on how it is controlled.
The sound comes into the mouth which is space where the sound can be made bigger (it “resonates”). Professional singers even learn to think of the whole head as a resonator. They sometimes talk about the “mask”, i.e. they imagine a mask in front of the face and this makes the sound bigger. The sound then comes out of the mouth so that it can be heard.
Singing is different from speaking because of the special way the vocal cords in the throat are used.
Voice ranges.
Most people can sing notes which cover more than an octave. People who sing a lot will probably be able to sing over two octaves. Singers can be called according to whether they have higher or lower voices: soprano, mezzo-soprano and contralto for women, tenor, baritone or bass for men. Some men are able to train their voices to sing alto by using a falsetto voice. Children’s voices are often called treble.
Types of singing.
There are lots of different singing styles in the world. Each one has a different technique. In Western classical music singers learn to sing in a bel canto voice which uses lots of resonance in the head and makes a smooth sound. Bel canto was used in Italian opera. Later, in the 19th century, Richard Wagner wrote operas in which the singers needed to be more dramatic. Opera singers today can have different kinds of voices: bel canto, lyrical, dramatic, coloratura (extremely high and light) etc.
In church choirs the singers are often trained to use a lot of head voice because this sounds beautiful in large cathedrals.
Pop singers generally have a different technique: their singing is more from the throat. They do not need to develop powerful voices like opera singers because they sing into microphones so that their voices are electronically amplified (made louder).
Voices singing music from different parts of the world may sound very different. Chinese singing sounds nasal (through the nose). In Mongolia there is a technique of overtone singing which sounds rather like a finger being rubbed against the rim of a wineglass. In Switzerland men often yodel.
Rap is a kind of singing in which the rhythm is the most important thing. The pitch is high and low, but not to any particular notes. Scat singing is rather like rap.
Ways to enjoy singing.
Singing is something that can be enjoyed by everybody. A group of people singing together is often called a choir. People can sing in choirs or smaller groups or on their own (solos). People can sing for their own enjoyment (e.g. in the shower), or they can practise hard and sing in concerts to an audience.
Singing can be unaccompanied (a cappella) or it can be with musical instruments.
Some people say they are “tone-deaf”, meaning that they cannot sing in tune. But almost everybody can learn to sing if they try hard enough.

Amish
The Amish, also known as Pennsylvania Dutch, are a group of people who prefer simple lifestyles. They are usually farmers, and they do not use electricity or automobiles. The ancestors of the Amish came from Germany in the 18th century, and now most of the Amish live in Pennsylvania (Lancaster County) and Ohio, in the United States. They are related to the Mennonites. They speak an old dialect of German, known as Pennsylvania German.
Generally, they are friendly people in that they will wave to someone passing by. However, it is against their religion to pose for photographs. Often they will turn their head down and to the side if someone aims a camera in their direction.
Married men are not allowed to shave their beards, but they are also not allowed to have mustaches. Only unmarried men shave their faces.
Amish characters are in the movie Witness, starring Harrison Ford and Kelly McGillis.

Jeddah
Jeddah (also spelled Jedda, Jiddah, Jidda, or Juddah; جدّة Ǧiddah) is a Saudi Arabian city located on the coast of the Red Sea (21.50° N 39.1667° E). It is the major urban center in western Saudi Arabia. Jeddah is the largest city in the Western Province, and the second largest city in Saudi Arabia after the capital city Riyadh. The population of the city is over 3.4 million. It is seen as the business capital of Saudi Arabia and the richest city in the Middle East and western Asia.
Jeddah is the main gateway to Mecca, the holiest city of Islam, where able-bodied Muslims must go to at least once in a lifetime.

Horatio Nelson
Vice-Admiral Horatio Nelson (29 September 1758 – 21 October 1805) was an English sea captain in the Royal Navy. He commanded the British fleet during the Napoleonic Wars, fighting the French and Spanish. During the Battle of Trafalgar, his greatest victory, he was killed. His last words were, "Thank God I have done my duty."

Turquoise (color)
Turquoise is the color of the gem turquoise. It is a slightly greenish shade of cyan. Turquoise is sometimes described as a mixture of pale blue and green. The name comes from the French for Turkish.
People who practise holistic medicine say that turquoise has a calming effect on patients. They use this color to treat patients prone to panic attacks or mania. To a lesser degree, mainstream psychiatric hospitals also use turquoise and other light shades of blue and green to calm patients by painting the walls in these colors.
"The Turquoise" is slang for the waters of the Caribbean. In the sunlight these waters look turquoise because they are shallow.
The color and gem stone represent December.

Amber (color)
Amber is a yellowish-orange color that got its name from the material known as amber.
Amber is used in traffic lights and turn signals.
Meaning of amber.
Amber is a symbolic color symbolizing energy.
The color amber is associated with Zoroastrianism because of its practice of fire worship in fire temples (actually, the holy fire is simply a representation of the spiritual energy of God [Ahura Mazda]).
The original Amber Room in the Catherine Palace of Tsarskoye Selo near Saint Petersburg was a complete chamber decoration of amber panels backed with gold leaf and mirrors. Due to its singular beauty, it was sometimes dubbed the "Eighth Wonder of the World".
Amber is a color worn by Hull City AFC, an English soccer team.

Sea captain
A sea captain, also known as a skipper, is the leader on a ship. They are responsible for the safety of everyone on board. If the ship is in trouble, most captains will not leave unless everyone is safe.

Djurgårdens IF
Djurgårdens IF is an Swedish football club.
The club plays in the Allsvenskan and has been the Swedish champion 11 times.
It was founded in 1891. The team plays in darkblue and lightblue stripes. They play at Stockholms Stadion. The current captain of the side is the Markus Johannesson and the deputy captain is Mattias Jonson.
The manager of Djurgårdens IF is Siggi Jonsson.

Brain stem
The brain stem is the lowest part of the brain. It connects the other parts of the brain (the cerebrum and cerebellum) to the spinal cord.
The brain stem controls many bodily functions of which we are not normally aware, such as breathing and sweating.

Ideology
An ideology is a collection of beliefs shared by a group of people.
There are two main types of ideologies: "political ideologies", and "epistemological ideologies". Political ideologies are sets of ethical ideas about how a country should be run. Epistemological ideologies are sets of ideas about the philosophy, the Universe, and how people should make decisions.
There are many different types of ideologies. Communism, facism and many others!!!! please add07:28, 28 October 2008 (UTC)

Amethyst (colour)
The colour amethyst is a moderate, transparent purple. It is also known as a deep shade of lavender. Its name is from the stone amethyst. This stone is a form of quartz but it is not always purple.

Mauve
"This is an article about the colour mauve. For information on the Flemish painter, see Anton Mauve."
Mauve (pronounce to rhyme with "Jove" and "stove") is a light greyish purple colour. It is similar to lavender and lilac. The name comes from French form of "malva" meaning "mallow".
In 1856, an eighteen year old Chemist William Henry Perkin was trying to make artificial quinine. An unexpected residue caught his eye. It turned out to be the first aniline dye, mauveine.
Meaning of mauve.
Mauve became very popular in the 1890s. This decade was sometimes referred to as the Georgian "Mauve Decade", because William Henry Perkin's aniline dye allowed the widespread use of that colour in fashion.
The colour became associated with homosexuality because well known figures in the art world during the 1890s were gay such as author Oscar Wilde and artist Aubrey Beardsley.

Iran-Iraq War
The Iran-Iraq War was a war between the armed forces of Iraq and Iran lasting from September 1980 to August 1988. It was commonly called the "Persian Gulf War" until Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1990. The Iraq-Kuwait war, which the United States entered, later was called the "Persian Gulf War" or the "Gulf War".
The war began when Iraq invaded Iran on 22 September, 1980, after a long history of border disputes and demands for the overthrow of Saddam Hussein's regime. Iraqi forces did well at the beginning of the war, but before long they were stopped and forced out of Iran. The war continued for years, and neither side gained much ground. Despite several calls for an end to the fighting by the United Nations Security Council, the two countries fought until 20 August, 1988; the last prisoners of war were exchanged in 2003. The war changed politics in the Middle East and world wide.
The Iran-Iraq War is also noted for Iraq's use of chemical weapons and biological weapons against Iranian troops and civilians, many of which were supplied by the United States. The role of the United States in the war was very important. In 1953, the US launched a coup against Mohammed Mossadeq, who was the Prime Minister of Iran. The US put Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi back in power (he previously was in power, and later was allowed to reign but not to rule, like the Queen of England), supporting his military and his government. This triggered the Iranian Revolution in 1979, as the people of Iran were unhappy with the monarchy of the Shah. Later on (especially between 1983 and 1988) the United States sold weapons to the Iraqis. This move was largely due to America's interest in containing the revolutionary Ayatollah Khomeini. In summary, the United States supplied Iraq with weapons to use against Iran.

Germ
Germs are bacteria, amoeba, protozoa and other tiny (microscopic) animals that can cause people to become sick. Most germs are of only single cell but they multiply so fast in the human body that they cause sickness. This does not include viruses, since most experts say viruses are not really alive. But many people may call viruses "germs" also, in everyday speech.
See also.
Germ theory of disease.

Lavender (color)
Lavender is a shade of violet.
The name comes from the flower of the lavender plant. Originally, the name "lavender" only meant the color of this flower. The color of the flower is still the standard lavender but there are many there are many other shades of violet now called "lavender".
The color of the flower can also be called "floral lavender". Other shades of lavender can range in hue from pinkish purple through violet to blueish-indigo. They can also range from light and pale to medium and greyish shades.
By 1930, the book "A Dictionary of Color" identified three major shades of lavender--"[floral] lavender", "lavender gray", and "lavender blue", and in addition a fourth shade of lavender called "old lavender" (a dark lavender gray) (all four of these shades of lavender are shown below). By 1955, the "ISCC-NBS Dictionary of Color Names" listed dozens of different shades of lavender.
Meaning of lavender.
Lavender represents homosexuality because it is a combination of the color pink which represents girls and light blue which represents boys.

Lilac (colour)
Lilac is a purple colour. It is named after the lilac plant. The actual colour of the flowers of the plant is much deeper. This colour can be called "deep lilac".

Rajkumar
Dr. Rajkumar (Real Name: Singanalluru Puttaswamayya Muthuraju April 24, 1929—April 12,2006) was the most popular actor in Kannada's film industry. He was seen as a role model to millions of Kannadigas.
"Dr. Raj" or "Natasarvabhouma" or "Annavru" (Big Brother) to millions of his fans, he was also called as the John Wayne of South Indian cinema. He acted in more than 200 movies over 50 years. Most of his movies have become very important in the Kannada film industry. He was also a well-known singer.

Nicholas
Nicholas is a male first name.
The name is derived from the Greek name “Nikólaos” and is developed out nikáo “triumphs” and laós “people”. After the Greek word use the name can mean both “winner of the people” and “winner over the people”.

Freedom fighter
A Freedom fighter is a person who thinks his native ethnic group is not free, and is working to have freedom for his group. Most often this means in that a freedom fighter wants his people to have own nation and independency and/or to get rid of oppressors. People who think like this are said to think in a nationalist way.
Freedom fighter is a "relativistic" term - this means a person decides by his or her point of view if he call some persons or groups freedom fighters or not. Freedom fighter is a "positive" term - this means that he or she calls a person "freedom fighter" only if he or she supports the goals of the freedom fighter. If people do not support his goals, they probably use more "negative" terms like insurgent, terrorist, rebel or criminal. Freedom fighters are often called terrorists by their opponents if they hurt civilians. However not all freedom fighters hurt civilians. Some freedom fighters damage the opposing military. Some freedom fighters damage property - this is called sabotage. There are also freedom fighters who does not use violence at all. For example the Mahatma Gandhi and theDalai Lama.
"Freedom Fighters".
These are examples of groups who calls themselves freedom fighters.

Wood grain
Wood grain describes the alignment, texture and appearance of the wood fibres. This is often important in its effect on woodworking techniques (e.g. against the grain).

Groove (joinery)
In joinery, a groove is a slot or trench cut into a member which runs parallel to the grain. A groove is something else than a dado, which runs across the grain.
Grooves are used for several purposes in cabinet making and other woodworking fields. Typically, a groove is used to house the panels in frame and panel construction and the bottoms drawers.
A groove may be "through", meaning that it passes all the way through the surface and its ends are open, or "stopped", meaning that one or both of the ends finish before the groove meets edge of the surface.

Sepultura
Sepultura is a thrash metal/groove metal band from Brazil. The brothers Max and Igor Cavalera started it in Belo Horizonte in 1984.

Dalai Lama
The Dalai Lama is a religious figure in Tibetan buddhism. He is its highest spiritual teacher. A new Dalai Lama is said to be the re-born old Dalai Lama. This line goes back to 1391. The 14th and current Dalai Lama is Tenzin Gyatso.
Between the 17th century and 1959, the Dalai Lama was the head of the Tibetan government. During winter, the Dalai Lamas stayed in the Potala palace. In, summer they were in the Norbulingka palace. These two palaces are both in Lhasa, Tibet. In 1959, the Dalai Lama had to flee from Tibet to Dharmsala, India. This is where he still is today.
The current Dalai Lama is His Holiness Tenzin Gyatso
Carla Bruni met the Dalai Lama.
Carla Bruni took another big step towards her goal of becoming France's Jackie Kennedy in August of 2008 when she met the Tibetan spiritual leader at a fairy-tale Buddhist temple on a hill in Languedoc.

Serenity (movie)
"Serenity" is a science fiction space western movie. It was written and directed by Joss Whedon. The movie takes place in the universe of the cancelled FOX science fiction television series "Firefly". It takes place about two months after the final episode, "Objects in Space". Taking place 500 years in the future, "Serenity" is the story of the captain and crew of a transport and cargo spacecraft. The captain and first mate fought together on the losing side of Unification War. Their lives of small crime are interrupted by a passenger with mental abilities who has a dangerous secret.
The movie was released in North America on September 30, 2005 by Universal Pictures. It received good reviews. It made $10.1 million during its first weekend. The movie made $25.5 million in the United States and $13.3 million in other countries.
Fans call the movie the "Big Damn Movie" or abbreviated "BDM". This is a reference to a line from the "Firefly" episode "Safe" in which Mal and Zoe call themselves "big damn heroes" after rescuing River and Simon.
Production.
The movie is based on "Firefly", a television series that was cancelled by Fox in December 2002. Fox stopped the show after 11 of its 14 episodes had been shown. After trying to get another network to show the series, creator Joss Whedon tried to sell it as a movie. He was introduced to Mary Parent with Universal Pictures, who agreed to make the movie after watching the episodes on DVD.
After Universal Studios got the movie rights to "Firefly" from Fox, Whedon began writing the screenplay. Universal wanted to start making the movie in October of 2003 but problems with the script made them have to wait until June of 2004 to start of shooting the movie. Universal did not want to spend the normal amount of money for a story set in space ($100 million). Whedon told them he could do it for less. He also told them he could do it in 50 days, instead of the usual 80 days. On March 3, 2004 the movie was greenlighted to start being made. It was shown to have budget of only $40 million.
They started filming the movie on June 3 2004. Joss Whedon said that the movie would be called "Serenity" to keep it separate from the TV series. All nine of the main actors from the television series (Adam Baldwin, Alan Tudyk, Gina Torres, Jewel Staite, Morena Baccarin, Nathan Fillion, Ron Glass, Sean Maher, and Summer Glau) returned for the movie. On September 17 2004, Joss Whedon said on the movie's official site that shooting was done.
Whedon had to take a television series that not many people had seen and explain the idea of the movie. He had to do this without boring the audience or the fans of the television series. He did this by things in the beginning of the movie. At first, it is a just a voice telling what has happened. It then is shown to be a school room where the voice was that of the teacher. They next showed that this was all just memories in one of the character's mind.
Since the budget was not very large, physical special effects were used as much as possible. They made as sets and props as they could to use less CGI effects. The most technically challenging scene was the mule skiff chase. Because it would cost too much, a gimbal (a hydraulic turntable) and CGI, like the pod race scene in ' could not be used. The production team to find other ways to do things. They built a trailer connected to the "hover craft" in the movie and shot the scene while riding up a highway north of Santa Clarita. "Serenity" visual effects supervisor Loni Peristere said in a Los Angeles Times article: "Traditionally this would have been, like, a 30-day shoot. I think we did it in five."
One item from the television show that could not be used again was the original set of the inside of the ship "Serenity". It had to be built for the movie, using images from the "Firefly" DVD set. The company that did the graphics for the series also had to change the computer model of "Serenity". The television model was not good enough for high-definition cinema screens and HD DVD.
Synopsis.
Five hundred years into the future, mankind has left Earth. All the people moved to a new large star system. The system is controlled by the Alliance. Away from the "core planets" people like the crew of the cargo ship "Serenity" can make a living if they stay away from Alliance ships and the Reavers - space-faring cannibals who raid the planets of "the Rim." One of the Alliance's projects is the creation of a group of warriors with mental powers. The star of this project is teenager River Tam. After her older brother Simon rescues her, the Alliance Parliament sends "The Operative", a man with no name, rank or official existence after them.
About eight months after River and Simon have joined "Serenity's" crew, the ship's captain Malcolm "Mal" Reynolds takes River with him to rob a bank. While they are robbing the bank, Reavers attack. After they escape back to "Serenity", Simon argues with Mal. Mal decides to leave Simon and River at their next stop. While at their next stop, River starts a fight that is started by a subliminal message broadcast by the Alliance in a commercial. Mal lets Simon and River keep traveling on "Serenity" while the crew talks to a techno-geek known as Mr. Universe. Mr. Universe lives on a planet inside a giant cloud of objects in space that does not let people see there is a planet there. Mr. Universe watches a video of the fight and finds the subliminal message. He also sees that River said the name "Miranda." Mal gets a call from Inara, a former passenger. He knows it is a trap, but also knows that she must be in danger. Mal goes to her. He is confronted by the Operative. The Operative tells Mal that he will let him go if Mal turns River over to him. Mal refuses and they escape from the Operative and go back to "Serenity". The crew finds out that "Miranda" is an unknown planet near the edge of the solar system. To get to Miranda, they would have to cross into Reaver territory. They think this is too dangerous. "Serenity" instead goes to Haven which is home to another former passenger, Shepherd Book. When tey get to Haven, the crew sees that it has been attacked by the Alliance. They also see that Shepherd Book was hurt very bad and dying. The Operative sends a message saying he did it. He said he will keep doing things like it until River is given to him.
Mal orders that "Serenity" be made to look like a Reaver ship. They get the disguised ship through a fleet of Reaver warships. When they get to Miranda, the crew finds everyone that lived there is dead. There are dead bodies everywhere but they can not tell how the people died. The crew finds a video made after the disaster by an Alliance ship. It tells them that the Alliance made a chemical that was susposed to stop aggression and make the planet free of violence. The chemical worked so well that the people stopped doing everything, including eating, and let themselves die. In a tenth of a percent of the people, the chemical had the opposite effect. It turned them very aggressive and caused mental problems: they became the Reavers. Mal wanted to show this secret to all the worlds by using Mr. Universe's equipment. The Operative figures out where they are going and waits just outside of Reaver space with an Alliance fleet. Knowing that the Operative is likely to be waiting for them, "Serenity" opens fire on one of the Reaver ships while coming back. The other Reaver ships chase after them. "Serenity" leaves Reaver space and pass through the cloud around Mr. Universe's planet while being chased by the entire Reaver fleet. There is a large fight between the Alliance and the Reavers. The fight lets "Serenity's" pilot Wash to fly down to the planet. The Operative's ship is destroyed, and he also goes to the planet in an escape pod.
"Serenity" crashs on the planet. While the ship is damaged very badly, the crew has survived. Just as everyone begins to relax, a Reaver harpoon hits Wash, and kills him. The crew leaves "Serenity" and finds a place to fight off the Reavers while Mal goes to get to Mr. Universe and send the message. Mal finds Mr. Universe has been killed and his equipment is destroyed. He finds a message that tells him about a hidden backup transmitter. The Reavers attack the crew, and make them move back. The crew tries to close a blast door, but it will not shut all the way. River dives through the hole in the door and closes it from the other side. This traps her with the Reavers. Mal gets to the other transmitter. The Operative gets there also and they fight. Mal wins but does not kill the Operative. He leaves him to watch the video from Miranda as it is being broadcast. Mal goes back to his crew. As he is told what River did, the blast door opens to reveal River standing unhurt on an large pile of dead Reavers. A group of Alliance soldiers show up but the Operative orders them not to fight because of what he has seen on the video. The crew buried their dead and fixed "Serenity". "Serenity" leaves the planet with Mal in Wash's seat as the pilot, and River as his copilot.
Themes.
While the movie shows the Alliance as an all-powerful regime, Whedon is careful to point out that it is not that simple. "The Alliance isn't some evil empire", he says, but a largely benevolent bureaucratic force. The Alliance’s main problem is that it cannot and should not try to control all the different cultures that are a part of it. The crew of Serenity, and specifically Mal, show the idea that people should have the right to chose for themselves, even if those choices are bad.
The Operative is all that the Alliance stands for. He is, as Whedon described, the "perfect product of what's wrong with the Alliance". He is someone who is a force for good, who wants to help make his (and the Alliance's) image of a "world without sin." The Operative believes so much in this idea that he do anything to make create that world. Mal is the opposite. At the movie's beginning, he is a man who has lost all faith. By the end of the movie, however, Mal finally believes in something -- freedom of choice -- so strongly that he is willing to die to preserve it. Whedon has said that the most important line in the movie is Mal's to the Operative at its end: "I'm going to show you a world without sin." Whedon's point is that a world without sin is a world without choice, and that choice is what defines humanity. The Operative, who does only what he is told to do, and the inhuman Reavers, created by the Alliance's need to control people, are only two examples of this theme.

Woodworking joints
Joinery often refers to the part of woodworking that involves the joining together of parts of wood.
the distinctive material properties of wood, often without mechanical fasteners. There are different types of joinery for different structures, for example the joinery used
to build a house is different from that used to make puzzle toys,
Wood is strong when stressed along the grain (longitudinally), but weak across it (radially and tangentially). It expands and contracts in response to humidity.
This change is very small longitudinally. It is considerable, but unequal,
in the radial and tangential directions.
Glue is highly effective for joining wood when both surfaces of the joint are edge grain. A properly glued joint may be as strong as a single piece of wood. However, glue is ineffective on end-grain surfaces.
Styles of Joinery.
Two of the most common traditions of joinery are Japanese and European. The Japanese in particular developed hundreds of types of joints and their furniture was often held together without glue or nails.

Subclass (biology)
A subclass is a rank used in the biological taxonomy of all organisms. Each class is split into orders, but some classes are first split into subclasses.

George Grenville
George Grenville (14 October 1712 – 13 November 1770) was Prime Minister of Great Britain. He was a member of the Whig Party. He was one of the few prime ministers who never was given a title of nobility.
Grenville was the second son of Richard Grenville and Hester Temple. His older brother was Richard Grenville-Temple. Grenville went to school at Eton College and at Christ Church College, Oxford. He entered Parliament in 1741 as member for Buckingham, and represented Buckingham until his death.
As Treasurer of the Navy in 1758 he introduced and carried a bill which established a fairer system of paying the wages of sailors. He stayed in office in 1761, when Pitt resigned, and in the administration of Lord Bute acted as Leader of the House of Commons. In May 1762 he became Secretary of State for the Northern Department, and in October First Lord of the Admiralty; and in April 1763 he became First Lord of the Treasury and Chancellor of the Exchequer.
While Prime Minister, his government oversaw the prosecution of John Wilkes and the passing of the American Stamp Act 1765, which led to the first disagreements between American colonies and Great Britain that lead to the American Revolutionary War.
After many years of being Prime Minister, he began to have disagreements with young king George III. The king started to think that the Prime Minister was using him as a puppet. The king convinced Rockingham to become the new Prime Minister and Grenville never held an office again.
Grenville was called the "gentile shepherd" because he bored the House by asking over and over again, during the debate on the Cider Bill of 1763, that somebody should tell him "where" to lay the new tax if it was not to be put on cider. Pitt whistled the air of the popular tune "Gentle Shepherd, tell me where", and the House laughed. Though few excelled him in a knowledge of the forms of the House or in mastery of administrative details, he lacked tact in dealing with people and with affairs.
In 1749 Grenville married Elizabeth Wyndham (before 1731-5 December 1769), daughter of Sir William Wyndham. They had seven children.

Harald III of Norway
Harald III of Norway (born Harald Hardrada) was king of Norway. He thought that he was the rightful heir to the throne of England. In 1066 he invaded England, and was killed at the Battle of Stamford Bridge.

Captain
A Captain is a military rank. Captains are officers in the army. In the navy, captains command an entire ship. Another type of captain is a commander of a ship who is not in the military. There are also captains in other uniformed organisations, including the police.

Wire rope
Wire rope consists of several strands laid (or 'twisted') together like a helix. Each strand is likewise made of metal wires laid together like a helix. Initially wrought iron wires were used, but today steel is the main material used for wire ropes.
History & materials.
Modern wire rope was invented by the German mining engineer Wilhelm Albert in the years between 1831 and 1834 for use in mining in the Harz Mountains in Clausthal, Lower Saxony, Germany. It was quickly accepted because it proved superior to ropes made of hemp or to metal chains, such as had been used before.
Wilhelm Albert's first ropes consisted of wires twisted about a hemp rope core, six such strands then being twisted around another hemp rope core in alternating directions for extra stability. Earlier forms of wire rope had been made by covering a bundle of wires with hemp.
In America wire rope was later manufactured by John A. Roebling, forming the basis for his success in suspension bridge building. Roebling introduced a number of innovations in the design, materials and manufacture of wire rope.
Manufacturing a wire rope is similar to making one from natural fibres. The individual wires are first twisted into a strand, then six or so such strands again twisted around a core. This core may consist of steel, but also of natural fibres such as sisal, manila, henequen, jute, or hemp. This is used to cushion off stress forces when bending the rope.
Construction & specification.
The specification of a wire rope type, including the number of wires per strand, the number of strands, and the lay of the rope, are is documented using a commonly accepted coding system, consisting of a number of abbreviations.
Each of the sections of the wire rope designation described above is variable. There are therefore a large number of combinations of wire rope that can be specified in this manner. The following abbreviations are commonly used to specify a wire rope.

Liekkiö
Liekkiö ("flamey") or Ihtiriekko is a ghost of a bastard child in Finnish mythology.
Stories tells that a woman had sex with someone else than her husband. Maybe she did not even have a husband. She then get pregnant and gave birth to a baby. This way to make a baby was not accepted by church and society - that kind of baby is called bastard. Mother had to kill her bastard child to avoid being blamed by priests or other people. Mother then buried child outside graveyard and without priests blessing the body. Soul of baby could not go to heaven because his/her body was not at graveyard and was not blessed by a priest. This is why she became a ghost.
This ghost could make terrible noise until somebody dugs up his/her body and buries it in graveyard. Such ghost people call Ihtiriekko. Ghosts could also be quiet, but she/he might be seen as a flame in forest, like will o' the wisp. Such ghost people call Liekkiö.

Bastard
A bastard is a person who was born of parents who are not married to one another. It is considered a nasty or insulting word today, or even profanity, with the term illegitimate being a little more polite. Some cultures see illegitimate children as dirty or bad, and only accept sexual relations between married couples.

Gödel number
In formal number theory a Gödel numbering is a function which assigns to each symbol and formula of some formal language a unique natural number called a Gödel number (GN). The concept was first used by Kurt Gödel for the proof of his incompleteness theorem.
A Gödel numbering can be interpreted as an encoding where a number is assigned to each symbol of a mathematical notation, and a stream of natural numbers can then represent some form or function. A numbering of the set of computable functions can then be represented by a stream of Gödel numbers (also called effective numbers). Rogers' equivalence theorem states criteria for which those numberings of the set of computable functions are Gödel numberings.
Definition.
Given a countable set "S", a Gödel numbering is an injective function
with both "f" and formula_2 (the inverse of "f") being computable functions.
Base notation and strings.
One of the simplest Gödel numbering schemes is used every day: The correspondence between integers and their representations as strings of symbols. For example, the sequence 2 3 is understood, by a particular set of rules, to correspond to the number twenty-three. Similarly, strings of symbols from some alphabet of N symbols can be encoded by identifying each symbol with a number from 0 to N and reading the string as the base N+1 representation of an integer.

Formal language
In mathematics, logic, and computer science, a formal language is a language that is defined in a precise mathematical way. A language is defined using a set called the alphabet of the language. The members of the alphabet are usually called "symbols" of the language. The language is a set of sequences of symbols of the alphabet. The sequences usually have finite length. The sequences that are members of the language are called the "words" of the language or "strings".
a formal language formula_1 is typically characterized as an ordered pair of sets formula_2. formula_3 is the alphabet, and each element of formula_4 is a sequence of elements.
In the first case, the set formula_3 is called the "alphabet" of formula_1, and the elements of formula_7 are called "words". In the second, the set formula_3 is called the "lexicon" or the "vocabulary" of formula_7, while the elements of formula_7 are then called "sentences". The mathematical theory that treats formal languages in general is known as "formal language theory".
Although it is common to hear the term "formal language" meaning natural language that is more stilted, disciplined or precise than everyday speech, this article refers to the meaning in formal language theory, in maths, logic or computer science.
As an example of formal language, an alphabet might be formula_11. One string over that alphabet is formula_12.
A typical language over that alphabet, containing that string, would be the set of all strings which contain the same number of symbols formula_13 and formula_14.
The empty word (that is, length-zero string) is allowed and is often denoted by formula_15, formula_16 or formula_17. While the alphabet is a finite set and every string has finite length, a language may very well have infinitely many member strings. This is because the length of words belonging to it may be unbounded.
A question often asked about formal languages is "how difficult is it to decide whether a given word belongs to a particular language?"
This is the kind of question that computability theory and complexity theory ask.

Alphabet (computer science)
In computer science, an alphabet is a finite set of characters or digits. It is like listing all the letters that can be used to make a word. Each letter is only listed once,
The most common alphabet in computer science is. It is called the binary alphabet. A finite string is a finite sequence of characters from an alphabet. A "binary string" is a string made from the alphabet, for example. An infinite sequence of characters may be constructed from elements of an alphabet as well.
Given an alphabet formula_1, we write formula_2 to denote the set of all finite strings over the alphabet formula_1. Here, the formula_4 denotes the Kleene star operator. We write formula_5 (or occasionally, formula_6 or formula_7) to denote the set of all infinite sequences over the alphabet formula_1.
For example, if we use the binary alphabet, the strings {ε, 0, 1, 00, 01, 10, 11, 000, etc.) would all be in the Kleene closure of the alphabet (where ε represents the empty string)
Alphabets are important in the use of formal languages and automatons. Automatons such as Deterministic Finite Automatons (DFAs) require an alphabet in the formal definition. All states in a DFA must have a transition on every element in an alphabet.

Empty string
The empty string is the unique string of no characters over some alphabet Σ. It is written as "ε" or "λ". The length of this empty string is 0.
In simple words, given some characters of an alphabet, the empty string is the "word" that can be made if no letters are used. There is of course only one such word.
Under concatenation, the empty string is the identity element of the free monoid on Σ. That is, for any string "s", "s"ε = ε"s" = s.
Representations.
In many programming languages, the empty string is written with two double quotes: "". The empty string is also sometimes noted by the Greek letter λ.
Implementation.
In C, the empty string is represented by a character array with a null character in the zeroeth position. Note that all strings in C are terminated by a null character.

Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats
"Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats" is a book of poems about cats. The cats in these poems act like humans. It is by T. S. Eliot. It was first sold in 1939. Andrew Lloyd Webber used most of the poems in his musical "Cats".

Concatenation
Concatenation is a simple concept from computer science. It is a way of making a new word (or String), by putting together two other Strings. Given the words "foo" and "bar", the two new words "foobar" and "barfoo" can be made that way.

Identity element
In mathematics, the identity element (or neutral element) of a set is a special element of that set. It is special because if it is combined with another element of that set, it does not change the other element.
With addition, the identity element is 0, because adding 0 to some number does not change the number. With multiplication, it is 1.

Inverse function
An inverse function is a concept of mathematics. A function will calculate some output y, given some input x. This is usually written f(x)=y. The inverse function does the reverse. Let's say g() is the inverse function of f(), then g(y)=x. Or otherwise put, f(g(x))=x.
Not all functions have inverse functions. Finding the inverse of a function can be very difficult to do.

Countable set
A countable set is a set which has the same cardinality (number of elements) as the set of natural numbers. Georg Cantor coined the term.

Computable function
A Computable function is a notion from computer science. A function is computable, if there is an algorithm that can calculate its result, in a finite number of steps.
Computability theory is all about such functions.

Pharmacist
A pharmacist is a person who works in a pharmacy. Pharmacists have to be trained to work there, and have lots of knowledge about the drugs and treatments that they give out.

Thoosa
In Greek mythology, Thoosa was the name of the mother of the cyclops Polyphemus.

Perch
Perch is a type of fish. Perch are the fish in the genus "perca".
Perch have "rough" scales. When looking through a microscope, the scales look like a plate with growth rings and spikes on the top edges. On the top side of the fish, there is a mouth, a pair of nostrils, and two lidless eyes. On the bottom sides are the "operculum", which are used to protect the gills. Also perch have a lateral line system, which a set of sense organs that are sensitive to vibrations in the water. They have a pair of pectoral and pelvic fins. On the front end of the fish, there are two dorsal fins. The first one is spiny and the second is soft. There is also an anal fin, which is also considered spiny, and a caudal fin.

Puce
Puce is a deep rose or brownish-purple colour. Chinese dried plums can also be said to be puce coloured.
The name is from the French word "puce" which means "flea". Some poeple say that the colour name comes from the colour of a squashed flea or the colour of a flea full of blood. Other people say that colour name comes from the flea's droppings of digested blood, which spread out in deep red stain when water contacts them.
On the other hand, the colour name may refer to blue-lavender of the Pennyroyal flower, also named "puce" in French. The name comes from the use of strong-smelling Pennyroyal to ward off fleas.

Scarlet
Scarlet is a slightly orangish red colour. It is a colour of the rainbow. It is redder than vermilion. The colour's name comes from the Persian "saqirlat" or Latin "astacus" which mean "crayfish".
Meaning of Scarlet.
Traditionally, scarlet is the colour of flame. People also call the colour of the blood of a living person scarlet.
Scarlet represents sensual pleasure and fun. Scarlet represents night clubs and partying.

Worship
Worship is a word often used in religion. It means to have much respect. If someone prays to God, people say that they worship God. Worship can also be used as the name for a church service or similar event. This can be called an act of worship.

Claudius
Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (August 1, 10 BC – October 13, 54) (called Claudius for short) was the fourth Roman Emperor of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. He ruled from January 24, 41 to his death in 54.
Claudius had trouble speaking and walked badly. His family did not like him and would not give him a job. He wrote history books for most of his life. After his nephew, the ruler Caligula, was killed in 41, Claudius became emperor, or ruler of Rome. He was the last living person in his family.
Claudius built water works, bridges, and roads. He added Britain to the Roman empire. He ran a census, where he counted everyone who lived in the empire. He married Agrippina and adopted her son, Nero. Agrippina killed Claudius with bad mushrooms. Nero became the 5th Roman emperor.

Nero
Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (December 15, 37 – June 9, 68), born Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, also called Nero for short, was the fifth and last Roman Emperor of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. Nero was adopted by his grand-uncle Claudius. Claudius wanted Nero to become emperor after Claudius' death. Nero became emperor on October 13, 54, after Claudius died.
Nero is known as the emperor who played a fiddle while Rome burned, yet he really was singing. He also treated Christians very badly. However, some ancient sources show that Nero was very popular with the common people during and after his reign.
In 68, Nero went into hiding. It is thought that he committed suicide to escape execution by the Roman Senate.

Trade union
A trade union is an organisation or group of workers who join together to get better pay, hours, benefits, and working conditions.
Strikes.
If collective bargaining does not work, unions often use strikes to get their demands. However, the threat of a strike is usually enough: over 98% of union contracts are renewed without a strike.
History.
Trade unions are close to trade guilds in Medieval times. These guilds were made up of independent skilled workers (or artisans) who joined together.
Criticism.
Unions have been criticized for increasing the cost of workers. Because of this, it is said that less people will be hired.

Officer
An officer is a person who holds a high rank in a uniformed organisation like the military or police. Some examples of officer ranks would include captains, majors, and lieutenants, but not sergeants, who are sometimes called non-commissioned officers, or NCOs.

Tachi
The tachi is a Japanese sword, which has a strongly curved blade and is longer than a katana. It was used on the battlefield before katana was, so it is considered to be older. The Tachi word translates as "the soul of bushi" (soul of samurai). When the katana began to be widely used the tachi sword became a court sword for ceremonies. It looks very richly decorated with traditional cord wrappings and a specially designed handle. The length of a tachi blade was around 30.70 inches (about 75cm). The first tachi swords were very long; they reached 12.14 feet (90cm) overall and 7.22 feet (17cm) for the blade. It is believed that they were meant for ceremonies. Because of its length the tachi was a cavalry sword and was mainly worn by horsemen. The strongly curved blade also made it easy to make slicing blows. Even if the tachi is a very long sword it is light enough to be handled with one hand. The tachi had a long enough hilt to hold it with two hands. It was especially useful for warriors who were not riding.
The tachi was worn hung to the belt with the cutting-edge down, unlike the katana which was worn with the cutting-edge pointing upwards. Not all tachi were the standard size. Small ones were called ko-dachi. If the sword was longer than the standard one it was called o-dachi.
The tachi that can be seen in museums have one or more chips along the back of the sword, while the cutting edge looks almost untouched and mirror polished. The experts explain that Samurai made the smallest possible moves with their tachi to kill the enemy. Thus when both swords were about to collide, the samurai both turned their swords and let only the blunt back (mune) of the blades hit one another. The cutting edge was used for finish touches, namely for cutting the human body. This is why the cutting edge looks almost untouched.

Machaira
Machaira was a rare mythic sword used in the Basileus cult. Basileus cult is the cult of the king, because in ancient Rome the word basileus was translated as "king". To get a Basileus title a person should kill a lion with a special weapon. So this weapon was called - Machaira.
Machaira had a very curved blade, which reminded a sickle. The shape of a machaira is often compared to a lion claw. The cutting edge was situated on the inside part of the blade. The legends say that it has a length from about 19,70 inches (50 cm) to 23,62 inches (65 cm). The blade was secured in a wooden cage (sheath). This sword was kept by ancient priests called sacerdotes. They used to decorate the sheath with golden ornaments. The sword was kept in special places and used in important rituals.
The meaning of machaira sword was ideological. A king who was at the same time a sacerdotus and owned a machaira, made rituals before the battle. Its power showed to the army the right path and saved from enemies' traps. It was supposed that the sword kept the troubles away. It was very important that the machaira to be used only by a sacerdotus, otherwise it was only a beautiful but powerless weapon.
The well known king Macedonian Alexander Hephaistion was a sacerdotus. He belonged to the lion cult and used machaira for rituals. Later in 324 B.C. happened the official burial of the machaira sword and Alexander the Great left his sacerdotal powers. The cult of machaira sword and the cult of Basileus were restarted in 301 B.C.

Lucerne
Lucerne (German: "Luzern") is a city in Switzerland. It is the capital of the Canton of Lucerne and seat of the district with the same name. The city has a population of 57,533. Lucerne is the most populous city in Central Switzerland and focal point of the region. The city's metropolitan area consists of 17 municipalities in three cantons. It has an overall population of nearly 200,000 people.
Due to its location on the shore of Lake Lucerne ("Vierwaldstättersee") within sight of the mountains Pilatus and Rigi, Lucerne is mainly a tourist destination. One of the city's famous landmarks is Chapel Bridge (Kapellbrücke), a wooden bridge from the 14th century.

Eastern Hemisphere
it it is east of west and west of east
Eastern Hemisphere, also Eastern hemisphere, is a geographical term for the half of the Earth that is east of the Prime Meridian and west of the International Date Line. It is the opposite of the Western Hemisphere. It can be also used to describe Europe, Asia, Africa.

Hertfordshire
Hertfordshire is a county in England. It is one of the so called Home Counties, those counties that border or surround London.

Early Jurassic
The Early Jurassic is a geological time period. The Jurassic Era was one of the time periods when dinosaurs were on the Earth.

Congress
In politics, a congress is the main legislative group that makes the laws for a state. The word congress can also mean a meeting of people, as in the Trades Union Congress(TUC), of the United Kingdom, a meeting of trade unions.

Personal digital assistant
A personal digital assistant (PDA) is a handheld computer. Personal digital assistants were designed to replace non-electronic day planners. Many PDAs can work as an address book, a calculator, a clock, and a calendar. Some also have games on them. Newer PDAs have Wi-Fi, touch screens, can read e-mail, record video, play music, etc.
Processor.
PDA's processor is a chip which makes the device work. PDAs can have different processors depending on their speed. If access to the Internet, GPS, or video recording are needed, the PDA needs to have a fast processor.
Memory.
PDA stores data and applications on RAM memory(Random Access Memory). It is a memory card inside the device. PDAs can also use SD (Secure Digital), SDIO and MMS cards. These are easy to remove and are called flash memory cards. USB flash drives can be used to add more memory.
Screen.
Most PDAs have touch screens. This means that the device has less buttons or has no buttons at all. Usually PDAs come with removable 'pen' (stylus) with which the screen is touched. The pen acts like a mouse for desktop PCs or like a touch pad for laptops. For other PDAs a finger is used instead of the pen.
Battery.
PDAs are powered by batteries. There are two types of batteries: removable and fixed. Older PDAs used alkaline batteries which the user would have to take out and replace when they ran out. Most new PDAs have Li-ion batteries. These batteries are rechargeable. PDAs use more battery power when playing video, accessing Internet or transferring data using Bluetooth. Large and bright screens also take more power. This makes the battery run out faster.
Connection.
A PDA can communicate with other devices, PDAs, PCs, etc. This is made with the help of infrared (IrDA) port or with Bluetooth. Due to this ability the devices can transfer data, download music, images, video, games, etc.
Synchronization.
Synchronization means having the same data on both the PDA and a PC. When changes are made on either the PDA or the PC, when they are synchronized, these changes made to data on one of them are also made the data on the other. The synchronization also prevents the loss of the stored information.
Adaptation (Customization).
Customization is adding more memory, miniature keyboards, etc to the PDA. Customization also can be putting other software (download Internet programs) on the PDA device.

Iberian Peninsula
The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is the southwest part of Europe. Like all peninsulas, it is mostly surrounded by sea. To the south and east of the peninsula is the Mediterranean Sea. To its north and west is the Atlantic Ocean. It is the third largest peninsula of Europe with an area of 582,860 km². The name Iberia is the Ancient Greek name for the area which the Romans called "Hispania". The word word Hispania is now used for Spain, while the word Iberia is used for the whole area.
The word Iberia was also used by the Ancient Greeks and Romans for another territory at the opposite side of Europe - Caucasian Iberia which is near the Black Sea.

Kim Kardashian
Kimberly Kathleen Kardashian (born October 21, 1980 at Los Angeles, California) is a American socialite. She is one of the two daughters of the attorney of O. J. Simpson, Robert Kardashian. Kardashian is famous mainly for the media attention she gets because of her close friendship with Paris Hilton. She is of Armenian and Irish descent. She has a TV show called "Keeping up with the Kardashians".

Ilham Aliyev
Ilham Heydar oglu Aliyev (born December 24, 1961) is the President of Azerbaijan. He also functions as the head of the New Azerbaijan Party.

Flag of Armenia
The national flag of Armenia, the Armenian Tricolor, has three horizontal bands of equal width, red on the top, blue in the middle, and orange on the bottom. The Armenian Supreme Council adopted the current flag on August 24, 1990. On June 15, 2006, the Law on the National Flag of Armenia was passed by the Armenian Parliament.

Lake Sevan
Lake Sevan is a lake located in Armenia. The entire lake is inside the eastern Armenian province of Gegharkunik. It is fed by 28 rivers and streams.
History.
Sevan was one of the three great lakes of the historical Armenian Kingdom, collectively referred to as the Seas of Armenia, and it is the only one within the boundaries of today's Republic of Armenia. Sevanavank is the historic area near the lake.

Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
The Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia was a state formed in theMiddle Ages by Armenian refugees fleeing the Seljuk invasion of Armenia. It was located near the Mediterranean Sea in what is today southern Turkey. The country was independent from around 1078 to 1375.
Crusades.
The Armenians were the most important of the Crusaders allies, from the local troops recruited within the Crusader States. Many Armenian mercenaries became available in the early 12th century.
Thoros II was a powerful Armenian prince who offered the transfer of 30,000 Armenian warriors with their families to the Kingdom of Jerusalem the king and barons were interested.

Kingdom of Armenia
The Kingdom of Armenia was an independent kingdom from (approximately 355 years) 190 BC to AD 165, and a client state of the Roman Empire from 165 to 428.
After the destruction of the Seleucid Empire, a Hellenistic Greek successor state of Alexander the Great's short-lived empire, a Hellenistic Armenian state was founded in 190 BC by Artaxias I. At its height, from 95 to 66 BC, Armenia extended its rule over parts of the Caucasus and the area that is now eastern Turkey, Syria and Lebanon. Armenia was one of the most powerful states in the Roman East. It came under the Roman sphere of influence in 66 BC.
By the second century BC, the population of Greater Armenia (including today’s Karabakh) spoke Armenian, implying that today’s Armenians are the direct descendants of those speakers.

Jean Genet
Jean Genet (in French)(December 19, 1910 – April 15, 1986), was a French writer and later political activist. Early in his life he was a vagabond (homeless person) and petty criminal. Later in life, Genet wrote novels, plays, poems, and essays, including "Querelle", "The Thief's Journal", "Our Lady of the Flowers", "The Balcony", "The Blacks" and "The Maids".
Life.
Genet's mother was a young prostitute who put him up for adoption. After committing small crimes as a child, he was sent to the youth prison of Mettray. In the 1940s, he was a vagabond, petty thief and prostitute across Europe.
In the mid-1940s, Genet met Jean Cocteau. Cocteau helped Genet to publish his novel. By 1949 Genet had completed five novels, three plays and numerous poems. His books were banned in the United States.
Between 1955 and 1961 Genet wrote three more plays. In 1964, Genet entered a period of depression and attempted suicide. In the late 1960s, Genet became politically active. Jean Genet was gay (homosexual).
Genet developed throat cancer and died on April 15, 1986 in Paris.
Novels.
The first novel, "Our Lady of the Flowers" (1944), is a about the life in prison. His novels "The Miracle of the Rose" (1946) and "The Thief's Journal" (1949), describe his experiences in youth prison and as a prostitute. The novel "Querelle de Brest" (1947) is about murder and the novel "Funeral Rites" (1949) is about love and betrayal. His last novel, "A Prisoner of Love" published in (1986), is different from his other books.
Plays.
Genet's plays were considered to be "Theater of the Absurd" plays. These plays had ideas which were similar to the ideas in existentialist ways of thinking. His plays include "The Maids" (1949); "The Balcony" (1956); "The Screens" (1963); "The Blacks", which was staged in New York in the Off-Broadway theater.
Film.
In 1950, Genet directed a film called Un Chant d'Amour, which showed fantasies about prison life.
Complete works.
Jean Genet, "Œuvres completes" (Paris: Gallimard, 1952-)

Lisa Loeb
Lisa Anne Loeb (born March 11, 1968 in Bethesda, Maryland) is an American singer. She sings the song "Stay (I Missed You)".

Mountain Time Zone
The Mountain Time Zone subtracts seven hours from UTC during standard time (UTC-7) and six hours during daylight saving time (UTC-6).
This time zone is called Mountain Standard Time (MST) during standard time (Winter). It is called Mountain Daylight Time (MDT) during daylight saving time (Summer). In the United States and Canada, this time zone is often just called Mountain Time (MT).
The zone is one hour ahead of the Pacific Time Zone and one hour behind the Central Time Zone.
Canada.
In Canada, this time zone includes all of Alberta, the Northwest Territories (except for Tungsten), the Kitikmeot Region of Nunavut, part of southeastern and northeastern British Columbia, and the area of Saskatchewan around the city of Lloydminster.
United States.
In the United States, the time zone includes the entire area of the states of Arizona, New Mexico, Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, and Montana. It also includes parts of Idaho, Oregon, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Texas, Kansas, and Nevada.
Mexico.
These states are part of the Mountain Time Zone: Baja California Sur, Chihuahua, Nayarit, Sinaloa, Sonora.
Mountain Daylight Time.
Daylight saving time occurs from early April to late October. During daylight saving, Central Time Zone is only 6 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time (UTC-6). Most of the locations in Mountain Time Zone observe daylight saving time. A few places do not. These include Sonora and all of Arizona that is not in the Navajo Nation. These places stay on standard time all year.

Data structure
In Computer Science, a data structure is a method of storing and retrieving data. There are many different types of data structure, some more suited to a specific problem than others. Choosing appropriate data structures to solve a given problem is an important part of algorithm and software design. Different data structures can greatly increase or decrease the performance of a computer program.

Alex Lifeson
Alexander Zivojinovich (born August 27, 1953, Fernie, British Columbia, Canada), better known as Alex Lifeson, is a Canadian musician. Lifeson is a member the rock band of Rush, a Canadian progressive rock band. Alex Lifeson is a guitarist. Some people have called him a master guitar player. The other two band members in Rush are Geddy Lee and Neil Peart.

Hepatitis C
Hepatitis C is a disease caused by a virus in a human blood called the "Hepatitis C virus". HCV or "Hep C" are shorter names for this disease. When a person gets a Hepatitis C infection, they can get damage to their liver called hepatitis. This damage can lead to a liver problem called cirrhosis or liver cancer.
How can a person get Hepatitis C?
The hepatitis C virus (HCV) is spread by blood-to-blood contact with an infected person's blood. Some people who get infected can get rid of the virus by taking anti-viral medicines for a long time.
People who take drugs with needles, get tattoos, or have unsafe sex are at a high risk of getting this disease. about 150-200 million people in the world are infected with hepatitis C. Hepatitis C is the leading cause of liver transplants in the United States.
Acute Hepatitis C.
Symptoms of acute hepatitis C infection include a decreased appetite, fatigue (tiredness), abdominal pain, jaundice (skin becoming yellow), itching, and flu-like symptoms.
The hepatitis C virus is usually detectable in the blood within one to three weeks after infection. The antibodies that the body makes to fight the virus can be detected within 3 to 12 weeks. About 3/4 of patients infected with Hepatitis C get a long-lasting infection (longer than 6 months).
Signs and symptoms that a person may have chronic (longer-term) hepatitis C include fatigue, marked weight loss, flu-like symptoms, muscle pain, joint pain, intermittent low-grade fevers, itching, sleep disturbances, abdominal pain (especially in the right upper quadrant), appetite changes, nausea, diarrhea, dyspepsia, cognitive changes, depression, headaches, and mood swings.

Michel Foucault
Michel Foucault (October 15, 1926 – June 25, 1984) was a French philosopher and historian from France. He wrote about many topics, and influenced many other thinkers.
Foucault studied institutions such as psychiatric wards, hospitals, schools, and prisons, to figure out how they affected the people living in them. He also studied the history of sexuality and, later in his life, wrote about homosexuality.
His is often called a postmodernist or post-structuralist philosopher. Some philosophers claim that some of his ideas were influenced by existentialism. However, Foucault rejected all of these labels.
Early life.
Foucault was born in 1926 in Poitiers, France. His father, Paul Foucault, was a surgeon. He attended the Jesuit Collège Saint-Stanislas. After World War II, Foucault studied at the École Normale Supérieure. While attending university, he became depressed, and tried to kill himself.
Foucault became very interested in psychology. He got a degree in philosophy and a degree in psychology. Foucault joined the French Communist Party from 1950 to 1953. He left the Communist Party because he was sad about all of the people that Stalin was killing in the Soviet Union.
University professor.
In the early 1950s, he taught at the École Normale. Then he began teaching psychology at the University of Lille. In 1954 Foucault published his first book, "Maladie mentale et personnalité". In the mid-1950s, he worked at Warsaw University and at the University of Hamburg.
He returned to France in 1960 to become a philosophy professor at the University of Clermont-Ferrand. In the mid-1960s, Foucault moved with his male lover to Tunis (in North Africa), and got a job teaching at the University of Tunis. In 1966 he published "Les Mots et les choses" (The Order of Things), which was very popular. In 1968 he returned to France, where he published "L'archéologie du savoir" (The Archaeology of Knowledge).
In the late 1960s, after France had huge student protests and riots, the French government created a new experimental university at Vincennes. Foucault became the first head of its philosophy department. Foucault joined students in occupying administration buildings and fighting with police.
In 1970, Foucault became a Professor of the History of Systems of Thought at the Collège de France. His political involvement now increased. His male lover Defert joined the ultra-Maoist Gauche Proletarienne (GP). Foucault then wrote "Surveiller et Punir" (Discipline and Punish), about prisons and schools.
Final years.
In the late 1970s, Foucault wrote books about the history of sexuality. Foucault began to spend more time in the United States, at the University at Buffalo. In 1978 Foucault toured Iran to support the new revolutionary Islamic government. In San Francisco of the 1970s and early 1980s, Foucault participated in the gay scene, and engaged in anonymous gay sex and sadomasochism. Foucault died of an AIDS-related illness in Paris June 26th, 1984.

XHTML
XHTML stands for Extensible Hypertext Transfer Markup Language. XHTML is HTML based on XML. It is used to make websites and webpages.

Suspension bridge
A suspension bridge is a type of bridge that has been made since ancient times as early as 100 AD. Simple suspension bridges, for use by pedestrians and livestock, are still constructed, based upon the ancient Inca rope bridge.
Suspended from two high locations over a river or canyon, simple suspension bridges follow a shallow downward arc and are not suited for modern roads and railroads.
The design of the modern suspended-deck suspension bridge was developed in the early 19th century.

Sangria (colour)
Sangria is a dark slightly purplish red. It is the colour of Sangría wine. It is named after this wine. Sangria can also be called a burnt red.

Coulomb
The coulomb (sometimes written C) the SI unit of electric charge. It is named after Charles-Augustin de Coulomb.
Definition.
A coulomb is a quantity of electric charge. The movement of electric charge is called current in an electric circuit. For example a flashlight bulb that has a current of one ampere will pass one coulomb of charge every second. So in ten seconds, ten coulombs have passed through the light bulb.
In an electric wire the charge that moves is in a particle called the electron. Each electron has a very small [electric charge] of negative one elementary charge. The elementary charge is the smallest electric charge found in a stable particle. A coulomb is equal to 6,241,509,629,152,650,000 elementary charges. The coulomb was named in honor of Charles-Augustin de Coulomb who worked on understanding electric charge in the late 1700’s.
1 coulomb is the amount of electric charge carried by a current of 1 ampere flowing for 1 second.

Leonhard Euler
Leonhard Euler (pronounced "Oiler") (April 15, 1707 – September 7, 1783) was a Swiss mathematician and physicist. He spent most of his life in Russia and Germany.
Euler made important discoveries in fields like calculus and topology. He also made many of the words used in math today. He invented the idea of a mathematical function. He is also known for his work in mechanics, optics, and astronomy.
Euler is considered to be the most important mathematician of the 18th century and one of the greatest of all time. He is also one of the mathematicians who wrote the most. His collected works fill 60–80 volumes. Another mathematician, Pierre-Simon Laplace said, "Read Euler, read Euler, he is a master for us all".
Euler was featured on the sixth series of the Swiss 10-franc bill and on numerous Swiss, German, and Russian postage stamps. The asteroid 2002 Euler was named in his honor. He is also celebrated by the Lutheran Church on their Calendar of Saints on May 24.

Burgundy (colour)
Burgundy is a reddish shade of purple. It is named after Burgundy wine. This wine is named after the Burgundy region of France.
This is a popular colour in both men's and women's fashion, for furniture and for linens.
In cosmetology, a brighter shade of burgundy called "vivid burgundy" is used for dyeing hair.
Passports of the European Union member states are burgundy.
Venezuela's athletes traditionally wear burgundy uniforms in international competitions.
Because of this people give them the nickname "Red Wine".
The colour burgundy is also the colour of Blackpool Football Club's third team kit. This was chosen by Latvian owner Valeri Belekon, who wanted a kit which represented the flag of Latvia.
Will Ferrell played the titular character in.

Pigment
A pigment is something that is added to something else to give it color. Natural pigments can come from just about anything. Pigments can be made from animals, plants, rocks and minerals or even the ground itself, for example clay. Pigments can also be created by people.
An example of a pigment is ultramarine. It is a powder found in nature. It adds a blue color to paints and dyes.

Sierra Nevada
Sierra Nevada may also refer to beer produced by Sierra Nevada Brewing Company, a California brewery.

Anarchy in the U.K.
"Anarchy in the U.K." is a punk rock song by the Sex Pistols. It was first released as a single in 1975. In 1976, it was released as part of the album '. The song's lyrics espouse a nihilistic and violent concept of anarchy. It has been covered by the bands various other bands, including Megadeth.
This song was in the video game.

My Chemical Romance
My Chemical Romance are a post-hardcore and alternative rock band from New Jersey. This band was started in 2001 by Gerard Way. They released their first album in 2002. The band has released three albums to date. The current members of the band are Gerard Way (lead vocals), Ray Toro (lead guitar / vocals), Mikey Way (bass guitar), Frank Iero (rhythm guitar / vocals), and Bob Bryar (drummer).
History.
The band was started by Gerard Way on the day of the September 11, 2001 attacks after he was on his way to work in New York and saw the bodies falling from the building. He thought to himself "what am I doing with my life? I'm slaving away doing drawings for Cartoon Network and not actually helping anybody", he then called up his friend Matt Pelissier who went on to recruit Ray Toro - the band's lead guitarist. Gerard said "there's nobody in New Jersey who can beat him, he is the best". Gerard's brother Mikey Way, bass guitarist, joined his brother's new band soon after.
Progression.
In May of 2002, Frank Iero joined as the rhythm guitarist for the band. He was more than happy to leave college against his parents wishes to join his favourite band, and whilst MCR were on tour, he got a tattoo of a scorpion as high up on his neck as he could get it, so he couldn't get a job.
In 2004, Pelissier was kicked out of the band for repeatedly messing up songs during live performances, general bad behaviour and disregard towards other members of the band. He was replaced by Bob Bryar - a sound technician for The Used and Thursday at the time.
Name.
The name of the band comes from an Irvine Welsh book titled "Ecstasy: Three Tales of Chemical Romance" which caught Mikey Way's eye when he was working in Barnes & Noble.
"I Brought You My Bullets, You Brought Me Your Love.
The band released their first album on July 23 2002. It was titled "I Brought You My Bullets, You Brought Me Your Love". The album featured the first song written by the band, Skylines And Turnstiles, which Gerard began to write after the 9/11 attacks, in 2001.
Three Cheers for Sweet Revenge.
The second album by My Chemical Romance,"Three Cheers for Sweet Revenge", was the album that shot them to fame with songs like "I'm Not Okay (I Promise)" and "Helena" (A song written about the Way brothers' grandmother, Elena. Her friends called her Helen, and Gerard thought of her as Helena). It was released in June 2004. Over two million copies of the album have been sold in the United States. The album contained a lot about death, dying and killing, but also showed the better sides of the matter. Inside the CD, Gerard commented with, "To K, sorry I wrote all the songs about killing you. The last song should make up for it." - The last song being "I Never Told You What I Did For A Living."
During 2004, drummer Matt Pelissier was kicked out of the band, and MCR no longer like speaking of him as they, "don't like talking shit."
The Black Parade.
Their latest album titled "The Black Parade" was released on October 23rd 2006. The album sold more than 240,000 copies in the first week after it was released. It has sold over 1 million copies in total. The first single taken from The Black Parade called "Welcome to the Black Parade" reached the top 10 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and No.1 in the UK charts for two weeks.
The band has commented in the past about the album, saying that The Black Parade is like a different band performing in a different 'world', and once that's over, My Chemical Romance will never be The Black Parade again. The album largely focuses on one character, The Patient, but also consists of songs and lyrics about different subjects and aspects of life and death.

Cobalt blue
Cobalt blue is a cool blue colour. People used to make it using cobalt salts. Cobalt blue is used widely by artists. Many pieces of glassware have this colour.

Sapphire (colour)
Sapphire is a very deep shade of blue. Its name is from the gem stone.

Azure
Azure is a shade of blue. It looks like the color of the sky on a bright, clear day. It is a pure chroma on the color wheel halfway between blue and cyan. The complementary color of azure is orange.
Meaning of azure.
Azure is one of the national colors of Italy on its Coat of Arms. Nations which use shades of Azure in their flags include Argentina, Azerbaijan, Estonia, Guatemala, Kazakhstan, Namibia, Palau, San Marino, Somalia, Sweden, and Ukraine.
The flag of the United Nations is a shade of azure called "United Nations Azure" or "United Nations Blue". It is also the color of the helmets worn by the United Nations peacekeeping forces.
In Poetry, azure is often used to represent or refer to the sky or Heaven. "Azure" is often used in France to describe the Mediterranean Sea.
Where the name comes from.
The word "azure" comes from the Persian لاژورد "lazhward". Lazhward was the name of a place. This place was famous for a kind of deep blue stone. Now we call this stone "lapis lazuli". This means "stone of Lazhward".
The word came to Old French by the twelfth century. The French used this word to talk about the colors of coats of arms. From the French it the word came to the English. The first recorded use of "azure" as a color name in English was in 1374.
Heraldry.
In heraldry, the word "azure" simply means "blue". Azure is said to represent Jupiter and sapphires.
It belongs to the class of tinctures called "colors". In engraving, it is sometimes depicted as a region of horizontal lines or else marked with either az. or b. as an abbreviation.
In addition to the standard blue tincture called azure, there is a lighter blue sometimes found that is called bleu celeste or "sky blue". Neither azure nor bleu celeste is precisely defined as a particular shade of blue, but azure is consistently depicted in a much darker shade.

Viridian
Viridian is a blue-green color. The name comes from the Latin word "viridis" which means "green". Viridian is a popular color for painting dining rooms. "Viridian" is the name of a city in the English translation of Pokémon Red and Blue.

Tarsier
The tarsiers are prosimian primates. They got their name because they have very long tarsus bones in their feet.
Body shape.
Tarsiers have enormous eyes and long feet. Their feet have very long bones. Most tarsiers are nocturnal. They primarily eat insects, and catch insects by jumping at them. They are also known to eat birds and snakes. Pregnancy takes about six months. Tarsiers give birth to single offspring.
Once found in Asia, Europe and North America, tarsiers are now only found on several Southeast Asian islands including the Philippines, Sulawesi, Borneo, and Sumatra.
They also have the longest continuous fossil record of any primate. The fossil record suggests that their dental pattern and shape hasn't changed in 45 million years.
Unlike many nocturnal animals, tarsiers lack a light-reflecting area (tapetum lucidum) of the eye. They also have a fovea, atypical for nocturnal animals.
The tarsier is also known to be the inspiration for the famous movie character Yoda of Star Wars due to its small size but excellent hunting skills. Tarsiers can catch prey like birds even if they are in motion as the tarsiers jump from tree to tree to catch their prey.
Conservation status.
One tarsier species, Dian's Tarsier ("Tarsius dentatus"), is listed by on the IUCN Red List as being "lower Risk - Conservation Dependent". Two other species/sub-species, Horsfield's Tarsier ("Tarsius bancanus"), "Tarsius bancanus bancanus", are listed as "Lower Risk - Least Concern". The Spectral Tarsier ("Tarsius spectrum") is categorized as "Lower Risk, Not Threatened." All other tarsier species are listed as "Data Deficient".

Theoretical computer science
Theoretical computer science is the a branch of Computer science. Researchers in it focus on the more abstract, logical and mathematical aspects of computing, such as the theory of computation, analysis of algorithms and semantics of programming languages.

Pedestrian
A pedestrian is a person travelling on foot, whether walking or running. In modern times, the term mostly refers to someone walking on a road or footpath, but this was not the case historically.
History.
The main way humans get around is by walking. The first humans walked out of Africa about 60,000 years ago. We walked across India to reach Australia. We walked across Asia to reach the Americas. We walked from the fertile crescent area to reach Europe.
Nowadays, roads often have a designated footpath attached especially for pedestrian traffic, called the "sidewalk" in American English and the "pavement" in British English. There are also footpaths not associated with a road which are used only by pedestrians, especially ramblers, hikers or hill-walkers and there are roads not associated with a footpath. These footpaths, in mountains or forests, are called trails.
Efforts are underway by pedestrian advocacy groups to make it easy to be a pedestrian in new developments, especially to counteract newer developments where 20 to 30 percent do not include sidewalks. Some activists advocate large auto-free zones where pedestrians only or pedestrians and some non motorised vehicles are allowed.

Patti Deutsch
Patti Deutsch (born December 16, 1945, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) is American actress who is best known for appearing the television game show "Match Game" in the 1970s. She is also known for doing voices in animated movies.

Body double
A body double is a person who works in the movie or television production industry. Body doubles are models that act in scenes that actors or actresses do not want to do. For example, love scenes or scenes of nudity, where a person's body is shown.
Body doubles are usually models that have developed very good bodies by exercising and by eating well. Often, movies or television shows that use body doubles do not admit that a body double model was used.
In the popular American movie "Pretty Woman", a body double model called Donna Scoggins filmed nude scenes that actress Julia Roberts did not want to do.
Related concepts.
Another job in the movie and television production industry where people do actions that the actors or actresses do not want to do is the job of stuntman. A stuntman is a person who does dangerous actions in movies, for example, jumping, falling, getting in a car accident, or pretending to fight with knives.

Intergenerational conflict
An intergenerational conflict is either a conflict situation between teenagers and adults or a more abstract conflict between two generations, which often involves prejudices against another generation.
Furthermore intergenerational conflict describes cultural, social or economic discrepancies between generations. These can be caused by value shift or conflict of interest between younger and older generations. An example are changes to an intergenerational contract that may be necessary to reflect a change in demographics.

Intergenerational contract
An intergenerational contract is an agreement between different generations. It assumes that future generations will honor the contract and provide a service to a generation that has done the same service for an older generation.
The most common use of the term is in social security and refers to the consensus to provide pensions for the retired generations through payments made by the working generations.
The use of the word "contract" is not entirely accurate as the next generation enters the agreement without consent.

Inca rope bridge
Inca Rope bridges were simple suspension bridges over canyons and gorges to provide access for the Inca Empire. Bridges of this type were suitable for use since the Inca people did not use wheeled transport - traffic was limited to pedestrians and livestock. These bridges were an important part on the Inca road system and are an excellent example of Inca innovation in engineering. They were frequently used by runners delivering messages throughout the Inca Empire.

Ewok
Ewoks are a fictional race of small, bear-like creatures from George Lucas' "Star Wars" universe. They first appeared in the film "Return of the Jedi".
They live on the forests on the moon of the Planet Endor. They often wear the skins or skulls of animals they have hunted. The most famous Ewok is Wicket W. Warwik, a brave Ewok who destroyed an entire Imperial shield projector. The Ewoks were also well known for their victory against the Empire in the "Battle of Endor".

Inca road system
The Inca road system ("El Camino Inca") of Peru was the most extensive among the many roads and trails that were constructed in pre-Columbian South America.
It went across the Andes mountains and reached heights of over 5,000 m (16,500 feet) above sea level. The Inca road system covered approximately 22,500 km (14,000 mi) and provided access to over three million km² of territory.
Because the Incas did not make use of the wheel for transportation, and did not have horses until the arrival of the Spanish in Peru in the 16th century, the trails were used almost exclusively by people walking, sometimes accompanied by pack animals, usually the llama.
The trails were used by the Inca people as a means of relaying messages, carried via knotted-cord quipu and by memory; and for transporting goods. Messages could be carried by runners covering as much as 240 km (150 mi) per day, working in relay fashion much like the Pony Express of the 1860s in North America.
There were approximately 2,000 inns, or "tambos", placed at even intervals along the trails. The inns provided food, shelter and military supplies to the tens of thousands who traveled the roads.
Main routes.
The most important Inca road was the "Camino Real", as it is known in Spanish, with a length of 5,200 km (3,230 mi). It began in Quito, Ecuador, passed through Cusco, and ended in what is now Tucumán, Argentina. The Camino Real went across the mountain ranges of the Andes, with peak altitudes of more than 5,000 m. "El Camino de la Costa", the coastal trail, with a length of 4,000 km (2,420 mi), ran parallel to the sea and was linked with the Camino Real by many smaller routes.
Inca trail to Machu Picchu.
By far the most popular of the Inca trails for trekking is the "Capaq Nan trail", which leads from the village of Ollantaytambo to Machu Picchu, the so-called "Lost City of the Incas". There are many well-preserved ruins along the way, and hundreds of thousands of tourists from around the world make the three- or four-day trek each year, accompanied by guides.
The Inca Trail to Machu Picchu is actually three routes, which all meet up near Inti-Pata, the 'Sun Gate' and entrance to Machu Picchu. The three trails are known as the "Mollepata", "Classic" and "One Day" trails, with "Mollepata" being the longest of the three. Passing through the Andes mountain range and sections of the Amazon rainforest, the Trail passes several well-preserved Inca ruins and settlements before ending at the Sun Gate on Machu Picchu mountain. The two longer routes require an ascent to beyond 12,000 ft (3,660 m) above sea level, which can result in altitude sickness.

Columbia Pictures
Columbia Pictures Industries, Inc. is an American company that produces movies and television shows. It is part of the Columbia TriStar Motion Picture Group, which is owned by Sony Pictures Entertainment. Sony Pictures is part of the Japanese company Sony.

Jason
Jason was a hero of Greek mythology. He led the Agronauts in search of the Golden Fleece. His father was Aeson, the rightful king of Iolcus.

Color code
A color code is a system for displaying information by using different colors. Color codes are often difficult or impossible for blind and color blind people to understand.
"The Color Code" is also the title of a book (References, Joseph et al., 2002) combined with a nutritional practice by the same name in another book publication (Heber, 2001). "The Color Code" combines food science, medical knowledge and nutritional practices to encourage consumer intake of colourful plant foods for achieving optimal health.

Complementary color
Complementary colours are pairs of opposite colours. What is meant by "opposite" can be different between colour science, and art and the printing process.
Afterimages.
If a person stares at a single colour for about a minute then looks at a white surface, an afterimage of the complementary colour will appear. This is because of "eye fatigue". The photoreceptors (cells in the eye which catch coloured light) for red light in the retina (the back part of the eye) are fatigued. When photoreceptor are fatigued they are less able to send information to the brain. When the person looks at white light information of the others colour gets through normally and the illusion of viewing the complementary colour is created.
Art and design.
The complement of each primary colour (red, blue, or yellow) is roughly the colour made by mixing the other two in a subtractive system (red + blue = purple; blue + yellow = green; red + yellow = orange). When two complements are mixed they produce a grey or brown.
The use of complementary colours is an important aspect of art and graphic design. This also extends to other fields such as contrasting colours in logos and retail display. When placed next to each other, complements make each other appear brighter. On an artistic colour wheel, complementary colours are placed opposite one another. Although these artistic complements may not be precise complements under the scientific definition, most artistic colour wheels are laid out roughly like the HSV colour wheel discussed above.

Decriminalize
Decriminalize is to make something that at one time was illegal, legal.
For example, alcohol was illegal in USA during the 1920's. However, people felt strongly against it, and made it legal again.

Battledress
Battledress is a general term for the military uniform worn into combat, as opposed to 'display' dress and formal uniforms worn at parades and functions. It may be either monochrome (often a shade of green or brown) or in camouflage colours.

SketchUp
SketchUp is a 3D modelling program made for architects, engineers, and filmmakers. It is easier to use than most programs used for three dimensional drawings. SketchUp was created by the company @Last Software and released in August 2000. In 2006, @Last Software was bought by Google. They released SketchUp6 in January 2007. SketchUp6 can use add-ons that let things build with the program be made into files that can be used with Google Earth.

Islamism
Islamism is group of ideologies that say that Islamic nations should be run by sharia (Islamic laws).

Poitiers
Poitiers is a town on the Clain River in west central France. It is the capital ("préfecture") of the Vienne "department" and of the Poitou-Charentes "region". The town is picturesque; and its streets are interesting for their remains of ancient architecture, especially of the Romanesque period, and the memories of great historical events. About 86.000 people live in Poitiers.
The city itself is very old. It already existed as a Gaulish fort in the time when Julius Caesar came to Gaul. It was the capital of the tribe of the Pictones.

Valence-sur-Rhône
Valence-sur-Rhône is a city in the south of France. It is located at the Rhône river. About 65.000 people lived there in 1999. About 115.000 live in the agglomeration.

Anvil
An anvil is a hard piece of metal which is used as a workbench when making things out of iron or steel. An anvil is used by a blacksmith when he needs to hammer hot iron to bend it into the shape he wants. A blacksmith can make new shoes for horses.
Anvils were known in the Bronze Age and possibly earlier. They were used in Ancient Greece and Ancient Egypt. They are still in use today, although not nearly as much as 100 years ago when there were many more horses.
Anvils are extremely heavy. They are made in different sizes. The 17th century writer John Bunyan was a tinker (someone who mends pots and pans). He walked around the villages of Bedfordshire with a small anvil and a few tools on his back. His anvil was wedge-shaped, so that he could knock it into the ground when he needed to do a repair. His anvil is now in the John Bunyan museum in Bedford.
Use as a musical instrument.
The anvil has sometimes been used as a percussion instrument because it makes a very loud sound when hit by the hammer. Usually musicians use a metal bar mounted on a sound-box. This sounds just as good as a real anvil (which would be very heavy to carry around).
Verdi wrote some famous music called the "Anvil Chorus" in his opera "Il Trovatore". Wagner asked for 18 anvils in "Das Rheingold" in the scene which takes place below the earth where the Nibelungs are working at their forges. Johann Strauss II wrote an "Anvil Polka", Varèse used an anvil in "Ionisation", Walton uses an anvil in "Belshazzar’s Feast" and there is an anvil in the orchestra in Howard Shore's music for the "The Lord of the Rings" movie trilogy.

Inca Empire
The Inca Empire was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America, and was large even by world standards. The administrative, political and military center of the empire was located in Cuzco. The Inca Empire began in the highlands of Peru around 1197. From 1438 to 1533, the Incas used conquest and peaceful assimilation to gain a large portion of western South America, that centered on the Andean mountain ranges, and included large parts of modern Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Argentina, and Chile.
In 1533, Atahualpa, the last Inca sovereign emperor (Qhapaq Inka, also "Sapa Inca"), was executed by the conquistador Francisco Pizarro. That meant the beginning of Spanish rule in South America. The Inca Empire was supported by an economy based on the collective ownership of the land.

Pre-Columbian
The pre-Columbian era means the history and prehistory of the Americas before there were important European influences on the American continent.
The word pre-Columbian refers to the era before Christopher Columbus, but sometimes it can include the history of American indigenous cultures as they continued to develop after the Christopher Columbus' first landing in 1492, until they were conquered or influenced by Europeans, even if this happened decades or even centuries after the arrival of Columbus.
Pre-Columbian can also mean cultures of any one of the great native civilizations of the Americas, such as those of Mesoamerica (the Aztec and Maya) and of the Andes (Inca, Moche and Chibcha).

Duct tape
Duct tape is a very strong adhesive tape with a cloth backing. Usually duct tape is grey or black, but it is made in other colors including transparent. People use duct tape to repair many things, for example a broken handbag or a broken chair.
Duct tape was designed during World War II. It was first used to keep water out of ammunition cases. It was found to work so well that people started using it to fix many other things. Duct tape was also called "100 mph tape" by the military because it is said the tape will still stick in winds at speeds of 100 miles per hour. Duct tape got its name from its use on heating and air conditioning ducts but oddly enough, that is the one use that the tape is not very good for. It is illegal in California to use duct tape on ducts and most professional builders in the United States are not allowed to use it either.
In the United States, people use duct tape in many action movies and television shows. Strips of duct tape can be used to tie a person up because it is very hard to get them off.

Text editor
A text editor is a program that is run on a computer that can create and change text. The text can be saved into a file that is called a "text file". Text editors can be used for a lot of things. Many people use them to write up documents. Some people write HTML using a text editor.
Some text editors can edit "rich text". Rich text allows the person that is editing text to have bold text, "italic text", and other things.

Valence (chemistry)
In Chemistry, Valence (which is sometimes called valency) is the number of chemical bonds the atoms of a certain element can form.
For a long time, people though that this number was a fixed property of the element in question. Carbon always has four bonds, oxygen always has two, and hydrogen always has one. The problem was seen only later. Phosphorous sometimes behaves as if it had three bonds, a valence of three. At other times though, it seems to have five bonds.
IUPAC saw this problem, and proposed oxydation numbers. This means there is one number per chemical element. The problem of this approach is that it leaves aside most chemical properties of the elements in question.

Valence (Charente)
Valence is a village in France, in Poitou-Charentes. It is near Angoulême. In 1999, 240 people lived there.

Valence (Tarn-et-Garonne)
Valence is a village in the Midi-Pyrénées region of France. It is in the department Tarn-et-Garonne. In 1999, about 4800 people lived there. Together with 23 other, similar villages, it formed the "Communauté de communes des Deux Rives". In that structure (that is, in all the villages together) there are about 15.500 people.
Valence is located 25 km from Agen, 45 km from Montauban, 60 km from Cahors, 90km from Toulouse and 160 km from Bordeaux

Valence-d'Albigeois
Valence-d'Albigeois is a village in the department off Tarn, in French region Midi-Pyrénées. It is near Albi. In 1999, 1142 people lived there.

Valence-en-Brie
Valence-en-Brie is a village in the Île-de-France region in France. It is located near Melun in the department Seine-et-Marne. In 1999, 583 people lived there.

Valence-sur-Baïse
Valence-sur-Baïse is a city in the Gers department of the Midi-Pyrénees region in France. It is near Condom-en-Armagnac. It was founded in 1274 by Gerald V, Count of Armagnac, and the Cistercian Abbey of Flaran as a Bastide (a fortified city). In 1999, 1151 people lived there. There is a old cisercian abbey at the place. Today the abbey serves as a cultural center. There is also a public washing basin, and a port, where ships can land.

Bastide
Bastides are fortified towns. They were built mainly in the south of France, in the Middle Ages. Bastides were built mainly between 1229 and 1373. Today, there are about 400 bastides in total. They all have a central square, and a rectangular street layout. On the market square, the houses have arcades. They were usually built in places that were easy to defend. This means either on the top of a hill or on a plain which was easy to defend.
Well-known bastides today are Carcassonne and Andorra la Vella.
What made them possible?
The Treaty of Paris (1229) is sometimes seen as the foundation act which made the construction of modern cities and Bastides possible. The treaty itself ended the Albigensian Crusade. One of the first bastides built was Montauban. Montauban got city status in 1144, but some consider Mont-de-Marsan which was founded in 1133 to be a bastide.
What where they built for?
Most Bastides where built in the countryside, to basically serve the needs of local trade (and most often, agriculture). A few of them were built in positions which are easy to defend; others are where it is possible to defend them, but most Bastides where simply put where they fit best. The period when they were built was a peaceful one in the region.
Central square.
The central element of all bastides is a central place. It was used for markets, but also used for political and social functions. A typical square (likely a model for others) can be found in Montauban.
Generally, there is just one square. Exceptions are Saint-Lys and Albias. They have one square for the market, and one square for the church.
Generally the flattest location available was chosen for the square.
Church.
Except in very rare cases, the church was not on the central square. Usually it was at an angle, and gave to the square diagonally. One of the rare exceptions is Villefranche-de-Rouergue.
Houses.
There were clear rules how houses could be built in the bastide. The front of the houses - the facades - had to line up. Also there had to be a small space between the houses. The different housing lots were all alike. 8m by 24m was a common size. There were only a limited number of lots. This varied between 10, and several thousand (3.000 in Grenade-sur-Garonne)
Streets.
The streets were usually 6-10 m wide, so a chariot could pass through. They ran alongside the facades of the houses. Alleys run between streets, these are usually only 5-6m wide. Sometimes they are only 2-2.5m wide. In a bastide there were usually 1-8 streets.
City walls.
Since most bastides were founded in a peaceful period of history, most had no city walls or fortifications, at the start. Such things were added later. This was done either through a special tax, or through an act that required that the inhabitants of the city helped build the walls. A good example is Libourne. Ten years after the city was founded, its inhabitants asked for money to build city walls. Once they had received the money, however, they spent it on making their city prettier, rather than building walls.
At the beginning of the Hundred Years' War, many bastides that had no city walls were destroyed. Some of the others quickly built city walls of stone, to protect the city.
Layout of a bastide.
There are different base layouts for bastides. It seems that for each type of layout, there was one bastide that was an example on how to build such a layout. The most common layout seems to have been to start from two perpendicular streets. Other streets parallel to the already existing two were added. This led to a (usually rectangular grid layout.
Inorganic layout/embryonnary bastide.
An example of such a bastide is La Bastide-de-Bousignac
Circular bastide.
This layout was very rare. The only surviving exanple is in Fourcès.
Enclosing type.
They were built based on a village or hamlet which had not fully grown. Beforehand, there already was a church or a kernel of houses. When new houses and quarters are added, they are added around the initial kernel.
One-axis design.
These are quite common. It is estimated that 30-40% of all bastides had this design. Very often they can be found on flat land, in a plain. There is one principal street that links the two gates. The square very often is made by enlarging the main street. Very often there are alleys which run perpendicular to the main street. This layout is very easy to adapt to the geography.
An example of such a bastide is Gimont. Gimont is 1000m long, and only 300m wide. Sometimes, there is one street which runs parallel to the main axis. In that case, the city square is between the two streets.
Two-axis design.
This layout is considered as the type plan at the height of the movement. There are two axes, which are perpendicular (in a right angle). Streets are all at a right angle, parallel to one of the two base streets. The city square is very often in the center, or very near the center. The whole city is either rectangular or a square, or a hexagon or an oval.
Making a bastide.
Bastides wanted to attract people who should come to live there. They therefore offered equality to those who came to live there. They made it look like citizens had equal rights, and were free.
Legal foundations for bastides.
Social norms were very strict in the Middle Ages. The system of laws of the Middle Ages was built on the fact the norms were not changed. The lords who built the bastide did not want to change these norms. All they wanted was small local changes. Usually, the land where the bastide was built was underdeveloped. The lords that owned the land did not get much profit from it. They built the bastide because they hoped, that way they would get more profits from the land.
For these reasons, people who already had a social status, that is to say serfs, noblemen and priests could not settle in the bastide. A few poor noblemen did nevertheless, they gave their land to the city and started a career as a trader, because that way they could earn more than before.
Lepers were usually not welcome in the city. Certain bastides had special places which would treat them, but they were generally excluded from social life. They had to wear special badges to show they were ill, and they could not come close to normal people.
Another group of people that was generally not welcome were the jews. In the beginning there was no problem, but later jews were persecuted. Philip IV of France did not allow any jews to live in France, in 1306. He confiscated their belongings and sold them.
What became of bastides?
A certain number of bastides were successful and still exist today. Many others have failed, and most of their population left them.
French works.
- BERESFORD, Maurice, "Les villes nouvelles du Moyen Age", Cahiers du CEB, Villefranche-de-Rouergue, Ed. du Centre d’Etude des Bastides, Imp. Grapho 12, 1994, n°2, p.35; 1996, n°3, p.41, 1998, n°4, p.60, 2000, n°5, p.79.
- BERNARD, Gilles, "Géographie des bastides", Cahiers du CEB, Villefranche-de-Rouergue, Ed. du Centre d’Etude des Bastides, Imp. Grapho 12, 1992, n°1, p.16-30.
- BERNARD, Gilles, L'aventure des bastides du Sud Ouest, Toulouse, Privat, 1993, 160 p.
- BERNARD, Gilles, Les bastides du Sud-Ouest, Toulouse, Diagram, Impr. Bouquet, 1990, 40 p.: ill. coul., couv. ill. coul., 23 cm.
- Bastides méridionales, Actes du stage de Grenade (17-19 mars 1986) animé par Claude Rivals de l’Université de Toulouse-le Mirail, publié avec le concours des Amis des Archives de la Haute-Garonne, Archives Vivantes, Mémoires des Pays d’Oc, 1986, pp. 9-16.
- BERTHE Maurice, "Quelle a été la première des bastides ? ", Sempre los camps auràn segadas resurrgantas. Mélanges offerts à Xavier Ravier, Etudes réunies par Jean-Claude Bouvier, Jacques Gourc et François Pic, Toulouse, Université de Toulouse-le Mirail, coll. Méridiennes, p. 599-608.
- BERTHE, Maurice, "Les territoires des Bastides: terroirs d'occupation ancienne ou terroirs de colonisation nouvelle", Annales du Midi (Cadres de vie et société dans le Midi médiéval. Hommage à Charles Higounet), 1990, vol. 102, n°189-190, p.97-108.
- CALMETTES Claude (Agence),Le bâti ancien en bastide, coll. Connaissance de l’habitat existant, E.D.F., 1986, 134 p.
- CALMETTES, Claude, "L’importance des bastides aujourd’hui", In Cahiers du CEB, Villefranche-de-Rouergue, Ed. du Centre d’Etude des Bastides, Imp. Grapho 12, 1992, N°1, p.52 et suiv.
- CALMETTES, Claude, "Les bastides en question: l'heure de vérité", Permanences et actualités des bastides, Colloque de Montauban, 14-16 mai 1987, Cahiers de la Section française de l’ICOMOS, Paris, Copédith, oct. 1988, pp. 37-45.
- COSTE Michel, Afin de planter des vignes … Essai sur la floraison des bastides et autres petites villes médiévales du bassin aquitain (XIIIe –XIVe siècles), Coll. Méridienne, Université de Toulouse II-le Mirail, 2006, 143 p.
- CURIE-SEIMBRES, A., Essai sur les villes fondées dans le sud-ouest de la France aux XIIIe et XIVe siècles sous le nom générique de bastides, Toulouse, 1880, 424 p.
- DIVORNE F., GENDRE B., PANERAI Ph., Les bastides d’Aquitaine, du Bas-Languedoc et du Béarn: essai sur la régularité, Bruxelles, Ed. AAM, 1985, 128 p.
- HAUTEFEUILLE Florent, "La fondation des villes neuves dans le sud-ouest de la France au 12e siècle: du bourg central au bourg mercadier", Les petites villes du sud-ouest de l’antiquité à nos jours, Actes du colloque d’Aiguillon –mai 200-, Revue de l’Agenais, 131e année, n°1, janv-mars 2004, p.69-87.
- HIGOUNET Charles, "Les anciennes bastides du Sud-Ouest de la France", L’Information Historique, 1946, p. 28-35.
- HIGOUNET Charles, "Bastides et frontières", Le Moyen Age, 1948, t. LIV.
- HIGOUNET, Charles, "Les bastides du Sud-Ouest", Le Moyen Age, 1948.
- HIGOUNET Charles, "La frange orientale des bastides", Annales du Midi, Toulouse, Privat, 1948-1949, t. LXI, p. 359-367.
- HIGOUNET Charles, "Villeneuves et bastides désertées", Villages désertés et histoire économique (XI-XVIIIe siècle), Les hommes et la terre-IX- Ecole pratique des Hautes Etudes, Paris, S.E.V.P.E.N., 1965, p. 253-265.
- HIGOUNET Charles, "Nouvelle approche sur les bastides du Sud-Ouest aquitain", Revue Urbanisme, Paris, 1967, n°101, p. 32-35.
- HIGOUNET Charles, "Les villeneuves du Piémont et les bastides de Gascogne (XIIe-XIVe siècles)", Compte-Rendus de l'Acad. des Inscr. et Belles Lettres, Paris, 1970, p. 130-139.
- HIGOUNET Charles, "Paysages et Villages neufs du Moyen Age", recueil d'articles, Bordeaux, 1975, 492 p.
- HIGOUNET Charles, "Les bastides en question ", Revue Urbanisme, Paris, n°173-174, Paris, 1979, p. 6-10.
- HIGOUNET Charles, "La place dans les bastides médiévales", Plazas et sociabilité en Europe et Amérique latine, Publications de la Case de Velasquez, sér. Recherches en Sciences Sociales, Paris, fasc. VI, 1982, p. 119
- HIGOUNET, Charles. Villes, sociétés et économies médiévales / Recueil d'articles de Charles Higounet, Talence, Institut d'histoire, Université de Bordeaux III, Fédération historique du Sud-Ouest, 1992, 600 p.: ill., couv. ill. en coul., 28 cm + addendum.
- LAURET, Alain, MALEBRANCHE, Raymond, SERAPHIN, Gilles, Bastides, villes nouvelles du Moyen Age, Cahors, Ed. Etudes et Communication, 1988, 296 p.
- PUJOL, Florence, «L'élaboration de l'image symbolique de la bastide», Annales du Midi, vol. 103, n° 195, juil-sept 1991, pp. 345-367, 3 ill.
- SAINT-BLANQUAT, Odon (de), "Qu’est-ce qu’une bastide ? ", Cahiers du C.E.B., Villefranche-de-Rouergue, Ed. du Centre d’Etude des Bastides, Imp. Grapho 12, 1992, n°1, p.6-15.
- SAINT-BLANQUAT, Odon de, «Comment se sont créées les bastides du Sud-Ouest de la France ?», Annales Economies, sociétés, civilisations, 1949, p. 278-289.
- VERNEILH PUYRAZEA, Baron G. de, "Sur les bastides du Midi de la France", Congrès Scientifique de France, Bordeaux, 1861, t. II.
- Les Cahiers du Centre d'Etude des Bastides, Info bastide et La Gazette des Bastides, Publications du Centre d'Etude des Bastides, association loi 1901, 12200 Villefranche de Rouergue.

Arcade
In architecture, an Arcade is a passage or a walkway that is covered by arches or vaults. It can also be a covered walkway with arches (towards a place or a street).

Military camouflage
Camouflage is a type of clothing, fabric covering, or painted pattern used by militaries and armies to make it harder to see soldiers and weapons such as artillery guns and military vehicles. Camouflage clothes, fabric coverings, and paint use a colored pattern of several colors that is designed to blend in with the surroundings. Camouflage patterns are also used for hunting clothes.
Types of camouflage patterns.
Camouflage patterns used in desert areas, are beige and light brown. Camouflage patterns used in forested areas, mix different green and brown colors. Camouflage patterns used in urban areas mix grey, white, and black colors. Camouflage for snowy areas use white colors to blend in with the snow.
History.
Camouflage became an important part of modern military tactics when the accuracy of rifles and cannons improved at the end of the 1800s. But armies continued to use bright colours and designs until the 20th century. During World War II camouflage became a common feature in military uniforms. As well, many military vehicles such as planes and trucks were painted with camouflage patterns.
Different countries use different types of military camouflage patterns.

Assyrian Genocide
The Assyrian Genocide was a genocide by the Ottoman Empire, the estimates ranged from 650,000 and higher Assyrians that were killed during the raids and massacres.

Democratic Republic of Georgia
The Democratic Republic of Georgia (DRG; Georgian: საქართველოს დემოკრატიული რესპუბლიკა, "Sakartvelos Demokratiuli Respublika"), 1918–1921, was the first modern establishment of a Republic of Georgia.
Georgia's capital was Tbilisi, and its state language was Georgian. Created on May 26, 1918, on the break-up of the Transcaucasian Federation, it was led by the Social Democratic Menshevik party. Facing permanent internal and external problems, the young state was not able to withstand the invasion by the Russian SFSR Red Armies. It collapsed between February and March of 1921 to become a Soviet republic.

Alternative rock
Alternative rock is a type of rock music that became popular in the 1980s and became widely popular in the 1990s. Alternative rock is made up of various subgenres that have come out of the indie music scene since the 1980s, such as grunge, indie rock, Britpop, gothic rock, and indie pop.
These genres are sorted by their collective types of punk, which laid the groundwork for alternative music in the 1970s.

Anne Sullivan
Anne Sullivan (April 14, 1866 – October 20, 1936) was a teacher best known as the tutor of Helen Keller.
Biography.
Anne Sullivan was born in Feeding Hills, Massachusetts. Her parents, Thomas Sullivan and Alice Clohessy, were poor Irish farmers who left Ireland in 1847 because of the Irish Potato Famine.Sullivan taught Helen Keller sign language. Anne died in Forest Hills, New York on October 20, 1936.

Belgrade Philharmonic Orchestra
The Belgrade Philharmonic Orchestra was founded in 1923. Its founder was Stevan Hristić, one of the most important Serbian composers and conductors. The first concert of the Belgrade Philharmonic Orchestra took place on April 28, 1923. The conductor was maestro Hristić.

Futrono
Futrono is one of the 12 municipalities of Valdivia province in the Los Lagos Region of Chile. It is located on the north side of the Ranco lake, but the town of Futrono is not on the shore.
This place was a territory of mapuches indigenous. They called this town, "Futronohue". Then, it becomes a port used to transport things to Puerto Nuevo, and after that to La Unión. In 1941, the municipality was created and that made it grow in population.
Now, Fortuno has much more activity, for example; agriculture, tourism and high quality furniture companies.

Tigranes the Great
Tigranes the Great (Armenian: Տիգրան Մեծ, Greek: Τιγράνης ο Μέγας) (ruled 95 BCE–55 BCE) (also called Tigranes II and sometimes Tigranes I) was the king of Armenia his country became for a short time the strongest state in the Roman East.
Tigranes was born around 140 BCE and was the son or nephew of Artavasdes I or Tigranes I.
Tigranes the Great represented the Artaxiad Royal House.
He was involved in many battles during his reign. He had battles against the Parthian, Seleucid, and Roman empires.

George Canning
George Canning (11 April 1770 - 8 August 1827) was a British statesman and politician who served as Foreign Secretary and, briefly, Prime Minister.
Entry into politics.
Stratford Canning was a Whig and would introduce his nephew in the 1780s to prominent Whigs such as Charles James Fox, Edmund Burke, and Richard Brinsley Sheridan. George Canning's friendship with Sheridan would last for the remainder of Sheridan's life.

Chester city walls
The Chester city walls are big intact defensive walls around an important English city of Chester. The city has been defended with walls since the foundation of the Deva Victrix fort on the site in 79.
History.
The first walls were built to help the Roman fort in 79, although these were replaced by stronger stone walls between the 1st and 3rd century. The walls enclosed a far smaller area than the modern walls, with the south-western corner much further from the River Dee.

Physicalism
Physicalism is the view that everything in the universe is made out of physical stuff.

Herd
A herd is a large group of animals. The term is used for mammals, particularly hoofed animals. Other terms are used for similar phenomena in other types of animal. For example, a large group of birds is usually called a "flock" (this may also refer to certain mammals as well) and a large group of carnivores is usually called a "pack".
In addition, special collective nouns may be used for particular taxa: for example a flock of geese, if not in flight, is sometimes called a gaggle. However, in theoretical discussions in behavioural ecology, the term "herd" is used for all these kinds of assemblage. A herd may also refer to one that tends and cares for such groups (e.i. shepherds tend to sheep, and goatherds tend to goats, etc.).
When an association of animals (or, by extension, people) is described as a "herd", that means that the group tends to act together (for example, all moving in the same direction at a given time), but that this does not occur as a result of planning or co-ordination. Rather, each individual is choosing behaviour that corresponds to that of the majority of other members, possibly through imitation or possibly because all are responding to the same external circumstances. A herd can be contrasted with a co-ordinated group where individuals have distinct roles. Many human groupings, such as an army detachments or sports teams, show such co-ordination and differentiation of roles, but so do some animal groupings such as those of eusocial insects, which are co-ordinated through pheromones and other forms of animal communication. Conversely, some human groupings may behave more like herds.

Ungulate
Ungulates (meaning roughly "hoofed" or "hoofed animal") are several groups of mammals most of which use the tips of their toes, usually hoofed, to sustain their whole bodyweight whilst moving.

Aylesbury
Aylesbury is the county town of Buckinghamshire in south central England. It had a population in 2001 of 65,173. Aylesbury is near London. Aylesbury was a major market town in Anglo-Saxon times. Aylesbury replaced Buckingham as the county town of Buckinghamshire in 1529 by order of King Henry VIII.

Augusta, Georgia
Augusta is an American city located in the state of Georgia. As of 2000, the population was 195,182. In 1996, the governments of the City of Augusta and Richmond County combined to form the "Augusta-Richmond County". The consolidated city-county is today simply known as "Augusta, Georgia". The area that makes up the city of Augusta includes almost all of Richmond County, except for the towns of Hephzibah and Blythe. These towns have their own governments separate from that of Augusta.
Augusta is located on the Georgia/South Carolina border. It is about 150 miles east of Atlanta. It is the second largest city and second largest metropolitan area in the state. Augusta is the birthplace of the Southern Baptist denomination. It is also the location of Springfield Baptist Church, the oldest African-American Baptist church in the United States. The city is famous for its golf course, the Augusta National Golf Club which is home to the first major golf tournament of each year, The Masters.
The city was named for Augusta, Princess of Wales, daughter-in-law of King George II of Great Britain and mother of King George III of Great Britain. It was the second state capital of Georgia from 1785 until 1795
Augusta's official nickname is "The Garden City". It is also known as "Masters City", because of the Masters golf tournament.

Landsberg Prison
Landsberg Prison is a prison located in the town of Landsberg am Lech in the southwest of the German state of Bavaria. It is about west of Munich.
History.
The Landsberg Prisn was built around 1910 on the town's western edge. Its most noted prisoner was Adolf Hitler. Hitler was there in 1924 after being found guilty of treason for his part in the Beer Hall Putsch. It was during his time at Landsberg that Hitler wrote his book "Mein Kampf" ("My Struggle") with help from Rudolf Hess. During the occupation of Germany by the Allies after World War II, the US Army named the prison as "War Criminal Prison No. 1". They held many Nazi war criminals there. Executions of war criminals were also done at Landsberg. The last of these executions happened on June 8, 1951. These were the last executions in the Federal Republic of Germany, then commonly known as West Germany.

Melun
Melun is a city in France. It is the capital of the Seine-et-Marne department, in the Île-de-France region of France. The city lies about 40 kilometres south-east of Paris, in a bend of the river Seine. Between Brie and Gâtinais. It is located between 37 metres and 102 metres of above the sea. At the last count in 1999, 37.500 people lived there.
The city is home to the production of the Brie de Melun, a saltier variant of the Brie de Meaux. A school for police officers has been located in the city since 1945. Other than that there arepharmaceuitical and aviation industries and a prison complex in the city.
The first historical mention of the city is in 52BC, as "Melodunum". The modern name of the city comes from the name it had in the 6th century, "Meluneum". Clovis I makes a duchy out of the city. He also has fortifications built. The city gains new importance. The city is also prone to raids of the vikings, most notably those in 852 and 866.
When the departement Seine-et-Marne was formed on the 4th March 1790, Melun became its capital.

Midi-Pyrénées
Midi-Pyrenees (French: Midi-Pyrénées) is a region in the south of France. With over 45.000 square kilometers, it is the biggest region of mainland France. There are 8 French departments in it. Its capital is Toulouse. About 2.5 mililon people live there, 850.00 of them in the urban area of Toulouse.

Alsace
Alsace (Alsatian and German: "Elsass", pre-1996 German: "Elsaß") is one of the 26 "régions" of France. It is on the eastern border of France. It lies on the west bank of the Upper Rhine, next to Germany and Switzerland.
Its capital and largest city is Strasbourg. It has changed hands between France and Germany many times. Today, the people living there have an attitude and set of social values that is closer to the German ones, than the French. Language, cuisine, music, dress and customs are very close to the Swabian ones across the Rhine.
Alsace was part of the Holy Roman Empire and is still inhabited by people speaking a dialect of Upper German. In the course of the 17th century, the whole of Alsace was annexed (in steps) under King Louis XIV of France. He made it one of the provinces of France. Alsace is frequently mentioned in conjunction with Lorraine, because the possession of these two "régions" (as "Alsace-Lorraine") has been often contested in 19th and 20th century history. This was after a division among the successors of Charlemagne in the 9th century.
About 1.7 million people live there.

Lorraine
Lorraine is one of the regions of France. About 2.3 million people live there. Its capial is Metz. It is in the north-east of France.

Auvergne
Auvergne is a region of France. It is in the center of the country. Its capital is Clermont-Ferrand. It is among the least populated ones. 1.3 million people live there. 141.000 of them in Clermont-Ferrand.
As with other relatively-poor regions in France, the Auvergne now has a substantial - and growing - English population. Whilst some argue that this has had a detrimental effect on house prices, the English speaking community has invested millions of euros in local businesses (especially in the building sector) and has allowed the creation of a number of small (English speaking) businesses.

Basse-Normandie
Basse-Normandie (which can be translated to "Lower Normandy") is one of the administrative Regions of France. It first became a region in 1956, when the old region Normandy was split, into a part to the west (and south), the current Basse-Normandie, and the Haute-Normandie (more ot the east and the north. The capital of the region is Caen. 1.3 million people live in the region, 220.000 of them in the urban area of Caen.
The region's economoy is centered on agriculture. Cider is made there, but livestock is also farmed. There is a bit of textile industry as well. It is the first region of France when it comes to producing butter, cheese and horses. The west part of the region is used mainly for farming, because of the prairies. Camembert, Pont-l'évêque and Livarot cheeses come from this region.

Centre (French region)
Centre is a region of France. Its capital is Orléans. 2.5 million people live there. 225.000 of them live in the urban area of Orléans.

Champagne-Ardenne
Champagne-Ardenne is a region in the north of France. Its capital is Chalons-en-Champagne (which was known as "Chalsons-sur-Marne" until 1998). Another very important city in the region is Reims. It is much bigger than Chalons. The region is heavily centered on agriculture, and is among the least populated of France. It is the first region of France as to the production of Barley and Alfalfa. Many cereals are also grown here. It is also very important for vegetables and wine.

Franche-Comté
Franche-Comte (French: Franche-Comté) is a region of France. It is in the east of the country, bordering Switzerland. Its capital is Besancon. 1.1 million people live in the region.

Haute-Normandie
Haute-Normandie is a region of France. It was made in 1956, when the old region of Normandy was split in two. The Basse-Normandie and this one. The capital is Rouen. 1.8 milion people live in the region. About half a million of them in the urban area of Rouen.
The region is the first producer of flax in France. It is also quite industrialized, specialising in petrochemical and pharmaceutical, as well as manufacturing industries

Limousin
Limousin is one of the regions of France. Its capital is Limoges. With 42 people per square kilometer this is one of the least populated regions. About 710.000 people live on roughly 17.000 square kilometers.
The local economy has been recentered around services.
There is also now a substantial English population in the region: whilst some argue that this has had a detrimental effect on house prices, the English speaking community has invested millions of euros in local businesses (especially in the building sector) and has allowed the creation of a large number of small (English speaking) businesses.

Languedoc-Roussillon
Languedoc-Roussillon is a region of France. It is all to the south, next to Spain and Andorra. Its capital is Montpellier. About 2.3 million people live in the region. 250.000 of those live in the capital.
The local economy is centered around the sun. It provides the pillar of the two main branches agriculture and tourism.

Poitou-Charentes
Poitou-Charentes is a region of France. It is in the west, bordering the Atlantic. Its capital is Poitiers. 1.7 million people live in the region. About 88.000 of them in Poitiers.
The region is makes wines, but is better known for it's spirits such as Cognac. There is also some tourism, and a little agriculture.
The regional president of Poitou-Charantes is Ségolene Royal; the head of the Socialist Party in France and defeated presidential candidate in the 2007 elections.

Nord-Pas-de-Calais
Nord-Pas-de-Calais (sometimes also Nord-Pas de Calais) is a region of France. It is found in the North, bordering Belgium. Its capital is Lille. 4 million people live in the region, 365,000 in the urban area of Lille.
The local economy used to be based on the pillars carbon, steel and textiles. The secondary sector (industry) employs 33.8% (of an 28.9% national average).
Unemployment is at 12.9 per cent (9.8% national average. Structural investment in the TGV and the Channel tunnel has shown some improvement though. The tourism industry flourishes in Nord-Pas-De-Calais as many people come from England and travel through it from other countries to go to Great Britain and other countries as it borders Belgium.

Picardie
Picardie is a region of France. It is in the north of the country. Amiens is its capital. Almost 1.9 million people live in the region. 186,000 of those in the capital.
Agriculture is very important for the Picardie. There are many products, for example: potatoes, cereals and vegetables. So the Picardie has also the name "Jardin de France" (garden of France).

Pays de la Loire
Pays de la Loire (or Pays-de-la-Loire) is one of the 26 regions of France. The region is bordered by Brittany to the north and west and Lower Normandy to the north. In the east is Centre and Poitou-Charentes is to the south. On the west is the Bay of Biscay.
Its capital is Nantes. 3.2 million people live in the region. 710.000 of them live in the urban area of the capital.
The economy is centered around the production of food, and agriculture in general. It is the third in France in that sector. 51% of meat products, 19% of milk, and 67% of the natural produce of grain (cereals) is produced there.
The region is fifth in terms of total land area, after Midi-Pyrénées, Rhône-Alpes, Aquitaine and Centre.

Rhône-Alpes
Rhône-Alpes is a region of France. Its capital is Lyon. 6 million people live in the region. About 1.6 in the urban area of Lyon. Another 900.00 in the urban areas of Grenoble and Saint-Étienne.
This region is the one most in competition as to industrial output with the Île-de-France one.

Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur is a region of France. It is all in the south, next to Italy. Its capital is Marseille. Very often its name is shortened to "PACA" or "Paca". 4.5 million people live in the region, 1.35 millon of them in the urban area of the capital.
The region is currently 3rd as to economic output (After île-de-France and Rhône-Alpes). It is first as to tourism.

Île-de-France
Île-de-France is a region of France.
Its capital is Paris. 11.5 million people live in the region, 2.1 million of those in the city proper.

Pont-l'évêque cheese
Pont-l'évêque is a soft cheese from Normandy. It is produced in the village with the same name. It has an AOC since 1976. it is made from the milk of cows.

Livarot cheese
Livarot is a cheese from Normandy. It is produced in the village with the same name. It is a soft cheese made from the milk of cows.

Ajaccio
Ajaccio (Latin: "Ajax"; French: "Ajaccio"; Corsican: "Aiacciu"), pronounced "ah-YAH-cho", is a town of France. It is the capital of the "territorial collectivity" of Corsica and the prefecture of the department of Corse-du-Sud.
Geography.
Ajaccio lies on the west coast of the island of Corsica in a sheltered position at the foot of wooded hills on the northern shore of the Gulf of Ajaccio. The harbour lies to the east of the town and is protected on the south by a peninsula.

Spectrum
"This article is about the visible spectrum. For all other uses see: Spectrum (disambiguation)"
The word spectrum was first used by scientists studying optics. They used the word to describe the rainbow of colors in visible light when separated using a prism.

Arshak II
Arshak II (or Arsaces II) (350-367) was the son of Diran. During his reign, Shapur II of Persia tried to take over Armenia once and for all. Arshak II was taken prisoner during talks about peace with Shapur and later killed himself in prison.

Tiridates III of Armenia
Tiridates III (or Trdat III) was the king of Armenia (286-330), and was also known as Tiridates the Great. (Some scholars may be wrong because they call him as Trdat IV as a result of the fact that Tiridates I of Armenia reigned twice.) In 301, Tiridates made Christianity as the sole religion in Armenia, making Armenia the first Christian state in the world.

Hagia Sophia
Hagia Sophia, was an early Christian church and later an Eastern Orthodox church. It was made into a mosque in 1453 by the Turks and changed into a museum in 1935. It is located in Istanbul, Turkey. It is often said to be one of the greatest, and most beautiful buildings in history. Hagia Sophia was later rebuilt by Trdat the Architect, an Armenian who was sent by Byzantine officials, after a big earthquake hit the area.

Incense
Incense is a fuel that is burned to make a smell. It can be used for many purposes, for example, during rituals in some religions. Incense can be used to make a place smell better or to help improve mood.

Derbyshire
Derbyshire is a county in the East Midlands of England. A large part of the Peak District National Park lies within Derbyshire. The northern part of Derbyshire overlaps with the Pennines, a famous chain of hills and mountains. The county contains part of the National Forest, and borders on Greater Manchester, West Yorkshire, South Yorkshire, Nottinghamshire, Leicestershire, Staffordshire and Cheshire.
Parts of the county.
The county is in the East Midlands Region of England.
Settlements.
This is a list of the towns in Derbyshire; for a complete list of settlements see list of places in Derbyshire.

West Yorkshire
West Yorkshire is a metropolitan county in the Yorkshire and the Humber region of England. It was created in 1974 by the Local Government Act 1972 and in 2005 covered an area of 2,029 km² and a population of 2.1 million. It is the most built up and biggest urban area in Yorkshire.
Divisions and environs.
West Yorkshire is divided into five local government districts; they are the City of Bradford, Calderdale, Kirklees, the City of Leeds and the City of Wakefield. The county borders Lancashire, Greater Manchester, Derbyshire, North Yorkshire and South Yorkshire.
Economy.
This is a chart of trend of regional gross value added of West Yorkshire at current basic prices (pp.240-253) by "Office for National Statistics" with figures in millions of British Pounds Sterling.

South Yorkshire
South Yorkshire is a metropolitan county in the Yorkshire and the Humber region of England, in the north. The county was created in 1974 by the Local Government Act 1972 and in 2001 covered an area of 155,205 hectares.
Divisions and Environs.
South Yorkshire is divided into four local government districts; they are the City of Sheffield, the Metropolitan Borough of Doncaster, the Metropolitan Borough of Barnsley and the Metropolitan Borough of Rotherham. The county borders Derbyshire, West Yorkshire, North Yorkshire, East Riding of Yorkshire, Lincolnshire and Nottinghamshire.
History.
The main settlements of South Yorkshire developed around the industries of mining and steel manufacturing. The main mining industry was coal which was concentrated to the north and east of the county. There were also iron mines in the area. The rivers running off the Pennines to the west of the county supported the steel industry that is concentrated in the city of Sheffield.
South Yorkshire was created as a metropolitan county in 1974, by the Local Government Act 1972, from the southern part of the West Riding of Yorkshire and the former county boroughs of Barnsley, Doncaster, Rotherham and Sheffield.
Economy.
South Yorkshire is one of the least prosperous areas in Western Europe.
Urban areas.
South Yorkshire is made up of three main urban areas. Dearne Valley is made up of Barnsley and a number of villages and towns. The Sheffield urban area is made up of Sheffield and Rotherham and the Doncaster urban area is Doncaster and surrounding areas.

Salad
A salad is a serving in a meal that includes leaf vegetables such as lettuce, spinach, or arugula. Uncooked or cold cooked vegetables that are sliced into small pieces (for example tomato or onion) are then mixed with the leaf vegetables.
A salad dressing or vinaigrette is then poured on top of the vegetables. Salad dressings and vinaigrettes are a mixture of oil, herbs, spices, and flavorings.
Some people also add other foods to the salad, such as croutons, bacon, chicken, grated cheese, tuna,pasta, olives, cooked potatoes, rice, or beans.
Vegetables used in salads.
Popular vegetables in a green salads include cucumber, peppers, mushroom, spring onion, red onion, carrot and radish.
Dressings.
The purpose of salad dressing depends across cultures. There are many often used salad dressings in North America. Traditional dressings in southern Europe are vinaigrettes, while mayonnaise is predominant in eastern European countries and Russia. In Denmark dressings are often based on crème fraîche. In China, where Western salad is a recent adoption from Western cuisine, the term salad dressing (沙拉酱, "shalajiang") means to mayonnaise or mayonnaise-based dressings.
Garnishes.
Again, individual taste usually governs the choice of salad garnishes.

Nottinghamshire
Nottinghamshire (abbreviated Notts) is a county in the East Midlands, which borders South Yorkshire, North Lincolnshire, Lincolnshire, Leicestershire and Derbyshire. The county town is traditionally Nottingham, at, though the council is now based in West Bridgford (at a site facing Nottingham over the River Trent).
The districts of Nottinghamshire are Ashfield, Bassetlaw, Broxtowe, Gedling, Mansfield, Newark and Sherwood, and Rushcliffe. The City of Nottingham was administratively part of Nottinghamshire between 1974 and 1998 but is now a unitary authority although it remains part of the county.
Culture.
Nottinghamshire contains the ancestral home of the poet Lord Byron, Newstead Abbey, which he sold in 1818. It is now owned by Nottingham City Council and open to the public.
Settlements and communications.
The traditional county town, and the largest settlement in the historic and ceremonial county boundaries, is Nottingham. The City is now administratively independent, but suburbs including Arnold, Carlton, West Bridgford, Beeston and Stapleford are still within the administrative county and West Bridgford is now home of the county council.

Pennines
The Pennines are a mountain range in England. Often said to be the "backbone of England", they form an unbroken range stretching from the Peak District in the Midlands, through the Yorkshire Dales, parts of Greater Manchester, the West Pennine Moors of Lancashire and Cumbrian Fells to the Cheviot Hills on the Scottish border. Their total length is about 250 miles (400 km).
Etymology.
The name Pennines is believed to come from the Celtic "pennioroches", meaning "hill", although the earliest written reference to the name dates only from the 18th century.
Altitude and size.
The mountains are not very tall and are often called hills. The highest is Cross Fell in eastern Cumbria, at 893 metres (2930 feet). Other principal peaks include Mickle Fell (788 m/2,585 ft) Whernside (736 m/2,415 ft), Ingleborough (723 m/2,372 ft), Pen-y-ghent (693 m/2,274 ft), and Kinder Scout (636 m/2,087 ft).
The landscape of the Pennines are mostly upland areas of high moorland.
The Pennines constitute the main watershed in northern England, dividing the eastern and western parts of the country. The rivers Eden, Ribble, and Mersey flow westwards towards the Irish Sea. On the other side of the watershed, the rivers Tyne, Tees, Swale, Calder, Aire, Don, and Trent flow eastwards to the North Sea.

International Phonetic Alphabet
The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is a system of phonetic notation created by the International Phonetic Association. Founded in Paris in 1886, it was made to make a way of showing sounds of any spoken language which would be the same for every language. It is used, often on a day-to-day basis, by linguists, speech pathologists and therapists, foreign language teachers, lexicographers, and translators to transcribe words and phonemes. It is also used on Wikipedia pages to help the user know how certain words are meant to be spoken. Most symbols are letters in the Latin alphabet, or variations of it, such as the "palatal approximant" (the "y" in yesterday) is represented by. Symbols are always in brackets like this when the IPA is used.

Lake District
The Lake District, also known as The Lakes or Lakeland, is a rural area in north west England. It is a popular vacation area, famous for its lakes and its mountains and it associations with the early 19th century poetry and writings of William Wordsworth and the Lake Poets.
Lake District National Park is one of the fourteen National parks in the United Kingdom. It lies entirely within Cumbria, and is one of England's few mountainous regions. All the land in England higher than three thousand feet above sea level lies within the Park.
The Lake District is about 34 miles (55 km) across (north-to-south or west-to-east).
Lakes.
Only one lake in the National Park has the word 'Lake' in its name, namely Bassenthwaite Lake. All the others such as Windermere, Coniston Water, Ullswater and Buttermere use other forms, with 'mere' being particularly common. The major lakes and reservoirs in the park are given below.
The word 'tarn' is a local word used to describe any small lake that may otherwise be called a pond.

Khosrov III the Small
Chosroes III The Small (or Khosrov III Godag), was the son of Tiridates III, was a member of the Arshakuni Dynasty and the king of Armenia from 330 – 339 AD. He was a man of short stature, thus his name. He founded the city of Dvin which later became the Armenian capital.
During his reign, two generals, Vatche Mamikonian and Vahan Amatuni, started a battle, often coming to help the king. During these years, pro-Sassanid and anti-Mamikonian sentiment grew in Armenia and so did anti-Roman sentiment. Pro-Sassanid groups gained popularity so much so that they were successful in assassinating Catholicos St. Aristaces I, son of Gregory the Illuminator.
Shapur II, Sassanid king of the Persians, invaded Armenia twice and did gain some territory. Vatche Mamikonian was killed in those battles and was later named a saint by the Armenian Apostolic Church for his sacrifice. Chosroes II died in 339 AD.
References.
Translated from the Armenian: Mihran Kurdoghlian, Badmoutioun Hayots, A. hador [Armenian History, volume I], Athens, Greece, 1994, pg. 107

Queen Isabella of Armenia
Queen Isabella of Armenia (died c. 1252) ruled the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia 1219–1252. She was the daughter of Leo II of Armenia and Sybilla of Lusignan (daughter of Amalric I of Cyprus). Leo named Isabella as his heir.
She was married twice. Her first husband was Philip, son of Bohemund IV of Antioch, whom she married in 1223. Philip was murdered in 1225.

Argishti II of Urartu
Argishti II of Urartu was king of the Urartun empire from 714 to 680 BC.

Xerxes of Armenia
Xerxes (died c.212 BC) was the King of Sophene and son of Arsames II. During his domination Antiochus III the Great invaded his capital Arsamosata. Xerxes recognized Antiochus as his sovereign and received his sister Antiochia as his bride, who later killed him.

Yorkshire and the Humber
Yorkshire and the Humber is one of the regions of England. It covers most of the historic county of Yorkshire, along with the part of northern Lincolnshire that was previously in the administrative area of Humberside (which existed 1974-1996).
The highest point of the region is Whernside, in the Yorkshire Dales, at 737 metres. The largest freshwater lake is Hornsea Mere in the East Riding of Yorkshire.
The population in 2005 was 5,854,357.
Local government.
Key: shire county = † | metropolitan county = *
It was originally called Yorkshire and Humberside, and defined as North Yorkshire, West Yorkshire, South Yorkshire and Humberside.

Sophene
Sophene (Armenian - "Tsopk") was a province of the Armenian Kingdom and of the Roman Empire, located in the south-west of the kingdom. It currently lies in the in modern-day southeastern Turkey.
According to Anania Shirakatsi's "Ashkharatsuyts" ("World Atlas," 7th century), Tsopk was the 2nd among the 15 provinces of Greater Armenia. It consisted of 8 cantons ("gavars"): Khordzyan, Hashtyank, Paghnatun, Balahovit, Tsopk (Shahunyats), Andzit, Degiq, and Gavreq (Goreq).
Tsopk was part of the kingdom of Urartu in the 8th-7th cc BC. After unifying the region with his kingdom in the early 700s BC, king Argishtis I of Urartu resettled many of its inhabitants to his newly built city of Erebuni (modern day Armenian capital Yerevan). Around 600 BC, Tsopk became part of the newly emerged ancient Armenian Kingdom of Orontids.
After Alexander the Great's campaigns in 330s BC and the subsequent collapse of the Achaemenid Empire, Tsopk remained part of the newly independent kingdom of Greater Armenia. In the early 200s BC, at the instigation of the Seleucid Empire, which was trying to weaken the Armenian kingdom, Tsopk, along with Commagene, split from Greater Armenia, forming the Hellenistic kingdom of Tsopk-Commagene. The kingdom was ruled by a branch of the Armenian royal dynasty of Orontids. Tsopk later split from the Tsopk-Commagene kingdom as well, forming an independent kingdom.
Around 200 BC, in his attempt to finally subjugate Armenia, Seleucian king Antiochus III conquered both Greater Armenia and Tsopk, installing Armenian generals Artaxias I and Zariadres as governors-strategoses respectively in each kingdom. Following Antiochus' defeat by Romans at the battle of Magnesia in 190 BC, both Zareh and Artashes declared themselves independent kings. Zareh and his descendants ruled the kingdom of Tsopk until it was reunified with Greater Armenia by Tigranes the Great in the 80s BC.
Pompey gave Sophene to Tigranes, after defeating his father Tigranes the Great.
Sophene later become part of the Roman Empire, and was made into a province of the Roman Empire. The capital was Amida (modern Diyarbakır). Around 54, the province was ruled by Gaius Julius Sohaemus.
In 530, Sophene was included into the province of Armenia IV.

Seleucid Empire
The Seleucid Empire was a Hellenistic successor state of Alexander the Great's dominion. At its greatest extent, the Empire comprised central Anatolia, the Levant, Mesopotamia, Persia, Turkmenistan, Pamir and the Indus Valley.
There were over 30 kings of the Seleucid dynasty from 323 to 60 BC.
The partition of Alexander's empire (323-281 BC).
Alexander the Great had conquered the Persian Empire later he died young, leaving his huge empire of partly Hellenized culture without an adult heir. The empire was put under the property of a regent in the person of Perdiccas in 323 BC, and the territories were divided between Alexander's generals, who thereby became satraps, at the Partition of Babylon in 323 BC.

Westmorland
Westmorland (an older spelling is "Westmoreland", an even older spelling is "Westmerland") is an area of north west England and one of the 39 historic counties of England. It was an administrative county from 1889 to 1974 and now is part of Cumbria.
Early history.
At the time of the Domesday Book in 1086 the county was said to form part of Yorkshire.
The historic county borders are with Cumberland to the north, County Durham and Yorkshire to the east, and Lancashire to the south and west.
The highest point of the county is Helvellyn at 950m (3,117 ft). According to the 1831 census its area was 485,990 acres.
Appleby, the historic county town, made a historic borough.
In 1974, under the Local Government Act 1972, the county was abolished and its former area was combined with Cumberland and parts of Lancashire and Yorkshire to form the new county of Cumbria. The former county now forms part of the districts of South Lakeland and Eden.

Historic counties of England
The historic counties of England are ancient subdivisions of England. They were used for various functions for several hundred years and continue to form the basis of modern local government. They are alternatively known as "ancient counties" and "traditional counties".

Ceremonial counties of England
The Ceremonial counties of England are areas of England are defined by the government with reference to the metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties of England. They are also often called geographic counties.
Map.
† ceremonial county covers larger area than the non-metropolitan county

Counties of England
The counties of England are territorial divisions of England for administrative, political and geographical purposes. Most current counties have foundations in older divisions such as the Anglo-Saxon shires, and duchies.
The names, boundaries and functions of these divisions have changed considerably over their history. A series of local government reforms from the 19th century onwards has left the exact definition of the term 'county' ambiguous.
The term "counties of England" does not, therefore, refer to a unique set of names or boundaries; in formal use, the type of county relevant to the specific task is explicitly stated e.g. ceremonial county, registration county, historic county or former postal county.
Historic counties.
The 39 historic, ancient or traditional counties, developed from the 12th to the 16th centuries, though many of the specific areas are much older. They were not used for census reporting since 1841. Most of the historic counties continue to form part of the local government structure, often with reformed boundaries.
Registration counties.
Registration counties existed from 1851 to 1930 and were used for census reporting from 1851 to 1911.
1889 to 1974.
Elected county councils were set up in England in 1889, taking over many of the administrative functions of the Quarter Sessions courts, as well as being given other powers over the years. A County of London was created from parts of Kent, Middlesex and Surrey. The counties were divided into administrative counties (the area controlled by a county council) and independent county boroughs. Some counties were covered by several administrative counties; they were Suffolk, Sussex, Northamptonshire, Hampshire, Cambridgeshire, Yorkshire and Lincolnshire.
1965 saw a minor change as the original County of London became instead the 'administrative area' of Greater London.
Changes in 1974.
On 1 April 1974 the Local Government Act 1972 came into force. This abolished the existing local government structure in England and Wales (except in Greater London) and replaced it with a new entirely two-tier system. It abolished the previously existing administrative counties and county boroughs (but not the previous non-administrative 'counties') and created a new set of 46 'counties' in England, 6 of which were metropolitan and 40 of which were non-metropolitan.
Some of the counties established by the Act were entirely new, such as Avon, Cleveland, Cumbria, Hereford and Worcester, and Humberside, along with the new metropolitan counties of Greater Manchester, Merseyside, South Yorkshire, Tyne and Wear, West Midlands, and West Yorkshire. The counties of Cumberland, Herefordshire, Rutland, Westmorland and Worcestershire were abolished and the county boroughs as well.
A further local government reform in the 1990s grouped the counties into regions, created many small unitary authorities with county level status (re-establishing in effect if not in name the old county boroughs), and restored Herefordshire, Rutland and Worcestershire as administrative entities.
There are now 81 county level entities outside Greater London. Of these, 34 are so-called 'shire counties' with both county councils and district councils, and 40 are unitary authorities. Six are metropolitan counties. The remaining one is Berkshire, whose county council has been abolished and its districts have become unitary authorities.
Post-1996 ceremonial counties.
Because of the local government reforms in the 1990s, the distinction between the counties used for local government and those used for Lieutenancy, abolished in 1974, was revived, and a new term, 'ceremonial county', coined. Most unitary authorities remained associated with the same county for Lieutenancy, and in a few areas the old ceremonial counties were restored (Bristol, East Riding of Yorkshire, Herefordshire, Rutland, Worcestershire).
These are also known as the geographic counties and are generally used to describe a place's location in England. They are also taken into consideration by the boundary commission when they draw up boundaries for constituencies, for example.
Postal counties.
The former postal counties as used by the Post Office are no longer required on addresses. They included most of the 1974 changes, but did not acknowledge Greater Manchester or Greater London as postal counties. They went out of official use in 1996.

Lord Lieutenant
The title Lord Lieutenant is given to the British monarch's personal representatives around the United Kingdom, usually in a county, with varying tasks throughout history. Usually a retired local notable, senior military officer, peer or business person is given the post honourarily. Both men and women are eligible for the post.
England and Wales.
In England and Wales and in Ireland, the lord lieutenant was the principal officer of his county. His creation dates from the Tudors.
Lieutenants were first appointed to a number of English historic counties by Henry VIII in the 1540s, when the military functions of the sheriff were handed over to him. He raised was responsible for the efficiency of the local militia units of the county, and afterwards of the yeomanry, and volunteers. He was Commander of these forces and appointed their officers.
Lieutenancies became more organised soon, probably in the reign of his successor Edward VI, their establishment being approved by the English parliament in 1550. It was not until the threat of invasion by the forces of Spain in 1585 that lieutenants were appointed to all counties. After the defeat of the Spanish Armada, the need for lieutenants was reduced — and the lieutenancies of some counties were left vacant in the 1590s.
The three ridings (sub-divisions) of Yorkshire each got their own.
The official title of the office at this time was His or Her Majesty's lieutenant for the county, but as almost all office-holders were peers they were referred to as "lord-lieutenant".
The Twentieth Century.
The Territorial and Reserve Forces Act 1907 established County Territorial Force Associations, of which the lord-lieutenant was to be head. So the combination of counties and county corporates as lieutenancy counties was restored.
Local Government reform in England in 1965 led to the appointment of lord-lieutenants to Greater London and Huntingdon and Peterborough, and the abolition of those of the County of London, Middlesex and Huntingdonshire.
A more fundamental reform of local government throughout England and Wales (outside Greater London) created a new structure of metropolitan, non-metroplitan and Welsh counties in 1974. Section 218 of the Local Government Act 1972 that established the new system stated: "Her Majesty shall appoint a lord-lieutenant for each county in England and Wales and for Greater London..." The Act appears to be the first statutory use of the term "lord-lieutenant" for lieutenants to counties.
In 1975 counties ceased to be used for local government purposes in Scotland. The Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973 replaced the counties with regions, and each region was to have one or more lord-lieutenants appointed. The areas to which they were appointed approximated to the counties and were based and were defined in terms of the new local government districts.
Present-day.
In 1996 Scottish regions and districts were abolished on further local government reorganisation, and since that date lord-lieutenants have been appointed to lieutenancy areas.
Partial reform of local government in England since 1995 has led to the creation of so-called ceremonial counties to which lord-lieutenants are now appointed. The Lieutenancies Act 1997 is the most recent piece of primary legislation dealing with Lieutenancies in England and includes the definitive list of the current areas used. Ceremonial counties may be comprised of combinations of county council areas and unitary authorities.
Since the local government re-organisation of 1996 in Wales, lord-lieutenants are now appointed to preserved counties.
The City of London was unaffected by changes introduced since 1882. It has a Commission of Lieutenancy rather than a single Lord-Lieutenant. The Head of the Commission is the Lord Mayor of London.
As the sovereign's representative in his or her county, the Lord-Lieutenant remains non-political and holds no office in any political party. The usual age of retirement is 75. They are appointed for life, although the sovereign may remove them.
The Lord-Lieutenant is supported by a Vice Lord-Lieutenant and Deputy Lieutenants which he or she appoints.
They are unpaid, but receive minimal allowances for secretarial help, mileage allowance and a driver. Male Lord-Lieutenants receive an allowance for the ceremonial uniform, worn when receiving members of the royal family and on other formal occasions.
There is no uniform for a female Lord-Lieutenant, but there is a badge which can be worn on ceremonial occasions. Male Lord-Lieutenants wear a dark blue uniform in the style of an Army No. 1 dress along with a cap and sword with a steel scabbard. The uniform for a male Vice Lord-Lieutenant and Deputy Lieutenants is of a similar style, but with features to distinguish it from a Lord-Lieutenant.
Lord Lieutenant of Ireland.
The Lord Lieutenant of Ireland was the head of the British administration in Ireland until the foundation of the Irish Free State in 1922.

Samus Aran
is a female video game character, who stars in the "Metroid" series. Because she almost never removes her suit or talks, people thought she was a guy until they saw the ending of "Metroid", which shows Samus without her suit. She's a bounty hunter, and helps the Galactic Federation. She has many enemies, including Mother Brain, Ridley, Kraid, Dark Samus, and the Metroids.
Suit.
Samus' suit is orange and red, and runs on Energy Tanks. It was made by creatures called Chozos, and can gain new powers and abilities.
"Metroid Prime" series.
The "Metroid Prime" series takes place in between "Metroid" and '.
In "Metroid Prime", Samus has to go to the Frigate Orpheon, and meets Meta Ridley, the revived form of an enemy from "Metroid". She loses her powers on the frigate through an accident, and escapes to the planet Tallon IV. She eventually has to do battle with the final boss, Metroid Prime.
In ', Samus meets a creature called Dark Samus, which is Metroid Prime fused with a suit Samus got on Tallon IV.
In ', Samus and three other bounty hunters
Other appearances.
Samus was the first female character to appear in the "Super Smash Bros." series, and has been in "Super Smash Bros.", "Super Smash Bros. Melee", and "Super Smash Bros. Brawl". She's only in her suit in the first two, but in the third, she can be in Zero Suit Samus form, which comes from '. She takes many moves from the "Metroid" series, including the Charge Beam, Bombs, Screw Attack, and Missiles.

Metroid (series)
"Metroid" is a series of video games made by the video game company Nintendo. The series started in Japan in 1986. Its main character in the game is Samus Aran. Almost all of the games in the series have a certain kind of fictional creature called a "Metroid". This is where the name of the series comes from. Metroids look a lot like jellyfish except they can fly. They also have teeth instead of tentacles. They attack creatures and people by charging quickly towards them and sucking out all their life force.
Characters.
The main character in the series is Samus Aran. She always wears a very powerful space suit. This suit lets her do things that normal humans cannot do, such as jump very high and fall long ways without being hurt. The right arm on Samus' suit has a large gun built into it. She is seen in this space suit almost all of the time. In most of the games, if the player finishes the game fast enough and collects enough items, they can see her without the suit on.
The main enemies of the "Metroid" games are the Space Pirates. They are tall creatures who look like lizards that walk on two legs. The Space Pirate commander is a dragon named Ridley, who is Samus' worst enemy.
Gameplay.
In most "Metroid" games, the player explores far away planets or space stations. The player, as Samus, starts the game with very few powers, and not many places to go. The player must explore to find items and powers that let him or her get to new areas. In the first "Metroid"; Samus had to defeat Ridley; a giant monster named Kraid; and then destroy the Space Pirate's computer, Mother Brain. In all "Metroid" games, there are different goals to achieve, but nearly all of them involve looking for items and exploring.

Michelson-Morley experiment
The Michelson-Morley experiment was a scientific experiment to find the speed of a substance called Aether. Aether is something that was believed to fill empty space. The experiment was done by Albert Michelson and Edward Morley.
Since waves in water need something to move in (water) and sound waves do as well (air), it was believed that light also needed something to move in. Scientists in the 18th century named this substance "aether," after the Greek god of light. They believed that aether was all around us and that it also filled the vacuum of space. Michelson and Morley created this experiment to try and prove the theory that aether existed. They did this with a device called an interferometer.
The experiment.
The Earth travels very quickly (100,000 km per hour) around the Sun. If aether exists, the Earth moving through it would cause a "wind" in the same way that there seems to be a wind outside a moving car. To a person in the car, the air outside the car would seem like a moving substance. In the same way, aether should seem like a moving substance to things on Earth.
The interferometer was designed to measure the speed and direction of the "aether wind" by measuring the difference between the speed of light traveling in different directions. It measured this difference by shining a beam of light into a mirror that was only partially coated in silver. Part of the beam would be reflected one way, and the rest would go the other. Those two parts would then be reflected back to where they were split apart, and recombined. By looking at interference patterns in the recombined beam of light, any changes in speed because of aether wind could be seen.
They found that there was in fact no substantial difference in the measurements. This was puzzling to the scientific community at the time, and led to the creation of various new theories to explain the result.

Hydrogen sulfide
Hydrogen sulfide (hydrogen sulphide in British English), H2S, is a colorless, toxic, flammable gas that is responsible for the foul smell of rotten eggs and flatulence. It often results when bacteria break down organic matter in the absence of oxygen. This happens in swamps, and sewers (alongside the process of anaerobic digestion). It also occurs in volcanic gases, natural gas and some well waters. This is the smell that people often think to be that of sulfur. But sulfur itself does not smell.
Hydrogen sulfide is also known as sulfane, sulfur hydride, sour gas, sulfurated hydrogen, hydrosulfuric acid, sewer gas and stink damp. IUPAC accepts the names "hydrogen sulfide" and "sulfane". When people speak of more complicated compounds they always use the term "sulfane".
Occurrence.
Small amounts of hydrogen sulfide can be found in crude petroleum but natural gas can contain up to 28%. Volcanoes and hot springs emit some H2S, where it probably arises via the hydrolysis of sulfide minerals, i.e. MS + H2O to give MO + H2S.
Normal average concentration in clean air is about 0.0001-0.0002 ppm.
Safety.
Hydrogen sulfide is a highly toxic and flammable gas. Because it is heavier than air it tends to accumulate at the bottom of poorly ventilated spaces.
Toxicity.
Hydrogen sulfide is considered a broad-spectrum poison, meaning that it can poison several different systems in the body, although the nervous system is most affected. The toxicity of H2S is comparable with that of hydrogen cyanide.

William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne
William Petty, 1st Marquess of Lansdowne, KG, PC (2 May 1737 – 7 May 1805) was a British Whig statesman and Prime Minister of Great Britain. He was born William FitzMaurice in Dublin in Ireland. Petty was known historically as The Earl of Shelburne.

William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland
William Henry Cavendish Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland, (April 14, 1738 – October 30, 1809) was a British Whig and Tory statesman and Prime Minister of Great Britain. After Ireland joined Great Britain to form the United Kingdom, he was again made Prime Minister. This time, he was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.

Noob
Noob is a slang term for a new person in a community, group, or video game, and especially on the internet (see internet slang). "Noob" is short for "newbie", another slang term that comes from the word "new". A noob usually means a bad player in a game, or someone who does not know the rules of a community. Being a noob is usually not a good thing.
In many Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Game (MMORPG)s or other internet based games, the word noob is used very often. Noob can also mean someone that has a high level, but is not a skilled player. A person new to a game is often referred as a Newbie. The word can also be used to talk about a young player.
However lots of places (mainly internet forums and online games) use the word 'noob' differently to the word 'newb'. Where a 'newb' or 'newbie' is simply someone who is new to the forum/game/etc..., and a 'noob' or 'n00b' is someone who has no respect for the rules, does not want to do anything for themselves and generally acts like an idiot. So 'noob' has become an offensive term in a lot of places on the internet. To behave like a noob will often mean getting disrespect and lack of interest from other players. Once a the noob status has been initiated, you're a noob for life.
Noob's are usually referred to by the 1337 (pronounced "leet") or skilled players, who have marginally higher experience in the game.
The word "noob" or "newbie" originated in World War II. It was a word veterans used to describe new recruits.
Recently "noob" is used mainly just as a name to refer to other player's in various games (FPS, TPS, RPG, etc.) It's usually a derogatory term, but can be exchanged as a friendly greeting.
Also, noob is used as the meaning "a person who does not know anything".
A noob is sometimes confused with a "choob" (a person with nice things but has a low skill level).

Bodhisattva
A bodhisattva according to Buddhism is a Buddhist who has attained enlightenment, but who as a selfless act, delays his or her entry to Nirvana (non-existence) for the sake of others.
The word Bodhisattva can also refer to certain specific bodhisattvas such as Chenrezig, Manjushri and Vajrapani.

Tackey and Tsubasa
Tackey & Tsubasa (タッキー&翼) is a Japanese pop duo from Johnny & Associates. Its two members are Hideaki Takizawa (Japanese: 滝沢秀明, "Takizawa Hideaki") and Tsubasa Imai (今井翼, "Imai Tsubasa"). They are known for their Japanese television dramas and they have been successful with numerous hit singles, especially "Kamen" and "Venus". Their records are produced by Avex Trax.

Fruits Basket
Fruits Basket(フルーツバスケット) is a Japanese manga and anime series. It is about a 16-year-old girl called Tohru Honda. The manga series ran from 1999 until 2006. The anime was first shown from 5 July 2001 until 27 December 2001. There are 26 episodes in the anime.
Plot.
Tohru comes to live with the mysterious Sohma family. She discovers a terrible secret about them - 13 members of the family turn into the 12 animals of the Chinese Zodiac, and the cat who was left out of the Chinese Zodiac. Whenever they are hugged by members of the opposite sex or become weak, they turn into these animals.

Middle-earth characters
This article is about the fictional characters from J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth universe.
Manwë.
Manwë Súlimo is the leader of the Valar. He is the lord of air and sky. His wife is Varda. He lives on the mountain of Taniquetil in Valinor, which is far west of Middle-earth.
Morgoth.
Melkor was originally the most powerful of the Valar, but he became evil. He was then named Morgoth (Sindarin: "Black Enemy"), and "Morgoth Bauglir" (Sindarin: "Oppressor"). Morgoth was the greatest enemy of all the peoples of Middle-earth during the First Age. He is the main villain of "The Silmarillion".
Sauron.
Sauron is a Maia who became evil. He became the Dark Lord Morgoth's chief lieutenant. In the Second Age he disguised himself as Annatar and told the elves how to make the Rings of Power. He created the One Ring in the volcano Mount Doom, in his land Mordor. Since then he is the Lord of the Rings.
He was killed in the Downfall of Númenor, but again took form in Mordor. He was again defeated by the "Last Alliance of Men and Elves". Later in the Third Age, Sauron again came to life, searching for the Ring, and starting the "War of the Ring". Sauron is mentioned as the Necromancer in "The Hobbit".
Istari.
The Istari (Quenya: "Wise Ones"; singular: "Istar") are a group of five Maiar. They came to Middle-earth in the Third Age, in the form of old human men. The peoples of Middle-earth gave them many names, and called them "wizards".
Gandalf.
Gandalf the Grey is a main character in the books "The Hobbit" and "The Lord of the Rings". In the Third Age Gandalf came to Middle-earth as one of the Istari (or wizards). He worked much to help in the destruction of the One Ring, and in the War of the Ring. Gandalf is also known by other names: Olórin, Mithrandir, Tharkûn, Incánus. Círdan gave Gandalf the Elven Ring Narya, the Ring of Fire, which he had been given by Gil-galad. At the end of the Third Age, Gandalf left Middle-earth for Valinor, together with the bearers of the other two Elven Rings and the Ring-bearers of the One Ring.
Saruman.
Saruman the White is a character in the book "The Lord of the Rings". In the Third Age Saruman came to Middle-earth as one of the Istari. Saruman is also known as Curumo and Curunír.
Radagast.
Radagast the Brown is a character in the book "The Lord of the Rings". In the Third Age Radagast came to Middle-earth as one of the Istari. Radagast is also known as Aiwendil.
Alatar and Pallando.
Alatar and Pallando are the Blue Wizards. They went into the east of Middle-earth. Almost nothing is known about them.
Celeborn.
Celeborn was the husband of Galadriel and father of Celebrían. Together with his wife he ruled als Lord over the elven realm Lothlórien.
Celebrían.
Celebrían was the daughter of Galadriel and Celeborn. At the beginning of the Third Age she married Elrond Half-elven, and they had the twin sons Elladan and Elrohir, and their daughter Arwen. In 2509 T.A. Celebrían was captured by orcs, but she was rescued by her sons. The year after she left Middle-earth for Valinor.
Galadriel.
Galadriel was the youngest child of Finarfin and Eärwen. She married Celeborn, and they had a daughter named Celebrían. In the Second and Third Age she ruled as Lady over the elven realm Lothlórien. Gil-galad gave Galadriel the Elven Ring Nenya, the Ring of Water. At the end of the Third Age, Galadriel left Middle-earth for Valinor, together with the bearers of the other two Elven Rings and the Ring-bearers of the One Ring.
Gil-galad.
Ereinion Gil-galad was the last High King of the Noldor in Middle-earth. He was the leader of the elves in the Last Alliance against Sauron, but was killed in the war at the end of the Second Age.
Haldir of Lórien.
Haldir was an Elf of Lothlórien; he was guarding its northern borders. When the Fellowship of the Ring arrived in Lothlórien they met Haldir and his companions. Haldir then led the Fellowship to the city Caras Galadhon.
Legolas.
Legolas, son of Thranduil, is a main character in "The Lord of the Rings". He is a member of the "Fellowship of the Ring". He is sometimes also called "Legolas Greenleaf". During the Fellowship's journey, he made friends with the dwarf Gimli, despite the fact that dwarves and elves don't usually get along.
Thranduil.
Thranduil, son of Oropher, was king of the elves of Mirkwood during the Third Age. He fought under the command of his father in the Last Alliance, but when Oropher was killed, Thranduil became king. Thranduil is the father of Legolas.
Elrond.
Elrond Peredhel ("Elrond Half-elven"), is the son of Eärendil and Elwing. In the Third Age, Elrond is the Lord of Rivendell, and an important and wise leader among the elves. Elrond appears in the books "The Hobbit", "The Lord of the Rings" and "The Silmarillion".
Elrond was a Half-elf born at the end of the First Age, as the son of Eärendil and Elwing. His brother was Elros Tar-Minyatur, who chose to become a mortal human.
In the Second Age Elrond founded Rivendell. Under the command of Gil-galad he fought in the "Last Alliance" against Sauron.
At the beginning of the Third Age he married Celebrían, daughter of Galadriel, and they had the twin sons Elladan and Elrohir, and their daughter Arwen. Gil-galad gave Elrond the Elven Ring Vilya, the Ring of Air. At the end of the Third Age, Elrond left Middle-earth for Valinor, together with the bearers of the other two Elven Rings and the Ring-bearers of the One Ring.
Elros.
Elros was the son of Eärendil and Elwing, and brother of Elrond. Elros and his brother were born at the end of the First Age. They were half-elf, and Elrond chose to be an elf, while Elros chose to become a mortal human. Elros became the first King of Númenor, and took the ruling name Tar-Minyatur. He died in 442 in the Second Age, at age 500. His son Vardamir Nólimon and his grandson Tar-Amandil became Kings after him.
Elladan and Elrohir.
Elladan and Elrohir are the twin sons of Elrond Half-elven and Celebrían. They are of the Half-elven who lived during the Third Age.
Arwen.
Arwen Undómiel ("Arwen Evenstar"), is the daughter of Elrond and Celebrían, and is one of the Half-elven who lived during the Third Age. She is a character in "The Lord of the Rings". At the end of the Third Age she falls in love with the human Aragorn. They marry after the War of the Ring. Arwen becomes Queen of Arnor and Gondor, and gives birth to her son Eldarion, and several daughters.
Elendil.
Elendil, son of Amandil, was the last Lord of Andúnië, and founder of Arnor. He was also known as Elendil the Tall and Elendil the Faithful.
Elendil was born in Númenor, and became Lord of Andúnië after his father. He had two sons, Isildur and Anárion. After the destruction of Númenor, Elendil fled to Middle-earth. He and his ships landed in the northern part of Middle-earth, where he founded the realm of Arnor. Elendil led the humans in the "Last Alliance of Elves and Men" to fight Sauron. Elendil was killed by Sauron. His son Isildur and grandson Valandil became Kings of Arnor after him.
Isildur.
Isildur, son of Elendil, was the co-founder of Gondor.
After the destruction of Númenor, Isildur and his brother Anárion fled to Middle-earth. They and their ships landed in the southern part of Middle-earth, where they founded the realm of Gondor. Isildur fought in the "Last Alliance of Elves and Men" under the command of his father Elendil. Isildur cut off the One Ring from Sauron's hand. Elrond and Círdan told Isildur to destroy the One Ring, but Isildur did not want to and kept it. It was decided that Isildur would rule the northern kingdom Arnor afer his father. When Isildur journeyed north, he and his company were attacked by Orcs. Isildur was killed and the One Ring was lost. His oldest sons Elendur, Aratan, and Ciryon were also killed. Isildur's youngest son Valandil became King of Arnor after him.
Aragorn.
Aragorn II, son of Arathorn, is a main character in "The Lord of the Rings". He is the son of Arathorn II and Gilraen. After his father's death he becomes "Chieftain of the Dúnedain".
He is a member of the "Fellowship of the Ring". After the War of the Ring, at the end of the book, Aragorn becomes King Elessar Telcontar of the Reunited Kingdom of Arnor and Gondor. Aragorn marries Arwen, and becomes the father of a son named Eldarion, and several daughters. His son Eldarion becomes king after him.
Boromir.
Boromir is a main character in "The Lord of the Rings". Boromir is the son of Denethor II, the Steward of Gondor. Boromir led Gondor's soldiers in the fight against Sauron, before he went to Rivendell. He is a member of the "Fellowship of the Ring". He dies after protecting Merry and Pippin from Saruman's Orcs.
Denethor.
Denethor II is the Steward of Gondor, and rules Gondor at the time of the "War of the Ring". He married Finduilas of Dol Amroth, and is the father of Boromir and Faramir. During the "Battle of the Pelennor Fields" he goes insane and burns himself, thinking they would lose the war and get killed anyway.
Eldarion.
Eldarion is the son of Aragorn II and Arwen Undómiel. After his father's death he becomes King of Arnor and Gondor.
Faramir.
Faramir son of Denethor II, brother of Boromir. Faramir also led Gondor's soldiers in the fight against Sauron's Orcs and Men, and did so often in Ithilien. He became Steward of Gondor after his father's death. After the War of the Ring, Aragorn made him Prince of Ithilien. He married Éowyn.
Théoden.
Théoden was King of Rohan at the time of the "War of the Ring". He died at the "Battle of the Pelennor Fields". His nephew Éomer became king after him.
Éomer.
Éomer, son of Éomund, brother of Éowyn, was the nephew of King Théoden. In the War of the Ring, Éomer fought in the Battle of the Hornburg, the Battle of the Pelennor Fields, and the Battle of the Morannon. Éomer became the next King of the Rohirrim after Théoden.
Éowyn.
Éowyn, daughter of Éomund, sister of Éomer, was the niece of King Théoden. With the help of the hobbit Meriadoc Brandybuck, she killed the Witch-king of Angmar in the "Battle of the Pelennor Fields". After the War of the Ring she married Faramir, and became the Lady of Ithilien.
Gríma Wormtongue.
Gríma, son of Galmod, called Wormtongue, was at first servant of King Théoden. But then he secretly worked for Saruman. Gríma became Théoden's advisor, and worked to weaken him. When Gandalf made the King better, Gríma fled to Isengard.
Dáin II Ironfoot.
Dáin II Ironfoot was King under the Mountain in the dwarven realm Erebor after Thorin Oakenshield. Dáin was killed during the War of the Ring. His son, Thorin III Stonehelm, became king after him.
Gimli.
Gimli son of Glóin, is a main character in "The Lord of the Rings". He is a member of the "Fellowship of the Ring".
Fíli and Kíli.
Fíli and Kíli were the nephews of Thorin Oakenshield. They were the sons of Dís, Thorin's sister. They went with their uncle on the quest to the Lonely Mountain, told in "The Hobbit". They were killed in the "Battle of Five Armies", while they were defending Thorin.
Thorin Oakenshield.
Thorin Oakenshield, son of Thráin II, was leader of Durin's folk and "King under the Mountain". He is the leader of the group that tries to take back the Lonely Mountain from the dragon Smaug in "The Hobbit". He is wounded in the "Battle of Five Armies" and dies. Dáin II Ironfoot becomes "King under the Mountain" after him.
Bilbo Baggins.
Bilbo Baggins is a main character in the books "The Hobbit" and "The Lord of the Rings". Bilbo goes on an adventure with the dwarves; this story is told in the "The Hobbit". During this journey he finds the One Ring. He also gets a small sword which he names "Sting", and a small Mithril-shirt. Bilbo later adopts Frodo Baggins. On his 111th birthday Bilbo leaves the Shire and goes to Rivendell, giving the Ring to Frodo.
At the end of the Third Age, Bilbo left Middle-earth for Valinor, together with Frodo and the bearers of the Elven Rings.
Frodo Baggins.
Frodo Baggins is a main character in the book "The Lord of the Rings". Frodo is adopted by his uncle Bilbo Baggins. He inherits Bilbo's home "Bag End" and the One Ring from Bilbo. Frodo is the Ring-Bearer and a member of the "Fellowship of the Ring". With the Fellowship, Frodo goes on the quest to destroy the One Ring.
At the end of the Third Age, Frodo left Middle-earth for Valinor, together with Bilbo and the bearers of the Elven Rings.
Meriadoc Brandybuck.
Meriadoc Brandybuck, called Merry, is a main character in the book "The Lord of the Rings". He is Frodo's cousin. He is a member of the "Fellowship of the Ring". At the "Battle of the Pelennor Fields" he helps Éowyn kill the Witch-king of Angmar. He becomes a Knight of Rohan. After the war he marries Estella Bolger, and becomes Master of Buckland.
Samwise Gamgee.
Samwise Gamgee, called Sam, is a main character in the book "The Lord of the Rings". He is Frodo's gardener and servant. He is a member of the "Fellowship of the Ring". After the Breaking of the Fellowship, Sam is the only one that goes with Frodo. After the War of the Ring, Sam marries Rose Cotton and lives in Bag End.
Peregrin Took.
Peregrin Took, called Pippin, is a main character in the book "The Lord of the Rings". He is Frodo's cousin. He is a member of the "Fellowship of the Ring".
Gollum.
Gollum is an important character in "The Hobbit" and "The Lord of the Rings". Originally he was a hobbit named Sméagol, who found the One Ring after Isildur lost it. Gollum went to live under the Misty Mountains; there he kept the Ring for over 500 years, and in that time the Ring changed him to look less like a hobbit. He often called the Ring his "precious". Gollum lost the One Ring, which was then found by Bilbo Baggins in "The Hobbit".
In the "The Lord of the Rings", it is told that after this Gollum left the Misty Mountains to search for the "thief Baggins" who had stolen his Ring. Sauron learned from Gollum that the One Ring was in the Shire and owned by a Baggins. Gollum was released by Sauron. Gollum then again went to search for his Ring. Gollum found the Fellowship in Moria and followed them. Frodo and Sam captured Gollum, and Gollum promised to lead them into Mordor. He later tried to trick them, leaving them with the spider Shelob. Gollum attacked Frodo on Mount Doom, and took back the Ring. But Gollum was careless and fell into the volcano, which killed him and destroyed the One Ring.
Beorn.
Beorn is a shape-shifter. He usually is like a big man, but he can change to become a bear. He lives between the Misty Mountains and Mirkwood. He helped at the "Battle of the Five Armies".
Nazgûl.
The Nazgûl, Ringwraiths or Úlairi are servants of Sauron. They were human kings and leaders in the Second Age. Sauron gave to them nine of the Rings of Power. With time they became like undead ghosts. They are invisible, but their eyes can sometimes be seen as a red light. They wear black cloaks, and usually ride black horses. Later in the "Lord of the Rings" they ride winged creatures called "fell beasts". When riding a fell beast they are also called "Winged Nazgûl".
Witch-king of Angmar.
The Witch-king of Angmar, also known as Lord of the Nazgûl or the Black Captain is the leader of the Nazgûl. He was the commander of Minas Morgul. He was killed in the "Battle of the Pelennor Fields" by Éowyn and Meriadoc Brandybuck.
Khamûl.
Khamûl is one of the Ringwraiths, and the only Ringwraith whose name is given by Tolkien. He was called the Black Easterling, and was the commander of the fortress Dol Guldur.
Shelob.
Shelob is a giant spider-like creature. She appears in "The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers". Shelob stings Frodo Baggins, but is wounded by Samwise Gamgee.
Smaug.
Smaug is a dragon. He appears in "The Hobbit". Smaug attacked the Lonely Mountain, killed the dwarves living there, and took their treasure and home. Later in the book Smaug was killed by Bard.

Feudalism
Feudalism is a system by which a nobility of warriors ruled Europe during the Middle Ages. The nobility owned the land and ruled the peasantry by bonds of manorialism, the division of the lord's lands.
Outside of a European context, the concept of feudalism is normally only used by analogy (called semi-feudal), most often in discussions of Japan under the shoguns, and, sometimes, medieval and Gondarine Ethiopia. Some have seen something like feudalism in places as different as Ancient Egypt, Parthian empire, India, to the American South of the nineteenth century.
Characteristics.
Three primary elements characterised feudalism: lords, vassals and fiefs; the structure of feudalism can be seen in how these three elements fit together. A lord was a noble who owned land, a vassal was a person who was granted possession of the land by the lord, and the land was known as a fief. In exchange for the fief, the vassal would provide military service to the lord. The obligations and relations between lord, vassal and fief form the basis of feudalism.

Leo III of Armenia
Leo (or Leon) III of Armenia (c.1236-1289) was king of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, ruling from 1270 to 1289. He was the son of Hethum I of Armenia and Queen Isabella of Armenia.
In 1262 Leo married Keran (Kir Anna), the daughter of Prince Hethum of Lampron.
In 1266 Leo was captured and his younger brother Thoros killed while fighting the Mamluk invaders. Leo was ransomed by his father, who abdicated in his favour shortly after. He was known as a pious king, devoted to Christianity.
5 of his 15 children, Hethum, Thoros, Sembat, Constantine, and Oshin, later became the Armenian kings, who often fought each other to gain the throne.
He was succeeded by his son Hethum II.

Armens
Armens (Armenian: Արմեններ, Առամեններ), were Armenian tribes, the people are called as Arman, Armenic or Armanen. They correspond with the Hayasa-Azzi Tribes. The Armans united with the tribes of Hayasi. Recent linguistic studies present strong evidence that the Indo-European language group originates in Anatolia. According to most accounts, the Armens were generally tall, blond-haired, and blue-eyed in appearance, in contrast to their Urartian cousins who tended to be slighter with black hair and black eyes. The Urartian state, which existed there prior to the coming of the
Indo-European-speaking "Armen" tribes from the west, was a federation of many peoples.
History.
At the end of the second millennium BC, another Indo-European ethnic group, closely related to Thracians and Phrygians and referred to by the Greeks as Armens, migrated to the Armenian Highland from Northern Balkans.
One theory suggests that the Armens were of Thracian origin, and related to the Phrygians. The Armens were near the head waters of the Halys, to the west of the Euphrates. The Armens seemed to have mixed blood with another Asiatic element whose patronymic Hai, became in time their national designation. The country where the Armens settled were a mountainous region, traversed by deep valleys and smiling plains.
Etymology.
The word Armani, (mentioned in Akkadian inscriptions as early as 2400 BC) an early form of Armen-Armin or Arman denotes the national affiliation, as with many cultures standing for the particular nation thus, the God AR being the primary deity in the Indo-European (aka Aryan) pantheon - thus AR MAN denotes -- Men of Ar or Children of Ar, again initially AR standing for ARAREL-ARARICH [hence Ar-Ar-At the Place of ARAR] -- Create-Creator, also Sun, Light, Life and Love.

History of Armenia
The history of Armenia and Armenians is very ancient and can go back at least 2000 BC. Archaeologists say the Shulaveri-Shomu culture of the central Transcaucasus region, and Armenia today, as the earliest known prehistoric culture in the area, carbon-dated to around 6000 - 4000 BC. But, a newer discovered tomb has been dated to 9000 BC. Another early culture in the Armenian Highlands and surrounding areas—the Kura-Araxes culture is in the period of ca. 4000 - 2200 BC, and is believed to have to go into the Trialeti culture (ca. 2200 - 1500 BC), and meaning Armenians are one of the oldest Indo-European subgroups.
Urartu.
Urartu was an ancient kingdom in the Armenian Highlands.
Some experts say that the Armenians started as a mixture of the different peoples to move through the area in history: The Hurrians, Urarteans, Luvians and Mushki. This last group, also knowns as Phrygians may have brought their Indo-European language to Armenia. The Armenian language today is Indo-European, but shows a lot of influence from the earlier languages, especially Urartean.

Democratic Republic of Armenia
The Democratic Republic of Armenia (DRA; Armenian: Դեմոկրատական Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն, "Demokratakan Hayastani Hanrapetutyun;" also known as the First Republic of Armenia), 1918–1920, was the first modern establishment of an Armenian republic. The country was created after the Russian Tsarist empire that began with the Russian Revolution of 1917 that lost power. Its creation with borders were the Democratic Republic of Georgia in the north, the Ottoman Empire to the west, the Persian Empire to the south, and Azerbaijan Democratic Republic to the east.
End of the Republic, 1920.
Armenia gave way to communist power in late 1920. In September 1920, the Turkish revolutionaries moved in on the capital. First an armistice was concluded, on November 18, and then a full peace treaty - Treaty of Alexandropol on 2nd and/or 3rd of December 1920.
During that time, the Soviet 11th Red Army invasion started on the 29th of November 1920. The actual transfer of power took place on December 2 in Yerevan. Armenian leadership approved a ultimatum, presented to it by the Soviet plenipotentiary Boris Legran - who was at work as one of major Russian diplomats on Caucasus at that time. Armenia decided to join the Soviet sphere, while the Soviet Russia agreed to protect its remaining territory from the advancing Turkish army. Soviets also pledged to take steps to rebuild the army, protect the Armenians, not to pursue non-communist Armenians.
On December 4, 1920, the Red Army entered Yerevan, the government of Armenian Republic effectively stopped working. On December 5, the Armenian Revolutionary Committee (Revkom; made up of mostly Armenians from Azerbaijan) also entered the city. Finally, on the following day, December 6, Felix Dzerzhinsky's dreaded secret police, the Cheka, entered Yerevan, thus effectively ending the existence of the Democratic Republic of Armenia.
The rest of Armenia was under control of the communist government. The part by Turkey remained for the most part theirs - by the subsequent Treaty of Kars. Soon, the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic was proclaimed, under the leadership of Aleksandr Miasnikyan. It was to be included into the newly created Transcaucasian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic.

Georgian language
Georgian (, "kartuli ena") is the official language of Georgia, a country in the Caucasus.
Georgian is the primary language of about 3.9 million people in Georgia itself (83 percent of the population), and of another 500,000 abroad (chiefly in Turkey, Iran, Russia, USA and Europe). It is the literary language for all ethnographic groups of Georgian people, especially those who speak other South Caucasian languages (or "Kartvelian languages"): Svans, Megrelians, and the Laz. Gruzinic, or "Kivruli", sometimes considered a separate Jewish language, is spoken by an additional 20,000 in Georgia and 65,000 elsewhere (primarily 60,000 in Israel).

Mount Ararat
Mount Ararat is the tallest peak in modern Turkey. The mountain is always capped with snow, and it was once a volcano, but is no longer active. It is in Iğdır Province, near the northeast corner of Turkey, 16 km west of Iran and 32 km south of the Armenian border.
History.
The people and area who lived in this area was the Armenian kingdom of Ararat (in Assyrian: Urartu). Now it is in Turkey.

South Caucasus
South Caucasus, also referred to as Transcaucasia or Transcaucasus, is the southern portion of the Caucasus region between Europe and Asia, extending from the Greater Caucasus to the Turkish and Iranian borders, between the Black and Caspian Seas.
All of Armenia is in Transcaucasia; the majority of Georgia and Azerbaijan, including the exclave of Naxçivan, fall within this area. The countries of the region are producers of oil, manganese ore, tea, citrus fruits, and wine.
The region remains one of the most complicated in the post-Soviet area, and comprises three heavily disputed areas – Abkhazia and South Ossetia in Georgia, and Nagorno-Karabakh in Azerbaijan.
History.
The region was combined togerther twice – during the Russian Civil War (Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic) from 9 April 1918 to 26 May 1918, and under the Soviet rule (Transcaucasian SFSR) from 12 March 1922 to 5 December 1936.
The area of Transcaucasia, is where modern day Georgia and Armenia are located, is one of the native areas of the wine producing vines "vitis vinifera". Some experts speculate that this maybe the birthplace of wine production. Archeological excavation and carbon dating of grape pips from the area have dated back to 7000-5000BC.

Mongols
The name Mongols (Mongolian: "Mongol") explains one or more ethnic groups. A hard definition includes the Mongols proper (self-designation "Monggol"), which can be split into eastern and western Mongols. In a bigger sense, the Mongol peoples also people who speak a Mongolic language but use other self-designations, such as the Kalmyks of eastern Europe.
The name "Monggol" has its meaning in the Tungusic languages and usually means "the invincible ones". At first it was applied to a small and still insignificant tribe in the area of the Onon river. In the 13th century it grew into an umbrella term for a large group of tribes united under the rule of Genghis Khan.

La Liga
La Liga is a football league which is top division in Spain.

Stanley Marcus
Stanley Marcus (born April 20, 1905 – died January 22, 2002) was the president of the Neiman-Marcus company, a store in the United States that sells expensive clothing and objects. He became famous for inventing many new ways to sell products and new ways to tell people about his store.
Mr. Marcus created an award for people who designed clothing. He also began art shows in his store, to make people want to visit the store to see the art. In 1939, the company started a catalog, which is a book that shows all the products that people can buy from the store. In 1951, the catalog listed unusual gifts for people to buy. Many people started to read the catalog every year to see the unusual gifts.
In the 1940s, at the time of the Second World War, the government of the United States asked Mr. Marcus for help. The government wanted to make sure there would be enough fabric to make clothes for the military, so they asked Mr. Marcus to make rules about clothes for ordinary people. He made rules for companies that made clothes so that popular styles for women and men would not change every year. With these rules, people would not need new clothes so often. Also, he said that men's socks should not use rubber to make elastic to hold the socks in place. This rule made sure the government could use rubber for military products that were needed for the war.
Personal life.
Mr. Marcus married Mary "Billie" Cantrell in 1932. When he met her, Billie was working in the Neiman-Marcus store. She continued to work for four years. She retired in 1936 after she gave birth to a baby; they named the baby Jerrie. In 1938, she gave birth to twins, Richard and Wendy.
Mr. Marcus collected art and books. His favorite artists from Mexico were Rufino Tamayo, David Alfaro Siqueiros, Diego Rivera, and Antonio Ruíz. He became friends with Rivera and Tamayo. Mr. Marcus also liked American artists, such as Alexander Calder, who made sculptures, and Georgia O'Keeffe, who was a painter. He gave large amounts of money to a museum that showed O'Keeffe paintings.
The Degolyer Library at Southern Methodist University has a collection of things related to Mr. Marcus. The collection includes photographs, letters, and newspaper articles. Mr. Marcus also gave the library a collection of more than 5,000 miniature books. (Miniature books are very small books, small enough for a doll.)

Saint Martin (France)
Saint Martin (French: "Saint-Martin"), officially the Collectivity of Saint Martin (French: "Collectivité de Saint-Martin"), is a new overseas collectivity of France. It was created on 22 February 2007. It consists of the northern parts of the island of Saint Martin and neighboring small islands. The southern half of the island is part of the Netherlands Antilles.
Demographics.
The French part of the island has a land area of 53.20 km² (20.5 sq mi). At the October 2004 supplementary French census, the population in the French part of the island was 33,102 (up from only 8,072 inhabitants at the 1982 census), which means a population density of 622 inhabitants per km² in 2004.
Politics and Government.
Saint Martin was for many years a French commune. It was part of Guadeloupe, which is an overseas "région" and overseas "département" of France. Because of this, it is in the European Union. In 2003 the population of the French part voted for a split from Guadeloupe. They wanted to make a separate overseas collectivity (COM) of France. On February 9, 2007, the French Parliament passed a bill granting COM status to both the french part of Saint Martin and neighbouring Saint-Barthélemy. The new took effect when the law was published in the Official Journal.
Saint Martin remains part of the European Union. The official currency in Saint Martin is the euro (though the United States dollar is also widely accepted).
As a transitional measure, Saint Martin remains governed as it was when a "commune" within Guadeloupe—by a mayor and a municipal council elected by the European citizens living on the French side of the island. As is the case in metropolitan France since the promulgation of the Maastricht Treaty, nationals of any member state of the European Union are allowed to vote at the municipal elections. Nationals from countries not part of the European Union, which represent a large part of the population on the French side of the island, are not allowed to vote in the elections. A new governance structure befitting an overseas collectivity will take effect later in 2007.

Saint Martin (Netherlands)
Sint Maarten (or Saint Martin) is the name of the territory of the southern half of the island of St. Martin. It belongs to the Netherlands.

French overseas collectivities
The Overseas collectivities (French: "collectivité d'outre-mer" or "COM"), are an administrative division of France. These territories include some former overseas territories and other French overseas holdings with a particular status. all of these were given the name "collectivités d'outre-mer" because of a constitutional reform on March 28, 2003.

Saint-Barthélemy
Saint-Barthélemy, officially the Collectivity of Saint-Barthélemy (French: "Collectivité de Saint-Barthélemy"), is a new overseas collectivity of France. It was created on 22 February 2007. It consists of the island of Saint-Barthélemy and neighboring small islands.
The island of Saint-Barthélemy, also known as Saint Barts, Saint Barths, or Saint Barth'", is located in the Caribbean among the Leeward Islands. Its land area is 21.0 km² (8.1 sq. miles). Administratively, the whole island of Saint-Barthélemy was a French copmmune ("commune de Saint-Barthélemy"). It was part of Guadeloupe, which is an overseas "région" and overseas "département" of France. For this reason, it is part of the European Union. In 2003, the population voted in favour of becoming independent from Guadeloupe. They wanted to form a separate overseas collectivity (COM) of France. On February 7, 2007 the French Parliament passed a bill granting COM status to both Saint-Barthélemy and neighbouring Saint-Martin. The new status took effect on 22 February 2007, when the law was published in the Official Journal.
St. Barts has long been considered a playground of the rich and famous and is known for its beautiful pristine beaches, gourmet dining in chic bistros and high-end designer shopping.
Geography.
Located approximately 150 miles east of Puerto Rico, Saint-Barthélemy lies near the islands of Saint Martin, Saba and Anguilla.
Gustavia, which is the main town of the island, was named after King Gustav III of Sweden, and remains as a reflection of the Swedish period.
The oldest settlement still remaining is the village of Lorient (or L'Orient), although scattered in every cemetery on the island can be found Swedish grave markers. Lorient's sister village on the French mainland is the city of Lorient on the northern coast of Brittany.
Beaches.
Of the 20 beaches on the small island, several are seen as especially inviting. On the southern side of the island, Saline and Governor beaches are pristine beaches with no development on them. On the western edge of the island is Colombier beach. This beach is only reachable by boat or a hike. St. Jean, Flammands and Grand-Cul-de-Sac beaches are also popular and attractive beaches which have hotels and other establishments on them. Shell Beach is popular for families with kids as it has little surf, and lots of tide pools.
St. Barths has a tidal difference of only 3 - 5 inches. The beaches vary according to ocean currents -- the weather travels onto the island following the sun from the East. One of the main surfing beaches (Toiny) is known for its riptide, while Grand Fond is one of the island's only non-swimming beaches. Although tourism doesn't allude to it, there are a small variety of warm water sharks in the Caribbean. So, swimming at dusk and dawn or in murky waters is not recommended. Otherwise, scuba and snorkling are a great way to see the nurse sharks, lobsters, conch and green sea turtles that abound in the waters surrounding St. Barths.
The beach of Grand Cul-de-Sac is the easiest beach in the Caribbean to learn to sail, windsurf or kitesurf on, as it has a reef which closes off the entire bay. The current that passes outside the reef here also carries the migrating whales and dolphins.
History.
Saint-Barthélemy was first claimed by France in 1648. It was sold to Sweden in 1785. Sweden sold it back to France in 1878. The Swedish period left its mark in the names of many of the streets and the town (in honor of King Gustav III). It also left its national arms, the three crowns along with the grey heron, in the island's coat of arms.
Demographics.
At the 1999 census, the population of Saint-Barthélemy was 6,852 inhabitants. The population density is 326 inh. per km². Unlike most Caribbean islands, its population is nearly all white.
Many of the full time residents are French citizens who work at the various establishments on the island. French is the primary language spoken, but many locals also speak English, particularly at the hotels and restaurants.
Transportation.
Saint Barts has a small airport (IATA identifier SBH) is served by small regional commercial aircraft and charters. Most visiting aircraft carry fewer than twenty passengers, such as the Twin Otter, a common sight around Saint Barths and throughout the northern West Indies. The short airstrip is at the base of a steep hill ending directly on the beach. The arrival descent is extremely steep over the hilltop traffic circle and departing planes fly right over the heads of sunbathers (although small signs advise sunbathers not to lie directly at the end of the runway). The nearest commercial jet airport is on the neighboring island of Saint Martin.
There are also charters to St. Barths from San Juan, Puerto Rico available through Tradewind Aviation. The current mayor's airline, called St. Barths Commuter, offers non-prohibitive cost one-way/roundtrip travel between both of St. Maarten's airports and St. Barths. It is also an excellent service for charters. A favorite island business for an extra fee is via St. Barths Services, as they offer full-service attention.
Ferries to and from Saint Martin are the only other real option (although the passage from St. Maarten to St. Barths is often rough), unless one is arriving by private charter boats/yachts.
Tourism.
St. Barts has about 25 hotels, most of then with 15 rooms or fewer, and the largest, the Guanahani has just 70 rooms. Hotels are classified in the traditional French manner 3 Star, 4 Star and 4 Star Luxe.
Villa vacations are extremely popular and there are hundreds of villas terraced into the hillsides throughout the island as well has many beachfront locations. Villas here by definition can range from one-bedroom bunglalows to large luxurious homes. St. Barth Properties and Wimco are the two main villa rental agencies on the island.
Singer Jimmy Buffett is a frequent visitor on the island, and owns a house there. He also owned a hotel, the Autor de Rocher, before it burned down.
Sports.
Saint-Barthélemy has its own bobsled team. To date the team has not achieved competitive success. The island also competes in carotchie.
The junior national French surf champion was named recently in the winter of 2006, and he is from Lorient.

Hispaniola
Hispaniola is an island located in the Caribbean Sea. It is the second largest island (after Cuba) of the West Indies, east of Cuba and west of Puerto Rico.
The Republic of Haiti occupies the western third, the Dominican Republic the rest. Hispaniola is one of two Caribbean islands in which there are two countries; the other is Saint Martin.
Pre-Columbian history.
When Columbus arrived to America, some groups of native people, coming from northern South America, had lived in the Caribbean Islands since a very long time. That movement from South America to the Caribbean islands was not continuous but it happened in several waves during almost twelve centuries.
Archeological studies suggests that those people from South America came to the Caribbean islands during four periods.
The first period began around 5000 B.C. For most Caribbean islands, this period ended around 2000 years ago except in Cuba and Hispaniola where there were some small populations in western Cuba and southwestern Hispaniola when the Europeans arrived to these islands. They were called Ciboney or Siboney by the Taínos, meaning "man that lives among rocks" ("Ciba" means stone and "eyeri" man).
The second group was the Igneri, the first Arawak Indians to come to the Caribbean Islands. They displaced the Ciboney people and, later, they were displaced by another group of Arawak Indians, the Taínos. Taínos occupied all the Greater Antilles (Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola and Puerto Rico) and they developed a culture different from the culture of the Arawaks of South America. They were the first people that the Spanish met in the Americas.
The fourth and last group was the Carib. The Carib were also Arawaks but with a different language. Even if they used to go to Puerto Rico and the Hispaniola to fight against the Taínos, they were found only in the Lesser Antilles when Columbus got to America.
At the moment when the Spanish came to the Hispaniola, most of the island was occupied by Taínos; only in the western tip of the Southern Peninsula (in modern Haiti), there were some small groups of Ciboney In the northeastern part of the island (Samaná Peninsula and north of the Northern mountain range), there was a group called Ciguayos, and sometimes Macorix, with the same culture of the Taínos but a different language. It seems that they were Carib that took the Taíno culture. They were the first Indians that fought against the Europeans.
Discovery, conquest and colony.
Christopher Columbus arrived to the island on December 5, 1492, naming it as "La Española", meaning "The Spanish Island". When Peter Martyr d'Anghiera wrote in latin about this island, he wrote "Hispaniola", meaning "Small Spain"; that was not correct. Because the book of Anghiera was translated into English very soon, the name Hispaniola is the most used in English-speaking countries and in scientific works.
For centuries, other names were used for the island. The most common were "Santo Domingo Island" (the Dominican constitution still uses that name) and "Haiti".
Hispaniola was the only island that Columbus visited in all his four travels to the Americas. He saw the island for the first time on December 5, 1492 but he stayed on his ship during the night; the next day, he went to land. The Spaniards spent the rest of December traveling along the north coast of Haiti; on December 12, Columbus took possession of the island in the name of the King and Queen of Spain and named the island as "La Española".
On Christmas Eve, December 24, the main ship ("Santa María") was badly damaged. The next day, Christmas Day, Columbus gave orders to use the wood of the ship to build a small fort on what is now Môle Saint-Nicolas, Haiti. That fort was named "La Navidad" ("Navidad" means Christmas) and was the first European building on American soil. Columbus left 39 men there because there was not space in the other two ships for all the people.
From "La Navidad", they traveled east along the north coast of the island and in Samaná they had a small fight with some natives ("Ciguayos", not Taíno Indians) and named the bay as "Golfo de las Flechas" (Gulf of the Arrows), but now is called "Samaná Bay". From there, they went back to Spain.
In 1493, Columbus found, when he returned in his second trip, that "La Navidad" was destroyed by the Indians and all Spaniards killed. Then he went to the east, founding the first European city in the American continent, near the present city of Puerto Plata; he named the city "La Isabela" in honor of Queen Isabella of Castile. The first Catholic mass in America was celebrated at La Isabela on January 6, 1494. From La Isabela, Columbus sent groups of persons to explore and take control of the island.
Because La Isabela was an unhealthy site, Bartholomew Columbus, brother of Christopher, established a new city, "La Nueva Isabela" (The New Isabela) on the south coast of the island, on the left side of the Ozama river. Because a hurricane destroyed the city, it was built again but on the right side of the river and with the new name of Santo Domingo. It is the oldest permanent European city in the Americas.
The Taíno population of the island decreased very fast because a combination of new diseases, like smallpox, and abuses by the Spaniards. Even if some black slaves were brought from Spain since 1501, the colony began to import African slaves when the colony began to grow sugar cane, around 1516, to produce sugar.
Spain kept conquering new regions of the Americas and, for the Spanish people, those new regions were more interesting because there was more gold; the population of the island grew very slowly. By the early 17th century, the island and its smaller neighbors (above all, the Tortuga island) became places often visited by Caribbean pirates. In 1606, the king of Spain gave the order that all inhabitants of Hispaniola had to move close to the city of Santo Domingo, to avoid interaction with pirates and Protestant people. This resulted in French, British and Dutch pirates establishing bases on the abandoned north and west coasts of the island.
In 1665, the presence of French people on the island had the official approval of the French king Louis XIV and he named Bertrand d'Ogeron as the governor of the western part of Hispaniola (in French, Saint-Domingue). By the Treaty of Ryswick, Spain gave the western third of the island to France and kept the eastern part. The development of the French "Saint-Domingue" was very fast, both in wealth and population, and it became the richest colony in the Caribbean. The eastern, Spanish colony of "Santo Domingo" remained poor and with a very low population.
Geography.
The Hispaniola has an area of 76,480 km². There are two countries: the Republic of Haiti is in the western part of the island and the Dominican Republic in the eastern part. These two countries are separated by an artificial border, except in the northern and southern extremes where they are separated by the rivers Dajabón and Pedernales, respectively.
The island is separated from Cuba by the Windward Passage (81 km from Punta Maisí in Cuba to Cape Saint-Nicolas in Haiti), from Jamaica by the Jamaica Channel (186 km from Point Morante in Jamaica to Cape Irois in Haiti) and from Puerto Rico by the Mona Channel (112 km from Punta Higüero in Puerto Rico to Punta of Agua in the Dominican Republic).
The maximun length, east to west, is 650 km from Cape Engaño to Cape Irois. The maximum width, north to south, is 265 km from Cape Isabela to Cape Beata. The highest point of the island, and of the Caribbean is Duarte Peak ("Pico Duarte") in the Dominican Republic) with 3,087 m; the lowest point is in the Enriquillo Lake, which is found at about 46 meters under sea level.
Mountains and Valleys.
The Hispaniola is an island with many mountains, and the highest peaks of the West Indies are found here. The chains of mountains show a direction northwest-southeast, except in the Southern peninsula (in Haiti) where they have a direction west-east. The mountains are separated by valleys with the same general direction.
Rivers and Lakes.
The sources of the longest rivers of Hispaniola are found in the mountains of the "Cordillera Central" (Dominican Republic) - "Massif du Nord" (Haiti).
The largest lake of the Hispaniola, and of the West Indies, is the "Lake Enriquillo". It is located in the "Hoya de Enriquillo" with an area of 265 km². There are three small islands within the lake. It is around 40 meters below sea level and is a saline lake with a higher concentration of salt than the sea water.
The second largest lake, "Étang Saumâtre" (also known as "Lake Azuei"), is close to Lake Enriquillo but in Haiti, in the "Cul-de-Sac". It is also a saline lake with an area of around 170 km².
Others lakes are "Rincón" (fresh water, area of 28.2 km²), "Oviedo" (brackish water, area of 28 km²), "Redonda" "Limón", "Étang de Miragonae".
Climate.
Hispaniola has a tropical climate but modified by elevation and the "trade winds" (winds that come from the northeast, from the Atlantic Ocean). At sea level, the average temperature is 25°C, with small changes from one season to another. In the highest mountains, the temperature in winter can be as low as 0°C.
There are two wet seasons: April-June and September-November. The most dry period is from December to March.
Rainfall varies greatly; eastern regions, like the Samaná Peninsula, get an average of over 2,000 mm in a year, but less than 500 mm fall in the southwest (Hoya de Enriquillo - Cul-de-Sac).
From June to November, hurricanes are frequent and can do much damage in the island.
Population.
Hispaniola has a total population, estimated for July 2007, of 18,072, 315 inhabitants, for a density of 236.30 inhabitants per km².
In Haiti, 95% of the population belongs to the black ethnic group, but in the Dominican Republic the mixed (mostly black and white) group is the most common with 75% of the population.
In the Dominican Republic, only Spanish is spoken (except for very small groups of immigrants) even if Haitian Creole is gaining importance because the massive immigration from Haiti. Both French and (Haitian) Creole are spoken in Haiti, and both are official languages.
In both countries, the main religion is Roman Catholicism. Protestant groups are important, more in Haiti (15% of the population) than in the Dominican Republic (5%).
The most important cities in the island are Santo Domingo (capital of Dominican Republic), Port-au-Prince (capital of Haiti), Santiago (Dominican Republic), Carrefour (Haiti).

Juventus F.C.
Juventus F.C. is an Italian football (soccer) club.
The club plays in Serie A. It was started in 1897 and its home stadium is the Comunale in Turin.
Juventus F.C. is Latin for youth. The club has won 27 Serie A football Leagues and 9 Coppa Italia football Cups. It has won more matches then any other Italian team. It has also won the UEFA cup three times and the Champions League twice.

Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne
Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne and 1st Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne, KG, PC (21 July 1693 - 17 November 1768) was a British Whig statesman and the Prime Minister of Great Britain) two times.

William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire
William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire'", KG, PC (1720 - 2 October 1764) was a British Whig statesman who was Prime Minister of Great Britain for a short period of time.

John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute
John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute, KG, PC (25 May 1713 - 10 March 1792) was a Scottish nobleman. He was Prime Minister of Great Britain (1762–1763) under King George III.

Spencer Compton, 1st Earl of Wilmington
Spencer Compton, 1st Earl of Wilmington, KG, KB, PC (1674 – 2 July 1743) was a British Whig statesman and Prime Minister of Great Britain. He served in government from 1715 until his death. Wilmington served as the head of government from 1742 until his death in 1743, but was a leader in name only. Wilmington did not actually run the country. The true leader of the government was Lord Carteret, the Secretary of State for the Northern Department.

Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham
Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham, KG, PC (13 May 1730 - 1 July 1782) was a British Whig statesman. He is most notable for his two terms as Prime Minister of Great Britain. He served in two high offices during his lifetime (Prime Minister and Leader of the House of Lords).

Frederick North, Lord North
Frederick North, 2nd Earl of Guilford, KG, PC (13 April 1732 – 5 August 1792), more often known by his courtesy title, Lord North, was Prime Minister of Great Britain from 1770 to 1782. North also had a major part in the American Revolution.

Newtonian telescope
A Newtonian telescope is a type of telescope that was invented by the English scientist Sir Isaac Newton. The telescope sends an image to the back of the tube and then reflects it off a mirror back up the tube. The image then goes into an angled eyepiece and into the person's eye. The tube usually has many lenses that are used to make the image larger.

Project management
Project management is the way one organizes and manages resources that are necessary to complete a project.
A project is something other than a process or an operation, which are long ongoing functional work to create the same product or service over and over again. The management of a project is very different and requires other technical skills.
The first thing which should be considered in project management is that the project is delivered within the existing limitations. The second thing is the best possible distribution of resources. Project management is the art of controlling both of these things during the length of the project, from when it is started until when it is finished.

Vitré
Vitré is a city in the East of Brittany, France. Its name in the Breton language is "Gwitreg" and Gallo is "Vitræ". It has about 18,000 inhabitants with a very rich heritance (medieval streets, castles, churches, chapels and parks). It is a good example for a Middle-Age city.

Shiver me timbers
Shiver me timbers is an expression mostly used by pirates that means something like 'No way'! Originally, the phrase was Shiver my timbers.

Carcharodontosaurus
"Carcharodontosaurus" was a giant carnivorous dinosaur of Cretaceous period. It was about 13.5 meters long and had a weight of about six tons. Fossils of "Carcharodontosaurus" were found in North Africa. The name means 'shark tooth lizard'.Carcharodontosaurus was closely related to giganotosaurus as they were both carnosaurs recent discoveries of carcharodontosaurus put estimates of its length in 36-44 feet making it after spinosaurus the largest carnivorous dinosaur in Africa. Carcharodontosaurus may be smaller than spinosaurus and giganotosaurus but it is larger than tyrannosaurus. Only two carcharodontosaurus remains have been found the first remains found in the 1920's were destroyed in bombing raids in world war 2 while they were on display but a new skuul in 1996 was uncovered and its length estimates were larger than the older ones and so was its skull witch measured 5.5 feet 1.10 metre. This devil is able to rip through its victims skin. Its jaws are narrow like that of giganotosaurus. Its huge teeth were nearly 7in. Scientists are looking for more giant carnivores witch might even replace todays giant carnivores including carcharodontosaurus.

Nastika
Astika (Sanskrit:: "orthodox") and Nastika: ("heterodox") are technical terms in Hinduism used to classify philosophical schools and persons, according to whether they accept the authority of the Vedas as supreme revealed scriptures, or not. By this definition, Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Samkhya, Yoga, Purva Mimamsa and Vedanta are classified as "astika" schools; while Charvaka, Jainism and Buddhism are considered "nastika" schools.
In non-technical usage, the term "astika" is sometimes loosely translated as "theist" while "nastika" is translated as "atheist". However this interpretation is distinct from the use of the term in Hindu philosophy. Notably even among the "astika" schools, "samkhya"and the early "mimamsa" school do not accept a God (see Atheism in Hinduism) while accepting the authority of the Vedas; they thus are "atheistic "astika" schools".
At an early period, during the formation of the Upanişads and the rise of Buddhism and Jainism, we must envisage a common heritage of meditation and mental discipline practiced by renouncers with varying affiliations to non-orthodox (Veda-rejecting) and orthodox (Veda-accepting) traditions... These schools [such as Buddhism and Jainism] are understandably regarded as heterodox ("nāstika") by orthodox ("āstika") Brahmanism.
Tantras are... also divided as "āstika" or Vedic and "nāstika" or non-Vedic. In accordance with the predominance of the deity the "āstika" works are again divided as Śākta, Śaiva, Saura, Gāṇapatya and Vaiṣṇava.

Capsicum
"Capsicum" is a genus of plants from the nightshade family (Solanaceae). Some of these plants are used as spices, vegetables, or drugs. The fruit of "Capsicum" plants have a variety of names. The names vary depending on place and type. They are commonly called Chili pepper, red or green pepper, or just pepper in Britain and the US; the large mild form is called bell pepper in the US, capsicum in Australian English and Indian English, and paprika in some other countries (although paprika can also refer to the powdered spice made from various capsicum fruit).
Capsicums originated in the Americas, but are now grown worldwide.
Capsaicin.
The fruit of "most" species of "Capsicum" contains capsaicin. Capsaicin is a chemical that can produce a strong burning sensation in the mouth (and, if not properly digested, anus) of the unaccustomed eater. Most mammals find this unpleasant; however, birds are unaffected. The plants developed the secretion of capsaicin to protect the fruit from being eaten by mammals. At the same time, the bright colors attract birds. These birds will spread the seeds. The amount of capsaicin in peppers is highly variable and dependent on genetics. This means that almost all types of peppers have varied amounts of heat felt by those consuming them. The only pepper without capsaicin is the bell pepper. Chili peppers are of great importance in Native American medicine. Capsaicin is also used in modern Western medicine to stimulate blood circulation or to relieve pain.
Black pepper and Sichuan pepper cause similar burning sensations. These are caused they by different substances though —piperine and hydroxy-alpha-sanshool, respectively.
Cuisine.
"Capsicum" fruits and peppers can be eaten raw or cooked. Those used in cooking are generally varieties of the "C. annuum" and "C. frutescens" species, though a few others are used as well. They are suitable for stuffing with fillings such as cheese, meat or rice.
They are also frequently used both chopped and raw in salads, or cooked in stir-fries or other mixed dishes. They can be sliced into strips and fried, roasted whole or in pieces, or chopped and incorporated into salsas or other sauces.
They can be preserved by drying or pickling. Dried peppers may be reconstituted whole, or processed into flakes or powders. Pickled or marinated peppers are frequently added to sandwiches or salads. Extracts can be made and incorporated into hot sauces.
In 2005, a poll of 2,000 people revealed the capsicum pepper to be Britain's 4th favourite culinary vegetable.
Varieties.
Many varieties of the same species can be used in many different ways; for example, "C. annuum" includes the "bell pepper" variety, which is sold in both its immature green state and its red, yellow or orange ripe state.
This same species has other varieties as well, such as the Anaheim chiles often used for stuffing, the dried Ancho chile used to make chili powder, the mild-to-hot Jalapeño, and the smoked ripe Jalapeño, known as a Chipotle.
Most of the capsaicin in a pepper is found in the interior ribs that divide the chambers of the fruit, and to which the seeds are attached. At the stem end of the pod, glands secrete the capsaicin, which then spreads throughout, but is concentrated on the ribs and seeds. The amount varies very significantly by variety, and is measured in Scoville heat units (SHU), ranging from the mild bell pepper to the scorching Habanero chile.
Synonyms and common names.
The name given to the fruits varies between English-speaking countries.
In Australia, New Zealand and India, heatless species are called "capsicums" while hot ones are called "chilli/chillies" (double L). The term "bell peppers" is rarely used, usually in reference to C. annuum and other varieties which look like a "capsicum" or bell but are fairly hot.
In the United Kingdom, Ireland, and Canada, the heatless varieties are called "peppers", "sweet peppers" or "capsicums" (or "green peppers," "red peppers," etc) while the hot ones are "chilli/chillies" (double L) or "chilli peppers".
In the United States, the common heatless species is referred to as "bell peppers," "sweet peppers," "red/green/etc peppers," or simply "peppers", while the hot species are collectively called "chile/chiles," "chili/chilies," or "chili/chile peppers" (one L only), "hot peppers", or named as a specific variety (e.g., banana pepper). In many midwestern regions of the United States the Sweet Bell Pepper is commonly called a mango. With the modern advent of fresh tropical fruit importers exposing a wider latitude of individuals to the tropical fruit variety of the Mango, this definition is becoming archaic. However many menus still call a stuffed Bell Pepper a "Mango".
The name "pepper" came into use because the plants were hot in the same sense as the condiment black pepper, "Piper nigrum". But there is no botanical relationship with this plant, nor with Sichuan Pepper.
In Spanish-speaking countries there are many different names for each variety and preparation. In Mexico the term "chile" is used. Several other countries, such as Chile, whose name is unrelated, Perú, and Argentina, use "ají". In Spain, heatless varieties are called "pimiento" and hot varieties "guindilla".
In Indian English, the word "capsicum" is used exclusively for bell pepper. All other varieties of chili peppers are called chilli. In northern India and Pakistan, bell pepper is also commonly called "Shimla Mirch" in the native languages. Shimla incidentally is a popular hill-station in India (and "Mirch" means chilli in native languages).
In Israel capsicum is commonly called "pilpel", meaning pepper in Hebrew.
You can test how hot a hot pepper can be by using the Scoville scale.
Medical Usage.
Capsicum is excellent source of laxative (purgative) and pain relief. Capsaicin has also been recently shown to have prostate cancer fighting effects.

Cinnamomum
Cinnamomum is a genus of evergreen trees and shrubs. All of them belong to the same family as the laurel, laurelaceae. The species in the genus have aromatic oils in their leaves and bark. There are over 300 species in the genus. They can be found in the tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas, Oceania, Asia and Australasia.
Well-known "Cinnamomum" species include Cinnamon ("Cinnamomum verum" or "C. zeylanicum", also known as "true cinnamon" or Ceylon Cinnamon), Cassia ("C. aromaticum" or "C. cassia"), Camphor Laurel ("C. camphora"), Saigon Cinnamon ("C. loureiroi", also known as Vietnamese cinnamon, Vietnamese cassia, or Saigon cassia), Malabathrum ("C. tamala", also known as "C. tejpata"; "tejpat" or "tej pat" in Hindi; or, inaccurately, "Indian bay leaf").

London Stock Exchange
The London Stock Exchange (LSE) is a stock exchange in London, England. It is the biggest stock exchange in the United Kingdom by the amount of money and the second biggest stock exhange by the number of companies.

The 4400
"The 4400" is a science fiction television series. The series began in 2004. Its fourth season started airing on June 17, 2007.
The story.
The 4400 is a reference to 4400 people who disappeared mysteriously over the last century. These people all returned near Seattle, Washington at the same time from a large ball of light. They had not changed because of the age. After a short time, each person that came back started showing some special abilities, for example: healing, precognition (seeing the future), and persuasion.

Foyle's War
"Foyle's War" is a detective show, running from October 27, 2002 to now. It has aired 5 series so far, with a final 6th series soon to be made in 2007.

Giant Anteater
The Giant Anteater is an animal that lives in South America. It is famous because it is the only mammal without teeth. It eats a lot of ants, hence the name.It is the biggest anteater in the world

Sanctuary (web series)
Sanctuary is a future Science fiction television series to be shown on the Internet. The series will star Amanda Tapping, Christopher Heyerdahl, Robin Dunne, and Emilie Ullerup. It was expected to start in May 2007.

William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne
William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne (March 15, 1779 - November 24, 1848) was a Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.
Lamb was elected to Parliament in 1806 as a member of the Whig party.
Lamb served as Irish Secretary during his time in parliament.
Lamb became Lord Melbourne when his father died.
Melbourne became Home Secretary during the government of Lord Grey. When Grey resigned in July of 1834, Melbourne became Prime Minister.
Melbourne was dismissed by King William IV quickly who favored the Tory party. Melbourne came back when the Whigs won the next election.
Melbourne was Prime Minister when Queen Victoria became queen. He helped her learn about how the British government worked.
While Prime Minister, Melbourne helped to limit the amount of capital punishment. Melbourne also made reforms in local government.
Melbourne resigned in August of 1841. Melbourne died on November 24, 1848.

Silicon Valley
theSilicon Valley is the southern part of the San Francisco Bay Area in Northern California in the United States. The term originally meant the innovators and manufacturers of silicon chip who worked here, but now means all the high tech businesses in the area. Even though it's not truly a valley, it is a term for the high-tech sector generally.
Silicon Valley includes the northern part of Santa Clara Valley and adjacent communities in the southern parts of the San Francisco Peninsula and East Bay. It reaches from Menlo Park (on the Peninsula) and the Fremont/Newark area in the East Bay down to San Jose.
Origin of the term.
.The term "Silicon Valley" was coined by journalist Don Hoefler in 1971. He used it as the title of a series of articles "Silicon Valley USA" in a weekly trade newspaper Electronic News which started with the January 11, 1971 issue. "Valley" refers to the Santa Clara Valley, located at the southern end of San Francisco Bay, while "Silicon" refers to the high concentration of semiconductor and computer-related industries in the area. These and similar technology firms slowly replaced the orchards which gave the area its initial nickname, the Valley of Heart's Delight.
History.
The San Francisco Bay Area had long been a major site of U.S. Navy work, as well as the site of the Navy's large research airfield at Moffett Field. A number of technology firms had set up shop in the area around Moffett to serve the Navy. When the Navy moved most of its West Coast operations to San Diego, NASA took over portions of Moffett for aeronautics research. Many of the original companies stayed, while new ones moved in. The immediate area was soon filled with aerospace firms.
However, there was almost no civilian "high-tech" industry in the area. Although there were a number of excellent schools in the area, graduating students almost always moved east or south (that is, to Los Angeles County) to find work. This was particularly annoying to Frederick Terman, a professor at Stanford University. He decided that a vast area of unused Stanford land was perfect for real estate development, and set up a program to encourage students to stay in the area by enabling them to easily find venture capital. One of the major success stories of the program was that it convinced two students to stay in the area, William Hewlett and David Packard. In 1939, they founded Hewlett-Packard in Packard's garage, which would go on to be one of the first "high tech" firms in the area that was not directly related to NASA or the U.S. Navy.
Notable companies.
Befitting its heritage, Silicon Valley is home to the high-tech superstore chain Fry's Electronics.
"For a larger list of companies, see "
Trivia.
In the James Bond film "A View to a Kill", villain Max Zorin plans to destroy Silicon Valley by detonating explosives between the "Hayward Fault" and "San Andreas Fault", causing them to flood. He dubs the operation 'Main Strike' in order to gain complete control of the microchip market by selling his own and destroying the competition.

Signal (biology)
In biology, especially in electrophysiology, a signal or biopotential is an electric quantity (voltage or current or field strength), that is caused by chemical reactions of charged ions. Another use of the term lies in describing the transfer of information between and within cells, as in signal transduction. Biological signals can also be seen as an example of signal (electrical engineering).

Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury
Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury (February 3, 1830 - August 22, 1903) was a Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. He was known as Lord Robert Cecil before 1865 and as Viscount Cranborne from 1865 until 1868.
Lord Cecil was elected to Parliament in 1853 as a member of the Conservative Party. In 1866 (now called Viscount Cranborne), he served as Secretary of State for India under Prime Minister Lord Derby. Cranborne resigned, but he would return to government in 1874, now as the Marquess of Salisbury. Salisbury was again Secretary of State for India under Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli. In 1878, Salisbury became Foreign Secretary in the Disraeli government.
Salisbury became the Conservative Party leader. Salisbury first served as Prime Minister from June 23, 1885, to January 28, 1886. His first government did not last long as the Conservatives did not have full control.
Salisbury became Prime Minister again on July 25, 1886, with a majority. He would be in office until August 11, 1892 and a third time from June 25, 1895, until July 11, 1902.
Salisbury helped establish the London County Council. Salisbury built up the Royal Navy. Africa was divided up into colonies. The United Kingdom fought the Second Boer War while Salisbury was Prime Minister.
Salisbury resigned on July 11, 1902. He died on August 22, 1903.

Electrophysiology
Electrophysiology is the study of the electrical properties of biological cells and tissues. It involves measurements of voltage change or electrical current flow on a wide variety of scales from single ion channel proteins, to whole tissues like the heart. In neuroscience, it includes measurements of the electrical activity of neurons, and particularly action potential activity.
Classical electrophysiologic techniques.
Classical electrophysiology involves placing electrodes into various preparations of biologic tissue. The principle types of electrodes are: 1) simple solid conductors, such as discs and needles (singles or arrays), 2) tracings on a printed circuit boards, and 3) hollow tubes filled with an electrolyte, such as glass pippettes. The principal preparations include 1) living organisms, 2) excised tissue (acute or cultured), 3) dissociated cells from excised tissue (acute or cultured), 4) artificially grown cells or tissues, or 5) hybrids of the above.
If an electrode is small enough in diameter (on the order of microns), then the electrophysiologist may choose to insert the tip into a single cell.

Ion channel
Ion channels are pore-forming proteins that help to establish and control the small voltage gradient across the plasma membrane of all living cells (see resting potential) by allowing the flow of ions down their electrochemical gradient. They are present in the membranes that surround all biological cells.
An ion channel is an integral membrane protein or more typically an assembly of several proteins.

Episode
An episode is a part of a dramatic work such as a television or radio program.

Henry Addington, 1st Viscount Sidmouth
Henry Addington, 1st Viscount Sidmouth, PC (30 May 1757 – 15 February 1844) was a British statesman. He was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1804.
His father was a physician specialising in the treatment of mental illness. His father was one of George III's doctors and this resulted in Addington being known (in no friendly spirit) as "The Doctor". Before becoming Prime Minister he had been Speaker of the House of Commons.
He tried but failed to negotiate a lasting peace with Napoleon's France.
He was not well regarded as Prime Minister and his capabilities were summed up in the rhyme: "Pitt is to Addington as London is to Paddington". As Viscount Sidmouth, he was a very reactionary Home Secretary in the Government of the Earl of Liverpool but he was eventually persuaded to retire in favour of Sir Robert Peel.

Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton
Augustus Henry FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton'", KG, PC (28 September 1735 – 14 March 1811) was a British Whig statesman. He was one of a handful of dukes who served as Prime Minister.

William Wyndham Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville
William Wyndham Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville PC (October 25, 1759 – January 12, 1834), was a British Whig statesman and Prime Minister. Greenville was the son of Prime Minister George Grenville.

Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool
Robert Banks Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool (June 7, 1770 – December 4, 1828) was an English politician and the longest serving Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (Robert Walpole held office for longer, but not all people agree about when he became "Prime Minister".) During his time as Prime Minister from 1812 to 1827, Liverpool became known for hard rules he put in place to restore order, but he also led the country through the bad period that followed the Napoleonic Wars. Important events during his time as Prime Minister included the Congress of Vienna, the Corn Laws, Catholic emancipation and the Peterloo Massacre.

Frederick John Robinson, 1st Viscount Goderich
Frederick John Robinson, 1st Earl of Ripon PC (November 1, 1782 – January 28, 1859) was a British statesman and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (when he was known as Lord Goderich).

Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington
Field Marshal Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, KG, GCB, GCH, PC, FRS (c. 1 May, 1769 – 14 September, 1852) was an Irish-born British soldier and statesman. He is widely thought to be one of the best military and political people of the 19th century. Wellington was a Tory Prime Minister of the United Kingdom two times. He was one of the leading figures in the House of Lords until his retirement in 1846.
Starting as an ensign in the British Army, he served well in the Napoleonic Wars, eventually reaching the rank of field marshal. As a general, Wellington is often compared to the 1st Duke of Marlborough. They had many things in common including dealing in politics after a highly successful military career.

Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey
Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey, KG, PC (13 March 1764 – 17 July 1845) was a British Whig statesman and Prime Minister.

John Russell, 1st Earl Russell
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell, KG, GCMG, PC (18 August 1792 – 28 May 1878) was an English Whig and Liberal politician. He served twice as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom in the mid-19th century.

Henry Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston
Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston, KG, GCB, PC (20 October 1784 – 18 October 1865) was a British statesman who served twice as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom in the mid-19th century. He began his parliamentary career as a Tory and ended it as a Liberal.
He is best remembered for his leading of British foreign policy in a period of time when the United Kingdom was at its strongest. He served as both Foreign Secretary and Prime Minister. Some of his actions, now sometimes termed liberal interventionist, were not liked by a lot of people at the time.

George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen
George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen, KG, KT, PC (28 January 1784 – 14 December 1860) was a Scottish Tory/Peelite politician. He served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1852 until 1855.

Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby
Edward George Geoffrey Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby, KG, PC (29 March 1799 – 23 October 1869) was an English statesman. He served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom three times. To date, Derby was the longest serving leader of the Conservative Party. Derby is one of only four British Prime Ministers to have been in office three or more times. However each time he was only in office for less than two years. Derby was Prime Minister for a total of just over four years, less than many other Prime Ministers.

Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery
Archibald Philip Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery, KG, PC (7 May 1847 – 21 May 1929) was a British Liberal statesman and Prime Minister

Henry Campbell-Bannerman
The Rt.Hon. Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman (7 September 1836 – 22 April 1908) was a Scottish- born British Liberal statesman. He served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from December 5 1905 until resigning because of bad health on April 3 1908.
Campbell-Bannerman was born in Glasgow, Scotland, in 1836 as Henry Campbell. The surname "Bannerman" was added to his surname in 1871 as required by his uncle's will. It was a requirement of his inheritance of his uncle's Kent estate, Hunton Court.

United States Census Bureau
The United States Census Bureau (officially Bureau of the Census) is a part of the United States government that is responsible for the United States Census.
The Census Bureau is a part of the United States Department of Commerce.
Legal mandate.
The Constitution of the United States says that the population must be counted at least once every ten years (through the U.S. Census). This is done so to find out how many Federal Representatives in Congress each state should have. The Census Bureau is charge of doing these this. It collects statistics about the nation, its people, and its economy. The Census Bureau's legal authority is listed in Title 13 of the United States Code. The first census bureau was in 1790.
Organizational structure.
Since 1903, The Bureau of the Census has been the census-taking organization of the United States government. The Bureau is led by a Director, who is helped by a Deputy Director and associate directors.
The Census Bureau headquarters is located at 4600 Silver Hill Road, Suitland, Maryland. There are regional offices in 12 cities: Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Detroit, Chicago, Kansas City, Seattle, Charlotte, Atlanta, Dallas, Denver, and Los Angeles. More offices are set up and used when it comes time to do the census every 10 years.
Population estimates.
The Census Bureau also use real-time extrapolation of information on population, birth, and death to give their estimates of the number of people in the United States and the world.

Signal processing
Signal processing is the analysis, interpretation and manipulation of signals. Signals of interest include sound, images, biological signals such as ECG, radar signals, and many others.
Processing of such signals includes storage and reconstruction, separation of information from noise (e.g., aircraft identification by radar), compression (e.g., image compression), and feature extraction (e.g., speech-to-text conversion).
Signal classification.
For analog signals, signal processing may involve the amplification and filtering of audio signals for audio equipment or the modulation and demodulation of signals for [telecommunications]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunication. For digital signals, signal processing may involve the compression, error checking and error detection of digital signals.
Method of Signal processing.
Signal processing is the analysis, interpretation and manipulation of acquired signals. Acquired signals must to be processed depending on the purpose of measurement, a method of measurement, and a property of acquired signals.
When signals are processed, statistics is used because it's essential to know a distribution of data and represent data by numerical formulas. In other words, to study signal processing, it's demanded to study statistics (like the theory of error, the arithmetical mean, probability, a stochastic variable, accuracy, and detailed drawing, etc.).
In most cases, signals are regular, as it is acquired from electric instruments like telemeter, or communications equipment, etc. But there are also many accidentally occurred irregular signals which make it difficult to find formulas that fit exactly. Here, the irregular means it's hard to predict the result which is not yet occurred. When irregular signals are acquired, photon is necessary, so it is measured, and caculated.

Henri Troyat
Henri Troyat, born Levon Aslan Torossian or Lev Aslanovich Tarasov, (November 1, 1911 – March 2, 2007) was a French author, biographer, historian and novelist. Originally, his family was from Armenia.
He was born in Moscow. His family fled Russia, because they feared the coming revolution. After a long exile, the family settled in Paris in 1920, where young Troyat was schooled and later earned a law degree.
He won his first literary award at the age of 24, "le prix du Roman populaire". At the age of 27 he was awarded the prestigious Prix Goncourt.
He published more than 100 books, novels and biographies, among them those of Anton Chekhov, Catherine the Great, Rasputin, Ivan the Terrible and Leo Tolstoy. He was at his death the dean of the Académie française.
His best-known work is "La neige en deuil", which was adapted as an English-language film in 1956 under the title "The Mountain".

Rondônia
Rondônia is a state in Brazil. It is located in the north-western part of the country. To the west is the state of Acre, to the north is the state of Amazonas, in the east is Mato Grosso, and in the south is Bolivia. Its capital is Porto Velho. The state was named after Candido Rondon.
Geography.
The state has a part that is covered mostly by jungle of the Amazon Rainforest. About three-fifths of the state has had the jungle removed since the 1970s. Most of the people living in the state now live in urban areas. It is a main exporter of wood. The state also makes both coffee and cocoa. The breeding of cattle is also important here.
Flag.
The flag was designed by Silvio Carvalho Feitosa. It was made the flag of the state on December 22, 1981. The flag uses the same colors as the flag of Brazil. The big star in the middle of the flag is a symbol for the new state. The star is shown rising into the blue sky that is stretching over Brazil (the yellow and green areas in the lower half of the flag).
Tribes.
The Akuntsu tribe is one of the tribes of Rondônia. They are one of the indigenous peoples of Brazil. They were first contacted in only 1995. At that time, there were only seven people in the tribe. As of 2006 their population was down to six. They live in the Igarape Omere region to the southwest of Rondônia. The tribe consists of chief Kunibu Baba (male,age: ~ 70), Pupak(male, age: ~ 40), Ururu(female, age:~80) and three women with ages from 23-35. The seventh member of the tribe died in 1995. The only child born after that died in 2000 in a storm. With his death the only hope of the tribe not becoming extinct lessened.

Singular
Singular is a form of the noun that shows that there is only one. The opposite of the singular is the plural, which means there is more than one.
For example, in English the word "cat" in "one cat" is singular, but in "two cats" it is plural.

Cantons of Switzerland
The 26 cantons of Switzerland are the states of the country of Switzerland.
Switzerland is divided into 26 different areas. Each area is called a "canton". A canton is like a state in the United States.
In the past, each canton had its own army and money. This changed in 1848 when Switzerland changed to the structure it has now.
The cantons "Uri", "Schwyz", "Unterwalden" ("Nidwalden" and "Obwalden" together are called "Unterwalden") are called "Urkantone". An Urkanton is a canton that existed since the foundation of Switzerland in 1291. With time, other cantons joined Switzerland. "Jura" is the newest canton in Switzerland since 1978. In that year, it split from the canton of Berne, after some rioting.
The cantons of Basel-Stadt, Basel-Landschaft, Appenzell-Innerrhoden, Appenzell-Ausserrhoden, Obwalden and Nidwalden are different from the others in one way. For historical reasons, their voting is counted differently in national elections. Other than that, they are the same as the others.
In Switzerland, the individual municipalities and cantons are very free. Usually, there is a Swiss law (at the level of the whole confederation). Very often this states general things and says that the cantons must follow this rule. The cantons then makes detailed rules, each in the way it sees fit. Sometimes this leads to strange situations. There are 26 different schooling systems.
Drug abuse is an offense, at the federal level. Punishment is usually 1 to 3 years, but can also only be a fine. The problem is: Consumption itself (not trading, or giving away for free) is not punishable. Also in light cases, the police can say that there will be no fine. This has led to the fact, that in each canton, this law is applied differently. In one canton, smoking a joint will mean a fine, in another, it can mean a prison term.
The word for that is called federalism. That means, that each canton has its own government. So all cantons have their own constitution. The constitution is the highest law in a state.
List and map.
The cantons are listed in the order given in the federal constitution.
Notes: 1 As of 31 December 2001, 2 km², 3 per km², based on 2000 population 4 seat of government and parliament, the seat of the judicial authorities is Trogen.
The two-letter abbreviations for Swiss cantons are widely used, e.g. on car license plates and in the ISO 3166-2 codes (with the prefix "CH-", i.e. CH-SZ for the canton of Schwyz).

Nervous system
The Nervous system is a system. It is present in most animals. It is there to coordinate movement, to process the input of the senses, and to make the animals act a certain way. It is made up of neurons, nerve cells among other things. The gross structure of the system includes the brain and spinal cord, which together are called the central nervous system.The brain has billions of nerve cells to help think, walk, and breath. The nervous system can react in 1/100 seconds to stimulus, and the brain is about 60% pure fat!

Alexandre Dumas, fils
Alexandre Dumas, fils (fils is French for "son"), (July 27, 1824 – November 27, 1895) was the son of Alexandre Dumas, père, père is French for "father"). Like his father, Alexandre Dumas, fils was a celebrated author and playwright.
Alexandre Dumas "fils" was born in Paris, France, the illegitimate child of Marie-Catherine Labay, a dressmaker, and novelist Alexandre Dumas. In 1831 his father legally recognized him (he adopted him) and ensured the young Dumas received the best education possible at the Institution Goubaux and the College Bourbon. At that time, the law allowed the elder Dumas to take the child away from his mother. Her agony inspired Dumas "fils" to write about tragic female characters. In almost all of his writings, he emphasized the moral purpose of literature and in his 1858 play, "Le fils naturel" ("The Illegitimate Son"), he wrote about the belief that if a man fathers an illegitimate child, then he has an obligation to legitimize the child and marry the woman.
Dumas' paternal great-grandparents were a white French nobleman and a young black Haitian woman. In the boarding schools, Dumas "fils" was constantly taunted by his classmates. These issues all profoundly influenced his thoughts, behaviour, and writing.
In 1844 Dumas "fils" moved to Saint-Germain-en-Laye to live with his father. There, he met Marie Duplessis, a young courtesan who would be the inspiration for his romantic novel, "La dame aux camélias" ("The Lady of the Camellias"). Adapted into a play, it was titled in English (especially in the United States) as "Camille" and is the basis for Verdi's 1853 opera, "La Traviata". Although he admitted that he had done the adaptation because he needed the money, he had a huge success with the play. With this work began the playwriting career of Dumas "fils" which not only eclipsed that of his father during his lifetime but also dominated the serious French stage for most of the second half of the nineteenth century. After this, he virtually abandoned the novel (though his semi-autobiographical "L'Affaire Clemenceau" (1867) achieved some success).
In 1864, Alexandre Dumas the son married Nadeja Naryschkine, with whom he had a daughter. After Naryschkine's death, he married Henriette Regnier.
In 1874, he was admitted to the Academie francaise and in 1894 he was awarded the "Légion d'Honneur".
Alexandre Dumas the son died at Marly-le-Roi, Yvelines, on November 27, 1895 and was interred in the Cimetière de Montmartre in Paris. It was, perhaps coincidentally, only some 100 metres away from Marie Duplessis.

Conjunctivitis
Conjunctivitis (also known as pinkeye) is a medical condition when the "Conujunctiva" (a transparent membrane that lines the outer eye, and inner part of the eyelid) becomes inflamed. The cause of conjunctivitis can be either bacterial or viral infection.

Cerulean
Cerulean is a range of colours from deep blue, sky-blue, bright blue or azure to greenish blue. The word cerulean comes from the Latin word "caeruleum", which means "sky" or "heavens". This was in turn from Latin "caeruleus" dark blue: resembling the blue of the sky.
In classical times, this term was used to describe blue pigments, particularly mixtures of copper and cobaltous oxides. These early attempts to create sky blue colours were often less than satisfactory due to greenish hues and lack of permanence. When the pigment cerulean blue was invented people started using this instead.

John Barrowman
John Barrowman (born March 11, 1967) is a Scottish-American actor. He was born in Glasgow, Scotland in the United Kingdom but moved to Joliet, Illinois in the United States of America when he was 8 years old and grew up there. He is citizen of both the United Kingdom and the United States of America because of this.
Acting and presenting.
Barrowman is most famous for playing the character Captain Jack Harkness in the television series "Doctor Who" and "Torchwood". He is also a famous musical actor and singer. He has appeared in many musicals, as well as television shows about musicals. He also has been a presenter for series such as "Live & Kicking".
His everyday life.
Barrowman is openly gay. He became a civil partner of his long time love Scott Gill on December 27, 2007. He does not like the word marriage being used for civil partnerships because he thinks that the word is used by religious people who typically dislike gay people.

Swamp
A swamp is part of a wetland ecosystem. Swamps are forested low, spongy land generally saturated with water and covered with trees and aquatic vegetation. Big parts of swamps are often flooded with water. Swamps are nesting and breeding grounds for birds and other animals.
About 6 percent of the earth's surface is covered by swamps. Swamps are also filters for groundwater, and protect against flooding.

Diego Rivera
Diego Rivera (December 8, 1886 – November 24, 1957) was a famous Mexican painter and muralist. He was born in Guanajuato City, Guanajuato.
Rivera is most famous for his 1933 mural, "Man at the Crossroads," for the lobby of the RCA Building at Rockefeller Center. Before he finished the mural, people saw that there was an image of Vladimir Lenin and other communist images in it. Rivera was fired because of this and the mural was destroyed.
Rivera's wife, Frida Kahlo, was also a famous Mexican painter.

David Alfaro Siqueiros
David Alfaro Siqueiros (December 29, 1896 in Camargo, Chihuahua, Mexico - January 6, 1974 in Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico) was a famous painter and muralist.

Avenged Sevenfold
Avenged Sevenfold (or A7X) is an American metal and hard rock band. The band started in Huntington Beach, California in 1999. They have popular songs like "Beast and the Harlot" which is used in the video game "Guitar Hero II", and "Almost Easy" which is used in "Guitar Hero III".
The band's title A7X was started by the band's rhythm guitarist Zacky Vengance ("sevenfold" is seven times and therefore he used a multiplication symbol).

Siege
A siege is what happens when a group of people surround another group of people and stop them from escaping, or getting food and water. Without supplies, those inside will have to surrender at some point. There were many sieges in Medieval times, normally at a castle or town. Sieges took a long time, perhaps months, but were almost always successful, unless another group of people came to rescue those inside, by fighting the besiegers.

River Hull
The River Hull is a river in Yorkshire in the north of England.
It has its source in the Yorkshire Wolds. It joins the Humber estuary in the centre of Kingston upon Hull.
The river separates the industrial area of the city, and several opening bridges have been constructed. These continue to cause traffic delays during high tides, though river traffic is not so heavy any more in recent years.
Bridges.
These are the bridges in the Hull area:-

Hull (watercraft)
A hull is the body of a ship or boat. It is a central concept in floating vessels as it provides the buoyancy that keeps the vessel from sinking.
Terms.
Bow is the frontmost part of the hull
Stern is the rear-most part of the hull
Portside is the left side of the boat when facing the Bow
Starboard is the right side of the boat when facing the Bow
Waterline is an imaginary line circumscribing the hull that matches the surface of the water when the hull is not moving.
Midships is the midpoint of the LWL (see below).
It is half-way from the forwardmost point on the waterline to the rear-most point on the waterline.
Baseline an imaginary reference line used to measure vertical distances from. It is usually located at the bottom of the hull.

Buoyancy
In physics, buoyancy is the upward force on an object produced by the surrounding fluid (i.e., a liquid or a gas) in which it is fully or partially immersed, due to the pressure difference of the fluid between the top and bottom of the object.
The net upward buoyancy force is equal to the magnitude of the weight of fluid that is displaced by the body. This force enables the object to float or at least to seem lighter. Buoyancy is important for many vehicles such as boats, ships, balloons, and Blimps.
Density.
If the object has exactly the same density as the liquid, then its buoyancy equals its weight. It will tend neither to sink nor float.
An object with a higher average density than the fluid has less buoyancy than weight and it will sink.
A ship floats because although it is made of steel which is more dense than water, it encloses a volume of air and the resulting shape has an average density less than that of the water.

Asura
The Asura are a group of supernatural creatures in Hinduism and Buddhism.
In today's Hinduism, the Asuras are demons. But this was not always that way. The idea of the Asuras is very, very old, from long before the time people learned how to read and write. The Asuras only became demons much time had passed. Buddhism also has Asuras. These are from Hinduism but have also changed a lot in their own way.
Some of the Asuras are very important, and have been worshiped for thousands of years. The most important of these are Varuna and Mitra. Varuna is the god of the ocean, which in olden times was thought to be flowing under the earth. So, Varuna came to be seen as god of the underworld. In ancient times, water was thought to be where wisdom came from. So Varuna is considered very wise, and he gives his wisdom to those who honor him. Varuna's closest companion is Mitra. Mitra mostly means "friend" in Hinduism, but it originally meant "promise". And so Mitra is the god of friendships and promises. He protects people who honor the truth and punishes those who tell lies. The "Mi-" in "Mitra" means "to tie tightly". Friendship and promises tie people to one another.
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In Hinduism.
In Hinduism, the Asura (Sanskrit: असुर) are a group of creatures looking for more power, sometimes called demons. They went against the devas. The devas and asuras are the children of "Kashyapa".
Hinduism has many stories of Asuras and Devas fighting each other. Mostly they fight about who will get the best prayers from the worshipers.
In Hinduism the Asuras are said to be beings of moral and social things. Like truth and marriage. The Daevas are said to be beings of natural things. Like the sun and the rain. In Hinduism, the Asuras are said to be "older". And the daevas are said to be "younger". There are very many Asuras and Daevas. Two hundred years ago someone counted them and said there were over 2,000 Daevas and Asuras. So naturally not all Asuras are very important. But some names have been forgotten since then, and others have been added. This is why Hinduism is called a "living religion." It is changing all the time.
In Buddhism.
The Asuras are partly -- but not completely -- demonic in Buddhism. Buddhism takes the basic idea from Hinduism.
Mostly the Asuras of Buddhism represent some mental state of humans that is not nice. For example, anger or pride or violence. There are many different kinds of Asuras. They are always angry with everyone and are always fighting. Their leaders are called the Asurendra, which means "Lord of Asuras".
The Asuras are almost human in their emotions. On the Buddhist scale of supernatural beings, the Asuras are almost at the bottom.
Buddhism is very popular in the far east. So, many of the Asuras also have Japanese, Chinese and Korean names.
In the Vedas.
The Vedas are the most holy books of the Indian religions, especially of Hinduism. There are four Vedas, and they are all very, very old. The oldest of the Vedas is called the RigVeda, and it is more than 3,000 years old.
In the RigVeda the Asuras are not yet demons. At that time the Asuras and the Devas were both still groups of gods. In fact, many of the figures of the RigVeda are both "asura"s "and" "daeva"s. This is because, at that time, the two words were not yet names of groups. They were just names of characteristics. "Asura" means "life", and so the gods who were called "asura"s were thought to give life. And the "daeva"s were shining. This is the original meaning of the names. In later books they became different.
In the RigVeda many of the devas are called asuras, and many of the asuras are called devas. Sometimes they are also called both at the same time: Like "daev"ic" asuras" or "asur"ic" devas". The "-"ic" makes those words a part of the other word. There are some beings who are both ahuric daevas "and" daevic ahuras. This shows that there was no big difference between 'ahura' and 'daeva' in the RigVeda.
The forefathers of the people who wrote the Vedas probably came from somewhere in Central Asia. In Central Asia they spoke a language that is no longer spoken anywhere. Such a language is called a dead language. But scholars can imagine what the language was like by studying books like the Vedas. Scholars call this language "Indo-Iranian". They call it that because it can be seen in the books of various North Indian peoples, and also in the books of various Iranian peoples.
One of the books of the Iranian peoples is called the Avesta. It is not really one book, but a collection of many books, but together they are called the Avesta. The Avesta is the holy book of Zoroastrianism. The language of the Avesta is very similar to the language of the RigVeda. The Avesta also has asuras and devas. But in Iran they are written as "ahura" and "daeva".
The old part of the Avesta is almost as old as the RigVeda. In this old part of the Avesta the ahuras and the daevas are almost like they are in the RigVeda. In both books they are groups of supernatural beings. But they are very different in character.
Some time after the RigVeda was written, stories were told about the asuras and devas that made them not friends any more. A similar thing also happened in the Avesta. Only that the two groups had been switched: The Asuras became demons in regions where North Indian languages were spoken, and the Daevas became demons in regions where Iranian languages were spoken.
It is not known for sure why this happened. It was a very, very long time ago.
One possible reason why the Asuras became demons in India is this: Some time after the RigVeda was written Indians started to think that "asura" means "a-sura", which means "not a hero". So, maybe that way the "asura"s got a bad name.
One possible reason why the Daevas became demons in Iran is this: At about the same time as the Indians were writing the last part of the RigVeda, a very thoughtful man named Zoroaster appeared in Iran. He thought and thought a lot about why there was goodness and badness in the world. Finally, he told everyone what he had been thinking about. And one of those things was that Daevas were not to be trusted because they could not tell the difference between truth and lies. After some time Zoroaster became very popular for his ideas. And so, with time, the Daevas became demons in Iran.
In both cases, the one side didn't know what the other side was thinking. So in India only the Asuras became demons. And in Iran only the Daevas became demons.
Many, many centuries before the RigVeda and before Zoroaster, a name that sounds like "Asura" was the proper name of a very mighty god. Some scholars say his name was "Ansu" but this is not sure. So that is why they write the name as "*Ansu". That '*' means it is not sure. *Ansu was the god of life from which the name 'asura' and 'ahura' comes. We know that this god existed because far, far away in Northern Europe there was also a god named 'Aesir', who was also a giver of life. It sometimes can happen that a similar name appears in two or three places. But it is very rare that the same name with the same function appears. So, that is why 'Asura' and 'Ahura' and 'Aesir' must be all come from '*Ansu'. And we know that such a god must have been very powerful because he was very popular for so very long.
Although the Asuras and the Ahuras are related, they should not be mixed up. This is not only because their names are slightly different. It is also because they are very different. But the most important thing is that they are from different cultures. Even if they came from the same place, that was very long ago. After such a long much time, people have very different ideas about them.

Intercontinental ballistic missile
ICBM is an acronym. It stands for Intercontinental Ballistic Missile. It is a missile that can travel such distances so it can be used from one continent to another. The missile can then carry a bomb. This can be a conventional or nuclear warhead. Today, most of the time, it will be a nuclear warhead.

Elevation
When talking about geography the elevation of a certain point is how high it is compared to some reference point. Very often, the reference point is mean sea level, the level of the ocean midway between high and low tide on an average day.
Sometimes elevation is measured against the center of the earth. The problem there is that the earth does not really look like a ball, it looks more like a potato. This means, that while still at mean sea level (at the equator), some points are father away from the center of the earth than others. That way the peak of Chimborazo, a volcano in Ecuador is further away from the center of the earth than the peak of Mount Everest. Yet, Mount Everest is higher above sea level.

Bastila Shan
Bastila Shan is a character from the "Star Wars" universe.
Bastila Shan was born in the year 3,979 BBY. She is the daughter of Helena Shan and an unknown treasure hunter who joined the Jedi Order despite her protests. She became a valuable member to the Jedi Order despite her young age due to her mastery of Battle Meditation. During the Jedi Civil War, she was responsible for the capture of Darth Revan, with whom she fell in love with. After being tortured by Darth Malak and falling to the dark side, she tried to persuade the redeemed Revan by returning to the dark side and reclaiming his rightful place. After being rejected and forced to flee to the Star Forge, Bastila confronted Revan again and lost. She begged him to kill her, but he refused and used the power of their love to bring her back to the light and help the Republic in the Battle of Rakata Prime. She is also one of the surviving Jedi to survive the purge that followed it.

Darth Revan
Darth Revan is a character from the "Star Wars" universe.
Revan was a Jedi Knight and general who turned to the dark side in the Mandalorian Wars. After the death of Mandalore the Ultimate, Revan claimed the title of "Dark Lord of the Sith". He then founded a powerful new Sith Empire, and declared war on the Republic and the Jedi themselves. After defeating almost all of the Republic territories, Revan was captured by the Jedi due to the betrayal of his apprentice Darth Malak. He almost died (a small spark of the Force kept him alive) and was brought to the Council to have his mind replaced by a new identity that was loyal to the Republic. Even after discovering his former identity, he rejected the dark side. Revan ended the war he had begun by killing Malak. After the Jedi Civil War, Revan was given back his rank as Jedi Knight at age 26.
He was the lover of Bastila Shan. A year later, all his memories returned. He later left to the Unknown Regions to face this new threat known as the "True Sith".

Kraft Foods
Kraft Foods is a business that makes packaged food. They own Oscar Meyer and Nabisco.

Soft drink
Soft drinks (also known as pop, soda, tonic, soda pop, fizzy drinks, or minerals.) is a carbonated drink made from concentrates and sugar. Some have flavors. Some popular types of soda are Sprite, 7 up, Pepsi and Coca-Cola.

Academy Award for Best Picture (1920s)
The Academy Award for Best Picture is one of the Academy Awards. Also called Oscars, the Academy Awards are given to people working in the film industry by the American Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS).
In the list below, the winner of the award for each year between 1927 and 1929 is shown first, followed by the other nominees.
Best Picture, Unique and Artistic Production also known as "Best Artistic Quality of Production" was only presented in the first year.

Academy Award for Best Picture (1930s)
The Academy Award for Best Picture is one of the Academy Awards. Also called Oscars, the Academy Awards are given to people working in the film industry by the American Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS).
In the list below, the winner of the award for each year between 1930 and 1939 is shown first, followed by the other nominees. The name of the award becomes Best Picture in 1930.

Academy Award for Best Picture (1940s)
The Academy Award for Best Picture is one of the Academy Awards. Also called Oscars, the Academy Awards are given to people working in the film industry by the American Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS).
In the list below, the winner of the award for each year from 1940 to 1949 is shown first, followed by the other nominees.

Academy Award for Best Picture (1950s)
The Academy Award for Best Picture is one of the Academy Awards. Also called Oscars, the Academy Awards are given to people working in the film industry by the American Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS).
In the list below, the winner of the award for each year from 1950 to 1959 is shown first, followed by the other nominees.

Academy Award for Best Picture (1960s)
The Academy Award for Best Picture is one of the Academy Awards. Also called Oscars, the Academy Awards are given to people working in the film industry by the American Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS).
In the list below, the winner of the award for each year from 1960 to 1969 is shown first, followed by the other nominees.

Academy Award for Best Picture (1970s)
The Academy Award for Best Picture is one of the Academy Awards. Also called Oscars, the Academy Awards are given to people working in the film industry by the American Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS).
In the list below, the winner of the award for each year from 1970 to 1979 is shown first, followed by the other nominees.

Academy Award for Best Picture (1980s)
The Academy Award for Best Picture is one of the Academy Awards. Also called Oscars, the Academy Awards are given to people working in the film industry by the American Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS).
In the list below, the winner of the award for each year from 1980 to 1989 is shown first, followed by the other nominees.

Academy Award for Best Picture (1990s)
The Academy Award for Best Picture is one of the Academy Awards. Also called Oscars, the Academy Awards are given to people working in the film industry by the American Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS).
In the list below, the winner of the award for each year from 1990 to 1999 is shown first, followed by the other nominees.

Academy Award for Best Picture (2000s)
The Academy Award for Best Picture is one of the Academy Awards. Also called Oscars, the Academy Awards are given to people working in the film industry by the American Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS).
In the list below, the winner of the award for each year from 2000 to 2006 is shown first, followed by the other nominees.

Sampling (statistics)
Sampling is a method used in statistics to choose data from a data source.It is a process of selecting a sample from a population.Sampling reduces the demand on resources like finance, manpower, duration and materials. There are two types of sampling Random or Probability sampling and non probability or non random sampling.

Lexington, Kentucky
Lexington is the second largest city in Kentucky, with around 268,080 people living there. It is called "the Horse Capital of the World".
Lexington was first named by a party of Virginians who camped here in June, 1775, after they heard the news about the Battle of Lexington, Massachusetts in April of that year starting the American Revolution against the British government. A fort was begun at the same spot in 1779, and by 1782 there was a town here known as "Lexington, Virginia". This is because Kentucky was still part of Virginia then, and was not made into a state of its own until 1792.

Toby Keith
Toby Keith Covel (born July 8, 1961) is an American country music singer and songwriter.

Redhead
Redhead is a person with red or reddish hair.
Red hair is made by genes. This means to have natural red hair person needs to have red haired ancestors. Red hair is made by different genes than blonde (yellow or light coloured) hair, but to have bright red hair person needs to have both red hair and blonde hair making genes.
Red hair is said to be most usual close to the Northern European coasts and islands of Atlantic Ocean, like the British Isles. Blonde hair, however, is more usual at areas more north and more east, around Baltic Sea. While the Finns are the most blonde people, it is said that Irish people are the most red headed.

Owen Spencer-Thomas
Owen Spencer-Thomas was born on March 3, 1940 in Braughing,
Hertfordshire, England. He is perhaps best known as a television and radio news journalist over three decades. Spencer-Thomas combined this career with that of ordained Anglican clergyman and charity fundraiser. He is married to Maggie; they have three adult children, two sons and a daughter.
Early life.
He graduated in sociology at The Polytechnic, Regent Street, (now the University of Westminster) where he helped to establish its Students' Union and became its first elected President in 1966. He continued his studies at Westcott House and Fitzwilliam College in the University of Cambridge. His father, Ivor Spencer-Thomas, held the feudal barony of Buquhollie and Freswick in Caithness, Scotland.
Media.
He has wide experience in the field of communications - mainly in television and radio broadcasting as a news journalist. Joining Anglia Television in 1978 as senior reporter on the regional magazine programme "About Anglia", he became news bulletin editor of "Anglia News" in 1992. He also presented Anglia Television’s late night religious programme "Reflections". He has been a regular contributor to BBC Radio 4's "You and Yours" and "Sunday" programmes and has presented religious and ethics programmes on Thames Television and Southern Television. He has reported for Independent Television News.
He devised and presented the popular "Sounding Brass" radio phone-in programme which was later fronted by Gloria Hunniford on BBC Radio 2. His radio biographies appealed to a wide audience and his portrayal in 1978 of the outspoken television personality, panellist and quizmaster, Gilbert Harding, was widely acclaimed.
His award-winning documentary "Underneath the Arches" broke tradition by enabling London’s homeless people to tell their own stories without any links from a programme presenter. Instead, short clips from catchy music hall songs were used to establish each location and, with careful editing, the interviewees related their own experiences and introduced each other. The unique presentation won the Unda award for the best religious radio programme in 1977.
Charity Work.
As well as giving practical support to families with disabled children, Owen Spencer-Thomas headed several successful major charity appeals. He was the Founder Chairman of the East Anglian Autistic Support Trust (EAST) which established the first and desperately needed specialised accommodation and daycare for adults with autism in Cambridgeshire. He served on the National Autistic Society (NAS) Council from 1996 until 2002 and continues to raise funds for a range of other charities.
Anglican Church.
He became Director of Communications for the Diocese of Ely in 2002. He was Chaplain of Christ's College from 1997 - 2001 and was made an Honorary Canon of Ely Cathedral in 2004. During the Lent Term 2005, he was Acting Dean of
Clare College, and in 2006 was Acting Dean of Trinity Hall, in the

John Inman
Frederick John Inman (June 28, 1935 - March 8, 2007) was an English actor. He was best known in his role as Mr Humphries in the 1970s/early 1980s BBC comedy series, "Are You Being Served?".

Edward Abbey
Edward Abbey was a writer. He was born in the state of Pennsylvania in the United States in 1927. He grew up in Pennsylvania, in a small town in the mountains near the city of Pittsburgh. He later moved to the American Southwest and wrote several books. He spent most of his adult life in the states of New Mexico, Arizona, and Utah. Most of his books are about the Southwest. He died in 1989.
During World War II, he was in high school. He took a trip hitchhiking to see the American West. During his trip through Arizona and New Mexico, he fell in love with the Southwest. He enlisted near the end of World War II and was stationed in Italy as a military policeman. When he came back to the United States, he moved to New Mexico and got a college degree. Then he started writing books.
His first book was called "Jonathan Troy". It did not sell well and Edward Abbey did not like it very much, and it was taken out of print. His second book was "The Brave Cowboy". This book sold better and made him known as a writer of western fiction. It was also made into a movie called "Lonely are the Brave". "Fire on the Mountain" was his third book. "The Brave Cowboy" and "Fire on the Mountain" are about cowboys who loved the old American West and didn't like it becoming modernized.
He moved to New Jersey for a short time but didn't like it, and moved back to the Southwest. He took a job as a park ranger in Utah. He wrote about his job as a park ranger in his fourth book, "Desert Solitaire". "Desert Solitaire" became a bestseller and made him a popular nature writer. He also took other jobs in the Southwest. He worked as a fire lookout at the Grand Canyon in Arizona, and as a park ranger in other National Parks.
After "Desert Solitaire" became a bestseller, he wrote several books of nature essays. Some of these include "The Journey Home", "Abbey's Road", "Down the River", "Beyond the Wall", and "One Life At a Time, Please". He also kept writing novels. His next novel was "Black Sun", which is about a fire lookout at the Grand Canyon falling in love but then seeing his girlfriend disappear. His next novel after that was "The Monkey Wrench Gang". This was his most controversial novel because it was about four people using sabotage to stop development in the Southwest. He also wrote a science fiction novel called "Good News".
His last two novels were "The Fool's Progress" and "Hayduke Lives". "The Fool's Progress" is a long novel that is based on Edward Abbey's own life. "Hayduke Lives" is a sequel to "The Monkey Wrench Gang".
He died in 1989 and was buried in the desert in Arizona.

MPs elected in the UK general election, 2005
This is a list of Members of Parliament (MPs) elected to the House of Commons for the Fifty-Fourth Parliament of the United Kingdom at the 2005 general election, held on 5 May 2005. The list is arranged by constituency.
List of MPs elected in the general election.
The following table is a list of MPs elected on 5 May, 2005, ordered by constituency. The previous MP and previous party column shows the MP and party holding the seat at dissolution on April 11, 2005.
Note that most Scottish constituency boundaries were considerably changed from the previous general election, due to a decrease in the number of Scottish seats from 72 to 59. In this case, the previous MPs cannot be shown, and the previous party column shows the "notional" winner of the new seat, based on analysis of the 2001 general election result.
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Rio de Janeiro (state)
Rio de Janeiro is one of the 26 states of Brazil. Its capital is the city of Rio de Janeiro.
Rio de Janeiro is located in the Southeast Region of Brazil. It shares borders with Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo and São Paulo as well as the Atlantic Ocean. Rio de Janeiro has an area of 43,653 km².
The state's most largest cities are Rio de Janeiro, Nova Iguaçu, Niterói, Duque de Caxias, São Gonçalo, São João de Meriti, Campos dos Goytacazes, Petrópolis and Volta Redonda. Its main rivers are the Guandu River, the Piraí, the Paraíba do Sul, the Macaé and the Muriaé. It's climate is tropical.
Geography.
The state is made up of both mountains and plains. It is located between the Mantiqueira Mountains and the Atlantic Ocean. The bays of Guanabara, Sepetiba, and Ilha Grande are on the coastline of Rio de Janeiro.
Rio de Janeiro is the smallest state in the Southeast Region and one of the smallest in Brazil. It has, however, the third longest coastline in the country (635 km).

Bretons
The Bretons are a distinct ethnic group located in the region of Brittany in France. They trace much of their heritage to groups of Brythons who settled the area from south western Britain in the 4th-6th centuries. The region of Brittany is named after them and many speak "Brezhoneg", a Brythonic language closely related to Cornish and a bit more distantly to Welsh. The Breton language as such is part of the Insular Celtic language group. In eastern Brittany, a regional "langue d'oïl" named Gallo developed; it shares certain points of vocabulary, idiom, and pronunciation with Breton.

West Midlands (region)
The West Midlands is an official Region of England, covering the western half of the Midlands.
Geography.
The official region contains the large conurbation that includes Birmingham and Wolverhampton and includes also the mainly rural shire counties of Herefordshire, Shropshire, Staffordshire, Warwickshire and Worcestershire.
There is some confusion in the use of the term "West Midlands", as the name is also used for the much smaller West Midlands county, and is still used by various organisations within that area such as West Midlands Police and West Midlands Fire Service.
The highest point in the region is Black Mountain, at 703 metres.
Regional Assembly.
The official representative body of the region is the West Midlands Regional Assembly which has limited administrative functions such as regional planning and economic development. The assembly is not an elected body, but is made up of members appointed from local councils across the region, and members from regional interest groups such as business and environmental groups and trade unions.
Local government.
Key: shire county = † | metropolitan county = *
Economy.
Coal mining used to be the main industry of the Black Country. Nationally famous companies in the West Midlands are Cadbury's in Bournville, Birmingham; the brewing companies such as Coors Brewers in Burton on Trent, as well as Marmite; JCB is based in Staffordshire.

Midlands
Midlands could be in general the central region of any territory. In Britain and Ireland, the term is reseved for the "middle" in the North-South ("vertical") direction (countries that are oriented more East-West use "Mid" with a "horizontal" meaning.)
In the United Kingdom, Scotland and England both have midland areas that are famous enough to be called the "Midlands" (as a name, not just as a description). In Wales the term for the central region is "Mid Wales" (not "The Welsh Midlands").
The rest of this article deals with the English Region known simply as The Midlands, which is more or less the territory of the early-medieval kingdom of Mercia.
The area lies between Southern England, Northern England, East Anglia and Wales, and includes the counties of Derbyshire, Herefordshire, Leicestershire, Lincolnshire, Northamptonshire, Nottinghamshire, Rutland, Shropshire, Staffordshire, Warwickshire, the West Midlands and Worcestershire. The 2001 census also included Norfolk, Suffolk and Cambridgeshire in the Midlands but these are not generally considered to be part of the Midlands but East Anglia.
The "midland" status of Cheshire is often debated. South Cheshire has strong links with North Staffordshire (definitely in the Midlands), and North Cheshire with Merseyside and Manchester (both definitely in Northern England). Officially Cheshire is now part of the North West region.
The largest Midlands conurbation, which includes the cities of Birmingham and Wolverhampton, is approximately covered by a metropolitan county (which also includes Coventry) also called the West Midlands. Thus, there are two West Midlands, a Region and a (smaller) County.
Parts of the East Midlands are also densely populated, particularly the triangle formed by the cities of Leicester, Nottingham and Derby.
The South Midlands have an own government for development. They include Northamptonshire and Bedfordshire with northern Buckinghamshire. In other context Buckinghamshire and Bedfordshire are not considered part of the Midlands. They are in the administrative regions of the South East and the East of England.

Jaworzno
Jaworzno is a city in Poland in Silesia voivodship. It has about 96 600 inhabitants and 152,2 km².

Volt
The volt (symbol: V) is the SI derived unit of electric potential difference or electromotive force. It is named in honor of the Italian physicist Alessandro Volta (1745–1827), who invented the voltaic pile, the first chemical battery.
Definition.
The volt is defined as the potential difference across a conductor when a current of one ampere dissipates one watt of power. Hence, it is the base SI representation m2 · kg · s-3 · A-1, which can be equally represented as one joule of energy per coulomb of charge, J/C.
Hydraulic analogy.
In the "hydraulic analogy" sometimes used to explain electric circuits by comparing them to water-filled pipes, voltage is likened to water pressure - it determines how fast the electrons will travel through the circuit. Current (in amperes), in the same analogy, is a measure of the volume of water that flows past a given point, the rate of which is determined by the voltage, and the total output measured in watts. The equation that brings all three components together is: volts × amperes = watts
Common voltages.
Note: Where 'RMS' (root mean square) is stated above, the peak voltage is formula_2 times greater than the RMS voltage for a sinusoidal signal.
History of the volt.
In 1800, as the result of a professional disagreement over the galvanic response advocated by Luigi Galvani, Alessandro Volta developed the so-called Voltaic pile, a forerunner of the battery, which produced a steady electric current. Volta had determined that the most effective pair of dissimilar metals to produce electricity was zinc and silver. In the 1880s, the International Electrical Congress, now the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), approved the volt for electromotive force. The volt was defined as the potential difference across a conductor when a current of one ampere dissipates one watt of power.

Music competitions
A music competition is an event in which people compete for prizes by performing music. Music competitions can be for solo performers or for small or large groups such as orchestras, bands or choirs. Some competitions are for young people who are starting to make a professional career in music. Other music competitions may be for amateurs, which means that professional musicians are not allowed to compete.
The person who decides who is the winner is called the adjudicator. Some big festivals have a team of several adjudicators who decide together on the winner.
The British and International Federation of Music Festivals organizes music competitions for amateurs in many parts of the British Isles. Children and adults can take part, competing in classes for music, speech and drama and dance. Competitions like these are often called "festivals" because the main reason for taking part is to enjoy performing rather than just to win.
There are many big international competitions for some of the most talented musicians from all over the world. Winning a big competition can help a young musician to start a successful career. Some people think it can also be a bad thing to win a big competition, especially for musicians who are still very young. It may make them a star for a short time but they still have to get better and mature as a musician and a person.
In popular music one of the great European events is the Eurovision Song Contest.

Adjudicator
An adjudicator is someone who decides on a winner at a competition for music or theatre. The adjudicator will always be somebody who has a lot of experience in what he is adjudicating. In big international festivals, a team of several adjudicators may decide together on the winners. In amateur competitions, the adjudicator may also talk to the competitors after they have performed and give them advice. Competitors are often given first, second and third prizes.
In Law, an adjudicator is someone who decides who is right when a group of people cannot agree on something.

Eduard Hanslick
Eduard Hanslick (born Prague September 11, 1825; died Baden, Austria, August 6, 1904) was a famous music critic. He wrote about music that was being composed in his time. He liked the music of composers like Brahms and Schumann but hated the music of Wagner and Liszt. Their music sounded too modern for his taste.
He was born into a German-speaking family. His father was a music teacher. When he was 18 Hanslick went to study music with Tomášek, one of Prague's most important musicians. He also studied law at Prague University. He did not study music at university but he knew a lot about music and played the piano very well. He started writing music reviews (writing about concerts that had taken place). For many years he wrote reviews in a paper called "Neue freie Presse". He became professor of history and music at the University of Vienna and was an adjudicator at lots of music festivals. His most famous book was called "Vom Musikalisch-Schönen" ("About Beauty in Music").
Hanslick's tastes were conservative (he did not like new ideas). We remember him today for writing good things about Brahms and bad things about Wagner. A lot of musicians took sides on this matter. It is sometimes called: "The War of the Romantics". Musicians had long arguments in the music journals about which kind of music was better.
Although in some ways he was narrow-minded he had a lot of influence on music. His books on music are very interesting showing great knowledge. He knew most of the great musicians of his day.
Wagner made a caricature of Hanslick in his opera "Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg" in which the town clerk Beckmesser criticizes the young singer Walther who sings songs which break the traditional rules of composition.

The Fairly OddParents
"The Fairly OddParents" is an animated television series created by Butch Hartman in 2001 for the Nickelodeon cable television network. It is about a ten-year-old boy named Timmy Turner who has fairy godparents, named Cosmo and Wanda. The fairies have the power to grant wishes to Timmy, while still following Da Rules, the fairy rule book.

Invasion of Poland (1939)
The Invasion of Poland in 1939 was a military offensive in which Nazi Germany and later the Soviet Union invaded Poland. It was the start of World War II in Europe. The invasion took place from 1 September to 6 October 1939. The invasion of Poland caused Britain and France to declare war on Germany on September 3;, they did little to affect the September Campaign. In the end, Poland lost and Germany and the Soviet Union divided the country.

Winter War
The Winter War (November 30, 1939 - March 13, 1940) was a conflict fought between the Soviet Union and Finland. It began when the Soviet Union tried to invade Finland soon after the Invasion of Poland. The Soviet military forces expected a victory over Finland in a few weeks, but the Finnish forces resisted both better and longer than expected.

Joiner
A Joiner is a person who makes woodwork that is used for buildings. That includes things that are called "Finish carpentry" and "millwork" in the United States. Joiners make and install parts of building, for example doors, windows, stairs, wooden panelling, mouldings, shop cabinets, kitchen cabinets, and other wooden items. The skills of a joiner are somewhat between a carpenter and a cabinet maker.
The terms joinery and joiner are not used often in the United States any more, but the main carpenters' trade union still calls itself the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America.

Stairs
Stairs, staircase, stairway, stairwell, and flight of stairs are all names for a construction designed to bridge a large vertical distance by dividing it into smaller vertical distances, called steps. Stairways may be straight, round, or may consist of two or more straight pieces connected at angles.
Special stairways include escalators and ladders. Alternatives to stairways are elevators and inclined moving sidewalks.
Step.
The step is composed of the tread and riser.
The railing system.
The balustrade is the complete system of railings and pickets that prevents people from falling over the edge.
Handrails may be continuous (sometimes called over-the-post) or post-to-post (or more accurately "newel-to-newel"). For continuous handrails on long balconies, there may be multiple newels and tandem caps to cover the newels. At corners, there are quarter-turn caps. For post-to-post systems, the newels project above the handrails.
Another, more classical, form of handrailing which is still in use is the Tangent method. A variant of the Cylindric method of layout, it allows for continuous climbing and twisting rails and easings. It was originally defined from principles set down by architect Peter Nicholson in the 18th century.

Minas Gerais
Minas Gerais is one of the 26 states of Brazil. It has the second most population and fourth largest area. The capital is the city of Belo Horizonte, near the center of the state. The name means "General mines". Minas Gerais was formed mainly by colonists searching for gold, gemstones and diamonds.
Location.
Minas Gerais is in the west of the southeastern part of Brazil. That area also has the states of São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Espírito Santo. Minas Gerais shares borders with Bahia and Goiás (north), Mato Grosso do Sul (far west), the states of Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro (south) and the state of Espírito Santo (east). It also shares a short border with the Brazilian Federal District.
Cities.
Even though it is not the largest state in Brazil, Minas Gerais is the state with the most cities. Of the more than 5500 municipalities in Brazil, Minas has more than 850 of them. The most important ones are the capital Belo Horizonte, Contagem, Betim, Juiz de Fora, Montes Claros, Uberlândia and Ouro Preto

Ceará
Ceará is one of the 26 states of Brazil. It is located in the northeastern part of the country, on the Atlantic coast. Ceará has many beaches which brings it a lot of tourists.
Geography.
Ceará has an area of 148,016 km². It shares borders on the east by the states of Rio Grande do Norte and Paraíba, on the south by Pernambuco state, and on the west by Piauí. Its northern border is the Atlantic Ocean. Its capital is Fortaleza.

Espírito Santo
Espírito Santo is one of the states of southeastern Brazil. It is often referred to as "ES". The capital of ES is Vitória and its largest city is Vila Velha. Those who are born in the state are known as "Capixabas", but the more correct word is "Espiritossantenses". The name means "holy spirit" after the Holy Ghost of Christianity.
Location.
This Brazilian state is in the southeastern subdivision of Brazil, which also contains the states of São Paulo, Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro. It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean (east), the state of Bahia (north), the state of Minas Gerais (north and west), and the state of Rio de Janeiro (south). Espírito Santo's other main cities are Cachoeiro de Itapemirim, Colatina, Linhares, São Mateus and Aracruz.
Geography.
At, it is about the size of Estonia. The state has many different types of habitats, for example coastal planes, lakes, mountain forest and mangroves.
The islands of Trindade and Martim Vaz, east of Vitória in the Southern Atlantic Ocean, are also a part of Espirito Santo state.

Goiás
Goiás is a state of Brazil, located in the central part of the country. It shares borders with Tocantins, Bahia, Minas Gerais, the Federal District, Mato Grosso do Sul and Mato Grosso. The capital and largest city in the state is Goiânia. With an area of 341,289 km², Goiás is about the size of the Republic of the Congo; smaller than Germany and larger than Finland.

Maranhão
Maranhão is one of the states of Brazil. It is in the north-eastern region of the country. To the north is the coast of the Atlantic Ocean. Maranhão shares borders with Piauí, Tocantins and Pará.
Major cities in the state besides the state capital São Luís are Imperatriz, Timon, and Caxias. The Alcantara spaceport is located in the north of the state, not far from São Luís.

Mato Grosso
Mato Grosso is one of the states of Brazil. It is located in the western part of the country. Mato Grosso shares borders with the states of Rondônia, Amazonas, Pará, Tocantins, Goiás and Mato Grosso do Sul. It also borders the country Bolivia to the southwest. The name, Mato Grosso, means "thick jungle".
Mato Grosso is the state in Brazil in which the most deforestation of Brazil's part of the Amazon Rainforest has happened. In 1977, the state was split into two halves. This created the new state Mato Grosso do Sul. The Bororo Indians live in the Mato Grosso area.
Cities.
Apart from the state capital, Cuiabá, there are few cities. The most important are

Hassium
Hassium is a chemical element. It has been named unniloctium and eka-osmium. It has the symbol Hs. It has the atomic number 108. It is a transuranium element.
Hassium is a radioactive element that does not exist in nature. It has to be made.
Hassium oxidises like osmium, the element above it in the periodic table. Hassium oxidises to hassium tetroxide. It is less volatile than osmium tetroxide.
History.
Hassium was first made in 1984. It was made at the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung (GSI) in Darmstadt, Germany. The team that made darmstadtium was led by Peter Armbruster and Gottfried Münzenberg.
The element was named from the Latin name for the German state of Hessen. Hessen is the state that the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung is in.
Before it was named Hassium scientists could not decide what the name should be. There was an element naming controversy. The temporary IUPAC systematic element name was "unniloctium". The symbol with the name was "Uno". In 1994 a committee of IUPAC recommended that element 108 be named "hahnium". The name hassium was adopted internationally in 1997.
Hassium-270.
Isotope 270 of Hassium was found in December 2006. An international team of scientists led by the Technical University of Munich found it. It is a doubly magic isotope. It has an long half-life of 22 seconds. Scientists had thought that heavy and stable isotopes should exist. Some theories said Hassium-270 may be part of an island of stability.

Roraima
Roraima is one of the states of Brazil. It is located in the northern region of the country. It shares borders with the states of Pará and Amazonas, as well as the countries Venezuela and Guyana. Roraima is both the northernmost and least populated state of Brazil.
Geography.
The climate is tropical with an average temperature of 26°C. Most of the state is located in the Amazon rainforest. A small part of the state is a small strip of savanna to the east. The state has many mineral deposits - especially gold, diamonds, cassiterite, bauxite and copper. These create constant fights with the native population. The Yanomami are the most well-known of the native population, but they are greatly out-numbered by the Macuxi.
The Monte Roraima National Park is located around one of the highest mountains of Brazil, the 2727 m high Tepui Monte Roraima.
History.
In 1943 the Federal Government separated the area from the state Amazonas. The territory was first named Rio Branco after the main river. In 1962, it was renamed "Roraima." In 1988, it became a state. The name of the state was taken from Monte Roraima, whose name comes from the Pemon words "roroi" (cyan) and "ma" (large).

Santa Catarina (state)
Santa Catarina is a state in Southern Brazil. It has with one of the highest standards of living in the country. Its capital is Florianópolis, which partly lies on the Santa Catarina Island.
Santa Catarina shares borders with the states of Rio Grande do Sul to the south and Paraná to the north. It is bordered on the east by the Atlantic Ocean, and to the west it borders the province of Misiones, Argentina.
Santa Catarina is the most "European" state of Brazil. Most of the people that live there are descendants of Portuguese, German and Italian immigrants.
Its largest city is Joinville.
History.
European colonies began with the Spanish settlement of Santa Catarina island in 1542. The Portuguese took control in 1675. The captaincy of Santa Catarina was created in 1738. Large numbers of European immigrants, especially from Germany, began arriving in the early 19th century. Immigrants from Italy, Poland, Russia, Ukraine, Japan and other parts of Europe later came. This led to many small, family held farms in the state.
In late March 2004, the state was hit by the first ever hurricane recorded in the South Atlantic. Because there is no naming system for such an event in Brazil, Brazilian meteorologists called it Catarina, after the state.
European settlement.
Santa Catarina is one of the Brazilian states that shows the most signs of recent European colonization. Most of the population are descendants of European settlers.
Portuguese.
The Portuguese started arriving in the 1750s. The came mainly from the Azores islands, and colonized the coast. In the late 18th century, half of Santa Catarina's population was Portuguese-born. These Portuguese created many important towns of the State, such as Florianópolis, the capital.
Germans.
Germans started arriving in 1828. They were peasants that came to Brazil to get their own lands. They did this since Germany had many people and many people had no lands to work. German immigration was very low, until the 1850s, when many Germans started arriving in Southern Brazil. To create more German colonization in Southern Brazil, the Brazilian government created many "German colonies." Many of these German colonies became big towns, such as Blumenau and Joinville, the largest city in Santa Catarina.
Germans had kept to themselves in these communities for decades. They did not have much contact with other people of Brazil. For generations they were able to speak German and keep their German traditions in Brazil. This changed in the 1930s, when Brazil declared war against Germany in 1942. The German immigrants learned Portuguese and followed a "Brazilian way of life."
Nowadays, the German influence in the State of Santa Catarina is still very strong. Many towns still have many parts of the German culture. For example, Pomerode is a small town where 90% of the people are German-Brazilian. Most of the people speak German fluently. Another example is the Oktoberfest of Blumenau and many other towns in the region. The architecture and food also show German influence.
Italians.
Italian settlers started arriving in Santa Catarina in 1875. They came in large numbers until the 1910s. They were peasants from Northern Italy. They created Italian colonies close to the coast. In the beginning, the Italian settlement had failed. This was because many Italians died of tropical diseases or left the colonies to find better conditions. However, in southern Santa Catarina, they found cooler weather and better lands, and the colonies did very well. Many Italians worked in the coal industry.

Trail
A trail is a pedestrian path or road mainly used for walking, but often also for cycling, cross-country skiing or other activities. Some trails are off-limits to everyone other than hikers, and few trails allow motorized vehicles.
Nomenclature.
In the United States, the word footpath is also used to mean a trail; however in Australian English, New Zealand English, Indian English, and Irish English this word means "sidewalk" (American English) or "pavement" (British English).
In Australia, the word track can be used interchangeably with trail, and can refer to anything from a dirt road to a pedestrian walkway (generally also unpaved). The term "trail" gained popularity during World War II, when many servicemen from the United States were stationed in Australia, which probably influenced its being adopted by elements of the Australian media at the time (see Kokoda Track). In New Zealand, the word track is used almost exclusively except in reference to cross-country skiing, where trail is used.
Walking trails.
Trail use has become very popular for a wide variety of users. Some trails are meant as nature trails, and are used by people learning about the natural world. Many trails are day trails, what means that they are generally used by people out for a short hike, less than a day. Some trails are backpacking trails, or long-distance trails, and are used by both day hikers and by backpackers. Some of the trails are over a thousand miles (1,500 km) long and may be hiked in sections by backpackers, or completed in one trip by dedicated hikers. Some trails are specifically used by other outdoor enthusiasts to gain access to another feature, such as good climbing sites. Many runners also favor running on trails rather than pavement, as giving a more vigorous work-out and better developing agility skills, as well as providing a more pleasant exercise environment. See trail running.
Stairway Trails.
Stairway is another way to ascend higher slopes. Stairway trails are usually for walking only. The stairs are constructed using cuts in dirt, rocks or concrete. Popular stair way trails include Stairway Trails in Bernal Heights East - San Francisco, Stairs at many hill top Hindu temple (Tirumala, Palani) used during Pilgrimage & Machu Picchu.
Bicycle trails.
Recent decades have seen an explosion of interest in cycling, both street-type and off-road type. A common term for these facilities is simply "bike trail". These trails may be built to a different set of standards than foot trails, requiring more stable, harder surfaces, less strenuous grades, longer sight visibility, and less sharp changes in direction. On the other hand, the cross-slope of a bike trail may be significantly greater than a foot trail, and the actual treadway may be narrower in some cases.
Equestrian trails.
Horseback riding has continued to be a popular activity for many trail users. Again, horse trails must be built to different standards than other trails. Sight distance is an important issue with horse trails, as is overhead and side clearance. While trail surface types are a relatively unimportant issue with hikers, they may be an important issue with horses.
Cross-country skiing.
In cross-country skiing, a trail (also called a 'track' or 'piste') refers to the parallel grooves cut into the snow, one for each ski.
Motorized trails.
Motorized trail use also remains very popular with some people. Such terms as "ORV", "four-wheeling", "all-terrain vehicle", and others actually have highly specific meanings.

The Pardoner's Prologue and Tale
"The Pardoner's Prologue and Tale" is a story that is a part of the "The Canterbury Tales"
About the Pardoner.
The Pardoner went on his journey to the town of Canterbury from Rouncivalle with his friend the Summoner.
Appearence.
The Pardoner had hair as yellow as wax which fell on his head smoothly wisp by wisp. He has piercing black eyes and his face was as smooth as he had just shaved. The Pardoner had a thin and feeble voice yet he was hardly an old spiritual man.
Failures.
Although the Pardoner was a priest he lived a life that was far from the word of the lord. He was a failure preist. He often broke many of the Seven Deadly sins including greed, gluttony, and pride. He earned a living through a combination of preaching and selling fake relics to his supporters. He lies to these people and promises them salvation and prosperity for a price. He would even take money from the poorest widow in town who had starving children in order buy himself more extravagances.
The Tale Begins.
The host asks the Pardoner to tell a tale that was upbeat after the sad tale that the Franklin told. The other people object to this and hope that he will tell a tale that is rich in morals.
The tale.
He starts his tale by talking about three young men who, like him, indulge in sinful things like alcohol and prostitutes. The Pardoner goes on to talk about the sins of the men in depth especially gambling, drunkenness, and gluttony. These three young men are rioters from the town of Flanders.
One night the 3 drunken men were at a tavern when they saw a corpse being carried to a grave. They asked a boy who had died and the boy responded that it one of their friends who was killed by a murderous thief named Death. The 3 men plan to avenge their friend’s death and kill Death themselves.
On their way to find Death they see an old man that says Death will not take him even in his old age and suffering. The man says that he had left Death under an oak tree and that he was sure to still be there. They run to the tree and instead of seeing death they see bushels of gold under the tree. They want to bring the gold back under the cover of night so that nobody will accuse them of thievery. They are weak and need drinks so they send the youngest of them to the town.
As he is gone the remaining two come up with a plan to kill the third when he comes back so that the money could be split between only the two of them. The third thinks similar to the other two and wants to have all of the money to himself. He gets poison and puts it in their drinks and goes back to the forest. In the forest the 2 men jump out and kill the third. After this the remaining 2 drink in celebration and die from the poison.
In the end the money was the death that the old man said was beneath the tree.
Moral.
The love of money is the root of all evil
In the end the three men die because they all want the biggest share of the money.
Irony.
The irony in this story has to do with the person telling it. The pardoner is a person who is so wrapped up in greed that he deceives his whole congregation and breaks almost all of the sins in the book. It is strange that he decides to tell his story about the affects being greedy when he is the one who is greedy everyday.

Final Fantasy XII
Final Fantasy XII is a fantasy role-playing video game for the Playstation 2. It was released in 2006 by Square Enix.
Characters.
"Final Fantasy XII" has six characters you can play as: Vaan, an orphan who wants to be a sky pirate; Ashe, a princess; Basch, who is charged with killing the King; Balthier, a sky pirate who has an airship called the "Strahl"; Fran, Balthier's friend and Penelo, who has been Vaan's friend since they were little children.
Story.
"Final Fantasy XII" takes place in Dalmasca. Princess Ashe of Dalmasca and Prince Rasler of Nabradia were getting married, but the marriage was interrupted because Archadian Empire invaded Dalmasca. A war started, and Archadia took over Dalmasca. While the war was going on, Prince Rasler died. The king of Dalmasca was going to write down that he would listen to Archadia, but Archadia's ruler wanted him to be killed. Some knights from Dalmasca tried to rescue him, but one of the leaders of the knights, Basch, killed another knight named Reks, and king Raminas of Dalmasca. Reks was only 17 years old. Marquis Ondore told everyone in Dalmasca that Princess Ashe killed herself because she was so sad.
Two years later, Vaan, Reks' little brother, sneaks into the royal palace. When he was sneaking in, there was a dinner party going on to to celebrate the election of a new Consul, Vayne. Vaan meets the sky pirates Balthier and Fran in the palace, who teach him about magicite. When Resistance forces broke into the palace, Vaan and his new friends had to hide in the sewers. While they were in the sewers, they met the leader of the Resistance, named Amalia. That led to Vaan, Balthier and Fran getting put into the Nalbina Dungeons.
In the dungeons, Vaan, Balthier and Fran find Basch.

Final Fantasy IX
"Final Fantasy IX" is a fantasy role-playing video game for the Playstation. It was released in 2000 by Square Enix.

Final Fantasy (video game)
Final Fantasy is a fantasy role-playing video game. It was made by Squaresoft, now called Square Enix. It was released in 1987.

Final Fantasy II
Final Fantasy II is a fantasy role-playing video game. It was made by Squaresoft, now called Square Enix.

Final Fantasy III
Final Fantasy III is a fantasy role-playing video game. It was made by Squaresoft, now called Square Enix.

Final Fantasy IV
Final Fantasy IV is a fantasy role-playing video game. It was made in 1991 by Squaresoft, now called Square Enix. It was first played on the Super Famicom in Japan, and Super Nintendo in the United States. It was called Final Fantasy II when it was on the Super Nintendo. You can also play it on the Sony Playstation, Wonderswan Color, Gameboy Advance, and Nintendo DS (with 3D graphics).
The most important person in the game is Cecil. He is a Dark Knight for the Kingdom of Baron. You help Cecil beat Golbez, an evil person who steals strong crystals from the world. Many different people help Cecil out during the game.
Final Fantasy IV helped make later Final Fantasy Games. This was the first game to use an Active Time Battle, where players and enemies take turns to fight instead of having all players fight at the same time. The player makes the character do actions in real time. This way of playing was also used in later Final Fantasy games.
Importance.
Final Fantasy IV did quite a lot to impact role-playing video games. It introduced battles fought using Square-Enix's ATB system and had great graphics for the time.

Final Fantasy V
Final Fantasy V is a fantasy role-playing video game. It was made by Squaresoft, now called Square Enix. The game was first created for the Super Famicom system in 1992. The playstation version was sold in Japan in 1998 and North America in 1999
A version of the game that created for the Nintendo GameBoy Advance in 2006.
It has many weapons, items, armors and 22 jobs including secret jobs that can only be unlocked in the GBA port.

Final Fantasy VI
Final Fantasy VI is a fantasy role-playing video game. It was made by Squaresoft, now called Square Enix.

Final Fantasy VIII
Final Fantasy VIII is a fantasy role-playing video game. It was made by Square Enix.

Final Fantasy X
"Final Fantasy X" is a fantasy role-playing video game made by Square Enix. It is the 10th game in the "Final Fantasy" video game series. The game was released in 2001, and is the first "Final Fantasy" game that was made for the Sony PlayStation 2 video game console.

Final Fantasy X-2
Final Fantasy X-2 is a fantasy role-playing video game. It was made by Square Enix. It is a direct sequel to the game Final Fantasy X, the first direct sequel in the Final Fantasy series.

Final Fantasy XI
Final Fantasy XI is a fantasy role-playing video game. It was made by Square Enix.

Ditch
A ditch is created to channel water and can be described as a small or moderate depression. A ditch can be used for drainage, to drain water from low lying areas, alongside roadways or fields, or to channel water from a more distant source for plant irrigation. A trench can be defined as a long narrow ditch.
Ditches are commonly seen around farmland especially in areas that have required drainage, such as The Fens in the UK and the pro-water management The Netherlands.
Roadside ditches can provide a hazard to motorists, especially in poor weather conditions.
Fortification.
In military engineering and fortification, a distinction is made between a ditch and a trench. A ditch is an obstacle, designed to slow down or break up an attacking force, while a trench is cover, intended to provide protection to the defenders. In Medieval fortification, a ditch was often constructed in front of a defensive wall. When filled with water, such a defensive ditch is called a moat. Today ditches are of no importance as an obstacle for persons, but are still often used as anti-vehicle obstacles.

Flags of Brazilian states
This gallery of flags of Brazilian states shows the flags of the 26 Brazilian States and the federal district.

Chobits
is a Japanese manga and anime series created by CLAMP.
Plot.
The story is mostly about the life of Hideki Motosuwa who did not make it into a university, and so is called a 'ronin'. Hideki tries to get into a university by moving from his farm and studying at Seki, a cram school in Tokyo. He is not used to women, but likes to imagine that he is. He wants to have a girlfriend and a 'Persocom'. A Persocom is a kind of robot that looks like a person, but can be used like a computer, phone, and a "partner" in some cases.
One evening when Hideki is walking home from the grocery store, he finds a unique Persocom on a curb. It is a beautiful young girl with long blonde hair, wrapped in white cloth, lying against a pile of trash bags. He takes the Persocom home. Hideki looks all over the Persocom's body for a switch to turn her on, and finds it between her legs. He turns her on and asks her questions, but all she can say is "chi", so Hideki names her Chi.
Anime.
The anime has 26 episodes and was broadcast across East Asia and Southeast Asia by the anime television network, Animax. Episodes 9, 18, and an extra 27th OVA episode are used as "recap" episodes, looking back on the events that happened previously. The episodes were given different numbers for the DVD release because the original recap episodes were not included as part of the main anime, instead being published together on the final DVD and re-numbered as 8.5, 16.5 and 24.5 making the series only 24 episodes.
There is a 6-minute special episode: "Sumomo and Kotoko on a Quest", or "Chibits", which is about Sumomo and Kotoko.
The series was supervised by Morio Asaka, and Hisashi Abe was the character designer and the animation director. The ending to the anime series is different from the manga. One thing that is different is that there is no allusion to Hideki never having Chi because of where her switch is, and the new part of Freya taking over Chi's body and asking her mother Chitose to shut them down, saying the Chobits series is a failure, and the activation of the program after all, although the effect on Persocons is not the same as in the manga.

Brossard
Brossard is a city near Montreal in the Canadian province of Quebec. Brossard is also near the Saint Lawrence River. About 70,000 people live in the city of Brossard. Jean-Marc Pelletier is the mayor of Brossard since 2006. Brossard was created on February 14, 1958.

Anton Bruckner
Anton Bruckner (born Ansfelden, Austria, 4 September 1824; died Vienna, 11 October 1896 was an Austrian composer. He is especially famous for his nine symphonies. They are all very long and are written in a late Romantic style for a large orchestra. He was also an organist and teacher.
Life.
Bruckner’s father was an organist and schoolmaster in a small village in Austria. By the age of four Bruckner was showing musical talent. He played hymn tunes on a tiny violin and then found the chords to go with them on the family spinet. When he was ten he sometimes played the village organ for services. After his father’s death in 1837 he became a choirboy at the monastery school of St Florian where, in 1848, he became the organist of the abbey church. He started composing at this time and wrote a "Requiem in d minor". He liked the music of Schubert and Mendelssohn and they influenced the way he composed.
Although he was happy at St Florian his friends told him he ought to look for a better job. They made him apply for the job of organist at the cathedral of Linz which he got easily. Meanwhile he was trying to learn more about harmony and took a course with a famous teacher Simon Sechter. He then took a course in orchestration with the teacher Otto Kitzler. He became very interested in the music of Romantic composers like Liszt, Berlioz and especially Wagner. In 1864 he wrote a "Mass" in d minor for chorus and orchestra which clearly showed Wagner’s influence. In 1866 he finished the first of his nine symphonies. He also wrote some very beautiful motets which are among the best music of the 19th century written for the Roman Catholic church.
In 1866 he spent three months in a sanatorium after a nervous collapse. During his later years he often suffered from depression.
In 1868 he became professor at the Vienna Conservatoire where he taught harmony and counterpoint. This was an excellent job. The last 25 years of his life he spent his time teaching and composing his symphonies. He also travelled and gave organ recitals at Notre Dame in Paris and the Royal Albert Hall and Crystal Palace in London.
His music was very modern for its time and some people, including the famous music critic Eduard Hanslick, did not like it. Hanslick said that Bruckner composed like Wagner, but although Bruckner had learned from Wagner he did not simply copy him. Bruckner’s music shows his own strong personality. Hanslick, who preferred the symphonies of Brahms, did Bruckner a lot of harm by writing bad reviews of his music. He was Dean of the Music Department at the university in Vienna and did not want Bruckner to be appointed lecturer at the University. However, Bruckner did get that job in 1875. He became more and more famous, especially after the great conductor Arthur Nikisch conducted the first performance of his "Symphony no 7" in the Leipzig Gewandhaus in 1884. He was given many honours. At the time of his death he had not yet finished his "Symphony no 9". He was buried in St Florian.
Personality.
Bruckner always remained a simple person who dressed and behaved like someone from a small village. He never felt very self-confident and was always asking other people whether he was good enough for his job. He never married or had a proper relationship with anyone although he fell in love with several young women.
Music and achievement.
Bruckner’s symphonies show a wonderful ability to develop ideas slowly over a long period of time. Some of the slow movements last about 30 minutes. His music builds up in stages to big climaxes in a similar way to organ music. His scherzos (third movements) are tuneful dance movements which often sound like country dances. His music shows great harmonic and polyphonic skills. Bruckner often made revisions (changes) to his music. This often makes a problem for conductors today as they have to decide which version to use. Many musicians think that often Bruckner’s first versions were the best. The revisions were often cuts to make a symphony shorter so that orchestras would be more likely to play it, but the cuts spoil the flow of the music. Nowadays we recognize Bruckner as one of the greatest writers of symphonies as well as a great composer of choral music.

Rondo
In music a Rondo is a piece of music which has one main theme, which is heard several times, and other musical ideas in between each time. If we give the main theme a label "A" and the other musical ideas "B", "C", "D" etc then the form of a rondo can be described as ABACADA. The sections in between the main "A" section are called "episodes". Rondos can vary in length, e.g. a rondo might be ABACADAEAFA. Each episode is normally in a different key from the main key.
The word "rondo" is sometimes given the French spelling:rondeau.
Composers from the Baroque period onwards often write movements which are in rondo form. In the Classical music period the last movement of a symphony or sonata is very often a rondo. Rondos are normally fast and lively. They are a good way of finishing a long piece of music with something that is happy.
The word "rondo" is related to the word "ritornello" meaning: something that keeps returning.
Rondo form is sometimes combined with sonata form to make something which is called "sonata rondo form". In sonata rondo form the second tune is treated like the second subject in sonata form where it comes back in the main key the second time.

Military engineer
You can help Wikipedia by making this page or section more simple.
A military engineer prepares the technical conditions for warfare. That means he builds trenches and other helps for defence and builds and destroys roads and bridges. In some cases an engineer may have to destroy something that he has built before. In many armies the military engineers are also called pioneers or sappers.
In modern times a military engineer that operates during battle is called a combat engineer.
Origins of military engineering.
Perhaps the first people who had a special force of military engineering specialists were the Romans. Roman military engineering was very good in its time. So they were able to build a double-wall of fortifications that was 30 miles long in total (both walls together) in just six weeks, when they wanted to encircle a besieged city in Gaul.
The design, construction, and destroying of the works shown would be the task of a military engineer.

Melisma
In music, a melisma is the technique of singing one syllable to a lot of notes. They are often called vocal runs or simply runs. Music which uses melismas can be called melismatic.
In Western music melismas are often used in operas or any other music which is written for the singer to show off the voice. Melismatic music is the opposite of music where each syllable has its own note. In the "Alleluia Chorus" from Handel's "Messiah" each syllable of the word "Alleluya" has its own note. But in other parts of the "Messiah" there are often melismas, e.g. in "Thus saith the Lord" the word "shake" ("and I will shake the heavens and the earth") is set to a run of 25 fast notes. This example can also be described as "word painting". Handel uses the melisma to make it sound like someone shaking something.
Melismas are used a lot in music from many different cultures.

Spinet
A spinet is a small kind of harpsichord. In Renaissance and Baroque times, and even later, people often had a spinet in their homes. The advantage of a spinet was that it was cheaper than a harpsichord and it also took up less room.
Sometimes the word used to be spelt differently, e.g. "spinnet" or "spinnit".
The spinet is different from a harpsichord because of the angle of the strings which run at an angle to the right. The whole instrument is a bit like a triangle in shape. The strings are arranged in pairs and the jacks (the quills which pluck the strings) are also in pairs in the wider gaps, plucking the string next to them.
Harpsichords may have several sounds (in the same way that an organ has several stops making different sounds. This is not possible on a spinet, which has one sound only. It is always an 8 foot sound (the notes sound at the normal pitch, never an octave higher). Spinets were useful for accompanying.

United Artists
United Artists is a Hollywood movie company.

Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Inc., or MGM, is an American media company. They mainly make movies and television programs. On April 8, 2005, the company was bought by a group led by Sony and Comcast along with Texas Pacific Group and Providence Equity Partners.
From the 1920s through World War II, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer was the largest movie studio in Hollywood. They made more movies than any other studio. At its best, it released an average of one movie a week as well as many short movies and other projects from Sunrise (company).

Apostle
An apostle is a messenger and ambassador.

Intercontinental Cup
The European/South American Cup, commonly called the Intercontinental Cup or Toyota Cup, was a football competition by UEFA and CONMEBOL. The competition was between the winners of the European Champions League and the South American Copa Libertadores in a match played each year.
The Cup was called the World Club Championship until the first FIFA Club World Cup was held in 2000.
From 2005 the Intercontinental Cup was replaced by the FIFA Club World Cup. The FIFA Club World Cup also includes North American, Asian, African and Oceanian winners.
List Champions.
Since 2005: FIFA Club World Cup

Hafizullah Amin
Hafizullah Amin (Pashto: حفيظ الله امين) (August 1, 1929 – December 27, 1979) was the second President of Afghanistan. He was president during the time of the communist Democratic Republic of Afghanistan. The Soviets got information from their KGB spies that Amin's rule was a threat to the stability of Afghanistan. They also were not certain about Amin’s loyalty to the Soviet Union. The Soviets found some information about Amin's trying to become closer to Pakistan and China. The Soviets also believed that Amin was behind the death of president Nur Muhammad Taraki. Finally, the Soviets decided to remove Amin.

Paraíba
Paraíba is one of the states of Brazil. It is located in the northeastern part of the country, on the Atlantic coast. It is the easternmost point of the Americas. João Pessoa is the capital city.
History.
In the mid-1500s, Portuguese settlers from Pernambuco founded Filipéia de Nossa Senhora das Neves (today João Pessoa) at the mouth of the Paraíba do Norte River.
The area was found to be perfect for making sugar. The French, the Dutch and the Portuguese all fought to have the Paraíba region to grow sugarcane in. The fortress of Santa Catarina, near João Pessoa, was built to protect the city from the Dutch.
In late 1989 a team looking for gemstone and led by Heitor Dimas Barbosa found what some people believe are the best Tourmaline crystals ever found. Copper in the crystals gives the tourmalines a bright turquoise color that had never been seen before in the gems. The mountains have been searched after this, but no more crystals have been found.
Flag.
The word "nego" is Portuguese for "I deny". It refers to protests in the 1920s in Paraíba against Júlio Prestes becoming the President of Brazil. State president João Pessoa supported these protests. João Pessoa joined the alliance to the overthrow of the federal government. This group caused Getúlio Vargas to become president. The rebellion lead to João Pessoa eing killed.
The official government site of the state of Paraíba says that the red is for the blood of the assassination of João Pessoa. The black is for the mourning after the assassination.

Mato Grosso do Sul
Mato Grosso do Sul is one of the states of Brazil. It shares borders with the states of Mato Grosso, Goiás, Minas Gerais, São Paulo and Paraná. It also borders the countries of Paraguay and Bolivia to the west. Campo Grande is the capital of the state
Mato Grosso do Sul means "Southern Thick Forest". The name comes from its northern neighbour state of Mato Grosso. Mato Grosso do Sul was a part of Mato Grosso until they were split in the 1970s. Many people wrongly refer to Mato Grosso do Sul as simply "Mato Grosso". This has caused the government to consider changing its name to "Pantanal", the world's largest wetlands which is in the state.
Economy.
Mato Grosso do Sul's economy is based mainly on farm products. Cattle-raising is the most important product of the state. Other products include sugarcane, wheat, soybeans, manioc, rice and cotton.
Geography.
The state is located in western Brazil, in an area of the country that is mostly marshes of the Pantanal.
The highest elevation is the 1,065m high Morro Grande.
History.
In 1977 the state was created by dividing the state of Mato Grosso. It officially became a state two years later on January 1, 1979.
Flag.
Mato Grosso do Sul's flag was made by Mauro Michael Munhoz. White is for hope, green is for the state's plantlife, blue is for the sky and the yellow star adds balance, force and serenity.

Swimming pool
A swimming pool is a tank or large basin that is filled with water and intended for recreational or competitive swimming or diving. Pools are also used for other bathing activities, such as playing, wading, water exercising, floating on inner tubes, or cooling off on hot days. The chemical chlorine is usually used to killing germs and algae.
Types of pools.
There are different types of swimming pools. The most common pool styles are play pool, freeform pool, geometric pool, lap pool, diving pool, infinity pool, spool, and the perimeter overflow pool.

Danny Elfman
Danny Elfman (May 29, 1953 in Los Angeles, California) is an American singer-songwriter and composer. He is famous for the music he wrote for many movies and television shows. From 1978 until 1995 Elfman was a member of the rock band Oingo Boingo. In 2003, he married actress Bridget Fonda and has one child with her.
Awards.
Elfman has been nominated for many awards in the music and movie business.

Speciality contract
A speciality contract is a legal document that must be written or printed and signed by everyone involved in an agreement for a certain purpose. A speciality contract may have witnesses and a seal. It must be delivered to both parties or all involved (that is they must each have a copy). They must be in written or printed form. The contract must be signed by the parties.

FIFA 07
FIFA 07 is a Sony PlayStation 2, Xbox 360, GameCube, Game Boy Advance, Nintendo DS, PlayStation Portable and Microsoft Windows game that features world beat music and fun football action. The object is to score more goals that the opponent. The game can be played in either English or Spanish, these modes have different announcers. There is an exhibition mode, a manager mode, a practice mode, and a tournament mode.

Ralph Waldo Emerson
Ralph Waldo Emerson (May 25, 1803 – April 27, 1882) was an American author, poet, and philosopher.
Life.
Emerson was born in Boston, Massachusetts in 1803. His father was a Unitarian minister. He chose not to follow the beliefs of the Unitarians and created his own world view, Transcendentalism. He first wrote about this view in an essay called "Nature" in 1836. Emerson's father died when he was only eight years old. He studied at school in Boston and went to Harvard University, one of the most well rated universities in the country.
In his later life, Emerson was a close friend of many other important authors and philosophers, including William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, John Stuart Mill, and Thomas Carlyle. He travelled the world, inclding France, England, Italy and the Middle East.

Bushranger
A bushranger was a thief who lived in the Australian bush. Bushrangers often stole valuables from banks or coaches. There were more than 2000 bushrangers during Australia's past. Most were simply criminals and thieves. A few bushrangers became famous and were seen as heroes. They are part of a long history that includes men such as Robin Hood and Dick Turpin in England, or Jesse James and Billy the Kid in the USA.
History.
The word "bushranger" was first used in Australia in 1805 to describe three men who had stopped a cart near Sydney. From that time the word has been used for criminals who attacked people on the roads or in the bush (the Australian countryside away from towns).
The first bushrangers were escaped convicts. One of the last bushrangers was Ned Kelly who was captured in 1880.
1788 to 1840s: convict escapees.
The first bushrangers were escaped convicts. They stole supplies from remote settlements and travellers. Sometimes they sold the stolen goods to other free settlers.
John "Black" Caesar is generally regarded as the first bushranger. He bolted from Sydney Cove several times before being shot dead in 1796.
Bold Jack Donahue is recorded as the last convict bushranger. He was reported in newspapers around 1827 as being responsible for an outbreak of bushranging on the road between Sydney and Windsor. Throughout the 1830s he was regarded as the most notorious bushranger in the colony. Leading a band of escaped convicts, Donahue became central to Australian folklore as the Wild Colonial Boy.
Bushranging was common on the mainland, but Van Diemen's Land (later known as Tasmania) produced the most violent and serious outbreaks of convict bushrangers. Hundreds of convicts were at large in the bush, farms were abandoned and martial law was proclaimed. Indigenous outlaw Musquito defied colonial authorities and led attacks on settlers.
1850s: gold rush era.
The bushrangers' heyday was the Gold Rush years of the 1850s and 1860s. Gold can be easily carried and also it can easily be turned into cash. The goldfields were in remote locations and there were not very many police to guard the gold.
George Melville was hanged in front of a large crowd for robbing the McIvor gold escort near Castlemaine in 1853.
1860s to 1870s.
Bushranging numbers flourished in New South Wales with the rise of the colonial-born sons of poor, often ex-convict squatters who were drawn to a more glamourous life than mining or farming.
Much of the activity in this era was in the Lachlan Valley, around Forbes, Yass and Cowra.
Frank Gardiner, John Gilbert and Ben Hall led the most notorious gangs of the period. Other active bushrangers included Dan Morgan, based around the Murray River, and Captain Thunderbolt, killed outside Uralla, New South Wales.
1880s to 1900s.
The increasing push of settlement, increased police efficiency, improvements in rail transport and communications technology, such as telegraphy, made it increasingly difficult for bushrangers to evade capture.
Among the last bushrangers was the Kelly Gang led by Ned Kelly, who were captured at Glenrowan, Victoria in 1880, two years after they were outlawed.
In 1900 the Governor Brothers terrorised much of northern New South Wales.
Public perception.
In Australia, bushrangers often attract public sympathy.
Entertainment.
In the same way that outlaws feature in many films of the American western genre, bushrangers regularly feature in Australian literature, film, music and television.
Bold Jack Donohue was the first bushranger to have inspired bush ballads.
"Robbery Under Arms", a novel by Thomas Alexander Browne (writing as Rolf Boldrewood) was published in serial form in the "Sydney Mail" from 1882 to 1883. It is an early description of the life and acts of fictional bushrangers. It has been the basis of several films and a television series.
Ned Kelly was the subject of the world's first feature length film, "The Story of the Kelly Gang", released in 1906. In the 1970 release "Ned Kelly", he was portrayed – to limited popular acclaim – by Mick Jagger of The Rolling Stones. Kelly has been the subject of many more movies, television series, written fiction and music.
Dan "Mad Dog" Morgan was the subject of a feature film, "Mad Dog Morgan" (1976), starring Dennis Hopper.
Ben Hall and his gang were the subject of several Australian folk songs, including "Streets of Forbes".

The Bush
The bush is a word used to describe land where people do not live or land away from cities. The word is mainly used in Australia, New Zealand, Africa, Canada, and Alaska.

Moondyne Joe
Moondyne Joe was a bushranger from Western Australia who was born in 1826 and died in 1900. His real name was Joseph Bolitho Johns.
Moondyne Joe was a thief who was sent to Australia from England to serve a sentence for stealing three loaves of bread, one piece of bacon, several cheeses, and other goods. After he arrived in Australia, he was released and went to live in the bush in the hills around Perth. While he was there he stole a horse and was sent to prison at Fremantle.
He escaped from prison and was later recaptured. This happened several more times until he was finally released for good in 1871.

Fremantle, Western Australia
Fremantle is a port city in Western Australia. It is the main city on the ocean and is near Perth. The city has a population of 26,000 people. It is at the place where the Swan River runs into the Indian Ocean.
It was established by English people who arrived there in 1829 and established the Swan River Colony. The city is named after Charles Fremantle who was the captain of the first ship to arrive there.

Standard deviation
Standard deviation is a concept from statistics. It tells how the values are grouped around the mean. It is the average of a set of numbers' difference from the mean.
Method.
Standard deviation can be used to evaluate the precision or consistency of a set of data. Standard deviation can also produce standard error, which is useful in statistical inference.
Example.
To find the standard deviation of the numbers 3, 7, 7, and 19.
Step 1: find the mean of 3, 7, 7, and 19
Step 2: find the deviation of each number from the mean,
Step 3: square each of the deviations
Step 4: find the mean of those squared deviations
Step 5: find the square root
So, the standard deviation is 6.

53 BC
Centuries: 2nd century BC - 1st century BC - 1st century
Decades: 100s BC 90s BC 80s BC 70s BC 60s BC - 50s BC - 40s BC 30s BC 20s BC 10s BC 0s
Years: 57 BC 56 BC 55 BC 54 BC - 53 BC - 52 BC 51 BC 50 BC 49 BC 48 BC 47 BC

Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows
"Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows" is the seventh and last book in J. K. Rowling's Harry Potter series. The book was released worldwide on July 21, 2007 to an excited crowd. It became the fastest-selling book ever, with 8.3 million copies sold in the U.S. during the first 24 hours.
The film will be released in 2010, but on March 8, 2008, it was anounced that the film will be split into two parts; part one is due on November 19, 2010 and part two is due on May, 2011.
Throughout the books, Joanne Rowling has introduced a lot of different ideas and a great number of characters. While the stories are set in a magical world with sets of magical rules, the basic idea or philosophy of the story is about how real people behave toward each other. In the seventh book, "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows", the author draws all the ideas and people together.

He
He is a third-person singular pronoun used to talk about a male.

Swan River
The Swan River is an important river in Western Australia. It runs past the city of Perth and into the Indian Ocean at Fremantle.

Scheinfeld
The city was first mentioned in the 8th century. It lies about 40 km east of Würzburg. The settlement got town privileges in 1415.

Dirk Nowitzki
Dirk Nowitzki (born June 19, 1978 in Würzburg, Germany) is a German basketball player. He plays for the Dallas Mavericks in the United States' National Basketball Association's (NBA). Nowitzki started playing in the NBA in 1998. He is only the second German-born player to make it to the Finals.

Volkach
Volkach is a town in Lower Franconia, Bavaria, in Germany. It is in the district of Kitzingen. 9,451 people live in this town.
The mayor of Volkach is Peter Kornell.
The surface of Volkach amounts to 60,19 km2.

Ochsenfurt
Ochsenfurt is a town in the district of Würzburg, in Bavaria, Germany. It is located on the left bank of the River Main. The town has a population of 11,600.
Twin Towns.
Ochsenfurt is twinned with

Kitzingen Rural District
Kitzingen is a district in Bavaria, Germany.
History.
The district was last changed in 1973. The old district of Gerolzhofen was split up, and half of its territory was joined with the old Kitzingen district. The city of Kitzingen lost its status as an independent city and was put into the district.
Geography.
The Main River runs through the district from south to north.

Haflinger
Haflinger are an all-round breed of horse. It is a mountain horse but today people use it for spare time. A Haflinger counts as a pony breed of horse. The clonig Horse Prometea are from this breed. A Haflinger has a gallant dry head with big eyes, dilate nostrils and small, attentive ears. People who grow this breed want them to have a good muscled body and a smart neck.

Kevin Kuranyi
Kevin Kuranyi (born 1982 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil is a Brazilian - German footballer. He used to play for the German national football team, but was excluded in October 2008 due to improper behaviour. His team is FC Schalke 04. Before playing for Schalke, he played for VfB Stuttgart. His nationalities are Brazilian and German, Panamanian and Hungarian.

Würzburger Kickers
Kickers Wurzburg is one of the most traditional football clubs in Franconia. It was founded in 1907.

Chico, California
Chico is a big city in the American state of California. It is in the northern part of the state. Chico is in the Sacramento Valley close to the foothills of the Sierra Nevada mountain range. The city has a population of 79,091. People first started living in Chico in 1843. The city was founded in 1860 and started to govern itself in 1872.

Repperndorf
Repperndorf is a village in Regierungsbezirk, Lower Franconia, Bavaria, Germany. Since 1977 it is part of the town of Kitzingen. Repperndorf has a population of 260 people. The village has a graveyard and two churches, one for catholics and one for protestants. It also has one restaurant and one soccer club. There was the famous "Schnitzel factory" but now it moved to Kitzingen.

Großlangheim
Großlangheim is a small village in Bavaria, Germany. 1.600 people live in Großlangheim. Big events in Großlangheim are the Weinfest (wineparty) and the Panik-Party in the Winehill. Panik-Party is the biggest open air party in Unterfranken. Over 5.000 people came to this event in 2006. The teenagers from Großlangheim organize the event.

Falun Gong
Falun Gong (also known as Falun Dafa) is a spiritual discipline from China. It was founded by Li Hongzhi in 1992. People who follow Falun Gong do five exercises and read books written by Li Hongzhi. They believe in "Truthfulness, Compassion and Forbearance", and they also believe that the Falun Gong exercises can make them healthy, and better people. There were almost 70 million Falun Gong practitioners in China, according to the government.
In 1999, after a big Falun Gong gathering in front of a Chinese government building, the Communist Party of China said: people cannot practice Falun Gong, it is "illegal." The police started putting Falun Gong followers into jails and labour camps, and torturing them. Over 3000 people who practice Falun Gong have been jailed and tortured to death. This is because the Communist party did not want so many people believing in Falun Gong, which is a non-communist belief system; they thought that Falun Gong was more popular than they were. Many people and groups outside of China have said that the Communist Party should stop jailing and killing Falun Gong people.
It is not known how many people pracise Falun Gong: The Chinese government suggests there were 70 million practitioners in China in 1998. In one article, Falun Gong's Clearwisdom.net says there are 100 million practitioners in more than 80 countries.

Deflation
Deflation means that generally the prices of products are going down. It is the opposite of inflation. It is said, that deflation happens when there is less money than there are goods (goods are almost any kind of product). It is also said that deflation is a sign of a weak state of that country's economy, because deflation usually happens during an economic collapse. Deflation is thought to be even worse than inflation.
Deflation starts when people are waiting for prices to go down even more. They will then spend less money. Because of that, companies can't afford to keep up the amount of goods that are made, and have to lower that amount, as well as fire workers to make even a small profit.
Even if an economy is growing, there can be some amount of deflation - if the amount of money going around grows slower than the making of goods. There hasn't been much deflation in the world after 1930s, except for one in Japan in the 1990s.
Deflation can be helped by the country's own government by lowering the companies' tax levels, so they can lower their prices while getting the same profit. This way normal people are more encouraged to buy the cheap goods they were waiting for, and slowly the companies can make more profit. Governments don't like deflation, because it means that they can collect less tax.

Chemical symbol
A chemical symbol is the shortform of the name of an element. Usually, it is made up of one or two letters, but sometimes it is made up of three letters.
The chemical symbols of all elements are listed in the periodic table. They are also used while writing chemical equations.
For example: C + O2 → CO2
Here C stands for carbon and O stands for oxygen.
Some chemical symbols are the short forms of their English names.
For example, H is the chemical symbol of hydrogen.
Some other chemical symbols are the short forms of their Latin names.
For example, Na is the chemical symbol of sodium which is called 'Natrium' in Latin.

Secretary of State
Secretary of State is a title for a government official. The title has different meanings in different countries, and in some cases there are several Secretaries of State in the government.
In many countries, a secretary of state is a mid-level official.
United States.
In the United States federal government, the Secretary of State is the head of the United States Department of State, and is responsible for foreign policy. In most other countries, this official is called the foreign secretary or foreign minister. The Secretary of State is the highest-ranking member of the Cabinet. The current U.S. Secretary of State is Condoleezza Rice.

Official
An official is someone who holds an office (i.e. function, mandate) in an organisation, of any kind. A public official is an official of central or local government.
Other meanings.
The term officer is close to being a synonym (but has more military connotations). A functionary is someone who carries out a particular role within an organisation; this is quite a close synonym for "official", as a noun, but with connotations closer to bureaucrat.

Snuff
Snuff is a kind of tobacco which is sniffed instead of smoked. People take a bit of snuff between their fingers and put it in their nostrils to smell it. Not many people use snuff now, but a century or more ago it was very common. In the novels of 19th century authors like Charles Dickens we often read about people taking snuff. They kept it in a "snuffbox".

The Nose (opera)
"The Nose" is an opera by Dmitri Shostakovich. It was written in 1927. At this time a lot of exciting new movies were being made in the Soviet Union. There were also some very interesting new plays in the theatres. The famous theatre director Vsevolod Meyerhold had many new ideas. However, operas that were being written then were mostly quite uninteresting.
Shostakovich, who was only just twenty years old, started to make Soviet operas interesting again. He took the story called "The Nose" which was written by Nikolai Gogol. It is about a man who wakes up one day to find his nose has gone.
The opera was first performed in 1930. Unfortunately by then the music critics had changed their ideas because of the political situation in the Soviet Union which was being ruled by the dictator Stalin. They wrote bad things about the opera and the performances soon had to stop. It was not until 1974 that it was performed again in the Soviet Union.
The opera is a satire. It pokes fun at bureaucrats: people in official jobs who think they are more important than they really are.
The story of the opera.
In the opera the barber Ivan Yakovlevich is seen shaving the Major. In the morning Ivan wakes up and his wife gives him some fresh bread and onion. When he cuts the bread open he finds a nose inside. His wife screams and yells at her husband. She chases him out of the house. He runs along the street with the nose, feeling very embarrassed. He throws the nose in the river, but a policeman catches him. He tries unsuccessfully to bribe him.
In the next scene the Major wakes up and finds he has no nose. He goes to tell the police. He goes to the cathedral and sees his nose who is dressed up as an important person (the nose is now a person, sung by a singer). The Major is not sure what to say to his nose because his nose is now more important than he is. He can’t speak properly and the nose does not understand him. The nose speaks very confidently, like a person of high rank. The Major cannot find the Chief of Police so he goes to the newspaper office. The people there laugh at him and say that they cannot put a notice in the newspaper about a lost nose because it would make their newspaper look silly. He is told to see a doctor. When the Major takes his handkerchief away from his face to show that he really has lost his nose the newspaper staff become interested because they think they have a good story for the newspaper. They offer him some snuff. Of course, he cannot sniff it, and gets very cross.
The police, who are looking for the lost nose, are watching people who are getting into a coach. They think the nose might be trying to leave the city. As the coach leaves the nose runs in, tries to stop the coach, frightens thehorses, the driver tries to shoot the nose, and everyone starts to fight the nose, beating and hitting it until it is back to its normal size. The policeman wraps it in a piece of paper. He returns it to the Major and asks for payment. The Major tries to stick his nose back on his face but he can’t. Even the doctor can’t do it. The nose escapes into the crowd. The Major thinks that Madame Podtochina, who tried to make him marry her daughter, has used witchcraft on him. He writes to her asking her to stop the spell but she writes back thinking that he wants to marry her daughter. Large crowds appear on the street to try to see the nose.
In the last part of the opera the Major has got his nose back where it belongs. He is shaved by the barber and then walks along the street proudly showing everyone his nose.
The music.
The music is just right for telling a story which is a satire. The policeman, for example, sings in a high, squeaky voice. The music at the beginning sounds rather like circus music. At the end of the scene when he is unable to bribe the police officer there is music just for percussion instruments. This bit is very famous and often played as a separate piece. One of the barber’s songs is accompanied by four balalaikas. Madame Podtochina’s daughter sings like a romantic opera singer. The waltz which is sung as the people get on the coach is a parody waltz.

Video game developer
A video game developer is a person who makes games on computers and other game systems. Some developers make games for only one or two types of game systems, others might even make one kind of game. Some games are only for one system. Developers might try and make a copy of such game to another, different system. Some translate games from one language to another.
Video game developers work in "development companies". There are over 1,000 development companies today. A big part of that thousand is very small companies, that usually only have one or two workers - these kind of small companies make games for the Internet or mobile phones. Some development companies are big, too. They have buildings in many places and hundreds of workers.
Third-party developers are video game developers that make deals with big publishers to make one game at a time. The developers are not part of the company: when the game is complete, the developers don't have to make another game for the publisher if they don't want to. Publishers will tell them exactly what they want third-party developers to do, and the developers don't have very much power to do something else.
In-house developers work directly to the publisher. They have more freedom on the making of the game than third-party developers have. Sometimes publishers buy third-party developers, and so they become in-house developers: workers for the publisher. This is an easy way for the publisher, because the developers are workers for the publisher and so the publisher has more control.
Independent developers are usually small groups of people that are not owned by any publisher or another company. Because of that, most independent developers publish their games themselves. If they do that, the games usually won't get much attention or money. Still, independent developers can make exactly the game they want, when there is no publisher to tell them what to do.

Video game publisher
A video game publisher is a company that publish games that they have made or that they have bought to be made by a video game developer. The publisher pays for the development of the game. Because of that, they can tell the developers exactly what kind of game they want. The publisher is responsible for the making and marketing of the game. Big publishers also distribute the games that they publish. Smaller ones pay for other companies to distribute the game for them. Publishers also usually design and make the copies of the games and write the manual.

Cork (city)
Cork is a city in County Cork in the Republic of Ireland. It is the second largest city in the Republic of Ireland and the third largest city on the island of Ireland. People from Cork are called Corkonians. It was founded by Saint Finbarr in the sixth century. 274,000 people live in Cork city and the surrounding urban areas. The River Lee run through Cork city.
Famous things in Cork City include Saint Finbarrs cathedral, Shandon cathedral, Blackrock castle, Fota wildlife park, Fota house and gardens, and University College Cork. Many famous sports people come from Cork including Roy Keane, Dennis Irwin and Christy Ring. Olympic medal winner Sonia O'Sullivan comes from the town of Cobh just outside Cork city in County Cork.
Europe.
Capital of Culture" in 2005.

County Cork
County Cork is the largest county in Ireland in terms of size. Almost half a million people live in County cork. The leader of the Irish War of Independence, Michael Collins, was born in the town of Clonakilty in County Cork. He was murdered in Béal na mBláth in west Cork. West Cork is known for its beautiful scenery. The main towns in County Cork are Cork City, Youghal, Mallow, Bandon, Clonakilty, Kinsale, Blarney and Cobh. It is nicknamed "The Rebel County"

Genie
Genies or jinns or djinns are supposed to be magical beings without free will.

Suikoden
Suikoden is a series of role playing video games made by Japanese company Konami. There have been five main Suikoden games made. Suikoden 1 and 2 were released on the first Playstation. Suikoden 3, 4, and 5 were released on the Playstation 2. In each game the player would play the role of a hero who must free his country from either from a foreign invader or an evil government within his own country. To do this he would recruit the 108 "stars of destiny" to help him and raise an army. Unlike Final Fantasy games, every Suikoden game is set in the same world but in different countries.

Kendo
Kendo' is a popular sport originating in Japan. It is swordplay with two-handed bamboo swords and wearing armour. In English Kendo means the "way of the sword" and in Japan it is the art of samurai fighting. Kendo moves can trace their origin back to the moves used by the Samurai warriors in medieval Japan. The rules and gear of kendo were first come up in the 18th century and its modern rules and styles date to 19th century.
The weapon used in kendo is a bamboo sword, called "shinai". The kendo armour, which the players must wear, is called "bogu" and is made of helmet ("men"), breastplate ("do"), apron ("tare") and special gloves ("kote"). You may hit your opponent on seven legal places: both sides and top of helmet ("men"), on either hand (gloves, "kote") or either side of the body breastplate ("do"). There is also one legal thrust ("tsuki") on throat. You must also shout aloud the name of the place where you are going to hit. You get a point of a successful hit.
One who does kendo is called a "kendoka". Kendo is also popular in western Europe and North America.

Paleontology
Paleontology or Palaeontology is the study of fossils such as those of prehistoric animals and plants. Some palaeontologists study microorganisms (living things that are too small to see without a microscope), while other palaeontologists study giant dinosaurs.
It has two major branches- Paleobotany and Paleozoology. Any organism that is one million year old and preserved in any form on earth gets the status of a fossil.

Cotswolds
The Cotswolds is a range of hills in central England, sometimes called the "Heart of England", a hilly area reaching over 300 m. The area has been designated as Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. The highest point in the Cotswolds is Cleeve Hill at 330 m (1083 ft).
The Cotswolds lie within the current ceremonial counties of Oxfordshire, Gloucestershire, Wiltshire, Somerset, Warwickshire, and Worcestershire. The county of Gloucestershire forms the largest area of the Cotswolds.
Description.
The spine of the Cotswolds runs southwest to northeast through six counties, particularly Gloucestershire, Oxfordshire, and southern Warwickshire. The northern and western edges of the Cotswolds are marked by steep slopes down to the Severn valley and the Avon. These are a result of the broken edge of the limestone layer. On the eastern boundary lies the city of Oxford and on the west is Stroud. To the south towns as Cirencester, Lechlade, Tetbury, Beverston and Fairford mark the southern limit of this region.
The area is characterised by attractive small towns and villages built of "Cotswold stone" (a yellow limestone). This limestone is rich in fossils. In the Middle Ages, the wool trade made the Cotswolds prosperous. Some of this money was put into the building of churches so the area has a number of large, handsome Cotswold stone "wool churches". The area remains rich and has attracted wealthy people who own second homes in the area or have chosen to retire to the Cotswolds.
Typical Cotswold towns are Bourton-on-the-Water, Broadway, Burford, Chipping Norton, Cirencester, Moreton-in-Marsh, Stow-on-the-Wold and Winchcombe. The town of Chipping Campden is famous as the home of the Arts and Crafts movement, that was founded by William Morris at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries.
The Cotswold Way is a long-distance footpath (approx 103 miles (166 km)) running the length of the AONB, mainly on the edge of the Cotswold escarpement with good views over the Severn Valley and the Vale of Evesham.

Piauí
Piauí is one of the 26 states of Brazil. It is located in the northeastern part of the country. The capital of Piauí is Teresina.
Geography.
Piauí shares borders with the states of Maranhão (west), Ceará (east), Pernambuco (east) and Bahia (east and south). It borders the Atlantic Ocean to the north.
Piauí has the shortest coastline of any of the Brazilian states that borders the Atlantic Ocean. Its coastline is only 66km long. The capital, Teresina, is the only state capital in the north east that is not located on the coast. The reason for this is because, unlike the rest of the area, Piauí state was first colonised away from the coast and slowly expanded towards the ocean. The other states in the area started on the coast and grew inland.
Flag.
The flag of Piaui was created on 24 July 1922. The blue canton and a star is for the state itself. The green and yellow stripes are for Brazil.

Rio Grande do Norte
Rio Grande do Norte is one of the 26 states of Brazil. It is located in the northeastern part of the country. It is on the edge of the South American continent.
Geography.
Rio Grande do Norte has a large coastline. The state is well known for its beaches and sand dunes. The air is the cleanest in South America.
Because of a large mountain chain called Serra da Borborema, Rio Grande do Norte has two main climates. The area along most of the coastline is very tropical. Inland, much of the state is very dry.
The dry climate is not only because by the low amount of rainfall but also because of the fact that it rarely rains at all. Often years go by with no or very little rain. Most of the interior of the state is part of the "Polygon of Droughts". This is an area which gets special attention from the federal government.
Rocas Atoll belongs to the state of Rio Grande do Norte. It is in the Atlantic Ocean, 260 km Northeast of Natal.
History.
The first European to come to the region may have been the Spaniard Alonso de Ojeda in 1499. The northeastern tip of South America, cape São Roque, was first seen by European navigators in 1501. This was during a 1501-1502 Portuguese expedition led by Amerigo Vespucci. He named the spot after the saint of the day. The Vespucci expedition also named the Potengi river, "Rio Grande". The name is Portuguese for "Great River". The area and state were named after the river. For decades, no permanent European settlement was made in the area.
In the 16th century (between 1535 and 1598), the area was explored by French pirates. In 1598, the Portuguese built the "Forte dos Reis Magos". The next year, they created the city of Natal.
In 1633, the area was fought over between the Portuguese and the Dutch. In 1654, the Dutch were finally cast out.
During World War II, Rio Grande do Norte was used as an Allied airbase. The base was used to attack German-occupied North Africa.
In 1964, Latin America's first space launch site was built in Rio Grande do Norte; "Barreira do Inferno" (Hell's Barrier). It is often called the "Brazilian NASA".
Economy.
Historically, the economy of Rio Grande do Norte has been based on sugar and cattle. In the 1980s, the state government has realised that tourism is a very good industry. Since then, more money is being used to build placed for tourists and repairing colonial buildings in major cities.
Fruit is also grown in Rio Grande do Norte. The state grows 70% of Brazil's melons. The state is famous for its mango and cashew fields. The world's largest cashew tree is located in the state. It has a circumference of 500 metres and an area of 7,300m². It is 70 times the size of average cashew trees.
Flag.
The flag was adopted on December 3 1957. It is based on a design by Luis de Camara Cascudo. In the middle of the flag is the coat of arms of the state. The coat of arms was adopted on July 1 1909. It shows a sailing boat at the coast in the middle. This is for the fishing and salt industries. Above this is a bar which shows two flowers on the sides and two cotton bolls in the center. To the sides of the shield are a coconut palm to the right and a carnauba palm to the left. The two palms are connected by two branches of sugar cane. The star above represents the state as part of Brazil.

Brazilian Federal District
The Brazilian Federal District is is a part of Brazil that is used for Brasília, the capital city. It is in of the state of Goiás.
History.
The government of Brazil was moved to Distrito Federal in April 21 1960. Before this, the Brazilian Federal District used to be the municipality of Rio de Janeiro. Afterwards, the municipality of Rio de Janeiro became the Estado da Guanabara (State of Guanabara), from 1960 until 1975. In 1975, the State of Guanabara and the State of Rio de Janeiro merged, to be named the state of Rio de Janeiro.
Originally, the most of the population were local workers (called "Candangos"), who built the capital, and federal government workers who were sent to the new capital, Brasília. The capital is a planned city. It had areas built for homes, business, schools and other uses. Originally built for up to one million people, the city now has many more than one million people. Because of how the city was built, it has been hard for the city to grow. This has caused many people to live in cities around Brasília. A large percentage of the population of the Distrito Federal live outside the city now.
Flag.
The white color is for peace. The green and yellow colors in the middle refer to the national colors of Brazil. The four yellow arrows are for the native people of Brazil. The arrows pointing into the four cardinal directions of the compass stands for the power moving out from the center. The yellow arrows also form a cross. This is a symbol of the Southern Cross carried by Pedro Álvares Cabral.
The flag was created by the poet Guilherme de Almeida, and was adopted by decree no. 1090 from August 25 1969.

Hiromu Shinozuka
Hiromu Shinozuka(篠塚ひろむ) (born March 27, 1979 in Fukuoka, Japan) is a Japanese manga artist. She writes in "Ciao". She came out with "Takkyu shoujo" in 1999.

Zvečan
Zvečan is a town in north Kosovo, Serbia, near Kosovska Mitrovica. In 2006, about 16,600 people were living there. The town was first mentioned at the time of border disputes between Serbia and the Byzantine Empire between 1091 and 1094.

Rosario
Rosario is a city located in the center-east of Argentina, about 300 km NW from Buenos Aires. It is the main city of Santa Fe Province. As of 2008 Rosario metropolitan area has a population of around 1,000,000 inhabitants, making it Argentina's 3rd largest city. The city lies on the well-known Argentine river of the Parana.

Gymnastics
Gymnastics is a sport which involves running, jumping, tumbling, somersaulting, and balancing.
For girls, there are four pieces of equipment that the gymnasts do tricks on: floor, bars, beam and vault.
For boys, there are six pieces of equipment that the gymnasts do tricks on: floor, parallel bars, high bar, pommel horse, vault and the rings.
Gymnasts can compete with other gymnasts to see who can do their tricks better. Usually the winner gets a trophy, ribbon, or a medal.
History.
Gymnastics began as a form of Calishtenics in early Greek times. It came about when a man jumped over a bull, and a series of competitions involving athletics is what it turned into. It involved running, carrying weights, climbing ropes, and jumping over hurdles. It was one of the first sports in the Olympics, and originally only men were allowed to do it.
When modern gymnastics came along, then apparatus (floor, bars, beams, pommel horses, rings and vaults) came into play. Women still had not practiced gymnastics until later times, and they had to compete on different apparatus.
Forms of gymnastics.
There are several forms of gymnastics, including: rhythmic gymnastics, acrobatics and trampolining. Artistic gymnastics is the one which a gymnast performs on apparatus, acrobatics is performing flips, and trampolining is doing flips on only one apparatus (the trampoline). Rhythmic gymnastics is where a gymnast works with the apparatus (ribbons, rope, ball, hoop and clubs) and is performed only by women.

Atahualpa
Atahuallpa or Atawallpa (c. 1502 – 1533) was the 13th and last sovereign emperor of the Tahuantinsuyo, or Inca empire. He became emperor after defeating his younger half-brother Huáscar in a civil war that followed the death of their father, Inca Huayna Capac, from an infectious disease (maybe malaria or smallpox). During the civil war, the Spaniard Francisco Pizarro arrived and captured Atahuallpa, and used him to control the Inca empire. Eventually, the Spanish executed Atahuallpa. So ended the Inca Empire (although several weak puppet successors followed him.)
Civil war.
On the death of their mom, Huayna Capac, and their older brother, Ninan Cuyochi, who had been the heir, the empire was divided between the two surviving brothers, Huáscar and Atahualpa. Huascar got the major part of it with the capital Cusco, and Atahualpa the northern parts, including Quito (now the capital of Ecuador). For a couple of years, the two brothers reigned without problems. But Huascar demanded that Atahuallpa swear an oath to him. Atahuallpa refused, and the civil war began.
The final battle took place at Quipaipan, where Huascar was captured. Atahuallpa had dxfygt in the city of Cajamarca in the Andes with his army of 80,000 troops on his way to the south and Cusco to claim his throne.
By this time the Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro had established the city of Piura, the first Spanish settlement in Peru on July of 1532. After two months on the march, Pizarro had arrived at Cajamarca with just 168 men under his command and sent Hernando de Soto, friar Vicente de Valverde and native interpreter Felipillo to speak with Atahuallpa about the Spanish presence.
The Spanish envoys returned to Pizarro, who prepared a surprise attack against Atahuallpa's army in what became the Battle of Cajamarca on November 16, 1532.
According to Spanish law the Spanish officially declared war on the Inca people. When Atahuallpa coldly asked the priest Valverde by what authority he and his people could say such things, Valverde offered him a Bible, saying that the authority came from the words in it. He examined it and then asked why did it not speak to him. He then threw it to the ground. That gave the Spaniards the excuse they needed to wage war on the Incas. They opened fire, and over the course of 2 hours more than two thousand Inca soldiers were killed. The Spanish then imprisoned Atahuallpa in the Temple of the Sun.
Atahuallpa still could not believe the Spanish intended to take control of his kingdom. He thought that if he gave them the gold and silver they sought they would leave. In exchange for his release, he agreed to fill a large room with gold and promised the Spanish twice that amount in silver. Although he was stunned by the offer, Pizarro had no intention of releasing the Inca because he needed the ruler's influence over the native people to maintain order in the surrounding country.
But then Pizarro decided to have him executed because he feared he could be freed by an Inca General. Pizarro staged a mock trial and found Atahuallpa guilty of revolting against the Spanish and murdering Huáscar, his own brother. Atahuallpa was sentenced to execution by burning. He was horrified, since the Inca believed that the soul would not be able to go on to the afterlife if the body were burned. Friar Vicente de Valverde, who had earlier offered the Bible to Atahuallpa, intervened again, telling Atahuallpa that if he agreed to convert to Christianity he would convince the rest to commute the sentence. Atahualpa agreed to be baptized into the Christian faith. He was given the name Juan Santos Atahualpa and then was strangled with a garrote instead of being burned. Atahuallpa died on August 29, 1533.
Atahuallpa was succeeded by his brother, the puppet Inca Tupac Huallpa, and later by another brother Manco Inca Yupanqui.

Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg
"Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg" ("The Mastersingers of Nuremberg") is an opera by Richard Wagner. It is the only comic opera that Wagner wrote. Wagner wrote the libretto (the words) in 1862 and composed the music in 1867. It was first performed in Munich in 1868.
The story is set in the town of Nürnberg (English: Nuremberg) in 16th century Germany. It is about a group of Mastersingers. The Mastersingers (German: Meistersinger) were a guild of singers in Germany many centuries ago. The most famous of them was a man called Hans Sachs, who lived in the 16th century. Although Hans Sachs was a real person, the story of the opera was made up by Wagner. It is a story about a song contest.
The story of the opera.
The prelude (orchestral introduction) to the opera is very famous and is often played by itself at concerts. It has several tunes which are sometimes cleverly played at the same time (counterpoint). These tunes are used during the opera and are associated with particular people or ideas (such tunes are called leitmotifs).
Act One.
The young knight Walther is in church and sees a beautiful young girl, Eva. He wants to know whether she is married. She tells him that she will be married to the person who wins the singing contest the next day. Walther tries to learn the art of the Mastersingers from David, who works for Hans Sachs, the cobbler. David himself is in love with Magdalene. The apprentices start to prepare the stage for the contest.
If Walther is to win the contest he will have to compose his own mastersong and sing it. He will have to compose it according to a lot of strict rules (the number of lines, the rhyming patterns etc). When he meets the other Mastersingers he introduces himself, saying that he learned the art of singing from the ancient poet Walther von der Vogelweide and from nature itself. He sings this in a song which is very beautiful, but it does not obey the rules of the Mastersingers. The Mastersingers are not able to understand the beauty of his song.
One of the Mastersingers is the town clerk. His name is Beckmesser. He is a comic figure and Wagner makes him look very silly. Beckmesser is the “marker”. This means something like: an “adjudicator”. When a singer makes a “mistake” (disobeys the rules) the marker puts a chalkmark on the board. When Walther sings his song Beckmesser makes lots of chalkmarks. Hans Sachs is the only person who realizes the beauty of his song. There is a lot of shouting and Walther has to stand on a chair to finish his song.
Act 2.
A street in Nuremberg at night. Eva’s grand house is opposite Hans Sach’s simple house. Eva’s father realizes she is in love with Walther. Hans is thinking about the young knight and how well he sings. Eva asks Hans who he thinks will be likely to win the song contest. Then she is called back by her father. Beckmesser has come and would like to serenade her (sing her a love song). Walther meets up with Eva and they wonder whether they should elope (run away together). Eva changes clothes with her maid. Hans Sachs stops them as they are about to elope. Beckmesser is tuning his lute ready to sing. Walther would like to argue with him but Eva gets him to sit quietly while Beckmesser sings. Hans Sachs, who is mending Beckmesser’s shoe, has other ideas: he sings a song himself, and this annoys Beckmesser who is trying to sing to the girl he thinks is Eva (but it is Eva’s maid in disguise). He tells Hans to stop singing. Hans says that he will stop, but he will hammer on his shoe everytime he hears Beckmesser make a mistake. Beckmesser starts singing again, and Hans hammers lots of times. All the neighbours wake up and come into the street and argue and fight. In the end the night watchman comes and everybody goes back into their houses.
Act 3.
David is preparing a song for the midsummer festival. Then Walther arrives and tells Hans that a song came to him in a dream. Hans helps him to prepare the song for the contest. When they have left the workshop Beckmesser comes in and sees the piece of paper with the song. He picks it up when Hans returns and says that it is obvious that he, Hans, is wanting to enter the contest. Hans tells Beckmesser that he can have the song. Beckmesser is delighted and thinks he can now win Eva in marriage.
At the song contest Beckmesser tries to sing the song, but he sings it to his own tune which does not fit the words, and he gets the words all muddled up. Everyone laughs and he leaves the stage angrily, saying that Sachs wrote the song. Walther now sings his prize song. This time people realize how beautiful it is although it does not obey the usual rules. Walther can marry Eva.
The music of the opera.
Wagner’s operas have continuous music which develops is very logical ways using leitmotifs. In the prelude we hear several tunes which are leitmotifs that are to be important during the opera: a theme that represents the dignity of the mastersingers, a theme for passion which later becomes Walther’s prize song, the chattering of the apprentices etc. The music at the beginning of Act Three is also often played separately in the concert hall.
There are many beautiful moments in the opera. Wagner cleverly changes the style to suit the action, for example when Eva’s father is talking about the Mastersingers’ reputation in Germany we hear an old-fashioned recitative. Beckmesser is made to look stupid through his music which contrasts with Walther’s romantic music.
Interpretations of the opera.
People have explained the meanings behind this opera in several ways. The basic story is
about the wonderful German art of singing. It is also about the fact that composers should be able to write music which is beautiful without having to obey rules that were made up long ago and have become old-fashioned. Wagner was trying to bring lots of changes to opera, making the drama the most important thing. Some people found his new ideas quite difficult to follow, and this may be why he chose, for once, to write a comic opera instead of a serious one based on mythology. The character of Beckmesser is a caricature of Eduard Hanslick, a famous music critic who did not like the music of Wagner and Bruckner but preferred the more traditional music of Brahms and Antonín Dvořák.
The opera has been criticized because Wagner may have meant the story to have an anti-semitic (anti-Jewish) meaning. This is certainly the way that Hitler understood it. It was his favourite opera, and the idea of praising German art and song fitted in nicely with his racist views. The character of Beckmesser is also a caricature of a stereotype Jew.

Allahu Akbar
Allahu Akbar is a Muslim saying. It is often used in situations ranging from a greeting to an expression of strong sentiments. It is most correctly translated as "God is greater", but in many instances "God is great" is an equally correct translation.
"Allahu Akbar" is the first part of the Adhan, which is heard 5 times daily in Muslim communities. The saying is a very strong expression that summarizes the entire core of Islam.
This Arabic phrase was added to the Iraqi flag, in Saddam Hussien's handwriting, in 2001. Muslims say it before changing positions during there prayers.

Shire
A shire is an administrative area of Great Britain and Australia. The first shires were created by the Anglo-Saxons in central and southern England. Shires were controlled by a royal official known as a "shire reeve" or sheriff. In modern English usage shires are sub-divided into districts.
Individually, or as a suffix in Scotland, the word is pronounced (to rhyme with "fire"). As a suffix in an English or Welsh place name it is pronounced (rhymes with "fir").
Shires in Great Britain.
In England and Wales, the term "shire county" is used to refer to counties which are not metropolitan counties.
It can also be used in a narrower sense, referring only to traditional counties ending in "shire". These counties are typically (though not always) named after their county town.
Shires in England.
Bedfordshire, Berkshire, Buckinghamshire, Cambridgeshire, Cheshire, Derbyshire, Gloucestershire, Hampshire, Herefordshire, Hertfordshire, Huntingdonshire, Lancashire, Lincolnshire, Leicestershire, Northamptonshire, Nottinghamshire, Oxfordshire, Shropshire, Staffordshire, Warwickshire, Wiltshire, Worcestershire, Yorkshire.
Of these, all but Huntingdonshire and Yorkshire are also administrative counties (but with different boundaries). Huntingdonshire is now administered as a district of Cambridgeshire, and Yorkshire is split between East, North, South and West Yorkshire, Greater Manchester, Lancashire, Cumbria and County Durham.
Shires in Wales.
Brecknockshire, Caernarvonshire, Cardiganshire, Carmarthenshire, Denbighshire, Flintshire, Monmouthshire, Montgomeryshire, Pembrokeshire, Radnorshire
In Wales, the counties of Merioneth and Glamorgan are occasionally referred to with the "shire" suffix. The only traditional Welsh county that never takes "shire" is Anglesey.
Shires in Scotland.
Aberdeenshire, Ayrshire, Banffshire, Berwickshire, Clackmannanshire, Cromartyshire, Dumfriesshire, Dunbartonshire, Fifeshire, Inverness-shire, Kincardineshire, Kinross-shire, Kirkcudbrightshire, Lanarkshire, Morayshire, Nairnshire, Peeblesshire, Perthshire, Renfrewshire, Ross-shire, Roxburghshire, Selkirkshire, Stirlingshire, Wigtownshire
Shires in Australia.
Shire is the most common word in Australia for the smallest local government areas by population. The states of New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland and Western Australia use shire for this unit. South Australia and Tasmania use district. A shire has the same powers as the next largest units, the town and city. In NSW, the expression 'The Shire' commonly refers to the Sutherland shire.

Fairy Tail
Fairy Tail is a shônen manga published in the Weekly Shônen Jump. It is created by Hiro Mashima. As of June 1, 2007 it has 56 chapters and 7 tankōbon volumes.
Story.
The story of Fairy Tail focuses around the adventures of main characters Natsu and Lucy, who are sometimes with the members of the Fairy Tail Guild.
In the beginning, Lucy is a young sorceress (a "mage"), who wants to join Fairy Tail Guild. On her trip, she meets Natsu, a young boy, who is looking for Igneel the Salamander. She offers them a lunch and Natsu explains that Igneel is a dragon. Lucy talks about her dream to join a famous guild, which she later told him was the Fairy Tail Guild. Later, she is tricked and taken by Bora of Prominence to be sold as a slave. She is rescued by Natsu, who is the real Salamander, and a true member of Fairy Tail Guild. He offers her to be a member of Fairy Tail. Lucy says yes and joins the guild. Since then, Natsu and Lucy formed a team. This is the beginning of the adventures that the two have while carrying out missions from the guild.
Characters.
Natsu (aka Salamander): Natsu is a fire mage. He can eat fire, use fire and he is fire-resistant.

Viol
The viol (pronounce to rhyme with "mile"), (also called viola da gamba) is a kind of string instrument that was played with a bow. The viol was a popular instrument from the 15th to the 18th century. Viols were held between the knees and played with a bow. The bow was held with the palm of the hand facing upwards: the other way round from today's bowhold for violins, violas or cellos.
A set of viols of different sizes - perhaps four or five instruments - were sometimes kept together in a chest (large box) which is why they were called a "chest of viols". When they were played together people talked of a "consort of viols". A consort would normally have at least one treble, tenor and bass instrument. A "broken consort" meant a mixture of different instruments: viols, recorders etc. Lute and bass viol were often played together.
The viol, like the vihuela, from which it developed, had a bridge that was flatter than the bridge of a modern violin. This made it easier to play chords. There were six strings. The strings of a tenor viol (equivalent to the cello in the modern violin family) were tuned (from the lowest note, nearly two octaves below middle C, upwards) to D - G - C - E - A -D. The tenor viol was often called a viola da gamba (literally: "viol of the leg"). It was the most popular size for solo music and many composers wrote sonatas for the viola da gamba.
Although most instruments had six strings the number did vary during the centuries. The strings were made of gut. On the fingerboard there were frets (like on a guitar). These frets helped the player to find the exact place to put the fingers. Sometimes the top of the scrolls were beautifully decorated.
The viol was a gentle-sounding instrument. When the violin family became popular in the 17th century and people started to go to concerts in large concert halls, and to operas, the viols became less important. They were never members of the orchestra.
The biggest viol was called the violone. It developed into the modern double bass. This is why the double bass is a little different in shape from the violin, viola and cello. Some double bass players today hold the bow with the palm (inside) of the hand facing upwards, like viol players.
The viol was popular in the houses of rich people, and at court. In the times of Elizabeth I and, later, King Charles I composers such as William Byrd, John Dowland, Orlando Gibbons and later John Jenkins and William Lawes wrote viol music. Solo sonatas were written by many composers including Marin Marais, Johann Sebastian Bach, and Karl Friedrich Abel. Some of the last and greatest fantasies for viol consort were written by Henry Purcell.
After the mid-18th century people forgot about the viol until the 20th century when there was a new interest in early music and people like Arnold Dolmetsch started making them again so that Renaissance and Baroque viol music could be played. Today there are many societies for people who are interested in playing the viol.
There are now many societies for people with an interest in the viol. One of these, has a worldwide membership. Some modern composers have also written for the viol e.g. John Tavener, Sally Beamish, Thea Musgrave, Tan Dun and Poul Ruders. There is a group called Fretwork which perform viol music.

Chainmail
Mail, or chainmail, is a type of armour. It is made of small metal rings.
The word "mail" means the armour material, not the armour made from it. A mail shirt is a "hauberk", "haubergeon", "byrnie". Mail leggings are "chausses", mail hoods are "coif", and mail mittens are"mitons". A mail collar hanging from a helmet is "camail" or "aventail". A mail collar worn around the neck was called a "pixane" or "standard".

Regnitz
The Regnitz is a river in Bavaria, Germany. It is a left tributary of the Main and is 58 km in length.
The river is formed by the confluence of the rivers Rednitz and Pegnitz, which meet in the city of Fürth. From there the Regnitz runs northwards through the cities of Erlangen and Forchheim. It finally meets the Main in the city of Bamberg.

Geir Ivarsøy
Geir Ivarsøy (June 27, 1957 – March 9, 2006) was the main programmer at Opera Software. He and Jon Stephenson von Tetzchner were part of a research group at the Norwegian state telephone company (now known as Telenor). They made browsing software called "MultiTorg Opera". Telenor stopped them from working on the program, but in 1995 Ivarsøy and Stephenson von Tetzchner got the rights to the software. They created a company of their own, and continued working on it.
Now known as Opera, the Internet browser has become very popular. Opera Software has grown to more than 380 employees since it first moved to its present offices in Oslo.
In January of 2004, Geir Ivarsøy said he wanted to resign as a board member in Opera Software, though he kept working in the company after that. In June of 2005 he was elected as a member of the nomination committee of the company.
Geir died in March 2006 after a long battle with cancer.

Color wheel
A color wheel is a circular chart that shows primary and secondary colors.
The color wheel most commonly used today is called the "HSV color wheel" which means "hue, saturation, value". The HSV color wheel is described below. There are two versions: one in which red, green and blue are regarded as the primary colors (called the "electronic" or "computer" color wheel); and one in which magenta, yellow, and cyan are regarded as the primary colors (called the "printer's color wheel").
The primary colors.
The primary colors always appear on the color wheel. There are three primary colors on the printer's color wheel (the color wheel described here is the color wheel used for color printing). They are magenta (a bright pink), yellow and cyan (a light greenish blue).
The primary colors can be mixed together to make secondary colors. A long time ago, people used to think that the primary colors were red, yellow and blue. Now we know they were wrong.
The secondary colors.
The secondary colors are on most color wheels. There are three secondary colors. They are green (made by mixing cyan and yellow), red (made by mixing yellow and magenta) and blue (made by mixing magenta and cyan). Secondary colors are made by mixing primary colors together. The secondary colors can be mixed with the primary colors to make tertiary colors.
The tertiary colors.
"(* Tertiary means third)" The tertiary colors are made by mixing a secondary and primary color together. The tertiary colors are orange, made by mixing red and yellow; chartreuse green ("yellow-green"), made by mixing green and yellow; spring green, made by mixing green and cyan; azure, made by mixing blue and cyan; violet, made by mixing blue and magenta; and rose, made by mixing red and magenta.
In the electronic color wheel used for electronic devices such as televisions and computers, red, green, and blue are regarded as the "primary colors" and magenta, yellow, and cyan are regarded as the "secondary colors". The tertiary colors are the same for both the "printer's color wheel" and the "electronic color wheel".
The 12 major colors of the color wheel.
The 12 major colors of the color wheel, at 30 degree intervals on the "HSV color wheel" (shown above), are the following: red (0 degrees or 360 degrees), orange (30 degrees), yellow (60 degrees), chartreuse green (90 degrees), green (120 degrees), spring green (150 degrees), cyan (180 degrees), azure (210 degrees), blue (240 degrees), violet (270 degrees), magenta (300 degrees), and rose (330 degrees). This constitutes the complete set of primary, secondary, and tertiary color names.
The 12 major color wheel colors color comparison chart.
Note: Red is shown twice so it can be compared to both orange and rose.

Rerun
A rerun is a repeat of the same broadcast media, when that program is played again. This is usually a television show, but can also be a radio show.

Cutaway
A cutaway in filming is a camera shot that interrupts the program. Its subjects are related. It is going on at the same time as the main action of the program.

Cherie Blair
Cherie Blair, QC was born September 23 1954 in Bury, England. She is a barrister. Blair is the wife of Tony Blair, who was the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, and daughter of the actor Tony Booth.
She gained a first class degree from the London School of Economics.
She qualified as a barrister in 1976, and took silk in 1995. In 1999 she became a Recorder in the County Court and Crown Court.
Blair specialises in Human Rights law

Regions of Slovakia
Since 1949 (except 1990-1996), Slovakia has been divided into a number of "kraje" (singular "kraj", usually translated as Regions, but mean rather county). Slovakia is currently divided into 8 regions. Each kraj is then divided into many "okresy" (singular "okres", usually translated as districts). Slovakia currently has 79 districts.
Each region is named after its capital.
The following list shows: name of the region, its capital, number of districts, population (as of 2001) and area.

Districts of Slovakia
An okres (in English district) is an administrative unit of Slovakia.
Several districts form one region. On the other hand, one district is made of several municipalities, which are further divided into cadastral areas. The current districts exist since 1996, which at first had their own offices, but in 2004, they were abolished and replaced by the Circuit Offices, which are usually responsible for several districts (except for the Nové Zámky District, which has two Circuit Offices), reducing districts to a little more than statistical units.
Slovakia currently has 79 districts, with the city of Bratislava divided into 5 districts and the city of Košice divided into 4 districts.

Žilina
Žilina (German: "Sillein", Hungarian: "Zsolna") is a city in northwestern Slovakia.
Geography.
The city is located in the northwestern Slovakia, at the confluence of Váh, Kysuca and Rajčanka rivers. It is surrounded by numerous mountains ranges, for example Lesser Fatra, Strážov Mountains and many others.
History.
People have lived here since the Neolithic age. The Slavs started to move here in the 5th century. German colonists started to live here since the 13th century. When the Hussites burned the city down, it declined it for some time. It regained its position in the 19th century, when it became an important railway junction. Today, it is the fifth largest town in Slovakia and the third most important industrial centre in Slovakia.
Economy.
Žilina is the main industrial and business centre of the Váh river. The biggest employer is the Kia Motors company, which invested here 1 billion dollars and created 3000 work positions.

Renting
Renting (also called leasing or letting) is where someone pays money to use something for a definite amount of time. This can be anything from a car or house to a DVD.

Firearm
A firearm (often simply called gun) is a device that can be used as a weapon that fires either single or several projectiles propelled at high speed by the gases produced through rapid burning of explosive material. Hand-held firearms, like rifles, carbines, pistols and other small firearms are rarely called "guns" among specialists.
In older firearms, the explosive material was typically black powder, but modern firearms use smokeless powder, cordite, or other materials.
For handguns and long guns, the projectile is a bullet or, in historical cannons, a cannonball. The projectile is fired by the burning explosives, but in small arms rarely contains explosives itself. For modern artillery the projectile is a shell, which nearly always contains explosives.
The smallest of all small firearms is the handgun (or "pistol").

Black powder
Black powder was the original gunpowder and practically the only known explosive until the middle of the 19th century. It has largely been replaced by more efficient explosives such as smokeless powders and TNT. It is still manufactured today but primarily for use in fireworks.
Description.
Black powder consists of the granular ingredients sulphur (S), charcoal (provides carbon to the reaction) and saltpetre (saltpetre, potassium nitrate, KNO3; provides oxygen to the reaction).

Prešov
Prešov (German:"Preschau"/"Eperies"; Hungarian: "Eperjes"; Polish: "Preszów"; Romany: "Peryeshis"; Rusyn: Пряшів/Пряшyв) is a city in eastern Slovakia. With a population of approximately 91,000 it is the third-largest city in the country. The town is a centre of Rusyns in Slovakia.
Geography.
Prešov is a city lying in the Torysa river valley, in the historical Šariš region. It is located 33 km north of Košice, connected by the motorway D1.
History.
People have lived in the area since the Paleolithic period. Prešov is first mentioned in 1247. It became a free royal town in 1374. Salt mining started here in the 16th century, in the nearby town of Solivar (which is now part of Prešov).

Trnava
Trnava (German: "Tyrnau", Hungarian: "Nagyszombat") is a city in western Slovakia, around 50 km from the capital Bratislava. Because it has so many churches with its town walls, it is commonly called Little Rome or Slovak Rome.
History.
The town was first mentioned in 1211. It received royal free town privileges as the first town in Slovakia in 1238. The town had its height as a cultural and religious centre, as it was seat of archbishopric from 1541 to 1820. The first horse drawn railway in the Kingdom of Hungary was built to Trnava from Bratislava in 1846. It is again an seat of archbishopric since 1978. In 2003, French car manufacturer PSA started construction of automobile plant. It was finished in 2006

Nitra
Nitra (Hungarian: "Nyitra" / "Nyitria" [archaic]; German: "Neutra" ()) is a city in western Slovakia (and the fifth largest urban settlement in Slovakia) situated at the foot of Zobor Mountain in the Nitra River valley.
Nitra is one of the oldest cities in Slovakia. It existed as a town since at least the early 9th century.
History.
Nitra is also site of the first known Church in Central and Eastern Europe, built in 828.

Trenčín
Trenčín (German: "Trentschin"; Hungarian: "Trencsén"; Latin: "Laugaritio") is a town in western Slovakia (close to the Czech border) on the Váh river.
History.
The site is inhabited since time immemorial. Trenčín is best known for Roman writing below the Trenčín castle. In the 13th century, the castle was home to the legendary Matthew Csák, "Lord of the river Váh and the Tatra mountains".

Banská Bystrica
Banská Bystrica (German: "Neusohl", Hungarian: "Besztercebánya", Latin: "Villa Nova"), is a large town in central Slovakia, on the Hron river.
History.
It was first mentioned in 1255 as a royal free mining town. The town had rich ore deposits, mainly copper, and to a lesser extent silver, gold and iron. As the deposits were depleted, the town has reoriented to the industry. During the World War II, the Slovak National Uprising broke out in the town.

Social realism
Social realism is a genre in fiction, art, architecture, movies and plays. It describes the daily life of workers. It was popular in Russian literature, and became the main genre in the Soviet Union. It was also used by David Siqueiros to depict daily struggles of the people in his country, Mexico.

Peanut Butter Jelly Time
Peanut Butter Jelly Time is one of the most famous Flash animations in the world. It features a dancing banana which has become an Internet emoticon which had been featured on many web forums. The animation featured the song, "Peanut Butter Jelly Time" by the hip-hop group Buckwheat Boyz.

Scottish Premier League
The Scottish Premier League (currently known as the Clydesdale Bank Premier League or SPL) is a professional competition for football clubs. It is the top level of the Scottish football league system, above the Scottish Football League.
A larger percentage of Scotland's population watch their top league than any other country in Europe. The Scottish Premier League is currently tenth in the UEFA rankings of European leagues, which are based on the performances of clubs in European competitions. Seventeen clubs have competed in the SPL since it began in 1998–99, but only two have won the title: the Old Firm of Celtic (six) and Rangers (four).
History.
The SPL began in 1998, when a group of teams decided to split from the Scottish Football League and create their own league. This was inspired by a similar event in 1992 with the creation of the English Premiership.
The SPL had 10 clubs playing until the 2000–01 season when the league was expanded to 12 places. Since the 2001–02 season, the table splits in half near the end of the season, with the teams playing the other clubs from their half of the table one more time. This does sometimes result in the seventh placed team having more points than the sixth placed team, but they do not move up to the top half. In the 2005–06 season, the seventh placed team (Inverness) had more points than the fourth placed team (Hibernian) but still did not move up to fourth place due to the split.
The winner of the first SPL season was Rangers, with Celtic second. Rangers won the title after winning in the crucial game against Celtic, 3–0 at Celtic Park. Three players were sent off and the referee was hit by a coin. Henrik Larsson was the top scorer (29 goals for Celtic) and was winner of the Player of the Year and Writers Player of the Year awards. The winner of the 2007–08 season was Celtic, and Rangers second. Scott McDonald was top scorer (25 goals for Celtic).
The SPL has been home to many notable events. For example, when Heart's goalkeeper, Craig Gordon moved to Sunderland F.C. for a fee of £9 million, a record fee for a British goalkeeper. It is also the most amount of money paid for a Scottish player, but Alan Hutton shared this record when he moved from Rangers to Tottenham Hotspur F.C. for £9 million. Tore Andre Flo's move from Chelsea F.C. to Rangers was also a record for the most amount paid for a player by a Scottish club, when he moved for £12 million. The most amount of money paid by a Scottish club to another Scottish club is £4.5 million for Scott Brown when he moved from Hibernian to Celtic.
League.
The SPL is in a league format – a team gains points by playing another team in the league. Three points are awarded for a win and one point for a draw. No points are awarded for a loss. Once all the games have been played the team at the top of the league wins the SPL trophy. If two or more teams are equal on points, then the difference between of goals scored and goals conceded is considered. The season runs from August until May each year. Each club will play each other at least three times before the table splits in half for the last part of the competition. Each club will then play five more games against clubs in their half of the table. Each team plays a total of 38 games.
Winter break.
In the 2000–01 season, the SPL decided to stop the "winter break", forcing teams to play through January. This has resulted in the cancellation of many matches because of the damage to the football clubs pitch and very bad weather. Former Celtic manager Martin O'Neill, former Dundee manager Jim Duffy, and current Rangers manager Walter Smith are among those who have asked to start the winter break again. Former Rangers manager Alex McLeish accused the SPL of taking Scottish football "back to the dark ages" after its decision to stop the winter break.
European qualification.
A total of four clubs can qualify for European competitions. The teams who finish first and second in the SPL qualify for the UEFA Champions League. The third placed team, and the winner of the Scottish Cup, qualify for the UEFA Cup.
Rangers and Celtic have recently played in the final of the UEFA Cup, with neither club winning in the final match. In 2003 Celtic played FC Porto in Lisbon, Portugal but Porto won 3-2. More recently, in 2007 Rangers played FC Zenit St. Petersburg in Manchester, England, but lost 2-0. More than 200,000 Rangers fans went to Manchester to watch the game on several large televisions.
Promotion and relegation.
Normally, the team who finishes last in the SPL is relegated to the Scottish First Division and the team who finishes first in the First Division is promoted to the SPL. However, there are some criteria that the team must meet in order to be promoted. In 2003, Falkirk F.C. finished first in the Scottish First Division but their stadium did not meet the agreed criteria. Instead, they asked if they could share a stadium with Airdrie United F.C. while their own stadium was expanded. This caused controversy as the chairmen of the SPL clubs voted against this idea. Because Falkirk's stadium was too small, they were not promoted into the SPL, and the team who finished last in the SPL (Motherwell F.C.) was not relegated.
This situation almost happened again in 2004. There were many votes and threats of legal action from Partick Thistle F.C., the team who finished last in the SPL. The situation was solved and Inverness Caledonian Thistle were allowed promotion, as long as they shared a stadium with their rivals Aberdeen at Pittodrie, a stadium over 100 miles (160 km) away.
In 2005, the stadium size criteria was reduced. A team playing in the SPL must now have at least 6,000 seats (down from 10,000). Standing room is not allowed in SPL grounds for safety reasons. This then allowed Inverness Caledonian Thistle to return to their home stadium during the 2005–06 season.
Players.
In the SPL, there are no restrictions on clubs signing players. The only regulations on signing players is with general Scottish employment law. There are no salary caps or age restrictions. There are no restrictions on the size of the playing squad or restrictions on the number of players from other countries.
The only rule is the "Under-21" rule. This means that every club must name at least three players under the age of 21 in their match day squad. They do not need to play. There has been some criticism over this rule. Walter Smith, Gus MacPherson and Jim Jeffries all showed their disapproval.
Sponsorship.
As with many sport competitions, the name of the SPL has been sold to a sponsor, currently the Clydesdale Bank, a Scottish Bank. The Clydesdale Bank bought the name in the 2007–08 season for £8 million, taking over from another Scottish bank, the Bank Of Scotland. The SPL is now known as the "Clydesdale Bank Premier League".
Television coverage.
Between the 1998–99 season and the 2001–02 season, the right to show SPL matches on television was held by Sky Sports, with highlights being shown by STV's Scotsport. Sky Sports withdrew from the SPL when their offer for £45 million, to continue showing live games on TV, was declined by the SPL. The SPL asked for more money. Discussions began in 2002 for a new pay-per-view satellite television channel, called "SPL TV". However Rangers and Celtic did not like the idea, and rejected it. Because of this, the remaining 10 SPL clubs announced their intention to resign from the league.
Even though a two-year television deal had been agreed with BBC Scotland in July 2002 (for less than the money previously offered by Sky Sports), the 10 non-Old Firm clubs confirmed their resignation from the SPL in August 2002, because they were unhappy with the league's voting procedure which allowed the Old Firm clubs to stop any attempts to change SPL rules. The ten clubs withdrew their resignations in January 2003 after an agreement was reached to change the voting procedures and to change the way the money from TV was given out to the SPL teams.
With BBC Scotland's television contract due to expire after the 2003–04 season, the SPL agreed a new television deal with Irish broadcaster Setanta Sports in February 2004 in a four-year deal worth £54 million. In June 2008, it was announced that a further four-year deal would start for the 2010–11 season, with the deal worth £125 million.
Radio.
The right to broadcast SPL games on radio is currently held by BBC Radio Scotland, who have held the rights since the SPL started in the 1998–99 season. BBC Radio Scotland also provide internet webcasts to all Scottish Premier League matches, having became the first broadcaster to introduce such a service in June 2000.
Old Firm.
The two Glasgow football clubs known as the Old Firm play in the SPL, Rangers F.C. and Celtic F.C.. The Old Firm has been criticised by some, due to the fact that they hold such a strong position in Scottish football. The amount of money they make is very large compared to the other teams in Scotland. In 2001 their income was £90 million, almost double the income of the other ten teams, whose income was £48 million combined. Every year since the SPL started one of the Old Firm has won the league. Only once, in the 2005–06 season, did the Old Firm clubs not come first and second in the SPL.
Although the two teams have a strong position over other Scottish teams, they still cannot compete with other leagues for players because other leagues, particularly the English Premiership, have a lot more money to spend. There has been rumours about the Old Firm splitting from the SPL, and joining the English Premiership, but this was stopped by FIFA.
Records.
"Data accurate as at 8 December 2007"

Metropolitan county
There are six metropolitan counties in England, which each cover large urban areas, typically with populations of 1.2 to 2.8 million. They were created in 1974 and are each divided into several metropolitan districts.
There are no county councils any more since 1986. Most of their functions were taken over by the individual boroughs. So the boroughs became unitary authorities. (The remaining functions were taken over by so-called "joint-boards".
The metropolitan counties have population densities of between 80,000 (South Yorkshire) and 28 (West Midlands people/km². Individual metropolitan districts range from 4 people/km² in Liverpool to only 500 people/km² in Doncaster.
Counties and districts.
The structure of Greater London is similar to the metropolitan counties, but it is not one. It was created earlier in 1965, by the London Government Act 1963.
The idea for creating administrative areas based upon the large conurbations outside London based on the model of the County of London or Greater London.
The metropolitan counties were established by the Local Government Act 1972, the county councils were first elected in 1973, and were formally established in April 1974.
Since the 1995, the cities of Birmingham, Bristol, Leeds, Liverpool, Manchester, Newcastle, Nottingham and Sheffield have come together in the "English Core Cities Group". This organisation has no distinct legal status but seems to move towards a role of these cities as regional capitals outside of London.

Unitary authority
A unitary authority is a type of local authority that is responsible for all local government functions within its area. This is different from a system where local government functions are divided between different authorities.
Typically unitary authorities cover large towns or cities, which are large enough to be independent of county or regional administration. Sometimes they consist of counties which have no lower level of administration.
United Kingdom.
In the United Kingdom, "Unitary Authorities" are English councils which are responsible for almost all local government functions within their areas.
This is opposed to the system of local government which still exists in most of England, where local government functions are divided between county councils and district councils.
Until 1996 a similar system existed in Scotland and Wales but this has now been replaced by a fully unitary system. A unitary system has existed in Northern Ireland since 1973.
England.
Some cities, large towns and groups of neighbouring towns are unitary authorities and independent from county councils and some English counties, such as Rutland, Herefordshire and the Isle of Wight, have so small populations that the entire county is a unitary authority.
In practice most unitary authorities in the UK are not entirely unitary, as they often run some services on a joint basis with other authorities, these typically include policing, fire services, and sometimes waste disposal and public transport. In addition some unitary authorities contain civil parishes, which effectively form another limited tier of local government
When the metropolitan councils were abolished in 1986 their functions were given to the boroughs. These became unitary authorities in all but name.
Other countries.
Similar institituions exist in other countries, which although not called unitary authorities, are similar in concept.
United States.
In the United States an Independent city or a consolidated city-county is roughly equivalent to a unitary authority. The city might be separate from any county government, as in Virginia, or merged with a county government, as in San Francisco, California, or as is common in Florida. Another type of local government that is roughly equivalent to a unitary authority is a county when there are no municipal or township governments in the county. That is the case in Arlington County, Virginia, and Baltimore County, Maryland.
Canada.
Unitary authorities or "single-tier municipalities" exist as a single level of government in a province that otherwise has two levels of local government. One should not confuse municipalities in provinces with no upper-level of local government as single-tier municipalities, as these are the "only" level of local government in that province.
Germany.
In Germany a kreisfreie Stadt is the equivalent term for a city which is responsible for the local and the Kreis (district) administrative level.

Administrative division
Administrative division is a term for an administrative region within a country — on a level below that of the sovereign state — typically with a local government with a certain degree of autonomy.
Administrative divisions also exist in Bangladesh, India, Malaysia, Myamar and formerly Pakistan and British India. See Division (country subdivision). (The term division alone normally means a military unit.)

County council
A County council is the elected administrative body governing an area known as a county. This term has slightly different meanings in different countries.
British Isles.
County councils were responsible for more strategic services in a region, with smaller urban district councils and rural district councils responsible for other activities. The new system was a major modernisation, which became necessary because of the increase of functions carried out by local government in late Victorian Britain.
England and Wales.
In England and Wales, a county council is the local government that governs a county.
County Councils were introduced in 1889 in England and Wales by the "Local Government Act 1888". They took over the administrative functions of the unelected "Quarter Sessions".
Scotland.
The system was soon extended to Scotland, by the "Local Government (Scotland) Act 1889", and the island of Ireland by the "Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898". Except in Scotland, the areas they covered were called administrative counties and were not not always the same as the traditional shire counties.
United States.
In the United States, most of the individual states have counties as a form of local government; in nine states, they are headed by a county council. In other states, each county is headed by a county commission or a county board of supervisors.

Church of Scientology
The Church of Scientology (CoS) was started by the American science fiction writer L Ron Hubbard in the year 1954.
ARC triangle.
Another basic teaching of Scientology is the three related (and intrinsically spiritual) components that make up successful "livingness": affinity (emotional responses), reality (an agreement on what is real) and communication (the exchange of ideas). Hubbard called this the "ARC Triangle". Scientologists utilize A.R.C. as a central organizing principle in their own lives, primarily based upon the belief that improving one aspect of the triangle increases the level of the other two.
Tone scale.
The tone scale is a characterization of human mood and behavior by various positions on a scale. The scale ranges from -40 ("Total Failure") to +40 ("Serenity of Being"). Positions on the tone scale are usually designated by an emotion, but Hubbard also described many other things that can be indicated by the tone scale levels, such as aspects of a human's health, mating behavior, survival potential, or ability to deal with truth. The tone scale is frequently used by Scientologists to evaluate humans. According to Scientology, the lower the individual is on the tone scale, the more complex and convoluted one's problems tend to be, and the more care and judgment should be exercised regarding communication and interaction with that individual.

John Dolmayan
John Dolmayan (born July 15, 1973 in Lebanon) is a musician. He is best known as the drummer for the Armenian-American heavy metal band System of a Down.

L. Ron Hubbard
Lafayette Ronald Hubbard (13 March 1911 – 24 January 1986) was an American science fiction writer and creator of Dianetics. He is the founder of the religion Scientology. Hubbard was born in Tilden, Nebraska to Harry Ross Hubbard and Ledora May Hubbard.

List of SpongeBob SquarePants episodes
This is a list of episodes for the Nickelodeon television program "SpongeBob SquarePants".

East Midlands
The East Midlands is one of the regions of England and consists of most of the eastern half of the traditional region of the Midlands. Derbyshire, Leicestershire, Rutland, Northamptonshire, Nottinghamshire and most of Lincolnshire belong to this region.
The highest point in the region is Kinder Scout, in the Derbyshire Peak District at 2,088 ft (636 m).
Population and settlement.
Its main settlements are Nottingham, Leicester, Lincoln, Derby, Northampton, Mansfield and Chesterfield. Leicester is officially the largest city in the region, although the largest conurbation is the Nottingham Urban Area.
East Midlands Airport in Leicestershire is situated between the three main cities of Derby, Leicester and Nottingham, and the region is served by Midland Mainline and GNER high-speed trains to London; and by the Cross Country Route (MR) to Birmingham and the South West. The M1 motorway also serves the three largest conurbations.
History.
A historical basis for such an area exists in the Five Burghs of the Danelaw. The current government office region was created in 1994.

Pirates of the Caribbean
Pirates of the Caribbean is a franchise by Disney. It includes a theme park ride, a series of movies, video games, and novels. The films have grossed more than $2.7 billion.

Greater Nottingham
Greater Nottingham is a conurbation based around the city of Nottingham in Nottinghamshire, England.
Unlike Greater Manchester, which is a metropolitan county and Greater London, which is a region, Greater Nottingham not officially an administrative area. But it is an own Nottingham Urban Area with a population of 666,358 at the time of the 2001 census.
The Nottingham Urban Area includes Nottingham itself and the surrounding towns and villages of Arnold, Beeston, Breaston, Carlton, Clifton, Eastwood, Heanor, Hucknall, Ilkeston, Kimberley, Long Eaton, Ripley, Ruddington, Stapleford, and West Bridgford. This Nottingham Urban Area is separated from the Derby Urban Area only by a narrow gap between Breaston and Borrowash. Similar narrow gaps exist between the Nottingham urban area and the Mansfield Urban Area and Alfreton Urban Area.

Hanau
Hanau is a town in Hesse, Germany. It is located 25 km east of Frankfurt am Main. Hanau has about 89,000 inhabitants, and is the sixth-largest city in Hesse.
History.
Hanau was first mentioned in 1143 and became a city in 1303.
During World War II Hanau was almost completely destroyed by British airstrikes in March 1945.

Earl of Sandwich
John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich was born on November 3, 1718 and died on April 30, 1792 in Great Britain. He is known as the person the sandwich is named after.

Nottingham
Nottingham is a city (and county town of Nottinghamshire) in the East Midlands of England. The centre of Nottingham lies on the River Leen and its southern boundary follows the course of the River Trent, which flows from Stoke to the Humber. According to the 2001 census, Nottingham has an estimated city population of 275,100 which increased to an estimated 278,700 in 2005, while the Nottingham Urban Area conurbation has a population of 666,358 (2001 figures). Nottingham is a member of the English Core Cities Group.
History.
The first evidence of settlement dates from pre-Roman times, and it is clear that the Romans also lived in the area.
An early name for Nottingham was "Tigguo Cobauc" which means "a place of cavy dwellings." Founded by Anglo-Saxon invaders after 600 AD, parts of the settlement have included man-made caves, dug into soft sandstone.
Nottingham was later captured by the Danes (Vikings) and in the 9th century became one of the five boroughs (fortified towns) of the Danelaw.
The legend of Robin Hood developed in the Middle Ages. Robin Hood is said to have lived in Sherwood Forest, which extended from the north of Nottingham to the north side of Doncaster, Yorkshire. Hood's main opponent was the Sheriff of Nottingham. While the legends are almost certainly untrue, particularly in their details, they have had a major impact on Nottingham, with Robin Hood imagery a popular choice for local businesses and many modern tourist attractions use the legend. The Robin Hood Statue in Nottingham is within walking distance from the Old Market Square.
Three pubs in Nottingham claim the title of "England's Oldest Pub". The contenders are Ye Olde Trip To Jerusalem near the castle, The Bell on the Old Market Square, and The Salutation on Maid Marian Way.
In the 18th and 19th centuries much of Nottingham's wealth was founded on the textile industry.

Nottingham (disambiguation)
Nottingham also refers to a housing cooperative in Madison, WI.

Little Red Riding Hood
"Little Red Riding Hood" is a famous fairy tale for young children. It is a story about a young girl and a wolf. The story comes from a folktale which means that it was a "spoken" story for a long time before it was a written story. It was first written down in the late 1600s. The best-known version (the way the story is told) of "Little Red Riding Hood" is by the Brothers Grimm and dates from the 19th century (1800s).
Story.
The most common version of the story is the one written by the Brothers Grimm in the 19th century. The Brothers Grimm listened to many traditional stories from old people and wrote them into a book. Many "fairy stories" as they are usually called, were made famous by the Grimm's book. The title of the story is properly translated as "Little Red Cap" even though it is usually known in English as "Little Red Riding Hood"
A girl has been given red cap (or cloak and hood) to wear. Her mother sends her to take food to her sick grandmother. The mother tells her she must not stop on the way. A wolf sees the girl walking through the woods and makes a plan to eat her. The wolf politely asks the girl where she is going. The girl answers him, because he seems friendly. The wolf tells the girl to pick some flowers for her grandmother. While she is picking flowers, the wolf goes to grandmother's house and eats her. He puts on the grandmother's night-cap and gets into her bed. When the girl goes into grandmother's house the wolf eats the girl too. A woodcutter (lumberjack) comes and cuts opens the wolf's body. He saves the grandmother and the girl who are still alive. Then, stones are put in the wolf's body to kill the wolf.
History of the story.
The story of "Little Red Riding Hood" seems to have been told for hundreds of years in different countries, under different names. In France, the story has probably been told for at least 700 years. In Italy there are several versions. One is called "The False Grandmother". There is a story from China which is like this, called "The Grand Aunt Tiger".
In the old versions of the story the wolf is sometimes a monster or a werewolf. In one version of the story, the wolf gives the girl some food to eat. It is part of the body of her grandmother. The wolf tells the girl to throw all her clothes in the fire, and get into bed. She says that she needs to use the toilet first. The wolf ties her with a long string so that she cannot run away without him knowing. But the girl puts the rope around something else, and escapes.
In "Tales of Mother Goose".
The story was first written and published in a book in 1697 by the French Writer Charles Perrault. The name of the book, in English, is "Tales and Stories of the Past with Morals- Tales of Mother Goose". The story is call "The Little Red Cap" ("Le Petit Chaperon Rouge"). The story is a little different from the way that the Brother's Grimm tell it. This is because Perrault wanted to make a strong point about wise and foolish behaviour. He wanted to show that a beautiful young woman was in danger of having men with bad morals try to trick her into "wrong behaviour". In Perrault's story the girl gets eaten and there is no happy ending.
Telling the story for young children.
Little Red Riding Hood often appears as a picture book or in collections of stories for very young children. Like a folktale, these books are for telling and listening, not for reading alone. In many re-tellings of the story for very young children, having grandmother get eaten is thought of as too frightening. So grandmother hides in the cupboard. In these tellings, Red Riding Hood is rescued by a hunter or the woodcutter just as the wolf is catching at her apron.
An important part of the story is the questions and answers. A young child can learn and say these parts with the person who is reading the story. In the story, the wolf knocks at the grandmother's door.
The second section of repeating parts of the story happens when Red Riding Hood sees the wolf in her grandmother's bed.
These lines are the best-known part of the story and are often quoted. They are thought of as an important part of good "story-telling" which makes the story more exciting for young children.
This has led to a series of jokes which are called "Knock, knocks!"
It has also led to a feeding-time game for little children in which the parent opens the child's mouth by using the nose as a "latch", and pops a spoonful of food in the child's mouth at "walk in!"
Stories with some of the same ideas.
There are many stories in which a hungry wolf threatens a young person or animal. In most of these stories, the young one escapes by cunning (cleverness). One famous story is the Russian folktale "Peter and the Wolf". The Brothers Grimm told the story of the "Little Kids and the Wolf". Another story like this is "The Three Little Pigs", first published by James Orchard Halliwell-Phillipps.
There is a Norse Legend which has a question and answer part that is like the questions that Red Riding Hood asks the wolf. In this story Thor is pretending to be a giant's beautiful bride. The giant asks the same sort of questions about Thor, who is reallly a man in disguise.
Meanings.
As with many fairy tales, hidden messages can be found in "Little Red Riding Hood". People have very different "interpretations" (ways of understanding the hidden meanings). There are two main ways that the story of "Little Red Riding Hood" can be interpretted.
The first type of interpretation is about morality. It is about what is right and what is wrong.
The second way of seeing the stories has nothing to do with peoples' behaviour or feelings. These interpretations have to do with the cycle of the sun and the seasons, and with the cycle of life, with people dying and being born.
Other re-tellings.
François Adrien Boieldieu (1775 - 1834) made an opera from the story. The opera is called "Le petit chaperon rouge". Its first performance was in Paris, in the year 1818.
In 1927, Sir Compton MacKenzie used Little Red Riding Hood as the central character of a novel for children "Santa Claus in Summer". Red Riding Hood, in this re-telling, is the daughter of a highway man called Riding Hood.
The story has been adapted to various media. Tex Avery made a cartoon out of it, Red Hot Riding Hood. He adapted the story to be more appealing to adults. Little Red Riding Hood works at a striptease club. The wolf, dressed in a suit, goes after the stripper (a stripper is a person who takes off his or her clothes in public).
Roald Dahl re-told the story in funny poem about Little Red Riding Hood. It is in his collection "Revolting Rhymes".
Art.
Many paintings have been done of "Little Red Rding Hood". Artists who have painted pictures of this story are George Frederick Watts, Samuel Albrecht Anker, and François Richard Fleury.

Dettelbach
Dettelbach is a town in Bavaria, Germany where about 4500 people live. It is famous for its wine.

Albertshofen
Albertshofen or "Höpper" is a village in the Kitzingen district of Lower Franconia, Bavaria. Albertshofen is famous for its "Höpper Theater".

Kitzingen
Kitzingen is a town in Franconia, Bavaria, Germany with about 21,000 people. There are many restaurants and shops, the famous "Fastnacht Museum" in the sloping tower, and many schools such as Armin-Knab-Gymnasium, Friedrich-Bernbeck-Schule, Fachoberschule.

Wiesenbronn
Wiesenbronn is a village in the Kitzingen district of Bavaria. About 1000 people live there, and it is famous for its wine and vineyards.

Mainsondheim
Mainsondheim is a village near Kitzingen in Lower Franconia, Bavaria, Germany. Around 500 people live there. It is famous for the big golf court and the old castle. In the summer people can play golf and eat a pizza in the golf-club-pizzeria, or go swimming in the local lake. A big event in October is the fair.

Neuhof
Neuhof an der Zenn is a small village in the Neustadt (Aisch)-Bad Windsheim district of Bavaria, Germany.

Geiselwind
Geiselwind is a small town in Lower Franconia, Bavaria with 2,323 people. It is between Kitzingen and Bamberg. It has a theme park, a discotheque and a McDonald's. It has a nice hotel at the marketplace called "Hotel Stern" where guests can have a nice meal and good service. Geiselwind has a fire brigade, sportclub, golf hotel, casino and a nice swimming pool.

Markt Einersheim
Markt Einersheim is a village in Lower Franconia, Bavaria, Germany where about 1500 people live.

Mainbernheim
Mainbernheim is a small German town. The population is about 2400. It has an area of 12.24 km². The small town lies between Kitzingen and Iphofen.

Robert College
Robert College, also called RC is an American high school in Istanbul, Turkey. It is the most prestigious, private high school in Turkey. The institution was founded by Cyrus Hamlin, with the financial help of Christopher Rhinelander Robert, in 1863 (during the Ottoman Empire). Robert College is also the first American educational institution founded outside the United States. It was founded as a boys' college for Christian minority of the empire. Later the girls section was opened as American College for Girls. Then the Muslims were allowed to be educated in the schools. Hüseyin Pektaş became the first Muslim boy to graduate from college. In 19th century, many additions were made to college including, middle school and high school.
After the foundation of the Republic of Turkey in 1923, the school continued to educate young people, who later became the leaders of the country. Prime ministers Bülent Ecevit and Tansu Çiller are among the school's graduates.
In 1971, Robert College donated one of its two campuses (Boys' campus or Bebek campus) to the Republic of Turkey. A new, public university was founded on this campus. The other campus (Girls' campus or Arnavutköy campus) has since been serving the society as a coeducational high school.

Demonym
A demonym or gentilic is a word used for people or the inhabitants of a place. The name of a people's language is usually the same as this word, for example, the "French" (language or people). Some places may not have a word for the people that live there.
Irregular forms.
In many cases, both the location's name and the demonym are created by using a suffix, for example "England" and "English" and "Englishman". This is not always true, for example, "France" → "French".
In a few cases, the name of the country is not at all related to the name of the people ("Netherlands" → "Dutch"). This is usually because the two words come from different languages.
Demonyms can be nouns or adjectives. In many cases the noun and adjective forms are the same ("Canadian/Canadian"); in other cases they are different ("Spaniard/Spanish").
In the case of Canadian provinces and territories and U.S. states, demonyms are not usually used as adjectives.
Cultural problems.
Some peoples, mainly cultures that were taken over by European colonists, have no demonym. They may also have a demonym that is the same as the name of their nation. Examples include Iroquois, Aztec, Māori, and Czech. Often, the "native" languages of these people have forms that did not get used in English. In Czech, for example, the language is "Čeština", the nation is "Česko" or "Česká republika", and the people are "Češi".
The demonym for people of the United States of America has a similar problem. "American" refers to both the United States and to the two American continents. "United Statian" is not used in English, but it exists in Spanish ("estadounidense"), French ("étatsunien(ne)"), Portuguese ("estado-unidense" or "estadunidense"), Italian ("statunitense"), and also in Interlingua ("statounitese"). "US American" (for the noun) and "US-American" can be used, and is a common demonym in German ("US-Amerikaner").

Gettysburg Address
The Gettysburg Address is a speech given by U.S. President Abraham Lincoln. It was delivered at the Soldiers' National Cemetery in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, on November 19, 1863, during the American Civil War, about four months after the North defeated the South at the Battle of Gettysburg.

Gabriel Fauré
Gabriel Urbain Fauré (born Pamiers, Ariege, Midi-Pyrénées, May 12, 1845; died Paris, November 4, 1924) was a French composer, organist, pianist, and music teacher. He was the most important French composer of his time. The way he wrote music, especially his harmonies, had a big influence on many 20th century composers. Most French composers at the time became famous by writing operas, but Faure only wrote one opera. His most important works are his French songs, chamber music and piano music. His "Requiem" (which includes a solo, "Pie Jesu", for a treble singer or soprano) is one of the most popular of all requiems and can be performed with quite a small orchestra and choir. Other very popular pieces are his "Berçeuse" from the "Dolly Suite" for piano duet, the "Sicilienne" from the music for "Pelléas et Mélisande", and the song "Après un rêve" which is sometimes also played by a solo instrument, e.g. the cello.
His life.
Fauré came from the south of France. He was born into a large family and was sent to live with a foster-nurse for four years. When he was quite small he often played the harmonium at the small chapel attached to the school where his father was director. A blind lady heard him and told his father that he ought to send him to a good music school. His father did not want to at first, but when the boy was nine he was sent to study at the Ecole Niedermeyer in Paris. This was a school which trained young people to become church organists and choir directors. He spent eleven years there and had a good musical education. One of his teachers was the great composer Camille Saint-Saëns.
At first he held several jobs in churches, playing and accompanying the choirs. During the Franco-Prussian War Faure served in the army and did some teaching. When he returned to Paris in October of 1871 he got the job of choir accompanist at a big church in Paris called Saint-Sulpice. He often met up with Saint-Saëns and his friends who included the composers Lalo, Duparc, d’Indy and Chabrier. Several of these musicians, including Fauré himself, formed a music society called Société Nationale de Musique in 1871.
In 1874 Saint-Saëns retired from the church called the Madeleine and Fauré became choirmaster. In the same year he became engaged to Marianne Viardot, daughter of the singer Pauline, but then Marianne broke off the engagement. He travelled to Weimar to hear Richard Wagner's Der Ring des Nibelungen. Fauré liked Wagner’s music but it did not influence him.
In 1883 Fauré married Marie Fremiet. They had two sons. He had to spent a lot of time earning money by teaching to keep his family and so he did not have much time to compose except during the summer. His publishers did not pay him much money for his compositions.
In 1892 he became inspector of the music conservatories in the French provinces, which meant he no longer had to teach amateur students. In 1896 he finally became chief organist at the Église de la Madeleine. He also became professor of composition at Paris Conservatoire. Here he taught several students who became important French composers, including Maurice Ravel, Nadia Boulanger and Charles Koechlin. In 1905 he became director of the conservatoire.
As he became older he became deaf. High and low pitches sounded muddled to him. He retired from the Conservatoire in 1920 at the age of 75. In that year he received the Grand Cross of the Légion d’Honneur. It was unusual for a musician to have such a high honour. His health became poor, partly because he smoked heavily. He died in Paris from pneumonia in 1924 and was given a state funeral.
His music.
Gabriel Fauré is the greatest composer of French art song, or mélodie. He learned a great deal at the École Niedermeyer about how to write beautiful, flowing harmonies. He also studied the church modes. This can be heard in a lot of his music. He wrote several song cycles (groups of songs) including one called "La Bonne Chanson".
Fauré's piano works are mostly short works such as barcarolles, nocturnes and impromptus. They are often full of arpeggiated figures with the melody going from one hand to the other. His chamber works include piano quartets and quintets, a string quartet, a piano trio, two sonatas for violin and piano and two for cello and piano. His "Élégie" for cello and piano is especially well-known. He never showed a great deal of interest in writing for the orchestra. His orchestral works mostly consist of incidental music. His "Requiem" is popular both with amateur and professional choirs.

Music critic
A music critic is someone who writes about concerts that have taken place or new music that has been written. They write reviews about this in newspapers or journals. What they write is called musical criticism.
When people write about the history of music or compare musical styles, this is called musicology. Musical criticism is about what is going on in the musical world at the moment.
Music critics can have a lot of influence on a musician’s success. If a musician gets a bad review people may not bother to go and hear him. If he has a very good review people will think he must be good and they will all want to hear him.
Occasionally it can happen that a new piece of music has such a terrible review that everyone wants to go and hear how terrible it is. They may then find that they like it and the music might become famous. This is called a “succès de scandale” (French for “scandalous success”). Stravinsky’s "Rite of Spring" (1913) is a good example.
• the German composer Robert Schumann. He published a music journal called "Neue Zeitschrift für Musik". He wrote an article which has become famous called "Neue Bahnen" ("New Paths") in which he said that there was a young man called Johannes Brahms who would become a great composer. Schumann was right.
• the French composer Hector Berlioz was a good music critic. He wrote a lot of music reviews in order to earn some money.
• The Austrian musicologist Eduard Hanslick. He became famous for saying that Johannes Brahms was a good composer and Wagner, Liszt and Bruckner were bad composers.
• the Irish playwright George Bernard Shaw. He wrote some interesting musical criticisms using the pseudonym (made-up name) Corno di Bassetto. There were some musicians he did not like and he said so. This made him quite a few enemies.

Pete Maravich
Pete Maravich, also known as "Pistol Pete" Maravich, was an American basketball player. He played for Lousisana State University and averaged 44.2 points per game. That is the highest average ever in the history of college basketball. Then Maravich played for ten seasons in the NBA. He played for the Atlanta Hawks, New Orleans Jazz, Utah Jazz, and the Boston Celtics.
He is know for his great dribbling, passing and shooting abilitites. Maravich died in 1988.

John Batman
John Batman (born 21 January 1801 - 5 May 1839) was an Australian farmer and businessman who was one of the first white people to live in Melbourne.
Batman was born in Rosehill, Parramatta (part of Sydney), and spent time in Tasmania (then called Van Diemen's Land). In Tasmania he started farming on land the government gave him. He brought more land. During this time, he was involved in conflicts with the Tasmanian Aborigines.
In December 1825, or early 1826, Batman captured the notorious bushranger (a kind of robber), Matthew Brady.
Batman asked to be given land in the Westernport area of Victoria, but the government rejected him. So, in 1835, as a leading member of the Port Phillip Association he sailed for the mainland of Australia in the schooner "Rebecca" and explored much of Port Phillip Bay. Batman made an agreement, now known as Batman's Treaty, with some local Aborigines to rent their land in return for things like knives and flour every year. Probably the Wurundjeri people didn't understand the agreement. In any case, the Governor of New South Wales said the agreement was not legal the land was owned by the Government rather than the Aborigines.
Batman became very unhealthy after 1835, and he separated from his wife, convict Elizabeth Callaghan. They had had seven daughters and a son. His son drowned in the Yarra River. In his last months the local Aborigines looked after him.
Batman is remembered by some statues around Melbourne, and is buried in the Fawkner Cemetery, a cemetery named after his fellow colonist John Pascoe Fawkner. There is also a memorial in the Old Melbourne Cemetery.
Melbourne was called Batmania for a very brief time, in 1835, after John Batman.
He was also one of the first Australians to take part in the Common wealth Games 1823.
His direct descendant is Australian sprinter Daniel Batman.

Leamington Spa
Leamington Spa (full name "Royal Leamington Spa") is a town in Warwickshire, UK. In 2001 it had a population of 45,300. Until 1784 it was not a town but a village. It was in this year that two local men called Benjamin Satchwell and William Abbott discovered a spring in the village. The two men, and others from the town, began to use the water for treatment of illnesses, which was a common practice in those times. The town quickly developed into a spa town with many rich people visiting to 'take the waters'. Because of this the town grew quickly. The town soon became famous and a popular holiday resort. When spa water stopped being fashionable fewer people came on holiday to the town, but rich people still went to live there when they were old. In modern times Leamington does not treat many people with the water but it is still know as a pleasant place to live. It is also popular for shopping.
The town is built by a river called the River Leam which flows through the middle of the town from east to west. The town is now connected to another town called Warwick. Other nearby settlements include Kenilworth (about six miles away), Rugby (about sixteen miles away) and Coventry (about ten miles away).

Violence
Violence is a term used to describe attacking people. It is the opposite of friendly behavior.
Good violence.
Some people tell that violence can be good or allowed. They say that violence is allowed when someone defends themselves from not allowed violence or when an army or a soldier under control by a nation fights or defends against others under the general laws and idea of world law. But, violence is always violence, it does not matter if it is justified or not. It should't be confused with aggression.
Bad violence.
Violence can also be illegitimate or not justified when violence is not provoked and/or not justified.
Differences.
It is hard to decide if violence is justified or not. This is because it is hard to decide who is the victim and who is the aggressor. Sometimes, economic and social aspects help to determine this.

Pegnitz River
The Pegnitz is a small river in Upper Franconia, Bavaria, Germany.
The Pegnitz has its source in the city of the same name at an altitude of 425 m and meets the Rednitz at 283 m northwest of Fürth. From that point on the river is called Regnitz.
The Pegnitz is about 115 km long.
The river is inhabited by numerous ducks, swans, and gulls.
History.
After the big flood in February 1909 the river was shortened by four kilometers within the Nuremberg city limits. Since 1996 planning and actions are progressing trying to lengthen the course of the river between Nuremberg and Fürth again and to shape it in a nature-oriented way.

Palaemon
Palaemon was a minor Greek sea god. He was originally named "Melikertes", son of Ino (Leukothea). He was made a god when his mother, Ino, jumped off of a cliff into the sea while holding him. Legends say that she was trying to get away from Athanas who was made insane by Hera.

William Wordsworth
William Wordsworth (April 7, 1770 – April 23, 1850) was an important poet of the Romantic Age in English literature.
Many people think that "The Prelude", an autobiographical poem of his early years is his masterpiece. Wordsworth was England's Poet Laureate from 1843 until his death in 1850.
Early life and education.
Wordsworth was born as second of five children in the Lake District. After the death of his mother in 1778, his father sent him to "Hawkshead" Grammar School. In 1783 his father, who was a lawyer and the solicitor died.
Although many aspects of his boyhood were positive, he remembered times of loneliness and anxiety. It took him many years, and much writing, to recover from the death of his parents.
Wordsworth went to "St John's College", Cambridge in 1787. Three years later, in 1790, he visited Revolutionary France and supported the Republican movement. The following year, he graduated from Cambridge.
Relationship with Annette Vallon.
In November 1791, Wordsworth returned to France and took a walking tour of Europe that included the Alps and Italy. He fell in love with a French woman, Annette Vallon, who in 1792 gave birth to their child, Caroline. Because he was poor and there were tensions between Britain and France, he returned alone to England the next year. But he supported Annette Vallon and his daughter as best he could in later life. War between France and Britain prevented him from seeing Annette and Caroline again for several years. It is not unlikely that Wordsworth has been depressed in the mid 1790s.
In 1802 Wordsworth and his sister, Dorothy, visited Annette and Caroline in France.
First publication and Lyrical Ballads.
1793 Wordsworth published the poetry collections "An Evening Walk" and "Descriptive Sketches". In 1795 he met Samuel Taylor Coleridge in Somerset. The two poets quickly developed a close friendship. In 1797, Wordsworth and his sister, "Dorothy", moved to Somerset, just a few miles away from Coleridge's home in "Nether Stowey". Together, Wordsworth and Coleridge produced "Lyrical Ballads" (1798), an important work in the English Romantic movement. The Preface to "Lyrical Ballads" is considered a central work of Romantic literary theory. In it, Wordsworth discusses what he sees as the elements of a new type of poetry, one based on the "real language of men" and which avoids the poetic diction of much eighteenth-century poetry. Here, Wordsworth also gives his famous definition of poetry as "the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings from emotions recollected in tranquility."
A fourth and final edition of "Lyrical Ballads" was published in 1805.
Germany and move to the Lake District.
Wordsworth, Dorothy, and Coleridge then traveled to Germany in the autumn of 1798. The main effect on Wordsworth was that he became homesick. But he began to work on the important autobiographical piece "The Prelude". He also wrote a number of famous poems, including "the Lucy poems." He and his sister moved back to England, now to "Dove Cottage" in Grasmere in the Lake District, and this time with the poet Robert Southey nearby. Wordsworth, Coleridge, and Southey came to be known as the "Lake Poets". Through this period, many of his poems speak of death, endurance, separation, and grief.
Marriage.
In 1805 he married a childhood friend, Mary Hutchinson. Dorothy continued to live with the couple.
In 1807, his "Poems in Two Volumes" were published, including "Ode: Intimations of Immortality from Recollections of Early Childhood".
Two of his children, Thomas and Catherine, died in 1812. In 1813 his family, including Dorothy, moved to "Rydal Mount, Ambleside" (between Grasmere and Rydal Water), where he spent the rest of his life.

Short Parliament
The Short Parliament in English history lasted from April 13 to May 5 1640. It is called "Short" because it only lasted for three weeks.
Charles I of England, who was also king of Scotland, was having problems with the Church of Scotland and war with them was breaking out again. Charles had spent the last 11 years ruling directly, without calling a Parliament even once. He did this because he had little use for elected representatives trying to decide policy. But now with the problems with the Scots, Charles needed money to pay for his war. To get more money for war meant he had to call a Parliament so they could vote on it.
The problem was that the members of Parliament were unhappy about the things he had done since 1629, when he was ruling without them. They wanted to talk about these things instead of giving the king his money. John Pym, member for Tavistock, gave fiery speeches refusing to give money unless the abuses were talked about. Charles responded by closing the Parliament and sending them home again, and he tried to fight the Scots without the money. But when this did not work and as a result of his defeat had to agree to pay the Scots, he was forced to call Parliament again. This became known as the Long Parliament, and the Constitutional crisis that followed led to the bloody English Civil War.

Pelé
Edison Arantes do Nascimento or Pelé was a footballer from Brazil. He was born on October 23, 1940 in Três Corações.
History.
He was given the title "Football Player of the Century" along with Diego Maradona by FIFA. Maradona was selected by a vote on the internet but FIFA believed there was a problem with this and chose to select both players for the title.
Teams.
From 1956-1974 he played for Santos FC, had 605 appearances, and scored 589 goals. From 1975-1977 he played for New York Cosmos, when he had 64 appearances, and scored 37 goals. Then from 1978-1980 he played for XI Classic then he retired at playing soccer football at 40 years old.

Rain shadow
A rain shadow is an area of land that lies behind a mountain that gets most of the rainfall.

Lesson
A lesson in school is a planned period of time for learning. It involves one or more students being taught by a teacher. A "lesson" may be either one section of a textbook or a short period of time during which learners are taught about a subject or taught how to perform an activity. "Lessons" are generally taught in a classroom but may instead take place in a situated learning environment.
Also, a lesson also means a learner learning something he did not know before. Such a "lesson" can be either planned or accidental, enjoyable or painful. The slang phrase "to teach someone a "lesson", means to punish or scold a person for a mistake they have made making sure that he does not make the same mistake again.
Lessons can also be made entertaining. When the term education is combined with entertainment, it is called "edutainment".

Marián Hossa
Marián Hossa (born January 12 1979, in Stará Ľubovňa, Czechoslovakia, now Slovakia) is a Slovak professional ice hockey player.
His current club are the Pittsburgh Penguins, an ice hockey team in the NHL.
He plays in attack, preferably in right-wing. He is considered as one of the fastest skating players of the sport. He wears number 18 on his jersey.
In his career in NHL he also played for the team Ottawa Senators.

Fashion
The term fashion is used to describe a way of expressing language, wearing clothing, or behaving. Fashions are like "trends." Fashions change more quickly than the entire culture. The term "fashion" is often used a synonym for glamour and style. Sometimes the term "fashion" is used in a negative sense, to mean a "fad".
There are fashions in many types of human activity and ways of thinking.
There are fashions in architecture (the way people build houses) and interior design (the way people decorate inside their houses). There are fashions for clothing. There are fashions for dance and music, and for the way people speak. There are fashions for ideas.
Clothing fashions.
Fashion is more that just a designer's whim. Fashion is a reflection of any given time, socially, politically, economically, and artistically. The changing styles that are constantly evolving from these given perspectives show just as much about history and the time period as any history book. It reflects what people thought, what they valued and how they lived. Fashion is a statement, a way of living. Fashion is "trend" and "style". Fashion is used in different ways such as clothing, culture, religions etc.
Fashion is a way to express one's self.Many teenagers have no other way to let out their ideas and opinions than to make the way how you look unique and individual.It is not superficial as your outside is the only bit that other people see and so you show your personality.It helps people to make their first opinion of you and can influence other peoples opinions and ideas.

The Good Life
"The Good Life" was the name of several television series, including

South West England
South West England is one of the regions of England. It has the largest area of all regions, and reaches from Gloucestershire and Wiltshire to Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly. This includes the area often known as the West Country, and much of Wessex. The size of the region is shown by the fact that the northern part of Gloucestershire, near Chipping Campden, is as close to the Scottish border as it is to the tip of Cornwall.
Traditionally, the South West of England has been well known for producing Cheddar cheese, named after Cheddar in the Mendip Hills, for Devon cream teas, and for Somerset cider. It is now probably equally well known as the home of the "Eden Project", "Aardman Animations", the "Glastonbury festival", "trip hop" music, Cornwall's seafood restaurants, and surfing beaches. Two National Parks and four World Heritage Sites lie in this region.

Provincial and territorial capitals of Canada
There are thirteen provinical and territorial capitals in Canada, one for each province and territory. Canada's national capital is Ottawa, Ontario.

South East England
South East England is one of the nine official regions of England. It was created in 1994. It includes Berkshire, Buckinghamshire, East Sussex, Hampshire, Isle of Wight, Kent, Oxfordshire, Surrey and West Sussex.
Its population as of the 2001 census was 8,000,550, making it the most populous English region. The highest point is Walbury Hill in Berkshire at 297m/974 ft. The major urban areas of the region include Brighton and Hove, Portsmouth, Southampton, and Reading. Settlements closer to London are part of the Greater London Urban Area.

North East England
North-East England is one of the nine official regions of England and includes the combined area of Northumberland, County Durham, Tyne and Wear and a small part of North Yorkshire.
The highest point in the region is The Cheviot, in Northumberland, at 815m and the largest city is Newcastle. Sunderland is the second-largest.
The region is known its urban centres and for its natural beauty: Northumberland National Park, the region's coastline, its section of the Pennines and Weardale. It also has great historic importance. There are two World Heritage Sites: Durham Cathedral and Hadrian's Wall.
Local government.
Key: shire county = † | metropolitan county = *

Sussex
Sussex is a historic county in South East England. Its area is more or less the same as that of the ancient Kingdom of Sussex. It is divided for local government into West Sussex and East Sussex and the City of Brighton and Hove. The city of Brighton and Hove became a unitary authority in 1997; and got City status in 2000. Until then Chichester had been Sussex's only city.
Sussex still has a strong local identity and the county's unofficial anthem is "Sussex by the Sea". The county's motto, "We wun't be druv", shows the strong-willed nature of its people in past centuries.

Kingdom of Sussex
The Kingdom of Sussex'", ("Suth Seaxe", i.e. the South Saxons), was one of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, its area was more or less that of the later county of Sussex. A large part of that district, however, was covered in early times by the forest called Andred. It was ruled by the kings of Sussex.
History.
According to the traditional account given in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, it was in 477 that a certain Ælle led the invaders ashore at a place called "Cymenes ora" and defeated the inhabitants. A further battle at a place called "Mearcredes burne" is recorded under the year 485, and in the annal for 491 we read that Ælle and his son Cissa robbed Anderitum (Pevensey Castle) and killed all the inhabitants.

Annals
Annals (Latin "Annales", from "annus", a year) are a short form of historical writing which record events chronologically, year by year.
Ancient Rome.
Cicero (in "De Oratore", ii. 12. 52) tells that from the earliest period down to the pontificate of "Publius Mucius Scaevola" (c. 131 BC), it was usual for the pontifex maximus to record on a white tablet ("album"), which was exhibited in an open place at his house, so that the people might read it. On this tablet were written down (according to Cicero) the name of the consuls and other magistrates, and then the important events of the year.
In Cicero's time these records were called "Annales Maximi". The practice of writing annals was carried on by several unofficial writers. Cicero speaks of Cato, Pictor and Piso.
Medieval.
In the Middle Ages in the Western Church there were written tables to show that date of Easter for a certain number of years or even centuries. These "Paschal tables" were thin books in which each annual date was separated from the next by a more or less considerable blank space. In these spaces some monks wrote down the important events of the year. The writing of these Annals was begun at the end of the 7th century and among the Irish – see the Annals of the Four Masters, the Annals of Ulster, the Annals of Innisfallen and the Annales Cambriae or Annals of Wales, one of the earliest sources for King Arthur. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is also in annalistic, year-by-year form.
In the 9th century, during the "Carolingian Renaissance", these Annals became the usual form of contemporary history. There were the "Annales Einhardi", the "Annales Laureshamenses" (or "of Lorsch"), and the "Annales S. Bertini". They were written officially in order to preserve the memory of the more interesting acts of Charlemagne, his ancestors and his successors. At this stage, the Annals now began to lose their primitive character, and became more and more Chronicles. But the term was still used for many documents, such as the Annals of Waverley.

Cicero
Marcus Tullius Cicero (IPA:Classical Latin pronunciation:, usually pronounced in English; January 3, 106 BC – December 7, 43 BC) was a Roman statesman, lawyer, political theorist and philosopher. He is often thought to be one of Rome's greatest orators and prose stylists.
His Latin is thought to be the model of Classical Latin. He introduced Greek philosophy to the Romans.

Heavyweight
In boxing, the term heavyweight is used for a specific group of people based on weight. A heavyweight is a boxer who weighs more than 201 lbs.
At 200 pounds and below is cruiserweight. Boxing organizations created many divisions so that fighters could fight people of the same size.
The first heavyweight champion under modern rules was John L. Sullivan. Famous heavyweight champions have included Jack Dempsey, Joe Louis, Rocky Marciano, Muhammad Ali, Larry Holmes, Mike Tyson, Evander Holyfield, and Lennox Lewis.

Genealogy
Genealogy is the study of family history. It is the study of family relationships and ancestry. It is a popular hobby in the United States and in many other countries.
Some people show their family history using a family tree. A family tree is a diagram of the members of a family. With a family tree you use lines to show how people are related, for example, people who are married or have children.
Some people keep track of their family history data in a genealogy database on their computer. Examples of data that a person would save are dates and places of births, marriages, and deaths. Other information that might be saved are records of military service, census records which show where ancestors lived at a certain time, immigration data, education, occupations, and even photos of the ancestors. The person building the database can usually decide to save many kinds data--news articles, stories that were told in the family (oral history), information on religious ceremonies, wills or inheritances, information from family letters, customs, or how world or local events affected the family. The advantages of using a genealogy database are that it helps to keep the data organized, especially when relationships change; it can generate several types of charts or tables with the data filled in; it may make it easier to share data with others; and it takes up less room than paper and notebooks.
People study genealogy (family history) for many reasons. They may want to help someone be reunited with their family after war, natural disasters, foster care, or adoption, or find living relatives. They may want to learn about their ancestors (parents, grandparents, great-grandparents, etc) from hundreds of years ago. They may want to track hereditary diseases that may be passed from parents to their children. (This would overlap with the study of genetics.)
Some people used to (and some still do) study genealogy to keep track of wealth, land and power because people used to argue that it belongs to their family. These people use genealogy to help it stay in the family and prevent untruthful claims to the wealth, land or power.

Niels Bohr
Niels Bohr (October 7, 1885 - November 18, 1962) was a famous Danish physicist who helped discover quantum physics, the structure of the atom, and the atomic bomb. Bohr was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1922 for, in short, discovering the quantization of atomic energy levels.

Swinoujscie
Świnoujście is a town in Pomerania, northwestern Poland, with about 42,000 people (2006). It is situated on the Swina river, which flows into the Baltic Sea. In Świnoujście is the largest and longest beach in Poland. Świnoujście is also a health resort and has a modern harbour.
The port can handle of dry bulk and general cargo (especially coal, ore and chemical materials).
The ferry terminal (run by the Polish Baltic Shipping Company) provides ferry berths and facilities for passenger services to Sweden and Denmark. There are lines to Malmo in Sweden, Copenhagen and Ronne (Bornholm) in Denmark.
There are also facilities for deep-sea fishing, fish processing, and ship repair services.

Sky Odyssey
Sky Odyssey is an action/adventure flight simulator (or flight videogame) for the SonyPlayStation 2. It was made by Cross and was sold in store’s in the year 2000.
The games story is a Indiana Jones-like adventure in which the person playing the game flies an airplane in a fictional (or not real) world collecting very old objects as well as pieces of a map.
The game's music was made by Kō Ōtani, who also made the music for "Shadow of the Colossus", different types of "Gamera" films, and many other anime.
It is one of the few videogames that you can fly the Japanese Shinden and Shinden Kai, the Shinden is the airplane shown on the game's box.

Landform
A landform is a word that describes a form of land. Each type of landform is defined by its size, shape, location, and what it is made of.
Fluvial landforms.
Landforms that are related to flowing water.

Piri Reis map
The Piri Reis map is a map of the world drawn by a Turk named Piri Reis (full name: Hadji Muhiddin Piri Ibn Hadji Mehmed) in 1513. This map includes Antarctica, yet it was about 200 years before Sir James Cook discovered it in 1773.

Shadow of the Colossus
"Shadow of the Colossus" is a Japanese-made action-adventure videogame made and sold by Sony Computer Entertainment (SCEI) for the PlayStation 2. The game was sold in North America and Japan in October 2005, and was then sold in Europe and Oceania in February 2006. The game was made by SCEI's International Production Studio 1, the same videogame makers that made the game Ico.
The game is about a person called Wander, a young man who must travel across a large area on a horse and destroy sixteen giant creatures called the colossi to bring back the life of a dead girl. The game is not a normal action-adventure type of game because there are no towns or dungeons to explore, no characters to talk to, and no enemies to destroy other than the colossi. Shadow of the Colossus has been described as a puzzle game, because each colossus has a weakness which must be found and somehow used to defeat the colossi.

Verbandsgemeinde
A Verbandsgemeinde (plural Verbandsgemeinden) is an administrative unit unique to the German Bundesland (federal state) of Rhineland-Palatinate. There are 163 Verbandsgemeinden, which are grouped into the 24 districts and subdivided into nearly 2200 Ortsgemeinden.
Most of the Verbandsgemeinden were established in 1969. Formerly the name of the administrative units was "Amt". Most of the functions of municipal government for several villages are consolidated and administered centrally from a larger or more central village among the group, while the individual villages (Ortsgemeinden) still maintain a limited degree of local autonomy.

Requiem
A Requiem (or Requiem Mass) is a eucharist service in the Roman Catholic church to remember someone who has died. There are special words for a requiem mass. They are in Latin. The best-known part of the requiem mass starts with the words “Requiem aeternam dona eis, Domine” (“Give them eternal rest, O Lord”). This is why it is called a “requiem”.
Many composers throughout the centuries have composed music to these words. The word “requiem” can mean a piece of music which sets the words of the requiem mass.
Celebration of the eucharist in honour of people who have died goes back at least as far as the 2nd century.
In the Middle Ages the words of the requiem mass were sung to Gregorian chant.
In the Renaissance church music was generally polyphonic. This sort of music, which has several voices weaving in and out of one another, is the kind of music used at the time for requiems. The composer Johannes Ockeghem is an example of a composer who wrote such music.
Polyphonic settings of the requiem continued during the Baroque period (17th and early 18th centuries), even although other musical forms (e.g. opera) had developed a much more modern style.
The most famous Requiem from the 18th century is the one by Mozart. Many musicians think it was one of the greatest pieces of music ever written. It was left unfinished when Mozart died.
In the 19th century many composers wrote requiems. Most of these were written for performance at concerts, not for church services, but they still used the Latin words of the Roman Catholic requiem mass.
Luigi Cherubini wrote a Requiem in C minor for the annual remembering of the execution of Louis XVI. He wrote another Requiem in D minor, which he wrote for himself. It was performed at his own funeral.
Giuseppe Verdi wrote a very exciting "Messa da Requiem" (1874) which sounds very operatic. Verdi rearranged some of the text (words) of the traditional requiem mass.
Bruckner, Saint-Saëns and Dvořák all wrote requiems.
Brahms wrote a work which he called "Ein Deutsches Requiem" ("A German Requiem"). It is unusual because, instead of setting the traditional Latin words, he took some words from the German translation of the Bible.
In 1888 Gabriel Fauré wrote a requiem which uses an orchestra without violins except for a solo violin in the movement called “Sanctus”. In 1900 he made some changes and added an important baritone solo.
In the 20th century many composers continued to write requiems. The most famous one is Britten’s "War Requiem" (1961). The message of this work is that war is cruel and pointless. Britten uses the Latin words of the requiem mass, but also some English poems by Wilfred Owen who was killed in the First World War. The baritone and tenor soloists who sing these English words represent the German and the English soldiers. The work was written for Coventry cathedral which had been rebuilt after the old cathedral had been totally destroyed in World War II.
Older Requiems.
For example Mozart's Requiem follows this. In his requiem Lux aeterna (written by someone else) is the same as intoritus, with different words.
Newer requiems.
Thes sequence has been fixed in the Council of Trent in the 16th century. It was slightly modified in the Second Vatican Council,

Middle C
Middle C is the name given to the musical note C which is in the middle of the piano keyboard. It is not actually quite the middle note of the keyboard, but very nearly, and of all the Cs on the piano it is the one nearest to the middle.
When writing Middle C in music notation it is just below the stave when using the treble clef and just above the stave when using the bass clef. This is shown in the first and last notes of the musical example below. The Middle C sits on a leger line (an extension of the stave written just for one note).
When starting to learn the piano, most books make their easiest pieces start on Middle C. This is because the right hand can then play tunes using 5 notes (C to G) using white notes only (no sharps or flats). It is also easy to recognize Middle C in notation. It is also a help to find the correct place to sit at the piano (Middle C is opposite the player's "middle" (tummy)). One problem can be that young children learning the piano may think that all pieces start on Middle C. Pieces can start anywhere on the keyboard.
Middle C is the lowest note of the flute. It is a fairly low note for a child or woman to sing, but a fairly high note for a man to sing.
Middle C vibrates at 256Hz.

Principality
A principality (sometimes also called princedom) is a country which is ruled by a prince or princess. Principalities were common in the Middle Ages. Some principalities that still remain today are Andorra, Monaco and Liechtenstein.
Some states claim to be principalities but are not recognised by other countries: Sealand (an oil platform off the English coast), Seborga (a small town in Italy), the Principality of Hutt River in Australia and the Principality of Minerva in the Pacific.
Sometimes the word is also used to mean dependent territories in Africa, Asia and India, pre-Columbian America and Oceania. For these, the word princely states is generally preferred, especially if they came under the authority of a European colonial power.

Vlad III the Impaler
Count Vladimir III (Vlad Count Vladimir III ("Vlad Ţepeş" in Romanian, also known as "Vlad Dracula" or "Vlad Drăculea" and "Kazıklı Bey" in Turkish, born probably in November or December, 1431 – December 1476) was Prince (voievod) of Wallachia. Wallachia used to be a state which is now part of Romania. He ruled three times, in 1448, 1456-1462, and 1476.
In the English-speaking world, Vlad is best known for the legends of the very cruel punishments he gave. These may have given ideas for the vampire main character in Bram Stoker's popular "Dracula" novel.
As Prince, he was fighting against the turkish expansion.
Names.
His Romanian surname, "Drăculea", comes from his father's name, "Dracul". The old Romanian word for serpent (Cf. "drac") is nowadays the most common reference to the devil. The word "dracul" means "the Devil" in Romanian. The Latin word "Draco" means "dracul" and "dragon" as well. The people of Wallachia did give Vlad II the surname "Dracu". Vlad was called "Dracula" in a number of books and papers of his time.
His son Vlad III would later use the surname "Drăculea" in several documents.
He also got the name "Ţepeş", which means "Impaler". He was called this because of the way that he would kill his enemies, impalement. In Turkish, he was known as "Kazıklı Bey" IPA: which means "Impaler Prince".
In places outside of his country, Vlad III became famous because of the stories of all the cruel things he did to people.
Wallachian royalty and family background.
The rulers of Wallachia did not give the crown to their sons. The leader was chosen by the rumanian aristocrats, boyars, and had to be at least partly noble. It did not matter if a prince was illegitimate, or born outside of marriage. This method often resulted in instability, family disputes and murders. There was also a struggle between the prince and the high nobility for control over the country.
The two powerful neighbors of Wallachia, the Kingdom of Hungary and the Ottoman Empire, (the turks) were fighting for control of southeastern Europe. This made Wallachia a battle ground.
His father, Vlad II Dracul, born around 1395, was an illegitimate son of Mircea the Elder, an important early Wallachian ruler. As a young man, he had joined the court of Sigismund of Luxemburg, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Hungary, who was supporting Vlad II for the throne of Wallachia. A sign of this support was the fact that in 1431 Vlad II was made knight of the Order of the Dragon ("Societas Draconis" in Latin). Who Vlad Dracula’s mother was is not sure. Most likely she was a niece or daughter of the Moldavian prince Alexandru cel Bun.
Vlad III had three brothers. The oldest, probably named Mircea, born before 1430, was at his father's throne in 1442. He was sent by Vlad II to fight in his place during the war against the Turks in 1444. This war at Varna was lost. Mircea and his father died in 1447.
Vlad IV, also known as Vlad Călugarul (Vlad the Monk), was born around 1425 to 1430, and was Vlad's half-brother. Vlad the Monk spent many years in Transylvania waiting for a chance to get the throne of Wallachia. Vlad the Monk was a monk until he became prince of Wallachia in 1482.
Radu, known as Radu cel Frumos (Radu the Handsome), the youngest brother, was also Vlad’s most important rival as he continuously tried to replace Vlad on the throne. He had the support of the Turks, which he had strong connections. Radu also was favoured by the Turkish Sultan Mehmed II.
From his first marriage, Vlad III had a son, later prince of Wallachia as Mihnea cel Rău, Mihnea the Evil. His first wife, whose name we don't know, died during the war 1462. The legend says that the Turkish army surrounded Vlads castle, the Poienari Castle, led by his brother Radu the Handsome. Vlad's wife throw herself off the tower into the Argeş River below the castle. According to legend she remarked that she "would rather have her body be eaten by the fish of the Argeş than be captured by the Turks."
Vlad had another two sons with his second wife, a relative of King Matthias Corvinus of Hungary.
Early years.
Vlad was very likely born in the city of Sighişoara in Transylvania, during the winter of 1431. Sighişoara was a military fortress at that time. He was born as the second son to his father Vlad Dracul. He had an older brother Mircea and a younger brother Radu, the Handsome. Although his native country was Wallachia, the family lived in exile in Transylvania, because his father had been chased away by pro-Ottoman boyars.
A hostage of the Ottoman Empire.
Vlad's father was under considerable political pressure from the (turkish) Ottoman sultan. He gave a promise to be the vassal of the Sultan and gave up his two younger sons as hostages so that he would keep his promise.
Vlad suffered much at the hands of the Ottoman, and was locked up in an underground prison; however, his younger brother, Radu, caught the eye of the sultan's son. Radu was released and converted to Islam, and he was allowed into the Ottoman royal court.
These years had a great influence on Vlad. They shaped Vlad's character. He was often whipped by the turks for being stubborn and rude. He developed a well-known hatred for Radu and for Mehmed, who would later become the sultan.
Short reign and exile.
Vlad's father and Vlad's older brother Mircea was dead at this point. The Turks invaded Wallachia and the Sultan put Vlad III on the throne as his puppet ruler. His rule at this time was short; Hunyadi invaded Wallachia and chased him away the same year. Vlad fled to Moldavia and was put under the protection of his uncle, Bogdan II.
War.
Bogdan was assassinated. Vlad took a chance and fled to Hungary. Impressed by Vlad's knowledge of the Ottoman Empire Hunyadi pardoned him and took him in as an adviser. Later Hunyadi made him the Kingdom of Hungary's candidate for the throne of Wallachia.
In 1456, Hungary invaded Serbia to chase away the Turks, and at the same time Vlad III invaded Wallachia. Both invasions were successful. Hunyadi suddenly died of the plague. Vlad became prince of Wallachia.
Main reign (1456–62).
Vlad was spending most of his time at the court of Târgovişte. He made laws, met foreign ambassadors, made public appearances and juged trials. He reinforced some castles and probably enjoyed hunting with his friends.
The constant state of war since the death of his grandfather Mircea the Elder in 1418, led to increased crime levels and less agricultural production. Trade had almost disappeared in Wallachia.
Vlad tried to solve these problems with severe methods. He needed an economically stable country.
Vlad wanted to eliminate all threats to his power, mainly the rival nobility groups, for example the boyars. This was done mainly by killing them and reducing the economic role of them.
The Wallachian nobility had connections with the Saxon merchants. The saxons populated the free towns of Transylvania, making trade to flourish. Vlad was eliminating these towns trade privileges with Wallachia and he started war against them.
The he gave key positions in the Prince’s Council to obscure individuals, but who manifested loyalty towards Vlad. Vlad prefered to knight men from the free peasants.
Vlad III was always on guard against the Dăneşti clan. Some of his attacks into Transylvania may have been efforts to kill or capture Dăneşti princes. Several members of the Dăneşti clan died at Vlad's hands. Rumors say that thousands of citizens of the free towns that sheltered his rivals were impaled by Vlad. One captured Dăneşti prince was forced to read his own funeral speech while he kneeled before an open grave before his execution.
Personal crusade.
There was a war between the Ottoman Empire and the Hungarian Kingdom. Following family traditions, Vlad decided to side with the Hungarians. To the end of the 1450s there was once again talk about a war against the Turks, in which the king of Hungary, Matthias Corvinus would play the main role. Knowing this, Vlad stopped paying money to the Ottoman in 1459 and around 1460 made a new alliance with Corvinus. The Turks did not like this and tried to remove him from power but they failed. In the winter of 1461 Vlad attacked and devastated the area between Serbia and the Black Sea, leaving over 20,000 people dead.
In response to this the Sultan Mehmed II headed towards Wallachia with an army of 60,000 men in the spring of 1462. With his army of 20,000-30,000 men Vlad was not able to stop the Turks from entering Wallachia. The Turks occupied the capital Târgovişte (June 4, 1462) and chased Vlsad away. Vlad was hiding and made small attacks on the Turks. On the night of June 16, Vlad and some of his men entered the main Turkish camp, wearing Turkish clothing and attempted to kill Mehmed. Later the Turkish army retired and left Vlad’s brother, Radu the Handsome, as the new ruler prince.
Radu the Handsome gathered support from the nobility and Vlad fled to Transylvania.
In August 1462 Radu made a deal with the Hungarian Crown.
In captivity.
Vlad escaped to Hungaria but he got imprisoned there. The exact time of Vlad's captivity is not sure. Apparently his imprisonment was not to dangerous. He was able to gradually win his way back into the graces of King Matthias. He was able to meet and marry a member of the royal family (the cousin of King Matthias)
He had two sons with his new wife. Vlad also adopted Catholicism. It is not likely that a prisoner was permitted to marry into the royal family. Diplomatic correspondence from Buda during this time show that Vlad's actual period of imprisonment was short.
The openly pro-Turkish policy of Vlad's brother, Radu was probably a cause in Vlad's rehabilitation. It is interesting to note that the Russian texts, normally very favorable to Vlad Ţepeş, tells that even in captivity he could not give up his favorite games; he often captured birds and mice which he to tortured and mutilate, some were impaled on tiny spears.
The years before his final release in 1474 (when he began preparations for the reconquest of Wallachia), Vlad lived with his new wife in a house in the Hungarian capital. His sons were about ten years old when he reconquered Wallachia in 1476.
Return to Wallachia and death.
Around 1475 Vlad and Stefan Báthory of Transylvania invaded Wallachia with a mixed force of Transylvanians, some dissatisfied Wallachian boyars, and Moldavians sent by Prince Stephen III of Moldavia, Vlad's cousin. Vlad's brother, Radu the Handsome, died a couple of years earlier and had been replaced on the Wallachian throne by another Turkish candidate, Prince Basarab the Elder, a member of the Dăneşti clan. When Vlad's army arrived, Prince Basarabs army fled, some to the Turks, others in the mountains. After placing Vlad Ţepeş on the throne, Stephen Báthory and his forces returned to Transylvania, leaving Vlad in a very weak position. Vlad had little time to get support before a large Turkish army entered Wallachia to put back Prince Basarab on the throne. Vlad's cruelties over the years made the boyars to belive that they had a better chance to survive under Prince Basarab. Even the peasants, tired of the cruelty of Vlad, abandoned him. Vlad had to meet the Turks with the small forces at his disposal, less than four thousand men.
There are several variants of Vlad III the Impaler's death. Some sources say he was killed in battle against the Turks near Bucharest in December of 1476. Others say he was killed by disloyal Wallachian boyars in the war against the Turks, or during a hunt. Others belive Vlad was killed in the war, surrounded by the bodies of his loyal Moldavian bodyguards. Still other reports claim that Vlad was accidentally killed by one of his own men. Vlad's body was decapitated by the Turks and his head was sent to Istanbul preserved in honey. The sultan had it displayed on a stake as proof that "Kazıklı Bey" was dead. The exact place of his grave is unknown.
Legacy.
Romanian tales and legends about Vlad stayed a part of folklore among the Romanian peasants. By constant retelling they have become confused and created an ideal picture of a big national hero. Among the Romanian peasants, Vlad Ţepeş was sometimes remembered as a prince who defended his country. But the Romanian tales also remember Vlad as a very cruel and often capricious ruler. There are several events that are common to all tales.
There is a tale about some foreign ambassadors received by Vlad Ţepeş at Târgovişte and all versions agree that Vlad, in response to some real or imagined insult, (perhaps because they refused to remove the hats in Vlad's presence), had their hats nailed to their heads.
"He was not very tall, but very stocky and strong, with a cruel and terrible appearance, a long straight nose, distended nostrils, a thin and reddish face in which the large wide-open green eyes were enframed by bushy black eyebrows, which made them appear threatening. His face and chin were shaven but for a moustache. The swollen temples increased the bulk of his head. A bull's neck supported the head, from which black curly locks were falling to his wide-shouldered person."
His famous portrait, was rediscovered in the late 1800s, in the gallery of horrors at Innsbruck's Ambras Castle.
Cruelty.
Vlad III Ţepeş has been characterized by some, as very cruel. Impalement was Ţepeş's preferred method of torture and execution. His method of torture was a horse attached to each of the victim's legs as a sharpened stake was gradually forced into the body.
Vlad often had the stakes arranged in various geometric patterns. The most common pattern was a ring outside of a city that was his target. The height of the spear indicated the rank of the victim. The corpses were often left there for months.
Some say that thousands of people were impaled at a single time. One such tale says 10,000 were impaled in the Transylvanian city of Sibiu (where Vlad the Impaler had once lived) in 1460. Another tale says that on Saint Bartholomew's Day (in August), Vlad the Impaler had 30,000 of the merchants and officials of the free Transylvanian city of Braşov impaled. One of the most famous woodcuts of the period shows Vlad the Impaler feasting amongst a forest of stakes outside Braşov, while a nearby executioner cuts apart other victims.
Impalement was Vlad the Impaler's favorite but, not his only method of torture. The list of tortures: nails in heads, cutting off of limbs, strangulation, burning, cutting off of noses and ears, mutilation of sexual organs (especially in the case of women), scalping, skinning, exposure to the elements or to animals, and boiling alive.
No one was immune to Vlad the Impaler's attentions. His victims included women and children, peasants and great lords, ambassadors from foreign powers and merchants. However, the vast majority of his European victims came from the merchants and boyars of Transylvania and his own country, Wallachia. Many have tried to justify Vlad's actions on the basis of nationalism. Most of the merchants in Transylvania and Wallachia were the German speaking Saxons who were seen as bad people because they were not Romanians. He saw the boyars as people who were not loyal (Vlad's own father and older brother were murdered by boyars).
Almost as soon as he came to power, he gave a party for his boyars and their families to celebrate Easter. Vlad was aware that many of these nobles were part of the conspiracy around his father's death. Vlad to revenge his fathers death had all the assembled nobles arrested. The older boyars were impaled on the spot. The younger nobles and their families were marched north from Târgovişte to the ruins of Poienari Castle in the mountains above the Argeş River. The boyars and their families were forced to work for months rebuilding the old castle. According to the reports, they worked until the clothes fell off their bodies and then were forced to continue working naked. Very few survived the building of Vlad's castle.
Vlad Ţepeş is believed to committed even more impalements and other tortures against the Turkish forces. It was reported that an invading Ottoman army turned back when they saw thousands of rotting corpses impaled on the banks of the river Danube. It has also been said that in 1462 Mehmed II, returned to Constantinople after being sickened by the sight of 20,000 impaled corpses outside of Vlad's capital of Târgovişte. Many of the victims were Turkish prisoners of war.
Anecdotal evidence.
Much of the information we have about Vlad III Ţepeş comes from pamphlets (texts) published in the Holy Roman Empire and texts written in Russian. The first known German texts dates from 1488 and it is possible that some were printed during Vlad’s lifetime. The texts were also a form of mass entertainment in a society where the printing press was new. The texts were reprinted many times over the thirty years following Vlad's death. The German texts painted Vlad Ţepeş as someone who terrorized the land and killed innocents. The Russian texts took a somewhat different view. The princes of Muscovy were also having trouble with boyars. They preferred to see Vlad's actions as justified. Despite the differences in interpretation, the texts, regardless of their land of origin, agree on details. This make most historians to believe that some events actually occurred.
Vlad's cruelty against his own people of Wallachia were seen as attempts to make them behave better. According to the texts, he was particularly cruel against women. Young unmarried girls who lost their virginity, unfaithful wives, and widows who had sex were all targets of Vlad's cruelty. Such women often had their sexual organs cut out. They were also often impaled.
Vlad wanted his people to work hard. Merchants who cheated their customers were likely to be killed.
The vampire legend.
It is unclear why Bram Stoker chose this Wallachian prince as the model for his fictional vampire. Stoker was a friend of a Hungarian professor (Arminius Vambery/Hermann Vamberger) from Budapest, and many have suggested that Vlad's name might have been mentioned by this friend. Regardless of how the name came to Stoker's attention, the cruel history of the Impaler was suitable for Stoker's purposes. The events of Vlad's life happened in a region of the world that was still basically medieval in Stoker's time.
There have always been vampire-like creatures in various stories from across the world. However, the vampire, as he became known in Europe, largely originated in Southern Slavic and Greek folklore. The vampire tale is virtually absent in Romanian culture. A veritable epidemic of vampirism swept through Europe beginning in the late 17th century. Philosophers in the West began to study the phenomenon. It was during this period that Dom Augustine Calmet wrote his famous text on vampirism in Hungary. It was also during this period that authors and playwrights first began to explore the vampire legend. Stoker's novel was a work of a long series of works that were inspired by the reports coming from the Balkans.
Perhaps it is natural that Stoker should place his great vampire in the heart of the region that gave birth to the story.

Fertile crescent
The Fertile Crescent is a historical region in the Middle East that includes the Levant, Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt. These countries on a map together have a shape that is similar to a crescent, so archaeologist James Henry Breasted spoke of the "Fertile Crescent" because he wanted to show the similarities of the cultures of this region in ancient times.
All these lands are watered by important rivers: Nile, Jordan, Euphrates and Tigris. Together they cover some 400-500,000 square kilometers, and the region extends from the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea around the north of the Syrian Desert and through the Jazirah and Mesopotamia to the Persian Gulf. These areas are in present-day Egypt, Israel, West Bank, Gaza strip, and Lebanon and parts of Jordan, Syria, Iraq, south-eastern Turkey and south-western Iran. The population of the Nile River basin is about 70 million, the Jordan River basin about 20 million, and the Tigris and Euphrates basins about 30 million, giving the present-day Fertile Crescent a total population of around 120 million, or at least a quarter of the population of the Middle East.
The Fertile Crescent has a very long record of past human activity.

Crescent
In art and symbolism, a crescent is generally the shape produced when a circular disk has a segment of another circle removed from its edge, so that what remains is a shape enclosed by two circular arcs of different diameters which intersect at two points (usually in such a manner that the enclosed shape does not include the center of the original circle).

Crescent (disambiguation)
Crescent is a shape, form or symbol.

The Levant
The Levant (IPA: /lə'vænt/) is an imprecise geographical term historically referring to a large area in the Middle East south of the Taurus Mountains, bounded by the Mediterranean Sea on the west, and by the northern Arabian Desert and Upper Mesopotamia to the east.
The term became current in English in the 16th century, together with the first English merchant adventurers in the region: English ships appeared in the Mediterranean in the 1570s and the English merchant company signed its agreement ("capitulations") with the Grand Turk in 1579 (Braudel).
Today "Levant" is typically used by archaeologists and historians with reference to the prehistory and the ancient and medieval history of the region, as when discussing the Crusades. The term is also occasionally employed to refer to modern or contemporary events, peoples, states, or parts of states in the same region, namely Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria and the Palestinian territories.

Levant (disambiguation)
This is a disambiguation page. Levant may refer to

Jordan River
The Jordan River (Hebrew: נהר הירדן "nehar hayarden", Arabic: نهر الأردن "nahr al-urdun") is a river in Southwest Asia that flows through the Great Rift Valley into the Dead Sea. Many people think it is one of the world's most sacred rivers.
It is 251 kilometers (156 miles) long. Its tributaries are
The four rivers join to form the Jordan in northern Israel, near kibbutz Sede Nehemya. The Jordan drops quickly in a 75 kilometer run to Lake Hula, which is a little below sea level in the Galilee sea. Then it drops much more in about 25 kilometers to the Sea of Galilee. The last section has less gradient, and the river begins to twist before it enters the Dead Sea, which is about 400 meters below sea level and has no outlet. Two major tributaries enter this last section from the east: the Yarmouk River and Jabbok River.
In 1964 Israel began operating a dam that takes water from the Sea of Galilee, a major Jordan River water provider, to the national water carrier. Also in 1964 Jordan built a channel that takes water from the Yarmouk River, a main tributary of the Jordan River. This caused great damage to the ecosystem. Syria has also built reservoirs that catch the Yarmouk's waters.
In modern times, 70% to 90% of the waters is used for human purposes and the flow is much smaller. Because of this, and the high evaporation rate of the Dead Sea, the sea is shrinking. All the shallow waters of the southern end of the sea have been drained in modern times, and are now salt flats.
The waters of the Jordan are a very important resource to the dry lands of the area and are a bone of contention between Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Israel and the Palestinians.
In the Bible.
In the Hebrew Bible, the Jordan is referred to as the source of fertility to a large plain ("Kikkar ha-Yarden"), called "the garden of God" (Genesis 13:10). There is no regular description of the Jordan in the Bible.
The New Testament states that John the Baptist baptized Jesus in the Jordan (Matt. 3:13).
Symbolic importance.
The Jordan is a frequent symbol in folk, gospel, and spiritual music, or in poetic or literary works.
Because the Israelites made a difficult journey from slavery in Egypt to freedom in "The Promised Land", the Jordan can be a symbol of freedom. The actual crossing is the final step of the journey, which is then complete. The Jordan also can mean death itself, with the crossing from life into Paradise or Heaven.

Muslim history
Muslim history began in Arabia when Muhammad recited the Quran in the 7th century. The historical development of Islam has affected political, economic, and military trends both inside and outside the Islamic world.
As with Christianity, the concept of an "Islamic world" is useful when one looks at different periods of human history.

History of Christianity
The history of Christianity is the history of the Christian religion and the Christian church, from Jesus and his apostles to our times. Christianity is the monotheistic religion that is based on the life and teaching of Jesus.
Christianity began in the 1st century AD as a Jewish sect but quickly spread throughout the Greco-Roman world. Although it was originally persecuted under the Roman Empire, it became the state religion in the end. In the Middle Ages it spread into Northern Europe and Russia. During the Age of Exploration, Christianity expanded throughout the world; it is the largest religion of the world.
The religion had schisms and theological disputes that had as result three main branches: the Roman Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox churches, and Protestant churches.
The first Christians were more or less all ethnically Jewish or Jewish proselytes. An early difficulty came from non-Jewish converts. There was the question if they had to "become Jewish" before becoming Christian. The decision of St. Peter, was that they did not, and the matter was further addressed with the Council of Jerusalem.
The doctrines of the apostles brought the Early Church into conflict with some Jewish religious authorities, and this eventually led to the martyrdom of SS. Stephen and James the Great and expulsion from the synagogues. Thus, Christianity got an identity distinct from Judaism. The name "Christian" (Greek) was first used for the disciples in Antioch, as recorded in (Acts 11:26; Acts 11:26).
Worship of Jesus.
The sources for the beliefs of the apostolic community include the Gospels and New Testament Epistles. The very earliest reports are in these texts: early Christian creeds and hymns and reports about the Passion, the empty tomb, and appearances of Jesus after his Resurrection. There reasons to suppose that they were written within a few years of the crucifixion of Jesus and came from the Jerusalem Church.
Jewish continuity.
Christianity kept many practices from Jewish tradition. Christianity thought the Jewish scriptures to be sacred and used mostly the Septuagint edition and translation as the Old Testament, and added other texts as the New Testament canon developed. Christians professed Jesus to be the God of Israel, having taken human form, and considered Jesus to be the Messiah (Christ) who had been prophesied about in the Old Testament and so was expected by the people of Israel. Christianity also continued other Judaic practices: liturgical worship, including the use of incense, an altar, a set of scriptural readings adapted from synagogue practice, use of sacred music in hymns and prayer, and a religious calendar, as well as other typical features: an exclusively male priesthood, and ascetic practices (fasting etc.).
Post-Apostolic Church.
The time when most of the apostles had died and their jobs as leaders of the Christian communities in the cities had been taken over by bishops, is called post-apostolic period. It includes the time of persecutions until Christian worship was legalized under Constantine the Great. The earliest recorded use of the term "Christianity" (Greek) is from this period. The term was used by Ignatius of Antioch "c." 107.
Persecutions.
Until the late fourth century, when they became the dominant political force of the Roman Empire (and by consequence the entire Mediterranean), Christians were subject to various persecutions. This meant even death. That was the case with Stephen () and James, son of Zebedee (). Persecutions in lager scale by the authorities of the Roman Empire, began with the year 64, when the Emperor Nero blamed them for the great Fire of Rome as the Roman historian Tacitus reported.
According to Church tradition, it was under Nero's persecution that the saints Peter and Paul became martyrs in Rome. Similarly, several of the New Testament writings mention persecutions and that they had very difficult times. For 250 years there were times when Christians suffered from persecutions, because they refused to worship the Roman emperor. That was seen as treason and punished by execution. But the Christian religion continued to spread throughout the Mediterranean region.
Christianity legalized.
Galerius issued an edict permitting the practice of the Christian religion under his rule in April of 311. In 313 Constantine I and Licinius announced toleration of Christianity in the Edict of Milan. Constantine became the first Christian emperor. By 391, under the reign of Theodosius I, Christianity had become the state religion of Rome.
Constantine the Great.
The Emperor Constantine I had learnt about Christianity of his mother, Helena. But it is not clear if he adopted his mother's humble Christianity in his youth, or if he adopted it lateron in his life.
Diocesan structure.
When Christianity was legalized the Church took the same provinces for administration as the imperial government and called them dioceses.
Papacy and primacy.
The Bishop of Rome claimed to be the highest amongst all others and chose the title pope.
Ecumenical Councils.
During this era, there were several Ecumenical Councils. These were mostly concerned with Christological disputes. The two Councils of Niceaea (324, 382) condemned the Arian heresy and produced a creed (see Nicene Creed). The Council of Ephesus condemned Nestorianism and affirmed the Blessed Virgin Mary to be Theotokos ("God-bearer" or "Mother of God"). Perhaps the most important council was the Council of Chalcedon that affirmed that Christ had two natures, fully God and fully man, at the same time. That meant that Monophysitism was condemned.
Church of the Early Middle Ages (476 – 800).
The Church in the Early Middle Ages saw a "transformation of the Roman world" rather than a "fall of the Roman Empire". With the Muslim invasions of the seventh century, the Western (Latin) and Eastern (Greek) areas of Christianity began to take on distinctive shapes, and the Bishops of Rome were more interested in barbarian kings than in the Byzantine Emperors. This led to the coronation of Charlemagne as "Emperor of the Romans" by Pope Leo III in Rome on Christmas Day, 800.
Early Medieval Papacy.
The city of Rome was affected very much by warfare in Italy during the Early Middle Ages. Emperor Justinian I tried to restore imperial dominion in Italy against the gothic aristocracy. The following campaigns were more or less successful, and the Imperial Exarchate was established in Ravenna for Italy, but imperial influence was often limited. Then came the invasion of the Lombards, and Rome had to take care of itself. Thus the popes, out of necessity, found themselves feeding the city with grain from papal estates, negotiating treaties, paying protection money to Lombard warlords, and, failing that, hiring soldiers to defend the city. Eventually, the failure of the Empire to send aid resulted in the popes turning for support from other sources, most especially the Franks.
Church of the High Middle Ages (800 – 1499).
The High Middle Ages is the period from the coronation of Charlemagne in 800 to the close of the fifteenth century, which saw the fall of Constantinople (1453), the end of the Hundred Years War (1453), the discovery of the New World (1492), and thereafter the Protestant Reformation (1515).
Investiture Controversy.
The "Investiture Controversy", also known as the "lay investiture controversy", was the most important conflict between secular and religious powers in medieval Europe. It began as a dispute in the 11th century between the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII. The question was who would control appointments of bischops (investiture).
The end of lay investiture meant an important loss of royal power, for the benefit Church reform, as the pope intended, and for ambitious noblemen as well.
Bishops collected revenues from estates attached to their bishopric. Noblemen who held lands (fiefdoms) hereditarily passed those lands on within their family. However, because bishops had no legitimate children, when a bishop died it was the king's right to appoint a successor. So, while a king had little recourse in preventing noblemen from acquiring powerful domains via inheritance and dynastic marriages, a king could keep careful control of lands under the domain of his bishops. Kings would bestow bishoprics to members of noble families whose friendship he wished to secure. Furthermore, if a king left a bishopric vacant, then he collected the estates' revenues until a bishop was appointed, when in theory he was to repay the earnings. The infrequence of this repayment was an obvious source of dispute. The Church wanted to end this lay investiture because of the potential corruption, not only from vacant sees but also from other practices such as simony. Thus, the Investiture Contest was part of the Church's attempt to reform the episcopate and provide better pastoral care.
Pope Gregory VII issued the "Dictatus Papae", which declared that the pope alone could appoint or depose bishops, or translate them to other sees. Henry VI's rejection of the decree lead to his excommunication and a ducal revolt; eventually Henry received absolution after dramatic public penance barefoot in Alpine snow and cloaked in a hairshirt (see Walk to Canossa), though the revolt and conflict of investiture continued. Likewise, a similar controversy occurred in England between King Henry I and St. Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury, over investiture and ecclesiastical revenues collected by the king during an episcopal vacancy. The English dispute was resolved by the Concordat of London, 1107, where the king renounced his claim to invest bishops but continued to require an oath of fealty from them upon their election. This was a partial model for the Concordat of Worms ("Pactum Calixtinum"), which resolved the Imperial investiture controversy with a compromise that allowed secular authorities some measure of control but granted the selection of bishops to their cathedral canons. As a symbol of the compromise, lay authorities invested bishops with their secular authority symbolized by the lance, and ecclesiastical authorities invested bishops with their spiritual authority symbolized by the ring and the staff.
Crusades.
The Crusades were a series of military conflicts conducted by Christian knights for the defense of Christians and for the expansion of Christian domains. Generally, the crusades refer to the campaigns in the Holy Land against Muslim forces sponsored by the Papacy. There were other crusades against Islamic forces in southern Spain, southern Italy, and Sicily, as well as the campaigns of Teutonic knights against pagan strongholds in Eastern Europe, and (to a much lesser extent) crusades within Christendom against heretical groups.
The Holy Land had been part of the Roman Empire, and thus Byzantine Empire, until the Islamic conquests of the seventh and eighth centuries. Thereafter, Christians had generally been permitted to visit the sacred places in the Holy Land until 1071, when the Seljuk Turks closed Christian pilgrimages and assailed the Byzantines, defeating them at the Battle of Manzikert. Emperor Alexius I asked for aid from Pope Urban II (1088-1099) for help against Islamic aggression. He probably expected money from the pope for the hiring of mercenaries. Instead, Urban II called upon the knights of Christendom in a speech made at the Council of Clermont on 27 November 1095, combining the idea of pilgrimage to the Holy Land with that of waging a holy war against infidels.
East-West Schism.
The East-West Schism, or Great Schism, separated the Church into Western (Latin) and Eastern (Greek) branches, i.e. Western Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy. It was the first major division since certain groups in the East rejected the decrees of the Council of Chalcedon (see Oriental Orthodoxy), and was far more significant. Though normally dated to 1054, the East-West Schism was actually the result of an extended period of estrangement between Latin and Greek Christendom over the nature of papal primacy and certain doctrinal matters like the "filioque", but intensified by cultural and linguistic differences.
The "official" schism in 1054 was the excommunication of Patriarch Michael Cerularius of Constantinople, followed by his excommunication of papal legates. Attempts at reconciliation were made in 1274 (by the Second Council of Lyon) and in 1439 (by the Council of Basel), but in each case the eastern hierarchs who consented to the unions were repudiated by the Orthodox as a whole, though reconciliation was achieved between the West and what are now called the "Eastern Rite Catholic Churches". More recently, in 1965 the mutual excommunications were rescinded by the Pope and the Patriarch of Constantinople, though schism remains.
Both groups are descended from the Early Church, both acknowledge the apostolic succession of each other's bishops, and the validity of each other's sacraments. Though both acknowledge the primacy of the Bishop of Rome, Eastern Orthodoxy understands this as a primacy of honor with limited or no ecclesiastical authority in other dioceses.
Western Schism.
The Western Schism, or Papal Schism, was a prolonged period of crisis in Latin Christendom from 1378 to 1416, when there were two or more claimants to the See of Rome and thus it was difficult to discern who the true Pope was. The conflict was political, rather than doctrinal, in nature.
Church and the Italian Renaissance (1399 – 1599).
The Renaissance was a period of great cultural change and achievement, marked in Italy by a classical orientation and an increase of wealth through mercantile trade. The City of Rome, the Papacy, and the Papal States were all affected by the Renaissance. On the one hand, it was a time of great artistic patronage and architectural magnificence, where the Church pardoned such artists as Michelangelo, Brunelleschi, Bramante, Raphael, Fra Angelico, Donatello, and da Vinci. On the other hand, wealthy Italian families often secured episcopal offices, including the papacy, for their own members, some of whom were known for immorality, such as Alexander VI and Sixtus IV.
Protestant Reformation (1521 – 1579).
In the early 16th century, movements were begun by two theologians, Martin Luther and Ulrich Zwingli, that aimed to reform the Church; these reformers are distinguished from previous ones in that they considered the root of corruptions to be doctrinal (rather than simply a matter of moral weakness or lack of ecclesiastical discipline) and thus they aimed to change contemporary doctrines to accord with what they perceived to be the "true gospel". The Protestant Reformation is so called because the movement's leaders "protested" against the ecclesiastical hierarchy and the pope, essentially electing to institute their reforms separately from it. The term "Protestant", however, was not originally used by these leaders; instead, they called themselves "evangelical", emphasizing the "return to the true gospel (Greek: "euangelion")".
The beginning of the Protestant Reformation is generally identified with Martin Luther and the posting of the 95 Theses on the castle church in Wittenburg, Germany. Early protest was against corruptions such as simony, episcopal vacancies, and the sale of indulgences. The Protestant position, however, would come to incorporate doctrinal changes such as sola scriptura and sola fide. The three most important traditions to emerge directly from the Protestant Reformation were the Lutheran, Reformed (Calvinist, Presbyterian, etc.), and Anglican traditions, though the latter group identifies as both "Reformed" and "Catholic", and some subgroups reject the classification as "Protestant".
The Protestant Reformation may be divided into two distinct but basically simultaneous movements, the Magisterial Reformation and the Radical Reformation. The Magisterial Reformation involved the alliance of certain theological teachers (Latin: "magistri") such as Luther, Zwingli, Calvin, Cramner, etc. with secular magistrates who cooperated in the reformation of Christendom. Radical Reformers, besides forming communities outside state sanction, often employed more extreme doctrinal change, such as the rejection of tenants of the Councils of Nicaea and Chalcedon. Often the division between magisterial and radical reformers was as or more violent than the general Catholic and Protestant hostilities.
The Protestant Reformation spread almost entirely within the confines of Northern Europe, but did not take hold in certain northern areas such as Ireland and parts of Germany. By far the magisterial reformers were more successful and their changes more widespread than the radical reformers. The Catholic response to the Protestant Reformation is known as the Counter Reformation, or Catholic Reformation, which resulted in a reassertion of traditional doctrines and the emergence of new religious orders aimed at both moral reform and new missionary activity. The Counter Reformation reconvered approximately 33% of Northern Europe to Catholicism and initiated missions in South and Central America, Africa, Asia, and even China and Japan. Protestant expansion outside of Europe occurred on a smaller scale through colonization of North America and areas of Africa.
Martin Luther.
Martin Luther was an Augustinian friar and professor at the University of Wittenberg. In 1517, he published a list of 95 Theses, or points to be debated, concerning the illicitness of selling indulgences. Luther had a particular disdain for Aristotelian philosophy, and as he began developing his own theology, he increasingly came into conflict with Thomistic scholars, most notably Cardinal Cajetan. Soon, Luther had begun to develop his theology of justification, or process by which one is "made right" (righteous) in the eyes of God. In Catholic theology, one is made righteous by a progressive infusion of grace accepted through faith and cooperated with through good works. Luther's doctrine of justification differed from Catholic theology in that justification rather meant "the declaring of one to be righteous", where God imputes the merits of Christ upon one who remains without inherent merit. In this process, good works are more of an unessential byproduct that contribute nothing to one's own state of righteousness. Conflict between Luther and leading theologians lead to his gradual rejection of authority of the Church hierarchy. In 1520, he was condemned for heresy by the papal bull "Exsurge Domine", which he burned at Wittenburg along with books of canon law.
John Calvin.
John Calvin was a French cleric and doctor of law turned Protestant reformer. He belonged to the second generation of the Reformation, publishing his theological tome, the "Institutes of the Christian Religion", in 1536 (later revised), and establishing himself as a leader of the Reformed church in Geneva, which became an "unofficial capital" of Reformed Christianity in the second half of the sixteenth century. He exerted a remarkable amount of authority in the city and over the city council, such that he has (rather ignominiously) been called a "Protestant pope". Calvin established an eldership together with a "consistory", where pastors and the elders established matters of religious discipline for the Genevan population. Calvin's theology is best known for his doctrine of (double) predestination, which held that God had, from all eternity, providentially foreordained who would be saved (the elect) and likewise who would be damned (the reprobate). Predestination was not the dominant idea in Calvin's works, but it would seemingly become so for many of his Reformed successors.
English Reformation.
Unlike other reform movements, the English Reformation began by royal influence. Henry VIII considered himself a thoroughly Catholic King, and in 1521 he defended the papacy against Luther in a book he commissioned entitled, "The Defense of the Seven Sacraments", for which Pope Leo X awarded him the title "Fidei Defensor" (Defender of the Faith). However, the king came into conflict with the papacy when he wished to annul his marriage with Catherine of Aragon, for which he needed papal sanction. Catherine, among many other noble relations, was the aunt of Emperor Charles V, the papacy's most significant secular supporter. The ensuing dispute eventually lead to a break from Rome and the declaration of the King of England as head of the English (Anglican) Church. England then experienced a period of frenetic and eclectic reforms, some more radical and others more traditional, under monarchs such as Edward VI and Elizabeth I, and Archbishops of Canterbury such as Thomas Cranmer and William Laud. What emerged was a state church that considered itself both "Reformed" and "Catholic" but not "Roman" (and hesitated from the title "Protestant"), and other "unofficial" more radical movements such as the Puritans.
Counter-Reformation.
The Counter-Reformation, or Catholic Reformation, was the response of the Catholic Church to the Protestant Reformation. The essence of the Counter-Reformation was a renewed conviction in traditional practices and the upholding of Catholic doctrine as the source of ecclesiastic and moral reform, and the answer to halting the spread of Protestantism. Thus it experienced the founding of new religious orders, such as the Jesuits, the establishment of seminaries for the proper training of priests, renewed worldwide missionary activity, and the development of new yet orthodox forms of spirituality, such as that of the Spanish mystics and the French school of spirituality. The entire process was spearheaded by the Council of Trent, which clarified and reasserted doctrine, issued dogmatic definitions, and produced the "Roman Catechism".
Though Ireland, Spain, France, and elsewhere featured significantly in the Counter-Reformation, its heart was Italy and the various popes of the time, who established the "Index Librorum Prohibitorum" (the list of prohibited books) and the Roman Inquisition, a system of juridical tribunals that prosecuted heresy and related offences. The Papacy of St. Pius V (1566-1572) was known not only for its focus on halting heresy and worldly abuses within the Church, but also for its focus on improving popular piety in a determined effort to stem the appeal of Protestantism. Pius began his pontificate by giving large alms to the poor, charity, and hospitals, and the pontiff was known for consoling the poor and sick, and supporting missionaries. The activities of these pontiffs coincided with a rediscovery of the ancient Christian catacombs in Rome. As Diarmaid MacCulloch stated, "Just as these ancient martyrs were revealed once more, Catholics were beginning to be martyred afresh, both in mission fields overseas and in the struggle to win back Protestant northern Europe: the catacombs proved to be an inspiration for many to action and to heroism."
Great Awakenings.
The First Great Awakening was a wave of religious enthusiasm among Protestants in the American colonies "c". 1730-1740, emphasizing the traditional Reformed virtues of Godly preaching, rudimentary liturgy, and a deep sense of personal guilt and redemption by Christ Jesus. Historian Sydney E. Ahlstrom saw it as part of a "great international Protestant upheaval" that also created Pietism in Germany, the Evangelical Revival, and Methodism in England. It centered on reviving the spirituality of established congregations, and mostly affected Congregational, Presbyterian, Dutch Reformed, German Reformed, Baptist, and Methodist churches, while also spreading within the slave population. The Second Great Awakening (1800–1830s), unlike the first, focused on the unchurched and sought to instill in them a deep sense of personal salvation as experienced in revival meetings. It also sparked the beginnings of Restorationist groups such as the Mormons and the Holiness movement. The Third Great Awakening began from 1857 and was most notable for taking the movement throughout the world, especially in English speaking countries. The final group to emerge from the "great awakenings" in North America was Pentecostalism, which had its roots in the Methodist, Wesleyan, and Holiness movements, and began in 1906 on Azusa Street, in Los Angeles. Pentecostalism would later lead to the Charismatic movement.
Restorationism.
Restorationism refers to various unaffiliated movements that considered contemporary Christianity, in all its forms, to be a deviation from the true, original Christianity, which these groups then attempted to "Reconstruct", often using the Book of Acts as a "guidebook" or sorts. Restorationism developed out of the Second Great Awakening and is historically connected to the Protestant Reformation, but differs in that Restorationists do not usually describe themselves as "reforming" a Christian Church continuously existing from the time of Jesus, but as "restoring" the Church that they believe was lost at some point. The name Restoration is also used to describe the Latter-day Saints (Mormons) and the Jehovah's Witness Movement.
Fascism.
Fascism describes certain related political regimes in 20th century Europe, especially the Nazi Germany of Hitler. In his encyclical "Non Abbiamo Bisogno", Pope Pius XI declared that Fascist governments had hidden "pagan intentions" and expressed the irreconcilability of the Catholic position and Fascism, which placed the nation above God and fundamental human rights and dignity. Many Catholic priests and monastics were persecuted under the Nazi regime, most notable the concentration camp victims Maximilian Kolbe and Edith Stein (Saint Teresa Benedicta of the Cross). Furthermore, many Catholic laypeople and clergy played notable roles in sheltering Jews during the Holocaust, including Pope Pius XII. Various incidents, such as giving aid to downed Allied airmen, nearly caused Nazi Germany to invade the Vatican before the liberation of Rome in 1944.
The relationship between Nazism and Protestantism, especially the German Lutheran Church, is complex. Though the majority of Protestant church leaders in Germany made little comment on the Nazis' growing anti-Jewish activities, some, such as Dietrich Bonhoeffer (a Lutheran pastor) were strongly opposed to the Nazis. Bonhoeffer was later found guilty in the conspiracy to assassinate Hitler and executed.
Fundamentalism.
Fundamentalist Christianity, is a movement that arose mainly within British and American Protestantism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in reaction to modernism and certain liberal Protestant groups that denied doctrines considered fundamental to Christianity yet still called themselves "Christian". Thus, fundamentalism sought to reestablish tenants that could not be denied without relinquishing a Christian identity, the "fundamentals": the Bible as God`s word, viewed as the sole source of authority, the virgin birth of Christ, the doctrine of atonement through Jesus, the bodily resurrection of Jesus, and the imminent return of Christ.
Ecumenism.
Ecumenism broadly refers to movements between Christian groups to establish a degree of unity through dialogue. "Ecumenism" is derived from Greek ' (oikoumene), which means "the inhabited world", but more figuratively something like "universal oneness". The movement can be distinguished into Catholic and Protestant movements, with the latter characterized by a redefined ecclesiology of "denominationalism" (which the Catholic Church, among others, rejects).
Catholic ecumenism.
Concerning the Greek Orthodox Church, steady movement was made to reconcile the East-West Schism. On 30 November 1894, Pope Leo XIII publishes the Apostolic Letter ' (On the Churches of the East) safeguarding the importance and continuance of the Eastern traditions for the whole Church. On 7 December 1965, a Joint Catholic-Orthodox Declaration of His Holiness Pope Paul VI and the Ecumenical Patriarch Athenagoras I was issued lifting the mutual excommunications of 1054.
Concerning Catholic relations with Protestant communities, certain commissions were established to foster dialogue and documents have been produced aimed at identifying points of doctrinal unity, such as the Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification produced with the Lutheran World Federation in 1999.
Ecumenism within Protestantism.
Ecumenical movements within Protestantism have focused on determining a list of doctrines and practices essential to being Christian and thus extending to all groups which fulfill these basic criteria a (more or less) co-equal status, with perhaps one's own group still retaining a "first among equal" standing. This process involved a redefinition of the idea of "the Church" from traditional theology. This ecclesiology, known as denominationalism, contends that each group (which fulfills the essential criteria of "being Christian") is a sub-group of a greater "Christian Church", itself a purely abstract concept with no direct representation, i.e. no group, or "denomination", claims to be "the Church". Obviously, this ecclesiology it at variance with other groups that indeed consider themselves to be "the Church". But moreover, because the "essential criteria" generally consist of belief in the Trinity, it has resulted in strife between these Protestant ecumenical movements and non-Trinitarian groups such as Latter-day Saints (Mormons) and Jehovah's Witnesses, which are not often not regarded as Christian by these ecumenical groups.

Timeline of Christianity
The purpose of this timeline is to give a detailed account of Christianity from the beginning to the present. Question marks on dates mean that dates are only approximate.
Western culture and Christian churches use the Gregorian calendar. The Gregorian calendar has been in use since 1582 when it replaced the Julian Calendar. The Julian calendar did not calculate (work out by mathematics) the length of the year accurately. The Gregorian Calandar added Leap years to make this more correct. The Gregorian calendar began in Europe, in the reign of Pope Gregory XIII. The Gregorian calendar is now used almost everywhere in the world, (except for calculating the holy days of other religions).
The Gregorian calendar dates years from before or after the birth of Jesus. Years that are before the birth of Jesus have the initials B.C., (before Christ) and years that are after (traditionally) have the initials A.D. (anno Domini- "in the year of our Lord"). Nowdays these are often written B.C.E. ("before Common Era") and C.E. ("Common Era").
The "year one" is the first year in "anno Domini" (the Common Era). There is no year zero. When the Gregorian calendar was calculated, the mathematicians tried to work out exactly when the Birth of Jesus happened. The exact date is not certain, but most agree that it was between 6 B.C. and 4 B.C.
Era of Jesus.
This list tells only about the things that happened in the part of the world where Jesus was born. This region is now called Israel and Palestine. In the time of Jesus, it was under the rule of the Romans.
Jesus began his ministry after his baptism by John and during the rule of Pilate, preaching: "Repent, for the kingdom of heaven is near" (). While the historicity of the gospel accounts is questioned to some extent by most critical scholars and non-Christians, the traditional view states the following chronology for his ministry: Temptation, Sermon on the Mount, Appointment of the Twelve, Miracles, Temple Money Changers, Last Supper, Arrest, Trial, Passion, Crucifixion on Good Friday (,), Nisan 14th (,Gospel of Peter) or Nisan 15th (Synoptic Gospels), (7Apr30, 3Apr33, 30Mar36, possible Fri-14-Nisan dates, -Meier), entombment by Pharisees Joseph of Arimathea and Nicodemus of the Sanhedrin, Resurrection by God on Easter Sunday, appearances to Paul of Tarsus (), Simon Peter (), Mary Magdalene (,), and others, Great Commission, Ascension, Second Coming Prophecy to fulfill the rest of Messianic prophecy such as the Resurrection of the dead, the Last Judgment, and establishment of the Kingdom of God and the Messianic Age. See also Chronology of Jesus.
Era of the Apostles.
Shortly after the Death of Jesus (Nisan 14 or 15), the Jerusalem church was founded as the first Christian church with about 120 Jews and Jewish Proselytes (), followed by Pentecost (Sivan 6), the Ananias and Sapphira incident, Pharisee Gamaliel's defense of the Apostles (), the stoning of Saint Stephen (see also Persecution of Christians) and the subsequent dispersal of the church () which led to the baptism of Simon Magus in Samaria (), and also an Ethiopian eunuch (). Paul's "Road to Damascus" conversion to "Apostle to the Gentiles" is first recorded in (, cf.). Peter baptized the Roman Centurion Cornelius, who is traditionally considered the first Gentile convert to Christianity (). The Antioch church was founded, it was there that the term Christian was first used (). Saint James the Great was executed by Herod Agrippa I (ruled 39-44) during a Passover (Nisan 15) ().
Era of the Seven Ecumenical Councils.
Constantine called the First Council of Nicaea in 325 to unify Christology, also called the first great Christian council by Jerome, the first ecumenical, decreed the Original Nicene Creed, but rejected by Nontrinitarianism such as Arius, Theonas, Secundus, Eusebius of Nicomedia, and Theognis who were excommunicated, also addressed Easter controversy and passed 20 Canon laws.

List of coats of arms of the districts in Rhineland-Palatinate
List of coats of arms of the 24 districts and the 12 urban districts in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany

Schism (religion)
The word "schism" ('sɪzəm or), from the Greek σχίσμα, "skhísma" (from σχίζω, "skhízō", "to tear, to split"), means a division or a split, usually in an organization or a movement.
A schismatic is a person who creates schism in an organization or who is a member of a splinter group. "Schismatic" as an adjective means belonging to a schism or schisms, or to those ideas, policies, etc. that are thought to lead towards schism.
Use within Christianity.
The words "schism" and "schismatic" have found perhaps their heaviest usage in the history of Christianity, to speak of splits within a church.
Though it is very important to note the difference between
Heresy is to deny the authority of a established authority. Schism means that the opposing parties have a disagreement within the establishment. Both groups have to accept that they are in schism.
Use within Islam.
There are divisions between Sunni, Shia, and Kharijite Islam in CE 632 regarding the rightful successor to the prophet Muhammad. In 661 and 680 there were divisions regarding the rightful claimant to the Caliphate.
Use within Buddhism.
In Buddhism, the first schism was set up by Devadatta, during Buddha's life. After Buddha's passing away, the early Buddhist schools developed various schisms. In the old texts, 18 or 20 early schools are mentioned. Later, there were the Mahayana and Vajrayana movements, which can be regarded as being schismatic in origin.
Use within Judaism.
Throughout the Jewish history, Judaism survived many schisms. Today, major Jewish denominations are Orthodox Judaism and non-Orthodox: Reform, Conservative and Reconstructionist.

Proselyte
Proselyte, from Greek "προσήλυτος/proselytos", is used in the Septuagint for "stranger", i.e. a newcomer to Israel; a sojourner in the land, and in the New Testament () for a convert to Judaism from Paganism. It is a translation of the Hebrew word "גר/ger" ().
Two kinds of proselyte in Judaism.
A righteous proselyte was a Gentile who had converted to Judaism, was bound to all the doctrines and precepts of the Jewish economy, and was considered a full member of the Jewish people.
A gate proselyte was a "resident alien" who live in the Land of Israel and followed some of the customs.
Proselytes in early Christianity.
The "religious proselytes" spoken of in Early Christian writings were righteous proselytes, as distinguished from gate proselytes.

Twelve Apostles
The Twelve Apostles (', "apostolos",, someone sent forth/sent out) were men that according to the Synoptic Gospels and Christian tradition, were chosen from among the disciples (students) of Jesus for a mission. According to the Bauer lexicon, Walter Bauer's "Greek-English Lexicon of the NT": "...Judaism had an office known as apostle (שליח)".
The Gospel of Mark states that Jesus initially sent out these twelve in pairs (, cf.,), to towns in Galilee.
The Twelve Apostles.
The individual that the Gospel of John names as Nathanael is traditionally identified as the same person that the Synoptic Gospels call Bartholomew, and most would agree that the "sons of Zebedee" is likely to be a reference to James the Great and John, while "Judas (not Iscariot)" probably refers to Thaddaeus, also known as St. Jude. Noticeably missing from the Gospel of John are James, son of Alphaeus, Matthew, and Simon the Canaanite/Zealot. James the Just was, according to the Book of Acts, the leader of the Jerusalem church, and Matthew is noticeably the most Jewish of the Gospels, and it may be the case that the author of John deliberately left out these two figures for a motive opposed to Jewish Christianity. By the second century, the presence of two Simons in the list of the Synoptic Gospels allowed a case to be made for Simon Magus being the other of the Simons, and hence one of the twelve apostles; and it may have been for this reason that John left the other Simon out. The second Simon may also have been Simeon of Jerusalem, the second leader of the Jerusalem church, after James.

Dogma
A dogma is something that should not to be disputed or doubted. Most often, this means the basic beliefs and doctrines of a religion. What a majority of followers of an ideology or any kind of organization believe in can also be a dogma.
In the context of religion, the term has a neutral meaning. Outside of religion for most people the term means something negative, because it accepts only a particular point of view. If someone disputes a religious dogma, they can be accused of heresy.

Dogma (disambiguation)
Dogma is belief accepted by a religion or ideology as the only correct one.

State religion
A state religion (also called an official religion, established church or state church) is a religious group or creed officially accepted by the state. The term "state church" is used in context with Christianity, and is sometimes used for a specific national branch of Christianity.
Egypt and Sumer.
The concept of state religions was known as long ago as the empires of Egypt and Sumer, when every city state or people had its own god or gods.
Persian empire.
Zoroastrianism was the state religion of the Sassanid dynasty which lasted from (226 - 651).
Greek city-states.
Many of the Greek city-states also had a 'god' or 'goddess' associated with that city.
Roman Religion and Christianity.
When in Rome, the office of "Pontifex Maximus" was reserved for the emperor, failure to worship him as a god was sometimes punished by death, as the Roman government sought to link emperor worship with loyalty to the Empire. Many Christians and Jews were persecuted, because it was against their beliefs to worship the emperor.
Catholic Christianity, as opposed to Arianism and other heretical and schismatic groups, was declared to be the state religion of the Roman Empire on February 27 380 by the decree "De Fide Catolica" of Emperor Theodosius I.
Han Dynasty Confucianism and Sui Dynasty Buddhism.
In China, the Han Dynasty (206 BC -- 220 AD) advocated Confucianism as the de facto state religion, establishing tests based on Confucian texts as an entrance requirement into government service.
Established churches and former state churches in Europe.
In 1967, the Albanian government made atheism the "state religion". This designation remained in effect until 1991.
Finland's State Church was the Church of Sweden until 1809.
In France the Concordat of 1801 made the Roman Catholic, Calvinist and Lutheran churches state-sponsored religions, as well as Judaism.
In Hungary the constitutional laws of 1848 declared five established churches on equal status: the Roman Catholic, Calvinist, Lutheran, Eastern Orthodox and Unitarian Church. In 1868 the law was ratified again after the Ausgleich. In 1895 Judaism was also recognized as the sixth established church. In 1948 every distinction between the different denominations were abolished.
The Church in Wales was split from the Church of England in 1920 by Welsh Church Act 1914; at the same time becoming disestablished.
Catholic colonies.
In several colonies, the establishment ceased to exist in practice at the Revolution, about 1776; this is the date of legal abolition.
"Article IV. Section 10. No person within this state shall, upon any pretense, be deprived of the inestimable privilege of worshipping God in any manner agreeable to his own conscience, nor be compelled to attend any place of worship contrary to his own faith and judgment; nor shall he ever be obliged to pay tithes, taxes, or any other rate, for the building or repairing any place of worship, or for the maintenance of any minister or ministry, contrary to what he believes to be right, or hath voluntarily engaged. To do. No one religious society shall ever be established in this state, in preference to another; nor shall any person be denied the enjoyment of any civil right merely on account of his religious principles."
From 1780 Massachusetts had a system which required every man to belong to a church, and permitted each church to tax its members, and did not require that it be a Congregational church. This was objected to, as in practice establishing the Congregational Church, and was abolished in 1833.
Until 1877 the New Hampshire Constitution required members of the State legislature to be of the Protestant religion.
The North Carolina Constitution of 1776 disestablished the Anglican church, but until 1835 the NC Constitution allowed only Protestants to hold public office. From 1835-1876 it allowed allowed only Christians (including Catholics) to hold public office. Article VI, Section 8 of the current NC Constitution forbids only atheists from holding public office. Such clauses were held by the United States Supreme Court to be unenforceable in the 1961 case of Torcaso v. Watkins, when the court ruled unanimously that such clauses constituted a religious test incompatible with First and Fourteenth Amendment protections.
Religious Tolerance for Catholics with an Established Church of England were policy in the former Spanish Colonies of East and West Florida while under British rule. East Florida was lost to Spain in 1781.
Religious tolerance for Catholics with an established Church of England were policy in the former Spanish Colonies of East and West Florida while under British rule. East Florida was returned to Spain in 1783.
State of Deseret.
The State of Deseret was a provisional state of the United States, proposed in 1849 by Mormon settlers in Salt Lake City. The provisional state existed for slightly over two years.

Mass (music)
In music the word mass means a piece of music, to be sung by a choir, which uses the words of the church service known as the Eucharist. The words are in Latin as they are taken from the Roman Catholic service.
The usual words that are set to music are known as the Ordinary. These are the words of the service which are the same every day. The Ordinary consists of five parts: Kyrie (Lord have mercy upon us….), Gloria (Glory be to thee….), Credo (I believe in God the Father….), Sanctus (Holy, Holy, Holy….) and Agnus Dei (O Lamb of God…).
The words of the mass that are not from the Ordinary are called the Proper. These are words that may change in the service from day to day. The Proper consists of the Introit, Gradual, Alleluia, Tract, Offertory and Communion. There are also some words which are special for particular feast days.
In the Renaissance period church composers set the words of the Ordinary mass to music. This music was normally polyphonic: the different sections of the choir (soprano, alto, tenor and bass) all had musical lines which shared the melody and were of equal importance. The words of the Proper were not composed to special music. They were sung to plainchant.
During the last two centuries many composers have written masses which were not meant to be sung in a church service: they are written as concert pieces. Some of them are quite long and fill a whole concert programme. Some of the most famous masses are those by Bach, Mozart, Beethoven, Schubert, Berlioz, Dvořák, Verdi, Bruckner, Fauré and Vaughan Williams.

Ecumenical council
An Ecumenical Council (also sometimes Oecumenical Council) or general council is a meeting of the bishops of the church of the whole world who have come together to discuss matters of Church doctrine and practice.
The word is from the Greek language ", which means "inhabited", and was originally an other name for the territory of the Roman Empire, because the earliest councils were all called in by Roman Emperors. In later times it was used in the sense of "world-wide" or "general."
The first seven Ecumenical Councils.
The period of Christianity from the First Council of Nicaea (325) to the Second Council of Nicaea (787) is called the period of the Seven Ecumenical Councils.

Camille Saint-Saëns
Camille Saint-Saens (French: Camille Saint-Saëns) (born Paris 9 October 1835; died Algiers, 16 December 1921) was a French composer, pianist and organist. He was one of the greatest composers of his day. He composed lots of music of different kinds. Among his best works are his "Symphony no 3 (with organ) ", "Piano Concerto no 2", "Violin Concerto no 3", "Cello Concerto no 1", the opera "Samson and Delilah" and the "Danse Macabre". His most popular work, however, is the "Carnival of the Animals". Saint-Saens hated being thought of as “the composer of the "Carnival of the Animals". He said he had only written it for a bit of fun and he did not want anyone to perform it. Today it still remains one of the most popular pieces for children.
Life.
Three months after Camille was born his father died. Camille was often ill with tuberculosis when he was very small. He was brought up by his mother and his aunt. His aunt taught him the piano from when he was two. When he was ten he played piano concertos by Beethoven and Mozart at a public concert, playing everything from memory. He was very good at school and was interested in lots of subjects including science and philosophy. In 1858 he published some duets for harmonium and piano and he used the money to buy a telescope.
He studied music at the Paris Conservatoire and was a brilliant student, although he did not win the Prix de Rome. He soon became known as a composer, pianist and organist and he made many friends, among them Gounod, Berlioz and Rossini. Liszt thought he was the greatest organist in the world. Like Liszt, Saint-Saëns was often very kind to other composers and helped them to become known by playing and conducting their music. He was the first person to conduct Liszt’s symphonic poems in France. He himself wrote symphonic poems such as "Le Rouet d’Omphale" (1871) and "Danse Macabre" (1874). The idea of music which describes a story was quite a new idea at that time. He also helped people to like Bach whose music had been forgotten for a long time.
In the 1860s his fame spread and he also did some teaching at the Ecole Niedermeyer which educated young musicians for church music. His pupils included Faure, Messager and Gigout who all became life-long friends. He also founded the Societe Nationale de Musique which helped new music to be performed. Faure, Cesar Franck and Lalo were all members. The society gave first performances of works by Saint-Saens, Chabrier, Debussy, Dukas and Ravel and others.
Saint-Saens married a 19 year old girl. The marriage was not a success. They had two sons who died within six weeks of one another: the baby from an illness and the two-year-old from falling out of a fourth floor window. Saint-Saens blamed his wife and they eventually divorced.
For many years Saint-Saens travelled all over the world as a famous musician. Eventually he became less popular in France, but in England and America he was still very much admired. He played for Queen Victoria and spent some time studying original manuscripts of Handel in the library of Buckingham Palace. He was awarded the title of Doctor by the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge and was made a Commander of the Victorian Order because he had composed a march for the coronation of King Edward VII in 1902. He died in Algiers in 1921. His funeral was in the cathedral there, and his body was then taken back to Paris where he was given a state funeral at the church of Madeleine.
His Music.
Saint-Saens was more famous in the concert hall than he was in the theatre. He wrote 13 operas, but only one of them is still regularly performed: "Samson et Dalila" ("Samson and Delilah"). One of the arias from this opera, "Ma cœur s’ouvre à ta voix", is especially famous.
Saint-Saens wrote many concertos, symphonies, sonatas and chamber music. He often uses the style of dance music and creates a happy atmosphere by repeating certain patterns. His music is late Romantic, but based on the classical traditions rather than following the style of Wagner like many other French composers were doing at the time.

Fly to the Sky
Fly to the Sky (hangul:플라이 투 더 스카이) is a South Korean R&B duo. Its members are Korean American Brian Joo and South Korean Fany (also known as Hwanhee; Korean: 환희 Chinese: 歡喜; meaning "delight"). Since their 1999 debut single "Day by Day," they released six albums. Although they were marketed as teen idols, the duo later changed their image and style with their third album "Sea of Love" in 2002. With their future albums, the duo became known as R&B artists and are known as the first R&B duo of South Korea.
1999-2001.
The duo started in late 1998 by Korean record company SM Entertainment. A friend of Brian Joo signed him up for auditions with Brothers Entertainment without his knowledge. while he was going to Holy Spirit High School, a Roman Catholic school in New Jersey. As for Fany, a staff member working for the company recommended him to audition at a school festival.
Their first appeared on television on December 9, 1999. Their first album "Day by Day" sold over 250,000 copies.
Their second album "The Promise" was released in 2001. The album hit #2 on the charts, but it quickly slipped from the charts. In the same year, they had their first concert with singer Kim Jo-Han.
2002-2004.
The duo released two albums during this time. Their third album "Sea of Love" was released while Joo was at New Jersey going to Rutgers University, so Fany performed the songs by himself. The album featured "Condition of My Heart" which was written by American singer Brian McKnight.
Their fourth album "Missing You" was came out around the time when his manager died in a car crash. Fany was especially shocked by his death, because he was in the same car with his manager just hours before the incident.
"Gravity" was their fifth and last album came out by SM Entertainment. Their contract to the company ended soon after the release.
2004-present.
Fly to the Sky signed on with PFull Entertainment after their first contract ended in 2004. They wanted a smaller label that cared less about money. Fly to the Sky recorded their sixth studio album "Transition" in January 2006.
The duo started their first tour in Korea called "Fly To The Sky: 2006 The Twice Tour". Starting from Jamsil Arena in Seoul in May 2006, they had concerts in major Korean cities like Busan, Daegu, Junju, and Kwangju.
When "Transition" became popular, Fly to the Sky made a special edition, which had more music videos, deleted scenes and the more songs titled "Hwan Sang (Illusion)," "Hot and Cold," and "When I Say."
In 2004 and 2005, there was a rumor that they would break up. Brian denied to rumours and said that Fly to the Sky was not disbanding. He said the two had hard time getting along for first few years of their career on the show "Yah Shim Man Man," which aired on July 10. He said that he felt envy towards Fany, because he received more attention and praise than him. Brian felt that he was not given his due as Fany. Eventually he found this difficult to bear, and suggested to Fany that they pursue their separate paths. Fany responded angrily and the led to a fight that nearly led to the duo breaking up. The two was on good terms again soon after, understanding each other better. After the fight, the two decided to try to better understand each other in order to solve their problems together and to support each other. Brian's eyes were filled with tears when he was talking about the rumour.
Since 2006, the duo has appeared many times in variety shows. Fany appeared on Korean television drama "Over the Rainbow" during summer of 2006, and Brian released his solo album "The Brian" in December 2006. They became more popular but some critics and fans said they were compromising their image as artists.

Bram Stoker
Abraham "Bram" Stoker (November 8, 1847–April 20, 1912) was an Irish writer, best remembered as the author of the influential horror novel "Dracula".
Life.
He was born on November 8, 1847 at 15 Marino Crescent—then as now called "The Crescent"—in Clontarf, a coastal suburb of Dublin, Ireland. His parents were Abraham Stoker (born in 1799; married Stoker's mother in 1844; died on October 10, 1876) and the feminist Charlotte Mathilda Blake Thornley (born in 1818; died in 1901). Stoker was the third of seven children. Abraham and Charlotte were members of the Church of Ireland and attended the Clontarf parish church (St. John the Baptist) with their children where both were baptised. Until he started school at the age of seven—when he made a complete, astounding recovery—Stoker was an invalid. Of this time, Stoker wrote, "I was naturally thoughtful, and the leisure of long illness gave opportunity for many thoughts which were fruitful according to their kind in later years."
After his recovery, he became a normal young man even excelling as an athlete at Trinity College, Dublin (1864–70), from which he was graduated with honors in mathematics. He was auditor of the College Historical Society and president of the University Philosophical Society, where his first paper was on "Sensationalism in Fiction and Society". In 1876, while employed as a civil servant in Dublin, he wrote theater reviews for "The Dublin Mail", a newspaper partly owned by fellow horror writer J. Sheridan Le Fanu. His interest in theatre led to a lifelong friendship with the English actor Henry Irving. In 1878 Stoker married Florence Balcombe, a celebrated beauty whose former suitor was Oscar Wilde. The couple moved to London, where Stoker became business manager of Irving's Lyceum Theatre, a post he held for 27 years. The collaboration with Irving was very important for Stoker. Through him he became involved in London's high society, where he met, among other notables, James McNeil Whistler and Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. In the course of Irving's tours he got the chance to travel around the world.
They had one son, Irving Noel Stoker who was born 31 December 1879.
Dracula.
He supplemented his income by writing a large number of sensational novels, his most famous being the vampire tale "Dracula" which he published in 1897. Before writing "Dracula", Stoker spent eight years researching European folklore and stories of vampires. "Dracula" is an epistolary novel, written as collection of diary entries, telegrams, and letters from the characters, as well as fictional clippings from the Whitby and London newspapers. Stoker's inspiration for the story was a visit to Slains Castle near Aberdeen. The bleak spot provided an excellent backdrop for his creation.
"Dracula" has been the basis for countless movies and plays. The first was "Nosferatu" directed by Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau and starring Max Schreck as Count Orlock. "Nosferatu" was produced while Florence Stoker, Bram Stoker's widow and literary executrix, was still alive. Represented by the attorneys of the British Incorporated Society of Authors, she eventually sued the filmmakers. Her chief legal complaint was that she had been neither asked for permission for the adaptation nor paid any royalty. The case dragged on for some years, with Mrs Stoker demanding the destruction of the negative and all prints of the movie. The suit was finally resolved in the widow's favour in July 1925. Some copies of the movie survived, however, and "Nosferatu" is now widely regarded as an innovative classic. The most famous movie version of "Dracula" is the 1931 production starring Bela Lugosi and which spawned several sequels that had little to do with Stoker's novel.
Stoker wrote several other novels dealing with horror and supernatural themes, but none of them achieved the lasting fame or success of "Dracula". His other novels include "The Snake's Pass" (1890), "The Jewel of Seven Stars" (1903), and "The Lair of the White Worm" (1911).

Criss Angel
Criss Angel (born Christopher Nicholas Sarantakos, December 19, 1967) is an American illusionist, stunt performer, and musician. He has done many illusions, for example walking on water, making an Asian elephant vanish and then reappear several episodes later, and floating between two buildings. Angel has a television program on the American network A&E called "Criss Angel Mindfreak". The program has stunts and street magic, as well as public service announcements about scams that are popular around the United States.

TVXQ
TVXQ (Tong Vfang Xien Qi) is a five-member Korean-Pop boy band active in South Korea and Japan. Its members are U-know Yunho, Hero Jaejoong, Micky Yoochun, Xiah Junsu and Max Changmin. The group is popular in East Asian countries including Taiwan and China. They debuted in 2004 and belong to Korean record company SM Entertainment. They are known by different names. They are known as Dong Bang Shin Ki (abbreviated DBSK) in Korea and Tohoshinki in Japan.
The group has released three Japanese and four Korean albums so far. Their fourth Korea album, "Mirotic" was released in 2008 and has sold over 550,000 copies. It is their most successful album right now. Before that, the 2006 album "O-Jung.Ban.Hap." continued to chart in 2007 along with the group's 2005 album "Rising Sun". Their first Japanese album "Heart, Mind, and Soul" performed modestly peaking at #25 on the Oricon Chart. The album sold less than 20,000 copies. Their second album "Five in the Black" showed improvement. The album peaked at #2 and sold over 26,000 copies in its first week of release. The third album "T" also peaked at #2 and sold 30,003 copies on the first day of its release.
TVXQ has an official fan club, called "cassiopeia", in Korea. The number of people of this fan club makes it the biggest in the world. There is also a big fan club in Japan.

Ayumi Hamasaki
Ayumi Hamasaki (浜崎あゆみ "Hamasaki Ayumi", born October 2, 1978) is a Japanese female singer.
Born and raised in Fukuoka, she released her first single "Nothing from Nothing" in 1998. Her next four singles were fairly popular, but not as much as her first album, which was released in 1999 and sold over a million copies. To date, she has released eight full albums, one mini album, 40 singles, four greatest hits albums, and several remix albums. Selling over 50 million copies, she is the fourth top-selling artist in the history of Japan. Out of all her albums, "A Best" (2001), which is a greatest hits album, sold the most.
Although she has ear damage in her left ear, she is still singing. She is, however, working to stay healthy.
Cultural impact.
Hamasaki has affected high school girls the most. Since becoming a superstar in 2000, she has appeared on fashion magazines such as "ViVi" and "Popteen." She made oversized glasses and fake fox tails popular. When she became the face of cosmetics company "Kose Visee", the company sold more than 500,000 lipsticks in two days.

Love Generation
Love Generation (ラブジェネレーション) was a dramatic Japanese television series on Fuji Television. It first aired in Japan from October 13 1997 to December 22, 1997 every Monday. It had a very high rating of 30.8%. It features music by Cagnet.
Summary.
The show revolves around the relationship of the two leading characters, Katagiri Teppei and Uesugi Riko, who begin their relationship as squabbling colleagues before falling in love. Katagiri Teppei is a talented designer and very popular among women. Unfortunately, Teppei, who despises anything boring and repetitive, is forced to move to the sales department for his egocentric behavior. Throughout the series, he is forced to adapt to the new working environment, which includes cutting his precious locks of hair to create a neater and more professional image. As he struggles to adapt, he meets Uesugi Riko. While she does not like him at first, she eventually falls for him. However, Teppei runs into his highschool sweetheart Mizuhara Sanae, and discovers that his ex-girlfriend is now engaged to his brother Soichiro. Fortunately, Riko is there to console him, and this eventually blooms into a romance. Not long after, however, Sanae realizes she still has feelings for Teppei, and thus creates a love triangle. To make the matter even more complicated, Soichiro starts to have an affair with his past girlfriend.
Crystal apple.
Teppei's apartment has many unusual items such as Thai artifact, a 30-year-old refrigerator, and a crystal apple. The meaning behind the apple is that there is only one true love, between Adam and Eve, that is. A crystal can be broken easily, and when one would look in it, it appears upside down. The apple is seen upside down for the 10 of the 11 episodes. At the last episode, however, the apple is no longer upside down. The apple is on the album cover of Love Generation's soundtrack.
True love never runs smooth.
The advertising poster appears over and over again. The model is holding a crystal apple, and reads "True love never runs smooth" symbolizing the relationship between Riko and Teppei, which constantly faces struggles from when they meet for the very first time to the love triangle. This advertisement is visible everywhere from the park to Teppei's 30-year-old refrigerator, as "True love never runs smooth" is the unofficial tagline of this television series.

Psyche (mythology)
Psyche (pronounce: SY-kee) is a mortal woman in Greek mythology. She was the wife of Eros and the mother of Hedone. She is always pictured with butterfly wings.
Legend of Psyche.
According to a story written by Lucius Apuleius in the 2nd century.
Psyche was not a natural-born goddess. She was the daughter of a king and queen. When Psyche grew up she was so beautiful and graceful that people dared to compare her beauty to Aphrodite, the goddess of love and beauty. Aphrodite was thought to be the most beautiful goddess/woman who ever lived, and Psyche made her jealous. All the gods and men who once loved Aphrodite now turned towards Psyche. This made Aphrodite very mad and jealous.
To get rid of Psyche, Aphrodite asked her son Eros to make Psyche fall in love with the ugliest man on Earth. Eros shoots golden arrows which make people fall in love. He accidentally pricked himself with one of his arrows and fell in love with Psyche himself. He could not bear to do harm to her, so they got married and had a daughter name Hedone (called "Voluptas" in Roman mythology). Hedone is seen as the personification of lust.
Aphrodite said she would allow the marriage if Psyche could take a challenge and pass. Psyche was supposed to live with her husband without knowing who he was or what he looked like. Psyche's sisters Orotia and Thessela trick her into believing that her husband might be a monster or that he might be cheating on her so she lights a candle and looks at his face and finds out it is Eros. Eros leaves and Psyche meets Aphrodite for the first time.
Aphrodite says Psyche can get her husband back if she completes four tasks, the last one being to retrieve some creme from Hades and bring it back to Aphrodite. Psyche passes these tests with the help of Zeus and she and Eros are allowed to be together.

Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet
Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet (December 10, 1787 - September 10, 1851) was an American teacher and the founder of the American School for the Deaf. He founded the school in 1817.
History.
Gallaudet was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He went to Yale University. He got his bachelor's degree in 1805 and master's degree in 1808. He wanted to do many things for example, study law or study religion. In 1814, Gallaudet became a preacher.
Gallaudet chose not to become a preacher when he met Alice Cogswell, the nine-year-old deaf daughter of a neighbor, Dr. Mason Cogswell. He taught her many words by writing them in the dirt. Cogswell asked Gallaudet to go to Europe to learn ways for teaching deaf people.
While in Great Britain, he met Abbé Sicard, head of a school for deaf people in Paris, and two of its deaf teachers, Laurent Clerc and Jean Massieu. Sicard asked Gallaudet to go to Paris to study the school's ways of teaching the deaf. Gallaudet studied with Sicard. He learned sign language from Massieu and Clerc, who were both graduates of the school.
Gallaudet asked Clerc to go back to America with him. The two men toured New England and got money to create a school for deaf students in Hartford, Connecticut which later became known as the American School for the Deaf. Young Alice was one of the first seven students in the United States.

Annelid
Annelids are a phylum of Invertebrates. Sometimes they are called by their Latin name Annelida. They include the segmented worms, with about 15.0000 known species. Well known species are earthworms and leeches. Annelids can be found in most wet environments. Some of these species are parasites, or mutualistic. This means they live together with (or inside) another organism. In the case of a mutualistic relationship, this is beneficial to both organisms. Their size varies from under a millimetre to about 3 metres. The largest known species is the seep tube worm (Lamellibrachia lymnesi) related to the giant tube worm.
Annelids are made of one or more body segments. Each segment has one or more rings. These rings are called "annuli" (singular: annulus). Depending on the species, annelids can reproduce both sexually and asexually.
Annelid Worms have nerver tissue, a ganglia that makes up a primitive brain, a heart, and segmented body parts. They can regenerate cut off pieces of their body. Unlike sponges, which can come back toghether if ripped apart. They have a hydrostatic skeleton. They have a 1-way digestion system and a bilateral symmetry.

Polychaeta
Polychateta (more commonly called Polychaetes, or bristle worms) are a class of annelids. They are generally found in a marine environment. Each of their body segments has some fleshy protrusions that stand out. These protrusions usually have many bristles, which are made of chitin. There are more than 10.000 known species in this class. It is different from the "Oligochaeta". Oligochaeta are similar in design, but only have a few bristles. Common animals of the group are the lugworm, and the clam worm "Nereis" (which is sometimes also called sandworm).

Lugworm
The lugworm or sandworm is a large marine worm of the phylum Annelida. Its coiled castings are a familiar sight on a beach at low tide but the animal itself is not seen except by those who, from curiosity or to use as fishing bait, dig the worm out of the sand.
The animal can grow to a size of about 9 inches (22 cm). Its body is segmented, like that of an earhworm. It has bristles in the middle part. It is a polychaete. It also has well-developed blood-wessels, and gills to breathe in the water.
The lugworm lives under sand in a 'U' shape.From one side it sucks the sand and gets the nutrients and little creatures and releases the unwanted sand from the other side.

Common clam worm
The Common clam worm ("Nereis succinea") is a widely distributed polychaete worm. It is often referred to as a ragworm or sandworm, or simply as the "clam worm", but these terms can all refer to any one of a number of other species of the genus "Nereis" (or indeed to other polychaetes). The name "common clam worm" is less ambiguous, but is also sometimes used for other "Nereis" species such as "N. virens" and "N. limbata".
The common clam worm can reach up to 15 centimeters (6 inches) in length, but most specimens are smaller than this. It is brown coloured at the rear, and reddish-brown on the rest of its body. It has an identifiable head with four eyes, two sensory feelers or palps, and eight tentacles.
It is a freeswimming polychaete, scavenging on the bottom of shallow marine waters. It feeds on other worms and algae. To feed, it uses a proboscis, which has two hooks at the end, to grasp prey and draw it into its mouth. Clamworms are an important food source for bottom-feeding fish and crustaceans, though they can protect themselves by secreting a mucus substance that hardens to form a sheath around them.
During lunar phases in the spring and early summer, the clam worm undergoes "heterogenesis". Their parapodia enlarge so they can swim. The clamworms are then capable of releasing eggs and sperm. After they have released their egg or sperm, they die.
Planktonic larvae develop, grow into annelids and eventually sink to the bottom of the water.

Protozoa
Protozoa, from Greek language "first life", are very simple organisms. They are made of only one cell. They are eukaryotes. Very often they are classified as Protista, together with simple plant-like algae, and fungus-like molds. Some protozoa are disease-causing germs.

Sandworm
It can also stand for huge worms in the book Dune by Frank Herbert, see Sandworm (Dune)

Hematophagy
Hematophagy is the habit of certain animals to feed on blood. Blood is rich in proteins. Examples of animals that feed on blood are mosquitoes, vampire bats and leeches.

Crinoidea
Crinoids, also known as "sea lilies" or "feather-stars", are marine animals. They make up the class Crinoidea of the echinoderms (phylum Echinodermata). They live both in shallow water and in depths as great as 6000 meters. Crinoids are characterized by a mouth on the top surface that is surrounded by feeding arms. They have a U-shaped gut, and their anus is located next to the mouth. Although the basic echinoderm pattern of fivefold symmetry can be recognized, most crinoids have many more than five arms. Crinoids usually have a stem they use to attach themselves to a substrate, but many live attached only as juveniles and become free-swimming as adults. There are only a few hundred known modern forms, but crinoids were much more common both in species and numbers in the past. Some thick limestone beds dating to the mid- to late-Paleozoic are entirely made up of disarticulated crinoid fragments.

Yorkshire Dales
The Yorkshire Dales (also known as the "Dales") is the name given to an upland area, mostly in Yorkshire, in Northern England. Most of the area falls within the Yorkshire Dales District National Park, created in 1954. The "Dales" is one of the twelve National parks of England and Wales. The area is so called because it is a collection of river valleys ("dale" comes from a Danish word for valley), and the hills in between them. The area lies mainly in the historic county of Yorkshire, but today lies partly in three modern counties: North Yorkshire, West Yorkshire, and Cumbria.

Suwanee, Georgia
Suwanee is a city in the American state of Georgia. It is in Gwinnett County. In 2005, about 12,500 people lived in Suwanee. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 25.6 km² (9.9 mi²). 25.4 km² (9.8 mi²) of it is land and 0.2 km² (0.1 mi²) of it (0.71%) is water.

Cumming, Georgia
Cumming is a city in the American state of Georgia. The city is the county seat of Forsyth County. About 5800 people live in Cumming. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 15.3 km² (5.9 mi²). 15.3 km² (5.9 mi²) of it is land and 0.1 km² (0.04 mi²) of it (0.34%) is water.

Athens, Georgia
Athens is a city in the American state of Georgia.
It is the county seat of Clark County.
The University of Georgia is located in Athens.

Anaerobic digestion
Anaerobic digestion (AD) is the process of decomposition of material in an environment without oxygen. This process does happen naturally as well, but it is called anaerobic digestion only if it is supported and contained. An anaerobic digester is an industrial system that supports these natural process to treat waste, produce biogas that can be used to power electricity generators, provide heat and produce soil improving material.

Clarke County, Georgia
Clarke County is a county in the American state of Georgia. The county seat of Clarke County is Athens, Georgia. Clarke county was formed on December 5, 1801 and named after Elijah Clarke. The University of Georgia is located in Clarke County. Clarke county has a population of 104,429 people.

Forsyth County, Georgia
Forsyth County is a county in the American state of Georgia. The county seat of Forsyth County Cumming, Georgia. Forsyth County has one of the fastest growing population of any county in the United States. The population has grown from 98,407 to 140,393 between 2000 and 2005. The county was formed in 1832 and is named after John Forsyth.

Johns Creek, Georgia
Johns Creek is a city in the American state of Georgia. It was only made a city December 1, 2006. Johns Creek has about 65,000 people living in it. It is a part of Fulton County. Johns Creek is the 10th largest city in Georgia.

The Black Parade
"The Black Parade" is a 2006 album by the band, My Chemical Romance. It is the third album from the band. The album is a concept album. The songs on this album follow the life of The Patient, a man dying of cancer. The album takes the listener into The Patient's mind, fears, regrets, and accomplishments.
Much like their first two albums, "The Black Parade" offers a message of hope.
"The Black Parade" is: Ray Toro, Mikey Way, Gerard Way, Frank Iero, and Bob Bryar.

Biogas
Biogas means a gas produced by the anaerobic digestion or fermentation of organic matter in an environment without oxygen. The organic matter can be manure, sewage sludge, municipal solid waste, biodegradable waste or any other biodegradable feedstock. Biogas is mainly methane and carbon dioxide.
Biogas can be used as a vehicle fuel or for generating electricity. It can also be burned directly for cooking, heating, lighting, process heat and absorption refrigeration.
Biogas and anaerobic digestion.
Biogas production by anaerobic digestion is popular for treating biodegradable waste because valuable fuel can be produced while destroying disease-causing pathogens and reducing the volume of disposed waste products. The methane in biogas burns more cleanly than coal, and produces more energy with less emissions of carbon dioxide. The harvesting of biogas is an important role of waste management because methane is a greenhouse gas with a greater global warming potential than carbon dioxide. The carbon in biogas was generally recently extracted from the atmosphere by photosynthetic plants, so releasing it back into the atmosphere adds less total atmospheric carbon than the burning of fossil fuels.
Biogas typical composition range.
The composition of biogas varies depending upon the origin of the anaerobic digestion process. Landfill gas typically has methane concentrations around 50%. Advanced waste treatment technologies can produce biogas with 55-75%CH4.

Liturgy
A liturgy is a ceremony, according to the traditions of a particular group or event. In religion, it may mean an elaborate formal ritual (such as the Catholic Mass), or a daily activity such as the Muslim Salats. Anglican, Orthodox, Lutheran, or other groups, when using the words "the Liturgy", normally mean a standardized order of events observed during a religious service, often including the Eucharist. The "open" or "waiting" worship of Quakers is an example of a non-liturgical service because there is no minister or structured order of events.
In the Christian church, liturgical churches are those that use a well-defined liturgy dating to the second century and earlier, in which many of the words and music used follow basic patterns each time the service is conducted. Most Orthodox, Catholic, Anglican, and Lutheran churches are liturgical, most other churches to a far lesser extent. So-called non-liturgical churches usually follow a common worship sequence from one service to the next, with several elements common to many such services. These elements often include readings from the Bible, hymns, a sermon, offerings of money, and at certain times, Holy Communion.

Mass (liturgy)
"This article is about mass as a ceremony, for other uses see: Mass (disambiguation)"
Mass is the term used to describe celebration of the Eucharist in the Western liturgical rites of the Roman Catholic Church, Old Catholic Churches, in the Anglo-Catholic tradition of Anglicanism, and in some largely High Church Lutheran regions: in Scandinavian and Baltic countries the Lutheran Eucharistic service is also known as "the Mass".
The term comes from the late-Latin word "missa" (dismissal), a word used in the concluding formula of Mass in Latin: "Ite, missa est" ("Go, it is the dismissal").
Other websites.
Present form of the Roman rite of the Mass
Tridentine form of the Roman rite of the Mass

Woodpecker
The woodpecker is a type of bird. It is from the "Picus, Dendrolopus" family. They are wood-boring birds that are strong flyers and have long tongues. They use their strong bills to make holes in trees for homes. They also make holes when they look for food.

Piri Reis
Piri Reis (full name Hadji Muhiddin Piri Ibn Hadji Mehmed) (about 1465 – 1554 or 1555) was an Ottoman-Turkish admiral and cartographer born between 1465 and 1470 in Gallipoli on the Aegean coast of Turkey. Today, people remember him because of the maps he made. He made the first Ottoman map to show parts of the Americas, the Piri Reis map, in 1513. He drew a second map in 1528. Only a fragment of that map survives today. That fragment however, shows parts of North America, including Greenland. It goes from the coast of Labrador and Newfoundland in the north, to Florida,Cuba and parts of Central America in the south. Therefore, some people believe he drew a map of the Arctic about 200 years before it was discovered.

Walter Sutton
Walter Stanborough Sutton (April 5, 1877 - November 10, 1916) was an American biologist. He discovered that an organism has half the amount of chromosomes in sex cells than it has in its body cells.
Sutton was born in Utica, New York and raised in Russell, Kansas. He got Bachelors and Masters degrees from the University of Kansas. Sutton then went to Columbia University and got his doctorate in medicine in 1907.

Darth Maul
Darth Maul is a character from the "Star Wars" universe. The character first appeared in the movie in 1999. Darth Maul has also been in many books set in the time period just before the Clone Wars. Darth Maul was played by Ray Parks in the movie.
Darth Maul is the first known apprentice of Darth Sidious. Maul is a Sith lord who uses the Dark Side of the Force. Darth Maul has black and red tattoos covering his head and face, a crown of small horns, and evil yellow eyes. He uses a red, double bladed lightsaber as a weapon. He flys the starship "The Sith Infiltrator".
History.
After Nute Gunray, the viceroy of the Trade Federation, loses Queen Amidala, Darth Sidious sends Darth Maul to track her down. Darth Maul follows her to Tatooine, where he sends out probe droids to find her. As Anikan the Queen and the Qui Gon Jin get ready to leave the planet, Darth Maul attacks on his speeder and Maul and Qui Gon battle. After losing the Queen, Darth Sidious sends Darth Maul to Naboo to watch over the planet. When the Queen launches an attack, Darth Maul shows himself again. This time Qui-Gon Jinn and Obi-Wan Kenobi start to battle with him. Darth Maul kills Qui-Gon and almost pushes Obi-Wan down a pit. In the end, Obi-Wan uses Qui-Gon's lightsaber to cut Darth Maul in half.

Probe droid
Probe droids are robots in the "Star Wars" movies. They are used for spying and finding people. Darth Maul used probe droids to find Queen Amidala and the Jedi in The Phantom Menace. In The Empire Strikes Back, the Imperials use the probe droids to find the Rebel base.

Count Dooku
Count Dooku of Serenno (also known as Darth Tyranus) is a character from the "Star Wars" universe. Dooku is one of the major characters in '.
He is the second known student of Darth Sidious. Dooku is also the leader of the Confederacy of Independent Systems during the Clone Wars.

Clone Wars
The Clone Wars was a period in the Star Wars movies. They had the Jedi and the clone troopers vs. the Sith and the Battle Droids.

Prokaryote
Prokaryote is a word that describes a type of cell. The name comes from Greek "pro-" (meaning "before") and "carion", meaning "nut" or "kernel". Prokaryotes are cells that do not have a cell nucleus. They also lack other things eukaryotes (cells with a true nucleus) have. Prokaryotes do not have membranes inside the cell. This means that there are no vacuoles, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticula or other organelles inside the cell.
Most prokaryotes are unicellular. Most are bacteria. Some prokaryotes are called Archaea. These include simple organisms, that were first discovered in extreme environments. Most of them can survive at very high or very low temperatures. Some of them can also survive in highly salty, acidic or alkaline water. Some have been found in geysers, black smokers or oil wells.
Cells with a nucleus are usually called Eukaryotes.

Cuttlebone
Cuttlebone is a hard brittle structure found inside cuttlefish. It is made mainly of calcium carbonate. The cuttlefish use it to control floating. Cuttlebones have been used to make polishing powder. This was then added to toothpaste. Today, cuttlebone is mainly used for caged birds and turtles, so they get their calcium.

Decapodiformes
Decapodiformes is a superorder of Cephalopoda. It includes cephalopods with ten feet. These are usually 8 arms and two tentacles. Well-known members are the cuttlefish and the squid.

Octopodiformes
Octopodiformes is a group of cephalopods with 8 arms. They originally came from the ten armed ones. They include octopuses and Vampire squid.

Vampyromorphida
Vampyromorphida is an order of cephalopods. There are one extant species ("Vampyroteuthis infernalis") and several extinct taxa in it.

Diana Burrell
Diana Burrell (born Norwich 25 October 1948) is an English composer. She went to Norwich High School for Girls and then studied music at the University of Cambridge. She started her career as a viola player, but soon she started to become well-known for her compositions and became a full-time composer.
Her first big orchestral piece was called "Landscape" (1988). It describes the wild, windswept countryside. Another orchestral work has a long title in German: "Das Meer so gross und weit ist da wimmelts ohne Zahlgrosse kleine Tiere" ("The Sea is so big and wide and swarming with numerous little animals"). It describes the sounds and the atmosphere of the sea.
Diana has written other orchestral works including concertos for viola, flute and clarinet, an opera "The Albatross" (1997), lots of choral works and chamber music. She likes modern architecture and her music sometimes shows this in the way it is shaped. She has also written music for young people such as "Lights and Shadows" (1989) which includes children’s choir, recorder group and lots of percussion.
Diana teaches at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama and is Artistic Director of Spitalfields Festival in London. She lives in East London.

Hypotonic
In biology, a solution is called hypotonic if there are less solutes in it compared to the solution inside a cell.
When a cell is exposed to a hypotonic solution, it will gain water over time. This way, the water diffuses into the cell and causes the cell to swell.
Plants live in hypotonic environments. However, their cells do not swell; this is because their cells are covered with cell walls that prevent them from bursting.

James, son of Zebedee
Saint James, son of Zebedee (d. AD 44) was one of the disciples (learners) of Jesus. He was the son of "Zebedee" and "Salome" and brother of John the Evangelist. He is called Saint James the Greater to distinguish (mark as different) him from the other apostle named James
(James, son of Alphaeus). James is described as one of the first disciples who joined Jesus. The Synoptic Gospels tell that James and John were with their father by the seashore when Jesus called them to begin traveling (,). According to Mark, James and John were called "Boanerges", or the "Sons of Thunder" (). Acts of the Apostles 12:1-2 records that King Herod had James executed by sword ().
Saint James and Hispania.
According to ancient local tradition, on 2 January of the year AD 40, the Virgin Mary appeared to James on the bank of the Ebro River at Caesaraugusta, while he was preaching the Gospel in Spain. She supposedly appeared upon a pillar, Nuestra Señora del Pilar, and that pillar is conserved and venerated within the present Basilica of Our Lady of the Pillar, in Zaragoza, Spain. Following that apparition, St James returned to Judea, where he was beheaded by King Herod Agrippa I in the year 44.
The translation of his relics from Judea to Galicia in the northwest of Iberia was effected, in legend, by a series of miraculous happenings: decapitated in Jerusalem with a sword by Herod Agrippa himself, his body was taken up by angels, and sailed in a rudderless, unattended boat to Iria Flavia in Spain, where a massive rock closed around his relics, which were later removed to Compostela. The 12th-century "Historia Compostellana" gives a summary of the legend of St James as it was believed at Compostela. Two ideas are central to it: first, that St James preached the gospel in Spain as well as in the Holy Land; second, that after his martyrdom at the hands of Herod Agrippa I his disciples carried his body by sea to Spain, where they landed at Padrón on the coast of Galicia, and took it inland for burial at Santiago de Compostela.
The authenticity of the sacred relics of Compostela was asserted in the Bull of Pope Leo XIII, "Omnipotens Deus," of 1 November 1884.
The tradition at Compostela placed the discovery of the relics of the saint in the time of king Alfonso II (791-842) and of bishop Theodemir of Iria. These traditions were the basis for the pilgrimage route that began to be established in the 9th century, and the shrine dedicated to James at Santiago de Compostela, in Galicia in Spain, became the most famous pilgrimage site in the Christian world. St James's Way is a tree of routes that cross Western Europe and arrive at Santiago through Northern Spain. Eventually James became the patron saint of Spain.
The name "James" in English comes from "Iacobus" (Jacob) in Latin. In eastern Spain, Jacobus became "Jacome" or "Jaime"; in Catalunya, it became Jaume, in western Spain it became "Iago", and Portugal and Galicia it was Tiago. "Saint James" ("Sanctus Jacobus") became "Sant' Iago", which was abbreviated to "Santiago". James's emblem was the scallop shell (or "cockle shell"), and pilgrims to his shrine often wore that symbol on their hats or clothes.

Vampire squid
The Vampire Squid ("Vampyroteuthis infernalis", lit. "vampire squid from hell") is a small, deep-sea cirrate cephalopod. It can be found throughout the temperate and tropical oceans of the world. Unique retractile sensory filaments justify the Vampire Squid's placement in its own order: "Vampyromorphida" (formerly "Vampyromorpha"). It has similarities with both squid and octopuses. It is the only surviving member of its order. It was first described and mistakenly identified as an octopus in 1903 by German teuthologist Carl Chun.
Physical description.
The vampire squid can grow to about 30 cm (1 foot) in total length. It is no threat to humans. Its 15 cm (6 inch) gelatinous body varies in color between velvety jet-black and pale reddish, depending on location and lighting conditions. A webbing of skin connects its eight arms, each lined with rows of fleshy spines or "cirri". The inside of this "cloak" is black. Only the distal half (farthest from the body) of the arms have suckers. Its limpid, globular eyes—which appear red or blue, also depending on lighting—are proportionately the largest in the animal kingdom at 2.5 cm (1 inch) in diameter.
Mature adults have a pair of ear-like fins. These fins stand out from the lateral sides of the mantle. They serve as the adult's primary means of propulsion (moving around): Vampire Squid are said to "fly" through the water by way of flapping their fins. Their powerful beak-like jaws are as white as ivory. Within the webbing are two pouches. These pouches hide the tactile "velar filaments". The filaments are analogous to a true squid's tentacles, extending well past the arms, however, they are a different arm pair than the squid's tentacles. Instead, the filaments are the same pair that were lost by the ancestral octopuses.
The Vampire Squid is covered entirely in light-producing organs called photophores. The animal has great control over the organs. It is capable of producing disorienting flashes of light for fractions of a second to several minutes in duration. The intensity and size of the photophores can also be varied. Appearing as small white discs, the photophores are larger and more complex at the tips of the arms and at the base of the two fins. They are absent from the underside of the caped arms. Two larger white areas on top of the head were initially believed to be photophores too, but have turned out to be photoreceptors.
The chromatophores (pigment organs) common to most cephalopods are poorly developed in Vampire Squid. While this means the animal is not capable of changing its skin colour in the dramatic fashion of shallow-dwelling cephalopods, such trickery is not needed at the pitch black depths in which it lives.
Habitat and adaptations.
The Vampire Squid is an extreme example of a deep-sea cephalopod. People think it lives at aphotic (lightless) depths from 600-900 metres (2,000-3,000 feet) or more. Within this region of the world's oceans is a discrete habitat known as the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ). Within the OMZ oxygen saturation is too low to support aerobic metabolism in most higher organisms. Nonetheless, the Vampire Squid is able to live and breathe normally in the OMZ at oxygen saturations as low as 3%; something no other cephalopod—and few other animals—can claim.
In order to cope with life in the suffocating depths, vampire squid have developed several radical adaptations. Of all deep-sea cephalopods, their mass-specific metabolic rate is the lowest. Their blue blood's hemocyanin binds and transports oxygen most efficiently, aided by gills with especially large surface area. The animals have weak musculature but maintain agility and buoyancy with little effort thanks to sophisticated statocysts (balancing organs akin to a human's inner ear) and ammonium-rich gelatinous tissues closely matching the density of the surrounding seawater.
At the shallower end of the Vampire Squid's vertical range, the view from below is like the sky at twilight: The highly sensitive eyes of deepwater dwellers are able to distinguish the silhouettes of other animals moving overhead. To combat this, the vampire squid generates its own bluish light (bioluminescence) in a strategy called counterillumination: The light diffuses the animal's silhouette, effectively "cloaking" its presence from the watchful eyes below. Its own large eyes detect even the faintest of gleams. A pair of photoreceptors are located on top of its head, perhaps alerting the animal to movements above.
Like other deep-sea cephalopods, Vampire Squid have no ink sacs. If threatened, instead of ink, a sticky cloud of bioluminescent mucus containing innumerable orbs of blue light is ejected from the arm tips. This luminous barrage, which may last nearly 10 minutes, is presumably meant to daze would-be predators and allow the Vampire Squid to disappear into the blackness without the need to swim far. The display is made only if the animal is very agitated; regenerating the mucus is costly from a metabolic point of view.
Development.
Few specifics are known regarding the ontogeny of the Vampire Squid. Their development progresses through three morphologic forms: the very young animals have a single pair of fins, an intermediate form has two pairs, and the mature form again has one. As the animals grow and their surface area to volume ratio drops, the fins are resized and repositioned in order to maximize gait efficiency. Whereas the young propel themselves primarily by jet propulsion, mature adults find flapping their fins to be the most efficient means. This unique ontogeny caused confusion in the past, with the varying forms identified as several species in distinct families (Young 2002).
If hypotheses may be drawn from knowledge of other deep-sea cephalopods, the Vampire Squid likely reproduces slowly by way of a small number of large eggs. Growth is slow as food is not abundant at depths where the animals live. The vastness of their habitat and its sparse population make procreative encounters a fortuitous event. The female may store a male's hydraulically implanted spermatophore (a sort of tapered, cylindrical satchel of sperm) for long periods before she is ready to fertilize her eggs. Once she does, she may need to brood over them for up to 400 days before they hatch. The female will not eat towards this culmination and dies shortly thereafter.
Hatchlings are about 8 mm in length and are well-developed miniatures of the adults, with some differences. Their arms lack webbing, their eyes are smaller and their velar filaments are not fully formed. The hatchlings are transparent and survive on a generous internal yolk for an unknown period before they begin to actively feed. The smaller animals frequent much deeper waters, perhaps feeding on marine snow (falling organic detritus).
Behaviour.
What behavioural data known has been gleaned from ephemeral encounters with ROVs; animals are often damaged during capture and survive for no more than about two months in aquaria. An artificial environment makes reliable observation of non-defensive behaviour difficult.
With their long velar filaments deployed, Vampire Squid have been observed drifting along in the deep, black ocean currents. If the filaments contact an entity, or if vibrations impinge upon them, the animals investigate with rapid acrobatic movements. They are capable of swimming at speeds equivalent to two body lengths per second, with an acceleration time of five seconds. However, their weak muscles limit stamina considerably.
Unlike their relatives living in more hospitable depths, deep-sea cephalopods cannot afford to spend energy in protracted flight. Given their low metabolic rate and the low density of prey at such depths, Vampire Squid must use innovative predator avoidance tactics in order to save energy. Their aforementioned bioluminescent "fireworks" are combined with the writhing of glowing arms, erratic movements and escape trajectories. These features make it difficult for a predator to home in.
In a threat response called "pumpkin" or "pineapple posture", the Vampire Squid inverts its caped arms back over the body, presenting an ostensibly larger form covered in fearsome-looking though harmless spines (called cirri). The underside of the cape is heavily pigmented, masking most of the body's photophores. The glowing arm tips are clustered together far above the animal's head, diverting attack away from critical areas. If a predator were to bite off an arm tip, the Vampire Squid can regenerate it.
Copepods, prawns and cnidarians have all been reported as prey of Vampire Squid. Little else is known regarding their feeding habits. Considering their environment,they are unlikely to be picky about food. Vampire Squid have been found among the stomach contents of large deepwater fish, deep diving whales and pinnipeds such as sea lions.
Relationships.
The Vampyromorphida are characterized by such apomorphies as the possession of photophores, a peculiar type of uncalcified endoskeleton called "gladius", 8 webbed arms and the 2 velar filaments. Until fairly recently known only from the modern species and some fossil remains tentatively allocated to this group, a batch of Middle Jurassic (Lower Callovian, c.165-164 mya) specimens found at La Voulte-sur-Rhône demonstrated that clearly vampyromorphid cephalopods were in existence for far longer than has been hitherto believed.
These were described as "Vampyronassa rhodanica". The supposed vampyromorphids from the Kimmeridgian-Tithonian (156-146 mya) of Solnhofen, "Plesioteuthis prisca", "Leptoteuthis gigas", and "Trachyteutis hastiformis", cannot be clearly assigned to this group; they are large species (from 35 cm in "P. prisca" to > 1 meter in "L. gigas") and show features not found in vampyromorphids, being somewhat similar to the true squids, Teuthida (Fischer & Riou 2002).

Gwinnett County, Georgia
Gwinnett County is a county in the American state of Georgia. The county seat of Gwinnett County is Lawrenceville. The county was created on December 15, 1818. In 2006, the Census bureau says there were 754,104 people living in Gwinnett County.
The county was named for Button Gwinnett, one of the people who signed the United States Declaration of Independence for Georgia.

University of Georgia
The University of Georgia is a university that is in and around Athens, Georgia. The university was created January 27, 1785 and was the first state university in the United States. About 34,000 students go to the school. The University's mascot is a bulldog named "Uga".
UGA is notably known for having one of the greatest football teams in the nation, and certainly the best in the Southeastern Conference (SEC). UGA has two national champion titles. 24 UGA football stars have been drafted in the first round of the NFL. Georgia is one of the greatest football teams of all time.

Gerhard Armauer Hansen
Gerhard Hendrik Armauer Hansen (July 29, 1841 - February 12, 1912) was a Norwegian doctor and scientist who was famous for discovering the bacteria that causes leprosy in 1873. That disease is also called "Hansen's disease" in his honour.

Fire station
A fire station is a building where firefighters and firetrucks are. Fire stations often have poles that firefighters can slide down to get to their fire engines faster.Often these fire stations have firefighters in them. Ironically these stations are made of wood and are likely to burn down

Fence
"This is about a fence. You may be looking for the sport."
A fence is something built like a low wall, often made of metal or wood, to keep something in or to keep something out.

Princeton University
Princeton University is a private university that is in Princeton, New Jersey in the United States. Princeton opened in 1746 as "the College of New Jersey". It was re-named "Princeton University" in 1896. It was the fourth college/university in the United States and is one of the 8 Ivy League schools.

Dill
Dill ("Anethum graveolens") is a short-lived annual herb that is often used to make food taste better.
Uses.
Fresh and dried dill leaves (sometimes called "dill weed" to distinguish it from dill seed) are used as herbs.
Like caraway, its fernlike leaves are aromatic, and are used to flavor many foods, such as gravlax (pickled salmon), borscht and other soups, cream cheese
and pickles. Dill is said to be best when used fresh, as it lose its flavor rapidly if dried; however, freeze-dried dill leaves preserve their flavor relatively well for a few months.
Dill seed is used as a spice, with a flavor similar to caraway.
Dill oil can be extracted from the leaves, stems and seeds of the plant.

Mummification
Mummification is a process. Through it, the skin and flesh of a corpse can be preserved. The process can occur either naturally, or it can be intentional. If it occurs naturally, it is the result of cold (as can be found in a glacier), acid (as can be found in a bog) or dryness.
Intentional mummification.
Intentional mummification was common in ancient Egypt, especially for burying Egyptian pharaohs. It takes about 70 days to completely mummify a dead body. The first step is to push a sharp rod up the nose and into the brain. From there, the brain is broken up into tiny pieces and removed through the nose. Next, they make a hole in the body to remove all the organs except for the heart. Jars which had the heads of gods on top were used to store the organs. The hole was then filled with linen and spices and the body was left under a salt to become dry. Later, after 40 days the body was wrapped in linen bandages. Priests surrounded the body while it was being wrapped and said spells. After the mummifying process was complete, a mask was placed over the head so it can be known in the afterlife.

Bandage
A bandage is strip of cloth or other material that is used to stop and absorb blood from wounds.
In common speech, the word "bandage" is often used to mean a dressing, though technically the two are different things.

Xenophobia
Xenophobia is a phobia. It is the fear or dislike of strangers or unknown things. Xenophobia can also mean the fear of trying new things. It is the fear of foreign things or people.

Confederacy of Independent Systems
The Confederacy of Independent Systems (also known as the CIS or Separatists) was an organization that appeared in the "Star Wars" movies. The CIS was led by the fallen Jedi Count Dooku. The armies of the Separatists had thousands of battle droids. The CIS launched attacks against the Galactic Republic. The Separatists stayed a strong power until the rise of the Empire.
Attack of the Clones.
The Confederacy of Independent Systems was first shown in Attack of the Clones. Count Dooku, a former Jedi, left the Jedi order and began a Separatist movement. This movement gained support and soon had support from thousands of solar systems. The Galactic Republic feared that a war would begin. Count Dooku and the Separatist leaders were getting ready for a war. Nute Gunray, leader of the Trade Federation, gave thousands of battle droids to the Separatist army. Other leaders, such as Poggle the Lesser and San Hill, gave money and droids to the Separatist cause. On the planet Geonosis, Count Dooku met with the leaders of powerful companies. Count Dooku gave his offer and the Confederacy of Independent Systems was formed. The Jedi Obi-Wan Kenobi overheard the meeting and sent a warning to the Republic. The Republic sent a newly created clone army to fight the battle droids. This battle on Geonosis began the Clone Wars. The Geonosian Archduke Poggle the Lesser gives the plans of a new weapon to Count Dooku. Count Dooku leaves the planet and goes to Coruscant. He gives the plans to Darth Sidious as well as telling him that the war has begun.
The Clone Wars.
During the Clone Wars, fighting between the Republic and the Separatists continued. Jedi were sent to help the clone armies overcome their enemies. The droid armies fought to hold more planets in its grip. For three years the fighting took place across the Galaxy. The Separatists gained several new allies during the Clone Wars. After the death of Jango Fett on Geonosis, a new bounty hunter, named Durge took his place. Count Dooku found a woman named Asajj Ventress who was powerful in the Force. Asajj Ventress proved to be a powerful commander in the Separatist army. A new leader of the Separatists rose at this time. General Grievous was half droid and half alien. He was trained in lightsaber combat by Count Dooku and became feared by Jedi throughout the Galaxy. One of the final and most daring attacks on the Republic came when General Grievous led a large fleet of starships to Coruscant to capture Supreme Chancellor Palpatine.
Revenge of the Sith.
Supreme Chancellor Palpatine is taken from Coruscant and put on the starship "The Invisible Hand". The Battle of Coruscant is fought both on the ground and in space. Obi-Wan Kenobi and Anakin Skywalker get on "The Invisible Hand" and rescue Palpatine. During this rescue, Anakin kills Count Dooku. General Grievous escapes and the Separatist forces are defeated. General Grievous, now the leader of the CIS, goes to Utapau to talk to the leaders of the businesses. Grievous is told by Darth Sidious to move the leaders to Mustafar. Droid armies' attack on Kashyyyk and Utapau. Obi-Wan Kenobi kills General Grievous on Utapau. Nute Gunray becomes the leader after both the deaths of Count Dooku and General Grievous. The new Sith apprentice, Darth Vader, was sent to Mustafar to kill the leaders. After he finished this job, all droid forces were stopped. This marked the end of the Confederacy of Independent Systems and the beginning of the Galactic Empire.

Hedone
Hedone in Greek mythology (which the Romans called Voluptas) was the daughter of Amor and Psyche. She was seen as the personification of lust.

Psyche (psychology)
The Acient Greeks believed that the Psyche (or soul) was responsible for behaviour. In modern times, a distinction is made between soul, self and mind. The study of the mind is called Psychology, and a person who studies the mind and helps people with their mind problems is called a psychologist.

Priština
Priština (also spelled as Pristina or Prishtina) is the largest and the capital city of Kosovo.

Seep tube worm
Seep tube worms (which are of the genus Lamellibrachia) are related to the giant tube worms. They live on the floor of the oceans, near cold seeps. There crude oil and methane come out of the ocean floor. The worm forms a symbiosis with cerain bacteria. These can oxidise sulfides. The worm binds the bacteria to a special hemoglobin molecule. It provides them with hydrogen sulfide and oxygen. In return, the bacteria feed the worm. The worms can grow to a length of about 3 metres.

Giant tube worm
Giant tube worms are annelids. They live on the floor of the oceans, usually near Black Smokers. They can tolerate extremely high temperatures and levels of sulfur. They live in symbiosis with certain bacteria. These bacteria are fed with sulfur compounds and oxygen. The bacteria then turn these compounds into organic molecules on which the host worms feed.

Trans-Siberian railway
The Trans-Siberian Railway or Trans-Siberian Railroad is a set of railways that goes from Moscow and European Russia to the Russian Far East provinces, Mongolia, China and the Sea of Japan.
Because Russia is such a big country, travel from one end and the other is an important problem. In the 1890s, the Russians began building the longest railway in the world to connect Moscow to the Pacific Ocean. Before the railway was built, the trip took about a year along very rough roads. One reason for building the "Trans-Sib" was military: to transport troops to the East in order to protect the country against Japan and China. Another reason was to transport food from the farming areas of south-western Siberia to the people in the European part of Russia. Many cities and industries are built up along the route of the Trans-Siberian Railway.

Hypertonic
A solution is hypertonic when there are more solutes outside of a cell than inside. Over time the cell will lose water through the passive process of osmosis (i.e from a high concentration to a low concentration of water molecules). When a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, the water diffuses (moves) out of the cell, causing the cell to shrivel. An example of a hypertonic solution is saltwater.

Nuclear reaction
A nuclear reaction is a process from physics. In it, two or more particles collide. The result are new particles which are different from the original ones. In the case of radioactivity this reaction is spontaneous. It can also be done on purpose, to make energy. This energy can then be used for different things, for example to make electricity (as in a nuclear power plant). It can also be used as fuel for a bomb.
In the example figure 6Li reacts with deuterium. This makes Beryllium which then decays into two alpha particles.

St. Paul's Cathedral
St. Paul's Cathedral is a cathedral in Central London, England. It was built in 604. The man who built it was called Mellitas Bishop of the East Saxons. In 962 and 1087 the cathedral burnt down and was built up again. Before today's version of the cathedral there were four others but they also burnt down because they were built with wood. Today's cathedral is made of stone and it was built in 1666, after the Great Fire Of London. St Paul's is a popular tourist attraction and is still used as a church today.

Greenhouse
A greenhouse (also called a glasshouse or hothouse) is a building where plants such as flowers and vegetables are grown. It usually has a glass or clear (transparent) plastic roof. Many greenhouses also have glass or plastic walls. Greenhouses get hot during the day. It is because the sun's heat warms the plants and soil (dirt) inside the greenhouse and they stay warm through the night, because the heat cannot escape.
Types of greenhouses.
Greenhouses come in many different sizes. Some people have small greenhouses in their backyard, outside their home. Plant companies have large greenhouses. Their structures range in size from small sheds to very large buildings.
Role of green houses.
Many vegetables and flowers are grown in greenhouses in late winter and early spring, when it is still too cold to grow plants outside. Then these plants are moved to the soil outside as the weather warms up. Greenhouses are used to grow crops in cold countries such as Canada. The largest group of greenhouses in the world is in Leamington, Ontario (in Canada), where about 200 acres (0.8 km²) of tomatoes are grown in glass greenhouses.
Gardening in greenhouses.
Gardening and growing plants in greenhouses is different from growing plants outside. No rain can get inside a greenhouse, so gardeners have to put water on the plants. As well, greenhouses can get very hot from the sun's heat, so gardeners have to make sure that it does not get too hot for the plants. Greenhouses usually have vents that can be opened to let excess heat out. Some greenhouses have electric exhaust fans that automatically turn on if it gets too hot in the greenhouse.
History.
In ancient Rome, Roman gardeners grew cucumbers in frames covered with oiled cloth or with sheets of mica. In the 1500s, Italian gardeners built structures for the tropical plants that explorers brought back to Italy. Jules Charles built the first modern greenhouse in Holland. In the 1800s, large greenhouses were built in England.

Apprenticeship
Apprenticeship is a system of training a new generation of skilled crafts practitioners, which is still popular in some countries and trades. Apprentices (or in early modern usage "prentices") build their careers from apprenticeships. Most of their training is done on the job while working for an employer who helps the apprentices learn their trade. Often some informal, theoretical education is also involved.
Development.
The system of apprenticeship first developed in the later Middle Ages and came to be supervised by craft guilds and town governments. A master craftsman had the right to employ young people as an inexpensive form of labour in exchange for providing formal training in the craft. Most apprentices were males, but female apprentices can be found in a number of crafts associated with embroidery, silk-weaving etc. Modern apprentices can be either gender.

Battle droid
In the "Star Wars" fictional universe, battle droids are robots that are made for fighting. They are seen in the prequel trilogy of the "Star Wars" movies. Battle droids are used by the Confederacy of Independent Systems to fight the Galactic Republic.

Western Long-beaked Echidna
The Western Long-beaked Echidna ("Zaglossus bruijni") is one of the four extant echidnas and one of three species of "Zaglossus" that occur in New Guinea. Fossils of this species also occur in Australia. As "Tachyglossus bruijni", this is the type species of "Zaglossus".
The Western Long-beaked Echidna is present in New Guinea. It lives above 1300m and up to 4000m above sea level. It is absent from the southern lowlands and north coast. Its preferred habitats are alpine meadow and humid forests in the mountains. Unlike the Short-beaked Echidna which eats ants and termites the Long-beaked species eats earthworms. The Long-beaked Echidna is also larger that the Short-beaked species. It reached up to 16.5 kilograms, the snout is longer and turns downward, and the spines are almost indistinguishable from the long fur. It can be told apart from the other "Zaglossus" species by the number of claws on the fore and hind feet. It has three (rarely four) claws.
The species is listed as endangered by the IUCN. Its population has been decreased by reduced habitat because of human activities and hunting. The Long-beaked Echidna is a delicacy. Although hunting the species has been banned by the Indonesian and Papua New Guinean governments, traditional hunting is permitted.
In February of 2006, an expedition led by Conservation International reported finding a population of the mammals as part of what they described as a "Lost world" of wildlife in the Foja Mountains of Papua Province, Indonesia.
Platypuses and echidnas are the only known mammal species to lay eggs.

Short-beaked Echidna
The Short-beaked Echidna ("Tachyglossus aculeatus") is 1 of 4 living types of echidna. It is also known as the Spiny Anteater because it eats ants and termites. It is the only member of the genus "Tachyglossus". The Short-beaked Echidna is covered in fur and spines. It has a special nose (snout) and a special tongue that lets the echidna catch its prey at a great speed. Like the other monotremes, the Short-beaked Echidna lays eggs. The monotremes are the only mammals that lay eggs.
The echidna can be found throughout Australia, and in coastal and highland regions of southwestern New Guinea. In Australia, it is the most widespread native mammal. In New Zealand it is known as the "Mungwe" in the Daribi and Chimbu languages. It is not threatened with extinction, but human activities, such as hunting, habitat destruction, and the introduction of foreign predatory animals and parasites, have reduced the places where the Short-beaked Echidna can be found in Australia.
Taxonomy.
The name "Tachyglossus" means "quick tongue". This is about the speed with which the echidna uses its tongue to catch ants and termites. The word "aculeatus" means "spiny" or "equipped with spines".
These are all much bigger than "T. aculeatus". They eat mostly worms and grubs, not ants and termites. Species of the Tachyglossidae are egg-laying mammals; together with the related family Ornithorhynchidae, the Platypuses, they are the only living monotremes in the world.
There are 5 subspecies of the Short-beaked Echidna, each live in different areas. The subspecies are also different from each other as to hairiness, spine length and width, and the size of the claws on their back feet.
Physical Description.
Short-beaked Echidnas are typically 30 to 45 centimetres in length, have a 75-millimetre snout, and weigh between two and five kilograms. However, the Tasmanian subspecies, "T. a. setosus", is larger than its Australian mainland counterparts. Because the neck is not externally visible, the head and body appear to merge together. The earholes are on either side of the head, with no external pinnae. The eyes are small and at the base of the wedge-shaped snout. The nostrils and the mouth are at the distal end of the snout; the mouth of the Short-beaked Echidna cannot open wider than 5 mm. The body of the Short-beaked Echidna is, with the exception of the underside, face and legs, covered with cream-coloured spines. The spines, which may be up to 50 mm long, are modified hairs, mostly made of keratin. Insulation is provided by fur between the spines, which ranges in colour from honey to a dark reddish-brown and even black; the underside and short tail are also covered in fur. Coloration of the fur and spines varies with geographic location. The Echidna's fur may be infested with what is said to be the world's largest flea, "Bradiopsylla echidnae", which is about 4 mm long.
The limbs of the Short-beaked Echidna are adapted for rapid digging. Their limbs are short and have strong claws. The claws on the hind feet are longer and curve backwards to enable cleaning and grooming between the spines. Like the Platypus it has a low body temperature — between 30 and 32 °C, but unlike the Platypus, which shows no evidence of torpor or hibernation, the body temperature of the echidna may fall as low as 5 °C. The Echidna does not pant or sweat and normally seeks shelter in hot conditions. In autumn and winter the Echidna shows periods of torpor or deep hibernation. Because of the low body temperature of the Short-beaked Echidna, it becomes sluggish in very hot and very cold weather. Like all monotremes, it has one orifice for the passage of faeces, urine and reproductive products, which is known as the cloaca. The male has internal testes, no external scrotum and a highly unusual penis with four knobs on the tip. The gestating female develops a pouch on its underside, where it raises its young.
The musculature of the Short-beaked Echidna has a number of unusual aspects. There is an enormous muscle that is just beneath the skin and covers the entire body. By contraction of various parts of this muscle the Short-beaked Echidna can change shape—the most characteristic shape change is achieved by rolling itself into a ball when threatened, protecting its belly and presenting a defensive array of sharp spines. It has one of the shortest spinal cords of any mammal, extending only as far as the thorax.
The musculature of the face, jaw and tongue is specialised to allow the Echidna to feed. The tongue of the Short-beaked Echidna is the animal's sole means of catching prey, and can protrude up to 180 mm outside the snout. The tongue is sticky because of the presence of glycoprotein-rich mucous, which both lubricates movement in and out of the snout and helps to catch ants and termites, which stick to it. Sticking out the tongue is achieved by contracting the circular muscles that change the shape of the tongue and force it forward, and contraction of two muscles attached to the caudal end of the tongue and to the mandible. The protruded tongue is stiffened by the rapid flow of blood, allowing it to penetrate wood and soil. Retraction requires the contraction of two internal muscles. When the tongue is retracted, the prey is caught on backward-facing keratinous "teeth", located along the roof of the buccal cavity. This allows the animal to both capture and grind food. The tongue moves with great speed, and has been measured to move in and out of the snout 100 times a minute.
Many physiological adaptations help the lifestyle of the Short-beaked Echidna. Because the animal burrows, it can tolerate very high levels of carbon dioxide in inspired air, and will voluntarily remain in situations where carbon dioxide concentrations are high. Its ear is sensitive to low-frequency sound, which may be ideal for detecting sounds emitted by termites and ants underground. The leathery snout is covered in mechano- and thermoreceptors. These receptors provide information about the surrounding environment. The Short-beaked Echidna has a well-developed olfactory system, which may be used to detect mates and prey. It has a highly sensitive optic nerve. It has been shown to have visual discrimination and spatial memory comparable to those of a rat. The brain and central nervous system of the Short-beaked Echidna have been extensively studied for evolutionary comparison with placental mammals. The Short-beaked Echidna has the largest prefrontal cortex with respect to body size of any mammal. It shows rapid eye movement during sleep, and its brain has been shown to contain a claustrum that is similar to placental mammals, linking this structure to their common ancestor.
Reproduction.
The solitary Short-beaked Echidna looks for a mate between May and September; the precise timing of the mating season varies with geographic location. Both males and females give off a strong odour during the mating season. During courtship — observed for the first time in 1989 — males locate and pursue females. Trains of up to ten males may follow a single female in a courtship ritual that may last for up to four weeks; the duration of the courtship period varies with location. In cooler parts of their range, such as Tasmania, females may mate within a few hours of arousal from hibernation.
Before mating, the male smells the female, paying particular attention to the cloaca. The male is often observed to roll the female onto her side and then assumes a similar position so that the two animals are abdomen to abdomen. Each mating results in the production of a single egg, and females are known to mate only once during the breeding season; each mating is successful.
Fertilisation occurs in the oviduct. Gestation takes between 21 and 28 days, during which time the female constructs a nursery burrow. Following the gestation period, a single rubbery-skinned egg between 13 and 17 millimetres in diameter is laid directly into a small, backward-facing pouch that has developed on her abdomen. Ten days after it is laid, the egg hatches within the pouch. The embryo develops an "egg tooth" during incubation, which it uses to tear open the egg; the tooth disappears soon after hatching.
Hatchlings are about 1.5 cm long and weigh between 0.3 and 0.4 grams. After hatching, young Echidnas are known as "puggles". Hatchlings attach themselves to their mothers' milk areolae, a specialised patch on the skin that secretes milk (monotremes have no nipples). The way in which puggles drink the milk is not yet known, but they have been observed drinking large amounts during each feeding period, since mothers may leave them unattended in the burrow for between five and ten days. The principal components of the milk are fucosyllactose and saialyllactose. The milk has a high iron content, which gives it a pink colour. Juveniles are eventually ejected from the pouch at around two to three months of age, because of the continuing growth in the length of their spines. Suckling gradually decreases until juveniles are weaned at about six months of age. The duration of lactation is about 200 days, and the young leave the burrow between 180 and 240 days.
The age of sexual maturity is uncertain, but may be four to five years. A twelve-year field study, published in 2003, found that the Short-beaked Echidna reached sexual maturity between five and 12 years of age, and that the frequency of reproduction varies from once every two years to once every six years. The Short-beaked Echidna can live as long as 45 years in the wild.
Ecology and behaviour.
No systematic study of the ecology of the Short-beak Echidna has been published. There have been studies of several aspects of their ecological behaviour. Short-beaked Echidnas live alone and apart from the burrow created for rearing young; they have no fixed shelter or nest site. They do not have a home territory, but range over a wide area. Short-beaked Echidnas are typically active in the daytime; however, they are ill-equipped to deal with heat, because they have no sweat glands and do not pant. Therefore, in warm weather they change their pattern of activity, becoming crepuscular (active at dawn or dusk) or nocturnal (active in the night). They can tolerate cold temperatures, and hibernate during the winter in very cold regions.
Short-beaked Echidnas can live anywhere where there is a good supply of food. Short-beaked Echidnas locate food by smell, using sensors in the tip of their snout, and regularly feast on ants and termites. They are powerful diggers, using their clawed front paws to dig out prey and create burrows for shelter. They may rapidly dig themselves into the ground if they cannot find cover when in danger.
In Australia they are most common in forested areas where there are many termite-filled fallen logs. In agricultural areas, they are most likely to be found in uncleared scrub; they may be found in grassland, arid areas, and in the outer suburbs of the capital cities. Little is known about their distribution in New Guinea, they have been found in southern New Guinea between Merauke in the west, to the Kelp Welsh River, east of Port Moresby in the east, where they may be found in open woodland.
Conservation status.
The Short-beaked Echidna is common throughout most of temperate Australia and lowland New Guinea, and is not listed as endangered. In Australia, the number of Short-beaked Echidnas has been less affected by land clearing than have some other species, since Short-beaked Echidnas do not require a specialised habitat beyond a good supply of ants and termites. Despite their spines, they are preyed on by birds, the Tasmanian Devil, cats, foxes and dogs. They were eaten by indigenous Australians and the early European settlers of Australia. The most common threats to the animal in Australia are cars and habitat destruction. These have led to localised extinction. Infection with the introduced parasite "Spirometra erinaceieuropaei" is fatal for the Echidna. The Wildlife Preservation Society of Queensland runs an Australia-wide survey called "Echidna Watch" to monitor the species in Australia.
Captive breeding is difficult, partly because of the relatively infrequent breeding cycle. Only five zoos have managed to breed a captive Short-beaked Echidna, but no captive-bred young have survived to maturity. This has conservation implications for the endangered species of echidna from the genus "Zaglossus", and to a lesser extent for the Short-beaked Echidna.
Cultural references.
Short-beaked Echidnas feature in the animistic culture of Indigenous Australians, including their visual arts and stories. The species was a totem for some groups, including the Noongar people from Western Australia, who called the animal the "Nyingarn". Many groups have myths about the animal; one myth explains that it was created when a group of hungry, young men went hunting at night and stumbled across a wombat. They threw spears at the wombat, but lost sight of it in the darkness. The wombat adapted the spears as its own defense and turned into an Echidna. Another story tells of a greedy man that kept food from his tribe; warriors speared him and he crawled away into the bushes, where he was turned into an Echidna, the spears becoming his spines.
The Short-beaked Echidna is an iconic animal in contemporary Australia. It appears on the Australian five-cent piece (the smallest denomination) and on a $200 commemorative coin released in 1992. The Short-beaked Echidna has been included in several postal issues: it was one of four native species to appear on Australian postage stamps in 1974, where it was the 25 cent stamp; it appeared on a 37 cent stamp in 1987, and again in 1992 when it was on the 35 cent stamp. The anthropomorphic Echidna "Millie" was a mascot for the 2000 Summer Olympics.

Columbia
Columbia is the original name for the United States and inspired the names of many things. For the original Columbia, see "Historical Columbia".

Eastern Long-beaked Echidna
The Eastern Long-beaked Echidna ("Zaglossus bartoni"), also known as Barton's Long-beaked Echidna, is one of three species from the genus "Zaglossus". All of them occur in New Guinea. It is found mainly in Papua New Guinea between 2000 and 3000 meters above sea level.
It can be distinguished from other members of the genus by the number of claws on the fore and hind feet. It has five claws on its fore feet and four on its hind feet. The adult animal weights between 5 kg (11 lb) and 10 kg (22 lb). Its body length ranges from 60–100 cm (23.5-39 inches). It has no tail. It has dense black fur. The species is the largest monotreme and is slow moving. It rolls into a spiny ball for defense.
The population of each subspecies is geographically isolated and they can be distinguished primarily by differences in body size.

Long-beaked echidna
The long-beaked echidnas make up one of the two genera (Genus "Zaglossus") of echidna. Echidna is a spiny monotreme that lives in New Guinea. There are three living species, and two extinct ones.
Echidnas are one of the two types of mammals that lay eggs.
"Zaglossus attenboroughi".
Remarks: Species described from one sample only. May be endangered, or locally extinct. See Sir David's Long-beaked Echidna
"Zaglossus bartoni".
Remarks: see Eastern Long-beaked Echidna
"Zaglossus bruijni".
Remarks: see Western Long-beaked Echidna
"Zaglossus hacketti".
Remarks: This species is known only from a few bones. At a metre long, it was huge for an echidna and for monotremes in general.
"Zaglossus robustus".
Remarks: This species is known from a fossil skull about 65 cm long.

Sir David's Long-beaked Echidna
Sir David's Long-beaked Echidna ("Zaglossus attenboroughi"), also known as the Cyclops Long-beaked Echidna, is one of three species from the genus "Zaglossus". All of them occur in New Guinea. It is named in honour of Sir David Attenborough. It lives in the Cyclops mountains in Papua province of Indonesia near the cities of Sentani, Jayapura.
The species was described from a single damaged animal, which was collected in the Dutch colonial era (c. 1961). It has not been collected since that time. The Cyclops mountain forest habitat has been disturbed recently. This has raised concern that "Z. attenboroughi" populations may already be endangered or even locally extinct. However, it is important to note that biological surveys of Papua province are often incomplete and it is possible that the animal still exists there or in related mountain ranges.
It is the smallest member of the genus. It is closer in size to the Short-beaked Echidna than other members of the genus. It has five claws on its fore and hind feet. It has dense short fur.

Bioluminescence
Bioluminescence is the form of light made when living creatures use oxygen to produce light. Most of these creatures live deep underwater, for example Anglerfish, Jellyfish and Viperfish. Some creatures which create bioluminsence on land include Foxfire, fireflies and Will-O'-the-Wisps.

Whittier, Alaska
Whittier is a small town in Alaska on the Kenai Peninsula. Whittier has 182 people always living in it. The Whittier Glacier near Whittier was named for the American poet John Greenleaf Whittier in the year 1915.
During World War II the United States Army built a port and railroad near the glacier and named the port Whittier. The two big buildings that are very easy to notice in Whittier were built after World War II. The Hodge Building (now called Begich Towers) was built for housing soldiers and the Buckner Building, finish being built in 1953, was called the "city under one roof". It was once the biggest building in Alaska. The Begich Building is now a condominium (or houst that has many rooms that people live in), and almost all of the people that live in Whittier's live here.
The town was badly damaged by tsunamis (or very big waves) started by the 1964 Good Friday Earthquake; thirteen people died because of the waves that were 13 m (43 ft) tall.
Whittier is a popular port of for cruise ships, because it people can go to Anchorage and the inside of Alaska by both car and train. Whittier is also popular with visitors and fishermen.

Kate Winslet
Kate Elizabeth Winslet (born October 5, 1975 in Reading, England) is an English actress. She is best known for her role on the American movie, "Titanic" and for her starring turn in Peter Jackson's Oscar-nominated movie "Heavenly Creatures" (1994).

Joe DiMaggio
Joseph Paul DiMaggio (November 25, 1914 - March 8, 1999) was a Major League Baseball center fielder who played his whole career for the New York Yankees. He played from 1936 to 1942 and then joined the army in 1943 because of World War II. He came back a began playing again in 1946 until his retirement in 1951 at the age of 36. By the time he retired he had hit 361 home runs. DiMaggio died on the 8th of March of lung cancer. He is widely regarded as one of the best baseball players of all time.

Mongol Empire
The Mongol Empire, an area ruled by the great Mongol khans in the 13th and 14th centuries, was one of the largest land empires in history.
The original homeland of the Mongols, was bounded by the Khingan Mountains on the east, the Altai and Tian mountains on the west, the Shilka River and the mountain ranges by Lake Baikal on the north, and the Great Wall of China on the south.
It was founded by Genghis Khan in 1209 AD when he brought together the Mongol tribes. He later died in 1227 AD. Later Kublai Khan would go on to expand the empire and found the Mongol-ruled Yuan Dynasty of China. It later broke into several empires, all of which were later destroyed.

Parthia
Parthia is an ancient country of Asia, now Iran and regions of Armenia, Iraq, Georgia, eastern Turkey, eastern Syria,Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Pakistan, Kuwait, the Persian Gulf coast of Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar, and UAE.
Parthians were excellent horsemen and archers. In battle, mounted Parthians often discharged their arrows back towards the enemy while pretending to flee.
In 250 BC, the Parthians succeeded in founding an independent kingdom that in the 1st century BC it grew into an empire extending from the Euphrates River to the Indus River and from the Amu Darya River to the Indian Ocean.

Hydrolysis
Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction or process in which a chemical compound reacts with water. This is the type of reaction that is used to break down polymers into many smaller units. In this reaction always water is added to the chemical compound.
Hydrolysis of metal salts.
(As noted above, hydrolysis of metal salts is more commonly known as hydration.) Many metal ions are strong Lewis acids, and in water they may undergo hydrolysis to form "basic salts". Such salts contain a hydroxyl group that is directly bound to the metal ion in place of a water ligand. The positive charge on metal ions creates an attraction to water, a Lewis base with a non-binding electron pair on the oxygen atom, and alters water's electron density. This in turn increases the polarity of the O-H bond, which now acts as a proton donor under Brønsted-Lowry acid-base theory to release the hydrogen as a H+ ion, increasing the acidity of the solution. For example, aluminium chloride undergoes extensive hydrolysis in water such that the solution becomes very acidic.
formula_1
This implies that hydrogen chloride is lost in the evaporation of AlCl3 solutions and the residue is a basic salt (in this case an an "oxychloride") in place of AlCl3. Such behaviour is also seen with other metal chlorides such as ZnCl2, SnCl2, FeCl3 and lanthanide halides such as DyCl3. With some compounds such as TiCl4, the hydrolysis may go to completion and form the pure hydroxide or oxide, in this case TiO2.

Water (molecule)
Water (H2O, HOH) covers 70-75% of the Earth's surface as liquid and solid state. And it is part of the atmosphere as a vapor. So it is the molecule that can be found more often than any other.
At room temperature, it is a nearly colorless, tasteless, and odorless liquid. Many substances dissolve in water and it is commonly seen as "the universal solvent"; because of this, water in nature and in use is rarely clean, and may have some properties different than those in the laboratory. But there are many compounds that are essentially, if not completely, insoluble in water. Water is the only common, pure substance found naturally in all three states of matter—for other substances, see Chemical properties.

Lymphatic system
The lymphatic system is a complex network of lymphoid organs, lymph nodes, lymph ducts, lymph tissues, lymph capillaries, and lymph vessels that make and transport lymph fluid from tissue to the circulatory system. The lymphatic system is an important part of the immune system.

Chastity
Chastity or celibacy is choosing not to be involved in any sexual activities.

Metallic bond
Metallic bonding is the bonding between atoms within metals. It involves the sharing of free electrons among a lattice of metal atoms. Metallic bonds may be compared to molten salts.
The electrons and the positive ions in the metal have a strong attractive force between them. Therefore metals often have high melting or boiling points. The principle is similar to that of ionic bonds.
The metallic bond accounts for many physical characteristics of metals, such as strength, malleability, ductility, conduction of heat and electricity, and luster.
Because the electrons move independently of the positive ions in a sea of negative charge, the metal gains some electrical conductivity. It allows the energy to pass quickly through the electrons generating a current. Heat conduction works on the same principle - the free electrons can transfer the energy at a faster rate than other substances such as those which are covalently bonded, as these have their electrons fixed into position. There also are few non-metals which conduct electricity: graphite (because, like metals, they have free electrons), and molten and aqueous ionic compounds which have free moving ions.
Metal atoms have at least one valence electron which they do not share with neighboring atoms, and they do not lose electrons to form ions. Instead the outer energy levels of the metal atoms overlap. They are similar to covalent bonds.

Heat conduction
Heat conduction or Thermal conduction is the spontaneous transfer of thermal energy through matter, from a region of higher temperature to a region of lower temperature. It always leads to even out temperature differences.
Heat can also be transferred by Thermal radiation and/or convection, and it is normal that more than one of these processes happen at the same time.
In the atomic theory solids, liquids and gases are made of tiny particles called atoms. The temperature of the material measures how fast the atoms are moving and the heat measures the total amount of energy due to the vibration of the atoms.
You might imagine conduction to take place when one part of a material is heated. The atoms in this part vibrate faster and are more likely to hit their neighbours.When collisions take place the energy is passed on to the neighbouring atoms allowing the energy to travel through the solid. (Rather like the way energy passes along a set of tumbling dominos.)
The atomic picture also helps explain why conduction is more important in solids: in solids the atoms are close together and unable to move around. In liquids and gases the particles can move past each other so the collisions are less common

Judith Weir
Judith Weir (born 11 May 1954 in Cambridge, England) is a Scottish composer. She is well-known for her theatre works, choral music, orchestral music and chamber music.
While she was still at school she trained with the composer John Tavener. She played the oboe in the National Youth Orchestra of Great Britain. She then studied at the University of Cambridge where her teacher was Robin Holloway.
Judith Weir’s music has harmonies which are very exciting and original. Her Christmas carol "Illuminare" has become very popular, but it is quite difficult and needs a good choir to pitch the notes of the dissonant chords. She often uses medieval history as inspiration for her music, as well as music from her native Scotland, e.g. piobaireachd, which is a kind of variation form using small intervals. Her music often tells stories. Her operas include "A Night at the Chinese Opera", "The Vanishing Bridegroom", "Blond Eckbert", and "Armida", an opera for television.
From 1995 to 2000, she was the Artistic Director of the Spitalfields Festival in London. She has composed works for the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra. She has received many honours, including the CBE in 1995.

Vassal
A vassal during the feudalism of medieval Europe, was someone who had obligations with a lord. Usually that were military support from his side and protection from the side of his lord. The lord also gave him the terrain that he held as a fief. By analogy the term "vasall" is used also for similar systems in other feudal societies.
Western vassalage.
The development of the "vassal", in a society that was increasingly organised around the concept of "lordship"— in French the "seigneur"— is one sign that Antiquity ended and the Early Middle Ages began. Lordship is the basic social institution as Tacitus described them in his book "Germania". The Roman West experienced them for the first time in the Migration Period.
As the system developed in the seventh century, the vassals were gangs of freemen who subjected themselves, in some degree of formality, to the authority of a leader, from whom they could expect to be fed, clothed and armed. The quality of a vassal was only in his fighting ability and the strength of his loyalty. The etymology of "vassal" is from a Celtic word "gwas" "boy" that meant a young male slave, with a Latinised form, "vassus" that appeared in Salic Law (Rouche 1987 p 429), not unlike the derivation of "knight" from Old English "cniht" and cognates in Frisian and Dutch, all meaning "lad".

Migration Period
The Migration Period, also called Barbarian Invasions or Völkerwanderung, is a name given by historians to a human migration which happened in the period of roughly AD 300–700 in Europe. That was the period at the end of Ancient history and the beginning of the Middle Ages.
The migration included the Goths, Vandals, and Franks, among other Germanic, Bulgar and Slavic tribes. The migration may have been influenced by attacs of the Huns in the east and connected to the Turkic migration in Central Asia, population pressures, or climate changes.
Migrations would continue well beyond 1000 AD, successive waves of Slavs, Alans, Avars, Bulgars, Hungarians, Pechenegs, Cumans, and Tatars changed the ethnic makeup of Eastern Europe. Western European historians, however, tend to stress the migrations most relevant to Western Europe.

San Francisco Bay Area
The San Francisco Bay Area, also known as the Bay Area, is a metropolitan region that surrounds the San Francisco Bay in Northern California. It includes the cities of San Francisco, San José, and Oakland, and their many suburbs.
It also includes the smaller urban and rural areas of the North Bay. There live almost seven million people, and it includes cities, towns, military bases, airports, and associated regional, state, and national parks.
San José is the largest city in the Bay Area since 1990 and the tenth largest city in America. But for most of its history San Francisco was the most populous city, and remains the focal point and the major cultural center in the region.
North Bay.
The region north of the Golden Gate Bridge is known locally as the North Bay. This area consists of Marin County and extends northward into Sonoma and Napa counties and eastward to Solano County. With some exceptions, this region is quite rich: Marin County is ranked as the wealthiest in the nation.
San Francisco.
The City and County of San Francisco is generally placed in a category by itself in terms of geography and culture. It is separated by water from the north, west and east, and by a county line from its neighbor cities to the South. San Francisco has long served as the cultural, financial and urban center of the region. For most of the Bay Area's history, it has also served as the key population center. But because the size of the county (47 Sq. Miles, making SF the 2nd most densely populated city in the US after New York) is limited the growth of the city was limited as well other cities and counties have had a larger share of population growth.
Peninsula.
The area between the South Bay and the City and County of San Francisco is the San Francisco Peninsula, known locally as "The Peninsula". This area consists of a series of small cities and suburban communities in San Mateo County and the northwestern part of Santa Clara County, as well as several towns along the Pacific coast, such as Pacifica and Half Moon Bay.
East Bay.
The eastern side of the bay, consisting of Alameda and Contra Costa counties, is known locally as the East Bay. The East Bay is split into two regions, the inner East Bay, which sits on the Bay coastline, and the outer East Bay, consisting of inland valleys separated from the inner East Bay by hills and mountains.
South Bay.
The communities along the southern edge of the Bay are known as the South Bay, Santa Clara Valley, and Silicon Valley.
This region is home to a vast number of technology sector giants. Some notable tech companies in the South Bay are Intel, AMD, Cisco Systems, Hewlett-Packard, Apple, Google, and Yahoo!.
The San Francisco Bay Area is one of the wealthiest regions in the United States.

San Francisco Bay
San Francisco Bay is a shallow, productive estuary through which water draining about forty percent of California, flowing in the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers from the Sierra Nevada mountains, enters the Pacific Ocean. Technically, both rivers flow into Suisun Bay, which help flows through the Carquinez Strait to meet with the Napa River at the entrance to San Pablo Bay, which connects at its south end to San Francisco Bay, although the entire group of interconnected bays are often referred to as "the San Francisco Bay."
San Francisco Bay lies in the US state of California and is surrounded by a region known as the San Francisco Bay Area, that is near the big cities San Francisco, Oakland, and San Jose.
The Bay covers somewhere between 400 and 1,600 square miles (1,040 to 4,160 square kilometres), depending on which sub-bays (such as San Pablo Bay), estuaries, wetlands, and so on are included in the measurement.

Sheikh Ahmed Yassin
Sheikh Ahmed Yassin (January 1, 1929 - March 22 2004) was an Islamic leader. To some he was a hero, to some he was a notorious member of a terrorist organization. He was the spiritual leader of the Islamic militant group Hamas. He was also a symbolic figure for Palestinians to fight against Israel.
Yassin helped create Hamas and became its spiritual leader in 1987. To other members of Hamas he was hero but he was blamed by the Israeli government for planning suicide bombings and other attacks against Israel. He claimed that was the only way of fighting occupation. He was confined to a wheelchair because he was paralyzed since childhood, he was also nearly blind and could barely hear, He was very powerful and influential. He was assassinated in an airstrike by the Israeli Army after he leaving a mosque in Gaza in the early morning hours.

Field strength
In physics, the field strength of a field is the magnitude of its vector value.
In theoretical physics, the field strength is just another name for the curvature form. For the electromagnetic field, the curvature form is just an antisymmetric matrix whose elements are the electric field and magnetic field: the electromagnetic tensor.

Field (physics)
In physics, a field means that a physical quantity is assigned to every point in space (or, more generally, spacetime). A field is seen as extending throughout a large region of space so that its influences everything. The strength of a field usually varies over a region.
Fields are usually represented mathematically by scalar, vector and tensor fields. For example, one can model a gravitational field by a vector field where a vector indicates the acceleration a mass would experience at each point in space. Other examples are temperature fields or air pressure fields, which are often illustrated on weather reports by isotherms and isobars by joining up the points of equal temperature or pressure respectively.

Gradient
In vector calculus, the gradient of a scalar field is a vector field which points in the direction of the greatest rate of increase of the scalar field, and whose magnitude is the greatest rate of change.
A generalization of the gradient, for functions which have vectorial values, is the Jacobian.
Interpretations of the gradient.
Consider a room in which the temperature is given by a scalar field formula_1, so at each point formula_2 the temperature is formula_3. We will assume that the temperature does not change in time. Then, at each point in the room, the gradient at that point will show the direction in which the temperature rises most quickly. The magnitude of the gradient will determine how fast the temperature rises in that direction.
Consider a hill whose height above sea level at a point formula_4 is formula_5. The gradient of formula_6 at a point is a vector pointing in the direction of the steepest slope or grade at that point. The steepness of the slope at that point is given by the magnitude of the gradient vector.
The gradient can also be used to measure how a scalar field changes in other directions, rather than just the direction of greatest change, by taking a dot product. Consider again the example with the hill and suppose that the steepest slope on the hill is 40%. If a road goes directly up the hill, then the steepest slope on the road will also be 40%. If instead, the road goes around the hill at an angle with the uphill direction (the gradient vector), then it will have a shallower slope. For example, if the angle between the road and the uphill direction, projected onto the horizontal plane, is 60°, then the steepest slope along the road will be 20% which is 40% times the cosine of 60°.

Trigonometric function
In mathematics there are 6 trigonometric functions: sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent, secant and cosecant. Secant and cosecant are rarely used.
Definition.
The trigonometric functions sometimes are also called circular functions. They are functions of an angle; they are important when studying triangles and modeling periodic phenomena, among many other applications. Trigonometric functions are commonly defined as ratios of two sides of a right triangle containing the angle, and can equivalently be defined as the lengths of various line segments from a unit circle or a circle that has the radius of one.
Right triangle definitions.
All triangles are taken to exist in the Euclidean plane so that the inside angles of each triangle sum to π radians (or 180°); therefore, for a right triangle the two non-right angles are between zero and π/2 radians. The reader should note that the following definitions, strictly speaking, only define the trigonometric functions for angles in this range. We extend them to the full set of real arguments by using the unit circle, or by requiring certain symmetries and that they be periodic functions.
1) The sine of an angle is the ratio of the length of the opposite side to the length of the hypotenuse. In our case
Note that this ratio does not depend on the particular right triangle chosen, as long as it contains the angle "A", since all those triangles are similar.
The set of zeroes of sine (i.e., the values of formula_8 for which formula_9) is
2) The cosine of an angle is the ratio of the length of the adjacent side to the length of the hypotenuse. In our case
The set of zeroes of cosine is
3) The tangent of an angle is the ratio of the length of the opposite side to the length of the adjacent side. In our case
The set of zeroes of tangent is
The same set of the sine function since
The remaining three functions are best defined using the above three functions.
Definitions by power series.
and define tangent, cotangent, secant and cosecant using identities, see below.

Archer
An archer is someone who practices archery.

Archery
Archery is the practice of using a bow to shoot arrows. Archery has historically been used in hunting and combat and has become a precision sport. A person practicing archery is called an "archer", and one who is fond of or an expert at archery is sometimes called a "toxophilite".
History.
The earliest evidence of archery dates back more than 5,000 years. The bow probably was used in hunting first and was then adopted as a tool of warfare. It was one of the earliest forms of artillery.
Classical civilizations, notably the Persians, Macedonians, Nubians, Greeks, Parthians, Indians, Japanese, Chinese, and Koreans, fielded large numbers of archers in their armies. Arrows proved exceptionally destructive against massed formations, and the use of archers often proved decisive.

John Cena
John Felix Anthony Cena, Jr. (born April 23, 1977) is an American professional wrestler, hip hop musician and actor. He works for World Wrestling Entertainment and wrestles on the "Raw"  brand, where he is the reigning World Heavyweight Champion. Cena has won the WWE Championship three times, the World Heavyweight Championship once, the WWE United States Championship three times and the World Tag Team Championship (WWE) twice. Also, Cena won the Royal Rumble in 2008. As for his musical career, Cena has released a CD called "You Can't See Me". Cena has also been featured in the movie The Marine and will be in the upcoming WWE film, 12 Rounds. In Baseball, he is a Red Sox fan turned Rays fan.

Signal transduction
In biology, signal transduction means any process by which a cell converts one kind of signal or stimulus into another.
Most often ordered sequences of biochemical reactions inside the cell are involved. These are carried out by enzymes and linked through second messengers. So a "second messenger pathway" is produced. Such processes are usually rapid. They last only milliseconds (in the case of ion flux) or minutes (in the activation of protein and lipid mediated kinase cascades).
In many signal transduction processes, the number of proteins and other molecules that take part increases during the process. So a "signal cascade" develops and often a relatively small stimulus causes a large response.
In bacteria and other single-cell organisms, the variety of signal transduction processes of which the cell is capable influences how many ways it can react and respond to its environment. In multicellular organisms, lots of different signal transduction processes are used to coordinate the behavior of individual cells. By this means the function of the organism as a whole is organized. The more complex the organism, the more complex the repertoire of signal transduction processes the organism must possess.
Thus, sensing of both the external and internal environment at the cellular level, relys on signal transduction. Many disease processes such as diabetes, heart disease, autoimmunity and cancer arise from defects in signal transduction pathways, further highlighting the critical importance of signal transduction to biology as well as medicine.
Stimulatory Molecules.
Signal transduction usually involves the binding of small extracellular signaling molecules to receptors that face outwards from the plasma membrane and trigger events inside the cell.
Environmental stimuli.
In addition to many of the regular signal transduction stimuli listed above, in complex organisms, there are also examples of additional environmental stimuli that initiate signal transduction processes. Environmental stimuli may also be molecular in nature (as above) or more physical, such as, light striking cells in the retina of the eye,
odorants binding to odorant receptors in the nasal epithelium,
and bitter and sweet tastes stimulating taste receptors in the taste buds.
Unicellular organisms may also respond to environmental stimuli via the activation of signal transduction pathways.
Types of receptor.
Ligand gated ion channel receptors are a class of receptor that may occur both at the cell-surface or intracellularly.
Receptors that are solely intracellular include those for steroid hormones, thyroid hormone, retinoic acid and derivatives of vitamin D3. In contrast to ligands that bind to cell surface receptors, in order to initiate signal transduction these ligands must cross the cell membrane. See the intracellular receptors section below for more details.
Cell-surface receptors.
Cell-surface receptors are integral transmembrane proteins and recognise the vast majority of extracellular signaling molecules.

Flux
Flux in Physics.
In the various subfields of physics, there exist two common usages of the term flux, both with rigorous mathematical frameworks.

Neuroscience
Neuroscience is the scientific study of brain and mind and the whole nervous system. It helps to understand how we perceive and interact with the outside world and, in particular, how human experience and human biology influence each other.
Its studies may include genetics, biochemistry, physiology, pharmacology, and pathology of the nervous system. Traditionally it is seen as a branch of biological sciences. However, recently there has been an effort to draw together many related areas, including psychology, computer science, statistics, physics, and medicine.
Major Branches of Neuroscience.
Current neuroscience research activities can be very roughly divided into the following major branches, based on what they study and at what scale they study, as well as what experimental approaches they use. Individual neuroscientists, however, often work on questions that span several different subfields.
Major Themes of Research.
Neuroscience research from different areas can also be seen as focusing on a set of specific themes and questions. (Some of these are taken from http://www.northwestern.edu/nuin/fac/index.htm)

Conversation Analysis
Conversation analysis (commonly abbreviated as CA) is the study of talk in interaction. CA tries to describe the structure and patterns of interaction, whether this is institutional (in the school, doctor's surgery, courts or elsewhere) or casual conversation.
The term “conversation” to label this disciplinary movement is misleading if read in a colloquial sense, as many have.

Mark-Anthony Turnage
Mark-Anthony Turnage (born Grays, Essex, 10 June 1960) is an English composer. He is one of the most original composers in his country today.
Turnage studied at the Royal College of Music and won all the major prizes. He became famous when he wrote an opera called "Greek". It is typical of his musical style: quite lyrical but also very dramatic and aggressive. His music is often inspired by jazz. Other works include "Kai", "Rockaby", "Blood on the Floor", "Dispelling the Fears", "Drowned Out" and "Three Screaming Popes". He has written music for the English National Opera, City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra and the Chicago Symphony Orchestra.

Hydrothermal vent
A hydrothermal vent (which is also called Black Smoker) is a fissure in the surface of the Earth. There are gases that rise through it, and that heat the water around it. There are many such vents on Earth. If they are on land, they are usually hot springs, geysers, or fumaroles. Many Archea live near hydrothermal vents. These Archea support Giant tube worms, clams and shrimp.

Guava
Guava is a genus ("psuduim") of plants in the family "Myrtaceae". There are about 100 species of tropical shrubs and small trees in the genus. Guavas are native to Pakistan in Asia, Mexico, the Caribbean, Central America and the northern part of South America.

Resting potential
The resting potential of a cell is the membrane potential that would be maintained if there were no action potentials, synaptic potentials, or other active changes in the membrane potential. In most cells the resting potential has a negative value, which by convention means that there is excess negative charge inside compared to outside. The resting potential is mostly determined by the concentrations of the ions in the fluids on both sides of the cell membrane and the ion transport proteins that are in the cell membrane. How the concentrations of ions and the membrane transport proteins influence the value of the resting potential is outlined below.

Thrust
Thrust is a reaction force that is described by Newton's Newton's laws of motion. When a system expels or accelerates mass in one direction the accelerated mass will cause a proportional but opposite force on that system.
Examples.
A fixed-wing aircraft generates forward thrust when a spinning propeller moves air, or gases are ejected from a jet engine (or rocket engine), opposite the direction of flight. The forward thrust is proportional to the (mass of the air) multiplied by (average velocity of the airstream).

Thrust (disambiguation)
Thrust is a reaction force described by Newton's Second and Third Law. For this meaning, see Thrust.

Robert A. Heinlein
Robert Anson Heinlein (July 7, 1907 - May 8, 1988) was a writer. He was from the United States. He mostly wrote science fiction books. He won the Hugo Award four times. Probably his best-known novels are Starship Troopers (1959, Hugo Award, was made into a film), and Stranger in a Strange Land (1961, Hugo Award). Two other Hugo awards were for Double Star (1956) and The Moon is a Harsh Mistress (1966). Together with Isaac Asimov and Arthur C. Clarke he is seen as one of the "Big Three of Science Fiction".

Video game genres
There are many computer and video game genres. Here is a list of some of them.

Fable
A fable is a type of short story which teaches a lesson or carries a moral, which is usually stated at the end. The characters of a fable may be people, gods, animals or even lifeless objects. When animals and objects are used in fables, they think and talk like people, even though they act like animals or objects. For example, in a fable a clay pot might say that it is frightened of being broken.
The stories told by fables are usually very simple. To understand a fable, the reader or listener doesn't need to know all about the characters, only one important thing. For this reason animals are often used in fables in a way that is easily understood because it is always the same. They keep the same "characteristics" from story to story.
The most famous fables are those attributed to Aesop (6th century B.C.). Many fables are so well-known that their morals have become English sayings.

Drainage
Drainage is the natural or artificial removal of surface and sub-surface water from a given area. Many agricultural soils need drainage to improve production or to manage water supplies.
Early history.
The earliest archaeological record of an advanced system of drainage comes from the Indus Valley Civilization from around 3100 BC in what is now Pakistan and North India. The ancient Indus systems of sewerage and drainage that were developed and used in cities throughout the civilization were far more advanced than any found in contemporary urban sites in the Middle East and even more efficient than those in some areas of modern Pakistan and India today. All houses in the major cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-daro had access to water and drainage facilities. Waste water was directed to covered drains, which lined the major streets.
Reasons for artificial drainage.
Wetland soils may need drainage to be used for agriculture. In the northern USA and Europe, glaciation created numerous small lakes which gradually filled with humus to make marshes. Some of these were drained using open ditches and trenches.
The largest project of this type in the world has been in process for centuries in the Netherlands. The area between Amsterdam, Haarlem and Leiden was, in prehistoric times swampland and small lakes. Turf cutting (Peat mining), subsidence and shoreline erosion gradually caused the formation of one large lake, the Haarlemmermeer, or lake of Haarlem. The invention of wind powered pumping engines in the 15th century permitted drainage of some of the marginal land, but the final drainage of the lake had to await the design of large, steam powered pumps and agreements between regional authorities. The elimination of the lake occurred between 1849 and 1852, creating thousands of km2 of new land.

Polder
A Polder is an area of land that was taken from a body of water by enclosing the area to be reclaimed with a dike and removing the excess water by pumping and draining. The method to do this is called empoldering.

Resistor
A resistor is an electronic component that restricts the flow of current in an electrical or electronic circuit. It is used to control voltage. It can also be used to protect sensitive components from exploding/blowing. The higher resistance, the lower current can be.
Resistor, electronic component restricting current flow in electrical circuit to control voltage or to protect sensitive components.

Death Star
The Death Star is a fictional space station that is in the "Star Wars" movies. It is very big and has the shape of a ball.
It has a very strong laser cannon that can blow up planets.
The first Death Star was destroyed in "A New Hope".
The second Death Star was not fully built. It was destroyed in "Return of the Jedi".

Doctor of Philosophy
The Doctor of Philosophy, (Ph.D. or PhD) is a degree a person gets from a university by finishing a doctorate program. In many areas of study, the PhD is the highest degree that a person can earn (this is called the "terminal degree"). There are PhD degrees for many different fields, such as PhDs in literature, philosophy, history, science, mathematics, and engineering. Some PhD degrees have existed for hundreds of years, such as the PhD in Canon Law. Other PhD degrees were developed in the 1970s and 1980s, such as the PhD in Women's Studies.
Requirements for degree.
To be admitted to a PhD program, a person usually has to have completed a Master's degree that is related to the PhD degree. For example, a person applying to be admitted to a PhD degree in Theater would normally have to have a Master's degree such as a Master of Arts (MA) degree in Theater, English Literature, or a related area.
Elements of a PhD degree.
The PhD degree usually takes between three to six years of full time study to complete after a Master's degree. Many PhD degrees begin with a period of graduate courses. After the PhD student has passed a series of examinations called "comprehensive exams", they begin to do research for a long original research report called a dissertation (or a "thesis"). Many PhD degrees also require students to pass exams in languages (such as French, German, or other languages). Most PhD students teach undergraduate students or assist professors with research during their PhD studies.
As a requirement for university teaching.
A PhD is required to become a university professor in many fields, such as English Literature, Economics, History, and Biology. In some fields, there is no PhD, and so another degree is required to become a university professor. For example, the highest degree in Fine Arts fields such as printmaking or graphic design is the Master of Fine Arts (MFA) degree. A person with an MFA degree can become a university professor in some Fine Arts fields.

Marine ecoregion
Marine ecoregions are regions of the world's oceans, that are defined by the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), to help activities for saving marine ecosystems.
The scheme used to find out these ecoregions is more or less the same as that for terrestrial ecoregions. Major habitat types are identified: polar, temperate shelfs and seas, temperate upwelling, tropical upwelling, tropical coral, pelagic, abyssal, and hadal (ocean trench) — which correspond to the terrestrial biomes. Major biogeographic realms, analogous to the seven terrestrial ecozones, represent large regions of the ocean basins: North Temperate Atlantic, Eastern Tropical Atlantic, Western Tropical Atlantic, South Temperate Atlantic, North Temperate Indo-Pacific, Central Indo-Pacific, Eastern Indo-Pacific, Western Indo-Pacific, South Temperate Indo-Pacific, Southern Ocean, Antarctic, Arctic, and Mediterranean.
The classification of Marine ecoregions is not developed to the same level of detail and comprehensiveness as that of the terrestrial ecoregions; only the priority conservation areas of the Global 200 are listed.
See Global 200 Marine ecoregions for a full list of marine ecoregions (World Wide Fund for Nature).

Freshwater ecoregion
In Physical Geography Freshwater ecoregion means the freshwater habitats of a particular geographic area, including rivers, streams, lakes, and wetlands. Freshwater ecoregions are distinct from terrestrial ecoregions, which have biotic communities of the land, and marine ecoregions, which are biotic communities of the oceans.
The WWF speaks of seven major habitat types of freshwater ecoregions: Large rivers, large river headwaters, large river deltas, small rivers, large lakes, small lakes, and xeric basins.
Several freshwater ecoregions are listed in the Global 200, the WWF's priority ecoregions for conservation of biodiversity.

Global 200
The Global 200 is the list of ecoregions identified by the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) as priorities for conservation. According to the WWF, an ecoregion is defined as a "relatively large unit of land or water containing a characteristic set of natural communities that share a large majority of their species, dynamics, and environmental conditions (Dinerstein et al. 1995, TNC 1997)."
The WWF assigns a conservation status to each ecoregion in the Global 200: critical or endangered; vulnerable; and relatively stable or intact. Over half of the ecoregions in the Global 200 are rated endangered.

Ecoregion
An ecoregion (ecological region), sometimes called a bioregion, is the next smallest ecologically and geographically defined area beneath "realm" or "ecozone". Ecoregions cover relatively large area of land or water, and contain characteristic, geographically distinct natural communities and species. When defined by the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), the boundaries of an ecoregion approximate the original extent of the natural communities prior to any major recent disruptions or changes. The WWF has identified 825 terrestrial ecoregions, and approximately 450 freshwater ecoregions across the Earth.
The "Global 200" is the list of ecoregions identified by the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) as priorities for conservation.

Wetland
In physical geography, a wetland is an environment that combines the properties of land and water
That means wetlands are ecotones. They often host considerable biodiversity. Therefore several of them belong to the Global 200 ecoregions that the World Wide Fund for Nature listed for conservation.
References.
Ullah, S; Faulkner, SP. 2006. Denitrification potential of different land-use types in an agricultural watershed, lower Mississippi valley. ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING 28 (2): 131-140.

Marsh
In geography, a marsh is a type of wetland, featuring grasses, rushes, reeds, typhas, sedges, and other herbaceous plants (possibly with low-growing woody plants) in a context of shallow water. A marsh is different from a swamp, which has a greater proportion of open water surface, which is generally deeper than a marsh. In the USA, the term swamp is used for wetland dominated by trees rather than grasses and low herbs.
The water of a marsh can be fresh, brackish or saline. Coastal marshes may be associated with estuaries and along waterways between coastal barrier islands and the inner coast. Estuarine marshes often are based on soils consisting of sandy bottoms or bay muds.
Marshes are critically important wildlife habitat, often serving as breeding grounds for a wide variety of animal life.

Ulan-Ude
Ulan-Ude (Russian:Ула́н-Удэ́; Buryat: Улаан-Үдэ), formerly Verkhneudinsk (), the capital city of the Buryat Republic, Russia. The city is located about 100 km south-east of Lake Baikal. It sits at the foot of the Khamar-Daban and Khrebet Ulan-Burgasy mountain ranges, next to the confluence of the Selenga River and its tributary, the Uda. The city is divided into two parts by the Uda. Population 359,391 (2002 Census); 352,530 (1989 Census). It is the third largest city in East Siberia. It is served by Ulan-Ude Airport (Mukhino) as well as the smaller Ulan-Ude Vostochny Airport.
Ulan-Ude was founded in 1666 by the Russian Cossacks. Due to its geographical position, the city grew rapidly and became a large trade centre which connected Russia with China and Mongolia. There are old merchants' mansions richly decorated with wood and stone carving in the historical center of Ulan-Ude, along the river banks. They represent beautiful examples of Russian classicism. There is also a large and highly unusual head of Lenin in the central square.

Pelagic zone
The pelagic zone is the part of the open sea or ocean that is not near the coast or sea floor. The name comes from the Greek πέλαγος ("pélagos"), which might be roughly translated as "sea" but is more accurately translated as "open sea."
Sub-sections of the pelagic zone.
The bathypelagic, abyssopelagic, and hadopelagic zones are very similar in character, and some marine biologists count them as a single zone or consider the latter two to be the one zone. Some define the hadopelagic as waters below 6000 meters, whether in a trench or not.

Vitamin A
Vitamin A is a vitamin. Carrots are rich in Vitamin A. Vitamin A helps sight and is good for the immune system. Too much Vitamin A is dangerous to one's health. This is because, Vitamin A is not soluble in water, and the human body can not excrete the excess Vitamin A rapidly into the urine.

Vitamin D
Vitamin D is a vitamin. Vitamin D controls the levels of calcium ions and phosphates in the blood in the intestines. It helps bones grow and form. It is also good for the immune system. In total, there are 5 vitamins, D1 to D5. The most common ones are D2 and D3 (see image). It is in fish-liver oils and fortified milk. If a person lacks vitamin D, they have a higher chance of getting rickets and having soft bones.

Biome
In ecology, a biome is a major regional group of distinctive plant and animal
communities best adapted to the region's physical natural environment,
latitude, elevation, and terrain.
A biome is made up of ecoregions or communities at stable steady state and all associated transitional, disturbed, or degraded, vegetation, fauna and soils, but can often be identified by the climax vegetation type.
The biodiversity characteristic of each biome, especially the diversity of fauna and subdominant plant forms, is a function of abiotic factors and the biomass productivity of the dominant vegetation. Species diversity tends to be higher in terrestrial biomes with higher net primary productivity, moisture availability, and temperature.
Biomes are often given local names. For example, a temperate grassland or shrubland biome is known commonly as "steppe" in central Asia, "savanna" or veld in southern Africa, "prairie" in North America, "pampa" in South America and "outback" or "scrub" in Australia.
Sometimes an entire biome may be targeted for protection, especially under an individual nation's "Biodiversity Action Plan".
Terrestrial biomes.
Biodiversity generally increases away from the poles towards the equator, and increases with humidity.
The most widely used systems of classifying biomes correspond to latitude (or temperature zoning) and humidity.
Udvardy system.
In 1975, Miklos Udvardy published a system of biogeographic provinces that were divided into 12 terrestrial biomes.
Bailey system.
Robert G. Bailey developed a biogeographical classification system for the United States in a map published in 1975. Bailey subsequently expanded the system to include the rest of North America in 1981, and the world in 1989. The Bailey system is based on climate, and is divided into four domains (Polar, Humid Temperate, Dry, and Humid Tropical), with further divisions based on other climate characteristics (subarctic, warm temperate, hot temperate, and subtropical, marine and continental, lowland and mountain).
Other biomes.
The Endolithic biome, consisting entirely of microscopic life in rock pores and cracks, kilometers beneath the surface, has only recently been discovered and does not fit well into most classification schemes.

Vitamin E
Vitamin E (which is also called Tocopherol or Tocotrienol, E307, E308,E309) is a vitamin. There are eight forms of it, E1 to E8. It can be found in vegetable oils. Very often it is also added to lotions and creams for the skin. It is supposed to help the healing of the skin, after burns and injuries, and lower the risk of heart disease and cancer.
Vitamin E is claimed to help Anti-Aging.

Vitamin K
Vitamin K is a vitamin which is soluble in fat. It is mostly needed for the coagulation (clotting) of blood, and stops bleeding.
Vitamin K can be found in green vegetables, such as spinach, lettuce, broccoli or cabbage.

B vitamin complex
The B vitamin complex (also called B vitamins) are 8 vitamins. They have an important role in the metabolism of cells. Originally, people thought they were just different forms of one vitamin (like with Vitamin D, for example). Later it turned out that they are separate vitamins that often can be found together.
They are Thiamine, Riboflavin, Niacin,Pantothenic acid, Vitamin B6, Biotin, Folic acid and Cyanocobalamin.

Subarctic climate
Regions having a subarctic climate (also called boreal climate) are characterized by long, usually very cold winters, and brief, warm summers. It is found on large landmasses, away from the moderating effects of an ocean, generally at latitudes from 50° to 70°N. Due to the absence of any large landmasses at such latitudes, it is not found in the Southern Hemisphere. These climates represent Köppen climate classification "Dfc", "Dwc", "Dfd" and "Dwd".
With 5-7 consecutive months where the average temperature is below freezing, all moisture in the soil and subsoil freezes solidly to depths of many feet. Summer warmth is insufficient to thaw more than a few surface feet, so permafrost prevails under large areas. Seasonal thaw penetrates from 2 to 14 ft (0.6 to 4 m), depending on latitude, aspect, and type of ground. Some northern areas with subarctic climates located near oceans (southern Alaska and the northern fringe of Europe), have milder winters and no permafrost, and are thus more suited for farming.
The frost-free season is very short, varying from about 45 to 100 days at most, and a freeze can occur during any month in many areas. Vegetation in a subarctic climate is generally of low diversity, because only hardy species can survive the long winters and make use of the short summers. Trees are mostly limited to ferns and evergreen conifers, as few broadleaved trees are able to survive the very low temperatures in winter. This type of forest is also known as taiga, a term which is sometimes applied to the climate found therein as well. Even though the diversity may be low, numbers are high, and the taiga (boreal) forest is the largest forest biome on the planet, with most of the forests located in Russia and Canada.
Agricultural potential is generally poor, due to the natural infertility of soils and because of the many swamps and lakes left by departing ice sheets, and short growing seasons allow only the hardiest of crops. (Despite the short season, the long summer days at such latitudes do permit some agriculture.)
There is very little precipitation, no more than 15 to 20 inches over an entire year and, away from the coasts, occurs mostly in the warmer months. Low precipitation, by the standards of more temperate regions with longer and warmer winters, is typically sufficient in view of the very low evapotranspiration to allow a water-sogged terrain in many areas of subarctic climate.
Poleward or even approaching polar seas, the warmest month has an average temperature of less than 10°C (50°F), and the subarctic climate grades into a tundra climate even less suitable for trees.

ONS coding system
The ONS coding system is a system used in the United Kingdom for dealing with census and other statistical data. It is used by the Office for National Statistics as a way to label each area of England and Wales. It is also used for parts of Northern Ireland. The system uses a code for the larger census areas, counties and districts. It then breaks those areas down into smaller areas within the larger areas. Each of the smaller areas get a code that is based on the larger area. Areas are divided in this way until they get to the smallest size used for census data. An area must have at least 40 households, but they try to not divide an area into a size smaller than 100 households.

Michael Tippett
Sir Michael Tippett (born in London on January 2 1905 – died in London on January 8, 1998) was an English composer. He is one of the greatest and most original composers of the 20th century. He did not start to study music seriously until he was nearly grown up, and only become famous when he was about 40. The rhythms in his music and the tonality are very original. He is remembered for many kinds of music: opera, oratorio, orchestral music, chamber music and piano music. His oratorio "A Child of our Time" is especially well-known and often performed by choirs.
His Life.
Tippett spent his childhood in a small village in Suffolk. His father had retired and had bought a hotel in Cannes, France. Michael and his brother learned to speak French when they were very young. He was sent to school in Edinburgh when he was 13 but did not like it there so he went to the local Stamford Grammar School in Lincolnshire.
The only musical training he had as a child were his piano lessons. When he had finished his school years he decided he wanted to be a composer, but neither he nor his parents knew the best way to become a composer. He started having more piano lessons. Then someone said he should go to the Royal College of Music. He went there at the beginning of the summer term, 1923 and spent five years there studying music. He then moved to Oxted in Surrey and for six years he taught French at a school. He composed in his free time.
In Oxted there was a small choir. Tippett had sung with them while he was a student. Now he became their conductor and he learned a lot about music by getting the choir to sing English madrigals and other music including operatic music. He took some more lessons in composition from R.O.Morris at the RCM. He went to music camps where he learned more ideas about politics than about music. He agreed with a lot of the ideas of Trotsky. He became a pacifist and in 1940 he registered as a conscientious objector. In 1943 he spent three months in prison because he refused to help with the war effort.
Meanwhile Tippett had become director of music at Morley College. He made the choir there into one of the best choirs in England. He played a lot of music by Henry Purcell whose music was not as well known then as it is now. He also worked with young musicians who later became famous: the tenor Peter Pears, the countertenor Alfred Deller and the Amadeus String Quartet.
In 1951 he became a broadcaster with the BBC. Some of the talks he gave on the radio were published in his book "Moving into Aquarius". He continued a brilliant career as composer, conductor and broadcaster. He was director of the Bath Festival which he helped to improve a lot. He became internationally famous, especially in America. His "Symphony no 4" and his oratorio "Mask of Time" were written for performances in America. His last opera "New Year" was written jointly for the Houston Grand Opera, Glyndebourne and the BBC. He was made a CBE in 1966 and was knighted in 1966 and was made a Companion of Honour in 1979 and received an Order of Merit in 1983. He received many honours from universities.
Tippett died from pneumonia in 1998 after travelling to Stockholm for a festival which included all his works except his stage works. Although he was able to return home he died shortly afterwards.
His music.
It is unusual for a great musician to begin studying music properly at the age of 18. However, he was old enough to realize that he had a lot to learn. He studied counterpoint and was influenced by the way Classical composers had shaped their music. Beethoven especially was an inspiration for him. One of his best-known works is the "Concerto for Double String Orchestra" (1938-1939). It shows his love of folk music as well as interest in English music of the Renaissance. This music is exciting because of its beats, which keep changing, and its dance-like character.
"A Child of our Time" was an oratorio which used negro spirituals. He combined these with his own style of music. It is about something that really happened in 1938. A 17-year-old Jewish Polish boy killed a Nazi diplomat because the Nazis had taken away his parents. The Nazis were angry and killed lots of Jews in return. It was something which helped to lead to the World War II. Tippett’s music is about the cruelty that humans show towards one another.
Tippett’s operas include "A Midsummer Marriage" (started 1946, first performed 1955), "King Priam" (1958-61), "The Knot Garden" (1966-69) and "The Ice Break" (1973-76) and "New Year" (1989). He wrote several choral works. His orchestral works include 4 symphonies, a "Fantasia concertante on a Theme of Corelli" for strings (1953), a "Piano Concerto" (1953-55) and a "Concerto for violin, viola and cello" (1979). His chamber music includes piano sonatas and string quartets.
His writings.
Tippett published many of his writings. "Moving into Aquarius" consists of talks given on the BBC. In his autobiography "Those Twentieth Century Blues" he discusses many of his problems, including his homosexuality, which in his earlier years he could not talk about because it was illegal at that time.

Claw
A claw is a sharp object. It is usually attached to a paw or pad. For example, a cat's paw can pull in claws. They are called retractable claws.

Max and Moritz
Max and Moritz (German: Max und Moritz) are two naughty little boys in a story by Wilhelm Busch. The stories were written in 1865 and are still extremely popular in Germany.
Wilhelm Busch was an artist as well as a writer. He wrote a lot of stories in rhyme and made drawings to go with them. "Max and Moritz" are stories like these. The two boys get up to lots of naughty pranks. There are seven stories (seven pranks). In the final prank they are caught and come to a sad end. In the 19th century writers had to show that bad behaviour would be punished in the end. The seven stories are stories with a moral.
The seven stories.
In the first story the boys tie pieces of bread onto pieces of string and put it down where an old woman, Widow Bolte, keeps her hens. The hens each try to swallow a piece of bread, which sticks in their throats and they end up hanging in the tree and die.
In the second story Widow Bolte, who is still crying, decides she might as well roast the hens. The boys take fishing rods, climb onto the roof and pull the frying chickens up with their rods. Widow Bolte finds the chickens gone, thinks her little dog has eaten them, and gives the poor dog a beating.
In the third story they take a saw and make a hole in the tiny wooden bridge outside the tailor’s house. They shout at the tailor, calling him names. He is furious and comes running out, the bridge breaks and he falls into the stream. Two flying geese save him. He has a terrible tummy ache but his wife puts a hot iron on his tummy and he feels better.
In the fourth story the boys put gunpowder in the pipe of the schoolmaster while he is in church. When he lights his pipe there is an explosion.
In the fifth story the boys collect beetles and put them under the mattress in their uncle’s bed. In the middle of the night, when the uncle is asleep, the beetles creep up on him. He wakes up and fights with them until he has killed them all.
In the sixth story the boys try to steal some pretzels (German rolls) from the bakery, but they fall into the tub of dough. The baker comes in and finds them. He bakes them in the oven, but when they are taken out they eat their way through the dough and escape.
In the seventh story the boys cut a hole in the miller’s sack. When the miller picks the sack up he realizes the grain is spilling. He sees the boys, puts them in the sack and grinds them into corn and feeds them to his ducks.

Abstinence
Abstinence is a voluntary restraint from following a desire or appetite for certain bodily activities that are widely experienced as giving pleasure. Most frequently, the term refers to abstention from sexual intercourse, alcohol or food. The practice can arise from religious prohibitions or practical considerations.
In India, Buddhists, Jains, and some Hindus abstain from eating meat on the grounds both of health and of reverence for all sentient forms of life. Total abstinence from feeding on the flesh of cows is a hallmark of Hinduism.

Sexual abstinence
Sexual abstinence is the practice of voluntarily refraining from some or all aspects of sexual activity. Common reasons to deliberately abstain from the physical expression of sexual desire include religious or philosophical reasons (e.g. chastity), material reasons (to prevent conception (undesired pregnancy) or Sexually Transmitted Disease transmission), or to conform to legal regulations.
Sexual abstinence has been debated since ancient history, both in terms of same-sex and opposite-sex relationships.
Premarital chastity.
Many religious and ethical systems proscribe sexual activities between a person and anyone other than a spouse of that person, including most denominational variations of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, as have, historically, many legal systems and societal norms.

Council of Jerusalem
"Council of Jerusalem" is a common name for a meeting about that there is a report in "Acts of the Apostles" chapter. What is told there must have happened about the year 50, at the latest some time before the death of James the Just in 62.
The issues.
A common interpretation is that the council came together because there was disagreement within the Early Christian community between those who believed the church must observe the rules of traditional Judaism, and Paul of Tarsus, who believed there was no such necessity. The "rules of traditional Judaism," the Halakha of Rabbinic Judaism, were not finished at this time

Ironing
Ironing means getting the creases out of clothes after they have been washed and dried. Ironing is done with a tool called an "iron". It is called an iron because the bottom part is traditionally made of iron, a type of metal. The iron is heated before it is used. This used to be done by putting the iron on a fire. Nowadays electricity is used to warm the iron. The water inside becomes steam.
Ironing clothes is usually easiest when the clothes are still very slightly damp, but it depends on the material of the clothes. There is normally a label on the clothes which shows whether it can be ironed, and at what temperature. The clothes to be ironed are put on an ironing board and the iron is pushed carefully along the clothes to get all the wrinkles out. Ironing is usually done with an ironing board.

Central European Time
Central European Time is a time zone. It is one hour ahead of Coordinated Universal Time (what used to be called Greenwich Mean Time). Most countries in the central part of Europe and some countries in Africa follow it.
In Europe, the countries of Ireland, Great Britain, Iceland and Portugal use Western European Time. All the other countries, up to Norway, Poland, Slovakia, Hungary, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia use Central European Time.

Central European Summer Time
Central European Summer Time is the name for a time zone. Some of the countries that have Central European Time shift their clocks forward one hour, during the summer months. And shift it 1 hour backwards during winter months.

James the Just
James the Just, also called James Adelphotheos, James, 1st Bishop of Jerusalem, or James, the Brother of the Lord and sometimes identified with James the Less, (died AD 62) was an important figure in Early Christianity.
According to tradition, he was the first formal leader or bishop of Jerusalem, the author of the James in the New Testament, and the first of the Seventy of Luke 10:1-20. Paul of Tarsus in Galatians 2:9 (KJV) characterized James as such: "... James, Cephas, and John, who seemed to be pillars..." He is described in the New Testament as a "brother of Jesus" and in the Liturgy of St James as "the brother of God" ("Adelphotheos")
Name.
James was called "the Just" because of his ascetic practices, which involved taking Nazarite vows. The name also helps distinguish him from other important figures in early Christianty, such as James, son of Zebedee.
He is sometimes called "James Adelphos", i.e. "James the Brother of Jesus" (Greek: Iάκωβος ο Αδελφόθεος), based on New Testament descriptions.
James' name was important in the genealogy of Jesus because he always appears first when someone lists Jesus' brothers and sisters, this means that James was the eldest brother of Jesus.
Life.
The canonical writings of the New Testament, as well as other written sources from the early church, provide some insights into Saint James' life and his role in the early church. The Synoptics mention his name, but nothing else about him, whereas the Gospel of John and early chapters of the Acts of the Apostles do not even mention James.
"Acts of the Apostles", in later chapters, provides evidence that James was an important figure in the Christian community of Jerusalem. When Peter, having miraculously escaped from prison, must flee Jerusalem, he asks that James be informed (12:17). When the Christians of Antioch are concerned over whether Gentile Christians need be circumcised to be saved, and they send Paul and Barnabas to confer with the Jerusalem church there, James played a prominent role in the formulation of the council's decision (15:13ff). Indeed, after Peter and Paul have made their case, it is James who finally delivers what he calls his "judgement"-- the original sense is close to "my ruling"-- and afterwards, all accept it. James, in other words, is shown in charge of the Jerusalem group, which conflicts with later claims of Peter's primacy there. And when Paul arrives in Jerusalem to deliver the money he raised for the faithful there, it is to James that he speaks, and who insists that Paul ritually cleanse himself at Herod's Temple to prove his faith and deny rumors of teaching rebellion against the Torah (21:18ff) (a charge of antinomianism).
Paul further describes James as being one of the persons the risen Christ showed himself to (1 Corinthians 15:3-8); then later in 1 Corinthians, mentions James in a way that suggests James had been married (9:5); and in Galatians, Paul lists James with Cephas (better known as Peter) and John, as the three "pillars" of the Church, and who will minister to the "circumcised" (in general Jews and Jewish Proselytes) in Jerusalem, while Paul and his fellows will minister to the "uncircumcised" (in general Gentiles). (2:9, 2:12). These terms (circumcised/uncircumcised) are generally interpreted to mean Jews and Greeks, who were predominant, however it is an oversimplification as 1st century Iudaea Province also had some Jews who no longer circumcised, and some Greeks (called Proselytes or Judaizers) and others such as Egyptians, Ethiopians, and Arabs who did.

Disciple (Christianity)
In Christianity, the disciples were the students of Jesus during his ministry, which means only the Twelve Apostles, but the gospels speaks of different numbers of disciples. In the Book of Acts, the Apostles themselves have disciples. The word "disciple" is used today as a way of self-identification for those who seek to learn from Christianity.
The term disciple comes from the New Testament Greek word
coming to English by way of the Latin "discipulus". "Disciple" should not be confused with "apostle", meaning
' While a disciple is one who learns from a teacher, a student, an apostle is sent to deliver those teachings to others.
The four.
Both the gospels of Mark () and Matthew () include passages where Jesus initially calls four fishermen from among those at the Sea of Galilee. These are Simon (later called "Rock" or Peter) and his brother Andrew, and the brothers James and John (later called the "Sons of Thunder" or Boanerges). A very similar report in the Gospel of Luke does not speak of Andrew. also includes an initial calling of disciples, but these are: an unnamed disciple, Andrew, Simon, Philip and Nathanael.
Since the Gospel of Luke does not include Andrew, and through various passages in the four gospels where Simon Peter, James and John are called to meet with Jesus separately from the twelve, they are commonly termed "the three." The usage of "the four" over "the three" is still a point which some Christians debate, but never as an essential doctrinal point.
The twelve.
The Gospel of John refers to one disciple as the one whom Jesus loved. Since the apostle John, unlike the other twelve, is never named in that gospel, the "beloved disciple" is assumed to be him.
Great crowd and the seventy.
The number of or persons among Jesus' disciples is not always given in the gospel accounts. A much larger group of people is identified as disciples in the opening of the passage of the Sermon on the Plain that begins in Luke.
Additionally, seventy (or seventy-two, depending on the source used) people are sent out in pairs to prepare the way for Jesus (Luke 10). They are sometimes referred to as "the Seventy" or "the Seventy Disciples". They are to eat any food offered, heal the sick and spread the word; that God's reign is coming, that whoever hears them hears Jesus, whoever rejects them rejects Jesus and whoever rejects Jesus rejects the One who sent him. In addition they are granted great powers over the enemy and their names are written in heaven.
Road to Emmaus.
Cleopas is one of the two disciples to whom the risen Lord appeared at Emmaus (Luke 24:18). Cleopas, with an unnamed disciple of Jesus' are walking from Jerusalem to Emmaus on the day of Jesus' resurrection. Cleopas and his friend were discussing the events of the past few days when a stranger asked them what they spoke of. The stranger asked to join Cleopas and his friend for the evening meal. There the stranger revealed himself, after blessing and breaking the bread, as the resurrected Jesus and then disappeared. Cleopas and his friend hastened to Jerusalem to carry the news to the other disciples, where Jesus subsequently appeared to them as well. The incident is without parallel in Matthew, Mark, or John.
Women.
In Luke (10:38–42), Mary, sister of Lazarus is contrasted with her sister Martha, who was "cumbered about many things" while Jesus was their guest, while Mary had chosen "the better part," that of listening to the master's discourse. John names her as the "one who had anointed the Lord with perfumed oil and dried his feet with her hair" (11:2). In Luke, an unidentified "sinner" in the house of a Pharisee anoints Jesus' feet. Any pre-existing relationship between Jesus and Lazarus himself, prior to the miracle, is unspecified by John. In Catholic folklore, Mary, the sister of Lazarus, is seen as the same as Mary Madgalene.
Luke refers to a number of people accompanying Jesus and the twelve. From among them he names three women: "Mary, called Magdalene... and Joanna the wife of Herod's steward Chuza, and Susanna, and many others, who provided for them out of their resources" (Luke 8:2-3). Mary Magdalene and Joanna are among the women who went to prepare Jesus' body in Luke's account of the resurrection, and who later told the apostles and other disciples about the empty tomb and words of the "two men in dazzling clothes". Mary Magdalene is the most well-known of the disciples outside of the Twelve. More is written in the gospels about her than the other female followers. There is also a large body of lore and literature covering her.
Other gospel writers differ as to which women witness the crucifixion and witness to the resurrection. Mark includes Mary, the mother of James and Salome (not to be confused with Salomé the daughter of Herodias) at the crucifixion and Salome at the tomb. John includes Mary the wife of Clopas at the crucifixion.

Ahmed Jibril
Ahmed Jabril (or Jibril), born in 1938, is the founder and co-leader of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine General Command. He founded it in 1968. His son Jihad Jabril was to take over, but was killed by a car bomb in Beirut in 2002.

Jihad Jabril
Jihad Jabril (March 3 1961 - May 20 2002) was the son of Ahmed Jibril, founder of the PFLP-G. He was killed by a car bomb. He was assassinated on May 20, 2002. Jihad Ahmed Jibril was the leader of the military wing of the PFLP-GC and was the heir apparent of the organization before he was killed in a car bombing in Beirut in 2002. The assassination was blamed on Israel, although Jibril had many other enemies, including the Lebanese Christian militia and other Palestinian nationalist organizations.
Ahmed Jabril was co-leader of the militant Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine-General Command. Israeli radio reports said that the son, Jihad Jabril, was involved in smuggling arms and explosives to Palestinian militants in the West Bank and Gaza Strip.
But there was no evidence to directly link him with terrorist attacks.
Ahmed Jabril accused the Israeli intelligence agency, Mossad, of responsibility for the killing, but a spokesman for Defense Minister Benjamin Ben-Eliezer said Israel was not involved.
In mid-June 2006, Lebanon authorities arrested a group of alleged spies who reportedly confessed to working for Israel and carrying out the attacks.

Topkapı Palace
The Topkapı Palace is a palace in Istanbul (Constantinople), Turkey. Topkapı Sarayı in Turkish means the "Cannongate Palace". It was built in 1465. The palace was the administrative center of the Ottoman Empire. It was turned into a museum at the request of Turkey's first President, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in 1924. It was built on the acropolis, the site of the first settlement in Istanbul. The palace has an very good view of the Golden Horn, the Bosphorus and the Sea of Marmara. The palace is surrounded by 5km of walls. It has an area of 700,000 sq. m at the tip of the historical peninsula.
First Court.
The First Court (or "Alay Meydanı") spans over the entire Seraglio Point and is surrounded by high walls. This court was also known as the Court of the Janissaries or the Parade Court.
The main gate is called Bab-ı Hümayun, simply the Imperial Gate. Apart from the Topkapı Palace, the First Court also contains the old imperial mint (constructed in 1727), the church of Hagia Eirene, the Archeology Museum (constructed during the 19th century) and various fountains, pavilions (for example, the Çinili Pavilion, or Tiled Pavilion) and gardens (including the Gülhane Park, the old imperial rose garden).
The Çinili Pavilion (1472) has many superb examples of Iznik tiles. It now houses the Museum of Islamic Art.
The Fountain of the Executioner is where the executioner washed his hands and sword after a beheading. The Fountain of Ahmed III is an example of Rococo work.
The huge Gate of Greeting ("Bab-üs Selam") leads into the palace and the Second Court ("Divan Meydanı").
Second Court.
The second court is a park surrounded by the palace hospital, bakery, Janissary quarters, stables, the imperial Harem and Divan to the north and the kitchens to the south. The kitchens today contain one of the world's largest collections of Chinese blue-and-white and celadon porcelain, valued by the sultans because it was supposed to change color if the food or drink it contained was poisoned.
The Divan Salonu, or Imperial Council Chamber, was where the sultan's counselors and functionaries met to discuss the empire's affairs. The Sultan could overhear from a concealed grille.
Third Court.
Beyond the Gate of Felicity ("Bab-üs Saadet") is the Third Court which is the heart of the palace, a lush garden surrounded by the Hall of the Privy Chamber ("Has Oda") occupied by the palace officials, the treasury (which contains some of the finest treasures of the Ottoman age, including the Sacred Trusts), the Harem and some pavilions, with the library of Ahmed III in the center.
The Treasury holds some of the most famous and spectacular jewels in the world, including the famous Topkapı Dagger. In 1747, the Sultan had this dagger made for Nadir Shah of Persia, but the Shah was assassinated before the emissary had left the Ottoman Empire's boundaries and so the Sultan retained it. There are three large emeralds in the hilt and the sheath is worked with diamonds and enamel. This dagger was the subject of the famous film "Topkapi".
The Harem was home to the Sultan's mother, the Valide sultan; the concubines and wives of the Sultan; and the rest of his family, including children; and their servants. There are approximately 300 rooms (though only about twenty are open to the public), and the Harem housed as many as 500 people, which sometimes amounted up to 300 women, their children, and the eunuchs.
Many of the rooms and features in the Harem were designed by Sinan, a famous architect of the Ottoman Empire.
The Pavilion of the Holy Mantle holds the cloak of Mohammed, his sword, his teeth, his beard, and other relics which are known as the Sacred Trusts. Even the Sultan and his family were permitted entrance only once a year, on the 15th day of Ramadan, during the time when the Palace was a residence. Now any visitor can see these items and many Muslims come on pilgrimage for this purpose.

Acts of the Apostles
The Acts of the Apostles (Greek "Praxeis Apostolon") is a book of the Bible, which now is the fifth in the New Testament. It is often simply called Acts.
Acts tells the story of the Early Christian church, with particular interest for the ministry of the Twelve Apostles and of Paul of Tarsus. The early chapters, play in Jerusalem, report Jesus's Resurrection, his Ascension, the Day of Pentecost, and the start of the Twelve Apostles' ministry. The later chapters report Paul's conversion, his ministry, and finally his arrest and imprisonment and trip to Rome.
Most people think that the author of Acts also wrote the Gospel of Luke. The traditional view is that both the two books were written "c." 60 by a companion of Paul named Luke. Many theologians still think so. But some modern scholars think the books were written by an unknown author at a later date, sometime between 80 and 150.

Firebreak
A Firebreak is a way to fight fires. In a firebreak, there is no vegetation, or other material that can burn. This makes it hard for a fire to jump across the break. Therefore the spread of a possible fire is delayed.

Slum
A Slum is a part of a city or a town where many poor people live. Some of these people may also have to bear social disadvantages. There are slums in most of the big cities of the world. They may not be called "slum", however.

Montauban
Montauban is a city in the south of France. It is the capital city of the Tarn-et-Garonne department in the region Midi-Pyrénées. It is located about 50 km north of Toulouse. In 1999 51.855 people officially lived there.
Montauban is a medieval city. It was founded in 1144. It was the first bastide in history. It served as a base plan for most other bastides.
Sometimes people speak of Montauban, when they also speak of Albi and Toulouse. Both cities are relatively close.

Layyah
Layyah is a city in the Punjab province of Pakistan and is the capital of Layyah District. Layyah gets its name from the wild short shrub commonly known as Layyan. Layyah is located between the rivers Indus and Chenab in central Pakistan.

Pope Leo III
Leo III (died June 12, 816) was Pope from 795 to 816. He is famous for the coronation of Charlemagne as emperor in 800.
Leo reported his election to Charlemagne, sent him the keys of Saint Peter's tomb and the banner of Rome. Charlemagne replied that it was his function to defend the church and the Pope's to pray for the kingdom and for victory of the army.
Charlemagne went to Rome in November 800, and on December 1 held a council there with representatives of both sides. Leo, on December 23, took an oath of purgation concerning the charges brought against him, and his opponents were exiled. Two days later Leo crowned Charlemagne at St. Peter's tomb. Charlemagne did intervene in church affairs, not always successfully.
The reasons for the coronation, the involvement beforehand of the Frankish court, and the relationship to the Byzantine Empire are all matters of debate among historians.

Khanda
Khanda is a symbol of Sikhism. It is in the shape of four weapons.

Judi Dench
Judi Dench (real name: Dame Judith Olivia Dench, born December 9, 1934) is a well known British actress.
Judi Dench has appeared in James Bond films since 1995 as the character M. She has also appeared in other large budget films such as Mrs. Henderson Presents and Ladies in Lavender

Arendal
Arendal is a city and municipality in the county of Aust-Agder, Norway. It is the administrative center of Aust-Agder county, and belongs to the geographical region of Sørlandet. The municipality is bordered in the southwest by Grimstad, in the northwest by Froland, and in the northeast by Tvedestrand municipalities.
The name.
The Norse form of the name was probably "Arnardalr". The first element is then the genitive case of "orn" m 'eagle', the last element is "dalr" m 'valley, dale'.

S.S. Lazio
S.S. Lazio is an Italian football club based in Rome. They play in light blue shirts, white shorts and socks. The name Lazio was chosen as the original founders wanted to name the club after something which was greater and encompassed more than just the city that they were from - Lazio is the name of the region in which Rome is located. The sky blue and white team colors were inspired by the Greek flag and more specifically the country which gave birth to Olympic tradition; the eagle as an acknowledgement by its founders to the symbol of the Roman Empire. SS Lazio is the oldest active football club in Rome, and is at present one of the biggest clubs in Europe.

Satire
Satire is a form in art or writing in which people are made to look stupid. Satire can be humorous and make people laugh, but it is not just for making people laugh. Satire makes fun of people’s faults. It shows that they are bad or stupid and makes the reader, viewer or audience laugh at them. Satire can be found in paintings, plays, books, songs, television or movies. Satire often uses irony to make its effect. Satire may be trying to change the way people behave by showing their weaknesses, or make them angry or sad by showing their flaws.
Satire was used long ago, even as long ago as the Ancient Greeks. It was widely known in Elizabethan times. Swift used satire in his book "Gulliver’s Travels" to make fun of people’s stupidity. Works like "The Beggar’s Opera" (1728) used satire to show how silly the politicians of the time were. In modern times the German playwright Bertolt Brecht used a lot of satire in his plays.
Satire is not possible under dictatorships. It was not allowed, for example, in the Soviet Union. Anyone trying to make fun of Stalin would have been put to death immediately.
Satire often points out bad things that powerful people are doing, but may also harm disadvantaged or nonfamous people like you and me. The adjective is satirical.

Iron Cross
The Iron Cross was a medal given to German soldiers for bravery during wartime. The award was created by King Frederick William III of Prussia. It was first given out on 10 March 1813. The Iron Cross was awarded during the Napoleonic Wars, the Franco-Prussian War, the First World War, and the Second World War. This medal was received by Adolf Hitler after World War I.
The medal is only given in wartime, so no Iron Crosses have been given out since the end of the Second World War in 1945.

Manowar
Manowar is an American heavy metal band from Auburn, New York, which formed in 1980.

Power series
In mathematics, a power series (in one variable) is an infinite series of the form
where "an" represents the coefficient of the nth term, "c" is a constant, and "x" varies around "c" (for this reason one sometimes speaks of the series as being "centered" at "c"). This series usually arises as the Taylor series of some known function; the Taylor series article contains many examples.
In many situations "c" is equal to zero, for instance when considering a Maclaurin series.
In such cases, the power series takes the simpler form
These power series arise primarily in analysis, but also occur in combinatorics (under the name of generating functions) and in electrical engineering (under the name of the Z-transform). The familiar decimal notation for integers can also be viewed as an example of a power series, but with the argument "x" fixed at 10. In number theory, the concept of p-adic numbers is also closely related to that of a power series.

Classical guitar
A classical guitar, also called a Spanish guitar, is a musical instrument from the family of musical instruments called chordophones. This instrument is most commonly used by classical guitarists playing classical music, but it is also used in other music genres.

Vålerenga I.F. Fotball
Vålerenga I.F. Fotball is a Norwegian football club from Oslo. It was founded in 1913. They are named after the neighbourhood of Vålerenga. They finished seventh in the 2007 "Norwegian Premier League", the last time they won was 2005. Vålerenga's home ground is Ullevaal Stadium, the national stadium for Norway. Their current coach is Martin Andresen.

Volga River
The Volga is the longest river of Europe. In Russian it is called Волга, in the Tatar language its name is İdel. Many people see it as the national river of Russia. It flows through the western part of the country. It is Europe's longest river, with a length of 3,690 km (2,293 miles), and forms the core of the largest river system in Europe. Some of the largest reservoirs in the world can be found along the river.

Oi!
Oi! also called Street punk, is a type of punk rock that was started in the United Kingdom. The people that started it wanted to connect punk with a working class street-level following. The Oi! genre began in the latter part of the 1970s. Oi! is a mixing of the styles of early punk bands, for example The Clash, early British rock (i.e. the Rolling Stones), football chants, and glam rock bands

Brothers Grimm
The Brothers Grimm (German: "Die Brüder Grimm", also "Gebrüder Grimm") were the brothers Jakob and Wilhelm Grimm. They were German academics and most famous for their collections of folk tales and fairy tales, and for their work in linguistics.
The Grimm brothers both became linguists. They are the inventors of German philology. They also did other language-related work, like publishing one of the first grammar books for the German language.
They also collected fairy tales, and wrote down the tales which people told them. They published a collection of fairy tales known as "Grimm's Fairy Tales" ("Grimms Märchen").

Bryozoa
Bryozoans are tiny colonial animals that generally build stony skeletons of calcium carbonate. They resemble coral. They are also known as moss animals or sea mats. They generally prefer warm, tropical waters but are known to occur worldwide. There are about 5,000 living species, with several times that number of fossil forms known.
Ecology.
Most species of Bryozoan live in marine environments. There are about 50 species which inhabit freshwater. In their aquatic habitats, bryozoans may be found on all types of hard substrates: sand grains, rocks, shells, wood, blades of kelp, pipes and ships may be heavily encrusted with bryozoans. Some bryozoan colonies, however, do not grow on solid substrates, but form colonies on sediment. While some species have been found at depths of 8,200 m, most bryozoans live in much shallower water. Most bryozoans are sessile and immobile, but a few colonies are able to creep about, and a few species of non-colonial bryozoans live and move about in the spaces between sand grains. One remarkable species makes its living while floating in the Southern Ocean. Several bryozoan species can be found in the Midwestern United States, especially in Ohio, Indiana, and Kentucky which used to be a part of a large ocean.
Bryozoans are also colony-forming animals. Many millions of individuals can form one colony. The colonies range from millimeters to meters in size, but the individuals that make up the colonies are tiny, usually less than a millimeter long. In each colony, different individuals have different functions. Some individuals gather up the food for the colony (autozooids), others depend on them (heterozooids). Some individuals are devoted to strengthening the colony (kenozooids), and still others to cleaning the colony (vibracula). There is only a single known solitary species, "Monobryozoon ambulans", which does not form colonies.
Anatomy.
Bryozoan skeletons grow in a variety of shapes and patterns: mound-shaped, lacy fans, branching twigs, and even corkscrew-shaped. Their skeletons have many tiny openings. Each opening is the home of a minute animal called a "zooid". They also have a coelomate body with a looped alimentary canal or gut, opening at the mouth and terminating at the anus. They feed with a specialized, ciliated structure called a lophophore. This is a crown of tentacles surrounding the mouth. Their diet consists of small microorganisms, including diatoms and other unicellular algae. In turn, bryozoans are preyed on by grazing organisms such as sea urchins and fish. Bryozoans do not have any defined respiratory, or circulatory systems because of their small size. However, they do have a hydrostatic skeletal system and a simple nervous system.
The tentacles of the bryozoans are ciliated, and the beating of the cilia creates a powerful current of water which drives water together with entrained food particles (mainly phytoplankton) towards the mouth. The gut is U-shaped, and consists of a pharynx which passes into the esophagus, followed by the stomach, which has three parts: the cardia, the caecum, and the pylorus. The pylorus leads to an intestine and a short rectum terminating at the anus, which opens outside the lophophore. In some groups, notably some ctenostomes, a specialized gizzard may be formed from the proximal part of the cardia. Gut and lophophore are the principal components of the polypide. Cyclical degeneration and regeneration of the polypide is characteristic of marine bryozoans. After the final polypide degeneration, the skeletal aperture of the feeding zooid may become sealed by the secretion of a terminal diaphragm. In many bryozoans only the zooids within a few generations of the growing edge are in an actively feeding state; older, more proximal zooids (e.g. in the interiors of bushy colonies) are usually dormant.
Because of their small size, bryozoans have no need of a blood system. Gaseous exchange occurs across the entire surface of the body, but particularly through the tentacles of the lophophore.
Bryozoans can reproduce both sexually and asexually. All Bryozoans, as far as is known, are hermaphroditic (meaning they are both male and female). Asexual reproduction occurs by budding off new zooids as the colony grows, and is the main way by which a colony expands in size. If a piece of a bryozoan colony breaks off, the piece can continue to grow and will form a new colony. A colony formed this way is composed entirely of clones (genetically identical individuals) of the first animal, which is called the "ancestrula".
One species of bryozoan, "Bugula neritina", is of current interest as a source of cytotoxic chemicals, bryostatins, under clinical investigation as anti-cancer agents.
Fossils.
Fossil bryozoans are found in rocks beginning in the early Ordovician. They were often major components of Ordovician seabed communities and, like modern-day bryozoans, played an important role in sediment stabilization and binding, as well as providing sources of food for other benthic organisms. During the Mississippian (354 to 323 million years ago) bryozoans were so common that their broken skeletons form entire limestone beds. Bryozoan fossil record comprises more than 1,000 described species. It is plausible that the Bryozoa existed in the Cambrian but were soft-bodied or not preserved for some other reason; perhaps they evolved from a phoronid-like ancestor at about this time.
Most fossil bryozoans have mineralized skeletons. The skeletons of individual zooids vary from tubular to box-shaped and contain a terminal aperture from which the lophophore is protruded to feed. No pores are present in the great majority of Ordovician bryozoans, but skeletal evidence shows that epithelia were continuous from one zooid to the next.
With regard to the bryozoan groups lacking mineralized skeletons, the statoblasts of freshwater phylactolaemates have been recorded as far back as the Permian, and the ctenostome fossils date only from the Triassic.
One of the most important events during bryozoan evolution was the acquisition of a calcareous skeleton and the related change in the mechanism of tentacle protrusion. The rigidity of the outer body walls allowed a greater degree of zooid contiguity and the evolution of massive, multiserial colony forms.
Classification.
The Bryozoans were formerly considered to contain two subgroups: the Ectoprocta and the Entoprocta, based on the similar bodyplans and mode of life of these two groups. (Some researchers also included the Cycliophora, which are thought to be closely related to the Entoprocta.) However, the Ectoprocta are coelomate (possessing a body cavity) and their embryos undergo radial cleavage, while the Entoprocta are acoelemate and undergo spiral cleavage. Molecular studies are ambiguous about the exact position of the Entoprocta, but do not support a close relationship with the Ectoprocta. For these reasons, the Entoprocta are now considered a phylum of their own. The removal of the 150 species of Entoprocta leaves Bryozoa synonymous with Ectoprocta; some authors have adopted the latter name for the group, but the majority continue to use the former.

Placebo
In medicine, the placebo effect basically means that if a person believes that a medicine or diet is good for himself or herself, then it is good for the person.
Definition.
A placebo is a medicine or diet which may have a medical effect based solely on the power of suggestion, an effect known as the "placebo effect" or "placebo response". It may be produced through ingestion, injection, inhalation, insertion into a body cavity, or applied topically.
The term "placebo effect" (as distinct from the more correct term "placebo response") was introduced by T. C. Graves in 1920
Use of placebos in medicine.
Placebos are used to create blind trials. They are not the only technique for this, but are a very common and important one.
Whether or not there is a placebo effect, placebos will remain an important technique for this.
Recent skeptical meta-analysis of placebo effects suggest that the effect does exist, but only in very limited contexts.
Placebos are often seen as posing ethical difficulties. Essentially the issues are of two kinds, neither about placebos alone.
Deceiving participants of experiments, or at least withholding information.
Withholding treatment from patients (or education from students). The tension here is between the greater certainty a controlled experiment will give, versus the prior guesses of people and experts. After all, a person probably wouldn't do an experiment unless he had some reason to hope a treatment worked; but if he does have such grounds, then his opinion of the best treatment should be given to all patients rather than give some a placebo.
Can we organize these (and other) various reported effects in some useful way?
What are the effects that might be related?
Meanings of "placebo".
The word "placebo" has been used at various times and places to mean any of these:-

Identity (mathematics)
An equality in mathematical sense is only true under more particular conditions. For this, the symbol ≡ is sometimes used. (However, this can lead to misunderstandings since the same symbol can also be used for a congruence relation.)
Identity relation.
A common example of the first meaning is the trigonometric identity
which is true for all real values of formula_5 (since the real numbers formula_6 are the domain of sin and cos), as opposed to
which is true only for values of formula_5 in a subset of the domain.
Identity element.
The concepts of "additive identity" and "multiplicative identity" are central to the Peano axioms.
The number 0 is the "additive identity" for integers, real numbers, and complex numbers. For the real numbers, for all formula_9
Similarly, The number 1 is the "multiplicative identity" for integers, real numbers, and complex numbers. For the real numbers, for all formula_9
Identity function.
A common example of an identity function is the identity permutation, which sends each element of the set formula_17 to itself.
Comparison.
These meanings are not mutually exclusive; for instance, the identity permutation is the identity element in the set of permutations of formula_17 under composition.

Equality (mathematics)
Two mathematical objects are equal if and only if they are exactly the same in every way. This defines a binary relation, equality, marked by the "sign of equality" "=" in such a way that the statement "x" = "y" means that "x" and "y" are equal.
Equivalence in a more general sense is provided by the construction of an equivalence relation between two sets, that is, the two sets have exactly the same elements. The sets don't need to be finite to be equal. A statement that two expressions denote equal quantities is an equation.

Religious ministry
Ministry, in Christianity, is the activity that is done by members of the church to serve the purposes of the church.
It can mean this activity as a whole, or specific activities, or organizations in a church that perform specific activities.
Age-specific Ministry.
Nearly all churches have some form of worship music, whether from a choir, orchestra, or worship band.
Service and outreach.
Many churches sponsor ministries designed to reach out others on a local and global scale, usually grouped under the heading of missions. There are many organizations which perform missions on a fully-funded and organized level, such as North American Mission Board, operated by the Southern Baptist Convention.

Ministry (government department)
A ministry is a department of a government, led by a political minister.
Ministries are usually subordinate to the cabinet, and prime minister, president or chancellor. A government will usually have several ministries, each with a specialised field of service. National ministries vary greatly between countries, but some common ones include Ministry of Defence, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Finance, and Ministry of Health.
Some countries such as Switzerland, the Philippines and the United States do not use the term "ministry" for their government departments, and instead simply call them departments. In Hong Kong the term "bureau" is used.
In Canada, some provincial-level government departments are called "ministries" (such as in Ontario and British Columbia) but most are called "departments." Their heads are referred to as "ministers" in both levels of government, however.

Strong nuclear force
A strong nuclear force holds the nuclei of atoms together.
It represents the interactions between quarks and gluons as detailed by the theory of quantum chromodynamics (QCD). The strong force is the fundamental force mediated by gluons, acting upon quarks, antiquarks, and the gluons themselves.
Although the strong force only acts upon elementary particles "directly", the force is observed between hadrons as the nuclear force. As has been shown by many failed free quark searches, the elementary particles affected are unobservable directly. This phenomenon is called confinement, a theory which allows only hadrons to be seen.

Galerius
Galerius Maximianus ("c." 250–5 May 311), formally Gaius Galerius Valerius Maximianus was Roman Emperor from 305 to 311.
Galerius served as a soldier under Emperors Aurelian and Probus, and became "Caesar" in 293 along with Constantius Chlorus, when the Tetrarchy was introduced. He married Diocletian's daughter Valeria (later known as Galeria Valeria), and took ove the care of the Illyrian provinces.
In 296, at the beginning of the Persian War, he changed from the Danube to the Euphrates. There his first campaign ended in a defeat, near Callinicum, which caused the loss of Mesopotamia. But in 297 he gained a decisive victory over Narses and took the city of Ctesiphon so that in 298 Narses asked for peace. Mesopotamia was returned to Roman rule and even some territory east of the Tigris, which marks the greatest extension of the Roman Empire in the east.
Christians had lived in peace during most of the rule of Diocletian. The persecutions that began with an edict of February 24 303, were credited by Christians to the influence of Galerius. Christian houses of assembly were destroyed, for fear of secret gatherings.
In 305, on the abdication of Diocletian and Maximian, Galerius got the title of Augustus together with Constantius his former colleague.
But Constantine was declared Augustus after the death of his father Constantius, and Maximian and his son Maxentius were declared co-Augusti in Italy.
In 307 he elevated his friend Licinius to the rank of Augustus, and retired to the city Felix Romuliana (near present day Gamzigrada, Serbia-Montenegro) built by him to honor his mother Romula, and devoted the few remaining years of his life "to the enjoyment of pleasure and to the execution of some works of public utility."
The last edicts of persecution against the Christians were published under his rule on February 24, 303. But in in April 311 he issued the general edict of toleration, from Nicomedia in his own name and in those of Licinius and Constantine. Lactantius gives the text of the edict in his chronicle of the bad ends to which all the persecutors came, "De Mortibus Persecutorum" ("On the Deaths of the Persecutors", chapters 34, 35). This marked the end of official persecution of Christians. Galerius died on 5 May, 311.

Square foot gardening
Square Foot Gardening.
Square Foot Gardening is a type of gardening popularized by Mel Bartholemew. It is based on the idea that the wide rows in traditional home gardening are a waste of time, work, water and space, and that more quality vegetables can be grown in less space with less effort.
In this method, the garden space is divided into beds (a 4' x 4', 16 sq ft or 120cm x 120cm, 1.4m² garden being recommended) and separated by paths. These beds are further divided into squares of approximately one square foot, and planted with your vegetables. Common spacing is one plant/square for larger plants such as broccoli, basil, etc.. four/square for medium large plants like lettuce, nine/square for medium -small plants like spinach, and sixteen/square for small plants such as onions and carrots. Other plant spacings can be found in the "in row spacing" on seed packets. The beds are weeded and watered from the pathways, so the garden soil is not compacted.
Summary of Methods.
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Blender
A blender is an electric kitchen appliance used for making drinks, mixing liquids, and puréeing (chopping up into small bits) fruits and vegetables for sauces and soups.
Parts of a blender.
A blender consists of a glass or plastic container with a mounted blade in the bottom, and a base that has an electric motor and switches to turn on the motor or change its speed.
Blenders are used to make milk shakes (a blend of ice cream and milk) and fruit smoothies (a mix of fruit and ice).
Food made with blenders.
Blenders are also used to make cold alcoholic drinks that include crushed ice or ice cream, such as margaritas and Mississipi Mudslide drinks.

Drinking straw
A drinking straw (or "straw") is a utensil used to consume cold drinks such as milk shakes, smoothies, cola, and fruit juice. Drinking straws are usually made from plastic that is formed into a tube. To use a drinking straw, a person places the straw in a glass that contains a liquid and then sucks the straw with their mouth.

Whole-tone scale
When one of these scales is played on a piano, starting from a low note and moving up to high notes, while at the same time pressing the sustaining pedal (the right pedal), it makes a "dreamy" sound. It does not sound in any particular key, but floats along. It also sounds very good on a harp.
Debussy uses the whole-tone scale a lot in his music, but he was not the first to do so. Russian composers such as Glinka in his opera "Ruslan and Ludmila" and Borodin in "Prince Igor" used the whole-tone scale.
Later composers to use it include Alban Berg in his "Violin Concerto", and Béla Bartók in
his "String Quartet No. 5". It has also been used in jazz.

Pentatonic scale
In music, a pentatonic scale is a scale with five notes in each octave. Pentatonic scales are very common and are found in folk music from all over the world.
Any scale using five notes is "pentatonic" ("penta" is Greek for "five"). However, the pentatonic scale which is used in most Western music uses notes which do not have any semitones. A pentatonic scale starting on C will use the notes C,D,E,G,A (the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 5th and 6th notes of a major scale).. An easy way to find such a pentatonic scale is by using all the black notes of a keyboard.
Using the pentatonic scale is a good way for children to make up their own tunes. It does not matter too much which note is used for the start and the finish, because there is no feeling of a clear key. The notes always sound good when played together.
Many folksongs are pentatonic, or nearly pentatonic. Well-known songs such as "Land of the Silver Birch" or "Auld Lang Syne" are pentatonic tunes.
Classical composers have sometimes used pentatonic scales, especially Claude Debussy. His piano piece "La fille aux cheveux de lin" has a tune which is pentatonic except for one note. Maurice Ravel used it to write music which sounded Chinese, and in his "Mother Goose" suite ("Ma Mère l'Oye") which sounds like a fairy tale.
The pentatonic scales used in Indonesian gamelan music are called "slendro" and "pelog".

Yeast
Yeast are eucaryotic microorganisms. They are classified as fungi. There are about 1,500 different species of yeast. Most reproduce asexually, by budding. Some use binary fission to reproduce. This is also asexual reproduction.
A certain kind of yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been used for a very long time. It is used for baking bread, for example, or as an additive to help the fermentation of alcoholic drinks, such as beer. It is also considered to be a model organism for modern cell biology. Other yeasts can cause infections in humans (they are pathogens). Yeast has also been used to make electricity, or to make ethanol (as a biological fuel for cars).

Budding
Budding is a way of asexual reproduction. With budding, a new organism grows on another one. It stays attached, while it grows. Only when it is fully grown does it detach from the parent organism. Since the reproduction is asexual, the newly created organism is a clone and is genetically identical to the parent organism.
Budding is very common in plants and fungi. Sometimes it can also be found with animals, for example with hydras or sponges.

Binary fission
Binary fission is a method of asexual reproduction. It is common in prokaryotes. A living cell divides into two cells. The two cells should be identical, but since mutation can occur, there might be slight differences.
Most bacteria reproduce by a process of binary transverse fission, in which the cell grows in volume until it divides in half to yield two identical daughter cells. Each daughter cell can continue to grow at the same rate as its parent. For this process to occur, the cell must grow over its entire surface until the time of cell division.

Charisma Carpenter
Charisma Lee Carpenter (born July 23, 1970) is an American actress. She is best known for playing the character Cordelia Chase in the television series "Buffy the Vampire Slayer" and its spin-off "Angel".
Personal life.
Carpenter was born in Las Vegas, Nevada. At 15, her family moved to Rosarito B.C., Mexico. Later, they moved to Chula Vista (a suburb of San Diego). After graduating high school, she was a San Diego Chargers cheerleader in 1991 before beginning her Hollywood career. She had also sky-dived. She married Damian Hardy on October 5, 2002. She gave birth to their son Donavan Charles Hardy on March 24, 2003.

Paul Watzlawick
Paul Watzlawick PhD (July 25, 1921 - March 31, 2007) was a theoretician in Communication Theory and Radical Constructivism. He also commented in the fields of family therapy and general psychotherapy. He lived and worked in California until his death in 2007 in Palo Alto.

Neurotransmitter
Neurotransmitters are chemicals. They transmit information between different neurons. Inside the neuron, the information is transmitted as electrical signal. On the boundary of the cell, these potentials are then translated to a certain amount of a chemical. At the other end, the translation occurs again from a chemical into an electrical signal. They are complicated.

Sally Beamish
Sally Beamish (born London, 26 August 1956) is an English composer. She has written music for orchestra, chamber music, vocal and choral music.
Sally studied the viola at the Royal Northern College of Music. Later she also studied in Germany and Italy.
Sally started her career playing the viola in a chamber group called the Raphael Ensemble. The experience of playing in small groups was important for her development as a composer. Her music often combines and contrasts solo instruments, exploring the sounds they can make.
She has written works for the Swedish and Scottish Chamber Orchestras and has had works performed at the BBC Proms. Her trumpet concerto, written for Håkan Hardenberger and the National Youth Orchestra of Scotland was performed at the Proms in 2003 with Martyn Brabbins conducting. She has also written concertos for the flute, viola, saxophone, percussion and accordion and is planning to write concertos for viola (her third), saxophone quartet and cello.
She has written a stage musical about the Highlands of Scotland. She lives in Scotland with her husband and young daughter.

Nakhodka
Nakhodka (Russian "Находка") is a port city in Primorsky Krai, Russia. It is one of the most eastern cities in Russia. Nakhodka is a port on the Japan Sea. It is located around Nakhodka Bay. "Nakhodka" means "Lucky find" in Russian.
The village Amerikanka was the first permanent settlement at the location of the current city. It was founded in 1907. Nakhodka became an urban-type fishing settlement in 1941. It received city status on May 19, 1950. This date is now called "City Day".
Economy.
The economy of the city is based mainly on the port and port-related businesses. This include processing and canning fish. In Soviet times, Nakhodka was the only Soviet port in the Far East open to foreign vessels. After Vladivostok started being used by foreigners in 1991, the port of Nakhodka is not used as much as before. Economic activity in the city has become much less because of this..
Nakhodka is still an important international port. It is the center of the coastal trade. Exports include timber, coal, fluorspar, honey, fish and seafood.

Sumatra
"Sumatra", known also as "Sumatera", is the sixth largest island in the world and is located in western Indonesia. It is to the west of the Sunda Islands, and is bordered by the Indian Ocean. Sumatra contains the provinces of Daerah Istimewa Aceh, Riau, Jambi, Bengkulu, Lampung, and North, South, and West Sumatra. Sumatra has an area of about 443,066 km².

British Whig Party
The British Whig Party was an early British political party. Their rivals were the Tories, and the British prime minister was usually from one of the two parties.

Espionage
Espionage or spying is a practice of getting information about an organization, society, or country that is meant to be secret or confidential, without permission. That is called invading Espionage involves having access to where the needed information is stored or the people that know the information.

Harrison Birtwistle
Sir Harrison Paul Birtwistle (born Accrington, July 15, 1934) is one of Britain's most important composers today.
Life.
In 1952 Birtwistle entered the Royal Manchester College of Music in Manchester on a clarinet scholarship. While there he met other young composers like Peter Maxwell Davies and Alexander Goehr. Together with pianist John Ogdon and conductor Elgar Howarth, he formed the "New Music Manchester" group, which put on performances of modern music, especially music using serialism.
Birtwistle left the college in 1955, then studied at the Royal Academy of Music and afterward made a living as a schoolteacher. In 1965 he got a Harkness Fellowship which gave him the opportunity to study composition in the United States.
In 1975 Birtwistle became musical director of the new Royal National Theatre in London, a post he held until 1983. He was given a knighthood in 1988 and was made a Companion of Honour in 2000. From 1994 to 2001 he was "Henry Purcell Professor of Composition" at King's College London.
His music.
His music is quite complicated and modern in style. Sometimes it reminds one of Igor Stravinsky and Olivier Messiaen. Sometimes he uses blocks of sound like Edgard Varèse. His first opera "Punch and Judy" is quite different from a traditional Punch and Judy children's entertainment. It is very serious and quite violent. He has written other operas: "The Mask of Orpheus" (1984), "Sir Gawain and the Green Knight" (1990), "The Second Mrs Kong" (1994), and "The Last Supper" (2000).
When "Gawain" was performed in 1994 at the Royal Opera House a group of hecklers booed and whistled loudly. However, this only made the opera more famous as lots of people read about it and came to hear it. He wrote a piece called "Panic" for alto saxophone, jazz drumkit and orchestra. It was a very loud, harsh piece and it was a shock for the audience when it was first performed at the Last Night of the Proms, a concert at which people normally expect to hear music with easy, sing-along tunes.

Punch and Judy (Big Shot)
Punch and Judy are the characters of the fictional television show "Big Shot". This is a show appears on the Japanese anime television show, Cowboy Bebop. Punch is voiced by Tsutomu Taruki in the Japanese version and Paul St. Peter in the English version. Judy is voiced by Miki Nagasawa in the Japanese version and Lia Sargent in the English version.
The name "Punch and Judy" comes from the popular British puppet show.

Lorsch
Lorsch is a small town in southwest Germany (south of Frankfurt am Main) in the Kreis Bergstraße district of the state of Hessen. More than 12,000 people live in the town.
It is the site of a Benedictine abbey, which used to be one of the greatest centers of Carolingian art. Several Carolingian kings of Germany were buried there. The abbey is also famous for the Lorsch Codex, which was produced there around the end of the 12th century. The abbey has been declared a World Heritage Site. The "Nibelungenlied" identifies Lorsch as the birth place of Siegfried.

List of events in 2004
2004 is a year in the 21st century. It is a leap year.
March.
[*March 19 - Äänekoski bus disaster: At least 24 young people are killed and 15 hurt, several of them seriously, in a collision on a icy road between a coach and a lorry carrying rolls of paper on Highway 4 near Äänekoski in Central Finland. The accident happened at around 2 a.m. local time (UTC +2).

Dominic Monaghan
Dominic Bernard Patrick Luke Monaghan (born December 8, 1976) is an English actor. He is well-known for playing Merry Brandybuck in Peter Jackson's film trilogy of J. R. R. Tolkien's "The Lord of the Rings". He is also well-known for playing Charlie Pace on the television show "Lost".
Personal life.
Dominic has a tattoo on his right arm of the Elvish word for "nine". It means that his character was one of the nine members of the Fellowship of the Ring in "The Lord of the Rings". Many other cast members also got similar tattoos during the making of the movie. On his left arm is a tattoo that says "Living is easy with eyes closed", a line from The Beatles' song "Strawberry Fields Forever". On "Lost", Charlie's tape/bandage finger-rings with letters spelling out words were Monaghan's idea. He thought that because Charlie is an artist, he would still want to be creative even when trapped on an island. Monaghan also actually plays the guitar on "Lost".
Dominic dated Evangeline Lilly while the two of them were on "Lost". The two broke up in 2007.

Crazy Horse (cabaret)
Le Crazy Horse Saloon or Le Crazy Horse Paris is a cabaret. It was founded in 1951. It is famous for its shows, which are done by nude female dancers. It was opened by Alain Bernadin. Today the cabaret is run by Bernadin's children, after Bernadin committed suicide in 1994. The club is located in Paris.

Umbrella term
An umbrella term is a word that provides a superset or grouping of related concepts. Thus cryptology is an umbrella term that encompasses cryptography and cryptanalysis. Similarly, an "umbrella group" can be an organization which is a central and co-ordinating body representing a number of smaller, separate bodies.

Cnidaria
Cnidaria is a phylum with about 11,000 species of animals. All of them are very simple. All of them live in the water, most of them in the sea.
Cnidaria have their name from special cells which have organelles that sting.
There are four main classes in the group
They can reproduce by budding, a type of reproduction without sex.

Calvinism
Calvinism belongs to the Reformed tradition of Protestantism. This tradition goes back to John Calvin and other theologians.
Important were on the continent Martin Bucer, Heinrich Bullinger, Peter Martyr Vermigli, and Huldrych Zwingli and from England reformers like Thomas Cranmer and John Jewel. Because John Calvin had great influence and played an important role in the confessional and ecclesiastical debates throughout the 17th century, the tradition generally became known as Calvinism.
Today, this term also means the doctrines and practices of the Reformed churches, of which Calvin was an early leader, and the system is perhaps best known for its doctrines of predestination and total depravity.
Historical background.
John Calvin's international influence on the development of the doctrines of the Protestant Reformation began at the age of 25, when he started work on his first edition of the "Institutes of the Christian Religion" in 1534 (published 1536). Together with his contributions to confessional documents for use in churches it founded the direct personal influence on Protestantism of Calvin. He is only one of many to influence the doctrines of the Reformed churches, but he eventually became the most prominent.
The rising importance of the Reformed churches, and of Calvin, belongs to the second phase of the Protestant Reformation, when evangelical churches began to form after Luther was excommunicated from the Catholic Church. Calvin was a French exile in Geneva. He had signed the Lutheran Augsburg Confession in 1540, but his importance came from the Swiss Reformation. This was not Lutheran, but followed Huldrych Zwingli and then Calvin.
The spread of Calvinism.
Although much of Calvin's practice was in Geneva, his publications spread his ideas of a correctly reformed church to many parts of Europe. Calvinism became the theological system of the majority in Scotland (see John Knox), the Netherlands, and parts of Germany and was influential in France, Hungary, Transylvania, and Poland. Calvinism was popular as well for some time in Scandinavia, especially Sweden, but was rejected in favor of Lutheranism after the synod of Uppsala in 1593.
Most settlers in the American Mid-Atlantic and New England were Calvinists, including the Puritans and Dutch settlers of New Amsterdam (New York). Dutch Calvinist settlers were also the first successful European colonizers of South Africa, beginning in the 17th century, who became known as Boers or Afrikaners.
Some of the largest Calvinist communions were started by 19th and 20th century missionaries; especially large are those in Korea and Nigeria.

John Calvin
Jean Cauvin, also Jean Calvin (John Calvin in English) (July 10, 1509 – May 27, 1564) was a French Protestant theologian during the Protestant Reformation and was a central developer of the system of Christian theology called Calvinism or Reformed theology. In Geneva, he rejected Papal authority, established a new scheme of civic and ecclesiastical governance. He is famous for his teachings and writings and infamous for his role in the execution of Michael Servetus.
Calvin was born with the name "Jean Chauvin" (or "Cauvin", in Latin "Calvinus") in Noyon, Picardie, France, to Gérard Cauvin and Jeanne Lefranc. In 1523, Calvin's father, an attorney, sent his fourteen-year-old son to the University of Paris to study humanities and law. By 1532, he had attained a Doctor of Law degree at Orléans.
In 1536, he settled in Geneva, Switzerland. After being expelled from the city, he served as a pastor in Strasbourg from 1538 until 1541, before returning to Geneva, where he lived until his death in 1564.
Calvin's thought.
Calvin was trained to be a lawyer. He studied under some of the best legal minds of the Renaissance in France. Part of that training involved the newer humanistic methods of exegesis, which dealt with a text directly via historical and grammatical analysis, as opposed to indirectly via layers of commentators. His legal and exegetical training was important for Calvin because, once convinced of the evangelical faith, he applied these exegetical methods to the Scripture. He self-consciously molded his thinking along biblical lines, and he labored to preach and teach what he believed the Bible taught.
While Reformers such as John Huss and Martin Luther may be seen as somewhat original thinkers that began a movement, Calvin was a great logician and systematizer of that movement, but not an innovator in doctrine. Calvin was very familiar with the writings of the early Church Fathers and the great Medieval schoolmen, and he was also in debt to earlier Reformers. Calvin did not reject the Scholastics of the Middle Ages outright but rather made use of them and reformed their thoughts in accordance with his understanding of the Bible.
Calvin is often associated with the doctrines of predestination and election, but he differed very little with the other magisterial Reformers regarding these difficult doctrines.

Trebuchet
A Trebuchet was a device used in wars and sieges in the Middle Ages. It could be used to throw stones at ramparts, trying to break them down. It could also be used to throw things over the walls of a city. These could be corpses of animals or people that had died of the plague. Trebuchets were more accurate than other medieval catapults.

Tarascon
Tarascon, sometimes called Tarascon-sur-Rhône, is a city in the south of France. The city is about 20km from either Arles or Avignon. The city was founded by the Romans in the year 48. Some people know the city from the book Tartarin de Tarascon by Alphonse Daudet. There is also a castle near the city. About 14.000 people lived in Tarascon in 2003.

Kurdistan
Kurdistan is a mountainous area in the Middle East, that is mainly inhabited by Kurds.
The Kurdish people is estimated to be around 35-40 million people.

Aigues-Mortes
Aigues-Mortes is a city in the south of France. It is in the region Languedoc-Roussillon. It was originally founded by the Romans in the year 102 BC. The first records mentioning it under its current name date from the 10th century. Louis IX of France rebuilt the port in the 13th century. It was the only French port of the mediterranean at that time. The city is laid out as a bastide. It was the starting point for the Seventh crusade (1248) and Eight crusade (1270). Due to changes of the coastline, the city is several miles from the sea. It is linked to the sea through a canal, nowadays. It has well-preserved city walls. In 1999, about 6.000 people lived there. Aigues-Mortes is about 35 km from Nîmes.

Léopold II of Belgium
Leopold II, King of the Belgians was ruler of Belgium from December 10, 1865 to December 17, 1909.

George V of the United Kingdom
George V (born George Frederick Ernest Albert; June 3, 1865 - January 20, 1936) was the first ruler of the United Kingdom with the family name "Windsor". He was king from 1910 to 1936. He became king after the death of his father Edward VII. His son, Edward VIII became king after him.

Candy
Candy is a sweet kind of food that is usually made from sugar and water, with flavors and other ingredients added. The word "candy" comes from the Indian word "khanda", which means 'a piece' or 'a piece of sugar'.
Sugar can be one of many compounds. Most candy is fructose, but some is glucose or sucrose.
Candy is found in almost any store as they are distributed by many companies.
Candy is a sweet kind of food that is usually made from sugar and water, with flavors and other ingredients added. The word "candy" comes from the Indian word "khanda", which means 'a piece' or 'a piece of sugar'.
Sugar can be one of many compounds. Most candy is fructose, but some is glucose or sucrose.
Candy is found in almost any store as they are distributed by many companies.
Candy is a sweet kind of food that is usually made from sugar and water, with flavors and other ingredients added. The word "candy" comes from the Indian word "khanda", which means 'a piece' or 'a piece of sugar'.
Sugar can be one of many compounds. Most candy is fructose, but some is glucose or sucrose.
Candy is found in almost any store as they are distributed by many companies.
Candy is a sweet kind of food that is usually made from sugar and water, with flavors and other ingredients added. The word "candy" comes from the Indian word "khanda", which means 'a piece' or 'a piece of sugar'.
Sugar can be one of many compounds. Most candy is fructose, but some is glucose or sucrose.
Candy is found in almost any store as they are distributed by many companies.
Candy is a sweet kind of food that is usually made from sugar and water, with flavors and other ingredients added. The word "candy" comes from the Indian word "khanda", which means 'a piece' or 'a piece of sugar'.
Sugar can be one of many compounds. Most candy is fructose, but some is glucose or sucrose.
Candy is found in almost any store as they are distributed by many companies.
Candy is a sweet kind of food that is usually made from sugar and water, with flavors and other ingredients added. The word "candy" comes from the Indian word "khanda", which means 'a piece' or 'a piece of sugar'.
Sugar can be one of many compounds. Most candy is fructose, but some is glucose or sucrose.
Candy is found in almost any store as they are distributed by many companies.
Candy is a sweet kind of food that is usually made from sugar and water, with flavors and other ingredients added. The word "candy" comes from the Indian word "khanda", which means 'a piece' or 'a piece of sugar'.
Sugar can be one of many compounds. Most candy is fructose, but some is glucose or sucrose.
Candy is found in almost any store as they are distributed by many companies.
Candy is a sweet kind of food that is usually made from sugar and water, with flavors and other ingredients added. The word "candy" comes from the Indian word "khanda", which means 'a piece' or 'a piece of sugar'.
Sugar can be one of many compounds. Most candy is fructose, but some is glucose or sucrose.
Candy is found in almost any store as they are distributed by many companies.
Candy is a sweet kind of food that is usually made from sugar and water, with flavors and other ingredients added. The word "candy" comes from the Indian word "khanda", which means 'a piece' or 'a piece of sugar'.
Sugar can be one of many compounds. Most candy is fructose, but some is glucose or sucrose.
Candy is found in almost any store as they are distributed by many companies.
Candy is a sweet kind of food that is usually made from sugar and water, with flavors and other ingredients added. The word "candy" comes from the Indian word "khanda", which means 'a piece' or 'a piece of sugar'.
Sugar can be one of many compounds. Most candy is fructose, but some is glucose or sucrose.
Candy is found in almost any store as they are distributed by many companies.
Candy is a sweet kind of food that is usually made from sugar and water, with flavors and other ingredients added. The word "candy" comes from the Indian word "khanda", which means 'a piece' or 'a piece of sugar'.
Sugar can be one of many compounds. Most candy is fructose, but some is glucose or sucrose.
Candy is found in almost any store as they are distributed by many companies.
Candy is a sweet kind of food that is usually made from sugar and water, with flavors and other ingredients added. The word "candy" comes from the Indian word "khanda", which means 'a piece' or 'a piece of sugar'.
Sugar can be one of many compounds. Most candy is fructose, but some is glucose or sucrose.
Candy is found in almost any store as they are distributed by many companies.
Candy is a sweet kind of food that is usually made from sugar and water, with flavors and other ingredients added. The word "candy" comes from the Indian word "khanda", which means 'a piece' or 'a piece of sugar'.
Sugar can be one of many compounds. Most candy is fructose, but some is glucose or sucrose.
Candy is found in almost any store as they are distributed by many companies.
Candy is a sweet kind of food that is usually made from sugar and water, with flavors and other ingredients added. The word "candy" comes from the Indian word "khanda", which means 'a piece' or 'a piece of sugar'.
Sugar can be one of many compounds. Most candy is fructose, but some is glucose or sucrose.
Candy is found in almost any store as they are distributed by many companies.
Candy is a sweet kind of food that is usually made from sugar and water, with flavors and other ingredients added. The word "candy" comes from the Indian word "khanda", which means 'a piece' or 'a piece of sugar'.
Sugar can be one of many compounds. Most candy is fructose, but some is glucose or sucrose.
Candy is found in almost any store as they are distributed by many companies.
Candy is a sweet kind of food that is usually made from sugar and water, with flavors and other ingredients added. The word "candy" comes from the Indian word "khanda", which means 'a piece' or 'a piece of sugar'.
Sugar can be one of many compounds. Most candy is fructose, but some is glucose or sucrose.
Candy is found in almost any store as they are distributed by many companies.
Candy is a sweet kind of food that is usually made from sugar and water, with flavors and other ingredients added. The word "candy" comes from the Indian word "khanda", which means 'a piece' or 'a piece of sugar'.
Sugar can be one of many compounds. Most candy is fructose, but some is glucose or sucrose.
Candy is found in almost any store as they are distributed by many companies.
Candy is a sweet kind of food that is usually made from sugar and water, with flavors and other ingredients added. The word "candy" comes from the Indian word "khanda", which means 'a piece' or 'a piece of sugar'.
Sugar can be one of many compounds. Most candy is fructose, but some is glucose or sucrose.
Candy is found in almost any store as they are distributed by many companies.
Candy is a sweet kind of food that is usually made from sugar and water, with flavors and other ingredients added. The word "candy" comes from the Indian word "khanda", which means 'a piece' or 'a piece of sugar'.
Sugar can be one of many compounds. Most candy is fructose, but some is glucose or sucrose.
Candy is found in almost any store as they are distributed by many companies.
Candy is a sweet kind of food that is usually made from sugar and water, with flavors and other ingredients added. The word "candy" comes from the Indian word "khanda", which means 'a piece' or 'a piece of sugar'.
Sugar can be one of many compounds. Most candy is fructose, but some is glucose or sucrose.
Candy is found in almost any store as they are distributed by many companies.
Candy is a sweet kind of food that is usually made from sugar and water, with flavors and other ingredients added. The word "candy" comes from the Indian word "khanda", which means 'a piece' or 'a piece of sugar'.
Sugar can be one of many compounds. Most candy is fructose, but some is glucose or sucrose.
Candy is found in almost any store as they are distributed by many companies.
Candy is a sweet kind of food that is usually made from sugar and water, with flavors and other ingredients added. The word "candy" comes from the Indian word "khanda", which means 'a piece' or 'a piece of sugar'.
Sugar can be one of many compounds. Most candy is fructose, but some is glucose or sucrose.
Candy is found in almost any store as they are distributed by many companies.
Candy is a sweet kind of food that is usually made from sugar and water, with flavors and other ingredients added. The word "candy" comes from the Indian word "khanda", which means 'a piece' or 'a piece of sugar'.
Sugar can be one of many compounds. Most candy is fructose, but some is glucose or sucrose.
Candy is found in almost any store as they are distributed by many companies.
Candy is a sweet kind of food that is usually made from sugar and water, with flavors and other ingredients added. The word "candy" comes from the Indian word "khanda", which means 'a piece' or 'a piece of sugar'.
Sugar can be one of many compounds. Most candy is fructose, but some is glucose or sucrose.
Candy is found in almost any store as they are distributed by many companies.
Candy is a sweet kind of food that is usually made from sugar and water, with flavors and other ingredients added. The word "candy" comes from the Indian word "khanda", which means 'a piece' or 'a piece of sugar'.
Sugar can be one of many compounds. Most candy is fructose, but some is glucose or sucrose.
Candy is found in almost any store as they are distributed by many companies.
Candy is a sweet kind of food that is usually made from sugar and water, with flavors and other ingredients added. The word "candy" comes from the Indian word "khanda", which means 'a piece' or 'a piece of sugar'.
Sugar can be one of many compounds. Most candy is fructose, but some is glucose or sucrose.
Candy is found in almost any store as they are distributed by many companies.
Candy is a sweet kind of food that is usually made from sugar and water, with flavors and other ingredients added. The word "candy" comes from the Indian word "khanda", which means 'a piece' or 'a piece of sugar'.
Sugar can be one of many compounds. Most candy is fructose, but some is glucose or sucrose.
Candy is found in almost any store as they are distributed by many companies.
Candy is a sweet kind of food that is usually made from sugar and water, with flavors and other ingredients added. The word "candy" comes from the Indian word "khanda", which means 'a piece' or 'a piece of sugar'.
Sugar can be one of many compounds. Most candy is fructose, but some is glucose or sucrose.
Candy is found in almost any store as they are distributed by many companies.
Candy is a sweet kind of food that is usually made from sugar and water, with flavors and other ingredients added. The word "candy" comes from the Indian word "khanda", which means 'a piece' or 'a piece of sugar'.
Sugar can be one of many compounds. Most candy is fructose, but some is glucose or sucrose.
Candy is found in almost any store as they are distributed by many companies.
Candy is a sweet kind of food that is usually made from sugar and water, with flavors and other ingredients added. The word "candy" comes from the Indian word "khanda", which means 'a piece' or 'a piece of sugar'.
Sugar can be one of many compounds. Most candy is fructose, but some is glucose or sucrose.
Candy is found in almost any store as they are distributed by many companies.
Candy is a sweet kind of food that is usually made from sugar and water, with flavors and other ingredients added. The word "candy" comes from the Indian word "khanda", which means 'a piece' or 'a piece of sugar'.
Sugar can be one of many compounds. Most candy is fructose, but some is glucose or sucrose.
Candy is found in almost any store as they are distributed by many companies.
Candy is a sweet kind of food that is usually made from sugar and water, with flavors and other ingredients added. The word "candy" comes from the Indian word "khanda", which means 'a piece' or 'a piece of sugar'.
Sugar can be one of many compounds. Most candy is fructose, but some is glucose or sucrose.
Candy is found in almost any store as they are distributed by many companies.
Candy is a sweet kind of food that is usually made from sugar and water, with flavors and other ingredients added. The word "candy" comes from the Indian word "khanda", which means 'a piece' or 'a piece of sugar'.
Sugar can be one of many compounds. Most candy is fructose, but some is glucose or sucrose.
Candy is found in almost any store as they are distributed by many companies.
Candy is a sweet kind of food that is usually made from sugar and water, with flavors and other ingredients added. The word "candy" comes from the Indian word "khanda", which means 'a piece' or 'a piece of sugar'.
Sugar can be one of many compounds. Most candy is fructose, but some is glucose or sucrose.
Candy is found in almost any store as they are distributed by many companies.
Candy is a sweet kind of food that is usually made from sugar and water, with flavors and other ingredients added. The word "candy" comes from the Indian word "khanda", which means 'a piece' or 'a piece of sugar'.
Sugar can be one of many compounds. Most candy is fructose, but some is glucose or sucrose.
Candy is found in almost any store as they are distributed by many companies.
Candy is a sweet kind of food that is usually made from sugar and water, with flavors and other ingredients added. The word "candy" comes from the Indian word "khanda", which means 'a piece' or 'a piece of sugar'.
Sugar can be one of many compounds. Most candy is fructose, but some is glucose or sucrose.
Candy is found in almost any store as they are distributed by many companies.
Candy is a sweet kind of food that is usually made from sugar and water, with flavors and other ingredients added. The word "candy" comes from the Indian word "khanda", which means 'a piece' or 'a piece of sugar'.
Sugar can be one of many compounds. Most candy is fructose, but some is glucose or sucrose.
Candy is found in almost any store as they are distributed by many companies.
Candy is a sweet kind of food that is usually made from sugar and water, with flavors and other ingredients added. The word "candy" comes from the Indian word "khanda", which means 'a piece' or 'a piece of sugar'.
Sugar can be one of many compounds. Most candy is fructose, but some is glucose or sucrose.
Candy is found in almost any store as they are distributed by many companies.
Candy is a sweet kind of food that is usually made from sugar and water, with flavors and other ingredients added. The word "candy" comes from the Indian word "khanda", which means 'a piece' or 'a piece of sugar'.
Sugar can be one of many compounds. Most candy is fructose, but some is glucose or sucrose.
Candy is found in almost any store as they are distributed by many companies.
Candy is a sweet kind of food that is usually made from sugar and water, with flavors and other ingredients added. The word "candy" comes from the Indian word "khanda", which means 'a piece' or 'a piece of sugar'.
Sugar can be one of many compounds. Most candy is fructose, but some is glucose or sucrose.
Candy is found in almost any store as they are distributed by many companies.
Candy is a sweet kind of food that is usually made from sugar and water, with flavors and other ingredients added. The word "candy" comes from the Indian word "khanda", which means 'a piece' or 'a piece of sugar'.
Sugar can be one of many compounds. Most candy is fructose, but some is glucose or sucrose.
Candy is found in almost any store as they are distributed by many companies.
Candy is a sweet kind of food that is usually made from sugar and water, with flavors and other ingredients added. The word "candy" comes from the Indian word "khanda", which means 'a piece' or 'a piece of sugar'.
Sugar can be one of many compounds. Most candy is fructose, but some is glucose or sucrose.
Candy is found in almost any store as they are distributed by many companies.
Candy is a sweet kind of food that is usually made from sugar and water, with flavors and other ingredients added. The word "candy" comes from the Indian word "khanda", which means 'a piece' or 'a piece of sugar'.
Sugar can be one of many compounds. Most candy is fructose, but some is glucose or sucrose.
Candy is found in almost any store as they are distributed by many companies.
Candy is a sweet kind of food that is usually made from sugar and water, with flavors and other ingredients added. The word "candy" comes from the Indian word "khanda", which means 'a piece' or 'a piece of sugar'.
Sugar can be one of many compounds. Most candy is fructose, but some is glucose or sucrose.
Candy is found in almost any store as they are distributed by many companies.
Candy is a sweet kind of food that is usually made from sugar and water, with flavors and other ingredients added. The word "candy" comes from the Indian word "khanda", which means 'a piece' or 'a piece of sugar'.
Sugar can be one of many compounds. Most candy is fructose, but some is glucose or sucrose.
Candy is found in almost any store as they are distributed by many companies.
Candy is a sweet kind of food that is usually made from sugar and water, with flavors and other ingredients added. The word "candy" comes from the Indian word "khanda", which means 'a piece' or 'a piece of sugar'.
Sugar can be one of many compounds. Most candy is fructose, but some is glucose or sucrose.
Candy is found in almost any store as they are distributed by many companies.
Candy is a sweet kind of food that is usually made from sugar and water, with flavors and other ingredients added. The word "candy" comes from the Indian word "khanda", which means 'a piece' or 'a piece of sugar'.
Sugar can be one of many compounds. Most candy is fructose, but some is glucose or sucrose.
Candy is found in almost any store as they are distributed by many companies.
Candy is a sweet kind of food that is usually made from sugar and water, with flavors and other ingredients added. The word "candy" comes from the Indian word "khanda", which means 'a piece' or 'a piece of sugar'.
Sugar can be one of many compounds. Most candy is fructose, but some is glucose or sucrose.
Candy is found in almost any store as they are distributed by many companies.
Candy is a sweet kind of food that is usually made from sugar and water, with flavors and other ingredients added. The word "candy" comes from the Indian word "khanda", which means 'a piece' or 'a piece of sugar'.
Sugar can be one of many compounds. Most candy is fructose, but some is glucose or sucrose.
Candy is found in almost any store as they are distributed by many companies.
Candy is a sweet kind of food that is usually made from sugar and water, with flavors and other ingredients added. The word "candy" comes from the Indian word "khanda", which means 'a piece' or 'a piece of sugar'.
Sugar can be one of many compounds. Most candy is fructose, but some is glucose or sucrose.
Candy is found in almost any store as they are distributed by many companies.
Candy is a sweet kind of food that is usually made from sugar and water, with flavors and other ingredients added. The word "candy" comes from the Indian word "khanda", which means 'a piece' or 'a piece of sugar'.
Sugar can be one of many compounds. Most candy is fructose, but some is glucose or sucrose.
Candy is found in almost any store as they are distributed by many companies.
Candy is a sweet kind of food that is usually made from sugar and water, with flavors and other ingredients added. The word "candy" comes from the Indian word "khanda", which means 'a piece' or 'a piece of sugar'.
Sugar can be one of many compounds. Most candy is fructose, but some is glucose or sucrose.
Candy is found in almost any store as they are distributed by many companies.
Candy is a sweet kind of food that is usually made from sugar and water, with flavors and other ingredients added. The word "candy" comes from the Indian word "khanda", which means 'a piece' or 'a piece of sugar'.
Sugar can be one of many compounds. Most candy is fructose, but some is glucose or sucrose.
Candy is found in almost any store as they are distributed by many companies.
Candy is a sweet kind of food that is usually made from sugar and water, with flavors and other ingredients added. The word "candy" comes from the Indian word "khanda", which means 'a piece' or 'a piece of sugar'.
Sugar can be one of many compounds. Most candy is fructose, but some is glucose or sucrose.
Candy is found in almost any store as they are distributed by many companies.
Candy is a sweet kind of food that is usually made from sugar and water, with flavors and other ingredients added. The word "candy" comes from the Indian word "khanda", which means 'a piece' or 'a piece of sugar'.
Sugar can be one of many compounds. Most candy is fructose, but some is glucose or sucrose.
Candy is found in almost any store as they are distributed by many companies.

Foreignism
A foreignism is a word or expression which has found its way into one or more other languages. It differs from a loanword in that it is usually deemed “unwanted” by many linguists of the language which it has entered. A foreignism often occurs as a term in a specific category, such as cooking, sports, or business. The reason it is usually considered “unwanted” is that it is frequently misused or overused by the layperson, thereby creating more confusion for others who speak that particular language. But not all foreignisms are bad. In fact, some words which come from other languages are not foreignisms at all, but colourful expressions which express that which would be more difficult if one were to use the words already in his/her language. In this way, the so-called “foreignism” can be rather useful. Moreover, once it has caught on (i.e., when enough people start using it), it ceases to be called a “foreignism” and is considered to be "naturalised". This means that the term has been officially “adopted” by that language and is now part of the native vocabulary. Oftentimes, a foreign term will be borrowed by another language which lacked a way to say it. The English language has probably more foreignisms than any other language in the world. Almost every major world language has contributed one or more expressions to English. When an English expression enters another language it is often called an Anglicism. But the real main advantage of foreignisms is that those who know them are that much closer to knowing and using a foreign language, thereby creating more of a “global understanding”.

Moray eel
Moray eels is a family of eel. Sometimes they are also called by their Latin name Muraenidae. Moray eels can be found all over the world. There are 200 different species in 15 genera. Typically, moray eels grow to a length of about 1.5 metres. The largest known moray eel is the Slender giant moray, which can reach 4 metres in length. Moray eels live in coral reefs, at a depth of about 200m. These reefs are usually in tropical or subtropical waters. They spend most of their time inside deep cracks in rocks. Morays are carnivores. They prey on other fish, cephalopods, mollusks, and crustaceans. Groupers, other moray eels, and Barracudas are amongst their predators.

Carcassonne
Carcassonne ("Carcassona" in Occitan) is a fortified French town, in the "Aude département" in the "Languedoc". It is separated into the fortified "Cité de Carcassonne" and the more expansive lower city, the "ville basse".
This bastide, which was thoroughly restored from 1853 by the theorist and architect Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, was added to the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites in 1997. In 1999, the city had a population of 43.950 people.
Geography.
The town lies 90 km (56 miles) south-east of Toulouse in the gap between the Pyrenees and the Massif Central of France. Carcassonne is at the crossing of two major traffic routes: the route leading from the Atlantic to the Mediterranean and that from the Massif Central to Spain, skirting the Pyrenees. Both routes exist since ancient history.
History.
Romans fortified the hilltop of Carcassonne around 100 BC and eventually made it the "colonia" of "Julia Carsaco", later "Carcasum". The main part of the lower courses of the northern ramparts dates from Gallo-Roman times.
In 462 the Romans officially left and the Visigothic king Theodoric II built more fortifications at Carcassonne, some of them still stand.
In 760, Pippin was unable to take Carcassonne, although he was able to most of the south of France.
In 1067 Carcassonne became the property of Raimond Bernard Trencavel, viscount of Albi and Nîmes.
Carcassonne became famous in its role in the Albigensian Crusades, when the city was a stronghold of occitan cathars. In August 1209 the crusading army of Simon de Montfort forced its citizens to surrender. He added to the fortifications. Carcassonne became a border citadel between France and Aragon.
The fortified city.
The fortifications consist of a double ring of ramparts and 53 towers. 1849 the architect Eugène Viollet-le-Duc took over restoration works.
At his death in 1879 his pupil Paul Boeswillwald, and later the architect Nodet continued the rehabilitation of Carcassonne. The restoration was strongly criticized during Viollet-le-Duc's lifetime because he made the error of using slates and restoring the roofs as pointed cones, where local practice was traditionally of tile roofing and low slopes, as in this region snow was very seldom. But today Viollet-le-Duc's work at Carcassonne is thought to be a work of genius, even if it is not exactly the same as it was.

Villeneuve-sur-Lot
As of 1999, 24.700 people lived in the city.

Agen
Agen is a city in Aquitaine, France. It is located about halfway between Bordeaux and Toulouse. It is famous in France for its dried plums. These are either stuffed with a sweet purée of "prune", or as an after dinner delight - soaked in Armagnac. About 30.000 inhabitants lived there in 1999.

Libourne
Libourne is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.
Libourne is a French city about 50km northeast of Bordeaux. It is is near Saint-Emilion and Pomerol, both known for their wines. It is located on the river Dordogne where the Isle joins it. It was created as a bastide by Roger de Leybourne in 1270. The name transformed a little. Its original aim was to be a port to ship wine.

Mirepoix (Ariège)
Mirepoix is a city in the south of France. Today, about 3.000 people live there. It was founded as a bastide. Though it is not a bastide in the sense that it is a planned city. It was rebuilt following complete destruction after the local river overboarded. This reconstruction was done according to the 'bastide' idea.

Kiss (album)
Kiss is the self-titled debut album from the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on February 8, 1974.

Hotter Than Hell
Hotter Than Hell is the second album from the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss.It was released on October 22, 1974.

Dressed To Kill
Dressed To Kill is the third studio album from the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on March 19, 1975.

Alive!
Alive is the fourth album from the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It is also their first live album. Released on September 10, 1975.

Destroyer (album)
Destroyer is the fourth studio album and fifth album overall by the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on March 15, 1976.

12-hour clock
The 12-hour clock is a way of determining the time in which the 24 hours of the day are divided into two sections called "ante meridiem" ("a.m.") and "post meridiem" ("p.m."). Both names are from Latin, and numbered from 12, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11. Time from midnight to noon is a.m. and from noon to midnight p.m. The table at right shows how it relates to the 24-hour clock.

Norfolk County Fair and Horse Show
The Norfolk County Fair and Horse Show is an annual showcase of rides, country music, carnival food, expensive contraptions, and horses that takes place in Simcoe, Ontario, Canada. The fair has been held in Norfolk County since the 19th Century. Simcoe Composite School people enjoy the competitions and cheerleading that goes on in the grandstands.

Bootylicious
"Bootylicious" is a song performed by R&B girl group Destiny's Child. It is on their third album "Survivor" 2001 and was the second single from the album. It was their fourth U.S. number-one single and reached the top-five in Australia, Canada and the United Kingdom. The music video was directed by Matthew Rolston.
The word "bootylicious" is a combination of "booty" (buttocks) and "delicious".

Rigor mortis
Rigor Mortis is a condition that affects a human body after death. Rigor mortis caused the muscles in the body to become rigid. It starts to happen three to four hours after death. Twelve hours after death, the muscles have become fully rigid. The condition usually lasts until 36 hours after death. At that time, the muscles start to relax.

Colosseum
The Colosseum (or Coliseum, originally known as Flavian Amphitheatre) is a large amphitheatre in the city of Rome. It was built between 72 and 80. Vespasian started the works, Titus completed them. it had seating for 45.000 - 50.000 people. It was 846 feet wide. It was used for gladiatorial contests, and other spectacles (like "animal hunts", in which animals would hunt and eat prisoners; or in which gladiators would fight against animals).
The Colosseum was also used as a place for people the Roman Empire did not like to be killed.

Amphitheatre
An Amphitheatre (or "Amphitheater") is a type of structure. It can be either man-made or natural. It is an flat area, sourrounded by an area that ascends gradually. In the ascending area, people can be seated. Today, such structures are used for presentations, but also spectator sports. In Ancient Rome these structures were used to entertain the population. Gladiator combats, animal hunts, and executions were staged there.

Circus Maximus
The Circus Maximus (translates to biggest round-course) is an ancient hippodrome located in Rome. It was built by the Romans. It was used to stage horse races, but also other feasts. Today it is a park.

Peter Maxwell Davies
Sir Peter Maxwell Davies, CBE (b. Salford, Lancashire, 8 September 1934), is an English composer and conductor. He is one of the most important composers today. He has received many honours, including his appointment as Master of the Queen’s Music. Davies' surname is "Davies"; "Maxwell" is his middle name, and his friends call him 'Max'.
Life.
Davies grew up in Lancashire. He learned to play the piano and started composing when he was still very young. After education at Leigh Grammar School, he studied at the University of Manchester and at the Royal Manchester College of Music (now part of the Royal Northern College of Music). He met other students there who became famous musicians: Harrison Birtwistle, Alexander Goehr, Elgar Howarth and John Ogdon. Together they formed a group which they called the “New Music Manchester”. This group performed a lot of contemporary music (music that was being composed at the time). After a short stay in Rome he got a job as Director of Music at Cirencester Grammar School from 1959 to 1962.
Davies still wanted to study with other composers, so he went to the United States to study with Roger Sessions, Milton Babbitt and Earl Kim. Then he moved to Australia, where he was Composer in Residence at the University of Adelaide from 1965-66.
He then returned to the United Kingdom, and moved to the Orkney Islands. Davies, who is openly gay, still lives there on the island of Sanday with his partner Colin Parkinson. In 1977 he started a big arts festival on Orkney, called the St Magnus Festival. This still takes place every year. He often uses it to give first performances of new works (often played by the local school orchestra).
Davies has held several posts including Artistic Director of the Dartington Summer School from 1979 to 1984 and has held posts. From 1992 to 2002 he was associate conductor/composer with the BBC Philharmonic Orchestra and he has conducted a number of other well-known orchestras.
He was given several honorary doctorates including one from the University of Oxford. He has been President of Making Music (The National Federation of Music Societies) since 1989. Davies was made a CBE in 1981 and knighted in 1987. He was appointed Master of the Queen's Music for a ten-year period from March 2004. He is also a professor of composition at the Royal Academy of Music.
Music.
Davies has written a lot of music. Some of his first works use serial techniques, sometimes combined with ideas from Mediaeval and Renaissance music, including bits of plainsong.
Pieces from the late 1960s combine these ideas with expressionism and a violent character, for example "Eight Songs for a Mad King" which is about King George III. Written for a singer and a small group of instruments the singer has to shout and screech at times, and also act. He wrote an opera "Taverner" about the Renaissance composer John Taverner. The orchestral piece "St Thomas Wake" (1969) uses many different styles of music, including foxtrots (played by a twenties-style dance band), a pavan by John Bull and Davies's own modern style. Many works from this period were performed by the Pierrot Players which Davies founded with Harrison Birtwistle in 1967 (they were reformed as The Fires of London in 1970 and stayed together until 1987).
Mathematics plays a part in Davies’ music. In his work "Ave Maris Stella" he uses a magic square. "Worldes Blis" 1969 shows the beginning of his more mature style. Some people think it is similar to Jean Sibelius.
Since his move to Orkney, Davies has often used Orcadian (the adjective of “Orkney”) or more generally Scottish themes in his music, and has sometimes set the words of Orcadian writer George Mackay Brown. He has written a number of other operas, "The Martyrdom of St Magnus" (1976), "The Lighthouse" (1980, his most popular opera), "Resurrection" (1987), and "The Doctor of Myddfai" (1996). Davies also became interested in classical forms, completing his first symphony in 1976. He has written eight numbered symphonies since, a Sinfonia Concertante (1982), as well as the series of ten "Strathclyde Concertos" for various instruments (pieces he wrote when he worked with the Scottish Chamber Orchestra). In 2002, he began work on a series of string quartets for the Maggini String Quartet to record on the Naxos record label (the so-called "Naxos Quartets"). His most recent one is No.9 (2006).
Davies has also written a number of lighter orchestral works such as "Mavis in Las Vegas" and "An Orkney Wedding, with Sunrise" which features the bagpipes and was played at the Last Night of the Proms in 1992 (with a bottle of whisky being passed round). He also wrote music for children including the operas "A Selkie Tale", "The Great Bank Robbery" and "The Spider's Revenge", and film music for Ken Russell's films "The Devils" and "The Boy Friend".
Maxwell Davies's short piano piece "Farewell to Stromness" entered the Classic FM Hall of Fame in 2003.

Take That
Take That is an English boyband from Manchester. They first got together in 1990, and between then and 1996, when they broke up, they sold 19 million records. The band got back together in 2006 and went on tour, without Robbie Williams.

Ambulance
An ambulance is a type of vehicle made to carry sick or injured people. Normally, ambulances go to people in emergencies to take people to hospital. Examples of emergencies include serious broken bones, chest pain, serious head injuries, and people injured in situations like car crashes.
Ambulances normally have emergency medical technicians (EMTs) and paramedics who work on them. The are highly trained to provide emergency care and treatment before reaching hospital.
They carry a lot of special equipment that can keep people alive, by giving them oxygen, restarting their heart if it stops, or repairing a collapsed lung.
Ambulances are normally called by dialing a specific emergency number, which is different from country to country. In the UK, this number is 999; USA 911; Europe 112.
Air Ambulance.
Air ambulances have also played an important role over the last 2 decades, with quick, or out-of-town medical support becoming a necessity. Both helicopters and jets are generally outfitted with the same kind equipment that you see in a typical ground ambulance. In the United States, the Coast Guard runs a public air ambulance service using helicopters. There are also privately owned air ambulance services that provide for a wider range of needs, including international transport.

Gan language
Gan is the language of Jiangxi and some others provinces in China.
It is spoken by 20 to 50 million people in southern China.
Gan has 9 dialects, and Nangchang dialect is representative.

Rock And Roll Over
Rock And Roll Over is the fifth studio album and sixth album overall by the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on November 11, 1976.

Love Gun
Love Gun is the sixth studio album by the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on June 30, 1977.

Alive II
Alive II is the second live album and eight album overall by the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on November 28, 1977.

Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor
Henry IV (1050 – 1106) was King of Germany from 1056 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1084, till he was forced to step down in 1105. He was the third emperor of the Salian dynasty and one of the most interesting and important figures of the eleventh century. His reign was marked by the Investiture Controversy with the Papacy and several civil wars with pretenders to his throne in Italy and Germany.
Biography.
Henry was the eldest son of the Emperor Henry III, by his second wife Agnes de Poitou, and was probably born at the royal palace at Goslar. When Henry III unexpectedly died in 1056, the six-year-old Henry IV became king without problems. The Empress Agnes acted as regent, and the German pope Victor II was named as her counsellor.
Unlike Henry III, Agnes could not influence the election of the new popes, Stephen IX and Nicholas II. These popes worked together with the Normans of southern Italy.
But the first great problem startet when Nicholas claimed influence in the election of German bishops.
Investiture controversy.
When Gregory VII, a reformist monk, was elected as pope in 1073. This is when the controversy between emperor and pope began.
In the higher ranks of the German clergy, Gregory had many enemies. Therefore King Henry declared Gregory to no longer pope and the Romans should choose a new pope. When Gregory heard of this he
excommunicated Henry IV, declared he was no longer emperor and canceled the oaths the people had sworn to King Henry.
The excommunication of the king made a deep impression both in Germany and Italy. Thirty years before, Henry III had deposed three popes, but when Henry IV tried to copy this procedure he had not the support of the people. The Saxons began a second rebellion, and the anti-royalist party grew in strength.
To Canossa.
The situation now became extremely critical for Henry. It became clear that at any price he had to get his absolution from Gregory. At first he tried this by an embassy, but when Gregory rejected this, he went to Italy in person.
The pope had already left Rome. Henry tried to force the pope to grant him absolution by doing penance before him at Canossa, where Gregory stayed. For a Christian it seemed impossible to deny a penitent re-entrance into the church, and therefore Gregory removed the ban. But a new conflict followed because Henry IV thought the end of excommunication meant he was king again. But Gregory did not decide that.
Second excommunication of Henry.
The opposition of the rebellious German nobles used the excommunication of Henry to set up a rival king Duke Rudolph of Swabia (Forchheim, March 1077). At first Gregory seemed to be neutral because the two parties (emperor and rebels) were of fairly equal strength. But finally he decided to support Rudolph of Swabia after his victory at "Flarchheim" (January 27, 1080) and declared the excommunication and deposition of King Henry again (March 7, 1080).
This was widely felt to be an injustice. When Rudolph of Swabia died on October 16 of the same year, Henry began to fight to be king. In 1081 he opened the conflict against Gregory in Italy. Gregory had now become less powerful, and thirteen Cardinals stopped supporting him. Rome surrendered to the German king, and Guibert of Ravenna was enthroned as Clement III (March 24, 1084). Henry was crowned emperor by his rival, while Gregory himself had to flee from Rome in the company of his Norman "vassal," Robert Guiscard.

Gene Simmons (album)
"Gene Simmons" is a solo album by Gene Simmons, the bass player of the American hard rock/heavy metal band, Kiss. It was released on September 18, 1978, as one of four solo albums released by the members of Kiss.

Paul Stanley (album)
Paul Stanley is a solo album from the guitarist of the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on September 18, 1978, as one of four solo albums released by the members of Kiss.

Ace Frehley (album)
Ace Frehley is a solo album from the guitarist of the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on September 18, 1978, as one of four solo albums released by the members of Kiss.

Tristan und Isolde
"Tristan und Isolde" ("Tristan and Isolde") is an opera in three acts by Richard Wagner. As always, Wagner wrote the words for the opera himself. He took the famous old legend which had been told by the German poet Gottfried von Strassburg
Wagner composed the opera between 1857 and 1859. It was first performed, with Hans von Bülow conducting, in Munich on 10 June 1865. Many musicians think it is the greatest opera of the 19th century. Wagner’s dramatic handling of the story had enormous influence on many composers of the time. His harmonies were also an extremely important development in the language of Romantic music. Not everybody liked it. In particular, the music critic Eduard Hanslick said that he could not understand it.
The story of Tristan and Isolde was one of the great romances of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Several poets told the story, and each told it slightly differently. The themes of chivalry and courtly love are always there.
Act I.
Isolde, an Irish princess, and her maid, Brangaene are on Tristan’s ship, being taken to King Marke’s lands in Cornwall where Isolde is to be married to the King. The opera opens with a young sailor singing about a “wild Irish maid”. Isolde thinks he is singing about her. She is furious and wishes the sea would rise up and sink the ship, killing all on board. She is particularly furious with Tristan, the knight who is taking her to the king. She asks her maid to get Tristan, but he will not come because his is steering the ship. His henchman, Kurwenal, speaks crossly to Brangaene, reminding her that Isolde’s previous fiancé, Morold, had been killed by Tristan and his head sent back to Ireland.
Brangaene returns to Isolde to tell her about what was said. Isolde sadly tells her how, after Morold had died, a man called Tantris had been brought to her because he was seriously injured, and that she had made him better using her powers of healing. However, she then found out that his real name was Tristan. He was Ireland’s worst enemy, and he was the man who had killed Morold. Isolde had tried to kill him with a sword, but when Tristan had looked into her eyes her heart had become full of love and she had dropped the sword. Tristan had been allowed to go back to Cornwall. However, it seemed now he had told his uncle, King Marke, all about the beautiful Isolde and had come to get her so that his uncle could marry her. Brangaene tries to make Isolde see that Tristan is doing an honourable thing to make her Queen of Ireland, but Isolde will not listen. She is furious, and wants him to drink a potion which had been intended by her mother for King Marke and Isolde as a love potion, but for Tristan it would be death.
Kurwenal now appears and says that Tristan has agreed after all to see Isolde. When he arrives, Isolde tells him that she now knows that he was Tantris, and that he owes her his life. Tristan agrees to drink the potion, now prepared by Brangaene, even though he knows it may kill him. As he drinks, Isolde snatches the rest of the potion from him and drinks it herself. They both believe they are about to die, and they declare their love for one other. Kurwenal comes and says that King Marke is arriving. Isolde asks Brangaene which potion she prepared and is told that it was not the death poison, but a love-potion. Outside, the sailors welcome the arrival of King Marke.
Act II.
A group are hunting and night. King Marke’s castle is empty except for Isolde and Brangaene who stand by a lighted torch. Isolde keeps thinking that the hunting horns are far enough away for her to put out the flames, giving the sign for Tristan to join her. Brangaene warns Isolde that one of King Marke’s knights, Melot, has seen Tristan and Isolde looking at one another lovingly. Isolde, however, thinks that Melot is Tristan’s best friend, and, desperate to see Tristan, she puts out the flames. Brangaene goes to the castle walls to keep a look-out as Tristan arrives.
Tristan and Isolde can now tell one another they are madly in love. They do not notice the night is ending, and Melot leads Marke to find the two lovers in one another’s arms. Marke is desperately sad because Tristan has been betrayed and also because he himself had come to love Isolde.
Tristan now asks Isolde if she will follow him again into the night, and she agrees. Melot and Tristan fight, but then Tristan throws his sword to the side and is seriously wounded by Melot.
Act III.
Kurwenal has brought Tristan home to his castle at Kareol in Brittany. A shepherd plays a sad tune on his pipes and asks if Tristan is awake. Kurwenal says that only Isolde’s arrival can save Tristan. The shepherd says he will keep watch and pipe a happy tune to mark the arrival of any ship. Tristan now wakes up and is sad that it is daylight. His sadness turns to joy when Kurwenal tells him that Isolde is coming. He asks if her ship is in sight, but only the shepherd’s sorrowful tune is heard.
Tristan sinks back again. He remembers that the shepherd’s tune is the one he had heard when his father and then his mother died. He collapses. The shepherd now pipes the arrival of Isolde’s ship, and as Kurwenal rushes to meet her, Tristan in his excitement tears the bandages from his wounds. As Isolde arrives at his side, Tristan dies while speaking her name.
Isolde collapses beside him as the appearance of another ship is announced. Kurwenal sees Melot, Marke and Brangaene arrive and furiously attacks Melot because he had killed Tristan. In the fight both Melot and Kurwenal are killed. Marke and Brangaene finally reach Tristan and Isolde. Marke is terribly sad. He explains that he has heard about the love-potion from Brangaene and he had come because he had decided that Tristan and Isolde should be united. Isolde seems to wake but, in a last aria describing her vision of Tristan risen again (the “Liebestod”), dies of grief.
The Tristan chord.
The very first chord in the piece is very famous. It has become known as the "Tristan chord". Although it had been used before, the way Wagner used it here was quite new. It makes the harmony very hazy, and the listener does not know for many bars what key the music is in. It creates a lot of tension. There are many other moments like this in the opera. The tension goes right through the opera. The story tells of a tension that can only come to rest through death.
Prelude and Liebestod.
The Prelude and Liebestod is a concert version of the overture and Isolde's Act 3 aria, arranged by Wagner, which was first performed in 1862, before the first performance of the opera itself in 1865. The Liebestod can be performed either in a purely orchestral version, or with a soprano singing Isolde's vision of Tristan brought back to life.

Peter Criss (album)
Peter Criss is a solo album from the drummer of the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on September 18, 1978, as one of four solo albums released by the members of Kiss.

Pop Rocks
Pop Rocks are a kind of candy with carbonation added to make a "popping" feeling in the mouth of the person eating them.

Dynasty (album)
Dynasty is a studio album by the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on May 23, 1979.

Master of the Queen's Music
Master of the Queen's Music (or Master of the King's Music when the United Kingdom has a king) is the title given to one chosen composer of classical music; it is a post in the Royal Household of the King or Queen of the United Kingdom. Only one person holds the title at any one time. It is very similar to the post of Poet Laureate which is for a poet.
The Master of the Queen's Music is now Sir Peter Maxwell Davies. Instead of being appointed for life, he was appointed for a ten-year term, starting March 2004. The change was to give more composers the opportunity to serve.
The Master of the Queen's Music has the job of composing music for special royal occasions such as anniversaries, marriages and deaths, and for special ceremonies.
The title was created in 1626 by Charles I. It was spelt Master of the King's Musick and was always spelt that way until the time of Sir Edward Elgar who was Master from 1924 to 1934.

Unmasked
"Unmasked" is a studio album by the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on May 20, 1980.

Music From "The Elder"
"Music From "The Elder" is a concept album by the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on November 10, 1981.

Cross-platform
Cross-platform software is a type of software that can run on many different operating systems or computer architectures. Together, the combination of an operating system and computer architecture is commonly referred to as a "platform".

Investiture Controversy
The Investiture Controversy, also known as the lay investiture controversy, was the most important conflict between secular and religious powers in medieval Europe. It began as a dispute in the 11th century between the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII. The question was who would control appointments of bishops (investiture).
The controversy lead to nearly fifty years of civil war in Germany. This war ended with the triumph of the great dukes and abbots, and the falling apart of the German empire in the end.
The dispute between Gregory VII and Henry IV.
When Gregory VII, a reformist monk, was elected as pope in 1073 the controversy between emperor and pope began.
In the higher ranks of the German clergy Gregory had many enemies. Therefore King Henry declared Gregory were no longer pope and the Romans should choose a new pope. When Gregory heard of this he
excommunicated Henry IV, declared he was no longer emperor and absolved his subjects from the oaths they had sworn to him.
The excommunication of the king made a deep impression both in Germany and Italy. Thirty years before, Henry III had deposed three popes, but when Henry IV tried to copy this procedure he had not the support of the people. The Saxons began a second rebellion, and the anti-royalist party grew in strength from month to month.
To Canossa.
The situation now became extremely critical for Henry. It became clear that at any price he had to get his absolution from Gregory. At first he tried this by an embassy, but when Gregory rejected this, he went to Italy in person.
The pope had already left Rome. Henry tried to force the pope to grant him absolution by doing penance before him at Canossa, where Gregory stayed. For a Christian it seemed impossible to deny a penitent re-entrance into the church, and therefore Gregory removed the ban. But a new conflict followed because Henry IV thought the end of excommunication meant he was king again. But Gregory did not decide that.
Second excommunication of Henry.
The opposition of the rebellious German nobles used the excommunication of Henry to set up a rival king Duke Rudolph of Swabia (Forchheim, March 1077). At first Gregory seemed to be neutral because the two parties (emperor an rebels) were of fairly equal strength. But finally he decided for Rudolph of Swabia after his victory at "Flarchheim" (January 27, 1080) and declared the excommunication and deposition of King Henry again(March 7, 1080).
This was widely felt to be an injustice. When Rudolph of Swabia died on October 16 of the same year, Henry, now more experienced, took up the struggle. In 1081 he opened the conflict against Gregory in Italy. Gregory had now become less powerful, and thirteen cardinals deserted him. Rome surrendered to the German king, and Guibert of Ravenna enthroned as Clement III (March 24, 1084). Henry was crowned emperor by his rival, while Gregory himself had to flee from Rome in the company of his Norman "vassal," Robert Guiscard.

Cycas
Cycas is a genus of plants. It is the only genus currently known in the cycad family. About 95 species are currently known. The probably best-known of these is cultivated and marketed as "Sago Palm" or "King Sago Palm". The plant is not a true palm, however. The generic name comes from Greek "kykas" and means "palm tree".
The genus is native to the Old World, with the species concentrated around the equatorial regions. It is native to eastern and southeastern Asia including the Philippines with 6 species (4 of which are endemic), eastern Africa (including Madagascar), northern Australia, Polynesia, and Micronesia. Australia has 26 species, while the Indo-Chinese area has about 30. The northernmost species ("C. revoluta") is found at 31°N in southern Japan. The southernmost ("C. megacarpa") is found at 26°S in southeast Queensland, Australia.
The plants have often been considered to be a living fossil. The earliest fossils of the genus "Cycas" appear in the Cenozoic although "Cycas"-like fossils that may belong to Cycadaceae extend well into the Mesozoic. "Cycas" is not closely related to other genera of cycads, and phylogenetic studies have shown that Cycadaceae is the sister-group to all other extant cycads.

Heliconia
Heliconia is a genus of flowering plants. They are native tropical South America, as well as the Pacific Ocean Islands west to Indonesia. There are between 100 and 200 species in the genus. Other common names include lobster-claw, wild plantain and false bird-of-paradise.
The plants have very decorative flowers. For this reason they are often sold decorative plants.

Screenplay
A screenplay or script is the written instruction about what happens in a movie or television program. The screenplay for a movie has everything that happens in the movie. It includes the plot, the dialogue of the characters, and all the actions of the characters. The person who writes the screenplay is called a screenwriter. A screenplay for television is called a teleplay.

Pope Gregory VII
Pope Gregory VII (c. 1020/1025 – May 25, 1085), born Hildebrand of Soana (Italian: "Ildebrando di Soana"), was elevated to the papacy on April 22, 1073, and remained pope until his death.
One of the great reforming popes, Gregory is perhaps best known for the part he played in the Investiture Controversy, when he fought against Emperor Henry IV.
Beginnings.
On the death of Alexander II (April 21, 1073), Hildebrand became pope and took the name of Gregory VII. The mode of his election was highly criticized by his opponents. It is clear from his own report of the circumstances of his election that the forms prescribed by the law of 1059 were not observed. But he was accepted by the people of Rome.
Investiture Controversy.
In the higher ranks of the German clergy Gregory had many enemies. Therefore King Henry declared Gregory were no longer pope and the Romans should choose a new pope. When Gregory heard of this he
excommunicated Henry IV, declared he was no longer emperor and absolved his subjects from the oaths they had sworn to him.
The excommunication of the king made a deep impression both in Germany and Italy. Thirty years before, Henry III had deposed three popes, but when Henry IV tried to copy this procedure he had not the support of the people. The Saxons began a second rebellion, and the anti-royalist party grew in strength from month to month.
Canossa.
The situation now became extremely critical for Henry. It became clear that at any price he had to get his absolution from Gregory. At first he tried this by an embassy, but when Gregory rejected this, he went to Italy in person.
The pope had already left Rome. Henry tried to force the pope to grant him absolution by doing penance before him at Canossa, where Gregory stayed. For a Christian it seemed impossible to deny a penitent re-entrance into the church, and therefore Gregory removed the ban. But a new conflict followed because Henry IV thought the end of excommunication meant he was king again. But Gregory did not decide that.
Second excommunication of Henry.
The opposition of the rebellious German nobles used the excommunication of Henry to set up a rival king Duke Rudolph of Swabia (Forchheim, March 1077). At first Gregory seemed to be neutral because the two parties (emperor an rebels) were of fairly equal strength. But finally he decided for Rudolph of Swabia after his victory at "Flarchheim" (January 27, 1080) and declared the excommunication and deposition of King Henry again(March 7, 1080).
This was widely felt to be an injustice. When Rudolph of Swabia died on October 16 of the same year, Henry, now more experienced, took up the struggle. In 1081 he opened the conflict against Gregory in Italy. Gregory had now become less powerful, and thirteen cardinals deserted him. Rome surrendered to the German king, and Guibert of Ravenna enthroned as Clement III (March 24, 1084). Henry was crowned emperor by his rival, while Gregory himself had to flee from Rome in the company of his Norman "vassal," Robert Guiscard.

Excommunication
Excommunication is a religious act used to take off or suspend membership in a religious community.
The word literally means "out of communion", or "no longer in communion". In some churches, excommunication includes spiritual condemnation of the member or group. Sometimes sanctions "follow" excommunication; these include banishment, shunning, and shaming, depending on the group's religion or religious community.

Helen Clark
Helen Elizabeth Clark (born February 26, 1950) was the Prime Minister of New Zealand. She became the PM in December 1999. She is currently the Labour Party spokesman for Foreign Affairs. In 2006, she is ranked by "Forbes" magazine as the 20th most powerful woman in the world.
Early life.
Clark grew up as the eldest of four daughters from a Waikato farming family. Her mother, Margaret, worked as a primary school teacher and her father, George, was a farmer who supported the National Party during the 1981 election.
Clark studied at the University of Auckland, where she graduated with a MA (Honours) in 1974. Her thesis research focused on rural political behaviour and representation.

Scalable Vector Graphics
Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) is a computer language to describe two dimensional images. It's based on XML and created by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). The language allows to describe pictures by their elements. So you can zoom in and it stays clear without big pixels.
History.
The W3C published SVG in September 2001. Most browsers can show these graphics but Internet Explorer cannot. It needs a plugin to show them.
The normal Filename extension is ".svg" and the MIME-Type is codice_1.
Structure.
SVG uses Extensible Markup Language (XML). So it has an definition of the document type.
codice_2
Difference between bitmap and vector images.
This image shows the difference between bitmap and vector
images. The vector image can be scaled forever, while the bitmap can't.

Creatures Of The Night
Creatures Of The Night is a studio album by the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on October 13, 1982.

Full communion
Full communion is a term used in Christian ecclesiology to describe relations between two distinct Christian communities or Churches that recognise that each other shares the same communion and the same essential doctrines. That does not mean that there would be no differences at all between them.
The meaning of full communion is different in, on the one hand, Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Christian theology, and, on the other hand, in the theology of other Western Christians.

Queue
A queue is a line of people standing behind one another who are waiting for something. The person at the front of the queue will have his turn next, then the next person and so on. When someone comes to join the queue they have to go to the back of the queue and wait until it is their turn. Sometimes people try to "jump the queue" or "push in". They are usually told off and have to go to the back of the queue.
The word "queue" comes from the French word for "tail", but when talking about a queue of people in English it is pronounced "kyoo" (like "Kew" in "Kew Gardens"). The word "queue" can be a noun ("Please stand in the queue") or a verb ("Please queue over there").
A queue may also be a queue of vehicles waiting to get passed something or to go in somewhere.
People may queue to be served in a shop, or queue for a bus or taxi or to go into something like a museum. Queueing is much better than pushing one's way in.
Sometimes, in places where a lot of people are queueing, there may be a system of numbered tickets. When someone arrives, they take a number and wait until their number is shown on a display board. This system is often used in banks, doctor's surgeries, passport offices, etc.
People waiting in a queue are not always standing around. There may be people who, for example, are waiting to have an operation, but they have to wait "in a queue" until one day they receive a letter from the hospital telling them when to come in for their operation.
Russians often make jokes about queues because, in the days of the Soviet Union, there was not much in the shops. When a shop had a delivery there would suddenly be a long queue of people. People joined a queue even if they did not know what the queue was for. If they bought something they did not want they could always sell it.
Perhaps the most famous queue in Britain is the queue for promenade tickets (standing places) at the BBC Proms. People enjoy chatting to one another in the queue. The people who are at the front of the queue can have the first choice of where to stand for the concert.

Ecclesiology
In Christian theology, ecclesiology is the study of doctrine about the Church itself as a community and about the churches own view of its mission and role.
That neans that ecclesiology looks at the role of the church in salvation, at its origin, its relationship to the historical Christ, its discipline, its destiny (see Eschatology) and its leadership.
In addition to describing a broad discipline of theology, ecclesiology may be used in the specific sense of a particular church or denomination’s character, self-described or otherwise. This is the sense of the word in such phrases as "Roman Catholic ecclesiology", "Lutheran ecclesiology", and "ecumenical ecclesiology".

Ecclesia (Church)
Ecclesia (or Ekklesia) in Christian theology means both: a particular body of faithful people, and the whole body of the faithful. Latin "ecclesia", from Greek "ekklesia" had an original meaning of "assembly, congregation, council", literally "convocation".
Christian understanding of 'Church'.
If one speaks of the whole body of Christian faithful, then there are included not only the members of the Church who are alive on earth but all who were members of the church before. Some churches therefore describe the Church as being composed of the "Church Militant" (Christians on Earth) and the "Church Triumphant" (Christians in Heaven). In Catholic theology, there is also the "Church Suffering" (Christians still in purgatory).
The Christian family, the most basic unit of Church life, is sometimes called the domestic Church
Finally, 'The Church' may sometimes be used, especially in Catholic theology, to speak of those who exercise the office of teaching and ruling the faithful, the "Ecclesia Docens", or again (more rarely) the governed as distinguished from their pastors, the "Ecclesia Discens".

Communion (Christian)
The term Communion comes from Latin "communio" (sharing in common). The corresponding term in Greek is κοινωνία, which is often translated as "fellowship".
In Christianity, the basic meaning of the term "communion" is an especially close relationship of Christians, as individuals or as a Church, with God and with other Christians.
Derived meanings in Christianity.
But the term is also used of a group of Christian Churches that have this close relationship of communion with each other. An example is the Anglican Communion.
If the relationship between the Churches is complete, involving fulness of "those bonds of communion - faith, sacraments and pastoral governance - that permit the Faithful to receive the life of grace within the Church",it is called full communion. But the term "full communion" is often used as well in that sense that these Christian Churches are not united, but have only an arrangement where members of each Church have certain rights within the other.
If a Church recognizes that another Church, with which it lacks bonds of pastoral governance, shares with it some of the beliefs and essential practices of Christianity, it may speak of "partial communion" between it and the other Church.
The communion of saints is the relationship that, according to the belief of Christians, exists between them as people made holy by their link with Christ. This relationship is generally understood to mean not only those still in earthly life, but also to those who have gone past death to be "at home with the Lord" (2 Corinthians 5:8).
In a special way the term "communion" is applied to sharing in the Eucharist.
Biblical usage.
In the Bible, the Greek term "κοινωνία" is only used in the New Testament. It does not appear at all in the ancient Greek translation of the Old Testament known as the Septuagint. As a noun, or in its adjectival or verbal forms, it is found in 43 verses of the New Testament. In addition, the noun is found in some manuscripts (used for producing the English translation known as the King James Version, but not for more recent translations) in Ephesians 3:9.

Renewable resource
A natural resource qualifies as a renewable resource if its stock (quantity) can increase over time.
Natural resources which qualify as renewable resources are, for example, oxygen, fresh water, solar energy, timber, and biomass. But they can become non-renewable resources if more of them is used than nature can reproduce in the same time at that place. For example ground water may be removed from an aquifer at a greater rate than that of new water flowing to that aquifer. Removal of water from the pore spaces may cause permanent compaction (subsidence) that cannot be reversed. Human consumption and use at sustainable levels primarily uses renewable resources versus non-renewable resources.
Renewable resources may also include goods commodities such as wood, paper and leather.
Gasoline, coal, natural gas, diesel and other commodities that come from fossil fuels are non-renewable. Some commodities, like plastics and diesel, are mostly made from fossil fuel but ways have been developed for biodegradable plastic and biodiesel made from renewable resources such as corn, soybeans and canola.
Solar power.
Solar power is the technology of obtaining usable energy from the light of the sun. Solar energy has been used in many traditional technologies for centuries and has come into widespread use where other power supplies are absent, such as in places far off from the national electrical grid and in space.
Wind power.
Wind power is the conversion of wind energy into more useful forms, usually electricity using wind turbines. As of April 2008, worldwide wind farm capacity was 100,000 megawatts (MW), and wind power produced some 1.3% of global electricity consumption, accounting for approximately 19% of electricity use in Denmark, 9% in Spain and Portugal, and 6% in Germany and the Republic of Ireland. United States is an important growth area and latest American Wind Energy Association figures show that installed U.S. wind power capacity has reached 16,800 MW, which is enough to serve 4.5 million average households.
Most modern wind power is generated in the form of electricity by converting the rotation of turbine blades into electrical current by means of an electrical generator. In windmills (a much older technology) wind energy is used to turn mechanical machinery to do physical work, like crushing grain or pumping water.
Wind power is used in large scale wind farms for national electrical grids as well as in small individual turbines for providing electricity to rural residences or grid-isolated locations.
Wind energy is ample, renewable, widely distributed, clean, and works against the greenhouse effect if used to replace the use of fossil-fuel.
Hydropower.
Hydropower is the conversion of the energy of moving water into more useful forms. Already in ancient history hydropower was used for irrigation and milling of grain and afterwards also for textile manufacture and the operation of sawmills.
The energy of moving water has been exploited for centuries; in Imperial Rome, water powered mills produced flour from grain, and in China and the rest of the Far East, hydraulically operated "pot wheel" pumps raised water into irrigation canals. In the 1830s, at the peak of the canal-building era, hydropower was used to transport barge traffic up and down steep hills using inclined plane railroads.
Direct mechanical power transmission made it necessary that industries that used hydropower had to be near the waterfall. For example, during the last half of the 19th century, many grist mills were built at Saint Anthony Falls, utilizing the 50 foot (15 metre) drop in the Mississippi River. The mills contributed to the growth of Minneapolis. Today the largest use of hydropower is for electric power generation, which allows low cost energy to be used at long distances from the watercourse.

Derek Taylor
Derek Taylor (1932 – 1997) was a English journalist and author. He spent most of his career covering popular music and celebrity news. He had a long association with rock band The Beatles, serving at different times as their press agent. He was also a personal assistant to The Beatles manager Brian Epstein, and co-wrote a news column with guitarist George Harrison.
In the mid-1960s, Taylor lived with his family in Los Angeles, California, and had his own public relations agency. His clients included The Byrds and The Beach Boys. He also gave Harry Nilsson's career a boost, when he sent copies of Nilsson's album "Pandemonium Shadow Show" to important members of the music industry, including the Beatles.

Hot chocolate
Hot chocolate (also called hot cocoa, drinking chocolate or just cocoa) is a hot drink. It is usually is made by mixing chocolate or cocoa powder and sugar with warm milk or water. Hot chocolate is usually drunk to make the drinker feel happier or warmer. Some studies have shown that hot chocolate may be healthy because of antioxidants that are in cocoa. Until the 1800s, hot chocolate was also used by doctors as a medicine against some diseases.
It is believed that hot chocolate drink was first made by the Mayan people about 2000 years ago. Another cocoa drink was made by the Aztecs by 1400 A.D. The drink became popular in Europe after being brought from Mexico in the New World, and has changed a lot since then. Today, hot chocolate is used around the world. It comes in many different types such as the very thick "cioccolata densa" in Italy, and the thinner hot cocoa that is usually drunk in the United States.
History.
Chocolate is made from cocoa, the dried and partly fermented seeds of the cacao tree ("Theobroma cacao"). The cacao tree is a small (4–8 m (or 15-26 ft) tall) pine tree found in the deep tropical areas of the Americas. New studies show that the most found type of the plant first came from the Amazon basin. It was slowly moved by humans to other places in South and Central America to farm. Early kinds of another type have also been found in what is now Venezuela. The scientific name, "theobroma", means "food of the gods". The fruit, called a cacao pod, is shaped like an oval, 15–30 cm (or 6-12 in) long and 8–10 cm (3-4 in) wide. It gets ripe from yellow to orange, and weighs about 500 g (1 lb) when ripe.
The first known use of cacao is chocolate found in jars at the site of Puerto Escondido in Honduras. It was used there around 1100 B.C. An early Classic (460-480 A.D.) period Mayan grave from Rio Azul, Guatemala, had cups with the Mayan words for cacao on them with traces of an old chocolate drink. The Maya are usually given credit for making the first chocolate drink over 2,000 years ago. The drink would be changed even more in Europe.
To make the drink, the Maya ground cocoa seeds into a paste and mixed it with water, cornmeal, chile peppers, and spices. They then poured the drink back and forth from a cup to a pot until a foam was created. The drink was served cold. Maya of all social classes could get the drink, but the rich drank chocolate from fancy vessels or cups.
By the 1400s, the Aztecs took over a large part of Mesoamerica, and took cacao into their culture. They thought of chocolate with Xochiquetzal, the goddess of pregnancy. They also used chocolate drinks as sacrifices to gods. The Aztec kind of the drink was bitter and spicy, and was called "xocolatl". It was made a lot like the Mayan chocolate drinks. Vanilla, chile pepper, and achiote were added to the drink, and it was believed to fight tiredness, which is because of the theobromine content, a mood enhancer. Because cacao would not grow in central Mexico and had to be brought into the empire, chocolate was an important luxury good in the Aztec empire. Because of this, cocoa beans were used as money.
The first time Europeans saw chocolate was in the 16th century when Montezuma (who was ruler of the Aztec then) showed "xocolatl" to Hernán Cortés, a Spanish conquistador. What the Spanish then called "chocolatl" was said to be a drink made of a chocolate base with vanilla and other spices that was served cold. Montezuma's rulers were said to drink about 2000 cups of "xocolatl" per day, 50 of which were drank by Montezuma himself.
Because sugar had not come to the Americas, "xocolatl" was said to be something that one did not like in the beginning. The drink tasted spicy and bitter, unlike today's hot chocolate. As to when "xocolatl" was first made warm, sources are not sure about when and by whom. However, Jose de Acosta, a Spanish Jesuit missionary who lived in Peru and then Mexico in the later 16th century, described "xocolatl" as a drink with a bitter taste that the natives liked a lot.
European changes.
After defeating Montezuma’s warriors and taking the Aztec's riches, Cortés went back to Spain in 1528. He brought cocoa beans and chocolate drink making equipment. At this time, chocolate still was only the bitter drink made by the Mayans. Sweet hot chocolate and bar chocolate were not made yet.
After coming to Europe, the drink slowly got popularity. The court of King Charles V soon began drinking it, and what was then only called "chocolate" became a popular drink with the Spanish upper class. Also, cocoa was given as a gift when the Spanish Royal Family married other royalty. Then, chocolate cost a lot in Europe because the cacao beans only grew in South America.
The first shipment of chocolate to Europe for sale purposes was a shipment from Veracruz to Sevilla in 1585. It was still a drink, but the Europeans added sugar to sweeten it, and took out the chili pepper. They also added vanilla, cinnamon, and other spices. Sweet hot chocolate was then made, making hot chocolate a luxury item with the European royalty in the 17th century. Even when the first Chocolate house (a store like a coffee shop now) opened in 1657, the drink still cost a lot. A pound cost 50 to 75 pence (between 50 and 75 USD now).
In the late 1600s, Hans Sloane, president of the Royal College of Physicians, went toJamaica. There, he tried chocolate and did not like it, but found it was better with milk. When he came back to England, he brought the recipe with him, bringing milk chocolate to Europe.
In 1828, Coenraad Johannes van Houten made the first cocoa powder making machine in the Netherlands. The press took apart the greasy cocoa butter from cacao seeds, leaving a chocolate powder behind. This powder — like the cocoa powder used now — was easier to stir into milk and water, and led to solid chocolate. By using cocoa powder and a little bit of cocoa butter, bar chocolate was then able to be made. The term "chocolate" then came to mean solid chocolate, instead of hot chocolate.
Use and types.
Today, hot chocolate is drunk around the world; however, there are two main types of the drink. The main difference between the two is that one is thicker than the other.
Name.
The words "hot chocolate" and "hot cocoa" are sometimes used instead of each other, but there is actually a difference between the two. "Hot cocoa" is made from a mix of cocoa, sugar and ingredients, all powdered, to make the drink thick without cocoa butter. "Hot chocolate" is made right from bars of chocolate, which has cocoa, sugar and cocoa butter in it. The biggest difference between the two is the cocoa butter, which makes hot cocoa have less fat than hot chocolate, so it is better for one's health.
Hot chocolate can be made with dark, semisweet, or bittersweet chocolate. It is cut into small pieces and stirred into milk with sugar. American hot cocoa powder can be made with powdered milk so it can be made without milk. In the United Kingdom, "hot chocolate" is a sweet chocolate drink made with hot milk or water, and powder with chocolate, sugar, and powdered milk. "Cocoa" usually means a similar drink made with just hot milk and cocoa powder, then made sweeter with sugar.
North America.
In the United States, the drink is most popular in powdered or crushed form. It is made with hot water or milk. This is the thinner of the two main types. It is very sweet and often is served with marshmallows, whipped cream, or a piece of solid chocolate. European hot chocolate first came to the U.S. as early as the 1600s by the Dutch, but the first time colonists began selling hot chocolate was around 1755. Hot chocolate is usually drank in cold weather and winter in the United States. It is not taken with meals very often.
In Mexico, hot chocolate is still popular. Besides the instant powder form, Mexican hot chocolate uses semi-sweet chocolate, cinnamon, sugar and vanilla. Hot chocolate of this type is often sold in tablets or bars which can be put into hot milk, water or cream. It is then mixed until the drink gets a creamy foam. Mexican cinnamon hot chocolate is often served with a variety of Mexican breads or pastries called "pan dulce" and churros.
Europe.
In Europe, most kinds of hot chocolate are very thick. This is because they are made from pure chocolate. In the United Kingdom, hot chocolate is usually thinner. As Europe was where hot chocolate was first made popular, there are many different types.
Among the thick types of hot chocolate served in Europe is the Italian "cioccolata densa". German types are also known for being very thick and heavy. Hot chocolate and churros is the normal working-man's breakfast in Spain. This style of hot chocolate can be very thick, often being like warm chocolate pudding.
There are even more types of thick hot chocolate in Europe. Some cafes in Belgium and other areas in Europe serve a "warme chocolade" or "chocolat chaud". This is a cup of heated milk and a small bowl of bittersweet chocolate chips to put in the milk. In England, some kinds of powdered drinks are as thick as pure chocolate kinds.
Health.
Even though hot chocolate is usually drunk for enjoyment, it can also be good for the health. Hot chocolate has a lot of antioxidants that may be good for the health. From the 16th to 19th centuries, hot chocolate was used as a medicine and a drink. Explorer Francisco Hernández wrote that chocolate drinks helped fever and diseases of the liver. Another explorer, Santiago de Valverde Turices, thought that large amounts of hot chocolate were good for fixing chest problems, and small amounts could help stomach problems. When chocolate first came to France in the 17th century, it was used "to fight against fits of anger and bad moods". This may be because of a chemical that makes a person's mood better in chocolate. There are also a few bad health effects. Hot chocolate has a lot of calories, saturated fat, and sugar. Caffeine in the cocoa that is in hot chocolate may also make bad health effects.

Diuretic
A diuretic is a chemical substance. This substance is either in a herb, or it has been separated and made into a drug. Diuretics increase the amount of urine that is secreted from the body. Diuretics are used as a treatment for heart failure, liver cirrhosis, hypertension and certain problems with the kidneys. Diuretics are often abused by people suffering form bulimia nervosa as a way to lose weight.
Well-known substances that have diuretic properties are tea,coffee and alcohol.

The Byrds
The Byrds were a popular 1960s rock band, from California. Their members included Jim McGuinn (who later changed his name to Roger), David Crosby, Gene Clark, Chris Hillman and Michael Clarke. Later band members included Gram Parsons, Clarence White, and Gene Parsons.
The Byrds pioneered folk rock, a blend of folk music with rock and roll. Many of their songs were cover versions of Bob Dylan's songs, such as "Mr. Tambourine Man", which was their first hit. They recorded a bright, uplifting version of "Turn, Turn, Turn", which was adapted by Pete Seeger from Ecclesiastes in the Bible. Other songs were written by band members.
The Byrds recorded "So You Wanna Be a Rock'N'Roll Star?" about the Monkees, not liking the star-making machinery that made the Monkees famous overnight. They softened their opinions, though, once they'd met the band and saw they had real talent. Members of the Byrds played on Monkees recording sessions, and the later band Crosby, Stills & Nash was formed partly from meetings at Peter Tork's house.
One Byrds song, "You Showed Me", became a hit for The Turtles late in 1968. The Byrds's lineup changed many times, and after the last new lineup disbanded in 1972, the original members reunited to record an album, titled "Byrds".

Meningitis
Meningitis is an infection of certain membranes and tissues of the nervous system. Those are called meninges (singular:Meninx). Their function is to protect the central nervous system. Most often, this infection is caused by microorganisms, like viruses, bacteria, fungi or parasites. The most common cause of meningitis are viruses, followed by bacteria. Meningitis is a life-threatening condition. It affects all age groups.
Some kinds of Meningitis are very easy to spread. For this reason, in certain countries, like Germany, doctors have to tell the authorities that someone might have meningitis.
Signs of meningitis.
The following can be signs of meningitis.

Mental confusion
Mental confusion (often simply called confusion) is a symptom. People suffering from it have problems finding their way around in the world. They have troubles remembering who they are, where they are, or what time (or day of the week) it is. Additionally, they may have trouble remembering things or memorizing new things. This may be linked to problems focusing their attention. Confusion can also be a sign someone being sick with various illnesses when it's coupled with things like fever, chills or exhaustion.

Lick It Up
Lick It Up is a studio album by the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on September 18, 1983.

Wesleyan University
Wesleyan University, is a private liberal arts university in Middletown, Connecticut. It was founded by Methodist leaders and the people of Middletown in 1831. The university was the first college or university to be named after John Wesley, the founder of Methodism. Wesleyan is one of the three small New England colleges that make up the "Little Three" (or the "Little Ivies"): the others are Amherst and Williams Colleges.
History.
Wesleyan was founded as an all-male Methodist college in 1831. In 1872 it became one of the first American colleges to let female students attend. Some of Wesleyan's male alumni did not think that letting women go to the school was a good thing. They believed that it made Wesleyan look bad. Wesleyan stopped letting women got there and from 1912 to 1970 Wesleyan operated as an all-male college. Wesleyan began letting women attend again in 1970. At that time many females had went to the all-female Connecticut College in nearby New London, Connecticut.

Ben 10
Ben 10 is an American animated television show. The first episode was shown on December 27, 2005 on Cartoon Network. The main character, Ben Tennyson, is a ten year old boy who can turn himself into many different aliens.

Karol Szymanowski
Karol Szymanowski (October 3, 1882 - March 29, 1937) was a Polish composer. Next to Frederic Chopin, Karol was Poland's most famous composer. He is thought to be one of the greatest Polish composers of the first half of the 20th century.
Early life.
Szymanowski was born on his family's estate in Tymoszówka in what is today Ukraine.
School.
He studied in Berlin and Warsaw.
Music.
His music can be divided into three phases.
Early works before World War I showed his repertoire for the works of Frederic Chopin, Richard Wagner and Richard Strauss.
The second phase is influenced by the Orient and Mediterranean cultures. His music during this phase resulted in many of his best known compositions.
The third phase began in 1921. It has much what is similar to Polish folk themes. This work defined Polish themed music and is thought to include his greatest works. Initially, his music was not well accepted in Poland.
Works.
The works of Szymanowski include four symphonies, two violin concertos, the operas "Hagith" and "King Roger", the ballet-pantomime "Harnasie", the oratorio "Stabat Mater", as well as many piano, violin, vocal and choral compositions. His most popular works was his ballet "Harnasie" and opera "King Roger". "Harnasie" was first shown in Prague and later shown at the Paris Opera. It was received with acclamation and enthusiasm, both by critics and the public. Health and financial problems brought his work to an end in 1934. Szymanowski died after a short stay in a sanatorium in Lausanne, Switzerland.
Death.
He was buried on April 7, 1937 at the cemetery for the Polish nobles, in Pauline in Krakow. The exact day of his death is not certain, some say he died midnight, few minutes before March 29.

Animalize
"Animalize" is a studio album by the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on September 13, 1984.

Eubie Blake
Eubie Blake (February 7, 1887 - February 12, 1983) was an American pianist and composer. There is some problems about his birth date. He had said that he was born in 1883 during the latter part of his life. However, recently released documents - the 1900 United States census, his World War 1 draftcard, his Social Security registration and his passport registration - all say that he was born in 1887. People saying they were born earlier than they actuall were ("back dating") was common with musicians from that time. Jelly Roll Morton is another well known example of this. Blake also said that he composed his "Charleston Rag" in 1899. If this was true, he would have been 12 years old at the time. There is no evidence he was composing at that age or at that time. People who study Ragtime believe this may be another case of "backdating". Blake was born in Baltimore, Maryland.

Ter Hachatrjan Bagrat Aleksandrovich
Duke Bagrat Aleksandrovich Ter Hachatrjan (1892, - Kafan, 1981) was an officer of a Russian Imperial Army. He was awarded the Military Order of the Saint Grand Martyr and the Triumphant George. It is one of the highest awards of Russian Empire.
Family.
After the death of his parents, father Aleksandr and mother Sofia, Duke Bagrat Aleksandrovich escaped from Petrograd. He went to Caucasus. Duke Bagrat Aleksandrovich got married to his first wife Elizaveta Danilovna in 1923. He divorced Elizaveta Danilovna in 1927. From this matrimony he had a daughter and a son;
Duchess Emma Bagratovna (1924 - 2005)
In the year 1932, Duke Bagrat Aleksandrovich got married to Petrachuk Olga Alekseevna, Ukraine – Pols panna, daughter of merchant. They had two daugters;
History.
In 1937, the family Ter Hachatrjan fell under the repression of the NKVD. The family was arrested and put in jail in the city of Goris. Duke Bagrat Aleksandrovich was said to take part in the execution of 26 Baku Commissars. As was the situation with all noble families, Duke Bagrat Aleksandrovich was found guilty of betrayal and became the enemy of the Soviet State. Under the pressure of local government, Duke Bagrat Aleksandrovich had get rid of his title of Duke and all of his items that were brought from Petrograd. The family Ter Hachtrjan fell under the amnesty.
After, that Bagrat Aleksandrovich worked as director and actor of a moving theatre in Armenia.

Roseanne (TV series)
"Roseanne" was an American television series which was shown on ABC from 1988 to 1997. It starred comedian Roseanne Barr. The series was about a working-class family living in fictional city of Lanford, Illinois. For many years, "Roseanne" was more truthful than other series of the time in how it showed family life. They dealt with tough subjects, for example poverty, alcoholism, narcotics, sex, first menstrual periods, masturbation, obesity, feminism, domestic violence, nudity and homosexuality. Another important thing in the series was Roseanne's control in raising her children. Her husband Dan (John Goodman) felt as though he had no say in their house. "Roseanne" was important for women because it was one of the first series to put an overweight, powerful, yet smart woman as the main character.
The series was very well liked from its start. It spent its first six seasons in the top five of the Nielsen ratings. During the seventh season the series dropped some in ratings, but still stayed in the top 10 of the Nielsen ratings. However, during its ninth, and final season, the show's ratings dropped much and had fallen out of the top thirty.

Veronica Mars
"Veronica Mars" is an American teen drama/mystery-neo-noir series. It was first shown on UPN on September 22, 2004. The series was shown for its first two seasons on the UPN before moving to The CW Television Network on October 3, 2006. The show stars Kristen Bell as Veronica Mars: a student who also works as a private investigator with the help of her detective father. The series is said to be "a little bit Buffy and a little bit Bogart". The series has murder mystery, high school and college drama with sarcasm and strange humor.
The show starts with Veronica and her friends in high school. It follows them to college in later seasons of the series.

Sega Game Gear
The Sega Game Gear is a handheld video game system made by the Sega Corporation. It was released in Japan in 1990, and then released later in Europe, the United States and Australia.
The Game Gear has a colour screen, a speaker, and needs six AA batteries to run. It is bigger and costs more money than the Nintendo Game Boy. It also uses more electric power than the Game Boy, so the Game Gear's batteries must be replaced more often.
There are special add-ons for the Game Gear, such as a device that allows people to watch television on it.

God the Father
In many religions, the deity or God is called the "Father".

Kevin Smith
Kevin Patrick Smith (born August 2, 1970) is an American screenwriter, film director and the founder of View Askew Productions. He is also known as a comic book writer and actor. Smith's movies often take place in his home state of New Jersey. The movies are filled with pop culture references. Many of the references are about comic books and the "Star Wars" movies. They often take place in the View Askewniverse.
Personal life.
Smith was born in Red Bank, New Jersey to Grace and Donald Smith. He has an older sister, Virginia, and an older brother, Donald Jr. Smith was raised in the Catholic religion. He went to Henry Hudson Regional High School in Highlands, The New School for Social Research New York and the Vancouver Film School. Smith studied making movies but dropped out halfway through his studies. Smith is married to Jennifer Schwalbach Smith. They have a daughter, Harley Quinn Smith, born in 1999. He named his daughter after the character from '.

Nicene Creed
The Nicene Creed, Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed or Icon/Symbol of the Faith, is the most widespread or ecumenical Christian statement of faith.
Since its original formulation it continues to be used in the Roman Catholic, Syrian Orthodox (Jacobite), Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Assyrian, Anglican, Lutheran, and most other Protestant Churches.
Comparison between Creed of 325 and Creed of 381.
The following table displays side by side the earlier (325) and later (381) forms of this Creed in the English translation given in Schaff's which indicates by brackets the portions of the 325 text that were omitted or moved in 381, but uses no typographical mark to indicate what phrases, absent in the 325 text, were added in 381.
The following table presents in the same way the texts of the two Councils, as given in the original Greek language on the Web site
Problems.
There were certain problems with the Nicene creed. In 529, the so-called filioque clause was added to the creed. This clause is one of the main differences between the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church. The Catholic Church has this clause, the Eastern Orthodox Church does not. The clause is about how godly the Father is, compared to the Son. Where the original Nicene Creed reads "We believe in the Holy Spirit... who proceeds from the Father", the fixed, Roman Catholic version reads "We believe in the Holy Spirit... who proceeds from the Father "and the Son". Roman Catholic Christians accept this change, but Eastern Orthodox Christians reject it. Many Eastern Catholic churches (Eastern in liturgy but in full communion with the pope) do not use the clause in their creed. The do think the doctrine it represents is true, though, as this is a dogma of the Roman Catholic faith. Many Protestant churches who take a position in this matter, usually accept the "filioque".
After the schism of 1054, the Eastern and Western churches attempted to reunite at two separate medieval councils, and the filioque was an issue at each. Despite Greek concessions, neither the Second Council of Lyon (1274) nor the Council of Ferrera-Florence (1438 - 1535) achieved the desired union.
The clause is most often referred to as "the "filioque" or simply "filioque".

Apostles' Creed
The Apostles' Creed (Latin: "Symbolum Apostolorum"), sometimes titled Symbol of the Apostles, is an early statement of Christian belief, a creed or "symbol."
It is widely used by a number of Christian denominations for both liturgical and catechetical purposes, most visibly by liturgical Churches of Western tradition, including the Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic Church, Lutheranism, the Anglican Communion, and Western Orthodoxy. It is also used by evangelical Protestant denominations such as Presbyterians, Methodists, Congregationalists and many Baptists.
This creed seems to have been made as an argument against Gnosticism. Gnosticism was a heresy in the early days of the Church. This can be seen in almost every phrase. For example, the creed states that Christ was born and suffered and died on the cross. This seems to be a statement directly against the heretical teaching, which states that Christ only appeared to become man, and that he did not truly suffer and die, but only appeared as if he did. The Apostles' Creed, as well as other creeds, was made to be like an example of the apostles' teachings, and to defend the Gospel of Christ.
The creed is named Apostles' Creed because it is made of twelve articles. People believed every apostle
inspired the Holy Ghost after Pentecost wrote one article.
Because of its early origin, it does not address some issues defined in the later Nicene and other Christian Creeds. This makes it acceptable to many Arians and Unitarians.
Origin of the Creed.
Many hypotheses exist concerning the date and nature of the origin of the Apostles' Creed.
Many suppose it comes from "the Old Roman Symbol" of the 1st or 2nd century and was influenced later by the Nicene Creed (325/381).
For more information on the origin of the Apostles' Creed, see the in the "Catholic Encyclopedia".
Latin text.
"Credo in Deum Patrem omnipotentem, Creatorem caeli et terrae. Et in Iesum Christum, Filium Eius unicum, Dominum nostrum, qui conceptus est de Spiritu Sancto, natus ex Maria Virgine, passus sub Pontio Pilato, crucifixus, mortuus, et sepultus, descendit ad ínferos, tertia die resurrexit a mortuis, ascendit ad caelos, sedet ad dexteram Dei Patris omnipotentis, inde venturus est iudicare vivos et mortuos. Credo in Spiritum Sanctum, sanctam Ecclesiam catholicam, sanctorum communionem, remissionem peccatorum, carnis resurrectionem, vitam aeternam. Amen."
The Church of England.
In the Church of England there are currently two authorized forms of the creed: that of the "Book of Common Prayer" (1662) and that of "Common Worship" (2000).
The United Methodist Church.
The United Methodists commonly incorporate the Apostles' Creed into their worship services. It is special because it does not have the line "he descended into hell", but is otherwise very similar to the Book of Common Prayer version. The 1989 Hymnal has both the traditional version and the ecumenical version, which includes "he descended to the dead."
The "United Methodist Hymnal" also contains (at #882) what it terms the "Ecumenical Version" of this creed -- a version which is identical to that found in the Episcopal Church's current "Book of Common Prayer". This form of the Apostles' Creed can be found incorporated into the Eucharistic and Baptismal Liturgies in the Hymnal and in "The United Methodist Book of Worship", and hence it is growing in popularity and use.

Matcha
Matcha (pronounce: "MA-cha") also spelt maccha (Japanese: 抹茶), is a fine, powdered green tea. It is used in Japanese tea ceremony and for dying and flavouring foods such as mochi and soba noodles, green tea ice cream and different types of "wagashi" (Japanese confectionery). The most famous Matcha-producing regions are Uji in Kyoto (tea from this region is called "Ujicha"), Nishio in Aichi (tea from this region is called "Nishiocha") both on the main island of Honshū; Shizuoka, and Kyushu.
Matcha costs more money than other kinds of tea. Its price depends on its quality (how good it is). It can be hard to find outside Japan, and also the special things that are used to make it and drink it.
History.
Powdered tea, stored and traded as tea bricks, seems to have been invented in China during the Song Dynasty (960-1279). Making and drinking powdered tea was formed into a ritual (special ceremony) by the Chan Buddhists. These Buddhists use to drink from the same bowl as a sacrament.
Chan Buddhism (also known in Japanese as Zen), and powdered tea, were brought to Japan in 1191 by the monk Eisai. Powdered tea was slowly forgotten in China, but the 16th century tea master Sen no Rikyu made the rules of the Japanese tea ceremony. He said that "matcha" was the correct tea to use.
Production.
The preparation of "matcha" starts several weeks before harvest. At that time, the tea bushes are covered so that they do not get direct sunlight. This makes it grow slower and turns the leaves a darker shade of green. It also causes amino acids to be made, and these make the tea taste sweeter.
After harvesting, if the leaves are rolled out before drying as usual, the result will be "gyokuro" (jewel dew) tea. However, if the leaves are laid out flat to dry, they will crumble and become known as "tencha" (). "Tencha" can then be de-veined, de-stemmed, and ground (pressed) with a stone until it becomes the fine, bright green, talc-like powder known as "matcha".
Only ground "tencha" can be called "matcha": other powdered teas are known as "konacha" (, lit. "powdered tea").
Nearly all the flavour of matcha comes from the amino acids. The best matcha has more sweetness and a deeper flavour than the normal grades of tea harvested later in the year.
Location on the green tea tree.
Leaves that are going to be made into tencha have to come from certain parts of the tree.
The very top of the tree has developing leaves that are soft and supple. This gives a finer texture to higher grades. More developed leaves are harder, giving lower grades a sandy texture. The better flavour is due to the tree sending all its nutrients to the growing leaves.
Chlorophyll's relationship to tannin is also important. Younger growth is greener and stronger in colour, while more developed leaves further down the plant have had their chlorophyll changed gradually into tannin, which gives a more bitter flavour and duller brown-green colour.
Treatment before processing.
Tencha leaves are traditionally dried outside in the shade and are always kept away from direct sunlight. However, these days, drying has mostly moved indoors. Quality matcha is very green because of this treatment.
Stone grinding.
Stone grinding is quite difficult to do well. Without the right tools and technique, matcha can become "burnt" and is not such good quality.
Oxidation.
Matcha must be kept away from oxygen. Oxidation smells like hay and affects colour and texture.
Preparation.
Before it is served, the matcha is often forced through a sieve in order to break up clumps. There are special sieves available for this purpose. These sieves are usually made of stainless steel and combine a fine wire mesh sieve and a temporary storage container. A special wooden spatula is used to force the tea through the sieve, or a small, smooth stone may be put on top of the sieve and shaken gently.
If the sieved matcha is to be served at a Japanese tea ceremony, then it will be put into a small tea caddy called a chaki. Otherwise, it can be poured directly from the sieve into a tea bowl.
A small amount of matcha is placed into the bowl, traditionally using a bamboo scoop called a "chashaku", and a small amount of hot (not boiling) water is added. The mixture is then whisked until it is all the same consistency (thickness). This is traditionally done with a special kind of whisk made of bamboo known as a "chasen". There must be no lumps left in the liquid. Ideally no ground tea should remain on the sides of the bowl.
"Usucha", or thin tea, is prepared with half a teaspoon of matcha and about 75 ml (2.5 oz) of hot water. Some drinkers (and schools of tea ceremony) prefer to whip the mixture to produce a light frothy "head," while others prefer as little foam as possible. Schools also vary on the amount of water and matcha. "Usucha" makes a lighter and slightly more bitter tea.
"Koicha", or thick tea, needs much more matcha, as many as six teaspoons to 3/4 cup of water. Because the mixture is much thicker, blending it needs a slower, stirring movement which does not produce foam. Koicha produces a sweeter tea, and is almost always only served as part of Japanese tea ceremonies. Special chasen made for this purpose are often used.
Because matcha can be bitter, it is traditionally served with a small Japanese sweet.
Other uses.
Matcha is now a common ingredient in sweets. It is used in castella, manju, and monaka; as a topping for kakigori; mixed with milk and sugar as a drink; and mixed with salt and used to flavour tempura in a mixture known as matcha-jio. It is also used as flavouring in many Western-style chocolates, candy, and desserts, such as cakes and pastries (including Swiss rolls and cheesecake), cookies, pudding, mousse, and ice cream. Even the Japanese snack Pocky has a matcha-flavoured version.
The use of matcha in modern drinks has also spread to North American café culture. Here, as in Japan, it is put into lattés, iced drinks, milkshakes, and smoothies, as well as alcoholic drinks.
People now realize that green tea and matcha are good for the health. This is why in North America it can be found in a lot of health food products such as cereal and energy bars.
Other websites.
View preparation guidelines, health benefits and recipes.

Asylum (album)
Asylum is a studio album by the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on September 16, 1985.

Green tea
The drink green tea () is a "true" tea. It comes from the plant species "Camellia sinensis". Green tea is a tea that has undergone little oxidation while it was processed. Green tea is popular in China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Japan, Korea, and the Middle East. Recently it has been drunk more widely in the West, where usually black tea is consumed.

Tatami
mats are a traditional Japanese flooring. The top surface is made of woven straw. Traditional tatami are packed with straw. Nowadays some of them are packed with styrofoam. Tatami are individual mats. They have a uniform size and shape. They have borders of brocade or plain green cloth.
Tatami were originally a luxury item for the wealthy at a time when lower classes had mat-covered dirt floors. Tatami were gradually popularized. They finally reached the homes of commoners towards the end of the 17th century.
The origin of Tatami is described in Kojiki (Records of Ancient Matters).
At the end of the 8th century (beginning of the Heian period), Tatami’s size was standardized and it became thicker, so it became similar to today’s Tatami.
By the 12th century (still the Heian period), people used Tatami as cushions on the wooden floor.
In the 12th century (the Kamakura period), the usage was fixed that Tatami were spread all over the floor of a room, as people use them today.
In the 17th century (the Edo period), Tatami became an important part of building.
In these days, some people use Tatami as cushions on the floor again, like the usage in the Heian period, because style of living in Japan is changing to Western-style.

Sake
Sake (Japanese|酒}; pronounced 'sa.kɛ') is a Japanese word for "alcoholic drink". In English, "sake" means one kind of alcoholic drink made from rice. In Japan, people call this drink "nihonshu" ("Japanese alcohol") or "sake". This article uses the word "sake" as it is used in English.
Contents.
Sake is also called "rice wine". Sake has as much alcohol as wine, but it is not made from grapes, and it is made in a way more like beer than wine. There are also other kinds of rice wine that are not the same as "nihonshu".

Majority
Majority means the greater number of something. The opposite is minority.
If more than half the people are right-handed we can say that the majority of people are right-handed.
A minority of people are left-handed.
In fact, nearly everyone is right-handed, so we can say that the "vast majority" are right-handed, and only a "small minority" are left-handed.
If a political party gets a majority of votes, it means that they get more than any of the other parties.
Example: if there are three parties, the winning party may have a majority of 40% while the other two each have 30%.
An "absolute majority" means more votes than all the other parties together, i.e. more than half the total votes.

Charles Koechlin
Charles Koechlin (pronounce:”Ke-klin” with “klin” to rhyme with French “vin”), (born Paris, November 27 1867; died Le Canadel, December 31 1950) was a French composer, teacher and writer on music. He wrote a very large amount of music, but very little of it was published because he was more interested in helping younger composers than making himself well-known. Some of his best works include his symphonic poems and his film music.
His life.
Koechlin was born in Paris, the youngest child of a large and wealthy family. His mother’s family came from the Alsace near the French border with Germany, and he was proud of his Alsation background. His grandfather on his mother’s side had started a cotton textile firm in Mulhouse and his father worked in the textile business. When Koechlin was 14 his father died. He showed an interest in music, but his family wanted him to be an artillery officer. However, he had tuberculosis and had to spent six months getting better in Algeria. After finishing his schooling he was allowed to enter the Paris Conservatoire in 1890. Two years later he was studying composition with Massenet, and in 1896 he was a pupil of Gabriel Fauré. Ravel was a pupil in the same class. Fauré had a big influence on Koechlin who wrote a book about him and helped him to arrange some of his music for orchestra.
Koechlin became a freelance composer and teacher. He married Suzanne Pierrard in 1903 and they had five children. At first he was comfortably off, but after World War I the family lost a lot of money and they had to sell their country house.
Koechlin had very free views about music, and this is probably why he never got a teaching job at the Piano Conservatoire. He also agreed with some things that the Communists thought. He did not like modern inventions like the telephone and radio. He looked like an old Russian patriarch with his long beard. He dressed in velvet trousers, sandals and a shepherd’s cape for bad weather. He liked outdoor activities such as swimming and mountaineering. He was offered the Legion d’Honneur in 1940 but refused it.
His music.
Koechlin composed in a variety of styles, even changing the style during a piece. He often liked quiet music with long chords which are played for the sounds they make rather than for giving the music a traditional shape. Sometimes there were no barlines in his music. He often composed in his head while on a train or climbing a mountain.
His works for orchestra include "Les Bandarlogs" which was based on the "Jungle Book" by Rudyard Kipling. Kipling’s “Bandarlog” are a troupe of monkeys in the forest. The music describes the monkeys, but Koechlin also gives it another meaning: he is criticising music critics, comparing them to monkeys. In the "Seven Stars Symphony" each movement is about a famous film star. They include Greta Garbo, Marlene Dietrich and Charlie Chaplin. He wrote a lot of chamber music and piano music, including some dances for Ginger Rogers.
Sources.
Robert Orledge, "Charles Koechlin (1867-1950) His Life and Works" (London, 1989)

Jastrzębie-Zdrój
Jastrzębie-Zdrój is a city in Poland in Sielsia voivodship. It has about 94,072 inhabitants and an area of 85,44 km².

Palm (unit)
A palm'", when used as a unit of length, is usually four digits ("fingers") or three inches, i.e. 7.62 cm (for the international inch).
In English this unit is no longer in use as other units that are based on the human arm: digit (¼ palm), finger (7/24 palm), hand (4/3 palms), shaftment (2 palms), span (3 palms), cubit (6 palms) and ell (15 palms).

Schnapps
Schnapps is a type of distilled alcoholic drink. The word "schnapps" comes from the German word "schnaps".
German schnapps.
Traditional German schnapps are usually clear alcoholic drinks which are distilled from fermented cereals, roots, and fruits. Traditional German schnapps has no sugar or other flavoring added. It is similar in look and flavor to vodka with light fruit flavors. The alcohol content is usually around 40%.
American schnapps.
The other type of schnapps is American. This type of schnapps is a liqueur that has sugar and flavorings such as peach, mint, or butterscotch. The alcohol content of American schnapps is usually only about 20%, which is lower than German-style schnapps.

Standard time
Standard time is putting all clocks in a time zone to the same time.
Standard time can also be used to mean the time without daylight saving time. Standard time happens from autumn to early spring. Daylight saving time happens from early spring to autumn.
Great Britain.
Standard time was first used by British railways on December 11, 1847, when they switched from local mean time to Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). Almost all of Great Britain's public clocks were using GMT by 1855.
North America.
Before 1883, local mean time was used in all of North America. This meant there were many different local times. This caused problems for train schedules. Sandford Fleming, a Canadian, proposed standard time at a meeting of the Royal Canadian Institute on February 8, 1879. The owners of the major railroads met in Chicago to make the Standard Time System. Most states began using the system soon after the railroads. The U.S. government officially began using the system almost fifty years later.
Criticism.
Some people do not like standard time (and daylight saving time). Some people do not like it because they do not trust in government. Others believe that it disturbs circadian rhythms. Others simply like traditional, natural markers of time, like sunsets, noon and sunrise.

Span (unit of length)
Span is the width of a human hand, from the tip of the thumb to the tip of the pinky finger.
In Slavic languages, the analogue of span is pyad ("peti, пядь"). It is the width from the tip of the thumb to the tip of the forefinger.

Acting President of the United States
The Acting President of the United States is a person who temporary acts as President, when President cannot carry out his duties, but remained in office. This position was started under the 25th Amendment to the United States Constitution.
The acting President has all Presidential power and duties during the time of his or her term.

Electric power transmission
Electric power transmission is one process in the transmitting of electricity to consumers. The term refers to the bulk transfer of electrical power from place to place. Typically, power transmission is between the power plant and a substation near a populated area. Electricity distribution is the delivery from the substation to the consumers. Due to the large amount of power involved, transmission normally takes place at high voltage (110 kV or above). Electricity is usually transmitted over long distance through overhead power transmission lines. Underground power transmission is used only in densely populated areas (such as large cities) because of the high cost of installation and maintenance and because the power losses increase dramatically compared with overhead transmission unless superconductors and cryogenic technology are used.
A power transmission system is sometimes referred to colloquially as a "grid"; however, for reasons of economy, the network is rarely a true grid. Redundant paths and lines are provided so that power can be routed from any power plant to any load center, through a variety of routes, based on the economics of the transmission path and the cost of power.

Darfur conflict
The Darfur conflict is an ongoing military conflict in the Darfur region of Sudan, the largest country in Africa. It is a conflict along ethnic and tribal lines that began in 2003. Many people, including the United States Government, consider it to be a genocide. The United Nations currently does not see this as genocide.
Who is involved in the conflict.
One side of the conflict is composed mainly of the Janjaweed, a militia group recruited from the Arab tribes who move from place to place herding camels. The Sudanese government tells the public that it does not support the Janjaweed. However, it has provided money and assistance and has even participated in joint attacks.
The other side of the conflict is made up of a number of rebel armies, including the Sudan Liberation Movement and the Justice and Equality Movement. These armies are recruited from Black ethnic groups who make a living farming the land.
Causes of the conflict.
The conflict is caused by the Arab tribes who need to find water for their camels. So they take their camels farther and farther south. In doing so, the Arab tribes take over the land occupied by the Black farming communities. Many droughts, desertification, and overpopulation have occurred in the last decades. This has made the problem worse.
How the conflict is dealt with.
The African Union sent a 7,000-troop peacekeeping force to Sudan. However, this force was poorly-funded and under-equipped. So the United Nations decided to send an additional 17,300-troop peacekeeping force to help them. Sudan was strongly against this decision and saw the UN forces as foreign invaders. The next day, the Sudanese military launched a major offensive in the region.
The Sudanese government may have suppressed information about the conflict. Some witnesses have been jailed, others may have been killed. This has started in 2004. Also, some evidence, such as mass graves has been tampered with, so that it becomes unusable. Some people say this was done by forces which are close to the Sudanese government. In addition, by obstructing and arresting journalists, the Sudanese government has been able to obscure much of what has gone on. The United States government has described it as genocide. The UN has declined to do so. In March 2007 the UN mission accused Sudan's government of "gross violations" in Darfur and called for urgent international action to protect civilians there.
Impacts of the conflict.
There are many different guesses about how many people have died in the conflict. According to Sudan's government, 9,000 people have been killed. On the other hand, many other people say that it could be from 200,000 to over 400,000. As of October 2006, as many as 2.5 million people have had to move because of the conflict.
The United Nations says that about 200.000 people have been killed in the conflict so far. Most non-governmental organizations use 200,000 to more than 400,000; the latter is a figure from the Coalition for International Justice that has since been cited by the UN. Sudan's government claims that more than 9,000 people have been killed, although this figure is seen as a gross underestimate.

Darfur conflict bibliography
This is the bibliography and reference section for the Darfur conflict series. Other websites to reports, news articles and other sources of information may also be found below.

AIESEC
AIESEC (said like "Eye Seck"), is a big student club that was started in 1946. It was made to fix problems between countries. It has spread all over the world since it started. There are many members in about 80 countries.
AIESEC is an organisation that helps its members to develop themselves. It also has an exchange program for students and university graduates. Most members are students at university but some are paid to work for AIESEC. The organisation is presented in 100 countries in the world. The headquarters of AIESEC are located at Rotterdam.
Members say that AIESEC does a lot of good in the world through the exchange by helping people from different countries to share information about their culture.
For almost 60 years of working AIESEC's main impact had been its alumnis all over the world. These alumnis become successful business leaders, politics, NGO directors. The approximate number of alumnis is 800000.

WWE Championship
The World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) Championship is a professional wrestling world championship in World Wrestling Entertainment. It is the original world title of WWE. Currently, it is the highest ranked championship on the SmackDown brand.
History.
The WWE Championship was originally known as the World Wide Wrestling Federation (WWWF) World Heavyweight Championship. Following the title's introduction in 1963, Buddy Rogers became the first champion on April 29. The World Wide Wrestling Federation joined the NWA in 1971 and was renamed the World Wrestling Federation in 1979. During this time, the title was called the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) Heavyweight Championship. It became known as the WWF World Heavyweight Championship when the promotion left the NWA in 1983. The title began to be called the WWF Championship in 1998.
In March 2001, the World Wrestling Federation purchased World Championship Wrestling. Soon after, "The Invasion" took place in which the ECW Alliance was ultimately dismantled. Following this, it was agreed to unify the title with the WCW Championship at Vengeance 2001. At the event Chris Jericho defeated The Rock and Stone Cold Steve Austin to win the WCW/World Championship and the WWF Championship respectively. As a result, Chris Jericho became the first Undisputed Champion in the World Wrestling Federation.
Following the WWE name change and the WWE Brand Extension, the Undisputed title was defended on the RAW and SmackDown! brands simultaneously while other titles became exclusive to either brand. However, when Brock Lesnar won the Undisputed Championship he was signed to appear and defend the title on the SmackDown! brand only, leaving the RAW brand without a top title. As a result, RAW General Manager, Eric Bischoff, commissioned the World Heavyweight Championship to be the main title for the RAW brand, stating that the Undisputed title was disputed for being defended only on one brand. Immediately afterwards, the title returned to being the WWE Championship.
The WWE Championship remained exclusive to the SmackDown! brand from August 26 2002 until June 6 2005, when the WWE Champion, John Cena, was drafted to the RAW brand during the 2005 WWE Draft Lottery. This left the RAW brand with the two top titles in WWE until the World Heavyweight Champion, Batista, was drafted to the SmackDown! brand on June 30 2005. On June 23, 2008, the WWE Championship was moved back to Smackdown! when Triple H was drafted by Smackdown.
Custom belt designs.
Special custom belts have been created for at least five different champions: "Superstar" Billy Graham (red leather strap), the Ultimate Warrior (white, blue and purple leather straps), "Stone Cold" Steve Austin ("Smokin' Skull" belt), John Cena ("Spinner" belt) and Edge ("Rated R Spinner" belt). A belt with an exceptionally long strap was created for André the Giant before WrestleMania III, however he never wore it as champion. Similarly, Edge had originally designed an entirely different custom belt than the "Rated R Spinner" design he used for his second reign, however the plans were scrapped due to time constraints. The "Spinner" belt's design has since become the WWE Championship's primary design, having also been used by Edge, Rob Van Dam, Randy Orton and Triple H. However since Randy Orton's reign, the WWE logo in the center of the belt is fixed in place and no longer spins.
Current champion.
The current champion is Jeff Hardy who beat Edge for the title at Armageddon 2008 in a match also including Triple H on December 14, 2008. He is in his first reign.

Organelle
In cell biology, an organelle is a structure of a cell having specialized functions. The cell's organelles are usually located in the cytoplasm.

That '70s Show
"That '70s Show" is an American television series. It is about the lives of a group of teenagers living in Point Place (Fond du Lac), Wisconsin from May 17, 1976 to December 31,1979. The series first started August 23, 1998 and its final episode aired May 18, 2006.
The series continues to run in syndication on FX and CW network in the United States and United Kingdom, CH in Canada, as well as the Seven Network in Australia and Star World in Asia, including Malaysia.It also runs on THE N tv for teens.

Sivaya Subramuniyaswami
Satguru Sivaya Subramuniyaswami (January 5, 1927 – 2001), known as by his followers, was a Hindu leader and author. He was born in Oakland, California. He made a Hindu monastery in Kauai, Hawaii and founded the magazine. Subramuniyaswami was an author of many books on Hinduism and metaphysics. He was one of the most traditional and well known people of Hinduism during the last two decades of the 20th century. He was one of Saivism's most revered Gurus, the founder and leader of the world's first Hindu church ("Saiva Siddhanta Church").
Books.
Subramuniyaswami has written several books on Hinduism, Saivism, yoga and meditation. His works are highly regarded by many of today's Hindu leaders. Subramuniyaswami's largest work, "Master Course", is a complete essay on all parts of Hinduism (Saivism), including the Hindu approach to meditation and metaphysics. It is in three books and more than 3,000 pages. The work is written in a flowing version of written English that is similar to the spoken language as well as ancient Hindu oral traditions.

Crazy Nights
"Crazy Nights" is a studio album by the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on September 18, 1987.

Hot in the Shade
Hot in the Shade is a studio album by the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on October 17, 1989.

Halfway Home (TV series)
"Halfway Home" is a comedy television series that premiered on Wednesday, March 14, 2007, at 10:30 p.m. on Comedy Central. As described on its official website, "Halfway Home" is an "improvised half-hour series featuring the daily exploits of five ex-cons living together in a residential rehab facility."

Prime Minister of New Zealand
The Prime Minister of New Zealand is New Zealand's head of government. This job is given to the leader of the party or coalition with the most support in the Parliament of New Zealand. Since 19 November 2008, the Prime Minister has been John Key of the National Party.
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Responsibilities and powers.
The role of the Prime Minister is not formally defined, being based on constitutional convention rather than specific legislation. According to these conventions, the Prime Minister is leader of Cabinet (itself a body existing by convention), and takes a co-ordinating role.
The Prime Minister holds the most senior post in the New Zealand Parliment. The Prime Minister is not able to give direct orders to other people in their party.
The Prime Minister can call for an election by asking the Governor-General to close Parliament

The Masque of the Red Death
"The Masque of the Red Death" is a short story written by Edgar Allan Poe and first published in 1842.
Plot.
The story takes place at the abbey of Prince Prospero. Prospero and one thousand other nobles have fled to a walled abbey to escape the Red Death, a terrible plague that started in the country. The symptoms of the Red Death are terrible: the victim has convulsions and sweats blood instead of water. The plague is said to kill within half an hour. Prospero and his court show their indifference to the sufferings of the population and intend to await the end of the plague in luxury and safety behind the walls of their abbey.
The development of the plot shows that their attitude is wrong.
Publication history.
Poe first published this story in the May 1842 edition of "Graham's Lady's and Gentleman's Magazine" as "The Mask of the Red Death." A revised version was published in the July 19, 1845, edition of the "Broadway Journal" under the now-standard title "The Masque of the Red Death." The story has been published in "The Gold Bug and Other Tales" as well as in many later collections of Poe's stories.

Darfur
Darfur (Arabic دار فور, meaning "home of the Fur") is region of far western Sudan.
It borders the Central African Republic, Libya, and Chad. It is divided into three federal states within Sudan: Gharb Darfur (West Darfur), Janub Darfur (South Darfur), and Shamal Darfur (North Darfur). It is currently in the midst of an ongoing humanitarian crisis that developed from the conflict between Janjaweed militias and rebel groups (namely the Sudan Liberation Movement and Justice and Equality Movement)
Geography and climate.
Darfur covers an area of about 493 180 km² (196,555 miles²)—just over two-thirds the size of France and more than half the size of Kenya. It is largely an arid plateau with the "Marrah Mountains" (Jebel Marra), a range of volcanic peaks rising up to 3000 m (10,100 ft), in the center of the region. The region's main towns are Al Fashir, Nyala, and Geneina.
There are four main features of the physical geography. The whole eastern half of Darfur is covered with plains and low hills of sandy soils, known as "goz", and sandstone hills. In many places the "goz" is waterless and can only be inhabited where there are water reservoirs or deep boreholes. To the north the "goz" is overtaken by the desert sands of the Sahara. A second feature are the "wadis", seasonal watercourses ranging from small rivulets that flood only occasionally during the wet season to large "wadis" that flood for most of the rains and flow from western Darfur hundreds of miles west to Lake Chad. Many "wadis" have pans of alluvium with rich soil that are also difficult to cultivate. The west of Darfur is dominated by the third feature, basement rock, sometimes covered with a thin layer of sandy soil. Basement rock is too infertile to be farmed, but provides sporadic forest cover that can be grazed by animals. The fourth and final feature are the Marrah Mountains, that rise up to a peak at Deriba crater where there is a small area of temperate climate, high rainfall and permanent springs of water.
The rainy season is from June through September, transforming much of the region from dusty brown to green. Because much of the population of Darfur is agricultural, the rains are vital. In normal years, a crop is ready to be harvested by November. Once harvested, the dry stalks may be fed to domestic livestock. In the far northern desert, years may pass between rainfall. In the far south, annual average rainfall is 700 mm and many trees remain green year-round.
Economy and demography.
Darfur has an estimated population of 7.4 million people. Darfur's economy is primarily based on subsistence agriculture, producing cereals, fruit and tobacco as well as livestock in the drier north.
Darfur Conflict.
The Darfur conflict is an ongoing armed conflict between the Janjaweed militia group and the tribes of the region. The United Nations estimates that over 400,000 people have lost their lives since the beginning of this conflict.

Mill (grinding)
A grinding mill is a tool that is designed to break a solid material into smaller pieces. There are many different types of grinding mills and many types of materials processed in them. Small mills can be powered by hand, such as a mortar and pestle or a pepper grinder. Large grinding mills were usually powered by working animals, wind (windmill) or water (watermill) in the past. In the 2000s, most large grinding mills are powered by electricity.
Mortar and pestle.
People who need to grind a small amount of a food, such as spices or grain, for their own cooking often use a a hand-powered mortar and pestle or a hand-powered grinder, such as a pepper grinder. In the 2000s, many people also used electric-powered grinding mills. These kitchen appliances have a metal blade that grinds the food into small pieces. Electric-powered grinding mills are often used for grinding nuts or coffee.
Grain mills.
For thousands of years, humans have ground their grains (such as wheat or corn) into flour using grain mills powered by working animals (such as oxen or horses), wind (windmills) or the running water of a stream or river (watermill). In the 2000s, most grain mills are powered by electricity.
Mechanical process.
The grinding of solid matters occurs under exposure of mechanical forces that trench the structure by overcoming of the interior bonding forces. After the grinding the state of the solid is changed: the grain size, the grain size disposition and the grain shape.
For process engineering, several factors are important:magnification of the surface area of the solid; manufacturing of solid with wanted grain size; and pulping the material to the desired state.

Windmill
A windmill is an engine that is powered by the wind to produce energy. Often they are in a large building like traditional post mills, smock mills and tower mills. The energy windmills produce can be used in many ways, traditionally for grinding grain or spices, pumping water, sawing wood or hammering seeds. Modern wind power machines are used for generating electricity and are more commonly called wind turbines.
History.
A windwheel that operated an organ was described as early as the 1st century AD by the Greek engineer Hero. That could have been the first machine in history that used wind power. Vertical axle windmills were used in eastern Persia (Sistan) by the 9th century AD as described by Muslim geographers. Horizontal axle windmills of the type generally used today were invented in Northwestern Europe in the 1180s.
Early history.
The first windmills had long vertical shafts with rectangle shaped blades and appeared in Persia in the 9th century. The authenticity of an earlier anecdote of a windmill involving the second caliph Umar (634-644 AD) is questioned on the grounds of being a 10th century amendment. Made of six to twelve sails covered in reed matting or cloth, these windmills were used to grind corn or draw up water, they were quite different from the European versions. A similar type of vertical shaft windmill with rectangle blades, used for irrigation, can also be found in 13th century China.
Windmills in culture and literature.
Miguel de Cervantes' book "Don Quixote de La Mancha", - which helped cement the modern Spanish language and is one of the greatest works of fiction ever published - features an important scene in which Don Quixote attacks windmills that he believes to be violent giants. This gave worldwide fame to La Mancha and its windmills, and is the origin of the phrase "tilting at windmills", to describe an act of uselessness. The 'Moulin Rouge' translated directly in French to mean the 'Red Windmill'.

Windmill (disambiguation)
A windmill is an engine powered by the sun to produce energy, often contained in a large building as in traditional post mills, smock mills and tower mills.

Blood transfusion
Blood transfusion is a medical term. It means a procedure used to transfer blood (or some products based on blood) from the circulatory system of one human to that of another human.
Uses.
Blood transfusions can save the life of a person, if that person has suffered from a severe blood loss. This blood loss can occur due to an injury, a trauma or if that person had a medical operation performed. Blood transfusions can also be applied as a treatment to certain diseases of the blood (like Anaemia, for example).
Blood is not collected and used straight away. Instead it is kept until it is needed. The storage area is informally called a blood bank.
Problems.
Not all people are able to donate blood to all other people. Blood types prevent that.

Delirium
It is very hard to treat delirium, without knowing the cause for it.

Jaundice
Jaundice (also called icterus) is a disease. People with jaundice have a problem disposing of dead red blood cells properly. The disease is common in newly born babies. It usually starts the second day after birth. It makes the skin become yellow.
Jaundice can also be caused by other diseases, like Malaria, Hepatitis, or gallstones.
Jaundice is the most common of all liver disorders. The yellow colour of the skin and mucous membranes happens because of an increase in the bile pigment, bilirubin, in the blood.
The bile, made by the liver, is a vital digestive fluid needed for proper nutrition. It also stops decaying changes in food. If the bile is stopped from entering the intestines there is an increase in gases and other products. Normally, the production of bile and its flow is constant.
Types of Jaundice.
Yellow discoloration of the skin and the whites of the eyes happens in all types of jaundice.
Causes.
Other causes of jaundice are pernicious anaemia and diseases affecting the liver such as typhoid, malaria, yellow fever and tuberculosis.
Dietary Treatment.
The simple form of jaundice can be cured quickly by diet and exercises. Recovery will be slow in serious cases which have been caused by a blockage or pressure in the bile ducts. The patient should rest until the acute symptoms of the disease subside.
The patient should be put on a juice diet for a week. The juice of oranges, lemons, grapes, pears, carrots, beets and sugarcane can be used. A hot water enema should be given every day during this period to make sure the bowel empties completely. This stops decomposed, poisonous material going into the blood stream. The juice diet may be continued till the acute symptoms subside.
After the juice diet, the patient may start an all-fruit diet for further three to five days. The patient should have three meals a day of fresh, juicy fruits such as apples, pears, grapes, oranges, and pineapples, but no bananas.
Getting up: A glass of warm water with juice of half a lemon.
Breakfast: One fresh juicy fruit such as apple, pear, mango, papaya, or some grapes, or berries. One cup wheat dalia or one slice of whole meal bread with a little butter.
Lunch: Raw vegetable salad, two small chapatis of whole wheat flour, a steamed leafy vegetable such as spinach, methi saag or carrot and a glass of buttermilk.
Mid-afternoon: Coconut water or apple juice.
Dinner: One cup strained vegetable soup, two chapatis of whole meal, baked potato, and one other leafy vegetable like methi, spinach, etc.
Before bed: A glass of hot skimmed milk with honey if desired.
All fats like ghee, butter, cream and oils must not be eaten for at least two weeks. After that a little butter and olive oil may be used in the diet. A light carbohydrate diet, without fats, best obtained from vegetables and fruits should be eaten.
The patient should take plenty of fresh vegetables and fruit juices. Dandelion leaves, radishes with leaves, endive should be added to the daily raw vegetable salad. Raw apples and pears are especially helpful. Barley water, drunk several times during the day, is considered good for jaundice. One cup of barley should be boiled in six pints of water and simmered for three hours.
Digestive upsets must be avoided. No food that will ferment or decay in the lower intestines, like pulses and legumes, should be included in the diet. Drinking a lot of water with lemon juice will protect the damaged liver cells.
Research has shown that the liver has an excellent ability to fix itself provided all essential nutrients are eaten. Diets high in complete proteins, Vitamin C, and Vitamin B, particularly Choline which helps digest fats, and Vitamin E can help the liver recover. It is essential to keep the diet for a long time to prevent a repeat of the trouble.

Hildegard of Bingen
Hildegard of Bingen (born Bemersheim nr. Alzey 1098; died 17 September 1179) was a German writer, composer and mystic. She was an abbess who is well-known for her literary works and her songs. She also wrote about medical and scientific things, and wrote letters to many important politicians.
Hildegard was born into a noble family. Her parents sent her to a monastery because she was the tenth child of the family. She took the veil (became a nun) at the age of 15. By the time she was 38 she had the title of “mother superior”. She founded (started) a monastery on the Rupertsberg in the Rhine valley near Bingen. Later she founded a daughter house on the other side of the river near Rüdesheim. She travelled a lot and talked to many important people. She later had the title of “abbess”. After she died several popes suggested she should be made a saint, but this never happened.
Hildegard had many visions, many of which she wrote down. She wrote lyrical poetry which was very colourful and had lots of visionary ideas. Her music does not use plainchant like the music of many other medieval composers at the time. It mostly has small patterns of melody which are repeated many times in slightly different ways. She wrote a morality play in verse with 82 melodies.
Hildegard of Bingen is the first composer whose life we know about. She was also the first woman to write about female sexuality.

Alternative medicine
Alternative medicine describes practices used in place of conventional medical treatments.
It can also describe practices used along with with conventional medicine.
Alternative medicine includes practices that incorporate spiritual, metaphysical, or religious belief; non-evidence based practices, non-European medical traditions, or newly developed approaches to healing.

Divaldo Pereira Franco
Divaldo Pereira Franco or simply, Divaldo Franco is a Brazilian medium, born in Feira de Santana, Bahia, on May 5th, 1927.
He has been, for almost 60 years, an important spiritual speaker and writer, having devoted more than 50 years to spirituality and more than 40 years dedicated taking care of the street children of Salvador, Bahia.
On the 15th of August, 1952, he founded (along with Nilson de Souza Pereira), the "House of Assistance" (Mansão do Caminho), responsible for the orientation and education of over 33,000 devoid children and adolescents.
The First Years.
Divaldo graduated from the Escola Normal Rural de Feira de Santana, where he received his Primary School Professor diploma in 1943. Since his infancy, he claimed to be able to communicate with spirits.
When he was young, he was traumatized by the death of his two older brothers, so much so that he became sick. He was taken to several Medical specialists, none of them could give a satisfactory diagnosis. After this, he met Dr. Ana Ribeiro Borges, who persuaded him to take up the spiritist doctrine. During his period of convalescence, he dedicated himself to the study of spiritism. After the body health be restored, he continued studying the spiritism.

Hindu gods
One Supreme God is worshipped withinHinduism. The Supreme God is regarded as an entity that exists in and gives life to all things. He is believed to have created the universe and many other Gods or Devas, to be his helpers. Different aspects of the Supreme God are worshipped, depending on the Hindu tradition. The other Gods, helpers of the Supreme God, are also worshipped. Gods in Hinduism are highly advanced spiritual beings, often represented in humanoid or partially humanoid forms.
Supreme God.
All Hindus worship one Supreme Being, though by different names. This is because the peoples of India with different languages and cultures have understood the one God in their own distinct way. Regional and family traditions can play a large part in influencing this choice. Through history four principal Hindu denominations arose —Saivism, Shaktism, Vaishnavism and Smartism. For Saivites, God is Siva. For Shaktas, Goddess Shakti is supreme. For Vaishnavites, Lord Vishnu is God. For Smartas—who see all Deities as reflections of the One God—the choice of Deity is left to the devotee. According to there are 580,000,000 Vaishnavas, 220,000,000 Shaivites and 22,000,000 neo-Hindus and reform Hindus.
Most Hindus, in their daily devotional practices, worship some form of a personal aspect of God, although they believe in the more abstract concept of a Supreme God as well. They generally choose one concept of God, and cultivate devotion to that chosen form, while at the same time respecting the chosen ideals of other people. The many different names given to the Supreme God in Hinduism encourage a multiplicity of paths, as opposed to conformity to just one. The unique understanding in Hinduism is that God is not far away, living in a remote heaven, but is all-pervasive and energizes the entire universe. He is also inside each soul, waiting to be discovered. Knowing the one Supreme God in this intimate and experiential way is the goal of Hindu spirituality.
Other Gods (Mahadevas and Devas).
Hindus also believe in many Gods (Devas) who perform various functions, like executives in a large corporation. These should not be confused with the Supreme God. TheseDivinities are highly advanced beings who have specific duties and powers—not unlike the heavenlyspirits, overlords or archangels revered in other faiths. Each denomination worships the Supreme God and its own set of divine beings.
Devas (also called Devatās) constitute an integral part of the colorful Hindu culture. These various forms of God are represented in innumerable paintings, statues, murals, and scriptural stories that can be found in temples, homes, businesses, and other places. In Hinduism the scriptures recommend that for the satisfaction of a particular material desire a person may worship a particular deity. For example, shopkeepers frequently keep a statue or picture of the devi Lakshmi in their shops.

Coheed and Cambria
Coheed and Cambria (sometimes abbreviated to "Coheed," "CO & CA" or "C&C") is an American rock band from New York.
Coheed and Cambria have made three studio albums, two live albums, and some special albums. Their studio albums are concept albums, showing one story broken into parts. The band wants to make five albums telling the story of The Amory Wars. Now, four albums have been released: "The Second Stage Turbine Blade", "In Keeping Secrets of Silent Earth: 3", "Good Apollo I'm Burning Star IV, Volume One: From Fear Through the Eyes of Madness", and "Good Apollo, I'm Burning Star IV, Volume Two: No World for Tomorrow.". These albums make the second, third, and fourth part of the four-part story of Coheed and Cambria. The albums are being made out of order; the second part was made first, and the first part will be made last.
Early Days (1995).
When a band called Toxic Parents, with Claudio Sanchez and Travis Stever in it, broke up about the same time as Nate Kelley's band, Moe & The Boogie Cats, the members of these bands came together to form a new band in March 1995. This band was called Beautiful Loser. It had Travis Stever singing and playing guitar, Claudio Sanchez on guitar, Nate Kelley on drums and Jon Carleo on bass. The group did not last long, it broke up in June of 1995; they had an argument about gas money. Stever left the band, and Kelley was kicked out, but he came back when Sanchez asked him to. Without Stever, the band only had three people, so Sanchez started to sing and play guitar.
Shabütie.
They changed their name to Shabütie, a chant taken from the film "The Naked Prey". The band constantly changed and experimented with different genres and styles, never properly deciding a set genre. When Carleo left the band in August 1996, Kelley asked Michael Todd to join the band, who he had worked with in an acoustic project called "Esme 9". Todd, a guitar player, started playing bass because of Shabütie.
Coheed and Cambria (2000 — 2006).
After Kelley left, Sanchez and the other people picked Josh Eppard, who was in the band "3", to take his place. In 2001, shortly after The Delirium Trigger EP was made, they changed their name to Coheed and Cambria and Shabütie was finished. The band was now a four piece: Claudio Sanchez, (lead vocals/guitar), Travis Stever, (backup vocals/guitar), Michael Todd, (backup vocals/bass guitar), and Chris Pennie, (drums). When playing live, Dave Parker (keyboards/guitar), sometimes plays too.
Recent times (2006—).
Josh Eppard could not play at Coheed and Cambria's June 9 slot at the Download Festival in the UK because he was ill. A few days later, the band canceled the Barcelona and Essen parts of their European tour.
In November 2006, it was announced that both Josh Eppard and Mic Todd had left the band.
A few months after, Mic Todd returned to work on the No World For Tomorrow with the band.
It was announced a few days before the band embarked on Warped Tour '07 that Chris Pennie, the former drummer for Dillinger Escape Plan, is working with the band in studio.
The band debuted their first single from No World For Tomorrow, The Running Free during Warped Tour '07.
In July, a website registered to Sony appeared on the internet, www.noworldfortomorrow.com. This website contained a countdown.
After this countdown ended, a message was released and another countdown appeared. This showed that a message would be released weekly. An archive of the messages released can be found.
On October 23, 2007 The band's forth studio album was released under the name " It was met with positive reviews from online zines such as Rollingstone.com and Absolutepunk.net.
Influences and similarities.
Sanchez has said that he is influenced by bands like Pink Floyd, Led Zeppelin, Thin Lizzy, Black Sabbath, Iron Maiden, Yes and many people say that they sound like Rush. But, Claudio Sanchez has said that he never listened to the band until he heard people say that they sounded like each other. "Metal Hammer" magazine called the band the "new Led Zeppelin" on the front cover of issue 153. They also have hardcore punk influences such as Bad Brains and The Misfits. Claudio also said in an interview he learned to play guitar by listening to the Misfits' Legacy of Brutality.
Discography.
"Work done as Shabűtie is noted."
Studio albums.
The Coheed and Cambria albums are coming out out of sequence; the last album to come out will be the first part of the series. The first CD made was "The Second Stage Turbine Blade", the second part in the story, the third and fourth parts came out next. The next album has been called "Most Anticipated Album of 2007" by the "Alternative Press" magazine. The February 2007 issue of "Kerrang!" says, "Among the songs that may or may not appear on the album are 'Gravemakers And Gunslingers' and 'The Hound Of Blood And Rank.'" Also, the issue says that a release should come out in either late spring or early summer.
Other Songs.
A cover of Night Ranger's 'Sister Christian' was released by the band via the bands official website as an MP3 download as a Christmas present to their fans. Similarly, a cover of The Band's "I Shall Be Released" was uploaded onto the bands MySpace page as a Christmas Present to their fans in 2006. The band also used to play a cover of Iron Maiden's "The Trooper" at concerts. A song called "The Glass" was in the process of being written for the movie Spiderman 2's soundtrack, but the song was not finished in time and it was scrapped. Many Shabütie songs are circulated on the internet. Some were recorded in a studio, but others were recorded on a 4-track, resulting in poor quality audio. There is also a live bootleg on the internet of a song played by Shabütie that fans named "Nauraushaun". It was assumed that this song was one song in full, but former drummer Nate Kelley has recently told fans that the song was in fact two songs played in a medley. These two songs are "Origins" and "Life Without You". These two songs were never recorded except for the bootleg that has been circulating, although "Life Without You" was almost recorded instead of "Cassiopeia". In the end the band decided they liked "Cassiopeia" more and this was recorded instead.
Music videos.
A series of six vignettes that showcase music from "Good Apollo I'm Burning Star IV, Volume One: From Fear Through the Eyes of Madness" were made and are on the albums' special edition bonus DVD.

Watermill
A watermill is an engine that uses a water wheel or turbine to drive a mechanical process such as flour or lumber production, or metal shaping (rolling, grinding or wire drawing). A watermill that only generates electricity is more usually called a hydroelectric plant.
China.
The watermill was invented in China during the Han dynasty (202 BC - 220 AD) in order to grind grain as well as to powerpiston bellows of a blast furnace in forging cast iron.
In the text known as the "Xin Lun" written by Huan Tan about 20 AD (during the usurpation of Wang Mang), it states that the legendary mythological king known as Fu Xi was the one responsible for the pestle and mortar, or tilt-hammer device (see trip hammer).
In 31 AD, a Chinese engineer named Du Shi (Wade-Giles: Tu Shih) "invented the first water-powered bellows. This was a complicated machine containing gears, axles, and levers that was powered by a waterwheel",". In essence, Du Shi's invention aided the forging of cast iron smelted from the blast furnace. Du Shi's invention was continued by Chinese living in subsequent dynastic periods of China, although the bellows of his device were improved upon in later periods (from leather bellows to wooden-fan bellows).
Greece and Rome.
The ancient Greeks and Romans have used the technology. In the 1st century BC, the Greek epigrammatist "Antipater of Thessalonica" was the first to make a reference to the waterwheel. He praised it for its use in grinding grain and the reduction of human labor.
The Romans used both fixed and floating water wheels and introduced water power to other countries of the Roman Empire. So-called 'Greek Mills' used water wheels with a vertically mounted shaft. A "Roman Mill" features a horizontally-mounted shaft. Greek style mills are the older and simpler of the two designs, but only operate well with high water velocities and with small diameter millstones. Roman style mills are more complicated as they require gears transmit the power from a shaft with a horizontal axis to one with a vertical axis. An example of a Roman era watermill would be the early 4th century site at Barbegal in southern France, where 16 overshot waterwheels were used to power an enormous flour mill.
The Cistercian Order built huge mill complexes all over Western Europe during the medieval period.
Medieval Europa.
In a 2005 survey the scholar Adam Lucas identified the following first appearances of various industrial mill types in Western Europe. Noticeable is the preeminent role of France in the introduction of new innovative uses of waterpower.
Operation of a watermill.
Typically, water is diverted from a river or impoundment or mill pond to a turbine or water wheel, along a channel or pipe (variously known as a flume, head race, mill race, leat, leet, lade (Scots) or penstock). The force of the water's movement drives the blades of a wheel or turbine, which in turn rotates an axle that drives the mill's other machinery. Water leaving the wheel or turbine is drained through a tail race, but this channel may also be the head race of yet another wheel, turbine or mill. The passage of water is controlled by sluice gates that allow maintenance and some measure of flood control; large mill complexes may have dozens of sluices controlling complicated interconnected races that feed multiple buildings and industrial processes.
Watermills can be divided into two kinds, one with a horizontal waterwheel on a vertical axle, and the other with a vertical wheel on a horizontal axle. The oldest of these were horizontal mills in which the force of the water, striking a simple paddle wheel set horizontally in line with the flow turned a runner stone balanced on the rynd which is atop a shaft leading directly up from the wheel. The bedstone does not turn. The problem with this type of mill arose from the lack of gearing; the speed of the water directly set the maximum speed of the runner stone which, in turn, set the rate of milling.

Coma
Coma is a medical term. It is a state of deep unconsciousness. People who are in that state can not be waken up. They also do not react to pain or light. Coma can result from various conditions. Some of these are intoxication, poisons or damages or diseases of the nervous system. It can also be the result of certain drugs. Doctors sometimes put patients that have very bad injuries into a coma. There are different levels of coma. Comas usually don't last more than several weeks, but those several weeks could be disasterous. Sometimes only basic bodily functions are left over. Intensive hospital care is often needed to recover some of these functions.

Water wheel
A water wheel is a hydropower system; a machine for extracting power from the flow of water. Water wheels and hydropower was widely used in the Middle Ages, powering most industry in Europe, along with the windmill. The most common use of the water wheel was to mill flour in gristmills, but other uses included foundry work and machining, and pounding linen for use in paper.
A water wheel consists of a large wooden or metal wheel, with a number of blades or buckets arranged on the outside rim forming the driving surface. Most commonly, the wheel is mounted vertically on a horizontal axle, but the tub or Norse wheel is mounted horizontally on a vertical shaft. Vertical wheels can transmit power either through the axle or via a ring gear and typically drive belts or gears; horizontal wheels usually directly drive their load. A channel created for the water to follow after leaving the wheel is commonly referred to as a "tailrace."
Greco-Roman Europe.
The technology of the water wheel had long been known, but it was not put into widespread use until the Middle Ages when an acute shortage of labor made machines such as the water wheel cost effective. However, the water wheels in ancient Rome and ancient China found many practical uses in powering mills for pounding grain and other substances. The Romans used both fixed and floating water wheels and introduced water power to other countries of the Roman Empire. The Romans were known to use waterwheels extensively in mining projects, with enormous Roman-era waterwheels found in places like modern-day Spain. In the 1st century BC, the Greek epigrammatist "Antipater of Thessalonica" was the first to make a reference to the waterwheel.
Ancient China.
By at least the 1st century AD, the Chinese of the Eastern Han Dynasty began to use waterwheels to crush grain in mills and to power the piston-bellows in forging iron ore into cast iron.
In the text known as the "Xin Lun" written by Huan Tan about 20 AD (during the usurpation of Wang Mang), it states that the legendary mythological king known as Fu Xi was the one responsible for the pestle and mortar, which evolved into the tilt-hammer and then trip hammer device (see trip hammer). Although the author speaks of the mythological Fu Xi, a passage of his writing gives hint that the waterwheel was in widespread use by the 1st century AD in China.
In the year 31 AD, the engineer and Prefect of Nanyang, Du Shi, applied a complex use of the waterwheel and machinery to power the bellows of the blast furnace to create cast iron.
Waterwheels in China found practical uses such as this, as well as extraordinary use. The inventor Zhang Heng (78–139) was the first in history to apply motive power in rotating the astronomical instrument of an armillary sphere, by use of a waterwheel. The mechanical engineer Ma Jun (200–265) once used a waterwheel to power and operate a large mechanical puppet theater for Emperor Ming of Wei.
Medieval Europe and Modern.
Cistercian monasteries, in particular, made extensive use of water wheels to power watermills of many kinds. An early example of a very large waterwheel is the still extant wheel at the early 13th century Real Monasterio de Nuestra Senora de Rueda, a Cistercian monastery in the Aragon region of Spain. Grist mills (for corn) were undoubtedly the most common, but there were also sawmills, fulling mills and mills to fulfill many other labor-intensive tasks. The water wheel remained competitive with the steam engine well into the Industrial Revolution.
The main difficulty of water wheels was their inseparability from water. This meant that mills often needed to be located far from population centers and away from natural resources. Water mills were still in commercial use well into the twentieth century, however.
Overshot & pitchback waterwheels are suitable where there is a small stream with a height difference of more than 2 meters, often in association with a small reservoir. Breastshot and undershot wheels can be used on rivers or high volume flows with large reservoirs.
The most powerful waterwheel built in the United Kingdom was the 100 hp Quarry Bank Mill Waterwheel near Manchester. A high breastshot design, it was retired in 1904 and replaced with several turbines. It has now been restored and is a museum open to the public.
Modern Hydro-electric dams can be viewed as the descendants of the water wheel as they too take advantage of the movement of water downhill.

Favism
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (sometimes also called G6PD deficiency, or favism) is a hereditary disease. This means it is passed on through the genes from a parent to the child. It leads to a form of Anaemia. There are some means to treat it, though the focus of the doctors now lies on prevention (avoiding that it passes on to the child). As it is linked to the X chromosome, most people who suffer from it are male.
Sufferers can not make the enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. This will mean the circulation of sugar in their body is different. More red blood cells will be destroyed because of it. About 200 millon people suffer from this condition. Very often, it can be found in regions where there is also Malaria.

Hydropower
Hydropower is the capture of the energy of moving water for some useful purpose.
Before electric power was produced in large quantities, hydropower was used for irrigation, milling of grain, textile manufacture, and the operation of sawmills. The energy of moving water has been exploited for centuries; in Imperial Rome, water powered mills produced flour from grain, and in China and the rest of the Far East, hydraulically operated "pot wheel" pumps raised water into irrigation canals.
In the 1830s, at the peak of the canal-building era, hydropower was used to transport barge traffic up and down steep hills using inclined plane railroads. For direct mechanical power transmission industries that used hydropower had to be near the waterfall. For example, during the last half of the 19th century, many grist mills were built at Saint Anthony Falls, to use the 50 foot (15 metre) drop in the Mississippi River. The mills were important for the growth of Minneapolis. Today the largest use of hydropower is for electric power generation. That allows low cost energy to be used at long distances from the watercourse.
Hydroelectric power.
Hydroelectric power now supplies about 715,000 MWe or 19% of world electricity (16% in 2003). Large dams are still being designed. Apart from a few countries with a plenty of it, hydro power is normally applied to peak load demand because it is readily stopped and started. Nevertheless, hydroelectric power is probably not a major option for the future of energy production in the developed nations because most major sites within these nations are either already being exploited or are unavailable for other reasons, such as environmental considerations.
Hydropower produces essentially no carbon dioxide or other harmful emissions, in contrast to burning fossil fuels, and is not a significant contributor to global warming through CO2.
Hydroelectric power can be far less expensive than electricity generated from fossil fuel or nuclear energy. Areas with abundant hydroelectric power attract industry. Environmental concerns about the effects of reservoirs may prohibit development of economic hydropower sources.
The chief advantage of hydroelectric dams is their ability to handle seasonal (as well as daily) high peak loads. When the electricity demands drop, the dam simply stores more water. Some electricity generators use water dams to store excess energy (often during the night), by using the electricity to pump water up into a basin. Electricity can be generated when demand increases. In practice the utilization of stored water in river dams is sometimes complicated by demands for irrigation which may occur out of phase with peak electrical demands.
Tidal power.
Harnessing the tides in a bay or estuary has been achieved in France (since 1966), Canada and Russia, and could be achieved in other areas with a large tidal range. The trapped water turns turbines as it is released through the tidal barrage in either direction. Another possible fault is that the system would generate electricity most efficiently in bursts every six hours (once every tide). This limits the applications of tidal energy.
Tidal stream power.
A relatively new technology, tidal stream generators draw energy from currents in much the same way that wind generators do. The higher density of water means that a single generator can provide significant power. This technology is at the early stages of development and will need more research before it can produce any higher amount of energy.
But several prototypes were tested in the UK, in France and the USA. Already in 2003 a turbine that produces 300 kW was tested in the UK.
The Canadian company Blue Energy has plans for installing very large arrays tidal current devices mounted in what they call a 'tidal fence' in various locations around the world, based on a vertical axis turbine design.
Wave power.
Power from ocean surface wave motion might produce much more energy than tides. It has been tested that it is possible to produce energy from waves, particularly in Scotland in the UK. But there are still a lot of technical problems.
A prototype shore based wave power generator is being constructed at "Port Kembla" in Australia and is expected to generate up to 500 MWh annually. Wave energy is captured by an air driven generator and converted to electricity. For countries with large coastlines and rough sea conditions, the energy of waves offers the possibility of generating electricity in utility volumes. Excess power during rough seas could be used to produce hydrogen.

South Pacific
South Pacific is the name for a geographical region of the world. It includes regions of the Pacific Ocean which lie south of the Equator: Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea, and parts of Oceania.

Guido von List
Guido (von) List (who was born as Karl Anton List) (* 5 October 1848 in Vienna; † 17 May 1919 in Berlin) was a writer. His works were influenced very much by ideas of race. He was influenced by Arthur de Gobineau, Helena Petrovna Blavatsky, and others. He believed there was a global jewish conspiracy. He thought that the conspiracy threatened those he believed to be the Aryan race. He also believed that Runes had magic power. His beliefs were not unpopular in Western Europe in the 19th century. He was an occultist. A contemporary of his was Houston Steward Chamberlain. Chambelain lived at the same time as he did. One of his successors was Jörg Lanz von Liebenfels.

Franklins
Franklins is a cheap supermarket company that can be found all over the state of New South Wales in Australia. It used to have shops all over Australia.
The name of the shops is named after Frank Lindstrom, who started Franklins in 1941 in the city of Sydney in Australia. The shops had been cheap from the start, created in a time when other supermarkets were also cheap, simply by cutting back on what was keeping the shops expensive. It grew to cover much of New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria and South Australia with a reputation for low prices on groceries. It claims to be "Australia's Original Discount Grocer".
Franklins was the first supermarket in Australia to have brand name products. These products are called No Frills. In fact, the company's shops only sold these products when it first came about. It started out with a few products but now they have 800 products. This ranges from everything from bread to window cleaners. Today, a mascot of Franklins called Red Sock advertises these products.
Franklins offers a wide range of products including No Frills. Franklins mostly deals in food and everyday articles. But some stores also sell a wider range of fresh food articles than Aldi ever had. It even has Franklins brand name products like bread and meat.
A wide range of people shop at Franklins to buy a wide range of articles. In some shops, people can buy their food and everyday articles at Franklins. They can then buy their fresh food outside of the store. In other stores, people can get fresh food articles as well as food and everyday articles all in the one place. Franklins even has a 'bottle shop' inside a few stores where people can get their beer and wine from. These places are both cheap and convenient to shop in.
When Franklins first started, their business philosophy was like Aldi's: "No extras, no service, no music and no electronic cash - only articles at extremely low prices" or as Franklins had put it: "Strictly No Frills". Because of big competition with other "good-looking" shops, it no longer follows this philosophy, instead making the articles cheaper and cheaper.
Franklins is still cheap but Coles and Woolworths are also becoming cheaper. This is why Franklins was less profitable over the years. When Aldi came to Australia, Franklins went broke and almost disappeared. Today, Franklins is owned by the Pick n Pay supermarket company from the country of South Africa. It has opened "Franklins Family Supermarkets" in 2006, independently franchise shops of both Franklins and Pick n Pay.

Hannover 96
Hannover 96 ist a sports club in Hanover, a city in northern Germany.
The sports club was founded in 1896. Hannover 96 is famous for its football (AE: "Soccer") team that has almost always played in the first or second German football league (Except 1996-1998).
Hannover 96 was German Football Champion in 1938 and 1954 and German Cup winner in 1992. The club played eight seasons in European cup competitions (24 matches).
Home stadium of Hannover 96 is the AWD-Arena (capacity: 49.000).
In 1963 the German national Football League, the "Fußball-Bundesliga" was founded. Hannover 96 joined the Bundesliga in 1964 and played there for the following ten years. In the 1970s and 1980s the club went down to the second league and up again several times. In the 1990s Hannover 96 played eight seasons in the second "Bundesliga"and two tears in the third league, the "Regionalliga Nord" (1996-98).
Since 2002, Hannover 96 is (again) a member of the first German Football league, the Bundesliga.
Some famous players who have been in the team for a long time: Altin Lala Albanian national player, Steven Cherundolo, USA-national player, Robert Enke, German national goalkeeper (currently exchange keeper after Jens Lehmann and Timo Hildebrand).
The coach of the football team (April 2007) is Dieter Hecking, the club's president is Martin Kind.
Former Coaches: Peter Neururer 2006, Ewald Lienen 2005, Ralf Rangnick 2004, Horst Ehrmanntraut 2001...

Water turbine
A water turbine is a rotary engine that takes energy from moving water.
Water turbines were developed in the nineteenth century and were widely used for industrial power prior to electrical grids. Now they are mostly used for electric power generation. They harness a clean and renewable energy source.
Swirl.
Water wheels have been used for thousands of years for industrial power. Their main shortcoming is size, which limits the flow rate and head that can be used.
The migration from water wheels to modern turbines took about one hundred years. Development occurred during the Industrial revolution, using scientific principles and methods. They also made extensive use of new materials and manufacturing methods developed at the time.
The word turbine was coined by the French engineer Claude Bourdin in the early 19th century and is derived from the Latin word for "whirling" or a "vortex". The main difference between early water turbines and water wheels is a swirl component of the water which passes energy to a spinning rotor. This additional component of motion allowed the turbine to be smaller than a water wheel of the same power. They could process more water by spinning faster and could use much greater heads. (Later, impulse turbines were developed which didn't use swirl).
Time line.
Ján Andrej Segner developed a reactive water turbine in the mid-1700s. It had a horizontal axis and was a precursor to modern water turbines. It is a very simple machine that is still produced today for use in small hydro sites. Segner worked with Euler on some of the early mathematical theories of turbine design.
In 1820, Jean-Victor Poncelet developed an inward-flow turbine.
In 1826 Benoit Fourneyron developed an outward-flow turbine. This was an efficient machine (~80%) that sent water through a runner with blades curved in one dimension. The stationary outlet also had curved guides.
In 1844 Uriah A. Boyden developed an outward flow turbine that improved on the performance of the Fourneyron turbine. Its runner shape was similar to that of a Francis turbine.
In 1849, James B. Francis improved the inward flow reaction turbine to over 90% efficiency. He also conducted sophisticated tests and developed engineering methods for water turbine design. The Francis turbine, named for him, is the first modern water turbine. It is still the most widely used water turbine in the world today.
Inward flow water turbines have a better mechanical arrangement and all modern reaction water turbines are of this design. Also, as the swirling mass of water spins into a tighter rotation, it tries to speed up to conserve energy. This property acts on the runner, in addition to the water's falling weight and swirling motion. Water pressure decreases to zero as it passes through the turbine blades and gives up its energy.
Around 1890, the modern fluid bearing was invented, now universally used to support heavy water turbine spindles. As of 2002, fluid bearings appear to have a mean time between failures of more than 1300 years.
Around 1913, Victor Kaplan created the Kaplan turbine, a propeller-type machine. It was an evolution of the Francis turbine but revolutionized the ability to develop low-head hydro sites.
A new concept.
All common water machines until the late 19th century (including water wheels) were reaction machines; water's "pressure" head acted on the machine and produced work. A reaction turbine needs to fully contain the water during energy transfer.
In 1866, California millwright Samuel Knight invented a machine that worked off a completely different concept. Inspired by the high pressure jet systems used in hydraulic mining in the gold fields, Knight developed a bucketed wheel which captured the energy of a free jet, which had converted a high head (hundreds of vertical feet in a pipe or penstock) of water to kinetic energy. This is called an impulse or tangential turbine. The water's velocity, roughly twice the velocity of the bucket periphery, does a u-turn in the bucket and drops out of the runner at 0 velocity.
In 1879, Lester Pelton, experimenting with a Knight Wheel, developed a double bucket design, which exhausted the water to the side, eliminating some energy loss of the Knight wheel which exhausted some water back against the center of the wheel. In about 1895, William Doble improved on Pelton's half-cylindrical bucket form with an elliptical bucket that included a cut in it to allow the jet a cleaner bucket entry. This is the modern form of the Pelton turbine which today achieves up to 92% efficiency. Pelton had been quite an effective promoter of his design and although Doble took over the Pelton company he did not change the name to Doble because it had brand name recognition.
Turgo and Crossflow turbines were later impulse designs.
Theory of operation.
Flowing water is directed on to the blades of a turbine runner, creating a force on the blades. Since the runner is spinning, the force acts through a distance (force acting through a distance is the definition of work). In this way, energy is transferred from the water flow to the turbine.
Water turbines are divided into two groups; reaction turbines and impulse turbines.
Reaction turbines.
Reaction turbines are acted on by water, which changes pressure as it moves through the turbine and gives up its energy. They must be encased to contain the water pressure (or suction), or they must be fully submerged in the water flow.
Newton's Third Law of Motion describes the transfer of energy for reaction turbines.
Most water turbines in use are reaction turbines. They are used in low and medium head applications.
Impulse turbines.
Impulse turbines change the velocity of a water jet. The jet pushes the turbine's curved blades which reverse the flow. The resulting change in momentum (impulse) causes a force on the turbine blades. Since the turbine is spinning, the force acts through a distance (work) and the diverted water flow is left with diminished energy.
Prior to hitting the turbine blades, the water's pressure (potential energy) is converted to kinetic energy by a nozzle and focused on the turbine. No pressure change occurs at the turbine blades, and the turbine doesn't require a housing for operation.
Newton's Second Law of Motion describes the transfer of energy for impulse turbines.
Impulse turbines are most often used in very high head applications.
Power.
The power available in a stream of water is;
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Pumped storage.
Some water turbines are designed for Pumped storage hydroelectricity. They can reverse flow and operate as a pump to fill a high reservoir during off-peak electrical hours, and then revert to a turbine for power generation during peak electrical demand. This type of turbine is usually a Deriaz or Francis in design.
Efficiency.
Large modern water turbines operate at mechanical efficiencies greater than 90% (not to be confused with thermodynamic efficiency).
Design and application.
Turbine selection is based mostly on the available water head, and less so on the available flow rate. In general, impulse turbines are used for high head sites, and reaction turbines are used for low head sites. Kaplan turbines are well-adapted to wide ranges of flow or head conditions, since their peak efficiency can be achieved over a wide range of flow conditions.
Small turbines (mostly under 10 MW) may have horizontal shafts, and even fairly large bulb-type turbines up to 100 MW or so may be horizontal. Very large Francis and Kaplan machines usually have vertical shafts because this makes best use of the available head, and makes installation of a generator more economical. Pelton wheels may be either vertical or horizontal shaft machines because the size of the machine is so much less than the available head. Some impulse turbines use multiple water jets per runner to increase specific speed and balance shaft thrust.
Maintenance.
Turbines are designed to run for decades with very little maintenance of the main elements; overhaul intervals are on the order of several years. Maintenance of the runners and parts exposed to water include removal, inspection, and repair of worn parts.
Normal wear and tear is pitting from cavitation, fatigue cracking, and abrasion from suspended solids in the water. Steel elements are repaired by welding, usually with stainless steel rod. Damage areas are cut or ground out, then welding back up to their original or an improved profile. Old turbine runners may have a significant amount of stainless steel added this way by the end of their lifetime. Elaborate welding procedures may be used to achieve the highest quality repairs.
Other elements requiring inspection and repair during overhauls include bearings, packing box and shaft sleeves, servomotors, cooling systems for the bearings and generator coils, seal rings, wicket gate linkage elements and all surfaces.
Environmental impact.
Water turbines have had both positive and negative impacts on the environment.
They are one of the cleanest producers of power, replacing the burning of fossil fuels and eliminating nuclear waste. They use a renewable energy source and are designed to operate for decades. They produce significant amounts of the world's electrical supply.
Historically there have also been negative consequences. The rotating blades or gated runners of water turbines can interrupt the natural ecology of rivers, killing fish, stopping migrations, and disrupting peoples' livelihoods. For example, American Indian tribes in the Pacific Northwest had livelihoods built around salmon fishing, but aggressive dam-building destroyed their way of life. Since the late 20th century, it has been possible to construct hydropower systems that divert fish and other organisms away from turbine intakes without significant damage or loss of power; such systems require less cleaning but are substantially more expensive to construct. In the United States, it is now illegal to block the migration of fish so fish ladders must be provided by dam builders.

AWD-Arena
The AWD-Arena is a football stadium in Hanover, a city in north Germany. It is the home stadium of the football club Hannover 96. The AWD-Arena was built from 1952 to 1954 and called "Niedersachsenstadion" (stadium of lower Saxony). Lower Saxony is a German federal state and Hanover is its capital.
Originally the Niedersachsenstadium was large enough to hold about 80.000 people. It was changed for international football championships in 1974 and 1988, especially changing standing room into seats. In 2003, it became changed to be used only for football and the name was sold to the German company of AWD. Today it can hold 49.000 people.
In 2006, the Football World Championships were played there.

Renewable energy
Renewable energy comes from renewable resources. It is different from fossil fuels as it does not produce as many greenhouse gases and other pollutants as fossil fuel combustion.
There are a lot of traditional uses of wind, water, and solar energy in developed and developing countries. But the mass production of electricity using renewable energy sources has become more common only recently. The reason for this are the major threats of climate change due to pollution, exhaustion of fossil fuels, and the environmental, social and political risks of fossil fuels and nuclear power.
Wind power market grows.
As of April 2008, worldwide wind farm capacity was 100,000 megawatts (MW), and wind power produced some 1.3% of global electricity consumption, accounting for approximately 19% of electricity use in Denmark, 9% in Spain and Portugal, and 6% in Germany and the Republic of Ireland. United States is an important growth area and latest American Wind Energy Association figures show that installed U.S. wind power capacity has reached 16,800 MW, which is enough to serve 4.5 million average households. However, it may be difficult to site wind farms in some areas for aesthetic or environmental reasons, and seasonal variability introduces a challenge in integration of wind power into electricity grids, requiring balancing with other technologies such as hydropower.
World's largest PV power plants.
Three large photovoltaic power plants have recently been completed in Spain: the Parque Solar Hoya de Los Vincentes (23 MW), the Solarpark Calveron (21 MW), and the Planta Solar La Magascona (20 MW).
The Moura solar power station, located in the municipality of Moura, Portugal, is presently under construction and will have an installed capacity of 62 MWp. The first stage of construction should be finished in 2008 and the second and final stage is scheduled for 2010, making it one of the largest photovoltaic projects ever constructed.
Construction of a 40 MW solar generation power plant is underway in the Saxon region of Germany. The Waldpolenz Solar Park will consist of some 550,000 thin-film solar modules. The direct current produced in the modules will be converted into alternating current and fed completely into the power grid. Completion of the project is expected in 2009.
A $420 million large-scale Solar power station in Victoria is to be the biggest and most efficient solar photovoltaic power station in the world. Australian company Solar Systems will demonstrate its unique, world leading design incorporating space technology in a 154 MW solar power station connected to the national grid. The power station will have the capability to concentrate the sun by 500 times onto the solar cells for very high power output. The Victorian power station will generate clean electricity directly from the sun to meet the annual needs of over 45,000 homes with zero greenhouse gas emissions.
However, when it comes to renewable energy and PV, it is not just big systems that matter. Building-integrated photovoltaics or "onsite" PV systems have the advantage of being matched to end use energy needs in terms of scale. So the energy is supplied close to where it is needed.
New generation of solar thermal plants.
Construction of the largest solar thermal power plant to be built in 15 years, in Boulder City, Nevada, is complete. The 64 MW Nevada Solar One power plant generates enough power to meet the electricity needs of about 40,000 households and follows in the steps of the 354 MW SEGS solar thermal power plants located in California’s Mojave Desert. While California’s solar plants have generated billions of kilowatt hours of electricity for the past two decades, the Nevada Solar One plant uses new technologies to capture even more energy from the sun.
Ethanol for transportation.
Brazil has one of the largest renewable energy programs in the world, involving production of ethanol fuel from sugar cane, and ethanol now provides 18 percent of the country's automotive fuel. As a result, Brazil, which years ago had to import a large share of the petroleum needed for domestic consumption, recently reached complete self-sufficiency in oil.
Most cars on the road today in the U.S. can run on blends of up to 10% ethanol, and motor vehicle manufacturers already produce vehicles designed to run on much higher ethanol blends. Ford, DaimlerChrysler, and GM are among the automobile companies that sell “flexible-fuel” cars, trucks, and minivans that can use gasoline and ethanol blends ranging from pure gasoline up to 85% ethanol (E85). By mid-2006, there were approximately six million E85-compatible vehicles on U.S. roads.

Aral Sea
The Aral Sea (Kazakh: "Арал Теңізі" (Aral Tengizi), Uzbek "Orol dengizi", Russian "Аральскοе мοре") is a landlocked sea in Central Asia; it lies between Kazakhstan in the north and Karakalpakstan, an autonomous region of Uzbekistan, in the south. Since the 1960s the Aral Sea has been shrinking. The rivers that feed it (the Amu Darya and the Syr Darya) were used by the Soviet Union for irrigation. The Aral Sea is heavily polluted, largely as the result of weapons testing, industrial projects, and fertilizer runoff before and after the breakup of the Soviet Union.
There is a project to save at least the norther part of the Aral Sea. For this, a dam was built in the 1990 to stop water running off. Climate improved in the following years, and water levels rose again. However, that dam broke, and is currently being rebuilt with international funding.
Another problem was that the Island of Rebirth had been used for the testing of biological weapons until 1993. It is currently contaminated with Anthrax, the Plague, and Tularemia. Since 2001, this is no longer an island, but a peninsula.

Radiation
Radiation is when energy moves through space on its own at the speed of light. Scientists do not fully understand how this happens.
One theory of radiation is that it is made of a chain of electric and magnetic fields. That is why radiation is sometimes referred to as Electromagnetic radiation. Another theory is that it is made of tiny particles called photons. Radiation is known to be a wave of some type. Scientists categorize types of radiation based on its wavelength.
Radio waves: This is the type of wave that is used by radios to send or receive communication.
Radar waves: This is the type of radiation that is used by the military to spot airplanes in the sky and ships in the ocean.
Micro-waves: This is the type of radiation that is used by a microwave oven to warm up food.
Infrared waves: Most objects at room temperature emit infrared radiation. Although it is invisible to human eyes, special types of cameras can pick this up.
Visible light: This is the radiation that we see all around us.
Ultraviolet light: This is the type of radiation that gives people a sunburn.
X-rays and Gamma rays: These are high energy types of radiation that are usually thought of when most people hear the term radiation.
Most people hear terms like radiation and immediately think of it as a bad or dangerous thing. It turns out that only certain types of radiation are ordinarily harmful to humans. For example, ultraviolet radiation can give you a sunburn. X-rays and gamma rays can make a person sick, or even die if they are exposed to them for a long enough time.
Often we may hear about certain elements such as Uranium or Plutonium being radioactive. This means that the atoms they are made of tend to fall apart and give off gamma rays.
One can distinguish various sub-types of radiation. This depends on the type of the emission source, the wavelength, the energy, the carrier, etc. The most common use of the word "radiation" refers to ionizing radiation. Ionizing radiation has enough energy to ionize atoms or molecules while non-ionizing radiation does not. Radioactive material is a physical material that emits radiation, or energy.

Non-ionizing radiation
Non-ionizing radiation (or, esp. in British English, non-ionising radiation) means any type of electromagnetic radiation that does not carry enough energy to ionize atoms or molecules - that is, to completely remove an electron from an atom or molecule.
The composition of this radiation can vary depending on what may be ionized. Visible light, near ultraviolet, infrared, microwave and radio waves are all examples of non-ionizing radiation, though visible and near ultraviolet can also ionize some molecules. The light from the Sun that reaches the earth is largely composed of non-ionizing radiation, with the notable exception of some ultraviolet rays. However, most ionizing radiation is filtered out by the atmosphere.
Because it is lower energy radiation, the use of this type of radiation in medical fields and everyday life poses fewer health risks than ionizing radiation in forms such as X-rays.

Electromagnetic spectrum
The electromagnetic (EM) spectrum is the range of all possible electromagnetic radiation. Electromagnetic radiation can be divided into octaves — as sound waves are — winding up with eighty-one octaves.
The "electromagnetic spectrum" (usually just "spectrum") of an object is the frequency range of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths from thousands of kilometres down to fractions of the size of an atom.
It is commonly said that EM waves beyond these limits are uncommon, although this is not actually true. The short wavelength limit is likely to be the Planck length, and the long wavelength limit is the size of the universe itself, though in principle the spectrum is infinite.
Spectra of objects.
Nearly all objects in the universe emit, reflect or transmit some light. (One hypothetical exception may be dark matter.) The distribution of this light along the electromagnetic spectrum (called the "spectrum" of the object) is determined by the object's composition. Several types of spectra can be distinguished depending upon the nature of the radiation coming from an object.
Electromagnetic spectroscopy is the branch of physics that deals with the characterization of matter by its spectra.
NOTE: The AUDIO entry in this graphic is there for comparison only. Sound waves and light are two different things entirely.

Spectrum (disambiguation)
A spectrum is a condition or value that is not limited to a specific set of values but can vary infinitely within a continuum.

Continuum
A Continuum is a continuous series where all parts are very similar to their nearest neighbour, but the ends or extremes of it are very different from each other.
This describes something that changes gradually (little by little) from one condition, to a different condition, but without any sudden changes or "discontinuities".
The difference between a continuum, and something with very different changes that can be measured, is important for all continuum theories.

Revenge (album)
Revenge is a studio album by the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on May 14, 1992.

Continuum (theory)
Continuum theories or models explain variation as involving a gradual quantitative transition without abrupt changes or discontinuities. It can be contrasted with 'categorical' models which propose qualitatively different states.
In physics, for example, the space-time continuum model explains space and time as part of the same continuum rather than as separate entities. A spectrum in physics (e.g. of light) is often termed either a 'continuous spectrum' (energy at all wavelengths) or 'discrete spectrum' (energy at only certain wavelengths).
In psychology, theories of mental phenomena can propose discrete differences between individuals (e.g. everyone has certain personality traits and not others) or a continuum (e.g. everyone lies somewhere on a particular personality dimension). This can also apply to fields such as law or sociology or ethics in explaining or judging variation in human behavior.
In psychiatry, categorical models seek to distinguish and define particular mental disorders or illnesses, but continuum or dimensional models propose that some people are more extreme than others on particular dimensions.

Joseph Goebbels
Paul Joseph Goebbels (German pronunciation:) (29 October 1897 – 1 May 1945) was a German politician and the minister of propaganda during the Nazi regime. He studied literature and philosophy.
He was a close friend of Adolf Hitler. Goebbels stayed with Hitler in the Fuehrerbunker until Hitler's suicide on April 30 1945. After Hitler's death Goebbels was chancellor for one day, before he and his wife Magda Goebbels also killed themselves. Just before she died, Magda killed their six children.

Carl Maria von Weber
Carl Maria von Weber (born Eutin, Holstein, baptised 20 November 1786; died London), 5 June, 1826 in London, was one of the most important German composers of the early Romantic period. He wrote many operas, of which "Der Freischütz", "Euryanthe" and "Oberon" are especially famous. He wrote instrumental music, especially for the clarinet, and wrote very well for orchestra.
Early life.
Weber was the eldest of the three children of Franz Anton von Weber. The word “von” in front of a German surname normally means that the family had noble ancestry, but the Weber family do not appear to be of noble blood. Weber was never a strong, healthy child. He had a damaged hip-bone and always walked with a limp. His father worked in the theatre, and the family often moved from one town to another. This was difficult for his education. His mother was called Rosa, she influenced him to go to military school at the age of 20, but his love for music meant that he would go to Cranbrook in Germany. His daughter Laurel was well known for playing the viola in many Orchestras.
Weber’s mother died of tuberculosis when he was eleven. Later that year Weber went to Salzburg, to study with Michael Haydn (the brother of the famous Joseph Haydn), and later to Munich. He started to publish some piano music, and even composed an opera. When he was 14 the family moved to Freiberg in Saxony. He had an opera performed there, and he started to write articles as a critic in a Leipzig newspaper.
In 1801 the family went back to Salzburg and Weber had more lessons from Michael Haydn. He also studied in Vienna with a famous musician called Abbé Vogler. Through him he got to know another of his pupils, Giacomo Meyerbeer, who became a famous composer and was a close friend of Weber.
Success.
Vogler thought Weber was very talented, and helped him to get a job in Breslau. Weber had lots of good ideas about how to improve the music there: by changing the way that the orchestra sat, having more rehearsal time, not playing bad pieces of music, and pensioning off old singers. A lot of people there did not like these ideas and made life difficult for him. One night he absent-mindedly drank from a wine bottle. The bottle had engraving-acid inside, and it made him ill for two months. He was never able to sing again. When he tried to go back to work all the good changes he had made had been undone, so he resigned. He had a job in Karlsruhe for a short time, then went briefly back to Breslau, but because he owed people money there he disappeared and got a job in Stuttgart.
His lifestyle was rather wild, and he even got arrested once for debt and fraud. However, he continued to become well-known as a composer and wrote a lot of instrumental and religious music. He spent some time in several large cities including Prague and Berlin. In Dresden he worked hard to make German Opera a success (most operas were still Italian in those days).
Weber was not well. He was suffering from tuberculosis, but needed money to support his family. So when he was invited to go to London to compose and produce his opera "Oberon" he accepted the offer. He had already been having English lessons and learned to speak the language quite well. In 1826 he travelled to England where he finished composing "Oberon" and conducted its first performance on 12 April. He stayed on in England to earn some more money. He was looking forward to going home, but on 5 June, the night before he was due to go back to Germany, he died. He was buried in London. 18 years later Richard Wagner arranged for Weber’s body to be brought back to Germany to be buried in Dresden.
Weber left an opera "Die Drei Pintos" ('The Three Pintos') unfinished. Meyerbeer was going to finish it, but in the end it was Gustav Mahler who finished it and conducted the first performance of the completed work in Leipzig in 1888.
His music.
Weber was not only a great composer, but a very skilled pianist and conductor. He wrote a very large number of works including cantatas and songs, but most of these are not often heard today. One of his most popular works is called "Invitation to the Dance". It was written for piano, but later Hector Berlioz arranged it for orchestra and this is how it is often heard nowadays.
Weber wrote two Concertos for clarinet and orchestra and also a Concertino (a small concerto in one movement). Another one-movement concerto was the "Konzertstück in F minor" for piano and orchestra. His opera "Der Freischütz " is probably his best work, and the overture is often heard separately as a concert piece. The story of the opera is full of magic. It is written in German and has some spoken words as well as sung music (this kind of opera was called a Singspiel). This opera in particular influenced Richard Wagner who developed German opera in the 19th century.

Alive III
"Alive III" is a live album by the American hard rock and heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on May 18, 1993.

Ter Hachatrjan
Ter Hachatrjan (Russian: Тер Хачатрян) is the name of a Russian noble family during the 18th century.
During the revolution in Petrograd in 1917, Duke Aleksandr and his wife were killed by the Bolsheviks. The children of the family Ter Hachatrjan escaped from Petrograd and went to Caucasus. Bagrat Aleksandrovich lost his brother Anton Alekjsandrovich.
Duke Anton Aleksandrovich appeared in the city Rostov on Don. He married Barinova Elena Aleksandrovna. They had no children.
The Ter Hachatrjan family felt under the repression of NKVD in 1937. They were arrested and placed in jail. Under the pressure of local government, Duke Bagrat Aleksandrovich had to stopping using his title and rid himself of all his possessions that were brought from Petrograd. The family felt under the amnesty.
Since this time, all the descendents of the Ter Hachatrjan family are named as Saidoff–Ter Hachatrjan.
Descendents.
The descendents of the family are living in the Kingdom of the Netherlands.

Turbine
A turbine is an engine that turns fluid into energy.
Simple turbines have a shaft with a blade on it. Moving fluids, such as water or air, push the blades so that they turn around with the shaft. The turning movement can be used to make energy. Early turbine examples are windmills and water wheels. Turbine blades can also be turned to move a fluid. This is how simple propeller airplanes work.
A casing can be placed around the turbine to control the movement of the fluid.

Electric power
Electric power is defined as the amount of work done by an electric current, or the rate at which electrical energy is transmitted. The SI unit of power is the watt.
When electric current flows in a circuit with resistance, it does work. Devices convert this work into many useful forms, such as heat (electric heaters), light (light bulbs), motion (electric motors) and sound (loudspeaker).

Kiss Unplugged
Kiss Unplugged is an album featuring the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss performance in MTV Unplugged on August 8, 1995. The album was released on March 12, 1996.

Head (hydraulic)
Hydraulic head is a specific measurement of water pressure or total energy per unit weight above a datum.
It is usually measured as a water surface elevation, expressed in units of length, but represents the energy at the entrance (or bottom) of a piezometer. In an aquifer, it can be calculated from the depth to water in a piezometric well (a specialized water well), and given information of the piezometer's elevation and screen depth.
Atmospheric pressure.
Even though it is conventional to use gauge pressure in the calculation of hydraulic head, it is more correct to use total pressure (gauge pressure + atmospheric pressure), since this is truly what drives groundwater flow. Often detailed observations of barometric pressure are not available at each well through time, so this is often disregarded (contributing to large errors at locations where hydraulic gradients are low or the angle between wells is acute.)

Susan Brownmiller
Susan Brownmiller (born February 15, 1935) is a radical feminist. She works as a journalist and activist. She is best known for her pioneering work on the politics of rape in "Against Our Will: Men, Women, and Rape" (1975). Brownmiller says that rape has been defined by men rather than women until now. Men use rape as a means of continuing male dominance by keeping all women in a state of fear. All men benefit from this. Brownmiller also participated in civil rights activism. She joined CORE during the sit-in movement and volunteered for Freedom Summer in 1964. She first became involved in the Women's Liberation Movement in New York City in 1968. There she joined a consciousness-raising group in the newly-formed New York Radical Women organization. Brownmiller went on to co-ordinate a in 1970, began work on "Against Our Will" after a New York Radical Feminists speak-out on rape in 1971, and co-founded Women Against Pornography in 1979. She continues to write and speak on feminist issues, including a recent memoir and history of Second Wave radical feminism, (1999).
As of 2005, she is an Adjunct Professor of Women's & Gender Studies at Pace University in New York City,

Erich Fromm
Erich Pinchas Fromm (March 23, 1900 – March 18, 1980) was an internationally renowned Jewish-German-American social psychologist, psychoanalyst, and humanistic philosopher. He was associated with what became known as the Frankfurt School of critical theory.

François Adrien Boieldieu
François Adrien Boieldieu (December 16, 1775 – October 8, 1834) was a French composer. He mainly wrote operas.

Red Hot Riding Hood
Red Hot Riding Hood is a movie made by Tex Avery. It is a short cartoon. It was made in 1943. In 1990, the public voted it to be one of the best animated movies of all time.

Turkish Angora
The Turkish Angora is a cat from Turkey. It has got long white fur. It is like the Turkish Van but its fur is different.

Work (physics)
In physics, work is the amount of energy transferred by a force.
Like energy, it is a scalar quantity, with SI units of joules. Heat conduction is not considered to be a form of work, since there is no macroscopically measurable force, only microscopic forces occurring in atomic collisions. In the 1830s, the French mathematician Gaspard-Gustave Coriolis coined the term work for the product of force and distance.

Psycho Circus
Psycho Circus is a studio album by the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on September 22, 1998.

Biological warfare
Biological warfare (or germ warfare) is when pathogens are used as a weapon. This is called a biological weapon. Pathogens are organisms that can cause disease. If non-living things (like toxins) are used, this is considered to be chemical warfare.
During the Second Sino-Japanese War, biological weapons were used by the Japanese army against China. The Japanese army usually launched contaminated fleas or food from planes.
Today, pathogens for diseases like anthrax or smallpox could be used as agents for biological weapons.
The production, and stockpiling of such weapons was forbidden in the Biological Weapons Convention of 1972

Frankfurt Stock Exchange
The Frankfurt Stock Exchange ("in German Börse Frankfurt") is a stock exchange in Frankfurt, Hesse. It is the biggest stock exchange in Germany by the amount of money exchanged and the number of companies.

General-purpose programming language
A General-purpose programming language (GPL) is a way to tell a computer what to do that makes a user's job easy and quick without much confusion. GPLs can be used for many different things. An example can be BASIC, invented by John Kemeny and Thomas Kurtz in 1963.

Bikini
A Bikini is a type of swimsuit. Usually it is made for women. It is made of two parts.

High Voltage
High Voltage is the debut studio album by Australian hard rock band DC. It was released in Australia on 17 February, 1975.
Track listing.
All songs were written by Angus Young, Malcolm Young, and Bon Scott, except where noted.

Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap
Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap is a studio album by the Australian hard rock band DC. It was released in November 1976 in Europe and delayed for release in USA until 1981.

Iron oxide
Iron oxides are chemical compounds. There are sixteen known iron oxides. Iron oxides are used in pigments. It is used in both man-made and natural pigments.
Examples.
Venetian red (haematite), Magnetite (Fe304), or a mixture of oxides make black or purple pigments. The umber’s, sienna’s and ochre’s are oxides or hydrated oxides of a yellow to chestnut colour.
Rust.
A reddish-brown compound of iron and oxygen, commonly known as rust, can be found on the surface of iron objects. These oxides are used in ceramic applications, mainly in glazing. Iron oxides, along with oxides of other metals, provide the colours in some glazes after being fired at a high temperature. They are also used as pigments.

Jimi Hendrix
Jimi Hendrix (born James Marshall Hendrix), (November 27, 1942 – September 18, 1970) was an American guitarist. Hendrix is thought to be one of the most influential musicians in the history of rock and roll music.
He became successful in England, and then became famous all through the world after he played at the Monterey Pop Festival in 1967. He was named "Greatest Guitarist of all Time" by Rolling Stone magazine in 2003. Hendrix taught himself how to play the electric guitar and usually played a Fender Stratocaster upside down with the strings attached upside down to help him play left-handed.
Early life.
Jimi Hendrix was born in Seattle on November 27, 1942. He was called Johnny Allen Hendricks when he was born. Later, his parents named him James Marshall Hendrix instead. He grew up without much money or attention; his parents divorced when he was nine years old, and his mother died when he was 16. At about the age of 14, Hendrix found his first guitar. It was a broken broomstick with one string that had been thrown away by another boy. He still managed to play several tunes on it. Soon after, at around 15, he managed to buy a proper acoustic guitar for $5 from a friend of his fathers. His first electric guitar was a white Supro Ozark that his father, Al Hendrix, had bought him. He did not have lessons and learned basic tunes and improvisation from watching Chuck Berry and Elvis Presley play live. He played without an amplifier.
School.
Hendrix finished middle school but did not graduate from his High School, Garfield High School. Hendrix told some reporters in the late 1960's that he had failed because people were racist there, and did not like him because he was an African-American. However, it was just because he could not get good enough grades and was unorganised. Hendrix then told the reporters that he was kicked out for being impolite to a teacher.
Early inspirations.
When Hendrix was young, he was a fan of Elvis Presley. He went to see Elvis play at Sick’s Stadium on September 1, 1957, and he drew a colour picture of him holding an acoustic guitar (seen). The original drawing can be seen in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in Cleveland, Ohio. Even as an adult, he still loved Elvis. He went to a movie of Presley’s "King Creole" in Paris in late 1968, to give him inspiration to write songs. He also liked famous blues musicians such as Muddy Waters, Bo Diddley and Lightning Hopkins; and he played in the band of R&B star Little Richard. However, Hendrix and Richard did not get along. Richard did not like Hendrix' clothes, his being late and his showing off on stage.
The army.
After getting in trouble by stealing cars twice, Hendrix got the choice of either going to prison for two years or to join the US Army. Hendrix chose to join the Army on May 31, 1961 and was sent to Fort Campbell, Kentucky. Whilst in the army, his officers said that he was always caught sleeping on duty and needed to be watched at all times. He was bad with a gun and an officer said that "his mind apparently cannot function [cannot work properly] while performing duties and thinking about his guitar". However, the army was an important time for Hendrix, since it was there that he met another soldier and bass guitar player called Billy Cox. They would later play together in a small group called The King Kasuals.
On May 31, 1962, after being in the Army for one year, Hendrix’s officers thought it would be best for him to leave the army - he was always causing trouble. Hendrix agreed but tried to cover this up by saying he had been let go after breaking his ankle when he was landing his 26th parachute jump. He also spoke about his time in the army in interviews for a magazine, "Melody Maker", in 1967 and 1969. He said that he did not like serving the army and did not agree with their ways of doing things. When he was interviewed in the US, Hendrix never talked about his time in the army. When it was brought up in an interview on TV, Hendrix only said that he had been based at Fort Campbell.
Later life.
Hendrix' left-handed playing on a guitar made for right-handed people made him popular. His first proper concert was with a small band without a name, playing in a Synagogue. Hendrix was fired because he liked to show off his guitar playing too much. He later joined a band called The Velvetones, who played at the Yesler Terrace.
After leaving the Army, Hendrix and Billy Cox, whom had met in the army, moved together to Clarksville in Tennessee, where they played in their group, The King Kasuals. He and Cox played in small bars but they did not make much money. So, eventually, he and Cox moved to Nashville. They played in Nashville with many blues style songs. In November 1962, Hendrix went to his first studio performance. During his time in Nashville, Hendrix played in many other bands as rhythm and lead guitarist and vocals. This did not get him much money, but did give him experience of how bands worked.
Later, Hendrix left Nashville and went to Northern New York City. By January 1964, he moved to Harlem where he played at bars and clubs for money. Hendrix also won first prize in an amateur guitar contest at The Apollo Theatre. In 1966, Hendrix formed his own band instead of joining others. He called his band Jimmy James and The Blues Flames. The members were people that he met around town. One of them was a 15-year-old boy called Randy.
Hendrix played many gigs around New York City and many songs at a Café called "Café Wha?".
Hendrix got lucky, and in 1966, he became friends with the girlfriend of Keith Richards, guitarist for The Rolling Stones, Linda Keith. She liked Hendrix’ music and showed him to Chas Chandler, the manager for The Animals. Chandler told Hendrix to write a rock version of the song “Hey Joe” and when he did, Chandler brought him to London to sign a contract with him. Hendrix had to make a new band. He called it The Jimi Hendrix Experience'".
"Are you Experienced?".
The Jimi Hendrix Experience made its first album in 1967. It was called "Are You Experienced?".
When the album was being produced and sold, Hendrix travelled around the UK and some of Europe. On June 4, 1967, The Jimi Hendrix Experience played their last concert in London before going to America. In America many famous people came to see Hendrix play including Paul McCartney, George Harrison, Eric Clapton, Jack Bruce and Brian Epstein.
The album reached #2 in the UK charts. In 2001, VH1 named "Are You Experienced" as the 5th greatest album of all time. "Rolling Stone" magazine put it at number 15 on a list of the 500 greatest albums of all time in 2003.
"Axis: Bold as Love".
Hendrix’ second album came out in 1967. It was called "Axis: Bold as Love". It had famous songs in it, most famous being "Little Wing". There have been several other versions of the song by other musicians like Stevie Ray Vaughan, Henry "Hank" Marrion, Metallica, Eric Clapton, Sting and Pearl Jam. An important difference in the album from other albums he made was that Hendrix tuned his guitar down a semi-tone (to E flat). The album reached #3 in the US charts and #5 in the UK charts.
The album almost did not sell, since Hendrix lost the master tape of side one of the LP in the back of a taxi in London. Hendrix, Chas Chandler and an engineer called Eddie Kramer had to re-mix the songs in one night. They could not get the song "If 6 was 9" right, but Hendrix' bassist Noel Redding had a copy of it on tape. When the album was released, Hendrix was disappointed that the album was finished so quickly and he thought it could have been done better.
"Electric LadyLand".
Hendrix finished his third album, called "Electric LadyLand" - a double album with two LP's - in 1968. In this year, Chas Chandler (Hendrix’ manager) decided to leave Hendrix and so did Noel Redding. When Chandler left, Hendrix changed everything in his music. He began using different musicians and instruments. He used guitars with flutes and trombones all with distortion to get strange sounds. The album reached #1 album in the US. It reached #5 in the UK. In 2003, VH1 named the album the 72nd best album of all time, and the "Rolling Stones" magazine gave it 54th greatest album of all time.
Woodstock.
Hendrix went to play at Woodstock on August 18, 1969. That year, Woodstock made over $18,000 and has since become one of the most famous concerts in the world. Hendrix was told to play on Sunday evening, but did not arrive until Monday morning, which was unfortunate because of the 500,000 people that had paid to see him, around 180,000 were left and did not plan on staying his whole concert, they just wanted to see him in person for a few minutes. Hendrix then went on to play a two-hour concert that was described as awful. Hendrix’ large band had not practiced enough and could not keep up with Hendrix' fast guitar playing. But to make up for all of this, Hendrix played a version of Star Spangled Banner. He played this anthem with heavy distortion and screams from his guitar, and people thought that he was being anti-American and making fun of their anthem and country. Hendrix, in an interview, said that he "did not intend for his performance to be a political statement", he just wanted it to be another version of the national anthem.
Death.
On September 18, 1970, Jimi Hendrix was found dead in a basement of the Samarkand Hotel in London. He died after drinking too much, and then taking too many sleeping pills. He vomited and choked on his vomit because he could not regain consciousness. There are many different theories that were thought up. His girlfriend, who was with him at the time that he died, said that he was alive when she put him in the back of the ambulance, but hospital records say that Hendrix had been dead for some time before the ambulance had reached him. Some people say that Hendrix was alive, but that the paramedics did not properly hold his head while he was unconscious so he choked on his own vomit. A sad poem that was found in Hendrix’ apartment written by him made some think that he committed suicide.
The most likely explanation is that Hendrix just took too many sleeping pills while he was drunk, and then could not wake up as he vomited and choked as a result.
Burial.
Hendrix was buried in Renton, Washington in Greenwood Memorial Park on October 1 1970. His headstone was wrong because it shows a picture of Hendrix playing a Stratocaster, but the Stratocaster is right-handed, Hendrix played left-handed. Because Hendrix had so many fans, people were worried that the crowds of people wanting to look at his grave would damage other graves, so Hendrix’ father, Al Hendrix, had another memorial site built far from other graves. The memorial is a granite dome architecture, held up by three pillars and Hendrix is buried underneath. His autograph is at the foot of each pillar and a brass sundial is at the top of the dome. There is also a memorial statue of Hendrix playing a Stratocaster near the corner of Broadway in Seattle.
Fashion.
Hendrix had unique fashion and a Bob Dylan-style haircut. He wore scarves, rings and brooches. In his early career, he wore a dark suit with a silk shirt. Later, he wore bright blue velvet suits, red suits and flared trousers. In 1967, he started to wear a cowboy-style hat he called "The Westerner".
In 1968, Hendrix' started tying scarves to his legs and arms. In 1969, he wore his famous bandana.
Drugs.
Hendrix used drugs like LSD to get hallucinations. He also smoked marijuana and drank alcohol. Hendrix would become angry and violent when he was drunk.
However, no one knows if Hendrix took heroin or not. At his autopsy, there was no heroin in his body and he had no needle marks on his body.

Incendiary device
Incendiary devices or incendiary bombs are bombs. These bombs have been designed to start a fire. Sometimes they are also called firebombs. They were used very frequently in World War II. Materials such as Napalm, White phosphorus, thermite, chlorine trifluoride are often employed in such bombs. A very crude such bomb (which uses fuel) is the Molotov cocktail.
The United States still uses such bombs, called Mark 77 bomb. They were used during the invasion of Iraq in 2003. Most other countries no longer use them, since they are banned by Section III of the United Nations Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons. This treaty was ratified in 1980.

Napalm
Napalm is the name for a number of flammable liquids that have been used in warfare. Often it is jellied gasoline. Napalm is actually the thickener in such liquids. When it is mixed with gasoline, the thickener makes a sticky incendiary gel. It was developed by the U.S. in World War II by a team of Harvard chemists. The team leader was Louis Fieser. The name "Napalm" has comes from the ingredients that were first used to make it. Coprecipitated aluminum salts of naphthenic and palmitic acids. These were added to the flammable substance to cause it to gel.
One of the major problems of early incendiary fluids (such as those used in flamethrowers) was that they splashed and drained too easily. The U.S. found that flamethrowers that use a gasoline gel are able to shoot farther and are more useful. Gasoline gel was difficult to manufacture because it used natural rubber, which was in high demand and expensive. Napalm provided a far cheaper alternative. It solved the problems involved with rubber-based incendiaries.
Nowadays, napalm is mostly made of benzene and polystyrene, and is known as napalm-B.
Napalm was used in flamethrowers and bombs by the U.S. and Allied forces, to increase the usefulness of flammable liquids. Napalm is made to burn at a specific rate and stick to materials. This is done by mixing different of amounts of Napalm and other materials. Another useful (and dangerous) effect, primarily involving its use in bombs, was that napalm "rapidly deoxygenates the available air". It also creates large amounts of carbon monoxide causing suffocation. Napalm bombs were also used in the Vietnam War to clear landing zones for helicopters.
Though napalm was a 20th century invention, it is part of a long history of incendiary materials in warfare. However, historically, it was primarily liquids that were used (see Greek fire). An infantry-based flammable liquid fuel weapon, the flamethrower, was introduced in World War I by the Germans, variations of which were soon developed by other sides in the conflict.
Usage in warfare.
On July 17, 1944, napalm incendiary bombs were dropped for the first time by American P-38 pilots on a fuel depot at Coutances, near St. Lô, France. Napalm bombs were first used in the Pacific Theatre during the Battle of Tinian by Marine aviator. Its use was complicated because of problems with mixing, fusing and the release mechanisms. In World War II, Allied Forces bombed cities in Japan with napalm, and used it in bombs and flamethrowers in Germany and the Japanese-held islands. It was used by the Greek army against communist guerrilla fighters during the Greek Civil War, by United Nations forces in Korea, by Mexico in the late 1960s against guerrilla fighters in Guerrero and by the United States during the Vietnam War.
The most well-known method of delivering napalm is from air-dropped incendiary bombs. A lesser-known method is the flame throwers used by combat infantry. Flame throwers use a thinner version of the same jellied gasoline to destroy gun emplacements, bunkers and cave hideouts. U.S. Marines fighting on Guadalcanal found them very effective against Japanese positions. The Marines used fire as both a casualty weapon as well as a psychological weapon. Men have a natural fear of fire. They found that Japanese soldiers would abandon positions in which they fought to the death against other weapons. Prisoners of war confirmed that they feared napalm more than any other weapon thrown at them.
Napalm became one of the preferred weapons of the Korean War. Pilots returning from the war zone often remarked they would rather have a couple of gasoline tanks full of napalm to drop than any other weapon, bombs, rockets or guns. The U.S. Air Force and Navy used napalm with great effect against all manner of targets to include troops, tanks, buildings and even rail road tunnels. The demoralizing effect napalm had on the enemy became apparent when scores of North Korean troops began to surrender to aircraft flying overhead. Pilots noted that they saw surviving enemy troops waving white flags on subsequent passes after dropping napalm. The pilots radioed to ground troops and the North Koreans were captured.
Napalm has been used recently in wartime by or against: Iran (1980–88), Israel (1967, 1982), Nigeria (1969), Brazil (1972), Egypt (1973), Cyprus (1964, 1974), Argentina (1982), Iraq (1980–88, 1991, 2003 - ?), Serbia (1994), Turkey (1963, 1974, 1997), Angola, United States.
In some cases, napalm disables and kills its victims very quickly. Those who do survive suffer up to 5th degree burns. These damage parts of the skin which does not have pain receptors. However, victims who suffer 2nd degree burns from splashed napalm will be in significant amounts of pain.
Phuc had third-degree burns to half her body and was not expected to live. But thanks to assistance from South Vietnamese photographer Nick Ut, and after surviving a 14-month hospital stay and 17 operations, she became an outspoken peace activist.
International law does not prohibit the use of napalm or other incendiaries against military targets, but use against civilian populations was banned by the United Nations' inhumane weapons convention (often referred to as the CCW) in 1981 Protocol III of the CCW restricts the use of incendiary weapons (not only napalm), but a number of states have not acceded to all of the protocols of the CCW. According to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), states are considered a party to the convention, which entered into force as international law in December 1983, if they ratify at least two of the five protocols. The United States, for example, is a party to the CCW but did not sign protocol III.
Reports by the "Sydney Morning Herald" suggested that "napalm" has been used in the Iraq War by US forces. The U.S. Department of Defense denied this. In August 2003, the San Diego Union Tribune said that U.S. Marine pilots and their commanders confirmed the use of Mark 77 firebombs on Iraqi Republican Guards during the start of combat. Official denials of the use of 'napalm' were, however, disingenuous, as the Mk 77 bomb that is currently in service at this time, the Mk 77 Mod 5, does not use actual napalm (e.g. napalm-B). The last U.S. bomb to use actual napalm was the Mark 77 Mod 4, the last of which were destroyed in March 2001. The substance used now is a different incendiary mixture. It is sufficiently analogous in its effects that it is still a controversial incendiary, and can still be referred to colloquially as 'napalm.'
"We napalmed both those (bridge) approaches," said Col. Randolph Alles in a recent interview. "Unfortunately, there were people there because you could see them in the (cockpit) video." (...) "They were Iraqi soldiers there. It's no great way to die," he added. (...) The generals love napalm.... It has a big psychological effect." - "San Diego Union-Tribune, August 2003"
These bombs did not actually have napalm in them. The napalm-B (super napalm) used in Vietnam was gasoline based. The Mk-77 firebombs used in the Gulf were kerosene based. It is, however, a napalm-like liquid in its effect.
Recipes how to make napalm-like substances can be found on the internet. Very often, the recipes say that they will make a thick substance using gasoline, with soap or polystyrene as a thickening agent. It can be very dangerous to follow these instructions. Handling and making napalm-like substances is not trivial. Such substances have poisonous fumes, cause burns, are very flammable, and sticky. Also, many countries have made it illegal to make incendiary devices.
Composition.
Napalm is usually a mixture of gasoline with suitable thickening agents. The earliest thickeners were soaps, aluminum, and magnesium palmitates and stearates. Depending on how much thickener is added, the resulting viscosity may range between syrupy liquid and thick rubbery gel. The content of long hydrocarbon chains makes the material highly hydrophobic (resistant to wetting with water), making it more difficult to extinguish. Thickened fuel also rebounds better from surfaces, making it more useful for operations in urban terrain.
There are two types of napalm: oil-based with aluminium soap thickener, and oil-based with polymeric thickener ("napalm-B").
The United States military uses three kinds of thickeners: M1, M2, and M4.
A later variant, napalm-B, also called "super napalm", is a mixture of low-octane gasoline with benzene and polystyrene. It was used in the Vietnam War. Unlike conventional napalm, which burns for only 15–30 seconds, napalm B burns for up to 10 minutes with fewer fireballs. It also sticks better to surfaces, and offers improved destruction effects. It is not as easy to ignite. This reduces the number of accidents caused by soldiers smoking. When it burns, it develops a characteristic smell.
Starting in the early 1990s, various websites including The Anarchist Cookbook advertised recipes for homemade napalm. These recipes were predominantly equal parts gasoline and styrofoam. This mixture closely resembles that of napalm-B, but lacks a percentage of benzene.
Napalm reaches burning temperatures of approximately 1,200 °C (2,200 °F). Other additives can be added, eg. powdered aluminium or magnesium, or white phosphorus.
In the early 1950s, Norway developed its own napalm, based on fatty acids in whale oil. The reason for this development was that the American-produced thickening agent performed rather poorly in the cold Norwegian climate. The product was known as Northick II.
In popular culture.
Napalm itself became well-known by the American public after its use in the Vietnam war. Since then, it has been mentioned in the media and arts multiple times. This summary is not meant to be all inclusive.

Midwestern United States
The Midwestern United States (or Midwest) is a name for the north-central states of the United States of America. The states that are part of the Midwest are: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin.
The word "Midwest" has been in common use for over 100 years. Other names for the area are no longer used. These names include the "Northwest" or "Old Northwest", "Mid-America," or "the Heartland". Since 1929, sociologists have often used the Midwest as "typical" of the entire nation.
Geography.
The land in the Midwest is generally thought of as being flat. This is true of several areas in the Midwest, but there are parts that are not flat. For example, the eastern Midwest near the Appalachian Mountains, the Great Lakes basin, and northern parts of Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Iowa are not flat. Also, the northern part of the Ozark mountain range is in southern Missouri. Prairies cover most of the states west of the Mississippi River. Less rain falls in the western Midwest than in the eastern part. This causes different types of prairies. Most of the Midwest can now be called either "urban areas" or "agricultural areas". Areas in northern Minnesota, Michigan and Wisconsin, and the Ohio River valley are not very developed.
Chicago is the largest city in the region, followed by Detroit and Indianapolis. Some other important cities in the region are: Minneapolis-St. Paul, Cleveland, St. Louis, Kansas City, Milwaukee, Cincinnati, Columbus, Wichita, Des Moines, Madison and Omaha.
History.
Europeans began to settle the area in the 17th century. French explorers and settlers created a network of fur trading posts along the Mississippi River and the upper Great Lakes. French control of the area ended in 1763 after the French and Indian War. British colonists began to expand into the Ohio Country during the 1750s. The Royal Proclamation of 1763 restricted people from moving west of the Appalachian Mountains, but it did not stop them completely.
Early settlers came to the Midwest from eastern states through routes over the Appalachian Mountains or through the waterways of the Great Lakes. After the American Revolutionary War, many more settlers began to come from eastern states. In the 1790s, people moved there because the United States government was offering land grants.
By the time of the American Civil War, many European immigrants were settling in the Midwest instead of the East: German Lutherans and Jews settled in Ohio, Wisconsin, Illinois, and eastern Missouri; Swedes and Norwegians in Wisconsin, Minnesota and northern Iowa. Poles, Hungarians, and German Catholics and Jews founded or settled in Midwestern cities. Many German Catholics also settled throughout the Ohio River valley and around the Great Lakes.
The region's soil is very good for farming. Midwest farmers can produce lots of grain crops such as corn, oats, and, most importantly, wheat. In the early days, the region was soon known as the nation's "breadbasket".
Culture.
Midwesterners are sometimes viewed as open, friendly, and straightforward, or sometimes stereotyped as stubborn and uncultured. Midwest values were shaped by religious beliefs and the agricultural values from the people who settled in the area. The Midwest today is a mix of Protestantism and Calvinism, untrusting of authority and power.
Between 19 and 29% of the Midwest is Catholic. 14% of the people in Ohio, Indiana, and Michigan, 22% in Missouri and 5% in Minnesota are Baptists. 22-24% of people in Wisconsin and Minnesota are Lutherans. 1% or less of the people in the Midwest are Jewish and Muslim, with slightly more Jewish or Muslim people in major cities, such as Chicago and Cleveland. 16% of the Midwest do not have a religion.
Politics in the Midwest are often conservative. The Great Lakes area, which has more large cities than the rest of the Midwest, tends to be the most liberal area of the Midwest.
Because of 20th century African American migration from the South, many African Americans live in most of the area's large cities. However, there are still more African Americans living in the Southern United States than in the Midwest. The mix of industry and cultures in those cities led to new types of music in the 20th century in the Midwest, including jazz, blues, rock and roll. Techno music came from Detroit and house music and blues came from Chicago.
Today the population of the Midwest is 65,971,974, or 22.2% of the total population of the United States.
Accents.
The accents of the Midwest are often clearly different from the accents of the South and many urban areas of the American Northeast. The accent of most of the Midwest is thought by many to be "standard" American English. Many national radio and television shows in the U.S. like this accent more than many other accents. This may have started because many television show hosts — such as Walter Cronkite, Johnny Carson, David Letterman, Tom Brokaw and Casey Kasem — came from this area.
In some parts of the Midwest, the accents are quite different from the "neutral" accent of the rest of the Midwest. These accents usually are because of the heritage of the area. For example, Minnesota, western Wisconsin and Michigan's Upper Peninsula have strong Scandinavian accents, which get stronger the farther north one goes. Many parts of Michigan have Dutch-flavored accents. Also, people from Chicago are known to have their own "nasal" accent. The same is true of St. Louis.In the most southern parts of the Midwest, such as southern Indiana, Southern accents are common in addition to the standard Midwest accent. The same can be said of Southern Illinois, particularly below U.S. Highway 50 and south of St. Louis. Missouri is also an example of a Midwest state with southern culture. Missourians can have either a southern or Midwestern accent or a combined dialect, but accents tend to be distinctly Southern in the Southeastern and Bootheel sections of the state.

Maynard James Keenan
Maynard James Keenan (born James Herbert Keenan on April 17, 1964) is an American rock singer, songwriter, musician, and producer. He sings in the band Tool, and also in the band A Perfect Circle. He has a side project called Puscifer.
Early life.
James Herbert Keenan was born in Ravenna, Ohio on April 17, 1964. His mother is Judith and his father is Michael, who was a high school teacher. Keenan's parents divorced when he was three years old, and Michael moved away. Keenan did not see him very much for the next 12 years. Later, his mother married someone else. He was mean and did not allow Keenan to be creative. When Keenan was 11, his mother, Judith, had a brain aneurysm that paralyzed her. Two years later, she told Keenan to move to Michigan with his father.
The Army.
Keenan joined the United States Army after he graduated from high school. He wanted to use the G.I. Bill to go to art school. He joined the United States Military Academy Preparatory School (West Point Prep School) where he picked up the nickname "Maynard". He did very well in his training, but said no to an offer to stay in the Army and work at West Point. He decided to start his music career instead.
Art.
After being honorably discharged from the Army, Keenan went back to Michigan to go to art school. Then, in 1988, he moved to Los Angeles, California to help design the inside of pet stores. He was fired from this job and then worked creating movie sets. He also played bass guitar in a band and sang for another band.
Tool.
Keenan met Adam Jones in Los Angeles. They started the band Tool in 1990. The band's line up later became Keenan as singer, Jones playing guitar, Danny Carey playing drums, and Paul D'Amour playing bass. D'Amour ended up leaving the band and Justin Chancellor took his place. Tool signed to Zoo Entertainment in November 1991.

Naphtha
Naphtha (not to be confused with Naphthalene) is the name for a number of intermediary products that occur when refining crude oil. They are liquid hydrocarbons. They are used to produce high octane gasoline products. The petrochemical industry also uses them to make olefins and solvents.

Lukas Podolski
Lukas Podolski (born June 4 1985 in Gliwice, Poland) is a Polish born German footballer. He plays for Bayern München. From 2004 until 2006, he played for 1. FC Köln. For the German national football team, he played 54 matches and scored 28 goals.
He is known for his nice fashion during press conferences. He often wears button down shirts and polished shoes. He has a girlfriend called Monika and they have a son. The son's name is Louis, he was born in April 2008.

Naphthalene
Naphtalene (not to be confused with Naphtha) is a crystalline, white hydrocarbon, with a strong smell. It is best known as the main ingredient in mothballs, and is also in urinal deodorizer blocks. Other names for naphtalelne are naphthalin, naphthaline, tar camphor, white tar, albocarbon, or naphthene. It is used as an antiseptic. In mothballs, it is used as an insecticide or pesticide.
Naphalene is toxic. In humans, being exposed to naphtalene can destroy red blood cells. Naphtalene may also cause cancer.

MySQL
MySQL is a database engine used for many websites around the internet.
History.
MySQL was first released in May 1995 and a Windows version was released in January 1998. The latest version (5.0) was released in October 2005.
Compatibility.
MySQL is compatible with many major programming languages. The most common one is PHP. An ODBC interface (called MyODBC) has been made so that users of Microsoft's ASP language can use MySQL.

White phosphorus
White phosphorus is an incendiary weapon. It makes a bright light and smoke. Its main ingredient is one of the allotropes of the chemical element phosphorus. White phosphorus is toxic to humans. It can burn deep into soft tissue, it can be breathed in, or it can be ingested (eaten). Over time, these can cause death.
The use of incendiary weapons against civilians is forbidden since 1949.

Miroslav Klose
Miroslav Klose (born June 9 1978 in Oppeln, Poland) is a Polish born German footballer. From 1999 until 2004 he played for 1. FC Kaiserslautern and from 2004 until 2007 for Werder Bremen. In 2007 changed to Bayern Munich. On the German national football team he has played in 80 matches since 2001, scored 41 goals and made 17 assists.

Mothball
Mothballs are small balls of chemical pesticide and deodorant.They are used when clothing and other articles susceptible to damage from mold or moth larvae are stored. Older mothballs were made primarily of naphthalene. Because naphthalene can catch fire easily, modern mothballs use 1,4-dichlorobenzene instead. Both of these ingredients have a strong, pungent smell often associated strongly with mothballs. Camphor, an insect repellent, can also be used in mothballs.
Their use when clothing is stored out-of-season led to the colloquial usage of the terms mothballed and put into mothballs to refer to anything which is put into storage or whose operation is suspended. Some claim that the use of the word in this sense derives from naval usage. When warships were laid up, the open ends of their gun barrels and other openings were covered in white material to prevent the entry of water. These white circles suggested mothballs.

Oliver Kahn
Oliver Rolf Kahn (born June 15, 1969 in Karlsruhe, Germany) was a German footballer. He also played the position of the goalkeeper for FC Bayern München. From 1988 until 1994, Kahn played for Karlsruher SC. He has played 86 matches for the German national football team.
After the world championship in 2006, he retired from the national team. After the season 2007/2008 he ended his career and stopped playing for his club Bayern München, too.
Kahn has won several titles with Bayern München, among them are the UEFA champions league, the UEFA cup, the intercontinental cup, eight national championships and six national cups.
In the world championships in 2002 he become vice champion with the German national team.
Kahns nicknames are "King Kahn" or "the titan".

Timo Hildebrand
Timo Hidebrand (born April 5 1979 in Worms, Germany) is a German footballer. He is now the second goalkeeper of the German national football team. Hildebrand has played for VfB Stuttgart since 1999. In 2007 he changed to FC Valencia.

Philipp Lahm
Philipp Lahm (born November 11 1983 in Munich, Germany) is a German footballer. He plays as a defender for Bayern München.
From 2003 until 2005 he played for VfB Stuttgart. He has played in the German national football team since 2004, with 3 goals in 46 matches.

Valencia C.F.
The FC Valencia is a football team in Spain.

Bastian Schweinsteiger
Bastian Schweinsteiger (born August 1, 1984, in Kolbermoor, Germany) is a German footballer. At the moment, he plays for Bayern München. For the national team, he played 55 matches and scored 15 goals. In Germany he is famous for changing the colour of his hair very often. His girlfriend is the German model Sarah Brandener, whom he has dated since May 2007. He has an older brother called Tobias Schweinsteiger he plays for the SpVgg Unterhaching. The press gave him the Nickname 'Schweini', which comes from his lastname 'Schweinsteiger'.

Feller Bach
The Feller Bach is a right tributary of the Moselle River in Rhineland-Palatinate (Germany). Its source is in the Hunsrück mountains. It flows through the villages Lorscheid ("Verbandsgemeinde" Ruwer), Fell and Riol ("Verbandsgemeinde" Schweich). It joins the Moselle in Riol.
At the left there is the Thommer Bach in the Nossernvalley with the
Fell Exhibition Slate Mine (Besucherbergwerk Fell).

Per Mertesacker
Per Mertesacker (born September 29 1984 in Hannover, Germany) is a German footballer. He started playing for Werder Bremen in 2006. Before that, he played for Hannover 96. In the German national football team he has played 48 matches and has made 1 goal.

Bernd Schneider
Bernd Schneider (born November 17 1973 in Jena, Germany) is a German footballer. He plays for Bayer Leverkusen.

David Odonkor
David Odonkor (born February 21 1984 in Bünde, Germany) is a German footballer. At the moment, he plays for Real Betis. Until 2006, he was playing for Borussia Dortmund. For the German national football team he has played 16 matches and made 1 goal.

Black Entertainment Television
Black Entertainment Television (BET) is an American cable television television network. It is based in Washington, D.C.. The network is targeted toward African-American audiences in the United States. Most of what it shows is hip-hop and R&B music videos as well as religious shows and movies and series for African-Americans.
History.
BET was founded by Robert L. Johnson on January 25, 1980. The network started out as a two-hour Friday night show on the USA Network each week. It was on from 11 p.m. to 1 a.m. (EST). They mostly showed older movies and music videos. In May of that year, BET started showing Black collegiate sporting events. In November 1980, BET added two half-hour shows, "Black Showcase" and "The Bobby Jones Gospel Show". On June 26, 1983, BET started showing "Video Soul", a music video series. On October 1, 1983, BET started broadcasting 24 hours daily with help from Home Box Office. In the latter years, BET has moved from having a variety of Black entertainment to mostly showing music videos around the clock.

Country Music Television
CMT (Country Music Television) is an American country music cable television channel.

Johnny Carson
John William "Johnny" Carson (October 23, 1925 – January 23, 2005) was an American actor, comedian and writer. He is best known as the host of "The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson".

TNT (band)
TNT is a Norwegian hard rock/heavy metal band. The band was formed in Trondheim in 1982.

Anarcho-capitalism
Anarcho-capitalism is an anarchist philosophy that is against the idea of political government, and for economic government through free market capitalism with supply and demand.
Anarcho-capitalists think that people can protect themselves without any government. Instead of putting a stop to intrusion with more laws, people could protect their own things, or agree to pay other people such as arbitrators, insurrers, and private defenders to protect them through the marketplace. Anarcho-capitalists say that the government is a thief, because it takes taxes away from people against their will, and keeps them from making agreements between themselves.

Walther von der Vogelweide
Walther von der Vogelweide (born about 1170; died possibly in Würzburg around 1230) was a famous German poet and composer. He was the greatest of the German Minnesinger. These were people who wrote and sang songs about courtly love. Walther himself may have added “von der Vogelweide” to his name (it means “of the bird meadow”).
The German courtly love songs that had been written at the time were all very similar, but Walther gave these songs new life and made them very beautiful. Unfortunately we do not know any of his music, because he did not write it down. But he wrote his poems down. They are very original, sometimes humorous, sometimes serious, often just gently suggesting ideas carefully.
We do not know where Walther was born, but he wrote in a document that he had learned to sing and write poetry in Austria. The dialect he spoke shows that he must have come from Bavaria or Austria. He spent some time at the court of Duke Leopold V of Babenberg in Vienna. This was about 1190. He took part in public singing contests and had long discussions with other people about love and the way it should be written about in poetry.
In about 1198 he left Vienna and spent many years travelling around, visiting courts in Europe, entertaining dukes and princes, and singing his songs. He always wrote the words himself, he never used other poets’ words. That would have made him a simple “Spielmann”, but Walther was of noble birth (he had the title “Herr”). He often spent several weeks or months in a castle where he entertained people, and where he probably also fell in love with one of the ladies. He wrote about these love-affairs in his poetry.
Walther also wrote verses called “Sprüche" ("sayings"). These were about the history of the time. They were a kind of political propaganda and were used in political debates. Walther supported Emperor Otto IV in his arguments against the pope, persuading the emperor to go on the crusade which the pope had forbidden. We do not know whether Walther went with him on the crusade.

Striptease
Striptease is an art some people practice. Striptease is about undressing in an erotic way. This is usually done before an audience. Very often it is done in night clubs. The art of it is the teasing. It is about sexually arousing the audience. The teasing is usually done by delaying to take something off. It can also be done by hiding certain parts of the body with hands or pieces of clothing. While undressing, the person doing the striptease also dances around. Sometimes, plays are arranged, the strippers are disguised as Arabic dancers, Salome, Lolita or other well-known people. The spectator sometimes identifies with the stripper. Erotic dreams and exhibitionist fantasies are projected into the striptease. A naked body can never fulfill these projections.
Today, most striptease dancers are women.
History.
There are different possibilities how striptease could have started. One of them is that the erotic dance, Salome did for Herodes was in fact a striptease. But neither Salome, nor her dancing are mentioned in the Bible. Therefore this can only be seen as a try to give striptease a history.
Lydia Thompson and the "British Blondes" were the first to no longer use long robes, but rather tight stockings and skirts. In 1868 they showed what had been hidden until then: The legs of a woman. Another sensation came from Paris at that time. A dance, called Cancan. This dance was seen as very wild, even as an obscenity.
The first professionally done striptease dance was done in 1894, in Paris. It resulted in a fine for the dancer.
Starting in 1905, a lady calling herself Mata Hari entered the scene. On the invitation of Emile Guimet she danced before a carefully chosen audience. The scene at the end of the show, where she was "naked"became a sensation. Similar performances, at the requests of Baron von Rothschild, Cécile Sorel, Gaston Menier and Natalie Clifford Barney followed. Mata Hari had never learned how to dance, and had never studied Indian and oriental dancing. Her dances were a product of her imagination. In 1917, Mata Hari was charged with espionage and sentenced to death. She was shot, on October 15,1917, in Vincennes, near Paris.
Many women danced as Salome, at the end of the 19th century. Salome was taken as a pretext to be able to show off the female body. Many of these dancers undressed, but some kept their clothes on.
In the 1920s, Anita Berber became known in Berlin because of her dances. Anita Berber was a dancer, and performing artist. Most of her dances she did in the nude. Many of her performances provoked tumultous scenes. In practically no time, she was well-known, but already had an image laden with scandal.
After the war, in the 1950s striptease became the motor of an emerging sex industry (mainly focused on publications, like Playboy). Paris saw the opening of the high-society strip clubs, like the Alcazar or the Crazy Horse.
In modern times, the art of it gets lost more and more. In the 1990s, a German private TV channel (called RTL) made a strip show called Tutti Frutti. Since then, during the night, many private TV stations have women, who try to get rid of their clothes (without even dancing), while they advertise some phone sex numbers (or other prime-rate numbers).
There is also a film called "Striptease". It plays in US strip clubs, without giving much background information.
Originally, striptease was only done by women. They wanted to seduce male voyeurs. Today, a very small number of male strippers are there. Among the most notable of them are the Chippendales.

Roald Dahl
Roald Dahl (born 13 September 1916 – died 23 November 1990) was a Welsh writer, famous for his novels, short stories and especially for his books for children. Many of his books and stories have been made into films and showed on TV all ower the world.
Among his most popular books are "Charlie and the Chocolate Factory", "James and the Giant Peach", "Matilda", "The Witches", "The BFG", and "Kiss Kiss". Many of his children's books have pictures drawn by Quentin Blake.
There is a Roald Dahl Museum and Story Centre in Great Missenden which shows the work of Roald Dahl.

Let There Be Rock
Let There Be Rock is a studio album by the Australian hard rock band DC. It was released on June 23, 1977.

Electrical energy
In any of these cases, the SI unit of electrical energy is the joule. The unit used by many electrical utility companies is the watt-hour (Wh), which is the amount of energy used by a one-watt load, such as a tiny light bulb, drawing power for one hour. The kilowatt-hour (kWh), which is 1,000 times larger than a watt-hour, is a useful size for measuring the energy use of households and small businesses and also for the production of energy by small power plants. A typical household uses several hundred kilowatt-hours per month. The megawatt-hour (MWh), which is 1,000 times larger than the kilowatt-hour, is used for measuring the energy output of large power plants.
The terms "electrical energy" and "electric power" are frequently used interchangeably. However, in physics, and electrical engineering, "energy" and "power" have different meanings. Power is energy per unit time. The SI unit of power and electricity is the watt. One watt is a joule per second. In other words, the phrases "flow of power," and "consume a quantity of electric power" are both incorrect and should be changed to "flow of energy" and "consume a quantity of electrical energy."

Power (physics)
In physics, power (symbol: "P") is the rate at which work is performed or energy is transferred. In the SI system of measurement, power is measured in watts (symbol: W).
It may take a certain amount of work to effect a change in the world, like lifting a heavy weight to a higher level. It makes no difference if the weight is lifted slowly or quickly, the same amount of work will have been performed. The difference between a slow lift and a quick lift is that a quick lift requires more Power. That is the work can be done in a shorter time if there is more power available.
Power in optics.
In optics, or radiometry, the term "power" sometimes refers to radiant flux, the average rate of energy transport by electromagnetic radiation, measured in watts. But the term "power" is also used to express the ability of a lens or other optical device to focus light. It is measured in dioptres (inverse metres), and is equal to one over the focal length of the optical device.

List of Byzantine Emperors
This is a list of the Emperors of the late Eastern Roman Empire, called Byzantine by modern historians. This list does not include many of the emperors that rules with someone else.
The title of all Emperors before Heraclius was Augustus, but other titles such as Dominus were also used. After Heraclius, the title was changed to the Greek Basileus. This title used to mean "king", "sovereign" but now was used in place of Augustus. The emperors of the 15th century called themselves "Basileus ton Hellinon" ("Emperor of the Greeks") but they were still "Roman" Emperors.
This list begins with Constantine I the Great, the first Christian emperor reigning from Constantinople.
Palaiologan Dynasty (restored to Constantinople, 1259-1453).
At around this time the emperors began using the title "Βασιλευς Βασιλεων Βασιλευων Βασιλευσιν", that is, "King of Kings, ruling over Kings."
Ottomans.
In 1453 Mehmed II overthrew the Byzantine Empire and claimed the title of Kaisar; his successors continued this claim. See Ottomans for the complete list of Ottoman sultans.

Maroon 5
Maroon 5 are a pop-rock band from Los Angeles, California. They have two studio albums and four live albums. They have performed in many concerts. Maroon 5 is famous for the songs Harder to Breathe, This Love, She Will Be Loved, "Sunday Morning", and Makes Me Wonder.
Kara's Flowers.
In 1998, some of the members of Maroon 5 were in a band called "Kara's Flowers". They released one album, The Fourth World.

Jens Lehmann
Jens Lehmann (born November 10 1969 in Essen, Germany) is a German footballer. He has played for Arsenal F.C. since 2003. Lehmann is the goalkeeper of the German national football team. He has played 60 matchs for the national team.
As an adult.
Jens Lehmann has played for Arsenal in 2002 in November. He has had lots of memories but now in 2007 he got injured and then got replaced by Manuel Almunia. He came back on December the 1st from his knee injury. Now Jens has played 1 or 2 games for Germany and now is probably going to quit Arsenal F.C. and he is thinking to go to a German team. And now Arsenal F.C. have to say another goodbye to their 3rd recent mover.
Jens has just began to play again after his bad injury (knee injury). He played at least a game for Germany on December the 6th 2007. Unfortunantly he let in 3 goals and saved 22 from going in to the goals. Jens now might live in Germany forever because he is leaving Arsenal F.C. and moves in July 2008 to VfB Stuttgart.

Karlsruher SC
Karlsruher SC is a German football club in the first division (Bundesliga).

A.C. Milan
A.C. Milan is an Italian football club.
They were started in 1899 by an Englishman. Their first name was Milan Cricket and Football Club. They have won the Serie A football league 17 times and the Coppa Italia football cup 5 times. They have won more things than any Italian club except for Juventus. In season 06 they were punished for setting up the results. They started the 2006/07 season with an 8 point deficit, but they managed to end up fourth and win the Champions League qualification games. A.C.Milan won the 2006/07 Champions League in the final of Athenes versus Liverpool. 2 to 1 was the score for the Italian team.
They play at the Stadio Giuseppe Meazza Stadium, also known as San Siro because Giuseppe Meazza was a star playing for arch rival, Internazionale Milano in Milan, Italy.
This season Milan is playing for the Champions League and for the Serie A. In January A.C. Milan was defeated by Catania Calcio in the Italian Cup.

Larissa
Larissa (Greek: Λάρισα) is the capital city of the Thessaly periphery of Greece, and capital of the Larissa Prefecture. Larissa is found in the north of the Thessaly plain near at the foot of the mountain Olympus. Its population is 131,496 inhabitants. Larissa is crossed by Pineios river. The most interest sight in Larissa is the ancient theater which is located in the center of the city.

Steven Gerrard
Steven Boy George Gerrard is an English football player. He was born on 30 May 1980. He is 1.85 m tall. (That is 6 feet, 1 inch.) Gerrard is currently playing for Liverpool, where he wears the number 8 shirt. He is the England vice captain, for which he wears the number 4. He usually plays as a central midfielder.
Personal life.
Gerrard was born in Whiston Hospital but grew up in the Liverpool suburb of Huyton.
Gerrard is engaged to Alex Curran and they got married on June 16 2007. They have two daughters: Lilly-Ella Gerrard (born February 23, 2004) and Lexie Gerrard (born May 09, 2006).
On 1 September 2006, he published his first autobiography, entitled "Gerrard: My Autobiography".

Ikebana
Ikebana (Japanese: 生け花 or いけばな) is the Japanese art of making flower arrangements. The word "Ikebana" means "flowers kept alive". People who want to do Ikebana have to learn many things. It is not just about putting flowers in a vase. Japanese flower arrangements often have special meanings.
There are many ways in which Ikebana can be taught. These schools (ways of teaching) include Ikenobo, Sogetsu, Ohara.
Ikenobo is very well known. Until the 1930s it was only for upper class people. Ikenobo was started by a Buddhist priest called Ikenobo Senkei in the 15th century. It uses standing flowers (called "rikka"). It is a Buddhist way of showing the beauty of nature. There are 7 branches. Each branch represents something in nature, e.g. a hill, valley, waterfall etc. Later, in the 17th century, it became simpler and was called "shoka". Shoka uses just 3 branches called "ten" (heaven), "chi" (earth) and "jin" (man).
Another form of Ikebana is called "nageire". It is used in tea ceremony.
Today Ikebana is very popular among all classes of people in Japan. 15 million people in Japan practice Ikebana.

Venom (band)
Venom is a black metal band from Newcastle upon Tyne, England. The band was formed in 1979. Venom is considered to be (one of) the first Black Metal bands.

Scottsdale, Tasmania
Scottsdale is a town in the north-east of Tasmania, Australia. It is 63 km northeast of Launceston and 22 km southeast of town of Bridport. It is part of the Dorset Council.
The area was first surveyed in 1855 and was described as, "the best soil on the island... well watered, with a mild climate" by surveyor James Scott. The town was named after him. Scottsdale is a major agricultural centre.

Torsten Frings
Torsten Frings (born November 22 1976 in Würselen, Germany) is a German footballer. At the moment he playes for Werder Bremen. Before his change, he played for Bayern München (2004 until 2005, Borussia Dortmund (2002 until 2004, Werder Bremen (1997 until 2002).
In his youth he played for Alemannia Aachen (1990 until 1996, Rhenania Alsdorf (1988 until 1990 and Rot-Weiß Alsdorf (1982 until 1988).
He has played for the German national football team since 2001. He has played in 76 matches and scored 10 goals for his country.

David Letterman
David Michael Letterman (born April 12, 1947) is an American late night television host. His first important success was on the NBC television show "Late Night with David Letterman". In 1993, he switched to the CBS show, "The Late Show".
Letterman's ironic comedy is similar to comedians such as Andy Kaufman, Ernie Kovacs, and "Tonight Show" hosts Johnny Carson and Steve Allen.

Tide
A tide is the periodic rising and falling of Earth's ocean surface caused by the tidal forces of the Moon and the Sun acting on the oceans. Tides cause changes in the depth of marine (sea) and estuarine (river mouth) waters. Tides also make oscillating currents known as tidal streams. This means that being able to predict the tide is important for coastal navigation. The strip of seashore that is under water at high tide and exposed at low tide, called the intertidal zone, is an important ecological product of ocean tides.

Tidal force
Tidal force is caused by gravity and makes tides happen. This is because the gravitational field changes across the middle of a body (the diameter).

Tidal energy
Tidal energy, sometimes called "tidal power", is the power achieved by capturing the energy contained in moving water in tides and open ocean currents.
There are two types of energy systems that can be used to extracted energy: kinetic energy, the moving water of rivers, tides and open ocean currents; and potential energy from the difference in height (or "head") between high and low tides. The first method - generating energy from tidal currents - is becoming more and more popular because people believe that it does not harm the environment as much as barrages or dams. Many coastal sites worldwide are being examined for their suitability to produce tidal (current) energy.
Tidal power is classified as a renewable energy source, because tides are caused by the orbital mechanics of the solar system (ocean currents are caused by the surface effect of winds) and are considered inexhaustible. The root source of the energy is the orbital kinetic energy of the earth-moon system, and also the earth-sun system. Tidal power has great potential for future power and electricity generation because of the essentially inexhaustible amount of energy contained in these rotational systems. Tidal power is reliably predictable (unlike wind energy and solar power). In Europe, Tide Mills have been used for nearly 1,000 years, mainly for grinding grains.

Evangeline Lilly
Nicole Evangeline Lilly (born August 3, 1979) is a Canadian actress. She is well-known for her role as Katherine "Kate" Austen on the television show "Lost".
Personal life.
Evangeline was once married to Canadian hockey player Murray Hone. She also dated Dominic Monaghan, who was also on "Lost". The two broke up in 2007.
Her nicknames include "Evi" and "Monkey". The other actors on "Lost" gave her the name "Monkey" because she can climb trees easily, a skill that her character Kate also has. "Lost"-actor Josh Holloway also calls her "Freckles", sharing the nickname his character Sawyer gave her.

View
A view is what can be seen in somebody's vision. A view can also be a very scenic image. It can also be someone's opinion on something or how they look at something.
There are many types of views.

Greystones
Greystones () is a coastal town in County Wicklow, Ireland. It is located on Ireland’s east coast, south of Bray and south of Dublin (it is within the Greater Dublin Area), with a population in the region of 15,000.

Courtly love
Courtly love was a special idea of love that people had in Europe in the Middle Ages. The word “court” in this sense means the courts where princes or dukes lived. Courtly love is usually when a young man, who may be a knight or even a simple musician, falls in love with a rich lady and tries to make himself worthy of her by doing brave things or by singing beautiful love songs.
The idea of courtly love can be found in a lot of literature of that time, e.g. in works by Geoffrey Chaucer, Dante, Gottfried von Strassburg, Walther von der Vogelweide, Wolfram von Eschenbach, Malory and William Shakespeare.

Royal court
A royal court or noble court is a place where an important ruler such as a king, prince or duke live. The building is often called a palace, but the “royal court” means not just the buildings but all the royal household (all the people who live and work there).
It is called a court because in early times the palace would have a court (an enclosed space) at the front.
In history there were great rulers who held important courts, e.g. Charlemagne.
A famous example is Hampton Court on the river Thames in London where Henry VIII had his court. Today the Queen holds court at Buckingham Palace.
People who work at court are “court officials”.

Chris Gueffroy
Chris Gueffroy (June 21, 1968 – February 6, 1989) was the last person to die while trying to escape across the Berlin Wall.
Gueffroy and his friend Christian Gaudian tried to escape from East Berlin to West Berlin on the night of February 5 to February 6, 1989. The tried to cross near the Britz district canal.
Gueffroy and Gaudian thought that the "Schießbefehl", the order to shoot anyone who attempted to cross the wall, had been stopped. Climbing the last metal fence, the two were seen and shot at by the National People's Army (NVA) border troops. Gueffroy was hit in the chest by ten shots and died in the border strip.
Gaudian was badly injured, and was arrested and was sentenced on May 24, 1989 to imprisonment for three years by the Pankow district court for trying illegally todroos the border ("versuchten ungesetzlichen Grenzübertritts im schweren Fall").
In September 1989 Gaudian was freed on bail by the East German government and on October 17 1989 he was transferred to West Berlin.
The four border guards at first got an award ("Leistungsabzeichen der Grenztruppen") from the chief of the local border guards, Erich Wöllner, and a prize of 150 East German Marks each. After the reunification of East and West Germany, they were prosecuted by Berlin regional court. Two of them were released in January 1992. Ingo Heinrich, who fired the shot that killed Gueffroey was sentenced to three and a half years in jail. The Bundesgerichtshof reduced the penalty to a suspended sentence of two years in 1994.
In 2000, two SED officials, Siegfried Lorenz and Hans-Joachim Böhme, were tried for the death of Gueffroy and two other young men, but acquitted as the judge could find no evidence that they might have been able to lift the shoot-to-kill order. The case was retried on 7 August 2004, and the two men were found guilty and given suspended sentences of 15 months each. The judge explained that the short sentences were due to the length of time since the events. This was the last case concerning deaths on the inner German border.
On June 21, 2003, which would have been his 35th birthday, a monument to Gueffroy was built on the banks of the Britz district canal. The monument was designed by Berlin artist Karl Biedermann.
See also.
Sven Hüber

Electricity generation
Electricity generation is the first process in the delivery of electricity to consumers. The other processes are electric power transmission and electricity distribution which are normally carried out by the Electrical power industry.
History.
Centralized power generation became possible when it was recognized that alternating current electric power lines can transport electricity at low costs across great distances by taking advantage of the ability to transform the voltage using power transformers.
Electricity has been generated for the purpose of powering human technologies for at least 120 years from various sources of energy. Power plants are run on coal, nuclear, natural gas, hydroelectric, and petroleum power and a small amount from solar energy, tidal harnesses, wind generators, and geothermal sources.
Electricity demand.
The demand for electricity can be met in two different ways. The main method is to build large centralized projects to generate and transmit the electricity required. Many of these projects have caused unpleasant environmental effects such as air or radiation pollution and the flooding of large areas of land.
Distributed generation creates power on a smaller scale at locations on the electricity network. These sites often generate electricity as a byproduct of other industry such as using gas from landfills to power turbines.
Turbines.
Combined cycle gas turbine plants are driven by both steam and gas. They generate power by burning natural gas in a gas turbine and use residual heat to generate additional electricity from steam. These plants offer efficiencies of up to 60%.
Reciprocating engines.
Small electricity generators are often powered by reciprocating engines burning diesel, biogas or natural gas. Diesel engines are often used for back up generation, usually at low voltages. Biogas is often combusted where it is produced, such as a landfill or wastewater treatment plant, with a reciprocating engine or a microturbine, which is a small gas turbine.
Photovoltaic panels.
Unlike the solar heat concentrators mentioned above, photovoltaic panels convert sunlight directly to electricity. Although sunlight is free and abundant, solar panels are expensive to produce and have only a 10-20% conversion efficiency. Until recently, photovoltaics were most commonly used in remote sites where there is no access to a commercial power grid, or as a supplemental electricity source for individual homes and businesses. Recent advances in manufacturing efficiency and photovoltaic technology, combined with subsidies driven by environmental concerns, have dramatically accelerated the deployment of solar panels. Installed solar capacity is growing by 30% per year in several regions including Germany, Japan, California and New Jersey.

Casey Kasem
Casey Kasem (born Kemal Amin Kasem on April 27, 1932, in Detroit, Michigan of Palestinian/Lebanese heritage) is an American radio host and voice actor. He was the host of the weekly "American Top 40" radio show from 1970 to 1988, and again from March 1998 until January 10, 2004. Ryan Seacrest is now the host. Kasem is the host of two weekly radio shows, "American Top 20 with Casey Kasem" and "American Top 10 with Casey Kasem".
Kasem also provides the voice of many advertisements, has done many voices for "Sesame Street", and is the voice of 'Shaggy' for the animated television show "Scooby-Doo".

Bloc Party
Bloc Party is a British indie rock band. There are four people in the band. Kele Okereke does the vocals and plays rhythm guitar, Russell Lissack plays the lead guitar, Gordon Moakes plays bass guitar and Matt Tong plays the drums. Their music has been compared to bands like The Cure, Gang of Four and The Strokes.
The band formed at the 1999 Reading Festival. They went through many names before choosing Bloc Party in 2003. Moakes joined after reading an advert in "NME" magazine. Tong was picked through an audition. Bloc Party got famous by giving BBC Radio 1 DJ Steve Lamacq and Franz Ferdinand's lead singer Alex Kapranos a copy of their music demo, "She's Hearing Voices". This was later released as a single.
In February 2005, the band released their debut album "Silent Alarm". Lots of good things were said about it. It made "NMEs Album of the Year list. The album was given platinum status in the UK a year later. The band released another album, "A Weekend in the City", in 2007. This reached number two on the UK album chart and number twelve in the "Billboard" 200. In August 2008, they released third album, "Intimacy".
Early days and first releases.
Russell Lissack and Kele Okereke first met each other in 1998 in Essex. They bumped into each other again in 1999 at the Reading Festival and then decided to form a band. Bass guitar player Gordon Moakes joined after answering an advert in "NME", and drummer Matt Tong joined after an audition. After going through many names, like Union, Superheroes of BMX, The Angel Range and Diet, the band chose to call the band Bloc Party in September 2003, as a play on "block party". The band has said in interviews that the name was not supposed to be related to the Soviet Bloc or the Canadian political party Bloc Québécois. However, Gordon Moakes said on the group's official Internet forum that the name was made by joining the eastern "Blocs" and the western "parties", in the political sense. Moakes also said that the name was not chosen only for this reason, but because it "looked, sounded, seemed fine so we went with it."
In November 2003, Bloc Party had their song "The Marshals Are Dead" featured on a compilation album called "The New Cross" released by Angular Recording Corporation. They then released their debut single "She's Hearing Voices" on the record label Trash Aesthetics, which was new at the time.
The band got famous for the first time after lead singer Okereke went to a Franz Ferdinand concert in 2003, and gave a CD of "She's Hearing Voices" to lead singer Alex Kapranos as well as Radio One DJ Steve Lamacq. Afterwards, Lamacq played the song on his radio show. He called the track "genius", and he invited them to record a live session for the show. The success of the track led to another single, "Banquet", being released by Moshi Moshi Records, and to the eventual signing with independent label Wichita Recordings in April 2004.
"Silent Alarm".
Bloc Party's debut album, "Silent Alarm", was released in February 2005 and was given a lot of praise. It was voted as the "NME" album of the year for 2005, and reached number three on UK album charts before being certified platinum. The first single from the album, "So Here We Are", made the top 5 on UK charts. Further singles "Banquet" (which got to number 13 in "NMEs "Top 50 singles of 2005"), "Helicopter", and "Pioneers", managed to reach the UK top 20 but did not do as well as "So Here We Are". The animated music video for "Pioneers", made by Shoreditch-based designers Minivegas, was number one in the "NME" video charts for four weeks.
The band got good reviews from critics in the United States, and they toured there a lot over 2006. At the start of 2006 they finished their tour with sold out shows in Los Angeles, Miami and Berkeley. The album went on to sell more than 350,000 copies in North America and over a million worldwide. After the success of the album, the established electronic group The Chemical Brothers soon collaborated with Okereke for "Believe", a track on the Brothers' "Push the Button" album. An album of remixes of tracks from "Silent Alarm" was released at the end of August in the UK. The album was called "Silent Alarm Remixed", and kept the first album's song list.
During July, Bloc Party recorded two new tracks with "Silent Alarm" producer Paul Epworth. The songs were released as an extended play called "Two More Years". The release of this EP came with another release of "Silent Alarm", which had on it both "Two More Years" and old single "Little Thoughts". "Two More Years" was released later at the same time as their October 2005 UK tour. The single also had a remix of "Banquet" done by The Streets, for which a music video was also made.
The band also made the track "The Present" for the ' compilation album. The money raised from this album went to the War Child charity. In 2005, their album track "Like Eating Glass" was used on the soundtrack of low-budget horror film, "Cry Wolf". It was also remixed for use on Activision's skateboarding game "Tony Hawk's American Wasteland".
"A Weekend in the City".
Bloc Party's second album, "A Weekend in the City", was produced by Jacknife Lee. It was released in February 2007, though it was leaked in November 2006. It was released on the UK iTunes store before in shops, and reached second place in the Official UK Chart. The album did just as well in Australia and Belgium. It entered at number 12 in the "Billboard" 200, with 48,000 copies sold. The first single, "The Prayer", was released on 29 January. It became the single which did the best in the UK Top 40 for the band, reaching fourth place. Before the release of the album, BBC Radio 1 DJ Zane Lowe played a live recording of the band at the Maida Vale studio featuring both old and new songs on his radio show on 30 January 2007. On 1 February 2007, "A Weekend in the City" was made able to listen to for free on the band's official MySpace page.
The next single, "I Still Remember", was Bloc Party's highest charting single in America. It got to number 24 on the Modern Rock Chart. The band released their third single, "Hunting for Witches", in August 2007. The single was their only ARIA Chart entry, getting to number 20.
In October 2007 it was Bloc Party said they would release a new single, "Flux", on 13 November—ahead of their end of year concerts. The electronic song, also produced by Jacknife Lee, was very different from previous singles released by the band.
The band's first concert following the release of "A Weekend In The City" was on 5 February 2007, in Reading. It was played live on BBC 6 Music that night. On 20 May 2007, Bloc Party were the first band to play that year on the "In New Music We Trust" stage at the BBC Radio 1 Big Weekend at Preston. They also took part in the UK Live Earth concert on 7 July 2007 at Wembley Stadium. Furthermore, the band played sets at T in the Park and Oxegen 07 that same weekend, as well as Glastonbury and the Reading and Leeds Festivals. Bloc Party said that they would tour of Australia and New Zealand in August 2007, which would include a special concert at the Splendour in the Grass Festival on 5 August. On 17 September 2007 they recorded a concert for the PBS show Austin City Limits. a day after playing at the Austin City Limits Music Festival, On 27 October 2007, the band performed a concert at London's Roundhouse with the Exmoor Singers, a London based choir, as part of the BBC Electric Proms. The set included songs from both "Silent Alarm" and "A Weekend In The City" along with the first UK live performance of "Flux".
"Intimacy".
"Mercury", the first single from Bloc Party's third album "Intimacy", was played on Zane Lowe's BBC Radio 1 show on 7 July 2008. It was then uploaded to the Radio 1 website fifteen minutes later. The exclusive followed a countdown timer which was put in place of the band's website for three days, which ended with a link to the Radio 1 website at the time of Lowe's radio show. Many fans were expecting new songs over the internet, with some being annoyed by the act. The song had an electronic sound like the last single, "Flux". During the first play of "Mercury" on Radio 1, Kele was with Zane Lowe, and said that Jacknife Lee and Paul Epworth would be producing the new album. It was also said that the single was to be released on 11 August 2008. The video was put out with the single.
Bloc Party's third studio album has a new, electronic sound, even though Kele said this would not be the case. He had said that the sound will have had the "rawness" of "Silent Alarm", but the "experience" of "A Weekend in the City".
The band talked about the release of their third album with fans on a forum on 18 August 2008. The album then was made available for pre-order in many formats - a high-quality MP3 download with the CD release on 27 October 2008. "Trojan Horse", a song from the album, was made available to stream through "NMEs website. On 20 August 2008, the band added more album tracks, "Signs" and "One Month Off", as well as "Trojan Horse", to their MySpace profile. On 23-24 August, 2008, the band played concerts at the Reading and Leeds Festivals. The band played set-opener "Mercury", as well as album track "One Month Off". A concert like that one followed a week later on 30 August 2008, when the band played as the main act at the Hydro Connect Music Festival, in Argyll, Scotland.
During Autumn 2008, the band playing in some places in North America and Canada. They played at the Virgin Mobile Festival in Toronto on 6 September 2008, and had their first ever American college show at Syracuse University. They had their next live performance in the UK on 30 September 2008 with a special concert in London as part of. As well as this, they played at the Glasgow date of MTV Two and Topman's "Gonzo on Tour" on 19 October 2008. On 8 September 2008, Bloc Party said that their next single, "Talons" would be released on 20 October 2008. The song was not able to be downloaded as part of the pre-order album released on August 27, but did appear on the full album release on 27 October 2008. It was also given to fans who had already bought the download-only album, given out after the song's first play on Zane Lowe's BBC Radio 1 show.
After the digital release of "Intimacy", Bloc Party said to the public that they would go on another UK tour, starting on 25 January 2009 in Glasgow. They will then play in Manchester and Wolverhampton in the same month, with another gig in Wolverhampton on 1 February 2009. Their first UK tour since December 2007 will finish on 12 April 2009 in London. Also, in early 2009, the band will tour North America in many small places.

VfR Mannheim
VfR Mannheim a German football team. It is located in Mannheim, Baden-Württemberg. The club was formed in 1911.

SV Waldhof Mannheim
SV Waldhof Mannheim is a German football club. It is located in Mannheim, Baden-Württemberg. The club was founded 1907. The club today has over 2,400 people. The team will play its most important game the 30 of July against Racing Santander.

Popular science
If a book of a TV show is popular science, then it is about science, but its made so its easy for everyone to understand. It has "popular" in its name because its made for the whole "popul'"ation", not just for scientists. Nature documentaries (nature shows) are examples of popular science.
Popular science is non-fiction, so it is not the same as "science fiction".
Popular science is also not the same as "Science journalism". Science journalism is what journalists write to report the newest theories and discoveries made in science, but popular science is not always about what is newest.
Some famous people who make popular science are Isaac Asimov, Jared Diamond, Stephen Hawking, Bill Nye, and Carl Sagan.
Popular science and scientific literature.
When scientists write about their work, first they write books and periodicals meant for the same kind of scientists to read-- "scientific literature". The purpose of popular science is to show scientific literature in a way that different types of scientists, and people who are not scientists, will easily understand. When people take an idea from scientific literature and change it into popular science, important things about that idea are often left out or added in.
Scientific literature is made to seem like the ideas in it are not very new, and that the writer is not sure the idea is true. That way, other scientists will agree with the idea more. But popular science is made to be like other media, so many people will enjoy it. In popular science, ideas are made to sound like they are new, and like scientists all agree with the ideas. If scientific literature and popular science are compared, there is often a big difference. Even if most people agree about the subject, there is still a difference.
Some popular science is made by people who do not understand the subject well. Some is made by people who have a strong bias. Some is part science and part pseudoscience. It can be hard for someone who is not an expert to tell which works of popular science are misleading.

Lullaby
A lullaby is a song which is sung to help a baby or small child go to sleep. Composers of classical music often wrote pieces for instruments to play (very often for piano solo) which they called "lullaby". They also used the French word "Berçeuse". Brahms wrote his famous "Wiegenlied" originally for a young singer, Bertha Faber, when she gave birth to her second son.
Lullabies always have a gentle, rocking rhythm with a simple accompaniment. Frédéric Chopin's "Berçeuse" is a lullaby for piano. Gabriel Fauré wrote one at the beginning of his "Dolly Suite" for piano duet. There are many other examples.
Mothers sing lullabies to their children at bedtime. "Rock-a-bye Baby" and "Hush Little Baby" are two very well-known lullabies.

Lund
Lund is a city in the south of Sweden. About 80,000 people live there, which makes it the eleventh biggest city in Sweden. It is close to Malmö.
Lund is known for its university, Lund University. It is the largest university in Scandinavia. The city is also known for its cathedral, Lund Cathedral ("Lunds domkyrka").

Guadalcanal
Guadalcanal is an island in the Pacific Ocean. It is part of the Solomon Islands. In World War II there was a heavy fight for it.
See also.
Guadalcanal Campaign

1. FC Eintracht Bamberg
1. FC Eintracht Bamberg is a football team in Bamberg, Upper Franconia Germany. In 1946 they played as 1. FC Bamberg in the first Division. Now they are playing in the Fourth Division, the Regionalliga Süd (Regionalliga South). The trainer is Christoph Starke, the brother of Andreas Starke, who is the Lord Mayor of Bamberg.

FSV Frankfurt
FSV Frankfurt is the second best football team in Frankfurt, Germany after Eintracht Frankfurt. In the season 2007/08 it became champion of the Regionalliga Süd. In 2008/09 FSV Frankfurt plays in the 2. Bundesliga.

Joachim Löw
Joachim "Jogi" Löw (born 3 February 1960 in Schönau im Schwarzwald) is a former German footballer. He has been the coach of the German national football team since summer 2006.

Polyhydroxyalkanoate
Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) is a biopolymer that is made by bacteria. It can break down naturally (it is biodegradable). PHA has the same qualities of plastic, but it uses renewable raw material such as sugar from crop, instead of finite natural resources such as crude oil, natural gas and coal. Some PHAs share properties with polypropylene, a plastic used to make ropes and packaging. Others are similar to rubber.

SpVgg Bayreuth
SpVgg Bayreuth is a German football team in Bayreuth, Bavaria. It was founded in 1921. It is the most successful football team in Upper Franconia. The club was banned in 1933 by the Nazis but restarted shortly after World War II. SpVgg Bayreuth playes in one of the Fourths Divisions, the Bayernliga. In the season 2005/2006, they played in the Third Division, the Regionalliga.

Max Reger
Max Reger (born Brand, Bavaria, 19 March 1873; died 11 May 1916) was a German composer, organist, pianist and teacher.
Life.
Reger’s father was a schoolteacher who was an amateur musician. When he was a boy Max helped his father to rebuild an organ that was going to be thrown away. This was the instrument on which he learned to play. It was some time before he started proper lessons, but by the time he was a teenager he was playing the organ for church services. When he was 15 he went to Bayreuth to hear Wagner’s operas. This was the moment when Reger decided he wanted to become a musician.
Reger studied music in Munich and Wiesbaden with a famous teacher Hugo Riemann. He composed a lot of music, especially for the organ. His musical style was similar to that of Brahms, but he also learned a lot from the music of Bach, Mendelssohn and Schumann. He liked the symphonic poems of Liszt and these gave him the ideas for writing chorale fantasies for the organ, although he never wrote music that tells a story (programme music).
In 1902 Reger married. He and his wife adopted two children. In 1907 he became professor of composition at the University of Leipzig. He was a very good teacher. He became well-known abroad. He travelled to London where he spent hours in the art galleries. Then he bored his friends by talking all the time about the paintings. He conducted the orchestra at Meiningen, performing works by many composers, especially Brahms, Bruckner and his own.
Reger enjoyed eating and drinking. He regularly went to his local café where he would eat ten large sausages and drink ten glasses of beer. His health got bad, and he died of a heart attack in Leipzig, where he was visiting friends on his way home from the Netherlands.
Works.
Reger wrote an enormous amount of music, but very little of it is played nowadays. He wrote in a late-Romantic style. He is best remembered for his organ music. He liked to write fugues and sets of Variations. His "Fantasy and Fugue on BACH" is one of the hardest pieces ever written for organ. He wrote a lovely song called "Marias Wiegenlied" ("Mary’s lullaby).

Saint Stephen
Saint Stephen (Greek: Στέφανος/Stephanos) is known as the first martyr of Christianity.
Therefore he is also called the "Protomartyr" (Greek: Πρωτομάρτυρας/Protomartyras). He is venerated as a saint in the Jewish Church, as well as in the Eastern Orthodox Church. His feast day was historically kept on August 3. His name means 'laurel wreath' or 'crown' in Greek.

The Dark Tower (series)
The Dark Tower is a series of seven books by American writer Stephen King that tells the tale of lead character Roland Deschain's quest for the "Dark Tower."

Jon Corzine
Jon Stevens Corzine (born January 1, 1947) is an American politician. He is the 54th and current Governor of the state of New Jersey. He represented New Jersey in the United States Senate from 2001 until 2006, when he stepped down to take his seat as governor.

James McGreevey
James E. McGreevey (born August 6, 1957) was the 52nd Governor of New Jersey. He resigned as governor after he said he had an affair with a male employee. He was the only openly gay governor of any state in the history of the United States.

Barack Obama
Barack Hussein Obama II (born August 4, 1961) is a United States Senator from Illinois, and will be the 44th president of the United States. Obama won the 2008 United States presidential election on November 4, and will be the first African-American president when he is inaugurated.
Education.
At the Columbia University in New York City he studied political science, with a focus on international relations and he got a bachelor degree in 1983.
He also studied jurisprudence (science of law) for three years at the Harvard Law School. In 1991 he made his Juris Doctor degree 'magna cum laude' ('with great honor').
Presidential campaign.
Barack Obama's presidential campaign for the White House started in early June 2008 when he defeated Hillary Clinton in the 2008 Democrat primaries. He decided not to accept public funding and chose to raise all of his money himself. He has raised the most amount of money ever for a presidential campaign. He defeated Republican candidate John McCain in the election on November 4 by a wide electoral majority of 365 to 173. The popular vote was closer, with Obama receiving 53%, McCain 46%.
Family.
Obama has been married to Michelle Obama since 1992. She has a Bachelor of Arts degree and also a Juris Doctor degree from Harvard Law School. She worked as a lawyer.
They have two daughters, Malia Ann who was born in 1998 and Natasha ("Sasha"), born in 2001. They still live in Chicago, and are moving into the White House on January 20, 2009. He is planning on having a family dog after his inauguration.

Physical quantity
A physical quantity is a quantity in physics that can be measured. Examples of physical quantities are mass, volume, length, time, temperature and electric current.

Helicopter rotor
A rotor is the rotating part of a helicopter which generates lift, either vertically in the case of a main rotor, or horizontally in the case of a tail rotor.
History and development.
Before the development of powered helicopters in the mid 20th century, autogyro pioneer "Juan de la Cierva" researched and developed many of the basics of the rotor. Cierva is credited with successful development of multi-bladed, fully articulated rotor systems. This type of system is widely used today in many multi-bladed helicopters.

Variations (music)
In music, variation is a way of organizing a piece of music by taking a tune (a theme) and then repeating it in several different ways. It is often called Theme and Variations.
Many composers wrote pieces which are examples of Theme and Variations. Sometimes the theme is one they made up, at other times they took a theme that another composer had already written and then made variations on it.
There are lots of ways of varying a tune, and each variation will change it in a different way. A variation may play the tune much faster or much slower, it may change the tune by adding extra sharps and flats or other ornamental notes, or by playing the tune in octaves. It may change the harmony or the rhythm or use different instruments. It may combine the tune in different parts (counterpoint).
Composers have used variations in music for centuries. In the Renaissance and Baroque periods composers wrote variations on a short tune in the bass which was repeated again and again. This was called a ground bass or sometimes it was a passacaglia or chaconne. Renaissance composers also liked writing what they called “divisions”. This meant varying a tune by playing it, for example, at twice the speed or half the speed etc. so that crotchets (quarter notes) became minims (half notes) or quavers (eighth notes).
George Frideric Handel wrote a famous set of variations for harpsichord called "Harmonious Blacksmith", and Johann Sebastian Bach wrote the "Goldberg Variations", which was a set of 30 variations: a very long piece of music. It was written for a man who found it difficult to sleep at night, so he would ask his harpsichord player, whose name was Goldberg, to play to him.
Many composers from the Classical, Romantic and modern periods wrote sets of variations. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart wrote several, one of which was based on a French folktune which we know in Britain as “Twinkle, twinkle little star”. Beethoven wrote several wonderful sets of variations. Many of them were for piano, but he also used the form in other pieces e.g. the slow movement of his Ninth Symphony. Schubert often wrote variations on tunes from his own songs.
Other composers who wrote variations include Brahms, Elgar, Schoenberg, Britten and many more.

Logo (programming language)
Logo is a programming language that is easy to learn. It is used to teach students and children to program a computer. It was developed to process lists of words. It was like the language LISP.
In 1967, the first Logo ran on a mainframe computer, a machine called a teletype was used to type in and printout the results. There was no screen.
In 1969, it was used to control a Floor Turtle. Commands were added to sent the turtle forward and backwards, and to turn the turtle to left or right. This turtle had pen with different colors. When it moved, it left a trail on the floor.
This was very useful. When a new version of Logo was developed to draw graphics on a screen, it used the same commands. This was called Turtle graphics.
There are 170 versions of Logo. Many of them are open source and free. There are three Logo textbooks that can be downloaded free. Logo is usually an interpreted language.
Hello World.
Load the Logo program. Type the next line in the command box.
Example Showing Graphics and Functional Programming.
Using the editor, type in this new definition.
if:size > 30 [stop]; a condition stop
fd:size rt 15; many lines of action
spiral:size *1.02; the tailend recursive call
Type this in the command box.
On the screen you will see.

LISP
LISP (or Lisp) is the name for a programming language. It is among the oldest programming languages that are still used today. Only Fortran is older. LISP was designed by John McCarthy in 1958. The two best-known dialects of LISP are Common Lisp and Scheme. Originally, LISP was based on the mathematical concept of lambda calculus (developed by Alonzo Church). It quickly developed into a language used for Artificial intelligence. Many concepts that are used in modern programming languages were pioneered by LISP. This is the case for Object-oriented programming, tree data structures and dynamic typing amongst others.
Linked lists are a very important data structure in LISP. Quite a lot can be done using linked lists. From there LISP has its name. It stands for LISt Processor.
LISP is a language that allows for Rapid prototyping. The basic concepts behind LISP are easy to learn. Logo is another dialect of LISP that has been developed specifically for children. Logo can help young children develop skills and become efficient within the programming language.

Lambda calculus
In mathematical logic and computer science, lambda calculus, also λ-calculus, is a formal system. It was designed to investigate the definition of functions, and how to apply them. It is also a tool for analysing recursion. It was introduced by Alonzo Church and Stephen Cole Kleene in the 1930s. Church used lambda calculus in 1936 to give a negative answer to the Entscheidungsproblem. Lambda calculus can be used to define what a computable function is. No general algorithm can answer the question, if two lambda calculus expressions are equivalent. This was the first question, even before the halting problem, for which undecidability could be proved. Lambda calculus has greatly influenced functional programming languages, such as LISP, ML and Haskell.
Lambda calculus can be called the smallest universal programming language. It consists of a single transformation rule (variable substitution) and a single function definition scheme. Lambda calculus is universal in the sense that any computable function can be expressed and evaluated using this formalism. It is thus the same as the Turing machine formalism. However, lambda calculus emphasizes the use of transformation rules. It does not care about the actual machine that implements them. It is an approach more related to software than to hardware.

Family Jewels
Family Jewels is a two disc compilation DVD by the Australian hard rock band DC. It contains videos from the Bon Scott era to the Brian Johnson era. The compilation was released in 2005.

Power transmission
Power transmission is the movement of energy from its place of generation to a place where it can be used for work.
Power is defined formally as units of energy per unit time.
In SI units: 1 watt = 1 joule/s = 1 newton * metre/second (1W=1J/s=1N·m/s).
Since the development of technology, Transmission and storage systems have been of immense interest to technologists and technology users.
Electrical power.
With widespread establishment of power grids, power transmission has came to be associated most often with electric power transmission.
Mechanical power.
Electrical power transmission has replaced mechanical power transmission in all but the very shortest distances. From the start of the industrial revolution until the end of the 19th century mechanical power transmission was the norm. Factories were fitted with overhead driveshafts providing rotary power. Drivebelts would provide power to individual machines on the shop floor.
Mechanical power may be transmitted directly using a solid structure such as a driveshaft; transmission gears can adjust the amount of torque or force vs. speed in much the same way an electrical transformer adjusts voltage vs current.
Chemicals and fuels.
Power (and energy) may be transmitted by physically transporting chemical or nuclear fuels. Possible artificial fuels include radioactive isotopes, wood alcohol, grain alcohol, methane, synthetic gas, cryogenic gas, hydrogen gas (H2) and liquefied natural gas (LNG).

Ocean surface wave
Ocean surface waves are surface waves that occur in the upper layer of the ocean. They usually result from wind or geologic effects and may travel thousands of miles before striking land. They range in size from small ripples to huge tsunamis. There is little actual forward motion of individual water particles in a wave, despite the large amount of energy and momentum it may carry forward.
Wave formation.
Waves in a given area typically have a range of sizes. For weather reporting and for scientific analysis of wind wave statistics, their size over a period of time is usually expressed as "significant wave height." This figure represents the average height of the highest one-third of the waves in a given time period (usually twelve hours) or in a specific wave or storm system. Given the variability of wave size, the largest individual waves are likely to be twice the reported significant wave height for a particular day or storm.

Crest (physics)
A crest is the point on a wave with the greatest positive value or upward displacement in a cycle. A trough is the opposite of a crest.
When the crest and the trough of two waves of equal magnitude and frequency intersect or collide when in phase with each other the result is called constructive interference and the magnitudes double (above and below the line), when 180° out of phase the result is destructive interference with each other the resulting wave is the undisturbed line that is in the middle of the diagram having zero amplitude.

Surface wave
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In physics, a surface wave can refer to a mechanical wave that propagates along the interface between differing media, usually two fluids with different densities. A surface wave can also be an electromagnetic wave guided by a refractive index gradient. In radio transmission, a ground wave is a surface wave that propagates close to the surface of the Earth.

Nausea
Nausea is a general feeling of unease and discomfort in the stomach, often with the urge to vomit.
Nausea is a symptom, rather than an illness or disease. The causes for it very often are not in the stomach itself, but somewhere else in the body. Nausea is often caused by a stomach virus. Nausea is usually harmless, in the short term. A good treatment for it can be not to take solid food (and to only drink non-alcoholic drinks, like water). Nausea can also occur during pregnancy, and is quite normal in that context.

Anxiety
Anxiety is an unpleasant emotional state. It can include fear. Very often, people with anxiety also feel worries. There can also be physical symptoms, like having a headache or an upset stomach.
Some people have a lot of anxiety that controls them. This can be treated by therapy and medicine.

Lumbar puncture
A lumbar puncture (often called spinal tap, by non-doctors) is a medical method to collect a sample of cerebrospinal fluid. This can be either done to analyse the sample, to find some hints to diseases. It can also be done to lower the pressure of the fluid inside the skull.

Wave power
Wave power means the energy of ocean surface waves and the capture of that energy to do useful work - including electricity generation, desalination, and the pumping of water (into reservoirs).
Power from ocean surface wave motion might produce much more energy thantides. It has been tested that it is possible to produce energy from waves, particularly in Scotland in the UK. But the technology is not as well developed as wind power or solar power.

Port Royal
Port Royal was a city in Jamaica. It was the focus of trade in Jamaica in the 17th century. It was known for its piracy, but also for the riches accumulated, and for the very bad moral values that could be found in the city. An earthquake in June of 1792 largely destroyed the city. Two thirds of the city sank into the Carribean Sea. Today, the city is covered by at least 8 metres of water. The city is among the most important archaeological sites in the Ocean. Its role as a center for trade was taken over by Spanish Town, Jamaica, and later by Kingston.

List of bridges in the United States
The list of bridges in the United States is a link page for some bridges in the United States.

Osborne's bull
Osborne's bull was created as an advertisement for a sherry in 1956. Many people see it as the unofficial image of Spain. The bull is seen in semi-profile. The bulls used today are about 14 metres high, and are made out of about 70 plates of iron.

Desalination
Desalination means any process that removes the excess salt and other minerals from water in order to obtain fresh water suitable for animal consumption or irrigation.
If almost all of the salt is removed for human consumption, sometimes the process produces table salt as a by-product.
Desalination of brackish water is done in the United States in order to meet treaty obligations for river water entering Mexico. Several Middle Eastern countries have energy reserves so great that they use desalinated water for agriculture. Saudi Arabia's desalination plants account for about 24% of total world capacity. The world's largest desalination plant is the "Jebel Ali" Desalination Plant (Phase 2) in UAE. It uses multi-stage flash distillation, dual-purpose and it is capable of producing 300 million cubic meters of water per year.
Methods.
The traditional process used in these operations is vacuum distillation — essentially the boiling of water at less than atmospheric pressure, and thus a much lower temperature than normal. Due to the reduced temperature, energy is saved.

Solar energy
Solar energy is energy that is present in sunlight. It has been used for thousands of years in many different ways by peoples all over the world. As well as its traditional human uses in heating, cooking, and drying, it is used today to make electricity where other power supplies are absent, such as in remote places and in space. It is becoming cheaper to make electricity from solar energy and in many situations it is now competitive with energy from coal or oil.
Energy from the Sun.
After passing through the Earth's atmosphere, most of the Sun's energy is in the form of visible light and infrared light radiation. Plants convert the energy in sunlight into chemical energy (sugars and starches) through the process of photosynthesis. Humans regularly use this store of energy in various way, as when they burn wood or fossil fuels, or when simply eating plants, fish and animals.
Solar radiation reaches the Earth's upper atmosphere with the power of 1366 watts per square meter (W/m2). Since the Earth is round, the surface nearer its poles is angled away from the sun and receives much less solar energy than the surface nearer the equator.
The first diagram shows how solar energy varies at different latitudes because of this tilting away from the sun.
The second diagram shows how much of the Sun's energy is left after clouds and dust in the air have blocked some of it.
At present, solar cell panels convert, at best, about 15% of sunlight hitting them into electricity.
The dark disks in the third diagram on the right are imaginary examples of the amount of land that, if covered with 8% efficient solar panels, would produce slightly more energy in the form of electricity than the world needed in 2003.
Types of technologies.
Many technologies have been developed to make use of solar radiation. Some of these technologies make direct use of the solar energy (e.g. to provide light, heat, etc.), while others produce electricity.
Solar cooking.
Solar cooking utilizes the sun as the source of energy instead of standard cooking fuels such as charcoal, coal or gas. Solar cookers are an inexpensive and environmentally sound alternative to traditional ovens. By using the Sun as their source of energy, solar cookers allow people to allocate more of their resources towards food and other necessities by reducing the need to purchase conventional fuels. They are becoming widely used in areas of the developing world where deforestation is an issue, financial resources to purchase fuel are limited, and where open flames would pose a serious risk to people and the environment.

Photovoltaics
Photovoltaics, or PV for short, is a solar power technology that uses solar cells to convert energy from the sun into electricity. Photovoltaics is also the field of study relating to this technology.
Total peak power of installed solar photovoltaic arrays worldwide was around 5,300 MW at the end of 2005 and grid-tied systems represented the largest growth area.
Unlike fossil fuel based technologies, solar photovoltaic power does not lead to any harmful emissions during operation, but the production of the modules leads to some pollution.
Current development.
Solar cells produce direct current electricity from the sun’s rays, which can be used to power equipment or to recharge a battery. Many pocket calculators incorporate a solar cell.
When more power is required than a single cell can deliver, cells are generally grouped together to form “PV modules”, or solar panels, that may in turn be arranged in arrays. Such solar arrays have been used to power orbiting satellites and other spacecraft and in remote areas as a source of power for applications such as roadside emergency telephones, remote sensing, and cathodic protection of pipelines. The continual decline of manufacturing costs leads to cost-effective uses including roadsigns, home power generation and even grid-connected electricity generation.
Worldwide installed photovoltaic totals.
Total peak power of installed solar panels is around 5,300 MW as of the end of 2005. (IEA statistics appear to be under-reported: they report 2,600 MW as of 2004, which with 1,700 installed in 2005 would be a cumulative total of 4,300 for 2005). The three leading countries (Japan, Germany and the USA) represent 90% of the total worldwide PV installations.
PV power stations.
Deployment of solar power depends largely upon local conditions and requirements. But as all industrialised nations share a need for electricity, it is clear that solar power will increasingly be used to supply a cheap, reliable electricity supply. In 2004 the worldwide production of solar cells increased by 60% but silicon shortages reduced growth afterwards.
The list below shows the largest photovoltaic plants in the world. For comparison, the largest non-photovoltaic solar plant, the solar trough-based SEGS in California produces 350 MW and the largest nuclear reactors generate more than 1,000 MW. A Solar power station in Victoria, Australia, which will not come into service until 2010, is expected to be 154 MW when it is completed in 2013.
Some universities and institutes which have a photovoltaics research department.

Solar cell
A solar cell or photovoltaic cell is a device that converts light energy into electrical energy. Sometimes the term "solar cell" is reserved for devices intended specifically to capture energy from sunlight, while the term "photovoltaic cell" is used when the light source is unspecified.
Fundamentally, the device needs to fulfill only two functions: photogeneration of charge carriers (electrons and holes) in a light-absorbing material, and separation of the charge carriers to a conductive contact that will transmit the electricity. This conversion is called the "photovoltaic effect", and the field of research related to solar cells is known as photovoltaics.
Solar cells have many applications. They have long been used in situations where electrical power from the grid is unavailable, such as in remote area power systems, Earth-orbiting satellites and space probes, consumer systems, e.g. handheld calculators or wrist watches, remote radiotelephones and water pumping applications. More recently, they are starting to be used in assemblies of solar modules connected to the electricity grid through an inverter, often in combination with a net metering arrangement.
Solar cells are regarded as one of the key technologies towards a sustainable energy supply.
First.
The first generation photovoltaic, consists of a large-area, single layer p-n junction diode, which is capable of generating usable electrical energy from light sources with the wavelengths of sunlight. These cells are typically made using a silicon wafer. First generation photovoltaic cells (also known as silicon wafer-based solar cells) are the dominant technology in the commercial production of solar cells, accounting for more than 86% of the solar cell market.
Second.
The second generation of photovoltaic materials is based on the use of thin-film deposits of semiconductors. These devices were initially designed to be high-efficiency, multiple junction photovoltaic cells. Later, the advantage of using a thin-film of material was noted, reducing the mass of material required for cell design. This contributed to a prediction of greatly reduced costs for thin film solar cells. Currently (2007) there are different technologies/semiconductor materials under investigation or in mass production, such as amorphous silicon, poly-crystalline silicon, micro-crystalline silicon, cadmium telluride, copper indium selenide/sulfide. Typically, the efficiencies of thin-film solar cells are lower compared with silicon (wafer-based) solar cells, but manufacturing costs are also lower, so that a lower price in terms of $/watt of electrical output can be achieved. Another advantage of the reduced mass is that less support is needed when placing panels on rooftops and it allows fitting panels on light materials or flexible materials, even textiles.
Third.
Third generation photovoltaics are very different from the other two, broadly defined as semiconductor devices which do not rely on a traditional p-n junction to separate photogenerated charge carriers. These new devices include photoelectrochemical cells, Polymer solar cells, and nanocrystal solar cells.
Companies working on third generation photovoltaics include "Xsunx, Konarka Technologies, Inc.", "Nanosolar" and "Nanosys". Research is also being done in this area by the USA's "National Renewable Energy Laboratory" (http://www.nrel.gov/).

Alternating current
An alternating current (AC) is an electric current of which magnitude and direction vary. That is the difference to direct current, whose direction remains constant.
The usual waveform of an AC power circuit is a sine wave, because this leads to the most efficient transmission of energy. But in certain applications there are used different waveforms, such as triangular or square waves.
When one speaks of alternating current one mostly refers to the form in which electricity is delivered to businesses and residences. But audio and radio signals carried on electrical wire are also examples of alternating current. In these applications, an important goal is often the recovery of information encoded (or modulated) onto the AC signal.
History.
William Stanley, Jr. designed one of the first practical devices to transfer AC power efficiently between isolated circuits. Using pairs of coils wound on a common iron core, his design, called an induction coil, was an early precursor of the modern transformer. The system used today was devised in the late ninteenth century, largely by Nikola Tesla. Contributions were also made by George Westinghouse, Lucien Gaulard, John Dixon Gibbs,Wilhelm Siemens and Oliver Shallenger. AC systems overcame the limitations of the direct current system used by Thomas Edison to distribute electricity efficiently over long distances.
The first modern commercial power plant that used three-phase alternating current was at the Mill Creek hydroelectric plant near Redlands, California in 1893. Its designer was Almirian Decker, a brilliant young engineer. Decker's innovative design incorporated 10,000 volt three phase transmission and established the standards for the complete system of generation, transmission and motors used today.

Direct current
Direct current (DC or "continuous current") is considered as the constant flow of electrons in the single direction from low to high potential. This is typically in a conductor such as a wire, but can also be through semiconductors, insulators, or even through a vacuum as in electron or ion beams. In direct current, the electric charges flow in the same direction, distinguishing it from alternating current (AC). A term formerly used for "direct current" was Galvanic current'". Long after the usage of this term had been established, physicists realized that electrons actually flow to a negative potential (pole) and so-called "holes" flow to the opposite one. But the first usage of the term was not changed.
The first commercial electric power transmission that was developed by Thomas Edison in the late nineteenth century used direct current.
Because of the advantage of alternating current over direct current in transforming and transmission, electric power distribution today is nearly all alternating current. For applications requiring direct current alternating current is distributed to a substation to convert the power to direct current.

White hole
In astrophysics, a white hole is the opposite of a black hole. Where a black hole attracts and sucks in any nearby matter, a white hole does the opposite and pushes nearby matter away. A theory about white holes is that they act as an exit for matter sucked in by a black hole, suggesting that black holes are a type of teleporter (something that can transport objects instantly without travelling through space). The black and white holes are connected by a wormhole (see diagram).

Snowmobile
A snowmobile is a motorized vehicle used for traveling over snow. It is much like a car, only instead of wheels, it has treads. Some snowmobiles have skis in the front for steering.

Remo Four
The Remo Four were a rock band from Liverpool, England, from the late 1950s and early 1960s, at the same time the Beatles were starting their musical careers.
While the Beatles gained experience performing in Hamburg, Germany, the Remo Four played at American Air Force bases in France. Members of the two bands were friends, and often played at the same places back in Liverpool, or would go to watch each other perform.
After the Beatles became famous under Brian Epstein's management, Epstein signed up the Remo Four also. He worked hard to promote the band, but they never achieved massive success as the Beatles had. Epstein paired the Remo Four with a singer he also managed, called Tommy Quickly. They made a series of singles together, but none became hits. Quickly retired from music, and the Remo Four went on to work with other singers, including Billy J. Kramer. They also released an album, titled "Smile", on a German record label.
George Harrison was invited to record a movie soundtrack late in 1967. Instead of working with the Beatles, he invited the Remo Four to work with him. The movie, "Wonderwall", got little exposure, but the soundtrack album, "Wonderwall Music", became a minor hit the next year.

Magnitude (mathematics)
The magnitude of a mathematical object is its size: a property by which it can be larger or smaller than other objects of the same kind.
In mathematical language one would say: It is an ordering of the class of objects to which it belongs.
They had proven that the first two could not be the same, or even isomorphic systems of magnitude. They did not consider negative magnitudes to be meaningful, and "magnitude" is still chiefly used in contexts in which zero is either the lowest size or less than all possible sizes.
Real numbers.
This gives the number's distance from zero on the real number line. For example, the modulus of −5 is 5.
Practical math.
A magnitude is never negative. When comparing magnitudes, it is often helpful to use a logarithmic scale. Real-world examples include the loudness of a sound (decibel), the brightness of a star, or the Richter scale of earthquake intensity.
To put it another way, often it is not meaningful to simply add and subtract magnitudes.

Fraction (mathematics)
A fraction is a mathematical expression relating two quantities or numbers, one divided by the other. The numbers may be whole numbers (or integers) - this is a rational number. For example, 1/2 is a fraction. They can also be polynomials - this is a rational function.
Mathematical fractions.
Mathematically, a fraction is a quotient of numbers, representing the number's value when the numerator is divided by the denominator (lower number). Thus means one divided by two, or, in decimals, 0.5.
To find of, the denominators are multiplied. That means: denominator 2 multiplied by 2 equals 4 or: x = or: 0.5 x 0.5 = 0.25
To find "divided by", and the reciprocal of are multiplied, which is 2. Thus, that answer is 1.

Buckethead
Buckethead (Born Brian Carroll in 1969) is an American guitarist and composer. He is famous for his unique musical and personal style. He wears a white mask and a KFC bucket on his head while playing. He does this so that the show is about his music and not about him. He has composed several albums during his career. His longest album was made up of thirteen CDs, one for each letter in the title, "In Search Of The".

Quotient
In mathematics, a quotient is the end result of a division problem. For example, in the problem 6 ÷ 3, the quotient would be 2. Then 6 would be called the dividend, and 3 the divisor. The quotient can also be expressed as the number of times the divisor divides into the dividend.
A quotient can also mean just the integral part of the result of dividing two integers. For example, the quotient of 13 ÷ 5 would be 2 while the remainder would be 3.
Quotients also come up in certain tests, like the IQ test, which stands for intelligence quotient. In this case, your quotient is basically your score. In recent decades, as people begin to emphasize on full personal development, other similar quotients appeared.

Norman language
Norman is a language spoken in Normandy and the Channel Islands. It is a Romance language (a language which comes from Latin) closely related to French. After the Norman Conquest, Norman changed the English language a lot.

Division (mathematics)
In mathematics division is an operation which is the opposite of multiplication.
In the above expression, "a" is called the dividend, "b" the divisor and "c" the quotient.
Division by zero (i.e. where the divisor is zero) is not defined.
Notation.
Division is most often shown by placing the "dividend" over the "divisor" with a horizontal line, also called a vinculum, between them. For example, "a" divided by "b" is written
This is the usual way to specify division in most computer programming languages since it can easily be typed as a simple sequence of characters.
Any of these forms can be used to display a fraction. A fraction is a division expression where both dividend and divisor are integers (although typically called the "numerator" and "denominator"). A fraction is an accepted way of writing numbers. It is not always expected that the result of the division is written in decimals.
But in elementary arithmetic this form is used rather often. The obelus is also used alone to represent the division operation itself, as for instance as a label on a key of a calculator.
In some non-English-speaking cultures, "a divided by b" is written "a": "b". However, in English usage the colon is restricted to expressing the related concept of ratios (then "a is to b").

Divisor
In mathematics, a divisor of an integer "n", also called a factor of "n", is an integer which evenly divides "n" without leaving a remainder.
Finding one or more factors of a given number is called factorization.
Explanation.
For example, 7 is a divisor of 42 because 42/7 = 6. We also say 42 is divisible by 7 or 42 is a multiple of 7 or 7 divides 42 or 7 is a factor of 42 and we usually write 7 | 42. For example, the positive divisors of 42 are 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 14, 21, 42.
In general, we say "m"|"n" (read: "m" divides "n") for non-zero integers "m" and "n" iff there exists an integer "k" such that "n" = "km". Thus, divisors can be negative as well as positive, although often we restrict our attention to positive divisors. (For example, there are six divisors of four, 1, 2, 4, -1, -2, -4, but one would usually mention only the positive ones, 1, 2, and 4.)
1 and −1 divide (are divisors of) every integer, every integer is a divisor of itself, and every integer is a divisor of 0, except by convention 0 itself (see also division by zero). Numbers divisible by 2 are called even and numbers not divisible by 2 are called odd.
A divisor of "n" that is not 1, −1, "n" or −"n" is known as a non-trivial divisor; numbers with non-trivial divisors are known as composite numbers, while prime numbers have no non-trivial divisors.
The name comes from the arithmetic operation of division: if "a"/"b" = "c" then "a" is the dividend, "b" the divisor, and "c" the quotient.
There are properties which allow one to recognize certain divisors of a number from the number's digits.

Remainder
In arithmetic, the result of the division of two integers usually cannot be expressed with an integer quotient, unless a remainder —an amount "left over"— is also accepted.
The remainder for natural numbers.
If "a" and "d" are natural numbers, with "d" non-zero, it can be proved that there exist unique integers "q" and "r", such that "a" = "qd" + "r" and 0 ≤ "r" < "d". The number "q" is called the "quotient", while "r" is called the "remainder".
The case of general integers.
If "a" and "d" are integers, with "d" non-zero, then a remainder is an integer "r" such that "a" = "qd" + "r" for some integer "q", and with 0 ≤ |"r"| < |"d"|.
When defined this way, there are two possible remainders. For example, the division of −42 by −5 can be expressed as either
So the remainder is then either 3 or −2.
This ambiguity in the value of the remainder is not very serious; in the case above, the negative remainder is obtained from the positive one just by subtracting 5, which is "d". This holds in general. When dividing by "d", if the positive remainder is "r"1, and the negative one is "r"2, then
The remainder for real numbers.
When "a" and "d" are real numbers, with "d" non-zero, "a" can be divided by "d" without remainder, with the quotient being another real number. If the quotient is constrained to being an integer however, the concept of remainder is still necessary. It can be proved that there exists a unique integer quotient "q" and a unique real remainder "r" such that "a"="qd"+"r" with 0≤"r" < |"d"|. As in the case of division of integers, the remainder could be required to be negative, that is, -|"d"| < "r" ≤ 0.
Extending the definition of remainder for real numbers as described above is not of theoretical importance in mathematics; however, many programming languages implement this definition — see modulo operation.

Remainder (disambiguation)
Remainder is the amount "left over" when dividing two integers.

List of 20th Century Fox movies
This is a list of notable films produced and/or distributed by the U.S. film studio Twentieth Century Fox. The company was founded in 1935 as a merger between Fox Film and 20th Century Pictures. For the films of those two companies, see List of Fox Film films and List of 20th Century Pictures films.

Andreas Starke
Andreas Starke (SPD) (born September 17 1956 in Hamburg) is the Lord Mayor of Bamberg in Bavaria, Germany since 2006. He won the election against Peter Neller (CSU), Ursula Sowa (Die Grünen) and Norbert Tscherner (BBB).

Robert Enke
Robert Enke (born August 24 1977 in Jena, Germany) is a German footballer. He is the second goalkeeper of the German national football team. From 1997 to 1999 he made fifteen matches for the German under-21 national team. In 1999 he was nominated as one of three goealkeepers of the national team and he went to the FIFA confederations cup in the same year. After leaving Germany in 1999 and playing in Portugal, Spain and Turkey, he was not nominated. In 2006, already playing two years back home, he was nominated as a stand-by goalkeeper for the world championships. After that he returned to the team, in 2007 he made his first and only match for the team. In May 2008 he became goalkeeper number two after Jens Lehmann who was already 38 years old. Now that Jens Lehman is no longer playing for the National team, Robert Enke was the Number 1 until 8th Oct 2008, when he broke a bone of his right hand. He will probably have to pause for three months.
His club at the moment is Hannover 96. He has got a contract until the year 2010. In 2007 he became team captain in his club.

Velikiy Novgorod
Velikiy Novgorod (Russian:Вели́кий Но́вгород) is a city in the European part of Russia. It is about 200km from St. Petersburg. In 2007 about 217.000 people lived there. "Novgorod" is the Russian word for "new city" and "Velikiy" means "the Great". The city is actually one of the most historic in Russia. Its past can be traced to the 9th century.Alexander Nevsky was knaz there. It was also the only Russian province that was"not" captured by the Golden Horde.

Nizhny Novgorod
Nizhny Novgorod (Russian:Ни́жний Но́вгород, often shortened to "Nizhny") is the fourth largest city in Russia. The first three are Moscow, St. Petersburg, and Novosibirsk. Nizhny Novgorod had a population of 1,311,252 in 2002, and one of 1,438,133 in 1989. It is the economic and cultural center of the vast Volga-Vyatka economic region, and also the administrative center of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast and Volga Federal District.
From 1932 to 1990 the city was known as Gorky (Russian: Го́рький} after the writer Maxim Gorky.

Maxim Gorky
Aleksei Maksimovich Peshkov (In Russian Алексей Максимович Пешков) (Old Style: March 28,1868, New style: March 16–June 18, 1936), better known as Maxim Gorky (Максим Горький), was a Soviet/Russian author, a founder of the socialist realism literary method and a political activist. From 1906 to 1913 and from 1921 to 1929 he lived abroad, mostly in Capri, Italy; after his return to the Soviet Union he accepted the cultural policies of the time, although he was not permitted to leave the country.

Ankh
The ankh was the Egyptian hieroglyphic character that stood for the word ʿnḫ, meaning life. Egyptian gods are often portrayed carrying it by its loop, or bearing one in each hand, arms crossed over their chest. It is also known as the Egyptian Cross, or as crux ansata, Latin for "cross with a handle".

Ingrid Bergman
Ingrid Bergman (August 29 1915 – August 29 1982) was a Swedish actress.
Ingrid Bergman acted in a few films in Sweden before going to Hollywood. She won three Academy Awards. She is most famous for "Casablanca".

Ruwer-Hochwald-Radweg
The Ruwer-Hochwald-Radweg is a cycle trail. It links the Moselle-valley and
the Hunsrück from Trier to Hermeskeil in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.

Novosibirsk
Novosibirsk (Russian:Новосиби́рск, pronounced) is Russia's third largest city, after Moscow and Saint Petersburg, and the administrative center of Novosibirsk Oblast. It is also the largest city in Siberia and the administrative center of Siberian Federal District. It is in the southwest of this district.
It was founded in 1893 as the future site of the Trans-Siberian Railway bridge crossing the great Siberian river Ob. Its importance further increased early in the 20th century with the completion of the Turkestan-Siberia Railway connecting Novosibirsk to Central Asia and the Caspian Sea.
From 1893 until 1925 Novosibirsk was called Novonikolayevsk after Tsar Nicholas II.
The city lies along the Ob River in the West Siberian Plain. To the south is the Ukok Plateau part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site entitled "Golden Mountains of Altai". The climate is sharply continental, with very severe, cold and snowy winters and hot and dry summers. Temperatures in summer range from 20 to 25°C (75°F), in winter -18 to -20°C (0°F), but can reach -40°C (-40°F) in winter and 35-40°C (100°F) in summer. The difference between the highest and the lowest temperature is 88°C (158°F). Most of the time the weather is sunny, with an average of 2880 hours of sunshine per year.
Industries include machine manufacturing and metallurgy. It is the home of one of Novosibirsk State University (situated in nearby Akademgorodok), a number of institutes and a scientific research center. Novosibirsk boasts opera and ballet companies, several theaters, museums, and art galleries, and numerous sports facilities.

Alice Springs, Northern Territory
Alice Springs is a city in the Northern Territory of Australia. It is 200 kms south of the centre of mainland Australia. It is about halfway between Darwin in the north and Adelaide in the south.
In 2005 there were 26,486 people living in Alice Springs.. This makes it the second largest town in the Northern Territory.
Alice Springs is often called "the Alice" or simply "Alice.” It is called "Mparntwe" by the Arrernte. The Arrernte people are the Aboriginal people who have lived around Alice Springs for more than 50,000 years.
Indigenous History.
According to the Arrernte traditional stories, the land around Alice Springs was shaped by caterpillars, wild dogs, travelling boys, two sisters, euros and other ancestral figures. There are many sites of traditional importance in and around Alice Springs. These include Anthwerrke (Emily Gap), Akeyulerre (Billy Goat Hill), Ntaripe (Heavitree Gap), Atnelkentyarliweke (Anzac Hill) and Alhekulyele (Mt. Gillen).
Early city.
In 1862, John McDouall Stuart led an expedition into Central Australia and the area where Alice Springs is located. Until the 1930s the town was known as Stuart. The Overland Telegraph Line that joined Adelaide to Darwin and Great Britain was completed in 1872. It followed Stuart’s route. It opened up the interior for permanent European settlement. When surface alluvial gold was found at Arltunga, 100 km east of Alice Springs, in 1887 many people began to move into the area.
The telegraph station was built near a waterhole in the normally dry Todd River. It was thought to be a permanent source of water, and was named Alice Springs. Alice was the wife of the former Postmaster General of South Australia, Sir Charles Todd. The Todd River was named after Sir Charles.
The original method of travel in the outback were camels. These camel trains were run by people from Pathan tribes in the North-West frontier of India and Pakistan. They were wrongly called ‘Afghans’ in Australia.
In 1929 the Palmerston and Pine Creek Railway was built from Darwin as far as Birdum, Northern Territory. The Great Northern Railway had been built in 1891 from Port Augusta as far as Oodnadatta, South Australia. The lines wouldn’t meet until 2003. On February 4, 2004, the first passenger train arrived in Darwin.
During the 1960s Alice Springs became an important defence base. About 700 people work at the US/Australian Pine Gap joint defence satellite monitoring base.
The major industry in recent times is tourism.
Topography and climate.
The town of Alice Springs built on the banks of the usually dry Todd River. It is on the northern side of MacDonnell Ranges. The region where Alice Springs is located is known as Central Australia, or the Red Centre. It is a very dry region, made up of several different deserts.
Temperatures can vary by up to 28°C. In summer the average highest temperature is in the high 30s°C. In winter the average lowest temperature can be -7.5°C.
The rainfall can vary quite a lot from year to year. The annual average rainfall is 286 mm. In 2001 741 mm fell, but in 2002 only 198 mm fell.
Economy.
Alice Springs began as a town to supply the cattle farms that first came to the area. The arrival of the railway increased its economy and productivity. Today the town supplies a region of 546,046 square kilometres. There are 38,749 people living in the region. The region includes a number of mining and farm communities, the Joint Defence Facility at Pine Gap and tourist attractions at Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park, Watarrka National Park and the MacDonnell Ranges.
The people.
In June 2004, 38,749 people lived in the region. There were 26,058 people living in the city of Alice Springs. Aboriginal people made up about 37% of people in the Alice Springs region in 2001.
Aboriginal population.
According to the 2001 census, Australian Aborigines are about 17% of the people in Alice Springs, and 29% of the people in the Northern Territory. Alice Springs is the business centre of Central Australia. Aboriginal people come from all over the region to use the town's services. Aboriginal residents usually live in the suburbs, on special purpose leases (or town camps). Some live further out at Amoonguna to the south. Many live on the small family outstation communities on Aboriginal Lands in surrounding areas.
The traditional owners of the Alice Springs area are the Central Arrernte people. As it is the largest town in central Australia, there are also speakers of at least thirteen other languages.
American influence.
The American influence in Alice Springs comes from Pine Gap, a US satellite tracking station. It is 19 km south-west of Alice Springs. Pine Gap employs 700 American and Australians. There are about 2,000 people in the Alice Springs region who are US citizens.
American influence can be seen throughout Alice Springs. The Americans still celebrate all major festivals, including Halloween, Independence Day and Thanksgiving. A number of Australians also join in the festivities from time to time. There is also American sport, including baseball, basketball, and American football.
Education.
Alice Springs has 19 public and private schools and colleges. This includes 2 for aboriginal students, 7 pre-schools and the Alice Springs School of the Air. The School of the Air provides education to students in remote areas. The Alice Springs Campus of Charles Darwin University offers courses in TAFE and Higher Education. The Centre for Appropriate Technology was established in 1980. It has a range of services to encourage and help Aboriginal people improve their quality of life on remote communities.
Sport.
Australian Rules Football is a popular sport in Alice Springs. The Central Australian Football League has several teams and many people play. The sport is very popular in Indigenous communities. The local stadium, Traeger Park, can hold 10,000 people. It was built to hold national AFL and international cricket matches. In 2004, an AFL pre-season Regional Challenge match between Collingwood Football Club and Port Adelaide Football Club filled the stadium.
Cricket is also a popular sport in Alice Springs. The Imparja Cup Cricket Carnival started in 1994. Teams from Indigenous communities come from all across Australia. A unique sporting event, held every year, is the Henley-on-Todd Regatta. This is also known as the Todd River Race. It is a sand river race with bottomless boats. It is the only dry river regatta in the world. Another unusual sporting event is the Camel Cup. This is also held every year at the local racetrack, Blatherskite Park. It is a full day event with races using camels instead of horses.

Recital
A recital is a concert of classical music given by just one musician or one musician and an accompanist. A pianist playing a concert by himself will be giving a "piano recital". A "violin recital" will be given by a violinist and piano accompanist.
People started talking about "recitals" in the middle of the 19th century. Pianists such as Liszt became famous when they travelled about giving piano recitals. Soon piano manufacturers (firms that make pianos) and concert agents started to sponsor famous pianists to give recitals. These great pianists became great stars in the way that, in music, only opera singers had been great stars before. Some concert halls have become well-known places for recitals, e.g. the Bosendorfersaal in Vienna, the Beethovensaal in Berlin, the Wigmore Hall in London and the Carnegie Hall in New York.
Some pianists became known for playing recitals of music by just one composer. Recitals of Chopin's music were particularly popular. "Song recitals" (or "vocal recitals") are given by singers who sing Lieder and sometimes arias from operas.

Programme music
Programme music (or "program music" in US English)is a piece of music for instruments which describes something or tells a story. It is the opposite of "absolute music" which is not trying to describe anything, just the sound of the piece. Programme music was very popular in the 19th century although there are examples of programme music written earlier.
History.
Some composers in the Renaissance and Baroque periods wrote music which described battles. Antonio Vivaldi wrote a very famous set of four concertos for violin and strings called "The Four Seasons". Each of the movements describe things happening during the year's seasons, e.g. the birds singing in the spring, snowy winter days, etc.
At the beginning of the 1800s, Beethoven wrote a Pastoral Symphony which describes the peaceful life in the countryside. This way of making music describe things became very popular with Romantic composers. Mendelssohn wrote "concert overtures" which were overtures which had nothing to do with an opera but were simply short pieces of music for orchestra which told a story. "Hebrides Overture", for example, describes the sound of the sea lapping into Fingal's Cave in the Scottish Hebrides.
Franz Liszt made programme music very popular in his symphonic poems. Hector Berlioz's "Symphonie Fantastique" describes a story he made up himself about a man who has dreams about a woman he loves. This man is represented by a tune (melody) which is heard in different ways during the symphony. It is called an "idée fixe" (French for "fixed idea"). This way of linking a theme (tune) with a person led to Wagner's use of leitmotif in his operas in which a tune is linked to a person, event or idea. At the end of the 19th century Richard Strauss wrote several symphonic poems, often using a leitmotif to describe the person it is about. They include "Don Juan", "Don Quixote" and "Ein Heldenleben" ("A hero's life").

Anaerobic organism
An anaerobic organism is any living thing that does not need oxygen for growth.
Microaerophiles are organisms that may use oxygen, but only at low concentrations (low micromolar range); their growth is inhibited by normal oxygen concentrations (approximately 200 micromolar). Nanaerobes are organisms that cannot grow in the presence of micromolar concentrations of oxygen, but can grow with and benefit from nanomolar concentrations of oxygen.
Obligate anaerobes may use fermentation or anaerobic respiration. In the presence of oxygen, facultative anaerobes use aerobic respiration; without oxygen some of them ferment, some use anaerobic respiration. Aerotolerant organisms are strictly fermentative. Microaerophiles carry out aerobic respiration, and some of them can also do anaerobic respiration.
Some anaerobic bacteria produce toxins (e.g., tetanus or botulinum toxins) that are highly dangerous to higher organisms, including humans.

Tetanus
Tetanus is a disease that leads to muscle contractions that hold on for some time.
Infection generally occurs through wound contamination, and often involves a cut or deep puncture wound. The primary symptoms are caused by tetanospasmin, a neurotoxin produced by the anaerobic bacterium "Clostridium tetani". As the infection goes on, muscle spasms develop in the jaw. This led to the common name of the condition, lockjaw. This is usually followed by difficulties with swallowing. The condition leads to general muscle stiffness and spasms in other parts of the body. Infection can be prevented by proper immunization and by post-exposure prophylaxis.

Immunization
Immunization, or immunisation, is a way of preventing a person from getting a disease. This is done by making the person's body come into contact with a bit of the disease so that the body learns how to fight it. The body's ability to fight off a disease is called its immune system.
The material is known as an immunogen. Immunization is the same as inoculation and vaccination because inoculation and vaccination use an infecting agent (something that infects) in the same way that immunization does.
When the human immune system is exposed to an infection once, it can learn how to cope quickly if it is exposed to it again. By exposing an individual to an immunogen in a controlled way, the body will be able to protect itself from that infection later on in life.

Whipped cream
Whipped cream is a dairy food used in many desserts. It is made with heavy cream, a type of cream that contains a large amount of fat.
Preparation.
To make whipped cream, a person whips or beats the heavy cream with a whisk or an electric mixer until it becomes fluffy and filled with air. For some desserts, people add icing sugar as a sweetener. Some people also add flavourings to whipped cream, such as vanilla.
Serving.
Whipped cream is used in many types of desserts. Some desserts, such as apple pie or strawberry shortcake, are often served with whipped cream on top. Whipped cream is also served in milk shakes and on ice cream sundaes. Some desserts have whipped cream inside them, such as cream puffs and eclairs.

Tetanospasmin
Tetanospasmin is the neurotoxin produced by the vegetative spore of "Clostridium tetani" in anaerobic conditions, causing tetanus. It is sometimes called spasmogenic toxin, tetanus toxin or abbreviated to TeTx or TeNT.

Neurotoxin
A neurotoxin is a toxin that acts specifically on nerve cells – neurons – usually by interacting with membrane proteins and ion channels.
Many of the venoms and other toxins that organisms use in defense against vertebrates are neurotoxins. A common effect is paralysis, which sets in extremely rapidly. The venom of bees, scorpions, pufferfish, spiders and snakes can contain many different toxins. Many neurotoxins act by affecting voltage-dependent ion channels.

Paralysis
Paralysis is the complete loss of muscle function for one or more muscle groups, when the thing that is paralised can't move.
Paralysis is most often caused by damage to the nervous system or brain, especially the spinal cord. Major causes are stroke, trauma, poliomyelitis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), botulism, spina bifida, multiple sclerosis, and Guillain-Barré syndrome. Partial paralysis can also occur in the REM stage of sleep (see:Sleep paralysis). Paralysis often includes loss of feeling in the affected area.

Membrane protein
A membrane protein is a protein molecule that is attached to, or associated with the membrane of a cell or an organelle. More than half of all proteins interact with membranes. Membrane proteins can be classified into two groups, based on the strength of their association with the membrane.

Tampa Bay Buccaneers
The Tampa Bay Buccaneers are a American Football team in the National Football League (NFL). They are a part of the Southern Division of the National Football Conference. The Buccaneers are from Tampa, Florida. The team was founded in 1976. And are the champions from Super Bowl XXXVII.

Obelus
An obelus is a symbol consisting of a line with dots above and below, formula_1, used to represent the mathematical division operation. This symbol is also known as a division sign.
The word "obelus" comes from the Greek word for a sharpened stick, spit, or pointed pillar. This is the same root as that of the word "obelisk".
The obelus was first used as a symbol for division in 1659 in the algebra book "Teutsche Algebra" by Johann Rahn.
Today the obelus remains in occasional use, primarily as a standalone symbol for the division operation itself (as on a calculator), or as an operator in elementary arithmetic. In most contexts division is now signified in other ways.

Vinculum (symbol)
A vinculum is a horizontal line put over a mathematical expression. It shows that it belongs together as a group. ("Vinculum" is Latin for "chain".)
1. groups of digits repeating forever, for example,
2. fractions

Colon (punctuation)
The colon (":") is a punctuation mark, visually consisting of two equally sized dots centered on the same vertical line.
Usage.
As with many other punctuation marks, the usage of colon varies among languages and, for a given language, among historical periods. As a rule, however, a colon informs the reader that what follows proves, clarifies, explains, or simply enumerates elements of what is referred to before.
This last was once a common means of indicating an unmarked quotation on the same line (from the Fowlers' grammar book, "The King's English")
In English, a colon may be followed either by a capital letter or by a lower case letter, depending on usage: where speech follows, a capital letter is used; where an acronym or proper noun follows, a capital is used; otherwise a lower case letter is used.
Conventions and non-English languages.
In European languages the colon is usually followed by a lowercase letter (again, unless the uppercase is due to other reasons, such as a proper noun). Exceptions are Dutch and German, where an uppercase letter must be used if the colon is followed by a complete sentence or a noun, although in all other cases a lowercase letter should be used.
No space is put before a colon, except in French.
Other uses.
In Finnish and Swedish, the colon can appear inside words in a manner similar to the English apostrophe, between a word (or abbreviation, especially an acronym) and its grammatical (mostly genitive) suffixes. It occurs in names, for example ("Ax:son" for "Axelson"). It is done in loanwords and abbreviations; e.g., "USA:han" for the illative case of "USA". But for loanwords ending orthographically in a consonant but phonetically in a vowel, the apostrophe is used instead: e.g. "show'n" for the genitive case of the English loan "show".
History.
The colon was established in the English language well before 1700.
Diacritical usage.
A special triangular colon symbol is used in IPA to indicate that the preceding sound is long. Its form is that of two triangles, each a bit larger than a point of a standard colon, pointing toward each other. It is available in Unicode as modifier letter triangular colon, Unicode U+02D0 (). A regular colon is often used as a fallback when this character is not available, and in the practical orthography of some languages (particularly in Mexico) which have a phonemic long/short distinction in vowels.
Mathematics.
The colon is also used in mathematics, cartography, model building and other fields to denote a ratio or a scale, as in 3:1 (pronounced "three to one").
Unicode provides a distinct ratio character, Unicode U+2236 () for mathematical usage.
In many non-Anglophone countries the colon is used as a division sign: "a divided by b" is written as "a : b".
The combination with an equal sign, formula_1, is used for definitions.
Computing.
In computing, the colon character is represented by ASCII code 58, and is located at Unicode code-point U+003A. The full-width (double-byte) equivalent, ：, is located at Unicode code point U+FF1A.
The colon is quite often used as a special control character in many operating systems commands, URLs, computer programming languages, and in the path representation of several file systems. It is often used as a single post-fix delimiter, signifying a token keyword had immediately preceded it or the transition from one mode of character string interpretation to another related mode. Some applications, such as the widely used MediaWiki, utilize the colon as both a pre-fix and post-fix delimiter.
For a double colon see Paamayim Nekudotayim.
Internet usage.
Colons may also be used for sounds.:Click: Compare to the use of the asterisk.
It also has the widespread usage of representing two vertically aligned eyes in a emoticon, such as:),:(:P,:D, etc.

Tomorrow Never Knows
Tomorrow Never Knows is a song from The Beatles's "Revolver" album, from 1966.
John Lennon wrote the song based on his readings of "The Psychedelic Experience", which adapted the "Tibetan Book of the Dead" for use as an LSD "user's manual", intending to give users a kind of religious experience. The song's title came from his bandmate Ringo Starr, who was known for his quirky but insightful comments about life.
Lennon wanted the sound of monks chanting, to complement the Beatles' recording of the song. It was not possible to do this, but Lennon's voice was played through a special speaker (called a Leslie speaker), to give it a warbling sound, like a voice calling from a hilltop. Other sounds on the record came from tape loops, playing over and over, and from a sitar.
The song has also been recorded by other artists. A dance cover version appeared in the 1990s.

Gone with the Wind (movie)
Gone with the Wind is the 1939 movie based on Margaret Mitchell's book with the same name. The movie premiered in Atlanta, Georgia. It starred Vivien Leigh, Clark Gable, Leslie Howard, and Olivia de Havilland. "Gone with the Wind" told the story of the American Civil War from the perspective (view point) of a young, southern woman named Scarlett O'Hara (Vivien Leigh).
Summary of the Story.
Scarlett O'Hara (played by Vivien Leigh) is a spoiled, beautiful, young Southern woman living in Georgia in the year 1861. In this time, who a woman marries is very important to the rest of her life, and Scarlett loves only one man. His name is Ashley Wilkes (Leslie Howard). Unfortunately, Scarlett finds out that Ashley is going to marry a woman named Melanie Hamilton (Olivia de Havilland), his own cousin.During a barbecue at Ashley's plantation named Twelve Oaks, with all the families in the area, news arrives that a war between the Northern and Southern parts of the United States has begun. Before Scarlett lets Ashley marry Melanie, she decides to tell him how she really feels. While all the women were taking their naps to get rested for the upcoming party that evening, Scarlett slips down and waits for Ashley to come out of the "meeting" the men are having about the war. During the meeting, Rhett Butler, a rich, clever, confederate "gentleman", man stands up to warn the men about being to sure of their victory in the war. The men get mad, and Rhett decides to leave the room to let the men cool down. He decides to show himself around the house. Ashley leaves the room as well, to show Rhett around himself. But, before he can catch up with him, Scarlett peeps out from her hiding place and waves Ashley over. He follows her into a room where they can be alone. Scarlett tells Ashley how much she loves him, but Ashely has already made up his mind to marry Melanie. Scarlett, being the wealthy, spoiled, southern woman she is, throws a fit! Ashley leaves the room. Scarlett in a frenzy picks up a vase and heaves it across the room over a couch and into the wall. The charming Rhett Butler rises from the couch, scaring Scarlett half to death. He agrees not to tell anyone about the conversation, although humorously mocking her about it all. Before all the men leave, Scarlett agrees to marry Charles Hamilton (Melanie's younger brother), only because she wants to get revenge on Ashley for marrying Melanie.. Unfortunately, Charles gets sick and dies in the war, and Scarlett is left alone.
Scarlett goes to Atlanta, Georgia to stay with Melanie, although she really has Ashley in mind. While there, she sees Rhett Butler (Clark Gable), with whom she had the brief encounter with at the party. He makes Scarlett very uncomfortable but she agrees to dance with him at a party, a thing which she should not have done since her husband had just died and she is in mourning. But since she hated wearing black, and having no socialization, she dances with him to the Virginia Reel. A few months later, the battle gets very close to Atlanta, and Melanie has a baby with Scarlett's help. Rhett helps them escape the battle and takes them home, but Scarlett finds her house, which she calls Tara, in very bad shape and Ashley Wilkes' burned to the ground. Her father is very sick and her mother has died. Scarlett famously vows to always take care of herself and her family, no matter what it takes.
After an intermission (a short break used in very long movies), the movie returns to Tara, where Scarlett and her family are working very hard to survive. The far-away war is over now, and Ashley Wilkes arrives. Melanie and Scarlett are both very glad to see him, but Scarlett should not say so because he is Melanie's husband. Scarlett finds out that Rhett Butler is in jail and she plans to trick him into giving her some money to help her family. However, the scheme does not go according to Scarlett's plan, and in her anger, Scarlett meets a man she knew from before the war. His name is Frank Kennedy, and because he is a very good businessman, Scarlett decides to marry him, despite the fact that he was going to marry her own sister.
Frank, however, is killed when he goes to clear out a shantytown, where beggars lived after the war because they could not afford to live anywhere else. Amazingly, Scarlett is not without husband for long, because Rhett proposes to her and she accepts! Rhett promises to help rebuild Scarlett's home and they build another mansion in Atlanta. Scarlett has a baby that Rhett names Bonnie. After Bonnie is born, Scarlett says she will have no more children, and Rhett takes the news badly. Scarlett still wishes she could marry Ashley Wilkes, and she sees him one day and is caught hugging him. Melanie is very forgiving and refuses to believe anything bad about her friend Scarlett or her husband Ashley. Rhett, however, is very angry and hurt, but he finds out that Scarlett is pregnant with another baby. He accidentally pushes her too hard and she falls down the stairs, killing their unborn child.
Scarlett and Rhett are further devastated (very upset) when Bonnie, now their only child, has an accident while riding her horse and dies. Melanie is also very sick, pregnant with another baby. News reaches Scarlett and Rhett that Melanie will probably die, and they hurry to see her. While Melanie and Scarlett are alone, Melanie asks Scarlett to look after her husband, Ashley, and to never stop loving Rhett, who loves Scarlett very much. She dies just after, and Ashley is extremely upset. Scarlett finally realizes how much Melanie meant to Ashley, and that Scarlett could never have meant so much to him.
Scarlett hurries home to find Rhett and tell him how much she loves him, but he tells her he wants a divorce because he feels like she never loved him. He is still very hurt by losing Bonnie, his daughter, and he leaves Scarlett feeling like she has nothing left. Then, she realizes she always has her home to return to, and if nothing else, her home will last forever.
Memorable quotations.
There are many famous lines from this movie. People remember these lines and think they are important to the movie.
Recognition.
Although Gone with the Wind premiered in 1939, it is still remembered today as one of the greatest American movies of all time. When it was released in Atlanta, a parade came before it, plus three days of parties in which the stars of the movie wore costumes and many stores in the city redecorated to look like they would have in the Civil War.
Awards.
"Gone with the Wind" received 10 Academy Awards in 1940.
It was nominated for five more.
Impact.
"Gone with the Wind" was named the #4 best movie of all time by the American Film Institute. The quote "Frankly, my dear, I don't give a damn," said by Rhett Butler at the end of the movie, was voted the #1 greatest movie quote of all time. (In simpler English, this means something like "I really do not care!")
"Gone with the Wind" has become the movie that made the most money of all time, after taking inflation into account.
Other websites.
at the Internet Movie Database

Santino Marella
Anthony John Carelli (born March 6, 1974) is an American professional wrestler. He currently works for World Wrestling Entertainment on their "RAW" brand as Santino Marella.
World Wrestling Entertainment.
Carrelli made his WWE debut on the April 16 edition of WWE Raw under the name of Santino Marella. He won the WWE Intercontinental Championship after Umaga was attacked by Bobby Lashley. With this, he became one of a few superstars to win a title in their first match.

Fresco
Fresco is a way of painting pictures. A "fresco" is a painting that is done on a wall. All wall paintings are sometimes called "frescoes" by mistake. A true "fresco" is painted onto plaster that is fresh. The plaster has been laid on the wall that day and is still damp. The word "fresco" comes from the Italian for "fresh".
The good things about fresco painting.
"Fresco" is a very good way of painting pictures on walls. It is much easier than painting on dry plaster because when paint is put onto dry plaster, it sinks straight in. Painting on fresh plaster means that the artist can spread the paint much easier.
Another reason why it is a good way to paint pictures on plastered walls is that the paint joins with the plaster so that the colours will not rub off. Frescoes last for hundreds of years. If they are kept clean and dry, the colours will stay bright for a very long time.
The bad things about fresco painting.
The problems with painting "frescoes" come from the plaster. It must be mixed up and put on the wall freshly every day and left to partly dry before it can be used. As the paster begins to dry or "set", the artist can start the picture. But the plaster becomes very hot and gives off gases, which makes the work uncomfortable.
The artist must work very quickly and carefully. If he/she makes a mistake, the plaster must be scraped off.
Method - the way to paint frescoes.
The artist must plan the work carefully. It starts with a small drawing of the picture, The artists then makes a large drawing, called a "cartoon", and works out the right order to paint the picture, because a big picture might take more than a week to paint. Each day's work is called by the Italian name "giornata". "Giorno" means "day".
When the day's work starts, the artist needs to work fast so there is usually another worker or "assistant" who mixes the plaster and helps the artist.
When the plaster has been put on the wall and is beginning to set, it is rubbed smooth and flat with sandpaper and pumice stone.
The artists pins up a drawing and uses a sharp point to mark the lines of the drawing onto the plaster. He/she then paints the outlines of the picture onto the plaster. "Accuracy" is very important; the artist must get it right in one go.
The artist then fills in the areas of colour. The colours are usually bright: "vermilion" red, pink, yellow, orange, apple green, sky blue. This is because of the type of paint that works well with plaster.
As the painting dries, the artist works over the whole "giornata" again, putting in details of the faces and the clothing, and painting shadows.
At the beginning of the next day's work, the plaster edge of the last "giornata" is scraped so that the new plaster joins well. Often it is possible to see the joins and work out how many "giornata" it took to do a single painting.
Sometimes, particularly from about 1200-1500 AD, the painter would work over the entire fresco after it had dried, adding a very bright blue made from the semi-precious stone "lapis lazuli". The artist would also stick a thin layer of gold leaf to the edges of robes, to haloes and other details. Because the "lapis lazuli" was not painted in fresco, it often came off the painting in flakes. But the gold stuck to the plaster very well and could not be picked off because it was so thin.
Ancient.
Not all wall paintings are frescoes. In Ancient Egypt, for example, many of the wall paintings were done on dry plaster and are not true frescoes.
The Royal Palace at Knossos in Crete, c. 1500 BC, had many frescoes. The scene of athletes dancing with a bull is the most famous.
Many Ancient Roman wall paintings can be seen at Pompeii from the 1st century AD, but these are not true frescoes.
Medieval.
There are many frescoes dating from the late Middle Ages, about 1000-1400 AD when, it was the fashion to paint the inside of churches with people and stories from the Bible. The order of the pictures was carefully planned by the artists and priests. Above the altar is usually seen a picture of Jesus Christ. On the west wall is often a frightening picture of The Last Judgement to remind people to turn to Jesus. Many frescoes like this can be seen in Greece, Spain, Portugal, Serbia, Armenia, Romania and Russia. There are a few in Germany, France and Italy.
Renaissance.
In Italy, around 1300 AD, the artist Giotto painted frescoes that were so full of life that people were amazed. Each picture was like looking onto a stage where real people told the story. This was the beginning of the period of art history called the Renaissance. Giotto's frescoes became so famous that he had many pupils and followers. Giotto's most famous frescoes are in the Arena Chapel in Padua. He also painted in the Church of St. Francis of Assisi at Assisi and at Santa Croce (Church of the Holy Cross) in Florence.
A hundred years later, about 1400 AD, two artists called Masolino and Masaccio worked in the city of Florence, painting a chapel. Their names translate as "Little Tom" and "Fat Tom". Masaccio's way of painting was the biggest change since Giotto, in particular the two weeping naked figures of Adam and Eve. Everyone thought that Masaccio was one of the greatest painters alive. But he died at only 27 years old. These frescoes are in the Church of the Carmine, in Florence.
In the 1400s many other artists in Italy were given the job of painting churches or chapels. They were paid by "patrons", rich people who could afford an artist. The most important patron was the Pope. Pope Sixtus IV had built a new chapel in the Vatican in Rome. In 1481, he got some of the best artists in Italy to decorate the walls for him. See Sistine Chapel.
In 1508 the work continued in the Sistine Chapel when Pope Julius II made the great artist Michelangelo go to Rome to paint the ceiling. It took him four years, and he became sick from the strain and the smell. But when he had finished, he had painted one of the greatest artworks in the world. Then, 1537-1541, he painted the west wall of the same chapel with The Last Judgement
For the next 200 years, painted ceilings were in fashion. But artists soon discovered that it was easier to paint in oil on canvas and put it up on the ceiling than to paint on the ceiling in fresco. The fashion for fresco painting began to fade.

The Count of Monte Cristo
"The Count of Monte Cristo" () is a novel by Alexandre Dumas, père. The book was written in 1844.
It is story of revenge and forgiveness. The main character of the book, Edmond Dantès, is wrongly sent to prison for treason. Because he was taken away from his lover, Mercedes, he becomes very sad.
Edmond stays in a prison dungeon for fourteen years. He later meets another prisoner, an old priest, when he was digging to escape. The old man teaches him many things, like languages and geography.
Before the old priest dies, he tells Edmond a secret to a large treasure.
When the old man dies, Edmond use it as a way to escape. The prison guards do not know he was hiding, taking the place of the old priest's body. They throw him into the sea and he escapes.
Later he finds the huge treasure on an island and becomes very rich. His sadness turns into hatred and the need for revenge. Dantès then carries out a complicated plan of revenge on the three people who have caused him to be wrongly imprisoned.

Hallandale Beach, Florida
Hallandale Beach is a city in Broward County, Florida, United States. The city is named after Luther Halland, a worker for Henry Flagler's Florida East Coast Railroad. The population was 37,282 at the 2000 census. Sometimes the city is called the "southernmost Canadian city". This is because Hallandale Beach has been a popular vacation spot for years, and most of the tourists come from Quebec and the northeast United States. Throughout the years, a large number of these tourists eventually move to the area to live there.

Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei
The Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei ("National Socialist German Workers' Party", NSDAP), also known as the Nazi Party, was a German political party. It was started in 1920 from the "Deutsche Arbeiterpartei" (German Workers' party) (DAP). That party was renamed to NSDAP later. On the day of its founding, the party published its 25 point manifesto (book of ideas). The NSDAP's main aim was to get the Treaty of Versailles stopped. It also wanted to take away citizenship from Jewish people in Germany. Until 1923, the party was most liked in Bavaria.
In 1923, Adolf Hitler and Erich Ludendorff tried to start a coup d'etat in Munich to take over Germany, but they failed. This battle was called the Beer Hall Putsch Hitler was given 5 years in prison for "high treason". This is a very small sentence. Other people were given the death penalty. The NSDAP was also banned. While he was in prison, Adolf Hitler wrote most of "Mein Kampf" (My Struggle). In this book he wrote down his political ideas and his future plans for Germany.
In 1924, Adolf Hitler was released early from prison. He restarted the NSDAP. He wanted to gain power legally by elections. The next elections to the Reichstag were in 1928. Until then, the NSDAP was only one of a few nationalist, parties from the extreme right. There were many other parties with similar ideas then. Among people supporting the party were Fritz Thyssen and Emil Kirdorf, both leaders of big industries.
In the 1928 election, the party won 2.6 percent of the vote. The party decided to reduce antisemitic slogans, in order to do better next time. The party focused on terrorising the people, as well as more on international policy, and got around 10 % of the vote in local elections in 1929 and 1930.
In 1930, President Paul von Hindenburg dissolved the Reichstag. This was seen as an opportunity for the NSDAP. In the elections on September 14, 1930, the NSDAP won 18.3% of the vote, and was the second biggest party. What people wanted was to put away with the Weimar Republic "Weimarer Republik". Weimar was the German city where the constitution for Germany was written after the First World War. People also wanted a stronger Germany with more troops. Germany banned from having some types of weapons and ships by the Treaty of Versailles. All those points were in the programme of the NSDAP. That is why so many people voted for them.
On the 30 January 1933, Franz von Papen offered to make Adolf Hitler Chancellor in a nationalist cabinet. This was done in secret. This was a "Machtübergabe" or transfer of power but later the NSDAP started to call this event the "Machtergreifung" (seizing power), because it was better for Nazi propaganda to say that they came and took over from the Weimar Republic, in stead of being made the legal government of the Weimar Republic.
In the last "free" election in Weimar Germany was in March 1933, the NSDAP won 44 % of the vote. This was not the majority. Nevertheless, they managed to get the required two thirds majority to pass the "Ermächtigungsgesetz" (Enabling Act). Based on this, they dissolved parliament, gave Hitler the power to do anything he wanted, and made all parties (except the NSDAP) illegal.
After this the NSDAP became very important. People had to be party members to get some jobs, or to get promoted. The NSDAP was busy until the surrender of Germany on 8 May 1945.
Impact.
The NSDAP dissolved itself on 8 May 1945 and ceased to exist.
The made some reforms which still exist today.
But the Nazis did so many bad things that in Germany today it is illegal to display the Swastika symbol (on the flag above) or use slogans such as "Sieg Heil"

Carl Nielsen
Carl Nielsen (born Sortelung nr Nørre Lyndelse on Funen, June 9, 1865; died Copenhagen, October 3, 1931) was a Danish composer. He is the most famous composer from Denmark and one of the most important composers of symphonies from the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
Life.
Carl Nielsen was the 7th in a family of 12 children. His father’s name was Niels Jørgensen. It was Danish tradition for a child to get his father’s first name as his surname, so Carl became Carl Nielsen (“son of Niels”).
The family was very poor and Carl had to help in the home. During the school holidays he looked after the geese. His father, who was a simple painter, played the violin and cornet in the village band. Carl soon learned to play the violin and joined in with his father’s band. He listened to music by Haydn and Mozart and became very interested in general knowledge. All his life he tried to learn new languages and was interested in literature, art and philosophy. He loved animals and the nature around him.
When he was 14, he had a job in the military orchestra in the nearby town of Odense. He played the horn and trombone. In 1884 some wealthy people in Odense paid for him to go to the Conservatory in Copenhagen. He studied music there and did quite well, but there was nothing yet to show that he would be a brilliant composer. He got a job as violinist in the Royal Chapel, a good orchestra which was conducted by Johan Svendsen. He got to know the music of Wagner, and he went to Germany to study it. Later he was not so keen on Wagner’s music, and he was not much influenced by it.
In 1891, he married Anne Marie Brodersen who was a sculptress. They travelled together to Italy where they saw lots of great art. When they returned to Denmark Nielsen started composing some of the music that was to make him famous. In 1901 the Danish government paid him money every year so that he did not have to teach and could spend his time composing. He also conducted the Royal Theatre when Svendsen retired. He often travelled to other countries and, later, did some teaching and examining at the Copenhagen Conservatoire. He was made director of the conservatoire in 1931, shortly before he died.
Nielsen suffered for several years from heart trouble. He died from this disease on October 3, 1931.
His music.
Carl Nielsen wrote nearly every kind of music: opera, chamber music, symphony, concerto, songs. His music was different from the Romantic music that other composers were writing at that time. Nielsen liked the music of the Classical period, especially Haydn and Mozart. He learned from them, but also used a lot of chromaticism and interesting orchestral sounds which made his music much more modern.
He wrote a serious opera called "Saul og David" and a comic opera "Maskarade". He wrote a lot of Danish songs which are very popular in Denmark.
By far the most important of his works internationally are his six symphonies and three concertos. The Fourth and Fifth Symphonies, especially, are performed very often by orchestras all over the world.
He wrote a very large work for organ called "Commotio".
Nielsen always said how important his simple village background was for his music. This can be heard clearly in his popular cantata "Fynsk Foraar" ("Springtime in Funen") which shows his love of the countryside where he grew up.

Madonna and Child
The Madonna and Child or The Virgin and Child is often the name of a work of art which shows the Virgin Mary and the Child Jesus. The word "Madonna" means "My Lady" in Italian. They are part of the Roman Catholic tradition, particularly in Italy.
Paintings.
Works of art which show the "Madonna and Child" can be paintings or sculptures. Some paintings are very large and show the Madonna on a throne, with saints standing around it. These paintings are altarpieces; they are designed to go above the altar in a church.
In some churches, particularly in Italy and in Eastern Orthodox Churches, there are many wall paintings and mosaics of the "Madonna and Child".
Most "Madonna and Child" paintings are small. They have been painted for private owners and would usually have been kept in houses. They might be hung on the wall above a table where flowers and candles could be placed to honour the Virgin Mary. Most of the famous ones are now in art galleries.
Sculpture.
Many Catholic churches have statues of the Virgin Mary with the Christ Child, These are sometimes life-sized and are painted, with real hair and glass eyes so that they look lifelike.
Other statues of the "Madonna and Child" are very small. In the Middle Ages small statues were carved from ivory. These precious statues are often very beautifully and delicately made. They can often be seen in museums.
In Florence in the early 1400s, an artist called Luca della Robbia began making "terracotta" statues and sculptured altarpieces from clay, which were fired and "glazed" with colours, most often blue and white, but also purple, green and yellow. This family business lasted for 120 years.
Many statues of the "Madonna and Child" may be factory-made and sold as souvenirs. This tradition of small statues has been around for hundreds of years. Many of them were made in artist's workshops in the Early Renaissance
Icons.
In the Orthodox Church, there is also a long tradition of painting images of the Virgin Mary with the Christ Child. These pictures, which are often quite small and are painted on wooden panels, are often very careful copies of particular famous icons. This tradition continues to the present day.
Large altarpieces.
These three famous paintings are all together in one room of the Uffizi Gallery in Florence. Two of these paintings are from the Middle Ages, but Giotto's painting is an Early Renaissance painting, as can be seen in the natural, solid look of the figures which seem to be "three dimensional".
Small paintings.
Some artists did a very large number of paintings of the "Madonna and Child" and these can be seen in art galleries in many countries.
Statues.
Many churches contain famous statues of the "Madonna and Child", particularly old churches.

Göppingen
Göppingen is a town in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. The population is about 83,030,000 people

National Gallery, London
The National Gallery, London is an art gallery in London, England, which has one of the finest collections of European paintings in the world.
What makes this gallery so important is that, although there are bigger galleries, "The National Gallery" has many paintings of very high quality and also because it has paintings by famous artists whose works are very rare. These rare paintings include works by Duccio, Masaccio, Uccello, Piero della Francesca, Leonardo, Giorgione, Michelangelo, Caravaggio, Vermeer, Chardin, Klimt, Rousseau and Redon.
"The National Gallery" is on Trafalgar Square, which is one of the busiest tourist places in London. It is a grand building of pale grey limestone, with a central dome and a large Classical style porch ("portico") like an Ancient Greek temple. To the left side, the gallery has a large new building called "The Sainsbury Wing".
History.
In 1823 a collector called Sir George Beaumont offered to give his famous collection of paintings to the British Government to start a public art gallery. In 1824 another famous collection of paintings was on sale. The owner, John Julius Angerstein, had died. It looked as if his paintings would be sold outside England. Then there was another offer of paintings from a third collector, The Reverend Holwell Carr. The Parliament had to make a quick decision.
The Parliament voted that a national collection should be started and a gallery should be built. They gave 60,000 Pounds Sterling to buy the Angerstein paintings. They got 38 pictures and were able to display them publicly in the Angerstein House.
The collection grew quickly with the Beaumont and Holwell Carr paintings, and others, being bought or given. A new gallery was needed. In 1831 the plans of the architect William Wilkins were accepted. The site which looks over Trafalgar Square was chosen, old buildings were demolished and the magnificent new gallery was opened on April 9, 1838.
When "the National Gallery" opened, there was a strong opinion that paintings of the High Renaissance period of the late 1400s to Baroque paintings of the 1600s were the finest type of art. The word "primitive" was used to describe Italian paintings from the 1300s and early 1400s. Luckily, the director of the Gallery, Sir Charles Eastlake, thought it was important to collect some of these "primitive" paintings, as well as the more popular High Renaisance paintings. That is how the "National Gallery" came to own so many very rare works from the Late Middle Ages and Early Renaissance periods.
In the 1870s the Gallery was lucky to get two collections of paintings by famous Dutch artists. The building had to be made larger to house them. The Gallery was also given paintings by famous British artists; soon there were so many that most of them were moved out to a new gallery called the Tate Museum of British Art.
By the 20th century, it was getting more difficult to buy very important paintings; there were other galleries in the United States and Germany who were trying to buy the same paintings. So the "National Gallery" began to buy works by more modern painters and soon had a collection of 19th and early 20th century paintings. This is not a large part of the "National Gallery's" collection, but it does show small works by many very important artists, particularly the French Impressionists.

Unperson
In the George Orwell book Nineteen Eighty-Four, an Unperson is someone who has been vaporized. Vaporization is when a person is murdered by being turned into vapors. Not only has an "unperson" been killed; they have also been erased from society, the present, the universe, and existence. Such a person would be taken out of books, photographs, and articles so that no trace of them is found in the present anywhere — no record of them would be found. The point of this was that such a person would be gone from all citizens' memories, even friends and family. There is no Newspeak word for what happened to unpeople, therefore it is thoughtcrime to say an unperson's name or think of unpeople. This is like the Stalinist Soviet Party erasing people from photographs after death; this is an example of "real" unpeople.
A similar punishment, damnatio memoriae, was used in the Roman Empire. The Stalin-era Soviet Union also provided real-world examples of unpersons in its treatment of Leon Trotsky and other members of the Communist party who became politically inconvenient. In his 1960 magazine article "Pravda means 'Truth'", reprinted in Expanded Universe, Robert A. Heinlein argued that John Paul Jones and a mysterious May 15, 1960 cosmonaut had also received this treatment.

Düren
Düren is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany between Cologne and Aachen. About 90,000 people live there. Düren is located at the river Rur.

Gütersloh
Gütersloh is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. About 96,000 people live there.

Iserlohn
Iserlohn is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. About 96,000 people live there.

Velbert
Velbert is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. About 87,000 people live there.

Lünen
Lünen is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Nearly 90,000 people live there.

Marl
Marl is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. About 91,000 people live there.

Bocholt
Bocholt is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. About 73,000 people live there.

Roman Abramovich
Roman Abramovich (born 24 October 1966 in Saratov, Russia) is a Russian businessman. He is one of the richest men in the world. According to 2006 Forbes Magazine, he has a net worth of $18.2 billion. He owns Chelsea F.C., an English Premiership football club. He has given Chelsea much money to pay players. He is governor of a region of Russia.

Morena Baccarin
Morena Baccarin (born January 2, 1979) is an Italian-Brazilian actress. She is best known for her role as Inara Serra in the sci-fi television series "Firefly" and the movie "Serenity". Morena was born in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Her mother is Brazilian stage and television actress Vera Setta.
When she was 10, Baccarin moved with her family to Greenwich Village, New York, in the United States. She later attended the Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School of Music & Art and Performing Arts (the High School in the movie "Fame") before she studied theater at Juilliard.

José Mourinho
José Mário dos Santos Mourinho Félix (born January 26, 1963 in Setúbal) is a Portuguese football manager. He is the current manager of Serie A club Inter Milan. Mourinho is thought to be one of the best coaches in Europe. He won four league titles in a row (two at Porto and two at Chelsea). He has also won the UEFA Champions League and the UEFA Cup with Porto. For two consecutive years (2004 and 2005), Mourinho was named the world's best football coach by the International Federation of Football History and Statistics (IFFHS). After leaving Chelsea F.C., he was replaced by Avram Grant. He went to coach Inter Milan and won the Italian Super Cup in August 2008.

Sawmill
A sawmill is a facility where lumber is cut into boards.
A sawmill's basic operation is much like those of 100 years ago; a log enters on one end and dimensional lumber exits on the other end.
History.
Sawmills seem to have existed in the medieval period, as one was sketched by "Villard de Honnecourt" in c.1250. On the other hand people think they were introduced to Madeira following its discovert in c.1420 and spread widely in Europe in the 16th century.
The Dutchman "Cornelis Corneliszoon" (1550-1607) invented his type of sawmill by applying a pitman arm onto a wind mill, which converted a turning motion into an up-an-down motion. Corneliszoon patented the sawmill on December 15, 1593 and the pitman on December 6, 1597. He built the first sawmill there in 1594.
Before to the invention of the sawmill, boards were sawn by two men with a whipsaw, using saddleblocks to hold the log, and a pit for the pitman who worked below. Sawing was slow, and required strong and enduring men. The topsawer had to be the stronger of the two because the saw was pulled in turn by each man, and the lower had the advantage of gravity. The topsawyer also had to guide the saw so that the board was of even thickness. This was often done by following a chalkline.
Early sawmills simply adapted the whipsaw to mechanical power, generally driven by a water wheel to speed up the process. The circular motion of the wheel was changed to back-and-forth motion of the saw blade by a Connecting rod known as a "pitman" (thus introducing a term used in many mechanical applications). A pitman is similar to a crankshaft, but in reverse; a crankshaft converts back-and-forth motion to circular motion.
Generally, only the saw was powered, and the logs had to be loaded and moved by hand. An early improvement was the development of a movable carriage, also water powered, to steadily move the log through the saw blade.
A small mill such as this would be the center of many rural communities in wood-exporting regions such as the Baltic countries and Canada. The output of such mills would be quite low, perhaps only 500 boards per day. They would also generally only operate during the winter, the peak logging season.
In the United States, the sawmills was introduced soon after the colonisation of Virginia by recruiting skilled men from Hamburgh. Later the metal parts were obtained from the Netherlands, where the technology was far ahead of that in England, where the sawmill reamiend largely unknown until the late 18th century. The arrival of a sawmill was a large and stimulative step in the growth of a frontier community.
Early mills were taken to the forest, where a temporary shelter was built, and the logs were skidded to the nearby mill by horse or ox teams, often when there was some snow to provide lubrication. As mills grew larger, they were usually established in more permanent facilities on a river, and the logs were floated down to them by log drivers.
Technology has changed sawmill operations significantly in recent years, emphasizing increasing profits through waste minimization and increased energy efficiency as well as improving operator safety.

Hazrat Babajan
Hazrat Babajan (1806-1931), who's birthname was Gool Rukh ("like a rose"), was born as a Pathan princess in a royal Muslim family of Balochistan in northern British India Empire(now Pakistan). At the age of 18 she fled her arranged marriage and sought God instead. She journeyed to the northeast, first to Peshawar and then to Rawalpindi, disguised by her Muslim veil. She lived for a year and a half in the mountainous regions of what is now Pakistan under the guidance of a Hindu sadguru, then traveled to Punjab. In Multan, at the age of 37, she received God-realization from an Islamic qutub (Muslim master), Maula Shah.
Babajan is most famously remembered as the spiritual master of Meher Baba.

Concept album
A concept album is a kind of album in which all the songs are about the same thing. Most of the time they tell a story.

Convenience food
Convenience food is a type of food. This kind of food has been made so it can save the consumers time to prepare it. Usually such foods just need to be heated. They are designed for a long shelf life, so that they can stay in the store for a long time. One thing to remember is that you may have to pay for the convenience, as this food is often expensive.

Zippo
A Zippo lighter is a refillable metal lighter made by Zippo Manufacturing Company since 1933. Many different styles have been made since 1933, such as the pipe Zippo, for lighting pipes. Many people collect Zippos. Some Zippos are worth a lot of money.
Zippo lighters are wind-proof, which means that the wind can not blow them out. The most common fuel for Zippos is naptha.

Contronym
A contronym is a word with two meanings. These two meaning are the opposite of each other.

Water heating
Water heating is a thermodynamic process using an energy source to heat water above its initial temperature. Typical domestic uses of hot water are for cooking, cleaning and bathing, and space heating. In industry both hot water and water heated to steam have many uses.
The most common energy sources for heating water are fossil fuels: natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, oil or sometimes solid fuels. These fuels may be consumed directly or by the use of electricity (which may derive from any of the above fuels or from nuclear or renewable sources). Alternative energy such as solar energy, heat pumps, hot water heat recycling, and sometimes geothermal power, may also be used as available, usually in combination with gas, oil or electricity.
Solar water heaters.
Solar collectors for solar powered water heaters are installed outside dwellings, typically on the roof or nearby. Nearly all models are the direct-gain type. They consist of flat panels in which water circulates.
Geothermal heating.
In countries like Iceland and New Zealand, and other volcanic regions, water heating may be done using geothermal power, rather than combustion.

Couëron
Couëron is a city in France on the Atlantic Ocean near Nantes. About 18.000 people live in the city.

Room temperature
Room temperature is "not" a precisely defined scientific term. It means a temperature that is common in rooms used by human beings.
Human comfort and health.
For human comfort, desirable room temperature greatly depends on individual needs and various other factors. According to the West Midlands Public Health Observatory (UK), 21 °C (70 °F) is the recommended living room temperature, whereas 18 °C (64 °F) for bedroom temperature. '.
Scientific calculations.
For scientific calculations, room temperature is taken to be about 20 to 25 degrees Celsius with an average of 23 °C (About 72.5 degrees Fahrenheit (°F), 528 to 537 degrees Rankine (°R), or 293 to 298 kelvins (K)). For numerical convenience, either 20 °C or 300 K is often used.
Condition for physical experiments.
The progress and results of many scientific and industrial processes depends a little or not at all on the temperature of the surroundings of the equipment. For example, a measurement of the charge of the electron does not depend upon the temperature of the test equipment. In such cases if any mention of temperature is made, it is customary and sufficient to speak simply of "room temperature", which essentially implies simply that what is being spoken of has not been specifically heated or cooled. Usually this means a temperature at which many people are comfortable, around 20 °C.

Kraftwerk
Kraftwerk is a pop band from Germany that became famous in the late 1970s and 1980s for making electronic music. They used a synthesizer to make the rhythms and melodies in the song.
Kraftwerk made electronic music many years before other bands knew it would be popular. They paved the way for the MIDI and digital styles of music to become popular in the 1990s. Many of the sounds from songs such as "Computer Love", "We Are Robots",and "Trans Europe Express" can be heard sampled by a variety of bands on their current releases. Recently, some of Kraftwerk's original recording equipment was sold on eBay for astonishing amounts. Kraftwerk continues to have a faithful and much deserved following.

Cricket ball
A cricket ball is a hard, solid ball used to play cricket. In men's cricket the ball must weigh between 5.5 and 5.75 ounces (137.5 and 143.8 g) and measure between 8 13/16 and 9 in (220 and 225 mm) in circumference.

Baptist
Baptist is a word describing a tradition within Christianity and may also refer to individuals belonging to a Baptist church or a Baptist denomination. The tradition takes its name from the belief that followers of Jesus Christ should be placed in water to show their faith. Baptists do not practice infant baptism.
In 1639, Roger Williams began a Baptist church in Providence, Rhode Island and John Clarke began a Baptist church in Newport, Rhode Island. It is not clear which church opened first. Records for both churches are missing information.
Baptist beliefs and principles.
Baptist churches do not have a central principal authority. Therefore, beliefs are not the same from one Baptist church to another, mainly beliefs that may be considered minor. However, on major issues, most are held in common among almost all Baptist churches.
Baptists share so-called "orthodox" Christian beliefs with most other moderate or conservative Christian denominations. Some of them are beliefs about one God; Jesus' death, burial, and bodily resurrection; the Trinity (the divinity of Jesus and the Holy Spirit, together with God the Father); the need for salvation; grace; and evangelism and missions.
Membership.
There are over 90 million Baptists in the world in nearly 300,000 churches. There are about 47 million members in the United States. Other large populations of Baptists also exist in Asia, Africa and Latin America. There are 2.4 million Baptists in India, 2.3 million in Nigeria, 1.9 million in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and 1.5 million in Brazil.
In a poll in the 1990s, about 20% of Americans said they are Baptist.
Views.
Many people outside the community see them as Protestant, but some baptists do not. In their view, Baptists have existed separately since early church days. Those holding this view believe that Baptists have never been a part of the Roman Catholic Church, and that Baptists are not "protesting" against Catholicism.
They also point out that Baptists have no connections with the Reformationists like Luther, Calvin, or Zwingli. Other Baptists accept the "Protestant" label as a category for churches who have similar religious views of "sola scriptura, sola fide," the priesthood of all believers and other positions that Luther or Calvin had in contrast to the Roman Catholic Church in the 1500s.
The tag: "denomination", is rejected by some because of the autonomous system used by Baptist churches for control. Being a denomination is viewed by them as having a hierarchy instead of the Roman Catholic Church. Another reason for the rejection of the tag is the influence of the Restoration period on Baptist churches, which tore down denominational barriers. Other Baptists accept the tag. They feel that it doesn't lie or have any bad meanings. It is just used as a synonym for a Christian or religious group with common beliefs.
The tag: "Evangelical", is rejected by some fundamentalist Baptists who think that the term is not 'fundamentalist' enough. It is also rejected by some liberal Baptists who think that the term is too conservative. It is accepted by moderate Baptists believing in the revival in the United States in the 1700s called the First Great Awakening. Some Evangelicals also reject the tag: fundamentalist, because they think that it is too extreme.

Techno
Techno is a form of electronic dance music that became popular in Detroit, Michigan during the mid-1980s. It was influenced by New Wave, Funk and futuristic fiction ideas that were important during the end of the Cold War in the United States at that time. Juan Atkins is generally thought to be the founder of Techno music. Detroit Techno first became successful locally and then became popular around the world in the 1990s.
The word "techno" comes from "technology". Fans of Techno music are careful in their use of the word. They are careful not to confuse it with other types of music that are similar but different (for example house, trance, hardcore). At the same time, the word "techno" is commonly used when talking about all forms of electronic music and dance music, especially in the Americas and Australia.

Dog sled
A dog sled is a sled that is pulled by sled dogs and can go over ice and snow. Dog sleds were first made by First Nations people in Canada before the English and French got there, because they had no horses so they used dogs to travel. They were also made by people in Norway, Sweden, Finland and Russia because it was also easier to travel with dogs in parts of those countries.
Racing dog sleds is a popular sport which a lot of people enjoy watching or actually going in the sleds to race. It is more popular in places where there isn't much horse racing.

Multiset
A multiset (sometimes called a bag) is a concept from mathematics. In many ways, multisets are like sets. Certain items are either elements of that multiset, or they are not. However, multisets are different from sets: The same type of item can be in the multiset more than once. For this reason, mathematicians have defined a relation (function) that tells, how many copies of a certain type of item there are in a certain multiset. They call this "multiplicity". For example, in the multiset, the multiplicities of the members "a", "b", and "c" are respectively 2, 3, and 1.
A multiset is illustrated by means of a histogram.
Examples.
One of the simplest examples is the multiset of prime factors of a number "n". Here the underlying set of elements is the set of prime divisors of "n". For example the number "120" has the prime factorisation
Another is the multiset of solutions of an algebraic equation. A quadratic equation, for example, has two solutions. However, in some cases they are both the same number. Thus the multiset of solutions of the equation could be, or it could be. In the latter case it has a solution of multiplicity 2.

Tom Brokaw
Thomas John Brokaw (born February 6, 1940 in Webster, South Dakota) is a popular American television journalist and is the former anchorman (host) of "NBC Nightly News with Tom Brokaw". His last appearance as anchorman was on December 1, 2004. In the later part of hosting "NBC Nightly News", the program became the most-watched news program in the United States. Brokaw has received many awards and honors.

Tuple
In mathematics, a tuple is a finite sequence of objects. Sometimes the finite sequence is also called "ordered list". Each of the objects in the list has a certain type. A tuple consisting of "n" entries is called n-tuple. Tuples are used to describe mathematical objects that are made of certain, well-defined components. They are also used very frequently with databases.
In other words, tuples are like ordered multisets.

Manure
Manure is organic matter used as fertilizer in agriculture. Manures improve the fertility of the soil by adding organic matter and nutrients, such as nitrogen that is trapped by bacteria in the soil. Higher organisms then feed on the fungi and bacteria in a chain of life.
The term "manure" was used for inorganic fertilizers in the past, but this usage is now very rare.
Etymology.
The word manure came from Middle English "manuren" meaning "to cultivate land," and initially from French "main-oeuvre" = "hand work" alluding to the work which involved manuring land.
Types.
There are two classes of manures in soil management: green manures and animal manures. Compost is distinguished from manure in that it is the "decomposed" remnants of organic materials (which may, nevertheless, include manure).
Most animal manure is feces — excrement (variously called "droppings" or "crap" etc) of plant-eating mammals (herbivores) and plant material (often straw) which has been used as bedding for animals and thus is heavily contaminated with their feces and urine.
Green manures are crops grown for the express purpose of plowing them under. In so doing, fertility is increased through the nutrients and organic matter that are returned to the soil.
Uses of manure.
Manure has been used for centuries as a fertilizer for farming, as it is rich in nitrogen and other nutrients which facilitate the growth of plants. Liquid manure from pig/hog operations is usually knifed (injected) directly into the soil to reduce the unpleasant odors. Manure from hogs and cattle is spread on fields using a Manure spreader. Due to the relatively lower level of proteins in grasses, which herbivores eat, cattle manure has a milder smell than the dung of carnivores — for example, elephant dung is practically odorless. However, due to the quantity of manure applied to fields, odor can be a problem in some agricultural regions. Poultry droppings are harmful to plants when fresh but after a period of composting are valuable fertilizers.
The dried manure of animals has been used as fuel throughout history. Dried manure (usually known as dung) of cow was, and still is, an important fuel source in countries such as India, while camel dung may be used in treeless regions such as deserts. On the Oregon Trail, pioneering families collected large quantities of "buffalo chips" in lieu of scarce firewood. It has been used for many purposes, in cooking fires and to combat the cold desert nights.
Another use of manure is to make paper, this has been done with dung from elephants where it is a small industry in Africa and Asia, and also horses, llamas, and kangaroos. Other than the llama, these animals are not ruminants and thus tend to pass plant fibres undigested in their dung.

Nutrient
A nutrient is either a chemical element or compound used in an organism's metabolism or physiology. A nutrient is essential to an organism if it cannot be produced by the organism and must be obtained from a food source.

Histogram
A histogram is a concept from statistics. It is a graphical display that tells about the distribution of the samples involved. It is basically the graphical display of a table with many categories. The table tells for each category how many samples there are in it.
The word "histogram" is derived from "histos" and "gramma" in Greek. "Histos" means "web" or "mast". "Gramma" means "drawing", "record" or "writing". A histogram of something is therefore, etymologically speaking, a drawing of the web of this something.
The histogram is one of the seven basic tools of quality control, which also include the Pareto chart, check sheet, control chart, cause-and-effect diagram, flowchart, and scatter diagram.
A generalization of the histogram is kernel smoothing techniques. This will construct a smooth Probability density function from the supplied data.

Green manure
Historically, the practice of green manuring can be traced back to the fallow cycle of crop rotation, which was used to allow soils to recover.
Green manures in organic farming.
Organic farming relies on soil health and cycling of nutrients through the soil using natural processes, such as the addition of animal manures. If animal manures are not available, in a stockless rotation, green manures perform a vital function of fertilization.

Normal distribution
The normal distribution is a probability distribution. It is also called Gaussian distribution, because it was discovered by Carl Friedrich Gauss. The normal distribution is a continuous probability distribution. It is very important in many fields of science. Normal distributions are a family of distributions of the same general form. These distributions differ in their "location" and "scale" parameters: the mean ("average") of the distribution defines its location, and the standard deviation ("variability") defines the scale.
The standard normal distribution (also known as the Z distribution) is the normal distribution with a mean of zero and a variance of one (the green curves in the plots to the right). It is often called the bell curve because the graph of its probability density looks like a bell.

Biomass
Biomass, in the energy production industry means living and recently living biological material which can be used as fuel or for industrial production.
Most commonly biomass means plant matter grown for use as biofuel, but also includes plant or animal matter used for production of fibres, chemicals or heat. Biomass may also include biodegradable wastes that can be burnt as fuel. It excludes organic material which has been transformed by geological processes into substances such as coal or petroleum. It is usually measured by dry weight.
The term biomass is especially useful for plants, where some internal structures may not always be considered living tissue, such as the wood (secondary xylem) of a tree.
Biofuels include bioethanol, biobutanol, biodiesel & biogas.
Biomass is grown from several plants, including switchgrass, hemp, corn, poplar, willow and sugarcane. The particular plant used is usually not very important to the end products, but it does affect the processing of the raw material.
Though biomass is a renewable fuel, its use can still contribute to global warming. This happens when the natural carbon equilibrium is disturbed; for example by deforestation or urbanization of green sites.
Biomass is part of the carbon cycle. Carbon from the atmosphere is converted into biological matter by photosynthesis. On decay or combustion the carbon goes back into the atmosphere. This happens over a relatively short timescale and plant matter used as a fuel can be constantly replaced by planting for new growth. Therefore a reasonably stable level of atmospheric carbon results from its use as a fuel.
Although fossil fuels have their origin in ancient biomass, they are not considered biomass by the generally accepted definition because they contain carbon that has been 'out' of the carbon cycle for a very long time. Their combustion therefore disturbs the carbon dioxide content in the atmosphere.
Plastics from biomass, like some recently developed to dissolve in seawater, are made the same way as petroleum-based plastics, are actually cheaper to manufacture and meet or exceed most performance standards. But they lack the same water resistance as conventional plastics.
Biomass production for human use and consumption.
Source:; Ecological Studies Vol 14 (Berlin)

Variance
Probability theory and statistics talk about the variance. This is done in the context of random variables. Each random variable has an expected value. The variance was introduced to be able to talk about how the values are distributed (or grouped) around that expected value. The variance is therefore defined as the sum of the squares of the difference between the individual (observed) and the expected value. That means it is always positive.
The Variance can be square rooted to get the Standard deviation.
In accountancy, a variance refers to the difference between the budget for a cost, and the actual cost.

Tarzan's Treehouse
Tarzan's Treehouse is a walk-through attraction in Disneyland located in Anahiem, California. It was originally called the Swiss Family Treehouse. The treehouse explores Disney character Tarzan's past. The tree although fake is considered by Disney imagineers a real species or Disneyodendron eximus which translates to "out of the ordinary Disney tree". The tree has 1,400 branches and 300,000 polyethlyne leaves. The tree is covered in live Spanish moss.

Adam Małysz
Adam Małysz (born 3 December 1977 in Wisła, Poland) is a Polish ski jumper. He has two Olympic medals. His longest jump was 225 meters.

Salome
Salome or Salomé (Hebrew: שלומית Shlomit), the Daughter of Herodias (c AD 14 - between 62 and 71), like Dismas, or the various names of the Three Magi, is a name given to a character in the New Testament, one whose name is not given there itself. She is, however, an entirely historical person, whose name is preserved in non-biblical literature. In scholarly works, she tends to be referred to as the Daughter of Herodias.
Account by Flavius Josephus.
The name "Salome" is given to the stepdaughter of Herod Antipas (unnamed in the Gospels of Matthew and Mark) in Josephus' "Jewish Antiquities" (Book XVIII, Chapter 5, 4):Herodias, [...], was married to Herod, the son of Herod the Great, who was born of Mariamne, the daughter of Simon the high priest, who had a daughter, Salome; after whose birth Herodias took upon her to
confound the laws of our country, and divorced herself from her husband while he was alive, and was married to Herod, her husband's brother by the father's side, he was tetrarch of Galilee; but her daughter Salome was married to Philip, the son of Herod, and tetrarch of Trachonitis; and as he died childless,
Aristobulus, the son of Herod, the brother of Agrippa, married her; they had three sons, Herod, Agrippa, and Aristobulus;
Despite the early date of this account, she was not consistently called Salome until the nineteenth century, when Gustave Flaubert (following Josephus) referred to her as Salome in his play Herodias (1876).
Biblical character.
According to Mark 6:21-29, Salome was the step-daughter of Herod Antipas, and danced before Herod and her mother Herodias at the occasion of Herod's birthday, and by doing so caused the death of John the Baptist. The New Testament suggests that Salome caused John to be executed because of his complaints that Herod's marriage to Herodias was adulterous; and that Herodias put her up to the demand that John be executed, something the king was initially reluctant to do.
Some ancient Greek translations of Mark read "Herod's daughter Herodias" (rather than "daughter of the said Herodias"). To scholars using these ancient texts, both mother and daughter had the same name. However, scholars using the Latin Vulgate Bible (which translates the passage as it is above) did not confuse the two; thus western Church Fathers tended to refer to Salome as "Herodias's daughter" or just "the girl". Nevertheless, because she is otherwise unnamed in the Bible, the idea that both mother and daughter were named Herodias gained some currency in early modern Europe.
This Salome is not the same Salome who is said to be a witness to the Crucifixion of Jesus in Mark 15:40. (see Salome (disciple)).
Adaptations.
The story above has been adapted to various forms of art. Innumerable paintings about it exist. There is a play by Oscar Wilde. Operas about it have been composed by Richard Strauss and Jules Massenet. Ballets by Florent Schmit and Flemming Flindt. Various films have also been made between 1918 and 2006.

Winchester College
Winchester College is a well-known boys' school. It is an example of a British public school. The school is located in the city of Winchester in Hampshire, England. Its official name is Collegium Sanctae Mariae prope Wintoniam (or Collegium Beatae Mariae Wintoniensis prope Winton), or St Mary's College near Winchester. The school is commonly just called "Winchester". Winchester has existed for over six hundred years. It has the longest unbroken history of any school in England. It is one of the original nine English public schools as defined by the Public Schools Act 1868.
History.
Winchester College was founded in 1382 by William of Wykeham, Bishop of Winchester and Chancellor to Richard II. The first seventy students entered the school in 1394. It was founded with New College, Oxford. Winchester was built to get students ready to attend New College. This was the model for Eton College and King's College, Cambridge 50 years later and for Westminster School, Christ Church, Oxford and Trinity College, Cambridge in Tudor times.
The headmaster is currently Dr Ralph Townsend, formerly of Sydney Grammar School and Oundle School.

Buffy the Vampire Slayer (movie)
"Buffy the Vampire Slayer" is a 1992 comedy horror movie about a cheerleader (Kristy Swanson) chosen by fate to fight and kill vampires. The movie is a light parody. It goes against the clichés of typical horror movies. The movie led to a darker and much more popular TV series of the same name. The television series starred Sarah Michelle Gellar and was created and produced by screenwriter Joss Whedon. Whedon often said how the television series was more like his vision than the movie. When the movie was first released, it was moderately successful and received mixed reviews from critics.

Fran Rubel Kuzui
Fran Rubel Kuzui is an American movie director and producer. She is best known as the director of the 1992 "Buffy the Vampire Slayer" movie, which was made into the television series of the same name.

Roseanne Barr
Roseanne Cherrie Barr (born November 3 1952 in Salt Lake City Utah) is an Emmy Award-winning American actress, writer, and comedian. She has also been known as "Roseanne Arnold" and "Roseanne Thomas". For several years in the late 1990s and early 2000s, she was known simply as Roseanne, but by 2005 had resumed referring to herself by her maiden name, Roseanne Barr. She is best known for playing "Roseanne Conner" on the television series "Roseanne".

BI-LO (Australia)
Bi-Lo is a supermarket with 214 shops all over Australia. It used to have shops in Western Australia called Newmart. It converted all its stores to Coles Supermarkets in 2006 and 2007.
John Weekes started Bi-Lo towards the end of the 1970s in the city of Adelaide in South Australia with three shops. It was called "Bi-Lo" because it sells food and everyday articles at relatively cheap prices.

Sucrose
Sucrose (common name: table sugar, also called saccharose) is a disaccharide (glucose + fructose) with the molecular formula C12H22O11. Its systematic name is α-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-fructofuranose. It is best known for its role in human nutrition and is formed by plants but not by higher organisms.
Physical and chemical properties.
Pure sucrose is most often prepared as a fine, white, odorless crystalline powder with a pleasing, sweet taste.

Disaccharide
A disaccharide is a sugar (a carbohydrate) composed of two monosaccharides. It is formed when two sugars are joined together and a molecule of water is removed. For example, milk sugar (lactose) is made from glucose and galactose whereas cane sugar (sucrose) is made from glucose and fructose.
Common disaccharides.
Maltose and cellobiose are hydrolysis products of the polysaccharides, starch and cellulose, respectively.

Biological hazard
A biological hazard, or biohazard, is anything arising from living organisms (ie. pollen, fungi, animals, insects, bacteria and viruses) that poses a threat to someone's health. It is represented by ☣, the biohazard symbol, which is used everywhere in the world. When people see this sign they know to take precautions, and to follow proper conduct for science labs.
Biosafety levels.
There are four biosafety levels made by the Center of Disease Control. These are used in laboratories so only people who have the right skills can enter. Different levels mean scientists must wear different uniforms and take special care when dealing with dangerous things like viruses.
Biosafety Level 1 The viruses handled in BSL-1 are not very dangerous and usually only cause mild sickness. Diseases in BSL-1 include chicken pox and some E-Coli strains. People in BSL-1 have to wash their hands with soap, wear gloves, and put waste materials in specially-marked bins.
Biosafety Level 2 BSL-2 is filled with slightly more hazourdous diseases than BSL-1. They have to take more safety precautions has a result. Hepatitis, influenza, HIV / AIDS, and salmonella are handled here.
Biosafety Level 3 BSL-3 is for diseases that may kill but are less deadly than those in Level 4, SARS and yellow fever. A lot of them are airborne, and the lab must be in an isolated area in case of an incident.
Biosafety Level 4 BSL-4 is for very hazardous diseases that kill many people and are hard to treat. BSL-4 workers must be careful and alert at all times and wear suits with special air filters. A lot of hemorrhagic fevers are dealt with in BSL-4, like Ebola, Marburg, and Lassa Virus.

Petri dish
A petri dish is a small dish shaped like a cylinder. Scientists use it to grow cells from animals, fungus, and diseases so they can study them. They are usually made of glass or plastic. The glass ones can be used again if they are heated at 160°F. Sometimes people fill them with agar, which helps cells grow. These are called 'agar plates'. Many people use them in science classes at school. They have lids so germs in the air can't get into them, or "contaminate" them, and ruin the experiment.

IGA Australia
Independent Grocers of Australia or (IGA) for short, is the largest independent supermarket group in Australia. It is part of the Independent Grocers Association which has shops all over the world. Each "IGA" shop is run by the local shopkeeper unlike big companies such as Woolworths and Coles which runs all of their shops across the country. A company supplies all "IGA" shops around the country and controls the use of the "IGA" name but does not own every one of each shop. The independent shopkeepers and their shops claim to be "Local Heroes". There are over 1000 shops and three sub-brands.
IGA in Australia also has the Black & Gold brand name product range which first came about in 1980, the first such brand name product range to enter the independent food shops that are now called "IGA". Now, it also has a premium brand name range also called "IGA" and a healthy range of products called "IGA Way of Life".
"Metcash Trading Limited" is the company behind "IGA" and supplies the shops. "Davids Holdings", Metcash's old name, brought the "IGA" name to Australia in 1988 with just 10 shops. Now, it has grown from 10 shops to over 1000 shops in less than 20 years.
The stores also have the Community Chest program, where they donate profits to local charities.

Chelmsford (borough)
Chelmsford is a borough in the county of Essex in England. It has the same name as its main town of Chelmsford, the county town of Essex.

Desktop
A desktop on a PC (personal computer) is an area the size of the screen, which is used primarily for short cuts to files and folders on the hard drive. Icons (small pictures) are used to represent files/folders, double clicking these icons will open/start the relevant file/folder. The desktop is the area where the start menu resides. A desktop computer also means a computer that sits on a desk, instead of a portable laptop.

Communication Studies
Communication Studies is a college or university area of study involving the study of communication. Students learn about speech and different types of media.

Belote
Belote is a French 32 card trick-taking game. This game requires four players divided into two teams. There are many kinds of belote: "belote," "belote coinchée," and "belote avec annonce". All of them come from a Dutch game, played since 1600.
Dealing.
The dealer must not shuffled the deck,only the previous dealer, on the left, must cut the deck. He must deal the all deck in three time (3+2+3).
Betting.
Once the card are dealt, players start to bet on the number of point. To bet, the player need to tell the trump he wants, and bet at least 10 point higher than the previous player. The first player have to bet at least 80, half of all the point. If a player have King and queen from the trump color, the team get 20 bonus points.
Even though there is only 4 color in the game, there is 6 kind of trump: Clubs ♣ Diamonds ♦ Hearts ♥ Spades ♠ "No trump" "All trumps".
When a player chooses "no trump" or "all trump", he must choose a color. the points of this color will be count as trump, all the other will be count as No trump.
Basic rules.
Trump: J=20, 9=14, A=11 10=10, K=4, Q=3, 8=0, 7=0
Non-trump: A=11, 10=10, K=4, Q=3, J=2, 9=0, 8=0, 7=0
Tips.
The basic strategy of this game is to count the trump cards. But it is also recommend to count all the other color, the deck is small, only 32 cards.
Betting strategy.
Betting is the only way to communicate with a team mate, that is why even if a hand is weak, betting will help a fellow teammate to bet or play.
Defending strategy.
A team will have to play a defending strategy if they have less trump than the other team. The only rules with a defensive game is to save every point. One should not expect more than one trick for each colors.
Attacking strategy.
The usual strategy for the attacking team is to try make the opponent lose their trumps, so they will not be able to cut the other trick. Once it is done they may start to think about trying to get the ace or 10 card. There is only one way to get an ace: to cut it. That is why whenever a team mate is about to take the current trick, someone should play the colour in which someone has one less card. To get a ten someone may play an ace at the second trick or cut it.

Monosaccharide
Monosaccharides are the simplest form of carbohydrates. They consist of one sugar and are usually colorless, water-soluble, crystalline solids. Some monosaccharides have a sweet taste.
Examples of monosaccharides include glucose (dextrose), fructose, galactose, and ribose. Monosaccharides are the building blocks of disaccharides like sucrose (common sugar) and polysaccharides (such as cellulose and starch). Further, each carbon atom that supports a hydroxyl group (except for the first and last) is chiral, giving rise to a number of isomeric forms all with the same chemical formula. For instance, galactose and glucose are both aldohexoses, but they have different chemical and physical properties.

Lactose
Lactose is a disaccharide that consists of galactose and glucose molecules. Lactose makes up around 2-8% of the solids in milk. The name comes from the Latin word for milk, plus the -ose ending used to name sugars.
Digestion of lactose.
Infant mammals are fed on milk by their mothers. To digest it an enzyme called lactase cleaves the molecule into its two subunits glucose and galactose for absorption.

Glycogen
Glycogen (commonly known as animal starch although this name is inaccurate) is a polysaccharide that is the principal storage form of glucose in animal cells.
Glycogen is found in the form of granules in the cytosol in many cell types, and plays an important role in the glucose cycle. Glycogen forms an energy reserve that can be quickly mobilized to meet a sudden need for glucose, but one that is less compact than the energy reserves of triglycerides. Only the glycogen stored in the liver can be made accessible to other organs.

Pollutant
Pollutants are compounds which are dangerous to the environment.
They can also be harmful to humans in the long-term range. They come from mineral and fossil sources or are produced by humans themselves.
Many pollutants have a poisonous effect on the body. Carbon monoxide is an example of a substance which is damaging to humans. This compound is taken up in the body instead of oxygen. That makes the body suffocate and in severe cases may lead to death.
Some pollutants became dangerous by reaction with other naturally occurring compounds. The oxides of nitrogen and sulfur are released from impurities in fossil fuels when they are burnt. They react with water vapor in the atmosphere to become acid rain. Acid rain damages buildings and makes lakes unable to support marine life, which causes fish and water plants to die.

Carbon monoxide
Carbon monoxide, also known as "coal gas", with the chemical formula CO, is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas. It is the product of the incomplete combustion of carbon-containing compounds. It has significant fuel value, burning in air with a characteristic blue flame, producing carbon dioxide. It is very toxic, but it is useful for modern technology as well. It consists of one carbon atom covalently bonded to one oxygen atom. This is a gas at room temperature.
The most important use for carbon monoxide in industry is making iron from iron ore. The carbon monoxide strips the oxygen off the iron ore in high temperature in a large oven called blast furnace, and leaves bare iron instead. The carbon monoxide turns into carbon dioxide itself.
Production.
It can be also produced by blowing hot steam through red-hot crushed coke
Carbon monoxide can be used as heating fuel because it burns easily into carbon dioxide. It can also be used as so-called "synthesis gas" for making man-made gasoline in Fischer-Tropsch process.

Schweinfurt
Schweinfurt is a city in Franconia. The population is about 50,000. Larger, nearby cities are Würzburg and Bamberg

Falco
Falco (born February 19, 1957 in Vienna, Austria as Johann (Hans) Hölzel, and died on February 6, 1998 in Puerto Plata, Dominican Republic) was an Austrian pop singer. His breakthrough was "Der Kommissar", which beat top positions in international charts. This song and his first two albums were produced by Robert Ponger.
His song "Rock me Amadeus" has been the one and only German-speaking song reaching no.1 on the US charts. From 1985 to 1988 he produced 3 albums with the Dutch Production Team Bolland & Bolland. "Falco 3" became his most successfull record reaching number 3 of the US Longplay Charts.
In 1985, Falco also had his 3rd No.1 hit "Jeanny" and in 1986 his 4th - "Coming Home (Jeanny Part 2)".
Unsuccessful albums like "Data de Groove" (produced by Ponger again) followed.
In 1988 he married Isabella Vitkovic, one year later, in 1989, they separated. Ponger and the Bollands produced all of the albums that were released in his life-span.
To stay tuned Falco recorded many techno songs and worked with different producers for his last album.
He did not survive his comeback: The successful album "Out of the dark (into the light)" was released after Falco's death.

Gabriel Pascal
Gabriel Pascal (June 4, 1894–July 6, 1954) was a Hungarian movie producer and director.
Gabriel Pascal was born in Transylvania (which is now part of Romania) in 1894. Pascal is best known for having turned some of the best plays by the famous Irish playwright George Bernard Shaw into successful movies. His most famous movie made from one of Shaw's plays was "Pygmalion" in 1938. Pygmalion tells the story of a bet that two rich men made over whether one of them, Professor Higgins, could turn a poor uneducated girl into a sophisticated lady. The movie was so successful that after Gabriel Pascal died it was made into a huge Broadway musical called "My Fair Lady," and amazingly this musical was then made into another movie. So Pygmalion was first a play, then a movie based on the play, then a play based on the movie, and then a new play based on the movie made from the old play. It is therefore quite a remarkable history and it was Gabriel Pascal's idea to make the play a musical, though he didn't live long enough to do it himself.
Early life.
Gabriel Pascal invented his name and no one seems to know his real one. He claimed to have memories of being rescued by Gypsies from a burning building when he was a tiny child and that the Gypsies taught him to beg, steal, and do acrobatic tricks, but no one knows if this is true. It is unclear what parts of his fabulous account of his childhood are true as there are no formal records of him prior to the age of 17 when he was enlisted in military school in Holics, Hungary by a mysterious Catholic Priest. Gabriel Pascal, who was decidedly unfit for military life, became interested in theater and studied at the Academy of the Hofburg Theater in Vienna. Later his interest expanded into the newly burgeoning cinema and he made films in Germany and Italy with sporadic success.
Pascal had one son, Peter, conceived in Germany during the delirium of a fever with his landlady's sister Elsie. Unable to care even for himself, Pascal fled to Holland. After WWII ended, at last on his feet with the success of "Pygmalion" and "Major Barbara," Pascal rushed to Germany to search for his son Peter, but he was listed among the missing "Hitler-Youth." Elsie had been killed by a bomb.
Early career.
As a young man, Pascal found a job tending horses in Hungary. Leading the horses through the forest to a stream each day, Pascal developed the habit of riding bareback naked through the Hungarian countryside. One day he accidentally rode stark naked through the outdoor set of a silent movie in production and was "discovered." The film's director asked him to repeat the ride for the cameras and he joined the group. Soon he was making his own movies.
Pascal had another auspicious encounter when he was young while walking along the shore of the Mediterranean. An old man, George Bernard Shaw, was swimming naked holding onto a buoy. A conversation ensued and Shaw dared the young Pascal on the shore to take off his clothes and join him in the water. He was impressed when Pascal immediately did so and this began their friendship. Shaw was impressed with Pascal's youthful enthusiasm for art and his bravado and invited him to come visit him one day when he was entirely broke. This chance meeting was to play a major role in Pascal's later career.
Pascal began his producing career making silent movies in Italy for German distribution through UFA Studios in Berlin. His directorial debut was "Populi Morituri" in which he also starred. He later produced horror movies in Germany. His most famous was "Unholy Tales" in 1932. It was an anthology of short spookie stories, including by Edgar Allan Poe, tied together by the adventures of a black cat and is considered by some to be a forgotten horror classic.
Meher Baba.
In 1933, during a trip to Hollywood, Pascal was contacted by Princess Norina Matchabelli about a film project based on the teachings of her guru Meher Baba. Pascal got very caught up in this project, bringing movie writers Hy Kraft and Karl Vollmöller into helping him work up treatments and even making a trip to India to discuss the project further with Meher Baba. By the time Pascal arrived in India, however, Meher Baba did not seem in any hurry to complete the film, saying it could wait and inviting Pascal to live with him in India. Most ordinary men would have been discouraged, but Pascal took energetically to the austere life of an eastern ascetic, even shedding his western garb for eastern clothing. He took a liking to Meher Baba and maintained a correspondence with him all of his life. Meher Baba nicknamed Pascal "Phoenix" and alternately "Panther."
Pascal remained in contact with his guru Meher Baba right up to the end of his life and met with him in person one last time in New York in 1952. Even in this final meeting there was mention of the film that Pascal had agreed to try to make for Baba.
Late career.
In time, however, Pascal's desire to make his mark on cinema returned and Pascal took a ship back to America penniless but undaunted. He landed in San Francisco where he spent some time deciding what to do next. Then it struck him to approach George Bernard Shaw (the most famous living playwright in the English speaking world at the time), whom Pascal had met auspiciously many years earlier. During that earlier meeting Shaw, who had been impressed with the young Pascal's passion for art and cinema, had told him to pay him a visit when he was entirely penniless. Pascal was now exactly that. He then sought out Shaw, first by going to N.Y. hidden in the toilet of the train, then convincing a sea captain to give him a lift to England.
Somehow he did convince Shaw to give him the rights to his plays, beginning with "Pygmalion" (1938), which was an enormous international hit, both critically and financially. Pascal followed up "Pygmalion" with "Major Barbara" (1941) which he directed as well as produced. "Major Barbara" was filmed in London during the bombing by the Nazis. During air raids the crew and cast had to dodge into bomb shelters. Pascal never stopped the production and the film was completed on schedule. But Pascal became more and more extravagant, finally losing his credibility with "Caesar and Cleopatra" (1945) which was the most expensive British movie ever made at that time and a terrible financial and critical flop, although it is more highly regarded today. Pascal famously insisted on importing sand from Egypt to achieve the right cinematic colors for this extravaganza. Shaw had become more difficult to work with also. After the success of "Pygmalion", which was shortened in its transition from stage to screen, as plays generally are, he increasingly refused to let his plays be cut. The result was that "Major Barbara" and "Caesar and Cleopatra" were not only filmed virtually complete, but with additional scenes by Shaw himself. Each of the two films ran over two hours.
Pascal did manage to produce one more movie, "|Androcles and the Lion" in 1952. By this time he was increasingly sick with cancer of the liver.
The famous estate trial.
In spring of 1954, in New York City, just before his passing Pascal had planned a trip to India to see Meher Baba one last time. He was having an affair and divorcing his wife at the time. One day he impulsively wrote on a piece of Hotel stationary to his mistress, "If I die on my trip to India I leave my entire estate to you." He signed and dated it before two witnesses, a cook and a maid in the Hotel who did not speak English but only Chinese. This was an absurd gesture since Pascal was totally in debt. He died within a short time of this letter in July, 1954, and within two years of his death the musical "My Fair Lady," which Pascal had managed to retain an option on by borrowing money from a Baba follower named Margaret Scott, opened on Broadway. Thus, soon after his death, his estate, which had been worth nothing on his deathbed, grew to an estimated value of two million dollars. There was a large court battle in which his wife Valerie (who he was not fully divorced from at the time of his death) and the mistress fought over his estate. His odd last will and testament on the Hotel stationary was entered as evidence in support of his mistress and the case was well-publicized. Several Meher Baba followers were involved in his life at the end including Harold Rudd who testified at his trial. The result of the trial was an even split of Pascal's royalties from "My Fair Lady" between the mistress and Pascal's estranged wife, each receiving well over one million dollars in settlement. His wife Valerie attempted to pay back the borrowed option money to Margaret Scott but by the time the settlement came through Mrs. Scott had fallen from a New York apartment window to her death. Valerie therefore paid the money to Margaret's daughter instead.
Legacy.
Pascal is best remembered as one of the big Hungarian movie producers like that famous Alexander Korda. He was the only producer ever to have major movie deals with seven separate countries on three continents: Hungary, Italy, Germany, China, India, England, and the USA. He was also the only man to ever convince George Bernard Shaw to adjust his scripts to the new medium of cinema, gaining concessions from Shaw that no other man could. Pascal even invented the famous line for Pygmalion, later appearing in the theatrical and film versions of "My Fair Lady," "The Rain in Spain stays mainly in the plain" and Shaw, by now publicly referring to Pascal as a "genius," wrote the line into the script. He was one of the most extravagant men of his time, named in 1938 as one of the world's most famous men by Time Magazine along with Adolf Hitler. He is less known for his deep interest in the spiritual and his boundless enthusiasm for art as a direct and honest route to God. He is even less known for his lifelong devotion to spiritual master Meher Baba. His life is well documented in the beautifully written biography by his wife Valerie, "The Disciple and His Devil," published by McGraw-Hill in 1970 and republished by iUniverse in 1984. After Pascal's death, Valerie married the famous publisher and philanthropist George T. Delacorte Jr. and spent the rest of her life supporting charitable foundations under the name Valerie Delacorte.

McLaren
McLaren is a Formula 1 racing team which has recently diversified into other areas, such as making the Mercedes McLaren SLR supercar at its Woking factory. McLaren did set up for Bruce McLaren in 1963. McLaren's drivers are Lewis Hamilton and Heikki Kovalainen. In two last races of 2007, Hamilton lost the championship to Kimi Raikkonen. However, in 2008 McLaren won the title in Brazil after overtaking Timo Glock on last lap.

Haylie Duff
Haylie Katherine Duff (born February 19 1985) is an American actress and singer. She is best known for her supporting role on the television series "7th Heaven". She is the sister of Hilary Duff.
Duff was born in Houston, Texas. Her mother, Susan Duff, is a producer. Robert Erhard Duff, Haylie's father, lives at the family home in Houston. Haylie is two and a half years older than her sister.
Discography.
Duff wrote or co-wrote several songs on two of her sister Hilary's albums, "Metamorphosis" (2003), "Hilary Duff" (2004) and the song, "Gypsy Woman", on Hilary's 4th album, "Dignity". She has also done many songs for different soundtracks with her sister.

20th Century Fox
Twentieth (20th) Century Fox Film Corporation (known from 1935 to 1985 as Twentieth Century-Fox Film Corporation) is a large American company that makes movies ("motion picture studio"). It is located in the Century City area of Los Angeles, California, USA, just west of Beverly Hills. The studio is a subsidiary of News Corporation, the media conglomerate controlled by Rupert Murdoch.
Twentieth Century Fox was formed in 1935 when Fox Film Corporation and Twentieth Century Pictures joined together to form the company. 20th Century Fox Television is a part of the company that makes television series.

Marquette, Michigan
Marquette is a city in the U.S. state of Michigan. Close to 20,000 people live there. Marquette is in the Upper Penninsula, on Lake Superior and is an important port on that lake. Much of the iron ore that was taken from mines in the Upper Penninsula was loaded onto ships in Marquette.

John Taverner
John Taverner (born about 1490 – died 18 October, 1545) was the most important English composer of his time. He was also an organist.
We cannot be sure exactly when Taverner was born. Some people think that he was a boy chorister at the church of Tattershall in Lincolnshire but his name does not appear on the list of choristers there. People now think that he worked there later as a lay clerk.
He got a job at Cardinal College (now called Christ Church) in Oxford but he could not stay very long because King Henry VIII made lots of changes to the way people had to worship in church. Taverner even hid some books which the king had forbidden under the floor, and he got into trouble for doing this. In the end the Cardinal did not punish him because, he said, he was “only a musician”.
In 1530 he seems to have gone back to Lincolnshire and stayed there for the rest of his life. He probably wrote no more music, but he was quite rich.
Taverner composed eight masses. The most famous one is called the "Western Wynde". It was a “parody mass”, which meant that it used a popular tune with that title. Another mass was called "Gloria tibi trinitas". This work set a fashion for pieces which were called "In Nomine"s, because the tune was from the Benedictus in the mass which sets the words “in nomine domine” (“in the name of the Father”). “In nomine”s were compositions for instruments which used this tune.
Taverner also wrote magnificats and motets.

John Tavener
Sir John Tavener (born London, 28 January 1944) is an English composer. He is one of the most important composers of today. Most of his music is inspired by religion in some way.
John Tavener went to Highgate School in North London. Another pupil there at the time was John Rutter. At school he studied piano, organ and composition and wrote music for the school orchestra. He also wrote music for the Presbyterian church where his family went and where his father was organist. In 1962 he went to the Royal College of Music where he studied the piano at first but then changed to composition. One of his early successes was a cantata called "Cain and Abel" which was performed by the London Bach Society. It was the performance of "The Whale" by the London Sinfonietta in 1968 that made him really famous. This work used collage, pre-recorded tape, amplified percussion and a chorus who used loudhailers. This kind of thing was very fashionable in the 1960s.
Another work written in 1968 was "In Alium". It was performed at the Proms. It was an unusual concert: three works by living composers were played in the first half. The audience were asked to vote for which one they wanted to hear again after the interval. They chose "In Alium".
The Beatles became interested in Tavener’s music. John Lennon heard The Whale and he decided to issue Tavener’s music on the newly formed Apple label.
Tavener became professor of composition at Trinity College. He continued to compose, although he often had difficulty finishing pieces. He was often worried that he might not be able to think of any new music. In 1977 he became a member of the Russian Orthodox Church. This changed his life. His music was very religious. He married his second wife and had two children. He was also very ill with heart trouble and even died on the operating table in hospital, but he brought back to life by the doctors.
He made a very important friend, Mother Thekla. She was an 80 year-old nun in the Orthodox Church, and she gave John a lot of advice and encouragement in his life.
A short piece for choir, "The Lamb" was written as a birthday present for his 3 year old nephew. It is very often sung by choirs at Christmas as a carol.
In 1989 his work "The Protecting Veil" was performed at the Proms. It was a work for cello and orchestra. The cellist was Steven Isserlis. This piece is one of the best known modern works for cello. He continued to write a lot of music. His "Song for Athene" was performed at the funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales in 1998. It was heard on television all over the world.
Tavener was knighted in 2000.

Escape velocity
Escape velocity is the speed that something would need to completely escape the gravity of a large body, like a star or a planet (such as the Earth).
If a ball is thrown upwards while standing on the ground, the ball will always fall back down. But imagine if ball is thrown fast enough that it "never" falls back down, and instead travels into space farther and farther away from the Earth. The minimum speed at which this could happen is called the escape velocity.
The escape velocity at the surface of the Earth is 11.2 kilometers per second (or 6.96 miles per second).

Razor
A razor is a tool with one or more blades used by men for shaving the hair from their face, and by women for shaving hair from their legs and underarms. The earliest razors known are from the Bronze Age. They were made of bronze and had an oval shape. There are different kinds of razors today, including straight razors, which are rarely used, and safety razors and electric razors.
A slightly different type of electric razor is used to trim and cut hair from the head, because hair can be cut much more quickly with electric haircutting razors than with scissors.
Straight razors.
Before the 20th century, straight razors were widely used. A straight razor consists of a knife blade, which can be reused. Since this blade is usually very sharp, there is a high risk of cutting oneself with the razor while scraping off the hair. Today, such razors are rarely used any more.
Safety razors.
In the late 18th century a French engineer, Jean-Jacques Perret. With this system, the skin is protected, from all but the edge of the blade. This makes cutting much harder. The first such razor was released in 1875 by the Campfe Brothers. In 1901, King Camp Gillette invented the first razor with disposable razor blades. The blades were thrown away after each use. The company, Gilette still makes such razors today. They sell the razor relatively cheap, and make big profits on the razor blades.
For face and body hair.
The electric razor was the next big step. With electric razors, shaving cream, soap or water is no longer needed. Electric razors use electricity to either make blades rotate or oscillate. That is the blades are either moved in circles, or they are moved up and down (or left and right). The razor is usually powered by a rechargeable battery. Prof. Alexandre Horowitz invented the concept of rotating blades which is still marketed as "Philishave" by Philips.
For head hair.
A slightly different type of electric razor is used to trim and cut hair from the head. Haircutting electric razors have comb-like attachments which determine the length of the hair. Electric haircutting razors are widely used by military and prison barbers, because hair can be cut much more quickly with electric haircutting razors than with scissors.
Side-effects.
Shaving using any of the shaving methods (straight razor, safety razor, or electric razor) can have side-effects, including cuts, abrasions, and irritated skin. "Razor bumps" can also occur from removing ingrown hairs. To reduce the likelihood of cuts, abrasions, and irritated skin, people can use a fresh razor blade and prepare their faces by washing in hot, soapy water and then applying a shaving cream lather.

Mood stabilizer
A mood stabilizer is a psychiatric medication used to treat mood disorders characterized by fast and unstable mood changes. One of the disorders treated is bipolar disorder. With that condition, the mood can change rapidly, between mania and depression. Many mood stabilizers can also prevent convulsions.

International Baccalaureate
International Baccalaureate, or IB, is a very famous and very difficult school program. It is taught in English, French, and Spanish in 124 countries.
The only country that hasn't accepted the IB in all subject combinations is Germany.

Wolfgang Schüssel
Wolfgang Schüssel (born June 7, 1945 in Vienna) was the Chancellor of Austria from February 4 2000 until January 11 2007. From January 2006 until June 2006 he was the president of the European Union.

Vaduz
Vaduz (pronounced /Fah-doots/) is the capital city of the country of Liechtenstein. It has a population of about 5,000 people.

Luxembourgish language
Luxembourgish is a West Germanic language. A lot of people in Luxembourg speak the language. It is quite similar to German and French. Outside Luxembourg, not many people speak it, and inside Luxembourg many people speak other languages, too.

Jean-Pierre Cassel
Jean-Pierre Cassel (real name Jean-Pierre Crochon, October 27,1932 - April 19, 2007) was a French actor. He was the father of Vincent Cassel. He became known because of the roles he had in films in the 1950s and 1960s. He died of cancer.

Sea cucumber
Sea cucumbers are one of the classes of echinoderms. The name of the class is Holothuroidea. Sea cucumbers have a longish body, and leathery skin. Sea cucumbers live on the floor of the ocean. Most sea cucumbers are scavengers. There are about 1200 species of sea cucumbers. Some people like to eat sea cucumbers. Sea Cucumbers have a unique respiratory system. They have respiratory trees that branch out of the cloaca.

Yochanan Vollach
Yochanan Vollach, also transliterated Jochanan Wallach or Yohanan Wallach, born 14 May 1945) is a former Israeli footballer superstar which played at: Hapoel Haifa, Maccabi Haifa, HKFC.
He was a member of the Israeli national team that competed at the 1970 FIFA World Cup.
At 1979 he retired and volunteered as general manager of Maccabi Haifa. Vollach was the Major reason for Maccabi's success.
Vollach has a masters degree in business administration from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and is a retired Major in the IDF.
In recognition of his extensive volunteering to the sporting community as well as business success, he was awarded honorary citizenship by the city of Haifa, in 1993.
Today, Vollach is president of the Maccabi Haifa association and president and CEO of Newlog, a subsidiary of Israeli shipping magnate Zim.

Maccabi Haifa
Maccabi Haifa is the biggest sports club in Israel, founded in 1913, and part of the Maccabi association. It runs several sports clubs and teams in Haifa such as: Football, Basketball, Weightlifting, swimming, Tennis, Table tennis, Volleyball, Team handball, Water polo, Ice hockey, Artistic gymnastics, Chess, Boxing, Fencing and others. Maccabi Haifa is well known for its green uniforms.
The president of Maccabi Haifa association is Yochanan Vollach.

Hapoel Haifa
Hapoel Haifa F. C. is a professional football (soccer) club in Israel, founded in 1924.

Swalwell, Alberta
Swalwell is a small village in Kneehill County, Alberta, Canada. It is about from Calgary, the largest city in the Province of Alberta.
Swalwell is at. It has a population of 338 people. The postal code in Swalwell is T0M 1Y0.

Polysaccharide
Polysaccharides are relatively complex carbohydrates.
They are polymers made up of many monosaccharides. They are very large, often branched, molecules. They tend to be amorphous, insoluble in water, and have no sweet taste.
When all the constituent monosaccharides are of the same type they are termed "homopolysaccharides"; when more than one type of monosaccharide is present they are termed "heteropolysaccharides".
Examples include storage polysaccharides such as starch and glycogen and structural polysaccharides such as cellulose and chitin.
Starches.
Starches are insoluble in water. They can be digested by hydrolysis, catalyzed by enzymes called amylases. Humans and other animals have amylases, so they can digest starches. Potato, rice, wheat, and maize are major sources of starch in the human diet.
Cellulose.
The structural components of plants are formed primarily from cellulose. Wood is largely cellulose and lignin, while paper and cotton are nearly pure cellulose. Cellulose is a polymer made with repeated glucose units. Humans and many other animals do not digest cellulose. Certain animals can digest cellulose, because bacteria possessing the enzyme are present in their gut. The classic example is the termite.

Alfred Gusenbauer
Alfred Gusenbauer (born February 8, 1960 in St. Pölten, Austria) has been the chancellor of Austria since January 2007. He is the leader of the political party SPÖ.

Chinchilla
The Chincilla is a small rodent. They live in the Andes in South America. They are active during dusk and dawn. Such an activity pattern is called crepuscular. Together with the Viscacha, they form the Chinchillidae family.
In their usual habitat, chinchillas live either in burrows, or in crevices of rocks. They are good jumpers, and can jump very high. Chinchillas live in colonies. The females are much bigger than the males. Predators in the wild include hawks, skunks, felines, and canines. Wild chinchillas seem to feed on plants, fruits, seed, and small insects.
Chinchillas have been domesticated and are sometimes kept as pets. Their diet is mostly based on hay.
Chinchillas make a variety of vocalizations, including chirps, squeaks, and barks.
They can be found in a variety of colors and mutations.
Chinchilla species.
There are two species of chinchilla, Chinchilla brevicaudata and chinchilla lanigera. The difference between the two species is small. Currently, Chinchilla brevicaudata seems to be facing extinction. Chinchilla lanigera can still be found in the wild, but has become rare. Domesticated chinchillas seem to come from the lanigera species.

Solubility
Solubility means the ability for a given substance, the solute, to dissolve in a solvent.
It is measured in terms of the maximum amount of solute dissolved in a solvent at equilibrium.
The resulting solution is called a saturated solution. Certain substances are soluble in all proportions with a given solvent. An example of this is ethanol in water. This property is more correctly described as miscible.

SpVgg Greuther Fürth
SpVgg Greuther Fürth is a German football team in the second division.

Taj Mahal (musician)
Henry Saint Clair Fredericks, better known by the stage name Taj Mahal (born May 17, 1942), is an American blues musician. He has been performing and recording since 1964 and is still popular.

Floyd Patterson
Floyd Patterson (January 4, 1935 – May 11, 2006) was an American heavyweight boxing champion and Olympic gold medalist. Patterson won the gold medal for boxing in the 1952 Olympic Games in Helsinki, Finland. He was the heavyweight champion of the world from 1956-1959 and from 1960-1962. Patterson will always be remembered as the first heavyweight champion to lose the title and get it back within a year.
Career.
Patterson's amateur record was 44-4 with 37 knockouts. He began fighting as a middleweight and moved to the light heavyweight division. Patterson's first loss was to Joey Maxim in 1954. In January of 1956, Patterson married Sandra Hicks. She was his wife until 1969. Their marriage ended because Patterson did not want to quit boxing.
After Rocky Marciano retired, Floyd began aiming at a shot for the vacant heavyweight title. On November 30, 1956, Patterson had two very good things happen in his life. His wife gave birth to his first child, and he beat Archie Moore to become the heavyweight champion of the world. He became the youngest boxing champion ever. He lost the title in 1959 to Ingemar Johanson but he regained it in 1960. In 1962, he lost it again to Sonny Liston. Patterson tried to regain the title two more times from Muhammad Ali in 1965 and 1972. In 1965 he fought for 12 rounds but on both tries he failed to win title.
Patterson will always be remembered as the first man to win back boxing heavyweight championship. All other champions before him failed.

Clockwise
A clockwise movement is one that moves "like the clock's hands": from the top to the right, then down, then to the left, and back to the top.
The opposite of clockwise is counterclockwise or anticlockwise. The movement is from the top to the left, then down, then to the right, and finally back up to the top.

Manuel Friedrich
Manuel Friedrich (born September 13, 1979 in Bad Kreuznach) is a German footballer with the position of the Defender. He has played for the team 1.FSV Mainz 05 and at the moment he playes for Bayer Leverkusen. Friedrich has played nine matches for the German national football team since 2006. During that time he has scored one goal.

Bruno Kreisky
Bruno Kreisky (January 22, 1911 – July 29, 1990) served as Chancellor of Austria from 1970 to 1983. He is remembered in Austria as one of the people who helped shape the Austrian State Treaty. This treaty is the foundation of modern-day Austria. It was signed in 1955.

Viscacha
Viscachas or vizcachas are rodents. Together with the chinchilla they make up the family "Chinchillidae".
There are two genera and four species of viscacha.

Incisor
Incisors are special kinds of teeth that can be found in some mammals, such as humans. They are the eight large flat teeth with straight edges that are at the front of a person's mouth, in between the canine teeth, which are pointed. The straight edges of the "incisors" are useful for biting because they cut sharply. They come together like a pair of pincers. In a human, the two teeth at the middle of each jaw are called the "central incisors", and the side ones are the "lateral icisors". (lateral means "to the side"). Some humans never grow "lateral incisors" or have very small ones, particularly at the top.
In many herbivores (plant-eating animals) these front teeth are uses to cut off stems of grass and other growing things, that are then ground up by the molars at the back of the mouth. Some omnivores (animals that eat both plants and meat), like humans, have incisors like herbivores. In carnivores (meat-eating animals) like cats, the incisors are often quite small and the canine teeth are very long and suitable for tearing meat. Carnivores use their incisors for many jobs that need fine control, such as catching fleas, carrying a kitten or peeling the skin off a fish. If a dog or a member of the cat family needs to cut something with their teeth, they use their back teeth like scissors.

Gerbil
The Gerbil is a family of rodents. There are approximately 110 species of gerbils. All gerbils are adapted to arid habitats. At one time, gerbils were known as Desert rats. Most gerbils are diurnal, some are crepuscular. The gerbil is native to Central Asia, India, the Middle East, and Africa. The average length of a gerbil is usually between six and twelve inches, this includes the tail which makes up one half of the total length. The gerbil is also a common household pet.

Muridae
Muridae is the largest family of mammals. It contains over 600 species. These species can be found naturally throughout Eurasia, Africa, and Australia. They have been introduced worldwide. The group includes true mice and rats, gerbils, and relatives.
The family name Muridae is sometimes used in a broader sense to include all members of the superfamily Muroidea.
The Murids are classified in 4 subfamilies, around 140 genera and approximately 650 species.

Muroidea
Muroidea is a large superfamily of rodents. It includes hamsters, gerbils, true mice and rats, and many other relatives. They live on almost every continent except Antarctica. Some scientists have placed all members of this group into a single family, Muridae. Sometimes there are difficulties in knowing how the subfamilies are related to one another.
The muroids are classified in 6 families, 19 subfamilies, around 280 genera and at least 1300 species.

Pierre Boulez
Pierre Boulez (pronounce: “Boo-layz) (born Montbrison, Loire, 26 March 1925) is one of the most important French composers of modern classical music. He is also a very famous conductor.
Boulez as a composer.
Boulez started his university studies by studying mathematics. He then gave that up and went to the Paris Conservatoire to study music. One of his teachers was Olivier Messiaen. He wrote music in an atonal style, similar to the serial music of Anton Webern. Gradually his music became completely serial, so that everything about the music: the pitches of the notes, the length of the notes, the louds and softs, the accents were all organized in a mathematical way. This is called “total serialism” or “integral serialism”. This kind of music is very strange to listen to.
Boulez belonged to a group of composers who met in the summer at Darmstadt in Germany. This group is often called the “Darmstadt School”. He wrote music which was extremely hard to play e.g. "Structures book 1" for two pianos.
Perhaps his most famous piece is "Le marteau sans maître" ("The hammer without a master"). This piece, finished in 1957, is for a small group of instruments: flute, guitar, vibraphone, xylorimba (a cross between a xylophone and a marimba), percussion and viola and a singer (alto). It has very complicated rhythms and is influenced by jazz, gamelan music, African and Japanese music.
Boulez then tried out new ideas. He wrote works which would sound different at each performance because the players could improvise some ideas. "Pli selon pli" ("Fold upon fold") was a work for orchestra and soprano. It was based on a poem by Stéphane Mallarmé about a swan that could not fly away because it was stuck on the frozen lake. His piece "Eclat" (1965) also uses improvisation. The conductor is free to decide on how certain bits could be played and makes signs to the players to improvise in certain ways that the composers has written down. This kind of composition is sometimes called “Chance music” because it is different each time it is played. The American composer John Cage also experimented with Chance music.
In the 1970s he became interested in electronic music. The French president Georges Pompidou supported the building of a big Arts Centre in Paris. This centre included a large underground set of studios for music. It became known as IRCAM (translated from the French: Institute for Acoustical/Musical Research and Coordination). A lot of composers worked in IRCAM. They used computers, tape recorders etc, to compose music.
Boulez as a conductor.
Boulez is also a world-famous conductor. He has conducted many of the world's greatest orchestras. He was the chief conductor of the BBC Symphony Orchestra from 1971-1975, the New York Philharmonic from 1971-1977 and now he is Conductor Emeritus of the Chicago Symphony Orchestra. His concerts usually consist of music by the great 20th century composers such as Alban Berg, Claude Debussy, Gustav Mahler, Arnold Schoenberg, Igor Stravinsky, Béla Bartók, Anton Webern and Edgard Varèse—as well as lots of new music which he conducted when it had just been written.
Boulez has also written several books and articles on music.

Murinae
The Old World rats and mice (called Murinae) is a subfamily in the family Muridae. It has about 560 species. This subfamily is larger than all mammal families except the Cricetidae. It is also larger than all mammal orders except the bats and the remainder of the rodents.
Probably the best known genera are rats and mice.
Description.
The Murinae are native to Africa, Europe, Asia, and Australia. They are the only terrestrial placental mammals native to Australia. They have also been introduced to all continents except Antarctica. They are serious pest animals. This is particularly true in island communities where they have contributed to the endangerment and extinction of many native animals.
Two prominent murine human commensals have become vital laboratory animals. The Brown Rat and House Mouse are both used for medical tests. They are among a handful of animals where the full genome has been sequenced.
The murines have a distinctive molar pattern that involves three rows of cusps instead of two, the primitive pattern seen most frequently in muroid rodents.
Fossils.
The first known appearance of the Murinae in the fossil record is about 14 million years ago with the fossil genus "Antemus". "Antemus" is thought to come directly from "Potwarmus", which has a more primitive tooth pattern. Likewise, two genera, "Progonomys" and "Karnimata" are thought to derive directly from "Antemus". "Progonomys" is thought to be the ancestor of "Mus" and relatives, while "Karnimata" is thought to lead to "Rattus" and relatives. All of these fossils are found in the well-preserved and easily dated Siwalik fossil beds of Pakistan. The transition from "Potwarmus" to "Antemus" to "Progonomys" and "Karnimata" is considered an excellent example of anagenic evolution.
Taxonomy.
Most of the Murinae have been poorly studied. Some genera have been grouped, such as the hydromyine water rats, conilurine or pseudomyine Australian mice, or the phloeomyine Southeast Asian forms. No tribal level taxonomy has been attempted for the complete subfamily. It looks like genera from southeast Asian islands and Australia may be early offshoots compared to mainland forms. The vlei rats in the genera "Otomys" and "Parotomys" are often placed in a separate subfamily, Otomyinae. They have been shown to be closely related to African murines in spite of their uniqueness.
Three genera, "Uranomys", "Lophuromys", and "Acomys" were once considered to be murines- Later, it was discovered that they were more closely related to gerbils through molecular phylogenetics. They have been assigned a new subfamily status, Deomyinae.

Castorimorpha
Castorimorpha is the suborder of rodents containing the beavers, the pocket gophers, and the kangaroo rats.

Arpeggio
In music, an arpeggio is a group of notes which are played one after the other, either going up or going down. The notes all belong to one chord. The chord may, for example, be a simple chord with the 1st, 3rd and 5th notes of the scale in it (this is called a "tonic chord"). An arpeggio in the key of C major going up two octaves would be the notes (C,E,G,C,E,G,C).
An arpeggio is similar to a broken chord, but a broken chord keeps rising in groups of three or four notes, each group starting a little higher.
People who learn musical instruments learn how to play scales and arpeggios. They are often a requirement for music examinations.
An "arpeggiated chord" means a chord which is "spread", i.e. the notes are not played exactly at the same time but are spread out. Harps very often play arpeggiated chords. In piano music they are quite often used. An arpeggiated chord is written with a wiggly line going from top to bottom in front of the chord. An arpeggiated chord is spread from the lowest to the highest note. Occasionally composers such as Béla Bartók ask for them to be played from top to bottom. This is shown by adding an arrow pointing down.

NKVD
The NKVD ("Narodny Komissariat Vnutrennikh Del") or "People's Commisariat for Internal Affairs") was a government department which handled a number of the Soviet Union's affairs of state.
The NKVD is best known for the Main Directorate for State Security (GUGB), which came after the OGPU and the Cheka as the secret police agency of the Soviet Union, and which became KGB. Many think of the NKVD as a criminal group. This is mostly because of the activities of GUGB officers and investigators. The NKVD was also in charge of Stalin's foreign intelligence service and overseas 'special operations'. These NKVD sub-branches hired spies and gathered of political, military, and economic information from other countries. They also got rid of political enemies who lived outside of the Soviet Union and enforced Stalin's policies within Communist Party movements in other countries.
In addition to its state security and police functions, some of its departments handled other matters, such as transportation, fire guards, border guards (NKVD Border Troops), etc. These jobs were usually assigned to the Ministry of the Interior (MVD).

Spyglass Entertainment
Spyglass Entertainment is a movie and television production company. Jonathan Glickman is the current President of Production. Internationally, Buena Vista has released most movies made by Spyglass (with exceptions). The first movie released by the company was Instinct.

Hovercraft
A hovercraft is a vehicle that is supported and moved by a cushion of air blowing downwards. They are used on water and land where the surface is smooth. They are often used as ferries and by militaries for amphibious, or on water and on land (like an amphibian can live in water and land) missions. A hovercraft can move cargo, people, and cars.

Duccio
Duccio di Buoninsegna, (c.1255 - c.1319) was one of the most important painters in Italy in the Late Middle Ages. He worked mainly in the city of Siena in Tuscany but one of his largest works was done for a church in Florence. He is most famous for his altarpieces of the Madonna and Child. Duccio painted in the Byzantine style, similar to Greek icons.
Duccio's life.
The first written record of Duccio is dated 1278, when he was painting in Siena. His paintings, of which only a few remain, are all Holy pictures. Two of them are very large and were painted as altarpieces. Some of them are very small and were for a private owner, not for a church.
At that time, many artists did painting that were made specially for people to look at they were praying. The pictures are most often of the Madonna and Child. They often have gold backgrounds which glow when they are lit by candlelight. The figures in the paintings do not look very solid or realistic. They look very still, calm and holy. These paintings had been done in the same style for many hundreds of years, in Greece, Constantinople and many other countries where the Greek Orthodox Church was the main church. The style, which was called the Byzantine style, had also spread to Italy where several Orthodox icons (Holy picture), had become famous and were copied by many artists.
Duccio was one of the greatest painters in the Byzantine style in Italy at the time. He had a famous rival who worked in Florence. His name was Cimabue. One of Cimabue's pupils, Giotto, was to become even more famous, and is remebered as having begunn the Renaissance style of painting in Florence. Even though Duccio probably saw Giotto's paintings, in which the figures look solid and three-dimensional, like actors on a stage, Duccio was not very influenced by him.
Duccio had several students who also became famous painters of the 1300s. They include Simone Martini and the Lorenzetti brothers, who were also influenced by Giotto.
The "Rucellai Madonna".
In 1285 Duccio was asked to go to Florence to paint an altarpiece of the Madonna and Child for the church of Santa Maria Novella which had been newly built for the Domincan monks. It was a very large church and this is the biggest ancient altarpiece of this type that is known. It is called the "Rucellai Madonna" because the Rucellai, who were a very rich family, payed for the decoration of the main chapel of the church.
Duccio painted the Madonna sitting on a throne with the Christ Child in her lap, raising his hand in blessing. Around them are six kneeling angels in robes of beautiful delicate colours. The robe is very dark blue and looks almost black; it is painted with ground-up semi precious stone. The robe of the baby looks quite transparent. Duccio was one of the first painters to try to paint transparent material. One of the important parts of Duccio's design is the gold border of the Madonnna's robe, which seems to wander around the painting in a waving line, and frames the Madonna's face in a way that holds the attention of the viewer.
The "Rucellai Madonna" is no longer in the Church of Santa Maria Novella. It is now in the Ufizzi Gallery where it is shown in the same room as Cimabue's "Trinita Madonna" and Giotto's "Ognisanti Madonna".
The "Maestà".
In Duccio's own city there was a large cathedral. In 1308 he was given the job of making an enormous altarpiece of the Madonna on a throne for the cathedral. It was not to be as tall as the "Rucellai Madonnna" but was much wider, because it showed two rows of saints and a row of angels on either side of the throne. The four saints the kneel at the front of the picture are those who were particularly remembered in the city of Siena. The altarpiece was to have a very fancy Gothic gold frame with more figures at the top, and small pictures at the bottom, but unfortunately the frame has been destroyed.
Because the painting stood above an altar that was right in the middle of the cathedral, and not against a wall, it was easy for people to walk around to see the back of the altarpiece. So Duccio painted the back as well. The back of the altarpiece had lots of small scenes which tell the life of Jesus. These small scenes, which have gold backgrounds and bright colours in the usual way, are very lively illustrations to the Bible stories.
After three years, the altarpiece was finished. It was carried in a great procession from Duccio's workshop, up the hill to the cathedral which stood on the highest point of the city. It was called the "Maestà" (or "Majesty"). Four other artists were asked to do smaller altarpieces to go in the four chapels that were nearby.
Unfortunately, in the 1700s, people at the cathedral thought that Duccio's altarpiece was old-fashioned. It was taken to pieces, and some of the smaller parts were sold. They can be seen in the National Gallery, London and other places. Luckily most of the pieces were kept together and can now be seen in the Cathedral Museum which is near Siena Cathedral.

Castoridae
Castoridae is a family of rodents. Today, the only genus that has alive species in it is "Castor". It contains modern-day beavers. In addition, about 20 extinct genera of beavers have been put into the family.

IUCN Red List
The IUCN Red List (also IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) is a list of species. The list tells for each species how likely it is to become extinct (or if it is already). This is called its conservation status. This list is complied each year by the World Conservation Union.
There are exact criteria to see if a certain species is threatened to become extinct. These criteria are the same for all regions of the world. The aim of the list is to tell people how threatened a certain species is. Politicians can then decide on the priorities and the efforts needed to save certain species from becoming extinct.

Redruth
Redruth is a small town in South West Cornwall. It has an old mining history. About 12,000 people live in Redruth.

Integrated Taxonomic Information System
The Integrated Taxonomic Information System is a common database. It wants to unify the information gathered about different taxonomy of biological taxa.

Yersinia pestis
Yersinia pestis is a bacillus. It is a bacterium. It has been identified as the infectious agent of bubonic plague. This infection can also cause variants of bubonic plague.. These three forms of the plague have be responsible for a high death toll, in many epidemics throughout human history. They are also made accountable for the Great Plague and the Black Death. Because of the Black Death, about one third (one of three people) died. This was between 1347 and 1353.
The bacillus was discovered by the physician Alexandre Yersin during an epidemic of the plague in Hong Kong, in 1894. Yersin worked for the Pasteur Institute at the time. Originally, the microoganism was named "Pasteurella pestis". It was renamed in 1967.
Currently, three varieties of Y. pestis are known.
Historians are currently divided about the role of Y.pestis in the Black Death. Some historians said that the Black Death spread far too fast. Therefore Y.pestis could not have caused it. DNA from Y.pestis has been found in the teeth of some of the victims of the Black Death. For this reason, Y.pestis must have been at least a factor in some (but not necessarily all) European plague epidemics.
References.
These references are probably not in Simple English

Leptospirosis
Leptospirosis (also known as Weil's disease, canicola fever, canefield fever, nanukayami fever or seven day fever) is a bacterial disease. It is caused by spirochaetes of the genus "Leptospira". This bacterium affects humans and many animals, including mammals, birds, amphibians, and reptiles. It was first described by Adolf Weil in 1886. At the time he reported an "acute infectious disease with enlargement of spleen, jaundice and nephritis". The pathogen, "Leptospira"-genus bacteria was isolated in 1907 from a post mortem kidney slice.
Leptospirosis is a relatively rare bacterial infection in humans. The infection is commonly transmitted to humans by allowing fresh water that has been contaminated by animal urine (often from rats) to come in contact with unhealed breaks in the skin, eyes or with the mucous membranes.
Except for tropical areas, Leptospirosis seems to occur most often in the months August to September, in the Northern Hemisphere.

François-Joseph Gossec
François-Joseph Gossec (born Vergnies, 17 January 1734 — 16 February, 1829) was a South Netherlands composer. He was born in what is now Belgium, but worked in France during his long life. People hardly ever hear his music now except for one very popular piece of dance music called Tambourin. He was famous in France in his time and had a lot of influence on French music.
Life and Work.
Gossec’s family were small farmers. When Gossec was young he worked as a cowherd (someone who looks after cows). He showed a lot of talent and became a choir-boy in the Cathedral of Notre Dame in Antwerp.
In 1751 he went to Paris. The composer Jean-Philippe Rameau was very impressed by him and got him jobs playing the violin and double bass in his private orchestra. He heard a lot of music by German composers and started to write music of his own. His symphony in D was one of the first works in France to use clarinets which had only just been invented. He composed many operas as well as instrumental works.
In 1762 Gossec became the conductor of a private theatre of the Prince of Condé at Chantilly. A lot of German and Bohemian wind players at that time went to Paris, and Gossec gave them jobs in his orchestra.
Gossec wrote a lot of music for the French Revolution. When the Paris Conservatoire was opened in 1795 he became a teacher of composition there.
Gossec composed lots of different kinds of music. His music for instruments was very successful. He wrote operas which suited the taste of French people at the time, but he did not have a good sense of drama and the words of his operas were uninteresting. He was an important man in the history of music because he organized a lot of musical events in Paris. He was made a "chevalier" of the Legion of Honour. A lot of composers went to his funeral.

Josiah Wedgwood
Josiah Wedgwood (July 12, 1730 - January 3, 1795, born in Burslem, Stoke-on-Trent) was an English potter, who became famous for the industrialisation (making things in factories, not workshops) of pottery. His grandson was the famous naturalist, Charles Darwin.
Early life.
When he was a child, Josiah had smallpox, but he survived (didn't die). The smallpox injured his knee, so he couldn't easily work as a potter. Instead, he worked hard to design pottery. Working as an apprentice, Wedgwood learned many techniques for making pottery. He used his skills to make one of the first pottery factories, Ivy Works, in Burslem, now part of Stoke-on-Trent.
Work.
Wedgwood was very interested in science and technology, and used new ideas to make good quality pottery. He became famous for making pottery for royalty, and became very rich. He spent money on civic works, things that would help businessmen and people in the city, for example canals. He became friends with Erasmus Darwin, an important scientist and inventor. In 1780, Wedgwood and Darwin became business partners. Wedgwood's son married Darwin's daughter, who gave birth to Charles Darwin. Wedgwood and Darwin were also members of the 'Lunar Society', a group of important scientists, philosophers and businessmen.
Abolition of slavery.
Together with his friends in the Lunar Society, Wedgwood worked for the abolition (ending) of slavery. Wedgwood produced medallions asking for the end of slavery. These medallions became very popular. Wedgwood died in 1795. Selling slaves became illegal (against the law) in 1807 in Britain, and having slaves became illegal in 1833.

Tambourin
A tambourin (pronounced the French way) is a piece of music which was popular in France in the 18th century. It is based on a folkdance from the Provence. The music is made to sound like the kind of drum which is called "tambourin" in French. Jean-Philippe Rameau wrote several Tambourins in his operas. Other composers who wrote Tambourins include François-Joseph Gossec and Maurice Duruflé.
Tambourin also means a special kind of drum from the Provence. It has a long, cylindrical shape and is played with one drumstick. It is found in orchestral music such as Georges Bizet's "L'Arlésienne Suite no. 2"

Thomas Wedgwood III
Thomas Wedgwood (1685 - 1739) was an English potter. He was a member of the Wedgwood family, who were very successful potters. He was the son of Thomas Wedgwood II and Mary Leigh.

Thomas Wedgwood IV
Thomas Wedgwood (1716-1773) was an English potter. He was a member of the Wedgwood family, who were very successful potters. He was the son of Thomas Wedgwood III and Mary Stringer and brother of Josiah Wedgwood.

Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach
Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach (March 8, 1714 – December 14, 1788) was a German musician and composer. He was the second of the five sons of Johann Sebastian Bach and Maria Barbara Bach. Besides composing and playing music he wrote a book called Essay on the True Art of Playing Keyboard Instruments. Many people learned about playing music from it.

Maria Barbara Bach
Maria Barbara Bach (October 20, 1684 – July 7, 1720) was the wife of the German composer Johann Sebastian Bach. She was also the mother of the composers Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach and Wilhelm Friedemann Bach.

Ligue 1
Ligue 1 is a football league which is top division in France and Monaco.

Serie A
Serie A is a football league which is top division in Italy.

Oath
An oath (from Anglo-Saxon "āð") is a promise. An oath is spoken out loud in front of other people who can see and hear what is done and said. They are witnesses to the oath. A person who cannot speak can make a sign that they are "taking an oath". Another way of saying that a person is "taking an oath" is to say that they are "swearing an oath".
A person can say "I promise that I will do this..." or "I swear that I will do this..."
When a person swears an oath they often show that the oath is very important to them by calling God to see and remember the promise, and to show that the promise is true, and cannot be taken back later. When a person takes an oath they sometimes raise their right hand, or put their hand on their heart, on the Bible or on another holy book.
Other meanings.
The word "oath" is often used to mean any angry expression which includes religious or other strong language and promises that the person will do something horrible.

Jeffrey Archer
Jeffrey Howard Archer, Baron Archer of Weston-super-Mare (born May 15, 1940) is a British author and politician. He was a member of Parliament, Deputy Chairman of the Conservative Party and since 1992 is a life peer. His political career ended after an indictment for perjury. He is married to Mary Archer, a prominent scientist in solar power.
Early life.
Jeffrey Howard Archer was born in the City of London Maternity Hospital. When he was two weeks old he and his family moved to the seaside town of Weston-super-Mare, Somerset, where he spent most of his young life.
At Oxford he was successful in athletics, competing in sprinting and hurdling. He also made a name for himself in raising money for the then little-known charity Oxfam, famously managing to obtain the support of The Beatles in a charity fundraising drive. The band accepted his invitation to visit the Senior Common Room of his Brasenose College, where they were photographed with Archer and dons of the college, although they didn't play there. It was during this period that he met his future wife, Mary. They married in July 1966.
At the age of 29, he was elected as a Member of Parliament (MP) for a Lincolnshire constituency, holding the seat for the Conservative Party in a by-election on 4 December 1969.
In Parliament, Archer was on the left of the Conservative Party, rebelling against some of his party's policies. He urged free TV licences for the elderly and was against museum charges. Archer voted against restoring the death penalty saying it was barbaric and obscene.
Archer had to resign because of a scandal in October 1986 when the Sunday newspaper "The News of the World" led on the story "Tory boss Archer pays vice-girl". The article claimed that Archer had paid Monica Coghlan, a prostitute £2000 through an intermediary at Waterloo Station to go abroad. Unlike the "Daily Star", the newspaper did not allege that Archer had actually slept with Coghlan. Archer sued the "Daily Star".
Perjury and downfall.
Archer had been selected by the Conservative Party as their candidate for the London mayoral election of 2000. He was forced to withdraw from the race when it was revealed that he was facing a charge of perjury.
On 4 February, 2000 Archer was expelled from the Conservative Party for five years. On 26 September, 2000 he was charged with perjury and perverting the course of justice (i.e., obstruction of justice) during the 1987 libel trial.
A few months before the beginning of the perjury trial, Archer began performing in the star role in a courtroom play (which he also wrote) called "The Accused". The play was staged at London's Theatre Royal Haymarket and concerns the court trial of an alleged murderer from beginning to end. The play used the innovation of assigning the role of jury in the trial to the audience, with theatre-goers voting on whether Archer's character was innocent or guilty at the end of each night's performance. Archer would attend his real trial during the day and be judged in his fictional trial at the theatre in the evening.
The real life trial began on 30 May, 2001. On 19 July, 2001 Lord Archer was found guilty of perjury. He was sentenced to a total of four years' imprisonment by Mr. Justice Potts. The most ironic aspect of his trial was that he had fabricated the alibi for the wrong date. Archer never spoke during the trial. Ted Francis was found not guilty of perverting the course of justice.
On 21 July, 2003 he was released on licence, after serving half of his sentence, from HMP Hollesley Bay, Suffolk.
Many of Lord Archer's friends remained loyal to him.

Return to Oz
"Return to Oz" is a 1985 Disney movie that is considered to be a sequel of The Wizard of Oz.

Mordred
Mordred is a character from Arthurian legend. In some of the legends, he betrayed Arthur and killed him. He is said to be Arthur's son by Margawse, his half-sister. Mordred was born at Caerlon.

Miss America
Miss America is a American beauty contest.

Firewall (networking)
Originally, a "firewall" was a wall that was built to stop (or slow down) the spread of a fire. In terms of computer security, a firewall is a piece of hardware or software. The firewall is there to look at the traffic passing through it. Based on a set of rules, traffic can be allowed, or it can be blocked. A firewall therefore protects one part of the network against unauthorised access.
Packet filtering.
Data travels on the internet in small pieces; these are called packets. Each packet has certain metadata attached, like where it is coming from, and where it should be sent to. The easiest thing to do is to look at the metadata. Based on rules, certain packets are then dropped or rejected. All firewalls can do this.
Stateful packet inspection.
In addition to the simple packet filtering (above) this kind of firewall also keeps track of connections. A packet can be the start of a new connection, or it can be part of an existing connection. If it is neither of the two, it is probably useless and can be dropped.
Application-layer firewalls.
Application-layer firewalls do not just look at the metadata; they also look at the actual data transported. They know how certain protocols work, for example FTP or HTTP. They can then look if the data that is in the packet is valid (for that protocol). If it is not, it can be dropped.
Tunnelling.
Firewalls can provide a secure connection between two networks. This is called "tunneling". The data may be encrypted. It is unencrypted at the other end. Since the firewalls are doing this, the rest of the network is unaware of it. An alternative is to provide a secure access (to the corporate network).
Network address translation.
Very often, firewalls can translate IP addresses. That way, many computers can share a few public IP addresses. The firewall translates between the public and the private IP addresses.
What firewalls cannot protect against.
Firewalls can portect against some problems (viruses and attacks) that come from the internet. They cannot protect against viruses, that come from infected media (like an infected office document on an USB flash drive).

The Cask of Amontillado
"The Cask of Amontillado" (sometimes spelled "The Casque of Amontillado") is a short story, written by Edgar Allan Poe.
Summary.
The story is about a man named Montresor who wants to take revenge on Fortunato, though his motivation is not clear. It is during a masquerade in the city and Fortunato is dressed in a jester costume. Montresor tells Fortunato he has bought a special rare wine called amontillado but wants Fortunato to test it to be sure it is real. Montresor leads him into underground tunnels to test the amontillado. When they reach the end, Montresor tricks Fortunato by chaining him up and locking behind a brick wall he has built. Montresor is telling the story 50 years after the death of Fortunato.

Osei Bonsu
Osei Bonsu (died January 21, 1824) was the Asantehene (King of the Ashanti). He ruled from 1804 to 1824.

Uther Pendragon
Uther Pendragon is the father of King Arthur in the Arthurian legend.

Chocolate milk
Chocolate milk is a kind of cold, sweetened milk drink made by mixing cold milk with chocolate syrup or cocoa powder and sugar.
Similar beverages.
A mixture of hot milk and melted chocolate (or cocoa powder and sugar) is called hot chocolate. A mixture of ice cream, cold milk, and chocolate syrup is called a milk shake.

Chocolate syrup
Chocolate syrup is a thick, sweet, chocolate-flavored liquid. It is made from sugar and cocoa (or chocolate). Chocolate syrup is used to sweeten and flavor hot and cold drinks such as hot chocolate, chocolate milk, and chocolate milk shakes, and poured on desserts.
Used in drinks.
Chocolate syrup is used in many different types of drinks. Coffee shops add chocolate syrup and other flavored syrups to coffee drinks. Ice cream parlors add chocolate syrup to milk shakes.
Used for desserts.
Chocolate syrup is also used in many desserts. Ice cream parlors pour chocolate syrup on bowls of ice cream.

Wetsuit
A wetsuit is a garment used by scuba divers, snorkelers, windsurfers, and surfers to keep themselves warm when they are in cold ocean water. Wetsuits act as insulation, and help the body to retain its heat. Wetsuits are made of plastic or rubber materials such as neoprene. Wetsuits include torso coverings, leggings, head coverings, and hand and feet coverings.
Partial wetsuits.
When people are doing diving or water sports in areas where the water is not very cold, they may only wear some parts of a wetsuit, such as a torso covering or leggings.
wet suits are garments that oceangoers wear!
it's very vital when going to th ocean and dive because it serves as a life and system protector.
Full wetsuits.
Deepwater divers often wear full wetsuits that include torso coverings, leggings, head coverings, and hand and feet coverings. In very cold water, a scuba diver may need to wear a dry suit.

Touch rugby
Touch rugby is a version of rugby that replaces being tackled with being touched. It was invented by Australians who played rugby league and it has many of the same rules.

Coven
Coven is a word that first meant any type of meeting or gathering. It is used today to mean a group of witches.

First Geneva Convention
The First Geneva Convention is one of several Geneva Conventions. It is more formally known as the Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded in Armies in the Field, 1864. It covers the treatment of battlefield injuries and was made in 1864 as part of the making of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement.

Second Geneva Convention
The Second Geneva Convention of 1906 is one of the Geneva Conventions. Its full title is Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded in Armies in the Field. It was made in Geneva, on 6 July 1906. It extended the principles from the First Geneva Convention of 1864 on the treatment of battlefield casualties. The Convention of 1906 should not be confused with "Convention (II) for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea" (Geneva, 12 August 1949).
As of 27 June 2006, when Nauru adopted the convention, it has been ratified by 194 countries.

Disc jockey
A disc jockey (also called a DJ or deejay) is a person who plays recorded pop or dance music for dancers or listeners and introduces the names of the songs using a microphone.
Types of DJs.
There are several types of DJs. A radio DJ plays recorded CDs on a radio station and announces the names of the songs. A club DJ plays recorded CDs over a PA system (an amplifier and loudspeakers) at a nightclub, rave, or disco. A hip hop DJ uses turntables and vinyl records to do scratching and make music while other hip hop musicians do rapping rhythmic type of singing). Reggae DJs play recordings of rhythm instruments and then rap or "toast" (made-up chanting and boasting) with a microphone.

Padniewko
Padniewko is a village in Poland in Kuyavia-Pomerania voivodship. It has about 400 inhabitants and 4.95 km2.

Sierra Nevada (US)
The Sierra Nevada (Spanish for "Snowy Range") is a mountain range that is almost entirely in the eastern portion of the U.S. state of California. The range is also known as The Sierra and The Sierras.
Geography.
The Sierra Nevada stretches 400 miles (650 km), from Fredonyer Pass in the north to Tehachapi Pass in the south. It is bounded on the west by California's Central Valley, and on the east by the Great Basin.

Flurbereinigung
Flurbereinigung (pronounce: FLOOER-be-rye-nee-gung) is a word used in Germany to refer to the rearranging of fields in agriculture. During the second half of the 20th century Flurbereinigung has led to major changes in the landscape in the German countryside.
History.
Many German farmers used to have several small fields which were not together but were in different places, some of them maybe two or three miles away from where they lived. This was particularly a problem in the area to the left of the Rhine which had been ruled by Napoleon, because in the 19th century, when a farmer and his wife had died, their land was shared between all their children, so it got divided into smaller pieces. In other parts of Germany only the eldest son inherited the land.
Since the 1960s, people understood that it would be much easier for a farmer to have all his fields together so that he did not have to keep making journeys between lots of small fields. Larger fields are easier to manage and more economical. The German government encouraged farmers to swap some of their fields among themselves so that each farmer had his land all in one place.
In the last few years the government have realized that the way the changes have been made are not always good. Nature often suffers when hedgerows are taken away to make fields bigger. Flurbereinigung today tries to keep some of the hedgerows and small groups of trees which sometimes stand in the middle of fields. They are good places for birds to nest and other animals like to live there, too.
Winegrowers do not always find it a good thing to have all their land together. This is because the soil in one field may be slightly different from the soil in a field just further up the road, and this gives the wine a slightly different taste. Also, if all their land is on one hillside and a storm hits that hillside and ruins the crops, then they have lost everything. If they have several pieces of land in different places they are less likely to lose all their crops because of one disaster.

Live 8
Live 8 was a rock concert organized by activist Bob Geldof. The concert took place in nine places at once on July 2, 2005. Like Bob's Live Aid concert, Live 8 was made for helping out African citizens who were not getting enough food and medicine. However, this concert was not for charity. Instead, it was held to make people aware of the famine in Africa. Bob wanted to make the political group named the G8 give more to Africa. The concerts featured singers like Paul McCartney, Juan Diego Flórez and U2.
In November 2005, the concerts were released on DVD. The money used to buy the DVD sets was also used to help Africans.

Rigveda
Rigveda is an ancient Indian religious book. It is counted as one of the 4 sacred Hindu writings, which are called Vedas. It is one of the world's oldest religious writings. It is also one of the oldest writings in an Indo-European language. Rigveda is very important to Hindus, especially Hindus in India and Nepal. It words are said during prayers and religious gatherings.
Rig Veda mainly contains various hymns for praying Vedic Gods such as Agni (Fire God), Indra (The lord of Heavens), Mitra, Varuna (Water God), Surya (Sun God) etc. These hymns are called Riks. Hence the Veda is called Rik-Veda or RigVeda.

Ecozone
An ecozone or biogeographic realm is the largest scale biogeographic division of the earth's surface.
These divisions are based on the historic and evolutionary distribution of plants and animals. Ecozones represent large areas of the earth's surface where plants and animals developed in relative isolation over long periods of time, and are separated from one another by geologic features, such as oceans, broad deserts, or high mountain ranges, that formed barriers to plant and animal migration. Ecozones correspond to the floristic kingdoms of botany or zoogeographic regions of mammal zoology.
Ecozones are characterized by the evolutionary history of the plants and animals they contain. As such, they are distinct from biomes, also known as major habitat types, which are divisions of the earth's surface based on "life form", or the adaptation of plants and animals to climatic, soil, and other conditions. Biomes are characterized by similar climax vegetation, regardless of the evolutionary lineage of the specific plants and animals. Each ecozone may include a number of different biomes. A tropical forest in Central America, for example, may be similar to one in New Guinea in its vegetation type, but these forests are inhabited by plants and animals with very different evolutionary histories.
The patterns of plant and animal distribution in the world's ecozones was shaped by the process of plate tectonics, which has redistributed the world's land masses over geological history.
The term ecozone, as used here, is a fairly recent development, and other terms, including kingdom, realm, and region, are used by other authorities with the same meaning. J. Schultz uses the term "ecozone" to refer his classification system of biomes.
Biogeographical realms.
In 1975 Miklos Udvardy proposed a system of 203 biogeographical provinces, which were grouped into eight biogeographical realms (Afrotropical, Antarctic, Australian, Indomalayan, Nearctic, Neotropical, Oceanian, and Palaearctic). Udvardy's goal was to create an integrated ecological land classification system that could be used for conservation purposes.
WWF Ecozones.
The WWF ecozones are based largely on the biogeographic realms of Pielou (1979) and Udvardy (1975). A team of biologists convened by the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) developed a system of eight biogeographic realms (ecozones) as part of their delineation of the world's over 800 terrestrial ecoregions.
The WWF scheme is broadly similar to Udvardy's system, the chief difference being the delineation of the Australasian ecozone relative to the Antarctic, Oceanic, and Indomalayan ecozones. In the WWF system, The Australasia ecozone includes Australia, Tasmania, the islands of Wallacea, New Guinea, the East Melanesian islands, New Caledonia, and New Zealand. Udvardy's Australian realm includes only Australia and Tasmania; he places Wallacea in the Indomalayan Realm, New Guinea, New Caledonia, and East Melanesia in the Oceanian Realm, and New Zealand in the Antarctic Realm.

Biomass (ecology)
In ecology, biomass means the cumulation of living matter. That is, it is the total living biological material in a given area or of a biological community or group. Biomass is measured by weight, or by dry weight, per given area (usually measured per square metre or square kilometre).
The most successful animal, in terms of biomass, is the Antarctic krill, "Euphausia superba", with a biomass of probably over 500 million tons, roughly twice the total biomass of humans.
Biomass may also be a measure of the dried organic mass of an ecosystem.

Amorphous solid
An amorphous solid is a solid in which there is no long-range order of the positions of the atoms. (Solids in which there is long-range atomic order are called crystalline solids or morphous). Most classes of solid materials can be found or prepared in an amorphous form. For instance, common window glass is an amorphous ceramic, many polymers are amorphous, and even foods such as "cotton candy" are amorphous solids.
Amorphous materials are often prepared by rapidly cooling molten material, such as glass.

Climate commitment studies
Climate commitment describes the fact that climate reacts slowly to factors ("climate forcings") such as greenhouse gases. Climate commitment studies attempt to measure the amount of future warming that is "committed" under the assumption of some constant level of forcings.

Slipknot
Slipknot is an American heavy metal band from Des Moines, Iowa. They play music that can be sorted between Nu metal and Death metal. All nine band members wear masks.
Career.
In September 1995 a band was formed called The Pale Ones. The band had Shawn Crahan on drums, Paul Gray on Bass, Anders Colsefini on Vocals and Donnie Steele on Guitar. Later Joey Jordison joined and became drummer, Crahan became a Percussionist. The band also hired guitarist Josh Brainard and moved Colsefini to percussion and vocals. The band performed their first concert on December 4,1995, then they were called Meld. Joey Jordison suggested naming the band Slipknot, after a song thay had made. The band started wearing make-up to make them look scary.
In February Steele left the band because of Religious beliefs. Craig Jones was hired as a replacement. Jones later became their full-time sampler. They hired Mick Thomson as a replacement guitarist. On Halloween 1996 Slipknot released their first demo Mate.Feed.Kill.Repeat..
The band realised that their new songs needed more vocal melody so hired Corey Taylor. Colsefini became just a percussionist. At a show Colsefini announced that he was leaving the band. He was replaced by Greg Welts but he was fired from the band because he was lazy. Chris Fehn was hired as percussionist. In 1997 the band gave themselves numbers and wore coveralls while performing.
In 1998 DJ Sid Wilson joined after impressing the band. In 1999 Brainard decided to leave the band for personal reasons. Jim Root was his replacement. This left the band with the line-up they have kept ever since.

Archie Moore
Archie Moore (December 13, 1913 or 1916 – December 9, 1998) was an American boxer. He held the light heavyweight championship between 1952 and 1961. Moore won the title from Joey Maxim by unanimous decision in 1952. He later lost the belt because he did not defend the title enough. Moore also fought for the heavyweight championship twice. He lost to Rocky Marciano on September 22, 1955, and to Floyd Patterson on November 30, 1956, in both of those attempts. One of his last fights was to Cassius Clay, later known as Muhammad Ali. Afterwards, Moore was Ali's trainer for a short time.

Joe Frazier
Joseph William Frazier (January 12, 1944) is an American boxer. He held the world heavyweight championship from 1968 to 1973. Frazier also won a gold medal in boxing at the 1964 Olympic Games.
Frazier was born in Beaufort, South Carolina but moved to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He learned to box in Philadelphia. Frazie won the vacant world heavyweight title by beating Buster Mathis. He lost the title to George Foreman. Frazier's most famous fights came against Muhammad Ali. He beat Ali in their first fight in 1971 but lost the other two. The third fight was known as the "Thrilla in Manila."

Hodgkin's lymphoma
Hodgkin's lymphoma, also known as Hodgkin's disease is a cancer of the lymphatic system, also known as a lymphoma. It was first discovered by Thomas Hodgkin in 1832. It is one of many kinds of cancers of the lymphatic system. Most of the time, the cancer develops in a single lymph node before it spreads to the rest of the body. The symptoms of Hodgkin's lymphoma change as the disease progresses. At the first stage of the disease, the person may feel a lump on the affected lymph node that doesn't hurt when touched. The person may have strange fevers, sweating during the night, and itchy skin. In the later stages of the disease, the person may feel very tired and their spleen may grow larger.

Marvin Hagler
Marvin Hagler (born on May 23, 1954, in Newark, New Jersey) is an American former boxer. He was the world middleweight champion from 1980 to 1987. Hagler fought out of Brockton, Massachusetts. He won the championship from Alan Minter and successfully defended it twelve times before losing it to Sugar Ray Leonard. Hagler retired after that fight to live and work in Italy.

Sierra Nevada (Spain)
The Sierra Nevada, meaning "snowy range" in Spanish, is a mountain range in the region of Andalusia in Spain. It contains the highest point of continental Spain, Mulhacén at 3,479 m.
It is a popular tourist destination, as its high peaks make skiing possible in Europe's most southern ski resort in an area along the Mediterranean Sea predominantly known for its warm temperatures and abundant sunshine. At its foothills is found the city of Granada and, a little farther, Málaga and Almería.

Airline
An airline is a company that transports people and items using airplanes. An airline may have as few as one airplane or a fleet of one 100 airplanes.

Wax
Wax (more precisely Beeswax) is a chemical substance. It is used by honeybees to build honeycombs.
Some waxes, like beeswax, carnauba (a vegetable wax), and paraffin (a petroleum wax) occur naturally. Another such wax is earwax, which occurs in the human ear. Other waxes may be manufactured.
Chemically, a wax may be an ester of ethylene glycol (ethan-1,2-diol) and two fatty acids. A fat is an ester of glycerin (propan-1,2,3-triol) and three fatty acids. A wax may also be a combination of other fatty alcohols with fatty acids. It is a type of lipid.

Polyethylene terephtalate
Polyethylene terephthalate (aka PET, PETE or the obsolete PETP or PET-P) is a thermoplastic polymer resin of the polyester family. The chemical industry makes it. It is used in synthetic fibers; beverage, food and other liquid containers; thermoforming applications; and engineering resins often in combination with glass fiber. It is one of the most important raw materials used in man-made fibers. It is also used as the dielectric in multi-purpose capacitors (K73-16 series).
Depending on its processing and thermal history, it may exist both as an amorphous (transparent) and as a semi-crystalline (opaque and white) material. Its monomer can be synthesized by the esterification reaction between terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol with water as a byproduct or the transesterification reaction between ethylene glycol and dimethyl terephthalate with methanol as a byproduct. Polymerization is through a polycondensation reaction of the monomers (done immediately after esterification/transesterification) with ethylene glycol as the byproduct (the ethylene glycol is recycled in production).
The majority of the world's PET production is for man-made fibers (in excess of 60%) with bottle-making accounting for around 30% of global demand. In discussing cloth uses, PET is generally referred to as simply "polyester" while "PET" is used most often to refer to packaging applications.

Nuclear energy
Nuclear energy is the energy that holds together the nucleii of atoms. Atoms are the most basic blocks that make up matter. Every atom has in its center a very small nucleus. Normally nuclear energy is hidden inside the atoms. However, some atoms are radioactive and send off part of their nuclear energy as radiation. Radiation is given off from the nucleus of unstable isotopes of radioactive substances.
Nuclear energy can also be freed in two ways: nuclear fusion and nuclear fission. Nuclear fusion is the combining of two atoms into one and nuclear fission is the splitting of an atom. Both ways create large amounts of energy. They some times take place in the nature. Fusion is the source of heat in the sun. Fission is also used in nuclear power plants to make electricity. Both fusion and fission can be used in nuclear weapons.

Card Sharks
Card Sharks was a game show airing from 1978 to 2001.
The main game.
Two contestants fought against each other in the main game--the returning champion and a challenging contestant. The returning champion was represented by the color red. The challenger was represented by the color blue. The host, Jim Perry, then asked a toss-up question, which was asked to 100 people before the show (example: "We surveyed 100 lawyers: Have you ever defended a person who you believed was guilty? How many lawyers said they have?"). The contestant he asked it to would provide what they thought the number of people who gave the answer the host gave. The other contestant would then say whether they thought the actual number was higher or lower than the first contestant's guess. Whoever is closer to the number got a chance at the cards.
There were two rows of five cards: the top red row (for the champion) and the bottom blue row (for the challenger). The contestant in control had to predict whether each card was higher or lower than the card before it.
There were two games. Whoever won both games would go on to play the Money Cards.
The Money Cards.
The winning contestant would then play the Money Cards to win more money. He/she was given $200 to start out with. They then had to predict whether each card was higher or lower than the one before it, just like before. This time, they had to bet money on each guess (example: $200 higher than a 2). The contestant worked their way across the bottom row, in which there were four cards, and then made it to the second row and were given $200 more. The least a person could bet on each card for the first two rows was $50. They then worked their way across that row, until they reached the top row, where there was only one card. That row was called the "Big Bet" row. There, the contestant had to bet at least half of what they won before.
Other versions.
Card Sharks aired on NBC from 1978 to 1981 and was hosted by Jim Perry. It returned on CBS and in syndication in 1986. The CBS version was hosted by Bob Eubanks and ran until 1989. The syndicated version was hosted by comedian Bill Rafferty, but ran until 1987.
In 2001, Card Sharks came back, hosted by Pat Bullard. However, this version had different rules than the other ones. In this one, two teams of two contestants (two at a time) had to guess higher or lower (or predict if the next card had the exact same number as the previous one) on one row of seven cards. This version was not very popular and was cancelled after 13 weeks. Many Card Sharks fans say this version is the worst game show revival of all time.

Family Feud
Family Feud is a television game show that has aired since 1976.
How to play.
There are two families, each with five family members on their team. They have to guess the answers to a survey question asked to 100 people to win points for their team. The answers are seen on a huge survey board. Several survey questions are asked by host John O'Hurley. The point values are doubled at the third question, and they are tripled for the fourth question. If a fifth question is needed, only the #1 answer will be on the board. Whoever reaches 300 points or more will win the game and go on to play the bonus round, Fast Money.
Fast Money.
Two members of the winning family are asked five questions, one member at a time. One member stays on stage and is asked the questions while the other member is off-stage. After the answers are given (or if the time limit, either 15 seconds or 20 seconds, is up), the answers and their point values are revealed. After that, the other member is asked the same five questions. If they give the same answer as the first member, a double-buzz will be heard, and the host will say, "Try again," after which another answer is given. Afterwards, the answers and their point values are revealed. If both contestants get 200 or more points, they win the grand prize.
Bullseye.
From 1992 to 1995, a new round was introduced, called the "Bullseye" round from 1992 to 1994 and the "Bankroll" round from 1994 to 1995.
In the Bullseye round, each family member on each team went to the faceoff podium to try to get the #1 answer to a survey question. Each time they got it right, they won a dollar amount for their team's "bank." Each question was worth different dollar amounts, anywhere from $500 to $5,000. Whatever they won in this round was what they would play for in Fast Money.
In the Bankroll round, only one family member from each team went to the podium. Only three questions were asked this time; they played in all three questions.
Other versions.
Family Feud aired on ABC from 1976 to 1985. A syndicated version aired from 1977 to 1985. Both were hosted by actor Richard Dawson, who became famous for kissing all of the female contestants.
In 1988, Family Feud returned on CBS and in syndication with a new host, comedian Ray Combs. In 1992, the CBS version was expanded to an hour and included the Bullseye round. It was given a new name: "The Family Feud Challenge." The syndicated version also got the Bullseye round in the Fall of that year and was named "The New Family Feud." In 1993, "The Family Feud Challenge" was cancelled. In 1994, Ray Combs was fired and Richard Dawson was brought back to host the syndicated version. He only lasted one year, until 1995.
In 1999, the new version came on in syndication, with comedian Louie Anderson as host. Many people didn't like him, and in 2002, he was replaced by Richard Karn. In 2006, Richard Karn left the show and John O'Hurley took his place. The show is still on the air today.

Bank of America Stadium
The Bank of America Stadium is a sports stadium located in Charlotte, North Carolina. It was built in 1996 for the Carolina Panthers. It used to be called Ericsson Stadium until it was renamed in 2004. The stadium seats 73,248 people.

Aston Martin
Aston Martin Lagonda Limited is a luxury car company that was founded in 1913 by Lionel Martin and Robert Bamford.
The company name is derived from the Aston Clinton hill climb and one of the company's founders, Lionel Martin. Ford Motor Company owned Aston Martin until 2007, at which time it was sold to Investment Dar and Adeem Investments.

Sydney Opera House
The Sydney Opera House is a building on the shores of Sydney Harbour, in Sydney, Australia. It is shaped like the sails of a boat. Many concerts and events take place there. It is a famous tourist attraction.
The Sydney Opera House is out in the ocean. It is like a peninsula.
History.
The land on which the Opera House now stands (Benolong Point) was once home to Fort Macquarie, (built in 1817 and knocked down in 1901). On the 10th August 1902 the Fort Macquarie tram depot was opened. It was knocked down in 1958. The Sydney Opera House was built on the same spot and the work began in 1959.

Sydney Harbour Bridge
The Sydney Harbour Bridge, located in Sydney Harbour, is a bridge that joins north Sydney with south Sydney. People can cross the bridge by car, walking or by train. There is a tunnel that goes underneath. It is an important tourist attraction. The scenery attracts many tourists and people living in or near the city. One of the many attractions of the Harbour Bridge is its famous 'BridgeClimb'.

Sydney Cricket Ground
The Sydney Cricket Ground is a sports field in Sydney. Many professional sporting events take place there. These sports include cricket, rugby, and the Australian Football League.

Darling Harbour
Darling Harbour is a harbour in Sydney, Australia. It has many shops and places to eat, and people like visiting it. It also has the Sydney Aquarium.

Bondi Beach
Bondi Beach is a beach in Sydney, Australia, about one kilometre long and roughly seven kilometres from the center of the city.
Large numbers of tourists visit Bondi Beach throughout the year, and many Irish and British tourists spend Christmas Day there.

ANZ Stadium
Telstra Stadium is a sports stadium in Sydney, Australia. The 2000 Summer Olympics took place there. Now it is used for many other sports, like rugby and AFL. The stadium opened in March 1999 and was called Stadium Australia until 2002.
In 2002, the stadium was named after the sponsor Telstra. 1 January 2008 it was renamed the ANZ Stadium
As "Stadium Australia" the name was sometimes confused with the Sydney Football Stadium, which was formerly known as Aussie Stadium.

Sydney Aquarium
The Sydney Aquarium is an aquarium in Darling Harbour, Sydney. It has many fish, sharks and seals. There is also a seal show.

Employment Non-Discrimination Act
The Employment Non-Discrimination Act (ENDA) is a bill (proposed U.S. law) in the U.S. Congress. If voted into law, it would stop an employer from firing an employee because of sexual orientation or gender identity. In other words, a person could not be fired because he or she is gay, lesbian, bisexual or transgender. The law would not apply to churches and other religious organizations. It is also known as, and it was introduced on April 24, 2007.
The first proposed law to protect gay workers was introduced in the U.S. Congress in 1974, and many later years, but none were voted into law. In 1996, the proposed law failed in the Senate by one vote. The most recent version was introduced the U.S. House of Representatives on April 24, 2007 by Congressmembers Barney Frank, Chris Shays, Tammy Baldwin, and Deb Pryce. This is the first time it has included "gender identity" in addition to "sexual orientation".
Currently, California, Connecticut, the District of Columbia, Hawaii, Illinois, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Rhode Island, Vermont, Washington and Wisconsin have state laws that prohibit discrimination based on sexual orientation and/or gender identity.
This is intended to address cases where gay, lesbian, bisexual and/or transgender ("GLBT") employees have been discriminated against by their employer because of their sexual orientation or gender identity. These employees are not currently protected by the U.S. federal courts.
Opponents of the law often argue that sexual orientation and gender identity are a choice, unlike other protected factors such as gender, race and religion, and thus should not be equally protected. They also often argue that homosexuality is "unnatural" or "immoral". They also often present religious arguments against the law.
Previous bills have not included transgender people. The new bill would protect transgender people, and in the GLBT community. In August 2004, the Human Rights Campaign – an important LGBT organization in favor of the bill – said it will only support the bill if it includes transgender people.
In 1999, the [ngltf.org National Gay and Lesbian Task Force] was the first gay civil rights group to stop work on ENDA because it did not include transgender people. The group has worked to build approval in the community to support a bill that includes transgender people. It participated in redrafting the current "trans-inclusive" bill.
ENDA now has the support of many civil rights, labor and religious organizations.

Cthulhu
Cthulhu (pronounced kuh-THOO-loo or kuh-loo-oo) is a fictional god. He was created by the writer H.P. Lovecraft. Cthulhu is a god-like being from ancient times. He would lay waste to the world if he ever woke up from his sleep in R'lyeh. R'lyeh is located somewhere in the South Pacific. Cthulhu has a green human-like body with wings. His head has tentacles.

Szczecin - Dąbie Airstrip
Szczecin - Dąbie Airstrip is a small airstrip on right side of the river in Szczecin (Poland) in Dąbie. It was built on grass in 1921 year. In Third Reich in this airport were a lot of domestic flights. After World War II to 23 May 1967, when airport was relocated to Goleniów, it was main airport of Szczecin, where LOT Polish Airlines has their flights. Now it is sport airstrip for small airplanes.

Diabetes insipidus
In Diabetes Insipidus, there is a chemical missing from the blood that helps the body to keep liquid inside. This chemical is known as ADH, and is part of a group of blood chemicals known as Hormones. ADH is released from a part of the body called the Brain, and travels in the blood to the parts of the body that make urine, known as the Kidneys. Here, it makes the body take water out of the urine, which reduces the amount of urine stored in the bladder.
If there is no ADH in the blood, no water is taken out of the urine, and much more will be kept in the bladder. This means you need to go to the toilet more often.

Caecilian
The Caecilians are an order (Gymnophiona or Apoda) of amphibians. Most of them look like either earthworms or snakes. They mostly live hidden in the ground. For this reason, they are the least explored order of amphibians. As of 2007, they are widely unknown
Anatomy.
Caecilians completely lack limbs. For this reason, the smaller species resemble worms, while the larger species with lengths up to 1.5 m are similar to snakes. The tail is short and the cloaca is near the end of the body. Their skin is smooth and usually dark in colour. Some species have colorful skins, though. Inside the skin are calcite scales. This suggests that they may be related to the fossil Stegocephalia.Scientists believe that the scales are a secondary development. If this was the case, they would not directly have been inherited from Stegocephalia. Due to their underground life the eyes are small. Skin often covers them, to protect them. This has led to the idea that they are blind, which is not the case. Because of the skin cover, their "seeing" is limited to simple dark-light perception. They can tell the difference between dark and light. All Caecilians have two tentacles at their head. The tentacles are probably used for a second smelling capability in addition to the normal sense of smell based in the nose.
Most Caecilians have lungs. So far, only one species named "Atretochoana eiselti" is known that does not have lungs. As of 2007, there was only one sample of this species. That sample had been collected somewhere in South America. Those that have lungs also use the skin or the mouth to get oxygen. Often the left lung is much smaller than the right one. This is an adaptation to the shape of the body. It can also be found in snakes.
Distribution.
Caecilians can be found in most of the tropical regions of South-East Asia, Africa, the Seychelles islands and South America, except the dry areas and high mountains. In South America they can be found well into the temperate north of Argentina. They can be seen as far south as Buenos Aires, when they are carried by the flood waters of the Parana river coming from farther north. No studies have been made in central Africa, but it is likely that caecilians are found in the tropical rainforests there. The northernmost distribution is of the species "Ichthyophis sikkimensis" of Northern India. In Africa caecilians are found from Guinea Bissau ("Geotrypetes") until Northern Zambia ("Scolecomorphus"). In South-East Asia the Wallace-Line is not crossed and they are not found in Australia or the islands in between. "Ichthyophis" is also found in South China and North-Vietnam.
Reproduction.
Caecilians are the only order of amphibians which only use internal insemination. The male Caecilians have a penis-like organ, the phallodeum, which is inserted into the cloaca of the female for 2 to 3 hours. About 25% of the species are oviparous (egg-laying); the eggs are guarded by the female. For some species the young caecilians are already metamorphosed when they hatch, other hatch as larvae. The larvae are not fully aquatic, but spend the daytime in the soil near the water.
75% of the species are viviparous, meaning that they give birth to already developed offspring. The fetus is fed inside the female with special cells of the oviduct, which are eaten by the fetus with special scraping teeth. Some larvae, such as those of "Typhlonectes", are born with enormous external gills which are shed almost immediately. The egg laying species "Boulengerula taitanus" feeds its young by developing a special outer layer of skin, which the young peel off with similar teeth. "Ichthyophis" is oviparous and is also known to show maternal care.
Diet.
The diet of caecilians is not known well, though it seems it mostly consists of insects and invertebrates found in the habitat of the respecitive species. The stomach content of 14 specimens of "Afrocaecilia taitana" consisted of mostly undefinable organic material and plantal remains. Where identifiable remains were most abundant, they were found to be termite heads. While it was suggested that the undefinable organic material shows that the caecilians eat detritus, others believe these are in fact the remains of earthworms. Caecilians in captivity can be easily fed with earthworms, and worms are also common in the habitat of many caecilian species.
Origin of the name.
The name "Caecilian" derives from the Latin word "caecus" = blind, referring to the small or sometimes non-existing eyes. The name dates back to the taxonomic name of the first species described by Carolus Linnaeus, which he gave the name "Caecilia tentaculata". The taxonomic name of the order derives from the Greek words γυμνος ("gymnos", naked) and οφις ("ophis", snake), as the caecilians were originally thought to be related to snakes.
Taxonomy.
Taxonomically the caecilians are divided into 6 families. The species numbers are approximate and many of these species are identified on the basis of only one specimen. It is likely that not all species have been described yet, and that some of the species described below as different may be combined into one species in future reclassifications.
Recent discoveries.
A Swiss researcher Daniel Hofer has recently found that certain caecilians produce potent skin poisons from specialized poison glands. The poison prevents predation and the poison of the bright yellow caecilian of São Tomé Island ("Schistometopum thomense") in West Africa kills other animals kept in the same tank within a few days. The chemical contents of caecilian poison have not been well studied. Werner Himstedt has shown that the skin glands of "Ichthyophis" protects the eggs from germs and fungi. It has also been shown that these poisons are very different from those from other amphibians such as the arrow poison frogs.
The hatchlings of the oviparous East African "Boulengerula taitanus" have special teeth that allow them to peel and eat their mother's skin. The mother's skin in this species was found to be thicker than normal and contained a high level of fat and other nutrients.

Bullet-proof vest
A bullet-proof vest (also called "bulletproof vest", "body armor" or "body armour") is a protective piece of clothing that covers the torso (chest, abdomen, and back) of a person. It protects the wearer from most pistol and revolver bullets and from fragments of explosive devices such as grenades. Bullet-proof vests are worn by police officers, soldiers, security guards, and people who are at risk of being shot (such as the leader of a country).
How do they work?
Bullet-proof vests contain many layers of tightly-woven fabric such as Kevlar (or hard, strong materials such as ceramic or titanium) which can stop the metal pistol or revolver bullets or metal shell fragments from going into a person's body.
How much protection does a vest provide?
However, a person wearing a bullet-proof vest can still be seriously injured from the impact of the bullet on the vest. As well, a person can be injured or killed if a bullet or shell fragment hits a part of their body that is not protected by the vest, or if they are hit by a powerful rifle or machine gun bullet.
Types of vests.
The bullet-proof vests worn by most police officers and security guards are made with many layers of tightly-woven fabric such as Kevlar.
Bullet-proof vests for soldiers are heavier and stronger than the bullet-proof vests worn by police officers and security guards, because soldiers need protection from rifle and machine gun bullets. Bullet-proof vests for soldiers often have flat pieces of ceramic material or a strong metal such as titanium. These materials can stop bullets from many rifles and machine guns.

Dry suit
A dry suit is a type of protective clothing worn by scuba divers who are swimming in very cold water, such as in the Arctic ocean or the North Atlantic ocean. A dry suit is similar to a wetsuit, in that it helps to insulate the diver's body from the cold of the ocean. However, a wetsuit lets water to touch the diver's body, but a dry suit is sealed so it does not allow water to touch the diver's body. This means that a dry suit offers more protection from the cold ocean water.

Gauntlet
A gauntlet is a protective covering that is used in some gloves and mittens. A gauntlet protects the wrists and the lower part of the forearm. Gloves or mittens for motorcycle drivers, snowmobile drivers, construction workers, forestry workers, and mountain climbers often have gauntlets. The gauntlet helps to protect the wrist and forearm from cold, and from being scraped or cut if there is an accident.
How they are made.
The gauntlet of a glove or mitten is usually made from a material that is similar to the protective fabric or material used elsewhere on the glove or mitten. A pair of leather motorcycle gloves with gauntlets will usually have leather gauntlets. A pair of insulated nylon snowmobilers' mittens with gauntlets will usually have gauntlets made from insulated nylon fabric.
Other meanings.
The word "gauntlet" is sometimes used in the following figure of speech: "to throw down the gauntlet." If a person says that "Fred threw down the gauntlet at the committee meeting last night", they mean that Fred issued a public challenge at the committee meeting.
Another figure of speech is the phrase "run the gauntlet." This means to "face a trial or test." For example, if a sailor commits an offense, his comrades may form a line, and each comrade will hit the sailor as he passes by the line. This is called "running the gauntlet."

Nylon
Nylon, which is also called Polyamide, is a synthetic (made by humans) fiber. It is a polymer. It is used to make clothing and other textiles.
Its first uses were for toothbrush bristles, and for womens' stockings.

Forearm
The forearm is the part of the human arm between the elbow and the wrist.

Mitten
A mitten is a type of protective clothing used to cover the hand. The word is usually used in its plural form ("mittens"), since people have two hands. Mittens are similar to gloves, in that they cover the hand and help to keep it warm in cold weather. However, while gloves have coverings for four fingers and a thumb, mittens only have a covering for all of the fingers, and for the thumb.
For sports.
Mittens keep a person's hands warm in very cold weather better than gloves. For this reason, people who do sports in very cold temperatures often wear mittens instead of gloves. Arctic explorers and snowmobile drivers in Northern Canada usually wear mittens in the extreme cold.

Mountain climber
A mountain climber is a person who goes up mountains and cliffs. Mountain climbers use the strength of their arms and legs to climb up mountains. Many mountain climbers use ropes and wear special shoes and safety equipment.
Why do people climb mountains?
Most mountain climbers go up mountains as a hobby or recreational activity. A small number of mountain climbers do mountain climbing as an occupation (or job). They get paid by outdoor clothing companies or universities to climb up mountains, or they are hired as a guide by recreational mountain climbers.
Risks.
Climbing mountains can be dangerous; each year, people are seriously injured or killed from falling, being covered in an avalanche of snow, or getting too cold. To reduce the risks, mountain climbers learn how to climb safely. As well, they wear safety equipment such as helmets and use ropes, compasses, and first aid kits.
Mountain climbers in snowy areas who face the danger of being buried in an avalanche of snow also bring other equipment, such as shovels, radio transmitters, and long poles (for finding people who are buried).

Figure of speech
A figure of speech is an expression used to communicate a message. Many figures of speech are not meant to be understood as a literal message.
A common figure of speech in North America is to say that someone "threw down the gauntlet." This does not usually mean that a person threw a protective wrist-covering down on the ground. Instead, it usually means that the person issued a public challenge to another person (or group of people).

Adobe Flash
Adobe Flash is a proprietary computer program created by Adobe Systems. Adobe Flash and Adobe Flash Player are used to create and view animated content that can be placed/viewed on web pages. Adobe Flash is used commonly on the Internet.
History.
Flash was created by FutureSplash (a multimedia company) in 1995. Then it was called "FutureSplash Animator" (this was in fact Flash 1.0). FutureSplash along with Flash were soon bought by Macromedia around 1997, who in December 2005 was again bought by Adobe Systems. From Flash version 2 to 8 it was called "Macromedia Flash", now it is called "Adobe Flash". The current version is Adobe Flash CS4, made in October 2008.

Inheritance (computer science)
In Object-oriented programming languages, inheritance is a way to add functionality. Object-oriented programming has the notion of classes (and perhaps interfaces). A "derived class" inherits most fields and methods from its parent class. It can modify the behaviour of the parent, by adding new fields and methods, or by modifying existing ones. Depending on the programming language used, there may be certain restrictions when extending a class.

Michael Jordan
Michael Jordan (born February 17, 1963) is a retired American basketball player. Many people believe Jordan is one of the greatest basketball players to ever play in the NBA. He won six championships playing for the Chicago Bulls and head coach Phil Jackson. The Chicago Bulls team set a record by winning 72 games. Jordan was part of this team and played together with men like Dennis Rodman, Scottie Pippen, and Toni Kukoc. Jordan also won two Olympic gold medals for basketball. His first was in 1984 as a college player and his second was in 1992 as an NBA player.
In the middle of his career in basketball, Jordan switched to a career in minor league baseball. He played for the Chicago White Sox minor league team, but hit only one home run during his whole baseball career. He eventually bought part of the Washington Wizards basketball team and was a part time player. Jordan is now officially finished with his basketball career.

Lawrence Taylor
Lawrence Taylor (February 4, 1959) is a retired American football player who played for the New York Giants in the National Football League (NFL). Taylor was famous for sacking the other team's quarterbacks. After he reitred he got in trouble for doing drugs. He has since stopped doing drugs.

New York Giants
The New York Giants are an American football team. They are a part of the National Football League (NFL). Even though they are called the New York Giants they do not play in New York. They play in East Rutherford, New Jeresy. New York is right across the Hudson river from East Rutherford,so they consider New York as home. The Giants play in Giants Stadium in which they share with the New york Jets. However in 2009 a new stadium will be opened right next to the sight of the old stadium. The New York Giants started playing in 1925. They have won six championships. On February 3, 2008, the Giants beat the New England Patriots (17-14) to win their third Super Bowl championship.The previous two Super Bowl victories came against the Denver Broncos and the Buffalo Bills (when they won the game on a missed last second field goal that went "wide right".

Hakeem Olajuwon
Hakeem Olajuwon (January 21, 1963) is a retired American basketball player. Olajuwon travelled all the way from his home country of Nigeria to play basketball in the United States. He won two National Basketball Association (NBA) championships with the Houston Rockets.

Ecomuseum
An ecomuseum is a museum which shows things about the identity of a place. Many of the people who live in that place help to organize things in the museum. The ecomuseum tries to help the welfare and development of the local community.

Scottie Pippen
Scottie Pippen (September 25, 1965) is a retired American basketball player. He played for the Chicago Bulls of the National Basketball Association (NBA) and won 6 championships.

Chicago Bulls
Chicago Bulls are a American professional basketball team. They play in Chicago, Illinois. The Bulls are a part of the National Basketball Association (NBA).

Barry Bonds
Barry Bonds (born July 24, 1964) is an American Major League Baseball player. He holds the Major League Baseball career home run record with 762 home runs. He has been accused of using Cumberland Posey to make his dick stronger, but it didn't work. He is currently a free agent. He is not signed with any team and is currently not playing baseball.
On November 15, 2007, Bonds was charged with perjury (lying) and obstruction of justice in a grand jury investigation relating to steroids.

Bill Russell
Bill Russell (born February 12, 1934) is a retired American basketball player. Russell played for the Boston Celtics in the National Basketball Association (NBA). He won 11 championships; 11 is the most anyone has ever won in American basketball history.

Diving suit
A diving suit is a type of protective clothing worn by scuba divers when they swim underwater in oceans, lakes, and rivers. Diving suits help insulate the diver from the cold temperature of the water. There are several types of diving suits, including wetsuits and dry suits.

Kilt
A kilt is a ceremonial article of clothing worn in Scotland. It is made of a thick, woven fabric with a tartan (checkered) pattern. It resembles a pleated skirt except that it is worn by men. It is still worn during ceremonies by some Scottish and Canadian military units and by people who play the bagpipes (a Scottish wind instrument). It is also quite commonly worn by men at weddings.

Straitjacket
A straitjacket is a type of clothing used to restrain patients in mental health hospitals and psychiatric wards of hospitals. A straitjacket has straps that restrain a person's arms and hands. Hospitals put straitjackets on people who have mental illnesses such as schizophrenia or paranoia, to prevent them from hurting themselves, other patients, or hospital staff.

Space suit
A spacesuit is an article of protective clothing worn by astronauts when they travel into outer space or into the upper atmosphere. Spacesuits are completely sealed, so that an astronaut can survive in the harsh, cold, and airless environment of space. Spacesuits have their own heating and cooling systems and a radio communication system. Spacesuits also provide a supply of fresh air for the astronauts to breathe and create a normal atmospheric pressure. Spacesuits cover the entire body, and they have gloves for the hands and a helmet for the head, including a clear visor for the face. Astronauts wear spacesuits when they fly in the space shuttle, rockets, or space stations.

Weasel
A weasel is a meat-eating mammal. It is a part of the genus "Mustela". At one time only one of the sixteen species of "Mustela" was called "weasel". This was the European Least Weasel ("Mustela nivalis"). Today, the term weasel is often used for all species of the group. Ten of the sixteen species have the word "weasel" in their common name. Those that are not called weasel include the stoat, the two species of mink, and the polecats or ferrets

Passport
A passport is a travel document that says that the person carrying it is a citizen of the country on the passport. A passport asks that the person carrying it be allowed to enter and pass through other countries. They also allow a person to re-enter their country. Passports are given by national governments.
Passports usually have a person's picture, signature, date of birth, nationality. Many countries are now making passports with biometric properties. This helps confirm that the person carrying a passport is the real owner. These countries have passports that use biometrics: Malaysia, Australia, Greece, New Zealand, Japan, Portugal, Sweden, the United Kingdom, the United States, Germany, Ireland, Poland, Italy, Slovenia, Singapore and Thailand.
In 1920, the International Conference on Passports, Customs Formalities and Through Tickets made a law that said passports must be issued in French and at least one other language. Now, many countries issue passports in English and the language(s) of the issuing country.

University of Nottingham
The University of Nottingham is a university in the city of Nottingham, in the United Kingdom. It has four different sites in the United Kingdom. It also has a site in China and a site in Malaysia. It was named the 'University of the Year' in 2006 by the London newspaper, The Times.
The University of Nottingham is ranked in the UK's Top 10 and the World's Top 70 universities by the "Academic Ranking of World Universities" and the "Times Higher Education - Quacquarelli Symonds World University Rankings".

Metastasis
Metastasis is what happens when cancer spreads from its original place to another part of the body. The cancer spreads through the bloodstream to another area of the body. This is usually not a good thing.

Dingo
Dingo (plural: dingoes) is a mammal found in Australia and South-East Asia. Dingoes are similar to domestic dogs. Most dingoes in the wild are no longer purebreed dingoes.
Dingoes were brought to Australia from South-East Asia.
Dingoes are usually between 48cm to 58cm from nose to tail. They usually weigh between 23kg and 32kg. The colour of their fur is usually yellow-ginger, but can sometimes include tan, black, white or sandy colours.
Dingoes live in packs of between 3 and 12, but they can be seen alone as well. The leaders are the alpha male and the alpha female and are usually the only pair to breed. Young dingoes are called "cubs". Adult females usually give birth 5 cubs in a litter.
Dingoes do not bark like other dogs, but they do howl.
Dingoes are carnivores and eat other animals.
Some people keep dingoes as pets.

Silk Road
Silk Road was a trade route (a path that traders follow) that went across Asia to the Mediterranean Sea that let China trade with other places. It was named the silk road because there was a lot of silk traded along it. Because traders came from many places, different ideas were brought to China, and China's ideas were taken to other places. The Silk Road earned China a lot of money. Some of the things the Chinese traded were silk, porcelain, rice, and spices.
Trade on the Silk Road was a big part in the growth of the ancient cultures of China, Egypt, Mesopotamia, Persia, India, and Rome, and helped to make the beginning of today's world. Silk road is English for the German word "Seidenstraße". The first person who call it that was a German geographer (a person who studies the earth's surface) in the year 1877.
Path.
The Silk Road first travels west from North China. The part of the Silk Road on land splits into north and south roads to move around the Tibetan Plateau.
After the two parts come back together, it goes in an almost straight line west through mountains in north Iran and the north tip of the Syrian Desert to the Levant. From there Mediterranean trading ships took routes to Italy, and land routes went north through Anatolia or south to North Africa.
The part of the Silk Road on water stretches from South China, to the Philippines, Brunei, Siam, Malacca, Ceylon, India, Pakistan, and Iran.
In Europe it stretches from Israel, Lebanon, Egypt and Italy. In the Mediterranean Sea, it goes to Portugal and Sweden.
Asian trades.
The Buddhist religion and the Greco-Buddhist culture started to move east on the Silk Road, going to China from around the 100s BC.Trading also helped make many arts and crafts, brought different religions, and food to China. Chinese people helped build the Silk Road, They bought and sold with other people, and built up their culture.
The Kushan empire, in the northwest part of India, was in the middle of these trades.
The Silk Road brought other cultures into Central Asia and China. It also helped the rise of the Mongol Empire, the biggest land empire ever.
The Roman Empire, which bought a lot of Chinese goods, began to fall from power in the West around the 5th century. In Central Asia, Islam expanded starting in the 7th century. This brought a stop to Chinese west growth at a battle in 751 AD. More growth of the Islamic Turks in Central Asia from the 10th century stopped trade in that part of the world.

Isis
Isis (pronounced or eye-sis) was a goddess in Egyptian mythology. She was the sister and wife of Osiris, and they had a son named Horus. When Seth tried to kill Osiris, Isis brought him back to life with her magic, but only for one night.
Origin of the name.
The English pronunciation used,), comes from the pronunciation of the Greek name, which changed the Egyptian name by adding a final "-s" because of the grammatical requirements of Greek noun endings.
The Egyptian name was recorded as or and meant '(She of the) Throne'. However the true Egyptian pronunciation is not known because their writing system left out vowels. Based on recent studies, the reconstructed pronunciation of her name is * (ooh-saht). Later, the name in Coptic dialects was "Ēse" or "Ēsi".
To make it easier to say, Egyptologists choose to say the word as "ee-set". Sometimes they may also say "ee-sa". This is because the last "t" in her name was a feminine (female) suffix which is known to have been dropped in speech in the last stages of the Egyptian language.
Worship of Isis.
Many Egyptian gods and goddesses started in one place, and all through their history had their own city where they were worshipped, and many big cities and towns are known as the hometowns of their god or goddess. However, no local cities where Isis was worshipped have been found; all through her early history there are no known temples to her. Worship of Isis did not start until as late as the 30th dynasty; until that time Isis was worshiped in temples of other gods or goddesses. However, even in the 30th dynasty Isis was worshiped together with Horus and Osiris. Temples to Isis became common in the Roman times. There was a temple built to her at Philae.
Image:Monteverde tempio di Iside 2873.JPG|thumb|left|Temple of Isis in Rome - remains of the Sanctuary Isiaco, the Janiculum (via Dandolo)
By this time, temples to Isis began to spread outside of Egypt. In many places her followers took over the worship to the Semitic goddess Astarte, because of the similarity of names. In the Hellenic era, because she was known as a protector, and mother, she also became the goddess of sailors.
In all parts of the Graeco-Roman world, Isis became one of the most important figures of the "mystery religions", and many classical writers sometimes wrote about her temples, and followers. Temples to Isis were built in Iraq, Greece, Rome, even as far north as England where the remains of a temple were found at Hadrian's Wall. At Philae, she was worshiped until the 6th century, after the rise of Christianity. The fall of her temples is usually said to mark the end of ancient Egypt.
Priesthood.
Little information on Egyptian priests of Isis has been found, but we know that there were both priests and priestesses of her followers all through her history. By the Graeco-Roman era, many of them were healers, and were said to have many other powers, including explaining dreams and the power to control the weather by braiding or combing their hair.
Isis in literature.
The Greek scholar Plutarch, in "Isis and Osiris", writes of Isis: "she is both wise, and a lover of wisdom; as her name appears to denote that, more than any other, knowing and knowledge belong to her." and that the shrine of Isis in Sais carried the inscription "I am all that hath been, and is, and shall be; and my veil no mortal has hitherto raised."

Osiris
In Egyptian mythology, Osiris was the god of life, death, and the flooding of the Nile. He was the brother and husband of Isis. They had a son named Horus. Osiris was murdered by his brother Seth because Osiris was pharaoh, which Seth wanted to be. Osiris was killed when Seth tricked him into getting into a box, then pouring lead onto the box to seal it so Osiris could not get out of it. However, Isis brought Osiris back to life for one night. After Horus was old enough, he defeated Seth and became the pharaoh. Osiris' mother was goddess Nut, and father Geb.
Osiris and Dionysus.
By the Hellenic era, Greek awareness of Osiris had grown, and attempts had been made to merge Greek philosophy, such as Platonism, and the cult of Osiris (especially the myth of his resurrection), resulting in a new mystery religion. Gradually, this became more popular, and was exported to other parts of the Greek sphere of influence. However, these mystery religions valued the change in wisdom, personality, and knowledge of fundamental truth, rather than the exact details of the acknowledged myths on which their teachings were superimposed. Thus in each region that it was exported to, the myth was changed to be about a similar local god, resulting in a series of gods, who had originally been quite distinct, but who were now syncretisms with Osiris. These gods became known as Osiris-Dionysus.

Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council is a group of advisors to the British Monarch. A lot of its most important work is done by two committees,
Some laws need to be made by the "Queen-in-Council", that is at a meeting of the Queen and the Privy Council. Some jobs are filled by the Queen in Council too. For example when the Queen appoints a new Bishop or Lord Lieutenant she announces her choice at a meeting of the Privy Council.
Meetings of the Privy Council.
Once someone is made a member of the Privy Council they are a member for life, but only members of the government are asked to meetings, except for special occasions such as when a new monarch takes the "Accession Oath", a promise to do their best, at a meeting when the Privy Council called the "Accession Council"
In the past some kings and queens were bored by long meetings of the Privy Council, so they made everyone stand instead of sitting comfortably. The tradition carries on today.
Privy Council Terms.
Sometimes the Prime Minister shares information with other politicians on "Privy Council Terms". This means that the information must stay secret.
Judicial Committee of the Privy Council.
The Law Lords, and retired Law Lords, also form the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. It is the final court of appeal from British colonies an dependent territories, and some commonwealth realms. These countries call it an appeal to "The Queen in Council".
Republics in the Commonwealth.
Four republics in the commonwealth also use the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council as a court of appeal.
Brunei.
From the Court of Appeal of Brunei the only appeal is to the Sultan of Brunei. The Queen and the Sultan have agreed that the cases are heard by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council who then advise the Sultan, directly.
Domestic Jurisdiction.
The committee must also report to the Queen about anything she ask. For example investigating which members of the House of Lords supported the enemy in World War I.

Patrician
A patrician was a member of the upper class in the two social classes in ancient Rome. They were wealthy and powerful. The other class was the plebeian class.

W.A.S.P.
W.A.S.P. is an American heavy metal band. The band was formed in 1982 in Los Angeles, California by Blackie Lawless, Rik Fox, Randy Piper and Tony Richards.

Virginia Tech massacre
The Virginia Tech massacre was a school shooting on April 16, 2007, which took place at the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, a college in Blacksburg, Virginia, United States. Cho Seung-Hui, a student, killed 32 people before killing himself (suicide). The number of people that died was more than any other mass shooting in modern U.S. history.

Shakira
Shakira Isabel Mebarak Ripoll (born February 2, 1977), known simply as Shakira, is a two-time Grammy Award-winning and eight-time Latin Grammy Award-winning Colombian singer, songwriter, instrumentalist, record producer, dancer and occasional actress.
The Colombian music artist is also known for having made a song named "Timor" based on fighting in East Timor between gangs (groups of criminals with guns), security forces (small, personal armies), and the government.

Joe Louis
Joe Louis (born Joseph Louis Barrow on May 13, 1914, died April 12, 1981) was an American boxer. He was the world heavyweight champion from 1937 to 1949. Louis won the title from James Braddock. He made a record twenty-five title defenses before giving up the title in 1949.
Perhaps his most famous fight was his one-round knockout of Max Schmeling, the German former heavyweight champion, in 1938. Schmeling had given Louis his only loss up to that point, and was widely seen at that time as a representative of Nazi Germany. The buildup to the fight was wrapped up in the politics of the United States versus Nazi Germany.
When World War II began, Louis signed up for the U.S. Army. While in the army, Joe boxed approximately 100 fights.
Louis died on April 12, 1981. He is buried in Arlington National Cemetery.

Larry Holmes
Larry Holmes (born on November 3, 1949) was an American boxer. He held the world heavyweight championship from 1978 to 1985. Holmes fought out of Easton, Pennsylvania. He was nicknamed the "Easton Assassin."
Holmes won the vacant World Boxing Council championship from Ken Norton in 1979. He defended that title, and later the International Boxing Federation title, twenty times. Some notable fighters he beat in defense of his championship were Muhammad Ali, Leon Spinks, Gerry Cooney, and Tim Witherspoon. He lost his championship to Michael Spinks in 1985.
Holmes later fought Mike Tyson and then Evander Holyfield to try and win back the championship. Tyson knocked him out in the fourth round and Holyfield beat him by a twelve-round decision.
Holmes continued to fight until 2002.

Skiing
Skiing is a sport that takes place on slopes of snow. There are two different types of skiing, down hill skiing and cross country skiing. A group of people have now made skiing a year round sport by building a ski hill indoors.
Downhill Skiing.
Downhill Skiing is a fun sport that anyone can learn at any age. It is best, thought, to start around 4 to 5 years old. There are now 5 different difficulties of hills marked. There are in order of difficulty, from easiest to hardest. "Green Circles", "Blue Squares", "Black Diamonds", "Double Black Diamonds", and "EX Terrain".
Green Circles.
Green Circles are the easiest run, they have a very shallow slope, have no moguls (bumps on the trail), are very wide, and are easily accessed. They are used by the beginner skiers to learn, and are fun for the more experienced skier because there are usually small jumps on the sides of there trails.
Blue Squares.
Blue Square terrain is a bit more difficult, and has a larger range of difficulty. There are easy blues, which are the same as the Green runs, but are a bit steeper. And there are the challenging blues. They can have moguls, and can still be steep. They are usually located on not as wide trails, and may be further up the mountain, requiring harder trails to access them. But one can usually find and get on a Blue run easily.
Black Diamonds.
Black Diamonds are runs for semi-experienced riders, one should not try to tackle a Black Diamond until he or she is comfortable with their skiing skills. You should easily be able to accomplish a harder Blue run before moving on to a Black diamond. This terrain is steep, may have larger obstacle such as rocks or trees in the skiers path, and can be very steep and still have moguls. Another form of a Black run is a Glade. A Glade is a run where you ski through the trees. Most Glades that are black are marked, and one should be careful entering them, they require quick thinking and fast turning. They are very dangerous, one can be killed in a Glade if he or she is not careful, so they are not a joke, you should have a lot of experience before entering a Glade.
Double Black Diamonds.
Double Black diamonds are for expert skiers only. They may have unmarked obstacles may be very thin runs, and may have to be accessed by hiking to the top of the hill. These runs have the potential to kill a skier if he or she is not careful.
EX Terrain.
This terrain may have cliffs, and is for only for experts. Trying this run could easily result in death.
Cross Country Skiing.
Cross Country Skiing is a sport of endurance, skiers ride across an almost flat track, usually through a scenic forest or town. It is a very good source of exercise and requires extreme diligence. It is a GREAT workout if one is willing to put in the effort.

1966 FIFA World Cup
The 1966 FIFA World Cup was the eighth FIFA World Cup. It was held in England from July 11 to July 30. England was chosen as hosts by FIFA to celebrate 100 years of football in England. England won the final beating West Germany 4-2. This was England's first (and so far only) World Cup win. England also became the first host to win since Italy won it in 1934. Later Germany, Argentina and France won it at their homes.

Princess Taiping
Princess Taiping was a princess of Tang dynasty China. She was the daughter of Emperor Gaozong and Empress Wu Zetian. She became an important figure during her mother's rule as Empress in the second Zhou dynasty 690-705 AD.
Princess Taiping supported saving the Tang dynasty and the Li family. After the death of Empress Wu Zetian in 705, Princess Taiping joined with her nephew Li Longji (later Emperor Xuanzong) to get power for the Tang dynasty again. In 710, she and Li Longji stopped Empress Wei's plan to gain power.
Relationship with Li Longji.
Princess Taiping was also known for her beauty. In the Chinese history (mishi/秘史), it has been said that, after losing two marriages, Princess Taiping loved Li Longji. Mishi said that Emperor Xuanzong told of his love for his aunt in his autobiography. Li Longji confessed that he had fallen in love with Princess Taiping at first sight. He thought of her as a goddess-like figure. However, the truth is still unknown.
After Emperor Xuanzong became ruler in 712 AD, Princess Taiping's old age and power was seen as a threat to the young emperor, and she was given a death sentence to kill herself in 713 AD.

Horus
Horus was a god in Egyptian mythology. He was the son of Isis and Osiris. After fighting Seth, he became the king of Egypt. In Egypt, he became so important that the "Eye of Horus" became one of the most important symbols in ancient Egypt.

Seth
In Egyptian mythology, Seth (also spelled Sutekh, Setesh, Seteh, Set) was a god. He was the god of the desert, one of the two biomes that makes up Egypt. The other biome is the small area on both sides of the Nile where farmers grow crops.
The word 'Seth' was first said as 'Set'. Because of changes in the Egyptian language over the 3,000 years that Seth was worshipped, by the Greek period, the t in Set was pronounced so similarly from 'th' that the Greeks wrote it as Seth.

Shaka Sankofa
Shaka Sankofa aka Gary Graham born Gary Lee Graham (September 5, 1963 - June 22, 2000). Sankofa was put to death for the murder of fifty-three year-old Bobby Lambert in Houston, Texas on May 13, 1981. The murder happened when Sankofa was seventeen.
Sankofa was found guilty of shooting Lambert in the parking lot of a Houston supermarket. He told police that he had done ten robberies that week, but did not kill Lambert. The government believed he has done as many as 22 robberies which had happened in that area during that time. One of these included Graham using a shotgun to rob a man who Graham gave a ride to when the man's car stopped working on the highway. During that robbery, the man tried to escape and was show by Graham but he did live. While there was no physical evidence to link Graham to the murder, one woman was in the parking lot at the time and saw him do it. She said she heard the gunshot and turned on the lights of her car. She saw Graham as he started running and followed him out of the parking lot with her car. There were several other people inside the store but none of them saw the shooting. Sankofa's supporters brought his case international attention, aruging that his conviction was based on the testimony of a single eyewitness who said she saw him for a few seconds in the dark parking lot committing the murde
and she was 30 feet away from the murder scene. The jury did not hear testimony from six other apparent eyewitnesses who believed that Sankofa was not the killer.
Sankofa put to death after many legal tries by his lawyers to stop it. These including an appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court. By a vote of 5 to 4, the Supreme Court refused to stop the execution. Sankofa's lawyers also filed a civil suit saying the execution was against his civil rights. District Court Judge James Nowlin rejected that claim.
Controversy.
Many people believe that Sankofa did not kill Lambert. They believe that his lawyers did not do a good job because they thought he was guilty. Sankofa was put to death on an evidence of one person alone. None of the people that saw the man in the store and said this man was 6 inches shorter and thinner than Sankofa were used in the court case. Sankofa's lawyer at the time of his execution believed that the only person who saw the crime was not to be trusted because of how the police dealt with how she identified him. A gun found with Graham when he was arrested a week later was not the murder weapon. Most controversial of all is the fact that weapon used to kill Lambert did not produce any Gary Graham's fingerprints.
Some groups still claim he did not do this crime. Sankofa's supporters brought his case international attention. They also say that it is against international law to put someone to death for a crime they did before they became an adult of 18 years of age.
There are groups to this day trying to clear Shaka of murder.

Juliusz Slowacki
Juliusz Slowacki (September 3, 1809 - April 3, 1849) was a Polish poet. He was born on August 23, 1809, according to the Old Calendar. September 4 is often given as his birthday but the calculation between days was wrong by one day. Slowacki is thought of as being as good a poet as most of the famous Polish writers. these include Mickiewicz, Norwid, Reymont (author of "Chlopi"), Wybicki, Krasinski and Sienkiewicz. He is buried in Wawel Cathedral in Krakow. This is the same crypt as Mickiewicz.
Works.
His work included poems, plays and sonnets included "Balladyna", "My Testament", "King Ghost", "Fantazy", "Kordian", "Beniowski", "Agamemnon’s Tomb", "Silver Dream of Salomea", "Hymn", "Lilia Weneda" and "Anhelli".
Burial.
Slowacki was first buried on April 5 1849 in Paris's famous Montmartre cemetery. Because he was not popular at the time, only about 30 people went to his funeral. In 1927, General Joseph Pilsudski ordered his body be dug up. It was taken back to Poland and honorably reburied on June 28 1927 in Krakow in the famous Wawel crypt for Polish nobles. He was buried with full military honors as Polish hero. Pilsudski said: "Time to forget Slowacki is over, as long as there is Polish language, Slowacki will live on forever!"

Mistreat
Mistreat is a hard rock/Oi!/Rock Against Communism band from Finland. The band was formed in 1988.

Red dwarf
A red dwarf is a kind of star. "Dwarf" means small. Red dwarf stars are all smaller than half the size of the Sun. They are smaller and colder than other stars. Red dwarfs burn their fuel slowly, so they shine less light than hot stars.
Almost all stars are the red dwarf kind of star. The closest star to the Earth is named Proxima Centauri. Proxima Centauri is a red dwarf.
Life and Death.
Red dwarfs can live trillions of years. A red dwarf dies when it burns all of its fuel. This fuel is the chemical element Hydrogen. When there is not enough Hydrogen, the red dwarf becomes smaller and colder. Because it is smaller and colder, it shine less light.
Red dwarfs are small stars that are around 0.2 solar mass (the sun is equal to 1 solar mass), this is small for a star but is still 60,000 times the mass of the earth. They are formed in nebulas, like all stars are, and originally they are proto stars. They start their nuclear fusion about 10,0000 years after being created when they get there red glow, this is also where they get their heat. These stars burn at about 10,000°C. After trillions of years they fade to brown stars which are large lumps of rock and iron.
Link title
Death and Life.
Red dwarfs can live trillions of years. A red dwarf dies when it burns all of its fuel. This fuel is the chemical element Hydrogen. When there is not enough Hydrogen, the red dwarf becomes smaller and colder. Because it is smaller and colder, it shine less light.

Javaris Crittenton
Javaris Chrittenton (December 31, 1987) is an American basketball player. He went to Georgia Tech for college. Crittenton is now a point guard for the Memphis Grizzlies in the NBA.

Ali Khamenei
Grand Ayatollah (Persian: آیت‌الله سید علی حسینی خامنه‌ای "ayatollah Seyyed `Ali Ḥoseyni Khamene'i") (born 17 July 1939), also known as Seyyed Ali Khamene'i, is the current Supreme Leader of Iran. He was the president of Iran from 1981 to 1989.

Canon Law
Canon law is the term used for the internal ecclesiastical law of many churches, such as the Roman Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Churches and the Anglican Communion of churches.
Catholic Church.
The Roman Catholic Church has the oldest continuously functioning legal system in the Western World. It is older than the common and European civil law traditions. What began with rules ("canons") adopted by the Apostles themselves at the Council of Jerusalem in the First Century led to a highly complex and original legal system that included norms of the New Testament, of the Hebrew (Old Testament), Roman, Visigothic, Saxon, and Celtic legal traditions with thousands of years of human experience.

Mstislav Rostropovich
Mstislav Leopoldovich Rostropovich (born Baku 27 March 1927; died Moscow, 27 April 2007) was a Russian cellist and conductor. Most musicians say that he was the greatest cellist who ever lived. He played the cello with an amazing technique and musicianship, and asked lots of composers to write cello music for him. He got into trouble with the political leaders of the Soviet Union because he said that people should be free to say their own ideas and opinions. In 1974 he was exiled from his country and continued his career as cellist and conductor in the west. He worked hard to support peace and justice in the world. In November 1989, when the Berlin Wall came down, he took his cello there and sat outside by the ruins of the wall and played. He was allowed back to his own country after the collapse of communism. He received lots of medals and honours.
Life in the Soviet Union.
Mstislav Rostropovich was born in Baku in Azerbaijan which was then part of the Soviet Union. His family were very musical. His mother played the piano and his father played the cello. He had studied with Pablo Casals.
During the Second World War the family moved to Orenburg. He went to the Children’s Music School there and started playing in concerts. In 1943 he went to the Moscow Conservatory to study the cello and composition. His composition teacher was Dmitri Shostakovich. They were lifelong friends and Shostakovich wrote a lot of cello music for him.
Rostropovich won all the best prizes at the Conservatory and was soon very famous. Lots of Russian composers wrote music for him: Reinhold Glière, Aram Khachaturian, Nikolai Myaskovsky and Sergei Prokofiev.
In 1955 he married Galina Vishnevskaya who was a famous soprano in the Bolshoi Opera. Rostropovich was a brilliant pianist and accompanied his wife when she sang recitals.
When he was 29 he became a Professor of Cello at the Moscow Conservatory. Shortly after that he played for the first time in England, performing the Cello Concerto by Dvořák at the Royal Festival Hall. A month later he played at the Carnegie Hall in New York. People had not yet heard of him and the hall was nearly empty. However, the next time he played there the hall was sold out in a few hours.
In 1960 he gave the first British performance of Shostakovich’s Cello Concerto no1. He met Benjamin Britten and they became great friends in spite of the fact that they could not speak one another’s language. Britten wrote cello music for him, including the "Cello Symphony" and a Sonata for Cello and Piano. He performed a lot at the Aldeburgh Festival where Britten lived.
He started conducting in 1968. He conducted Tchaikovsky’s opera "Eugene Onegin" with his wife singing the main part of Tatyana. Some people thought his conducting was too full of emotion.
Exile.
In 1970 he got into trouble with the Soviet politicians because he wrote a letter to the papers saying that the writer Alexander Solzhenitsyn was being unfairly treated. Solzhenitsyn had written about the injustices in the Soviet Union and about life in the labour camps. Solzhenitsyn was not allowed to write any more. Rostropovich let Solzhenitsyn live in his home. The Soviet politicians were angry, so Rostropovich and his wife left the Soviet Union and lived in London, Paris and New York. The Soviet politicians said that they were no longer Soviet citizens. In Switzerland they were allowed to have Swiss passports.
Rostropovich became conductor of the National Symphony Orchestra of Washington, DC. He often conducted the London Philharmonic Orchestra and lots of other famous orchestras. He was a great teacher who inspired lots of young cello students. He made a very large number of recordings.
Return to Russia.
After the Soviet Union collapsed Gorbachov allowed them to return to Russia. They had homes in Moscow and St Petersburg where they started a foundation for children who were ill. Rostropovich became ill with cancer and died in Moscow on 27 April 2007.

New Super Mario Bros.
New Super Mario Bros. is a jump-and-run platform game made and sold by Nintendo for the Nintendo DS game console. It is the first Mario platform game in 2D on a handheld console since "Super Mario Land 2" in 1992. It was first sold in stores in North America on May 15, 2006, and was later sold in stores in Japan on May 25, 2006, in Australia on June 8, 2006, and in Europe on June 30, 2006.
Story.
Mario and Princess Peach are out for a walk when Bowser Jr. kidnaps Peach. Mario must go through eight worlds to save her.
Gameplay.
The game uses many old features from older Mario games. The countdown game clock is back; if Mario does not reach the castle at the end, he will lose a life. Mario also must jump and catch onto a flagpole at the end of the level and goes into a castle, just like he did in "Super Mario Bros.". Before and after a level, Mario is on a world map, which was last used in "Super Mario World".
Mario also has new powers from the 3D games ("Super Mario 64" and "Sunshine"). He can stomp things and can do a triple jump in the air. Both of these things first sarted in the 3D games.

Galina Vishnevskaya
Galina Vishnevskaya (born Leningrad, 25 October, 1926) is a well-known opera singer and recitalist.
Vishnevskaya was born in Leningrad, the town which is now called St Petersburg. In 1952 she won an important competition singing a song by Rachmaninoff and an aria by Verdi. She soon became a member of the famous Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow.
In 1960 she sang the part of in Aïda at the National Theatre in Sarajevo. In 1961, she made her first appearance at the Metropolitan Opera as Aïda and the next year she sang in the Royal Opera House in the same role. In 1964 she sang Aïda at La Scala.
Vishnevskaya was married to the cellist Mstislav Rostropovich from 1955 until his death in 2007. Her husband, as well as being a great cellist and conductor, was also an excellent pianist and he accompanied her for her recitals. They were very close friends of Shostakovich and Benjamin Britten and performed a lot of their works. She made many recordings including the main part in Shostakovich's opera Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District and in Britten's "War Requiem". She had not been allowed to take part in the first performance of the "War Requiem" because the Soviet politicians would not let her sing together with the baritone Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau because he was German.
In 1974, they left the Soviet Union because they had criticized the Soviet government. They settled in the United States and Paris. In 1982 she retired from singing in opera. Her last role was in Paris where she sang Tatyana in Tchaikovsky's "Eugene Onegin".
After the collapse of communism and the Soviet Union she and her husband were allowed to return from exile and live in Russia again. In 2002 she opened her own opera theater in Moscow: The Galina Vishnevskaya Opera Center.

Voting system
The voting system is a set of rules about the way people vote and how the votes are counted. Different countries have different voting systems. There are many different types of voting system. One of the first voting systems to be used is called "first-past-the-post". Under this system each voter writes an "x" next to their chosen candidate. At the end, the votes are counted. The candidate with the most votes wins. Some people think that first-past-the-post is unfair because they believe that many votes are wasted.

Single Transferable Vote
Single Transferable Vote (STV for short) is a type of Voting system. It is used to elect more than one person.
How to Vote in an STV Election.
All you have to do is write a number "1" next to your favourite candidate, a number "2" next to your second favourite, a number "3" next to your third favourite and so on.
How Votes are Counted.
Each candidate needs a certain number of votes to be elected. This number depends on how many people are voting and on how many people are to be elected.
Then the number "1" votes for each candidate are counted. But it can happen that one candidate or several candidates have more than the needed number of votes. These candidates are elected. But since they have more votes than they needed, they pass on the votes which they don't need to other candidates. Which candidate(s) get those "surplus" votes depends on the voters' number "2" votes given on the ballots papers of the candidates that have already been elected. If those number "2" votes make another candidate win and have him too many votes, this new "surplus" is passed on again, using number "3" votes, and so on.
If not enough candidates have been elected so far, the candidate with the fewest votes is excluded. Votes for this candidate are passed on to the candidate given as the next preference of each of his voters (the next higher number in each listing of candidates). This may help to elect another candidate. If not, the next candidate which now has the fewest votes is excluded.
Passing on the "surplus" votes and excluding the weakest candidates goes on until the needed number of candidates has been elected.

Individual Savings Account
An Individual Savings Account (ISA) is a special type of bank account in United Kingdom. It was started on 6 April 1999. Before that, Personal Equity Plans (PEPs) and Tax-Exempt Special Savings Accounts (TESSAs) where used in United Kingdom.

Bound For Glory
Bound For Glory is a Neo-Nazi thrash metal/Rock Against Communism band from Minnesota, USA. The band was formed in 1989.

Neo-Nazism
Neo-Nazism means the ideology of some political groups who want to return to the beliefs and practices of Nazism after the end of World War II. Different groups have their own sets of beliefs and practices. These often include: loyalty to Adolf Hitler, hating Jews (anti-Semitism), racism, xenophobia (hating and fearing foreigners), extremist nationalism, white supremacy, militarism, and hatred of homosexuals (homophobia). Neo-Nazis often use the symbols of Nazi Germany such as the Swastika.

Israeli West Bank barrier
The Israel-West-Bank barrier is a wall being built the State of Israel to separate the West Bank of the Jordan River from Israel. As of 2007, the wall is currently being built. Some who oppose the building of the wall call it the Apartheid Wall, likening the border with the apartheid system that ruled South Africa (see global apartheid). The problem with this is that so far, the borders between Israel and the Palestinian Territories have not been agreed upon. Israel has built the barrier without consensus and against international law. The fence therefore only takes into account what Israel sees as these borders. This will make talks about the borders more difficult.
Very often, the fence or wall has been compared to the Berlin Wall, which divided Berlin in the time where there were two states of Germany, East Germany and West Germany.

Hammer (piano)
A piano uses hammers - pieces of wood covered with felt - to hit the strings. The vibration of the string makes a sound.

Joey Maxim
Joey Maxim (born Giuseppe Antonio Berardinelli March 28, 1922 - June 2, 2001) was an American boxer. He was the light heavyweight boxing champion of the world from 1951 to 1952. Archie Moore beat him by decision over 15 rounds for the light heavyweight championship in 1952. During Maxim's time as champion, he beat Sugar Ray Robinson in a title defense. He also tried to win the heavyweight championship during this time, but Ezzard Charles beat him by a unanimous decision.
In 1954, Maxim gave future world heavyweight champion Floyd Patterson his first pro defeat by close unanimous decision in eight rounds.

Armed Islamic Group
The Armed Islamic Group (GIA, from French "Groupe Islamique Armé"; Arabic "al-Jama'ah al-Islamiyah al-Musallaha") is an Islam terrorist organization based in Algeria. It wants to overthrow the Algerian government and replace it with an Islamic state. The GIA adopted violent tactics in 1992 after the military government did not recognise the victory of the Islamic Salvation Front in the first round of elections held in December 1991. The Islamic Salvation Front was the largest Islamic opposition party at the time.
Between 1992 and 1998 the GIA led a violent campaign. They killed many civilians. Sometimes they wiped out entire villages in its area of operation (see List of Algerian massacres of the 1990s; notably the Bentalha massacre and Rais massacre, among others). Since announcing its campaign against foreigners living in Algeria in 1993, the GIA has killed more than 100 expatriate men and women in the country. The group uses assassinations and bombings, including car bombs. It is known to favor kidnapping victims and slitting their throats. The GIA is considered a terrorist organization by the governments of Algeria, France and the United States. Outside of Algeria, the GIA established a presence in France, Belgium, Britain, Italy and the United States.

Takfir wal-Hijra
"Takfir wal-Hijra (Arabic تكفير والهجرة - "Excommunication and Exodus") is a violent Islamic Salafi extremist group. The group that was founded in Egypt in the 1960s. Today Takfir wal-Hijra has members or supporters in several other countries, allied to Al-Qaeda. In Spain the group is also known as "Martyrs for Morocco".
Members of the group are radical Islamists. It looks like the members of the group are not bound by the usual Islamic religious constraints. They adopt non-Islamic appearances. They might shave their beard or wear a tie. They do this to be hard to detect in crowds. Sometimes, even other muslims have problems detecting them. They can drink alcohol and even eat pork to deceive their enemies. They believe that any means justify the end and, that killing other Muslims can be justified in their cause and that Western society is heathen and it is their duty to destroy it.
Little is known about the current organization or hierarchy of the group. Several groups which adhere to the same ideology have possibly used the name independently of each other.

Ma'at
In Egyptian mythology, Ma'at, pronounced as *Muʔʕat (Muh-aht), is goddess of law, morality, and justice. Ma'at was seen as being charged with controlling the stars, seasons, and the actions of both people and gods. Her first role in Egyptian mythology was the weighing of words that took place in the underworld, Duat.
Ma'at as a principle.
Ma'at as a principle was at least partially codified into a set of laws, and expressed a ubiquitous concept of right from wrong characterized by concepts of truth and a respect for and adherence to a divine order believed to be set forth at the time of the world's creation.

Sermon on the Mount
The Sermon on the Mount is a Biblical speech by Jesus of Nazareth to his followers and a large group of people around AD 30. Jesus gave the speech on the side of a mountain. The most popular part of the speech is the Beatitudes, which are at the beginning of the speech. The sermon also contains the Lord's Prayer. Other popular lines from the Sermon on the Mount are "turn the other cheek", "salt of the Earth", "light of the world", and "judge not, lest ye be judged".
Many Christians believe that the Sermon on the Mount is related to the Ten Commandments. They believe that is very important in explaining how Christians should act towards others.
Interpretation.
The author Christopher Knight says in his book "Hiram Key", that the 'Sermon on the Mount' did not happen. He thinks that Matthew 'stuck all kinds of passages together as though they were spoken one after another to a crowd on a mountain top.' Knight believes that 'the teachings were drafted into this one 'occasion' to avoid interrupting the flow of the overall story.' The "Hiram Key" was created by both Christopher Knight and Robert Lomas.
E. Earle Ellis (Professor of Theology) says that this sermon is Jesus asking believers to live in a way that will be standard in the future kingdom of God. As Ellis says, we are to speak Jesus' words, think his thoughts, and do his deeds. Since this will be the ethic of the future kingdom of God, people should live their lives in a way that will help them be ready to live in God's kingdom.

Irmo, South Carolina
Irmo is a town 12 miles outside of Columbia, South Carolina. There were 11,039 people living in Irmo as of the year 2000.
Geography.
Irmo is found at (34.092629, -81.186073).
The United States Census Bureau says the town has an area of 10.7 km² (4.1 mi²). There is no water in that area.
Festivals.
Irmo is home to the annual.
Origin.
Irmo was chartered on Christmas Eve in 1890 because of the opening of the Columbia, Newberry, and Laurens Railroad. The strange name of Irmo was the result of putting together the names of Captain C.J. Iredell and Henry Moseley, two important figures in the founding of the town. The town of Irmo does not have an actual downtown area. It is only several clusters of suburban neighborhoods.

List of Harry Potter films cast members
__NOTOC__
The following is a list of cast members who voiced or played characters appearing in the "Harry Potter" film series. The list is sorted by film and character, because some characters may have been portrayed by multiple actors.
The list also includes cast members who will definitely appear in "Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix", which will be released in July 2007. A light grey box under the "Order of the Phoenix" heading means that the character does not appear in the book, so his or her appearance in the film would not follow the original story. A dark grey box means the character does appear in the book but has not yet been cast, or, if as some boxes say, will not be cast. "Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince" will release in 2008, which was delayed to 2009. "Deathly Hallows" will release part 1 in 2010, and part 2 in 2011.
Hogwarts staff and denizens (human).
! Armando Dippet
! Albus Dumbledore
! Argus Filch
! Filius Flitwick
! Wilhelmina Grubbly-Plank
! Rubeus Hagrid
! Madam Hooch
! Gilderoy Lockhart
! Minerva McGonagall
! Irma Pince
! Poppy Pomfrey
! Horace Slughorn
! Severus Snape
! Pomona Sprout
! Sybill Trelawney
! Dolores Umbridge
Hogwarts staff and denizens (non-human and ghosts).
! The Bloody Baron
! The Fat Friar
! The Fat Lady
! The Grey Lady
! Moaning Myrtle
! Nearly Headless Nick
! Phineas Nigellus
! Peeves
! Sorting Hat
Hogwarts students.
! Hannah Abbott
! Marcus Belby
! Katie Bell
! Susan Bones
! Miles Bletchley
! Lavender Brown
! Millicent Bulstrode
! Cho Chang
! Penelope Clearwater
! Vincent Crabbe
! Colin Creevey
! Roger Davies
! Cedric Diggory
! Justin Finch-Fletchley
! Marcus Flint
! Seamus Finnigan
! Gregory Goyle
! Terence Higgs
! Angelina Johnson
!Leanne
! Lee Jordan
! Neville Longbottom
! Luna Lovegood
! Ernie Macmillan
! Draco Malfoy
! Cormac McLaggen
! Pansy Parkinson
! Padma Patil
! Parvati Patil
! Adrian Pucey
! Zacharias Smith
! Alicia Spinnet
! Dean Thomas
! Romilda Vane
! Fred Weasley
! George Weasley
! Ginny Weasley
! Oliver Wood
! Blaise Zabini
Lord Voldemort and his Death Eaters.
! Regulus Black
! Alecto Carrow
! Amycus Carrow
! Barty Crouch Jr
! Fenrir Greyback
! Bellatrix Lestrange
! Walden Macnair
! Lucius Malfoy
! Narcissa Malfoy
! Peter Pettigrew
! Quirinus Quirrell
! Thorfinn Rowle
! Travers
! Yaxley
! Lord Voldemort
Ministry of Magic employees.
! Amelia Bones
! Amos Diggory
! Barty Crouch Sr
! John Dawlish
! Cornelius Fudge
! Mafalda Hopkirk
! Arthur Weasley
! Percy Weasley
Other Order of the Phoenix members.
! Sirius Black
! Dedalus Diggle
! Elphias Doge
! Aberforth Dumbledore
! Arabella Figg
! Remus Lupin
! Alastor Moody
! James Potter
! Lily Potter
! Kingsley Shacklebolt
! Nymphadora Tonks
! Emmeline Vance
! Bill Weasley
! Charlie Weasley
! Molly Weasley
Muggles.
! Frank Bryce
! Dudley Dursley
! Marge Dursley
! Petunia Dursley
! Vernon Dursley
! Mr Granger
! Mrs Granger
! Malcolm
! Mr Mason
! Mrs Mason
! Piers Polkiss
! King's Cross railway station security guard
Foreign wizards and witches.
! Fleur Delacour
! Gabrielle Delacour
! Igor Karkaroff
! Karkaroff's aide
! Viktor Krum
! Olympe Maxime
Wizarding world-related.
! Mr Borgin
! Bozo (Rita Skeeter's photographer)
! "Daily Prophet" reporter
! Griphook
! Leaky Cauldron Maid
! Mr Ollivander
! Ernie Prang
! Madam Rosmerta
! Shrunken Head
! Stan Shunpike
! Rita Skeeter
! Tom the barman
Other non-humans.
! Aragog
! Bane
! Firenze
! Grawp
! Magorian
! Sanguini

Mediterranean climate
A Mediterranean climate is a climate that is similar to the climate of the lands bordering the Mediterranean Sea. Outside the Mediterranean, one can find this climate only in rather small areas. Generally one can find it on the western coasts of continental landmasses, roughly between latitudes 30° to 45° north and south of the equator.
Location.
Besides the Mediterranean Basin, regions which have a Mediterranean climate include much of California between Cape Mendocino and greater Los Angeles, the Western Cape in South Africa, central Chile, southern Western Australia and the coastal areas of central and south-east Australia.

Hans Richter
Hans Richter (born as Raab (now Györ) 4 April 1843; died Bayreuth 5 December 1916) was an Austro-Hungarian conductor. His name was originally János Richter.
Richter came from a musical family and studied violin, horn and music theory at the Vienna Conservatory. He became famous for his conducting of the music of Richard Wagner, Anton Bruckner and Johannes Brahms.
Richter helped Wagner to prepare the printed musical scores of "Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg" and the four operas in the cycle "Der Ring des Nibelungen". He conducted a lot in Vienna and at the Bayreuth Opera House which Wagner had built for the performance of his own operas.
Later he became very popular in England and lived in Manchester. He was conductor of the Hallé Orchestra and director of the Birmingham Music Festival. He conducted German operas at Covent Garden and in 1909 he conducted Wagner’s Ring cycle which was being performed in English for the first time.
When he retired he lived in Bayreuth until his death.
Richter helped the English audiences to get to know the music of Wagner, Dvořák and Elgar. Elgar dedicated his "First Symphony" to Hans Richter, describing him as a “true artist and true friend”.

Thylacine
Thylacines were carnivorous (meat eating) marsupial animals. The "Thylacine" was also known as a Tasmanian Tiger, a Tasmanian Wolf and a Tasmanian hyena. The last known "Thylacine" died in a Hobart zoo on September 7, 1936. They once lived across Australia and New Guinea. There are paintings of the animals in the north of Western Australia, and in the Northern Territory. At Riversleigh in north Queensland, scientists have discovered the fossil bones of thylacines that are at least 30 million years old. When the dingo came to Australia about 5,000 years ago, the thylacine slowly died out. By the time Europeans came to Australia in 1788, the Thylacine was only living in Tasmania. They were hunted because farmers said they were killing sheep. The Tasmanian government gave money to farmers for each thylacine they killed. They are now extinct, there are no thylacines left alive anywhere in the world).
Image:ThylacineHobart1933.jpg|thumb|Thyalcine in Hobart zoo, 1933
Appearance.
The "Thylacine" was about 1.1 metres (44 inches) long and its tail was up to 53 cms (21 inches) long. It was grey and brown in colour with 16 black or brown stripes on its back. It had the same shape as a dog, but the back, rump and tail were more like a kangaroo. Its tail was quite stiff. It had very short legs. It had teeth like a dog, but with more incisor teeth. It also had a crescent shaped bag, opening to the back, to carry its young.
The "thylacine" was a nocturnal (night) hunting animal. They ate wallabies, rats, birds, echidnas, rabbits and sheep.

Rock Against Communism
Rock Against Communism (RAC) was a series of Neo-Nazi concerts in the United Kingdom in the late 1970's and 1980's. The first RAC concert was in Leeds, England in 1978.

Swastika
The Swastika is a cross with its arms bent at right angles, in either left-facing or right-facing forms. It is a widely-used religious symbol in Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism. In the 1920s, the swastika became a Nazi symbol in the Western world.

List of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films
This is a selected list of feature films made by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.

Zoo Tycoon 2
"Zoo Tycoon 2" is a 2004 simulation computer game. In the game, the player must create and run a zoo. This is done by managing its finances, employees and animalexhibits. The goal is to become a "zoo tycoon".
The game is a sequel the 2001 game "Zoo Tycoon". Six expansion packs have been created for the game. The latest is "Zoo Tycoon 2: Extinct Animals".

Zoo Tycoon
"Zoo Tycoon" is a simulation computer game. It was developed by Blue Fang Games and released by Microsoft Game Studios. It is a game in which the player must run a business, in this case a zoo, and try to earn money.
"Zoo Tycoon" was followed by "Zoo Tycoon 2" in 2004.

Chapel
A chapel is a place for Christian worship. The word is used in several different ways. Generally, a chapel is a place of worship that is not a church which belongs to a parish in a village or town, but is more private or has a special purpose.
Small chapels.
Some large houses and palaces have their own private chapel where the family and the servants of the house can worship.
Usually these chapels are small. As well as being used for prayers, the chapel might also hold the graves of members of the family, or else have memorials and statues around the walls.
Famous small family chapels are at Haddon Hall in Derbyshire and in the "Riccardi Medici Palace" in Florence. This small chapel has famous frescoes of the Three Kings by Benozzo Gozzoli.
Large chapels.
Some private chapels are as large as very large churches. Because these large chapels can only be built by very rich people, they often have magnificent architecture or very rich decoration.
Some of the most famous large private chapels are St. George's Chapel at Windsor Castle, the Chapel Royal at Versailles Palace and the Sistine Chapel at the Vatican Palace. The Sistine Chapel is the chapel of the popes and is famous for its ceiling painted by Michelangelo.
College chapels.
Many universities, colleges, schools, law courts, hospitals and prisons have their own chapels. These might be a grand and beautiful building like the Eton College Chapel, or just a small room that is set aside for prayer.
At many schools, Chapel Service is an important part of the week, when the whole school gets together to pray and to sing hymns. Sometimes a big important church or cathedral might also act as a chapel. Oxford Cathedral is the chapel for Christ Church College of the University of Oxford. St. Andrew's Cathedral, Sydney acts as the chapel to 900 pupils of the cathedral school.
Monastic chapels.
A monastery or a convent generally has a chapel where the monks or nuns can worship. This might be a private chapel, just the right size for the people at the monastery, or it might be a big church that serves a village or town as well, or even a cathedral for the whole region.
Many cathedrals show evidence that they were once used by monks as well as the town people. One of the signs is a large stone screen that divides the church into two areas. Often these churches have a lot of small chapels because the monks or nuns would each say private prayers in one of the small chapels every day.
Family chapels.
From the Middle Ages, wealthy families would often give money to a church or cathedral so that a family chapel could be built attached to the church. There were several reasons for this. The family might want a place where they could pray privately outsde the regular service time. They might want to give thanks to God that a member of the family had been healed or rescued. They might want to bury dead family members and have prayers said every day. They might want to give honour to a particular saint. They might want to avoid taxation by spending a lot of money quickly. They might want to beautify their favorite church and make it bigger. They might want to make something beautiful that the whole town can use.
Whatever the reason might be, there are a great number of family chapels attached to old churches, all over Europe. The Church of Santa Croce in Florence is famous for its many chapels named after important Florentine families. One of the most famous chapels of this type is the one built by Henry VIII to bury his father at Westminster Abbey.
Special chapels.
Many chapels have a special purpose in the church. One of the most important uses for a small chapel within a church is to store the Sacrament, the wine and bread or wafer which is used for Holy Communion. Some chapels are designed to remind worshippers of a particular part of the "Life of Christ", particularly the Crucifixion or Resurrection, or celebrate a certain Feast Day in the Church Year, such as the "Assumption of the Virgin".
Other chapels might hold the relics of a saint or a precious painting or statue of a particular saint such as Saint Anthony of Padua, Saint Francis of Assisi or Saint Patrick.
Service chapels.
It is usual for the armed services and other similar organisations to have special chapels at churches or cathedrals.
Most cathedrals have a chapel especially to remember local people who have served their country and perhaps died in a war. The chapel might have the "colours" or flags of the local regiment. Services may be held regularly, or on special days to remember a particular battle or a particular hero.
Protestant chapels.
In many Protestant churches, the places where people gather for prayer and services are called "chapels" rather than churches. This is sometimes because the "pastors" of the congregation were not accepted as priests by the Roman Catholic or Anglican churches, or because they were set up in places where there was no priest to take services.
Wayside chapels.
These are chapels built specially for the use of travellers who can drop in as they are passing by. They may be found in busy market places, deep in forests, on lonely mountain roads, and nowadays, at airports.
Funerary chapels.
These chapels are found at cemeteries. Sometimes they are owned by a particular family and contain the tombs of family members, but in most large modern cemeteries the chapels are multi-denominational, meaning that they are for people of different Christian churches, and are used specifically for funeral services.

Clandestine chemistry
Clandestine chemistry is chemistry that occurs in a lab that is used for making illegal drugs, usually using unsafe equipment. The use of this unsafe laboratory equipment will sometimes result in explosions, fires or heavy flows of noxious fumes. Meth labs are the main form of clandestine laboratories and are used for making methamphetamine (Crystal Meth), a kind of illegal drug. "Clandestine" means "secret".

Flask
A flask is a common piece of apparatus. It that can be found in almost every laboratory. It has a triangular shaped body and a long and narrow neck. Flasks are used to contain substances. Flasks are usually made of glass or borosilicate glass (Pyrex). This allows them to be used to heat the substance inside of them.

Franks
The Franks or the Frankish peoples were one of several west Germanic federations of tribes. It was formed out of Germanic tribes: Salians, Sicambri, Chamavi, Tencteri, Chattuarii, Bructeri, Usipetes, Ampsivarii, Chatti. Most of them lived at the northern borders of the Rhine.
They entered the late Roman Empire from the north and east river bank of the Rhine into modern northern Belgium and southern Netherlands. Later invasions conquered and established a lasting kingdom in an area which eventually covered most of modern-day France, Belgium, the Netherlands, and the western regions of Germany. When the pagan Frankish king Clovis became Christian in the late 5th century that was an important event in the history of Europe.
Modern scholars of the period of the migrations are in agreement that the Frankish confederacy emerged at the beginning of the third century. A region in the northeast of the modern-day Netherlands – north of the erstwhile Roman border – still bears the name Salland, and may have received that name from the Salians, who formed the core of the Frankish sea raiders.
Frankish Empire.
From their heartland, the Franks gradually conquered most of Roman Gaul north of the Loire valley and east of Visigothic Aquitaine. At first they helped defend the border as allies; for example, when a major invasion of mostly East Germanic tribes crossed the Rhine in 406, the Franks fought against these invaders. In the region of Paris, Roman control persisted until 486, a decade after the fall of the emperors of Ravenna, in part due to alliances with the Franks.
Merovingians.
In 451, Aëtius called upon his Germanic allies on Roman soil to help fight off an invasion by Attila the Hun. The Salian Franks answered the call; the Ripuarian Franks fought on both sides as some of them lived outside the Empire. The Merovingians had governors who lead the Franks to war and had many governing responsibilities.
Carolingians.
The Carolingian kingship begins with the deposition of the last Merovingian king, and the accession in 751 of Pippin the Short, father of Charlemagne.
Pippin reigned as an elected king. While in later France the kingdom became hereditary, the kings of the later Holy Roman Empire proved unable to abolish the elective tradition and continued as elected rulers until the Empire's formal end in 1806.
In 768 Charlemagne (Charles the Great), a powerful, intelligent, and modestly literate figure who became a legend for the later history of both France and Germany. Charles restored an equal balance between emperor and pope.
From 772 onwards, Charles conquered and eventually defeated the Saxons to incorporate their realm into the Frankish kingdom.
Then (773–774), he conquered the Lombards and thus could include northern Italy in his sphere of influence. He renewed the Vatican donation and the promise to the papacy of continued Frankish protection.
Charles created a realm that reached from the Pyrenees in the southwest (actually, including an area in Northern Spain ("Marca Hispanica") after 795) over almost all of today's France (except Brittany, which the Franks never conquered) eastwards to most of today's Germany, including northern Italy and today's Austria.
On Christmas Day, 800, Pope Leo III crowned Charles as "Emperor of the Romans" in Rome. Though Charles preferred the title "Emperor, king of the Franks and Lombards", as he did not want to get in conflict with the Byzantine Empire, the Frankish Empire became the successor of the (Western) Roman Empire. Charles died on January 28, 814 in Aachen, where was buried.

Franks (disambiguation)
The Franks are medieval Germanic tribes.

Bohuslav Martinů
Bohuslav Martinů (born Polička, Bohemia, 8 December 1890; died Liestal, Switzerland, 28 August 1959) was a Czech composer. He wrote an enormous amount of music. His music is often inspired by his native country.
His life.
Martinů was born in the tower of a village church and that is where he spent the first seven years of his life, isolated from the outside world. When he was old enough to go to school he had to climb the 193 steps down to the street every day. He started to have violin lessons from the local tailor. He was very shy because he was used to being all by himself with his family in the tower, but he made good progress and in 1905 gave his first violin recital.
Martinů soon started to compose and nothing else interested him very much. He went to the Prague Conservatory to study the violin but he preferred going to the theatre and reading. In 1909 he changed to the organ school but he did no work and got expelled.
He managed to avoid fighting in the World War I by composing. After the war he became a member of the Czech Philharmonic Orchestra, playing second violin.
In 1923 he moved to Paris where he stayed for 17 years. He was very poor. He had some lessons with Albert Roussel and soon became known as a composer. He married in 1931 and his wife worked hard to earn money so that he could spend his time composing. He liked to use Czech folk stories and literature as inspiration for his music.
In 1940 he had to leave Paris to escape from the Nazis. He spent several months living rough, often sleeping on station platforms. At last, in March 1941 he and his wife managed to get to New York.
Life in the United States was hard for him. He spoke no English and people there did not know his music. He had left all his scores behind. However, he worked hard and the famous conductor Sergei Koussevitsky asked him to write a symphony. His music still sounded very Czech. After World War II he very much wanted to go back to his own country, but the communist government made that impossible. He had a bad fall and it took him years to recover properly. He taught at Princeton University, then he retired to Nice in France. He died of cancer in Basle.
His music.
Bohuslav Martinů wrote a tremendous amount of music. He loved sitting down and writing music. Once he had finished a composition he was never very interested in hearing it performed or what happened to it. As a result some of his music is very good but some of it is less interesting. He wrote music of many kinds: operas, ballets, orchestral, chamber and keyboard music. One of his last works was called "Řecké Pašije" ("The Greek Passion") which uses Greek folk melody and church chant. He was never influenced by American music, he preferred the modes, folktunes, bagpipe drones and mountain calls of his native country. His music can often be described as neoclassical in style.

Zebra mussel
The zebra mussel is a small shellfish. Color patterns could vary, having only dark or colored shells or no stripes. They are typically found attached to objects, surfaces, or each other by threads underneath the shells. Although similar in appearance to the quagga mussel, the two species can be easily distinguished. When placed on a surface zebra mussels are stable on their flattened underside while quagga mussels, lacking a flat underside, will fall over. They are currently a major problem in Northern America's Great Lakes region because of a fast reproduction time. Zebra mussels are notorious for their biofouling capabilities by colonizing water supply pipes of hydroelectric and nuclear power plants, public water supply plants, and industrial facilities. They colonize pipes constricting flow, therefore reducing the intake in heat exchangers, condensers, fire fighting equipment, and air conditioning and cooling systems. It is estimated that zebra mussels will continue to populate the Great Lakes and even enter the Mississippi River region.

San Marcos, Texas
San Marcos is a city located in central Texas. It is home to Texas State University-San Marcos
It is part of the Interstate 35 corridor, between Austin and San Antonio.

Bar (music)
A bar or measure is used in writing music. Each bar is a small amount of time. Most music has a regular beat (or pulse) which can be felt. Each bar usually has the same number of beats in it. Music that feels like 1-2-3-4-1-2-3-4 will be divided into bars with four beats-worth of music in each bar.
The bar line (or barline) is a vertical line which separates the bars.
At the beginning of the music there will be a time signature which shows how many beats there are in each bar.
A double bar does not mean "two bars". It means two single barlines drawn close together, one being thicker than the other. It is a "repeat sign". If there are two dots on the left of the double bar line the player should go back to where there was previously a double bar with two dots on the right, or back to the beginning of the piece.
A double barline without dots shows the end of a piece of music.
The first beat of a bar feels stronger than the others. When a conductor beats time his hand (or baton) always goes DOWN for the first beat of the bar. This feels strong. The last beat of a bar is an "upbeat" because the conductor's hand always goes up.
Barlines have been used since around 1600.

Rostov
Rostov (Russian: Росто́в; Old Norse: Rostofa) is one of the oldest towns in Russia. It was first mentioned in the year 862 as an already important town. By the 13th century Rostov became the capital of an important area.
Now it is an important tourist centre of the so called Golden ring. It is located on the shores of Lake Nero in Yaroslavl Oblast. About 35,300 people lived there in 2002.
While the official name of the town is Rostov, it is better known to Russians as Rostov Veliky, i.e. "Rostov the Great". This name is used to distinguish it from Rostov on Don, which is now a much larger city. Rostov Yaroslavsky is the official name of its railway station (due to its position in Yaroslavl Oblast), but not of the town itself.

Alaskan king crab fishing
Alaskan king crab fishing is an event done in the winter in the Bering Sea near Alaska where people fish for many King Crabs. The people fish from boats between 40 and 250 feet in length. They throw steel cages, called pots, over the side of the boat, and the crab are lured to bait placed in them. Once they have been on the bottom of the sea long enough they are pulled back onto the boat using a special kind of crane. The crab in the pots are then looked at and crabs that are not good enough are put back into the ocean and the rest are put into a tank. When the ship gets back to the shore, the crab are sold to stores around the world.
The people working on the boat are paid a lot of money. The amount of money can be from nothing to tens of thousands of dollars depending on how many crab the fishermen caught. Alaskan crab fishing is one of the USA's most dangerous jobs. Because of the big waves and dangerous boats the fishermen work on, some people die every year.
To show people how dangerous crab fishing is, the Discovery Channel made a series called Deadliest Catch about the fishermen. And they also catch a lot of Crabs.

Link (The Legend of Zelda)
Link is a fictional character in "The Legend of Zelda" games and is the person you play as in all of the games. Link wears a green shirt and a long, floppy green hat on his head. Although link is the main character in the game, he never speaks. He is also left handed. He has large ears.

Solar power station in Victoria
A big new Solar power station in Victoria is planned.
A company called Solar Systems has announced a large 154 MW photovoltaic (PV) solar power station for north-western Victoria. The A$420 million project will provide enough electricity for more than 45,000 homes. It will create jobs and will also reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
Full completion is expected in 2013, with the first stage to be finished by 2010.
Four smaller solar power stations have already been built in central Australia.

Waldpolenz Solar Park
Waldpolenz Solar Park, will be the world’s biggest photovoltaic (PV) power system, to the east of Leipzig in Germany. The power plant will be a 40-megawatt solar power system using new technology, and should be finished by the end of 2009.
The installation will be in the Muldentalkreis district in the state of Saxony in eastern Germany. The investment cost for the Waldpolenz solar park amounts to some Euro 130 million.

Masaccio
Tommaso Guidi, better known as Masaccio, (1401 - 1428), was a famous painter of the Italian Renaissance. He worked in Florence. "Masaccio" was a nickname that meant "Fat Untidy Tom". He lived a very short life and only a few of his paintings exist, but they were so different to the style of other artists around him that they helped other painters to see a lot of things that could help people things in a new way.
Youth.
Masaccio was born on 21 December, 1401, in the town of San Giovanni Valdarno, in the valley of the Arno River, near Florence. He was the son of a "notary", a person who writes legal documents. His older brother became a painter and moved to Florence to the workshop of a painter called Bicci di Lorenzo. It is not known for certain, but it is thought that Masaccio may have trained at the same workshop. Masaccio's brother was nicknamed "Lo Scheggia" which means "The Splinter", so it is thought that he was a skinny as Masaccio was fat.
In 1422, when he was 21, Masaccio was already known as a painter, because he joined the "Company of Saint Luke", which was a guild that helped artists and set down the rules for their employment.
Earliest painting.
The earliest known painting by Masaccio is the "San Giovenale Triptych", dating from 1422. A "triptych" is a painting in three parts, most often used as an altarpiece. This altarpiece has in the middle panel the Virgin Mary and Christ Child on a throne. The wings, or side panels, each show two saints. Kneeling in front of the Virgin Mary are two little angels. One of the things that makes this painting different from most other paintings of the same time is that the angels are shown from the back. Their position is an invitation for the viewer to kneel down and worship the Virgin and Child as well. Masaccio used this way of making the viewer feel part of the scene in many of his paintings.
The plump solemn Baby Jesus with his fingers in his mouth, the three-dimensional look of the figures and the lack of rich decoration make this picture look very different from most other altarpieces of this time, which were painted in a style called International Gothic.
Portraits.
In April 1422 an event took place in Florence that was to be important in Masaccio's life. A new church was opened, and there was a grand procession and feast to celebrate. The church was Santa Maria del Carmine and Masaccio went along with his good friends, the sculptor Donatello, the architect Brunelleschi and the painter Masolino.
After the feast day, it seems that Masaccio went to Rome, probably with his friends. Brunelleschi and Donatello like to spend a lot of time poking around among the ruins of Ancient Rome. It is believed that on this trip Masaccio also spent a lot of time poking around in the ruins. What he saw were the sculptures of a previous age- more life-like and realistic than anything that he had ever seen before. Many of the sculptures showed pocessions of figures, but each figure was different from the next, so that they all looked like real "individual" people.
When Masaccio returned to Florence he was given a job, a "commission" to paint a fresco of the procession that had taken place for the opening of the new church. Masaccio was inspired by what he had seen in Rome.
The writer Vasari, who must have seen the picture before it was destroyed in the late 1500s, wrote that the people were in rows that were five or six deep, but painted in such a way that they were all different, fat ones and thin ones, tall ones and short ones, some in long cloaks, some in big hats, and every single one was a portrait of a real person who lived in Florence at the time. And of course, Masaccio put his friends Brunelleschi, Donatello and Masolino into the picture. Luckily, several artists made drawings at some time in the 1500s, so part of the design has been recorded, even though the painting itself has gone.
Working with Masolino.
In the Uffizi Gallery in Florence is an altarpiece that shows the Madonna and Child with Saint Anne. The Madonna and Child are seated on a throne, as is usual. Saint Anne, who was the mother of the Virgin Mary, is shown standing behind Mary with one hand on her daughter's shoulder and the other hand above the head of the Baby Jesus in a sign of blessing. The painting may have been done for a convent of nuns who honoured Saint Anne.
It is believed that this painting is a "collaboration"; that two artists worked on it together. It is believed by Art Historians that Masaccio painted Mary and Jesus and the angel near the top right. It is believed that Saint Anne and the other four angels were painted by Masolino.
Masolino was 17 years older than Masaccio. His name was Tommaso da Panicale, so when the two began to work together, they were known as Masaccio and Masolino, which means "Little Tom". Those are the names by which they are remembered as painters.
Collaborating.
"The Brancacci Chapel" is a large chapel at the Church of Santa Maria del Carmine where Masaccio had previously worked painting the procession. It was sponsored by the Brancacci family who paid for its decoration. There are no written records to show why or how it happened, but it seems that Masaccio and Masolino were given the job together. At first everything went very well and then things went very badly. It looked as if the job would never be finished. In fact, it is lucky that the paintings in the chapel survived at all.
The job seems to have started in 1423 or 1424 but this is not certain. The plan of the paintings was to show firstly how Sin came into the world through the disobedience of Adam and Eve. A painting by Masolino shows their disobedience in taking fruit from the forbidden tree. A painting opposite it by Masaccio shows Adam and Eve in disgrace, being chased out of the Garden of Eden. The rest of the paintings show "The Life of Saint Peter". This is because Saint Peter was the founder of the Catholic Church and the paintings were meant to show that the best way to know about God's love is through the Church.
It seems that Masaccio and Masolino happily planned a scheme of frescoes that went together is a pleasing way, even though they are in two styles. It is not hard to tell which scenes Masolino painted and which were done by Masaccio. Masolino's are prettier and more elegant. Masaccio's scenes show figures that are strong and have drapes like the statues that he saw in Rome. The thing that was most different in his painting to other artists of the same time was that the figures looked very solid and three-dimensional. He was influenced by the paintings of Giotto who had worked in Florence at the "Church of Santa Croce" nearly a hundred years earlier, but whose style of painting had given way to the International Gothic style.
Apart from the "Adam and Eve" scenes, which are the smallest of the pictures, the most famous is Masaccio's picture of "The Tribute Money". This large picture is set partly against a background of mountains and a lake, and partly against the background of a town which is similar to Florence. There are three scenes from the story. In the centre of the picture is a large group, Jesus and his twelve disciples. A tax collector has come to ask for a payment, but none of the men have any money. Jesus tells Peter to go fishing in the lake. Peter looks rather annoyed, wondering what good it will do. To the left, the small figure of Peter is kneeling at the edge of the lake with a fish he has caught. Inside the fish is a coin. To the right side of the picture, Peter is shown giving the coin to the tax collector. He no longer looks argumentative. Instead, he looks humble. Masaccio has expertly shown the feelings of the characters, not only by their faces, but also through body language.
Neither Masaccio nor Masolino were able to work on the frescoes continuously, as they both kept getting other jobs to attend to. In 1428 Masaccio was asked to go to Rome to paint an altarpiece for one of the most important and ancient churches, Santa Maria Maggiore. He only painted one panel, "Saint Jerome and Saint John the Baptist", before he died at the age of 27 years. Masolino and perhaps another artist, Domenico Veneziano worked on, and finished the altarpiece, which was later broken into pieces and scattered to galleries in different countries. Masaccio's panel is in the National Gallery, London.
Masolino lived for another 19 years, but he never went back to finish the Brancacci frescoes. The Brancacci family fell into disgrace and were chased out of Florence. One of Masaccio's pictures was attacked because it had portraits of some of the Brancacci family in it. Some 50 years later, in the 1480s, all the scenes that remained incomplete or not begun were painted by Filippino Lippi, who tried to respect the styles that Masaccio and Masolino had used before him.
Damage.
The chapel, which was dedicated to Saint Peter, was re-dedicated to "Our Lady of the Common People" and to her honour a magnificent ancient altarpiece by Coppo di Marcovaldo, dating from about 1280 was put into place. Because this image of the Virgin Mary was said to work miracles, many hundreds of candles were lit in front of it which soon stained the frescoes so that their bright colours could no longer be seen. Eventually the painting was moved to a different church. Then part of the roof fell in and had to be replaced. More damage was done in re-decorating. In 1680 the Marquis Francesco Ferroni decided that the paintings were too old-fashioned and should all be pulled down. Luckily the Grand Duchess Vittoria della Rovere stopped this from happening. In 1734 a painter called Antonio Pillori cleaned the frescoes. Then in the 1770, there was a fire in the church, causing worse staining and some damage to the frescoes. (Luckily the precious altarpiece had been moved.)
Discoveries.
In recent years there have been four interesting discoveries. During a minor cleaning in 1904 two slabs of marble near the altar were moved. Underneath were the bright colours that showed what the frescoes should look like. Examination of the areas where two windows had been changed showed the plans for two paintings that had been destroyed. The final discoveries in the chapel itself were two painted "roundels" with little angel faces in them, one by Masaccio and one by Masolino.
There was a problem to be solved in the minds of some art historians. Despite these interesting findings, there was a scene missing from the story of Saint Peter. It is the scene where Jesus says "You are Peter, and on this Rock I build my Church." This part of the story is of the greatest importance to the Roman Catholic Church because Peter was the first Bishop of Rome, and so the Pope rules as his direct line. The scene is usually shown by Jesus giving Peter the "Keys of Heaven". "The Keys", for hundreds of years, have been the symbol of the Pope. But the story of "the Keys" is completely missing.
Then, in the 1940s, John Pope-Hennessy, the director of the Victoria and Albert Museum in London, realised that the museum owned a work of art that was exactly the thing that was missing from the Brancacci Chapel. It was a thin, almost flat marble slab delicately carved with the scene of Jesus giving "the Keys" to Peter. It was just the right size to make the front of an altar. And although it could not be proved, it was almost certainly carved by Masaccio's friend, Donatello.
"The Trinity".
At some time while he was working on the "Brancacci Chapel", Masaccio painted a fresco for another church in Florence, "Santa Maria Novella", the church of the Dominican Order. This is a very remarkable painting and one of Masaccio's most famous. It shows the "Holy Trinity", (or God in three parts). God is shown as the eternal Creator, as the humble Sacrifice in Jesus on the Cross and as the inspiring Spirit. On either side of the Cross stand the Virgin Mary and Saint John. The two kneeling figures are the family who payed for the painting.
Masaccio has painted this very holy scene as if it was taking place in a deep recess or small chapel in the wall of the church. He has done this by using very accurate perspective. It is believed that the architect Brunelleschi may have helped him with this, as the painted architecture looks very much like buildings that Brunelleschi designed.
Influence.
Vasari writes that Masaccio was not very famous in his own time. In 1440 his body was brought home to Florence and buried at Santa Maria del Carmine but no monument was put up in his honour. Shortly afterwards people began to honour him as a painter. Michelangelo and many other painters and sculptors went to the "Brancacci Chapel" to study Masaccio's paintings. His influence can be seen in the paintings of Fra Angelico, Piero della Francesca, Ghirlandaio and particularly Michelangelo.

Wind power in Germany
Germany is the world's biggest user of wind power with an installed capacity of 20,621MW in 2006, ahead of Spain which had 11,615MW. 18,000 wind turbines are located in Germany and the country has plans to build more.

Wind power in Denmark
After the world's oil crises in the 1970s, Denmark started to develop wind power. In 1988, two years after the Chernobyl disaster, the Danes passed a law forbidding the construction of nuclear power plants.
The Danes were pioneers in developing commercial wind power during the 1970’s and today almost half of the wind turbines around the world are produced by Danish manufacturers such as Vestas.
Wind power in Denmark provided 18% of the electricity produced in Denmark in 2005, and cumulative installed capacity over recent years is shown in the Table below. However most of the wind power is exported abroad. The correlation between wind power and electricity export is very strong.
Wind turbines are popular with people in Denmark.
Books.
Caldicott, Helen (2006). "Nuclear power is not the answer to global warming or anything else", Melbourne University Press, ISBN 0 522 85251 3

River Don
The Don (Дон) is one of the major rivers of Russia. It rises in the town of Novomoskovsk 60 km southeast from Tula, southeast of Moscow, and flows for a distance of about 1,950 km (1,220 miles) to the Sea of Azov.
From its source, the river first flows southeast to Voronezh, then southwest to its mouth. The main city on the river is Rostov on Don, its main tributary, the Donets.
History.
In antiquity, the river was seen as the border between Europe and Asia. In the Hebrew Book of Jubilees, it is mentioned as being part of the border, beginning with its westernmost point up to its mouth, between the allotment of Japheth to the north and that of Shem to the south, sons of Noah. During the times of the old Scythians it was known in Greek as the Tanaïs, and has been a major trading route ever since.
Tanais appears in ancient Greek sources as the name of the river and of a city on it, situated in the Maeotian marshes. The name derives however from Scythian (Iranian) "Dānu" "river", akin to modern Ossetic "don" "river".
At its easternmost point, the Don comes near the Volga, and the Volga-Don Canal (length ca. 105 km (65 miles)), connecting both rivers, has been a major waterway. The Khazar fortress of Sarkel used to dominate this point in the Middle Ages. This part of the river saw Operation Uranus, one of the turning points of the Second World War.
The Don has given its name to the Don Cossacks who settled the fertile valley of the river in the 16th and 17th centuries. In modern literature, the Don figures centrally in the works of Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov, a Cossack from the stanitsa of Veshenskaya.

Grace Hopper
Grace Murray Hopper (December 9 1906 – January 1 1992) was an American computer scientist and United States Navy officer.
She was one of the first people to work with modern digital computers and the first programmers of the Harvard Mark I calculator. She developed the first compiler for a computer programming language.
She had the idea that programs could be written in a language that was close to English rather than in machine code or languages (such as assembly language) close to machine code, which is how it was normally done at that time. COBOL language was based very much on her philosophy.

Marin Alsop
Marin Alsop (born Manhattan, New York, October 16, 1956) is an American conductor.
She went to Yale University and then got a Master’s Degree from the Juilliard School in violin playing. She won the Koussevitzky Conducting Prize at the Tanglewood Music Center in 1989, where she studied with famous conductors such as Leonard Bernstein.
Alsop has conducted many of the world’s most famous orchestras. Since 2002 she has been the conductor of the Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra, and in 2007 she will become the conductor of the Baltimore Symphony. This will make her the first woman conductor of an important American orchestra.
Alsop has won many prizes and made lots of recordings. She has conducted and recorded many pieces by American composers, including the complete orchestral works of Samuel Barber.

Nevada Solar One
Nevada Solar One is the third biggest solar power plant in the world, generating 64MW. It was built in Boulder City, Nevada.
Nevada Solar One is a solar thermal power station and will use parabolic troughs, heating tubes of liquid (solar receivers). These solar receivers are specially coated tubes made of glass and steel.
Nevada Solar One also uses a technology that collects extra heat by putting it into phase-changing molten salts. This energy can then be drawn on at night.
Nevada Solar One started producing electricity in the June 2007.

Integrated Pest Management
In agriculture, Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a pest control strategy. This strategy uses many different ways to deal with pests: natural predators and parasites, pest-resistant varieties of plants, cultural practices, biological controls, various physical techniques, and pesticides as a last resort.
It is an ecological approach that can reduce or eliminate the use of pesticides.

Serpa solar power plant
Construction of the 11 megawatt Serpa solar power plant in Portugal began in June 2006 and was completed in January 2007. The plant consists of a photovoltaic system that uses silicon solar cell technology to convert sunlight directly into energy.
The Serpa solar power plant uses 52,000 photovoltaic modules manufactured by SunPower, Sanyo, and Sharp. The plant uses a new tracking system that follows the Sun's daily path across the sky.
Generating electricity from the sun with no fuel costs or emissions, the Serpa plant is on a 60-hectare (150-acre) hillside and is a model of clean power generation integrated with agriculture. The project saves more than 30,000 tons a year in greenhouse gas emissions compared to equivalent fossil fuel generation.

Indian Solar Loan Programme
The United Nation Environment Programme's Indian Solar Loan Programme has won the "World award for Sustainability" for helping to establish a householder loan program for solar home power systems.
Over the span of three years more than 16,000 solar home systems have been financed through 2,000 bank branches, mainly in areas of South India where the electricity grid does not yet extend.

Clovis I
Clovis I (variously spelled Chlodowech or Chlodwig, giving modern French "Louis" and modern German "Ludwig") (c. 466 – November 27 511) was the first king of the Franks who united that nation. He succeeded his father Childeric I in 481 as King of the Salian Franks, one of two main groups of Frankish tribes, They were occupying the area west of the lower Rhine at that time, with their centre around Tournai and Cambrai along the modern frontier between France and Belgium. Clovis conquered the neighbouring Frankish tribes and established himself as sole king before his death.
Clovis converted to Catholicism, as opposed to the Arian Christianity that was common among Germanic peoples, because his wife, the Burgundian Clotilde, was a Catholic. He was baptized in the Cathedral of Reims. This act was very important in the following history of France and Western Europe in general, because he expanded his reign over almost all of the old Roman province of Gaul (roughly modern France). He is considered to be the founder both of France (which his state closely resembled geographically at his death) and the Merovingian dynasty, which ruled the Franks for the next two centuries.

Merovingian dynasty
The Merovingians were a dynasty of Frankish kings who ruled in the region of ancient Gaul (more or less modern France), from the fifth to the eighth century.
They were sometimes referred to as the "long-haired kings" (Latin "reges criniti") by people of the time, for their symbolically unshorn hair (traditionally the tribal leader of the Franks wore his hair long, while the warriors trimmed theirs short). The term is drawn directly from Germanic, akin to their dynasty's Old English name "Merewīowing".
The Merovingian dynasty owes its name to the semi-legendary Merovech (or Merowig, sometimes Latinised as "Meroveus" or "Merovius"), leader of the Salian Franks from c.447 to 457. Clovis I went on to unite most of Gaul north of the Loire under his control around 486, when he defeated Syagrius, the Roman ruler in those parts.

Dale Earnhardt
Ralph Dale Earnhardt, Sr. (April 29, 1951 – February 18, 2001) was an American NASCAR driver. He is the father of race car driver Dale Earnhardt, Jr. He started Dale Earnhardt, Inc. Earnhardt died in a crash during the Daytona 500 in 2001. The accident happened a few seconds before his own son came second in that race.

Homelessness
Homelessness refers to the condition of people who do not have a house or apartment to stay in. The term "homelessness" also includes people who sleep in homeless shelters, or in abandoned buildings, parking garages, or other places not meant for humans to live in.
Other names.
The term used to describe homeless people in academic articles and government reports is "homeless people". Popular slang terms include: vagrant, tramp, hobo (U.S.), transient, bum (U.S.), bagman/bagwoman, or the wandering poor.
Health care.
Health care for the homeless is a major public health challenge. Homeless people are more likely to suffer injuries and medical problems from their lifestyle on the street. Skin diseases and conditions abound, because homeless people are exposed to extreme cold in the winter and they have little access to bathing. Homeless people also have much more severe dental problems than the general population.
Developing and undeveloped countries.
The number of homeless people worldwide has grown steadily in recent years. In some Third World nations such as Brazil, India, Nigeria, and South Africa, homelessness is rampant, with millions of children living and working on the streets. Homelessness has become a problem in the cities of China, Thailand, Indonesia, and the Philippines.
History.
In the sixteenth century in England, the state first tried to give housing to vagrants instead of punishing them. In the eighteenth century, these were replaced by workhouses. These were later replaced by dormitory housing ("spikes"). By the 1930s in England, there were 30,000 people living in these facilities.
In most countries, many towns and cities had an area which contained the poor, transients, and afflicted, such as a "skid row".
In smaller towns, there were hobos, who temporarily lived near train tracks and hopped onto trains to various destinations.
Many places where people were once allowed freely to loiter, or purposefully be present, such as churches, public libraries and public atriums, became more strict as the homeless population grew larger.
In the 1980s, in the United States, some federal legislation was introduced for the homeless as a result of the work of Congressman Stewart B. McKinney. In 1987, the McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act was enacted. Several organisations in some cities, such as New York and Boston, tried to be inventive about help to the swelling number of homeless people.

Hideshi Hino
Hideshi Hino (日野日出志 Hino Hideshi, born April 19, 1946) is a Japanese manga artist. He draws and writes horror stories. Some of the books he has written are: "Hino Horror", "Panorama of Hell", and "Hell Baby". He has also made and been in horror movies.

Salland
Salland is a historical region in the west and north of the present Dutch province of Overijssel.
History.
The history of Salland goes back to the early Middle Ages, when the four quarters of Oversticht (Salland, Twente, Land van Vollenhove and Drente) came together.
Salland (and nearby areas) may have been the early seat of the Salian Franks, the founders of the modern Dutch and French nations.
Geography.
Salland is bound to the west by the provincial border with Gelderland, which is partly formed by river IJssel; to the north by the Meppelerdiep stream and the provincial border with Drente, which partly consists of the Reest stream; to the east by the borders with the German state of Lower Saxony and the eastern Overijssel region of Twente; and to the south by the border with the Gelderland region of Achterhoek, part of which is formed by the Schipbeek stream.
Geologically, most of Salland's landscape consists of a lowland covered with river sediment.

Darkthrone
Darkthrone is a black metal band from Norway.

Minutemen (band)
The Minutemen were a very well known American Hardcore punk band from the 1980s. The people in the band were D. Boon on guitar, Mike Watt on bass guitar and George Hurley on drums.
The Minutemen were formed in January of 1980 and began to record music that same year. They gave to the public their first EP, called "Paranoid Time", that year. Over the next five years, the Minutemen went on many music playing trips and made many albums. Some of their most well kown albums are "What Makes a Man Start Fires?" and "Double Nickels on the Dime".
The band was forced to split in 1985 due to the death of D. Boon. Boon was killed in a car crash when his girlfriend fell asleep at the wheel. After Boon's death, Watt and Hurley formed the band fIREHOSE with Minutemen fan Ed Crawford. fIREHOSE played until 1994 when they broke up. Since the breakup of fIREHOSE, Mike Watt has played in several bands and also his own solo career.

Hammurabi
Hammurabi ("ca." 1810 BCE – 1750 BCE), was the sixth king of Babylon. Hammurabi is known for the laws called Hammurabi's Code, one of the first written codes of law in history.

Double Nickels on the Dime
"Double Nickels on the Dime" is a hardcore punk album made by the Minutemen. The album was recorded in 1984 and was given to the public in the same year. The album is very long and has 43 songs. It is thought to be a very good album and one of the best of the genre.

Timbaland
Timothy Z. Mosley, also known as Timbaland, (born March 10, 1971) is a Grammy Award-winning American record producer, rapper and songwriter. He is from Norfolk, Virginia.

Melvins
The Melvins are an American rock band. They are from the city of Aberdeen, Washington. The only members who have been in the band for a long time are Buzz "King Buzzo" Osborne who plays guitar and Dale Crover who plays drums. Coady Willis who plays drums (in addition to Dale) and Jared Warren who plays bass guitar are also currently in the band.

Married and maiden names
A maiden name is the family name a woman has before she marries. A married name is the family name taken by a married person at the time of the marriage.
Some people prefer to use the term "birth name" instead of "maiden name". The phrase "birth name" can be used by a man if he changes his name when marrying.

Tom Whedon
Tom Whedon is an American television writer. He has written for many series, for example, "Benson", "Alice" and "The Golden Girls". Whedon also wrote for the children's series "The Electric Company". He is the father of Deadwood script writer Zack Whedon. Whedon is also the father of writer/producer/director Joss Whedon, the creator of "Buffy the Vampire Slayer", "Angel", and "Firefly".

Zack Whedon
Zack Whedon is an American television writer. He graduated from Wesleyan University in 2002 with a film degree. Whedon has written for the HBO series "Deadwood". He is the son of writer Tom Whedon and the brother of writer-producer-director Joss Whedon.
Whedon has also done work on his brother's series "Angel" as well as collaborated with his brother on the internet only serial "Dr. Horrible's Sing-Along Blog".
He currently is a writer for the "J.J. Abrams" show "Fringe"

Langnau im Emmental
Langnau im Emmental ('Langnau in the Emmental') is a small village in the Emmental, in the canton of Bern. It is by the river Ilfis between the cities of Bern and Luzern. It has a population of about 8800 people. Most of the people of the village work in the building trades.
Langnau has an Ice hockey Club, called the SCL Tigers. They have their home stadium in Langnau.

Muri bei Bern
Muri bei Bern is a township in Switzerland near Bern. In December 2005, it had a population of 12458 people. The township Muri comprised two small towns: Muri and Gümligen
History.
Muri has been populated since the time of the Romans, but it has only had the name Muri since 1180. It started as a little township with a little castle and some farmhouses. Between the 13th and 15th century it became a very rich township.
Geography.
In Muri it has two big woods; The Hüendli-Wald and the Dentenberg-Wald. Around the Aare it has also a little woods. All together it has 150 hectares of woods, 190 hectares of grassland and 339 hectares of building land. Also Muri has a total area of 760 hectares.

The Legend of Zelda (video game)
is the first video game in The Legend of Zelda series of games. The game was made by a Japanese man named Shigeru Miyamoto. It was sold to stores by Nintendo in 1986. The game was sold to be played on the Nintendo Entertainment System. In the game the player plays as a hero named Link. Link must save Princess Zelda from a powerful person named Ganon. It was the first game to ever let the player continue where they last played the game after they had turned the game off. The game also let the player go wherever they wanted to go at any time in the games world. The game was very popular. Many more Zelda games were made because of it.

Deadliest Catch
The Deadliest Catch is a reality television series on the Discovery Channel, about Alaskan king crab fishing. The series shows people fishing for crabs in the Bering Sea near Alaska. The series is named "Deadliest Catch" because the crew of these boats are at a high risk of death or injury due to the dangerous places and weather of the sea during the seasons they fish, earning the title of most dangerous job in the world.

Garage rock
Garage rock is a raw form of rock and roll. It was popular in the 1960s in the United States of America and Canada. it has made a comeback recently.

Psychedelic rock
Psychedelic rock is a style of rock music. It was very popular in the 1960s when it started, and still has many fans today. It was first made in San Francisco, but it also was made in other cities such as New York City, and in other countries, especially England.
Psychedelic rock songs usually have lyrics describing the effects of drugs, if any words at all. Songs were sometimes very long (10-15 minutes), and much of this time might be taken up by a solo, like a drum solo or a guitar solo. Some major groups that made psychedelic rock included: The Beatles (especially in 1967), The Grateful Dead, The Who, Jimi Hendrix, Jefferson Airplane, Pink Floyd, Frank Zappa, and Hawkwind. Psychedelic rock was usually made for listening to when getting high with hashish or LSD, or both. During Grateful Dead concerts, some people actually sat inside the huge speakers that the Grateful Dead brought to their concerts.

Doppelgänger
A Doppelgänger or a doppelganger is a German word used in English to talk about any double or someone that looks exactly like another person — most commonly an "evil twin." In some folklore, a doppelganger that is seen by a person's friends or family means the person will have illness or is in danger, while seeing your own doppelgänger means you will likely die. Some mythology offer more magic explanations, where the doppelganger is created by some kind of curse or through magic. These doppelgängers are usually, but not always, bad in some way. Doppelgängers can sometimes be seen in books, movies, and other fiction as part of their stories.

Absurd
Absurd is a Neo Nazi black metal band from Germany. The band was formed in 1992.

Nokturnal Mortum
Nokturnal Mortum is a pagan black metal band from Ukraine. It is one of the major black metal bands from eastern Europe, along with Graveland.
History.
The story began in Kharkiv on the December, 31, 1991 with the birth of the band SUPPURATION (unholy death metal) with main members being Knjaz Varggoth, Munruthel and Xaarquath. Their first release was "Ecclesiastical Blasphemy" in 1992, and was distributed by Shiver Records in Belgium. After Sataroth joined the band in 1992 as vocalist they recorded the "Unspeakable Journey Into Subsconscious World" demo (1993).
In April 1993 Wortherax (guitar) joined the band and the following month they recorded "Cosmic Flight Around Astralspher". The demo was supposed to be out as 7" EP on The Final Holocaust Records (Russia), but the label collapsed and Suppuration died in the summer of the same year.
Still, as of Autumn 1993 there was a new band CRYSTALINE DARKNESS (black metal) in place. Line-up included Knjaz Varggoth - vocals / guitar, Karpath - guitar and Munruthel - drums. Having recorded the "Mi Agama Khaz Mifisto" demo the band negotiated with View Beyond Records (Czechia).
Then in 1994 former Suppuration members got together and recorded the "Twilightfall" demo (1995) under the name of NOCTURNAL MORTUM (with "C" in the first word). As the band then went into black metal the name suffered change to NOKTURNAL MORTUM (now with "K").
In the end of 1995 - early 1996 the legendary "Lunar Poetry" demo was created and recorded. The MC was released in Spring 1996 by MetalAgen Records (Russia). Shortly after release Wortherax left the band and was replaced by Karpath and Saturious, as a second keyboard player. In the summer 1996 the second album "Goat Horns" was recorded (released in Spring 1997 by MetalAgen on MC).
In December 1996, "Return Of The Vampire Lord" was recorded. It included a brand new title song and two songs of Crystaline Darkness ("Mi Agama Khaz Mifisto" and "Crystaline Darkness"). This EP was released in 1997 by MetalAgen Records as a split MC with LUCIFUGUM "Path Of Wolf", but then NOKTURNAL MORTUM canceled their relations with that label due to MetalAgen wrong policy.
In 1996 NOKTURNAL MORTUM with LUCIFUGUM also recorded a joint album entitled "Vetche" - MC was released in 1998 by Oriana Production.
In 1997 NOKTURNAL MORTUM have recorded "To The Gates Of Blasphemous Fire" album and "Marble Moon" EP that included an Ukrainian folk song "Swallow" and Hymn Of Ukraine. At the same time the band signed with The End Records (USA) that offered very good conditions and agreed to release all NOKTURNAL MORTUM albums on CDs. So the first release was "Goat Horns" released on the March, 31, 1998. The new album "To The Gates Of Blasphemous Fire" was released on the March, 1, 1999 by The End/ Nuclear Blast (which licensed NOKTURNAL MORTUM for Europe with the first European release being "Goat Horns"). Meanwhile, "Goat Horns" and "To The Gates Of Blasphemous Fire" were released in the end of 1998 in MC format by Oriana - "Goat Horns" with new cover art.
In January 1999 the band have fired their lead guitarist Karpath. February, 26 - May, 9 NOKTURNAL MORTUM were recording their new album entitled "Nechrist" (with Russian and English lyrics). In Autumn 1999 Oriana Production is releasing "Nechrist" and "Lunar Poetry" in MC format.
In Spring 2000 Munruthel and Saturious had left NOKTURNAL MORTUM. "Nechrist" CD was released on the July, 4, 2000 by The End/Last Episode. Istukan and afterwards Khaoth had joined NOKTURNAL MORTUM as session drummers, but in the autumn Munruthel has returned to NOKTURNAL MORTUM. Also, Vrolok (a member of RUNES OF DIANCEHT) had joined the band as a new guitarist. In the end of 2000 Saturious has returned to NOKTURNAL MORTUM.
In the beginning of 2001 Oriana Production is releasing "Return Of The Vampire Lord / Marble Moon" MC...
After recording of “Nechrist” the activity of NOKTURNAL MORTUM was stopped. During this time NOKTURNAL MORTUM members worked with their own projects: MISTIGO VARGGOTH DARKESTRA - Knjaz Varggoth, MUNRUTHEL (old name - SILENTIUM) - Munruthel and FINIST - Saturious and Munruthel. Also Knjaz Varggoth, Munruthel and Saturious are members of the Polish band PIORUN.
In this period NOKTURNAL MORTUM recorded three songs: “Thurisaz” (cover of GRAVELAND), which is not released till now, “ Journey to the Stars” of BURZUM (released in the tribute album Visions–A Tribute to Burzum in 2003) and “Iron Eagle Towards the Golden Svarga” which was included in "The Taste of Victory" album.
During Winter - Summer of 2002 NOKTURNAL MORTUM recommenced their concert activities. K. had joined to them as a second keyboardist but not more than a half-year. Also Xaarquath had left the band. And from that time Vrolok works in band as bass guitarist.
And at last after many years of delays and promises is finally putting the finishing touches to NOKTURNAL MORTUM’s long awaited brand new material. For this session violinist and new guitarist Alzeth was accepted.
The forth release is the compilation, dedicated to the 11th anniversary of band's activity (incl. proto-NOKTURNAL MORTUM bands such as SUPPORATION and CRYSTALLINE DARKNESS) “Eleven Years among the sheep”, which was in 2004.
In December,2003 NOKTURNAL MORTUM had fired Munruthel and Odalv had joined the band as a new drummer.
During 2004 NOKTURNAL MORTUM’s discography was enriched. Oriana Music has released “The Taste of Victory” CD, “Return of the Vampire Lord” CD and “Twilightfall” CD. Also “Nechrist” CD, “To the Gates of Blasphemous Fire” CD, “Goat Horns” CD and “Lunar Poetry” CD was re-released.
The first NOKTURNAL MORTUM’s LP (double LP) “Nechrist” was released by Ledo Takas. 3 gatefold LPs (“Lunar Poetry”, “To the gates of Blasphemous Fire” and “Goat Horns”) was released with No Colours supporting.
In 2005 new album was out in two versions. English version was released by German No Colours under the name “Weltanschauung” and Ukrainian–by Oriana Music under the name “Mirovozzrenie” (this is Russian translation of “Weltanschauung”).
Now Nokturnal Mortum is finishing the work with new album “The Voice of Steel”.

Repo Man (movie)
"Repo Man" is a 1984 comedy/science fiction movie starring Emilio Estevaz and Harry Dean Stanton. It was writen and directed by Alex Cox. The movie is about the life of a repo man, a person who steals cars legally from people who do not pay for them.
The movie is well thought of for several reasons. First, it has talk and events that are both funny and strange. The music played in the movie is also a very good collection of punk rock music that was popular at the time. Also, the movie is not similar to most other movies that were made at the same time.

Social worker
A social worker is a government employee that helps people who cannot help themselves including phisically disabled people, people addicted to alcohol, and people with addictions to drugs like cocaine and marijuana. This person helps the disadvantaged person acquire a normal life (job, home, money, etc.)If a child is being abused then a social worker could help by either taking the child away to live in a home or to be fostered. Social workers are provided by the government. They also are on simulation games such as the Sims 2 where if you had a baby and a child and the child had lack of food or social, the social worker would trun up and take both of them away because they think that your not looking after the baby.

Reggie Miller
Reggie Miller (August 24, 1965) is a retired American basketball player. Miller was known for being a good jump shooter during his career. He played his entire career for the Indiana Pacers of the National Basketball Association (NBA).

Altarpiece
An altarpiece is a work of art that has been made to go above the altar in a Christian church. An altarpiece can be a painting, or it can be carved from wood or stone. Some altarpieces have both painting and sculpture.
Purpose.
A beautiful altarpiece is a way of making a person who goes into a church feel interested, so they walk forward, closer to the altar. This puts them in a good position to see the church service, hear the prayers and readings, and listen to what the priest says.
If there is no "service" in the church at that time, the altarpiece gives a person something interesting to look at and think about. It helps them to think about Jesus or a particular saint whose story might be told in the pictures. Looking at an altarpiece can encourage a person to pray.
Subject matter.
There are three most common subjects, "The Virgin Mary and Christ Child", "Jesus crucified" and "Christ in Glory". These are three very important parts of Christian belief.
Altars of The Virgin Mary and Christ Child were made to remind Christians that God came to Earth as Jesus, in the form of an ordinary helpless little baby, to grow up among people. These altarpieces are to remind Christians of the Christmas story.
Altarpieces of Jesus on the cross were made to remind Christians that Jesus, who was pure and did not sin, died a horrible death like a robber and murderer so that Christians could be forgiven. These altarpieces are to remind Christians of the Easter story.
Altarpieces that show Jesus sitting on a throne in Heaven were made to remind Christians that they need to put their lives right and turn to God because one day they will see him on his throne. These altarpieces are to remind Christians that they never know when their life might end and they should live every day in a way that pleases God.
Saints and stories.
Many altarpieces, as well as having one of the three main scenes, may have lots of other figures or lots of other small scenes.
The other figures are usually saints. They might be shown standing around a throne where the Virgin Mary sits with Baby Jesus on her knee. Or they might be painted on separate pieces that are joined to the middle part of the altarpiece. These saints don't have to be people who were alive at the same time as Mary. They are more often the patron saint of the church or the favourites saints of the person who paid for the altarpiece.
Smaller rectangular parts of the altarpiece often have stories painted in them. They may be stories from the Bible telling the life of Jesus, or they might tell the life of a saint.
Size.
An altarpiece can be as small as a tiny painting put on the wall above a table in someone's home. Or it can be so big that it fills the wall of a huge cathedral. The word is usually used for artworks which are quite big. A small painting may be called a "Holy Picture" or an "Icon".

Wood mouse
The Wood Mouse ("Apodemus sylvaticus") or Long-tailed Field Mouse is a common rodent.
Habitat.
Almost entirely nocturnal, field mice burrow extensively, digging a series of chambers and runs. Their usual habitat is woodlands, fields and hedgerows, although they are also found in open grassland.
History.
The geographical isolation and recent glacial history of Shetland have resulted in a depleted mammalian fauna. The field mouse (Apodemus sylvaticus L.), along with the brown rat (Rattus norvegicus Berkenhout) and the house mouse (Mus musculus domesticus Schwartz & Schwartz), are one of only three recorded types of rodent present on the island. Based largely on moprphological studies of epigenetic variations, the source of the original founding population has been attributed to Norway with the most obvious date of introduction being presumed to be around the 9th century AD with the arrival of the Vikings. However, archaeological evidence now suggests that this species was present during the Middle Iron Age (around 200 BC - AD 400), and one theory proposes that Apodemus was in fact introduced from Orkney where a population had existed since at the least the Bronze Age.[3]
Field Mouse.
Field mouse is the name for a large group of mice in the UK but the real field mouse is the Long Tailed Field Mouse or wood mouse.
Appearence.
They have a solid brown coat with a white belly as shown in the picture. For their size, they have very large eyes and ears. They grow to roughly 10cm long and weigh 30 grams when full grown.
Eating habits.
They are omnivorous and eat a range of seeds, worms, berries, small insects and carrion. In deciduous woodland they will eat acorns and sycamore seeds for the winter, buds in spring, insects and seeds in summer and berries and fungi in autumn. However they will eat their own tail if faced with starvation.
Prey.
They are prey to many animals, including owls and foxes and therefore have a short life, normally living for 6 to 12 months. However in captivity they can live for over 20 months. They live in any place where it can find food or shelter but traditionally live in hedgerows, forests and grass lands. They make their nests wherever it is warm and there is cover. This means that they will usually nest underground but will nest in other warm environments.
Psychology.
The Field mouse has been proven to be extremely intelligent. If given time, it will think out a strategy before doing something. It is also very fast for its size and can go at almost ten strals per hour. They have extremely small but sharp claws, which they use to dig into houses to scavenge food. They assess a situation before doing anything. They will judge whether it is too risky, dangerous or useless and they often look out for each other. However, if they are being chased, they will dart undercover or into small nooks and crannies.
References.
1. ^ Goaman, K., Amery, H. (1983). Mysteries & Marvels of the Animal World: pg.15
2. ^ Schlitter & Van der Straeten (2004). Apodemus sylvaticus. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. Retrieved on 11 May 2006. Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is of least concern
3. ^ Nicholson, R.A., Barber, P., and Bond, J.M. (2005). New Evidence for the Date of Introduction of the House Mouse, Mus musculus domesticus Schwartz & Schwartz, and the Field Mouse, Apodemus sylvaticus (L.) to Shetland. Environmental Archaeology 10 (2): 143-151

Codex Hammurabi
The Code of Hammurabi was a code of Babylonian law.
It was written on a stele (a large stone monument), and put in a public place where everyone could see it. The stele was later captured by the Elamites and taken to their capital, Susa. It was found there again in 1901, and is now in the Louvre Museum in Paris.
The code of Hammurabi had 282 laws, written by scribes on 12 tablets. Unlike earlier laws, it was written in Akkadian, the daily language of Babylonia.
For each crime, a specific punishment is listed. The punishments tended to be harsh by modern standards. They included death, cutting off a body part, and the use of the "Eye for eye, tooth for tooth philosophy". The penalties of his laws may seem cruel to modern readers, but the fact that he put into writing the laws of his kingdom is considered an important step forward in the development of civilization.
The Code of Hammurabi was one of many sets of laws in the Ancient Near East.

Media player
Media player is a word that describes computer software that can play more than one type of media (multimedia). Media players can usually play both audio (sound) and video files.
Microsoft Windows comes with a media player already on it, Windows Media Player. Some other media players are Quicktime, iTunes, Real Player and Winamp.

The Weather Channel (United States)
The Weather Channel is a television channel that is shown on TV in the United States. The Weather Channel shows television shows about the weather and weather-related news all day. The Weather Channel is most often filmed inside a studio near Atlanta, but some people working there sometimes go out to the place that the storm or weather is happening to movie it. The Weather Channel also has radio stations, newspapers, and websites. The weather Channel will be shown in High Defenition this September. The Weather Channel is like a show called The Weather Network in Canada, and a show also called The Weather Channel in Australia.

Comet Borrelly
Comet Borrelly is a periodic comet. Periodic comets can only be seen from earth once every few years or decades. It was visited by the spacecraft Deep Space 1. Comet Borrelly was last seen from earth in September 2001 and will likely be seen again in July 2008.

Microcontroller
A microcontroller (abbreviated MCU or µC) is a high integrated functional computer system-on-a-chip. It contains an integrated processor core, memory (a small amount of RAM, program memory, or both), and programmable output peripherals. In contrast to a microprocessor which only contains a CPU (the kind used in a PC).
Another term to describe a microcontroller is embedded controller, because the microcontroller and its support circuits are often built into, or embedded in, the devices they control.
In addition to the usual arithmetic and logic elements of a general purpose microprocessor, the microcontroller integrates additional elements such as RAM for data storage, read-only memory for program storage, flash memory for permanent data storage, peripherals, and input/output interfaces.
Microcontrollers often operate at very low speed compared to microprocessors (at clock speeds of as little as 32KHz), but this is adequate for typical applications. They consume relatively little power (milliwatts or even microwatts).
Microcontrollers are used in automatically controlled products and devices, such as automobile engine control systems, remote controls, machines, appliances, power tools, and toys, these are called embedded systems.

Melodrama
Melodrama is a portmanteau word, formed by combining the words "melody" from the Greek "melōidía", meaning "song") and "drama". Melodrama is a Victorian style play with very simple characters: a villan, hero and heroine (which usually ends happy). In English, it is called a musical. Musicals are very popular among the people of the United States.

Skullhead
Skullhead was a 1980s Rock Against Communism band from Newcastle, England. Their type of music is a blend of rock, Oi!, and heavy metal music. The band and lead singer, Kev Turner (known to many by the tattoo's he sports, including "Doc martin" boots on the side of his face, which appear like sideburns) were also heavily influenced by the Odinist religion, to which many of their songs refer too.

Landser
Landser is a Neo-Nazi, Rock Against Communism rock band from Germany. Because of laws in Germany against speaking badly about the people that died during the Holocaust of World War II, several members of the band were put in prison.
The Supreme Court of Berlin sentenced the members of the band to prison and fines for forming a criminal union as well as for incitement of the people and the distribution of radically right-wing propaganda in December 2003.
In March 2005, the Federal Supreme Court in Karlsruhe upheld the prison sentence against a band member. This was the first time that a band had been called a criminal association by the highest federal court.

Blue Eyed Devils
Blue Eyed Devils was a Neo-Nazi, RAC band from Delaware, USA. The band was formed in 1998 and disbanded in 2003, playing their last show in Switzerland.

Lily Allen
Lily Rose Beatrice Allen (born May 2, 1985) is an English pop singer. She is often compared to Amy Winehouse and Katy Perry. Lily Allen made her first album, called "Alright, Still" in 2006. It came out in the United States in early 2007.

Zerah Colburn
Zerah Colburn (born Cabot, Vermont, 1804; died 1839) was a child prodigy. He became famous when he was a little boy because he could do unbelievably difficult sums very easily. However, he wasted his talent and never became a useful mathematician.
Zerah’s father was a carpenter. He and his wife had six children, and they had very little money.
When he was five he started to go to school. After six weeks his father heard him doing multiplication sums. His father asked him what 13 times 97 was. The boy immediately said “1261”.
His father took him to Boston to show him to famous people. They asked the boy questions: what is 1449 times 1449? The boy said “2,099,601”. Someone else asked him how many seconds there were in 2000 years. He said “63,072,000,000”.
His father looked for rich people who would pay for the boy’s education. In Boston $5000 was raised so that he did not have to be shown off in public all the time. Nevertheless, his father took him to Europe. In London people asked him more questions, e.g. is 4,294,967,297 a prime number? The boy said “No, it can be divided by 641”.
People wanted the boy to explain how he did these calculations, but he could not say how he did it. He became famous. Napoleon was going to meet him, but he lost the Battle of Waterloo and was not able to make the visit. He went to school in Paris and then in London, but by the time he was 15 people were not interested in helping him any more. He joined a touring group of actors and got the part of Richard III in the play by Shakespeare. He met William Rowan Hamilton who was also a prodigy and who did become a famous mathematician. Zerah soon got fed up with mathematics and became a Methodist minister. He taught languages at Norwich University in Vermont. He wrote an autobiography in which he tried to explain how he did his calculations.
When he died most people had forgotten about him.
His nephew, also named Zerah Colburn, was a famous locomotive designer.
Trivia.
Zerah, like his father, had 12 fingers and 12 toes.

Quedlinburg
Quedlinburg is a City in the state of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. The city covers an area of
. 22,795 people live there (2005). The place is located just 8 kilometers north of the Harz mountains. The small river called Bode is flowing through the city. In 1994 the UNESCO set the old town Quedlinburg on the list of World Heritage Sites.
History.
In the year 922 the name Quedlinburg was first mentioned in a paper from King Henry I the Fowler of Germany. In the first half of the 10th century the Hungarians with their horses attaced many place all over central Europe. King Henry build up a castle to give the farmers around a place to flee. In 936 the king died and his body was buried on the castles hill in Quedlinburg. His widow Matilda and his son King Otto I set up an convent für ladies. The tasks of this convent was to remind the memory of King Henry I and to educate young ladies to get better chaces to get married. This convent on the hill existed until it was dissolved in 1803. First abbess of the ladies-convent was Matilda the daughter of King Otto I and grand-daughter of Queen Matilda.
In the valley north of that hill in 994 King Otto III founded the old town. He was ask to do so from his aunt abbess Matilda.
This old town was used by merchants to sell and buy textiles and so it grow up. In the middle of the 12th century a new town was created by the abbess of the ladies-convent.
In 1330 both towns were united. They got stronger in power and in 1477 they tryed to get totaly independent from the abbess. But military troops from the brothers of the abbess occupied both towns.
All the citizens got under control of the abess again.
In 1541 the Protestant Reformation reached the convent and the town and everybody changed his beliefs to Protestant religion.
Surprisingly during the Thirty Years' War the town was not destroyed, because the abbess made diplomatic arrangements with all the bypassing military leaders.
Geography and Climate.
The city is located 8 kilometers north of the Harz mountains around 123 meters above sea level. The surroundig mountains reach abaout 180 meters above sea level. Most of the town is on the western site of the rivers Bode bank. The town area covers around 78,15 square kilometers.
The average temperature of the year is 8,8 degree. January and February are the coldest months of the year, with an average temperature of 0,1 °C and 0,4 °C. July and August are the hottest months, with an average temperature of 17,8 °C (63 °F) and 17,2 °C. The average annual rainfall is about 438 millimetres. The rain occurrs usually from May to September. This rainfall is one of the lowest in Germany, which has an annual average around 800 millimetres.
Sister cities.
Quedlinburg has partnerships with 5 cities. Each of the 5 boroughs also has their sister cities, sometimes called twin towns.

DreamWorks
DreamWorks (also known as DreamWorks Pictures or DreamWorks SKG) is one of the big American movie studios which makes, pays for, and releases films, video games, and television shows. DreamWorks has made more than ten films which have made more than $100 million. Some of the movies that it made include "American Beauty", "Gladiator", "Shrek", "Madagascar" and '. Its most successful movie is "Shrek 2".

Universal Studios
Universal Studios (sometimes called Universal Pictures or Universal City Studios), a subsidiary of NBC Universal, is one of the major American film studios that has production studios and offices located at 100 Universal City Plaza Drive in Universal City, California, an unincorporated area of Los Angeles County between Los Angeles and Burbank. Distribution and other corporate, administrative offices are based in New York City. Universal is the second longest-lived studio in Hollywood (Viacom's Paramount Pictures, Universal's ownership partner of United International Pictures -- which distributes films by Paramount and Universal worldwide -- is the oldest).
History.
The founder of Universal, Carl Laemmle, was a German Jewish immigrant, settled in Oshkosh, Wisconsin, where he managed a clothing store.
Idea.
On a 1905 buying trip to Chicago, he was struck by the popularity of nickelodeons.
Action.
In June 1909, Laemmle started the Yankee Film Company with partners Abe and Julius Stern. That company quickly evolved into the Independent Moving Picture Company, or IMP. In 1910, he actively promoted Florence Lawrence, then known as the "Biograph girl", in what may be the first instance of a studio using a film star in its marketing.
Merging.
On June 8, 1912; Laemmle merged IMP with eight smaller companies to form the Universal Film Manufacturing Company, introducing the word "universal" into the organization's name. Among them were Mark Dintinfass, Charles Baumann and Adam Kessel, and Pat Powers. The name was later changed to Universal Pictures Company, Inc.
Following the westward trend of the industry, in 1915, Laemmle opened the world's largest motion picture production facility, Universal City Studios, on a 230-acre (0.9 km²) converted farm just over the Cahuenga Pass from Hollywood.
Other facilities.
In 1926, Universal also opened a production unit in Germany, Deutsche Universal-Film AG, under the direction of Joe Pasternak. This unit produced 3–4 films per year until 1936, migrating to Hungary and then Austria in the face of Hitler's increasing domination of central Europe. With the advent of sound, these productions were made in the German language or, occasionally, Hungarian or Polish. In the USA, Universal Pictures did not distribute any of this subsidiary's films, but at least some of them were exhibited through other, independent, foreign-language film distributors based in New York, without benefit of English subtitles. Nazi persecution and a change in ownership for the parent Universal Pictures organization resulted in the dissolution of this subsidiary.
The Laemmles lose control.
Taking on the task of modernizing and upgrading a film conglomerate in the depths of the depression was risky, and for a time Universal slipped into receivership. The theater chain was scrapped, but Carl, Jr. held fast to distribution, studio and production operations.
The end.
The end for the Laemmles came with a lavish remake of "Show Boat", featuring several stars from the Broadway stage version, which began production in late 1935. However, Carl, Jr.'s spending habits alarmed company stockholders, especially after the costly flop of "Sutter's Gold" earlier in the year.
Problems.
They would not allow production to start on "Show Boat" unless the Laemmles obtained a loan. Universal was forced to seek a $750,000 production loan from the Standard Capital Corporation, pledging the Laemmle family's controlling interest in Universal as collateral. It was the first time in Universal's 26-year history that it had borrowed money for a production. Production problems resulted in a $300,000 overrun. When Standard called the loan in, a cash-strapped Universal couldn't pay.
Results.
"Show Boat" was released in 1936 and is widely considered to be one of the greatest film musicals of all time. However, it was not enough to save the Laemmles, who were unceremoniously removed from the company they had founded.
MCA takes over.
By the late 1950s, the motion picture business was in trouble. The combination of the studio/theater-chain break-up and the rise of television saw the mass audience drift away, probably forever. The Music Corporation of America (better known as MCA), mainly a talent agency, had also become a powerful television producer, renting space at Republic Studios for its Revue Studios subsidiary. After a period of complete shutdown, a moribund Universal agreed to sell its (by now) 360-acre (1.5 km²) studio lot to MCA in 1958, for $11 million. Although MCA owned the studio lot, but not Universal Pictures, it was increasingly influential on Universal's product. The studio lot was upgraded and modernized, while MCA clients like Doris Day, Lana Turner, and Cary Grant were signed to Universal Pictures contracts.
First hits.
Though Universal's film unit did produce occasional hits, among them "Airport", "The Sting", "American Graffiti", and a blockbuster that restored the company's fortunes, "Jaws", Universal in the 1970s was primarily a television studio. Weekly series production was the workhorse of the company. There would be other film hits like ', "Back to the Future", and "Jurassic Park", but overall the film business was still hit-and-miss. In the early 1970s, Universal teamed up with Paramount Pictures to form Cinema International Corporation, which distributed films by Paramount and Universal worldwide. It was replaced by United International Pictures in 1981, when Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer joined the fold.
Universal's library.
Universal, like any other major movie studio, owns a huge library.
Content.
The company owns the libraries of USA Films, October Films, and the 1996-1999 films by PolyGram Filmed Entertainment (MGM owns most of the pre-1996 PolyGram library, though Universal owns a few films from that era as well) and its subsidiaries, as well as (through parent NBC Universal) much of the post-1973 NBC library of shows and made-for-TV movies.
It also owns several films made by others, including some pre-1952 United Artists material, an Alfred Hitchcock feature originally released by Warner Bros. - "Rope", and the UK rights to most of the RKO Pictures library.
Notes on early partners.
For several years some of these junior partners carried considerable weight within Universal; inevitably factions and rivalries were the rule. At least one version of corporate history claims that the twenty-year-old Irving Thalberg rose so quickly because he told subordinates that he alone spoke for Carl Laemmle in making production decisions, while the others were more concerned with battling among themselves.

Second Punic War
The Second Punic War was a war Hannibal and Scipio Africanus fought in 218 BC-202 BC. Hannibal was from Carthage. Scipio was from Rome. Hannibal had war elephants. Hannibal lost in the Battle of Zama.

Battle of Zama
Zama was a battle in Carthage around October 19, 202 BC. There were elephants as well as ground infantry. Scipio Africanus won. Hannibal lost. It was the last battle in the Second Punic War.

Touchstone Pictures
Touchstone Pictures (also known as Touchstone Films in its early years) is one of several alternate film labels of The Walt Disney Company, established in 1984. Its releases typically feature more mature themes than those that gets released under the Walt Disney Pictures banner.
Touchstone Pictures is merely a brand and does not exist as a separate company: the two de facto companies behind it are Walt Disney Motion Pictures Group, Inc. and Walt Disney Pictures and Television.
Ratings.
Walt Disney Productions' film "The Black Hole" (1979)was the first Disney movie to get a PG rating. Over the next few years, Disney experimented with more PG-rated fare, such as the 1981 film "Condorman", 1982's "Tron" and 1983's "Never Cry Wolf" and "Trenchcoat".
First release.
Started by then Disney CEO Ron W. Miller in 1984, Touchstone's first release was "Splash". "Splash" included brief nudity on the part of star Daryl Hannah and occasional language, earning a PG-rating. Yet another Disney film label was started in 1990, Hollywood Pictures, with the release of "Arachnophobia".
Later releases.
Many films from the Walt Disney Motion Pictures Group have during the course of their prior release dates been shifting between the Walt Disney Pictures, Touchstone Pictures and Hollywood Pictures names before finally settling for one. Examples include; "Who Framed Roger Rabbit", "Dick Tracy", "The Rocketeer", "The Nightmare Before Christmas", "The Santa Clause", "Remember the Titans", "Sweet Home Alabama", "Bringing Down the House", "National Treasure", "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy" and '.
Touchstone Television.
The studio's former television division, Touchstone Television Productions, LLC (formerly known as Touchstone Pictures and Television and later Touchstone Television), is known for producing the series "The Golden Girls", "Blossom", "Boy Meets World", "My Wife and Kids", "Desperate Housewives", "Lost", "Grey's Anatomy", and "Scrubs". The latter four series are now produced by successor company ABC Television Studio.

United States Coast Guard
The United States Coast Guard is one of the 5 branches of the military of the United States. It is a part of the United States Department of Homeland Security.
The Coast Guard's purpose is to protect the people, environment, industry and security of the United States on seas, lakes and rivers. To do this, the Coast Guard uses boats, ships, helicopters and airplanes to stop crime and terrorism, and to rescue ships and boats in danger.
The modern United States Coast Guard was started on January 28, 1915 when the U. S. Congress ordered the Revenue Cutter Service and the Life-Saving Service to be put together. The Coast Guard can become part of the Department of the Navy during war, but it is not now.

Sean Paul
Sean Paul Ryan Francis Henriques (born January 8, 1973) is a popular and well-known Jamaican reggae and dancehall musician. He is also known by nickname, Sean Paul.

Marbury v. Madison
Marbury v. Madison is a famous Supreme Court case that first established judicial review in the United States.
Following the election of 1800, Thomas Jefferson, a Democratic-Republican, was elected President of the United States. During his time as a lame duck (after losing the election but before leaving office), outgoing President John Adams, a member of the Federalist Party, started making other Federalists judges. His party was losing power, but by making Federalists judges that would serve for life, Adams was trying to keep Jefferson and his party from changing things too much.
All the new judges were approved by the Senate. Secretary of State John Marshall now had to deliver the judges the document (called a commission) that made them judges. Marshall delivered most of them, but not all as time ran out. He thought the new Secretary of State would deliver them, because even though the new office holders did not want the new judges, the judges were legally made. However, President Jefferson made sure the commissions were not delivered as he thought they were void.
One of the judges who did not get his commission was William Marbury. He sued (asked a court) the new Secretary of State James Madison, wanting his commission. Marbury asked the Supreme Court to order Madison to deliver the commission.
The Supreme Court made a 4-0 decision. Chief Justice John Marshall, the former Secretary of State, made a ruling that said that Marbury was entitled to his commission. However, Marshall said that a law that gave the Supreme Court the power to rule on the case was against the United States Constitution. Thus, the Supreme Court did not have the power to make Madison give Marbury his commission.

Bamberg Rural District
The district of Bamberg is a district in Bavaria, Germany. About 145,000 people live there.

Theo Jörgensmann
Theo Jörgensmann (b. Bottrop, 29 September 1948 Germany) is a jazz clarinet player and composer.

Italian Plague of 1629-1631
The Italian Plague of 1629-1631 was a series of outbreaks of bubonic plague from 1629 through 1631 in northern Italy. This epidemic, often called the Great Plague of Milan, claimed the lives of approximately 280,000 people. The cities of Lombardy experiencing particularly high death rates. This episode is considered one of the last outbreaks of the centuries long pandemic of bubonic plague which began with the Black Death.
German and French troops carried the plague to the city of Mantua in 1629, as a result of troop movements associated with the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648). Venetian troops, infected with the disease, retreated into northern and central Italy, spreading the infection.
In October 1629, the plague reached Milan, Lombardy's commercial center. The papal city of Bologna lost an estimated 15,000 citizens to the plague, with neighboring smaller cities of Modena and Parma also being heavily affected. This outbreak of plague also spread north into Tyrol, an alpine region of western Austria and northern Italy.
Later outbreaks of bubonic plague in Italy include the city of Florence in 1630-1633 and the areas surrounding Naples, Rome and Genoa in 1656-1657.

Norwich
Norwich is the county town of Norfolk, a county in the East of England. In 2005, 127,600 people lived in Norwich. It is one of the oldest cities in England.

Pir Sultan Abdal
Pir Sultan Abdal (ca. 1480 - 1550) was an Alevit poet. Alevits are the members of the Alevitism, which is a religion influenced by Islam and pre-Islamic religions. He lived in Turkey and wrote his poems in Turkish. In his poems, he used a direct and clear language. The richness of his thoughts and the beauty of his writing made him very popular to the Turks and Kurds and also the members of the Suni sect of Islam. Pir Sultan Abdal wrote about the social, cultural and religious life of the people. He was a humanist, and wrote about love, peace, death and God. He was also rebellious against Ottoman Empire.

William Byrd
William Byrd (born probably 1539 or 1540; died Stondon Massey, 4 July 1623) was the greatest English composer of his time. He wrote music of all types that were popular then: keyboard music for virginals and for the organ, vocal music, especially choral music, both for the church (“sacred”) as well as non-sacred (“secular”).
Byrd lived in a time of great changes. Henry VIII had broken away from the Roman Catholic church and had founded the Anglican Church. The monarch (king or queen) was the Head of the Church of England. During Byrd’s lifetime the monarchs who reigned had different ideas about what church music should be like. Byrd was always a Catholic. This sometimes made life difficult for him, but he was always faithful to the monarchy, and he had a lot of tact in dealing with people.
Byrd grew up in the Renaissance period. He lived into the 17th century which is the period known in music as the Baroque period. Nevertheless his music always sounds Renaissance in style.
Youth.
We know very little about Byrd’s early life. Most books say that he was born in 1543, but a document that was found recently makes us think he was probably born late in 1539 or in 1540. He may have come from Lincoln which is where his first job was, but he probably had some of his education in London. This is likely because we know he was a pupil of Thomas Tallis who worked in London. Tallis was in charge of the music of the Chapel Royal which was the best choir in England, and it is likely that Byrd sang in the choir when he was a boy. Queen Mary was on the throne at the time. She was Catholic and she liked church music to be quite long and complicated, with Latin words. This gave composers lots to do, and the young Byrd started composing church music at this time.
Lincoln period.
Around 1563 Byrd got the job of Organist and Choir Master of Lincoln Cathedral. This was an important job for such a young man, and he had an extra-large salary, so people must have thought he was a very good musician. By this time Queen Elizabeth I was on the throne. She had different ideas from Mary. She was Protestant, and liked church music to be simpler, although she still liked the Latin service. In Lincoln Byrd was sometimes told off for playing organ music that was too long and complicated. Byrd composed a lot of music for the cathedral. He also married in 1568 and they had at least seven children.
Chapel Royal.
In 1570 he got a job as Gentleman of the Chapel Royal in London. He may have done both jobs for a year or two, and he certainly continued to write music for Lincoln for some years after that. He settled in London and started to make many friends. He was very careful to get to know lots of important people who would be able to help him in his career.
In 1575 Queen Elizabeth gave William Byrd and Thomas Tallis together a patent for music publishing. This meant that they earned some money for every bit of music that was published, printed or sold in England. Music publishing had only just started in England. It was still very expensive to have music printed. Byrd thanked the Queen by publishing some of his Latin motets and dedicating them to her. They were called "Cantiones Sacrae" ("Sacred Songs"). He also wrote a collection of "Psalmes, Sonets and Songs" (1588) and "Songs of Sundrie Natures" (1589). His church music includes settings of the Service and many anthems such as the popular "Sing joyfully".
Later years.
In 1593 he moved with his family to Stondon Massey in Essex. He spent the rest of his life there. Most of his church music from that time on was in Latin. He wrote three settings of the Mass and two books of "Gradualia" which were large collections of music for the whole year.
Byrd also wrote a lot of keyboard music. Some of it was for a collection called "My Ladye Nevells Booke", some of it was for the "Fitzwilliam Virginal Book".
He died on July 4, 1623, and is buried in an unmarked grave in the Stondon churchyard.
His music.
Byrd’s music has a lot of variety, largely because of the different ideas people had various times during the period. There were lots of political and religious arguments between groups of people. In the early 17th century people were often sent to prison for writing Catholic music. Byrd seems to have escaped such punishment, although he was involved in several lawsuits. He was lucky that he was able to continue to live as a free man and compose. Being on good terms with the Queen must have helped him.
Byrd wrote music for the Anglican church and for the Roman Catholic church. His "Cantiones Sacrae" published in 1589 and 1591 are collections of Latin motets. These are the very best of Byrd’s works, and better than anything that was being written in Europe at that time. He probably wrote them for private (illegal) gatherings of Catholics, so this meant that he could write in whatever style he wanted. His music is very contrapuntal, representing the best of the English Renaissance style.
His Latin church music was forgotten after his death. It only became popular in the early 20th century when it was rediscovered.
Byrd also wrote very beautiful music for viols as well as a lot of keyboard music.

Cuneiform
Cuneiform is the oldest kind of writing that we know of. It was first used by the Sumerians around 3000 BC. It was written on clay with a tool made from a reed called a stylus.
Cuneiform is a wedge-shaped character made with a reed stylus and were used in writing several ancient languages.

Menes
Menes was a pharaoh of the first dynasty of ancient Egypt. He lived ca. 3100-3000 BC. He brought together upper and lower Egypt to make an empire. He even wore both crowns the white crown of lower Egypt and the red crown of upper Egypt. He built the ancient Egyptian city Memphis and made it the capital.
There is extensive archeological evidence that there was a pharaoh named Narmer, but little evidence for Menes. There is a general suspicion that Menes either was a name of Narmer, his predecessor, or of his successor, Hor-Aha.
According to "Manetho", Menes reigned 62 years and was killed by a hippopotamus.
An image of Menes holding an ankh is on the frieze on the south wall of the U.S. Supreme Court building.

Bast
Bast was the ancient Egyptian goddess of protection and cats. She was the daughter of Ra, the sun god. As protectress, she was seen as defender of the pharaoh, and consequently of the chief god, Ra.
Bast is also spelled Bastet, Ubasti, and Pasht'". She was worshipped at least since the Second Dynasty in Ancient Egypt. The centre of her cult was in Per-Bast ("Bubastis" in Greek), which was named after her. Originally she was seen as the protector goddess of Lower Egypt, and therefore her image was a fierce lion. Her name means "(female) devourer". She was originally a goddess of the sun, but later changed by the Greeks to a goddess of the moon. In Greek mythology, Bast is also known as "Aelurus".
In later times Bast became the goddess of perfumes and had the title "perfumed protector". In connection with this, when Anubis became the god of embalming, Bast, as goddess of ointment, and she was regarded as his mother, until Anubis became Nephthys' son.
This gentler characteristic, of Bast as goddess of perfumes, and Lower Egypt's loss in the wars between Upper and Lower Egypt meant that in the Middle Kingdom of Egypt she was seen as a domestic cat and not any more as a lionness. Because domestic cats tend to be tender and protective toward their offspring, Bast was also regarded as a good mother, and she was sometimes shown with kittens. Therefore a woman who wanted children sometimes wore an amulet showing the goddess with kittens, the number of which showed how many children she wanted to have.

Ra
"For the chemical element, see Radium."
In Egyptian mythology, Ra was the god of the sun. He was also called Re. He was the most important god in ancient Egypt. He had many names, such as Amun-Ra, and Ra-Horakhty. It was said he was born each morning in the East, and died each night in the West. In the night he traveled through the underworld. This is why the West side of the Nile was known as the land of the dead.
Worship.
The cult of Ra began to grow from around the time of the II Dynasty, establishing Ra as the sun god. By the IV Dynasty, the Pharaohs were seen as "Sons of Ra". His worship increased much in the V Dynasty, when he became a state deity. Pharaohs had pyramids, obelisks and solar temples built in his honour.

Jim Morrison
James Douglas (Jim) Morrison (December 8 1943 - July 3 1971) was the lead singer of the rock band The Doors.
Early years.
Morrison's father was officer for the United States Navy. This meant that he moved around very often. Morrison did not have many friends and read many books. When he went to high school in 1962, his teacher was amazed by his culture. In 1964 he went to the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA).
The Doors of Perception.
One day in Venice Beach, Morrison saw Ray Manzarek. Manzarek had also gone to UCLA. Morrison sang some verses of "Moonlight Drive". Manzarek liked the intensity of the words to the song and asked Morrison to form a rock band with him. Morrison agreed and came up with the name "The Doors". The name was a reference of the Aldous Huxley book "The Doors of Perception" whose name came from a verse of the famous poet William Blake; "If the doors of perception were cleansed everything would appear to man as it is, infinite."). The Doors was formed by Jim Morrison, Ray Manzarek, John Densmore and Robby Krieger.
In the beginning, Morrison would sing without looking the audience. After a while, he learned the play with them instead. He would jump and fall at stage with screams and jokes, inspired by the Gustave Le Bon book:" Psychologie Des Foules".
The Lizard King.
Morrison became very famous all over the world as a poet, singer and sex symbol. Morrison had a problem with alcohol. He drank a lot and later albums were not as good as the first one. He wrote more poems and thought about stopping his career with The Doors. He took some drugs (mainly LSD) and become an addict. In 1969, in Miami, it was said that he was drunk and "exposed" himself.
My only friend, the end.
The last album, "L.A. Woman" was released in 1971. It is thought to be one of the bands best albums. That year Morrison decided to take a break and go to Paris. The July 3rd, he was found dead in his bathroom. The cause of his death is still not clear. Some believe that his heart failed or it was an overdose. Other people think it could have been a murder. His grave is at the Père-Lachaise, at the same place as Oscar Wilde, Molière or many other great poets and authors.
Posterity.
Jim Morrison is one one of the most famous singer of all time, his death at the age of 27 like Jimi Hendrix and Janis Joplin makes him a legend.

Anchovy
The anchovies are a family (Engraulidae) of small but common schooling saltwater plankton-feeding fish. They are found in scattered areas throughout the world's oceans. Anchovies are concentrated in temperate waters, and are rare or absent in very cold or very warm seas.
Biology.
The anchovy is a small green fish with blue reflections. These reflections are due to a silver stripe that runs along the length of the fish from the base of the caudal fin. It is maximum nine inches in length and body shape is variable with more slender fish in northern populations. The snout is blunt with small, sharp teeth in both jaws. The mouth is larger than those of herrings and silversides, two fish which they closely resemble. It eats plankton and fish larvae.
The Anchovy can tolerate a wide range of temperatures and salinity. Large schools can be found in shallow, brackish areas with muddy bottoms, as in estuaries and bays.
Spawning occurs between October and March, but not in water colder than 12 °C. The anchovy appears to spawn 100 kilometers from the shore, near the surface of the water.
Habitat.
There are many Anchovies in the Mediterranean. They are regularly caught on the coasts of Sicily, Italy, France and Spain. The range of the species also extends along the Atlantic coast of Europe to the south of Norway.
As a food source.
The anchovy is a good food source for almost every predatory fish in its environment, including the California halibut, rock fish, yellowtail, sharks, chinook, and coho salmon. It is also extremely important to marine mammals and birds; for example, California brown pelicans and elegant terns. The breeding success of these birds is strongly connected to anchovy abundance. As time progresses and the anchovy population drops, the population of the predatory species are also expected to decline.
They are also eaten by humans. Anchovies preserved by being gutted and salted in brine, matured, then packed in oil, are an important food fish, both popular and infamous for their strong flavor. In Roman times, they were the base for the fermented fish sauce called "garum" that was a staple of cuisine and an item of long-distance commerce produced in industrial quantities. Today they are a key ingredient in Caesar salad and Spaghetti alla Puttanesca, and are often used as a pizza topping. Because of the strong flavour they are also an ingredient in several sauces, including Worcestershire sauce and many fish sauces, and in some versions of Café de Paris butter. They are most commonly marketed in small tins, either as "flat" filets, or as "rolled anchovies" where each fillet is rolled around a caper. Both are quite salty. The flat fillets are usually more salty than the rolled anchovies. They are also marketed in jars and tubes as a paste, mostly for use in making sauces, such as anchovy essence. Fishermen also use anchovies as bait for larger fish such as tuna and sea bass.
The strong taste that people associate with anchovies is due to the curing process. Fresh anchovies, known in Italy as "alici", have a much softer and gentler flavor. In English-speaking countries, "alici" are sometimes called "white anchovies", and are often served in a weak vinegar marinade.
This particular preservation method is associated with the coastal town of Collioure in south east France. The white fillets (a little like marinated herrings) are sold in heavy salt, or the more popular garlic or tomato oil and vinegar marinade packs.
The European anchovy, "Engraulis encrasicolus", is the anchovy of commerce. Morocco now leads the world in canned anchovies. The anchovy industry along the coast of Cantabria now dwarfs the traditional Catalan salters, though the industry was only started in Cantabria by Sicilian salters in the mid 19th century.
"Setipinna taty" or "ikan bilis" is the anchovy commonly used in South-East Asian cooking to make fish stock or sambals. Anchovy is also used to produce budu, by fermentation process.
Anchovies can concentrate domoic acid which causes amnesic shellfish poisoning.
Fishing.
Overfishing of anchovies has been a problem. Since the 1980s, large mechanized anchovy fishing vessels based in France have caught the fish in fine-mesh dragnets.
Spain beaching incident.
On September 29th, 2006, it was reported in the Associated Press that millions of anchovies with a weight of over three tons, had beached themselves in northern Spain, near Colunga, Asturias. Tests on the dead fish did not detect any toxic chemical that could have caused the beaching, and the current working theory is that the school beached itself trying to escape from "hungry dolphins or tuna." If the beached specimens had grown to maturity, it would have been more than "100 tons of potential breeders."

Indigenous Australians
Australian Aborigines are the native people of Australia. They arrived there about 60 000 years ago. They used weapons like boomerangs to kill animals for food. Many of them suffered when white people from Britain arrived in Australia.

Ian Thorpe
Ian Thorpe (born 13 October 1982 in Sydney, New South Wales) is an Australian swimmer. He is famous for having won five gold medals at Olympic Games. He is the only swimmer who has won six gold medals in one World Championship.

Cathy Freeman
Catherine Astrid Salome Freeman (d.o.b. February 16, 1973) is an Australian Aborigine athlete. She is famous for winning many races, including at the 2000 Sydney Olympic Games.

Paris Hilton
Paris Whitney Hilton (born February 17, 1981) is an American celebrity. She is also a socialite. She will receive part of the Hilton Hotels fortune. She might also inherit some of the real estate fortune of her father, Richard Hilton.
Hilton has been in the media for various reasons. She has become well known for the bad behaviour she sometimes shows in public. Another reason for her fame is that a home-made sex video (with her former boyfriend, Rick Solomon) leaked onto the Internet in 2003. Hilton and her friend Nicole Richie were the stars of the reality show The Simple Life for 5 seasons.
Legal problems.
On June 5, 2007, Paris Hilton was be put in prison for 45 days after being found guilty of driving a car while under the effects of alcohol (Drunk driving). The judge said that Hilton was to get no special treatment. On June 7, Paris Hilton was released from prison by the Los Angeles Sheriff's Department. The Sheriff's Department said that she had an "Undisclosed medical condition". They put an electronic surveillance strap on her foot which would make certain she stayed in her home for the next 40 days. Sources inside the prison said that Hilton was cracking under the pressure of being in jail and that Hilton had been harassed and threatened by the other inmates. Hilton was released after 22 days. Her time was shortened because of good behavior.

Amun
In Egyptian mythology, Amun was a very powerful god. He was often combined with Ra to form the god Amun-Ra. At one point in Egyptian history, he was called the "King of the Gods".
Amun (also spelled Amon, Amoun, Amen, and rarely Imen, Greek Αμμον Ammon, and Άμμον Hammon, "Egyptian" Yamanu) was the name of a deity, in Egyptian mythology, who became one of the most important deities in Ancient Egypt.
Origin of name.
Amun's name is first recorded as "imn". That means "The hidden (one)". Because vowels were not written in Egyptian hieroglyphics, Egyptologists have come to the result that the name must have been pronounced (yah-maa-nuh) originally. The name survives into the Coptic language as "Amoun".
Creator.
Amun was shown in human form, seated on a throne, wearing on his head a plain deep circlet from which rise two straight parallel plumes, maybe meant as the tail feathers of a bird. That would remind of his earlier status as a wind god.
When Amun had become more important than Menthu, the local war god of Thebes, Menthu was called the son of Amun. However, as Mut was infertile, it was believed that she, and thus Amun, had adopted Menthu instead.

Aten
Aten was a form of the ancient Egyptian god of the sun, Ra. When Akhenaten was pharaoh, Aten was made king of the gods. He was pictured as a sun with rays that ended in hands.

Clam
A clam is a type of shellfish. Clams can be found in saltwater and freshwater. Clams eat plankton, and are eaten by small sharks and squid. Clams can be eaten by people. They may be found on menus in restaurants that serve seafood. Clams are a fairly common form of bivalve, therefore making it part of the phylum mollusca. Clams are abundant in the seas but can also be found in some lakes, streams, and rivers.

Bes
Bes was the ancient Egyptian god of protection of pregnant women, newborn babies and the family. He was a dwarf wearing a lion's skin. Bes does not look like he is Egyptian. He is like gods found in other parts of Africa.
To scare away demons during birth, Bes would dance around the room, shaking his rattle and yelling to scare away demons that might put a curse on the child. After the child was born, Bes would stay by him/her. When a baby laughed or smiled for no reason, Egyptians believed that Bes was somewhere in the room making funny faces.
His name appears to be connected to a Nubian word for "cat", "besa", which literally means "protector". Egyptians kept cats in order to attack snakes, and creatures that might ruin crop stores, such as mice, and so Bes was naturally singled out as worthy of worship in Egypt.
Worship.
Images of the god were kept in homes to protect from evil and so he was shown quite differently from the other gods. Normally gods were shown in profile, but instead Bes appeared in portrait, and sometimes in a soldier's tunic, so as to appear ready to launch an attack on any approaching evil.
In the New Kingdom, tattoos of Bes could be found on the thighs of dancers, musicians and servant girls.
Like many Egyptian gods, the worship of Bes was exported overseas, and he was popular with the Phoenicians and the (ancient) Cypriots.

Hokkaido Wolf
The Hokkaido wolf "(Canis lupus hattai)" is a subspecies of Gray Wolf. Scientists believe it became extinct in 1889. There are people who said to have seen some Hokkaido wolves after that year, but there is no proof that they actually did.
In the Meiji Restoration in Japan, Japanese farmers wanted to have American-style ranches for raising livestock. A US farmer named Edwin Dun started to import livestock to Japan. When the wolves began attacking the livestock, farmers started to kill them, using poison.

Hornet
A hornet is a type of large wasp. They can be found in places like Britain, Japan and Asia.

Geb
In Egyptian mythology, Geb was the god of the earth. Geb was the husband and brother of the sky goddess Nut and the father of Osiris, Isis, Nephthys and Seth. When Seth and Horus (Osiris' son) fought to become the king of Egypt, Geb made Horus the ruler of the living. Geb's parents are Tefnut and Shu.
The ancient Egyptians believed that earthquakes were Geb's laughter.
The animal of Geb is a snake. Geb is sometimes equivalent of Greek titan Kronos. Geb's name means "weak one" or "lame one". Geb is also god of the vegetation.

Sting (disambiguation)
A sting is an injury which a person may receive from a stinging nettle, wasp, bee, hornet, jellyfish or scorpion. They tend to hurt a lot and have several different cures (e.g. for stinging nettles stings, rub a dock leaf on it).

Type O Negative
Type O Negative is a doom metal band from Brooklyn, New York. The band was formed in 1990.

Doom metal
Doom metal is a form of heavy metal. The music sounds heavy and it is slower than other metal genres. Lyrics play a very important part in this genre. They are normally about sad subjects like pain, death and pessimism.

Candlemass
Candlemass is a doom metal band from Sweden. The band was formed in 1984 in Stockholm.

Split album
A split album is a music album which includes tracks by two or three separate artists.

Brown dwarf
A brown dwarf is a term for an object in space that is bigger and different than planets, but isn't a true star.

Dividend
Dividends are payments made by a company to its shareholders. When a company earns more money than it spends, the extra money can either be spent on making the company better or it can be given to the people who own stock in the company as a dividend.

Camille Dalmais
Camille Dalmais (born 1978 Paris, France) is a French singer. She is famous in France and her first debut album aired in 2002.

Dialga
Dialga is a fictional character in the Pokémon video game series. There are a total of 493 Pokémon. Dialga is a powerful Pokémon that can control time. In the Pokémon video games, Dialga can only be seen in Pokémon Diamond. A similar Pokémon called Palkia can control space. A powerful move that Dialga can use is called "Roar of Time" and is a Dragon-type move. The move has 5 PP (power points) that diminish after each time the move is used.

Germanicus
Germanicus Caesar (May 24, 15 BC – October 10, 19 AD) was a Roman general. He was the son of the general Nero Claudius Drusus, and nephew of Emperor Tiberius.

PS10 solar power tower
Planta Solar 10 (PS10) is a solar power plant located in Sanlucar la Mayor, Spain.
The plant is made up of a tower located in the center of a large field covered in many mirrors. Each of the 624 moveable mirrors has an area of 120 m2 (1290 ft2). The mirrors reflect the light from the Sun to the top of the tower. The heat warms water within pipes in the central tower turning it into steam. The steam drives turbines which, at peak, put out 11 MW of electricity.
The planet is really good for providing electricity during the hottest parts of the day when air conditioning demand is the highest.

Feyenoord Rotterdam
Feyenoord Rotterdam is a Dutch football team from Rotterdam. They play their home matches in the Feijenoord Stadium, also called De Kuip. Feyenoord is created on July 19,1908. Their home uniform is a red and white shirt with black shorts and black socks. Their away colours for the 2007/2008 season are a black, red and white shirt with black shorts and black socks. Everytime Feyenoord scores at home, the song "I Will Survive" by The Hermes House band is played.

Headquarters
Headquarters is a name given to the main building of an organization where most of its functions are done. All large companies have headquarter which control the business. A large non-governmental organization also has a headquarter from where its activities are controlled. The term is also used regarding military organizations.

Estates Theatre
The Estates Theatre or Stavovské divadlo in Prague is one of the oldest and most beautiful opera houses in Europe.
The Estates Theatre became part of the National Theatre in 1948. People from three different groups perform opera, ballet, and drama there. The same people also perform at the National Theatre (Národní divadlo), and the Theatre Kolowrat (Divadlo Kolowrat).
History.
The Estates Theatre was built during the late 18th century. At first it was known as Count Nostitz’s Theatre. The theatre opened in 1783 with a performance of the tragedy "Emilia Galotti" by the German playwright Gotthold Lessing. It was built in the Neoclassical style. Today it is one of the very few theatres that have hardly changed since it was built.
The Estates Theatre changed several times in its history. It 1798 it was called the Estates Theatre when it was bought by the Czech Estates. When the Provisional Theatre opened in 1862 the Estates Theatre started to put on German plays and the name was changed to the Royal Provincial German Theatre. From 1920 and 1948 it got its name (Estates Theatre) back again. In 1948 the organization became part of the National Theatre and was called Tyl Theatre (after dramatist J.K. Tyl) In 1990, after some restoration, it became known again as the Estates Theatre.
Productions and artistes.
Many of the greatest artists worked or had their music or plays performed in the Estates Theatre. In 1787 the first performance took place of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's opera "Don Giovanni". Mozart's opera "La Clemenza di Tito" was also staged there for the first time in celebration of the coronation of Emperor Leopold II. Other famous people who conducted there were Carl Maria von Weber and Gustav Mahler.
Czech plays were often performed there. This made people interested in performing in Czech and so, in 1848, the National Theatre was built.
Today the Estates Theatre is still famous for dramas, ballets and operas. The opera company especially perform the operas of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. The film about Mozart which was called Amadeus was filmed in the Estates Theatre.

National Theatre, Prague
The "Národní Divadlo" or the National Theatre in Prague is a very famous building which has been very important for more than 150 years for the culture of Czech history.
In the middle of the 19th century there were a lot of political changes in Europe. Prague had been part of the Austrian Empire. The official language was German. Bohemia (which included Prague) and Moravia now form the area of the Czech Republic. In the 19th century the Czechs in these areas wanted to be able to put on plays and operas in the Czech language. The National Theatre was built at a time when this was starting to become possible.
The National Theatre was built because the Czech people wanted their own national identity. The first stone was laid on May 16, 1868. It was opened on June 11 1881 to honour the visit of Crown Prince Rudolf of Austria. Another 11 performances were given after that. Then the theatre was closed down to finish the building. While people were working to finish it a fire broke out on August 12 1881 which destroyed most of it. However, a lot of money was found and it was built again and opened on November 18 1883 with a performance of Smetana’s opera "Libuše" which he had composed for this occasion. The story of the opera is based on a mythological story about how Prague began.
It was an excellent theatre, and it was not until 1977 that any more re-building was necessary. Then it was closed for six years, and opened again in time for the 100th anniversary of its opening: on November 18 1983. On that day again there was a performance of Smetana’s "Libuše".
Today the National Theatre has three ensembles (groups of people): opera, ballet and drama. These ensembles all perform in the National Theatre, the Estates Theatre and the Theatre Kolowrat. They put on a lot of Czech plays and operas, but also productions from other parts of the world.

Rectification
Rectification is the process of converting alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC). This is usually done with diodes or premade systems with micro diodes.

Drone (music)
In music, a drone is a note which sounds all the time while a piece of music is played. Some folk instruments always make a drone when they are played: bagpipes and hurdy gurdies in European culture, sitars in Indian music, and many other instruments in Asian and African music. Sometimes more than one drone is heard (often two notes which are a fifth apart).
Music with drones has to have simple harmonies because it is not possible to modulate to different keys. Other things can make up for this, for example, Scottish bagpipe music has lots of little ornamental notes to make it interesting.
Some Western Composers liked to use a drone (especially one in fifths) to make it sound like bagpipes or other folk instruments. Bach, François Couperin and other Baroque composers often called such pieces "Musette" (the French for "bagpipes"). Sometimes they did this in orchestral music: Haydn used a drone in the last part of his Symphony No. 104 to accompany a folk tune.

Pedal point
A pedal point (or pedal note) is a note which keeps sounding for several bars, usually in the bass (the lowest notes). They are often used towards the end of a piece of music to help to drive the music to a climax. They are called "pedal" notes because they are often heard in organ music where the player puts one of his feet on a pedal note and holds it there.
Pedal points are usually on either the tonic (main key note) (tonic pedal) or the dominant (5th note of the scale) (dominant pedal) tones.
A good example of a dominant pedal can be seen in the "Prelude in C major" from Book I of the "Welltempered Clavier" by Bach.
An example of a tonic pedal can be seen in the third movement of Brahms's "German Requiem", where the double basses play continuous D's in the last section. Because this lasts for the whole section some people might prefer to call this a drone.
A double pedal is two pedal tones played at the same time.
An inverted pedal is a pedal that is not in the bass. It is often in the highest part.

Euclidean geometry
Euclidean geometry is a system in mathematics. People think Euclid was the first person who described it. Therefore it bears his name. He first described it in his textbook Elements. The book was the first systematic discussion of geometryat it was known at the time. In the book, Euclid first assumes a few axioms. These form the base for later work. They are intuitively clear. Starting from those axioms, other theorems can be proven.
In the 19th century other forms of geometry were found. These are non-Euclidean. Carl Friedrich Gauss, János Bolyai, and Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky were some people that developed such geometries.
The axioms.
Euclid makes the following assumptions. These are axioms, and need not be proved.
Status.
Euclidean geometry is a first-order theory. With it, statements like "For all triangles..." can be made, and be proven. Statements like "For all sets of triangles..." are outside the scope of the theory.

János Bolyai
János Bolyai (December 15, 1802 – January 27, 1860) was a Hungarian mathematician, known for his work in non-Euclidean geometry.

Diana (mythology)
In Roman mythology, Diana was the goddess of hunting, and in later times, the moon and chastity. Oaks were sacred to her. She was the daughter of Jupiter and the Titan Latona (or Leto). In Greek mythology, Diana was called Artemis. She is also associated with fertility and nature. Diana is also a female name.

Thoth
In Egyptian mythology, Thoth was the deity of scribes. He is thought to be one of the most important deities of the Egyptian religion and was often shown with the head of an ibis. His feminine counterpart was Ma'at. Thoth was said to be born from the skull of Set also said to be born from the heart of Ra.
Thoth was considered the heart and tongue of Ra. He was also the one who translated Ra's will into speech.
Shrines.
The main shrine of Thoth was at Khemennu. It was there that he was the head of the local company of deities. He also had shrines in Abydos, Hesert, Urit, Per-Ab, Rekhui, Ta-ur, Sep, Hat, Pselket, Talmsis, Antcha-Mutet, Bah, Amen-heri-ab, and Ta-kens.

List of Norse gods and goddesses
This is a list of Norse gods and goddesses that are in Norse mythology.
Divided between the "Æsir" and the "Vanir", and sometimes including the "jötnar" (giants), the dividing line between these groups is less than clear. However, it is usually accepted that the Æsir (including Óðinn, Þórr and Týr) were warrior gods, while the Vanir (mainly Njörðr, Freyja and Freyr) were fertility gods. Various other groups of beings, including elves, dwarves and jötnar were probably minor gods, and might have had small cults and sacred places devoted to them.
Pseudo-Norse gods and goddesses.
Some characters sometimes presented as Norse deities do not occur in the ancient sources.
The following pseudo-deities are presented in Encyclopedia Mythica as Norse.

List of Egyptian gods and goddesses
This is a list of Egyptian gods and goddesses that are in Egyptian mythology.
The ancient Egyptians worshipped many gods. Their animals were sacred to them, especially cats.

Nut (goddess)
In Egyptian mythology, Nut was the goddess of the sky. Her body made a protective layer over the Earth. Nut was the sister and wife of Geb, and the mother of Isis, Osiris, Nephthys and Seth.
The ancient Egyptians believed that Nut swallowed the sun-god, Ra, every night and gave birth to him every morning.

Dennis Kearney
Dennis Kearney (1847–1907) was an American politician. He is known for being racist towards Chinese people. His fame comes from his strong support of the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882.

Cross of Gold speech
The Cross of Gold speech was a famous speech at the 1896 Democratic National Convention by William Jennings Bryan. He wanted silver and not gold to be America's bullion standard. It was his goal to create inflation to help those in dept. The end of the speech gives it its name when he says;

Uccello
Paolo Uccello, (c.1396-1475), was a painter from Florence in Italy, during the time known as the Early Renaissance. He is famous as one of the first painters of the Italian Renaissance to use perspective in his pictures.
Life and works.
Uccello was born about the year 1396, in the city of Florence. Giorgio Vasari, who later wrote Paolo's biography, says that he was called "Uccello", which means "Bird", because he loved all animals and would often paint them, but he loved birds best of all. When he was about 11 years old, he was sent to be trained in the workshop of one of the most famous artists in Florence, a young man called Lorenzo Ghiberti.
Ghiberti was famous because he had won an important competition to make a huge set of beautiful doors for the most ancient church in the city. The doors took 27 years to make, so in that time, lots of different artists helped in the making of them, and lots of talented young people like Uccello were trained in the workshop. Uccello worked there for 8 years.
While Uccello was still quite young he got an important job to do, all by himself. He had to paint some frescoes showing stories of different saints for the monks of a Church of San Miniato, on a mountain overlooking Florence. It was a large beautiful church, but the monks at the monastery did not eat expensive food. They ate bread and cheese. Uccello ate nothing but bread and cheese for breakfast lunch and dinner, sometimes made into soup. After a few weeks he thought he was turning into a cheese. So he ran away from the monastery and went back to Florence, leaving his work unfinished. One day when two of the monks were walking in the street, they chased Uccello and caught him. They asked him why he had never finished the job. Uccello told them that it was because of the cheese. The monks laughed and promised that he would get better food, if only he would promise to come back and finish what he had started. Unfortunately, Uccello's frescoes at San Miniato have been badly effected by water coming in. Most of them have fallen off the wall or have faded. But one beautiful angel remains quite clear. Vasari, who tells this story, says that Uccello never ate cheese again in his life.
In 1425 Uccello went to the city of Venice where he lived and worked for several years.
At Florence Cathedral.
In 1436 he was back in Florence to do some important jobs for Florence Cathedral. The first was to paint a large fresco in honour of an English Knight, Sir John Hawkwood.
The painting of Sir John is quite unusual. It is of Sir John on his war horse. Uccello has painted it to look like a statue of the soldier on his horse. He has used white and greenish-grey against a dark red-brown background. To add colour, Uccello has painted the horse's saddle and bridle bright red. The horse is standing on a painted "plinth" like the base of a statue and Sir John's name is written on the plinth, as if the statue was standing in the town square. And in large letters are words which translate as "The Work of Paolo Uccello".
The painting was very popular, and some years later, another soldier was remembered in the same way with a painting by the artist Andrea Castagno.
The second job that Uccello had at the Cathedral was to paint the clock. The clock has two faces, one that can be seen outside in the square and another which is on an inside wall of the cathedral. Uccello had to paint a clock face around the hand on the inside wall. (It's a 24 hour clock and it's only got one hand.) Uccello painted the round clockface into a square shape and put the head of a prophet in each corner. The prophets' faces are all very different but the thing that is the most clever about them is that Uccello painted bright light and dark shadows on their faces as if the light was coming from a real window which is high on the wall to the left side of the clock.
The other important job for the cathedral was to design two big round stained glass windows, each one 4.5 metres across. The cathedral had been built in the last century, but it had been left with a huge hole at the centre which needed a roof of some sort. An artist called Brunelleschi had come up with a brilliant plan for a dome, and the whole city was excited about getting it built. Workmen from every part of the town formed 8 gangs to build the 8 parts. As the dome grew, it had 8 large windows that needed glass. The best artists in Florence were asked to design them. Three of Uccello's designs were used but unfortunately one was smashed in 1828. The two that remain are "The Nativity" (The Birth of Jesus) and "The Resurrection" (Jesus rising from the dead).
By 1453, Uccello was married to Tomassa Malifici. In that year she gave birth to Donato who was named after the sculptor Donatello. In 1456 the couple had a daughter, Antonia, who later became a nun and a painter.
The Flood.
The paintings that are regarded as Uccello's masterpieces are frescoes of Noah's Ark and the Great Flood in the Church of Santa Maria Novella in Florence. Unfortunately, they are quite badly damaged and partly lost, but even so, it is possible to see what a clever artist Uccello was. There are two things remarkable about the pictures. Firstly, they are very realistic. The second is that they use perspective to give the impression that the viewer is looking into the scene.
As in the fresco of Sir John Hawkwood, Uccello does not use many colours. The pictures are painted in white, pale grey, blue grey and just a little black. The landscape is grey, the water is blue-grey, the people are white with grey shadows. But the paintings are made lively by all the bits of red. All the man-made things, like the Ark, the old doors, barrels, up-side-down tables and broken things that are floating on the flood water, are all painted in the same red colour. Some of the people are wearing big black and white hats that were popular in Florence. In the disaster of the flood, one man is floating in a barrel. Another man, seeing an old man standing on a little hill, has grabbed him round the ankles to pull himself up. Another man, with part of his great big fashionable hat slipped down around his neck, is thumping on the wall of the ark with a club. The wind is blowing, the rain is pouring down and twigs and branches are flying in the wind. It is a scene of terror.
The Battle of San Romano.
One of the richest men in Florence was Cosimo Medici who like to spend money on works of art. He asked Uccello to paint three large paintings on panels, each about 3 metres long, to decorate his palace. The subject was to be Three scenes from "the Battle of San Romano" in which the Florentine troops defeated the neighbouring town of Siena. In fact, it was not a very fierce battle. Modern soccer matches between Florence and Siena are probably more bloody. But it made three very good pictures which were later divided up between three important art galleries. The National Gallery, London has the left-hand scene of Niccolo Tolentino leading his troops on his magnificent rearing white charger and wearing, of course, a great big Florentine hat of red and gold "brocade". The Uffizi Gallery in Florence has the middle scene in which the leader of the enemy forces, Bernadino della Ciarda, has been struck by a lance and is falling off his horse backwards. The right-hand scene, which is in the Louvre in Paris, shows the brave Michelotto di Cotignola swinging his horse around to attack an opponent with his sword.
Even though, at first glance each battle scene looks quite chaotic, the paintings are very carefully organised. This is particularly noticeable in the way Uccello has arranged the lances that are held upright by the troops and the many weapons that are lying on the ground. They all serve the purpose of leading the viewers eye into the painting. They create perspective. And while the battle is raging in the "foreground", in the "background" are mountains, fields, hedges and woods. In them are farmers, hunters and animals. The difference in size between the figures in the "foreground" and the figures in the "background" create distance in the picture.
Uccello studied perspective all his life in a way that was quite obsessive. Sometimes he would not come out of his house for weeks. His friend Donatello, another respected artist, begged him to do more painting and less study. Uccello became very good at mathematical calculation of the perspective of buildings, but it was not until his old age that he could fully understand how to calculate the sizes of things like people in the distance. His last painting shows a hunting party, with a great forest of trees, people and dogs, all going away into the distance, from near to far.
Old age.
In 1469 Paolo wrote on his tax assessment that he was too old to work any more and that his wife was ill. Giorgio Vasari, who, 100 years later, researched and wrote the lives of many painters, wrote that, unfortunately Paolo was badly offended by Donatello, who looked at his latest painting and told him, for a joke, to cover it up. Vasari said that Paolo was so hurt that refused to come out of his room but sat working at his drawings, and whenever his wife called him to come to bed he would answer "What a wonderful thing is perspective!"
He died on 10 November, 1475, leaving behind him his old wife and a daughter Antonia who was also very good at painting. Unfortunately, none of her pictures are known today.

Fallen Leaves
Fallen Leaves is a song by the Canadian music group, Billy Talent. It is the sixth track on the album "Billy Talent II" and is their third single to be released.

Sumer Is Icumen In
"Sumer Is Icumen In" is a very old English song which can be sung as a round. It is the oldest example of a round that we know of. The composer is unknown. It was written down around the middle of 13th century by a monk, but we do not know whether that monk composed it, or whether it had been composed earlier.
The title means "Summer has come in". The round can be sung in six parts. There are also two parts which can be repeated again and again (an ostinato) throughout the piece. The language is Middle English and is based on the dialect spoken in Wessex, England at the time.
Music.
To sing as a round, one singer (or group of singers) would begin at the beginning, a second singer would start at the beginning as the first got to the point marked with the red cross, then the third would join in when the second singer got to the red cross, and so on until all six were singing. The repeated pattern is marked "Pes". The instructions are written in Latin.

Carmen
Carmen is a French opera written is 1875 by Georges Bizet. The story is based on the story of the same title by Prosper Mérimée.
The Story.
Carmen is about a gypsy girl who works in a factory. She decides she is in love with a soldier called Don José, who fancies her, but he already has a girlfriend. Eventually he leaves his girlfriend and the army for Carmen. They are happy for a while until Carmen decides she loves a bullfighter called Escamillo, so she dumps Don José. One day when Carmen is watching a bullfight, Don José waits for her and then tries to get her back. She refuses, so he stabs her to death, saying if he can’t have her, no-one can.

Civil law
Civil law is a system of law in the world. It is different from criminal law. Unlike criminal law, civil law deals with disputes between people and/or organizations which can be compensated. For example, if a car crash victim asks for payments from the driver because of loss or injury that happened to him in an accident, this will be a civil law case.

Kumquat
The kumquats or cumquats are a group of small fruit-bearing trees. The edible fruit (which is also called kumquat) is similar to other "Citrus" but is smaller.
Kumquats are slow-growing, evergreen shrubs or small trees, from 2.5–4.5 m tall, with dense branches. Sometimes they have small thorns. The leaves are dark glossy green, and the flowers pure white, similar to citrus flowers.
Kumquats came from China (they are known in literature of the 12th century), and have long been cultivated there and in Japan. They were introduced to Europe in 1846 by Robert Fortune, who was collector for the "London Horticultural Society", and a short time later into North America.
They are much hardier than citrus plants as oranges. The 'Nagami' kumquat needs a hot summer, ranging from 25 ºC(77ºF) to 38º C(100.4ºF), but can withstand frost down to about −10 °C(14ºF). It grows in the tea regions of China where the climate is too cold for other citrus fruits, even the Mikan (also known as the Satsuma) orange.
Etymology.
The English name "kumquat" derives from the Cantonese pronunciation "gam1 gwat1" (given in Jyutping romanization). The alternate name 柑橘, also pronounced "gam1 gwat1" in Cantonese ("gān jú" in Mandarin, literally "large tangerine orange") is now more commonly written by Cantonese speakers.

Teton Mountains
The Teton Mountains are mountains on the border between Wyoming and Idaho in the United States of America. The are in a park called Teton National Park. It is south of Yellowstone National Park, a park known for its hot springs.

Baunach
Baunach is a town in the German state (bundesland) of Bavaria. It is located in the district of Bamberg in Upper Franconia. About 3,950 people live there (in year 2005).

Burgebrach
Burgebrach is a municipality in the district of Bamberg located in Upper Franconia, Bavaria, Germany. About 6,500 people live in Burgebrach. There are 27 villages in the municipality.

Ostinato
In music, an ostinato is a short pattern of notes which is repeated many times. The word "ostinato" is related to the word "obstinate". It is like a musical idea which is being obstinate and will not go away. The plural can be either "ostinati" or "ostinatos".
An ostinato can last for a section of a piece or it might last for the whole piece of music.
An ostinato can be a repeated group of notes or just a rhythm. It is similar to a riff in jazz. Many kinds of music use ostinati, e.g. classical music, jazz, Boogie-Woogie, African music.
A ground bass is an ostinato pattern in the lowest notes. An example is the famous "Canon in D" by Pachelbel.
An example of a rhythmic ostinato is the first movement from the "Planets Suite" by Gustav Holst. This is the movement in 5/4 time which describes Mars, the Roman God of War. "Boléro" by Maurice Ravel also uses a repeated rhythm all the way through the piece.
An example from popular music is Pink Floyd's "Money".
Using an ostinato is a good way for young people to start composing their own pieces of music.

Coffee system
A Coffee System or Hot beverage system is a special machine for making coffee. Instead of using coffee beans or ground coffee, it uses special capsules. Each capsule has one serving of Coffee, Tea, Milk, etc in it. This makes it easy to make coffee, espresso, etc. The process is very clean. The capsules with the coffee cost more money compared to normal coffee. There is also the problem that there is more waste because of the capsule.

1492 Pictures
1492 Pictures is an American film production company founded by director Chris Columbus in 1995. The name is a play on Columbus's more famous namesake, Christopher Columbus.
In addition to various Columbus films, 1492 Pictures has produced movies by other directors including Brian Levant ("Jingle All the Way"), Henry Selick ("Monkeybone"), Alfonso Cuarón ("Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban"), Joe Roth ("Christmas with the Kranks"), Tim Story ("Fantastic Four"), and Shawn Levy ("Night at the Museum")

Life in Hell
Life In Hell is a comic strip made by Matt Groening. Its characters are human-like rabbits and a pair of gay lovers named Akbar and Jeff.
The comic was released in 1980 in April

Feijoa
The Feijoa ("Feijoa sellowiana", synonym "Acca sellowiana"), also known as Pineapple Guava or Guavasteen, is an evergreen shrub or small tree, 1-7 m in height. It comes from the highlands of southern Brazil, parts of Colombia, Uruguay and northern Argentina.
Description of fruit and plant.
The fruit matures in autumn and is green, chicken-egg-sized, and ellipsoid-shaped. It has a sweet, aromatic flavour. The flesh is juicy. The fruit drops when ripe, but can be picked from the tree before to prevent bruising. Feijoa fruit have a distinctive smell. The ester methyl benzoate smells strongly of feijoas and the aroma of the fruit is caused mostly by this and other closely related esters.
Growing conditions.
It is a warm-temperate to subtropical plant that will also grow in the tropics but requires some winter chilling to fruit. In the northern hemisphere it has been cultivated as far north as western Scotland but does not fruit every year, as winter temperatures below about -9°C will kill the flower buds. Large quantities are grown in New Zealand, where the fruit is a popular garden tree and the fruit is commonly available in season.
Consumption and uses.
The fruit is usually eaten by cutting it in half, then scooping out the pulp with a spoon. The fruits have a juicy sweet seed pulp, and slightly gritty flesh nearer the skin. The flavour is aromatic and sweet. If the utensils needed to eat it this way are not available, the feijoa can be torn or bitten in half, and the contents squeezed out and consumed.
Fruit maturity is not always apparent from the outside as the fruits remain green until they are overmature or rotting. When the fruits are immature the seed pulp is white and opaque, becoming clear and jelly-like when ripe. Fruits are at their optimum maturity when the seed pulp has turned into a clear jelly with no hint of browning. Once the seed pulp and surrounding flesh start to brown, the fruit is over mature and shouldn't be eaten.

Wessex
Wessex was an old Anglo-Saxon kingdom before England became one country. It was one of seven kingdoms which covered England. It was named after the West Saxons and was situated in the south and southwest of England. It existed as a kingdom from the 6th century until the English state was made in the 9th century, and as an earldom between 1016 and 1066. "Wessex" has not had any official existence since that time, but we use the term Wessex for that area of England when talking about history. The 19th century novelist Thomas Hardy wrote about Wessex in his books which tell stories set in that area.
His Royal Highness The Prince Edward was given the title "Earl of Wessex" when he married Sophie who became the Countess of Wessex. The title Earl of Wessex had not been used since the last earl, King Harold Godwinson, was killed at the Battle of Hastings in 1066.

Barrel Racing
Barrel Racing is a sport in rodeo. It shows the speed and agility of horses. In Barrel Racing, the rider rides a horse around three barrels in a clover pattern.

Clover
Clover ("Trifolium") is a genus of about 300 species of plants in the pea family. One can find it worldwide, mainly in the temperate Northern Hemisphere, but many species also in South America and Africa, including at high altitudes on mountains in the tropics.
They are small herbaceous plants. The leaves are trifoliate.
The Clover is often accosiated with Ireland.

Clover (disambiguation)
Companies.
Clover was also the name of a defunct discount department store owned by Strawbridge and Clothier department stores in Pennsylvania.

Discus throw
The discus throw is an event in athletics, where a heavy disc is thrown for distance. It was invented in 708 BC in Ancient Greece.

Eragon
"Eragon" is a book written by Christopher Paolini. It was published in August 2003. Eragon is the first book in the "Inheritance Cycle". The second book in the Inheritance Cycle, called "Eldest", was published in mid-2005. The third of the four books, "Brisingr", was released in 2008. "Eragon" was made into a film and released in cinemas on December 2006. It was released on DVD in March 2007.The story begins with a young farm boy named Eragon finding a polished blue stone in the woods-the stone turns out to be a dragon egg, and the dragon that hatches from it is named Saphira. Together the two become dragon and rider, setting out on a quest to avenge Eragon's uncle, Garrow, who was murdered.

William Baillie
Captain William Baillie (June 5, 1723 - December 22, 1810) was an Irish military man and artist.
Baillie went to London at age of 18 to study law, but liked art more. Shortly after getting to London, he joined the army. He served at the Battle of Culloden and retired with the rank of Captain. Baillie was later made the Commissioner of Stamps, which he was until 1795.
A book of prints, after the above artists, was published in 1792, in two volumes, with subsequent editions.

Rusty Anderson
Rusty Anderson (b 1958 in La Habra, California) is an American guitarist, singer and songwriter from California. Currently he plays for Paul McCartney. He has played for many famous musicians, for example, Elton John, The Bangles, Courtney Love and Belinda Carlisle.

Handshake
A handshake is when two people hold hands for a few seconds and move them up and down before letting go. It is often used like a greeting (like saying "hello" or "goodbye" when people meet) or to say that two people have agreed on something.
Some secret societies have secret handshakes to show they are part of the group.

Wave (gesture)
Wave is a movement of the hand that people use to greet each other when they have just seen each other or are about to leave. A wave is made when a person raises his or her arm and moves it from side to side. Another common variation of the wave is done by holding the hand out as if to say "STOP" and bending the fingers down to the palm over and over.

Baseball bat
A baseball bat is a smooth wooden or metal rod used in the game of baseball to hit the ball after the ball is thrown by the pitcher. It is not more than 2⅔ inches (70 mm) in diameter at the thickest part and not more than 42 inches (1067 mm) in length. It usually weighs no greater than four pounds (1.8 kg). The batter uses the bat to try to hit a pitched ball so that he may run around the bases and score points.
Bats are sometimes used as a weapon in fights or attacks. When a bat is used this way, it can be called a "club".
Major League baseball is using bats of pink color by players who agree during games played on Mother's Day as an event to support the pink ribbon campaign (breast cancer extermination movement).

Softball
Softball is a sport similar to baseball but pitchers throw underhand. The balls are larger than those of baseball. However, indoor softballs have a slightly softer texture.

Dietrich Buxtehude
Dietrich Buxtehude (or "Dieterich" according to Danish spelling) (born about 1637; died 9 May, 1707) was a German (or Danish) composer and organist. He is one of the most important composers of the mid-Baroque period. He is best known for his organ works which are very often heard at recitals and church services. He also wrote a lot of excellent choral music and music for instruments, including the viola da gamba, an instrument which he played. He had a very important influence on Johann Sebastian Bach. When Bach was a very young man he walked over 200 miles to hear Buxtehude play the organ.
Early years in Denmark.
Very little is known of Buxtehude’s earliest years. We cannot be sure where he was born. His family came from the town of Buxtehude in North Germany but had moved to Oldesloe which is now in Germany but at that time it was part of Denmark. His father was organist in Oldesloe, but around the time of Dietrich’s birth the family moved to Helsingborg which is now called Hälsingborg and is in Sweden, but at that time Helsingborg, too, was part of Denmark.
In 1641 the family moved to Helsingør which was just across the water, in Denmark. Dietrich Buxtehude probably went to school in Helsingør and learned music from his father. When he was 20 he got his first job at Helsingborg in the Marienkirche (St Mary’s Church) where his father had been organist some years before. Sweden and Denmark were at war at the time, fighting about which country Helsingborg should be in. This must have made things rather difficult for the young Buxtehude. The people who went to the Marienkirche were German-speaking.
Lübeck years.
In 1668 Buxtehude got the job of organist at the Marienkirche in Lübeck in Germany. This was a very important job at one of the biggest churches in Germany. The organist before him had been a man called Franz Tunder. He had a daughter, Anna Margarethe, and Buxtehude married her. His job was not only to play the organ, but also to tune it and do a lot of administration in the church. He composed many cantatas for the services and organized five evening musical performances every year. These concerts were called “Abendmusik” (“Evening Music”) and were held at 4.00pm after the Evening Service. Unfortunately we do not know what music was performed at these concerts.
Buxtehude stayed in this job for the rest of his life. He never travelled very far. Nicolaus Bruhns was one of his pupils, and Pachelbel wrote a piece of music called "Hexachordum Apollonis" for him. In 1706, when Johann Sebastian Bach was 21, he got permission for four weeks holiday so that he could go to Lübeck to hear Buxtehude play. He stayed in Lübeck for four months and so he got into trouble when he went back to his job at Arnstadt.
In 1707 Buxtehude wanted to retire. Whoever took his job would have to marry Buxtehude’s daughter, Anna. Bach and Mattheson were interested in the job but decided not to take it. Probably they did not want to marry Anna Buxtehude. Buxtehude died, and the man who had been his assistant got the job and married Anna shortly afterwards.
His Music.
The organs that Buxtehude played were very large instruments with bright sounds (bright mixtures, reeds and a “Zimbalstern” which was a star which went round and round, making a tinkling sound). His music is very grand and impressive. Many of his organ pieces have several sections, each one at a different speed. They often sound like a free improvisation. Some of the sections are fugues. At least 128 vocal works survive, they are nearly all church music. He wrote instrumental works, chamber music and pieces for harpsichord.

Buxtehude
Buxtehude is a town in Northern Germany. It has 39,000 inhabitants. It is by the Este river which joins the city to the important river Elbe just 6 miles away.
Buxtehude is known as "The Fairytale Capital" of the world. The tale of "The Bunny and the Hedgehog" by the Brothers Grimm is set in this town.
The "Pistennacht" is an event where bars, restaurants and clubs in the old part of town are open all night long. The "Pfingstmarkt" is a big fair which is held at Whitsun (Pfingsten). There is a lot to do including rides on a Ferris Wheel. On the first weekend of June there is a big feast in the old part of the town, which also has a wine festival every year.

Harlem Renaissance
The Harlem Renaissance is the name for a movement in African-American culture in the 1920s and 1930s which has had a big influence on African-American literature, philosophy and music. The "Harlem Renaissance" is also called the "Black Literary Renaissance", '"The New Negro Movement" and "The flowering of Negro literature".
The movement began in Harlem, New York after World War I. In 1925 a book was published called "The New Negro", edited by Alain Locke. This book was a collection of writing by African-Americans which looked at their people's lives and experiences since the Civil War. From 1925 onwards, there was a movement called the "New Negro Movement", named after the book.
The movement began to affect the thinking of many African-American writers and artists of all sorts. They challenged the thinking of many white Americans towards black Americans. They refused to be treated as if they were not equal. They refused to just copy the sorts of writing, art and music that white Americans did. They wanted to celebrate the fact that their African culture had survived through the terrible years of slavery, and was being "reborn". (The word "Renaissance" means "rebirth" and is generally used for a time from 1400 to 1600 in Europe.)

Hollywood Pictures
Hollywood Pictures is one of The Walt Disney Company's movie companies. It makes movies for a more adult audience than Walt Disney Pictures. The first made by Hollywood Pictures was Arachnophobia in 1990.
The man in charge of Disney, Michael Eisner, wanted Hollywood Pictures to be a complete studio in the same way that Touchstone was. This did not happen. In recent years the company has done less work and its management was made a part of Walt Disney Pictures. Its most profitable movie is The Sixth Sense. This movie earned over $200 million at the North American box office.
Disney stopped using the company in 2001. It started the company again in 2006 when it released the horror movie Stay Alive.

Third World
The Third World is one way to describe some countries which do not have a lot of money or resources.

Thirty Years' War
The Thirty Years' War was fought from 1618 until 1648. Most of it was fought in Germany. Most of the powerful countries in Europe were in the war. It started as a fight about religion. The Protestants and Catholics were the two groups that disagreed. As the war continued, the Habsburg dynasty and other powers used the war to try to get more power. One of the examples of this is that Catholic France fought for the Protestants. This made the France-Habsburg rivalry worse.
The Thirty Years' War caused things like famine and disease. These things were very bad. The war lasted for 30 years, but the problems that caused the war weren't fixed for a long time after the war was over. The war ended with the Treaty of Westphalia.
Origins of the War.
There were several reasons that the Thirty Years War started.
First, The Peace of Augsburg (1555), which was signed quickly by Charles V, agreed with the 1526 Diet of Worms and stopped the fighting between the Lutherans and the Catholics in Germany.
The Peace made the violence end for a bit. But it did not fix the real reason that the Lutherans and Catholics were fighting. Both of them said it meant different things. The Lutherans said it was only an agreement that would last for a short time. Calvinism came quickly into Germany. Calvinism was a third Christian group in Germany, but it was not part of the Peace of Augsburg.
Second: a lot of the powerful countries in Europe in the 17th century often disagreed about matters of Politics or Economics. Spain wanted land in some of the German states because the Germans owned some of the Spanish Netherlands. The Dutch fought the Spanish. The Spanish had been controlling them. They gained freedom in some wars that ended in 1609.
Third: the Holy Roman Empire was a broken group of nations. The empire had nations like the Austrian House of Habsburg, Bavaria, Electoral Saxony, the Margravate of Brandenburg, the Palatinate, Hesse, the Archbishopric of Trier and Württemberg, and other small nations and towns. Only Austria was capable of operating on its own. Countries often made alliances with other places ruled by relatives.
Fourth, Religious groups were not agreeing during the second half of the 16th century. The Peace of Augsburg was not working because some bishops had not given up their bishoprics, and Catholic rulers in Spain and Eastern Europe wanted to make Catholicism strong in the region. This caused fighting between the groups. The Catholics made many Protestants leave their home lands.
Some places gave Protestants permission to worship. These disagreements caused violence.
Fifth, the Holy Roman Emperor Matthias died without any children to take his place in 1619. He was Catholic. His lands were given to his cousin Ferdinand of Styria. Ferdinand was Matthias's closest male relative. He became Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor. Ferdinand had been educated by the Jesuits, and was a Catholic. He wanted to make Catholicism the only religion again. This made him unpopular in Hussite Bohemia. They rejected Ferdinand and launched the Thirty Years' War. The War can be divided into four major phases: the Bohemian Revolt, the Danish intervention, the Swedish intervention, and the French intervention.
The Bohemian Revolt.
Emperor Matthias, who had no children, had died leaving the throne to Ferdinand II. Some of the Protestant leaders of Bohemia thought they would lose the religious rights granted to them by Emperor Rudolf II. They liked the Protestant Frederick V, elector of the Palatinate (successor to Frederick IV) better. Frederick V was the creator of the League of Evangelical Union). Other Protestants supported the opinion of the Catholics. So, in 1617, Ferdinand was elected by the Bohemian Estates to become the Crown Prince, and automatically upon the death of Matthias, the next King of Bohemia. The king-elect then sent two Catholic councillors (Wilhelm Grav Slavata and Jaroslav Borzita Graf Von Martinicz) as his representatives to Hradčany castle in Prague in May 1618. Ferdinand wanted them to run the government while he was gone. Suddenly, the Bohemian Hussites took them, put them on a mock trial, and threw them out of the palace window which was 20 feet off the ground (this is called defenestration). Remarkably, they survived and didn't get hurt. The Catholics said that angels appeared and carried them to safety, while the Protestants said that they landed in a pile of manure which saved their lives.

Database normalisation
Database normal form is a term used in Computer science. People use it when they talk about databases. Many databases allow data to store in many different ways. However, data may be easier or quicker to find if it is organised in some way. Currently there are 6 different ways people commonly use to organise their data. This process is known as Database normalisation.
Database normalisation is a process which is done when designing the database. It is about finding a tradeoff between the speed that different operations (like inserting, updating, deleting) take, and how much resources (cpu, disk) are needed. Sometimes, not all steps are done, or some are undone, to improve performance. This is known as "denormalisation"

Clipboard
A clipboard is a thin board with a large (usually metal) clip at the top. Clipboards are a little larger than a piece of paper. They are used to support paper with one hand, while writing on the paper with the other hand. Clipboards are often used in situations where a person may not be able to find a good writing surface.
Clipboards can be made of many things. Most clipboards are made of masonite or particleboard, two types of wood. They can also be made from aluminum, steel, or acrylic, a type of plastic.
Police and EMT clipboards.
Many police officers and EMTs carry clipboards. These clipboards are used very often and are usually made of metal. They often have one or two sections inside for carrying papers and reports.

Ugliness
Ugliness is a property of physical things which are not nice to look at. Something or someone who has ugliness is called ugly. This word is commonly used in when talking about human appearance. The opposite of ugliness is beauty.
Ugliness can be a matter of opinion. Two people can look at the same object and one may think it is beautiful and the other may think it is ugly. This is shown in the popular phrase "Beauty is in the eye of the beholder". However, scientists have found that human ugliness is part of sexual selection (choosing a partner for sex) and shows poor genetic or physical health.
Although "ugly" usually means "a lack of physical beauty", the property of ugliness may also be used to describe other things such as music, literature, or human behavior.

Texture
The word texture means: what things are made of and how they feel. Textures can be described as “rough”, “smooth”, “hard”, “soft”, “liquid”, “solid”, “lumpy”, “gritty” etc. The word “texture” is used for many different things. It can even be used in abstract senses, e.g. for music and poetry.
General objects.
We often talk about the texture of surfaces. The earth’s surface may have sand, stones, soil, silt etc. These all feel different to touch. The texture of plants varies: some grasses are rough to touch, others are smooth. Cacti are very prickly, the wood of treetrunks is often rough. People who study rocks talk about the different textures of rock (“hard”, “smooth”, “crumbly” etc).
Food.
People like or dislike food because of its taste, but the texture of the food also plays a part in whether we like it or not. We enjoy the feel of it in our mouth. Food can be hard, soft, lumpy, gritty (e.g. a cake made with ground rice. Adding some lettuce to a cheese sandwich will change the texture of the sandwich: it makes it more crunchy.
Architecture.
In architecture we often talk about “texture”. This can mean: the things that the buildings are made of. It can also mean: the general way it looks, e.g. whether everything is built close together or whether there is plenty of space. This is an abstract use of the word, because it compares the way we see things to the way things feel.
Painting.
Painters talk about the texture of paintings. This can be seen clearly in Pointillism which is a way of painting by using lots of little dots. This gives the painting a very interesting texture.
Music.
In music we can talk about the texture of a piece of music. If there are a lot of notes being played at once, we could call this a “thick” texture. If there are just two or three notes being played so that every note can be heard clearly we could call this a “thin” or “clear” texture. Music may have a “polyphonic” texture or a “chordal” texture. The word “texture”, this time, is being used to describe something we hear instead of something we feel.

Microsoft Outlook Express
Microsoft Outlook Express is a email program made by Microsoft. It is a free version of Outlook, also made by Microsoft.

Michael Spinks
Michael Spinks (born on July 13, 1956) is an American boxer. He was the light heavyweight and heavyweight champion of the world.
Spinks was a member of the 1976 United States Olympics team and won a gold medal in the boxing competition. He became a professional boxer in 1977 and won the light heavyweight championship in 1981. In 1985 he fought heavyweight champion Larry Holmes and beat him for the title. It was the first time a light heavyweight champion had become heavyweight champion. He beat Holmes again in a rematch and defended his title another two times before losing to Mike Tyson in 1988. He never fought again.
Michael Spinks is the brother of heavyweight champion Leon Spinks.

Goodbye
Goodbye is a traditional saying that is said when leaving. Usually, people say this when they will meet again, but sometimes goodbye can mean that they will never see each other again. Most people agree that the saying is shortened from "God be with you"..

Candy cane
A candy cane is a hard cane-shaped candy stick. It is traditionally white with red stripes and flavored with peppermint. It is also made in a variety of other flavors and colors. The candy cane is a traditional candy of the Christmas holiday in the United States, but it is possible to find them throughout the year.

Leon Spinks
Leon Spinks (born on July 11, 1953) is an American boxer. He won the world heavyweight championship. He won a gold medal in the 1976 Olympics in the boxing category. He became a professional boxer and in only his eighth bout he won the heavyweight championship from Muhammad Ali. In his first defense, he lost the title back to Ali.
Spinks continued boxing with little success after that. He fought Larry Holmes for the heavyweight title in 1981, but lost. He also fought for the cruiserweight championship, but he lost that fight, too. He stopped fighting in 1995.
He is the brother of boxer Michael Spinks and the father of boxer Cory Spinks.

Cruiserweight
Cruiserweight is a division in boxing for fighters who weigh over 175 pounds and up to 200 pounds (91kg). The weight limit was once 190 pounds. The World Boxing Council created this weight division in the late 1970's because it felt that some fighters were too small to fight in the heavyweight division but too big to fight in the light heavyweight division. So they made a weight class in-between. Many cruiserweight champions and contenders may eventually fight in the heavyweight division.
Evander Holyfield was cruiserweight champion.

Botanic
Botanic is a district of South Belfast, in the country of Ireland. It is named after Botanic Gardens, a local park dedicated to the science of botany.

Steve Jay
Stephen "Steve" Jay (born January 26, 1951) is a bassist best known for working with the singer-songwriter "Weird Al" Yankovic.

Minimum wage
The minimum wage is the least amount of money that employees of a business can be paid.
Minimum wage is a relative term. Different countries have different minimum wages. Nunavut in Canada has a minimum wage of $8.50 per hour. Ontario, another place in Canada has a minimum wage of $8.00 per hour, but they want to raise it to $10.25 by 2010.
Some people think the minimum wage should be raised, so poor people will have more money. Others think it is worse because the government won't have enough money to pay all the employees, so they will raise the taxes or raise the inflation.

Dookie
Dookie is the 3rd album by the band Green Day. It was released in 1994.

Joe Manchin
Joseph (Joe) Manchin III (born August 24, 1947 in Farmington, West Virginia) is an American politician. He was elected Governor of the state of West Virginia in the 2004 election. Manchin took office on January 17, 2005.

Renaissance art
The sculptor Donatello created a life-size statue of a soldier on horseback, This work of art took place during the Renaissance of Italy.
The painting is a half-length portrait and depicts a woman whose expression is often described as enigmatic. The ambiguity of the sitter's expression, the monumentality of the half-figure composition, and the subtle modeling of forms and atmospheric illusionism were novel qualities that have contributed to the painting's continuing fascination. Few other works of art have been subject to as much scrutiny, study, mythologizing and parody.

Renaissance architecture
This country house was built by Palladio in 1550. It is a square building which looks the same from every side. At the centre, there is a dome. On every side is a large porch, (portico), like a Greek temple. It is such an elegant design that other architects used the same style which can be seen on churches, houses and palaces, including the White House.

Fiji One
Fiji One is a Free to Air television channel run by Fiji Television. It is shown all across Fiji. It is paid for by advertisments. For this reason, programs on Fiji One have commercial breaks, to allow advertisers that fund the programs to showcase their products or services.

Comet (shop)
Comet is a chain of shops in the UK. They are the second largest retailer of TV's, and biggest retailer of Fridges, Washing Machines and Dishwashers inside England.

Sainsbury's
Sainsbury's is a supermarket chain based in the United Kingdom. Sainsbury's originally sold only food, but it now sells other things like mobile phones, DVDs and videos, clothing and books. Sainsbury's is the third biggest supermarket in the UK (behind Tesco and Asda). The clothing range at Sainsbury's has changed a lot over the years. It started off with, Jeff & Co, then another range was brought in, after that Adams Kids. Now it's called TU.
In 2008 150,000 people worked in Sainsbury's.

Venus of Willendorf
"Venus of Willendorf", also known as the "Woman of Willendorf", is an 11.1 cm (4 3/8 inches) high statuette of a female figure. It was discovered in 1908 by archaeologist Josef Szombathy at a paleolithic site near Willendorf. Willendorf is a village in Lower Austria near the city of Krems. The statuette is made of a kind of limestone that can not be found in the area. It is colored with red ochre.
A study made in 1990 suggests that the figure was made between 24.000 and 22.000 BCE. Very little is known about its origin, how it was made, or what it meant to the people who made it.
The Venus is not a realistic portrait but rather an idealization of the female figure. Her vulva, breasts, and swollen belly are very pronounced. This suggests a strong connection to fertility. Her tiny arms are folded over her breasts, and she has no visible face. Her head is covered with what might be coils of braids, eyes, or a kind of headdress. The lack of a face has prompted some archaeologists and philosophers to view the Venus as a "universal mother."
The nickname, urging a comparison of this rather obese figurine to the classical image of "Venus", causes resistance in some modern analysis. "The ironic identification of these figurines as 'Venus' pleasantly satisfied certain assumptions at the time about the primitive, about women, and about taste," Christopher Witcombe has noticed. At the same time there is professional reluctance to identify her as an Earth Mother goddess of paleolithic Old Europe. Some suggest that her corpulence would represent high status in a hunter-gatherer society, and that beside her obvious fertility she could be an emblem of security and success.
The statue's feet don't allow it to stand on its own. Due to this it has been speculated that it was meant to be held, rather than simply looked at.
Catherine McCoid and LeRoy McDermott think that the figurines were done as self portraits by the women themselves. Most scientists agree that the head, seen from a profile view, while having no distinct facial features, appears to be looking down. The common physical characteristics of all of the Venus figures are: a thin upper torso, largely exaggerated breasts, large buttocks and thighs, a large stomach (possibly due to pregnancy), and oddly bent, short legs, that end with disproportionately small feet. Yet when looked upon as if you were a woman looking down at your body, the physical features, in perspective, seem correct. There are striking similarities between the Venus of Willendorf and a pregnant woman when perceived from above.
"Venus of Willendorf" is part of the collection of the Naturhistorisches Museum in Vienna.
Since this figure's discovery and naming, several similar statuettes and other forms of art have been discovered. They are collectively referred to as Venus figurines.

Acts of Supremacy
The Acts of Supremacy was passed by Henry VIII in 1534. This act stated that the king, not the pope was the head of the Church of England.

Compact fluorescent lamp
A compact fluorescent lamp (CFL), is a type of lamp (light bulb) designed to fit into the same space as an incandescent bulb, but with the advantages of a fluorescent lamp. Many CFLs can directly replace an existing incandescent lamp.
The purchase price of a CFL is often much higher than an incandescent lamp of the same output, and the light from CFLs looks different to light from incandescent lamps. But CFLs have a longer rated life and use less energy. A CFL can save over US$30 in electricity costs over the lamp’s lifetime compared to an incandescent lamp.
How it works.
Electrodes at each end of the junction of the coiled tube to the base emit electrons. These electrons strike the electrons orbiting a nucleus of mercury vapor. This interaction causes the electron of the mercury atom to fall into a lower shell, releasing a photon which is ultraviolet light. This photon strikes the phosphorescent coating on the tube, which then is visible as visible light.

PL Kyodan
PL Kyodan or the Church of Perfect Liberty is an international religion that developed from the Zen Buddhist culture of Japan early in the 20th century. PL teaches that "Life is art." Humans have been born to express their own unique individuality in everything they do - "creating true art".
To assist them in improving their lives and overcoming hardships believers are taught why they have these problems and are guided in solving them by the Patriarch (Oshieoya-sama) and ministers.
PL does not have a holy book (like a Bible), however, they have PL 21 Precepts and the PL 21 Principles which were revealed by the Founders of the Church.
Nowadays the group claims having more than 3 million followers worldwide. Most of the parishes are located in Japan, however, due to the active missionary work in the 1960th PL was established in South-America and USA as well. Today they are present also in Canada, Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay and Peru. Oceaninan headquarters was founded in the 1990s in Brisbane, Australia. Small communities exist in Europe as well, especially in France, Portugal and Hungary.
PL presents each year in the Japanese headquarters the world' biggest firework. The baseball group of PL High School is very famous in Japan, often they win the national championship.
History.
The movement was founded by the Rev. Tokuharu Miki (1871-1938), who served as a Zen Buddhist priest of the Obaku Sect. He is referred to as "the First Founder" by adherents.
In 1912 he met the Rev. Tokumitsu Kanada, who instantly cured his chronic asthma by a sacred ritual. He asked Kanada to teach him this ritual so he could cure disease, and became his disciple.
Before his death, Kanada told Tokuharu that his Tokumitsu Church had 18 Precepts, but there were three more which were to be revealed to complete the teachings. Five years later, the three precepts were revealed, and he established the new Tokumitsu Church in 1924 and became the First Kyoso (Oshieoya, Founder). In 1931, the name was changed to the Hitonomichi Church, meaning "the way of humans."
The Church spread rapidly throughout Japan, Korea, China and to other Southeast Asia countries and its members numbered one million in a short period of time. In 1936 however, the Church was suppressed by the military government and ordered to disband. On July 6, 1938, the Rev. Tokuharu Miki died.
The "Second Founder", the Rev. Tokuchika Miki (1900-1983), succeeded his father. He was also imprisoned, but was released in 1945. At Tosu City in Saga Prefecture, on September 29, 1946, Tokuchika Miki reestablished the Hitonomichi Church, but under the new name of the Church of Perfect Liberty, declaring the truth, "Life is Art."
On September 29, 1947, he revealed the PL 21 Precepts, the basic teachings of PL. The Church expanded rapidly all over Japan and in 1953, construction began on the present Headquarters in Tondabayashi, on the edge of Osaka. Tokuchika Miki organized the "Federation of New Religious Organizations of Japan" and chaired it for many years. He visited Pope Paul VI and Pope John Paul II to discuss world peace. He died in 1983.
The "Third Founder", the Rev. Takahito Miki (b. 1957), the adopted son of the Second Founder, succeeded to the divine position of Oshieoya in 1983. He has since visited over 700 PL churches throughout the world. Miki is also the vicepresident of Shinshuren, Federation of New Religious Organizations of Japan.

Winston Smith
Winston Smith is a fictional character and the protagonist of George Orwell's 1949 novel "Nineteen Eighty-Four". In the book, Winston is a clerk for the Ministry of Truth, where his job is to rewrite historical documents so that they match the current party line, which changes on a daily basis.

Yantai
Yantai is a coastal city facing the Huang Hai. It is loacated on the east coast of Shandong, China. The annual mean temperature is 12 oC. The annual rainfall is 20 mm.

Qiemo
Qiemo is an inland city in Xinjiang, China. It faces the Takla Makan Desert.

Fictional universe
A fictional universe is an made up world that is used as the setting for one or (more commonly) many works of fiction. It is often used in books but can be used in any form used to tell a story, for example role-playing games, television or movies. It can be said that every work of fiction makes a world of its own. A fictional universe is used when things in a story become a part either of other stories, or of games or other things.
Fictional universes are most often used in science fiction and fantasy stories but they can be used in any type of fiction. A fictional universe usually has certain things in them that make them different from the real world. These things could affect anything from cities the author created to entire galaxies. In most fictional universes, the laws of physics are different to let things exist which commonly do not, for example, magic or space travel to other planets. Fictional universes may also take place in any time period during the past, present, or future.
Examples of fictional universes.
There are many examples of fictional universes. They are often used to provide a common theme to many different types of things.
The "Star Wars" expanded universe.
The "Star Wars" expanded universe is a fictional universe that was started from the first Star Wars movie ' in 1977. The movie created a universe full of people and planets with space travel to other worlds, Alien creatures, and a type of magic. Two later movies were made that took place in the same fictional universe the movie created. After that, many books, comic books, and video games were made that created new characters, places and stories all taking place in that same universe. Most of this took place either during the time of the first three movies or created more of the story of the universe as time passed after the story told in the movies ended. Three additional movies were also made that took place in the same universe, but at an earlier period of time. This lead to writers creating more stories about the history of the characters and their worlds.
The "Buffyverse".
In 1997, writer and director Joss Whedon created a television series called "Buffy the Vampire Slayer" from a movie he had written several years before. The stories of the television series mainly took place in the fictional town of Sunnydale, California. The series had creature such as vampires and werewolves. It also dealt with magic. Over time, as the series went on and more and more stories were written, it developed into what is called the "Buffyverse". While the focus of the main story and its characters was just one town, the events of the story and the rules the universe followed had effects on other towns, parallel worlds, other dimensions, and even other periods of time. Characters from the show were used to make another show, "Angel" which took place in Los Angeles but still had demons and vampires. The universe has been used in many books as well as several video games. While the series was still being made, several other writers were also making comic books which told stories that took place during the same time of the series. Whedon himself wrote a series of comic books dealing with a vampire slayer named Fray from several hundred years in the future. Whedon is currently writing a new comic which is often nicknamed "Season Eight". It tells the stories of what happens to the characters from the series after its seven seasons as a television series.
Other examples.
Nearly every type of fiction has its own created universe. Many of these examples started in one category and now exist in many of them. For example, Harry Potter started out as a series of books then moved to movies and then video games.

Ronnie James Dio
Ronnie James Dio (July 10, 1942 -) is an American heavy metal singer. He has performed with Black Sabbath, Rainbow, and his own band Dio. Dio was born in Portsmouth, New Hampshire.

Chow Yun-Fat
Chow Yun-Fat (born May 18, 1955 on Lamma Island, Hong Kong) is a Hong Kong actor.
His parents were farmers and poor. When he was seventeen year old, he left school to work. One year later, he saw a TV station advertisement about some actors, so he decided to apply and was asked to go for an audition.
Chow then started acting, but at first he could only act in some minor roles. From 1975 to 1995 Chow acted in 70 films. When he finished the film called "Peace Hotel", he left Hong Kong and went to Hollywood.
In Hollywood, the first film he acted in was "Replacement Killers". Then he acted in some films like "Anna & the King".

Anglican Communion
The Anglican Communion is an association of all Anglican churches in full communion with the Church of England. There is no single "Anglican Church" with universal authority, because each national or regional church has full autonomy. With over seventy seven million members, the Anglican Communion is the third largest communion in the world, after the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Churches.
The status of full communion means that all rites conducted in one church are recognised by the other. Some of these churches are known as Anglican, explicitly recognising the link to England ("Ecclesia Anglicana" means "Church of England").
The Archbishop of Canterbury, religious head of the Church of England, has no formal authority outside that jurisdiction, but is recognised as symbolic head of the worldwide communion.
Provinces of the Anglican Communion.
In addition, there are six extra-provincial churches, five of which are under the metropolitical authority of the Archbishop of Canterbury.

Jules Verne
Jules Verne (February 8, 1828– March 24, 1905) was a French writer, he is considered to be one of the first authors to write science-fiction. Some of his books include,"Journey To The Center Of The Earth" (1864), "Twenty Thousand Leagues Under The Sea" (1870), and "Around the World in Eighty Days" (1873).

Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (or TMNT) are a group of fictional characters. They are four mutant turtles, who were taught how to be ninjas by a mutant rat called Master Splinter. They fight crime and villans.
Background information.
The turtles are named after famous artists from Rennisance period. Their names are Leonardo, Raphael, Donatello, and Michealanglo. They live underground in a sewer in Manhattan and try to keep themselves hidden from people when they are not fighting bad guys. There are a few humans who know about them, a woman named April O'Neil and a man named Casey Jones.
First appearence.
They first appeared in a comic book which was made in 1984. In 1987, an animated television show was made, it was extremely popular and ran until 1996.
Merchandise.
There were many items based on the show including food, video games and toys. Starting in 1990, three live-action movies were made. In 1997, there was a live-action television series called "Ninja Turtles: The Mutation", which was not very successful. In 2003, a new animated series based more on the original comic book than the other series and a new animated movie came out in 2007. Currently, the 2003 season has come to an end, and a new series, the "Back to the sewers" season is in the works, set the air in fall 2008.

Atze Schröder
__NOTOC__
Atze Schroder (German: Atze Schröder) is a German comedy figure played by Hubertus Albers.
Atze Schroder.
The figure "Atze Schroder" was born on 27 September 1965 in the German town Essen.
Biography of the comedian.
In public, he always acts as his pseudonym "Atze Schroder". Some sources report Emsdetten as his place of birth. He was suing a German newspaper and the German Wikipedia after publishing his real name.

Autonomy
Autonomy means freedom from external authority. Autonomy is a concept found in moral, political, and bioethical philosophy. Within these contexts it means the capacity of a rational individual to make an informed, free decision. In moral and political philosophy, autonomy is often used as the basis for determining moral responsibility for one's actions. One of best known philosophical theories of autonomy was developed by Kant. In medicine, respect for the autonomy of patients is considered obligatory for doctors and other health-care professionals. Politically, it is also used to refer to the self-governing of a people.

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (August 27, 1770 – November 14, 1831) was a German philosopher born in Stuttgart, Württemberg, which is now southwest Germany. He started Hegelianism and is a part of German Idealism. He influenced many writers and philosophers, including those who agreed with him (Bradley, Sartre, Küng, Bauer, Stirner, Marx), and those who did not agree with him (Kierkegaard, Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, Heidegger, Schelling). Hegel has been called obscure, because his books are difficult to read and deal with many different ideas at the same time. He has written about history, politics, religion, art, logic and metaphysics.

London Borough of Croydon
The London Borough of Croydon is a London Borough. It is in south London. The borough is the farthest south of London, with the M25 circle motorway touching it at the bottom. In North Croydon the borough mainly borders the London Borough of Bromley to the east as well as the London Boroughs of Southwark and Lambeth to the north. The boroughs of Sutton and Merton are west of Croydon.
Croydon's main town centre is Croydon itself. The town offers the most office space in South East England apart from Central London. There are two shopping centres in Croydon which are named Centrale and the Witgift Centre. Croydon was named the 20th best shopping town in the UK. Croydon is currently being modernised (meaning new buildings are being built). Croydon College and John Ruskin College are the only schools for people over 16.
The London Borough of Croydon tried to ask the government for city status in 2000 and again in 2002 but it failed. If the government said yes it would have been the third council in Greater London to hold that status, the others being the City of London and the City of Westminster.
The borough is the home of two football clubs, Crystal Palace F.C. who are in the championship and Croydon F.C. who are in the Ryman League. Croydon is also known for having a lot of parks and open spaces like Mitcham Common and South Norwood Lakes.
Croydon is a tourist attraction in London, one of the reasons is because it's close to Gatwick Airport and another one is because it has lotsof entertainment and historic facilites these include the Fairfield Halls, Warehouse Theatre, Croydon Airport (dis-used), Shirley Windmill, Croydon Palace and the Croydon Clocktower.
Attractions.
Croydon has many places that people enjoy to visit. There are a lot of places of interest such as Croydon Airport, which was the largest airport in London until it's closure in September 1959. It was closed because of it was too small to handle the growing amount of flights to Croydon so Heathrow and Gatwick took over. It has become a great place for air plane shows and sometimes is hosts along with Biggin Hill. Addington Palace is a 18th century mansion that was home of six archbishops.
Croydon Clocktower is an arts facility in Central Croydon that includes a cinema, library, museum and conference room. The building links into the official Town Hall of Croydon Council and some areas of the building, most notably the Braithwaite Hall, are part of the original complex. The Clocktower is the tower of the Town Hall. New buildings were built alongside the Town Hall and were opened by Queen Elizabeth II in 1994. Croydon Palace was where the Archbishop of Canterbury stays when it's summer. It has stood for over 500 years.
The Warehouse Theatre is a professional producing studio theatre with up to a hundred seats in the centre of Croydon, based in an oak-beamed former cement Victorian warehouse. The Fairfield Halls is an arts centre in Croydon which opened in 1962. It contains a concert hall, the Ashcroft Theatre (named for local Peggy Ashcroft), the Arnhem Gallery civic hall (Croydon is twinned with Arnhem) and an art gallery. The large concert hall is used by the BBC for recordings.

Nicolas Sarkozy
Nicolas Sarkozy, born on 28 January, 1955 in Paris, France,
has been President of France since 16 May 2007, succeeding Jacques Chirac.
He was the leader of the UMP, and was elected President of the French Republic on 6 May, 2007. He defeated Ségolène Royal, of the Socialist Party.
Sarkozy is known for his conservative law and order politics and his admiration for a new economic model for France. He wants a more liberalised economy for France because he sees the United States and the United Kingdom as positive examples. Until 26 March 2007, he served as the Minister of the Interior of France. His nickname Sarko is used by both supporters and opponents.

RVV Hillesluis
Rotterdamse Voetbalvereniging "Hillesluis" (translated:"Rotterdam's Football Society "Hillesluis") is a football club in Rotterdam. It is located near the Feyenoord stadium. It was created in 1932 in a Rotterdam's town with the same name.

Tyrant
A tyrant (pronounce: TIE-rant) is a person who rules in a very cruel way. He usually rules a country, and he often got his position as powerful ruler by force, although some of them inherited their power.
The rule of a tyrant is called tyranny (pronounce “TI-ran-nee”). The adjective is tyrannical.
When someone has power over everybody else so that nobody is allowed to question it, this is called absolute power. A tyrant rules by oppression. The people are oppressed (cruelly treated). A tyrant takes no notice of the wishes of the people, or of any constitutions (laws about how laws should be made).
The word despot means someone who rules with absolute authority, usually cruelly. It has the same meaning as "tyrant".
A dictator also rules with absolute authority. They are not necessarily cruel tyrants, but they often are.
In the 10th and 9th centuries BC Ancient Greece was ruled by monarchs. By the 7th century B.C. they were ruled by groups of aristocrats. These aristocrats started to become unpopular. This gave cruel people the chance to get power for themselves, telling the people that they would be good rulers, but turning bad once they got power.
Around 650BC the tyrant Cypselus became powerful in Corinth and Orthagoras at Sicyon. There were other tyrants in the Asiatic countries that were ruled by Greece. Cypselus’s son Periander was also a cruel tyrant who ruled for 40 years. The tyranny in Corinth came to an end after he died.
Many tyrants of ancient Greece were supporters of the arts, but they always wanted art to show how wonderful they were, and no one could be critical of them.
There have always been tyrants in the world. Although there are far more democracies nowadays, there still are some countries which are governed by tyranny.

Johann Pachelbel
Johann Pachelbel (born Nuremberg (German:Nürnberg), baptized 1 September 1653; died Nürnberg, buried 9 March 1706) was a German composer and organist. He is very famous for his organ music. He also wrote other keyboard music and music for the Protestant church. His "Canon in D" has become a very popular piece of music and is very often played today at church weddings and other events.
Pachelbel was brought up in Nürnberg and had his first music lessons there. In 1669 he went to study at the university of Altdorf, but after a year he had to leave because his father could not afford to keep him. About a year later he went to study at the Gymnasium Poeticum in Regensburg. The directors of that school must have realized that he was an extremely talented musician, because they made an extra scholarship for him and allowed him to have special music lessons outside the school.
In 1673 he went to Vienna where he was deputy organist at St Stephen’s Church. He heard a lot more music there, especially the music of the catholic composers of South Germany and Italy. After a short while at Eisenach he got the job of organist at the Predigerkirche in Erfurt.
In 1681 he married, but his wife and their baby boy died in the plague. In 1684 he married again and the couple had five sons and two daughters. Pachelbel taught Johann Christoph Bach who later taught Johann Sebastian Bach.
Pachelbel became a very famous organist. He stayed in Erfurt until 1690. After another five years he became organist at St Sebald, Nürnberg where he stayed for the rest of his life.
His music.
Pachelbel is best known for his organ music. He wrote many organ pieces based on chorales while he was in Erfurt. In Nürnberg he wrote many piece called "Magnificat" fugues. These were preludes which were played before the singers sang the Magnificat. His organ music also includes toccatas, ricercares, fantasias and ciacconas. He wrote many suites for harpsichord and chamber music and vocal music.

Opioid
Opioids is a name for chemical substances that act like morphine in the human body. They are mainly used as analgetics, that is to relieve pain. Some are also used as illegal drugs.
There are four classes of opioids
The term Opiate is sometimes used as a synonym. Most often it is used to refer to opium alcaloids, and semi-synthetic opioids.

Analgesic
Analgetics (one "Analgetic") (or Analgesics) is the name for various drugs that are used to relieve pain. There are various groups of them. All act on the nervous system. Most painkillers have the problem that they can make people addicted if they are taken over longer periods of time.

Blender (program)
Blender is a free, open source 3D computer graphics program. It is available for many operating systems, for example, Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X and Linux. It is made by the Blender Foundation. It was used to make the short movie Elephants Dream.
History.
A Dutch animation studio called NeoGeo created Blender as an in-house application. The song Yello, which is from a song album called Baby, started an idea of the name "Blender". Ton Roosendaal discovered NaN in June of 1998. He wanted to make and show off the program to the public. The program was published as shareware until NaN went bankrupt in 2002. The creditors, people who have other people oweing money to them, agreed to sell out Blender under the laws of the GNU General Public License in exchange for a one-time payment of 100,000 Euros (102,000 in U.S. dollars.) On July 18, 2002, Roosendaal put money into a Blender funding campaign -- in order to collect donations. On September 7, 2002, the collected funds was given notice to the public. This proved that the Blender source code would be published. Blender is now an open source program. Right now, the Blender Foundation watches and takes care of it. It is the Blender Foundation's responsibility to do such a thing. The Blender Foundation have the right to use dual licensing, so that, in addition to GNU GPL, Blender would also have the permission to use the following name: "Blender License". Blender License does "not" have a rule that says it needs a disclosing source code but it "does" have a rule on payments to the Blender Foundation. On the other hand, this choice was never used and became null in 2005. Right now, Blender belongs only to GNU GPL.

Mark Shuttleworth
Mark Richard Shuttleworth (born 18 September 1973) is a South African business person. He was the first African in space. He bought himself his space travel. He is also the leader of the Ubuntu project.

Paracetamol
Paracetamol (or acetaminophen) is a common analgesic. It is a drug that is used to relieve pain. It can also be used to reduce fever or some kinds of headache. This makes it an antipyretic. It is a common ingredient in some drugs used against flu or colds.
It is considered safe for use, if it is taken in the prescribed doses. But because it is so commonly available, drug overuse is fairly common. This overuse can be deliberate or accidental.
The words "acetaminophen" and "paracetamol" both come from the chemical names for the compound: N-acetyl-para-aminophenol and para-acetyl-amino-phenol. In some contexts, it is shortened to apap, for N-acetyl-para-aminophenol.
History.
The antipyretics known in ancient and medieval times were substances contained in the bark of the white willow. Today these substances are known as salicins. Aspirin was developed from them. Other substances with such properties came from the bark of the cinchona. Cinchona bark was also used to make the anti-malaria drug quinine. Quinine itself also has antipyretic effects. Efforts to refine and isolate salicin and salicylic acid took place throughout the middle- and late-19th century. This was done by Bayer chemist Felix Hoffmann (French chemist Charles Frédéric Gerhardt also started it, 40 years earlier, but he abandoned the work after deciding it was too impractical).

Morphine
Morphine (INN) (IPA:) is a potent opiate analgesic drug. It is the principal active agent in opium and the prototypical opiate. Like other opioids, e.g. "diacetylmorphine" (heroin), morphine acts directly on the central nervous system (CNS) to relieve pain, and at synapses of the nucleus accumbens in particular. Morphine is highly addictive when compared to other substances, and tolerance and physical and psychological dependences develop very rapidly.
Patients on morphine sometimes say they have insomnia, visual hallucinations and nightmares; if these occur then reduction in dosage or switch to an alternative opioid analgesic should be considered.
The word "morphine" is derived from Morpheus, the god of dreams in Greek mythology. He is the son of Hypnos, god of sleep.

Ségolène Royal
Marie-Ségolène Royal (born 22 September 1953 in Dakar, Senegal), known as is a French politician. She is the president of the Poitou-Charentes region, a member of the National Assembly and a prominent member of the Socialist Party. On 16 November 2006, Socialist Party members elected her as their candidate for the 2007 French presidential election.
In the first round of voting in that election, on April 22, 2007, Royal received 25.87 percent of votes to qualify for the second round to face Nicolas Sarkozy who received 31.18 percent. On May 6, 2007 Sarkozy was elected to be the next President. Sarkozy won the election on May 6 with 53.06 percent of the votes, compared to Royal's 46.94 percent.
She is known for her admiration for some "Third Way" policies, for her controversial insistence on law and order issues and for her support of devolution and participatory democracy.
Bibliography.
Royal is the author unless otherwise noted.

Codeine
Codeine or methylmorphine is an opiate used for its analgesic properties. It is also used to treat coughing and diarrhea. It is marketed as the salts codeine sulfate and codeine phosphate. Codeine hydrochloride is more commonly marketed in continental Europe and other regions.
Codeine is an alkaloid found in opium in concentrations ranging from 0.3 to 3.0 percent. Codeine can be extracted from opium. Today, most codeine is synthesized from morphine through the process of O-methylation.
Uses.
Codeine is sometimes marketed indrugs that combine it with paracetamol (acetaminophen) as co-codamol (best known in North America as Tylenol 3), with aspirin as co-codaprin or with ibuprofen. These combinations provide greater pain relief than either agent alone (drug synergy; see synergy).

Opium
Opium is a narcotic resin produced from opium poppies "(Papaver somniferum)". It contains up to 16% morphine, an opiate alkaloid, which is most frequently processed chemically to produce heroin for the black market. The resin also has non-narcotic alkaloids in it. Some of these are papaverine and noscapine. Opium is also known as "afeem", and was called "God's Own Medicine" during its time of greatest popularity.
Opium has been used and produced for thousands of years. During this time, the source plant has been modified and adapted. The methods of processing the plant, and extracting thbstance and consuming it also have. The medicinal use of poppies for pain relief dates back to ancient times, but widespread use in patent medicines or as a recreational drug has occurred only in the last few centuries. Drug prohibition laws in most countries have been introduced only during the last century. Today the opium crop is worth in excess of $400 million legally and $7 billion illegally, after processing.

Union for a Popular Movement
The Union for a Popular Movement (French: "Union pour un Mouvement Populaire", UMP), is the main French centre-right political party.
The party has an absolute majority in the National Assembly but relies on its reluctant junior partner, the UDF, in the Senate. The UMP is a member of the European People's Party (EPP), of the Christian Democrat International (CDI) and of the International Democrat Union (IDU).
History.
Since the 1980s, the political groups of the parliamentary right joined forces around the values of economic liberalism and the building of Europe. Their rivalries had contributed to their 1981 and 1988 electoral defeats. Therefore some politicians were in favour of the formation of a confederation, a party.
UMP was founded from the merger of the Gaullist-conservative Rally for the Republic ("Rassemblement pour la République", RPR), the conservative-liberal Liberal Democracy ("Démocratie Libérale", DL), and a part of the centrist Union for French Democracy ("Union pour la Démocratie Française", UDF). Many Christian Democrats (such as Philippe Douste-Blazy and Jacques Barrot), the social-liberal Radical Party and the centrist Popular Party for French Democracy (both associate parties to UDF until 2002) joined the party.
The party was thus born out of the meeting of four major French political traditions: Gaullism, Liberalism (Republicanism), Christian Democracy (Popularism) and Radicalism.
The UMP generally supported the policies of President Jacques Chirac. However, in 2004, the party showed increasing signs of independence. The unpopularity with the electorate of Jacques Chirac and Jean-Pierre Raffarin's government led most members of the UMP to support Nicolas Sarkozy, a rival of Chirac. The party also publicly disapproved of Turkey's proposed membership in the European Union, which Chirac was in favour of.
The first president of the UMP, Alain Juppé, a close associate of Jacques Chirac, resigned on 15 July 2004. On 29 November 2004, Nicolas Sarkozy announced that he would officially take over the presidency of the UMP.
In the 2004 French regional elections the UMP suffered a heavy blow, securing only 2 out of 22 regions in Metropolitan France and half of the departments. This led to the fall of the Jean-Pierre Raffarin government (2001-04), and to the formation of a new cabinet, presided by another UMP politician, Dominique de Villepin.
On April 22, 2007 Nicolas Sarkozy won most of the votes in the first round of the 2007 presidential election. In the second round, he faced Socialist Candidate Ségolène Royal. On May 6, 2007 he won the Presidential election, garnering 53.35% of the vote.

Methadone
Methadone is a synthetic opioid. It is used as an analgesic. Besides relieving pain, it is also used to treat addiction to certain narcotics, and some illegal drugs.

Oxycodone
Oxycodone is a synthetic opioid. It is used as an analgesic, to relieve pain. Its structure is similar to Codeine. As a painkiller, it is usually marketed in drugs that combine it with either Paracetamol or Aspirin. In some forms, the oxycodone can be extracted very easily. Some people use this as an illegal drug. Like with most other opioids, there is a high risk of addiction.

Pethidine
Pethidine or meperidine is a fully synthetic opioid. It is an analgesic. It is used for the relief of moderate to severe pain. Pethidine can also interact with a number of other medications, including muscle relaxants, some antidepressants, benzodiazepines, and alcohol.
Pethidine is also relatively bad for use when a patient is suffering from liver, or kidney disease, has a history of seizures or epilepsy, has an enlarged prostate or urinary retention problems, or suffers from hyperthyroidism, asthma, or Addison's disease.

French National Assembly
The French National Assembly ("French": Assemblée nationale'") is one of the two houses of the Parliament of France under the Fifth Republic. The other is the Senate ("Sénat").
The National Assembly consists of 577 members known as "députés" (deputies), each elected by a single-member constituency. Deputies are elected in each constituency through a two-rounds system. It is presided over by a president normally from the largest party represented, assisted by vice-presidents from across the represented political spectrum. The term of the National Assembly is five years; however, the President of France may dissolve the Assembly (by i.e.: calling a new election), unless he dissolved it in the preceding year.
The official seat of the National Assembly is the Palais Bourbon on the left bank of the river Seine.

Hyperthyroidism
Hypertyroidism is a medical condition. It is caused by a thyroid gland that is too active.

99942 Apophis
(99942) Apophis is a near-Earth asteroid that worried people for a short in December 2004. This was because observations seemed to show that it would hit the Earth in 2029. Other observations had more accurate, or better, ideas. During 2029, Apophis would go through a "gravitational keyhole", an area in space no more than about 400 meters across. This would make it hit the Earth on April 13, 2036. This danger made the asteroid Level 1 on the Torino impact hazard scale until August 2006.
More watching showed scientists that the "keyhole" would be missed. On August 5, 2006, Apophis was lowered to a Level 0 on the Torino Scale. As of October 19 2006 the probability that Apophis will hit the Earth on April 13, 2036 is something around 1 in 45,000. It may also hit in 2038, but however the probability for that encounter, or meeting, is 1 in 12.3 million.
Further reading.
Cooke, Bill. (2006) Fatal attraction. "Astronomy", May 2006, 46-51.

Dance music
Dance music is music that is made to be danced to. In a broader sense, an enormous amount of music sounds like dance music, even if it is not composed for dancing. The history of dance music is similar to the history of dance as well as to the history of music.
Dance music was probably the first kind of music there was. Thousands of years ago human beings must have discovered the joy of making noises by beating sticks in rhythm. They probably danced as they did this.
We know that the Ancient Greeks danced to music, although we do not know much about what that music was like.
In the Dark Ages (before the Middle Ages) dancing was very popular. The Christian Church thought that dancing was bad because it was always linked to the devil. This is why the church people thought that musical instruments were bad, because instruments were used for dancing.
The earliest Western dance music that we know are some of the medieval dances such as caroles and the Estampie. Composers started to write their music down on music staves. Dance music had to have a regular beat so that the dancers could dance in time. This is why barlines were invented. The music was divided into bars with a particular number of beats in each bar. This was different from church music which was based on plainchant which was very free in the way it was sung.
In the Baroque period many composers started to write pieces of music which were based on dance rhythms. Composers such as Johann Sebastian Bach wrote suites which were collections of dance movements. The most popular dances in a suite were: allemande, courante, sarabande, minuet and gigue. Even when not writing dance movements, a lot of Baroque music is based on dance rhythms, for example: the grand opening chorus of Bach’s "St Matthew Passion" is based on the rhythm of a sicilienne.
In the Classical music period composers wrote a lot of symphonies and string quartets. They had four movements. The third was normally a minuet, although it was not for dancing to. Composers such as Mozart and Schubert also wrote a lot of music which was for dancing or easy listening. This was the popular music of its time.
In the Romantic era the waltz became popular. Many waltzes were written to be danced to, but other composers simply wrote music (especially piano music) called “waltz”. Chopin wrote piano pieces called after several kinds of dance: waltz, polonaise, mazurka etc. Ballet had become very popular. There was a lot of dance music in operas, especially in French operas.
In the 20th century “dance music” was often thought of as meaning: music played by dance bands. This kind of music developed into rock and roll in the 1960s. Nowadays there is a wide variety of popular dance music, including hip hop. Spanish or Latin American dances such as the samba, tango and cha cha cha are popular all over the world.

Baruch Spinoza
Baruch Spinoza (November 24, 1632 – February 21, 1677) was a Dutch philosopher of Portuguese Jewish origin. He is considered to be one of the great Rationalist philosophers of the 17th century. Other famous rationalists include Gottfried Leibniz and René Descartes.
Life.
Spinoza's ideas were disliked by the Jewish community of the time, and Spinoza was excommunicated in 1656.
Key ideas.
An important idea in Spinoza's philosophy is that God and Nature (everything that exists) are the same thing. Opposing Dualism, Spinoza said that the body and the mind (soul) are two of God's infinite attributes.
There is no good or evil in Nature, and that these words only have meanings for human beings. For a person, an event that leads to happiness is good, and an event that leads to suffering is bad.
The goal of every person is to intellectually love God (that is, understand Nature as much as humanly possible).

Rationalism
Rationalism is a branch of philosophy where the validity of an idea is determined by logic, rather than religious revelations, meditation, emotions or observations.
Rationalist philosophers believe that all knowledge can be understood through a process of reasoning, without any external sources. They do not believe that human beings can understand everything this way, but that it is theoretically possible. Rationalist philosophers attempt to understand ideas like God and the Soul in this manner.
Rationalism has been particularly popular in the 17th and 18th centuries, with philosophers like René Descartes, Baruch Spinoza, Gottfried Leibniz and Immanuel Kant.

2029
2029 (MMXXIX) will be a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar.

Elephants Dream
"Elephants Dream" is a short movie made using mostly open source software. Blender was the main program used to make the movie. It began production in September 2005 and was released on March 24, 2006. It was first developed under the name "Orange", then later changed to "Machina" then finally to "Elephants Dream" since the people working on the movie could not decide how "Machina" would be pronounced. The movie is 11 minutes long.
Overview.
The movie has a very random and abstract nature. Despite the film's title, "Elephants Dream" does not have any elephants or dreams. It instead has Proog and Emo in a extremely bizarre construction referred to only as "the machine." Proog tries to introduce Emo to its nature, but Emo is reluctant (If a person is reluctant to do something, he/she does not want to do it.) and argues about its purpose.
"The story is very simple- I'm not sure you can call it a complete story even- It is about how people create ideas/stories/fictions/social realities and communicate them or impose them on others. Thus Proog has created (in his head) the concept of a special place/machine, that he tries to "show" to Emo. When Emo doesn't accept his story, Proog becomes desperate and hits him. It's a parable of human relationships really- You can substitute many ideas (money, religion, social institutions, property) instead of Proog's machine - the story doesn't say that creating ideas is bad, just hints that it is better to share ideas than force them on others. There are lots of little clues/hints about this in the movie- many little things have a meaning- but we're not very "tight" with it, because we are hoping people will have their own ideas about the story, and make a new version of the movie. In this way (and others) we tie the story of the movie with the "open movie" idea."
Ton Roosendaal announced the film in May 2005. He is the chairman of the Blender Foundation. The Blender Foundation and the Netherlands Media Art Institute funded the project. The Foundation raised a lot of their funds by selling pre-orders of the DVD. Everyone who preordered before September 1 has his or her name listed in the film's credits. The film was released for download on the Official Orange Project website on May 18, 2006.

Chapel Royal
The Chapel Royal is a group of priests and singers who sing church services for the British monarch (king or queen). It is a very old tradition. Today the two chapels used by the Chapel Royal are the Chapel Royal and the Queen’s Chapel. Both are at St James’s Palace, not far from Buckingham Palace in London. The term "Chapel Royal" therefore means either the group of singers or the building called Chapel Royal.
These chapels do not belong to the diocese (group of churches in a district). That is why they are called “royal peculiars” (“peculiar” in this sense does not mean “strange” but “special”). Services are held every Sunday except during August and September. Members of the public are welcome to go to these services. This is the only time that the public can go into the royal chapels. The choir also sing at special services, including one held every year on 6 January to celebrate Epiphany when offerings of gold, francinsence and myrrh are made on behalf of the queen.
History.
The Chapel Royal dates back to the late 13th century. At that time the priests and choir travelled with the king wherever he went.
In the 17th century the chapel had its own building in Whitehall, which burned down in 1698. Since 1702 it has been based in St. James's Palace.
In the 16th and 17th centuries the choir was the best choir in England. William Byrd and Thomas Tallis were both organists there during the reign of Elizabeth I. Boy choristers from choirs outside London were sometimes made to join the Chapel Royal if they had beautiful voices. These boys also took part in plays at the king or queen’s court. Charles II liked musical instruments, so the choir were often joined by violins, lutes and viols. The men in the choir were called “Gentlemen of the Chapel Royal”.
Some very famous composers were organists at the Chapel Royal. These include: Thomas Tallis (c.1545-85), William Byrd (c.1572-c.1618), John Bull (1591-1613), Orlando Gibbons (1605-25), John Blow (1673/4-1708), Henry Purcell (1682-95), Jeremiah Clarke (1704-1707), William Croft (1708-27), and George Frideric Handel organist from (1723-59). At the time Handel was appointed he was still German, not English, so he was not allowed to be a member. Instead, he was given a special title: "Composer of Musick of His Majesty's Chappel Royal".
Today the Choir rehearses twice weekly at St James's Palace. The choir consists of six Gentlemen-in-Ordinary who are professional singers, and ten boys who have scholarships to go to the City of London School where they are called Queen's Scholars.
The composer Sir Peter Maxwell Davies, who is Master of the Queen's Music, works closely with the Chapel Royal. He wants to compose a new carol for them every Christmas.
The head of the Chapel Royal in Scotland is a Dean. Another Chapel Royal once existed in Ireland.

Orlando Gibbons
Orlando Gibbons (born: Oxford, baptised 25 December 1583; died Canterbury, 5 June 1625) was an English composer and organist. He was one of the most important composers of his day. He is famous for his church music and organ music. He lived in the late Tudor and early Jacobean periods.
Gibbons was born in Oxford where his father was a city wait. The family moved to Cambridge and his brother Edward, who was 15 years older than Orlando, became Master of the Choristers at King’s College. Between 1596 and 1598 Orlando sang in the choir of King's College, Cambridge where his brother was master. He entered the university in 1598 and got the degree of Bachelor of Music in 1606. He married and had seven children.
James I made him a Gentleman of the Chapel Royal, where he was organist from at least 1615 until his death. In 1625 he became senior organist at the Chapel Royal, with Thomas Tomkins as junior organist. He was also keyboard player (mainly harpsichord) in the privy chamber of the court of Prince Charles (later King Charles I), and organist at Westminster Abbey. He died an early death in Canterbury of apoplexy, and a monument to him was built in Canterbury Cathedral.
Gibbons wrote a lot of keyboard works, around thirty fantasias for viols, some madrigals (the best-known being "The Silver Swan"), and many popular anthems. He was very good at writing counterpoint as well as lovely melodies. His famous verse anthem "This is the record of John" is often sung by choirs at Advent. It has a lovely solo for a countertenor who takes it in turns with the full chorus. Gibbons wrote two settings of the Evensong service: a long one with several verses, and the "Short" service. His full anthems include "O Lord in thy wrath", and the Palm Sunday setting of "O clap your hands together" for 8 voices.

Waits
Waits or Waites were British town pipers. From medieval times up to the beginning of the 19th century, every important British town and city had a band of Waites. Some other countries in Europe also had waits. They were called Stadtpfeifer in Germany and Pifferi in Italy.
The duties (things they had to do) varied in different towns and at different times in history. One of their most important jobs was to play at certain times of day so that people knew what the time was. They often played from the top of church towers. Sometimes they were also guards, watching from the towers so that they could spot any danger. They were like watchmen, making sure everything was all right (there was no police at that time). They woke people up in the mornings by playing music in the streets.
The instruments they played also varied. Mostly they were loud wind instruments such as the shawm. It was a paid job. The waits wore smart liveries and silver chains of office with the town's arms.
In Germany the Stadtpfeifer would also play at church services. They would play shawms or trombones on normal days, but trumpets and drums on feast-days.
In Britain there were no more waits after 1835. The name “waits” is still used in “Christmas Waits” (any group of people singing carols at Christmas).

Tennis Court Oath
The oath was a pledge signed by 576 members out of 577 of France's Third Estate and a few members of the Second Estate on June 20, 1789 in a tennis court near the Palace of Versailles.
The meeting hall of the Estates General had been locked accidentally, but the Third Estate thought that this was an invasion of their rights, and were very angry with the king. They stood in a nearby indoor tennis court. They swore an oath that they would not move until "the voice of the nation was heard" and their demands were met. They were joined by the nobles and clergy.
The vote had always been taken by class, and usually, the clergy and the nobility voted to support whatever the king wanted, so the vote of the middle class did not matter. The middle class argued that voting should be "by poll" not by order, because they had more representatives than the first two estates combined. They also wanted the Estates General to meet as one body, so that voting would be by poll, rather than by class.
A week later, the king agreed and the Estates General met as the "National Assembly".

Chart
A chart or graph is an image which summarizes data and presents it in an easy to understand way. Charts are often used to make it easier to understand the relationships of different aspects of the data. It is easier to read a chart than the raw data.

Samuel Adams
Samuel Adams (September 16 (OS), 1722–October 2, 1803) was an American leader, politician, writer, and political philosopher, and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. Adams helped gather support in the American colonies to rebel against Great Britain. This led to the American Revolution. Adams was one of the key makers of the principles of American politics.
Adams, born and raised in Boston, Massachusetts, was brought up in a religious family. He was educated at Boston Latin School and Harvard College. He started his life as a businessman, but did not like his occupation. He then turned his interest to politics, and became an influential political writer. Adams urged the colonists to withdraw from Great Britain and form a new government. He told the colonies to defend their rights and liberties at town meetings in Boston. He wrote protests against Parliament's taxes against the colonies, such as the Stamp Act of 1765. Adams also organized the Boston Tea Party in 1773 and he was a member of the Continental Congress. He also fought for the Declaration of Independence at the Second Continental Congress in 1776.
Adams helped write the Massachusetts Constitution with James Bowdoin and his cousin John Adams. Later, Adams helped draft the Articles of Confederation. After the Revolutionary War ended, he ran for the House of Representatives in the 1st United States Congressional election. He lost the election to Fisher Ames. He was elected Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts in 1789. After John Hancock's death in 1793, Adams served as the acting governor. He was then elected governor in January of 1794. He served in that position until June 1797. He then retired from politics and settled in his home in Boston. He died six years later on October 2, 1803.
Further reading.
Many of the foremost works on Adams' life are from the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Much of the information in more recent biographies is attributed to these earlier works.

Bar chart
A bar chart is a type of chart which shows the values of different categories of data as rectangular bars with different lengths.

Pie chart
A pie chart is a type of chart with the shape of a pie or circle. It presents the relationship of different parts of the data. One would easily see the biggest or smallest share of the total data, by simply looking at the pie chart.
Warning against usage.
Pie charts should be used only when the sum of all categories is meaningful, for example if they represent proportions.
Pie charts are rare in scientific writing. They are more common in business and economics. One reason for this may be that it is more difficult to compare the size of items in a chart when area is used instead of length. Stevens' power law says that it is harder to see small differences using visual area than when using length. This means that length is a better scale to use, because differences can be found out easier.
This can be shown with the image to the right. The pie chart and the bar chart have the same data. Most people have difficulty putting the slices in the pie chart in order by size from biggest to smallest. When using the bar chart, it is much easier to tell the difference between bars that are very similar in size.

Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
The "Biographical Directory of the United States Congress" is a biographical dictionary of all present and former members of the United States Congress. It also includes all members of the Continental Congress. It also includes delegates from territories and the District of Columbia and Resident Commissioners from the Philippines and Puerto Rico.

Teapot
A teapot is a container used to mix tea leaves with boiling water to make tea. Usually the tea leaves are in a tea bag when the tea leaves are put into the water. The tea can be poured from the teapot into cups.

Le Monde
"Le Monde" (English:"The World") is a French daily evening newspaper. In 2004, it had a circulation of 371,803 copies. It is amongst the newspapers most read in France. Its political opinion is slightly left-wing. In many countries outside France, this is the only French newspaper available.
The newspaper should not be confused with the monthly publication "Le Monde diplomatique'. "Le Monde" has 51% ownership of the monthly. Despite this, the monthly has a different editorial staff.
"Le Monde" was founded by Hubert Beuve-Méry. This was at the request of General Charles de Gaulle after the German army was driven from Paris during World War II. The newspaper took over the format of "Le Temps", because the reputation of the latter had suffered during the Occupation. Beuve-Méry reportedly asked for total editorial independence as the condition for his taking on the project. Its first edition appeared on December 19, 1944. "Le Monde" has been available on the Internet since December 19, 1995. It is the principal publication of Groupe Le Monde.

Begging the question
Begging the question requires two or more ideas. Each of these ideas may or may not be true. The speaker of these ideas tries to show that one idea is true by saying a second idea proves it, but the second idea is only true if the first idea is true already.
Begging the question is commonly known as circular reasoning, though they are not exactly the same.
Begging the question is a fallacy.
Modern usage.
"This begs the question" has recently been used to mean "this raises the question." This usage is often criticized as inappropriate.

Ciwan Haco
Ciwan Haco (born 1957) is a Kurdish singer. He was born near Qamishlo in Syria. After finishing high school, he left for Germany in order to continue his studies. He studied music at the University of Bochum for three years. After university, he started his career as a singer. He combined Kurdish folk music with western style pop music, rock, blues, and jazz. He has released 14 albums. He become well-known on the kurdish music scene after he sang for more than 200.000 people in Batman, south Turkey, in 2003. Haco lives in Sweden with his wife. He has two children, Lorin, 7, and Rosa, 5.

Tata Young
Tata Young (born Amita Marie Young on December 14, 1980 in Thailand) is a Thai-American singer, model and actress. She became a singer when she was 15. Her first album was called "Amita Tata Young" and it was very successful. It sold more than a million copies in less than 5 months. In 2004, she made an English album called "I Believe". It sold many copies and made her famous in other countries as well.
In 2006 she made her second English album called "Temperature Rising", which made her even more popular, especially in Asia. In 2008 Tata Young released a Thai language album called "One Love".
Her next album is expected to be released in April 2009.

Practice
Practice or practise (a verb form in British English) is the act of repeating a behavior over and over, or doing an activity again and again.
It is a way to learn things faster, by repeating them. For example, sport teams practice to prepare for real games, or a musician practices for some hours every day, so he can play perfectly in his concert.
A practice can also mean the way something is done, like in "medical practice".

Stevens' power law
Stevens' power law is a proposed relationship between the magnitude of a physical stimulus and the intensity or strength that people feel.
Most people think that it describes a wider range of sensations than Weber-Fechner law. But critics argue that the validity of the law is not sure.
The theory is named after psychophysicist Stanley Smith Stevens (1906–1973). Although the idea of a power law had been suggested by 19th century researchers, Stevens is credited with reviving the law and publishing a body of psychophysical data to support it in 1957.
The general form of the law is
where formula_3 is the magnitude of the physical stimulus, formula_4 is the psychophysical function capturing sensation (the subjective size of the stimulus), formula_1 is an exponent that depends on the type of stimulation and formula_6 is a proportionality constant that depends on the type of stimulation and the units used.
The table to the right lists the exponents reported by Stevens.

Stimulus
Stimulus (plural stimuli) is a change in the environment around a person or thing that can feel the change. It is often used in physiology. Stimulus can include feelings like heat, cold, and pain. When a stimulus is applied to something that can feel it, it causes a reflex. For example, if an animal is burned by touching fire, it will react by quickly moving away from it. Because of this, stimulus can be thought of as something done to an object to make it react.
When a sensory nerve and a motor nerve communicate with each other, it is called a nerve stimulus.
A stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system.
In psychology, a stimulus is part of the stimulus-response relationship of behavioural learning theory.

Logic gate
A logic gate is an electronic component that can be used to conduct electricity based on a rule. The output of the gate is the result of applying this rule to one or more "sources". These sources may be two wires or the output of other logic gates. Logic gates are digital components. They normally work at only two levels of voltage, a positive level and a zero level. Commonly they work based on two states: "On" and "Off". In the On state, voltage is present. In the Off state, the voltage is at zero. The On state usually uses a voltage in the range of 3.5 to 5 volts. This range can be lower for some uses. Logic gates compare the state at their inputs (source) to decide what the state at their output should be. A logic gate is "on" or active when its rules are correctly met. At this time, electricity is flowing through the gate and the voltage at its output is at the level of its On state. Logic gates are electronic versions of Boolean logic.
AND Logic Gate.
With an AND gate, both inputs must be at an On state for the output to be On. Using the image at the right, if "A" and "B" are both in an On state, the output (out) will be an On state. If either "A" or "B" is in an Off state, the output will also be in an Off state. "A" and "B" must be On for the output to be On.
OR Logic Gate.
With an OR gate, if either input in On, the output will be On. Using the image at the right, if either "A" or "B" is On, the output ("out") will also be On. If both "A" and "B" are Off, the output will be Off.
NOT Logic Gate.
The NOT logic gate simply changes the signal from On to Off or from Off to On.

Plaza Mayor of Madrid
The Plaza Mayor of Madrid was built in the 1400's on the same location as the old Plaza del Arrabal (square outside the walls). It was used as a market in the Middle Ages. It is also called the Plaza de la Constitución.
In the 1560s, King Philip II and his architect, Juan de Herrera planned to change it into a proper square for the Courts. The first part to be finished was the Casa de la Panaderia (bakery) in 1590. Gómez de Mora gave it the rectangular form. The ground is still cobbled. It finally opened in 1620 under the rule of King Philip III.
The statue in the middle is King Philip III on horseback made by Juan de Bologna. The statue was moved from the Casa de Campo to the Plaza Mayor in 1848.
In the 1700's, it was used for the crowning of kings, bullfights, carnivals and even executions. People watched from the balconies around the square.
The Plaza has been damaged by three fires. Juan de Villanova had the plaza built again in 1853 and that is what is seen today. People can enter the plaza through nine different arches.

Gran Via
The Gran Vía (The Great Way) is one of the most important shopping areas in Madrid, Spain. It also has hotels and large movie theaters.
Many of the buildings on the Gran Vía are decorated with fancy sculptures. One of the more impressive buildings on the Gran Vía is the Edificio Metropolis. It was built in 1907 by Jules and Raymond Février. It has a statue of the winged Roman goddess, Victoria, on the top. Madrid's first skyscraper, Telefonica's Head Office, is also on the Gran Vía.
The Gran Vía was planned in the 1850s. They did not start building the road until 1904 and finished it in 1929. People laughed at the plan because it took so long to get started. As a joke, they called it the 'gran vía' or 'great road'.

Cibeles
Cibeles is the name given to the marble fountain found in the Plaza de Cibeles (Cibele's Square) on the Paseo de la Castellana. It is on a very busy road crossing. The statue was made by Ventura Rodriguez. King Carlos III asked to have it made in 1716. It has changed several times. It was moved to the central position in 1895.
The lady is the Goddess of Fertility. She sits on a chariot pulled by lions. The lions' names are Hippomenes and Atalanta. They were people that the goddess turned into lions because they ruined her temple. The lions were made by Robert Michel.
There are other very important buildings around Cibeles: the Palacio de Communicaciones (Main Post Office), the Banco de España, Palacio de Buenavista (army headquarters) and the Palacio de Linares (Casa de América). When Real Madrid wins an important sports event, the players often go to the Plaza de Cibeles to celebrate.

Puerta del Sol
The Puerta del Sol ("Sun Gate") is known as 'Spain's belly button'. In the 1400's, it was the gate or entrance of the east side of the city. Since the sun rises in the east, it got the name Puerta del Sol. It is now the center of 'kilometer 0' of Madrid. All roads are measured from this point.
It was rebuilt in 1854. The statue of King Carlos III is in the middle of the square. The red brick building there is the former post office. The famous Oso y el Madroño (bear eating madroños) statue can also be found here. The Puerta del Sol is also famous for its New Year's celebration which has been broadcast on television since December 31, 1962.

Royal Palace of Madrid
The Palacio Real de Madrid (Royal Palace of Madrid) is the official home of the King of Spain. It is located in Madrid, Spain. It is one of the largest palaces in western Europe. It has more than 2,000 rooms.
King Felipe V had the palace built to replace the Alcazar that was burned down. It is made of limestone and granite. It was supposed to look a little like the Versailles Palace in Paris, France. Juan Bautista Sachetti was in charge of building the palace. They started to build it in 1738. King Carlos III moved into the palace in 1764. It took a hundred years to decorate all the rooms.
Spanish kings lived there until 1931 when King Alfonso XIII was forced to leave Spain. The Royal Palace is still used for special ceremonies. Letizia was supposed to walk on a red carpet from the Royal Palace to the cathedral for the wedding with Prince Felipe but it rained so she was taken in car.
Fifty of the rooms in the palace are open for public visits. Visitors enter the palace from the Plaza de la Armería. Some of the rooms that can be seen are: the 'porcelain' room, 'throne' room and 'clock' room. There is a royal army museum in the palace.

Puerta de Alcalá
The Puerta de Alcalá (Alcalá Gate) is a monument in the Plaza de la Independencia ("Independence Square") in Madrid, Spain. Francisco Sabatini created the monument in 1778 for Carlos III when he arrived in Madrid. It is the gateway to the Court. It is built of granite and limestone. It has three big arches that have lion's heads on top made by Robert Michel. There are two smaller arches on the sides. At the very top of the monument, there are angels, trophies and the coat of arms which were all made by Francisco Gutiérrez.

Plaza
Plaza is a Spanish word related to "field" which describes an open public space in a city, such as a city square. In Spanish America, the plaza mayor of each city had three things: the cathedral, the "cabildo" or administrative center, and the "audiencia" or law court. The plaza might be large enough to serve as a military parade ground. At times of crisis or fiesta, it was a space where many people could be together at once. Similar to Italian piazzas, plazas are still a center of community life, like the market-place.
Most colonial cities in Spanish America were planned around a square "plaza de armas", where troops could gather.
A "plaza de toros" is a bullring.
Shopping center.
The first shopping center in the United States, opened in Kansas City, Missouri in 1922, was called "Country Club Plaza" and had Spanish-style architectural details. More recently, "plaza" has been used to describe a shopping center, similar to a shopping mall. Calling a shopping center a "plaza" is to give the idea of a center of cultural life.

Transduction
In physiology, transduction is the conversion or change of a stimulus from one form to another.
Transduction in the nervous system typically means synaptic events where an electrical signal is converted into a chemical one by the release of neurotransmitters.
In sensory transduction a chemical or physical stimulus is transduced by sensory receptors into an electrical signal.
For example, in the visual system, sensory cells called rod and cone cells in the retina change the physical energy of light signals into electrical impulses that travel to the brain. The light causes a change in a protein called rhodopsin. In this example, more light hitting the receptor results in the transduction of a signal into fewer electrical impulses.

Sport Club Corinthians Paulista
History.
Football(soccer) had already established itself as the popular new sport in Brazil and when the dry season came and the fields dried out they were soon filled with lovers of the new game. São Paulo's sporting elite had formed several clubs,Germânia, Paulistano and Campos Elíseos among them, but access to the game was still largely restricted to the city's well off.
First members.
So a group of working class fans - painter and decorators Joaquim Ambrósio, Antônio Pereira and César Nunes; cobbler Rafael Perrone; driver Anselmo Correia; foundry worker; Alexandre Magnani: cook Salvador Lopomo; labourer João da Silva and tailor Antônio Nunes - decided to start their own team. Bataglia decided to get involved he was named the club's first president.
Name.
The new club needed a name. Joaquim Ambrósio suggested they call themselves after the Corinthians Casuals Football Club, the famous English team that was then on tour in Brazil. The press and fans in Brazil who were following the tour shortened the English club's name to Corinthian's Team and so the founders did away with the aopstrophe and the club won its elegant name Corinthians.
Nickames.
Corinthians also know as "Timão", "Coringão", "The Musketeer" and "Champion of the Champions".
Colours.
Finally, the club picked colours. The club's first strip was beige with black trim and had the distinctive letters "C" and "P" for Corinthians Paulista. However, when the strips were washed, the black bled into the beige. The directors couldn't afford to keep buying new strips every time the colours ran so they decided to change their colours. They swapped the beige for white. In present-day, the colours of Corinthians are Black and White.
Stadium.
The name of Corinthians´s stadium is Alfredo Schürig, also know as "Little Farm" or "São Jorge Park" and with a capacity crowd of 20,000. Because the size of your fans, Corinthians host your matches at Paulo Machado de Carvalho Stadium, also know as "Pacaembú" (45.000). Corinthians is the second best-supported club in Brazil after Flamengo, with a fan base of approximately 25 million.
1st match.
The team from Varzea Paulista. Playing away from home in their first match, Corinthians were expected to lose heavily but they showed they were not there just to make up the numbers and they battled hard before narrowly going down by a goal to nil.
Second match and first win.
The defeat turned out to be a one-off. Four days later, Corinthians proved they would be a name to be reckoned with and beat Estrela Polar 2-0. The honour of scoring the club's first goal went to striker Luís Fabi, who wrote himself into the history books by grabbing the opener. They followed the match with an unbeaten streak that lasted two years.
The "big league".
They then won 1-0 away at Minas Gerais and then beat São Paulo do Bexiga 4-0 at home. They had secured their place in the big league.
Things got even better the following year and in 1914 a dynasty took hold. In just their second Paulista Championship, Corinthians destroyed the competition and won all 10 games, scoring 39 times in the process. Neco ended the tournament's top goalscorer with 12 goals.
Threepeats.
Corinthians picked up yet another Paulista Championship in 1922 but this victory had something special about it. The winner took the title not only of Paulista Champions but also of Centenary Champions, a title they would hold for at least the next 100 years.
By this time, winning the Paulista was becoming routine. The team won the league three years in a row in 1922, 1923 and 1924 under the command of Neco, the club's first great idol, and would do so again in 1928, 1929 and 1930.
Rivalry.
The great and only rival of Corinthians is Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras. This is the most derbie and traditional rivalry in Brazillian football. The fans of Corinthians called Palmeiras as a "pig" and the fans of palmeiras called Corinthians as a "skunk".
Problems.
However, and between 1931 and 1934 a series of bad results left the team trailing. Corinthians lost to all their big rivals of the time and failed to make an impression in the league, never finishing higher than fourth.
Solutions.
The turnaround came in 1937, and for the rest of the decade there was only one team in the state. Corinthians won the Paulista Championship in 1937, 1938 and 1939 to become the first team ever to win three back-to-back titles three times. Even today, no other team has managed to equal such a feat. The man who led the way was centre-forward Teleco. One of the club's greatest ever goalscorers, he topped the scoring charts in 1937 and 1939. The former year he scored almost half the club's goals, while in the latter he got an amazing 60 percent.
100th Goal.
The 100-goal attack made history not only for the club but also for the league. In 1951, a front line made up of Carbone, Cláudio, Luizinho, Baltazar and Mário scored 103 goals in 30 games in the Paulista Championship, an average of 3.43 per game. The title was theirs, as was the trophy for top goalscorer, which went to Carbone, who got 30 of the team's goals.
Awards.
In the years that followed, more titles were added to the growing trophy room at Parque São Jorge. In 1952, the "Timão" won the Paulista Championship for the second successive year, with Baltazar finishing top scorer. In 1953, they took the Rio-São Paulo title and the Little World Cup - the club's first international title - and in 1954 they walked off with another Rio-São Paulo as well as the Paulista do IV centenário de São Paulo. In 1956 and 1957, they won the "Invencible Trophy", the cup given to the team that went the longest number of games undefeated.
The Corinthians Invasion.
In 1976, Corinthians almost won their first Brazilian League title and the club's fans played a starring role in one of the most memorable moments in footballing history. Corinthians were drawn against Fluminense in the semi-finals of the league play offs at the Maracanã. More than 70,000 Corinthians fans made the six-hour trip up the motorway to Rio de Janeiro in a massive convoy that was christened the "Corinthians Invasion."
10.13.1977.
Corinthians won the first game but lost the second and so needed to win a third and deciding match to take the title. It was quite a struggle, with the match goalless until the 81st minute. Then, a Zé Maria free kick was directed onto the bar by Vaguinho. Wladimir headed the rebound back towards goal where Oscar was on hand to knock it off the line. The ball fell to Basílio in the area and he hammered it into the net and give Corinthians the goal they so desperately wanted. The 1977 Paulista Championship was theirs.
The Democracy team.
The "Timão" was always one of the most important clubs in Brazil. But the Corinthians Democracy movement was unique in world football. Through organisation, team spirit and democracy, they did something no other team has managed before or since. When players as politically and socially conscientious as Sócrates, Wladimir, Casagrande and Zenon get together then there are bound to be changes in the dressing room. Those four stars were the driving force behind the greatest ideological movement in the history of Brazilian football: Corinthians Democracy. And this in the middle of the country's military dictatorship. Corinthians Democracy did something that seemed impossible. Through football, the most popular sport in the country, they got people talking about all sorts of important and relevant questions concerning society, democracy and the end of military rule. In addition to that not inconsiderable feat, they showed that it was possible to create a society in which everyone's opinions are heard and respected and where democracy, through the imposition of the wishes of the majority, could prevail. They won the Paulista Championship in 1982 and 1983, beating city rivals São Paulo both times. In 1982, they battled back after losing the first game 3-2 to take the next two matches 1-0 and 3-1 and lift the trophy. The next year they won again, thanks to a series of brilliant performances from Sócrates. The good doctor scored all the team's goals in the semi-finals against Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras (1-1 and 1-0) as well as in the final against São Paulo Futebol Clube (1-0 and 1-1). His four goals brought the team their 19th Paulista Championship.
Glorious Decade.
The 1990s was to prove a glorious decade for Corinthians, who captured three Brazilian Championships (in 1990 beating São Paulo Futebol Clube, in 1998 beating Cruzeiro and in 1999 led the championship since the beginning at the finished and beating Atlético Mineiro at the final game), three State Championships (in 1995 beating Palmeiras, in 1997 beating São Paulo and 1999 beating Palmeiras again) and a Brazilian Cup (in 1995 beating Gremio) in quick succession.
FIFA Club World Championship.
In 2000, Corinthians, who captured FIFA Club World Championship victory against Vasco da Gama(win 4-3 on penalties) at the "Maracanã" Stadium. This match had attendance of 73,000 peoples. This is the most important title of Corinthians. Corinthians played the final game with Dida, Índio, Fábio Luciano, Adílson & Kléber; Vampeta (Gilmar), Rincón, Marcelinho Carioca & Ricardinho (Edu); Edílson (Fernando Baiano) & Luizão.
New Era.
The final months of 2004 marked a new era for the "Timão" and for Brazilian football.The partnership between MSI and Corinthians revolutionised the game and brought internationalists like Carlitos Tevez, Javier Mascherano, Roger, Carlos Alberto and Gustavo Nery to the club. The future was bright for the club and fans couldn't help but feel optimistic they would enjoy many more triumphs in the coming years.
And so it proved, with success coming quicker than they could have hoped for. Led by Argentine star Tevez, the "Timão" had a sensational league campaign in 2005 and won their fourth Brazilian League Title in 2005.
More signings.
More new signings were made in 2006 with Ricardinho, Rafael Moura and goalkeeper Silvio Luiz coming to the club in a bid to strengthen a squad that would be competing for another Brazilian League title and the Copa Libertadores.
Legendary players.
Neco (1913-30), Teleco (1933-44), Servílio (1938-48), Domingos da Guia (1944-48), Cláudio (1945-57), Baltazar (1947-58), Luizinho (1949-62 & 1964-67), Gilmar dos Santos Neves (1951-61), Rivelino (1965-74), Sócrates (1978-84), Daniel González (1982), Dunga (1984-85), Neto (1989-93), Carlos Gamarra (1998-99), Dida (1999-2001), Marcelinho Carioca (1993-97, 1998-2001), Edílson (1997-2000), Luizão (1999-2002), Carlos Tevez (2005-06), Javier Macherano (2005-206), Carlos Alberto (2005-06) e Roger(2005-07).

Lyrics
Lyrics are the words to a song. A person who writes lyrics is called a lyricist.
The lyrics of a song will usually have a meaning. Some times the meaning is easy to find but other times it can be very difficult to know what the lyrics mean. Some lyrics are so strange that it is nearly impossible to understand them. In such cases, people tend to look more at the form, articulation, meter, and symmetries of the lyrics instead of looking at their meaning.
There are many websites that have the lyrics to songs. This may be a bad thing since many web sites include copyright lyrics without permission from the copyright holder. The United States Music Publishers' Association (MPA), which represents sheet music companies, created a campaign against such sites in December 2005. MPA president Lauren Keiser said that the sites are "completely illegal" and that he wanted to see some site operators put in prison.
Etymology and usage.
"Lyric" is from the Greek; a lyric was originally a song sung with a lyre.
A lyric poem is one that expresses a subjective, personal point of view.
The word "lyric" was used for the "words of a popular song" about 1876 for the first time. The plural "lyrics" was used only in referring to the words of several songs. That it is used for the words of a single song as its "lyrics" became increasingly common (probably because of the association between "lyrics" and the plural form "words"), and is common in modern usage of today's society. Use of the singular form "lyric" is still grammatically acceptable.

Judicial review
Judicial review is the power of a court to decide whether a law or decision by the government is constitutional. This power was established in the United States in the Supreme Court case Marbury v. Madison.
Countries that have judicial review are: Ireland, Malaysia, the Philippines, Scotland, Spain, Switzerland, and the United States.

Asian Dust
Asian Dust (also yellow dust, yellow sand, yellow wind, or China dust storms) is a weather occurrence that happens each year. It affects much of East Asia during the spring. The dust comes from deserts in Mongolia, northern China, and Kazakhstan. The dust comes from surface winds and dust storms in the desert. The clouds are carried by eastward winds to China, Japan, east Russia and the Koreas. Smaller particles in the clouds can travel much further to places like the United States. In the last ten years, these dust storms have become a serious problem because they have picked up industrial pollutants. The dust storms in China have been called "yellow dust terrorism".

Aden Abdullah Osman Daar
Aden Abdulle Osman Daar ("Aaden Cabdulle Cusmaan Daar") (1908-2007), was a Somali politician.
In February 1944, he joined the Somali Youth Club (later called the Somali Youth League). The group was a nationalist party that wanted independence for Somalia. Daar became a member of the party's steering board. In 1946, he was appointed as the secretary of one section of the party. He was chairman of the Somali Youth League from 1954 to 1956, and again from 1958 to 1959. In 1956, he was elected chairman of the Legislative Assembly.
When Somalia gained its independence on July 1, 1960, Daar was elected as the first president of Somalia. He was beaten in the 1967 presidential election against Abdirashid Ali Shermarke. He finished his term as president on June 10, 1967.

Service of worship
A service of worship is a religious meeting where people come together, usually in a church or cathedral, in order to worship God. It may also be called a church service or just service. It is the usual term used in the Christian religion for such a meeting.
In the Protestant church services are usually led by a priest, although sometimes they may be led by laymen (people who are not priests).
In the Christian churches services are normally held on Sundays, although there may be services on other days as well, especially in large churches or cathedrals.
Services often include Holy Communion or Eucharist. Matins is a morning service which does not include communion. An evening service is called Evensong.
Church services are also held for weddings, funerals, or other special occasions.
Services may include prayers, singing, sermons (preaching) and readings from the Bible.

Bandidos
Bandidos is a motorcycle club with a worldwide membership. The club was formed in 1966 by Don Chambers in Texas. Its slogan is "We are the people our parents warned us about". Bandidos is estimated to have 2 400 members in 195 chapters, located in 14 countries.

Hells Angels
Hells Angels is a motorcycle club with a worldwide membership. The club was formed in 1948 in Fontana, California. One of the best known members is Ralph 'Sonny' Barger, the "Godfather of the Hells Angels".

Outlaws Motorcycle Club
The Outlaws Motorcycle Club is an American motorcycle club. It was formed in Mc Cook, Illinois in 1935. The club has chapters in USA, Canada, Australia, Asia and Europe.

Blood and Honour
Blood and Honour is a Neo-Nazi music promotion network. The group organises concerts and distributes records by Rock Against Communism bands. Ian Stuart Donaldson, singer of the band Skrewdriver, was the founder of Blood and Honour. The name Blood and Honour is taken from the motto of the Hitler Youth, "Blut und Ehre".

Perry Rhodan
Perry Rhodan is a German science fiction series, published since 1961.
"Perry Rhodan" picks up nearly every theme that has ever appeared in science fiction. People from outside have criticised the series, but its commercial success during several decades has become a literary phenomenon in itself. If nothing else, "Perry Rhodan" provides a mirror of the 1960s Cold War, 1970s New Age, and 1980s peace movement in its story line. The series has an important influence on German writers in the field. The writing of the series still goes on.
History.
Written by an ever-changing team of authors, "Perry Rhodan" is issued in weekly installments in the traditional German "Heftchen" (pulp booklet) format. The series was created in 1961 by K. H. Scheer and Clark Darlton. Initially, it should have thirty volumes, but it became an long lasting success and passed 2350 installments in 2006.
Story.
Perry Rhodan is one of four fictional astronauts of the USA. In 1971, they fly to the moon, where they meet an extraterrestrial space-ship. From its owners they get technology, which they use end the cold war and unite the people of the Earth. Then "Terra", the Earth, becomes a power in intergalactical politics.

Wieluń
Wieluń is a city in the central Poland. It has about 27.000 inhabitants. The city was founded in 1283.

Nasjonal Samling
Nasjonal Samling (Norwegian for "National Gathering" or "National Unity") was a fascist party in Norway, active in the period 1933-1945. The party was founded by Vidkun Quisling and a group of sympathisers. The party's paramilitary wing was called "Hirden" (the Hird).

One Piece
One Piece (ワンピース|Wanpīsu) is an Anime series created by Eiichiro Oda, and follows the Mugiwara Pirates, led by captain Monkey D. Luffy, on their adventures in Grand Line. The main theme is Monkey D. Luffy's dream to find the One Piece, a grand treasure that the King of the Pirates, Gold Roger left behind. One Piece seems to take place in a world with one continent, infinate islands, and a vast and large sea filled with monsters and treasure.
Monkey D. Luffy.
Monkey D. Luffy is the main character in One Piece. He is brave and comes from Fuschia Town. In his childhood Luffy ate a "Devil Fruit" that gives him the ability to stretch his body like rubber. The "Devil Fruit" Luffy ate is called "The Gum Gum Fruit". When Luffy was a boy he met a pirate named Shanks who gave him his favourite straw hat and told him to return it to him after he became a great pirate. (Japanese: Gomu Gomu No Mi).
Zoro.
Zoro was a former pirate hunter but turned pirate when he joined Luffy. When he was little he was the greatest warrior in his dojo, next to Kuina the teacher`s daughter, who was frustrated that girls weren`t able to become great swordsman. Zoro points out that it doesn't matter if your a boy or girl. They then make a promise to one another that one of them will be the greatest swordsman, or swordwoman, of all time. The very next day Kuina dies after falling down some stairs. Zoro then takes her sword so he can fulfill their dream.
Sanji.
Sanji is an good cook and a martial artist (who uses his feet only) that falls in love with almost every girl he sees. when sanji was nine he was an apprentice on a cruise ship.
Nami.
Nami is a thief that steals from pirates.
Usopp.
Usopp is a great sniper but a coward. His weapon is a slingshot.
Chopper.
Chopper is a half reindeer and a half human who is a great doctor.
Robin.
Robin, formerly member of the crime organisation Barouque Works, joins the crew after being saved by Luffy.
Franky.
Franky is a half human and half robot who can fix boats and ships.

Style guide
Style guides give help on language usage when writing. Some style guides are about things related to graphic design, such as arranging words and white space on a page. Website style guides often help with visual or technical things. Literary style guides help with choosing the best words, common errors in grammar, punctuation and spelling; and help for how to express ideas in a precise, fair and forceful way.
Some modern style guides are for use by all people. These are usually more about language than about how it should look.
Style guides do not stop a writer from using his own unique style, but some writers believe style guides are too restrictive.
Like language itself, many style guides change as time passes. For example, the Associated Press stylebook is updated every year.

Parque del Buen Retiro
The Retiro Park is the best known park in Madrid. It was planned in 1632 as palace gardens by King Felipe IV. 'Retiro' means retreat or a place to rest.
When it was first built, it was far away from the city. Now, it is in the very center of the city. It was opened to the public in 1868.
In it you can find a famous rose garden, a museum, a boating lake and the Crystal Palace. Many shows and street theaters can be seen at the park on weekends.

Crystal Palace (Madrid)
The Palacio de Cristal or Crystal Palace is a large glass building in Madrid, Spain. It is located in the Retiro Park on the Paseo Duque de Fernán Nuñez. The palace was built in 1887 to keep exotic plants from the Philippines. It is made of glass and steel.

Las Ventas
The Plaza de Toros de Las Ventas is a building in Madrid, Spain used mainly for bullfighting. Sometimes it is just called Las Ventas. It is made of red brick and ceramic tiles. It was built in 1929 by José Espelious and Muñoz Monasterio. The first bullfight was June 17, 1931. It is also used for concerts.
Most fights start at 7 p.m. when the sun is not too hot. Tickets are sold for 'sol' or 'sombra'. The 'sombra' tickets for seats not in the sunlight cost more.

Yellow spot
Yellow spot or macula is an oval yellow spot near the center of the retina of human eye. It has a size of 1.5 millimeters in the spock of the eye
It is specialized for seeing things with highest clearness or visual acuity.

Retina
The retina is the thin layer of cells that lines the back of the eyeball in humans and in many animals. It is made mainly of neurons and its role is to sense the light which gets into the eye and send information about it to the brain.
The information about light is for two different purposes, and it takes two different paths. Information about light which travels through the optic nerve is for sight. Information about light which travels through the "retino-hypothamalic tract" is for adjusting circadian rhythms to the 24-hour day.

The Exploited
The Exploited is a Scottish punk rock band. The band was formed in 1979 in Edinburgh, Scotland. They are on tour in Europe and Scandinavia in 2008.

4Kids
4Kids Entertainment (commonly known as 4Kids) is an American movie and television production company. They specializing in the creation and distribution of children's entertainment around the world. The company is most well-known for the large number of Anime and animated television series it has provided to television stations. These series currently include "Yu-Gi-Oh!" and "Sonic the Hedgehog". 4Kids Entertainment produced Pokemon until 2006. The company was first created in 1970 as "Leisure Concepts, Inc".
4Kids Entertainment has provided a number of series for the Fox television network. These series have been shown on the network using the name 4Kids TV.
Criticism.
4Kids Entertainment gets most of its Anime series from Japan. Before showing the series in the United States and United Kingdom, the series are edited. This editing includes changing the words from Japanese to English. It may also include changing other things which could be thought to be bad. For example, cigarette smoking is often removed before being shown in the United States. Changing the names of items from Japanese items to American items is also often done. This is done so the person watching can understand the show more easily.
Many times the story of an episode is changed completely to make it better for children. Some people believe all the changes to the Anime is a bad thing. They say that the series should be shown exactly the same as it was originally created. They feel 4Kids made "Americanized kiddy version" of the original series and that it is not right to do this.

Cubism
Cubism is a style of art which breaks the thing which is being painted into pieces and then uses these shapes to put the image in an abstract form. Cubism was first started by Pablo Picasso.

Sham 69
Sham 69 is a punk rock band from England. The band was formed in Hersham in 1975.

Visual acuity
Visual acuity (VA) is acuteness or clearness of vision, especially form vision, which depends on the sharpness of the retinal focus within the eye, the sensitivity of the nervous elements, and the interpretative faculty of the brain.
VA is a quantitative measure of the ability to identify black symbols on a white background at a standardized distance when the size of the symbols is varied. The VA represents the smallest size that can be reliably identified. VA is the most common clinical measurement of visual function.
Some people may suffer from other visual problems, such as color blindness, reduced contrast, or inability to track fast-moving objects and still have normal visual acuity. Thus, normal visual acuity does not mean normal vision. The reason visual acuity is very widely used is that it is a test that corresponds very well with the normal daily activities a person can handle, and evaluate their impairment to do them.

Robert Baker
Bob Baker (October 26, 1926 - April 23, 2002) was an American boxer. He was one of the world's leading heavyweight boxers in the 1950's. Bob "The Grinder" Baker was born in Canonsburg, Pennsylvania. He started fighting out of Pittsburgh. His most notable accomplishments include the 1949 Pennsylvania Intercity Golden Gloves championship in the heavyweight division. Baker started his professional career with twenty-six straight victories before drawing against Kid Riviera and losing the next fight to another good boxer, Clarence Henry.
From August 1955 until February of 1956, Baker and Archie Moore were both ranked as the leading challengers to Rocky Marciano's heavyweight title. On Wednesday, December 7th, 1955, Baker beat Nino Valdez.
After 13 wins, Baker lost to Tommy Hurricane Jackson on February 3, 1956, in New York's Madison Square Garden. It was a split decision win for Jackson. In May 1956, Baker easily defeated John Holman. Baker also lost another split decision rematch with Jackson on September 26, 1956. Opinions on both Baker-Jackson fights were divided in many publications with most of them giving the fight to Baker. The September match was given to Baker by The United Press. It scored the fight 7-5 for Baker. A poll of 13 ringside writers favored Baker 9-4 and it reported that many of the fans were very surprised with the split decision.
After 1956, Baker's success was limited. His most notable victory was a sound defeat of Canadian George Chuvalo, the future Canadian heavyweight champion, by unanimous decision on September 9, 1957. Chuvalo was also a multiple time top contender in the 1960s and 1970s.
Baker died on April 23, 2002, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Michaëlle Jean
Her Excellency the Rt. Hon. Michaëlle Jean (born September 6, 1957, in Port-au-Prince, Haiti) is a Haitian-born Canadian politician and journalist. She has been the Governor-General of Canada since 2005, replacing Adrienne Clarkson.

Pascal Duquenne
Pascal Duquenne is a Belgian actor. He was born in Vilvorde 8 August 1970. He was diagnosed with the Down Syndrome
It was Jaco van Dormael who noticed him (as Ducquenne was playing theatre). Dormael offered him his first roles in films.
In 1996 Pascal Duquenne and Daniel Auteuil are awarded a prize (for best male interpretation) at the Cannes Film Festival. Duquenne receives the prize for playing a role of a boy suffering from the Down syndrome. The film is called Le Huitième Jour (The Eight Day).
He also has played roles in other films. Currently he lives in Brussels

Catherine Emmerich
Sister Anne Catherine Emmerich (September 8, 1774 - February 9, 1824) was a German Augustinian nun. She is remembered for her mystical visions of Jesus' and Mary's lives. What she saw was written in books, for example, "The Dolorous Passion of Our Lord, Jesus Christ". The book later had an important part as a main source of information for Mel Gibson's movie "The Passion of the Christ".

New Year
The New Year is an event that happens when a culture celebrates the end of one year and the beginning of the next year. Cultures that measure yearly calendars all have New Year celebrations. On January 1 1600 Scotland, was the first country to adopt January 1 as the first day of the New Year.

Polyethylene
Polyethylene (also called polyethene) is a thermoplastic. It is used in consumer goods, typical examples are transport wraps, and garbage bags. Other uses include pre-fabricated plastic parts, plastic tubes, and insulation of electric cables.

Polyvinyl chloride
Polyvinyl chloride, also called Polychloroethene or PVC, is a thermoplastic. It can be used for wiring insulation, tubes, panels, and such.PVC's are also used instead of rubber.

Clarence Henry
Clarence Henry (born March 27, 1926) was an American heavyweight boxer.
He was a leading boxer in the heavyweight division in the early to mid1950s. Henry was 1948 "Los Angeles Times" Golden Gloves Heavyweight Champion.
He was elected into the World Boxing Hall of Fame in 1998.

Supreme Leader of Iran
The Supreme Leader of Iran is the head of state of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The Supreme Leader is also the highest ranking Islamic cleric in the country.
The position of "Supreme Leader" was created after the Islamic Revolution of 1979 in Iran.
Imam Khomeini and Imam Khamenei have the two Supreme Leader of the Islamic Republic so far.
See also.
President of Iran

President of Iran
The President of Iran is the head of government of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The president is chosen by direct popular vote, that is the voters choose the president, they do not vote for other people to choose as in the USA. Unlike other countries, in Iran, the President is not the leader of the country. The President does many of the things that are normally done by a head of state but the Supreme Leader is the person who is actually in control of the country. The current President of Iran is Mahmoud Ahmadinejad

Ruhollah Khomeini
Ayatollah Sayyed Ruhollah Mustafavi Khomeini (born September 21, 1900 in Khomein, Persia, died June 4, 1989) (Persian: روح الله موسوی خمینی) sometimes shortened to Ayatollah Khomeini was a Muslim religious leader. Khomeini was the political leader of the Iranian Revolution in 1979. In 1964, Khomeini was arrested and sent to exile. He was exiled to Iraq, Turkey and then to France. Khomeini had many speeches in France against Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the last Shah of Iran. On January 16,1979, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi leaved Iran. Two weeks later, on February 1, 1979, Khomeini returned to Iran. On February 11, Khomeini appointed his own prime minister, Medhi Bazargan. On March 30, 1979 a referendum took place in Iran and as a result, the monarchy was replaced with an Islamic Republic. After the revolution, Khomeini became Supreme Leader of Iran. Khomeini was a poet too. His poems are collected in a Divan. Khomeini died of cancer on June 3,1989, at the age of 87.

Theocracy
A Theocracy is a form of government. In a theocracy, the institutions and people that govern the state are very close to the leaders of the main religion. If the religious leaders do not directly run some bodies of the state, they influence them very much. The word theocracy literally means God-government, and means the government is run by "The Church".
Andorra.
The Roman Catholic bishop of Urgell is one of the princes of the country. His role is mostly ceremonial
England.
According to the Anglican Church the monarch of England is the supreme governor of the church. In real life, this role is mostly ceremonial though. Although in some instances, is role is useful outside of the church.
Iran.
In Iran, two bodies, the Supreme Leader and Guardian Council consist of members who are not elected by the people. These two bodies are staffed by Shia clerics. The highest elected official is the President of Iran.
Mohammad Khatami, the former president, said that this model is an alternative to democracy, as it brings in religious elements. He called it a Religious democracy.
Israel.
Some people see traits of theocracy in Israel. This is because rabbinical law and civil law must be mixed for certain aspects. Also, the state hires rabbis. These rabbis also have civil duties, not only religious ones.

Ahmad Jannati
Ayatollah Ahmad Jannati (born 1926) has been the secretary of the Guardian Council of the Islamic Republic of Iran since 1988.

Guardian Council
The Guardian Council is a governmental body that ensures the laws passed by Iran's legislature are Islamic. It was created in 1979.

Incumbent
An incumbent is someone who currently holds a political office. This word is usually used when talking about elections, which are often between the incumbent and one other person or several other people. For example, in the 2004 United States presidential election, George W. Bush was the incumbent because he was the president at that time. It can also be used in sports to let you know if a sportsman still holds the position or award in question

Assembly of Experts
Assembly of Experts was created after the Islamic Revolution in Iran. It is an assembly of Islamic clerics who have the power to choose the successor of the Supreme Leader of Iran.

Ali Meshkini
Ayatollah Ali Meshkini (born in 1922) has been the chairman of the Assembly of Experts of the Islamic Republic of Iran since 1984.

Judiciary
In the law, the judiciary or judicial system is the system of courts which administer justice in the name of the sovereign or state. A judicial system is used to resolve arguments.
The term is also used to refer collectively to the judges and magistrates who form the base of a judiciary, as well as the other people who help keep the system running properly.
Separation of powers causes separate branches of government that each have a different purpose. The judiciary is the branch of government that interprets the law.

Mahmoud Hashemi Shahroudi
Ayatollah Seyyed Mahmoud Hashemi Shahroudi (born in 1948) has been the head of the judiciary of the Islamic Republic of Iran since 1999.
He was Born in Najaf, Iraq.
Ayatollah Shahroudi is best know for ordering a moratorium on stoning as a form of the death penalty. However later this was proven that executions by stoning are still carry out, despite his claims, but inside prison, without a public presence.

Expediency Discernment Council
The Expediency Discernment Council is a governmental body for resolving disputes between the Guardian Council and the legislature in the Islamic Republic of Iran.

Mata Hari
Mata Hari was the stage name of Margaretha Geertruida (Grietje) Zelle (7 August, 1876, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands – 15 October, 1917, Vincennes, France). She was a Dutch exotic dancer. She was executed by a firing squad. People at the time thought she was a spy during World War I.

Father Damien
Father Damien, also Blessed Damien of Molokai, born as Joseph de Veuster in Belgium on January 3, 1840 and died on April 15, 1889, was a Roman Catholic Priest and missionary. He was known for helping people with leprosy in the colony of Kalaupapa on the island of Molokai in Hawaii. Father Damien came to Hawaii in 1864. During this time, many Native Hawaiians were dying from many of the diseases they caught from the white settlers. The King of Hawaii, made the people who had leprosy live in a colony away from other people. Father Damien went to help the sick people and gave them hope. Father Damien also died from leprosy, but what he did helped many people. In 1995, he was beatified (made an important person) by the Pope, and he is recognized by both the Catholic and Anglican churches. His patronages include, not only leprosy, outcasts, and Hawaii, but people suffering from HIV and AIDS as well.

Jack Dempsey
William Harrison "Jack" Dempsey (June 24, 1895 – May 31, 1983) was an American boxer who held the world heavyweight title between 1919 and 1926. Known as "The Manassa Mauler," Dempsey was a tremendous puncher famous for his exciting fights, many of which set financial and attendance records.
He won the title by beating Jess Willard on July 4, 1919. He defended the title six times before losing it to Gene Tunney in 1926. They had a rematch in 1927 and Tunney again beat Dempsey. It was during this fight where the "Long Count" took place. Dempsey knocked Tunney down in the seventh round. The referee would not start counting until Dempsey went to a neutral corner, so it is estimated that Tunney had as many as fourteen seconds to rise (instead of the usual ten).
Dempsey retired in 1928. He fought exhibitions after his retirement, served as a commander in the Coast Guard during World War II, and opened a restaurant in New York City.

Jess Willard
Jess Willard (December 29, 1881—December 15, 1968) was an American boxer. He was the heavyweight best puncher in the world from 1915 to 1919. When Jack Johnson was the Black world champion, Willard was one of the many "White Hopes" who wanted to take the title. He succeeded when he beat Johnson by a 26th round out-cold punch in Cuba in 1915. He fought to keep the title and won once before losing it to Jack Dempsey in 1919.

Nicholas II of Russia
Nicholas II of Russia, (May 18, 1868 – July 17, 1918) was the last Tsar or Emperor of Russia. He became Tsar in 1894 after his father, Tsar Alexander III died, but was forced to quit in 1917, during the Russian Revolution. He married Princess Alix of Hesse, who was the granddaughter of Queen Victoria, and they had five children, Olga, Tatiana, Maria,Anastasia, and Alexi. There were many problems during his time as Tsar, and many people in the country did not like him. His son, Alexi suffered from a disease called haemophilia, which was a problem as well. In 1917, he abdicated (gave up being Tsar) and he and his family were held under house arrest. On July 17, 1918, Nicholas, his wife, and their children were all killed by a firing squad. In 1981, the executed royal family were made Saints by the Russian Orthodox Church. In 1990, the bones of the Tsar and his family were found in the woods and given a proper burial in 1998.

William Tell
William Tell (;;) is a folk hero from Switzerland. In the story William Tell is a man who refused to bow down to pole set up by an army who had taken over the place he lived. He as arrested and forced to shoot an apple off his son's head with a crossbow, if he did not both he and his son would be killed. Tell shot the apple off the son's head and did not harm his son. He is considered a legend and his actions helped form Switzerland as a nation.

Antioch
Antioch on the Orontes was an ancient city on the eastern side (left bank) of the Orontes River on the site of the modern city of Antakya, Turkey.
It was founded near the end of the 4th century BC by Seleucus I Nicator, one of Alexander the Great's generals. Antioch became a rival of Alexandria as the chief city of the nearer East and the cradle of gentile Christianity. It was one of the four cities of the Syrian tetrapolis.
The geographical character of the district north and north-east of the elbow of Orontes makes it the perfect natural centre of Syria, so long as that country is held by a western power; and only Asiatic, and especially Arab, dynasties have neglected it for the oasis of Damascus.
History of Antioch.
Alexander the Great is said to have camped on the site of Antioch, and dedicated an altar to Zeus Bottiaeus
After Alexander's death in 323 BC, his generals divided up the territory he had conquered. Seleucus I Nicator won the territory of Syria, and he founded four "sister cities" in northwestern Syria - Antioch, Seleucia Pieria, Apamea and Laodicea-on-the-Sea. Although Seleucia Pieria was at first the Seleucid capital city in northwestern Syria, Antioch soon rose above it to become the Syrian capital.
The original city of Seleucus was laid out in imitation of the plan of Alexandria by the architect Xenarius.
The new city was populated by a mix of local settlers, Athenians brought from the nearby city of Antigonia, Macedonians, and Jews (who were given full status from the beginning). The total free population of Antioch at its foundation has been estimated at between 17,000 and 25,000, not including slaves and native settlers. During the late Hellenistic period and Early Roman period, Antioch population reached its peak of over 500,000 inhabitants (estimates vary from 400,000 to 600,000) and was the third largest city in the world after Rome and Alexandria. By the 4th century, Antioch's declining population was about 200,000 according to Chrysostom, a figure which again does not include slaves.
Antioch became the capital and court-city of the western Seleucid empire under Antiochus I, its counterpart in the east being Seleucia on the Tigris.
The Romans both felt and expressed boundless contempt for the hybrid Antiochenes; but their emperors favoured the city from the first, seeing in it a more suitable capital for the eastern part of the empire than Alexandria could ever be, because of the isolated position of Egypt. To a certain extent they tried to make it an eastern Rome.
The chief interest of Antioch under the empire lies in its relation to Christianity.
Evangelized perhaps by Peter, according to the tradition upon which the Antiochene patriarchate still rests its claim for primacy (cf. Acts xi.), and certainly by Barnabas and Paul, who here preached his first Christian sermon in a synagogue, its converts were the first to be called "Christians" (Acts 11:26).
In 638, during the reign of the Byzantine emperor Heraclius, Antioch was conquered by the Muslim Arabs during the Battle of Iron Bridge, and became known in Arabic as أنطاكيّة Antākiyyah.
In recent years, what remains of the Roman and late antique city have suffered severe damage as a result of construction related to the expansion of Antakya. In the 1960s, the last surviving Roman bridge was demolished to make way for a modern two-lane bridge. The northern edge of Antakya has been growing rapidly over recent years, and this construction has begun to expose large portions of the ancient city, which are frequently bulldozed and rarely protected by the local museum.

Pitman arm
The Pitman arm is a component that converts the angular motion of a sector shaft into linear motion.
It is used in automobiles or trucks to steer the wheels.
The Pitman transmits the motion it receives from the steering box into the drag link So it makes it move left or right to turn the wheels in the appropriate direction. The idler arm is attached between the opposite side of the centre link from the Pitman arm and the vehicle's frame to hold the centre link at the proper height.

Solvent
A solvent is a liquid that becomes a solution by dissolving a solid, liquid, or gaseous solute. The most common solvent in everyday life is water.
Most other commonly-used solvents are organic (carbon-containing) chemicals. These are called organic solvents. Solvents usually have a low boiling point and evaporate easily or can be removed by distillation, thereby leaving the dissolved substance behind. Solvents should therefore not react chemically with the dissolved compounds — they have to be inert. Solvents can also be used to extract soluble compounds from a mixture, the most common example is the brewing of coffee or tea with hot water. Solvents are usually clear and colorless liquids and many have a characteristic smell. The concentration of a solution is the amount of compound that is dissolved in a certain volume of solvent. The solubility is the maximal amount of compound that is soluble in a certain volume of solvent at a specified temperature.
Common uses for organic solvents are in dry cleaning (e.g. tetrachloroethylene), as paint thinners (e.g. toluene, turpentine), as nail polish removers and glue solvents (acetone, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate), in spot removers (e.g. hexane, petrol ether), in detergents (citrus terpenes), in perfumes (ethanol), and in chemical syntheses. The use of inorganic solvents is typically limited to research chemistry and some technological processes.
Chronic health effects.
Some solvents including chloroform and benzene (an ingredient of gasoline) are carcinogenic. Many others can damage internal organs like the liver, the kidneys, or the brain.
Properties table of common solvents.
The solvents are grouped into non-polar, polar aprotic, and polar protic solvents and ordered by increasing polarity. The polarity is given as the dielectric constant. The density of nonpolar solvents that are heavier than water is bolded.
! align="center" | Chemical Formula
! align="center" | Boiling point
! align="center" | Dielectric constant

Inert
In chemistry, the term inert is used to describe something that is not chemically active. The noble gases were described as being inert because they did not react with the other elements or themselves.
No one knows that the reason that inert gases are completely inert to basic chemical reactions (such as combustion, for example), is because their outer valence shell is completely filled with electrons. With a filled outer valence shell, an inert atom is not able to acquire or lose an electron, and is therefore not able to participate in any chemical reactions. For inert atoms or molecules, a lot of energy is involved before it can combine with other elements to form compounds. A high temperature and pressure is necessary, and sometimes requires the presence of a catalyst.
For example, elemental nitrogen is inert under standard room conditions and exists as a diatomic molecule, N2. The inertness of nitrogen is due to the presence of the very strong triple covalent bond in the N2 molecule.
Inert atmospheres of gases such as dinitrogen and argon are routinely used in chemical reactions where air sensitive and water sensitive compounds are handled.

Electron shell
An electron shell is the outside part of an atom around the atomic nucleus. It is a group of atomic orbitals with the same value of the principal quantum number "n".
Electron shells have one or more electron subshells, or sublevels. These sublevels have two or more orbitals with the same angular momentum quantum number "l". Electron shells make up the electron configuration of an atom. The number of electrons that can reside in a shell is equal to formula_1.
The name for electron shells comes from the Bohr model, in which groups of electrons were believed to go around the nucleus at certain distances, so that their orbits formed "shells".
Valence shell.
The valence shell is the outermost shell of an atom in its uncombined state, which contains the electrons most likely to account for the nature of any reactions involving the atom and of the bonding interactions it has with other atoms. Care must be taken to note that the outermost shell of an ion is not commonly termed valence shell. Electrons in the valence shell are referred to as valence electrons.
In a noble gas, an atom tends to have 8 electrons in its outer shell (except helium, which is only able to fill its shell with 2 electrons). This serves as the model for the octet rule which is mostly applicable to main group elements of the second and third periods. In terms of atomic orbitals, the electrons in the valence shell are distributed 2 in the single "s" orbital and 2 each in the three "p" orbitals.
For coordination complexes containing transition metals, the valence shell consists of electrons in these "s" and "p" orbitals, as well as up to 10 additional electrons, distributed as 2 into each of 5 "d" orbitals, to make a total of 18 electrons in a complete valence shell for such a compound. This is referred to as the "eighteen electron rule".
Subshells.
Electron subshells are identified by the letters s, p, d, f, g, h, i, etc., corresponding to the azimuthal quantum numbers ("l"-values) 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, etc. Each shell can hold up to 2, 6, 10, 14, 18, 22 and 26 electrons respectively, or 2(2"l" + 1) electrons in each subshell. The notation 's', 'p', 'd', and 'f' originate from a now-discredited system of categorizing spectral lines as "sharp", "principal", "diffuse", or "fundamental", based on their observed fine structure. When the first four types of orbitals were described, they were associated with these spectral line types, but there were no other names. The designations 'g', 'h', and so on, were derived by following alphabetical order.

Wheelchair
A wheelchair is a type of chair usually used by handicapped people.
The device is moved either manually (by pushing the wheels with the hands) or by automated systems. Wheelchairs are used by people for whom walking is difficult or impossible due to illness, injury, or disability. People with both sitting and walking disability often need to use a wheelbench. The earliest record of the wheelchair in England dates from the 1670s [Oxford English Dictionary, (2nd Ed.), 1989, Vol. XX., p. 203.], and in continental Europe this technology dates back to the German Renaissance.

Fuel oil
Fuel oil is a fraction obtained from petroleum distillation, either as a distillate or a residue.
Broadly speaking, fuel oil is any liquid petroleum product that is burned in a furnace or boiler for the generation of heat or used in an engine for the generation of power, except oils having a flash point of approximately +40 °C and oils burned in cotton or wool-wick burners. In this sense, diesel is a type of fuel oil. Fuel oil is made of long hydrocarbon chains, particularly alkanes, cycloalkanes and aromatics. The term "fuel oil" is also used in a stricter sense to refer only to the heaviest commercial fuel that can be obtained from crude oil, heavier than gasoline and naphtha.
Six classes.
Fuel oil in the United States is classified into six classes, according to its boiling temperature, composition and purpose. The boiling point, ranging from 175 to 600 °C, and carbon chain length, 20 to 70 atoms, of the fuel increases with number. Viscosity also increases with fuel oil number and the heaviest oil has to be heated to get it to flow. Price usually decreases as the fuel number increases. No. 1 fuel oil, No. 2 fuel oil and No. 3 fuel oil are referred to as distillate fuel oils, diesel fuel oils, light fuel oils, gasoil or just distillate. For example, No. 2 fuel oil, No. 2 distillate and No. 2 diesel fuel oil are almost the same thing. Diesel is different in that it also has a cetane number limit which describes the ignition quality of the fuel. Distillate fuel oils are distilled from crude oil.

Horse Hollow Wind Energy Center
Horse Hollow Wind Energy Center is the world's biggest wind farm at 735.5MW capacity. It consists of 291 GE Energy 1.5 megawatt wind turbines, and 130 Siemens 2.3 megawatt wind turbines, spread over nearly 47,000 acres of land in Taylor and Nolan County, Texas.
FPL Energy currently operates Horse Hollow Wind Energy Center and 46 other wind farms throughout the U.S., with a gross capacity of 4,002 megawatts, which is enough capacity to provide electricity for nearly one million average U.S. homes.

Andasol 1 solar power station
Andasol 1 solar power station is a large solar thermal power plant, near Guadix in Andalusia, in the province of Granada, one of the sunniest regions in Spain. The plant will cost 310 million euros and is currently under construction.
Andasol 1 will have a generating capacity of 50 megawatts and liquid salt heat storage will allow for electricity to be generated for seven hours after the sun has gone down. Annual electricity production will be 179 gigawatt hours which will cover the electricity demands of 50,000 households or 200,000 people.
Andasol 1 should be completed in mid-2008 and a second plant, Andasol 2, is planned.

Atlantic slave trade
The Atlantic slave trade was the selling of African slaves by Europeans that happened in and around the Atlantic Ocean. It lasted from the 15th century to the 19th century. Most slaves were shipped from West Africa and Central Africa and brought over to the New World. Some slaves were captured through raids and kidnapping, although most were bought through coastal trading by the Europeans. Most historians today estimate (guess) that between 12 million and 13 million Africans arrived in the new world.(the number of people carried off from their African homesteads is much higher than that, though). Earlier estimates cited numbers as high as 25 to 40 million. The slave-trade is sometimes called the Maafa by African and African-American scholars, meaning "holocaust" or "great disaster" in Kiswahili. The slaves were one part of a three-part economic cycle—the Triangular Trade and its Middle Passage—which ultimately involved four continents, four centuries and millions of people. The dahomian army were involved and used to trade people/slave for weapons to protect themselves.
Christopher Colombus first came to the Americas in 1492 while seeking the West Indies which allowed for the slave trade to begin.

African slave trade
The African slave trade was a trade in slaves, and, like most of the world, has carried on for thousands of years in Africa. The first main route passed through the Sahara. After the Age of Exploration, African slaves became part of the Atlantic slave trade, from which comes the modern, Western type of slavery. Despite being against the law, slavery continues in all parts of the world, including Africa.

Pocking Solar Park in Germany
The Pocking Solar Park is a 10 Megawatt (MWp) solar photovoltaic plant which is among the largest in the world. Construction of the power plant started in August 2005 and was completed in March 2006. On the former military training area in the Lower-Bavarian town of Pocking, sheep are now grazing under and around the 57,912 photovoltaic modules.

Fractional distillation
Fractional distillation is a way to separate a mixture of chemical compounds so that each part (called a "fraction") of the mixture can be kept apart from the other chemicals. Different chemicals have different boiling points, so fractional distillation is done by heating the mixture so that each fraction evaporates and then condenses in its own compartment.
It is a special type of distillation. Generally the component parts boil at less than 25°C from each other under a pressure of one atmosphere (ATM). If the difference in boiling points is greater than 25°C, a simple distillation is used.
Fractional distillation is how petroleum is refined.

Monte Alto solar power plant
The Monte Alto photovoltaic power plant in Spain has a generating capacity of 9.55 megawatts peak (MWp) and will generate 14 million kilowatt-hours of electricity per year. It cost 65 million Euros [US$87 million].
The plant covers an area of 51 hectares on agricultural land near the locality of Milagro (Navarre) and contains 889 solar structures, of which 864 are equipped with automated solar tracking. The rest are fixed structures adapted to the terrain.

Odor
Also known as, "a smell", an odor or odour is a volatilized chemical compound, generally at a very low concentration, which humans and other animals perceive by the sense of olfaction.
Odors are also called smells, which can refer to both pleasant and unpleasant odors. The terms fragrance, scent, or aroma are used primarily by the food and cosmetic industry to describe a pleasant odor, and is sometimes used to refer to perfumes. In contrast, stench, reek, and stink are used specifically to describe unpleasant odors.
Basics.
Odor is a sensation caused by molecules dissolved in air.
The widest range of odors consist of organic compounds although some inorganic substances, such as hydrogen sulfide and ammonia, are also odorants.
The perception of an odor effect is a two step process.
First, there is the physiological part; the sense of the stimulus by receptors in the nose.
After that the psychological part follows. The stimuli are processed by the region of the human brain which is responsible for smelling.
Because of this an objective and analytical measure of odor is impossible.
While odor feelings are very personal perceptions, individual reactions are related to gender, age, state of health and private affectations. Common odors that people are used to, such as their own body odor, are less noticeable to individuals than external or uncommon odors.
For most people, the process of smelling gives little information concerning the ingredients of a substance. It only offers information related to the emotional impact. However, experienced people, such as flavorists and perfumers can pick out individual chemicals in complex mixes through smell alone.
Odor analysis.
The concentrations of odorant in Germany are defined by the “Olfaktometrie” since the 1870’s. In this connection it’s about the standard method to define the sense barrier of odors on basis the thinner of concentrated odor loaded assays. Following parameters are defined: odor substance concentration, intensity of odor and hedonism assessment.
Pheromones.
Pheromones are odors that are deliberately used for communication. A female moth may release a pheromone that can entice a male moth that is several kilometers away. Honeybee queens constantly release pheromones that regulate the activity of the hive. Workers can release such smells to call other bees into an appropriate cavity when a swarm moves in or to "sound" an alarm when the hive is threatened.
In Mammals some pathway of Pheromones identification lay in vomeronasal organ and some - in odor receptors.

European Ash
The European Ash is a tree. It is a kind of ash. It does not occur only in the north of Scandinavia. It can be found without Europe. It is a decidous tree that grows to a heigh of 20-35 metres.
Uses.
Ash wood is very easy to bend. It is therefore the material of choice to make Bows. Tennis rackets, and the long poles used for snooker are sometimes made from it.
In Norse mythology, the tree Yggdrasil was an European Ash.

Solar power in Spain
Spain is the fourth largest manufacturer in the world of solar power technology and exports 80 percent of this output to Germany. Spain is one of the most attractive countries with regard to the development of solar energy, as it has the greatest amount of available sunshine of any country in Europe.
The Spanish government wants to produce 12 percent of primary energy from renewable energy by 2010. That would mean a solar generating capacity of 400 megawatts.
Through a ministerial ruling in March 2004, the Spanish government removed economic barriers to grid-connection of renewable energy. The widely applauded Royal Decree 436/2004 equalises conditions for large-scale thermal and photovoltaic plants and guarantees feed-in tariffs.
Solar thermal power plants.
In March 2007, Europe's first commercial concentrating solar power tower plant was opened near the sunny southern Spanish city of Seville. The 11 megawatt plant, known as the PS10 solar power tower, produces electricity with 624 large heliostats. Each of these mirrors has a surface measuring 120 square meters (1,290 square feet) that concentrates the Sun's rays to the top of a 115 meter (377 foot) high tower where a solar receiver and a steam turbine are located. The turbine drives a generator, producing electricity. PS10 is the first of a set of solar electric power generation plants to be constructed in the same area that will total more than 300MW by 2013. This power generation will be accomplished using a variety of technologies.
Solar thermal power plants designed for solar-only generation are ideally matched to summer noon peak loads in prosperous areas with significant cooling demands, such as Spain. Using thermal energy storage systems, solar thermal operating periods can even be extended to meet base-load needs. For example, the 50-MWe AndaSol solar trough power plants are designed with six to twelve hours of thermal storage, which increases annual availability by some 1,000 to 2,500 hours.
Photovoltaics.
Construction has started on a 20MW solar photovoltaics power system in Trujillo, Cáceres, in Spain. Costing €150m, the new plant will have double the output of the 10MW Bavaria Solar Park in Germany, the previous largest ever photovoltaic (PV) system. The project will use 200 100kW units (120,000 PV modules in total), gaining the top feed-in tariff for this type of plant.
BP Solar has begun constructing a new solar photovoltaic (PV) solar cell manufacturing plant at its European headquarters in Tres Cantos, Madrid.
For phase one of the Madrid expansion, BP Solar is aiming to expand its annual cell capacity from 55 megawatts (MW) to around 300 MW. Construction of this facility is underway, with the first manufacturing line expected to be fully operational this year.
The new cell lines use innovative screen-printing technology. By fully automating wafer handling, the manufacturing lines will be able to handle the very thinnest of wafers available and ensure the highest quality.
This is of particular importance since there has been a silicon shortage in recent years.
Since the beginning of 2007, Aleo Solar AG has also been manufacturing high-quality solar modules for the Spanish market at its own factory in Santa Maria de Palautordera near Barcelona.
New building codes.
New building code laws in Spain are now mandating solar hot water for new and remodeled private residences, and photovoltaic to offset some power requirements for all new and remodeled commercial buildings. The new laws also reflect inceased awareness of the importance of better building insulation and the use of daylighting.
Research and Development.
The Plataforma Solar de Almería (PSA) in Spain, part of the Center for Energy, Environment and Technological Research (CIEMAT), is the largest center for research, development, and testing of concentrating solar technologies in Europe.

Sensation
It begins with a stimulus upon the receptor cells of a sensory organ, which then leads to perception, the mental state that is reflected in statements like "I see a uniformly blue wall."
A sensation that might lead to that statement could include the excitation of cone cells in the retina.
In the West, the human body's senses are divided into eight: visual, auditory, gustatory, olfactory, cutaneous, kinesthetic, vestibular, organic. The ways in which these senses are divided from one another in concept, and combined in varying ratios in perceiving the world, differs based on individual physiology, social and cultural context, and physical surroundings. The whole sensory system, including both physical sensation and interpretation (or cognition) of information from the senses, is referred to as a sensorium.
Visual sense.
Light enters to the eyes through cornea. It then passes through the pupil, and is refracted by the crystalline lens of the eyes. Light is then channeled through the vitreous humour and then on to the retina. In the retina, there are two kinds of cells, rods and cones. Rods see black-and-white colors, and are dominant in the night (because, as physics states, there are no colors in the night, because what we see is the colors reflected from the atmosphere). Cones then, see colored structures. Cones are exceptionally abundant in the fovea. Cones are reactive to the three colors of red, blue, and green. Other colours are sensed as combinations of these.
Auditory sense.
Sound is received by the ear via the pinna, the outer ear structure, which then leads the sound inside through the external auditory meatus. After the sound passes through the meatus, it goes to the eardrum, or tympanus, then vibrates its way through the tiny ossicles, the hammer (malleus), anvil (incus), and stirrup (stapes), then to the cochlea. The cochlea converts vibration into electrical impulses which are transmitted to the brain.
Gustatory sense.
Taste, or gustation, is the ability to detect sensory changes in the tongue, through the use of taste buds, situated deep into the papillae. Intriguingly, the sense called gustation is in fact comprised of varying ratios of multiple sensory systems, shifting in importance and attention as food is chewed, tasted and swallowed. These include the taste buds, the sense of touch in the structures of the mouth and digestive system, chemical sensation of irritation in the trigeminal nerve system, and unique receptors for sensing the properties of water located at the rear of the oral cavity.
Olfactory sense.
Smell, or olfaction, is received by the olfactory bulb and the connected to the brain by the olfactory nerve, the first cranial nerve of the brain, just after the nasal turbinates of the nose warm, strain and filter the air.
Cutaneous Sense.
Please see the skin article for more details.
Kinesthetic Sense.
The kinesthetic sense is the sense of posture and movement. It is also referred to as proprioception.
Vestibular Sense.
The vestibular sense is the sense of balance. It is mediated by the action of the fluid inside the Semicircular canals.
Organic Sense.
The organic sense, per se, refers only to sensation from the internal organs, or viscera, but can, however, be expanded to include certain physiological processes, such as hunger, thirst, drowsiness and air hunger. It is also referred to as interoception.

Instant soup
Instant soups are a kind of soup. They are produced on an industrial scale. Later they are treated in different ways to preserve them. Usually they are dried, canned, or treated by freezing.
Especially instant noodles are often prepared that way.

Perception
In psychology and the cognitive sciences, perception is the process of getting, interpreting, selecting, and organizing sensory information.
Methods of studying perception range from essentially biological or physiological approaches, through psychological approaches through the philosophy of mind and in empiricist epistemology, such as that of David Hume, John Locke, George Berkeley, or as in Merleau Ponty's affirmation of perception as the basis of all science and knowledge.
History of the study of perception.
Perception is one of the oldest fields within scientific psychology, and there are correspondingly many theories about its underlying processes. The oldest quantitative law in psychology is the Weber-Fechner law, which quantifies the relationship between the intensity of physical stimuli and their perceptual effects. It was the study of perception that gave rise to the Gestalt school of psychology, with its emphasis on holistic approach..

Soba
is a type of thin Japanese noodle. It is made from buckwheat flour. It is served either chilled with a dipping sauce, or in hot broth as a noodle soup. Moreover, it is not uncommon in Japan to refer to any thin noodle as "soba" in contrast to udon which are thick noodles made from wheat.
Because noodles made out of pure buckwheat can easily fall apart when boiled, the buckwheat flour is usually mixed with binders - often wheat flour. Under the Japan Agricultural Standards regulations, the noodles must contain at least 30% buckwheat in order to be called "soba" but noodles with a high buckwheat content are seen as more desirable. The raw noodles are made by making a dough out of buckwheat flour and binder. The dough is then spread out flat. After that, strands of noodles are sliced off with a special knife. The quality of noodles is highly dependent on the skill of the maker, especially for soba noodles with high buckwheat content. The raw noodles are boiled before being served hot or cold.
In Japan, soba noodles are served in a variety of situations. They are a popular inexpensive fast food at train stations throughout Japan, they are served by exclusive and expensive specialty restaurants, and they are also made at home. Markets sell dried noodles and "men-tsuyu", or instant noodle broth, to make home preparation easy.
Some establishments, especially cheaper and more casual ones, may serve both soba and udon (thick wheat noodles) as they are often served in a similar manner. However, soba is traditionally the noodle of choice for Tokyoites. This tradition originates from the Edo period. At that time, the population of Edo (Tokyo) was considerably wealthier than the rural poor, were more susceptible to beri beri because of their high consumption of white rice which is low in thiamine. They are thought to have made up for this by regularly eating thiamine-rich soba. Every neighbourhood had one or two soba establishments, many also serving sake, which functioned much like modern cafes where locals would drop by casually.
Serving soba.
Soba is almost always eaten with chopsticks, and in Japan, it is traditionally considered polite to slurp the noodles noisily. This is especially common with hot noodles, as drawing up the noodles quickly into the mouth acts to cool them down.
Common soba dishes.
Like many Japanese noodles, soba noodles are often served drained and chilled in the summer, and hot in the winter with a soy-based dashi broth. Extra toppings can be added onto both hot and cold soba. Toppings are chosen to reflect the seasons and to balance with other ingredients. Most toppings are added without much cooking, although some are deep-fried. Most of these dishes may also be prepared with udon. Soba has a diameter of 5mm.
Cold.
Chilled soba is often served on a sieve-like bamboo tray called a zaru, sometimes garnished with bits of dried "nori" seaweed, with a dipping sauce known as "soba tsuyu" on the side. The "tsuyu" is made of a strong mixture of dashi, sweetened soy sauce and mirin. Using chopsticks, the diner picks up a small amount of soba from the tray and swirls it in the cold "tsuyu" before eating it. Wasabi, scallions, and grated ginger are often mixed into the "tsuyu".
Hot.
Soba is also often served as a noodle soup in a bowl of hot "tsuyu". The hot "tsuyu" in this instance is thinner than that used as a dipping sauce for chilled soba. Popular garnishes are sliced scallion and shichimi toragashi (mixed chilli powder).
Soba served on special occasions.
Soba is traditionally eaten on New Years Eve in most areas of Japan, a tradition which survives to this day. In the Tokyo area, there is also a tradition of giving out soba to new neighbours after a house move, although this practice is now rare.
Varieties of soba noodles.
The most famous Japanese soba noodles come from Nagano. Soba from Nagano is called "Shinano Soba" or "Shinshu soba". Ni-hachi ("two-eight") soba, consists of two parts of wheat and eight of buckwheat.
Other uses of the word "soba".
"Soba" is also the Japanese word for buckwheat. Roasted buckwheat kernels may be made into a grain tea called "sobacha", which may be served hot or cold. Buckwheat hulls, or "sobakawa", are used to fill pillows.
"Soba" is occasionally used to refer to noodles in general. In Japan, ramen is sometimes called "chūka soba" or "shina soba" (both mean "Chinese noodles"). Parboiled chūka soba is stir-fried to make yakisoba. Note that these noodles do not contain buckwheat.
In Okinawa, "soba" usually refers to Okinawa soba, a completely different dish of noodles made out of flour, not buckwheat. Okinawa soba is also quite popular in the city of Campo Grande (Brazil), due to influence of Japanese (Okinawan) immigrants. It is eaten at street markets or in special restaurants called "sobarias".

Carmen Basilio
Carmen Basilio (born April 2, 1927, in Canastota, New York) was an American boxer who held the welterweight and middleweight world championship. He won the welterweight title from Tony DeMarco in 1955. He then fought Sugar Ray Robinson for the middleweight title. He won the belt from Robinson in 1957, but lost it when they fought again.
He is the uncle of former welterweight boxing champion Billy Backus.

Johnny Saxton
Johnny Saxton (born July 4, 1930 in Newark, NJ) was an American boxer who won the welterweight championship.
Saxton beat Kid Gavilan in 1954 to become the welterweight champion. The lost the title the following year to Tony DeMarco. In 1956 he won the title again by beating Carmen Basilio, but lost the title in a rematch with Basilio later in the year. He retired in 1958.

Weber-Fechner law
The Weber–Fechner law is a proposed relationship between the magnitude of a physical stimulus and the intensity or strength that people feel.
The case of weight.
In one of his classic experiments, Weber gradually increased the weight that a blindfolded man was holding and asked him to respond when he first felt the increase. Weber found that the response was proportional to a relative increase in the weight. That is to say, if the weight is 1 kg, an increase of a few grams will not be noticed. Rather, when the mass is increased by a certain factor, an increase in weight is perceived. If the mass is doubled, the threshold is also doubled.
The relationship between stimulus and perception is logarithmic. This logarithmic relationship means that if a stimulus varies as a geometric progression (i.e. multiplied by a fixed factor), the corresponding perception is altered in an arithmetic progression (i.e. in additive constant amounts). For example, if a stimulus is tripled in strength (i.e, 3 x 1), the corresponding perception may be two times as strong as its original value (i.e., 1 + 1). If the stimulus is again tripled in strength (i.e., 3 x 3 x 1), the corresponding perception will be three times as strong as its original value (i.e., 1 + 1 + 1). Hence, for multiplications in stimulus strength, the strength of perception only adds.
This logarithmic relationship is valid, not just for the sensation of weight, but for other stimuli and our sensory perceptions as well.

Logarithmic scale
A logarithmic scale is a scale of measurement that uses the logarithm of a physical quantity instead of the quantity itself.
The logarithmic scale can be helpful when the data covers a large range of values – the logarithm reduces this to a more manageable range.
Some of our senses operate in a logarithmic fashion (doubling the input strength adds a constant to the subjective signal strength, see: Stevens' power law). That makes logarithmic scales for these input quantities especially appropriate. In particular our sense of hearing perceives equal ratios of frequencies as equal differences in pitch.
On most logarithmic scales, "small" values (or ratios) of the underlying quantity correspond to "small" (possibly negative) values of the logarithmic measure.
Graphic representation.
A logarithmic scale is also a graphical scale on one or both sides of a graph where a number "x" is printed at a distance "c"·log("x") from the point marked with the number 1. A slide rule has logarithmic scales, and nomograms often employ logarithmic scales. On a logarithmic scale an equal difference in order of magnitude is represented by an equal distance. The geometric mean of two numbers is midway between the numbers.
Logarithmic graph paper, before the advent of computer graphics, was a basic scientific tool. Plots on paper with one log scale can show up exponential laws, and on log-log paper power laws, as straight lines (see semilog graph, log-log graph).

Noodle soup
Noodle soup is a kind of soup. It contains the normal soup stock, together with noodles, and sometimes other ingredients. This kind of soup is very popular in Asia, where it originally came from. There are also many instant soups of this kind.

Scale (ratio)
One speaks of scale in context with measurement if something is represented proportionally by something else.
The scale of a map or enlarged or reduced model indicates the ratio between the distances on the map or model and the corresponding distances in reality or the original. E.g. a map of scale 1:50,000 shows a distance of 50,000 cm (=500 m) as 1 cm on a map, and a model on a scale 1:25 of a building with a height of 30 m has a model height of 1.20 m. An alternative method of indicating the scale is by a scale bar. This can also be applied on a computer screen etc., where the ratio may vary, and also remains valid when enlarging or reducing a paper map.

Scale (disambiguation)
Astronomy.
Scale (education): scale of enrollment[quy mô đào tạo]

Scale (map)
A map or floor plan has a certain scale'". This can be indicated by a scale bar and/or a ratio 1:"n". This enables the map user to measure a distance on the map and determine the distance on the ground.
People sometimes speak of a map as one with a "large scale" or "small scale". In this context scale is obviously relative. It is safe to say that a "large scale" map displays objects such that they appear relatively large. For example, an island displayed on a 1:10,000 map will appear larger than if it were displayed on a 1:25,000 map. Thus, the former is "large scale". What can be confusing is that for a map of a given physical size, say 11 by 17 inches, a "large scale" map will have a smaller geographic extent than a "small scale" map centred on the same point. Maps with a ratio of 1:50 000 or larger (for example, 1:40 000 would be larger) are considered large scale. Maps with a ratio of 1:50 000 to 1:250 000 are considered intermediate scale. Any maps with a smaller scale (for example 1:300 000) are considered small scale. (indirect quote from http://geography.about.com/cs/maps/a/mapscale.htm article titled: Map scale By: Matt Rosenberg)
One can find a good real life explanation of this on the Michelin UK Maps and Guides website

Midnight sun
Midnight sun is a phenomenon that exists north of the Arctic circle and south of the Antarctic circle. It means that the sun, on parts of the year, is visible the whole night long.
There are no people living permanently south of the Antarctic Circle, but in Alaska, Canada, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia, and some other countries it is possible to watch the Midnight sun in the summer.
The opposite of the Midnight sun is the Polar night.

Eight Below
"Eight Below" is a 2006 Walt Disney Pictures movie. It was directed by Frank Marshall and written by David DiGilio. The movie was released on February 17, 2006 in the United States.

Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono
General Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (born September 9, 1949 in Pacitan, East Java, Indonesia), is an Indonesian retired military general and politician. He is the sixth President of Indonesia. Yudhoyono is the first president to be elected directly by voters. Yudhoyono won the presidency in September 2004. He defeated President Megawati Sukarnoputri. Yudhoyono became president on 20 October 2004.

Order of the Garter
The Most Noble Order of the Garter (OG) is an English order of chivalry. It was started in 1348 by King Edward III of England. The Order is the highest level of knighthood that can be given by the English monarch. It is the world's oldest national order of knighthood. Membership in the Order is limited to those people who have done many great things for the United Kingdom.
The Order of the Garter is made up of a very small number of people. This group includes the Sovereign (the King or Queen of Britain) and no more than 25 full members. These members are called "Companions". Male companions are called "Knight Companions". Female members are called "Lady Companions". There are also a number of extra members known as "Supernumerary" Knights and Ladies. These members are usually members of the British Royal family and monarchs of other countries. Unlike other British Orders, the Sovereign is the only person who decides who is chosen to be a member of the Order of the Garter.

HD DVD
HD DVD, also known as High-Definition DVD, is an optical disc that is able to store large amounts of data, such as high-definition videos. It was considered to be the successor of the DVD. It used to compete against the Blu-ray Disc, a similar version of a optical disc that is designed to hold large amounts of media, but all of the companies that backed it decided to only use Blu-Ray discs, so the HD DVD format is now considered dead.

Bruges
Bruges (Dutch: "Brugge") is a city in the north-west of Belgium.
It is the capital and largest city of West-Flanders and in 2007 its population was 116982.
It is located at 51° 12 North, 03° 13 East.
It is a centre of tourism (thanks to its historic medieval city centre) and of commerce (thanks to its port, Zeebrugge).

Immortality
Immortality or eternal life is the idea of something which is alive that will stay alive forever. The opposite of immortality is mortality, which means a living thing can die. Right now, only a small number of living things are known to be immortal. These are mainly simple, lower forms of life like bacteria. Stories about immortal people or animals are popular in fiction and mythology, but not yet actually possible.
Some people are using science to look for a way to make immortality possible. Other people feel that death is what defines all living things, and as a natural part of life, should not be taken away.

European Union budget
The European Union (EU) has an independent parliament and civil service which is distinct from those of the 27 member states. It has to pay for expenditure on common policies throughout the EU. Therefore the EU has an agreed budget of €862 billion for the period 2007-2013. By comparison, the UK expenditure for 2004 alone was estimated at about €759 billion.
Setting a budget.
The EU has three elements to its government: the Council of Ministers, the European Commission and the European Parliament. All three take a part in setting the annual budget.
Revenue.
The EU obtains most of its revenue indirectly by payments from treasuries of member states. Revenue is divided into three categories.
Traditional own resources are taxes raised on behalf of the EU as a whole, principally import duties on goods brought into the EU. These are collected by the state where import occurs and passed on to the EU. States are allowed to keep a proportion of the revenue to cover administration.
VAT based own resources are taxes on EU citizens as a proportion of VAT in each member country. VAT rates and exemptions vary in different countries, so a formula is used to create the 'harmonised tax base'. The starting point for calculations is the total VAT raised in a country.
GNI based own resources currently forms the largest contribution to EU funding. A simple multiplier is applied to the calculated GNI for the country concerned. Revenue is currently capped at 1.24% of GNI for the EU as a whole.
Expenditure.
The largest single expenditure item is the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) at around 45% of the total budget. The second largest element is the regional policy, at 30%. Foreign policy consumes 8%, administration 6%, research 5%.

Wittingen
Wittingen is a small town in the north of the district of Gifhorn, Lower Saxony, Germany. It has 12.268 inhabitants (2005). Wittingen is located at 52° 43′ N, 10° 44′ E and its postal codes are 29378 and 29379.
History.
Wittingen was first mentioned in a document of 781, but it is possible that Wittingen a long time before.

Golden Gloves
The Golden Gloves is the name given to competitions held every year for amateur boxing in the United States. The Golden Gloves is often the term used to refer to the National Golden Gloves competition, but it can also mean a few other amateur tournaments, including regional golden gloves tournaments and other notable tournaments such as the Intercity Golden Gloves, the Chicago Golden Gloves, and the New York Golden Gloves.
The Golden Gloves are open to all non-professional boxers age 16 and over. There is also a Silver Gloves amateur tournament, which is for amateur boxers age 8 to 15 years old.

Sonny Liston
Charles "Sonny" Liston (May 8?, 1932 – December 30?, 1970) was an American boxer. He held the world heavyweight championship from 1962 to 1964. He was a boxer who was disliked by much of the public because of his criminal history and rumored association with organized crime characters. However, he was a skilled boxer and gained a shot at the heavyweight title held by Floyd Patterson. He knocked Patterson out in the first round to gain the title in 1962. He defeated Patterson by another first round knockout in their rematch in 1963.
He lost the championship to Muhammad Ali (then known as Cassius Clay) when he quit in his corner before the start of the seventh round in their 1964 fight. He was then knocked out in the first round during their second fight, which happened in 1965.
Liston continued to box, but died from a drug overdose in 1970.

Buckwheat
Common Buckwheat (or buckwheat) is a plant. It is often seen as a cereal. Buckwheat is not a true grass. It is not related to wheat, because wheat "is" a true grass. Buckwheat seeds look like small beech tree seeds. Both seeds have three sides. "Beech" is also called "buck". This is how buckwheat got its name - buckwheat is a plant that is used like wheat and whose seeds look like "buck", or beech seeds.

Kinston Indians
The Kinston Indians are a baseball team in Kinston, North Carolina. The team plays in the Carolina League. Professional baseball in Kinston started in 1908, and there have been many teams since then. 2007 is the twenty-first season that the Kinston team has been known as the Indians. Before that they were known as the Eagles and the Blue Jays. The Indians, or K-Tribe as they are nicknamed, play their home games in Grainger Stadium. The Indians' mascot is a dog named Scout.
The Kinston Indians won their league championship in 1988, 1991, 1995, 2004 and 2006.

Columbia University
Columbia University in the City of New York (commonly called Columbia University) is a research university in the United States. It is mainly located in the Morningside Heights neighborhood of the Borough of Manhattan, in New York City. It is one of the eight Ivy League universities.
The university was created as "King's College" by the Church of England. It got a royal charter in 1754 from King George II of Great Britain. It was the first college in New York, and the fifth college in the Thirteen Colonies. After the American Revolution it was run by the government from 1784-1787. In 1787, the university was placed under a private board of trustees. This board of trustees runs the university to this day.
Columbia is home to the Pulitzer Prize. For over a century, the Pulitzer has been given to people for very good work in journalism, literature and music. Columbia is where FM radio was created. The school is where the foundation of modern genetics was discovered. Its Morningside Heights campus was the first North American site where the uranium atom was split.

Columbian Exchange
The Columbian Exchange is one of the most important events in history. It was the exchange of goods and ideas from Europe, Africa, and Asia and goods and ideas from the Americas. It also spread different diseases. It started in 1492 when Christopher Columbus arrived in the East Indies (North America).
This exchange of plants and animals changed European, American, African, and Asian ways of life. Foods that had never been seen before by people became a major part of what they ate. For example, before 1492, no potatoes were grown outside of South America. By the 1840s, Ireland was so dependent on the potato that a diseased crop led to the devastating Irish Potato Famine. The first European import to the Americas, the horse, changed the lives of many Native American tribes on the Great Plains, letting them to change to a nomadic lifestyle based on hunting bison on horseback. Italy became fanous for its Tomato sauce, made from New World tomatoes, while coffee from Africa and sugarcane from Asia became the main crops of very large Latin American plantations. Also the chili and Paprika from South America was introduced in India by the Portuguese and it is today an important part of Indian cuisine.
Before the Columbian Exchange, there were no oranges in Florida, no bananas in Ecuador, no paprika in Hungary, no zucchini in Italy, no pineapples in Hawaii, no rubber trees in Africa, no cattle in Texas, no burros in Mexico, no Chili peppers in Thailand and India, no cigarettes in France and no chocolate in Switzerland. Even the dandelion was brought to America by Europeans for use as an herb.
Before there was regular communication between the two hemispheres, the different types of domesticated animals and diseases were much larger in the Old World than in the New. This partly led to the horrible effects of Old World diseases on Native American tribes. Smallpox probably caused in the highest death toll for Native Americans.
Barely any civilization on earth stayed the same by this global ecological exchange.
References.
in the Encyclopedia of Earth by Alfred W. Crosby

Ragusa
Ragusa is the capital of the southernmost province of Italian, with 72,808 inhabitants in the city and more than 310,000 in the province area.

Elliott Carter
Elliott Carter (born December 11, 1908) is an American composer. He is one of the most important composers of classical music of his time. He experimented with new ideas of composition. Although he is now one hundred years old, he is still composing today. He recently composed a piece called "Interventions for Piano and Orchestra" which was given its first performance in the Symphony Hall, Boston where it was played by the Boston Symphony Orchestra conducted by James Levine with the pianist Daniel Baremboim as soloist. The same players played it again a week later on 11 December 2008 in the Carnegie Hall, New York to celebrate Carter's 100th birthday.
Life.
Elliott Carter was born in New York. The composer Charles Ives noticed his talent and gave him encouragement, taking him to concerts. Carter studied English and music at Harvard University. He then went to Paris to study with Nadia Boulanger, returning to the USA in 1935 where he directed the Ballet Caravan.
In 1939 he married. The couple had one son.
He wrote a ballet called "Pocahontas". In 1940 the suite from this ballet got him the Juilliard Publication Award. From then on his got many more important awards and prizes for his music.
Carter has taught music and other related subjects in a number of well-known places including the Peabody Conservatory, Columbia University, Queen’s College, New York, Yale University and the Julliard School. He has received honorary doctorates from many universities and honours from many countries.
He has not written a large number of compositions, but the ones he has written are important works.
Music.
When Carter went to study in Paris in the early 1930s Stravinsky was the most famous composer who worked there. Carter was influenced to some extent by Stravinsky’s music as well as by that of his friend Charles Ives, but he worked hard to find a style of his own. Some of his music during the Second World War is quite tonal, but his later music uses more atonality (music not in any key) and has complicated rhythms. His best known works include the "Variations for Orchestra" (1954-5); the "Double Concerto" for harpsichord, piano and two chamber orchestras (1959-61); the "Piano Concerto" (1967), written as an 85th birthday present for Igor Stravinsky; the "Concerto for Orchestra" (1969) and "A Symphony of Three Orchestras" (1976).

Dubrovnik
Dubrovnik is a city in Croatia. It lies on the Adriatic Sea. About 50.000 people lived there in 2001. The old city of Dubrovnik has been declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The Italian name of the city is "Ragusa". This sometimes leads to connfusion. There is already a city named Ragusa on Sicily.
Dubrovnik is one of the main touristic destinations in Croatia, Adriatic Sea. Dubrovnik is famous for its Old Town - this is an ancient fortress with great stone walls, which helped Dubrovnik people to maintain its liberty during decades.

Sichuan pepper
Sichuan pepper (or Szechuan pepper) is a part of a fruit of a plant, that is used as a spice. Usually the outer pods of a number of species in the genus "Zanthoxylum" are used to make the spice. Most commonly these plants are "Z. piperitum", "Z. simulans", "Z. sancho" or "Z. schinifolium". Many people in Asia grow them for the spice. Although the plants are called "pepper", they are not related to either black pepper or Chili pepper. Sichuan pepper is widely used in the cuisine of Sichuan, China, from which it takes its name, as well as Tibetan, Bhutani, and Japanese cuisines, among others.
Sichuan pepper is known in Chinese as "huājiāo" (花椒; literally "flower pepper"); a lesser-used name is "shānjiāo" (山椒; literally "mountain pepper" (not to be confused with Tasmanian mountain pepper). In Japanese, it is 山椒,"sanshō", using the same Chinese characters as "shanjiao". In Tibetan, it is known as "g.yer ma". In America, it is sold as fagara or flower pepper as well as Sichuan pepper.
Culinary uses.
Sichuan pepper has a unique aroma and taste. This taste is compeletely different from that of black or white pepper or chile pepper. It tastes a little like lemon. It also creates a special feeling in the mouth, a kind of numbness. This is cause by a chemical called hydroxy-alpha-sanshool. Sichan pepper contains up to 3% of this substance.
Recipes often say that sichuan pepper should be slightly toasted, then crushed, before it is added to food. Only the hull (outer shells) are used in cooking; the seeds are ignored or thrown away. In general, Sichuan pepper is added at the last moment.
Star anise and ginger are often used with it and it figures prominently in spicy Sichuan cuisine. It is considered to go well with fish, duck, and chicken dishes, as well as with fried eggplant. It has an alkaline pH and a numbing effect on the lips when eaten in larger doses. "Ma la" (; literally "numb and hot"), a flavour common in Sichuan cooking, is a combination of Sichuan pepper and chili pepper.
It is also available as an oil (marketed as either "Sichuan pepper oil" or "Hwajiaw oil"). In this form it is best used in stir fry noodle dishes without hot spices. The preferred recipe includes ginger oil and brown sugar to be cooked with a base of noodles and vegetables, with rice vinegar and Sichuan pepper oil to be added after cooking.
"Hua jiao yan" () is a mixture of salt and Sichuan pepper, roasted and browned in a wok and served as a condiment to accompany chicken, duck and pork dishes. The peppercorns can also be lightly fried in order to make a spicy oil with various uses.
Sichuan pepper is one of the few spices which are important for Tibetan and Bhutanese cookery of the Himalayas. This is because few spices can be grown there. One Himalayan specialty is the momo, a dumpling stuffed with vegetables, cottage cheese or minced yak meat, beef or pork and flavoured with Sichuan pepper, garlic, ginger and onion. The noodles are steamed and served dry, together with a fiery sauce. Tibetans believe it can sanitize meat that may not be so fresh. In reality it may only serve to mask foul flavors. Perhaps it is because of the foul smell masking property of Sichuan pepper that made it popular in dishes made of visceral organs of slaughtered animals.
In Japan the dried and powdered leaves of "Zanthoxylum sancho" are used to make noodle dishes and soups mildly hot and fragrant. The whole leaves, 木の芽 "kinome", are used to flavour vegetables, especially bamboo shoots, and to decorate soups. The buds, seeds, flowers, and hulls are also used.
Sichuan peppercorns are one of the traditional ingredients in the Chinese spice mixture five-spice powder and also shichimi togarashi, a Japanese seven-flavour seasoning.
In Korean cuisine, two species are used: "Z. piperitum" and "Z. schinifolium".
Composition of various species.
The genus name "Zanthoxylum" or "Xanthoxylum" comes from the Greek "xanthon xylon" (ξανθὸν ξύλον), meaning "blond wood."
Miscellanea.
From 1968 to 2005, the United States Food and Drug Administration banned the importation of Sichuan peppercorns because they were found to be capable of carrying citrus canker (as the tree is in the same family, Rutaceae, as the genus "Citrus"). This bacterial disease, which is very difficult to control, could potentially harm the foliage and fruit of citrus crops in the U.S. It was never an issue of harm in human consumption. The import ban was only loosely enforced until 2002. In 2005, the USDA and FDA lifted the ban, provided the peppercorns are heated to around 70 degrees Celsius (160 degrees Fahrenheit) to kill the canker bacteria before importation.
Other names.
It is possible to come across names such as "Szechwan pepper," "Chinese pepper," "Japanese pepper," "Aniseed pepper," "Sprice pepper," "Chinese prickly ash," "Fagara," "Sansho," "Nepal pepper," "Indonesian lemon pepper," and others, sometimes referring to specific species within this group, since this plant is not well known enough in the West to have an established name.
Sichuan pepper is unrelated to black pepper (genus "Piper") and to Chili peppers, which are also widely used in Sichuan cookery.
In Nepal, where it is extensively used, it is known as "timur" ("Z. alatum").
A spice called "teppal" ("Zanthoxylum rhetsa") is used in the Indian states of Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Goa, by a very small community called Konkanis (they speak a language called Konkani), an official language of Goa and spoken in many parts of these three states. "Teppal" is a fruit which grows on trees full of thorns. It grows in bunches like grapes. Fresh fruits are parrot green in color and are used as a flavouring agent in many curries made with a paste of coconut, chilis, and other spices. The fruit is seasonal and available during the monsoon period. When dried, the flesh of the fruit hardens, turns to brownish black color and opens up to show the black seeds within. The seeds are discarded and the dried fruit is stored in containers for use around the year. This spice is mostly used in fish preparations and a few vegetarian dishes, with the coconut masala. This spice has a very strong woody aroma and is discarded at the time of eating the vegetable/fish curry. This tree is also called by the name "gamathe haralu" in Kannada and "koili kaya" in Malayalam.

Antiparticle
Corresponding to most kinds of particle, there is an associated antiparticle with the same mass and opposite charges.
Even electrically neutral particles, such as the neutron, are not identical to their antiparticle. In the example of the neutron, the 'ordinary' particle is made out of quarks and the antiparticle out of antiquarks.
Particle-antiparticle pairs can annihilate each other if they are in appropriate quantum states. They can also be produced in various processes. These processes are used in today's particle accelerators to create new particles and to test theories of particle physics. High energy processes in nature can create antiparticles. These are visible in cosmic rays and in certain nuclear reactions. The word antimatter properly refers to (elementary) antiparticles, composite antiparticles made with them (such as antihydrogen) and to larger assemblies of either.
History.
In 1932, soon after the prediction of positrons by Paul Dirac, Carl D. Anderson found that cosmic-ray collisions produced these particles in a cloud chamber— a particle detector in which moving electrons (or positrons) leave behind trails as they move through the gas.
The antiproton and antineutron were found by Emilio Segrè and Owen Chamberlain in 1955 at the University of California, Berkeley. Since then the antiparticles of many other subatomic particles have been created in particle accelerator experiments. In recent years, complete atoms of antimatter have been assembled out of antiprotons and positrons, collected in electromagnetic traps.

Hamo Beknazarian
Hamo Beknazarian, also known as Hamo Bek Nazarov (born May 19, 1891 in Yerevan, died April 27, 1965 in Moscow) was a Armenian movie director. His career in cinema started in 1914, when a friend offered him a part in a movie. Between 1914 and 1918, he played about 70 parts, becoming a popular actor in pre-Revolutionary Russian film. In 1920, instead of going to Armenia as he planned, he went to Tbilisi, where he developed a film department for Georgian Commissioner's office of Public Education. Many of his movies were filmed in Tbilisi, including "The Father Murderer" and "Lost Treasures". In 1925, he filmed his first Armenian movie and moved to Armenia. In 1933, he made the first Armenian movie to have sound, "Pepo".
Beknazarian also made a few documentary films.

Henrik Malyan
Henrik Malyan (Armenian language:Հենրիկ Մալյան; September 30, 1925 in Telavi, Georgia – March 14, 1988 in Yerevan, Armenia) was an Armenian film director.
His 1977 film "Life Triumphs" ("Nahapet") is considered to be one of the most important Armenian films to deal with the Armenian Genocide. It was exhibited in the 1978 Cannes Film Festival.

Septuagint
The Septuagint (often referred to "LXX") is a Ancient Greek translation of parts of the Old Testamenŧ. It was done bettween the 3rd and 1st cenury BC in Alexandria. It is the oldest of several translations of the Hebrew bible into Greek.

Katharine McPhee
Katharine Hope McPhee (born March 25, 1984) is an American Pop/R&B singer. She was the runner-up to Taylor Hicks on the fifth season of the television show American Idol in 2006. Her first album, named "Katharine McPhee", was released January 30, 2007.

World Heavyweight Championship (WWE)
The World Heavyweight Championship is the top wrestling honor for World Wrestling Entertainment's Raw brand. It was created on RAW to match SmackDown! WWE Championship in August 2002. Some of the past champions include Triple H, The Undertaker, Booker T, Batista, and Kurt Angle.
The World Heavyweight Championship was brought to Raw by then-General Manager Eric Bischoff after WWE Champion Brock Lesnar became exclusive to SmackDown. Bischoff awarded the championship to Triple H, but he had to defend it against his then-best friend, Ric Flair. Triple H was successful and has held the championship on five different occasions. Other holders of this prestigious championship include Shawn Michaels, Undertaker, Rey Mysterio and more.
Current Champion.
The title is currently held by John Cena who is in his first reign. He beat Chris Jericho for the title at Survivor Series 2008 on November 23, 2008 in Boston, Massachusetts.
See also.
List of World Heavyweight Champions (WWE)

Islamic calendar
The Islamic calendar (Arabic: التقويم الهجريis a calendar. It is used to determine islamic holidays. It is a lunar calendar. It has 12 months, and about 354 days. This means that each year, the calendar is about 11 days shorter than a solar calendar, like the Gregorian. Islamic years are often called "hijra" years, because the first year of the calendar when the "hijra occurred, that is when Muhammad went from Mecca to Medina. Each year is therefore labelled with either "H" or "AH".

Town privileges
Town privileges were important things. They were special treaties or charters used in the Middle Ages. In such a charer, a sovereign, a monarch granted the city special rights. These usually included
There were only a few of these charters, notable for them was perhaps the Lübeck law, the Magdeburg rights and the Kulm law.

Medieval music
Medieval music means music from the Middle Ages. The time we call the Middle Ages is a long period from about 350AD to 1450AD. We do not know a great deal about music of this time because it was such a long time ago and music was not often written down. Music was used for entertainment. It was played at feasts and used for dancing. Pedlars (people who went around selling things) shouted or sang to advertise what they were selling. All this music is “secular” (not to do with religion). There was also “sacred” music (music for the church).
Troubadours and Trouvères.
In Europe there were people who went around the countryside making a living by singing and playing musical instruments. They often went to big houses where rich people lived and entertained them with their music. These travelling musicians were called minstrels in England, and troubadours or trouvères in many other countries, or Minnesinger in Germany.
The minstrels often sang long songs which told stories (a ballad). This was a way to tell people about what was happening in the world. Some of the stories were made up: they were about love or about mythology.
Richard the Lionheart was a keen musician. He wrote many songs in the style of the trouvères. On the way back from a Crusade he was captured by Leopold of Austria. The story goes that his attendant, Blondel, was looking for him everywhere. Then he heard Richard’s voice singing a tune which he knew and so he found him. The song that he was singing was called "Ja Nuns Hons Pris" ("I am no longer captive").
Minstrels very often went with their masters when they went on journeys to battles. They also sang at important ceremonies, for example when people were being knighted. Many of them played instruments such as the lute or fiddle.
Minstrels were poets and musicians, because they made up their own words and the tunes. Sometimes we know the words of these songs because they wrote them down, but they did not write the tunes down. Walther von der Vogelweide was a famous minnesinger in Germany.
One famous tune that was written down is the round "Sumer is icumen in". It was written down by a monk. Monks could often read and write.
Dances.
There were two main types of dances in medieval times: line dances and circle dances. The farandole is a line dance. It was a bit like a modern conga with people following a leader in a line. The bransle was a round dance or circle dance. The word “bransle” comes from the French word “branler” (“to sway”). It is pronounced 'Brawl'.
Other dances were the basse dance and estampie.
Instruments.
Instruments could be divided into quiet ones which were used indoors, and loud ones which were used outside. The recorder was a very popular indoor instrument. There was also the psaltery and the harp (which looked like a small Welsh harp of today).
The bagpipes were loud instruments for outside. They were used for dancing. They were not as loud as modern Scottish bagpipes. They were more like Northumbrian pipes or the French musettes. There was also the hurdy-gurdy which was played by turning a handle. Pipe and tabor were used for Morris dancing.
Many medieval plucked string instruments were similar to the modern guitar, such as the lute and mandolin. The dulcimer and zither were had strings which were hit with sticks. These are still popular in East Europe today. There were also “fiddles” (vielle) and trombones (called sackbut).
its was believed that if you were entertained with music while you are eating it would help you digest your food.
Church music.
Church music was very important. The mass was the main form of church music. It used the five parts of the mass (the Eucharist service): "Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus" and "Agnus Dei". The priests in the churches wanted church music to be serious. They did not want it to become popular. They thought that if people enjoyed it too much they would forget about worshipping God. Religious plays had become very popular. They told stories from the Bible. However, the church leaders banned them, so they were performed in the streets and squares of the towns.
Instruments were also banned in church. The church leaders thought that they belonged to the devil. Only singing was allowed. Gradually, however, the organ started to be allowed in church. It helped people to sing. Some organs were very tiny. They were called portative organs. The large organs that were fixed in place were called “positives”. Bells were also used in church. They looked like our sleigh bells.
Medieval music was based on plainsong. This was a melody which sounded quite free in rhythm. Composers started adding a second part to the melody as an accompaniment. This was called organum. Sometimes it just simply followed the main tune a fourth or fifth below. This was called “parallel organum”. In the 12th and 13th centuries the original plainsong started to be put at the bottom. It became known as the cantus firmus (the “firm tune”). Sometimes antiphony was used. The simplest form of antiphony is when a leader sings something and a group (the choir) sing something back.
The type of plainchant that evolved was called Gregorian chant. By the 13th century all other types of chant had been forgotten in Western Europe.
Carols became popular at this time. At first a carol was a dancing song, but often these popular songs became used for songs for particular seasons or festivals. In later periods these developed into Christmas carols as we know them.
People often went around in groups, particularly at Christmas, singing at the houses of rich people. This was called Wassailing. The word means “being of good cheer” (i.e. “happy”). "The Boar’s Head" is a well-known medieval carol.
Mummers were groups of people who performed religious plays. They were travelling entertainers. They normally wore masks so that people did not know who they were.
the priests did not like church music to be popular so they did not allow any instruments to be played apart from the organ, which was later alowed into the church.
Written music.
There are not many musical manuscripts which have survived from the Middle Ages. Most of them are religious music. They were often written using a system called neumes. The pitch (music) of the music is shown by the neumes, but the rhythms were not very clear. Gradually the system of writing music we know today was evolving. Philippe de Vitry was an important composer and music theorist. He developed ways of writing rhythms.
High medieval music (1150-1300).
Most of the medieval music we know today belongs to the last part of the Middle Ages. There was a tradition known as the “Notre Dame school”. This music dates from around 1150 to 1250. It was the time that great cathedrals were being built in Gothic architecture. The cathedral of Notre Dame was a very famous example. The music of this time was called “Ars antique”. It used a system of rhythms called “rhythmic modes”. Gradually a new way of writing was used. This was called “Ars nova” (“New art”). The most famous composer of this time was Guillaume de Machaut. He developed a kind of composition called the isorhythmic motet. He wrote a lot of songs called chansons (the French word for “song”). Other types of song were called "rondeau", "ballade", and "virelai".
Composers who were born at the end of the Middle Ages such as John Dunstable, Guillaume Dufay, and Gilles Binchois are often thought to belong to the next period in music history: the Renaissance period.

Neolithic
The neolithic is the youngest part of the Stone Age. The word "neolithic" comes from two words in Greek: "neo", meaning "new" and "lithic", meaning "stone". The neolithic period is the time when farming was invented and when people started caring for animals, such as cows, sheep and pigs. The neolithic starts at different times in different places, since not everyone started farming at the same time. After the neolithic period comes the Bronze Age.

Crotchet
A crotchet or quarter note is a note played for one fourth of a whole note (or "semibreve"). Quarter notes are written as a filled-in oval (or round) note head and a straight, flagless stem (the line). The stem usually points up (like a d) if it is below the middle line of the stave or down (like a p) if it is on or above the middle line.
When beginners start to learn to play an instrument they are often taught that one crotchet lasts for one beat (one count). That is because they are learning pieces with simple time signatures. It is, however, important to remember that other note lengths (minims, dotted crotchets etc) can also be treated as one beat, depending on the time signature.

Burzum
Burzum is a black metal band from Bergen, Norway. The band was formed in 1991 by "Varg Vikernes". He is serving a prison sentence for the murder of Mayhem guitarist "Øystein Aarseth" and arson.

John Collins
John Collins (born January 31, 1968 in Galashiels, Scotland) is a Scottish footballer. He is currently the manager of Charleroi. Collins played for Celtic in the early 1990s.

Mayhem (band)
Mayhem is a black metal band from Norway. The band was formed in 1983.

Shrek
"Shrek" is an animated movie based upon William Steig's 1990 fairy tale picture book called "Shrek!". It was directed by Andrew Adamson and animated by DreamWorks Animation SKG in May 2001. It was the first film to win an Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, a category introduced in 2001. It was released on DVD on November 2, 2001. There have also been two sequels (follow-ups) of Shrek, called Shrek 2 and Shrek the Third.
The name "Shrek" likely comes from the Yiddish word "שרעק" (pronounced Shreck) or the German word "Schreck". Both words mean "fear" or "terror".

Mom at Sixteen
"Mom at Sixteen" is a 2005 made-for-TV movie. It is about a sixteen year old mother, Jacey Jeffries (Danielle Panabaker) in highschool.
The story.
Jeffries is hiding the fact that she is the mother of Charley, the baby. Charley is the teen's mother's responsibility. When Jeffries goes to swimming practice and takes her migrane medicine, she faints because of the side affects of the medicine. While thinking she is being taken to the delivery room, she asks if her baby is okay while other students are around. Her classmates and teacher soon find out about Charley. Jeffries is teased by the other students. She decides give up the baby to the foster home at the end, and Charley finds a new home.

Danielle Panabaker
Danielle Nicole Panabaker (b. September 19, 1987) is an American actress. She is known for acting in many movies, for example, "Sky High" and "Mom at Sixteen". She is currently acting on the television series "Shark". Panabaker is the older sister of child actress Kay. Both girls act in Disney Channel programs.

Renaissance music
Renaissance music is European music written from about the year 1400 to 1600. This section of time is called the Renaissance, a word which means “rebirth”. The Renaissance comes between the Middle Ages and the Baroque times.
Putting music into time sections does not mean that there were quick changes of type. Music changed slowly. Early Renaissance music was similar to Medieval music. Slowly music-writers started to try new ideas. A lot of medieval church music had become very hard with lots of rules about rhythms and clashes of notes to make dissonances. A lot of Renaissance composers wrote music which was smoother and more gentle. The music was still polyphonic with each voice having a share of melody. Music was starting to become less modal and more tonal. By the time the Baroque period started composers were using a system of major and minor keys like we do today.
Vocal music.
In church music composers wrote lots of masses and motets. The 16th century also saw the birth of the madrigal: secular (not religious) songs which were often about love. The madrigal started in Italy and became very popular for a short while in England from the 1580s. There were lots of other secular songs such as the chanson, canzonetta and villanelle. Songs were often accompanied by a lute.
Music notation.
An important development during the Renaissance was music notation. Many musicians wrote books about music theory. They are useful for us because they tell us how music sounded in those days and what people thought about it. Music started to be written on a music stave with five lines. There were still no barlines in early Renaissance music. Notes were written with white note heads, e.g. the minim (half note) was at one time the shortest note that could be written (the “minimum” length). Only later did crochets (quarter notes) and quavers (eighth notes) come in. This does not mean that music was slow in those days, it was just the way it was written.
Key signatures had not yet been invented. Sharps and flats were sometimes shown by accidentals (written in front of the notes). Very often, however, the performers were expected to know or even decide for themselves the sharps and flats (see musica ficta).
Music printing.
Another very important discovery at this time was music printing. Music printing started in Italy in the mid 16th century. It soon spread to other countries. It now became possible for a lot of people to buy music and sing and play it for themselves.
Composers of the Renaissance.
In the early 15th century there was a group of composers known now as the Burgundian School (from Burgundy). Guillaume Dufay was the most famous. Their music sounded a little bit like medieval music.
Towards the end of the 15th century a style of polyphonic sacred music had been developed that can be heard in the masses of Johannes Ockeghem and Jacob Obrecht. Ockeghem even composed one piece in which all the parts develop from one idea which was used as a canon.
In the 16th century composers started to write music with a clear beat and regular pulse. These included Josquin des Prez and others from the Franco-Flemish School. The was a Roman school, to which the famous Italian Giovanni da Palestrina belonged. His way of writing polyphony has been a model for that style for many centuries. Music students still have to study “Palestrina technique” (how to compose in Palestrina’s style). Although church music at this time is mainly polyphonic it also has homophonic passages where the voices sing the same words together. This helps to make important words really clear.
In Venice, from about 1534 until around 1600, a polychoral style developed. Choirs were separated, singing from different parts of the church, often from galleries. This grand music sounded beautiful in big churches such as the Basilica San Marco di Venezia. These composers are often called the “Venetian School”. Andrea Gabrieli and later his nephew Giovanni Gabrieli wrote this kind of music, and later Claudio Monteverdi who started in the Renaissance and lived into the Baroque period.
The end of the Renaissance period.
The change to the Baroque musical style happened around 1600. This was the time when opera was invented. This needed a new style of composing. The composer Monteverdi wrote in the Renaissance style until about 1600, when he changed to the Baroque style.

Kay Panabaker
Stephanie Kay Panabaker (born May 2, 1990) is an American actress from Orange, Texas. Her perhaps best known roles are Emily on "Life is Ruff" and Debbie on "Phil of the Future". She is a valedictorian and will soon go to college. Panabaker is the younger sister of actress Danielle. The two sisters starred together in the movie "Read it and Weep" for the Disney Channel. She has had recurring roles on the television series ' and "Angel".

Haley Hudson
Haley Hudson (born June 14, 1986) is an American actress. Her best known roles were in Freaky Friday and Lizzie McGuire. Her image represents her as a punky Gothic type person.

Enslaved (band)
Enslaved is a band from Haugesund, Norway; their music has been called black metal and viking metal. The band was formed in 1991.

Viking metal
Viking metal is a heavy metal music subgenre inspired by Norse mythology. Swedish metal band Bathory's fourth album, released in 1988 and called "Blood Fire Death", was the first Viking metal album.

Musica ficta
Musica ficta is a term used in medieval and Renaissance music. It means that when musicians play or sing music they put in accidentals (sharps and flats) which are not written in the music.
In those days (near the end of the 16th century) music used modes instead of the modern system of major and minor keys. Sometimes the music would not sound right unless a note was sharpened or flattened (raised or lowered a semitone). For example, to go down from the note B to an F would have sounded bad, so the F would need to be an F sharp. The composer who wrote the music down might not bother to put the sign for F sharp. He would expect the performer to know that it should be an F sharp and not an F. This is what is called musica ficta.
Gradually it became more and more necessary for composers to write exactly what notes they wanted. The modern system of keys was developing. They developed the system of key signatures and accidentals (sharps and flats which are not in the key signature, but written as and when they are needed). The practice of musica ficta gradually ended.

Universal Studios Japan
Universal Studios Japan is one of three Universal Studios theme parks; it is located in Osaka, Japan. The park opened on March 31, 2001.

Gap year
A gap year refers to time taken between completing secondary school and going to a university or college or also between college and graduate school or a profession. It is generally a practice of young people from the United Kingdom, Australia, and the United States. The time between the two events is often, but not always, a year.

Beam bridge
A beam bridge is a strong, horizontal structure that rests on two end supports, and carries traffic by acting as a beam. Beam bridges are often used for heavy cars and trains to pass, and some are also built for people to walk on. Beam bridges used to made from wood and were called "log bridges". They are most commonly now made out of steel. Beam bridges are usually placed over highways or gaps in the earth so people or cars can cross over them.

Gene Simmons
Gene Simmons (born August 25, 1949 in Haifa, Israel) is an Israely-American hard rock bass guitarist and singer for the hard rock band Kiss.

Fox News Channel
Fox News Channel is an American cable television news network, owned by Fox Entertainment Group (a unit of Rupert Murdoch's News Corporation). The station is sometimes accused of being right-wing, but Fox do not agree with this.

Myocardium
Myocardium is the muscular tissue of the heart. Other tissues are the endocardium (inner lining, effectively a specialised endothelium) and the pericardium (a connective tissue layer around the heart).
It is the middle layer of the walls of the heart, made of cardiac muscle, that contracts to push out blood.

Omsk
Omsk is a city in Russia. As of census 2000, Omsk had been declared one of the cities in Russia with over 1 million people.

Question mark
The question mark is a punctuation mark that is used at the end of a sentence when asking a question.
The symbol is thought to come from the Latin quæstio, meaning "question", which was shortened to Qo. The uppercase Q was written above the lowercase o, and this mark was turned into the symbol that we use today.
Another guess about where question mark comes from says that it comes from the 9th century, when it was a point followed by the curved part written slanted.
Some writers put a space between the end of their sentence and the question mark. This is thought to come from a French practice and is called French spacing. In French a space is always put before question marks, exclamation marks, colons, and semicolons. In English, however, using this space is thought of as bad form. The "Oxford English Dictionary" does not encourage it. Some English books do have these spaces, but are often a very thin space, which are not full spaces but an attempt to make the words easier to read.

Kevin Federline
Kevin Earl Federline (born March 21 1978) is an American entertainer, who dances, raps and models as his job. He is famous for being the former husband of pop singer Britney Spears. Federline has 4 kids, 2 with actress Shar Jackson and 2 with Spears.

Mercyful Fate
Mercyful Fate is a heavy metal band from Denmark. The band was formed in Copenhagen in 1980.

Electrical circuit
An electrical circuit is a path which electrons from a voltage or current source follow. Electric current flows in a closed path called an electric circuit.  The point where those electrons enter an electrical circuit is called the "source" of electrons.  The point where the electrons leave an electrical cirucit is called the "return" or "earth ground".  The exit point is called the "return" because electrons always end up at the source when they complete the path of an electrical circuit.  The part of an electrical circuit that is between the electrons' starting point and the point where they return to the source is called an electrical circuit's "load".
Electrical-circuits.
Electrical circuits typically use alternating current sources. The load of an electrical circuit may be as simple as the wiring for a house, with outlet boxes to which electrical appliances like refrigerators, televisions, or microwave ovens can be connected as loads. But the loads for electrical circuits can also be quite complicated, such as the load upon the output of a hydroelectric power generating station.
Electronic circuits.
Electronic circuits typically use low voltage direct current sources. The load of an electronic circuit may be as simple as a few resistors, capacitors, and a lamp, all connected together to create the flash in a digital camera. Or an electronic circuit can be complicated, connecting thousands of resistors, capacitors, and transistors to create the microprocessors that make computers possible.
Circuit-and-wiring-diagrams.
Electrical and electronic circuits can be complicated.  Making a drawing of the connections to all the component parts in the circuit's load makes it easier to understand how circuit components are connected.  Drawings for electronic circuits are called "circuit diagrams".  Drawings for electrical circuits are called "wiring diagrams".  Circuit diagrams and wiring diagrams are usually drawn by skilled draftsmen, and then printed.  But they can also be simple pencil sketches drawn by technicians or other workers.
Wiring and circuit diagrams use special symbols recognized by everyone who uses the drawings.  The symbols on the drawings show how components like resistors, capacitors, inductors, motors, outlet boxes, lights, switches, and other electrical and electronic components are connected together.  The diagrams are a big help when workers try to find out why a circuit doesn't work correctly.
Circuit-breakers.
The current flowing in an electrical or electronic circuit can be suddenly increased when a component part fails.  The increase in current can cause serious damage to other components in the circuit.  Or the failure can create a fire hazard.  To protect the other components, or to prevent a fire hazard, a device called a "circuit breaker" can be wired into a circuit.  The circuit breaker will open, or "break", the circuit in which it is installed when the current in that circuit becomes too high.
Ground-fault-interrupt-(GFI)-devices.
The standard return for electrical and electronic circuits is the earth ground.  When an improperly designed electrical or electronic device fails, it may open the return circuit to the earth ground.  The user of the device could become a part of the device's electrical circuit by providing a return path for the electrons through the user's body instead of the circuit's earth ground.  When the user's body becomes part of an electrical circuit, the user can be seriously shocked, or even killed by electrocution.
To prevent the danger of electrical shock and the possibility of electrocution, ground fault interrupt devices detect open circuits to earth ground in attached electrical or electronic devices.  When an open circuit to earth ground is detected, the GFI device immediately opens the voltage source to the device.  GFI devices are similar to circuit breakers, but are designed to protect humans rather than circuit components.

Quiz
A quiz is a type of game or mind sport when the players (as individuals or in teams) try to answer questions correctly. Quizzes are also used in education and similar fields to improve the growth of someone knowledge, abilities, and/or skills.
Quizzes are usually scored in points. Many quizzes are designed for people to determine the winner of a group of participants - usually the participant with the highest score.

John Hancock
John Hancock (January 12, 1737 (O.S.) – October 8, 1793 (N.S.)) was President of the Second Continental Congress and of the Congress of the Confederation; first Governor of Massachusetts; and the first person to sign the United States Declaration of Independence.

Huldrych Zwingli
Huldrych (or Ulrich) Zwingli or Ulricus Zuinglius (January 1, 1484 – October 11, 1531) was the leader of the Protestant Reformation in Switzerland, and founder of the Swiss Reformed Churches. Separately from Martin Luther, Zwingli arrived with similar final beliefs. He did this by studying the Bible from the point of view of a humanist scholar. Zwingli's father was named Ulrich Zwingli also and his mother was named Margaret Meili. Zwingli had 2 sisters and 7 brothers.
Zwingli was born in Toggenburg, Wildhaus, St. Gallen, Switzerland, to an important family of the middle class.
Zwingli's Reformation was supported by the judge and people of Zürich. It led to major changes in the lives of the people and state matters in Zürich.
Zwingli was killed at Kappel am Albis, in a battle against the Roman Catholic cantons of Switzerland.

20th century classical music
20th century classical music is classical music written during the last century. During earlier periods of music history composers from different countries wrote in styles which were often quite similar. For example, composers in the Classical music period (about 1740-1820) had fairly similar ideas about what forms to use (e.g. sonata form), what instruments should be used in orchestras or how to write good tunes.
Classical music from the 20th century is extremely varied. There are lots of different “schools” (meaning: ways of thinking) as lots of composers had their own ideas about how to compose in ways that were different from what had been done before. A lot of these genres (types of music) had names ending in “ism”: there was serialism, Expressionism, Neoclassicism, Impressionism as well as jazz, world music (music from non-European cultures) and folksong and, later on electronic music and then Minimalism and even post-modernism.
The names of periods in history were usually given to them many years afterwards. For example, the term Middle Ages was not used until long after the Middle Ages had finished. It is difficult to know what to call the period we live in now. In music people often talk about “Modern Music” meaning any music written after 1900. We also talk about “Contemporary Music” meaning more or less the same thing (“contemporary” means “things that are happening in our time”, i.e. “living composers”). Now that the 21st century has started some musicians are starting to talk about “20th century music” (1900-2000) and a period called “Contemporary Music” (1975-today).
This article will discuss classical music written from 1900 to the present day.
Reaction to Romanticism.
Many European composers at the beginning of the 20th century felt that the system of tonality (music in major and minor keys) had been used for so long that it was time to do something different. Arnold Schoenberg and Igor Stravinsky were two of the most important composers at that time, and they had very different ideas about how to compose.
Schoenberg’s music became very atonal (not in any key). Eventually he developed what he called twelve tone music. This was atonal music which was organized by putting the notes of a musical idea in a particular order which could be changed in many ways during the piece. This way of organizing music is called “serialism” (a “series” is a “row of things”). Many composers were influenced by Schoenberg, especially Alban Berg and Anton von Webern.
Stravinsky came from Russia. He was inspired by Russian culture. He wrote some music for a ballet called Rite of Spring. This music was very new. It had very irregular rhythms which the dancers found very difficult to dance to at first. It also used polytonality (being in more than one key at once). Later on Stravinsky was inspired by music from the 18th century. He used it, but made changes to it, adding dissonant notes and strange chords. This is called neoclassicism (“neo” means “new”). Stravinsky’s music seemed to many people to be the opposite of serialism, but in his last years Stravinsky started to use serialism as well.
Impressionism.
In France a movement called Impressionism was popular with painters. Composers were very interested in these paintings. Claude Debussy wrote music which is often called “Impressionistic”. The ideas of clear tonality (being clear about which key the music is in) are often deliberately blurred. He uses interesting chords just for the sound that they make. He used the whole tone scale and pentatonic scale and was inspired by Javanese music. Maurice Ravel’s music is sometimes similar, although he developed his own style. Later French composers include Olivier Messiaen who used a system of new scales which he called Modes of limited transposition. He was also interested in music from around the world, and he also used bird song in his music.
Late Romanticism.
While all this was happening there were some composers who continued to write in a style which was basically Romantic. Edward Elgar ‘s music is often described as “Edwardian” (from the period of King Edward VII). Other British composers of the time were also inspired by English folkmusic, i.e. Ralph Vaughan Williams, George Butterworth, Roger Quilter and Gerald Finzi. Frederick Delius wrote Romantic music which was also quite Impressionistic. The Russian Sergei Rachmaninoff and the German Richard Strauss continued to write in a Romantic style until their deaths in the 1940s. The Finnish composer Jean Sibelius and the Dane Carl Nielsen wrote great symphonies which were still in a tonal style, and in Italy Puccini was writing operas in a Romantic style, often called “verismo” (“like real life”).
Symphonic tradition.
In Russia, which became the Soviet Union after the 1917 Revolution, composers were not allowed to be experimental. It was difficult for them because they had to please the politicians who told them that their music should reflect “Socialist realism” (meaning the workers’ struggle against capitalism). The great tradition of writing symphonies continued with Sergei Prokofiev (who spent some time in exile) and Shostakovich (who remained in the Soviet Union).
The Hungarian composer Béla Bartók developed a modern style influenced by folk music from his country and other East European countries. His music is often quite neoclassical, for example the famous "Concerto for Orchestra".
Avant garde experiments.
In the mid-20th century a group of composers known as the “Darmstadt School” (because they often met in Darmstadt) continued to write music which was based on serialism. This included Pierre Boulez and Karlheinz Stockhausen. Many of them, including both Boulez and Stockhausen, also experimented with electronic music. The term Avant Garde is often used to describe their music. It means: music that is new and modern (“in front of the guard”).
Jazz influence.
In America jazz was a big influence on classical composers. George Gershwin’s music is half way between jazz and classical. Aaron Copland and Leonard Bernstein used jazz elements in their music. In Europe many composer used ideas from jazz, e.g. Maurice Ravel and Kurt Weill. Other American composers were more modern and experimental, e.g. Charles Ives and John Cage who is famous for using a “prepared piano” (a piano which makes strange sounds because strange objects are put inside it).
Minimalism.
Around the 1960s some composers thought that a lot of music was getting too complicated. Music of the avant garde school such as Edgard Varèse, Elliott Carter, Milton Babbitt was becoming too difficult for people to understand. People found it too mathematical and intellectual. They wanted music with feeling and emotion. A group of composers developed a style called Minimalism which uses music based around a simple idea which repeats itself again and again but gradually changes. Steve Reich, Philip Glass, Terry Riley, John Cage and to some extent John Adams all used minimalist techniques. It was a reaction against music that had become too complicated.
Other paths based on tradition.
While all these different schools of thought were coming and going there were still some composers who managed to keep to a more traditional path and find new ways to use tonality in their music. The greatest figure in British music was Benjamin Britten who was an eclectic composer (i.e. he took ideas from many different people). Two other great composers were Michael Tippett and William Walton, who each developed their own style. In America there were composers such as Samuel Barber, Roy Harris and Alan Hovhaness. In Germany Paul Hindemith was one of the most important composers. Like Kurt Weill, he often wrote music which had a political purpose, but Weill’s music is more jazz-inspired.
Some contemporary composers (alive today) write music which is deeply religious. These include John Tavener and Arvo Pärt. John Rutter and Bob Chilcott, who write music for choirs which sounds fresh and attractive to new audiences. Other composers have found various ways of creating their own style, e.g. the Scottish composers James MacMillan and Judith Weir and the Master of the Queen's Music: Sir Peter Maxwell Davies. In Russia Sofia Gubaidulina and Galina Ustvolskaya are important voices in the search for new music.

Cuxhaven
Cuxhaven is a town in Lower Saxony, Germany. About 55,000 people live there. It is on the shore of the North Sea at the mouth of the Elbe River. Cuxhaven is the capital of the Cuxhaven district. It is a popular vacation spot on the North Sea.
In 1896, when the town was an exclave of Hamburg, the railway line from Bremerhaven Hauptbahnhof was built.

SuperSWOT
SuperSWOT is an expanded version of Albert Humphrey's SWOT Analysis. It was developed by Jerry Luftman and Christine Bullen.
SuperSWOT grid.
The SWOT analysis has been used for a long time in strategic analysis (Humphrey, 2004), and has consisted of making a basic listing of factors in the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats categories. The Super SWOT approach improves the basic, simple SWOT by rearranging the four initial categories to create intersecting quadrants.
The SO quadrant - Comparing the Strengths list with the Opportunities list, a series of possible strategies can be generated. The question being asked is how can an organization use its strengths to take advantage of opportunitites. For example, if under strengths there is "strong brand recognition" and under opportunities, there is "new markets opening in China" then there could be a strategy: "Use brand recognition to facilitate entry into new markets in China."
The ST quadrant - Comparing the Strengths list with the Threats list, generate possible strategies that answer the question: how can an organization use its strengths to avoid/defend against threats. An example for an on-line marketplace would be to use the strength of their having an excellent web development staff to defend against the threat of hackers getting into customer accounts.
The WO quadrant - Comparing the Weaknesses list with the Opportunities list, generate possible strategies that answer the question: how can an organization use its opportunities to overcome weaknesses. An example here might be a company that is lacking talent in web design might overcome that weakness by using an opportunity to acquire another organization that has strong web development skills.
The WT quadrant - Compare the Weaknesses and the Threats and develop strategies that both avoid threats and overcome weaknesses. If under weaknesses an organization has "poor performance/low profitability" and under threats it has "competitor potential hostile takeover" then several strategies could be developed: 1) Improve profitability by becoming more efficient (lay off staff, employ technology better...), 2) Seek partnership/merger with stronger firm to guard against hostile takeover.
Two key elements help in creating good strategies: 1) each strategy statement should begin with an action verb (use, acquire, improve, seek); 2) each strategy statement should be as specific as possible.
The Super SWOT approach can be linked to other management approaches to make it even more valuable. The initial generation of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats can be improved by using existing approaches that help to structure thinking and therefore supply the lists in each basic quadrant.
Strengths and weaknesses are readily derived from using the As-Is/To-Be technique. Opportunities are created using the Ansoff Product/Service Matrix (Ansoff, H.I. 1965. Corporate Strategy: An Analytical Approach to Business Policy for Growth and Expansion. New York: McGraw-Hill). And threats can be derived using the Porter Five Forces approach (Porter, M.E. 1979. How competitive forces shape strategy. Harvard Business Review, March/April - updated in January 2008).
A complete description of Super SWOT and its use in strategic analysis will be forthcoming in "Planning for IS" in the AMIS series (ME Sharpe). A full reference will be provided when this is published.

Haifa Wehbe
Haifa Wehbe (Arabic: هيفا وهبي born March 10, 1976) is a female Lebanese singer, actress, model, and jewelry designer who is known in the Arab world. Wehbe was born in a rural town in South Lebanon and now lives in Beirut. She started her music career with her debut album "Huwa az-Zaman" (Arabic: هو الزمن "It is Time").
Before she became a singer, she was a model. She won title "Miss South Lebanon" when she was sixteen. In 1995, she was the runner-up for Miss Lebanon before the public found out she had a daughter named Zeinab.
Her second 2005 album was "Baddi 'Ayš" (Arabic: بدي عيش "I Want to Live"). The first song from the album was "Ya Hayat Albi." The album was named so because at that time, Lebanese politician Rafik Hariri was killed and she wanted to show her anti-Syrian feeling. Her second single was "Ana Haifa" ("I am Haifa").
She also appeared in Pepsi ad with French footballer Thierry Henry.

Dynamics (music)
In music, dynamics means how loud or quiet the music is.
In written music the dynamics are shown by letters which stand for Italian words for the dynamic levels. They are listed in the table below. Notice that “piano” is pronounced the Italian way (“pi-AH-no”).
Sometimes composers use more than two "p"s or "f"s to show that the music is very, very quiet, or very, very loud. Tchaikovsky sometimes used five "p"s or "f"s, though up to three are normally found in sheet music.
Dynamic levels are not something that can be measured precisely. Exactly how loud "mp" should be depends on several things: what is happening in the music, the instrument, the size of the room in which the music is being played etc. The important thing is that dynamic levels should be correct in relation to one another.
Some composers are very precise about writing the dynamics they want. Others leave a lot to the performer to decide. Historically, composers several centuries ago, such as Bach, only wrote occasional dynamic marks. Even Mozart only wrote a few, mostly "p" and "f". By the 19th century composers were writing dynamics in much more detail in their music.
Sometimes accents are shown by marks similar to dynamic marks. "Sforzando" means a strong, sudden accent and is abbreviated as "sf", "sfz" or "fz". The notation "fp" (or "sfp") means a "sforzando" followed immediately by "piano".
The terms "crescendo", and "diminuendo" (or sometimes "decrescendo"), mean a gradual getting louder or softer. They can also be shown by signs known as "hairpins". A hairpin opening out is a "crescendo", one which closes is a "diminuendo".
For a quick chang in dynamics, "molto cresc." and "molto dim." are often used ("molto" means "a lot"). For slow changes "poco a poco cresc." and "poco a poco dim." are used ("poco a poco" means "little by little", i.e. very gradually.)

Francesco Botticini
Francesco di Giovanni Botticini (ca. 1446 — July 22, 1498) was an Italian painter. He lived in the early part of the Renaissance period. He was born in Florence about 1446 and is best known for his painting called "Assumption of the Virgin".
He died in 1497 or 1498. After he had been an assistant to the painter Neri di Bicci he started his own workshop. The shop was famous for its decorative works, a few of which can be seen in the cloistered church of Empoli. Botticini was influenced by Filippino Lippi and Botticelli who were two very famous Florentine painters.

Grana Padano cheese
Grana Padano is a kind of hard cheese. It is a kind of parmesan cheese. The name comes from the noun "grana" (‘grain’), which refers to the distinctively grainy texture of the cheese, and the adjective "Padano", which refers to the river Po.
Grana Padano was created by the Cistercian monks of Chiaravalle. They used ripened cheese as a way of preserving extra milk. By the year 1477, it was regarded as one of the most famous cheeses of Italy. Today, this product is made in the regions of Piedmont, Lombardy and Veneto, and in the province of Trento.
Like Parmigiano Reggiano, Grana Padano is a semi-fat hard cheese which is cooked and ripened slowly (for up to 18 months). It is produced by curdling the milk of grass-fed cows. The cows are milked twice a day, the milk is left to stand, and then partially creamed. It is produced all year round and the quality can vary seasonally as well as by year.
A wheel of Grana Padano is cylindrical, with slightly convex or almost straight sides and flat faces. It measures 35 to 45 cm in diameter, and 15 to 18 cm in height. It weighs 24 to 40kg. The rind, which is thin, is white or straw yellow.
Grana Padano cheese has been produced since the 12th century, and production and quality are now overseen by the Consorzio per la Tutela del Formaggio Grana Padano.

North American Free Trade Agreement
The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) is a trade agreement between Mexico, the United States, and Canada. The agreement became effective on January 1, 1994. It removed taxes on products traded between the United States, Canada, and Mexico. It also protects copyright, patents, and trademarks between those three countries. It was updated with the North American Agreement for Economic Cooperation, which helped set more environment regulations and helped reduce pollution. It was also updated with the North American Agreement for Labor Cooperation, which helped people fight for better labor conditions.
Effects.
Since it took away taxes between products traded between the US, Canada, and Mexico, Mexico has been buying more stuff from the US. It saved U.S. companies on the cost of selling stuff to Mexico, and it saved Mexican companies on the cost of buying things from U.S. companies.
Another one of its benefits is that labels on stuff exchanged between the three countries come in French, English, and Spanish. That way, Mexicans can read the Spanish label, Americans can read the English label, and Canadians who speak French can read the French label.
NAFTA also encouraged more immigration between the U.S. and Mexico. However, it did not increase immigration between Mexico and Canada, or the U.S. with Canada.

Language revival
Language revival is when people try to make a language that is not spoken, or is spoken very little, becomes spoken more often again. Language death is what happens when a language is not used by the people who spoke it before. Language revival wants to save a language that is dead or endangered. The Hebrew language was once a language that was not used, but because the language was revived, people now speak and use it again. Many languages today are now trying to be revived.

John Travolta
John Travolta (February 18, 1954) is an American actor and dancer. He is notable for putting both his talents into one movie called "Grease" alongside Olivia Newton-John. He is also in an upcoming movie called "Hairspary".

Objectivity (science)
Objectivity in science means that scientific measurement can be tested independent from the individual scientist (the subject) who proposes them.
To be properly considered objective, the results of measurement must be communicated from person-to-person, and then "demonstrated" for third parties, as an advance in understanding of the objective world. Such demonstrable knowledge would ordinarily confer demonstrable powers of prediction or technological construction.
Objectivity in measurement.
To avoid the variety in subjective (equivocal) interpretation of quantifying terms such as "green", "hot", "large", "considerable", and "negligible", scientists strive, where possible, to eliminate human senses by use of standartized measuring tools (meter stick, stopwatch, thermometer, etc) and mechanical/electronic measuring instruments (spectrometer, voltmeter, timer, oscilloscope, gravimeter, etc) for performing the actual measuring process, eliminating much of the perceptive variability of individual observers. The results of measurements are expressed on a numerical scale of standard units - so that everybody else understands them the same way. Where data must need be used, the ideal is to use "hard", "objective" criteria for assigning the classifications (see definition), such that different classifiers would produce the same assignments.

Roundhay Garden Scene
"Roundhay Garden Scene" is a short movie made on October 14, 1888 in the garden of "Oakwood Grange", Roundhay, Leeds, West Yorkshire, England. It was made by a French man named Louis Le Prince and had no sound in it because it was a silent film. The movie had Adolphe Le Prince, Sarah Whitley, Joseph Whitley and Harriet Hartley walking in the garden of Oakwood Grange. It is the oldest surviving movie and is only 1.66 seconds long (the digitalized version lasts 2.11 seconds).

Herpetology
Herpetology is the branch of zoology concerned with reptiles and amphibians. It studies about cold-blooded animals like salamanders, frogs, toads, snakes, lizards, turtles, tuataras and crocodilians.
Two classes are defined in herpetolgoy: reptiles and amphibians. Both of them are cold-blooded, and are similar in other ways as well. Many amphibians do not have lungs at all, but use their wet skin to breathe. Reptiles have a dry skin, usually protected by scales.

Alpha Kappa Alpha
Alpha Kappa Alpha is the first sorority founded by African-American women. The sorority was founded on January 15, 1908, at Howard University. The sorority has more than 200,000 women in over 950 chapters located in the United States, the Caribbean, Germany, Korea and Japan.

Fraud
Fraud is a crime in which someone tricks somebody else into giving them something, especially money. A fraud can also mean somebody who does this.

Pump
A pump is a machine which moves a liquid or a gas from one place to another, often upwards.

Ioan Culianu
Ioan Petru Culianu (January 5, 1950–May 21, 1991) was a Romanian historian of religion, culture, ideas, philosopher, political essayist, poet, mystic and short story writer.
He he was 41 when he was shot in the head in the men's room in his University, Divine School where he was teaching on May 21 1991. At times he preached against communism and its sysem of brainwashing youth. It is alleged that he was killed on the orders of outgoing Romanian Communist Party leaders.

Single (music)
In popular music marketing, a single is a record release with only one or two songs. The first song (usually the one given the most promotion, and heard more often in the media) is called an A-side, while any other song on the single is called a B-side.
The pairing of recordings on a single comes from the days of shellac and vinyl records, when discs had two playable sides. Modern compact disc singles may contain more than one version of either the A- or B-side, or sometimes an additional recording by the same performer. B-sides may be selections from an album, or songs not otherwise issued for sale.
Many times the chance to get a new song issued as an A-side creates competition between members of bands, or teams of songwriters. John Lennon and Paul McCartney of the Beatles tried to write better songs than each other, to get more A-sides than the other. George Harrison, also a Beatle, rarely had his songs chosen for singles, but had a hit with "Something" for the band.
In the days of vinyl singles, royalties for both A- and B-sides were paid equally. Many listeners never played B-sides more than once, and radio focused on A-sides. Many people who made recordings knew this, and used it to earn extra money from sales, or to promote other music they made. Phil Spector sometimes used short jam sessions by his studio band as B-sides to singles he produced.
Michael Nesmith of the Monkees wanted his songs to appear on Monkees singles. He would settle for B-sides, if he couldn't get an A-side. Don Kirshner, who oversaw the band's early music, wanted the B-sides to come from other songwriters who worked for him. Nesmith and Kirshner disagreed, and it caused tension for the Monkees and their company.
Records that include more than two or three songs are usually called EPs (for "extended play"), and may include four or more distinct songs, but not as many as on an album.

Captain America
Captain America is a fictional superhero from the Marvel Comics. He made his first appearance in the comic book "Captain America Comics #1"
He wears a suit that is very similar to the American flag and has a shield with a bullseye on the front of it.
He is a very good fighter, both hand-to-hand and using his shield to take care of his enemies easily.
He is also known as his alter ego Steve Rogers. Captain America had a sidekick (friend), Bucky who later became the Winter Soldier.

Objectivity (journalism)
Objectivity is a significant principle of journalistic professionalism.
Objectivity may mean "fairness", "disinterestedness", "factuality", and "nonpartisanship". The term has not only a single meaning, because journalists and the public use it in these different ways. In many countries, advocacy journalism is considered as a legitimate sort of professional journalism.
Definitions.
Few journalists would make a claim to total neutrality or impartiality. However, most try to keep distance from their own personal biases in their news work. In "Discovering the News" (1978), sociologist Michael Schudson argues that "the belief in objectivity is a faith in 'facts,' a distrust in 'values,' and a commitment to their segregation." In the United States, an objective story is typically considered to be one that steers a middle path between two poles of political rhetoric.
Journalism without any bias, as if one just came to Earth from another planet and had no opinions about our behavior or ways is rarely practiced, although some argue it would lead to radical changes in reporting. (See, for example, Noam Chomsky.)

Genesis Nomad
The Genesis Nomad is a portable video game console released by the Sega Corporation. It has a colour screen and can play most games designed for the Sega Mega Drive/Genesis.
It cannot be used with the Sega CD and Sega 32X unless special modifications are made. But such special modifications may not be safe.
Fewer than one million Genesis Nomads were sold.

Erlasee Solar Park
The Erlasee Solar Park is located in one of the sunniest regions of Germany. On the former wine-producing Erlasee estate near Arnstein in Bavaria, in southern Germany, SOLON has constructed what is currently the largest tracking photovoltaic solar power station in the world with an output of 12 MW. Just under 1,500 "SOLON-Movers" modules convert sunlight into environmentally friendly power, generating as much as the average consumption of the nearby town of Arnstein.
The solar power plant cost £35 million and covers 77 hectares of land.

Khula
Khula is the right of a woman to ask her husband for a divorce and to offer him a compensation in case he does so. Following the sharia the husband has no right to ask for a compensation of a higher value than that what he gave his wife when they married.
After divorce the former husband is responsible for education, food and residence of children. The children live with the mother for 7 years. After 7 years children have the right to live with father or mother, as they decide.

Hashemi Rafsanjani
Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani (Persian: اکبر هاشمی رفسنجانی "Akbar Hāshemī Rafanjānī"), Hashemi Bahramani (هاشمی بهرمانی) born on August 25, 1934, is an influential Iran ian politician. He has been the Chairman of the Expediency Discernment Council of Iran since 1989.
Forbes magazine listed Rafsanjani in their list of richest people in the world and has written that as the real power behind the Iranian government, he "has more or less run the Islamic Republic for the past 24 years." His wealth has earned him the infamous nickname of "Akbar Shah" in Iran.
He served as President of Iran from 1989 to 1997, losing on the second ballot to Mahmoud Ahmadinejad in the 2005 election on his attempt for a third term in office. After this, he has tried to use his position in the Expediency Council to denounce President Ahmadinejad's administration. He said he would do some privatizations and change foreign policy. However, President Ahmadinejad has noted Rafsanjani's failure to make a difference between privatization and self takeover of government-owned companies. Ahmadinejad has also commmented on the foreign policies of Rafsanjani's administration which lead to sanctions against Iran in 1995 and 1996.
Currently, one of his sons has been accused of receiving a bribe. Analysts expect that his son will not be put on trial, however.

Evander Holyfield
Evander Holyfield (born October 19, 1962) is an American boxer. He held both the world heavyweight championship and the world cruiserweight championship. He also won a bronze medal at the 1984 Olympics.
Holyfield became a professional boxer in 1984 and won the cruiserweight championship from Dwight Muhammad Qawi in 1986. He moved to the heavyweight division in 1988 and won the world championship from James "Buster" Douglas in 1990. He defended the title three times, including fights against former champions Larry Holmes and George Foreman. He lost the title to Riddick Bowe in 1992 but won it back the next year. In 1994 he lost to Michael Moorer and briefly retired. He soon fought again, however, and surprised many by knocking out Mike Tyson in 1996. He had a draw against Lennox Lewis in 1998 and then lost a rematch to him in 1999. Holyfield is still fighting today.

Porthmadog F.C.
Porthmadog Football Club is a football team, playing in the League of Wales. The club was started in 1884.

Sharia
"Sharia (Arabic:) is the body of Islamic law. The term means "way" or "path"; it is the legal framework within which the public and some private aspects of life are regulated for those living in a legal system based on Muslim principles of jurisprudence.
Sharia deals with all aspects of day-to-day life, including politics, economics, banking, business law, contract law, sexuality, and social issues.
There is not a strictly codified uniform set of laws that can be called Sharia. It is more like a system of several laws, based on the Qur'an, Hadith and centuries of debate, interpretation and precedent.
The penalty for theft.
In accordance with the Qur'an and several hadith, theft is punished by imprisonment or amputation of hands or feet, depending on the number of times it was committed and depending on the item of theft. However, before the punishment is executed two eyewitnesses under oath must say that they saw the person stealing. If these witnesses cannot be produced then the punishment cannot be executed.In addition, there are several conditions related to the theft, stolen items, and circumstances. All of these must be met under the scrutiny of judicial authority.
The penalty for adultery.
In accordance with hadith, stoning to death is the penalty for married men and women who commit adultery. In addition, there are several conditions related to the person who commits it that must be met. One of the difficult ones is that the punishment cannot be enforced unless there is a confession of the person, or four male eyewitnesses who each saw, simultaneously, the penis of the man inside the vulva of the woman. All of these must be met under the scrutiny of judicial authority. For unmarried men and women, the punishment prescribed in the Qur'an and hadith is 100 lashes.
Festivals.
There are two festivals that are considered Sunnah.
Dietary laws.
The prohibition of dead meat is not applicable to fish and locusts. Also hadith literature prohibits beasts having sharp canine teeth, birds having claws and tentacles in their feet, "Jallalah" (animals whose meat carries a stink in it because they feed on filth), tamed donkeys, and any piece cut from a living animal.
Muslim apostates.
In most interpretations of Sharia, conversion by Muslims to other religions, is strictly forbidden and is termed apostasy. Muslim theology equates apostasy to treason, and in most interpretations of sharia, the penalty for apostasy is death.
In many Muslim countries, the accusation of apostasy is even used against non-conventional interpretations of the Quran. The severe persecution of the famous expert in Arabic literature, Prof. Nasr Hamid Abu Zayd, is an example of this. In some countries, Sunni and Shia Muslims often accuse each other of apostasy. The current civil strife in Iraq is explained by many in terms of the extremely harsh religious opposition between Sunnis and Shias in Iraq.

Wadowice
Wadowice is a town in Poland in the mountainous Zakopane region, 30 miles (50km) southeast of Krakow - (former Polish capital).
Pope John Paul II (Karol Wojtyla) was born there on May 18 1920. He also attended elementary and high school there, graduating in 1938.

Piano duet
A piano duet is a piece of music written for two people to play at one piano. It is often called Piano 4 hands.
To play piano duets the two players sit with one person on the right (playing the high notes) and the other person on the left (playing the low notes). The person on the right is called “Primo” (“First”) and the person on the left is called “Secondo” (“Second”).
Piano duet music is usually printed with the Secondo part on the left-hand page and the Primo part on the right-hand page. Occasionally it is printed with the two parts underneath one another.
Playing piano duets is great fun and an excellent way to become a better musician. Like all group music making, each player has to learn to listen and adapt to what is going on in the other part. Sometimes one player will have to take away his or her hand quickly so that the other player can play the same note immediately afterwards. Sometimes the players have to cross their hands (secondo’s right hand crosses with primo’s left hand).
A lot of the time the primo’s part may have both hands written in the treble treble clef and the secondo’s part may have both hands written in the bass clef. This can sometimes be confusing at first.
The pedalling is usually done by the secondo player. This is because pedalling is very much about keeping chords going (“sustaining”), and it is the secondo who usually has the chords which give the harmony because these are in the lower part.
Repertoire.
There are lots of piano duets available for people to play. Some of these are simple ones written for beginner pianists. Some are written by the great composers.
Some pieces that are really supposed to be played by an orchestra have been arranged for piano duet. In some cases the composer himself made this arrangement. Examples from famous composers include Stravinsky’s "Rite of Spring" which is extremely hard to play, and Maurice Ravel’s suite "Ma Mère l’Oie".
Some very famous piano duets which were originally written in this form include several sonatas by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, several pieces by Franz Schubert including a "Fantasia in f minor", Gabriel Fauré’s "Dolly Suite", Debussy’s "Petite Suite" and Georges Bizet’s "Jeux d’Enfants" (which he also arranged for orchestra).
Piano Duos.
Some works are written for two people to play together using two pianos. These are usually called piano duos. Examples include Mozart’s Sonata in D major K448, the Sonata op 34 by Johannes Brahms who started to write this first as a piano concerto, then a piano duo, before eventually turning it into a piano quintet, and the Suite op 17 by Rachmaninoff. Most piano duos are very hard to play and need very good pianists. Piano concertos can be played on two pianos, with one player playing the solo part and the other playing the orchestra’s music.
Piano Six Hands.
There is also a small repertoire of pieces for three people to play at one piano. This is called Piano six hands. These pieces are usually fun pieces which are not too hard to play. The three people need to be good friends, because it is a bit of a squash. The player at the bottom ought to do the pedalling, but it may be easier for the middle player to do it.

Rice wine
Rice wine is a word some people use to talk about alcoholic drinks. The word is badly chosen, though. True wine is made by fermenting grapes, and perhaps other fruit. In rice wine, the starch in the rice is first changed into sugar. This sugar is then fermented. This process is more like the fermentation as it is done in beer.
The "rice wines" made in this manner have more alcohol in them than normal wines (18-25% alcohol compared to 10-14% for normal wines). Beers on the other hand usually have 4-8% alcohol in them.
Many people use the term "rice wine" to refer to Sake (which is just one variant of many different kinds of rice wines).

Alcopop
Alcopops are alcoholic drinks. They are also known as Ready-to-drink (RTD), Flavored Alcoholic Beverage (FAB) or Flavored Malt Beverage (FMB). They are usually available in bottles or cans. They contain about the same amount of alcohol as a beer. Usually, they are very sweet, so that the alcohol can not be tasted.
There are two different kinds of this drinks. In Europe, they are usually spirits mixed with lemonade, like vodka with lemon juice (and a lot of sugar, so the alcohol cannot be tasted), or rum with fruit juice (also very sweet). In the US, they tend to be beers, which taste very sweet.
Because they are very sweet, alcopops tend to be more popular among young people. Since the fact that they contain alcohol is usually not ovious from the taste, these drinks are considered to be dangerous for young people by many countries. These have either raised the taxes on the drinks, or they have outlawed the sale of these drinks to people under a certain age (usually 18, sometimes 21 years).

Pedalling (music)
Pedalling in music means the art of using the pedals on musical instruments.
There are several musical instruments which have pedals for various reasons.
Piano.
The piano has at least two pedals, large concert grand pianos always have three. The pedal on the right (operated by the player's right foot) makes the sound sustain (carry on). This is because it makes the dampers come off the strings. When the player plays some notes the strings that are hit by the hammers carry on vibrating until the player takes his or her foot off the pedal. Some of the other strings even start to vibrate as well ("in sympathy").
The pedal on the left makes the sound quieter. It is called the "una corda" pedal (literally: "one string"). This is because, in the early days of the piano, the una corda pedal made all the hammers move up so that a hammer would only hit one string for each note instead of three (most notes on a piano each have three strings to make a bigger sound). On modern pianos the hammers actually hit two strings instead of three. They also tend to hit the string at a point where the hammer is softer, away from the little grooves that get worn in the hammer-head. On an upright piano the hammers move closer to the strings so that they do not hit them so hard.
On pianos which have a middle pedal (called a sostenuto pedal) any note or chord that the player is holding down will be sustained, but any more notes he plays afterwards will not be affected. This can be nice in some modern music where a chord can be held while other notes can be played very short (staccato).
Organ.
On pipe organs there is a pedalboard with pedals which play notes in the same way that the fingers are playing notes. An organ pedalboard usually has two and a half octaves of notes. These are low notes written in the bass clef. An organist has to learn to play with the feet at the same time as with the hands. He uses the toes or the heels of his shoes. It is even possible to play four notes at once (four part chords) but this is very difficult and usually found in some modern French music.
Harp.
There are seven pedals on a concert harp. Each pedal can be in a high, middle or low position. The strings of the harp can be thought of like the white notes of a piano, tuned to naturals (C,D,E etc). Each pedal will change one of the letter-named notes, e.g. the pedal on the left changes all the Ds to D flat (if the pedal is in the highest position) or D sharp (in the lowest position). From left to right the pedals operate the Ds, Cs, Bs, Es, Fs, Gs and As.
Timpani.
Pedal timpani are timpani with a pedal which will tighten or loosen the drumhead. This will make the note go up or down in pitch. It is a fairly new invention. Composers in the Classical music period never had pedal timpani. Their timpani always had to be tuned by hand using the taps around the side. Composers like Béla Bartók wrote for pedal timpani.
Harpsichord.
Modern harpsichords often have pedals which change the sound in the same way that stops on an organ change the sound. In earlier harpsichords the sound was more often changed by pushing in or pulling out hand stops.
See also: pedal point

Alcoholism
Alcoholism is the medical condition of people who often drink too much alcohol, or feel that they have to, even when it causes health and social problems. Alcoholism means addiction to alcohol. People who suffer from it are called "alcoholics".

Sprain
A sprain is a type of injury in which a person hurts the part really bad, but it is not broken. It has common side affects of a broken bone, but it is less serious.
Degrees.
The first degree is only a minor tear or stretch of a ligament.
The second degree is a tear of a ligament, which is usually followed by pain or swelling.
The third degree is a complete rupture.
Prevention.
Sprains can best be prevented by proper use of safety equipment (wrist, ankle guards), warm-ups and cool-downs (including stretching), being aware of your surroundings and maintaining strength and flexibility. Physical conditioning is the best way to avoid or lessen the degree of sprains.

Second Sino-Japanese War
The Second Sino-Japanese War (July 7, 1937--September 9, 1945) was a major war fought between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan, both before and during World War II.
Invasion of China.
The Second Sino-Japanese War refers to the war that began when Japan justified its invasion of China in 1931 by the Manchurian Incident, and which then became part of the larger arena of WW II in 1941. The invasion of China was the result of the increased dependency of Japan on raw materials to feed its heavy industry by colonizing more of Asia, and of a rise in the military and in nationalism in general. During the Japanese campaign in China, the KMT (Nationalist Government under Chiang Kai-Shek) and the CCP (Chinese Communist Party under Mao Tse dung, nominally cooperated to resist Japan, but, for the most part, continued to fight amongst each other as well. In 1937, Japan began to occupy China, starting in Beijing, and moving to Nanjing, and the industrial cities to the south. Chiang moved his capital to Chongqing, and began a tactic of "using space to trade for time" and effectively spread the Japanese lines out too thin. Despite heavy losses on both sides, 1940 marks the beginning of the end of the Japanese dominance, and marks the effective halting of Japanese advances. The consequences of this war were great: Japan's inability to quickly and decisively win the war against China heavily compromised her ability to fight the war in the Pacific against the Allied forces, and undoubtly contributed to the eventual loss of the war. In China, the war tended to solidify the popular base of support for the Chinese Communist Party, and hastened the collapse of the Republic under Chiang in 1949.

Ligament
In anatomy, the term ligament mostly means fibrous tissue that connects bones to other bones. They are sometimes called "articular ligaments", "fibrous ligaments", or "true ligaments".
In this most common use, a "ligament" is a short band of tough fibrous connective tissue composed mainly of long, stringy collagen fibres. Ligaments connect bones to other bones to form a joint. (They do "not" connect muscles to bones; that is the function of tendons.) Some ligaments limit the mobility of articulations, or prevent certain movements altogether.
Ligaments are only slightly elastic; when under tension, they gradually lengthen. This is one reason why dislocated joints must be set as quickly as possible: if the ligaments lengthen too much, then the joint will be weakened. Athletes, gymnasts, dancers, and martial artists perform stretching exercises to lengthen their ligaments, making their joints more supple.
The consequence of a broken ligament can be instability of the joint. Not all broken ligaments need surgery, but if surgery is needed to stabilise the joint, the broken ligament can be joined.

Powiat
A county (Polish: "powiat", pronounced "povyat"; plural, "powiaty") is the Polish second-level unit of administration, equivalent to a county, district or prefecture in other countries. A county is part of a larger unit called a "voivodship" (in Polish, "województwo". One would call it in English "province").
Names.
Most Polish counties are named after their capital city, or county seat.
If a county seat has a double-barreled name, as with "Maków Mazowiecki," the county may become either "Maków County" or "Maków-Mazowiecki County." Due, in all but the first case, to the existence, respectively, of two "double-barreled" county seats with the identical noun name, the corresponding adjectives "bielski"," "grodziski"," "ostrowski" and "tomaszowski" each denote "two" distinct counties.
History and functioning.
Some Polish urban communes constitute administrative entities called the "urban county" ("powiat grodzki"), similar in local administration and self-governance to "land counties." An average county (the largest being the powiat of Białystok) comprises 5 – 8 communes. The largest urban county, in terms of population and area, is the city of Warsaw.
The history of Polish counties goes back to the second half of the 14th century. They remained the basic units of territorial organization in Poland, then in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, until the latter's total dismemberment by its neighbors in 1795.
In the 19th century, the county continued to function in the part of Poland that had been incorporated into the Russian Empire ("Congress Poland"), and as the Polish equivalent of the German "Kreis" in the German-governed Grand Duchy of Poznań.
After Poland regained independence in 1918, the county again became the basic territorial unit throughout Poland. "Powiat"s (counties) were abolished in 1975 in favor of a larger number of voivodships, but were reintroduced in 1999. There are now 314 "land counties" ("powiat ziemski") and 65 "urban counties" ("powiat grodzki"), more formally "municipalities with county status" ("miasto na prawach powiatu").

1. FC Köln
1. FC Köln is a football club based in Cologne, Germany. The,1.FC Köln" was find in 1948. It was a connection of two football clubs in Cologne (Kölner BC 01 und SpVgg Sülz 07).
This year the,1.FC Köln" plays in the,Bundesliga". The club's main rival is,Borussia Mönchengladbach" and Fans have a friendship with FC St. Pauli (a club in Hamburg) and the FC Liverpool.

Carolina Gynning
Carolina Gynning (born October 6, 1978) is a Swedish celebrity and model. She also is the winner of the 2004 season of reality television program Big Brother. Gynning has also written the book,"Ego Girl". It is a biography of her early life.

Carrie Underwood
Carrie Marie Underwood (born March 10, 1983) is a US pop country singer. She won the fourth season of "American Idol". Her first album, "Some Hearts", has sold 6 million copies. Underwood has won one American Music Award, eight Billboard Music Awards, and two Grammy Awards (including Best New Artist).
She has had five songs reach number one on charts in the United States and Canada, including "Inside Your Heaven", "Jesus, Take the Wheel", and "Before He Cheats". In 2007, Underwood sang during one of the liveshows of American Idol, season 6.

Nicole Richie
Nicole Camille Richie (born September 21, 1981) is an American socialite, actress, author, and singer. She is the adopted daughter of Lionel Richie, and is best known for being in the reality show "The Simple Life". During late 2007 Nicole Richie will have to face charges of drunk driving and risks a jailsentence similar to her co-star and friend in The Simple Life, Paris Hilton.Richie has to appear in court on June 11 to hear her sentence. She had a baby with Joel Madden, Harlow Winter Kate Madden on January 11, 2008.

The Simple Life
"The Simple Life" is the name of a reality television series originally broadcast on Fox from 2003 to 2005 and on E! from 2006 to today. The series starred Paris Hilton and Nicole Richie. It did not do well however it pleased the minds of many people who like mediocre television series.
Legal problems.
In June of 2007 Paris Hilton, one of the stars of the show, was jailed for 23 days for drunk driving, and Nicole Richie is also waiting charges on similar incidents. Paris was first released from prison and then put under housearrest but on June 8 she was ordered to arrive at the Los Angeles county court house since the judge hadn't been informed. Hilton now risks spending time in jail. The recording of the show has not been affected of the stars' legal problems. Hilton was sent back to jail but has since been released, Richie will have to attend a hearing on June 11.

Jordin Sparks
Jordin Brianna Sparks (born December 22, 1989 in Staten Island, New York) is an American singer. On May 23, 2007, she was declared the winner of the 6th season of the reality television show "American Idol". She is the youngest winner of the talent show "American Idol". She has released one studio album. Her debut single was called "Tattoo".

Taylor Hicks
Taylor Reuben Hicks (born October 7, 1976) is an American singer, songwriter and musician. In 2006, he won the fifth season of "American Idol". His runner-up was Katharine McPhee. After he won, he was signed to Arista Records. His album called "Taylor Hicks" was released on December 12, 2006.

Oba Chandler
Oba Chandler (October 11, 1946–) is a murderer who is on death row in Florida for the murders of a woman and her two daughters.
Chandler was found guilty of killing Joan (36), Michelle (17) and Christie Rogers (14) on June 1, 1989. Chandler lured the women to his boat on a ride and then attacked them. He tied them up, raped them, and then he threw them into the water. In 1992, he was arrested and convicted for the murders. In June, 2008 it was revealed that Chandler is on the Florida death row short-list for execution.

All Saints Day
All Saints Day is celebrated by Catholic Christians on November 1. Other Christian faiths celebrate it as well. (May not be on the same day) It is a mandatory Catholic holiday.
The next day, November 2 is celebrated as All Souls Day, souls in Purgatory are especially remembered. Both days are considered important and they are integrated with each other.
All Saints is also a Christian formula invoking all the faithful saints and martyrs, known and unknown.
Customs.
In Portugal, Spain and Mexico, "ofrendas" (offerings) are made on this day. In Spain, the play "Don Juan Tenorio" is traditionally performed. In Spain, Portugal, Italy and France, people bring flowers to the graves of dead relatives. In Poland, Slovenia, Slovakia, Lithuania, Croatia, Austria and Germany, the tradition is to light candles and visit the graves of deceased relatives. In the Philippines, the day is spent visiting the graves of deceased relatives, where they offer prayers, lay flowers, and light candles, often in a picnic-like atmosphere. In English speaking countries, the festival is traditionally celebrated with the hymn "For All the Saints" by William Walsham How. The most familiar tune for this hymn is "Sine Nomine" by Ralph Vaughan Williams.
The festival was retained after the Reformation in the calendar of the Church of England and in many Lutheran churches.

Ishy Bilady
"Ishy Bilady" is the national anthem (a song that represents the country) of the seven United Arab Emirates. The tune was written in the year 1971 without words to sing. Then, in the year 1996 Aref Al Sheikh Abdullah Al Hassan came up with words for the song.
Lyrics.
These are the words in Arabic, and English.
Arabic.
عشت لشعب دينه الإسلام هديه القرآن
دام الأمان وعاش العلم يا إماراتنا
Transliteration.
Dinu hul islamu Hadhyu Ul Qura`anu
daamal amaanu wa aashal alam ya imaaratinah
English.
Live, my land; may the union of our emirates live.
May you live for a people
Whose religion is Islam, and whose guide is the Qur'an.
May I strengthen you in the name of God, O homeland.
My land, my land, my land, my land.
May God protect you from the evils of time.
We have vowed to build, to work.
To work, to be loyal, to work, to be loyal.
However long we may live, to be loyal, to be loyal.
May safety endure, and the flag live, O Emirates,
We would all make sacrifices for you, and with our blood saturate you.
We would give up our souls for you, O homeland.

Strain
Strain is a verb meaning to separate bigger substances from liquids. Strain also is an injury, similar to a sprain.

Origami
Origami is a Japanese paper folding art. It uses precise techniques and various objects can be created. The object is made of origami paper, which is specially made for folding and staying in shape.

JSPWiki
JSPWiki is a feature-rich and extensible WikiWiki software built around the standard J2EE components (Java, servlets, JSP).
It was created by Janne Jalkanen.

Statement
Statements are made when one remarks with critique, explaining ones opinion. Statements are often objections or debates, however, it can be endearing to the situation, agreeing.

Polyhedron
A Polyhedron (one polyhedron, many "Polyhedra", or "Polyhedrons") is a geometrical shape. It has flat faces, and straight edges. Usually it is defined by the number of faces, or edges.
Mathematicians do not agree what makes a polyhedron.
Naming.
Usually, polyhedra are named by the number of faces they have. The first polyhedra are the tetrahedron, which is made of 4 triangles, pentahedron (5 faces, can look like a 4-sided pyramid), hexahedron (6 faces, usually looks like a cube if it is regular), and heptahedron (7 faces, can look like a prism based on a pentagon, or a pyramid based on a hexagon amongst others).

Pentagon
A Pentagon is a polygon with 5 edges.

Calendar date
A Calendar date is a way to refer to a certain day in a calendar. With the calendar date and the calendar, the exact day can be identified. With a different calendar, the same calendar date may refer to a different day. This can be seen easiest when comparing the Julian calendar with the Gregorian calendar.
Calendar dates are important to refer to events (most holidays are fixed with reference to a particular event or calendar date.) One example may be Easter. In the Middle Ages, it has been fixed that Easter is to be the first Sunday that is (on or after) the 14th day after the spring equinox.
Most calendar systems have a date format that has three parts, the day of a certain month, the month and the year. Sometimes the week is added.

Persian calendar
The Iranian calendar also known as Persian calendar or the Jalāli Calendar is a solar calendar. It is currently used in Iran and Afghanistan. It is observation-based, rather than rule-based. Each year starts on the vernal equinox as precisely determined by astronomical observations from Tehran (or the 52.5°E meridian, which also defines IRST) and Kabul. This makes it more accurate than the Gregorian Calendar.
The current Iranian Calendar year is 1387 AP" (AP = Anno Persico/Anno Persarum = Persian year)".

Hexagon
A hexagon is a polygon with 6 sides and 6 corners (vertices). Like regular triangles and squares, hexagons fit together without gaps. They are therefore often used in tiling floors (which is known as tesselation). They are also quite common in nature. The honeycombs in beehives are hexagons, for example

West Edmonton Mall
The West Edmonton Mall (WEM) is the largest shopping center in North America. It is located in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. It is one of the main tourist attractions in Alberta. The mall is also the fourth largest in the world. WEM first opened on September 15, 1981.
The mall has an area of 570,000 m² (5.3 million ft²). It cost C$1.2 billion to build. There are over 800 stores and services in the mall. WEM has parking for more than 20,000 vehicles. More than 23,000 people work there. 22 million people go to the WEM ever year. It has over 60 000 shoppers daily. The mall is currently worth $926 million.
Attractions.
In addition to the over 500 shops in the West Edmonton Mall, there are many other things which people go to the mall for.
The mall also has an Ice skating rink, miniature golf course, casino, skate park, hotel, petting zoo, three movie theaters and many other things to see.

Ayatollah Sayyid Ahmad Khatami
Ayatollah Sayyid Ahmad Khatami is a member of the Iranian Assembly of Experts.
Although his name resembles that of Mohammad Khatami, the reformist former president of Iran, the two men are not related. In fact, they have opposite points of view on many issues, such as democracy in Iran.

Tendon
A tendon (or sinew) is a tough band of tissue that connects muscle to bone. It is built to withstand tension. Tendons are similar to ligaments except that ligaments join one bone to another. Tendons and muscles work together. They can only create a pulling force.
Anatomy.
The beginning of a tendon is where it connects to a muscle. Collagen fibers from the inside of the muscle are the same as those of the tendon. A tendon inserts into bone at an enthesis. At this point, the collagen fibers are changed into bone tissue. Tendons can not create any pulling force of their own. The tendons transfer the movement of muscles. They can create an elastic force if stretched.

Coffee substitute
"Coffee substitutes" are products that try to taste like coffee. The idea for using them is to have a drink that tastes like coffee, but has no caffeine in it. The main reasons for making coffee substitutes are medical and economic. In World War II, acorns were used to make coffee, however it tasted foul. It was also hard to get. In the American Civil War there was a similar story -
"For the stimulating property to which both tea and coffee owe their chief value, there is unfortunately no substitute; the best we can do is to dilute the little stocks which still remain, and cheat the palate, if we cannot deceive the nerves." The Southern Banner, 1865]
Ingredients.
Grain coffee and other substitutes can be made by roasting or decocting various organic substances.
Some ingredients used include: almond, acorn, asparagus, barley and malt, beech nut, beetroot, carrot, chicory root, corn, cotton seed, dandelion root, fig, boiled-down molasses, okra seed, pea, persimmon seed, potato peel, rye, sassafras nut, sweet potato.
Chicory has been sold commercially on a large scale since around 1970, and it has become a mainstream product. It was widely used during the American Civil War on both sides.
Postum is an instant type beverage used in place of coffee. It reached the height of its popularity during World War II. For popular usage on the sitcom Seinfeld George says to Jerry he doesn't know why postum isn't a more popular beverage.

Kuzcham Dherai
Kuzcham Dherai (also sometimes called Dherai, Dehrai or Derai) is a town in the North-West Frontier Province, Pakistan. It is located on the bank of the river Swat and a couple of miles away from Swat Saidu Sharif airport. The population of Dherai is about 10,000 people.
History.
It is believed that Alexender the Great once passed through this area.

Croatian language
The Croatian language is spoken mainly in Croatia throughout the countries, and surrounding countries of Europe.

Prize
A prize is an award given to a person or a group of people to reward actions or achievements.
Official prizes often include monetary rewards as well as the fame that comes with them. Some prizes are given out in famous ceremonies, such as the Oscars.
Prizes are given for a number of reasons: as an honour for special persons, for exemplary behaviour and to provide incentives in competitions, etc. In general, prizes are regarded in a positive light, and their winners are admired. However, many prizes, especially the more famous ones, have often caused controversy and jealousy.

Christian Church
The term Christian Church, Catholic Church or One Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church, as it was called by 110 AD, refers to the "universal company of believers". It means every person who has ever accepted or ever will accept the Christian Faith. The idea is that all these people together make up one "body" called "the Church". "The Church" (in this sense) is not thought of by Christians as an ordinary human organisation. It is thought of as being part of God's way to bring people close to him. "The Church" was begun by Jesus in the 1st century AD. It is called "The Christian Church" because Jesus was called "The Christ" (or holy one from God).
"Churches" as Christian organisations were begun by Jesus' followers. Today there are many churches in the sense of "church organisations". The different organised churches are called Christian denominations.
The main Christian beliefs are held by all major Christian denominations. These beliefs are often said aloud by Christian people in a "statement of faith" which is called the Creed. The Roman Catholic, Orthodox, Lutheran, Anglican Communion and other Protestant churches all believe that God is the "creator and eternal father of all things", that Jesus was the "Christ" and son of God who died to save people from the punishment for their sins, and that the Holy Spirit is God's gift to help and comfort Christian people. Christians believe that these are three parts of One God.
There are many other beliefs that are different between different denominations. These differences have sometimes caused arguments and have caused the organised church to split into denominations. The differents opinions are called controversies.
Terminology.
The English word "church" comes from the Greek κυριακή (kyriake) meaning "Master's (house)", or "Lord's (house)". In modern English the word "church" is used for both a church building and "the Christian Church" throughout the world.
In 381 AD, at the a meeting of bishops known as the First Council of Constantinople, the Nicene Creed (a statement of beliefs) that was used at the time was changed to include a description of the Church. The words that were added to the Nicene Creed are "One Holy, Catholic and Apostolic Church". This important addition describes what the four most important things that Christians were to believe about the Christian Church.
Controversies.
One important controversy is simply the definition of the Christian or Catholic Church. To some degree this controversy comes from the Nicene Creed with its words "One Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church" which means "universal" church. Many denominations believe that all denominations are part of a world-wide Christian Church and think that the most important thing is the "common faith" and not a common organisation or tradition. ("Common faith" means "the faith that is the same". The word "common" doesn't mean "ordinary" in this sense.)
For many hundreds of years, the Roman Catholic Church has regarded itself as the only Christian Church and has called itself the "Catholic" (or "universal") church. In other words, only those people who were within the "organisation" of the Roman Catholic Church were believed to belong to the "Universal Church". In the 20th century this view began to change and in the late 20th century there was a strong movement within parts of the Roman Catholic Church to reach out to other denominations. The Eastern Orthodox Church has thought of itself in the same way, but in the late 20th century there has been much more discussion between the Orthodox Church and Roman Catholic, Lutheran and Anglican Churches. Some smaller denominations such as Jehovah's Witnesses also believe that they are the one and only true Christian Church.

Religious denomination
A religious denomination (also simply denomination) is a subgroup within a religion that has a common name, tradition, and identity.
The term is often used for several Christian denominations (for example, Eastern Orthodoxy, Catholicism, and the many sorts of Protestantism like Baptist, Methodist, Episcopalian and Pentecostal.
It is also used for the four branches of Judaism (Orthodox, Conservative, Reform and Reconstructionist), and (less often for the two main branches of Islam (Sunni and Shia).
In Hinduism the major deity or philosophical belief functions as the identifier of a denomination and typically each has distinct cultural and religious practices. The major denominations include Shaivism, Shaktism, Vaishnavism, Smartism, and Halumatha.

Christian denomination
The word denomination is used for a large group of Christian people right across the world who use the same name, the same sort of organisation and have the same (or very similar) beliefs. Christianity is divided into five main groups. These groups all branched out at different dates from the Early Christian Church founded by the followers of Jesus. The splits generally happened because they could not agree on cetain beliefs or practices. The groups then divided into smaller groups. Each group that has its own separate name is a "denomination". The word "denomination" means "having a name".
Denominations.
Each of these five has important subdivisions. There are also other (smaller) groups that are not mentioned here.
The Protestant branch of Christianity is much more divided up than any of the others. All the many divisions of Protestantism are not shown on the diagram. Each separate Protestant Church is called a "denomination". While the Roman Catholic Church looks to a single earthly leader, the Pope, and has similar beliefs rigth across the world, the Protestant denominations do not look to a single leader and sometimes have beliefs that are very different from each other.
Many Christian denomination see themselves as part of the worldwide Church which includes other denominations as well. Some denominations, such as the Roman Catholic and Orthodox Churches and some Protestant Churches, believe that they are the "only" true Christian church.
Some denominations have beliefs which almost all the other denominations would disagree with, very strongly. These beliefs are called "heresy" by the other churches.
There were some movements considered heresies by the early church which do not exist today and are not generally referred to as denominations. Examples include the Gnostics (who had believed in an esoteric dualism), the Ebionites (who venerated Christ's blood relatives), and the Arians. The greatest divisions in Christianity today, however, are between Eastern Orthodoxy, Roman Catholicism, and various denominations formed during and after the Protestant Reformation. There also exists in Protestantism and Orthodoxy various degrees of unity and division.
Comparisons between denominational churches must be approached with caution. For example, in some churches, congregations are part of a larger church organization, while in other groups, each congregation is an independent autonomous organization. This issue is further complicated by the existence of groups of congregations with a common heritage that are officially nondenominational and have no centralized authority or records, but which are identified as denominations by non-adherents. Study of such churches in denominational terms is therefore a more complex proposition.
Numerical comparisons are also problematic. Some groups count membership based on adult believers and baptized children of believers, while others only count adult baptized believers. Others may count membership based on those adult believers who have formally affiliated themselves with the congregation. In addition, there may be political motives of advocates or opponents of a particular group to inflate or deflate membership numbers through propaganda or outright deception.

List of Christian denominations
List of Christian denominations (or Denominations self-identified as Christian) ordered by historical and doctrinal relationships. (See also: Christianity; Christian denominations).
Some groups are large (e.g. Catholics, Lutherans, Anglicans or Baptists) while others are just a few small churches, and in most cases the relative size is not evident in this list.
This is not a complete list, but it tries to provide a comprehensible overview of the diversity that exists among denominations of Christianity. Many links point to not yet existent articles. There are approximately 300 branches listed here.
Eastern Churches.
Note: nearly all the Churches of this group name themselves as Orthodox Catholic, though this can be confusing with the Catholic (non Orthodox) Churches (which see).
Assyrian Church of the East.
The Assyrian Church of the East is said to have been formed by St Thomas. The Church did not accept the Council of Ephesus (AD 431). It is incorrectly referred to as Nestorianism; Assyrian Orthodox do not consider themselves Nestorians, and recent Christological agreements with the Catholic and Orthodox churches have resolved this debate permanently, clearing the way for union.
Oriental Orthodoxy.
Oriental Orthodoxy was formed in the fifth century by Christians who did not accept the Council of Chalcedon (AD 451). It is historically related to Eutychian Monophysitism, and other denominations typically call these churches Monophysite, but Oriental Orthodox reject this description, calling themselves Miaphysite.
The Roman Catholic Church: Churches in communion with the Bishop of Rome.
Latin Rite
The Latin Rite, is the largest and most familiar of the 23 Rites that make up The Roman Catholic Church.
Eastern Catholic Church
All of the following are to be particular churches of the Roman Catholic Church. They are part of the Catholic Church in communion with the Pope and have no doctrinal differences and are therefore different rites within the Catholic Church
Anglicanism.
The Anglican Church always existed in a union with Rome but left the Roman Church during the English Reformation. Along with the Roman, Orthodox, Coptic, Mar Thoma, and Syrian Churches, Anglicanism constitutes another branch of the One Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church.
Spiritual Baptists.
Note: The Spiritual Baptist Archdiocese of New York, Inc has congregationalist affiliations for the purpose of cooperation, in which each local church is governmentally independent.
Oneness Pentecostalism.
Note: Genealogically, Oneness Pentecostalism can be grouped with other Pentecostals, but doctrinally, it is a non-trinitarian denomination.
Religious Society of Friends (Quakers).
Note: Although, historically speaking, the Religious Society of Friends can be listed as a Protestant denomination, this is sometimes contested and many Quakers today consider their faith to be a distinct, non-Protestant form of Christianity, with no compulsory beliefs or creeds. Some Quakers are "post-Christian" and some non-theists.
Restorationism.
Note: What these denominations have in common is the claim that they restore the practice and/or faith of primitive Christianity in the modern era. Otherwise their beliefs are quite distinct. Some sects consider themselves Protestant, while some of the demoninations listed under Nontrinitarianism can also be listed as Restorationist. In the study of the history of Christianity, Restorationist churches traditionally are classed as Protestant; however, their claims of restoring primitive Christianity often mean that they date their establishment to the time of Jesus and thus resist being classified in this manner. Additionally, some of the groups — particularly within the Stone-Campbell movement — reject the idea of a denominational authority or structure and do not consider themselves to be denominations.
Other websites.
History, profiles and comparison charts of major Christian denominations.

List of Christian denominations by number of members
This article cannot give precise information about the size of any Christian denomination, but it tries - following the article in the English Wikipedia - to give information about the relative size of denominations. That cannot be exact either, but will be of interest nevertheless.

Christendom
Christendom, in the widest sense, means Christianity as a territorial phenomenon. That means: those countries where most people are Christians and by that are part of Christendom.
People have used term Christendom for the medieval and renaissance understanding of the Christian world as one single "Body of Christ" with Christ as the head.
With the rise of Modernity and the Reformation during the early 16th century the understandig changed to a modern idea of a tolerant and diverse society that consists of many different communities.

Creed
A creed is a statement or confession of belief — usually religious belief — or faith. The word comes from the Latin "credo" for "I believe". It is sometimes called "symbol" (Greek, συμβολον), that means a "token" by which persons of like beliefs might recognize each other.
Christian creeds.
The Nicene Creed is clearly derived from the Apostles' Creed, and represents an elaboration of its basic themes. The most important additions to this creed are much more elaborate statements concerning Christology and the Trinity.
Christians today probably use the Nicene Creed most widely, followed by the Apostles Creed.
Jewish Creed: the "Shmah".
The Jewish faith recognizes a single creed called the Shmah or Shema Yisrael, a statement of faith in strict unitarian monotheism, the belief in one God. This creed is embodied in a single prayer recited twice a day: "Hear O Israel, the Lord is our God, the Lord is One", also translated as "Hear O Israel, the Lord is our God, the Lord is unique ["or" alone]."
In Hebrew: שמע ישראל אדני אלהינו אדני אחד
This is pronounced phonetically in Hebrew: "Shema Yisrael Adonai Eloheinu Adonai Echad".
Islamic creeds.
The most basic attempt to put the religion of Islam in a brief statement of doctrine is the shahada, the proclamation that there is no god but Allah, and Muhammad is His prophet.
More detailed credal declarations of Islamic dogma constitute aqidah.
Also from the Aqidah of the Salaf is the belief that the faith (i.e. Eemaan) consists of (both) speech and action and that it increases and decreases. This differs from the Murji’ah a sect who uphold the belief of “Irjaa’”-to hold that sins major and minor, do not affect the faith and that faith neither increases nor decreases.
And they uphold the belief that the Quran is the Speech of Allah, His Revelation and Light. It is not created, since the Quran is from Allah and that which is from Allah is not created. One of the attributes of Allah is his Speech. Since His attributes have been with Him eternally, His Speech cannot be created and therefore, the Quran is not created. According to the Salaf, debating about it is disbelief. It is not denied except by a Jahmee. A Jahmee is one who denies Allah’s attributes.

Creed (disambiguation)
A creed is a statement of belief, usually religious.

Shahada
The shahadah (Arabic:) is the Islamic creed. It means "to testify" or "to bear witness" in Arabic.
The shahadah is the Muslim declaration of belief in the oneness of God and in Muhammad as his final prophet. Recitation of the shahadah is one of the Five Pillars of Islam for Muslims and is said daily.
Rendering.
This version constitutes an interpretation rather than translation, as the words "worthy of worship" are not present in the Arabic.
A single honest recitation of the shahādah in Arabic is all that is required for a person to become a Muslim according to most traditional schools.

Purgatory
According to the teaching of the Roman Catholic Church, Purgatory is the "final purification of the elect": "All who die in God's grace and friendship, but still imperfectly purified, are indeed assured of their eternal salvation; but after death they undergo purification, so as to achieve the holiness necessary to enter the joy of heaven."
Purgatory in art and culture.
Perhaps the best-known instance of purgatory in the arts is Dante's "Purgatorio", the second book of his "Divine Comedy". Likewise, the Ghost in William Shakespeare's "Hamlet" may also presuppose a belief in purgatory,

William Blake
William Blake (November 28 1757 – August 12 1827) was an English poet, visionary, painter, and printmaker.
During his lifetime he was not very well known. Today Blake's work is thought to be important in the history of both poetry and the visual arts. His most famous poem is "And did those feet in ancient time" which, more than 100 years later, was put to music by Hubert Parry. The hymn is called "Jerusalem".
Blake was voted 38th in a poll of the 100 Greatest Britons organized by the BBC in 2002.

Institution
An institution is social structure in which people cooperate and which influences the behavior of people and the way they live.
Some societies have many institutions in the "specific" sense. These societies have an organised government, schools, hospitals, churches, clubs, armies, markets, courts and places for entertainment. Some societies have very few of these things, but this does not mean that there are no "institutions". The way in which the people relate to each other may have just as many "controls" as in a society with schools, markets and a government. An example of a society that has lots of "specific" institutions is Western Europe. An example of a society with very few specific institutions is the society of the Australian Aboriginal people before the 20th century.
Historians look at institutions to find differences between eras or periods. They sometimes judge political and military events by the effect that they had on institutions.

Race (biology)
In biology, a race is group of organisms. These will usually be all of the same species. They form a population, a group within that species. Sometimes this is called a subspecies. Each organism is able to breed with any other organism within the same species. For various reasons, like geographical separation, most organisms will breed with other organisms of the same population. This will mean that phenotypes (visible traits) that are common to most individuals of the population, will become more prominent.
Example.
The key lime is a shrub that grows to a size of about 5 metres in height. It has many thorns. It porduces a fruit that is yellow when it is ripe. This fruit is preferred by bartenders to mix cocktails. They prefer this lime, rather than the Persian lime.
The plant originally came from Southeast Asia, where it is native. It was spread to the Middle East. Cruisaders took it to Europe and North Africa. Spanish explorers took it to the West Indies. This included the Keys in Florida. In 1926, a hurricane destroyed most of the population of commercially-grown limes in region. The Persian lime was reintroduced, then.
Some of the original shrubs grew wild, amongst others, in the Florida Keys. It then became apparent that the originally introduced shrubs (now known as "Mexican lime") had modified their fruits. These were darker green than the original Persian limes, they also had a thicker skin.

Modern world
The term Modern Times is used in history to describe the period of time immediately following the Early Modern Times. It means something else than the term "Modernity".
Modernity on the other hand, describes large-scale developments of "society" (including literature and philosophy). Modernism describes an art movement. Neither applies to political, social, or series of events since either the fin de siècle or World War I in a strict sense.
Events of Modern Times.
Some events show a new way of perceiving the world. The concept of modernity interprets the general meaning of these events and seeks explanations for major developments; Historians analyse the events taking place in Modern Times, ie. since the so-called "Middle Ages" (that take their name from being in the middle between Modern and Ancient Times).

Phenotype
The phenotype of an individual organism describes one of its traits or characteristics. This trait is measurable. Only some individuals of that population will show the trait.. Examples include
"blue eyes", or "aggressive behavior". Some phenotypes are controlled entirely by the individual's genes. Others are controlled by genes but can be influenced by environmental factors. Still other phenotypes are entirely nongenetic, for example, a person's language or physical traits that were altered by surgery.
Many phenotypes are determined by many genes and can also be influenced by environmental factors. Thus, the identity of one or a few alleles of an organism does not always enable prediction of its phenotype.
Scientists use easily observable phenotypes to deduce an organism's genotype. They analyse complex phenotypes to help hypothesize about how individual genes work.

Key lime
The Key lime is a citrus fruit. Its Latin name is "Citrus aurantiifolia" (often, less correctly: "C. aurantifolia"), or "Citrus" x "aurantiifolia" (Christm.) Swingle. It is also known as the Mexican lime, West Indian lime or Bartender's lime. It is a shrub that grows to about 5m in height.
Its fruit is 2.5-5 cm in diameter (1-2 in). The fruit is yellow when ripe but usually it is picked green. It is smaller, seedier, has a higher acidity, a stronger aroma, and a thinner rind than that of the more common Persian lime. It is valued for its unique flavor compared to other lime. The key lime usually has a more tart and bitter flavor. It is perhaps most distinguished as an ingredient in the Key lime pie.
"C. aurantiifolia" is a shrubby tree, that grows to 5 m (16 ft), with many thorns. Dwarf varieties are popular with home growers and can be grown indoors in winter in colder climates. The trunk rarely grows straight, with many branches that often originate quite far down on the trunk. The leaves are ovate 2.5–9 cm (1–3.5 in) long. They resemble orange leaves (the scientific name "aurantiifolia" refers to the leaves' resemblance). The flowers are 2.5 cm (1 in) in diameter. They are yellowish white with a light purple tinge on the margins. Flowers and fruit appear throughout the year but are most abundant from May to September.
"C. aurantiifolia" originally came from Southeast Asia. It was introduced through the Middle East to North Africa and Europe during the Crusades. Spanish explorers then took it to the West Indies (at some point including the Florida Keys) contemporaneously with Columbus, then tropical and sub-tropical North America including Mexico, Florida, and later California. The English name "lime" was derived from the Persian name لیمو "Limu" in this course. "Key" would seem to have been added some time after the Persian lime cultivar became more important commercially in the United States. This was after the hurricane of 1926. The hurricane destroyed most U.S. "C. aurantiifolia" plants. Some plants growing in the wild in the Keys survived the hurricane. Since the North American Free Trade Agreement came into effect, many Key limes are grown in Mexico and Central America. They are also grown in Texas and California.

Age of Discovery
The Age of Discovery or Age of Exploration was a period from the early 15th century and continuing into the early 17th century, during which European ships traveled around the world to search for new trading routes and partners.
They were in search of trading goods such as gold, silver and spices. In the process, Europeans met peoples and mapped lands previously unknown to them. Among the most famous explorers of the period were Christopher Columbus, Vasco da Gama, Pedro Álvares Cabral, John Cabot, Yermak, Juan Ponce de León, Juan Sebastian Elcano, Bartholomeu Dias, Ferdinand Magellan, Willem Barentsz, Abel Tasman, Jean Alfonse, Jacques Cartier, Samuel de Champlain, Willem Jansz and Captain James Cook.

Persian lime
Persian Lime ("Citrus x latifolia"), also known as Tahiti lime or Bearss lime is a kind of citrus fruit. It is the primary citrus fruit grown commercially in the U.S. It is sold simply as a "lime". The fruit is about 6 cm in diameter. Very often, it has slightly nippled ends. It is usually sold quite green, although it yellows as it reaches full ripeness. It is larger, thicker-skinned, and less aromatic than the key lime. The key lime is grown more often worldwide. The Persian lime is bigger than the key lime, and has less seeds. The plant is also hardier, and has no thorns on the bushes. The fruit also has a longer shelf life.
Persian limes are less acidic than key limes and don't have the bitterness that lends to the key lime's unique flavour. Persian limes are sold primarily in six sizes, known as 110's, 150's, 175's, 200's, 230's and 250's. They are grown primarily in Florida in the U.S. The Persian lime became more important when key lime orchards were wiped out by a hurricane in 1926. Persian lime orchards themselves were devastated by Hurricane Andrew in 1992. Large numbers of Persian limes are grown, processed and exported every year primarily from Martínez de la Torre, Veracruz, Mexico, to the American, European and Asian markets. U.S. Persian lime imports from Mexico are handled mostly through McAllen, Texas.

Kaffir lime
The Kaffir lime ("Citrus hystrix "DC., Rutaceae), also known as kieffer lime, makrut, or magrood, is a citrus fruit native to Indonesia. It is widely grown worldwide as a backyard shrub. People usually grow it for its fruit, the lime. The leaves are used for cooking. Vegetable oil obtained from the leaves is used to make perfumes.
The plant.
The plant is a very thorny bush with aromatic leaves. The oil obtained from the rind of the fruit can be used as an insecticide. The plant is well-suited to being grown in a container. The green lime fruits are different from other limes because of their bumpy and rough exterior. They are also quite small, about 4 centimetres wide. The leaves are shaped like an hourglass. The leaves, and the leaf-shaped stem are widely used in the cuisine of Cambodia, Thailand, and Laos.
"Citrus x hystrix" leaves are also popular in Cambodia, but less so in Vietnam. Malay, Burmese and Indonesian (especially, Balinese and Javanese; see also Indonesian bay leaf) cuisines use them sporadically with chicken and fish.
The leaves can be used fresh or dried, and can be stored frozen.
Although the most common product of the "Citrus x hystrix" tree is its leaves (which give a sharp Lime/neroli flavour to Cambodian base paste known as "Krueng", Thai dishes such as tom yum, and to Indonesian food such as sayur assam - literally "sour vegetables"), the juice and rinds of the small, dark green gnarled fruit (known as jeruk obat - literally "medicine citrus") are used in traditional Indonesian medicine.
As for the zest, it is widely used in creole cuisine and to impart flavor to "arranged" rums in the Réunion island and Madagascar.
Terminology.
"The Oxford Companion to Food" (ISBN 0-19-211579-0) recommends that the name "kaffir lime" should be avoided in favor of "makrut lime" because "Kaffir" is an offensive term in certain cultures, and also has no clear reason for being attached to this plant. However, "kaffir lime" appears to be much more common.

Medina
Medina IPA:/mɛˈdiːnə/ (Arabic:المدينة المنور IPA:ælmæˈdiːnæl muˈnɑwːɑrɑ or المدينة IPA:ælmæˈdiːnæ; also transliterated into English as Madīnah; officially al Madīnat al Munawwarah) is a city in the Hejaz region of western Saudi Arabia. It is the capital of Al Madinah Province. It is the second holiest city in Islam, and the burial place of its prophet, Muhammad.
Overview.
Medina currently has a population of more than 1,300,000 people (2006). The city was originally known as "Yathrib", but later its name was changed to Madīnat al-Nabī (مدينة ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻲ "city of the prophet") or "Al Madīnah al Munawwarah" ("the enlightened city" or "the radiant city"). The short form "Madīnah" simply means "city". Madina is the second holiest city of Islam, after Mecca (Makkah).
Medina's religious significance in Islam.
Medina is very important to muslims. This is because the prohpet Muhammad is buried in a mosque known as 'Masjid-e-Nabawi' or 'The Mosque of The Prophet'. The Mosque was built on a site next to Muhammad's home. Muslims believe that Prophets must be buried at the very same place that they die. Accordingly, Muhammad was buried in his house. The tomb later became part of the mosque when it was expanded by the Umayyad Caliph Al-Walid I. The first mosque of Islam is also located in Medina. It is known as "Masjid Quba," (the Quba Mosque).
Like Mecca, the city of Medina only permits Muslims to enter. The "haram" (area closed to non-Muslims) of Medina is much smaller than that of Mecca, though. Many facilities on the outskirts of Medina are open to non-Muslims. In Mecca the area closed to non-Muslims extends well beyond the limits of the built-up area. Both cities' numerous mosques are the destination for large numbers of Muslims on their annual pilgrimage. Hundreds of thousands of Muslims come to Medina each year to visit the 'Tomb of Prophet' and to worship at mosques in a unified celebration. Muslims believe that praying once in the Mosque of the Prophet is equal to praying at least 1000 times in any other mosque.

Doctrine
Doctrine (Latin: "doctrina") is a code of beliefs or "a body of teachings".
Doctrine often means several religious dogmas that a church teaches.
But it can also mean a principle of law, in the common law traditions, established through a history of past decisions, such as the doctrine of self-defense, or the principle of fair use.
In matters of foreign policy, a doctrine, also known as dogma, is group of fundamental rules for a nation's foreign policy. Examples include the Monroe Doctrine, the Stimson Doctrine, the Truman Doctrine, the Eisenhower Doctrine, the Nixon Doctrine, the Brezhnev Doctrine, the Kirkpatrick doctrine, and the Bush Doctrine.
Religious usage.
One department of the Roman Curia is called the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith.
Military usage.
The term also applies to the concept of an established procedure to a complex operation in warfare. The typical example is tactical doctrine in which a standard set of maneuvers, kinds of troops and weapons are employed as a default approach to a kind of attack.

Citron
The citron ("Citrus medica") is a species of citrus fruit. It usually has a thick rind and small sections. Originally, the tree came from Southeast Asia. Today it is mainly grown in Sicily, Morocco, Crete, and Corsica, as well as Puerto Rico. The tree can grow to a size of about 3 metres. The fruit can grow to a size of about 25 cm in length, and about 4 kg in weight. The pulp of the fruit is hardly ever used. The rind is used. It is made into an additive for cooking. Jam can also be made from the rind. The rind is also used to make vegetable oil, which is used for perfumes.
Generally, it is eaten preserved or in bakery goods, such as fruitcakes. (The candied peel rather than the fruit is often used in cooking.) In some cultures, it is made into a fruity tea. Pliny the Elder states that in his time, the citron could only be grown in Media and Persia ("HN" xii.7). The Romans tried to transport it into the Roman Empire in tightly packed pots, but failed, according to Pliny. There is evidence, however, which shows it was cultivated in the Mediterranean during Pliny's lifetime. Zohary and Hopf believe this tree was first domesticated in India. They think that its wild forms, along with those of the mandarin and pomelo, were the original citrus species.
The citron has many names in different countries; one popular reference is "Cedrat", which is the French name for the fruit. Theophrastus referred to the citron as the Persian or Median Apple, and the fruit later came to be known as the Citrus Apple. Pliny calls the tree the Assyrian, or the Median, "apple" (the generic Greco-Roman name for globose fruits). Other citrus crops were not introduced to the Mediterranean basin until Islamic times.
In many languages other than English, a normal lemon is called a "citron" and a Lime is called a "limon". Although the East Asian citrus fruit "yuzu" (also called "yuja") is sometimes called a citron, it is actually a separate species, "Citrus junos".
Cultivation and uses.
The citron fruit is slow-growing. The citron tree is typically grown from cuttings that are two to four years old; the tree begins to bear fruit when it is around three years old. The fruit is oblong in shape, and sometimes as much as six inches in length. Its skin is thick, somewhat hard, fragrant, and covered with protuberances; the pulp is white and subacid.
In Pliny's time the fruit was never eaten (it began to be used in cooking by the early 2nd century), but its intense perfume was used, penetrating clothes to repel noxious insects (compare Citronella).
In Hebrew, the citron is known as the etrog (Hebrew: אֶתְרֹג). It is one of the Four Species used during the holiday of Sukkot each fall. The role of the citron in that holiday was portrayed in the Israeli movie Ushpizin. Citrons that have been bred with lemon (in order to increase output per tree and make the tree less fragile) are not kosher for use as part of the Four Species.
In South Indian cuisine, especially tamil cuisine, citron is widely used in pickles and preserves. In Tamil, the unripe fruit is referred to as 'narthangai', which is usually salted and dried to make a preserve. The tender leaves of the plant are often used in conjunction with chili powder and other spices to make a powder, called 'narthellai podi', literally translating to 'powder of citron leaves'. Both narthangai and narthellai podi are usually consumed with thayir sadam.
In Korea, it is used to create a syrupy tea (called Yuja cha) where the slices of whole fruit are eaten with the sweet tea. The fruit is thinly sliced (peel, pith and pulp) and soaked or cooked in honey or sugar to create a chunky syrup. This syrupy candied fruit is mixed with hot water as a fragrant tea, where the fruit at the bottom of the cup is eaten as well. Often perserved in the syrup for the cold months, Yuja tea served as a source of fruit in winter.

Citric acid
Citric acid is a weak organic acid. It can be found in citrus fruits. It acts like a preservative. It is also used to add a sour (acidic) taste to foods and soft drinks.
Carl Wilhelm Scheele was the first who could extract citric acid from lemons, in 1782. The substance was probably known to alchemists, perhaps with a different name. The Arabian alchemist Geber is said to have discovered citric acid in the 9th century.

Geber
Abu Musa Jabir ibn Hayyan (Arabic: جابر بن حيان) (c. 721–c. 815), known also by his Latinised name Geber, was a Persian prominent chemist, alchemist, pharmacist, philosopher, astronomer/astrologer, physician and physicist. He has also been widely referred to as the "father of chemistry". Ibn Hayyan is widely credited with the introduction of the experimental method into alchemy, and with the invention of numerous important processes still used in modern chemistry today, such as the syntheses of hydrochloric and nitric acids, distillation, and crystallisation. His original works are highly esoteric and probably coded, though nobody today knows what the code is. On the surface, his alchemical career revolved around an elaborate chemical numerology based on consonants in the Arabic names of substances and the concept of "takwin", the artificial creation of life in the alchemical laboratory.

Carl Wilhelm Scheele
Carl Wilhelm Scheele (December 9, 1742 - May 21, 1786) a German-Swedish pharmaceutical chemist, born in Stralsund, Western Pomerania, Germany (at the time under Swedish rule), was the discoverer of many chemical substances, most notably discovering oxygen before Joseph Priestley and chlorine before Humphry Davy.

Micheline Calmy-Rey
Micheline Calmy-Rey (born July 8, 1945) is a Swiss politician. She has been a member of the Swiss Federal Council since 2003. Calmy-Rey is head of the Federal Department of Foreign Affairs (the Swiss foreign minister) and President of the Confederation for 2007.

Mystery Ink
Mystery Ink is a show that origanally aired in 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, and for part of 2004. The show runs for 30 minutes. Mystery Ink is no longer filmed, so repeats are shown on the Mystery Network every morning at 6:00 am.
Short overview.
The host, John Moore, starts the show by interviewing an author. Next, he may speak with detectives or look at classic movies. The final stage is a crime story or he may speak about untrue facts.

Criss Angel Mindfreak
Criss Angel Mindfreak is an American television program. The program is hosted by illusionist Criss Angel. Angel performs many different types of stunts and illusions on the program. For example, Street magic, levitation, and setting himself on fire. The program was first shown on July 20, 2005. It is shown and distributed by the A&E network.

Piano trio
A piano trio is a group of three instruments including a piano. Usually it is a piano, a violin and a cello. This combination of instruments has been a very popular form of chamber music from the Classical music period onwards. A piano trio can also mean a piece of music written for a piano trio to play.
Other combinations of piano with two instruments are often called by the featuring wind instrument. For example: Mozart wrote a trio for piano, clarinet and viola which is usually called a “clarinet trio”. Brahms wrote a trio for piano, violin and French horn which is usually called a “horn trio”.
Music for three people to play at one piano is called music for piano six hands.
Famous music for piano trio.
Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven all wrote several piano trios for the traditional combination of piano, violin and cello. Beethoven’s last piano trio has the nickname "Archduke" because it was written for the Archduke Rudolph. Franz Schubert wrote two beautiful piano trios.
In the Romantic period some of the best piano trios were written by Felix Mendelssohn, Antonín Dvořák, César Franck and Pyotr Tchaikovsky.
In the 20th century Maurice Ravel and Dmitri Shostakovich each wrote a famous piano trio.
Famous piano trios.
Alfred Cortot, Jacques Thibaud and Pablo Casals were world famous musicians who played and recorded piano trios in the early 20th century. Today there are many young musicians who play piano trios, including three Japanese sisters) called the Fujita Piano Trio who play a lot of their music all from memory.

Franz Grillparzer
Franz Grillparzer (born Vienna, 15 January 1791; died Vienna, January 21, 1872) was an Austrian dramatist and poet. His dramas include 3 plays (a “trilogy”) called "Das Goldene Vliess" ("The Golden Fleece"). Two other famous plays are "Des Meeres und der Liebe Wellen" ("The Waves of the Sea and of Love") and "Der Traum, ein Leben" ("The Dream, a Life"). Although he said he was not interested in prose his short story "Der arme Spielmann" ("The poor minstrel") is probably the best known of his works and one of the best short stories of the 19th century. Grillparzer wrote the funeral speech for Beethoven's funeral in 1827.
Trivia.
An Austrian pastry is named after him: the Grillparzertorte.

Johann Georg Albrechtsberger
Johann Georg Albrechtsberger (born 3 February 1736 in Klosterneuburg near Vienna; died 7 March 1809 in Vienna) was an Austrian composer, organist, music theorist and music teacher. He is most known today because he was Beethoven’s teacher for a time.
Life.
From the age of seven, Albrechtsberger was a choirboy. He had lessons in organ and music theory. As an adult, he had several jobs in churches in small towns. He became Kapellmeister at St Stephen’s Church, Vienna in 1793. This was the best job for a church musician in the empire.
Writing music.
Albrechtsberger wrote hundreds of compositions. He wrote most of them before he got the job in Vienna. He wrote in a classical style. Albrechsberger enjoyed doing things with music which were not normally done. He would ask string players to tune their strings in different ways (called “scordatura”). He would also write slow movements with muted strings. As well as classical sonatas he wrote lots of fugues. Several people, including Mozart, thought of him as the greatest organist in the world.
Teaching.
Albrechtsberger was a very important music teacher. Joseph Haydn thought he was the best teacher in Vienna. He was very interested in contrapuntal music of the Baroque period. He copied many fugues by Bach and other composers.
When Beethoven was a young man, he had some composition lessons from Joseph Haydn. When Haydn was going to travel to England for several months, he asked Albrechtsberger to teach Beethoven while he was gone. These lessons took place from 1793 to 1795. A few years later, Albrechtsberger said about Beethoven that “he learned absolutely nothing and will never accomplish anything decent”. Beethoven said that Albrechtsberger was a “musical pedant”.. However, Beethoven still studied Albrechtsberger’s books on music theory. The string quartets which Beethoven wrote near the end of his life show the influence of Albrechtsberger.

Fidelio
"Fidelio" is an opera in two acts by Ludwig van Beethoven. It is Beethoven's only opera. The German libretto is by Joseph Sonnleithner based on a French story. The opera tells how Leonore, disguised as a prison guard called "Fidelio", rescues her husband Florestan from death in a political prison.
"Fidelio" is an example of a “rescue opera”, a type of opera which was popular at the time. The hero (or heroine) has to fight against cruel people in order to rescue a lover. It was written at the time of the French Revolution when ideas about freedom and peace were talked about by everyone, and led to wars all over Europe. The famous Prisoners’ Chorus is a song for freedom, just like the last movement of his Ninth Symphony.
Beethoven spent some time working on the opera before he was completely happy with it. The first time it was performed (in 1805) it was a three-act opera called "Leonore". There were a lot of French military officers in the audience and they thought they were being criticised. In 1806 it was performed again with two acts and a new overture (now known as "Overture: Leonore No. 3"). But arguments between Beethoven and the theatre management meant there were no more performances. Eight years later Beethoven revised his opera again. This time it was called "Fidelio", and it was a great success. It has remained a famous opera ever since.
Plot.
The setting is a Spanish state prison, a few miles from Seville, in the late 1700s.
Act I.
Jaquino is a prison guard. He wants to marry Marzelline, the daughter of Rocco who is the warden of the prison. But Marzelline has just fallen in love with someone she thinks is a man called Fidelio. Actually Fidelio is a woman who has dressed up as a man so that she can get into the prison where her husband Florestan is a prisoner (he has been arrested for political reasons). She is pretending to return Marzelline’s love so that she can find a way of rescuing Florestan. Rocco says he is happy for Marzelline to marry Fidelio. Fidelio (Leonore) says she will help Rocco with his job of looking after the prisoners. Rocco says she can do this, but there is one prisoner she is not allowed to guard. He has been locked up alone for two years. Leonore thinks it may be her husband, but she is not sure.
Don Pizzaro, the military governor of the prison, hears that the prison is going to be looked at by inspectors who make sure that the prison is being properly managed. He knows that he should not have locked Florestan up, so decides to kill him before the inspection starts. He asks Rocco to dig the grave so that he can get rid of the body quickly. Rocco does not want to do this, but has to agree.
Leonore lets the prisoners have a walk in the garden. Rocco tells Leonore that he must help him dig the grave. Rocco is very cross that the prisoners are walking in the garden, but Rocco says they should be allowed because it is the King’s name-day. Rocco says they should be locked up again.
Act II.
Florestan sits alone in his cell. In his mind he imagines an angel who looks like his wife who his telling him to come to Heaven.
Leonore goes with Rocco to the prisoner. She is still not sure whether it is her husband. She gives him some bread. When Pizarro comes he gets ready to kill Florestan, but Leonore stands between them and tells Pizarro she will shoot him if he comes nearer. A trumpet is heard playing a fanfare because the Minister is arriving.
Outside the prison the Minister says that all the prisoners are now free. He is horrified to find Florestan among the prisoners, because he is his friend. The crowd ask for Pizarro to be punished. Leonore frees her husband from his chains and the crowd say that she is a great heroine.

Für Elise
"Für Elise" (meaning "For Elise") is the popular title of the "Bagatelle in A minor", for piano by Ludwig van Beethoven. It is one of the most popular pieces of piano music in the world. Many young pianists want to learn to play it.
We do not know who Elise was. It might have been a lady called Therese whom Beethoven wanted to marry in 1810, but she did not want to marry him. The piece was not published until 1865, a long time after Beethoven’s death.
The piece is in rondo form. There is a main section which comes three times. Between these three sections there are two other sections, so the form of the piece can be described as
The main section has a time signature of 3/8. It is based on arpeggios which flow from one hand to the other. This is the section that many beginner pianists try to play. The two middle sections are harder to play at the correct speed. They have fast scales, arpeggios and left hand demisemiquavers (32nd notes).

Teplice
Teplice (German name: Teplitz) is a small town in Bohemia, the western area of the Czech Republic. Teplice (pronounced in Czech: “TEP-li-tse”) is a famous spa town where, in earlier times, lots of famous people went for holidays to improve their health. Goethe, Beethoven, Chopin, Franz Liszt and Richard Wagner all stayed there.
Teplice lies between Prague and Dresden in a mountain area called Krušné hory (Iron Mountains). In the year 762 hot springs were found there. The waters from these springs helped people who were ill to get better so it became a spa town.
Since 1990 many buildings have been restored. The Krušnohorské divadlo (Krušnohorské theatre) is now being refurbished. The North Bohemia Philharmonic Orchestra give concerts there in the open air. There is a museum and many restaurants, wine bars and cafés. In the winter the mountain slopes are good for skiing.

Symphony No. 9 (Beethoven)
Symphony no 9 in d minor op 125 (Choral Symphony) by Ludwig van Beethoven is one of the most famous pieces of music ever written.
A symphony is a piece of music for orchestra. Beethoven wrote nine symphonies. This one, the last one he wrote, is very unusual because the last movement also has singing in it: there are four soloists (soprano, alto, tenor and bass) and a choir. This is why it is known as the “choral” symphony (“choral” means: “for choir”). It is a very long work, lasting more than an hour. This, too, was unusual.
This symphony has four movements. The first movement is in sonata form. The second and third movements come the other way round from the usual order: the second movement is the scherzo and the third movement is the slow movement. It is a theme and variations. The last movement sets the words of a poem by Friedrich Schiller, a famous poet who had only recently died. The poem was called "Ode an die Freude" (in English: "Ode to Joy"). The poem has a strong message to all mankind: it is about living in peace and harmony together. It was written at the time of the French Revolution when these ideas were becoming very important in Europe.
The main tune of the last movement (sung to the words: “Freude, schöne Götterfunken, Tochter aus Elysium”) is one of the best known tunes in the world. Many children like to play it on instruments because the first part of the tune only uses five notes (it can be played on C, D, E, F, G). When the tune comes the first time in the symphony it is played by the cellos and double basses.
The "Ode to Joy" was adopted as Europe's “National anthem” in 1972, with an official arrangement for orchestra written by Herbert von Karajan.
Beethoven had been interested in Schiller’s famous poem since he was young. In 1817 he started to write the first two movements of the symphony. In 1822 he decided to use Schiller’s poem in the symphony. Most of the rest of the symphony was written in 1823 and he finished it in 1824. It was first performed in May of that year. Beethoven conducted the performance. The story is told that he wondered why the audience were not applauding when it had finished. They were applauding, but Beethoven was deaf so he could not hear. Someone made him turn round, and he saw that people were applauding enthusiastically.

Shatin Pui Ying College
Shatin Pui Ying College is a Christian secondary school. Its English name is simply said to be SPYC or PYC, and it’s Chinese name is 沙田培英中學. It was started in 1978, and uses the money given by the Hong Kong government. There are 5 classes each for Forms 1 to 5, and 2 classes each for Forms 6 and 7. The school icon is an eagle, which means courage and determination. Its location is at 9 Fung Shun Street, Wo Che Estate, Sha Tin District, HK
What the School Does.
The school teaches its students for public examinations. The school motto is: Faith, Hope, Love" (「信、望、愛」). The school teaches the students other things to gain higher qualities of moral (德), intelligent (智), physical (體), social (群), art (美) and heart (靈).
School History.
The father of the school is Rev Henry Noyes. In 1879, he built a school in Guangzhou, teaching Mathematics and Science. Later he built more schools in Taishan, Jiangmen and Hong Kong.
In 1978, someone built the 5th school which is Pui Ying College. Mr Wong Wai Wah was the Principal. In the first year, the school worked on the campus of Baptist Lui Ming Choi Secondary School at Lek Yuen Estate. In September 1979, the school could move into Wo Che Estate. The school library was opened since September 1982.
In order to make it possible for all the Form 3 students to study as Form 4 in the school, the school changed the class structure. The Student Union was set up in September 1995 and Parent-Teacher Association in 1996. In 1996, Principal Wong gave up working and the Vice Principal Ms Yau Oi Yuen started doing his work. The elite class system was deleted in September, 1996.
The library system was changed to use computer since September 2001. The new wing building of the school has been finished since July 2005. In the new wing, there are classrooms for higher forms classes, a new library, some special rooms and computer rooms.
English.
Exchange students from Italy and Germany help the students learning English. The school has many English activities such as English Tutorial Class, English Drama Competition, Form 1 Bridging Programme, Lyrics-writing Course, English Immersion Speech Competition, Interviewing Tourists, English Phonetics Class, English Enhancement Course, Summer English Class, Overseas Immersion Course, Summer English Camp for senior form students, Summer English Day Camp for junior form students, Intra-school and Inter-school English Debate Competitions and English Musicals.
Chinese.
The Chinese Language teachers write their own teaching units for the students. There are many Chinese activities such as Creative Writing Class, Chinese Week, Prose Writing Class, Reading Club, Modern Poetry Writing Class, Verse-speaking Gathering, Story Writing Class, and Seminar on Reading, Seminar on Modern Poetry, Intra-school and Inter-school Chinese Debate Competitions and Report and Comment on Chinese Words of Wisdom.
Putonghua.
The school teaches Putonghua. There are many activities such as Putonghua Day, Tongue-Twisters, Putonghua Class, Singing Contest, Putonghua Broadcast and Putonghua Corner. Students in the school can learn more about the Chinese culture from the activities such as Workshop on Chinese clipart, Chinese Tea Tao and Chinese Culture and General Studies Competition.
Students in Examinations.
All Form 1 new students are Band 1 students. All of the Form 3 students can study as Form 4 in the school. Students have good results in public examinations. The average passing percentage for the HKCEE and HKALE is higher than 90%. The best student in HKCEE got 8As in 2004.
All Form 6 students in the school are from the Form 5 in the same school, except the exchange students from other countries. Most of the Form 7 students can study in the universities these years.
According to the government, the school teaches Chinese language, English language and Mathematics very well from 2000 to 2006.
The school gives the good students some awards, such as scholarships, Academic Awards, Flying Eagle Awards and Improvement Awards. The school gives money to some students to take part in some inter-school competition and courses in some universities such as The University of Hong Kong, The Chinese University of Hong Kong and The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology. There are some tutorial classes to improve junior students' skills in both English and Chinese languages and also Mathematics.
Reading Activities.
Reading Time is designed to help students having a good reading habit. Reading Days are held by the school library for all students to read or to take part in activities related to reading.
Information Technology.
There are many computer subjects in the school, such as Information Technology (IT) for Forms 1 to 3, Computer and Information Technology (CIT) for Forms 4 and 5, and Computer Applications (CA) for Forms 6 and 7.
Teaching Art.
The school has organised 3 musicals, "The Comeback Kid", "Soul for Sale" and "The Last Move". The songs inside are written by the students and past students. Every Form 1 student has to play at least 1 musical instrument. The Photography Club and the Audio-Visual Group teaches students many skills, such as film editing, image recording, lighting, backdrop setting and sound engineering.
Study about the World.
The school invites some guest speakers to the school to give speeches. Students can know more about the political, social and economic issues in Hong Kong and around the world. The school lets the students to join some extra-curricular activities such as "The Youth Summit", "Dinner with Outstanding Citizens" and "Hong Kong International Model United Nations". The school lets the students to join mainland and overseas cultural tours.
Student Leaders.
The students can take leadership-training courses and extra-curricular activities, such as activities such as “Youth Leaders Auditorium 2005”, “The 6th Basic Certificate Course for Student Leaders”, “Outstanding Leadership Development Programme” and “Youth Think Tank Training Project”. There are Free Talks so that students can have better training in giving speeches.
Flying Eagle Award.
This award is only for the students who have good learning habit, good examination results, good self-discipline, good responsibility, community skills and studies in school activities. There are 4 phases in this award. Students can get a Bronze Eagle Badge in Phase 1, a Silver Eagle Badge in Phase 2, a Gold Eagle Badge in Phase 3 and a cup in Phase 4.
Study about the God.
There are many activities to teach students about the Christian principles, such as Gospel Week, Gospel Camp Evangelical Team, Evangelical Broadcast, Bible Study Groups and Christian Fellowship.
School Songs.
There is a school song with Chinese lyrics. Its melody is the same as the song O Christmas Tree and there are two paragraphs. There is also a school hymn with English lyrics. There are three paragraphs in this school hymn.
School Uniform.
All boys in the school wear white shirts and green trousers, and all girls wear white dresses with green drawstrings as summer uniform. The boys wear grey trousers and the girls wear grey dresses with white socks as winter uniform. Both boys and girls wear green ties when wearing winter uniform.
When students have physical education lessons, they wear PE uniform. From 2000, students can wear PE uniform to school without changing at school. From 2001, the PE uniform has been changed into a new format that is grey and blue in colour. The PE T-shirts have 3 different colours, namely black, blue and red, with respect to the students’ house.
Classes.
The class names are combined with one number and one English character, such as “7B”. There are about 40 students in each class from Form 1 to Form 5. 1A and 1B are remedial classes whereas 1C to 1E perform better in exams. The classes are mixed when students go into Form 2 or Form 3.
All Form 3 students have to choose their subjects after finishing their year. In Form 4 and 5, A and B are arts classes, C is commercial class, D and E are science classes, with the students and class teachers being together in the same class in both Form 4 and 5.
After the HKCEE, some students study in Form 6. Each class in Form 6 and 7 has about 30 students. The class A is an art class and B is a science class.
Houses.
Each Form forms a House, with its own chairman and committee members elected by the students in the own Form. Each House has its own colour such as black, blue or red, just like the students’ PE uniform. The forms from the same colours form some cheering teams during the sports days.
Sports Days and Swimming Gala.
There are 2 sports days every year. The sports days take places on the Yuen Wo Road Sports Ground. Besides the various types of sports competitions, there are competitions among the cheering teams. The swimming gala is held every year with the Pui Ying Secondary School. It takes place on the Hong Kong Island or Sha Tin District alternatively every two years.
External Competitions.
Students in the school take parts in many external competitions in many fields such as music, sports, debates, writings, mathematics and other academic competitions. One of the most notable competitions is the Hang Lung Mathematics Award. The school’s HLMA team got an Honourable Mention in 2004 and a Special Commendation in 2006.
Student Union.
The Student Union was established in November 1994. Its election activity is held in November every year. It helps the school setting new school rules and improves students’ lives. It organises activities such as blood donation days and ball game competitions.
Student Guidance Committee.
It is formed by some teachers, social worker and psychologist to teach students how to have a true value.
Careers Guidance Committee.
It helps students plan for their future by giving them information about different study opportunities and the world of work.
Disciplinary Committee.
Some students may be naughty, so there are some prefects catching the naughty students.
School Library.
The school library has over 20000 books available to students. Every year there are about 100 school librarians. The book borrowing system was changed from man power only into computer system in 2001. The location of it was moved to the new wing building of the school in 2005. It organises Reading Day every year.
Information Technology Committee.
It is made up of an IT technician and some teachers. They work together to provide the up-to-date information for the use of IT in teaching and learning. It trains the teachers and maintaining computer hardware and software. It also provide some advanced computers and facilities including digital video cameras and viewers.
Extra-curricular Activities Committee.
There are 5 groups of extra-curricular activities, including studying, services, entertainment, sports and Christian programme. They are divided into 40 clubs and activity groups.
Civic Education Committee.
It teaches the students about civic education. There are many activities for the students to join..
Religious Education Committee.
It is formed by a group of Christian teachers and Christ's Harvest Church to organize some special activities, Morning Assembly and Fellowship.
Pui Ying Family.
The school has good relationship with Guangzhou Pui Ying, Xiguan Pui Ying, Jiangmen Pui Ying, Taishan Pui Ying and Pui Ying Secondary School. In Canada, there is a Pui Ying Christian Services Society Pui Ying Alumni Associations can be found all over the world, such as in the USA, Canada, New Zealand, Australia, England, South Africa, Japan, Peru, Singapore, Thailand, Guangzhou, Taishan, Jiangmen and Taiwan.

Heuristic
In Computer science, a heuristic is a kind of algorithm. Most of the times, algorithms are made that calculate a good (possibly optimal) solution to a problem, with a deterministic run-time behavior. The algorithm may take a very long time, but it will always stop. A heuristic algorithm gives up one or both of these claims. It might usually find pretty good solutions, but there is no proof, that the solutions are indeed reasonably good. Alternatively, it might run reasonably quickly most of the time, but there is no proof that it will always do this.
Example.
One example where heuristics are useful is a kind of packing problem. The problem consists of packing a number of items. There are rules that need to be respected. For example, each item has a value and a weight. The problem now is to get the most valuable items, with the least weight possible. Another instance is fitting a number of differently-sized items into a confined space, like the trunk of a car.
To get the perfect solution to the problem, all possibilities must be tried. This is often no option, as trying them takes a long time, and on average, half the possibilities must be tried until a solution is found. So what most people will do is to start with the biggest item, fit it in, and then try to arrange the other items around it. This will give a good solution, most of the time. There are cases however, where such a solution is very bad.
Therefore, this is a heuristic solution.
When computers do heuristics they often use some kind of randomness.

Mersenne prime
In mathematics, a Mersenne number is a number that is one less than a "power of two".
A Mersenne prime is a "Mersenne number" that is a prime number. For this it is necessary, the exponent "n" must be prime too. This however, is not sufficient. Many mathematicians prefer the definition of a Mersenne number where "n" has to be a prime number.
For example, "31 = 25 − 1", and 5 is a prime number, so 31 is a Mersenne number; and 31 is also a Mersenne prime because it is a prime number. But the Mersenne number "2047 = 211 − 1" is not a prime because it is divisible by 89 and 23. And "24 -1 = 15" can be shown to be composite because 4 is not prime.
Throughout modern times, the largest known prime number has very often been a Mersenne prime. Most sources restrict the term "Mersenne number" to where "n" is prime, as all Mersenne primes must be of this form as seen below.
Mersenne primes have a close connection to perfect numbers, which are numbers equal to the sum of their proper divisors. Historically, the study of Mersenne primes was motivated by this connection; in the 4th century BC Euclid demonstrated that if M is a Mersenne prime then M(M+1)/2 is a perfect number. In the 18th century, Leonhard Euler proved that all even perfect numbers have this form. No odd perfect numbers are known, and it is suspected that none exist (any that do have to belong to a significant number of special forms).
It is currently unknown if there is an infinite number of Mersenne primes.
The binary representation of 2"n" − 1 is "n" repetitions of the digit 1.
For example, 2"5" − 1 = 11111 in binary.
The first 4 Mersenne primes were known to the Ancient Greeks. They are 3, 7, 31 and 127. The next, 8191, was discovered in 1456. Some people like trying to find big primes. Since there are tricks to finding Mersenne primes quickly the largest primes known are usually Mersenne primes.

Solar radiation
Solar radiation is the energy given off by the sun in all directions. When this energy reaches the earth's surface, it is called insolation.
Solar radiation gives out light and heat to the earth in the form of electromagnetic waves. It has different wave lengths. Radiation such as ultraviolet radiation, X rays and visible light have short wave lengths. Infrared radiation has a long wave length.
Solar radiation is measured with a pyranometer or pyrheliometer.
The atmosphere affects the amount of solar radiation received. When solar radiation travels through the atmosphere, some of it is absorbed by the atmosphere(16%). Some of it is scattered to space (6%). Some of it is reflected by clouds (28%). About 47% of it reaches the earth's surface.

Insolation
Insolation is the solar radiation that reaches the earth's surface. It is measured by the amount of solar energy received per square centimetre per minute.
Insolation affects temperature. The more the insolation, the higher the temperature.
In any given day, the strongest insolation is received at noon.
The longer the duration of daylight, the more the insolation received.

The Settlers II
"The Settlers II" is a real-time strategy (RTS) computer video game. It was released by Blue Byte Software in 1996.

Hugo Chávez
Hugo Rafael Chávez Frías (IPA:) (born July 28, 1954) is the current president of Venezuela. He is the leader of the "Bolivarian Revolution" and promotes his vision of democratic socialism, Latin American integration, and anti-imperialism. Chávez is also an ardent critic of neoliberal globalization and U.S. foreign policy.
Chávez is career military officer. He founded the left-wing Fifth Republic Movement after a failed coup d'état against former President Carlos Andrés Pérez. Chávez was
elected to serve as president in 1998. This was mainly because he promised to help the poor majority of Venezuelan people. He was re-elected in 2000, and 2006. He started a movement called Bolivarian Missions. Its goal is to fight disease, illiteracy, malnutrition, and other social problems. Abroad, Chávez is known for supporting alternative models of economic development. He has also spoken in favor of a collaboration of poor nations, especially those in Latin America.
Chávez's reforms have caused controversy, both inside Venezuela, and outside the country. Some people criticized the reforms, others supported them. Those people who support the reforms say that he has given more power to the poor, and that he has stimulated economic growth. Those who argue against the reforms say that he is an autocraŧ who has mismanaged the economy.
Some governments, especially the government of the United States see Chávez as a threat to global oil prices, as well as to regional stability. Others sympathize with his ideology or welcome his bilateral trade and reciprocal aid agreements.
In 2005 and 2006 he was named one of "Time" magazine's 100 most influential people.

Granule
Granule is a generic term used for a small particle or grain. The generic term is used in a lot of contexts.

Granule (cell biology)
In cell biology, a granule can be any structure barely visible by light microscopy. The term is most often used to describe a secretory vesicle.
Leukocytes.
A group of leukocytes called granulocytes contain granules and play an important role in the immune system. The granules of certain cells, such as Natural Killer Cells, contain components which can lead to the lysis of neighboring cells.
Platelets.
The granules of platelets are classified as dense granules and alpha granules.

Cytosol
The cytosol (cf. "cytoplasm", which also includes the organelles) is the internal fluid of the cell, and a part of cell metabolism occurs here.
Proteins within the cytosol play an important role in signal transduction pathways and glycolysis.
Cytosol mostly consists of water, dissolved ions, small molecules, and large water-soluble molecules (such as protein). It contains about 20% to 30% protein.
Normal human cytosolic pH is (roughly) 7.0 (i.e. neutral), whereas the pH of the extracellular fluid is 7.4.
References.
"Life: The Science of Biology". Purves, Sadava, Orians, Heller. Sunderland, MA. Sinauer Associates, Inc. 2004. ISBN 0-7167-9856-5 (ILM USA)

Joan Jett
Joan Jett (born September 1958) is an American singer and is best known for her number one single "I Love Rock n Roll". Jett has a punkish, tomboy appearance and is a Democrat.

Marble
Marble is a metamorphic rock that developed from limestone. Most of the material is calcite (a crystalline form of calcium carbonate, CaCO3).
It is often used for sculpture, as a building material, and for many other purposes.
The word 'marble' is also used for other stones that can be polished well and for ball shaped objects used for child games.
Faux marble or faux marbling is a wall painting technique that imitates the color patterns of real marble (not to be confused with paper marbling). Marble dust can be combined with cement or synthetic resins to make "reconstituted" or "cultured marble".
Places named after the stone include Marble Arch, London; the Sea of Marmara; India's Marble Rocks; and the towns of Marble, Minnesota; Marble, Colorado; and Marble Hill, Manhattan, New York. The Elgin Marbles are marble sculptures from the Parthenon that are on display in the British Museum. They were brought to Britain by the Earl of Elgin.
Kinds of marble.
White marbles, like Carrara in Italy, Royal White and Bejing White in China, have been prized for sculpture since classical times. This preference has to do with the softness and relative isotropy and homogeneity, and a relative resistance to shattering. Also, the low index of refraction of calcite allows light to penetrate several millimeters into the stone before being scattered out, resulting in the characteristic "waxy" look which gives "life" to marble sculptures of the human body.
Construction marble.
In the construction trade, the term "marble" is used for any massive, crystalline calcitic rock (and some non-calcitic rocks) useful as building stone. For example, Tennessee Marble is really a massive, highly fossiliferous gray to pink to maroon Ordovician dolostone, known as the Holston Formation by geologists.
Industrial use of marble.
Colorless marbles are a very pure source of calcium carbonate, which is used in a wide variety of industries. Finely ground marble powder is a component in paints, toothpaste, and plastics; calcium carbonate can also be reduced under high heat to calcium oxide (also known as "lime"), which has many applications including being a primary component of most cements.

Fan fiction
Fan fiction or fanfiction (also known as fanfic) is a name for fiction created by fans instead of the original author.
Fanfiction writers take fictional characters and settings from fictional (or sometimes historical) stories that were created by other people, and write original stories about them. People write fan fiction for a many different book, television series or movie fandoms.
When fanfiction first began, it was often only published in fan magazines. Today fanfiction, like many fandom activities, can be usually found on the internet. This has created many fanfiction communities. People in these communities post their fanfiction and receive feedback (reviews) from other community members.
There is also fan art (also called fanart), which is often drawings or other visual art based on a fandom.

Three Laws of Robotics
The Three Laws of Robotics are three rules, written by Isaac Asimov. Isaac Asimov wrote many stories with robots in them. In most of his stories, the robots must obey the laws. The first mention of the laws is in Asimov's short story "Runaround" (written in 1942).
Later, Asimov added the Zeroth Law: "A robot may not harm humanity, or, by inaction, allow humanity to come to harm"; the rest of the laws are modified sequentially to acknowledge this.
According to the "Oxford English Dictionary," the first passage in Asimov's short story "Liar!" (1941) that mentions the First Law is the earliest recorded use of the word "robotics". Asimov was not initially aware of this; he assumed the word already existed by analogy with "mechanics," "hydraulics," and other similar terms denoting branches of applied knowledge.
The Three Laws form an organizing principle and unifying theme for Asimov's fiction, appearing in his "Robot" series and the other stories linked to it, as well as his Lucky Starr series of science-oriented young-adult fiction. Other authors working in Asimov's fictional universe have adopted them, and references (often parodic) appear throughout science fiction and in other genres. Technologists in the field of artificial intelligence, working to create real machines with some of the properties of Asimov's robots, have speculated upon the role the Laws may have in the future.

Electromagnetic wave
An electromagnetic wave is a wave in space with electric and magnetic components.
Electromagnetic radiation is classified into types according to the frequency of the wave: these types include, in order of increasing frequency, radio waves, microwaves, terahertz radiation, infrared radiation, visible light, ultraviolet radiation, X-rays and gamma rays. In some technical contexts the entire range is referred to as just 'light'.

Grenade
Hand-held grenades.
Hand-held grenades are grenades used by the infantry (soldiers). There are three main types: one which gives a big powerful blast to destroy bunkers, another which starts fires and another which contains shrapnel to hurt enemy soldiers.
A hand-held grenade is usually shaped like an egg, with a metal-arm on its top and a ring. When you pull out the ring, the arm flips up and ignites a fuse. The user then has a few seconds to throw it and take cover, usually about 5 seconds.
An early type of hand-held grenade was a iron-ball, filled with gunpowder and with a long fuse that its user must light up with a match before throwing. The German army used stick grenades (grenades with handles) during World War one and World War two.
Cannon-grenades.
The most commonly used grenade, and it comes in all sizes, from 50mm cannons against aircraft, to 105mm shots in tanks, to up to 50cm or more mounted on great battleships or coastal fortresses.
It works the same way as a gun, but instead of just a lead bullet, the shell is packed with explosives like TNT. An artillery-grenade can do a lot of damage when it explodes.
Airplane-ammo-grenades.
Airplane-ammo-grenades are used in machine-cannons mounted on either warplanes or gunships (helicopters built for war). It is the same shape as a ordinarey shot, but much bigger. It consist of a tube with an ignition mechanism in its rear, which throws out the shell very quickly. The shell is loaded with TNT or any other type of explosive.

Nathuram Godse
Nathuram Vinayak Godse (Marathi: नथूराम गोडसे)(नात्थूराम विनायक गोडसे, ਨਥੂਰਾਮ ਵਿਨਾਯਕ ਗੋਡਸੇ) (May 19, 1910 – November 15, 1949), born at Baramati, Pune District, India was the man who assassinated Mahatma Gandhi.
Nathuram Godse was born on May 19, 1910. His father was Vinayak Vaman Rao Godse, his mother Lakshmi (Godavari before marriage). His father was a fifteen-rupee-a-month employee of the post office.
Godse's political career.
Godse dropped out of high school and became an activist with the Hindu Mahasabha.
The Hindu Mahasabha had initially backed Gandhi's campaigns of civil disobedience against the British government.
But Godse and his mentors later rejected Gandhi. They felt that Gandhi was sacrificing Hindu interests in an effort to appease minority groups. They blamed Gandhi for the bloody Partition of India, which left hundreds of thousands of people dead.
Motive.
The immediate motive for the assassination is usually ascribed to Gandhi's January 13, 1948 decision to fast to the death unless the Indian central government reversed a decision to withhold the transfer of 55 crore (550 million) rupees to the government of Pakistan. The transfer had been specified in the partition agreement, but the Indian government had refused to complete it, complaining of continued Pakistani rebel occupation of disputed parts of Kashmir.
The Indian government immediately reversed its decision to withhold the funds, which infuriated Godse and his fellow Hindu radicals.
It is far from clear whether or not the decision to assassinate Gandhi was taken by Godse alone, or whether he had consulted with other Mahasabha members, or even received their help in carrying out the assassination. The Mahasabha resolutely denied all complicity, and Godse took full responsibility. However, many critics believe that Godse did not act alone.
Godse assassinated Gandhi on January 30, 1948, approaching him during the evening prayer, bowing, and shot him three times at close range.

Cradle of Filth
Cradle of Filth is a metal band from England. Their exact style of music has been argued for many years, some saying the band is black metal, others saying that they are gothic metal, extreme metal, or many other different styles. They have had many different members since the band was formed. The band was founded by Dani Filth in 1991, who is still leader of the band. They have had great success on TV and radio, are very well known.

Doronpa
Doronpa, born Makoto Sakurai, is a Japanese activist, writer and internet blogger from Fukuoka province. He is a Japanese nationalists. He is a leader of the group of people who do not believe Korean people in Japan should have special rights. The group thinks that many of the rights that Korean people have in Japan are not good.
Political stance.
Doronpa is a very strict nationalist. He has strong prejudice towards Korean and Chinese people. He thinks that Japanese colonization of Korea was good. He also believes that the Second Sino-Japanese War between China and Japan was a holy war for Japan.
The group.
Doronpa is the leader of a group of Japanese people who believed that many of the special rights given to Korean people were wrong. The group is called (in Japanese) "在日特権を許さない市民の会". In English, it means "Meeting of the citizen who does not permit resident privilege." The group believes Japanese people must stop the Korean people from having special rights. This group had over 1000 members as of May 2007. The group is one of the main groups against Koreans or Chinese people in Japan today.
Comments that made trouble.
Doronpa has made many comments about how he believes the Korean and Chinese people do not think human life is as important as other people think it is.
The Shooting at Virginia Tech.
After the Virginia Tech shooting on April 16, 2007, Doronpa wrote about it in his blog. He said that these two comments show his thinking that Koreans and Chinese are unethical and have bad morals.

George Adamski
George Adamski (April 17, 1891 – April 23, 1965) was a Polish-born American who became known in ufology circles after he said he photographed ships from other planets, met with aliens, and took flights with them. He considered himself to be a "philosopher, teacher, student and saucer researcher."

Efficiency
The term efficiency means that a person or machine do good work without spending too much resources, that means energy, material, capital and labour.
Machines are efficient when they can do their task without wasting energy. An efficient car can go farther with less fuel; an efficient spacecraft can fly in space without bringing a heavy tank of rocket fuel with it.

Manga Kenkanryu
"Manga Kenkanryu" (Anti-Korea Weve) is a Japanese manga book where Koreans are described as ugly and stupid. In this manga, the author, Sharin Yamano, says that Japanese colonial rule in Korea was good thing and Koreans must say "thank you" to Japan for the Japanese rule of their nation. It was thought to be racism by many people, including Japanese.

Donkey Kong
Donkey Kong is is a Nintendo video game character. He was first in a video game in 1981. He is a large gorilla who lives deep in the jungles of his very own island. Since 1994 he has worn a necktie, his only piece of clothing. He appears as both the hero and villain of the Donkey Kong games.

Sharin Yamano
Sharin Yamano is a Japanese manga artist. He is well-known for his book, "Manga Kenkanryu". He is thought to be an anti-Korean man, but the detail of his profile is not known well.
In his manga, Yamano says that Koreans must thank the Japanese for their colonization of Korea.

Categorical imperative
The categorical imperative is an idea that Immanuel Kant had about ethics. An 'imperative' is something that some person has to do. The categorical imperative says that we should act in ways that we wish that every person would act. Kant thought that another way of saying the same idea is to say that we should treat other persons as persons and not as tools that can help us in some way.
Kant thought that this idea is the basis to treat other people in the right way.

Multiculturalism
Multiculturalism is a word that describes a society where many different cultures live together.
In a multicultural society, there is not an official (decided by the people in charge) culture that every person must be a part of. Instead, all cultures are respected as much as each other.
In general, a multicultural society is formed when people from many different countries all migrate to one place.

Comfort women
Comfort women are women who served the Japanese Imperial Army as sex slaves during World War II. The number of women forced to serve is thought to be 50,000 - 200,000.

Glycolysis
Glycolysis is the archetype of all metabolic processes known. Therefore one can find it in many types of cells in nearly all organisms.
The reason is that it is the foundation of both aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
Glycolysis, through anaerobic respiration, is the main energy source in many cells.
Alternative nomenclature.
Some of the metabolites in glycolysis have alternative names and nomenclature. In part, this is because some of them are common to other pathways, such as the Calvin cycle.

Archetype
In psychology, an archetype is a model of a person, personality, or behavior.
In the analysis of personality, the term "archetype" is often broadly used to refer to
But in a strict linguistic sense, an archetype is merely a defining "example" of a personality type. In this sense "mother figure" can be considered an archetype and instances can be found in various female characters with distinct personalities.
Archetypes have been present in mythology and literature for hundreds of years. The use of archetypes to analyze personality was advanced by Carl Jung early in the 20th century. The value in using archetypal characters in fiction derives from the fact that a large group of people are able to unconsciously recognize the archetype, and thus the motivations, behind the character's behavior.
Etymology.
The word "archetype" appeared in European texts as early as 1545. It derives from the Latin noun "archetypum" via the Greek noun "arkhetypon" and adjective "arkhetypos", meaning "first-moulded". The Greek roots are "arkhe-" ("first" or "original") + "typos" ("model", "type", "blow", "mark of a blow").

Prototype
A prototype is an original type, form, or instance of some thing serving as a typical example, basis, epitome, or standard for other things of the same category.

Microdon
Flies in the genus (group) "Microdon" are different from most other flies because they are myrmecophiles, which means they live in ant nests. There are more than 350 species (different kinds) of "Microdon" in the world. The most "Microdon" live in the tropics; 30 species live in North America (Thompson 1981).
What they look like.
"Microdon" adults are very hairy and look like bees. They are 8 to 15 mm long. The antennae are almost as long as the fly's face. These flies have black or pale (white or golden) hairs, and their bodies are either black or metallic green or blue.
The larvae of "Microdon" flies look strange. They are very round and look like stout little slugs. At first scientists thought they were mollusks and scale insects (Duffield 1981). They move slowly.
What they do.
Adult "Microdon" flies do not hover around flowers such as many other flies; instead they remain close to the ant colonies where they grew up.
Larvae may be found very deep in ant nests. Some "Microdon" larvae eat ant larvae (Duffield 1981); others are scavengers, which means they eat dead plants or insects in the ant colony. Most "Microdon" larvae can only live in the colony of one kind of ant.
Not much is known about "Microdon" flies because their larvae live in ant nests where it is difficult to see them.

Pattern
A pattern is an idea, a concept or a model. The model is usually abstract, and can then be applied to the domain where it is used. Pattern matching is checking if a certain pattern is present. Many patterns can directly be recognised by the senses.
Some patterns are based on the fact that there are repetitions, that a certain thing occurs over and over again. An example of a simple pattern might be the tiling of a floor.
In Computer science, Design patterns are model solutions for problems that occur very often.

Bean
Bean is the name used for the seeds of several plants. Most of these plants are known as legumes. Their scientific name is Fabaceae. Common beans, lentils, soybeans, Kidney beans, peas, vetches and lupins are all in that group of plants.
The seeds of other plants (which are not Fabaceae), are sometimes also called beans. This is mostly because of their resemblance to true beans. Example for such beans are Coffee beans, Cocoa beans, and Vanilla beans.

Luxembourg franc
The Luxembourg Franc was the type of currency used in Luxembourg from 1848 to 1999. Belgium was another country that used the Luxembourg Franc. The symbol for the Luxembourg Franc is fr. or F. On January 1, 1999, the Luxembourg Franc was replaced by the Euro (€). 1 Euro is equal to about 40 Luxembourg Francs.
Coins.
There were different types of Luxembourg Francs, like 25 cent, 1, 20, and 50 Francs.

Belgian franc
The Belgian franc was a type of money. It is nearly the same as its partner, the Luxembourg franc. The Belgian franc was founded in 1848 in Belgium. The symbol for the Belgian franc is fr. or F. It was replaced by the euro (€) on January 1, 1999. One euro has the same value as about forty Belgian francs.
Coins.
The different types of coins used were 1, 5, 20, and 50 francs. 50 cents was another type of coin, but is not common.

Paradise Island
Paradise Island is an island in the Bahamas. The island is located just north of the island of New Providence, Bahamas. There are two bridges connecting the two islands. One was built in 1999 and the other one was built in the late 1990s.
Description.
Paradise Island (and all of the Bahamas) is known for its sandy white beaches and all year round warm climate. The island is also is known for Atlantis, a hotel and casino.
Movies.
Paradise Island is a hot spot for filming movies. The Beatles film "Help!" and James Bond movie "Casino Royale" are only some of the movies filmed on Paradise Island.

Eddie Izzard
Eddie Izzard (born February 7 1962 in Aden, Yemen) is a British actor and stand-up comedian. He has acted in movies and television. He is known for his strange comedy and for being a transvestite (he sometimes wears women's clothes).

Emulator
Emulators are things that make one kind of computer behave like a different one, so that it can use the same programs or do the same things. They are best for using old software and games on newer computers. They can be hardware that you add to the computer, or software that you use on it.

ReactOS
ReactOS is a project to develop an operating system that is compatible with software for Microsoft Windows 2000 and its successors. Although the project currently is in its first stage of development, many Windows programs already work well.

MenuetOS
MenuetOS (also known as MeOS) is an operating system for architecture computers for x86 and x86_64 processors, by Ville Mikael Turjanmaa. It is a very small system, which can be run from a floppy disk. It is written in only assembley code, and works fast because of these differences and because it has less "code overhead".

SkyOS
SkyOS is a privately owned operating system currently in production. SkyOS is mostly POSIX compliant, and comes with the core of the open source GNU tools, including GCC. Due to its level of POSIX compliance and port of the GTK+ widget toolkit, many Linux or other UNIX applications have been ported, including AbiWord and Gaim, as well as a few games, such as "Quake". It was made by Robert Szeleney.

Jodie Foster
Jodie Foster (born November 19 1962) is an American actress. She has been in many movies like "Bugsy Malone", "Taxi Driver", "The Silence of the Lambs" and "Panic Room". She is also a film director and producer. She has won lots of awards including two Oscars.

President of the French Republic
The President of the French Republic is the head of state of France. The current President is Nicolas Sarkozy.

Orthodoxy
The word "orthodoxy", from the Greek "ortho" ('right', 'correct') and "doxa" ('thought', 'teaching', 'glorification'), is typically used to refer to the correct worship or the correct theological and doctrinal of religion.
Up to the advent of Christianity the term was not used like that in the Greek-speaking world. Orthodoxy is opposed to "heterodoxy" ('other teaching'), "heresy" and "schism". People who profess a doctrine considered to be false by the majority are most often called heretics. People who separate themselves from the body of believers, i.e. from full communion, are called schismatics.

Corn Pops
Corn Pops is a breakfast cereal made by Kellogg's. It was originally called Sugar Pops in 1951, and then changed Sugar Corn Pops, and then to "Corn Pops" and in January of 2006 the name of the cereal was changed to Pops, only to be changed back to Corn Pops several months later. In the middle of 2007, Corn Pops made a new kind of cereal called "Peanut Butter Pops".

Końskowola
Końskowola is a village in Southeastern Poland. It is the capital of a separate commune within Puławy County and the Lublin Voivodeship. It has 2,188 inhabitants (as of 2004).
History.
The town was established on June 8, 1532. Końskowola served as a center of the foodstuffs trade for the surrounding area. Several textile production factories were also located there.
During World War II, on September 15, 1939, Końskowola was taken by German troops and occupied. During the course of WWII, the Germans set up a POW camp and camps for slave labor in the town. The POW camp was soon stopped, but a labor camp continued in operation through 1943.
A ghetto was established in the town, to which many groups of Jews were relocated, including Jews from Slovakia. On May 8, 1942, the Nazis conducted an "Aktion" in which many Jews were rounded up and transported to a death camp. In October 1942, the ghetto's population was killed in a massacre carried out by German troops. Some 800-1000 Jews, among them women and children, were taken to a nearby forest and killed. The ghetto's remaining inhabitants were moved to another camp.
With the approach of Soviet Union forces in the summer of 1944, the Germans had plans to burn the town. On July 25, 1944, the German occupation forces were attacked by fighters of the Polish resistance. The town was soon freed from the Germans.

Erich Maria Remarque
Erich Maria Remarque (June 22, 1898 – September 25, 1970) was the pseudonym of Erich Paul Remark, a German author.
Life.
Erich Paul Remark was born in Osnabrück. His parents were of the working-class. The family was Roman Catholic.When he was eighteen, he had to go to war. The Army sent him the front lines of World War I. He was wounded there, by stray shell fragments. After the war, he changed his last name to "Remarque". This had been the family-name until his grandfather's time. He worked at a number of different jobs. He also took the jobs of librarian, businessman, teacher, journalist and editor, at some time.
In 1929, Remarque published his most famous work, "All Quiet on the Western Front" ("Im Westen nichts Neues") under the name "Erich Maria Remarque". He Changed his middle name to honor his mother. The novel described the utter cruelty of the war from the perspective of a twenty-year-old soldier. A number of similar works followed; in simple, emotive language they realistically described wartime and the postwar years. An opposite view is found in "Storm of Steel" ("In Stahlgewittern") by Ernst Jünger.
In 1933, the Nazis banned and burned Remarque's works. They made propaganda materials. In the materials, they said that he was a descendant of French Jews and that his real last name was Kramer, his original name spelled backwards. This is still listed in some biographies despite the complete lack of proof. He had been living in Switzerland since 1931, and in 1939 he emigrated to the United States of America with his first wife, Ilsa Jeanne Zamboui, whom he married and divorced twice, and they became naturalized citizens of the United States in 1947. In 1948 he went to Switzerland, where he spent the rest of his life. He married the Hollywood actress Paulette Goddard in 1958. He was married to her until his death in 1970. at age 72. He is buried in the Ronco cemetery in Ronco, Ticino, Switzerland. Goddard is also buried there Goddard left $20m to New York University to fund an institute for European study which is named after Remarque.
Work.
His books have been translated into at least 58 languages.

Bellinzona
Bellinzona (in French "Bellinzone", in archaic German "Bellenz" and "Bilitio" in Latin) is the capital of the Swiss Canton of Ticino. With about 17.300 people living there, it is the second biggest city of the canton (after Lugano, with about 52.000 people).

J. R. Richard
James Rodney "J. R." Richard (born March 7, 1950) is a former Major League Baseball starting pitcher for the Houston Astros. Richard was excellent in basketball and baseball in high school. He was drafted by the Houston Astros in the first round of the 1969 amateur draft. He made his baseball debut on September 5, 1971, and pitched a complete game and had fifteen strikeouts. After that, he was one of the top pitchers in the National League, and in all of baseball. He led the league in many pitching categories. They include strikeouts, earned run average (ERA) and hits allowed per nine innings.
On July 30, 1980, Richard suffered a stroke and collapsed while playing catch before a game. He was sent to Methodist Hospital in Houston, Texas and had emergency surgery. The surgery removed a dangerous blood clot in his neck. The next year, Richard tried to make a comeback into baseball, but the stroke had slowed down his reaction time and vision. He then spent the next few seasons in minor league baseball. He was later released by the Astros on April 27, 1984. After baseball, Richard was involved in business. He had a few bad business deals and went through two divorces. This left him homeless in 1994. He then found help in a local church, and then became a minister and baseball instructor for young people in Houston.

Conrad Lant
Conrad "Cronos" Lant is the vocalist and bass player in black metal band Venom. He was born in 1963 in London, England.
History.
Cronos started to sing in 1978 in the band "Guillotine". Then he knew Jeffrey "Mantas" Dunn and they founded Venom.
In 1989 Cronos left the band to start a solo work. Venom couldn't go on without him and they stopped singing in 1993. Then Cronos returned in 1995 and rejoined the band.

County Wicklow
County Wicklow ("Contae Chill Mhantáin") is a county on the east coast of Ireland. It is directly south of Dublin. County Wicklow has an area of 2,024 km² (781 square miles). Wicklow is known as "The Garden of Ireland" because of its scenery.
The county town is Wicklow. County Wicklow's largest municipality is Bray. Bray has a population of 30,951 and is a suburb of Dublin. Other main towns include Gaystones and Arklow.

Lusaka
Lusaka is the capital of Zambia. It is also the largest city in that country. It is located in south central Zambia on a plateau at 1300 m (4265 ft) in altitude. Lusaka has a population of 1,084,703.

Shield
A shield is the name used to refer to any object or force used to block something.
History.
The oldest shield known was a device used to block hand weapons and arrows. The shield has been constructed differently over time, even animal hides were used, and the size and weight were largely different as well.
Middle Ages.
In the Middle ages, Kite shields were commonly used. The Kite shield is a shield in the form of a kite. Because of the lack of mobility due of the kite shields' weight, kite shields were given up for more mobility and two handed weapons. The Buckler was a shield with a round shape. It was commonly used as a replacement for the heavy Kite shields.
Modern Shields.
Shields were used even after gunpowder weapons. the shield is still used by police and army forces today. Many shields now in days are usually made from advanced material, as well as electronics. Shields also vary from not only hand helds, but clothing, such as vests and, in a way, boots and gloves.
Future.
The future of shields have varied from multiple ideas and fiction, usually force fields and energy shields.

Kite shield
A kite shield is a Middle Age shield in the shape of a kite. The kite shield was used by many knights and people for protection, but was given up for two-handed weapons and more mobility.
The efficiency of the kite shields shields shape came into action when cavalry combat occurred, useful to protect most of the body from the shoulders down to the feet, giving the knight more options in combat. The kite shield was useful, giving the knight options to fight with his sword hand without having to worry too much about being struck on the other side.

Gerbilling
Monowheel.
Gerbilling is when the rider of a monowheel brakes too hard. Instead of staying in the normal position at the bottom of the wheel they spin around the inside uncontrollably. This sense is derived from gerbil wheels.
As a sexual term.
Gerbilling, also known as gerbil stuffing or gerbil shooting is the sexual practice of inserting small animals, usually gerbils but also hamsters, and reportedly other rodents, into the rectum; the idea being that the animals would snoop and or wiggle about which in turn would stimulate the prostate as in anal sex. Although there are apparently widespread public belief and persistent rumours about this, especially in the 1980s, no medical evidence of gerbilling exists; this would classify it as an urban legend.

Socialist Party (France)
The Socialist Party ("Parti Socialiste", PS) is one of the largest political parties in France. It replaced the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO) in 1969.
It is one of the social democratic parties.
It first won power under the Fifth Republic with François Mitterrand's victory at the 1981 presidential election.
The party's candidate for the 2007 presidential election, Ségolène Royal, was defeated by Nicolas Sarkozy by about 53% to 47%.
French socialism until 1969.
After the failure of the Paris commune (1871), French socialism was figuratively beheaded. Its leaders were killed or exiled. France's first socialist party, the Federation of the Socialist Workers of France ("Fédération des travailleurs socialistes de France" or FTSF), was founded in 1879.
In 1899, the participation of Millerand in Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau's cabinet caused a debate about socialist participation in a "bourgeois government". Three years later, Jaurès, Allemane and the possibilists founded the French Socialist Party while Guesde and Vaillant formed the Socialist Party of France. Then, in 1905, during the Globe Congress, the two groups merged in the French Section of the Workers International ("Section française de l'Internationale ouvrière" or SFIO). Jaurès became the party leader.
The French socialists were strongly pacifist, but following the assassination of Jaurès in 1914 they were unable to resist the wave of militarism which followed the outbreak of World War I.
The Socialists suffered a severe split over participation in the wartime government of national unity. In 1919 the anti-war socialists were heavily defeated in elections. In 1920, during the Tours Congress, the majority and left wing of the party broke away and formed the French Section of the Communist International ("Section française de l'Internationale Communiste" or SFIC). This party joined the Third International, that was founded by Lenin. The right wing, led by Léon Blum, kept the "old house" and remained in the SFIO.
In 1934, the Communists changed their line, and the three parties came together in the Popular Front, which won the 1936 elections and brought Blum to power as France's first Socialist Prime Minister.
After the liberation of France in 1944, the SFIO had a coalition with a powerful Communist Party (which became the main left-wing party) and the Christian Democratic MRP. This alliance did not survive the Cold War. Blum proposed the construction of a Third Force with the center-left and the center-right, against the Gaullists and the Communists. However, his candidate to lead of the SFIO, Daniel Mayer, was defeated by Guy Mollet.
Mollet was supported by the left wing of the party. Paradoxically, he spoke a Marxist language without questioning the alliance with the center and the center-right. He was Prime Minister at the head of a minority government in 1956. The SFIO returned to opposition in 1959.
The SFIO did not nominate a candidate for the 1965 election. Consequently, it supported the candidacy of François Mitterrand, a former minister of the Fourth Republic who had been a conservative, then an independent of the left. He was resolutely anti-Gaullist. He obtained an honourable result and faced De Gaulle in an unexpected second ballot. He thus appeared as the leader of the non-Communist left.
In order to exist between the Communist Party, leading the left, and the Gaullist Party, leading the country, the SFIO, Radicals, and left wing republican groups created the Federation of the Democratic and Socialist Left under Mitterrand's leadership.
The foundation of the PS and the "Union of Left" (1969-1981).
In 1969 the SFIO was replaced by the Socialist Party ("Parti socialiste" or PS). It was joined by pro-Pierre Mendès-France clubs (Union of Clubs for the Renewal of the Left led by Alain Savary) and left-wing republican groups (Union of Socialist Groups ad Clubs of Jean Poperen). During the Issy-les-Moulineaux Congress, Alain Savary was elected First Secretary with the support of his predecessor Guy Mollet. He proposed an "ideological dialogue" with the Communists.
Two years later, pro-François Mitterrand clubs (Convention of the Republican institutions), joined the party. Mitterrand defeated the Savary-Mollet duo by proposing an electoral programme with the Communists.
Mitterrand's presidency and the practice of power (1981-1995).
In 1981 Mitterrand defeated the conservative, Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, to become the first socialist elected President of France by universal suffrage.
The PS lost the majority in the French National Assembly in 1986, forcing Mitterrand to "cohabit" with the conservative government of Jacques Chirac. Nevertheless, Mitterrand was re-elected President in 1988 with a moderate programme entitled "united France". He proposed neither nationalisations nor privatisations. He chose as Prime Minister the most popular and moderate of the Socialist politicians, Michel Rocard. His cabinet included 4 center-right ministers but it was supported by only a plurality in the National Assembly elected in June 1988.
During his second term, Mitterrand focused on foreign policy and European construction.
Jospin and the "Plural Left" (1995-2002).
In opposition, the PS reconstructed a coalition with the other left-wing forces: the PCF, the Greens, the Left Radical Party and the MDC. This "Plural Left" ("Gauche plurielle") gained the 1997 legislative election and Jospin became Prime Minister of the third "cohabitation".
His policy was broadly progressive but had little to do with socialism as traditionally understood. The Aubry laws reduced the working time to 35 hours a week. A universal medical cover was instituted. However, the policy of privatization was pursued.
On April 21, 2002 Jospin was eliminated at the first round of the presidential election.
After the 2002 shock.
In the 2004 regional elections, the Socialists had a major comeback. In coalition with the former "Plural Left", they gained power in 20 of the 22 metropolitan regions (all except Alsace and Corsica) and in the four overseas regions. In fact, it benefited from a "sanction-vote" against the right.
On December 1, 2004, 59% of the members of the Socialist Party decided to approve the proposed European Constitution. However, several well-known members of the Party, including Laurent Fabius, and left-wingers Henri Emmanuelli and Jean-Luc Mélenchon, asked the voters to vote "no" in the 29 May 2005 French referendum on the European Constitution, at which the proposed Constitution was rejected.
2007 presidential elections.
For the 2007 presidential election, many potential candidates appeared: François Hollande, Laurent Fabius (who has joined the left-wing of the party), Dominique Strauss-Kahn (who claimed he represented "social-democracy"), Jack Lang, Martine Aubry and Ségolène Royal, who was favourite according to the polls.
On November 16, 2006, the members of the Socialist Party chose Ségolène Royal to be their candidate with a majority of 60%. Her challengers, Strauss-Kahn and Fabius, obtained 21% and 19% respectively.
After obtaining 25% of the vote in the first round of France's presidential elections Ségolène Royal qualified for the second round of voting but lost to Nicolas Sarkozy on May 6, 2007.

Anomie
Anomie means a condition when a person has no (or only little) standards or values.
In context with society or government it means social unrest.
Etymology.
The word comes from Greek, namely the prefix "a-" “without”, and "nomos" “law”. The original meaning of "anomie" was "against or outside the law".
In contemporary English the word "anomie" can mean not only normlessness but also anarchy. Émile Durkheim and later theorists, meant with "anomie" a reaction against or a retreat from the regulatory social controls of society, and is a completely separate concept from anarchy which is an absence of effective rulers or leaders.
Anomie in literature and film.
In Albert Camus’s existentialist novel "The Stranger", the protagonist Meursault struggles to construct an individual system of values as he responds to the disappearance of the old. He exists largely in a state of "anomie", as seen from the apathy evinced in the opening lines: "“Aujourd’hui, maman est morte. Ou peut-être hier, je ne sais pas”" (“Today Mother died. Or maybe yesterday, I don't know.”)
Dostoevsky, whose work is often considered a philosophical precursor to existentialism, often expressed a similar concern in his novels. In The Brothers Karamazov, the character Dimitri Karamazov asks his atheist friend Rakitin, ”...without God and immortal life? All things are lawful then, they can do what they like?” Raskolnikov, the anti-hero of Dostoevsky’s novel Crime and Punishment, puts this philosophy into action when he kills an elderly pawnbroker and her sister, later rationalizing this act to himself with the words, “...it wasn’t a human being I killed, it was a principle!”
On Hermann Hesse´s Der Steppenwolf we can also find a very clear picture of anomie. The protagonist affirms that the men of the Dark Ages did not suffer more than those of the Classical Antiquity, and vice-versa. It is rather those who live between two times, those who do not know what to follow, that suffer the most. In this token, a man from the Dark Ages living in the Classical Antiquity, or the opposite, would undergo a gulping sadness and agony.

Fog
Fog is a time of very thick mist. It may appear on land or sea. It usually lowers visibility. When fog forms at high levels it creates a cloud called stratus. When the air chills, moisture will turn to fog. Fog is made of tiny water droplets or on very cold conditions, ice crystals.

Frost
Frost is formed when water vapor freezes onto a surface. It has a white, powdery appearance. It is formed on outside surfaces when the temperature of air is very low. It can destroy crops. Greenhouses help to protect crops from frost.

1983 Atlantic hurricane season
The 1983 Atlantic hurricane season was the least active Atlantic hurricane season ever recorded. The season officially started on June 1, 1983, and ended on November 30. The seaon had only a total of 4 named storms, which was less than half of the average number of storms in a season. In addition, it was the least active season since ACE recording began in 1950.
The most strongest and deadliest storm of the season was Hurricane Alicia, which hit Texas causing great destruction and killing 21 people directly. The damages it brought totaled up to be $2 billion.
Hurricane Alicia.
Alicia formed in the north-central part of the Gulf of Mexico on August 15. It traveled west, strengthening into a hurricane. It quickly reached Category 3 strength as it approached the Texas coastline, and made landfall at Galveston, Texas on August 18 at its strongest intensity. The storm then moved northward, its eye passing over Houston. Alicia still kept its tropical characteristics while over land, but eventually becoming extratropical and combining itself with another storm over northern Kansas on September 21.
Hurricane Barry.
An African tropical wave crossed the Atlantic Ocean and strengthened into Tropical Storm Barry for a short time just off the east coast of Florida on August 24. Barry weakened to a depression just before it made landfall near Melbourne, Florida, but managed to cross the Florida peninsula and continued west across the Gulf of Mexico. In the central Gulf, it began to restrengthen, and was a minimal Category 1 hurricane when it made landfall in northeastern Mexico. Barry then began to quickly weaken over land at about 1200 UTC August 29 and soon dissipated.
Hurricane Chantal.
A group of scattered tropical thunderstorms 200 km south of Bermuda, strengthened into the fifth tropical depression of the 1983 season. An Air Force Reconnaissance aircraft found winds of 35 kt (40 mph, 65 km/h) and was named Tropical Storm Chantal. Chantal continued to strengthen and developed into a minimal hurricane with 75 mph (120 km/h) winds on September 11 and maintained that strength until September 13, when it weakened back into a tropical storm.
Chantal travelled northeast over open waters, missing the island of Bermuda, before weakening and being destroyed by a frontal system on September 15. As Chantal never made landfall, no damage or fatalities were reported that was related to the storm. However, Chantal created giant waves that were 30–40 ft (9–12 m) high across the East Coast of the United States.
Tropical Storm Dean.
Tropical Storm Dean was a short-lived storm that began as a subtropical storm which developed between Bermuda and the Bahamas on September 26. The subtropical storm headed north-northeast and became tropical the next day. Gale warnings were issued from North Carolina to New England that were produced by Dean, but the storm turned northwest and made landfall on the eastern shore of Virginia on September 30. The storm died out several hours later. Dean was one of only two tropical storms ever to make landfall in eastern shore of Virginia, the other storm being Tropical Storm Bret from the 1981 season.
Overall damage turned out to be light with only minor beach erosion and flooding along parts of the Virginian coastline.
Accumulated Cyclone Energy (ACE) Rating.
The table on the right shows the ACE for each storm in the season. ACE means the measure of the power of the hurricane multiplied by the length of time it existed, so storms that last a long time, as well as particularly strong hurricanes, have higher ACEs. ACE is only calculated for full advisories on tropical systems at or exceeding 35 knots (39 mph, 63 km/h) or tropical storm strength. The 1983 season had a cumulative ACE of 16.86 (17), which is extremely below normal and currently the least active season on record since 1914, which had an ACE rating of 2.53.

Alexandra Fyodorovna
Alexandra Fyodorovna (Russian: Императрица Александра Фёдоровна) (born Princess Alix of Hesse and by Rhine 6 June 1872 – 17 July 1918) was Empress consort of Nicholas II, the last Tsar of the Russian Empire. She was a granddaughter of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom. The Russian Orthodox Church canonised her as Saint Alexandra in 2000.
Alexandra is best remembered as the last Tsaritsa of Russia. She is also one of the most famous royal carriers of the haemophilia disease. Her friendship with the Russian mystic Grigori Rasputin was also an important part of her life.
Early life.
Fedorovna was born Princess Alix Victoria Helena Louise Beatrice in Darmstadt, Hesse and by Rhine. That area was a part of the German Empire at the time. Her father was Grand Duke Louis IV. Her mother was the former Princess Alice, the second daughter of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert.
In November of 1878, diptheria swept through Hesse. Alix, her sisters, Irene and May and brother, Ernie were infected by the disease. Her sister, May, died shortly before the end of the month but the others got better. Alix's mother became sick after caring for Ernie when he came down with the disease. Princess Alice died on December 14, 1878. Princess Alix became very close to her maternal grandmother. She was often thought to be Victoria's favourite granddaughter. Because of this, Alix spent many of her early years in the United Kingdom. In 1892 when she was twenty, her father died, and her brother, Ernst Ludwig, became the Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine.
Marriage.
Alix was married relatively late for a princess in those times. She had already refused to marry Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence (the eldest son of the Prince of Wales) even though her family wanted her to marry him. She had, however, already met a relative by marriage, the Tsarevich of Russia. His uncle Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich was married to Alix's sister Elizabeth. At first, Nicholas' father, Tsar Alexander III, told them they could not get married. He later changed his mind as his health began get bad. Alix did not like the need that she had to turn away from her Lutheran faith. The Russian tsaritsa had to be Orthodox. She later changed her mind and in time became a strong convert to the faith. She and Nicholas became engaged in April 1894. Alexander III died in November of that year, and Nicholas became Tsar of Russia at the age of twenty-six. The couple were married 14 November 1894.
Execution of the Royal family.
The Tsar and Tsaritsa and all of their family, along with several family servants, were executed early in the morning during the night of July 17, 1918, by a detachment of Bolsheviks led by Yakov Yurovsky. Alexandra watched the murder of her husband and two servants before Peter Ermakov killed her with a gun shot to the left side of her head before she could finish making the sign of the cross. Ermakov, in a drunken haze, stabbed her dead body and that of her husband's, shattering both their rib cages.
Identification and burial.
After the execution of the Romanov family, Alexandra's body, along with Nicholas, their children and some servants who died with them, was stripped and the clothing burnt. At first, the bodies were thrown down a unused mine-shaft, 12 miles north of Yekaterinburg. A short time later they were retrieved. Their faces and bodies were badly damaged so they could not be recognized. All of the bodies except for two of the children were later buried again. The bodies missing are believed to be those of a daughter- Maria or Anastasia- and Alexis. In the early 1990s, after the fall of the Soviet Union, what is believed to be the bodies of most of the family were found and identified.

Richard Gere
Richard Tiffany Gere (born August 31, 1949) is an American actor. He has been acting for over 20 years. Gere is a devout Buddhist. He has three sisters and a brother. Gere was married to model Cindy Crawford from 1991 until 1995, when the two divorced.

Rikishi
Rikishi (力士) is a word used to call a professional sumo wrestler. The Japanese characters making up the name mean "strong man", which is a good name as the people who take part in sumo wrestling are very strong and big.
During their careers, the sumo wrestlers live in "stables" kept by a former wrestler. The former sumo wrestler makes sure the new wrestlers who live there live a very strict life.

Thorax
The thorax is the middle of the three main body sections of an insect or crustacean. The walking legs are usually located on the thorax.

Edda
Edda or the plural Eddas or Eddur, including "Poetic Edda" (or Older Edda) and "Prose Edda" (or Younger Edda), are two collections of stories about Viking deities. They were made in around 9th to 13th century by Icelandic Christian historians.
Although the Eddur are the most important written records remaining today about Norse mythology, they are not very reliable because Christians hated pagan religions, and they changed the original tales to make the Norse gods and goddesses look silly, lusty, and barbaric.
The term "Edda" most likely refers to Oddi, a place where both Saemund Sigfusson (a cleric who is rumoured author of Older Edda), and Snorri Sturluson (a Christian politician, author of Younger Edda) lived.

Njord
Njord is a god in Norse mythology. He is the father of the twins Freyr and Freyja. His wife was Skadi, a goddess/giantess (Freyr and Freyja's stepmother).
Skadi's father caught Loki, and forced him to lure out the goddess Idun. The gods later killed him and freed Idun. Skadi came to fight the gods, but they did not want to fight her. They allowed her to choose her husband among the gods, but only by looking at their feet. She wanted to choose Baldur, who is the handsomest, but the gorgeous feet she picked belonged to Njord. Because Njord is the god of the sea, waves wash his feet clean and pretty. When Skadi moved to her new husband's home near the sea, she missed her mountain home. So she only spends half her time with her husband. When Skadi is away, Njord is sad, causing storms at the sea.
Njord's realm is Noatun. Freyr and Freyja are said to be born by his own sister. This goddess is maybe Nerthus.

Freyr
Freyr (sometimes written as Frey or Frej), in Norse mythology is a god of prosperity and fertility. His father is Njord, and his twin sister is Freyja. Freyr is one of the most important Norse gods. He was the first god to lose in Ragnarok because he gave up his magical sword to marry a giantess. Surtr, the King of the fire giant, killed Freyr and then burnt all the nine worlds with the same magical sword.
When Freyr snuck in and sit on Odin's throne (on which one can see all things around the world), he saw Gerd, a very pretty giantess. He fell in love, and sent his servant to woo her for him, but Gerd didn't agree until Freyr's servant threatened to use Freyr's magical sword to damage her lands. Freyr then gave his sword to his servant as a reward. The sword was said to be able to fight by itself.
Freyr's realm is Alfheim. It is the land of the elves. He is the patron god of Sweden. Statues of Odin, Thor, Freyr, Frigg, and Freyja are often found in ancient temples.

Folkvang
Folkvang, in Norse mythology, is the goddess Freyja's place. Its name means "Field of the Folk". The "folk" here refers to men sent to battle.

Sessrumnir
Sessrumnir, in Norse mythology, is the goddess Freyja's hall. She receives half of the heroes killed in battles here. It is said to be very large and has many seats.

Spinach
Spinach is a green, leafy vegetable. It is traditionally not very popular with children. It is famous in popular culture, as its what Popeye eats in order to become strong. It comes from southwestern and central Asia. Its flowers are small and yellow. Spinach is supposed to be very rich in iron.

Arta Prefecture
Arta Prefecture is one of the 51 prefectures of Greece. It is located to the west of this country. Much of its population live on its west parts, near the Arachthos valey. Its capital is Arta.

Cardiomyopathy
The word cardiomyopathy means "heart muscle disease". Cardiomyopathies are a group of diseases in which the function of the myocardium (heart muscle) is impaired for any reason. People with cardiomyopathy are often at risk of arrhythmia and/or sudden cardiac death.

Normlessness
Normlessness is when norms are very poor or below a standard.
A norm is an expectation of how people will behave. It takes the form of a rule that is socially, rather than formally enforced.

Norm
One common understanding of norm is: something that is regarded as normal or typical.
Norms may refer to Norms Restaurants, a chain of restaurants in Southern California.

Fire salamander
The Fire Salamander ("Salamandra salamandra") is probably the most well-known salamander species in Europe. It is black and has different kinds of yellow spots or stripes. Individual salamanders can be nearly completely black while on others the yellow is dominant. Shades of red and orange may sometimes appear. They either mix with the yellow, or replace it completely. This depends on the subspecies. Fire Salamanders can have a very long life. In the German natural history museum of Alexander Koenig a salamander lived more than 50 years.
Where they live and what they eat.
Fire Salamanders live in forests in the hilly parts of southern and central Europe. They prefer deciduous forests. They like to hide in the fallen leaves or mossy tree trunks. They need clean small brooks (small rivers) in their habitat. This is for the development of the larvae. Both on land and in the water, Fire salamanders are hard to notice.
They spend much of the time hidden beneath stones, wood or other objects.
Fire Salamanders are active in the evening and the night, but on rainy days they may be active in daytime as well. Their diet consists of various insects, spiders, earthworms and slugs. Sometimes, they will eat small vertebrates, for example, newts and young frogs. Small prey will be caught within the range of the vomerine teeth or by the posterior half of the tongue, which sticks to the prey.
How they reproduce.
Males and females look pretty similar except during the breeding season, when the most conspicuous difference is a swollen gland around the male's vent. This gland produces the spermatophore, which carries a sperm packet at its tip. The courtship happens on land. After the male becomes aware of a potential mate, he confronts her and blocks her path. The male deposits his spermatophore on the ground. Reproduction occurs by means of this spermatophore, which will be taken up by the female. Their gills develop lungs. Neotenic fire salamanders have not been observed.
How they defend themselves against being eaten.
Salamanders may actively defend themselves once they are grasped by a predator. Besides various antipredator postures, "S. salamandra" adults are able to make heavy poisons. These usually act on the nerves of the predator. They are called neurotoxins. One such poison is the alkaloid Samandarin. When the salamander senses danger, it can secrete this through its skin. This alkaloid causes strong muscle convulsions and high-blood pressure combined with hyperventilation in all vertebrates. The poison glands of the Fire salamander are concentrated in certain areas of the body, especially around the head and the dorsal skin surface. The colored portions of the animals skin usually coincide with these glands. Most of these secretions might be effective against bacterial and fungal infections of the epidermis, but some secretions could also be dangerous to human life.
Where they occur.
Fire Salamanders are found in most of southern and central Europe. They are most commonly found at altitudes between 400 and 1000 m, only rarely below (in Northern Germany sporadically down to 25 m). However on the Balkan or in Spain they are commonly found in higher altitudes as well.
Subspecies.
Several subspecies of the Fire Salamander are recognized. Most notable are the subspecies "fastuosa" and "bernadezi". These two are the only viviparous subspecies - the others are ovoviviparous.

Clamp
A clamp is a device used to hold things tightly together and to prevent movement of separation of objects.
Clamps are used in technical work, such as woodworking. There are also special types of clamps used in medicine.

Miamisburg, Ohio
Miamisburg is a city in Montgomery County, Ohio, United States.

Salamandridae
The family Salamandridae is a family of amphibians. It consists of true salamanders and newts. The species are spread all over the northern hemisphere - Europe, Asia, the northern tip of Africa and North America. As of 2007, there were 74 known species, in 20 genera.

Legalism
Legalism was one of the four main philosophies in Chinese history during the Warring States period. It is a political philosophy which say that people are bad by nature and need to be controlled by the government. It was introduced by Qin Shi Huang.

Gold Coast Art Centre
The Gold Coast Art Centre is a place in Gold Coast, in Queensland, Australia. The Art Centre is home to many facilities including the Gold Coast City Art Gallery. The Art Centre holds events like weddings, Theatre, parties, corporate functions, seminars and conferences. The art centre is funded by the Gold Coast City Council

Reynoldsburg, Ohio
Reynoldsburg is a city in Fairfield, Franklin, and Licking counties in the U.S. state of Ohio.

Sekhmet
In Egyptian mythology, Sekhmet was the goddess of fire, war, and plague. She had the head of a lioness and the body of a woman. In her former life, she was Hathor. She was married to Ptah, the god of healing. They balanced each other. It was believed that her breath created the desert.

Heterodoxy
Heterodoxy means a position that is not within the standards of orthodoxy or to put it precisely "any opinions or doctrines at variance with an official or orthodox position". As an adjective, "heterodox" is used to describe a subject as "characterized by departure from accepted beliefs or standards" ("status quo").
Eastern Orthodoxy.
In the Eastern Orthodox Church, the term is used to refer to Christian churches not belonging to the Eastern Orthodox communion, but have no positions that are as different from those of Orthodox Christianity to thought to be as false as heresy.
Roman Catholicism.
Heterodoxy in the Roman Catholic Church in a similar way means views that differ from strictly orthodox views, but retain sufficient faithfulness to the original doctrine to avoid heresy.
Many Roman Catholics profess some heterodox views, either on doctrinal or social issues. For example, the orthodox Catholic position on unbaptized infants is that their fate is uncertain, and "the Church can only entrust them to the mercy of God" (Catechism of the Catholic Church 1261). A heterodox Catholic might profess the belief that unbaptized infants are offered the option to accept or deny salvation by God at their judgment. The belief is not orthodox, as the Church does not profess a belief as to what happens to unbaptized infants; however, it is also not heresy, as the Church accepts that such a scenario "might" be possible. By contrast, a denial of the doctrine of "Original Sin" (thereby negating the necessity of baptism for children) or Papal Infallibility -- would be labeled heretical.
Other denominations.
The term "heterodox" is occasionally used by some Christians to refer to themselves when they are in disagreement with orthodox understandings. The heterodox Christians remain in the tradition and attempt a constructive dialog around issues with which they disagree.

Isotherm
Isotherms are lines drawn around places with the same temperature range on isotherm maps. Each point on this line shows one temperature reading, or the average of many temperature readings.

Endogenic
Endogenic (also known as endogenetic) is a geological term. It refers to processes that cause the ground to move. Plate tectonics, earthquakes and volcanoes are all endogenic processes.

Plate boundary
See also.
Plate tectonics

Hourglass Dolphin
The Hourglass Dolphin is small and wide compared to other dolphins. It only lives in the very cold waters of the Antarctic It was hardly ever seen until a drawing was made of it in 1820. Only 6 Hourglass dolphins have been examined by scientists. Boats don't usually go where they live.
The Hourglass Dolphin is black and white and for this reason was called the "sea cow". On each side there is a white patch that looks a little like an hourglass shape. That is how it got it's name. and hence the common name of the dolphin.
An adult is about 1.8 m in length and weighs 90-120 kg. Males are probably smaller and lighter than females, but we dont know for sure.
If you are where it lives in is easy to tell from other dolphins. There is only one other dolphin that is as small in the area.
Hourglass Dolphins usually stay in groups of 5-10. Once a group of 60 was recorded. They like to ride the bow of boats. There are usually Fin Whales with them. It is thought they eat small fish and squid.
The Hourglass Dolphin stays around the Antarctic. Some have been seen from the south of New Zealand and Chile. We think there are at least 140,000 of them.

Barberry
Barberry is a type of shrub, usually with spines and yellow flowers and red or blackish berries.It is used for medicines.

Giant salamander
The Hellbenders and Asian Giant Salamanders (Cryptobranchidae) are aquatic amphibians. They can be found in brooks and ponds in the eastern United States, China and Japan.
Hunting habits.
They hunt mainly at night, and as they have poor eyesight, use sensory nodes on their head and body to detect tiny changes in water pressure, allowing them to find their prey.
Reproduction.
During mating season, these salamanders will travel upstream. After the fertilization of the eggs, the male will guard them for at least six months. At this point, the offspring will live off their noticeable stored fat until it is ready to hunt. Once ready they will hunt as a group rather than individually.
Scientists at Asa Zoo in Japan have recently discovered that the Male Salamander will spawn with more than one female in his den. Sometimes the male "Den Master" will also allow a second male into the den, the reason for this is unclear.

Manfred von Richthofen
Manfred von Richthofen (May 2, 1892 - April 21, 1918), nicknamed the "Red Baron", was a pilot in World War I. He was a "flying ace", who shot down 81 enemy airplanes, making him the pilot with the most kills in World War I. He was shot down on April 21, 1918. Arthur Roy Brown was credited with the kill, was awarded the military cross, and was buried with full military honors.

Fokker Dr.I
The Fokker Dr.I was a World War I fighter airplane designed by Reinhold Platz and built by Fokker-Flugzeugwerke. The Dr.I was used only in small numbers and it had many structural problems. It is well-known as the plane flown by the "Red Baron", Manfred von Richthofen.

Butch Hartman
Elmer Earl "Butch" Hartman IV (Born January 10 1965,Highland Park, Michigan) is an American animator, creator of "The Fairly OddParents" and "Danny Phantom".
Childhood.
Hartman was born in Highland Park, Michigan to Elmer Earl Hartman III and Carol Davis. He received the nickname "Butch" as a youth and continues to use the name professionally as an adult. Hartman spent his childhood in Roseville, Michigan and his teen years in New Baltimore, Michigan.
He graduated from Anchor Bay High School in New Baltimore in 1983. He subsequently attended the California Institute of the Arts in Valencia, California.
Early career.
While still attending the California Institute of the Arts, Hartman received the chance to intern as an in-between animator on the Don Bluth film, "An American Tail". Shortly after graduating for the California Institute of the Arts Hartman was hired as a character designer for the animated series "My Little Pony". Instead, they had him working on storyboards (which he hadn't done before) and as quickly as he was hired, he was fired.
Soon after Hartman found work with Ruby Slash, where he worked on "Adventures of Sonic the Hedgehog", "Captain N: The Game Master" and "Gadget Boy & Heather".
He was also a video reference crew for the Disney movie Pocahontas.Later,he became a writer,television director and storyboard artist for several Hanna-Barbera shows, including "Dexter's Laboratory", "Cow and Chicken", and "Johnny Bravo".
After his contract with Hanna-Barbera finished up he went to work with former co-worker Fred Seibert on "Oh,Yeah!Cartoons".
He's also a friend of Seth MacFarlane and worked on MacFarlane's animated short "Zoomates" and "Dan Danger" with Steve Marmel. MacFarlane also has a character on Family Guy named after Hartman named Dr. Hartman.
"The Fairly OddParents" and "Danny Phantom".
His biggest success came in 1997, when he created "The Fairly OddParents". (The idea came to him during the drive from Hanna-Barbera to Nickelodeon to pitch an idea to Fred Seibert.) It was originally a series of made for TV shorts on the anthology show,"Oh Yeah!Cartoons". In 2001, Nickelodeon picked it up as a full series. "The Fairly OddParents" became a huge hit, second only in the ratings to "SpongeBob SquarePants". Due to the success of "OddParents", Hartman was asked to create another cartoon for Nickelodeon, (Hartman says the President of Nickelodeon asked him if he had an idea, and before he could say the title he was given a contract.) "Danny Phantom", in 2004. "The Fairly OddParents" ceased production in 2006, but it was announced on Hartman's website on February 2, 2007 that 20 more episodes will be produced. On July 11, 2007, The first new episode of Danny Phantom was aired on the Nicktoons Network. Danny Phantom ended production on August 24, 2007. The 7th Season of The Fairly OddParents aired on February 18, 2008, starting with the 1-hour special Fairly Odd Baby.
"Doogal".
Hartman was asked to serve as executive producer and screenwriter of "Doogal", the Americanized dub of the British/French animated film "The Magic Roundabout". Seeing that the movie itself was lacking, Hartman proposed that in addition to dubbing, extra scenes be filmed in live action to fill up empty spaces in the story. While the idea was originally received with praise and was essentially given the okay, budgeting was pulled from it at the last minute and the only changes made were in the dubbing.
The film was then dubbed by The Weinstein Company, and was released on February 24, 2006. However, "Doogal" was poorly received by critics, and did poorly in the box-office, grossing only $7 million dollars and getting 7% on Rotten Tomatoes.
Other and future works.
Hartman is currently working on two new projects for Nickelodeon: one, a live-action series and the other, animated. It has also been stated that 20 more episodes of "The Fairly OddParents" are currently under production and if possible, he may decide to go ahead and work on a theatrical feature film "The Fairly OddParents Movie" as well.
His other TV work include voice actor|voicing various characters on the animated series "Family Guy" (the series' creator Seth MacFarlane even named the wacky family doctor Hartman after him), and playing the character Sean Masters on the short-lived series "Generations" in 1991. He was also a recurring character on the popular NBC soap opera "Days of Our Lives" (1988 - 1989; see).
Hartman currently lives in Bell Canyon, California, with his wife, Julieann, and daughters, Carly and Sophia.
FOP looks of other Nicktoons and Shows.
On an edition of "Nick Magazine", Butch Hartman posted FOP looks of "Nicktoons" and other Nick Shows such as "Zoey 101", "SpongeBob SquarePants", "Rugrats", "Drake & Josh",and '.

Modes of limited transposition
Modes of limited transposition are a kind of musical scale. They were used by the French composer Olivier Messiaen.
Major scales have twelve different transpositions. This means that a major scale can start on any of the twelve notes (C, C#, D, D# etc). There are also twelve different transpositions of the minor scale. Each transposition (“each scale”) is a different combination of notes (in this case: all of them).
A chromatic scale (one which uses every note, i.e. using all white and black notes of a keyboard) only has one transposition. This means that a chromatic scale can start on any note: each time it is the same combination of notes.
Messiaen was fascinated by scales that only had a few (usually two or three) transpositions. For example: the whole tone scale, which rises by a whole tone each time, has two transpositions. It can start, for example, on a C, so that the notes are C, D, E, F#, G#, A#, C. It can start on a C# so that the notes are C#, D#, F, G, A, B, C#. Transposing this up another semitone, starting on D, would give D, E, F#, G#, A#, C, D which is exactly the same combination of notes as the first one (the starting note is not important). The whole-tone scale was used by many composers including Glinka, Liszt and, especially, Debussy. Messiaen called it the "first mode" of transposition.
Messiaen’s "second mode", also called the “octatonic scale”, rises by alternating semitone, tone, semitone, tone etc. Messiaen used this scale a great deal, not just in his tunes but in the chords that he used (i.e. melodically and harmonically.
The "third mode" rises by a pattern of tone, semitone, semitone. It has four transpositions.
The other four modes each have a total of six transpositions.
Messiaen liked these modes because there is no note which sounds like the starting note. All the notes sound equal. He described them as having "the charm of impossibilities."

Olivier Messiaen
Olivier Messiaen (born Avignon, 10 December 1908; died Clichy, near Paris, 27 April, 1992) was a French composer and organist. He is the most famous French composer of the mid-20th century and one of the most important and original composers of his time. He was a brilliant organist and played the organ at the church of La Trinité in Paris for over 60 years. He wrote music for orchestra, piano and organ, most of which is very difficult to play. He was also a great music teacher who taught several young students who became well-known composers e.g. Pierre Boulez, Yvonne Loriod (who became his second wife), Karlheinz Stockhausen, George Benjamin and Iannis Xenakis.
Messiaen started to compose when he was seven years old. When he was given the score of Debussy’s opera "Pelléas et Mélisande" he could imagine the music in his head and he knew he wanted to be a composer. He went to the Paris Conservatoire when he was 11. His teachers included some famous composers such as Paul Dukas, Maurice Emmanuel, Charles-Marie Widor and Marcel Dupré. He was appointed organist at the church of La Trinité in Paris in 1930, a post he held until his death.
When World War II broke out Messiaen was made a prisoner of war in 1940. While he was held in a Silesian camp he composed a work which was to become a very famous piece of chamber music: the "Quatuor pour la fin du temps" ("Quartet for the end of time") for piano, violin, cello, and clarinet. He composed for these instruments because they were the instruments available. The piece was first performed by Messiaen and fellow prisoners to an audience of 5000 inmates and prison guards.
When he was free again in 1941 Messiaen became professor of harmony at the Paris Conservatoire. He composed 20 pieces for piano which are called "Vingt regards sur l’enfant Jésus" ("Twenty visions of the child Jesus"). He wrote a book about the way he composed, called "Technique de mon langage musical" ("The Technique of my musical language").
Messiaen soon became famous for his teaching and was invited to teach in other countries such as Germany, Hungary and the United States. He became interested in the rhythms of Greek and Hindu music.
His first wife died in 1959 and he remarried in 1961. He also became very interested in birdsong and spent a lot of time with his wife in the country with a tape recorder recording birdsong. He imitated the birdsong in his music, especially in piano pieces called "Oiseaux exotiques" ("Exotic birds") and the "Catalogue d’oiseaux" ("Catalogue of birds").
Messiaen wrote a lot of organ music which he performed himself. One very popular work is called "Transports de joie" ("Transports of joy"). A much longer work, consisting of nine movements, is the "La Nativité du Seigneur" ("The Birth of our Lord"). The last movement of this piece is a toccata called "Dieu parmi nous" ("God among us"). It has become a favourite piece for organists to play at recitals or after Christmas carol services.
Messiaen wrote a long piece for orchestra called the " Turangalîla " Symphony. It was first performed in Boston in 1949 with Bernstein conducting. The French government commissioned a piece called "Et exspecto resurrectionem mortuorum" ("And we expect the rising of the dead") which was dedicated to people who had died in the two world wars. It was performed in the Sainte-Chapelle in Paris and then in Chartres Cathedral in 1965 in the presence of General Charles de Gaulle. In 1966 Messiaen became professor of composition at the Paris Conservatoire.
His visit to the Grand Canyon inspired him to write a ten-movement orchestral piece called "Des Canyons aux étoiles" ("From the canyons to the stars"), which was first performed in 1974 in New York.
Messiaen had been asked in 1971 to write an opera for the Paris Opéra. At first he did not want to start such a large work, but in 1975 he was persuaded to accept the commission and began work on his "Saint-François d'Assise". It took him several years to compose. It was performed in 1983. Messiaen said that he preferred to call it a “spectacle” instead of an “opera”.
Messiaen retired from teaching at the Conservatoire in 1978. In 1987 he was given the highest rank: the Grand-Croix" of the "Légion d'honneur".
Messiaen was in a lot of pain near the end of his life. He needed operations on his back. He still managed to finish a piece called "Eclairs sur l'au delà", which was first performed by the New York Philharmonic Orchestra six months after the composer's death. Messiaen had also been composing a concerto for four musicians he felt particularly grateful to: his wife Loriod, the cellist Mstislav Rostropovich, the oboist Heinz Holliger and the flautist Catherine Cantin. This was nearly finished when Messiaen died, and Yvonne Loriod orchestrated the last movement with advice from George Benjamin.
The style of his music.
Messiaen said of himself that he was a “composer and rhythmician”. He meant by this that rhythm was very important in his music. He taught himself all about Greek metres although he did not speak the Greek language. He liked rhythms which use odd numbers. Very often a bar of his music may have one extra semiquaver so that there might be 17 semiquavers in a bar. He studied Hindu rhythms and found ways of changing the rhythms during the music. He was very influenced by the rhythms in Stravinsky’s famous piece "The Rite of Spring".
Messiaen’s harmonies are very individual. He was fascinated by scales which can only be transposed in two or three different ways. He called these scales “modes of limited transposition”.
Messiaen’s music is full of different sounds. He wrote extremely well for large orchestras and for the organ, using different instruments or organ sounds in very original ways, e.g. in "Chronochromie" (1960) for large orchestra and "Méditations sur le mystère de la Sainte Trinité".(1969), a work which uses styles from his earlier period together with birdsong. Messiaen had synesthesia which meant that music often made him think of particular colours. In his orchestra Messiaen often used an instrument called the ondes Martenot which was a kind of electronic keyboard instrument. His sister-in-law Jeanne Loriod was a famous player of the ondes Martenot. Messiaen was also influenced by Indonesian gamelan music. For a short time he experimented with total serialism.
In some of his later works such as the "La Transfiguration de notre Seigneur Jésus-Christ", for choir of 100 voices, seven instrumental soloists and large orchestra, composed in the late 1960s, he used a simpler musical language which has helped it to become very popular.
Messiaen was a devout Roman Catholic all his life. His religion was a very important influence on his life and music.
References.
The New Grove Dictionary of Music & Musicians; edited by Stanley Sadie ISBN 1-56159-174-2

Simplified Chinese
Simplified Chinese is one of the two commonly used forms of writing Chinese languages. As it name shows, it is a more simple form of writing, compared to traditional Chinese.
Traditional characters are used in Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macau, while people living in Mainland China Singapore and Malaysia use simplified Chinese for their writings.

Traditional Chinese
Traditional Chinese is one of the two commonly used forms of writing Chinese languages. It consists of more complex characters, compared to the other form of writing named simplified Chinese.
Traditional characters are used in Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macau, while people living in Mainland China, Singapore and Malaysia use simplified Chinese for their writings.

Windows Server 2008
Windows Server 2008 is the name of the current server operating system from Microsoft, the previous version of which was Windows Server 2003.
This operating system was previously named Windows Server "Longhorn", but on May 15, 2007, Bill Gates announced its official name on Windows Hardware Engineering Conference 2007.
This operating system has several new features compared to its previous version. Many of these new features are already present in Windows Vista.

Windows Server 2003
Windows Server 2003 is a server operating system produced by Microsoft. Introduced on April 24, 2003 as the next version to Windows 2000 Server, it is considered by Microsoft to be the cornerstone of their Windows Server System line of business server products.
According to Microsoft, Windows Server 2003 is more scalable and delivers better performance than Windows 2000.

Perry
Perry or pear cider is an alcoholic drink that is made from pear juice. Its alcohol content is around 5 to 8 percent.
Perry contains high amount of sugar, while cider does not.
Perry is made in many countries. The countries that produce the most perry are the United Kingdom, France, and Spain.

Plate tectonics
Plate tectonics) is a theory of geology. It has been developed to explain for large scale motions of the Earth's lithosphere. This theory replaces the older theory of continental drift from the first half of the 20th century and the concept of seafloor spreading that was developed during the 1960s.
Following this theory the outermost part of the Earth's interior is made up of two layers: above is the lithosphere, which includes the crust and the rigid uppermost part of the mantle.
Below the lithosphere lies the asthenosphere. Although solid, the asthenosphere has relatively low viscosity and shear strength and can flow like a liquid on geological time scales. The deeper mantle below the asthenosphere is more rigid again. This is, however, due not to cooler temperatures but to high pressure.
The lithosphere is broken up into what are called "tectonic plates"—in the case of Earth, there are seven major and many minor plates (see list below). The lithospheric plates ride on the asthenosphere. These plates move in relation to one another at one of three types of plate boundaries: convergent or collision boundaries, divergent or spreading boundaries, and transform boundaries. Earthquakes, volcanic activity, mountain-building, and oceanic trench formation occur along plate boundaries. The lateral movement of the plates is typically at speeds of 0.66 to 8.50 centimeters per year.

Lithosphere
The lithosphere is the solid shell of a rocky planet called earth. That means the crust and the upper part of the mantle which is joined to the crust (see picture on the right).
Under the lithosphere there is the asthenosphere, the weaker, hotter, and deeper part of the upper mantle.
The lithosphere is the surface layer of the fluid parts of the Earth's convection system, therefore it thickens over time. It is broken up into pieces called plates (shown in picture on the left), which move independently relative to one another. This movement of lithospheric plates is described as plate tectonics.
The division of Earth's outer layers into lithosphere and asthenosphere should not be confused with the chemical subdivision of the outer Earth into mantle, and crust. All crust is in the lithosphere, but lithosphere generally contains more mantle than crust.
Oceanic lithosphere is typically about 50-100 km thick (but beneath the mid-ocean ridges is no thicker than the crust). Continental lithosphere is thicker (about 150 km). It consists of about 50 km of crust and 100 km or more of uppermost mantle.
Oceanic lithosphere consists mainly of mafic crust and ultramafic mantle and is denser than continental lithosphere, for which the mantle is associated with crust made of felsic rocks. The crust is distinguished from the upper mantle by the change in chemical composition that takes place at the Moho discontinuity. Oceanic lithosphere thickens as it ages and moves away from the mid-ocean ridge. This thickening occurs by conductive cooling, which converts hot asthenosphere into lithospheric mantle, and causes the oceanic lithosphere to become increasingly dense with age. Oceanic lithosphere is less dense than asthenosphere for a few tens of millions of years, but after this becomes increasingly denser than asthenosphere. The gravitational instability of mature oceanic lithosphere has the effect that at subduction zones the oceanic lithosphere invariably sinks underneath the overriding lithosphere, which can be oceanic or continental. New oceanic lithosphere is constantly being produced at mid-ocean ridges and is recycled back to the mantle at subduction zones. As a result, oceanic lithosphere is much younger than continental lithosphere: the oldest oceanic lithosphere is about 170 million years old, while parts of the continental lithosphere are billions of years old.
Another distinguishing characteristic of the lithosphere is its flow properties. Under the influence of the low-intensity, long-term stresses that drive plate tectonic motions, the lithosphere responds essentially as a rigid shell and thus deforms primarily through brittle failure, whereas the asthenosphere (the layer of the mantle below the lithosphere) is heat-softened and accommodates strain through plastic deformation.

New Jersey Devils
The New Jersey Devils are an ice hockey that is part of the NHL. They play in the state of New Jersey. They have won the Stanley Cup, awarded to the best team team in the NHL, 3 times.

Nashville Predators
The Nashville Predators are a professional ice hockey team based in Nashville, Tennessee. They play in the National Hockey League (NHL). Their name is sometimes shortened to the "Preds."

Crookes
Crookes is an area of the City of Sheffield, England, about 2.5 kilometers (1.5 miles) west of the center of the city. It borders Broomhill to the south, Walkley and Crookesmoor to the east and open countryside around the River Rivelin to the north. The area is
thought to have got its name from the Old Norse word "Krkor" which means a corner of land..

Dallas Stars
The Dallas Stars are a professional ice hockey team based in Dallas, Texas. They play in the National Hockey League (NHL). They have won 1 Stanley Cup, in 1999.

Pharmaconomist
Pharmaconomist means expert in pharmaceuticals (expert in medicine).
A pharmaconomist is a Danish person who works in a pharmacy. Just like pharmacists, pharmaconomists have to be trained to work there, and have lots of knowledge about the drugs and treatments that they give out.

Broomhill
Broomhill which includes the areas of Sheffield of Broomhill, Crookesmoor, Endcliffe, and Tapton, is one of the 28 wards in City of Sheffield, in the country of England. It is located in the western part of the city and covers an area of 2.7 km2. The population of this ward in 2001 was 16,800 people in 5,700 houses.
Broomhill.
Broomhill is a suburb of western Sheffield, England. Mostly created in the nineteenth century. The area is just west of the main builiding of the University of Sheffield, it is known for its large student population, and was identified in 2003 as the richest area apart from London for overall wealth.
Crookesmoor.
Crookesmoor lies north of the University of Sheffield's main building housing its law department and sports centre, east of Crookes and south of Walkley. A residential area, it has a large but decreasing student population and is home to Crookes Valley Park.
Endcliffe.
Endcliffe lies south-west of Broomhill and is a rich residential area, housing Birkdale School (aprivate school) and three student buildings, which are part of the University of Sheffield.
Tapton.
Tapton lies west of Crookes. It is home to Tapton School.

Owen Hargreaves
Owen Lee Hargreaves is a Canadian-born English football player. He was born on the 20 January, 1981 in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. He plays his club football for Machester United, but was previously at Bayern Munich.

Asthenosphere
The asthenosphere is part of earth's mantle. It lies about 100 km to 350 km under the surface.
It consists of hot, weak material that can be deformed like silly putty. That means it is is capable of gradual flow. It lies under the lithosphere.

Carlo Airoldi
Carlo Airoldi (21 September 1869–18 June 1929) was an Italian marathon runner, famous for walking to the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece.
Early life.
Airoldi was born in Origgio, near Saronno. He competed in sporting contests in the Varese. Later, he competed at the national and international level. In 1892, he won the Lecco-Milano and the Milano-Torino. He became famous very quickly. He was one of the best marathon runners of his time. In September 1895, he won the Milano-Barcellona marathon. He won 2000 pesetas for his victory.
The Olympics.
Airoldi wanted to participate in the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece. But, he did not have many to get to Athens. He received some money from "La Bicicleta", a popular magazine of the time. Airoldi decided to run his way to Athens. He would need to cover seventy kilometres a day to arrive on time. The magazine covered the stages of his journey. They also provided him with food and water.
Airoldi first went from Milan to Split, with no problems. In the next stage, Airoldi planned to run along the Croatian coast through Kotor and Corfu. However, he fell and hurt his hand during the journey. He had to spend two days resting himself. He was told not to cross Albania on foot. He decided to take an Austrian boat to Patras. Then, he would go to Athens on foot.
Airoldi finished his 28-day journey to Athens. However, he was not allowed to compete in the marathon. The head of the Olympic committee said that he was a professional athlete, and could not compete. Officials in Italy sent telegrams to the official, but Airoldi was still not allowed to compete. Italians felt that Airoldi was not allowed to compete because Greeks wanted to win the marathon. Airoldi did not accept the final decision. He then challenged the marathon-winner Spiridon Louis to a race. However, Louis never accepted Airoldi's offer.
His later years.
Back in Italy, Airoldi tried to beat Spiridon Louis's record. He did not succeed. He continued to race in Lombardy and Switzerland. After he finished racing, he moved to South America.

Joseph Priestley
Joseph Priestley (March 13, 1733 – February 8, 1804) was an English chemist, philosopher, clergyman, and teacher. He is known for his discovery of oxygen with Antoine Lavoisier.

Vince McMahon
Vincent Kennedy McMahon, better known as Vince McMahon or Mr. McMahon (born August 24, 1945) is an American business man, wrestling promoter, professional wrestler, and movie producer. He is the Chairman of the board and main owner of World Wrestling Entertainment, Inc. (WWE). McMahon has been both the ECW World Champion and the WWE Champion.
McMahon married his wife, Linda McMahon, on August 26 1966 in New Bern, North Carolina. They have two children: Shane and Stephanie. Both of their children work for WWE.
Career.
McMahon started his wrestling career it 1971 as an announcer. He worked for the "World Wide Wrestling Federation" (WWWF) which later changed its name to "World Wrestling Federation" (WWF). The name was changed again to World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). The company was originally owned by his father, Vince J. McMahon. McMahon bought the company from his father in 1984. McMahon took the business from a local promotion in the north eastern part of the United States and made it a global company.
McMahon and his family are still a regular part of many storylines for the company with McMahon playing the role of the evil owner.
On June 11, 2007, WWE showed an episode of "RAW" which had a storyline about the death of his persona "Mr. McMahon". The story line was also shown on other WWE programs as well as WWE.com. While his character was said to be killed off in an car explosion, Vince McMahon was not hurt in any way.
On June 25, 2007, Vince McMahon appeared on a WWE tribute show for recently deceased wrestler, Chris Benoit. He told the audience that his character's death was a storyline, and paid tribute to Benoit's passing.

Ogden Nash
Ogden Nash (August 19, 1902 - May 19, 1971) was a famous American poet. His poetry is thought by many people to be very funny. Nash was born in in Rye, New York on August 19, 1902. In 1932, he joined the staff of the "The New Yorker". He died on May 19, 1971 in Baltimore, Maryland.

1986 Atlantic hurricane season
The 1986 Atlantic hurricane season officially started on June 1, 1983, and ended on November 30. The season had a total of 6 named storms and 4 hurricanes.
Tropical Storm Andrew.
Tropical Depression One formed on June 5 north of the Bahamas. It strengthened into Tropical Storm Andrew the next day. Andrew traveled along the East Coast of the United States, creating giant waves and high surf along the shore but with minor damages. Andrew dissipated south of Cape Cod. One person drowned off the North Carolina coast in high surf, but no major damages was reported.
Hurricane Bonnie.
Tropical Depression Two formed south of the Louisiana coast on June 23 and quickly strengthened into a hurricane. Bonnie made landfall on the upper Texas coast near High Island. Streets were flooded throughout southeast Texas, mobile homes were destroyed, and three people were killed. Bonnie caused $2 million (1986 USD) in damage.
Hurricane Charley.
A tropical depression formed off the coast of the Florida and moved inland. The depression then travelled across Florida and exited the coast near Savannah, Georgia, and strengthened into Tropical Storm Charley. Charley continued moving up the coastline, and the storm strengthened into a hurricane before moving across the Outer Banks and Delmarva Peninsula. Charley then moved out into the sea, later became extratropical in the north Atlantic Ocean, and later brought bad weather across the British Isles on August 25 where it caused major damages.
Tropical Storm Danielle.
On September 1, a tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa and moved west. The disturbance was below the 10 degree latitude as it developed into a tropical depression on September 7 and then strengthened into a tropical storm later that day. Danielle peaked as a 60 mph storm on September 8, while a Reconnaissance Aircraft reported gusts of up to hurricane force. After passing through the Lesser Antilles, Danielle came across vertical wind shear, and on September 10, it dissipated in the central Caribbean Sea. The remnants of Danielle continued to move west and eventually redeveloped in the Pacific Ocean as Tropical Storm Lester.
Hurricane Earl.
The strongest storm of the season began as a tropical wave off Africa on September 4. After moving across the tropical Atlantic Ocean it strengthened as Tropical Depression Five on September 10 while about 1240 miles (2000 km) east of Puerto Rico. The depression quickly strengthened and reached hurricane strength on September 11; Earl reached its strongest point on September 12, as a Category 2 hurricane as it travelled in a half circle.
The hurricane weakened to a Category 1 on September 16 and bounced back the way it came. Earl then turned north and became extratropical southeast of Newfoundland on September 19. At its strongest point, Earl had sustained winds of 105 mph (170 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 979 mbar. [ftp://ftp.nhc.noaa.gov/pub/storm_archives/atlantic/prelimat/atl1986/earl/prelim03.gif]
Hurricane Frances.
Tropical Depression Six formed on November 18 and quickly strengthened into a tropical storm. The storm curved northeast and strengthened further, reaching hurricane strength on November 20. However, a high pressure system to the north caused the storm to fall apart. Frances was later destroyed by an extratropical low on November 21.

Abidjan
Abidjan is the largest city and former capital of Côte d'Ivoire. It is the commercial and banking center of Côte d'Ivoire as well as the de facto capital. Yamoussoukro is the official capital. The city is located in Ébrié Lagoon. It is built on many peninsulas and islands which are connected by bridges. There are an estimated 4 to 5 million people living in the metropolitan area.
History.
The city grew after the construction of a new wharf in 1931. It was made the capital of the French colony located there in 1933. In 1983, Yamoussoukro was made the capital of the country, but most government offices and foreign embassies are still in Abidjan.

Accra
Accra is the capital city of Ghana. It has a population of about 1,970,400 (2005). The city is Ghana's largest city. It is also the administrative, communications, and economic center of the country. The main economic activities in Accra are financial and government services, communications, construction, transportation and agriculture (mostly fishing). Most of Ghana's ability to make build things is located in the capital area.
History of Accra.
Accra was founded by the Ga people in the late 1600s. The word Accra comes from the word "Nkran" meaning ants. This is because of the many anthills seen in the countryside around Accra. During part of its history, Accra was a very important place for trade with the Portuguese. The Portuguese built a fort in the town. Many other countries also built forts at Accra during the 17th century. These countries included Sweden, the Netherlands, France, the United Kingdom and Denmark.
The location that is Accra today grew into a large town around the original Ga town. As the city grew, the British, Danish and Dutch forts and the small communities that formed around the forts were made added to the city.
In 1877, at the end of the second Anglo-Asante War, Accra replaced Cape Coast as the capital of the British Gold Coast colony. After a railroad was built between Accra and the inland locations of mines and farms, Accra became the economic center of Ghana. Large areas of the city were destroyed by earthquakes in 1862 and 1939, but the city rebuilt around a seaport and later a brewery. Each time it rebuilt, the city was made larger.
The Accra Riots in 1948 started people in Ghana fighting for independence. This led to the Ghana's independence from the United Kingdom and it becoming a country in 1957.
Today, Accra is one of the richest and most modern cities in the African continent.It has a high quality of living by African standards.

Rainstorm
Rainstorm is a sudden heavy fall of rain. It may flood land which is not much above the level of the sea (e.g. coastal flat land and river basins). Also, landslides may happen.

César Franck
César Franck (born Liège, 10 December, 1822; died Paris, November 8, 1890), was a French composer, organist and music teacher of Belgian and German origin who lived in France. He was one of the great musicians of his time. He was organist at the church of Sainte Clotilde in Paris for more than 30 years and he taught many talented young musicians. Most of the music for which he is famous was composed when he was already quite old.
Life.
Cesar Franck was born in Liege, a town which is now in Belgium. His father came from near the German-Belgian border and his mother was German. His father wanted him to be a concert pianist. He was sent to study at the conservatoire in Liege before going to the Paris Conservatoire in 1837. In 1842 his father made him come back to Liège so that he could practise for his career as a virtuoso pianist. He went back to Paris in 1844 and stayed there for the rest of his life. He told his father he did not want to be a concert pianist. This made his father very angry.
During his first years in Paris, Franck made his living by teaching and playing the organ. In 1848 he married. His parents came to the wedding although they were still angry with him for not wanting to be a pianist.
In 1858 he became organist at a new church called Saint Clotilde Basilica. He stayed there for the rest of his life. It was a very important job for him. He decided to improve his organ playing, in particular in the use of pedals and in improvisation. At that time changes were being made in France to the pipe organ. Aristide Cavaillé-Coll was a very famous organ builder. He built an organ for Saint Clotilde Basilica and Franck gave the first recital on the new instrument in December 1859. Franck became famous for the way he improvised on the organ after the services. However, for many years he hardly composed anything.
Franck was becoming known as a teacher of organ and composition. His group of pupils became known as the "bande à Franck" (the "Franck band"). They included Henri Duparc who introduced him to Alexis de Castillon. De Castillon helped Franck to become better known as a composer by playing his music. Franck became organ professor at the Paris Conservatoire. In order to have this job he had to take on French nationality. His pupils included Vincent d'Indy, Ernest Chausson, Louis Vierne, and Henri Duparc. His organ works, especially the "Grande Pièce Symphonique", were some of best French organ music to come from France in over a century. They helped to prepare for the French symphonic organ style which was to include many famous composers from the late 19th century onwards: people such as Charles-Marie Widor, Louis Vierne, and Marcel Dupré.
In 1872 he wrote an oratorio "Rédemption". It was not a success when it was first performed, but this was mainly due to the instrumental parts which had been badly copied, and by the famous conductor Eduard Colonne who conducted it very badly. The work became popular years later after Franck had died.
Franck was now starting to compose the works which made him really famous. He wrote a very large oratorio called "Les Béatitudes". He then wrote a "Piano Quintet" and the symphonic poems "Le chasseur maudit" and "Les Djinns". His piano music included "Prélude, choral et fugue" and the "Variations symphoniques". In 1885 he was awarded the cross of the Legion d’honneur. A year later he became president of the Societe Nationale de Musique He wrote a "Sonata for Violin and Piano" and a "Symphony".
In 1890, Franck was knocked down by a horse tram while crossing the road. He died shortly afterwards, although he still managed to compose his "Trois chorals" for organ just before he died.
His music.
Many of Franck's works use "cyclic form", a way of making a long work with several movements sound like one piece by making the main theme or themes come back in later movements. He wrote in a Romantic style which was partly influenced by the music of Wagner and Franz Liszt. Franck had big hands and when he wrote for the piano he often made the pianist play chords with very wide stretches.
He remains famous for just a small number of compositions written in his last years. One of his best known shorter pieces is the motet "Panis Angelicus", which was originally written for tenor solo, but is more often heard sung by a soprano or treble.

Addis Ababa
Addis Ababa (spelled Addis Abeba by the Ethiopian Mapping Institute) is the capital city of Ethiopia. It is also the capital of the African Union. Addis Ababa is both a city and a state. The city has people living in it from as many as 80 different countries speaking 80 different languages. There are many different communities in the city including Christian, Muslim, and Jewish communities. Addis Ababa is located about 2,500 m above sea level. It has a population of about four million people.
The site was chosen by Empress Taytu Betul. The city was founded in 1886 by her husband, Emperor Menelik II. The city is located at the foot of Mount Entoto. Addis Ababa University is located in the city. Addis Ababa University was formerly known as Haile Selassie I University. It was named after the former Emperor of Ethiopia, who gave his palace to be used the main campus of the university in 1961.

Home directory
In Computing, a home directory is a special directory (or location in the File system, Apple calls directories "folders"). Very often, there is one such home directory per user. Some users, which were created by the system and usually do not log in, do not have such a home directory.
A home directory is used to store personal files of the respective user, including written document and settings for programs.
Unix, Linux and the like.
On Unix and Linux-like operating systems, the directory is usually called like the username. It is usually located in the "/home" hierarchy. A user "fred" would therefore his home directory in "/home/fred".
It can be written as "~".
Microsoft Windows.
Since Windows 95 there is a directory called "My Documents". It was introduced together with "My Computer". It helps the users locate their files. Since Windows 2000 it is located in the user's profile directory "Documents and Settings\username". So a user "fred" will find his files in "Documents and Settings\fred\My Documents". In Windows Vista the directory has lost the "My", and is simply called "Documents". Other directories, which are similar, may exist. They are called "My Music", "My pictures" and "My videos".
Mac OS X.
In Mac OS X, the home directory is located in "/Users".

Navruz
Navruz is a holiday celebrated early spring 21-22 March in Iran and many other countries in Central Asia including Tajikistan,Pakistan, Kazakhstan and Afghanistan.
History.
Navruz is one of the ancient holiday. In the past time, tribe of "Akhamoniys" began to celebrate among the peasants. It means "new day" which if we consider on around of Sun.
Traditions.
People cook a special dish which is called "Sumalak". Strong people usually go to traditional wrestling on this day to compete and win special prizes on this day.
In Kazakhstan people celebrate and doing fun. They cook dish which called "Nauryz kozhe".

Mantle (geology)
Earth's mantle is the 2,900 km thick rocky shell making up about 70% of Earth's volume. It is mostly solid and lies over the Earth's iron-rich core, which takes up about 30% of Earth's volume. Past episodes of melting and volcanism at the outer levels of the mantle have produced a very thin crust of crystallized melt products near the surface, where we live. The gases evolved during the melting of Earth's mantle have a large effect on the composition and size of Earth's atmosphere.
On March 5, 2007, a team of scientists on board the RRS James Cook went on a voyage to an area of the Atlantic seafloor where the mantle has no crust covering. The anomaly is located mid-way between the Cape Verdes Islands and the Caribbean in the Atlantic Ocean. It lies about three kilometres under the ocean surface and covers thousands of square kilometres.

Robert Burns
Robert Burns (January 25, 1759) - (1796) was a famous poet born in Alloway, Ayrshire, Scotland. Some of his most famous poems include "To A Mouse", "Auld Lang Syne", and "Tam O'Shanter". Burns is seen as the national poet of Scotland. Much of his work is written in Lowland Scots, rather than English. His poem and song "A Man's A Man For A' That" was sung at the opening of the Scottish Parliament in 1999.

Book club
A book club is a club where people regularly meet to discuss a book that they have read and talk about their opinions, likes, dislikes of the characters and plot. Book clubs meet in private homes, libraries, bookstores, pubs, cafes or restaurants over meals, etc.

Video Relay Service
VRS stands for Video Relay Service. This service is quickly replacing the TTY for deaf people to make phone calls.
VRS uses a video camera and a high-speed Internet connection, to let people call friends, family, and business associates. People who use VRS can communicate in sign language instead of typing on a keyboard. A deaf or hard of hearing person can use a remote control and call an interpreter. Once the interpreter is on their screen, the caller can call any hearing person and have a phone conversation through the interpreter.
Right now, VRS is only available in the United States. However, only one person has to be in the United States. If the deaf person is in America, they can call anybody in the world. If the deaf person is in another country, they can call anybody in the United States.

Directory (file system)
When talking about file systems, a directory (also called Folder, or Catalog) is a way to organize computer files. Related files or those belonging to a specific project can be kept in the same directory. A directory can also contain other directories. For many applications, there is the notion of current working directory. This is the directory that the application runs in. Some operating environments restiric what the users can see to what is in certain directories. In Unix and Linux, a directory is a special type of file.

Florida Panthers
The Florida Panthers are an ice hockey team that plays in the NHL. They play near Miami.

Carolina Hurricanes
The Carolina Hurricanes are an ice hockey team that plays in the NHL. They won the Stanley Cup during 2005-2006 season, by beating the Edmonton Oilers. They play in Raleigh, but they moved in 1997 from Hartford.

Dakar
Dakar is the capital city of Senegal. It is located on the country's Atlantic coast on the western edge of Africa. The city is a trade seaport for items leaving Africa. Dakar has a population of 1,030,594 people. The metropolitan area has about 2.45 million people living in it.
The National Assembly of Senegal and Senegal Presidential Palace are located in Dakar.
History.
The area that is now Dakar was first settled around the 15th century. In 1444, Portuguese created a colony there. By 1536, the colony was being used to as part of the slave trade. Between 1588 and 1677, the area was fought over by many countries. During this time it was under the control of the Portuguese, Dutch, English, and finally the French.
In 1857, the French built a military base here. This base was called Dakar. It was made the capital of French West Africa in 1902. Dakar was one of the major cities of the French Empire during this time. It was very important in terms of trade, military, and communications to the empire until World War II.
The city was the capital of the Mali Federation from 1959 to 1960. It then became the capital of Senegal.

IRCAM
IRCAM stands for "Institut de Recherche et Coordination Acoustique/Musique" ("Institute for Research and Coordination of Acoustic Music"). It is an institute in Paris for composing electronic music. IRCAM is housed underneath the Pompidou Centre which is a very large building devoted to the arts, and named after the former French president Georges Pompidou.
In 1970 Georges Pompidou asked the composer Pierre Boulez to start an institution for music research. Boulez was in put in charge of the institute. It was opened in 1977. Composers were able to work there, composing music, without having to finish pieces by any particular date. They were given plenty of time to experiment. Many modern composers such as Harrison Birtwistle, Jonathan Harvey and George Benjamin have worked there or were influenced by the music that was being composed there. Today musicians working in IRCAM continue to provide many interesting new ideas in electronic music.

Yaoundé
Yaoundé is the capital city of the Republic of Cameroon. It is the second largest city in the country after Douala.
History.
Yaoundé was founded in 1888 by German traders. It was created to be used as a base for the ivory trade and an agricultural research station. The city was under the control of Belgian troops during World War I. After the war, it became the capital of French Cameroon. It has remained the capital of the Republic of Cameroon until the present day.

Asmara
Asmara is the capital city of Eritrea. It is the largest settlement in the country. Asmara has a population of about 579,000 people. Textiles and clothing, meat, beer, shoes, and ceramics are the major industrial products of the city.
History.
Asmara grew from four villages founded in the twelfth century. It is said that there were four clans living in the Asmara area. The women of these tribes told them men to join together to fight bandits who had been attacking the area. After they defeated the bandits, a new name was given to the place, "Arbaete Asmara". This name, in the Tigrinya language, meant "the four females united". "Arbaete" was later dropped and the name was made Asmara.
In 1889, Asmara became an Italian colony. It was made the capital of the country in 1897. The city was damaged during earthquakes in 1913 and 1915. During the 1930s, the Italians made many chances to how Asmara looked. Many new buildings were created during this time. This buildings were built in the same style as Italian buildings. This gave Asmara the look of an Italian city. Today many of the buildings and stores in Asmara still have Italian names.
During World War II, after the defeat of Italy in Africa, Asmara was under British rule. In 1952, the United Nations placed the country and Asmara under Ethiopian control. In the 1960s, the Eritrean people started fighting for independence from Ethiopia. This war lasted until 1991. Asmara was given back to the Eritrean people on May 24, 1991.

Bamako
Bamako is the capital and largest city of Mali. It is located on the Niger River, near the rapids that divide the Upper and Middle Niger Valleys, in the southwestern part of the country.

Lomé
Lomé is the capital city of Togo. Lomé is the administrative and industrial center of the country. The city is also the main port of Togo. The city exports coffee, cocoa, copra, and palm kernels. The population of the city was estimated as around 700,000 people in 1998. It is estimated that more than 1 million people live in Lomé area at that time.
Lomé is located on the Gulf of Guinea. It is in the south west of Togo, on the border between Togo and Ghana. Things to see in the city include Lomé Grand Market, the Togo National Museum in the Palais de Congrés, a fetish (voodoo) market, Lomé Cathedral, beaches and the former wharf.
History.
The city was founded in the eighteenth century by the Ewe people. In 1882, the village, known then as Bey Beach, became a major trading center for the British.
Bey Beach became the capital of Togo when the German rulers moved the capital from Aneho in 1897. The city then grew quickly until it was taken by the French Army in 1914 during World War I.

2002 Atlantic hurricane season
The 2002 Atlantic hurricane season was a yearly event of tropical cyclones forming in the Atlantic Ocean. The season officially began on June 1 and ended on November 30. In total, 12 named storms and 4 hurricanes formed.
Because of an El Nino event happening in the Pacific Ocean, the season ended early on October 16 when the last storm died out. Although most of the season remained quiet, it was very active during the month of September and broke the record of the most number of storms forming in September. The most notable hurricanes were Hurricane Lili which was the storngest and deadliest storm of the season, and Hurricane Isidore which killed a total of 7 people in Louisiana.
Tropical Depressions.
Tropical Depression Seven formed from a tropical wave on September 7. It had a maximum wind speed of 35 mph and a minimum pressure of 1013 mbar. It moved usually west, and was later torn apart by wind shear on September 8. It did not have an effect on land.
Tropical Depression 14.
Tropical Depression 14 formed from a tropical wave on October 14. It had maximum wind spedds of 35 mph, and a minimum pressure of 1002 mbar. For most of the time, it was predicted to become a tropical storm, and to go up through the Bahamas. However, strong wind shear from the northeast didn't allow development, and after making landfall in southern Cuba on October 16, it was destroyed by a cold front. Although it created heavy rains, there was no damage.

Wireless Markup Language
Wireless Markup Language (WML) is a programming language used for of wireless devices. It is similar to HTML. WML is a version of XML. This means that syntax is very important. Every tag needs to be properly nested and closed. WML can only be displayed in a Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) Browser.

Maseru
Maseru (pronounced "ma'seru") is the capital city of Lesotho. It is located near Mohokare River. Maseru is located on the border with South Africa, and is connected to it through Maseru Bridge. The nearest city to Maseru in South Africa is named Ladybrand.
The National University of Lesotho amd the international airport called Moshoeshoe International Airport are located near Maseru.
Maeru is a sister city of Austin, Texas.

Fandom
Fandom (from the noun "fan" and the affix "-dom", as in "kingdom", "dukedom", etc.) or Fanbase is a name used for a group of people (called "fans") who are interested in something. A fandom can be about any interest or activity. Fandoms can be for example about hobbies, genres or fashions, book or movie series, or even individual celebrities.

New York Islanders
The New York Islanders are an ice hockey team that plays in the NHL. They were a very good team between 1980 and 1983, winning four Stanley Cups. They play in Uniondale, New York.

Phoenix Coyotes
The Phoenix Coyotes are an ice hockey team that plays in the NHL. They play in Glendale, Arizona. In 1996, the team moved to Phoenix from Winnipeg,Canada. As of 2007, they have not won a Stanley Cup.
Their head coach is Wayne Gretzky and their general manager is Don Maloney.

Buffalo Sabres
The Buffalo Sabres are an ice hockey team that plays in the National Hockey League. Between 1996 and 2001, the team's goaltender was Dominik Hašek, a very famous player.

Columbus Blue Jackets
The Columbus Blue Jackets are an ice hockey team that plays in the NHL. They are one of the youngest teams in the NHL, having being formed only in 2000. The Blue Jackets have never made the playoffs yet. The coach right now is Ken Hitchcock. The Blue Jackets play at Nationwide Arena.

Atlanta Thrashers
The Atlanta Thrashers are an NHL ice hockey team. The team plays in Atlanta, Georgia. They have made the playoffs only once in seven seasons.

Rachael Ray
Rachael Ray (born August 25, 1968 in Glen Falls, New York) is an Emmy-award winning television personality and author. Her family roots are from Sicily, Italy. Her TV shows include 30 minute Meals, $40 a Day, Rachael Ray's Tasty Travels and The Rachael Ray Show. She has written 12 cookbooks.

Sophora
Sophora is a genus of about 45 species of small trees and shrubs in the subfamily "Faboideae" of the pea family "Fabaceae". Many students see Sophora as three genera: "Sophora", "Calia" (S. secundiflora) and "Styphnolobium" (S. japonica).

Cyanobacteria
Blue-green algae is a bacterial taxon, scientifically known as Cyanobacteria κυανός (kyanós: blue). It is not an algae. It is a phyllum of bacteria, involving around 1500 species.

Teletypewriter
Teletypewriter (TTY) is a tool to allows a deaf or hard of hearing invidiual make a phone call.
A TTY is a special device that lets people who are deaf, hard of hearing, or speech-impaired use the telephone to communicate, by allowing them to type messages back and forth to one another instead of talking and listening.

Of Montreal
Of Montreal is an American indie pop band formed in Athens, Georgia, fronted by Kevin Barnes. It was one of the second wave of groups to come from The Elephant 6 Recording Company.

Alcalá de Henares
Alcalá de Henares is a city in the Community of Madrid, Spain.It is thirty kilometres from Madrid,and it has a population of around 200,000. There is an university. Miguel de Cervantes, an important Spanish witter, the author of the "Don Quixote", was born there.

Alpine Newt
The Alpine Newt ("Triturus alpestris") is an amphibian. It is a Salamander (Urodela or Caudata). The alpine newt is one of five newts in Germany.
Description.
Early in the year, Alpine Newts mate. During that time, the males have a blue color on their backs. Their sides have black and white stripes. Their belly has a blue stripe.
During the mating season early in the year, the males exhibit blue colouring on their backs; their flanks are stippled black and white, and on the belly are marked with a blue stripe. Their crest has yellow and black spots.
The females are more camouflaged. They are a kind of grey (sometimes brown, sometimes green), with less visible spots on the back.
The belly side of both sexes is bright orange to vermillion and always unmarked. The biggest of the males can reach up to nine, and the females up to twelve centimeters in length. After the mating season, older specimens have a darker, almost black, velvety skin (land camouflage).
Life and Habitat.
The Alpine newt typically lives in forests with good access to water in hilly to mountainous regions. They are mostly absent in forest-poor areas. They often occur in thick deciduous forests, as well as parland and natural gardens. Outside the spawning season, the Alpine Newt is a land animal. During the day it stays in all kinds of undergrowth, but during the mating season in cool water (forest pools, artificial pools). After the adults come out of winter dormancy, the Alpine Newts immediately take themselves to the spawning pools.
Location.
The spread of the alpine newt is constricted to Central Europe and parts of mountainous Southern Europe as well as an isolated area on the Iberian Peninsula.
There is also some introduced wild populations in the UK
Endangerment.
After a steep decrease in the Alpine Newt population in the 1960s-70s, they have apparently recovered their numbers a little bit. Surveillance in the surrounding area of Cologne (approximately 50m above sea level) pointed particularly toward an increase in alpine newt numbers, whereas the numbers of newts in breeding pools seemed to decline. In home gardens, newts are settling in pools in which there can be a high reproduction rate. If fish are maintained in these ponds, the population even in larger ponds will be completely wiped out. However, a small pool of 150 litres volume had more than 60 Alpine Newt larvae of different sizes contained within it at the beginning of July 2003. They were likely spawned from just one female.
Taxonomy.
The Alpine Newt has been usually placed into the "Triturus" genus. García-París et.al. split the genus Triturus into three, and placed the Alpine Newt into its own genus "Mesotriton". Also the subspecies "T. a. inexpectatus" was elevated to species status. However this split hasn't been completely accepted yet. Originally 9 subspecies of the Alpine Newt were recognized.

Differential equation
A differential equation is a mathematical equation for an unknown function of one or several variables which relates the values of the function itself and of its derivatives of various orders. Differential equations play a big role in engineering, physics, economics, and other disciplines.

Windhoek
Windhoek (Windhuk) is the capital city of Namibia. It has a population of 230,000 people. Windhoek is the trade center for sheep skins. The area was controlled by Germany in 1885. It became the capital of the German colony, German South-West Africa, in 1892. During World War I, Windhoek was captured by South Africa. It was the capital of South West Africa (Namibia) under South African control until the independence of Namibia in 1990.
Windhoek has a semi-desert climate.

Boiling tube
A boiling tube is a large tube made of glass, which is used in laboratory to strongly heat substances. A boiling tube is a scaled-up test tube, but larger in size. This larger size allows substances to boil freely inside a boiling tube.
Boiling tubes can also be used as a replacement for test tubes specially when a larger volume is desired.
Boiling tubes are commonly made from Pyrex glass which can teloerate high temperatures.

1982 Atlantic hurricane season
The 1982 Atlantic hurricane season was a yearly event of tropical cyclones in the Atlantic Ocean. The season officially started on June 1, 1982, and ended on November 30, 1982. Six named storms formed during the season, along with 2 hurricanes.
While most of the storms were usually weak, the most deadliest storm of the season was Tropical Storm Beryl which killed 115 people while moving across the Carribean Sea.
Hurricane Alberto.
A tropical depression formed off western Cuba on June 1 from an group of organized thunderstorms. It moved slowly northeastward through the Gulf of Mexico, and strengthened into Tropical Storm Alberto on June 3. Alberto travelled usually northeast on an unpredictable course and for a hort time, strengthened to a Category 1 hurricane, one of the earliest hurricanes of June. Alberto then quickly weakened back into a tropical storm, moved back to the west, and died near the Florida Keys, Florida, on June 6.
Though the storm never made landfall, Alberto killed 23 people in Cuba from heavy flooding. Southern Florida saw fair rainfall, with a maximum of 16.47 inches occurring in Tavernier.
Subtropical Storm One.
The first subtropical storm of the season formed in the eastern part of the Gulf of Mexico on June 18, and took an almost straight path to the northeast for its whole life. It crossed the Florida peninsula that night, causing an issue of several severe thunderstorm and tornado warnings. The storm continued, crossing the Outer Banks of North Carolina, and kept its strength until June 20 when it became extratropical near Newfoundland.
Subtropical Storm One caused three deaths in Florida, sank a fishing ship off the coast of North Carolina, and caused $10 million in damage (1982 USD, $20 million 2005 USD).
Tropical Storm Beryl.
Beryl became a tropical storm on August 28 while southeast of the Cape Verde islands. The tropical storm travelled slowly west-northwest, while once coming close to hurricane strength. While midway across the Atlantic on September 2, it weakened to a tropical depression. The depression continued west until its circulation collapsed on September 6, just north of the Windward Islands. Beryl killed 115 people in the Cape Verde islands. Though the Cape Verde islands are usually not affected by hurricanes, another tropical storm, Fran, hit the islands in 1984, killing 31 people.
Tropical Storm Chris.
A non-tropical low formed on September 8 in the Gulf of Mexico. It moved west, and the next day it became into a subtropical depression. Under the control of another low pressure system, the depression turned north, and after slowly becoming better organized it strengthened into Tropical Storm Chris on September 10. The storm had maximum sustained winds of 65 mph (100 km/h) before moving onto land near Sabine Pass in Louisiana. Chris continued to move inland until it died over central Arkansas on September 13.
Just before Chris made landfall, as many as 6,500 people moved out from southern Louisiana, while many oil workers moved inland. Chris caused a total of $2 million (1982 USD) in damages.
Hurricane Debby.
Debby began as a tropical wave that collapsed shortly after leaving the coast of Africa. The wave travelled across the Atlantic, and became a tropical depression off the northern coast of Haiti on September 13. The depression turned north and strengthened into a tropical storm and then a hurricane. Hurricane Debby moved north-northeast, affecting Bermuda with tropical storm-force winds. It continued strengthening as it moved north, peaking at 135 mph (220 km/h). Tropical storm-force winds were also recorded at Cape Race in Newfoundland when Debby passed by on September 18. The storm began to speed up and weaken over the colder waters of the north Atlantic. Debby combined itself with a strong non-tropical system over the British Isles on September 20.
The tropical disturbance that eventually formed Debby dropped heavy rainfall across Puerto Rico, peaking at 12.86 inches in the southwestern part of the island. Debby was known to cause only minor damages that was related to the storm.
Tropical Storm Ernesto.
A tropical wave formed off the coast of Africa on September 23. The westeren part of the wave grew bigger and was called as Tropical Depression Six on September 30. The depression strengthened, and made a sharp turn on October 1. An Air Force plane found 40 mph winds with a pressure of 1003 mbar and the depression was given the name Ernesto. A second Air Force plane on October 2 found 70 mph winds with a pressure of 997 mbar. By October 3, Ernesto was no longer recognized after combining itself with an extratropical low. Ernesto never came near land and caused no damages.

Ouagadougou
Ouagadougou is the capital of Burkina Faso. It is also the country's biggest city. In Ouagadougou, people mainly make clothing and food. Ouagadougou's mayor is chosen every five years. Since Ouagadougou is near the Equator, it is always warm. In Ouagadougou, people speak French. Ouagadougou is one of the poorest cities in Africa. Almost 70% of it's people can not read or write but the city has ten universities. People like to play football the most.

Venetian language
The Venetian language (in Venetian: "vèneto") is a Romance language.
It was the language once spoken in the Republic of Venice.
In the present day, it is spoken in the Italian regions of Veneto and Friuli-Venezia Giulia, in Slovenia and in Croatia. It is also spoken in Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina states) and Mexico (town of Chipilo) by the descendants of Italian immigrants.

Yamoussoukro
Yamoussoukro is the official capital city of Côte d'Ivoire (The Ivory Coast). There are about 200,000 people who live in this city. It is not the biggest city in Côte d'Ivoire. Abidjan is the biggest city in Côte d'Ivoire, and it is were most of the country's money comes from. Yamoussoukro only became the capital in 1983. The capital before that was Abidjan.
History of Yamoussoukro.
Before the Second World War, Yamoussoukro was a small city. It was mainly made up of farms. In 1964, the president of Côte d'Ivoire decided to make Yamoussoukro the capital because it was where he grew up. In 1983, Yamoussoukro became the capital of Ivory Coast. In 1990, the Pope opened the biggest church in the world. It is called Basilica of Our Lady of Peace of Yamoussoukro. In 2004, Yamoussoukro's airport was attacked by France because airplanes from that airport had killed 9 people from France.
Important things in Yamoussoukro.
Yamoussoukro is famous for the biggest church in the world, The Basilica of Our Lady of Peace of Yamoussoukro. Also, it is very tall. Also, the Concorde, a very fast airplane can land in the city's airport. There is only one other place in Africa where such an airplane can land.

Bloemfontein
Bloemfontein is one of the three capital cites of South Africa. It is the judicial capital of South Africa, as the Supreme Court is located there. In Afrikaans and Dutch, Bloemfontein means "Spring of Bloem (Bloom}". It is also known as the city of roses. There are a lot of flowers in Bloemfontein.
History.
Bloemfontein was founded by Major H. Douglas Warden in 1846. It was created as both a fort and a place to live. It became the center of government of the British-controlled Orange River Sovereignty (1848–54) and of the Orange Free State (later known as just Free State).
Bloemfontein became the judicial capital of South Africa in 1910. It is a place where the government works. It has a lot of hospitals and schools.
Geography.
Bloemfontein is located in central South Africa. It is dry in this part of South Africa. There are a few hills around Bloemfontein. Grass mostly grows around Bloemfontein. The summers are hot, and the winters are cool, but it snowed in August 2006.
Economy.
Much of the economy of the city is based on canned fruit, glass products, furniture, plastics, and railway engineering. The city saw a large economic growth in the mid-20th century because of the Free State goldfields located 160 km (100 mi) northeast of the city. The Orange River project also helped the city grow economically. It is a major source both of hydroelectricity and of water for irrigation and human uses.
Sports.
The most popular sports in Bloemfontein are football, rugby, and cricket. In 2010, Bloemfontein will host some FIFA World Cup matches, at Free State Stadium.

Jack Black
Jack Black (born Thomas J. Black, Jr. on August 28, 1969) is a Golden Globe Award nominated American actor, comedian and musician. He is an important member of the Frat Pack, a name used by members of the media for a group of comedians active in today's Hollywood movies. Black is also in demand for some of Hollywood largest movies and smallest indie films. He and Kyle Gass make up the comedy/rock duo Tenacious D. Black is also known by his nicknames, Jables or JB.

Dough
Dough is a paste made out of flour by mixing it with a small amount of water. Dough can be used to make bread, pastries, cookies, muffins, and other foods.
In many parts of central India, people use the quick method of making an instant roasted dough ball or baati. Flat, unleavened breads known as roti, lavash, yufka, matzo, and tortilla are used in many parts of the world today.
Leavened dough, made from dry, ground grains mixed with water and yeast, is used all over the world. It includes all kinds of breads made from wheat, maize, rice and other grains or similar crops used today in the world.
Fried dough foods are common in many cultures. In the United States, "elephant ears" is a common name for fried dough.
In slang, dough is money.

Muffin
A muffin is a small bread- or cake-like baked food. Muffins look cupcakes: they have round bases, rounded tops, and are usually sweet, but there are also savory kinds (like cornbread muffins). They fit in the palm of an adult hand, and are meant to be eaten by one person in a single sitting. A "muffin" can also mean a different baked food, the smaller, disk-shaped English muffin, although this is not common outside Britain. In Britain, the term can mean either muffin. Muffins often have a "topping" baked in, such as blueberries or chocolate chips.

English muffin
An English muffin "(UK: (breakfast) muffin)" is a round, flat bread made from a dough with yeast and enriched with butter and milk. It is often served toasted at breakfast in the UK, USA, Canada and Australia.

Cornbread
Cornbread or Johnny cake is a name for any number of "quick breads"- bread leavened chemically instead of by yeast- containing cornmeal. As maize (also known as corn) is native to North America, the various kinds of cornbreads are more prevalent there. In Italy, the corn-based mush known as polenta is sometimes fashioned into a fried form resembling cornbread.

Cupcake
A cupcake (or fairy cake) is a small cake made to serve one person, usually made in a small paper cup container. As with larger cakes, icing and other decorations, such as sprinkles, are often put on them.
Similar to American-style muffins, cupcakes are often served during a celebration, such as children's classroom birthday parties. They are a convenient alternative to cake because they do not require plates, utensils, or dividing into pieces because they are small. Cupcakes were first invented in the early 1800's.
A simple cupcake uses the same ingredients as most other standard cakes - using butter, sugar, eggs, and flour.

Curry
Curry (from Tamil "kari") is the English word for any of a general variety of spiced dishes, best-known in Indian, Bangladeshi, Sri Lankan, Indonesian, Malaysian, Pakistani, Thai, and other South Asian and Southeast Asian cuisines, though curry has been adopted into many other cuisines. Curry first came from India. The idea of curry was later brought to the West by British colonialists in India from the 18th century. Dishes that are often called curries in Europe and America are rarely called curries in the native language.

Shore
A shore or shoreline is the fringe of land at the edge of a large body of water, such as an ocean, sea, or lake.
Shores are influenced by the topography of the surrounding landscape, as well as by erosion caused by water, such as waves. The geological makeup of rock and soil controls the type of shore which is created. Although a beach is a synonym for a shore, the term typically refers to shores which are sandy or pebbly, which can be produced by erosion of sedimentary soils.
A strict definition is the strip of land along a water body that is alternately exposed and covered by waves and tides.

Stick
A stick is a long, slender piece of wood, usually a branch from a tree without the leaves.

Bleach (manga)
is an ongoing manga series authored by mangaka Tite Kubo. Since its debut in 2001, "Bleach" has been adapted into an anime series, two OVAs, three anime films, a rock musical, and numerous video games. Compilation volumes of the manga have sold over 39 million copies in Japan.
"Bleach" follows the lives of Ichigo Kurosaki, who is a high school student who can see ghosts. A "shinigami" (Soul Reaper or, literally, "death god") named Rukia Kuchiki, meets Ichigo while hunting an evil spirit known as a Hollow. Rukia is wounded during the fight with the spirit and cannot do anything except give her powers to Ichigo. That is how the adventures of Ichigo and Rukia begin. Together they search for Hollows and perform soul burials on souls, cleansing the spirits and sending them to Soul Society. The early parts of the story focus mostly on the characters and their pasts, instead actual job of the "shinigami". As events unfold, the story begins to go deeper into the world of the "shinigami" on the "other side" called Soul Society.
Media information.
The "Bleach" manga was first released in August of 2001 in Shueisha's "Weekly Shonen Jump" magazine. New Japanese-language chapters are featured weekly in the same magazine. The chapters are complied in seven-to-nine chapter "tankōbon" by Shueisha every few months.
The "Bleach" animated TV series is broadcast on Wednesdays by TV Tokyo in Japan. The first 63 episodes were based on the manga, and the next 46 were original to the anime. Beginning with episode 110, the anime has returned to the manga storyline, yet has parts from the previous 46 filler episodes. There are no plans to stop making the series. Also, two OVAs have been produced and two animated films, ', which was released in Japan on December 16, 2006, and Bleach: The Diamond Dust Rebellion, which was released on December 22, 2007.
VIZ Media has released 22 English-language volumes of the manga in North America, and many scanlation groups release unofficial English translations of new chapters.
Introduction.
Ichigo Kurosaki is a teenager who has always been able to see spirits. The story begins with the sudden appearance of an oddly-dressed stranger in Ichigo's bedroom. This stranger is the "shinigami" Rukia Kuchiki, who is surprised that he can see her. While they are talking a Hollow comes. After Rukia is badly wounded while fighting to protect Ichigo, she decides to transfer half of her powers to Ichigo, hoping to give him a chance to fight the hollow. By accident Ichigo absorbs all of Rukia's powers instead, and he defeats the Hollow easily.

Whyalla
Whyalla is a city located on Eyre Peninsula, on the shore of Spencers Gulf, South Australia.
Economy.
Its main industries are associated with the iron ore mines founded by BHP several KM inland.
Original industry.
Originally it acted as the port for the export of Iron Ore, then in order to obtain the renewal of the mining lease, BHP was forced by the then government of South Australia to build a blast furnace to smelt the ore into pig iron. This eventually led to the establishment of steel making, and ship building industries, which were very active during the period 1960 - 1980.
Problems.
The viability of these industries so far from markets had progressively declined, culminating in closure of many operations and a decline in the local population. At its peak, during the mid 1980's the population was about 35,000 people.

Ron Paul
Ronald Ernest Paul (born August 20, 1935) is a Republican Congressman from the state of Texas.
He tried to become President of the United States in 2008. He also tried to become President in 1988 but he was defeated. He is for lower taxes, minimal government and against interventionism. He supports making United States money worth a certain amount of gold.

Djibouti (city)
The city of Djibouti is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Djibouti. It lies on a peninsula between the Gulf of Aden and the Gulf of Tadjoura. Djibouti is home to a population of around 400,000 people.
Features of Djibouti City include beaches a large Central Market, the national stadium Stade du Ville, the Presidential Palace and Hamouli Mosque. The Djibouti-Addis Ababa Railway runs from the city to Addis Ababa. Djubouti is also home to the Djibouti-Ambouli International Airport.
History.
Djibouti was founded as a seaport in 1888. The city became the capital of French Somaliland in 1891. It replaced Tadjourah as the capital.

Jamestown, Saint Helena
Jamestown is a harbour and the capital of the British island of Saint Helena. It was founded in 1659 by the East India Company. Jamestown has a population of about 1,000 people.
The town's most known feature is Jacob's Ladder. It is a walkway up the mountains with 699 steps. The ladder was built in 1829 to connect Jamestown to the military base on Ladder Hill. The ladder is very popular with tourists. It is beautifully lit at night. Each year, people come from all over the world to take part in a timed run up the ladder.
Many buildings in the city are built out of volcanic rock from the local area. The town is has a church, and port for unloading items delivered to the island.

Markus Näslund
Markus Näslund (born July 30, 1973, in Örnsköldsvik, Sweden) is a Swedish ice hockey player in the NHL. He was born in Ornskoldsvik, Sweden. He plays for the New York Rangers and is currently an alternate captain. He was considered very skilled and valuable and he was given the Lester B. Pearson award for the Most Outstanding Player in 2004.
MoDo Hockey.
Naslund began his career in Sweden, playing for Team Modo Hockey. Naslund was still quite young at that time. He played very well and was drafted by the NHL.
Pittsburgh Penguins.
In 1994, after being drafted by the NHL, he was taken in by the Pittsburgh Penguins. He started his rookie NHL years here. He did not play many games as he wasn't seen to be a great player at that time. Finally, the manager of the Penguins traded him to the Vancouver Canucks.
Vancouver Canucks.
After being traded to the Canucks, Naslund was not used in games. The Vancouver coach thought that he wasn't very good, so Naslund asked to be traded. But sadly he wasn't.
Suddenly, he was put in the lineup and did quite well compared to the rest of the team, which were struggling. In 2000, he was put with Todd Bertuzzi and they scored many goals together. Naslund was now a superstar and in 2004 he reached career highs and the NHL gave him the Lester B. Pearson award.
But in the 2006-2007 season, he struggled because Bertuzzi was traded away and it was much harder for him to score. But in the playoffs that year, he scored many goals in a short period of time. Naslund promised he would be much better next year.
New York Rangers.
In the 2008 offseason, the Rangers signed Naslund to a two year, $8 million contract. Naslund has spent most of his time with the Rangers playing on the team's first line with Scott Gomez as his center.

Pier Gerlofs Donia
Pier Gerlofs Donia, 1480 - 1520. He fought for the independence of Friesland. He was an enormous man and was said to be well over 7 feet tall. Donia was also known as Grutte Pier'", which means "Big Lad", in Frisian language, or Grote Pier, which means the same in Dutch language. He also was a pirate. This great man fought against the people from Holland, Germany, and the Burgundians. In his biggest battle at sea he captured 28 ships, and he killed all 500 men who had been taken prisoner. "Big Lad" was then called the "Cross of the Dutchman".
Those prisoners who could not answer this in proper Frisian had their heads cut off by Donia himself. Pier was also noted for his ability to behead several people with a single blow. This meant he could kill many enemies at the same time during battle, and gave him an excellent advantage over his opponents. His famous fighting skills proved their worth in many battles.
Despite his many successes, Pier could not defeat the Burgundian/Hapsburg armies. He retired disillusioned in 1519. He died peacefully in bed in the Frisian town of Sneek on October 28 in the year 1520. His last words were spoken to his life-time enemy, the count of Nychlenborch. He was asked by the count were he wanted to go after he died, to which Pier replied "Nea myn Heer ta" ("To my Lord"). He then passed away. After the "Giant of Kimswerd" (another nickname) died, Friesland never again earned its freedom. It has remained a province of the Netherlands.

Desiderius Erasmus
Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus (sometimes known as Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam) (October 27, probably 1466–July 12, 1536) was a Dutch humanist, theologian and philosopher.
Erasmus was a classical scholar who wrote in a "pure" Latin style. Although he was a Catholic, he was critical of the Roman Catholic Church and wrote satires of them. He stood at the beginning of the reformation.

Elfstedentocht
The Elfstedentocht'", Dutch for "Eleven cities tour" is a race of people on ice skates; an ice skating tour of 200 kilometers. It is held when the canals freeze in Friesland, and people from all around the world come there and watch it or participate by skating with the pros, which is also a possibility. The race was last held in 1997. Climate change has spurned concerns over the race's continued running.

Sneek
Sneek (Frisian: "Snits") is a city in Friesland. (pronunciation: the English word snake). In history, it is well known. The legendary warrior Pier Gerlofs Donia, fought a battle there.

Huelva
Huelva is a city in Andalusia, Spain and the capital of the province of Huelva. According to the Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), 145,763 live in Huelva. However, Huelva is the center of a metropolitan area that has 490,000 inhabitants.

Richard Dawkins
Clinton Richard Dawkins (born March 26, 1941) is a writer and a teacher at the University of Oxford. He is well-known for writing the books "The Selfish Gene", "The Ancestor's Tale" and "The God Delusion." He believes that there is no God, which he has written about. He has appeared on many television shows.

Stalactite
A stalactite is a form that can be found on the ceiling of a cave. When a drop of water flows down the stalactite, the water evaporates and leaves a mineral deposit of calcite. This slowly increases the length and thickness of the stalactite.
The corresponding formation on the floor underneath a stalactite is known as a stalagmite. Given enough time, these formations can meet. The results are known as columns.

Slayer (disambiguation)
A slayer is someone who kills animals or people. The past tense of slay is slew or slain.

Ranma ½
Ranma ½ is an anime which was based on a manga made by Rumiko Takahashi. It is 36 volumes long.
Story.
Ranma Saotome is the main character, who is 16-year old and is good at martial arts. This is because he learned from his father, a martial artist. Ranma was training with his father, Genma Saotome, when he falls into a spring which makes the people who fell inside turn into the people who fell inside before. The spring that Ranma fell into had a drowned girl inside before, so Ranma turned into a girl from then on whenever cold water was poured onto him. Genma fell into the spring of the panda, so he turned into a panda. Hot water made them turn back.
After training, both of them visit Soun Tendo, Genma's friend from a long time ago and his fighting partner for martial arts. Soun is also the teacher for a martial arts school. Then Soun tells Genma that he needs a grandchild to carry on the school, so he needs his daughter, Akane Tendo, to marry to get a child, who would receive an inheritance from him. Genma then says that Akane could marry Ranma, and so they become engaged.
Ranma 1/2 is the story of how Akane and Ranma begin to know each other and about other new friends they meet.

Engagement
Marriage.
An engagement is an agreement or promise to marry, and also refers to the time between proposal and marriage. During this time, a couple is said to be affianced, engaged to be married, or simply engaged. An engagement can be seen by witnesses to confirm their marriage
A fiance is the man a woman is "engaged" with. A fiancee is the woman a man is "engaged" with.
Work.
A work engagement is being hired to perform a job, usually a brief or single-event one, such as a party or public event. A performance engagement or "gig" usually means a single-event entertainment job, such as musician, clown, dancer or other performance. (A "running engagement" is a steady job of this kind.)

Type species
A type species fixes the name of a genus in zoology or botany.

Enrique Gaspar y Rimbau
Enrique Lucio Eugenio Gaspar y Rimbau (Madrid, March 2, 1842 – Olorón, September 7, 1902) was a Spanish diplomat and writer. Gaspar y Rimbau wrote plays, "zarzuelas" (light operas), and novels.

Laksa
Laksa is a popular spicy noodle soup from Peranakan culture. Curry laksa (sometimes called just "laksa") is a coconut soup made with prawns, beef, bean sprouts and chili. It is very spicy but can be made milder by leaving out some of the chilis.

Scarface (1983 movie)
"Scarface" is an action movie made in 1983. It was directed by Brian De Palma. The story is about Tony Montana, a Cuban criminal who moves to Miami and creates his own cocaine business. It is a loose remake of the 1932 movie "Scarface". The movie made $85 million.
Story.
Tony Montana, a prisoner from Cuba who is sent to the United States on a boat. Once there, he works for Frank Lopez, a Miami criminal. Soon, Tony kills Frank and takes over his business. Soon, Tony Montana is very rich and powerful because of his growing cocaine empire. He becomes friends with Alexander Sosa, a Bolivian drug lord. Tony is assigned to kill a journalist who is printing bad stories about Sosa. Tony plants a bomb on the target's car, but dosen't detonate it when he sees kids inside it. Sosa gets mad and sends many people to Miami to kill Tony. There is a shootout. Tony is then shot in the back by a man with a shotgun, and dies.

Contract killing
Contract killing is murder where a person or group is paid (usually money) to kill someone else. Someone who does this is known as a "hit man" (also "hitman"), or "assassin". Contract killing is illegal, and is punishable, sometimes by death. Contract killing is often used by the mafia.

Ecstasy
Ecstasy (also known as MDMA, E, X, or XTC), is an illegal drug. Ecstasy comes in tablet/pill form, and is most commonly swallowed.
History.
On December 24, 1912, a German medicine company called Merck patented Ecstasy. The patent was granted in 1914.
In the 1950s, the United States army conducted several experiments with ecstasy, such as using it on animals.
Supply.
Ecstasy, like most other illegal drugs in the United States, is widely available. Ecstasy is bought by the pill. Pills often cost from $1 to $10 each. In the United Kingdom, it is common to pay £2 or £3 per pill. In Australia, it is common for these pills to cost about $25, but they can range from $7 to over $40 each.
Legal Use.
Ecstasy is illegal in the United States and was called a "Schedule I" drug. Schedule I drugs have no medical value and are highly addictive. Today, some people consider Ecstasy a "Schedule III" drug, because of its use in therapy.

Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale
The Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale is a scale categorizing mainly Western Hemisphere tropical cyclones that go beyond the strength of "tropical depressions" and "tropical storms", and thus become hurricanes. The categories into which the scale separates hurricanes are noted by the strength of their maximum sustained wind speeds. The classifications are used mainly for use in measuring the possible damage and flooding a hurricane will create when it makes landfall.
Very recently, the scale was also used to classify subtropical cyclones after a change in the rules made by the National Hurricane Center in 2002.
The Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale is used only to describe hurricanes that form in the Atlantic Ocean and northern Pacific Ocean, to the east of the International Date Line. Other areas call their tropical storms "cyclones" and "typhoons", and use their own classification scales.

Eastern Catholic churches
The Eastern Catholic Churches are autonomous churches. They recognize the pope as their spiritual leader. They also agree with Roman Catholicism on most issues. They differ on ideas as how a mass should be organised, or which prayers are more important than others. A very well-known Eastern Catholic Church is the Coptic Catholic Church, located mainly in Egypt.

Sanjaya Malakar
Sanjaya Malakar (born September 10 1989) is an American singer who gained attention from appearing on the reality show "American Idol". He was voted off after the top 7 participants.

Pangolin
Pangolins (or scaly anteaters) are mammals which live in Africa and Asia. They have scales on their skin. There are different types of pangolin. Some types live in trees. All pangolins eat ants and termites. They catch their food using their tongues. Pangolins curl up when they feel scared so that their soft belly is hidden from attack. In southern China and other countries people kill pangolins to eat them. Because of this, there are not many pangolins left in some places.

Antananarivo
Antananarivo is the capital city of Madagascar. It is the largest city in the country.
Uses.
The city is the administrative, communications and economic center of Madagascar.
Trivia.
Antananarivo has a population of over 1.4 million people. Including an Anglicanand a Roman Catholic cathedral, there are about fifty churches in the city and its suburbs. There is also a Muslim mosque. Antananarivo is home of the University of Madagascar and the Collège Rural d'Ambatobe.
History.
Antananarivo was founded in about 1625 by King Andrianjaka. The name, Antananarivo, means "the City of the Thousand". It comes from the number of soldiers Andrianjaka used to guard the city.
Until 1869 all buildings in the city were of wood or rushes. Since the introduction of stone and brick, the whole city has been rebuilt. It now has many notable structures. For example, the royal palaces, the Anglican and Roman Catholic cathedrals, several stone and brick churches, colleges, schools, hospitals, courts of justice and other government buildings.
The city was captured by the French in 1895. Since then, good roads have been built in the city.

Alex (parrot)
Alex was an African grey parrot.
Purpose.
He was part of a study under animal psychologist Irene Pepperberg since 1977 at two different universities: Brandeis University in Massachusetts and before that, University of Arizona. He died on Sept 7, 2007, of yet unknown causes. He knew about 100 words as of 2000, and is not ordinary because he appears to understand what he says. For example, when Alex is shown an object and is asked about its shape, color, or material, he can label it correctly. If he is asked the difference between two things, he will also answer that, but if there is no difference between the things, he will say “none.”
Alex's name is an acronym. ALEX is short for Avian Learning EXperiment.

Lobamba
Lobamba is the legislative capital of Swaziland. The Parliament of Swaziland and home of the Queen Mother are in this city. It is located in the west of the country, in the district of Hhohho. Its population is about 10,000 people.
Lobamba is famous for two ceremonies. The Reed Dance is in August and September. This celebration is in honour of the Queen Mother. The Incwala Kingship, in December and January, is in honour of the King. These ceremonies include dancing, singing, and celebrations with traditional clothing.
The Embo State Palace, the Royal Kraal, Swazi National Museum, Swazi Parliament and a museum about Sobhuza II of Swaziland are in the town. The Mlilwane Wildlife Sanctuary and Matsapha Airport lie nearby.

Bobby Lashley
Franklin Roberto Lashley (born July 16 1978) is an American professional wrestler. He is better known as Bobby Lashley'". He worked for World Wrestling Entertainment. Lashley stopped working for the WWE on February 4, 2008. He had not wrestled for several months before that due to injury.
Wrestling career.
Lashley went to Missouri Valley College. While he was there, he won three national amateur wrestling championships between 1996 and 1998. During 1997 and 1998 he was the NAIA National Wrestling Champion. He wrestled at the weight of 177 pounds (80 kilograms). Lashley later joined the United States Army, where he continued to wrestle.
In November 2003, Lashley started professional wrestling. He began working for World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). WWE sent him to Ohio Valley Wrestling (OVW), where he started his training under Lance Storm. During 2005, Lashley appeared at four live events for both the "RAW" and "SmackDown!" brands. On September 23 2005, Lashley made his televised WWE debut on "SmackDown!"
On November 14, Lashley moved to the ECW brand. Lashley signed a contract for the final spot in a six-man match for the ECW World Championship at December to Dismember. Lashley won the match and became the new ECW World Champion. This made Lashley the first African American to hold the ECW title. Lashley lost the title to Vince McMahon in May of 2007. On June 3, 2007, he defeated McMahon to get the title back.

Newry
Newry () is a city in Northern Ireland. It is the eighth largest city in Ireland. 27,430 people live in the city. A picture of a local bridge is on some British pound coins.

Shizuka Arakawa
Shizuka Arakawa (荒川 静香) is a figure skater from Japan. She went to the Olympics in 1998 for the first time at age 16. They were held in Nagano, Japan. She won the gold medal in single skating at the Olympics in 2006. That was the only medal for Japan at the 2006 Olympics. She also won the World Championships in 2004.

Mamoudzou
Mamoudzou is the capital of the French overseas collectivity of Mayotte. It is located off the coast of Africa in the Indian Ocean. Mamoudzou is largest commune (municipality) of Mayotte. It has a population of 45,485.
Mamoudzou is located on Grande-Terre (or Mahoré), the main island of Mayotte. The former capital of Mayotte was Dzaoudzi, on the small island of Petite-Terre (or Pamanzi). Mamoudzou was chosen as the capital in 1977.

Moroni, Comoros
Moroni (Arabic: موروني) is the capital of the Comoros. It is the largest city in the country. Moroni replaced Dzaoudzi as the capital in 1962. The city has a population of about 60,200 people.
The city is located on the western coast of Grande Comore island. Moroni is served by the "Prince Said Ibrahim International Airport". There is also a harbour which has ship which go between the African mainland and the islands in the Comoros archipelago, as well as Madagascar and other Indian ocean islands.

Porto-Novo
Porto-Novo (also known as Hogbonou and Adjacé) is the capital of the West African country of Benin. The city has a population of 223,552 people Porto-Nova is a port on an inlet of the Gulf of Guinea, in the southeastern part of the country. Porto-Novo is Benin's second largest city. The city of Cotonou is larger and more important, culturally and politically. The region around Porto-Novo produces palm oil, cotton and kapok. Petroleum was found off the coast of the city in the 1990s. It has become an important export of the city.
Things to see.
Another place of interest is a Brazilian-style church which is now a mosque. "Stade Municipale" and "Stade Charles de Gaulle", or Charles de Gaulle Stadium, are the largest football stadiums in the city.

Praia
Praia is the capital of the island nation of Cape Verde. It lies on Santiago island in the Sotavento archipelago. The city has a population of 113,364 people. Praia is Cape Verde's largest city. It is also the commercial center of the country. The name Praia means "beach" in Portuguese.
Praia a port that transports coffee, sugar cane, and tropical fruits. Praia also has a fishing industry. The city is home to one of the nation's two international airports. There are resort beaches nearby.
Other things.
Praia has many schools, churches, beaches, ports, and a university named after Jean Piaget.

Coptic Catholic Church
The Coptic Catholic Church is church in full communion with the Pope. The church numbers about 243,000. Historically, Coptic Catholics represent a schism from the Coptic Orthodox Church. They left that church in order to come into full communion with Catholic Church. The current Coptic Catholic Patriarch of Alexandria is Archbishop Antonios Naguib.
In 1990 Coptic Catholic sources estimated that there were about 10,000 followers in countries other than Egypt, under the care of local Latin Rite bishops. There are six Coptic Catholic parishes in: Paris, Montréal, New York City, Los Angeles, Sydney, and Melbourne.
History.
In 1741 a Coptic bishop in Jerusalem, Amba Athanasius, became a Catholic. Pope Benedict XIV appointed him Vicar Apostolic of the small community (approximately 2,000 people) that converted with him. Although Athanasius returned to the Coptic Orthodox Church afterwards, a line of Catholic Vicars Apostolic continued after him.

Roberto Luongo
Roberto Luongo (born April 4, 1979) is a hockey goaltender in the National Hockey League (NHL). He is playing for the Vancouver Canucks.
Florida Panthers.
Roberto Luongo started playing in the NHL with the Florida Panthers. During the summer of 2006, Luongo was planning to stay in Florida. Instead, the general manager of the Panthers, Mike Keenan, sent him to the Vancouver Canucks, along with Lukas Krajicek, in return for Todd Bertuzzi, Alex Auld, and Bryan Allen. Luongo first said that he was sad because he was leaving so suddenly and Vancouver was very far away.
Vancouver Canucks.
In the 2007 season, Luongo was in Vancouver. He was voted into the All-Star Game as the starting goaltender. The Canucks went to the playoffs. It was Luongo's first time to reach the playoffs. In one game, against the Dallas Stars, he made around 70 saves, which is very close to breaking records.

Robert De Niro
Robert De Niro (born August 17, 1943 in New York City) is an American movie actor. His most well-known movies include "Mean Streets" (1973), ' (1974), "Taxi Driver" (1976), "The Deer Hunter" (1978) and, more recently "Casino" (1995) and "The Good Shepherd" (2006).

Internet Archive
The Internet Archive (IA) is a non-profit organization that has an on-line library and archive of Web and multimedia resources. This archive includes "snapshots of the World Wide Web" (archived copies of pages, taken at various points in time), software, movies, books, and audio recordings. To ensure the stability and endurance of the archive, The Internet Archive is mirrored at Bibliotheca Alexandrina in Egypt, the only library in the world with a mirror. The Internet Archive makes the collections available at no cost to researchers, historians, and scholars. The Internet Archive is a member of the American Library Association and is officially recognized by the State of California as a library.
The Internet Archive was founded by Brewster Kahle in 1996.

Archive
An archive is a collection of records. The term is also used for the location in which these records are kept. Archives are made up of records which have been created during the course of an individual or organization's life. In general, an archive consists of records which have been selected for permanent or long-term preservation. Records, which may be in any media, are normally unpublished, unlike books and other publications. Archives may also be generated by large organisations such as corporations and governments. Archives are different from libraries in that archives hold records which are unique. Archives can be described as holding information "by-products" of activities, while libraries hold specifically authored information "products". The word 'archives' is the correct terminology, whereas 'archive' as a noun or a verb is related to computer science.
A person who works in archives is called an archivist. The study and practice of organizing, preserving, and providing access to information and materials in archives is called archival science.

Confirmation (christianity)
In Christianity, a baby might be baptised when they were young. When that baby grows to an adult, confirmation is used to make sure that the adult agrees with the promise to be a christian, made when they were baptised. Usually in an Anglican church, people can only take their first Holy Communion only if they do the confirmation.

My-Otome
"My-Otome" (舞-乙HiME, Mai-Otome) is an anime made by the Sunrise Inc.. This is similar to "My-HiME", as "My-Otome" has the same characters, but even they have different personalities.
Story.
In the future, people live in planet Earl. Machines called nanomachines still keep the technology from the past. Nanomachines are used to give power to Otomes (Girls), who train in a school called Garderobe academy. The Garderobe academy train Otomes to become Meister Otomes (Dancing Star Girls), who protect their Masters - usually royal people of different kingdoms in Earl.
A woman called Rena Searrs is an Otome, who had lost her powers because of having a baby. She fights to protect her Master, a king from Windbloom, and hangs her necklace to the daughter of the king, floating her away in a casket at a river.
14 years later, Arika Yumemiya goes to Garderobe to become an Otome like her mother, who she doesn't know very much about. She enters the school and when she finds many things which disturb her from being an Otome because of her past, she tries to bear it with her cheerfulness. This story is about how Arika will begin to understand the meaning of being an Otome and how she will save the world from the legendary Harmonium's power.
My-Otome terms.
This is the list of My-Otome's fictional words or phrases.
Otome.
Otomes (Girls) are powerful girls of Earl, a future planet. Otomes are given money for 100 soldiers, because they are as strong as 100 soldiers put together. They train in a school called Garderobe, and when they graduate, they become Meisters (Dancing Star Girls). Otomes can only materialise when their master kisses their earring.
Otomes can also become one of the Five Pillars, who do not need masters to materialise.
Master.
When a royal person makes a contract with an otome, he or she becomes the master of the otome. Otomes can only materialise if the Master kisses them. The Master has to share a life with his or her otome, so when the otome dies, the Master dies, and when the Master dies, the otome dies.
Five Pillars.
The Five Pillars are the five otomes who use the Shinsou, so they do not need a master.
Shinsou.
The Shinsou is a source who makes the Five Pillars materialise. Their is only one Shinsou.
Nanomachine.
A Nanomachine is a machine from the past which puts a Robe inside the otomes' bodies, so that the Robe shows when they materialise. An earring connects to the Nanomachines. But the Nanomachine has a weakness to males semen. This means that if a otome has sex with a male she will not be able to materialise any more, and will stop becoming otomes, because she lost her power.
When a Master kisses an otome's earring, the otome can materialise because the Nanomachine absorbs the heat from the Master's lips, absorbing the Master's power. This is why a Master must share a life with the otome.
Nano means small, so Nanomachine means a machine which puts things into the body's small cells.
Gem.
A gem is a jewel which the Master and otome can use to make a contract with each other. There are two same gems: one for the Master on his or her ring and one for the otome, for her earring. From then on, the earring on the otomes are kissed by their Masters to materialise.
"Material" means an object, and "materialise" means that a hidden object has shown itself. In My-Otome, materialising is when the Robe (Combat Suit) inside the Otomes are released, so that they can fight.
Slave Monster.
A Slave Monster is an evil robot which is controlled by a Slave Master.
Slave Master.
Like a Master, a Slave Master shares a life with its protector. Instead of otomes, they have a Slave Monster and they do not need a contract to materialise them, as Slave Monsters do not materialise. The Slave Master has to call the Slave Monster by using the Slave Crystal and give a pledge to the God of Wisdom, that they believe in his wisdom, and to call out a loyal slave for them. A Slave Master must always listen to the Slave leader, who is John Smith in My-Otome.
Slave Crystal.
A Slave Crystal is a diamond-shaped crystal. To call out a Slave Monster, a Slave Master must put blood into the crystal by pushing his or her thumb to the crystal and pledging.
Harmonium.
A Harmonium is a musical instrument which opens up only for a protector, creator or a sword. Inside is a piano which can only be played when all the three conditions stepped onto its staircase. The piano makes the players have anything they desire or want to have.

Difference
Difference can mean more than one thing.

Praise
To praise means to say that something is very good because someone has done a moral act, in a high way. Praises are often given when the praiser (the person who praises) is thankful for someone, and thinks it is worthy to praise them.
Religion.
In religion, people praise God for the creation of the world, in gratitude of them being made in this world. Blessing is another way of praising someone, so that they would do something good in return for the praise.

Osprey
An Osprey is a type of fish-eating bird. They are also called Fishhawks, Seahawks, and Fish Eagles. It is a large bird, which are 60 cm(24 in) long. It has a black eye band and wings.
About it.
The osprey weighs 1.4–2 kg (3.0–4.4 lb) and 52–60 cm (20–24 in) long with a 150–180 cm (5–6 ft) wing (tip to tip). The back of the bird are brown and the belly are white. The head is white with a dark mask across the eyes, go from the sides of the neck. The eyes are golden to brown, and the "nictitating membrane" (the second eye lip) is pale blue. The "bill" (the mouth of a bird) is black and the feet are white with black talons (nails of a bird). The osprey has a short tail and long, narrow wings with four long, finger-like feathers, and a shorter fifth feather, give the bird a very sharp look.
Both sex are likely similar, but the adult male has thiner body and narrower wings. The breast band of the male is also lighter than that of the female, sometimes there even hasn't one, and the "underwing coverts" (the lover side of the wing) of the male are more pale.
In flight, the osprey bend its wings like an arch, giving it a gull-like look.

Thought
Thoughts are the messages sent from the brain for living creatures to know how to act without failure. Thoughts help with decisions and whilst animals live mostly by instinct, humans use thought to think and invent things that are needed. Without thoughts and ideas, the world would not develop very much.

Dauria (movie)
"Dauria" is an Russian 1971 historical action/drama directed by Viktor Tregubovich. Adapted from the novel of the same name by Konstantin Sedykh.
Epic scope and intense battle scenes won wide praise in Russia.
Plot.
Russian Cossacks in Siberia. Cossacks live in their village like one big family. Young Cossack Roman Ulybin is in love with a beautiful girl. Roman cannot marry the beauty, because his father has no money.
After the Communist revolution in Russia, people suffer more. Traditional life ends in chaos and crime. Communism makes no happy end.

Petr Shelokhonov
Petr (Peter) Shelokhonov (August 15, 1929 in Belarus - September 15 1999, St. Petersburg, Russia) was a Russian actor and director. He played 80 roles in movies and television. He also played over 100 roles on stage. Shelokhonov received the title of Honorable Actor of Russia in 1979.
Biography.
Petr Shelokhonov was of Lithuanian, Ukrainian and Polish ancestry. He survived Nazi occupation during World War II. Petr Shelokhonov was wounded by gunshot in his forehead.
Shelokhonov made his own puppet theater in 1943. In 1945, he became a piano student at the Kiev Conservatory of Music. In the 1950s, he moved to the Siberian city of Irkutsk. While there, he graduated from Irkutsk Drama School. Then he moved to Moscow and St. Petersburg, Russia.
Petr Shelokhonov was a member of five theatre companies in Russia. He also played roles in international productions on stage, in movie and on television. He had an acting career over 50 years.
In 1991-2, he played the leading role (Sam) in "Photo Finish", written and directed by Peter Ustinov. In 1993-4, he starred as Victor Velasco in Neil Simon's play "Barefoot in the Park".

Hurricane Vince (2005)
Hurricane Vince was one of the strangest hurricanes ever to form in the Atlantic Ocean. Vince was the twentieth named storm and twelfth hurricane of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season.
Vince formed from a non-tropical system on October 8. It became a subtropical storm southeast of the Azores. The National Hurricane Center did not officially name the storm until the next day. This was shortly before Vince became a hurricane for a very short time. Vince made a record for being the first tropical cyclone to make landfall on the Iberian Peninsula on October 11. Vince then quickly dissipated over Spain.
Storm history.
Hurricane Vince originally began as an unnamed subtropical storm that went unnoticed by the National Hurricane Center. On October 5, it was then absorbed by a frontal low. But on October 8, the system began to become organized and became different subtropical storm. The National Hurricane Center didn't want to name the storm "Vince" since they thought the waters were too cold for a tropical cyclone.
But the storm began to become more tropical and was officially named Tropical Storm Vince on October 9. Vince became a weak Category 1 hurricane for a short time before it weakened back into a tropical storm. Vince later made landfall on Spain on October 11 and quickly died out.
Impact.
While Vince did not kill any people and caused no damages to Spain, the highest winds recorded on land were 77 km/h (48 mph) at Jerez, Spain, though some ships recorded stronger winds. Similar to non-tropical weather systems, Vince poured about 1 to 2 inches of rain over southern Spain.
Records and naming.
Although Hurricane Vince was a very small and short-lived storm, it is famous for developing in the northeastern Atlantic off the Moroccan coast, usually far away from where tropical cyclones usually are. It is the farthest northeast a tropical cyclone had ever developed in the Atlantic (32.9°N 20.6°W); previously the record was held by Ivan from 1980, at 35.6°N and 24.6°W. Anyhow, Vince is not the most northerly-forming or the most easterly-forming Atlantic tropical storm; these records are held by Alberto from 1988 at 41.5°N, and Ginger from 1967 at 18.1°W, respectively.
Hurricane Vince developed into a "hurricane" further east than any known storm at 18.9°W. Vince is the first tropical cyclone on record to have made landfall on the Iberian Peninsula, after coming ashore near Huelva, Spain.
When Subtropical Storm Vince formed on October 8, it was the earliest ever in the season that the twenty-first tropical or subtropical storm had developed, 38 days ahead of the previous record held by Tropical Storm 21 from 1933. Hurricane Vince was also the first named "V" storm in the Atlantic since naming began in 1950. Because Vince barely caused any damages or killed any people, its name was not retired by the World Meteorological Organization and will be on the list of alphabetical names for tropical cyclones for the 2011 season.

Conakry
Conakry or Konakry is the capital and largest city of Guinea. The city is a port on the Atlantic Ocean. The population of Conakry is about 2 million people.
History.
Conakry was first settled on Tombo Island. It later spread to the Kaloum Peninsula. The city was founded after Britain gave the island to France in 1887. It became the capital of French Guinea in about 1904.
Economy.
Conakry is Guinea's largest city and its administrative, communications, and economic center. The main part of the city's economy deals with the port. The port has up to date facilities for handling and storing cargo. It is used for transporting alumina and bananas. Items created in Conakry include food products and materials used for building houses.
Things to see.
Things to see in the city include the Guinea National Museum, several markets, the Guinea Palais du Peuple (the People's Palace), Conakry Grand Mosque and the nearby Iles de Los.
The city is noted for its botanical garden. The Polytechnical Institute of Conakry is also located in Conakry.

Cotonou
Cotonou is the economy capital of Benin. It is the largest city in that country. The city has a official population of 761,137 people but it is thought that the actual number of people living in the city may be as high as 1.2 million. Many of the government and diplomatic services of Benin are located in Cotonou. Because of this, the city is Benin's de facto capital, even though the official capital is Porto-Novo.
The city is best known as a major port because of the Autonomous Port of Cotonou. It is also home to an airport and a railway between it and Parakou. Other features of Cotonou include Cotonou Friendship Stadium, Cotonou Cathedral, Cotonou Central Mosque and the 20-hectare Dantokpa Market. The National University of Benin is located in Cotonou.
History.
The name 'Cotonou' means 'the mouth of the river of death' in the Fon language. At the beginning of the 19th century, Cotonou (then spelled Kotonou) was a small fishing village. The village was a part of the Kingdom of Dahomey. In 1851, the French made a treaty with the Dahomean King Ghezo. It let them build a place to trade at Cotonou. During the reign of Glele (1858-89), who ruled after Ghezo, the area was given to France by a treaty signed on May 19, 1868. In 1883, the French navy was at the city to stop the British from taking over the area. After Glele's death in 1889, his son Behanzin tried to challenge the treaty but he failed.

Dodoma
Dodoma is the capital city of Tanzania. It is the third biggest city in the country. The city is also the capital of the Dodoma region. The city has a population of 324,347 people. The name Dodoma means "It has sunk".
History.
During German colonial rule in East Africa, the town of Dodoma was founded at the same time as the creation of the Tanzanian central railway. The British took over the city after World War I. Dodoma became an administrative center for the region until the independence of Tanzania in 1964. In 1973, plans were made to move the capital from Dar es Salaam to Dodoma. Tanzania's National Assembly moved there the next year. Many government offices are still in Dar es Salaam.

N'Djamena
N'Djamena is the capital of Chad. It is the largest city in the country. The city is a port on the Chari River. N'Djamena is also a special statute region. It is a regional market for livestock, salt, dates, and grains. Meat processing is the main industry. N'Djamena has a population of 721,000 people.
Attractions in the city include the Chad National Museum, a cathedral and several mosques. Religiously the city is very mixed, although many of the people there are Islamic. N'Djamena has a university, schools of administration and veterinary medicine, and the American International School of N'Djamena. N'Djamena International Airport is located just outside the city.
History.
N'Djamena was founded as Fort-Lamy by the French commander Émile Gentil on May 29 1900. It was named after Amédée-François Lamy. He was an army officer who had been killed in the Battle of Kousséri a few days earlier. The name was changed to N'Djamena (taken from the Arab name "Niǧāmīnā", meaning "place of rest") by the President François Tombalbaye on April 6, 1973. It was changed to make it more African.
The city was badly damaged during the Chadian Civil War, in 1979 and again in 1980. On April 13, 2006, the United Front for Democratic Change attacked the city but the attack failed..

San Jose Sharks
The San Jose Sharks are an ice hockey team that plays in the National Hockey League. The team is based in San Jose, California and was founded on May 9th, 1990. It started playing in the NHL in autumn 1991. The team colours are pacific teal, grey, burnt orange and black. Because of this it is often called "Team Teal".
The Sharks host their games at HP Pavilion and are coached by Todd McLellan since summer 2008. Famous players for the Sharks are Joe Thornton, Jonathan Cheechoo, Rob Blake, Evgeni Nabokov, Dan Boyle and team captain Patrick Marleau.

Bujumbura
Bujumbura is the capital city of Burundi. The city is at the northeastern corner of Lake Tanganyika. It is the largest city in the country. The city is the administrative, communications, and economic center of Burundi. Bujumbura has a population of about 324,000 people. The city makes textiles, soap and other things. Bujumbura is Burundi's main port. It transports most of the country's main export, coffee, as well as cotton, animal skins, and tin ore.
The city center is a colonial town. It has a large market, the national stadium, a large mosque, and a cathedral. Museums in the city include the Burundi Museum of Life and the Burundi Geological Museum. Other things to see include the Rusizi National Park.
Ferries sail from Bujumbura to Kigoma in Tanzania. The city is also home to the Bujumbura International Airport and the University of Bujumbura.
History.
Bujumbura grew from a small village after it became a military post in German East Africa in 1889. After World War I, it was made the administrative center of the Belgian controlled Ruanda-Urundi. The city's name was changed from Usumbura to Bujumbura when Burundi became independent in 1962. Since independence, Bujumbura has been the scene of much fighting between the country's two main ethnic groups, with Hutu militias fighting against the Burundi army which has many Tutsi people in it.

Stem (music)
Stems can refer to two things in music, relating to music notation and production.
Notation.
Stems are the lines which extend from the notehead. Stems may point up or down. Different-facing stems indicate the voice for polyphonic music written on the same staff. For single-note melodies, the stems usually point down for notes on the middle line or higher, and up for those below. If the stem points up from a notehead, the stem starts at the right-hand side of the note, but if it points down, it starts from the left. The exception to this rule is when a chord contains a second, in which case the stem runs between the two notes, the higher being placed on the left of the stem and the lower on the right. The length of a stem is usually that of an octave on the staff, going to either an octave higher or lower than the notehead, depending on which way the stem is pointing.
Production.
Stems are the individual parts of a mix, separately saved (usually to disc) for the purposes of use in a remix.

Corn flakes
Corn flakes are a breakfast cereal normally served with milk. It is made by combining cooked corn along with sugar, vitamins and minerals. The dough is rolled and toasted to make the flakes.

Frosted Flakes
Frosted Flakes (North American countries) or Frosties (UK, Commonwealth of Nations and EU countries) is a cereal like Corn Flakes from Kellogg's, but coated with frosted sugar. Tony the Tiger has been the mascot in Frosted Flakes since it was first introduced in 1952 as Sugar Frosted Flakes (the word "sugar" was dropped in the mid-1970s), and he is known for saying the cereal's slogan: "They're grrreat!". Tony the Tiger was originally voiced by Thurl Ravenscroft, who continued providing his voice until his death in 2005. The character is currently voiced by former professional wrestling play-by-play announcer Lee Marshall, starting in January of 2006. Frosted Flakes are also available with apple pieces, banana pieces or coated in chocolate. In 2004, Kellogg's introduced a 1/3 Less Sugar recipe.
Taglines.
This cereal has had a lot of taglines, but the classic, "They're grrreat!" has always been used along with the others.

Aqua Teen Hunger Force
"Aqua Teen Hunger Force" is an American comedy television series that is shown on the Cartoon Network's Adult Swim. The series is about the lives of the Aqua Teen Hunger Force, three items of fast food who are able to walk and talk like humans. In each 11 minute episode, the Aqua Teens often become part of some very unusual story that often involves one or more characters who often come on the show. The humor of the show is very unusual and some people do not understand it.
The Aqua Teens.
Frylock is a large box of french fries who floats above the ground. He is very good at science and using computers. He is the smartest member of the Aqua Teen Hunger Force but the other members often do not listen to what he says. He is also very good at making new things like cloning machines and guns that shrink things. He also has several special powers, such as the ability to shoot harmful bolts of energy.
Master Shake is a large plastic cup with yellow rubber gloves for hands. He is very sarcastic and is not as smart as he thinks he is. He is the character that causes problems for the group most often and is also the character who dies the most. His only power is to shoot green goo out of the straw on his top.
Meatwad is a ball of meat who can change shape. He is the least intelligent of the Aqua Teens and is usually acts like a young child. Master Shake often does cruel things to him. Because of this, Meatwad is quick to do bad things to Master Shake whenever he has the chance.

Cowley, Wyoming
Cowley is a town in the American state of Wyoming. It is located in Big Horn County in northern Wyoming. The mayor of Cowley is Roland Simmons.
History.
The town of Cowley was settled by a group of Mormon followers in Wyoming's Big Horn Basin. The town was named for Matthias F. Cowley, one of the Apostles of the Mormon church at the time. The first group of Mormons got to the area May 2, 1900. When they got there, they started building the Sidon Canal to bring water to the town from the Shoshone River. The Canal was over 30 miles long. They finished building it in 1904.
By the end of 1900 there were about 18 log houses built in the area. The first school was opened in a log house in January 1901. There were about 24-30 students.
On September 26, 1910, the Big Horn Academy was opened in Cowley. It was the area's first High School. The first class to be graduated from the Big Horn Academy was the class of 1912. It had 13 students.
A new stone building was made for the Big Horn Academy in 1916. In 1925 the name was changed to the Cowley High School. The mascot of the school was the Jaguars. The Cowley High School remained in the Big Horn Academy building until 1983, when the last class was graduated from Cowley High School. There were only six students in the class of 1983. Because of the small number of students, the school in Cowley was closed. Beginning in 1984, the town's students began attending the consolidated Rocky Mountain High School in Byron, Wyoming.

Big Horn County, Wyoming
Big Horn County is a county in Northern Wyoming. The county seat is Basin. The largest city is Lovell.
Byron.
Byron is an American city in the state of Wyoming. It is located in "Big Horn County" in the northern part of the state. At the 2000 census, the population was 557. The mayor is Milton Meier.
In high school, students go to Rocky Mountain High School in Byron. Middle School students go to Rocky Mountain Middle School in Deaver and elementary school students attend Rocky Mountain Elementary School in Cowley.
The town has an area of 2.3 km² (0.9 mi²). 2.2 km² (0.8 mi²) of it is land and 0.1 km² (0.1 mi²) of it (5.62%) is water.
Burlington.
Burlington is an American city in the state of Wyoming. It is located in Big Horn County. It had 250 people living in it at the 2000 census.
the town has an area of 2.6 km² (1.0 mi²). This area is all land.
Children from Burlington go to Burlington High School, Burlington Junior High and Burlington Elementary.
Cowley.
Cowley is an American city in the state of Wyoming. It is located in Big Horn County.
Basin.
Basin is an American city in the state of Wyoming. The city is the county seat of Big Horn County. It near the Big Horn river. It had 1,239 people living in it at the 2000 census.
The town has an area of 5.3 km² (2.0 mi²). 5.2 km² (2.0 mi²) of it is land and 0.1 km² (0.04 mi²) of it (1.47%) is water.
Otto.
Otto is an American city in the state of Wyoming. It is located in Big Horn County. It was named after Otto Franc.
Lovell.
Lovell is an American city in the state of Wyoming. The city is located in Big Horn County. Lovell is the biggest town the county. It is near the Shoshone river. It has an area of 2.8 km² (1.1 mi²). All of this area is land. At the 2000 census, it had 2,281 people living in it.

Fort Bragg, California
Fort Bragg is a town in California's Mendocino County. The population was 7,026 at the 2000 census. Fort Bragg is located on the Pacific Coast Highway, California Rte-1. A US Army officer named it for one of his old commanding officers, Braxton Bragg (1817–1876) who was a career U.S. Army officer. He was later a general in the Confederate States Army. Because of this, the town shares a name with Fort Bragg, North Carolina, and they are named for the same man.

Mendocino County, California
Mendocino County is a county in Northern California. The county seat is in Ukiah. In 2000,

Brigham Young University
Brigham Young University (BYU) is an American university which is named after the second LDS prophet, Brigham Young. It is a owned by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. The school is located in Provo, Utah. Their mascot is the cougar.

Provo, Utah
Provo is an American city in the state of Utah. It is located in Utah County on the Utah Lake. It is home to Brigham Young University. The city is the third largest city in the state. It has a population of 105,166 people.

Lil' Kim
Kimberly Denise Jones, better known as Lil' Kim, (born July 11, 1975 in Brooklyn, New York) is a rap artist.

Lehi
Lehi is the first prophet listed in the Book of Mormon. He is the father of Nephi, Sam, Laman, Lemuel, Jacob, and Joseph. According to the Book of Mormon, Lehi was praying and was told in a dream to go to the wilderness with his family.

Saint-Denis, Réunion
Saint-Denis is the administrative capital ("préfecture") of the French controlled island of Réunion, in the Indian Ocean. The city is the largest town on the island. In 2004, it had a population of about 133,700 people.
History.
Saint-Denis was founded by Étienne Régnault in 1669. The city became the capital of Réunion island in 1738.
Transportation.
The closest airport is Roland Garros Airport which is also the main international airport of Réunion. The Réunion Tram Train is expected to start being built in 2008. It stretches from the city to the airport and to Réunion's second city Saint-Paul.

Chen Shui-bian
Chen Shui-bian (陳水扁) (born October 12, 1950 in Guantian, Tainan, Taiwan) is the President of Taiwan. His nickname is "Ah-bian" (阿扁). Chen is a member of the Democratic Progressive Party. He took office in 2000. This ended 55 years of Kuomintang rule in Taiwan.
Early years.
Chen Shui-bian is raised from a poor family in southern Taiwan. He worked hard and studied at National Taiwan University. He passed a test and became a lawyer in his junior year. He graduated from university in 1974.

The Suite Life of Zack & Cody
"The Suite Life of Zack & Cody" is a television series on Disney Channel.
The Suite Life of Zack and Cody: Lip Synchin' In the Rain'.
Will be released on DVD June 17, 2001.

São Tomé
São Tomé is the capital city of São Tomé and Príncipe. It is the largest city in the country. The city has a population of 56,166 people. Its name is Portuguese for "Saint Thomas." São Tomé is important as a port. It is located on Ana Chaves Bay in the north east of São Tomé Island.
History.
The city was founded by Portugal in 1485. It is centred on a sixteenth century cathedral. Another early building is Fort São Sebastião. It was built in 1575 and is now the São Tomé National Museum. In 1599, the city as well as the islands were captured by the Dutch for two days and again in 1641 for a year. São Tomé was the colony's capital until 1753. It has been the national capital since 1852.
São Tomé is known for its role in the forced conversion of Jews during the Inquisition. When King Manuel I of Portugal wanted to force the Jews to convert, he took away their children and had them sent to this remote island.
Things to see.
Features of the town include the Presidential Palace, the Fisherman's Church, and a cinema. The city is also home to two markets, a radio station, a hospital, and an international airport. São Tomé also serves as the center of the island's road and bus networks.

Everglades
The Everglades is a big swamp in the southern part of Florida near the city of Miami. The Everglades are covered by many plants and a lot of animals live in the Everglades. It is the only place in the world that crocodiles and alligators live together. The Everglades is a national park and many tourists visit the Everglades.

Lost (TV series)
"Lost" is an American television series that follows the lives of plane crash survivors on a tropical island, somewhere in the South Pacific. Each episode has a story from a character's past or future. The show was created by J. J. Abrams, Damon Lindelof, and Jeffrey Lieber. It is mostly filmed in Oahu, Hawaii. The first episode was shown on September 22, 2004. Since then, four seasons have aired. The show is produced by ABC Studios, Bad Robot Productions and Grass Skirt Productions and airs on the ABC Network in the United States. Because of its large cast and the cost of filming in Hawaii, the series is one of the most expensive on television.
"Lost" had an average of 15.5 million viewers per episode on ABC during its first year, and won many awards including the Emmy Award for outstanding drama series in 2005 and best American import at the British Academy Television Awards also in 2005.
In May 2007 it was announced that "Lost" will continue for a fourth, fifth, and sixth year, with the final episode showing in May 2010. The announcement said that three final seasons will each have 16 episodes, running weekly in the spring without repeats. Season 4 began airing January 31, 2008. When the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike began, only 8 of the planned 16 episodes had been filmed. After the writer's strike was resolved, it was announced that only 5 of the remaining 8 episodes in season 4 will be filmed. It is expected that the 3 missing episodes will be added to seasons 5 and 6.
Season 1.
Season 1 began in the United States on September 22, 2004 and had 24 episodes that aired Wednesdays at 8:00 pm. After a plane crash on an island that seems empty, the surviving passengers of Oceanic Flight 815 must work together to stay alive. They are threatened by mysterious beings including polar bears, an unseen creature, and the other people living on the island, known as the "Others." They meet a Frenchwoman who has been on the island for 16 years and find a mysterious metal hatch (door) buried in the ground. They try to leave the island on a raft.
Season 2.
Season 2 had 23 episodes and aired in the United States and Canada on Wednesdays at 9:00 pm starting September 21, 2005. Most of the story, which continues 45 days after the crash, focuses on the growing conflict between the survivors and the Others. New characters are introduced, including the tail-section survivors and other island inhabitants. The hatch is explored and The DHARMA Initiative and the Hanso Foundation are introduced. One of the crash survivors betrays the other castaways, and the cause of the plane crash is revealed.
Season 3.
Season 3 had 22 episodes that began airing in the United States and Canada on October 4, 2006 on Wednesdays at 9:00 pm. After a break, the show returned on February 7, 2007 and aired at 10:00 pm. The story continues 67 days after the crash. New crash survivors and Others are introduced. The crash survivors learn about the Others and their history on the island. A war between The Others and the survivors begins, and the survivors make contact with a rescue team.
Season 4.
Season 4 was planned to have 16 episodes, but because of the Writers Guild of America strike it only had 14. It began airing in the United States on January 31, 2008 and concluded on May 29, 2008. The story continues 93 days after the crash.
Current.
These characters have regular appearances on the show.
Former.
These characters were main characters at one point of the show and are now no longer shown or shown only in flashbacks.

Western United States
The Western United States—commonly referred to as the American West or simply The West—traditionally refers to the westernmost states of the United States. Since the United States has expanded westward since its founding, the definition of the West has changed over time. The Mississippi River is often referenced as the easternmost possible boundary of the West. The Census Bureau defines the western United States as these 13 states: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada,New Mexico,Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
The "West" had played a large role in American history; the Old West is an important part of America's folklore.

Monaco Grand Prix
The Monaco Grand Prix (Grand Prix de Monaco) is a Formula One race held each year on the Circuit de Monaco. Run since 1929, it is widely considered to be one of the most important and prestigious automobile races in the world alongside the Indianapolis 500 and the 24 Hours of Le Mans.

Bangui
Bangui is the capital city of Central African Republic. It is the largest city in the country. The city has a population of 531,763 people. Most of the population of the Central African Republic lives in the western parts of the country, near Bangui.
History.
The city was founded in 1889 in what was then the French colony Haut-Oubangui ('Upper Ubangi'). The colony was later renamed Oubangui-Chari and made part of French Equatorial Africa. The city grew around the French military post on the Ubangi river. Bangui served as an administration center for the colony and is now the administrative center of the CAR.
Much violence in Bangui came after the March 1981 elections. These elections took place after the French removed Jean-Bedel Bokassa from office and replaced him with David Dacko. People who did not like Dacko attacked Bangui and made Dacko leave the country. Andre Kolingba then formed the Comité Militaire pour le Redressement National.
About 200 Central African Republic soldiers mutinied in Bangui in May 1996. They wanted back pay and for dictator Patassé to be removed from control of the country. French soldiers in the country stopped them and returned Patassé to power. More than 50 people were killed during this time.
Geography and Climate.
Bangui is located on the northern banks of the Ubangi River. It is just below a series of rapids. The Congolese town of Zongo is on the opposite side of the river from Bangui. The city centre lies near the river. It has a large triumphal arch, the Presidential Palace and the central market. North of the city lie rolling hills.
The Central African Republic is located just north of the Equator. Because of this, the daily high temperatures rarely fall below the high 80s Fahrenheit. The rainy season lasts from May until October. Bangui, being in the south of the country and closest to the Equator, is slightly hotter and wetter than the northern parts of the country.
Economy.
Bangui is an administrative, trade, and commercial center. Bangui makes textiles, food products, beer, shoes, and soap. The main exports are cotton, timber, coffee, and sisal. Unemployment in the city was near 23% as of 2001.
Transportation.
Bangui is a river port. It is served by Bangui M'Poko International Airport. The port handles the most of the country's trade with other countries. River ferries sail to Brazzaville and Zongo. Roads connect the city to Cameroon, Chad, and Sudan.
Culture.
Several periodicals and three daily newspapers publish in Bangui. Other things to see in Bangui include Boganda Museum and Bokassa Palace.
Education.
Bangui is home to the University of Bangui. It was founded in 1970. The University of Bangui is the only non-agricultural college in the Central African Republic.

ITV
Independent Television (generally known as ITV but also as ITV Network or Channel 3) is a public service network of British commercial television broadcasters, set up under the Independent Television Authority (ITA) to provide competition to the BBC.

Secularism
Secularism, also called Secularity or sometimes Laicity (adjectives: Secular or non religious) is the idea of something being not religious or not connected to a church. An example in government is, since many countries made it a law to be a part of one religion, the First Amendment was put in the United States Constitution by "founding fathers" like Thomas Jefferson to make sure that religion and government stayed separate ("Separation of Church and State"). This means that anyone can choose to practice or not practice any religion they want, and the government cannot make them be a part of a religion if they do not want to.

Jeremie Aliadiere
Jeremie Aliadiere (born March 30, 1983) is a French football player who is currently with Arsenal but is set to move to Middlesbrough. Aliadiere has also played for Celtic and West Ham United F.C. both on loan.

Walgreens
Walgreens is a pharmacy chain throughout North America. It is mainly in the United States.

Cascade Volcanic Arc
The Cascade Volcanic Arc (also known as the Cascade Volcanoes or the Cascade Arc) is a major range of volcanoes in southwestern British Columbia, Washington, Oregon and in northern California.
It includes about 20 major volcanoes, among a total of over 4,000 separate volcanic vents.
Twelve volcanoes in the arc are over 10,000 ft (3,000 m) in elevation, and the two highest, Mount Rainier and Mount Shasta, exceed 14,000 ft (4,300 m). By volume, the two largest Cascade volcanoes are the broad shields of Medicine Lake Volcano and Newberry Volcano, which are about 145 mi³ (600 km³) and 108 mi³ (450 km³) respectively. Mount Garibaldi and Glacier Peak are the only two Cascade volcanoes that are made exclusively of dacite.
The volcanism in the arc began about 37 million years ago, however, most of the present-day Cascade volcanoes are less than 2,000,000 years old. The most recent major catastrophic eruption in the arc was at Mount St. Helens on May 18, 1980.
The major volcanoes within the arc include Mount Silverthrone, Mount Meager, Mount Cayley, Mount Garibaldi, Mount Baker, Glacier Peak, Mount Rainier, Mount St. Helens, Mount Adams, Mount Hood, Mount Jefferson, Three Sisters, Broken Top, Mount Bachelor, Newberry Volcano, Mount Thielsen, Mount Mazama (Crater Lake), Mount McLoughlin, Medicine Lake Volcano, Mount Shasta, Shastina,Mount Tehama and Lassen Peak.

Satoru Iwata
Satoru Iwata (born December 6, 1959) is a Japanese businessman. He is the fourth president and CEO of Nintendo.

Pocket lint
Pocket lint is lint found in the bottom of pockets. Pocket lint is usually made up of, but not limited to detached fabric, dust and paper scraps. In some contexts, pocket lint may also refer to random items found in one's pocket.

Subtropical Storm Andrea (2007)
Subtropical Storm Andrea was the first named storm and first subtropical cyclone of the 2007 Atlantic hurricane season. It was made on May 9; three weeks earlier than when the 2007 season was supposed to start. Andrea started from a not tropical rain weather area of the coast of Daytona Beach, Florida. After staying close to the same area, on May 10, Andrea weakened into a subtropical depression after coming near to dry air and wind shear, and on the next day, the National Hurricane Center stopped looking at the storm and stopped giving out advisories.
The storm made bad surf along the beach areas from Florida to North Carolina. Andrea killed a total of 6 people not in a direct way, and 5 of those deaths happened when Andrea was extratropical before being a subtropical storm.
Andrea was the first tropical storm to form before the official start of the season since Tropical Storm Ana from the 2003 season which formed on April 2003. The storm was also the first named storm to form in the month of May since Tropical Storm Arlene from the 1981 season.
Storm history.
Subtropical Storm Andrea formed out of an area of a kind of strong non-tropical rainy place that slowly moved around the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of South Carolina. After becoming stronger a bit more and having the National Hurricane Center look at the storm closely, it was named "Andrea" on May 9 after the NHC discovered that the system had a closed low-level spinning and looked subtropical.
The storm did little more than stay near the same place before it became weak and turned into a subtropical depression after coming in contact with dry air and wind shear, both things which weaken tropical and subtropical cyclones. Andrea then died out off the coast of Florida on May 11 after collapsing because of bad weather conditions for the storm.
Preparations.
The extratropical system that would later be Andrea created high waves that made the National Weather Service give a High Surf Advisory at the coastlines between Florida and North Carolina. Almost right after the NHC called the storm Andrea, it also gave out Tropical Storm Watches to Florida and Georgia's coast. But the NHC those stopped giving out advisories after Andrea weakened into a depression. Also, a gale warning was given out for much of the South Carolina coastline.
Impact.
Andrea was known to have killed a total of 6 people, while 5 of the people killed happened before Andrea became a subtropical storm. Also, the storm only made small damages between the Florida and the North Carolina coast.

Force field
A force field is a field of energy that usually blocks something. The force field is common in science fiction and fantasy stories. The ideal of a force field may be from the vector field, thought it resembled the "warding spells", the protective magic that was claimed to be used by shamans from long ago.
Research and development.
The plasma window is a real-live object that resembles the force field, it provides a separation between vacuum and gas. There is only one true ideal of creating a 'force shield': using an electric field to change the way metallic items move, although no power is known to be powerful enough to do this.

Shaman
A shaman is a kind of medicine man who practices shamanism. Shamans were believed to be able to talk to the spirit world, usually animal spirits. The job of the shamans are believed to be is healing, weather control or any other supernatural stuffs. In some tribes shamanism is important such as the Yanomamis (a Brazilian tribe in Brazilian forest)

Plasma window
A Plasma window is a field of plasma that fills an area of space. It is similar to a force field. The area is created by using magnetism to hold the plasma in place. With current technology, this area of space is quite small. It is in the shape of a flat planes inside a cylinder.
As plasma increases in temperature, it becomes thicker. At a high enough temperature, plasma can is thick enough to separate a vacuum from normal atmosphere. Plasma does not stop radiation, for example lasers, from moving through it. Because of this, scientists can use a plasma window to create an area of vacuum while still letting radiation to move through it. This is needed because certain types of radiation can only be created in a vacuum but scientists need to use the radiation on things that are found in a normal atmosphere.
History.
The Plasma Window was created at Brookhaven National Laboratory by Ady Hershcovitch. It was patented in 1995. Other creations using the same idea as the plasma window include the Plasma Valve.
Plasma Valve.
The Plasma Valve is related to a plasma window. It was created a year after the plasma window. The plasma Valve is a layer of gas inside a special shell. A ring around the shell holds a vacuum. A breach in the ring can be very bad but technology lets scientists shut off the machine in time before anything happens.
Properties.
A plasma window is usually created at temperatures of 15,000 degrees kelvin. The only limit to the windows size is the amount of energy needed to create it. A window needs 20 kW of energy for every inch in size.
Plasma windows will glow in different colors depending on the gas used to create the plasma.

Bari
Bari (Italian: "Bari";) is a city in southern Italy. Bari is the capital of the Bari Provence and of the Apulia Region. 328.458 people live in Bari.
It is the second biggest city in southern Italy (after Naples).

Plautus
Titus Macchius Plautus wrote plays in Ancient Rome. Many people just call him Plautus. He was probably born in Sarsina (a city in Romagna) around 254 BC. His comedies are among the earliest works of Latin literature that has not been lost. He is also one of the earliest writers of musical theater.
Biography.
Little is known about Plautus' early life. When Plautus was young, he built stages for plays. He also helped change the scenes. This might be when he started to love the theatre. People noticed that he was a talented actor. He called himself "Macchius" (a clownish character in popular farces), and "Plautus" (a term meaning "flat-footed"). Tradition also says that after some time, he made enough money to start working in the shipping business. He started something, but he was not successful. He then is said to have worked as someone who worked with his hands. He learned about Greek drama — particularly the New Comedy of Menander — in his free time. His studies led to his plays being shown. The plays were first shown between c. 205 BC and 184 BC. Plautus' comedies are mostly adaptations of Greek plays for Roman people. They are usually based on the works of the Greek playwrights.
Plautus and the Gods of Roman Society.
H. M. Tolliver talks about the state gods of Rome and what their importance was in the Theatre of Plautus. These gods were an important part of the Romans' lives in Plautus’ time - people were supposed to worship them. Tolliver tells us that the gods were not exactly like the gods worshipped today. They were worshipped but also stood as a national symbol. State religion also served as a political tool. If the gods supported a bad leader, the people should too.
Plautus is sometimes accused of teaching the public indifference and mockery of the gods. Any character in his plays could be compared to a god. Whether to honour a character or to mock him, these references were demeaning to the gods. These references to the gods include a character comparing a mortal woman to a god, or saying he would rather be loved by a woman than by the gods. Pyrgopolynices from "Miles Gloriosus" (vs. 1265), in bragging about his long life, says he was born one day later than Jupiter. In "Pseudolus," Jupiter is compared to Ballio the pimp. It is not uncommon, either, for a character to scorn the gods. This can be seen in "Poenulus" and "Rudens".
Usually the only characters that scorn a god are those of low standing, like a pimp. Plautus perhaps does this to further demoralize the characters. Soldiers often bring ridicule among the gods. Young men, meant to represent the upper social class, often make fun of the gods in their remarks. Parasites, pimps, and courtesans often praise the gods with little ceremony. Tolliver argues that drama both reflects and foreshadows social change. It is likely that there was already much skepticism about the gods in Plautus’ time. Plautus did not make up or encourage irreverence to the gods, but used the ideas of his time. The state controlled stage productions, and Plautus’ plays would have been banned, had they been too risky.
Gnaeus Naevius.
Gnaeus Naevius was another Roman playwright of the late third century BC. He wrote tragedies and even founded the fabula praetexta (history plays), in which he dramatized historical events. He fought in the First Punic War and his birth, therefore, is placed around the year 280 B.C.E. His first tragedy took place in 235 B.C.E. Plautus would have been living at the exact time as Naevius, but began writing later. Naevius is most famous for having been imprisoned by the Metelli and the Scipiones — two powerful families of the late third century. Naevius’ imprisonment and eventual exile is a case of state censorship. This fear of censorship may have influenced Plautus’ choice of what he wrote about and how he wrote about it.
Typical characters.
Plautus worte many plays. To be able to use a more diverse set of characters, he developed what is called a "stock character". He sometimes used typical situations where these characters could be used as well. He always used the same kinds of stock characters, especially if he could amuse the audience. As Walter Juniper wrote, “Everything, including artistic characterization and consistency of characterization, were sacrificed to humor, and character portrayal remained only where it was necessary for the success of the plot and humor to have a "persona" who stayed in character, and where the "persona" by his portrayal contributed to humor.”
For example, in " Miles Gloriosus", the titular “braggart soldier” Pyrgopolynices only shows his vain and immodest side in the first act, while the parasite Artotrogus exaggerates Pyrgopolynices’ achievements. Artotrogus creates more and more ludicrous claims that Pyrgopolynices agrees to without question. These two are perfect examples of the stock characters of the pompous soldier and the desperate parasite that appeared in Plautine comedies.
In this way, Plautus could greatly simplify complex characters and give the audience what it wanted. “The audience to whose tastes Plautus catered was not interested in the character play,” instead it wanted humor that was easy to understand by many people. Stock setups offered such humor. Plautus used puns, he played with words, or he gave the words another meaning. Usually, the humorous characters in Plautine plays are of low social standing. This helps the comedy overall, because lower-class characters were often taken less seriously, and had to be less careful what they said.

Mount Edziza
Mount Edziza, located 38 km southeast of Telegraph Creek, British Columbia, Canada, is a potentially active volcanic complex in the Stikine Volcanic Belt. It is a shield volcano that began erupting about 10 million years ago with continued activity until about 1,340 years ago.
It is made up of a lot of cinder cones and blocky lava flows that still keep their first forms. This is the second biggest area of volcanic activity in the northern Stikine Volcanic Belt as well as in Canada. The complex includes the Mount Edziza Plateau, a big volcanic plateau (65 kilometers long and 20 kilometers wide) made of mostly basaltic lava flows with four big stratovolcanoes built on top of the plateau.
A lot of eruptions have happened in the last 10,000 years including: Desolation, Mess Lake, Snowshoe lava fields, Kana Cone, Eve Cone, Cinder Cliff, Icefall Cone, Ridge Cone, Williams Cone, and Walkout Creek. Many of the volcanic features in the volcanic complex are protected as part of Mount Edziza Provincal Park one of the bigger provincial parks in British Columbia.

Omar Khayyám
Ghiyās al-Dīn Abu al-Fath Omār ibn Ibrāhīm Khayyām Nishābūrī (Persian: غیاث الدین ابو الفتح عمر بن ابراهیم خیام نیشابوری) or Omar Khayyam (b. May 18, 1048 Nishapur, (Persia)–d. December 4, 1131) is a Persian poet, mathematician, astronomer who was born in Neyshabur.
He is best known for his poetry and it is because of translations of "Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam" by Edward Fitzgerald.

Bobby Robson
Sir Bobby Robson (born February 18, 1933) is a former English football manager. He played for the England football team in 20 games and scored 4 goals.
He managed Fulham F.C. and Ipswich Town F.C. before he managed the England national football team for eight years, from 1982-1990.

Deomyinae
The subfamily Deomyinae consists of four genera of mouse-like rodents. These were placed in the subfamilies Murinae and Dendromurinae until very recently. They are sometimes called Acomyinae, particularly in references that predate the discovery that the link rat, "Deomys ferugineus", is part of the clade. Deomyinae is the older and more appropriate name.
Deomyines share no morphological characteristics that can be used to separate them from other muroids. Subtle aspects of the third upper molar have been suggested, though. This subfamily is united solely on the basis of shared genetic mutations. These conclusions have demonstrated good statistical support using nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, as well as DNA-DNA hybridization.
Because of the lack of physical characteristics that supportthis group, it is very possible that the subfamily as it is currently recognized could grow bigger. Many of the genera currently placed in Murinae or Dendromurinae have never been included in a molecular phylogenetic analysis. There are potential surprises awaiting when they are.
All genera are found in Africa, suggesting the deomyines may have originated there. The spiny mice, "Acomys" spp. are also found in Asia.
There are currently 4 genera and 36 species included in the Deomyinae.

Spiny mouse
Image:Acomys.cahirinus.cahirinus.6871.jpg|thumb|Spiny mouse at the Leipzig Zoo
The term spiny mouse refers to any species of rodent within the genus "Acomys". They are usually called Spiny mice in English. They look like mice of the genus "Mus". Spiny mice are small mammals with bare, scaled tails. Their coats have unusually stiff guard hairs that work the same way as the spines of a hedgehog. These stiff hairs are why they are called the "spiny mouse".
Even though they look like members of the genus "Mus", scientists thhink that the African spiny mice may be more closely related to gerbils than to common mice.
Spiny Mice as Exotic Pets.
African spiny mice originated in the deserts of Africa. They are often kept as exotic pets in other parts of the world, particularly Western nations such as the United States. In the pet trade, they are commonly called Egyptian spiny mice or, more simply, spiny mice. Though these animals are like pet mice and rats, the tail of a spiny mouse is much more delicate. The spiny mouse should never be picked up by its tail and should be handled with care to avoid a degloving injury.
Housing.
Because of their desert origin, spiny mice need warm temperatures and should be kept around 80 degrees Farenheit. These animals are very social and should always be housed in groups when possible. As spiny mice are prone to obesity (getting too fat), it is important to provide a big space and a complex environment to encourage exercise. They need constant attention and should NEVER be housed in a cage smaller than 4X4 ft.
Reproduction.
Gestation length is between 38 and 42 days. Litters are normally 2 to 3 pups, but females may have up to 6 pups in a single litter. Other females within the social group may help in the birthing process and look after the pups. Pups are born with their eyes open and covered in fur. They will begin to leave the nesting area at about 3 days of age. Pups are weaned around 5 to 6 weeks and reach sexual maturity at about 6 to 9 weeks. A female can become pregnant at any time in the year and may have up to 12 litters in a year. Spiny mice can live for 4 to 5 years.

Underworld
The underworld is a term used in many religions and mythologies to refer to the place where people believed they would go after they died, or where their souls would go to after they died.
The underworld is most often thought of in relation to Greek mythology. The Ancient Greeks believed that the Hades was the God of the underworld. The Romans called him Pluto, a name which meant “The Wealthy One” because there were lots of minerals under the ground. The most famous story about the underworld is the Greek myth of Orpheus and Eurydice.

Anglicanism
Anglicanism is the term used for the doctrine, religious belief, faith, system, practice and principles of the Church of England and other Anglican churches. The term at its broadest "includes those who have accepted the work of the English Reformation as embodied in the Church of England or in the offshoot Churches which in other countries have adhered, at least substantially, to its doctrines, its organization, and its liturgy."
The term Anglican derives from a Medieval Latin phrase dating to at least 1246 - "ecclesia anglicana" -meaning 'the English Church'. The noun Anglican is used to describe the people, institutions and churches as well as the liturgical traditions and theological concepts developed by the state established Church of England and the Anglican Communion, a theologically broad and often divergent affiliation of thirty-eight provinces that are in communion with the Archbishop of Canterbury.

The Cumshots
The Cumshots is a heavy metal band from Norway. The band was formed in 1999 by Kristopher Schau and Ole Petter Andreassen.

Pocket gopher
The pocket gophers are burrowing rodents of the family Geomyidae. These are the "true" gophers. Several ground squirrels of the family Sciuridae are often called gophers as well. They are not true gophers,though. The name "Pocket Gopher" on its own is used for a number of subspecies of the family. Pocket gophers, despite being largely a pest, are a symbol of the U.S. state of Minnesota, sometimes called "The Gopher State".
Distribution.
Pocket Gophers are widely distributed in North America, extending into Central America.
Appearance.
Gophers are heavily built, and most are moderately large. They usually weigh a few hundred grams. A few species reach weights approaching 1 kg. Most gophers have brown fur which often closely matches the color of the soil in which they live. Their most characteristic feature is their large cheek pouches. The "pocket" in their name comes from these pouches. These pouches are fur-lined, and can be turned inside out. They extend from the side of the mouth well back onto the shoulders. They have small eyes and a short, hairy tail which they use to feel around tunnels when they walk backwards.
Behavior.
All pocket gophers are burrowers. They are larder hoarders, and their cheek pouches are used for transporting food back to their burrows. Gophers can collect large hoards. Their presence is unambiguously announced by the appearance of mounds of fresh dirt about 20 cm in diameter. These mounds will often appear in vegetable gardens, lawns, or farms, as gophers like moist soil. They also enjoy feeding on vegetables. For this reason, some species are considered agricultural pests. They may also damage trees in forests. Although they will attempt to flee when threatened, they may attack other animals, including cats and humans, and can inflict serious bites with their long, sharp teeth.
Classification.
There has been much debate among taxonomists about which races of pocket gopher should be recognised as full species, and the following list cannot be regarded as definitive.
There are about 37 species in 6 genera.
Some sources also list a genus "Hypogeomys", with one species, but this genus name is normally used for the Malagasy Giant Rat, which belongs to the family Nesomyidae.

Geomyoidea
Geomyoidea is a superfamily of rodent that contains the pocket gophers (Geomyidae), the kangaroo rats and mice (Heteromyidae), and their fossil relatives.
Characteristics.
Although dissimilar in overall appearance, gophers have been united with kangaroo rats into a common superfamily for a considerable period of time. The superfamily Geomyoidea is among the few superfamilial relationships in rodents that is not subject to much controversy. Overall morphology, the fossil record, molecular analyses, and biogeography all support this relationship.
Geomyoids are most noticeably characterized by the position of the infraorbital canal. Unlike all other rodents who have the opening of the infraorbital canal facing forward, geomyoids have an infraorbital canal that faces to the side. Instead of passing through the zygoma, the infraorbital canal of geomyoids has moved to the side of the snout. This condition is so pronounced and the snout so narrow in heteromyids that the infraorbital canals from either side connect. Essentially, if the skull of a heteromyid is viewed from the side, the viewer can see directly through it.
Modern geomyoids are mostly restricted to North America, but some representatives have extended their range into South America since the Great American Interchange. Fossil taxa are known from throughout Laurasia.
Relation to other rodents.
Geomyoids have been considered to be either sciuromorphous or myomorphous depending on the authority. The masseter muscle does not pass through the infraorbital canal; it cannot due to the position of the canal. Some authorities consider the geomyoids related to squirrels, beavers, and mountain beavers on this basis.
The masseter muscle does attach directly behind the zygomatic arch in a manner very different from sciuromorphs. Some authorities consider geomyoids myomorphs based on this feature. This suggests they may be related to mice, jerboas, and perhaps dormice.
Taxonomy.
The family †Eomyidae is alternatively referred to as a member of the superfamily Geomyoidea or as a separate superfamily (†Eomyoidea) within the shared infraorder Geomorpha. †Florentiamyidae is usually placed within the superfamily Geomyoidea regardless of if eomyids are treated as a separate superfamily or not. Sometimes the pocket gophers and heteromyids are placed as separate subfamilies within a single family (Geomyidae). These subfamilies are Geomyinae and Heteromyinae respectively.

Heteromyidae
The family of rodents that include kangaroo rats, kangaroo mice and rock pocket mice is the Heteromyidae family. Most heteromyids live in complex burrows in the deserts and grasslands of western North America. Some species within the "Heteromys" and "Liomys" genera are also found in forests and can be found down as far as northern South America. They feed mostly on seeds and other plant parts, which they carry in their cheek pouches to their burrows.
Although they are very different in physical appearance, the closest relatives of the heteromyids are pocket gophers in the Geomyidae family.

Kangaroo mouse
Both species of kangaroo mouse live in sandy desert ecosystems. They forage for seeds and vegetation amongst the scrub brush of their native habitat. The Dark Kangaroo Mouse is also known to feed occasionally on insects and carrion. Interestingly, the mouse never drinks water, instead deriving it metabolically from the foods it eats. The kangaroo mouse collects food and maintains large stocks in their burrows. These burrows are excavated to a length of between 3 and 8 feet (1 to 2.5 meters). The burrow, the entrance to which the mouse covers during daylight hours, is also used to raise litters of between 2 and 7 young. The Pale Kangaroo Mouse burrows only in fine sand, while the Dark Kangaroo Mouse prefers fine, gravelly soils but may also burrow in sand or sandy soil. Kangaroo mice are nocturnal, and are most active in the two hours following sunset. They are believed to hibernate during cold weather.
The kangaroo mice are closely related to the kangaroo rats, which belong to the same subfamily, Dipodomyinae.

Silky pocket mouse
"Perognathus" is a genus of pocket mouse. Like other members of their family they are more closely related to pocket gophers than to true mice.
Characteristics.
The silky pocket mice are small animals with soft fur, long tails, and small feet compared to other heteromyids. They have long claws which they use for digging burrows and sifting sandy substrates for seeds. They have also been found to steal seeds from kangaroo rats' dens. They store these seeds in large hairy external cheek pouches. They are nocturnal and are found in arid habitats. They are not true hibernators, but will go into torpor and stay in their burrows for extended periods of time.

Pocket mouse
"Chaetodipus" is a genus of pocket mouse. Like other members of their family such as pocket mice in the genus "Perognathus", they are more closely related to pocket gophers than to true mice.
Characteristics.
Members of this genus range in size from 80-125 mm (head and body) and weigh 15-47 grams (Nowak, 1999). Unlike the silky pocket mice (genus "Perognathus"), most species of the genus "Chaetodipus" have harsh pelage with some bordering on spiny hair. They tend to be found in arid habitats where they feed on seeds, vegetation, and insects (Nowak, 1999). Females give birth to a litter of 2-9 young after a gestation period of just under a month. The longest recorded lifespan is 8 years and 4 months (Nowak, 1999).
Sometimes members of the genus "Chaetodipus" are placed in the genus "Perognathus".

Zarbon
Zarbon (ザーボン, "Zābon") is a character in "Dragonball Z".
Appearance.
Zarbon is a powerful warrior who values beauty and his physical appearance above all else. He makes his appearance in the Namek saga, and is shown to be one of Freiza's two closest "henchmen." Virtually nothing is known about the character other than his vanity, and his seemingly lengthy history with Vegeta. His long, green braided hair, tiara and earrings are perhaps reminiscent of a high-class prince. He also wears a very long cape as well as leg and arm-warmers. Along with his choice of clothing, he wears the common armor that most of Frieza's men have, including the shoulder pads and a scouter. He is very vain and he considers himself to be of high standard.
Zarbon has the distinct ability to transform into an ugly beast, reptilian in appearance. Incorporating brute strength and ferocity, his second form is the opposite in appearance to his first form. Upon transforming, his size increases as well as his muscular build and his skin becomes covered with what appear to be scales, similar to that of a reptile. It's clear that he finds this transformation repugnant, as it not only offends his general love of beauty but also takes away his attractive form. In essence, he is the dual dynamic of the beauty and the beast personified.
Storyline.
In a speculative storyline written for the made-for-television set before the events of the Dragonball series, Zarbon appears to have acted primarily as Frieza's advisor. It was Zarbon who is shown to have advised Frieza that it would be wise to wipe out the entire Saiyan race before they posed a threat. He is depicted as being beside Frieza as he killed King Vegeta and destroyed planet Vegeta.
Zarbon is first seen in the anime and manga when he accompanies Lord Frieza and Dodoria to the planet of Namek in search of the Dragonballs, which Frieza desires so that he can wish for immortality. Zarbon helps in the collection of most of the Dragon balls, mercilessly slaughtering Namekians who seek to keep the Dragonballs hidden. After Vegeta, and the separate group of Gohan, Krillin, and Bulma show up, there are some scuffles that leave Dodoria dead. Zarbon is the only remaining top henchman of Frieza, and is sent to find another Namekian village, but instead comes face to face with Vegeta. Vegeta overpowers him at first, but when Zarbon realizes his life is threatened, he surprises Vegeta by transforming into his significantly more powerful -- and ugly -- form. This allows him to easily beat Vegeta, who he leaves for dead.
After returning to Frieza, he is ordered to go back and retrieve Vegeta because he had hidden a Dragonball. Zarbon does this, bringing Vegeta to Frieza's medics for treatment of his wounds. However, Vegeta soon escapes with Frieza's dragonballs after being healed. Ordered to find the Saiyan prince or face death himself, Zarbon again sets out in search of Vegeta. This time the prince finds him, and the two battle while Krillin and Bulma look on. Zarbon eventually transforms, but his power isn't enough to defeat a healed Vegeta, and he is killed in the battle.
Appearances in other media.
Zarbon has appeared as a playable character in numerous video games, some of which include "Dragon Ball Z: Budokai Tenkaichi", "Dragon Ball Z: Budokai", and "Ultimate Battle 22". In "Dragon Ball Z: Super Sonic Warriors 2", he is a support-type character.
He is not only a playable character in "Dragon Ball Z: Budokai Tenkaichi 2" but he has his own storyline (A What-if scenario added to the game to show Zarbon's love for his own beauty) in the main story mode of the game entitled "Beautiful Treachery." Upon hearing of the power of the Dragon Balls, he hatches a plan to steal them and wish for eternal beauty. This plan mainly revolves around forcing Krillin to assist him, killing Dodoria, and distracting Frieza with a surprise visit from his brother, Cooler. He even gets to fight alongside Goku when his plan goes wrong. In the end, the battle between Frieza and Cooler destroys the planet, tragically taking Zarbon, despite the effects of his wish, with it.
In an issue of Beckett Anime, a Beckett magazine publication, Zarbon was voted as one of the top five greatest henchmen of all anime, and was the only character from "Dragon Ball Z" on the list.

Dodoria
Dodoria (ドドリア, "Dodoria") is a character in "Dragonball Z".
Appearance.
Dodoria is an large, round alien warrior, appearing to be overweight by human standards. He has protruding spikes on his arms and head. He also wears the common armor that most of Lord Frieza's men have, including the shoulder pads and a green scouter.
Storyline.
Before the events of Dragon Ball Z, Dodoria was always by Frieza's side along with Zarbon. He witnessed the killing of King Vegeta and the destruction of planet Vegeta. Before the destruction of planet Vegeta, he and a group of his elites were sent to eradicate Bardock and his team of fighters. He was successful in killing most of the team, but left Burdock alive after using a powerful mouth blast on him. Both Frieza and Zarbon looked down upon him for carelessly leaving him alive.
Dodoria accompanied his master Frieza and his comrade in battle, Zarbon, to the green planet Namek in search of the Namek Dragonballs. While searching in a village for a Dragon Ball, Dodoria killed a few villagers, but before he could kill Dende, he was attacked by Krillin and Gohan. He pursued them, but they escaped after Krillin used a blinding attack. Dodoria then launched an attack over a large area, which lead him to believe that he had killed them. On his way back, he was ambushed by Vegeta who easily overpowered him. Dodoria tried to bargain with Vegeta by telling him the secret of the destruction of planet Vegeta, but he didn't care. Vegeta killed him during his attempted escape. He only cameos again during the movie "Fusion Reborn" and in the Super Android 17 Saga when people from Hell are able to escape. He is killed again both times.
Abilities.
Dodoria uses his brute force to overwhelm his opponents. He has the generic powers that many other Dragon Ball characters share, including the ability to throw numerous exceptionally powerful rapid blasts. He can also emit blasts from his mouth as well, most commonly known as mouth blasts. The most noticeable trait that Dodoria has is his ability to throw his weight around. He is extremely fast in spite of his weight. He can perform multiple spins and aerial strikes regardless of his size.
Video game appearances.
Dodoria has appeared as a playable character in many video games, some of which include "Dragon Ball Z: Budokai", "Dragon Ball Z: Budokai Tenkaichi", and "Dragon Ball Z: Budokai Tenkaichi 2". He is also in "Dragon Ball Z: Super Sonic Warriors 2" but only as a support-type character.

Frieza
Frieza (フリーザ, "Furīza") is a fictional character in "Dragon Ball Z".
Frieza is one of the strongest aliens in "Dragon Ball Z". He is very good at invading other planets. Frieza is very mean person who thinks he is very strong. He can kill everyone on a planet, and will not care. He will even kill his own servants. Frieza is always trying to get more power. Because of this, he ends up fighting the heroes of "Dragon Ball Z" so he can get the Dragon Balls. The Dragon Balls are very special balls that can grant wishes.
Frieza is what the creator, Akira Toriyama, thought monsters looked like in his childhood.
Name pun and debate.
Frieza's name is a pun on all things relating to the cold, with family members introduced later following his example. As his name ends in a short "a" vowel (rather than the long "ā" which usually signifies "er" in kana spellings on English words), the character's name is typically spelled with an "a" at the end (as opposed to "Freezer"). However, during FUNimation's dubbing of "Dragon Ball Z", the English writers went with the spelling of "Frieza". This has led to some conjecture over the "true" spelling of his name: U.S. released video games and the English dub use "Frieza", while the Japanese language subtitles on FUNimation's DVDs and the Viz translation of the manga redundantly uses "Freeza."
Goku: Cell is still alive? What do you mean Kaio-sama! He blew himself up. You saw that.
Kaio Sama: I don't know how it happened but I'm quite sure he's still alive.
Goku: This cant be. You mean I did all of this for nothing.
Kaio Sama: That's right. Including getting me blown up also.
Mr. Popo: God what's the matter.
Dende: I don't know if Gohan-san can beat him this time.
Cell: Surprised? Well I'll tell you what happened. This was quite unexpected and a lucky turn of events. Inside my brain, there is a small lump of nerve. It is my nucleus, so to speak. As long as the nucleus is undamaged I can keep regenerating my cells and recreate my whole body!
Goku: Sorry Kaio Sama. But I didn't have any choice.
Kaio Sama: But to bring him here? (Cell explodes as do Goku, Kaio Sama, Bubbles, Gregory and Kaio's planet)
Cell: (Cell forming back to his perfect form) My nucleus survived the explosion. I didn't even know such a thing could happen. It was totally unexpected. And that's not all. I have the perfect body again even without the androids in my system. This is not just the "Perfect body" I used to have. It is a far more powerful one as powerful as Son Gohan. It's probably due to the Saiyajin cells that I have in my system. The Saiyajin cell is said to increase its strength when it faces death. Furthermore I had a chance to absorb Son Goku's instantaneous movement skill (Teleports back to Earth)
(End flashback sequence) In other words I have obtained everything I'd wanted because of the explosion. I should thank Son Goku. He gave me a wonderful farewell present.
Cell: (Gohan smirks) What's so funny?
Gohan: Yeah. I'm happy because you're back so that I can take my revenge on you for my father! I wanted to kill you myself. For my father.
Cell: I don't know about that. I don't think you can beat me like you did before.
Yamucha: Trunks. (Yamucha runs over to him and kneels over the fallen warrior)
Goku: Bye Bye everyone (Goku disappears)
Vegeta: (says aloud) Kakarotto (Trunks gets blasted through the chest)
Cell: I should thank Son Goku he gave me a wonderful farewell present. Happy?
Gohan: I can take revenge on you for my father.
Vegeta: Gohan (Trunks coughing up blood)
Gohan: I wanted to kill you myself.
Vegeta: Damn! What was I doing? I should have been the one to kill Cell! Not that, that low-class fighter or his son! (Ends thinking) Ahhhhhhhhhhh!!! (blasts off towards Cell and turns Super Saiyajin and shoots a ki blast)
TV Reporter: A fierce new battle is raging ladies and gentlemen. (The reporter gets frustrated and throws down the mike. Vegeta fires multiply ki blasts)
Vegeta: Cell! I the Prince of Planet Vegeta! I will be the one who will destroy you! (continue firing multiply ki bolts and stops)
Cell: (He jumps out of the smoke at a stunned Vegeta) What was the Prince of Planet Vegeta going to do? (Backhands him hard to the ground)
TV Reporter: Cell has beaten another one!
Mr. Satan: What the hell is happening.
Cell: Go to hell, Vegeta! (Cell shoots a blast, and Gohan darts to protect Vegeta, moments later Gohan gets up and blood trickles down his arm toward the ground)
Kuririn: Vegeta you idiot! We could have revived Trunks with the Dragon Balls!
Cell: Well you look like you still have some fight left in you. But I won't play around with you anymore. I've had enough of this.
Gohan: (Thinking) Cell's power has increase tremendously.
Piccolo: The Senzu. Where is the Senzu?
Planet Namek takeover.
Twenty-four years later, Frieza spies on Vegeta's scouter during his mission on Earth and in doing so learns of the existence of the Dragon Balls on Planet Namek. Planning to obtain them and make a wish for immortality, Frieza uses his mercenary forces to try and extort the Dragon Balls from the Nameks. After Cui, Dodoria and Zarbon fall to Vegeta's wrath, the Ginyu Force is summoned by Frieza to retrieve the Dragon Balls and neutralize the Saiyan mercenary, but fail to do so when Goku arrives at Planet Namek to kick some but.
While searching for the remaining Dragon Balls, Frieza is confronted by Nail, the strongest of the Namek warriors. Frieza defeats Nail effortlessly, leaving him to die after discovering the remaining Dragon Ball has already been taken by Krillin and Gohan. Enraged, the great tyrant follows in pursuit of the heroes only to be faced with a much more powerful Vegeta who is now capable of matching Frieza's current strength.
Spurred on by Vegeta, Frieza unveils his second form, allowing him to defeat Vegeta and critically injure Krillin, taunting Gohan with his friend's limp body. Before he can finish them off, Piccolo joins the battle - roughly even in abilities to Frieza, thanks to a splendid fusion with the dying Nail. The heroes are able to regroup, Dende healing them one after another. Frieza himself is seriously wounded for the first time: Krillin is able to chop off a portion of his tail using a Destructo Disk.
Having difficulty contending with Piccolo, Frieza again transformed, unlocking more of his power and enabling him to lay waste to his opponent. Finally he unveiled his true form, stressing that he intended to give his foes the pleasure of observing it before they died. As his first act, Frieza murders Dende, who had been healing the heroes, before brutally beating Vegeta. Just as Frieza was about to slay Vegeta, the healed Goku arrives on the battlefield, ready to fight Frieza. Vegeta, believing (incorrectly) that Goku had finally become a full-fledge Super Saiyan, taunts Frieza, even though, he, Vegeta, is too badly beaten to even stand. Frieza, proud of his past accomplishments, smirks before sending a Death Beam through the Saiyan Prince's heart. Teetering on the brink of death, Vegeta is able to tell the newly-healed Goku of Frieza's genocide of the Saiyan race, imploring him to take revenge on behalf for all Saiyans. As Vegeta finishes his plea to Goku, he dies. Goku, saddened by Vegeta's death, buries him and vows to finish Frieza. Goku and Frieza then spar, with Frieza realizing that his opponent is the son of the Saiyan that gave him such trouble years before. Goku and Frieza are an even match for awhile, until Frieza reveals that he had only been fighting at a mere fraction of his full power. Frieza then increases to 50%, and easily gains the upper hand against Goku, with Goku struggling to keep up.
Goku is eventually able to heavily wound Frieza using a Spirit Bomb, calling on the energies of the entire planet Namek.
Believing the warlord dead, the heroes take the time to relax, not noticing that Frieza had emerged from the blast's crater, retaliating by mortally wounding Piccolo and murdering Krillin. Already bordering on the edge of his rage, Frieza threatening Gohan, pushes Goku over it, his rage exploding, causing Frieza to inadvertently create what he had always feared: A Super Saiyan.
In the ensuing battle, Frieza and Goku trade blows, but as the fight progresses, Frieza's power gradually diminishes with the repeated punishment. In frustration, Frieza sends a Death Ball into the core of the planet, starting a chain reaction that would destroy Namek in "five minutes". Frieza unleashes 100% of his power. Frieza is now able to launch a huge assault against the surprised Goku, who had not expected Frieza's power to be as high as it is. Goku and Frieza face off and eventually after a very long battle, Goku gets the battle under his control, and calls off the fight, claiming it would be pointless to continue; Frieza losing strength rapidly and Goku already having humbled the tyrant. Humiliated, Frieza refuses to relent, attacking Goku with two Tsuibi Kienzan. As Goku dodges the attacks, Frieza ironically becomes distracted long enough to be vivisected by his own attack.
Barely clinging to life but desperate to survive, Frieza begs and begs for mercy, which Goku hesitantly provides. Frieza's arrogance refuses to allow him to be beaten and saved by a Saiyan "monkey", and he expends what little energy he has left to attack Goku. Overcome with anger, Goku fires a Ki blast that consumes both Frieza and his attack, seemingly ending Frieza's reign over the universe.
Death of a great tyrant.
Unbeknownst to Goku, Frieza survived the destruction of Namek. Able to do nothing more than breathe, Frieza floated in the planet's debris, kept company only by his thoughts of how the universe's conqueror had been thoroughly beaten by a Saiyan. His father, King Cold, had crews search the area, not believing his son to have been killed by something as insignificant as the explosion of a planet. What could be found of Frieza was salvaged, his missing limbs and face reconstructed with cybernetic enhancements. Scarred and bitter - though feeling stronger than he had before. Frieza's first thought upon rehabilitation is revenge on those who sullied him.
Frieza beats Goku to Earth. Despite his ill intentions towards Earth and all who lived there, Frieza notes "It's a good planet" on first viewing "(Dragon Ball #330)". Frieza orders his henchmen to find and slaughter its inhabitants, with Frieza keen on killing his enemy's friends himself. However, his army is torn apart by the blade-wielding fighter Future Trunks. Frieza dismisses his challenger as an insolent child, and pays him almost no heed until the boy reveals himself as another Super Saiyan.
Dumbstruck, Frieza makes several different efforts to kill Trunks, each of which is parried easily. He then plays his trump card in the form of a Death Ball ten times the size of the one that destroyed Planet Namek. Even this is nonchalantly brushed away, until a mortified Frieza causes it to detonate with another shot of "ki". Thinking him to be destroyed by the assault, both the father and son are stunned when Trunks fires the Burning Attack out of nowhere. Fuming, Frieza becomes oblivious to his opponent's position, and is surprised and sliced in half by the Saiyan youth before being cut to pieces and blown to dust.
After his death.
After his death, Frieza makes numerous cameo appearances throughout the remainder of the series from Hell, including observing Goku's fight with Buu alongside other defeated villains from the series.
In "Dragon Ball GT", he teams up with Cell to act as a distraction for Goku while a horde of villains from the Z-Fighters' past escape Hell. Frieza traps Goku in the next world, but even allied with Cell, he is eventually defeated and remains in Hell.
Forms and transformations.
Over time, Frieza's power became so great that his body could not comfortably contain it, and a series of physical transformations were developed that limit his actual strength While changing shape from his "first-form", each alteration builds on the previous. In all, Frieza demonstrated four transformed states, each with increasing power (some larger than others and each resulting in different physical attributes).
In his first form, Frieza is a relatively short humanoid, albeit with a large chestnut-shaped skull with two horns. He also has a tail with a spiked end, as well as having three talon-like toes. He wears the same upper-body armor that many of his subordinates (including the Saiyans) are shown to wear, and while traveling, often gives the appearance of weakness by exclusively using his hoverchair for transportation, leaving his henchmen to do his "dirty work".
His second form is similar in appearance to the first, except much larger, both in height and muscle mass, Frieza claiming to have nearly doubled his power in this state. He also grows longer horns, which now instead of protruding sideways from his skull curve sharply upwards into near right angles. His armor cannot contain his form and shatters, leaving him with a new, white natural armor covering his chest and shoulders. In this form, he somewhat resembles his father King Cold.
Frieza's third form is again more brutish, with an extremely elongated skull. His facial features contort and change, with his nose melding into his mouth to form a crude beak. His original horns recede, and more now erupt in pairs along the length of his head. He walks and stands with a slight hunch, as if the strain of supporting his head was too much for even Frieza's own body to bear. This form vaguely resembles a Xenomorph from the Alien movies.
Drastically differing from his previous transformations, in his final form Frieza instead regresses, becoming shorter and less bulky, his horns and spikes disappear and his physique becomes streamlined. His skin becomes pure, solid white with purple sections on his head, shoulders, forearms, chest and shins.
Frieza is also able to attain 100% power, greatly increasing his muscle mass. At 100% this is literally the peak of Frieza's potential and the maximum amount of power his body can output; his muscle mass becomes engorged compared to his previously sleek frame. However, due to the strain on his body he can not fight at full capacity for long, slowly weakening whether he is dealing or receiving damage.
Physically ruined while caught in the Planet Namek's explosion after his defeat, what remained of the still-living Frieza was salvaged and rebuilt with cybernetic enhancements by scientists under the order of King Cold. The whole of the lower half of his body and right side of his face are replaced, with scarring and metal accouterments covering what little was left of his organic self. These enhancements allowed him to exceed the limits of power imposed by his fully organic form, though how much more powerful it made him is unknown.
Techniques and special abilities.
Yubisaki kara no Shogekiha "("Shockwave blast from the finger")"
Movies and specials.
"Dragon Ball Z: Bardock - The Father of Goku" - DBZ TV Special #1; released October 17, 1990
"Dragon Ball Z: Cooler's Revenge" - DBZ Movie #5; released July 21, 1991
"Dragon Ball Z: Fusion Reborn" - DBZ Movie #12; released March 4, 1995
In addition, Frieza's destruction of Planet Vegeta is shown from another point of view in "Burn Up!! A Close, Intense, Super-Fierce Battle" (DBZ Movie #8) and the mercenaries from "Super Deciding Battle for the Entire Planet Earth" (DBZ Movie #3) believe they would be strong enough to challenge Frieza after eating the fruit of the Tree of Might.
He also appears in footage from the Famicom game (and later Playdia remake) "Plan to Eradicate the Saiyans". In it Frieza seems to be somehow resurrected, with he and past villains Coola, Tullece, and Lord Slug attacking Goku and his friends. Once it's revealed these are merely ghost-warriors meant to distract the heroes, however, the false Frieza and his allies are easily dealt with.
Video games.
"All games are listed in chronological order of release."

Myrmecophile
A myrmecophile is an animal that lives with ants. A myrmecophile may help the ants, or it may be a parasite of the ants by eating them or their food.
Many myrmecophiles eat waste in ant nests, such as dead ants or fungi growing in the nest. Some myrmecophiles make food that the ants can eat. Aphids do this when they make honeydew. Ants may even farm or tend some insects, such as aphids, that make food for them. Other myrmecophiles eat the food supplies of ants, and a few eat ant eggs, larvae, or pupae.
One family (group) of butterflies lives with ants and sometimes makes food for the ants. The ants help the butterfly caterpillars by keeping away other animals that want to eat or hurt the caterpillars.
Other animals that live with ants include some beetles, flies, mites, and spiders. Flies in the genus (group) called "Microdon" live in ant nests and eat waste or eat larval ants.

Argemone
An argemone or prickly poppy is a plant used for decoration. It is related to the poppy. The plant is common in the Americas.

Grist
Grist is grain that has been separated from its chaff and is ready for grinding. It can also mean grain that has already been ground at a grist mill. The word "grist" is related to the verb "to grind".

Banjul
Banjul (formerly Bathurst) is the capital city of The Gambia. The population of the city is only 34,828 people but the total urban area is many times larger with a population of 523,589 people. The city is located on St Mary's Island (or "Banjul Island") where the Gambia River enters the Atlantic Ocean. The island is connected to the rest of Gambia by ferries to the north and bridges to the south. Banjul is the main urban area of The Gambia. It is the country's economic and administrative center
Peanut processing is the main industry of the country. bee's wax, palm wood, palm oil, and animal skins are also transported from its port.
Things to see in the city include the Gambian National Museum, the Albert Market, Banjul State House, Banjul Court House, two cathedrals and several major mosques. The city is served by the Banjul International Airport.
History.
In 1816, the British founded Banjul as a trading post. Banjul was also used to help stop the slave trade. It was first named "Bathurst" after Henry Bathurst. The name was changed to Banjul in 1973.

Medieval Latin
Medieval Latin was the form of Latin used in the Middle Ages. It was mostly used by scholars and as the liturgical language of the medieval Roman Catholic Church, but also as a language of science, literature, and administration.
Despite the clerical origin of many of its authors, Medieval Latin should not be confused with Ecclesiastical Latin. There is no real consensus on the exact boundary where Late Latin ends and Medieval Latin begins. Some scholars have their surveys of it begin with the rise of early Christian Latin in the middle of the 4th century, others around the year 500.

Armen Grigoryan
Armen Grigoryan (rus. "Армен Григорян") is the front man (and main song writer) of "Crematorium" (Krematorij) Russian rock-band.
Grigoryan was born on November 24, 1960 in Moscow by Armenian parents.
In 1983, he formed "Crematorium" which gained a reputation throughout the former Soviet Union and begin to perform at concerts all over the country. Armen Grigoryan helped the development of Russian rock music. He composes multifaceted lyrics that frequently deal with the themes of life and death in various religious contexts.

Krematorij
Krematorij (Крематорий) is a Russian rock band. The lead singer of the group is Armen Grigoryan (Армен Григорян). He is also the main songwriter for the band.
The band was formed in 1983 in Moscow. After the release of their "Illusionary World" album in 1985, the group was well known throughout the former Soviet Union. They began to perform at concerts all over the country. The band uses a violin in their music to give Krematorij a sound that is different from other bands. This has been important to the group's continued popularity.

Kristopher Schau
Kristopher Hugh Martin Schau (born August 12, 1970 in Oslo) is a Norwegian musician, TV host, comedian and song writer. He is the singer in heavy metal band The Cumshots.

Ole Petter Andreassen
Ole Petter Andreassen (born September 22, 1975) is an Norwegian musician and producer. He plays guitar in heavy metal band The Cumshots.

InterCityExpress
The ICE (InterCityExpress), is a category of high speed trains, which are operated by the Deutsche Bahn ("in English: German Rail") since 1991.
There are other (upgraded) lines where the trains can reach 200 km/h. Some new high-speed lines are under construction, some are in planning.
ICE trains are also travelling to Austria, Belgium, France, The Netherlands and Switzerland. Some of the destinations in other countries are: Brussels, Utrecht, Liege, Arnhem, Basel, Bern, Salzburg, Linz, Metz, Innsbruck, Amsterdam, Paris, Zürich and Vienna.

Honeydew
Honeydew is a liquid sugar that aphids and some scale insects make when they eat plant sap. Honeydew is very sticky.
To eat plant sap, the aphid or scale insect pushes its mouth parts into the plant. Plant sap is under pressure inside the plant. The pressure inside the plant pushes the sap into the insect. Sometimes the pressure is so great that the sap is forced out of the rear of the insect. This is how honeydew is made. The honeydew then drops from the insect and makes a sticky layer on the plant.
Honeydew on plants can cause sooty mould, which is white and appears as powder on the plant.
Honeydew is collected by some insects, such as some wasps and bees. Some honey bees make honeydew into a dark, strong honey, called honeydew honey. Honeydew honey is valuable in parts of Europe and Asia because people think it can be used as a medicine.
Ants collect honeydew from aphids. Many ants even harvest the honeydew directly from the aphids. This helps the aphids, because the ants chase predators, such as lady beetles, away from the aphids.

Ecclesiastical Latin
The term "Ecclesiastical Latin" (sometimes called "Church Latin") means the Latin language that is used in documents of the Roman Catholic Church and in its Latin liturgies. It is not a distinct language or dialect, but only the Latin language used for ecclesiastical purposes, because the same language can be used also for commercial or other purposes.
The Church issued the dogmatic definitions of the first seven General Councils in Greek, and even in Rome Greek remained at first the language of the liturgy and the language in which the first Popes wrote. The Holy See is not obliged to use Latin as its official language and, in theory, could change its practice.
But Latin has the advantage that the meaning of its words have less likelihood of changing radically from century to century. This helps to ensure theological precision and orthodoxy. Accordingly, recent Popes have reaffirmed the importance of Latin for the Church and in particular for those undertaking ecclesiastical studies.

Mate (drink)
Mate (pronounced) is a drink. The drink contains caffeine. It is an infusion. It is prepared by steeping dried leaves of yerba mate ("Ilex paraguariensis") in hot water. It is the national drink in Uruguay and Argentina. It is also common in Paraguay, parts of Chile, Brazil, Lebanon, and Syria.
Mate is served with a metal straw from a shared hollow calabash gourd. The straw is called a "bombilla" in Spanish, a "bomba" in Portuguese, and a "masassa" in Arabic. The straw is traditionally made of silver. The gourd is known as a "mate" or a "guampa". In Brazil it has the specific name of "cuia". Even if the water comes in a very modern thermos, the infusion is traditionally drunk from "mates" or "cuias". However, "tea-bag" type infusions of mate ("mate cocido") have been on the market in Argentina for many years. They are sold under such trade names as "Cruz de Malta" (Maltese Cross) and in Brazil under the name "Mate Leão" (Lion Mate).
As with other brewed herbs, "yerba mate" leaves are dried, chopped, and ground into a powder called "yerba". The "bombilla" acts as both a straw and a sieve. The submerged end is flared, with small holes or slots that allow the brewed liquid in, but block the chunky matter that makes up much of the mixture. A modern "bombilla" design uses a straight tube with holes, or spring sleeve to act as a sieve. "Bombilla" (IPA: — or in Argentine and Uruguayan pronunciation) usually means "light bulb" in Spanish, but locally it is "little pump" or "straw".
How to prepare mate.
The method of preparing the "mate" infusion varies considerably from region to region. It is much talked about which method gives the best results. However, nearly all methods have some common elements: the gourd is nearly filled with "yerba", and hot water (typically at 70–80 °C [160–180 °F] and never boiling) is added.
Arranging the "yerba".
The most common preparation involves a careful arrangement of the "yerba" within the gourd before adding hot water. In this method, the gourd is first filled one-half to three-quarters of the way with "yerba". After that, additional herbs may be added for either health or flavor benefits. This is most often done in Paraguay, where people acquire herbs from a local yuyera (herbalist) and use the "mate" as a base for their herbal infusions. When the gourd is adequately filled, the preparer typically grasps it with their full hand. They cover the opening and roughly seal it with their palm. Then the "mate" is turned upside-down, and shaken vigorously, but briefly and with gradually decreasing force, in this inverted position causing the finest, most powdery particles of the "yerba" to settle toward the preparer's palm and the top of the mate.
Once the "yerba" is settled, the mate is carefully brought to a near-sideways angle, with the opening tilted just slightly upward of the base. The mate is then shaken very gently with a side-to-side motion. This further settles the "yerba" inside the gourd so that the finest particles move toward the opening and the "yerba" is layered along one side. The largest stems and other bits create a partition between the empty space on one side of the gourd and the lopsided pile of "yerba" on the other.
After arranging the "yerba" along one side of the gourd, the "mate" is carefully tilted back onto its base, minimizing further disturbances of the "yerba" as it is re-oriented to allow consumption. Some avalanche-like settling is normal, but is not desirable. The angled mound of "yerba" should remain, with its powdery peak still flat and mostly level with the top of the gourd. A layer of stems along its slope will slide downward and accumulate in the space opposite the "yerba" (though at least a portion should remain in place).
All of this careful settling of the "yerba" ensures that each sip contains as little particulate matter as possible, creating a smooth-running mate. The finest particles will then be as distant as possible from the filtering end of the "bombilla". With each draw, the smaller particles would inevitably move toward the "bombilla", but the larger particles and stems filter much of this out. A sloped arrangement provides consistent concentration and flavor with each filling of the "mate".
Insertion of the "bombilla".
Now the "mate" is ready to receive the "bombilla". Many people choose to pour warm water into the "mate" before adding the "bombilla", while others insist that the "bombilla" is best inserted into dry "yerba". Wetting the "yerba" by gently pouring cool water into the empty space within the gourd until the water nearly reaches the top, and then allowing it to be absorbed into the yerba before adding the "bombilla", allows the preparer to carefully shape and "pack" the "yerbas slope with the "bombillas filtering end, which makes the overall form of the "yerba" within the gourd more resilient and solid. Dry "yerba", on the other hand, allows a cleaner and easier insertion of the "bombilla", though care must be taken so as not to overly disturb the arrangement of the "yerba". Such a decision is entirely a personal or cultural preference. The "bombilla" is inserted with your thumb on the upper end of the bombilla, at an angle roughly perpendicular to the slope of the "yerba", so that its filtering end travels into the deepest part of the yerba and comes to rest near or against the opposite wall of the gourd.
Brewing.
Now the "yerba" may be brewed. If the "bombilla" was inserted into dry "yerba", the mate must first be filled once with warm water as above, then be allowed to absorb it completely (which generally takes no more than two or three minutes). Treating the "yerba" with cool water before the addition of hot water is essential, as it protects the herb from being scalded and from the chemical breakdown of some of its desirable nutrients. Hot water may then be added by carefully pouring it, as with the cool water before, into the cavity opposite the "yerba", until it reaches almost to the top of the gourd when the "yerba" is fully saturated. Care should be taken to maintain the dryness of the swollen top of the "yerba" beside the edge of the gourd's opening.
Once the hot water has been added, the mate is ready for drinking, and it may be refilled many times before becoming washed out ("lavado") and losing its flavor. When this occurs, the mound of "yerba" can be pushed from one side of the gourd to the other, allowing water to be added along its opposite side; this revives the "mate" for additional re-fillings.
Drinking the "mate".
"Mate" is traditionally drunk in a particular social setting, such as family gatherings or with friends. One person (known in Spanish as the "cebador") assumes the task of server. Typically, the cebador fills the gourd and drinks the "mate" completely to ensure that it is free of particulate matter and of good quality. The server subsequently refills the gourd and passes it to the next drinker who likewise drinks it all, without thanking the server. The ritual proceeds around the circle in this fashion until the "mate" becomes "lavado" ("washed out" or "flat"), typically after the gourd has been filled about ten times or more depending on the "yerba" used (well-aged "yerba mate" is typically more potent, and therefore provides a greater number of refills). When one has had his fill of "mate", he or she politely thanks the "cebador" passing the "mate" back at the same time.
The drink has a pungent taste like a cross between green tea and coffee, with hints of tobacco and oak. Some drinkers like to add sugar or honey, creating "mate dulce" (sweet "mate"), instead of sugarless "mate amargo" (bitter "mate"). It is considered bad for the gourd (especially for the natural (squash or wood) ones) to be used for "mate dulce" so it is normal for households with drinkers of both kinds to have two separate gourds.
Traditionally, natural gourds are used, though wood vessels, bamboo tubes and gourd-shaped "mates", made of ceramic or metal (stainless steel or even silver) are also common. Gourds are commonly decorated with silver, sporting decorative or heraldic designs with floral motifs.
Both the wood vessels and the gourds must undergo "curing" to get a better taste before being used for the first time and to ensure the long life of the gourd. Typically, to cure a gourd, the inside is first scraped with the tip of a bombilla to remove loose gourd particles. "Mate" herb and hot water is added next, and the mixture poured into the gourd. The mixture is left to sit overnight and the water is topped off periodically through the next 24 hours as the gourd absorbs the water. Finally the gourd is scraped out, emptied, and put in sunlight until completely dry.
It is common for a black mold to grow inside the gourd when it is stored. Some people will clean this out, others consider it an enhancement to the mate flavor.
Legendary Origins.
The Guaraní people started drinking mate in the region that now includes Paraguay, southern Brazil, and north-east Argentina. The Guaraní have a legend that says that the Goddesses of the Moon and the Cloud came to the Earth one day to visit it but they instead found a Yaguareté (a kind of jaguar) that was going to attack them. An old man saves them, and, in compensation, the Goddesses gave the old man a new kind of plant, from which he could prepare a "drink of friendship".
Variants and trivia.
There is another drink that can be prepared with specially cut dry leaves, very cold water and, optionally, lemon or another fruit juice, called "tereré". It is very common in Paraguay. Drinking and harvesting of Mate started in Paraguay in pre-Hispanic times. (Notice its scientific name, "Ilex paraguayensis".)
In Uruguay and Brazil the traditional "mate" or "cuia" is usually big with a corresponding large hole. In Argentina (especially in the capital, Buenos Aires) the mate is small and has a small hole, and people sometimes add sugar for flavor. In Bolivia and Peru, "mate de coca" is often sipped instead of ordinary mate.
In Uruguay there is even a national law that prohibits drinking "mate" while driving, because it caused many accidents of people getting scalded with hot water while driving. For the same reason, there is also a "forbidden to drink mate" sign in all public transportation buses.
In Uruguay and especially in the northeast of Argentina it is not uncommon to see people walking around the streets toting a "mate" and a thermos with hot water. In some parts of Argentina, gas stations sponsored by "yerba mate" producers provide free hot water to travellers, specifically for the purpose of drinking during the journey. There are disposable mate sets with a plastic mate and bombilla, and sets with a thermos flask and stacking containers for the yerba and sugar inside a fitted case.
In Brazil, traditionally prepared mate is known as "chimarrão", although in areas near the border with Uruguay the word "mate" is also used. Nowadays, in Brazil, "mate" is often toasted with sugar and prepared in a similar manner to tea, a custom that originated in Paraguay. Supermarkets, restaurants and fast food chains sell "tea bags" and prepacked "iced tea" packages and bottles. In Argentina, "mate cocido" (cooked mate) is made with a teabag or leaves and drunk from a cup or mug, with or without sugar and milk.
At the beginning of the 21st century most urban Chileans are not mate drinkers, but travel narratives such as Maria Graham's Journal of a Residence in Chile [2003(1824):8], show that there is a long history of mate drinking in central Chile. Many rural Chileans drink "mate", in particular in the southern regions, particularly Chiloé and Magallanes, perhaps due to the influence of neighboring areas of Argentina.
In some provinces of the Middle Eastern countries of Syria and Lebanon it is also common to drink mate. The custom of drinking "mate" came from Arab emigrants from South America. Syria is the world's biggest importer of yerba mate in the world, importing 15,000 tons of yerba mate a year.
According to a major retailer of mate in San Luis Obispo, California, by 2004 "mate" had grown to about 5% of the overall natural tea market in North America. Bottled iced mate is widely available in California.

Bear (disambiguation)
Bears are a group of large mammals. They form the family "Ursidae", in the order "Carnivora".

Yerba mate
Yerba mate*, "Ilex paraguariensis", is a species of holly (family Aquifoliaceae) native to subtropical South America. It grows in Argentina, southern Paraguay, western Uruguay and southern Brazil.
The yerba mate plant is a shrub or small tree. It can grow up to 15 meters tall. The leaves are evergreen, 7–11 cm long and 3–5.5 cm wide. They have a serrated margin. The flowers are small, greenish-white, with four petals. The fruit is a red berry 4–6 mm diameter.
Infusion.
The infusion called "mate" is prepared by steeping dry leaves (and twigs) of yerba mate in hot water, rather than boiling water like black tea or coffee. It is slightly weaker than coffee and much gentler on the stomach. Drinking mate with friends from a shared hollow gourd (also called a "mate" in Spanish, or "cabaça" or "cuia" in Portuguese) with a metal straw (a "bombilla" in Spanish, "bomba" or "canudo" in Portuguese) is an extremely common social practice in Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, southern Chile, eastern Bolivia and Brazil
and also Syria and Lebanon.
Brewed yerba tastes a lot like vegetables, herbs, and grass. It is similar to that of some varieties of green tea. Many consider the flavor to be very agreeable, but it is generally bitter if steeped in boiling water. It is therefore made using hot but not boiling water. Unlike most teas, it does not become bitter and astringent when steeped for extended periods, and the leaves may be infused several times. Additionally, one can purchase flavored mate in many varieties.
In Brazil, a toasted version of mate, known as "chá mate" or "mate tea", is sold in teabag and loose form, and served, sweetened, in specialized shops, either hot or iced with fruit juice or milk. An iced, sweetened version of toasted mate is sold as a soft drink, with or without fruit flavoring. The toasted variety of mate has less of a bitter flavor and more of a spicy fragrance. It is more popular in the coastal cities of Brazil, as opposed to the far southern states where it is consumed in the traditional way (green, drunk with a silver straw from a shared gourd).
Similarly, a form of mate is sold in Argentina, Uruguay and Paraguay in tea bags to be drunk in a similar way to tea. This is known in Spanish as "mate cocido" or "cocido". In Argentina this is commonly drunk with breakfast or as part of "merienda" (roughly, afternoon tea), often with a selection of "facturas" (sweet pastries). It is also made by heating yerba in water and straining it as it cools.
Nomenclature.
The pronunciation of "yerba mate" in standard Spanish is. The Rioplatense dialect spoken in most of Argentina turns the first sound in "yerba" into a postalveolar fricative consonant, giving in regions closer to Buenos Aires, gradually blending into as one goes farther from the city, and eventually to around Mendoza. The word "hierba" is Spanish for grass or herb; "yerba" is a variant spelling of it which is quite common in Argentina. "Mate" is from the Quechua "mati", meaning "cup". "Yerba mate" is therefore literally the "cup herb".
The (Brazilian) Portuguese name is "erva mate" (also pronounced as in some regions) and is also used to prepare the drinks "chimarrão" (hot) or "tereré" (cold). While the tea is made with the toasted leaves, these drinks are made with green ones, and are very popular in the south of the country. The name given to the plant in Guaraní, language of the indigenous people who first cultivated and enjoyed yerba mate, is "ka'a", which has the same meaning as "yerba".
In English-speaking countries, the spelling used is "yerba maté" (with an accented "é") —instead of "yerba mate" (without accent) as in Spanish— indicating that the pronunciation is not the same as the much more common English word "mate", by analogy with words of French origin such as "café" and other words whose "é" distinguishes their pronunciation from otherwise identically spelled English words, such as "résumé" and "resume". Linguistic prescriptivists regard this usage as erroneous, a case of hypercorrection. Purely descriptive linguists regard this sort of usage as a natural evolution of the language. ("See" Linguistic prescription.)
Cultivation.
The plant is grown mainly in South America, more specifically in Northern Argentina (Corrientes, Misiones), Paraguay, Uruguay and southern Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina and Paraná). The Guaraní are reputed to be the first people who cultivated the plant; the first Europeans to do this were Jesuit missionaries, who spread the drinking habit as far as Ecuador.
When the yerba is harvested, the branches are dried sometimes with a wood fire, imparting a smoky flavor. Then the leaves and sometimes the twigs are broken up.
There are many brands and types of yerba, with and without twigs, some with low powder content. Some types are less strong in flavor ("suave", "soft") and there are blends flavored with mint, orange and grapefruit skin, etc.
Chemical composition and properties.
Mate contains xanthines, which are alkaloids in the same family as caffeine, theophylline, and theobromine, well-known stimulants also found in coffee and chocolate. Mate also contains elements such as potassium, magnesium and manganese. Caffeine content varies between 0.3% and 1.7% of dry weight (compare this to 2.5–4.5% for tea leaves, and 1.5% for ground coffee).
Mate products are sometimes marketed as "caffeine-free" alternatives to coffee and tea, and said to have fewer negative effects. This is often based on a claim that the primary active xanthine in mate is "mateine", erroneously said to be a stereoisomer of caffeine (as it is not chemically possible for caffeine to have a stereoisomer). "Mateine" is an official synonym of caffeine in the chemical databases.
Researchers at Florida International University in Miami have found that yerba mate does contain caffeine, but some people seem to tolerate a mate drink better than coffee or tea. This is expected since mate contains different chemicals (other than caffeine) from tea or coffee.
From reports of personal experience with mate, its physiological effects are similar to (yet distinct from) more widespread caffeinated beverages like coffee, tea, or guarana drinks. Users report a mental state of wakefulness, focus and alertness reminiscent of most stimulants, but often remark on mate's unique lack of the negative effects typically created by other such compounds, such as anxiety, diarrhea, "jitteriness", and heart palpitations. (The laxative effect of coffee derives from a substance that surrounds the raw bean, not the caffeine itself.)
Reasons for mate's unique physiological attributes are beginning to emerge in scientific research. Studies of mate, though very limited, have shown preliminary evidence that the mate xanthine cocktail is different from other plants containing caffeine most significantly in its effects on muscle tissue, as opposed to those on the central nervous system, which are similar to those of other natural stimulants. Mate has been shown to have a relaxing effect on smooth muscle tissue, and a stimulating effect on myocardial (heart) tissue.
Mate's negative effects are anecdotally claimed to be of a lesser degree than those of coffee, though no explanation for this is offered or even credibly postulated, except for its potential as a placebo effect. Many users report that drinking yerba mate does not prevent them from being able to fall asleep, as is often the case with some more common stimulating beverages, while still enhancing their energy and ability to remain awake at will. However, the net amount of caffeine in one preparation of yerba mate is typically quite high, in large part because the repeated filling of the mate with hot water is able to extract the highly-soluble xanthines extremely effectively. It is for this reason that one mate may be shared among several people and yet produce the desired stimulating effect in all of them.
In-vivo and in-vitro studies are showing yerba mate to exhibit significant cancer-fighting activity. Researchers at the University of Illinois (2005) found yerba mate to be "rich in phenolic constituents" and to "inhibit oral cancer cell proliferation".
On the other hand, a study by the International Agency for Research on Cancer showed a limited correlation between oral cancer and the drinking of hot mate (no data were collected on drinkers of cold mate). Given the influence of the temperature of water, as well as the lack of complete adjustment for age, alcohol consumption and smoking, the study concludes that mate is "not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans".
An August 11, 2005 United States patent application (documents #20050176777, #20030185908, and #20020054926) cites yerba mate extract as an inhibitor of MAO activity; the maximal inhibition observed "in vitro" was 40–50%. A monoamine oxidase inhibitor is a type of antidepressant, so there is some data to suggest that yerba mate has a calming effect in this regard.
In addition, it has been noted by the U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine that yerba mate can cause high blood pressure when used in conjunction with other MAO inhibitors (such as Nardil and Parnate).

Guarana
Guarana or Guaraná (, or), "Paullinia cupana" (syn. "P. crysan, P. sorbilis"), is a shrub or small tree in the Sapindaceae family. It is native to Venezuela and northern Brazil. The seed of the Guaraná fruit is a stimulant with thermogenic and diuretic properties.
The guaraná fruit's color ranges from orange to red and contain black seeds which are partly covered by white arils. The color contrast when the fruit has been split open has been likened to eyeballs; this has formed the basis of a myth "(see below)".
Guaraná plays an important role in Tupi and Guaraní Brazilian culture. The name 'guaraná' is derived from the Tupi-Guarani word "wara'ná". These tribes believed, it was magical, a cure for bowel complaints and a way to regain strength. They also tell the myth of a 'Divine Child' that was killed by a serpent and whose eyes gave birth to this plant.
Uses.
Guaraná is mainly used as an ingredient in soft drinks and energy drinks. It is also used as a dietary supplement, generally to promote weight loss. In addition, it may be an ingredient in other foods.
Beverages.
In addition to other chemicals, the guaraná plant contains caffeine (sometimes called "guaranine"), theophylline, and theobromine. Water extracts of the guarana plant are central nervous system stimulants due to the content of these alkaloids. Energy drink manufacturers typically add synthetic caffeine or caffeine derived from coffee decaffeination, though many advertise "natural" caffeine from the seeds of guaraná.
Brazil produces several brands of soft drink from guaraná extract that contain no added caffeine. Each differs greatly in flavour; some have only a slight guaraná fruit taste. In Brazil, sales of guaraná drinks are even greater than that of cola drinks. They are typically fizzy and sweet, with a very fruity aftertaste. Most guaraná drinks are produced in Brazil and consumed locally or in nearby countries, such as Paraguay. Major brands include Guaraná Antarctica, Guaraná Schin from Schincariol and Guaraná Brahma from AmBev, Kuat, and Guaraná Jesus, a local Brazilian brand named for the druggist that formulated it. Many local producers also create drinks not for export.
Using it to lose weight.
Studies involving guaraná show benefits to cognitive function. They have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) or any similar government agencies. In the United States, guaraná holds a GRAS-status, i.e. "generally regarded as safe" and must be labeled as "not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease."
The Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics published a study in June 2001. This study shows an average 11.2 pound weight loss in a group taking a mixture of yerba mate, guaraná and damiana, compared to an average 1 pound loss in a placebo group after 45 days.
A university study in Brazil of guaraná extract showed a platelet aggregation decrease of up to 37% of control values and a decrease of platelet thromboxane formation from arachidonic acid of up to 78% of control values. This study may be significant to stroke and heart attack risk reduction because when excess thromboxane formation occurs, an arterial blood clot can develop, resulting in a heart attack or ischemic stroke.
A separate 1997 study of guaraná's effects on the physical activity of rats showed increased memory retention and physical endurance when compared with a placebo.
Other studies have shown antioxidant, antibacterial, and fat cell reduction (when combined with conjugated linoleic acid) properties in guaraná
Although side-effects of guaraná are rare, drugs.com recommends, "When considering the use of herbal supplements, consultation with a primary health care professional is advisable. Additionally, consultation with a practitioner trained in the uses of herbal/health supplements may be beneficial, and coordination of treatment among all health care providers involved may be advantageous". Drugs.com also advises not to mix guaraná with ephedrine.
What guarana is made of.
Guaraná seeds consist of mostly reddish vegetable fiber and resin with a small amount of oil and water. Guarana contains different amounts of caffeine, theobromine, theophylline and other alkaloids, compared to coffee, tea, mate, or cocoa.
Duke1992a: Duke, James A. 1992. "Handbook of phytochemical constituents of GRAS herbs and other economic plants." Boca Raton, FL. CRC Press.
Guaranine and caffeine.
The chemical "guaranine" is identical to caffeine coming from other sources, for example coffee, tea and mate. Guaranine, theine, mateine are all official synonyms for caffeine.

Engrish
Engrish is a word that is used to talk about types of the English language with grammar mistakes in them. Engrish can be found in East Asian countries, and also many places in other places where a lot of East Asians live. Engrish has been found on many things from poorly translated signs, menus, and manuals to strangely worded advertisements, food items, and strange t-shirt slogans. Engrish also sometimes happens when a word or sentence is badly translated on the Internet.

Sacred cow
In the religion of Hinduism, the animal called a "cow" is thought to be sacred, or very holy. Most Hindus respect the cow for her gentle nature which represents the main teaching of Hinduism, non-injury (ahimsa). The cow also represents ghee and strength. Hindus do not worship the cow, but the cow is very honored in society, and most Hindus do not eat beef (the meat that come from cows). By honoring this gentle animal (living thing that isn't a plant) that gives more than it takes, Hindus honor all creatures.
Elaboration.
It is not known whether the cow was sacred and forbidden in the Hindu diet from ancient Vedic times. However, reverence for cows can be found in all the religion's major texts.
The cow gives milk and cream, yogurt and cheese, butter and ice cream, ghee and buttermilk. The milk of a cow is believed to refine a person. The ghee (clarified butter) from the milk is used in ceremonies and in preparing religious food. Cow dung is used as fertilizer, as a fuel and as a disinfectant in homes. Modern science states that the smoke from cow dung is a powerful disinfectant and is good against pollution. The cow's urine is also used for religious ceremonies as well as for medical reasons.
Cow as a symbol.
To the Hindu, the cow represents all other creatures. Hindus believe that all living creatures are sacred—mammals, fishes, birds. The cow is more, a symbol of the Earth. It always gives and feeds, representing life and the support of life. Honoring the cow inspires in people the virtues of gentleness and connectedness with nature. The cow takes nothing but water, grass and grain, while it gives of its milk, as does the liberated soul give of his spiritual knowledge.
In the Hindu tradition, the cow is honored, garlanded and given special feedings at festivals all over India, most importantly the annual Gopashtama festival. Its nature is represented in Kamadhenu, the divine, wish-fulfilling cow. In India, more than 3,000 institutions called Gaushalas care for old and infirm cows. The gift of a cow is applauded as the highest kind of gift.
Quotes.
“One can measure the greatness of a nation and its moral progress by the way it treats its animals. Cow protection to me is not mere protection of the cow. It means protection of all that lives and is helpless and weak in the world. The cow means the entire subhuman world.” Mahatma Gandhi.
“The cows have come and have brought us good fortune. In our stalls, contented, may they stay! May they bring forth calves for us, many-colored, giving milk for Indra each day. You make, O cows, the thin man sleek; to the unlovely you bring beauty. Rejoice our homestead with pleasant lowing. In our assemblies we laud your vigor.” Rig Veda (4.28.1;6) In the Rig Veda, cows represent wealth and joyous Earthly life. Several hymns refer to ten thousand and more cattle.

Murti
In Hinduism, a murti (also spelled murthi or murthy) usually means an image in which the Divine Spirit is expressed ('murta'). Hindus call the presence of God into the image so that they can communicate with him and receive his blessings.
Role of murtis in worship.
Murtis sometimes are abstract, but almost always stone or metal images of God in a human-like form like Shiva or Ganesha, Rama or Krishna, Saraswati or Kali. Murtis are made according to strict prescriptions and then installed by highly trained priests through a ceremony. The priests can then call on God in the image daily.
Murtis in Hindutemples and shrines are a mystical form of communication with God and devas. This is similar to our ability to communicate with others through the telephone. One does not talk to the telephone; rather the telephone is a way to interact with another person. Without the telephone, one could not have a conversation across long distances; and without the sanctified image in the temple, one cannot easily talk with the Deity.
Going beyond murtis in Hinduism.
The image or murti of worship is a focus for prayers, although Hindus can see God is in all things, in stone and water, fire, air and ether, in the enlightened person of a satguru and inside their own soul. Some temples do not have any murti in the sanctum but a symbolic diagram. Some Hindu branches reject the worship of images.
In Hinduism, one of the highest achievements is when one goes beyond the need of all form and symbol. This is the yogi’s goal obtained through meditation. In this way, Hinduism is one of the least image-oriented of all the religions of the world. However, Hinduism is also one of the religions that uses more symbols to represent God in preparation for getting beyond them.
Sacred images in other religions.
Image worship appears to be an intelligent, mystical practice shared by all of the world’s great religions. All religions have their symbols of holiness: the Christian cross, or statues of Mother Mary and Saint Theresa, the holy Kaaba in Mecca, the Sikh Adi Granth enshrined in the Golden Temple in Amritsar, the Arc and Torah of the Jews, the image of a meditating Buddha, the totems of indigenous and Pagan faiths, and the artifacts of the holy men and women of all religions. Any Christian respects the Bible and considers it sacred. His book and the Hindu’s murtis are similar in this way.
Critics of image worship consider this practice "idolatry". People who practice idolatry believe that God is the material object itself. Instead, Hindus worship murtis to call on the presence of the spiritual God and then communicate with him.

Virtual memory
Most computers contain some form of Memory. In order to make use of this memory, they must talk to it in some way.
Types of memory.
There are different kinds of memory. Some of the memory might be stored on a disk, other memory might be physical RAM.
It is the connection between processor and physical main memory.Ihe address specified by progam is translated by memory control cicuitry into such a address which can be accessed in physical memory,this is called virtual or logical address.
Location of memory.
Each program has its own memory space. When the program addresses some memory that is on disk, this block is loaded into RAM, where it can be addressed. While the block is read into RAM, the program is stopped.
Tapping into the memory.
The operating system itself may also use this technique. With Microsoft Windows, a hidden file is created an used. Unix-like systems use a whole disk partition for this. The loading of a block of memory into ram is called paging or swapping.

Bolshoi Theatre
The Bolshoi Theatre (Russian: Большой театр, Bol'shoy Teatr, Large Theater) is a theatre and opera company in Moscow, Russia, which gives performances of ballet and opera.

Guild
A Guild is an association of craftspeople. Several people in the same craft or trade got together and formed a guild. That way it was easier for them to stand up for their interests, for example in politics. They maybe watched other people who did the same job to make sure that they didn't cheat any customers. The earliest guilds were probably formed in India around 3800 BC. Being a member of a guild was a privilege, which had to be gained.
Guilds were common place in the cities of the Middle Ages. After that, around 1700 to 1800 their influence lessened. Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Adam Smith very very much opposed to the idea of guilds. They believed that guilds hindered economic development and free trade.

Delara Darabi
Delara Darabi (دلارا دارابى) (born September 29, 1986) is a Iranian girl, who was sentenced to death at age of 17 and is facing execution by public hanging. She was convicted for murder, despite her highly probably innocence.
Delara's sentence was upheld by Iran's Supreme Court. The only person who could commute the sentence is Iranian Head of Judiciary, Ayatollah Mahmoud Hashemi Shahroudi.
In January 2007, Delara attempted to commit suicide.
Delara is kept in Rasht Prison. According to her family and attorney, her health condition is not good. She was severely beaten by prison guards and fellow prisoners and left with a broken arm. Conditions in prison are extremely poor, leading Delara to repeatedly file requests to be transferred to another prison with better sanitary and overall conditions. Her requests have not been answered.
Delara is also a talented painter, poet and pianist. Her paintings were exhibited in Tehran and, recently, in Amsterdam.
Campaigns to Save Delara.
There is a petition on-line to save Delara. A similar petition was started by Miss Canada 2003 Nazanin Afshin-Jam for another Iranian minor, Nazanin Fatehi, who was also sentenced to death. After worldwide attention and over 350 000 signatures Nazanin Fatehi was finally found innocent and freed. Amnesty International has also made many public statements and a letter campaign about Delara.
Personal backround.
She was born in city of Rasht (Province of Gilan), where he was a high-school student before her arrest. She has three sisters: Elaheh (21-year old), Ghazale (19) and Sheida (8). Elaheh and Ghazale are college students.
Her sisters were also born in Rasht.

Freestyle football
Freestyle football is a one man sport in which you kick a football. You are not allowed to touch the ball with your hands. Freestyle football is a new sport, which has grown in popularity in recent years.
Freestyle football is about keeping the ball off the ground using the skill of juggling with your feet. Many people can do this well and also add in tricks. The most famous trick is known as 'around the world'. there are 5 or more variations of 'around the world'. Freestyle football can be performed anywhere.

Croydon
Croydon is a place in south London, England and is part of the London Borough of Croydon. It is the 20th best shopping area in the UK, and currently has two shopping centres called Centrale and the Whitgift Centre, with a third one called Park Place planned. There is a large bus station on the edge of Croydon, called West Croydon, and two train stations.
The town is well known for holding a lot of offices for companies to let. The council wants to keep Croydon a big town by building more offices and entertainment facilites so a new re-generation plan called the Croydon Gateway is planned. Purley Way, just south of Croydon, is a large retail park area which has many shops like Comet, Sainsbury's, McDonald's, IKEA, Argos, M&S, Boots along with a cinema and bowling alley.
Tramlink, a tram system, is mainly centred in Croydon. It is the only tram system in the whole of London at the moment. There are three routes that operate on the system, Route 1, Route 2 and Route 3 or Yellow, Red and Green. The tram goes to places like Elmers End and Beckenham in Bromley, Wimbledon and Mitcham in Merton and Addington and Addiscombe in Croydon.

Addington
Addington is a village in the London Borough of Croydon in south London. Addington is home to many historical sites in Croydon, like Croydon Palace and the Addington Palace. St Mary's Church is also in Addington and is known for the cross commemorating five archbishops in the foreground. Before the tram system was introduced in 2000 connections to the town were very short with only a few buses to Croydon.
The reputation of Addington is not good. People see it as run down and not very nice, meaning that a lot of people from elsewhere in London try to avoid it. New Addington is a town close by to Addington. Once there was only one school in the village and all the children went to it, now that school has been demolished.

Flag of India
The modern Flag of The Republic of India has three colours and are placed horizontally. On the top is saffron, which is like orange. In the middle is white. On the bottom is green. In the middle of the white is a blue wheel with 24 spokes.The Chakra or the wheel symbolizes the Power of the State governed by Dharma.

Coat of Arms of India
The coat of arms of a country is a symbol that the country uses for itself. The coat of arms of India is the symbol of India. It has four Indian lions standing on a circle. The idea for this coat of arms was taken from the Sarnath Lion Capital that was built by an Indian emperor named Ashoka. He built it around 250 BCE using a single piece of polished sandstone.

Spanish Wikipedia
The Spanish Wikipedia (In Spanish: "Wikipedia en español") is a Spanish-language edition of Wikipedia. Started in May 2001, it included 100,000 articles on March 8, 2006. Currently, it is the 9th-largest Wikipedia as articles count. On November 18, 2007 the Spanish Wikipedia included 300,000 articles.

Crystal Palace
Crystal Palace is a place and former site of a landmark in London, England. The town is located between the London Boroughs of Croydon, Bromley, Lambeth, Southwark and Lewisham.
The town is home of the Crystal Palace television mast, a large aerial which receives television and radio signals so that people in London can hear or see the channels. The Croydon Transmitter was also put in Crystal Palace, so if something went wrong with the Crystal Palace Ariel this one could take over.
The space used to hold The Crystal Palace, a large building made mostly out of glass. It was called The Great Exhibition of 1851 and used to be in Hyde Park, but the palace was moved to Crystal Palace in 1854. People went to it for over seven decades. Sydenham Hill, where the Crystal Palace was, is one of the highest locations in London and the size of the palace made it easy to see from Central London. This lead to the area around the building becoming known as Crystal Palace instead of Sydenham Hill. The palace was destroyed by fire on the 30th November 1936 and the site of the building and its grounds are now known as Crystal Palace Park and include an olympic sized swimming pool.
Crystal Palace Park is a large park in Crystal Palace, which is known across South London, mainly for the statues of the dinosaurs. There is also a stadium used for national athletics and a large sports centre.
There is no town centre in Crystal Palace, as most of the area is covered by homes, although many people confuse Upper Norwood town centre (which has a Sainsbury's in it) as Crystal Palace. Anerley is also close by. There is a bus station on Crystal Palace Parade and there is a train station in Crystal Palace for Central London and Croydon.

Al-Askari mosque
Al-`Askarī or the `Askariyya Mosque/Shrine (Arabic: مرقد الامامين علي الهادي والحسن العسكري; transliterated: "Marqad al-Imāmayn `Alī l-Hādī wa l-Ħassan al-`Askarī") is a Shī`a Muslim holy site. It is located in the Iraqi city of Samarra. Samara is 60 miles from Baghdad. It is one of the most important Shīite mosques in the world. It was built in 944. Its dome was destroyed in February 2006 (see al-`Askarī Mosque Bombing).
The remains of the tenth and eleventh Shī`a Imāms, `Alī l-Hādī and his son Hassan al-`Askarī, known as "the two "`Askarī"s" ("al-`Askariyyān"), rest at the shrine. It stands next to a shrine to the Twelfth or "Hidden" Imām, Muħammad al-Mahdī. The `Askariyya Shrine is also known as the "Tomb or Mausoleum of the Two Imāms", "the Tomb of Imāms `Alī l-Hādī and Hassan al-`Askarī" and "al-Hadhratu l-`Askariyya".
Also buried inside the Mosque are the remains of Hakimah Khatun, sister of `Alī l-Hādī, and of Narjis Khatun, mother of Muħammad al-Mahdi.
"Time" magazine reported at the time of the Al Askari Mosque bombing that “al-Askari [is] one of Shi'ite Islam's holiest sites. Only the shrines of Najaf and Karbala are more important. Even Samarra's Sunnis hold al-Askari in high esteem. The expression 'to swear by the shrine' is routinely used by both communities".
History.
The Imāms `Alī l-Hādī (also known as "an-Naqī") and Hassan al-`Askarī lived under house arrest in the part of Samarra that had been Caliph al-Mu'tasim's military camp ("`Askaru l-Mu'tasim"). As a result, they are known as the "`Askariyyān" ("Dwellers in the Camp"). They died and were buried in their house on Abī Ahmad Street near the mosque built by Mu'tasim. A later tradition attributes their deaths to poison.
The shrine around their tombs was built in 944 by the Hamdanid governor Nasīr ad-Dawla. It became a focus for pilgrims. It was developed and rebuilt several times in following centuries, including, in particular, by Arslan al-Basasiri around 1053 and by Caliph an-Nasīr li-Dīn Allāh in 1209.
Nasir ad-Din Shah Qajar undertook the latest remodelling of the shrine in 1868, with the golden dome added in 1905. Covered in 72,000 gold pieces and surrounded by walls of light blue tiles, the dome was a dominant feature of the Samarra skyline. It was approximately 20 metres in diameter by 68 metres high.
2006 attack.
On February 22, 2006, at 6:55 a.m. local time (0355 UTC) explosions occurred at the mosque. The explosions destroyed its golden dome and severely damaged the mosque. Several men, one wearing a military uniform, had earlier entered the mosque. They tied up the guards there and set explosives, which resulted in the blast. Two bombs were set off by five to seven men dressed as personnel of the Iraqi Special forces who entered the shrine during the morning.
2007 attack.
At around 9 a.m. on 13 June 2007, suspected al-Qaeda people destroyed the two remaining 36m-high golden minarets flanking the dome's ruins. No fatalities were reported. Iraqi police have reported hearing "two nearly simultaneous explosions coming from inside the mosque compound at around 9 a.m." A report from state run Iraqia Television stated that "local officials said that two mortar rounds were fired at the two minarets."

Hathor
Hathor was an Egyptian goddess. She was a cow goddess and was associated with the Milky Way. She was the daughter of Ra.

Santorini
Santorini is a Greek island. The capital is Thira. Santorini is 63 miles from the island of Crete. The total population is 13,600. Santorini is a caldera.
Human presences on the island seem to have existed since the middle of the 3rd millennium B.C. The excavations at Akrotiri have confirmed that human activity on the island continued until the eruption of the volcano around 1500 B.C, which entirely buried the island beneath very thick layers of pozzuolona, At that point, all traces of human activity vanished from the island until the end of the 13th century B.C.
According to Herodotus, the island was initially called Strongyle (the Round One). Then later, because of its beauty, it was named Kalliste (the Fairest One). The Phoenicians settled in Kalliste, and after the Phoenicians, the Lacedaemonians arrived and renamed the island after their leader, Theras. In the 9th century B.C. Thera, became an important stopping point of that era in the travel routes between the East and the West. The Phoenician alphabet was adopted at this time for writing in the Greek language. Interestingly though, the conservative Therans, did not follow the cultural development of their counterparts in the other Cycladic islands. At about 630 B.C the Therans reached the north coast of the African continent where they founded Cyrene, the only Theran colony. From as early on as the 6th century B.C. Thera had its own coinage. During the Classical period in Greece [5th and 4th century B.C.] Thera did not play any significant role in the events of that Hellenic time. During the Peloponesian War Thera sided with Sparta, as expected. In Hellenistic times the island's strategic position made Thera an important base for the war campaigns in the Aegean of the successors to Alexander the Great.
During the Roman Empire, Thera was little more than a small, insignificant island. However, when Christianity reached the island early, an organized church was established by the 4th century A.D. The island had neither political nor military significance in Byzantine times, although Alexius I Comnenus [1081 - 1118] founded the church of the Panagia Episkopi at Gonia. After the fall of Constantinople in the Fourth Crusade [1204], the Duchy of Naxos was founded and Thera became the seat of one of the four Catholic Bishops of the Duchy. The name Santorini was given at that time by the Crusaders, named after a small chapel of Agia Irini [Santa Irene] which some say was located at Perissa and others say it was at Riva on Therasia.
In the years under Frankish rule [1207 - 1579], Santorini experienced the development of a thriving cotton cultivation and viticulture, but the island suffered as much from piratical raids as it did from the rivalries between the local Latin rulers as well as the Duke and the Sultan.
The Turkish dominion [1579 - 1821] resulted in the abolition of piracy and the development of international trade. The Santorinians created close contacts with the great harbours of the Eastern Mediterranean (Alexandria, Constantinople, Odessa) where they founded important communities.
In 1821, Santorini with its shipping power, took part in the fight for independence from the Turks, and in 1830, the island became part of the independent Greek state. Up until the beginning of the 20th century shipping, textiles, tomato production and viticulture were all flourishing markets, but the change from sail to steam-driven ships and the relocation of the island's factories to mainland Greece had a negative effect on the island's economy. After the 1956 earthquake there was a huge decrease in the population resulting in an economic catastrophe. Towards the end of the 1970s however, tourism began to develop, bringing economic relief to the island.
The present-day crescent shape of the island is a consequence of the activity of the volcano in prehistoric times. The island itself owes its very existence to the volcano.
The last huge eruption of the volcano dates back 3,600 years, to the late bronze age. Thirty million cubic meters of magma in the form of pumice and ash were blown to a height of up to 36 kilometers above the island. Pumice deposits, dozens of meters thick, buried one of the most prosperous pre-historic settlements of that period, feeding the myth of the lost Atlantis.
The mild activity of the volcano after this major eruption continues into the present (the most recent eruption occurred in 1950) building up two small islands within the caldera, Palea and Nea Kameni. These islands represent the volcano's most recent activity.
The marvelous dry climate and continuous sunshine create year around conditions which are perfect for observation, photographs and videos under an extraordinary variety of natural lights and colours that give the visitor the exceptional advantage of reaching the interior of the volcano by boat.
Since the 1st of January 2002, the Euro (EUR) is the currency of Greece. Notes in circulation are 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200 and 500 euro while coins are in denominations of 1 euro, 2 euro, 1 cent, 2 cents, 5 cents, 10 cents and 20 cents. A currency converter is available here.
The banks on Santorini are open 8.00 am-2.30 pm Monday to Thursday and 8.00 am-2.00 pm on Friday. ATMs are available in almost all villages on Santorini. Most accept Visa and MasterCards as well as debit cards of internationally recognised networks.
The electricity supply in Greece is alternating current, 220-250 volts, 50 cycles. Appliances for 110 or 120 volts may be operated by using step down transformers of 220 - 250/110 volts connected to each outlet.
Bottled water is recommended for drinking. Tap water can be used for washing, bathing and cleaning your teeth. In the area of Oia the tap water that comes from the local desalination plant is drinkable.
There is a taxi stand in the square of Fira. With just a phone call you can be picked up from any point. The price of your journey is based on a catalogue issued by the Ministry of Transport and not based on the taxi's meter. KTEL buses carry out daily bus routes to almost all destinations. The KTEL terminal is also located in the square of Fira next to the taxis.
ELTA is the official name of the postal service and their colours are blue and yellow. The main postal offices on Santorini are located in Fira, Emporio and Oia. Postal agencies are located in Pyrgos, Kamari and Perissa. Mailboxes are available in all the villages of Santorini. A standard letter or postcard less than 20 grams sent anywhere in Europe or abroad costs €0.65 (as per April 2007).
Most hotels provide Internet access for their guests. Internet cafés are available mostly in Fira.

Samarra
Sāmarrā (Arabic,سامراء) is a town in Iraq.
It is on the east bank of the Tigris in the Salah ad Din Governorate, 125 km north of Baghdad. In 2002, about 201,700 people lived there.
Medieval Islamic writers believed that the name “Samarra” is derived from the Arabic phrase, “Sarre men ra’a” "سر من رأى" which translates to “A joy for all who see”. It was changed later by Armenian soldiers to "Samarra" "ساء من رأى" which means "A sad for all who see".
Al-Askari mosque, an important Shi'a holy site, is located here.

Holy See
The Holy See (Latin: "Sancta Sedes", "holy seat") is the office of the Bishop of Rome — the Pope.
The term Holy See means also the Pope and the Roman Curia—that means the central government of the Roman Catholic Church.
Every episcopal see is seen as holy and the Eastern Orthodox Church constantly applies the adjective "holy" or "sacred" () to all its sees, but "the Holy See" (in the singular and with the definite article and no other specification) normally means the see of Rome, which is also called "the Apostolic See". While "Apostolic See" can refer to any see founded by any of the Apostles, the term is in this case used to refer to the see of the bishop seen as successor of the chief of the Apostles, Saint Peter.
Aside from Rome, the archiepiscopal See of Mainz, which was also of electoral and primatial rank, is the only other Western see that bears the title of "Holy See", although this usage is less common.
Organization of the Holy See.
The Pope governs the Church through the Roman Curia. The Roman Curia consists of the Secretariat of State, nine Congregations, three Tribunals, 11 Pontifical Councils, and a complex of offices that administer church affairs at the highest level. The Secretariat of State, under the Cardinal Secretary of State, directs and coordinates the Curia. The current incumbent, Tarcisio Cardinal Bertone, is the Holy See's equivalent of a prime minister. Archbishop Dominique Mamberti, Secretary of the Section for Relations With States of the Secretariat of State acts as the Holy See's foreign minister. Bertone and Mamberti have been named in their respective roles under by Pope Benedict XVI in September 2006.
Among the most active of the major Curial institutions are the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, which oversees church doctrine; the Congregation for Bishops, which coordinates the appointment of bishops worldwide; the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples, which oversees all missionary activities; and the Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace, which deals with international peace and social issues.
International organizations.
The Holy See sends a delegate to the Arab League in Cairo. It is also a guest of honour to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe.
The Holy See, not the Vatican City, maintains diplomatic relations with states (such as with the United Kingdom), and participates in international organizations. Foreign embassies are accredited to the Holy See, not to the Vatican City, and it is the Holy See that establishes treaties and concordats with other sovereign entities. When necessary, the Holy See will enter a treaty on behalf of the Vatican City.
Under the terms of the Lateran Treaty, the Holy See has extraterritorial authority over 23 sites in Rome and five Italian sites outside of Rome, including the Pontifical Palace at Castel Gandolfo.
The same authority is extended under international law over the Apostolic Nunciature of the Holy See in a foreign country.

Tigris
The Tigris is a river in the Middle East. It is one of two rivers that define Mesopotamia. Mesopotamia literally means "(the land) between the rivers". The other river is called Euphrates. The source of the river is in the Taurus mountains in Turkey. From there, it flows through various countries, most notably Turkey, Syria and Iraq. The river is 1,900 kilometres long. It comes together with the Euprates in the Shatt-al-Arab(which is called Arvand Rud in Persian). The Shatt-al-Arab flows into the Persian Gulf.

Tawaret
Tawaret was a goddess in ancient Egyptian mythology. She was the demon-wife of Apep, the first god of evil. She was often shown as a hippopotamus. Because female hippos are aggressive to protect their young, pregnant women wore amulets of Tawaret to protect their pregancies.

Seshat
Seshat was the ancient Egyptian idea of knowledge, shown as a goddess. She became the goddess of writing, astronomy/astrology, architecture, and mathematics. When Thoth became the god of wisdom, Seshat was seen as his daughter, or sometimes, as his wife. In art, she was shown as a woman with a stylised papyrus plant above her head. This symbolised writing since the Egyptians wrote on a material that came from papyrus.

Apep
Apep (also spelled Apepi, and Aapep, or Apophis in Greek) in Egyptian mythology was an evil demon. He was associated with darkness and chaos. He was often shown as a snake.
Apep's name was often incorrectly defined as he who was "spat out". It was said that he had been formed by Neith, who had been the god of the ancient waters in the Ennead, from a length of spit she had spat at Nu, the god of the ancient waters in the Ogdoad. Some subsequent commentators speculated that Apep must have been an earlier creator, and chief god, thus explaining why he had so much anger towards Ra.
It was believed that Ra (the sun) each night passed into Duat and then battled with Apep, always winning except for certain days in which Ra is momentarily devoured, what the Egyptians saw as an eclipse.
Instead of being worshipped he was done the exact opposite and spat upon. Models would be made of wax and clay and then burnt, spat upon, and defaced.

Ville Valo
Ville Valo (born November 22, 1976) is a Finnish singer and songwriter. He is the lead singer in the Finnish rock band HIM. He lives in Helsinki, Finland.

Prefix notation
Prefix notation is a mathematical notation. It is a way to write down equations and other mathematical formulae. Prefix notation is also known as "Polish notation". The notation was invented by Jan Łukasiewicz in 1920. He wanted to simplify writing logic equations.
When prefix notation is used, no grouping elements (like parenthesis) are needed.
With prefix notation, the function is noted before the arguments it operates on.
Some CASIO calculators use prefix notation. Some languiages who were influenced by lambda calculus, like LISP use prefix notation.

Nephthys
Nephthys was an ancient Egyptian goddess and often considered "the Mistress of the House". She was the daughter of Nut and Geb. She was also the sister and wife of Seth. She was goddess of protecting the dead, so she is often found on ancient Egyptian coffins. She was the mother of Anubis and the oldest of the goddesses.
Cult.
The Ramesside Pharaohs were particularly devoted to Set's prerogatives and, in the 19th Dynasty, a temple of Nephthys called the "House of Nephthys of Ramesses-Meriamun" was built or refurbished in the town of Sepermeru, midway between Oxyrhynchos and Herakleopolis, on the outskirts of the Fayyum and quite near to the modern site of Deshasheh. Here, as Papyrus Wilbour notes in its wealth of taxation records and land assessments, the temple of Nephthys was a specific foundation by Ramesses II, located in close proximity to (or within) the precinct of the enclosure of Set. To be certain, the House of Nephthys was one of fifty individual, land-owning temples delineated for this portion of the Middle Egyptian district in Papyrus Wilbour. The fields and other holdings belonging to Nephthys's temple were under the authority of two Nephthys-prophets (named Penpmer and Merybarse) and one (mentioned) wa'ab priest of the goddess.
While certainly affiliated with the "House of Set," the Nephthys temple at Sepermeru and its apportioned lands (several acres) clearly were under administration distinct from the Set institution (cf. 'Land Tenure in the Ramesside Period' by S. Katary, 1989). The Nephthys temple was a unique establishment in its own right, an independent entity. According to Papyrus Wilbour (Section 1. 28), another "House of Nephthys of Ramesses-Meriamun" seems to have existed to the north, in the town of Su, closer to the Fayyum region. Interestingly, yet another (probably contemporaneous) temple of Nephthys seems to have existed in the town of Punodjem. The Papyrus Bologna records a complaint lodged by a prophet of the temple of Set in that town regarding undue taxation in his regard. After making an introductory appeal to "Re-Horakhte, Set, and Nephthys" for the ultimate resolution of this issue by the royal Vizier, the prophet (named Pra'emhab) laments his workload. He notes his obvious administration of the "House of Set" and adds: "I am also responsible for the ship, and I am responsible likewise for the House of Nephthys, along with a heap of other temples." (Papyrus Bologna 1094, 5, 8-7, 1).
While the House-of-Nephthys in (ostensibly) Punodjem is not explicitly said to be a foundation of Ramesses II, it may be that Ramesses II founded a series of "temples of Nephthys" (as consort of Set) in order to complement the larger establishments dedicated to her spouse, much in the same way that the smaller temple of Nefertari at Abu Simbel was complementary to (and a dependency of) the "Great Temple" at Abu Simbel. In the roster provided by Papyrus Wilbour, no other divine-consort boasted a land-owning temple of their own within any particular town dominated by a male god. Apparently, Nephthys was deemed quite important enough to merit her own independent sanctuaries. In any event, as "Nephthys of Ramesses-Meriamun," the goddess and her shrine(s) were under the particular endorsement of Ramesses II. The foundations of the Set and Nephthys temples at Sepermeru finally were discovered and identified in the 1980s, and the Nephthys temple was no mere chapel—rather, it was a notable, self-sustaining temple complex within the Set enclosure(cf. 'Les Deesses de l'Egypte Pharaonique', R. LaChaud, 1992, Durocher-Champollion). Likewise, there can be little doubt that a cult of Nephthys existed in the temple and great town of Herakleopolis, north of Sepermeru. A near life-sized statue of Nephthys (currently housed in the Louvre) boasts a curiously altered inscription. The basalt image originally was stationed at Medinet-Habu, as part of the cultic celebration of the Pharaonic "Sed-Festival," but obviously was transferred at some point to Herakleopolis and the temple of Herishef therein. The cult-image's inscription originally pertained to "Nephthys, Foremost of the Sed [Festival] in the Booth of Annals" (at Medinet-Habu), but was re-inscribed or re-dedicated to "Nephthys, Foremost of the [Booths of] Herakleopolis."

Anuket
Anuket was the first ancient Egyptian goddess of the Nile river in areas like Elephantine Island, at the start of the Nile's journey through Egypt, and in nearby parts of Nubia. Her temple was built at the Island of Seheil.
Since the god Khnum and goddess Satis were thought to be the gods of the source of the Nile, Anuket was believed to be their daughter. The Egyptians believed that the two tributaries in her area of the Nile were her arms. Because tributaries move quickly, she became associated with fast-moving things, like arrows, and the gazelle.
In art, she was usually shown as a gazelle, or with a gazelle's head, and sometimes had a headdress of feathers.
When the Nile started its annual flood, the "Festival of Anuket" began. People threw coins, gold, jewelry, and precious gifts into the river, thanking Anuket for the life-giving water. The taboo that was held in several parts of Egypt of not eating fish, which were considered sacred, was lifted during this time.

Proto-Indo-European language
The Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) is the hypothetical common language that was spoken before the Indo-European languages developed.
Discovery and reconstruction.
There are several competing hypotheses about when and where PIE was spoken.
The idea that there was such a language was supported by the fact, that in 1927 Jerzy Kuryłowicz discovered some of the phonemes, one supposed to be Proto-Indo-European in Anatolian.
Method.
There is no direct evidence of PIE, because it was never written. All PIE sounds and words are reconstructed from later Indo-European languages using the comparative method and the method of internal reconstruction. The asterisk is used to mark reconstructed PIE words, such as *' 'water', *' 'dog', or *' 'three (masculine)'. Many of the words in the modern Indo-European languages seem to have derived from such "protowords" via regular sound changes (e.g., Grimm's law).
Phonology.
Other long vowels may have appeared already in the proto-language by compensatory lengthening:.

Ptah
Ptah was the ancient Egyptian god of craftsmen and architects. In art, he is shown as a bearded mummified man, often wearing a skull cap, holding a djed. He was believed to be married to Sekhmet.

Kurt Waldheim
Kurt Josef Waldheim (21 December 1918 – 14 June 2007) was an Austrian diplomat and conservative politician. He was Secretary-General of the United Nations from 1972 to 1981, and President of Austria from 1986 to 1992. At the time of his death he was the oldest living former Secretary-General of the United Nations and the oldest living former President of Austria. On June 14, 2007, Waldheim died of heart failure.
Shortly before 1986, Waldheim published an autobiography. During his campaign to become president in 1986, it became public that some statements in that biography were not true. These were about his past. Waldheim was an officer for Germany in the Second World War. There was a commission of several historians who looked at the issue. They did find that Waldheim had behved as he should have done. He did not commit any War crimes. However, in his role of an officer, he must have known about the deportation of about 40.000 Jews into concentration camps. These transports, as well as the shooting of soldiers were a clear breach of law.
Because of this, he was not allowed to travel to the United States any more.
In 1990, he had a success: Saddam Hussein held several foreigners as hostages at the start of the Second Gulf War. When Waldheim heard this, he personally went to Baghdad. Through talks he could get Saddam to release the Austrian and the Swiss hostages (both countries are neutral)

Mop
A mop is a tool used for cleaning. It is usually pieces of cloth or a sponge attached to the end of a long stick.
A "wet mop" is typically used to clean a floor, while a "dry mop" is used to remove dust.
The mop was invented by Thomas W. Stewart, an African-American inventor, on June 13, 1893.

Pan (mythology)
Pan was the ancient Greek god of pastures. In Rome, he was called Faunus.

Hypothesis
A hypothesis is something that can explain a event. It can propose or suggest how two events relate to each other. The term comes from the Greek, "hypotithenai" meaning "to put under" or "to suppose." The scientific method requires that a scientific hypothesis can be tested. Scientists sometimes create hypotheses on events that have been seen before or on extensions of scientific theories.
Usage.
At first, educated people often referred to a idea or to a approach to math that made hard math easier as a "hypothesis"; when used this way, the word did not necessarily have any specific meaning. Cardinal Bellarmine gave a well known example of the older sense of the word in the warning issued to Galileo in the early 17th century: that he must not treat the motion of the Earth as a reality, but merely as a hypothesis.
In common usage in the 21st century, a "hypothesis" refers to a idea that needs to be tested. A hypothesis needs more work by the researcher in order to check it. A tested hypothesis that works, may become part of a theory or become a theory itself. Normally, scientific hypotheses have the form of a mathematical model.

Observation
Observation is an activity of an intelligent living being (e.g. human), which senses and assimilates the knowledge of a phenomenon in its framework of previous knowledge and ideas.
Observation is more than the bare act of observing: To perform observation, a being must observe and seek to add to its knowledge.
Observations that come from self-defining instruments are often unreliable ­¹. Such observations are hard to reproduce because they may vary even with respect to the same stimuli. Therefore they are not of much use in exact sciences like physics which require instruments which do not define themselves. It is therefore often necessary to use various engineered instruments like: spectrometers, oscilloscopes, cameras, telescopes, interferometers, tape recorders, thermometers etc. and tools like clocks, scale that help in improving the accuracy, quality and utility of the information obtained from an observation.
The accuracy and tremendous success of science is primarily attributed to the accuracy and objectivity (i.e. repeatability) of observation of the reality that science explores.
The role of observation in the scientific method.
Observation plays a role in the first and fourth steps in the above list. Reliance is placed upon the five physical senses: visual perception, hearing, taste, feeling, and olfaction, and upon measurement techniques. Therefore there are always certain limitations in making observations.

East Sutton
East Sutton is a parish (town) about 6 miles South East of Maidstone in Kent, England.
East Sutton is small by number of houses but it is in a large area. East Sutton is home to a women's prison, a council estate of 16 houses and the church of St Peter's and Saint Paul's.

City and town halls
A city hall or town hall is the headquarters of a city or town's administration and usually houses the city or town council, its associated departments and their employees. It is also usually the base of the city, town, borough or county mayor.
In North America, a hall is labeled a "city" or "town" hall depending on the size of the municipality it serves. City halls are usually found in larger cities and town halls in smaller urban areas.
In the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, Hong Kong and many Commonwealth countries, "town hall" is the more common term. During the 1960s many of the older town halls were replaced by "Civic centres". The civic centre was a functional building, offices of the council only, without the art gallery or hall for cultural activities which were a feature of many of the older town halls.
"County hall" is used for the headquarters of County council administrations.

Spectrometer
A spectrometer is an optical instrument used to measure properties of light over a specific portion of the electromagnetic spectrum.
The independent variable is usually the wavelength of the light.
The variable measured is most often the light's intensity but could also, for instance, be the polarization state. A spectrometer is used in spectroscopy for producing spectral lines and measuring their wavelengths and intensities. Spectrometer is a term that is applied to instruments that operate over a very wide range of wavelengths, from gamma rays and X-rays into the far infrared.
In general, any particular instrument will operate over a small portion of this total range because of the different techniques used to measure different portions of the spectrum. Below optical frequencies (that is, at microwave, radio, and audio frequencies), the spectrum analyzer is a closely related electronic device.
Spectroscopes.
Spectrometers are used in spectroscopic analysis to identify materials. Spectroscopes are used often in astronomy and some branches of chemistry. Early spectroscopes were simply a prism with graduations marking wavelengths of light. Modern spectroscopes, such as monochromators, generally use a diffraction grating, a movable slit, and some kind of photodetector, all automated and controlled by a computer. The spectroscope was invented by Gustav Robert Georg Kirchhoff and Robert Wilhelm Bunsen.

Province of Carolina
The Province of Carolina was a British colony in North America from 1663 to 1729. It covered the present states of North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and a part of Florida. An argument over how the it would be governed led to its becoming the Province of North Carolina and the Province of South Carolina. Officially, these two provinces did not become separate colonies until 1729.

Adenosine diphosphate
Adenosine diphosphate (or ADP) is the chemical that plants make ATP from, during photosynthesis.

Tefnut
Tefnut was the ancient Egyptian goddess of water and fertility. She and her brother and husband, Shu, were created by Atum, Ra or Amun. Tefnut was the mother of Nut and Geb. She is associated with the lion. In art she is represent as a woman with head of the lion with Sun disc.

Sobek
Sobek was the ancient Egyptian god of the Nile. In art, he was shown with the head of a crocodile. In temples to Sobek, live crocodiles were kept in pools to honour him.

Lucky Town
"Lucky Town" is a music album by Bruce Springsteen. It was produced by Bruce Springsteen with Jon Landau and Chuck Plotkin. The album was recorded by Toby Scott and mixed by Bob Clearmountain. It was released in 1992 under the copyright of Bruce Springsteen and was distributed by Sony Music.
Songs.
Bruce Springsteen plays all the instruments except the drums, which are played by Gary Mallabar.

Juli
Juli is a German rock/pop band from Gießen, Hesse. Its singer is Eva Briegel, guitarists Jonas Pfetzing and Simon Triebel, bassist Andreas "Dedi" Herde and drummer Marcel Römer. The band was made out of Sunnyglade in 2001.

Member
A member is a person who belongs to a group of people.

Dar es Salaam
Dar es Salaam (دار السلام "Dār as-Salām") is the largest city in Tanzania. It has a population of about 2,500,000 people. The city is also the country's richest city. It is an important economic centre. Dar es Salaam was the capital city of Tanzania until 1996. Even though the capital was moved to Dodoma, Dar Salaam is still the location of much of the country's government. It is also the capital of the Dar es Salaam Region. The citys name in Arabic means "Abode of Peace". Dar es Salaam was at one time called Mzizima.
Population.
The population of Dar es Salaam is increasing at a rate of 4.39% each year. It is the 3rd fastest growing city in Africa and the 9th fastest in the world. The metropolitan area population is expected to reach 5.12 million people by 2020.
Geography.
Dar es Salaam is located on a large harbour on the Eastern Indian Ocean coast of Africa.
Dar es Salaam has tropical weather conditions. This is because it is very near the equator and the warm Indian Ocean. The city usually has hot and humid weather during much of the year. Each year the area has two rainy seasons. These are called 'the long rains' (in April and May) and 'the short rains' (in October and November). Nearly 1100mm of rain fall each year on the area.
History.
In 1859, Albert Roscher of Germany became the first European to go to Mzizima ("healthy town"). In 1866 Sultan Seyyid Majid of Zanzibar gave it its current name. It is an Arabic phrase meaning "Haven of Peace". Dar es Salaam had much growth starting in 1887, when the German East Africa Company created a station there. The town's growth was because it was the administrative and commercial centre of German East Africa. It was also helped by the growth of industry caused by the Central Railway Line in the early 1900s.
German East Africa was captured by the British during World War I and its name was changed to Tanganyika. Dar es Salaam was still the territory's administrative and commercial centre.
After World War II, Dar es Salaam had a period of rapid growth. Tanganyika became independant from colonial rule in December 1961. Dar es Salaam continued to be its capital. It remained the capital when in 1964 Tanganyika and Zanzibar merged to form Tanzania. However, in 1973, it was decided to move the capital to Dodoma. This has not yet been completed, and Dar es Salaam is still Tanzania's primary city.

National Hurricane Center
The U.S. National Hurricane Center (NHC for short), is a department of the National Weather Service's Tropical Prediction Center, which is responsible for tracking and forecasting the likely behavior of tropical depressions, tropical storms and hurricanes. The NHC headquarters are located in Miami, Florida.
When tropical storm or hurricane conditions are predicted within 36 hours, the center issues the proper watches and warnings through the news media and NOAA Weather Radio. Although it is an organization of the United States, the World Meteorological Organization has designated the NHC as Regional Specialized Meteorological Center for the North Atlantic and eastern and central Pacific Ocean. In other words, the NHC is the central source of information for all tropical cyclone forecasts and observations happening in these areas, despite of their effect on the US.

Gaborone
Gaborone is the capital city of Botswana. It has a population of 208,411 people. Gaborone is one of the fastest-growing cities in Africa. Gaborone is located on the Notwane River in the south eastern corner of Botswana. It is from the South African border.
The main campus of the University of Botswana is in the city. Gaborone's airport, Sir Seretse Khama International Airport, is Botswana's main international airport.
History.
Before 1969, the city was known as Gaberones. Gaberones replaced Mafeking as the capital of the Bechuanaland Protectorate in 1965. Mafeking was outside the Bechuanaland Protectorate. It was located in an area of South Africa. When the Protectorate became independent, Botswana needed a capital city that was located inside the country. It had been thought that Lobatse would be the capital. It was later decided that they would create a new capital next to Gaberones, a small colonial administrative settlement.
The original name, Gaberones, is from Gaborone's Village. It was named after Chief Kgosi Gaborone of the BaTlokwa tribe. His village, now called Tlokweng, was just across a river from the "Government Camp" (colonial government headquarters). "Gabs" is still a common nickname for Gaborone. A newer nickname for Gaborone is G-City.
The centre of the city was constructed in three years. It includes Assembly buildings, government offices, a power station, a hospital, schools, a radio station, a telephone exchange, policestations, a post office, and more than 1,000 houses. Much of the city was in place for Independence Day on September 30 1966, when the county became independent of the United Kingdom. The first mayor of Gaborone was Rev J. D. Jones. The old Gaberones became a suburb of the new Gaborone, and is now known as "the Village".

Libreville
Libreville is the capital city of Gabon. It is the largest city in that country. The city has a population of 578,156 people. Libreville is a port on the Gabon River, near the Gulf of Guinea. It is a trade center for a timber region.
The Libreville International Airport, the headquarters for Air Gabon, is about north of the city.
History.
The Mpongwé tribe lived in the area long before the French took control of the land in 1839. The city was founded (as Gabon) in 1843 as a trading station. Freed slaves were sent there from the ship L'Elizia. In 1848 it was named Libreville (French for "Freetown"). It was the chief port of French Equatorial Africa from 1934 to 1946.
Libreville was named in after Freetown. It grew slowly as a trading post and a minor administrative centre. It had a population of 31,000 when it became independant in 1960. Since independence, the city has grown more quickly. Nearly half the of the people of Gabon live in the city.
Things to see.
Sights in Libreville include the National Museum of Arts and Traditions, the French cultural centre, St Marie’s Cathedral, the carved wood church of St Michael, Nkembo, the Arboretum de Sibang and two cultural villages. Gabon's school of administration and school of law are in Libreville. The Omar Bongo University is also in Libreville.
Industry.
The city is home to a shipbuilding industry, brewing industry and sawmills. The city exports raw materials such as wood, rubber and cocoa from the city's main port, and the deepwater port at Owendo.

Brahmaputra
The Brahmaputra is one of the main rivers in Asia. It flows through Tibet, India and Bangladesh. It is long.
It joins with the Ganges river in where it makes a delta. The Ganges delta is one of the biggest deltas in the world.

Lilongwe
Lilongwe is the capital city of African country of Malawi. It lies in the center of the country on the Lilongwe river. It is near the border of Malawi, Mozambique, and Zambia. The city has a population of 597,619 people. Lilongwe is the second largest city in Malawi.
History.
The city started as a small village on the banks of the Lilongwe river. It became a British colonial administrative centre at the beginning of the 20th century. In 1974, the capital of the country was moved from Zomba to Lilongwe. Recently, as part of a change in politics in Malawi, the parliament has been moved to Lilongwe. All parliament members must spend time in the new capital. Lilongwe is now the political centre of Malawi, but Blantyre the economic capital of the country.
Transport.
Lilongwe is visited by Malawi Railways and Shire Bus Lines, local buses and minibuses go between Old Town, City Centre, Kamuzu International Airport, and other urban places, including Mzuzu and Blantyre.
People can get taxis from hotels and a taxi lane on Presidential Way, North of City Centre Shopping Centre. Most roads have a lot of traffic, so most Malawians prefer to, or can only afford to, walk or use a bicycle. There is also an airport, Kamuzu International Airport, which is about 35 km north of Lilongwe.

Shu (god)
In Egyptian mythology, Shu was the god of the air. His name means "dryness". He was the husband and brother of Tefnut. He was the father of Nut and Geb. In art, he was often shown standing on Geb and holding up Nut. On head, he has got an ostrich feather, and in his hand he holding an Ankh.

Malabo
Malabo is the capital city of Equatorial Guinea. It is located on the northern coast of Bioko Island. Its population has grown quickly over the past ten years to about 100,000.
Notable buildings in Malabo include Malabo Cathedral and the Malabo Court Building. The city is served by Malabo International Airport, while ferries sail from its port to Douala and Bata.
History.
The city was first founded by the British in 1827. They paid Spain for use of the island during colonial times. The British named the city Port Clarence. It was used as a naval station help stop the slave trade. Many newly freed slaves settled there before the creation of Sierra Leone as a colony for freed slaves. While many of them later moved to Sierra Leone.
When the island returned to Spanish control, Malabo was renamed Santa Isabel. It replaced the town of Bata as the capital of the country in 1969. The city was renamed Malabo in 1973 because President Francisco Macías Nguema wanted to replace European place names with "authentic" African ones.

Multimedia
Multimedia (Lat. Multum + Medium) is media that uses several forms of information content (e.g. text, audio, graphics, animation, video) to inform or entertain the audience (User). "Multimedia" also means the use of electronic media to store and experience multimedia content.
Multimedia means that computer info can be represented through audio, graphics, image, video and animation in addition to traditional media (text and graphics).
References, Sources, and Notes.
Multimedia Making it Work, by Tay Vaughan, Published by Osborne McGraw Hill 1993 ISBN 0-07-881869

Shield volcano
A shield volcano is a large volcano with shallowly-sloping sides. The name derives from a translation of "Skjaldbreiður", an Icelandic shield volcano whose name means "broad shield," from its resemblance to a warrior's shield.
Shield volcanoes are formed by lava that flows easily. Consequently, a volcanic mountain having a broad profile is built up over time by flow after flow of relatively fluid basaltic lava issuing from vents or fissures on the surface of the volcano. Many of the largest volcanoes on Earth are shield volcanoes.
The largest is Mauna Loa on the Big Island of Hawaii. Shield volcanoes can be so large they are sometimes considered a mountain range, such as the Ilgachuz Range and the Rainbow Range, both of which are located in Canada. These shield volcanoes formed when the North American Plate moved over a hotspot similar to the one feeding the Hawaiian Islands, called the Anahim hotspot. There are also shield volcanoes, for example, in Washington, Oregon, and the Galapagos Islands. The Piton de la Fournaise, on Reunion Island, is one of the more active shield volcanoes on earth, with one eruption per year on average.
Shield volcanoes are known to form on other planets. The largest known mountain in the solar system, Olympus Mons on Mars, is a shield volcano thought to be extinct. Shield volcanoes on Mars are higher and much more massive than those on Earth. However, we don't know if they will erupt again or when.
On Earth, because of plate tectonics, hotspot volcanoes eventually move away from the source of their magma and the volcanoes are individually less massive than might otherwise be the case. Shield volcanoes usually occur along constructive boundaries or above hotspots. However, the numerous large shield volcanoes of the Cascade Range of northern California and Oregon are over a more complex environment.

Caldera
A caldera is a volcanic feature formed by the collapse of land following a volcanic eruption. They are often confused with volcanic craters. The world "caldera" comes from the Spanish language, meaning "cauldron".

Addiscombe
Addiscombe is a town in the London Borough of Croydon, England. The town is between Croydon and Woodside. Three hundred years ago, Addiscombe was a rural area. The area was mainly used for farming and brick-making. There used to be a railway that went through Addiscombe, but in 2000, it was changed to tramlink tracks and a new stop was built.

South Norwood
South Norwood is a town in the London Borough of Croydon, England. It is one of four places in London called Norwood, Norwood New Town, West Norwood and Upper Norwood are the others. There are around 14,590 people living in South Norwood alone. SE25 is the postcode for the area.
Norwood Junction train station is the station which serves most of South Norwood, to Central London. There are two secondary schools in South Norwood called, Harris Academy South Norwood (was Stanley Technical High School) and the other being Harris Academy Crystal Palace. There are also a lot of primary schools in the area.
The writer of the Sherlock Holmes stories lived in South Norwood on Tennison Road from 1891 to 1894. One of his stories was about the area. In 1966, a dog called Pickles discovered the World Cup Jules Rimet Trophy under a bush further up in Beulah Hill.
South Norwood Country Park is a large green space and nature reserve in South Norwood, it was the site of a former sewage farm which was made for the growing population of London. Croydon Sports Arena which holds games for Kent League team Croydon Football Club "(Croydon F.C.)". Crystal Palace F.C. play at Selhurst Park in Norwood. The team, for the 2007-08 season are in the Championship.

Software bug
A software bug is a problem with the code in a computer program which makes it not work properly. They can cause inconvenience to the user may make their computer crash or freeze.
Most bugs are caused by bad programming by the developer, but sometimes they can be caused by compiler problems. When bugs are found, people send bug reports to the developer to tell them about the bug and let them fix it.
Sometimes, people say that their computer has a bug when something is wrong with it. The problem usually caused by a computer virus which has infected their computer and is making it slow or do different things.

Telephone tapping
Telephone tapping or wire tapping/wiretapping is when somebody listens to another person's telephone calls. They usually use a listening device called a "bug" to listen to and record the conversation so that another person can then listen to it later.
This is illegal in most countries, including the UK and US because it means that telephone calls are not private. Sometimes, the police need to 'tap' into telephone calls to catch terrorists or other criminals.

Bug (rivers)
The Western Bug and the Southern Bug are rivers which flow through Poland and Ukraine.

Sara Paxton
Sara Paxton (born April 25, 1988, California) is an American actress and singer. She is best known for acting in the movies "Aquamarine", "Halloweentown 3" and "Darcy's Wildlife". Her mother is a Mexican Jew and her father is an American who converted to Judaism when marrying her mother.

Lipstick
Lipstick is a type of cosmetic used on the lips, to either gloss them or color them.

Lip gloss
Lip gloss is a type of cosmetic used to gloss the lips.

Mbabane
Mbabane is the capital city of the African country of Swaziland. It is located on the Mbabane River and the Polinjane River in the Mdimba Mountains. The city is located in the district of Hhohho. Mbabane is the capital of Hhohho. The city has an estimated population of 70,000 people.
The town grew after the country's administrative centre moved from Manzini in 1902. It is also the commercial center for the surrounding region. Tin and iron are mined nearby.
siSwati is the main language of the city but many people also speak English. The economy of Mbabane, and Swaziland itself, is based on tourism and sugar exports.

Pentecostalism
Pentecostalism is a movement within Evangelical Christianity that places special emphasis on the direct personal experience of God through the baptism of the Holy Spirit (), as shown in the Biblical account of the Day of Pentecost. Pentecostalism is similar to the Charismatic movement, but developed earlier and separated from the mainstream church. Charismatic Christians, at least in the early days of the movement, tended to remain in their respective denominations.
Beliefs.
There are three basic streams of Pentecostal churches. The majority believe that one must be saved by believing in Jesus as Lord and Savior for the forgiveness of sins and to be made acceptable to God. Pentecostals also typically believe, like most other evangelicals, that the Bible has definitive authority in matters of faith. To this first group, speaking in tongues is the sign of the Baptism of the Holy Spirit, but not necessary for salvation. The other two groups fall under an " based salvation message which says that a person needs to repent and be baptized in the name of the Lord Jesus, and then receive the Holy Spirit. In that understanding receiving the Holy Spirit is necessary for salvation and includes speaking in tongues. Of the Acts 2:38 based churches, they fall into four categories of "Jesus Name", "First", "United" or "Oneness" Pentecostals which baptize in Jesus name only, and those that baptize in the name of the Father, the Son and the Holy Ghost.
Because many Pentecostal denominations come from Methodism and the Methodist Holiness Movement, Pentecostal soteriology is generally Arminian rather than Calvinist, believing that the ability to believe in Jesus is a power of the human free will.
Geographical distribution.
Operation World" by Patrick Johnstone and Jason Mandryk, 2000, unless otherwise indicated.

Pentecost
Pentecost (πεντηκοστή, pentekostē [hēmera], "the fiftieth day") is an important feast in the Christian liturgical year, celebrated the fiftieth day after Easter Sunday (the tenth day after Ascension Thursday), Historically and symbolically related to the Jewish harvest festival of Shavuot, it commemorates the descent of the Holy Spirit upon the Apostles and other followers of Jesus as described in the Acts of the Apostles, Chapter 2. Pentecost is also called Whitsun, Whitsunday, or Whit Sunday in the United Kingdom and other English-speaking areas.
The Christian term "Pentecost" simply means "fiftieth" from the Greek, Πεντηκοστή, and has become the more common term in English, particularly

Niamey
Niamey is the capital city of the African country of Niger. It is Niger's largest city. The city is located on the Niger River. Naimey is the administrative, cultural and economic center of the country. The city has a population of 674,950 people.
The city is located in a pearl millet growing region. Manufacturing industries in the city include bricks, ceramic goods, cement and weaving.
History.
Niamey was probably founded during the 18th century. It was of little importance until the French created a colonial post there in the 1890s. The city grew quickly after that happened. In 1926, it became the capital of Niger. The population grew slowly from about 3,000 people in 1930 to around 30,000 in 1960, 250,000 in 1980 and 675,000 in 2002. The major cause of the increase has been immigration during droughts.
Things to see.
Things to see in the city include the Niger National Museum. The museum includes a zoo, a museum of vernacular architecture, a craft centre, and displays including dinosaur skeletons and the Tree of Ténéré. The city also has American, French and Nigerien cultural centres, two major markets, and a traditional wrestling arena.
The city is the site of Diori Hamani International Airport, the National School of Administration, and Abdou Moumouni University of Niamey.

Basic Roman spelling of English
In compliance with these phonemic principles, Basic Roman explicates the vowel alternations in stressed syllables originating in the Great Vowel Shift of Early Modern English, offering a wider international perspective that transcends Chomsky’s defense of traditional English orthography. The Basic Roman system serves no particular standard of English pronunciation, but rather provides the means that could be used for the spelling of different varieties of English. The system uses 22 Roman letters to represent the set of English phonemes considered by J.C. Wells; the letters ‘j’, ‘q’, ‘w’ and ‘x’ are not used.
The Extended Basic Roman is close to one-to-one phoneme-grapheme correspondence, paving the way to a pronunciation respelling for English by means of the closely related Roman Phonetic Alphabet for English.

Wadjet
In Egyptian mythology, Wadjet was the goddess of childbirth and children. She was often shown in art as a cobra. She was the protector of lower Egypt. Later, she became the protector of kings.

Buto
Buto or Butos or Butosos, was the later, Greek name for an ancient Egyptian city 95 km east of Alexandria in the Nile Delta of Egypt. It is the modern "Kem Kasir".
History.
Buto originally was two cities, Pe and Dep, which merged into one city that the Egyptians named "Per-Wadjet". The goddess Wadjet was its local goddess, often represented as a cobra, and she was considered the patron deity of Lower Egypt.
The city was an important site in Ancient Egypt since more than ten thousand years. Archaeological evidence shows that Upper Egyptian culture replaced the Buto-culture at the delta when Upper and Lower Egypt were unified.
Uses.
The Greek historians told that town was celebrated for its temple and oracle of the goddess Wadjet.
They also told that at Buto there was also a sanctuary of Horus.

Roman Phonetic Alphabet for English
The Roman Phonetic Alphabet for English is a system based on the Extended Basic Roman spelling of English, augmented with two pairs of stress marks in order to disambiguate words that share the same spelling but have different meanings, and ensure a one-to-one phoneme-grapheme correspondence. The system has certain similarities to the systems of the NBC Handbook of Pronunciation, the Carnegie Mellon version of Arpabet alphabet, and the World Book Dictionary.

Scribe
A scribe is an ancient occupation. A scribe's job involved learning reading and writing, especially during the Renaissance. Being a scribe usually involved duties like writing historical records for kings, nobility, temples and cities. Later, it changed into public servants, journalists, accountants and lawyers. However, present-day journalists and authors are the closest jobs to ancient scribes.
Egyptian scribes.
The Ancient Egyptian scribe was an important job. The scribes in ancient Egypt had its companion people who were the painters and artisans who decorated tombs, buildings, furniture, statues, and other relics with pictures and hieroglyphics. In Ancient Egypt, only males could be scribes.
Being a scribe was very hard. The scribes had to be able to write the hieroglyphs quickly, and know math. They used a type of paper called papyrus, made from reeds.

Ascension
Ascension means - following Christian doctrine - that Jesus bodily ascended to heaven in the presence of his apostles, forty days following his resurrection.
In this context the term "heaven" means a physical reunion of Christ with God the Father. That makes a difference to a concept of spiritual transformation and experience of the Divine which is common to the mystical traditions of many world religions. It is narrated in Mark, Luke, Acts, and.
This is affirmed by Christian liturgy in the Apostles' Creed and the Nicene Creed.
Ascension Day is officially celebrated on a Thursday, the fortieth day of Easter. However not all countries hold the feast on this day. The feast is one of the ecumenical feasts (i.e., universally celebrated), ranking with the feasts of the Passion, of Easter and of Pentecost among the most solemn in the ecclesiastical calendar.
History.
The observance of this feast is of great antiquity. Although no documentary evidence of it exists prior to the beginning of the fifth century, St. Augustine says that it is of Apostolic origin, and he speaks of it in a way that shows it was the universal observance of the Church long before his time.

Need for Speed
Need for Speed is a series of computer video games. The series is the most popular computer car racing game. The game series is created by EA Games.
At the moment there are 13 different games in the series.

Jeanne Calment
Jeanne Louise Calment (February 21, 1875 – August 4, 1997) was a French supercentenarian who, at age 122 years 164 days, was the verified oldest person ever. She was active during her life, and lived on her own until she was almost 110, and talked a lot until months before her death. She became the oldest undisputed person ever in 1989, discounting the disputed cases of Carrie C. White and Shigechiyo Izumi.

François Truffaut
François Truffaut (February 6, 1932 – October 21, 1984) was a French movie director, very popular in the 1960s for such noted movies as The 400 Blows, Jules and Jim, The Wild Child and others.

Leif Ericson
Leif Ericson(c. 970 – c. 1020) was a Norse explorer. He was the first European to travel to North America. Ericson was born in Iceland. His father was Erik the Red, who had created colonies in Greenland. Ericson is said to have visited North America long before anyone else in Europe did. The place he probably went to was Newfoundland in Canada.

Thomas More
Sir Thomas More or Saint Thomas More (February 7, 1478 – July 6, 1535), was an English writer, lawyer, and statesman. He held many important jobs including Speaker of the House of Commons, Lord Chancellor and advisor to the King Henry VIII. He also invented the world "utopia", which means: "an ideal place to live". This is described in a book called "Utopia". When King Henry left the Roman Catholic Church because the Pope would now allow him a divorce from his first wife, he started The Church of England. More, a devout Catholic, did not accept the King as head of the Church. Because of this, he was arrested and executed for treason. He was thought of as a martyr and made a saint by the Roman Catholic Church in 1935. His feast day is on June 22 and he is the patron of lawyers and politicans. A play and movie called A Man For All Seasons is based on his life.

Juan Perón
Juan Domingo Perón (October 8, 1895 – July 1, 1974) was an Argentine general and politician. He served as President of Argentina from 1946 to 1955, ruling with Eva and again from 1973 to 1974 with his wife Isabel, who was his vice president. In Argentina, he and his second and wife Eva or Evita are considered icons by many people, especially members of Peronist party, which he started and is still popular today. He was elected in 1946. In 1955 he was overthrown and force to leave the country. In 1973, he returned and ran for President again with his third wife Isabel as Vice-President and was elected. He died less than a year after being elected. His widow, Isabel took his place, which made the first woman to be the head of a country's government in the Western hemisphere.

Kashrut
Kashrut (Hebrew: כשרות, pronounced to rhyme with "wash-ROOT"; usually translated as Kosher) is the name Jews give to the laws about the kind of food that they may eat. Their holy books specify certain kinds of food that are all right to eat, and that other kinds should not be eaten.
The Kashrut laws say that products classified as meat must not be eaten in the same meal with dairy products. Fish, fruit, and vegetables are considered neutral, called "pareve" (pronounced "PAR-veh"), and may be eaten with either meat or dairy meals. Jews who "keep kosher" have separate utensils for meat and dairy foods, and wait a number of hours after eating one type of food before eating the other type.
The meat of some animals may not be eaten at all. Animals whose meat may be eaten must be killed in a special, careful way by a religiously trained slaughterer. Meat that is not fit to eat is called "treif" (pronounced TRAYf).

Cartagena de Indias
Cartagena (pronounced in Spanish; the usual English pronunciation is or), also known as Cartagena de Indias ("Cartagena of the West Indies"), is a large city seaport on the northern coast of Colombia.It is the capital of the Bolívar Department. As of 2005, it has a population of roughly 895,400. It was founded in 1533 by Don Pedro de Heredia, and named after the port of Cartagena in Spain's Murcia region. It was a major centre of early Spanish settlement in the Americas, and continues to be an economic hub as well as a popular tourist destination.

Greta Garbo
Greta Garbo (Born Greta Gustafsson, September 18, 1905 – April 15, 1990) was a Swedish actress. She became famous in Sweden when she acted in the silent film "Gösta Berlings saga" (the film was based on a novel by Selma Lagerlöf). She went to Hollywood, and soon became one of the world's most popular movie stars. She quit acting and retired in 1942 and kept to herself for the rest of her life.

Anita Ekberg
Anita Ekberg (born on September 29, 1931 in Malmö, Skåne) is a Swedish actress. She is most famous for the film "La Dolce Vita" (1960), directed by Federico Fellini.

World Championship Wrestling
World Championship Wrestling (known better by its abbreviation WCW) was a professional wrestling company that went out of business in 2001 when it was purchased by what was then the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) (now World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE)) and it's owner Vince McMahon. Within 3 weeks of the purchase the infamous storyline called "The Invasion" started. The storyline centered around WCW trying to take over the WWF and put the WWF out of business. In storyline, the owner of WCW was Vince's son Shane McMahon.

The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air
"The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air" was a popular American television series. It was a sitcom that aired on NBC from September 10, 1990, to May 20, 1996. It starred Will Smith.

Nation of Domination
The Nation of Domination (NoD) was a professional wrestling stable (a group of wrestlers who work together) in the World Wrestling Federation (WWF). The group was based on the Nation of Islam. It was created in the WWF by Faarooq. There were usually no more than four or five members of the NoD at any one time but as members left or became injured, other wrestlers would replace them. Members of the NoD included Rocky Maivia (The Rock), Crush, Savio Vega, D'Lo Brown, Ahmed Johnson, Kama Mustafa, Mark Henry and Owen Hart. The NoD separated in October of 1998.
The NoD fought mainly against Degeneration X, led by Triple H.

Potomac River
The Potomac River is a river in the eastern United States. It is 665 kilometers long. It forms part of the borders between Maryland, West Virginia, Washington, D.C., and Virginia. The Potomac flows to the Chesapeake Bay. It has two sources. The North Branch starts at Fairfax Stone in West Virginia, and the South Branch starts in Highland County, Virginia. The North Branch and the South Branch meet in Hampshire County, West Virginia, and make the Potomac River.

Greenbrier County, West Virginia
Greenbrier County is a county in West Virginia, a state in the United States. Its county seat (where the county government is) is in Lewisburg. Greenbrier County was founded in 1782. Its area is 2 653 km2. In 2000, 34 453 people lived in Greenbrier County.

Emperor Go-Sanjō
Emperor Go-Sanjō (September 3, 1034 - June 15, 1073) was the 71st emperor of Japan. He ruled from the year 1068 to January 18, 1073.
History.
He was the second son of Emperor Go-Suzaku, and his mother was Empress Sadako, the third daughter of Emperor Sanjō. This made him the first Emperor in 170 years whose mother was not of the Fujiwara family.

Emperor Jimmu
Emperor Jimmu (January 1, 660 BC - March 11, 585 BC) was a legendary figure in the history of Japan. In myths, he is the founder of Japan and is also first in the traditional list of emperors. The royal family once based its claim to rule Japan because they are thought to be descended from, or related to him.
The name "Jimmu" means "god-warrior" or "divine might." This name was given after his death.
In Shinto belief, he is thought to be a descendant of the sun goddess Amaterasu.
According to that legend, she gave him 3 symbols of power: a jewel, a sword and a mirror.
Before Jimmu's apperance, there was havoc in Japan. There was no united law or leadership, but several villages making their way alone. The first emperor united these groups and set up a system, with the old leaders as his samurai, or political leaders, and as shogun, the military powers.
Names.
His personal name was "Kamuyamato Iwarebiko", but it would not be considered polite to call an emperor by this name.
He is also known as "Wakamikenu no Mikoto or Sano no Mikoto".

Posthumous name
A posthumous name is an honorary name given to someone after their death. This type of name was common with naming royalty in the countries of Japan and China. They were also sometimes used in Vietnam and Korea.
History.
This idea was created during the Zhou Dynasty in China. The first person to be named in this way was Ji Chang, named by his son. His son, Ji Fa of Zhou, called his father the "Civil King". This meant that he found his father to be good and sympathetic to the people he ruled.
These sort of names were not used during the Qin Dynasty. During that time, these names were not thought to show respect. Posthumous names were used again during the Han Dynasty.
Chinese emperors.
Chinese posthumous names, for rulers, end in one or both symbols for "emperor", "Huángdì". This can be shortened to "Dì".
Japanese emperors.
The posthumous names of Japanese emperors are called "teigō". Some names are given a long time after their death. Others are given right after the emperor had died.
Some of these names tell about the place they were born or lived in, or traits they had that their people admired.
Some also put together two previous emperors' or empresses' names, like Empress Meishō. The empresses before her were called Gemmei and Genshō. So her name became Meishō.

You Can't Do That on Television
"You Can't Do That on Television" ("YCDTOTV") is a Canadian children's television program. It was created by Roger Price and produced from 1979 until 1990. It mostly featured child actors in a sketch comedy format, acting out short scenes based on a theme that served as the topic for the episode. Connecting scenes based on the theme would often serve to create a story arc that lasted the length of the episode. Nickelodeon became known for its iconic green slime that was originally used in this show. The series is known also because future pop recording artist Alanis Morissette was in it as a cast member at some time.
In 2002, and again in 2004, YCDTOTV cast members reunited alongside fans of the show at SlimeCon, a fan-produced convention in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. YCDTOTV was a children's comedy show. Some people see it as a nostalgic cult classic. During the 2004 event, a "Top Secret" reunion special had its premiere.

Medellín
Medellín (pronounced or, Spanish: or) id the capital city in the Metropolitan Area of Medellín of the Antioquia Department, Colombia. It was founded in 1616 by Francisco Herrera y Campuzano. As of 2006, the municipality of Medellín has a population of 2.4 million inhabitants. This makes it the second most populated city in Colombia after Bogotá. Medellín also is the core of the Valle de Aburrá ("Aburrá Valley") metropolitan area. This is the second largest metropolitan area in Colombia, with more than 3.8 million inhabitants, and a leading and productive industrial and urban center.
The city's major problem is unemployment. Many other Colombian cities also have this problem. People from Antioquia and especially from Medellín are called Paisas although the Paisas are people from the departments of Antioquia, Risaralda, Caldas and Quindío.

Nouakchott
Nouakchott (Arabic: نواكشوط or انواكشوط) is the capital city of the n county of Mauritania. It is the largest city in that country and one of the largest cities on the Sahara Desert. The city is the administrative and economic centre of Mauritania. The Arabic name is said to mean "The place of winds" in the language of the Berber people.
The city is often a place where the urban Mauritanians and the nomadic people of the area can interact.
The population of Nouakchott is about 881,000 people. It is hard to know exactly how many people live in the city because many of them are nomadic. They find a good place to live, set up their tent for a short time and then move to somewhere else.
Although Islam is the state religion in Mauritania, Nouakchott includes the Cathedral of St. Joseph, a Catholic cathedral.
Nouakchott has a deep-sea port. It was opened in 1986. The port is mainly used for imports. The city also features an international airport. The city is home to the Université de Nouakchott. It is the only university in Mauritania. Things to see in Nouakchott include Nouakchott Museum, several markets including Nouakchott Silver Market, and the beaches.
History.
Nouakchott has very little history. It was a tiny fishing town until 1958. It is possible that the Berber Muslim Almoravids came from the area. The city was selected as the capital city for its mild climate and its location near the center of the country.
Mauritania was part of the larger French colony of French West Africa. During that time, Saint-Louis, in Senegal was the capital. In 1957, this small port town was chosen to be the capital of the new country. A building program was begun to grow its population to 15,000. In 1962, Nouakchott became the capital of an independent country.
The city has much growth. Because of the north African drought since the beginning of the 1970s many people have moved to the city.
Geography.
Nouakchott is located on the Atlantic coast of the Sahara Desert. The city is very spread out. It has only a few tall buildings.
Nouakchott is built around a large tree-lined street, Avenue Abd an-Nasir. This street runs northeast through the city center from the airport. Other major streets are named (in French) for notable Mauritanian people, or international people of the 1960s: Avenue de Gaulle, Avenue Kennedy, and Avenue Lumumba, for example.
Temperatures range between 33°C (92°F) and 13°C (56°F). The average rainfall is 178mm (7in) a year.

Nicholas of Myra
Nicholas of Myra, also known as Nicholas of Bari, is the common name of the Bishop of Myra. Myra is near Antalya, in modern-day Turkey. He was born between 270 and 286. He died December 6, 326, 345 or 351. He was born in the Greek colony of Patara, in Asia Minor.
In the 11th century, his remains were taken to Bari, Italy, to save them from Turkish (Muslim) invaders.
What he did.
His parents were relatively well-off. Nicholas is said to have distributed his fortune among the poor. This is relatively well documented. Less documented deeds of his include saving children from drowning, saving young girls from being made prostitutes (because their father did not have the money for dowry), helping seamen in a storm and saving a child that was abducted.
Veneration.
In the Eastern Orthodox Church, Saint Nicholas of Myra is a very prominent figure. Very often, the third large icon on the Iconostasis in Orthodox churches is devoted to him. The other two are usually devoted to Jesus, and to Maria with the child.
In modern times.
He is the Saint behind Santa Claus. He is the patron Saint of Children, of Seafarers and merchants. The Hanseatic League chose him as their patron saint.

Home Box Office
HBO (Home Box Office) is an American cable television network. HBO show movies made for theaters as well as television. The also show many original television programs, including "The Sopranos", "Six Feet Under", and "Big Love". Other popular series include "Oz", "Carnivàle", "Curb Your Enthusiasm", "The Wire", "Entourage", and "Deadwood". HBO is owned by Time Warner.

The Electric Company
"The Electric Company" was an educational American children's television series. It was produced by the Children's Television Workshop (now Sesame Workshop) for PBS in the United States. PBS broadcast 780 episodes over six seasons, from 1971 to 1977. CTW produced the show at Reeves Teletape Second Stage in Manhattan.
"The Electric Company" used sketch comedy and other devices to create an entertaining program to help children of elementary-school age get better at reading skills. It was meant for children who had "graduated" from CTW's main program, "Sesame Street."

Model (person)
A model is a person who has the job of posing, or displaying works of art or fashion (clothes), usually for promotion of the product. They are often used for advertising in television and printed media, for example newspapers and magazines.
Types of models.
There are many different types of models. Some models only use certain parts of their bodies. For example, a "hand model" is a person who only uses their hands. A hand model would be used to display certain items, for example rings and watches. These types of model are usually only used for advertisements.
Fashion models are used to sell clothing or cosmetics. People who make clothing will often use fashion models to wear the clothing they make at fashion shows. The models will walk up and down a raised section of floor called the catwalk or "runway" to show the clothing to other people.
Fine art models are hired by photographers, painters and other artists to pose for their art.

Jacques Rougeau
Jacques Rougeau (born June 13, 1960) is a French-Canadian professional wrestler. He was famous in the 1980s and 1990s when he appeared in the World Wrestling Federation. His wrestling name was The Mountie.

Ezzard Charles
Ezzard Mack Charles (July 7, 1921 – May 28, 1975) was an African-American professional boxer. He was the heavyweight boxing champion from September 27, 1950, when he outpointed Joe Louis in 15 rounds in New York City, to July 18, 1951, when he was knocked out by Jersey Joe Walcott in 7 rounds in Pittsburgh.

Religion of Ancient Egypt
The Religion of ancient Egypt had followers for over three thousand years, until the Egyptian people turned to Coptic Christianity.
Gods.
At the beginning, there were five different religious groups of people in Egypt. Each groups had different beliefs, and were based in different places.
During the history of Egypt, the beliefs changed with the leader. When someone rose in power, their belief system rose as well. The new beliefs would combined with the beliefs that were already there. This happened even after the end of the ancient Egyptian civilization as it is known today. An example of this might be the "New Kingdom". During its time, the gods Ra and Amun, became Amun-Ra. Joining to create one god is usually referred to as syncretism.
History of the gods.
The Egyptians believed that in the beginning, the universe was filled with the dark waters of chaos. The first god, Re-Atum, came from the water. Re-Atum spat and this created the gods Shu (god of air) and Tefnut (goddess of moisture). The world was created when Shu and Tefnut gave birth to two children: Nut (goddess of the sky) and Geb (god of the Earth). Humans were created when Shu and Tefnut went walking in the darkness and got lost. Re-Atum sent his eye to find them. After finding them, his tears of joy turned into people.
Nut and Geb had sex. When Shu heard about this, he did not want them to be together. He became the air between the sky and ground. He also said that the pregnant Nut could not give birth. Nut begged Thoth to help. Thoth gambled with the moon-god Yah. He won five more days to be added to the 360-day year. Nut had one child on each of these days: Osiris, Isis, Set, Nephthys, and Horus-the-Elder.
Osiris was the king of Egypt. His brother, Set, murdered him and became the king. After killing him, Set tore the body of Osiris into pieces. Isis rescued the pieces. She wanted to bury the pieces under the temple. After Set became king, he was fought by Horus, Osiris's son. Set lost and was sent to the desert. Set became the god of very bad storms. Osiris was mummified by Anubis and became God of the dead. Horus became the new king. In ancient Egypt, it was believed that the pharaohs were Horus's descendants.
The ancient Greeks believed that their gods and goddesses were the anscestors of the Egyptian gods and goddesses. In ancient Greek Mythology, when the titan Typhon was set free, all of the Greek gods (except for Hermes and Zeus) fled to Egypt. In Egypt, many of the gods made themselves turn into animals to hide themselves from Typhon. They reproduced, and the Egyptian gods and goddesses were born.
Death.
Egypt had a developed view of the afterlife with rituals for preparing the body and soul for a peaceful life after death. Beliefs about the soul and afterlife focused mainly on preserving the body. This was because they believed that the "ka" (a part of a person's soul) was still living in the body after death and it was important for the ka to be reunited with the ba, the spirit or soul to form the akh. This meant that embalming and mummification were done, in order to preserve the person's identity in the afterlife. Originally the dead were buried in reed coffins in the hot sand, which caused the remains to dry quickly, and then were buried. Later, they started constructing wooden tombs, and the long process of mummification was developed by the Egyptians around the 4th Dynasty. All soft tissues were removed, and the cavities washed and packed with natron, then the outer body was buried in natron as well.
After coming out of the natron, the bodies were coated inside and out with resin to preserve them, then wrapped with linen bandages, embedded with religious amulets and talismans. In the case of royalty, this was usually then placed inside a series of nested coffins. The outer layer of the coffins was a stone sarcophagus. The intestines, lungs, liver and the stomach were preserved separately and stored in canopic jars protected by the Four sons of Horus. Other creatures were also mummified, sometimes thought to be pets of Egyptian families, but more more likely they represented the gods. They left the heart in place because they thought it was the home of the soul.
The Book of the Dead was a series of almost two hundred spells represented as texts, songs and pictures written on papyrus. They were individually customized for the dead. They were buried along with the dead to make their passage into the underworld easier. After a person dies their soul is led into a hall of judgment in Duat by Anubis (god of mummification) and the deceased's heart, which was the record of the morality of the owner, is weighed against a single feather representing Ma'at (the concept of truth, and order). A heart that weighed less than the feather was considered a pure heart. This resulted in a good outcome. A heart heavy with guilt and sin from one's life weighed more than the feather, and so the heart would be eaten by Ammit ("Eater of Hearts")–part crocodile, part lion, and part hippopotamus. If the outcome was good, the dead are taken to Osiris, god of the afterlife, in Aaru, but the if the out come was bad, the demon Ammit destroyed their heart, leaving the owner to remain in Duat.
The monotheistic period.
A short time of monotheism (Atenism) happened when Akhenaten (Amenhotep IV) was pharaoh. He focused the religion on the Egyptian sun god Aten. The Aten is usually shown as a sun disk with rays coming out of all sides. Akhenaten built a new capital at Amarna with temples for The Aten. Akhenaten's religion only lasted until his death. The old religion was quickly restored by Tutankhamun, Akhenaten's son by his wife Kiya.
While most historians say this period is monotheistic, some researchers do not. They say that people worshipped the royal family as gods who got their divine power from the Aten. In one picture, Akhenaten is shown with his wife Nefertiti with three of their 6 daughters sitting under the beams of the Aten. This point of view is mostly ignored by historians. Some researchers say that Akhenaten or some of his viziers were Moses or Joseph (Bible) from the Bible.
After the fall of the Amarna dynasty, the original Egyptian pantheon was the main religion, until the development Coptic Christianity and later Islam, even though the Egyptians continued to have relations with the other monotheistic cultures (the Hebrews). Egyptian mythology put up surprisingly little resistance to the spread of Christianity. This is sometimes explained by saying that Jesus was originally a syncretism based mainly on Horus, with Isis and her worship becoming Mary.

Kyle Broflovski
}Kyle Broflovski is a character in the animated television series "South Park". He wears a green hat and orange parka. Kyle is Jewish. He has an adopted brother named Ike who is from Canada. In in the earlier episodes of the series, Kyle used to play a game called "kick the baby" where he would kick Ike and Ike would go flying through the air very far. He is friends with Stan Marsh and Kenny McCormick. They all hang out with Eric Cartman but do not like him because he is obnoxious. Cartman hates him because he is Jewish. He is in fourth grade.

Eric Cartman
}Eric Theodore Cartman is a character in the animated television series "South Park". He is voiced by series co-creator, Trey Parker.
Cartman is one of four main characters in the series. He is often the main reason for their adventures due to his over-enthusiasm and selfishness. Cartman often reacts violently to things that he hates. He hates any race or group of which he is not a member, particularly the Jews. This comes from his rivalry with Kyle Broflovski. Eric idolizes Adolf Hitler, Henry Ford (his dream car is a Model T), and Mel Gibson. He is also a fan of T.S. Elliot. He often manipulates others, at which he is good at, to meet his own ends, regardless of the consequences to other people, even if it can result in deaths and destruction.

...And Justice For All
"...And Justice For All" is Metallica's fourth album and was released on August 25, 1988. It was Metallica's first album since the death of Cliff Burton, who was replaced by Jason Newsted as their bass player. It shall be said though, that they recorded and released The $5.98 E.P.: Garage Days Re-Revisited, which only include five songs covered by Metallica, but it is often not counted as a Metallica album, as it only contain five cover songs.
...And Justice For All is said to be Metallica's most emotional album.
Track listing.
All songs written by James Hetfield, Lars Ulrich, and Kirk Hammett except where noted.

Panzer Division
Panzerdivision is a death metal band from Oslo, Norway.

Armenian Apostolic Church
The Armenian Apostolic Church (Armenian: Հայ Առաքելական Եկեղեցի), also called the Armenian Orthodox Church or the Gregorian Church, is the world's oldest national church and one of the most ancient Christian communities.
History.
The earliest Christian accounts of the introduction of Christianity into Armenia date from the 1st century. The Church teaches that it was first preached by two Apostles of Jesus, St. Bartholomew and St. Jude. The Armenian Apostolic Church claims to been in existence since the days of the apostles and therefore would be one of the oldest denominations of Christianity. Armenia was the first country to adopt Christianity as its official religion, when St. Gregory the Illuminator converted Tiridates III (the King of Armenia) and members of his court, traditionally dated to 301 (after Mikayel Chamchian 1784). The Church teaches that St. Gregory was imprisoned by Tiridates in an underground pit, called Khor Virab, for 13 years, after which he healed the King of an incurable disease, whereupon Tiridates accepted Christianity.

National church
The term national church is usually a reference to a church organization in Christianity that claims pastoral jurisdiction over a nation. The term should not be confused with established church (state church): a national church differs from a state church in that a national church does not necessarily need to be officially endorsed by the state, and even may be persecuted by the government (as Orthodox churches were persecuted under communist regimes).
The term national church (or "independent church") is used a lot within, but is not shortened to, the Anglican Communion and Orthodox Christianity. For example, the Episcopal Church in the United States of America considers itself to be the national church of the United States.
In Catholicism, the term national church might mean to a parish catering to immigrants from another nation.
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List of football clubs in Armenia
This is a list of Armenian football (soccer) clubs.

FC Zvartnots
FC Zvartnots is an Armenian football club from Yerevan.
The club made their first notable result in the 1998 Armenian First League, where they became the league's champions and win promotion to the Armenian Premier League.
For a few years Zvartnots would become one of the main contenders in the Premier League. In their first Premier League season they reached the fourth spot, while in 2001 they became second after FC Pyunik. In the 2003 season they would still be among the Premier League clubs, however they withdrew before the season and did not return in professional football since.

Armenian Premier League
The Armenian Premier League is the top football competition in Armenia.
History.
Since 1992, it has been here by the Football Federation of Armenia. From 1936 to 1991, the games were held as a regional tournament within the USSR. For the first three years the season ran from spring to fall, but since the 1995-1996 season has run from summer to spring. The league currently consists of eight teams, and relegates to the Armenian First League. Over the years, the league has evolved from a small league consisting of only eight teams to two divisions.

Football Federation of Armenia
The Football Federation of Armenia (FFA) is the governing body of football in Armenia. It organizes the football league, Armenian Premier League, and the Armenian national football team. It is based in Yerevan.

Orhan Pamuk
Ferit Orhan Pamuk (born June 7, 1952) a famous Nobel Prize-winning Turkish author. Pamuk is a post-modernist writer. He has won many writing awards around the world. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature on October 12 2006, which made him the first Turkish person to win the Nobel Prize.
In 2005, he faced criminal charges because of comments he made in an interview. In the interview, Pamuk said, "Thirty thousand Kurds, and a million Armenians were killed in these lands and nobody dares to talk about it." Pamuk faced a hate campaign and he had to flee the country. The charges were dropped in early 2006.

Urartu
Urartu (Assyrian "Urarṭu", Urartian "Biainili") was an ancient kingdom of Armenia located in the mountainous plateau between Asia Minor, Mesopotamia, and Caucasus mountains, later known as the Armenian Highland, and it centered around Lake Van (present-day eastern Turkey). The kingdom existed from ca. 860 BC, emerging from Late Bronze Age Nairi polities, until 585 BC. The name corresponds to the Biblical Ararat.
Some experts say that the Armenians are a mixture of different peoples in history: like The Hurrians, Urarteans, Luvians and Mushki. This last group, also knowns as Phrygians may have brought their Indo-European language to Armenia. The Armenian language today is Indo-European, but shows a lot of influence from the earlier languages, especially Urartean.
Urartu extended from Lake Van southeastward to Mannai, and sometimes even included that land as one of its provinces.

Lake Van
Lake Van (Turkish: Van Gölü;; is the largest lake in Turkey, in the far east of the country.
Akdamar Island is situated in this lake.
History.
The lake was the centre of Urartian kingdom from about 1000 BC and the capital of Urartu, Tushpa, was on the shore of Lake Van (on the site of the medieval castle of Van, west of Van city).
Later the land around the lake was ruled by Armenians. Along with Lake Sevan in today's Armenia and Lake Urmia in today's Iran, Van was one of the three great lakes of the Armenian Kingdom, referred to as "the seas of Armenia"

Kurdish language
The Kurdish language is a language mostly spoken in a region called Kurdistan, including Kurdish populations in parts of Iran, Iraq, Syria and Turkey.
It belongs to the same language group as the Iranian languages. Another well-known Iranian language is Persian. It is considered an Indo-European language.

Italian cuisine
Italian Cuisine is traditional Italian food. It is often made up of the famous Italian foods such as pasta, pizza, cannoli and red or white wine. Italian cuisine often contains a lot of carbs and sometimes fats. Italian food also has a lot of vegetables and healthy fats, such as olives, broccoli, and lettuces. Italians are also famous for the different kinds of breads they make.
See also.
List of italian dishes

Annual plant
In Botany, an annual plant is a plant that usually germinates, flowers and dies in one year. True annuals will only live longer than a year if they are prevented from setting seed. Some seedless plants can also be considered annuals even though they do not flower.
In gardening, annual often refers to a plant grown outdoors in the spring and summer and surviving just for one growing season.
Many food plants are, or are grown as, annuals, including most domesticated grains. Some perennials and biennials are grown in gardens as annuals for convenience, particularly if they are not considered cold hardy for the local climate. Carrot, celery and parsley are true biennials that are usually grown as annual crops for their edible roots, petioles and leaves, respectively. Tomato, sweet potato and bell pepper are tender perennials usually grown as annuals.
Ornamental annuals are often called bedding plants. Annuals are often used in gardens to provide splashes of color, as they tend to have a longer season of bloom than hardy herbaceous perennials.
Examples of true annuals include corn, lettuce, pea, cauliflower, watermelon, bean, zinnia and marigold.
Summer annuals.
Summer annuals sprout, flower and die within the same spring/summer/fall. The lawn weed, crabgrass, is a summer annual

Pea
A pea, although treated as a vegetable in cooking, is botanically a fruit; the term is most commonly used to describe the small spherical seeds or the pods of the legume "Pisum sativum".
The name is also used to describe other edible seeds from the Fabaceae like the pigeon pea ("Cajanus cajan"), the cowpea ("Vigna unguiculata")and the seeds from several species of "Lathyrus".
"P. sativum" is an annual plant. It is a cool season crop, planted in winter. The average pea weighs between 0.1 and 0.36 grams. The species is as a fresh vegetable, but is also grown to produce dry peas like the split pea. These varieties are typically called field peas.
"P. sativum" has been cultivated for for thousands of years, the sites of cultivation have been described in southern Syria and southeastern Turkey, and some argue that the cultivation of peas with wheat and barley seems to be associated with the spread of Neolithic agriculture into Europe.
Description of "Pisum Sativum".
It is a cool-season vegetable crop. The seeds may be planted as soon as the soil temperature reaches 10 °C, with the plants growing best at temperatures of 13 °C to 18 °C. They do not thrive in the summer heat of warmer temperate and lowland tropical climates, but do grow well in cooler high altitude tropical areas. Peas grow best in slightly acid, well-drained soils.
Ways of eating peas.
Fresh peas are often eaten boiled and flavored with butter and/or spearmint as a side dish vegetable. Salt is also commonly added to peas when served. Fresh peas are also used in pot pies, salads and casseroles. Pod peas (particularly sweet cultivars called "mangetout" and "sugar peas", or the flatter "snow peas," called "hé lán dòu", 荷兰豆 in Chinese) are used in stir fried dishes, particularly those in American Chinese cuisine. Pea pods do not keep well once picked, and if not used quickly are best preserved by drying, canning or freezing within a few hours of harvest.
Dried peas are often made into a soup or simply eaten on their own. In Japan and other Southeast Asian countries including Thailand, Taiwan and Malaysia, the peas are roasted and salted, and eaten as snacks. In the UK, marrowfat peas are used to make pease pudding (or "pease porridge"), a traditional dish. In North America a similarly traditional dish is split pea soup.
In Chinese cuisine, pea sprouts (豆苗 "dòu miáo") are commonly used in stir-fries and its price is relatively high due to its agreeable taste.
Some forms of etiquette require that peas be only eaten with a fork and not pushed onto the fork with a knife.

Biennial plant
A biennial plant is a flowering plant that takes two years to complete its lifecycle. In the first year the plant grows leaves, stems, and roots (vegetative structures); then it enters a period of dormancy over the colder months. Usually, the stem remains very short and the leaves are low to the ground, forming a rosette. Many biennials require a cold treatment, before they will flower. The next spring/summer the stem of the biennial plant becomes much longer. The plant then flowers, produces fruits and seeds before it finally dies. There are far fewer biennials than either perennials or annuals.
Under extreme climatic conditions, a biennial plant may complete its lifecycle in a very short period of time (e.g. 3 or 4 months instead of 2 years). This is quite common in vegetable or flower seedlings that were exposed to cold conditions, before they were planted in the ground. This behaviour leads to many normally biennial plants being treated as annuals in some areas.
Flowering can be induced in some biennials by application of the plant hormone "gibberellin", but this is rarely done commercially.
From a gardener's perspective, a plant's status as annual, biennial, or perennial often varies based on location or purpose. Biennials grown for flowers, fruits, or seeds need to be grown for two years. Biennials that are grown for edible leaves or roots are grown as annuals, e.g. beets, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, carrots, celery, parsley, and Swiss chard. If a normally biennial plant is grown in extremely harsh conditions, it is likely to be treated as an annual because it will not survive the winter cold. Conversely, an annual grown under extremely favourable conditions may have highly successful seed propagation, giving it the appearance of being biennial or perennial. Some short-lived perennials may appear to be biennial rather than perennial. True biennials flower only once, while many perennials will flower every year once mature.
Examples of biennial plants are parsley, "Lunaria", silverbeet, sweet William, colic weed, and carrot. The pansy is a biennial often grown as an annual. Plant breeders have produced annual cultivars of several biennials that will flower the first year from seed, e.g. foxglove, stock, and hollyhock.
Biennials may be kept alive longer than two years under environmental conditions that prevent them from flowering. Biennial sugar beet was prevented from flowering by not giving it the cold treatment required for flowering. It was kept alive in a greenhouse for 41 months.

The WB Television Network
The Warner Bros. Television Network, commonly called The WB, was a television network in the United States. It was founded by the Warner Bros. film studio and Tribune Company on January 11, 1995. The network was sometimes called "The Frog" because the network's mascot was an animated frog named Michigan J. Frog.
On January 24, 2006, CBS Corporation and Warner Bros. Entertainment said they were going to start The CW Television Network in the Fall of 2006. This new network would have programming from both The WB and UPN. The WB shut down on September 17, 2006.
WB series.
The WB created many well-known television series. Several of these series are "Dawson's Creek", "Buffy the Vampire Slayer", "Charmed", "Gilmore Girls", "Angel", "Smallville", "7th Heaven", and "Supernatural".
The WB also had a group of programs aimed at children under the name Kids WB. Kids WB showed mainly animated series, for example, "Jackie Chan Adventures", "Pokémon", "Yu-Gi-Oh!" and '.

Port Louis
Port Louis is the capital city of the n country of Mauritius. The city is a port on the Indian Ocean. It is the largest city and main port of the country. Port Louis is located in the Port Louis District. The city has a population of 147,688 people.
History.
Port Louis was founded by the French around 1735. It was used as a place to supply food for their ships travelling around the Cape of Good Hope. The city was named in honour of King Louis XV. The first Governor was Count Bertrand-François Mahé de La Bourdonnais.
Things to see.
Port Louis has many historic and colonial buildings. One of them is a fortification named Fort Adelaide or La Citadelle. It was built by the British in 1835. Most of the city's architecture can be seen from La Citadelle. Port Louis is surrounded by a mountain range, called the Port Louis Moka Range. Other famous spots are the Police Barracks known as Les Casernes and the Port Louis Waterfront.
Other things to see in the city include the Caudan Waterfront, Port Louis Bazaar, the Mauritian Chinatown and the old Port Louis theatre. The capital has also three museums which are: the Mauritius Natural History Museum, the Blue Penny Museum and the Mauritius Stamp Museum.
Economy.
The main part of the economy of Port Loius is its port. The port handles all of the international trade for the country. Clothing and textiles are the major things manufactured in the city. Chemicals, plastics, and pharmaceuticals are also made there. Tourism is also important.
Port Louis is the second most important financial center in Africa after Johannesburg. It is the city with the highest per capita income in Africa.
Demographics.
The population of the city is now largely made up of the descendants of people who were hired for labor from India in the 19th century. Slaves were brought to the country by the British and French who colonized the island in the 18th century. After the end of slavery in 1835, many Indian and Chinese workers were brought to work the land, and take care of sugar cane, at that time used to make rum.
More than 75 percent of the population are Indians of mixed origins. The rest come from Africa with a small amount of with Chinese and Eurasian ancestry.

Freetown
Freetown is the capital city of the African country of Sierra Leone. With a population of 1,070,200 people, it is the largest city in that country. The city is a port on the Freetown Peninsula on the Atlantic coast. The port is a very important part of the economy of Freetown. It handles the main exports of the country. Industries include fish, rice, petroleum, and making cigarettes.
History.
The area was first settled in 1787 by 400 freed slaves and Black American Loyalists sent from England. Before that time it was said to be a slave market. These people created the 'Province of Freetown' on land bought from local Temne leaders. After many of these original settlers died from disease, it was burnt by the local people in 1790.
The Sierra Leone Company tried to settle the area again in 1792. They resettled Freetown with 1,100 former slaves and Loyalists from Nova Scotia. Many of these people were born in the colonial United States. They were led by former slave Thomas Peters. Around 500 free Jamaican Maroons joined them in 1800.
The city survived being attacked by the French in 1794. In 1800 the people revolted but the British retook control. From 1808 to 1874, the city was the capital of British West Africa. The city grew quickly as many freed slaves came to live there. African soldiers who had fought for Britain in the Napoleonic Wars also came to live in Freetown. During World War II, Britain had a naval base at Freetown. Descendants of the freed slaves, called Creoles, have a large role in the city, even though they are only a small amount of the population.
The city had much fighting in the late 1990s. In 1998, it was captured by ECOWAS soldiers who were trying to make Ahmad Tejan Kabbah the President again.
Features.
One of Freetown’s most most known features is its famous cotton tree. The cotton tree is said to have been in the same position since colonists came to the area in 1787. At that time, the tree was still a young sapling. It now stands outside the Freetown Museum.
Notable buildings in the city include Freetown Law Courts, the Slave Gate and Portuguese Steps, St John's Maroon Church (built around 1820), St George's Cathedral (completed in 1828), Foulah Town Mosque (built in the 1830s) and the Roman Catholic Sacred Heart Cathedral. Also in Freetown are many beaches and markets, and the Sierra Leone Museum.
The city is the home of Fourah Bay College and the Njala University college.
Lungi International Airport is the international airport of Sierra Leone. Freetown also has a heliport on Aberdeen Island. It connects the city with the airport. There is a helicopter, hovercraft and ferry-service from the city to the airport.

Michelle Obama
Michelle Obama (born January 17, 1964) is Vice President for Community and External Affairs for the University of Chicago Hospitals. Michelle is the wife of president-elect, Barack Obama.

Fame (musical)
"Fame – The Musical" (based on the 1980 movie by Alan Parker) is a musical which was created and developed by David De Silva. The film was followed by a long-running television series, a reality show, and finally the musical.

Prime Minister of Japan
The is a position given to a person who is chosen by the Emperor of Japan and is the head of the Cabinet. Yasuo Fukuda resigned in September 2008 and was replaced by Taro Aso.

Emperor Suizei
Emperor Suizei was the second emperor of Japan.
Emperor Suizei was thought to have ruled Japan from 581 BC to 549 BC, but he is thought to be legendary. He was traditionally believed to have existed, but no studies show that he actually lived. It was said that he ruled from the palace of Takawoka, in Kadzuraki.
According to legend, he was the son of Emperor Jimmu.
Names.
His posthumous name, a name given after his death, means "joyfully healthy peace".
His personal name was "Kamu Nunagawamimi no Mikoto", but it would not be considered polite to call an emperor by this name.

Emperor Annei
Emperor Annei was the third emperor of Japan. He was thought to have ruled Japan from 549 BC to 511 BC, but is thought to be legendary. He is traditionally believed to existed, but no studies show that he actually lived.
Names.
His posthumous name, a name given after his death, means "steady tranquility".
His personal name was "Shikitsuhiko Tamademi no Mikoto", but it would not be considered polite to call an emperor by this name.

Emperor Itoku
Emperor Itoku was the fourth emperor of Japan. He is believed to have ruled Japan from 510 BC to 476 BC, but is thought to be legendary. He is traditionally believed to existed, but no studies show that he actually lived.
Names.
His posthumous name, a name given after his death, means "benign virtue".
His personal name was Oho Yamatohiko Sukitomo no Mikoto, but it would not be considered polite to call an emperor by this name.

Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria
The Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria is the name for the main church in Egypt. Its churches can be found worldwide. The Church belongs to the Oriental Orthodox family of churches. It has been a separate church body since the disagreement at the Council of Chalcedon in 451 AD. The Church rejected the new definitions about what Christ is like, introduced at the Council.
The Copts believe that Christianity started in Egypt by Saint Mark the Evangelist and see him as the founder of the Coptic church.
Most Christians in Egypt are Copts.

Pretoria
Pretoria is one of the three capital cities of the African country of South Africa. It is the executive (administrative) and de facto capital of the country. The other two capitals are Cape Town (legislative) and Bloemfontein (judicial). The city is located in the northern part of Gauteng Province, South Africa.
Geography and climate.
Pretoria is located between the Highveld and the Bushveld, about 50 km north of Johannesburg in the north-east of South Africa. It is in a warm, well sheltered valley. The valley is surrounded by the hills of the Magaliesberg mountain range. Snow is a very rare event. It only snows in Pretoria once or twice in a century.
Demographics.
The city has a population of about 1.9 million people. The main languages spoken in Pretoria include Tswana, Ndebele, Afrikaans, and English.
History.
Nguni-speaking settlers were probably the first people to live in the river valley that later became the location of the city of Pretoria.
Pretoria itself was founded in 1855 by Marthinus Pretorius. He was a leader of the Voortrekkers. Pretoruis named the city after his father Andries Pretorius. Andries Pretorius had become a hero of the Voortrekkers after the Battle of Blood River. The city became the capital of the South African Republic (ZAR) on May 1, 1860.
During the First Boer War, the city was attacked in December 1880 and March 1881. The peace treaty which ended the war was signed in Pretoria on August 3, 1881 at the Pretoria Convention.
The Second Boer War (1899 to 1902) caused the end of the South African Republic. After this war, the United Kingdom took control of South Africa. During the war, Winston Churchill was imprisoned in the Staats Model School in Pretoria. He later got free and went to Mozambique. The city surrendered to British forces on June 5, 1900. The war ended in Pretoria with the signing of the Peace of Vereeniging on May 31 1902.
In 1910, Pretoria then became the administrative capital of all of South Africa, with Cape Town the legislative capital. Between 1860 and 1994, the city was also the capital of the province of Transvaal. On 14 October 1931, Pretoria got official city status. When South Africa became a republic in 1961, Pretoria stayed its administrative capital.
Pretoria was at one time seen as "the capital of Apartheid South Africa". This was changed when Nelson Mandela became the country's first black President.
Economy.
Pretoria is an important industrial centre. It has many industries including iron and steel as well as automobile, railroad and machinery manufacture.

Reza Alinejad
Reza Alinejad (رضا علی نژاد), born September 21, 1985, is an Iranian at risk of execution for accidentally killing a man in self-defense when he was 17 years old.
He is subject of several human rights campaigns, who protesting against his sentence, because of evidence that his act was a self-defense and he was under age if 18 - his death sentence is a violation of international law, Tehran had signed.
Recently, his case was transferred to Tehran for Head of Judiciary Mahmoud Hashemi Shahroudi review.

Bigotry
A bigot is a person who is intolerant of opinions, lifestyles, or identities that differ from his or her own. Mostly his opinions are based on prejudice.
The origin of the word "bigot" in English dates back to at least 1598, via Middle French, and started with the sense of "religious hypocrite", especially a woman.
"Bigot" is often used as a pejorative term against a person who is obstinately devoted to prejudices even when these views are challenged or proven to be false.
Forms of bigotry may have a related ideology.
Etymology.
The exact origin of the word is unknown, but may have come from the German "bei" and "gott", or the English "by God". William Camden wrote that the Normans were first called bigots, when their Duke Rollo, who receiving Gisla, daughter of King Charles, in marriage, and with her the investiture of the dukedom, refused to kiss the king's foot in token of subjection, unless the king would hold it out for that purpose. And being urged to it by those present, Rollo answered hastily, "No by God", whereupon the King turning about, called him "bigot"; which name passed from him to his people. This is likely fictional, however, as Gisla is unknown in Frankish sources.

Bukkake
Bukkake is when multiple people ejaculate with their penises on a person's face or body at the same time. It comes from the Japanese verb "bukkakeru" which means "to splash".

Melleruds IF
Melleruds IF is a Swedish football club. They are in the Swedish 2nd Division: Västra Götaland. They have had some players who have moved into England, most notably Wigan Athletic F.C. player Andreas Johansson. Johansson played for Melleruds between 1993 and 1995.

Lisa Lampanelli
Lisa Lampanelli (born Lisa Lampugnale, July 19, 1961) is an American comedian.

Detroit Tigers
The Detroit Tigers are a Major League Baseball team in Detroit, Michigan. Their team plays at Comerica Park. Their manager is Jim Leyland, and they are owned by Mike Ilitch.

Oscilloscope
An oscilloscope (sometimes abbreviated CRO, for cathode-ray oscilloscope, or commonly just scope or O-scope) is a piece of electronic test equipment that allows signal voltages to be viewed.
Usually it shows a two-dimensional graph of one or more electrical potential differences (vertical axis). These are plotted as a function of time or of some other voltage (horizontal axis).
Exterior.
A typical oscilloscope is usually box shaped with a display screen, numerous input connectors, control knobs and buttons on the front panel.
To aid measurement, a grid called the "graticule" is drawn on the face of the screen. Each square in the graticule is known as a "division".

Girl Scout cookie
Girl Scout cookies are cookies that the Girl Scouts sell. A lot of people enjoy eating Girl Scout Cookies because they are tasty. They come in many different flavors. Paying for Girl Scout Cookies also helps the Girl Scouts out because it gives them money as well as helps teach them important lessons in life.

Nancy Drew
Nancy Drew is a fictional character. She is the main character in a series of chapter books called "Nancy Drew Mystery Stories". Her books were written in the 1930s by Edward Stratemeyer, founder of the Stratemeyer Syndicate. The first writings in The Nancy Drew Mystery Stories were written by Mildred A. Wirt Benson, and changed by Harriet Adams, Edward's daughter. Nancy Drew's birth year is 1914 and she is 18 years old in the books.
Nancy Drew Games.
These are the Nancy Drew Games that were made by Her Interactive. The games are rated "E" (Everyone) by the ESRB.
Film and television versions.
There have been various film and television versions of "Nancy Drew".

Arthur Abraham
Arthur Abraham (born Avetik Abrahamyan in Yerevan, Armenia) is a professional boxer and the current IBF middleweight champion. He won the vacant title on December 10, 2005, in Leipzig, Germany, beating Kingsley Ikeke, by a fifth-round knockout.
Abraham trains under Ulli Wegner in Berlin, Germany and is managed by Wilfried Sauerland.

International Boxing Federation
The International Boxing Federation, or "IBF", is one of many organizations which sanction world championship boxing bouts, alongside the WBA, WBC, WBO, and a dozen or so others.

Vic Darchinyan
Vic Darchinyan (, born January 7, 1976, in Vanadzor, Armenia) is the former IBF flyweight champion. He is a left-handed boxer who currently trains under Billy Hussein, brother of boxers Nedal and Hussein Hussein. He was previously trained by former three-division world champion Jeff Fenech in Sydney, Australia.

Atenism
Atenism was one of the earliest monotheistic religions. It was the worship of the Egyptian sun god, Aten. It was started by the 18 dynasty pharaoh Amenhotep IV, better known as Akhenaten. It lasted 20 years, until Akhenaten's death. Tutankhamun, Akhenaten's son, restored the traditional Egyptian religion.

Religion in ancient Armenia
The early religions in Armenia are not that well known. According to De Morgan there are signs which indicate that the Armenians, as their other Aryan relatives, were initially nature worshipers and that this faith in time was transformed to the worship of national gods, of which many were the equivalents of the gods in the Roman, Greek and Persian cultures.
Georg Brandes described the Armenian gods in his book: “When Armenia accepted Christianity, it was not only the temples which were destroyed, but also the songs and poems about the old gods and heroes that the people sang. We have only rare segments of these songs and poems, segments which bear witness of a great spiritual wealth and the power of creation of this people and these alone are sufficient reason enough for recreating the temples of the old Armenian gods. These gods were neither the Asian heavenly demons nor the precious and the delicate Greek gods, but something that reflected the characteristics of the Armenian people which they have been polishing through the ages, namely ambitious, wise and good-hearted.”

Steak
Steak (not to be confused with stake) is a slice off a larger piece of meat, usually beef. In North America, steaks are usually grilled. They are also often pan-fried or broiled. The most tender (softest) cuts of the animal are usually used for steak. This also means that steaks have a high price. The pieces of meat used for steaks are usually cut across the muscle fiber, not along it. This makes them appear more tender.
A restaurant that mainly makes steaks is known as a steakhouse. A well-known side dish to steak is prawns or a cooked lobster tail. This combination is often called "surf and turf" or "reef and beef" (the words "surf" and "reef" refer to the seafood and "turf" and "beef" refer to the steak). Special steak knives are used to cut steak. A steak knife is sharper than most table knives and is usually serrated.
In France, steaks are usually served with french fries. They do not come with vegetables, but sometimes a salad is serverd with them. This conmination is known as "steak frites".

Jet engine
A jet engine is any engine that creates force by releasing a high speed jet of a liquid or a gas.
An example of a jet engine is a full balloon that is not held closed. It will release the air and push the balloon forward.
Another example is a turbojet engine, which are used on airplanes. Turbojet engines have a fan at the front that takes in air, the engine burns some paraffin to make the air expand, and it blows a big wind out the back. On the way out, the hot air turns another fan (a gas turbine) which turns the rod that turns the fan at the front to make it go.
Another example of a jet engine is a rocket engine.

Dawn Fraser
Dawn Fraser AO, MBE (born September 4, 1937) is an Australian champion swimmer. She is one of only two swimmers to win the same Olympic event three different times.
Swimming.
On 21 February 1956, at the age of 18, Fraser broke Willy den Ouden's world record for the 100m freestyle Ouden had held the record for twenty years. On 1 December of the same year, Fraser and the other swimmers for the Australian team won all three medals in the 100m freestyle at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Melbourne. Fraser beat her own world record winning that race. She got a second gold medal and world record as part of the Australian team in the 4x100m freestyle relay and got a silver medal in the 400m freestyle.
Four years later, at the 1960 Olympics in Rome, Fraser won the 100m again. This made her the first woman to defend an Olympic swimming title. She also placed fifth in the 400m and won silver medals in the medley relay and freesyle relay. This was the first time the medley relay was an Olympic event. On 27 October 1962, in Melbourne, Fraser became the first woman to swim the 100m in less than one minute. She swam the longer distance of 110 yards in 59.9 seconds.
At the 1964 Games in Tokyo, Fraser won the 100m again in a close race with Sharon Stouder of the United States. She became the first Olympic swimmer of either sex to win the same event three times. She also won a silver medal in the freestyle relay and placed fourth in the 400m. While in Tokyo, Fraser was arrested for taking a flag from the entrance to the Emperor's Palace. She said she was sorry she took it and the charges were dropped. The Emperor gave her the flag as a gift.
Politics.
In 1988, Fraser was elected to the parliament of New South Wales. She served until 1991.

NBC News
NBC News is the news division of American television network NBC.

CBS News
CBS News is the news division of American television network CBS.

The Masters Tournament
The Masters Tournament is one of four major championships in men's professional golf and the first of the four to be played each year. The final round of the Masters is always scheduled for the second Sunday in April. Unlike the other major championships, the Masters is held every year at the same location, Augusta National Golf Club, a private golf club in the city of Augusta, Georgia, USA.

NFL Europa
The NFL Europa is an European American football league. There are 6 teams in the league.

List of Internet slang words
When typing on the Internet or text messaging, some users will write in slang or shorthand. The following is a list of some common words or phrases that are used.
Shorthand words.
Some of the common shorthand words are below. They can be written in upper case or lower case.
Acronyms.
Some of the common acronyms are below. They can be written in upper case or lower case.
Leet speak.
Some common leet speak phrases are below.

Ennead
The Ennead was the grouping of nine deities, most often appearing in Egyptian mythology. As a three of threes, the number nine became associated with great power. The ancient peoples thought that groupings of nine gods were very important.

Heliopolis (ancient)
Heliopolis was one of the oldest cities of Egypt. Its name also refers (in European languages) to a modern suburb of Cairo. The ancient city stood five miles east of the Nile north of the apex of the Delta. The modern city of Heliopolis is in a different place. In ancient times it was the main city of sun-worship.

Akhenaten
Akhenaten (first known as Amenhotep IV) was a pharaoh of the Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt. He is known for trying to create a monotheistic worship of the Egyptian sun god, Aten. It was called Atenism. Atenism was the first known attempt at monotheism in the world. Akhenaten is one of Egypt's most well-known pharaohs.

Bartonella rochalimae
"Bartonella rochalimae" is a recently discovered strain of Gram-negative bacteria. It is a member of the "Bartonella" genus. The bacteria was found by researchers at the University of California, San Francisco. Scientists at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention also helped with the discovery.
The bacterium was first found in a 43-year-old American woman. She was in Peru when she became very sick. She had a high fever, anemia and insomnia. The illness was thought to be "Bartonella bacilliformis", a similar bacteria that causes Oroya fever. The scientists later discovered that a new species of bacteria had caused the illness. They gave the patient some antibiotics. Her condition later improved.
The findings were published in the "New England Journal of Medicine" on June 7, 2007.

Tipi
A tipi (also called tepee or teepee) is a kind of tent. It is cone-shaped. They were made by Native Americans of the Great Plains who frequently moved from place to place.
Tepees are made from long poles, and are covered with material. Long ago the material was animal skin or tree bark. Today, they are made from cloth.
Tepees were put up in as a circle, which symbolized the life.
Tepees are no longer usually used for a full-time home, but they are still used for special occasions, such as pow-wows.
Tepees were used by the Lakota

Karen Carpenter
Karen Carpenter (March 2, 1950 – February 4, 1983) was an American singer and drummer who was most popular in the 70s. She is known as the singer of the group the Carpenters.
Childhood.
Karen Carpenter was born in New Haven, Connecticut on March 2, 1950. She played baseball a lot, and said that she likes being the pitcher. She has a brother, named Richard Carpenter. While Karen played baseball with her friends, Richard usually played the piano. Her parents, Agnes and Harold Carpenter, decided that they wanted to move to Downey, California, a city near Hollywood. They moved in 1963.
In Downey, Karen attended Downey High School. She was a good student, but didn't like gym. In order to get out of gym, she asked to be in the marching band instead. When she got into the marching band, the director gave her the glockenspiel, an instrument that sounds somewhat like a xylophone. Karen didn't like the glockenspiel and asked her band director if she could play the drums instead. Seeing Karen's natural talent for rhythm, the director approved. From then on, she practiced drumming on pots and pans before her parents finally bought her a drum set.
Pre-Career.
Her brother formed the Richard Carpenter Trio in 1965. Karen played the drums. Richard played the piano, and a friend named Wes Jacobs played the electric bass. They played jazz music at clubs in Hollywood. They entered the Battle of the Bands contest at the Hollywood Bowl in 1966. The Richard Carpenter Trio played "The Girl From Ipanema" and "Iced Tea," a song composed by Richard Carpenter. They won the Battle of the Bands that year. Afterwards, they signed with RCA Records, but the RCA thought their music wouldn't sell, so RCA let them go. The Richard Carpenter Trio made one last TV appearance on "Your All American College Show" in 1968, where they played "Dancing in the Street." Karen had a great drum solo. They won the "Your All American College Show" contest, too.
In 1967, Richard and Karen formed another group called Spectrum. Spectrum focused on making big harmonies, and the public didn't like their music. Both the Richard Carpenter Trio and Spectrum disbanded in 1968.
Career.
After five years of going nowhere, Richard and Karen Carpenter wanted to sign with a record label, but were constantly rejected. Joe Osborn, a bass player, had recording studio and let Richard and Karen record demo tapes. They sent in those demo tapes to a man named Herb Alpert. Herb Alpert appreciated Richard and Karen's music, and agreed to sign the two to his record label, A&M Records.
In April of 1969, Richard and Karen Carpenter signed to A&M Records as "Carpenters." They released their first album that year as well. It was called "Offering." It didn't have any popular songs on there, except for a song called "Ticket to Ride." When they released it as a single, the public's reaction was somewhat less than great. Too many people were accustomed to the Beatles' version.
The next year, Herb Alpert recommended a song called "(They Long to Be) Close to You." After being given the music, Richard Carpenter worked on on arranging it to invent their own sound. This song was their first major hit. It went to #1 on the Billboard Hot 100.
Later that year, the Carpenters recorded another song, called "We've Only Just Begun." It was originally for a commercial for a bank called "Crocker Bank", but Richard saw potential in it. He again began working on the arrangement and the song was released. Ultimately, "We've Only Just Begun" released it as a single, went to #2 on the Billboard Hot 100.
Throughout their career, Karen and Richard continued to be successful and release great singles. All of them placed in the top 20 until 1977. In 1977, both singles released only peaked at #32 and #35. Their last top 20 single was released in 1981, and it was called "Touch Me When We're Dancing."
Anorexia nervosa.
Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder commonly known as "The Slimmer's Disease." It is a physological disorder that is characterized by fear of becoming fat, to the point of self-induced starvation. Victims of this disorder are typically perfectionists that have trouble showing their emotions. Karen Carpenter's eating disorder started in 1967, when the group "Spectrum" was still playing. Because she was moderately overweight, her doctor advised her to lose weight. Her doctor then a diet called the "Stillman Diet." She drank 8 cups of water everyday and avoided fatning foods. Karen lost about 25 pounds from the Stillman Diet. After she became successful, she decided that she neede to lose more weight. In 1975, she lost so much weight that she became ill. Eventually, she collapsed on stage and was sent to the hospital. At one time, she was only 70 pounds and 5'4" tall (five feet, four inches). A woman her height should be between 124 to 138 pounds. Becoming aware of her illness, she decided to gain weight. In 1982, she was the healthiest she'd been, but her heart failed. It's been proven that she had been abusing laxitives and thyroid pills. She may have also abused syrup of ipetac to induce vomiting, but that has not been proven. On February 4, 1983, Karen Carpenter died at the age of 32 from heart failure.
Records.
With the Carpenters, Karen Carpenter had a lot of records. Here is a list of them. The "italicized" words are the names of the records, and the things in the (parentheses) are the years that the records were released.

Luke the Evangelist
Luke the Evangelist is said to be the man who wrote the Gospel of Luke and Acts of the Apostles in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. Irenaeus, Eusebius of Caesarea and Jerome say that he was a friend of Saint Paul and a doctor, and that he accompanied Paul on some of his travels. These people also say that he was of Greek origin, from Antioch in Syria.
Modern-day scholars think that the person that wrote the two books was not the same that accompanied Paul. Paul had a theology that was special, and slightly different from that of other writers of the New Testament. The two books written by Luke never refer to this theology. Also, the name of Paul's companion is never linked to writing the two books. The Acts of the Apostles often tell things about Paul which Paul odes not tell himself in his letters.
Luke wrote about the Three Wise Men who visited Jesus in the Bible.

Walid Eido
Walid Eido (in Arabic: وليد عيدو) (Beirut, 1942 - Beirut, June 13, 2007) was a Lebanese man who worked for the Lebanese Parliament, a government building in Beirut. He died with his son on June 13, 2007, with eight other people, when a bomb blew up just outside a famous amusement park. This was at the waterside of north Beirut.
His early life.
Walid Eido was Sunni Muslim. He was born in the Bachoura area of Beirut. He finished his studies at the Lebanese University in 1966. In the late 1990s, he worked for the Lebanese law of north Lebanon, but, in the year 2000, he quit to go into political life with Mr. Rafic Hariri and to be in the Lebanese parliament. Later on, he worked for the Lebanese Parliament. He used to belong to Al-Murabitun militant group at the time of the Lebanese civil war, he left the Murabitun when this group starts to expand and take bad members in.
Personal life.
Eido was married with three sons named Khaled, Zaher and Mazen. Eido was a good swimmer and the bomb exploded outside his favorite Beirut beach resort, Sporting Club.

Toyama Prefecture
Toyama Prefecture (富山県, Toyama-ken) is in the Chūbu, meaning centre part, region on Honshū island, Japan.
The capital is the city of Toyama.
Great nature.
Toyama is famous by its great mountains and rich fishery. Trout sushi(ますずし;masu-zushi), firefly squid(ほたるいか;hotaru-ika) and mass product of tulip industry are also famous.
Industry.
Toyama has one of the strongest industrial prefecture on the Japan-sea coast, companies were historically taking advantage of cheap electricity generated from its rich water with 3000-meter class mountains. The Itai-itai disease, its origin is from polluted water with cadmium, occurred in Toyama around 1950.
Nowadays, electricity is not surprisingly cheap, because they mainly use oil to generate it. But Aluminum industry is still strong with companies such as YKK or Sankyo Aluminum.
Sports.
By 2006, there were two company-owned football teams.
Toyama has rapidly become a sporting prefecture when they began to have a nation-wide professional basketball team and a regional baseball team is started by great support of many companies.
But there is no teams in NPB, major baseball league, and J. League, Japan's highest-level football league.

Haredi
Haredi is one of the Jewish denominations and it is sometimes referred to as 'Ultra-Orthodox', because it is very strict on all of the torah's commandments.

Fouad Siniora
Fouad Siniora (in Arabic: فؤاد السنيورة, Fu'ād As-Sanyūrah) is the Prime Minister of Lebanon. He has been Prime Minister since July 19, 2005, after Najib Mikati left office.
His early life.
Fouad Siniora is a Sunni Muslim, who was born in Sidon in 1943. He finished his studies at the American University of Beirut. Then, he worked for Citibank, and in the 1970s, he became a teacher at the American University of Beirut. Later, he worked for the Central Bank. In 1982, he started to work for the late Prime Minister, Rafik Hariri. He became part of Hariri's business. Siniora was Minister of Finance in Lebanon after the civil war ended.

Hassan Nasrallah
Hassan Nasrallah (in Arabic: حسن نصرالله) (born August 30, 1960 - in Bourj Hammoud, Beirut) is the leader of the Islamist party in Lebanon called Hezbollah. He is also a Shi'a Muslim cleric. Some countries, like the United States and Britain, consider him to be a terrorist.
His early life.
Hassan Nasrallah was born in Bourj Hammoud, east Beirut. He was among ten children in his family. He went to Al Najah school, and then a public school in Sin el-Fil, Beirut. The civil war in 1975 caused his family to move to their old home in Bassouriyeh. There, he finished his secondary education at the public school in Tyre. He then joined the Amal Movement, a militant group that represents the Shi'a Muslims in Lebanon.

Sidon
Sidon, or Saida (in Arabic: صيدا Saydā;in Greek Σιδώνα,in Hebrew: צִידוֹן, Zaydo'wn), is the third biggest city in Lebanon. It is in the southern part of Lebanon at the waterside of the Mediterranean Sea. The name "Sidon" means a fishery.
History.
Sidon came to existence in 4000 BC, and it was one of the most important cities of Phoenicia. From here, a great trading empire of the Mediterranean area was made. It was known for people who were good in making glass and purple cloth dyes. Glass making was a very important business in Sidon during in the Phoenician time, and it was done in big numbers. And, making of purple cloth dye was almost as important as glass making.

Chisel
A chisel is a tool often used with a hammer to shape surfaces.

Oak Park, Illinois
Oak Park, Illinois is a suburb of Chicago. About 52,000 people live there. It is known, because Ernest Hemingway was born there and Frank Lloyd Wright lived and worked there for a while.

Ring Lardner
Ringgold Wilmer Lardner (March 6 1885 – September 25 1933) was an American sports columnist and short story writer best known for his satirical takes on the sports world, marriage, and the theatre.

Björk
Björk Guðmundsdóttir (Better known as Björk'") was born on November 21, 1965 in Reykjavík, Iceland. She is an Icelandic singer, composer and actress. She mostly writes her own songs. She is best known for telling people how she feels with anger and for her unusual voice. She sings mostly in English but sometimes in Icelandic. She often makes music on her slaptop.
She has a son and a daugther, Sindri, and ísadòra. She lives in New York City, but also owns a home in Reykjavík.

List of years
This page indexes the individual years pages.

List of centuries
These pages contain the trends of millennia and centuries.

Volumetric flask
A volumetric flask (vol flask for short) is a type of laboratory glassware. It is used to hold and measure accurate amounts of liquid. It is shaped like a Florence flask, but has a smaller bottom.

Florence flask
A Florence flask (also known as a boiling flask) is a type of flask. It is a piece of laboratory glassware. It can hold chemical solutions. The flask has a round body with a long neck. The flask usually come in volumes of 1 liter.

Motion Picture Association of America
The Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA), originally called the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors Association of America, is a non-profit group based in the United States. Its members are the "big six" major Hollywood studios: Buena Vista Pictures Distribution (The Walt Disney Company), Sony Pictures, Paramount Pictures (Viacom -- which bought DreamWorks in February 2006), 20th Century Fox (News Corporation), Universal Studios (NBC Universal), and Warner Bros. (Time Warner). The organization produces the well-known voluntary film rating system.

Long Beach, California
Long Beach is a city located in southern Los Angeles County, California, USA, on the Pacific coast. It borders Orange County on its southeast edge. It is about 20 miles (30 km) south of downtown Los Angeles.

São Carlos
São Carlos is a Brazilian city in the state of São Paulo. In 2006 it had 218,702 people living in it. It is about 231 km (143 miles) away from the city of São Paulo and has a area of 1,141 km² (441 mi²).

51st state
51st state, is a humorous term in American politics that refers to (talks about) a land, which is not a part of USA, but is thought to be added to the United States, becoming the 51st state. Sometimes "51st state" is said seriously (about American Samoa or other territories). Usually it is a joke about Canada (even though Canada is an independent country) because Canada is right next to America and both countries are English-speaking. Before the year 1959, which is when Alaska and Hawaii became states, the word "the 49th state" was used. Less often, "51st State" refers to countries that seem to be controlled by the United States.
The term is used in Canada and other countries to show bad U.S. influence. In Europe and Australia, people who think their culture has become too much like America's culture sometimes use the term "51st state" about their own countries. In Europe, it can also mean Iceland because USA is a very important country in Icelandic politics and economy, Finland because American culture is very popular in Finland, or Great Britain, because people speak English language both in USA and Great Britain.
The term 51st state usually means non-Americans who like American culture and act like Americans, or a non-American politician who is a supporter of the United States, especially its foreign politics.
Political regions of the United States that are not states right now that might become the 51st state are Puerto Rico, US Virgin Islands, Washington, D.C., Guam, or American Samoa. Parts of states that might become their own state include New York City in New York, the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, and Chicago in Illinois. Regions that include land which is now in two different states that might become a state include Jefferson (Northern California and Southern Oregon) and Lincoln (Eastern Washington and the Idaho Panhandle, or the thin part).

Mogadishu
Mogadishu (Somali: "Muqdisho") is the capital city of the African country of Somalia. It is also the largest city in that country. Mogadishu is in Benadir region on the Indian Ocean. The city has been an important port for the region for centuries. Estimates of thepopulation of the city are between 1.5 and 3 million people.
Mogadishu has had 16 years of fighting between militias. This is because the government of Somalia fell in 1991.
History.
Trade between the people in the Mogadishu area with other areas along the Indian coast of Africa started as early as the 1st century. Muslim traders from the Arabian Peninsula came to the area during the 10th century. Because of trade with them, Islam spread through Somalia. The Portuguese tried to take control of the city, but failed. In 1871 Barghash bin Said, the sultan of Zanzibar, controlled the city.
In 1892, Ali bin Said let Italy use the city. Italy bought the city in 1905. They made "Mogadiscio" (Italian for Mogadishu) the capital of Italian Somaliland. The Italians took control of the area around the city in 1936 after heavy resistance. British forces that were in Kenya during World War II captured Mogadishu on February 26, 1941. The British ruled until they gave Italy control of the city again in 1952. Somalia became independent in 1960 with Mogadishu as its capital.
Rebel forces entered and took the city in 1990. They forced President Mohamed Siad Barre to resign and leave the country in January 1991. He went to Lagos, Nigeria. Some of the rebels said that Ali Mahdi Muhammad was the new president. Others said that Mohamed Farrah Aidid was president. A group of United States Marines landed near Mogadishu on December 9, 1992. They were the first part of the United Nations peacekeeping forces during Operation Restore Hope to go to the country.
Economy.
Mogadishu is a commercial and financial center for Somalia. The economy got better after the Somali Civil War but there are still problems. Because there is no government, there is free trade without taxes or regulatory costs. This makes businesses not cost as much as it does in other places. Businesses have hired armed militias to have security. This is causing less violence in the city.
The main industries of the city include making food and beverages as well as textiles. The main textile is cotton. The main market many different types of goods from food to electronic items.
Mogadishu has the most port traffic of any port in Somalia. It is still a major seaport. However, there is much piracy around Somalia's coastal areas. This makes trade risky.

J. League Division 1
J. League Division 1 is a football league in Japan.

Philippine Revolution
The Philippine Revolution (1896—1898) was an armed conflict between the Spanish colonial regime and the Katipunan. The goal of the revolution was for the Philippines to gain independence from Spain.

Victoria, Seychelles
Victoria (sometimes called Port Victoria) is the capital city of the Republic of Seychelles. It is located on the north-eastern side of Mahé island, which the main island of the archipelago. The city was first created as the capital of the British colonial government. Victoria has a population of 24,970 people (2002). About one third of the population of the Seychelles lives in the city. Victoria is served by the Seychelles International Airport
The main exports of Victoria are vanilla, coconuts, coconut oil, tortoise shell, soap, and guano. The harbour is a short distance east of the town. Tuna fishing and canning are a major local industry.
Things to see.
Things to see in the city include a clocktower built similar to Little Ben in London, England. It is a small version of Big Ben. Other things include the Courthouse, the Victoria Botanical Gardens, the Victoria National Museum of History, the Victoria Natural History Museum and the Sir Selwyn Selwyn-Clarke Market.

Roe
Roe is the ripe eggs of fish and certain marine animals, for example sea urchins, shrimp and scallop. It is a type of seafood. Roe is used in many different foods. It can be used cooked or raw.
Caviar is a name for sturgeon roe which is eaten as a delicacy.
Soft Roe or white roe is not roe. It is the seminal fluid of fish.
India (Kerala and West Bengal) and Bangladesh.
Roe from the Hilsa fish is a delicacy in West Bengal and Bangladesh. The roe is usually deep-fried. Other ways of cooking it such as mashed roe where the roe crushed along with oil, onion & pepper, or curry of roe could also be found. In the state of Kerala, roe is deep fried in coconut oil and is a delicacy. Among the tribal populace, deeply-roasted roe in open fire (much like marshmallows) is a delicacy. In this region, the roe of rohu is also delicacy. It is eaten fried or put inside a fried pointed gourd to make "potoler dolma".
Iran.
In the Caspian provinces of Gilan and Mazandaran, several types of roe are used. Called Ashpal or Ashbal, roe can be eaten grilled, cured, salted, or mixed with other things. If salted or cured, it is eaten as a condiment. If used fresh, it is usually grilled, steamed, or mixed with eggs and fried to make a custard-like dish called "Ashpal Kuku".
Roe from Kutum (also known as Caspian White Fish or "Rutilus Frisii Kutum"), Roach (called "Kuli" in Gileki), Bream (called "Kulmeh" in Gileki), and Caspian Salmon are liked very much. Roe from Carp is less common and Barbel roe is also used at times.
Denmark.
Lumpfish ("stenbider") roe is used in Danish cuisine. It is served on top of halved or sliced hard-boiled eggs, on top of piles of shrimp, or with other fish or seafood. Another commonly eaten roe is that from the cod ("torsk").
Greece.
Tarama is carp roe used to make taramosalata. Taramosolata is a Greek and Turkish food that is made of tarama mixed with lemon juice, breadcrumbs, onions, and olive oil. Other food is dipped into it and eaten.
Italy.
Bottarga is the salted and dried roe pouch of Gray Mullet. It is used as a topping and with pasta.
Sweden.
Smoked and salted cod roe paste is very popular in Sweden. The most famous brand is Kalles Kaviar. The paste is commonly served as sandwich topping.
United Kingdom.
Roe eaten in the United Kingdom is usually soft roe instead of hard roe. Herring roe is sold in many British supermarkets but it is not very popular. Battered cod roe can also be bought within many fish and chip shops, mainly around the London area.

Television licence
The television licence (sometimes called the "TV licence" or the "television tax") is a small tax that people pay to watch television. It is used to pay, or part-pay, for the local public broadcaster, such as the BBC in the United Kingdom. It mainly exists in Europe, East Asia and parts of Africa. The licence fee varies in size from a few euros to around 350 euros per year in Iceland. In return for paying the licence, the broadcaster does have few or no adverts.
In the past, before television was well known, people used to have a radio licence, which is a roughly the same as television licence, but for radio. Some countries still have the radio licence together with the television licence.

Nicosia
Nicosia, also known as Lefkosia (Greek: Λευκωσία Turkish: Lefkoşa) is the capital city of the island country of Cyprus. It is also the largest city of that country. Niscosia is located on the Pedieos (Kanlidere) river in the centre of the island. The city is the seat of government as well as the main business centre for Cyprus. Nicosia is capital of the administrative district (Nicosia District)
Nicosia is the only divided capital city in the world. It has a northern (Turkish) section and a southern (Greek) section. These sections are divided by the "Green Line". It is a demilitarized zone created by the United Nations. Unlike Cold War East and West Berlin, the terms "North Nicosia" and "South Nicosia" are not commonly used. The northern half of Nicosia is the capital of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC).
The Greek part of the city has a population of 270,000 people (2004). Also, 84,893 people live in the Turkish zone. Nicosia has many shops, restaurants and entertainment. The city is a trade center. It manufactures textiles, leather, pottery, plastic, and other items. Copper mines are nearby. The University of Cyprus (UCY) is located in Nicosia.
History.
Nicosia was a city-state known as Ledra or Ledrae in ancient times. The king of Ledra was Onasagoras in 672 BC. The city was rebuilt by Lefkos, son of Ptolemy I around 300 BC. Ledra in Hellenic and Roman times was a small, unimportant town, also known as Lefkothea. It got its first Christian bishop, Trifillios, in 348.
The city became the island's capital around the 10th century. It had grown in importance because of threats to the coastal cities Paphos and Salamis. These threats made many people leave the coast of the island and move to Lefkosia in the center of the island.
The city became a Venetian possession in 1489. It was captured by the Ottoman Empire in 1571. During this time, the city grew culturally. In the 15th and 16th centuries, many palaces, churches and monasteries were built. About 20,000 people living in the city died because of the Ottoman attack of 1570.
Many disasters happened in the city during the 19th century. Cholera hit the city in 1835. Fire destroyed large parts of Nicosia in 1857.
The British Empire took control of the island in 1878. Nicosia was the capital of the new British colony.
In early 1974, military forces supported by the Greek government took control of Cyprus. Because of this, Turkey sent forces to the island to also try and take control of it. The Turkish forces caused the Greek supported government to end but the Turks refused to leave the country. The believed that if they left, the Turkish people living in Cyprus would be in. The Turkish forces moved to the northern part of Cyprus and stayed there. Because of this, Cyprus and the city of Nicosia were divided in half. The northern area is contolled by Turkish Cypriots (people from Cyprus) as a part of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. The southern part is controlled by Greek Cypriots.
Only the country of Turkey says that the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus is an actual country.

Gob
Gob are a Canadian punk band from Burnaby, British Columbia. The band was formed in 1994. The band's sound is based on distorted guitars. They have had many songs used on Electronic Arts's sports video games. The band has appeared on several outdoor music festivals, the most well-known being Vans Warped Tour.

Auckland Grammar School
Auckland Grammar School is a public school in Auckland New Zealand. It teaches boys from age thirteen to eighteen. The school also has some places near the school where students who come from distant places can live. It is one of the biggest schools in New Zealand. The school has more than two thousand students. The School's motto is "Per Angusta Ad Augusta". It means "Through difficulties to greatness".
History Background.
Auckland Grammar School was first set up in 1868 by Sir George Grey. He was the governor of New Zealand from 1861-1868. During that time, the new European settlers were fighting with the Maori people over land rights issues. The Governor of New Zealand asked for military help from the British Empire. Britain sent up to one million soldiers to New Zealand to end the problems. Many of the soldiers settled with their families in Auckland. Sir George Grey decided to create Auckland Grammar School to give a very good education to the soldiers' sons.
Rules.
People of all classes or racial background who live in New Zealand are all the same when it comes to being allowed to go to the school. The school believes it is very important to teach many different languages and, in particular, 'the instructing in Latin.' The school tries to get all of the students to do very well in all educational areas, for example, Academic, Sporting and Cultural fields. The school does however show some disregard for national educational standards. Auckland Grammar is considered one of the more "uptight" schools in the Auckland region offering conforming students the best education.

Virginia Beach, Virginia
Virginia Beach is an American city in the Commonwealth of Virginia. The city is located in the South Hampton Roads area on the shores of the Chesapeake Bay and the Atlantic Ocean. It is the largest city in Virginia and the 42nd largest city in the United States. The city has a total population of 447,000 people.
Virginia Beach is a part of the Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News metropolitan area. The area also includes the cities of Chesapeake, Hampton, Newport News, Norfolk, Portsmouth, and Suffolk, as well as other smaller cities, counties and towns of Hampton Roads. The area is known as "America's First Region."
Virginia Beach is best known as a resort town. It has miles of beaches and hundreds of hotels, motels, and restaurants along the Atlantic Ocean and Chesapeake Bay. It is also home to several state parks, three military bases, a number of large corporations, and two universities. It was the site of the first landing of English colonists going to Jamestown.
The city is listed in the "Guinness Book of Records" as having the longest pleasure beach in the world and. It is also located at the southern end of the Chesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel, the longest bridge-tunnel in the world.
Native Americans.
Chesepians were the Native American (American Indian) people living in the area now known as South Hampton Roads in Virginia during the time the English settlers came in 1607. They lived in an area which is now the cities of Norfolk, Portsmouth, Chesapeake and Virginia Beach.
The Chesepians had two other towns (or villages), Apasus and Chesepioc. Both were near the Chesapeake Bay in what is now Virginia Beach. Archaeologists and other people have found many Native American artifacts, for example arrowheads, stone axes, pottery, beads, and skeletons in the area.
First landing, Adam Thoroughgood.
In 1607, after traveling by ocean for 144 days, three ships headed by Captain Christopher Newport came to land where the Atlantic Ocean meets the southern mouth of the Chesapeake Bay. This point is in the northeastern part of the city. They named it Cape Henry, after Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales, the oldest son of King James I of England. They then left the area to find a place further inland where ships from other European countries would not find them. They created their first settlement at Jamestown.
Adam Thoroughgood (1604-1640) of Norfolk, England is one of the first Englishmen to settle in the area which became Virginia Beach.
In 1634, the Colony was divided into shires. They were soon renamed counties. It is said that Thoroughgood used the name of his home in England when helping name New Norfolk County in 1637. The following year, New Norfolk County was split into Upper Norfolk County (soon renamed Nansemond County) and Lower Norfolk County. Thoroughgood chose to live along the Lynnhaven River, also named for his home in England. Lower Norfolk County was very big. It stretched all the way from the Atlantic Ocean west past the Elizabeth River. It included the entire area that is now the cities of Portsmouth, Norfolk, Chesapeake, and Virginia Beach.
Princess Anne County: 1691-1963.
In 1691, Lower Norfolk County was divided to form Norfolk County to the west and Princess Anne County to the east. Princess Anne included all the area from North Carolina border to Cape Henry at the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay along the Atlantic Ocean. Princess Anne County existed from 1691 to 1963, over 250 years.
Virginia Beach: growth of a resort.
The small resort area of Virginia Beach began to grow in Princess Anne County in the late 19th century. This growth was helped in 1888 when rail service and electricity started in the area.
The resort was dependent upon railroad and electric trolley service at first. The concrete Virginia Beach Boulevard from Norfolk to the Oceanfront was completed in 1922. It let people get to the oceanfront in automobiles, buses, and trucks. The resort of Virginia Beach became an incorporated town in 1906. Over the next 45 years, Virginia Beach became more popular as a summer vacation spot. Virginia Beach became a small independent city in 1952. It was politically independent from Princess Anne County. In 1963, Virginia Beach and Princess Anne county merged into a new, much larger independent city keeping the name of the Virginia Beach resort.
Geography.
Virginia Beach has an area of 1,288.1 km² (497.3 mi²). Of that area, 643.1 km² (248.3 mi²) is land and 645.0 km² (249.0 mi²) is water. The average elevation is 12 feet (4 meters) above sea level.
Things to see.
The Edgar Cayce Hospital for Research and Enlightenment was started in Virginia Beach in 1928 with 60 beds. Cayce was a psychic from Kentucky who said he had healing abilities and made prophesies. Cayce lived in Virginia Beach until he died in 1945. His followers are still active in Virginia Beach. Atlantic University was opened by Cayce in 1930; it closed two years later but was re-opened in 1985. Atlantic University was originally intended for study of Cayce's readings and research after spiritual subjects.
There are also eleven golf courses open to the public in the city, as well as four country club courses and NAS Oceana's Aeropines course. Among the best-known public courses are Hell's Point Golf Club and the TPC of Virginia Beach.
Military bases.
Virginia Beach is home to several United States Military bases. These include the United States Navy's NAS Oceana and FTC Dam Neck, and the United States Army's Fort Story located at Cape Henry. NAB Little Creek is located mostly within the city of Virginia Beach but has a Norfolk address.
NAS Oceana is the largest employer in Virginia Beach. It is said to the largest naval airbase in the world.

Rose Tattoo
Rose Tattoo is a hard rock band from Sydney, Australia. The band was formed in 1976. The band is led by singer Angry Anderson. Among their best known songs are "We Can't Be Beaten", "Scarred for Life", "Rock 'n' Roll Outlaw" and "Bad Boy for Love". Their first 4 albums were produced by Harry Vanda and George Young who also worked with DC.
Other bands have played Rose Tattoo songs including Guns N' Roses ("Nice Boys"), L.A. Guns ("Rock'N'Roll Outlaw"), Nashville Pussy ("Rock'N'Roll Outlaw" and "Nice Boys"), Brass Tacks ("Nice Boys"), Public Toys ("Nice Boys"), Lower Class Brats ("We Can't Be Beaten") and Canadian punk rock band Youth Youth Youth ("We can't be beaten").

Patriots' Day
Patriots' Day (sometimes spelled Patriot's Day or Patriots Day) is a legal holiday in Massachusetts. The holiday remembers the American men and women who fought during the Revolutionary War.
In the past, Patriots' Day was on April 19, in honor of Lexington and Concord, the first battles of the American Revolutionary War, which were fought on that date in 1775. Since 1969, however, the holiday has been on the third Monday in April.
The Boston Marathon is run on this day every year. Also, the Boston Red Sox have played a home game at Fenway Park on this day every year since 1960.

Woodside, London
Woodside is a town in the London Borough of Croydon, England. Woodside Racecourse opened in 1866 on a park called Stroud Green Farm, it has now closed and is now the site of Ashburton Learning Village, closing in 1890. Woodside station opened to serve visitors to the racecourse, but not a lot of people used it when the course closed so it was replaced to make way for a tram line.
Woodside is close to South Norwood and Addiscombe.

Sofia
Sofia is the capital and the largest city of Republic of Bulgaria. It has a population of 1,246,791 and is the 15th largest city of European Union. Sofia is located on the west of Bulgaria.
Sofia is one of the oldest capital cities in Europe; the history of Sofia dates back to the 8th century BC.

Burette
A burette is a vertical tube-like instrument, used to measure and separate known amounts of liquids in laboratories. Burettes are very precise and one can measure the volume of a fluid with the precision of ±0.05 mL with them.
History.
Francois Antoine Henri Descroizilles developed the first burette on 1971. Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac invented a more complete burette later.

Maghen Abraham Synagogue
The Maghen Abraham Synagogue (in Arabic: كنيس ماغن إبراهيم; in Hebrew: בית הכנסת מגן אברהם) is the oldest synagogue in Lebanon. A synagogue is where Jews go to pray. But, this synagogue is old, and no one is using it anymore. But, people in Beirut can still see it in Wadi Abu Jamil Street, the place where Lebanese Jews used to live.
History.
This synagogue was very important to Jewish Lebanese in the early twentieth century. It was built in 1925. It was then named after the son of Abraham Sason. Also, it was used as a place to stay for illegal travelers. Some of the people who traveled without legal papers stayed in the synagogue while going to Palestine. Today, it is now called Israel.
In 1976, a year after the civil war began, Joseph Farhi took the Torah scrolls from the synagogue to Geneva. Most of them were sent to Sephardic synagogues in Israel.
Israel attacked its enemies in Lebanon. This brought anger by other people towards Lebanese Jews. Lebanese Jews became targets to Islamic militant groups since 1984. But even during the fighting, Yasser Arafat's PLO forces and the Christian Phalangists did protect Wadi Abu Jamil during the 1982 Lebanon War. But, the presence of Palestine Liberation Organization forces in the area brought Israeli attacks that damaged the synagogue itself.
The late former Prime Minister Rafik Hariri wanted to rebuild the synagoge, but that never happened. The Talmudic school next to it was broken down. This was to keep view of the beach nearby.

Georg Danzer
Georg Franz Danzer (born October 7, 1946 in Vienna, died June 21, 2007, in Asperhofen) was an Austrian musician. He wrote and sang many songs. Many people think of him as the father of Austropop. This is because he usually sang his songs in the local dialect. He died of lung cancer at age 60.

Bentheuphausia amblyops
"Bentheuphausia amblyops" is a species of krill. Krill are small shrimp-like crustaceans living in the ocean.
"B. amblyops" is the only species within its genus, which in turn is the only genus within the family Bentheuphausiidae. All the 85 other species of krill known are classified in the family Euphausiidae.
"B. amblyops" can be found in the northern Atlantic Ocean. It occurs in latitudes south of 40° N, and also in the southern seas of the Atlantic, in the Indian Ocean and in the Pacific. It is a bathypelagic krill that lives in deep waters below 1,000 m. It is distinguished from the Euphausiidae by several morphological features. The features most easily used to tell it apart are that the animals are "not" bioluminescent and that their first pair of pleopods is "not" modified as copulatory tool organs. Also, their eyes are smaller than those of the Euphausiidae. Adults reach a length of 4 to 5 cm.

Grosse Ile Township, Michigan
Grosse Ile Township is a town in Wayne County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The township is coterminous with the island in the Detroit River called Grosse Ile. The name comes from French, meaning "Big Island". The population was 10,894 at the 2000 census. It is part of the collection of communities known as Downriver.

Malacostraca
The Malacostraca (Greek: "soft shell") are the largest subgroup of crustaceans. They include decapods (such as crabs, lobsters and shrimp), stomatopods (mantis shrimp) and krill. There are 22,000 members in this group. It represents two thirds of all crustacean species. The first malacostracans appeared in the Cambrian period.
The classification of crustaceans is currently being debated. Some think Malacostraca is a class and others think it is a subclass.
Morphology.
Malacostraca have heads with six segments. They have a pair of antennules and a pair of antennae. They also have mouthparts. There are appendages near the mouthparts, called maxillipeds. They have five pairs of walking legs. The first pair is formed like a pincer. There are eight thoracic segments. There are six abdominal segments. They are used for swimming. Members of Malacostraca have compound stalked or sessile eyes. They have a two-chambered stomach and a centralized nervous system.
Classification.
Class Malacostraca Latreille, 1802

Decapod
The decapods or Decapoda are an order of crustaceans within the class Malacostraca. Many familiar groups, such as crayfish, crabs, lobsters, prawns and shrimp can be found in this order. Most decapods are scavengers - they eat dead plants and animals.
Anatomy.
As their name suggests, all decapods have ten legs. These are the last five of the eight pairs of thoracic legs characteristic of crustaceans. The front three pairs are used as jaws and are called maxillipeds. The others are pereiopods (walking legs). In many decapods, however, one pair of legs has large pinching claws; the claws are called "chelae", so those legs may be called "chelipeds". More legs are found on the abdomen. Each segment can carry a pair of two-branched pleopods (swimming legs). The last of them form part of the tail fan and are called uropods.
Classification.
Classification within the order Decapoda depends on the structure of the gills and legs, and the way in which the larvae develop. This allows to split them into two suborders: Dendrobranchiata and Pleocyemata. Prawns (including many species informally referred to as "shrimp", such as the Atlantic white shrimp) make up the Dendrobranchiata. The other groups, including true shrimp, are the Pleocyemata.
The following classification follows Martin and Davis, with some changes based on more recent structural and molecular studies.
Order Decapoda Latreille, 1802 (Selection, not everything is listed)

Rafik Hariri
Rafik Baha ad-Din Hariri (November 1, 1944 – February 14, 2005), (in Arabic: رفيق بهاءالدين الحريري) was a billionaire and a businessman. He was also the Prime Minister of Lebanon from 1992 to 1998, and he became Prime Minister again in 2000. But in October 20, 2004, he quit his job. He helped a lot in rebuilding Beirut, which was damaged from the fightings during the civil war.
Hariri was killed on February 14, 2005. 1000 kg of TNT exploded near his car. His car was passing through the St. George Hotel in the Lebanese capital, Beirut. People are still trying to learn who did it, and it is done with help from the United Nations. Serge Brammertz is leading this investigation. Many people in Lebanon said that the government of Syria and its friends did it. So far, Brammertz said that a DNA evidence collected from the exploded area shows that the killing was done by a young man. It is believed that his man blew himself up at the time.

Antenna (biology)
Antennae (singular antenna) are paired appendages connected to the front segments of arthropods. In crustaceans, they are found on the first two segments of the head. The smaller pair is known as antennules. Two arthropod groups, chelicerates and proturans, have no antennae.
Antennae are jointed and extend forward from the head. They are sensory organs. The organ may sense touch, air motion, heat, vibration (sound), and especially olfaction (smell) or gustation (taste).

Josef Dietrich
Josef "Sepp" Dietrich (May 28, 1892 - April 21, 1966) was a German Waffen-SS officer, and one of the closest men to Adolf Hitler. For his wartime services, he was one of only 27 men to be awarded the Knight's Cross with Oak leaves, Swords and Diamonds. Dietrich and other members of the Waffen-SS were tried for war crimes after WW2.

Freeview (New Zealand)
Freeview is free television service in the New Zealand, It is sent to people's home using a digital signal by either over the air or by satellite. It is planning to have more channels than the normal television (analogue) provides. The service was put on air on 2 May 2007. The service was created a local copy of the British digital television service, also known as Freeview.
Some TVs can receive Freeview automatically, but most people have to buy a special box to connect to their old TV or replace their satellite box, if they want to get by satellite.

Burqa
A Burqa is a piece of clothing. It is for women. They can wear it as an outer garment. It only leaves a space free for the eyes of the woman. The rest of the body is covered by it.
Other garments for women, that cover less of their body are the hijab and the niqab

Motion Picture Association of America film rating system
The Motion Picture Association of America film rating system is a system used by the MPAA. It can help parents determine which movies their children can watch.

The Satanic Verses
"The Satanic Verses" is a novel by Salman Rushdie.
Part of it was inspired by the life of Muhammad. The title refers to Satanic verses. This is one of the interpretations of the Koran. This interpretation is what Ibn Ishaq did in the oldest surviving text of the work. Some Islamic and most non-Muslim Western historians and commentators on the Qur'an have accepted this story of Muhammad's momentary acceptance of the verses. A common Muslim viewpoint is that the existence of the verses is just a fabrication created by non-Muslims.
The novel caused much controversy when it was published. Many Muslims felt that it contained blasphemous references. Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, the Supreme Leader of Iran, a Shi'a Muslim scholar, issued a fatwa that called for the death of Rushdie and claimed that it was the duty of every Muslim to obey.As a result, Hitoshi Igarashi, the Japanese language translator of the book was stabbed to death on July 11, 1991; Ettore Capriolo, the Italian language translator, was seriously injured in a stabbing the same month. William Nygaard, the publisher in Norway, survived an attempted assassination in Oslo in October of 1993. On February 14, 2006, the Iranian state news agency reported that the fatwa will remain in place permanently.
In the United Kingdom, however, the book was praised by a lot of critics. It was a 1988 Booker Prize Finalist, eventually losing to Peter Carey's "Oscar and Lucinda".

Satanic verses
Satanic verses is a name given to a number of verses of the Qur'an. These verses became famous because they were introduced into a version of the book. In a later version, they were taken out again. Different groups of people have different views about these verses.

National Democrats (Sweden)
National Democrats (Swedish: "Nationaldemokraterna") is a minor political party in Sweden. It was formed in October 2001. The chairman of the party is Marc Abramsson.

Broad Green
Broad Green is a small area with a lot of houses at the centre of West Croydon in the London Borough of Croydon, England. The area is mostly filled with a triangular green space which includes shops and large houses. The green was built at the end of the 19th century. Most of West Croydon is in an electoral ward called "Broad Green", hence Broad Green library is some distance from the traditional Broad Green area. Parts of West Thornton and Selhurst wards are also in West Croydon.

West Croydon
West Croydon is a small town on the edge of Central Croydon inside the London Borough of Croydon. It includes a large railway station, tram stop and bus station.
Broad Green is a residental area within West Croydon, it has a lot of houses and local shops. Mayday Hospital is located in West Croydon as well, this is a main NHS Hospital in London.

Kanji
Kanji is one of the three forms of Japanese writing. It is taken and changed from Chinese characters. A kanji is an "ideogram": that is, a symbol of an idea or concept, such as an object, thing or quality. All Kanji have a Hiragana or Katakana (the two other forms of Japanese writing, they are combined and called Kana) spelling. In the Japanese language, words can have more than one meaning, and when the words are written, a reader may become unsure of what the meaning is, so each different Kanji can be said the same yet look different and have a different meaning. It literally means "Han characters".
Kanji was originally written to look like what it means, thus the Japanese symbol for mouth is 口 (which is said as "goot-chi"), and looks like a mouth. Another word, 山 (said as "ya-mah") means mountain. The Japanese have Kanji for many words, most can be shown with just one Kanji, but sometimes, some Kana are added onto the end of the word to change it's meaning and add to the way it's said. The kanji can also be combined to create new words, such as 山口 ("yamaguchi"), "mountain-mouth", meaning a cave. (That is also the surname of Olympic figure skater Kristi Yamaguchi, and the name of a prefecture).
Often the kanji are read differently when they appear alone and when they form a compound word. Most kanji have at least two different readings, "kun-yomi", which is the original Japanese reading, and "on-yomi", which is Chinese reading. Kun-yomi is usually used when the kanji is alone, and on-yomi when it is part of a compound. For example, 山 can be read either as "yama" (kun-yomi) or "san" (on-yomi).
As English only has one writing system, Japanese and Kanji are taught differently through schools. Kanji is shown to the students in each grade, as the characters get progressively harder. If someone does not know the Kanji for a word, they will write it in Kana. The kanji are classed on basis of how many brush strokes they are made of. The simplest kanji have one stroke and the most complex may have up to 23 strokes.
There are many different Kanji, the exact number is not known but it is around 50,000. However, all 50,000 are not taught in schools. The government of Japan has set up a 1945 basic Kanji list that those learning the language may want to know. They are the most common used in newspapers and magazines, along with street signs and store signs.

Chris Moyles
Chris Moyles is the presenter of a breakfast radio show on BBC Radio 1. He was born on February 22, 1974 in Leeds. His career in radio started when he was 14, when he worked on a hospital radio. He worled at lots of different stations until in 1997 he got a job at BBC Radio 1. When he took over the Breakfast show from fellow DJ Sara Cox he quickly brought more listeners to the show and won awards for his show. He is sometimes called 'The Saviour' of Radio 1 because of this.
Apart from the radio, Moyles has also made a few television appearances, with differing amounts of success. He also has written an autobiography called "The Gospel According to Chris Moyles: The Story of One Man and his Mouth".

Libretto
A libretto is the text (the words) which are set to music to make an opera. A libretto can also be the words for an oratorio, cantata, mass or a musical. The person who writes the libretto is called a librettist. The word “libretto” (plural: “libretti” or “librettos”) is an Italian word which means “little book”.
Sometimes a composer writes his own libretti, but usually a composer likes to have a librettist who can write the words for him so that he can set them to music.
Some libretti are original stories by the librettist, but very often they are based on a book by another writer.
In the 18th century Metastasio was a very famous librettist. Many of his libretti were set several times by different composers. Another 18th century librettist was Lorenzo da Ponte, who wrote the libretti for three of Mozart's greatest operas, as well as for many other composers. In the 19th century Eugène Scribe wrote a very large number of libretti that were set to music by composers such as Meyerbeer, Auber, Bellini, Donizetti, Rossini and Verdi. Two French writers called Henri Meilhac and Ludovic Halévy wrote a large number of opera and operetta libretti for the composers Jacques Offenbach, Jules Massenet and Georges Bizet. Arrigo Boito, who wrote libretti for, among others, Giuseppe Verdi and Amilcare Ponchielli, composed two operas of his own. Hugo von Hoffmansthal wrote libretti for Richard Strauss.
Wagner and Tippett are two composers who wrote their own libretti.
Usually a libretto is written before the music, but sometimes composers wrote some of the music first and then looked for words to go with it. Composers, such as Mikhail Glinka, Alexander Serov, Rimsky-Korsakov, Puccini, and Mascagni all did this sometimes.
Musicals usually have lyrics (the words for the songs), and a separate "book" (the spoken dialogue and the stage directions). Sometimes these two are by different authors, e.g. the musical Fiddler on the Roof has a composer (Jerry Bock), a lyricist (Sheldon Harnick), and the writer of the "book" (Joseph Stein).

Hmong people
The words Hmong and Mong refer to an Asian ethnic group. Their homeland is southern China. In the 18th century, Hmong people started moving to other Southeast Asian countries. Today, they live in northern Vietnam, Laos, Thailand, and Myanmar. In 1975, communists took over Laos. After they took over, many Hmong people moved to the United States, Australia, France, French Guiana, and Canada. Hmong people divide themselves into the White Hmong, the Green Hmong, and other smaller groups.
History.
Hmong people have been living in southern China for at least 2,000 years.
From 1919 to 1921, the Hmong people were involved a war. The French called this war the War of the Insane.
From 1962 to 1975, the Hmong people were involved in the Laotian Civil War, also known as the Secret War.
Geography.
China has the largest population of Hmong people with 3 million Hmong people. Vietnam has 787,600 Hmong people, Laos has 320,000 Hmong people, and Thailand has 150,000 Hmong people. Some Hmong people live in Myanmar.
Outside of Asia, the United States has the most Hmong people; it has 186,310 Hmong people. France has 15,000 Hmong people, Australia has 2,000 Hmong people, and French Guiana has 1,500 Hmong people. Canada and Argentina have a total of 600 Hmong people.

Toplessness
Toplessness (or being topless) is usually applied to women, who do not wear any clothing above the waist. That way their breasts are visible. Because the female breast is often seen associated with sexuality, many countries make a difference between men and women is such a state. This is because the male torso does not have such a connotation.
In many non-Western cultures, it is usual that women are topless.

Westminster Cathedral
Westminster Cathedral in London, England, is a Roman Catholic cathedral. It is the mother church of the Roman Catholic community in England and Wales and the Metropolitan Church and Cathedral for the Archbishop of Westminster.
The cathedral is near Victoria in the City of Westminster. It is the largest Roman Catholic church in England and Wales. It should not be confused with Westminster Abbey.
The cathedral was opened in 1903. It was designed by John Francis Bentley and is in the style of Byzantine church architecture. The nave is the widest of any church in England. The sanctuary is higher than the nave, so that the altar can be seen from any part of the nave. A very large crucifix hangs from the chancel arch. The Archiepiscopal Throne or cathedra, of marble and mosaic, is modelled on the Papal Throne at the Basilica of St. John Lateran in Rome. There are beautiful marble pillars which are all carved differently. In the crypt there are monuments to famous people.
Westminster Cathedral has a famous choir. The first Master of Music (choirmaster) was Sir Richard Runciman Terry. Since 2000, the Master of Music has been Martin Baker. Mass is sung every day.
The choir are famous for singing Gregorian chant and polyphony of the Renaissance. Composers such as Benjamin Britten and Ralph Vaughan Williams have written music for the choir.
All the boys of the Choir are boarders at the nearby Westminster Cathedral Choir School.
The organ is very large. It is in the west gallery (above the entrance). It was built by the organ builder Henry Willis III from 1922 to 1932. One of Louis Vierne's best-known organ pieces, "Carillon de Westminster," was composed for it and dedicated to the builder.
On May 28, 1982, the first day of his six-day visit to the United Kingdom, Pope John Paul II celebrated Mass in the Cathedral.
In 1995, Cardinal Basil Hume invited HM The Queen. This was the first visit of a reigning monarch of the United Kingdom to a Catholic liturgy since 1688 when James II & VII was king.

Cachoeira do Sul
Cachoeira do Sul is a Brazilian city of the state of Rio Grande do Sul. It has 89 669 inhabitants and an area of 3.765 km².

Median
In probability theory and statistics, the median is a number. This number has the property that it divides a set of observed values in two equal halves, so that half of the values are below it, and half are above.
If there are a finite number of elements, the median is easy to find. The values need to be arranged in a list, lowest to highest. If there is an odd number of values, the median is the one at position formula_1. For example, if there are 13 values, they can be arranged into two groups of 6, with the median in between, at position 7. With an even number of values, as there is no single number which divides all of the numbers to two halves, the median is defined as the mean of the two central elements. With 14 observations, this would be the mean of elements 7 and 8, which is their sum divided by 2.
Median and mean.
Median and mean are different in several ways. Mean is a better statistical measure in many cases, because many of the statistical tests can use mean and standard deviation of two observations to compare them, while the same comparison cannot be performed using the medians.
On the opposite, median is a better statistical measure in some cases where the variance of the values is not imporant and we only need a central measure of the values. If the maximum value of a set of numbers changes while the other numbers of this set are kept the same, the mean of this set of numbers changes, but the median does not.
One of the other advantages of median is that, it can be calculated sooner when we are studying survival data. For example, a researcher can calculate the median survival of patients with kidney transplant, when half the patients participated in his study die; in contrast, if he wants to calculate the mean survival, he must continue the study and follow all of the patients until their death.

Mode (statistics)
In statistics, the Mode is a number. Very often, samples of data are collected. These might be measurements of some kind. In this context, the Mode is the value that occurs most often. Unlike the Median and the Mean, the mode is not necessarily unique. There might be several different values that occur the same number of times.

S.S.C. Napoli
S.S.C. Napoli ("Società Sportiva Calcio Napoli") is an Italian football club. The club plays in Serie A. Its home stadium is the Stadio San Paolo in Naples, Italy. They team plays in light blue shirts, white shorts and light blue socks as uniforms.
History.
The club was formed in 1926 and it was in most of its history in Serie A. It was Diego Armando Maradona who put Napoli on the world soccer map, leading them to scudettos in 1987 and 1990 and the UEFA Cup in 1989. They also won the Coppa Italia in 1962, 1976, and 1987, a Coppa delle Alpi in 1966 and a Supercoppa Italiana in 1991.
Napoli dropped to Serie B in 2001. With a debt of about 70 million euros, the club went bankrupt in August of 2004. A new club, Napoli Soccer, was born. Napoli Soccer was renamed Società Sportiva Calcio Napoli in early 2006.
Notable Players.
These are players who once played for Napoli and players who still do.

At War With Satan
At War With Satan is the third album by English black metal band Venom. It was released in 1983.
Track listing.
Track 8 - 15, 2002 bonus tracks
All lyrics and music written by Conrad Lant, Jeff Dunn and Tony Bray.

Antichrist
In Christian beliefs, the Antichrist or Anti-christ ("anti" means opposite; "christ" means messiah) is a person or an image of a person that is the implies evil. It is also said that antichrist is the devil himself.

Baker
A baker is somebody who makes mainly bread. Some bakers also make cakes and desserts, but a traditional baker only makes bread. The place where a baker works is called a bakehouse or a bakery.
The first bread was made by the Egyptians in 8000 BC and in the Middle ages most landlords had a bakery. They had a public oven and housewives brought the dough to the baker to cook.
Bread is now much sweeter than it was in the Middle Ages because a lot of corn syrup or honey is used.

Statistical hypothesis test
A statistical hypothesis test is a statistical method used to answer a question based on some data. The question is known as the "hypothesis".
A statistical test calculates a statistic (a number) to summarize what the data say about the hypothesis. Its value is compared to a critical value which assumes the hypothesis is true. Values more extreme than the critical value are taken to be evidence that the hypothesis is false.

Luxembourg City
Luxembourg City is the capital city of Luxembourg. The city has a population of 76,420 people. If the metropolitan area of the city is included, the population is 103,973.

TV Tokyo
TV Tokyo is a television station in Tokyo, Japan. It is also known as "Teleto," a portmanteau of "terebi," the Japanese word for "television," and "Tokyo." Its main owner is Nihon Keizai Shimbun. TV Tokyo is right now the smallest of the major Tokyo TV networks.

Drawer
A drawer is a piece of furniture for storage. They are usually very short and wide and are part of a chest of drawers, where lots of drawers are stacked. Most have handles or knobs so they can be pulled out.

Chest of drawers
A chest of drawers (Also called a dresser) is a piece of furniture. They are made of lots of horizontal drawers. They are usually used for storing clothing, such as underwear and socks.

Puzzle
A puzzle is a problem to make the user think. They are often used for entertainment and can help logic skills. The user may need to recognise patterns to solve it, so those who have good logic are usually good with puzzles.
Puzzles, such as wordsearches, crosswords and Sudoku grids, are printed in newspapers and magazines, but puzzles can be with objects or even on a computer screen.

Srinivasa Ramanujan
Srinivasa Ramanujan Iyengar (December 22, 1887 – April 26, 1920) was an Indian mathematician. He is considered to be one of the most talented mathematicians in recent history. He had no formal training in mathematics. However, he still made large contributions to number theory, infinite series and continued fractions.
He was mentored by G. H. Hardy in the early 1910s. After getting his degree at Cambridge, Ramanujan did his own work. He compiled over 3500 identities and equations in his life. Some of the identities were found in his "lost notebook". When the notebook was discovered, mathematicians proved almost all of Ramanujan's work. His discoveries have led to many advancements in mathematics. His formulas are now being used in crystallography and string theory.

On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences
The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences (OEIS), also known as Sloane's, is an large searchable database. It is on the Web, and it contains number sequences..
It contains over 120,000 sequences. This makes it the largest database of its kind. Each entry contains the leading terms of the sequence, keywords, mathematical motivations, literature links. It also includes the option to generate a graph or play a musical representation of the sequence. The database can be searched by keyword and by subsequence.

Ramanujan prime
In mathematics, a Ramanujan prime is a prime number that satisfies a result proven by Srinivasa Ramanujan. It relates to the prime counting function.
Origins and definition.
In 1919, Ramanujan published a new proof of Bertrand's postulate (which had already been proven by Pafnuty Chebyshev).
where formula_2"(x)" is the prime counting function. The prime counting function is the number of primes less than or equal to "x".
Ramanujan primes are the integers "Rn" that are the smallest to satisfy the condition

Prime counting function
In mathematics, the prime counting function is the function counting the number of prime numbers less than or equal to some real number "x". It is denoted by formula_1 (this does "not" refer to the number π).

Bertrand's postulate
Bertrand's postulate states that if "n" > 3 is an integer, then there always exists at least one prime number "p" with "n" < "p" < 2"n" − 2.
This statement was first made in 1845 by Joseph Bertrand. Bertrand verified his statement for all numbers in the interval [2, 3 × 106].
His statement was completely proven by Pafnuty Chebyshev in 1850. For this reason, the postulate is also called the Bertrand-Chebyshev theorem or Chebyshev's theorem'". Srinivasa Ramanujan gave a simpler proof. Ramanujan later used that proof when he discovered Ramanujan primes. In 1932, Paul Erdős published a simpler proof using the Chebyshev function θ("x").

Paul Erdős
Paul Erdős, also Pál Erdős, in English Paul Erdos or Paul Erdös (March 26, 1913 – September 20, 1996), was a famous Hungarian-born mathematician. He worked with hundreds of mathematicians on problems in combinatorics, graph theory, number theory, classical analysis, approximation theory, set theory, and probability theory.
Erdős number.
Because he was so prolific, friends created Erdős number. Erdős has a number of 0 (for being himself), and his direct collaborators were given the number 1. Their collaborators were given a number of 2, an so on.
The Erdős number was most likely first defined by Casper Goffman, a mathematician whose Erdős number is 1.

Erdős number
The Erdős number () honors the Hungarian mathematician Paul Erdős. Erdős was one of the most prolific mathematical writers.
Paul Erdős's number is 0. Anyone who directly worked with Paul Erdős has an Erdős number of 1. Anyone who works with those collaborators who have a Erdős number of 1, have an Erdős number of 2. The chain continues like that.

John Morrison
John Randall Hennigan (born October 3, 1979), better known as John Morrison, is an American professional wrestler. He works for World Wrestling Entertainment. He is a part of the ECW brand.
Personal life.
Hennigan grew up in Los Angeles, California with his two younger sisters, Kelly and Elise. Hennigan once dated wrestler Melina Perez. The characters they play on television started in a relationship. They met while trying to be a part of the television program "Tough Enough III". Hennigan was made a part of the program, Perez was not.

Candice Michelle
Candice Michelle Beckman-Ehrlich (born September 30, 1978 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin) is an American professional wrestler, actress, and model. She is better known as Candice Michelle or just Candice. Beckman is currently working for World Wrestling Entertainment on its "RAW" brand.
World Wrestling Entertainment.
Candice Michelle came to WWE as a contestant in the 2004 Diva Search. Although she did not win, WWE hired her anyway. At first, Candice Michelle did not have much to do on the program. Over the next several years, she was trained as a wrestler and started doing more work. She was mainly used in unusual matches. For example, "Bra and panties matches" are matches where the winner is the person removes the other persons clothing leaving them wearing only their bra and panties.
At the "Vengeance" PPV on June 24, she defeated Melina to win the WWE Women's Title for the first time.
Personal life.
Candice married Dr. Ken Gee Ehrlich, a West Los Angeles chiropractor on May 7, 2005.
Media.
During Candice's career, she has been in many television series, magazine pictorials, fashion shows, and movies. She has been in the movies '(as a dancer), "Confessions of a Dangerous Mind", "High Crimes", and "Horrorween". In television, she has been on "Party of Five", "The Man Show", "Playboy TV's Totally Busted", "The Tonight Show with Jay Leno", and "Monk". Her most notable appearance was her appearance on "Hotel Erotica". She has also posed nude for several magazines including "Playboy". She is also the model (person)Spokesperson for the internet company GoDaddy.com.

Star of David
The Star of David (Hebrew:מָגֵן דָּוִד, or Māġēn Dāwīd, pronounced in ancient Hebrew, and in Modern Hebrew) is a Jewish symbol. It is named after King David of Israel. It is very famous. The star consists of a triangle, overlapped by another, "upside-down" triangle. It is unknown how this came to be a symbol of Judaism, but it was first used in the Middle Ages. It is used on the flag of Israel, and was used by German National Socialists to identify Jews.

Mount Takao
Takao is a city in Tokyo. It is in western Tokyo. Mount Takao is there. Mount Takao is 599 metres high. Takushoku University is in Takao but it is far from the station. Takao is on the Keio line and the Chuo line. The city at the base of the mountain is Hachioji

Belz Beis HaMedrash HaGadol
The Belz Beis HaMedrash HaGadol (in Yiddish: בעלזא בית המדרש הגדול - "The Belz Grand Synagogue) is the largest synagogue in Jerusalem. It was built by the Belz Hasidic Jews, with help from their supporters and admirers around the world. In the 1980s, Rabbi Yissachar Dov Rokeach (II) of Belz made plans for the huge synagogue to be built in the Kiryat Belz part of Jerusalem.

Samson (band)
Samson was a British heavy metal band between 1977 and 2002.

Thornton Heath
Thornton Heath is a town located in the London Borough of Croydon, south London. There is a new leisure centre in Thornton Heath and there is a train station and a lot of bus routes. There are a lot of shops like Sainsbury's and Tesco.

Stamford Bridge (stadium)
Stamford Bridge is the home of Premiership club Chelsea F.C.. It is located in Fulham in southwest London and was built for Fulham Football Club, who turned it down, with Chelsea being created to play at the ground.

Freeganism
A Freegan is a person who does not like to pay for things, but does not steal either. Freegans like to find things that other people throw away that are still useful. People often throw things away that are not used up or broken. Sometimes they throw things away because they are bored of them and like to shop for new things. Freegans look through other people's rubbish bins and take what they can use. This can be good for the environment, because no energy is used to make new things. Unfortunately some cities have rules about taking things out of the rubbish, though, and Freegans get in trouble for this.
The name Freegan rhymes with vegan. It combines the words free and vegan. Freegans are not necessarily vegans.

British Board of Film Classification
The British Board of Film Classification is the organisation responsible for movie and some video game classification in the United Kingdom. The rating system can help parents decide which movies their children should not watch and what video games they should not play.

Electrology
Electrology is an electrical process to remove human hair so that it does not grow back. An electrologist is sometimes called an electrolysist in the United Kingdom. The process of removing the hair is referred to as electrolysis. The electrolysist slides a thin metal probe into each hair follicle. This, if done the right way, does not hurt the skin. Electricity flows to the follicle through the probe. This causes damage to the areas that grow hair so that it does not grow back.

Film rating systems
Each country has its own film rating system to help parents determine which movies their children can watch. The systems usually use age to rate the movies.
United Kingdom.
The United Kingdom use the British Board of Film Classification film rating system.
United States.
The United States use the Motion Picture Association of America film rating system.
Australia.
Australia uses the Office of Film and Literature Classification.

Eve Ensler
Eve Ensler (born 25 May, 1953) is a Jewish-American playwright and feminist activist. She is best known for the play "The Vagina Monologues".
Ensler graduated from Middlebury College in 1975. She married Richard McDermott in 1978 and divorced in 1988. She is the adoptive mother of actor Dylan McDermott. She adopted him when he was 18 and she was 26.

Roger Pearson
Roger Pearson (born 1927) is a British anthropologist. He is also the editor of some scholarly journals published by the Institute for the Study of Man.

Colorado Springs, Colorado
Colorado Springs is a city in Colorado, United States. With a population of 369,815 residents, it is the 2nd largest city in Colorado and the 49th largest in the United States. It is also the county seat of El Paso County. It is also the headquarters of Focus on the Family.

Janice Raymond
Janice G. Raymond is retired professor of women's studies and medical ethics at the University of Massachusetts in Amherst. She is also Co-Executive Director of the Coalition Against Trafficking in Women (CATW).
Raymond has received grants from the U.S. Department of State, the U.S. National Institute of Justice, the Ford Foundation, the United States Information Agency, the National Science Foundation, the Norwegian Organization for Research and Development (NORAD), and UNESCO.

Energy efficiency
Energy efficiency, sometimes called efficient energy use, is using less energy to provide the same level of energy service. An example would be insulating a home to use less heating and cooling energy to achieve the same temperature. Another example would be installing fluorescent lights and/or skylights instead of incandescent lights to attain the same level of illumination. So efficient energy use is achieved primarily by means of a more efficient technology or process rather than by changes in invidual behaviour.
Energy conservation is using less energy to achieve a lesser energy service, and usually involves behavioural change. Examples would be heating a room less in winter, or driving less, or working in a less brightly lit room. As with other definitions, the boundary between efficient energy use and energy conservation can be fuzzy, but both are important in environmental and economic terms. This is especially the case when actions are directed at the saving of fossil fuels.

Tulsa, Oklahoma
Tulsa, Oklahoma is the second largest city in Oklahoma, United States with a population of 387,807 people. It is the 46th largest city in the United States. It is the county seat of Tulsa County; the most densely populated county in Oklahoma, with a population of 563,299 people.

Anchorage, Alaska
Anchorage, Alaska is the largest city in Alaska, United States. With a population of 275,043 residents, it makes up more than two-fifths of the states population.

Boundary Peak
Boundary Peak is a mountain, (or "peak"), in the southwestern U.S. State of Nevada. The county is Esmeralda. It is the highest point in Nevada. It is less than two miles from the Cal/Nev state line, which is why it is called "Boundary Peak". Boundary Peak is 13,141 feet tall, and the closest town is Dyer, a famous ghost town.

Skopje
Skopje is the largest city in the European country Republic of Macedonia. It is the capital city.

Norwegian Dawn
The Norwegian Dawn is a cruise ship that began sailing in 2002 and is currently in operation with Norwegian Cruise Line.
History.
The Norwegian Daw was ordered from shipbuilders Meyer-Werft, Papenburg, Germany. It was delivered in 2001 to Star Cruises. But, it was decided by Star Cruises that SuperStar Libra and SuperStar Scorpio would enter service as part of the fleet operated by subsidiary company Norwegian Cruise Line. These vessels would become Norwegian Star and Norwegian Dawn. In 2002, Norwegian Dawn was delivered to NCL. It is the second SuperStar.
Cruises.
The Norwegian Dawn sails from New York City to Port Canaveral, Florida; Miami, Florida; Nassau, Bahamas; and Great Stirrup Cay.

Lea Fastow
Lea Weingarten Fastow (born December 1961) is the wife of former Enron executive and felon Andrew Fastow, and is the second former Enron executive to go to prison after Enron collapsed due to fraud in December 2001.
Fastow was born in Houston, Texas, born to a Jewish family. Her family had grocery store chain and Weingarten Realty Investors WRI. She graduated from Tufts University, where she met her husband. She earned an MBA at Northwestern University. She was married in 1984. Together Andrew and Lea have two children.

Lawrence Higby
Lawrence M. Higby is an American businessman and political activist. Higby is the former assistant of the White House Chief of Staff H. R. Haldeman during the Nixon Administration. He later went on to become CEO of home medical equipment company Apria. Up until 2005, Higby led a group of wealthy Republicans called the New Majority PAC.

Endorsement test
The endorsement test was proposed by Sandra Day O'Connor, a member of the United States Supreme Court. She proposed it in her judgment in a lawsuit called Lynch v. Donnelly in 1984.
The endorsement test is a question that you can ask if you think that the government is doing something in favor of religion. According to the United States Constitution, the government cannot endorse any particular religion, and cannot endorse religion in general. The test asks: is the government doing something that makes people think that the government endorses religion? If so, that government act may not be allowed under the Constitution.

Terry Rakolta
Terry Rakolta (born September 18, 1943) is an American homemaker and activist who led an unsuccessful boycott against the Fox Broadcasting Company sitcom "Married... with Children" Rakolta currently lives in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan. Rakolta later founded Americans for Responsible Television to fight against other shows deemed offensive by the organization, including shows by Phil Donahue and Howard Stern.

Snake River
The Snake River is a river in the Canadian province of British Columbia and the U.S. states of Washington and Oregon. It is a tributary of the Columbia River. The river begins in British Columbia and flows south through Washington. It forms much of the border between Washington and Oregon as it flows to the Pacific Ocean.

Mount Hood
Mount Hood is a mountain in the U.S. state of Oregon, about 50 miles (80 kilometers) southeast of Portland. The mountain is 11,249 feet high.
It is the highest point in Oregon.
The highest point in Oregon, Mount Hood measures 11,249 ft.

Crater Lake
Crater Lake is a caldera lake in the U.S. state of Oregon. It is the primary attraction of Crater Lake National Park and it is famous for its blue color and clear water. The lake partly fills a nearly 4,000 feet (1,220 meters) deep caldera that was formed by the collapse of the volcano Mount Mazama.
John Wesley Hillman was the first European American to discover Crater Lake. He named the lake "Deep Blue Lake". The lake was renamed at least three times, as Blue Lake, Lake Majesty, and lastly Crater Lake.
Crater Lake is known for its famous piece of driftwood named the "Old Man of the Lake." It is a tree that has been moving up and down in the water for more than a century. Due to the cold water of the lake, the tree has been rather well preserved.
While having no native fish population, the lake had many different kinds of fish between the years of 1888 and 1941. Several species of fish are still in the lake to this day.

Driftwood
Driftwood is wood that has been washed onto the shore of a sea, river, or lake by winds, tides, waves or man.
In some waterfront areas, driftwood is a major nuisance. However, the driftwood provides shelter and food for birds, fish and other aquatic species as it floats in the ocean. Gribbles, shipworms and bacteria decompose the wood and gradually turn it into nutrients that are reintroduced to the food web. Sometimes, the partially decomposed wood washes ashore, where it also shelters birds, plants, and other species. Driftwood can become the foundation for sand dunes.
In history.
According to Norse mythology, the first humans, Ask and Embla, were formed out of two pieces of driftwood, an ash and an elm, by the god Odin and his brothers, Ve and Vili.
Driftwood carried by Arctic rivers was the main, or sometimes only, source of wood for some Inuit and other Arctic populations living north of the tree-line until they came into regular contact with European traders.
Many people use driftwood as parts of decorative furniture or other art forms, and it is a popular element in the scenery of fish tanks.

List of United States cities by population
This is a list of the cities in the United States that have the largest populations.

What Not to Wear
"What Not to Wear" is a makeover reality show that is aired on the BBC. The reality show is now presented by Mica Paris and Lisa Butcher, but before them, it was presented by the fashion experts Trinny Woodall and Susannah Constantine.
On the show "What Not to Wear", every episode there is a makeover of a man or woman who is very unfashionable. The person who is having the makeover is given £2000/$5000 to go shopping and buy new fashionable clothes with the two hosts who give them advice. The makeover helps the person to have a better appearance and be more fashionable.

Public figure
A public figure is a legal term applied in the context of defamation actions (libel and slander) as well as invasion of privacy. A public figure (such as a politician, celebrity, or business leader) cannot base a lawsuit on incorrect harmful statements unless there is proof that the writer or publisher acted with malice (knowledge or reckless disregard for the truth). The burden of proof is higher in the case of a public figure.

Elm
Elms are deciduous and semi-deciduous trees, found throughout the Northern Hemisphere from Siberia to Indonesia, Mexico to Japan. They have alternate, simple, single- or doubly-serrate leaves, usually asymmetric at the base and acuminate at the apex.
Elms are hermaphroditic, having perfect flowers, and which, being wind-pollinated, are without petals. The fruit is a round samara.
Elms take many decades to grow to maturity.

Governor of Massachusetts
Just like the other 49 American states, Massachusetts has its own governor. The current governor is a man named Deval Patrick. He is a member of the Democratic Party. The first governor of Massachusetts was a man named John Hancock.
Commonwealth of Massachusetts: 1780–present.
This is a complete list of governors of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.
Acting governors, denoted as "A" instead of numbered, are included when the Governor resigned or died. Acting governors show a vacancy in the lieutenant governorship. They remain as Lieutenant Governors and merely "act" as governor. Lieutenant governors in Massachusetts do not ascend to the governorship upon death or resignation of their predecessor.

Produce
Produce means fruits and vegetables. At a grocery store, the area selling fruits and vegetables is usually called the produce section. Also, people use a produce scale to weigh their fruits and vegetables.

Highway
Highway is a word used to describe roads made for travel by the public between important places, such as cities, towns and landmarks. The word highway can also be different between countries, and can mean a road, freeway, superhighway, autoroute, autobahn, parkway, expressway, autostrasse, autostrada, byway, or motorway.
Highways come in many different designs. They can include many lanes of traffic, a median (strip of lane or barrier) between lanes of opposing traffic, and access control (ramps and bridges). Highways can also be as simple as a two-lane road.
In many countries, these roads are numbered to easily tell them apart. These numbered highways are usually called routes. The United States includes a system called the Interstate Highway system, where major north/south routes are odd numbered and east/west are even numbered. In Canada, routes that are in the 400s are freeways. In China, types of routes are separated by the first letter of the route; "G" for national road, "S" for provincial road and "Y" for rural roads.
Highways are sometimes criticised because of the pollution cars make when driving highways. When too many cars travel along a highway, traffic slows down; this is known as a traffic jam. Public transportation (such as busses) and special lanes for those who have a given number of people in a car are used to help stop these problems.

Beverly Cleary
Beverly Cleary (born April 12, 1916) is the author of over 30 books for young adults and children. Her characters are normal children facing challenges that many of us face growing up, and her stories are liberally laced with humour. Some of her best known and loved characters are Ramona Quimby and her sister Beatrice ("Beezus"), Henry Huggins, Ralph S. Mouse, and Ribsy.
Biography.
Beverly Cleary was born Beverly Atlee Bunn in McMinnville, Oregon. When she was 6, her family moved to Portland, Oregon, where she went to grammar and high school. She was slow in learning to read, due partly to her dissatisfaction with the books she was required to read and partly to an unpleasant first grade teacher. It wasn't until she was in third grade that she found enjoyment from books, when she started reading "The Dutch Twins" by Lucy Fitch Perkins. Thereafter, she was a frequent visitor to the library, though she rarely found the books she most wanted to read — those about children like herself.
In 1934, she moved to Ontario, California to attend Chaffey College, from which she earned an Associate of Arts diploma. She then moved to Berkeley to major in English at the University of California. After graduating with a B.A in English in 1938, she studied at the School of Librarianship at the University of Washington in Seattle, where she earned a degree in librarianship in 1939. Her first job was as a librarian in Yakima, Washington, where she met many children who were searching for the same books that she had always hoped to find as a child herself. In response, she wrote her first book, "Henry Huggins," which was published in 1950. "Beezus and Ramona", Cleary's first novel to feature the Quimby sisters as the central focus of the story, was published in 1955, although Beezus and Ramona made frequent appearances in the Henry Huggins series as supporting characters.
In 1940 she married Clarence T. Cleary and they moved to Oakland, California. The Clearys became parents to a set of twins, Marianne Elisabeth and Malcolm James, in 1955. Clarence Cleary died in 2004. Beverly Cleary currently lives in Carmel, California.
She has also written two autobiographies, "A Girl from Yamhill" and "My Own Two Feet".
Career.
Her books are available in 14 languages in over 20 countries. She has won many awards, including the 1984 Newbery Medal for her book "Dear Mr. Henshaw" and the Laura Ingalls Wilder Award in 1975. Cleary received the Library of Congress "Living Legends" award in the "Writers and Artists" category in April 2000 for her significant contributions to America's cultural heritage.
Honors.
The Hollywood location of the Multnomah County library, near where she lived as a child, has created a map on their lobby wall of Henry Huggins' Klickitat Street neighborhood. Statues of her beloved characters Ramona, Henry Huggins, and the Huggins' dog Ribsy can be found in Grant Park in Portland, Oregon.
In 2004, the University of Washington's Information School completed fundraising for a Beverly Cleary Endowed Chair for Children and Youth Services to remember her work and commitment to librarianship.
She has a residential hall at University of California, Berkeley named after her.

London, Ontario
London, Ontario is a large city exactly halfway between Detroit, Michigan and Toronto, Ontario. It is also the home of the University of Western Ontario. With a population of 457,720 it is the seat of Middlesex County. It is an hour and a half from Sarnia, Ontario and an hour from Forest, Ontario.

Amy Winehouse
Amy Jade Winehouse (born 14 September, 1983) is an English soul and R&B singer and songwriter. She was born to a family of jazz musicians and raised in Southgate, London. She is signed to Island Records and has released two albums under the label; "Frank" (2003) and "Back to Black" (2006).

Canuck
"Canuck" is a slang term for Canadian people.
Meaning.
The Random House Dictionary says that: "The term Canuck is first recorded about 1835 as an Americanism, originally referring specifically to a French Canadian. This was probably the original meaning, though in Canada and other countries, Canuck now more often refers to any Canadian."
Usage and examples.
When "Canuck" is used by Canadians, the meaning is usually affectionate, friendly or patriotic.
The use of "Canuck" is similar to the use of some other potentially offensive nicknames. When it is used by the people it names — Canadians in this case — it is usually acceptable. But when it is used by an outsider — in this case particularly Americans — it can be thought of as insulting one's heritage. Although it is not as severe as most ethnic slurs, some consider it one - just as Yankee can be.

Charles Kirk Clarke
Charles Kirk Clarke (c. 1857 - January 20 1924) was a psychiatrist who had a big role in Canadian politics. He was born in Elora, Ontario, to a former parliamentarian. He went to college at the University of Toronto in 1879. He later went on to found the Canadian National Committee for Mental Hygiene. Clarke first practised psychiatry at the 999 Queen Street institution in Toronto. In 1880, then took a post at the Hamilton asylum.
Clarke was a student and brother-in-law of Joseph Workman, Superintendent of the Toronto Asylum. By 1905, Clarke had abandoned the movement, and many of the other leading psychiatrists would follow suit by the end of World War I, when it was clear that eugenic measures were not having the desired effects.

The Internationale
"The Internationale" (French:L'Internationale, pronounced, Russian:С Интернационалом [S Internatsionalom], Chinese:國際歌 [Pinyin:Guójìgē]) is a highly well known French socialist, communist, and anarchist song. It is also sung in Russian and Chinese. The Russian version, written by Аркадий Яковлевич Коц (Arkady Yakolevich Kots), was, before 1944, the national anthem of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The French words, written by Eugene Pottier, were originally supposed to be sung to the tune of "La Marseillaise". The song is known by its tune, and it's refrain, "Cest la Lutte Finale, Groupons-nous, et demain, L'Inter nationale, Sera le genre humain". The Chinese lyrics were written by 瞿秋白, or Qu Qiubai.

Hartley, Kent
Hartley is a village in Kent, England. It is 6 miles south of Gravesend and Dartford. The old church is called All Saints.
Hartley has many new buildings and some old houses, it now joins Longfield, the place in the north. In 2001 there were 5,395 persons living here. There are also woods and a farm near the houses. Most of the 2,145 houses in Hartley are owned by the persons who live in them.
The name Hartley means "place in the wood where the deer are". It was a very small place, but now is like a town. No great events happened here, and not many famous persons lived in Hartley.
Geology.
In the Cretaceous time, much of England was under the sea. In the deep waters, the chalk of the North Downs of Kent was made. Then the sea made the clay which is over the chalk. Then the Ice Age froze the chalk and there were rivers which made the "dry valley" at Hartley Bottom.
History.
In the year 1086, 15 families and 3 slaves lived in Hartley. Before the Black Death (1348) about 150 persons lived here. 53 persons made tax payments in 1377, which means about 85 lived here then. In 1392 a paper tells us that there was a chief house, where a manager lived. He farmed land for the owner. This land was called Hartley Court. Other persons who owned land in Hartley, had to go to the court of the owner and do some other work for him.
There was a fight at Hartley Wood in 1554, which men against Queen Mary I lost. Hartley in 1650 was like the place in 1850, because almost all the buildings were there then. In 1770 the writer Edward Hasted said not many persons go to Hartley.
Some buildings were made in the 1700s (like Hartley House and Yew Cottage). In 1841 there were 224 persons living in Hartley. Almost all worked on the farms. There was also a wheel maker, metal worker and drink sellers.
The growth of Hartley started after the railway came to Longfield in 1876, and water by pipe came in 1902. Next two companies – Payne, Trapps and Co Ltd, and Small Owners Limited sold land for houses and small farms. After 1945 there were many new houses and roads.

Stephanie McMahon
Stephanie Marie McMahon-Levesque (born September 24, 1976), better known as Stephanie McMahon, is the "Executive Vice President of Talent and Creative Writing" for World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). She is married to Paul "Triple H" Levesque. They have a daughter together. She is the daughter of WWE founder, Vince McMahon. Also both Stephanie McMahon and Triple H are expecting their 2nd child in July of 2008. She is the sister of Shane McMahon and daughter of Linda Mcmahon.

Cienfuegos
"This article is about the city of Cienfuegos in Cuba. For other uses, see Cienfuegos (disambiguation)."
Cienfuegos is the capital city of the Cienfuegos province, Cuba. It has a population of about 150,000.

Gribble
A gribble is any of about 56 species of marine isopod from the family Limnoriidae. They are mostly pale white and small (1-4  mm long) crustaceans, although "Limnoria stephenseni" from subantarctic waters can reach 10 mm.
The term gribble was originally used for the wood-boring species, especially the first species described from Norway by Rathke in 1799, "Limnoria lignorum". The Limnoriidae are now known to include seaweed and seagrass borers, as well as wood borers.
There are three genera, "Paralimnoria" (two species wood boring), "Limnoria" (about 28 species wood boring, 20 species algal boring, and 3 species seagrass boring) and "Lynseia" (3 species seagrass boring). "Paralimnoria" occurs in the tropics, and has the most plesiomorphic characters. "Lynseia" are so far known only from Australia, while "Limnoria" has species in most seas. Those gribbles able to bore into living marine plants are thought to have evolved from a wood (dead plant) boring species.
Gribbles bore into wood and plant material for ingestion as food. The cellulose of wood is digested, most likely with the aid of cellulases produced by the gribbles themselves. The most destructive species are "Limnoria lignorum", "L. tripunctata" and "L. quadripunctata".

Veronica
Veronica is a Latin name for females.

Tuatara
Tuatara are reptiles. They look like lizards. There are two species of tuatara. Both are endemic to New Zealand. Lizards and snakes are the closest living relatives of the tuatara.
Tuatara are green-brown, and measure up to 80 cm from head to the end of their tail. They have a spiny crest along the back. This crest is more pronounced in males (boys). They are very special in many ways. One of these is the pattern of their teeth. They have two rows of teeth in the upper jaw overlap one row on the lower jaw. This is unique among all living species.
Tuataras are also unusual because they have three eyes. They have two normal eyes. The third eye is on top of their head, in between their other eyes. It is not a real eye. Instead, it is a small patch of sensitive cells that help the tuatara see light and dark. Scientists call this a parietal eye. Scientists do not understand the parietal eye very well. They are researching it.
Tuataras do not have visible ears, but they can hear. They have a number of unique features in their skeleton (bones), some of them shared through common descent with fish.
The tuatara has been classified as an endangered species since 1895 (the second species, "S. guntheri", was not known until 1989).
Tuatara, like many of New Zealand's native animals, are threatened by habitat loss and the introduced Polynesian Rat "(Rattus exulans)". They were extinct on the mainland, with the remaining populations confined to 32 offshore islands, until the first mainland release into the heavily fenced and monitored Karori Wildlife Sanctuary in 2005.
The name "tuatara" derives from the Māori language, and means "peaks on the back".

Dinosaur Jr
Dinosaur Jr is an American rock band. The band was formed in 1985 in Massachusetts. The band stopped playing in 1997 but came back together in 2007. The people in the band right now are J Mascis, Lou Barlow and Murph. The band has recorded many albums over the years that were very important to rock music. Some of these albums are "You're Living All Over Me", "Green Mind" and "Beyond".
The band is famous for J Mascis' good guitar sounds and his powerful guitar solos.

Band Aid (band)
Band Aid was a British and Irish charity supergroup. It was founded in 1984 by Bob Geldof and Midge Ure. The purpose was to raise money for famine relief in Ethiopia by releasing the record "Do They Know It's Christmas?" The single was very successful. It was #1 on the music charts during Christmas. Two re-recordings of the song were done. They raised more money and also finished #1 on the charts.
Band Aid II re-recorded the song in 1989, and Band Aid 20 did the same in 2004.

Hüsker Dü
Hüsker Dü was an American hardcore punk and later alternative rock band from the 1980s. The band formed in 1979 in Minneapolis, Minnesota. The people in the band were Bob Mould who sang and played electric guitar, Greg Norton who played bass guitar and Grant Hart who sang and played drums. The band stopped playing together in 1987.
The band's sound changed very much over the years they were together, but it was always very loud and powerful. The band began as a hardcore band. They played extremely loud and very fast and often screamed their vocals instead of singing. As time went on, the songs began to get slower and more melodic. By the time the band had stopped playing together, their music was no longer punk rock and had changed to alternative rock.
Hüsker Dü always had more than one singer. This is because the band decided early in their time together that whoever wrote the lyrics of a sing would sing that song. This meant that many of the songs were be very different from each other, but it also caused fights within the band. In 1987, the band stopped playing together because of these fights and because of Grant's heroin addiction.

Deir el Qamar Synagogue
The Deir el Qamar Synagogue is a synagogue in Deir el Qamar, Lebanon; it is the oldest synagogue in Mount Lebanon. The synagogue was built in the 17th century to serve the local Jewish Lebanese population. Some of them were under the rule of Emir Fakhreddine II.

Interstate 75
Interstate 75 (sometimes shortened to I-75) is an interstate highway in the midwest and southeastern United States that runs north and south. It travels from State Road 826 (Palmetto Expressway) and State Road 924 (Gratigny Parkway) in Hialeah, Florida (just west of Miami) to Sault St. Marie, Michigan at the Ontario, Canada border.

Kumho Tire Co. v. Carmichael
"Kumho Tire Co. v. Carmichael" applied the "Daubert" standard to expert testimony from non-scientists.
Facts of the case.
Patrick Carmichael was driving his minivan on July 6, 1993, when the right rear tire blew out. One of the passengers in the vehicle died, and others were severely injured. Three months later, the Carmichaels sued the manufacturer of the tire, claiming that the tire was defective and the defect caused the accident. The Carmichaels' case rested largely on testimony from a tire failure expert.
The tire failure expert relied on features of tire technology that the manufacturer did not dispute, as well as background facts about the particular tire on the Carmichaels' van. The expert's conclusion that a defect in the tire caused the accident rested on certain observations about the tire that Kumho Tire vigorously disputed. Kumho also disagreed with certain aspects of the tire expert's methodology, and asked the federal district court hearing the case to exclude it under Rule 702 of the Federal Rules of Evidence.
The district court took its cue from Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, which had solidified a gatekeeping role for trial judges in admitting expert testimony. Under Daubert, certain factors contribute to the reliability, and hence the admissibility, of expert testimony, one of which is the general validity of the expert's methods. The district court found the tire expert's methods not to be scientifically valid, and hence excluded his testimony. This meant that Kumho Tire would prevail. The Carmichaels appealed to the Eleventh Circuit.
The Eleventh Circuit reversed the district court's ruling in favor of Kumho Tire. It reasoned that Daubert was expressly limited only to scientific expert testimony and did not apply to "skill- or experience-based observation." The tire expert's testimony rested on observation and experience, and so the Eleventh Circuit reasoned the district court should have made a different ruling based on Rule 702 without the Daubert gloss. Kumho Tire asked the Supreme Court to review whether Daubert applied solely to scientific evidence.

Deodorant
Deodorant is anything that takes away an odor, or bad smell. Often, it means something people put on their bodies so their sweat does not smell as bad. The most commonly used deodorants are for use on the armpits. These are also an anti-perspirant because they reduce the creation of sweat. There are deodorants for other places on the body also. Deodorant can be sold in the form of spray, bottles, or sticks that are rolled onto the body.

Silesia
Common.
Silesia is a historical region in central Europe. It is located in the eastern of Germany and was a prussian province (1742 – 1945). In 1945, all of Silesia was occupied by the Soviet Red Army. Thereby the most of the German people had fled or were murdered.
Silesia is located along the upper and middle Oder River, upper Vistula River, and along the Sudeten mountains and the Carpathian Mountains. The capital city is Breslau.
Silesia has three parts: district of Liegnitz, district of Breslau, district of Oppeln (between 1919 and 1938 the district Oppeln was called 'Oberschlesien').
The highest point of Silesia is the Schneekoppe - located in the Sudeten mountains.

Josh Holloway
Josh Holloway (born July 20, 1969 in San Jose, California) is an American actor most known for his role as James "Sawyer" Ford on ABC's Emmy award-winning show "Lost".

Levon Mkrtchyan
Levon Mkrtchyan, (born February 25, 1953, in Gyumri) is an Armenian movie director known for his documentaries "The Muses", "Paruyr Sevag", "Hovhannes Shiraz", "Mashtoc", "My Komitas", "And There Was Light", "A Transcript for Independence", and many more.
He studied in the Directing Department of the Yerevan Fine Arts and Theater Institute.
In 1978, he released his debut short film "The Muses". In 1984, he graduated from the Directing Department of VGIK in Moscow. Since 1978, he has shot thirty-three documentaries. He filmed and has an incredible archive about well known Armenians, including the only film footage on Hovhannes Shiraz, incredible footage on Charles Aznavour visiting Armenia after the 1988 earthquake, the funeral of William Saroyan. Levon Mkrtchyan continues his contribution to the Armenian people by making more documentaries about the well known Armenians.1993 "The Armenian Kingdom of Kilikia" Footage includes the President of France - Francois Mitterand The President of Armenia - Levon Ter - Petrosyan.

Manuel Fraga Iribarne
Manuel Fraga Iribarne (born November 23, 1922 at Vilalba) was a Spanish and Galician politician. Fraga was a politician in Spain under Francisco Franco's dictatorial regime and in the democracy after Franco's death. He was the President of Galicia for 15 years until he died. Fraga governed Galicia strictly with a hard hand but he did a lot of good things for Galicia, helping build a strong economy of farming, fishing and construction.

Galicia (Spain)
Galicia or Galiza is a nationality in Spain that became a Spanish autonomous community in 1978. It is located in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula. It shares borders with Portugal to the South and the communities of Castile and León and Asturias to the east.
History.
Since re-gaining autonomy in 1978, Galicia has been governed by the Xunta de Galicia (government of Galicia). Galicia was strictly governed from 1990 until 2005, during the Manuel Fraga years. The Xunta de Galicia is currently under a socialist president Emilio Perez Touriño, who had made Galicia more liberal than ever before.
Language.
Galicia has one main language known as "Galego". It has many similarities with Portuguese. Some people even say that Galego and Portuguese are the same language with different accents. Spanish is also spoken in Galicia, but mainly as a second language.
Cuisine.
Galicia is very famous for its fishing industry and seafood remains an important part of its cuisine. A very popular dish in Galicia is "polvo", which means octopus. There are many restaurants that serve seafood in Galicia.

Bilirubin
Bilirubin is a product that comes from the breakdown of hemoglobin. Its levels are higher in certain diseases and it causes the yellow color of bruises and the brown color of feces. Total and direct bilirubin are usually measured to look for or to monitor liver or gallbladder problems.

Nelly Furtado
Nelly Furtado (born November 2, 1978) is a Canadian singer. She can also play many musical instruments. She learned to play the trombone and the ukulele at the age of nine. In later years, she learned to play the guitar and keyboard. She has released three albums. The first album was released in 2000 and was called "Whoa! Nelly". She become famous worldwide because the album was very popular. The first single released was "I'm Like a Bird" which earned her a Grammy Award. Her second album was "Folklore" released in 2003. It was not as popular as the previous album. Her third album in 2006 was "Loose" which spawned many hit songs including "Promiscuous", "Maneater", "Say It Right" and "All Good Things (Come to an End)". Furtado sings songs in English, Spanish and Portuguese.
On September 20, 2003, she gave birth to a daughter, Nevis.

Anna Jurkiewicz
Anna Jurkiewicz (born February 9, 1984 in Oświęcim, Poland) is a Polish figure skater.
As a young girl, she was one of the best young skaters in the world. Then she had some health problems and wasn't able to skate. She returned in 2006 and has been competing internationally since autumn 2006.

Exmoor
Exmoor is a national park in England. The border of two counties, Devon and Somerset, runs through it. It is an area of sandstone hills which form tall cliffs on its north coast. The high ground of Exmoor is mostly rough grassland, but there are small woodlands on its lower slopes.
It is also famous for the Exmoor Pony.

Barnstaple
Barnstaple is a town in Devon, a county in England. 34,000 people live there.

Bideford
Bideford is a town in Devon, a county in England. 14,500 people live there. It is a port, and its main export is clay.

Tiverton
Tiverton is a town in Devon, a county of England. Its population is 18, 500. It was once a centre of lace making, but this industry has now declined. Tiverton is now mostly a dormitory town serving Exeter.
People have lived around the area since the Stone Age. There is a hillfort on a hill above the town. Roman fortifcations have been discovered nearby.

Torbay
Torbay is a Unitary authority in England. 120,000 people live there. It is on the south coast aqnd has over 20 beaches. Tourism is very important to the local economy.
Torbay is not a town. Rather, it contains three towns (Torquay, Paignton and Brixham) and a few villages, the largest of which is Galmpton.
Torbay was first created as a county borough in 1967, uniting the urban districts of its three towns. In 1974 it became a borough of Devon, its surrounding county. Then in 1993 It was given unitary authority status, having the powers of both a borough and a county. In 2007 a referendum led to the adoption of a directly elected Mayor.

Beyond (album)
"Beyond" is the most recent album by the American alternative rock band Dinosaur Jr. It was released in April, 2007 is the band's first album since 1997's "Hand it Over" and is the first album since 1988's "Bug" to have all of the band's original members. The album is in the usual Dinosaur Jr style of very loud guitars with many skillful guitar solos. The album has been successful and is generally well thought of by music critics.

Mitt Romney
Willard Mitt Romney (born March 12, 1947) is the former Governor of Massachusetts. He is a Mormon and part of the Republican Party. He ran for the President of the United States in 2008. Romney stopped trying to become President on February 7, 2008.

Laboratory glassware
Laboratory glassware refers to different instruments which are usually made of glass, and used for scientific experiments in chemistry and biology laboratories. Some of these instruments are now made in plastic which is less expensive and more convenient.
Pipettes, petri dishes and test tubes are examples of laboratory glassware. These equipments are used to store materials, to measure their volume, to mix and prepare solutions or to contain a chemical reaction.

Volta (album)
"Volta" is a 2007 album by Björk. She has claimed the album is about "returning to her roots".

Mulatto
Mulatto (from Spanish "mulato", small mule) is a word referring to a person who is born to one Black parent (often an African-American) and one Caucasian parent. The term may be considered offensive or rude to some, because of its origin. The term is also used to refer to a light brown color, because of a mulatto's skin color. Many people prefer terms such as "biracial" and "of mixed race" over "mulatto".

Water polo
Water polo is a sport played in the water with a ball. It is based on a similar game, polo. The objective of the game is to get the ball into the goal more than the opposing team.
Water polo is a team game. Two teams play a match, which consists of four periods named "quarters". The length of each period is usually between 5 to 8 minutes, but because the amount of time spent on fouls or out throws is not counted in the quarter time, an average quarter lasts around 12 minutes 'real time'.
Each team consists of six field players and one goalkeeper. Water polo players need to be skilled in swimming, ball handing skills, reflexes and awareness.

Fishstick
Fishsticks or fish fingers are a type of food probably invented in the United Kingdom. They are made of a whitefish like cod that is battered and breaded. They are often eaten with tartar sauce, cocktail sauce, or ketchup. "Fishsticks" are popular with children and their parents as an easy-to-prepare finger food that is somewhat healthy for kids.
History.
Fishsticks first came about as a result of the invention of the plate froster in 1929, the first quick freezer. To ensure rapid freezing, food needed to be in slim rectangular slabs. A suitable candidate for this freezing method was fishsticks, slivers cut from large fish then dipped in bread crumbs for frying.
In Britain in the 1950's, most of the herring catch was pickled and exported to other North European countries. In an attempt to make herring more appealing on the home market, companies tried to present it in a new way, creating herring fishsticks called “herring savouries” and were tested on the market against a bland control product of cod sticks, sold as “fish fingers.” Shoppers in Southampton and South Wales, showed an overwhelming preference for the cod. Cod fishsticks were first produced in Great Yarmouth and introduced in Britain on 26 September 1955. They became immensely popular after television advertising began in 1958.
Production.
On modern production lines, headless fish are processed through a machine that removes a fillet from each side of the backbone. The fillets then pass over a wheel and a blade that separates the skin from the flesh. Machine filleting leaves a few pin-like bones in the fillet, so the flesh containing the bones is cut out.
Fillets are formed into frozen blocks. A conveyor sends the blanks through batter and breadcrumbs, doubling the thickness of the fishstick. Then each is passed through a hot vegetable oil bath for about one minute to seal the coating and allow the fishstick to be grilled or fried. Then the fishstick is frozen again, with the center reaching -4°F/-20°C in less than 20 minutes. After packaging, it is stored at -18°F/-28°C, ready for distribution.

Nelly
Cornell Haynes Jr (born November 2, 1974) is an American rapper. He his better known as his stage name Nelly. He won three Grammy Awards in 2003.

Boy band
A boy band is a type of musical group with three or more young male singers. Usually, the singers are able to perform as dancers as well. Most singers in boy bands do not play musical instruments. Boy bands usually perform pop or R&B music.

Solo (music)
In music, a solo is a song or a section of a song that is performed by one person. This could be a performance with one musical instrument (for example, a piano solo or flute solo). A solo can also be a song that is sung by a single performer.
Dance.
Similar to a solo in music, a dance solo is when a dancer performs a dance alone. This is different from a two people dancing together or a group of people dancing together in a synchronized way.
A person who performs a solo song or dance is called a "soloist".

T.I.
Clifford Joseph Harris Jr. (born September 25, 1980 in Atlanta, Georgia, USA) is an American rapper, songwriter, actor and record producer. His stage name is T.I. He is also the leader of the southern rap group P$C.
He won two Grammy Awards in 2007 for Best Rap Solo Performance ("What You Know") and Best Rap/Sung Collaboration ("My Love" with Justin Timberlake).
Acting career.
T.I. has starred in "ATL". This was his first film. He also appeared in "American Gangster". and was featured on the soundtrack.
In September 2008, T.I. appeared as himself as a client of Ari Gold in the "Entourage".

Antarctic krill
Antarctic krill ("Euphausia superba") is a species of krill that lives in the Antarctic waters of the Southern Ocean. They are shrimp-like and belong to the invertebrates.
They live in large schools, called swarms. Sometimes these swarms have a density of 10,000–30,000 individual animals per cubic meter.
They feed directly on very small phytoplankton, so they can use the energy that the phytoplankton originally got from the sun in order to sustain their life in the open ocean. They grow to a length of 6 cm, weigh up to 2 g, and can live for up to six years. They are a key species in the Antarctic ecosystem and are, in terms of biomass, probably the most successful animal species on the planet (approximately 500 million tonnes).
In aquaria, krill have been observed to eat each other.

Cubic metre
The cubic metre (symbol m³) is the SI unit of volume. It is the volume of a cube with edges one metre in length. In the United States it is spelled "cubic meter."
Other names are stère and kilolitre, spelled kiloliter in the United States.
Conversions.
A cubic metre of pure water at the temperature of maximum density (3.98 °C) and standard atmospheric pressure (101.325 kPa) has a mass of 1000 kg, or one tonne. At 0 °C, the freezing point of water, it is slightly less, 999.972 kg.
It is sometimes abbreviated cu m, m3, m^3 or m**3 when superscript characters or markup are not available/accessible (i.e. in some typewritten documents and postings in Usenet newsgroups).
Abbreviated CBM in the freight business and MTQ (or numeric code 49) in international trade.

Food and Agriculture Organization
The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that leads international efforts to defeat hunger.
It serves both developed and developing countries and acts as a neutral forum where all nations meet as equals. FAO is also a source of knowledge and information, and helps developing countries and countries in transition modernize and improve agriculture, forestry and fisheries practices, ensuring good nutrition and food security for all.

Colorimeter
Colorimeter is a device used for colorimetry. It measures the absorbance of different wavelengths of light in a solution. It is used to measure the concentration of a known solute.
Different chemical substances absorb different wavelengths of light. When the concentration of the solute is more, it absorbs more light in a specific wavelength. This is known as Beer-Lambert law.
Filters.
Different filters are used to select the wavelength of light which the solution absorbs the most. This makes the colorimeter more accurate. Solutions are usually placed in glass or plastic couvettes. The usual wavelengths used are between 400 and 700 nanometers. If it is necessary to use ultraviolet light (below 400 nanometers) then the lamp and filters must be changed.
Output.
The output of the colorimeter may be shown in graphs or tables, by an analogue or digital meter. The data may be printed on paper, or stored in a computer. It either shows the amount of light which is absorbed by the solution, or the amount of light which has passed through the solution.

Valletta
Valletta is the capital city of Malta. It was founded by Jean Parisot de la Valette, the Grandmaster of the Order of Saint John on March 28, 1566. The city's population is 6,315 (in 2005) and it is currently decreasing as people move to the UK, Italy, or the newer areas of Malta.

Basketball Bundesliga
The Basketball Bundesliga (BBL) is the highest level of basketball competition in Germany. The BBL determines the national champion.

Butterfield, Missouri
Butterfield, Missouri is a village in Missouri, United States.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 1.1 km² (0.4 mi²), all land.
Demographics.
At the 2000 census, there were 397 people, 136 households, and 102 families living in the village. The population density was 365.0/km² (947.6/mi²). There were 149 houses at an average density of 137.0/km² (355.7/mi²). The racial mix of the village was 85.14% white, 0.50% African American, 0.50% Native American, 11.59% from other races, and 2.27% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 21.41% of the population.
There were 136 households out of which 43.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.6% were [married couples living together, 13.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.3% were non-families. 22.1% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.92 and the average family size was 3.44.
In the village the population was spread out with 34.0% under the age of 18, 11.8% from 18 to 24, 28.2% from 25 to 44, 20.2% from 45 to 64, and 5.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 28 years. For every 100 females there were 98.5 males.This is also the case for females over 18.
The median income for a household in the village was $24,706, and the median income for a family was $28,000. Males had a median income of $20,417 versus $18,750 for females. The per citizen income for the village was $9,460. About 19.8% of families and 19.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 25.2% of those under age 18 and 28.6% of those age 65 or over.

Andorra la Vella
Andorra la Vella is the capital city of the principality of Andorra. It is located in the Pyrenees mountains between France and Spain. Its elevation is 1,409 m (4,625 ft) above sea level. Andorra la Vella is located in the south western part of Andorra. It experiences cold winters and warm, drier summers. There are no train stations or airports close to the city. Most people in the city are Spanish (43%). Only 33% of the population are native Andorrans. Products made in the city include furnitures and brandies.

Woodland
Biologically, a woodland is an area with trees that is not a forest. A woodland allows sunlight to penetrate between the trees, therefore there is little shade. In a forest the branches and foliage of trees are so dense that there is continuous shade.
Woodlands may support an understory of shrubs, herbs, or grasses.

Limburg (Netherlands)
Limburg is the southern most province of Netherlands. Its capital is Maastricht. It is the one and only province in the Netherlands which has hills. It also is a very old province; the capital-city, Maastricht, is over 2000 years old. Also, the Limburgish people don't speak Dutch, but they speak their own dialects. These dialects - especially the ones in the South of Limburg - are famous, because the normal Dutch people can't understand them. These dialects have many influences from German and French.
Limburger cheese comes from this region.

Mount Cayley
Mount Cayley, located 11 km southeast of Callaghan Lake and 24 west of Whistler, British Columbia, Canada. It is an eroded stratovolcano and is part of the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt which is a segment of the Cascade Volcanic Arc.
A scenario of an eruption of Mount Cayley shows how western Canada is vulnerable to an eruption. The scenario is based on past activity in the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt and involves both effusive and explosive eruptions. The scenario impact is largely a result of the concentration of vulnerable infrastructure in valleys.
In 2003, Catherine Hickson, a scientist with the Geological Survey of Canada, was one of the three scientists to report on the hypothetical eruption at Mount Cayley. The first signs of activity at the volcano would probably be enlarged seismic activity in and close to the mountain. Flooding would turn out to be a huge issue for the community of Squamish and could eventually overrun parts of Highway 99.

Limburg
Provinces.
Limburger cheese is made in both regions.

Limburg (Belgium)
Limburg is a province of Belgium. It lies in Flanders. It is the eastermost Flemish province. It has common borders with the Netherlands, and the Belgian provinces of Liège, Flemish Brabant and Antwerp. Its capital is Hasselt. People officially speak Dutch there.
Limburg's name comes from the fortified castle town known as Limbourg, located on the river Vesdre in the Ardennes. This is now the Walloon province of Liège.
Limburg is crossed by the Albert Canal. It has historically been an important coal-mining area.

Limbourg
Limburg (or Limbourg, Limbourg-Dolhain) is a medieval city in the Belgian province of Liège. It was founded in the 11th century.
In 2007 its population was 5644.
It is located at 50° 37 North, 05° 56 East.

Limburg an der Lahn
Limburg an der Lahn (Limburg on the Lahn river) is a German town and the capital of the "Kreis" Limburg-Weilburg in the west of Hesse.

Illusion
An illusion is a distortion of how things seem to be. It shows how the brain normally arranges, sorts, and explains stimulation of the senses. Illusions can change the way reality seems to be. In general, they are shared by most people. Illusions can happen with all five senses (taste, touch, sight, smell, and hearing). Some illusions happen because of disorders.
An illusion is different from a hallucination; a halucination is sensing something which is not real, but an illusion is interpreting what we sense wrongly.
Optical illusions.
They are the most known and understood. The brain doesn’t understand information the eye takes in. The brain makes wrong guesses about what the eye sees.
Auditory illusions.
They are illusions that are heard. The person listening hears sounds that aren’t really there, or sounds that can’t really happen. A Shepard tone is an auditory illusion.
Touch illusion.
They are when a person feels something that isn’t there, or something that shouldn’t be there but feels like it is. This happens sometimes when a person loses his arm. The person still feels like the arm is there. They might want to scratch the arm, or the arm might hurt them. This can happen with any limb of the body, and it is called the phantom limb.

Charcoal
Charcoal is a carbon-containing substance made from wood, naturally black and powdery. Charcoal is made from wood by heating it in airless space in high temperature. The wood will not burn, but instead turn into charcoal. The by-product of making charcoal is tar and turpentine.
People use it for different things such as cooking on a barbecue grill, and in painting.

Brose Baskets
Brose Baskets Bamberg (also Brose Baskets) is a basketball club in Bamberg, Germany. In 2005 (as GHP Bamberg) and 2007 it has won the BBL.

Armenian Revolutionary Federation
The Armenian Revolutionary Federation (ARF or ՀՅԴ) (Armenian: – Hay Heghapokhakan Dashnaktsutiun, Dashnaktsutiun, – Dashnak or Tashnag) is an Armenian political party founded in Tiflis (Tbilisi in modern day Georgia) in 1890 by Christapor Mikaelian, Stepan Zorian, and Simon Zavarian. The party works in Armenia and in countries where the Armenian diaspora is active, notably in Lebanon and the ethnically Armenian-dominated de facto Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh.
Museum.
The Armenian Revolutionary Federation History Museum was created during an official ceremony Friday 2007 at Yerevan's Kristapor Mikaelian Center, with the party's leaders and supporters on hand to mark this momentous occasion.
Opened in 1946, the ARF History Museum was in Paris and during the years has collected more than 3,000 artifacts describing the party's history. After the ARF's return to Armenia, the museum and the ARF archives have been sent to Armenia.
Giro Manoyan is one of the leaders of ARF.

Christapor Mikaelian
Christapor Mikaelian (Armenian:) also known by his "noms de guerre" Hellen (), Topal (), and Edward (), (1859-1905) was one of the three founders of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation along Stepan Zorian and Simon Zavarian, also part of Armenian national liberation movement.
Early life.
Rosdom was born in the village of Agulis in Goghtn, now part of Nakhchivan, Azerbaijan. He graduated from the Professorial academy of Tiflis and also attended the University of Moscow, where he met Simon Vratsian, another co-founder of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation.

Varazdat
Varasdates or Varazdat (, Varazdat) was an Armenian prince who succeeded his uncle King Papes as King of Armenia in 374.
Following the murder of King Papes, Valens sent Varazdat, a nephew of Pap, a young man highly reputed for his mental and physical gifts, to hold the Armenian throne. Shapur II, having failed on the battlefield, now proposed to Valens in 375 that Armenia be divided between the two powers. The Emperor rejected the proposal, but sent Victor Magistrianus to the Persian King to discuss the question. This emissary was cozened into exceeding the bounds of his authority and agreeing to the Persian proposal. In the meantime, the internal condition of Armenia was imperiled through friction between King Varazdat and the nakharars, culminating in the assassination of Musel Mamikonian, the leader of the latters' party. Manuel, the son of Musel, took up arms against the King and compelled him to flee from Armenia in 378, after four years of reign. Varazdat's life was saved, but the country was thrown into confusion. The Persians took advantage of the turmoil and invaded Armenia; but their occupation was a short-lived one. Shapur II died in 379, and the Persians evacuated in haste. Manuel, the dynamic Mamikonian, had rallied a formidable national force for action.

Adana massacre
The Adana massacre happened in Adana Province, in the Ottoman Empire, in April 1909. A religious-ethnic clash in the city of Adana amidst governmental upheaval resulted in a series of anti-Armenian pogroms throughout the district. Reports estimated that the massacres in Adana Province resulted in 20,000 to 30,000 deaths.

Adana
Adana (Greek Άδανα) (the ancient "Antioch in Cilicia" or "Antioch on the Sarus") is the capital of Adana Province in Turkey. According to the 2000 census, with 1,130,710 inhabitants, it is the fifth most populous city of Turkey (after İstanbul, Ankara, İzmir and Bursa). The 2006 estimate of Adana's population is 1,271,894.
For most Turkish people, the word 'Adana' associates with Kebab, şalgam, cotton, oranges and very hot weather, in the awareness that Adana also embodies more than just these.
In fact, Adana is also named among the 25 "European Regions of the Future" for 2006/2007 by Foreign Direct Investment Magazine. Chosen alongside Kocaeli for Turkey, Adana scored the most points for cost effectiveness against Kocaeli's points for infrastructure development, while Adana and Kocaeli tied on points for the categories of human resources and quality of life.

Parsley Massacre
In October of 1937, Dominican dictator Rafael Leonidas Trujillo Molina ordered the execution of the Haitian population living within the borderlands with Haiti. The violence resulted in the killing of 17,000 to 35,000 Haitian civilians over a span of approximately five days. This would later become known as the Parsley Massacre.

L'Internationale
The Internationale

Heat pump
A heat pump is a machine that moves heat from one place to another.
Examples.
A refrigerator is a heat pump.
It moves heat from the inside to the outside.
This keeps the food inside cold, so it won't spoil.
An air conditioner is a heat pump.
It moves heat from the inside of a building to the outside.
A Peltier device is a heat pump.
It moves heat from one side to the other by means of an electric current.
Some buildings are heated with heat pumps, also.
In the winter, the heat pump moves heat from the outside to the inside. Sometimes this works better than heating with a radiator.
How it works.
Usually, heat flows from a hot place to a cold place, according to the second law of thermodynamics.
Heat will not move from a cold place to a warmer place by itself.
Because of this, a heat pump must use extra energy to move the heat.
This is sort of like pumping water uphill.
Most heat pumps use electric motors to provide energy.
Some heat pumps use heat energy, supplied by a flame or an electric heater.
Most heat pumps use a refrigeration cycle.
A refrigeration cycle uses a fluid which moves through tubes and carries the heat.
The fluid is called a refrigerant.
During the refrigeration cycle, the refrigerant changes from a liquid to a gas and back to a liquid.
When the refrigerant changes from a liquid to a gas, it gains (absorbs) heat energy.
This is just like boiling.
When the refrigerant changes from a gas back to a liquid, it loses heat energy.
The heat pump is set up so that the refrigerant gains heat from one place that will be cooled, and moves it to another place that will be warmed.
A heat pump forces the refrigerant to change from a gas to a liquid.
It uses a compressor to do this.
Often, an electric motor drives the compressor.
The compressor compresses the refrigerant, and this makes it change from a gas to a liquid.
When the refrigerant changes from a gas to a liquid, it also gives up some of the heat that it has been carrying.
At the other end of the cycle, the refrigerant boils again.
It changes from a liquid to a gas.
But it needs heat to do this.
When it takes up heat from its surroundings, it cools them down.
So where the refrigerant is changing from a liquid to a gas, it feels cooler.
On the cooling side, heat is taken up to boil the refrigerant from a liquid to a gas.
Then the fluid moves to the heating side.
There, the compressor forces the refrigerant back to a liquid again.
This makes it give up its heat.
So heat has moved from the cooling side to the heating side.
If the cooling side is the inside of a refrigerator, it gets cold.
If the cooling side is the inside of a building, and the warming side is the outside of the building, the inside of the building gets cold. This is how an air conditioner works.
If the cooling side is the outside of the building, and the warming side is the inside of the building, this is how a heat pump can heat a building during the winter.

Second law of thermodynamics
The second law of thermodynamics means that entropy increases. With other words: over time, differences in temperature, pressure, and density tend to even out.
This law is valid only in a physical system that is isolated from the outside world. Entropy is a measure of how far along this evening-out process has come.
Heat cannot of itself pass from a colder to a hotter body.
A transformation whose only final result is to convert heat, extracted from a source at constant temperature, into work, is impossible.
The second law is only applicable to macroscopic systems. The second law is actually a statement about the "probable" behavior of an isolated system. As larger and larger systems are considered, the probability of the second law being practically true becomes more and more certain. For any isolated system with a mass of more than a few picograms, the second law is true to within a few parts in a million.
Overview.
In a general sense, the second law says that temperature differences between systems in contact with each other tend to even out and that work can be obtained from these non-equilibrium differences, but that loss of heat occurs, in the form of entropy, when work is done. Pressure differences, density differences, and particularly temperature differences, all tend to equalize if given the opportunity. This means that an isolated system will eventually come to have a uniform temperature. A heat engine is a mechanical device that provides useful work from the difference in temperature of two bodies.

Air conditioner
An air conditioner is a system, or machine that extracts heat from an area using a refrigeration cycle.
In construction, a complete system of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning is referred to as HVAC. Its purpose, in the home or in the car, is to provide comfort during hot days and nights.
History.
The 19th century British scientist and inventor Michael Faraday discovered that compressing and liquefying ammonia could chill air when the liquefied ammonia was allowed to evaporate.
In 1842, Philippines physician Dr. John Gorrie used compressor technology to create ice, which he used to cool air for his patients. He hoped eventually to use his ice-making machine to regulate the temperature of buildings. He even thought of centralized air conditioning that could cool entire cities.
Air conditioning applications.
Air conditioning engineers broadly divide air conditioning applications into "comfort" and "process".
"Comfort applications" aim to provide an indoor environment that remains relatively constant in a range preferred by humans despite changes in external weather conditions or in internal heat loads.
In both comfort and process applications not only is the objective to control temperature (although in some comfort applications this is all that is controlled) but other factors including humidity, air movement and air quality.
Refrigeration cycle.
In the refrigeration cycle, a heat pump transfers heat from a lower temperature heat source into a higher temperature heat sink. Heat would naturally flow in the opposite direction. This is the most common type of air conditioning.
A refrigerator works in much the same way, as it pumps the heat out of the interior into the room in which it stands.
This cycle takes advantage of the universal gas law "PV" = "nRT", where "P" is pressure, "V" is volume, "R" is the universal gas constant, "T" is temperature, and "n" is the number of moles of gas (1 mole = 6.022×1023 molecules).
The most common refrigeration cycle uses an electric motor to drive a compressor. In an automobile the compressor is driven by a pulley on the engine's crankshaft, with both using electric motors for air circulation. Since evaporation occurs when heat is absorbed, and condensation occurs when heat is released, air conditioners are designed to use a compressor to cause pressure changes between two compartments, and actively pump a refrigerant around. A refrigerant is pumped into the cooled compartment (the evaporator coil), where the low pressure causes the refrigerant to evaporate into a vapor, taking heat with it. In the other compartment (the condenser), the refrigerant vapour is compressed and forced through another heat exchange coil, condensing into a liquid, rejecting the heat previously absorbed from the cooled space.
Health implications.
Air conditioning has no greater influence on health than heating—that is to say, very little—although poorly maintained air-conditioning systems (especially large, centralized systems) can occasionally promote the growth and spread of microorganisms, such as "Legionella pneumophila," the infectious agent responsible for Legionnaire's disease. Air conditioning can have a positive effect on sufferers of allergies and asthma.
In serious heat waves, air conditioning can save the lives of the elderly. Some local authorities even set up public cooling centers for the benefit of those without air conditioning at home.

Branch (disambiguation)
A branch is a part of a tree.

First law of thermodynamics
The first law of thermodynamics says that heat transfer is a form of energy transfer and that energy does not vanish (law of conservation of energy).
History.
James Prescott Joule was the first person who found out by experiments that heat and work are convertible.
The first explicit statement of the first law of thermodynamics was given by "Rudolf Clausius" in 1850: "There is a state function E, called `energy', whose differential equals the work exchanged with the surroundings during an adiabatic process."
Thermodynamics and Engineering.
Because of this ambiguity, it is vitally important in any discussion involving the first law to explicitly establish the sign convention in use.

Conservation of energy
In physics, the conservation of energy means that the total amount of energy in an isolated system remains constant, although it may change forms, e.g. friction turns kinetic energy into thermal energy. In thermodynamics, the first law of thermodynamics is a statement of the conservation of energy for thermodynamic systems. In short, the law of conservation of energy states that energy can not be created or destroyed, it can only be changed from one form to another, such as when electrical energy is changed into heat energy.
From a mathematical point of view, the energy conservation law is a consequence of the shift symmetry of time; energy conservation is a result of the empirical fact that the laws of physics do not change with time itself. Philosophically this can be stated as "nothing depends on time per se".
Historical information.
Ancient philosophers as far back as Thales of Miletus had the idea that there is some underlying substance of which everything is made. But that is not the same as our concept of "mass-energy" today (for example, Thales thought the underlying substance was water).
In 1638, Galileo published his analysis of several situations -- including the celebrated "interrupted pendulum" -- which can be described (in modernized language) as conservatively converting potential energy to kinetic energy and back again. However, Galileo did not explain the process in modern terms and had not understod the modern concept either. The German Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz during 1676-1689 attempted a mathematical formulation of the kind of energy which is connected with "motion" (kinetic energy). Leibniz noticed that in many mechanical systems (of several masses, "mi" each with velocity "vi"),
was conserved so long as the masses did not interact. He called this quantity the "vis viva" or "living force" of the system. The principle represents an accurate statement of the approximate conservation of kinetic energy in situations where there is no friction.
Meanwhile, in 1843 James Prescott Joule independently discovered the mechanical equivalent in a series of experiments. In the most famous, now called the "Joule apparatus", a descending weight attached to a string caused a paddle immersed in water to rotate. He showed that the gravitational potential energy lost by the weight in descending was equal to the thermal energy (heat) gained by the water by friction with the paddle.
Over the period 1840-1843, similar work was carried out by engineer Ludwig A. Colding though it was little-known outside his native Denmark.
Both Joule's and Mayer's work suffered from resistance and neglect but it was Joule's that, perhaps unjustly, eventually drew the wider recognition.

Differences between butterflies and moths
The Lepidoptera are often split into the two groups, butterflies and moths. Butterflies are a natural monophyletic group. They are often placed in the suborer Rhopalocera, which includes Papilionoidea (true butterflies), Hesperiidae (skippers), and Hedylidae (butterfly moths). In this taxonomic scheme, moths belong to the sub-order Heterocera. Other taxonomic schemes have been proposed; the most common putting the butterflies into the sub-order Ditrysia and then the "super-family" Papilionoidea, and ignoring a classification for moths. None of the taxonomic schemes is perfect however, and taxonomists commonly argue over how to define the obvious differences between butterflies and moths.
Shape and structure of antennae.
The most obvious difference is in the feelers, or antennae. Most butterflies have thin slender filamentous antennae which are club shaped at the end. Moths, on the other hand, often have comb-like or feathery antennae, or filamentous and unclubbed. This distinction is the basis for the earliest taxonomic divisions in the Lepidoptera - the Rhopalocera ("clubbed horn", the butterflies) and the Heterocera ("varied horn", the moths).
There are, however, exceptions to this rule and a few moths (the family Castniidae) have clubbed antennae. Some butterflies, like "Pseudopontia paradoxa" from the forests of central Africa, lack the clubbed ends. The "Hesperiids" often have an angle to the tip of the antenna.
Wing coupling mechanisms.
Many moths have a "frenulum" which is a filament arising from the hindwing and coupling with barbs on the forewing. The frenulum can be observed only when a specimen is in hand. Some moths have a lobe on the forewing called a "jugum" that helps in coupling with the hindwing. Butterflies however lack these structures.
Pupae.
Most moth caterpillars spin a cocoon made of silk within which they metamorphose into the pupal stage. Most butterflies on the other hand form an exposed pupa which is also termed as a chrysalis.
However there are many exceptions to this rule, for example the Hawk moths form an exposed chrysalis which however is underground. Gypsy moths sometimes form butterfly-style pupae, hanging on twigs or tree bark, although usually they create flimsy cocoons out of silk strands and a few leaves, partially exposing the chrysalis. A few Skipper butterfly larvae also make crude cocoons in which they pupate, exposing the pupa a bit. The "Parnassius" butterfly larvae make a flimsy cocoon for pupation and they pupate near the ground surface between debris.
Colouration of the wings.
Most butterflies have bright colours on their wings. Nocturnal moths on the other hand are usually plain brown, grey, white or black and often with obscuring patterns of zigzags or swirls which help camouflage them as they rest during the day. However many day-flying moths are brightly-coloured, particularly if they are toxic. A few butterflies are also plain-coloured, like the Cabbage White butterfly.
Structure of the body.
Moths tend to have stout and hairy or furry-looking bodies. Butterflies, on the other hand have slender and smoother abdomens. Moths have larger scales on their wings. These make them look more dense and fluffy. Butterflies on the other hand have fine scales. This difference is possibly due to the need for moths to conserve heat during the cooler nights whereas butterflies are able to absorb solar radiation.
Time of activity.
Most moths are nocturnal or crepuscular while most butterflies are diurnal. There are however exceptions, including the diurnal Gypsy moth and the spectacular "Uraniidae" or Sunset moths.
Resting posture.
Moths usually rest with their wings spread out to their sides. Butterflies frequently fold their wings above their backs when they are perched although they will occasionally "bask" with their wings spread for short periods. However some butterflies, like the skippers, may hold their wings either flat, or folded, or even in-between (the so-called "jet plane" position) when perched. Most moths also occasionally fold their wings above their backs when they are in a certain spot (like when there is no room to fully spread their wings). A sometimes confusing family can be the "Geometridae" (such as the Winter moth) because the adults often rest with their wings folded vertically. These moths have thin bodies and large wings like many butterflies but may be distinguished easily by structural differences in their antennae (e.g. bipectinate).

Monophyletic
Biologists have introduced a taxonomy. If there is a group, that is made of a common ancestor (or parent), and all its descendants (children), they call that group monophyletic (Greek: "of one race"). A group that contains organisms, but does not include their common ancestor, is called polyphyletic. If a goup contains the common ancestor, but leaves out some of its descendants, it is called paraphyletic.
For example, all organisms in the genus "Homo" are inferred to have come from the same ancestral form in the family Hominidae, and no other descendants are known. Thus the genus "Homo" is monophyletic. If, on the other hand, it were discovered that "Homo habilis" had developed from a different ancestor than "Homo sapiens", and this ancestor were not included in the genus, then the genus would be polyphyletic. Since biologists by and large tend to accept groups when they are monophyletic, in this case, they would likely either split the genus or broaden it to include the additional forms. Splitting the genus may split explanations of functional evolution to require convergence.
Some evolutionary taxonomists prefer to use the term holophyletic to describe this sort of group and instead use monophyletic in its older sense, where it refers to both holophyletic and paraphyletic groups.
Sometimes taxonomists are frustrated fitting plant species into a monophyletic group because of polyploidy. There is evidence that some polyploid plant species are of multiple origins (the species has arisen more than once). For example hybrid goat's-beard ("Tragopogon miscellus") has formed as many as 20 times in eastern Washington. Unity of explanation through functional evolution is challenged by the atomization required by strict monophyly.

Lepidoptera
The order Lepidoptera is the second biggest order in the class Insecta. It includes the butterflies, moths and skippers. Members of the order are referred to as lepidopterans. A person who collects or studies this order is referred to as a Lepidopterist. This order has more than 180,000 species in 128 families and 47 superfamilies. Only the order Coleoptera (the beetles) has more species. The name is derived from Ancient Greek λεπίδος (scale) and πτερόν (wing).
Characteristics of Lepidoptera.
Lepidopterans undergo complete metamorphosis. They have a four-stage life cycle of egg - larva / caterpillar - pupa -imago/adult.
The larvae have a toughened (sclerotized) head capsule, chewing mouthparts, and a soft body, that may have hair-like or other projections, 3 pairs of true legs, and additional prolegs (up to 5 pairs). They can be confused with the larvae of sawflies. Lepidopteran larvae can be differentiated by the presence of crochets on the prolegs which are absent in the Symphyta (sawflies). Most caterpillars are herbivores, but a few are carnivores (some eat ants or other caterpillars) and detritivores.
Adults have two pairs of membranous wings covered, usually completely, by minute scales. In some species, wings are reduced or absent (often in the female but not the male). Antennae are prominent. In moths, males frequently have more feathery antennae than females, for detecting the female pheromones at a distance.
Adult mouth parts, called a proboscis, are adapted for sucking nectar. Some species have reduced mouthparts (some species do not feed as adults), and others have them modified to pierce and suck blood or fruit juices (some Noctuids).
See also: Differences between butterflies and moths

Diurnal
Animals that are active during the day are called diurnal. They hunt or feed during the day and sleep during the night. Nocturnal animals do it the other way round.
Scientists sometimes use the word "crepuscular" to describe nocturnal animals that aren't active when it is very dark at night; they are mostly active near dawn, dusk, and sometimes when the moon makes a lot of light.

Skipper (butterfly)
The Skippers are a group of insects in the order Lepidoptera, classified in the superfamily Hesperioidea, which includes only one family, the Hesperiidae.
Differences to butterflies.
Skippers differ in several important ways from the remaining butterflies, which are classified in the superfamily Papilionoidea and the neotropical superfamily Hedyloidea. Collectively, these three groups of butterflies share several characteristics especially in the egg, larval and pupal stage (Ackery et al. 1999). However, skippers have the antennae clubs hooked backward like a crochet. The other butterflies have club-like tips to their antennae and hedylids have feathered or pectinate antennae which give them an even more "moth"-like appearance than skippers. Skippers also have generally stockier bodies than the other two groups, with stronger wing muscles. Hesperioidea is very likely the sister group of Papilionoidea, and together with Hedyloidea constitute a natural group or clade.
Classification.
Note: Some authorities treat the Giant Skippers as a separate family, the Megathymidae, but more modern classifications place them within the subfamily Hesperiinae in the family Hesperiidae.
Many species of skippers look frustratingly alike. For example, some species in the genera "Erynnis", "Hesperia", and "Amblyscirtes" cannot currently be distinguished in the field by experts, the only reliable method of telling them apart involving dissection and examination of the genitalia.

Energy conservation
Energy conservation means to reduce the quantity of energy that is used for different purposes. This practice may result in increase of financial capital, environmental value, national and personal security, and human comfort.
Individuals and organizations that are direct consumers of energy may want to conserve energy in order to reduce energy costs and promote economic, political and environmental sustainability. Industrial and commercial users may want to increase efficiency and thus maximize profit.
On a larger scale, energy conservation is an important element of energy policy. In general, energy conservation reduces the energy consumption and energy demand per capita. This reduces the rise in energy costs, and can reduce the need for new power plants, and energy imports. The reduced energy demand can provide more flexibility in choosing the most preferred methods of energy production.
By reducing emissions, energy conservation is an important method to prevent climate change. Energy conservation makes it easier to replace non-renewable resources with renewable energy. Energy conservation is often the most economical solution to energy shortages.
Energy efficiency trends in the United States.
The U.S. is currently the largest consumer of energy, although at current levels of growth, it is possible that in the future China could become the leading energy consumer. The U.S. Department of Energy categorizes national energy use in four broad sectors: transportation, residential, commercial, and industrial.
Energy usage in the transportation and residential sectors (about half of U.S. energy consumption) is largely controlled by individual domestic consumers. Commercial and industrial energy usage are controlled by businesses. National energy policy has a significant effect on energy usage across all four sectors.
Transportation sector.
The transportation sector includes all vehicles used for personal or freight transportation. Of the energy used in this sector, approximately 65% is consumed by gasoline-powered vehicles, primarily personally owned. Diesel-powered transport (trains, merchant ships, heavy trucks, etc.) consumes about 20%, and air traffic consumes most of the remaining 15%.
The oil supply crises of the 1970s spurred the creation, in 1975, of the federal Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) program, which required auto manufacturers to meet progressively higher fleet fuel economy targets. The next decade saw dramatic improvements in fuel economy, mostly the result of reductions in vehicle size and weight. These gains eroded somewhat after 1990 due to the growing popularity of sport utility vehicles, pickup trucks and minivans, which fall under the more lenient "light truck" CAFE standard.
In addition to the CAFE program, the U.S. government has tried to encourage better vehicle efficiency through tax policy. Since 2002, taxpayers have been eligible for income tax credits for gas/electric hybrid vehicles. A "gas-guzzler" tax has been assessed on manufacturers since 1978 for cars with exceptionally poor fuel economy. While this tax remains in effect, it currently generates very little revenue as overall fuel economy has improved.
Another focus in gasoline conservation is reducing the number of miles driven. An estimated 40% of American automobile use is associated with daily commuting. Many urban areas offer subsidized public transportation to reduce commuting traffic, and encourage carpooling by providing designated high-occupancy vehicle lanes and lower tolls for cars with multiple riders.
In recent years telecommuting has also become a viable alternative to commuting for some jobs, but as of 2003 only 3.5% of workers were telecommuters. Ironically, hundreds of thousands of American and European workers have been replaced by workers in Asia who telecommute from thousands of miles away.
A vehicle's gas mileage normally decreases rapidly at speeds above 55 miles per hour. A car or truck moving at 55 miles an hour can get about 15 percent better fuel economy than the same car going 65 mph. According to the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), as a rule of thumb, each 5 mph you drive over 60 mph is similar to paying an additional $0.21 per gallon for gas (at $3.00 per gallon).
Residential sector.
The residential sector refers to all private residences, including single-family homes, apartments, manufactured homes and dormitories. Energy use in this sector varies significantly across the country, due to regional climate differences and different regulation. On average, about half of the energy used in the U.S. homes is expended on space conditioning (i.e. heating and cooling).
The efficiency of furnaces and air conditioners has increased steadily since the energy crises of the 1970s. The 1987 National Appliance Energy Conservation Act authorized the Department of Energy to set minimum efficiency standards for space conditioning equipment and other appliances each year, based on what is "technologically feasible and economically justified".
Despite technological improvements, many American lifestyle changes have put higher demands on heating and cooling resources. The average size of homes built in the United States has increased significantly, from 1500 ft² in 1970 to 2300 ft² in 2005. The single-person household has become more common, as has central air conditioning: 23% of households had central air conditioning in 1978, that figure rose to 55% by 2001.
As a cheaper alternative to the purchase of a new furnace or air conditioner, most public utilities encourage smaller changes the consumer can make to lessen space conditioning usage. Consumers have also been asked to adopt a wider indoor temperature range (e.g. 65 °F in the winter, 80 °F in the summer).
Home energy consumption averages:.
Energy usage in some homes may vary widely from these averages. In most residences no single appliance dominates, and any conservation efforts must be directed to numerous areas in order to achieve substantial energy savings. However, Ground Source Heat Pump systems are the more energy efficient, environmentally clean, and cost-effective space conditioning systems available (Environmental Protection Agency), and can achieve reductions in energy consumptions of up to 70%.
Best building practices.
Current best practices in building design and construction result in homes that are much more energy conserving than average new homes. See Passive house, Superinsulation, Self-sufficient homes, Zero_energy_building, Earthship, Straw-bale construction, MIT Design Advisor, Energy Conservation Code for Indian Commercial Buildings.
Smart ways to construct homes such that minimal resources are used to cooling and heating the house in summer and winter respectively can significantly reduce energy costs!
Commercial sector.
The commercial sector consists of retail stores, offices (business and government), restaurants, schools and other workplaces. Energy in this sector has the same basic end uses as the residential sector, in slightly different proportions. Space conditioning is again the single biggest consumption area, but it represents only about 30% of the energy use of commercial buildings. Lighting, at 25%, plays a much larger role than it does in the residential sector. Lighting is also generally the most wasteful component of commercial use. A number of case studies indicate that more efficient lighting and elimination of over-illumination can reduce lighting energy by approximately fifty percent in many commercial buildings.
Commercial buildings can greatly increase energy efficiency by thoughtful design, with today's building stock being very poor examples of the potential of systematic (not expensive) energy efficient design (Steffy, 1997). Commercial buildings often have professional management, allowing centralized control and coordination of energy conservation efforts.
Solar heat loading through standard window designs usually leads to high demand for air conditioning in summer months. An example of building design overcoming this excessive heat loading is the Dakin Building in Brisbane, California, where fenestration was designed to achieve an angle with respect to sun incidence to allow maximum reflection of solar heat; this design also assisted in reducing interior over-illumination to enhance worker efficiency and comfort.
Industrial sector.
The industrial sector represents all production and processing of goods, including manufacturing, construction, farming, water management andmining. Increasing costs have forced energy-intensive industries to make substantial efficiency improvements in the past 30 years. For example, the energy used to produce steel and paper products has been cut 40% in that time frame, while petroleum/aluminum refining and cement production have reduced their usage by about 25%. These reductions are largely the result of recycling waste material and the use of cogeneration equipment for electricity and heating.
The energy required for delivery and treatment of fresh water often constitutes a significant percentage of a region's electricity and natural gas usage (an estimated 20% of California's total energy use is water-related.) In light of this, some local governments have worked toward a more integrated approach to energy and water conservation efforts.
Unlike the other sectors, total energy use in the industrial sector has declined in the last decade. While this is partly due to conservation efforts, it's also a reflection of the growing trend for U.S. companies to move manufacturing operations offshore.
The usage of telecommuting by major corporations is a significant opportunity to conserve energy, as many Americans now work in service jobs that enable them to work from home instead of commuting to work each day.

Cogeneration
Cogeneration (also combined heat and power, CHP) is the use of a heat engine or a power station to simultaneously generate both electricity and useful heat.
Conventional power plants emit the heat created as a byproduct of electricity generation into the environment through cooling towers, as flue gas, or by other means. Combined heat and power captures the byproduct heat for domestic or industrial heating purposes, either very close to the plant, or - especially in Scandinavia and eastern Europe - for distribution through pipes to heat local housing.
Byproduct heat at moderate temperatures (100 to 180°C) can also be used in absorption chillers for cooling. A plant producing electricity, heat and cold is sometimes called regeneration or more generally: polygene ration plant.
Cogeneration is a thermodynamically efficient use of fuel. In separate production of electricity some energy is lost as waste heat, but in cogeneration this energy performs useful work (see energy).
Overview.
Thermal power plants (including those that use fissile elements or burn coal, petroleum, or natural gas), and heat engines in general, do not convert all of their available energy into electricity. In most heat engines, a bit more than half is wasted as excess heat (see: Second law of thermodynamics). By capturing the excess heat, CHP uses heat that would be wasted in a conventional power plant, potentially reaching an efficiency of up to 70%, compared with at most 40% for the conventional plants. This means that less fuel needs to be consumed to produce the same amount of useful energy. Also, less pollution is produced for a given economic benefit.
An exact match between the heat and electricity needs rarely exists. A CHP plant can either meet the need for heat ("heat driven operation") or be run as a power plant with some use of its waste heat.
CHP is most efficient when the heat can be used on site or very close to it. Overall efficiency is reduced when the heat must be transported over longer distances. This requires heavily insulated pipes, which are expensive and inefficient; whereas electricity can be transmitted along a comparatively simple wire, and over much longer distances for the same energy loss.
A car motor becomes a CHP plant in winter, when the reject heat is useful for warming the interior of the vehicle. This example scores the point that deployment of CHP depends on heat uses in the neighbourhood of the heat engine.
Cogeneration plants are commonly found in district heating systems of big towns, hospitals, prisons, oil refineries, paper mills, wastewater treatment plants, thermal enhanced oil recovery wells and industrial plants with large heating needs.

Quakenbrück
Quakenbrück is a small town in Lower Saxony. It has about 13,000 inhabitants.

Dew point
The dew point is the temperature where water vapour condenses into liquid water.
All air holds different amounts of water vapor. The dew point shows the amount of moisture in the air. The higher the dew point is, the higher the level of moisture in the air at a given temperature. The dew point of humid air will be higher than the dew point of dry air.
Condensation of water vapour starts when the temperature of air is lowered to its dew point and beyond. The dew point, like other measures of humidity, can be found from measurement taken by a hygrometer.

Podgorica
Podgorica is the capital of Montenegro. It has about 135,000 inhabitants.

Región Autónoma del Atlántico Sur
The Región Autónoma del Atlántico Sur is an autonomous region of Nicaragua. It is often shortened to RAAS. Its capital is Bluefields. It was made when the regiuons were newly made in Nicaragua, in 1989. The oldf region was split into Atlántico Sur and Atlántico Norte. The capital of Atlántico Norte is Puerto Cabezas. There is also a very touristy-region called Corn Island, which is about 45 km from the capital Bluefields

Región Autónoma del Atlántico Norte
Región Autónoma del Atlántico Norte is an autonomous region of Nicaragua. It was created in 1989. Its capital is Puerto Cabezas. Often the name is shotened to RAAN.

Gas compressor
A gas compressor is a mechanical device that increases the pressure of a gas by reducing its volume. Compression of a gas naturally increases its temperature.
Compressors are similar to pumps: both increase the pressure on a fluid and both can transport the fluid through a pipe. As gases are compressible, the compressor also reduces the volume of a gas. Liquids are relatively incompressible, so the main action of a pump is to transport liquids.
Types of compressors.
The more important types in each of the four sub-categories are discussed below.
Centrifugal compressors.
Centrifugal compressors use a vaned rotating disk or impeller in a shaped housing to force the gas to the rim of the impeller, increasing the velocity of the gas. A diffuser (divergent duct) section converts the velocity energy to pressure energy. They are primarily used for continuous, stationary service in industries such as oil refineries, chemical and petrochemical plants and natural gas processing plants. Their application can be from 100 hp (75 kW) to thousands of horsepower. With multiple staging, they can achieve extremely high output pressures greater than 10,000 psi (69 MPa).
Many large snow-making operations (like ski resorts) use this type of compressor. They are also used in internal combustion engines as superchargers and turbochargers. Centrifugal compressors are used in small gas turbine engines or as the final compression stage of medium sized gas turbines.
Diagonal or mixed-flow compressors.
Diagonal or mixed-flow compressors are similar to centrifugal compressors, but have a radial and axial velocity component at the exit from the rotor. The diffuser is often used to turn diagonal flow to the axial direction. The diagonal compressor has a lower diameter diffuser than the equivalent centrifugal compressor.
Axial-flow compressors.
Axial-flow compressors use a series of fan-like rotating rotor blades to progressively compress the gasflow. Stationary stator vanes, located downstream of each rotor, redirect the flow onto the next set of rotor blades. The area of the gas passage diminishes through the compressor to maintain a roughly constant axial Mach number. Axial-flow compressors are normally used in high flow applications, such as medium to large gas turbine engines. They are almost always multi-staged. Beyond about 4:1 design pressure ratio, variable geometry is often used to improve operation.
Reciprocating compressors.
Reciprocating compressors use pistons driven by a crankshaft. They can be either stationary or portable, can be single or multi-staged, and can be driven by electric motors or internal combustion engines. Small reciprocating compressors from 5 to 30 horsepower (hp) are commonly seen in automotive applications and are typically for intermittent duty. Larger reciprocating compressors up to 1000 hp are still commonly found in large industrial applications, but their numbers are declining as they are replaced by various other types of compressors. Discharge pressures can range from low pressure to very high pressure (>5000 psi or 35 MPa). In certain applications, such as air compression, multi-stage double-acting compressors are said to be the most efficient compressors available, and are typically larger, noisier, and more costly than comparable rotary units.
Rotary screw compressors.
Rotary screw compressors use two meshed rotating positive-displacement helical screws to force the gas into a smaller space. These are usually used for continuous operation in commercial and industrial applications and may be either stationary or portable. Their application can be from 3 hp (2.24 kW) to over 500 hp (375 kW) and from low pressure to very high pressure (>1200 psi or 8.3 MPa). They are commonly seen with roadside repair crews powering air-tools. This type is also used for many automobile engine superchargers because it is easily matched to the induction capacity of a piston engine.
Scroll compressors.
A scroll compressor, also known as scroll pump and scroll vacuum pump, uses two interleaved spiral-like vanes to pump or compress fluids such as liquids and gases. The vane geometry may be involute, archimedean spiral, or hybrid curves. They operate more smoothly, quietly, and reliably than other types of compressors.
Often, one of the scrolls is fixed, while the other orbits eccentrically without rotating, thereby trapping and pumping or compressing pockets of fluid between the scrolls.
Diaphragm compressors.
A diaphragm compressor (also known as a membrane compressor) is a variant of the conventional reciprocating compressor. The compression of gas occurs by the movement of a flexible membrane, instead of an intake element. The back and forth movement of the membrane is driven by a rod and a crankshaft mechanism. Only the membrane and the compressor box come in touch with the gas being compressed.
Diaphragm compressors are used for hydrogen and compressed natural gas (CNG) as well as in a number of other applications.
Miscellany.
Air compressors sold to and used by the general public are often attached on top of a tank for holding the pressurized air. Oil-lubricated and oil-free compressors are available. Oil-free compressors are desirable because without a properly designed separator, oil can make its way into the air stream. For some purposes, for example as a diving air compressor, even a little oil in the air stream may be unacceptable.
Staged compression.
Since compression generates heat, the compressed gas is to be cooled between stages making the compression less adiabatic and more isothermal. The inter-stage coolers cause condensation meaning water separators with drain valves are present. The compressor flywheel may drive a cooling fan.
For instance in a typical diving compressor, the air is compressed in three stages. If each stage has a compression ratio of 7 to 1, the compressor can output 343 times atmospheric pressure (7 x 7 x 7 = 343 Atmospheres).

Cash
Cash is a form of liquid currency, such as banknotes or coins. There is usually different sorts in every country.
Bookkeeping and finance.
In bookkeeping and finance, "cash" can also refer to checks, money orders, cashier's checks, bank drafts, or traveler's checks. In all these forms, the term indicates the most liquid form of assets, which have a fixed value and can be easily converted to currency: "ready money". For example, wages or salaries paid as "cash" (as opposed to, e.g., stock options) would in most countries normally be paid with checks or direct bank deposits, which are trivially convertible to currency.

Hemer
Hemer is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. About 38,000 people live there.

Heat engine
A heat engine is a physical or theoretical device that converts thermal energy to mechanical output. The mechanical output is called work, and the thermal energy input is called heat.
Heat engines typically run on a specific thermodynamic cycle. Heat engines are often named after the thermodynamic cycle they are modeled by. They often pick up alternate names, such as gasoline/petrol, turbine, or steam engines. Heat engines can generate heat inside the engine itself or it can absorb heat from an external source. Heat engines can be open to the atmospheric air or sealed and closed off to the outside (Open or closed cycle).
In engineering and thermodynamics, a heat engine performs the conversion of heat energy to mechanical work by exploiting the temperature gradient between a hot "source" and a cold "sink". Heat is transferred from the source, through the "working body" of the engine, to the sink, and in this process some of the heat is converted into work by exploiting the properties of a working substance (usually a gas or liquid).
Overview.
Heat engines are often confused with the cycles they attempt to mimic. Typically when describing the physical device the term 'engine' is used. When describing the model the term 'cycle' is used.
One could say that the thermodynamic cycle is an ideal case of the mechanical engine. One could equally say that the model does not quite perfectly match the mechanical engine. However, much benefit is gained from the simplified models, and ideal cases they may represent.
In general terms, the larger the difference in temperature between the hot source and the cold sink, the larger is the potential thermal efficiency of the cycle. On Earth, the cold side of any heat engine is limited to close to the ambient temperature of the environment, or not much lower than 300 kelvins, so most efforts to improve the thermodynamic efficiencies of various heat engines focus on increasing the temperature of the source, within material limits.
The efficiency of various heat engines proposed or used today ranges from 3 percent (97 percent waste heat) for the OTEC ocean power proposal through 25 percent for most automotive engines, to 45 percent for a supercritical coal plant, to about 60 percent for a steam-cooled combined cycle gas turbine. All of these processes gain their efficiency (or lack thereof) due to the temperature drop across them.
OTEC uses the temperature difference of ocean water on the surface and ocean water from the depths, a small difference of perhaps 25 degrees Celsius, and so the efficiency must be low. The combined cycle gas turbines use natural-gas fired burners to heat air to near 1530 degrees Celsius, a difference of a large 1500 degrees Celsius, and so the efficiency can be large when the steam-cooling cycle is added in.
Everyday examples.
Examples of everyday heat engines include: the steam engine, the diesel engine, and the gasoline (petrol) engine in an automobile.
A common toy that is also a heat engine is a drinking bird.
All of these familiar heat engines are powered by the expansion of heated gases.
The general surroundings are the heat sink, providing relatively cool gases which, when heated, expand rapidly to drive the mechanical motion of the engine.

Thermodynamic cycle
A thermodynamic cycle is a series of thermodynamic processes which returns a system to its initial state. Properties depend only on the thermodynamic state and thus do not change over a cycle. Variables such as heat and work are not zero over a cycle, but rather depend on the process. The first law of thermodynamics dictates that the net heat input is equal to the net work output over any cycle. The repeating nature of the process path allows for continuous operation, making the cycle an important concept in thermodynamics.
If the cyclic process moves clockwise around the loop, then it represents a heat engine, and W will be positive. If it moves counterclockwise then it represents a heat pump, and W will be negative.
Classes.
Two primary classes of thermodynamic cycles are power cycles and heat pump cycles. Power cycles are cycles which convert some heat input into a mechanical work output, while heat pump cycles transfer heat from low to high temperatures using mechanical work input.
Thermodynamic power cycles.
Thermodynamic power cycles are the basis for the operation of heat engines, which supply most of the world's electric power and run almost all motor vehicles. Power cycles can be divided according to the type of heat engine they seek to model. The most common cycles that model internal combustion engines are the Otto cycle, which models gasoline engines and the Diesel cycle, which models diesel engines. Cycles that model external combustion engines include the Brayton cycle, which models gas turbines, and the Rankine cycle, which models steam turbines.

Christoph Metzelder
Christoph Metzelder (born November 5 1980 in Haltern am See, Germany) is a German footballer. In the German national football team he has played in 46 matches and scored no goal.

Thermodynamic system
In thermodynamics, a thermodynamic system, originally called a "working substance", is defined as that part of the universe that is under consideration. A real or imaginary boundary separates the system from the rest of the universe, which is referred to as the environment or surroundings (sometimes called a reservoir.) A useful classification of thermodynamic systems is based on the nature of the boundary and the quantities flowing through it, such as matter, energy, work, heat, and entropy. A system can be anything, for example a cylinder, a solution in a test tube, a living organism, or a planet, etc.

Piston
In general, a piston is a lubricated sliding shaft that fits tightly inside the opening of a cylinder. Its purpose is to change the volume enclosed by the cylinder, to exert a force on a fluid inside the cylinder, to cover and uncover ports, or some combination of these. A rubber seal is sometimes used to keep the lubricate within the shaft. Due to the constant motion of the machine this seal wears quickly and should be replaced with every servicing. If the seal should break during usage there can be disastrous long lasting consequences for the machine.
Creating force.
There are two ways that a piston engine can transform combustion into motive power. These are two-stroke and four-stroke.
A single cylinder two-stroke engine produces power every crankshaft revolution, while a single cylinder four-stroke engine produces power once every two revolutions. Older designs of small two-stroke engines produced more pollution than four stroke engines. However, modern two-stroke designs, like the Vespa ET2 Injection utilise fuel-injection and are as clean as four-strokes. Large diesel two-stroke engines, as used in ships and locomotives, have always used fuel injection and produce low emissions. One of the biggest internal combustion engines in the world, the Wärtsilä-Sulzer RTA96-C is a two-stroke; it is bigger than most two-story houses, has pistons nearly 1 metre in diameter and is one of the most efficient mobile engines in existence. In theory, a four stroke engine has to be larger than a two stroke engine to produce an equivalent amount of power. Two stroke engines are becoming less common in developed countries these days, mainly due to manufacturer reluctance to invest in reducing two-stroke emissions. Traditionally, two stroke engines were reputed to need more maintenance. Even though the simplest two stroke engines have fewer moving parts, they could wear out faster than four stroke engines. However fuel-injected two-strokes achieve better engine lubrication, and cooling and reliability should improve considerably.
External combustion engine.
A steam engine is another type of piston engine. In most steam engines, the pistons are "double acting": steam is alternately admitted to either end of the cylinder, so that every piston stroke produces power.

Pinyin
Pinyin is a type of transliteration for the Chinese language, a tonal language, where accents are used to show tones. It is the official form of the Latin alphabet transliteration used for the People's Republic of China and most of the world. And it is the standard form of Chinese Romanization for the United Nations.

Horror
Horror is another word for scary. Horror usually is used to describe genres. A genre is a category for a type of story or movie. Horror movies or stories usually hold alot of suspense.

Susianna Kentikian
Susianna "Susi" Kentikian (born September 11, 1987) is a woman boxer from Germany. She was born in Yerevan, Armenian SSR, but she left the country together with her family when she was five years old, because of the Nagorno-Karabakh War. Kentikian has lived in Hamburg since 1996 and has signed a contract with the Hamburg boxing promoter Spotlight Boxing. Kentikian is the current world champion with the boxing organizations WBA and WIBF in the flyweight weight class.

Banknote
A banknote (more commonly known as a bill in the United States and Canada) is a paper by which a bank promises to pay to the bearer on demand. Along with coins, banknotes make up the cash forms of all modern money.
Coins are generally used for lower valued monetary units, and banknotes for higher values.
Originally, the value of money was determined by the value of the material the money was made of, such as silver or gold. However, carrying around a lot of precious metal was cumbersome and often dangerous. As an alternative, banknotes would be issued. In financial terms, a note is a promise to pay someone money. Banknotes were originally a promise to pay the bearer an amount of precious metal stored in a vault somewhere. In this way the stored value (usually in gold or silver coins) backing the banknote could transfer ownership in exchange for goods or services.
Banknotes in Europe.
In Europe the first paper money consisted of paper 'coins' issued in Protestant Leyden (today, Leiden) in the Netherlands during the Spanish siege of 1574. Over 5000 of the estimated 14,000 residents of Leyden died, mostly due to starvation. Even leather (often used to create emergency currency) was boiled and used to feed the people. So to create currency, the residents took covers and paper from hymnals and church missives and created paper planchets, which were struck using the same dies that were previously used to mint coins.
The first proper European banknotes were issued by Stockholms Banco, a predecessor of the Bank of Sweden, in 1660, although the bank ran out of coins to redeem its notes in 1664 and ceased operating in that year.
Banknotes in the Americas.
Emergency paper money hand-written on playing cards was used in French Canada from 1685.
In the early 1690s, the Massachusetts Bay Colony was the first of the colonies to issue the permanently circulating banknotes. The use of fixed denominations and printed banknotes came into use in the 18th century.
In the United States, public acceptance of banknotes in replacement of precious metals was hastened in part by Executive Order 6102. This order carried the threat of a maximum $10,000 fine and a maximum of ten years in prison for anyone who kept more than $100 of gold in preference to bank notes. Similar measures were taken worldwide, with similar results.

Common cold
A common cold is a viral infectious disease. It affects the respiratory system, like the nose and the throat. It is characterized by a running nose, and sneezing, sometimes coughing. There is currently no treatment for the disease. There are drugs that can stop the symptoms, though. It is one of the most common diseases today.
Preventing the disease.
A good way to prevent the disease is to wash hands often, with soap. Antibacterial soaps have no effect on the virus, but the action of washing (scrubbing) will scrub the viruses away.
Symptoms.
The virus can affect breathing and taste by swelling the blood vessels in your nose. If the nose is blocked, tasting food (drinks) can become uneasy.

Qajar dynasty
The Qajar dynasty (), - or دودمان قاجار - "Qâjâr") was a ruling Turkic dynasty of Iran from 1781 to 1925.
Soltan Ahmad Shah Qajar (1909-1925) was the last ruling Shah. Among many other members of the Qajar family are

Zenwalk Linux
Zenwalk (formerly Minislack), or Zenwalk Linux, is a Linux distribution started by Jean-Philippe Guillemin. It was at first based on Slackware. Since its creation, the distribution has become very different from Slackware while still still being able to use its binary packages. Zenwalk aims to be a Linux distribution with many uses by focusing on Internet applications, multimedia and programming tools.
Aims.
The Zenwalk Project aims to create a Linux operating system that can be used on old and slow computers through the use of the latest software available for a stable release, optimization for a specific processor architecture to increase execution speed, and introduces a very powerful package management system with dependency resolution.
Project versions.
Zenwalk (full version ~ 420 MB iso download) is a distribution aimed at mainstream desktop use. Designed to be a stand-alone operating system, it installs to the hard drive by way of a ncurses-based installer. It includes all of the officially released software packages that are deemed most useful for their tasks. This collection may change with every release.
Zenwalk Core (~ 230 MB iso download) is a Zenwalk system built with customization in mind. Released with no X Window System binaries, its aim is to allow a skilled user to build a system fit for his or her needs. The project's lead developer is Emmanuel Bailleul.
ZenLive (~ 476 MB iso download) is a Zenwalk system built on a Live CD design. ZenLive follows the progress made by the full Zenwalk system closely, thus mirroring the version number, and attempts to stay true to the original distribution's goals. In addition, it includes all of the necessary libraries and applications to develop and compile software, a particularly rare feature in Live CD distributions. Project members include Pierrick Le Brun, creator, Mauricio Tricoli, project lead, and Michael Verret, artwork.
Zenserver (~ 263 MB iso download) is a Zenwalk Core-derived system specifically designed for servers. The main goals are to create a secure, reliable, easy to use, easy to configure, expandable and dependable server operating system, in the best Zenwalk tradition. The distribution development team is led by Teran McKinney.

Thermal energy
In thermal physics, thermal energy is the type of energy that has a system that increases with its temperature. In thermodynamics, thermal energy is the internal energy present in a system in a state of thermodynamic equilibrium because of its temperature. That is, heat is defined as a spontaneous "flow of energy" (energy in transit) from one object to another, caused by a difference in temperature between two objects; so objects do not possess heat.

Heat transfer
In thermal physics, heat transfer is the passage of thermal energy from a hot to a cold body. When a physical body, e.g. an object or fluid, is at a different temperature than its surroundings or another body, "transfer of thermal energy", also known as heat transfer, happens in such a way that the body and the surroundings reach thermodynamic equilibrium. Heat transfer always occurs from a hot body to a cold one, a result of the second law of thermodynamics. Heat transfer can never be stopped; it can only be slowed down.

Thermodynamic equilibrium
In thermodynamics, a thermodynamic system is said to be in thermodynamic equilibrium when it is in thermal equilibrium, mechanical equilibrium, and chemical equilibrium. The local state of a system at thermodynamic equilibrium is determined by the values of its intensive parameters, as pressure, temperature, etc. Specifically, thermodynamic equilibrium is characterized by the minimum of a thermodynamic potential.

Thermodynamic potential
where "T" = temperature, "S" = entropy, "p" = pressure, "V" = volume. The Helmholtz free energy is often denoted by the symbol "F", but the use of "A" is preferred by IUPAC (See Alberty, 2001). formula_9 is the number of particles of type "i" in the system. For the sake of completeness, the set of all formula_9 are also included as natural variables, although they are sometimes ignored.
Description and interpretation.
Thermodynamic potentials are very useful when calculating the equilibrium results of a chemical reaction, or when measuring the properties of materials in a chemical reaction. The chemical reactions usually take place under some simple constraints such as constant pressure and temperature, or constant entropy and volume, and when this is true, there is a corresponding thermodynamic potential which comes into play. Just as in mechanics, the system will tend towards lower values of potential and at equilibrium, under these constraints, the potential will take on an unchanging minimum value. The thermodynamic potentials can also be used to estimate the total amount of energy available from a thermodynamic system under the appropriate constraint.

Thermal efficiency
The thermal efficiency (formula_1) is a dimensionless performance measure of a thermal device such as an internal combustion engine, a boiler, or a furnace, for example.
The input, formula_2, to the device is heat, or the heat-content of a fuel that is consumed. The desired output is mechanical work, formula_3, or heat, formula_4, or possibly both. Because the input heat normally has a real financial cost, a memorable, generic definition of thermal efficiency is
formula_5
From the first and second law of thermodynamics, the output can't exceed what is input, so
formula_6
When expressed as a percentage, the thermal efficiency must be between 0% and 100%. Due to inefficiencies such as friction, heat loss, and other factors, thermal efficiencies are typically much less than 100%. For example, a typical gasoline automobile engine operates at around 25% thermal efficiency, and a large coal-fueled electrical generating plant peaks at about 36%. In a combined cycle plant thermal efficiencies are approaching 60%.
Heat engines.
When transforming thermal energy into mechanical energy, the thermal efficiency of a heat engine is the percentage of energy that is transformed into work. Thermal efficiency is defined as
formula_7,
or via the first law of thermodynamics to substitute waste heat rejection for the work produced,
formula_8.
For example, when 1000 joules of thermal energy is transformed into 300 joules of mechanical energy (with the remaining 700 joules dissipated as waste heat), the thermal efficiency is 30%.
Energy conversion.
For an energy conversion device like a boiler or furnace, the thermal efficiency is
formula_9.
So, for a boiler that produces 210 kW (or 700,000 BTU/h) output for each 300 kW (or 1,000,000 BTU/h) heat-equivalent input, its thermal efficiency is 210/300 = 0.70, or 70%. This means that the 30% of the energy is lost to the environment.
An electric resistance heater has a thermal efficiency of at or very near 100%, so, for example, 1500W of heat are produced for 1500W of electrical input. When comparing heating units, such as a 100% efficient electric resistance heater to an 80% efficient natural gas-fueled furnace, an economic analysis is needed to determine the most cost-effective choice.
Heat pumps and Refrigerators.
Heat pumps, refrigerators, and air conditioners, for example, move heat, rather than convert it, so other measures are needed to describe their thermal performance. The common measures are the coefficient-of-performance (COP), energy-efficiency ratio (EER), and seasonal-energy-efficiency ratio (SEER).
formula_10
formula_11
formula_12
formula_13
formula_14
Energy efficiency.
The 'thermal efficiency' is sometimes called the energy efficiency. In the United States, in everyday usage the SEER is the more common measure of energy efficiency for cooling devices, as well as for heat pumps when in their heating mode. For energy-conversion heating devices their peak steady-state thermal efficiency is often stated, e.g., 'this furnace is 90% efficient', but a more detailed measure of seasonal energy effectiveness is the Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency (AFUE).

Mechanical work
In physics, mechanical work is the amount of energy transferred by a force. Like energy, it is a scalar quantity, with SI units of joules. Heat conduction is not considered to be a form of work, since there is no macroscopically measurable force, only microscopic forces occurring in atomic collisions. In the 1830s, the French mathematician "Gaspard-Gustave Coriolis" coined the term work for the product of force and distance.

Thermodynamic state
A thermodynamic state is the macroscopic condition of a thermodynamic system as described by its particular thermodynamic parameters. The state of any thermodynamic system can be described by a set of thermodynamic parameters, such as temperature, pressure, density, composition, independently of its surroundings or history.
The parameters required to specify the state depend on the characteristics of the system. There is an optimal ensemble of parameters that uniquely specify the state, and all other parameters can be derived from these. The "state postulate" says that the state of a simple compressible system is completely specified by two independent, intensive properties.

Thermal physics
Thermal physics is the combined study of thermodynamics, statistical mechanics, and kinetic theory. This umbrella-subject is typically designed for physics students and functions to provide a general introduction to each of three core heat-related subjects. Other authors, however, define thermal physics loosely as a summation of only thermodynamics and statistical mechanics.
Overview.
Thermal physics, generally speaking, is the study of the statistical nature of physical systems from an energetic perspective. Starting with the basics of heat and temperature, thermal physics analyzes the first law of thermodynamics and second law of thermodynamics from the statistical perspective, in terms of the number of microstates corresponding to a given macrostate. In addition, the concept of entropy is studied via quantum theory.
A central topic in thermal physics is the canonical probability distribution. The electromagnetic nature of photons and phonons are studied which show that the oscillations of electromagnetic fields and of crystal lattices have much in common. Waves form a basis for both, provided one incorporates quantum theory.
Other topics studied in thermal physics include: chemical potential, the quantum nature of an ideal gas, i.e. in terms of fermions and bosons, Bose-Einstein condensation, Gibbs free energy, Helmholtz free energy, chemical equilibrium, phase equilibrium, the equipartition theorem, entropy at absolute zero, and transport processes as mean free path, viscosity, and conduction.
Thermodynamic instruments.
There are two types of thermodynamic instruments, the meter and the reservoir. A thermodynamic meter is any device which measures any parameter of a thermodynamic system. In some cases, the thermodynamic parameter is actually defined in terms of an idealized measuring instrument. For example, the zeroth law states that if two bodies are in thermodynamic equilibrium with a third body, they are also in thermodynamic equilibrium with each other. This principle, as noted by James Maxwell in 1872, asserts that it is possible to measure temperature. An idealized thermometer is a sample of an ideal gas at constant pressure.
A thermodynamic reservoir is a system which is so large that it does not appreciably alter its state parameters when brought into contact with the test system.
It is important that these two types of instruments are distinct. A meter does not perform its task accurately if it behaves like a reservoir of the state variable it is trying to measure. If, for example, a thermometer, were to act as a temperature reservoir it would alter the temperature of the system being measured, and the reading would be incorrect. Ideal meters have no effect on the state variables of the system they are measuring.

Statistical mechanics
Statistical mechanics is the application of probability theory, which includes mathematical tools for dealing with large populations, to the field of mechanics, which is concerned with the motion of particles or objects when subjected to a force.
It provides a framework for relating the microscopic properties of individual atoms and molecules to the macroscopic or bulk properties of materials that can be observed in everyday life, therefore explaining thermodynamics as a natural result of statistics and mechanics (classical and quantum) at the microscopic level. In particular, it can be used to calculate the thermodynamic properties of bulk materials from the spectroscopic data of individual molecules.
This ability to make macroscopic predictions based on microscopic properties is the main asset of statistical mechanics over thermodynamics. Both theories are governed by the second law of thermodynamics through the medium of entropy. However, entropy in thermodynamics can only be known empirically, whereas in statistical mechanics, it is a function of the distribution of the system on its micro-states.

Kinetic theory
Kinetic theory or "kinetic theory of gases" attempts to explain macroscopic properties of gases, such as pressure, temperature, or volume, by considering their molecular composition and motion. Essentially, the theory posits that pressure is due not to static repulsion between molecules, as was Isaac Newton's conjecture, but due to collisions between molecules moving about with a certain velocity. Kinetic theory is also known as "kinetic-molecular theory" or "collision theory".
References.
The Mathematical Theory of Non-uniform Gases: An Account of the Kinetic Theory of Viscosity, Thermal Conduction and Diffusion in Gases

Frik
Frik was an Armenian poet who lived in the 13th and 14th centuries, at the time of Mongolian control over Armenia.

Yeghishe Charents
Yeghishe Charents (born Yeghishe Soghomonian,) (13 March 1897, Kars - 29 November 1937, Yerevan) was an Armenian poet killed in Stalin's purges.
From 1904 to 1912 Yeghishe Soghomonian he was at school in Kars. Amid the upheavals of the First World War and the Armenian Genocide in the Ottoman Empire, he volunteered in 1915 for the Caucasian Front. In 1917 to 1918 he was in Erzurum during the bitter fighting. Some of his experiences would later appear in his poetry.

Kars
Kars (Armenian: Ղարս or Կարս, Azerbaijani: "Qars",) is a city in northeast Turkey and is the capital of the Kars Province, before at the head of a sanjak in the Turkish vilayet of Erzurum. Population: 8,672 (1878); 20,891 (1897); 54,000 (1970); 142,145 (1990); 130,361 (2000).
History.
The early history of Kars is little known, beyond that it had its own dynasty of Armenian rulers and was the capital of a region known as Vanand. At some point in the 9th century (at least by 888) it became part of the territory of the Armenian Bagratids. For a short time (from 928 to 961) Kars became the capital of their kingdom. It was during this period that the Cathedral, later known as the Church of the Apostles, was built.

Kars Province
Kars is a province () of Turkey, located in the northeastern part of the country. It shares part of its border with the Republic of Armenia.
From 1878 until 1917 most of the present-day Turkish province of Kars was part of the Russian oblast of Kars.
In 1919 and 1920 the province came under the control of the Democratic Republic of Armenia as the Vanand province (with the city of Kars as its capital). Its territory was ceded to Turkey by the Soviet Union in the Treaty of Kars.
Districts.
There are 383 villages in Kars.

Manny Gamburyan
Manvel Gamburyan (was born in 1981) is a mixed martial artist with a history in judo. Manvel was chosen as a participant on the reality show "The Ultimate Fighter 5". He fights on Jens Pulver's team. Manny defeated Noah Thomas in the preliminary round.
Life.
In May, 1991, Manvel's family relocated from Armenia to United States. Shortly after his arrival, Manvel began training in judo at Gokor Chivichyan's Hayastan MMA Academy and quickly became one of the top judokas in the country, winning junior nationals less than two years later. He went on to win junior nationals eight times, the junior Olympics once, and was a member of the 2000 judo junior world team.

Mickey Mouse Club
The Mickey Mouse Club was an American variety television series that begun in 1955 and ended in 1996. The show featured many teenage performers that continually changed over the years. It was directed by Walt Disney Productions.

Fanta
Fanta is a yellow lemonade. It was introduced in Germany in 1940. Fanta was created during World War II in Nazi Germany by the German Coca Cola (GmbH) bottling company. Because of the war, there was no shipping between Nazi Germany and the United States. Therefore, the German bottling plant could no longer get Coca Cola syrup. The CEO of the plant, Max Keith, needed to do something to keep the plant going. He came up with a fruit flavored drink made from whatever he could find. Using apple fiber left over from cider presses and whey, a byproduct from cheese manufacture, Fanta was created and became quite popular. The original German Fanta had a yellow color and a different flavor from that of Fanta Orange; the exact flavor varied throughout the war, depending on what ingredients were available.
The name 'Fanta' came during an employee contest to name the new beverage. Keith told them to let their Fantasie (German for imagination) run wild. On hearing that, salesman Joe Knipp spontaneously arrived upon the name "Fanta".
After the war, Fanta was introduced to the United States by Coca-Cola, and in 1960 they bought the trademark. Fanta Orange is the most popular Fanta flavor. It is available in 180 countries. In terms of volume, Brazil is the largest consumer of Fanta in the world. Fanta is more popular in Europe and South America than in the United States.
There are over 70 different flavors world-wide. Most of them are only available by region in some countries. For example, in Romania (and some other countries), there is "Fanta Shokata" based on the traditional Romanian drink "Socată". This drink is made from elderflower. In Switzerland and previously the Netherlands the local fruit, blackcurrant is used to produce Fanta as well. Some identical flavors have different names in different markets. The classic orange, for example, was renamed "Fanta Funky Orange" in 2003 for the Nordic countries and Belgium, while other countries retain the older "Fanta Orange" brand. As of the year 2005, the Fanta brand has been connected with the word "Bambaacha" (or "Bamboocha"), which is often seen in the Fanta commercials. TaB diet Cola was originally produced by the Fanta division of Coca-cola. It was available in a variety of non-cola flavors as well. Later in 2005, Fanta branched out into new Fanta Zero (diet versions) varieties in Great Britain.

Parameter
In some non-technical contexts or in jargon, "parameter" may simply be a synonym for criterion.
In mathematics, statistics, and the mathematical sciences, parameters ("auxiliary measure") are quantities that define certain relatively constant characteristics of systems or functions.
Most commonly represented θ in general form, other symbols carry standard, specific meanings. When evaluating the function over a domain or determining the response of the system over a period of time, the independent variables are modulated, while the parameters are held constant. The function or system may then be reevaluated or reprocessed with different parameters, to give a function or system with different behavior.
Loosely speaking, the term parameter is used for an argument which is intermediate in status between a variable and a constant.
Engineering.
In engineering (especially involving data acquisition) the term "parameter" sometimes loosely refers to an individual measured item. For example an airliner flight data recorder may record 88 different items, each termed a parameter. This usage isn't consistent, as sometimes the term "channel" refers to an individual measured item, with "parameter" referring to the setup information about that channel.
"Speaking generally, properties are those physical quantities which directly describe the physical attributes of the system; parameters are those combinations of the properties which suffice to determine the response of the system. Properties can have all sorts of dimensions, depending upon the system being considered; parameters are dimensionless, or have the dimension of time or its reciprocal." John D. Trimmer, 1950, Response of Physical Systems (New York: Wiley), p. 13.
The term can also be used in engineering contexts, however, as it is typically used in the physical sciences.

Agavaceae
Agavaceae is a family of plants. Many of these plants grow in dry, hot climates. Some grow in the desert. Well-known plants of this family are the agave, yucca, and Joshua tree. The family includes about 550-600 species in around 18 genera. It is widespread in the tropical, subtropical and warm temperate regions of the world.
It is not quite clear how large the family really is. There are genera which some biologists leave out of the family. This includes for example "Cordyline" and "Dracaena", which are sometimes separated off into a separate family, Dracaenaceae. Recent research has tended to incorporate these into a larger family Ruscaceae, though. "Nolina", "Beaucarnea", and "Dasylirion" are sometimes recognized as Nolinaceae or placed in Ruscaceae. Conversely, data from molecular systematics now suggest that Agavaceae should be broadened to include a number of genera previously classified elsewhere. Among them are "Chlorogalum", "Camassia" and the family Anthericaceae. This would enlarge the family with anything up to 22 genera. The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group's APG II classification places Agavaceae, along with a number of other families (including Ruscaceae) in an expanded family Asparagaceae. However, APG II allows the alternative of keeping some of these families, including Agavaceae, separate. In this case, it recommends expanding the family to include the genera currently classified in Anemarrhenaceae, Anthericaceae (with "Anthericum" and "Paradisea"), Behniaceae and Herreriaceae. Most references have retained Agavaceae (in varying circumscriptions) as a family distinct from Asparagaceae. "Hesperocallis", sometimes placed in its own family, Hesperocallideaceae, has recently been shown to be closely related and its inclusion in Agavaceae has been recommended (Pires et al. 2004).
Some species are succulent. In general, Agavaceae leaves occur as rosettes at the end of a woody stem, which may range from extremely short to tree-like heights, as in the Joshua tree. The leaves are parallel-veined, and usually appear long and pointed, often with a hardened spine on the end, and sometimes with additional spines along the margins.
"Agave" species are used to make pulque and mezcal, while others are valued for their fibres. They are quite popular for xeriscaping, many types having showy flowers.

Succulent plant
Succulent plants are plants that have adapted to very dry climates. They have adapted in such a way that they can store water, either in their leaves, stems or roots. Very often, they look different than plants that do not do this. Their leaves may look more fleshy. A very good example of succulents are the cacti. Almost all cacti are succulents. Not all succulents are cacti though. Other plant families with this property are the agavaceae (Agave family), Azioaceae and Crassulaceae. Other well-known succulents are the Aloe and the Bottle tree.

Oriental Orthodox Church
The term "Oriental Orthodoxy" means the group of Eastern Christian Churches that accept only the first three ecumenical councils — the First Council of Nicaea, the First Council of Constantinople and the Council of Ephesus — and do not accept the dogmatic definitions of the Council of Chalcedon. These Churches are also called Old Oriental Churches. Oriental Orthodox churches are different from the churches that call themselves Eastern Orthodoxy.
The Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria is considered the spiritual leader of the Oriental Orthodox Churches. The spiritual leadership is not understood in the same sense as among the Eastern Orthodox Churches to the Church of Constantinople; but it is in the spirit of respect and honour for the Apostolic Throne of Alexandria. It does not give any special rights to the Church of Alexandria.
History.
The schism (division) between "Great Church Orthodox and Catholic" and the "Oriental Orthodox Churches" happened in the 5th century after the Council of Chalcedon.

Lu Xun
Lu Xun (183-254) was a general in Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period in ancient China.
He showed his skills by helping defeat Guan Yu with the Wei army. Sun Quan saw his potential and promoted him to main strategist in the Wu army after the death of Lu Meng. He showed his talents at Yiling where his tactics and fire attack lead Wu to victory. He soon developed a name for himself when at Hefei castle his tactics crushed Wei and Cao Pi leaving only Shu and Liu Bei's son Liu Chan alive, who retreated and Wu gained full control of the land.

List of Jupiter's moons
The planet Jupiter has 63 moons. 46 of these are less than 3km wide and probably used to be asteroids before Jupiters gravity pulled them in. The four biggest moons are called the Galilean moons because they were discovered by the famous Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei. These four are Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto They are roughly the same size as Earth's moon, some are a bit bigger, some are smaller.
List.
Here is a list of all 63 of Jupiters moons. It starts with those that orbit or go around Jupiter fastest.

List of Saturn's moons
This is a list of the planet Saturn's 60 moons. They are listed by how long they take to orbit or go around Saturn.

Vande Mataram
The Vande Mataram is the national song of India. It is not to be confused with the national anthem of India. The lyrics were written by Bankimchandra Chattopadhyay, in a mix of Sanskrit and Bengali. The song was written in 1876, but published in 1882. The title means "Long live the Mother[land]". The first version of the Flag of India had "वन्दे मातरम्" (Vande Mataram) written on it.
Controversy.
Jana Gana Mana was chosen over "Vande Mataram"as the National Anthem of independent India in January 24, 1950, although before this date, "Vande Mataram" was trated as such. Vande Mataram was rejected because Muslims offended by calling India "Mother Durga" (a Hindu goddess) equating the nation with Hinduism, and by its origin as part of "Anandamatha", a book they felt had an anti-Muslim message.
Full version.
सप्त कोटि कण्ठ कलकल निनाद कराले
तुमि विद्या तुमि धर्म, तुमि ह्रदि तुमि मर्म
Translation.
Cool with thy winds of delight,
Green fields waving Mother of might,
Over thy branches and lordly streams,
Who hath said thou art weak in thy lands
When swords flash out in seventy million hands
Thy dreadful name from shore to shore?
With many strengths who art mighty and stored,
To thee I call Mother and Lord!
Thou who saves, arise and save!
To her I cry who ever her foe drove
Thou art wisdom, thou art law,
Thou art heart, our soul, our breath
Though art love divine, the awe
In our hearts that conquers death.
Thine the strength that nerves the arm,
Thine the beauty, thine the charm.
In our temples is but thine.
Thou art Durga, Lady and Queen,
With her hands that strike and her
In thy soul, with jewelled hair
Mother sweet, I bow to thee,
"translated by Sri Aurobindo"
Translation.
Cool with thy winds of delight,
Green fields waving Mother of might,
Full version.
তুমি বিদ্যা তুমি ধর্ম, তুমি হৃদি তুমি মর্ম

List of Uranus's moons
This is a list of Uranus's 27 moons. They are listed by how long they take to orbit (go around once) Uranus. They are all named after characters created by William Shakespeare and Alexander Pope.

List of Neptune's moons
Neptune has a total of 13 moons. The largest moon is Triton which was discovered by William Lassell just seventeen days after Neptune was found. Then it took one hundred years later to find the second moon, Nereid.
Unusual orbits.
Neptune has a lot of moons who have unusual orbits. Triton which is the largest moon of Neptune, orbits in a retrograde orbit (which means Triton orbits or moves the opposite way from how Neptune spins).
Two moons, Psamathe (discovered in 2002) and Neso (discovered in 2003), are also unusual because they have the largest orbits for any moons discovered in the solar system so far. They take about 25 years to make one orbit and are 125 times farther than how our Moon orbits away from Earth.
How Neptune's moons formed.
Many astronomers and scientists think that Neptune's inner moons weren't original bodies that formed with Neptune, but were instead remains of debris from Triton that slowly builded up together. Other scientists think that when Triton was captured by Neptune, Triton's mass and odd orbit caused Neptune's original moons to be destroyed by gravity, only to be reformed after Triton formed a stable orbit.
While many astronomers also agree that Triton wasn't an original moon of Neptune, some think that Triton was captured in a "three-body-encounter". What must have happened was that Triton was part of a binary pair1 with another unknown celestial body. The pair was then captured by Triton survived and the other object being affected by Neptune's gravity.
Another possible event had Halimede, which was discovered in 2002, was thought to been originally a piece of Nereid when the moon was possibly hit with another object, since both moons seemed to have the same gray colors. Also Halimede was also calculated that the moon had a high chance of colliding with Nereid in the past.
1Binary pairs are two astronomical objects orbiting closely to each other.
List of moons.
The Neptunian moons are listed here by its orbital period, from shortest to longest. Triton, which is not only massive enough for its surface to have collapsed into a sphere, but is comparable in size to our own moon, is highlighted in purple. Irregular (captured) moons are shown in grey; prograde in light grey and retrograde in dark grey. (Triton is also thought to be captured.)
‡ Negative orbital periods show a retrograde orbit around Neptune (opposite to the planet's rotation)
Irregular moons.
The picture at the right shows the orbits of Neptune's irregular moons discovered so far. The eccentricity of the orbits is represented by the yellow segments (extending from the pericentre to the apocentre) with the inclination represented on Y axis. The satellites above the X axis are prograde, the satellites beneath are retrograde. The X axis is labelled in Gm (million km) and the fraction of the Hill sphere's (gravitational influence) radius (~116 Gm for Neptune).
Given the similarity of their orbits, it was suggested that Neso and Psamathe could have a common origin in the break-up of a larger moon.
Triton, the biggest moon following a retrograde but a quasi-circular orbit, also thought to be a captured satellite, is not shown. Nereid, on a prograde but very eccentric orbit is believed to be "scattered" during Triton's capture.
Naming notes.
Some asteroids also have the same names as moons of Neptune: 74 Galatea, 1162 Larissa.
Note that Triton did not have an official name until the twentieth century. Although the name was suggested in 1880 by Camille Flammarion, it did not come into regular use until at least the 1930s. Usually, it was simply known as "the satellite of Neptune" (the second satellite, Nereid, was not discovered until 1949).

King (chess)
The king is a chess piece in the game of chess. It can move left, right, up, down or diagonally. It can only move one square at a time.

Work (thermodynamics)
In thermodynamics, work is the quantity of energy transferred from one system to another without an accompanying transfer of entropy. It is a generalization of the concept of mechanical work in mechanics. In the SI system of measurement, work is measured in joules (symbol: J). The rate at which work is performed is power.
1845.
In 1845, the English physicist James Joule wrote a paper "On the mechanical equivalent of heat" for the British Association meeting in Cambridge. In this work, he reported his best-known experiment, in which the work released through the action of a "weight "falling" through a height" was used to turn a paddle-wheel in an insulated barrel of water.
In this experiment, the friction and agitation of the paddle-wheel on the body of water caused heat to be generated which, in turn, increased the temperature of water. Both the temperature change ∆T of the water and the height of the fall ∆h of the weight mg were recorded. Using these values, Joule was able to determine the mechanical equivalent of heat. Joule estimated a mechanical equivalent of heat to be 819 ft•lbf/Btu (4.41 J/cal). The modern day definitions of heat, work, temperature, and energy all have connection to this experiment.
Overview.
According to the "First law of thermodynamics", it is useful to separate changes to the internal energy of a thermodynamic system into two sorts of energy transfers. Work refers to forms of energy transfer which can be accounted for in terms of changes in the "macroscopic" physical variables of the system, for example energy which goes into expanding the volume of a system against an external pressure, by driving a piston-head out of a cylinder against an external force. This is in contrast to heat energy, which is carried into or out of the system in the form of transfers in the "microscopic" thermal motions of particles.
The concept of thermodynamic work is slightly more general than that of mechanical work because it includes other types of energy transfers as well. The electrical work required to move a charge against an external electrical field can be measured, as can the work required to move heat against a temperature gradient. Thermodynamic work need not have any mechanical component to be considered such.

Internal energy
In thermodynamics, the internal energy of a thermodynamic system, or a body with well-defined boundaries, denoted by "U", or sometimes "E", is the total of the kinetic energy due to the motion of molecules (translational, rotational, vibrational) and the potential energy associated with the vibrational and electric energy of atoms within molecules or crystals. It includes the energy in all the chemical bonds, and the energy of the free, conduction electrons in metals.
The internal energy is a thermodynamic potential and for a closed thermodynamic system held at constant entropy, it will be minimized.
One can also calculate the internal energy of electromagnetic or blackbody radiation. It is a state function of a system, an extensive quantity. The SI unit of energy is the joule although other historical, conventional units are still in use, such as the (small and large) calorie for heat.
Overview.
"Internal" energy does not include the translational or rotational kinetic energy of a body "as a whole". It also does not include the relativistic mass-energy equivalent "E" = "mc"2. It excludes any potential energy a body may have because of its location in external gravitational or electrostatic field, although the potential energy it has in a field due to an induced electric or magnetic dipole moment does count, as does the energy of deformation of solids (stress-strain).
The principle of equipartition of energy in classical statistical mechanics states that each molecular degree of freedom receives 1/2 "kT" of energy, a result which was modified when quantum mechanics explained certain anomalies; e.g., in the observed specific heats of crystals (when "h"ν > "kT"). For monatomic helium and other noble gases, the internal energy consists only of the translational kinetic energy of the individual atoms. Monatomic particles, of course, do not (sensibly) rotate or vibrate, and are not electronically excited to higher energies except at very high temperatures.
From the standpoint of statistical mechanics, the internal energy is equal to the ensemble average of the total energy of the system.

Physical law
A physical law, scientific law, or a law of nature is a scientific generalization based on empirical observations of physical behavior. Empirical laws are typically conclusions based on repeated scientific experiments over many years, and which have become accepted universally within the scientific community. The production of a summary description of nature in the form of such laws is a fundamental aim of science.
Laws of nature are distinct from the law, either religious or civil, and should not be confused with the concept of natural law.
Nor should 'physical law' be confused with 'law of physics' - the term 'physical law' usually covers laws in other sciences (e.g. biology) as well.
Origin of laws of nature.
Some extremely important laws are simply definitions. For example, the central law of mechanics "F" = "dp"/"dt" (Newton's second "law" of mechanics) is often treated as a mathematical definition of force. Although the concept of force predates Newton's law, there was no mathematical definition of force before Newton. The principle of least action (or principle of stationary action), Schroedinger equation, Heisenberg uncertainty principle, causality and a few other laws also fall into this category (of mathematical definitions).

Pipe (material)
Pipe is a tube or hollow cylinder for the transport of fluid. The terms 'pipe' and 'tube' can be used for the same objects. 'Pipe' is generally specified by the internal diameter (ID) whereas 'tube' is usually defined by the outside diameter (OD) but may be specified by any combination of dimensions (OD, ID, wall thickness). 'Tube' is often made to custom sizes and may often have more specific sizes and tolerances than pipe. The terms 'tube' and 'tubing' are more widely used in the USA and 'pipe' elsewhere in the world.
Both "pipe" and "tube" imply a level of rigidity and permanence, whereas a 'hose' is usually portable and flexible.

Cameron Diaz
Cameron Michelle Diaz (born August 30, 1972 in San Diego, California, United States) is an American actress and former fashion model. She was nominated for four Golden Globe Awards in 1999, 2000, 2002 and 2003.

Bacon number
The Bacon number of an actor or actress is the number of degrees of separation (see Six degrees of separation) they have from actor Kevin Bacon, as defined by the game known as Six Degrees of Kevin Bacon. It applies the Erdős number concept to the movie industry. The higher the Bacon number, the farther away from Kevin Bacon the actor is.
For example, Kevin Bacon's Bacon number is 0. If an actor works in a movie with Kevin Bacon, the actor's Bacon number is 1. If an actor works with an actor who worked with Kevin Bacon in a movie, the first actor's Bacon number is 2, and so forth.

Zanzibar
Zanzibar is the name for an archipelago in the Indian Ocean 25–50 km off the coast of East Africa, of numerous small islands and two large ones: Unguja (the main island, sometimes informally referred to as 'Zanzibar'), and Pemba Island. The archipelago was once the separate state of Zanzibar, which united with Tanganyika to form Tanzania (derived from the two names), and still enjoys a high degree of autonomy within the union. The capital of Zanzibar, located on the island of Unguja, is Zanzibar City. The city's old quarter, known as Stone Town, is a World Heritage Site.
Zanzibar's main industries are spices (which include cloves, nutmeg, cinnamon and pepper), raffia, and tourism. Zanzibar is also the home of the endemic Zanzibar Red Colobus and the elusive Zanzibar Leopard.
The word "Zanzibar" probably derives from the Persian زنگبار, "Zangi-bar" ("coast of the blacks") and it is also known as Zanji-bar in Arabic. "Zanzibar" may also refer to the spice ginger (genus "Zingiber"). Zanzibar is sometimes referred to as the "Spice Islands," a term that is also associated with the Maluku Islands in Indonesia. Pemba Island is the only island apart from Zanzibar that still produces cloves on a major basis which is the primary source of spice income for the islands.
Zanzibar gained independence on 10th December 1963 from British, although official the independence date is not recognised, it was the first time this year a group of people organized the celebration which was condemned by the President of Zanzibar during the celebration of Zanzibar revolution.
Zanzibar was also the first country to introduced colour television in Africa as a gift for the first president of Zanzibar Karume Snr, but it is believed that it is the last in Africa in term of Good service, according to the website of Zanzibar State Television TVZ,most of its poor production said to be influenced by the ruling Party, and lack of experience staffs because of poor payment.
There are many political parties in Zanzibar but the main Parties are CCM the ruling party and CUF known as Chama cha wananchi, the party's name has far been associated as the Swahili translation of CIVIC UNITE FRONT and has been known by many although it has different meanings. Chama cha wananchi means Peoples Party in English and not Civic united front as many think.
These two main parties have been sat for 2 years reconciliation which broke after each party accused others for breaking the rule.
Zanzibaris are living in very tough life compare to mainland, one of the reason is because most of the House of Representative members are discussing politics rather then development, unlike mainland where there all members of parliaments care about the people who elected them and work hard to ensure they are re-elected, but in Zanzibar because of the division of the people in politics no one shows any motivation knowing that whether they work hard or not, they will be elected because Zanzibaris take politics as a football games competition.
What surprises many is that all candidates instead of initiative some thing which will either create jobs for the people or improve life, they always discuss about bringing water and electricity which are the must things to be done in life and not as a campaign.

Enya
Enya (born Eithne Patricia Ní Bhraonáin on 17 May 1961 in Gweedore, County Donegal, Ireland) is an Irish singer. She is famous for hits such as "Orinoco Flow" (1988) and "Anywhere Is" (1995).
She has also won 4 Grammy Awards and has become one of the world's most successful female singers. Her vocal range is mezzo-soprano.
She was brought up with the Irish language, and did not have English until she attended primary school.

10 Downing Street
10 Downing Street is the address of the London residence and office of the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. The residence was presented by King George II in 1733 to Robert Walpole, the first official Prime Minister of the country.

Armenian illuminated manuscript
Armenian illuminated manuscripts make a different tradition, related to other forms of Medieval Armenian art, but also to the Byzantine tradition. The earliest surviving examples date from the Golden Age of Armenian art and literature in the 5th century. The Library at Yerevan, has the largest collection of Armenian manuscripts, including the Mugni Gospels and Echmiadzin Gospel.

Alcatraz Island
Alcatraz Island (sometimes just called Alcatraz or The Rock). is a small island in San Francisco Bay in California. It was first a lighthouse, then a military fort, then a military prison followed by a federal prison. In 1963, it became a museum. The name Alcatraz is the English version of the Spanish word "Alcatraces" meaning "pelican".it was given the name pelican when a Spanish explorer, John Manuel de Ayala, noticed the great amount of pelicans roosting on the island.
Alcatraz island is one of the many islands in San francisco bay Area.

Illuminated manuscript
An illuminated manuscript is a manuscript where text is supplemented by the addition of decoration, like decorated initials, borders and miniature illustrations.

Manuscript
A manuscript is any document that is written by hand, as not to being printed or made in some other way.

Matenadaran
Mesrop Mashtots' Matenadaran Institute of Ancient Manuscripts in Yerevan, Armenia, is one of the richest depositories of manuscripts and books in the world.

Blue Mosque, Yerevan
The Blue Mosque () is a mosque in Yerevan, Armenia. It was built in 1766 during the reign of Huseyn Ali.

Pueblo
Pueblo are a group of Native Americans that live in the southwestern part of the United States. They are known for the unique style of house they live in which is also called a Pueblo.

San Marino City
San Marino is the capital of the tiny nation of San Marino. It is the third largest city in the country, after Dogana and Borgo Maggiore.

Fort Worth, Texas
Fort Worth is the fifth largest city in Texas and the 18th largest in the United States of America. It has gotten so big that it has overlapped the next biggest city next to it, Dallas, Texas. Because of this, the area is often referred to as Dallas/Ft. Worth, or DFW.

Akdamar Island
Akdamar Island (also known as "Aghtamar", "Ahktamar", and "Aght'amar"; Armenian: "Աղթամար", Kurdish: "Axtamar") is a small island in Lake Van in Eastern Anatolia region of Turkey.

Gandzasar monastery
The Gandzasar monastery (Armenian: Գանձասար) is an Armenian monastery in Nagorno-Karabakh, in the Mardakert region, near the village of Vank. Gandzasar means treasure mountain in Armenian.

Deportation
Deportation, means the removal of someone from a country. People may be departed from a coutnry for many reasons; for example, one may be deported from a country if he has got into the country illegally, or without a visa (permission).
Deportation can also heppan inside a country. A person or a group of people may be forced to move to a different part of the country, as a punishment.

Vahe
Vahe was a legendary king of Armenia (351 BC–331 BC). He was the last offspring of the Hyke dynasty. He revolted against Alexander the Great and fought a war for Darius the Great of Persia.

Rhadamistus
Rhadamistus (other names Ghadam or Radamisto) was an Iberian prince who reigned in Armenia from 51 to 53 and 54 to 55 CE.

Construction
In project architecture and civil engineering, construction is the building or assembly of any infrastructure on a site or sites.

Infrastructure
Infrastructure is generally a set of structural elements that provide the framework supporting an entire structure. The term has different meanings in different fields, but is perhaps most widely understood to refer to roads, airports, and utilities. Infrastructure is generally not that simple.

Ceremony
A ceremony is a activity preformed at a special time. Ceremonies may be done to celebrate an event or rite of passage.
Government ceremonies.
Sometimes, a ceremony may only be done by certain people. A wedding is done by a priest or a Civil Celebrant. The President of the United States is sworn in by the Chief Justice of the United States at his or her inauguration. The British monarch is usually made king or queen by the Archbishop of Canterbury at his or her coronation.
Celebration of events.
In Asian cultures, ceremonies are also important, for example the tea ceremony.

Kirk Kerkorian
Kerkor "Kirk" Kerkorian (born June 6, 1917) is an Armenian-American
billionaire, and president/CEO of Tracinda Corporation, his private holding company based in Beverly Hills, California.
Kerkorian is known as one of the important figures in shaping the city of Las Vegas, Nevada.

Phylogenetics
Phylogenetics this is the study of how different organisms evolved. In this study one studies from where different organisms came. With this knowledge one attempts to classify and organize the organisms into groups.

Chemical property
A chemical property is a property, quality or way that an object is. A chemical property cannot usually be measured without changing or making the object chemically different or different in a way that would affect its chemical or atomic structure. This is different than the physical property of the substance because this property is only shown when the substance is reacting or changing its chemistry; because of this it is difficult to see a chemical property. Chemical properties are determined with an experiment or a highly developed model.

Bass drum
A bass drum is a type of musical instrument called a drum. It is a large drum, makes low sounds, and is frequently used in the common drum kit.

Drum kit
A drum kit (or drum set or trap set) is a collection of drums, cymbals, and other percussion instruments that is used by a drummer in a musical group.
Setup.
bottom to make the loud TAT sound used in solos, riffs, beats and rudiments.
below or hit by the Drum Stick, this is used to keep the beat, improvise rhythms and keep the
accompanying instruments moving. Hi-hats can be played in the open, closed, and in-between positions. The hi-hats are the most important cymbals on the kit. Some drummers have more than one hi-hat setup around their kit.
small tom making a higher sound, then on the right is the medium or middle tom with a slightly lower sound depending on tuning. The number and positioning varies by the drummer and some drummers have several toms on their kit.
Other cymbals and drums can be added to the setup for a wider range of sounds like the Splash -
a small cymbal around 10"/25cm giving a distinct crash sound with a quick decay. Also a China cymbal,
giving a oriental feel to beats and rythms, solos and fills, it is like a crash cymbal just popped
inside out with the screw and sponge holding it to the stand, inside it so its like a shallow
bowl shape. You can attach a tambourine to the 'spine' of the hit-hat so when you put your foot down
on the pedal you get the tambourine sound at the same time - same with hitting it with the Drum
Stick - it gives the tambourine sound at the same time. You can attach a Cow Bell to the top of the
Bass Drum between the Snare and Floor Tom, used in fills, solos, grooves and riffs and in rudimental

Drum stick
A drum stick or drumstick is a wooden stick that is used to strike percussion instruments to make sound.

Khachkar
A Khachkar or Khatchkar ("Խաչքար" in Armenian, meaning "cross-stone", pronounced as) is a carved memorial stone found in Armenia.
The best part is the cross, with a crucifix, with a rosette or sun disc below it. The remainder is usually filled with patterns of leaves, grapes or abstract knotwork patterns. Occasionally it is surmounted by a cornice with biblical or saints' characters.
The most common reason for erecting a khachkar was for bad reasons - for the salvation of the soul of either a living or a dead person. They were also removed for other reasons, such as to praise a military victory, construction of a church, or as a protection from natural disasters.
Alot of khachkars are in graveyards. But Armenian gravestones take many other forms, and only a small are khatchkars.

Back Dorm Boys
Back Dorm Boys () are two Chinese boys have made a spoof music video of Backstreet Boys' song "As Long As You Love Me". The duo's name is called 后舍男生 or in English "Back Dormitory Boys". Their spoof music videos have been selected by Motorola China to promote mobile phones. The Back Dorm Boys are 韦炜 (Wei Wei) and 黄艺馨 (Huang Yi Xin). They are university students at 广州美术学院 (Guangzhou Arts Institute) majoring in Scupltures. They are famous for Japanese people through the Internet. Japanese people watch their movie in "Youtube".

Nattō
Natto is a traditional food in Japan. It is made from soybeans which are fermented.
Natto has a strong flavor and is sticky. You should eat natto with rice, soy sauce and maybe mustard.
Natto has vitamin K and protein.

Kichijōji
is a neighborhood in the city of Musashino in Tokyo, Japan. It has an important commercial activity, with many shops, restaurant and cultural activities, mostly north of its railway station.
Kichijōji also has some famous landmarks. Inokashira Park, for example, is in the south part of the district, and is a favorite place for springtime "hanami", or to see cherry-blossoms. The Kanda River (神田川) begins to flow from this park. The Seikei University (成蹊大学), one of Tokyo's biggest private universities, is in the northwestern area of the neighborhood.

Udon
Udon is a type of thick wheat-based noodle popular in Japanese cuisine.
Udon is most often served hot as noodle soup in a mildly flavored broth. Its simplest form is called "kake udon". This is made of dashi, soy sauce (shōyu), and mirin. Different things can be put on top of the soup. These are called "toppings". Most often, thinly cut scallions are used. Other common toppings are tempura and shrimp.
The flavor of broth and topping vary from region to region. Usually, dark brown broth, made from dark soy sauce ("koikuchi shōyu") is used in eastern Japan. Light brown broth, made from light soy sauce ("usukuchi shōyu") is used in western Japan. This is even noticeable in packaged instant noodles, which are often sold in two different versions for east and west.
Definition of Udon.
According to JAS (Japanese Agricultural Standard), a round noodle’s diameter is over 1.7mm and a flat noodles width is over 1.7mm.
Dough of Udon is made from weak flour, strong flour, and salt.
Consumption of Udon.
Japanese people eat 26 big bowls of Udon a year on the average.
But people in Sanuki in Kagawa prefecture eat 188 big bowls of Udon a year on the average. That is to say they eat two big bowls of Udon every three days.

Hachioji
Hachioji is a city southwest of Tokyo, Japan.
The city is a core city in Tama area, has a population is 542,712 and is the 24th largest city in Japan. Hachioji is Japan's leading manufacturer in making textiles for neckties.
The Takushoku university is located in Hachioji.

Nerima
Nerima is one of the 23 zones of Tokyo.
It is called "the town of animation" because it is the birthplace of Japanese animation.
There is over 90 animation companies. This is the most of the parts of Tokyo.
There is a lomg river in Nerima.
There are many food stores in Nerima.

Suginami
Suginami is a ward in Tokyo, Japan, which has an area of 34.02km² with 534,673 people living in Suginami.
Garden-Golf, a sport, was created in Suginami.
The director of the ward is Hiroshi Yamada.
Suginami is the hometown of the famous Koriki Chosyu, a Japanese comedian.
Suginami's Shiruku road expedition mascot is Sugimakun.

Higashi-Nagasaki Station
Higashi-Nagasaki Station is the railway station of the Seibu-Ikebukuro line in Toshima Ward, Tokyo, Japan.
The station is near the "Ikebukuro" station that is center of Tokyo. Only local train stops this station. Limited express, rapid express, semi express and rapid train pass this station. The next station of this station to east is "Shinamachi". The next station of this station to west is "Ekoda".
The area near the Higashi-nagasaki station is named "Nagasaki", but Nagasaki and Nagasaki Prefecture in Kyushu aren't related. "Nagasaki" in Toshima Ward is located in east Japan. So this station's name have "Higashi"(means "east") to distinguish between this station and Nagasaki station in Kyushu.

Sagamihara
Sagamihara (相模原市, Sagamihara-shi?) is a city in Japan. It is located in north central Kanagawa, bordering Tokyo, Japan. It is the third most populous city in the prefecture, after Yokohama and Kawasaki.
The main areas of commercial activity in Sagamihara are located around Hashimoto Station on the JR Yokohama Line and Keio Sagamihara Line, Sagamihara Station on the JR Yokohama Line, and Sagami-Ōno Station on the Odakyu Odawara Line.

Aomori
Aomori is a city in Japan. It is located northest of the town of Honsyu.
This city is close to the sea, and its bay is named Tsugaru Bay.This city has a large amount of snow falling every winter.
It's famous for its apples and tuna fish.
the Aomori meteorite of 1984, which fell in Tohoku, Japan

HM Land Registry
Land Registry or Her Majesty's Land Registry is a government office which started in 1862. It publicly records interests in land in England and Wales. It answers to the Ministry of Justice.
Purpose.
The office records the owner of land and legal rights over land. It has recorded about half of the land in England and Wales, and they request owners to record the rest.
Persons make payments to the Land Registry to record land or for copies of the records. The British Government does not make payments to the Land Registry.
Offices.
The Land Registry has 24 offices in England and Wales and a head office at Lincoln’s Inn Fields in London, England. It wants to shut the offices in York and Harrow.
The head of the Land Registry is called the Chief Land Registrar and Chief Executive.
History.
In 1857 a government committee said there should be a record of land. The Land Registry started after the Land Registry Act 1862. The failure of this law led to a new law in 1875. But this law was also a failure because persons could decide if they wanted to record their land, and most persons decided not to. In 1897 a new law forced persons in London to record their land when they sold it. Step by step this law was applied to the rest of England and Wales by 1990. A new law – the Land Registration Act 2002 – modernised the law and made possible the electronic sale of land.

Yamuna
The Yamuna is a major river in North India. It is the largest branch of a bigger river called the Ganges. It is 1370 km long. It begins at the Yamunotri, which is in the Himalayas. It goes through the Indian states of Delhi, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh. At the end, it flows into the Ganges. Rivers that come out of the Yamuna include the Tons (the largest of the ones that come out of it), Chambal, Betwa, and Ken.

Ahmedabad
Ahmedabad is a big city in West India. It is the largest city in the Indian state of Gujarat and the seventh-largest city in India. Its population (amount of people living in it) is almost 5.1 million (5,100,000). The river Sabarmati goes through it. Ahmedabad has a famous industry for textiles (clothes), which is why it is also called "the Manchester of the East"."

Dachau
Dachau is a city in the south of Germany, about north-west of Munich. It has about 40,000 inhabitants. The town contains a historic town centre with an 18th century castle.
Dachau was founded in the 8th century. In 1933, a Concentration camp was built in Dachau. It was the first camp of the Nazis and became the prototype for all other camps. More than 30,000 prisoners died, or were killed.

Chordophone
A chordophone is any musical instrument which produces sound commonly by vibrating a string or strings stretched between two points.
What most westerners would call string instruments are classified as chordophones (for example, violins, guitars and harps).

Will Ferrell
Will Ferrell (born July 16, 1967) is an American actor and comedian. He began his successful career as a cast member of the comedy television show "Saturday Night Live". He has since appeared in many different movies such as "Blades Of Glory", ', ', and "Old School".

Tritium
Tritium is an isotope of hydrogen, the lightest element. Tritium has one proton and two neutrons, making it heavier than ordinary hydrogen or its isotope deuterium. Hydrogen does not have any neutrons, only a proton. The chemical symbol for Tritium is 3H or T.
Where Tritum comes from.
In nature, tritium is made when cosmic rays hit nitrogen in the air. Tritium made this way lasts for a very short time, so this tritium is not used by people. Instead people make lots of tritium in nuclear reactors, so that they can make things from it.
For power.
Tritium is important for nuclear fusion power. Tritium is used with other types of Hydrogen to create electric power cleanly.
For light.
Tritium is often used with phosphors to make glow in the dark key-rings, and sights on rifles. Tritium makes the phosphors glow because it is radioactively unstable and gives energy to the phosphor so it can make light. Before lots of tritium could be made, people used radium to make things light up but this gave people cancer.
A weapon.
Tritium is added to nuclear bombs to make them more powerful when they explode.

Wood fiber
Wood fibres are usually cellulosic that are removed from trees, straw, bamboo, cotton seed, hemp, sugar cane and other sources.

Christian theology
Christian theology is reasoned commentary concerning Christian faith. Christian theologians use rational analysis and argument to understand, explain, test, critique, defend or promote Christianity.

Professional wrestling
Professional wrestling (or pro wrestling) is a kind of sport. It is different from other sports because it is a fixed sport. It's actually dubbed Sports entertainment by the Pro wrestling world.
The words 'professional wrestling' mean to wrestle for money, as a job. Many of it participants use it as their life career, like Ric Flair. Wrestling is a sport where two people fight in a match. They try to win by keeping the other down with grabbing or holding or various other moves to hurt an opponent long enough for one person to cover their opponent for about three seconds which is know as a Pin or Pinfall. They can also win by putting an opponet into what is known as a submission to where if the opponent taps out thus says he quits and the wrestler wins. Professional wrestling is not the same as real wrestling (known in the Professional wrestling world as Shoot wrestling). A pro wrestler can try to lift the other and throw him. A pro wrestler can also hit the other with hands and feet, or jump on him. In professional wrestling, the people only look like they are trying to fight. But it is not real. It is a kind of entertainment, so the people watching have fun.
Professional wrestling is done as a show, like a play. Many wrestlers will wrestle in many fights, called matches. They wrestle inside a 'wrestling ring', which is a place with ropes around it. The best wrestlers can win belts, called 'championship titles', to show that they are the best.
The best pro wrestlers are also famous. Some famous pro wrestlers are Hulk Hogan, El Santo, Rikidozan, and The Rock.
Many people like to watch professional wrestling on television or at the shows. The United States, Canada, Mexico, and Japan are countries that have a lot of professional wrestling.
A company can make money by making professional wrestling shows. The biggest company of professional wrestling is World Wrestling Entertainment, also called WWE. Every year, they have a big wrestling show called WrestleMania.

2nd century BC
The 2nd century BC started the first day of 200 BC and ended the last day of 101 BC.

Monaco-Ville
Monaco-Ville is the original fortified town of Monaco.

Fortified town
A defensive wall is a fortification used to defend a city or settlement from potential aggressors.

Hıdırlık Tower
Hıdırlık Tower is a landmark tower of tawny stone in Antalya, Turkey, where Kaleiçi meets Karaalioglu Park.
The tower is at the south side of the place, where the land walls of the city join the sea walls. The 14m high tower consists a circular tower rising on a quadratic pedestal. The tower's gate at the eastern side goes to a small room, from where a narrow staircase goes up. There are some restoration work on the upper part done in the Seljuk and Ottoman eras.
Around the Hırılık Tower is many cafés and restaurants also a view of the Gulf of Antalya.

Albuquerque, New Mexico
Albuquerque (also known as "Bee'eldííldahsinil" in Navajo) is the largest city in the state of New Mexico, United States.

Mesa, Arizona
Mesa is a city in Maricopa County, Arizona and part of the Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale Metropolitan Area. It is the 41st largest city in the United States of America. It was settled by members of the Mormon church in January 1878.

Tucson, Arizona
Tucson is the seat of Pima county, United States, located 118 miles (188 km) southeast of Phoenix and 60 miles (98 km) north of the Mexican border.

Arlington, Texas
Arlington is a city in Tarrant County, Texas, United States. It is within the Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington metropolitan area.

Tarrant County, Texas
Tarrant County is a county located in the U.S. state of Texas.

Spectrophotometer
Spectrophotometry is the quantitative study of electromagnetic spectra.

Russian Orthodox Church
The Russian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate are Christians who are united under the Patriarch of Moscow, who in turn is in communion with the other patriarchs and primates of the Eastern Orthodox Church.

Form
"Form" (Lat. "forma" Eng. "mould"), refers to the external three-dimensional outline, appearance or configuration of some thing - in contrast to the matter or content or substance of which it is composed (compare with shape).

Martiros Saryan
Martiros Saryan (Armenian: Մարտիրոս Սարյան, February 28, 1880 — 5 May 1972) was a Russian-born Armenian painter.
He was born into an Armenian family in Nor Nakhijevan (now part of Russia). In 1895, he was 15, he finished the Nakhichevan school and from 1897 to 1904 learned at the Moscow School of Arts, also in the workshops of Valentin Serov and Konstantin Korovin. He was heavily influenced by the work of Paul Gauguin and Henri Matisse. He showed his works in various shows.
Quotes.
"Nature's ways are wonderful and unfathomable. The grain swells in the soil, the sprout grows and flowers when the time comes and then it bears new fruit and so does not die. We are like grain. We never die because we are One with Nature. To understand this is to comprehend Immortality--the Apotheosis of the Human Race. It is with this conviction that I have lived my Life. My Life is a store of my experience, a Life of aspirations, sorrows, joys and triumphs." (M. Saryan)

Library of Congress
The Library of Congress is the "de facto" national library of the United States and the research arm of the United States Congress.
The head of the Library is the Librarian of Congress.

Forest, Ontario
Forest, Ontario is a town in Lambton County, Ontario, Canada. About 3,000 people live in the town. It the biggest town in Lambton Shores. The town was an important lumber town. It even had its own train stop. Forest is now a tourist attraction. It has trails and camp facilities.
History.
Forest is located on land that was was once dense forest. When the Grand Trunk Railway was built, the station for the town was named for the dense forest. In 1859, the first post office was then named Forest.
Industry.
The industry of the town was first based on the large amount of fruit growing in the area. There was once a canning factory and a basket factory in Forest. In more recent years, the town has become a dormitory community for the city of Sarnia and, to a lesser extent, London, Ontario. The large tourism area along the shores of nearby Lake Huron also helps local businesses. Several small manufacturingplants supporting the automobile industry have also opened in the past few years.
Population.
In 2001, the last year that Forest was a national censusunit, the town had a population of 2,857. The average age of the people who live in Forest was about 42. This is five years older than the average for the entire province. The average earnings of the people living in Forest was $27,902 (CAD) in the year 2000. In 2006, the local census unit was changed to the town of Lambton Shores. Information for Forest itself is not available.
Education.
Forest has a high school, North Lambton Secondary School. The school has a large gymnasium and cafeteria. It also has access to washroom and meal preparation facilities. Forest has two separate school systems. It has a public school system, Kinnwood Central Public School, and a private school system, St. John Fisher. Both systems have elementary schools).
Recreation and tourism.
There are many recreational facilities in the town. These include an enclosed arena/community center with baseball and soccer fields, a lawn bowling club and public tenniscourts. There is also an agricultural society with grounds used for a fall fair and campsites. A privately owned golfcourse is located in the town, Forest Golf and Country Hotel. There are also more than a dozen other golf courses within a drive.
Forest has a natural amphitheatre in the conservation area in the south part of the town. Each year the people of the town act in a religious play called "The Promise" in this amphitheatre. They have done the play since 1995. The stage of the amphitheatre is on a small island. The audience sits on the surrounding hillsides.

Soul music
Soul music is a kind of music that mixes rhythm and blues and gospel music. It started in the United States.

Garni
Garni ("Գառնի" in Armenian) is a village in the Armenian province of Kotayk', situated approx.

Iranian women
Iranian women (or Persian women) are women of or from traditional Persian or modern Iranian culture.

Irredentism
Irredentism is many positions of annexation of land by another state on grounds of common ethnicity and/or the historical possession, actual or alleged.

Greater Armenia (political concept)
Greater Armenia or United Armenia is an Armenian irredentist political goal aimed at uniting all territories perceived as "historically or ethnically Armenian" to the Republic of Armenia.

Fume hood
A fume hood or fume cupboard is a large piece of scientific equipment common to chemistry laboratories designed to limit a person's exposure to hazardous fumes.

Ghevont Alishan
Father Ghevont Alishan () (1820-1901; also spelled Ghevond Alishan) was an ordained Armenian Catholic priest, historian and a poet.

Armenian Catholic Church
The Armenian Catholic Church is an Eastern Catholic church "sui juris" within the Catholic Church.

Armin T. Wegner
Armin T. Wegner (October 16 1886 – May 17 1978) was a soldier in World War I, a writer and a co-creator of German Expressionism, a political activist for Armenian and Jewish human rights, and a victim of Nazi persecution.
He was a war reporter for several German newspapers at the same time. While staying in Turkey, he saw the genocide of Armenians with his own eyes.
After Hitler came to power, Wegner was against the fascists, and spoke against the treatment of Jews. After writing a letter to Hitler, he was arrested and tortured. Wegner survived and escaped and was based in England, and in Italy after the end of World War II.

Assyrian people
Assyrians are an ethnic group whose origins remain in what is today Iraq, Iran, Turkey and Syria, but who have gone to the Caucasus, North America and Western Europe during the past century. Hundreds of thousands more live in Assyrian diaspora and Iraqi refugee communities in Europe, the former Soviet Union, the United States, Australia, New Zealand, Syria, Jordan, and Lebanon.

Uncertainty principle
The Heisenberg uncertainty principle means that it is impossible to have a particle that has an arbitrarily well-defined position and momentum at the same time.
This uncertainty principle was an important step in the development of quantum mechanics when it was discovered by Werner Heisenberg in 1927.
In quantum physics, the outcome of even an ideal measurement of a system is not deterministic, but instead is characterized by a probability distribution. The larger the associated standard deviation is, the more "uncertain" we might say that that characteristic is for the system.
The uncertainty principle is often confused with the observer effect.
Wave-particle duality.
A fundamental postulate of quantum mechanics, which manifests itself in the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle, is that no physical phenomenon can be (to arbitrary accuracy) described as a "classic point particle" or as a wave but rather the microphysical situation is best described in terms of wave-particle duality.
The Heisenberg uncertainty principle is a consequence of this picture.
A "helpful analogy" can be drawn between the wave associated with a quantum-mechanical particle and a more familiar wave, the time-varying signal associated with, say, a sound wave. It is meaningless to ask about the frequency spectrum at a single moment in time, because the measure of frequency is the measure of a repetition recurring over a period of time. Indeed, in order for a signal to have a relatively well-defined frequency, it must persist for a long period of time, and conversely, a signal that occurs at a relatively well-defined moment in time (i.e., of short duration) will necessary encompass a broad frequency band. This is, indeed, a close mathematical analogue of the Heisenberg uncertainty principle.
Uncertainty principle versus observer effect.
The uncertainty principle in quantum mechanics is sometimes explained in a wrong way by claiming that the measurement of position necessarily disturbs a particle's momentum, and vice versa—i.e., that the uncertainty principle is a manifestation of the observer effect. Indeed, Heisenberg himself may have initially offered explanations which suggested this view. Prior to the more modern understanding, a measurement was often visualized as a physical disturbance inflicted directly on the measured system, being sometimes illustrated as a thought experiment called Heisenberg's microscope. For instance, when measuring the position of an electron, one imagines shining a light on it, thus disturbing the electron and producing the quantum mechanical uncertainties in its position.
The EPR paradox is one indication that it is wrong to view the uncertanty principle as simply a measurement directly disturbing a particle. This "paradox" shows that a measurement can be performed on a particle without disturbing it directly, by performing a measurement on a distant entangled particle.
Another problem with this view is that it misperceives the way measurement in quantum mechanics is understood. To test the uncertainty principle, a hypothetical physicist would use some specific procedure over and over to prepare an ensemble of particles in the same quantum state. For half of this ensemble, the position would be measured and recorded, giving a probability distribution for position. For the other half of the ensemble, momentum would be measured, giving a probability distribution for momentum. Finally, the product of the standard deviations would be computed, giving a value of at least formula_1.
In this setup, the position and momentum would and could never be measured subsequently for the same particle. (If they were, the results of the second measurement would not reflect the original state, due to a correct application of the observer effect.) Therefore, one measurement cannot affect the other. Moreover, although each measurement collapses the quantum state of the particle, the probability distribution resulting from these measurements will correctly reflect the quantum state as it existed before the measurement.
In any case, it is now understood that the uncertainties in the system exist prior to and independent of the measurement, and the uncertainty principle is therefore independent of the observer effect.
History and interpretations.
The Uncertainty Principle was developed as an answer to the question: How does one measure the location of an electron around a nucleus?
In the summer of 1922 Heisenberg met Niels Bohr, the founding father of quantum mechanics, and in September 1924 Heisenberg went to Copenhagen, where Bohr had invited him as a research associate and later as his assistant. In 1925 Werner Heisenberg laid down the basic principles of a complete quantum mechanics. In his new matrix theory he replaced classical commuting variables with non-commuting ones. Heisenberg's paper marked a radical departure from previous attempts to solve atomic problems by making use of observable quantities only. He wrote in a 1925 letter, "My entire meagre efforts go toward killing off and suitably replacing the concept of the orbital paths that one cannot observe." Rather than struggle with the complexities of three-dimensional orbits, Heisenberg dealt with the mechanics of a one-dimensional vibrating system, an anharmonic oscillator. The result was formulae in which quantum numbers were related to observable radiation frequencies and intensities. In March 1926, working in Bohr's institute, Heisenberg formulated the principle of uncertainty thereby laying the foundation of what became known as the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics.
Albert Einstein was not happy with the uncertainty principle, and he challenged Niels Bohr and Werner Heisenberg with a famous thought experiment (See the Bohr-Einstein debates for more details): we fill a box with a radioactive material which randomly emits radiation.
The box has a shutter, which is opened and soon thereafter shut by a clock at a precise time, thereby allowing some radiation to escape. So the time is already known with precision. We still want to measure the conjugate variable energy precisely. Einstein proposed doing this by weighing the box before and after. The equivalence between mass and energy from special relativity will allow you to determine precisely how much energy was left in the box. Bohr countered as follows: should energy leave, then the now lighter box will rise slightly on the scale. That changes the position of the clock. Thus the clock deviates from our stationary reference frame, and by general relativity, its measurement of time will be different from ours, leading to some unavoidable margin of error. In fact, a detailed analysis shows that the imprecision is correctly given by Heisenberg's relation.
The term Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics was often used interchangeably with and as a synonym for Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle by detractors who believed in fate and determinism and saw the common features of the Bohr-Heisenberg theories as a threat. Within the widely but not universally accepted Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics (i.e., it was not accepted by Einstein or other physicists such as Alfred Lande), the uncertainty principle is taken to mean that on an elementary level, the physical universe does not exist in a deterministic form — but rather as a collection of probabilities, or potentials. For example, the pattern (probability distribution) produced by millions of photons passing through a diffraction slit can be calculated using quantum mechanics, but the exact path of each photon cannot be predicted by any known method. The Copenhagen interpretation holds that it cannot be predicted by "any" method, not even with theoretically infinitely precise measurements.
It is this interpretation that Einstein was questioning when he said "I cannot believe that God would choose to play dice with the universe." Bohr, who was one of the authors of the Copenhagen interpretation responded, "Einstein, don't tell God what to do." Niels Bohr himself acknowledged that quantum mechanics and the uncertainty principle were counter-intuitive when he stated, "Anyone who is not shocked by quantum theory has not understood a single word."
The basic debate between Einstein and Bohr (including Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle) was that Einstein was in essence saying: "Of course, we can know where something is; we can know the position of a moving particle if we know every possible detail, and therefore by extension, we can predict where it will go." Bohr and Heisenberg were saying: "We can only know the probable position of a moving particle, therefore by extension, we can only know its probable destination; we can never know with absolute certainty where it will go."
Einstein was convinced that this interpretation was in error. His reasoning was that all previously known probability distributions arose from deterministic events. The distribution of a flipped coin or a rolled die can be described with a probability distribution (50% heads, 50% tails), but this does "not" mean that their physical motions are unpredictable. Ordinary mechanics can be used to calculate exactly how each coin will land, if the forces acting on it are known. And the heads/tails distribution will still line up with the probability distribution (given random initial forces).
Einstein assumed that there are similar hidden variables in quantum mechanics which underlie the observed probabilities and that these variables, if known, would show that there was what Einstein termed "local realism," a description opposite to the uncertainty principle, being that all objects must already have their properties before they are observed or measured. For the greater part of the twentieth century, there were many such hidden variable theories proposed, but in 1964 John Bell theorized the Bell inequality to counter them, which postulated that although the behavior of an individual particle is random, it is also correlated with the behavior of other particles. Therefore, if the uncertainty principle is the result of some deterministic process in which a particle has "local realism", it must be the case that particles at great distances instantly transmit information to each other to ensure that the correlations in behavior between particles occur. The interpretation of Bell's theorem explicitly prevents any local hidden variable theory from holding true because it shows the necessity of a system to describe correlations between objects. The implication is, if a hidden local variable is the cause of particle 1 being at a position, then a second hidden local variable would be responsible for particle 2 being in its own position — and there is no system to correlate the behavior between them. Experiments have demonstrated that there is correlation. In the years following, Bell's theorem was tested and has held up experimentally time and time again, and these experiments are in a sense the clearest experimental confirmation of quantum mechanics. It is worth noting that Bell's theorem only applies to local hidden variable theories; non-local hidden variable theories can still exist (which some, including Bell, think is what can bridge the conceptual gap between quantum mechanics and the observable world).
Whether Einstein's view or Heisenberg's view is true or false is not a directly empirical matter. One criterion by which we may judge the success of a scientific theory is the explanatory power it gives us, and to date it seems that Heisenberg's view has been the better at explaining physical subatomic phenomena.
Popular culture.
The uncertainty principle is stated in popular culture in many ways, for example, by some stating that it is impossible to know both where an electron is and where it is going at the same time. This is roughly correct, although it fails to mention an important part of the Heisenberg principle, which is the quantitative bounds on the uncertainties. Heisenberg stated that it is impossible to determine simultaneously and with unlimited accuracy the position and momentum of a particle, but due to Planck's Constant being so small, the Uncertainty Principle was intended to apply only to the motion of atomic particles. However, culture often misinterprets this to mean that it is impossible to make a completely accurate measurement.
In the 1997 film ', chaostician Ian Malcolm claims that the effort "to observe and document, not interact" with the dinosaurs is a scientific impossibility because of "the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle, whatever you study, you also change." This is an inaccurate confusion with the observer effect, as explained above.
In the science fiction television series ', the fictional transporters used to "beam" characters to different locations overcome the limitations of sampling the subject due to the uncertainty principle with the use of "Heisenberg compensators." When asked, "How do the Heisenberg compensators work?" by Time magazine on 28 November 1994, Michael Okuda, technical advisor on Star Trek, famously responded, "They work just fine, thank you."
In an episode of the television show "Aqua Teen Hunger Force", "Meatwad" (who was temporarily made into a genius) tries to incorrectly explain Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle to "Frylock" to explain his new found intelligence. "Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle tells us that at a specific curvature of space, knowledge can be converted to energy, or -- and this is key now -- matter."
In an episode of Stargate SG-1, Samantha Carter explains, using the uncertainty principle, that the future is not pre-determined, one can only calculate possibilities.

Assyria
In the Middle Bronze Age Assyria was a region on the Upper Tigris river, named for its original capital, the ancient city of Assur.

Forum
One type of forum, is an online community on the internet that users participate in (often for purpose(reason) of recreation).

Yuri Andropov
Yuri Vladimirovich Andropov (1914-1984) was a Soviet politician and General Secretary of the CPSU from November 12, 1982 until his death just fifteen months later.

Van, Turkey
Van (Armenian) is a city in eastern Turkey and the seat of Van Province, and is on the eastern shore of Lake Van. The city's population in 2005 was 284,464. According to the "Encyclopedia of the Orient", Kurds form the majority though no census based on ethnicity was ever held in Turkey.

Van Province
Van is a province in eastern Turkey, between Lake Van and the Iranian border. It is 19,069 km2 in area and has a population of 1,012,707. Kurds form the majority.
History.
In the 9th century BC, the Van area was the center of the Urartian kingdom. For centuries after that, the area was a major Armenian population center. After World War I Armenian population was forced to leave and was cleansed during the Armenian Genocide.

Armenian-Tatar massacres
The Armenian-Tatar massacres is when both people committed massacres on each other.

Urartian language
Urartian is the name for the language spoken by the people of the ancient kingdom of Urartu in Northeast Anatolia (present-day Turkey), in the region of Lake Van.
Urartian was a separate language, which was neither a Semitic nor Indo-European language but a member of the Hurro-Urartian family.

Yamaha Corporation
Yamaha is a Japanese company that makes different products, including musical instruments such as keyboards.
Yamaha was founded in 1887 by "Torakusu Yamaha". It was named Nippon Gakki Company, Limited and produced pianos and reed organs at that time. In October 1987, on the 100th anniversary, its name was changed to The Yamaha Corporation. Yamaha produces several musical instruments including keyboards, flutes, guitars and things in a band. Yamaha also produces motorbikes. Yamaha is a big corporation and has been discovered 120 years ago. When Yamaha started they sold not many things. as the years past they sold instruments and as more years past those instruments became more popular and better made.
In 1989, Yamaha shipped the world's first CD recorder.
There are other companies in Yamaha group which produce motorcycles, etc.

Grease (movie)
Grease is a 1978 musical movie based on high-schoolers Rizzo, Kenickie, Danny, Frenchy and Sandy and high school relationships.
__NOTOC__
Danny Zuko and Sandra Dee meet in the summer in Australia and they fall in love. When Danny leaves to go back to school, Sandy gets transferred to his school, they meet again. Danny starts to falling love with this new girl Marisa and acts as if he doesn't care about Sandy to remain a good reputation, but Sandy does not know. She and Danny have minor dates and dances, on again off again. At the end, Sandy transforms to be a changed woman that Danny will always love.Then, Danny sees how great Sandy truly is and they stay together forever.

Eastern Time Zone (North America)
The Eastern Standard Time Zone (EST) is the time zone for the eastern part of the Americas including the United States, Canada and parts of South America and the Caribbean. EST is five hours behind UTC normally. It is four hours behind UTC during Daylight saving time.

Moises Arias
Moises Arias (b. April 12, 1994 in New York City, New York) is an American actor.

Armenian Legion
The Armenian Legion or Armenische Legion was the name given to the 812th Armenian Battalion which was a foreign unit comprised of several thousand men.
Leaders Kanayan and Garegin Njdeh counted the support of over 200,000 Armenians.
In addition to this exclusively Armenian unit, Nazi Armenians also served in the thirty eight other SS divisions, including the elite Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler.

Garegin Njdeh
Garegin Njdeh (, real name: Garegin Ter-Harutiunian, 1 January 1886 - late 1955) was an Armenian statesman, military, and political thinker. He was a native of Nakhchivan.
Death.
Njdeh fled Armenia after the triumph of Bolsheviks, and was involved in patriotic activities in Iran, Bulgaria and the United States. A controversial person, he was expelled from Dashnak party. Njdeh was very much against communism. He worked with Nazi Germans during the World War II. He was arrested in Sophia, Bulgaria in 1944 and sent to Moscow, then to Yerevan, where he died in prison.

Wehrmacht
Wehrmacht was the name of the unified armed forces of Nazi Germany from 1935 to 1945. The "Wehrmacht" consisted of the "Heer" (army), the "Kriegsmarine" (navy) and the "Luftwaffe" (air force).
The "Waffen-SS", an initially small armed section of Heinrich Himmler's Allgemeine SS that grew to nearly a million strong during World War II, was not part of the Wehrmacht, but subject to its Supreme Command.
Origin and use of the terms.
Before the rise of the NSDAP, the term "Wehrmacht" was used in a generic sense to describe armed forces of any nation, being utilized as the "home defence" version of the more general "Streitmacht". For example, the term "Britische Wehrmacht" would identify the British armed forces. Article 47 of the Weimar Constitution of 1919 declared "Der Reichspräsident hat den Oberbefehl über die gesamte Wehrmacht des Reiches" (meaning: "The "Reichspräsident" holds supreme command of all armed forces of the "Reich"). To make a distinction, the term "Reichswehr" was commonly used to identify the German armed forces.
In 1935, the "Reichswehr" was renamed "Wehrmacht". After World War II and under the Allied occupation of Germany, the "Wehrmacht" was abolished.
Today the term "Wehrmacht" refers to Germany's armed forces during the Nazi Germany era and World War II, both in German and English. Note: The "Wehrmacht" was not only the army ("Wehrmacht Heer"). Wehrmacht vehicles used by "Heer", "Luftwaffe" or "Kriegsmarine" had license plates with WH, WL or WM.
History.
After World War I ended with the armistice (ceasefire) of November 11, 1918, the armed forces were called "Friedensheer" (peace army) in January 1919. In March 1919, the national assemby passed a law founding a 420,000 strong preliminary army as "Vorläufige Reichswehr". The terms of the Treaty of Versailles were announced in May, and in June Germany was forced to sign the contract by which, among other terms, the army was limited to one hundred thousand men with an additional fifteen thousand in the navy. Tanks and heavy artillery were forbidden and the air force was dissolved. A new post-war military (the Reichswehr) was established on March 23, 1921.
Germany immediately found means not to keep to these conditions. A secret collaboration with the Soviet Union began after the treaty of Rapallo. Germany helped the Soviet Union with industrialisation and Soviet officers were to be trained in Germany. German tank and air force specialists could exercise in the Soviet Union and German chemical weapons research and manufacture would be carried out there along with other projects. Around three hundred German pilots received training at "Lipetsk", some tank training took place near "Kazan" and toxic gas was developed at "Saratov" for the German army.
After the death of President Paul von Hindenburg on August 2, 1934, Hitler assumed the office of Reichspräsident, and thus became commander in chief. All officers and soldiers of the German armed forces had to swear a personal oath of loyalty to the "Führer", as Adolf Hitler now was called. By 1935, Germany was openly breaking the military restrictions of the Versailles Treaty, and conscription was reintroduced on March 16, 1935. The size of the standing army remained at about the 100,000-man mark decreed by the treaty, but a new group of conscripts equal to this size would receive training each year. The conscription law introduced the name "Wehrmacht", so not only can this be regarded as its founding date, but the organisation and authority of the Wehrmacht can be viewed as Nazi creations. The insignia was a simpler version of the Iron Cross (the straight-armed so-called "Balkenkreuz" or beamed cross) that had been used as an aircraft and tank marking in late World War I. The existence of the Wehrmacht was officially announced on October 15, 1935.
Army.
The Wehrmacht entered the war with a minority of its formations motorized; infantry remained approximately 90% foot-borne throughout the war, and artillery primarily horse-drawn. The motorized formations received much attention in the world press in the opening years of the war, and were cited as the reason for the success of the German invasions of Poland (September 1939), Norway (April 1940), Denmark, Belgium, France and Netherlands (May 1940), Yugoslavia (April 1941) and the early campaigns in the Soviet Union (June 1941).
With the entry of the United States in December 1941, the Wehrmacht found itself engaged in ground campaigns against two major industrial powers. At this critical juncture, Hitler assumed personal control of the Wehrmacht high command, and his personal failings as a military commander arguably contributed to major defeats in the spring of 1943, at Stalingrad and Tunis in North Africa.
Air Force.
The German Air Force, led by Hermann Göring, contributed many units of ground forces to the war in Russia as well as the Normandy front. In 1940, the Fallschirmjäger paratroops conquered the Belgian Fort Eben-Emael and took part in the airborne invasion of Norway, but after suffering heavy losses in the Battle of Crete, large scale airdrops were discontinued. Operating as ordinary infantry, the 1st Fallschirmjäger Division took part in the Battle of Monte Cassino.
Navy.
The German Navy (Kriegsmarine) played a major role in the Second World War as control over the commerce routes in the Atlantic was crucial for Germany, Britain and later the Soviet Union. In the Battle of the Atlantic, the initially successful German U-boat fleet arm was eventually defeated due to Allied technological advances like sonar, radar, and the breaking of the Enigma code. Large surface vessels were few in number due to construction limitations by international treaties prior to 1935. The "pocket battleships" Admiral Graf Spee and Admiral Scheer were important as commerce raiders only in the opening year of the war. No aircraft carrier was operational as German leadership lost interest in the Graf Zeppelin which had been launched in 1938. Following the loss of Bismarck in 1941, with Allied air superiority threatening the remaining battlecruisers in French Atlantic harbours, the ships were ordered to go back to German ports.
War crimes.
The Wehrmacht was used as a tool of state policy in the Second World War, for both military and political aims. The Wehrmacht was found to be involved in the Holocaust, most notably the Waffen-SS and army. The Wehrmacht ordered and participated in massacres of civilians, executions of prisoners of war, summary executions of Soviet political officers and executions of military and civilian hostages as punishment for partisan activities in occupied territories.

Drastamat Kanayan
General Drastamat Kanayan (May 31, 1884 - March 8, 1956) was an Armenian politician, revolutionary, and general. He was the commander of the Armenian Legion of the Wehrmacht, the armed forces of Nazi Germany and part of Armenian national liberation movement.
Drastamat Kanayan was born in Iğdır, Surmalu, Russian Empire (present-day Turkey) in 1884.

Jack White
Jack White (born John Anthony Gillis, July 9, 1975 in Detroit, Michigan) is an American singer, guitarist, composer and actor. He is best known as one half of The White Stripes with his ex-wife Meg White.
Because of his successful career with The White Stripes, he has gotten the chance to work many other famous musicians, including Bob Dylan and Loretta Lynn. He has performed many different genres of music, including blues music, folk music, alternative rock, garage rock, and indie music, among other music, in his songs.
He married model Karen Elson in 2005. They currently have two children, Scarlett Teresa White and Henry Lee White. As of today, they live in Nashville, Tennessee.

Meg White
Meg White was born on December 10, 1974 in Grosse Pointe Farms, Michigan. She is an American drummer and vocalist. She is best known for having large breasts and is one half of The White Stripes with her ex-husband Jack White.
Meg's playful yet simple style of drumming has drawn so much debate about her ability that is referenced in the movie "School of Rock". In reference to her simple approach to drumming, Meg said "That is my strength. A lot of drummers would feel weird about being that simplistic."

Adriatic Sea
The Adriatic Sea is a body of water and is a part of the Mediterranean Sea. The sea separates the Italian Peninsula from the Balkan Peninsula. Countries that have a coastline in the Adriatic Sea are Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and Albania.
The average width of the sea is about 160 km. The Strait of Otranto joins the Adriatic Sea and the Ionian Sea and is only 85 to 100 km wide. The sea is very shallow. Its average depth is 240 m (133 fathoms). The sea is deepest east of Monte Gargano and south of Dubrovnik where it dips below 1,460 m (800 fathoms).

Australian time zones
Mainland Australia has three official time zones. The full names of the time zones are usually shortened by dropping the "Australian". Most Australian external territories are in different time zones. Many parts of Australia have daylight saving time.
History.
The three official standard time zones were set up in in February 1895.
Originally South Australia was nine hours ahead of Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) but in May 1899 they added another thirty minutes to that. Some people have disliked having this non-whole number of hours difference. In 1986 and 1994 they tried to take the thirty minutes away again or add another thirty minutes but they failed.
When the Australian Capital Territory separated from New South Wales they kept using Eastern Standard Time. When the Northern Territory separated from South Australia they kept using Central Standard Time.
Changes.
There have been some other changes.
Outside territories.
Australia's many outside territories follow their own time zones. None follow daylight saving time.
Daylight saving time.
South Australia, New South Wales, the Australian Capital Territory, Victoria and Tasmania use daylight saving time every year. In most of these regions daylight saving time begins on the last Sunday in October at 2:00 am local standard time, and end on the last Sunday in March at 3:00 am local daylight saving time. Tasmania begins daylight saving time earlier, on the first Sunday in October at 2:00 am local standard time. The starting and finishing times can also be changed when there are special events, such as the Olympic and Commonwealth Games, in Australia.
The Northern Territory doesn't have daylight saving time. Queensland doesn't have daylight savings time either. Many people who live in the south east corner of Queensland would like to have. But many people who live in the rural towns and farming regions of Queensland are against it.
In Western Australia they have voted on daylight saving time three times: in 1975, 1984 and 1992. Each time people voted "No". Western Australia is trying daylight saving time again from spring 2006 until autumn 2009. Then they are going to vote again.

Human sacrifice
Human sacrifice is the act of killing a human being as an offering to a deity or other, normally supernatural, power.
It was practiced in many ancient cultures. The practice was different in different cultures.
Some like the Mayans and Aztecs are notorious for their ritual killings, others have looked down on the practice as primitive.
Victims were ritually killed in a manner that was supposed to please or appease gods or spirits. Victims ranged from prisoners to infants to Vestal Virgins, who's stomach's were cut open, with a dull,stone knife and their hearts were burned.
Over time human sacrifice has become less common around the world, and sacrifices are now very rare. Most religions condemn the practice and present-day laws generally treat it as a criminal matter. Nonetheless it is still occasionally seen today, especially in the least developed areas of the world where traditional beliefs persist.
Phoenicia.
The ancient Middle Eastern kingdom of Phoenicia practiced sacrifice of children to their god Moloch. It was believed to be evil by the Jewish authors of the Bible.
Aztec.
The Aztecs were particularly noted for practicing human sacrifice on a large scale; an offering to Huitzilopochtli would be made to restore the blood he lost, as the sun was engaged in a daily battle. Human sacrifices would prevent the end of the world that could happen on each cycle of 52 years. In the 1487 re-consecration of the Great Pyramid of Tenochtitlan many prisoners were sacrificed.
Tlaloc.
Tlaloc would require weeping boys in the first months of the Aztec calendar to be ritually murdered.
Inca empire.
A number of mummies of sacrificed children have been recovered in the Inca regions of South America.

Tomomi Kahala
Tomomi Kahala, sometimes spelled Kahara (華原 朋美 "Kahara Tomomi" born August 17, 1974 in Tokyo) is a Japanese female singer. Her nickname is "Tomochan", and special skill is Horse riding. Her most famous song is "I'm Proud", "I Believe".

Observer effect
The observer effect, or observer bias, means several things in different situations, although there are similarities.
Use in science.
In science, the term observer effect means that the act of observing will influence the phenomenon being observed.
For example, for us to "see" an electron, a photon must first interact with it, and this interaction will change the path of that electron. It is also theoretically possible for other, less direct means of measurement to affect the electron; even if the electron is simply put into a position where observing it is "possible", without actual observation taking place, it will still (theoretically) alter its position.
In physics, a more mundane observer effect can be the result of instruments that by necessity alter the state of what they measure in some manner. For instance, in electronics, ammeters and voltmeters usually need to be connected to the circuit, and so by their very presence affect the current or the voltage they are measuring. Likewise, a standard mercury-in-glass thermometer must absorb some thermal energy to record a temperature, and therefore changes the temperature of the body which it is measuring.
A common lay misunderstanding of the term refers to quantum mechanics, where, if the outcome of an event has not been observed, it exists in a state of 'superposition', which is something like being in all possible states at once. In the famous thought experiment known as Schrödinger's cat the cat is supposedly neither alive nor dead until observed — until that time, the cat is "both" alive and dead (technically half-alive and half-dead in probability terms). However, most quantum physicists, in resolving Schrödinger's seeming paradox, now understand that the acts of 'observation' and 'measurement' must also be defined in quantum terms before the question makes sense. From this point of view, there is no 'observer effect', only one vastly entangled quantum system. A significant minority still find the equations point to an observer; Wheeler, who probably worked more deeply on this subject than any physicist thus far, devised a graphic in which the universe was represented by a "U" with an eye on one end, turned around and viewing itself, to describe his understanding.
The Heisenberg uncertainty principle is also frequently, confused with the "observer effect". The uncertainty principle actually describes how precisely we may measure the position and momentum of a particle at the same time — if we increase the precision in measuring one quantity, we are forced to lose precision in measuring the other. Thus, the uncertainty principle deals with "measurement", and not "observation". The idea that the Uncertainty Principle is caused by disturbance (and hence by observation) is not considered to be valid by some, although it was discussed in the early years of quantum mechanics, and is often repeated in popular treatments.
There is a related issue in quantum mechanics relating to whether systems have pre-existing — prior to measurement, that is — properties corresponding to measurements that could possibly be made on them. The assumption that they do is often referred to as "realism" in the literature, although it has been argued that the word "realism" is being used in a more restricted sense than philosophical realism. A recent experiment in the realm of quantum physics has been quoted as meaning that we have to "say goodbye" to realism, although the author of the paper states only that "we would [..] have to give up certain intuitive features of realism". These experiments demonstrate a puzzling relationship between the act of measurement and the system being measured, but it is unclear if they require a conscious observer or not.
Use in Information Technology.
In Information Technology, the observer effect refers to potential impact of the act of observing a process output while the process is running. For example: if a process uses a log file to record its progress, the act of viewing the file while the process is running could cause an I/O error in the process, which could, in turn, cause it to stop.
Another example would be observing the performance of a CPU by running both the observed and observing programs on the same CPU, which will lead to inaccurate results because the observer program itself affects the CPU performance (modern, heavily cached and pipelined CPUs are particularly affected by this kind of observation).
Observing (or rather, "debugging") a running program by modifying its source code (such as adding extra output or generating log files) or by running it in a debugger may sometimes cause certain bugs to diminish or change their behavior, creating extra difficulty for the person trying to isolate the bug (see Heisenbug).
Use in the social sciences.
In the social sciences and general usage, the effect refers to how people change their behavior when aware of being watched (see Hawthorne effect). For instance, in the armed forces, an announced inspection is used to see how well soldiers can do when they put their minds to it, while a surprise inspection is used to see how well prepared they generally are.
Observer bias.
The related social-science term observer bias is error introduced into measurement when observers overemphasize behavior they expect to find and fail to notice behavior they do not expect. This is why medical trials are normally double-blind rather than single-blind. Observer bias can also be introduced because researchers see a behavior and interpret it according to what it means to them, whereas it may mean something else to the person showing the behavior. See subject-expectancy effect and observer-expectancy effect.

Canton Township, Michigan
Canton, Michigan is a township in Wayne County in the U.S. state of Michigan. About 85,539 people live in it according to an educated guess of the U.S. Census Bureau. The FBI decided that it is the 20th safest city in the United States.

Probability theory
Probability theory is the branch of mathematics concerned with analysis of random phenomena. The central objects of probability theory are random variables, stochastic processes, and events: mathematical abstractions of non-deterministic events or measured quantities that may either be single occurrences or happen over time in an apparently random fashion.
As a mathematical foundation for statistics, probability theory is essential to many human activities that involve quantitative analysis of large sets of data. Methods of probability theory also apply to description of complex systems given only partial knowledge of their state, as in statistical mechanics. A great discovery of twentieth century physics was the probabilistic nature of physical phenomena at atomic scales, described in quantum mechanics.
History.
The mathematical theory of probability has its roots in attempts to analyse games of chance by Gerolamo Cardano in the sixteenth century, and by Pierre de Fermat and Blaise Pascal in the seventeenth century (for example the "problem of points"). Although an individual coin toss or the roll of a die is random event, if repeated many times the sequence of random events will exhibit certain statistical patterns, which can be studied and predicted. Two representative mathematical results describing such patterns are the law of large numbers and the central limit theorem.

The Raven
"The Raven" is a narrative poem by American writer Edgar Allan Poe, first published in January 1845. It tells the story of a mysterious talking raven who visits a lover; it shows how the lover is slowly becoming crazy. It is often called Poe's most famous poem, its publication made him famous in his day, and today it is still one of the most recognized and respected poems in American literature.

Maya civilization
The Maya civilization is a Mesoamerican civilization. It is famous for the only known fully developed written language of the pre-Columbian Americas and for its spectacular art, monumental architecture, and sophisticated mathematical and astronomical systems.
It began during the Preclassic period. At its peak, during the Classic period (c. 250 to 900) it was one of the most densely populated and culturally dynamic societies in the world. And it continued throughout the Postclassic period until the arrival of the Spanish.
The Maya civilization shares many features with other Mesoamerican civilizations. They did not invent writing, epigraphy, and the calendar. But their civilization fully developed them. Maya influence can be detected as far as central Mexico, more than 1000 km (625 miles) from the Maya area. Many outside influences are found in Maya art and architecture, which are thought to result from trade and cultural exchange rather than direct external conquest.
The Maya peoples never disappeared, neither at the time of the Classic period decline nor with the arrival of the Spanish "conquistadores" and the subsequent Spanish colonization of the Americas. Today, the Maya and their descendants are a considerable part of the population throughout the Maya area and maintain a distinctive set of traditions and beliefs that are the result of the merger of pre-Columbian and post-Conquest ideologies (and structured by the almost total adoption of Roman Catholicism). Many different Mayan languages continue to be spoken as primary languages today; the Rabinal Achí, a play written in the Q'eqchi' language, was declared a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO in 2005.
Geographical position.
The geographic extent of the Maya civilization, known as the Maya area, extended throughout the northern Central American region, including the present-day nations of Guatemala, Belize, western Honduras and El Salvador, as well as the southern Mexican states of Chiapas, Tabasco, and the Yucatán Peninsula states of Quintana Roo, Campeche and Yucatán.
As the largest sub-region in Mesoamerica, it includes a vast and varied landscape, from the mountainous regions of the Sierra Madre to the semi-arid plains of northern Yucatán. Climate in the Maya region can vary tremendously, as the low-lying areas are in danger of the hurricanes and tropical storms of the Caribbean.
The Maya area is generally divided into three loosely defined zones: the southern Maya highlands, the southern (or central) Maya lowlands, and the northern Maya lowlands.
The pre-classical period.
The area where the Maya civilisation developed was inhabited from around the 10th millennium BC. The first Maya settlements occurred about 1800 BC, in the Soconusco region. This is in the modern-day state of Chiapas in Mexico, on the Pacific Ocean. Today, this is referred to as the "Early Preclassic period". At the time, humans began to settle down permanently. They started to grow livestock. Pottery and small clay figures were made. They constructed simple burial mounds. Later they developed these mounds into step pyramids. There were other civilisations around, especially in the north. Examples are the Olmec, the Mixe-Zoque, and Zapotec civilisations. These people mostly lived in the area of the modern-day state Oaxaca. The exact borders of the Maya empire in the north are unclear. There were probably areas where Maya culture overlapped with other culures. Many of the earliest significant inscriptions and buildings appeared in this overlapping zone. These cultures and the Maya probably influenced one another.
The classical period.
What is known as the classical period lasted from about 250 to about 900. During this time, many monuments were constructed. There are also many big inscriptions during that time. In it, the Maya moved to building large cities. This is known as urbanism. Many important intellectual and artistic developments happened in an area that is known as the "southern lowlands".
Like with the Ancient Greek their civilisation was made of many independent city-states. Intensive agriculture was done around these city states. Well-known cities were Tikal, Palenque, Copán and Calakmul. Lesser-known cities were Dos Pilas, Uaxactun, Altun Ha, and Bonampak, among others. In general, the city distribution in the south is better known than that in the north. Some known population centers in the north were Oxkintok, Chunchucmil, and the early occupation of Uxmal.
The most notable monuments are the pyramids they built in their religious centers and the palaces of their rulers. The palace at Cancuén is the largest in the Maya area. There are no pyramids in the area of the palace. Other important things the archaeologists found include the carved stone slabs usually called "stelae" (the Maya called them "tetun", or "tree-stones"). These slabs show rulers along with hieroglyphic texts describing their genealogy, military victories, and other accomplishments.
Trade with other civilizations.
The Maya also had trade routes that ran over long disances. They traded with many of the other Mesoamerican cultures, such as Teotihuacan, the Zapotec, and other groups in central and gulf-coast Mexico. They also traded with non-Mesoamerican groups, that were farther away. For example, archaeologists found gold from Panama in the Sacred Cenote of Chichen Itza.
Important trade goods were cacao, salt, sea shells, jade and obsidian.
Sudden collapse.
In the 8th and 9th century, the cities in the southern lowlands had problems, and declined. At the same time, the Maya stopped making big monuments and inscriptions. Shortly afterwards, these cities were abandoned. Currently, archaeologists are not sure why this happened. There are different theories. Either ecological factors played a role in this, or the cause of this abandonment was not related to the environment.
Post-classical period and decline.
In the north, development went on, form the 10th to about the 16th century. The influences from the outside left more traces in the Maya culture at that time. Some of the important sites in this era were Chichen Itza, Uxmal, Edzná, and Coba. At some point, the ruling dynasties of Chichen and Uxmal declined. Afterwards, Mayapan ruled all of Yucatán until a revolt in 1450. The area then degenerated into competing city-states until the Yucatán was conquered by the Spanish.
The Itza Maya, Ko'woj, and Yalain groups of Central Peten survived the "Classic Period Collapse" in small numbers. By 1250, they started to form competing city-states. The Itza maintained their capital at Tayasal (also known as Noh Petén). The remains of this city are thought to be below the modern city of Flores, Guatemala on Lake Petén Itzá. Tayasal ruled over an area extending across the Peten Lakes region, encompassing the community of on Lake Quexil. The Ko'woj had their capital at Zacpeten. Postclassic Maya states also continued to survive in the southern highlands. One of the Maya kingdoms in this area, the Quiché, is responsible for the best-known Maya work of historiography and mythology, the Popol Vuh.
The Spanish started to conquer Maya lands. This took them much longer than with the Inca or Aztecs, because there was no capital city. This meant that when they had conquered one city, this had little influence on the whole empire. The last Maya states, the Itza city of Tayasal and the Ko'woj city of Zacpeten, were continuously occupied. They remained independent of the Spanish until late in the 17th century. They were finally subdued in 1697.
The Maya people did not disappear though. There are still about 6 million of them. Some are well-integrated, others continue speak one of the Maya languages and uphold their cultural heritage.

Mesoamerican chronology
Looking at the history of pre-Columbian Mesoamerica one can see some rather different periods between the first humans and the early Colonial period (which followed the Spanish colonization of the Americas) in the end.
Paleo-Indian period.
The Paleo-Indian (not so often "Lithic") period or era is that which begins with the first signs of human presence in the region and leads to agriculture and other practices (e.g. pottery, permanent settlements) characteristic of proto-civilizations. In Mesoamerica, the end of this phase was at ca. 8,000 BC. It was a period of hunter-gatherers.
Archaic Era.
c. 8,000 BCE - 2,000 BCE
In this time agriculture and permanent villages developed in the region. Late in this era, people used pottery and started weaving with a loom.
Preclassic Era or Formative Period.
c. 2,000 BCE - 200 CE
Nation-states developed and with them the first large scale ceremonial architecture and cities. That were the Olmec civilization, the early Zapotec, Monte Alto Culture in Guatemala's pacifc lowlands, and Maya civilization.
Classic Era.
c. mid 2nd century - early 10th century
Teotihuacan grows to a metropolis and its empire dominates Mesoamerica. During this time the cities of the Maya southern lowlands, such as Tikal, Palenque, and Copán have their greatest era.
The Classic Era ended earlier in Central Mexico, with the fall of Teotihuacan around the 7th century, than it did in the Maya area, which continued for centuries more. Around this time, many southern lowland sites (most notably in Tikal) experienced a short period of limited decline, called the Middle Classic Hiatus. The later period of Maya's continued growth is sometimes known as the Florescent Era.
In the early 20th century, the term Old Empire was sometimes given to this era of Maya civilization in an analogy to Ancient Egypt; the term is now considered inaccurate and has long been out of use by serious writers on the subject.
Postclassic Era.
Many of the great nations and cities of the Classic Era collapsed, but some continue, such as in Oaxaca, Cholula, and the Maya of Yucatán, such as at Chichen Itza and Uxmal. This is sometimes seen as a period of increased chaos and warfare. The Toltec for a time dominate central Mexico in the 11th - 13th century, then collapse. The northern Maya are for a time united under Mayapan. The Aztec Empire rises in the early 15th century and seems on the path to gain a dominance over the whole region not seen since Teotihuacan, when Mesoamerica is discovered by Spain and conquered by the Conquistadores.
The late florescence of the northern Maya was sometimes called the New Empire in the early 20th century, but this term is no longer considered appropriate and is no longer used.
Arguably, the Post-Classic continued until the conquest of the last independent native state of Mesoamerica, Tayasal, in 1697.

Beck Hansen
Beck Hansen (better known as simply Beck) (born Bek David Campbell, July 8, 1970 in Los Angeles, California) is an American singer, musician, and multi-instrumentalist. He is known for folky rock music, unusual lyrics, and post-modern arrangements, which has made him one of the most outstanding in 1990s alternative rock.
He became extremely popular with his hit song "Loser", a 1994 hit that many described as a novelty hit. Beck is known for including various styles of music into his songs, including folk music, electronica, indie music, techno, rock music, and alternative music, among others.
He is a long-time member of the Church of Scientology. He married actress Marissa Ribisi in 2004. They currently have one child, Cosimo Henri Hansen. They are expecting their second child in 2007.

Prime Meridian
The Prime Meridian is the meridian (line of longitude) that goes through the Royal Greenwich Observatory in London it is also known as the International Meridian or Greenwich Meridian.

Retirement
Retirement is when people stop working. People may retire when they reach a certain age, or if they get sick or have an accident, or even for their own choice. Some people may semi-retire and keep some sort of job.

Trdat the Architect
Trdat the Architect (c. 950-1020) (Armenian: Տրդատ ճարտարապետ), known in Latin as Tiridates, was chief architect of the Bagratuni Dynasty of Armenia.
After a great earthquake in 989 destroyed the dome of Hagia Sophia, the Byzantine officials sent Trdat to Byzantium to organize repairs. The restored dome was completed by 994.

Byzantium
Byzantium (Greek: Βυζάντιον) was an ancient Greek city. The name "Byzantium" is a Latinization of the original name Byzantion.
The city became the center of the Byzantine Empire, (the Greek-speaking Roman Empire of late Antiquity and the Middle Ages), but at that time it was already called Constantinople.
Legend.
The origins of Byzantium are not clear. There is only a legend. It tells a certain Byzas from Megara (a town near Athens), founded Byzantium, when he sailed northeast across the Aegean Sea. He had askeed the Oracle at Delphi where he should found his new city. The Oracle told him to find it "opposite the blind." At the time, he did not know what this meant. But when he came upon the Bosporus he realized what it meant: on the Asiatic shore was a Greek city, Chalcedon. It was they who must have been blind because they had not seen that obviously superior land was just a half mile away on the other side of the Bosporus. Byzas founded his city here in this "superior" land and named it Byzantion after himself.
History before Constantine I.
Byzantion was mainly a trading city due to its strategic location at the Black Sea's only entrance. Byzantion later conquered Chalcedon, across the Bosporus.
When it fought with Pescennius Niger against the victorious Septimius Severus, the city was besieged by Roman forces and suffered extensive damage in 196 AD. Byzantium was rebuilt by Septimius Severus, when he had become emperor, and quickly regained its earlier prosperity.
Center of the Eastern Roman Empire.
When Roman Emperor Constantine I decided to move his capital to the Eastern part of the Roman Empire he chose the place of Byzantion because of its strategical value. He refounded it, in 330 AD, as "Nova Roma". After his death the city was called Constantinople ('city of Constantine'). It remained the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire, which was later called the Byzantine Empire by historians.
Emblem.
Following the legend the citizens of Byzantium claimed the crescent moon as their state symbol, after an important victory in 670 BC. However, the origin of the crescent moon and star as a symbol dates back much earlier - to ancient Babylon and ancient Egypt. But Byzantium was the first city that used the crescent moon as its symbol. In 330 AD Constantine I added the Virgin Mary's star to the flag.

Coat of Arms of Armenia
The national coat of arms of Armenia consists of an eagle and a lion supporting a shield. The coat of arms combines new and old symbols. The eagle and lion are ancient Armenian symbols dating from the first Armenian kingdoms that existed prior to Christ.
The current coat of arms was adopted on April 19, 1992 by the Armenian Supreme Council decision. On June 15, 2006, the law on the state coat of arms of Armenia was passed by the Armenian Parliament.
Shield.
The shield consists of many parts. In the center is a image of Mount Ararat with Noah's Ark sitting on top of it. According to tradition, the ark is said to have finally rested on the mountain after the great flood. Ararat is considered the national symbol of Armenia and so is of significant importance to the coat of arms. Surrounding Mount Ararat are symbols of old Armenian dynasties. In the lower left portion of the shield, there are two eagles looking at each other, symbolizing the length of the Armenian territory during the reign of the Artaxiad Dynasty that ruled in the 1st century BC. In the upper left portion, there is a lion with a cross, the emblem for the Bagratuni dynasty that ruled during the Middle Ages, between 7th and 11th centuries. Under this dynasty, Armenia blossomed culturally, making its capital, Ani, one of the most important cultural, social and commercial centers of its time. Bagratuni was destroyed by the Byzantine Empire's encroachment and by Seljuk invasions in the 11th century AD. In the upper right portion, there is a two-headed eagle, the emblem of the first dynasty to reign over a Christian Armenia, the Arsacid Dynasty of Armenia. Tiridates III of Arsacid Dynasty made Armenia the first Christian nation in 301 AD. This dynasty ruled from the 1st century AD to 428 AD. In the lower right portion, there is a lion with a cross, the emblem of the Rubenid dynasty. This dynasty reigned in Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, a state that expanded and prospered during the 12th and 13th centuries, until the Mamelukes and Turks eventually conquered it.
Eagle and Lion.
The eagle supports the shield on the left side of the coat of arms, while the lion on the right side. The eagle was the symbol of the Artaxiad Dynasty and later on the symbol of the Arsacid Dynasty of Armenia. It holds the Artaxiad Dynasty's branch of the shield. Whereas, the lion was the symbol of the Bagratuni Dynasty and later on the symbol of the Rubenid Dynasty. It holds the Rubenid Dynasty's branch of the shield.
Both of these animals were chosen because of their power, courage, patience, wisdom, and nobility in animal kingdom.
Coat of arms of the Democratic Republic of Armenia.
The present-day Armenian coat of arms has its origins with the establishment of the Democratic Republic of Armenia (DRA) in 1918. In that year, an early variation of the coat of arms was adopted by the DRA. The symbols on this earlier version were placed in a slightly different order and the eagle and lion have their tongues out, giving them a more menacing look. It's also worthy to note that only Mount Ararat (along with Little Ararat) are depicted while Noah's Ark is absent. The coat of arms was designed by architect and member of the Russian Academy of Fine Arts Alexander Tamanian (best known for his work on Yerevan's city plan) and artist Hakob Kojoyan.
Transcaucasian SFSR.
In 1922 Armenia was incorporated into Transcaucasian SFSR with Georgia and Azerbaijan. The coat of arms of the Transcaucasian SFSR was adopted by the government of the Transcaucasian SFSR. It is uncertain when exactly it was adopted. It incorporates designs from each of the three major groups that combined in the Transcaucasian SFSR, the Armenians, Azeri and Georgians, and unusually features Islamic art and communist elements side by side. The latticework in the star itself bespeaks the former coat of arms of Georgia from 1918-1921 and adopted again from 1991-2004; the crescent moon represents the Muslim Azeris, on a background depicting the national symbol of the Armenians, Mount Ararat.
Soviet coat of arms.
In 1937, a new coat of arms was adopted. Like the DRA coat of arms, this coat showed Mount Ararat along with the Soviet hammer and sickle and red star behind it. The inclusion of Ararat brought objections from Turkey because the mountain is part of its territory. The Kremlin retorted that although the Turkish symbol was the crescent, it did not mean that they laid claim to the moon. The Soviet Union broke apart in 1991 and Armenia thus became an independent republic.

Arsacid Dynasty of Armenia
The Arsacid Dynasty (Arshakuni Dynasty) ruled the Kingdom of Armenia from 54 to 428.

Hakob Kojoyan
Hakob Kojoyan (1883 - 1959) was an Armenian artist. He worked in genres of painting and applied art. Hakob Kojoyan helped Armenian architect Alexander Tamanian in creating the coat of arms for the Democratic Republic of Armenia.

Alexander Tamanian
Alexander Tamanian (, March 4, 1878, Yekaterinodar - February 20, 1936, Yerevan) was an Armenian neoclassical architect, who is remembered today for his work in the city of Yerevan.

Ani
"This article is about the city in Turkey. For the Etruscan god, see Ani"
Ani (, Latin: Abnicum) is a ruined and uninhabited medieval city-site situated in the Turkish province of Kars, beside the border with Armenia. It was once the capital of a medieval Armenian kingdom that covered much of present day Armenia and eastern Turkey.
At the height of its great times, Ani had a population of 100,000 - 200,000 people and was the rival of Constantinople, Baghdad and Cairo. Long ago renowned for its splendor and magnificence, Ani has been abandoned and largely forgotten for centuries.
History.
Armenian chroniclers first mention Ani in the 5th century AD. They describe it as a strong fortress built on a hilltop and a possession of the Armenian Kamsarakan dynasty.
By the early 9th century the former territories of the Kamsarakans in Arsharunik and Shirak (including Ani) had been incorporated into the territories of the Armenian Bagratuni dynasty. Their leader, Ashot "Msaker" (Ashot the Meateater) (806-827) was given the title of "ishkhan" (prince) of Armenia by the Caliphate in 804.
Other monuments.
There are many other minor monuments at Ani. These include a convent known as the Virgins' chapel; a church used by Chalcedonian Armenians; the remains of a single-arched bridge over the Arpa river; the ruins of numerous oil-presses and several bath houses; the remains of a second mosque with a collapsed minaret; a palace that probably dates from the 13th century; the foundations of several other palaces and smaller residences; the recently excavated remains of several streets lined with shops; etc.

Armenian SSR
The Armenian SSR (Armenian: Հայկական Սովետական
Սոցիալիստական Հանրապետություն, Haykakan Sovetakan Sotsialistakan Hanrapetutyun; Russian: Армянская Советская Социалистическая Республика) or Soviet Socialist Republic of Armenia came into being when the Communist Party of Armenia proclaimed control of Armenia on November 29, 1920. On December 1, 1920, Prime Minister Simon Vratsian ceded control of the country. It later changed its name to the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic.

Extinct language
An extinct language is a language which no longer has any native speakers - the opposite of a Modern language.
Recently extinct languages.
With last known speaker and/or date of death.

Armenian-American
An Armenian-American is an American whose ancestry stems, either wholly or partly, from Armenia. During the United States 2000 Census, 385,488 Americans indicated either full or partial Armenian ancestry.
History.
The first Armenian known to have moved to America was Martin the Armenian. He arrived in Jamestown, Virginia in 1618, when the colony was only eleven years old. Armenians began to arrive in the United States in high numbers in the late 19th century. However, the influx was intensified when over 100,000 Armenian refugees came after World War I to flee theArmenian Genocide in the Ottoman Empire.

Thomas Cavendish
Sir Thomas Cavendish (or Candish) (1560 - 1592) was an English sea explorer. He was known as "the Navigator" because he led the third expedition to travel around ("circumnavigate") the globe. Cavendish was the first who set sail to do this. Magellan and Francis Drake were the first two to circumnavigate the globe, but they did not intend to do so. Cavendish died at sea on his second voyage around the world.

Martin the Armenian
Martin the Armenian was one of the settlers in the Jamestown Colony in Virginia. He is the first known individual of Armenian ancestry to have come to North America. Martin the Armenian was invited to the colony to raise silk worms. Other Armenians were also brought to the colony but they returned back to Europe.

William Saroyan
William Saroyan () (August 31, 1908 - May 18, 1981) was an American author who wrote many plays and short stories about growing up impoverished as the son of Armenian immigrants. These stories were popular during the Great Depression. Saroyan grew up in Fresno, the center of Armenian-Americans in California, where many of his works are set (although he sometimes gave the city a fictional name).
Asked how to say his name, he told "The Literary Digest" "In Armenian it is "sor-row'yan", accent on "row". In America it is mispronounced with... 'roy.'"
Life.
Saroyan was born in Fresno, California, the son of an Armenian immigrant. His father moved to New Jersey in 1905 - he was a small vineyard owner, who had been educated as a Presbyterian minister. At a certain point his father was forced to take farm-laboring work, and he died in 1911. At the age of four, William Saroyan was placed in the Fred Finch Orphanage in Oakland, California, together with his brother and sister - an experience he later described in his writing. Five years later the family reunited in Fresno, where his mother, Takoohi, had obtained work in a cannery.

Raphael Lemkin
Raphael Lemkin (June 24, 1900 – August 28, 1959) was a lawyer of Polish-Jewish descent. Before World War II, Lemkin was interested in the Armenian Genocide and campaigned in the League of Nations to ban what he called "barbarity" and "vandalism". He is best known for his work against genocide, a word he coined in 1943 from the root words "genos" (Greek for family, tribe or race) and "-cide" (Latin for killing).
Death.
Lemkin died of a heart attack at the public relations office of Milton H. Blow in New York City in 1959, at the age of 59. In an ironic final twist for a man whose life was dedicated to the remembrance of millions of victims of genocide, seven people attended his funeral.

Vakıflı
Vakıflı Köyü (Armenian: Վաքիֆ — Vakif) is the only ethnic Armenian village in Turkey. Located on the slopes of Musa Dagh in the Samandağ district of Hatay Province, the village overlooks the Mediterranean Sea and is within eyesight of the Syrian border. It is home to a community of about 130 Turkish-Armenians.

Spanish colonization of the Americas
The Spanish colonization of the Americas began with the arrival in America of Christopher Columbus (Cristóbal Colón) in 1492.
The Spanish expanded their territories in America over four centuries till it included Central America, most of South America, Mexico, the South of what today is Southern United States, the Western part of what today is Central United States, the Southwestern part of what today is British Columbia in Canada, and even reaching Alaska. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, the Spanish possessions in America began a series of independence movements, which lead to the complete separation from Spain by the mid 1820's of Mexico, and the colonies in Central and South American. The remaining Spanish colonies, Cuba and Puerto Rico, were lost in 1898 as a consequence of the Spanish-American War.

Conquistador
A Conquistador (English: "Conqueror";: "Conquistadores", or "Conquistadors") was a Spanish soldier, explorer and adventurer. The "Conquistadors" invaded and conquered much of the Americas and the Philippines Islands and other islands in Asia Pacific. Many of them were "hidalgos" (noblemen of low category).
Their conquests brought those lands under Spanish colonial rule between the 15th and 17th centuries, starting with the 1492 settlement by Christopher Columbus in what is now the Bahamas.
Background.
The first Spanish conquest in the Americas was the island of Hispaniola (presently shared by Haiti and the Dominican Republic). From there, Juan Ponce de León conquered Puerto Rico, Juan de Esquivel went to Jamaica and Diego Velázquez invaded Cuba. The first settlement on the mainland was Darién in Panama, settled by Vasco Núñez de Balboa in 1512. In these Caribbean regions the conquistadors found neither the great treasuries nor the endless supply of priceless spices they had hoped for. Therefore they aimed at further exploration, rather than a serious effort to make the best of the 'virgin' colonies.
The first immensely successful conquistador was Hernán Cortés. Between 1520 and 1521, Cortés, along with some Native American allies, conquered the mighty Aztec empire. So present day Mexico came under the dominion of the Spanish Empire, as New Spain.

Shushanik Kurghinian
Shushanik Kurghinian (Popoljian) (1876-1927) was an Armenian poet. Kurghinian received little or no recognition for her outstanding poems. Although a socialist with some stirring poems of labour's rebellion to her name, she remained a dim star even in the Soviet era. Today she is almost unknown, away from the literary canon in Armenia and the Diaspora.
Background.
Shushanik Kurghinian was born on August 18, 1876, in Alexandrapol, in the Yerevan province of Eastern Armenia, into a poor family of Popolji Harout. In her autobiography Shushanik writes of her childhood: “Sometimes father would bring his [shoe-repair] ‘workstation’ home, in order to save money, and I would work for him – demanding my wages, every single kopek (Coin). My mother, having been raised in a traditional household, would reprove my ‘ill behavior toward my parent,’and blamed those harmful books for corrupting me.”
Works.
`Whoever is without hope, dulled, without spirit,
I will give them of my soul...'

Gyumri
Gyumri (Armenian:Գյումրի) is the capital and largest city of the Shirak province in northwest Armenia. It is located about 75 miles from the capital Yerevan, and, with a population of 150,917 (2001 census), is the second-largest city in Armenia.

Arminianism
Arminianism is a school of soteriological thought in Protestant Christian theology founded by the Dutch theologian Jacobus Arminius.

Ruben Sevak
Sevak Ruben or Ruben Sevak (February 15, 1885 - August 26, 1915) was an Armenian poet a prose-writer, and a doctor.
Among many others, he was arrested on April 24, 1915 and killed on August 26, 1915 during the Armenian Genocide.

National Gallery of Armenia
National Gallery of Armenia located at Yerevan, Armenia.
The old Armenian subdivision owns works of famous Armenian artists of early medieval and succeeding periods.
Today its collection is over 19,000 specimens shown in the Russian, Armenian and West-European divisions of paintings, sculptures, graphic and applied arts.
The National Art Gallery of Armenia has a lot of branches in Yerevan and other towns of the republic. The memorial-houses of the artist Hakop Kojoyan and the sculptor Ara Sarkissian are in the capital. They exhibit the best works of the two far-famed men of arts.

Armenian Evangelical Church
The Armenian Evangelical Church (Armenian: Հայաստանեայց Աւետարանական Եկեղեցի) was established on July 1, 1846 by thirty-seven men and three women in Constantinople.
History.
In the 19th century there was intellectual and spiritual awakening in Constantinople. This awakening and enlightenment pushed the reformists to study the Bible. Under the patronage of the Armenian Patriarchate, a school was opened, headed by Krikor Peshdimaljian, one of the leading intellectuals of the time. The principal aim of this school was to train qualified clergy for the Armenian Apostolic Church.
Today, there are 88 Armenian Evangelical Churches in the following countries: Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Cyprus, Egypt, England, France, Georgia, Greece, Iran, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey, Uruguay, and the United States of America.

Armenian alphabet
The Armenian alphabet is an alphabet that has been used to write the Armenian language since the 5th century.
The Armenian word for "alphabet" is այբուբեն (CA, EA:, or WA:), named after the first two letters of the Armenian alphabet.

Orontid Dynasty
The Orontid Dynasty (in Armenian: Երվանդունիների թագավորություն) was the first Armenian dynasty. The Orontids established their supremacy over Armenia around the time of the Scythian and Median invasion in the 6th century BC.

Armenian Highland
The Armenian Highland (also known as the Armenian Upland or Armenian Plateau) is part of the Transcaucasian Highland and constitutes the continuation of the Caucasus mountains, also referred as eastern Armenia.
The apricot is native to China and spread to Europe through the Armenia Highlands. It came to be known throughout the ancient world as the Armenian fruit. Its botanical name Prunus armeniaca, derives from the Latin vernacular for apricot, armeniacum, which some scholars have linked to its Akkadian name armanu.
Many scholars place the Indo-European homeland in the Armenian Highlands and the plateau of Asia Minor to the southwest.
Others believe that it was in Eastern Europe or southern Russia.
Some scholars believe, for example, that the earliest mention of the Armenians is in the Akkadian inscriptions dating to the 28th-27th centuries BC, in which the Armenians are referred to as the sons of Haya, after the regional god of the Armenian Highlands.

Armenian Quarter
The Armenian Quarter is one of the four quarters of the Old City of Jerusalem. Although the Armenian people are Christians, the Armenian Quarter is distinct from the Christian Quarter.

Paulo César Fonseca do Nascimento
Paulo César Fonseca do Nascimento (also called Tinga) is a Brazilian soccer player (midfield) who is playing for Borussia Dortmund.He came in 2006 from gremio Porto Alegre, after he haf won the Copa Libertadores. Before that, he played for J. League side Kawasaki Frontale.

Lina Hahne
Lina Hahne (born January 23, 1984) was crowned Miss Sweden on June 26. She will now represent the country in Miss Universe 2008.

Miss Universe
Miss Universe is an international beauty contest. It was started in 1952. Today its owned by Donald Trump. It has around 1 billion viewers every year. The 2006 winner was Zuleyka Rivera Mendoza from Puerto Rico and the 2007 winner was Riyo Mori from Japan.

Frank Thomas
Frank Thomas (born May 27, 1968) is an American Major League Baseball player. He plays forthe Toronto Blue Jays. He hit his 500th career home run on June 28, 2007. He was the 21st person to hit 500 home runs.

Northwest
Northwest or north west is the direction halfway between North and West on a compass. It is the opposite of Southeast.

Southeast
Southeast or south east is the direction halfway between south and east. It the opposite of northwest.

Silvia Night
Silvia Night is a fictional (not real) character played by Eva Augusta from Iceland. Silvia Night participated in Eurovision Song Contest 2006 in "Greece". She is famous for her larger then life and narcissistic persona.

Donald Trump
Donald Trump (Born June 14, 1946 in New York City, New York, USA) is a business man and one of Americas most wealthy persons. He owns the Miss Universe pageant. He also was the star in his own reality show "The Apprentice".

Northeast
Northeast or north east is the direction halfway between north and east. It is the opposite of southwest.

Mona Sahlin
Mona Ingeborg Sahlin (born Andersson on March 9, 1957 in Sollefteå, Sweden) is the new leader for the Swedish Social Democratic Party after Göran Persson's 10 years as leader. She was the minister responsible for gthe handling of the Heart 2 Art Exhibition in Stockholm 2002.Sahlin will lead the party into the new election in 2010 where she can become the first female Prime minister in Sweden if the party wins the election.

Swedish Social Democratic Party
The Swedish Social Democratic Party is Swedens biggest political party. The party has been in the lead with a Prime minister for the longest and most amount of time in Sweden. Mona Sahlin is the current and so far only leader for the party who has been a women. The party lost to the Moderate party in the 2006 elections and will have a new chance to take over the power again in 2010.
Olof Palme one of Sweden's most famous politicians was the party leader for many years before hes murder in 1986.

Olof Palme
Olof Palme (January 30, 1927 – March 1, 1986) (murdered) was a Swedish politician. He was the leader of the Social Democratic Party from 1969-1986 to his death and Prime Minister of Sweden from 1969 - 1976 and 1982 - 1986. He was shot dead in Stockholm after going to the cinema on February 28 1986. The killer has never been arrested, and the gun has never been found. His murder is still a mystery for Swedish police, even though many people have been arrested during the years.

Elena Paparizou
Elena Helena Paparizou (born January 31, 1982) in Örgryte, Sweden, is a Greek singer and model who won the Eurovision Song Contest in 2005 for Greece.

Miss World
Miss World is a international beauty pageant that started in 1951. It is considered less prestigious than the Miss Universe pageant especially in South America and North America.

Gregory the Illuminator
Saint Gregory the Illuminator or Saint Gregory the Enlightener (Armenian: Գրիգոր Լուսաւորիչ translit. Grigor Lusavorich, Greek: Γρηγόριος Φωστήρ or Φωτιστής, Gregorios Phoster or Photistes), the founder and patron saint of the Armenian Apostolic Church, he was born about 257.
He belonged to the royal line of the Arsacid Dynasty, being the son of a Parthian named Anak, who assassinated Chosroes I of Armenia, and thus brought ruin on himself and his family.

Bow Wow
Shad Gregory Moss, better known as Bow Wow or formerly Lil' Bow Wow (born March 9, 1987, Columbus, Ohio) is an African-American rapper, actor, and music producer. He began his rap career when he was 13.

John Cage
John Milton Cage, Jr. usually known as just John Cage, (born September 5, 1912, died August 12, 1992) was a composer of Scottish ancestry. He was one of the first composers (or "musicians") to introduce different styles of music to popular culture. He made mostly avant-garde music and electronic music, and was very well known for making the piece 4'33", which challenged what music is. He also wrote music for pianos that had been "prepared" by having screws and nails placed in them.
4'33".
This piece is in 3 movements (sections), and is special in that all of the movements are silent, the score having the Latin word for silence three times (tacit,tacit,tacit). Many people think that it is just a joke because of this, as there is nothing to listen to. It was written in 1952, and is 4 minutes and thirty three seconds long. Cage got the idea from being in a soundless chamber, but realising that even here there was no true silence because he could hear his heart beating.

4'33"
"4'33" is a musical composition written by avant-garde (non-traditional) musician John Cage. It is his most famous work. It consists of no notes, only 4 minutes and thirty-three seconds of silence. The piece challenges the definition of music. The only thing the sheet music says is "tacet", or "break of silence". It was first played by David Tudor in Woodstock, New York.

F/A-18 Hornet
The F/A-18 Hornet (CF-18, F-18) is a fighter jet that is made by Boeing, and was originally manufactured by the McDonnell-Douglas Company. It first flew in 1978 and was introduced in 1983. Its main user is the United States Navy. It can fly off of a type of boat called an "Aircraft carrier", because of its special design. The F/A-18 can attack land and air targets, something that is called "multi-role". The Hornet is also flown by the Blue Angels.

F-15 Eagle
The F-15 Eagle is a fighter jet that originally made by McDonnell-Douglas (later Boeing). It is known around the world for its toughness and "undefeated" record, meaning that it has never been shot down by an enemy plane. It is used primarily by the United States Air Force, but it is also used in Israel, Saudi Arabia and South Korea. It carries missiles to shoot down, or kill enemy fighter jet planes.
Redesign.
In 1981, the F-15 was redesigned to include the ability to carry bombs, allowing the F-15 to assume a ground-attack role, as well. This means that in addition to shooting down other planes, it can kill buildings on the ground. This new variant (design) of the aircraft was called the " F-15E Strike Eagle".

James Clark Ross
Sir James Clark Ross (April 15, 1800 – April 3, 1862), was a English naval officer and explorer. He explored the Arctic with his uncle Sir John Ross and Sir William Parry. He later led his own journey to Antarctica.

Hrant Dink
Hrant Dink (Armenian: Հրանդ Տինք, IPA: [həɹɑnt diːnk]) (September 15 1954 – January 19 2007) was a Turkish-Armenian editor, journalist and columnist.
History.
As editor-in-chief of the bilingual Turkish-Armenian newspaper "Agos" (Ակօս), Dink was a prominent member of the Armenian minority in Turkey.
Death.
Hrant Dink was assassinated in Istanbul on January 19, 2007, by Ogün Samast, a 17 year old ultra-nationalist Turk.

Agos
"Agos" (, "Furrow") is an Armenian weekly newspaper published in Turkey, established 5 April, 1996. It is published in Istanbul and has a circulation of around 5,000. It has both Armenian and Turkish pages as well as an on-line English edition. Hrant Dink was its chief editor from the newspaper's start until his assassination outside of the newspaper's offices in Istanbul in January 2007.
Hrant Dink's son Arat Dink who worked as the executive editor of the weekly was named as a co-defendant in the dispute brought against Hrant Dink for insulting Turkishness. After Hrant Dink's murder, the editor-in-chief of the weekly became Etyen Mahçupyan and Arat Dink continued to work as the executive editor.

St Kilda Football Club
St Kilda Football Club (nicknamed The Saints) is an Australian Rules Football club who play in the Australian Football League. The club was founded in 1873. Their home ground is the Telstra Dome in Docklands. The team won the 1966 premiership, beating Collingwood. However, they have also placed last 26 times. Their current captain is "Nick Riewoldt" and their current coach is Ross Lyon.

Ingvar Carlsson
Ingvar Carlsson (born 9 November 1934 in Borås, Västra Götaland County (then Älvsborg County), Sweden), is a Swedish politician, former Prime Minister of Sweden (March 1986–October 1991; October 1994–March 1996) and leader of the Social Democratic Party (March 1986–March 1996).

Shilpa Shetty
Shilpa Shetty (Tulu: ಶಿಲ್ಪ ಶೆಟ್ಟಿ) (born 8 June, 1975) in Mangalore is a four-time Filmfare Award-nominated Indian film actress and model. Since making her debut in the film "Baazigar" (1993), she has appeared in nearly 50 movies and made her first lead role in 1994's "Aag". She currently resides at the centre of the Hindi-language movie industry in Mumbai, India. Her younger sister Shamita Shetty is also a Bollywood movie actress.
Shilpa was crowned the winner of the British "Celebrity Big Brother" on 28 January 2007 with 63% of the final votes, after an international racism controversy involving her and fellow contestants Jade Goody, Jo O'Meara and Danielle Lloyd.

Third party (politics)
In any two-party system of politics, a third party is a party other than the two main ones. While the term should be used only when discussing the third largest party, it is often used to describe any smaller party. For example, in the United Kingdom a third party is a national political party other than the Conservative Party and Labour Party that has a presence in the House of Commons. In the United States, a third party is a political party other than the Democratic Party or Republican Party that has national influence.
The term "third parties" is used in countries with first past the post electoral systems as these systems tend to create a two-party system because successful smaller parties are rare.
Countries using proportional representation have less of a tendency to create a two-party system because successful smaller parties are common. In fact, coalitions between the smaller parties are normal in such a country. A party generally needs to have a certain level of success to be called a third party. Smaller parties that only win a small percentage of the vote and no seats in the legislature are often called "minor parties" or "fringe parties".
Third parties are not usually likely to win the presidency. Despite this, there are many reasons for third parties to run. In an election, the two main parties listen to the opinions of third parties. The larger parties must respond to these opinions, and sometimes the larger parties copy ideas from third parties. Some third parties also hope that the party can slowly build its support and eventually become one of the dominant parties, as the Labour Party did in Britain.

Paula DeAnda
Paula DeAnda (born 1989 in Corpus Christi, Texas) is an American singer. She is best known for her 2007 hit songs "Doing Too Much", "Walk Away (Remember Me)" and "Easy". DeAnda is of Mexican descent.
Easy.
Easy is a song by DeAnda. It also has a remix with Bow Wow. This version is used in the PC video game, "Bratz Babyz".

Rihanna
Rihanna (born Robyn Rihanna Fenty on February 20, 1988) is a Barbadian singer. She became famous with her debut single "Pon De Replay" in 2005. Her other hit songs are "If It's Lovin' That You Want", "SOS", "Unfaithful" and "Umbrella". She is Guyanese as well.

Fribourg (canton)
Fribourg is one of the twenty-six cantons of Switzerland. About 250,000 people live in the canton. Of these, about 100,000 live in the urban area of the capital of this canton: Fribourg City.
Geography.
The canton of Fribourg is found in the west of Switzerland. The river Saane (Sarine) flows from the south to the north of the canton. It borders the cantons of Vaud, Bern and Neuchâtel.

Fribourg
Fribourg can mean one of two areas in Switzerland

Compass rose
A compass rose is a figure that displays the cardinal directions: north, south, east and west. Today a compass rose is found on almost all navigation systems.

Cardinal direction
Cardinal directions or cardinal points are the four main directions or points of the compass: north, east, south and west. These direction are also written in short form as N, E, S and W.
North and south are directed towards the north and south poles of the Earth. The Earth's rotation defines east and west. The sun rises in the morning in the east, and sets in the evening in the west.
If a needle is magnetised and allowed to move freely (for example floated on water) it will align itself with the Earth's magnetic field which is almost in the same direction as north. The direction of the needle in this situation is called magnetic north which differs from geographical north by a few degrees.
Cardinal directions in world cultures.
East: Green or Blue

Social Democratic Party
The name Social Democratic Party has been used by many parties in various countries around the world.
Note: Country names and dates in parentheses are not part of official party names.

Hunk
Hunk is a slang term for a man, usually musculous, considered handsome by a female. A hunk is perceived to be sexually appealing.

Knight (chess)
A knight (sometimes said as horse) is a piece in the game of chess. It moves in an L pattern. Each player starts the game with two knights.

Queen (chess)
The queen in chess is the tall piece which stands next to the king in the beginning of the game. It can move diagonally, vertically, and horizontally (but unlike the Knight, it can not move in an L shape). It can move any desired amount of spaces.

Dennis the Menace
Dennis the Menace is the name of two different comic strips, which both debuted in 1951. One is a British comic strip, that is featured in the UK comic magazine, The Beano. The other is a daily newspaper comic strip from the United States.
Dennis is usually drawn as wearing a red and black striped jumper, and spikey black hair. He is normally with his black dog called Gnasher.

Taner Akçam
Altuğ Taner Akçam (born on October 23 1953) is a Turkish historian, sociologist and author. He is one of the first Turkish academics to acknowledge and discuss openly the Armenian Genocide by the Ottoman Turkish government in 1915.

International Date Line
The International Date Line (IDL), also known as just the Date Line, is an imaginary line on the surface of the Earth, going from north to south in the Pacific Ocean. The date becomes one day later as one travels across it in western direction, and one day earlier as one travels across it in eastern direction.
The reason for this effect is that the countries on the eastern side of the International Date Line, (located in or outside eastern Asia) have the time zone 10-12 hours more than Greenwich. And the countries on western side of it (Alaska/Hawaii and other areas) have the time zone 9-12 hours less than Greenwich. So when travelling across the line, one's watch has to be adjusted 20-24 hours, depending on the time zones.
For example New Zealand has got the time zone Greenwich+12 hours, and Hawaii has got the time zone Greenwich-10 hours. When travelling from New Zealand to Hawaii the clocks must be switched 22 hours backwards, about one day.

Boredom
Boredom is an state of mind, shown by lack of interest in what is around you. You may feel boredom if you are not doing anything interesting.

Circle of latitude
On the Earth, a circle of latitude is an imaginary east-west circle that connects all locations with a given latitude. A location's position along a circle of latitude is given by its longitude.

J-Pop
J-Pop is the popular music of Japan. Recently, J-Pop has been influenced (affected) by western culture, J-Pop now sounds different than older J-Pop.
Yumi Matsutoya.
Yumi Matsutoya, also known as Yuming, Yumi Arai and Karuho Kureta, is considered by many the "mother" of modern-day J-Pop. She has been one of the most successful Japanese singer-songwriters in the twentith century in the world of pop music. Almost half of her albums reached number one at the Japanese Oricon charts, and all of her albums reached top 10 since her first one, "Hikōki-gumo" in 1973. She has sold over 37,800,000 copies of albums and singles.

List of J-pop artists
A list of Japanese pop musicians and bands.
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Ara Darzi
Ara Darzi (born 7 May 1960) is a British doctor. He was appointed head of Minister of Healthcare of Great Britain.
Ara Darzi was born in Iraq in a family with Armenian descent, which escaped the Genocide of 1915. But most of his life was lived in Ireland.

Puffy AmiYumi
Puffy AmiYumi was the one of the more popular J-pop groups of the 1990s. The band has two members, Ami Onuki and Yumi Yoshimura. It was first formed in 1996.
They had some success when they went to the United States to record and perform. They had a short-lived cartoon television series on Cartoon Network. It can still be seen occasionally on the Japanese version of Cartoon Network.

Mika Nakashima
is a Japanese singer, model, and actress.

Yui (singer)
YUI, is a Japanese musician. She was born 28 March 1987 in Fukuoka, Japan. She is signed to Sony Music Records Japan. She sings, and plays the guitar, drums, piano, keyboard and electric guitar, although she usually performs with only an acoustic guitar. She starred in a Japanese movie released on 17 June 2006 titled 'Taiyō no Uta' (A Song to the Sun).

Zard
Zard was a J-pop music group. Zard's member was Izumi Sakai. Her true name is Sachiko Kamachi. She was a vocalist. Zard's other member changed many times. Zard's music did not often appear on television. The group had many famous songs, for example "Makenaide". Izumi Sakai was born in Fukuoka on February 6, 1967. She fought illness in Keiougijyuku University hospital. She had cervical cancer. Izumi Sakai died on May 27, 2007. When she died, she was 40 years old.

Wyolica
Wyolica is a two person band from Japan. The members are Azumi (vocals) and So-to (guitar). The group is not well known outside of Japan. Their sound is very similar of many American pop acts but sung in Japanese.
Their first album, "Who Said La La?" was released in 2000. Since then they have released a number of albums and singles, including a six-song EP of acoustic songs.

Crystal Kay
Crystal Kay Williams (born 26 February 1986 in Yokohama, Japan) is a J-Pop singer. She is also known as "Kuri" by her fans. She is well-known for her songs "Koi ni Ochitara" and "Boyfriend -part II-". She has released eight studio albums.

Speed (band)
SPEED is a Japanese music group. The group is made up of four female singers. They are from Okinawa, Japan. The members are Hiroko Shimabukuro, Eriko Imai, Takako Uehara and Hitoe Arakaki. Hiroko and Eriko are lead vocal singers.
When they debuted, Hiroko was 12 years old. They made their debut single “Body & Soul” in 1996. They have many songs which sold million records.
They broke up in March 31, 2000. From 2000 to 2008, they have broken up and came back together several times. They made their latest come back in 2008.

Glay
Glay is a Japanese rock band. There are 4 men in the band. The member's names are Takuro (guitar & piano), Teru (vocals), Hisashi (guitar), and Jiro (bass). They are one of the most popular rock bands in Japan. They are from Hakodate in Hokkaido. "HOWEVER" is their most famous song. This song made them famous. Many of their CDs and albums have sold millions of copies.
Since 2007, Teru has been in ads shown on television and in theaters to raise awareness about HIV/AIDS.

Aiko (singer)
Aiko (born November 22, 1975) is a Japanese singer. She has a high popularity among young people. Her most famous song is "Sakuranotoki". Aiko has won several Japan Gold Disc Awards.
Aiko debuted in 1998. She sings songs aboout love and girl's feelings. Her famous songs are "Hanabi", "Boyfriend", "Kabutomushi", "Kirakira" and so on.

Ringo Shiina
Ringo Shiina (born November 25, 1978) is a Japanese singer and guitarist. She is a member of Tokyo Jihen. Shiina is from Fukuoka.

GO!GO!7188
GO!GO!7188 is a band from Japan with three members. One plays guitar, one plays drums, and one plays bass. The main vocalist is a woman. One of their famous songs is "Koinouta".

Porno Graffitti
Porno Graffitti is a Japanese J-Pop band. The members of the band are Akihito Okano (vocals) and Haruichi Shindo (guitar). The band is from Innoshima in Hiroshima. The band first started playing in 1999 with three members. The third member, Tama left the band in 2004. The band has become one of the duos leading the music in Japan.

Yuki Isoya
Yuki Isoya is a Japanese singer. Isoya debuted as a singer of the group Judy and Mary in 1993. Judy and Mary broke up in 1999. She began her solo singing career in February, 2002. Isoya has released four albums.

Mr. Children
"Mr. Children", usually called, is a Japanese rock band made in 1988 by Kazutoshi Sakurai, Kenichi Tahara, Keisuke Nakagawa, and Hideya Suzuki.
Success.
They are one of the most successful Japanese bands, they have sold over 50 million records. They have been supported among any people.
Albums.
As of 2007, Mr. Children has published twelve original studio albums and 30 singles, three compilation albums, a live album, and ten home video releases.
Fan Club.
The official fan club of Mr. Children is called Father & Mother. The fan club was started in 1994. The fan club can only be joined by mail and requires an admission fee of 3.500 yen, with yearly re-applications for membership. And there are concert ticket only for the members.

3B LAB.*
3B LAB.* is one of the most popular bands in Japan. They are all men. The vocal sang as a member in the folk-rock band 19. Their most popular song is "Ichigo Ichi". They're now called 3B Lab.☆S.

Ellegarden
Ellegarden is a Japanese band formed in 1998 by four young men.

Def Tech
Def Tech is a Japanese group. The band has three members: Shen, Micro and Playa T. They have sold more than 2.8 million copies of their albums "Def Tech" and "Lokahi Lani".

Ai Otsuka
Ai Otsuka (born September 9, 1982) is a Japanese pop female singer-songwriter and pianist from Osaka, Osaka Prefecture, Japan.

Remioromen
Remioromen are a three-man band from Japan that started in 2000.

Ayaka
Ayaka Iida (born December 18, 1987 in Moriguchi, Osaka Prefecture, Japan) is a Japanese female singer signed and song writer. She has released one album, "First Message".

Kyu Sakamoto
Hisasi Osima, better known as Kyu Sakamoto (December 10, 1941 - August 12, 1985) was a Japanese singer and actor. He was from Kanagawa in Japan. His song became Japan's first global million selling song.

Orange Range
is a Japanese rock band from Okinawa Prefecture and signed to Sony Music. They are a group of 5, and their average ages are 22 years old.
History.
On March, 2001, the present members were composed of the classmates from the preschool and YOH’s younger brother, RYO. When they were indies, they did lots of their concerts on the street, and the audience was surely increased. On July 4, 2003, they debuted and became major by their 1st single, “Kirikirimai”. Their 2nd single, “Shanghai Honey” was appreciated by the mass media and became a hit. On February 25,2004, they released their 5th single, “Michishirube～a road home～” came in 1st place in the Japanese single charts for the first time in themselves, and since then, their singe continued to come in 1st place to their 13th single, “Champione”.
Members.
Also, a member of other bands, including "Soy-sauce" and "Pechuniarokkusu". He writes more than half of all Orange Range songs.
Before joining the group Orange Range, he was a member of another band, "Ruse". He and Yoh are brothers.
He has not cut his hair since releasing the song "Hana".
He usually plays bass, but uses a guitar when he makes songs.
It is said that he has a screwdriver when he records music because it makes him relaxed, but sometimes its sound is also recorded and they have to record again.

Bump of Chicken
Bump of Chicken is a Japanese rock music group. The members are 4 men. All members in this group are born in 1979. The vocalist of the group is Fujiwara Motoo. The bassist of the group is Naoi Yoshifumi. The guitarist of the group is Masukawa Hiroaki. The drummer of the group is Masu Hideo. They are friends since they started school at a young age. The voice of Fujiwara Motoo and the texts of their music, which he writes, are popular.

Kumi Koda
is a Japanese pop singer from Kyoto who started in 2000 with "Take Back". Her most famous song is "Butterfly" and this made her famous. She took Japanese record grand prix. Her new album "Kingdom" was released on January 30, 2008, and her new single was released on January 23, 2008.

Zeebra
Zeebra (ジブラ "Jibura", born April 2, 1971 in Tokyo, Japan) is a famous Japanese hip hop artist, who is known as the first rapper in Japan. He made his first appearance in 1995. Zeebra was a member of the hip-hop group King Giddra, which also included DJ Oasis and K Dub Shine. He became a solo artist in 1997. Because he has been in many TV commercials, started hip-hop television programs, and produced songs for upcoming rappers, Zeebra could be called the father of the Japanese rap scene.

Dreams Come True
Dreams Come True is a Japanese J-Pop music group.
The group is made up of a woman and a man. The vocalist is Miwa Yoshida and the bassist is Masato Namamura. They made debut in 1988. The group tends to use humorous and ambiguous language in their songs.

Every Little Thing (band)
Every Little Thing is a Japanese rock band. The group is made up of a woman and a man. The woman, Kaori Mochida, is a singer from Tokyo, and the man, Ichiro Ito, is a guitarist from Kanagawa. This group made their debut in 1996. And next year they took part in Kohaku (New Year's) Song battle for the first time. When they started the band, there were three members. But Mitsuru Igarashi left the band in 2000, and he started to focus on his production. He made all of Every Little Thing's songs and wrote their lyrics. So since he left, Every little thing sound changed a little. Now they released 35 single CDs, 8 original albums, 2 best albums and 3 ballad best albums.

KAT-TUN
KAT-TUN not only sings and dances, but also acts.

BoA
Boa Kwon (born 5 November 1986 in Guri, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea) is a South Korean singer. She is commonly known by her stage name BoA. She has been active in both South Korea and Japan. Aside from Korean, BoA also speaks Japanese and English and has released songs in those languages. She also released some Chinese songs, but she does not know Chinese. BoA succeeded not only in Korea, but in all of East Asia as well.

Namie Amuro
Namie Amuro (安室 奈美恵) is a Japanese singer born September 20, 1977 in Naha City, Okinawa was the top J-Pop star of the 1990s, with a long string of number-one hits.
When she had a baby in the late 1990s her popularity went down, but her albums became popular again when she released "Queen of Hip-Hop". Her next album "Play" became #1.
Albums.
She will be debuting with Japanese/American singer Erick Marchello in February2009

Saturn (mythology)
Saturn (Latin: Saturnus) was a Roman god of agriculture and harvest. He is Roman form of the Greek god Cronus. He was the father of Ceres, Jupiter, Veritas and others. The day Saturday is named after the Roman god, as well as the planet Saturn.

Comanche
Comanche peoples are Native Americans who lived in an area called the "Comancheria", which was where Eastern New Mexico, Southern Colorado, Southern Kansas, all of Oklahoma and most of Northern and Southern Texas are today. There once were as many as 20,000 Comanches. Today, the Comanche Nation has 10,000 members, about all of them live in Oklahoma (centered at Lawton), and the rest in Texas, California, and New Mexico. The Comanche speak a language of their own, the Comanche language that is related to other Native American ones, called "Uto-Aztecan language family".
The name Comanche was given by the Mexicans, and it was the word the Comanche used to call them, "komantsia" (enemy, foreigner). But the Comanches' call themselves "Numunuu", meaning "human being" or "the People". They were very good warriors and fought the White settlers and Army for many years until they gave up in 1875.

Cuvette
A cuvette is a kind of laboratory glassware, usually a small tube of circular or square cross shape, closed at one end and open at the other, made of plastic, glass, or optical grade quartz and made to hold samples for spectroscopic experiments. The best cuvettes are as clear as possible, without impurities that might affect a spectroscopic reading. Like a test tube, a cuvette may be open to the air on top or have a glass or other material to close it.

John Abbot
John Abbot (1587/8–c.1650) was an English Roman Catholic priest and poet. Nobody knows where he was born, he might have been from either London or Leicester. Abbot was from a strongly Protestant family because he was the nephew of George Abbot, the Archbishop of Canterbury, but after being educated at Balliol College, Oxford, he travelled to the European continent where he was converted to Roman Catholicism. On returning to England he was in Jesuit orders for a while, before working as a priest. In 1635 he was put in jail. He was released within a year, but in 1637 he was again arrested, and spent the rest of his life in prison.
His best known work is his poem "Devout Rhapsodies" (2 vols., 1647), about the war between Good and Evil and the temptation and fall of man.

Lemuel Abbott
Lemuel Abbott (c. 1730 – April, 1776) was an English priest and poet. Little is known of his background, but he worked as a priest in Ansty, Leicestershire and Thornton. He is known mostly for his collection of poems called "Poems on Various Subjects, whereto is Prefixed a Short Essay on the Structure of English Verse", published in 1765. Abbott and his wife Mary were probably the parents of the artist Lemuel Francis Abbott.

Thomas Eastoe Abbott
Thomas Eastoe Abbott (1786/7 – February 18, 1854) was an English poet, born in East Dereham, Norfolk. He lived in Darlington, where he worked at the Royal Free Grammar School. He wrote many books like "Peace, a Lyric Poem" (1814); "Resignation" (1817); "The Triumph of Christianity" (1819); and "The Soldier's Friend" (1828). Abbott died in Darlington in 1854.

Division of labour
In ancient history, a division of labour (or specialisation'") was when some people in a city stopped growing crops and took other jobs. This usually happened because of a surplus of food. This means that there was more than enough food for everyone, so some people did not have to grow crops anymore.
"Just as the various trades are most highly developed in large cities, in the same way food at the palace is prepared in a far superior manner. In small towns the same man makes couches, doors, ploughs and tables, and often he even builds houses, and still he is thankful if only he can find enough work to support himself. And it is impossible for a man of many trades to do all of them well. In large cities, however, because many make demands on each trade, one alone is enough to support a man, and often less than one: for instance one man makes shoes for men, another for women, there are places even where one man earns a living just by mending shoes, another by cutting them out, another just by sewing the uppers together, while there is another who performs none of these operations but assembles the parts, Of necessity, he who pursues a very specialised task will do it best."

Euphrates
The Euphrates is the western of the two rivers that define the borders of Mesopotamia (the other is the Tigris).

JC Chasez
JC Chasez (born Joshua Scott Chasez on August 8, 1976 in Washington, D.C.), is an American singer, songwriter, actor, and producer, best known as one of the lead vocalists in the pop group *NSYNC.

Ricky Martin
Enrique Martín Morales (born December 24, 1971), is a Grammy Award and Latin Grammy Award-winning Puerto Rican pop singer. He rose to fame, first as a member of the Latin boy band Menudo, then as a solo artist since 1991. He has sold over 55 million albums around the world, charting twenty one top-ten hits on the U.S. Latin Charts, eight of which reached number one, and a total of over thirty hit singles.

Fiefdom
In feudalism, a fiefdom (also called a fief, feud, feoff, or fee) was a piece of land that a lord gave a vassal in exchange for loyalty and protection from enemies. Unlike a manor, a fief was undeveloped (It had no buildings or crops on it). Vassals would build upon this land to create their own housing.

Nicky Hilton
Nicholai "Nicky" Olivia Hilton (born October 5, 1983 in New York City, New York) is an American fashion model, socialite, and fashion designer. Hilton is also an heiress to a part of the Hilton Hotels chain, as well as to about 5%-15% of her father's real estate fortune and investments. She shares her nickname with her grandfather's brother, Conrad "Nicky" Hilton, who died 14 years before she was born.
She is the sister of celebrity Paris Hilton.

Disappearance of Madeleine McCann
Madeleine McCann (born 13 May 2003 in Leicestershire, England) disappeared on the evening of Thursday, 3 May 2007 from a holiday apartment in Praia da Luz in the Algarve, Portugal. She was staying with her parents, brother and sister.
The disappearance resulted in much publicity across the world. Rumours that Madeleine has been taken to countries such as Morocco and Malta have all turned out to be untrue.
Madeleine's parents have started a website in their daughter's name where people can keep up to date on events and write to the family. They have also started "Madeleine's Fund" to which people can give money.
For most of the time Robert Murat has been an official suspect. On 8 September, Madeleine's mother Kate McCann and her father Gerry McCann were declared official suspects as well. They stopped being official suspects in August 2008.

Linda Rosing
Linda Rosing (born Linda Maria Elisabeth Gedin January 21, 1974 in Västerås, Sweden) is a model and was a participant in the 2003 edition of "Big Brother" in Sweden. In the Big Brother house, she and another participant, Micke, became involved in a relationship which was followed closely by the producers.During the show, she had sex on live TV, making her an instant tabloid celebrity.
Rosing released her debut single, "Summer Love", in 2004. In 2006, she released her autobiography, "Den nakna sanningen" ("The naked truth"), written together with journalist and television host Daniel Nyhlén.
In the summer of 2006, Rosing became the leader of a new political party, 'Unika Partiet', or 'The Unique Party'. This is a so-called non-registered party, meaning that there is no official record of the party. Rosing was listed as the only candidate for the party, listed as an author on the party ballot. She received 222 votes out of more than 5.6 million votes cast in the election.
Rosing is also famous for her many plastic surgery operations. She has breast implants, has had a facelift, and uses botox injections.

Linda Bengtzing
Linda Bengtzing (born March 13, 1974 in Gullspang, Sweden) is a singer and television host. She has sung three times in the Swedish Melodifestivalen.

Melodifestivalen
Melodifestivalen translated as (The Melody Festival) is an annual music competition organised by Sveriges Television (SVT) and Sveriges Radio (SR) to determine Sweden's representative song and performer at the Eurovision Song Contest.
History.
It has been staged under various formats almost every year since the first public competition in 1959. The competition is the most popular television programme in Sweden, a title it has held since 2000, at times eclipsing even Eurovision itself. In 2007, an estimated four million Swedes—almost 44% of the country's population—watched the final, while the semifinals averaged around 3.1 million viewers.
The winner is chosen by a number of regional juries and a national televote. Until 2001 the competition was normally limited to between eight and twelve songs, but since the introduction of semifinals in 2002 that number has risen to thirty-two.
The Melodifestival has produced four Eurovision-winning songs and fifteen placings in the top five for Sweden at the Contest. The event is often seen as being dominated by light orchestrated pop songs, known locally as schlager music—so much so that it is sometimes referred to as Schlagerfestivalen by the Swedish media but other styles of music such as rap, reggae and glam rock have made an appearance since the competition's expansion.
The competition makes a significant impact on music charts in Sweden; twenty-three participants reached the domestic singles chart in 2006 and twenty-one in 2007. There would have been more people taking part, but Agnes Carlsson was disqualified because she discussed her song in an interview with the Aftonblad newspaper.
The most recent Melodifestival, which took place in February and March 2007, was won by The Ark with "The Worrying Kind".

Katie Price
Katie Price aka Jordan (born May 22, 1978 in Brighton, England) is a glamour model, writer and singer. She is often called Jordan in the press. Jordan is also famous for her many plastic surgeries on her breasts.

Nikki Grahame
Nicola Rachele-Beth Grahame (born April 28, 1982) from Watford, Hertfordshire rose to fame in the UK when she was chosen to be a housemate on "Big Brother 7" in 2006. A former model and promotions girl, Grahame has become renowned for throwing temper tantrums — behaviour that divided viewer opinion during her time on Big Brother and subsequently led to her being given her own reality television show entitled Princess Nikki.

Venus Williams
Venus Ebony Starr Williams (born June 17, 1980 in Lynwood, California, United States) is a former World No. 1 ranked female tennis player and Olympic gold medalist who has won 13 Grand Slam titles, including 5 singles, 6 women's doubles, and 2 mixed doubles titles. Williams is the older sister of fellow former World No. 1 tennis player Serena Williams. The Williams sisters are noted for their power games, and Venus holds the record for the fastest serve ever recorded by a female player in a main draw match (128.8 mph).
Venus Williams played against French player Marion Bartoli in the Wimbledon final on July 7.
Williams won her fourth Wimbledon final on July 7, 2007.

Serena Williams
Serena Jameka Williams, (born September 26, 1981) is an American former World No. 1 ranked female tennis player who has won eight Grand Slam singles titles and an Olympic gold medal in women's doubles.In 2005, "Tennis" magazine ranked her as the 17th-best player of the preceding forty years. She is the younger sister of another former world no. 1 professional female tennis player, Venus Williams. The Williams sisters currently reside together in Palm Beach Gardens, Florida, United States, Serena with her new fiancé rapper/producer M. White.

Miki Ando
Miki Ando (安藤 美姫) (born on December 18, 1987) is a figure skater from Japan. She also won the World Championships in 2007. She is the 2004-2005 Japanese National Champion and 2004 World Junior Champion. She went to the Olympics in 2006 for the first time at age 18.

Kelly Ripa
Kelly Maria Ripa (born October 2, 1970 in Stratford, New Jersey) is an American Daytime Emmy Award winning actress and talk show host. Since February 2001, she has served as the co-host of "Live with Regis and Kelly", alongside Regis Philbin, taking the show's rating to a new high when she replaced previous Live co-host Kathie Lee Gifford. She is also known for her acting on "All My Children" and "Hope & Faith", both television series on ABC.

Faith Ford
Faith Alexis Ford (born September 14, 1964, in Alexandria, Louisiana) is an American television and movie actress. She is best known for her role as Corky Sherwood on "Murphy Brown" and as Hope in the television series, "Hope & Faith".

Hope & Faith
"Hope & Faith" was an American television series. It was a sitcom that aired for three seasons on ABC from 2003 to 2006. For its first two seasons the series was part of a revived TGIF comedy block.
The series starred Faith Ford as Hope and Kelly Ripa as Faith. Ford plays a homemaker with a husband (played by Ted McGinley) and three children. Ripa plays her sister, a soap opera star whose character is killed off, leading her to move in with her sister's family. The series is based in part on the life of its creator, Joanna Johnson, a former cast member of "The Bold and the Beautiful". The series featured guest stars such as Tony Curtis, Dean Cain, Robert Wagner, Regis Philbin (Ripa's co-host on "Live with Regis and Kelly"), Kathie Lee Gifford, and Mark Consuelos (Ripa's husband).
The series was primarily filmed at New York City's Silvercup East, a sister studio to Silvercup Studios, to accommodate Ripa's schedule with "Live with Regis and Kelly".
All 73 episodes were picked up by the American television network, as the total number of produced episodes was short of what was required for American television syndication.

Live with Regis and Kelly
"Live with Regis and Kelly" is a syndicated American television talk show, hosted by Regis Philbin and Kelly Ripa. Before 2001, the show was known as "Live with Regis and Kathie Lee", with Kathie Lee Gifford co-hosting with Philbin. "Live's" mixture of A-list guests and the interaction between co-hosts have made it one of daytime's most popular and venerable talk shows. The program has aired for 23 years in its home market of New York City in its current format, and more than 18 years nationwide.
It was announced on January 16, 2007 that "Live with Regis and Kelly" has been renewed through the 2010-2011

Charley Uchea
Charley Kazim Uchea (born June 30, 1985) is an unemployed self-styled 'it girl' from, born in Southeast London, England. She was a contestant on "Big Brother" 8 in 2007. She is a former lap dancer from Stringfellow's Nightclub and cousin to Sunderland A.F.C. footballer Kieran Richardson.
Charley's entry was speculated on by the British tabloid press and she was negatively received by the live audience on the launch night. Whilst being in the house Charley claimed to have 'raved' with footballers such as Frank Lampard and John Terry, however, outside the house, the footballers have denied such rumours.
Kieran has boycotted Big Brother and his cousin saying that she is only using his fame to promote herself in the programme.
Charley Uchea was eventually voted out of the Big Brother house, having stayed much longer than many had predicted.
Charley was evicted on day 59 and has since been doing many interviews being a guest on the game show The Weakest Link.
Charley took Express Newspapers to court for publishing a story in the Daily Star newspaper about her suspected past being a hooker. The Daily Star published the story in June 19th, 2007. Charley is demanding £50,000 in damages from the publishers.

Sven-Göran Eriksson
Sven-Göran Eriksson born February 5, 1948) is a Swedish football manager. He was recently the football manager of Manchester City after agreeing a 3-year-deal with the club. He is set to earn £2 million per year plus bonuses. He was sacked by Manchester City. Eriksson stepped down from his most recent position as the English national football team manager following England's exit from the 2006 World Cup; there was, however, considerable speculation that he was forced out by the English football authorities due to his tenure being punctuated by well-documented tabloid reports of his private life. Erikkson currently manages Mexico.

Jade Goody
Jade Goody (born 5 June, 1981) is a English reality television celebrity who gained Popularity after appearing on the TV show Big Brother in 2002. As a participant in the Celebrity Big Brother series in 2007 she was at the center of an international outburst arising from bullying and racism directed towards her fellow housemate Shilpa Shetty.
Jade has afterwards tried to repair her damaged reputation and succeeded by going on a trip to India and gave money to charities. Goody has revealed that she will launch a new perfume line in June, 2008.
In 2008 Goddy was diagnosed with cancer.

Sara Rue
Sara Rue (born January 26, 1979 in New York City, New York) is an American actress. She played the roles of "Carmen Ferrara" on the drama "Popular" and "Claudia Casey" on the sitcom "Less Than Perfect".

Less Than Perfect
"Less Than Perfect" was an American television series. It was a sitcom that began airing on ABC on October 1, 2002 and ended on June 6, 2006. The seriesis about a young female office employee (played by Sara Rue) and her co-workers The series was directed by Skip Collector and Ted Wass, among others.

Hilary Hahn
Hilary Hahn (born November 27, 1979 in Lexington, Virginia) is an American Grammy Award–winning violinist.
Biography.
She was born into a Lutheran family and moved to Baltimore, Maryland at the age of three and began playing the violin one month before her fourth birthday in the Suzuki Program of Baltimore’s Peabody Conservatory.
Hahn became interested in the violin after taking a walk with her father in their Baltimore neighborhood (Zaustinsky 1999). The two passed a branch of the Peabody Conservatory that advertised music lessons for four-year-olds and observed a music lesson where a young boy was playing "Twinkle Twinkle Little Star". Hahn began taking lessons the following week and participated in a Suzuki class for about a year.
In 1995 Hahn made her international debut in Germany with a performance of the Beethoven Concerto for Violin and Orchestra in D Major with Lorin Maazel and the Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra. The concert was broadcast on radio and television throughout Europe. A year later, Hahn debuted at Carnegie Hall in New York as a soloist with the Philadelphia Orchestra.
By the age of sixteen, Hahn had completed the Curtis Institute's university requirements, but elected to remain at the Institute for several more years to pursue additional elective courses, until her graduation in May of 1999 with a Bachelor Of Music degree. During this time she regularly coached violin with Jaime Laredo, and studied chamber music with Felix Galimir and Gary Graffman. In an interview with PBS in December 2001, Hahn stated that of all the musical disciplines, she is most interested in musical performance (PBS Interview).
Hahn has played with orchestras such as the London Symphony Orchestra, New York Philharmonic, Singapore Symphony Orchestra, just to name a few. She debuted with the Chicago Symphony Orchestra in March of 2007.
She began performing and touring in a crossover duo with singer-songwriter Josh Ritter in 2005 and (early 2007) with singer-songwriter Tom Brosseau.
Career.
In 2001, Time Magazine named Hahn as “America’s Best” young classical musician. Throughout her career, Hahn has performed with numerous orchestras around the globe. She previously recorded five albums with Sony Classical, but now records exclusively for Deutsche Grammophon.
In 1996 Sony Music signed Hahn to an exclusive recording contract, which made her one of the youngest exclusive artists in the label’s history. Hahn’s first recording, released in 1997, featured selected solo sonatas and partitas by J.S. Bach, and spent weeks as a bestseller on the Billboard classical charts.
In addition to being a solo violinist, Hahn has also performed as a chamber musician. Since the summer of 1992 she has performed nearly every year with the Skaneateles Chamber Music Festival in Skaneateles, New York. Between 1995 and 2000 she spent performing and studying chamber music at the Marlboro Music Festival in Vermont, and in 1996 she served as an artist and a member of the chamber music mentoring program of The Chamber Music Society of Lincoln Center.
From Sony Classical to Deutsche Grammophon.
Hahn signed with Deutsche Grammophon in 2003 after her contract with Sony expired in 2002. After Hahn completed her part of the contract with Sony, which was for five recordings over six years, she decided against renewing the contract due to the fact that she and Sony did not agree on her future projects (Lark Ascending).
Personal.
In an interview with "Strings Magazine" conducted in 1999, Hahn cited several people as being influential on her development as a musician and a student. Two of these influences include David Zinman, the conductor of the Baltimore Symphony and Hahn’s mentor since she was ten, and Lorin Maazel, with whom she worked in Europe with the Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra. In the interview, Hahn also stated that she enjoys watching movies, reading, and writing in her free time. Other hobbies that she lists include: meeting new people, exploring cities, ballet, working out, swimming, and bike riding. She also enjoys animals and rowing (The Daily Princetonian).
What she plays.
Hilary Hahn plays an 1864 Vuillaume violin that was formerly owned by the Russian violinist Samuel Lande who was a friend of Klara Berkovich, Hahn’s first teacher. Hahn uses Dominant strings and bows by French bow makers Paul Jombar and Emil Miquel (Zaustinsky 1999).
On playing Bach.
"Bach is, for me, the touchstone that keeps my playing honest. Keeping the intonation pure in double stops, bringing out the various voices where the phrasing requires it, crossing the strings so that there are not inadvertent accents, presenting the structure in such a way that it's clear to the listener without being pedantic - one can't fake things in Bach, and if one gets all of them to work, the music sings in the most wonderful way."

Larry King
Larry King (born Lawrence Harvey Zeiger on November 19, 1933) is an award-winning American writer, journalist and broadcaster. He currently hosts a nightly interview program on CNN called "Larry King Live", one of the longest-running talk shows on air. He recently did a notable interview with Paris Hilton after she was released from jail.

Norfolk, Virginia
Norfolk, Virginia is a large city in Virginia, United States. It is the 78th largest city in the United States.
As of the census of 2000, there were 234,403 people, 86,210 households, and 51,898 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,684.4/km² (4,362.8/mi²). There were 94,416 housing units at an average density of 678.5/km² (1,757.3/mi²). The racial makeup of the city was 48.36% White, 44.11% African American, 0.46% Native American, 2.81% Asian, 0.11% Pacific Islander, 1.67% from other races, and 2.48% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.80% of the population.

Cream Lemon
Cream Lemon is an anime series. It is a collection of short stories. There are many different types of stories in the anime, for example, soap opera (the Ami series), fantasy (Rall series), horror (Cream Lemon Dark) and parody (Pop Chaser). It deals with a lot of heavy perversions including S&M, men being raped by groups of women, bondage, torture, yuri and incest.
Project A-ko was originally intended to be a part of this series.

Vahan Tekeyan
Vahan Tekeyan (Վահան Թէքէեան in Armenian) (January 21, 1878, Constantinople - April 4, 1948) was an Armenian poet, journalist, and public activist. He was educated in Armenian schools in Constantinople and moved to Egypt in 1914, escaping the Armenian Genocide.

Pontic Greeks
Pontic Greeks, Pontian Greeks, Pontians or Greeks of Pontus (Greek: Πόντιοι, Ποντιακός Ελληνισμός or Έλληνες του Πόντου, Turkish: Pontus Rumları) can refer to Greeks specifically from the area of Pontus in the region of the former Empire of Trebizond on the Black Sea coast of Eastern Turkey, or in other cases more generally all Greeks from the shores of the Black Sea or the Pontus. Greeks from Trabzon traditionally speak Pontic Greek. The terms Pontic and Pontian can be used interchangeably.

Nynorsk
Nynorsk (almost New Norwegian) is one of the two officially standards of the Norwegian language, the other being Bokmål. It is based on Norwegian dialects and was created by Ivar Aasen during the 19th century to show a Norwegian alternative to the Danish language (upon which Bokmål is based) which was commonly written in Norway at the time.

Austrian Armenian Cultural Society
The Austrian Armenian Cultural Society was founded in 1974 at Vienna, Austria, the Austrian-Armenian Cultural Society is an organization that promotes cultural ties between Armenia and Austria and a lot more. Its main goal is to introduce Austrians to the Armenian culture and heritage as well as informing Armenians about the Austrian culture and history. The Austrian-Armenian Cultural Society whose members are Armenians as well as Austrians, eg scientists, writers, artists, renowned leaders, and more. The organization is maintaining cultural ties to different organizations in Austria, Armenia and the diaspora. Among its many activities, it runs Armenian language lessons, useful programs to Armenia, youth camping events and way more.

Laredo, Texas
Laredo, Texas is a mid-sized city in southern Texas, United States established in the year 1755. Laredo has a population of 207,787. Hispanics make up 90% of the total population. Laredo is a border city which is part of the bi-national metropolitan area of Laredo, Texas - Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas, Mexico with a total population of 575,585. The main sources of income for Laredo is international trade, followed by retail sales.
History.
Laredo was founded by Don Tomas Sanchez under the name of Villa de San Agustin de Laredo in 1755 in a colony called Nuevo Santander in New Spain. Today, most of Nuevo Santander is part of Texas.

German-Armenian Society
The German-Armenian Society was founded in Berlin in 1914. Apart from Johannes Lepsius, its original members included the journalist Paul Rohrbach and the Armenian author Avetik Issahakyan.
The goals of DAG are the promotion and understanding between Germans and Armenians and to safeguard the likings of Armenians living in Germany. Furthermore, the DAG defends the rights and interests of Armenian minorities, including in Turkey and other Middle Eastern countries.

Swiss-Armenian Association
The Switzerland-Armenia Association is to provide and encourage ties between Switzerland and Armenia, culturally and economically. The organization is headquartered in German speaking Bern.
The SAA supports the strengthening Armenian history, culture and identity.

Asbarez
Asbarez Newspaper began its publication in August 1908 in Fresno as a weekly. After several successful decades the offices and publishing headquarters moved to Los Angeles in the early 1970's. Today it is still active.
Asbarez is the official publisher of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation Western United States Central Committee, and mainly serves the more than 500,000 strong Armenian-American community in the Western states.
On May 1, 1970 when Asbarez began publishing its English section. Today, that section, which became a daily publication in January 1993, is the voice of the community and a source of information within the halls of Congress, in libraries around the country and newsrooms of major media outlets.

Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas
Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas is a mid-sized city in northern Tamaulipas, Mexico established in the year 1847. Nuevo Laredo has a population of 355,827. Nuevo Laredo is a border city which is part of the bi-national metropolitan area of Laredo, Texas, United States - Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas, Mexico with a total population of 575,585. The main sources of income for Nuevo Laredo is international trade, followed by retail sales.
History.
Laredo, Texas was founded by Don Tomas Sanchez under the name of Villa de San Agustin de Laredo in 1755 in a colony called Nuevo Santander in New Spain. Today, most of Nuevo Santander is part of Texas. Laredo was named after a village in Spain also called Laredo in Cantabria. In 1847, when Texas became part of the United States, 17 families decided to remain Mexican and crossed the Rio Grande into Mexico and established Ciudad Nuevo Laredo.

United States military chocolate
Military chocolate has been a part of U.S. armed forces rations since 1937, and is issued to troops as part of basic field rations and sundry packs. Chocolate rations served two purposes: as a morale boost, and as a high-energy, pocket-sized emergency ration.

Marion Bartoli
Marion Bartoli (born October 2 1984) is a female professional tennis player from France. She lives in Geneva in Switzerland. She is currently ranked 10th in the world in singles and 65th in doubles. She played in the Wimbledon final against Venus Williams on July 7, 2007, after winning against World Number 1 Justine Henin in the semi-finals. It was considered as one of the biggest shocks in Wimbledon history. Bartoli lost against Williams in the final in two games, she won the second place.

Bandana
A kerchief (from the French "couvre-chef", "cover the head") is a triangular or square piece of cloth tied around the head or around the neck for protective or decorative purposes. A "handkerchief" primarily refers to a napkin made of cloth, used to maintain personal hygiene. A bandanna or bandana (from Hindi: बन्धन "bandhana", "to tie") is a type of large, usually colorful, kerchief, usually worn on the head. Bandannas are frequently printed in a paisley pattern.
Certain colors of kerchiefs are associated with gangs making it potentially dangerous to wear different types of them in certain areas. For example, in Los Angeles, California, a red kerchief is associated with Bloods and a blue one is associated with Crips or Sureños. In certain cities such as Richmond, Virginia, non-violent bicycle clubs such as The Loners may wear black and white bandannas to show their association.
A bandana can also be used as a gag and has been used in western movies and in BDSM movies to prevent a person from speaking. The person being gagged is almost always tied up in some way and the bandana is tied so its in the persons mouth or around over the mouth.

Roger Federer
Roger Federer (born August 8, 1981, Basel) is a Swiss tennis professional who is currently ranked number two in the world.
He was the world number one from February 2, 2004 until August 18, 2008, when Rafael Nadal became number one. Federer holds the record for the most consecutive number of weeks at the top spot. Many experts believe that Federer is the greatest tennis player of all time. He has won thirteen Grand Slam singles titles: three at the Australian Open (2004, 2006 and 2007), five at Wimbledon (2003 to 2007) and five at the U.S. Open (2004 to 2008). In 2007, he equalled the record for the most wins in a row at Wimbledon set by Bjorn Borg. He has yet to win the French Open, though he reached the final in 2006 and 2007 and 2008.
Federer's first language is Swiss-German and he speaks English, German and French fluently. He also speaks some Swedish and Italian. His girlfriend is Mirka Vavrinec.
Grand Slam record.
This table shows Federer's performance in each Grand Slam tournament in singles.

Martina Hingis
Martina Hingis (born September 30, 1980) is a Swiss tennis professional and former World Number 1 player. She is also known as the "Swiss Miss". She has won five Grand Slam (tennis) singles titles, three at the Australian Open (1997 to 1999), one at Wimbledon (1997) and one at the U.S. Open (1997). She is also a dominant player in doubles, winning nine Grand Slam doubles titles.
Hingis has retired twice from the game. The first time was in 2002, when she was struggling with injuries and was only 22. She returned to tennis in 2005, but retired two years later after sustaining more injuries. A blood test had also proved that she was using cocaine, an illegal drug.

Noisettes
Noisettes is a band. They mostly play rock and alternative rock. They are from the England. With Shingai Shoniwa singing and playing bass guitar guitar, Dan Smith playing guitar, and Jamie Morrison who drums.
They released their first EP "Three Moods of the Noisettes" in April of 2005 on the independent record label Side Salad Records which led to signing internationally with Universal Music Group, who released the EP in the US on the Low Altitude imprint.
Noisettes have preformed in Europe and the United States with bands such as TV on the Radio, Tom Vek, Babyshambles, Bloc Party and the Mystery Jets, and Muse. In 2007 the band released their first album "What's the Time Mr. Wolf?".

Rafael Nadal
Rafael Nadal (born June 3, 1986) is a Spanish professional tennis player who has won five Grand Slam singles titles; four at the French Open and one at Wimbledon. He is ranked number one in the world, and has held that position since 18 August, 2008. He plays very well on the clay court, and many people regard Nadal as the greatest clay-court tennis player in history. Nadal is best known for his matches against the best player of his generation, Roger Federer. He is naturally right-handed, but plays tennis with his left hand.
He has played in four French Open tournaments (2005 to 2008) and won all four. He also reached the final at Wimbledon (2006, 2007), losing to Roger Federer each time. However, in 2008, he beat Federer in the Wimbledon final.
Grand Slam record.
This table shows Nadal's performance in each Grand Slam tournament in singles.

Justine Henin
Justine Henin (born June 1, 1982) is a Belgian former professional tennis player who used to be the World Number 1. She has won six Grand Slam singles titles, including four at the French Open. She has not yet won at Wimbledon. Her mental toughness and her one-handed backhand are reasons for her success in tennis. She was known as "Justine Henin-Hardenne" for a while, until she separated from her husband in 2007, and resumed her maiden name, Justine Henin. She retired in 2008.

Carla Garapedian
Carla Garapedian (herself an Armenian-American and director "Children of the Secret State"), was the anchor of the famous BBC World News, After leaving BBC News she worked on major stories such as "Beneath the Veil." Emmy award-winning film about women in Afghanistan, Carla Garapedian now is working on a new movie with System of a Down about genocides occurring world-wide such as forgotten genocides the Armenian genocide.
Screamers.
Screamers was released in early 2007 in select theatres and there is a DVD release scheduled for June 26, 2007. This joint production with System of a Down depicts Genocides through the 20th/21st centuries, although with a main focus on the Armenian Genocide of 1915. Also mentionned are the Jewish Holaucaust, The Rwandan Genocide, The CURRENT Genocide in the Darfour region. The movie consists of a tour with System and with cutscenes of Genocides.

Massacres of Erzerum
The Massacres of Erzerum or Erzeroum Massacres were the massacres of Armenian people in the city. Turkish soldiers took an active part in the massacres in Erzeroum. The soldiers began a massacre of the Armenians and the Turkish populace joined in the attack. The shops and houses of the Armenians were pillaged.
British consul.
"My brother, if you want news from here, we killed 1 200 Armenians, all tiny rooms in pâtée for dog [...] Mother, I am healthy and except. Father, twenty days ago, we carried out the war against the Armenian incrédules. By the grace of God, no misfortune arrived to us. The rumour says that our battalion will be dispatched in your part of the world - if it is the case, we will kill all the Armenians there. Other share, 511 Armenians were wounded, and it perishes about it one or two each day. If you want news of the soldiers and bachi bouzouks, not only one did not bleed of the nose [...] That God blesses you."

Lake Kari
Lake Kari (Armenian: Կարի լիճ) is a lake in Armenia, in the slopes of Mount Aragats, mostly formed by ice and snow.

Mount Aragats
Mount Aragats ("Արագած" in Armenian) is the highest point in Armenia located in the province of Aragatsotn, northwest from Yerevan. It is a standalone extinct stratovolcano with four main peaks forming the rim of the crater, and is a popular destination for local alpinists.

Crystle Stewart
Crystle Stewart is a beauty queen from Houston, Texas. She won the Miss USA pageant in 2008.

Victoria Cross for Australia
The Victoria Cross for Australia (VC) is the highest military decoration given for bravery "in the face of the enemy" to members of the Australia Armed Forces. The medal was called the "Victoria Cross", but the name was changed in 1991. The "Victoria Cross" was started in 1856 for bravery in the Crimean War. The first medals were made from captured Russian cannons.
The first winner of the "Victoria Cross for Australia" is SAS Trooper Mark Donaldson. Donaldson won the medal for bravery in Afghanistan in September 2008. The medal was given to him in a ceremony on January 16, 2009. He was the first winner of a VC for 40 years.

White Pines Forest State Park
White Pines Forest State Park, also known as White Pines State Park, is an Illinois state park in Ogle County, Illinois.

George Stainforth
Wing Commander George Hedley Stainforth AFC RAF (1899 - 27 September 1942) was a British Royal Air Force pilot. He was the first man in the world to exceed 400 miles per hour in an aircraft.

Ion Heliade Rădulescu
Ion Heliade Rădulescu or Ion Heliade (also known as Eliad or Eliade Rădulescu January 6, 1802 – April 27, 1872) was a Wallachian-born Romanian academic, Romantic and Classicist poet, essayist, short story writer, newspaper editor and politician.

Chosroid Dynasty
The Chosroids (Khosro[v]iani, Georgian: ხოსრო[ვ]იანი) were a dynasty of the kings and later of the ruling princes of the early Georgian state of Iberia, natively known as Kartli, from the fourth to the ninth centuries. Presumably of Iranian origin and a branch of the Mihranid House, the family accepted Christianity as their official religion around the year 337, and maneuvered between the Byzantine Empire and Sassanid, Iran to retain a degree of independence.

Guaramid Dynasty
The Guaramid Dynasty was the younger branch of the Chosroid royal house of Iberia (Kartli, eastern Georgia).

George II of Imereti
George II (Georgian: გიორგი II) (died in 1585), of the Bagrationi Dynasty, was a king of Imereti from 1565 to 1585.

Bagrat III of Imereti
Bagrat III (Georgian: ბაგრატ III) (September 23, 1495 – 1565), of the Bagrationi Dynasty, was a king of Imereti from April 1, 1510 to 1565.

Glasgow Hillhead by-election, 1982
A Glasgow Hillhead by-election was held on 25 March 1982. The by-election was caused by the death of the Conservative Party Member of Parliament for Glasgow Hillhead Tam Galbraith on 2 January 1982.

Solaris
Solaris is an operating system created by Sun Microsystems in the early 1990s to run on their workstations (but it can be used on most modern PCs) and is still developed today. It used to be called SunOS until it was renamed to Solaris in 1992.
It is mostly used in advanced servers like the ones that run the Internet, and for programming in languages like Java, having advanced features for programmers.

Puja Gupta
Puja Gupta (born September 19, 1988 in Kozhikode, Kerala, India) was the winner of Miss India Universe in 2007. She represented India in Miss Universe 2007 and placed in the top ten. Puja Gupta wants to be a writer and her hobbies are yoga, writing, horse riding and drawing.

Charles A. Johns
Charles A. Johns (June 25, 1857 – January 11, 1932) was an American lawyer, jurist and politician. He served as the 47th Associate Justice of the Oregon Supreme Court.

Saved!
Saved! is a 2004 teen comedy movie. It is a religious satire. The movie stars Jena Malone, Macaulay Culkin, and Mandy Moore.

Gibraltar Chronicle
The Gibraltar Chronicle is a newspaper published daily in Gibraltar since 1801. It is not only the oldest newspaper in Gibraltar, but also the second oldest English newspaper in the world.

Alan Johnston
Alan Graham Johnston (born May 17, 1962) is a British journalist working for the BBC. On March 12, 2007, he was taken by a group of armed men in Gaza. He was kept as a hostage until he was let free on July 4.

BBC Television Centre
BBC Television Centre (sometimes abbreviated TVC or TC) in White City, London is home to much of the BBC's television output. Since 1998, almost all of the corporation's national TV and radio news by BBC News is made there too.

Liberty Bell
The Liberty Bell in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania is an American bell of great historic importance.

Frank Lloyd Wright
Frank Lloyd Wright (June 8, 1867 – April 9, 1959) was a famous architect from the early 1900's. His most famous house was called the Robbie House. It had a maze-like layout and geometric stained glass windows. Information on the house can be found in the book known as "The Wright 3" by Blue Balliet.
Architecture.
The Robbie House was a unique house with odd shapes, colors and form. He finished making it in 1910, as a house for children. In fact, many children lived and played in that house with their families up until 1926 when it was closed for living in, and closed to the general public. Many times, it was planned to be destroyed. However, twice, Wright saved his house from destruction because of the reasons he built it and all the memories of it that he loved so much. Wright also was married in the Robbie House but got divorced for not spending time with his family because of this.

Law enforcement in Cuba
Law enforcement in Cuba is the responsibility of the National Revolutionary Police Force (Spanish: Policía Nacional Revolucionaria, PNR) under the administration of the Cuban Ministry of the Interior.

Battle of Damascus
The Battle of Damascus (18 June - 21 June 1941) was the final action of the Allied advance on Damascus in Syria during the Syria-Lebanon campaign in World War II.

Laurence Mancuso
Laurence Mancuso (born June 30, 1934 - died June 10, 2007) was the founding abbot of the New Skete Eastern Orthodox monastic community in upstate New York.

Joseph Jukes
Joseph Beete Jukes (1811-1869), born to John and Sophia Jukes in Birmingham, England, was a renowned geologist, author of several geological manuals and served as a naturalist on the expeditions of "H.M.S Fly".

Second Severn Crossing
The Second Severn Crossing (Welsh: Ail Groesfan Hafren) is a bridge over the River Severn between England and Wales. The bridge carries the M4 motorway and is one of the main routes into South Wales. It was opened on 5 June 1996 to provide more traffic capacity than the original Severn Bridge, which opened in 1966. Both bridges are still in use although the newer crossing is more direct and less likely to be closed in strong winds.

Spitz (band)
Spitz is a Japanese rock group that set up in 1987. Masamune Kusano is a vocal and plays the guiter, too. Tetsuya Miwa plays the guiter. Akihiro Tamura plays the bass. Tatsuo Sakiyama plays the drum. Their songs are very famous, for example "Robinson", "Cherry" and "Soramotoberuhazu".

Yakima, Washington
Yakima is a city in the state of Washington.

Sprite
Sprite is a soda similar to 7 Up and Sierra Mist. It is made by the Coca-Cola Company. It has no caffeine. In 2006, they changed the logo.

University of Washington
The University of Washington is a state university of Washington, along with Washington State University. It is located in Seattle.

The Hershey Company
The Hershey Company (), until April 2005 Hershey Foods Corporation, commonly called Hershey's, is America's largest chocolate company. Its main office is in Hershey, Pennsylvania, a town smells strongly of cocoa on some days, and home to Hershey's Chocolate World. The company was founded by Milton S. Hershey in 1894 as the Hershey Chocolate Company. Hershey's candies and other products are sold around the world.

Totally Spies!
"Totally Spies!" is an animated cartoon series about teenaged spies who are usually on missions to save the Earth form evil. They have gadgets disguised as accessories or toiletries. They secretly work for "World Organization of Human Protection (WOOHP). The leader of WHOOP is Jerry.

Screamers (2006 movie)
"Screamers" is a 2006 documentary by director Carla Garapedian.

Ross Bagdasarian
Ross Bagdasarian (January 27, 1919 – January 16, 1972) was an American pianist, songwriter, actor, and record producer of Armenian descent. He was born in Fresno, California. During his professional life he was better known by the stage name David Seville, which he used on his recordings featuring Alvin and the Chipmunks.

Shawn Michaels
Michael Shawn Hickenbottom (born July 22, 1965) is an American professional wrestler, better known by the ring name "The Heartbreak Kid" Shawn Michaels'". He performs on the Raw brand of World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). Michaels has recently returned to action after knee surgery. His absence was being shown on television as being a result of a serious concussion.
He is one of the two wrestlers that performed on the very first episode of "WWF Monday Night RAW" that is still part of the company, the other being The Undertaker.

Mount McKinley
Mount McKinley or Denali is the highest mountain peak in North America. It is about 20,320 feet(6,193.6 m) high. It is located in the main part of the Alaska Range. It is also called Denali which means "the high one" in Athabaskan language.
Location.
Mount McKinley is located in the central portion of the Alaska Range. It is about 130 miles (209 km) north-northwest of Anchorage and 155 miles (249 km) southwest of Fairbanks. The summit is about 35 miles (56 km) from the nearest major road, the George Parks Highway.

Dune
In physical geography, a dune is a hill of sand built by eolian processes. Dunes have different forms and sizes based on their interaction with the wind. A "dune field" is an area covered by many sand dunes.

Hurri
Hurri was a state along with Mitanni and also called the "Hurri lands", which many scholars place in Armenia.

Detective
A detective is a person who solves crime, or investigates. A famous fictional (not real) detective is Sherlock Holmes and inspector Cluso. Detectives help work for the police.

Kieran Richardson
Kieran Edward Richardson (born 21 October 1984 in Greenwich, London) is an English footballer currently playing for Manchester United He is a left-sided midfielder who is also comfortable playing in central midfield. He has also played at left back during Manchester United's recent injury crisis. Charley Uchea, a cousin to Kieran, is one of the Big Brother UK housemates in 2007. Kieran has boycotted Big Brother and his cousin saying that she only using his fame to promote herself in the programme.
Other websites.
plays central midfield for Roy Keane's Sunderland team

Juan Pablo Montoya
Juan Pablo Montoya (born September 20, 1975 in Bogotá, Colombia) is a "NASCAR" stock car driver. His wife is Connie and he has a son and a daughter. His first victory in "NASCAR" came in 2007 for Chip Ganassi's racing team. Prior to 2007, he was in Formula One from 2000 to 2006 winning at Monaco. He was also a Champ Car champion winning the Indianapolis 500. In 2008, his teammates will be Reed Sorenson and Dario Franchitti.

Riyo Mori
Riyo Mori born December 24, 1986 in Aoi-ku, Shizuoka, Japan is a Japanese dance instructor who won the Miss Universe 2007 title in May 2007.
At the conclusion of the this year Miss Universe competition, she was crowned Miss Universe, becoming the second woman from Japan to hold the title. The first Miss Universe winner from Japan was Akiko Kojima in 1959. Mori is the ninth Asian woman to win the pageant, the most recent being Lara Dutta of India who was Miss Universe 2000.

Eolian processes
Eolian (or aeolian or æolian) is an event that occurs in nature. It is related to the winds and it ability to modify the surface of the Earth and other planets.

American Girl (company)
Each doll has her own line of accessories that includes a series of books about her life, furniture, clothing, pets, and things that she would use or play with. For some dolls, a doll of her best friend is included in the collection. Four of the dolls have had movies made about their stories.
The American Girl series was first created by The Pleasant Company in 1986, but today it is made by Mattel, a large toy company.

Sergei Parajanov
Sergei Parajanov ("Sargis Hovsepi Parajanyan"; "Sergej Iosifovich Paradzhanov"; also spelled Paradzhanov or Paradjanov'"), (January 9, 1924 - July 20 1990), is considered by many to be one of the most original and critically-acclaimed filmmakers of the 20th century. His work reflected the ethnic diversity of the Caucasus where he was raised.
He was born to Armenian parents Iosif Paradjanyan and Siranush Bejanyan, in Tbilisi, Georgia. In 1945, Parajanov traveled to Moscow, enrolled in the directing department at VGIK, one of the oldest and highly respected film schools of Europe, and studied under the tutelage of directors Igor Savchenko and Aleksandr Dovzhenko.
In 1950 Parajanov married his first wife, Nigyar Kerimova in Moscow. She came from a Muslim Tatar family and converted to Eastern Orthodox Christianity to marry Parajanov, to terrible consequences: she was later murdered by her relatives in retaliation for her conversion. As a result of this tragic event Parajanov moved to Kiev. There he produced several documentaries ("Dumka", "Golden Hands",
"Natalia Uzhvy") and a handful of narrative films based on Ukrainian and Moldovan folktales, such as "Andriesh", "Ukrainian Rhapsody", and "Flower on the Stone". He became fluent in Ukrainian, remarried (Svetlana Ivanovna Sherbatiuk in 1956) and had a son (Suren, 1958).

Artavazd Peleshyan
Artavazd Ashoti Peleshyan (born November 22, 1938) is an Armenian movie director. He makes documentaries.
Peleshyan is also the author of many books, such as his 1988 book "Moyo kino" ("My Cinema").
Peleshyan's work has not been recognized by world cinema until very recently. After the fall of the Soviet Union, he has been able to make two more short films, "Life" (1993) and "The End" (1994). He is now living in Moscow and suffering from a severe mental illness.

Dress
A dress is a piece of clothing that women sometimes wear. It is like a shirt attached to a long, matching skirt, which may trail behind the wearer. There are many types of dresses. A dress is usually worn at formal occasions, such as a wedding or a dance. In some places, men may wear dresses as part of their culture.

Giza
Giza or Gizah (Arabic, الجيزة, transliterated "al-Gīzah"; pronounced in dialect of Cairo of Egyptian Arabic "eg-Gīza;" also sometimes spelled in English as Gizeh, Ghizeh, or Geezeh) is a town in Egypt. It is on the west bank of the Nile river. It is about 20 km southwest of central Cairo. Today it is part of the greater Cairo metropolis. It is the capital of the Al Jizah Governorate, and is near the northeast border of this governorate in coordinates. It is right on the banks of the Nile River. It had 4,779,000 people living in it in 1998.
Giza is known for being the place where the Giza Plateau is. The plateau is the site of some of the most impressive ancient monuments in the world. There are a complex of ancient Egyptian royal mortuary and sacred structures there. These include the Great Sphinx, the Great Pyramid of Giza, and a number of other large pyramids and temples.
The Great Pyramid of Giza was once advocated (1884) as the location for the Prime Meridian, a reference point used for determining a base longitude.
History.
Giza's most famous archaeological site, the Giza Plateau, holds some of the most astonishing monuments in Egyptian history. Once thriving with the Nile that flowed right into the Giza Plateau, the Pyramids of Giza were built overlooking the ancient Egyptian capital of Memphis, which was near modern day Cairo.
The Giza Plateau is also home to many other Ancient Egyptian monuments, including the tomb of Pharaoh Djet of the First dynasty as well as that of Pharaoh Ninetjer of the Second dynasty.
The city itself has seen some changes over time. Changes in infrastructure during the different occupations of Egypt by various rulers, including the British in the 19th and early 20th century, focused on the construction of roads, streets, and buildings in the area. It is commonly misunderstood that the Giza area is a complete desert area; however, Giza has become a thriving centre of Egyptian culture and is quite heavily populated, with many facilities and buildings in the current area. Giza saw much attention in particular to its vast amount of ancient Egyptian monuments found on the Giza Plateau, and has astonished thousands of visitors and tourists over the years. Giza's infrastructure saw much attention from both the British government prior to the 1952 coup d'etat as well as the current Egyptian government due to the city's importance in tourism.
Parts of Giza include Alharam famous in the past for its night clubs, Zamalek predominantly populated by middle class Egyptians and relatively recently overpopulated Almohan
International access.
Access to the city of Giza, which has its own Governorate adjacent to the governorate of Cairo, is dependent on Cairo International Airport, since no official International Airport is located in Giza.
Fictional references.
Giza is also known for its appearance as a dig and discovery site in the fictional universe of Stargate. An interplanetary transportation device is found and is the central basis for a movie and 2 popular television shows.

Spine (botany)
Spines are the ends of branches or leafs, that have been modified into rounded, hard structures with sharp ends. They are often also called thorns, which are reduced, sharp pointed stems.
Spines are used by plants to protect themselves from herbivores. Some plants with spines and animals that feed on them, have co-evolved in response to each other, with some plants having very long spines and the animals that feed on those species having long tongues to reach past the spines to feed on the leaves.

Pope Pius IX
Pope Pius IX (May 13, 1792 – February 7, 1878), born Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti, reigned as Pope of the Roman Catholic Church from his election in June 16, 1846, until his death more than 31 years later in 1878, making him the longest-reigning Pope since the Apostle St. Peter. Pius IX was elected as the candidate of the liberal and moderate wings on the College of Cardinals, following the pontificate of arch-conservative Pope Gregory XVI. Initially sympathetic to democratic and modernizing reforms in Italy and in the Church, Pius became increasingly conservative after he was deposed as the temporal ruler of the Papal States in the events that followed the Revolutions of 1848. He formally defined the dogma of the Immaculate Conception and organized the First Vatican Council, which defined the dogma of papal infallibility.

Sickle
A sickle is a curved tool used in agriculture for harvesting grain crops. It was the tool used before machines were used for harvesting. It has a curved blade with an attached handle. The inside part of the blade is sharp, so that the user can swing the blade against the crop's base, catching it in the curve and slicing it.
In Greek mythology, the Greek deities Cronus and Perseus used the sickle as a weapon.

Kilometres per hour
Kilometres per hour is a unit of measurement, which measures speed or velocity. The unit symbol is km/h or km·h−1. By definition, an object travelling at a speed of 1 km/h in a straight line for 1 hour moves 1 kilometre. The unit is the most commonly used unit of speed worldwide, more common than the SI unit of speed, metres per second.

Amanda Bynes
Amanda Laura Bynes (born April 3, 1986) is an American actress, former program host on Nickelodeon and fashion designer. After appearing in several successful television series on Nickelodeon in the late 1990s and early 2000s, Bynes has moved into a movie career. She starring in several movies aimed at teenage audiences, including "She's the man" and the movie version of the musical "Hairspray". She was on the 2007 Forbes list as the 5th highest paid celebrities under 21 earning $2.5 million.
Bynes has been described by "The Boston Globe" as having an "Everygirl" appeal, embodying "both everything her teen fans dream of being and everything they know they really are, and they love her for it." In 2006, she was named one of "Teen People's" "25 Hottest Stars Under 25".

Exclamation mark
An exclamation mark (!) is a punctuation mark. It is used to show strong emotion at the end of a sentence or after an interjection.
The use of a space in before an exclamation mark is incorrect.

Yupi'k
Yupi'k people are a group of native people who mainly reside in certain parts of Alaska, somewhere near Fairbanks. There is a very little population of Yupi'ks, near 500. Most of them were wiped out by a virus or sickness. Some of the Yupi'k people's traditions are celebrating the dead. They celebrate by having ceremonies with a shaman, where they connect with the dead. They also name the next child born after the most recent person who has died.

Anna Kournikova
Anna Sergeevna Kournikova (born June 7, 1981, in Moscow, Russia, then USSR) (Russian: Анна Сергеевна Курникова) is a Russian model and retired professional tennis player. She has won two Grand Slam doubles tournaments, both with Swiss player Martina Hingis. In 1999, the Women's Tennis Association (WTA) said she was the best doubles player in the world. She has also played tennis for Russia in an international competition called the Fed Cup.
Kournikova played in her last Grand Slam tournament in 2003. Since then she has modeled clothes and played in exhibition tennis matches. Although she was born in Russia, she now lives in Miami, Florida in the United States. She has appeared in several advertisements mainly about tennis. As of July 2008, her boyfriend is Spanish singer Enrique Iglesias.
Personal life.
Kournikova was born in Moscow in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR - now called Russia) in 1981. Her mother is called Alla and her father is called Sergei. She first picked up a tennis racket when she was five years old and joined the Spartak Tennis Club. She improved very much and when she was 10 years old she moved to Florida to train at an academy.
In 2000, it was reported that she was going to marry Russian NHL player Pavel Bure. Another Russian ice hockey player, Sergei Fedorov, who played for the Detroit Red Wings said that he had married Kournikova in 2001, but they divorced later that year. In 2002, she was in a music video with Enrique Iglesias for his song "Escape". She was Iglesias's girlfriend after this video, but said later that she did not want to get married. Iglesias said she kept saying no when he would ask marry him. He said "I always try, but she doesn't want to." Kournikova has said that she is not interested in getting married: "I'm never getting married. Everything is good."
In 2002 she was the second most popular athlete searched for on Google, and was voted the "Sexiest Woman In The World" by FHM readers. However, some experts working for ESPN voted her the 18th biggest sports failure from 1979 to 2004.
It is thought Kournikova has been paid about £50 million in her career as of 2007, but most of this did not come from tennis. She said "You cannot just be a great tennis player or just be a beautiful person to succeed in the game any more. You have to have it all: the talent, the looks, the brains and the drive."
Playing style.
Kournikova holds her racket in her right hand but uses both hands when she play backhand shots. She is a good player at the net. She has several different types of shots, some of which are her hard shots from the back of the court and drop shots which land just over the net.
Overview.
Kournikova became a professional tennis player in October of 1995 when she was 14-years-old. In 1996, the WTA gave her a prize for being the best new player in the world. She won the first of her 16 WTA tour doubles titles in September of 1998 in Tokyo, in Japan. Her partner for the victory was American player Monica Seles. After this, Kournikova will often play her doubles matches with Swiss player Martina Hingis. She finished the year in the top 20 women tennis players in the world. In 1999, the pair won five doubles tournaments, one of which was the Australian Open, and they came second in the French Open. That year, the WTA gave them an award for being the best doubles pair in the world. Kournikova won six doubles tournaments in 2000, four of them with Hingis.
In 2001, Kournikova suffered an injury to her foot which meant she was unable to play in many tournaments that year. She got better and won the doubles tournament at the Australian Open in 2002, again with Hingis. Other injuries like a bad back meant that in 2003, Kornikova played very few tournaments and said "I do not want to go on playing unless I can participate 100%".
Kournikova also played tennis for Russia in the Fed Cup. She played both singles and doubles and won 12 out of 19 matches between 1996 and 2000.
Singles.
The following table shows how far Kournikova progressed in each of the Grand Slam singles tournaments she has played in.
Doubles.
Kournikova won two doubles tournaments. She won the 1999 Australian Open with Swiss player Martina Hingis when they defeated Lindsay Davenport and Natasha Zvereva. Kournikova and Hingis won the 2002 Australian Open, when they defeated Daniela Hantuchová and Arantxa Sánchez Vicario. They were also runners-up in the 1999 French Open where they lost to American pair Venus and Serena Williams. At the end of 1999, Kournikova was the best doubles player in the world.
Kournikova has also played mixed doubles. She was runner-up with Swede Jonas Björkman in 1999 at the Wimbledon Championships. She also finished runner-up with Max Mirnyi from Belarus in the 2000 US Open.
Victories.
The following table is a summary of the Women's Tennis Association and Grand Slam tournaments won by Kournikova.
Modeling and sponsorship.
Kournikova began to be a model while she was still playing tennis. When she lost in the first round at Wimbledon in 2002, she had an interview with a reporter from the BBC. The reporter suggested that her modeling was making her concentrate less on tennis. This upset her and she nearly walked out of the interview. She said she was "100% committed to tennis".
Kournikova endorsed a video game called "Anna Kournikova's Smash Court Tennis" for the Sony PlayStation in 1999. She was also sponsored by sportswear manufacturer Adidas and sports bra manufacturer Berlei. She made more than ten times as much money from her sponsors than from playing tennis that year.. She made a £7 million agreement to be in an advertising campaign for internet company Lycos. In 2002, Adidas said they were worried she was was not concentrating on tennis enough.
As of July 2008, she is sponsored by sportswear manufacturer K-Swiss.

Sk8er Boi
Sk8er Boi is a single by pop-punk singer Avril Lavigne. It is one of her most famous songs.
Song information.
In this song, she tells the story of a relationship between a "sk8er boi" (skater boy) and a more preppy girl who does ballet. Although they both "want" each other, the girl rejects him against her own secret feelings because of peer pressure. In the end, the skater boy becomes famous and is with another punk girl (Avril sings in that girl's point of view) who cares for him, leaving the preppy girl behind.
Music video.
The music video begins with what may be the "Sk8er Boi" in the alley of a city with a bunch of spray paint on the ground. The music video goes along with posters that have a star on them advertising a concert Avril hosts, where people use their cars and amplifiers to have the concert on the streets. The concert gets so wild the police come in trying to stop it. At the end of the video, Avril crashes her guitar into the car windshield. A police helicopter comes in, leaving a mystery as to what they will do.
Movie adaptation.
In 2003, Paramount Pictures optioned the song for adaptation into a feature film. However, as of December 2006, the film has apparently been abandoned or is stuck in development hell.

Talk show
A talk show is a radio or television program where one or more hosts discuss current issues or other topics with guests. Many talk shows (especially those on radio) allow members of the public to join in, through telephone calls, letters, e-mail and Internet chat. All talk shows are meant to entertain, and many feature comedy or entertainers performing. Many shows, though, do a public service, by informing the public and discussing issues openly. While some are locally based, and serve only one station's audience, others become syndicated and play on many stations, or are broadcast by a regional or national network.
The host of a talk show may already be a celebrity, or may become one as their show becomes popular. Some are professionals or experts in a field of knowledge, such as psychology or business. Others are well-known performers who can converse well with others. Guests on a talk show may also be experts in a field of knowledge or work, longtime professionals, or new and familiar celebrities, performers or athletes. Sometimes guests are members of the public who do something that interests others, such as inventors and authors, or someone who comes to public attention through a disaster or mishap.
Television.
Johnny Carson hosted NBC's "The Tonight Show" for thirty years, with guests from every walk of life, including many old and new celebrities. Singer Mike Douglas hosted a popular, long-running show, co-hosted by weekly guests. Merv Griffin, David Frost and Dick Cavett also had long-running talk shows. Dr. Joyce Brothers was one of the first women to host a national talk show. Other women followed as hosts, including Oprah Winfrey, Joan Rivers, Ricki Lake, Rosie O'Donnell, and Ellen DeGeneres.
Many celebrities host a talk show after they finish work on a television series, to change the direction of their career or to promote things they think are important. Many such series last only a season or two, and some even less. Actresses Gabrielle Carteris, Caroline Rhea and Megan Mullally each hosted short-lived talk shows, after leaving successful series. Nearly every show aired at the same time as "The Tonight Show" has been cancelled after a short run, including shows hosted by Chevy Chase and Dennis Miller. Arsenio Hall came close, with a show lasting five seasons. "Late Show with David Letterman" has been the most successful, and is still airing. (Ironically, David Letterman was a hopeful to take over "The Tonight Show" from Carson when he retired in 1992.)
Radio.
Talk shows became more and more popular on AM radio from the 1970s onward, as AM stations began to play less music. Today talk shows are heard on AM, FM, and also shortwave radio stations, satellite radio, and the Internet. Larry King began his career on radio, and "crossed over" to television after many years as a popular host. Howard Stern led the trend of "shock jocks", using profanity and personal topics to make his show more exciting. Art Bell talked about controversial topics, like UFOs and possible government conspiracies.
Call-in shows are meant especially for members of the public to join in, by telephone. Callers may wish to talk about current topics in politics, economics or social trends, or to seek advice, or help with a personal problem. Dr. Laura Schlesinger, Dr. Joy Browne, and Bruce Williams help callers with problems, while Michael Savage and many other hosts discuss current issues, on their radio shows.

Graduated cylinder
A graduated cylinder is a piece of laboratory glassware used to accurately measure volumes of chemicals for use in reactions.
Often, the biggest graduated cylinders are made of polyethylene or other stiff plastic, making them lighter and less fragile than glass, but more difficult to sterilize.

Edmond Keosayan
Edmond Keosayan (; Leninakan, now Gyumri, October 9, 1936 - Moscow, April 21, 1994) was an Armenian Soviet movie director and musician. From 1954 to 1956 Keosayan studied in Plekhanov Moscow Institute of Economy. From 1956 to 1958 he studied in Yerevan Fine Arts and Theatre Institute. In 1964, he graduated from the Directing Department of VGIK (E.Dzigan's master class). Since 1964 Keosayan has been a director at Mosfilm Studio. He has worked worked a few times for Armenfilm Studio.
He was also a Master of Ceremonies of the Soviet State Variety Orchestra.
His films are mainly in the Armenian and
Russian languages.

Amerigo Vespucci
Amerigo Vespucci (March 9, 1454 - February 22, 1512) was an Italian merchant, explorer and cartographer. He was the first person to explain that the New World discovered by Christopher Columbus in 1492 was not the eastern area of Asia, but an unknown continent (America).
It is also popularly believed that North and South America derive their name from a Latinized version his first name.

Titanic (1997 movie)
"Titanic" is a 1997 romantic drama movie directed, written, and co-produced by James Cameron about the sinking of the RMS Titanic. It stars Kate Winslet and Leonardo DiCaprio as Rose DeWitt Bukater and Jack Dawson respectively, members of different social classes who fall in love aboard the ill-fated 1912 maiden voyage of the ship.
The film was both a critical and commercial success, winning eleven Academy Awards including Best Picture, and became the highest grossing film of all time, with a total worldwide gross of $1.8 billion.
It's most famous line is "I'm the King of the World!", said by Jack Dawson. In 2005, it ranked 100 on AFI's list of the one hundred most popular quotes of all time. Two years later, it was the 83rd most popular movie on the AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies 10th anniversary list.
Plot summary.
In 1996, treasure hunter Brock Lovett and his team has reached the most famous shipwreck of all - the RMS "Titanic". Emerging with a safe believed to contain a famous diamond called the "Heart of the Ocean", he discovers that the safe does not hold the diamond, but a drawing of a beautiful young woman wearing it. When Lovett is later interviewed on television, he shows the drawing to the cameras, and Rose Dawson Calvert, now 101, recognizes the young woman in the drawing - herself. She and her granddaughter Lizzy visit Lovett on his research ship over the wreck, and tells her story of the "Titanic" and its ill-fated maiden voyage.
In 1912, 17-year-old society girl Rose DeWitt Bukater boards the ship's first class suites with her fiance, steel magnate Caledon Hockley, and her mother, Ruth DeWitt Bukater, in Southampton. Also boarding are poor artist Jack Dawson and his best friend Fabrizio De Rossi, after a lucky poker game wins them in steerage. When Rose attempts suicide by jumping off the stern in third class, Jack pulls her back onto the ship... and a bond is forged between them as Jack is invited by her into first class the following day. Rose's mother and Cal try desperate measures to keep them apart as Jack and Rose fall in love, until the "Titanic" collides with an iceberg and is critically damaged. Now Jack and Rose must fight to stay alive, as their passionate romance becomes a struggle for survival, but Jack is already doomed because of his lower status as a steerage passenger.

Rip Slyme
Rip Slyme is a Japanese hip hop group formed in 1994. It has 5 members - 4 MCs and 1 DJ.

Laboratory flask
Laboratory flasks are containers made of glass which are usually used in scientific laboratories. Flasks are made in different shapes and sizes. Their size are chosen by the volume they can hold, and is measured in metric units, like leters (L) or mililiters (mL). Their shape depends on what they are used for, but they usually consist of a body which contains the materials, and a neck which is they way to insert materials into the body. Some modern flasks are made of plastic.
Flasks can be used to make and hold solutions, to measure chemicals, and to contain chemical reactions like boiling, precipitation and analysis.

Names for large numbers
Naming very large numbers is relatively easy. There are two main ways of naming a number: scientific notation and naming by grouping. For example, the number 500 000 000 000 000 000 000 can be called 5 x 1020 in scientific notation since there are 20 zeros behind the 5. If the number is named by grouping, it is five hundred quintillion (American) or 500 trillion (European)
When large numbers have many different decimals in them, such as 642 500 000 000, naming them with scientific notation is about the same, but with one difference. Still counting the number of numbers after the first number (in this case, after the 6 there are 11 numbers) you need to include the ones that are not zero in the formula, but after a decimal point. So 642 500 000 000 will be 6.425 x 1011. When naming by grouping, each group of three numbers is listed with the name of the group. With the same number, it would be said to be 642 billion, 500 million (US) or 642 milliard, 500 million (Eur).
Forms of numbering.
The American way or "Short form" for naming large numbers is different to the European way or "Long form" of naming large numbers. This is mainly because of American finance. Short form numbering is based on thousands and Long form is based on millions. Because of this, in short form a billion is one thousand millions (109) while in Long form it is one million millions (1012). The change in the United States to short form numbering happened in 1974. Today, Short form is most commonly used in most English speaking countries.
Names for large numbers.
There is also the number Googol, which is a 1 with one hundred zeros behind it, and the number Googolplex, which is a 1 with a "Googol" of zeros behind it.
Trivia.
c also dogs, frog leggs, and muffin pan or muffin

Acetylene
Acetylene is a hydrocarbon, belonging to the alkyne group. It is the simplest type of alkyne, as it has only two hydrogen atoms and two carbon atoms. Acetylene is an unsaturated organic compound because its four atoms are triple bonded through a covalent bond. It was discovered in 1836 by Edmund Davy. The chemical symbol is C2H2.
80% of all acetylene produced yearly in the United States is used for chemical synthesis. It is a toxic chemical; breathing the substance causes dizziness, headache and nausea.

Ralf Schumacher
Ralf Schumacher (born June 30, 1975) is a German ex-Formula one driver; he is younger brother of Michael Schumacher. His team was Toyota Racing.

Auto racing
Auto racing (also known as automobile racing, autosport or motorsport) is a sport involving racing automobiles. Auto racing began in France in 1895 and is now one of the world's most popular spectator sports.

Lascelles Abercrombie
Lascelles Abercrombie (January 9, 1881 – October 27, 1938) was a British poet and critic of Literature, and he was a member of a group of famous poets called "Dymock poets". He was born in Ashton upon Mersey and studied at the University of Manchester.
Before the First World War, he lived for a time at Dymock in Gloucestershire. In 1922, they gave him the job of Professor of English at the University of Leeds. In 1929 he moved on to the University of London, and in 1935 to the University of Oxford. He wrote many poems, that were put together in a book called 'Poems' (1930). In the same year he wrote his most important poem, "The Sale of Saint Thomas" in six Acts. He was the brother of the architect Patrick Abercrombie, and his son was the scientist Michael Abercrombie.

Eliza Acton
Elizabeth 'Eliza' Acton (April 17, 1799 - February 13, 1859) was an English poet and cook. She wrote one the first cookbooks for cooking at home, not for professional cook or chef, "Modern Cookery for Private Families". In this book she started the use of listing the ingredients and suggested cooking times with each recipe, like all the world does now. "Modern Cookery" was sold for a long time after her death, until 1914 and can still be found at many libraries. Her recipes are still very famous.

Ralph Fiennes
Ralph Fiennes, is an English actor, born 22 December 1962 in Ipswich, Suffolk, England, who won the Tony Award and was nominated for the Academy Award for his work in Steven Spielberg's movie "Schindler's List", and the Genie Award. His parents are Jennifer Lash and Mark Fiennes. His brothers and sister are Joseph Fiennes, Sophie Fiennes, Martha Fiennes, Magnus Fiennes and Jacob Fiennes.

Wellington Koo
Vi Kyuin Wellington Koo (Chinese: 顾维钧；Pinyin: Gù Wéijūn; Wade-Giles: Ku Wei-chün) (January 29, 1887 – November 14, 1985) was a Chinese diplomat. He was a representative at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919.
Born in Shanghai in 1887, he went to the United States in 1904 and studied Western culture in order to help China with the problem of imperialism. He spoke perfect fluent English, and came to be interested in China's position in international society.

Wade-Giles
Wade-Giles (), sometimes abbreviated Wade, is a Romanization system for the Chinese language. It is based on the form of Mandarin used in Beijing. The system was produced by Thomas Wade in the mid-19th century. It was fully developed in Herbert Giles's 1892 Chinese-English dictionary.
Wade-Giles was the main system of transliteration in the English-speaking world for much of the 20th century. It is used in several standard reference books. It is also used in all books about China published before 1979. It replaced the Nanjing-based romanization systems that was common until the late 19th century. Wade-Giles has been replaced by the pinyin system today. It still remains in use in Taiwan (Republic of China).

Prince (disambiguation)
A prince is a member of the highest aristocracy

Natalia Oreiro
Natalia Oreiro (born May 19, 1977 in Montevideo,Uruguay) is Uruguayan singer and actress.She played soap-operas and movies.Her most knowm soap-opera is called Muñeca Brava (1998-1999), which was an every-afternoon-smash-hit during its run in Argentina.Her last soap-opera Sos mi vida (2006) was sold more than 40 countries.
She nominated Latin Grammy in 2001 with her second album Tu veneno.

Democratic Progressive Party
The Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) (Traditional Chinese:; Simplified Chinese:; abbreviated to or; Hanyu Pinyin: Mínjìndǎng) is a major political party in the Republic of China (Taiwan). The party has been linked with the pan-green coalition and de-jure Taiwan independence movementy. The DPP is a member of Liberal International and a founding member of the Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats. The DPP represented Taiwan in the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organisation.

President of the Republic of China
The President of the Republic of China (Taiwan) () is the head of state and commander in chief of the democratic island country known officially as the Republic of China (Taiwan). The Republic of China (Taiwan) government has controlled Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu and other islands after the rest of mainland China since 1949.
The presidential office was created in 1948 under the 1947 Constitution of the Republic of China (Taiwan).
Outside of Taiwan, the President of the Republic of China (Taiwan) is usually informally referred to as the "President of Taiwan" (). In the previous Kuomintang-controlled administration, the title of "President of the Republic of China" was used. The current Democratic Progressive Party administration refers to the President as the "President of the Republic of China (Taiwan)" ().

Anatas Mikoyan
Anastas Hovhannesi Mikoyan (November 251895 - October 21, 1978) was an Armenian Old Bolshevik and Soviet statesman during the Stalin and Khrushchev years.
It was told that, during Khrushchev time, he was the second most powerful man in the Soviet Union.

Mitanni
Mitanni was a Hurrian kingdom in northern Mesopotamia from ca. 1500 BC.
Mitanni is often associated with Armenian nobility.

Russian British people
The Russian British are people who came from Russia and live in United Kingdom.

Larry Griffin
Larry Griffin (September 23, 1954 - June 21, 1995) - was a man accused of killing 19-year-old Quintin Moss. The alleged crime happened in Saint Louis, Missouri, on June 26, 1980. On June 21, 1995, the State of Missouri executed Griffin by lethal injection. He is one of the few people who were put to death based on the testimony of one witness who was far away from the crime scene. He maintained his innocence until he was executed for the crime.

Nassau County, New York
Nassau County is a suburban county in the New York Metropolitan area east of New York City in the U.S. state of New York. In 2000, it had 1,334,544 people living in it. It and Suffolk County are together referred to as Long Island. Along with Suffolk, it was named the safest county in the United States in 2005 by Forbes magazine.

White Bears
White Bears or Spitak Archer were a group of fighters organized and equipped by Garo Kahkejian, a volunteer from United States a grandson of Genocide survivors, his units drew volunteers from everywhere taking on the most difficult missions.

Nagorno-Karabakh War
The Nagorno-Karabakh War was an armed conflict that took place from February 1988 to May 1994, in the small ethnic enclave of Nagorno-Karabakh in southwestern Azerbaijan, between the mostly ethnic Armenians of Nagorno-Karabakh backed by the Republic of Armenia against the Republic of Azerbaijan.

Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol
The province of Bozen wanted more autonomy, because the main German-speaking community of Italy lives there.
In the province of Trient, the people speak Italian. It has 339 official towns.
The majority of people in Alto Adige/Südtirol speaks german. However more italian speakers live in the capital of Bolzano.
A tiny minority group called the Ladins lives in the Dolomites region: they speak an old Rheto-Romanic language.
Words and ways of talking in this area are spread in the valleys around the Dolomites mountain group: Gardena, Badia Mareo Valley (Alto Adige/Südtirol)and Fassa Valley (Trentino). Ladin is also spoken in the town of Cortina d'Ampezzo and areas around there.
The Ladin language of the Fassa Valley Ladin is more like Italian: the Ladins of this valley speak a language with a lot of Italian or Trentino style sentences.

SMAP
SMAP is a Japanese boy band. This group is made up of 5 male members. This group is very popular in Japan and among the Japanese people. This group was formed in April 1988. They held the 1st concert at Nihonbudokan in January and sold the debut CD “Can’t stop!!-LOVING” in September 9th 1991. Members are Masahiro Nakai, Takuya Kimura, Goro Inagaki, Tsuyoshi Kusanagi and Shingo Katori. Now, the group has five members but at the beginning it had six members. His name is Katsuyuki Mori. He withdrew from the group to be an auto racer in 1996.

Kick the Can Crew
Kick the Can Crew is a Japanese hip-hop group. The style is 3MC and 1DJ. The group was started by 1996, but it broke up in 2004.

Judy and Mary
Judy and Mary is a Japanese rock band. This group began in 1992. The member are YUKI, Yoshihito Onda, Kota Igarashi and TAKUYA. They were very famous, but this group ended in 2001. Their famous songs include "Sobakasu," "Lucky Pool" and "Sanpomichi". Their songs have been siging by many Japanese Karaoke. hello

Angela Aki
Angela Aki (born September 15, 1977) is a J-pop singer-songwriter. Her former Japanese name is Aki Kiyomi. She was born in Itano of Tokushima prefecture. Her father is Japanese and her mother is Italian-American. She is bilingual in English and Japanese. She was raised in Japan, but she moved to Hawaii when she was fifteen. Then she went to university at George Washington University. She released an indie album in the United States in 2000, called "These Words". Now she is signed under Sony Japan.

Reduction
Reduction in a general sense means to take of a part of a whole thing or to make it smaller.

IPA chart for English
This is the International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English. These symbols will be used throughout Wikipedia. Linguists use this set of symbols.
RP = Received Pronunciation. GA = General American. AuE = Australian English.

Spanish Empire
The Spanish Empire was one of the largest empires in history and one of the first global empires.
In the 15th and 16th centuries Spain was in the center of European global exploration and colonial expansion and the opening of trade routes across the oceans, with trade across the Atlantic Ocean between Spain and the Americas and across the Pacific Ocean between Asia-Pacific and Mexico via the Philippines. Conquistadors destroyed the Aztec, Inca, and Maya civilizations, and took a lot of land in North and South America. For a time, the Spanish Empire dominated the oceans with its experienced navy and ruled the European battlefield with its well trained infantry. Spain enjoyed a cultural golden age in the 16th and 17th centuries.
Definition.
The "Spanish Empire" generally means Spain's overseas colonies in the Americas, the Pacific, and elsewhere. But it is not clear what is exactly part of the Spanish Empire. For instance, traditionally, territiories such as the Low Countries or Spanish Netherlands were included as they were part of the possessions of the King of Spain, governed by Spanish officials and defended by Spanish troops. But the British historian Henry Kamen writes that these territories were never part of a "Spanish" state and instead formed part of the wider Habsburg estate. Therefore many historians use both "Habsburg" and "Spanish" when they speak of the empire of Charles V or Philip II. Only from an "Anglosaxon" point of view can these observations be accurate since, with all effect, the Low Countries were part of Spain during that period.
Portugal was occupied by Spanish forces and was ruled by the same monarch in "personal union", but Portugal remained a separate state. The Portuguese empire continued to be ruled from Lisbon during this period. Therefore there was a joint Spanish-Portuguese rule for some time. These jointly run empires have sometimes been called the Spanish-Portuguese Empire, but they were not parts of one state.
The Beginnings of the Empire (1402–1521).
The marriage of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile) created a personal union of Aragon and Castile.
In 1492, Spain drove out the last Moorish king of Granada. After their victory, the Spanish monarchs allowed Christopher Columbus to try to reach India by sailing west. Columbus instead "discovered" America. That was the start of the Spanish colonization of the continent.
By the Treaty of Tordesillas of 1494, the globe was divided into two hemispheres between Spain and Portugal. Therefore Spain had the rigth to start colonies in all of the New World from Alaska to Cape Horn (except Brazil), as well as Asia. The Castilian Empire was the result of a period of rapid colonial expansion into the New World, as well as the Philippines and colonies in Africa: Melilla was captured by Castile in 1497 and Oran in 1509.
Results till today.
The Spanish language and the Roman Catholic Church were brought to the Americas and to the Spanish East Indies (Federated States of Micronesia, Guam, Marianas, Palau and the Philippines) by the Spanish colonization which began in the 15th century. Together with the Portuguese empire, the Spanish empire laid the foundations of a globalised trade by opening up the great trans-oceanic trade routes. Modern International law has its roots in the Spanish colonial expansion and bad experience with imperialism as well.

Viceroyalty of New Spain
The Viceroyalty of New Spain was the name of the viceroy-ruled territories of the Spanish Empire in Asia, North America and its peripheries from 1535 to 1821. New Spain was the name that the Spanish gave to the area that today is central and southern Mexico, and since the capital city of the Viceroyalty was in Mexico City, the name was also used for the viceroyalty.
The Viceroyalty of New Spain's territory included what is the Bay Islands "(until 1643)",
Cayman Islands "(until 1670)", Central America (as far as the southern border of Costa Rica until 1821), Cuba, Florida, Hispaniola (including Haiti until 1697), Jamaica "(until 1655)" Mariana Islands, Mexico, Philippines, Puerto Rico, nearly all of the southwest United States (including all or parts of the modern-day U.S. states of California, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, Wyoming, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas and Florida), and claims as far north as British Columbia and Alaska, but the northern boundary of New Spain was redefined by the Adams-Onís Treaty of 1819. Until 1739, New Spain also included Venezuela.
The territories were separated into provinces. Provinces were lead by a governor, who was responsible for the administration of the province and often also lead the province's army and militias. The provinces were grouped together under five high courts, called "Audiencias" in Spanish, located at Santo Domingo, Mexico City, Guatemala, Guadalajara and Manila. Both the high courts and the governors had autonomy from the viceroy and carried out most duties on their own. Only on important issues did the viceroy become involved in ruling the provinces directly.
In 1821, Spain lost continental territories when it recognized the independence of Mexico, as well as Santo Domingo when it was invaded by Haiti that same year. However, Cuba, Puerto Rico and Spanish East Indies (including Mariana Islands and the Philippines) remained a part of the Spanish crown until the Spanish–American War (1898).

Matthew Perry
Matthew Langford Perry (born August 19, 1969) is a American-Canadian Emmy and Golden Globe nominated actor who is famous for his role as "Chandler Bing" in the American television sitcom "Friends", a part he played for 10 years.
He recently portrayed "Matt Albie" on the NBC series "Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip".

Matt LeBlanc
Matthew Steven LeBlanc (born April 12, 1967) is an Emmy and Golden Globe nominated American actor, famous for his role as "Joey Tribbiani" on the TV sitcoms "Friends" (1994-2004) and "Joey". In 2000, he won Editor's Choice in TV Guide Awards (as "Friends"). In 2002, he won TV - Choice Actor - Comedy at the Teen Choice Awards (as "Friends"). In 2005, he won Favorite Male Television Star at the People's Choice Awards.
He is married to Melissa McKnight.

Tango
Tango is a dance that was created in Buenos Aires, Argentina. The musical style that was created with the dance is also called "tango".
The first tango dances and music was called "tango criollo," or simply "tango". Today, there are many tango dance styles, including Argentine Tango, Uruguayan Tango, Ballroom tango (American and International styles), Finnish tango, Chinese tango, and vintage tangos. The Argentine tango is normally seen as the "authentic" tango since it is closest to that originally danced in Argentina and Uruguay, though other types of tango have also become important and famous dances.

Ethane
Ethane is a chemical compound and an alkane with a chemical formula of C2H6. It is the only type of alkane with two carbon atoms.
Its main use is in the chemical industry, in producing ethylene by steam cracking. At room temperature, the gas is flammable, and it explodes when mixed with air. When ethane is at a liquid state, touching it will result with a very serious frostbite.

Cracking (chemistry)
In chemistry terms, cracking is a process by which complicated organic molecules (such as kerogens or heavy hydrocarbons) are broken down into simpler molecules (e.g. light hydrocarbons) by breaking their carbon-carbon bonds. How fast the cracking process is and how long it takes for the end products to form are very dependent on the temperature and any existing catalysts. Cracking, also referred to as pyrolysis, is the breakdown of a large alkane into smaller, more useful alkanes and an alkene.
Cracking is used in petroleum to form "light" products such as LPG and gasoline.

Christchurch, New Zealand
Christchurch is a city in the South Island of New Zealand. It is on the east coast. Christchurch has a population of about 320,000 and is the largest city in the South Island.
The city was begun by British settlers in 1850. They were organised by the Canterbury Association, which had links with the Church of England. Before that, Māori people lived in a number of settlements in the area, such as Kaiapoi and Rapaki.
The city has many fine stone and wooden buildings dating from its early period, including the Christchurch Cathedral in the square at the centre of the city. Much is made of the Englishness, with attractions like a tourist tramway and punting on the river Avon.
Christchurch is built on fairly swampy ground close to the Pacific Ocean at the edge of the wide Canterbury Plains. Just to the south of the city is Banks Peninsula, a series of extinct volcanoes. The port of Lyttelton is in the drowned crater of one of the volcanoes, and there is a scenic road around the crater rim.
Climate.
Christchurch is fairly dry all year round, and has warm summers and cold winters. The most common wind is a northeasterly sea breeze, but the city is famous for Nor'westers, hot dry, dusty winds which blow across the plains. Many people complain that the nor'westers give them headaches.

Phosphine
Phosphine is the common name for the chemical compound phosphorus hydride (chemical formula: PH3). It is also called phosphane and phosphamine. It is a colorless, flammable gas. It is highly toxic; it can easily kill, even when concentration levels are low. The gas is used for pest control.

Planetary ring
A planetary ring is a ring made of dust and other particles orbiting around a planet in a flat-disc shaped region. The gas giants Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune are the only planets known to have rings, with Saturn having the most spectacular system of rings.
The rings sometimes have "shepherd satellites". These moons orbit either in between ring gaps or the outside edge of a ring. The moons' gravity maintain the rings current shape with a well defined edge. Any material that drifts closer to a moon's orbit, it can either move back into the body of the ring, deflect out into space, or is added onto the moon's surface.
The rings can be made of silica or water ice. It is not known how any of the rings were formed.

Kingdom of Castile
The Kingdom of Castile was one of the medieval kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula. It began in the 9th century: it was called "County of Castile" and was a vassalage depending from the Kingdom of León. It was one of the kingdoms that existed before the Kingdom of Spain.
9th to 11th centuries: The beginnings.
The first Count of Castile was Rodrigo in 850, under Ordoño I of Asturias and Alfonso III of Asturias. In 931 the county was unified by count Fernán González, who made his lands subject to a hereditary succession, independent of the kings of León.
11th and 12th centuries: Expansion and union to the Kingdom of León.
In 1028 Sancho III the Great, of Navarre, married the sister of count García Sánchez and inherited title to the County of Castile after his brother-in-law's death. In 1035 he left the county to his son Fernando and at which time Castile became kingdom.
Fernando I was married to Sancha, sister of Bermudo III of León. Fernando I began a war with León and in the battle of Tamarón against a coalition of Castile and Navarre the king of León was killed, leaving no offspring. His brother-in-law Fernando took the crown of León for himself. That was the first union of the kingdoms of León and Castile.

Luigi Galvani
Luigi Galvani (September 9, 1737 – December 4, 1798) was an Italian physician who lived and died in Bologna. In 1771, he found out that the muscles of dead frogs twitched when hit by a spark. He was a pioneer in modern obstetrics, and discovered that muscle and nerve cells produce electricity. He is well known as the inventor of chemical cells.

Lorem ipsum
lorem ipsum is a standard placeholder text in publishing and graphic design. This means that it is often used to fill gaps in the page when text hasn't been put in. It is used to show the graphic elements of a document or its visual presentation, such as fonts, typography, and layout.
Lorem ipsum can also be placeholder text in mock-ups of visual design projects before the actual words are put into the finished product. This is often called greeking.
Often, readers of the text become curious about what it means. Lorem ipsum also resembles classical Latin. However, neither reaction is intended. The placeholder text is simply meant as a placeholder, to show other aspects of the document. Often, Lorem ipsum is used to show what a font or a design looks like. The distribution of letters in lorem ipsum is close to that in English language. This helps to shift the fous to presentation.
History and discovery.
The text is derived from Cicero's "De finibus bonorum et malorum" ("On the Ends of Goods and Evils", sometimes the title is translated as "[About] The Purposes of Good and Evil"). The original passage began: "Neque porro quisquam est qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, consectetur, adipisci velit" (Translation: "Neither is there anyone who loves grief itself since it is grief and thus wants to obtain it"). It is not known exactly when the text acquired its current standard form; it may have been as early as the 1500s (albeit with subsequent minor changes) or as late as the 1960s. The passage was discovered by Richard McClintock, a Latin professor and the Publications Director at Hampden-Sydney College in Virginia. He found it by searching for citings of the word 'consectetur' so he could answer a question about it in the graphic design magazine "Before & After".
English translation.
Cicero's original text: "…neque porro quisquam est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, consectetur, adipisci velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora incidunt ut labore et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem. Ut enim ad minima veniam, quis nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis suscipit laboriosam, nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi consequatur? Quis autem vel eum iure reprehenderit qui in ea voluptate velit esse quam nihil molestiae consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum fugiat quo voluptas nulla pariatur?" "
H. Rackham's 1914 translation: "Nor again is there anyone who loves or pursues or desires to obtain pain of itself, because it is pain, but because occasionally circumstances occur in which toil and pain can procure him some great pleasure. To take a trivial example, which of us ever undertakes laborious physical exercise, except to obtain some advantage from it? But who has any right to find fault with a man who chooses to enjoy a pleasure that has no annoying consequences, or one who avoids a pain that produces no resultant pleasure?"
Variations.
Many variations on the standard "lorem ipsum" text exist, some with little resemblance to the original. Other versions have additional letters — such as "k", "w", and "z" — that were uncommon or missing in the Latin, and nonsense words such as "zzril", "takimata", and "gubergren" added to the original passage to achieve a distribution of letters that more closely approximates English.
Cicero's first Oration against Catiline is sometimes used in type specimens: "Quo usque tandem abutere, Catilina, patientia nostra? Quam diu etiam furor iste tuus nos eludet?. . ."
Today's popular version of "lorem ipsum" was first created for Aldus Corporation's first desktop publishing program Aldus PageMaker in the mid-1980s for the Apple Macintosh. Art director Laura Perry adapted older forms of the "lorem" text from typography samples. The text was frequently used in PageMaker templates.
Various pieces of software, including text editors (or plug-in modules for same), can generate semi-random "lorem text" that often has little or nothing in common with the canonical variety, other than looking like (and often being) jumbled Latin. Apple, Inc.'s Pages software, uses this jumbled text as a sample screenplay for their screenplay layout.

Planetary core
The planetary core is the innermost layer or layers in a planet. The terrestrial planets (planets with a rocky surface) have a core mainly made of iron and could be a solid or a liquid layer. The Earth's core is partially liquid, while the cores of Mars and Venus are thought to be completely solid, because the cores do not make a magnetic field.
The gas giants also have a core made of iron. Their cores are very small, in proportion to their large size. However, the gas giants are so large that their cores can still be larger than the Earth's core. Jupiter's core is estimated to be 12 times the mass of the Earth's.
A core's size can vary from each planet or other object. The moon's core is 20% of its radius, butMercury's core is 75% of its radius.

Redox
Redox (shorthand for reduction/oxidation) describes all chemical reactions in which atoms have their oxidation number (oxidation state) changed.

Van Resistance
The Resistance at Van (Armenian: Վասպուրականի ապստամբությունը) was an resistance against the Ottoman Empire's attempts to remove its Armenian population.

100 (number)
100 (one hundred) (the Roman numeral is C for "centum") is the natural number going after 99 and coming before 101. It is the first number that has 3 digits, meaning it is spelt using 3 numbers (1, 0 and 0).

Wasabi
Wasabi is a spice from the cabbage family. Its root is used as a spice and has a very strong flavor. The root is smashed up into paste for people to eat. Its hotness is more like hot mustard or horseradish than chili pepper because it irritates the nose more than the tongue. When too much is eaten, a very painful feeling will shoot up to your nose. The plant grows naturally in Japan. It is often eaten with sushi.
Wasabi needs clean water and cool climate. It is difficult to grow Wasabi. There are two ways to grow wasabi. One way grows wasabi in water. The other way grows wasabi in field.
Major sources of Wasabi are Shizuoka prefecture, Nagano prefecture, Shimane prefecture, Yamanashi prefecture, Iwate prefecture in Japan. Other source of Wasabi include China, New Zealand, Taiwan.

Prion disease
A prion disease (also called transmissible spongiform encephalopathy) is a disease which is caused by prions. Prions are small proteins which are able to transmit diseases. Unlike viruses and bacteria, prions are not alive. Prion diseases are very rare, and no treatment is available for most of them.
Prion diseases.
Prion diseases are very rare. With Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, which makes up about 85% of the cases, there are about 1 to 1.5 cases per one million people per year.

Help!
"Help!" is a 1965 movie starring The Beatles, and also the name of the movie's theme song, and of its soundtrack album. The movie was directed by Richard Lester, the same as their first movie, "A Hard Day's Night". While "A Hard Day's Night" was filmed in black-and-white, "Help!" was in color. George Martin produced the Beatles's songs for the album, and all their recordings for the movie.
Movie.
"Help!" is a fantasy story, that makes fun of spy movies, which were popular at the time. A religious cult has lost a special ring, worn by people they plan to sacrifice to their goddess, Kaili. It turns out one of their members sent the ring to Ringo Starr (drummer for the Beatles, who loved to wear rings). When the cult finds out, they try to capture Ringo, and either sacrifice him to Kaili or get their ring back. He tries to give it back, but the ring will not come off his finger. The other Beatles try to help, but also end up in danger. A defector (quitter) from the cult tries different ways to remove the ring, and a scientist also tries to steal it. Scotland Yard hides the Beatles at Buckingham Palace, but the cult even sneaks in there. The band escapes to the Bahamas in disguise, but are followed. Tired of running, the Beatles finally face down the cultists.
The movie's co-stars were Leo McKern, Eleanor Bron, Roy Kinnear, and Victor Spinetti. Spinetti also appeared in "A Hard Day's Night", and later in "Magical Mystery Tour". The movie was going to be called "Eight Arms to Hold You", but the title was changed when John Lennon wrote a song titled "Help!" that suited the movie's theme.
"Help!" was filmed partly in England, partly in Austria, and partly in the Bahamas. The Beatles started a company in the Bahamas, as a tax shelter, but it did not work out. While they were filming, a Hindu believer gave each Beatle a book about reincarnation. George Harrison became a follower of Hinduism. He also enjoyed the Indian music featured in "Help!", bought a sitar, and took music lessons with Ravi Shankar.
Soundtrack album.
"Help!" was the fifth album by the Beatles. The first seven songs appeared in the movie. The album includes the title song, "Ticket To Ride", George Harrison's "I Need You", and Paul McCartney's "Yesterday", the song with the most versions by other artists of all time. "Help!" was the last Beatles album with songs written by other people.
Songs on the album.
All songs were written by John Lennon and Paul McCartney unless noted otherwise.

Please Please Me
"Please Please Me" was a 1963 album by The Beatles. It was their first album. Ten of its songs were recorded all in one day, on February 11th 1963, and was an example of what they played live at the time.
Songs on the album.
Songs not credited above were written by John Lennon and Paul McCartney, two members of the band.

Maritime, Fluvial and Harbor Museum of Rouen
It is possible to see a 38 meter long barge which can be visited, trawler and barge motors and a whale skeleton.
The museum is located in a former hangar of the port, not far from the new bridge.

Echternach
Echternach is a city in Luxembourg. It lies near the border with Germany. It is the oldest town with city rights in Luxembourg. Currently about 4.500 people live there. Echternach was founded next to the Abbey of Echternach in the year 698. It was awarded city rights in the year 1236.

Breast cancer
Breast cancer is a type of cancer that happens to the breast.
Worldwide, breast cancer is the fifth most common cause of cancer death. The first four are lung cancer, stomach cancer, liver cancer, and colon cancer. In 2005, breast cancer caused 502,000 deaths (7% of cancer deaths; almost 1% of all deaths) worldwide. Among women worldwide, breast cancer is the most common cancer.
In the United States, breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer in women, and the second most common cause of cancer death in women (after lung cancer). In 2007, breast cancer will probably cause 40,910 deaths (7% of cancer deaths; almost 2% of all deaths) in the U.S. Women in the U.S. have 1 in 8 lifetime chance of developing invasive breast cancer and a 1 in 33 chance of breast cancer causing their death.
The number of cases has significantly increased since the 1970s, a phenomenon partly blamed on modern lifestyles in the Western world. Because the breast is composed of identical tissues in males and females, breast cancer also occurs in males, though it is less common.

Beaker (glassware)
A beaker is a type of laboratory equipment used to measure an amount of material, mineral or liquid. It is also used to keep test results.

Cue sports
Cue sports are games played with balls on a cloth-covered table that has rubber railings (called "cushions") around it to keep the balls on the table. Two or more people use sticks (called cues) to make one ball (the cue ball) hit other balls. In the past, all cue sports were called billiards'", but that term has various different meanings in different areas.

Cher
Cheryl Sarkisian LaPierre (better known as Cher) (born on May 20, 1946) is an American actress, singer, songwriter, author and entertainer. She has won an Academy Award, a Grammy Award, an Emmy Award and three Golden Globe Awards.
Cher first became famous in 1965 as one half of the pop/rock duo Sonny & Cher. She has also released 25 albums as a solo artist, and has 22 "Billboard" Top 40 entries over her career. These include twelve Top 10 singles and 5 number one singles.
She became a successful television star in the 1970s, and a movie actress in the 1980s. In 1987, she won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her role in the romantic comedy "Moonstruck".

Frunzik Mkrtchyan
Frunzik (Mher) Mkrtchyan (July 4, 1930 – December 29, 1993) was a popular Soviet Armenian actor who was named a People's Artist of the Soviet Union in 1984.
Life.
Even though he was a comedian, Frunzik's personal life was very sad. His first wife, Donara Mkrtchyan, became mentally ill and was sent to a mental institution for the rest of her life and Frunzik became a single parent of two young kids.
His son inherited his mother’s mental illness and, according to people close to Frunzik, he suffered from severe depression in the last few years of his life, and became a heavy alcoholic. In 1993, his brother found him lying dead in his home in Yerevan. Thousands of people attended his funeral.

Aviatic
Aviatic is a 4 member rock band from Los Angeles, California.

Yuzu (band)
Yuzu (ゆず) is a Japanese popular music duo. Its members are Kitagawa Yujin (北川悠仁) and Iwasawa Kouji (岩沢厚治). Both of the band members come from Yokohama in the Kanagawa Prefecture. At first, they sung on the street in Yokohama. They have known each other since they were small children.
They are famous for their concerts in front of the department store, "Matsuzakaya" in Isezakicyo in Yokohama. They officially debuted in 1997. The first CD was "Yuzu no Moto".
They are loved among men and women of all ages in Japan.

Pestilence
Pestilence is a term that is used for any highly infectious disease that can cause an epidemic or even a pandemic. It is common use for parasites too, when they cause large scale sickness and death, such as Guinea worm.
Originally the word meant the disease plague, which is called "pestis" in Latin.
It was used for the Black Death as well, an epidemic of the 14th century that killed Millions of people in Europe.

List of epidemics
This article is a list of major epidemics.
See also.
List of historical plagues

Pandemic
A pandemic (from Greek παν "pan" all + δήμος "demos" people) is an epidemic (an outbreak of an infectious disease) that spreads across a large region (for example a continent), or even worldwide.
Common killers and pandemics.
A disease or condition is not a pandemic merely because it is widespread or kills many people; it must also be infectious. For example cancer is responsible for many deaths but is not considered a pandemic because the disease is not infectious (although certain causes of some types of cancer might be).

Training
Training means practicing to gain more skills. Somebody who plays football, practices for the football games against other teams so that his team is good and wins. The word "training" is usually used when talking about sports, but it is also used for training for a job or in "basic training". Basic training is the practicing for people who want to become a soldier. Training for a job is done in apprenticeships. Today it is often called a professional development.
Training is different from exercise. Exercise may be an occasional activity for fun. Training is specific and done to improve one's capability, capacity, and performance.

WrestleMania (PPV series)
The twenty-fifth edition of the event is scheduled for April 5, 2009 at Reliant Stadium in Houston, Texas.

Demi Moore
Demi Moore (born November 11, 1962) is an American actress. She became well-known after a string of 1980s teen-oriented movies, and was one of the best known actresses of 1990s Hollywood.
She is currently in a relationship with younger actor Ashton Kutcher.

Fergie
Stacy Ann Ferguson (born March 27, 1975), better known by her stage name Fergie, is an American R&B/hip-hop singer-songwriter, and actress. She is a former member of the kids' TV series "Kids Incorporated", and the girl group Wild Orchid. Ferguson was also a co-host of the TV show "Great Pretenders". She is currently a vocalist for the hip hop/pop group the Black Eyed Peas, as well as a solo artist. She released her debut album, "The Dutchess", in 2006.

Zuleyka Rivera Mendoza
Zuleyka Jerrís Rivera Mendoza (born October 3, 1987 in Cayey, Puerto Rico, and raised in Salinas, Puerto Rico) is a beauty queen who has held the titles Miss Puerto Rico and Miss Universe 2006.

Amanda Peet
Amanda Peet (born January 11, 1972) is an American movie and television actress. She has acted in television commercials and several movies. She recently appeared at the television series "Studio 60 On The Sunset Strip", where her character "Jordan McDeere" is the president of the fictional network National Broadcasting System (NBS).

Rupert Everett
Rupert James Hector Everett (born May 29, 1959) is an English actor and used to be a singer. He became famous when he appeared in Julian Mitchell's play and movie "Another Country" playing an openly homosexual student at an English public school in the 1930s. He has since appeared in many other works, including "My Best Friend's Wedding", "The Next Best Thing" and the "Shrek" sequels.

Shiri Maymon
Shiri Maymon (born May 17, 1981 in Haifa, Israel) is an Israeli singer who represented her country in Eurovision Song Contest 2005 where she reached the final.

Tom Selleck
Thomas William Selleck (born January 29, 1945 in Detroit, Michigan) is a Golden Globe and Emmy Award winning American actor, screenwriter and film producer, very famous for his role on the long-running television show "Magnum P.I." He has also acted in many movies and had a recurring role as "Dr. Richard Burke" on Friends, who was a love interest to the character of "Monica Geller" (Courteney Cox).

Rob Schneider
Robert Michael Schneider (born October 31, 1963) is an American actor, comedian, screenwriter, and director. After becoming a famous stand-up comedian and expert at NBC sketch-comedy series "Saturday Night Live", Schneider started a very good career in movies, including main roles in the comedies ' and "The Hot Chick".
Early life.
Schneider was born in San Francisco, California and grew up in the nearby suburb of Pacifica. He is the son of Jewish-American real estate broker Marvin Schneider, and Pilar, a former kindergarten teacher and ex-school board president; his grandfather on his mothers side of the family was a European-American soldier and his grandmother on the same side of the family was Filipina. Schneider graduated from Terra Nova High School in 1982.

Växjö
Växjö (Swedish IPA:) is a city in Småland in southern Sweden. It has a population of 55,600 (2005). Växjö is the seat of Växjö Municipality and is the administrative, cultural and industrial centre of Kronoberg County. Furthermore it is the seat of the Diocese of Växjö.

Carolina Klüft
Carolina Evelyn Klüft (born February 2, 1983) is a Swedish athlete. She competes in heptathlon, long jump and pentathlon. She is the current Olympic, World (twice) and European (twice) heptathlon champion and is regarded as one of the best female athletes in the world. Since 16/09/2002, Klüft has been continuously ranked as the world's leading heptathlete, by the IAAF. This is currently the longest of any athlete.
She is also normally a member of the Swedish 4 x 100 m relay team at international competitions, and was part of the team that set the national record.
Her main coach is Agne Bergvall. She is 5 ft 10 in (1.78 m) tall and weighs 65 kg.

Jonas Björkman
Jonas Lars Björkman (born March 23, 1972, Alvesta, Sweden) is a Swedish professional male tennis player and former World No. 4 in singles and World No. 1 in doubles. He is as of the 2006 season the oldest player in the ATP Top 100 (singles). He has also played in numours Wimbledon tournaments.

Do As Infinity
Do As Infinity was a popular Japanese band which had their first song on September 29, 1999, "Tangerine Dream". Their name is sometimes shortened to D.A.I., revealing that "Do As Infinity" was named after the band's guitarist and composer, Dai Nagao. The singer was Ban Tomiko, from the city of Kumamoto in Western Japan. The group ended on September 29, 2005.

Myleene Klass
Myleene Angela Klass (born April 6, 1978) is an English classical pianist, commercial model, television and radio presenter, and former member of the UK pop group Hear'Say. Her pop success achieved 4 Top 10 singles, 2 of which were UK Number Ones. Hear'Say also released 2 albums, "Popstars" and "Everybody".

Kym Marsh
Kym Gail Ryder (née Marsh) (born in Whiston, Knowsley, Merseyside, England, on 13 June, 1976) is an English Actress and Singer. Marsh grew up in Ashton-in-Makerfield, Greater Manchester.
Ryder first arose to fame when the reality TV show "Popstars" emerged. She is presently most recognisable from her role as Michelle Connor on the long-running ITV1 Soap Opera "Coronation Street" which she has played since 2006. Kym has also tried on Eurovision in 2006 when she entered the UK selection but only managed a third place.

Mackenzie Rosman
Mackenzie Ryann Rosman (born December 28, 1989) is an American child actress. She is best known for her role as Ruthie Camden on The CW's "7th Heaven".

David Gallagher
David Lee Gallagher (born February 9, 1985) is an American actor. He is best known for his role of Simon Camden on the television series "7th Heaven".

Jessica Biel
Jessica Claire Biel (born March 3, 1982) is an American actress and former fashion model best known for appearing in several Hollywood films such as "Summer Catch", the remake of "The Texas Chainsaw Massacre" and "The Illusionist", as well as for her early television role of Mary Camden in the long-running family-drama series "7th Heaven". In recent years, her acting career has taken to new heights, and she has become a sex symbol, voted as number 1 in many different magazine polls.
She is currently in a relationship with singer Justin Timberlake.

7th Heaven
"7th Heaven" was an American television series about a Protestant minister's family living in the fictional town of Glenoak, California. It was created and produced by Brenda Hampton. The series premiered on Monday August 26 1996, on the WB Television Network, the first time that the WB aired Monday night programming. The series finale was scheduled for May 8 2006; however, the show was renewed by the CW Television Network when the intended final episode received high ratings. The 11th and List of television series cancelled after 2006 season purported final season premiered on Monday, September 25 2006 and ended on May 13 2007.

Beverley Mitchell
Beverley Ann Mitchell (born January 22, 1981) is an American actress and country music singer. She is perhaps best known for her role as Lucy Camden-Kinkirk on the television series "7th Heaven".

Nanne Grönvall
Nanne Grönvall (born Marianne Elisabeth Nordqvist on May 18 1962 in Stockholm) is a Swedish singer-songwriter. Her musical career started in the 1980s group "Sound of Music". The trio participated twice in the Swedish Eurovision Song Contest selections, Melodifestivalen, finishing fourth both times; in 1986 with "Eldorado" and in 1987 with "Alexandra". Over the following ten years she established herself as a songwriter in Melodifestivalen, writing two songs for the 1992 competition and the 1995 runner-up "Det vackraste" ("The Most Beautiful Thing") performed by Cecilia Vennersten.

Human biology
Human biology is an academic field that is part of biology, biological anthropology, and medicine which focuses on humans; it is closely related to primate biology, and a number of other fields.
There are not exact boundaries between human biology and regular medical research. However, human biology usually focuses more on health for an entire group of people, and on human evolution, adaptation, and population genetics rather than individual health.

Flavor Flav
William Jonathan Drayton Jr. (born March 16, 1959), known by the stage name Flavor Flav, is an American rap artist and television star, and a member of the hip hop group Public Enemy, who rapped about politics. After several years of quiet, he has been seen again lately as a star of American reality television. He has starred in some VH1 programs, most recently the "Flavor of Love" series.

Schapelle Corby
Schapelle Leigh Corby (born 10 July 1977) is an Australian woman convicted and imprisoned in Indonesia for drug smuggling. She is a former shop assistant and beauty therapy student from Queensland.
Corby is currently serving a twenty year sentence for the importation of 4.1 kg (9 lb) of cannabis into Bali, Indonesia. She was convicted and sentenced in Bali on 27 May 2005 by the Denpasar (Indonesia) District Court and is currently serving her sentence in Kerobokan Prison, Bali. On appeal, her conviction and sentence have been confirmed with finality by the Indonesian Supreme Court, with legal maneuvers continuing on her behalf.
She says that the drugs were put in her bag by someone else and that she did not know about them. Her trial and conviction were a major focus of attention for the Australian media. She will be released with current remissions on 12 April 2024.
Controversy.
On 3 March 2008 Australian television show "Current Affairs" showed pictures of what was believed to be Corby and her sister Mercedes dining in a restaurant. This is proof that Corby had bribed the prison guards to let her out for the evening claimed the show, this has made many Australians upset as Corby earlier has claimed she never goes outside Kerobokan Prison.
In court.
On 28 March 2008 Corby's last appeal was rejected by the Indonesian court.

Autogenic training
Autogenic training is a relaxation technique developed by the German psychiatrist Johannes Schultz and first published in 1932.
The technique involves the daily practice of sessions that last around 15 minutes, usually in the morning, at lunch time, and in the evening. During each session, the practitioner will repeat a set of visualisations that induce a state of relaxation. Each session can be practiced in a position chosen amongst a set of recommended postures ("e.g." lying down, sitting meditation, sitting like a rag doll, "etc.").
Schultz emphasized parallels to techniques in yoga and meditation. However, unlike some forms of yoga and meditation, autogenic training is devoid of any mysticism. It is a method for influencing one's autonomic nervous system.
Counter-indications.
Autogenic Training is counter-indicated, or needs to be adapted, for a series of conditions including: heart problems such as myocardial infarction, diabetes, psychotic conditions such as schizophrenia, glaucoma, alcohol or drug abuse, epilepsy.

Mathematical notation
There are different ways to write down an "equation" like " two and three"

Ian Craig Marsh
Ian Craig Marsh (born 11 November 1956) is a British musician, a founding member of the electronic band The Human League.

Laboratory equipment
Laboratory equipment are tools and equipment used by scientists who work in a laboratory. These can include tools like Bunsen burners, and microscopes as well as equipment such as operant conditioning chambers, spectrophotometers and calorimeters.
Laboratory equipment is generally used to either perform an experiment or to take measurements and gather data.

Sarah Palin
Sarah Louise Heath Palin (born February 11, 1964) is the Governor of Alaska and was the Republican Party's nominee for Vice President in the 2008 United States presidential election, however lost to Joe Biden.
Palin was a member of the Wasilla, Alaska city council from 1992 to 1996 and the city's mayor from 1996 to 2002. After a failed campaign for lieutenant governor of Alaska in 2002, she led the Alaska Oil and Gas Conservation Commission from 2003 to 2004. She was elected Governor of Alaska in November 2006 by defeating the incumbent governor in the Republican primary and then defeating a former two-term Democratic governor in the general election. She is the first female governor of Alaska, and the youngest person elected to the position.
On August 29, 2008, Republican presidential candidate John McCain announced he had chosen Palin as his running mate, and she was formally nominated at the 2008 Republican National Convention in Saint Paul, Minnesota. She was the first woman to run on the Republican Party's presidential ticket and the first Alaskan nominee of either major party.
She is married and has five children. Her youngest child, Trig, has Down syndrome. She has a son serving in the U.S. Army.

Samvel Babayan
Samvel Babayan (Armenian: Սամվել Բաբայան), was the Commander in Chief of the Nagorno-Karabakh Defense Army from 1994 to 2000.
At a February 26 meeting on a case of the March 22, 2000, an assassination attempt against Arkady Ghoukasyan in Stepanakert. Babayan was sentenced to 14 years in prison.

Nagorno-Karabakh Defense Army
The Nagorno-Karabakh (NKR) Defense Army was made on May 9, 1992 as the formal defense force of the unrecognized Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, made up of Armenians.

Nagorno-Karabakh Republic
The Nagorno-Karabakh Republic (NKR) (') or Artsakh Republic is a "de facto" independent republic located in the Nagorno-Karabakh region of the South Caucasus.
The mostly Armenian-populated region of Nagorno-Karabakh firstly became disputed between Armenia and Azerbaijan in 1918. After the Soviet Union established control over the area, in 1923 it formed the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast (NKAO) within the Azerbaijan SSR. In the final years of the Soviet Union, the region again became a source of dispute between Armenia and Azerbaijan, culminating in the Nagorno-Karabakh War of 1988-1994.
On December 10 1991, a referendum held in the NKAO and the neighboring Shahumian region resulted in a declaration of independence from Azerbaijan as the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic. The country remains unrecognized by any international organization or country, including Armenia. Representatives of the governments of Armenia and Azerbaijan have since been holding peace talks mediated by the OSCE Minsk Group.

Brandon Lee
Brandon Bruce Lee (February 1, 1965 – March 31, 1993) was an American actor of Han Chinese, German, English and Swedish descent. He was the son of the late legendary martial arts film star Bruce Lee. In 1992, he died when filming the movie adaptation of "The Crow", a popular comic book. About his character Lee said, "He has something he has to do and he is forced to put aside his own pain long enough to go do it"."

Matt Dillon
Matthew Raymond "Matt" Dillon (born February 18, 1964) is an Academy Award-nominated American actor. He began acting in the late 1970s, gained fame as a teen idol during the 1980s, and made a successful career as an adult actor in the decades following, ending in an Oscar nomination for his acting in the film "Crash".

Matt Damon
Matthew Paige "Matt" Damon (born October 8, 1970) is an American actor and screenwriter. For his writing of the story for the film "Good Will Hunting", he won the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay, and was nominated for his star acting in the same film. He has also acted in famous movies like "The Bourne Identity", "Ocean's Eleven", "Ocean's Twelve" and "Syriana".

Robert Urich
Robert Urich (December 19, 1946 – April 16, 2002) was an Emmy-winning actor, famous for playing private investigators on the television series ' (1985–1988) and "Vega$" (1978–1981). He also acted in many other television series over the years including: "S.W.A.T." (1975), "Soap" (1977) and The Lazarus Man (1996).

Vic Morrow
Victor Morrow (born February 14, 1929 in the Bronx, New York, USA – died July 23, 1982) was an American actor. He was famous for acting in the TV series "Combat!" (1962-1967), in which he also worked as a television director.
Morrow died while filming ' at an accident with a helicopter that crashed and killed him and two children. The accident made the government make many reforms in U.S. child labor laws and safety regulations on movie sets in California.

Lal Masjid siege
The Lal Masjid siege was a conflict centering around the Lal Masjid mosque and madrasah complex in Islamabad, the capital of Pakistan, that was besieged from July 3 to July 11, 2007.

Mourning Dove
The Mourning Dove ("Zenaida macroura") is bird in the dove family, "Columbidae".

Mai Kuraki
Mai Kuraki (born October 28, 1982 in Funabashi, Chiba) is a Japanese female pop and R&B singer.
Her father is a movie director, Isomi Yamasaki.
She has appeared in her father's movies in her childhood.
She started her activity as a singer on 1999 when she was 17 years old with her first single CD "Love, Day After Tomorrow".
It became a million seller records.
First album “delicious way” was sold 35 million records.
After graduating Ritsumeikan University in Kyoto on 2005, she is concentrating on musical activities.
The lyrics are written by her most of the times.
But she is not composing the music. Music is offered by composers.
For arrangement, it is often commissioned to “Cybersound” in Boston.
She was influenced by Michael Jackson.

Saint Mesrob
Saint Mesrop Mashtots (360 - February 17, 440) was an Armenian monk who invented the Armenian alphabet in the year 406.

Ashlee Simpson
Ashlee Simpson (born October 3, 1984) is an American pop rock singer, songwriter, and actress, and younger sister of pop singer Jessica Simpson. In 2004, she released an album called "Autobiography" and starred in her own reality series "The Ashlee Simpson Show". Simpson was criticized when she used a pre-recorded vocal track for a performance on "Saturday Night Live" in October 2004. Simpson released another album in 2005 called "I Am Me". In 2008 Ashlee married Pete Wentz, from the band Fall Out Boy, she is now expecting a child in fall.

Airbus A340
The Airbus A340 is a long-range four-engined widebody commercial passenger airplane manufactured by Airbus S.A.S. a subsidiary of EADS. It is similar in design to the twin-engined A330.

Autonomic nervous system
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) (or visceral nervous system) is the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's internal state.
Most of these activities are performed without conscious control or sensation, but some work together with the conscious mind, such as breathing. The ANS has far reaching effects, including: heart rate, digestion, respiration rate, salivation, perspiration, diameter of the pupils, the discharge of urine, and erection.
The ANS is divided into two limbs, the parasympathetic nervous system which is primarily involved in relexation, and the sympathetic nervous system which causes the body to become more active as in the "fight or flight" response.

Peripheral nervous system
The Peripheral nervous system, or PNS, is part of the nervous system, and consists of the nerves and neurons that are outside the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord) and serve the limbs and organs, for example.
The PNS is not protected by bone like the central nervous system. Therefore it is exposed to toxins and mechanical injuries. The peripheral nervous system is divided into the somatic nervous system (SNS) and the autonomic nervous system (ANS). But the enteric nervous system (ENS) can be seen as a third branch of its own and not as part of the autonomic nervous system.

IKEA
IKEA is a chain of furniture and DIY stores. The store first opened in Sweden in 1943, and since then stores have been opened in more than 45 countries worldwide. The owner of IKEA, Ingvar Kamprad, is the fourth wealthiest billionaire in the world.

Central nervous system
The central nervous system (CNS) is the largest part of the nervous system. It includes the brain and the spinal cord.
Together with the peripheral nervous system, it has an important role in the control of behavior. The CNS is protected by bone in the dorsal cavity: the brain in the cranial subcavity, and the spinal cord in the spinal cavity.

Spinal cord
The spinal cord is a thin bundle of nerves that is an extension of the central nervous system from the brain and is enclosed in and protected by the bony vertebral column. The main function of the spinal cord is transmission of neural inputs between the periphery and the brain.
Spinal cord segments.
The human spinal cord is divided into 31 different segments, with motor nerve roots going out in the ventral aspects and sensory nerve roots entering in the dorsal aspects. The ventral and dorsal roots later join to form paired spinal nerves, one on each side of the spinal cord.
Because the vertebral column grows longer than the spinal cord, spinal cord segments become higher than the corresponding vertebra, especially in the lower spinal cord segments in adults.

Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?
Who Wants To Be A Millionaire? is a British quiz show, produced by Celador. In May the Dutch company 2way Traffic bought the license for the international format.
History.
Who Wants To Be A Millionaire? aired in UK for a first time on 4th September, 1998. The show is hosted by Chris Tarrant. It had its biggest raitings in March 1999 when more than 19 million were watching the show.
National variants.
More than 100 countries around the world have bought the license and air local versions of the show, for example Australia, Bulgaria, Germany, Russia, USA.
Each country airs the show under one and the same rules, including the studio design and music.

Danny Saucedo
Danny Saucedo (born Daniel Gabriel Alessandro Saucedo Grzechowski on 25 February 1986 in Stockholm, Stockholms Län, Sweden) is a Swedish singer who competed as as one of the finalists in Pop Idol — the Swedish version of Idol. His two songs charted on the official Swedish singles chart. '"Öppna Din Dörr"' (Tommy Nilsson cover) peaked at No. 24 in 2006 and "Tokyo" (credit to Danny) was two weeks at No. 1 in 2007.

Agnes Carlsson
Agnes Carlsson (often credited as simply Agnes), born March 6 1988 in Vänersborg, is a Swedish singer who rose to popularity after winning "Idol 2005", the Swedish version of "Pop Idol", shown by TV4. The October 10th 2006 SVT confirmed that Agnes would participate in the Swedish Melodifestivalen 2007 with her song "More than a girl", but she got disqualified because she talked about the song in an interview with Aftonbladet. She is the third only Idol winner who was previously a "Wildcard" on the show, next to Canada's Ryan Malcolm and Kazakhstan's Almas Kishkenbayev. Agnes advanced to the finals as the jury's choice.

Daniel Lindström
Daniel Lindström (born January 30, 1978) is a Swedish singer from Umeå who won the Swedish Idol 2004 contest against Darin Zanyar. His first single, "Coming True", sold double platinum, and his self-titled album, released in December 2004, topped the Swedish pop charts. The new album "Nån slags verklighet" ("Some kind of reality") contains songs written in Swedish by the singer himself. Daniel Lindström was the first winner of the Swedish Idol series.

Destiny's Child
Destiny’s Child was a three-time Grammy Award-winning American R&B group. Originally a quartet, the group eventually became a trio whose members were Beyoncé Knowles, Kelly Rowland, and Michelle Williams. According to the World Music Awards, Destiny’s Child is the best selling female group of all time. On June 12, 2005, they announced on tour in Barcelona that they would no longer be performing together, but pursuing individual careers in music, theatre, television and film.

Kelly Rowland
Kelly Rowland (born Kelendria Trene Rowland on February 11, 1981) is a Grammy Award-winning American R&B singer, songwriter, dancer, and occasional actress, who rose to fame as one of the founding members of the successful R&B girl group Destiny's Child, the world's best-selling female group of all time selling over 100 million records worldwide.

Pop Idol
"Pop Idol" was a British television series that was first shown on ITV on October 5 2001; the show was a talent contest to decide the best new young pop singer, or 'pop idol', in the United Kingdom, based on viewer voting and participation. There were two series of "Pop Idol" and the winners of each series were Will Young and Michelle McManus.
The Idol series has become an international franchise; it has spun off many successful shows such as "Idol", "American Idol", "Idols", "Canadian Idol", "Australian Idol", "Idols West Africa", "Indian Idol", "Indonesian Idol", "New Zealand Idol", "Philippine Idol", "Pinoy Idol", Hay superstar, "Nouvelle Star", "Deutschland sucht den SuperStar", "Singapore Idol", "Malaysian Idol", "Music Idol", "Ídolos Brazil", "Ídolos Portugal", and others.

Rachel Smith
Rachel Renee Smith (born April 18, 1985 in Panama) is a beauty queen from Clarksville, Tennessee who won the Miss USA contest in 2007 and who previously had competed in the Miss Teen USA contest. She also represented the USA in the Miss Universe pageant 2007.

Natalie Glebova
Natalie Glebova, (born November 11 1981) is a Russian Canadian beauty queen who has held the title Miss Universe 2005.

Michelle Williams (singer)
Michelle Williams (born Tenitra Michelle Williams on July 23, 1980) is an American gospel and R&B singer, songwriter, and actress. She was a background singer for Monica, before rising to fame as one-third of the successful Grammy Award-winning musical group Destiny's Child, the world's best-selling female group of all time, selling over 100 million records worldwide. Williams is now playing the character Shug Avery in the play "The Color Purple"

Simon Cowell
Simon Cowell (born 7 October, 1959) is an English artist and repertoire ("A&R") executive for Sony BMG in the United Kingdom. He is well known as a judge on the television programs such as "Pop Idol", "The X Factor", "American Idol" and "Britain's Got Talent". He is known for combining activities in the television and music industries, having produced singles and records for various television characters.

Reality television
Reality television is a genre of television programming which presents unscripted dramatic or humorous situations, document actual events, and have ordinary people instead of professional actors. Although reality television has existed in some form or another since the early years of television, the term "reality television" is most commonly used to describe shows since 2000. Documentaries, news and sports shows are not called reality shows.
There are many different kinds of reality television shows, from game or quiz shows to surveillance-type shows, such as "Big Brother".
Critics say that the term "reality television" is not accurate. Many shows portray a modified and highly influenced form of reality, with participants put in exotic locations or abnormal situations, sometimes told to act certain ways, and with events on screen sometimes changed by editing.

Tengwar
Tengwar is a is a constructed writing system, invented by J. R. R. Tolkien. The tengwar is used in his fictional world Middle-earth, for example the book "The Lord of the Rings".
In the Quenya language, "tengwar" means "letters", "tengwa" is the singular and means "letter".
The tengwar are used to write some of Tolkien's constructed languages, like for example the elven languages Quenya and Sindarin. But Tolkien used the tengwar mostly for writing English. Because the tengwar is an alphabet, it can be used to write almost any language, like English or other languages.
History.
In the late 1910s, J. R. R. Tolkien developed the script "Sarati", which was already a bit similar to tengwar. The tengwar were probably developed in the late 1920s or in the early 1930s. The first published sample of tengwar writing was 1937 in "The Hobbit", to so-called "The Lonely Mountain Jar Inscription". The full explanation of the tengwar was published in 1955 in Appendix E of "The Lord of the Rings".
Modes and sounds.
The tengwar have a certain order, and are usually shown in a table/chart. They are sorted by how they look, which is also connected to how they sound. Because it is an alphabet, every tengwa means a sound. The main tengwar letters are placed into four vertical series ("témar") and six horizontal rows ("tyeller").
There are different ways to write with tengwar, which are called "modes". Between these modes there are differences, sometimes only a few and sometimes many differences. In different modes, the tengwar sometimes mean different sounds. In some modes the tengwar are used for vowels and consonants; and in other modes the tengwar are only used for the consonants, and the vowels are marked by signs above or below the tengwa. These vowel signs are called "tehtar" ("signs"; singular: "tehta", "sign").
There are different modes to write the different Middle-earth languages. People have also made new modes to write English and other modern languages with the tengwar.
The tengwar is written in a table/chart with the way the letters sound. For example, if the sound comes from the front of the mouth it is in 1 row. Each column is for the sounds that come from the nose, throat, or lips.
Use.
Tolkien used the tengwar to write texts for his fictional world Middle-earth and other things. He used it to write in the languages he invented (for example Quenya and Sindarin), but also used the tengwar to write English.
After Tolkien's Middle-earth books became famous, people also got interest in his languages and writing scripts. The tengwar are used by fans to write new things, or to re-write existing texts with tengwar.

Petros Duryan
Petros Duryan (1851-1872) an Armenian poet and actor. His father was an blacksmith in Istanbul. He died of Tuberculosis at the age of 21.

Adriana Lima
Adriana Lima (born June 12, 1981) is a Brazilian supermodel. She is well known for being one of the Victoria's Secret Angels.
Early life and family.
Lima was born in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil on June 12, 1981 and is an only child to her parents Nelson Torres and Maria da Graça Lima, a social worker.
When she was 6 months old, her father left and her mother. She has not talked to him since then. However, recently, she has been trying to meet with him again.

Cuban Missile Crisis
The Cuban Missile Crisis was a period of tension between the Soviet Union and the United States, using Cuba as a battleground. It happened when the Soviet Union began building missile sites in Cuba in 1962.
In 1959, the new revolutionary government of Cuba confiscated (took over) some American businesses which were producing goods (things to sell) there. America refused to buy anything from Cuba after that. The U. S. embargo against Cuba began February 7, 1962. In 1962, America was worried that the USSR would attack America through Cuba, since Cuba is near enough to the United States that the missiles could reach any important American city.
In October 1962, America blocked Soviet ships carrying missiles from going into Cuba. The Soviets and Cubans agreed to remove the missiles if America promised not to invade Cuba. America later removed some missiles from the country of Turkey, near the Soviet Union. But whether anyone "won" isn't really known, and the USSR lost China's support over it.
Fidel Castro.
In Cuba, Fidel Castro took power from General Batista in January 1, 1959. From 1952 to 1959, Batista was a military dictator in Cuba, very right-wing with Communist and Mafia connections and the support of the Eisenhower Administration. The United States was interested in Cuba because of the many businesses that they had there, even though the country was a dictatorship. The countries were also military friends. This was shown by the US base at Guantánamo Bay. When Castro came to power in Cuba, he nationalised American companies in Cuba, meaning he took the private property from those companies and made it the property of Cuba, to use as Castro decided. The United States decided to break off economic relations with Cuba (which means that they would stop buying things from them).
They stopped all aid going to Cuba and stopped buying Cuban sugar (which was Cuba's main export). This was a disaster for Castro, because America bought the most Cuban sugar. However, Russia saved the Cuban economy by buying Cuban sugar for a lot of money.
The Solution.
Castro turned to the USSR, still powerful at that time. He signed a contract with Nikita Khrushchev, the Russian president at the time. The contract said that the USSR would buy 1 million tonnes of Cuban sugar once a year, every year in exchange for Castro's Communist support; he declared himself a Marxist-Leninist, December 2, 1961.
The Bay of Pigs.
The Eisenhower Administration was worried that Castro was a Communist. This was a threat to American security. A timeline (chronology) released by the Naional Security Archives shows the U. S. began planning to overthrow the government of Cuba in October, 1959. After the nationalizaton of American property on the island, Eisenhower broke diplomatic relations with the revolutionary government of Cuba on January 3, 1961 and plans were made to topple (to remove from a position of authority) the Castro regime. The Kennedy Administration inherited those plans. On April 17, 1961, the CIA launched (initiated) an operation later called the Bay of Pigs Invasion by Brigade 2506. The goal was for a group of Cubans including some who were still loyal to General Batista to attack Cuba and overthrow Castro; presumably (it was taken for granted or assumed), the American armed forces would back up the invasion but President Kennedy refused to give the order.
As the troops set off to attack Cuba, Kennedy grew nervous. The president suffered from a rare endocrine disorder of chronic adrenal insufficiency called Addison's disease for which he received steroid and cortisone treatment. Stress calls on the adrenal glands to function. One of the clinical symptoms of an Addisonian (adrenal) crisis is confusion and psychosis. There was substantial secrecy surrounding his health during his years as president and the 25th amendment to the U. S. Constitution was introduced at least in part as a result of this secrecy. He thought that an American backed operation against a Communist state would lead to a full scale war against Krushchev. Kennedy decided not to provide American air support at the last moment. This led to the Bay of Pigs being a complete failure. Kennedy was humiliated in the United States and also the USSR.
The results of the Bay of Pigs.
Castro wanted to feel safe from the United States. He knew that if a second Bay of Pigs happened, that Cuba might lose and he would be removed from power. He asked Krushchev for missile sites to be built on Cuba so that he could defend himself against any American threat. The USSR agreed to this and started building missile sites on Cuba. These missles could hit every major city in the United States.
When Kennedy found out about the missile sites on October 16 by sending a United States Navy F-8 Crusader to take pictures of Cuba, he saw the missile sites and immediately came to the worst conclusion: that Cuba was preparing to attack the USA.
Kennedy's Options.
Kennedy chose to build a blockade around Cuba to stop all ships going there. The blockade was put in place on October 20.
Krushchev's Options / The Krushchev Letters.
The USSR's first ships arrived at the blockade on October 25 and were turned away.
Krushchev was saying that he would remove the missile sites if he promised not to invade Cuba. An invasion of Cuba would make Krushchev look bad and could also lead to a nuclear war. This was the reaction that Kennedy wanted.
The very next day a second letter was sent from Russia to Kennedy. This one looked more official than the first. It also said that the US must take it's nuclear missiles out of Turkey if they wanted Russia to take their missiles out of Cuba. It would have been a fair trade because the US missiles in Turkey were close enough to Russia that they could reach most of the important cities and Cuba was close enough to the US that the Russian missiles would reach most of the important US cities. The problem for Kennedy was that he could not publicly agree to remove the US missiles from Turkey because Turkey would then not be protected and they would not be happy. Another problem was that Kennedy and his advisers did not know if Krushchev was still in power. They thought that someone in the Russian government might have overthrown Krushchev. They thought this because the second letter was so much different than the first. Kennedy decided to send a secret message to Krushchev saying that they would remove the missiles from Turkey in a few months as long as they did not tell the public about it. Kennedy then sent an official letter to Krushchev agreeing to the conditions of the first letter and ignoring the second.
Krushchev agreed to the secret message.
On November 1, the missile sites were removed and the problems were over.
Who won the Cuban Missile Crisis?
Nobody really knows who won the Cuban Missile Crisis. Krushchev said that he had won because the United States never bothered Cuba again and the missile sites in Turkey were removed. But he had lost respect from China. China broke off relations with the USSR and Krushchev had to quit.
The United States saw Kennedy as the hero who had fought Communism and won.

Berber people
Berbers (also called Amazigh, "free men", pl. Imazighen) are an ethnic group found natively in the countries of Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia in North Africa, and also found as immigrants in many counrties, especially France. Berbers usually speak the Berber language. Traditionally, Berbers were nomadic people, but today most are not. Most Berbers are Muslims, but many are not.
An example of a famous Berber is Zinedine Zidane, who plays soccer in France.

Prosencephalon
The prosencephalon (or forebrain), the mesencephalon (midbrain), and rhombencephalon (hindbrain) are the three primary portions of the brain of vertebrates. They develop very early during development of the central nervous system.
When the embryonic prosencephalon fails to divide the brain into two lobes, it results in a condition known as holoprosencephaly.

Gag
Gag is usually used to prevent someone from speaking. The gag is tied around a persons mouth and the person getting gagged is almost always tied up. The gag originates from the Bandana gag who where often used in old western movies to gag cowboys or other persons in robberys or other crimes.
Gags are also common in BDSM as a man or a women gets tied up and often gagged this is almost always with duct tape over the mouth or a hard bound bandana or gagball.
Their are different sorts of gags the one you put into the tied up persons mouth or around the mouth like duct tape and bandanas, bandanas can also be put into the mouth the same with ballgags.
Things often used as gags are Duct tape, Bandanas and gagballs.

Meänkieli
Meänkieli (also known as "Tornedalian Finnish", meaning "our language") is a Finno-Ugric language spoken in the River Torne valley in the north of Sweden, above the Arctic circle. It is an official minority language of Sweden. The language could be seen as a mix between Finnish and Swedish, since it has been very infuated by Swedish.
For many years, Swedish was the only language to be taught in the schools of the Torne valley. The population became bilingual. They spoke both Finnish and Swedish, but they were mostly only able to write in Swedish. Today many people in the younger generations are exclusively Swedish-speaking. Since 1999, Meänkieli is an official minority language of Sweden.
Since there are no Swedish statistics of the population's native languages, it is not known how many Meänkieli speakers there are. It is also a bit controversial, as many people consider the language being a dialect of Finnish.

Toni Braxton
Toni Michelle Braxton (born October 7 1967 in Severn, Maryland) is an American R&B singer, songwriter, and actress. She was popular during the '90s. She has won the Grammy Award six times. She is famous for her husky alto vocal timbre. The RIAA named Braxton as one of the top selling artists of all time.

Joan Rivers
Joan Rivers (born June 8, 1933) is an American comedian, talk show host, businesswoman, and celebrity. She is known for her brash manner and loud, gruff voice with a heavy metropolitan New York accent. she is the National Chairwoman of the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation and is a board member of God's Love We Deliver
Like the ground-breaking Phyllis Diller, whose career preceded and overlapped hers, Rivers' act relied heavily on poking fun at herself.

Melissa Rivers
Melissa Rivers (born on January 20, 1968) is an American actress and television co-host for fashion/red carpet interviews on cable and satellite television, previously for the E! cable network and currently for the TV Guide channel with her mother, comedian Joan Rivers.

Teri Hatcher
Teri Lynn Hatcher (born December 8, 1964) is an Emmy-nominated and Golden Globe Award-winning American actress and author. She gained attention for her role as Lois Lane in the television series ' co-starring with Dean Cain. Hatcher is also well-known for portraying Susan Mayer, in "Desperate Housewives", an accident-prone divorcee. She is also a "Bond Girl", having played Paris Carver in "Tomorrow Never Dies" in 1997.

Felicity Huffman
Felicity Huffman (born December 9, 1962) is an Academy Award-nominated and Emmy Award-winning American movie and television actress. She is well known for her role as Lynette Scavo, a busy mother on the ABC television show "Desperate Housewives". A year later, her role as a transwoman in the independent film "Transamerica" was praised by many critics and earned her a Golden Globe Award.

Marcia Cross
Marcia Anne Cross (born March 25, 1962 in Marlborough, Massachusetts) is an Emmy and Golden Globe Award-nominated American actress. She graduated from Juilliard and earned a master's degree in psychology at Antioch University in Los Angeles. In 2005, she was nominated for her first Emmy for her work as Bree Hodge, the "Perfect" Housewife on "Desperate Housewives". In December 2006, Cross earned her third consecutive nomination for the Golden Globe for Best Actress in a Comedy Series with the series.

Eva Longoria Parker
Eva Jacqueline Longoria-Parker (born March 15, 1975) is a Golden Globe Award-nominated American movie and television actress. She is best known for her role as Gabrielle Solis in the ABC television series "Desperate Housewives". She has also become an internationally recognized model after appearing in several high-profile advertising campaigns and numerous men's magazines. Longoria announced her engagement to French NBA guard Tony Parker on November 30, 2006. Following French law, the couple married first in a civil ceremony on July 6, 2007 before they could exchange vows in a religious ceremony on July 7, 2007 at the Église Saint-Germain-l’Auxerrois in Paris. A reception was then held in Maincy, France at the Vaux-le-Vicomte castle.

Nicollette Sheridan
Nicollette Sheridan (born Colette Sheridan on November 21, 1963) is a Golden Globe nominated British actress, primarily on soap operas, movies and television. She is best known for her roles as Paige Matheson on "Knots Landing" and as the promiscuous Edie Britt on "Desperate Housewives".

Contiki
Contiki is a small, open source free operating system. It was developed to be used in 8-bit computers and embedded systems. It has a Graphical User Interface and the full installation needs about 30 kilobytes of RAM.
The name "Contiki" comes from Thor Heyerdahl's famous Kon-Tiki raft.
The basic kernel and most of the core functions were developed by Adam Dunkels at the Networked Embedded Systems group at the Swedish Institute of Computer Science.

Princess Madeleine of Sweden
Princess Madeleine of Sweden, Duchess of Hälsingland and Gästrikland, (Madeleine Thérèse Amélie Joséphine), born on June 10, 1982, is the youngest child and second daughter of King Carl XVI Gustaf and Queen Silvia of Sweden.

Queen Silvia of Sweden
Queen Silvia of Sweden (born Silvia Renate Sommerlath) (born 23 December 1943 in Munich, Germany) is the Queen consort of King Carl XVI Gustaf, Sweden's monarch, and the mother of the heir apparent to the throne, Crown Princess Victoria. Their other two children are
She is styled "Her Majesty The Queen" and is in Sweden most often referred to as "Queen Silvia".

Princess Victoria of Sweden
Victoria, Crown Princess of Sweden, Duchess of Vastergotland (Swedish: Västergötland), (full name in Swedish: Victoria Ingrid Alice Désirée), born July 14, 1977, is the heiress apparent to the Swedish throne. She is currently the world's only female heir apparent.

Prince Carl Philip of Sweden
Prince Carl Philip of Sweden (Carl Philip Edmund Bertil), born May 13, 1979, Duke of Värmland, is the second child of three children and only son of King Carl XVI Gustaf and Queen Silvia of Sweden.
He was born Crown Prince of Sweden, because Sweden did not allow women to rule as Queen Regnant. On January 1, 1980 the Act of Succession was changed to introduce "fully cognate succession". Since then, Prince Carl Philip has been second in the line of succession, after his elder sister, Crown Princess Victoria.
However, because the UK still has "male primogeniture" (brothers inherit before sisters) Prince Carl Philip is ahead of his elder sister in the line of succession to the British throne.
He was christened at The Royal Palace Church on 31 August 1979. His godparents are Prince Bertil, Duke of Halland, Prince Leopold of Bavaria, Queen Margrethe II of Denmark, and Princess Birgitta of Sweden.

Hermeskeil
Hermeskeil is a town in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.

Reinsfeld
Reinsfeld is a village in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.

Hunsrück
The Hunsrück is a low mountain range in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.
It is bounded by the river valleys of the Moselle (north), the Nahe (south), and the Rhine (east). The Hunsrück is continued by the Taunus mountains on the eastern side of the Rhine. In the north behind the Moselle it is continued by the Eifel. To the south of the Nahe, there is the Palatinate.
Many of the hills are not higher than 400 m. But there are several chains of higher peaks within the Hunsrück, all bearing names on their own: the (Schwarzwälder) Hochwald, the Idarwald, the Soonwald, and the Binger Wald. The highest peak is the Erbeskopf (816 m).
Towns in the Hunsrück include Simmern, Kirchberg, and Idar-Oberstein, Kastellaun, and Morbach. Frankfurt-Hahn Airport, a growing low-fare carrier and cargo airport is there as well.
The climate in the Hunsrück is characterised by rainy weather. Slate is mined in the mountains.
The German TV drama trilogy "Heimat", directed by Edgar Reitz, examined the 20th-century life of a small fictional village in the Hunsrück.

International Space Station
The International Space Station (ISS) is a space station currently being built in space. The station is a joint project with several nations: the United States, Russia, Europe, Japan, and Canada. Other nations such as Brazil, Italy, and China also work with the ISS through cooperation with other countries.
Building the ISS began in 1998, when a Russian and American module were connected with each other.
Origins.
In the early 1980s, NASA planned Space Station Freedom as a counterpart to the Soviet Salyut and Mir space stations. It never left the drawing board and, with the end of the Soviet Union and the Cold War, it was cancelled. The end of the Space race prompted the U.S. administration officials to start negotiations with international partners Europe, Russia, Japan and Canada in the early 1990s in order to build a truly international space station. This project was first announced in 1993 and was called Space Station Alpha. It was planned to combine the proposed space stations of all participating space agencies: NASA's Space Station Freedom, Russia's Mir-2 (the successor to the Mir Space Station, the core of which is now Zvezda) and ESA's Columbus that was planned to be a stand-alone spacelab.
The first section, the Zarya Functional Cargo Block, was put in orbit in November 1998 on a Russian Proton rocket. Two further pieces (the Unity Module and Zvezda service module) were added before the first crew, Expedition 1, was sent. Expedition 1 docked to the ISS on November 2, 2000, and consisted of U.S. astronaut William Shepherd and two Russian cosmonauts, Yuri Gidzenko and Sergei Krikalev.

Kentwood, Louisiana
Kentwood is a rural town in Tangipahoa Parish, Louisiana near the Mississippi border. The population was 2,205 at the 2000 census. It is best known as the hometown of singer Britney Spears

I'm with You
"I'm with You" is one of Avril Lavigne's most popular songs. She played it at her wedding. The song was released in 2002 (North America) and 2003 (UK). It is on her first album, "Let Go". The song was the top rated song in Mexico as well as reaching a rank in the top five in the United States, Ireland, and Italy. It also reached #7 in the UK. The song was a part of the soundtrack for the movie "Bruce Almighty".
Formats and tracklistings.
These are the formats and track listings of major single-releases of "I'm with You".

Somersault
A somersault is an acrobatic move where a person tucks in mid-air and moves the feet over the head. The somersault can be done forwards, backwards, or sideways and is similar to a "flip" (or, if performed backwards, a "backflip").
The word comes from the old French word "sombresault", which is no longer used.

Lisa Donovan
Lisa Donovan is a famous YouTuber, actress and writer. She is a comedian. She does sketches and impersonations of Lindsay Lohan, lonleygirl15 (another YouTuber) and many other.

Augite
Augite is a mineral. The mineral's name comes from the Greek word "augites", meaning "brightness". However, augites only have a shiny appearance some of the time. Most augites have a dull (dark green, brown or black) color.

Onyx
An onyx is a type of rock mineral.

Opal
The Opal is a rock mineral. It is the birthstone of someone whose birthday lands in the month of October.

Amethyst
An amethyst is a type of quartz mineral rock. It is the birthstone of someone whose birthday lands in the month of February. Amethysts are usually purplish-pink. In history, purple is the color of kings and queens and other royalty. For this reason, rulers have often had jewelry made of amethyst.
See also.
a amethist is a type of quartz

Emerald
An emerald is a mineral rock from the variety of beryl. It is the birthstone of someone whose birthday lands in the month of May. It is a green rock. The emerald is one of the most valuable gems, with ruby, opal, diamond, topaz, and sapphire.

Garnet
A garnet is one kind of silicate mineral. There are many different kinds of garnets, containing different metals. Crystals of garnet are often large and pretty. Their most common color is red or purple, but they can be found in almost all colors and are often used in jewelry. In the United States, garnet is the birthstone for people born in the month of January.

Ralph Macchio
Ralph Macchio (born November 4, 1961 in Huntington, New York) is an American actor. He is most notable for his roles in "My Cousin Vinny, The Karate Kid", and "The Karate Kid II".

French Armenian Legion
The French Armenian Legion, was made with the French-Armenian Agreement (1916), was a foreign legion unit within French Army. The Armenian legion was made for the goals of the Armenian national liberation movement and was an armed unit besides the Armenian volunteer units and Armenian militia during World War I which fought against the Ottoman Empire.

Vahan Kurkjian
Vahan M. Kurkjian (Aleppo, 1863 - New York City, 1961) was an Armenian author, historian, teacher, and community leader.

North India
Northern India, also known as Hindustan, is a land and cultural region of India. In traditional Indian geography, India is pieced into five major zones: North India, North-East India, East India, West India and South India.
As a linguistic-cultural and political region, North India consists of twelve Indian states: Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Haryana, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Chhatisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan (Bihar and Jharkhand are also considered as parts of East India). The National Capital Territory of Delhi is also a part of northern India. It shares most of its cultural, historical, musical, and linguistic heritage with neighboring Pakistan and Kashmir, which was part of the region before the partition of British India in "Dominion of Pakistan" (later Islamic Republic of Pakistan) and "Union of India" (later Republic of India) in 1947.

Yalta Conference
The Yalta Conference (sometimes called the Crimea Conference) was held in February 1945, just after the Second World War was over. It was when the Prime Minister of Britain (Winston Churchill), the President of the United States (Franklin D. Roosevelt) and the President of the USSR (Joseph Stalin) all met and talked about what to do with Germany. The Yalta Conference was an important part of European History.

Potsdam Conference
The Potsdam Conference was a meeting of the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and the United States in Potsdam, Germany from July 17 to August 2, 1945. The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (Clement Attlee), the President of the United States (Harry S. Truman) and the leader of the USSR (Josif Stalin), all met to talk about Germany on July 1945 and were going to discuss what should happen to it now that the Second World War was over.
The first conference was held at Yalta, but the allies didn't agree on anything very important. However, a lot had happened since the Yalta Conference. Firstly, the USA had a new president called Harry Truman. He was much tougher on Communism than the old president, Roosevelt, had been. This was a problem for Stalin. Also Churchill had been voted out and was replaced by Attlee, Stalin saw himself as far more experienced than these new leaders. Stalin also caused trouble, as some of what the allies agreed on at Yalta was that Poland should have a neutral government. Stalin had killed the neutral government leaders and replaced them with ones that he liked better. This meant that there was a lot of problems at Potsdam.

Nahe
The Nahe is a river in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, a left tributary to the Rhine. It is also a famous wine region of Germany.
The name Nahe comes from the Latin word "Nava", which is of Celtic origin and means "the wild river". The Nahe separates the northern part of the Palatinate from the Hunsrück.
It rises in the area of Nohfelden (Saarland), flowing through Rhineland-Palatinate and joining the Rhine river in Bingen. Its length is. Towns along the Nahe include Idar-Oberstein, Kirn, Bad Kreuznach and Bingen.

Palatinate (region)
The Palatinate ("germ.:"Pfalz), historically also Rhenish Palatinate ("lat.:" palatinatum Renensis; "germ.:" Rheinpfalz), is a region in south-western Germany. It occupies more than a quarter of the German federal state ("Bundesland") of Rhineland-Palatinate ("Rheinland-Pfalz").
Geography.
The western and northern part of the Palatinate is densely forested and mountainous. The highest point is the Donnersberg () near Kirchheimbolanden. The Palatinate forest ("Pfälzerwald") covers more than a third of the region and is the largest uninterrupted forest in Germany. The eastern part is lower, and is a well known wine region, the Palatinate wine region through which passes the "German wine road" (Deutsche Weinstrasse). Most of the cities of the Palatinate (Ludwigshafen, Speyer, Landau, Frankenthal, Neustadt) lie in the Rhineplain in the east.
Traditionally, the Palatinate is divided into the regions of Anterior Palatinate ("Vorderpfalz"), West Palatinate ("Westpfalz"), North Palatinate ("Nordpfalz"), and South Palatinate ("Südpfalz").

Taunus
The Taunus is a mountain range in Hesse, Germany. It is bounded by the river valleys of Rhine, Main and Lahn. On the opposite side of the Rhine, the mountains are continued by the Hunsrück. The mountains themselves span the districts of Hochtaunuskreis, Main-Taunus, Rheingau-Taunus, and Rhein-Lahn.
Not to be confused with the more famous and high Feldberg in Black Forest, the highest peak is the "Großer Feldberg" (878 m above sea level). It is followed by the "Kleiner Feldberg" and the "Altkönig" (798 m) with the remains of a late Iron Age hill fort (La-Tène A, ca. 400 BC) near the summit.
The Roman Limes was built across the Taunus. The Saalburg, a restored Roman castellum, now houses a museum. After the fall of the Limes (in 259/260 AD), the Alamanni settled here.

Antonov An-225
The An-225 "Mriya" is the largest airliner in the world. It has 6 engines. It was manufactured by a company called Antonov. Three of them were built to carry the Russian Space Shuttle 'Buran' but since the shuttle was never finished, the planes have been used to carry very large items that cannot be transported another way.

Edmund Burke
Edmund Burke (January 12, 1729 - July 9, 1797) was an important Irish politician, and writer. Many people consider Burke to be one of the founders of conservatism. He became a member of the British House of Commons in 1765, and was known for his support for the American Revolution and his attacks against the French Revolution. His most famous book was "Reflections on the Revolution in France", which created many of the ideas in conservatism. Some of his other writings include the book ' and the treatise on beauty "A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origins of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful". He was also one of the founders of the "Annual Register", a review of politics which was published every year and had information on the history of the last year.

Muslim occasions
Muslim holidays mainly celebrate events of the Muslim prophet, Muhammad's life like Christians celebrate events in Jesus' life such as his birth (celebrated at Christmas) and his death (celebrated at Easter).
Eid ul-Fitr.
Eid ul-Fitr is right after Ramadan is over. As soon as the Sun sets from the last day of Ramadan, Eid ul-Fitr starts and the Muslims feast. Muslims also say a special prayer called the Eid prayer and food and drink are passed around in Mosques.
Eid Al-Adha.
Eid Al-Adha means "The Feast of Sacrifice" and is to celebrate when a prophet called Abraham had to sacrifice his son to show that he was loyal to God. At the last moment, God said to Abraham that this was simply a test, and he did not have to sacrifice his son to Him. Muslims in this holiday sacrifice a goat or cow in His honour to show their gratitude for God saving Abraham's son's life.
The meat of the sacrificed animal is split up into three portions. One for the man who sacrificed the animal, one for the man's poor relatives and one for poor people in general, whatever their race or religion is.
Friday (Jumu'ah).
Muslims believe that on any Friday, at the end of the week, a good deed is worth more than if you did that same good deed on a different day. Muslims go to the Mosque to pray on that day, for they believe that it was on this day that Adam was created. They reject the idea that God rested after creating the world ("And on the seventh day, God rested" Genesis 2:2) and so this day should not be related to a Sabbath.
Ashura.
Ashura in Arabic means ten and is celebrated on the ninth and tenth day of Muharram. Muslims can choose to fast on this day (see fasting above). This holiday is to celebrate when God saved Moses and the Israelites from Pharaoh in Egypt.
This is also the day when Muhammad's grandson, called Husayn ibn Ali, was killed.
Mawlid an-Nabi.
Mawlid an-Nabi means "The Birth of the Prophet" in Arabic, and celebrated the Prophet Muhammad's birthday on the twelfth day of the month of Rabi Al-Awwal. Poetry and prayer to both God and Muhammed are chanted on this day.
Laylat ul Isra and Miraj.
Laylat ul Isra and Miraj means "The Night of Power and Ascension". It is when Muhammad was taken to "the farthest Mosque" (it was in Jerusalem) and was taken to see God. It was here that Muhammad and God talked about how many prayers should be said a day. God said there should be fifty prayers a day, but Moses and Muhammad asked for less, since fifty was hard to do every day. Eventually, fifty was lowered to five prayers a day. If the prayers were done well, they were worth fifty prayers.
Laylat al-Qadr.
Laylat al-Qadr means "The night of Power" in Arabic and is celebrated near the end of Ramadan. It is a sacred and important holiday since it is when the Qur'an was first shown to the population.
Laylat ul Bara'ah.
Laylat ul Bara'ah means "The Night of Freedom from Fire" and is celebrated on the 14th and 15th of the month of Sha'ban. Here, Muslims pray and sing the Qur'an all night.
Jumu'ah-tul-Wida.
Jumu'ah-tul-Wida is just before Eid ul-Fitr at the end of Ramadan and Muslims say special prayers.
Eid al-Ghadeer.
Eid al-Ghadeer is celebrated by Shi'a Muslims and is when Muhammad gave his last sermon at Ghadir Khumm during the month of Dhul-Hijjah.
It is also to celebrate Ali ibn Abi Talib taking over from Muhammad when Muhammad died.
The New Year.
The first day of Muharram is the new year for Islam. It isn't an official Islamic event but most Muslims have a ritual or celebration of some kind for it.
Open mosque day.
Some mosques are organizing “Open mosque days” with special program, muslim culture, video show, discussion and finger foods for the visitors. In many western cities this is becomming a cultural social event.
Fasting.
Ramadan is celebrated in the month of Ramadan (the 9th month in the Islam calendar). Prayers are chanted all day and Muslims are forbidden to eat or drink after the sun has risen. When the sun goes down in the evenings they are allowed to eat and drink again. This is called fasting and breakfast comes from this word (break-fast or breaking your fast). This holiday is to teach Muslims patience.
The month of Ramadan changes every year because the Muslims follow the lunar calendar rather than the Christians' solar calendar.
Example Calendar.
Here is an example calendar taken from the Islamic lunar calendar and put into a solar calendar. In this case it is from 2000 to 2001 in years of the Christian era.
Certain events (such as Ramadan) happen at different times each year.

Guys and Dolls
"Guys and Dolls" is a musical. The music and lyrics were written by Frank Loesser, and the speaking parts were written by Jo Swerling and Abe Burrows. The story of "Guys and Dolls" is based on short stories written by Damon Runyon.
What happens.
Nathan Detroit, a gambler in 1950's New York City, needs a place to hold his illegal dice game where he will not be caught by the police. He finds a place, but the person who owns it wants one thousand dollars to rent it for the night. Nathan thinks he is out of luck, until he hears that the famous gambler Sky Masterson is in town. He bets Sky one thousand dollars that he cannot get Sarah Brown, a missionary, to go to Havana, Cuba with him. Because Sarah is very religious and moralistic, Nathan thinks she will never agree to go with him.
Nathan has another problem. He has been engaged to a woman named Adelaide for fourteen years, but they still are not married. Adelaide is so frustrated with him that she comes down with a cold. She tells him that if he does not marry her, she will leave him. Nathan promises to marry her, but then realizes that the night he said he would meet her is the same night as the dice game. He does not marry her, and Adelaide is extremely angry with him. She tells him she never wants to see him again.
Meanwhile, Sarah's mission is about to be closed down unless she can have it filled for a midnight prayer meeting later that week. Sky hears about this and makes a deal with her. If she goes to Havana with him, he will persuade the men he knows to go to the prayer meeting. Because Sarah is desperate, she accepts his offer. At first Sky is only taking her to Havana to win the bet, and Sarah is only going with him to save her mission, but while they are in Havana they fall in love. As Sky is saying goodbye to her, Nathan and the other gamblers run out of the mission, where they had been holding the dice game. Sarah thinks he only took her to Havana to get her away from the mission so Nathan could have the game there, and she is very angry with him.
Sky is still in love with Sarah, so he decides to keep his part of the deal. He makes a bet with all the gamblers. If he loses, he will give each of the gamblers a thousand dollars. If he wins, they will have to go to the prayer meeting. Sky wins the bet, and Sarah's mission is saved. Sarah realizes that he really does care about her.
Later, Sarah meets Adelaide. They talk about Nathan and Sky and realize that they are both in love. Sarah decides to marry Sky, and Adelaide decides to marry Nathan.

Ichiro Mizuki
, real name (born January 7, 1948 in Tokyo), is a Japanese famous anison singer, composer, voice actor and ordinary actor. He is best known for his anime and tokusatsu such as Mazinger Z, Great Mazinger, Kamen Rider and Metal Hero series.
Ichiro Mizuki began his solo career in 1968, although his first single "Kimi ni sasageru Boku no Uta" was released as this song was composed by Kanae Wada. Later, he starts to sing his theme song during the 1970s. His first anime song called Genshi Shounen Ryuu was released in 1971 as the opening theme from the animated television series Genshi Shounen Ryuu. Then he released many other anime and tokusatsu songs from Super Robot, Science Fiction, Sports, Kamen Rider, Metal Hero and Super Sentai series. Ichiro Mizuki has been sang more than 1000 songs since his anison debut.
From August 30 to August 31, 1999, he held a 1000-song concert in duration of 24 hours. Also the success of 1000-song concert has become the legend in Japan.
On July 19, 2000, he joined as a part-time member of the supergroup JAM Project with other members - Hironobu Kageyama, Masaaki Endoh, Eizo Sakamoto, and Rica Matsumoto.
Meanwhile, Ichiro Mizuki has also act the tokusatsu TV series such as Jikuu Senshi Spielvan, Voicelugger and also the voice actor for anime such as Koraru no Tanken and Dangaioh (OVA).

Saalburg
The Saalburg is a Roman fortification in the Taunus mountains in Germany and was a stronghold in the Upper Germanic Limes.
It was constructed about 90 CE and enlarged until about 210. Then the Romans left it after 260. It is estimated that it was home to a "cohors equitata", about 500 cavalry and infantry, to protect the access to the Rhine-Main valley from the Germanic tribes in the North. Eventually it decayed, and its stones were used as a quarry.
In 1897 Wilhelm II ordered that it was rebuilt. Today the Saalburg houses a museum and is a center for Roman archeology. It is located between Bad Homburg and Wehrheim, some 30 km north of Frankfurt am Main.
As part of the Upper Germanic Limes the Saalburg belongs to the UNESCO World Heritage sites since 15. July 2005.

Kesha Wizzart
Kesha Wizzart (born in 1988), was a future pop star and a contestant on the television show "Stars In Their Eyes".
On July 12 2007 Kesha her mother Beverley and brother Fred was murdered the investigators found injuries to their heads in their Manchester home, the day afterwards a search for the suspect Pierre Williams was started and he was arrested on July 14. The arrested man later received a long prison sentence.
Wizzart was born in Manchester, England.

Names for small numbers
Naming very small numbers is the same as naming very big numbers, but with one important difference. There is a minus sign over what the 10 in the formula is raised to. So if one wanted to write 0.007 in shorthand form, they would write it 7 x 10-3 since 7 is the third digit after the decimal point (the zero in front of the decimal point doesn't count). Naming a very small number with lots of different numbers inside it is the same as doing it with a very big number, but again with that one difference of the minus sign. So 0.0000452 would become 4.52 x 10-5 (0.0000452 --> 4.52 x 0.00001 --> 4.52 x 10-5).

Military of ancient Rome
The Military of ancient Rome (known to the Romans as the "militia") means all military forces of Ancient Rome from the founding of the city of Rome to the end of the Western Roman Empire. Originally there was only the Roman army, but a small navy was added during the Second Samnite War.
The Roman military was an important part of the Roman state. Josephus describes the Roman people as "as if born ready armed." It has a history of more than 1300 years. Roman armies fought in Parthia as well as in Africa, and in - what was in that time the far north - the British Isles.
Following a series of reforms during centuries, the army became highly trained and was well equipped in the middle of the Roman Imperial period. The Romans also had a powerful navy that ruled the Mediterranean and the European Atlantic coast. In the late Imperial period the military's numbers were significantly increased to cover the borders and keep internal peace. The circumstances of the Empire had changed; the Western Roman Empire now relied heavily on foederati units of mostly Germanic tribes living within the borders, who fought in the name of Rome during the Migration Period.

Roman legion
The Roman Legion (from Latin "legio" "military levy, conscription", from "lego" — "to collect") is a term that can mean both: the heavy infantry that was the basic military unit of the ancient Roman army in the period of the late Roman Republic and the Roman Empire and with a wider meaning "legio" ("conscription" or "army") in the sense of the entire Roman army.
In the first meaning, it consisted of several cohorts of heavy infantry known as legionaries. It was almost always accompanied by one or more attached units of auxiliaries, who were not Roman citizens and provided cavalry, ranged troops and skirmishers to complement the legion's heavy infantry.
The size of a typical legion varied widely throughout the history of ancient Rome, with complements of 4,200 legionaries in the republican period of Rome (split into 35 maniples of 120 legionaries each), to around 5,500 in the imperial period (split into 10 cohorts of 480 men each, with the first cohort at double strength: the remaining 220 being cavalry -120- and technical staff).

Alpha helix
An alpha helix (α-helix) is a twisted part of a protein. It is one of the two most common parts of the secondary structure, or shape, of a protein. The other is the beta sheet. An alpha helix is created by alternating groups of atoms. There is a carbonyl group, created by a carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom, and an amine group, created by a nitrogen atom bonded to a hydrogen atom. Each section containing one of each of these groups is called a residue, a general term for a small part of a molecule. Each amine group forms a hydrogen bond with the carbonyl group four residues earlier. A prion is a protein that causes disease by changing the shape of another protein. It does this by changing some of the alpha helices, which are more common in normal cells, to beta sheets, which are more common in prions.

Allied Occupation Zones in Germany
After World War II Nazi Germany west of the Oder-Neisse line was divided into four occupation zones.
They were occupied by the allied powers who defeated Germany, the (Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and the United States) and by France. This was done for administrative purposes during the period 1945-1949.
In the closing weeks of fighting in Europe the American forces had actually pushed beyond the previously agreed upon occupation zone boundaries, sometimes by as much as 200 miles. After about two months of holding certain areas meant to be in the Soviet zone, the American forces withdrew in July 1945.

Topaz
A Topaz is the birthstone (mineral rock) of someone whose birthday lands in the month of November. It is usually reddish-orange.

Beautiful (Christina Aguilera song)
Beautiful is a song from Christina Aguilera's album "Stripped". It is about how people should not be ashamed to show pride in their differences. It was released late in 2002.

Fundamental theorem of algebra
The fundamental theorem of algebra is a proven fact that is the basis of mathematical analysis, the study of limits. It was proven by German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss. It says that for any polynomial formula_1 with the degree, or highest power, of "n", where "n">0, formula_2 must have exactly "n" complex zeroes. A zero is a solution to a function for which the number "x" gives formula_3. Some of these zeroes may be the same. All polynomials also have at least one zero that is distinct, which means that there is at least one zero that is different from any other zeroes of that function. Many people say that the theorem's name is wrong because it is used more in analysis than algebra.

R.E.M. (band)
R.E.M. is an American rock band. It was formed formed in Athens, Georgia in 1980. R.E.M. was one of the first popular alternative rock bands. R.E.M. released its first single, "Radio Free Europe" in 1981.
During the 1980s, R.E.M. were one of the most important rock bands in the college radio movement. They became successful internationally in 1987, when they released the song, "The One I Love". They were very popular in the early 1990s and are still making new music. They have been inducted in to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.

Israel
The State of Israel is a country in the Middle East. Most of the citizens of Israel are Jewish, with a large Arab minority who are Muslims or Christians. The country was established in the Palestine Mandate, which was a region looked after by the British on behalf of the United Nations.
Israel is on the eastern edge of the Mediterranean Sea. It shares borders with Lebanon and Syria on the north, Jordan on the east, and Egypt to the southwest. Israel also controls territory in the Gaza Strip and on the West Bank of the Jordan River. It shares the coastlines of the Mediterranean, the Aqaba, the Dead Sea, and the Sea of Galilee.
The story of the State of Israel does not begin in 1948. Canaanites are the first people known to have lived in the area. 3000 years ago the biblical kingdoms of Saul, David and Solomon existed. When the Temple (of King Solomon) in Jerusalem was destroyed by the Romans, most of the Jewish people were forced to live in other countries. This dispersal is called the Diaspora.
Since the Diaspora, there have been many attempts to make a homeland for the Jewish people. In the 1880s, this wish for the nation became a movement called Zionism. Jews from all over the world began to come to the area and settled in desert zones, then governed by the Turkish and later by the British Governments. World War II and the Holocaust killed millions of Jews in Europe.
The mass migration of Jews into Israel primarily from Europe and Russia led to occupation of Palestinian land who were sent as refugees to neighboring Arab countries.
On May 14th, 1948, the Israelis (under the leadership of David Ben-Gurion) declared independence for the new Jewish state.
Geography.
The borders of Israel are disputed, and several wars have been fought about where the borders should be. The land is desert in the south with a flat plain in the west near the coast of the Mediterranean Sea. Israel also has a range of mountains near its center. The weather is normally warm, but is hot and dry in the desert areas; in the north, the weather is temperate. Two-thirds of the land is covered with desert. Jerusalem is the biggest city in Israel, and Tel Aviv is another big city.
Politics.
Israel is a parliamentary democracy. The President is Shimon Peres. The Prime Minister is Ehud Olmert, who took over from Ariel Sharon in 2006 when Sharon fell into a coma, never waking up. Jerusalem is the capital city and the seat of government. The government and parliament meet in the Knesset.
Economy.
Most of the Israeli economy is based on technology, manufacturing, tourism, and agriculture. Israel also trades things to Europe and the United States.

Lake Champlain
Lake Champlain is a natural freshwater lake in North America along the borders of New York and Vermont and partially across the United States-Canada border in the province of Quebec. The lake was named for the French explorer Samuel de Champlain, who discovered it in 1609.
A region of large freshwater lakes.
Lake Champlain is one of a large number of large lakes spread in an arc from Labrador through the northern United States and into the Northwest Territories of Canada. Although it is much smaller than the Great Lakes of Ontario, Erie, Huron, Superior, or Michigan, Lake Champlain is a large body of fresh water. Approximately 1130 km² (435 square miles) in area, the lake is about 180 km (110 miles) long, and 19 km (12 miles) across at its widest point. The maximum depth is about 400 feet. It contains about 80 islands, including an the entire country of Grand Isle County in Vermont.
Colonial America and the Revolutionary War.
In the colonial times, Lake Champlain gave an easily blocked water (or, in winter, ice) passage between the Saint Lawrence and the Hudson Valleys. Boats and sledges were usually preferable to the unpaved and frequently mud-bound roads of the time. The northern tip of the lake at Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec (St. John in colonial times) is a short distance from Montreal. The southern tip at Whitehall (Skenesborough in colonial times) is a short distance from Saratoga, Glens Falls, and Albany, New York.
Forts at Ticonderoga and Crown Point (Fort St. Frederic) controlled passage of the lake in colonial times. Important battles were fought at Ticonderoga in 1758 and 1777. A important naval battle was fought in 1776 at Valcour Island: in the Battle of Valcour Island, Benedict Arnold delayed British ships enough to prevent the fall of these forts until the following year, allowing the Continental Army to grow stronger and allowing the later victoryat Saratoga.

Fumie Suguri
Fumie Suguri (村主 章枝 "Suguri Fumie" born December 31, 1980 in Yokohama) is a Japanese figure skater. She is a five-times Japanese National Champion, three-times World Championships medalist, and 2003-2004's Grand Prix Final Champion. She can speak English perfectly.
Profile.
Suguri is expressive, her program is called "Suguri World". Her younger sister Chika Suguri is figure skater likewise, too.
She was first Japanese skater to win the ISU Grand Prix Final in 2003, and got more Four Continents Championships titles in 2005, and got more World Championships medals than other Japanese figure skater in 2006.

List of official languages in Russia
Although Russian is the only official language of the Russian Federation, there are several other officially-recognized languages for areas within Russia. This is a list of languages that are official only in certain parts of Russia.

Occupational Safety and Health Administration
The United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is an agency of the United States Department of Labor. It was created by Congress under the Occupational Safety and Health Act and was signed by President Richard M. Nixon, on December 29, 1970. Its mission is to prevent work-related injuries, illnesses, and deaths by making and enforcing rules (called standards) for workplace safety and health. As of March 2006, the agency is headed by Assistant Secretary of Labor Edwin Foulke.

Arsenio Hall
Arsenio Hall (born February 12, 1955 in Cleveland, Ohio) is an American actor and comedian. He hosted his own television talk show, "The Arsenio Hall Show", from 1989 to 1994 on the Fox network. He also had his own sitcom, titled "Arsenio".
Hall costarred with Eddie Murphy in the movies "Coming to America" and "Harlem Nights". After his own television series ended, Hall sometimes guest-starred on "The Tonight Show" with Jay Leno.

Bezenye
Bezenye is a village in the north-west of Hungary. It is very close to the border with Slovakia and only 9km from the Slovakian capital city Bratislava. The population is about 1600.
Archaeologists have found things under the ground which show that the first people to lived there were Old Germanic tribes. Later, Hungarian (Magyar) people lived there. Then troops from Turkey destroyed a lot of the village and the people fled. New people came to live in the area: Croatians and Germans. The Croatians called the village "Bizonja" and the Germans called it "Palersdorf". "Bezenye" is the Hungarian name. It comes from a Slav word "baza" meaning an elderberry tree.
After World War II many of the poorer Germans had to go and live in Germany. New Hungarian families from Slovakia came to live in Bezenye.
Today Bezenye is not a typical Hungarian village. The people speak a mixture of Hungarian, Croatian, Slovak and German. The Roman Catholic church of the Blessed Virgin Mary has services in Hungarian and Croatian.
References.
"The Slovak-Austrian-Hungarian Danubeland", compiled by Daniel Kollár; ISBN 80-88975-20-4

Royal Proclamation of 1763
The Royal Proclamation of 1763 was issued October 7, 1763, by King George III after Great Britain gained French territory in North America after the end of the French and Indian War/Seven Years' War. The purpose of the Proclamation was to organize Britain's large North American empire, and to make relations with Native Americans better and more stable by controlling trade, settlement, and land purchases on the western frontier. The Proclamation basically said that Americans could not settle or buy land west of the Appalachian Mountains. Colonists were angry because many already had land in that area. Also, the Proclamation gave Great Britain a monopoly in land bought from Native Americans.etr

Inkscape
Inkscape is a vector graphics (pictures made from lines instead of dots) drawing program published under the GNU General Public License. Its stated goal is to become a really good drawing tool while being able to fit in with standards for SVG graphics.
Inkscape was first made for Linux, but now it is cross-platform and runs on Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, and other Unix-like operating systems. As of 2007, Inkscape is actively being made better, and new features are added all the time.
It is a fork (break-off) of another vector graphics program called Sodipodi.

Land grant
A land grant is a gift of real estate - land or privileges - made by a government or other authority as a reward for services to an individual, especially as rewards for military service. Grants of land are also awarded to individuals and companies to help develop unused land in relatively unpopulated countries.
Roman soldiers were given rewards at the end of their service including cash or land ("praemia"). Augustus fixed the amount in AD 5 at 3000 denarii and by the time of Caracalla it had risen to 5000 denarii.

Pope Leo XIII
Pope Leo XIII (March 2, 1810—July 20, 1903), born Vincenzo Gioacchino Raffaele Luigi Pecci, was the 256th Pope of the Roman Catholic Church. He held the office from 1878 to 1903. He came after Pope Pius IX. He was in office until the age of 93. He was the oldest pope and had the third longest papal reign. He is known as the "Pope of the Working Man."

Konzum
Konzum is Croatia's biggest supermarket chain. Konzum was opened in Zagreb in 1957, and today has 230 stores open in Croatia. Lately, Konzum's popularity has grown a lot in Croatia. In 1994, Konzum joined the Agrokor group. Konzum supermarkets can also be found in Croatia's neighbouring country, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Konzum has relations with the Bosnian company, Velpro.

Mother Teresa
Mother Teresa (born Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu) (August 26, 1910 – September 5, 1997), was a Roman Catholic nun who founded the Missionaries of Charity and won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1979 for her work with people. For over forty years, she ministered to the needs of the poor, sick, orphaned, and dying of Calcutta (Kolkata), inspired in part by Saint Francis of Assisi.
As the Missionaries of Charity grew under Mother's leadership, they expanded their ministry to other countries. By the 1970s she had become internationally famed as an advocate for the poor and helpless, due in part to a film and book, "Something Beautiful for God" by Malcolm Muggeridge.
Following her death she was beatified, which is the first stage of sainthood, by Pope John Paul II and given the title Blessed Teresa of Calcutta.

JoJo (singer)
Joanna Noëlle Levesque (born December 20, 1990), known by her stage name JoJo, is an American singer. She is a pop and R&B singer, songwriter, record producer, and actress.

Angela Aames
Angela Aames (born 27 February 1956 in Pierre, South Dakota; died 27 November 1988 in West Hills, California) was an American actress. She was famous for her role in the movie ’’Bachelor Party’’. She had a promising career before it was stopped when she died of heart problems at the age of 32.

Willie Aames
Willie Aames (born Albert William Upton July 15, 1960 in Orange County, California, USA) is an actor famous for the roles of Buddy Lembeck on "Charles in Charge", Tommy Bradford on "Eight is Enough" and the voice of Hank on "Dungeons & Dragons", the cartoon. He also hosted a game show "The Krypton Factor" from 1990-91.

Peter Abbay
Peter Abbay (born May 3, 1966) plays the mysterious unseen Banker on NBC's hit game show, "Deal or No Deal". He also appeared on several TV shows, such as "House" as a cab driver, "Punk'd" as a Mob Boss, and "Another World" as Logan. He recently acted in the independent film "Manhattan Minute".

Bruce Abbott
Bruce Abbott (born 28 July 1954 in Portland, Oregon) is an American actor. He has appeared in movies such as "Re-Animator", "Bad Dreams", "The Prophecy II", "Out of Time", "Bride of Re-Animator" and the television series "Dark Justice".

Bud Abbott
William Alexander “Bud” Abbott (October 2, 1895 – April 24, 1974) was an American actor, producer and comedian born in Asbury Park, New Jersey. He is famous for his role as the "straight man" of the comedy team of Abbott and Costello, with Lou Costello.

Kareem Abdul-Jabbar
Kareem Abdul-Jabbar (born Ferdinand Lewis Alcindor, Jr. on April 16, 1947) is an American former professional basketball player and current assistant coach. He was known as Lew Alcindor before changing his name in the fall of 1971, several years after converting to Islam. He is considered one of the greatest players of all time. He has also had numerous TV and film appearances.

Betty Aberlin
Betty Aberlin (born Betty Kay Ageloff December 30, 1942, New York City) is an American actress, poet, and writer. She had a regular role on "The Smothers Brothers Show". Aberlin worked on various television programs. She played Lady Aberlin on "Mister Rogers' Neighborhood". Her movie roles include work in "Dogma" and "Jersey Girl".

Jake Abel
Jake Abel (born Jacob Allen Abel on November 18, 1987 in Canton, Ohio) is an American actor.
He is best known for his roles in movie "Go Figure" as Spencer, and in "Threshold". He also played Kirk in an episode of "The Suite Life of Zack and Cody".

Baudrecourt, Moselle
Beaudrecourt is a village in the Lorraine region of France. It is about half way between Metz and Nancy. The TGV high-speed line from Paris to Strasbourg currently ends there. In 1999, 172 people lived there.

Hayden Panettiere
Hayden Leslie Panettiere (born August 21, 1989) is an American actress, singer, and a Grammy Award nominee.

Toul
Toul is a city in the Northeastern part of France. There are about 17,000 people living there. Toul is a fortified town, with a long history. The city was founded by the Romans. It was the capital of the Leuci tribe. When the Carolingian Empire was split by the Treaty of Meerssen, in 870, Toul was given to East Francia. In the early 1800s, the importance of the city diminished, and Nancy took its place.

Blessthefall
blessthefall is an U.S post-hardcore band from Phoenix, Arizona.

Amber
Amber, also called Allingite or Burmite (if from Burma/Myanmar), is the common name for fossil resin that is appreciated for its inherent and interesting mixture of colours and it is widely used for the manufacture of ornamental objects.
Although not mineralized, it is sometimes considered and used as a gemstone. Neopagans often use the stone for healing. This stone was called Freya's tears by the ancient Norse. Most of the world's amber is in the range of 30–90 million years old. Semi-fossilized resin or sub-fossil amber is called copal.
Amber consists of several resinous bodies more or less soluble in alcohol, ether and chloroform, associated with an insoluble bituminous substance.
Amber in geology.
Baltic amber (historically documented as Prussian amber) is found as irregular nodules in a marine sand, known as "blue earth," in the Lower Oligocene strata of Sambia in Kaliningrad Oblast, where it is now systematically mined.
Amber inclusions.
The resin can contain, in addition to the beautifully preserved plant-structures, remains of insects, spiders, annelids, frogs, crustaceans and other small organisms which became enveloped while the it was fluid. In most cases the organic structure has disappeared, leaving only a cavity, with perhaps a trace of chitin.
Locations and utilization.
Although amber is found along the shores of a large part of the Baltic Sea and the North Sea, the great amber-producing country is the promontory of Sambia, now part of Russia. About 90% of the world's extractable amber is located in the Kaliningrad region of Russia on the Baltic Sea.
Amber is extensively used for beads and other ornaments, and for cigar-holders and the mouth-pieces of pipes.
When gradually heated in an oil-bath, amber becomes soft and flexible. Two pieces of amber may be united by smearing the surfaces with linseed oil, heating them, and then pressing them together while hot. Cloudy amber may be clarified in an oil-bath, as the oil fills the numerous pores to which the turbidity is due. Small fragments, formerly thrown away or used only for varnish, are now utilized on a large scale in the formation of "ambroid" or "pressed amber". The pieces are carefully heated with exclusion of air and then compressed into a uniform mass by intense hydraulic pressure; the softened amber being forced through holes in a metal plate. The product is extensively used for the production of cheap jewelery and articles for smoking.
Amber was much valued as an ornamental material in very early times.

Resin
Resin or Rosin "(Oxford dictionary)" is a hydrocarbon secretion of many plants, particularly coniferous trees, valued for its chemical constituents and uses such as varnishes, adhesives, as an important source of raw materials for organic synthesis, or for incense and perfume. Fossilized resins are the source of amber. The term is also used for synthetic substances of similar properties.

Varnish
Varnish is a transparent, hard, protective finish or film primarily used in wood finishing but also for other materials. Varnish is traditionally a combination of a drying oil, a resin, and a solvent.
Resin.
Most resin or "gum" varnishes consist of a natural substance dissolved in a solvent. The two main types of natural varnishes are "spirit varnish" (which uses alcohol as a solvent) and turpentine or petroleum-based varnish. Some resins are soluble in both alcohol and turpentine.
Shellac is a very widely used single component resin varnish that is alcohol soluble. It is not used outdoors or where it will come into repeated contact with water such as around a sink or bathtub.

Secretion
Secretion is the process of releasing chemicals from a cell, or a secreted chemical substance or amount of substance.
Eukaryotic cells have a highly evolved process of secretion.

Adhesive
An adhesive is a compound that adheres or bonds two items together. Adhesives may come from either natural or synthetic sources. Some modern adhesives are extremely strong, and are becoming increasingly important in modern construction and industry.
History.
The first adhesives were natural gums and other plant resins. Archaeologists have found 6000-year-old ceramic vessels that had broken and been repaired using plant resin.

Natural gum
Natural gums are polysaccharides of natural origin, that can change the viscosity of a material in solution, even at small concentrations.

Ali
Ali ibn Abi Talib (‘Alī ibn Abī Tālib) ()‎ (Approximately: March 17, 599 - February 28, 661) was an early Islamic leader. He was the fourth Sunni caliph and the first Shia imam.

Zakarid Armenia
The Zakarid Armenia, is made to describe territories of Armenia given to the Zakarid-Mxargrzeli princes as a fief by Tamar, the queen of the Kingdom of Georgia.

Women and Islam
The complex relationship between women and Islam is shown by both Islamic texts and the history and culture of the Muslim world. Islamic scholars maintain that the Qur'an, the holy book of Islam, affirms women's religious and moral equality.
However, sharia (Islamic law) shows the marked differences between women's and men's roles, rights, and obligations, and many Muslim-majority countries give women different rights than men with regard to marriage, divorce, civil rights, legal status, dress code, and education.

Chador
A chador (Persian چادر) is a piece of clothing. It is for muslim women. In Iran, women wear chador in public. Chador covers all the body except the face. However some religious women, cover their faces with their chador too.
A chador is a full-length semi-circle of fabric open down the front. It is thrown over the head and held shut in front. A chador has no hand openings or closures but is held shut by the hands or by wrapping the ends around the waist.

Vortex mixer
A vortex mixer is small machine used in laboratories to mix small beakers of liquids.
What's inside?
Inside, a vortex mixer has an electric motor which turns a pipe facing upwards. This pipe is attached to a small rubber bowl where one can put a beaker of liquid to be mixed up. The rubber bowl turns quickly and creates a vortex or a spiral flow inside any liquid which is placed on it and is therefore mixed up. Most vortex mixers have controls which let the user control how fast or slow they want the mixer to turn and can also set it to turn continuously for a certain length of time.
Where they are used.
Vortex mixers are used in bioscience laboratories to mix two different chemicals for a desired effect or to dilute an acid or an alkali by mixing them with water.

Niqāb
Niqab is a piece of clothing. It is for muslim women. Women who wear niqab in public are called Niqabi. There are many Niqabis in Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar,Yemen and Egypt.Niqab covers all the woman's body including the face. Some niqabs have one or two holes for the eyes.

Hira
Hira is a cave. It is on the Arabian Peninsula. Mohammad lived in this cave for forty days. Muslims believed that God spoke to Mohammad in Hira through angel Gabriel.

Ferdowsi
Hakīm Abul-Qāsim Firdawsī Tūsī (935-1020) (Persian: حكیم ابوالقاسم فردوسی توسی) or Ferdowsi is a Persian poet. Ferdowsi was born in Tus. He wrote the "Shāhnāma". Shahnama is the national epic of Iran.

Abu-Mansur Daqiqi
Hakim Abu Mansur Muhammad Ibn Ahmad Daqiqi Balkhi (935/942-976/980) (Persian: حكیم ابومنصور محمد بن احمد دقیقی بلخی) or Daqiqi was a Persian poet. He was a Zoroastrian. His slave killed him. He wrote the Goshtaspnama.

Edward VII of the United Kingdom
Edward VII (November 9, 1841 – May 6, 1910) was the King of the United Kingdom from 1901 to 1910, which is called the Edwardian period. He was the only British ruler whose royal house was called the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. The name was changed to Windsor by his son, George V in 1917 and still used today. Edward was born Albert Edward and was the oldest son of Queen Victoria and her husband, Prince Albert. He was Prince of Wales and heir to the throne, longer than any person in the British Royal family. His mother reigned for 63 years and Edward was 59 years old when he became King. In his younger years as Prince of Wales, he known as a playboy and popularized many trends in fashion, he was married to Alexandra of Denmark, but had many mistresses. Edward only ruled as King for about 9 years before he died at the age of 68.

Adhesive tape
Adhesive tape is a tape that is coated with adhesive and used to stick objects together.
Adhesive tape that will stick with application of pressure only (i.e. without activation by water, solvent or heat) is known as pressure sensitive tape. It can consist of a wide variety of tape backings and pressure sensitive adhesives.
Single-sided tapes allow joining of two overlapping or adjoining materials, while double-sided tape (adhesive on both sides) allows joining of two items back-to-back.

Roman Polanski
Roman Polanski (born Raymond Liebling August 18, 1933 in Paris) is a movie director. He is known for his art-house style movies like "Rosemary's Baby" (1968) and "Chinatown" (1974). Polanski was born in Paris, France and grew up in Poland. His father was Jewish and his mother was Roman Catholic. The family was persecuted by the Nazis and forced to live in a ghetto. Roman's mother died at Auschwitz. He later went to film school and graduated in 1959. Polanski won many awards for his short movies and went on to make full-length movies in the United Kingdom and the United States. While filming the movie "Fearless Vampire Killers" he met an actress named Sharon Tate and married her in 1967. In 1969, while Polanski was in London, Sharon, who was pregnant, and some their friends were murdered by followers of Charles Manson. The event made him very sad. In 1977, Polanski got in trouble when he was caught having sex with a 13-year-old girl at his friend, Jack Nicholson's house. Polanski went to France, where he remains to this day. If he ever comes back to the United States, he will be put in jail. In 2003, he won the Academy Award for Best Director for his film, "The Pianist".

Watford
Watford is a town in Hertfordshire, England, just north of London. Its population is 79,300 (mid-2005) and it is 21.43 square kilometers in size.

Home Alone
Home Alone is a 1990 comedy movie. It was written and produced by John Hughes and directed by Chris Columbus. It stars Macaulay Culkin as Kevin McCallister, a boy who is left behind by his family when they go on a vacation to France, over Christmas. While his family is gone, Kevin must stop two burglars trying to rob his house. The movie was very popular and three sequels were made.

Hijab
Hijab (حجاب) is the Arabic word for "to cover", and in general, means to be modest.
Sometimes, the word is used in particular to mean the "covering" of a woman's head and hair in Islam. The Arabic word used to specifically mean this, is "khimār" (خمار). This "veil" can come in several different types, such as just an ordinary veil (which only covers the head), and a Burka, which covers the entire body.

Scooby-Doo
"Scooby-Doo" is an American long-running animated series that was made for Saturday morning cartoons in many different versions from 1969 to now. The first series, that was called "Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!", was made for Hanna-Barbera Productions. Hanna-Barbera made many versions like it and other shows like it until everything was made in The WB Television Network, which has handled the production (making) of the show since then.
Though the show, people in it, and their ages have changed, the most familiar versions of the show have a talking dog named Scooby-Doo and four teenagers: Fred "Freddie" Jones, Daphne Blake, Velma Dinkley, and Norville "Shaggy" Rogers.

Akita Inu
The Akita is a breed of dog from Japan. It is usually 60-70 cm high and weighs 35-50 kg. Female Akitas are 5 to 10 kg lighter. They can be many colors.
Akitas originate from Akita Prefecture, in north of Japan.

Nezami
Hakīm Nizām ad-Dīn Abū Muhammad Ilyās ibn-Yusūf ibn-Zakī ibn-Mu'ayyid Nezāmi Ganjavi (1141-1209) (Persian: حکیم نظام الدین ابومحمد الیاس بن یوسف بن زکی بن موید نظامی گنجوی) or Nezāmi is a Persian poet. Nezāmi was born in Ganja. He has five Persian poetry books. All of his poems are in Persian.

Metric (band)
Metric is a Canadian band. This band was first made in 1998 in New York City, but today they are in Toronto, Ontario.
Metric is made up of Emily Haines, a singer, and also plays the Synthesizer), James Shaw, who plays the guitar, Josh Winstead, who plays bass guitar, and drummer Joules Scott-Key. Their first CD, called "Old World Underground, Where Are You Now?"came out in 2003. Their new CD, "Live It Out", was released on October 4, 2005.
Haines and Shaw are part of a band called Broken Social Scene, and Haines has been a guest on albums by Stars, KC Accidental, Delerium, The Stills, and Jason Collett.
Their songs "Monster Hospital" and "Police and the Private" have been used on the television show "Grey's Anatomy". "Monster Hospital" has been used in the television show '.
Metric continued to work on their first CD in the first few months of 2001. The album under construction included uptempo songs such as the title track "Grow Up and Blow Away", "Raw Sugar", and "Soft Rock Star", and downtempo songs like "White Gold", "The Twist", and "Rock Me Now". "Parkdale", Haines and Shaw finished the CD in April and by this time had found a new label — Restless Records, the L.A. indie record company that supported They Might Be Giants, Agent Orange, and The Dead Milkmen.
Metric was heard for the first time by many in August 2001 with the advertisement "Be Afraid", advertising Polaroid's I-Zone Pocket Fortune film. The music used for the advertisement was taken from the song "Grow Up and Blow Away", with the line "Why does it feel so good to die today?" changed to "Why does it feel so good to fly away?".
"Old World Underground" and "Live It Out".
In 2003, Metric's first album, "Old World Underground, Where Are You Now?" came out in stores. The album got mostly positive reviews. The group released six songs individually from the album, the most successful being "Combat Baby", which was a free song on iTunes in 2004. As of December 12, 2005 the album went gold in Canada.
Two years later, Metric released their second studio album on October 4, "Live It Out". During this time, Metric was asked and agreed to open for the Rolling Stones in New York City. "Live It Out" has been a success in Canada, already selling twice as many copies as "Old World Underground, Where Are You Now?". The album has gone two times platinum in Canada, selling over 200,000 copies.
Present.
The band is currently recording their third album, to come out in October 2007 in Toronto. Information about the album without a name is not yet out to the public.
On June 26, 2007, Last Gang Records bought the songs from Metric's 1999 album Grow up and Blow Away, which had been put off due to delays.
Singles.
Grow Up And Blow Away (unreleased)
Old World Underground, Where Are You Now?

Rudaki
Abu Abdullah Jafar ibn Mohammad ibn Hakim ibn Abdurrahman ibn Adam Rudaki Samarghandi (859 - c. 941) (Persian: ابوعبدالله جعفربن محمد بن حکیم بن عبدالرحمن بن آدم رودکی سمرقندی) or Rudaki was a Persian poet. He was born in Panjakent, Tajikistan and lived in Samarghand. Rudaki translated the old Indian fable book Panchatantra into Persian verse. His poems are collected in diwan.

Baba Taher
Baba Taher (Persian: باباطاهر) was a Persian poet. He lived in Hamadan, a city in Iran. Baha Taher songs are read in Pahlavi and Kurdish languages. His tomb is in Hamadan, western Iran.

Amir Khosrow
Hakīm Abul-Hasan Yamīn al-Dīn Khusrow Balkhi Dehlavi (1253-1325) (Persian: حکیم ابوالحسن یمین الدین خسرو بلخی دهلوی) or Amir Khosrow is a Persian poet. Amir Khusrow lived in Delhi. His poems are in Persian and Hindi.

Hafez
Khwajeh Shams al-Din Muhammad Hafez-e Shirazi (also spelled Hafiz) (born between 1310 and 1337, believed to have died at age 69) (Persian: خواجه شمس الدین محمد حافظ شیرازی) or Hafez is a Persian poet. Hafez was born in Shiraz, Iran. Hafez learnt the Quran by heart at an early age. His poems are collected in Divan e Hafez. William Jones translated his work into English in 1771.

Forough Farrokhzad
Forough Farrokhzad (January 5, 1935 — February 13, 1967) (Persian:فروغ فرخزاد was an Iranian poetess. She lived in Tehran. In 1967, she died in a car accident. She was thirty-two. Maryam Dilmaghani translated her poems to English in 2006.

Ahmad Shamlou
Ahmad Shamlou (December 12, 1925 — July 24, 2000) (Persian: احمد شاملو) or Shamlou was a Persian poet, writer and journalist. In 1954, he was arrested. He was freed in 1955. Shamlou published more than seventy books. He wrote short stories, novels, plays, essays and poems. He died in Tehran and was buried in Karaj.

Parvin E'tesami
Parvin E'tesami (March 17, 1907 - April 5, 1941) (Persian: پروین اعتصامی is an Iranian poetess. She was daughter of Yosuf E'tesami, Iranian poet and writer. She started poetry when she was 9. Alladin Pazargadi translated her works from Persian into English in 2000.

Jihad
Jihad is an Arabic word meaning "to struggle". Muslims (believers in Islam) use this word to talk about defending the faith and protecting their family and nation, as well as defending innocent people. It can also mean fighting with yourself to become a better person. It is an official part of Shi'a Islam, but it is not an official part of Sunni Islam, though some call it the sixth pillar of Islam.

Postfix notation
Postfix notation is a mathematical notation. It is a way to write down equations and other mathematical formulae. Postfix notation is also known as Reverse Polish Notation. The notation was invented by Charles Hamblin in 1920. He wanted to simplify writing logic equations. He used Jan Łukasiewicz's prefix notation.
When postfix notation is used, no grouping elements (like parenthesis) are needed.
Some computer languages, like Postscript use Postfix notation. It is also use in some models of Hewlett-Packard calculators
With postfix notation, the operations are noted after their arguments. Because of this, postfix is relatively easy to do with computers who have a stack to do calculations.

Infix notation
Infix notation is the common arithmetic and logical formula notation, in which operators are written infix-style between the operands they act on (e.g. 2 + 2). It is not as simple to parse by computer as prefix notation (e.g. + 2 2) or postfix notation (e.g. 2 2 +), but many programming languages use it due to its familiarity.
In infix notation, unlike in prefix or postfix notations, parentheses surrounding groups of operands and operators are necessary to indicate the intended order in which operations are to be performed. In the absence of parentheses, certain precedence rules determine the order of operations. These are explained in the order of operations article.

Fiqh
Fiqh or Islamic jurisprudence is an expansion of Sharia law and is meant to be used with fatwas by Islamic clerics(known as 'Ulema' in Arabic) to help Muslims not break Sharia law.
The different schools of thought are not different beliefs but different views.
In Shia Islam there is one main school of thought, it is called Jaferi

Dir en grey
Dir en grey is a rock band from Japan. They began in 1997. They have recorded six albums, and have released three in Europe and two in the United States.

Hurricane Wilma
Hurricane Wilma was the strongest hurricane ever recorded in the Atlantic Ocean. It destroyed parts of the Yucatán Peninsula and southern Florida during October in the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season. Wilma broke several records for both strength and seasonal activity. Wilma was only the third Category 5 ever to develop in the month of October and with the formation of Hurricane Wilma, the 2005 season became the most active on record, exceeding the 21 storms of the 1933 season. Wilma was the twenty-second storm (including the subtropical storm discovered in reanalysis), thirteenth hurricane, sixth major hurricane, and fourth Category 5 hurricane of the record-breaking season.

Yucatán Peninsula
The Yucatán Peninsula separates the Caribbean Sea from the Gulf of Mexico. The peninsula is east of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, a northwestern geographic divider, separating the Central America from the rest of North America.
The peninsula is covers up the Mexican states of Yucatán, Campeche, and Quintana Roo; the northern part of Belize; and Guatemala's northern department of El Petén. Mexican states situated on the isthmus to the west of the peninsula include Chiapas and Tabasco.

Clarksville, Tennessee
Clarksville is a city in Montgomery County, Tennessee, USA. Clarksville is the county seat of Montgomery County and is Tennessee's fifth largest city. As of the 2005 census estimates, the city had a total population of 123,395. Clarksville is the principal central city of the Clarksville-Hopkinsville metropolitan statistical area, which consists of Montgomery County and Christian County, Kentucky.
The city has several nicknames: "The Queen City", "Gateway to the New South", and "Clarksvegas" (The name of a former bar in town).

Live Earth
Live Earth was a series of concerts held on July 7, 2007, and were organized by Al Gore, who used to be the vice president. Inspired by Live Aid and Live 8, Live Earth was held to raise awareness about global warming. It was held in cities on every continent in the world, even Antarctica, and stars like Madonna and the Foo Fighters came out to help.

Wembley Stadium (1923)
Wembley Stadium was a sports arena located in London, England. It was built in 1923 and was first known as the Empire Stadium, but because the area it was in is named "Wembley," it was renamed "Wembley Stadium." It featured two Twin Towers by the entrance.
As well as being a sports arena, it had also been the site for several concerts; the most famous one is the Live Aid concert held there in July of 1985.
In 2000, Wembley Stadium was closed. In 2003, it was demolished, and a brand-new stadium with the same name was put up in its place.

Inch of mercury
Inches of mercury, inHg or Hg is a non-SI unit for pressure, or a way to measure how hard something is pushing on something else. It is a unit that is still used a lot for counting barometric pressure, or how thick the air is in one place, in weather forecasts and aviation, or anything that has to do with flying in the United States, but is considered a bit old in other countries.
It is the amount of pressure that a column of mercury that is one inch tall has at 32 °F (0 °C) at the standard acceleration of gravity, or how fast things speed up as they are falling because of gravity.
Airplanes that are flying at high altitudes, or that are flying higher than what is called the Transition Altitude, which varies by country set their barometric altimeters, which control the air pressure in their plane, to a standard pressure of 29.92 inHg or 1,013.2 hPa (1 hPa = 1 mbar) no matter what the actual sea level pressure is, in inches of mercury used in the U.S. and Canada, and in other units in other countries. The resulting altimeter readings, or the things that show up on the plane's altimeter are known as flight levels.

Lou Costello
Lou Costello, born Louis Francis Cristillo (March 6, 1906 - March 3, 1959), was an American actor and comedian best known as half of the comedy team of Abbott and Costello, with Bud Abbott.

Kirstie Alley
Kirstie Louise Alley (born January 12, 1951) is an American actress famous for her role in the TV show "Cheers", where she played Rebecca Howe from 1987-1993, winning an Emmy as the "Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series" for 1991. A year later, she won a Golden Globe for her acting in "Cheers" as well. She won an Emmy in 1994 for her role in the TV-drama "David's Mother". Other roles that have been well-liked by the public and the critics that Alley is known for include: playing Diane Barrows in "It Takes Two" and a single mother in "Look Who's Talking", "Look Who's Talking Too", and "Look Who's Talking Now" (all co-starring John Travolta). Alley has won two People's Choice Awards in the years 1991 and 1998.

Seth Adkins
Seth Elijah Adkins (born October 30, 1989) is an American actor. He started acting as a child actor during the mid 1990s. He is also credited under the name "Seth E. Adkins".

Danny Aiello
Daniel Louis Aiello, Jr. (born June 20, 1933) is an Italian-American actor who has appeared in numerous movies, including "Once Upon a Time in America", "Ruby", ', "Hudson Hawk", "The Purple Rose of Cairo", "Moonstruck", ', "Two Days in the Valley", and "Dinner Rush". He is most famous for his role in the 1989 Spike Lee film "Do the Right Thing". Aiello was nominated for a Best Supporting Actor Academy Award in 1990 for his role as Sal, the pizzeria owner.

Claude Akins
Claude Marion Akins was an American actor (born May 25, 1926, in Nelson, Georgia - died January 27, 1994, in Altadena, California). With his big body and deep voice, Akins usually played the clever (or less than clever) tough guy, on the side of good or bad, in movies and television. He is famous as "Sheriff Lobo" in the 1970s TV series "B.J. and the Bear", and later "The Misadventures of Sheriff Lobo", a spinoff series.

Don Adams
Don Adams (April 13, 1923 – September 25, 2005), born Donald James Yarmy, was an American actor famous for his role as "Maxwell Smart" (Agent 86) in the TV situation comedy "Get Smart" (1965–1970, 1995), for which he also directed and wrote. Adams won three consecutive Emmy Awards for his role (1967–1969). He was also famous for voicing the cartoon characters Tennessee Tuxedo and Inspector Gadget.

Ben Affleck
Benjamin Géza Affleck (born August 15, 1972) is a Golden Globe Award-nominated American movie actor, director, and Academy Award-winning and Golden Globe Award-winning screenwriter. He became famous in the late 1990s, after acting in the movie "Good Will Hunting", and has since become a Hollywood star, having acted in several important movies.

The Cosby Show
"The Cosby Show" is an American television sitcom starring Bill Cosby, first broadcast on September 20, 1984 and ran for eight seasons on the NBC television network, until April 30, 1992.
The show was about the Cosby family.

Wembley Stadium
Wembley Stadium is a football stadium in London, England. It was built from 2003 to 2007 in the same spot that the first Wembley Stadium was built. It holds 90,000 seats The new stadium features an arch that was designed not to cast a shadow over the stadium while games are played.
As well as sports, the new Wembley Stadium, like the first one, is also used for concerts. Metallica, Muse and George Michael have performed there. Also, the Concert for Diana was held there on July 1, 2007, and the London Live Earth concert was held there six days later, on July 7.

Port Dover Composite School
Port Dover Composite School is a public high school in Port Dover, Ontario, Canada. The high school is open to both men and women. There are no school uniforms and it is free for Canadian citizens to attend from ages 14 to 21 years of age. In the past, the school hosted a dinosaur music party in French as well as other special events.

Rouben Mamoulian
Rouben Mamoulian (Armenian: Ռուբեն Մամուլյան) (October 8, 1897 – December 4, 1987) was an Armenian-American film and theatre director.
Born in Tbilisi, Georgia (ruled at that time by imperial Russia) to an Armenian family, Rouben relocated to England and started directing plays in London in 1922. He moved to America the next year to teach in Eastman School of Music and was involved in directing opera and theatre. In 1930, he became a naturalized citizen of the United States.

Ivan Aivazovsky
Ivan Aivazovsky (Russian: Иван Константинович Айвазовский, Armenian: Հովհաննես Այվազովսկի - Hovhannes Aivazovsky July 29, 1817 – May 5, 1900) was a Russian painter of Armenian descent, most famous for his seascapes, which make up more than half of his paintings.

Thistle tube
A thistle tube is made of glass and is used in laboratories to add liquid to beakers of other liquids or sometimes to other pieces of equipment.
Characteristics.
A thistle tube is a long hollow pole of glass which has a funnel at the top. Liquid is put into the top and travels down the tube and comes out the thin end of the tube in small drips which can be used anywhere. It is usually quite precise.

World Meteorological Organization
The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) is an international organization with a membership of 188 Member States and Territories. It was originally known as the International Meteorological Organization (IMO), which was founded in 1873. In 1950, the United Nations created the WMO for meteorology (weather and climate), operational hydrology and related geophysical sciences. Its headquarters are located in Geneva, Switzerland. The current president is Alexander Bedritsky and the current Secretary-General is Michel Jarraud, who were both elected by the 14th World Meteorological Congress in 2003.

Static mixer
A static mixer is a piece of equipment that is used to mix liquids in laboratories. It has a unique shape.
Structure.
A static mixer is made up of rectangular plates twisted around at 180° so that they make a double-helix shape.
Liquids flow along the curves of the static mixer and also are separated by the smooth sides of the mixer. The mixer can also be turned clockwise, or right, and then quickly turned counter-clockwise, or left. This creates opposite currents in the liquid and mixes it more efficiently.
Uses.
The static mixer can be used to mix acids and alkalis for a neutralization. It can also be used to mix two liquids that normally wouldn't mix, like oil and water (see emulsion). It separates the particles of the water and oil until they become so small that they mix.

Komárno
Komárno is a town in the south-west of Slovakia. It is an important, historical town which is famous for having the largest fortification in Europe. The river Vah flows into the Danube at Komárno. The Danube at this point forms the border between the countries Slovakia and Hungary. The Hungarian name for the town is Komárom.
At first there was just one town, with the Danube flowing through the middle of the town. Since the end of World War I, when Czechoslovakia became a separate country from Hungary, the town has been split into two: Komárno is on the left (north) bank of the river, now in Slovakia, and Komárom is on the right (south) bank of the river, in Hungary. Komárno has a population of 37.000 and Komárom has a population of 19.600. The two towns are joined by a bridge.
People have lived in the area of Komárno for thousands of years. The first castle was built in the 10th century. In 1244 a law was made which said that every merchant who sailed a boat down the Danube past Komárno had to stop for several days in Komárno and unload all the cargo so that people could buy it if they wanted. If the merchant did not want to do this he had to pay a large duty (amount of money) to continue his journey. This law was stopped in 1751.
In the 15th century Komárno had become very important. The rulers and the court of the kingdom of Hungary often stayed there. The fortress was very powerful and they managed to fight off Turkish invadors after the Turks had already captured Esztergom and Buda. The fort was badly damaged in 1783 in an earthquake, but it was built up again because of the Napoleonic wars.
Today Komárno is a nice town to visit. There are many tourist attractions, especially the fort which is on the Hungarian side of the town (Komárom). There are also spa health centres where people can swim or bathe gently in the waters which help to make people who are ill healthy again. Two famous people who were born in Komárno are Mór Jókai, (1825-1904), a famous Hungarian writer, and Franz Lehár (1870-1948) – the composer who wrote popular operettas such as "The Merry Widow".

Komarno
Komarno is a town in the Ukraine.

Correlation
In statistics and probability theory, correlation (also called correlation coefficient) means the strength and direction of a linear relationship between two random variables.
In general statistical usage, "correlation" means the departure of two variables from independence, although correlation does not imply causation.
A number of different coefficients are used for different situations..

Sunscreen
Sunscreen (also known as sunblock, suntan lotion) is a lotion, spray or other topical product that helps protect the skin from the sun's ultraviolet (UV) radiation, and which reduces sunburn and other skin damage, with the goal lowering your risk of skin cancer. However in the United States, the term suntan lotion usually means the opposite of sunscreen, and instead refers to lotion designed to moisturize and maximize UV exposure and tanning rather than block it. These are commonly called indoor tanning lotions when designed for use with tanning beds or just suntan lotion if designed for outdoor use and may or may not have SPF protection in them.
The most effective sunscreens protect against both UVB (ultraviolet radiation with wavelength between 290 and 320 nanometres), which can cause sunburn, and UVA (between 320 and 400 nanometres), which damages the skin with more long-term effects, such as premature skin aging. Most sunscreens work by containing either an organic chemical compound that absorbs ultraviolet light (such as oxybenzone) or an opaque material that reflects light (such as titanium dioxide, zinc oxide), or a combination of both. Typically, absorptive materials are referred to as chemical blocks, whereas opaque materials are mineral or physical blocks.

First Council of Nicaea
The First Council of Nicaea was held in Nicaea in Bithynia (in present-day Turkey) in 325. The Roman Emperor Constantine I called the bishops of the Roman Empire to the first ecumenical conference of the early Christian Church. It had as most important result the first uniform Christian doctrine, called the Nicene Creed.
With the creation of the creed, a precedent was established for subsequent 'general (ecumenical) councils of Bishops' (Synods) to create statements of belief and church law. The purpose was to define unity of beliefs for the whole of Christendom.
Main points.
The purpose of the council was to resolve disagreements in the Church of Alexandria over the nature of Jesus in relationship to the Father; in particular, whether Jesus was of the same substance as God the Father or merely of similar substance. St. Alexander of Alexandria and Athanasius took the first position; the popular presbyter Arius, from whom the term Arian controversy comes, took the second. The council decided against the Arians (of the estimated 250-318 attendees, all but 2 voted against Arius). But many of the Eastern bishops who were pro-Arian, were prevented from reaching the Council until after the vote had been taken.
Another result of the council was an agreement on the date of the Christian Passover ("Pascha" in Greek; Easter in modern English), the most important feast of the ecclesiastical calendar. The council decided in favour of celebrating the resurrection on the first Sunday after the first full moon following the vernal equinox, independently of the Bible's Hebrew Calendar (see also Quartodecimanism), and authorized the Bishop of Alexandria (presumably using the Alexandrian calendar) to announce annually the exact date to his fellow bishops.
The Council of Nicaea was historically significant because it was the first effort to come to a consensus in the church through an assembly representing all of Christendom. "It was the first occasion for the development of technical Christology." Further, "Constantine in convoking and presiding over the council signaled a measure of imperial control over the church." With the creation of the Nicene Creed, a precedent was established for subsequent general councils to create a statement of belief and canons which were intended to become guidelines for doctrinal orthodoxy and a source of unity for the whole of Christendom — a momentous event in the history of the Church and subsequent history of Europe.
Character and purpose.
The First Council of Nicaea was called by Constantine I upon the recommendations of a synod led by Hosius of Cordoba in the Eastertide of 325. To most bishops, the teachings of Arius were heretical and a danger to the salvation of souls. In the summer of 325, the bishops of all provinces came to Nicaea (now known as İznik, in modern-day Turkey), a place easily accessible to the majority of them, particularly those of Asia Minor, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, Greece, and Thrace.
Approximately 300 bishops attended, from every region of the Empire except Britain. This was the first general council in the history of the Church since the Apostolic Council of Jerusalem. In the Council of Nicaea, “the Church had taken her first great step to define doctrine more precisely in response to a challenge from a heretical theology.” The resolutions in the council, being ecumenical, were intended for the whole Church.
Attendees.
Constantine had invited all 1800 bishops of the Christian church (about 1000 in the east and 800 in the west), but only 250 to 320 bishops actually participated. Eusebius_of_Caesarea counted 250, Athanasius_of_Alexandria counted 318, and Eustathius_of_Antioch counted 270 (all three were present at the council). Later, Socrates Scholasticus recorded more than 300, and Evagrius, Hilarius, Jerome and Rufinus recorded 318.
The bishops were given free travel to the council, as well as lodging. These bishops did not travel alone; each one had permission to bring with him two priests and three deacons; so the total number of attendees would have been above 1500. Eusebius speaks of an almost innumerable host of accompanying priests, deacons and acolytes.
A special prominence was also attached to this council because the persecution of Christians had just ended with the February 313 Edict of Milan by Emperors Constantine and Licinius.
The Eastern bishops formed the great majority. Of these, the first rank was held by the three patriarchs: Alexander of Alexandria, Eustathius of Antioch, and Macarius of Jerusalem.
The Latin-speaking provinces sent at least five representatives: Marcus of Calabria from Italia, Cecilian of Carthage from Africa, Hosius of Córdoba from Hispania, Nicasius of Dijon from Gaul, and Domnus of Stridon from the province of the Danube. Pope Silvester I did not attend, telling he was ill, but he was represented by two priests.
Athanasius of Alexandria, a young deacon and companion of Bishop Alexander of Alexandria, was among the assistants. Athanasius eventually spent most of his life battling against Arianism. Alexander of Constantinople, then a presbyter, was also present as representative of his aged bishop.

Oscypek
Oscypek (in Polish, "Oštiepok" in Slovak language) is a smoked cheese from Poland and Slovakia.
Oscypek is created from sheep's milk, or sometimes from cow's milk. Orginally oscypek is always created from sheep's milk.

Bigos
Bigos is a traditional dish from Poland and Lithuania. Bigos is created from cabbage (normal and Sauerkraut) and meat. Probably bigos has been imported to Poland from king - Jogaila.

Kaliber 44
Kaliber 44 is a rap band from Poland. It was created in 1994 year by Piotr Łuszcz ("Magik"), Marcin Marten ("AbraDab") and Michał Marten ("Joka").

Lupin
Lupin, often spelled lupine in North America, is the common name for members of the genus "Lupinus" in the family Fabaceae.
The genus includes between 150-200 species, and has a wide distribution in the Mediterranean region - Subgen. "Lupinus", and the Americas - Subgen. "Platycarpos "(Wats.) Kurl.
The species are mostly herbaceous perennial plants 0.3-1.5 m tall, but some are annual plants and a few are shrubs up to 3 m tall, with one, Lupinus jaimehintoniana, a tree 8 m high with a trunk 20 cm in diameter, from the Mexican state of Oaxaca. They have a characteristic and easily recognised leaf shape, with soft green to grey-green or silvery leaves with the blades usually palmately divided into 5–17 leaflets or reduced to a single leaflet in a few species of the southeastern United States; in many species, the leaves are hairy with silvery hairs, often densely so. The flowers are produced in dense or open whorls on an erect spike, each flower 1-2 cm long, with a typical peaflower shape with an upper 'standard', two lateral 'wings' and two lower petals fused as a 'keel'. The fruit is a pod containing several seeds.
Lupins as an introduced pest.
In New Zealand lupins have escaped into the wild and grow in large numbers along main roads and streams in South Island. The seeds are carried by car tires and water flow, and unfortunately, some tourist shops in the major tourist areas have been reported to have sold packets of lupin seeds to tourists, with the instructions to plant, water and watch them grow into a giant beanstalk. They are principally blue, pink and violet, with some yellow, and are very attractive, providing colourful vistas with a backdrop of mountains and lakes. The New Zealand environment authorities have a campaign to reduce their numbers, although this seems a hopeless task, especially when faced with such ignorance as mentioned above. In fields they seem to be eradicated by sheep, and hence remain largely restricted to ungrazed roadside verges and stream banks.
References.
5. Diaporthe toxica sp.nov., the cause of lupinosis in sheep. Williamson et al. 1994, Mycological Research 98 (12) 1364-1365

Bar (unit)
The bar (symbol bar), decibar (symbol dbar) and the millibar (symbol mbar, also mb) are units of pressure. They are not SI units, but they are anyhow also used with (although discouraged) for use with the SI. The bar is still used in descriptions of pressure because it is about the same as atmospheric pressure.
Origin.
The word "bar" has its origin in the Greek word "βάρος" (baros), meaning weight. Its official symbol is "bar"; the earlier "b" is now no longer used, but still often seen especially as "mb" rather than the correct "mbar" for millibars.
The bar and millibar were defined by Sir Napier Shaw in 1909 and internationally used in 1929.

Pascal (unit)
The pascal (symbol: Pa) is the SI derived unit of pressure or stress. It is a measure of perpendicular force per unit area i.e. equal to one newton per square meter. In everyday life, the pascal is maybe best known from meteorological air-pressure reports, where it happens in the form of hectopascal
(1 hPa = 100 Pa). In other cases, the kilopascal is more commonly used, for example on bicycle tire labels. One hectopascal corresponds to 0.1 and one kilopascal to about 1% of atmospheric pressure (near sea level).

Jerez de la Frontera
Jerez de la Frontera is a city located in the province of Cádiz, in the region of Andalusia in Spain. It is famous as the home of the wine called sherry, whose name comes from the city's old Arabic name, pronounced "Sherish".
Jerez de la Frontera, once called Xeres, has a rich history from the days of the Moorish Arab occupation of the Iberian Peninsula. Part of its name, "de la Frontera," means "of the frontier" because it was located on the border between Islamic and Christian populations.
The city is well known for breeding and training the world-famous Andalusian horses. Flamenco dance is a popular cultural feature of the city.

Limited government
Limited government is a form of government with roles and powers given, limited, and limited by law, usually in a written constitution. A limited government has only the powers that the people give it.
Related to this idea is "small government" – a system that put most of its power in smaller groups, such as private businesses and its own citizens. On the other hand, “big government” involves a great amount of intervention by the state.
In Britain, the idea of limited government is part of the political tradition and is not written into the British Constitution. However, in the United States, the idea of limited government is written into the Constitution.

Azores
The Azores are a group of nine islands located in the North Atlantic Ocean about 1,500 km (930 mi.) from Lisbon, Portugal.
The Azores are full of green land, and is surrounded by the ocean.The Azores belongs to Portugal.
The largest island is called Sao Miguel, (Saint Michael).

Wade Robson
Wade Jeremy Robson (born 1982) is an Australian professional dancer, choreographer, producer, and songwriter. He has performed as a dancer since the age of 5 with celebrities such as Michael Jackson and Britney Spears, and is also an award-winning choreographer, known for his own MTV show "Wade Robson Project", and the broadcasted competition "So You Think You Can Dance".

Adam Stefan Sapieha
"His Eminence" Prince Adam Stefan Stanisław Bonfatiusz Józef Cardinal Sapieha (14 May 1867 – 23 July 1951) was a Polish prelate of the Roman Catholic Church and, what some might call, mentor of Pope John Paul II.
Sapieha was born in 1867 in the castle of Krasiczyn to a family of nobles. He was the youngest of the seven children of Prince Adam Stanisław Sapieha-Kodenski and Princess Jadwiga Klementyna Sanguszko-Lubartowicza.
He was educated at the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome, where he was also ordained a priest on 1 October 1893 by Bishop Jan Puzyna de Kosielsko (later Bishop of Kraków and Cardinal). Father Sapieha did pastoral work in the diocese of Lemberg, whose seminary he served as a faculty member for four years until becoming its rector.
Appointed bishop of the diocese of Kraków on 24 November 1911, he was consecrated by Pope Pius X on 17 December of the same year. When Sapieha's diocese was elevated to the jurisdiction of an archdiocese in 1925, he became the first Archbishop of Kraków in its nine hundred-year history. He was awarded in 1936 with the White Eagle Order.
Arcbishop Sapieha, in August 1944, was forced to operate the seminary in secret due the Nazi invasion of Kraków; he moved his seminarians (including the future Pope John Paul II, Karol Wojtyła) into his episcopal residence to finish their training.
He was created a Cardinal Priest, of the title of "S. Maria Nuova", on 18 February 1946. Later on the same year he conferred priestly ordination to Karol Wojtyła in the chapel of his episcopal residence. Sapieha knew Wojtyła was destined to become a priest when a young Karol delivered a welcoming speech to the archbishop on a visit to his school.
He died on 23 July 1951, at the age of 84. Cardinal Sapieha is buried in the castle of Wawel (in Kraków).

Cardinal (Catholicism)
In the Roman Catholic Church, Cardinal is an office. A Cardinal is a high-ranking official. The Pope is elected by a college of Cardinals. When there is no pope, this College of Cardinals directs the day-to-day affairs of the Church. They also prepare the election of a new pope.

Faustyna Kowalska
Maria Faustina Kowalska, commonly known as Saint Faustina, born Helena Kowalska (August 25, 1905, Głogowiec, then in Russian Empire – October 5, 1938, Kraków, Poland) was a Polish nun and mystic. She is now venerated in the Roman Catholic Church as a saint.
Biography.
Helena Kowalska was the third of ten children. She was born to a poor family. At the age of fifteen, after just three years of school, she started to work to support her family. Around this time she was considering a vocation in the Catholic church. She claimed that God himself was calling her to be a nun. Helena left for Warsaw, and applied to various convents in the capital, only to be turned down each time. She was finally accepted at the convent of the Congregation of the Sisters of Our Lady of Mercy. She was eventually initiated as a nun on April 30, 1926, with the name Sister Maria Faustina of the Blessed Sacrament.
Sister Faustina claimed she had visited Purgatory. She also said to have seen and spoken to Jesus and Mary several times. Later on, Jesus allegedly revealed her purpose; to spread the devotion of the Mercy of God. On February 22, 1931, Jesus was said to have appeared as the 'King of Divine Mercy', wearing a white garment. His right hand was raised in a sign of blessing and the other was touching the garment at the breast. From beneath the garment came two large rays. One ray was red, the other pale. St. Faustina had a picture of this vision painted. With the help of Father Michał Sopoćko, she distributed the images at Kraków and Wilno, and people began to pray before them. Faustina wrote a diary. She did this despite the fact that she could hardly write at all. The diary was later published under the title "Divine Mercy in My Soul: The Diary of St. Faustina". Faustina unsuccessfully tried to found a "Congregation which will proclaim the Mercy of God to the world, and, by its prayers, obtain it for the world", but was constantly denied leave by her convent.
In 1936, Faustina became extremely ill. At the time, doctors thought it could be tuberculosis. She was moved to the sanatorium in Pradnik.
She spent much time in prayer, reciting the Chaplet of Divine Mercy and praying for the conversion of sinners. The last two years of St. Faustina’s life were spent working as much as she could between visits to the sanatorium and time spent sick in bed in the convent. By June of 1938, she could no longer write in the diary, and it became obvious that she would not live much longer. St. Faustina died on October 5. The task of spreading the message of Divine Mercy, already well begun, was continued by her spiritual director, Father Sopoćko. Faustina had never been able to found the religious order which Jesus had asked for, but she had left clear rules for the life of the prospective community, and at last in 1941, the order, now known as the Institute of Divine Mercy, was founded.
Note: With reference to 'religious order' 'able to found' and Saint Sister Faustina please visit for information regarding the apostolic movement which springs from Sr Faustinas' charism and the message of Divine Mercy
Canonization and Institution of Divine Mercy Sunday.
In 1958, the Holy See issued a document condemning the work of the Institute of Divine Mercy, because St. Faustina’s diary was misinterpreted by theologians who did not take into consideration her lack of education which resulted in poor spelling and punctuation, and many unclear sentence constructions that suggested heretical teachings. Father Sopoćko was harshly reprimanded, and all his work was suppressed.
The archbishop of Kraków, however, permitted the nuns to leave the original picture hanging in their chapel so that those who wished to continue to pray before it could do so.
It was through the intervention of Karol Wojtyła, then the Archbishop of Kraków and the future Pope John Paul II, that a new investigation into the life and diary of St. Faustina was finally launched, and the devotion to the Divine Mercy was once again permitted. Faustina was beatified on April 18, 1993 and canonized on April 30, 2000.
Divine Mercy Sunday is celebrated the Second Sunday of Easter (which is the first Sunday after Easter).
The fact that her Vatican autobiography directly quotes some of her conversations with Jesus distinguishes her among the reported visions of Jesus and Mary.

Don Giovanni
Don Giovanni is an opera by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. It is one of the best-known of all operas, and is often performed in opera houses all over the world.
"Don Giovanni" can be described as a mixture between the traditions of "opera seria" (serious opera) and "opera buffa" (comic opera). Mozart was the first great composer to make his own living, and composing the way he wanted, instead of being employed either by a rich nobleman or by the church. In this opera, which is written in Italian (like all opera seria) he shows a nobleman (Don Giovanni) who lives a bad life and has to suffer for it in the end.
History.
Mozart lived in Vienna when he was grown up. Although he was a very great composer, people in Vienna did not always like his music. Sometimes this was because other composers were jealous and tried to make Mozart look bad. Audiences had their favourite composers and went to support them. Mozart had written an opera called "Le Nozze di Figaro" ("The Marriage of Figaro") which was performed in Vienna in 1786. The performance was not very successful. In January 1787 he went to Prague for the first time and performed "Le Nozze di Figaro" there. The Prague audience were very enthusiastic. From then on Mozart was always very welcome in Prague. He visited Prague five times during the last five years of his life. He was asked to write another opera for Prague, so he wrote the opera "Don Giovanni". It was given its first public performance in the Estates Theatre in Prague on 29 October 1787. The opera house was very full. There was not enough room for everybody who wanted to come. It was a great success. Everybody cheered and clapped. They realized how beautiful the music was. When he performed it later in Vienna it was not nearly so successful. It was many years before it became really popular in Vienna.
When Mozart and his wife arrived in Prague about a month before the performance, he had not yet finished writing the opera. He finished writing it in Prague, either in the inn where he was staying, or in Bertramka, the house of his friend Duschek, which was just outside the city. The night before the first performance he still had not written the overture. The performers were really worried that Mozart would not finish it in time for the performance. Mozart sat up all night composing the overture. The orchestral parts then had to be written out by copyists for the various instruments of the orchestra. The music was ready just before the opera was due to start. The music for the overture was handed out among the orchestra who had to sightread it.
Mozart knew the singers who sang the main parts, and he wrote the music very carefully so that it would suit their voices. He spent a lot of time rehearsing them and the orchestra during the weeks before the production, and he conducted the performance himself.
The libretto (the words) were written by Lorenzo da Ponte, based on a well-known story (often known by the Spanish title "Don Juan", but also known as "The Stone Guest"). Other composers have written operas based on the same story.
The story of the opera.
The story is to take place in a town in Spain. Don Giovanni is a nobleman who has had lots of lovers. He promises he will marry them and then he goes off and leaves them. He has a servant called Leporello.
Act I.
Don Giovanni is in love with Donna Anna, whose father, the Commendatore, is an important gentleman. In the Commendatore's garden Leporello is standing guard while Don Giovanni is making love to Donna Anna. Leporello sings an aria in which he complains about his job. Suddenly Donna Anna appears, chasing Giovanni who is wearing a mask so that she does not know who she is. The Commendatore appears. He fights Giovanni with a sword and the Commendatore is killed. Donna Anna's fiancé, Don Ottavio promises Donna Anna that he will find the man who killed her father.
In a square outside the palace of Don Giovanni, another lady, Donna Elvira, is complaining about how her lover had promised her marriage and then left her. Giovanni and Leporello arrive and hear her. Giovanni realizes who she is and disappears, leaving Leporello to talk to the lady. In a very amusing aria, Leporello tells her all about the long list of lovers that Don Giovanni has had (in Spain alone he had 1003!).
When she has left, a wedding procession enters. Giovanni immediately likes the bride who is called Zerlina. He tries to get her future husband, Masetto, to go by saying that he will host a wedding celebration at his castle. Masetto is angry when he realizes that Giovanni wants to stay behind with Zerlina, but he finds it difficult to refuse because Don Giovanni is a nobleman and he is only a simple peasant, so he ought to obey him. Giovanni then flirts with Zerlina. Elvira arrives and warns Zerlina about how bad Giovanni is. Ottavio and Anna appear. They do not know that Giovanni is the man they are looking for who murdered the Commendatore. They ask him to help them look for the murderer. Elvira comes and accuses Giovanni of having left her. Giovanni explains to the others that she is mad. Anna suddenly realizes Giovanni was the man who tried to force her to love her. Ottavio is not quite sure.
Don Giovanni tells Leporello to organize a party quickly.
Zerlina tries to tell Masetto she is innocent. Masetto tries to see whether she means it. He watches what happens when Giovanni comes. There is a lot of confusion, and Giovanni gives Zerlina back to Masetto. Everyone goes to the wedding festivities. Elvira, Ottavio and Anna are masked so that people do not recognize them. They are trying to catch Giovanni and prove that he is bad. Giovanni tries to make love to Zerlina who shouts for help. When people rush to the scene he tries to say that Leporello did it, but they do not believe him. Giovanni escapes.
Act II.
Leporello threatens to leave Giovanni, but Giovanni calmly offers to pay him more money. Giovanni wants to make love to Elvira's maid, and so he changes clothes with Leporello. Elvira comes onto her balcony. Leporello (pretending to be Giovanni) sings that he is sorry about what he has done and wants her to return to him. Elvira comes down to the street. They go off together while Giovanni sings a love song to the maid. He accompanies himself on the mandolin.
Masetto and his friends arrive, looking for Giovanni. Giovanni (dressed as Leporello) pretends that he, too, wants Giovanni dead and joins the hunt. After getting the crowd to separate Giovanni beats up Masetto and runs away laughing. Zerlina arrives and comforts Masetto.
In a dark courtyard, Leporello leaves Elvira. As he tries to escape, Anna and Ottavio arrive. Zerlina and Masetto open the door and catch Leporello. They all stand round him. Elvira, who thinks he is Giovanni, asks for him to be forgiven and says he is her husband. Leporello throws off Giovanni's cloak and hat so that everyone realizes who he is. He manages to escape.
In a graveyard there is now a statue of the Commendatore. Leporello tells Don Giovanni how he was nearly killed. Giovanni just teases him. Leporello is not amused, and Don Giovanni just laughs. Suddenly the statue speaks. The statue tells Giovanni that he will soon stop laughing. Leporello is terrified, but Giovanni just laughs and invites the statue to dinner.
In Donna Anna's room Ottavio asks Anna to marry him, but Anna wants to wait because it is so soon after her father's death. She says she loves Ottavio and that she will be faithful to him.
Don Giovanni is having supper in his room. Musicians are playing. Elvira appears once more trying to persuade him to change his ways, but Giovanni ignores her and sings about wine and women. Elvira goes. Suddenly the statue appears. The statue sings: "Don Giovanni! You invited me to dinner, and I have come." Giovanni refuses to be sorry for the way he has lived, so the statue drags Giovanni down to his death in hell.
In the final scene everyone is happy. Leporello comes out from under the table where he has been hiding in fear. Anna and Ottavio promise to marry after a year. Elvira will spend the rest of her life in a convent, Zerlina and Masetto will finally go home for dinner, and Leporello will find a new master. The last chorus tells the moral of the opera - "That is the way in which an evil person dies. The death of a sinner always reflects their life."

The Magic Flute
"The Magic Flute" (German: "Die Zauberflöte", K. 620) is an opera in two acts composed in 1791 by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.
The story has traditional fairy tale themes plus Masonic elements. Its text (libretto) was written by Emanuel Schikaneder, who sang the role of Papageno in the opera's first (premiere) performance. The style of the opera is called "Singspiel," a German term that means it combines singing and spoken text.
The history of its composition.
"The Magic Flute" was not the last opera that Mozart wrote. He wrote "La Clemenza di Tito" afterwards, but this was first performed before "The Magic Flute".
Schikaneder had a group of actors and singers who performed operas in the Singspiel tradition. He had written the words for "The Magic Flute" and asked Mozart to write the music. It was first performed on 30 September 1791. It quickly became very popular. There were 20 performances of it in Vienna in the first month and Schikaneder had given over 200 performances of it by 1800 (Mozart died on 5 December 1791).
Act One.
Prince Tamino has got lost in the forest and now finds himself in a country which is ruled by the Queen of the Night. A huge monster chases him and he is very frightened. He falls down in a faint. Three ladies who work for the Queen of the Night come and kill the monster. Then they see the handsome prince and they argue about which one of them will stay to look after him.
The three ladies go off and Papageno enters. Papageno is a birdcatcher whose job is to catch birds for the Queen of the Night. He is a happy, simple young man. Tamino wakes up, sees him and asks him who he is. Papageno introduces himself. He has not noticed the dead monster. Tamino sees that the monster is dead and asks him who killed it. Papageno suddenly notices it and then decides to pretend that he killed it himself. The three ladies hear what he says and they come and punish him by giving him a stone instead of bread and wine, and by padlocking his mouth so that he cannot speak. Then they give Tamino a portrait of Princess Pamina. She is the daughter of the Queen of the Night. They tell him that Pamina has been captured by an evil man called Sarastro. In fact, Sarastro is a good man, and he is looking after Pamina because her mother, the Queen of the Night, is evil. The prince does not know this. He is already in love with the princess just from looking at her picture, and decides to go and rescue her.
The three ladies give the Prince a magic flute which will protect him if he finds himself in danger. They promise Papageno that he, too, will find a lovely wife for himself if he goes with Tamino. They take off his padlock and give him a set of magic bells which will help him if he is in danger. They are told that three lovely boys will show them the way.
In the next scene we see Princess Pamina who is being guarded by a cruel Moor called Monostatos. He has tied the princess up. Papageno arrives and both men are frightened of one another. Monostatos runs away, Papageno unties the rope around the princess and tells her about the prince who is on his way to rescue her.
In the next scene Tamino finds himself in a holy place. The three boys have guided him there. They tell him he must be patient and silent. He meets a priest who tells him he must not think that Sarastro is cruel. He tells him that Pamina is alive. Tamino is very happy to hear this, takes his flute and plays. The animals from the forest come round him. Pamina and Papagena are caught by Monostatos. He is about to tie them up, but Papageno plays his magic bells and, when they hear the music, Monostatos and all the animals cannot help dancing and they disappear, still dancing. Sarastro enters. He tells Pamina once more that she must stay with him to learn how to live a good, virtuous life. She must not become evil like her mother. Monostatos enters with Tamino whom he has caught. Tamino and Pamina see one another and embrace. Sarastro says that Monostatos must have a beating. He says that Tamino and Pamina cannot have one another yet. First they will have to go to the temple and go through some trials to show that they are good.
Act Two.
Sarastro explains to the priests that Tamino and Pamina will have to go through the trials to show that they are worthy of one another. If they can do this then they will be able to defeat the evil power of the Queen of the Night.
Tamino and Papageno go through the trials together. Tamino remains calm and brave. Papageno is frightened and finds it difficult to keep quiet, but he continues because he has been promised that a girl called Papagena will be waiting for him.
In the first trial the Three Ladies try to make them think that the dark place they are in will lead them to death. In the second trial they see Monostatos about to rape Pamina. The Queen of the Night explains why she wants power. She says that Tamino and Pamina will be cursed unless Sarastro is killed. Tamino realizes that this is all part of the trial and he must not do anything. Papageno is given food and drink by Papagena who is disguised as an old lady. Tamino plays his flute. Pamina appears but turns his back on him.
Tamino and Pamina have to go through the last trial together. Papagena enters and dances, then, when Papageno promises to be true, she throws off her disguise and disappears. Pamina thinks her mother is going to use her dagger, but at the last moment the boys save her and take her to Tamino. Tamino plays the flute as they go together through fire and water. The chorus sing in triumph.
Papageno cannot call Papagena back with his shepherd pipe. The three boys remind him about his magic bells. He plays them and Papagena appears. They are united.
In the last scene Monostatos and the Queen of the Night enter to do battle, but they are defeated. Good triumphs over evil.
Masonic ideas in the opera.
Mozart belonged to a group of Freemasons. The Magic Flute is full of Masonic symbols. For example: the number three is an important number in masonry and there are lot of things in the opera that happen in threes: there are three long chords at the beginning of overture, and the three chords appear again in the scene in the temple. Even the key (music) is E flat major which has a key signature of three flats. There are three ladies, three young boys and three trials. The scenery used in the early productions make it look as if the story comes from Egypt or somewhere in the East. Mozart and Schickaneder meant this to have a Masonic meaning. The trials are similar to the rituals in Masonic ceremonies.

George Chuvalo
George Chuvalo was a Canadian heavyweight champion and the multiple contender for the heavyweight title in the 1960s and 1970s.

Guest worker
Guest workers are people brought into a country to work in different industries.
They are used to fill a shortage in labour that most often cannot be done locally. Guest workers often do not have the same rights as normal workers. In some countries guest workers are not allowed to stay long periods of time. In Germany there are many guest workers from Turkey. Turkish guest workers have formed their own communities in the German cities where they live. Turkish guest workers have been in Germany since the 1950s.
See also.
Migrant worker

Tropical Storm Lee (2005)
Tropical Storm Lee was a weak tropical storm that hardly reached tropical storm status for a short time while over the central Atlantic Ocean during late August and early September 2005. Lee was the twelfth named storm of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season.
Tropical Storm Lee formed east of the Lesser Antilles as a tropical depression on August 28. On the next day, the depression weakened into a tropical low. The low then moved north and became stronger. It became a tropical storm for a short time on August 31. Lee quickly weakened again into a remant low and was absorbed by a cold front on September 2.
Storm history.
A tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa on August 24. It developed into an area of low pressure as it moved across the Atlantic Ocean. It strengthened into Tropical Depression Thirteen on August 28 while 960 miles (1550 km) east of the Lesser Antilles.
Because of wind shear, the depression began to fall apart. It quickly weakened into a tropical low late on August 29. It had been predicted that this was likely to happen, but the National Hurricane Center (NHC) instead chose to forecast a little bit of strengthening in the future.
The low slowly moved northwards, then turned to the northeast because of another non-tropical system. As it moved to the northeast, the low began to become organized and began to re-strengthen on August 31. That afternoon, the depression strengthened further into "Tropical Storm Lee". It got to its strongest point with winds of 40 mph (65 km/h), in between Bermuda and the Azores. While Lee was thought to have been a tropical storm for only 6 hours originally, it was later learned that Lee stayed as a tropical storm for 12 hours instead.
Lee quickly weakened into a remant low. It moved to the west of the non-tropical system that was near it. On September 1, the two systems began join together. Lee began to fall apart while it was being destroyed by the non-tropical system. By the next day, the remant low was absorbed by a cold front.
Impact.
Because Lee stayed far away from land, it did not cause any damages or kill any people.
Naming and records.
When Tropical Storm Lee formed on August 31, it was the second earliest time in a season for the development of the 12th named tropical storm. It formed two days after the record held by Hurricane Luis in 1995. This made it one of the few storms of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season to not hold a record for the earliest formation of the "n"th storm. Also while this was the first use of the name "Lee" to name an Atlantic storm, after the retirement of Hurricane Lenny in 1999, Lee had previously been used to name 3 storms in the Western Pacific Ocean. Because Lee didn't cause any damages or kill any people, its name was not retired by the World Meteorological Organization and will be on the list of names for the 2011 Atlantic hurricane season.

Lesser Antilles
The Lesser Antilles (also known as the Caribbees) are a group of islands that is located between the eastern edge of the Carribean Sea and the western Atlantic Ocean, while some of the islands are also located just off the northern coast of South America.

Cold front
A cold front is a meteorological word that is used to describe the movement of a cooler airmass into an area of warmer air. The air with greater density moves under the less dense warmer air, lifting it, which can cause a line of showers and thunderstorms, or a to form when there is sufficient moisture. This upward motion causes lowered pressure along the cold front. On weather maps, the surface position of the cold front is marked with the symbol of a blue line of triangles/spikes pointing in the direction of its movement. Cold fronts can also move up to twice as fast as warm fronts.

Separating funnel
A separating funnel (also called a separation funnel) is a piece of laboratory equipment made mostly of glass and is used to separate two liquids that usually are very hard to separate, for example, Oil and Water.
Use.
"For this example, oil and water will be used."
A mixture of oil and water is put into a separating funnel and then shaken and then left until it becomes stable again. The liquid with higher density, in this case water goes to the bottom of the separating funnel (because it is heavier than oil).
When this is done, the bottom of the Separating funnel can open and the water flows out, leaving only the oil left..
Structure.
A separating funnel is a cone shape made from glass but has a half circle, or hemisphere, on top. It has a stopper at the top and tap or hole at the bottom. The size of one can be between 50 mililitres and 3 litres.

Plate reader
Microplate readers (also called plate readers) are laboratory equipment used to see any biological, chemical or physical change in samples of chemicals in microtiter plates.
Process.
Most of the time, a very bright lamp shines light to the microtiter well and the chemicals react in special ways which can be measured using special equipment.
Today, plate readers come with tools for data analysis.
Use.
Using these plate readers can help human scientists do their work more efficiently. Plate readers are used mostly in research, to find drugs, and to help test the purity of chemicals in pharmacies and laboratories.

Microtiter plate
A microtiter plate (sometimes called a microplate) is a flat plate with lots of "wells" used as small test tubes.
Structure.
A microtiter plate is used mostly in laboratories and pharmacies. A microtiter plate could have 6, 24, 96, 384 or even sometimes 1536 wells arranged in rows. Some microplates, used in the industry, have been built with 3456 or sometimes 9600 wells for maximum efficiancy. Each well of a microplate can only hold very small amounts of liquid.
History.
The first microplate was made in 1951 by a Hungarian man called Dr. G. Takatsky, who made a microtiter plate with 6 rows of 12 wells (so 72 wells). Microtiter plates started being used in bulk in the late 1950's, a man called John Liner from USA had made a different, but better version. By 1990 more than 15 companies were making microtiter plates. People say that 125 million microplates were used in 2000 alone.
In 1996, the Society for Biomolecular Screening (SBS) wanted to make the microplate have standards to live up to. And so in 2003, microplates had to have a certain diameter and depth.
Instrument companies have made plate readers which can detect specific biological, chemical or physical changes in chemicals in these plates.

Bulgarian language
Bulgarian (Български език, "Balgarski ezik") is an Indo-European language spoken mainly in Bulgaria. Bulgarian is a part of the Balkan linguistic union, which also includes Greek, Macedonian, Romanian, Albanian and Torlakian dialect of the Serbian language. Bulgarian is similar to the Macedonian and the Serbian languages, which are from the same origin as the Bulgarian - Slavic.

Erlenmeyer flask
An Erlenmeyer flask or conical flask is a laboratory equipment with a conical base and a short neck. It was first invented in 1861 by a German chemist named Richard Erlenmeyer.
This type of flask is used as a container for chemical substances, or to heat or boil liquids. It is also used in titration.

Girlfriend
A girlfriend is a term that can mean either a female partner in a non-marital relationship, or just a female friend.

Miley Cyrus
Miley Ray Cyrus (born Destiny Hope Cyrus, November 23, 1992, in Franklin, Tennessee) is an American actress, singer, and songwriter. She is best known for her role in "Hannah Montana".
Miley Cyrus is known as Miley Stewart on "Hannah Montana". She has a little sister Noah Cyrus who has starred on Hannah Montana twice. She also has an older sister named Brandi, a older brother named Trace and a younger brother named Braison.Her dad is Billy Ray Cyrus and is her stage father, too.
She legally changed her name to Miley Ray Cyrus. Cyrus has moved on a quick path to success. She loves to hang with friends and says, she couldn't be happier. Miley Cyrus is known on the TV show as Miley, Mile, Miles, or Hannah Montana. She released a new album called 'Breakout' with 12 songs,she also has her own Barbie doll. She has been on The Suite Life of Zack and Cody and on The Suite Life of That's so Hannah Montana with Raven Simo'ne.
During the film Hannah Montana, Miley knew Jonas Brothers, and she fell in love with Nick Jonas. They broke up in 2007, but just now, she wrote a song called "7 things". It talks about the seven things that she hates and likes about Nick.

Concordia, Kansas
Concordia is a city in north-eastern Kansas, USA. It has been the county seat of Cloud County since 1871.

Indigenous peoples
The term indigenous people means people who where the first who lived in a certain region.
Other related terms for indigenous peoples include aborigines, native peoples, first peoples, first nations and autochthonous (this last term coming from Greek, meaning "sprung from the earth"). "Indigenous peoples" may often be used in preference to these or other terms, as a neutral replacement where these terms may have taken on negative or pejorative connotations by their prior association and use. It is the preferred term in use by the United Nations and its subsidiary organizations.

Migrant worker
A migrant worker is someone who regularly works away from home, if they even have a home.
Although the United Nations' use of this term overlaps with 'foreign worker', the use of the term within the United States is more specific. In the United States, the term is most commonly used to describe low-wage workers performing manual labor in the agriculture field.

Unicode
Unicode is a standard for computers to make them able to show text in different languages. Unicode standards are created by the Unicode Consortium. Their goal is to replace current character encoding standards with a single world-wide standard for all languages. There are almost 100,000 characters in the latest definition of Unicode.
UTF8 is the most common of these. It is used for electronic mail, Java also uses a variant of it.

Low pressure area
A low pressure area, or low for short, is a meteorological word that is used to describe a region where the atmospheric pressure is lowest with relation to the surrounding area. Tropical cyclones, extratropical cyclones, subtropical cyclones, and subpolar cyclones are called "low-pressure cells" in some English-speaking countries.

Hill fort
A hill fort is a fortified refuge or defended settlement. It is usually located on in a place that rises from the sourrounding area. This is done to exploit this rise for military advantage. The fortification usually follows the shape of the hill. Usually it is made of one or more lines of earthworks. There may also be stockades or defensive walls, and external ditches.
There are many different kinds of hill forts, they were very common. In Europe, the Celts used them for a very long time.

Troy, Michigan
Troy, Michigan is a city in Michigan, United States. It is a suburb of the larger city of Detroit, and has over 80,000 residents. Many companies have offices in the city. It is where the world headquarters for Kmart used to be.

Gin
Gin is a type of alcoholic drink with a high amount of alcohol in it, usually about 35-50% alcohol by volume. It was invented in the Netherlands in the 17th century, and soon became very popular in England. This became a problem when many people drank themselves to death, because gin was cheap to make and had a so much alcohol.
Gin is flavored with juniper berries. Today, gin is usually a dry liquor, which means that it is not very sweet. Gin is also very popular in cocktails - two of the most common of these are the Gin & Tonic (gin mixed with tonic water) and the martini (gin mixed with vermouth, usually with an olive added). Gin is still one of the most popular liquors to this day.

Prostitution
A prostitute (also called "hooker", "whore", "hoe", "street walker", "sex worker" or "escort") is a person, most of the time a woman, who has sex with people for money. Prostitution is sometimes called the "world's oldest profession". There have been stories of it in almost every culture and society.
Ways and methods.
Prostitutes walk the streets looking for customers or work at a building called a "brothel". Their boss (the person they work and make money for) is a called a "Madame" (if they are a woman) or a "Pimp" (if they are a man). The city of Amsterdam is famous for its prostitutes in the Red Light District (a part of a city where prostitution is common).
Legal aspects of prostitution.
Many countries have laws about prostitution. Some countries have made prostitiution illegal.
However, in many countries prostitution is legal and it is managed by some organizations under licence. The governments in those countries consider prostitution as a legal job and it can take taxes from prostitutes, who enjoy health care from the ministry of health. In other countries like Turkey it is legal through government but illegal through streets. In some Muslim countries it is punished by death. In Japan, vaginal prostitution is against the law while oral sex prostitution is legal.

Girl
A girl is a female child. A girl is a female human but not yet matured, although people still refer grown up women as girls. They are still children. Their body does not yet function in many ways that the matured body does of the full grown female. A fully matured female is called a woman. In many cultures, girls often grow their hair long.

Family Guy
"Family Guy" is a 1999 animated comedy television series created by Seth MacFarlane. It first was shown on FOX. The series did not become popular until shown again on Cartoon Network and TBS, and episodes were sold on DVDs. Fox chose to cancel the series because it was not very popular. After many DVDs were sold, Fox started showing it again.
The series is about the lives of Peter Griffin; his wife, Lois; their three children, 16-year old Meg, 13-year old Chris, and very smart baby Stewie; and also their very smart dog, Brian (who can talk and acts like a human). The Griffins live in a fictional city named "Quahog," Rhode Island. The show puts humor into common everyday situations and is famous for their special style of comedy that always shows scenes from the past. Most of the scenes do not affect the show's stories in any way. The show also uses a lot of profanity.
Film.
Seth MacFarlane has announced plans to make a movie for theaters sometime next year. It will tell a story that can't be told like it can in an episode of "Family Guy".

MySpace
MySpace is a social networking website where people can communicate using messages, video and photo uploads, blogs, social groups, and music. MySpace is the 7th most popular website in the world. MySpace is popular with young people. MySpace's head office is in New York City.
Controversy.
Some people think MySpace is a bad site, because it makes personal information very easy to find. Many parents do not like MySpace. They would like it shut down. MySpace says that they are a safe place for all people, and has rules to keep people safe.
People from NBC's Dateline have a "To Catch a Predator", series that talks about MySpace's safety problems. Although MySpace has many contradictions against them, they have not shut down.

RuneScape
RuneScape is a game that is played on a computer. Many people play RuneScape all at the same time, which makes it a Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Game (or MMORPG). It began in 2001, and is owned by Jagex Ltd. It is set in a fantasy land that reminds some people of Medieval times.
History.
The game first started in 2001 as "Runescape" (now referred to as "RuneScape Classic"), but the code and graphics engine was rewritten in 2004 to form "Runescape 2", the game that is playable today from. The game is designed to allow players all over the world to connect and play together in real-time. There are over 160,000 people playing the game at any one time, and 200,000 at peak times such as weekends. Runescape was one of the first online games to allow people to play against each other. This is called "player versus player", or PvP.
Development.
The game was originally made by Andrew Gower. He created a game named "DeviousMUD" in 1998. DeviousMud used two dimensional graphics. It was never released to the public. RuneScape uses both 2D isometric graphics and three dimensional graphics.
Jagex was formed soon after. It stands for Java Gaming Experts. Andrew Gower is head of development.
Gameplay.
The RuneScape world has many different areas and places where players can explore and do activities such as quests or training a skill. RuneScape skills are abilities than players can train to be able to do special things. Smithing and Smelting are examples of skills than can allow a player to create metal items.
Cost.
RuneScape is a "free" online game. Like most free online games, the free version is very basic, and there is an option to become a paying player and buy more features. RuneScape is played on 159 servers. Each server can have up to 2,000 people playing on it at a time.
As an optional service, Pay to play members must pay $6 USD per month. Members get a larger area to play in, use of 8 extra skills, 6 times the space in the game's bank, and access to member only weapons, tools, and armor. There are over one million (1,000,000) members in Runescape.
Weapons, Armor, and Shields.
Like most MMORPGs, RuneScape has weapons, armor and shields. Weapons, armor and shields can be made out of many things. Common materials for items include bronze, iron, steel, black, mithril, adamantite, rune, granite, and dragon. Some of these materials can be obtained by mining rocks that contain ore. Players can then create items from the ore by smelting the ore using the smelt skill into bars and then use the bar and smith it using the smith skill. There are also other armors that can not be made but must be gotten through methods such as trade or quests. Some members only weapons have special abilities to help the player, such as the abyssal whip and the dragon scimitar.
Player Killing.
RuneScape has a Player Killing part in the game. Special world servers called PvP worlds allow players to attack other players within a near level group to their own in almost the same way they can attack other players. Players in these worlds can attack each other anywhere except in certain places such as banks and some guilds. Player killing also takes place in some mini-games but it is different from main player killing because in mini-games, there are different rules that control player killing.

Jagex
Jagex stands for Java Gaming Experts. It is the creator of "Runescape" a Massively-Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Game (MMORPG). Other than "Runescape", Jagex has a number of small games, such as Meltdown and Gold Mine.

Ella Enchanted
"Ella Enchanted" is a Newbery Honor book. It was written by Gail Carson Levine. It was published in 1997. It is also the title of the American movie based on the novel, released April 9, 2004. The movie was directed by Tommy O'Haver and starred Anne Hathaway and Hugh Dancy. The story is a retelling of "Cinderella" featuring various mythical creatures including elves, ogres, dwarves and giants.

Exploitation
Exploitation means using things that are available in order to benefit from it. It is usually used in a bad sense, although it can be used in a good sense as well.
If a person exploits a situation it means that they realize that they can use the situation to do something which will be good for them. Very often this also means that it will be bad for other people.
People can be exploited. This means that someone else uses the people's knowledge or skills in order to make them do something for them. Socialists (or communists) often talked about the "exploitation of the masses" when they were saying that Capitalism was bad. They meant that a few rich people were using all the working people to do hard work for them so that they themselves could become rich.

People (magazine)
"People" is a weekly American magazine of celebrity and human interest stories, published by Time Inc. As of 2006, it has a circulation of 3.75 million and makes a lot of money, as much as $1.5 billion a year. It was named "Magazine of the Year" by "Advertising Age" in October 2005, for very good editorial, circulation and advertising. People ranked #6 on Advertising Age's annual "A-list" and #3 on Adweek's "Brand Blazers" list in October 2006.

Eye of Horus
The Eye of Horus was an important symbol in ancient Egypt. It was the symbol of protection and Royal Power from Ra or Horus.
Horus was an ancient Egyptian sky god in the form of a falcon. The right eye represents a peregrine falcon's eye and the markings around it. This includes the "teardrop" marking sometimes found below the eye. As the wadjet (also udjat or utchat), it also represented the sun, and was associated with the Sun God Ra (Re). The "mirror image", or left eye, represented the moon and the God Tehuti (Thoth).
In arithmetic.
In the ancient Egyptian measurement system, the Eye Of Horus defined an Old Kingdom rounded off number one(1) = 1/2 + 1/4 + 1/8 + 1/16 + 1/32 + 1/64, by throwing away 1/64.

Dalip Singh Rana
Dalip Singh Rana (born August 27 1972) is an Indian professional wrestler and actor. He is better known as The Great Khali. Singh currenly works for World Wrestling Entertainment wrestling on its SmackDown! brand. Before his professional sports career, he was an officer in the Punjab state police.
Early career.
Under the ring name "Giant Singh", Dalip Singh became a pro wrestler for All Pro Wrestling in the United States. He made his first appearance in October 2000.
On May 28, 2001, Brian Ong died while training with Singh. Ong had already suffered one concussion but was told to continue training. A second concussion was deadly for him. Because Singh caused his death, Ong's family brought a lawsuit against All Pro Wrestling. APW was made to pay the Ong family over $1.3 million.
World Wrestling Entertainment.
On January 2, 2006, Singh started working for WWE. He was assigned to Deep South Wrestling for training. Singh first appeared on WWE television on April 7, 2006. He attacked The Undertaker during his match with Mark Henry. Khali had his first WWE match on April 21, 2006 against Funaki.
In July of 2006, Khali was removed from match against the Undertaker because of elevated liver enzymes. On August 4, 2006, he returned to SmackDown. On August 29, 2006, it was reported that Khali would be out of action for several months due to surgery on both knees.
In 2007, Singh was feud with Batista in July before The Great American Bash. The two were scheduled for a match on PPV on Sunday, July 22, 2007. However, Edge had to give up the World Heavyweight Championship because of a pectoral injury. Khali had won the championship in a 20-man battle royal at the July 17 taping of SmackDown!He then went on to defend his title successfully against Kane and Batista at the Great American Bash.
Filmography.
In 2005, Singh starred in the movie "The Longest Yard" as Turley, one of the prison's inmates. On March 16 2007, it was said that Singh is set to begin making "Get Smart", a movie based on the 1960s classic TV show, alongside The Rock.
Personal information.
He married Harminder Kaur on February 27, 2002.

Ani (god)
In Etruscan mythology, Ani is god of the sky. He is shown as living in the highest heaven. He is sometimes shown with two faces, possibly showing a link with the Akkadian god Anu and the Roman god Janus.

Tecophilaea
"Tecophilaea" is a genus of plants in the family "Tecophilaeaceae". It has two species. One of them, Chilean Blue Crocus ("T. cyanocroccus"), is at risk (IUCN Red List).

Propolis
Propolis ' „for“ y ' „city“ is a wax-like resinous substance collected by honey bees from tree buds (e.g. poplar) or other plant-related sources and used as cement and to seal cracks or open spaces in the beehive.

Home and Away
"Home and Away" (Often called "H&A") is a soap opera that has been made in Sydney by the Seven Network since July 1987. The show first went to air on Sunday 17 January, 1988 with a two hour pilot.

Anthony Hopkins
Sir Philip Anthony Hopkins CBE () (born 31 December 1937) is an Academy Award, Golden Globe and Emmy Award-winning movie, stage and television actor. He was born and raised in Wales, but became an American citizen in 2000. He is very famous for many roles in movies, especially as Doctor Hannibal Lecter in "The Silence of the Lambs".

Turner Classic Movies
Turner Classic Movies (TCM) is a cable television channel featuring commercial-free classic movies, mostly from the Turner Entertainment and Warner Bros. film libraries, which include many MGM, United Artists, RKO and Warner Bros. titles.

Internet Broadway Database
The Internet Broadway Database (IBDb) is an online database of Broadway theatre productions and their personnel. It is operated by the Research Department of the League of American Theatres and Producers, a trade association for the North American commercial theatre community.

Brigitte Bardot
Brigitte Bardot (French IPA:) (born September 28, 1934) is a French actress, former fashion model, singer, animal rights activist, and considered one of the most important sex symbols of the 1950s and 1960s. She was one of the few actresses from Europe who the American media paid attention to.
In the 1970s after her retirement as an entertainer, Bardot became an animal rights activist, which she continues today. During the 1990s she spoke a lot about her political views on such things as immigration to France, Islam in France, and homosexuality. She criticised these things, which has angered some people who are part of these groups.
Personal life.
Bardot has had four husbands and many other romantic partners.
She married the film director Roger Vadim in 1952. Bardot played a leading role in his film "And God Created Woman" in 1956 and became very popular.
From 1959 to 1962 Bardot was married to the actor Jacques Charrier. Bardot gave birth to a son, Nicolas on January 11, 1960.
Her third husband was the German millionaire Gunter Sachs.
She has been married to Bernard d'Ormale since 1992.

Farben Lehre
Farben Lehre is a Polish punk rock band. The band was formed in 1986 in Płock, Poland.

Billy Crystal
Billy Crystal (born March 14, 1948) is a Golden Globe Award-nominated and Emmy Award-winning American actor, writer, producer, comedian and film director. He became famous in the 1970s for playing Jodie Dallas on the ABC dramedy, "Soap", and became a Hollywood film star during the late 1980s and the 1990s, appearing in the box office successes "When Harry Met Sally..." and "City Slickers".

Carmen Electra
Tara Leigh Patrick (born April 20 1972), commonly known as Carmen Electra, is an American glamour model, television personality, dancer, singer and actress.

Calista Flockhart
Calista Kay Flockhart (born on November 11, 1964) is an Emmy Award-nominated and Golden Globe-winning American actress, especially on soap operas and television. She is famous for her role as the main character in the 1997-2002 television show, "Ally McBeal". She now plays Sally Field's daughter, Kitty Walker, on the successful ABC drama, "Brothers & Sisters", as a political campaign adviser.

Dwight Schultz
William Dwight Schultz (born November 24, 1947 in Baltimore, Maryland) is an American stage, television and film actor. He is famous for his roles as "Captain "Howling Mad" Murdock" on the hit 1980s action show "The A-Team", and "Reginald Barclay" in ', ' and the film '.
At the moment, he hosts a conservative talk radio podcast called "Howling Mad Radio."

Fred Savage
Frederick Aaron Savage (born July 9, 1976) is an Emmy Award and Golden Globe Award-nominated American actor and television director.

Gene Kelly
Eugene Curran Kelly (August 23, 1912 – February 2, 1996), better known as Gene Kelly, was an American dancer, actor, singer, director, producer, and choreographer.
Kelly was a great example of 20th century filmed dance, famous for his energetic and athletic dancing style, his good looks and the likeable characters that he played on screen. Although he is probably most famous today for his act in "Singin' in the Rain", he was the most important actor in the Hollywood musical film industry from the mid 1940s until its decadence in the late 1950s. In 1999, the American Film Institute named Kelly among the Greatest Male Stars of All Time, ranking at No. 15.

Islamic fundamentalism
Islamic fundamentalism is supporting usage of Islamic laws based on the Quran and hadiths in law.

Golden Globe Award
The Golden Globe Awards are American awards for motion pictures and television programs, given out each year during a formal dinner. Run since 1944 by the Hollywood Foreign Press Association (HFPA), the awards are a major part of the film industry's "awards season" which ends each year with the Oscars and Screen Actors Guild Awards. The broadcast of the Golden Globe Awards generally ranks as the third most-watched awards show each year, behind only the Oscars and Grammys. The Golden Globes has grown to one of the highest honors for actors and actresses.
The Golden Globes are awarded early in the year, based on votes from (as of 2005) 86 part-time journalists living in Hollywood and who work for media based outside of the United States.

Allmusic
Allmusic, which was known as All Music Guide (AMG) before, is a database about music. It is owned by All Media Guide. All Music was created in 1991 by popular-culture archivist Michael Erlewine and mathematician Vladimir Bogdanov, Ph.D., as a guide for people who wish to buy music. The next year, they published a book too, and they do it again every year since then. All Music was created before the World Wide Web and was possible to consult first as a Gopher site.

The Lord of the Rings movie series
"The Lord of the Rings" is a set of three fantasy movies: "The Fellowship of the Ring" (2001), "The Two Towers" (2002) and "The Return of the King" (2003). The movies were based on J. R. R. Tolkien's book "The Lord of the Rings".
The movie trilogy was directed by Peter Jackson. The screenplay was written by Fran Walsh, Philippa Boyens, and Peter Jackson. It was distributed by New Line Cinema.
It was first live-action "Lord of the Rings" movies that were made. They were filmed together in New Zealand from October 1999 to December 2000, and released separately in December 2001-2003.
Changes from the book.
The "Lord of the Rings" movies were changed in several things from the book; among them where changes in the plot and motivation of the characters, and parts of the story were cut. Two sets of changes that many consider major were: "The Old Forest", "In the House of Tom Bombadil", and "Fog on the Barrow-Downs", from "The Fellowship of the Ring", and "Many Partings", "Homeward Bound", & "The Scouring of the Shire" from "The Return of the King". These were left out, and other passages changed, for reasons of dramatic flow and practical limits on what could be presented in three movies. The scripts are not exactly true to the story in the volumes of the book, yet have most of its most important elements. Yet, some major parts of the books were left out of the movies, and others significantly changed.

Gary Coleman
Gary Wayne Coleman (born February 8, 1968) is an American actor. Coleman was born in Zion, Illinois, with a kidney disease causing nephritis. Nephritis is an autoimmune destruction of the kidney. The disease stopped his growth at an early age. Because of this he is only tall. His height along with his angelic face and comedic talent were his most notable features. He received two kidney transplants, one in 1973 and one in 1984. He now needs dialysis every day. He is famous for his role as Arnold Jackson in the American sitcom "Diff'rent Strokes".

Cameo appearance
A cameo role or cameo appearance (often shortened to just cameo) is a brief appearance of a known person in a work of the performing arts, such as plays, films, video games and television. Such a role needs not be filled by an actor: short appearances by film directors, politicians, athletes, and other celebrities are common.

George Peppard
George Peppard, Jr. (October 1, 1928 – May 8, 1994) was a popular American movie and television actor.
He had a major role early in his career when he acted with Audrey Hepburn in "Breakfast at Tiffany's" (1961), but he is probably more famous for his role as "Col. John "Hannibal" Smith" in the 1980s television show "The A-Team", where he was the leader of the group, who was always smoking a cigar.

Rotten Tomatoes
Rotten Tomatoes is a website dedicated to reviews, information, and news of movies and video games. The name derives from the vaudeville-era cliché of throwing tomatoes and other products at stage performers if a performance was particularly bad.

Halle Berry
Halle Maria Berry (born August 14, 1966) is an American actress. Berry has received Emmy and Golden Globe awards, and was awarded the Academy Award in 2002 for her role in "Monster's Ball". She is the only African American woman to have won the award for Best Actress in history.

Golden Raspberry Awards
The Golden Raspberry Awards or Razzies, first awarded in 1981, were created by John Wilson in 1980, with the intention to be the opposite to the Academy Awards by dishonoring the worst that the film industry had to offer. It usually takes the form of a raspberry spray-painted gold and mounted on a plastic base.
Today, awards are voted by the membership of the "Golden Raspberry Award Foundation" (GRAF), and anyone can become a member of the foundation, something that doesn't happen with the Academy Awards. Traditionally, nominations are made public one day before the Motion Picture Academy announces its Oscar nominations, and the awards are presented one day before the Oscar ceremony.
The term "raspberry" is used as a joke, as in "blowing a raspberry."

Blowing a raspberry
Blowing a raspberry or making a Bronx cheer is to make a noise made to make fun of a person or persons, made by sticking out the tongue between the lips and blowing to make a sound similar to flatulence. The term "Bronx Cheer" is used sarcastically because it is not a cheer, it is used to show disapproval. The term was created as a reference to Bronx, New York, and the call used by spectators in Yankee Stadium. It can be classified phonetically as a "linguolabial trill".

Joshua Jackson
Joshua Carter Jackson (born June 11, 1978) is a Canadian actor. He has appeared in American television and films, and is famous for his role as "Pacey Witter" in the television series "Dawson's Creek" and "Charlie Conway" in "The Mighty Ducks" film series.

John Wayne
John Wayne (May 26, 1907 – June 11, 1979) was an Academy Award-winning, American film actor. He has become a symbol of American man.
In 1999, the American Film Institute named Wayne thirteenth among the Greatest Male Stars of All Time. A Harris Poll released in 2007 placed Wayne third among America's favorite film stars, the only star who has died on the list and the only one who has appeared on the poll every year.
His career began in silent movies in the 1920s and he was a major star from the 1940s to the 1970s. He is usually related with Westerns and World War II movies, but he also made many kinds of films from various genres, biographies, romantic comedies, police dramas, and more.

Tropical Storm Tammy (2005)
Tropical Storm Tammy is the nineteenth named storm of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season. Tammy was a tropical storm that only existed for a total of two days and brought minor damages to the southeastern United States. It peaked with 50 mph (85 km/h) just before making landfall on the northern Florida coast. Most of the damages were losses from FEMA that totaled up to $30 million.
Tammy formed from a strong non-tropical low on October 5 just off the Floridan coast. It moved north, peaking with 50 mph (85 km/h) winds jus before making landfall on Atlantic Beach, Florida on October 6 dissipating shortly after. Tammy's remants were absorbed by a cold front in the Gulf of Mexico.
Storm history.
A tropical wave left the African coast on September 24 and crossed the Atlantic without strengthening or changing. But on October 2, the wave began to strengthen and organize itself while north of the Lesser Antilles. It continued to strengthen as it moved through the Bahamas and early on October 5, it became a well-organized tropical disturbance off the coast of eastern Florida.
As the system already had tropical-storm force winds, it was immediately named "Tropical Storm Tammy", also skipping tropical depression status. The forecasts from the National Hurricane Center stated that Tammy would travel north possibly parallel to the coast, which also meant that it is uncertain where Tammy wold make landfall.
Tropical Storm Tammy strengthened a little bit more to its peak with 50 mph (85 km/h) winds before it made landfall near Atlantic Beach, Florida later that same day. Tammy then moved inland over Georgia and soon weakened to a tropical depression before losing all of its strength on October 6.
The remnant low slowly movedsouth towards the Gulf of Mexico before being absorbed by a cold front (which also picked up the remnants of Subtropical Depression Twenty-two), which affected much of the northeastern United States over the next few days. The NHC watched the system to see if any of the low level circulation would redevelop over the Gulf of Mexico but unfavorable upper-level winds didn't allow any restrengthening, as it was predicted.
Preparations.
A tropical storm warning was given out at short notice for the coast from Cocoa Beach, Florida to the Santee River, South Carolina as soon as Tropical Storm Tammy formed on October 5. Tammy moved inland the southern end of the warning zone, eventually moving north to Altamaha Sound, Georgia before all warnings were discontinued on October 6.
Impact.
Tropical Storm Tammy caused minor damage. The main concern with Tammy was flooding. The highest sustained wind recorded with Tammy was 50 mph, reported a few miles northeast of the center. The highest wind gust reported with Tammy was near 60 mph. Several areas in northeast Florida and southern Georgia reported sustained winds of 40 mph+ due to Tammy's large wind field. Rainfall totals related with Tammy were mostly in the 3-5 inch range, though some isolated amounts received 10 inches of rain.
In Georgia, Several homes were damaged because of flooding. Also in Georgia, several roads were washed out and two pond dams were broken. Storm surge related with Tammy was in the 2-4 feet range. Many boardwalks were washed away and there was some beach erosion in Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina. In addition to the flooding, an F0 tornado was reported, which caused moderate roof damage and broke trees in Brunswick, Georgia. Total damages from Tammy was around $30 million (2005 USD). 16,500 people were reported in southeast Georgia without power during the height of the storm.
The remnant low of Tammy was absorbed by a larger extratropical low which moved north and Tammy's moisture helped create a different storm over the northeast U.S., killing ten people and causing moderate damage.
Naming and records.
When Tropical Storm Tammy formed on October 5, it was the earliest ever in the season that the twentieth storm formed, breaking the previous record held by Storm 20 from 1933 by 21 days. Tammy was only the second Atlantic storm to be named with the letter 'T', after Tanya in 1995. This was also the first time Tammy had been used to name any tropical cyclone worldwide. Because Tammy caused minor damages in general, its name was not retired by the World Meteorological Organization and will be on the list of names for the 2011 Season.

Manuchehri
Abu Najm Ahmad ibn Qaus Manuchehri Damghani (c. 982-1040) (Persian: ابونجم احمد بن قوص منوچهری دامغانی) or Manucheri was a Persian poet. He was from Damghan in Iran. His poems are collected in a Diwan.

Piranshahr
Piranshahr (Persian: پیرانشهر, meaning "City of Piran" and is derived from the name of the local tribe of "Piran" is a city in northwest of Iran on the Iraqi border. The people of Piranshahr is composed of Kurds. The people of Piranshahr are called Piranshahri but this term is also applied to those people who live in the neighburing communities. The city has over 150 villages.

Mowlana Rumi
Mowlana Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Balkhi Rumi(1207-1273) (Persian: مولانا جلال الدین محمد بلخی رومی) or Rumi was a Persian poet. Rumi was born in Balkh in today Afghanistan.Balkh was a part of the Khorasanof Greater Iran. He wrote his poetry in Persian language. Many people in Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan and Azerbaijan read his poems. Rumi also wrote some poems in Arabic, Greek and a Mukhammas with someTurkishworlds. Rumi has two major books in Love and Religion, Psychology and mystic.he was a religious teacher in Anatoli but when he was at 38 he saw a Dervish oldman who knew many things.he was Shems Tabrizi,The Shems changed Rumi and he became Lover.but Rumi's jalous friends hurted Shems and he left Konya,Mowlana Rumi missed him and always spoke with Shams in his dreams and poems.Rumi died in Konya,today Turkey.

Abu Shakur Balkhi
Abu Shakur Balkhi (born 915 in Balkh) (Persian: بوشکور بلخی) or Boshakor Balkhi is a Persian poet. He lived in the Samanid era in central Asian Persia and wrote the Afarin Nama in 944. He died in Balkh in modern Afghanistan.

Nasir Khusraw
Abu Mo’in Hamid al-Din Nasir ibn Khusraw Qubadiani Marvzi (1004-1088) (Persian: ابومعین حمیدالدین ناصر خسرو قبادیانی مروزی)was a Persian poet. He was born in a village near Balkh in modern Afghanistan. He knew well about science, medicine, mathematics, astronomy and astrology. He had studied Arabic, Turkish, Greek,Hindi,Sindhi,Hebrew and Persian. He wrote the Safarnama. In Safarnama, Naser Khosrow described his journey to Mecca, Cairo and Jerusalem and many other cities. His poems are collected in a diwan.He died in Yamagan, a village in Afghanistan.

Anvari
Hakīm Awhad ad-Din Ali ibn Mohammad Khavarani Anvari Abivardi (1126-1189) (Persian:حکیم اوحدالدین علی ابن محمد خاورانی انوری ابیوردی) or Anvari is a Persian poet. He was born in Abivard(a willage between Iran and Turkmenistan)and died in Balkh(now is Afghanistan)He studied science and literature in Tun, a city in Iran.He studied science,astronomy,medicine and literature.Anvari knew Persian, Arabic,Turkish,Hindi,and even Hebrew. Anwari's poems are collected in a Diwan.he was known as the king of poets in Seljuk empire royal house.A

Old World Underground, Where Are You Now?
"Combat Baby" was also a single in the UK.
Track listing.
All tracks written by Metric.
Official samples.
Metric's official website has short clips of this album on their.
Lyrics.
Lyrics for this album can be found on.

Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
Mohammad Reza Pahlavi (Persian: محمد رضا پهلوی, October 16, 1919 - July 27, 1980) was the last Shah of Iran. He was the Shah of Iran from 1941 until the Iranian Revolution in 1979. After the 1979 revolution, the government of Iran changed into an Islamic republic.

Mehdi Bazargan
Medhi Bazargan (September, 1907? - January 20, 1995) (Persian:مهدی بازرگان) or Mahdi Bazargan was an Iranian scholar. He protested against the Shah regime in Iran. He was jailed many times for political reasons. Bazargan was Iran's first prime minister after the Iranian Revolution in 1979. He was against the United States Embassy hostage taking. He was also against the continuation of Iran-Iraq war. He resigned on November 4 1981. Bazargan died of a heart attack on January 20, 1995 when he was travelling from Tehran to Zürich, Switzerland.

Constanţa
Constanţa is the largest Romanian seaport on the Black Sea and the largest city in Dobruja. It is also the capital of Constanţa County and one of the biggest cities in Romania.

Gazelle
A gazelle is a kind of antelope. Gazelles form the genera "Gazella", "Eudorcas" and "Nanger".
Gazelles are mostly found in the grasslands and savannas of Africa, but they are also found in southwest Asia. Gazelles are known as fast animals. They can reach high speeds for long periods of time. They usually live in herds. They eat plants and leaves.

Kabyle language
Kabyle is a Berber language (Kabyle: ', "taqbaylit", pronounced) spoken by the Kabyle people. There are 3,123,000 speakers worldwide, the majority in Algeria, where there are more 2,000,000 speakers.
Kabyle was (with some exceptions) rarely written before the 20th century; however, in recent years a small but increasing body of literature has been printed. The originally oral poetry of Si Mohand and Ait Menguellet are particularly notable in this respect.

Slackware
Slackware is a Linux distribution which is famous for being stable, fast and suitable for older computers.
It does not offer any graphical tools for configuration; rather, the user must configure it on his or her own using the command line.
The most recent version is Slackware 12.1.
See Also.
List of Linux distributions

Tropical Storm Bret (2005)
Tropical Storm Bert was a weak storm that only lasted from June 28 to June 29. Bret hit the eastern coast of Mexico on June 29 before dying inland. Bret was also the second storm of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season.
Tropical Storm Bert formed close to land over the Bay of Campeche on June 28 before making landfall on Mexico a few hours later on June 29. Bert killed a total of two people.
Storm history.
Tropical Depression Two formed from a tropical wave over the Bay of Campeche on June 28, and quickly strengthened and became a tropical storm. Bret then began to move steadily closer to land during the next few hours before making landfall near Tuxpan, Veracruz in eastern Mexico early on June 29 with 40 mph (65 km/h) winds.
Bret quickly weakened as it continued inland, making heavy rain over the eastern coast of Mexico before dissipating over the mountains in central Mexico late on June 29.
Impact.
Damages in Mexico totaled up to $9 million (2005 USD).
Most of the damage came from floods and landslides caused by the heavy rain. Several towns were flooded very badly, including Naranjos and Chinampa (south of Tampico). This was mainly because of the overflowing of the Río Tancochin. A total of about 3,000 homes were damaged.
Two people were reported dead because of Bret. Two people inside a car were killed when the car was swept away by the floodwaters in Naranjos.

Tropical Storm Harvey (2005)
Tropical Storm Harvey was a strong tropical storm that moved across the Atlantic Ocean from August 2 to August 8. Harvey caused no damages or killed any people and was the eighth named storm of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season.
Harvey formed from a tropical wave to the southwest of Bermuda on August 2 and passed close to Bermuda on August 4, bringing heavy rain to the island. The storm then began to move east and away from Bermuda, which the storm then reached its strongest strength with 65 mph (100 h) before becoming an extratropical cyclone on August 8. The system then stayed in the northern Atlantic Ocean for a few more days before it died.
Storm history.
A tropical wave moved west from the African coast on July 22 and journeyed across the Atlantic Ocean without any development. When the wave came across the Leeward Islands on July 28, the National Hurricane Center began to watch the system closely for any possible strengthening, which did not happen at that time. By August 2, conditions had become more favorable and Tropical Depression Eight formed about 350 miles (595 km) southwest of Bermuda.
The depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Harvey the next day. But a lot of wind shear gave Harvey some subtropical characteristics and also made the official forecasts to underestimate the future strength of the storm.
Harvey passed 45 miles (75 km) south of Bermuda early on August 4, with winds of 60 mph (90 km/h), before removing its subtropical characteristics to become a "fully tropical" storm. As it moved northeast away from the island, the storm strengthened more to its strongest with winds of 65 mph (100 km/h). Without any notice, more wind shear did not cause Harvey to weaken somewhat, although the storm's path did become confusing. Harvey became a strong extratropical storm during the night on August 8. The storm lived for a few more days before dissipating northwest of the Azores on August 14.
Impact.
As Tropical Storm Harvey came closer to Bermuda, a tropical storm warning was given out late on August 2 and because of the possibility Harvey to continue strengthening and become a hurricane; a hurricane watch was also given out 24 hours later. As the storm began move away from Bermuda on August 4, first the hurricane watch and then the tropical storm warning were cancelled.
Harvey brought heavy rain to Bermuda, with just over 5 inches (130 mm) reported at Bermuda International Airport and caused some flooding of the roads. In addition, there was a report of sustained winds of about 45 mph (75 km/h) on the island. The storm did not kill any people or cause any damages on its own on the island.
Naming and records.
When Tropical Storm Harvey formed on August 3, it was the earliest time ever in a season that the eighth tropical storm formed, beating the previous record held by Hurricane Eight from 1936 by 12 days. This was the fourth time that the name Harvey had been used to name a tropical cyclone in the Atlantic and the sixth time worldwide. But because Harvey failed to create any major damages or kill any body, its name was not retired by the World Meteorological Organization and will be on the list of names for the 2011 Season.

Flash Gordon
"Flash Gordon" is a science fiction adventure story that began as a comic strip in 1934. Since then, the Flash Gordon story has been made into movies, TV shows and a radio show.
In the story, Flash Gordon and Dale Arden blast off into space in a rocket invented by the strange Dr. Hans Zarkov. They travel to the planet Mongo, where the evil Emperor Ming plans to take over the Earth. Flash, Dale and Zarkov have to make friends with the other people on Mongo, to battle Ming and stop his plans.
A new "Flash Gordon" TV show premieres on the Sci Fi Channel in August 2007.

Two
2 (two) is a number, numeral, and glyph. It is the natural number after One and before Three.
In mathematics.
Two has many properties in mathematics. An integer is called "even" if it can be divided by 2. For integers written in a numeral system based on an even number, such as decimal and hexadecimal, it can be easily tested if it is a multiple of 2 by merely looking at the one's place digit. If it is even, then the whole number is even. In particular, when written in the decimal system, all multiples of 2 will end in 0, 2, 4, 6, or 8.
Two is the smallest and the first prime number, and the only even one (for this reason it is sometimes humorously called "the oddest prime"). The next prime is three. Two and three are the only two consecutive prime numbers. 2 is the first Sophie Germain prime, the first factorial prime, the first Lucas prime, and the first Smarandache-Wellin prime. It is an Eisenstein prime with no imaginary part and real part of the form formula_2. It is also a Stern prime, a Pell number, and a Markov number, appearing in infinitely many solutions to the Markov Diophantine equation involving odd-indexed Pell numbers.
It is the third Fibonacci number, and the third and fifth Perrin numbers.
Even though it is a prime number, two is also a highly composite number, because it has more divisors than the number one. The next highly composite number is four.
Vulgar fractions with 2 or 5 in the denominator do not yield infinite decimal expansions, as is the case with most primes, because 2 and 5 are factors of ten, the decimal base.
Two is the base of the simplest system of numbers in which natural numbers can be written concisely, being the length of the number a logarithm of the value of the number (whereas in base 1 the length of the number is the value of the number itself); the binary system is used in computers.
Two also has the unique property that 2+2 = 2·2 = 2²="2"↑↑2="2"↑↑↑2, and so on, no matter how high the operation is.
Two is the only number x such that the sum of the reciprocals of the powers of x equals itself. In symbols: formula_3
formula_4
Powers of two are central to the concept of Mersenne primes, and important to computer science. Two is the first Mersenne prime exponent.
Taking the square root of a number is such a common mathematical operation, that the spot on the root sign where the exponent would normally be written for cubic roots and other such roots, is left blank for square roots, as it is considered tacit.
The square root of two was the first known irrational number.
The smallest field has two elements.
In the set-theoretical construction of the natural numbers, 2 is identified with the set formula_5. This latter set is important in category theory: it is a subobject classifier in the category of sets.
Two is a primorial, as well as its own factorial. Two often occurs in numerical sequences, such as the Fibonacci number sequence, but not quite as often as one does. Two is also a Motzkin number, a Bell number, an all-Harshad number, a meandric number, a semi-meandric number, and an open meandric number.
Two is the number of n-Queens Problem solutions for n = 4. With one exception, all known solutions to Znám's problem start with 2.
for "a" not equal to zero
formula_8
Where formula_9 gives the nth d-dimensional simplex number. When d=2,
formula_10
The number of domino tilings of a 2×2 checkerboard is 2.
For any polyhedron homeomorphic to a sphere, the Euler characteristic is formula_11
As of 2008, there are only two known Wieferich primes.

Regina, Saskatchewan
Regina is the capital city of the Canadian province of Saskatchewan.

Parachute
A parachute is a pack that inflates and slows down speed rate of falling from the sky. This is a sport called parachuting.

United States Capitol
The United States Capitol is the building where the United States Congress meets. It is the center of the legislative branch of the U.S. federal government. It is in Washington, D.C., on top of Capitol Hill at the east end of the National Mall.
The capitol has a large dome in the center, above a rotunda - a large space that is shaped like a circle. There are two "wings" that are connected to the rotunda on opposite sides. The north wing is where the Senate meets and the south wing is where is House of Representatives meets. These wings are also called "chambers". On the top floors of the chambers are "galleries", or balconies where people can watch the Senate and House of Representatives from above.
The Statue of Freedom is on top of the capitol.
History.
The first capital city of the United States was New York City. At this time, Congress met in City Hall (Federal Hall) from 1785 to 1790. When the capital was moved to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania from 1790 to 1800, the Philadelphia County Building (Congress Hall) became the capitol. In 1800, the capital moved again to Washington, D.C., and a new capitol building was built.
The capitol was designed by William Thornton. Construction started in 1793, but it was not completely finished until almost twenty years later. The Senate started to meet in the capitol in 1800, when the Senate wing was finished. The House started to meet in the capitol in 1807, even though the House wing was not finished until 1811.
At that time, it was not as big as it is now. The dome in the center of the building was smaller and made of wood. In 1814, the capitol was set on fire by the British Army during the War of 1812. In the the 1850s and 1860s, the capitol was fully repaired, and the wooden dome was replaced with a larger iron dome. The walls of the Senate wing were painted with many murals about events in American History. Inside the rotunda, a large fresco was also painted on the ceiling during the repair.
The Supreme Court also met in the Capitol until its own building was completed in 1935.

Strut bar
A strut bar or strut brace is a bar that is used to spread weight out on the two front wheels of a car. It helps the car to turn better, and it makes it more sturdy. Some people add strut bars for show, to make their car look neat.

Front-wheel drive
Front-wheel drive, or FWD, is a car setup, where the car's power is at the front wheels. This makes the car safe in wet and snowy conditions, because it has better traction, or grip, to the road. But, FWD can cause uneven weight, which may cause brakes to fail if used for large periods of time.

Rear-wheel drive
Rear-wheel drive, or RWD, is when a car uses its rear wheels to move. This is good for dry roads, and for acceleration, or how fast you move forward, as the weight is pushed backwards on the back wheels. But, RWD cars can spin out, also called oversteer or fishtail. This can cause crashes if the driver is new and not familiar with RWD cars.

Wireless
The word wireless is normally used to refer to any type of electrical or electronic operation which is done without a "hard wired" connection. Wireless communication is the transfer of information over a distance without the use of wires. The distances involved may be short (when using a television remote control) or very long (thousands or even millions of kilometers for radio communications).
The term wireless technology is generally used for mobile information technology (IT) equipment. Examples include mobile phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), Global Positioning System (GPS) units, garage door openers, wireless computer mice and keyboards, satellite television and cordless telephones.

Shah
Shah is a Persian word which means the king or ruler of a country. This word is used in different countries in the world, including Iran, India, Pakistan and Afghanistan. The shah is mostly used to mean the male monarch (or "king") of Iran, during the long-lasting Iranian monarchy. The Iranian monarchy was overthrown in 1951, and a country headed by a Prime Minister with a parliamentary legislative body, the "Majlis", was established. Mohammad Mossadeq was the Prime Minister. However, in 1953, the US launched a coup, replacing Mossadeq with the Shah, who was in Rome. Many Indian names which have "shah" in them; the most famous of them is Shah Jahan, who is the king of India who ordered the creation of Taj Mahal. One possible etymology of the chess term "checkmate" is the Persian "shah mat", meaning "the king cannot escape"

Approval voting
Approval voting is a voting system used for elections. In approval voting, each person can vote for any number of candidates he likes. The votes for each of the candidates are counted, and summed up. The candidate or candidates with most votes are chosen as the winners of the election.

Agar plate
An agar plate is a Petri dish that contains agar and some nutrients. It is used to culture microorganisms. For example, a blood sample of a patient may be cultured on agar plate, to let the bacteria which has made him ill to grow; these bacteria can then be idenfitified using a microsope to let the doctor choose the approrpiate treatment of the patient.
When microorganisms grow on the agar plate, they form colonies. Each colony has similar genetic characteristics.

Mansur Al-Hallaj
Abū al-Mughīth Hossein ibn Manūr Al Hallāj (c. 858 - March 26, 922) (Persian: ابوالمغیث حسین بن منصور حلاج) or Hallaj was a Persian poet and writer. Hallaj was born in Shūshtar, Iran. Hallaj memorized the Quran when he was young. He taught Sufism in Baghdad. Muslim scholars were against his teachings. He was imprisoned in Baghdad for eleven years. In the end, he was tortured and he was beheaded by Abbasid rulers.

Conical measure
A conical measure is a piece of laboratory equipment which is used to store and mix liquids.
Structure.
A conical measure is a conical, or in the shape of a cone, like cup. It has a wide top so that liquids can be poured in more easily and marks on the side of it to help measure the amount of liquid more easily. They can be made of plastic or glass.
Uses.
They are also useful in homes as a measuring cup for cooking.
Unfortunatly, conical measures are not very accurate but are easy to use and to mix liquids in.

Unsuri
Abu Al Qasim Hasan ibn Ahmad Unsuri Balkhi (d. 1039/1040) (Persian: ابوالقاسم حسن بن احمد عنصری بلخی) or Unsuri was a Persian poet. He was born in Balkh, in modern Afghanistan. He became the poet of Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi. Mahmud Ghaznavi called him "King of Poets". All of his poems are in Persian. His poems are collected in a Divan.

Ali Shariati
Ali Shariati Mazinani (1933-1977) (Persian: علی شريعتی مزینانی‎) or Shariati was an Iranian Muslim philosopher, sociologist, poet and writer.
Shariati's life.
Shariati was born in 1933 in Mazinan, Iran.He stuided sociology in the University of Paris.He returned to Iran in 1964. When he returned to Iran, the Shah regime arrested and imprisoned him for political reasons. He was released in 1965. Shariati began teaching at the University of Mashhad.He began lecturing at the Hosseiniye Ershad institute in 1967. The Shah regime, arrested him again. And when he was freed in 1975, he was not allowed to teach or publish anything. Shariati decided to leave the country for England. Three weeks later he died in Southampton.He was buried in Damascus,Syria.

Kisai Marvazi
Abul Hasan Abu Ishaq Kasa'i Marvazi (953 - 10th century)
(Persian: ابوالحسن ابواسحاق کسایی مروزی) or Kasai is a Persian poet. He was born in Marv.He was poet in the court of Mahmud Ghaznavi. He converted to Shia Islam.He has praised Ali ibn Abi Talib many times in his poems. All of his poems are in Persian. His poems are collected in a Diwan.

Farrokhi Sistani
Abul Hasan Ali ibn Julugh Farrukhi Sistani (c.960 - 1037) (Persian: ابوالحسن علی بن جولوغ فرخی سیستانی)or Farrokhi is a Persian poet. Farrokhi was the best poet in the court of Mahmud Ghaznavi. All of his poems are in Persian. His poems are collected in a Divan.

Mu'izzi
Amir Abdollah Muhammad Mu'izzi (1048-1125) was an 11th century and 12th century poet. He was from Persia, and was the poet laureate of Sanjar. He was from the village of Nisa. He is considered one of the great masters of the Persian panegyric qasideh.
He lived in the courts of Malik Shah I and Sultan Sanjar. His "divan" of 18,000 distichs remain. Anvari says Mu'izzi copied the verses of other poets (this cannot be proven for certain). Anvari himself is known to have copied Mu'izzi's verses. Mu'izzi is said to have died by an arrow shot by the King's son in 1125 for unknown reasons. He was accidentally shot by Sanjar.

Khaqani Shirvani
Afzal ad- Din Badil Ibrahim ibn Ali Nadjar Khaqani Shirvani (1120-1190)(Persian:افضل الدین بدیل ابراهیم بن علی نجار خاقانی شروانی) or Khaghani Shirvani was a Persian poet. His most famous poem is "The Arch of Madain"(in Persian: ايوان مداين). He wrote the poem book "Tohfat-ul Iraqein" (in Persian: تحفه العراقين meaning A Gift from the Two Iraqs) in his journey to Mesopotamia. The Shirvanshah ordered his officers to imprison him. Khaghani was in prison for nearly five years. In prison, he wrote the poems called Habsiyye (in Persian:حبسیه meaning The Prison Book). After he was freed, he moved to Tabriz. Khaghani died in Tabriz.

The Seasons (Haydn)
The Seasons (German: "Die Jahreszeiten") is an oratorio by Joseph Haydn. An oratorio is a long musical work with orchestra, choir and solo singers. It usually tells a story from the Old Testament of the Bible. "The Seasons" is different. It is about the four seasons of the year. It describes nature and people's relationship to nature during the year.
"The Seasons" was the last big work that Haydn composed. He composed it in 1801. By this time he was the most famous composer in Europe. Mozart had died ten years earlier, and Beethoven was a young man who was just starting to become famous. Haydn was nearly 80 years old and his health was not good. Although he lived another eight years "The Seasons" was the last big work he wrote. Soon after he had composed it he stopped composing altogether.
Haydn had only written one big oratorio before "The Seasons". This was an oratorio called "The Creation". It had been performed in 1798 and was very popular all over Europe. The libretto (the words) had been written by Baron Gottfried van Swieten who was an Austrian nobleman who liked music. He had helped Mozart in his career and now he was helping Haydn. He wanted Haydn to write a second oratorio, so he wrote the libretto for "The Seasons". He used a long English poem with the same title by James Thomson (1700-1748). He made it much shorter and changed it so that it was suitable to be set to music, and he translated it into German.
Haydn took two years to write the music. It was first performed in Vienna on 24 April 1801. The audience liked it, although not as much as "The Creation". One problem was that Haydn was not very happy about the libretto. He thought that oratorios should be about serious, dramatic stories from the Bible or from classical mythology, not about everyday life. Van Swieten was not very happy when Haydn criticized it, but he did not change it, and Haydn did his best to make the work interesting.
The music.
The oratorio is divided into four parts, one for each of the seasons: Spring, Summer, Autumn and Winter. Each part lasts at least half an hour and consists of the usual recitatives (which tell the story), arias (songs), choruses (for the choir) and ensemble numbers (for the soloists together and often the chorus as well). There are three soloists (instead of the usual four). They represent three simple country people. There is a soprano called Hanne, a tenor called Lucas and a bass called Simon. Hanne is supposed to be Simon's daughter. There is no storyline in the normal sense: it is a series of poems and thoughts about nature during the year.
Part I: Spring.
The opening of "Spring" describes winter going away and spring awakening. There is a chorus which sounds very pastoral (like the countryside) with its 8 rhythm and drones (like country bagpipes). Simon then sings about the farmer sowing his seed. He is accompanied by a bassoon which sounds like a lively farmer tilling the earth. There is a gentle hymn of praise with a fugue which sounds like one from Mozart's Requiem. Hanne invites the girls and Simon invites the men to go to the fields and admire the earth, water and air. A chorus praises God.
Part II: Summer.
The music describes the countryside. The farmer is called to work in the morning (the oboe wakes him up). The sun rises. Again we thank God for nature. By midday it has become very hot. Later there are insects buzzing and we hear a shepherd playing on his pipe (the oboe). Everything is very dry at first, then there is a storm. The timpani make the sound of the thunder. When the storm has finished everyone is happy. We hear the birds singing, the frog croaking and the evening bell chimes eight times. The day's work is done.
Part III: Autumn.
The words at first are about hard work and the rewards for hard work (Haydn thought these were strange words to set to music). Then there is a duet for a loving young couple (Lucas and Hanne). This is the only time that the soloists feel like real characters in a story and talk to one another. Autumn is the hunting season, so there is hunting music. It sounds quite old-fashioned (like Baroque music). The bassoon is the hound (the dog). The hounds become hungry and the music gets faster and faster until, suddenly, the dogs and the music stop. There is a gunshot (timpani) as the deer is shot. Autumn finishes with a drinking chorus.
Part IV: Winter.
At first there is thick winter fog. Then there is a short song (short because nothing grows in winter). Then there is a story about a traveller who is lost in the snown and comes to a cottage where he finds shelter. Hanne and the chorus sing a song about a spinning wheel. Many other composers later wrote music which describes a spinning wheel turning. There is another song which tells a story about a wealthy nobleman who tries to make love to a country girl but she escapes by riding off on his horse so he is left with no horse and no girl. At times this music sounds quite like the music in Mozart's opera "The Magic Flute". Simon sings an aria which compares the seasons with the different stages of life (the seasons are used as a metaphor). Finally the chorus sing about the dawn of life in heaven. The oratorio and the seasons start all over again. The soloists, who have been three country people, are now three angels. There is a final hymn of praise.

Sohrab Sepehri
Sohrab Sepehri (October 7, 1928 - April 21, 1980) (Persian: سهراب سپهری)was an Iranian poet and painter. He was born in Kashan, Iran. His poems are in Persian. His most famous poetry book is Hasht Ketab (Eight Books). His poems have been translated to French, English, Arabic, Italian, Swedish, Hindi and Russian. Sohrab Sepehri died in Tehran.

Shabestari
Mahmud Shabestari(1288-1340) (Persian: محمود شبستری) is a Persian Sufi poet. He was born in Tabriz. His most famous poem is called "Gulshan-i Rāz"(in Persian: گلشن راز meaning A Secret Rose Garden). "Gulshan-i Rāz" is an important Sufi text.

Jami
Nur ad-Din Abd ar-Rahman Jami (August 18, 1414–November 19, 1492) (Persian:نورالدین عبدالرحمن جامی) or Jami was a Persian Sufi poet. He was born in Jam, Persia. He studied science, Arabic literature, natural sciences, Islamic philosophy and Indian literature in Herat University. He went to Samarqand and completed his studies there. Jami wrote eighty seven books, in Persian and Arabic. Some of his books have been translated to English. His poems are collected in a Divan.

Saadi
Sheikh Muslih-ud-Din Mushrif-ibn-Abdullah Saadi Shirazi(1184-1291) (Persian:شیخ مصلح الدین مشرف بن عبدالله سعدی شیرازی) or Saadi was a Persian poet. He was born in Shiraz,Iran. He went to Baghdad to study Arabic literature and Islamic sciences in Nizamiyya University of Baghdad. He travelled to Anatolia, Syria, Egypt, and Iraq. His most fomous poetry book is the Bostan(in Persian: بوستان meaning The Orchard). He also wrote the Golestan(in Persian: گلستان meaning The Rosery). His poems are in Persian and Arabic.

Saint-Paul, Réunion
Saint-Paul, Réunion is the second largest city in Réunion. The largest is Saint-Denis. In 2008, a train which connects Saint-Paul to Saint-Denis and the main international airport in Réunion will be completed.

Iraj Mirza
Jalaalolmamalek pesar e Gholam Hossein Mirza(1874-1926)(Persian:جلال الممالک پسر غلامحسین میرزا)or Iraj Mirza was an Iranian poet.He was born in Tabriz,Iran.
His most famous poems are Satan(in Persian: Ebleess), Mother(in Persian: Maadar),Woman's picture(in Persian Tassvir-e-Zan), Story of the Hijab(in Persian Daastan-e-Chaador) and the story of Zohreh and Manouchehr(in Persian Daastan e Zohreh o Manouchehr).
He died in Tehran. His tomb is in Shemiran,north of Tehran.

Federalism
Federalism is a political philosophy in which a group of people are bound together, with a governing head. In federalism, the authority is divided between the head (for example the central government of a country) and the political units governed by it (for example the states or provinces of the country).
Currently, several countries in the world have a federal government; examples are United States of America, Canada, Switzerland and Austria. The European Union can be called a sort of federal government as well.
In other words Federalism is a system of government in which power is divided between a central authority and various constituent units of the country.

Federation
A federation is a union of a number of self-governing states or regions, which are all ordered by a central government.
United States of America is a federation. The federal (central) government has the highest executive role, but the states have their own special rules in some special cases.
Australia became a Federation in 1901.

Federal republic
A federal republic is a federation of states, with a republican form of central government. It differs from a unitary state in that in a federal republic, the authorities of the state governments cannot be taken back by the central government.
Many countries have a federal republic government; for example, the Federal Republic of Brazil, the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, the Federal Republic of Germany, the Republic of India, the United Mexican States, the Federal Republic of Nigeria, the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, and the United States of America. As this list shows, some of these countries use "Federal Republic" in their name, and some do not.

Square (mathematics)
In mathematics, a square of a number means the result of multiplying the number by itself. For example, the square of 6 is 6×6 = 36.
Many of the units of area are squares. For example, a "square meter" means the area equal to the area of a rectangle which is one meter tall and one meter wide.

Pan (moon)
Pan is a moon of Saturn. It is the closest moon to the planet, orbiting 133,600 km above Saturn's cloud tops. It was discovered in 1990 by Mark Showalter. He discovered Pan when he was analysing the photos taken by Voyager 2. It orbits inside the Encke division of Saturn's rings.
Pan is named after the Greek god Pan on 16 September 1991. It is also known as.

Tropical Storm Franklin (2005)
Tropical Storm Franklin was a strong tropical storm that stayed in the western Atlantic Ocean for much of its life. Franklin was the sixth named storm of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season and almost became a hurricane two times.
Tropical Storm Franklin formed north of the Bahamas on July 21 and moved steadily across the western Atlantic while coming close to Bermuda on July 26. Later, Franklin became an extratropical cyclone near Newfoundland, before being absorbed by another non-tropical system. Franklin caused no damages and killed no people while it stayed in the ocean during most of its life.
Storm history.
A tropical wave formed west from the African coast late on July 10. The wave entered the Bahamas on July 21 and strengthened into Tropical Depression Six while 70 miles (110 km) east of Eleuthera. Initially the storm was predicted to move in a clockwise loop and slowly move to the west in response to a high pressure system. Several models showed the possibility of the storm to change westward and move into central Florida. Anyhow, soon after the depression formed, it strengthened into Tropical Storm Franklin.
Tropical Storm Franklin suffered a lot of wind shear related with the development of Tropical Storm Gert, which made the forecasters at the National Hurricane Center to say that Franklin could be destroyed in the next few days. However the shear stopped as Franklin moved to the northeast, allowing the storm to strengthen. The forecasters now said that Franklin could "attain and maintain hurricane strength" and make a close approach to Bermuda.
Shortly after on July 23, Tropical Storm Franklin reached its strongest point with 70 mph (110 km/h) winds.
Franklin moved unevenly to the east while weakening as shear increased again. The NHC predicted that the storm would dissipate, but Frnaklin stopped weakening on July 25 with Franklin a minimal tropical storm. The storm passed to 200 miles (325 km) to the west of Bermuda on July 26 and moved slowly northwards into the warmer waters of the Gulf Stream. The shear also reduced once again allowing Franklin to re-strengthen somewhat, with winds reaching 60 mph (95 km/h) on July 28. Meanwhile, Franklin began to accelerate to the northeast becoming an extratropical cyclone on July 30 to the south of Newfoundland. The extratropical storm passed close to the southern tip of Newfoundland later that day and was absorbed by a larger system on July 31.
Impact.
As Tropical Storm Franklin was forming, a tropical storm warning was issued for the northwest Bahamas, but it was cancelled as Franklin moved north and away from the islands. A tropical storm watch was given out to Bermuda on July 25 but was also cancelled a day later when Franklin moved away.
Tropical Storm Franklin developed very close to land in the Bahamas and passed close to Bermuda, but there were no reports of tropical storm force winds overland, with the strongest gust recorded on Bermuda being 37 mph (60 km/h). After Franklin became an extratropical storm, it affected parts of southeastern Newfoundland, bringing about 1 inch (25 mm) of rain to the area. There were no damages or fatalities reported from Tropical Storm Franklin.
Naming and records.
When Franklin formed on July 21, it was the became earliest tropical cyclone ever in a season that the sixth tropical storm formed, breaking the previous record held by storm 6 from 1936 by 14 days. This was the first use of Franklin to name a tropical storm after the retirement of Hurricane Floyd from 1999. Because Frank filed to cause any deaths or damages, its the name was not retired by the World Meteorological Organization and will be on the list of names for the 2011 Season.

Atlas (moon)
Atlas is a moon of Saturn. It was discovered by Richard Terrile from photos taken by Voyager 1 in 1980. It was named after the Atlas in Greek mythology. It orbits just outside Saturn's "A ring".

Prometheus (moon)
Prometheus is a moon of Saturn. It was discovered by Stewart Collins from Voyager 1 photos in 1981. It was named after the the god of the same name in Greek mythology. The moon acts as a shepherd satellite for the inner part of Saturn's "F ring".

Chris Daughtry
Christopher Adam "Chris" Daughtry (born December 26, 1979) is a popular American singer, best known for being the fourth-place finisher on American Idol, and for being the lead singer of Daughtry, who released their first hit album in 2006.

Pandora (moon)
Pandora is a moon of Saturn. The moon is named after Pandora in Greek mythology. It is the outer shepherd satellite of Saturn's "F ring", the inner satellite being Prometheus. Pandora has many craters in its surface.

Daphnis (moon)
Daphnis is a moon of Saturn. It is a tiny moon, measuring 6 to 8 km in diameter. It is discovered by the Cassini-Huygens space probe in 2005. It orbits inside the Keeler Gap in Saturn's rings.

Melinda Doolittle
Melinda Marie Doolittle (born October 6, 1977) is an American singer, best known for being the third-place finalist on "American Idol".

Epimetheus (moon)
Epimetheus is a moon of Saturn. It was discovered by Richard Walker in 1966. At first, Epimetheus was thought to be same as Janus, another moon that orbits at the same distance from Saturn. It was confirmed by Voyager 1 in 1980 that they were two separate moons.

Janus (moon)
Janus is a moon of Saturn. It was discovered by Audouin Dollfus in 1966. Astronomers were first mistaken that another moon, Epimetheus, was the same is Janus. Voyager 1 confirmed in 1980 that there were two moons that share the same orbit.

Enceladus (moon)
Enceladus is a round, large moon of Saturn. It is the sixth largest Saturnian moon. It is made mostly out of ice. It is very reflective. It reflects 100% of all sunlight that strikes the moon. Enceladus had been known by astronomers for a long time; it was discovered by William Herschel in 1789.

Tethys (moon)
Tethys is a large moon of Saturn. It was discovered by Giovanni Domenico Cassini in 1684. It was one of the first Saturnian moons discovered. It has a very large crater on its surface, called Odysseus. There is also a very long valley called Ithaca Chasma. It is 2000 km long.

Tropical Storm Jose (2005)
Tropical Storm Jose was a tropical storm that lived for a very short time from August 22 to August 23. Jose was the tenth named storm of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season which made landfall in eastern Mexico.
Tropical Storm Jose formed off the coast of Mexico in the western Gulf of Mexico on August 22 and made landfall on eastern Mexico the next day while at its strongest point with 60 mph (95 km/h) winds. Jose then quickly dissipated while inland and caused heavy rain. Jose killed a total of eight people (6 directly and 2 indirectly) who were all killed by landslides and caused $45 million in damage.
Storm history.
On August 17 a tropical wave, probably from the same wave from which Tropical Depression Ten had developed from earlier in the month, began to organize in the central Caribbean. Convection steadily increased as it moved to the Yucatán Peninsula. The system then weakened while overland, and by the time when it entered the southweatern Gulf of Mexico on August 21 it hardly had any convection. However early in the morning of August 22 under highly favorable upper-level conditions, convection quickly increased and the system became Tropical Depression Eleven about 110 miles (175 km) east of Veracruz, Mexico. The depression quickly strengthened as it moved to the west, becoming Tropical Storm Jose just six hours later after forming.
The global model guidance orginially failed to predict the storms track well, with some models showing that it would somehow stop offshore. Jose continued to strengthen as it moved towards the coast and made landfall in the state of Veracruz early on August 23 with winds at its strongest at 60 mph (90 km/h). As Jose made its landfall an eye was beginning to form, although the storm was still short of hurricane strength. Tropical Storm Jose quickly weakened after landfall and dissipated that afternoon in the mountains of central Mexico only 24 hours after forming.
Preparations.
Because Tropical Storm Jose formed so close to shore, there was only a lead time of less than 9 hours on the tropical storm warning given out on September 22 for the Veracruz coastline. The area covered by the warning was also enlarged southwards as Jose intensified, before being cancelled soon after landfall on September 23. The advisories that were given out by the National Hurricane Center stated that rainfall from Jose was the probably the biggest threat.
Impact.
Tropical Storm Jose was responsible for damaging crops, highways and homes; flooding many areas in several cities in the state of Veracruz and 80,000 people had to be in shelters. The government of that state estimated the damages caused by the storm to be about $45 million (2005 US dollars). An estimated 120 citites were affected by the rains, but the majority of the damage was limited to eight of them: Martínez de la Torre, Misantla, Nautla, San Rafael, Vega de la Torre, Actopan, Cardel and Úrsulo Galván. Damage to the highway infrastructure was estimated at $33 million (2005 USD).
It was also reported that the storm damaged at least 16 thousand homes and about 250 square kilometres (60 thousand acres) of land used for cattle. In addition, over 420 square kilometres (103 thousand acres) of various crops, including sugar cane, corn and bananas, were flooded. Many boats were also lost as a result of Jose. 90 active medical brigades were sent to the region to reduce the risk of infections to the affected people living in the destroyed area.
In addition, Jose was responsible for killing people six directly. One of these deaths was the result of a landslide that killed a man in Xalapa, Veracruz. The other five deaths were also due to landslides in Oaxaca.
Naming and records.
When Tropical Storm Jose formed on August 22, it was the earliest date for the formation of the tenth tropical storm in an Atlantic hurricane season, breaking the previous record held by Tropical Storm Jerry from 1995 by 1 day. This was also the third time the name "Jose" had been used to name a tropical cyclone in the Atlantic. As Tropical Storm Jose create any major damages, its name was not retired by the World Meteorological Organization and will be on the list of names for the 2011 season.

Hurricane Cindy (2005)
Hurricane Cindy was a tropical cyclone that reached minimal hurricane strength for a very short time in the Gulf of Mexico during July and made landfall in Louisiana. It was the third named storm and first hurricane of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season. Cindy was originally thought to have been a strong tropical storm at its strongest strength, but was upgraded to a Category 1 hurricane in the post-storm analysis.
Hurricane Cindy formed on July 3 just east of the Yucatán Peninsula in the Caribbean Sea. The depression soon made landfall on the peninsula and weakened before entering in the Gulf of Mexico on July 4. The storm restrengthened as it moved north becoming a hurricane just before making landfall on southern Louisiana on July 5. The storm weakened as it moved inland and became extratropical on July 7.
Cindy was responsible for a total of 3 deaths in the United States and`for bringing heavy rains to Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama and Maryland. An unusually strong F2 tornado formed from Cindy's remnants and caused a lot of damage in Hampton, Georgia. Cindy also caused flooding and a very big blackout in New Orleans, Louisiana, which encouraged the people to evacuate when Hurricane Katrina destroyed the city in the next month.
Storm history.
On June 24 a strong tropical wave formed off the African coast and moved quickly west across the Atlantic Ocean without any strengthening. The wave steadily became more organized as it came to the Caribbean Sea and late on July 3 it strengthened into Tropical Depression Three about 80 miles (130 km) east of Chetumal, Mexico. The models originally had difficulty predicting the future path of the depression and the forecasts from the National Hurricane Center agreed with this, predicting that the depression would maybe hit Texas.Anyhow, the depression developed quickly before making landfall on Yucatán Peninsula early on July 4 with 35 mph (55 km/h) winds. Cindy then began to lose its most of its strength and organization as it moved inland.
A new center of organization began forming later on July 4 when Cinday entered the Gulf of Mexico. This reorganization caused a notable change in the models, which now predicated a landfall in Louisiana. The depression moved north in the Gulf of Mexico and became a Tropical Storm Cindy early on July 5. Weakened shear allowed Cindy to strengthen more as it approached Louisiana and was a minimal hurricane with 75 mph (120 km/h) winds for a very short time when it made landfall near Grand Isle late on July 5. While it was thought that Cindy did not originally reach hurricane strength, but post-season reanalysis confirmed the upgrade.
Hurricane Cindy weakened back into a tropical storm as it crossed over southeastern Louisiana and Breton Sound before making a second landfall near Waveland, Mississippi with 50 mph (85 km/h) winds on July 6. Cindy moved to the northeast over Mississippi and Alabama, weakening to a tropical depression that day. The depression became extratropical over South Carolina on July 7 and moved to the northeast dissipating in the Atlantic Ocean on July 9.
Impact.
About 300,000 homes and businesses in southeast Louisiana and the Mississippi coastline lost electrical power while a storm surge of 4-6 feet (1.2-1.8 meters) affected the same area, causing some beach erosion in southern Louisiana.
In New Orleans, Louisiana, wind gusts reached 70 mph (110 km/h), many trees were destroyed or uprooted and various street flooding was reported. As thousands lost electrical power, the city experienced its worst blackout since Hurricane Betsy 40 years earlier. Although at the time, Cindy was still listed as a "Tropical Storm" by the weather service, many in New Orleans thought that Cindy was a hurricane, and referred to it as "Hurricane Cindy" before it was officially upgraded.
Even though Cindy had weakened to a depression and was deep inland, Cindy's effects were still felt; some parts of Atlanta Motor Speedway and Tara Field airport in Hampton, Georgia suffered heavy damage from an F2 tornado created by the storm. Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport in Atlanta had over 5 inches (130 mm) of rain on July 6, its sixth-highest one-day rainfall since 1878; most rain fell during just two hours (8 to 10 p.m. EDT). This is more rain than the area normally gets in all of July. Many other places, such as Slidell, Louisiana, Gulfport, Mississippi, Mobile, Alabama, and Salisbury, Maryland, also saw over 5 inches (125 mm) of rain.
Cindy was also reported to have caused three deaths — two in Georgia (one direct) and another in Alabama.
Many people in the New Orleans metropolitan area thought Cindy would only create minimal effects from the storm, but found themselves cleaning up the mess and were without power for days after Cindy's strike. The experience encouraged many people to evacuate when the much more powerful Hurricane Katrina was heading towards the city less than two months later.
Naming.
When Tropical Storm Cindy formed on July 5, it was the seventh time that the name had been used to name a storm in the Atlantic. Because Cindy didn't cause any major damages, its name was not retired by the World Meteorological Organization and will be on the list of names for the 2011 season.

Cartridge (electronics)
A cartridge means an object that adds different functions or content to an electronic device (like a video game cartridge), or that refills something the device needs (like an ink cartridge for a printer).
A cartridge is easy to use. For example, an ink cartridge is easier to use than a bottle of ink. This is because all the ink is inside the cartridge.
A cassette is a small cartridge. The words have similar meanings.

Hurricane Epsilon
Hurricane Epsilon was a Category 1 hurricane that lasted a long time in the central Atlantic Ocean during late November and early December. Epsilon was one of the strongest and longest living hurricanes recorded so late during the year. It was also the twenty-seventh tropical or subtropical storm and fifteenth hurricane of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season.
Epsilon formed from a non-tropical low that steadily became a tropical storm on November 29. The storm became a hurricane on December 2, in a highly unfavorable climate for a regular tropical cyclone. Anyhow, Epsilon managed to stay as a hurricane for a few more days while confusing and frustrating forecasters at the National Hurricane Center before dissipating on December 8.
History.
Tropical Storm Epsilon developed out from an extratropical storm in the central Atlantic Ocean on November 29 that had slowly gained tropical characteristics similar to Tropical Storm Delta. It was far east from Bermuda at the time and never would get close to land. Epsilon steadily strengthened into a strong tropical storm before it weakened a little bit on December 1. The official forecasts from the National Hurricane Center predicted Epsilon would weaken further in the highly unfavoritable environment before becoming an extratropical system again. Unexpectedly, Tropical Storm Epsilon strengthened again on December 2 and became a hurricane over cooler waters about 21–24°C (70–75°F) with continuing wind shear; which are the conditions that are highly unfavorable for a regular tropical cyclone. The official forecasts continued to predict weakening and dissipation but Epsilon didn't follow the forecaster's predictions, and remained at hurricane strength for several more days. At one point on December 4 it was thought that Epsilon had weakened into a tropical storm for a short time, but later post-analysis showed that Epsilon had never weakened at all. Hurricane Epsilon then strengthened further to its peak intensity of 85 mph (135 km/h) just several hours later.
Hurricane Epsilon frustrated many forecasters back in NHC, and the because Epsilon continued to deny any weakening made NOAA hurricane forecaster Dr. Lixion Avila to say "There are no clear reasons — and I am not going to make one up — to explain the recent strengthening of Epsilon…" The storm kept its hurricane strength for five days while most of the six-hourly forecasts during that period called for it to weaken below that hurricane strength. Dr. Avila also claimed that Epsilon had developed a structure similar to one of an annular hurricane, which somehow helped it to keep its strength even though poor conditions still existed.
On December 7 a strong upper-level flow from the northwest began to wreck the organization of Hurricane Epsilon. The continuing shear then finally weakened Epsilon into a tropical storm that day. It continued weakening into a tropical depression on December 8, and dissipated soon.
Impact and records.
As Hurricane Epsilon stayed far out in sea and never came close land, no warnings or watches were given out by the National Hurricane Center. No ships reported experiencing tropical storm force winds from Epsilon and there were no reports of damages or fatalities.
When Tropical Storm Epsilon formed on November 29, it was the first known time that the twenty-seven tropical or subtropical storm had formed in the Atlantic Ocean during one hurricane season. Hurricane Epsilon was only the sixth ever Atlantic hurricane recorded in December. Epsilon also spent more time as a hurricane during December than any other Atlantic storm, breaking the old record held by Hurricane Lili from 1984.

Football League Cup
The Football League Cup is a national football competition between all league clubs in England.
Winners.
Note: * means "after extra time"

The Football Association
The Football Association (The FA) is the organization that controls English football.

Tropical Storm Alpha (2005)
Tropical Storm Alpha was the twenty-third tropical or subtropical storm of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season. Alpha was the first tropical cyclone to be named with Greek alphabets after the season's list of names ran out.
Tropical Storm Aplha formed in the eastern Carribean Sea on October 22 where it steadily moved towards Hispaniola, later making landfall on the island on October 23. Alpha then quickly weakened and dissipated over the Atlantic Ocean on the next day. Alpha caused a total of 43 deaths in the island (being the sixth deadliest storm of the season).
Storm history.
A tropical wave, which had formed off from the wetsern African coast on October 15, moved to the Carribean Seaand reached the Windward Islands on October 19. The wave slowly strengthened and organized into a tropical depression about 180 miles southwest of San Juan, Puerto Rico, on October 22. Later that day, despite wind shear from powerful Hurricane Wilma nearby, it strengthened into a tropical storm as it moved west-northwestward. On the morning of October 23, it made landfall on the Dominican Republic with 50 mph (85 h) winds, then moved over to Haiti.
As it crossed Hispaniola, Alpha was weakened to a tropical depression because of the island's tall mountains. A cold front pulled Alpha northward where it moved into the Atlantic Ocean and began to travel alongside Hurricane Wilma to the southwest. On the afternoon of October 24 Alpha became deorganizied into a remant low, which also made the National Hurricane Center to stop giving out tropical cyclone reports for the system. Later, Alpha's remants were absorbed by Hurricane Wilma.
Death toll.
A total of 43 people have been reported dead because of Tropical Storm Alpha, while 26 were from the direct effects of the storm.
Dominican Republic.
Government officials in the Dominican Republic ordered the evacuation of at least 30,000 people living in places where flooding was possible. About 1,000 people remained in shelters. Alpha caused nine deaths in the Dominican Republic alone, including two fishermen who went missing at sea during the storm and a fourteen year old boy who was swept away by floodwaters in the town of Guaricanos.
Haiti.
A river in Haiti overflowed its banks and flooded a neighborhood in the Port-au-Prince suburb of Carrefour, killing seventeen people; including two were electrocuted, one drowned, and five were swept to their deaths by the water. Also, twenty-three people were reported missing, including nineteen from the town of Leogane, sixteen of whom were later confirmed dead, bringing the death toll in Haiti to 33. This is a much lower death toll than orginially feared; tropical systems which affect Haiti such as Hurricane Jeanne from 2004 were usually among the deadliest as the badly-deforested Haiti, which is extremely vulnerable to landslides and lacks basically any form of tropical alert system.
At least 400 homes were damaged by the storm, including twenty-three homes that were washed away.
Bahamas.
One unconfirmed report told that a child was swept out to sea by Tropical Depression Alpha.
Naming and records.
Since the 2005 season had already used up all the assigned hurricane names, the Greek alphabet was used and the storm was named Alpha once it reached tropical storm strength. The name Alpha has been used before in the Atlantic for a subtropical storm, but the 2005 season was the first time to have a "Tropical Storm" Alpha.
At the time it was thought that Alpha was the twenty-second storm of the season, and so was the storm which broke the 1933 season's record for most storms in just one season. However post-season analysis revealed that there was also an earlier subtropical storm, which made Alpha the twenty-third storm of the season. Alpha was the first tropical storm to be assigned a Greek-alphabet name after the list of hurricane names were all used up. This was just one of many records set by the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season.

Büchner funnel
A büchner funnel is a piece of laboratory equipment which is used to filter or separate a liquid from a solid. It is named after an industrial chemist called Ernst Büchner.
Structure.
A Büchner funnel can be made out of porcelain, glass or plastic. On the top there is a container with a hole in the bottom. This container is put on top of a Büchner flask with a hole in the top and a hole in the side. In between the container and the Büchner flask there is a piece of filter paper which lets through liquids but not any solids. Attached to the hole in the side there is a vacuum which sucks the air out of the Büchner flask. This means that when any mixture is poured into the top, the liquid is sucked through the filter paper and the solid is left stuck in the filter paper.
Uses.
A Büchner flask is used in organic chemistry to take unwanted solids out of any liquids. The advantages of using a Büchner flask over just a piece of filter paper held over a beaker is that the solid is dried as more and more liquid is sucked off of it by the vacuum. Most of the time it needs to be dried again in an oven, but sometimes no further drying is needed.

Hurricane Alicia
Hurricane Alicia was the first named storm and first hurricane of the 1983 Atlantic hurricane season. Alicia was the season's strongest and most deadliest storm of the season, while killing a total of 21 people and causing $2.6 billion (1983 dollars) in damage. Alicia was the most destructive Texan hurricane since Hurricane Carla from 1961.
Hurricane Alicia formed from Tropical Depression Three on August 15 in the Gulf of Mexico and slowly moved west towards Texas, where it made landfall on August 18 at its strongest point with 115 mph (185 h) winds. Alicia quickly weakened into a tropical depression before dissipating overland on August 21.
Storm history.
A mesoscale low formed off the Alabama and Mississippi coasts on August 14 with a weak frontal trough that had formed off of New England. Pressures were high in the Gulf of Mexico, but the low strengthened into Tropical Depression Three on August 15. A ship located within 60 miles of the depression reported a pressure of 1015.5 millibars and the storm was upgraded to Tropical Storm Alicia late on August 15. With the high Gulf pressures, Alicia was unable to gain size, so it stayed very small, but created faster winds, and became a Category 1 hurricane on August 16. Steering currents were weak during Alicia's lifetime over water. A new frontal ridge had formed on August 17 which caused the storm to slowly move in a westerly direction. Alicia continued west until the frontal ridge had collapsed to the east.
Alicia then began to take a more northern drection August 18 to Port Arthur, Texas. During that time, the hurricane began to gain strength at about 1 mbar an hour, peaking at 963 mbar with winds of 115 mph (185 km/h) on the morning of the 18th. Just before landfall, Alicia showed a rare "double eye" feature for a few hours. The storm made landfall in Texas as a category 3 hurricane at about 1:45 a.m. CDT on Thursday, August 18. Alicia weakened very quickly after landfall, losing tropical characteristics and began to speed up to the northwest, finally losing its identity in the southeast Nebraska on August 21.
Preparations.
Several hurricane watches and warnings were given out that were related with Alicia. The first ones were a gale warning and a hurricane watch for the area of Corpus Christi, Texas to Grand Isle, Louisiana which was given out on August 16. On August 17, a hurricane warning was issued for Corpus Christi to Morgan City, Louisiana and later for Port Arthur, Texas. Originially, however, residents did not take the warnings seriously. Galveston Mayor E. Gus Manuel, against the advice of Texas Governor Mark White, ordered the evacuation of only low-lying areas.
30 percent of Galveston's population evacuated the island when Hurricane Allen threatened the eastern Texas coastline in 1980; only 10 percent of the population living behind the seawall chose to leave when Alicia made landfall. Throughout the day, however, as increasing winds began to cause damage in Galveston, people grew more worried. The mayor finally ordered a widespread evacuation of the island after midnight on August 18, but by then the bridges to the mainland were no longer usuable as they have been broken.
Texas.
The city of Galveston reported 7¾ inches of rain, Liberty reported 9½ inches, and Greens Bayou reported almost 10 inches of rain. Centerville reported over 8 inches with Normangee and Noxia reporting over 7 inches.Maximum rainfall in the Houston area in Harris County was about 10-11 inches. 8 inches of rain was reported in Leon County and 9 inches in the Sabine River area. High gusts were also reported throughout Texas with a maximum gust of 125 mph reported on the Coast Guard cutter Buttonwood (WLB-306) stationed at the northeastern part of Galveston Island. Pleasure Pier reported tides of 8.67 feet with Pier 21 reported a little over 5½ feet. Baytown, Texas reported 10-12 feet tides, and 12.1 feet at Morgan City, the highest recorded by Alicia.
Twenty-three tornadoes were reported that were either related or caused by Alicia, fourteen of those were located in the Galveston and Hobby Airport area. The other nine were concentrated around Tyler to Houston, Texas, ranging around F2 on the Fujita scale. A major oil spill occurred around Texas City with over sixty gallons having to be cleaned up by the National Weather Service and an ocean-going tugboat capsized 50 miles of the Sabine Pass coast. The Coast Guard Air Station Houston (AIRSTA) weathered Alicia with minimal damage, and afterwards AIRSTA's helicopters helped residents with evacuation, supply, and survey flights.
The Galveston NWS office (temporarily) lost its radar. Houston suffered billions of dollars in damage. Thousands of glass panes in downtown skyscrapers were shattered by gravel blown off of rooftops. Houston Lighting and Power reported that about 750,000 homes were without electricity after Alicia hit. Many stores had to stay closed for days afterward due to risks of falling glass in the area.
In Galveston, the western beach had its public beach boundary shifted back about 150 feet.An entire wall of the Flagship Hotel collapsed. About 5 feet of sand was scoured, leaving beachfront homes in a natural vegetation state. The beachfront homes after Alicia were in violation of the Texas Open Beaches Act and the Attorney General's office forebade the repair or rebuilding of those homes. The Corps of Engineers stated that if the Galveston Sea Wall was not there, that another $100 million dollars in damage could have occurred. Also, if Alicia was the size of Hurricane Carla from 1961, damage could have easily double or possibly tripled. Alicia also did damage to chemical and petrochemical plants in Houston.
Hurricane Carla in the 1961 Atlantic hurricane season hit a less populated area as where with Alicia hit a more populated area. Had Alicia been the size or strength of Carla, damage could've easily doubled or tripled.
Other states.
Heavy amount of rainfalls were recorded with 8-14 centimeters in the southern-central part of Texas from a curved path. Rains reached up to 5 inches in the same area, however rainfall was limited to that area. Kansas only got 1-3 inches which were recorded in the eastern to central parts of the state. The southeast part of Nebraska received one inch of rain from Alicia's remnants. Michigan, Iowa, Minnesota, Louisiana and Wisconsin all received one inch of rainfall.
Hurricane Alicia brought useful rains to the southern Great Plains, which had been suffering from a drought for much of the summer of 1983. In the end, Hurricane Alicia killed 21 people and caused $2 billion in damage ($5.27 billion in 2006 dollars).
Aftermanth.
The Red Cross had to provide food and shelter to 63,000 people in the hurricane's wake, costing to about 166 million dollars. FEMA gave out $32 million (1983 USD) to Alicia's victims and local governments. $23 million of that was to go picking up trash and wrecked objects spread after Alicia. More than 16,000 people wanted help from FEMA's disaster service centers. The Small Business Administration, aided with 56 volunteers, interviewed over 16,000 victims, and was predicted that about 7000 loan applications would be requested. The Federal Insurance Agency had closed over 1318 flood insurance cases from Alicia's effects, however only 782 received final payment.
On September 23 and September 24, 1983, in the wake of Alicia, two subcommittees of the U.S. House of Representatives had trials in Houston. The hearing on September 23 were to examine the main problems of the National Weather Service during Alicia, the effectiveness of the N.W.S in current events, and the use of the National Weather Service. The second hearing, which occurred on September 24, was to talk about the damage and recovery efforts during Alicia.
On the September 23 hearing, witnesses agreed that the National Weather Service did well before and during the emergency caused by Alicia. N.W.S. forecaters also gave evidence in which they said they thanked themselves that their predictions were well "on target" and that the local emergency plans worked so well, which saved many lives. Mayor Gus Manuel on Galveston said that the NWS did an excellent job during Alicia. He was also very impressed about their landfall predictions on August 17, before Alicia made landfall.
On the September 24 hearing, evidence was brought upon which demonstrated the need improving to the readiness to cope with disasters, such as Alicia. Mayor Manuel mentioned that his town needed
stronger building codes, which were under review.
Retirement.
The name Alicia was retired in the spring of 1984, becoming the 30th storm name to be retired and will never again be used for an Atlantic hurricane. It was replaced with Allison in the 1989 season. The name Allison was coincidentally retired after doing major damage to the same the area in 2001.

Giza pyramid complex
Giza pyramid complex (also called the Giza Necropolis'") is located on the Giza Plateau near the city of Cairo, Egypt. It is located about eight kilometres (5 mi) inland into the desert from the ancient town of Giza on the Nile, and about 25 kilometres (12.5 mi) southwest of Cairo city centre. The Great Pyramid is the only remaining monument of the Seven Wonders of the World.

Hanging Gardens of Babylon
The Hanging Gardens of Babylon (also called the Hanging Gardens of Semiramis) and the walls of Babylon (near present-day Al Hillah in Iraq) are one of the Seven Wonders of the World. They were built by Nebuchadnezzar II around 600 BC. He is told to have built the gardens to please his wife, Amytis of Media. She wanted to see the trees and plants of her homeland. The hanging gardens were destroyed in an earthquake after the 1st century BC.
Existence.
Some people do not believe the Hanging Gardens were real. In ancient writings the Hanging Gardens of Babylon were first described by Berossus, a Chaldean priest. He lived in the late 4th century B.C. Greek historians later wrote more about them.
Recent archaeological digs of the palace in Iraq have uncovered evidence of a building with vaults and a well nearby. However, the place of the palace complex is different from where Greek historians said they were, which was on the banks of the Euphrates River.
However, recently there have been digs on the banks of the Euphrates River of some large 25 meter-thick walls.

Statue of Zeus at Olympia
The Statue of Zeus at Olympia was one of the Seven Wonders of the World. It was carved by the famous sculptor Phidias (5th century BC) around 432 BC in Olympia, Greece.

Temple of Artemis
The Temple of Artemis (Greek: Ἀρτεμίσιον "Artemision", Latin: Artemisium), also known as Temple of Diana, was a temple dedicated to Artemis. It was completed around 550 BC at Ephesus (in present-day Turkey) under the Achaemenid dynasty of the Persian Empire. Nothing remains of the temple. It was one of the Seven wonders of the World.
Location.
The Temple of Artemis was located near the ancient city of Ephesus, about 50 km south from the modern port city of İzmir, in Turkey.
Architecture and art.
Most of the description of the Temple of Artemis comes from Pliny, though there are different accounts and the actual size varies.
Pliny said the temple was 115 meters long and 55 meters wide. He said it was made almost completely of marble. It was about three times as big as the Parthenon by area. The Temple has 127 Ionic-styled columns. Each of them are 17.5 meters in height.
The Temple of Artemis had many fine artworks. Sculptures by famous Greek sculptors Polyclitus, Pheidias, Cresilas, and Phradmon were in the temple. Paintings and gilded columns of gold and silver were also in it. The sculptors often competed at creating the best sculpture. Many of these sculptures were of Amazons, who are said to have founded the city of Ephesus.
Pliny said that Scopas, who also worked on the Mausoleum of Mausollos, worked carved reliefs into the temple's columns.
Athenagoras of Athens names Endoeus, a student of Daedalus, as the sculptor of the main statue of Artemis in Ephesus.
Cult and influence.
The Temple of Artemis was located at a flourishing region. Merchants and travellers came to it from all over Asia Minor. The temple was influenced by many beliefs. It can be seen as a symbol of faith for many different peoples. The Ephesians worshiped Cybele. They joined many of their beliefs into the worship of Artemis. Artemisian Cybele became very different from the Roman goddess Diana. The cult of Artemis attracted thousands of worshipers from far-off lands. They all gathered at the site and worshipped her.

Büchner flask
A Büchner flask (also called a vacuum flask, a filter flask, a side-arm flask or a kitasato flask) is a flask made of glass.
Structure.
A Büchner flask has thick walls so that a pressure change will not break it. It has a hole in the top where a Büchner funnel can be put and a small tube in the side where a vacuum can be attached. The small tube has barbs on it so that the vacuum will not weaken.
Uses.
A Büchner flask can be used with a Büchner funnel for separating solids and liquids. Water is poured into the Büchner funnel and the liquid passes through filter paper and is sucked up by a vacuum attached to the side of the Büchner flask, while the solid stays behind in the Büchner funnel.
The Büchner flask can also be used as a vacuum trap in a vacuum line to ensure that no fluids are carried over from the aspirator or vacuum pump (or other vacuum source) to the evacuated apparatus, or vice versa.
History.
It is commonly thought to be named after the Nobel Laureate, Eduard Buchner, but it is actually named after the industrial chemist Ernst Büchner.

Mausoleum of Maussollos
The Tomb of Maussollos, Mausoleum of Maussollos, or Mausoleum of Halicarnassus (Ancient Greek:), was a tomb built between 353 and 350 BC. It was built at Halicarnassus (present Bodrum, Turkey) for Mausolus Artemisia II of Caria, his wife and sister. He was a satrap in the Persian Empire. It was designed by the Greek architects Satyrus and Pythius. It stood about 45 meters (135 feet) tall. Each of the four sides was decorated with sculptural reliefs created by one of four Greek sculptors — Bryaxis, Leochares, Scopas and Timotheus. It was such an accomplishment that Antipater of Sidon said it was one of the Seven Wonders of the World. The word "mausoleum" has come to be used generically for any grand tomb, though "Mausol" – "eion" originally meant "[building] dedicated to Mausolus".

Colossus of Rhodes
The Colossus of Rhodes was a huge statue of the Greek god Helios. It was built on the Greek island of Rhodes (approximate coordinates 36°27'04"N, 28°13'40"E). It was built by Chares of Lindos, a student of Lysippos. It was built between 292 and 280 BC. It was one of the Seven Wonders of the World. Before being destroyed, the Colossus of Rhodes was 70 cubits tall, over 30 metres (100 feet), making it the tallest statue of the ancient world.

Lighthouse of Alexandria
The Pharos of Alexandria (Greek: o Φάρος της Αλεξάνδρειας) was a tall tower built in the 3rd century BC (between 285 and 247 BC). It was built on the island of Pharos in Alexandria, Egypt to serve as the port's landmark, and later, its lighthouse.
With a height estimated at between 115 and 145 meters (384 - 469 ft) it was among the tallest man-made structures on Earth for many centuries. It was identified as one of the Seven Wonders of the World by Antipater of Sidon. It was the third tallest building after the two Great Pyramids (of Khufu and Khafra). Some scholars estimate a much taller height over 180 meters that would make the tower the tallest building up to the 14th century.

Telesto (moon)
Telesto is a tiny moon of Saturn. It was discovered by a number of astronomers in 1980, based from some observations from the Earth. It was named after Telesto in Greek mythology. Telesto orbits around Saturn together with much larger moon Tethys. Thus, Telesto is also known as a Trojan moon. The moon leads at a point 60 degrees in front of Tethys in its orbit. Another small moon, Calypso, orbits with Telesto.

Calypso (moon)
Calypso is a small moon of Saturn. It was discovered by a few astronomers in 1980, based on observations from the Earth. It is named after Calypso in Greek mythology. Calypso is a Trojan moon, as it orbits together with larger moon Tethys. It orbits behind Tethys by 60 degrees in its orbit around Saturn. Telesto is another moon which shares Calypso's orbit.

Pallene (moon)
Pallene is a small moon of Saturn. It was discovered by the Cassini Imaging Science Team in 2004. It orbits between two larger moons, Mimas and Enceladus. Pallene is about 4 km in diameter.

Methone (moon)
Methone is a small moon of Saturn. It was discovered by the Cassini Imaging Science Team in 2004, the same time as a close-by moon, Pallene. It is only about 3 km in diameter.

Dione (moon)
Dione is a large moon of Saturn. It was discovered in 1684 by Giovanni Domenico Cassini. It is named after the titan Dione in Greek mythology. The moon has many craters and ice cliffs.

Helene (moon)
Helene is a moon of Saturn. It shares its orbit with larger moon Dione. It leads in front of Dione in its orbit around Saturn by 60 degrees. It was discovered in 1980 by a couple of astronomers based on observations from the Earth.

Polydeuces (moon)
Polydeuces is a small moon of Saturn. Its diameter is only 3.5 km. It shares its orbit with larger moon Dione. It was discovered by the Cassini Imaging Science Team in 2004.

Boyfriend
A boyfriend is a male partner in a romantic relationship which is not a marriage (for example, a couple who is dating). A boyfriend can also be a male friend in a friendship.

Aspirator
An aspirator is a device that makes vacuum, due to the Venturi effect. In the aspirator, fluid flows through it. The tube narrows, making the fluid flow faster, and reducing the pressure. Then, vacuum is taken from it. The aspirator is also known as an ejector or a filter pump.
The most common type of aspirator is the water aspirator. It is used in laboratories for chemistry and biology. The aspirator has a fitted tee, which is attached to a faucet. It has a hose barb on one side. The flow of water passes through the straight part of the tee, which restricts the water flow at the intersection with the hose barb. The vacuum hose should be connected to this barb.
The strength of the produced vacuum is limited by the vapour pressure of the flowing water. However, the strength of the vacuum is not limited if a gas is used as the working force.

Venturi effect
The Venturi effect is a case where fluid flows through a tube that narrows. The velocity of the fluid increases as it flows through the narrower tube while the pressure decreases, due to conservation of energy. The effect is an example of Bernoulli's principle.

Santa Fe, Argentina
Santa Fe is the capital city of the province of Santa Fe in Argentina. As of 2001, about 369,000 people live there.

Geography of Argentina
Argentina is almost 3,700 km long from north to south, and 1,400 km from east to west (maximum values). It can be divided into three parts: the Pampas in the central part of the country, Patagonia in the southern part down to Tierra del Fuego; and the Andes mountain range along the western border with Chile, with the highest point located in the province of Mendoza. Cerro Aconcagua, at 6,960 metres (22,834 ft), is the Americas' highest mountain.
The most important rivers include the River Plate, Paraguay, Bermejo, Colorado, Uruguay and the largest river, the Paraná.

List of retired Atlantic hurricane names
This article is about a list of retired Atlantic hurricane names. Atlantic hurricane names only get retired if and when they are notable enough by causing a lot of damage or killing many people. They can also be retired if and when a government or country requests the name to be retired.
Below is a list of Atlantic hurricane names retired;
1950s: Carol, Edna, Hazel, Connie, Diane, Ione, Janet, Audrey, Gracie
1960s: Donna, Carla, Hattie, Flora, Cleo, Dora, Hilda, Betsy, Inez, Beulah, Camille
1970s: Celia, Agnes, Carmen, Fifi, Eloise, Anita, David, Frederic
1980s: Allen, Alicia, Elena, Gloria, Gilbert, Joan, Hugo
1990s: Diana, Klaus, Bob, Andrew, Luis, Marilyn, Opal, Roxanne, Cesar, Fran, Hortense, Georges, Mitch, Floyd, Lenny
2000s: Keith, Allison, Iris, Michelle, Isidore, Lili, Fabian, Isabel, Juan, Charley, Frances, Ivan, Jeanne, Dennis, Katrina, Rita, Stan, Wilma, Dean, Felix, Noel

Asturian language
The Asturian language is the native language of Asturias. About 150,000 people speak it in Asturias. This language is very similar to Leonese Language, spoken in other territories that once made up the Kindgom of León (León, Western Zamora, Salamanca and Northwestern Cáceres where is called extremaduran) and in Miranda do Douro in Portugal. In Asturias, primary and secondary students can choose to study it.

Classical mythology
Classical or Greco-Roman mythology usually means the mythology, and the related polytheistic rituals and practices, of Classical Antiquity.
Roman religion joined with Greek religion over time. This began when Greeks first colonized Italy in the eighth century BC. The two traditions had joined to the point of being almost the same by the first century BC. See

Jun Kazama
Jun Kazama is a video game character in the game "Tekken".
About.
Jun Kazama is married to Kazuya Mishima and is the mother of Jin Kazama. Jun Kazama appeared in Tekken 2 and challenged her husband, Kazuya. but Lee Chaolan, the adopted Son of Heihachi Mishima, fell in love with Jun. However, Jun chose Kazuya instead. This is what started the rivalry between Kazuya and Chaolan.
Tekken 2.
Jun is an officer of the WWWC, a wildlife protection organization. She is called "The Chosen One" by her family. She is psychic and feels a weird power in Kazuya Mishima, which the Devil Gene turning him into a devil version of himself. At the WWWC's orders, she goes out to put Kazuya into jail, who kills peaceful animals.
When the King of Iron Fist Tournament 2 was about to end, Jun feels an even more powerful Devil Gene inside Kazuya.
Tekken 3.
During the King of Iron Fist Tournament 2, Jun became pregnant by Kazuya. Devil (the devil version of Kazuya/the Devil Gene inside Kazuya) goes into Jin (Jun's unborn baby. One night, Jun gets attacked by Ogre and now is ether missing or dead.
Tekken Tag Tournament.
Jun is a playable character in "Tekken Tag Tournament".
Tekken Tag Tournament has nothing to do with the Tekken storyline.
Tekken 4.
In "Tekken 4", her figure appeared in the ending of Jin to prevent him from killing his grandfather, Heihachi. Whether it was her soul or Jin's vision is still questionable, since her status is labeled as missing.
Tekken 5.
In the optional "Devil Within" minigame, Jin finds clues that lead him to believe that Jun is alive, but it turns out to be Ogre.

Allen Klein
Allen Klein (born December 18, 1931) is an American businessman, of Hungarian and Jewish descent. He studied to become an accountant, and made his living as the business manager of many celebrities, musicians in particular. He married a woman named Betty, after he graduated from college.
Klein first became well-known when he helped a singer, Bobby Darin, to recover money owed to him by his record label. Darin received a $100,000 check for unpaid royalties, and split it with Klein. Klein was called the "Robin Hood" of popular music, liked by artists but hated by the companies they worked for.
Klein bought a struggling record label, Cameo-Parkway, and tried to make it more profitable. When he got into legal trouble for "talking up" the value of shares in the company, he changed his plans. He merged Cameo-Parkway with his own accounting firm, creating a company called ABKCO (for Allen and Betty Klein and Company).
Among Klein's clients were pop singers Steve Lawrence and Eydie Gorme, R&B singer Sam Cooke, folk musician Donovan, record producer Phil Spector, and rock bands Herman's Hermits, The Animals, The Rolling Stones and The Beatles. While he helped his clients with money matters, and to make new contracts that paid them better, not all his business choices were the best for his clients. Klein ended up owning much of the music of the Rolling Stones, the Animals and other artists, which cut into their long-term earnings. The artists also sometimes lost the goodwill of the businesses they dealt with, because of Klein's work for them.
Klein played a role in the breakup of the Beatles. He impressed John Lennon enough to sign up with him overnight, and Lennon persuaded George Harrison and Ringo Starr to go along. Paul McCartney, though, decided to let his wife Linda's father Lee Eastman become his manager. Eastman and Klein did not get along, and Eastman treated Lennon and his wife Yoko Ono poorly. Disagreements on what the Beatles should be doing with their company Apple Corps, and their own business interests, helped to tear the band apart.
After the Beatles broke up, Lennon, Harrison and Starr liked the things Klein did for them less and less, and eventually split with him, giving Klein a final payment of about £3.5 million for his services. Later, Klein got into tax trouble, and served a jail sentence for income tax evasion.
Klein continued his career, and ABKCO continued to issue records from the old Cameo-Parkway label, and the artists Klein had managed. Nearly all the records were taken off the market for many years, making classic songs like "96 Tears" (by ? and the Mysterians), "So Much In Love" by the Tymes, and "Bristol Stomp" by the Dovells impossible to buy.
Klein's son Jody became the controller of ABKCO, when Klein's health became poor. In 2005, ABKCO finally began to issue digitally remastered compact discs of the music owned by the company.

Thunderstorm
A thunderstrorm is a type of weather system that includes electrical charges or lightning in a storm or hurricane. While the word "thunderstorm" is also used for other definitions, in meteorological terms, it means an) electrical charge related with heavy rain (or hail) formed from a cumulonimbus cloud.

Mark David Chapman
Mark David Chapman is an American, best known as the murderer of musician John Lennon.
Early life.
Chapman grew up in Georgia, and was a fan of The Beatles when they first became famous. He learned to play guitar and wanted to become a musician. He later became a Fundamentalist Christian, and his values changed. He came to believe the Beatles were a bad influence on people, John Lennon in particular, because of Lennon's views on God and religion. When Lennon released his song "Imagine" in 1971, many Fundamentalists did not like it. Chapman parodied the song, singing it as "Imagine John Lennon dead."
As years went by, Chapman had little success and much trouble in his personal life. His hopes to become a missionary were dashed when a civil war started in the country where he went on a mission. He returned to the United States, and later moved to Hawaii. He married a Japanese woman, as Lennon had done, but the marriage was not happy. Chapman worked a low-paying job, as a security guard.
Meeting (and murdering) Lennon.
In 1980, after years of retirement, Lennon made a new album, "Double Fantasy", with his wife Yoko Ono. Chapman learned from a book where Lennon lived in New York City, and that it was not hard to find him around town. Chapman flew to New York a few times that fall, thinking about what he wanted to do. He thought about committing suicide, before deciding finally he wanted to kill Lennon. He felt that doing this would somehow lessen the problems in his own life.
On December 8, 1980, Chapman again visited New York, actually meeting Lennon and Ono as they left home to go to a recording session. Lennon signed a copy of "Double Fantasy" for Chapman, and a photographer took a picture of the two men together. Chapman waited around until they returned. As Lennon entered their apartment building, Chapman drew a pistol, called out to Lennon, then shot him several times. Lennon collapsed, and died later on the way to a hospital from blood loss.
Aftermath.
Chapman did not try to get away, and was reading a book, "The Catcher in the Rye", when police came to the scene. They arrested Chapman, who later pled guilty to Lennon's murder, telling the court God had told him to do so. He was sentenced to twenty-five years to life in prison in 1981. He later wrote to Yoko Ono, trying to apologize to her and explain his actions, but she never answered. In 1985, an actor named Mark Lindsay Chapman lost the chance to portray Lennon in a television movie about his life with Ono, because his name was similar to that of Lennon's killer.
When Chapman became eligible for parole, he applied but was turned down. Yoko Ono gave a statement to the court, telling them that Lennon's death still hurt her and their son Sean Lennon every day, and they still felt his loss. She reminded them of how Chapman's act was only one among many celebrity stalkings and murders, and that paroling Chapman might give others the idea that what he did was acceptable. The court heard her words, and Chapman continues to be refused parole.
Lennon's murder was oddly echoed in December 1999 when a young man, Michael Abram, broke into the home of another former Beatle, George Harrison, carrying a knife. He wanted to kill Harrison for many of the same reasons Chapman had had, for killing John Lennon. Harrison and his wife Olivia fought back, however, with Olivia striking Abram with a lamp, and the pair holding him down until police arrived. Harrison was stabbed by Abram, but he recovered. Abram was sent to a mental hospital.
It is believed that Chapman will never leave prison in his lifetime, because of the impact of his crime. His name is sometimes used in arguments promoting gun control, but it is also argued that his plan was not to "shoot" Lennon, but to "kill" him; if he could not have used a gun, he would likely have tried another way. (Abram's later attack on Harrison supports this argument.) Instead of finding happiness through what he did, Chapman only found greater problems. Even years later, Chapman is hated around the world, by people who still love Lennon and his music.

Diana, Princess of Wales
Diana, Princess of Wales was one of the most famous women in the world.
Diana was born on 1 July 1961 as Diana Frances Spencer. Her father was Lord Spencer. She left school when she was 16 and moved to London when she was 17.
In 1981 Diana married Prince Charles at St. Paul's Cathedral. They had 2 sons, Prince William and Prince Henry.
Charles and Diana separated in 1992 and they divorced in 1996. Diana said Camilla Parker-Bowles was responsible for the problems with her marriage.
Princess Diana was well known for her charity work. She campaigned to end land mines. She also helped to improve the lives of people with AIDS.
Diana and her boyfriend, Dodi Al-Fayed, died in a car crash in Paris on 31 August 1997. Many people left flowers, candles, cards and personal messages for her in public places.
Titles.
Diana's full title, while married, was "Her Royal Highness" The Princess Charles Philip Arthur George, Princess of Wales and Countess of Chester, Duchess of Cornwall, Duchess of Rothesay, Countess of Carrick, Baroness of Renfrew, Lady of the Isles, Princess of Scotland.

Dylan Postl
Dylan Mark Postl (born May 29, 1986) is an American midget wrestler. He is better known by his ring name Hornswoggle. Postl is currently working for World Wrestling Entertainment on its "ECW" brand, where he was the last WWE Cruiserweight Champion ever. Postl originally wrestled under the name of "The World's Sexiest Midget" Shortstack.
2005.
Prior to working on "SmackDown!", Postl was best known for his work with NWA Wisconsin where he won its X Division Championship.
World Wrestling Entertainment.
Postl signed with World Wrestling Entertainment in May 2006. He is the fourth wrestler from NWA Wisconsin to sign with WWE. The others were Daivari, Ken Kennedy and CM Punk.
Postl first showed up as the leprechaun partner of the Irish wrestler Finlay on "SmackDown!" during the May 26 episode. After Finlay’s victory over Paul Burchill, a little man (Postl) crawled out from under the ring and jumped on Burchill. Finlay pulled him off, only to slam him back down onto Burchill again. For the next few weeks the as-yet unnamed man continued to appear from under the ring after matches.
Eventually, "SmackDown!" commentator Michael Cole began calling him the Little Bastard. The name became popular and became his "official" name. Commentator JBL refused to call him "Little Bastard". JBL said, "he "might" have parents". He instead called him a leprechaun. This was confirmed in one edition of "SmackDown!" by Finlay.
Little Bastard soon became meaner. He started attacking during Finlay's matches even though it upset Finlay. Many times, Finlay either physically shoved Little Bastard back under the ring or was forced to tackle him before he could hit the person he was wrestling. At one point, Little Bastard attacked Finlay, biting Finlay when Finlay tried to stop him from attacking Gunner Scott.
Little Bastard was an important part of Finlay winning the United States Championship when he tossed him a shillelagh to knock out champion Lashley to win the match.
On February 23, his name was changed to Hornswoggle on WWE's website and all references to the name "Little Bastard" were removed. The name change became official on the March 2 episode of "SmackDown!". Postl attacked JBL and Michael Cole. Afterwards, Finlay told Cole that Little Bastard's name is Hornswoggle. Despite this, Cole continues to occasionally refer to Hornswoggle as "Little Bastard".
On July 22, 2007 at The Great American Bash Hornswoggle won the WWE Cruiserweight Championship. The other people in the match and commentators did not know that he was a participant in the match until the pin and he was given the belt. This made him the first person with dwarfism to win a Championship in WWE history. Hornswoggle is both the lightest and the shortest wrestler to win the Cruiserweight Championship in WWE history. He is also the smallest wrestler to win any title in WWE.
Postl was drafted to ECW on June 25, 2008 as part of the 2008 WWE Supplemental Draft.

Ink cartridge
An ink cartridge is a small container that contains ink. The manufacturers of Inkjet printers use special cartidges for their printers. There may be one cartridge per color. Sometimes, there is also just one cartridge for several colors.

Tezpur
Tezpur is a town in Assam, India. It is on the northern bank of the river Brahmaputra. In a census taken in 2004, about 58,240 people lived there.

D.Gray-man
"D.Gray-man" (ディー・グレイマン "Dī Gureiman") is a manga series by Katsura Hoshino. It is a Gothic-fiction manga first serialized in 2004 in "Weekly Shōnen Jump". It is an ongoing series and is currently up to 126 chapters. There is also a novel series called "Reverse" that tells the characters' backgrounds. As of May 1, 2007, VIZ Media has released the first five volumes in the United States. An anime version began airing on October 3, 2006 in Japan, but has yet to be seen in North America.
Many characters and their designs were from some of Katsura Hoshino's previous works and drafts, such as "Zone", "Book-man", and "Continue", and her assistants. Earlier titles considered for the manga were "Dolls", "Chronoa", and "Zone".

Kyoto Station
Kyoto Station (京都駅, Kyōto-eki?) is the most important transportation center in Kyoto, Japan. It has Japan's second-largest train station building (after Nagoya Station). It is also one of the country's largest buildings, with a shopping mall, hotel, movie theater, Isetan department store, and several local government facilities under one 15-story roof. It also housed the Kyoto City Air Terminal until August 31, 2002.
Other websites.
"Kyoto Station"

Stefan Kießling
Stefan Kießling (born January 25, 1984 in Lichtenfels, Upper Franconia) is a German footballer. Right now he plays for Bayer 04 Leverkusen.

Bacteria bed
A bacteria bed is a layer of sand which is used to clean air or water from bacteria and other microorganisms. It is actually a type of filter.

Filter
A filter is a device used to remove unwanted parts from something. For example, removing solid particles from a liquid. Filter can also mean the act of filtering: it can be used as a verb. The different branches of science and technology often mean a particular kind of device when "filter" is mentioned.
In chemistry.
The simplest filter is the kind called filter paper. Liquids can pass through the paper. Solid particles are stopped.
More advanced filters are possible. Two that are often used to make water more pure are activated carbon and zeolites.
In electrical science.
The most usual thing meant by filter in electrical science is a wave filter. This is a filter which will let through some frequencies and stops all others. For instance, a filter can be used in a radio to select the station the listener wants to hear. The frequency of that station is passed, but all others are rejected.
There are many other uses, including use in telephones and audio.
There are digital filters which can be used to filter things besides frequencies. A common use is to improve the quality of pictures. For instance, there are filters which can make the edges of objects look more clear.
In mechanics.
Filters can be made from mechanical components. They will do very similar things to electric filters. Most especially, mechanical filters can be wave filters. That is, they can block some frequencies and pass others. Because of this, electric filters are sometimes made by first making a mechanical filter. The electric wave is turned into a mechanical movement, then passed through the filter, then turned back in to an electric wave. This kind of filter is often made from quartz crystals.
A device which changes electrical signals into mechanical signals is called a transducer. A device which changes mechanical signals into electrical signals is also a transducer, but one of a different kind.
In information technology.
An internet filter removes certain kinds of information. For example, certain words can be blocked.

Guwahati
Guwahati is the largest city in the north eastern region of India.
It houses the capital complex of the Legislative Assembly of Assam. The first bridge across the Brahmaputra river is situated at the northwest perimeter of the city. Guwahati serves as the gateway to the rest of the Seven States of Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland and Tripura.

Henry Clay
Henry Clay, Sr. (April 12, 1777 – June 29, 1852) was an American politician from Kentucky. He served in the House of Representatives (as Speaker), in the Senate, and was Secretary of State. He ran for President several times but never won. He started the Whig Party to oppose Andrew Jackson. He wanted the United States to fight the British in the War of 1812. He helped pass the famous compromises over slavery leading up the Civil War, including the Missouri Compromise and the Compromise of 1850. He is considered to be one of the greatest Senators in United States history.

Daniel Webster
Daniel Webster (January 18, 1782 – October 24, 1852) was a United States politician. Webster served in the House of Representatives from both New Hampshire and Massachusetts. He later served for many years in the Senate for Massachusetts. He helped start the Whig Party. He was Secretary of State under Presidents William Henry Harrison and John Tyler. Webster was a lawyer and argued many important cases to the Supreme Court. Webster was against slavery but would put the Union (the United States) staying together above anything. He is considered to be on the greatest Senators in United States history.

The Catcher in the Rye
"The Catcher in the Rye" is a novel by author J. D. Salinger. It was first published in 1951.
The book is about a young man, Holden Caulfield, who travels home after being expelled from an exclusive preparatory school. Instead of going directly home, Caulfield takes a wandering trip, thinking about what he wants to tell his family, and how best to deal with being kicked out of school. Caulfield narrates the story himself to a psychoanalyst.
The book contains many profanities, and many people do not like the book for that reason. It was banned in many places. Other people look past the profanities, however, and see them as Caulfield showing his feelings of frustration with life. Many young people, boys in particular, relate to the story and its language, and feel that Caulfield would understand them if he knew them. For this reason, many schools require students to read it.

Evan Lysacek
Evan Lysacek (born June 4, 1985) is an American figure skater. He grew up in Chicago, Illinois. Lysacek has trained all over the world, including in Switzerland and in Moscow. He now trains in El Segundo, California under his trainer Frank Carroll. Carroll at one time trained Michelle Kwan.
Lysacek won the United States Figure Skating Championships in 2007. He has won two bronze medals at the World Figure Skating Championships. He has also won the Four Continents Figure Skating Championships twice. Lysacek has won three silver medals at the World Junior Figure Skating Championships. That, followed immediately by his two bronze medals at the senior World Championships, meant that until 2007, he had won a medal at every World Championship he had ever entered.

Richard Childress Racing
Richard Childress Racing is a NASCAR racing team that is owned by Mr. Richard Childress. The team has operated for over 10 years and has provided many victories for their employees. Notable racers include Dale Earnhardt and Jeff Burton and they drive Chevrolet cars.

Bobby Darin
Walden Robert Cassotto (May 14, 1936 – December 20, 1973), better known as Bobby Darin, was an American pop singer, most famous during the 1950s. His hits included "Mack the Knife", "Dream Lover", "If I Were a Carpenter", "Splish Splash", and "Beyond the Sea". He also helped Wayne Newton begin his musical career.
Darin was married to actress Sandra Dee from 1960 to 1967. They had a son, named Dodd. Darin died late in 1973 after heart surgery.
In 2004 a movie, "Beyond the Sea", was made about Darin's life and career. Actor Kevin Spacey, a longtime Darin fan, produced and starred in the movie, with Kate Bosworth as Sandra Dee.

Sasha Cohen
Alexandra Pauline "Sasha" Cohen (born October 26, 1984) is an American figure skater. She is the 2006 U.S. National Champion, 2003 Grand Prix Final Champion, and 2006 Olympic silver medalist.

Justification (theology)
In Christian theology, justification is God's act of pardoning someone's sins, because of their belief in Christ.
The "concept" of justification is found in several of both Old Testament, and New Testament books. Protestants believe justification is the line that divided the Roman Catholics from the Protestants during the Reformation

Jury nullification
Jury nullification means "cancelling by jury".
It means that jurors – the people that sit in jury – can say that some law is against the Constitution or against justice. If that law is against these things, then jurors can free a man in trial (find him not guilty).
Jury nullification gives jury the power to "judge" the laws that Congress has written. In other words, the jurors are not only testing the man in trial, but also the law itself.
Jurors are regular, everyday people – not like judges, who are placed by the government. Because of that, there is an idea saying that jury nullification protects the rights of every person in the country, from bad government laws.

Tropical Storm Gamma (2005)
Tropical Storm Gamma was the twenty-fourth named storm of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season. Gamma formed in the eastern Carribean Sea but quickly died a few days later from wind shear. On November 18, it restrengthened and became a tropical storm for a few more days before dying off the coast of Honduras on November 20. Although Gamma never made any landfall, it caused minor damages in the Lesser Antilles and medium damages in Honduras.
Storm history.
The National Hurricane Center began monitoring a tropical wave that would later become Gamma around November 11, but the system did not develop into a tropical depression until after it had passed the Lesser Antilles on November 13. At that time, the storm was called as Tropical Depression Twenty-Seven and was predicted to strengthen into a strong tropical storm or a weak hurricane as it moved across the Caribbean Sea. However, a second system developing in the southwestern edge of the Caribbean began pushing wind shear onto the depression on November 14, then weakening the depression into a tropical low; advisories were then temporarily stopped. On later reanalysis, it was found that the depression had probably become a tropical storm by November 15 at 0600 UTC for less than 6 hours, but wasn't named during the time.
As the remnants of Twenty-Seven moved west, the system in the southwestern Caribbean moved onto land in Nicaragua and quickly weakened, reducing wind shear on the remnant low. Near Honduras, the two systems combined and rapidly gained the characteristics of a tropical cyclone on November 18, when it was upgraded directly to a tropical storm and given the name "Gamma". It is clearly unknown whether the remnant low of Gamma absorbed the low pressure system or happened the other way, but forecasters at the National Hurricane Center though that it was more likely that Gamma absorbed the other system. (If it were determined to be the other way around, the previously mentioned Tropical Storm Twenty-Seven would have been a separate and unnamed tropical storm.)
Gamma strengthened a little bit more to reach its maximum strength of 50 mph (85 h) winds during that day, but a trough moving into the Gulf of Mexico stopped any more strengthening. Gamma stayed just north of the coast of Honduras for about a day, then weakened to a tropical depression as it was beginning to be absorbed into the front as it entered the Caribbean. On November 20, wind shear had destroyed Gamma and advisories were stopped, although the low level circulation of Gamma survived for an extra 36-48 hours. Later, the last remnants of Gamma were absorbed into the approaching front. Gamma never made landfall as a tropical storm.
Preparations.
Because the storm was not predicted to make landfall (and it did not), few preparations were taken in Honduras for the storm. But non-stop rainfall for more than a day as Gamma wandered offshore created floods that forced more than 23,000 people to leave their homes.
Death toll.
As of January 24 2006, a total of forty-one people were reported dead (while thirty-seven killed directly) as a result of Tropical Storm Gamma, mostly in Honduras, with 13 missing in Honduras.
Honduras.
Thirty-four people died in Honduras with at least thirteen other people missing. All deaths were because of flooding and mudslides rather than wind damage since tropical storm-force winds did not affect the mainland.
According to the COCEP (the Honduran civil emergency committee) dozens of bridges were washed away and about 2,000 homes were destroyed. According to the NHC, 10 bridges were destroyed from flooding, and 7 were damaged. And 5,200 acres worth of banana crops were also destroyed, causing $13-18 million (2005 USD) in damage. In addition, an unofficial report of 4.44 inches of rain was reported on Roatan Island.
Belize.
Five fishermen who were at sea during Tropical Storm Gamma have been reported missing and, as of November 25, were thought to be dead after five unidentified bodies were found on the Honduran coast. Three people were killed in a plane crash from Gamma's outer rain bands; it was thought that the weather was a part of the reason. Other effects to Belize were minimal.
Caribbean islands.
Two people were killed by a mudslide in St. Vincent and the Grenadines from Tropical Depression Twenty-Seven (which would eventually become Tropical Storm Gamma) when the system came close to the island. Seven homes were also destroyed by flood waters in the area and others were damaged.
Other effects across the rest of the Lesser Antilles were minimal and were no worse than that of a normal rain event. Also, two fishermen who were reported dead in Jamaica were thought to have been killed by Gamma.
Aftermath and retirement.
After Gamma slowly moved away from land, Honduran government officials carried out helicopter rescues for people and families trapped by flood waters, as UN agencies began airlifting food and water to the impacted areas.
The government of Andalucía, in Spain, donated 40 million lempiras to aid in disaster efforts, and the United States sent helicopters to help in the delivery of food to the people affected by the storm.
Because damage was minimal, Gamma was not retired and will be used again whenever the regular list of names is all used up in the future.
Naming and records.
After all of the twenty one assigned hurricane names for the 2005 season were used up after Hurricane Wilma, the Greek alphabet was used, starting with Tropical Storm Alpha. This storm was named "Gamma" once it was known to have reached tropical storm strength (after it restrengthened). This was the first time that the name Gamma had been used for a tropical cyclone.
Because Gamma was the only twenty-fourth tropical storm to form in any single Atlantic hurricane season, Gamma also holds the record for being the earliest twenty-fourth tropical storm, reaching tropical storm strength on November 18. Gamma also extended the 2005 season's record for tropical storms to twenty-four, which was also enlarged four more times and ended at twenty-eight storms after Tropical Storm Zeta and a post-season addition of an unnamed subtropical storm which went originally unnoticed in October. Also, Gamma tied the record set during the 1992 Pacific hurricane season for most storms in a single basin monitored by NOAA.

Jason Alexander
Jason Alexander (born Jason Scott Greenspan on September 23, 1959) is a television, cinema and musical theatre actor, famous for his role as "George Costanza" on the hit television series "Seinfeld".

Khandi Alexander
Khandi Alexander (born September 4, 1957) is an American dancer, choreographer, and movie and television actress.
She played the character "Catherine Duke" on "NewsRadio" and the character "Jackie Robbins" on "ER". She nows does the character "Alexx Woods", a coroner on the CBS drama '.

Kirsten Dunst
Kirsten Caroline Dunst (born April 30, 1982) is an American actress, famous for her roles in "Interview with the Vampire", "The Virgin Suicides", "Marie Antoinette", and "Bring It On", as well as Mary Jane Watson in the "Spider-Man" film series. She was nominated for Golden Globe Award.

Mary Tyler Moore
Mary Tyler Moore (born December 29 1936) is an Academy Award-nominated American actress and comedian, famous for "The Mary Tyler Moore Show" (1970–1977), where she played the role of "Mary Richards", a single woman who worked as a news producer at WJM-TV in Minneapolis, and for her role as "Laura Petrie", wife of television comedy writer "Rob Petrie" (played by Dick Van Dyke) on "The Dick Van Dyke Show" (1961–1966).

Pamela Anderson
Pamela Denise Anderson (born July 1, 1967) is a Canadian-born actress, sex symbol, glamour model, producer, TV personality, and author. For a time, she was known as Pamela Anderson Lee after marrying the drummer for Mötley Crüe, Tommy Lee. Anderson is very famous for modeling and television acting in the 1990s. She is both a Canadian and American citizen.

Sandra Bullock
Sandra Annette Bullock (born July 26, 1964) is an American movie actress. She became famous in the 1990s, after roles in successful movies like "Speed" and "While You Were Sleeping". After that, she became a very respected actress, especially after 2004 movie "Crash". She is the 14th richest female celebrity with a fortune of more or less $85 million American Dollars.

Miami Ink
Miami Ink is a television show on TLC about tattoos.

Edmontonia
Edmontonia was a very protected dinosaur, of the nodosaur family from the Late Cretaceous Period. It is named after the Edmonton,in Canada. Edmontonia was very heavy and tank-like at roughly 7m (23 ft) long and 2m (6 ft) high. It had bony plates on its back and head, many sharp spikes along its back and tail and four large spikes jutting out from its shoulders on each side. These large spikes were probably used in contests of strength. To protect itself from predators, it probably would have crouched down on the ground to minimise the possibility of attack to its defenceless underbelly.

Adaminaby
Adaminaby () is a town in southeast New South Wales, Australia.

Tropical Storm Delta (2005)
Tropical Storm Delta was a late-forming tropical storm which affected the Canary Islands and Morocco as a strong extratropical storm. It was also the twenty-sixth tropical or subtropical storm of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season.
Tropical Storm Delta formed out from an extratropical cyclone that slowly gained tropical characteristics. It was also a subtropical storm for a very short time before becoming "Tropical Storm Delta" on November 22. Delta then moved slowly and stubbornly to the Canary Islands. It became extratropical again on November 29, just before passing north of the islands.
Storm history.
On November 22, a non-tropical low pressure system in the central Atlantic Ocean began to gain some tropical characteristics. Late that afternoon the low became Subtropical Storm Delta, while located over 800 miles (1300 km) west-southwest of the Azores. Originally, the National Hurricane Center thought that the storm had already gained enough tropical characteristics to be classified as a regular tropical storm, but in post-storm analysis this was changed.
The storm's circulation became more organized and Delta became a tropical storm on November 24. It strengthened further to its maximum strength of 70 mph (110 km/h) winds later that day, just below hurricane strength. The official forecast at this time predicted that Delta would strengthen further and become a minimal hurricane, but this did not happen. Anyhow, Delta kept this strength for a few days as it moved slowly and zig-zaggedly in the central Atlantic. As wind shear increased over the storm, a Delta began weakening on November 25 and by the end of the next day Delta had weakened into a very weak tropical storm. Some of the computer models showed that the weakening tropical storm could be absorbed by a developing low to the west, which a few days later became Hurricane Epsilon. This did not happen, and Tropical Storm Delta began to move to the northeast.
As Delta sped up to the northeast heading to the Canary Islands, it strengthened again, reaching a second peak of just below hurricane strength on November 27. In post-storm analysis, the National Hurricane Center said that Delta had probably reached hurricane strength for a very short time during that day; but the data was not pursading enough to upgrade the storm to hurricane status. On November 28, as Delta moved closer to the Canary Islands, Tropical Storm Delta lost much of its tropical characteristics. The extratropical storm, which maintained winds of near-hurricane strength, came close to about 105 miles (165 km) while north of the islands that night. The storm later made landfall on Morocco early on November 29 and quickly weakened overland, dissipating later that day over northwestern Algeria.
Impact.
A lot of damages was reported in the Canary Islands from the effects of Delta, where it was described as a "historic" event, as hurricanes are very rare there. The islands of Tenerife and La Palma were hardest hit, with many uprooted trees and landslides reported there. The strongest gust recorded at La Palma was 152 km/h (95 mph), and at Tenerife the maximum gust was 147 km/h (90 mph). One hospital had to be evacuated and several airports were closed across the islands. In all, more than 225,000 customers lost electricity and many lost telephone service.
Also, a famous natural tourist attraction, El Dedo de Dios (or God's finger), a geological feature which had been pointing towards the sky for more than a millennium and an important landmark for the Canary Islands, was destroyed by Delta's winds and wave movement along Gran Canaria's shore. Gran Canaria it was the island that suffered more damages in its Patrimony, since besides the storm destroyed centenary windows and crosses, the cover of the Cueva Pintada in Galdar, and stopped prisoners and without light several villages of the center of the island. Delta claimed seven lives; six of them were immigrants that were on a boat which sank off the Canary Islands and 12 were reported missing. The seventh was a result of winds throwing a man off a house while it was being repaired during the storm.
The total damage caused by Tropical Storm Delta throughout the islands was estimated to be over €312 million ($364 million 2005 US dollars). Delta was also blamed for a 10-15% reduction of the islands tuna catch, as it kept the fishermen in port for several more days. Delta was described as a "normal atmospheric disturbance" in Morocco and no damage was reported there. In fact, it was welcomed as farmers needed the rain there to finish the sowing of cereal crops.
Naming and reords.
When Subtropical Storm Delta formed on November 22, it was the first and earliest time that twenty-six tropical or subtropical storms had formed in the Atlantic during one hurricane season; it also extended the 2005 season's record for the number of storms in a single season.

High and Mighty Color
High and Mighty Color (ハイ・アンド・マイティ・カラー, "Hai ando Maiti Karā"?) is a Japanese rock band signed to Sony Music Entertainment Japan. Their single "Ichirinno Hana" was used as an ED song for the anime show, "Bleach".

Fall of Man
The Fall of Man (also called "The Story of the Fall" or "The Fall") is the story in the book of Genesis in the Torah (Old Testament) of when Adam and Eve, in God's eyes, lost their innocence. Genesis says that Adam and Eve ate from the Tree of Knowledge even after God told them it was not allowed. Adam and Eve lost their innocence and were thrown out of the Garden of Eden, where the Tree of Knowledge was. In Christian religion, all of man lost their innocence because Adam and Eve disobeyed God and had to be punished, so man can now tell good from bad and life from death.
The Fall, for many Christians, means that humans could not make themselves holy enough to get into Heaven when they died. The only way they became able to get into Heaven is when, as they believe, Jesus Christ sacrificed himself and made it possible for people to get back into Heaven.
Beliefs.
Many people in Judaism, Christianity and Islam believe the story of the Fall as fact, but their explanations of it are sometimes different. The Fall is not talked about in The Old Testament, but Adam being thrown out of Eden is (in Genesis 3), and what happened in Genesis and what happened in the Qur'an are very different.
Judaism and Islam.
Judaism and Islam believe that The Fall was just a historic event and didn't change human nature at all. They believe that, because Adam ate from the Tree of Knowledge, he and his wife were thrown out of the Garden of Eden and forced to work and suffer. But God still gave others who were still loyal to him the chance to get into Heaven.
Christianity.
In general, Christians believe that everyone who was related to Adam was born with sin and would never make it into Heaven. Jesus, who was related to Adam only through his mother, and had no sin, died for everyone who had sin, cleaning them. They believe that whoever believed in Jesus Christ was given a "second chance" to get back into Heaven, shown in St. John's Gospel: "God so loved the world that he sent his only son (Jesus Christ) that whoever believes on him should not perish, but have everlasting life". Some types of Christianity have slightly different ways of viewing this, described below.
Catholicism.
Catholicism believes that people are born sinful, but have free will, and so they can clean themselves of their sin and can get into Heaven.
Calvinism and Puritanism.
Calvanists believe that God chooses the humans who were going to go to Heaven and those who were not. Humans don't get a choice in "spiritual matters".
Puritans took this one step farther. Puritans said that humans could do nothing to be able to get to Heaven. They said that no matter how good a person was, if he hadn't been chosen by God at birth, he would not go to Heaven. However, one could lose the right to go to Heaven by being bad.
Protestants believe that when Jesus sacrificed himself, he made man free from sin forever. Other people believe that when Jesus sacrificed himself, man was free from sin but he wasn't certain that he would still get into Heaven.
Liberal Christianity.
Some Christians say that the story of The Fall in Genesis 3 never happened but is just a myth or story that the Israelite people used to show that the relationship that man had with God is gone.
This view is quite neutral towards history. It doesn't say that evolution is a lie and says Bible stories that man failed in the Garden of Eden and needed to be saved are explanations of deeper spiritual truths. Some also say that Jesus Christ was God trying to start a new relationship with man.
Eastern Orthodox.
Eastern Orthodoxy believes that a son is not guilty of the sins of his father (so sin isn't passed down from Adam). They believe that men and women are forced to sin because of the world around them and thy have to try and resist if they want to go to Heaven. But they still believe that Adam caused all humanity to have to work for this.
Pelagianism.
Pelagianism says that humans are capable of freely choosing good or bad decisions without God's help and that humans are not born with Adam's sin.
Mormonism.
Mormonism believes that The Fall was a plan thought up by God so that only His children could get into Heaven.
If one stuck to these rules, one would be considered "worthy" of Heaven.
Unification Church.
Unification Church believe that Adam and Eve had sexual relations before they were married, and so they got thrown out of the Garden of Eden. They believe that a Blessing Ceremony can "wash" this sin away.
Unitarian Church.
Unitarian and Unity Churches believe that "The Fall of Man" has an important meaning but that it is not a true historic event.
The Fall in books.
Philip Pullman wrote a series called "His Dark Materials" and he says in the book that The Fall was a good thing. It was when humans became free to learn. Pullman believes that it is not worth being innocent if the price is not knowing the truth.
C.S. Lewis wrote a book called "Perelandra" where Adam and Eve were on the planet Venus rather than the classic Garden of Eden.
Albert Camus wrote a book called "The Fall" where a man tells another man in a bar in Amsterdam called "Mexico City" why he didn't want to rescue a man who was trying to kill himself by jumping off a bridge into a canal.
In the manga (or comic-book) "Neon Genesis Evangelion", The Fall is often talked about, and at the end, an attempt to clean Adam's sin is performed and a new genesis is started.

Colorado River
The Colorado River is a river in the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico. It is approximately 1,450 mi (2,330 km) long. It drains a part of the arid regions on the western slope of the Rocky Mountains. humpThe natural course of the river flows into the Gulf of California, but the heavy use of the river as an irrigationi have your mom source for the Imperial Valley has desiccated the lower course of the river in Mexico such that it no longer consistently reaches the sea.On it`s way the Colorado River runs through Colorado, Utah, Arizona and Mexico.
The Colorado River drains 242,900 sq mi (629,100 km²). Total flows of the river range from 4000 cubic feet per second (570 m³/s) in droughts to 1,000,000 ft³/s (28,000 m³/s) in severe floods. With the construction of massive power dams on the lower course of the river, floods of over 70,000 ft³/s (2000 m³/s) are rare. The mean flow of the total river before diversion is 22,000 ft³/s. Historically the flow was much higher before water usage began in the basin.
References.
Colorado River a great site to see.

Cola
Cola is carbonated drink made from the kola nut. Coca-Cola and Pepsi are types of cola. 120 years ago, only 9 glasses of cola were sold each day, but now, around 14 million cola drinks are drank in the world every day.

Slash (musician)
Saul Hudson or Slash (born July 23, 1965) is a guitarist. He was born in England to a white English father and an African-American mother. Slash is the guitarist for the group Velvet Revolver and the former guitarist for Guns n' Roses and Slash's Snakepit. He is also known for his long curly hair and top hat, and he often plays a 1959 Gibson Les Paul. He was an alcoholic and he was several times vinculated with drugs, but his talent was never put in doubt.

Hurricane Beta (2005)
Hurricane Beta was the twenty-third named storm, fourteenth hurricane, and seventh major hurricane of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season. It formed in the southwestern part of the Carribean Sea on October 26 and made landfall on the eastern caost of Nicaragua on October 30 as a strong Category 2 hurricane. Although Beta did create a lot of damage, it was somehow less than orignially expected.
Storm history.
Late on October 26, a broad area of low pressure in the southwestern part of the Caribbean Sea off the coast of Costa Rica developed and became Tropical Depression Twenty-Six. At the second full advisory six hours later, the depression was upgraded to Tropical Storm Beta. Beta strengthened into a hurricane at 2 am EDT October 29, after spending a few hours on the border between tropical storm and hurricane strength. Beta reached maximum windspeeds of 115 mph (185 km/h) making it a Category 3 hurricane by 4 am EST October 30. The Colombian island of Providencia, about 140 miles off the coast of Nicaragua, was in danger to hurricane force winds for several hours as the center of the storm moved slowly very close to the island. Original reports stated major damages to homes and a temporary loss of communications with the islanders.
Beta made landfall in the morning of October 30 near the town of Sandy Bay Sirpi, 310 kilometres northeast of the Nicaraguan capital, Managua, as a strong Category 2 hurricane, destroying many buildings and knocking down trees. It weakened as it moved onto land and dissipated into a remnant low pressure system. If the system continued to move westward, the remant low could have probably re-strengthened after it entered the Pacific Ocean. If the storm had regenerated, a new number and name would have been given.
The remnants of Hurricane Beta poured heavy rain over parts of the Central America on Monday, making forecasters to warn of deadly landslides and flooding as the storm began to dissipate. There were numerous reports of damage but fortunately no deaths were reported, although there were several reports of injuries and people missing. The storm finally dissipated late in the evening of October 30. Although Beta had moved out to sea, several rain bands from the remant continued to fall on Nicaragua and Honduras on October 31.
Nicaraguan government officials said that if the hurricane had hit larger coastal cities such as Puerto Cabezas or Bluefields as was first predicted, it would have been a disaster. Hurricane Beta was the first hurricane to be named after a letter in the Greek alphabet, because the first tropical system to be named with a Greek letter, Tropical Storm Alpha, didn't reach hurricane strength.
Preparations.
In Puerto Cabezas, Nicaragua, local officials announced a curfew to help stop looting and worked to cut off electricity throughout the city to stop possible injuries. 60,000 people were moved into shelters. Thousands of residents striggled through heavy rain to reach shelters. Many experts, including national meteorology director Milagros Castro, warned of the threat of mudslides, especially since Beta was a slow-moving storm.
In Honduras, the government also kept a red alert for the storm and an emergency committee was working on moving 150,000 people from areas of the capital, Tegucigalpa, that would be in danger to flooding and mudslides. Evacuations were being readied in five of the country's eighteen departments. Civil defense officials have declared an alert in neighboring El Salvador, fearing the threat of mudslides after Hurricane Stan destroyed much of the area. The preparations eventually turned out to be very serious, since there was no deaths reported in spie of the large damages.
Providencia.
On the island of Providencia, roofs were ripped off from dozens of wooden homes, the island's main communications tower was knocked over and a tourist footbridge was destroyed. But most of the 5,000 islanders stayed safe by climbing Providencia's many hills to ride out the storm in brick shelters. At least thirty people are reported to have been injured during Hurricane Beta's destruction upon the island.
Nicaragua.
Beta wiped out most of the town of Sandy Bay as it made landfall. Local reports said the town's population of 3,000 had mostly evacuated in advance. Wooden huts made most of the housing in Sandy Bay, and about eighty percent of it was thought to be uninhabitable. Trees were knocked down and roofs were ripped off from houses during Hurricane Beta's attack on the country. At least one pier was damaged. Many herds of cattle were killed by the storm. 700 people were trapped in Tasbapauni, a town separated from the mainland by a lagoon. Eighty percent of homes in Tasbapauni are thought to be damaged very badly. Some 200 homes in Laguna de Perlas' seventeen lake-front villages are reported to have been damaged a lot.
Though the storm's remnants were expected to drop an additional four to eight inches on the already water logged ground, President Enrique Bolaños said his country had escaped a major disaster. He promised to quickly get aid to separated towns cut off by flooding and landslides. Nicaraguan Civil Defence Chief Col. Mario Perez Cassar said eighty per cent of the buildings on the central coast where the hurricane hit were heavily damaged or destroyed.
One person was reported to be injured and four people were reported missing in Nicaragua. The four missing men were later found alive on a boat that had been swept out into the Caribbean. A passing Panamanian-registered tanker ship found the four, all Miskito Indians, adrift about forty eight kilometres off the Nicaraguan coast after their gasoline ran out.
Honduras.
In Honduras, Beta left fifty communities separated and broke bridges in the northeastern provinces of Gracias a Dios, Atlantida and Colon on the coast. Strong winds knocked down signs, fences, trees and electricity and telephone poles, cutting off power and communication in hundreds of communities and at least two highways were blocked.
Authorities evacuated more than 7,800 people from north of the Nicaraguan border after four rivers overflowed from rain caused by Beta. The national soccer league stopped all of its games. The airports at La Ceiba and Roatan on the coast were operating intermittenly because of poor visibility, strong winds and flooding. Flooding damaged rice, corn and bean fields. High waters also sent snakes out of the jungle into urban areas, although there were no reports of snakebites.

Billie Joe Armstrong
Billie Joe Armstrong is the lead singer and guitarist for the punk rock band Green Day. He was born in Oakland, California, on February 17, 1972, and was given his first guitar "Blue" at the age of 11 by his father Andy. He started Green Day in 1987 with his friend Mike Dirnt and later added Al Sobrante as a drummer. When Sobrante left the band to go to college, Tre Cool replaced him as a drummer. The band gained a following in the punk scene before becoming extremely popular after releasing "Dookie" in 1994. The band has been very popular ever since and Armstrong is considered by many to be one of the best punk frontmen of all time. He has stated that he is bisexual.

The Importance of Being Earnest
The Importance Of Being Earnest is a play by Oscar Wilde. It was written in ninteenth century and produced in 1895 in London. It played an important role in reviving the English theatre.
The plot involves two men who try to woo their respective lovers by convincing each that their name is Ernest. The play includes many puns and plays on words, making it funny. It addresses the themes of morality, style, and hypocrisy, among others, but it is noted for maintaining a light and bubbly air throughout. Genuinely, it was not considered as drama of ideas.

Fault
Fault is where something goes wrong and it is one's responsibility. It can also just mean something goes wrong when no one should be blamed. Fault is usually used to accuse someone; "It's Denny
's fault!" meaning Denny has done something wrong.

Puerto Cabezas
Puerto Cabezas is a city in Nicaragua.

Tegucigalpa
Tegucigalpa is the biggest and capital city of Honduras. As of 2006, the city has a total population of 1,200,000 residents.

Zappanale
The Zappanale is a music festival held every year in honour of the musician and composer Frank Zappa. It happens in the beginning of August at the town of Bad Doberan, Germany.

Burlington Airpark
Burlington Airpark (CZBA) is a two runway airport located in Burlington, Ontario. The airport is privately owned by Vince Rossi.
History.
The airport was created by Victor and Gwen Kovachik in 1962. It is a very popular airport for Toronto-area pilots.
Runways.
The airport's first runway is 3,700 ft (1,128 m) and is made of asphalt and turf. The second runway is 2,250 ft (686 m) and is made of turf.

Pratibha Patil
Pratibha Patil (Marathi: प्रतिभा पाटील, born December 19, 1934) is the 13th and is now India's president. She is the first woman to hold this post. She was sworn into the nation's top office on July 25, 2007 by the Chief Justice of India K. G. Balakrishnan. She succeeds Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam.

Lily
A lily is a type of flowering plant. There are many species of lilies, like water lilies and tiger lilies. Most lilies grow from a bulb, which is sometimes eaten as a food.
Behavior.
Lily is the general term of the perennial plant.
The origin of a word of Lilium of the common name is white essence of the Celtic (Li Lium)
It may come from Latin or an old language before it.
The lily lengthens a stem highly, and a funnel-shaped flower blooms in summer.
Lily grows in Europe, North America, and Asia. There are more than 100 kinds.
It tends to grow wild in the forest and a grassy plain of a mountainous area, but several kinds grow wild on damp ground.

Tropical Storm Zeta (2005)
Tropical Storm Zeta was the twenty-eighth and last storm of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season. It formed very late during the year on December 30, after the official end of the season, and was a very rare tropical cyclone to live during two calendar years.
Tropical Storm Zeta formed on December 30 in the central Atlantic Ocean, where it stayed far away from land during its whole lifetime. While every forecast given to the storm predicted it to dissipate quickly, Zeta, like Hurricane Epsilon, denied those advisories. Zeta reached to its maximum strength on January 2 until finally dissipating on January 8, also bringing the close to the end of the 2005 season.
Storm history.
Late on December 29, 2005, a tropical depression developed in the east-central Atlantic Ocean from a frontal trough and strengthened into a tropical storm early the next day. As this was more than four weeks after the official end of the season, the National Hurricane Center didn't actually classify the system until after it had already become a tropical storm. The new bound storm originally moved to the northwest but stopped for a few hous late on December 31 before moving west. As Tropical Storm Zeta slowly gained strength, it had many characteristics similar to Hurricane Epsilon, like when the National Hurricane Center constantly forecasted that Zeta would weaken because of the high wind shear; but Zeta still held onto its strength, like Epsilon had done.
Tropical Storm Zeta weakened a little bit on January 2, before strengthening again to its maximum strength with 65 mph (100 km/h) winds on the same day. One of the models suggested that Zeta could strengthen further and become a hurricane but this did not happen. Tropical Storm Zeta continued to reject forecasts of weakening and on January 4, so much frustration made NHC forecaster, Dr. Lixion Avila to say that he had "run out of things to say".
The effects huge amount of wind shear finally began to affect the storm itself on January 4, as Zeta's strength began to weaken. This made Tropical Storm Zeta to weaken into a very weak tropical storm. The NHC still continued to overestimate how fast Zeta would dissipate and early on January 5 they actually downgraded Zeta to a depression, which was later confirmed to have been wrong. Zeta continued to move west-northwestward, barely holding on to tropical storm status before becoming disorganized again. Zeta weakened into a tropical depression on January 6 and dissipated into a remnant later that day, finally bringing an end to the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season. But the remnant low still its identity for one more day before it dissipated 660 miles (1060 km) southeast of Bermuda.
Impact.
Several of the people that were taking part in the 2005 Atlantic Rowing Race were affected with heavy seas and strong, unpleasant winds from Tropical Storm Zeta. The ship "Liberty Star" made several reports of strong winds from Tropical Storm Zeta, including one of 40 mph (65 km/h) winds early on December 31, when the ship was about 45 miles (75 km) north from the center of the storm. Because Tropical Storm Zeta never came close to land, so no coastal watches or warnings were given out. There were no reports of damages or deaths from Zeta.
Naming and records.
When Tropical Storm Zeta formed at 0600 UTC on December 31, it became the second latest-forming tropical cyclone ever recorded in the Atlantic Ocean, forming about six hours earlier than Hurricane Alice did in 1954. Zeta is only the second Atlantic tropical cyclone on record to have lived through two calendar years (after Alice). Tropical Storm Zeta also extended the record number of storms to form in the 2005 season to twenty-eight, seven more than the previous record held by a hurricane season from 1933. It was also the only Atlantic storm to have a name beginning with the letter "Z", since the list of names for Atlantic storms do not have a "Z" name.

Dan Fogelberg
Daniel Grayling "Dan" Fogelberg (August 13, 1951 – December 16, 2007) was an American singer, songwriter and multi-instrumentalist, whose music was inspired by sources as diverse as folk, pop, classical, jazz, and bluegrass music. He was most popular in the late 1970s and early 1980s.

Lettuce
Lettuce is a vegetable that is very healthy to eat. Both the stems and the leaves can be eaten.
Growing lettuce.
Lettuce can be grown in many parts of the world, including Europe, Asia, and North America, in temperate climates. It will turn more bitter tasting in hot weather. You can grow lettuce during winter in a greenhouse.
Eating lettuce.
In some countries, it is often eaten cold and raw, in salads, hamburgers, tacos, and many other dishes. In some places, including China, lettuce is eaten cooked. Lettuce contains very little energy or nutrients.
Kinds of lettuce.
Most lettuce leaves are green, but some are red. Most lettuce leaves taste bitter. Some kind of lettuce grow in a head shape like cabbage, while the leaves of some kinds grow more loosely.
The five main cultivars are: green leaf, red leaf, cos, crisphead, and stem lettuce.
Common varieties are Romaine, iceberg, and butter lettuce.
The name of the plant in English, "lettuce," and in Latin, "lactuca," come from "lactis", the Latin word for milk, because the juice of the plant looks like milk.
History of lettuce.
Wild lettuce plants were eaten by the Romans and Egyptians. The ancient Greeks were among the first people to grow lettuce as a crop. It was one of the first plants brought to the New World by Christopher Columbus.

Hadrosaurus
"Hadrosaurus" ("Hadrosaurus foulkii") was a dubious genus of hadrosaurid dinosaur from the Cretaceous period. Is the only species in this genus and has been the official state dinosaur have been found in North America.

El Niño
El Niño in meteorology is a temperature change that happens every few years over the Pacific Ocean.

William Shatner
William Alan Shatner (born on March 22, 1931) is a Canadian actor who gained fame for playing "James Tiberius Kirk" of the "USS Enterprise" in the television show "Star Trek" from 1966 to 1969 and in seven of more movies. Shatner has written a series of books telling his experiences playing James T. Kirk and being a part of "Star Trek". He also played the role as veteran police sergeant "T.J. Hooker", from 1982 to 1986. He has since worked as a musician, bestselling author, producer, director, and celebrity pitchman, most notably for Priceline.com. He currently co-stars as attorney "Denny Crane" on the television drama "Boston Legal", for which he has won an Emmy and a Golden Globe Award.

Yeardley Smith
Martha Maria Yeardley Smith (born July 3, 1964) is an Emmy Award-winning American actress and voice actor who is well known for giving the voice of Lisa Simpson on the animated television series "The Simpsons".

Denise Richards
Denise Lee Richards (born February 17, 1971) is an American actress and former fashion model. She came to fame in the late 1990s, after many films that showed her beauty, including "Starship Troopers", "Wild Things" and "The World Is Not Enough".

Ashley Judd
Ashley Judd (born Ashley Tyler Ciminella on April 19, 1968) is an American actress. She is famous for her roles in a series of late 1990s and early 2000s thriller movies, including "Kiss the Girls", "Double Jeopardy" and "High Crimes".

Barbara Stanwyck
Barbara Stanwyck (July 16 1907 – January 20 1990) was an American actress of film, stage, and television.
In 1999, the American Film Institute named her among the Greatest Female Stars of All Time, ranking at No. 11.

Brooke Shields
Brooke Christa Camille Shields (born May 31, 1965) is an American actress and supermodel.

Fujita scale
The Fujita scale, is a scale used for rating tornado strength, based on the damage tornadoes cause on human-built buildings and vegetation. The official Fujita scale category is determined by meteorologists (and engineers) after a ground and/or aerial damage inspection; also including analysis of available sources such as eyewitness accounts and damage images and/or videos.

Ticino
Canton Ticino or Ticino (; French and German: "Tessin" and) is the southernmost canton of Switzerland. The written language is Italian in almost the entire canton (except the Walser municipality of Bosco Gurin, where it is German). It surrounds the Italian exclave of Campione d'Italia. Together with areas of the canton of Graubünden it makes up the so-called "Svizzera Italiana" (Italian Switzerland). Lombard dialects (Ticinese) are still spoken, especially in the valleys, but they have no official status. It is named after the Ticino river.
Geography.
The canton of Ticino is located in the south of Switzerland. It is almost entirely surrounded by Italy which lies to its east, west and south. To the north lie the cantons of Valais and Uri, to the northeast the canton of Graubünden.
Its area is 2,812 km², of which about three quarters are considered productive. Forests cover about a third of the area, but also the lakes Maggiore and Lugano make up a considerable part of the total area. These lakes are known with the above listed names, but are officially named Lake Verbano and Lake Ceresio.
The canton is split geographically in two parts by the Monte Ceneri pass. The northern, more mountainous part, called "Sopraceneri", is formed by the two major Swiss valleys around the lake Maggiore: Ticino Valley and Maggia Valley. The southern part, called "Sottoceneri", is the region around the Lake Lugano.
The River Ticino is the largest river in the canton. It drains most of the canton, flowing from the northwest through the Bedretto Valley and the Leventina valley to enter Lake Maggiore near Locarno. Its main tributaries are the Brenno in the Blenio Valley and the Moesa in the Mesolcina Valley in Graubünden. The lands of the canton are shaped by the river, which in its mid portion forms a wide valley, commonly known as the "Riviera".
The western lands of the canton, however, are drained by the Maggia River. The Verzasca Valley is located between the Ticino river and the Maggia river. There is also a smaller area that drains directly into the Lake Lugano. Most of the land is considered within the Alps, but a small area is part of the plain of the River Po which drains the north of Italy.
History.
In ancient times the area of what is today Ticino was settled by the Lepontii, a Celtic tribe. Later, probably around the rule of Augustus, it became part of the Roman Empire. After the fall of the Western Empire, was ruled by the Ostrogoths, the Lombards and the Franks. Around 1100 CE it was the centre of struggle between the free communes of Milan and Como: in the 14th century it was definitively acquired by the Visconti, Dukes of Milan. In the 15th century the Swiss Confederates conquered the valleys south of the Alps in three separate conquests.
The Canton of Uri conquered the Leventina Valley in 1440. Between 1403 and 1422 some of these lands were already annexed by forces from Uri, but subsequently lost. In a second conquest Uri, Schwyz and Nidwalden gained the town of Bellinzona and the Riviera in 1500. Some of the land and the town Bellinzona itself were previously annexed by Uri in 1419 but lost again in 1422. The third conquest was fought by troops from the entire Confederation (at that time constituted by 12 cantons). In 1512 Locarno, the Maggia Valley, Lugano and Mendrisio were annexed. Subsequently, the upper valley of the Ticino River, from the St. Gotthard to the town of Biasca (Leventina Valley) was part of Canton Uri. The remaining territory ("Baliaggi Ultramontani", "Ennetbergische Vogteien", the Bailiwicks Beyond the Mountains) was administered by the Twelve Cantons.
The lands of the canton of Ticino are the last lands to be conquered by the Swiss Confederation. (After the battle of Marignano in 1515 the king of France Francis I defeated the Confederates, and they gave up any further conquests.) In February 1798 an attempt of annexation by the Cisalpine Republic was repelled by a volunteer militia in Lugano. Between 1798 and 1803, during the Helvetic Republic, the districts of Bellinzona and Lugano were separate cantons, but in 1803 the two were unified to form the canton of Ticino that joined the Swiss Confederation as a full member in the same year. During the Napoleonic Wars, many Ticinese (as was the case for other Swiss) served in Swiss military units allied with the French.
Until 1878 the three largest cities, Bellinzona, Lugano and Locarno, alternated as capital of the canton. In 1878, however, Bellinzona became the only and permanent capital.
The current constitution dates from 1997. The previous constitution, heavily modified, dates from 1830, nearly 20 years before the constitution of actual Swiss Confederation.
Government.
The cantonal parliament is the "Grand Council" (Italian: "Gran Consiglio"), with 90 members and the government ("Consiglio di Stato") has 5 members ("Consiglieri di Stato"). In the both councils the members are elected with the proportional electoral system. The canton sends two deputies to the Swiss Council of States (upper house), and eight deputies to the National Council (lower house). It's regional capitol is Bellinzona.
Agriculture.
The main agricultural production is wine, mostly merlot, a type of red wine. It is followed by horticulture, milk and cheese production.
Economy.
The hilly slopes of the canton are used extensively for the production of hydroelectricity. The electricity produced is used at home and sold for export. There is cattle breeding in the northern areas. The production of wine is important in the canton and exported to mainly other areas in Switzerland. The vineyards are mostly concentrated in the southern half of the canton where the climate is warmer. Other agricultural produce includes corn (maize), potatoes, tobacco and vegetables.
The weather in the canton is often inverse to that north of the Alps. This, and a warmer climate in general, attracts many tourists from other Swiss cantons. The lakes together with the sunshine are considered attractive. Tourism is the single most important economic factor in the canton.
There is also light industry, mostly concentrated around the three largest towns of Lugano, Locarno and Bellinzona.
The canton is well connected to the rest of Switzerland. There are tunnels underneath the Gotthard massive, both for rail and road. The canton of Grisons (Graubünden) is connected with a direct coach link, whereas the canton of Valais is connected by rail through a tunnel at the Simplon Pass. There are good rail links to Milan and Rome in Italy as well as Germany via Basel and Zürich.
Because of the tourist trade there are a number of small railways in scenic areas in the mountains. Winter sports is important, despite being less developed.
There are two major centres of education and research located in the canton of Ticino. The University of Italian speaking Switzerland (USI, Università della Svizzera Italiana) is the only Swiss university teaching in Italian. The University of Applied Sciences of Italian speaking Switzerland (SUPSI, Scuola Universitaria Professionale della Svizzera Italiana) on the other hand is a professional training college focused on a practical method of teaching in the areas of applied art, economy, social work, technology and production science.
Three daily newspapers are published in Ticino: Corriere del Ticino, La Regione, and Giornale del Popolo. These represent the only Italian daily publications in Switzerland.
Language.
The official language, and the one used for most written communication, is Italian. In oral communication Western Lombard (Ticinese) varieties, although receding in favour of Italian (especially in the cities of Lugano, Ascona and Locarno and among the younger generations), are still well preserved. These are further subdivided into local variations, with the northern valleys speaking a dialect more closely aligned with Romansch, Switzerland's fourth official language. There is a certain amount of popular literature (poems, comedies, etc.) in Ticinese, and the national radio and televisions trasmit regularly program in Ticinese (mainly comedies).
Religion.
The population is mostly Roman Catholic (75%) and Protestant (7%).
Municipalities.
There are 195 municipalities in the canton (as of February 2006). These municipalities ("comuni") are grouped in 38 "circoli" (circles or sub-districts) which are in turn grouped into districts ("distretti"). Since late 1990 there is an ongoing project of group some municipalities together (as they are small).

Ticino river
The Ticino river is a river that originates in the Alps, near Nufenen. It then flows through the Swiss canton of Ticino and northern Italy. It flows into the river Po, near Pavia. It is 270 km long. It gave its name to the canton. In Switzerland, it is dammed to make electricity. In Italy, it is mainly used for irrigation]. The river flows through Lago Maggiore.

Po River
The Po (Latin: "Padus", ancient "Eridanus") is a river that flows 652 kilometers (405 miles) eastward across northern Italy, from Monviso (in the Cottian Alps) to the Adriatic Sea near Venice. It has a drainage area of 71,000 km² and is the longest river in Italy.
It goes through many important Italian towns, including Turin (Torino) and (indirectly) Milan (Milano), in Lombardy. It is connected to Milan through a net of channels called "navigli", which Leonardo da Vinci helped design. Near the end of its course, it creates a wide delta (with hundreds of small channels and five main ones, called "Po di Maestra", "Po della Pila", "Po delle Tolle", "Po di Gnocca" and "Po di Goro") at the southern part of which is Comacchio, an area famous for eels. The Po valley corresponds to the Roman Cisalpine Gaul, divided in Cispadane Gaul (South of the Po) and Transpadane Gaul (North of the Po).
The vast valley around the Po is called "Pianura Padana" and is so efficiently connected by the river that the whole valley became the main industrial area of the country. This river is subject to the authority of a special authority, the "Magistrato delle Acque".
Roman poets sometimes referred to the Po river as Eridanus, which also has other meanings.
The main products of the farms around the river are cereals.
In 2005, water from the Po was found to contain "staggering" amounts of benzoylecgonine, which is excreted by cocaine users in urine. Based on these figures, cocaine consumption was estimated to be about 4 kg daily, or 27 doses per day per thousand young adults in areas that feed into the river--a number nearly three times higher than previous estimates.
Dry up.
On May 4th, 2007 The river has dried up in spots completely. Italy declared a state of emergency in the northern and central regions. The dry up is due to the Alps having reduced snowfall this winter. Italy had the warmest winter in 200 Years. This is possibly related to Global Warming. There is some discussion about filling the river up by diverting water flows from large lakes and reservoirs in the Alps.
References.
Saltini Antonio, "Dove l'uomo separò la terra dalle acque. Storia delle bonifiche in Emilia Romagna", Diabasis, Reggio Emilia 2004

Cristiano Ronaldo
Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro (spoken IPA), (born 5 February 1985 in Funchal, Madeira), better known as Cristiano Ronaldo, is a Portuguese footballer. He plays for the English club Manchester United F.C. and Portugal. In the 2007-08 season, he became the only player in the last 25 years to win both the FIFPro "Player of the Year" and the FIFPro "Young Player of the Year" awards in the same season. In that season, he scored a total of 41 goals and won the European Golden Shoe, an award which is given to the top scorer. Cristiano Ronaldo is said to be "one of the best in the world". In the current season, he led Manchester United to win the English Premier League. On May 21, 2008 he missed the penalty kick against rival Chelsea, but his team still won the Champions League.

Oaxaca
Oaxaca is the name of one of the States in Mexico. It is also the name of the capital of that state. This article is about the state, the city can be found at Oaxaca de Juárez. Oaxaca is next to Guerrero, Puebla, Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave, and Chiapas. About 3.5 million people live there. The Zapotec and the Mixtec people live in the state. There are more speakers of indigenous languages in this state than in any other state of Mexico.

Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany
The Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany is the name of Germany's constitution. It was written in 1949 when Germany was split into the countries of East Germany and West Germany. Many parts of the constitution are very different from the constitution of the Weimar Republic.
The writers decided not to call it the constitution because they hoped it would only be a temporary law for West Germany and that the two Germanys would soon be made into one.
It was more than 40 years before East Germany and West Germany became one country again, but the old name of Basic Law has been kept.
Protecting the Constitution.
The Bundesverfassungsgericht protects the constitution by banning laws which break the constitution. There are some "eternal clauses" in the constitution which the court will protect even by banning "constitutional amendments" (laws to change them). Article 1, about human life, and article 20's basic principles are protected from change. This is to make sure nothing like the Nazi period happens again. The Nazis were able to pass an act which allowed Hitler to rule by decree.
The Five Constitutional Bodies.
Germany is a federal parliamentary democracy. To show this there are five "constitutional institutions".
Presidency.
The () (federal president) is the head of state. It is largely ceremonial position with only a small role in daily politics. The president does not have the massive power of the president of the Weimar Republic: he is the formal head of state, and signs laws before they can enter into force and appoints federal officials, he cannot decide when to dissolve the Bundestag or name a new chancellor without a prior majority vote in the parliament.
Executive branch.
The Chancellor, elected by the Bundestag, is head of the executive branch. He or she heads the federal Cabinet.
Judicial branch: Federal Constitutional Court.
The guardian of the Basic Law is the German Federal Constitutional Court. Its decisions have the status of ordinary law. It can declare statutes as null and void if they are in violation of the Basic Law.
Legislative branch.
The legislative branch has two of the constitutional bodies.
Bundesrat.
Germany's upper chamber of parliament, the Bundesrat, represents the "Länder". It also shows that Germany is a federal state. Federalism is one of the "eternal clauses" of the constitution, that can never be changed..
The military.
The Weimar Constitution had the Reichswehr outside of the control of the parliament or the public. The army directly reported to the president who himself was not dependent on the parliament. Under the Basic Law, the Bundeswehr is responsible to parliament, because during times of peace the Bundeswehr reports to the minister of defence, during time of war to the chancellor. The chancellor is directly responsible to the parliament, the minister is indirectly responsible to the parliament because it can remove the government by electing a new chancellor.
The Basic Law also created a "Wehrbeauftragter", reporting to parliament not to the government. The "Wehrbeauftragter" is a soldiers' ombudsman who can be petitioned directly by soldiers, bypassing the chain of command. Disciplinary measures against soldiers petitioning the "Wehrbeauftragter" are prohibited.
Aa number of Constitutional Court cases in the 1990s have ruled that the army cannot be used by the government outside of NATO territory without a specific resolution of parliament, which describes the details of the mission and limits its term.
Referendums and plebiscites.
The Basic Law only allows referendums on a single issue: changing borders of the "Länder". Baden-Württemberg was founded following a 1952 referendum that approved the fusion of three separate states. In a 1996 referendum the inhabitants of Berlin and Brandenburg rejected a proposed merger of the two states.
Development of the Basic Law since 1949.
Important changes to the Basic Law were the re-introduction of conscription and the establishment of the Bundeswehr in 1956.
During reunification East Germany and West Germany decided not to write a new constitution, but to keep the old one, which had worked so well in West Germany. The constitution was amended to allow East Germany to join, and then changed again to strengthen the claim that Germany wanted no more territory. This was a promise made in the Final Settlement.

Oaxaca de Juárez
Oaxaca de Juárez is the capital city of the Mexican state of Oaxaca. It is called La'a in the Zapotec language. Ñuu Nunduva is its name in the Mixtec language. Since 1872, when Benito Juárez died there, the city is called "de Juárez", in his honour. Currently, 258,000 people live in the city.

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Pope John Paul II/VGA stub
Pope John Paul II was born in Wadowice, Poland on May 18, 1920 as Karol Józef Wojtyła and died on April 2, 2005. He was Pope, Bishop of Rome, head of the Roman Catholic Church and the Sovereign of Vatican City. He was Pope for 27 years, the second longest serving Pope. Saint Peter, the first Pope, is not counted as an elected Pope.
The longest serving pope was 19th-century Pope Pius IX who held the office for 31 years and seven months. The third longest Pope was Pope Leo XIII who held the office from 1878 to 1903.
In 1938 Karol Wojtyla chose to become a professional actor and he took acting classes. In July 1939, he did the basic mandatory 2 months army training for college bound men. After the death of his father, John Paul entered the Krakow Seminary in 1941 and was ordained a priest by Cardinal Adam Stefan Sapieha on November 1, 1946. A few years later he was elected Bishop, Arch-Bishop, and Poland's youngest Cardinal. He was in charge of the Second Vatican Council. His writings and ideas were an influence on the Council's decisions.

Jimi Hendrix/VGA stub
Jimi Hendrix, born James Marshall Hendrix, (November 27, 1942 - September 18, 1970) was an American guitarist. Hendrix is thought to be one of the most influential musicians in the history of rock and roll music.
After success in England, he became famous worldwide after his 1967 performance at the Monterey Pop Festival. He was named #1 Greatest Guitarist of all Time by Rolling Stone magazine in 2003. Hendrix taught himself how to play the electric guitar and usually played a Fender Stratocaster upside down and re-strung to suit him (he was playing left-handed).
Jimi Hendrix was born in Seattle on November 27, 1942. He is one of the most influential guitarists in Rock history.
Hendrix, who was an African-American, was called Johnny Allen Hendricks when he was born. Later, his parents named him James Marshall Hendrix instead. He grew up without much money or attention; his parents divorced when he was nine years old, and his mother died when he was 16.

Saturn (planet)/VGA stub
Saturn is the sixth planet from the Sun. It's a gas giant, meaning it is mostly made of gas and does not have a solid surface. It is the second largest planet in the Solar System, the largest being Jupiter. The planet was named after the Roman god Saturnus, equivalent to the Greek god Cronos. Saturn's symbol is ♄ which is the symbol of Saturnus' sickle.
Saturn has a very large system of rings made of ice with smaller amounts of rocks and dust. It has 59 moons, plus 3 others that are not confirmed yet as of 2007. The largest is Titan, which is larger than the planet Mercury.

Armadillo
Armadillos are small placental mammals, known for having a bony armor shell. The Dasypodidae are the only surviving family in the order Cingulata, part of the superorder Xenarthra together with the anteaters and sloths. The word "armadillo" is Spanish for "little armored one".
There are approximately 10 extant genera and around 20 extant species of armadillo. Their average length is about 75 centimeters (30 in), including tail. The Giant Armadillo grows up to 100 cm (39 in) and weigh 30 kg (66lbs). All species live in the Americas.

Niacin
Niacin is a vitamin. It is also known by the name nicotinic acid. It is Vitamin B3. It can be dissolved in water. It plays a very important role in the metabolism of living cells.
Other functions of niacin include removing toxic chemicals from the body, and helping with the production of steroid hormones made by the adrenal gland. These hormones include as sex hormones and stress-related ones.
History.
Niacin was first discovered from the oxidation of nicotine to form nicotinic acid. When the properties of nicotinic acid were discovered, it was thought prudent to choose a name to dissociate it from nicotine, in order to avoid the perception that vitamins or niacin-rich food contain nicotine. The resulting name 'niacin' was made from nicotinic acid + vitamin.
Niacin is also referred to as Vitamin B3 because it was the third of the B vitamins to be discovered. It has historically been referred to as "vitamin PP". That name was derived from the term "pellagra-preventing factor", because the disease pellagra is due to a deficiency of niacin in the diet.
How much Niacin is needed.
The recommended daily allowance of niacin is 2-12 mg a day for children, 14 mg a day for women, 16 mg a day for men, and 18 mg a day for pregnant or breast-feeding women.
Severe deficiency of niacin in the diet causes the disease pellagra. A mild deficiency will slow down the metabolism, causing decreased tolerance to cold.
Dietary niacin deficiency tends to occur only in areas where people eat corn (maize), the only grain low in niacin, as a staple food, "and" that don't use lime during meal/flour production. Alkali lime releases the tryptophan from the corn in a process called nixtamalization so that it can be absorbed in the intestine, and converted to niacin.

Octagon
An Octagon is a shape. It has 8 sides and 8 vertices (corners).
Regular Octagons.
A regular octagon has all eight sides the same length and each side is 135° and all the angles added together equals 1080°.

Super Concrete Mixer (Book)
Super Concrete Mixer is a small, 10-paged book for children.
Writer & illustrator.
The book was written by Lori Froeb and illustrated by Thomas LaPadula.
Copyrights.
The text of the book was originally copyrighted from the Reader's Digest Children's Books in 2003, but was later published in 2005 with Hasbro, who licensed the book.
Other Books in the series.
Another book called "Busy Dump Truck" belongs to this series of machines that build things.
Layout.
The book has ten pages with a front cover containing a dump truck pouring out cement and two workers smoothing the concrete out. The back cover contains a small summary of the book followed by the names of the author and illustator then a title labeled: "Books in this series:" followed by two pictures of the books in the series.
Reading Level.
The book is rated for children 36 months (3 years) and up.

Registration
Registration is a method of officially recording something. Usually something is registered to claim more rights, or to protect ownership, or because the law says it must be registered to be used legally.
A register was a large book. It was used like a diary to record business dealings or other events.
Reasons for registration.
Births, deaths, and marriages are registered to prove the date the event happened. In the United Kingdom these records are kept by the local registrar, who is in charge of the Register office.
Motor Vehicles are registered to prove who owns the vehicle. Cars or vans that not registered cannot be driven on roads. Aircraft not registered cannot be flown. Proof that a vehicle is registered is the number plate or licence plate. Vehicles must also be registered before they can be insured in case of an accident or in case of theft.
Books might be registered to show the date when copyright protection starts. Usually this is done by sending a copy of the book to a special national library.
People who stay in a hotel register their names and addresses when they arrive. The hotel can then workout how much the people most pay for their stay. The local police may also keep a copy of these names to help fight crime.

Eschweiler
Eschweiler is a German town in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia. It lies on the river Inde, near the German-Belgian-Dutch frontier, and about 15 km east of Aachen and west of Cologne. It has about 60,000 inhabitants. Its area has about.
In Eschweiler, there are many castles. Eschweiler is a big carnival town. There are also many sport places, e.g. two public swimming pools, an ice-hockey hall, a golf place and an artificial lake.

Tropical Storm Arlene (2005)
Tropical Storm Arlene was the first named storm of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season. Arlene was a large storm that formed early in the year. It had maximum wind speeds of 70 mph (110 h). It also caused one death and created $11.8 million (2005 USD) in damage.
The storm formed near Honduras on June 8 and moved north. It came close to western Cuba on June 10 before entering the Gulf of Mexico. Arlene strengthened just below hurricane strength before making landfall on western Florida. The storm quickly weakened while moving inland, and later became an extratropical remant on June 13.
Naming.
When Tropical Storm Arlene formed on June 8, it was the ninth time that the name has been used to name a storm in the Atlantic. This meant Arlene kept its position as the most commonly used name for Atlantic storms. But because the storm didn't cause any major damages, its name was not retired by the World Meteorological Organization and will be on the list of names for the 2011 season.

Sirenia
Sirenia is a order of herbivorous mammals. In this order are the Dugong and three species of Manatees.

Keihan Main Line
The Keihan Main Line (京阪本線, "-honsen"?) is a railway line of Keihan Electric Railway. The line starts from Sanjo Station in Kyoto, and ends at Yodoyabashi Station in Osaka, and travels a distance of about 51 km. The line is not "the Main Line" but "the Keihan Main Line". Trains go direct to the Oto Line.

Sanjo Station (Kyoto)
Sanjō Station (三条駅, Sanjō-eki?) is the main Keihan Electric Railway station in Kyoto. It connects with Sanjo Keihan Station on the Kyoto Subway Tozai Line. It was opened for service on October 27, 1915, and has been in service ever since. Sanjo Station is located in the Higashiyama Ward, in Kyoto City. The station offers quick access to the Gion district and the main shopping district on Sanjo-dori.
Platforms.
Limited Express trains and K-Limited Express trains arrive at and depart from Tracks (Platforms) 1 and 3.
三条京阪駅.
Sanjō Keihan Station (三条京阪駅 "Sanjō Keihan Eki") is a subway station on Kyoto's Tozai Line. It intersects with the Keihan Electric Railway's Keihan Main Line, and is connected to the adjacent Keihan Sanjō Station. The station is physically located underneath Sanjō-dori, just east of the Kamo River and Kyoto's Kawaramachi shopping district.
v • d •  Stations of the Kyoto Municipal Subway Tōzai Line
Rokujizō - Ishida - Daigo - Ono - Nagitsuji - Higashino - Yamashina - Misasagi - Keage - Higashiyama - Sanjō Keihan - Kyoto Shiyakusho-mae - Karasuma Oike - Nijōjō-mae - Nijō
v • d •  Stations of the Keihan Keishin Line
(Kyoto Municipal Subway Tōzai Line: Kyōto Shiyakusho-mae - Sanjō Keihan - Higashiyama - Keage -) Misasagi - Keihan Yamashina - Shinomiya - Oiwake - Ōtani - Kami-Sakaemachi - Hama-Ōtsu

Tony Parker
William Anthony "Tony" Parker (born) is a French basketball player who is married to Eva Longoria.

Kawaramachi Eki
Kawaramachi Station (河原町駅, Kawaramachi eki?) is the terminal station of the Hankyu Kyoto Line of Hankyu Railway in Kyoto, Japan. The Kawaramachi and Shijo streets cross over the underground station. Keihan Shijo Station is beyond the Kamo River.
The area around the station is one of commercial centers of Kyoto. The real estate around the station is the most valuable in Kyoto.
The station is attached underground to department stores such as Takashimaya, which has a food market on its basement floor. The station also connects underground to Karasuma Station.
The station opened on June 17, 1963. Before the opening of Kawaramachi Station and Karasuma Station, the Hankyu Kyoto Line ended at Ōmiya Station.
v • d •  Stations of the Hankyu Kyoto Line
Umeda –
Jūsō –
Minamikata –
Sōzenji –
Awaji –
Kami-Shinjō –
Aikawa –
Shōjaku –
Minami-Ibaraki –
Ibaraki-shi –
Sōjiji –
Tonda –
Takatsuki-shi –
Kammaki –
Minase –
Ōyamazaki –
Nagaoka-Tenjin –
Nishi-Mukō –
Higashi-Mukō –
Rakusaiguchi –
Katsura –
Nishi-Kyōgoku –
Saiin –
Ōmiya -
Karasuma -
Kawaramachi

Girlfriend (Avril Lavigne song)
"Girlfriend" is a song by Avril Lavigne. It was the lead single from her third album, "The Best Damn Thing" (2007). It was produced by Lukasz "Dr. Luke" Gottwald. "Girlfriend" became Lavigne's biggest hit in the United States, where it reached number one on the U.S. Hot 100, in Australia, where it topped the chart, and in the United Kingdom, where it reached number two. A remix version featuring singer Lil' Mama was released in June 2007.
"Girlfriend" was the subject of a lawsuit filed by songwriters for The Rubinoos, who alleged that the writers of the song copied The Rubinos' single "I Wanna Be Your Boyfriend". Only one line, not even of the same tune was: "Hey, hey, you, you! I want to be your girlfriend!" Note it was "I want to" not "I wanna".
The music video is the second most viewed video of all time on YouTube. currently has over 70,000,000 views. In the 2007 MTV Video Music Awards, it is nominated for the category Monster Single of the Year.

M×0
"M×0" (エム×ゼロ, Emu x Zero) is a Japanese comedy manga series by Japanese author Yasuhiro Kanō (author of "Pretty Face"). It is about a school that teaches students how to do magic and the crazy adventures of a normal boy who was admitted to the school under special circumstances. It was first serialized in "Weekly Shonen Jump" on May 1, 2006, published by Shueisha. The first volume of the series was released in Japan on November 2, 2006.

Chip Douglas
Chip Douglas (born Douglas Farthing Hatlelid) is an American musician and songwriter. He became a producer when he worked with The Monkees on their music. He also worked with The Turtles, first as bass guitarist and arranger, then later as producer.

Henry Wood
Sir Henry Wood (3 March 1869 - 19 August 1944) was an English conductor. He is famous for having been the conductor of the Proms. He conducted the Proms for 50 years. They became known as the "Henry Wood Promenade Concerts". Today they are called the "BBC Proms".
His life.
Henry Wood was born in London. His father was an optician, but had become well-known for making model trains. He sold them in his shop in Oxford Street in London. His parents liked music. They both sang and his father played the cello.
Although Henry heard a lot of music around him he did not have proper music lessons until he was already quite old. When he was 14 he learned to play the organ. He also played the piano and violin. When he was 16 he went to the Royal Academy of Music where he had lessons in piano, organ, composition and singing. He wanted to become a singing teacher, and he did in fact give singing lessons all his life. He became good at the piano so that he could accompany singers.
When he left the Royal Academy of Music he found work as a singing teacher and as a conductor of choirs and orchestras. He wrote a small book called "The Gentle Art of Singing".
Promenade Concerts.
In 1893 a man called Robert Newman, who was manager of the Queen's Hall, had an idea. He wanted to organize a series of concerts in which the audience could walk about and listen to music. He wanted to call them "Promenade Concerts" (the word comes from the French "se promener" = "to walk"). There were already promenade concerts in the parks in London, but those Promenade concerts were just for music that was easy to listen to. Newman wanted people to get to know good classical music. He wanted the tickets to be cheap so that people who were not rich would be able to afford to go. Newman thought that Henry Wood was a good conductor and asked him to conduct these concerts.
The first series of Promenade Concerts (or "Proms" for short) was in 1895. The programmes were much longer than they are in concerts today. There were lots of short pieces of music. Wood gradually made his audiences get used to listening to longer pieces of music. He introduced them to new music which had only recently been written. He conducted music by many British composers and European composers. People at that time were very prejudiced. They thought that only German conductors knew how to conduct German composers such as Richard Wagner. Wood showed them that he could do it too. He conducted every night during the Proms season. On Mondays he played a lot of Wagner and on Fridays he played Beethoven. He played music by European composers whose music was not yet well-known in England, e.g. Sibelius, Schoenberg and many Russian composers.
Wood conducted the Proms until his death in 1944. Most of that time he was the only conductor of the Proms. Later in life he shared the conducting with other conductors such as Basil Cameron and Sir Adrian Boult. Wood had a big influence on the standard of music making in England. He made orchestral playing better, making sure that the players did not send in deputies instead of them. He made sure that the orchestral players were paid well and he allowed women to play in the orchestra.
Other musical activities.
Wood is mainly remembered for the promenade concerts, but he conducted many other groups as well. He travelled around England, conducting at music festivals. He often conducted amateur groups. He made sure that he knew the music he was conducting very well. Many conductors in the 19th century did not do this. They were more keen to show off, but Wood prepared the music carefully, marking things in his score with coloured pencils.
Wood made arrangements of other composer's music, e.g. Bach's "Toccata and Fugue in D minor" for organ. He arranged a group of songs called "Fantasia on British Sea Songs" for the 1905 centenary celebrations of the Battle of Trafalgar. These are always played at the Last Night of the Proms.
In 1938 he conducted a jubilee concert in the Royal Albert Hall. Rachmaninov was the soloist, and Vaughan Williams wrote his "Serenade to Music" for orchestra and sixteen soloists. Wood often worked too hard and it was not good for his health. He died on 19 August 1944, just over a week after the fiftieth anniversary concert of the Proms, which he had been too ill even to listen to on the radio.
Wood was given many honours: he was knighted by the king in 1911, he was awarded the gold medal of the Royal Philharmonic Society in 1921 and was made a Companion of Honour in 1944. At the Proms today his bust is put at the front of the Royal Albert Hall during the whole of each Prom season. At the Last Night of the Proms it is decorated by a chaplet.

Divine grace
In Christianity Divine Grace means a favour of God for humankind. God favours every person, without respecting what they did or how much their worth; this grace of God to the human may happen in the gifts that God gives him, like creation or salvation.

Proxy server
In computer networks, a proxy server is a server which clients use to access other computers. A proxy server that passes information to its clients without changing it is usually called a gateway or sometimes "tunneling proxy".
A client that connects to the proxy server requests some service, such as a file, connection, web page, or other resource, that is available on a "different" server. The proxy server then goes to the "other" server and requests what the client wants for them.
A proxy server can change the information that it gives to the client, and if the same information is accessed many times or by many different clients it can use what is called a cache to make things faster. A cache is the term for information that has been accessed and saved for future use; if a proxy server has what the client is accessing in its cache, it will make it faster because it does not need to go an access the other server to provide what the client wants.
Proxy servers get their name because they act like a proxy (a stand-in) of the server computer.
A proxy server can be placed anywhere in the connection between the client and the server, which could include software on the client computer itself or on any computer between.
Some proxy servers use Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) to secure the connection between the client and the remote server. This security layer helps to make sure that no other computers can read or understand what the client is asking from the server.
Benefits of proxy servers.
There are many benefits of using a proxy server. First, the client machine can exchange data with the remote server without making a direct connection. This way, the client's real internet address will not be known to the remote server. This is sometimes called "anonymizing" because it makes the client anonymous
A second advantage is that when the proxy server is itself able to serve the request made by the client, it will not contact the remote server any more. So the load on the remote server will be reduced by using a proxy server. This type of proxy servers are called "caching servers".
Big organizations (or even countries) sometimes use proxy servers to control access to the Internet. A large bank may use a proxy server that only allows connections to other websites relevant to banking. The proxy server might however block access to Websites offering free email or serving pornographic material. It might also block access to file sharing applications. Limiting access to specific content on the internet is also called "internet filtering".
Caching proxy server.
A caching proxy server can service requests from clients, without contacting the remote server; instead, it sends the data which it has stored from a previous request. This is called caching.
Caching proxy servers reduce the work load of the remote server. However, they have their own problems, especially if they are not configured well. Some problems are described in.
Web proxy.
A web proxy is a proxy server that focuses on the traffic over the World Wide Web. It may be used to block offensive web content, or to control access of clients to online content. They may be used by schools, corporations or countries.
Web proxies can also be used to track how different individuals have used internet access.
Anonymizing proxy server.
An anonymizing proxy server removes identifying information from the clients' requests, for the purpose of anonymity. They may also be used to break through filtered contents on the internet.
Open proxy.
A proxy server is called an "open proxy" if every one can connect to it and use it. Usually, open proxies are proxy servers which are badly configured. Open proxies may be abused easily; for example, a bad user may send a corrupting request to a remote server, but hide himself behind an open proxy, so the administrators of the remote server cannot stop him. Open proxies can also be used for spamming. For this reason, some websites do not allow connections to their web servers through known open proxies.
Forced proxy.
A "forced proxy" server is a proxy server which handles all of the traffic from the client to the internet. The client will not know that the proxy exists, but all of the information passes through the proxy server. They are sometimes called "transparent" proxy servers, because the user doesn't know a proxy server is between the client and remote server.
Software.
There is a lot of software which can be used for running a proxy server. Some software can only work as a proxy server, while other software can also work as a firewall or caching server. Squid and Microsoft Internet Security and Acceleration Server (ISA Server) are among the best known pieces of proxy server software. Some proxy software uses the SOCKS protocol. An example is the Java SOCKS Proxy Server.

Client
In net jargon (words people use about the Internet) a client is a computer used by a user to connect to a network and make requests to servers. For example, a web browser is a client software.

Cache
Caching is a term used in Computer science. A cache (pronounced "cash") uses two media; one that is slow to access, and the other that is fast to access. The very basic idea behind caching is to use the medium that is fast to access to have copies of data. Accessing the original data may take a long time, or it may be expensive to do (for example: the results of a difficult problem that take a long time to compute).
It is therefore much "cheaper" to simply read the data from the cache. In other words, a cache is a temporary storage area where frequently accessed data can be stored for rapid access. Once the data is stored in the cache, future use can be made by accessing the cached copy rather than re-fetching or re-calculating the original data, so that the average access time is shorter.
A cache has proven to be very effective in many areas of computing because access patterns in typical computer applications have locality of reference. There are several kinds of locality, but this article primarily deals with data that are accessed close together in time (temporal locality). The data might or might not be located physically close to each other (spatial locality).
How caches work.
A cache is a block of memory to store data which is likely used again. The CPU and hard drive often use a cache, as do web browsers and web servers.
A cache is made up of many entries, called a "pool". Each entry holds a datum (a bit of data) which is a copy of a datum in another place. Caches usually use what is called a "backing store". Backing stores are slow or expensive to access, compared to the cache. A disk cache uses a hard disk as a backing store, for example.
Each entry also has a little information attached, called a "tag". This tag is used to find the location where the original data is stored.
Caches for reading.
A client (a CPU, web browser, operating system) wants to access a bit of data, it believes to be in the backing store, it first checks to see if the datum can be found in the cache. If the data can be found in the cache, the client can use it, and no longer needs to access the backing store. This is known as a cache hit. So, for example, a web browser program might check its local cache on disk to see if it has a local copy of the contents of a web page at a particular URL. In this example, the URL is the tag, and the contents of the web page is the datum.
The other situation that can occur is that the datum with the tag cannot be found in the cache. This is known as cache miss. The datum needs to be fetched from the backing store. Usually, it is copied into the cache, so that the next time, it no longer needs to be fetched from the backing store.
The cache only has a limited size. To make room for the previously uncached entry, another cached entry may need to be deleted from the cache. Special rules are used to find the entry that should best be deleted. These rules are usually called Heuristics. Heuristics used to find the entry are called replacement policy. A very simple rule used is called "Least recently used" (or LRU). It simply takes the entry that was used the longest time ago. Other heuristics are listed at cache algorithm.
Caches for writing.
Caches can also be used for writing data; the benefit of this is that the client can continue its operation once the entry has been written to the cache; it does not have to wait until the entry is written to the backing store.
But the entry must be written to the backing store at some point in time. The timing when this happens is controlled by the write policy.
In a write-through cache, each entry is written to the backing store immediately, as well as being stored in cache.
The other option is to only write to cache, and write to the backing store later. This is known as write-back (or write-behind) cache. The cache marks the entries that have not yet been written to the backing store; the mark that is used is often referred to as dirty flag. Before the entries are deleted from the cache, they are written to the backing store. This is known as lazy write. A miss in a write-back cache (which requires a block to be replaced by another) will often need two memory accesses: one to get the needed datum, and another to write replaced data from the cache to the store.
The caching policy may also say that a certain datum must be written to cache. The client may have made many changes to the datum in the cache. After it is done, it may explicitly tell the cache to write back the datum.
No-write allocation is a cache policy where only reads are cached. This avoids the need for write-back or write-through caching. Writes are done to the backing store all the time.
The client is not the application that changes data in the backing store. If the data changed in the backing store, the copy in the cache will be out of date, or "stale". Alternatively, when the client updates the data in the cache, copies of that data in other caches will become stale. There are special communication protocols that allow cache managers to talk to each other to keep the data meaningful. These are known as coherency protocols.
History.
The word "cache" was first used in the context of computing in 1967, when an scientific article was prepared to be published in IBM Systems Journal. The article was about a new improvement of the memory in Model 85. Model 85 was a computer of the IBM System/360 product line. The editor of the Journal wanted a better word for "high-speed buffer", used in the article. He got no input, and suggested "cache", from the French "cacher", meaning "to hide". The article was published in early 1968, and the authors were honored by IBM. Their work was widely welcomed and improved."Cache" soon became standard usage in computer literature.
CPU caches.
Small memories on or close to the CPU chip can be made faster than the much larger main memory. Most CPUs since the 1980s have used one or more caches. Modern general-purpose CPUs inside personal computers may have as many as half a dozen. Each cache may be specialised to a different part of the task of executing programs.
Disk caches.
CPU caches are generally managed entirely by hardware, other caches are managed by a different kinds of software. The operating system usually manages a "page cache" in main memory. Users outside computer science usually call this cache virtual memory. It is managed by the kernel of the operating system.
Modern hard drives have disk buffers. These are sometimes called "disk cache", but this is wrong. The main function of these buffers is to order disk writes, and to manage reads. Repeated cache hits are rare, because the buffer is very small compared to the size of the hard drive.
Local hard disks are fast compared to other storage devices, such as remote servers, local tape drives, or optical jukeboxes. Using local hard disks as caches is the main concept of hierarchical storage management.
Web caches.
Web browsers and web proxy servers use caches to store previous responses from web servers, such as web pages. Web caches reduce the amount of information that needs to be transmitted over the network. Information previously stored in the cache can often be re-used. This reduces bandwidth and processing requirements of the web server, and helps to improve responsiveness for users of the web.
Modern web browsers use a built-in web cache, but some internet service providers or organizations also use a caching proxy server. This is a web cache that is shared between all users of that network.
Search engines also often make web pages they have indexed available from their cache. For example, Google provides a "Cached" link next to each search result. This is useful when web pages are temporarily inaccessible from a web server.
Caching with unreliable networks.
Write-through operation is common in unreliable networks (like an Ethernet LAN). The protocol used to make sure the data in the write cache makes sense when several write caches are used is very complex, in such a case.
For instance, web page caches and client-side network file system caches (like those in NFS or SMB) are typically read-only or write-through to keep the network protocol simple and reliable.
The difference between buffer and cache.
Buffer and cache are not mutually exclusive; they are also often used together. The reason why they are used is different, though. A buffer is a temporary memory location, that is traditionally used because CPU instructions cannot directly address data stored in peripheral devices. Computer memory is used as an intermediate store.
Additionally such a buffer may be feasible when a large block of data is assembled or disassembled (as required by a storage device), or when data may be delivered in a different order than that in which it is produced. Also a whole buffer of data is usually transferred sequentially (for example to hard disk), so buffering itself sometimes increases transfer performance. These benefits are present even if the buffered data are written to the buffer once and read from the buffer once.
A cache also increases transfer performance. A part of the increase similarly comes from the possibility that multiple small transfers will combine into one large block. But the main performance gain occurs because there is a good chance that the same datum will be read from cache several times, or that written data will soon be read. The only purpose of Caches is to reduce accesses to the underlying slower storage. Cache is also usually an abstraction layer that is designed to be invisible from the perspective of neighboring layers. That way, the applications or clients may not be aware that there is a cache.

Open Directory Project
The Open Directory Project (ODP), also known as dmoz, is an online directory that lists valued web sites based on their subject. Web sites are listed in categories on this project. Each category is linked to relevant categories; the categories have a tree-like structure too.

Web directory
A Web directory is a website. It is like a directory, or a phone book. It lists other websites, that are put into different categories.

File sharing
File sharing is the practice of making files available for other users to download over the Internet and smaller networks. Usually file sharing follows the "peer-to-peer" (P2P) model, where the files are stored on personal computers of the users. In this model, most people who are sharing files are also downloading files that other users share.

Ammonium sulfide
Ammonium sulfide, also know as the "stink bomb" is made up of a solution of ammonium sulfide in water, sealed inside a glass ampoule (a small bottle-like container used to store a liquid securely). When the ampoule is broken, ammonia and hydrogen sulfide gases are released from the solution. These chemicals have a very strong and unpleasant smell.
Ammounium sulfide is a highly toxic chemical. It is also explosive and highly flammable. It is an additive in cigarettes.

Metre per second
Metre per second is an SI unit of measurement of both speed and velocity. It is defined by the distance in metres divided by the time in seconds. Its abbreviation is m/s or m·s-1. In astronomy, the unit is sometimes used in "kilometres per second" (equivalent to 1000 metres per second).
Conversions.
1 foot per second = 0.3048 m·s−1 (exactly)
1 mile per hour ≈ 0.4471 m·s−1 (approximately)
1 km·h-1 ≈ 0.2778 m·s−1 (approximately)

Hydroxide
Hydroxide in chemistry is a name given to the diatomic anion OH−, made up of oxygen and hydrogen atoms. Most chemical compounds that contain hydroxides are bases.
An Arrhenius base is a substance that when dissolved in an aqueous solution, it produces hydroxide ions. Therefore, hydroxide ions are heavily involved in acid-base reactions.
Many useful chemical reactions or processes involve hydroxide or hydroxide ions. Sodium hydroxide is used in industry as a strong base, potassium hydroxide is used in agriculture, and iron hydroxide minerals such as goethite and limonite have been used as iron ore. The aluminium ore bauxite is made mainly out of aluminium hydroxides.
Most inorganic hydroxide salts don't dissolve in water.
Uses of hydroxides.
Many useful chemicals and chemical processes involve hydroxides or hydroxide ions. Sodium hydroxide is used in factories as an alkali, potassium hydroxide is used in farming, and iron hydroxide have been used as low grade brown iron ore.

Cyclone
Cyclone in meteorology refers to any low pressure area with winds spiraling inwards. Cyclone rotate clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere and anticlockwise in the Northern Hemisphere. Cyclone is the general term for a variety of low pressure system types, such as tropical cyclones, extratropical cyclones and tornadoes.
Cyclones occur commonly on Earth, but other planets have cyclones too. The most famous is Jupiter's Great Red Spot. Mars is also known to have cyclones.
It is very common to have a few objects flying around such as cows and frogs as well as rain. This is often the cause of unusual raining objects.
Cyclones are also called hurricanes and typhoons. They consist of the eye, eyewall and rainbands.

Eye (cyclone)
The eye is an area of calm weather located in the center of strong tropical cyclones. The cyclone's lowest barometric pressure occurs in the eye. It is usually circular and range between 30 and 65 km (20 to 40 mi) in diameter, though smaller and larger eyes can occur.
The region surrounding the eye is the eyewall, where the worst weather is seen in a cyclone.

Glasgow Coma Scale
Glasgow Coma Scale or GCS is an scale which is used to measure the consciousness of a person. It was invented in 1974 by "Graham Teasdale" and "Bryan J. Jennett", professors of neurosurgery at the University of Glasgow.
GCS is used in evaluation of patients specially in ICUs. This scale consists of three tests, which are described below. A score is given for each test, and the GCS score is calculated by adding the scores given to each test. The maximum score is 15, which means the patient is fully conscious. The minimum score is 3, and is usually seen in patients with brain death or those in deep coma.
Elements of the scale.
The scale comprises three tests: eye, verbal (talking) and motor (movement) responses.

Habsburg
Habsburg was a family of dukes, kings, and monarchs. They were very important in European history. They ruled Austria, later Austria-Hungary for more than 600 years. They also sometimes owned Spain, the Netherlands, and the Holy Roman Empire from about 1280 to 1918.
A Treaty was made in Vienna in 1515 between the king of Poland and duke of Lithuania from the Jagiellon dynasty and the duke of Austria from the Habsburg family. It said that if the kings of Bohemia and Hungary, (Jagiellons), were to die without male heirs the Duke of Austria would take over their territory.
The last empress was Zita of Bourbon-Parma. She died in Switzerland in 1989. She had ruled with her husband, Charles I of Austria, from 1916 to 1918.

Rhodesia
Rhodesia was a colony of the United Kingdom. It is now called Zimbabwe.
It was named "Rhodesia" after Cecil Rhodes, the politician and businessman.

Westminster
Westminster is a part of London, in the United Kingdom. It is on the River Thames. The Houses of Parliament and Westminster Abbey are in Westminster.

Ostara
Ostara is one of the eight festivals held by Wiccans every year. It is normally held at the time of the vernal equinox; that is, around 21 March in the Northern Hemisphere and 21 September in the Southern Hemisphere. At Ostara Wiccans celebrate the return of Spring.

Megalosaurus
Megalosaurus was a genus of large meat-eating theropod dinosaur of the Middle Jurassic Period of Europe.

Parliament of the United Kingdom
The Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the highest legislative body in the United Kingdom and British overseas territories. It alone has parliamentary sovereignty over all other political bodies. At its head is the Sovereign, Queen Elizabeth II.
The parliament has an upper house, the House of Lords, and a lower house, the House of Commons. The Queen is the third part of Parliament.
Parliament developed from the early medieval councils of bishops and earls that advised the sovereigns of England.
History.
In the Middle Ages and early modern period there were three kingdoms within the British Isles — England, Scotland and Ireland — and these developed separate parliaments. The 1707 Acts of Union brought England and Scotland together under the Parliament of Great Britain, and the 1800 Act of Union included Ireland under the Parliament of the United Kingdom.
Parliament of England.
The English Parliament has its origins in the Anglo-Saxon '. In 1066, William of Normandy brought a feudal system, where he sought the advice of a council before making laws. In 1215, this council got the Magna Carta from King John, which established that the king may not levy or collect any taxes (except the feudal taxes to which they were hitherto accustomed), save with the consent of his royal council, which slowly developed into a parliament.
In 1265, Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester called the first elected Parliament.
The Laws in Wales Acts of 1535–42 annexed Wales as part of England and brought Welsh representatives to Parliament.
When Elizabeth I was succeeded in 1603 by the Scottish King James VI of Scotland, (James I of England), the countries both came under his rule but each retained its own Parliament.
Parliament of Scotland.
In the Scotland in the High Middle Ages the King's Council of Bishops and Earls was the beginning of the Parliament of 1235.
Parliament of Ireland.
The Irish Parliament was founded to represent the English community in the Lordship of Ireland, but the native or Gaelic Irish were not allowed to vote or stand for office, the first known meeting being in 1264.
In 1541 Henry VIII declared the Kingdom of Ireland. The Gaelic Irish lords were now entitled to attend the Irish Parliament as equals of the majority of English descent.

Silicon dioxide
Silicon dioxide, also known as silica, is a chemical compound, the oxide of silicon. Its chemical symbol is SiO2. It is known for its hardness since the 16th century. It is an important compound used in most types of glass and other hard substances such as concrete, porcelain and stoneware.
Silicon dioxide exists in nature in a number of forms, including flint, quartz and opal. If the compound is in the form of dust, breathing it will cause silicosis and cancer, as the dust is trapped in the lungs. In other respects, silicon dioxide is harmless.

Metallic hydrogen
Metallic hydrogen is an alkali metal made from hydrogen gas. This is formed when the hydrogen gas is under compression and results with the gas changing phase. It is an example of degenerate matter. The matter has a crystal structure of proton atoms, with spacing that is extremely small, smaller than a Bohr radius (which 52.918 x 10-12 m). The electrons in the molecular orbital are unbounded and they behave like the conduction electrons in a metal. Metallic hydrogen is unusual as the element itself is not an alkali metal, but a diatomic gas.
Metallic hydrogen is known to exist in the cores of Jupiter and Saturn.

Giovanni Domenico Cassini
Giovanni Domenico Cassini, also known as Jean-Dominique Cassini, (June 8, 1625–September 14, 1712) was an Italian-French astronomer, engineer and astrologer. Cassini was born in Perinaldo in the Republic of Genoa (part of Italy).
Discoveries.
Cassini, along with Robert Hooke discovered the Great Red Spot on Jupiter in around 1665. He also discovered the four of Saturn's moons, as well as the Cassini Division in Saturn's rings.

Christiaan Huygens
Christiaan Huygens (April 14, 1629–July 8, 1695) was a Dutch physicist, mathematician and astronomer, born in The Hague. He was noted for his arguments that light was in the form of waves. He discovered Saturn's largest moon Titan in 1655. He also did detailed studies on Saturn's rings, and in 1656, he discovered that they are made up of rocks. He worked on the making of accurate clocks, and invented the pendulum clock on Christmas 1656.

Hyperion (moon)
Hyperion is a moon of Saturn, discovered on September 16, 1848 by William Cranch Bond, George Phillips Bond and William Lassell. It is irregular in shape, and has a sponge-like appearance. It is the second largest irregular (ie. not spherical) moon in the Solar System, the largest being Proteus. Its rotation is chaotic, meaning its axis of rotation wobbles, unlike how the Earth and the Moon rotate, or any other moon in the Solar System.

Iapetus (moon)
Iapetus is a large moon of Saturn. It was discovered by Giovanni Domenico Cassini in 1671. Iapetus is unusual in that one side is very bright and the other side is very dark. When Cassini observed the moon, he could only see the moon on one side of Saturn. He concluded that the moon is darker on side than the other, later confirmed by the Voyager 1 spacecraft. Iapetus also has an equatorial ridge discovered by the Cassini-Huygens spacecraft on December 31, 2004.

Nadezhda Mandelstam
Nadezhda Yakovlevna Mandelstam was born Nadezhda Yakovlevna Hazin in Saratov on 31 October, 1899 and died on 29 December, 1980) was a Russian writer and the wife of poet Osip Mandelstam.
She grew up in Kiev, after she studied art.
She married Osip Mandelstam in 1921, and lived in Ukraine, Saint Petersburg, Moscow, and Georgia. Osip wrote a poem about the Russian leader, called "Stalin Epigram". It angered the Russian government, and in 1934 he was arrested, and ordered to live in Cherdyn, Perm region and later to Voronezh. The government of Russia often used internal exile (sending people to live in small towns hundreds of miles from the big cities) instead of sending people to prison. Nadezhda went into exile with Osip.
Osip Mandelstam was released but arrested again in 1938. Before the government could decide where to send him he died in a camp near Vladivostok.
After this Nadezhda Mandelstam never lived in the same place for long, and she often changed jobs. She did this to hide from the NKVD (Russian Secret Police). When she was living in Kalinin the police came to arrest her her, but she had moved to a new house the day before.
She decided to spend her life collecting and publishing all of her husband's poems, and most of the poems she "learned by heart" (memorised).
After Stalin died Nadezhda Mandelstam published he book and was allowed to return to Moscow in 1958.
In 1979 she gave her archives (letters, books and photographs) to Princeton University in the United States of America. Nadezhda Mandelstam died in 1980 in Moscow, aged 81.

Andrew Carnegie
Andrew Carnegie (November 25, 1835 – August 11, 1919) was a Scottish businessman. He ran U.S. Steel, a major steel making corporation.

Bundesrat (Germany)
The Bundesrat is part of the parliament of Germany.
The cabinets of the 16 states of Germany appoint the delegations that represent them in the Bundesrat. They can remove them at any time. Normally, a state delegation is headed by the head of government. The delegation is made up of members of the state government.
Thirteen of the states of Germany (in German: "Bundesländer") have a Minister-Präsident (Prime Minister), the other 3 are city-states which have a Mayor. These prime ministers or mayors each act as chairman of the Bundesrat for one year at a time.
Germany does not have a vice president. Instead if the Bundespräsident (Federal President) cannot do his job the President of the Bundesrat can act in his place if necessary.
Building.
Although it is a part of the German Parliament, the Bundesrat does not meet in the same building as the Bundestag. Instead new offices and a modern meeting chamber were built inside the old Prussian House of Lords building.
Number of members.
There are 69 members of the Bundesrat. How many delegates a "land" (state) has depends on its population. The smallest state, Bremen, has three members. North Rhine-Westphalia is the "most populous" (has the most people) "land". It sends six members to the Bundesrat.
The Bundestag decides most things by "absolute majority" (at least half of the number of members). That is 35 votes. Some important decisions need two-thirds of all of the possible votes. That is 46 votes.
Each "land" votes as a block. This means that Berlin, for example, can only cast four yes votes or four no votes. Its delegates cannot choose to vote in different ways. If a "land" decided to send only one person to the Bundesrat, that person would still have all of the "land's" votes. Usually the Minister President casts all of his "land's" votes, even if the other members are there.
If a "land" has a "coaliton government" (that is, a government of two or more political parties) then all parties must agree how to vote in the Bundesrat. In 1992 Brandenburg did not agree how to vote about the Immigration bill. The Federal Constitutional Court said that the bill was not law because Brandenburg's vote could not be included in the total. This meant that the bill did not get a majority in the Bundesrat.

Minister-President
A minister-president (German: "Ministerpräsident") is the head of government in a number of European countries or subnational governments, who presides over the council of ministers. The title is similar to Prime Minister, First Minister, and President of the Council.
The German word means "president of the ministers", therefor "Ministers' President" would be a more accurate translation.
This person is the equivalent of a state premier in Australia, a provincial prime minister in Canada, or the Governor of a state in the USA.
Each year one of the ministers-president, or one of the senior Mayors of the city states of Berlin, Hamburg and Bremen, is the President of the Bundesrat. Because Germany does not have a vice president, The President of the Bundesrat will act as the Federal President if the Federal President dies or is out of the country.

Edward Rendell
Edward Gene "Ed" Rendell (born January 5, 1944) is an American politician and member of the Democratic Party. He became governor of Pennsylvania in 2002, and his term of office began January 21, 2003.
Early life.
Edward Rendell was born in New York City to Jewish American parents Jesse T. Rendell and Emma Sloat;. He went to the University of Pennsylvania in 1961 and received a Bachelor of Arts degree and later received a Juris Doctor from Villanova Law School in 1968. He served as a 2nd Lieutenant in the U.S. Army Reserve from 1968 to 1974.

Jacques de Morgan
Jacques de Morgan (1857-1924) was a French civil engineer, geologist and archaeologist. He was the head of Antiquities in Egypt in the 19th century. He excavated in Memphis and Dashur, providing many drawings of many Egyptian pyramids.

Struthiomimus
Struthiomimus was a long-legged, ostrich-like dinosaur of the ornithomimidae family, which lived in the area that is now Alberta, Canada, during the late Cretaceous period, approximately 75 millon years ago.

Prehistoric Armenia
The prehistory of Armenia means the first people in the land of Armenia.
The first excavations in Armenia, were by Russian savants in 1876, brought to light a burial-ground near Dilijan in which were prehistoric graves. Jacques de Morgan in 1887‑89 unearthed 576 graves around Alaverdi and Akhatala, on the Tiflis-Alexandropol railway line.

Royal Albert Hall
The Royal Albert Hall of Arts and Sciences, usually just called the Royal Albert Hall, is a very big building in the City of Westminster, London, England. It was opened in 1871 by Queen Victoria and was called after her husband Prince Albert who had died ten years earlier.
The Royal Albert Hall is one of the most famous buildings in the world. Lots of different things happen in the Royal Albert Hall (or just “RAH”): concerts for classical music or pop music, ballet, even tennis or boxing matches, or large ceremonies or parties or conferences. In the summer the BBC Proms take place there every day.
The history of how it was built.
In the early 19th century the whole area was still countryside. In 1851 there was a Great Exhibition in Hyde Park, just next to Kensington Park opposite where the RAH now stands. The exhibition building, called Crystal Palace, was a glass building which was just there for the exhibition. Prince Albert had the idea that lots of proper buildings should be built in the area for the arts and sciences. Gradually lots of buildings were built, including the Science Museum, National History Museum, Victoria and Albert Museum etc. When Prince Albert died in 1861 this plan had only just got started. The Royal Albert Hall was built and named after him. Queen Victoria laid the first stone.
The Royal Albert Hall is very big. As many as 9,000 people used to get in, but now the safety rules make about 5,500 the usual number. It is round, like an Ancient Greek or Roman amphitheatre. This is why the floor area is called the “arena” (as in an amphitheatre). There is a very large glass and wrought-iron dome. It is 41m high. Round the outside, a little lower than the roof, there is a big mosaic frieze with pictures of "The Triumph of Arts and Sciences" and some writing in terracotta letters. It says that the first stone was laid by Her Majesty Queen Victoria on 20 May 1867 and was opened by her on 29 March 1871. It also has some words from the Bible. When Queen Victoria opened the building she was so emotional that she could not speak. Her son Edward, the Prince of Wales had to say her words for her. He said: "The Queen declares this Hall is now open".
The RAH throughout its history.
The hall has been used for lots of important events ever since 1871. Many of the seats are still owned by members of a Corporation which was called “the Corporation of the Hall of Arts and Sciences”. This group had been formed in 1866 as a charity to get money to build the hall. Its members still have a right to occupy 1,300 of the 5,200 seats.
There was a problem with the sound because there was too much echo. It was not until 1969 that something was done about it. Big fibreglass dishes were hung from the ceiling. People who go to the RAH today call them “mushrooms” or sometimes “flying saucers”. They make music sound much better.
There is a very large organ at the front of the hall. It was built by an organ maker called Henry Willis and was later rebuilt by Harrison & Harrison and most recently by Mander Organs; It is the biggest organ in the British Isles with 9,997 pipes.
The Promenade Concerts which were started by Henry Wood in 1895 have taken place in the RAH ever since 1941 when the Queen's Hall was destroyed by bombs in World War II. For two months there is at least one concert every day, and people can be seen queuing for standing tickets all the way down the steps towards Prince Consort Road.
People who go to the proms today can choose between standing in the arena (the flat area downstairs), or sitting in the stalls (the seats around the side of the arena), or sitting in the Loggia Boxes, Second Tier Boxes, Circle (upstairs), Choir (where the choir sit if there is one, i.e. behind the orchestra) or standing in the gallery (at the very top). For some events such as tennis matches or ballets or operas the action takes place in the arena, so audience do not sit or stand there.
Recent improvements.
During the last few years a lot of money has been spent on improving the Royal Albert Hall. The 1,800 seats in the balcony (now called the “Circle”) were very uncomfortable, so new seats were put in which are slightly bigger. The south entrance has been made into the main entrance (as it was years ago), with a porch to match the north entrance. The area south of the hall has been blocked off to traffic and pedestrianised. Dressing rooms (where artists change) are now on stage level instead of down in a basement. There is an underground car park and loading area so that lorries bringing things do not need to unload in the street and get in the way of the people. Lots of other improvements have been made, including better ventilation. The Royal Albert Hall today looks very smart indeed.
See also.
In Alfred Hitchcock's 1956 film, The Man Who Knew Too Much, starring James Stewart and Doris Day, a remake of his earlier film of the same name, the climactic sequence during which an attempted assassination takes place, was shot in Royal Albert Hall.

Home run
A home run is a word in baseball for when the batter hits the ball and touches all the bases without an error being made by the team on defense.

City-state
In history a city-state was a city which was also a small independent country. In modern times there are few city-states which are countries, and the name is often used to mean a city which is also a state in a federal country.
Monaco.
Monaco-Ville and Monte Carlo are districts in Monaco, not separate towns or cities. The city boundary is the same as the country's boundary.
Singapore.
Singapore was independent before becoming part of the federal kingdom of Malaysia. It is now independent again
Vatican City.
The smallest country in the world was created in 1929. It is completely surrounded by the city of Rome, Italy, and is the headquarters of the Roman Catholic Church.
Germany.
Germany has 16 Bundesländer and three of them are city-states; they are Berlin, Hamburg and Bremen. They do not have a Minister President (prime minister) like the other Bundesländer. Instead their head of government is called a Mayor in English.
Austria.
Vienna is a federal state.
Spain.
Spain has two small territories in north Africa. Spanish law calls them "autonomous communities". They are
United Kingdom.
The British colony of Gibraltar is a city state
Pakistan.
The former Arab (Omani) colony of Gwadar City is a city state

Styracosaurus
Styracosaurus was a genus of herbivorus ceratopsian dinosaur from Cretaceous period, is about 76.5 to 75 million years ago.

School colors
School colors are the colors representing the school of which one goes to.
Color Sets.
School colors are often found in pairs and rarely no more than trios, though some professional teams use up to four colors in a set. The choice of colors usually follows the rule of tincture from heraldry, but exceptions to this rule are known.
Common primary colors include orange, purple, blue, red, and green. These colors are either paired with a color representing a metal (often black, brown, gray (or silver), white, or gold), or occasionally each other, such as orange/blue, red/green, or blue/yellow. Pairing two metals, such as black/white, silver/gold, and especially black/gold, is also a common practice. Finally, some American schools, in a display of patriotism, adopt the national colors of red/white/blue.
In an effort to further establish identity and promote a standard, many institutions often decree the use of specific shades of colors. Maroon, generally regarded as a darker shade of red, is a common primary color. Various shades of blue, from powder to Prussian, are also in use; a few schools have adopted two different shades of blue for their colors, with the darker shade serving as the primary. The shade of gold can vary greatly even within an institution, from a vivid yellow to a more convincing old gold.
Black, white and gray are often used as neutral colors for sets that do not otherwise adopt them. This practice is especially notable in basketball (where home uniforms are often white) and professional baseball (where team colors are often used as trim for white or gray uniforms).
Uses.
Most competitive teams keep two sets of uniforms, with one design emphasizing the primary color and the other emphasizing the secondary color. In some sports, such as football, the primary color is emphasized on home uniforms, while uniforms for other sports, notably basketball, use the secondary or a neutral color at home. This is done to avoid confusion when playing a team with similar colors.
In addition, various groups that generate support for athletic teams, including cheerleaders and marching bands, wear uniforms with the colors of their school.
At many private schools 'school colours' are awards presented for achievement in a subject or a sport - See Sporting Colours.

Hebrew calendar
The Hebrew Calendar is the calendar used in Judaism.
It determines the dates of the Jewish holidays, the right Torah portions for public reading, "Yahrzeits" (the date to think of the death of a relative), and the specific daily Psalms which some customarily read.
Two major forms of the calendar have been used: an observational form used before the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE, and based on witnesses observing the phase of the moon, and a rule-based form first fully described by Maimonides in 1178 CE, which was adopted over a transition period between 70 and 1178.
The "modern" form is a fixed arithmetic lunisolar calendar. Because of the roughly 11 day difference between twelve lunar months and one solar year, the calendar repeats in a 19-year cycle of 235 lunar months, with an extra lunar month added once every two or three years, for a total of 7 times per 19 years. As the Hebrew calendar was developed in the region east of the Mediterranean Sea, references to seasons reflect the times and climate of the Northern Hemisphere.
Jews have been using a lunisolar calendar since Biblical times. The first commandment the Jewish People received as a nation was the commandment to determine the New Moon. The beginning of Exodus Chapter 12 says "This month (Nissan) is for you the first of months.". The months were originally referred to in the Bible by number rather than name. Only four pre-exilic month names appear in the Tanakh (the Hebrew Bible): "Aviv" (first; literally "Spring", but originally probably meant the ripening of barley), "Ziv" (second; literally "Light"), "Ethanim" (seventh; literally "Strong" in plural, perhaps referring to strong rains), and "Bul" (eighth), and all are Canaanite names.

Moldavia
Moldavia (Romanian: "Moldova") is a region in South-Eastern Europe. It existed from the 14th century to 1859, when it became one with Wallachia as the basis of the modern Romanian state; at various times, it included the regions of Bessarabia (with the Budjak) and much of Bukovina. The bigger part of Bessarabia is currently the independent state of Moldova, while the rest of it and the northern part of Bukovina are territories of Ukraine.

Smothers Brothers
The Smothers Brothers are an American folk music comedy duo, made up of real-life brothers Tom ("Tommy") and Dick Smothers. They were at their most popular during the 1960s and 1970s. Tom plays acoustic guitar and Dick plays upright bass, and both men sing. They pretend to get into arguments about the songs, and this forms much of their comedy act.
Early career.
The Smothers Brothers began their career during the folk music boom in the United States, during the late 1950s and early 1960s. Their comedy got them noticed, and they began to make records and appear on television. Later they starred in their own television series, "The Smothers Brothers Show". They did not sing or perform music on this show, but instead Dick played a man whose deceased brother (Tom) became his guardian angel.
"The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour".
Their next series, "The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour", was a variety show, with live performances by musical guests, and sometimes actors and comedians. The brothers hosted the show, which began in 1967. They would begin with a song in their usual style, and introduce the performers. Along with guests, the show had regular actors and writers. These included Steve Martin, Pat Paulsen, Bob Einstein, Mason Williams, Leigh French and Lorenzo Music.
Some of the guests who appeared on "The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour" were Bette Davis, Tony Randall, Kate Smith, Eddie Albert and Eva Gabor, and Inger Stevens. Some of their musical guests were Pete Seeger, The Turtles, Janis Ian, Jefferson Airplane, Nancy Sinatra, The First Edition (with a young Kenny Rogers), Donovan, Peter, Paul and Mary, Joan Baez, Jennifer Warnes, and The Buckinghams. Glen Campbell regularly appeared on the show, and hosted a summer replacement series, "The Glen Campbell Goodtime Hour".
Sometimes the performances had controversial topics, like the Vietnam War, population and many social issues. CBS, who broadcast the show, sometimes censored it, taking parts out that a large number of people might disagree with. They warned the brothers about presenting things that might cause upset to viewers. The Smotherses and their staff, though, believed it was important to comment about such things. The issues mattered to them, and were affecting people around the United States and the world.
In 1969, CBS cancelled the show, even though they had already promised another season of shows would be made. The reason given was that David Steinberg, a comedian whose style included double entendre, had been invited back to appear even though CBS had vetoed his reappearance. The two sides went to court.
In 1973, the court decided CBS had violated (broken) their contract with the Smothers Brothers, and that the real reason they had cancelled the show was out of censorship. CBS had to pay the Smotherses for the never-made season. The reputation of the brothers, though, had suffered.
Later career.
The Smothers Brothers tried to produce a new show, this time for the ABC television network, but it did not last long. Times had changed, and viewers were now interested in other shows and hosts.
The brothers went back to performing live, in small clubs and large venues, as the chances came. One night in 1974, they were appearing in the Troubadour Club in Los Angeles, California. Two members of the audience were Harry Nilsson and John Lennon, who both knew the Smothers Brothers offstage. (Tom Smothers had even appeared on Lennon's 1969 single "Give Peace A Chance", as a member of the Plastic Ono Band.) As it turned out, Nilsson and Lennon were drunk, and began to heckle the brothers, thinking it would help the show. It did not, and Nilsson and Lennon were finally escorted out. (They both sent flowers to the Smotherses the next day, and issued an apology.)
The Smothers Brothers remained popular with many fans, and continued to perform their act as years went by. They appeared on programs like "The Tonight Show" during the 1970s and 1980s. A television special in 1988 reunited many of the "Comedy Hour" cast members, and another short-lived series was produced. CBS aired the new programs, having long ago made peace with the Smotherses.
In later years, the Smothers Brothers appeared in Las Vegas and Branson, Missouri, still performing their familiar act.

Lorenzo Music
Lorenzo "Jerry" Music was an American voice actor. He was born Gerald David Music on May 2, 1937, in Duluth, Minnesota. He died in 2001
Music was most famous as the voice of Carlton the Doorman in the television series "Rhoda" (which starred Valerie Harper and Julie Kavner), and as the cartoon voice of Garfield the Cat.

Ingmar Bergman
(in Swedish, but usually in English) (July 14 1918 – July 30 2007) was a Swedish stage and film director. Ingmar Bergman found bleakness and despair as well as comedy and hope in his indelible explorations of the human condition. He is regarded as one of the great masters of modern cinema.
Many filmmakers worldwide, including Americans Woody Allen and Robert Altman, the Russian director Andrei Tarkovsky and the Japanese director Akira Kurosawa, have cited the work of Bergman as a major influence on their work.
Biography.
Ernst Ingmar Bergman was born in Uppsala, Sweden to a Lutheran minister of Danish descent, Erik Bergman (later chaplain to the King of Sweden), and his wife, Karin ("née" Åkerblom). He grew up surrounded by religious imagery and discussion. His father was a rather conservative parish minister and strict family father: Ingmar was locked up in dark closets for infractions such as wetting the bed. "While father preached away in the pulpit and the congregation prayed, sang or listened," Ingmar writes in his biography "Laterna Magica",
He performed two five-month stretches of mandatory military service and studied Art and Literature at Stockholm University College (the later Stockholm University), but without graduating. Instead, he developed an interest in theatre and later in cinema (though he had become a "genuine movie addict" by the early 1930s).
Although he grew up in a devout Lutheran household, Bergman stated that he lost his faith at age eight but came to terms with this fact only when making "Winter Light".
Since the early sixties Bergman lived much of his life on the island of Fårö, Gotland, Sweden, where he made a number of his movies. Bergman moved to Munich for a while following a protracted battle with the Swedish government over alleged tax evasion, and did not return to make another movie in Sweden until 1982, when he directed
"Fanny and Alexander". Bergman said this would be his last movie, and that he would go on to direct theater. Since that time he did make a number of movies for television, but later retired to Fårö, stating in 2004 that he would never again leave the island.
Ingmar Bergman died peacefully at his home on Fårö, in the early morning of July 30 2007, age 89, the same day that another great film director, Michelangelo Antonioni, passed away.

Baryonyx
Baryonyx was a carnivorous dinosaur discovered in clay pits just south of Dorking, England, and northern Spain. It has been dated to the Barremian period of Early Cretaceous Period, around 125 million years ago.

CSU
Any of the following universities or university systems

Colorado State University
Colorado State University is a public land grant university located in Fort Collins, Colorado in the United States. Colorado State University is the main university of Colorado State University System. About 25,000 students go to the school each year. The university has about 1,400 faculty in eight colleges and 55 academic departments.

Heat capacity
Heat capacity is a measure of how much something can store up heat as it changes temperature.

Pope John I
Pope John I (circa 469-5/18/526) was the leader, pope of the early Christian community.
Pope John the first, was born in Populonia, Tuscany Italy. He was the son of emperor Constantius.
He became the pope on Mary's Day, on August 13, 523.
It's not certain if he died directly from thirst and starvation but his imprisonment and bad inhumane treatment certainly contributed to his demise. The Pope died at 11:22PM on 18 May, 526. His name means God is gracious; the gift of God.
He ended the Acacian Schism (484–519), thus after 25 years, bringing important reunification of the Eastern and Western churches into one, by restoring peace between the papacy and the Byzantine emperor Justin I. Pope also set the rules for the Alexandrian calendar computation of the date of Easter, which was eventually accepted throughout the West.
Pope Johne the First official day used to be on May 26, only for a short time, then on May 27. His holy day was moved at the end of the 20th century to the more appropriate day, his birthday.
His motto was: "Unity is the Key"!

Choreographer
A Choreographer is a person who makes dances. This person decides what the steps will be, and then a dancer performs the steps. Some people have jobs as choreographers. Some people do it just for fun.

Limonite
Limonite is a mineral, from which trace amounts of iron can be extracted.

Bad Godesburg
Bad Godesberg is a district of the city of Bonn in southern North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. From 1949 till 1999 Bonn was the capital of West Germany, and the majority of foreign embassies to Germany were located in Bad Godesberg. Some buildings are still used as embassy branch offices or consulates.

Consulate
A consulate is a small official office of a country in another. The main office is called an Embassy, and is in the capital city. Consulates are in other large towns and usually do not do all of the jobs of the embassy.
Consulates usually deal with questions about passports for their own citizens, visas for foreigners wanting to visit the consulate's home country and licences for import and export.
Some larger and more important countries might also have Consulates General. These are simply bigger consulates which might do more than a smaller consulate.
People who work in any sort of consulates are called consular officers. The person in charge is called a consul, or consul general. An honorary consul does not work full time for the government. They are usually in port towns, to speed up issuing documents for trade. An honorary consul might be a citizen of the country he works for, or have another link such as parents or grandparents or they may have married someone from there. They usually work in an office, use their office as the honorary consulate.
Consular officers have diplomatic immunity.

Diplomatic immunity
Diplomatic immunity means that the laws of a host country do not apply to people who work in the embassies and consulates of another country. These officials are called diplomats.
This was to allow them to do their jobs without interference from the police and government of the host country. It also allows a country to keep its secrets from the host country.
Police cannot arrest or search diplomats their houses or offices, or even give their cars parking tickets without the permission of the foreign government.
Honorary consuls only work part-time as diplomats, so only have diplomatic immunity when working as diplomats. Police may search their offices, but not the part where they keep their diplomatic work.

The Illusionist
"The Illusionist" is an Academy Award-nominated period drama written and directed by Neil Burger and featuring Edward Norton, Jessica Biel, and Paul Giamatti. "The Illusionist" tells about the story of Eisenheim (Norton), a magician in turn-of-the-20th-century Vienna.

My Kazakhstan (anthem)
The national anthem of Kazakhstan is called "My Kazakhstan". It was written as a song by the current president of Kazakhstan,
English translation.
Take a look at my country.
They did not give up their pride
As your flower I will be planted,
As your song I will stream, my country!
My native land — My Kazakhstan!
The way was opened to the posterity
As your flower I will be planted,
As your song I will stream, my country!
My native land — My Kazakhstan!

Flag of convenience
Flag of convenience is a word from shipping. Every ship needs to be registered in a port. The laws of the port are valid for the ship's crew. In some countries the rules are not as strict as in others, or they are cheaper to use. Many owners of ships from other countries register their ships in one of those easy or cheap countries. The ship might never even come anywhere near that country, but it must fly the flag of the country where it was registered. This is then called a flag of convenience. The two most popular flags are Panama and Liberia.

Pizza Pizza
Pizza Pizza is a fast food pizza restaurant with locations throughout Ontario, Canada. Ingredients include pepperoni, pineapples, mushrooms, and other non-exotic produce. The price is moderate and has served the area for over 30 years with a quality reputation. In Niagara Falls, Canada, it is considered to be popular among the fun-seeking tourists. Television coverage is sparse but it is a very profitable venture.
Other websites.
PIzza is very delicious when prerpared correctly!!!

Dipole
Dipole can mean two things in physics. The first is an "electric dipole" which separates the positive charge from the negative charge. A simple example of this dipole is a pair of electric charges with the same magnitude but with the opposite type of charge (positive and negative) and are separated by a small distance from each other. The second is a "magnetic dipole", a closed circulation of electric current. A simple example is a single loop of wire with electric current flowing through it.
An important characeristic of dipoles is their dipole moment, which is a vector quantity with both a magnitude and direction. An example of an electric dipole moment occurring is in a pair of electric charges with opposite signs. The dipole moment would point from the negative charge towards the positive charge. The magnitude of the moment is equal to the strength of each charge multiplied by the distance separating between the charges. An example of a magnetic dipole moment occurring is in a wire loop with flowing current. The magnetic dipole moment would point through the loop (according to the right hand rule), with a magnitude equal to the current in the loop times the area of the loop.
A bar magnet is an example of a magnetic dipole, with a magnetic dipole moment moving from its south pole to its north pole.

AFI (band)
AFI (short for A Fire Inside), is an American alternative rock band from Ukiah, California that formed in 1991.

Scientific notation
Scientific notation, also known as standard form, is a notation for writing numbers that is often used by scientists and mathematicians to make it easier to write large and small numbers. A number that is written in scientific notation has several properties that make it very useful to local scientists.
Variations.
wherein exponent "b" is an integer, and the coefficient "a" any real number, called the significand or mantissa ("using "mantissa" may cause confusion as it can also refer to the fractional part of the common logarithm").
Normalized notation.
Written in the form, exponent "b" is chosen such that the absolute value of "a" remains at least one but less than ten formula_2. Normal mathematics convention dictates a minus sign to precede the first of the decimal digits of "a" for a negative number; that of "b" for a number with absolute value between 0 and 1, e.g. minus one half is. There is no need to represent zero in normalized form, the digit 0 is sufficient. The normalized form allows easy comparison of two numbers of the same sign in "a", as the exponent "b" gives the number's order of magnitude.

Socialist Unity Party of Germany
The Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED) (German: "Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands") was the governing party of East Germany from 1949, when East Germany was created, until the elections of 1990.
The SED was created in 1946 when the Soviet Union forced the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) members and the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) members who lived in the Soviet-occupied parts of Germany and Berlin. After 1990, the party reformed itself as the Party of Democratic Socialism (later in 2005, the Left Party.PDS). It is still popular in the former East German territory, winning seats at state and local elections. In the September 2005 Bundestag election the PDS was in coalition with WASG (Electoral Alternative for Labour and Social Justice), which was formed by Oskar Lafontaine who left the SPD. The PDS and WASG are joining together in 2007.
A famous SED poster read: "To learn from Stalin means to learn how to win". Later, the word "Stalin" was replaced with "the USSR". When Gorbachev was president of the USSR the famous slogan was abandoned, as the SED did not believe there was anything to learn from his ideas about perestroika.
At first the SED had a branch in West Berlin, but in 1962 the West Berlin branch was separated from the SED proper and became a "separate" party called the Socialist Unity Party of West Berlin ("Sozialistische Einheitspartei Westberlins" - SEW).
The Final Days.
Between the fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989 and the election in March 1990, the old Social Democratic Party was re-established as a separate party, while the rest of the SED lost a lot of members and renamed itself the Party of Democratic Socialism (PDS) at a special party meeting in December 1989. By becoming the PDS the party survived the reuniting of East Germany any West Germany, and eventually started growing again, managing to get representatives elected to the Bundestag.
General Secretaries of the Central Committee of the SED.
"(known as "First Secretary" from 1953 - 1976)"
These three party leaders are also the equivalent of the Prime Minister or President in other countries.

Buck the World
"Buck the World" is the second album by rapper Young Buck. Its title is a play on the expression "Fuck the World". "Buck the World" was released on March 27, 2007.
Production included Dr. Dre, Jazze Pha, J.U.S.T.I.C.E. League, Polow Da Don, and Lil Jon amongst others. Guest appearances included 50 Cent, Chester Bennington (from Linkin Park), Young Jeezy, Bun B, Trick Daddy, and Lyfe Jennings amongst others.
The first single was "I Know You Want Me" produced by Jazze Pha, who also made a guest appearance on the track. The second single was "Get Buck", produced by Polow Da Don. The third single, "U Ain't Goin' Nowhere", was released on May 18 2007.

Samaveda
Samaveda is third in the usual order of the four Vedas, the ancient core Hindu scriptures.

Johannes Rau
Johannes Rau (January 16, 1931, Wuppertal – January 27, 2006, Berlin) was a German politician of the SPD. He was the eighth President of the Federal Republic of Germany from July 1, 1999 until June 30, 2004 and minister president of North Rhine-Westphalia from 1978 to 1998.
Education and work.
He was born in Barmen, Wuppertal. His family was Protestant, and he was active in the Confessing Church, a part of the German Protestant Church which was against Nazism.
Rau left school in 1949 and worked as a journalist and publisher.
Political biography.
Rau was a member of the All-German People's Party (GVP), which was founded by Gustav Heinemann, who also became a president of Germany. This party only existed from 1952 until 1957.
In 1958 Rau and Heinemann joined the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SDP), where he was active in the Wuppertal branch. He served on the City Council (1964-1978), where he was as chairman of the SDP Group (1964-1967) and later as Mayor (1969-1970).
In 1958 Rau was elected a member of the "Landtag" (state parliament) of North Rhine-Westphalia. In 1967 he became chairman of the SPD group in the Landtag, and in 1970 Minister of Science and Education in the cabinet of Minister President Heinz Kühn. He founded five universities in North Rhine-Westphalia during the 1970s. He also startedand initiated Germany's first distance learning university at Hagen (modelled on the "Open University" in Britain).
In 1978 Rau became Minister President of North Rhine-Westphalia, where he remained until 1998, winning four elections for the SPD, which became biggest party in the Landtag each time and gained an absolute majority three times, in 1980, 1985, 1990 and finally 1995. From 1995 onwards, Rau led an SPD-Greens coalition in NRW.
In 1987 Rau tried to become chancellor of Germany for the SPD, but lost to Helmut Kohl's Christian Democrats (CDU). In 1994 Rau tried for the first time to become Federal President, but lost to Roman Herzog.
Rau twice served as President of the Bundesrat in 1982/83 and 1994/95, and was deputy for the Federal President. In 1998 Rau stepped down from his positions as SPD Chairman and Minister President, and on May 23, 1999, was elected Federal President by the Federal Assembly of Germany to succeed Roman Herzog (CDU). On July 1, 2004, he was succeeded by Horst Köhler.
In 2000 Rau was the first German head of state since the Holocaust to address the Knesset, the Israeli parliament, in German. Some Israeli delegates to walked out, but Israeli President Moshe Katsav supported and praised him for bridging the gap between the two states.
Following a long history of heart disease, he died a few days after his 75th birthday.
Private life.
Johannes Rau was a practising Christian. He was sometimes called, "Brother John", to make fun of his intense Christian belief; but, he sometimes used this term himself.
On August 9 1982 he married the political scientist Christina Delius (born 1956). Christina Rau is a granddaughter of Gustav Heinemann, former President of Germany. The couple had three children: Anna Christina, born 1983, Philip Immanuel, born 1985 and Laura Helene, born 1986.
After leaving office, Rau lived with his family in the federal capital Berlin. However, they also kept a house in Wuppertal.
Johannes Rau died on January 27, 2006 in Berlin.

Peridot
Peridot (pronounced "pair-uh-dot" or "pair-uh-doe") is the gem quality version of the mineral olivine. The name of the gemstone is believed to come from either the Arabic word "faridat" meaning "gem" or the French word "peritot" meaning "unclear." Peridot is one of the few gemstones that comes in only one color. The darkness of the green depends on how much iron there is. The color varies from yellow-green to olive to brownish green. Peridot is also often referred to as "poor man's emerald". Olivine is a very common mineral, but gem-quality peridot is rather rare. Peridot is the birthstone for the month of August.

Archivist
An archivist is a professional who collects, organizes, preserves, maintains control over, and provides access to information determined to have long-term value. The information maintained by an archivist can be any form of media (photographs, video or sound recordings, letters, documents, electronic records, etc.).
"Archivists keep records that have enduring value as reliable memories of the past, and they help people find and understand the information they need in those records."
Determining what records have enduring value is not always easy. Archivists must also select records valuable enough to justify the costs of storage and preservation, plus the labor intensive expenses of arrangement, description, and reference service. The theory and scholarly work underpinning archives practices is called archival science.

Roman Herzog
Roman Herzog (born April 5, 1934) is a German politician (CDU) and was the President of Germany from 1994 to 1999.
Biography.
He studied law in Munich, Bavaria and took the first stage law exam in 1957. In 1958, he gained the title Dr.jur. (doctor of laws) and worked in the University of Munich until 1964, where he passed his second law exam. He wrote "Die Wesensmerkmale der Staatsorganisation in rechtlicher und entwicklungsgeschichtlicher Sicht" ("Characteristics of State Organization from a Juristic and Developmental-Historical Viewpoint"), and was given the title of professor in 1964. In Germany "professor" is a title meaning senior teacher, not a job name. Herzog taught at the University of Munich until 1966. From 1966 he taught state law and political science as a full professor at the Free University of Berlin (FUB). In 1969 he moved to the FUB in Speyer, and was the University President from 1971 to 1972.
In 1973 he entered politics, and became a member of the Bundesrat for Rhineland-Palatinate. He was minister for culture and sports in the Baden-Württemberg Land Government from 1978. In 1980 he was elected to the State Parliament ("Landtag"), and took over the state Ministry of the Interior.
Roman Herzog was also always active in the Protestant Church. Since 1982 he has been a member of the synod (parliament) of the Protestant Church of Germany. He has been a member of the Evangelical Church in Germany since 1972.
In 1983 he became vice president of the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany in Karlsruhe, and president over from 1987 to 1994, when he was elected President of Germany by the Bundesversammlung ("Federal Convention"). His term ended in 1999, when he was succeeded by Johannes Rau.
His wife, Christiane Herzog, died on June 19, 2000. He later married Alexandra Freifrau von Berlichingen.

Voltaic pile
The voltaic pile was the first battery ever. It was invented in 1800 by Alessandro Volta; he was a physicist, and he came from Italy.
How the voltaic pile is made.
The picture to the right shows a voltaic pile: It's a pile, or "stack" of discs, made from 3 different materials. Some of the discs are made from copper, and some are made from zinc. Other metals can be used, but it's important that there are two "different" kinds of metal. There are also discs made from leather or cardboard: These are the green discs in the picture. They have to be soaked, or "made wet", with something acidic.
Note how the discs follow a "pattern": First a disc made from one of the metals, then a cardboard or leather disc, and then a disc made from the other kind of metal. Then the same kinds of discs, in the same order, again and again. In the picture, you can see how one "set" of a zinc disc, a cardboard disc and a copper disc has been "pushed" a little to the right. Such a "set" is called a "cell": The voltaic pile in the picture has 6 cells. The two different metal discs in a cell will have a voltage across it; about 1,1 volts. Stacking cells in a pile adds the voltage of the cells: From the discs at the top and bottom of the voltaic pile in the picture, there is a voltage of 6 × 1,1 volts = 6,6 volts.
How the voltaic pile works.
The acid in the leather or cardboard discs will try to dissolve some of the metal in the zinc discs. To be dissolved, a zinc atom must give away 2 of its electrons. The zinc atom then becomes an ion: Ions can "go where they want to" in the liquid acid. They go through the leather/cardboard disc, and meet the copper disc. The zinc ions are "missing" the two electrons they left behind, so when they get to the copper disc, they each "steal" two electrons to replace the missing ones. When they "steal" electrons, the zinc ions turn back from ions to "normal" zinc atoms.
The end result is, that the zinc disc ends up with a lot of electrons "left behind" by the zinc ions, and the copper disc ends up "missing" a lot of electrons "stolen" by the zinc ions. To use the electricity that comes from the pile, we have to connect something that uses electricity to the two discs at the top and bottom of the pile. This gives the electrons left behind in the zinc disc a "chance" to go to the copper disc. At the copper disc, the electrons "replace" those that were "stolen" from the copper by the zinc.
How Volta got the idea.
Luigi Galvani was an italian, working with anatomy. Around 1786 he had seen something interesting: He had dissected (cut apart) a frog, and when he touched a frog's leg with two tools made from different metals, the leg moved. Even though the frog had been killed before the dissection!
Galvani himself thought this had something to do with the leg, and not with the metal tools he used. Volta saw that the tools "must" be made from two "different" metals for the leg to move. Volta also found that he could make a little bit of electricity just by making to different metals touch each other. He thought that the two different metal gave something he called "contact tension", and the electricity came from that contact tension. Galvani and Volta talked a lot about this, but they never agreed.
Volta tried to make use of it all. He made experiments with (tried out) rods of different kinds of metals, in wine carafels (a kind of bottle). This way, he found that the best metals to use, are silver and zinc. He could also make it better by using flat discs instead of rods of metal. That is because the discs have more surface area than the rod; this gives more "room" for the zinc ions to leave one disc and get in touch with the other.
What happened after the invention.
Before the voltaic pile was invented, people could only make static electricity. With the voltaic pile, one can make electricity that keeps flowing for some time. With this kind of electricity, scientists could do a lot of "new" things. For instance, when new kinds of metal were discovered, the electricity from a voltaic pile could "sort" chemicals. This way, small but very pure bits of these "new" metals could be made.
There is a kind of chemistry, called electrochemistry, that deals with the many things possible with this "new" kind of electricity. Volta first told the public about his pile in a document dated March 20, 1800, and this date is today called the "birthday" of electrochemistry. And the words "voltage" and "volt" are named after Alessandro Volta.

Arshile Gorky
Vostanik Adoyan, (better known as Arshile Gorky) (April 15, 1904 – July 21, 1948) was an Armenian American painter that had great influence on Abstract Expressionism.

Voltmeter
A voltmeter is an instrument used to measure voltage. For instance, a voltmeter can be used to see if there is more electricity left in a battery. The creation of voltmeters became possible when Hans Oersted invented the most simple voltmeter on 1819.
Connecting a voltmeter.
The voltmeter can be connected with two wires to where the voltage is. One wire is the positive one, and the other the negative. With some voltmeters, one "must" make sure that the wires are connected right: the positive connection on the voltmeter to the more positive "part" of the voltage source, and the negative to the more negative "part". This way, the voltmeter is parallel to the electrical circuit.
One should also be careful about handling the connection: If there is a high voltage (many volts), one can get hurt or even killed by touching the metal connections with the voltage directly.
How voltmeters show the voltage.
When the connections are made, the voltmeter shows the voltage. As there is no direct way to assess the voltage, voltmeters are indeed designed as special ammeters which can calculate the voltage by assessing the electrical current and applying the Ohm's law.
There are two kinds of voltmeters. One kind has a needle, or "pointer", that points to a number that tells the number of volts. This is the kind of voltmeter where one has to be careful about making the positive and negative connections right — if wrong connections are made, the voltmeter can be damaged.
The second kind of voltmeter shows the numbers in a "digital" way, just like digital clocks and calculators. This kind of voltmeter is not damaged from "wrong" connections; instead, they just show a negative number.
Also, there are two types of voltmeters, based on the current type: some voltmeters are designed for use in direct current (DC) while others are designed for alternating current (AC). Modern voltmeters can work in both currents.
Using the right kind of voltmeter.
All voltmeters have an upper limit, or a "maximum number" of volts they can "handle". If a voltmeter is used for bigger voltages than it was made to "handle", it may damage or destroy it.
To avoid damaging the voltmeter, one could use a voltmeter that can handle a lot of volts, but such voltmeters are often not very precise with small voltages. The best way is to always use a voltmeter that can handle the voltage, but not one that was made for much larger voltages.
Voltages can be either from a direct current or an alternating current. A voltmeter needs to be "prepared", or made for, one of them. If one tries to measure one kind of voltage with a voltmeter made for the other, the voltmeter will either show a wrong voltage, or be destroyed.
Voltmeters with settings, and multimeters.
Because it is important to use the right kind of voltmeter, they are most often made so they can be adjusted to measure all kinds of voltages. Such voltmeters usually have a "knob" or switch that can be set in different ways. If the voltmeter is set in one way, the voltmeter handles voltages up to, for example, 10 volts. If the switch is set in another way, the voltmeter can handle 100 volts, and so on. Inside the voltmeter, the switch usually works by changing resistors in a voltage divider.
In this way, one single voltmeter can be used for a lot of different voltages, large and small. Some modern voltmeters can do this setting all by themselves, one just has to make the connection and not worry about if the voltmeter can handle the voltage. It will automatically find a setting that can handle it.
Today, a voltmeter is usually part of a multimeter, an instrument that can work as both a voltmeter, an ammeter, and usually a few more measuring instruments. These also have switces, used to "tell" the multimeter to "be a voltmeter".
Multimeters often have more than two connections, and part of "telling" the multimeter what to measure (that is, whether to be a voltmeter or an amperemeter) is done by choosing the right two connections. This is explained in the manual for the multimeter, and often shown next to the connection points.
Use of amplifiers for sensitive measurement of voltage.
The first type of voltmeters show the voltage using a needle or "pointer" pointing to the number of volts. These voltmeters take energy from the thing being measured to move the needle. Some very weak voltage sources might not have enough energy to move the needle to the right voltage. In that case, such a voltmeter shows too few volts. The voltmeter is not sensitive enough.
One solution to the above problem is to make the needle use as little energy as possible to move. However, there is a limit to how sensitive this kind of voltmeter can be. When vacuum tubes and transistors were invented, it became possible to build electronic amplifiers. By using an amplifier, a voltmeter can measure "very" small voltages from "very" weak sources. Modern voltmeters and multimeters normally have this kind of amplifier in them.

Powderfinger
Powderfinger is a rock band from Brisbane, Australia. The band started in 1989. Powderfinger has five members; Bernard Fanning (sings, plays guitar), Darren Middleton (plays guitar), Ian Haug (plays guitar), John Collins (plays bass guitar), and Jon Coghill (plays drums).
After some extended plays (EPs) that sold quite well, and making one full album, Powderfinger became popular in Australia with their second album; "Double Allergic". Their third album, "Internationalist", was even more popular and made them celebrities. It sold over 350,000 copies. "Odyssey Number Five" was their fourth album and was released in 2000. It is their most famous album; it was sold overseas in the United States and Canada. Powderfinger's next two albums were not as popular as the earlier ones, but still got to number one on the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) charts.
History.
Powderfinger started in Brisbane, Australia, in 1989. Ian Haug, John Collins, and Steven Bishop (drums), had been playing music with other bands, when they decided to form Powderfinger. The band's name came from the song "Powderfinger" by Neil Young. Haug met Bernard Fanning at university and Fanning decided to join the band. Later, Jon Coghill joined when Bishop left. Darren Middleton was the last person to join, when Powderfinger saw one of his other bands playing and invited him to join.
Early work.
Powderfinger released their first extended play (EP), called "Powderfinger", in 1992. This was followed by "Transfusion" in 1993. "Transfusion" was popular in Australia, and got to number one on the ARIA Alternative Chart, a chart for alternative rock music. Powderfinger signed a contract with record label Polydor after releasing "Transfusion".
Their first EPs did not sell badly, so they made an album, "Parables for Wooden Ears", in 1994. It did not do very well, and Fanning said in an interview in 2004 that "the music wasn't very good". The band then released "Double Allergic" in 1996. This album became very popular in Australia; it sold more than 200,000 copies. Jonathan Lewis from Allmusic said "Double Allergic" established Powderfinger as one of the most exciting Australian rock acts of the late 1990s". When they were making "Double Allergic", Middleton said it was the best music the band had made so far. After releasing the album, Powderfinger went on a tour with You Am I, playing at the Livid concerts.
Successful releases.
After "Double Allergic", Powderfinger began to work on their third album. The band worked in Melbourne with a new producer, Nick DiDia. In 1998, they released "Internationalist". The album went to number one on the ARIA Albums Chart, and stayed in the top 50 for 101 weeks. It sold more than 350,000 copies. "Internationalist" was the first Powderfinger album to win an ARIA Award; it won "Album of the Year", "Best Rock Album" and "Best Cover Art" at the 1999 ARIA Awards. "The Day You Come", the first single, won "Single of the Year" in 1999.
On "Internationalist", Powderfinger included songs about their political opinions and social ideas, but they said this was not done on purpose. "Internationalist" sounded different to the band's first two albums. This was because the band experimented with new ways of playing their music and writing songs.
Powderfinger's next album, "Odyssey Number Five" (released in 2000), is their most famous. It won many awards including "Album of the Year" from "Rolling Stone" magazine, and the 2001 "Album of the Year" ARIA Award. It also got to number one on the ARIA Albums Chart. From "Odyssey Number Five", Powderfinger released their most popular single, "My Happiness". It won the 2001 "Single of the Year" ARIA Award, and got to number four on the ARIA Singles Chart. Two songs on "Odyssey Number Five" appeared in movies; "These Days" was from the movie "Two Hands", and "My Kind of Scene" was part of '.
"Odyssey Number Five" was Powderfinger's shortest album yet. Similar to "Internationalist", it talked about political and social issues. It also had numerous songs about love. Fanning liked listening to gospel music, and to soul which is often about love, and wrote his own songs after listening to that. Reviewers disagreed on the album; "Entertainment Weekly" liked it and gave it a B+, saying the album experimented well, while Allmusic gave it one-and-a-half stars out of five, saying Powderfinger were too careful and not aggressive enough. Powderfinger toured around North America with Coldplay to help promote "Odyssey Number Five".
In 2003, Powderfinger released their fifth album, "Vulture Street". It was named after a street in Brisbane where the band would rehearse. "Vulture Street" got to number one on the ARIA Albums Chart, but did not stay on the chart for as long as the two albums before it. "Vulture Street" won four ARIA Awards including "Album of the Year" in 2003.
"Vulture Street" contained louder guitars and drums than the albums before it, especially "Odyssey Number Five". Bernard Zuel from "The Sydney Morning Herald" said it was "a rawer, louder, but by no means unrefined, album". Some of the album was recorded during jam sessions, and was similar to what Powderfinger sounded like when playing live. Kenneth Nguyen from "The Age" said the band "play a crowd-pleasing set".
Break from recording.
In 2004, Powderfinger released a CD/DVD of themselves playing a concert in Sydney. The release was called "These Days: Live in Concert". After this they released a "best of" album called "Fingerprints: The Best of Powderfinger, 1994–2000". This included singles from their albums so far, some songs that were not released as singles but appeared on albums, and two new songs. Both compilations did well on the ARIA Albums Chart, reaching number two.
After releasing "Fingerprints: The Best of Powderfinger, 1994–2000", Powderfinger said they would have a rest from working together. During this break, Bernard Fanning made his own music, releasing an album called "Tea & Sympathy". Darren Middleton released an album, called "The Way Out" with Drag, another band he plays in. Ian Haug and John Collins made a band called The Predators during this time with Steven Bishop, who had left Powderfinger around 1992. The Predators made an EP called "Pick Up the Pace".
During the break, Fanning married his girlfriend, Andrea. The wives of Middleton and Haug both had children during the break.
Return from break.
Powderfinger returned from their break and began work on their sixth album in 2006. The band recorded in Los Angeles with Rob Schnapf, and released "Dream Days at the Hotel Existence" in 2007. The album's name came from a book called "Brookly Follies" that Fanning was reading when the band recorded. "Dream Days at the Hotel Existence" contained songs about politics and the lives of Indigenous Australians, and also about love. Because of the political lyrics on one song, "Black Tears", the album was nearly banned.
The album sold well and was number one in Australia, like many of Powderfinger's previous albums. However, critics did not like it as much as the band's older work; Barnaby Smith of musicOMH said "the volume has been turned down", but he said that was "not always a good thing".
After the album was released, Powderfinger went on a concert tour with Silverchair, another Australian band. On the tour, called the Across the Great Divide tour, the band played shows in lots of cities in Australia and New Zealand. They did the tour to help Reconciliation Australia, an Australian charity that tries to improve the lives of Indigenous Australians.
Philanthropy.
Powderfinger have done a lot of work for charities and philanthropic causes. In 2004, the band played at WaveAid, a concert in response to the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake. The concert made over $2 million in profit, which was donated to help survivors of the earthquake.
The 2007 Across the Great Divide tour featured Powderfinger and Silverchair playing concerts across Australia to help promote Reconciliation Australia, a charity that tries to improve the lives of Indigenous Australians. More than 200,000 saw the bands play. After the tour, the bands released a DVD, which included the bands performing, and interviews with their members.
In October 2007, Powderfinger played a concert at the Sydney Opera House as part of "Breast Cancer Awareness Month". Only people who had breast cancer, and their families, were invited to the show. Silverchair and Missy Higgins also performed. After the concert, Fanning said that "musicians have a guilty conscience in general about their lives being quite good and tend to be aware of social issues".
Discography.
A dash (—) means it did not appear on the chart.

Schizanthus
Schizanthus (butterfly flower) is a genus of flowering plants in the nightshade family "Solanaceae". The genus is made up of two species, "Schizanthus pinnatus" and "Schizanthus wisetonensis".

Hadith
The word hadith means any report or collection of something the Prophet Muhammed either said or did. That's hadith with small 'h'. Hadith with capital 'H' is the collection of all these reports.

Fengyuan City
Fengyuan City is located in north-central Taichung County in Taiwan on the south bank of the Dajia River. It is the capital of Taichung County.

Billy Cox
Billy Cox is a bassist, best known for playing with guitarist Jimi Hendrix. He was born in West Virginia.
Billy first met Hendrix in the early part of the 1960s, when they were both in the United States Army. Cox played with Hendrix in an R&B band called the King Kasuals. The two played at clubs in Nashville, Tennessee. While in England, Hendrix asked Cox to join him in a new band; Cox said no. The spot instead went to Noel Redding.
They met again in 1969, when Hendrix asked on Cox to play bass in the experimental band "Band of Gypsys".
Billy Cox also played at Woodstock.
In 1971 Cox released his album "Nitro Function".

Clarksville
One of the places known as Clarksville is in New Zealand

Clarksville, New Zealand
Clarksville is a small township. It is located three kilometres southwest of Milton in the Otago region of the South Island of New Zealand. State Highways 1 and 8 meet in Clarksville. The town was also once the location of a railway junction, where the Roxburgh Branch left the Main South Line. Construction of this branch line began in the 1870s and Clarksville acted as the junction until 1907, when an extension of the branch was built alongside the Main South Line into Milton to improve operations. This led to Milton being the junction until 1960, when the extension was removed and Clarksville regained its status as a junction until the branch was entirely closed in 1968.

The Animals
The Animals were an English music group, who were most popular in the 1960s. They were known for their bluesy sound, and their deep-voiced singer Eric Burdon.
One of their first hit songs, "The House Of The Rising Sun", was an old American folk song, which they performed with a rock and roll beat. Folk musician Bob Dylan was impressed by the Animals version of the song.
Other Animals hits included "We Gotta Get Out Of This Place", "Don't Bring Me Down", "It's My Life", "See See Rider", "Don't Let Me Be Misunderstood", and "Sky Pilot". The original Animals disbanded, and Burdon moved to the United States, where he formed a new version of the band. They made more records, like "San Franciscan Nights".
The original Animals reunited in later years, to perform concerts, and Burdon performed Animals songs with other bands. Bass guitarist Chas Chandler became a music producer, with artists like Jimi Hendrix.

Autograph
An autograph is some writing written only in the handwriting of its author, it is not typing.
An autograph can also mean someones signature. This term is used for collecting autographs of celebrities. The collection of autographs is called philography.

Stevie Ray Vaughan
Stephen "Stevie" Ray Vaughan (born October 3, 1954 in Dallas, Texas – August 27, 1990) was an American blues guitarist. He was one of the world's most influential electric blues guitarists. In 2003, "Rolling Stone" magazine ranked Stevie Ray Vaughan #7 in their list of the 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time.

Didsbury
Didsbury is a village 5-6 miles south of Manchester city centre. According to the 2001 census it had a population of 14,292.

Burnage
Burnage is a suburb of the City of Manchester in North West England. It lies about four miles (6.4 km) south of Manchester city centre. According to the 2001 census it had a population of 13,706.

Longsight
Longsight is an area in the City of Manchester, in North West England. It is around three miles south of Manchester City Centre, and has a total population of 16,007 (according to the 2001 UK census).

Levenshulme
Levenshulme is an urban area of Manchester, in North West England on the borders of Longsight, Gorton, Burnage and Stockport. And according to the 2001 UK census it has a population of 12,691.

Gorton
Gorton is a district of the Manchester in England. It is located to the south-east of Manchester city centre. Neighbouring areas include Longsight and Levenshulme. According to the 2001 UK census it has a population of 24,173. Gorton is split into two wards, Gorton North and Gorton South.

Stockport
Stockport is a large town in Greater Manchester, North West England. Seven miles (10 km) south east of the city of Manchester, it is the largest settlement of the Metropolitan Borough of Stockport in Greater Manchester, and has a population of 136,083 (2001 Census), with the borough as a whole having 281,000. This makes the borough 23rd most populated district in England.
The River Mersey begins in Stockport, at the meeting point of the Rivers Goyt and Tame.
Geography and administration.
The town lies in the Metropolitan Borough of Stockport which is in Greater Manchester.
Twin Cities.
Paisley is not officially twinned with Stockport but the entry is probably a mark of friendship.

Withington
Withington is a district of the city of Manchester, in North West, England. It lies about four miles south of Manchester city center, intersected by the busy thoroughfare of Wilmslow Road. It lies between Fallowfield and Didsbury, to the north and south respectively. According to the 2001 UK census it has a population of 14,141.

Fallowfield
Fallowfield is an area of the city of Manchester, England. It lies two miles south of Manchester City Centre and is bisected east/west by the Wilmslow Road and north/south by the former "Fallowfield Loop railway line", now a cycle path. According to the 2001 UK census it has a population of 14,132.

Harrisonburg, Virginia
Harrisonburg is an independent city. It is located in Rockingham County, Virginia. It had 40,468 people at the 2000 census.

Hereditary monarchy
A hereditary monarchy is a type of government where a monarch (usually a king or queen) becomes the monarch because he or she is related to the last monarch. It is the most common sort of monarchy, and is the form used by almost all of the world's monarchies today.
Hereditary monarchy.
In a hereditary monarchy, all the monarchs come from the same family, and the crown is passed down from one member of the family to another. The hereditary system can be more stable, and can command loyalty, but at other times has seen great bloodshed over the question of succession.
When the king or queen of a hereditary monarchy dies or quits the throne (abdicates), the crown is generally passed to one of his or her children, often to the oldest. When that child dies, the crown will be then passed to his or her child, or, if he or she has no child, to a sister, brother, niece, nephew, cousin, or some other relative. Hereditary monarchies most usually arrange the succession by a law that creates an order of succession. This way, it is known beforehand who will be the next monarch.
Nowadays, the order of succession in hereditary monarchies is often based on the idea of primogeniture (oldest born), but there have been other methods that were much more common in the past.
Succession.
In the past, there were differences in systems of succession, often depending on whether only men can succeed, or whether both men and women could succeed.
Agnatic succession.
Agnatic succession means women are not allowed to succeed, or pass the succession from their fathers to their children. "Agnates" are relatives who have a common ancestor in an unbroken male line, from father to father.
Cognatic succession.
Cognatic succession means both men and women can succeed. Women usually are only allowed succeed if there is no male in the family. For example, in the United Kingdom, Princess Anne comes after her younger brothers (and her nephews and nieces) in the line of succession.
In the 1970s, Sweden changed from agnatic succession to "fully-cognatic" succession. This means the line of succession is based on age, not sex. This meant that when Princess Victoria of Sweden was born, she could never become queen, and when her younger brother was born he became "crown prince" (heir to the throne) -- but then the law changed, and Victoria became crown princess.
Elective monarchy.
An elective monarchy can sometimes seem to be a hereditary monarch. For example, only members of one family may be allowed to be elected; or before the monarch dies, they might have his chosen heir (son, daughter, brother, sister, or other relative) elected.
In Europe, the Holy Roman Empire was an elective monarchy, but for many hundreds of years, only the head of the Habsburg family was elected. In 1806, the Holy Roman Emperor abolished the empire and instead became the Emperor of Austria-Hungary, a hereditary monarch.

River Mersey
The River Mersey is a river in north west England. It is 70 miles (112 km) long, it stretches from Stockport, Greater Manchester, and ends at Liverpool Bay, Merseyside. For centuries, it formed part of the ancient county divide between Lancashire and Cheshire.
Course.
The Mersey is formed from three tributaries: the River Etherow, the River Goyt and the River Tame. The modern accepted start of the Mersey is at the confluence of the Tame and Goyt, in central Stockport, Greater Manchester. However, older definitions, and many older maps, place its start a few miles up the Goyt; for example the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica states "It is formed by the junction of the Goyt and the Etherow a short distance below Marple in Cheshire on the first-named stream."
Environment.
Water quality in the River Mersey has been severely affected by industrialisation.
But Salmon are now found in the river. They can be viewed on the Salmon Steps at Woolston between the months of September and November.
In popular culture.
The river is now internationally famous thanks to the music of the 1960s known as Merseybeat and its strong association with Liverpool, which produced songs such as "Ferry Cross the Mersey".
Also, Paul McCartney's 2007 song "That Was Me", from his album "Memory Almost Full" mentions merseybeating with the band.

Acid rock
Acid rock is a form of rock music, focusing mainly on hallucinations and drugs. It is mostly an off-beat style, vivid imagery, and sometimes strange sound/musical effects(e.g. backward recorded music).
History.
"Acid rock" was much used a lot in the late 1960s and early 1970s, but is not used much today.
Name.
Acid Rock got its name from the mixture of music and of lysergic acid diethylamide, or LSD, another name is "acid". "Acid rock" usually means that the song in question was recorded when the mucisian was high on LSD. Often the lyrics are about hallucinations.

Fender Stratocaster
The Fender Stratocaster, also called a Strat, is a type of electric guitar made by Leo Fender and Freddie Tavares in the early 1950s, and are being made still today. The Stratocaster has been used by many famous guitarists, as well as the Gibson Les Paul, the Fender Telecaster and the Gibson SG.
The Stratocaster has been copied as well. A guitar may look the same as a Stratocaster, but if it is not produced by Fender or Squier it is called a strat copy.
Fender Stratocaster copies are mostly very cheap and low quality, but some guitar builders make high quality clones of the Stratocaster. Fender makes Stratocasters made in the United States of America, which are the highest quality. They also make Stratocasters which are made in Japan, but only sell them to the Japanese. Stratocasters are also made in Korea and sold as special editions. The cheapest Fenders are made in Mexico, but despite their price, these Stratocasters are very good quality guitars compared to the copies which are usually made in China. Squier makes Stratocasters in China and Indonesia. People like Jimi Hendrix, Eric Clapton and Hank Marvin used a stratocaster.

Merseyside
Merseyside is a metropolitan county in North West England, with a population of 1,365,900. Taking its name from the River Mersey, the title "Merseyside" came into existence as a metropolitan county in 1974.
Merseyside is divided into two parts by the Mersey estuary: the Wirral is located on the west side of the estuary upon the Wirral Peninsula; the rest of the county is located on the east side. The northern part of Merseyside borders onto Lancashire to the north, Greater Manchester to the east, both parts border Cheshire to the south.
Metropolitan boroughs.
Merseyside contains the metropolitan boroughs of Liverpool, Knowsley, Sefton, St Helens and the Wirral.
Economy.
This is a chart of trend of regional gross value added of Merseyside at current basic prices (pp.240-253) by "Office for National Statistics" with figures in millions of British Pounds Sterling.
Settlements.
Merseyside is divided into two parts by the Mersey estuary, the Wirral is located on the west side of the estuary, upon the Wirral Peninsula and the rest of the county is located on the east side of the estuary.
The two parts are linked by two road tunnels, a railway tunnel, and the famous Mersey Ferry. Other districts that are part of the urban area (but not part of Merseyside) are Ellesmere Port and Neston and Halton. The designation "Greater Merseyside" has been adopted for the area that includes Merseyside and Halton, the term "Liverpool City-Region" is less well-defined. Most of the region was once served by the now scraped MTL Trust Holdings Ltd transport company.

Metropolitan Borough of Wirral
Wirral is a metropolitan borough in Merseyside, North West England, which occupies the northern part of the Wirral Peninsula, more commonly known as Wirral.
Wirral Metropolitan Borough has a population of about 311,235 (2004 estimate) in an area of 60 square miles (155 km²). It faces Liverpool over the River Mersey to the east, the Irish Sea to the north and the River Dee to the west. To the south it borders the borough of Ellesmere Port and Neston, in Cheshire.
Economy.
This is a chart of trend of regional gross value added of Wirral at current basic prices (pp.240-253) by "Office for National Statistics" with figures in millions of British Pounds Sterling.
includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured
Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
In September 2006 a large scale development called Wirral Waters was unveiled by the company Peel Holdings, that if constructed as outlined may see the creation of up to 27,000 jobs.

Erin Sanders
Erin Zariah Sanders (born January 19, 1991 in Santa Monica, California) is an American actress. She is most well known for the Nickelodeon television series Zoey 101.

Reproduction
Reproduce is to create or recreate something. The two types of reproduction are sexual and asexual. Sexual reproduction involves two animals of the same species, each giving half of the genes for the descendant. Asexual reproduction only needs one animal or cell, this works by division (or splitting) of the cell. Most bacteria reproduce by asexual reproduction.

Blues rock
Blues Rock is a type of music which mixes blues with rock and roll, and uses mostly electric guitar as a main instrument. It began in the mid 1960s in England and the United States with bands such as Cream and The Rolling Stones, who experimented with music from the older bluesmen like Elmore James, Robert Johnson, Howlin' Wolf and Bo Diddley.

Metropolitan borough
A metropolitan borough (or metropolitan district) is a type of local government district in England and covers urban areas within metropolitan counties.
Current metropolitan boroughs (post 1974).
The current metropolitan boroughs were created in 1974 by the Local Government Act 1972 as subdivisions of the new metropolitan counties which were created to cover the six largest urban areas in England outside Greater London
The new authorities were actually defined by law as metropolitan districts, however all of them have borough status or city status. The new metropolitan boroughs replaced the county boroughs, municipal boroughs and urban and rural districts which existed before. The districts typically have populations of 174,000 to 1.1 million.
In 1986 the old metropolitan county councils were abolished by the Local Government Act 1985 and most of their functions were given to the boroughs, so they are to a large extent unitary authorities. Some of the functions of the abolished county councils were taken over by joint bodies such as Passenger Transport Authorities, and joint fire, police and waste disposal authorities.

Carly Patterson
Carly Rae Patterson (born February 4, 1988 in Baton Rouge, Louisiana) used to be an American gymnast (the 2004 Olympic All-Around Champion). Right now, she is an aspiring professional singer. She lives in Allen, Texas.

Local Government Act 1972
The Local Government Act 1972 (1972 c. 70) is an Act of Parliament in the United Kingdom, that reformed local government in England and Wales, on 1 April 1974.
Its pattern of two-tier councils remains in use today in large parts of England, although the metropolitan county councils were abolished in 1986 and it was replaced with unitary authorities in many areas in the 1990s. In Wales, it established a similar pattern of counties and districts. These have since been entirely replaced with a system of unitary authorities. In Scotland, the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973 established a similar system of two-tier regions and districts in 1975 — this was also replaced by a system of unitary council areas in 1996.
Elections were held to the new authorities in 1973, and they acted as 'shadow authorities' until the handover date. Elections to county councils were held on April 12, for metropolitan and Welsh districts on May 10 for non-metropolitan district councils on June 7.
Non-metropolitan districts.
The Local Government Boundary Commission originally proposed 278 non-metropolitan districts in April 1972 (still working with the county boundaries found in the Bill). A further eighteen districts were added in the final proposals of November 1972, which were then ordered.
The splits were as follows (in most cases the splits were not exact, and many other changes to the borders of the districts took place at this time)
The new district in Suffolk was necessitated by the decision to keep Newmarket in Suffolk; which would otherwise have become part of the South Cambridgeshire district.
Isles of Scilly.
Section 265 af the Act allowed for the continuation of the local government arrangements for the Isles of Scilly. The Isles of Scilly Rural District Council became the Council of the Isles of Scilly, and certain services were to continue to be provided by Cornwall County Council as provided by order in council made by the Secretary of State, although the Isles were not technically in Cornwall before or after 1974.
Elections.
Elections were held to the new authorities on three different Thursdays in 1973. Each new county and district was divided into electoral divisions. For county councils, each electoral division elected one member; for metropolitan district councils, each ward elected three members; and wards in non-metropolitan districts could elect a varying number of members. There was not sufficient time to conduct a full warding arrangement so a temporary system was used: in some county councils electoral divisions elected multiple councillors.

Act of Parliament
An Act of Parliament or Act is law enacted by the parliament (see legislation).
Bills.
An Act of Parliament normally starts as a proposed law known as a Bill. The Bill will then be introduced into the Parliament (House of Commons, House of Representatives, House of Lords or the Senate) for debate and possible approval and enactment.
Bills that contain provisions significantly relating to taxation or public expenditure are introduced into the House of Commons in the UK; in Canada and Ireland, this is the law.
In the United Kingdom, Law Commission bills and consolidation bills start in the House of Lords.
In some countries, such as Spain and Portugal, a Bill has different names depending on whether it comes from the government (eg. "Project") or from the Parliament (eg. "Proposition" or Private Member's Bill).
An Act may be introduced to parliament also by means of a private bill.

Legislation
Legislation (or "statutory law") is law which has been created by a legislature or other governing body. The term may refer to a single law, or the collective body of enacted law, while "statute" is also used to refer to a single law. Before an item of legislation becomes law it may be known as a bill, which is typically also known as "legislation" while it remains under active consideration.
Under the Westminster system, an item of legislation is known as an Act of Parliament.
Legislation is usually proposed by a member of the legislature (e.g. a member of Congress or Parliament), or by the executive, then it is debated by members of the legislature and is often amended.
Those who have the formal power to "create" legislation are known as legislators, the judicial branch of government may have the formal power to "interpret" legislation.
Other means of law-making.
The act of making legislation is sometimes known as legislating. Under the doctrine of separation of powers, the law-making function is primarily the responsibility of the legislature. However, there are situations where legislation is enacted by other means (most commonly when constitutional law is enacted). These other forms of law-making include referenda and constitutional conventions. The term "legislation" is sometimes used to describe these situations, but other times, the term is used to distinguish acts of the legislature from these other lawmaking forms.

Bill (proposed law)
A bill is a proposed new law introduced within a legislature that has not been adopted. Once a bill has become law, it is thereafter an act; but in popular usage the two terms are often treated as if they meant the same.

List of popes by length of reign
Pope (Latin: "papa" "father'") is the name several churches give to their highest spiritual leader. In English usually means the head of the Roman Catholic Church.
The "Annuario Pontificio", published every year by the Roman Catholic church's government in the Vatican has the most accurate list of popes. Its list is used here.
Popes with the shortest reigns.
This is the list of the 11 shortest-reigning popes.
The number of calendar days includes part days, e.g., if a pope's reign commenced on 1 August and he died on 2 August, this would count as having reigned for two calendar days.

Webkinz
Webkinz are stuffed animals. They were first sold by the Ganz company in 2005. The toys are similar to other small plush toys. Each toy comes with a special code that lets the person who owns it use the "Webkinz World" website. On the website, users can "adopt" an online version of the pet to play with.
The toys have been advertised in a way that is similar to Ty Beanie Babies. After some time, certain types of the toy are "retired" or no longer sold. This makes the toys more valuable after they are retired and people can sell them for more money. Webkinz have been very popular. Ganz says more than 2 million toys have been sold to retailers. They also say there are 1 million users of the Webkinz website. More than $1 million (USD) in toys were sold in the United States in 2006.
When a person buys a toy at a store, they get a code that allows them to use the website for one year. After that time, they must buy another Webkin toy to get a new code to be allowed to keep using the site. Online, users can play with their pets in many ways. For example they can feed them, exercise them, or play games. They can also play games to earn "Kinzcash", the money that is used on the site to buy things for their pets.

List of ages of popes
This article comprises lists of Popes of the Catholic Church.</onlyinclude>
Pope (Latin: "papa" "father'") in English usually means the head of the Catholic Church.
All popes are " Episcopus Romanus " which means "Bishop of Rome". The words come after a pope’s official Latin name.
The list sometimes says "interregnum". This is Latin for "between reigns". It means there was no pope.

Towradgi
Towradgi is a small suburb, north of Wollongong. It is on the coast and close to beaches.
Attractions.
It has a school, soccer fields, a lawn-bowling field, and many other attractions. It has a few restaurants/dining places.

ACID
ACID is a concept used with Databases. It is an abbreviation. It stands for

Database transaction
With Databases, a transaction is a point where there is interaction with the database. Maybe, something is asked from the database. Sometimes the data in the database may also be changed. A database transaction is generally atomic. That means, it is either done completely, or it is not done. The state of it being done is not visible. If it is not done completely, any changes it made will be undone. This is known as "rollback".
Most of the time, transactions are needed to guarantee the ACID principle of databases.

Aargau
(German Aargau, French Argovie, Italian Argovia, Romansh Argovia; anglicized Argovia) is one of the more northerly cantons of Switzerland. It is located around the lower course of the river Aare, which is why the canton is called Aargau (meaning "Aare district"). The cantons of Basel Landschaft, Solothurn and Bern lie to the west. Lucerne is to the south Zug and Zürich are to the east. To the north is Germany.
About 580.000 people live in the canton. Its capital is Aarau.

Municipalities of the Netherlands
The Netherlands have in 2009 441 municipalities in twelve provinces.

Provinces of the Netherlands
The modern day Netherlands are divided into twelve provinces ("provincies" in Dutch).
Structure.
A Dutch province is the administrative layer in between the national government and the local municipalities. It has the responsibility for matters of regional importance. The government of each province is made of three major parts: the "Provinciale Staten" which is the provincial parliament elected every four years. Elected from its members are the "Gedeputeerde Staten", a college charged with most executive tasks. This college is presided by the "Commissaris van de Koningin" or royal commissioner, appointed by the Crown.
Historical background.
Almost all Dutch provinces came from a medieval state, like a county or duchy. This is the same with the regions of Belgium. Their status changed once they came under the influence of a ruler. This single ruler then centralised their administration. They then became provinces of a larger state. In total there are 17 provinces today. From these unified Netherlands, seven northern provinces formed the Republic of the Seven United Provinces in the 16th century. These were Holland, Zeeland, Gelderland, Utrecht, Friesland, Overijssel and Groningen. The Republic's lands also included Drenthe (one of the 17, but without the autonomous status of the others), and parts of Brabant, Limburg and Flanders, which were considered to be "conquered lands" and were governed directly by the "Staten-Generaal", the parliament. From this came their name Generality Lands. They were called "Staats-Brabant", "Staats-Limburg" and "Staats-Vlaanderen", meaning "of the state". Each of these "Netherlands" had a high degree of autonomy. They co-operated with each other mainly on defense and on the international level in general. They kept to their own affairs elsewhere.
On January 1, 1796, during the Batavian Republic, Drenthe and Staats-Brabant became the eighth and ninth provinces of the Netherlands; the latter known as "Bataafs Brabant", Batavian Brabant, changing its name to "Noord Brabant", North Brabant, in 1815 when it became part of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands. This kingdom also contained (then) South Brabant, a province in Belgium. This new unified state featured the provinces in their modern form. Today, they are non-autonomous subdivisions of the national state. There are again numbering 17 provinces, though not all are the same as the 16th century ones. In 1839, with the independence of Belgium, the original single province of Limburg was divided between the two countries. Each country now has a province called Limburg. A year later, Holland, the largest and most populous of the Dutch provinces, was also split into two provinces for a total of 11. The 12th member was to be Flevoland, a province consisting almost entirely of reclaimed land, established on January 1, 1986.
The Departments of the French Period.
After only three years, following a coup d'etat, the borders of the former provinces were restored, though not their autonomous status. They were now also called "departments" and Drenthe was added to Overijssel. In 1806 the Kingdom of Holland replaced the republic to further French interests. It was during this administration that Holland was first split in two, with the department of "Amstelland" to the north and that of "Maasland" to the south. East Frisia, then as now in Germany, was added to the kingdom as a department in 1807 and Drenthe split off again making a total of 11 departments.
With the defeat and withdrawal of the French in 1813, the old provinces and their names were re-established, Holland was reunited and East-Frisia went its separate way. The 17 provinces of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands were for a significant part based on the former French departments and their borders, in particular in what would later become Belgium.

Flevoland
Flevoland is one of the provinces of the Netherlands. Lelystad is its capital. About 370.000 people live in the province

North Brabant
North Brabant (Dutch: 'Noord-Brabant') is a province of the Netherlands, located in the south of the country, bordered by Belgium in the south, the Meuse River ("Maas") in the north, Limburg in the east and Zeeland in the west. See. Its capital is 's-Hertogenbosch. The largest city is Eindhoven.

Local Government Act 1985
The Local Government Act 1985 was an Act of Parliament in the United Kingdom. Its main effect was to abolish the county councils of the metropolitan counties that had been set up in 1974 by the Local Government Act 1972, along with the Greater London Council that had been established in 1965.
The main provision, section 1 stated that "the Greater London Council; and the metropolitan county councils" shall not exist anymore.
It came into effect on April 1, 1986. The metropolitan boroughs and London boroughs, got some of the powers of the former institutions, but others wrnt to central government. At the time of the Act, one third of the population of England were living in Greater London and the metropolitan counties.
The act established a system of joint-boards to take over some of the functions of the abolished councils in the metropolitan counties and in Greater London. The joint-boards had councillors appointed by the boroughs.
The Act was passed by Margaret Thatcher's government after a series of disputes between the councils and the central government.

Greater London Council
The Greater London Council (GLC) was the local government administrative body for Greater London from 1965 to 1986. It replaced the earlier London County Council (LCC) which had covered a much smaller area.
Creation.
The Labour Party had controlled the LCC from 1934 and by the 1950s the Conservative Government considered that elections were becoming one-sided, since the London County Council (LCC) covered only the inner (generally Labour-voting) districts. The government sought to create a new body covering all of London.
Abolition.
Livingstone's high-spend socialist policies put the GLC into direct conflict with Margaret Thatcher's Conservative government. Livingstone soon became a thorn in the side of the sitting Tory government. He deliberately antagonised Mrs. Thatcher through a series of actions (including posting a billboard of London's rising unemployment figures on the side of, and endorsing a statue of Nelson Mandela whilst Thatcher regarded the future South African president as a terrorist.
By 1983, Thatcher was determined to crush both Livingstone and the GLC, and the Cabinet agreed "in principle" to abolish the GLC and give its functions to the boroughs.
The Local Government Act 1985, which abolished the GLC, faced considerable opposition from many quarters but was narrowly passed in Parliament, setting the end of the council for 31 March 1986.
Replacement.
After its abolition, London was left as the only major city in the world without a central administrative body. Most of the powers of the GLC were given to the London boroughs. Some powers, such as the fire service, were taken over by joint boards made up of councillors appointed by the boroughs - see waste authorities in Greater London for an example. In total, around 100 organisations were responsible for service delivery in Greater London.
It was argued by many people that this situation was chaotic and un-coordinated and a new London-wide body was needed to co-ordinate the whole city.
Tony Blair's Labour government was elected in 1997, and was committed to bring back London-wide government. In 1999 a referendum was held on the establishment of a new London authority and elected mayor, which was approved by a two to one margin.
The new Greater London Authority (GLA) was established in 2000. The GLA has a very different structure to the GLC, it consisted of a directly elected Mayor of London and a London Assembly. The Mayor of London elections were won by the same Ken Livingstone, who began his victory speech with the words: "As I was saying before I was so rudely interrupted 14 years ago".

Greater London Authority
The Greater London Authority (GLA) controls the 1579 km² (610 sq. miles) of Greater London, England, covering the 32 London boroughs and the City of London. The GLA consists of an elected Mayor and the 25 members of the London Assembly. The current Mayor of London is Ken Livingstone, who was leader of the Greater London Council (GLC) from 1981 until it was abolished in 1986.
Purpose.
The GLA was created to improve the coordination between the London boroughs, and the Mayor of London's role is to give London a single person to represent it. The Mayor proposes policy and the GLA's budget, and makes appointments to the capital's strategic transport body (Transport for London) and economic development body (the London Development Agency).
One of the primary purposes of the London Assembly is to hold the Mayor of London to account. The Assembly must also accept or amend(change) the Mayor's budget on an annual basis(every year).
The GLA is different from the Corporation of the City of London with its largely ceremonial Lord Mayor. Corporation controls only the square mile of the City, London's chief financial centre. The GLA governs a much wider area
The GLA is at City Hall, a new building on the south bank of the River Thames, next to Tower Bridge.

Mayor of London
The Mayor of London is an elected politician in London. The role, created in 2000, was the first directly-elected mayor in the United Kingdom. The Mayor of London is also referred to as the London Mayor, a form which helps to avoid confusion with the Lord Mayor of London, the ancient and now mainly ceremonial role in the City of London. The Mayor of London is mayor of Greater London, which has a population of over 7.5 million while the City of London is only a small part of the modern city centre and has a population of less than 10,000. The first elected Mayor of London is Ken Livingstone, who was re-elected in 2004. In 2008, Boris Johnson became mayor.
Role.
The Mayor is responsible for budgeting and strategic planning of some governmental functions across the whole of the London region. The plans of the mayor are looked at by the London Assembly and actioned by the Greater London Authority. Responsibilities include transport, the police, fire and emergency services, cultural strategy and economic development.
Salary.
The mayor of London's salary is one that ranks along that of a government cabinet minister's. The current salary is £137,579 per year.

Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum is a museum in Cleveland, Ohio, United States, which has information on the history of some of the best-known and most influential artists, producers, and other people who have in some major way influenced the music industry, mostly in the area of rock music.
First artists.
The first group of musicians, added on January 23, 1986, were Chuck Berry, James Brown, Ray Charles, Sam Cooke, Fats Domino, the Everly Brothers, Buddy Holly, Jerry Lee Lewis, Little Richard, and Elvis Presley.

Muddy Waters
McKinley Morganfield (April 4, 1913 – April 30, 1983), or Muddy Waters, was an American blues musician and is considered "the Father of Chicago blues". He is also the actual father of blues musician Big Bill Morganfield. Muddy Waters is considered to be one of the greatest bluesmen of all time, and in 2004 he was ranked #17 in Rolling Stone Magazine's list of the "100 Greatest Artists of All Time".

Deal or No Deal
Deal or No Deal is a game show in more than 40 countries on the world created by John de Mol.
Format.
"Deal or No Deal" involves a contestant, a host/presenter, a banker, and a number of briefcases (or boxes), with each having a different (and initially unknown) value. Each game starts with the contestant selecting one of the cases—this first case's value is not known until the game ends. During the rest of the game, the contestant opens the rest of the cases, one at a time, revealing its value. Each time after a specified number of cases are opened, the banker offers the contestant a certain amount of money to end the game. If the contestant takes an offer, the game ends, otherwise the contestant ends up with the money from the first case.
Since the range of possible values for cases is known at the start of each game, how much the banker offers at any given point changes based on what cases have been eliminated. To promote suspense and lengthen games, the banker's offer usually strays from the expected value dictated by probability theory, particularly early in the game. However it is not uncommon for the bank's offer to exceed the player's expected value very late in the game.
Worldwide, the largest amount offer (in terms of exchange rates) was €1,495,000 on the original "Miljoenenjacht", on November 13, 2005 (which was accepted, the contestant's case only had €1,000). Only a few people have ever won the top prize on any version of the show.

Lightning Hopkins
Sam "Lightnin'" Hopkins (March 15, 1912 - January 30, 1982) was a country blues guitar musician, from Houston, Texas.

Lord Mayor of London
"The Right Honourable" Lord Mayor of London is the Mayor of the City of London and head of the Corporation of London. The Lord Mayor of London is to be distinguished from the Mayor of London; the former is an officer only of the City of London.
The Mayor of London governs the much larger area of Greater London.
The Lord Mayor is elected each year at the end of September or the beginning of October, and takes office in November. On the day after taking office, the Lord Mayor's Show is held. The Lord Mayor's role is primarily ceremonial and social, rather than political, although he does promote London's business credentials abroad. The Lord Mayor of London is also the chancellor of the City University of London.
The current Lord Mayor is Alderman Ian Luder.
Titles and honours.
Of the 66 cities in the United Kingdom, the City of London is among the 30 that have Lord Mayors (or, in Scotland, Lord Provosts). The Lord Mayor is entitled to the style The Right Honourable; the same privilege extends only to the Lord Mayors of Bristol, York, Cardiff and Belfast, and to the Lord Provosts of Edinburgh and Glasgow. The style, however, is used when referring to the office and not to the person; "The Rt Hon The Lord Mayor of London" would be correct, while "The Rt Hon John Smith" would be incorrect.
A woman who holds the office is also known as a Lord Mayor. A male Lord Mayor's wife is known as a Lady Mayoress. In speech, a Lord Mayor is referred to as "My Lord Mayor", and a Lady Mayoress as "My Lady Mayoress".
It was once use for Lord Mayors to be created knights when they took office and baronets when they retired. The custom was applied inconsistently from the sixteenth until the nineteenth centuries; creations became more regular from 1889 onwards. From 1964 onwards, the regular creation of hereditary dignities such as baronetcies stopped, but Lord Mayors continued to be granted knighthoods (usually of the rank of Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire) until 1993. Since 1993, Lord Mayors have not received any automatic honours upon appointment.

Little Richard
Richard Wayne Penniman (born December 5 1932), better known as Little Richard, is an African-American singer, songwriter, and pianist, who began playing in the 1940s and recorded his songs from 1951.

Monterey Pop Festival
The Monterey International Pop Music Festival took place from June 16 to June 18, 1967. Over 200,000 people went, and it is often seen as the beginning of the "rock era", displacing the earlier term "rock and roll". The festival was a cultural watershed. Many of the performers (like Jimi Hendrix and Janis Joplin) became major celebrities through their appearances, while older acts (like The Beach Boys, who were scheduled to appear but cancelled) were suddenly seen as obsolete.

I Have a Dream
I Have a Dream is the name of a speech given by Martin Luther King, Jr. on August 28,1963. In it, he spoke of his wish for the future. His wish was that black people and white people could live together peacefully in the United States. The speech was given to over 200,000 supporters. He spoke of the discrimination that the black man has faced even though they were to be treated as equals after the great Abraham Lincoln signed the momentous decree; the Emancipation Proclamation. The speech is very famous. It has been called by many the best speech given in the 20th century.

Secret Intelligence Service
The Secret Intelligence Service (SIS), commonly known as MI6 (Military Intelligence, Section 6), is the United Kingdom's intelligence agency to deal with other countries. It works with the Security Service (MI5), Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) and the Defence Intelligence Staff (DIS). SIS deal with the United Kingdom's espionage (spying) activities outside the United Kingdom.
The service has had its headquarters at Vauxhall Cross in London since 1995.

Banksia
Banksia is a genus of plants common to Australia, they were named after Joseph Banks. The Banksia are noted for there unique flowering.
It is a genus of around 80 species in the plant family Proteaceae. As Australian wildflowers and popular garden plants, they are easily recognised by their characteristic flower spikes and fruiting "cones" and can vary from woody shrubs to trees up to 30 metres tall. They are generally found in a wide variety of landscapes; (occasionally) rainforest, shrubland, and some more arid landscapes, though not in Australia's deserts.
Heavy producers of nectar, banksias form a vital part of the food chain in the Australian bush. They are an important food source for all sorts of nectariferous animals, including birds, bats, rats, possums and a host of invertebrates. Furthermore, they are of economic importance to Australia's nursery and cut flower industries. However these plants are threatened by a number of processes including land clearing, frequent burning and disease, and a number of species are rare and endangered.

Fairy
A fairy or færie (Old English spelling) is a supposed magical being that flies in the air. They are usually depicted as small women. Some færies are supposed to do certain things, such as the Tooth fairy, which is supposed to give money under the pillow of small children who have had a tooth fall out. A fairy tale is a story with a plot involving fairies. These stories are usually for children. Fairies can also be found in folklore, for instance, in Ireland, fairies are still held as creatures that were defeated by the human race thousands of years ago and now live in caverns in the world of faerie.

1376
1376 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

1379
1379 was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

1385
1385 was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

1386
1386 was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

London County Council
London County Council (LCC) was the principal local government body for the County of London, during its whole existence (1889-1965), and the first London-wide general municipal authority that was directly elected. It covered the area today known as Inner London and was replaced by the Greater London Council. The LCC was the largest, most significant and ambitious municipal authority of its day.
History.
The creation of the LCC in 1889, as part of the Local Government Act 1888, was forced by a succession of scandals involving the Metropolitan Board of Works (MBW), its predecessor, which had not been directly elected. While the Conservative government of the day would have preferred not to create a single body covering the whole of London, their election promise to the Liberal Unionists led them to this policy. A later Government created the 28 metropolitan boroughs as lower tier authorities to replace the various local authorities in 1899; they assumed some powers of the LCC and shared others.
The LCC inherited the powers of its predecessor the MBW, but also had wider authority over matters such as education, city planning and council housing. It took over the functions of the London School Board in 1903, and Dr C W Kimmins was appointed chief inspector of the education department in 1904.

Denomination (currency)
When dealing with money, denomination is the value of the individual currency.
For example a one dollar bill, a 100 dollar bill, a penny and a quarter are all different denominations of money. A one dollar bill and a one dollar coin are the same denomination as they are the same value.
Monetary union.
When countries form a monetary union, redenomination may be required and the conversion ratio is often not a nice even number, or even less than 1.
Decimalisation.
In many countries where an £sd system (£1 = 20 shillings = 240 pence) is used, the process of decimalisation was carried out. While they were at it, some chose to change the main unit as well. By defining 1 dollar = £0.5 = 100 cents, 1 shilling would conveniently turn into 10 cents. This is also a prime example where the ratio is less than 1.

Simulation
A simulation is a way of seeing a thing happen without it actually taking place in the same way. A simulation can be used to predict what might happen without doing it, in case it is dangerous or too expensive or difficult. It can also be used to show people what will happen next, or what happened in the past. It can also show what people believe is happening in a place or time where it is impossible to know what really happens.
Simulations are very useful all over the world, because in a simulation things can be controlled that might not be easy to control in real life. They can use or smaller versions of an object or system for testing or practice. They can often use smaller versions of things, like space ships or rooms, to simulate the real thing. They can also use a safer thing in place of a thing that is dangerous, like when astronauts practice in a swimming pool rather than in outer space. Astronauts also practice in simulations of the moon before they went and landed there, and in simulations of spaceships that move the way real spaceships do, so they can get used to it. Simulations often use computers or television. Computers are used to make simulations of what a spaceship's route might be on the way to the moon, to help plan the mission.
Video games.
One type of video game is called "simulator games". These games let the player simulate doing different things. For example, in the game "Theme Hospital", players perform simulated surgery. "SimCity" lets players design and build their own simulated city.

Peter, Paul and Mary
Peter, Paul and Mary are a folk music group, most famous during the 1960s. The members are Peter Yarrow, Paul (Noel) Stookey and Mary Travers.
Their songs include "If I Had a Hammer" (also called "The Hammer Song"), "Puff, the Magic Dragon", "Leavin' On a Jet Plane" written by John Denver, and "Blowin' in the Wind", written by Bob Dylan. They recorded other Dylan songs, helping his early career. They made records, toured to perform, and appeared on television shows, including "The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour".

Jennifer Warnes
Jennifer Warnes is an American singer. She first became famous during the late 1960s, and was a regular performer on "The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour".
In the late 1970s, she had hit records including "Right Time of the Night" and "I Know a Heartache When I See One". In the 1980s, she sang duets with Joe Cocker ("Up Where We Belong") and Bill Medley ("(I've Had) The Time of My Life"), which were also hits.

Super Friends
Super Friends is an American cartoon television series about a team of superheroes which ran from 1973 to 1986 on ABC as part of its Saturday morning cartoon lineup. It was produced by Hanna-Barbera and was based on the Justice League of America and related comic book characters published by DC Comics.

Warrabah National Park
Warrabah is a national park in New South Wales (Australia), 371 km north of Sydney.

Shepreth
Shepreth is a small village in South Cambridgeshire on the main line between Cambridge and London.
It contains a wildlife park (Willers Mill, a.k.a. Shepreth Wildlife Park), a nature reserve (Shepreth L-Moor) and one of the UK's only insect research laboratories.

Everest College
Blair College is now Everest College a for-profit college in Colorado Springs, Colorado. Everest College offers career college programs in many areas. The College was founded in Pueblo, Colorado as Brown's School of Business in 1897, changing its name to Blair's Business College in 1918. In 1981, Blair Business College changed its name to Blair Junior College. In 1996, the College was bought by Rhodes Colleges, Inc., a division of Corinthian Colleges, Inc. and the name was changed to Blair College. In 2006, the name was finally changed to the current Everest College.

74 Galatea
74 Galatea ("gal'-a-tee'-a") is a large asteroid located between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. Its surface is very dark in color. Galatea was found by a comet discoverer, Ernst Tempel on August 29, 1862 in Marseilles, France. It was his third asteroid discovery. It is named after one of the two Galateas in Greek mythology. A stellar occultation by Galatea happened on September 8, 1987. The name Galatea has also been given to one of Neptune's satellites.

Ilocos
Ilocos collectively refers to two Provinces in the Philippines: Ilocos Norte and Ilocos Sur. Inhabitants are called "Ilocanos" and they speak the language Iloko, also called "Ilocano".
The term Ilocos Region is derived from this term. However, the designation of Ilocos as the basis of the name of the region promotes the wrong notion that all the residents of Region 1 are Ilocanos. Because 28% of the inhabitants are Pangasinan people, who belong to a different ethno-linguistic group from the Ilocanos.

Bill Medley
Bill Medley (born September 19, 1940 in Los Angeles, California) is an American singer and songwriter. He was a founding member of the Righteous Brothers. He also had a solo career.
In 1987, Medley had a hit record with a duet he sang with Jennifer Warnes, "(I've Had) The Time of My Life". It was the theme to a popular movie, "Dirty Dancing".

Adventure
An adventure is something exciting that happens to someone. An adventure can be a made-up story, or it can be something that happens in real life.
People often like to read stories about a person or a group of people who go off and have an adventure. There is often some danger in the story. Enid Blyton wrote stories about The Famous Five who go off to have exciting adventures. Harry Potter has lots of adventures: he meets strange people and gets into lots of dangerous situations.
People in real life like to have adventures. They may be explorers who like to go to far-away places where no one has ever been before.
Adventure sports are sports that are exciting but can be rather dangerous. Skydiving, gliding and rock climbing are adventure sports.
An adventure playground is a playground for children where they can climb, swing and jump on things. They have been made by adults for children to use and are normally quite safe.
An adventurer is someone who spends all his life going on adventures or doing things that are risky.
Space travel is an example of a modern adventure.
An adventure game is a video game about adventures.
The word venture is a short form of "adventure". A "business venture" is a business project in which there is a lot of risk. "Venture" can also be a verb: "They ventured out into the storm".

Broom (shrub)
Brooms are a group of evergreen, semi-evergreen, and deciduous shrubs.
All the brooms and their relatives (including "Laburnum" and "Ulex") grow in Europe, north Africa and southwest Asia. The greatest diversity one can find in the Mediterranean region. Many brooms (though not all) are fire-climax species, adapted to regular stand-replacing fires which kill the above-ground parts of the plants, but create conditions for regrowth from the roots and also for germination of stored seeds in the soil.
The most familiar is common broom, that grows in northwestern Europe. One can find it in sunny sites, usually on dry, sandy soils. Like most brooms, it has apparently leafless stems that in spring and summer are covered with golden-yellow flowers. In late summer, its pea-pod like seed capsules burst open, often with an audible pop, spreading seed from the parent plant. It makes a shrub about 1–3m tall, rarely to 4m. It is also the hardiest broom, tolerating temperatures down to about -25°C.
The brooms belong to the subfamily Faboideae of the legume family Fabaceae, mainly in the three genera "Chamaecytisus", "Cytisus" and "Genista", but also in five other small genera (see box, right). All genera in this group are from the tribe Genisteae (syn. Cytiseae). These genera are all closely related and share similar characteristics of dense, slender green stems and very small leaves, adaptations to dry growing conditions. Most of the species have yellow flowers, but a few have white, orange, red, pink or purple flowers.
Folklore.
A traditional rhyme from Sussex says: "Sweep the house with blossed broom in May/sweep the head of the household away." Despite this, it was also common to include a decorated bundle of broom at weddings. Ashes of broom were used to treat dropsy, while its strong smell was said to be able to tame wild horses and dogs.

Broom
A broom is a cleaning tool. It consists of stiff fibres attached to, and roughly parallel to, a cylindrical handle, the broomstick. In the context of witchcraft, "broomstick" is likely to refer to the broom as a whole. A smaller whisk broom or brush is sometimes called a duster.
History of broom design.
Brooms have changed very much in their construction, since they developed from ad-hoc use of branches and bundles of several natural fibres. Originally, all brooms were round, a shape that is easy to construct but inefficient for actually sweeping. Brooms could be attached to a handle, either short for a whisk broom, or long for a broom used to sweep the floor or fireplace. The word for the tool was originally "besom", "broom" simply being the material of which it was normally made. The fibres used in modern brooms are from broom corn. They are long, straight, durable, and bound together in the plant. The newest major change is the "flat broom", invented by the Shakers in the 1800s, which has far more width for pushing dirt and nearly all brooms produced today are flat brooms.
Brooms and witchcraft.
Brooms have long been connected with witchcraft, almost universally portrayed as medieval-style round brooms and associated with female witches. Despite the association with women, in 1453, the first known case of claiming to have flown on a broomstick is recorded, confessed by the male witch Guillaume Edelin..

Broom (disambiguation)
A broom is a cleaning tool which also had other uses, e.g. magical and for punishment.

Cleanliness
Cleanliness means that there is no dirt, no dust, no stains, no bad smells or clutter.
The purposes of cleanliness is health, beauty, absence of offensive odor and to avoid the spreading of dirt and contaminants to oneself and others. In the case of glass objects such as windows or windshields, the purpose can also be transparency. Washing is one way of achieving cleanliness, usually with water and often some kind of soap or detergent.
Since the germ theory of disease, it has also come to mean an absence of germs and other waste. In industry, certain processes need conditions of exceptional cleanliness which are achieved by working in cleanrooms.
A very new idea is that ‘dirt’ may play a useful role in our immune systems.

Washing
Washing is one way of cleaning, with water and often some kind of soap or detergent. Washing is an essential part of good hygiene and health.
Soaps and detergents help to spread the oils and dirt particles through the water, so they can be washed away. The spreading of oil through water is called emulsification.

The Wash
The Wash is the square-mouthed estuary on the northwest margin of East Anglia on the east coast of England, "where Norfolk meets Lincolnshire". It is among the largest estuaries in the United Kingdom.
Geography.
The Wash looks on the map like a large bite out of the coastline of eastern England. It separates the curved coast of East Anglia from Lincolnshire. It is formed by a large bay with three roughly straight sides meeting at right angles, each about 25 kilometres (15 miles) in length. All the eastern coast of the Wash is in Norfolk, and goes from Hunstanton in the north to the mouth of the River Great Ouse at King's Lynn in the south. The coast on the opposite side goes from Gibraltar Point to the mouth of the River Welland and is all in Lincolnshire. The southern coast goes roughly northwest-southeast, joining these two river mouths. In the middle is the mouth of a third river, the River Nene.
Historical story.
The most famous thing that people remember about the Wash is that "King John lost his crown in the Wash". This is because, according to reports from the time, King John travelled from Spalding in Lincolnshire to Bishop's Lynn, in Norfolk in the year 1216. He became ill and decided to go back. While he took the longer route through Wisbech, he sent his luggage, including his crown jewels, along the seashore and across the mouth of the Wellstream where the water was not deep. This route was only safe when the tide was low. The horse-drawn wagons moved too slowly for the incoming tide, and many were lost.

Thar Desert
The Thar Desert (Hindi: थार मरुस्थल), also known as the Great Indian Desert, is a desert located in western India and southeastern Pakistan. It lies mostly in the Indian state of Rajasthan. It extends into the southern portion of Haryana and Punjab states and into northern Gujarat state. In Pakistan, the desert covers eastern Sindh province and the southeastern portion of Pakistan's Punjab province. In Pakistan's Punjab province it is known as the Cholistan Desert. Tharparkar District of province Sindh Pakistan is also a part of Thar desert. The Thar Desert is bounded on the northwest by the Sutlej River, on the east by the Aravalli Range, on the south by the salt marsh known as the Rann of Kutch (parts of which are sometimes included in the Thar), and on the west by the Indus River. Its boundary to the large thorny steppe to the north is badly defined. Depending on what areas are included or excluded, the nominal size of the Thar can vary significantly.

List of shrubs
List of shrubs (bushes).
Those marked * can also develop into tree form.

Thyme
Thyme ("Thymus") (pronounced "time") is a genus of perennial plants. There are about 350 different species of thyme. They are herbaceous plants and sub-shrubs. They can grow to about 40 cm tall. They are the family Lamiaceae and native to Europe, North Africa and Asia. A few species have different chemotypes. The stems are usually narrow, sometimes even wiry. The leaves are evergreen in most species. They are arranged in opposite pairs, oval, entire, and small, 4-20 mm long. The flowers are in dense terminal heads, with an uneven calyx, with the upper lip three-lobed, and the lower cleft; the corolla is tubular, 4-10 mm long, and white, pink or purple.
"Thymus" species are used as food plants by the larvae of some "Lepidoptera" insect species including "Chionodes distinctella" and the "Coleophora" case-bearers "C. lixella", "C. niveicostella", "C. serpylletorum" and "C. struella" (the last three feed exclusively on "Thymus").
History.
Ancient Egyptians used thyme for embalming. The ancient Greeks used it in their baths and burnt it as incense in their temples. They believed that thyme was a source of courage. It was thought that the spread of thyme throughout Europe was thanks to the Romans, as they used it to purify their rooms. In the European Middle Ages, the herb was placed under pillows. This was done to help sleep and ward off nightmares. (Huxley 1992). In this period, women would also often give knights and warriors gifts that included thyme leaves. People believed it would bring courage to the bearer. Thyme was also used as incense and placed on coffins during funerals as it was supposed to assure passage into the next life.
Cultivation.
Thyme is widely grown as a herb. Usually it is grown for its strong flavour, which is due to its content of thymol.
Thyme likes a hot sunny location with good-draining soil. It is planted in the spring and later grows as a perennial. It can be propagated by seed, cuttings, or by dividing rooted sections of the plant. It tolerates drought well.
Thyme keeps its flavour on drying better than many other herbs.
Culinary use.
Thyme is widely used for cooking. Thyme is a basic ingredient in French and Italian cuisines, and in those derived from them. It is also widely used in Caribbean cuisine.
Thyme is often used to flavour meats, soups and stews. It has a particular affinity to and is often used as a primary flavour with lamb, tomatoes and eggs.
Thyme, while flavourful, does not overpower and blends well with other herbs and spices. In French cuisine, along with bay and parsley it is a common component of the "bouquet garni", and of "herbes de Provence". In some Middle Eastern countries, the condiment "za'atar" contains thyme as a vital ingredient.
Fresh, Powdered, and Dry.
Thyme is sold both fresh and dried. The fresh form is more flavourful but also less convenient; storage life is rarely more than a week. While summer-seasonal, fresh thyme is often available year-round. Fresh thyme is commonly sold in bunches of sprigs. A sprig is a single stem snipped from the plant. It is composed of a woody stem with paired leaf or flower clusters ("leaves") spaced ½ to 1" apart. A recipe may measure thyme by the bunch (or fraction thereof), or by the sprig, or by the tablespoon or teaspoon. If the recipe does not specify fresh or dried, assume that it means fresh.
Depending on how it is used in a dish, the whole sprig may be used (e.g. in a "bouquet garni"), or the leaves removed and the stems discarded. Usually when a recipe specifies 'bunch' or 'sprig' it means the whole form; when it specifies spoons it means the leaves. It is perfectly acceptable to substitute dried for whole thyme.
Leaves may be removed from stems either by scraping with the back of a knife, or by pulling through the fingers or tines of a fork. Leaves are often chopped.
Thyme retains its flavour on drying better than many other herbs. Dried, and especially powdered thyme occupies less space than fresh, so less of it is required when substituted in a recipe. As a rule of thumb, use one third as much dried as fresh thyme - a little less if it is ground. Substitution is often more complicated than that because recipes can specify sprigs and sprigs can vary in yield of leaves. Assuming a 4" sprig (they are often somewhat longer), estimate that 6 sprigs will yield one tablespoon of leaves. The dried equivalent is 1:3, so substitute 1 teaspoon of dried or ¾ tsp of ground thyme for 6 small sprigs.
As with bay, thyme is slow to release its flavours so it is usually added early in the cooking process.
Medicinal Use.
The essential oil of common thyme (Thymus vulgaris) is made up of 20-55% thymol. Thymol, an antiseptic, is the main active ingredient in Listerine mouthwash. Before the advent of modern antibiotics, it was used to medicate bandages. It has also been shown to be effective against the fungus that commonly infects toenails.
A tea made by infusing the herb in water can be used for cough and bronchitis. Medicinally thyme is used for respiratory infections in the form of a tincture, tisane, salve, syrup or by steam inhalation. Because it is antiseptic, thyme boiled in water and cooled is very effective against inflammation of the throat when gargled 3 times a day. The inflammation will normally disappear in 2 - 5 days. Other infections and wounds can be dripped with thyme that has been boiled in water and cooled.
In traditional Jamaican childbirth practice, thyme tea is given to the mother after delivery of the baby. Its oxytocin-like effect causes uterine contractions and more rapid delivery of the placenta but this was said by Sheila Kitzinger to cause an increased prevalence of retained placenta.
Important species.
"Thymus vulgaris" (Common Thyme or Garden Thyme) is a commonly used culinary herb. It also has medicinal uses. Common thyme is a Mediterranean perennial which is best suited to well-drained soils and enjoys full sun.
"Thymus herba-barona" (Caraway Thyme) is used both as a culinary herb and a groundcover, and has a strong caraway scent due to the chemical carvone.
"Thymus × citriodorus" (Citrus Thyme; hybrid "T. pulegioides" × "T. vulgaris") is also a popular culinary herb, with cultivars selected with flavours of various "Citrus" fruit (lemon thyme, etc.)
"Thymus pseudolanuginosus" (Woolly Thyme) is not a culinary herb, but is grown as a ground cover.
"Thymus serpyllum" (Wild Thyme) is an important nectar source plant for honeybees. All thyme species are nectar sources, but wild thyme covers large areas of droughty, rocky soils in southern Europe (Greece is especially famous for wild thyme honey) and North Africa, as well as in similar landscapes in the Berkshire Mountains and Catskill Mountains of the northeastern US.

Distribution
The word distribution has several meanings

Distributed computing
Distributed computing is a word from computer science, about using many computers to solve a big problem. One way to solve a big problem is to use a very fast computer called a supercomputer. Supercomputers are very expensive, and many scientists can't buy them. A cheaper way to solve a big problem is to split it into smaller problems, when possible. These smaller problems can then be solved by different computers (or processors), which talk to each other over a computer network. Because many computers work together, this makes them as powerful as a supercomputer. One example where distributed computing is used is the Great Internet Mersenne Prime Search.

Frequency distribution
This simple table has two drawbacks. When a variable can take continuous values instead of discrete values or when the number of possible values is too large, the table construction is difficult, if it is not impossible. A slightly different scheme based on the range of values is used in such cases. For example, if we consider the heights of the students in a class, the frequency table might look like below.
Applications.
Managing and operating on frequency tabulated data is much simpler than operation on raw data. There are simple algorithms to calculate median, mean (statistics), standard deviation etc. from these tables.
Statistical hypothesis testing is based on the assessment of differences and similarities between frequency distributions. This assessment involves measures of central tendency or averages, such as the mean and median, and measures of variability or statistical dispersion, such as the standard deviation or variance.
A frequency distribution is said to be skewed when its mean and median are different. The kurtosis of a frequency distribution is the concentration of scores at the mean, or how peaked the distribution appears if depicted graphically—for example, in a histogram. If the distribution is more peaked than the normal distribution it is said to be leptokurtic; if less peaked it is said to be platykurtic.
Frequency distributions are also used in frequency analysis to crack codes and refer to the relative frequency of letters in different languages.

British overseas territories
A British Overseas Territory is one of fourteen territories which the United Kingdom considers to be under its sovereignty, but not as part of the United Kingdom itself.
Before 1981 the territories were known as colonies or "Crown colonies". The British Overseas Territories are also referred to as overseas territories of the United Kingdom, UK overseas territories, or when the context is clear, simply the Overseas Territories.
The territories of Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man, though also under the sovereignty of the British Crown, have a slightly different constitutional relationship with the United Kingdom, and are consequently classed as Crown dependencies rather than Overseas Territories.
Territories and dependencies are distinct from the Commonwealth of Nations, a voluntary association of former British colonies.
In a historical context, colonies should be distinguished from protectorates and protected states, which though under British control, were nominally independent states, whereas colonies were part of the British state. They should also not be confused with Dominions, which, known collectively as the "Commonwealth", were independent states, held to be equal in sovereign status to the United Kingdom within the Empire and Commonwealth after the Statute of Westminster in 1931. Crown colonies, such as Hong Kong, were differentiated from other colonies in being administered directly by the Crown, without the degree of local autonomy found in self-governed colonies such as Bermuda.
Head of State.
The head of state in the Overseas Territories is the British monarch, currently Queen Elizabeth II. The Queen's role in the territories is in her role as Queen of the United Kingdom, and not in right of each territory. The Queen appoints a representative in each territory to exercise her executive power.
Government.
All the Overseas Territories have their own system of government, and localised laws. The structure of the government appears to be closely correlated to the size and political development of the territory.
Legal system.
Each Overseas Territory has its own legal system independent of the United Kingdom. The legal system is generally based on English common law, with some distinctions for local circumstances. Each territory has its own Attorney General, and court system. For the smaller territories, the UK may appoint a UK-based lawyer or judge to work on legal cases. This is particularly important for cases involving serious crimes and where it is impossible to find a jury who will not know the defendant in a small population island.

Promenade concert
The word Promenade Concert today usually refers to one of the concerts in the series started by Henry Wood in 1895, known today as the BBC Proms. However, before these concerts started there had for many years been promenade concerts in the parks of London. These concerts took place in the leisure gardens (parks) where people could walk about while listening to the music (French se promener = to walk).
People had to pay to go into the leisure gardens. There were lots of entertainments there, e.g. fireworks, dancing, acrobatics and music. The music was played by orchestras. Sometimes these orchestras played in bandstands, sometimes in proper buildings.
Vauxhall Gardens and Ranelagh Gardens were the most famous of these gardens. The composer George Frideric Handel had his music played there in the 18th century. The gardens were very fashionable until the 19th century. Aristocratic people, royalty and ordinary people all mixed there. Handel's "Music for the Royal Fireworks" was performed in Vauxhall Gardens to celebrate the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. The composer Dr Thomas Arne was appointed composer of Vauxhall Gardens in 1745. It was here that many of his songs became popular, including "Rule Britannia". Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Joseph Haydn performed in Ranelagh Gardens on their visits to London.
In the 19th century concerts of classical music became very popular. The conductor Louis Antoine Jullien conducted many concerts. His orchestra were even joined by the bands of the Royal Artillery or drummers from the French National Guard. Concerts were also given in Crystal Palace, the huge glass building which was built for the Great Exhibition in 1851.
Many English composers had their music played in these parks. The music was often long songs (ballads), or drinking songs. Sometimes choirs sang choruses from oratorios by Handel. Later in the 19th century the programmes included more music by famous composers such as Brahms, Liszt, Mendelssohn, Schubert, Schumann, Smetana and Wagner.
In 1895 Henry Wood started his series of promenade concerts. He wanted to educate audiences so that they liked good music. This series of concerts continues today in the Royal Albert Hall as the BBC Proms.
See also.
BBC Proms

1392
Year 1392 was a leap year starting on Monday.

1396
Year 1396 was a leap year starting on Saturday.

1420
Year 1420 was a leap year starting on Monday.

1424
Year 1424 was a leap year starting on Saturday.

1432
Year 1432 was a leap year starting on Tuesday.

National Air Traffic Services
The United Kingdom's National Air Traffic Services (NATS) is a company set up in 2001 to run air traffic control services. This means that NATS makes sure aircraft can fly safely across Britain, and that aircraft can take-off and land safely at British airports.
NATS is a private company, but the government owns 49%, just under half.
Before 2001 the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) handled air traffic control.

Fantasy (disambiguation)
Fantasy a cruise ship built by Carnival Cruises, which currently sails out of New Orleans to the Caribbean.

Czech Airlines
Czech Airlines was formed as Czechoslovak State Airlines on 6 October 1923. This was when the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic were one country.
The company started flying "domestically" (only inside Czechoslovakia) in 1924. In 1930 They made their first foreign flight.
CSA stopped flying between 1938 and 1945 when the country was occupied by Germany.
When Czechoslovakia split into two countries all of the Czechoslovak State Airlines stayed in the Czech Republic and became Czech Airlines. That is why Czech Airline's logo says CSA: Czech Airlines

ITU Computer Engineering Department
The computer engineering education at the Istanbul Technical University has started as a part of the "Control and Computer Engineering Department" in Electrical and Electronics Faculty in 1980. The department was re-organized in 1997.

Arika Yumemiya
Arika Yumemiya is a fictional protagonist from the anime "My-Otome".
Story.
Arika lived with just her grandmother, who died when Arika became 15. The grandmother told Arika that her mother was an otome, and gives Arika a necklace from her mother. Wanting to find out more about her mother, and to become an otome like her, Arika walks to Garderobe (a school in Windbloom for training otomes). She meets a girl called Nina Wang, who is from Garderobe.
Arika is from the countryside, so she doesn't know much about the city of Windbloom. Nina soon becomes angry with Arika's clumsiness. When Arika tells Nina that she also wants to find Garderobe to become an otome, like Nina, Nina does not agree to tell her where Garderobe is, because she thought that Arika was not good enough to be an otome.
They save a girl who is called Mashiro from some men, and Mashiro leads Nina and Arika to Garderobe in return. But they are attacked by a robot called a Slave monster. Nina then makes a temporary contract with Mashiro to protect her, so that she can prove that she was a good otome. Arika finds this very interesting, when the Slave Monster defeats Nina.
They all run to a plane, and Arika's necklace shines, making the plane fly by itself. Nina sees the necklace and thinks that she might be Rena Searrs's daughter. A Five Pillar called Shizuru and an otome called Akane saves them, and leads them to Garderobe. Arika thinks that the otomes are good, and asks the headmaster of Garderobe, Natsuki, that she wants to become an otome as well. Natsuki agrees.
Personality.
Arika is very cheerful, and seems to be a good potential for an otome, because she is strong. For example, when she saves Mashiro with Nina, she attacks the men with skill. When the nanomachine is put to her so that she can fight with Nina later on, she doesn't get tired easily. Her power might have come from her mother, Rena Searrs, who was a very strong otome.
But when she sometimes doesn't understand what is happening, she cries easily, but hides it from the others. She always tries to listen to what her grandmother said before she died. For example, the grandmother once said to her "never to give up hope in a dream," so she doesn't give up her dream to become an otome.
Meaning of name.
'Arika' in Japanese means a place, and 'yume' in her surname, Yumemiya, means dream in Japanese. Together, it means that Arika's dream is to become an otome, and she tries to find a place (Garderobe) where she can have her dreams come true.

Protagonist
A protagonist is a main character of a story. It can be used for any kind of story: in literature or movie. The protagonist is also called the main character or the hero of the story.
Protagonists are usually moral, helping other characters to change their badness to become good again, or killing the bad characters.

That's So Raven
"That's So Raven" is an original Disney television comedy series. The main character is a teenage girl, Raven Baxter, played by actress Raven-Symoné. The original character name was Dawn Baxter. Then it was changed to Mariah Baxter, then to Raven Baxter when Raven Symone won the part.
Summary.
Raven Baxter is a psychic teenager who can see the future. She sees the future in visions. She has to try to understand her visions. Sometimes, she tries to keep them from coming true.

Russian Armenia
Russian Armenia (Armenian: Ռուսական Հայաստան) is the time of Armenia's history under Russian rule from 1829, when Eastern Armenia became part of the Russian Empire to the start of the Democratic Republic of Armenia in 1918.

Ruben Studdard
Ruben Studdard (born September 12, 1978) is an African-American singer who won season 2 of American Idol. His runner up is Clay Aiken.

Monocotyledon
Monocotyledons are a class of flowering plants (angiosperms), whose embryo (seed) store only one cotyledon.
The APG II system recognises a clade called "monocots" but does not assign it to a taxonomic rank.

Hornsby
Hornsby is a suburb and shire located in the northern part of Sydney.
History.
The name 'Hornsby' comes from a convict who became a constable. His name was Samuel Henry Horne, and he was given some land for helping catch two bushrangers, whose names were Dalton and MacNamara. He named the land he was given 'Hornsby Place' after himself.
The suburb.
The centre of the suburb is where Hornsby station, Hornsby Westfield, Hornsby Library and many business buildings are located. The eastern side of the train line is often called the 'modern part' of Hornsby, and Westfield and the Hornsby Library are located here, with many new towering apartment blocks. The western side of the railway line is home to Hornsby's main post office, court house, police station, council office, public swimming pool, TAFE college and many older shops and businesses. There is also an industrial area located on the far western part of Hornsby, with many large warehouses and factories.
Hornsby Hospital and Mt Wilga Rehabilitation Hospital are two hospitals in Hornsby.
Population.
Hornsby is a place of many cultures, and many people from around the world live there.
The current population of Hornsby is 18,702.

Glen Campbell
Glen Campbell (born April 22, 1936) is an American musician and singer. Nearly all of his solo works have been in the Country music genre. Before his solo career, he played guitar on rock and pop music records, including "Mary, Mary" by The Monkees. Campbell joined The Beach Boys for a short time, when Brian Wilson became ill.
Campbell guest-starred on "The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour". He later hosted a series of his own, "The Glen Campbell Goodtime Hour".
His popular songs include "Galveston", "By The Time I Get to Phoenix", "Wichita Lineman", "Try a Little Kindness", "Gentle On My Mind", "Sunflower", and "Hey Little One". Many of his popular songs were written by Jimmy Webb, a talented young songwriter. In 1975, Campbell's most popular song was "Rhinestone Cowboy". The song became a phenomenon, and rhinestone-covered clothing became a fad.
Campbell had more hits after "Rhinestone Cowboy". These include "Country Boy (You Got Your Feet in L. A.)" and "Can You Fool?" but his career was not going well in the late 1970s. He seemed to suffer from public overexposure. His romance with Tanya Tucker, a much-younger country singer, did not help the way many people saw Campbell. He stopped recording, and cut back on his public appearances.
Years later, Campbell returned to recording and appearing on television. In the 1990s, people were again interested in his music and career. Personal problems, though, seemed to get as much attention as the good things in his career. These problems included when Campbell was arrested for drunk driving. His music is still popular with fans, and is part of popular culture.

Symphony no 7 (Shostakovich)
"Symphony No. 7 in C Major "Leningrad", Op. 60" is a famous symphony by Dmitri Shostakovich. It was composed in 1941. It is a very long work, lasting about 75 minutes. The symphony was first performed by the Bolshoi Theatre Orchestra on 5 March 1942.
History of its composition.
Shostakovich gave the symphony its title because it is about what was happening in Leningrad in 1941. It was during the World War II and the German army had invaded the Soviet Union and blocked communication between the town of Leningrad (now called St Petersburg) and the rest of the world. Conditions were terrible, the people hardly had any food to eat and they were very cold in the winter. About a million people died during the siege.
Shostakovich lived in terror most of his life because of Stalin, the Soviet dictator, did not like his music he could have been put to death. But the Soviet Union also needed heroes, and sometimes Shostakovich was made a hero and sometimes he was severely criticized. His 7th symphony soon became very popular because people felt that the music was about the strength of the Soviet people and how they would be able to resist the German invasion and win the war. After the war it became less popular in the West because of the political situation. People thought that the music was just Soviet propaganda, written to show how strong Stalin was. In more recent years people have once more changed their minds about the meaning of the music. The music is now thought to show how cruel Stalin was as well as the terror of the Nazi invasion.
This all shows how impossible it is to give music a precise meaning. It is not easy to be sure about what Shostakovich was thinking when he wrote it because we are not sure exactly which year he started to compose the symphony. The fact is that it is very dramatic and exciting, and is saying something about the cruelty of human beings towards one another.
After the first performance on 5 March 1942 in Kuybïshev (now called Samara) it was soon performed in Moscow and then in Leningrad which was still blockaded at the time. A copy of the music was smuggled out to the West on microfilm. It was performed by Sir Henry Wood in London at the BBC studios on 22 June and the following week at a Promenade Concert. On 19 July it was played in New York by the NBC Symphony Orchestra conducted by Arturo Toscanini in a studio concert broadcast nationwide on radio.
Shostakovich had been awarded a Stalin Prize for the symphony.
The Music.
The first movement is a long, dramatic movement. Although it starts fairly quietly the middle section is very obviously a musical description of an invading army. It is a march, with a repeated rhythm on the snare drum, starting very softly, with the tune first heard in the strings who are playing "col legno" (with the wooden part of the bow. Each time the tune is played it becomes louder. People used to think that this theme described the invading German Nazi army, but nowadays musicians think it describes the brave Russian army, because it has Russian tunes hidden in it.
The second movement is called scherzo. It is a more light-hearted movement after the tension of the first movement. The third movement is slow and passionate and the finale is all about victory.
The orchestra is very large and includes two piccolos, cor anglais, Eflat clarinet, 8 French horns, 2 harps, a piano and a lot of percussion.

Persian Armenia
Persian Armenia means the Armenian land ruled by Persia in some time. The size of Persian Armenia changed over time.

Iuridictum
Iuridictum is an encyclopedia about law in Czech language made with a wiki, which means that anyone can change the encyclopedia or create new articles. The project was started in 2005 by Tomáš Pecina, former administrator of Czech Wikipedia.

Potential
A potential is a likely possibility that something will be able to happen.

Rena Searrs
Rena Searrs, in the fictional anime My-Otome, was a powerful otome of the king of Windbloom, but she died from a war 14 years ago. She is later revealed to be the mother of Arika Yumemiya.
Her Gem (jewel) is the Blue Sky Sapphire.

Nina Wang
Nina Wang is a fictional character from the anime "My-Otome."
Background.
Nobody knows of Nina's past, just that she was kidnapped by assasins when she was young. She trained to become an assassin with other young children, until a man called Sergay Wang came to kill the assassins. Sergay sees Nina, and decides to adopt her. Nina trains in Garderobe from then on, to become Nagi's (Sergay's master) otome. She grows to love her stepfather more than loving a father, and is jealous when she finds that Sergay loved a woman called Rena Searrs from a photo album.
When she first meets Arika, she is angry at Arika for embarrassing her. This is because Arika tried to catch a drink from falling and landed on Nina instead. Nina fell down, showing the inside of her skirt, and she felt embarrassed in front of other people who were there, for example, Sergay. It is her dream to please Sergay and so she pretends that her dream is to become an otome, because Sergay would be proud.

Kidnapping
Kidnapping is an illegal act of stealing people. It was started by slave traders from Roman times. Kidnapping keeps on going for centuries because the kidnappers want money.

Gurkha
Gurkhas are Nepali citizens. They come from the mountains of Nepal and are best know for their courage, honesty, and loyalty. The Brigade of Gurkhas are a part of the British army. They have fought with the British for the past 200 years. They work in the security forces of Brunei, Singapore, India and other countries'. The Gurkha unit in the Britsh army has won 26 Victoria Cross medals and many other medals.

Moses of Chorene
Moses of Chorene (Armenian) is known as the author of the most important mediaeval Armenian history. He is known as the first Armenian historian.

Decimal
The decimal (base ten or occasionally denary) numeral system has ten as its base. It is the most widely used numeral system, perhaps because humans have four fingers and a thumb on each hand, giving a total of ten digits over both hands.
Decimal notation.
Decimal notation is the writing of numbers in the base-ten numeral system, which uses various symbols (called digits) for no more than ten distinct values (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9) to represent any numbers, no matter how large. These digits are often used with a decimal separator which indicates the start of a fractional part, and with one of the sign symbols + (positive) or − (negative) in front of the numerals to indicate sign.
There are only two truly positional decimal systems in ancient civilization, the Chinese counting rods system and Hindu-Arabic numeric system, both required no more
than ten symbols. Other numeric systems require more symbols.
Other rational numbers.
Any rational number which cannot be expressed as a decimal fraction has a unique infinite decimal expansion ending with recurring decimals.
History.
There follows a chronological list of recorded decimal writers.
Natural languages.
A straightforward decimal system, in which 11 is expressed as "ten-one" and 23 as "two-ten-three", is found in Chinese languages except Wu, and in Vietnamese with a few irregularities. Japanese, Korean, and Thai have imported the Chinese decimal system. Many other languages with a decimal system have special words for teens and decades.
Incan languages such as Quechua and Aymara have an almost straightforward decimal system, in which 11 is expressed as "ten with one" and 23 as "two-ten with three".
Some psychologists suggest irregularities of numerals in a language may hinder children's counting ability.

Numeral system
A numeral system (or system of numeration) is a framework where a set of numbers are represented by "numerals" in a consistent manner. It can be seen as the "context" that allows the "numeral" "11" to be interpreted as the binary numeral for "three", the decimal numeral for "eleven", or other numbers in different bases.
A numeral is a symbol or group of symbols, or a word in a natural language that represents a number. Numerals differ from numbers just as words differ from the things they refer to. The symbols "11", "eleven" and "XI" are different numerals, all representing the same number. This article attempts to explain the various systems of numerals. See also number names.
Explained simply.
There are different symbols, that can be used to make numbers. In a system with base 10 (the normal decimal system), usually the symbols "0","1","2", "3", "4", "5","6", "7", "8", and "9" are used. The numbers 0 to 9 can be written as one symbol, "0".."9". To count past 9, symbols have to be put together. "10" can be seen as "1 times 101 plus 0 times 100". With a base of 2, only the symbols "0" and "1" are used. "10" in base 2 notation is therefore "1 times 21 plus 0 times 20". This is the same as 2, in the base 10 notation.
For bases bigger than 10, capital letters are used as symbols.
For example, the hexadecimal numeral system (base 16) uses the numerical digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F.
Today, mainly bases 2, 8, 10, 12 and 16 are in use.
Most calculations are done in binary (base 2), although most people do calculations in decimal (base ten).

Mashiro Kazahana
Mashiro Kazahana is a main character in the anime My-HiME. Mashiro Blanc de Windbloom is her name in My-Otome.
Mashiro Kazahana.
Mashiro first meets Mai Tokiha when Mai is trying to find Mikoto Minagi, and Mashiro is seen in a rose garden with a maid. When she later meets Mai, Mai finds out that Mashiro is the chairwoman of the Fuuka Academy. She is calm and seems to know more than the people of her age, even though she is just 14. She knows about the Himes, feeling sorry for them as if it was her own fault that the Himes were created.
Mashiro Blanc de Windbloom.
Mashiro Blanc de Winbloom is the queen of Windbloom, who is only 15. She is bossy and loud, parallel to Mashiro Kazahana. She gets angry easily, and when people say that she is a fake princess, she is shocked because she wants to be a queen so much. But a rumour says that the real princess was floated away in a casket, and that Mashiro was just a replacement for not finding the real princess. Mashiro doesn't look like the last rulers of Winbloom as well.

Chairperson
A chairperson is a person who represents a school - usually a university - or a religion. They are less than a headmaster, but they can order what needs to be done in an organisation. They can be both women and men.

NEXTSTEP
NEXTSTEP was a computer operating system made by a company called NeXT. NeXT was run by Steve Jobs, who is now the CEO of Apple. NEXTSTEP was based on UNIX. It had a graphical user interface and it let people write computer programs using object-oriented programming. NEXTSTEP ran only on computers made by NeXT. Later on, NEXTSTEP was changed so that it could run on other computers. This new operating system was called OPENSTEP. In 1997, Apple bought the NeXT company and used NEXTSTEP to make Mac OS X.

Darwin (operating system)
Darwin is a free, open source operating system made by Apple Inc. It is named after Charles Darwin. Darwin is used as the base of Mac OS X, but it cannot run Mac OS X programs.

Graduation
Graduation is the confirmation of the finishing of an academy. Graduation is celebrated in a ceremony done at the day of that confirmation; the name of that ceremony is usually the degree day. This is also called commencement, invocation, or convocation.
Graduation also means the moving of a student from one grade to another higher grade.

Loyalty
Loyalty is a devotion for someone or something. Someone who is loyal can be trusted, because they never betray the people they are loyal to.
Loyatly in business.
Being loyal can also bring good to business because the boss, or person in control, may let the person do something difficult but greatly paid. This is because loyal people are expected and trusted to behave responsibly.

ITunes
iTunes is a media player made by Apple. It came out on January 10, 2001 at the Macworld Expo in San Francisco. iTunes is used for playing and sorting music and video files. It also lets users see and change what is on their iPod or iPhone.
iTunes is a free download for Mac OS X and Microsoft Windows from Apple's website. The download is also included with QuickTime, a program used to play videos. It also comes with all Apple Macintosh computers, and some HP and Dell computers.
iTunes store.
The iTunes Store is an online store built into iTunes. iTunes can connect to the iTunes Store if there is an internet connection to buy and download music, music videos, television shows, iPod games, audiobooks, podcasts, and movies. The files from the iTunes Store use Digital Rights Management (DRM) to prevent piracy. However, iTunes now sells music and videos called iTunes Plus, which are higher quality and have no DRM. They are the same price as iTunes songs with DRM.

AAC
AAC is a file format for storing music or other sounds. It stands for Advanced Audio Coding or Advanced Audio Codec. It is used by Apple Inc. in the iPod and iTunes. AAC is one of the standard formats that comes from the MPEG organization, the same people who invented MP3.
File names.
An AAC file that has only music and information could have a name that ends with either.m4a or.mp4.

WMA
WMA is a file format for storing music. It was made by Microsoft. It stands for Windows Media Audio. It is used in Windows Media Player and many portable music players.

List of Places in My-Otome
These are the fictional places in the anime "My-Otome."
Windbloom.
Windbloom is a country in the planet Earl. This is where Garderobe and most of the stories in My-Otome are focused on.

Regatta
A regatta is a term used to describe either a boat race, or series of boat races.
Although the term typically describes racing events of unpowered watercraft, some powerboat race series are also called "regattas". Most commonly, a "regatta" is either a series of rowing, sailing or yacht racing.
Although "regattas" are typically amateur competitions, they are usually very highly organized, formally structured events, with complex rules precisely describing the schedule and procedures of the event.

Touchscreen
A touchscreen or touch screen is a screen that you can touch with your finger or a stylus pen to use, instead of or with a mouse and keyboard. They are usually used in PDA], but are also used in some other devices like the Nintendo DS or the iPhone.

My-HiME
"My-Hime" (舞-HiME, Mai-Hime) is an anime made by the Sunrise Inc. My-Otome is the parallel sequence to this story.
Story.
Mai Tokiha, the protagonist, is once of the Himes (Princesses) who are girls with power who fight against monsters and an evil organisation.

Zodiac
The Zodiac is the twelve constellations in the form animals or humans.
Chinese Zodiac.
In a Chinese Zodiac, there are years for twelve animals in turn, and this follows the Chinese constellation from the Chinese astronomy.

Artemis Fowl (series)
As the books advance, more attention is given to the moral progressiveness of the main character, Artemis Fowl II

Lee Hazlewood
Lee Hazlewood (9 July 1929 – 4 August 2007) was an American country singer, songwriter, and record producer. Lee Hazlewood was most famous because he wrote the song "These Boots are made for Walkin" for Nancy Sinatra.

Decimal separator
The decimal separator is a symbol used to mark the border between the integral and the fractional parts of a decimal numeral. As this symbol can be a period "." or a comma ",", decimal point and decimal comma are common names for the decimal separator. For example 9.5 means nine and one half in English speaking countries.

MPEG
The Moving Picture Experts Group, or MPEG for short, is a group of people that figure out ways to put music and video onto computers. Then they publish this information for people to use.
MPEG invented a number of file formats for music and video.
MP3 and AAC, which are two of MPEG's music formats, are very popular. The MPEG-4 video format, used in DVDs, is also very popular.
Companies like Apple use MPEG formats in iTunes and the iPod. Many YouTube videos use the MPEG-4 format, which sometimes goes by the brand names DivX™ or Xvid.

Princess Iman bint Al Hussein
Princess Iman bint Al Hussein (born April 24, 1983) is the daughter of the late King Hussein of Jordan and Queen Noor. She is the half-sister of the present Jordanian king, Abdullah II. Princess Iman was educated at Sandhurst, the Royal Military Academy in England.

Clannad
Clannad are a musical group from Gweedore, in County Donegal, which is in the north-west of Ireland. They are very famous for their haunting sound that has been used in many Hollywood movies. They have sold over 20 million albums all over the world and won a Grammy award in 1999. They are brothers and sisters Máire, Ciarán, and Pól Brennan and their uncles Noel and Pádraig Duggan. Their younger sister Enya was once part of the group.
Their first language is Gaelic and many of their songs are sung in that language.

Nicole Vaidisova
Nicole Vaidišová is a professional female tennis player. She was born in Nuremberg, Germany on April 23, 1989. She became a tennis professional in 2003, and debuted in several ITF tournaments. She measures at and weighs. She enjoys reading, watching movies, yoga, and bike riding. Her favorite city is New York City. She speaks German, English, Czech, and is learning French.

ASDFGHJKL
Home keys

Tatiana Golovin
Tatiana Golovin is a professional female tennis player. She was born in Moscow, Russia on January 25, 1988. She moved to Paris, France and earned French citizenship. She won the 2004 French Open mixed-doubles event with Richard Gasquet. She currently resides in Miami, Florida. She speaks English and French.

Home keys
On a QWERTY keyboard, the letters "ASDFGHJKL" and the semicolon (;) are called the home keys, or sometimes the home row.
Structure.
The home keys A, S, D, F, H, J, K, and L are where the fingers are placed, with both thumbs resting on the space bar. The pinkies (plural of pinky) go on the A and; keys, the ring fingers (fingers closest to the pinkies) on S and L, middle fingers on D and K, and the index fingers (those closest to the thumb) on F and J. Some computers have little bumps on the F and J letters to help the user tell where the home keys are. When the fingers are placed on the home keys, almost every key should be reachable from that position.

Arzashkun
Arzashkun (Armenian: Արզաշկուն) was located north of Lake Van, double walled and with towers. It was the capital of the early kingdom of Urartu in the 9th century BC.
At the headwaters of the river Tigris, in the ninth century, B.C., an state of Urartu. Shalmaneser regarded it as so important to Assyria's interest that he started an mission in 857, and said that he destroyed the capital Arzashkun, located as far as Lake Van, and left his inscription on Mount Irritia.
Arzashkun seems to be the Assyrian form of an Urartian name ending in -ka formed from a proper name Arzash, which the name Arsene, Arsissa, known by the ancients to part of Lake Van. Arzashkun might show the Ardzik of the Armenian historians, west of Malasgert.

Caucasus Mountains
The Caucasus Mountains is a mountain range in Eurasia. It is between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea in the Caucasus region.

Hayk
Hayk (Armenian:Հայկ, also known as Haik), in Armenian legend, was the founder of the Armenian nation. His story is found mostly in the 5th century historian Moses Khorenatsi's book "History of Armenia".
According to Moses Khorenatsi, Hayk is the son of Torgom (Togarmah), the son of Gomer, the son of Japheth. Hayk is also called the founder of the Haykazuni dynasty. According to the historian Juansher, Hayk "was prince of the seven brothers and stood in service to the giant Nimrod (Nebrovt') who first ruled the entire world as king."
Hayk is also the name of the constellation of Orion in the Armenian Bible (Job 38:31)
According to Moses Khorenatsi, after Hayk the son of Torgom became father to Armeneak while living in Babylon, because the arrogant Titan Bel (who is Nimrod, according to Moses) has made himself king of the world, Hayk moves with his family and 300 others to the land of Ararat, and starts a village called "Haykashen". On the way, he leaves one area for his grandson, Cadmus. Bel sends one of his sons to give Hayk a message, saying that he must return to Babylon, but Hayk answers that he will not. Then Bel marches against him with a great army, but Cadmus warns Hayk that he is coming. Hayk gathers his own army on the shore of Lake Van and tells them they must either defeat Bel or die trying, so they won't become his slaves.
After that, he finds Bel's army on a mountain. Moses says this mountain is found at Dastakert. Bel himself is seen in front of his army. In the middle of the battle, Hayk kills Bel with a lucky arrow and Bel's army becomes confused and defeated.
According to other writers, this battle was fought at Dyutsaznamart around Julamerk, southeast of Lake Van, in the year 2501 BC. Hayk builds a castle called "Haykaberd" and the village of Haykashen. He names the country where the battle was fought "Hayk" after himself, and today the name of Armenia is called "Hayastan" and the Armenian people are called "Hay", in their language. Also, in the ancient writings of the Hittites, there was a country called Hayasa in the area.

Mol
Mol is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Antwerp.
In 2007 its population was 33060.
It is located at 51° 11 North, 05° 07 East.

Maya (software)
"Maya" is a 3D computer graphics application. It is available for Windows, Linux, Mac OS X and IRIX computer operating systems. It is currently owned by Autodesk. It is often used to create computer graphics for television and films.

Gerry Adams
Gerard Adams (Irish Gearóid Mac Ádhaimh(born 6 October, 1948) is an Irish Republican politician.
He is a member of the Northern Ireland Assembly in Belfast. He is also a member of the British Parliament for Belfast West. He does not go to Parliament because he does not believe that Britain should control Northern Ireland.
He is President of Sinn Féin. Sinn Féin became the largest nationalist, republican or pro-Belfast Agreement political party in Northern Ireland in the 2005 UK general election.
Adams is a spokesman for the "Irish republican movement" or the "Provisional movement". This includes Sinn Féin and the Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA). The IRA is illegal in the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland, because it is a terrorist group.
Adams is thought to have persuaded the IRA to give up its "war" against the UK in return for devolved government for Northern Ireland.
From the late 1980s, Adams was an important figure in the Northern Ireland peace process, started when he met first the SDLP (Social Democratic and Labour Party’s) leader John Hume and later the Irish and British governments, and then other parties.
In 1995 the IRA stopped fighting, and in 2005 the IRA said the war was over.
Although Adams and the other Sinn Féin members elected to the UK parliament in London do not attend, Sinn Féin changed this policy (called abstentionism) towards Leinster House (Ireland’s Parliament in Dublin) in 1986 and later to took seats in the Northern Ireland Assembly.
Background.
Gerry Adams was born in West Belfast. He has 4 brothers and 5 sisters.
His parents, Gerry Adams Sr. and Annie Hannaway, came from strong republican backgrounds. Adams's grandfather, also named Gerry Adams, had been a member of the Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB) during the Irish War of Independence. Two of Adams's uncles, Dominic and Patrick Adams, had been interned (jailed without a trial) by the governments in Belfast and Dublin. His uncle Dominic was a senior figure in the IRA of the mid-1940s, but not the chief of staff as some people say. Gerry Sr. joined the IRA when he was sixteen. In 1942 he was in an IRA ambush on an RUC police patrol, but was shot, arrested and sentenced to eight years imprisonment.
Adams's mother’s grandfather, Michael Hannaway, was a member of the Fenians during their dynamiting campaign in England in the 1860s and 1870s. Michael's son, Billy, was election agent for Éamon de Valera in 1918 in West Belfast but refused to follow de Valera into democratic and constitutional politics upon the formation of Fianna Fáil. Annie Hannaway was a member of Cumann na mBan, the women's branch of the IRA. Three of her brothers (Alfie, Liam and Tommy) were also IRA members.
Early republican career.
In the late 1960s, a civil rights campaign started in Northern Ireland, to get equal treatments for Roman Catholics Adams was an active supporter and joined the Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association in 1967. Instead of leading to change, the civil rights movement there were protests counter-demonstrators called Loyalists. In August 1969 there was rioting in Northern Ireland’s big cities of Belfast and Derry, and the Government of Northern Ireland asked for the British army to help keep control.
This is when the IRA and its political counterpart in Sinn Féin, restarted. Gerry Adams was active in Sinn Féin at this time. In 1970 the republican movement (that is the peaceful politicians and the fighters like the IRA who all want the United Kingdom not to control Northern Ireland) split. Adams aligned himself with the active "Provisional" part based in Belfast. The "Official" part based in Dublin was not interested in fighting for people in Belfast, and the "Official" Sinn Féin was more interested in spreading Marxism rather than making Ireland united.
In August 1971, internment without trial was introduced in Northern Ireland. Adams was arrested in March 1972 and interned HMS Maidstone, but was set free in June to take part in secret talks in London. There was a short-lived truce and some members of the IRA met with William Whitelaw the British government minister in charge of Northern Ireland.. The IRA delegation included Sean Mac Stiofain (Chief of Staff), Daithi O'Conaill, Seamus Twomey, Ivor Bell, Martin McGuinness and Gerry Adams. The IRA insisted Adams be included in the meeting and he was released from internment to participate. Following the failure of the talks he helped to plan a bombing campaign in Belfast known as Bloody Friday. He was re-arrested in July 1973 and interned at Long Kesh internment camp, which was later called the Maze Prison. After attempting to escape he was sentenced to imprisonment, which was also served at the Maze.
During the Hunger Strikes of 1981, Adams played an important policy-making role.. the hunger strikes saw his Sinn Féin party become more important as a political force. In 1983 he was elected president of Sinn Féin and became the first Sinn Féin MP elected to the British House of Commons since the 1950s. Following his election (as MP for Belfast West) the British government lifted a ban on him travelling to Britain. In line with Sinn Féin policy, he refused to sit in the House of Commons.
On 14 March 1984, Adams was seriously wounded in an assassination attempt when several Ulster Freedom Fighters (UFF) gunmen fired about twenty shots into the car in which he was travelling. After the shooting, under-cover plain clothes police officers seized three suspects who were later convicted and sentenced. One of the three was John Gregg. Adams claimed that the British army had prior knowledge of the attack and allowed it to go ahead.
Alleged IRA Membership.
Adams has often said that he has never been a member of the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA). However, several writers and journalists such as Ed Moloney, Richard English, Peter Taylor and Mark Urban have all said Adams was part of the IRA leadership during the 1970s. Adams has called Moloney's claims "libellous."
President of Sinn Féin.
In 1978, Gerry Adams became joint-vice-president of Sinn Féin and he led a challenge to the Sinn Féin leadership of President Ruairí Ó Brádaigh and joint-Vice President Dáithí Ó Conaill. Others who supported Adams and were from Belfast included Jim Gibney, Tom Hartley, and Danny Morrison. Some say Ruairí Ó Brádaigh was a more traditional Irish nationalist and that the northern leadership which surrounded Adams wanted to act faster and in different ways if they had to.
The 1975 IRA-British truce is often viewed as the event that began the challenge to the original Provisional Sinn Féin leadership, which was said to be Southern-based and dominated by southerners like Ó Brádaigh and Ó Conaill. However, the Chief of Staff of the IRA at the time, Seamus Twomey, was a senior figure from Belfast. Others in the leadership also lived in the North, including Billy McKee from Belfast. Adams was supposed to have become the most senior figure in the IRA Northern Command because he wanted only military action, but during his time in prison Adams came to thought about his ideas and became more political.
It is alleged that "provisional" republicanism was founded on its opposition to the communist-inspired "broad front" politics of the Cathal Goulding-led Official IRA, but this too is disputed.
Some of the main reasons that the Provisional IRA was founded in December 1969 and provisional Sinn Féin was founded in January 1970, was that people like Ó Brádaigh, O'Connell, and Billy McKee wanted new political bodies and did not want to work in or with the existing bodies such as the Parliament in London. Another was the failure of the Goulding leadership to defend of nationalist areas against attacks by Loyalists and sometimes even the police. At the December 1969 IRA convention and the January 1970 Sinn Féin Ard Fheis (the Irish words for a party conference or convetion) the delegates voted to participate in the Dublin (Leinster House), Belfast (Stormont) and London (Westminster) parliaments, the organisations split into Provisional and Official parts. Gerry Adams, who had joined the Republican Movement in the early 1960s, did not go with the Provisionals until later in 1970.
End of Abstentionism.
Republicans like Ruairí Ó Brádaigh said that the only legitimate country in Ireland was the Irish Republic declared in 1916. They said the legal government was the IRA Army Council because the last remaining anti-Anglo-Irish Treaty deputies of the Second Dáil made them the government. (Gerry Adams keep to this idea of republican political legitimacy until quite recently - however in his 2005 speech to the Sinn Féin Ard Fheis he rejected it.)
If Sinn Féin any won seats in the British or Irish parliaments they never went to the parliaments. At its 1986 Ard Fheis, Sinn Féin changed its and constitution to allow its members to sit in the Dublin parliament (Leinster House/Dáil Éireann). This made Ruairí Ó Brádaigh lead a small walkout, just as he had done years earlier to create Provisional Sinn Féin. This minority which still believed in abstentionism, called themselves Republican Sinn Féin (or Sinn Féin Poblachtach in Irish), and saysy that they are the true Sinn Féin.
Adams' leadership of Sinn Féin was supported by a Northern-based group that included people like Danny Morrison and Martin McGuinness. Adams and others, over time, pointed to Sinn Féin election wins in the early and mid-1980s, when hunger strikers Bobby Sands and Kieran Doherty were elected to the British House of Commons and Dáil Éireann, and they pushed to get Sinn Féin become more political and less paramilitary. This policy was a success and Adams and McGuinness, and others, were elected to the House of Commons, but never attend. Sinn Féin still abstains from Westminster.
Voice ban.
At this time most ordinary people in Britain knew about Gerry Adams because they could not hear him. Prime minister Margaret Thatcher banned radio and television stations from broadcasting his voice. All Irish republican organisations and unionist terrorist organisations were banned like this, but Adams was the only person important enough to appear regularly on TV. This ban was imposed after the BBC interviewed Martin McGuinness. and the British Government thought that some groups were getting too much publivity.
A similar ban, known as Section 31, had been law in the Republic of Ireland since the 1970s. However media outlets soon found ways around the ban, first by the use of subtitles, and later and more commonly by using actors to read his words over the pictures of him speaking.
This ban was madefun of in cartoons and satirical TV shows, notably "Spitting Image", and in "The Day Today". It was also criticized by freedom of speech organisations worldwide and British media personalties, including BBC Director General John Birt and BBC foreign editor John Simpson. The ban was lifted by Prime Minister John Major on 17 September, 1994.
Moving into mainstream politics.
Sinn Féin continued its policy of refusing to sit in the Westminster parliament even after Adams won the Belfast West constituency. He lost his seat to Joe Hendron of the Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP) in the 1992 general election. However, he easily regained it at the next election in May 1997.
Under Adams, Sinn Féin moved away from being a political voice of the Provisional IRA to becoming a professionally organised political party in both Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland.
SDLP leader John Hume MP realised that i a negotiated settlement might be possible and began secret talks with Adams in 1988. These discussions led to unofficial contacts with the British Northern Ireland Office under the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, Peter Brooke, and with the government of the Republic under Charles Haughey – although both governments maintained in public that they would not negotiate with "terrorists".
These talks provided the basis for what was later to be the Belfast Agreement, as well as the Downing Street Declaration and the Joint Framework Document.
These negotiations led to the IRA ceasefire in August 1994. The new Irish Taoiseach (prime minister) Albert Reynolds had played a key role in the Hume/Adams talks through his Special Advisor Martin Mansergh, thought the ceasefire as permanent. However the IRA ended its ceasefire because of the slow pace of developments, partly because British prime minister John Major needed the votes of the Ulster Unionist Party in the House of Commons.
Later there was a new ceasefire, and there were talks between teams from the British and Irish governments, the Ulster Unionist Party, the SDLP, Sinn Féin and representatives of loyalist paramilitary organizations, under the chairmanship of former United States Senator Mitchell. The talks produced the Belfast Agreement (also called the "Good Friday Agreement" as it was signed on Good Friday, 1998). Under the agreement, structures were created to show that some people on the island of Ireland were Irish and others wanted to be British. A British-Irish Council and the Northern Ireland Assembly were set up
Articles 2 and 3 of the Republic's constitution, "Bunreacht na hÉireann", which claimed sovereignty over all of Ireland, were reworded, and a power-sharing Executive Committee was provided for. As part of their deal Sinn Féin agreed to abandon its abstentionist policy regarding a "six-county parliament", and took its seats in the new Assembly based at Stormont Sinn Féin ran the and running the health and social services and the education ministries in the power-sharing government.
Opponents in Republican Sinn Féin accused Sinn Féin of "selling out" by agreeing to participate in what it called "partitionist assemblies" in the Republic and Northern Ireland. However Gerry Adams insisted that the Belfast Agreement provided a way to make Ireland united by non-violent and legal means, much as Michael Collins had said of the Anglo-Irish Treaty in 1922
When Sinn Féin came to nominate its two ministers to the Executive Council, the party, like the SDLP and the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) did not to include its leader among its ministers. (When later the SDLP chose a new leader, it selected one of its ministers, Mark Durkan, who then opted to remain a minister.)
Adams remains the President of Sinn Féin, with Caoimhghín Ó Caoláin serving as Sinn Féin parliamentary leader in Dáil Éireann, and Martin McGuinness the party's chief negotiator and effective party head in the Northern Ireland Assembly. His son, Gearoid is a primary school teacher and has represented Co. Antrim in gaelic football.
On 8 March, 2007 it was Adams was re-elected to the Northern Ireland Assembly.
On 26 March, 2007, he met with DUP leader Ian Paisley face-to-face for the first time, and the two came to an agreement regarding the return of the power-sharing executive in Northern Ireland.

Northern Ireland Assembly
The Northern Ireland Legislative Assembly was set up after the Belfast Agreement to allow the people of Northern Ireland run their own government and pass some laws (legislation). The United Kingdom parliament can still abolish the assembly, because Northern Ireland is not an independent countries.

Northern Ireland Office
The Northern Ireland Office was set up in 1971. It is a ministry in the British Government which looks after the affairs of Northern Ireland.
It head of the Office is called the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland.
The job of Secretary of State is less important now because the Northern Ireland Assembly and the ministers in the assembly do a lot of the work of the Northern Ireland Office.

Cyprian
Saint Cyprian (Thascius Caecilius Cyprianus) was bishop of Carthage. he was an important early Christian writer. He was probably born at the beginning of the 3rd century in North Africa, perhaps at Carthage. At Carthage, he learned about classical (Paganism). After becoming a Christian, he became a bishop (249). he eventually died a martyr at Carthage.

Flag of Cyprus
The flag of Cyprus is the flag used to represent, or show, Cyprus. It features a map of the whole island, with two olive branches below the map (a symbol of peace) on white as a background (another symbol of peace). The map on the flag is a copper-yellow color to show Cyprus has large amounts of copper.

Simon Barere
Simon Barere (September 1, 1896–April 2, 1951) was a Russian pianist. He was born in Odessa, Ukraine.
Barere died of a massive bleeding in brain during a performance of Grieg's Piano Concerto at Carnegie Hall with Philadelphia Orchestra.

Tomsk
Tomsk (Russian:Томск) is a Russian city, the administrative center of Tomsk Oblast. One of the largest cities in Siberia. Population 512 600 (2006).
Established under a decree from Tsar Boris Godunov in 1604.
In 1804, the government selected Tomsk to become the center for a new governorate which would include the modern cities of Novosibirsk, Kemerovo, Altai, Krasnoyarsk and eastern Kazakhstan.
Tomsk State University is the first university in Siberia (founded in 1878, opened in 1888). The Tomsk State University Library book reserve is considered to be among the richest in Russia.
Tomsk Polytechnic University opened in 1900 is the first technical university in Siberia. Siberian Medical University is one of the oldest and highest rated medical schools in Russia.
Continental climate. The annual average temperature is −1.3 °C. Winters are severe and lengthy, and the lowest recorded temperature was −56 °C in January 1996.

Intelligent design
Intelligent Design is the idea that the universe is not simple enough to be made by nature. Instead, people who believe Intelligent Design think that a smarter force must have made everything. Intelligent Design is the idea that the types of plants and animals around us were not made using evolution. Overall, scientists do not think that there are good reasons to believe Intelligent Design. Many people think that Intelligent Design is a form of Creationism or just another name for it. In 2005, in the Dover trial, a United States judge decided that Intelligent Design was creationism in disguise to try to get around the First Amendment.
See the article on the Dover trial for more.

Riaz Ahmed Gohar Shahi
Riaz Ahmed Gohar Shahi (ریاض احمدگوھرشاہی) (‎25 November, 1941 – 25 November, 2001) was a Pakistani author, spiritual leader and Founder of International Spiritual Movement Anjuman Serfaroshan-e-Islam. He was born in the Indian sub-continent, in a small village of Gohar Shah in the district of Rawalpindi.
Name.
His full name is Riaz Ahmed Gohar Shahi, which is in Urdu. The meaning of first part of his name Riaz is "Piece" or "Garden", Ahmed is another name of Muhammad and last two parts of his name Gohar Shahi means "Royal Gem". Gohar Shahi is used with his name because of his ancestor Baba Gohar Ali Shah who was a renowned Sufi and spiritualist. The village where Gohar Shahi was born is also dedicated to Baba Gohar Ali Shah for many centuries and called Dhok Gohar Shah, means “Village of Gohar Shah”. Gohar Shahi is the fifth generation of Baba Gohar Ali Shah.
History.
He was born on 25 November 1941 in Dhok Gohar Shah, a village located in District Rawalpindi, Pakistan. At the age of twenty, when Gohar Shahi was the owner of F. Q. Steel Industries (Registered) he started to search for spiritualism amongst the saints and dervishes of the time. He soon found that his heart remained unfulfilled. Eventually upon becoming disillusioned with the saints and dervishes which he encountered, and being disappointed in not receiving Spiritual Benevolence he returned to his work. Gohar Shahi then married and had three children.
At about the age of thirty four Bari Imam appeared before him and said: "My son your time has come, you must go to the shrine of Sultan Bahu to receive the Sacred Inner Dimensions of Spiritual Knowledge." Gohar Shahi then left his work, family and parents and went to Shorkot, where under the blissful supervision of Sultan Bahu made the book "Nurul Huda (Light of Guidance)" (a book written by Sultan Bahu), his journey's companion. He then went to Sehwan Sharif for self-mortification and peace of heart, and spent a period of three years in the mountains of Sehwan Sharif and the forest of Laal Bagh in Self-Purification.
In a very short span of time the message of Gohar Shahi became fairly popular in Pakistan and internationally. Gohar Shahi was invited to mosques, hindu temples, churches, Sikh temples, Imam Bargahs to deliver speech. He was the first ever Muslim Spiritual Leader who was invited by people of all faith in their places of worships.
The Teachings.
Gohar Shahi often talks about his three years in the wilderness, and sees them as the best part of his life. He returned to the world on the Commandment of God. Contrary to his expectations, he had to go through humiliation and rejections. In first four years of preaching the message, only five people favored it. Then, gradually young seekers accepted his teachings. He turned the hearts of several hundred thousand people towards the Remembrance and the Love of God. Gohar Shahi sought a spiritual revival based on Divine Love of God and emphasized Self-Purification through Dhikr-e-Qulb (Rememberance of Allah with HeartBeats). Gohar Shahi was invited to mosques, hindu temples, churches, Sikh temples, Imam Bargahs to deliver speech. He was the first ever Muslim Spiritual Leader who was invited by people of all faith in their places of worships. Gohar Shahi was in favor of divine love and considers it most important for an approach to God and no discrimination of caste, creed, nation or religion is accepted for Divine Love of God as every human has been gifted with an ability to develop spiritual power to approach to the essence of God. However, orthodox theological scholars criticized and condemned the teachings of Gohar Shahi.
Sufi's response.
Though orthodox theological scholars condemned the teachings of Gohar Shahi and criticized him heavily not just in Pakistan but throughout the world but on the other side number of internationally renowned Sufis including Shaykh Muhammad Hisham Kabbani and Sultan-al Awliya Shaykh Mawlana as-Sayyid Khwaja Muhammad Nazim Adil al-Haqqani al-Rabbani al-Qubrusi al-Firdausi an-Naqshbandi and Dr. Tahir-ul-Qadri.
They respected Gohar Shahi for his services rendered to the mankind to preach the Divine Love of God without any discrimination of Caste, Creed, Nation or Religion. Shaykh Muhammad Hisham Kabbani always used to sit beneath the feet of Gohar Shahi to give him respect and show fervor for him.
Apart from above sufis a number of sufis including Pir of Ghamkool Sharif, Pir of Dhannakka Sharif, Pir Kaki Tarrur, Ghulam Nabi Kashmiri alias Samandri Baba and Siraj Baba also respected and termed Gohar Shahi that HE is the one who has been the most honoured person by Allah.
Opposition.
Muslim sufi history witnessed that most of Sufis faced opposition and criticism of orthodox theological scholars(The Mullahs), even some were executed like Hallaj. Gohar Shahi also faced very strong opposition from different religious leaders and orthodox theological scholars, The teachings of Gohar Shahi were strongly condemned by orthodox theological scholars of the time, Muslim extremists and bigots developed enmity with Gohar Shahi. Many attempts were made to his life. A petrol bomb was thrown in his Manchester's residence. There was an attack with hand grenade during the discourse at his home in Kotri, Pakistan. A high price tag was put on his head in Pakistan. He was the subject of entrapment through five serious allegations.
Gohar Shahi's teachings have been condemned by Muslim religious leaders and the Pakistani government.
Gohar Shahi's supporters claim that the images of Gohar Shahi have been appeared on the Moon, Sun, and the Al-Hajar-ul-Aswad (Black Stone) of Kaaba caused greater opposition. He faced media-trial, due to pressure of religious extremists, the Government of Pakistan also used all sources to eliminate the organization of Gohar Shahi.
His books were banned by the Government of Pakistan, public meetings are not allowed to his followers and also no press coverage is allowed to either Gohar Shahi or to his followers due to charges of blasphemy law. Several cases were filed against Gohar Shahi and his followers.
Gohar Shahi, and many of his followers, were later convicted under Islamic blasphemy laws by an antiterrorist court in Sindh. Gohar Shahi was convicted in absentia—as he was in England at that time—resulting in sentences that totaled approximately 59 years. Gohar Shahi died abroad, prior to any decision on appeals filed with the High Court of Sindh.
Death.
Gohar Shahi died in UK on 25 November, 2001. Pneumonia was the reason of his death. His body was brought back to Pakistan from England and buried in Makazi Aastana at Kotri, where the International Secretariat of International Spiritual Movement Anjuman Serfaroshan-e-Islam is located. His devotees perform pilgrimage to his mausoleum. Though Gohar Shahi died but the followers of Gohar Shahi strongly believed that the Gohar Shahi had left for his heavenly abode whilst traveling abroad and his mortal remains had been transported back, buried at his home in Kotri, but that his soul goes marching on and soon Gohar Shahi will return with Jesus before the doomsday. The term for the demise of Gohar Shahi is used as “Occultation” instead of death and no urs celebration is held, which is a common tradition of all Sufis. Gohar Shahi's family still resides in Kotri including his widow, five sons and a daughter. The area where the residence of Gohar Shahi located is called Khuda ki Basti means "Locality of God" and the Kotri also consider as sacred place for the followers of Gohar Shahi and they call it Kotri Sharif (کوٹری شریف) means Noble Kotri.

International Spiritual Movement Anjuman Serfaroshan-e-Islam
International Spiritual Movement Anjuman Serfroshan-e-Islam (ASI) (Urdu:عالمی روحانی تحریک انجمن سرفروشان ِ اسلام) is a Pakistan-based organisation. It was made in 1980 by Riaz Ahmed Gohar Shahi. Its headquarters are in Kotri, Hyderabad, Sindh and Pakistan.
Purpose.
The purpose of this movement is to invite all man without any discrimination of caste, creed, nation or religion towards the divine love of God.
Method.
To serve this purpose, Riaz Ahmed Gohar Shahi visited places of worship of different types, including Mosques, Imam Bargahs, churches, Hindu temples, Sikh temples etc.
Organizational Structure.
International Spiritual Movement Anjuman Serfroshan-e-Islam is divided into two branches one for men only and other is for women only. The ladies wing is led by Mrs. Gulzar. However, the president of men wing is Mr. Wasi Muhammad Qureshi, who was nominated by Riaz Ahmed Gohar Shahi as President of International Spiritual Movement Anjuman Serfroshan-e-Islam. Gohar Shahi himself is the Patrorn-in-Chief of International Spiritual Movement Anjuman Serfroshan-e-Islam.

Roman Curia
The Roman Curia (Latin Curia Romanae) is usually called "The Curia". It is the cabinet of the Vatican City and the Roman Catholic Church.
It has parts to look after

Malam Adamu, Sarkin Duguri
Malam Adamu was the titled head of the Duguri district in present day Bauchi State during the 1950s. He was also a member of the Northern House of Assembly during Nigeria's pre-independence and post independence period.
Life.
Malam Adamu was born on November 15, 1911 to the family of Yusufu Adamu. He attended a primary school in Bauchi from 1921-1928 before leaving to work as a clerk. By 1929, he had risen to become the district secretary of Duguri. He later worked as a treasury accountant and Native Authority agriculture supervisor before becoming the district head of Duguri in 1951. In 1952, he represented the Bauchi South East district in the Northern Region House of Assembly.

In God We Trust
"In God We Trust" is one of the national mottos of the United States. The other is E Pluribus Unum. "In God We Trust" can be found on the obverse, or front side, of money. It refers to the United States being founded on belief in God. It is also the motto of Florida

Apostolic Nunciature
An Apostolic Nunciature is the embassy of the Holy See in a foreign country. The nunciature protects the affairs of the Roman Catholic church, not just the Vatican City, and also liases between the Holy See and the Roman Catholic church in that country.
The head of nunciature is called a Nuncio. The nuncio is the equivalent of an Ambassador, or a High Commissioner in Commonwealth countries.
Some countries make the Nuncio "Dean of the Diplomatic Corps" (head of the group of ambassadors to its country). This is allowed by the international agreement about diplomats. Usually the Dean of the Diplomatic Corps is the longest serving ambassador in a country.
A pro-Nuncio was the name used for a Nuncio in countries which did not make a Nuncio Dean of the Diplomatic Corps automatically. The Vatican stopped using the title in 1991.
An Apostolic Delegate represented the Holy See to the church, but not the government, in another country.

Software development
Software development is the process of creating a computer software. It includes preparing a design, coding the program, and fixing the bugs. The final goal of software development is to translate user needs to software product.

Gag reflex
Gag reflex is a normal reflex in human, that prevents the passage of anything from throat, except during normal swallowing. It is also named as "pharyngeal reflex".
Touching the soft palate results in a very strong gag reflex in most healthy people. The gag reflex can also be used to make someone vomit.

Flame
A flame is the visible part of a fire. It gives light and heat. It is the result of an exothermic reaction. The color and temperature of a flame depend on the type of fuel that is used to make the fire.

Kaliningrad
Kaliningrad (Russian:Калинингра́д; Lithuanian: Karaliaučius; German, Polish: Królewiec; briefly Russified as "Kyonigsberg"), is a seaport and the administrative center of Kaliningrad Oblast, the Russian exclave between Poland and Lithuania on the Baltic Sea.
It is surrounded by NATO and EU members Poland and Lithuania and is geographically separated from the main part of Russia itself. Borderless connection is only possible by sea or air.
In 2002, it had a population of 430,003 people. This was more than in 1989, when the last census was done. At that time, the city only had a population of 401,280. About 78% of the people there are Russians, 8% Belarusians, and 7.3% Ukrainians.
It was named Königsberg originally. It was the capital city of the German province of East Prussia, the earlier Duchy of Prussia, and before that of the Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights. The city had that name from 1254 to 1945.
One of the famous people from Königsberg was the philosopher Immanuel Kant.

Roller derby
Roller derby is a sport played on roller skates. It used to be played by both men and women, but right now, in the 2000s, it is mostly just played by women.
For a long time, many people didn't believe roller derby was a real sport. They thought it was like professional wrestling, because it had fake fighting and other things for TV. But in 2002, a group of women in Austin, Texas started playing it as a real game, with nothing fake. A TV show called "Rollergirls" was made about some of these women. By 2006, women in every big city in the USA and Canada were starting their own roller derby clubs. There were even clubs starting up in Europe, Australia, and New Zealand.
How roller derby is played.
Two teams of roller derby players skate around an oval track. The track can be flat or banked (raised up around the outer edges).
The jammer is the only player that can score points. The jammer's team gets a point every time the jammer passes one of the other team's players. To score a point, the jammer has to play fair and stay on the track when they pass someone.
Jammers get a 2-minute time period, called a "jam", when they can score points.
Before a jam starts, the teams line up side-by-side: pivots first, then blockers behind them, then jammers further back. The jam starts when a whistle blows. Then, everyone except the jammers start to skate around the track. They try to stay together in a "pack". Then another whistle blows, and the jammers try to catch up to to pack. They have to get through the pack and go all the way around and catch up "again" before they can start scoring points.
The first jammer to get through the pack without leaving the track gets to be the "lead jammer". The lead jammer can put her hands on her hips when she wants to stop the jam early. Stopping the jam early keeps the other team from having time to score points.
Blockers and pivots try to help their own team's jammer get through the pack, and they try to slow down the other team's jammer. When the jammers are near the pack, everyone is allowed to bump into each other. If someone is trying to push someone from the other team out of the way, then they have to be careful how they do it. They can only push from the side, and they have to use their shoulders, the top part of their arms, their hips, or the top part of their legs -- so tripping, shoving, punching, or pushing the other team's players from behind is not allowed.
Players who break the rules are kicked out of the game for a little while, and their team has to play without them.
Even with these rules and safety equipment, roller derby players can get knocked down and get badly hurt, so usually only adults play "full contact" roller derby. There are junior clubs for younger players. They play without trying to knock anyone down.
A roller derby game is called a "match" or a "bout". It takes a certain amount of time, such as 60 or 90 minutes. The teams skate as many jams as they can until time runs out. The team with the most points at the end of the game wins.

Sargon of Akkad
!style="color: #000000; background-color: #C1D8FF; font-size: 120%" align="center" colspan="3" |Sargon
Sargon was one of the first people in recorded history to create an empire, or multi-ethnic state. His empire included the land between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, and part of what is present-day Turkey.
His capital was Agade in Akkad.
Sargon of Akkad may have been the same person as the first Sargon of Assyria (also known as Sharrukin or Sharru-kin). Sargon's empire would probably have included Assyria. He is listed in the Assyrian king list as the son of Ikunum and the founder of a dynasty.

Judea
Judea or Judaea (Hebrew: "Yehuda") is a term used for the mountainous southern part of the West Bank. In modern times, the name "Yehudah" is most often used by Zionists.
Judea is also the ancient name of the area surrounding Jerusalem (today, parts of Israel and the West Bank).
Major cities.
Major cities in this area are Hebron, Bethlehem, Efrat and Beitar Illit.
Ancient Judea.
Judea was the territory of the ancient Kingdom of Judah. Judea lost its Nationhood to the Romans in the 1st century BC, by becoming first a tributary kingdom, then a province, of the Roman Empire.
The first interference of Rome in the region dates from 63 BCE, following the end of the Third Mithridatic war.
After the defeat of Mithridates VI of Pontus, general Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (Pompey the Great) stayed behind to make the area secure for Rome. Judea at the time was not a peaceful place. Queen Alexandra had recently died, and her sons were troubling the country with a civil war for power. They were Hyrcanus and Aristobulus.
In 63 BCE, Aristobulus was surrounded in Jerusalem by his brother's armies, and the situation was bad. He sent a messenger to Marcus Aemilius Scaurus, Pompey's representative in the area. Aristobulus offered a large bribe to be rescued, that Pompey quickly accepted, but later, he tried to accuse Scaurus of extortion. This caused his downfall, because Scaurus was Pompey's brother in law and was protected by him. The general did not like what Aristobulus had done, and put the prince and high priest Hyrcanus in charge of the kingdom. Judea and Galilee became tributary kingdoms of Rome, which meant that they had to pay tribute to the Roman Republic to buy their protection.
After Caesar's death.
Around the same time Pompey was defeated by Julius Caesar, Hyrcanus was followed by a member of his court, Antipater. Caesar and Antipater were both killed in 44 BCE, and Herod, Antipater's son, was appointed as governor ("tetrarch") by Rome in 41 BCE. He became the king ("basileus") of Judea in 37 BCE, and was known as King Herod the Great. During his reign, the great port of Caesarea Maritima was built. He died in 4 BCE, and his kingdom was divided among his sons. One of these was Herod Archelaus, who ruled Judea so badly that he was made to quit in 6 CE by the Roman Emperor Augustus Caesar, after his own people complained about him.
The kingdom of Judea now became part of a larger Roman province of "Ivdaea". This was one of the few governed by a knight, not a former consul or "praetor" of senatorial rank, because its income to the Roman treasury was small, and the region was peaceful. Pontius Pilate was one of these procurators.
Between 41 and 44 CE, Judea won a little more independence again, when Herod Agrippa was made king by emperor Claudius. After Agrippa's died, the province again went to direct Roman control for a short time. Judea was returned little by little to Agrippa's son, Marcus Julius Agrippa, in 48. However, there was still a Roman procurator in the area, responsible for keeping peace and raising taxes. When he died, around the year 100, the area returned once again to direct Roman control.
Rebellions.
After Bar Kokhba's revolt was stopped by the Roman forces, the emperor Hadrian changed the name of the province to "Syria Palaestina", and Jerusalem became "Aelia Capitolina" in order to embarrass the Jewish people by attempting to erase the nation's name from the region.

Incubation period
Incubation period is a term used in medicine.
When someone is infected with a pathogen (a disease-causing agent, like a virus), there is a time lag between when the person is infected and when the person has the symptoms of the disease (e.g. fever). This lag time is called the incubation period.
Example.
If someone is infected with the incurable HIV virus by having unprotected sex, then the virus will spend the next few months replicating in the host's body. For HIV, this incubation period can be many months, during which the victim will have no symptoms of infection (but can still infect other people). After the incubation period, the disease symptoms appear (which in the case of HIV, AIDS will occur and cause death).
For most infections, the body's immune system will not "gear up" or "kick in" until late in the incubation period.

The New Yorker
"The New Yorker" is an American magazine that publishes articles, essays, stories, and cartoons about many topics. Though much of the magazine is about New York City, many readers are outside of the city. The magazine is known for its articles about politics, careful fact-checking, its cartoons, and short stories by many notable authors. It was founded by Harold Ross and the first issue was released on February 17, 1925. Though it was formerly a weekly magazine, it now publishes a new issue 47 times a year, with five longer two-week issues. In 2004, it had about 996,000 subscribers (people who paid to receive it).
The magazine has included short stories by J. D. Salinger, Vladimir Nabokov, John Updike, E. B. White, John Hersey, whose essay "Hiroshima" filled an entire issue, and Shirley Jackson, whose story "The Lottery" drew more mail than any other story published in the magazine.

Cataplexy
Cataplexy is a medical condition. People who have cataplexy will sometimes see that some of their muscles suddenly fail them. Cataplexy often affects people who have narcolepsy. Narcolepsy is a disorder. People with narcolepsy tend to suddenly fall asleep. They cannot control when they fall asleep. Cataplexy is sometimes confused with epilepsy, where a series of flashes or other stimuli cause superficially similar seizures.
The term Cataplexy originates from the Greek "kata", meaning down, and "plexis", meaning a stroke or seizure.

Sustainability
Sustainability means that a process or state can be maintained at a certain level indefinitely.
One of the most often-cited definitions of sustainability is the one created by the Brundtland Commission, led by the former Norwegian Prime Minister Gro Harlem Brundtland. The Commission defined sustainable development as development that "meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs."
Sustainability relates to the continuity of economic, social, institutional and environmental aspects of human society, as well as the non-human environment. Sustainability is one of the four Core Concepts behind the 2007 Universal Forum of Cultures.

Brundtland Commission
The Brundtland Commission was created by the United Nations in 1983 to reflect about ways to save the human environment and natural resources and prevent deterioration of economic and social development.
The UN General Assembly thought that environmental problems were global in nature and determined that it was in the common interest of all nations to establish policies for sustainable development.
Brundtland Report.
The Report of the Brundtland Commission was published by Oxford University Press in 1987. The full text of the can be downloaded as a copy of the UN General Assembly document A/42/427 - a 25 Mbyte [pdf] file. An easy-to-read version is available. Also available from Wikisource.

Mosleh Zamani
Mosleh Zamani (also referred as Moslah Zamani) is now 21-year old Iranian-Kurdish boy from Sanandaj, who is facing execution for "adultery" (under Iranian law, every sexual contacts outside marriage, even if both people are unmarried, is adulterous).
Mosleh, who was arrested at age of 17 and spend four years in prison, was recently sentenced to death by hanging.
His case raised strong controversies, because of both nature of his crime and fact he was 17 year old (Iran, because of international obligations, is not permitted to sentence anyone to death for crime he or she had committed under age of 18).
Now the only person, who could commute the death sentence is Ayatollah Mahmoud Hashemi Shahroudi, the head of the judiciary.

Climate change
Climate change means the variation in the Earth's global climate or in regional climates over time.
It describes changes in the state of the atmosphere over time scales ranging from decades to millions of years. These changes can be caused by processes internal to the Earth, forces from outside (e.g. variations in sunlight intensity) or, more recently, human activities.

Gro Harlem Brundtland
(IPA:) (born April 20, 1939) is a Norwegian politician, diplomat, and physician, and an international leader in sustainable development and public health. She is a former Prime Minister of Norway, and was the Director General of the World Health Organization. She now is a Special Envoy on climate change for the United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon.

Allentown, Pennsylvania
Allentown is a city located in Lehigh County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. After Philadelphia and Pittsburgh, it is Pennsylvania's third most populous city. As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 106,632. It is the county seat of Lehigh County.
The town is in northeast Pennsylvania about 45 minutes away from the Pocono Mountains.
Founding.
The city of Allentown was first settled in 1735. It was then named a Northampton town (Northampton-Towne) in 1762 by William Allen, a rich shipping merchant, Chief Justice of the Province of Pennsylvania and former mayor of Philadelphia. The property on which the town was created was part of a 5,000-acre area Allen bought in 1735 from the sons of William Penn. Allen hoped that Northampton-Towne would become a commercial center because of its location by the Lehigh River and how close it was to Philadelphia. Allen gave the property to his son, James, who built a summer home, Trout Hall, there in 1770.
On March 18 1811, the town was formally created as a borough. On March 6 1812, Lehigh County was formed from the western half of Northampton County, and Northampton was made the county seat. The town was officially renamed "Allentown" on April 16 1833 because the name was so popular. Allentown was formally made a city on March 12 1867.
Liberty Bell.
The Liberty Bell was successfully hidden from the British during the American Revolutionary War in Allentown. After George Washington was defeated at the Battle of Brandywine on September 11, 1777, the revolutionary capital of Philadelphia was defenseless, and prepared for the British to attack. The Supreme Executive Council of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania said that eleven bells, like the State House bell and the bells from Philadelphia's Christ Church and St. Peter's Church, should be taken down and removed from the city to stop the British, who would melt the bells down to and make into cannons, from taking the bells. The bells were moved north to Northampton-Towne, and hidden in the basement of the Old Zion Reformed Church, in what is now center of Allentown. Today, a shrine in the church's basement marks the same spot where the Liberty Bell was hidden.
Birthplace of the American Industrial Revolution.
Before the 1830s, Allentown was a small town with only local markets. When the Lehigh Canal was created the economy soon grew. The town changed with industrialization and became one of the United States' largest areas for heavy industry and manufacturing. While Allentown was not as large as Bethlehem, the city right next to it, the local iron industry still brought many jobs to the city. Railroads, like the Lehigh Valley Railroad, were very important to move raw materials and finished goods, and created many new jobs.
Allentown also had a strong tradition in the making of beer and was home to many famous breweries, like the Horlacher Brewery (founded 1897, closed 1978).
Early 20th century to present.
Economic recovery in the early 20th century was caused by the silk and textile industry. The Adelaide Silk Mill, which was one of the largest mills in the world, opened in Allentown in 1881. By 1928, there more than 140 silk and textile mills in the Lehigh Valley which made silk the second largest industry. By the 1930s, the silk industry was in worldwide was slowing down because synthetics were taking the place of silk. Catoir Silk Mill, the last silk mill in Allentown, closed in 1989. In 1905, Mack Trucks moved to Macungie, a small suburb of Allentown, which began Allentown's focus on heavy industrial manufacturing. Today, Allentown's economy is mostly service industries.
Climate.
Allentown's climate is called humid continental. Summers are hot and muggy, fall and spring are mild, and winter is cold. Precipitation is almost uniformly distributed throughout the year. Allentown's weather is affected by the Blue Mountain, a mountain ridge from 1,000 to 1,600 feet in height about 12 miles north of the city, and South Mountain, a mountain ridge of 500 to 1,000 feet in height that borders the city on the south.

Mia Rose
Mia Rose (aka Miaarose) is a YouTube artist who sings. She was born on January 26, 1988. She has signed a record deal with NextSelection. Her real name is Maria Antonia Sampaio Rosa. She says she is Portuguese. She is currently recording songs with groups. Mia also works with Prez Wszeborowski a 17 year old music composer that has written You're Pitiful for Weird Al Yankovic, and also made beats for celebrities like Sean Paul, Busta Rhymes, Silva Sisters, The Millionairs, and The Anarckists.

Mir
Mir was a space station created by Soviet Union and later by Russia. It existed from 1984 to 23 March 2001. When it was retired, it moved towards the Earth and burned in its atmosphere. Mir is now replaced with International Space Station.

May Queen
The May Queen or Queen of May is a word which has two different but related meanings. It can refer to either a mythical figure or to a holiday personification.
Mythology.
The May Queen is also known as The Maiden, the goddess of spring, flower bride, queen of the faeries, and the lady of the flowers. The May Queen is a symbol of the stillness of nature around which everything revolves. She stands for purity, strength and the potential for growth, as the plants grow in May. She is one of many personifications of the energy of the earth.
She was once also known as Maid Marian in the medieval plays of Robin Hood and of the May Games - she is the young village girl, crowned with blossom, attended by children with garlands and white dresses. Some folklorists have drawn parallels between her and Maia, the Roman Goddess of Springtime, of Growth and Increase whose very name may be the root of "May".
Festivals.
The May Queen is a girl (usually a teenage girl from a specific school year) who is selected to ride or walk at the front of a parade for May Day celebrations. She wears a white gown to symbolise purity and usually a tiara or crown. Her duty is to begin the May Day celebrations. She is generally crowned by flowers and makes a speech before the dancing begins. Certain age groups dance round a May pole celebrating youth and the spring time.
According to popular British folklore, the tradition once had a sinister twist, in that the May Queen was put to death once the festivities were over. The veracity of this belief is difficult to establish, but while in truth it might just be an example of anti-pagan propaganda, frequent associations between May Day rituals, the occult and human sacrifice are still to be found in popular culture today. The Wicker Man, a cult horror film starring Christopher Lee, is a prominent example of this.
An Elizabethan account.
"The xxx day of May was a goly May-gam in Fanch-chyrchestrett with drumes and gunes and pykes, and ix wordes dyd ryd; and thay had speches evere man, and the morris dansse and the sauden, and a elevant with the castyll, and the sauden and yonge morens with targattes and darttes, and the lord and the lade of the Maye".
Translation: On the 30th May was a jolly May-game in Fenchurch Street (London) with drums and guns and pikes, The Nine Worthies did ride; and they all had speeches, and the morris dance and sultan and a elephant with a castle (saddle in the shape of a castle) and the sultan and young moors with shields and arrows, and the lord and lady of the May".
Maintaining the tradition.
Many areas keep this tradition alive today, most notably the Brentham Garden Suburb, England which hosts it annually. This has the record of the oldest unbroken tradition although the May Queen of All London Festival at Hayes Common in Bromley is a close contender. A May queen is selected from a group of 13 upwards girls by the young dancers. She returns the next year to crown the new May Queen and stays in the procession.
A May Day celebration held annually in New Westminster, British Columbia, Canada has the distinction of being the longest running May Day celebration of its kind in the British Commonwealth. This May Day celebration began in 1870 and is approaching one hundred and forty years of age. Archival film footage of New Westminster's May Day celebrations from 1932-1962 can be seen online at.

Mutual fund
A mutual fund is a kind of investment that uses money from many investors to invest in stocks, bonds or other types of investment. A fund manager (or "portfolio manager") decides how to invest the money, and for this he is paid a fee, which comes from the money in the fund.
Mutual funds are usually "open ended", meaning that new investors can join into the fund at any time. When this happens, new units, which are like shares, are given to the new investors.
There are thousands of different kinds of mutual funds, specializing in investing in different countries, different types of businesses, and different investment styles. There are even some funds that only invest in other funds.

Modular Audio Recognition Framework
Modular Audio Recognition Framework (MARF) is a computer program that tries to understand voice, sound, speech, text and human language in general. In MARF, scientists and programmers write algorithms using Java. MARF consists of Lego-like algorithm pieces that can be added or replaced easily. MARF itself can be piece in other computer programs or used for learning, education, and making MARF itself better. A few example programs are provided to show how to use MARF. There is also a lot of documentation of the project. MARF and its programs are published under a BSD-style license.

Fullmetal Alchemist
Fullmetal Alchemist (in Japanese: "鋼の錬金術師" "Hagane no Renkinjutsushi") is a popular manga and Anime series created by Hiromu Arakawa and serialized in Enix's (now Square Enix) "Monthly Shonen Gangan".
The plot focuses on alchemy and tells the story of Edward and Alphonse Elric, two young alchemists, who have paid a high price when they tried to bring their mother back from the dead. The oldest brother, Edward, lost his arm and leg. Alphonse lost all except his soul (now attached to armor). After leaving their home, the boys search for a way to get their bodies again, searching for The Philosopher's stone and encountering numerous adventures on the way. The franchise has become one of the most critically acclaimed.

My Dying Bride
My Dying Bride is a British doom metal band from West Yorkshire. The band formed in 1990.

Modular
Something is modular when it consists of two or more pieces that are easy to replace. These are usually simple objects. They can be connected together to form more complex objects. For example, Lego pieces are modular. Complex objects may by themselves be modular and used to create even more complex objects by piecing them together.

Framework
Framework is a term describing established practices in a society, science, software development, or hardware design that can be repeatedly applied to solving problems. The problems are solved uniformly (in the same or very similar way) in a framework.

Documentation
Documentation is something that people read for instructions or information on how to
do or use things. Documentation may consist of one or more documents on paper, a web page,
a file, and other media.

Bobby pin
A bobby pin is a clip that goes in one's hair to hold individual strands of hair in place.

Pre-production
Pre-production is the time before making a movie, play, or other performance when all the things that will be needed to make it are prepared.
In the Film Industry, pre-production usually only starts when the script is ready and the studio has agreed to make it and to give the money to do it. At this time, a project will almost always have a director, a cast and a production team given to it to start working.

Flax
Flax (also known as common flax or linseed'") ("Linum usitatissimum") is a plant.
The fibers of flax are used to make linen.
From the dried ripe flax seeds can be made an oil (linseed oil).

Finite set
In mathematics, a finite set is a set that has a certain number of elements. The elements of the set can be numbered like and "n" must either be a natural number or zero. An infinite set is a set with an unlimited number of elements.
Another definition is to say a set is finite if its cardinality (the number of its elements) is a natural number. A set with "n" elements is called an "n"-set.
A definition that is harder to understand, but which is often used by mathematicians, is to say that a set is finite if there is no strict subset that can be put in one-to-one correspondence with the set itself. (A strict subset of a set is one that is not equal to the set itself). For example, the set of even numbers can be put in one-to-one correspondence with the set of natural numbers (2"n" corresponds to "n"), but the set of even numbers is also a strict subset of the natural numbers (there are many numbers which are not in the set of even numbers, but which are natural numbers, for example the number 1). This means that the set of natural numbers is infinite.

Vikram Samvat
The Vikram era, or Vikram samvat is an Indian calendar starting in 57 BC. The date is supposed to show when the King Vikramaditya beat the Sakas, who had invaded Ujjain. A new calendar was started just to honor this time.
The story.
The story of this event is told by a monk called Mahesara Suri.
The powerful king of Ujjain, called Gardabhilla, kidnapped a nun, who was the sister of the monk. The monk went to the Saka King to get help, and in the end, the Saka King beat Gardabhilla and catpured him and made him a prisoner. But in the end, Gardabhilla was forgiven and run away to a forest, where he was killed by a tiger.
Later on Vikramaditya invaded Ujjain and drove away the Sakas. To commemorate this event he started a new era called the Vikrama era.

Cardinality
In mathematics, the cardinality of a set means the number of its elements.

Mitre
A mitre is a tall hat worn by bishops. The front and back are the shape of a triangle.
It is only worn when the bishop is dressed in his special religious clothes, but is used on a coat of arms to show that the owner is a bishop.

Boňkov
Boňkov is a small village near Herálec in the Havlíčkův Brod District, Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. 58 people live in Boňkov and it has 2,0825 km². It was first documented in 1305.

Utopia (book)
"Utopia" is the name of a book. Thomas More wrote it in 1516. He wrote it in Latin. Its original title is "De Optimo Republicae Statu deque Nova Insula Utopia". This is usually translated to "On the Best State of a Republic and on the New Island of Utopia".
The book is about an island with an imagined society. In the book, a visitor to this island tells about his trip there. According to him, Utopia has a system of laws that is perfect. Society there is also perfect. The political system is so good that nothing better can be thought out. Today, the word is used to refer to a society that is unrealistic, and impossible to make.
There were several attempts to create such perfect societies (They did not work). The word utopia can also refer to a society of such an attempt.
Religious utopias.
The ideas Christians, Jews and Muslims have of the Garden of Eden, and of Heaven can be seen as such utopias. In Hinduism the concept of Moksha, and in Buddhism the concept of Nirvana are other examples of religious utopias.

Order of the British Empire
The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire is one of the British orders of chivalry. It is the newest order, created on 4 June 1917 by King George V.
Classes.
Only the two highest ranks are knighthoods and allow the holder to call themselves 'Sir' (male) or 'Dame' (female). If the person is not a citizen of a country where the Queen is Head of State, the award is called honorary, and the holder cannot use the title before their name. For example Terry Wogan is now a British citizen and is called Sir Terry Wogan, but Bob Geldof is still Irish and is not "Sir Bob".
The British Empire Medal (BEM) is not given in the United Kingdom anymore, but is still used by the Cook Islands and by some other Commonwealth nations.
Although it is the newest British order of chivalry it has more members than any other.
History.
King George V wanted to be able to honour the thousands of people who helped to win the First World War but were not soldiers.
This Order of Knighthood has a more democratic character than the exclusive orders of the Bath or Saint Michael and Saint George, and in its early days was not held in high esteem. This changed over the years.
Make Up.
The order's rules, called "statutes", say that the Order can only have 100 Knights and Dames Grand Cross, 845 Knights and Dames Commander, and 8960 Commanders, but the is no limit to the number of members of the Officers and Members, but no more than 858 Officers and 1464 Members may be appointed per year. Appointments are made on the advice of the governments of the United Kingdom and some Commonwealth realms.
Some jobs are usually rewarded with the Order. Usually female judges of the High Court of England and Wales are created Dames Commander after appointment. Male judges are not, because they are usually made Knights Bachelor instead.
Revocation.
Anyone who behaves in a way that might bring the order into disrepute may have his award "revoked" (cancelled)
"Lots of people who complained about us receiving the MBE received theirs for heroism in the war - for killing people. We received ours for entertaining other people. I'd say we deserve ours more."

Slavníč
Slavníč is a small village in the Havlíčkův Brod District, Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic by Highway D1. 40 people live in Slavníč and it has 2,13 km². It was first documented in 1305.

Milan Nakonečný
Milan Nakonečný (* February 8, 1932, Horažďovice) is Czech psychologist (professor of psychology) and historian. During the normalization, communists banned him from teaching and publishing books.

Skorkov
Skorkov is small village near in the Havlíčkův Brod District, Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. It has a population of 77 and an area of 6.2 km².

Antonín Klimek
Antonín Klimek (January 18, 1937 in Praha - January 9, 2005 in Praha) was Czech historian. He wrote mainly about Czechoslovakian First Republic.

Neon Genesis Evangelion
Neon Genesis Evangelion (In Japanese: "新世紀エヴァンゲリオン" "Shin Seiki Evangelion") is a influential and popular Japanese anime and manga that began in 1995. The anime was created by Gainax, written and directed by Hideaki Anno and co-produced by TV Tokyo and Nihon Ad Systems (NAS). It is an apocalyptic mecha action series, and refers to Judeo-Christian symbols from the book of Genesis and Biblical apocrypha among others.

Edward VIII of the United Kingdom
Edward VIII (born Edward Albert Christian George Andrew Patrick David Wettin, June 23, 1894 - May 28, 1972) was King of the United Kingdom from January 20, 1936 until December 11, 1936. Edward was born in White Lodge, Richmond Park, London.
Edward "abdicated" (resigned) the throne because he wanted to marry the American Wallis Simpson. Simpson had been married twice before. As King, he was Head of the Church of England and the Church did not support divorce at the time. After abdicating as king, he was Prince Edward, Duke of Windsor.
As King, he was head of all of the British Orders of Chivalry. After he abdicated, his brother, King George VI made him a member of all of the orders again. This make Edwards the world record holder as the person with the most "post-nominal" letters (letters after the name)

Václav Benda
Václav Benda (August 8, 1946 in Prague – June 2, 1999 in Prague) was Czech right-wing and anticommunist politician. During communist dictatorship in Czechoslovakia he signed Charter 77. He was in prison from 1979 to 1983. After Velvet Revolution Benda co-founded Křesťanskodemokratická strana which later became part of Civic Democratic Party. His son Marek Benda is also Czech politician and member of Civic Democratic Party.

County borough
A county borough was a type of local government district in England until abolished in 1974.
Local government powers were divided between county councils and urban or rural districts.
For example: rural districts may not be able to maintain footpaths or street lighting because of their size. Urban districts were based in a town and were able handle these jobs. Schools were the responsibility of county councils because districts were too small to run all types of schools themselves.
A county borough was a town big enough to run all its own local government, so the local county council had no power inside the county borough.

Andie MacDowell
Andie MacDowell (born Rosalie Anderson MacDowell on April 21 1958 in Gaffney, South Carolina) is an American movie actress.

Goths
The Goths (Gothic:, "Gutans") were an East Germanic tribe. Jordanes is a scholar from the 6th century. He wrote a summary of a twelve volume work by Cassiodorus about the Goths. Jordanes work is commonly called Getica. As the original work by Cassiodorius was lost, Getica is the only surviving contemporary account about the Goths. According to this work, they left Scandinavia and settled close to the mouth of the Vistula river (in present day Poland). In the 3rd and 4th centuries they settled Scythia, Dacia and parts of Moesia and Asia Minor. In the 3rd and 4th centuries, they fought with the Roman Empire and later adopted Arianism (a form of Christianity). In the 5th and 6th centuries, they split into the Visigoths and the Ostrogoths. With this move, they established powerful successor-states of the Roman Empire in Italy and on the Iberian peninsula (now Spain & Portugal).

Arianism
Arianism is a form of Christianity. It has come from Arius. Arianism has stopped being practiced today, but was important during the Roman era, into the Middle Ages.
Arianism opposed the dogma of the holy trinity
Belief.
The main difference between the beliefs of Arianism and other main Christian denominations is that the Arians did not believe in the Holy Trinity, which is a way that other Christian churches use to explain God. The information that we have today comes from the writing of people who were against Arianism and said the beliefs were wrong.
Between the First Council of Nicaea in 325, and the First Council of Constantinople in the year 381 there were no less than 18 different Creeds used by Arianists.
Arianism today.
In the 16th century there was again a movement against the belief in Trinity. A well-known person teaching this was Fausto Sozzini (1539-1604). Another one was Ferenc Dávid (1510s - 1579). These movements developed into what is called Unitarianism today. Unitarians believe that there is only one person in god, not the three-in-one dogma of trinity. Some of the teachings of Jehovah's Witnesses are close to some of the things Arians believed. It is different only in that Arians believed the holy spirit is a person and Jehovah's Witnesses teach it is not a person, but a force God uses to do His will. t would however be false to call them Arians, as they reject many Arian teachings. Mormons and Oneness Pentecostalism also reject the Trinity but for different reasons other than Arianism.

Ripening
Ripening is when fruit becomes easier to eat. Some fruits, like the tomato or the mango, will continue to ripen after they have been picked. Other fruits, like the cherry or fig, stop ripening once they have been picked.

HTTP cookie
HTTP cookies are files of text sent by a server to a web browser. They are then sent back unchanged by the browser every time it connects to that server. They are sometimes called web cookies or just cookies. HTTP cookies are used for security, making logs, and keeping some information about users. A cookie might be used to save your options on a website. The word "cookie" comes from the word "magic cookie". This is a well-known idea in Unix computing which inspired both the idea and the name of HTTP cookies.
Cookies have been a problem for Internet privacy. This is because they can be used for tracking browsing behavior. Because of this, laws have been made in countries and continents. Cookies are also a problem because they cannot be accurate. They can also be used for network attacks. There are many other options than cookies, but each option has its own problems.
Cookies have often been mistaken for computer programs. But cookies cannot do much on their own. They are simply a piece of data. They are often called spyware or viruses, but they are not any of these.
Most web browsers allow users to choose whether to accept cookies. If the user does not allow cookies, some websites will become unusable. For example, shopping baskets which use cookies do not work if the user does not allow cookies.

Chinese calendar
The Chinese calendar is a lunisolar calendar. It brings some things from a lunar calendar with some from a solar calendar. Today in China the Gregorian calendar is used for most activities. The Chinese calendar is still used for traditional Chinese holidays like Chinese New Year, Duan Wu festival, and the Mid-Autumn Festival. It is also used to determine the phases of the moon. This is because one month is one cycle of the moon.

Music for the Royal Fireworks
Music for the Royal Fireworks is a group of five pieces for orchestra composed by George Frideric Handel in 1749. He was asked by King George II to write the music because the king wanted some music and fireworks to celebrate the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. This was an agreement between a lot of European countries to end the war they had been fighting.
The king wanted the celebrations to take place in Green Park in London. He wanted the orchestra to have lots of military instruments such as trumpets and drums and “hoped there would be no violins”! He wanted the orchestra to have a rehearsal in Vauxhall Gardens to which the public would be able to go. Handel was not very happy with these arrangements, but in the end he agreed.
The rehearsal in Vauxhall Gardens took place on 21 April. This was just for the music, there were no fireworks. There were 12,000 people in the audience. The huge crowds caused a three hour traffic jam on London Bridge. The tickets for entrance cost 2s 6d (two shillings and sixpence, worth 12 ½p in modern money).
Six days later the real performance took place in Green Park. The orchestra played in a building which had been specially made. The music was played while the fireworks went off. Unfortunately there was a disaster. The building caught fire when a huge bas relief of the king fell down. However, no one was hurt.
The music has five movements: an overture, a Bourrée, a movement called La paix (The Peace), La réjouissance (The Rejoicing), and two minuets.
Handel wrote the music for a large orchestra with 24 oboes, 12 bassoons (including a contrabassoon), nine trumpets, nine horns, three pairs of kettledrums, and a number of side drums. On 27 May Handel conducted the music again at a special concert for the Foundling Hospital. This time he used a normal orchestra with string instruments and wind instruments. This is the way it is usually played today.

Thora Birch
Thora Birch (born March 11, 1982) is an American actress. She was one of the most important child actors of the 1990's, and had big roles in films such as "Hocus Pocus" (1993), "Now and Then" (1995), and "Alaska" (1996). Since the 1990's she has had more serious roles, with good acting in films such as "American Beauty" (1999), and "Ghost World" (2001).

Sophia Loren
Sophia Loren (born September 20, 1934) is a movie and theatre, actress, considered by many to be the most popular Italian actress. She won the Academy Award twice for her works.

Helen Hunt
Helen Elizabeth Hunt (born June 15, 1963) is an American actress who has won the Emmy, Golden Globe and Academy Award, and very famous for her role in the television sitcom "Mad About You".
Awards.
Hunt has been given many awards in her career. In 1998 she became one of only two actresses (the other is Helen Mirren) to win a Golden Globe Award, an Academy Award and an Emmy Award in the same year. She is the only actress to win four consecutive Emmys and to win four Blockbuster Entertainment Awards.
Screen Actors Guild Award

Jane Seymour (actress)
Jane Seymour OBE (born Joyce Penelope Wilhelmina Frankenberg on February 15 1951) is an English actress, maybe most famous today as the co-star of the James Bond movie "Live and Let Die" and star of the TV series and movie "Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman".

Goldie Hawn
Goldie Jeanne Hawn (born November 21, 1945) is an American actress, director and producer. She won the Academy Award and the Golden Globe Award in 1969 for her work in "Cactus Flower". She is famous for her acting in many film comedies during the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s. Her daughter is Kate Hudson, who is also a famous actress who has been nominated for the Oscar. Her son, Oliver Hudson, is a television and film actor as well. She also has a son named Wyatt Russell.

Meg Ryan
Meg Ryan (born November 19, 1961) is an American actress who has made many romantic comedies, but has also worked in other film genres like drama and mystery.

Dennis Quaid
Dennis William Quaid (born April 9, 1954 in Houston, Texas) is an American actor.

British Academy of Film and Television Arts
The British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA) is a British organisation that gives awards at a special show every year, for film, television, children's film and television, and media.
BAFTA was created in 1947 as The British Film Academy. In 1958, the Academy joined with The Guild of Television Producers and Directors and together they formed The Society of Film and Television, which later became The British Academy of Film and Television Arts in 1976.
BAFTA's main office is on Piccadilly in London, but it also has smaller offices in Northern England, Scotland, Wales, New York City and Los Angeles.
The Academy's awards are in the form of a theatrical mask designed by American sculptor Mitzi Cunliffe, which was ordered by the Guild of Television Producers in 1955.

Essay
An essay is a written text. It is usually about the personal point of view of the author who wrote it. The definition of an essay is vague. articles and a short stories can be quite similar. Almost all modern essays are written in prose, but works in verse have been called essays (e.g. Alexander Pope's "An Essay on Criticism" and "An Essay on Man"). People that write essays are called essayists.
Most essays are short. This does not have to be the case. John Locke's "An Essay Concerning Human Understanding" and Thomas Malthus's "An Essay on the Principle of Population" are long essays.

Black Beauty
"Black Beauty" is the name given to a children's book by Anna Sewell.
A horse named Black Beauty is the main character in the book. In this book, the horse tells a story about his own life and experiences.
The story begins with Black Beauty being a comfortable and free young horse living with his mother. When he is old enough, he is sold from farm to farm and is owned by different people. Through his adventures, Black Beauty meets many people, the kind and the cruel. He also makes new friends and experiences many difficulties. The book was published in 1877.

Matilda (novel)
Matilda is a novel by Roald Dahl. The book tells a story about Matilda Wormwood, a child with special abilities and exceptional intelligence but is paid little attention by her parents. Fortunately, when Matilda goes to school, she is helped and encouraged by her teacher, Jennifer Honey. Miss Honey later takes Matilda into her home and both of them live very happily.
The book was first published in 1988. It was also changed and made into a movie.

Leonard Nimoy
Leonard Simon Nimoy (born March 26, 1931) is an American actor, film director, poet, musician and photographer. He is famous for playing the character of "Spock" on "Star Trek," an American television series that was made for three years in the late 1960s.

Hayden Christensen
Hayden Christensen (born April 19, 1981) is a Canadian actor. He appeared in Canadian television programs when he was young, then he went to act into American television in the late 1990s. He then did minor acting roles before being praised for his role of Sam in "Life as a House". He became very famous in all the world playing the young adult Anakin Skywalker in the "Star Wars" films.

Stand-up comedy
Stand-up comedy is a style of comedy where the comedian speaks directly to the audience. A person who performs stand-up comedy is known as a stand-up comic, stand-up comedian or simply stand up. It is usually done by a single comedian, and with the help of a microphone. The comedian normally speaks quickly many funny stories and short jokes (called "bits") This is called a "monologue, routine" or "act". Some stand-up comedians use music or magic tricks in their acts. Stand-up comedy is usually done in comedy clubs, bars, colleges and theaters. However, there is no restriction on where it can be done. Many smaller bars, clubs and restaurants do "open microphone" events where amateur comedians can perform comedy before a live audience, offering a way for the performers to become better and possibly become professional comedians.

Car wash
A car wash is a facility used to clean the exterior, and sometimes the interior, of automobiles.
In a modern car wash facility soaps and other chemicals used are based on milder acids and alkalies than at the beginning of car washing machines, when hydrofluoric acid, a hazardous chemical, was the most common cleaning agent used in the industry. Today, there is a strong move in the industry to use safer products and rely more on friction to clean a vehicles finish. Many car wash facilities are now required by law to treat and reuse their water, while driveway wash water simply ends up in the storm drain and eventually into rivers and lakes.
There are two types of foam: polish and wax. Polish is cheaper and may be harder to rinse off, sometimes becoming solid matter in its holding tank. Wax is more expensive, but rinses well and covers the vehicle with a lighter and puffier foam.

2007 Universal Forum of Cultures
The Universal Forum of Cultures Monterrey 2007 is an international civil-society event that will take place in the city of Monterrey, Mexico. It begins in September and ends in December.
The Forum, as it is called often, is a global event which takes place every 3 years, in a different city each time. Its purpose is to unite citizens from a varied range of cultures, languages, religions for inter-cultural dialogue. This massive event will gather an approximate 1.5 million visitors to Monterrey, and is mostly free of charge.
Historical Background.
The Universal Forum of Cultures project was born in the year of 1996 in the city of Barcelona, Spain.
In 1999, UNESCO signed a cooperation agreement with the Forum Foundation, that established the Organization as the chief partner and main sponsor of the event.
In 2004, Barcelona there was the first Universal Forum of Cultures: Barcelona 2004, which lasted 141 days and established the event as the major global gathering for arts, culture and dialogues.
In 2005, during UNESCO’s 33rd General Conference it was decided that UNESCO would again be the main partner of the Forum providing technical assistance and promotion of the Forum with international governmental and non-governmental organizations (NGO).
Cultural Diversity.
The existence of cultural diversity in the world is an undeniable fact. People often coexist with others who share different beliefs, traditions and customs. Forum seeks to provide knowledge of the circumstances in which others live, new ways to see the world, respect our planet, and seek social advancement.
Sustainability.
Sustainability is an issue of major importance in the world of today. It needs to find new options for economic, social, and cultural development and a better use of natural resources for the benefit of the planet and its inhabitants.
Knowledge.
The challenge is learning how to make the best use of it so we can achieve an effective improvement in our quality of life. This topic was proposed by the 2007 Monterrey Forum, as it was not debated in Barcelona 2004.
Peace.
Paving a way for peace does not only mean preventing armed warfare. In the Universal Forum of Cultures, new dialogues on peace will be instituted on all levels. Peace with ourselves and the people around us, peace with our ecosystem, and peace amongst peoples and nations.
Schedule of Events.
The Schedule of Events for the 2007 Universal Forum of Cultures will be announced soon via the Forum Website.

Mesencephalon
In biological anatomy, the mesencephalon (or midbrain) is the middle of three vesicles that arise from the neural tube that forms the brain of developing animals.
In mature human brains, the mesencephalon becomes the least differentiated, from both its developmental form and within its own structure, among the three vesicles. The mesencephalon is considered part of the brain stem.

Dakota Fanning
Dakota Fanning (born February 23, 1994) is an American child actress, most famous for her starring role in the movie "Dreamer".

Rhombencephalon
The rhombencephalon (or hindbrain) is a name for parts of the central nervous system in vertebrates.

Spanish Broom
Spanish Broom ("Spartium junceum", syn. "Genista juncea"), also known as Weaver's Broom, is a perennial, leguminous shrub that grows in the Mediterranean region in southern Europe, southwest Asia and northwest Africa, where it is found in sunny sites, usually on dry, sandy soils. It is the sole species in the genus "Spartium", but is closely related to the other brooms in the genera "Cytisus" and "Genista".
Spanish Broom typically grows to 2-4 m tall, rarely 5 m, with main stems up to 5 cm thick, rarely 10 cm.

Salvia
"Salvia" is a genus in the mint family, Lamiaceae. It is one of three genera commonly referred to as Sage'". Sage generally means common sage ("Salvia officinalis"). This genus includes shrubs, herbaceous perennials, and annuals. Different species of sage are grown as herbs and as ornamental plants. The ornamental species are commonly referred to by their scientific name "Salvia".

Common sage
Common sage ("Salvia officinalis") is a small evergreen subshrub, with woody stems, grayish leaves, and blue to purplish flowers that grows in southern Europe and the Mediterranean region.
It is much cultivated as a kitchen and medicinal herb, and is also called Garden sage, Kitchen sage, and Dalmatian sage. In southern Europe similar species are sometimes cultivated for the same purpose, and may be confused with the common sage.

List of Salvia species
This is a list of species in the genus "Salvia". The list should not be considered complete. As with most botanical taxonomies, the list may change as new discoveries are made.

Subshrub
A subshrub (Latin "suffrutex") is a woody perennial plant. Gardeners use the word to distinguished plants from a shrub that have lower height, typically less than 10–20 cm tall, or that are only weakly woody and/or persist only for a few years. Small, low shrubs such as lavender, periwinkle, and thyme, and many members of the family Ericaceae, such as cranberries, are often classed as subshrubs.

Vinca
"Vinca" (from Latin "vincire" "to bind, fetter") is a genus of five species in the family Apocynaceae, that grows in Europe, northwest Africa and southwest Asia. The common name, shared with the related genus "Catharanthus", is Periwinkle.
They are subshrubs or herbaceous, and have slender stems 1-2 m (3-6 feet) long but not growing more than 20-70 cm (8-30 inches) above ground; the stems frequently take root where they touch the ground, so the plant can spread widely

Shikoku (dog)
The Shikoku is a Japanese breed of dog. Other names for it are Kochi-ken and Mikawa Inu. It has a life span of ten to twelve years.

Eddie Murphy
Edward "Eddie" Regan Murphy (born April 3, 1961, Brooklyn, New York City) is an American actor and comedian who has won the Golden Globe Award in 2006 and was nominated to the Academy Award in 2001. He was an usual member on "Saturday Night Live" from 1980 to 1984, and has worked as a stand-up comedian. He has worked a little as a singer too.

Jennifer Connelly
Jennifer Lynn Connelly (born December 12 1970) is an American film actress. She also worked as child model as a little girl. Although she has been working in the film industry since she was a teenager and became famous on the for her roles in films like "Labyrinth" and "Career Opportunities", she didn't become a big movie star until the 2000 drama "Requiem for a Dream", and the 2001 biopic "A Beautiful Mind", for which she won an Oscar for Best Supporting Actress.

Judy Garland
Judy Garland (born Frances Ethel Gumm; June 10, 1922 – June 22, 1969) was an American film actress and singer, very famous for her role as "Dorothy Gale" in "The Wizard of Oz" (1939). She was nominated for the Oscar and won many other awards in her career. She was the mother of the famous actress and singer Liza Minelli.

Liza Minelli
Liza May Minnelli (born March 12, 1946 in Los Angeles, California) is an American actress and singer, who has won the Oscar and the
Tony Award, and also many others. She is the daughter of famous actress and singer Judy Garland and her second husband, film director Vincente Minnelli. She acted and sang in many famous movies, like "Cabaret".

2007 Atlantic hurricane season
The 2007 Atlantic hurricane season is the period of tropical cyclones that happened in the year 2007. The season started June 1, 2007, and ended on November 30, 2007, but the last storm did not weaken until December 12, 2007. Most of the storms that form in the Atlantic Ocean during the year happen between these two dates. But Subtropical Storm Andrea formed early on May 9, 2007, which was before the start of the season. This was the second time in five years that a storm formed before the season start date. Tropical Storm Ana in the 2003 Atlantic hurricane season also formed before June 1.
Subtropical Storm Andrea.
On May 9, a extratropical cyclone formed into Subtropical Storm Andrea while located about 140 miles (225 km) southeast of Savannah, Georgia. Tropical storm watches were immediately issued for parts of coastal Georgia and Florida, though were later dropped. It is the first named storm to form in May since Arlene in the 1981 Atlantic hurricane season, and the first pre-season storm since Ana in April 2003. Later, the pattern of the system became bad with a large lowering in convection as it moved over cooler waters, and on May 10 it weakened to a subtropical depression and NHC issued its final advisory on Andrea at 11 PM EST, May 10. However, on the morning of May 11 convection flared up over the center, indicating that the cyclone might be acquiring tropical characteristics once again. However, it did not.
The storm produced rough surf along the coastline from Florida to North Carolina, causing beach erosion and some damage. One surfer drowned in Florida from the rough surf. A total of 5 perished during Andrea's initial extratropical phase. High winds from Andrea have been reported as fueling severe wildfires in northern Florida and southern Georgia. Andrea was blamed for providing stiff winds that acted like a "chimney", fueling the blaze to firestorm levels beyond the control of firefighting officials. Strong winds from the storm spread smoke from local brush fires through the Tampa Bay area to Miami.
Tropical Storm Barry.
On May 30, a large low pressure area formed in the Gulf of Honduras. The system slowly became stronger as it moved through the northwest Caribbean Sea into the southeast Gulf of Mexico. On June 1, the first day of the Atlantic hurricane season, this cyclone organized into Tropical Storm Barry, even thought it was located in an area of high wind shear. Warnings were immediately issued along the Western Florida coastline. Barry gave much-needed rain to parts of Florida and Georgia which were experiencing drought conditions from January to May. Barry made landfall near Tampa Bay, Florida on June 2 as a weak tropical storm. Shortly after, Barry weakened into a tropical depression as it became an extratropical storm. On June 3, the cyclone moved up the coast of the Carolinas bringing rains into the Mid-Atlantic states and New England. By June 5 its center had moved northward into Eastern Canada.
Tropical Storm Chantal.
An area of low pressure area formed near the Bahamas on July 28, and slowly organized while moving to the north-northeast. Late on July 30, it was upgraded to a tropical depression, the third of the season, after developing deep convection near the center for most of the day. On July 31, the system strengthened into a tropical storm south of Nova Scotia, the first storm in nearly two months after Barry. The storm quickly became extratropical late that day though as it moved towards Newfoundland over the cooler waters of the north Atlantic.
On August 1, flooding was reported from Placentia to the capital city of St. John's, where about 100 mm (4 inches) of rain held up the annual Royal St. John's Regatta. Up to 150 mm (6 inches) of rain fell in the Whitbourne area, according to Environment Canada. The most serious flooding was across the southern Avalon Peninsula, where dozens of roads were washed out, houses were flooded above their basements and several communities were isolated. Ferry service between Argentia and North Sydney, Nova Scotia, was stopped, and one ferry was forced to change its course to Port aux Basques.
States of emergency were declared in at least five communities in the areas surrounding Placentia Bay and Conception Bay, and the Newfoundland and Labrador Municipal Affairs Minister Jack Byrne has requested a federal disaster area declaration. Damage is estimated to be well into the millions of dollars, with at least $4 million in damage in the town of Placentia alone.
Hurricane Dean.
A strong tropical wave moved off the west coast of Africa in the second week of August. It quickly gathered itself and turned into into a low on August 12. Tropical Depression Four was made on August 13 in the east part of the Atlantic from the tropical wave to the south of Cape Verde. The depression was already having continuing deep thunderstorms, but mostly at the west part of its spinning because of wind shear from the east. The depression was supposed to become stronger a lot over the next few days due to wind shear becoming more weak and warmer sea surface temperatures which made conditions better for it to become stronger. The depression moved west very fast, south of a deep layered high, quickly running away from the shear from the east. Looking at satellite pictures and microwave and QuikSCAT information, the depression was changed to Tropical Storm Dean on August 14. It was changed to a category one then a category two hurricane on August 16, 2007. It got to category three then category four on August 17, 2007. It got to category five on August 20, 2007.
Tropical Storm Erin.
On August 9, an area of convection developed just south of Jamaica in association with a trough of low pressure. The system moved west-northwestward, and by August 10 it had a broad surface trough with minimal shower activity. Convection increased on August 11, and by August 12 a tropical wave and an upper-level low began to merge which resulted in a large area of disorganized thunderstorms extending from the western Caribbean Sea into the central Bahamas. Upper-level winds slowly became more beneficial for development, and on August 13 a large low pressure area formed about 90 miles (145 km) north-northeast of Cancún, Quintana Roo. Late on August 14, a reconnaissance flight into the system reported a small circulation center, but at the time was not well-defined enough to result in the initiation of tropical cyclone advisories. However, deep convection was found near the increasingly organizing center, and at 0300 UTC on August 15 the National Hurricane Center upgraded it as Tropical Depression Five about 425 miles (685 km) southeast of Brownsville, Texas.
Looking at reconnaissance info gotten from an NOAA plane investigating the depression, it was upgraded to Tropical Storm Erin on August 15.
It weakened to a tropical depression as it made landfall near Lamar, Texas, on August 16 and the NHC gave out its last advisory on the system soon after as it moved inland; but the HPC then began taking the responsibility of making advisories as long as the system was still tropical and a flood threat.
Two people were killed when a warehouse broke down in Texas. In all, 17 people died because of Erin.
Hurricane Felix.
On August 31, an area of weather east of the Windward Islands became strong enough, and was named Tropical Depression Six. Early on September 1, it was changed to a tropical storm and named Felix. Later that day, Felix was changed to a hurricane. On September 2, Felix was changed to a major hurricane. Felix hit land as a category 5 in northeastern Nicaragua, making it the second hurricane in 2007 to do this. At least 133 people were killed.
Tropical Storm Gabrielle.
An extratropical storm off the coast of the eastern United States was classified as "Subtropical Storm Gabrielle" by the National Hurricane Center late on September 7. It was later reclassified as a tropical storm on September 8. After passing over the Outer Banks of North Carolina, it weakened to a depression on September 10, and the final advisory was issued the next day as it no longer had a well-defined surface circulation.
Gabrielle poured 4-6 inches of rain in the immediate area of landfall, but reports showed minimal damage and no fatalities were reported.
Tropical Storm Ingrid.
Tropical Depression Eight formed from a tropical wave 1130 mi (1815 km) east of the Lesser Antilles on September 12, just before the system that eventually became Humberto formed. It was slow to develop and became Tropical Storm Ingrid early on September 14. Shearing winds from a tropical upper tropospheric trough soon weakened the cyclone, it returned to depression strength on September 15, and the final advisory was issued on September 17 as the system degenerated into an open wave north of the Leeward Islands. Ingrid was the first storm of the 2007 season not to threaten land, and there were no reports of damage or casualties.
Hurricane Humberto.
Tropical Depression Nine formed from a non-tropical low in the north-western Gulf of Mexico on September 12. Three hours later it had strengthened sufficiently to be named Tropical Storm Humberto. It rapidly became a hurricane until dissipating over North Carlina. Damage is at a half a billion dollars.
Tropical Depression Ten.
An extratropical low formed off the east coast of Florida on September 18. It slowly tracked westward, breaking itself away from a trough over the Atlantic while crossing the Florida Peninsula on September 19, emerging in the Gulf of Mexico on September 20. It slowly organized itself and was classified as a subtropical depression on the morning of September 21 just south of the Florida Panhandle. Three hours later, it was reclassified as fully tropical. At 8 pm EDT (0000 UTC) later that day, Tropical Depression Ten began to move onshore, and never reached tropical storm strength.
Damage from the precursor low was reported in Eustis, Florida from one or more tornadoes that damaged or destroyed about 50 houses, but caused no serious injuries.
Tropical Storm Jerry.
Early on September 23, a subtropical depression formed from a previously extratropical low about 1060 miles (1710 km) west of the Azores. It quickly strengthened into Subtropical Storm Jerry later that morning while remaining far from land. It transitioned into a fully tropical storm early on September 24, but weakened the same day as it moved over cooler waters. As it accelerated northward, it strengthened back into a tropical storm and reached its peak intensity of 45 mph (75 km/h) late on September 24. Shortly afterward, Jerry was absorbed into a larger extratropical low.
Hurricane Karen.
In the fourth week of September, a very large tropical wave emerged off the coast of Africa and tracked south of Cape Verde. It slowly became organized, by early on September 25, it became a tropical depression, and 6 hours later was upgraded to Tropical Storm Karen. It was slow to become stronger at first, but on September 26, Karen quickly became stronger and was made a hurricane early in the day) before added wind shear stopped the intensification and began to slowly weaken the storm. Karen was declared to have been at hurricane strength by the NHC on November 27, 2007.
Hurricane Lorenzo.
On September 21, an area of convection developed in the western Caribbean Sea in association with a trough of low pressure. Convection increased and a broad area of low pressure developed on September 22 as the convection moved northwestward towards the Yucatan Peninsula. On September 23 the area of low pressure moved over the Yucatan Peninsula and was producing thunderstorms from the southern Gulf of Mexico to the northwestern Caribbean Sea. Over the next few days the broad area of low pressure was moving erratically over the southwestern Gulf of Mexico but convection remained limited due to strong upper-level winds. By September 25 upper-level winds started to become more favorable for tropical cyclone formation and by that morning visible satellite imagery indicated that a tropical depression could be forming about 180 mi (290 km) east of Tampico, Mexico.
During the evening of September 25 a United States Air Force Hurricane Hunter aircraft found that the area of low pressure had developed into a tropical depression. The depression tracked slowly to the south and southwest into the Bay of Campeche. On September 26 convection increased and the depression was getting closer to being a tropical storm. At 0300 UTC September 27 the Government of Mexico issued a tropical storm watch for parts of the Mexican Gulf Coast as the depression was forecasted to strengthen into a tropical storm. Rapid intensification took place on September 27, and the depression became Tropical Storm Lorenzo around midday. Continued intensification that afternoon brought Lorenzo to near hurricane intensity. Early that evening, less than 7 hours after first being upgraded to a tropical storm, it was upgraded to Hurricane Lorenzo. It hit land on Mexico a little while after.
Tropical Storm Melissa.
An area of low pressure associated with a tropical wave near the Cape Verde islands developed into a tropical depression on September 28, after slowly developing for almost two days. Early the next day it strengthened to become Tropical Storm Melissa, the eighth named storm to form in September, tying the record for most storms to form in a month. It soon weakened under the influence of shearing winds.
Tropical Depression Fifteen.
On October 11, a tropical depression formed in the central Atlantic east of Bermuda out of a previously non-tropical low, which could possibly have involved the remnants of Tropical Storm Karen. It dissipated without further development.
Hurricane Noel.
During the evening of October 27, a low pressure system that had been slowly developing over the eastern Caribbean gained enough organization to be declared Tropical Depression Sixteen. It steadily intensified and became a tropical storm on the afternoon of October 28. It made landfall in Haiti on October 29, and then meandered across the western Caribbean near Cuba for the next three days. Noel brought torrential rain to the region, killing at least 120 people. It then accelerated northeastward, passing through the Bahamas before strengthening to a hurricane on November 1. Noel began an extratropical transition on November 2. While sustained winds were still at category 1 strength, the NHC issued its final advisory that afternoon. Meanwhile, the Canadian Hurricane Centre is still issuing advisories as it approaches Canadian territory.
Tropical Storm Olga.
In the second week of December, after the official end of the hurricane season, a low developed east of the northernmost Lesser Antilles. It slowly acquired subtropical characteristics, and late on December 10, the NHC declared it Subtropical Storm Olga while just north of Puerto Rico. It is the first post-season storm since Tropical Storm Zeta in the 2005 season, making this season one of the few with activity both before and after the official bounds of the hurricane season. The storm made landfall on December 11 on the eastern tip of the Dominican Republic. Later that evening, Olga transitioned into a tropical storm just after making landfall. Further weakening took place and the storm degenerated into a remnant low late on December 12.
Flooding and mudslides caused at least 22 deaths - one in Puerto Rico, two in Haiti and at least 19 in the Dominican Republic.
Storm names.
The following names will be used for named storms that form in the Atlantic basin in 2007. Names to be retired, if any, will be announced by the World Meteorological Organization in May of 2008. The names not retired from this list will be used again in the 2013 season. A storm was named Andrea for the first time in 2007. The list is the same as the 2001 list except for Andrea, Ingrid, and Melissa, which replaced Allison, Iris, and Michelle, respectively. Names that have not been assigned are marked in.
Accumulated Cyclone Energy.
The table on the right shows the Accumulated Cyclone Energy (ACE) for each storm in the season. ACE is, basically speaking, a measure of the power of the hurricane multiplied by the length of time it existed, so storms that last a long time, as well as particularly strong hurricanes, have high ACEs. ACE is only calculated for full advisories on tropical systems at or exceeding 34 knots (39 mph, 63 km/h) or tropical storm strength. While Subtropical Storm Andrea was a named storm of the 2007 season, NOAA does not officially include subtropical storms' ACE ratings in season totals. Andrea's ACE would have been 0.603 104kt² if it was tropical. Values accrued while Gabrielle, Jerry and Olga were subtropical are not included in their totals.

Yul Brynner
Yul Brynner (July 11, 1920 – October 10, 1985) was a Broadway and Hollywood actor. He was born in Russia but later became an American citizen. He appeared in many movies and stage productions in the United States. He is famous for his role as the Siamese king in the musical "The King and I" on theater and in the movie, as well as Rameses II in the 1956 Cecil B. DeMille movie "The Ten Commandments" and as "Chris Adams" in "The Magnificent Seven".
He was known for his shaved head which he kept as a personal sign since his role in "The King and I".

Robert Redford
Robert Redford (born Charles Robert Redford, Jr. on August 18 1936), is an American movie actor, director, producer, businessman, and model. One of Hollywood's biggest superstars, Redford's has kept his appeal as the decades pass.

Salvia pratensis
"Salvia pratensis" (Meadow Clary or Meadow Sage; syn "Salvia virgata") is a perennial sage in the family Lamiaceae, that grows in Europe, western Asia and northern Africa.
It is a herbaceous perennial plant and grows up to 1.5 m tall. The leaves are arranged in opposite pairs, the leaves on the lower part of the stem up to 15 cm long, higher up the stem they are smaller. The flowers are dark blue-purple, rarely pink or white.
It is usually grows in unimproved soils, which is typical for grasslands, scrub edges, and woodland borders.
It is grown as an ornamental plant.

Raymond Burr
Raymond William Stacey Burr (May 21 1917 – September 12, 1993) was a Canadian actor and vintner, famous for his roles in the television dramas "Perry Mason", for which he was awarded two Emmys, and "Ironside".

Michelle Pfeiffer
Michelle Marie Pfeiffer (born April 29, 1958) is an American actress, famous in all the world, and who has been nominated for the Oscar three times. In her more than 25 years of career, Pfeiffer has appeared in films such as "Scarface", "The Fabulous Baker Boys", "Batman Returns" and "Hairspray".

Plant stem
A stem is one of two main structural axes of a vascular plant. The stem is normally divided into nodes and internodes, the nodes hold buds which grow into one or more leaves, flowers, cones or other stems etc. The other main structural axis of plants is the root. In most plants stems are located above the soil surface but some plants have underground stems.
Stem structure.
Stem usually consist of three tissues, dermal tissue, ground tissue and vascular tissue.
Economic importance.
There are thousands of species whose stems have economic uses. Stems provide a few major staple crops such as potato and taro. Sugar cane stems are a major source of sugar. Maple sugar is obtained from trunks of maple trees. Vegetables from stems are asparagus, bamboo shoots, cactus pads or nopalitos, kohlrabi, and water chestnut. The spice, cinnamon is bark from a tree trunk. Cellulose from tree trunks is a food additive in bread, grated Parmesan cheese, and other processed foods. Gum arabic is an important food additive obtained from the trunks of "Acacia senegal" trees. Chicle, the main ingredient in chewing gum, is obtained from trunks of the chicle tree.
Medicines obtained from stems include quinine from the bark of cinchona trees, camphor distilled from wood of a tree in the same genus that provides cinnamon, and the muscle relaxant curare from the bark of tropical vines.
Wood is a used in thousands of ways, e.g. buildings, furniture, boats, airplanes, wagons, car parts, musical instruments, sports equipment, railroad ties, utility poles, fence posts, pilings, toothpicks, matches, plywood, coffins, shingles, barrel staves, toys, tool handles, picture frames, veneer, charcoal and firewood. Wood pulp is widely used to make paper, cardboard, cellulose sponges, cellophane and some important plastics and textiles, such as cellulose acetate and rayon. Bamboo stems also have hundreds of uses, including paper, buildings, furniture, boats, musical instruments, fishing poles, water pipes, plant stakes, and scaffolding. Trunks of palm trees and tree ferns are often used for building. Reed stems are also important building materials in some areas.
Tannins used for tanning leather are obtained from the wood of certain trees, such as quebracho. Cork is obtained from the bark of the cork oak. Rubber is obtained from the trunks of "Hevea brasiliensis." Rattan, used for furniture and baskets, is made from the stems of tropical vining palms. Bast fibers for textiles and rope are obtained from stems include flax, hemp, jute and ramie. The earliest paper was obtained from the stems of papyrus by the ancient Egyptians.
Amber is fossilized sap from tree trunks; it is used for jewelry and may contain ancient animals. Resins from conifer wood are used to produce turpentine and rosin. Tree bark is often used as a mulch and in growing media for container plants.

NNDB
NNDB, standing for Notable Names Database, produced by Soylent Communications, is an online database of biographical information of notable people. As of March 2007, NNDB contains more than 60,000 articles for over 22,000 important people. Readers may suggest additions or corrections which are later checked by a NNDB staff member.

Vascular plant
The vascular plants, tracheophytes or higher plants are plants in the kingdom Plantae that have specialized tissues for conducting water, minerals, and photosynthetic products through the plant.
They include the ferns, clubmosses, horsetails, flowering plants, conifers and other gymnosperms.
Water transport happens in either xylem or phloem: xylem carries water and inorganic solutes upward toward the leaves from the roots, while phloem carries organic solutes throughout the plant.

Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany
The Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany () is sometimes called the 2 + 4 Treaty.
It was signed by the two Germanys (West and East) and the four Wartime Allies (France, the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union (USSR)) on 12 September 1990, in Moscow, USSR.
The treaty formally ended the Second World War. The Allies give up the powers and duties they had had in the two Germanys and in Berlin since the Nazi Surrender in 1945 stopped the fighting in World War II.
Six countries signed the treaty but only five ratified (confirmed) it. This is because Germany united under one government on 3 October 1990, three weeks after the treaty was signed.
The treaty allowed West Germany and East Germany to unite (join) into one country. It said that Germany will be peaceful, and not start wars, and also set Germany's borders.
The treaty also set guidelines about moving the foreign troops that were in Germany. The USSR was to move all of its troops out of eastern Germany and eastern Berlin by 1994. The three western allies were asked to keep their troops in Berlin until the Soviets had left. Germany also promised not to allow NATO troops move into eastern Germany, and not to allow certain types of weapons in the east either.
The German government also confirmed that the treaty it made with Poland in 1970 about the border between the countries was to stay in force.
On 15 March 1991 the treaty treaty took effect, and Germany became fully sovereign (that is, able to control everything in its own territory, including Berlin)

Non-vascular plant
Non-vascular plants is a general term for those plants without a vascular system (xylem and phloem). Although non-vascular plants have not these particular tissues, a number of non-vascular plants possess tissues specialized for internal transport of water.
Nonvascular plants have no roots, stems, or leaves, since each of these structures is defined by containing vascular tissue.
Non-vascular groups.
In the past, the term "non-vascular plant" included all the algae, but also the fungi as well. Today, it is recognized that these groups are not closely related to plants, and have a very different biology.

Vascular tissue
Vascular tissue is a complex tissue found in vascular plants. Complex means that it is composed of more than one cell type.
The primary components of vascular tissue are the xylem and phloem. These two tissues transport fluid and nutrients internally. There are also two meristems associated with vascular tissue: the vascular cambium and the cork cambium. All the vascular tissues within a particular plant together constitute the vascular tissue system of that plant.

Phloem
In vascular plants, phloem is the living tissue made up of small tubes which carry watery sap containing sugar and other organic nutrients to all parts of the plant where the nutrients are used for growth, or stored until needed. The sugar is made by photosynthesis. In trees, the phloem is the innermost layer of the bark, therefore the name, that comes from the Greek word φλοιος ("phloios") for "bark".
The phloem also carries information. In some plants for example, if insects or animals are eating a leaf, other leaves become unappetizing and this helps to protect the plant from more damage.
Aphids (Greenfly) and other insects feed on from the phloem by inserting a fine tube into the plant, penetrating the tiny phloem cells deep within the plant. The very high pressure in the phloem tubes forces the phloem sap into the insect. Most of the sugar passes right through the insect, so that nearby surfaces get sticky and often become black due to the growth of algae.

Walter Matthau
Walter Matthau (October 1, 1920 – July 1, 2000) was an American comedy actor, most famous for his role as "Oscar Madison" in "The Odd Couple" and his many collaborations with fellow "Odd Couple" star Jack Lemmon. He won the Oscar in 1966 for his role in "The Fortune Cookie".

Susan Sarandon
Susan Sarandon (born October 4, 1946) is an American actress. She has received many awards in her career for her work, including the Academy Award in 1995 for her role at the movie "Dead Man Walking", written and directed by his partner, actor and director Tim Robbins.

Tim Robbins
Timothy Francis Robbins (born October 16, 1958) is an American actor, screenwriter, director, producer, activist and amateur musician. He has won many awards in his career, including the Academy Award in 2004 for his work in "Mystic River". He has been the partner of actress Susan Sarandon for many years.

Tigran Chukhajian
Tigran Chukhajian was a famous Armenian composer and the founder of the first opera institution in the Ottoman Empire.

Jamie Lee Curtis
Jamie Lee Curtis (born November 22, 1958) is an American movie actress and a writer of books for children. Although at the beginning of her career she was known as a "scream queen" because of her roles in many horror movies, Curtis has since worked in a lot of different film genres, and she has received an Emmy Award nomination and two Golden Globe Awards. Her 1998 book, "Today I Feel Silly, and Other Moods That Make My Day", made the best-seller list in "The New York Times". She is married to actor Christopher Guest (Baron Haden-Guest) and, as the wife of a Baron, she has the title Baroness Haden-Guest and she could be called The Lady Haden-Guest, but she chooses not to use the title nor the style when in the United States. She is the daughter of famous actor Tony Curtis.

People's Republic
People's Republic (sometimes called Popular Republic) is a name for a communist, usually Marxist-Leninist country. Currently, the People's Republic of China (PRC) is the only Marxist-Leninist state in the world that uses the title "People's Republic". Because of this, "People's Republic" is sometimes used to refer to China.

Michael J. Fox
Michael J. Fox (born Michael Andrew Fox on June 9, 1961) is an American movie and television actor. He was born in Canada, but became an American citizen. His most famous roles include "Marty McFly" from the "Back to the Future" trilogy (1985-1990); "Alex P. Keaton" from "Family Ties" (1982-1989), for which he won three Emmy Awards and a Golden Globe Award; and "Mike Flaherty" from "Spin City" (1996-2000), for which he won an Emmy, three Golden Globes, and two Screen Actors Guild Awards.
Fox found out he had Parkinson's disease in 1991, and informed this to the public in 1998. As his disease became worse, he retired from acting in 2000.

Stomach flu
Gastroenteritis, more commonly known as the stomach flu is a type of flu which causes nausea, vomiting, and sometimes soreness of throat and fatigue. Sometimes, the stomach flu can last for a week or two.

Hurt (Christina Aguilera song)
Hurt is a song sung by Christina Aguilera, from her 2006 album "Back to Basics". The song was written by Aguilera, Linda Perry and Mark Ronson. It is a slow, emotional ballad. It was released as the second single from her "Back to Basics" album, after "Ain't No Other Man". It charted in many countries in the world.

Christopher Reeve
Christopher D'Olier Reeve(September 25, 1952 – October 10, 2004) was an American actor, director, producer and writer. He was already a famous theater actor before playing the role of Superman in four films, from 1978 to 1987. In the 1980s, he starred in several films, including "Somewhere in Time" (1980), "Deathtrap" (1982), "The Bostonians" (1984), and "Street Smart" (1987). He also starred in many theater plays, including the Broadway plays "Fifth of July" (1980 - 1982) and "The Marriage of Figaro" (1985). In 1987, started a public movement of protest in support of 77 Chilean actors, directors, and playwrights who had been sentenced to death by the dictator Pinochet for criticizing his government in their works. Pinochet canceled the sentence after this, and Reeve was given with three national awards from Chile for his actions. In the 1990s, Reeve acted in such films as "Noises Off" (1992), "The Remains of the Day" (1993), and "Village of the Damned" (1995).
In May 1995, Reeve was paralyzed in an accident when riding a horse. He had to use a wheelchair for the rest of his life. He then made many campaigns in support of people with spinal cord injuries. He founded the Christopher Reeve Foundation and co-founded the Reeve-Irvine Research Center. Reeve died at age 52 on October 10, 2004 from heart problems caused by an infection. Director Richard Donner dedicated his new version of "Superman II" (2006) to Reeve. The TV series episode "Devoted" from season four of "Smallville", which ran in 2004, is also dedicated to his memory. Also, "Everyone's Hero", which he directed, and 2006's "Superman Returns" are dedicated to him and his wife, Dana.
Reeve married Dana Morosini in April 1992, and they had a son, Will. Reeve also had two children, Matthew and Alexandra, from a relationship she had before with Gae Exton. Dana Reeve died of lung cancer in March 2006.

Movie producer
A movie producer creates the conditions for making movies. The producer checks and control things such as getting the money to make the movie, employing personnel, and arranging for distributors. The producer is involved in all parts of the process of making a movie from the beginning to completion of a project. Usually, the producer is considered the chief of staff and is in control the non-artistic side of movie making, while the director is in charge of the filming and the artistic part.

Television pilot
Television pilot, usually called just a "pilot", is a test episode made to sell a television series. It may be broadcast as the first episode if the series is sold to a network or cable channel, and sometimes has different actors or other differences to the real series. There are also many series whose pilot episodes are titled "Pilot". While many pilots are made, few make it to the screen, and even fewer go on to become full television series because of big competition between networks and producers.

James Doohan
James Montgomery Doohan (March 3, 1920 – July 20, 2005) was a Canadian actor famous for his role as "Montgomery "Scotty" Scott" in the television and movie series "Star Trek". Doohan's character was one of the most typical elements in the "Star Trek" franchise.
Doohan was also a veteran of World War II. Following his success with "Star Trek", he showed a lot of support through the years for his fans by making many public appearances. Doohan is considered by some to be one of the most friendly stars of the "Star Trek" franchise.

Javanese language
The Javanese language is a Austronesian language. It is spoken mostly in Java, Indonesia.

Michael Douglas
Michael Kirk Douglas (born September 25, 1944) is an American actor and producer, specially on movies and television, who came to fame as "Insp. Steve Keller" in the popular 1970s television series "The Streets of San Francisco". He later became a big movie star, and won the Academy Award in 1987 for his work at "Wall Street". Douglas has acted in many other successful movies, like "Fatal Attraction" and "Basic Instinct". He is the son of famous movie star Kirk Douglas, and the husband of actress Catherine Zeta-Jones.

Kirk Douglas
Kirk Douglas (born Issur Danielovitch Demsky December 9, 1916) is an American actor and film producer who has acted in many of Hollywood's greatest movies of all time, like "Spartacus". He is also father to actor and producer Michael Douglas. He came in at #17 on AFI's list of the greatest male American screen legends of all time and is one of two living actors on the list (Sidney Poitier is the other).

James Stewart
James Maitland Stewart (May 20, 1908 – July 2, 1997) was one of the most famous American movie and stage actors of all times. In his career, he starred in many movies considered classics and was nominated for five Oscars, winning one in competition and one life achievement. He also had an important military career, and made it to the rank of Brigadier General in the United States Air Force. Stewart became so familiar to the American public that he was most usually referred to by them as "Jimmy" Stewart.
He was named the third Greatest Male Star of All Time by the American Film Institute.

James Cagney
James Francis Cagney, Jr. (July 17, 1899 – March 30, 1986) was an American movie actor who became very famous for many roles in his long career, and won the Oscar for Best Actor in 1942 for his role in "Yankee Doodle Dandy".
Like James Stewart, Cagney became so familiar to the public that they usually referred to him as "Jimmy" Cagney. In 1999, the American Film Institute ranked Cagney eighth among the Greatest Male Stars of All Time.

Spencer Tracy
Spencer Tracy (April 5, 1900 – June 10, 1967) was an American film and stage actor who appeared in 74 films from 1930 to 1967. Tracy is considered generally as one of the best actors in motion picture history.
In 1999, the American Film Institute named Tracy among the Greatest Male Stars of All Time, ranking 9th on the list of 100. He was nominated for nine Academy Awards for Best Actor, and won it two times, in 1937 and 1938. Along with Tom Hanks, he is one of the only two actors to ever be given two Oscars in two consecutive years. He was a long time partner of famous actress Katharine Hepburn.

Gary Cooper
Gary Cooper (born Frank James Cooper May 7, 1901 – May 13, 1961) was an American film actor. His career went from the 1920s until the year of his death, during which he made one hundred films. Cooper received five Oscar nominations for Best Actor, and won it two times, in 1941 and 1952. He also received an Honorary Award from the Academy in 1961.
In 1999, the American Film Institute named Cooper among the Greatest Male Stars of All Time, ranking at No. 11.

James Edward Keeler
James Edward Keeler (September 10 1857–August 12 1900) was an American astronomer.
He worked at Lick Observatory beginning in 1888 but was appointed director of the University of Pittsburgh's Allegheny Observatory in 1891. He returned to Lick Observatory as its director in 1898, but died not long after in 1900. He had married in 1891 and left a widow and two children.
He discovered two asteroids, although the second was lost and only recovered about 100 years later.

Cassini-Huygens
Cassini–Huygens is a robotic spacecraft mission made together by NASA/ESA/ASI, that is now studying the planet Saturn and its moons. The spacecraft has two main parts: the NASA Cassini orbiter, named after the Italian-French astronomer Giovanni Domenico Cassini, and the ESA Huygens probe, named after the Dutch astronomer, mathematician, and physicist Christiaan Huygens. It was launched on October 15, 1997 and entered into orbit around Saturn on July 1, 2004. On December 25 2004 the Huygens probe separated from the orbiter at more or less 02:00 UTC. The probe landed on Saturn's moon Titan on January 14 2005, where it descended and started sending information for the scientists to study. It is the first spacecraft to orbit Saturn and the fourth spacecraft to visit Saturn.

Fern
A fern is any one of a group of about 20,000 species of plants classified in the or division Pteridophyta, also known as Filicophyta.

Horror film
Horror movies are movies in which strange and frightening things happen. Horror movies are intended to scare and make the viewers afraid. The main stories of horror movie often involve evil forces or characters of supernatural origin.
Popular horror movie characters usually include vampires, monsters and zombies. Early horror movies often took the ideas from characters and stories from classic literature, such as "Dracula", "Frankenstein", and "the Mummy".

Laurence Fishburne
Laurence Fishburne III (born July 30 1961) is an American actor of movies and theater, playwright, director, and producer. He was nominated for the Oscar, and won the Emmy and Tony Awards. He is famous for his roles in successful movies like "Apocalypse Now" and "The Matrix".

Martin Sheen
Martin Sheen (born August 3, 1940) is an American actor. He is famous for his role as "Captain Willard" in the film "Apocalypse Now" and, most recently, as President "Josiah Bartlet" on the acclaimed and long-running television drama series "The West Wing". He won both the Emmy and Golden Globe Awards for his works.

Marlene Dietrich
Marlene Dietrich; (December 27, 1901 – May 6, 1992) was a German actress, singer, and entertainer. She is considered as being the first German actress to become successful in Hollywood.
In her long career, starting as a cabaret singer, chorus girl and film actress in Berlin in the 1920s, Hollywood movie star in the 1930s, World War II entertainer at the front of war during the 1940s, and finally as an international stage show performer from the 1950s to the 1970s, Dietrich became one of the most important movie icons of the 20th century. The American Film Institute ranked Dietrich No. 9 amongst the Greatest Female Stars of All Time.

Northern Kurdistan
Northern Kurdistan, or Turkish Kurdistan, is a part of Turkey in the Middle East.

Mount Etna
Mount Etna is an active volcano on the east coast of Sicily, southern Italy. It is the largest active volcano in Europe and the largest of the active volcanoes in Italy. Mount Etna erupts every few years.
Newest eruptions.
A very large lava flow from an eruption in 1928 led to the first destruction of a town since the 1669 eruption. In this case, each building of the town of Mascali was destroyed in just two days.
Other major twentieth century eruptions occurred in 1949, 1971, 1983 and 1992, as well as the twenty-first century 2001 eruption. In 1971, it buried the Etna Observatory (built in the late 19th century) under lava. The 1992 eruption saw the town of Zafferana threatened by a lava flow, but successful diversion efforts saved the town with the loss of only one building a few hundred metres outside it.
In 2002-2003, the biggest series of eruptions for many years threw up a huge column of ash that could easily be seen from space and fell as far away as Libya, on the far side of the Mediterranean Sea. Seismic activity in this eruption caused the eastern flanks of the volcano to slip by up to two metres, and many houses on the flanks of the volcano got structural damage. The eruption also completely destroyed the Rifugio Sapienza, on the southern flank of the volcano.

Western Kurdistan
Western Kurdistan, or Syrian Kurdistan, is a part of divided Kurdistan in the Middle East.

Eastern Kurdistan
Eastern Kurdistan or Iranian Kurdistan is the unofficial name for the parts of Iran inhabited by Kurds.

John Terry
John George Terry is an English professional football player. He was born on December 7, 1980 in London. Terry plays as a defender and is the captain of Chelsea in the English Premier League and the former captain of the England national football team.
Terry is known as one of the best defenders in the world. He was voted best defender in the UEFA Champions League in 2005. He was also the only English player to be named in the group of best players for the 2006 FIFA World Cup. He wears the number 26 shirt for Chelsea and the number 6 shirt for England. It was John Terry who missed the penalty which could have won the Champions League 2008. He slipped when he was taking the penalty, giving Manchester United the title.
Career.
Terry was a Chelsea Youth player. Before he became a defender he was a midfielder. To help Terry get some first team experience he was loaned out to Nottingham Forest.
Personal life.
John is married to his childhood sweetheart Toni Poole, who supported him financially when he was a Chelsea F.C trainee. They married on 15 June, 2007, in a stately home near their mansion in Chelsea. They have one-year-old twins, Georgie and Summer.

Umbrella (song)
"Umbrella" is a R&B song performed by Rihanna and features Jay-Z from Rihanna's album "Good Girl Gone Bad". It was written by Jay-Z, Terius Nash and Christopher Stewart. It was released on March 29, 2007 as a single and digital download. It was very successful worldwide reaching number one in numerous countries. The song is 4 minutes and 35 seconds long.
Background and single release.
The songwriters of "Umbrella" offered the song to a number of labels before Rihanna finally accepted and recorded it. The song was first offered by Britney Spears which she turned it down. Although it was released officially on March 29, 2007, it was released in some parts of the United States on March 28. In the United Kingdom, the single was released as a digital download on May 14 and as a physical single on May 28.
Music video.
The music video for "Umbrella" was directed by Chris Applebaum on April 13, 2007. It premiered on April 26 at the thisisrihanna.com website. The video was released on May 11, and reached the number one spot for eight weeks.
The video features Jay-Z rapping in the beginning while in a rain of sparks. Rihanna is then shown singing in a steamy place. In the first chorus, Rihanna walks around en pointe while in the rain. In the second verse, she is seen dancing with an umbrella in a different place. Later, she is painted silver and posing in several positions while nude. At the end of the video, Rihanna is again dancing with an umbrella while in a shower of sparks falling like rain.
Remixes.
A number of remixes were made for the song. Lil' Mama is featured in one remix. Chris Brown performed an answer song with different lyrics, called "Cinderella."
Chart performance.
"Umbrella" reached the number one spot in a number of countries. It topped the charts in the United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, Poland, Austria, Belgium, Norway and Switzerland at the same time. It peaked at the top spot in the United Kingdom for ten weeks in a row from May 20 to July 29, 2007. It was the longest running number one song since "Love Is All Around" by Wet Wet Wet in 1994 (that song spent 15 weeks). It was knocked off the number one spot in the UK by Timbaland's "The Way I Are".
The song's reign at number one in the UK happened when the country was hit by extreme rainfall and flooding, which led some people to jokingly suggest the two events were related, calling it the "Rihanna Curse". Interestingly in Greece (the single's worst performing market) "Umbrella" was released at a time when people were suffering through a summer of several heatwaves topping 45C/113F and the worst forest fires of modern history, killing 60. The song only reached number fourteen in the Greek singles chart.
"Umbrella" was at number one in the American Billboard Hot 100 for seven weeks and in the Australian ARIA Charts for six weeks.

Shirley MacLaine
Shirley MacLaine (born April 24, 1934) is an American movie and theatre actress, famous not only for her acting, but for her strong belief in reincarnation. She is also the writer of a many autobiographical works, some about her New Age beliefs, as well as her Hollywood career. She is the older sister of Warren Beatty. She won the Oscar for Best Actress in 1983, and has also received many other awards in her career, like the Emmy, Golden Globe and BAFTA Awards.

Crown dependency
A British crown dependency is a special type of state. The head of state is the British monarch, who is represented by a Lieutenant-Governor. Each dependency has a parliament, government and prime minister to make all laws, except laws about defence and foreign affairs. Defence and foreign affairs are looked after by the British Government.
But the British government in London has no power in the dependencies, unless the government of the dependency agrees.
Some colonies also have a government, but they were created by the British government and can be ended by the British government.

Lieutenancies Act 1997
The Lieutenancies Act 1997 (1997 c. 23) is an Act of Parliament in the United Kingdom.
A Lord Lieutenant is the Queen's representative in a county or other area.
The Lieutenancies Act sets out the areas in which Lords-Lieutenant work in Great Britain. It came into force on 1 July 1997.
These areas are usually called "ceremonial counties" or "preserved counties" in Wales. In Scotland a Statutory Instrument (rule written by a minister) defines the size of the lieutenancy. They are usually one local council area, but some council areas are too small or to large for one Lord Lieutenant.
For a list of the areas in England see Ceremonial counties of England

Meristem
A meristem is a tissue in all plants that consists of meristematic cells. These are cells that have not yet a special function. They are found in zones of the plant where growth can take place.
Plant cells with special functions (differentiated cells) generally cannot divide or produce cells of a different type. Therefore, cell division in the meristem is necessary to get new cells for expansion and differentiation of tissues and to create new organs, that are necessary for the basic structure of the plant body.
Meristematic cells have the same function for plants as stem cells have for animals. They are incompletely or not at all differentiated, and are capable of continued cellular division (youthful). And the cells are small and protoplasm fills the cell completely. The vacuoles are extremely small.
Maintenance of the cells needs a balance between two antagonistic processes: organ initiation and stem cell population renewal.
Primary meristems.
These meristems are responsible for primary growth, or an increase in length or height.

Vascular cambium
The vascular cambium is a lateral meristem.
It is the source of both the secondary xylem (inwards, towards the pith) and the secondary phloem (outwards), and is between these tissues in the stem and root. Only a few leaves even have a vascular cambium.
Vascular cambium is a type of meristem - a tissue consisting of embryonic (not specialized) cells which can produce other (and more differentiated) plant tissues originate. Primary meristems are the apical meristems on root tips and shoot tips. Another lateral meristem is the cork cambium, which produces cork, part of the bark.

Cork cambium
Cork cambium is a tissue in many vascular plants as part of the bark (periderm).
The cork cambium is a lateral meristem and is responsible for secondary growth that replaces the epidermis in roots and stems. It is found in woody and many herbaceous dicots, gymnosperms and some monocots, which usually have no secondary growth.
Cork cambium is one of the plant's meristems - the tissues that consist of embryonic (not specialized) cells from which the plant grows. It is one of the many layers of bark, between the cork and primary phloem. The function of cork cambium is to produce the cork, a tough protective material.
Synonyms for cork cambium are bark cambium, pericambium or phellogen.

Cork (material)
Cork is a material that is harvested for commercial use primarily from the bark of the Cork Oak tree.
Portugal produces 50% of cork worldwide.
Cork's elasticity together with its near-impermeability makes it suitable as a material for bottle stoppers, especially for wine bottles. Cork stoppers represent about 60% of all cork based production. Cork's low density makes it a suitable material for fishing floats and buoys, as well as handles for fishing rods (as an alternative to neoprene). Cork is also used in the manufacture of musical instruments, particularly woodwind instruments, where it is used to fasten together different segments of the instrument and make the seams airtight.
The cork industry is generally regarded as environmentally friendly. The sustainability of its production and the easy recycling of cork products and by-products are two of its most distinctive aspects.
Cork demand has increased due to a larger proportion of wine being sealed with cork rather than being sold in bulk. Top quality corks are quite expensive, so many cheaper brands have switched to lower quality cork, synthetic plastic stoppers, screwcaps, or other closures.

Cork oak
The Cork Oak ("Quercus suber") is a medium-sized, evergreen oak tree in the section "Quercus" sect. "Cerris". It grows southwest Europe and northwest Africa.
It grows to up to 20 m, but in its native environment it is usually not that tall. The leaves are 4-7 cm long, dark green above, paler beneath, with the leaf margins often downcurved. The acorns are 2-3 cm long.
The tree forms a thick, corky bark. Over time this bark can develop considerable thickness and this is harvested every 10-12 years as cork. The harvesting of cork does not harm the tree and a new layer of cork regrows, making it a renewable resource. The tree is widely cultivated in Spain, Portugal, Algeria, Morocco, France, Italy and Tunisia. Cork Oak forests cover approximately 2.5 million hectares in those countries. Portugal accounts for 50% of the world cork harvest. Cork Oaks cannot legally be cut down in Portugal, except for forest management felling of old, unproductive trees.
Cork Oaks live about 150-250 years. Virgin cork (or 'male' cork) is the first cork cut from generally 25-year-old trees. Another 10-12 years is required for the second harvest, and a tree can be harvested a dozen times in its lifetime. Cork harvesting is done entirely without machinery.
The European cork industry produces 340,000 tonnes of cork a year, with a value of €1.5 billion. 30,000 people work at it. Wine corks represent 15% of cork usage by weight but 66% of revenues.
Cork Oaks are sometimes planted as individual trees. So they provide a small income to their owners. The tree is also sometimes cultivated for ornament. Hybrids with Turkey Oak ("Quercus cerris") are regular, both in the wild in southwest Europe and in cultivation; the hybrid is known as Lucombe Oak "Quercus × hispanica".
Some cork is also produced in eastern Asia from the related Chinese Cork Oak ("Quercus variabilis").

Acorn
The acorn is the fruit of the oak tree. It is a nut, and contains a single seed (rarely two seeds), enclosed in a tough, leathery shell. Acorns vary from 1 – 6 cm long and 0.8 – 4 cm broad. Acorns take between about 6 or 24 months (that depends on the species) to mature.
Nutrition.
Acorns are one of the most important wildlife foods in areas where oaks grow. Creatures that make acorns an important part of their diet include birds, such as jays, pigeons, some ducks and several species of woodpeckers. Small mammals that feed on acorns include mice, squirrels and several other rodents. Such large mammals as pigs, bears, and deer also consume large amounts of acorns: they may constitute up to 25% of the diet of deer in the autumn. In some of the large oak forests in southwest Europe, traditionally called "dehesas", pigs are still turned loose in oak groves in the autumn, to fill and fatten themselves on acorns. However, acorns are toxic to some other animals, such as horses.

President of Belarus
Beginning in 1994, the President is the leader of the country of Belarus. A president is chosen by other Belarusians every five years in a national vote. Alexander Lukashenko is the only person who has been president.

Jay
The jays are several species of medium-sized, usually colorful and noisy birds in the crow family Corvidae.
See also.
General licences under the Wildlife & Countryside Act 1981

Clubmoss
Lycopodiopsida is a class of plants often loosely grouped as the fern allies, and includes the clubmosses.
Lycopodiopsida traditionally included all the clubmosses, including "Selaginella" and "Isoetes". But now subdivisions within the Division Lycopodiophyta are made.
Clubmosses are thought to be structurally similar to the earliest vascular plants, with small, scale-like leaves, homosporous spores borne in sporangia at the bases of the leaves, branching stems (usually dichotomous), and generally simple form.
A powder known simply as "lycopodium", consisting of dried spores of the common clubmoss, was used in Victorian theater to produce flame-effects. A blown cloud of spores burned rapidly and brightly, but with little heat. It was considered safe by the standards of the time.

Equisetum
"Equisetum" (also horsetails or scouring rushes), is a genus of vascular plants that reproduce by spores and not by seeds.
The genus includes 15 species.
The name horsetail, often used for the entire group, arose because the branched species somewhat resemble a horse's tail, the name "Equisetum" comes from the Latin "equus", "horse", and "seta", "bristle".
One can find horsetails on all continents except from Australasia and Antarctica. They are perennial plants, either herbaceous, they back in winter (most temperate species) or they are evergreen (some tropical species, and the temperate species "Equisetum hyemale, E. scirpoides, E. variegatum" and "E. ramosissimum"). They mostly grow 0.2-1.5 m tall, though "E. telmateia" can exceptionally reach 2.5 m, and the tropical American species "E. giganteum" 5 m, and "E. myriochaetum" 8 m.
In these plants the leaves are greatly reduced, in whorls of small, segments fused into nodal sheaths. The stems are green and photosynthetic, also distinctive in being hollow, jointed, and ridged (with (3-) 6-40 ridges). There may or may not be whorls of branches at the nodes; when present, these branches are identical to the main stem except smaller.
The superficially similar flowering plant, Mare's tail ("Hippuris vulgaris"), unrelated to the genus "Equisetum", is occasionally misidentified and misnamed as a horsetail.

Green algae
Green algae are microscopic protists. One can find them in all sorts of natural water: Salt water, freshwater and brackish water.
The green algae (singular: green alga) are the large group of algae from which the higher plants developed. They form a group, that can included among the Plantae or with the Protista.
The green algae include unicellular and colonial flagellates, usually but not always with two flagella per cell, as well as various colonial, coccoid, and filamentous forms. In the Charales, the closest relatives of higher plants, full differentiation of tissues occurs. There are about 1000 – 2000 species of green algae. Many species live most of their lives as single-cells, other species form colonies or long filaments.

Brackish water
Brackish water (less commonly brack water) is salt and fresh water mixed together. It is saltier than fresh water, but not as salty as seawater. It may result from mixing of seawater with fresh water, as in estuaries, or it may occur in brackish fossil aquifers.
Certain human activities can produce brackish water, in particular certain civil engineering projects such as dikes and the flooding of coastal marshland to produce brackish water pools for freshwater prawn farms.
Technically, brackish water contains between 0.5 and 30 grams of salt per litre—more often expressed as 0.5 to 30 parts per thousand (ppt or ‰). Thus, "brackish" covers a range of salinity regimes and is not considered a precisely defined condition. It is characteristic of many brackish surface waters that their salinity can vary considerably over space and/or time.
Etymology.
The term brackish water comes from the Low German word "Brack", which is a small lake created when a storm tide breaks a dike and floods land behind the dike.
Estuaries.
An estuary is a body of water with fresh and salt water.The most important brackish water habitats are estuaries, where a river meets the sea. The River Thames flowing through London is one of the most familiar of river estuaries..
Mangroves.
Another important brackish water habitat is the mangrove swamp or mangal..
Brackish seas and lakes.
Some seas and lakes are brackish. The Baltic Sea is a brackish sea adjoining the North Sea..
The Caspian Sea is the world's largest lake and contains brackish water with a salinity about one-third that of normal seawater. The Caspian is famous for its peculiar animal fauna, including one of the few non-marine seals (the Caspian seal) and the great sturgeons, a major source of caviar.

Flagellate
Flagellates are cells with one or more whip-like organelles called flagella. Some cells in animals may be flagellate, for instance the spermatozoa of most phyla. Higher plants and fungi do not produce flagellate cells, but the closely related green algae and chytrids do. Many protists take the form of single-celled flagellates. They are found in most lines of eukaryotes, and it is likely that all surviving eukaryotes developed from them.

Sustainable energy
Sustainable energy involves both energy efficiency and renewable energy. Both resources help to stabilize and reduce carbon dioxide emissions.
Efficient energy use allows energy demand to slow so that rising clean energy supplies can make big cuts in fossil fuel use. If energy use grows too fast, renewable energy development will chase a receding target. Likewise, unless clean energy supplies come online rapidly, slowing demand growth will only begin to reduce total emissions; reducing the carbon content of energy sources is also needed.
Any serious vision of a sustainable energy economy thus requires major commitments to both efficiency and renewables.

Neoprene
Neoprene is the DuPont Performance Elastomers trade name for a family of synthetic rubbers based on polychloroprene (polymer form of Chloroprene). Neoprene was invented by DuPont scientists after Dr. Elmer K. Bolton of DuPont laboratories.
History.
Neoprene (originally called duprene) was the first mass-produced synthetic rubber compound.
Applications.
It is used in a wide variety of environments, such as in wetsuits, laptop sleeves, electrical insulation, and car fan belts. Its chemical inertness makes it well suited for industrial applications such as gaskets, hoses, and corrosion-resistant coatings. It can also be used as a base for adhesives.
Yamaha has begun replacing corks not being used for sealing (such as when sealing the joints of a clarinet) with neoprene.

Pioneer 11
Pioneer 11 (also known as Pioneer G) was the second mission to visit Jupiter and the first mission to visit Saturn. The spacecraft was launched on April 6, 1973 and flew by Jupiter on December 4, 1974 and Saturn on September 1, 1979. The probe was last heard from November 1995 when the last communication between Earth and the probe ended.

Medical Tourism
Medical Tourism is the name given to a new health care industry. With Medical Tourism, consumers visit another country to obtain good healthcare and often at very affordable prices. Medical Tourism was established shortly after the year 2000.
Common medical procedures conducted for Medical Tourists include a surgical procedure such as: joint replacement, heart surgery, cosmetic surgery, dental treatment, addictions rehabilitation.
Cost Savings.
To get an idea of the potential cost savings from medical tourism, in Denver, Colorado, USA, a person without health insurance who needs a hip replacement will pay about US$60,000 (EUR44751). In comparison, in Cuba, going through medical tourism firm Choice Medical Services, the same procedure costs about US$8000 (EUR5967)or about an 80 percent savings.
Other Websites.
"Canadian Firms Offer Cuban Healthcare to US, Canadian Patients", "Miami Herald"

Burrowing Parakeet
The Burrowing Parakeet ("Cyanoliseus patagonus") is a species of parrot in the Psittacidae family. It is found in Argentina, Chile, Falkland Islands, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, and Uruguay. It lives in subtropical or tropical dry shrubland, subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrubland, and pastureland.

Aquifer
An aquifer is an underground layer where the material contains water.
That can be less solid material like sand, gravel, clay or silt, but it can be rock as well as long as the rock allows water to get in (that means that it is water-bearing).
From such layers or groundwater can be usefully extracted using a water well. The study of water flow in aquifers and the characterization of aquifers is called hydrogeology.
Exploitation.
Aquifers can occur at various depths. Those closer to the surface are not only more likely to be exploited for water supply and irrigation, but are also more likely to be topped up by the local rainfall. Many desert areas have limestone hills or mountains within them or close to them which can be exploited as groundwater resources. If more water is taken out than get in again one speeks of over exploitation. Along the coastlines of certain countries, such as Libya and Israel, population growth has led to over-population which has caused the lowering of water table and the subsequent contamination of the groundwater with saltwater from the sea (saline intrusions). In these cases the aquifer contains brackish water.
The diagram shows typical flow directions in a cross-sectional view of a simple confined/unconfined aquifer system (two aquifers with one impermeable layer, between them. The water table and unsaturated zone are also illustrated.

Voyager 2
Voyager 2 is a spacecraft used by NASA to explore Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. It was identical in form to its sister ship, Voyager 1, the probe is currently moving away from the solar system and is heading out into space.
Voyager 2 was launched on August 20, 1977.

World Party Day
World Party Day (P-Day) is celebrated on April 3 as a synchronized global mass celebration of a better world and the creation of desirable reality.
How It Began.
The idea of a coordinated synchronized worldwide party appeared as a work of fiction in the book "Flight, A Quantum Fiction Novel", by American writer Vanna Bonta. In the ending of the book, published in 1995, all people in the world celebrated at the same time.
Worldwide Celebration.
Masses of people grew larger by connecting with groups who shared ideals of peace and goals of using human intelligence and resources toward humanitarian progress.
A massive worldwide phenomenon now in progress involves millions of individuals, organizations and corporations around the world who are realizing a responsibility and ability to contribute positively to the collective future of humanity and Earth.
Social Change.
The internet, media and communication has accelerated one of the biggest social transformations in human history, facilitating the organization of global movements. Research has begun documenting the emerging social transformation of people around the world uniting for a positive, joyful future for humanity, through a common task.
Locations.
Many cities and regions in the United States, France, England, Africa, Italy, China, Korea, Vietnam, India, and Thailand have notable celebrations of World Party Day (P-Day). Radio stations and internet communities spread the event with podcasts of "World Party I."
Simultaneous (at the same time) celebration of World Party Day occurs in every continent of the world, including the Middle East and Africa.
Customs.
The celebration has no religious or political connections. The theme of World Party Day celebrations is a "universal human right to fun, peace and life." The only requirement is to celebrate and party from any place, whether a formal event or private party, large or small, or alone.
Global podcasts in 2007 featured a variety of music, including the African Children's Choir, Hip Hop artists, and radio stations reading from the novel Flight.
Events have been organized as dance parties, concerts, and meditations, however, the only mandatory observance is a synchronized mass awareness of the human right to enjoy life, and displaying hospitality. Some public celebrations organize multi-cultural food and music events.
Since 2000, synchronized global events have escalated, such as The Quadrille Dance Parade, at which in 2007, its 7th year, 24,000 people danced at once. In 2006, 23,600 danced simultaneously in a total of 36 cities.
Petitions circulate to world leaders to officially declare the holiday with the objective of complete world participation every April 3, with everyone in the world having a party in their own way, where ever they are.

Tony Curtis
Tony Curtis (born Bernard Schwartz, June 3, 1925) is an American film actor. He was most popular during the late 1950s and early 1960s. He is famous for his light comic roles, especially his musician escaping from gangsters in "Some Like It Hot" (1959). He has also acted in more serious and dramatic movies, like "The Defiant Ones" (1958), for which he received an Academy Award nomination. He has appeared in over 100 films since 1949, and has also made frequent television appearances. He is the father of actress Jamie Lee Curtis.

Jack Lemmon
John Uhler "Jack" Lemmon III (February 8, 1925 – June 27, 2001), was a famous American actor and director who received many awards in his long career. He got two Academy and five Golden Globe awards. Lemmon acted in many movies, and was famous for being very good at comedy and drama. He made a famous comedic couple at many movies with actor Walter Matthau.

Errol Flynn
Errol Leslie Thomson Flynn (June 20, 1909 – October 14, 1959) was an American movie actor, born in Australia, very famous for his romantic hero roles in Hollywood movies like "Captain Blood" (1935), "The Adventures of Robin Hood" (1938), and "Adventures of Don Juan" (1948). He was born in Tasmania, Australia and later became an American citizen.

David Niven
David Niven (March 1, 1910 – July 29, 1983) was an English actor. He won the Academy Award for best Actor for his role in the movie "Separate Tables" in 1958. Originally, he was the actor who was to play the first James Bond, but the producers later decided to give the role to Sean Connery instead.

Rudolph Valentino
Rudolph Valentino (May 6, 1895 – August 23, 1926) was an Italian actor of silent movies. He was born Rodolfo Alfonso Raffaello Piero Filiberto Guglielmi in Castellaneta, Italy. In the 1920s, Valentino became very famous as a Latin sex symbol.

Raquel Welch
Jo Raquel Tejada (born September 5 1940), usually called by her artistic name Raquel Welch, is an American actress and model who became famous during the 1960s as one of the most beautiful women in Hollywood. She won the Golden Globe Award in 1975.

Rita Hayworth
Margarita Carmen Cansino, usually called as Rita Hayworth (October 17, 1918 – May 14, 1987), was an American actress of Spanish and Irish origin who became famous during the 1940s as the greatest sex symbol of those years.

Tommy Lee Jones
Tommy Lee Jones (born September 15, 1946) is an American actor and director. He won the Academy and the Golden Globe awards in 1993 for his role in the movie "The Fugitive".

James Garner
James Garner (born April 7, 1928) is an American movie and television actor. He has acted in several television series in a career of more than fifty years, including his roles as "Bret Maverick" in the popular 1950s western-comedy series, "Maverick" and "Jim Rockford" in the popular 1970s detective drama, "The Rockford Files". He has acted in many movies, including "The Great Escape" (1963) and Paddy Chayefsky's "The Americanization of Emily" (1964).

Anthony Quinn
Anthony Quinn (April 21, 1915 – June 3, 2001) was a Mexican-American actor, as well as a painter and writer. He is famous in the United States for his roles in two Hollywood films, the star role in "Zorba the Greek" and "Viva Zapata!". He won the Academy Award two times in his very long career. He was a special actor in Hercules and the Circle of Fire and made good friends with the writer Calvyn Butters on the set

Rock Hudson
Rock Hudson (November 17, 1925 – October 2, 1985) was a popular American film and television actor, famous for his good looks and remembered as a romantic star during the 1950s and 1960s, specially several movies where he appeared with actress Doris Day. Hudson was voted "Star of the Year" and "Favorite Leading Man," by many movie magazines and was one of the most popular movie stars of the time. He made nearly 70 movies and acted in several television productions during a career of more than three decades, and he received the Golden Globe Award four times. Hudson also was one of the first important Hollywood personalities to die from AIDS.

Olivia de Havilland
Olivia Mary de Havilland (born July 1, 1916) is an English actress and is the only living star of "Gone with the Wind", but there are also actors with smaller roles in said movie who are still alive. She won the Academy Award two times. She is the sister of actress Joan Fontaine, who also won the Academy Award. They do not get along, this has happened ever since they were children.

Woody Allen
Woody Allen (born Allen Stewart Königsberg on December 1, 1935) is an American film director, writer, actor, jazz musician, comedian, and playwright, who has won the Academy Award three times, as well as many others in his very long career.
His many works and his cerebral film style, mixing satire and humor, have made him one of the most respected film directors in the modern era. Allen writes and directs his movies and has also acted in most of them. To inspire himself for his movies, Allen uses literature, philosophy, psychology, Judaism, European cinema and New York City, where he was born and has lived all life.

Maximus the Confessor
Saint Maximus the Confessor (also known as Maximus the Theologian and Maximus of Constantinople'") (born 580 – 13 August, 662) was a Christian monk, theologian, and scholar. In his early life, he was a civil servant. He was also an aide to the Byzantine Emperor Heraclius. However, he gave up this life to become a monk.

Toraja people
The Toraja are an ethnic group, indigenous to a part of South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Their are about 650,000 of them around the world. 450,000 of these still live in the regency of Tana Toraja ("Land of Toraja"). Most of them are Christian. Others of them are Muslim or have local animist beliefs known as "aluk" ("the way"). The Indonesian government has recognized this animist belief as "Aluk To Dolo" ("Way of the Ancestors").

Backmasking
Backmasking (also known wrongly as "backward masking") is a recording technique. In backmasking, a sound or message is recorded backwards onto a track that is meant to be played forwards. It was made popular by The Beatles. Some people think that backmasking causes subliminal persuasion.

Separation of powers
Separation of Powers means that the three branches of government are separated.
Separation of Powers helps to make sure people are safe. The executive branch carries out the laws but cannot make laws to make themselves powerful. Also the judiciary is responsible for making sure that criminals are punished so that members of the government or legislature cannot ignore the law as the judiciary can check on them.
Separation of powers is also called a system of "checks and balances" because the branches can cheek up on each other and if are gets too strong it will be balanced by the others.
In the United States the three branches of government are completely separate except for the Vice President who is President of the Senate. In the United Kingdom the three branches of Government are mixed but the checks and balances are provided by history and "convention" (the rule that says something should happen because that is how it has been done for a long time). The Queen is Head of State (the executive), but is also part of Parliament (the legislative branch) and is the Fountain of Justice (the head of the judicial branch). But by convention she does not do anything without the advice of Ministers and never refuses to pass Acts of Parliament. The Queen has a lot of power but the power is controlled and balanced by the need to act in certain ways or only use the power at certain times.
In some countries the leaders of the executive branch are members of the legislature. This system is called responsible government.

Exclusionary rule
The Exclusionary rule is a rule in United States constitutional law. It says that evidence from people who were made to talk is not allowed in court.

Chitin
Chitin is a semitransparent material that is the main component of the exoskeletons of arthropods, such as crustaceans (e.g. crab, lobster and shrimp) and insects (e.g. ants, beetles and butterflies), of the cell walls of fungi, the radula of molluscs and the beaks of cephalopods (e.g. squid, and octopuses). Chitin has also proven useful for several medical and industrial purposes.

Radula
The radula is the toothed chitinous ribbon in the mouth of most mollusks, that can be compared with the tongue of human beings. Unlike our tongue it is used for cutting and chewing food before it enters the esophagus. It is present in all molluscs except bivalves, and only in molluscs. For example, Gastropods use it to graze and scrape diatoms and other microscopic algae off rock surfaces and other substrata. Squid use it for cutting prey.

Exoskeleton
An exoskeleton supports and protects an animal's body from outside and not like the internal endoskeleton of - for example human beings - from inside.
Many invertebrate animals (such as shelled mollusks) have exoskeletons in the sense of external hard parts. But if one speaks of an exoskeleton one mostly means that of arthropods (i.e. insects, spiders, myriapods and crustaceans).
Exoskeletons contain rigid and resistant components that fulfil a set of functional roles including protection, excretion, sensing, support, feeding and (for terrestrial organisms) acting as a barrier against dessiccation. Exoskeletons first appeared in the fossil record about 550 million years ago, and their evolution has been seen as critical as a driving role in the Cambrian explosion of animals that took place subsequent to this time.

High Force
High Force is one of Britain's great waterfalls. It is in Teesdale, County Durham

Adetokunbo Ademola
Adetokunbo Adegboyega Ademola KBE was a Nigerian judge and former Chief Justice of Nigeria (1958-1972). Prior to becoming the Chief Justice, he was Chief Justice of the Western Region of Nigeria.
Though, Justice Ademola is known for his judicial duties, he was a key player in the Nigerian crisis of 1966. Then a counter coup had challenged the unity of Nigeria. A few Northern Military officers had successfully executed a coup with a plan to secede from Nigeria. But the British High Commission, which incidentally gets intelligence briefings on Nigeria and Chief Justice Ademola persuaded the Northern leaders not to quit but to assume power.
Life.
Adetokunbo Ademola was born on February 1, 1906 to the family of a titled traditional ruler of Abeokuta, Oba Ladapo Ademola. He later married the daughter of a prominent Lagos lawyer, Kofo Moore.
He attended St Gregory's Grammar School and King's College, Lagos before proceeding to Selwyn College, Cambridge. He was then called to the bar in 1934 and started work as a crown counsel. In 1939, he was appointed a magistrate before becoming a junior high court judge in 1949. In 1955, he was made the Chief Judge of Western Nigeria and later became the Chief Justice of the country.
Chief Justice.
As the Chief Justice, he was instrumental to the establishment of the Nigerian Law School, the first located in the country. He was also involved in a case: Lakanmi vs the Attorney General of Nigeria, where he ruled that a Nigerian court could review military decrees.

Endoskeleton
An endoskeleton is a structure that holds an animal from inside.
One can find endoskeletons in three phyla and one subclass of animals: in Chordata, Echinodermata, Porifera and Coleoidea. An endoskeleton allows the body to move and gives the body structure and shape.
A true endoskeleton develops from mesodermal tissue. Such a skeleton is present in echinoderms and chordates. The Coleoidae do not have a true endoskeleton in the evolutionary sense; here, a mollusc exoskeleton developed into several sorts of internal structure, the "cuttlebone" of cuttlefish being the best-known version. An important advantage of an endoskeleton over an exoskeleton is that the endoskeleton provides more structural support.

Kayfabe
In professional wrestling, something that is "kayfabe" is not real, something that is "acted out" and not happening in real life. Many things in wrestling are kayfabe, that is, they appear to be real (such as the storylines), but are, in actuality, fake.
People who believe that kayfabe acts are real are called marks, as opposed to smarts. Those who know wrestling is scripted but still enjoy the storylines are known as smart-marks, or smarks.
It is unknown where the term came from; it is sometimes believed that the term "kayfabe" is a modification of the Pig latin word for "fake", "akefay".

Bruce Willis
Walter Bruce Willis (born March 19, 1955) is an German-American actor and singer. He became famous in the late 1980s and since then he has remained one of Hollywood's biggest starts, mostly for his role as "John McClane" in the "Die Hard" series. Willis was married to actress Demi Moore and they had three daughters before their divorce in 2000 after thirteen years of marriage. He has received many awards and honors in his career. Willis supports the United States armed forces and has spoken many times in favor of them.

Zoospore
A "zoospore" is an asexual spore that uses a flagellum for moving around. It is also called a "swarm spore", these spores are created by some algae and fungi to multiply themselves.
Flagella.
There are two types of flagellated zoospores, "whiplash" and "tinsel" or "decorated".
Both "tinsel" and "whiplash" flagella beat in a sinusoidal wave pattern, but when both are present, the tinsel will beat in the opposite direction of the whiplash, to give 2 axes of control of motility.
Zoosporangium.
A "zoosporangium" is the sexual structure in which the zoospores develop in a plant, fungi, or protists.

Gamete
A gamete is a specialized sex cell that fuses with another gamete during fertilization (conception) in organisms that reproduce sexually.
In species which produce two morphologically distinct types of gametes, and in which each individual produces only one type, a female is any individual which produces the larger type of gamete—called an ovum (or egg)—and a male produces the smaller type—called a spermatozoon (or sperm cell).
The name gamete was introduced by the Austrian biologist Gregor Mendel.

Morphology (biology)
The term morphology in biology means the outward appearance (shape, structure, colour, pattern) of an organism or taxon and its parts. This is in contrast to physiology, which deals with function.
"Gross morphology", means the principal aspects of an organism or taxon's morphology. A description of an organism's gross morphology would include, for example, its overall shape, overall colour, main markings etc. but not finer details.
Most taxa differ morphologically from other taxa. Typically closely related taxa differ much less than more distantly related ones, but there are exceptions to this.
Cryptic species are species which look very similar, or perhaps even outwardly identical, but are reproductively isolated. But sometimes unrelated taxa develop similar appearance through convergent evolution or even through mimicry.

Taxon
A taxon (plural taxa), or taxonomic unit, is a name that means an organism or group of organisms.
One can assign a rank to a taxon and can place at a particular level in a systematic hierarchy depending on their evolutionary relationships.
One has to distinct between taxa/taxonomy and classification/systematics. Taxonomy refers to biological names and the rules of naming. Classification refers to rank ordering of taxa according to presumptive evolutionary (phylogenetic) relationships.
Note: "Phylum" applies formally to any biologial domain but traditionally it was always used of animals whereas "Division" was traditionally often used of plants, fungi etc.
A simple phrase to remember the order is
"Dignified Kings Play Chess On Fine Green Silk".

Domain (biology)
In biological taxonomy, a domain (also superregnum, superkingdom, or empire) is a taxon in the highest rank of organisms, higher than a kingdom.
Domain (or its synonyms) is the most inclusive of these biological groupings. The arrangement of taxa reflects the fundamental evolutionary differences in the genomes.

Keratin
Keratins are a family of fibrous structural proteins.
They are tough and insoluble, they form the hard but nonmineralized structures that one can find in reptiles, birds, amphibians and mammals. A similar biological toughness one can find only by chitin.
There are various types of keratins, even within a single animal.
Variety of animal uses.
Arthropods such as crustaceans often have parts of their armor or exoskeleton made of keratin, sometimes in combination with chitin.
Keratins are also found in the gastrointestinal tracts of many animals, including roundworms (who also have an outer layer made of keratin).
Although it is now difficult to be certain, the scales, claws, some protective armour and the beaks of dinosaurs would, almost certainly, have been composed of a type of keratin.
Silk.
The silk fibroins produced by insects and spiders are often classified as keratins, though it is unclear whether they are phylogenetically related to vertebrate keratins.
Silk found in insect pupae, and in spider webs and egg casings, also has twisted β-pleated sheets incorporated into fibers wound into larger supermolecular aggregates.

Fibrous protein
Fibrous proteins, also called scleroproteins, are long filamentous protein molecules
Fibrous proteins are only found in animals.
Fibrous proteins form 'rod' or 'wire' -like shapes and are usually inert structural or storage proteins. They are generally water-insoluble.
Fibrous proteins are usually used to construct connective tissues, tendons, bone matrix and muscle fiber.
Examples of fibrous proteins include keratins, collagens and elastins.

Protein filament
In biology, a filament is a long chain of proteins, such as those found in hair, muscle, or in flagella.

Hanami
is the Japanese traditional custom of enjoying the beauty of flowers, especially cherry blossoms (桜 or 櫻 "sakura"). The practice of Hanami is more than a thousand years old, and is still very popular in Japan today. It takes place in the Spring, contrary to the custom of "Momijigari" (紅葉狩り), which is celebrated in the Autumn. The blossoms only last for a week or two, usually from March to April, and they are followed by the media and waited for by most of the Japanese people. Full bloom (満開 "mankai") usually comes about one week after the opening of the first blossoms (開花 "kaika"). Another week later, the blooming peak is over and the blossoms are falling from the trees.
A more ancient form of hanami also exists in Japan, which is enjoying the plum blossoms (梅 "ume") instead. This kind of hanami is popular among older people, because they are more calm than the sakura parties, which usually involve younger people and can sometimes be very crowded and noisy.
It is important to note that the Japanese call this, not only "hanami" but also "ohanami" (お花見), adding an "o" in front, literally meaning "to view the flower blossoms".
History.
The practice of hanami is many centuries old. It is said to have started during the Nara Period (710-784) when the Chinese Tang Dynasty influenced Japan in many ways; one of which was the custom of enjoying flowers. Though it was ume blossoms that people admired in the beginning, by the Heian Period (794-1185), sakura began to attract more attention. The sakura were considered sacred by the Japanese, and they were so important that they still are a cultural symbol of Japan. People believed in gods' existence inside the trees, and the hanami party was used in the beginning to divine that year's harvest and to announce the season of planting rice. Those who went to the hanami made offerings at the root of sakura trees, and after the ceremony, they took part in the offering drinking sake.
Hanami was used as a term that meant "cherry blossom viewing" for the first time in the Heian era novel "Tale of Genji" (chapter 8, 花宴 "Hana no En, "Under the Cherry Blossoms"). From then on, in "tanka" (短歌) and in "haiku" (俳句) poetry, "flowers" meant "sakura", and the terms "hanami" and "flower party" were only used to mean sakura blossom viewing.
At the beginning, the custom was followed only by the Imperial Court, but the samurai nobility also began celebrating it during the Azuchi-Momoyama Period (1568-1600). In those years, Toyotomi Hideyoshi gave great hanami parties in Yoshino and Daigo, and the festivity became very popular through all the Japanese society. Shortly after that, farmers began their own custom of climbing nearby mountains in the springtime and having lunch under the blooming cherry trees. This practice, called then as the "spring mountain trip", combined itself with that of the nobles' to form the urban culture of hanami. By the Edo Period (1600-1867), all the common people took part in the celebrations, in part because Tokugawa Yoshimune planted areas of cherry blossom trees to encourage this. Under the sakura trees, people had lunch and drank sake in cheerful feasts.
Today.
The Japanese people continue the tradition of hanami, gathering in great numbers wherever the flowering trees are found. Thousands of people fill the parks to hold feasts under the flowering trees, and sometimes these parties go on until late at night. In more than half of Japan, the cherry blossoming days come at the same time of the beginning of school and work after vacation, and so welcoming parties are often opened with hanami. Usually, people go to the parks to keep the best places to celebrate hanami with friends, family, and company coworkers many hours or even days before. In cities like Tokyo, it's also common to have celebrations under the sakura at night. Hanami at night is called "yozakura" (夜ノ桜, literally "night sakura"). In many places such as Ueno Park, temporary paper lanterns are hung to have yozakura.
The blossom forecast (桜前線 "sakurazensen", literally "cherry blossom front") is announced each year by the Japan Meteorological Agency, and is watched with attention by those who plan to celebrate hanami because the blossoms last for very little time, usually no more than two weeks. The first cherry blossoms happen in the subtropical southern islands of Okinawa, while on the northern island of Hokkaido, they bloom much later. In most large cities like Tokyo, Kyoto and Osaka, the cherry blossom season normally takes place around the end of March and the beginning of April. The television and newspapers closely follow this "cherry blossom front", as it slowly moves from South to North.
The hanami celebrations usually involve eating and drinking, and playing and listening music. Some special dishes are prepared and eaten at the occasion, like "dango" and "bento", and it's common for sake to be drunk as part of the festivity. The proverb "dumplings rather than flowers" (花より団子 "hana yori dango") makes fun of people who prefer to eat and drink instead of admiring the blossoms. "Dead bodies are buried under the cherry trees!" (桜の樹の下には屍体が埋まっている！ "Sakura no ki no shita ni wa shitai ga umatte iru!") is a popular saying about hanami, after the first line of the 1925 short story "Under the Cherry Trees" by Motojirō Kajii.
Outside Japan.
Hanami festivities have also become popular outside of Japan in the last years, and is also celebrated today at other countries. Smaller hanami celebrations in Korea, Philippines and China (where the custom was first created) also take place traditionally.
In the United States, hanami has also become very popular. In 1912, Japan gave 3,000 sakura trees as a gift to the United States to celebrate the nations' friendship. These trees were planted in Washington, D.C., and another 3,800 gifted trees were also taken there in 1956. These sakura trees continue to be a popular tourist attraction, and every year, the "National Cherry Blossom Festival" takes place when they bloom in early Spring.
In Macon, Georgia, another cherry blossom festival called the "International Cherry Blossom Festival" is celebrated every Spring. Macon is known as the "Cherry Blossom Capital of the World", because 300,000 sakura trees grow there.
In Brooklyn, New York, the "Annual Sakura Matsuri Cherry Blossom Festival" takes place in May, at Brooklyn Botanic Garden. This festivity has been celebrated since 1981, and is one of the Garden's most famous attractions. Similar celebrations are also done in Philadelphia and other places through the United States.

Landmarks
Originally, a landmark literally meant an important, or particular geographic point, (like a mountain, a cliff, or a river) used by explorers and others to find their way back or through an area.
In modern use, it includes anything that is can be recognized easily, such as a monument, building, or other structure. In American English it is the main word used to call places that can be of interest to tourists because they are beautiful, or big, or they have historical importance. Landmarks in the British English are normally used for casual navigation, such as giving directions to someone to get somewhere. This is done in American English as well.
List of important landmarks.
Landmarks also can be of two different categories: natural (e.g., physical features such as waterfalls and mountains), and structures constructed by humans.

Neighbourhood
A neighbourhood or neighborhood is a geographically located community, within a larger city, town or suburb.

Lantern
A lantern is a device that can be moved from one place to another, used to create light and to illuminate open areas. Lanterns may be used for giving signals, or as general light sources for camping. They can have candles inside, or use other things as fuel, like alcohol or kerosene. Lanterns that give dim light are generally used as decoration.

Sakura
Sakura or Cherry Blossom (Japanese kanji and Chinese character: 桜 or 櫻; katakana: サクラ) is the Japanese name for decorative cherry trees, "Prunus serrulata", and their blossoms. Cherry fruit (known as "sakuranbo") come from a different species of tree. It can also be used as a name.
Sakura are object of the Japanese traditional custom of "Hanami" or "Flower viewing".

Filamentation
"For other uses see "Filament"."
Filamentation is the anomalous (not normal) growth of certain bacteria, such as "E. coli", in which cells continue to elongate but do not divide (no septa formation). Bacterial filamentation is a defect in completing replication and is observed in bacteria responding to a various stresses. This may happen, for example, when there is extensive DNA damage through the SOS response system.

Septum
Fungi produce septa to partition filamentous hyphae into discrete cells.

National Youth Orchestra of Great Britain
The National Youth Orchestra of Great Britain (NYO) is an orchestra for young musicians in the United Kingdom. The members of the orchestra are all aged between 13 and 19 years. It is a very large orchestra with about 150 players. Children who want to play in the National Youth Orchestra have to be able to play their instrument very well. They need to be at least Grade 8 Distinction standard and they need to be very good at sightreading so that they can learn very quickly. They have to pass an audition to get a place in the orchestra. These auditions take place in the autumn in several towns in Britain.
The National Youth Orchestra was started in 1947 by Ruth Railton (later Dame Ruth King). The current director is Sarah Alexander.
The orchestra meet three times a year during the school holidays at New Year, Easter and Summer for about two weeks. They rehearse very hard together and then give one or two concerts in famous concert halls in Britain such as Barbican Hall in London, Symphony Hall in Birmingham, Bridgewater Hall in Manchester, St David's Hall in Cardiff and Glasgow Royal Concert Hall in Glasgow. Every year they play in a Promenade Concert in the Royal Albert Hall. In 2007 they played the Leningrad Symphony by Shostakovich at the Proms. In June that year they played at the Glastonbury Festival. The trumpeters and drummers woke people up with Aaron Copland’s "Fanfare for the Common Man" In April 2008 the NYO played Stravinsky's "Rite of Spring" in Birmingham Symphony Hall, and in August they will play at the Snape Maltings and at the BBC Proms conducted by Antonio Pappano with the pianist Boris Berezovsky as soloist.
The concerts are always conducted by famous conductors. Usually the famous conductor will come to rehearse the orchestra for the last few days of the course.
During their courses they also have time to play chamber music together. They are taught by teachers who are famous musicians. Some of them are young composers who are learning to compose music. They are taught by the composer Paul Patterson. The musicians also have time to explore music from other cultures.
The NYO also has Open Days for slightly younger children to explore music.

Flag of Canada
The Maple Leaf flag became Canada's flag on 15 February 1965.
Before this Canada used the British Red Ensign with Canada's coat of arms on it. Flag experts say that the Red Ensign was "defaced" by the coat of arms.
Flag and heraldry experts also call the design of the flag a "Canadian Pale". This is because the white stripe in the middle (called a pale in heraldry) was not the usual narrow stripe but was half the width of the flag. This was the first time a design like this was used.
On some days the Canadian government flies the "Royal Union Flag" next to the Maple Leaf Flag. The Royal Union Flag is the British Union Jack, and is a symbol that Canada is a member of the Commonwealth, and that Canada and Britain share a history and a monarch.

The Wee Free Men
The Wee Free Men is the 30th in the Discworld book series by Terry Pratchett. It was published in 2003. It is the second Discworld book written for children, but it's still liked by many adults.
Plot.
The Queen of the Elves tries to invade the Discworld again by stealing children and invading dreams.
Tiffany Aching, a 9-year-old girl discovers that her grandmother used to be a witch. Tiffany also discovered that she has a talent for magic, too.
When Tiffany's baby brother is stolen by the evil queen, Tiffany enters the elves' world to save him with the help of "The Wee Free Men". "The Wee Free Men" are small blue fairies and they speak with a Scottish accent.

Vandals
The Vandals were an East Germanic tribe. They entered the late Roman Empire during the 5th century. The Vandals may have given their name to the region of Andalusia, which according to one of several theories of its etymology was originally called "Vandalusia" or land of the Vandals. This would be the source of "Al-Andalus" — the Arabic name of Iberian Peninsula, in the south of present day Spain, where they settled before pushing on to North Africa.
The Goth Theodoric the Great, king of the Ostrogoths and regent of the Visigoths, was allied by marriage with the Vandals, as well as with the Burgundians and the Franks under Clovis I.

Order of the Thistle
The Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle is an order of chivalry associated with Scotland. While its original date of foundation is unknown, James VII (also King of England as James II) created the modern Order in 1687. The Order is the Sovereign and sixteen Knights and Ladies, as well as certain "extra" knights (members of the British and foreign royal families). The Sovereign decides who is to be a member. He or she is not advised by the Government, as occurs with most other Orders. The sixteen members are required to be Scottish-born, but the "extra" knights and ladies are not.
The Order's main emblems are the thistle, the national flower of Scotland, and Saint Andrew holding a saltire (X shaped cross). The motto is "Nemo me impune lacessit" (Latin for "No one provokes me with impunity"); the same motto also appears on the Royal Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom for use in Scotland and on some pound coins. St Andrew is also the patron saint of the Order.
Most British orders of chivalry cover all of the United Kingdom, but the three most most senior ones each cover only one constituent country. The Order of the Thistle, which covers to Scotland, is the second-most senior in precedence. Its equivalent in England, The Most Noble Order of the Garter, is the oldest order of chivalry in the United Kingdom, dating to the middle fourteenth century. In 1783 an Irish order, The Most Illustrious Order of St Patrick, was founded; but since the independence of the Republic of Ireland the Order has fallen dormant. The last new knight was created in 1927, and the last surviving Knight of St Patrick died in 1974.
History.
The original date of the Order's foundation is not known. One story says that Achaius, King of Scots, was fighting King Aethelstan of East Anglia and he saw cross of St Andrew in the sky. After he won the battle, Achaius established the Order of the Thistle. Even though Achaius and Aethelstan never fought, this story of the foundation, is given in the Royal Warrant 'reviving' the Order in 1687. Another story says that the Order was instituted, or re-instituted by Robert I at the Battle of Bannockburn.
King James II and VII issued letters patent "reviving and restoring the Order of the Thistle to its full glory, lustre and magnificency" in 1687. Only 12 knights were allowed, and he appointed eight before the King was deposed in 1688. His successors, the William and Mary, did not make any more appointments to the Order. In 1703 however, Anne once again revived the Order of the Thistle.
Composition.
The Kings of Scotland—later the Kings of Great Britain and of the United Kingdom—have served as Sovereigns of the Order.
When James VII revived the Order, the statutes said that the Order would continue the ancient number of Knights, which was described in the preceding warrant as "the Sovereign and twelve Knights-Brethren in allusion to the Blessed Saviour and his Twelve Apostles.
In 1827, George IV increased the Order to sixteen members. Women were excluded from the Order. George VI created his wife Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon a Lady of the Thistle in 1937, and in 1987 Elizabeth II allowed the regular admission of women to both the Order of the Thistle and the Order of the Garter.
From time to time, individuals joined the Order by special permission. These members are known as "Extra Knights" and do not count towards the sixteen-member limit. Members of the British Royal Family are normally admitted by special permission; the first was Prince Albert. King Olav V of Norway, was the first foreigner to be admitted to the Order, was also admitted by specialpermission in 1962.
The Sovereign has historically had the power to choose Knights of the Order. From the eighteenth century onwards, the Sovereign made his or her choices upon the advice of the Government. George VI felt that the Orders of the Garter and the Thistle had been used only for political patronage, rather than to reward actual merit. Therefore in 1946, with the agreement of the Prime Minister (Clement Attlee) and the Leader of the Opposition (Winston Churchill), both Orders returned to the personal gift of the Sovereign.
Knights and Ladies of the Thistle may also be admitted to the Order of the Garter.
Knights and Ladies of the Thistle may also have their knighthoods taken away. But this has happened only once, to John Erskine, 6th Earl of Mar who was "deprived" of both the knighthood and the earldom after taking part in the Jacobite rising of 1715.
Uniform.
Aside from these special occasions, however, much simpler badges are used whenever a member of the Order attends an event at which decorations are worn.
Chapel.
When James VII revived the Order in 1687, he wanted the Abbey Church at the Palace of Holyroodhouse to be the Chapel for the Order of the Thistle, perhaps copying the idea from the Order of the Garter (whose chapel is located in Windsor Castle).
James VII was deposed by 1688 and the Order did not have a Chapel until 1911, when one was added onto St Giles High Kirk in Edinburgh. Each year, the Sovereign stays at the Palace of Holyroodhouse in June or July; during the visit, a service for the Order is held. Any new Knights or Ladies are installed at annual services.
Each member of the Order, including the Sovereign, is allotted a seat in the Chapel. Their coat of arms is above their seat.

Nasal septum
The nasal septum separates the left and right airways in the nose and divids the two nostrils.
Composition.
The fleshy external end of the nasal septum is sometimes also called "columella".
Clinical significance.
The nasal septum can depart from the centreline of the nose; this condition is known as a deviated septum. Trauma, excessive nose-picking and cocaine usage can cause septum perforations, or holes developing in the septum.
An operation to the nasal septum is known as a septoplasty.

Nostril
A nostril (or naris, pl. "nares") is one of the two channels of the nose, from the point where they bifurcate to the external opening.
In birds and mammals, they contain branched bones or cartilages called turbinates, whose function is to warm air on inhalation and remove moisture on exhalation. Fish do not breathe through their noses, but they do have two small holes used for smelling which may be called nostrils.
In humans, the nasal cycle means that during the course of a day, the nostrils will switch over approximately every four hours or so, meaning that only one nostril is used at any one time.

Ethmoid bone
The ethmoid bone (from Greek "ethmos", "sieve") is a bone in the skull that separates the nasal cavity from the brain. As such, it is located at the roof of the nose, between the two orbits. The cubical bone is lightweight due to a spongy construction.
Parts.
Blows to the head can shear off the olfactory nerves that pass though the ethmoid bone and cause anosmia, an irreversible loss of the sense of smell and a great reduction in the sense of taste (most of which depends on smell). This not only deprives life of some of its pleasures, but can also be dangerous, as when a person fails to smell smoke, gas, or spoiled food.

Bundesverdienstkreuz
The Bundesverdienstkreuz (Federal Cross of Merit) is officially called the "Verdienstorden der Bundesrepublik Deutschland" (Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany). It is Germany's only general decoration. This Federal Order of Merit was created on 7 September 1951. Between 3,000 and 5,200 awards are given every year in all classes.
Most of the Länder have their own orders of merit, with up to three ranks (member, officer, commander). The Cities of Bremen and Hamburg do not have an order, and by old tradition its citizens will refuse any decoration in form of an order.
Classes.
The President of the Federal Republic holds the "Sonderstufe des Großkreuzes" ex officio. It is awarded to him in a ceremony by the President of the Bundestag attended by the Chancellor, the President of the Bundesrat and the President of the Bundesverfassungsgericht. Other than the President of the Federal Republic, only a foreign head of state can be awarded with the highest class. The Großkreuze can also be given in a special rare design. Only two people have had this award, Konrad Adenauer and Helmut Kohl.
Insignia.
Except for the lowest class, the badge is the same for all classes, but the badge and ribbon for women is slightly smaller.
The badge is a golden Maltese Cross enamelled in red, with a central disc bearing a black eagle.
The star is a golden star with straight rays, its size and points vary according to class, with the badge superimposed upon it.
The ribbon is red with gold-black-gold stripes.

Austin Lightning
The Austin Lightning is an amateur soccer team in Austin, Texas. It is in the Mid South division of the South Conference of the Premier Development League of the United Soccer Leagues.
The club was founded in 2003, when it was moved from Lafayette, Louisiana. The team finished last in the division in the 2007 season, due in part to scheduling difficulties caused by record amounts of rain in Austin, which cause fields to be closed on match days. The Austin Lightning are coached by Jaime Mimbela. Their colors are red and white.

BBC Symphony Orchestra
The BBC Symphony Orchestra is the main orchestra of the British Broadcasting Corporation. It is one of the best orchestras in Britain.
History.
The orchestra started in 1930. Sir Adrian Boult was the main conductor until 1950, when Sir Malcolm Sargent took over until 1957. Since then there have been several conductors. Now the orchestra is conducted by Jiří Bělohlávek.
As well as these principal conductors there have been others, including the famous Arturo Toscanini, who made a series of recordings with the orchestra in the Queen's Hall from 1937 to 1939.
The BBC often ask composers of today to write music for the BBC Symphony Orchestra. Composers whose new works they have performed include Sally Beamish, Harrison Birtwistle Elliott Carter, James MacMillan, John Tavener and Mark-Anthony Turnage.
The orchestra plays a big part in the BBC Proms, the season of concerts played every summer at the Royal Albert Hall. It plays on both the first and last nights of the prom season. It also plays several concerts in the Barbican during the year. They often make recordings in the BBC studios. They can often be seen on BBC Television. Sometimes they go on tour to other countries. They also play concerts for young people as part of an education programme.
There are other professional BBC orchestras and groups: the BBC Philharmonic Orchestra, the BBC National Orchestra of Wales, the BBC Scottish Symphony Orchestra, the BBC Concert Orchestra, the BBC Big Band and the BBC Singers. There are also two amateur choruses: the BBC Symphony Chorus and the BBC National Chorus of Wales.

Jiří Bělohlávek
Jiří Bělohlávek (born 24 February 1946 in Prague) is a Czech conductor. He is the principal (main) conductor of the BBC Symphony Orchestra.
Bělohlávek studied conducting with Sergiu Celibidache. Bělohlávek he went to the Prague Conservatory and Academy of Performing Arts in Prague. He won the 1970 Czech National Conducting Competition and soon became famous in his country and abroad.
Bělohlávek was chief conductor of the Prague Symphony Orchestra from 1977-1989. He became principal conductor of the Czech Philharmonic Orchestra in 1990 for a short time. Then he founded the Prague Philharmonia "(Pražskou komorní filharmonii)" in 1994, They gave concerts all over the world together and made many recordings. He is still their conductor laureate (honorary conductor).
From 1995-2000, Bělohlávek was principal guest conductor of the BBC Symphony Orchestra. In 2006 he became their principal conductor. He conducted them at the Proms that year. In 2007 he will conduct at the Last Night of the Proms for the first time.
Bělohlávek also conducts in the United States. He first conducted at the Metropolitan Opera (Met) in December 2004, conducting Leoš Janáček's "Kát'a Kabanová" with Karita Mattila in the title role. He returned to the Met in January and February of 2007 for the same composer's "Jenůfa," once again with Mattila, and with Anja Silja as the Kostelnička. Other guest conducting appearances in the US have been with the Philadelphia Orchestra and the Saint Louis Symphony Orchestra.
Trivia.
His name "Bělohlávek" means "Whitehead". It is pronounced "Bye-lo-hla-vek".

Arturo Toscanini
Arturo Toscanini (born 25 March 1867; died 16 January 1957) was an Italian conductor. Most musicians think he was the greatest conductor of his time. His fame was legendary: he was probably the first conductor to become a world superstar. He had an incredibly good memory and could remember every single note of the large number of works he conducted. He had a photographic memory so that he could remember what the pages looked like. Sometimes he found little mistakes in the scores which no one else had ever noticed. He had a very keen sense of hearing and knew exactly what each instrument was doing. He also had a fiery temperament and there are films of him shouting angrily at his orchestra in rehearsals. In the early days of gramophone recordings he made some of the first recordings of famous orchestral works.
Biography.
Toscanini was born in Parma in Italy. He won a scholarship to the local music conservatory, where he learned to play the cello. He joined the orchestra of an opera company and he toured South America with them in 1886. While performing Verdi’s opera "Aida" in Rio de Janeiro the audience did not like the conductor and they booed him so that he had to leave the stage. No one knew what to do at first, but then they persuaded Toscanini, who was only 19 years old, to put down his cello and conduct the orchestra. He did this brilliantly from memory (without looking at the music) and that night he became famous.
When he got back to Italy Toscanini returned to his chair in the cello section, and took part as cellist in the first performance of Verdi's "Otello" (La Scala, 1887). Verdi was there and was very impressed when Toscanini asked him about a mistake he noticed in the score.
Soon the young musician's reputation as a brilliant conductor of opera grew. He conducted the first performances of Puccini's "La Bohème" and Leoncavallo's "Pagliacci". In 1896 he conducted his first symphonic concert (works by Schubert, Brahms, Tchaikovsky, and Wagner), in Turin. By 1898 he was conductor at La Scala, Milan and he stayed there until 1908, but returned during the 1920s. He took the Scala Orchestra to the United States on a concert tour in 1920-21; it was during that tour that Toscanini made his first recordings (for the Victor Talking Machine Company).
International fame.
Toscanini started conducting outside Europe: at the Metropolitan Opera in New York (1908–1915) as well as the New York Philharmonic Orchestra (1926–1936). He toured Europe with the New York Philharmonic in 1930 and always had great success. Toscanini was the first non-German conductor to conduct at Bayreuth (1930–1931). In the 1930s he conducted at the Salzburg Festival (1934–1937) and the first concert in 1936 of the newly formed Palestine Symphony Orchestra (now the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra) in Tel Aviv, and later performed with them in Jerusalem, Haifa, Cairo and Alexandria.
The NBC symphony orchestra.
At first Toscanini agreed with Fascism but later, when the dictator Mussolini came to power, he became against it. He refused to perform an opera at La Scala and was beaten up, so he left Italy and went to the United States.
There was no orchestra for him in the USA so they made a new orchestra for him to conduct. This was the NBC Symphony Orchestra, created for him in 1937. He conducted the first broadcast concert on December 25, 1937, in NBC Studio 8-H in New York City's Rockefeller Center.
Toscanini was often criticized for not performing much American music and contemporary music (music by living composers). However, in 1938, he conducted the world premieres of two orchestral works by Samuel Barber, "Adagio for Strings" and "Essay for Orchestra (Barber)|Essay for Orchestra". In 1945, he led the orchestra in Carnegie Hall recording sessions of American music including "An American in Paris" by George Gershwin. He also conducted broadcast performances of Copland's "El Salon Mexico" and Gershwin's "Rhapsody in Blue" with soloists Earl Wild and Benny Goodman and "Concerto in F" with pianist Oscar Levant, as well as music by other American composers, including two marches of John Philip Sousa.
In 1940, Toscanini had a disagreement with the NBC and he threatened to move to CBS. Although they agreed in the end it was this time that Leopold Stokowski began conducting some of the concerts and continued to appear sometimes as a guest conductor of the orchestra.
In July 1942 Toscanini conducted the American premiere of Dmitri Shostakovich's "Symphony no 7". Due to World War II, the score was microfilmed in the Soviet Union and brought by courier to the United States. At first Stokowski wanted to conduct it but then he agreed that Toscanini would. Unfortunately for New York listeners, a big thunderstorm made it difficult to hear the music on the radio. Later the performance was reissued.
The orchestra went all over the world with Toscanini. In 1950 the NBC concerts moved to Carnegie Hall. In a programme of music by Richard Wagner in 1954 Toscanini was not well and forgot how the music went. He never conducted in public again after that.
Personal life.
Toscanini married Carla De Martini on June 21, 1897, when she was not yet 20 years old. They had four children although one died. He worked with many great singers and musicians, including the pianist Vladimir Horowitz who was a great friend. Horowitz married one of Toscanini’s daughters.
When he died of stroke in New York at the age of 89, his body was returned to Italy and was interred in the Cimitero Monumentale in Milan.
Many years after his death, in 1987, Toscanini was awarded the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award.

Philip K. Dick
Philip Kindred Dick (December 16 1928 – March 2 1982) was an American writer. He is mostly known for his works of science fiction. In addition to his published novels, Dick wrote "approximately 121 short stories. He wrote most of them for science fiction magazines." At least eight of his stories have been adapted to film.
Overview.
Philip K. Dick developed what would later be called cyberpunk. Many of his works are about themes from sociology. Often, politics also play an important role. Very often there are Authoritarian Governments, and very powerful companies in his books. In his later books, Dick writes about drug use. He writes about characters that have paranoia or schizophrenia. In novels such as "A Scanner Darkly" or VALIS" he uses his own experiences.
He was awarded the Hugo Award for his novel, "The Man in the High Castle", in 1963. "I want to write about people I love, and put them into a fictional world spun out of my own mind, not the world we actually have, because the world we actually have does not meet my standards," Dick wrote of these stories. "In my writing I even question the universe; I wonder out loud if it is real, and I wonder out loud if all of us are real." Dick spent most of his career as a writer. He did not have much money.
In 2007 Dick became the first science fiction writer to be included in The Library of America series (#173).
The Man in the High Castle.
"The Man in the High Castle" (1962) takes place in an different universe. There the United States is ruled by the Axis powers, who have won the Second World War. Many people consider it to be one of the important novels about a different view on history. It is the only Dick novel to win a Hugo Award. Philipkdickfans.com recommends this novel, along with "Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?" and "Ubik" as an introductory novel to readers new to the writing of Philip K. Dick.
The Three Stigmata of Palmer Eldritch.
"The Three Stigmata of Palmer Eldritch" (1965) uses many concepts from science fiction. It has several layers of reality and unreality. It is also one of Dick’s first works to explore religious themes.
"The Three Stigmata of Palmer Eldritch" takes place in the twenty-first century. Under the supervision of the United Nations authority, mankind has colonized the solar system's every habitable planet and moon. Life is physically daunting and psychologically monotonous for most colonists, so the UN must draft people to go to the colonies. Most entertain themselves using "Perky Pat" dolls and accessories manufactured by Earth-based "P.P. Layouts". The company also secretly creates "Can-D", an illegal but widely available hallucinogenic drug allowing the user to "translate" into Perky Pat (if the drug user is a woman) or Pat's boyfriend, Walt (if the drug user is a man). This recreational use of Can-D allows colonists to experience a few minutes of an idealized life on Earth by participating in a collective hallucination.
Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?
"Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?" is the story of a bounty hunter policing the local android population. It occurs on a dying, poisoned Earth. All "successful" humans have left, the only remaining inhabitants of the planet are people with no prospects off-world. Androids, also known as andys, all have a preset "death" date. However, a few andys seek to escape this fate and supplant the humans on Earth.
"Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?" (1968) is well known as the literary source of the influential 1982 film "Blade Runner." It is about the question "What is real, what is fake? Are the human-looking and human-acting androids fake or real humans? Should we treat them as machines or as people? What important factor defines humanity as distinctly 'alive', versus those merely alive only in their outward appearance?
Ubik.
"Ubik" (1969) uses big networks of psychics and a suspended state after death in creating a state of eroding reality. In 2005, "Time Magazine" listed it among the All-TIME 100 Greatest Novels.
Flow My Tears, The Policeman Said.
"Flow My Tears, The Policeman Said" (1974) is about Jason Taverner, a television star living in a dystopic near-future police state. After being attacked by an angry ex-girlfriend, Taverner awakens in a dingy hotel room. He still has his money in his wallet, but his identification cards are missing. This is no minor inconvenience, as security checkpoints (manned by 'pols' and 'Nats', the police and National Guard) are set up throughout the city to stop and arrest anyone without valid ID.
Jason at first thinks that he was robbed, but soon discovers that his entire identity has been erased. There is no record of him in any official database, and even his closest associates do not recognize or remember him. For the first time in many years, Jason has no fame or reputation to rely on. He has only his charisma to help him when he tries to find out what happened to his past and avoid the attention of the pols.
"Flow My Tears, The Policeman Said" was Dick's first published novel after years of silence. In these years, his critical reputation had grown, and this novel was awarded the John W. Campbell Memorial Award for Best Science Fiction Novel. It is the only Philip K. Dick novel nominated both for a Hugo and for a Nebula Award.
In an essay written two years before dying, Dick described how he learned from his Episcopalian priest that an important scene in the novel was very similar to a scene in the Book of Acts. Richard Linklater talks about this novel in his film Waking Life, which begins with a scene reminiscent of another Dick novel, Time out of Joint.
A Scanner Darkly.
"A Scanner Darkly" (1977) is a bleak mixture of science fiction and police procedural novels. In its story, an undercover narcotics police detective begins to lose touch with reality. This is because he becomes a victim of the drug he should have fought against. This drug is called "SubstanceD". It permanently changes the mind of the people who take it. SubstanceD is instantly addictive. It starts with a pleasant euphoria. This feeling is quickly replaced with increasing confusion, hallucinations and eventually total psychosis. It was adapted to film by Richard Linklater.
VALIS.
"VALIS," (1980) is perhaps Dick’s most postmodern and autobiographical novel. It looks at his own unexplained experiences. Some people also see it as his most academic work. It was made into an opera by Tod Machover. "VALIS" was voted Philip K. Dick‘s best novel at the website philipkdickfans.com.
His later works, especially the "VALIS trilogy", were heavily autobiographical.
The word "VALIS" is the acronym for "Vast Active Living Intelligence System"; it is the title of a novel. The theme can be found in at least three more novels. Later, PKD thought that VALIS was both a "reality generator" and a means of extraterrestrial communication.
Contemporary philosophy.
Dick has had a big impact on modern philiosophy. The things he wrote about postmodernity have been noted by many philosophers. Among them were Jean Baudrillard, Fredric Jameson and Slavoj Žižek. Žižek is especially fond of using Dick's short stories to articulate the ideas of Jacques Lacan.
"It is hyperreal. It is a universe of simulation, which is something altogether different. And this is so not because Dick speaks specifically of simulacra. SF has always done so, but it has always played upon the double, on artificial replication or imaginary duplication, whereas here the double has disappeared. There is no more double; one is always already in the other world, an other world which is not another, without mirrors or projection or utopias as means for reflection. The simulation is impassable, unsurpassable, checkmated, without exteriority. We can no longer move "through the mirror" to the other side, as we could during the golden age of transcendence."

Jet Propulsion Laboratory
The Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) is a NASA research center located in Pasadena, California.

Renewable energy commercialization
Renewable energy commercialization involves many different technologies, including solar photovoltaics, solar thermal power plants, solar heating and cooling systems, wind power, hydroelectricity, geothermal power, biomass, and ocean energy systems. Each is at a different stage of development, yet the market is growing for many renewables.
As of April 2008, worldwide wind farm capacity was 100,000 megawatts (MW), and wind power produced some 1.3% of global electricity consumption, accounting for approximately 19% of electricity use in Denmark, 9% in Spain and Portugal, and 6% in Germany and the Republic of Ireland.
The manufacturing output of the photovoltaics (PV) industry has now reached more than 2,000 MW per year, and PV power plants are particularly popular in Germany and Spain. Solar thermal power stations operate in the USA and Spain, and the largest of these is the 354 MW SEGS power plant in the Mojave Desert. The world's largest geothermal power installation is The Geysers in California, with a rated capacity of 750 MW.
Brazil has one of the largest renewable energy programs in the world, involving production of ethanol fuel from sugar cane, and ethanol now provides 18 percent of the country's fuel for vehicles. Ethanol fuel is also widely available in the USA.
While there are many large-scale renewable energy projects, renewable technologies are also suited to small off-grid applications, sometimes in rural and remote areas, where energy is often important for human development. Kenya has the world's highest household solar ownership rate with roughly 30,000 small (20-100 watt) solar power systems sold per year.
Climate change concerns coupled with high oil prices and increasing government support are driving increasing renewable energy commercialization. Investment capital flowing into renewable energy climbed from $80 billion in 2005 to a record $100 billion in 2006. Some very large companies such as BP, GE, Sharp, and Shell are investing in the renewable energy sector.

Mapudungun
Mapudungun is an isolate language spoken by Mapuche ethnic groups, in Chile and Argentina. Its speakers number 440,000, with 400,000 in the Central Valley of Chile and 40,000 in the Argentinian region of Patagonia. Some 200,000 people use the language regularly. "Poncho" is a word adopted by Spanish language and then in many language so used.
Other ethnic groups adopted Mapudungun, e. g. Patagonians or Tehuelche, after the arrival of Hispaniard. This process is named araucanization.

Русский
Russian language

Impurity
Something that has impurity is not pure. For example, water that is clean would be called pure water. Water that is dirty would be called impure water.
Harmful impurity.
Impurities my be harmful. For example, an engine works bad when its fuel is not pure.
Useful impurity.
Impure materials are useful sometimes. Alloys are metals with impurities. Solar cells are made of silicon crystals, but a very small amount of impurity (0.001% to 0.01%) is needed in them to work.

Queen's Hall
The Queen's Hall was a concert hall in Central London, England. It opened in 1893. It is best known for being where the Promenade Concerts were started by Robert Newman in 1895.
The Queen's Hall was built because London needed a new concert hall in the centre of the town. It stood in Langham Place, just next to where BBC Broadcasting House stands today. The Queen's Hall had seating for up to 3,000 people (including the orchestra). The arena (downstairs) had removeable seating. The polished floor could be used for dancing. The acoustics of the hall were excellent. There was also a smaller hall, The Queen's Small Hall, which seated 500 people. This was used for chamber music. In later years it was used as a recording studio. The architect who designed the hall was Thomas Edward Knightley.
The first time The Queen's Hall was used was on 25 November 1993 when Newman gave a children's party in the afternoon. In the evening about 2000 ladies and gentlemen came to a concert given by the Band of the Coldstream Guards, which included vocal music, piano and organ solos. At 11.00pm the seats in the arena were removed and the dancing began. The official opening of the hall took place on 2 December. On 10 August 1895 the first Promenade concert was given with Henry Wood conducting.
On January 14, 1896, the first public movie show was given at the Queen's Hall to members and wives of the Royal Photographic Society.
The seats were uncomfortable because there was not enough leg room, so in 1913 and 1919 some changes were made, after which the hall could seat 2400 people.
From 1930 to 1941, the BBC Symphony Orchestra regularly gave broadcast concerts in the hall. Arturo Toscanini, who guest conducted the orchestra during the 1930s, made some famous recordings in the Queen's Hall in the late 1930s.
On 10 May 1941 (during the World War II) the Royal Choral Society gave a concert in the Queen's Hall with the London Symphony Orchestra. They performed Elgar's oratorio "Dream of Gerontius" under the conductor Sir Malcolm Sargent. It was the last concert ever given there because, later that night, the hall was completely destroyed by bombs.
After the destruction of Queen's Hall, the BBC Symphony Orchestra moved its broadcast concerts and recording sessions to Bedford School. Among the great recordings made at the school was Sir Adrian Boult's recording of Elgar's second symphony. The Proms continued in the Royal Albert Hall. They also took place in Bristol and Bedford, but after the war they settled in the Royal Albert Hall where they continue today.

Avesta
Avesta is the holy book of Zoroastrianism. It has been written in Avestan language. The Avesta is also translated into other languages including Farsi and English. The oldest portion, the Ghathas,are the religious songs produced by Zarathushtra himself. Other parts of Avesta are named Yasna,Yashts,Visperad,Vendidad and Khordeh Avesta.There are two other religious texts in Zoroastrianism which are named Denkard and Ardaviraf Namak.

Darius I of Persia
Darius the Great (c. 549 BC– 486/485 BC) was the son of Hystaspes and Shah of Iran from 522 BC to 485 BC. After Darius became Shah of Iran, he divided the Persian Empire into twenty provinces, and appointed a governor for each province. He introduced golden coins and developed commerce within the empire and trade without. Darius allowed Jews to rebuild the Temple of Solomon in Jerusalem. He also built many temples in Egypt. The largest building that was built by Darius, is the new capital of Persepolis, near Pasargadae. Darius died in Persepolis. His tomb was cut into a rock face near Persepolis. After his death, Xerxes became the Shah of Iran.

Pasargadae
Pasargadae was a city in ancient Persia, and is today a historical site in Fars,Iran. Pasargadae was the first capital of the Persian Empire. The building of the capital city by Cyrus the Great, begun in 546 BCE, but was left unfinished, for Cyrus died in 530 BCE. Pasargade remained the Persian capital unti Darius I built the Persepolis. The tomb of Cyrus the Great is in this city.

American Staffordshire Terrier
The American Staffordshire Terrier is a breed of dog.
History.
The American Staffordshire Terrier was bred in English colonies of North America and Canada in around 1835.
Ancestors.
Its early ancestors are the bull and the terrier, it used to be called the Blue Paul Terrier. Then, in around the 1930s, dogbreeders bred it with the Pitbull terrier and it became the American Staffordshire Terrier
Characteristics.
The American Staffordshire Terrier is big and agile, not very intelligent, but attacks with courage.

Persepolis
Persepolis (Old Persian: 'Pars', New Persian: تخت جمشید, 'Takht-e Jamshid') was an ancient capital of the second Iranian dynasty, the Achaemenid Empire. Ancient Persians called it Parsa, meaning "the city of Persians". Persepolis(Greek: Περσες πόλις)is the Greek translation of the name. In modern Iran, the city is known as Takht-e-Jamshid(Throne of Jamshid). The largest building in Persepolis in the Apadana Hall with 72 columns. The Tachara palace built by Darius I is also an important building. The Hadish palace in Persepolis was started by Xerxes and finished by his son Artaxerxes.

Xerxes
Xerxes the Great was a Shah of Iran (485 BC-465 BC) of Achaemenid dynasty. Xerxes was son of Darius I and Atossa, the daughter of Cyrus the Great. After Darius died, Xerxes became the Shah of Iran. At the Battle of Thermopylae, Xerxes defeated Greek warriors. After winning at Thermopylae, Xerxes took control of Athens with his army. Finally, Greek warriors won the Battle of Salamis against Xerxes in 480 BC.

Animal shell
A shell is a hard outer layer, which has evolved in a very wide variety of different animals, including molluscs, sea urchins, crustaceans, turtles and tortoises, armadillos, etc.
Seashells.
Seashells are perhaps the most familiar and most common shells, both in the wild and for sale as decorative objects. They are usually composed of calcium carbonate, in the form of calcite or aragonite. This can have different forms, one is nacre or mother of pearl. Other kinds of animal shells are made from chitin, bone and cartilage, or silica.
Use of Shells.
Shells of many types were popular as human decorations, either used whole or cut into pieces. One used them for all kinds of pendants, beads, buttons, brooches, rings, and hair combs.
Small pieces of colored shell and iridescent shell have been used to create mosaics and inlays which have been used to decorate larger items such as boxes and furniture. Large numbers of whole seashells, arranged to form patterns, have been used to decorate man-made grottos.
Several kinds of sea animals have exoskeletons which one can find after their death in beach drift. Often beachcombers pick them. But usually only those of molluscs (also spelled "mollusks") are known as seashells.
Classes.
The majority of shell-forming molluscs belong to two classes: Gastropoda (univalves, or snails) and Bivalvia (bivalves or clams, oysters, scallops, etc).

Tortoise
A tortoise or land turtle is a reptile of the order Testudines that lives on land. Like their aquatic cousins, the sea turtles, tortoises are shielded from predators by a shell.

Sea turtle
Sea turtles ("Chelonioidea") are turtles found in all the world's oceans except the Arctic Ocean, and some species travel between oceans.
There are seven types of sea turtles: Kemp's Ridley, Flatback, Green, Olive Ridley, Loggerhead, Hawksbill and the leatherback. All but the leatherback are in the family Chelonioidea; the leatherback belongs to the family Dermochelyidae and is its only member, the leatherback sea turtle, is the largest, measuring six or seven feet (2 m) in length at maturity, and three to five feet (1 to 1.5 m) in width, weighing up to 1300 pounds (600 kg). Most other species are smaller, being two to four feet in length (0.5 to 1 m) and proportionally less wide. The Flatback turtle is found solely on the northern coast of Australia.

Report of 1800
The Report of 1800 was a resolution drafted by James Madison. It argued for the sovereignty of the individual states under the United States Constitution and against the Alien and Sedition Acts. The Virginia General Assembly adopted the Report in January 1800. The document primarily subtly amends arguments from the 1798 Virginia Resolutions. The main reason for making the Report was to answer criticisms that had been leveled at the Resolutions. The Report was the last important explication of the Constitution produced before the 1817 Bonus Bill Veto Message.
The arguments made in the Resolutions and the Report were later used frequently during the nullification crisis of 1832, when South Carolina declared federal tariffs to be unconstitutional and void within the state. Madison, however, rejected the concept of nullification and the notion that his arguments supported such a practice. Whether Madison's theory of republicanism really supported the nullification movement, and more broadly whether the ideas he expressed between 1798 and 1800 are consistent with his work before and after this period, are the main questions surrounding the Report in the modern literature.
Background.
Madison, a member of the Republican Party, was elected to the Republican-dominated Virginia General Assembly from Orange County in 1799. A major item on his agenda was the defense of the General Assembly's 1798 Virginia Resolutions, of which Madison had been the draftsman. The Resolutions, usually discussed together with Thomas Jefferson's contemporaneous Kentucky Resolutions, were a response to various perceived outrages perpetrated by the Federalist-dominated national government. The most significant of these were the Alien and Sedition Acts, four laws that allowed the President to deport aliens at will, required a longer period of residence before aliens could become citizens, and made it a crime to publish malicious or defamatory material against the government or its officials. Republicans were outraged by the legislation, and Madison and Jefferson drafted the highly critical Resolutions adopted in response by the Virginia and Kentucky state legislatures.
The Virginia Resolutions had in the year since publication received highly critical replies from state legislatures, including those of New York, Delaware, and the five New England states. The reason for the criticism was that the General Assembly, led in the effort by state-sovereignty advocate John Taylor of Caroline, had put a state-sovereignty spin on the Virginia Resolutions of 1798 despite Madison's hopes. These replies contended that the Supreme Court of the United States had the ultimate responsibility for deciding whether federal laws were constitutional, and that the Alien and Sedition Acts were constitutional and necessary. The Federalists accused the Republicans of seeking disunion, even contemplating violence. At the time, leading Virginia Republican figures such as Rep. William Branch Giles (in public) and Sen. John Taylor of Caroline (in private) actually were contemplating disunion, and the Virginia General Assembly chose this juncture for finally constructing a new state armory in Richmond, so there was some truth to the charge.
That the principles already advanced by Virginia & Kentucky are not to be yielded in silence, I presume we all agree. I should propose a declaration of Resolution by their legislatures on this plan. 1st. Answer the reasonings of such of the states as have ventured in the field of reason, & that of the Committee of Congress. ... 2. Make a firm protestation against the principle & the precedent; and a reservation of the rights resulting to us from these palpable violations of the constitutional compact by the Federal government, ... 3. Express in affectionate and conciliatory language our warm attachment to union with our sister-states, and to the instrument & principles by which we are united; … fully confident that the good sense of the American people and their attachment to rally with us round the true principle of our federal compact. But determined, were we to be disappointed in this, to sever ourselves from that union we so much value, rather than give up the rights of self government which we have reserved, & in which alone we see liberty, safety & happiness.
In response to this letter, Madison visited Jefferson at Monticello during the first week of September. Their discussion was important in that it persuaded Jefferson to depart from his radical stance on dissociation from the Union, which is expressed at the end of the excerpt above. At the very least, Virginia or Kentucky taking such a stance publicly would have justified the Federalist attacks against the secessionist tendencies of the Republicans. Madison won over Jefferson, who shortly thereafter wrote to Wilson Cary Nicholas that: "From [this position] I retreat readily, not only in deference to [Madison's] judgment but because as we should never think of separation but for repeated and enormous violations, so these, when they occur, will be cause enough of themselves." Adrienne Koch and Harry Ammon, examining Jefferson's later writing, conclude that Madison had a significant role "in softening Jefferson's more extreme views."
Jefferson hoped for further involvement with the production of the Report and planned to visit Madison at Montpelier on his way to Philadelphia, the national capital, for the winter session of the United States Congress. However, James Monroe, who would become Governor of Virginia before the end of the year, visited Jefferson at Monticello and cautioned him against meeting with Madison, since another meeting between two of the most important Republican leaders would provoke significant public comment. The task of writing the Virginia Report was left solely to Madison. Jefferson underlined the importance of this work in a November 26 letter to Madison in which he identified "protestations against violations of the true principles of our constitution" as one of the four primary elements of the Republican Party plan.
Production and passage.
The Assembly session began in early December. Once at Richmond, Madison began drafting the Report, though he was delayed by a weeklong battle with dysentery. On December 23, Madison moved for the creation of a special seven-member committee with himself as chairman to respond to "certain answers from several of the states, relative to the communications made by the Virginia legislature at their last session." The committee members were Madison, John Taylor, William Branch Giles, George Keith Taylor, John Wise, John Mercer, and William Daniel. The next day, Christmas Eve, the committee produced a first version of the Report. The measure came before the House of Delegates, the lower house of the General Assembly, on January 2.
…this Assembly doth explicitly and peremptorily declare, that it views the powers of the federal government, as resulting from the compact to which the states are parties; … and that in case of a deliberate, palpable, and dangerous exercise of other powers not granted by said compact, the states who are parties thereto have the right … to interpose for arresting the progress of the evil…the authorities, rights, and liberties appertaining to them.
This resolution had been the principal target of the Federalist attack on the Resolutions. Particularly at issue was the sense in which the states were parties to the federal compact. The Report was ultimately amended to provide greater clarity on this issue by emphasizing that it was the people themselves, acting through the states in their sovereign capacity, who were parties to the Constitution. The amended Report passed the House of Delegates on January 7 by a margin of 60 to 40. At some point in the next two weeks, it passed the Senate by a margin of 15 to 6.
The Report was received warmly by Virginia Republicans. The General Assembly arranged for five thousand copies to be printed and distributed in the state, but there was not much public response to the Report, and it appears to have had relatively little impact on the presidential election of 1800 (which was, nevertheless, a major victory for the Republicans and a repudiation of Federalist policies). Parties outside Virginia seemed uninterested in the rehashing of the 1798 Resolutions, and in other states there was very little public comment. Jefferson eagerly sought copies for distribution to Republican members of Congress departing for their home states, and when they failed to arrive he entreated Monroe for at least one copy that he could reproduce. Despite Jefferson's approval of and attempt to distribute Madison's work, the national reaction was tepid. Though it had little impact on the immediate election, Madison's Report clarified the legal argument against the Acts and for states' rights in general, particularly in its advancement of the Tenth Amendment rather than the Ninth as the main bulwark against federal encroachment on state autonomy.
Argument.
The general purpose of the Report was the affirmation and expansion of the principles in the Virginia Resolutions. The first major goal of the Resolutions was to bring about the repeal of the Alien and Sedition Acts by generating public opposition that would be expressed through the state legislatures. Madison sought to accomplish this by demonstrating conclusively that the Acts violated the constitution. Laying into the Acts in his Report, Madison described many breaches of constitutional limits. The Alien Act granted the President the unenumerated power of deporting friendly aliens. Contrary to the Sedition Act, the federal government had no power to protect officials from dissent or libelous attack, beyond the protection it accorded to every citizen; indeed, such special intervention against the press was "expressly forbidden by a declaratory amendment to the constitution." As well, Madison attacked Federalist carriage laws and bank laws as unconstitutional.
To remedy the defects revealed by the passage of the Alien and Sedition Acts, Madison called for citizens to have an absolute right to free speech. Madison writes that the ability to prosecute speech amounts to "a protection of those who administer the government, if they should at any time deserve the contempt or hatred of the people, against being exposed to it." Freedom of the press was necessary, because "chequered as it is with abuses, the world is indebted to the press for all the triumphs which have been gained by reason and humanity over error and oppression." The Report supported a strict interpretation of the First Amendment. While the Federalists interpreted the amendment as limiting the power of Congress over the press, but implying that such power existed, Madison argued that the First Amendment wholly prohibited Congress from any interference with the press.
More generally, the Report made the argument in favor of the sovereignty of the individual states, for which it is best known. The basic message was that the states were the ultimate parties constituting the federal compact, and that therefore the individual states were ultimate arbiters of whether the compact had been broken by the usurpation of power. This doctrine is known as the compact theory. It was the presence of this argument in the Resolutions that had allowed the Federalists to paint the Republicans as leaning toward secession; in the amended Report the line is moderated, with an emphasis that it is the states as political societies of the people (and therefore, one reads in, not the state legislatures alone) which possess this power. Either formulation would help the Republican cause by refuting the finality of any constitutional interpretation advanced by the Congress and federal judiciary, both of which were dominated by Federalists.
In defense of Virginia Republicans and the Resolutions, Madison emphasized that even if one disagreed with the compact theory, the Virginia Resolutions and the Report of 1800 themselves were simply protests, which states were surely entitled to produce. They were "expressions of opinion, unaccompanied with any other effect than what they may produce on opinion by exciting reflection." By eschewing direct action in favor of influencing popular opinion, Madison tried to make clear that the Republicans were not moving toward disunion.
Analysis.
The Report was regarded in the early 19th century as among the more important expressions of Republican principles. Spencer Roane described it as "the "Magna Charta" on which the republicans settled down, after the great struggle in the year 1799." Henry Clay said on the floor of the House of Representatives that it was from the Report of 1800, above other documents, that he had developed his own theories on constitutional interpretation. H. Jefferson Powell, a modern jurist, identifies three persistent themes of Republican constitutionalism which emerged from the Resolutions and the Report: (1) a textual approach to the Constitution, (2) the compact theory, and (3) that caution, not trust, should characterize our approach to those who hold political power.
In more recent years, the main practical interest in the Report has been its absolutist understanding of the First Amendment. Multiple Supreme Court decisions have cited the case as evidence of the Framers' ideas on free speech. In the 1957 "Roth v. United States" opinion by William Brennan, Madison's Report is cited as evidence that "the fundamental freedoms of speech and press have contributed greatly to the development and well-being of our free society and are indispensable to its continued growth." Other cases to cite the Report for a similar purpose include "Thornhill v. Alabama" (1940) and "Nixon v. Shrink Missouri Government PAC" (2000).
In modern scholarship outside the legal arena the Report is mostly studied for its discussion of states' rights with regard to federalism and republicanism. According to Kevin Gutzman, the Report, together with the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, forms a foundation for the "radical southern states' rights tradition." However, Madison rebuffed charges that his writings supported the constitutional interpretation advanced by pro-nullification Southerners. The Report of 1800, Madison argued, did not say the government was a compact of the individual states, as the pro-nullification elements suggested. Rather the Report of 1800 described a compact of "the people in each of the States, acting in their highest sovereign capacity." The state governments themselves, no less than the federal judiciary, possess only delegated power and therefore cannot decide questions of fundamental importance. Madison thought the Resolutions and Report were consistent with this principle while the Ordinance of Nullification was not.
Gutzman rejects Madison's gloss of the Report as a "specious distinction," saying it is reasonable to read into the Resolutions and the Report an "ominous challenge to federal supremacy." Drew McCoy, however, has argued that Madison indeed developed a moderate stance which stood between the nationalists and the pro-nullification camp. Koch and Ammon agree, stating that "Nowhere in American political literature does there exist a more careful, precise and mature reiteration of the principles of republican self-government; and nowhere is it clearer that the intermediate existence of state governments between the people and the 'General Government' should function to prevent a totalitarian imbalance in any one center of authority."

Baikal
Baikal is a village in Russia, Irkutsk oblast, Sliudanskyy region.
Geography.
The village is near Lake Baikal and setted in left coast of river Angara. In the right coast is Listvianka. The administative centre Irkutsk is 60 kilometers north.
There is an automobile ferry to Listvianka
Villagers.
In 2005 in Baikal village lived about 0,5 people. In USSR times there was about 10000 humans.

Rudder
A rudder is used to steer ships, boats, submarines, aircraft, hovercraft or other conveniences that move through air or water.
History of the rudder.
Oars mounted on the side of ships for steering are documented from the 3rd millennium BCE in Persia and Ancient Egypt in artwork, wooden models, and even parts of actual boats of that times. An early example of an oar mounted on the stern is found in the Egyptian tomb of Menna (1422-1411 BC). Stern-mounted oars were also quite common in Roman river navigation as proved from reliefs more than a millennium later.
One of the world's oldest known image of a stern-mounted rudder can be seen on a 2 ft. long tomb pottery model of a Chinese junk that dates from the 1st century CE, during the Han Dynasty (202 BC-220 AD).

Exploration of Neptune
The Exploration of Neptune started on August 25, 1989, when "Voyager 2" became the first and so-far only spacecraft to visit the planet. Like the other gas giants, Neptune has no solid land on its surface so landing on Neptune would be impossible. Currently, NASA is thinking to send another spacecraft known as the "Neptune Orbiter" to study more about Neptune; the spacecraft is planned to be probably launched on 2035.
Voyager 2.
In Voyager 2's last visit with a planet before leaving the solar system, Voyager 2 came only 3,000 miles above Neptune's north pole, the closest approach it made to any planet after it left Earth. Voyager 2 studied Neptune's atmosphere, its rings, its magnetosphere, and its moons. Several discoveries were made, including the discovery of the Great Dark Spot and Triton's geysers.
Voyager 2 found that Neptune's atmosphere was very active, even though it gets only 3% of the sunlight Jupiter receives. Voyager 2 discovered an anticyclone called the Great Dark Spot, similar to Jupiter's Great Red Spot. However, pictures taken by the Hubble Space Telescope showed that the Great Dark Spot had disappeared. Also seen in Neptune's atmosphere at that time was an almond-shaped spot called "D2", and a bright, quickly moving cloud high above the cloud decks named Scooter.
Voyager 2 also found four rings and found proof for ring arcs, or incomplete rings around Neptune. Neptune's magnetosphere was also studied by Voyager 2. The planetary radio astronomy instrument found that Neptune's day is sixteen hours, seven minutes. Voyager 2 also discovered auroras, like on Earth, but much more complicated.
Voyager 2 discovered six moons orbiting Neptune, but only three were photographed in detail: Proteus, Nereid, and Triton. Proteus turned out to be an ellipsoid, as large as an ellipsoid could become without turning into a sphere. Proteus is very dark in color. Nereid, although discovered in 1949, is still not well known even after Voyager 2 passed by. Triton was flown by at about 25,000 miles away, and became the last object Voyager 2 would ever explore. Triton was shown to have extraordinary active geysers and polar caps. A very thin atmosphere was found, as well as thin clouds.
Neptune Orbiter.
A "Neptune Orbiter" is being considered to study Neptune in more detail, release atmospheric probes, and possibily release a Triton Lander. On the NASA website, it lists the earliest possible launch date as 2030. This mission is still a proposal, and budget cuts may eliminate it.

Kinder Scout
Kinder Scout is a plateau about 600 metres above sea level. It is located in Derbyshire (UK), roughly between the villages of Hayfield in the west, Edale to the southeast, and the town of Glossop to the northwest.
The underlying gritstone rock of the plateau is covered by a thick layer of peat, cut by a dense network of stream which flow radially off it. Principal amongst these is the eponymous Kinder River, which drops steeply off the Western edge at Kinder Downfall. Vegetation on the plateau is mainly heather, with some mosses, and bilberry, although the surrounding slopes have seen encroachment of bracken. The highest point is Kinder Low at 633m.
It can be approached from the southeast up a steep track called Jacobs Ladder. It is crossed by the 268 mile Pennine Way long distance footpath which starts in nearby Edale. Several sections of the path have been surfaced with large stone slabs in this area, to try to minimise environmental damage to the fragile moorland ecosystem by the large number of hikers it attracts all year round.
In the 1930s, Kinder Scout was the scene of the first mass trespasses by ramblers (Sunday, 24 April, 1932) protesting at the lack of public access to the open moorland in many parts of northern England, which were then kept for grouse shooting by the estates of a number of stately homes. Public rights of way were established later, and the 2000 Countryside and Rights of Way Act set a new legal framework in which the bulk of Kinder Scout is now "Access Land" where the public has a right to roam freely.

Stern
The stern is the rear part of a ship or boat.
The stern area has always been the place near the steering apparatus (rudder, tiller, ship's wheel, etc), and by extension became the domain of the ship's captain and other officers. In particular, the stern was the location of the officers' quarters, and during the age of sail became the most opulent part of the ship, with rows of windows, galleries, walkways, and fine decorations. That meant that this part was rather vulnerable, and the goal of much maneuvering in battle was to achieve the stern rake, in which a ship would pour its entire broadside into the stern.
Other features of the stern included lanterns and the ensign.

Stern (disambiguation)
The stern is the rear part of a ship or boat.

Urbain Le Verrier
Urbain Le Verrier (March 11, 1811 – September 23, 1877) was a French mathematician who was famous for co-discovering the planet, Neptune.

John Malkovich
John Gavin Malkovich (born December 9, 1953) American actor, producer and director. He was nominated for the Academy Award, and he also won an Emmy.
He will appear next in Robert Zemeckis' film, "Beowulf", which will also star Anthony Hopkins and Angelina Jolie.

Glenn Close
Glenn Close (born March 19, 1947) is an American movie and stage actress. Close is has been nominated for and won many awards in her career, both for her acting in movies and theater.

Blaqk Audio
Blaqk Audio is an electronic band, made by Davey Havok and Jade Puget of AFI. Blaqk Audio features Davey Havok as lyricist and vocalist, with Jade Puget writing all music and programming the synthesizers.Blaqk Audio was recently signed to Interscope Records, and their debut album, "CexCells", was released on August 14, 2007. The band describes themselves as "Two boys in love with synthesizers and software".

Hugh Grant
Hugh John Mungo Grant (born September 9, 1960) is an English actor. He won the Golden Globe award in 1995 for his work in the movie "Four Weddings and a Funeral".

James Caan
James Langston Edmund Caan (born March 26, 1940) is an American American movie, stage and television actor. He is known for his role of "Sonny Corleone" in 1972's "The Godfather" and for his role as Ed Deline on "Las Vegas". He has been nominated for many awards, including the Academy Award, Emmy and Golden Globe.

James Coburn
James Harrison Coburn (August 31, 1928 – November 18, 2002) was an American actor. He became famous in the 1960s when he made many Western movies, such as "The Magnificent Seven". But after that, he acted in other different types of roles, and became a more complete and successful actor. He was very ill in the 1980s and he almost did not make any movies in that entire decade, but he got better and then started acting again in the 1990s. He won an Academy Award in 1998.

4 Vesta
4 Vesta () is the second most massive asteroid in the solar system, with an average diameter of about 530 km (around 330 miles) and an estimated mass 9% the mass of the entire asteroid belt. Its size and unusually bright surface makes Vesta the brightest asteroid, and the only one ever visible to the naked eye from Earth. Vesta's astronomical symbol is.
Discovery.
Vesta was discovered by the German astronomer Heinrich Wilhelm Olbers on March 29, 1807. He allowed the prominent mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss to name the asteroid after the Roman virgin goddess of home and hearth, Vesta.
After the discovery of Vesta in 1807, no asteroids were discovered for the next 38 years. During this time the four known asteroids were counted among the planets, and each had its own planetary symbol. Vesta was normally represented by a stylized hearth (). Other symbols are and. All are simplifications of the original.
Physical characteristics.
Vesta is the second-most massive body in the asteroid belt. Vesta does have a different interior compared to its surface. It is in the Inner Main Belt, at a distance of about 2.50 AU. It is similar to 2 Pallas in volume (although it is not confirmed), but somewhat more massive.
Vesta's shape is close to the shape of a sphere by its own gravity, but the large concavity and lump at the pole (see 'Surface Features' below) didn't fit the criteria from being considered a planet under the IAU. In any case, this resolution was rejected by the IAU membership and Vesta will continue to be called an asteroid. However, it is possible that Vesta may be listed as a dwarf planet in the future, if it is convincingly determined that its shape is from to hydrostatic equilibrium.
Its rotation is actually fast for an asteroid (5.342 h) and prograde, with the north pole pointing in the direction of right ascension 20 h 32 min, declination +48° with an uncertainty of about 10°. This gives an axial tilt of 29°.
Temperatures on the surface have been thought to be between about -20°C with the Sun overhead, dropping to about -190°C at the winter pole. Typical day-time and night-time temperatures are -60°C and -130°C, respectively. This estimate is for May 6, 1996, very close to perihelion, while details vary somewhat with the seasons.
Geology.
For Vesta, there is a large collection of possible samples available to scientists, in the form of over 200 HED meteorites, giving insight into Vesta's geologic history and structure.
Vesta is the only known intact asteroid that has been resurfaced in this procedure. However, the presence of iron meteorites and achondritic meteorite classes without identified parent bodies indicates that there once were other differentiated planetesimals with igneous histories, which have since been broken by impacts.
Surface features.
Some Vestian surface features have been resolved using the Hubble Space Telescope and ground based telescopes, e.g. the Keck Telescope.
The most notable surface feature is a very large crater that is 460 km in diameter centered near the south pole. Its width is about 80% of the entire diameter of Vesta. The floor of this crater is about 13 km below, and its rim rises 4-12 km above the surrounding area, with total surface relief of about 25 km. A central peak rises 18 km above the crater floor. It is thought that the impact responsible blew up about 1% of the entire volume of Vesta, and it is likely that a group of smaller asteroids known as the "Vesta family" are the remains of this collision. If this is the case, then the fact that 10 km fragments of the Vesta family have survived bombardment until the present indicates that the crater is only about 1 billion years old or younger. It would also be the original site of origin of the HED meteorites. In fact, all the known V-type asteroids taken together account for only about 6% of the ejected volume, with the rest presumably either in small fragments, ejected by approaching the 3:1 Kirkwood gap, or perturbed away by radiation pressure. Spectroscopic analyses of the Hubble images have shown that this crater has penetrated deep through several distinct layers of the crust, and possibly into the mantle which is indicated by spectral signatures of olivine. Interestingly Vesta was not disrupted nor resurfaced by an impact of this magnitude.
Several other large craters about 150 km wide and 7 km deep are also present. A dark feature about 200 km across has been named "Olbers" in honour of Vesta's discoverer, but it does not appear in elevation maps as a fresh crater would, and its nature is presently unknown, perhaps an old basaltic surface. It serves as a reference point with the 0° longitude prime meridian defined to pass through its center.
The eastern and western hemispheres show markedly different terrains. From preliminary spectral analyses of the Hubble Space Telescope images, the eastern hemisphere appears to be have a highly reflective, heavily cratered "highland" terrain with old, dusty rocks, and craters probing into deeper plutonic layers of the crust. On the other hand, large regions of the western hemisphere are taken up by dark geologic units thought to be surface basalts.
Fragments.
Various small solar system objects are believed to be fragments of Vesta caused by collisions. The Vestoid asteroids and HED meteorites are examples. The V-type asteroid 1929 Kollaa has been determined to have a composition akin to cumulate eucrite meteorites, indicating its origin deep within Vesta's crust.
Because a number of meteorites are believed to be Vestian fragments, Vesta is currently one of only five identified Solar system bodies for which we have physical samples, the others being Mars, the Moon, comet Wild 2, and Earth itself.
Exploration of Vesta.
The first space mission to Vesta will be NASA's "Dawn" probe, which will orbit the asteroid for nine months in 2010-2011. The mission launched on September 27, 2007 and will arrive at Vesta in the fall of 2010. Dawn will then proceed to its other target, Ceres and will probably continue to explore the asteroid belt on an extended mission using remaining fuel. The spacecraft is the first able to enter and leave orbit around more than one body, thanks to its weight-efficient ion driven engines.
Dawn, citing budget pressures and technical issues, but scientists appealed and won an additional $100 million to continue the program. Total mission costs will now be about $450 million.
Visibility.
Its size and unusually bright surface make Vesta the brightest asteroid, and it is occasionally visible to the naked eye from dark (non-light polluted) skies. Recently, in May and June 2007, Vesta reached a peak magnitude of +5.4, the brightest since 1989.
At that time, opposition and perihelion were only a few weeks apart. It was visible in the constellations Ophiuchus and Scorpius.
Less favourable oppositions during late autumn in the Northern Hemisphere still have Vesta at a magnitude of around +7.0. Even when in conjunction with the Sun, Vesta will have a magnitude around +8.5; thus from a pollution-free sky it can be observed with binoculars even at elongations much smaller than near opposition.

Animal liberation movement
The animal liberation movement or animal rights movement (sometimes called the animal personhood movement and animal advocacy movement), is the movement of activists, academics, lawyers, campaigns, and organized groups who oppose the use of non-human animals in research, as food, as clothing, or as entertainment.

Sex symbol
A sex symbol is a famous and/or notable person, male or female, who is found sexually attractive by a lot of people. Many actors and actresses and rock musicians are considered to be sex symbols by their fans and public. Examples are Marilyn Monroe, Brad Pitt and Paris Hilton and Monica Bellucci.

Cereal
Cereal is usually refers to a type of grass that is grown to be eaten.
It is a common breakfast meal. The kind of cereal eaten for breakfast is called "breakfast cereal". There is a large variety of cereals. Some types of breakfast cereal include Cheerios, Cocoa Puffs and other various brands. Most creakfast cereals are targeted to be sold to kids, but there are many for adults as well. Some adult cereals are for diets or other health benefits.
The word "cereal" comes from 'Ceres', the name of the Roman goddess of harvest and agriculture. Grains are called "corn" in the United Kingdom and Ireland, but in the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand "corn" means "maize".

Sexual attraction
In a species that reproduces sexually, sexual attraction is an attraction to other members of the same species for sexual or erotic activity. In many species doesn't always mean a sexual act; indeed, some sexual behavior among primates is mostly a social activity.
In humans.
Certain things of what is sexually attractive to humans may change from different cultures or regions. The sexual attraction of one person to another depends on both people.

Cheerios
Cheerios is a popular brand of cereal. It is manufactured by General Mills. It was founded in 1941 as CheeriOats, the first ready-to-eat oat cereal. They are still making cereal, and it is produced worldwide.

Rehearsal
A rehearsal is a practice before a concert or play in a theatre or some other performance. The group of performers will get together to rehearse. They may rehearse together many times before the performance so that they get used to performing with one another.
A dress rehearsal is the last rehearsal before the performance. It is called a 'dress rehearsal' because in a theatre the actors will be wearing their costumes. When an orchestra or other music group have a 'dress rehearsal' this does not mean that they have to dress up. It simply means that it is the last rehearsal, and it will be in the hall where they are going to perform so that everything is as it will be for the performance.
Orchestras often have section rehearsals or sectionals. This means that each group of instruments rehearse separately, e.g. the string sectional will be all the string instruments rehearsing together. This can be useful because they can concentrate on the bits which are particularly difficult for them: the string instruments can talk about the bowing etc.
An open rehearsal is a rehearsal that the public can come and watch. In opera houses the dress rehearsal is often an open rehearsal. The entry may be free or the audience may have to pay, but not as much as for a ticket for a performance. The audience will have to understand that the performance may be stopped if something goes wrong and needs to be rehearsed. Singers will often save their voices by not singing as loudly as they will in the performance (this is called "marking").
A technical rehearsal in a theatre is a rehearsal for practising things such as lighting and using props.

London Symphony Orchestra
The London Symphony Orchestra (LSO) is one of the most famous orchestras of the world. They are based in London's Barbican Centre, but they often tour to lots of different countries.
The LSO started in 1904. Most of the players had been members of Henry Wood's Queen's Hall orchestra. They left that orchestra when Henry Wood made a rule that they were not allowed to send deputies to rehearsals or concerts. The LSO was set up as a self governing organization. This means that the players themselves organize everything: they decide how much they are going to be paid, who can be in the orchestra, etc.
The LSO gave its first concert on 9 June 1904 with Hans Richter conducting. He was principal (main) conductor until 1911, when Edward Elgar took over for a year. Some of the world's most famous conductors have conducted the orchestra. Since January 2007 Valery Gergiev has been the LSO's Principal Conductor. André Previn is the Conductor Laureate (Honorary conductor). In 2006, Daniel Harding became the co-principal guest conductor together with Michael Tilson Thomas. Richard Hickox is the Associate Guest Conductor of the LSO. The leader of the orchestra is Gordan Nikolitch.
The LSO was the first British orchestra to play overseas when it went to Paris in 1906. The LSO players all came close to death in 1912 because they were due to sail on the RMS "Titanic" for a concert in New York. Fortunately they had to change the booking at the last minute. They did tour the USA and Canada that year, and were the first British orchestra to do so.
In 1966 the London Symphony Chorus (LSC) was formed to join the LSO for works with choirs.
For many years the LSO refused to allow women to become members because they thought the sound would not be so good.
The LSO made their first gramophone recording in 1920. Since then they have made a very large number of recordings.

Obtuse angle
An obtuse angle is a form of angle that measures wider than 90° and less than 180°.

London Philharmonic Orchestra
The London Philharmonic Orchestra (LPO) is one of the major orchestras of the United Kingdom. It is based in the Royal Festival Hall, London.
The orchestra was formed in 1932 by Sir Thomas Beecham, and played its first concert on October 7 1932 at the Queen's Hall, London. The associate conductor at the time was Malcolm Sargent.
At one of the orchestra's early concerts in November 1932 the sixteen-year old Yehudi Menuhin played a programme of violin concertos including the concerto by Elgar which the composer himself conducted.
In the 1930s, when Beecham conducted at the Royal Opera House, the orchestra played for operas there. Beecham made many recordings with the orchestra.
In 1939 the orchestra's sponsors stopped giving money to the orchestra. The orchestra became a self-governing body, which meant that, like the London Symphony Orchestra, the players organized the orchestra themselves, deciding on their pay, their members, what music they should play etc.
During the Second World War they went round the country playing in places where people would not otherwise hear music.
Many of the players' instruments were destroyed when the Queen's Hall was bombed in May 1941, but lots of people gave money for them to buy new instruments.
After the war, Beecham returned to the LPO for eighteen months, but left to start a new orchestra, the Royal Philharmonic. The orchestra continued to play with several guest conductors until Eduard van Beinum was appointed. When he became ill they appointed Sir Adrian Boult who stayed until 1956, although he continued to work with the orchestra and became its President in 1965.
Through the late 1950s the orchestra did not have much money and had to stop paying the players regular salaries. They only got paid for the work they did. In 1958 the LPO appointed William Steinberg as chief conductor. He helped the orchestra to become better again.
In 1964 the LPO became the resident orchestra for Glyndebourne Festival Opera in the summer. They continue to do this today.
In 1967 the LPO appointed Bernard Haitink as its principal conductor. He stayed with the orchestra for 12 years and was followed by Sir Georg Solti.
Vladimir Jurowski is now the principal conductor.

Vladimir Jurowski
Vladimir Jurowski (born 4 April 1972 in Moscow) is a Russian conductor. He is one of the most important young conductors of today. Jurowski studied at the Moscow Conservatory. In 1990, he moved with his family to Germany, where he continued to study music in Dresden and Berlin.
In 1995 he conducted at the Wexford Festival and in 1996 at the Royal Opera House. He continued conducting in Berlin and Bologna.
In August 2000, Jurowski was named the Music Director of the Glyndebourne Festival Opera. He is now the Principal Conductor of the London Philharmonic Orchestra.
In May 2007, Jurowski received the 2007 Royal Philharmonic Society Music Award for Conductor of the Year.

Surrealism
Surrealism is a cultural movement that began in the mid-1920s. It is best known for the art and writings of the group members. The works have the element of surprise, unexpected items being placed next to each other for no clear reason. Many Surrealist artists and writers see their work as an expression of the philosophical movement first and foremost. The works are an artifact, and leader André Breton said that Surrealism was above all a revolutionary movement. From the Dada activities of World War I Surrealism was formed with the most important centre of the movement in Paris. From the 1920s it spread around the globe. It influenced films such as the Angel's Egg and El Topo.

Pim Fortuyn
Wilhelmus Simon Petrus (Pim) Fortuyn (, (February 19, 1948 – May 6, 2002) was a Dutch politician. He was the leader of the LPF ("Lijst Pim Fortuyn"), a right-wing political party. He was very popular and was expected to win the 2002 elections, but a few days before the elections, he was killed by an animal rights activist. He did not like the religion of Islam, and did not want to let Muslims from other countries come to the Netherlands.

Cyrus the Great
Cyrus the Great (Persian: کوروش بزرگ,Kurosh e Bozorg)(c. 590 BC or 576 — August 530 BC), was the founder of the Achaemenid dynasty in Iran. He was chosen as the leader of Persian people in Anshan, he defeated the Medes and was chosen as the Shah of Iran in 599 BC. Cyrus fought with the Lydian Emipire and the Babylonian Empire. Before leaving Babylon, Cyrus also freed the Israelites who were imprisoned by Babylonians and allowed Jews to return to their native land. Cyrus was the first king who put an end to slavery in all his terrority. He allowed his people to continue worshipping their own gods. Cyrus died in Pasargadae. His tomb remains in Pasargadae in Iran.

Rafał Wiechecki
Rafał Wiechecki (born September 25, 1978 in Piotrków Trybunalski) is a Polish politician.
He is member of the League of Polish Families. From May 5 2006 to August 13 2007 was the minister of Polish government. He was the youngest cabinet minister in Polish history.

Čejov
Čajev is small village near Humpolec in the Havlíčkův Brod District, Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. 473 people live there and it has 7,98 km².

Satsuma
Satsuma / sat-soo-muh/.n. a variety of tangerine with a loose skin.
It's named after the former Japanese province of "Satsuma". In the United Kingdom it is often associated with Christmas.

Relief
A relief is a sculptured artwork where the form is modeled out from a flat background.
Reliefs are a common type of artwork found throughout the world, particularly to decorate monumental buildings, such as temples.
The frieze in the classical Corinthian order is often enriched with bas-relief (low relief). Alto-relievo (high-relief) may been seen in the pediments of classical temples, e.g. the Parthenon. Reliefs can be used for a single scene, or ordered into a narrative. They can be very detailed to the extent that even tensed musculature itself may be seen.
Types of relief.
Several types of relief are commonly used and defined although in all cases the images must attach to the background.

Relief (disambiguation)
A relief is a sculptured artwork where a modeled form projects out from a flat background.

Frieze
In architecture the frieze is the wide central section of an entablature and may be plain or— in the Ionic or Corinthian order — decorated with bas-reliefs.

Entablature
An entablature (IPA [ɛnˈtæblətʃə]; Latin, "and tabula", "a tablet") is a major element of classical architecture, the superstructure of moldings and bands which lies horizontally above the columns, resting on their capitals. Entablature is commonly divided into the architrave—the supporting member carried from column to column, pier or wall immediately above; the frieze—an unmolded strip that may or may not be ornamented; and the cornice, the projecting member below the pediment.

Flickr
Flickr is a photo sharing website and web services suite. It is also an online community platform, which is considered an early example of a Web 2.0 application.

Norton AntiVirus
Norton AntiVirus (NAV) is a popular product of Symantec Corporation. It is one of the most widely used antivirus programs. Norton AntiVirus is sold as a standalone product. It is also included as part of Norton Internet Security and Norton SystemWorks. There is also a standalone corporate edition version called Symantec AntiVirus Corporate Edition.

Haemophilia
Haemophilia is a blood condition that means bleeding does not stop. The bleeding occurs because the blood does not clot. A person with a small cut or internal bleed (bruise) could bleed to death. They do not bleed more than a normal person, but they bleed for much longer. The word comes from the Greek words "haima" "blood" and "philia" "to love"
It usually affects males. It is passed from mother to child through genes.
Haemophilia A happens in about 1 in 5,000–10,000 male births. Haemophilia B happens in about 1 in every 20,000–34,000 male births.
This happens because each male needs a X and a Y chromosome; but because the Y chromosome is smaller than the X chromosome, some genes are missing. Most importantly in haemophilia, it is the H gene that is missing. If gene h (from the X chromosone) is recessive (weak) then it would be replaced by the gene H (from the Y chromosone). But when gene H is missing from the Y chromosone then gene h, the weak one from the X chromosone, takes its place and causes haemophilia.
A person with haemophilia is called a haemophiliac.

Otis R. Bowen
Otis R. Bowen, M.D. (born February 26, 1918), was the governor of the American state of Indiana from 1973 to 1981. He was the first governor of Indiana to serve two consecutive terms. He was also the United States Secretary of Health and Human Services on the cabinet of President Ronald Reagan.
Bowen was born in a farmhouse in Fulton County, Indiana. He raised his family, practiced medicine, and began his political career while living in Bremen, Indiana, where he still lives today.

Guacamole
Guacamole (called Guacamol in Central America and Cuba) is a Mexican dip made of avocados, salt and tomatoes. It is green.

Gordan Nikolitch
Gordan Nikolitch (born 1968) is a Serbian violinist. He is the leader of the London Symphony Orchestra.
Gordan Nikolitch began playing the violin when he was seven. He studied at the Musikhochschule (music conservatoire) in Basel, Switzerland. He worked with many famous people including the composers Witold Lutosławski and György Kurtág. He became particularly interested in Baroque music and contemporary music.
Gordan has been the leader of the Orchestre d’Auvergne and the Orchestre de Chambre de Lausanne before becoming the leader of the London Symphony Orchestra. He has made many recordings, especially of violin music which is not well known. He often plays chamber music. The violin he plays was made in Cremona in 1776 by a violin maker called Lorenzo Storioni.

Literal translation
Literal translation is the translation of text from one language to another "word-for-word", rather than giving the sense of the original. For this reason, literal translations usually mis-translate idioms. For example, a literal English translation of the German word "Kindergarten" would be "garden of children," but in English the expression refers to the school year between pre-school and first grade.

Machine translation
Machine translation, sometimes referred to by the acronym MT, is part of computational linguistics. It looks at the use of computer software to translate text or speech from one natural language to another.
At its basic level, MT performs simple substitution of words in one natural language for words in another (see literal translation).
Current machine translation software often allows to adapt the translation to subject or profession (such as weather reports) — to improve output by limiting the allowable substitutions. This technique is particularly effective in domains where formal or formulaic language is used. It follows then that machine translation of government and legal documents more readily produces usable output than conversation or less standardised text.

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Interlinear text
Interlinear text is text on several lines where additional lines give explanations of the main text. That can be a transliteration or a translation of each word of the main line (literal translation) or a free translation of the entire main text line.
Interlinear text is usually used to translate or explain the main text. It is used frequently in foreign language learning material and linguistic literature. Latin text books and Greek or Hebrew Bibles with interlinears are common examples.

Transcription (linguistics)
Transcription is the conversion of a text another medium.
That can be the conversion of human speech into written, typewritten or printed form. But it can also mean the scanning of books and making digital versions. A transcriber is a person who performs transcriptions.
Transcription as going from sound to script must be distinguished from transliteration, which creates a mapping from one script to another that is designed to match the original script as directly as possible.
Standard transcription schemes for linguistic purposes include the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), and its ASCII equivalent, SAMPA. See also phonetic transcription
In this table IPA is an example of phonetic transcription of the name of the former Russian president known in English as Boris Yeltsin, followed by accepted hybrid forms in various languages. Note that 'Boris' is a transliteration rather than transcription in strict sense.
The same words are likely to be transcribed differently under different systems. For example, the Mandarin Chinese name for the capital of the People's Republic of China is "Beijing" in the commonly-used contemporary system Hanyu Pinyin, and in the historically significant Wade Giles system, it is written "Pei-Ching".
Practical transcription can be done into a non-alphabetic language too. For example, in a Hong Kong Newspaper, George Bush's name is transliterated into two Chinese characters that sounds like "Bou-sū" (布殊) by using the characters that mean "cloth" and "special". Similarly, many words from English and other Western European languages are borrowed in Japanese and are transcribed using Katakana, one of the Japanese syllabaries.
See also transcription of Chinese, transcription of Russian, transcribing English to Japanese.
After transcribing.
This is especially evident for Greek loan words and proper names. Greek words are normally first transcribed to Latin (according to their old pronunciations), and then loaned into other languages, and finally the loan word has developed according to the rules of the goal language. For example, "Aristotle" is the currently used English form of the name of the philosopher
whose name in Greek is spelled  ̓Aριστoτέλης ("Aristotélēs"),
which was transcribed to Latin "Aristóteles", from where it was loaned into other languages
and followed their linguistic development.(In "classical" Greek of Aristotle's time, lower-case letters were not used, and the name was spelled ΑΡΙΣΤΟΤΕΛΗΣ.)
When this process continues over several languages, it may fail miserably in conveying the original pronunciation.
One ancient example is the Sanskrit word "dhyāna" which transcribed into the Chinese word "Ch'an" through Buddhist scriptures. "Ch'an" (禪 Zen Buddhism) was transcribed from Japanese (ゼン "zen") to "Zen" in English. "dhyāna" to "Zen" is quite a change.
Another complex problem is the subsequent change in "preferred" transcription.
For instance, the word describing a philosophy or religion in China was popularized in English as Tao and given the termination -ism to produce an English word Taoism.
That transcription reflects the Wade-Giles system.
More recent Pinyin transliterations produce Dao and Daoism.

Sumgait pogrom
The Sumgait pogrom was a pogrom by Azeris that targeted the Armenian population living in the Azerbaijani seaside town of Sumgait on February 1988. An estimated 30 were killed. But most say 200.

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Momijigari
is the Japanese tradition of visiting areas where leaves have turned red in the autumn. The word comes from the two Japanese words meaning "red leaves" or "maple tree" and, "hunting". It is also called. "Kōyō" is another pronunciation of the characters for "momiji". In Hokkaidō another word for it is.
Many Japanese people take part in this. The cities of Nikkō, Tochigi and Kyoto are particularly famous destinations. The tradition is said to have originated in the Heian era.

Bloom
The term bloom mostly means one or more flowers on a flowering plant. The word may also be used as a metaphor for young people at the peak of their beauty or health. See also Blossom.
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Calm
Calm is an adjective meaning peaceful, quiet; particularly used of the weather, free from wind or storm, or of the sea, opposed to rough. The word appears in French "calme," through which it came into English, in Spanish, Portuguese and Italian "calma."

Himeji Castle
is a Japanese castle located in Himeji in Hyōgo Prefecture and which includes 83 buildings made of wood. It is sometimes known as "Hakurojō" or "Shirasagijō" ("White Heron Castle") because of its brilliant white exterior.
It was registered as the first Japanese National Cultural Treasure by UNESCO World Heritage Site and a Japanese National Cultural Treasure in December, 1993. Along with Matsumoto Castle and Kumamoto Castle, it is one of Japan's "Three Famous Castles", and is the most visited castle in Japan.
Several movies have been filmed at the castle, like Akira Kurosawa's "Kagemusha" and "Ran"; "The Last Samurai" starring Tom Cruise; and the "Shogun" 1980 TV-miniseries/film starring Richard Chamberlain.

Tang Dynasty
The Tang Dynasty (Chinese: 唐朝; Pinyin: Táng Cháo) (18 June 618–4 June 907) was an imperial dynasty of China that came after the Sui Dynasty and was followed by the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period. It was founded by the Li (李) family, who came to power during the fall of the Sui Empire. The dynasty was interrupted for a short time by the Zhou Dynasty (周) (16 October 690–3 March 705) founded by Empress Wu Zetian who managed to claim the throne, becoming the first and only Chinese Empress.
The Tang Dynasty, with its capital at Chang'an (today Xi'an), the biggest city in the world at the time, is considered by historians as a high point in Chinese civilization — maybe even greater than the earlier Han Dynasty — as well as a golden age of cosmopolitan culture.
Empress Wu, the first women to ever rule in China, was also incliuded in the Tang Dynasty. Her methods were sometimes vicious, but she was very intelligent and talented.

Divination
Divination (Greek μαντεια, from μαντις "seer") is an attempt to get information through omens or supernatural things.
Divination is different to fortune-telling. Divination is more ritual, usually religious. Fortune-telling is more for personal things.

Emperor Saga
Emperor Saga (嵯峨天皇, "Saga-tennō") (786–842) was the 52nd Emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. He reigned from 809 to 823.

Kriss Donald
Kriss Donald (4 July 1988 – 16 March2004) was a Scottish boy who was killed by 5 British Muslims. He was killed because he was white. The murderers were later convicted for murder.

Imperial Court in Kyoto
Imperial Court in Kyoto was the government of Japan from 794 AD until the Meiji Era, in which the court was moved to Tokyo. It was moved by Empress Gemma.
Since Minamoto no Yoritomo started the shogunate, the true power had been in the hand of the Shoguns, who were mistaken several times for the Emperors of Japan by the Chinese government.

Uhorilka
Úhořilka is small village in the Havlíčkův Brod District, Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. 51 people live in Úhořilka and it has 2,52 km². It was first documented in 1454.

Ukiyo-e
, "pictures of the floating world", is a genre of Japanese paintings produced between the 17th and the 20th centuries, that showed landscapes, the theatre and scenes of every day entertainment. They were made using woodblock prints.
Ukiyo-e were cheap because they could be mass-produced. They were meant for mainly townsmen, who were generally not rich enough to pay an original painting. The original subject of ukiyo-e was city life, in particular activities and scenes from the entertainment district. Beautiful courtesans, big Sumo wrestlers and popular actors would be portrayed while doing interesting activities. Later on landscapes also became popular.

Hiroshige
Utagawa Hiroshige, (IPA pronunciation:, Japanese: 歌川広重; 1797 in Edo – October 12, 1858, also known by the artistic name of "Ichiyusai Hiroshige") was a Japanese ukiyo-e artist, and one of the last great artists in that tradition.

Forecasting
Forecasting is studying and telling the result of situations that will happen in the future, and which have an unknown result. It is similar to predicting, but usually forecasting is done with scientific methods. Forecasting can be done at many different things, like weather forecasting (predicting the weather) or economy forecasting.

Japan Meteorological Agency
The or JMA, is the Japanese government's weather service. It has the duty of getting the information on the weather and making the weather forecasts in Japan. It also must observe and warn about earthquakes, typhoons, tsunamis and volcanic eruptions.
The central office of the agency is in Tokyo, and it has six smaller offices at other regions of Japan.

Ariwara no Narihira
Ariwara no Narihira (在原業平, 825 - July 9, 880) was a Japanese poet and noble. He was the fifth son of Prince Abo, a son of Emperor Heizei. His mother Princess Ito was a daughter of Emperor Kammu, so he was family to Emperor Kammu by both his mother and father. Along with his other brothers, he was forced to have a civilian life and did not live in the Imperial Court, getting a new clan name, Ariwara.

Yoshino, Nara
Yoshino (吉野町; -cho) is a town found in Yoshino District, Nara Prefecture, Japan.
As of 2003, the town had an about 10,550 people living there and a density of 110.61 people per km². The total area was 95.65 km².
Mt. Yoshino is famous for its 500,000 sakura trees. They are planted in three gardens at different altitude so that they bloom at different times of the spring.

Daigo, Ibaraki
Daigo (大子町; -machi) is a town located in Kuji District, Ibaraki, Japan.
As of 2003, the town has an estimated population of 22,813 and a density of 70.03 persons per km². The total area is 325.78 km².

Ueno Park
is a big public park located in the Ueno section of Taito-ku, Tokyo, Japan. It stands in the site of an old Kan'eiji, a temple very related with the Tokugawa shoguns, who had built the temple to guard Edo Castle against the Northeast. The temple was destroyed during the Boshin War.
Ueno Park was created through an imperial land grant to the city of Tokyo by Emperor Taishō in 1924. The official name of the park is, which can be translated as "Ueno Imperial Gift Park".
A famous statue of Saigō Takamori walking his dog stands in this park.

Mansa Musa
Mansa Musa was a 14th century Mansa (king). He ruled the Mali Empire. He is famous for his Hajj. On it, he is said to have given out millions of US dollars worth of gold. As a matter of fact, he gave out so much gold in Cairo that the value stayed relatively low for many years. It also helped to spread Islam.

Macon, Georgia
Macon is a city located in central Georgia, USA. It is among the largest metropolitan areas in Georgia, and the county seat of Bibb County. It is located near the geographic center of Georgia, more or less 75 miles (129 km) south of Atlanta, that's why the city's called the "Heart of Georgia". As of the 2000 census, Macon had a population of 97,255. Macon is the sixth-largest city by population of the state.

The Tale of Genji
is a classic work of Japanese literature believed to have been written by the Japanese noblewoman Murasaki Shikibu at the beginning of the 11th century, around the highest point of the Heian Period. The form of the language used at that time is called Late Old Japanese. "The Tale of Genji" is sometimes called the world's first novel, the first modern novel, or the first novel to still be considered a classic, but many readers do not agree on this.
The first translation of part of "Genji Monogatari" into English was by Suematsu Kencho. Arthur Waley made a free translation of the work, except for one chapter. Edward Seidensticker made the first complete translation into English, using a more literal way than Waley. The most recent English translation, by Royall Tyler (2002), also tries to respect the original text.

Tokugawa Yoshimune
Tokugawa Yoshimune (徳川 吉宗 "Tokugawa Yoshimune", November 27, 1684 - July 12, 1751) was a shogun of Japan. He was the eighth shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate. He ruled from 1716 until he resigned in 1745. He was the son of Tokugawa Mitsusada, the grandson of Tokugawa Yorinobu, and the great-grandson of Tokugawa Ieyasu.

Toyotomi Hideyoshi
(February 2, 1536 or March 26, 1537 – September 18, 1598) was a military leader of Japan. He rose to become a daimyo. Hideyoshi came to power after his master, Oda Nobunaga, died. Then he unified Japan. The period of his rule is usually called the Momoyama period. "Azuchi" was the name of Hideyoshi's castle.
Toyotomi Hideyoshi made many reforms in laws and culture. For example, he decreed that only the samurai could carry weapons.

Motojirō Kajii
was a Japanese author of the Shōwa period. He wrote several famous poetic short stories such as "The Lemon", "Winter Days"," and "Under the Cherry Trees".
He died at young age and wrote few works, but his stories have become influential in Japanese culture. For example, many high school students imitate the protagonist of his short story "Lemon", leaving a lemon in a department store. And his first line is usually said by Japanese people about the cherry-blossoms-watching custom of hanami.

Dumpling
Dumplings may be any of a wide variety of dishes, both sweet and salty, in several different cuisines. They are either made from balls of dough or are small bits of food put into pastry, dough, batter, or leaves.

Hank Williams
Hiram King Williams (1923-1953), better known as Hank Williams (and sometimes as Hank Williams Sr.), was an American musician and songwriter.
Williams is known as "the Father of Country and Western Music", because his songs were some of the first to come from that genre. As with many musical pioneers, Williams did not set out to create a new kind of music. He simply wanted to make music that his listeners would enjoy, that he would also enjoy making for them.
Some of Williams's songs are "Your Cheatin' Heart", "Hey Good Lookin'", "Jambalaya", and "Cold, Cold Heart". The songs were easy to remember, and many fans sang along when they heard them. Other singers began to include Hank Williams songs in their repertoires. Williams made recordings, performed on radio and early television, and also made live appearances.
Sadly, Williams was one of the first superstars to have problems with alcohol and drugs. Well-meaning fans and friends would buy Williams drinks, or invite him to parties, and he would lose control. He began to miss shows, and to give bad performances because of the effects of drugs and alcohol. He lost many of his best engagements, and his reputation suffered.
Williams died at age 29 in early 1953, after a binge of alcohol drinking. He left behind a wife and son, Hank Williams Jr., who also grew up to become a country musician. Williams's songs are still popular, and sung by many musicians. Hank Jr. performed his father's music for many years, but later found success with songs of his own.

Sui Dynasty
The Sui Dynasty (隋朝 Suí cháo; 581-618 AD) was an imperial dynasty of China. It followed the "Jin Period" and was followed by the Tang Dynasty. It ended nearly four centuries of division between rival regimes.
The Sui Dynasty was founded by Emperor Wen, or "Yang Jian". Its capital was Chang'an (present-day Xi'an). The dynasty is important because it reunited Southern and Northern China and the Grand Canal was build in that time.

Bento
is a meal common in Japanese cuisine, made to take away from home to be eaten somewhere else. A traditional bento consists of rice, fish or meat, and one or more pickled or cooked vegetables as a side dish. Containers for bento may be very different, from disposable mass produced to hand crafted lacquerware. While bento are can be bought at many stores and in all of Japan, it is still considered a very important skill of a Japanese housewife to be able to prepare a good boxed lunch.
Bento can be very elaborate, aesthetically pleasing cuisine arrangements. Often the food is arranged in such a way as to resemble other objects: dolls, flowers, leaves, and so forth. For some special occasions like hanami, more elaborate and bigger bentos are prepared.

Clown
A clown is a kind of entertainer, or performance artist, who performs physical comedy and stunts to amuse others. They usually wear grease paint makeup that hides their real face, a large wig with brightly-colored hair, and baggy, padded clothing. Clowns pretend to be clumsy, but must be agile and athletic in real life, to perform their job well.
Many clowns belong to a circus, while others freelance or belong to a talent agency, who helps them find work. Some clowns study at a clown college or clown school, where they learn acrobatics, juggling and other physical skills, and ways to interact with an audience. Others learn from experienced clowns, or through study and practice.
Clowns in Popular Culture.
Clowns are sometimes mentioned in other forms of entertainment. "Pagliacci" is an opera by Ruggero Leoncavallo, about clowns. This theme was borrowed by Smokey Robinson, when he wrote "The Tears of a Clown" working with Stevie Wonder. Red Skelton was a popular entertainer, who performed clown routines on television.
Ronald McDonald is a clown character who is the mascot of McDonald's restaurants. (Jeff Giuliano, who performed Ronald for many years on television, later became a vegetarian.)

Dango
is a Japanese dumpling made from "mochiko" (rice flour). It is sticky and filling. It is often served with green tea.
"Dango" are eaten all the year, but the different types are traditionally eaten in certain seasons. Three to four "dango" are often served on a skewer. One variety of "dango" from Hokkaidō is made from potato flour and baked with "shoyu" (soy sauce).
A common Japanese proverb is related to the custom of hanami, and refers to a preference for practical things rather than aesthetics.
Types of dango.
There are many different varieties of "dango" which are usually named after the various seasonings served on or with it.

Music stand
A music stand is something musicians can use to put sheet music on when they are performing.
There are several different sorts of music stand, but almost all of them can be adjusted in height so that they can be used by tall or short players, and by players whether they are sitting down or standing up.
The most popular type of music stand is the metal one that can be folded up so that it is easy to carry about. Some music stands are made of wood. These are sometimes very ornate and therefore quite expensive.
Orchestras usually give their players very heavy metal music stands. This is because the light, fold-up ones are easily knocked over. It is also very difficult to write on music on a fold-up metal stand because there is nothing to press against (in rehearsals musicians often have to write fingering, bowing and other markings in the music).
There are also very small music stands that do not have legs and are designed to be put on a table. These can be used for any kind of instrument that can be played sitting at a table.
There are also small ones that can be attached to the instrument itself. These are used in marching bands. Thomas Jefferson, former president of the United States, invented a revolving music stand which he never patented because he wanted people to be able to use his invention for free.
There are also digital music stands. When the violinist Tasmin Little played the Ligeti"Violin Concerto" at a Prom in 2003 she used a special, computerized music stand that had been made for her. There were no gaps in the music where she could have turned the pages of an ordinary music score. Instead, the music was on a computer screen, and she moved to the next page by pressing a pedal with her foot. There was also another pedal for turning back a page which was important to have when practising and for rehearsal.
There are also commercial computerized music stands available. One of them is called MusicReader.

Cumulative voting
Cumulative voting is a system for doing an election. There are a certain number of choices. Each voter has a certain number of points he or she can spread over the choices. That way it is possible to choose more than one option, and to weigh the choices.
Cumulative voting is used to elect representatives in many companies. It is also used to elect some governments. Switzerland and Germany use it for some elections.
It will lead to a proportional representation.

Proportional representation
Proportional representation is an idea from elections. Very often, parties are elected to some assembly. With proportional representation the number of seats of a certain party in the assembly will be in a direct relation to the number of votes (or the general success) that party had in the election. Usually, there is an additional restriction, that a certain minimum of votes must be reached, to be represented at all. Very often, this minimum is 5 %.

Smokey Robinson
William ("Smokey") Robinson (born 1940 in Detroit, Michigan) is an American singer and songwriter. Most of his hit records were on Motown Records or one of its labels, and many of them were performed with The Miracles, his longtime band. Robinson's mother died when he was young, and his sister raised him afterwards.
Robinson met Berry Gordy when Motown first became famous. He showed Gordy the lyrics to a song he had written. When Gordy asked if Smokey had any other songs, the young man pulled out a notebook with nearly a hundred of them. Few of the songs had potential, but Gordy liked what he saw in Robinson, and signed him and his band to Motown. Gordy helped Robinson become a better songwriter, and sometimes they wrote together. Some of Robinson's songs, like "My Girl" and "My Guy", were hits for other Motown artists.
Robinson's hits with the Miracles included "Goin' to a Go-Go", "You Really Got a Hold On Me", "Shop Around", "Ooh Baby Baby", "Mickey's Monkey", and "Baby, Baby Don't Cry". Stevie Wonder gave Robinson an unfinished song he'd begun in the studio, to see if he could add lyrics and a tune. The song reminded Robinson of circus music, and he remembered "I Pagliacci", an opera about clowns. The finished song was called "The Tears of a Clown", and it became another hit.
Robinson left the Miracles during the 1970s, and began a solo career. The Miracles still had hits (like "Love Machine"), and so did Robinson, with songs like "Cruisin'" and "Being With You".
In the 2000s, Robinson went into the frozen food business, with a line of gumbos and similar cuisine.

Andrew Davis
Sir Andrew Davis (born 2 February 1944) is a British conductor.
Andrew Davis was born in Ashridge in Hertfordshire and studied at the Royal College of Music, King's College, Cambridge where he was organ scholar, and in Rome with Franco Ferrara.
In 1970 he took his first important job: associate conductor of the BBC Scottish Symphony Orchestra. In 1975, he took the job of principal conductor with the Toronto Symphony Orchestra. He gave up this job in 1988, but has continued to be called their Conductor Laureate (honorary conductor).
In 1988, Davis became music director at Glyndebourne, where he met the American soprano Gianna Rolandi, whom he later married. Davis returned to the BBC in 1989 to become chief conductor of the BBC Symphony Orchestra, where he held the post until 2000.
Queen Elizabeth II made Davis a CBE in May 1992. In January 1999, she appointed him a Knight Bachelor in the New Year Honours List. In 2002, he conducted the Prom at the Palace concert, held in the gardens of Buckingham Palace as part of the celebrations for the Queen's Golden Jubilee.
Davis became the music director and principal conductor of the Lyric Opera of Chicago in 2000. In 2005, he took on the post of Music Advisor to the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra for three years.
Davis has conducted lots of music. He is especially fond of music by British composers such as Michael Tippett and Harrison Birtwistle. He was a great favourite at the BBC Proms during his years with the BBC Symphony Orchestra. He often conducted the Last Night of the Proms and made a witty speech.
Sir Andrew Davis is not related to the conductor Sir Colin Davis

Haiku
is a mode of Japanese poetry, and is in fact a modification made in the late 19th century by Masaoka Shiki of the older form. The traditional hokku usually was written in three verses of more or less 5, 7, 5 syllables ("on-ji"). The Japanese word "on", meaning "sound", corresponds to a "mora", a phonetic unit similar but not identical to the syllable of a language such as English. A haiku has a special "season word" (the "kigo") to represent the season in which the poem is set, or a reference to the natural world.
Haiku usually breaks in three parts, called "kireji", normally placed at the end of the first five or second seven "morae". In Japanese, there are actual kireji words. In English, kireji is often replaced with commas, hyphens, elipses, or breaks in the haiku. Japanese haiku are normally written in one line, while English language haiku are traditionally separated into three lines.
In Japanese, nouns do not have different singular and plural forms, so "haiku" is used as both a singular and plural noun in English as well.
Examples.
Japanese hokku and haiku are traditionally printed in one vertical line.
Non-Japanese poets.
All of the poets below have some haiku. However, only Hackett and Virgilio are known for writing haiku. Richard Wright wrote some 4000 haiku in the last eighteen months of his life. Amiri Baraka recently wrote a collection of what he calls "low coup." This is his own version of haiku. Poet Sonia Sanchez is also known for putting together haiku and the blues musical genre.

Gennady Rozhdestvensky
Gennady Rozhdestvensky (born 4 May 1931, Moscow) is a Russian conductor. Rozhdestvensky was born into a musical family. His name at first was Gennady Nikolayevich Anosov. When he started his musical career, he took his mother's maiden name.
Rozhdestvensky studied conducting with his father Nikolai Anosov at the Moscow Conservatory. He studied piano with the great pianist Lev Oborin. When he was 20 years old, he conducted Tchaikovsky's "Nutcracker" ballet at the Bolshoi Theatre. He soon became famous. He gave the first performances of many works of Soviet composers, as well as the first Russian performance of Benjamin Britten's "A Midsummer Night's Dream".
Rozhdestvensky has conducted many orchestras and made many recordings.
In 1969, he married the pianist Viktoria Postnikova.
Rozhdestvensky is known for keeping his rehearsals short. He does this so that the orchestra do not get tired and are fresh for the performance. Sometimes he walks about the stage while he conducts. He does not stand on a podium (a raised platform).
Orchestras he has conducted.
He has also conducted many of the world's greatest orchestras, including the Berlin Philharmonic, the Royal Concertgebouw, the Boston Symphony Orchestra, the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, the Cleveland Orchestra, and the London Symphony Orchestra.

Waka
Waka (和歌) or Yamato uta is a genre of Japanese poetry. Waka literally means"Japanese poem" in Japanese. The word "waka" was originally created by poets during the Heian Period to make clear the difference between native Japanese poetry and the "kanshi" (漢詩 "Chinese poems"). This meant that they put together several different styles, one of them being tanka (短歌 lit. "short poem") and the other chōka (長歌 lit. "long poem"). There are others: bussokusekika (仏足石歌 lit. "rock of the Buddha's footprint poem"), sedōka (旋頭歌 lit. "whirling head poem") and katauta (片歌 lit. "poem fragment"). These last three forms were no longer used at the beginning of the Heian Period, and "chōka" also disappeared a short time after. So, the term "waka" came in time to mean the same as "tanka". Tanka is a much older form of Japanese poetry than haiku.
Waka did not follow any rules of rhyme, nor line; it was a free style kind of poetry. This can be seen in this example of tanka written by poet Yamanoue no Okura (660 - 733)

Amiri Baraka
Amiri Baraka (born October 7, 1934) is an American writer. He writes poetry, drama, essays and music criticism.

Jorge Luis Borges
Jorge Luis Borges (August 24, 1899 – June 14, 1986) was an Argentine writer. He was best-known in the English-speaking world for his short stories and fictive essays. Borges was also a poet, critic, translator and man of wisdom.
He was influenced by authors such as Dante Alighieri, Miguel de Cervantes, Franz Kafka, H.G. Wells, Rudyard Kipling, Arthur Schopenhauer and G. K. Chesterton.

Kobayashi Issa
(June 15, 1763 - January 5, 1828) was a Japanese poet. He is known for his haiku poems and his journals. He is thought of as one of the four haiku masters in Japan. The others are Bashō, Buson and Shiki.

Masaoka Shiki
was the pen-name of a Japanese author, poet, literary critic, and journalist in Meiji period of Japan. His real name was Masaoka Tsunenori. As a child he was called Noboru.

Billy Collins
William J. ("Billy") Collins (born March 22, 1941) is a poet who served two terms as the 11th Poet Laureate of the United States. He served from 2001 to 2003. In his home state, Collins has been recognized as a Literary Lion of the New York Public Library (1992) and selected as the New York State Poet for 2004.

Wind power in Texas
Wind power in Texas consists of many wind farms with a total installed capacity of 5,604 megawatts (MW) from over 40 different projects. Texas produces the most wind power of any U.S. state, followed by California with 2,438 MW. Wind energy accounts for 3.3% of all the energy used in the state and is growing, while large portions of wind energy produced in Texas also goes to markets in other states.
The Horse Hollow Wind Energy Center (735 MW) in Taylor and Nolan counties is the world's largest wind farm. Other large wind farms in Texas include: the Sweetwater Wind Farm, Buffalo Gap Wind Farm, King Mountain Wind Farm, Roscoe Wind Farm, Desert Sky Wind Farm, Wildorado Wind Ranch, and the Brazos Wind Ranch. As of 2007, 942 MW of wind power is currently under construction in Texas. This expansion will help Texas meet its renewable energy goal of 5,000 new megawatts of power from renewable sources by 2015.
Overview.
There are many wind farms in Texas, with a total installed capacity of 2,749 MW (at the end of December 2006), and Texas is firmly established as the leader in wind power development in the USA, ahead of California. As of 2007, 942 MW of wind power is currently under construction in Texas and this expansion will help Texas meet its renewable energy goal of 5,000 new megawatts of power from renewable sources by 2015.
The table below lists the larger wind farms in Texas, currently operating or under construction. Wind farms which are smaller than 80 MW in capacity are not shown.
Texas farmers may lease their land to wind developers for either a set rental per turbine or for a small percentage of gross annual revenue from the project. Although leasing arrangements vary widely, the U. S. Government Accountability Office reported in 2004 that a farmer who leases land to a wind project developer can generally obtain royalties of $3,000 to $5,000 per turbine per year in lease payments. These figures are rising as larger wind turbines are being produced and installed.
The wind power industry is also creating thousands of jobs for communities and for the state. Wind technology and the various aspects of producing electricity from wind power can help to keep employment in Texas after the rigs stop producing oil.

Yu Suzuki
Yu Suzuki (, born June 10, 1958)is a famous Japanese game designer. He was born in 1958. For most of his life, he has worked for Sega. Some people say he is as famous as Shigeru Miyamoto. Suzuki made games like "Hang-On" and "Virtua Fighter" and "Shenmue". He was person #6 who was added to the Academy of Interactive Arts and Sciences Hall of Fame.
Both of Suzuki's parents were school teachers. When Suzuki was growing up, he wanted to be a dentist. But he could not pass the test, so he decided to study computers instead. In 1983 he started working at Sega. In 1993 he wrote a famous game called "Virtua Fighter". It was so famous, that it was added to the Smithsonian museum in Washington DC, as an example of an important game.

Isra and Mi'raj
The Isra and Mi'raj are two parts of a story that Muslims tell about Muhammad. They say that in the year 621, while he was resting in the Kaaba in Mecca, an angel came to him, with an animal called a Buraq. The Buraq carried Muhammad to a mosque that was far away, and then the Buraq took Muhammad up into heaven. While in Heaven, Muhammad met Adam and Moses and Allah (God), and then came back down to Earth.
Every year, Muslims hold a festival for the Isra and Mi'raj. They bring their children to the mosques, where the children can hear the story, and then pray with the grownups. Afterwards there is a feast and everyone can eat.
Different people disagree about whether the story is true or not. Some say it was real, and some say that Muhammad had a dream. There is also disagreement about where the "Farthest mosque" is. Most people say that it's in Jerusalem, but some people say it may be other places too.

Fustat
Fustat was the first Arab capital in Egypt. It was founded in 641 AD, after the Arabs conquered Alexandria. The Arabs did not want their capital to be so far away as Alexandria, which is why they made Fustat, which was closer, and was on their side of the Nile river.
Fustat became a beautiful and powerful city for over 500 years, but then it was destroyed during a war, when its vizier Shawar told his army to burn the city. Shawar did not want anyone else to capture the city, so he burned it instead.
Today there is not much left of Fustat, but some buildings can be seen in Old Cairo.

Vizier
A Vizier is an Arabic word for a kind of government official. A vizier would usually work for a Muslim monarch like a Caliph or a Sultan.

Hank Williams Jr.
Randall Hank Williams (born 1949 in Louisiana) is an American musician and songwriter. He is the son of country music legend Hank Williams. His nickname is "Bocephus", given to him by his father. He has a half-sister, named Jett Williams.
From his boyhood, Hank Jr., performed his father's music publicly, because many people were still interested in it, and Hank Sr.'s career was cut short by alcohol and drug abuse. Young Williams wanted to perform music of his own, and to have his own musical career apart from his father's, but it was hard to "get out from his father's shadow", and be recognized for his own talents.
In time, Williams met musicians who liked him for his own ideas, and helped him to develop his own kind of music. He was able to become an original writer and performer, while still being proud to be Hank Sr.'s son. Some of his father's fans were sad that he wanted to do this, but others understood. He also gained new fans, performing his new music.
Some of Williams's songs are "Eleven Roses", "Family Tradition", "Whiskey Bent and Hell Bound", "All My Rowdy Friends", and "A Country Boy Can Survive". Even though he had hit records and many fans, it took years for the country music establishment to accept him and his chosen style. Williams lost out on many awards he could have earned. Finally in the 1980s, he began to win awards as a country performer.
In the 1990s, Williams recorded a duet with his father, by using an old recording, and the two appeared together in a music video through electronic editing.
In 2005, Williams donated $125,000 to relief efforts in Mississippi, after Hurricane Katrina. He continues to record and to perform.

Kunisada
Utagawa Kunisada (1786 - 1865) (Japanese: 歌川国貞, also called Utagawa Toyokuni III 三代歌川豊国) was the most popular artist of ukiyo-e in 19th-century Japan. In his time, he was much more popular than other artists that lived in the same years, like Hiroshige and Kuniyoshi.

Yoshitoshi
Tsukioka Yoshitoshi (1839 - June 9, 1892) (Japanese: 月岡 芳年; also called Taiso Yoshitoshi 大蘇 芳年) was a Japanese artist. He is considered the last great master of Ukiyo-e, a type of Japanese painting.

Odawara Castle
is a landmark in the city of Odawara in Kanagawa Prefecture. It was the fortress of various daimyo during the Muromachi period of Japanese history.
Odawara Castle was destroyed by the Meiji government. However, present Odawara Castle was rebuilt in 1960. It serves as a museum and is designated as an important historical monument.

Ab urbe condita
Ab urbe condita is a way to measure time.
Origin.
The phrase is Latin. It literally means "from when the city was founded". The city talked about is the city of Rome. This means to measure time was not used in Classical antiquity. The first to have used it was the historian Orosius, about 400 AD.
History.
Marcus Terentius Varro found out that the city of Rome was founded 440 years after the fall of Troja. Romulus and Remus founded it. Varro though that was in the spring of 753 BC.
Marcus Porcius Cato Censorius thought that Rome was founded one year after the 7th Olympic Games. That would have been in 752 BC.
Other works.
Ab urbe condita is also the main work of Titus Livius, a Roman historian.

Mesosphere
The mesosphere is a part of the atmosphere. It is between the stratosphere and the thermosphere. On Earth, the mesosphere starts at 50 kilometers above the planet to about 90 km above the planet.
The mesosphere is the most poorly understood part of the atmosphere. The mesosphere lies above the highest point for flying a plane, but below the lowest point for flying a spaceship.

Magnetosphere
A magnetosphere is the region around an astronomical object, like a planet. In this region, the phenomena are greately influenced by the magnetic field of that object. This is what causes the Northern Lights that shimmer in the night sky near the north pole.

Dorus Rijkers
Theodorus "Dorus" Rijkers (January 28 1847 – April 19 1928) was a famous Dutch lifeboat captain and folk hero, he is most famous for his sea rescues of 487 shipwrecked victims over a total of 38 rescue operations and at least 25 before joining the lifeboat-service.
'Opa' Dorus.
Dorus received his nickname "Grandpa" (Dutch:"Opa") while still a young man. He had married Neeltje Huisman, a fisherman's widow who already had 6 children. Shortly after the marriage, the oldest of Neeltje's daughters had a child of her own, and so at only 23 years old Dorus became known as "Opa" in Den Helder where he lived. Although the nickname began as a joke, Dorus soon started acting and looking like a grandpa, and from that time on he became primarily known by his nickname.
Career as a lifeboat captain.
Dorus gained most of his fame as a result of his service to the Noord- en zuid-Hollandsche Redding Maatschappij (NZHRM), one of the two main Dutch lifeboat-societies at the time. The NZHRM would later become the Koninklijke Nederlandse Redding Maatschappij (KNRM).
However his life-saving career began in 1872 before he joined the NZHRM, while acting as captain of his own boat. While at sea, he saved all 25 crew members of the barque "Australia" from drowning at sea. Because of this incident, Dorus gained a reputation as a rescuer, which preceded his joining the NZHRM as a volunteer. On the basis of his reputation, he was granted the position of coxswain upon joining the NZHRM without having to prove his qualifications. His rank of coxswain entitled him to immediately command his own boat and crew.
Although Dorus joined the NZHRM as a volunteer, he worked so many hours that it precluded him from taking on other paid work. Dorus and all of his crew members received a sum for each trial and each service.
During his nearly 30 years service with the NZHRM, Dorus saved hundreds of people from drowning at sea, becoming legendary long before his retirement. In the waters where he served, he saved such large number of people with such effectiveness that the survival statistics increased dramatically. At the end of his career, although he remained active, his role became more symbolic in nature.
Honored by King William III.
In 1888, Dorus Rijkers met King William III of the Netherlands after rescuing sailors from the German barque "Renown". The King gave Dorus a gold medal of honor and smoked a pipe with him.
Retirement.
In 1911, Dorus retired at age 64, after which he received only a very small pension. He struggled to make ends meet by eating simple food and living plainly.
During an October 1922 interview with Dr. L.A. Rademaker, editor of the Hague newspaper 'Het Vaderland', Dorus complained about his situation. He claimed that he had been forced to sell the gold medal of honour in order to buy himself a bicycle. The Helden der Zee Fonds 'Dorus Rijkers' (Dorus Rijkers Fund for the Heroes of the Sea) was created after Dorus' plight and that of other retired life-savers were chronicled in 'Het Vaderland'.
Death.
In April 1928, Dorus Rijkers died at the age of 81. He was given a funeral that was so grand that it resembled a state funeral in size and style. There was music, a big parade, thousands who came to pay their last respects including a large number of Marine Officers, also high ranking government officials, among them representatives of the Ministry of the Marine. The grandeur of his funeral showed the great public esteem in which Dorus was held at the time. Dorus Rijkers had become a national hero and was by far the most popular Dutchman of those years (according to a poll that surveyed many people in the Netherlands during the 1920s).
Legacy.
There is a very large statue in honor of all the Netherlands sea-rescuers, opened in 1935. This statue is sometimes mistakenly assumed to be in honor of Dorus. In fact, a separate, smaller statue of Dorus was erected in 1939 One of the rescue boats of the KNRM still carries his name with pride. Dorus is generally acknowledged as one of the greatest rescuers of all time.

Queen Consort
A Queen Consort is the wife of a King. She is not the head of state, and does not have any powers unless they are given by the King or another law.
A Queen Regnant is Head of State, and has all the powers of a sovereign.
A queen consort usually keeps the title of Queen after her husband's death, for example
A queen regnant does not keep the title of queen if she "abdicates" (resigns). No Queen has ever abdicated in the United Kingdom, but in the Netherlands

Prince of Wales
Prince of Wales is a title usually held by the eldest son of the King or Queen of the United Kingdom. The title is not automatic, but is given by the reigning monarch.
When a person becomes King or Queen, their eldest son immediately becomes Duke of Cornwall and Duke of Rothesay. The current Prince of Wales, Prince Charles, was born in 1948 and was known as "Prince Charles of Edinburgh" (his father is The Duke of Edinburgh). In 1952, his mother became Queen and he became "The Duke of Cornwall" (in Scotland he was called "The Prince Charles, Duke of Rothesay"). In 1957, the Queen made him "Prince of Wales", and he is now called Prince of Wales, except in Scotland, where he is still The Prince Charles, Duke of Rothesay.
King George II created his son, Prince Frederick, Prince of Wales. When Frederick died, the King made Frederick's eldest son, George, Prince of Wales.

Hanami/VGA stub
is the Japanese traditional custom of enjoying the beauty of flowers, especially cherry blossoms (桜 or 櫻 "sakura"). The practice of Hanami is more than a thousand years old, and is still very popular in Japan today. It takes place in the Spring, contrary to the custom of "Momijigari" (紅葉狩り), which is celebrated in the Autumn. The blossoms only last for a week or two, usually from March to April, and they are followed by the media and waited for by most of the Japanese people. Full bloom (満開 "mankai") usually comes about one week after the opening of the first blossoms (開花 "kaika"). Another week later, the blooming peak is over and the blossoms are falling from the trees.
A more ancient form of hanami also exists in Japan, which is enjoying the plum blossoms (梅 "ume") instead. This kind of hanami is popular among older people, because they are more calm than the sakura parties, which usually involve younger people and can sometimes be very crowded and noisy.
It is important to note that the Japanese call this, not only "hanami" but also "ohanami" (お花見), adding an "o" in front, literally meaning "to view the flower blossoms".

Geisha/VGA stub
or are traditional female Japanese entertainers. They are skilled at different Japanese arts, like playing classical Japanese music, dancing and poetry. Some people believe that geishas are prostitutes, but this is not true. The term "geisha" is made of two Japanese words, ("gei") meaning "art" and 者 ("sha") meaning "person who does". The most literal translation of geisha to English is "artist". Geishas are very respected and it's hard to become one.
Another common word to call geishas is Geiko (). This word was made in Kyoto, and it is what they are called there. Kyoto is the city where the geisha tradition is older and stronger. Becoming a professional geisha (geiko) in Kyoto usually takes five years of training.
Apprentice geisha are called "maiko" (). This name is made of the Japanese words ("mai") meaning "dancing" and ("ko") meaning "child". The traditional image of the geisha in white make-up and kimono of many bright colors is really the maiko. Full geishas wear simpler kimonos, and only use white make-up at special times.

Kamikaze/VGA stub
"Kamikaze" (Japanese: 神風; literally: "god-wind"; usual translation: "divine wind") is a word of Japanese origin. It comes from the name the Japanese gave to a typhoon that destroyed the Mongol fleet in the 13th century and saved the country from invasion.
In Western culture, the word "kamikaze" is used to mean the suicide pilots of the Empire of Japan, and their attacks on the ships of the Allied Powers in the final years of World War II. It has also come to mean other kinds of suicide attack.
Most people in Western culture believe the word "kamikaze" was the name used by the Japanese military for pilots, but that isn't true. Their correct name was "tokubetsu kōgeki tai" (特別攻撃隊), which literally means "special attack unit." This is usually said "tokkōtai" (特攻隊) in a shortened form. The suicide attacks made by Navy pilots were called "shinpū tokubetsu kōgeki tai" (神風特別攻撃隊, "divine wind special attack units"). The American translators used a different style of pronunciation of the Japanese language by mistake, and read the word "shinpū" ("divine wind") as "kamikaze". The name became popular throughout the world, and after the war, the Japanese also started using it.

Cuban Missile Crisis/VGA stub
The Cuban Missile Crisis was a period of tension between the Soviet Union and the United States, using Cuba as a battleground. It happened when the Soviet Union began building missile sites in Cuba in 1962.
Cuba took over some American businesses which were making things there. America refused to buy anything from Cuba after that. America was worried that the USSR would attack America through Cuba, since Cuba is near enough to the United States that the missiles could reach any important American city.
America blocked ships from going into Cuba. The Soviets and Cubans agreed to remove the missiles if America did not invade Cuba. America later removed some missiles from the country of Turkey, near the Soviet Union. But whether anyone "won" isn't really known, and the USSR lost China's support over it.

Lysergic acid diethylamide/VGA stub
LSD is the shorter name for a drug called Lysergic acid diethylamide. LSD is often called by the slang name acid. LSD is a psychedelic drug which causes people who take it to have hallucinations. It also affects their thought processes strongly.
LSD is sometimes used for certain therapies. Most often, it is taken outside any medical context, as an illegal drug.
LSD is made in a laboratory by chemists. It was invented in 1938 by a Swiss chemist named Dr. Albert Hofmann at the Sandoz Laboratories in Switzerland. Dr. Hofmann was trying to find new drugs, including one that could remedy the common cold.
One day in 1943, Hofmann accidentally ingested a small amount of LSD, and noticed strange light patterns in the sky as he went home. Believing what he saw to be the effects of the drug, he next tried a larger amount. He ended up having a much stronger reaction to the drug than he ever expected. Hofmann lay on a couch, afraid he had made himself insane for life. When a neighbor came, found him in trouble, and stayed to look after Hofmann, he was able to calm down, and felt better the next day.

Massachusetts Institute of Technology
The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is a private university, located in Cambridge, Massachusetts. MIT has five schools and one college, and it has 32 academic departments, and gives much importance to scientific and technological research. MIT students and graduates are famous for being given many awards, like 63 Nobel Prizes..

The Colbert Report
"The Colbert Report" is a television talk show starring Stephen Colbert. Stephen Colbert acts as if he is very Republican, though in reality he is very liberal.

Cid Corman
Cid (Sidney) Corman (June 29, 1924 – March 12, 2004) was an American poet well known for editing the magazine "Origin".

Lenard Moore
Lenard Duane Moore (born February 13, 1958) is an American writer. He was born in Jacksonville, North Carolina. He has written more than 20 forms of poetry, drama, essays and literary criticism. He has been writing and publishing haiku for 25 years.

Octavio Paz
Octavio Paz Lozano (March 31, 1914 – April 19, 1998) was a Mexican writer, poet, and diplomat. He won the 1990 Nobel Prize in Literature.

Raymond Roseliep
Raymond Roseliep (August 11, 1917 – December 6, 1983) was a poet. He wrote haiku. He was a Catholic priest. He has been described as "the John Donne of Western haiku".

Kenneth Rexroth
Kenneth Rexroth (December 22, 1905 – June 6, 1982) was an American writer. He was one of the first poets in the United States to write in traditional Japanese poetic forms such as haiku. Rexroth is known as one of the main figures in the San Fransisco Renaissance.

Sonia Sanchez
Sonia Sanchez is an African-American poet. She is known for being part of the Black Arts Movement. Sanchez was born Wilsonia Benita Driver in Birmingham, Alabama on September 9, 1934. She has written over twelve books of poetry. She has also written plays and children's books.

Gary Snyder
Gary Snyder (born May 8, 1930) is an American writer. He is also an essayist, lecturer, and environmental activist. Snyder is a winner of a Pulitzer Prize for Poetry. Since the 1970s, he has often been called the "laureate of Deep Ecology." Since the 1950s, he has published travel-journals and essays.

Genpei Akasegawa
is a pseudonym of Japanese conceptual artist (born 1937).
He used another pen name for novels.

Aries
Aries is the astrological Zodiac sign that represents the constellation Aries. In the tropical zodiac, Aries is from March 21 to April 19 beginning at the vernal equinox. Under the sidereal zodiac, it is now from April 15 to May 15. The opposite sign to Aries is Libra.
The corresponding month in the Babylonian calendar is "Arax Nisânu", which is made for Anu and Bel.
The Symbol.
Doctor Acacandamdating from 1592 said that this sign for Aries was made from many stars which made up the head of the Aries (constellation). The head of Aries is called "Aluathay" or "Salhay" and it is made up of four stars.
Mythology.
In mythology Aries is related to Greek myth of the ram which carried Athamas's son Phrixus and daughter Helle to Colchis away from their evil stepmother Ino. This ram is also related to Theseus, from the Greek myth of the Minotaur.
Personalities.
But they can also sometimes be immoderate, violent, impatient,do things without thinking, arrogant, does not agree easily, insensitive (do not feel for weak people) and selfish.
Astrology.
In astrology Aries is ruled by the planet Mars.
The Indian equivalent of Aries is Mesha, the Chinese equivalent is the Dragon.
Occupations.
It is said that people born in Aries can have jobs where initiative (to be able to act first) and enterprise (to be brave and risk taking danger) are needed, for example; soldiers, surgeons, engineers, sportspeople, explorers and firefighters.
Body and health.
In medical astrology and anatomy Aries is said to rule the cranium, mouth, bones on the face, lungs, brain, upper teeth, carotid arteries, and the nerve. Physically Aries are high in jobs, and look sporty.

Taurus
Taurus is an astrological sign, which is with the constellation of the same name. Under the tropical zodiac, Taurus is occupied by the Sun from April 20 to May 20, and under the sidereal zodiac, it is currently from May 14 to June 19.
Mythology.
In mythology, Taurus is often with the Greek myth of the bull-form taken by Zeus in order to win Europa. Taurus is also associated with the Greco-Roman goddess Aphrodite/Venus and sometimes also the goddesses Hera/Juno, Ishtar, Isis, Freyja, and Frigg and the gods Pan, Dionysus/Bacchus, Xolotl, and Quetzalcoatl.
Personalities.
Taurus is the second sign of the Zodiac and Taurus is to do with desire for material things, and emotions. People born in Taurus are calm, patient, reliable, loyal, affectionate, and ambitious. There is also something about their appearance, which makes people excited, which makes them comfortable to be with. They are also strong, secure and stable. But they can sometimes want to have everything, or be stubborn, insecure, rigid, and be lazy and slow.
They can also be jealous easily.
Taurus is ruled by Venus. Taurus is said to have the woman side of Venus,and are very attractive. It is also the most woman-like sign in the zodiac.
The Indian version of Taurus is Vrishabha, the Chinese version is the Snake
Relationships.
The Taurus person is very affectionate in love, sensual, and instinctively aware of the power of their body sexually. However, they are also very possessive and stubborn, and tend to get extremely jealous when they do find a mate, who can please their sensual side, and they feel threatened by an outsider.
Occupation.
People born in Taurus are able to do jobs where people with perseverance, practicality and responsibility are given rewards, for example; builders, farmers, bankers, civil servants, accountants and artistic jobs, especially singing and sculpture, because they are good at works to do with hand.
Body and health.
In medical astrology and anatomy, Taurus is said to rule the vocal chords, tonsils, palate, throat, neck, ears, and lower jaw.It is said that they have larger reproductive organs.

Christy Turlington
Christy Nicole Turlington (born January 2, 1969) is an American supermodel. She grew up in Danville, California. Her father was British commercial pilot. Her mother was a Salvadoran flight attendant.
Turlington is best known for representing Calvin Klein perfumes. She has done this since 1987. She has also worked on various campaigns for Maybelline and Giorgio Armani. She has appeared in several movies about the fashion industry.

Premier
Premier is sometimes used instead of Prime Minister. But it is also the title of the leader of the government in some territories.
British Colonies.
When a colony is first allowed to elect its own government the head of the government is called the "Chief Minister". As the colony gets more able to rule itself it is given more powers and the title of the Chief Minister is changed to "Premier". When the colony becomes independent the Premier becomes a Prime Minister, and British government ministers lose any authority to rule the new country.
Australia and Canada.
The leader of the federal governments in Australia and Canada is called the prime minister, but the leader of the governments in Australian States and Canadian Provinces is called the Premier. This is because the states and provinces are not independent.
Other meanings.
"Premier" can also mean first or best, as in Premier Division or premier quality
A Film "Premiere" is the first time a movie film is shown, usually the stars and other famous guests attend to publicise the film.

Hispanidad
Hispanidad (literally Hispanishness) is the community formed by all the people and nations that share Spanish language and culture. The 23 nations that are included are all Spanish-speaking except the Philippines, and can be classified in four geographic areas: Spain, Hispanoamerica, Hispanoafrica and the Hispanopacific. Every October 12 Hispanic Day is celebrated. It is the same day of the "Patrona" of Our Lady of el Pilar, located in Zaragoza, Spain.
Hispanidad or Spanish linguistic and cultural diffusion began when the 12 October 1492 Christopher Columbus sighted America and initiated the European colonization in the name of the Catholic Monarchs of Spain. The kingdom of Castile (Castilla) built a global empire, spreading their culture and language in the Americas and biologically and culturally mixing with the indigenous peoples, altering the composition of the hemisphere. The penetration and reach of Spain at this time also extended into other European nations.
The Hispanics in the world.
The Spanish is the mother tongue that spoken by more than 333 million people (located in second place after Chinese). The total population of Spanish-speakers reaches more than 395 million people.
Europe.
In Europe, Hispanics are mainly confined to Spain, thay are surpassing 44 million the population,
America.
The great majority of Hispanics is concentrated in Hispanic America. The number surpasses 300 million. Countries like Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico Uruguay and Venezuela.
Africa.
The people considered Hispanics in the African continent are concentrated in overseas territories of Spain (Canary Islands, Ceuta, Melilla and Plazas de Soberanía) and in the nation of Equatorial Guinea. In Morocco and Western Sahara some people maintain Hispanic characteristics. Altogether in Africa two million speak Spanish.
Asia-Pacific.
The Philippines is the only Asian country that conserves some identifiably Hispanic influences in its culture and Spanish loanwords in the native languages.

Aviation
Aviation refers to flying using an aircraft, like an airplane. It also describes the activities and industries related to flight.
History.
Humans built devices to fly in the air from long ago. In the sixth century, Yuan Huangtou from China created a kite. Some primitive types of parachutes and gilders where also created in North Africa.
The modern age of aviation started on November 21, 1783, when Montgolfier brothers flied in the sky using their balloon. On December 17, 1903, Wright brothers flew the first flight which was heavier than the air; their invention is known as the first airplane.

Cyberpunk
Cyberpunk is a kind of literature. It is mainly used in Science Fiction. The name was first used in the 1980s, to describe the novel "Neuromancer", by William Gibson. Usually this is used to describe a kind of dystopia.
In general.
Cyberpunk authors describe different settings. These settings are often characterised by societies that are technologically very advanced. Very often, the power to rule is held by only a few corporations. These corporations control the technology. Technological advancement has stopped. Instead of being beneficial to all, technology is used by the few corporations, only for their own interests.

Igbo language
Igbo is a language spoken in Nigeria. It is spoken by more than 18 million people. Igbo is a tonal language. The language is written in the Roman script.

Wind shear
Wind shear is a difference in wind speed and/or direction over a fairly short distance in the atmosphere. Wind shear can be divided into two different types; horiztontal and vertical wind shear.
Sailing.
In sailing, wind shear affects sailboats by presenting a different wind speed and direction at different heights along the mast. Sailmakers may introduce sail twist in the design of the sail, where the head of the sail is set at a different angle of attack from the foot of the sail in order to change the lift distribution with height.
Effects on thunderstorms and severe weather.
Severe thunderstorms, which can spawn tornadoes and hailstorms, require wind shear to organize the storm in such a way as to maintain the thunderstorm for a longer period of time by separating the storm's inflow from its rain-cooled outflow.

Polar cyclone
Polar cyclones (also known as Arctic Cyclones) are large areas of low pressure. They should not be confused with polar lows since people happen to use the same term for polar cyclones. Polar cyclones are usually 1,000 to 2,000 kilometers wide in which the air is moving in a spiral counterclockwise fashion in the northern hemisphere. The reason for the rotation is the same as tropical cyclones, the Coriolis effect. They also exist in places such as Greenland, the Eurasian Arctic area, and northern Canada, with about 15 cyclones per winter. Polar cyclones can form in any time of the year, although summer polar cyclones are usually weaker than the ones that form in the winter. Also, they are not closely studied and are rarely destructive since they exist in areas with little or no population.

Geisha
or are traditional female Japanese entertainers. They are skilled at different Japanese arts, like playing classical Japanese music, dancing and poetry. Some people believe that geishas are prostitutes, but this is not true. The term "geisha" is made of two Japanese words, ("gei") meaning "art" and 者 ("sha") meaning "person who does" or "to be employed in". The most literal translation of geisha to English is "artist". Geishas are very respected and it's hard to become one.
Another common word to call geishas is Geiko (). This word was made in Kyoto, and it is what they are called there. Kyoto is the city where the geisha tradition is older and stronger. Becoming a professional geisha (geiko) in Kyoto usually takes five years of training.
Apprentice geisha are called "maiko" (). This name is made of the Japanese words ("mai") meaning "dancing" and ("ko") meaning "child". The traditional image of the geisha in white make-up and kimono of many bright colors is really the maiko. Full geishas wear simpler kimonos, and only use white make-up at special times.
There are also geishas in other cities, but they are different. In Tokyo, becoming a full geisha takes only from six months to a year. The Tokyo geisha apprentice is called "han'gyoku" () "half-jewel", or "o-shaku" (), "one who serves (alcohol)". Tokyo geishas are normally older than Kyoto geikos.
Modern geisha still live in traditional geisha houses called "okiya" ("geisha house") in neighborhoods named "hanamachi" ("flower towns"). However, most older geisha who are successful have their own home. The elegant world that geisha are a part of is called "karyūkai" ("the flower and willow world"). A famous geisha, Mineko Iwasaki, said this is because "geisha is like a flower, beautiful in her own way, and like a willow tree, gracious, flexible, and strong."
History.
Geisha are more modern than many people think. There were some women who worked as artists before geisha appeared, since the Heian Period (794-1185); but the true geishas appeared much later. In 1589, Toyotomi Hideyoshi authorized the building of a neighborhood in Kyoto, closed from the outside with walls. It was called "Shimabara", and it was dedicated to pleasure. This included enjoying arts, drinking, and luxury prostitution. Courtesans (called "oiran") worked as expensive prostitutes, and attracted rich clients. Many artists also worked at the same houses, to entertain the clients with music, dancing and poetry. For a long time, these artists were men, and they called themselves "geisha" ("artists"), "hōkan" ("jesters") or "taikomochi" ("drummers", because they played the "taiko", a Japanese drum).
Like many things in Japanese culture, the world of courtesans became very complicated. Every man who wished to be with an oiran had to follow difficult rituals and etiquette, and only the very rich and noble could. For this reason, many tea houses ("ochaya") appeared outside Shimabara. At some of them, some women practiced cheaper prostitution, the "sancha-joro". However other women, who were called "odoroki" ("dancing girls"), acted as dancers and musicians. These women soon became very popular. They started calling themselves "geishas", like the male artists who worked at Shimabara. More or less by the year 1700, the female geishas became much more popular than the male ones. A few years later, almost all geishas were women.
The government made laws that prohibited geishas to work as prostitutes, and only gave them permission to act as entertainers. One of these laws said that they had to tie their "obi" (sash) in the back, to make it harder for them to take their kimono off. Their hairstyle, make-up and kimono also had to be simpler than the oirans', because their beauty had to be in their art, not their bodies. Soon, geishas became so much more popular than oirans, that by the year 1750 all oirans had disappeared. Other new geisha neighborhoods ("hanamachi") were created in Kyoto and other cities.
In the 19th century, geishas were in better position than common women, but they also had problems in Japanese society. Sometimes, poor people sold their daughters to the hanamachi tea houses. Some rich men, called "danna" (patrons) paid a lot of money to get personal attention from a geisha. Geishas couldn't marry anymore, so they could have a danna to pay for her expenses. Other men paid a lot of money to take the new girls' virginity ("mizuage"). But the reputation and respect for the geishas grew again in the Meiji Restoration, and even more after World War II. Important laws that protect them were created. Young girls couldn't be sold to the tea houses anymore, and the virginity of young geishas couldn't be bought. Since then, women only become geisha by their free will.
Modern geisha.
Most of the activity of geishas today is located at the hanamachis of Kyoto (especially the Gion hanamachi) and Tokyo. In modern Japan, they are almost never seen outside of them. In the 1920s there were over 80,000 geisha in Japan, but today there are far fewer. The main reason is the introduction of Western culture. The exact number of geishas today is not known, but is estimated to be from 1,000 to 2,000. Most women who appear as geisha for tourists are in fact actresses dressed as maikos.
Young women who wish to become geisha now usually begin their training after finishing junior high school or even high school or college. Many women begin their careers as adults. Geisha still study traditional musical instruments like the shamisen, shakuhachi (bamboo flute), and drums, as well as traditional songs, Japanese traditional dance, tea ceremony, literature and poetry. By watching other geisha, apprentices also become skilled in the difficult traditions of dressing, make-up, and in dealing with clients.
Geisha are often hired to go to parties and gatherings, normally at tea houses or at traditional Japanese restaurants ("ryōtei"). Their time is measured by the time it takes an incense stick to burn, and is called "senkōdai" (線香代, "incense stick fee") or "gyokudai" (玉代 "jewel fee"). In Kyoto the terms "ohana" (お花） and "hanadai" (花代), meaning "flower fees", are used instead. The clients hire the service of geishas through the Geisha Union Office (検番 "kenban"), which takes care of the geisha's schedule and makes her appointments both for entertaining and for training.
Training.
Traditionally, geisha began their training at a very young age. Although some girls were sold to become geishas as children, this was not normal practice in hanamachis with good reputation. Daughters of geisha were often educated as geisha themselves.
The first stage of training is called "shikomi". In the past, when girls first arrived at the okiya ("tea house"), they were put to work as maids, or do everything they were told. The work was difficult, to "make" and "break" the new girls. The most junior shikomi of the house had to wait late into the night for the senior geisha to return from work, sometimes as late as two or three in the morning. During this stage of training, the shikomi went to classes at the hanamachi's geisha school. In modern times, this stage still exists, but it is not as hard as it was in the past. Now, shikomis become used to the traditions and dress of the "karyūkai" ("flower and willow world").
When the apprentice became skilled in the geisha arts, and passed a final and difficult dance test, she was promoted to the second stage of training: "minarai". Minarai didn't do the housework anymore. This stage also exists today, but is much shorter than in the past (only a month). The minarai learn in the field. They go to banquets and dances with the geishas, but they do not participate: they just sit, watch and learn from their "onee-san" ("older sisters"). Their kimono are more elaborate than even a maiko's, to do the talking for them.
After a short time, the third (and most famous) stage of training begins, called "maiko". Maiko are apprentice geisha, and this stage can last for years. Maiko learn from their senior geisha and follow them around to every presentation she does. The "onee-san/imoto-san" ("older sister/younger sister") relationship is very important. The onee-san teaches her maiko everything about "working" in the hanamachi. She will teach her the right ways of serving tea, playing the shamisen, and dancing, and everything about the art of "Iki" (see below). Maikos have to wear heavy white make-up, elaborate hairstyle, and have her lips painted almost all the time. Their kimonos and obi have much more colors and richer embroidery than those of full geisha. Like the minarai, maikos don't charge as much money to go to parties or gatherings as a full geisha.
After a period of only six months (in Tokyo) or five years (in Kyoto), the maiko is promoted to a full geisha, and charges full price for their time. Geisha use kimono of less colors and only use make-up for work or dance, because she is more mature than a maiko, and the simpler style shows her own natural beauty. Geisha remain as such until they retire.
The art of geisha and "Iki".
Geishas must be very skilled at traditional Japanese music, dance, and poetry, because they use all these arts when they work. The art of make-up, hairstyles, and clothing are very important too.
However, the most important principle of a geisha is called Iki. Iki started in the 18th century as a reply to the extravagant ways of the courtesans ("oirans") and those who liked their style. Oirans wore very elaborate clothes, make-up, and jewelry. Geishas preferred to be discreet, and more intelligent. They created iki as a style that gave more importance to conversation and wit. Instead of working with sex, like oirans did and simple prostitutes do today, geishas try to be sexy. A geisha will flirt, tease, and joke with men, but always with art and elegance. Japanese clients know that nothing more can be expected. Men enjoy the illusion of that which is never to be. Geishas do not have sex with clients for money.
Geishas give much importance to their reputation, and they almost never enter a relationship with a client. Those that do generally act with care, and usually to get married. Normally, when a geisha marries, she retires from the profession. The most important quality of a geisha is her trustworthiness, especially to Japanese clients. Anything that her clients do, or tell her, must remain a secret. Anything said or done at a tea house will remain anonymous.
To become a geisha needs much discipline. A geisha believes she must be a work of art in herself. They work every day to improve, in everything they do. A geisha's movements, her way of walking, sitting, and talking are very important. Geishas are geishas all the time, even when they are not working, or at home. An example of this dedication is the old custom of "kangeiko" ("lessons in the cold"). Until the early 1920s, apprentice geishas used to put their hands in icy water, and then go outside in cold weather to practice playing the shamisen until their fingers bled.

Weather fronts
A weather front is a boundary between two masses of air of different densities, and are the main cause of major weather events. It is a zone of change between two different air masses. Within surface weather analyses, they are described by using various colored lines and symbols. The air masses usually differ in temperature and may also differ in humidity.

Thomas Midgley
Thomas Midgley (born 18 May 1889; died 2 November 1944), was an American inventor. He invented a lot of things. His two most famous inventions are both now banned because they are dangerous for the world environment: the use of lead in petrol (gasoline) and the use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in refrigerators. Midgley was accidentally killed by something he was inventing.
Early life.
Midgley was born in Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania. His father was also an inventor. He grew up in Columbus, Ohio, and graduated from Cornell University in 1911 with a degree in mechanical engineering.
Discovery of Ethyl.
In 1921 Midgely discovered that if tetra-ethyl lead (TEL) was added to petrol it helped to stop the engine knocking. The company he worked for, Dayton Research Laboratories, advertised the invention, but they did not call it "lead " because everyone knew that lead was poisonous. Instead, they called it "ethyl". When lead was added to petrol huge amounts of lead went into the atmosphere causing health problems all over the world. Midgley himself had to take long periods of holiday because his health was suffering through lead poisoning.
Lead continued to be put into petrol although several people working at the factory in DuPont's Deepwater, New Jersey died. GM and Standard Oil continued by using a more dangerous high-temperature method of using lead. More people started to suffer from lead poisoning: they started to hallucinate, became insane and died. In October 1924 Midgley talked at a press conference and told everybody that lead was safe. He put a bottle of the chemical under his nose and breathed it in for a minute. However, the plant was shut down after that.
Discovery of Freon.
In the 1930s Midgley developed a non-poisonous substance called CFC (chlorinated fluorocarbon) for use in refrigerators, inhalers and aerosol spray cans. He was given many high awards for his work and in 1944 he became president and chairman of the American Chemical Society.
His death.
In 1940, at the age of 51, Midgley became ill with polio which left him very disabled. He found it difficult to get out of bed. He decided to invent a complicated system of strings and pulleys to lift him from his bed. One day he got caught up in the ropes and died of strangulation.
After his death.
Midgley died before the days when people realized that CFCs were destroying the ozone layer which prevents harmful rays from the sun reaching the earth. They are now banned in refrigerators, but are still used in some countries.
In the United States it was not until 1973 that people started to produce gasoline without lead and, in 1996, the Clean Air Act banned the sale of leaded fuel for use in on-road vehicles. However it is still legal in the U.S. for aircraft, racing cars, farm equipment, and marine engines until 2008. Leaded gasoline is still common in South America, Africa, and some parts of Asia and the Middle East.

Hovhannes Shiraz
Hovhannes Shiraz (Armenian: Հովհաննես Շիրազ) (April 27, 1915 - April 14, 1984) was a notable Armenian poet.
He was born Hovhannes (Onig) Garabedyan in the city of Alexandropol, then part of the Russian Empire (now Gyumri, Armenia). His first work called Beginning of Spring was published in 1935. Novelist Atrpet gave the talented poet the epithet "Shiraz", because "this youth's poems have the fragrance of roses, fresh and covered with dew, like the roses of Shiraz." Shiraz being one of Iran's major cities, famous for its roses and poets. Most of Shiraz's publications were poetry.
He married famous Armenian poetess Silva Kaputikyan. His son with Kaputikyan, Ara Shiraz, is a sculptor. A street in Julfa of Isfahan is named after him. In 2005 Levon Mkrtchyan released a documentary film titled "Hovhannes Shiraz: A Documentary"

Polar low
A polar low is a small sized and short-lived atmospheric low pressure system that is found over the ocean areas pole ward of the main polar front in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. The systems usually have a horizontal length scale of less than 1,000 km and live for less than a couple of days. They are part of the larger class of mesoscale weather systems. Polar lows can be difficult to detect using standard weather reports and are a problem to high-latitude operations, such as shipping and gas and oil platforms.
Polar lows have been also known as by using many other terms, such as "comma cloud", "mesocyclone", "polar mesoscale vortex", "Arctic hurricane", "Arctic low", and "cold air depression". Today the term is usually set aside for the more-energetic systems that have near-surface winds of at least gale force (17 m/s).
Further reading.
Rasmussen,E.A. and Turner,J.(2003). Polar Lows: Mesoscale Weather Systems in the Polar Regions, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 612.

Pericles
Pericles or Perikles (ca. 495–429 BC, Greek:, meaning "surrounded by glory") was a prominent and influential statesman. He also was an orator, and general of Athens. He lived between the Persian and Peloponnesian wars. He was descended, through his mother, from the Alcmaeonid family.
Pericles had a big influence on Athenian society. Thucydides, his contemporary historian, described him as "the first citizen of Athens". Pericles turned the Delian League into an Athenian empire and led his countrymen during the first two years of the Peloponnesian War. The period during which he led Athens, roughly from 461 to 429 BC, is sometimes known as the "Age of Pericles," though the period thus denoted can include times as early as the Persian Wars, or as late as the next century.
Pericles promoted the arts and literature. This was a chief reason Athens holds the reputation of being the educational and cultural centre of the ancient Greek world. He started an ambitious project that built most of the surviving structures on the Acropolis (including the Parthenon). This project made the city more beautiful., It also showed its glory, and gave work to the people. Furthermore, Pericles fostered Athenian democracy to such an extent that critics call him a populist.

Wind speed
Wind speed is a term that is used when one talks about the movement of air from one place to the next.
Wind speeds usually mean the movement of air in an outside environment, but the speed of movement of air inside is important in many areas, including weather forecasting, aircraft and maritime operations, building and civil engineering. High wind speeds can cause unpleasant side effects, and strong winds often have special names, including gales, hurricanes, and typhoons.
Measurement.
The most elementary method of measuring wind speed is to estimate the speed from observed phenomena, this is the basis of the Beaufort Scale, for example, zero on the Beaufort Scale can be recognised by vertically rising smoke. Obviously this method is not the most accurate available so each value on the scale represents a range of values, three on the scale for example covers wind speeds between seven and ten knots.

Thebes, Greece
Thebes is a city in Greece. Today, about 23.000 people live there. It lies on the border of Boeotia and Attica. Archeologists have found a Mycenean settlement. They have also found clay tablets written in Linear B script. Thebes was once a super power in Greece until the rise of Macedonia.It became a dominate power after their victory over the Spartans at the battle of Leuctra in 371 BCE.Thebes is located in Central Greece, in Boetia.

Minoan civilisation
The Minoan civilisation was a civilisation on Crete. It began in the Bronze Age, and lasted to about 1450 BC. It was then replaced by the Mycenean culture.

Mycenean civilisation
The Mycenean civilisation is a period of Ancient Greece. It is a culture in the Bronze Age. The epic of Homer, as well as other myths take place there.

Alliance
An alliance is an agreement between two or more parties. It is made to benefit both parties.
The word "alliance" is used mainly in war. When two or more countries make an alliance, that means they promise to help each other
during war. Countries that have an alliance are called "allies". When talking about countries that have an alliance, people say they are "allied".
There can be only two countries in an alliance, or there can be more than two countries in an alliance. An example of an alliance with more than two countries is the Central Powers in World War I. This alliance was made up of Germany, Austria-Hungary, The Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria.

Persian Empire
The Persian Empire (Persian: شاهنشاهی ایران - "Shahanshahi-e Iran") is the name for a few empires, that ruled over modern-day Iran.
The best-known of those empires is probably the Achaemenid Empire.
It was formed under Cyrus the Great who took over the empire of the Medes. He conquered the territories of the Babylonians, Assyrians, the Phoenicians, and the Lydians. It had land that went west from Iran to Turkey. It existed from about 550 BC to about 330 BC. The Greek city states fought against the Persian armies led by Darius and Xerxes.
The third Persian empire was the Sassanid Empire.
Most of the following states in Greater Iran before to March 1935 are collectively called the "Persian Empire" by Western historians.

Epic poetry
Epic poetry is a form of poetry. It is usually very long. It takes place in different settings. There are many people who are involved in the story. Well-known people who wrote epics were Homer, Virgil, Ovid, Dante, and Milton.

Kousuke Atari
Kousuke Atari (中 孝介 "Atari Kōsuke" born July 13, 1980 in Amami island, Kagoshima) is a Japanese singer and Shimauta utasha.

The Apostles (Elgar)
"The Apostles", op. 49, is an oratorio for soloists, chorus and orchestra composed by Edward Elgar. It was first performed on October 14, 1903.
History of its composition.
Elgar had been thinking for many years about writing a musical work about Jesus's Twelve Apostles. He was already 42 when his orchestral work "Enigma Variations" was first performed in 1899. He was then asked by the Birmingham Triennial Music Festival to compose a big work for the following year. At first he thought of writing "The Apostles", but then he realized he would need more than a year to write it, so he composed an oratorio called "The Dream of Gerontius". When it was first performed it was not a success. This was because the orchestra and choir had only had two weeks to learn it and also because the conductor did not like Elgar's music anyway. Then it was performed in Düsseldorf in Germany and shortly afterwards in Westminster Cathedral, London. Both these performances were greeted with lots of applause. Elgar was given a doctorate (title of Dr) by the University of Cambridge and he was becoming famous. He started to work on "The Apostles", and it was performed in Birmingham in 1903.
Originally Elgar wanted to write three oratorios which would belong together. "The Apostles" is the first one, the second one became "The Kingdom" but the third one, which would have been about the Last Judgement, was never written.
The words and music.
The oratorio is about the disciples of Jesus and the way they react to the amazing things that Jesus does. There are six soloists: the narrator (who tells the story)- he has a tenor voice and also does the part of St John, St Peter (bass), Jesus (bass) and Judas (bass) and the two female singers: the soprano who is both the Blessed Virgin and the angel Gabriel, and the mezzo-soprano who is Mary Magdalene.
Sometimes "The Apostles" is criticized for not being an carefully thought out dramatic story. Elgar was more interested in what makes people behave in the way they do. He was particularly interested in the two sinners Mary Magdalene and Judas Iscariot.
The orchestra is very big. The music includes the call of the shofar. Often this is played on a brass instrument. There is a double choir and a small choir (semichorus).
The parts of the oratorio.
The work is in two parts and seven sections, each played without a break. Elgar chose the words himself. He spent a lot of time looking at different translations of the Bible and combining sentences from several of the versions.
Evaluation.
Unlike "The Dream of Gerontius" which people did not like the first time they heard it, "The Apostles" was an immediate success with audience and critics. People were getting used to the kind of big oratorio that Elgar was writing. However, today "The Dream of Gerontius" is the most popular of Elgar's oratorios. "The Apostles" is a strange mixture of words from different parts of the bible, but it has some very beautiful music. Elgar often wrote the music first and then added the words afterwards.
Elgar uses leitmotifs in this work: melodies that are associated with particular people or ideas. He got this idea from Wagner. Some of the leitmotifs heard in "The Apostles" can also be heard in "The Kingdom".

Knot (speed)
"“Knots” redirects here. For other uses, see Knot (disambiguation)."
A knot is a unit of speed. It is abbreviated kt or kn. It is a non-SI unit accepted for use with the SI. It is used around the world in meteorology and for maritime and aviation purposes.
Definition.
1 international knot = 1 nautical mile per hour = 1.852 kilometres per hour exactly. This is based on the internationally agreed length of the nautical mile, as adopted by the US in 1954 (which previously used the US nautical mile of 1853.248 m), the UK in 1970 (which previously used the UK or Admiralty nautical mile of 1853.184 m) and other countries. This is the definition used in most, if not all, modern circumstances. Knot is sometimes used for the nautical mile itself, but this is incorrect.
The speed of a vessel relative to the fluid in which it travels is usually measured in knots. This may be referred to as 'boat speed', 'vessel speed' and, for aircraft, 'air speed'. The speeds of relevant fluids, such as tidal streams, river currents and wind speeds, are also usually specified in knots. Knots are then also used to describe the actual speed of a vessel over the ground (SOG) and for its rate of progress toward a distant point ('velocity made good' or VMG).
Discussion.
Although knots do not fit within the primary SI system, they are used for nautical and aviation use for navigational reasons, because the length of a nautical mile is almost identical to a minute of latitude. As a result, distance in nautical miles on a navigational chart can easily be measured by using dividers and the latitude indicators on the side of the chart.

Royal Philharmonic Orchestra
The Royal Philharmonic Orchestra (RPO) is a British orchestra based in London. It travels around to give concerts in many places.
History.
The RPO was started just after World War II, in 1946, by the conductor Sir Thomas Beecham. Beecham did not start to get his players together until three weeks before the first concert which took place in Croydon on September 15, 1946. Beecham was principal conductor until his death in 1961.
When the orchestra toured the United States in 1950 they were the first British orchestra to visit America since the London Symphony Orchestra in 1912.
Beecham controlled all the organization of the orchestra. After Beecham’s death, the orchestra was made into a self-governing group, like the other London orchestras. They went through some difficult years. In 1963 the Royal Philharmonic Society decided they would stop asking the RPO to play for their concerts, and in Glyndebourne, where the RPO had played for the opera since 1948, the London Philharmonic Orchestra became the resident orchestra instead. Sir Malcolm Sargent helped the orchestra to put on its own concerts at a cinema in north London.
The orchestra had made an agreement with the Royal Philharmonic Society about the concerts it would play. This meant it could call itself “Royal”. In the 1960s the work they were doing no longer allowed them to call themselves “Royal”, so in 1966 the Queen officially gave them the title “Royal”.
In 1992 the orchestra appointed Peter Maxwell Davies as associate conductor and composer of the RPO.
On April 7, 1994, the Royal Philharmonic had the honour of performing at the Vatican in the historic "Papal Concert to Commemorate the Holocaust".
The RPO give a series of concerts in the Cadogan Hall, London, and in the Royal Albert Hall. They tour all over Britain and also abroad. In the period 2002-2007 they played in 30 different countries.
Recordings.
The orchestra made many recordings with Sir Thomas Beecham. In 1964 Igor Stravinsky recorded his opera "The Rake's Progress" with the RPO. From 1964 to 1979 they recorded many Gilbert and Sullivan operas with the D’Oyly Carte Opera Company.
Non-classical work.
The Royal Philharmonic Concert Orchestra is part of the same organization. They spend their time playing lighter classical music. The RPO have also worked with pop music groups and has given its own series of children’s concerts. In 2007 they announced a series of free educational workshops for the local community.

Adrian Boult
Sir Adrian Cedric Boult CH (April 8, 1889 – February 22,1983) was an English conductor.
Early years.
Boult was born in Chester. He went to school in Westminster School and studied at Christ Church, Oxford. He then went to the Leipzig Conservatory where he learnt to conduct by watching the great Hungarian conductor Arthur Nikisch. He sang in choral festivals and at the Leeds Festival of 1913, where he went to watch Nikisch conduct.
During World War I he worked for the War Office, and while he was there in 1918 he planned a series of concerts with the London Symphony Orchestra, which included several important new British works including Gustav Holst's "The Planets", "A London Symphony" by Ralph Vaughan Williams, and Elgar's "Symphony No. 2". When Boult was a boy he had already met Elgar. Elgar now wrote to him and said he felt sure the future of his music was safe in Boult's hands. Boult was at the start of a great career in which he conducted a lot of 20th century British music.
Birmingham and the BBC.
In 1924 Boult became conductor of the City of Birmingham Orchestra—now the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra—and in 1930 he was made Director of Music at the BBC. When the BBC formed the BBC Symphony Orchestra, Boult also became its chief conductor, combining both jobs.
Boult became famous for conducting a wide repertoire, including the very modern-sounding music of Arnold Schoenberg. In 1933 he married Ann Wilson, the ex-wife of the singer and administrator Steuart Wilson. The marriage lasted until Boult's death. Boult was knighted in 1937.
War years and after.
During World War II the BBC Symphony Orchestra was evacuated to Bristol. Even there it was not safe from the bombing and they moved again to Bedford.
After the war the BBC started the BBC Third Programme and Boult was involved in many new plans for concerts and recordings.
In 1948, Steuart Wilson became Director of Music at the BBC. Some people were saying that the music on the BBC was not so good and that Boult ought to retire when he became 60 in 1949. He then became conductor of the London Philharmonic Orchestra with whom he made many recordings.
Later years.
Boult continued to conduct until he was very old. His many recordings, including music he had heard Nikisch conduct many years before. His last public performance was conducting Elgar's ballet "The Sanguine Fan" for London Festival Ballet at the Coliseum, in London on 24 June 1978.
Boult was made a Companion of Honour in 1969.
Writings.
Boult wrote two books about conducting, "Thoughts on Conducting" and "A handbook on the technique of conducting." He also wrote an autobiography: "My Own Trumpet" (the expression “to blow one’s own trumpet” means: “to boast about oneself). He also gave talks on the radio. He spoke in a very polite, formal style.
His conducting.
Boult always conducted with a baton (conductor’s stick). His conducting was very graceful, his movements were very simple and clear.

Franz Lehár
Franz Lehár (born 30 April 1870; died 24 October 1948) was an Austrian composer of Hungarian descent. He was the leading composer of operettas in the 20th century. He is still one of the most popular composers of light music.
His life.
Lehár was born in Komáron in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Today the town is called Komárno and it is in Slovakia. He was the eldest son of a bandmaster in the Austro-Hungarian army. He studied violin and composition at the Prague Conservatory. Antonín Dvořák told him he should be a composer. After graduation in 1899 he joined his father's band in Vienna, as assistant bandmaster. In 1902 he became conductor at the historic Vienna Theater an der Wien, where his first opera "Wiener Frauen" was performed in November of that year.
He is most famous for his operettas. The best known one is "The Merry Widow" (in German: "Die lustige Witwe") which is probably the most popular of all operettas. He also wrote sonatas, symphonic poems, marches, and a number of waltzes, some of which come from his famous operettas. Some of the songs from his operettas have become very well-known, especially "Vilja" from "The Merry Widow" and "You Are My Heart's Delight" ("Dein ist mein ganzes Herz") from "The Land of Smiles".
The tenor Richard Tauber sang in many of his operettas. Six of them had parts especially written for him.
Lehár died in 1948 in Bad Ischl, near Salzburg where he was also buried. His villa in Bad Ischl is now a museum in his memory.

Rings of Neptune
The planet Neptune has a dim planetary ring system which is made up of several separate rings and some "ring arcs". The "rings arcs" are part of the outer ring called the Adams ring and are not to be seen anywhere else. The ring "particles" (small parts) are unusually dark colored, and have large amounts of microscopic dust. Neptune has thirteen known moons. Four of them orbit the planet inside the outermost rings.
Discovery and observations.
The rings around Neptune could not be seen from Earth with strong telescopes. The evidence that they were there was first seen when scientists were watching the planet as it passed between the Earth and a star. (When this happens, the light of the star is blocked. This is called "stellar occulation".) Scientists watched this happen 50 times, and on five of those times in the early 1980s they saw the star give a little "blink" just before or after the planet covered it. This meant that rings around the planet were blocking the light, but the rings were not complete.
In 1989 the unmanned spacecraft "Voyager 2" flew by Neptune. "Voyager 2" sent back pictures that gave most of the information that scientists now have about the rings of Neptune. The pictures also help scientists to know why the rings looked incomplete. Not only did the pictures give a closer view, but they also showed the rings in a way that cannot ever be seen from earth. From earth the rings are always seen with the light of the sun shining "towards" them. When the spacecraft went past the planet, it took pictures with the sun shining "behind" the rings, as well. Big "particles" in the rings looked dark against the sunlight, but all tiny dust "particles" (microscopic dust) shone brightly when the sun was behind it. This allowed the scientists to work out what the rings were made of, and how all the particles were arranged.
As better types of telescopes have been developed, scientists can now see some of the rings from earth. The brightness of Neptune makes it hard to see the rings, which are much dimmer and the faintest rings still cannot be seen, even with vey powerful telescopes.
Adams ring and the Ring Arcs.
The most famous of Neptune's rings is the thin outer Adams ring, although by comparison with the rings of the planets Saturn or Uranus, it is very hard to see. It was originally named as "1989 N1R". The reason that the Adams ring is famous is that it has a feature that has not been seen on any other planetary rings. These are three long narrow "arcs" which are much brighter and look more solid than the rest of the ring system. Each one spans from 4-10° of the whole ring. All the arcs are close to each other, spanning under 40° of longitude, only about 1/8th of the edge of the ring. It has been a puzzle to understand why the stuff in these arcs doesn't spread out evenly through the whole ring.
The three arcs have been named with French names "Liberté", "Égalité", and "Fraternité". These names came from the famous saying of the French Revolution, which translates into English as "Liberty, Equality and Brotherhood!". These names were suggested by the scientists who discovered them during "stellar occultations" in 1984 and 1985.
Of Neptune's 13 moons, four of the are inside the ring system. The one that is nearest to the Adam's ring is called Galatea. It is a lumpy mass of rock that orbits around the planet at about the same speed as the planet is rotating. It is about 1000 kilometers inside the ring.
Many scientists now think that it is the effect of the moon Galatea that is causing the three arcs in the Adam's ring. The ring also has 42 wiggles, which are like waves 30 kilometers high. Scientists are able to use this information to work out the mass of the moon Galatea..
The best photos that came back from Voyager 2 showed that there are clumps of particles in the rings, but no-one can tell whether they are made of fine dust, or if there may be bigger particles in the clumps as well. All of Neptune's rings have a lot of "microscopic dust" but particularly the arcs of the Adam's ring. Scientists know this because they looked very bright in the photos that Voyager 2 took with the sun shining behind them.
There is much more dust in the rings of Neptune than there is in the rings of Saturn.
The Adams ring is very red. The background particles that make up the ring look twice as bright near the three arcs as they do on the side of the ring that is opposite the arcs.
Arc dynamics.
With the arrival of the Hubble Space Telescope and adaptive optics ground-based telescopes the ring arcs have been re-examined several times, starting in July 1998.
This has showed that they are amazingly active, changing a lot over only a few years: Fraternité and Égalité have been exchanging material and changing their lengths noticeably. Even more dramatically, Liberté appears to be fading away, being only 30% of its original 1989 brightness in 2003, and hardly visible in Hubble Space Telescope images from June 2005. In the meantime, it seems to have gotten a split two-humped profile, and wandered several degrees closer to the more stable Égalité. Courage, a very small and dim arc during the Voyager flyby, was seen to flare in brightness in 1998, while more recently it was back to its usual dimness but had advanced by an additional 8° ahead of the other arcs. That is, it appears to have jumped over to the next stable corotation resonance position. There were also some suggestions that the ring arcs may have been noramlly fading away. However, visible light observations show that the total amount of material in the arcs has remained approximately steady, but they are dimmer in the infra-red where previous observations were taken. This activity of the ring arcs is not currently understood.
Inner rings.
Voyager pictures appear to also suggest a wide disc of scattered material extending inside of the 50,000 km radius which surrounds the Galle ring, but is difficult to tell apart from Neptune's brightness, and for this reason its existence is uncertain.
List of rings.
The rings are named after astronomers who made important discoveries to the study of Neptune.
Four of Neptune's moons: Naiad, Thalassa, Despina, and Galatea orbit inside the ring system.

Igor Diakonov
Igor Mikhailovich Diakonov (December 30, 1914 (January 12, 1915), Petrograd – May 2, 1999, St Petersburg) was a Russian historian, linguist, and translator who should be ranked among the greatest authorities on Ancient Near East and its languages.

Baudouin I of Belgium
Baudouin I (French: "Baudouin Albert Charles Léopold Axel Marie Gustave" or Dutch: "Boudewijn Albert Karel Leopold Axel Marie Gustaaf") (7 September 1930 – 31 July 1993) was the King of the Belgians from 1951 to 1993. He was the oldest son of King Leopold III (1901-1983) and his first wife, Princess Astrid of Sweden (1905-1935).

Core
Core generally is the heart or inner part of a thing, as of a column, wall, rope, of a boil, etc.; especially, the central part of fruit, containing the kernels or seeds; as, the core of an apple or quince.

Mesocyclone
A mesocyclone is a vortex of air, about 2 to 10 km in diameter (the mesoscale of meteorology), inside a convective storm.
That is, it is air that rises and rotates around a vertical axis, usually in the same direction as low pressure systems in a given hemisphere. They are most often cyclonic, that is, related with a localized low pressure area inside a severe thunderstorm. Such storms can create strong surface winds and a lot of hail. Mesocyclones often happen together with updrafts in supercells, where tornadoes may form.
Mesocyclones are normally relatively very small in size; they lie between the synoptic scale (hundreds of kilometers) and small scale (hundreds of meters).

Determinism
Determinism is the idea that every action is a definite reaction to a previous event.

Florida International University
Florida International University (FIU) is a public research university in Miami, Florida in the United States. the University is the largest university in South Florida and also the fifth-largest university in Florida, and the thirteenth-largest university in the country. FIU's programs in law, architecture and business are amongst its most well-ranked and most known programs. The mascot of FIU is a panther, named Roary, and students and fans of the university's athletic teams are often called "Golden Panthers".

Sash
A sash is of a cloth belt used to hold a robe together, and usually tied about the waist. The Japanese equivalent of a sash, called an "obi", serves to hold a kimono together. Decorative sashes may pass from the shoulder to the hip rather than around the waist. Sashes traditionally form part of formal military uniform and the Royal attire.

Willow
Willows are a family of trees and shrubs which have many differences in size and type of growth, but are very much alike in other respects. There are about 350 species of this plant in all the world, usually found on moist soils in cooler zones in the Northern Hemisphere. Many hybrids are known, both naturally occurring and in cultivation, because willows are very fertile between their own species.
Some smaller species may also be known by the common names "osier" and "sallow"; the last name comes from the same word as the Latin "salix".

Elegance
Elegance is the attribute of being unusually effective and simple. It is frequently used as a standard of tastefulness, particularly in the areas of fashion and decoration.
Some associate elegance with simplicity of design. Others understand the word in an opulent light as in tasteful richness of design or ornamentation, like in "the "elegance" of clothings."
Visual stimuli are considered elegant if a small number of colors and stimuli are used. The color white is often associated with elegance, usually along with blue or black.

Courtesan
A courtesan was a high-class prostitute or mistress, especially one associated with rich, powerful, or noble men who gifted luxuries and status in exchange for her services. In Renaissance Europe, courtesans played an important role in high class society, sometimes taking the place of wives at social roles. Courtesans usually enjoyed more freedoms than was typical of women at the time. For example, they were did not have money problems and were more independent. Madame de Pompadour (1721–1764), the famous mistress and favorite of King Louis XV of France, is an example of courtesan. Courtesans also existed in many countries outside Europe, like India and Japan.

Jester
A jester, joker, fool, bollocks, or buffoon, is a type of entertainer mostly (but not always) associated with the Middle Ages. Jesters typically wore brightly colored clothing in a motley way. Their hats, sometimes called the "cap ’n bells" or "cockscomb", were special; made of cloth, they were floppy with three points (liliripes) each of which had a jingle bell at the end. The three points of the hat represent the asses' ears and tail worn by jesters when they first appeared. Other typical things about the jester were his constant laughter and his mock scepter, known as a "bauble" or "maharoof."

Etiquette
Etiquette, one aspect of decorum, is a code that rules how everyone is expected to behave, according to the social conventions and norms, in society, in a social class, or group. It is usually unwritten, but it may be put in written form. Because they are a product of the society's culture and history, the rules of etiquette are very different from time to time, and from one place and social group to another.

Hairstyle
For humans, haircut, hairstyle, or hairdo normally describe cutting or styling head hair. Unlike other animals, human beings of many cultures cut their hair, rather than letting it grow naturally. Hair styles are often used to signal cultural, social, and ethnic identity and can be used to illustrate social status or individuality. Men and women naturally have the same hair, with the primary component of hair fiber being keratin. Keratins are proteins, long chains of amino acids. Generally, hairstyles conform to cultural influences of gender. Fashion trends may have a great influence depending on the person.

Patronage
Generally, patronage is the support, encouragement, privilege and often financial aid given by a person or an organization. It can also refer to the business given by a regular customer, and the guardianship of saints.
In some countries the term is often used to describe the corrupt use of state money and goods to benefit groups, families, ethnicities or races in exchange for votes. These patronage systems are different depending on the area in which they are practiced.
The term comes from the Latin "patronatus".

Reputation
Reputation is the opinion of the public towards a person, a group of people, or an organization. It is an important factor in many fields, such as business, online communities or social status.

Lagunaria
Lagunaria is a garden plant famous for its colour.

Warwick Estevam Kerr
Warwick Estevam Kerr (born September 9, 1922, Santana do Parnaíba, São Paulo, Brazil) was a Brazilian engineer, geneticist, entomologist, and professor. He made many discoveries in the genetics and sex determination of bees. He is also responsible for the spread of africanized bees across the world.

Indian national calendar
The Indian national calendar (sometimes called Saka calendar) is the official civil calendar in India. It is used by the Gazette of India, news broadcasts by All India Radio, and in calendars and communications issued by the Government of India.
Calendar structure.
The months in the first half of the year all have 31 days. This was done to take in account for the slower movement of the sun across the sky during that time.
In leap years, Chaitra has 31 days and starts on March 21.

Crane (bird)
Cranes are large, long-legged and long-necked birds of the order Gruiformes, and family Gruidae. Unlike the similar-looking but not related herons, cranes fly with necks outstretched, not pulled back.
There are different kinds of this group on all the continents except Antarctica and South America.

Estimation
Estimation is the calculated approximation of a result which is usable even if information one has may be incomplete, uncertain, or noisy.

Fee
A fee is the price one gives as payment for services, especially the honorarium paid to a doctor, lawyer, consultant or member of a learned profession. Traditionally, a fee is different to a "payment", salary, or wage, because the fee usually is paid only once for the professional's services.

Maid
A maidservant or in current use maid is a female employed in domestic worker. Maids perform typical domestic chores such as cooking, ironing, washing, cleaning the house, grocery shopping, walking the family dog, and taking care of children. In many places in some poor countries, maids often take on the role of a nurse in taking care of the elderly and people with disabilities. Many maids are required by their employers to wear a uniform.

Embroidery
Embroidery is the art of decorating fabric or other materials with designs stitched in strands of thread or yarn using a needle. Embroidery may also incorporate other materials such as metal strips, pearls, beads, quills, and sequins. Sewing machines can be used to create machine embroidery.

Banquet
A banquet is a large public meal or feast, complete with main dishes and desserts. It usually serves a purpose, such as a ceremony, or a celebration. Sometimes a banquet is made only of desserts.

Eccentricity
In popular use, eccentricity or extravagance refers to unusual or odd behavior on the part of an individual. This behavior would typically be perceived as unusual or unnecessary. Eccentricity is contrasted with "normal" behavior, the nearly universal means by which individuals in society solve given problems and act in everyday life. Eccentric behavior may be good, or malicious. Spending a lot of money in nonsensical things, for example, is usually seen as eccentricity. Sometimes, it can be associated with genius; others, with madness. Albert Einstein and Nero, for example, were both eccentrics, but of very different type.

Květinov
Květinov is a small village in the Havlíčkův Brod District, Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. 243 people live in Květinov and it has 7,08 km². It was first documented in 1436.

Úsobí
Úsobí is a village in the Havlíčkův Brod District, Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. 707 people live in Úsobí and it has 12,97 km². It was first documented in 1307.

Conversation
A conversation is communication by two or more people, or sometimes with oneself, often on a particular topic. Conversations are sometimes the best form of communication, since they allow people with different views of a topic to learn from each other. A speech, on the other hand, is an oral presentation by one person directed at a group.
See also.
Conversation Analysis

FK Viktoria Žižkov
FK Viktoria Žižkov is a football club in the Czech Republic. It was founded in 1903 in the city of Žižkov. Viktoria Žižkov won Czechoslovak championship in 1928 and won the National cup in 1993 and 2003.

Wit
Wit is a form of intellectual humour. A wit is someone skilled in making witty remarks. A witty remark is an incisive observation, put with humor and said in the perfect moment. Forms of wit include: the quip and the repartee.
Witty remarks may be intentionally cruel, and perhaps more ingenious than funny.
A quip is an observation or saying that has some wit but perhaps descends into sarcasm, or otherwise is short of point; a witticism also suggests the diminutive. Repartee is the wit of the quick answer. (Wilde: "I wish I'd said that." Whistler: "You will, Oscar, you will".)

Joss stick
Joss sticks are a type of incense. They are traditionally burned before an Asian religious image, idol, buddha statue, or shrine. But some joss stick burning rituals (and the prayers that come with it) don't need to be done in front of religious images. They can be burned before anything without limits; like in front of a door, or open window as a offering. In modern days, the burning of joss sticks can be used for any type reason, like making the smell of a room better or lighting fireworks up.

AFK Union Žižkov
AFK Union Žižkov is a football club in the Czech Republic. It was founded in 1907 in the city of Žižkov.

2004 Atlantic hurricane season
The 2004 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1, 2004, and lasted until November 30, 2004. These dates usually delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin. However, the 2004 season went past these actual limits slightly, as Tropical Storm Otto formed on the last day of the season and lasted two days into December. The season was above average in activity, with fifteen named storms and one of the highest Accumulated Cyclone Energy totals ever recorded.

Flirting
Flirting is a form of human behavior from one person toward another person, or between two people, usually showing a sexual or romantic interest in the other person. It can include conversation, body language (such as winking), or short physical contact.

Trustworthiness
Trustworthiness is a moral value considered to be a virtue. A trustworthy person is someone in whom we can place our trust and be sure that the trust will not be betrayed.
In order for one to trust another, their worth and integrity must be proven over time.

Shamisen
The shamisen or samisen (Japanese: 三味線, literally "three taste strings"), also called sangen (literally "three strings") is a Japanese musical instrument with three strings, that is played with a big plectrum called a "bachi". The pronunciation in Japanese is usually "shamisen".

Obi
Obi (帯, おび) is a Japanese word to call to many different types of sashes used with kimono and keikogi by both men and women. Obi can be very simple, to be used every day; or very elegant and embroidered.

Nitrogen fixation
Nitrogen fixation is the process by which nitrogen is taken from its stable gas form (N2) in air and changed into other nitrogen compounds (such as ammonia, nitrate and nitrogen dioxide) useful for other chemical processes. It is an important part of the nitrogen cycle.
Biological nitrogen fixation was discovered by Martinus Beijerinck.

Britské listy
Britské listy are an Internet newspapers published in the Czech Republic. It usually presents left-wing political opinions. General editor of Britské listy is Jan Čulík.

Nitrogen cycle
The nitrogen cycle is the way that nitrogen in nature is changed into many different forms that are used by living organisms.
Air is about 78% nitrogen. It is the largest supply of nitrogen known. Nitrogen is needed for life. It is an important part of proteins, DNA, and RNA. In plants, nitrogen is needed for photosynthesis and growth. Nitrogen fixation is needed to change the nitrogen in air (N2) into forms that can be used by life. Most nitrogen fixation is done by micro-organisms called bacteria. These bacteria have an enzyme that combines N2 with hydrogen gas (H2) to make ammonia (NH3). Some of these bacteria live in the roots of plants (mostly legumes). In these roots, they make ammonia for the plant and the plant gives them carbohydrates. Other plants take nitrogen compounds out of the soil through their roots. All nitrogen in animals comes from eating plants.
Ammonium (NH4) in soil is made by nitrogen-fixing bacteria and decomposers, bacteria and fungi that break down dead life into its parts. This process is called "ammonification". Ammonium has a positive charge. It easily joins to clay and humus in the soil. Ammonia and ammonium are poisonous to fish and other animals. Sewage and other waste-water is regularly measured because of this. If ammonia levels are too high, "nitrification" must happen.
Nitrification is the change of ammonia and ammonium to nitrites (NO2) and then to nitrates (NO3) by bacteria. Because nitrite and nitrate have a negative charge they do not easily join to soil and will wash out of the soil during rain and irrigation. High nitrate levels in drinking water is harmful for babies and can cause blue-baby syndrome. High nitrate levels can also cause too much algae growth in lakes and pools. Too much algae can be harmful to fish and other water animals because the algae uses oxygen that the animals need. The use of fertilizers is controlled more and more because of this.
Where there is no oxygen, some bacteria will make nitrate into nitrogen gas (N2). This starts the nitrogen cycle over again. This process is called "denitrification".

Moscow State University
M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University (Russian: Московский государственный университет имени М.В.Ломоносова} is the largest and oldest university in Russia. It was made in 1755 and is in Moscow. It was made by Ivan Shuvalov and Mikhail Lomonosov. It is named after Lomonosov.
The university building which can be seen in the picture, is an example of Stalinist architecture. In total, there are seven such towers around Moscow. That of the university is the largest one. The tower was designed by architect Lev Vladimirovich Rudnev. It was built after the war. He was awarded the Stalin Prize for its construction, in 1949. The building was the largest skyscraper outside New York for a long time. It was the tallest buildimg in Europe, until 1988. The central tower is 240m high. It has 36-stories. It is flanked by four huge wings of student and faculty accommodations. It is said to contain a total of 33 kilometers of corridors and 5,000 rooms. Facilities that are inside the building include a concert hall, a theatre, a museum, various administration services, a library, a swimming pool, a police station, a post office, a laundry, a hairdresser's salon, a canteen, bank offices, shops, cafeterias, and a bomb shelter. Along with the university administration, four of the main faculties - Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics, the Faculty of Geology, the Faculty of Geography, and the Faculty of Fine and Performing Arts - now are in the Main building. The star on the top of the tower is large enough so that it has a small room and a viewing platform; it weighs 12 tons. The building's facades are decorated with giant clocks, barometers, and thermometers, statues, carved wheat sheaves, and Soviet crests (recently renovated). It stands before a terrace featuring statues of male and female students gazing optimistically and confidently into the future.

Boarding school
A boarding school is a school where the students live and sleep at the school while going to their classes.

Sacha Baron Cohen
Sacha Noam Baron Cohen (born October 13, 1971) is an English comedian, writer and actor. He was born in the Hammersmith part London. Cohen is Jewish.
He also made a movie about the character Borat called '. This movie made Cohen an international celebrity.

Utrecht (province)
Utrecht is a province in the Netherlands. It is found near the centre of the country. Utrecht is the smallest province by size in the Netherlands. Over 1 million people live in the Utrecht province.

George II of Great Britain
George II (George Augustus), lived between 10 November 1683 – 25 October 1760. George was born in Germany and was last British Monarch born out side of Great Britain.
He became King of Great Britain and King of Ireland, he even was a prince of the Holy Roman Empire.
He died of heart problems.

Mandy Moore
Amanda Moore is an American pop singer and actress. She was born on April 10, 1984 and she has been active since the late 1990s and the 2000s.

NYC
New York City, New York

Oiran
were courtesans in Japan. The word "oiran" is made of two Japanese words, 花 meaning "flower", and 魁 meaning "first." Oirans disappeared in the 18th century, but the tradition is still remembered.
The oiran appeared in the Edo Period, (1600-1868). In those years, some laws were created that made prostitution legal, but only in some neighborhoods that were closed from the outside. Like many things in Japanese culture, the world of courtesans became very complicated. Different kinds of oirans appeared, depending on their beauty, skills in art, education and more. The more important rank of oirans was called. Only nobles could be with one. Tayū had many servants, and when they went outside, many servants carried them and followed them, like a procession. They used very rich and expensive clothes and jewelry. Every man who wished to be with an oiran had to follow difficult rituals and etiquette, and only the very rich and noble could.
When the geisha appeared, the era of the oiran ended. Geisha practiced the common entertainments enjoyed by the people of that time. They became very popular, much more than oiran. The last known oiran was in 1761. The few women who still practice the arts of the oiran today (without the sexual aspect) do so to keep the cultural heritage, and not as a profession or occupation.

Ryōtei
A is a type of Japanese very expensive and elegant restaurant. Traditionally they only accept new customers who are recommended by known and trusted clients. They usually include entertainment by geisha, but not always in modern times. Ryōtei are usually a place where very important business or political meetings can take place in private.

Philharmonia
The Philharmonia is an orchestra from London.
History.
The orchestra was formed in 1945 by Walter Legge. Legge was not a conductor, but he was a man who organized a lot of music, especially recordings. The orchestra spent most of their time making gramophone recordings, but sometimes they also gave concerts. The conductor Thomas Beecham led their first concert in 1946, but Beecham had always organized his own orchestras and he wanted to organize this one. He even wanted to change the orchestra’s name. The players decided that they did not want Beecham as their conductor. Beecham went on to form another orchestra which he called the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra.
In the first years of the Philharmonia they were conducted by several world-famous conductors, including Arturo Toscanini, Wilhelm Furtwängler and, especially, Herbert von Karajan. Karajan helped the orchestra to become one of the finest in the world, and he made many recordings with them, including all the Beethoven symphonies.
In 1954 Karajan left to conduct the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra. Legge found another world-famous conductor, Otto Klemperer. Although he was already quite old, Klemperer made many excellent recordings with the orchestra. In 1959 the orchestra gave Klemperer the title of Music Director for the rest of his life.
In 1964 Legge thought the orchestra had done enough recordings and he was going to bring it to an end. Both the orchestra and Klemperer wanted it to continue, so the orchestra made their own organizing body (like other London orchestras) and they continued, calling themselves by a new name: the "New Philharmonia Orchestra". They gave their first concert under their new name on 27 October 1964. It was a performance of Beethoven's "Symphony No. 9", conducted by Klemperer.
The orchestra gave many more concerts after it became self-governing than it had when Legge had been organizing them. Continuing as the New Philharmonia Orchestra, it got its old name “Philharmonia Orchestra” back again in 1977, and has been known by that name ever since.
Klemperer retired from conducting in 1971, but was officially still its principal conductor until his death in 1973. Since then the orchestra has been conducted by Lorin Maazel Riccardo Muti, Giuseppe Sinopoli and Christoph von Dohnányi who will remain their conductor until 2008 when Esa-Pekka Salonen will take over.
Concerts Today.
Today, the orchestra continues to give many concerts, travelling around Britain as well as abroad. Since 1995 they have been based in the Royal Festival Hall in London. They also give regular concerts at De Montfort Hall, Leicester and the Corn Exchange, Bedford. Abroad they often play in the Théâtre du Châtelet in Paris and the Concertgebouw in Amsterdam].
Recordings.
The Philharmonia has made more than one thousand recordings. It has also been heard on the soundtracks of many films, including such classics as Laurence Olivier's 1944 film version of Shakespeare's "Henry V", and David Lean's film version of "Oliver Twist" (1948).

Taiko
means simply "drum" in Japanese. Outside Japan, the word is used to call to any of the different kinds of Japanese drums (和太鼓, "wa-daiko", "Japanese drum", in Japanese) and to the more or less new art of taiko drumming bands (sometimes better called, "kumi-daiko", 組太鼓).

Utamaro
(ca. 1753 - 1806) was a Japanese printmaker and painter, and is considered one of the greatest artists of "ukiyo-e". He is very famous for his studies of women, called "bijinga". He also made nature studies. His work arrived at Europe in the mid 19th century, where it was very popular, and was very successful in France. He influenced the European Impressionists, mostly with his views of parts of the human body, and his use of light and shade.

Hanamachi
A hanamachi (花街) is a Japanese word used to call a neighborhood where courtesans and geisha lived and worked. The word's literal meaning is "flower town". These neighborhoods used to have many "okiya" ("geisha houses") and "ochaya" ("tea houses", where geishas entertained guests). The term "hanamachi" is used in modern Japan to call the areas where modern-day geisha are still living and working. Today, "hanamachi" are rare outside of Kyoto.

Japanese traditional dance
There are two types of Japanese traditional dance:"Odori", which was created in the Edo period; and "Mai", which was created in the western part of Japan. Odori came from Kabuki drama, and is more of a male dance. Mai is usually danced by female dancers, and is mostly done at houses, instead of on stage.
A type of the Mai style of Japanese dance is the "Kyomai" or Kyoto Style Dance. Kyomai was created in the 17th century Tokugawa cultural period. It is influenced by the elegance of the manners of the Japanese Imperial Court.

Parkour
Parkour is an activity with the aim of moving from one point to another (efficient and fast), using the abilities of the human body. Parkour help to overcome barriers, and is practiced in rural and urban areas. Parkour practitioners are called to as "traceurs", or "traceuses" for females.
Founded by David Belle in France, practitioners only use efficient movements to develop your body and mind to be able to overcome barriers in an emergency. It may also be a form of entertainment or hobby.
Acrobatics (such as flips and wall flips) are not part of parkour, because of inefficient in a difficult situations (emergency).
Overview.
Parkour is a physical activity which is difficult to categorize. It is not an extreme sport, but an art or discipline that resembles self-defense in the martial arts. David Belle explain that the spirit of parkour is guided in part by the notions of "escape" and "reach", using quick thinking with dexterity to get out of difficult situations. So, when faced with a hostile conflict with a person, someone will speak, fight, or flee. As martial arts are a form of training for the fight, parkour is a form of training to escape from damage. Because of its unique nature, it is often said that parkour is in its own category: "parkour is parkour."
An important characteristic of parkour is efficiency. Practitioners moves not only as fast as they can, but also in the least energy-consuming and most direct way possible. This characteristic distinguishes it from the similar practice of free running, which places more emphasis on freedom of movements, such as acrobatics. Efficiency also involves avoiding injuries, shor and long-term..
Parkour is also known to have an influence on practitioner's thought process. Traceurs and traceuses experience a change in their critical thinking skills which helps them overcome physical and mental obstacles in everyday life.

Shakuhachi
The is a Japanese flute which is played vertically (up-down) like a recorder, instead of transversely (from side to side) like the Western transverse flute. Its name means "1.8 foot", its size. It is traditionally made of bamboo, but others made in wood and plastic exist today. It was used by the monks of Zen Buddhism in the practice of "suizen" (blowing meditation).

Christian movements
Christian movements are different religious, political and philosophical ideas of Christianity that means Christians belonging to one movement have a small difference in beliefs than a person from a different movement. Liberal Christianity and Evangelicalism are examples of different Christian movements.

Li Guang
Li Guang (Chinese: 李廣 ? - 119 BC) was a Chinese general of the Han Dynasty. His father, Li Xin, was a great military leader. Li Guang became a soldier when he was young. As Li Guang fought bravely in the battlefields, he was soon promoted to a general. He killed himself in the year 119 BC.

Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea
The Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea is a London borough, west of central London.

London Borough of Enfield
The London Borough of Enfield is the most north London borough.

List of English districts by area
This is a list of districts of England by size. The biggest are first and smallest are at the end.

Huo Qubing
Huo Qubing (Chinese: 霍去病 140 BC - 117 BC) was a Chinese general of the Han Dynasty under Emperor Wu. He was very good at shooting with his bow on a horse. When he was 18, he was ordered to attack the Xiongnu with 800 cavalries. Finally, his troops killed about 2,000 enemies and kidnapped the imperial officials. In the spring of 121 BC, Emperor Wu ordered Huo Qubing invading the Xiongnu with 10,000 cavalries. He occupied 5 cities within 6 days and finally killed 8,000 enemies. In order to fairly eliminate the main force of the Xiongnu, Huo Qubing and Wei Qing led 100,000 cavalries and fought with the enemies in desert in the spring of 119 BC. Huo Qubing was died in Chang'an (present-day Xi'an), the capital of Han Dynasty, when he was 24.

Kali Yuga
In Hinduism, Kali Yuga (Devanāgarī:, lit. "Age of Kali", "age of vice"), is one of the four stages or yugas that the world goes through. Traditionally, most Hindus believe that the Kali Yuga is 432,000 years long. Kali Yuga is also recognized and stated in Sikhism, in the Guru Granth Sahib.

Squash (plant)
Squashes are a kind of vegetable-like fruit. They originally came from the New World. Gourds are in the same family as squashes. Pumpkins and courgette are types of squashes.
Word origin.
The English word "squash" comes from "askutasquash" (which literally means "a green thing eaten raw"). This is a word from the Narragansett language, which was documented by Roger Williams in his 1643 publication "A Key Into the Language of America". There are similar words for squash in related languages of the Algonquian family such as Massachusett.
Squash and art.
The squash has been an important crop in the Andes mountains since the pre-Columbian Era. The Moche culture from Northern Peru made ceramics from earth, water, and fire. This pottery was used to represent important themes. Squash are a popular shape in Moche ceramics.

Nelumbo
Nelumbo is a genus of water plants which are also known as lotus. Lotus flowers are large – up to 20 cm across – and they smell sweet.
The Sacred Lotus of Asia has pink flowers. The American Lotus has yellow flowers.
The lotus flowers grow over the water. Lotus leaves often float on top of the water. The roots of lotus plants are in the mud (wet dirt) under the water. Every part of every plant must have air for respiration (breathing). Air spaces in the stems and roots make the lotus able to live and respire under water.
People can eat lotus roots and seeds. Cattle (cows) like to eat the leaves and flowers.
Lotuses look very much like water-lilies from Nymphaeaceae family.

Nymphaeaceae
In botany, Nymphaeaceae is the name of a family of plants which grow in water. The family is also called "water-lily family".

Ugly Betty
"Ugly Betty" is a Golden Globe- and Peabody Award-winning American comedy-drama television series. It stars America Ferrera, Vanessa Williams, and Eric Mabius. It premiered on September 28, 2006, on ABC in the United States. The series follows the life of Betty Suarez (Ferrera), and her incongruous job at the ultra-chic New York City fashion magazine "Mode". Betty's status as a "fish out of water" drives much of the plot.
In popular culture.
Since the show's debut, the main characters have become the latest fixures in the lexicon of pop media culture. They have already had parodies, news media stories and art-imitating-life situations, as well as recognition from the United States Congress itself.

Shinto shrine
A Shinto shrine is a place where people worship in the Shinto religion. Many Shinto shrines have buildings, gates, and natural areas around them. The Japanese word for a Shinto shrine is.

Miko
are women in the service of Shinto shrines. The translation of "Miko" is "Woman of God" (chosen by, or totaly devoted to, the gods), but the closest meaning is "shrine maiden". In Shinto, there are priestesses; but Miko are not priestesses, because they have less authority. However, they can act as priestesses in case of need. They usually act as helpers of the Shintoist priests.

Mineko Iwasaki
, born Masako Tanaka on November 2 1949 in Kyoto, was Japan's number one "geiko" (geisha) until she retired at the age of 29. She entertained many important people when they visited Japan, like Queen Elizabeth and Prince Charles. She retired because she was tired of the profession, and wanted to start a family.
Author Arthur Golden did an interview to her and used her as inspiration for his book "Memoirs of a Geisha", that was later made a movie. Iwasaki later said that the book was full of lies, and that nothing that Golden said ever happened to her. She put a lawsuit against Golden for this, and they solved it out of court in 2003. After the publication of "Memoirs of a Geisha", Iwasaki wrote her autobiography, "Geisha, A Life".

List of English districts by population
This is a list of districts in England by population. The districts at the top have the biggest population and the districts at the bottom have a smaller number of people.

Libra
Libra is an ical sign, related to the constellation Libra, in the Southern Hemisphere near Scorpius and Virgo. In the tropical zodiac, the Sun meets Libra from September 23 to October 23, and in the sidereal zodiac, it ends on November 15. Libra, (The Scales of Balance), is the only symbol of the zodiac that is inanimate (it is not represented by an animal or person). The opposite sign to Libra is Aries.
The corresponding month in the Babylonian calendar is "Tišritum", made for Shamash (the Sun).
Mythology.
In mythology Libra is related to the Greek Goddess of Justice, Themis, the Greek mythology version of Atalanta (meaning balanced), and Astraea (daughter of Themis), who went up to heaven and became the constellation of Virgo (astrology, and carried the scales of justice, which is the constellation Libra.
Libra is also related to the Greco-Roman goddess Aphrodite/Venus and sometimes also the goddesses Eris/Discordia & Hermione/Concordia, Hera/Juno, Ishtar, Freyja, and Frigg and the god Xolotl.
Personalities.
They also avoid fighting, argue very well, and they can find a good partner by themselves.
In astrology Libra is ruled by the planet Venus. The Indian version of Libra is Tula, the Chinese version is the Dog.
Occupations.
People born in Libra are said to be good in jobs to do with human relationships and a harmonious (social) place is very important for them; for example places for an artist, poet, diplomat, social worker, fashionable people with cosmetics.
Body and health.
People born in Libra have a graceful body: for example a pretty person with a round head and quite a small person with a nice face, for example a high forehead; a thin nose; a dimple; pale, and thick eyebrows. They are also charismatic.
In medical astrology and anatomy, Libra rules any part in the body to do with excretion, for example the kidneys, skin, lumbar region, buttocks, adrenals and vasomotor system, and lumbar vertebrae.

Igreja Pentecostal e Apostólica Missão Jesus
The "Igreja Pentecostal e Apostolica Missão Jesus" is a pentecostal church committed to the defence of the socially deprived. It is seated in the city of São Paulo, Brazil.
Goals.
"Igreja Pentecostal e Apostolica Missão Jesus" is focused on human rights in Brazil - a country well know for its constant violations of human rights and assassination of Human Rights Defenders in past years.
Brazil is a country where human rights are not accepted by authorities, and on several occasions the church's members faced harassment from local authorities, culminating in the illegal arrest of four volunteers of "Pastoral dos Direitos Humanos" of church, among then a lawyer, Mr Antonio Fernandez Saenz, a journalist, Ms. Dirce Ramiro de Andrade, as well as two evangelical ministers, Jose Fernandez Saenz and Manuel Fernando Fernandez Saenz, on September 2005, by "Polícia Militar do Estado de São Paulo".
History.
It was founded in September 11, 2001. As soon as the September 11, 2001 attacks took place, the founders of the church decided to include in the by-laws of church the fight against all forms of evil as a main goal.
Motto.
The church's motto is "God's in his Heaven, All's right with the world". These words were taken from a poem by Robert Browning
The Church also supports Soldados de Cristo - Christ´s Soldiers, a group of missionaries working on "hot spots" on Africa, Asia and Brazil.
Incident of police harrassement against a lawyer.
"In September, military police raided the offices of Antonio Fernandez Saenz, a lawyer working with the socially deprived inhabitants of São Bernardo do Campo, south of São Paulo. The officers allegedly did not present a search warrant and took several documents containing statements by local residents accusing civil and military police of torture, extortion and sexually assaulting children. When Antonio Fernandez Saenz tried to report the incident to the civil police, he was threatened and intimidated. According to reports, he continued to receive anonymous death threats."
Human rights activists threatened.
"A number of domestic and international human rights groups generally operated without government restriction, investigating and publishing their findings on human rights cases. Federal officials usually were cooperative and responsive to their views. Although federal and state officials in many cases sought the aid and cooperation of NGOs in addressing human rights problems, human rights monitors occasionally were threatened and harassed for their efforts to identify and take action against human rights abusers, particularly members of the state police forces. On September 21, AI reported death threats against Antonio Fernandez Saenz, a lawyer who provided legal assistance to socially deprived inhabitants of Sao Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo State. According to AI, military police threatened Saenz and his family and also broke into his office and stole documents which allegedly incriminated civil and military police in human rights violations."
After this facts in September 2005, files and staff allocated to human rights were re-allocated to a new place, in order to avoid death threats and a new theft of documents.

Matsya
Hindus believe that the Matsya avatara is the first important avatara of Vishnu. In the Matsya avatara, Vishnu took the form of a big fish. Sometimes, it is said that he took the form of a half-man and half-fish. There is a story about this in Hindu scriptures. The story tells about a demon (an asura). That asura was very wicked. He snatched the Vedas, the holy books of the Hindus, and went deep inside the sea. At this point, Vishnu changed his form. He became a matsya, that is, a fish. He entered the sea and brought back the Vedas. He gave the Vedas to Manu. The Hindu scriptures say that Manu was the first man in the world. He may be compared with Noah.

Kurma
Kurma is a Hinduism "avatara". Hindus believe that Vishnu, important god of Hinduism, had several avataras, and the second important avatara is called the Kurma avatara. In this avatara, Vishnu took the form of a kurma. Kurma is a Sanskrit language word that means a tortoise. As a kurma, Vishnu is the symbol of strength and stability.

Varaha
Hindus believe that Vishnu had many important Avataras, and the Varaha avatara was the third avatara of Vishnu. In this avatara, Vishnu took the form of a black varaha. Varaha is a Sanskrit language word that means a boar. The Hindu scriptures tell a story about this avatara. There was a daitya (a demon) named Hiranyaksha. He threw the Earth (called Prithivi by the Hindus) into the waters of the ocean. The earth was about to sink in the ocean. At this point, Vishnu took the form of a black boar. He entered the water and carried the earth on its body and brought the earth safely to where it should be. Thus, Vishnu as a varaha saved the earth from being destroyed.

Prithvi
Prithvi is the name for the goddess of the Earth in Hinduism.

Daitya
A Daitya, according to Hinduism, is a type of giant that fought against the gods.

Manu
Manu, according to Hinduism, was the first human on Earth.

Boar
A wild boar is a animal of the family Suidae (pigs).

Narasimha
Narasimha, according to Hinduism, was the fourth avatara of Vishnu. In this form, Vishnu had the body of a man, but he had a head of a lion. This avatara of Vishnu is also a symbol of great strength.
The Hindu scriptures tell this story about narashimha avatara. There was a daitya (a demon) named Hiranyakashipu. He was against all gods. But, his son named Prahlad used to worship the gods, especially Vishnu. Hiranyakashipu was not happy at his son and wanted to burn him to death. Hiranyakashipu also wanted to kill everyone who worshipped the gods and make everyone worship him instead. Vishnu became Narasimha, and protected Prahlad and other people who worshipped the gods by stopping Hiranyakashipu. Brahma granted Hiranyakashipu a boon that keeps him safe so that he cant be killed by a human, animal or deva. He also can't be killed in the day or night, or inside or outside of his palace. This made Hiranyakashipu believe that no one could kill him. When he wanted to kill his son for worshiping Vishnu, Vishnu came to earth reincarnated as a half-man, half-lion creature (neither man nor human), in the twilight (neither day nor night), and on the porch of the palace (neither inside nor outside). This way Vishnu could kill Hiranyakashipu without disrupting the boon given to him by Brahma.

Prahlada
Hindus believe that Prahlada was a good person. He was the son of Hiranyakashipu, his evil father, and he worshipped Vishnu. Narasimha protected him from Hiranyakashipu.

Vamana
Hindus believe that Vishnu has many important avataras. The Vamana avatara was the sixth avatara. In this avatara, Vishnu was in the form of a human.

Parashurama
Hindus believe that Vishnu has many important avataras. The Parshurama avatara was the seventh important avatara. In this avatara, Vishnu was in the form of a human. He came to Earth to stop bad people.

Balarama
Hindus believe that Balarama was the older brother of Krishna. Some Hindus believe that he is an avatara of Vishnu. In this avatara, Vishnu was in the form of a human.

Ba Ðình Square
Ba Đình Square (Vietnamese: Quảng Trường Ba Đình) is a place in the Vietnamese capital, Hà Nội. It is where Vietnamese President Hồ Chí Minh declared the independence of the Democratic Republic of Việt Nam from French imperialist rule on 2 September 1945, the same day that World War II ended. This is now where his mausoleum is.

Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum
The Hồ Chí Minh Mausoleum (Vietnamese: Lăng Hồ Chí Minh) is a large memorial to Vietnamese independence leader Hồ Chí Minh. It is located in Ba Ðình Square in Hà Nội. This is where his body is kept for people to pay their respects. President Hồ Chí Minh did not want a mausoleum at all. In his will, he said he wanted to be cremated and to have his ashes buried in the hills of the north, center, and south of Việt Nam. He said that he liked cremation because it was healthier than burial or a mausoleum and saved farmland. His successors did not let him have this wish. The government kept that part of his will secret. The government also pretended he died a day after he really did, because he really died on Independence Day and they did not tell anyone.

Meng Tian
Meng Tian (Chinese: 蒙恬 ? - 210 BC) was a Chinese general of the Qin Dynasty under Emperor Qin Shi Huang. His grandfather, Meng Ao, and his father, Meng Wu, were generals as well. After the unification of China, Emperor Qin Shi Huang ordered Meng Tian leading 300,000 armies to attack the Xiongnu and build the Great Wall of China. Meng Tian was forced by the eunuch, Zhao Gao, to kill himself by drinking poisonous wine after the death of Emperor Qin Shi Haung.

Kippah
A yarmulke (Yiddish) or Kippah (Hebrew) is a small cloth cap worn by Jews.
Traditionally it was worn only by men, but in modern times the push for equality between the sexes in the practice of Judaism has lead some women to wear yarmulkes. Some Jews only wear yarmulkes while praying; others wear yarmulkes the entire day, making sure not to walk more than four cubits without head covering (especially outside).
The basis for wearing a head covering is a story in the Talmud (tractate Shabbat).
Often, the color and fabric of the "yarmulke" can be a sign of adherence to a specific religious movement. The Israeli National Religious community is often referred to by the name "kipot srugot" כיפות סרוגות, literally "woven yarmulkes". Similarly, some Haredi sects are referred to by the name "kipot shkhorot" כיפות שחורות, literally "black yarmulkes".
Etymology.
The etymology of "yarmulke" is unclear. Linguists (e.g. Max Vasmer) maintain that the Yiddish word is derived (via Russian or Polish) from the Turkic "ya&#x11F;murluk", meaning 'raincoat'.
Traditionally, "yarmulke" is considered to have originated from the Aramaic phrase "yarei mei-elokah" (in awe of the Lord), in keeping with the principle that the yarmulke is supposed to reflect someone's fear of heaven. Or perhaps, "yira malkah" (fear of the King).

Judeo-Arabic languages
Judeo-Arabic languages are a collection of Arabic language dialects spoken by Jews living or formerly living in Arabic-speaking countries. Just as with the rest of the Arab world, Arabic-speaking Jews had different dialects for the different regions where they lived. Most Judæo-Arabic dialects were written in modified forms of the Hebrew alphabet, often including consonant dots from the Arabic alphabet to accommodate phonemes that did not exist in the Hebrew alphabet.
In retaliation for 1948 Arab-Israeli War, Jews in Arab countries became subject to increasingly insufferable discrimination and violence, causing virtually all of them to flee en masse to Israel. Their dialects of Arabic did not thrive in Israel, and most became extinct, replaced by the Modern Hebrew language.
In the Middle Ages, Jews in the Islamic diaspora spoke a dialect of Arabic, which they wrote in a mildly adapted Hebrew script (rather than using Arabic script).
This phenomenon is called Judaeo-Arabic and may be compared to both Ladino (Judaeo-Spanish) and Yiddish (Judaeo-German).

The Clangers
"The Clangers" is a children's television series. The first episode was broadcast on the BBC on November 16, 1969. The series is about a family of aliens who live under the surface of the Moon in caves. They looked like small, pink, knitted mice. Other characters include the Froglets and The Soup Dragon, a dragon that gives out soup. The family uses a US flag as a table cloth.

London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham
The London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham is a London borough in West London but is part of an area called Inner London.

1 E9 m²
1 E9 m² is a term used to group together areas of similar size. It is used for places that are between 1,000 km² and 10,000 km² in area. The term is based from the scientific notation for 1 x 109m².

1 E8 m²
1 E8 m² is used for places that are between 100 km² and 1000 km² in area. The term is based from the scientific notation for 1 x 108m².

1 E7 m²
1 E7 m² is a term used to group together areas of similar size. It is used for places that are between 10 km² (1,000 hectares) and 100 km² (10,000 hectares) in area. The term is based from the scientific notation for 1 x 107m².

Athletics at the Summer Olympics
Athletics, known as Track and Field in the United States, has been contested at every Summer Olympics since the birth of the modern Olympic movement at the 1896 Summer Olympics.
Men's events.
No new events have been added to the men's athletics programme since 1952 when the short racewalk was added. The roster of events has not changed since then, with the exception of the omission of the long racewalk in 1976. The long racewalk is the only event held for men but not included on the women's programme.
A total of 52 different events have been held in the men's competition. The current list has 24 events.
Many of the discontinued events were similar to modern ones but at different lengths, especially in the steeplechasing, hurdling, and racewalking disciplines.
Team racing events were only run in the six early editions of the Games.
The athletic multi-discipline "triathlon" (3 events) and "pentathlon" (5 events) have been replaced by the 10 event "decathlon", and the medley relay replaced by relay races where each section is the same length as the others.
Standing jump competitions are no longer held, nor are the various modified throwing events which were experimented with in 1908 and 1912.

1968 Summer Olympics
The 1968 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XIX Olympiad, were held in Mexico City in 1968. Mexico City beat out bids from Detroit, Buenos Aires and Lyon to host the Games in 1963. The Games were preceded by the Tlatelolco massacre, in which hundreds of students were killed by security forces ten days before the opening day. It is the only Games ever held in Latin America, and it was the second ever outside of Western Europe, Australia, or the USA.

Sima Qian
Sima Qian (Chinese:司馬遷) was the historian of the Han Dynasty under Emperor Wu. He was born at Xia Yang (present-day Shan Xi Province, Han City). His father, Sima Tan, was also a historian.

Gymnastics at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Gymnastics at the 1972 Summer Olympics was represented by 14 events: 6 for women and 8 for men. The competition was held from August 27 to September 1 at the Sports Hall in Munich.
Format of competition.
The scoring in the team competition event and in event finals was the same, as for gymnastics events at the previous Olympics. But in the all-around the scoring system became similar to that of event finals: for the all-around a gymnast showed one's skills once more on each of the apparatuses; to get the "Total" value for the all-around performance, marks in the team competition were added together, the result was divided by two ("Prelim" value) and added to the sum of marks for all-around routines ("Final" value). Judging system was basically the same, as at the previous Olympics.
Men's events.
"C" stands for "Compulsory exercises" and "O" stands for "Optional exercises".
Individual all-around.
"Prelim" mark is the value from the "Score" column of the team competition table, divided by two.
Floor exercise.
"Prelim" value is the sum of two marks for compulsory and optional routine in the team competition on the respective apparatus, divided by two.
Women's events.
"C" stands for "Compulsory exercises" and "O" stands for "Optional exercises".
Individual all-around.
"Prelim" mark is the value from the "Score" column of the team competition table, divided by two.
Vault.
"Prelim" value is the sum of two marks for compulsory and optional routine on the respective apparatus in the team competition, divided by two.
Floor exercise.
Note:country names are given in the form they were used in the official documents of the IOC in 1972.

Rowing at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Rowing at the 1980 Summer Olympics was represented by 14 events. It took place in the "Man-made Basin", located at the "Trade Unions Olympic Sports Centre" (Krylatskoye district, Moscow). The rowing schedule began on 20 July and ended on 27 July.
Due to the American-led boycott some strong rowing nations were not present. In that situation East Germany dominated the competition: they won 14 medals, including 11 golds, from 14 events.
Eight-oars with coxswain.
Note:country names are given in the form they were used in the official documents of the IOC in 1980.

Coxless pair
In rowing, a coxless pair consists of a pair of rowers, each having one oar, one on the stroke side (rower's right hand side) and one on the bow side (rower's lefthand side). As the name suggests, there is no cox on such a boat, and the two rowers must co-ordinate steering and the proper timing of oar strokes between themselves.

1976 Summer Olympics
The 1976 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXI Olympiad, were held in 1976 in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. These are the summer Olympic Games organized by the International Olympic Committee. Montreal was awarded the rights to the 1976 Games in May 1970 over the bid of Moscow and Los Angeles, who later hosted the 1980 and 1984 Summer Olympic Games respectively.

1960 Winter Olympics
The 1960 Winter Olympics, officially known as the VIII Olympic Winter Games, were celebrated in 1960 in Squaw Valley, California, United States (located in the Lake Tahoe basin). Squaw Valley won the bid in 1955.
Alexander Cushing, the creator of the resort, campaigned vigorously to win the Games. After being awarded the Games, there was a rush to construct roads, hotels, restaurants, and bridges, as well as the ice arena, the speed skating track, ski lifts, and the ski jumping hill.

1984 Winter Olympics
The 1984 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XIV Olympic Winter Games, were celebrated in Sarajevo, then in Yugoslavia and now in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Other candidate cities were Sapporo, Japan; and Falun in Gothenburg, Sweden. It was the first Winter Games and the second Olympics held in Eastern Europe (the first was the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow).

1988 Winter Olympics
The 1988 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XV Olympic Winter Games, were celebrated in Calgary, Alberta, Canada and opened by Governor General Jeanne Sauvé. The Olympics were highly successful financially as they brought in million-dollar profits. The games left a lasting impression on the host city and gave it a new identity from a cowtown to a large commercial sector of the country.
1988 was also the last year that the Paralympic Games and the Winter Olympics were held in separate cities; all subsequent games have been hosted by the same city or a city nearby.
As at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, the Canadian team failed to win a gold medal, matching only Yugoslavia in the dubious distinction of not having won a winter gold medal on home soil.
Background.
Calgary first tried for the Olympics in 1964, and again in 1968.

Records of the Grand Historian
The Records of the Grand Historian (Chinese: 史記) was written by Sima Qian, the historian of the Han Dynasty. It is a book recording Chinese history from the time of 3 Sovereigns and 5 Emperors until the reign of Emperor Wu of Han.

Football at the Summer Olympics
Football (soccer) has been included in every Summer Olympic Games except 1896 and 1932 as a men's competition sport. Women's football was added to the official programme in 1996.
History.
Football was not on the original modern Olympic Games programme as international football was in its infancy in 1896. However an unofficial football tournament was organised during the first competition. Complete records have been lost but it seems that only two games may have been played. An Athens XI lost to a team representing Smyrna (Izmir), then part of the Ottoman Empire. Smyrna went on to be beaten 15-0 by a team from Denmark. Demonstration tournaments were played at the 1900 and 1904 games and the "Intercalated Games" of 1906, but these were contested by various clubs and scratch teams, and are not considered to be official Olympic events. In 1906 teams from Great Britain, Germany, Austria, Netherlands and France were withdrawn from an unofficial competition and left Denmark, Smyrna (one Armenian, two Frenchmen and eight Britons), Athens and Thessaloniki Music Club to compete. Denmark won the final against Athens 9-0.

1976 Winter Olympics
The 1976 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XII Olympic Winter Games, were celebrated in 1976 in Innsbruck, Austria. The games were originally awarded to Denver, Colorado, United States in May, 1970 but a 300 percent rise in costs and worries about environmental impact led to voters' rejection of a $5 million bond issue to finance the games in 1972, so the IOC offered the games to Whistler, British Columbia (Canada), who had bid on the games, but they too declined due to a change of government there. (Whistler would go on to be associated with neighbouring Vancouver's successful bid for the 2010 Winter Olympics.) The IOC finally called on Innsbruck, which had hosted the 1964 Winter Games just twelve years earlier, to also host the 1976 games. Salt Lake City, Utah, which would eventually host in 2002 offered itself as a potential host after the withdrawal of Denver. The IOC declined.

Gymnastics at the Summer Olympics
Gymnastics has been contested at every Summer Olympic Games since the birth of the modern Olympic movement at the 1896 Summer Olympics. For thirty years, only men were allowed to compete. Women's events were introduced at the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam. The competition was held in artistic gymnastics discipline until 1984, when rhythmic gymnastics discipline was added to the program of the Olympics. Since 2000, trampolining discipline has also been competed.

Biathlon
Biathlon (not to be confused with duathlon) is a term used to describe any sporting event made up of two disciplines. However, biathlon usually refers specifically to the winter sport that combines cross-country skiing and rifle shooting. Another popular variant is summer biathlon, which combines cross-country running with riflery.

1972 Summer Olympics
The 1972 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XX Olympiad, were held in Munich, in what was then West Germany, from 26 August to 11 September 1972. Munich won its Olympic bid in April 1966 over the cities of Detroit, Michigan, USA; Madrid, Spain; and Montreal, Canada. The 1972 Summer Olympics are one of 2 Olympic Games that had a significant criminal incident—the Munich massacre, in which a group of Palastinian terrorists kidnapped and killed several Isreali athletes. The other Olympics with a significant criminal event was the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia, USA—the Centennial Olympic Park bombing. A movie about the Israeli response to this was made called Munich.

Royal borough
Royal Boroughs are districts in the United Kingdom that have been given this special title because they had special links with the Royal family.

Emperor Wu of Jìn
Emperor Wu of Jìn (Chinese: 晉武帝 236 AD - 290 AD) was the founder of Western Jin Dynasty. His name was Sima Yan. He was born in He Nei (present-day He Nan Province). His father was Sima Zhao and Sima Yi was his grandfather. They were the imperial officials of Wei Dynasty and seized control over the imperial court. In 265 AD, Sima Yan forced Emperor Cao Huan to abdicate. In 280 AD, he conquered Eastern Wu and unified China.

Vaishnava
A Vaishnava is a Hindu who believes that Vishnu is the highest God.

John Couch Adams
John Couch Adams (June 5 1819–January 21, 1892), was an English mathematician and astronomer. Adams was born in Laneast, Cornwall and died in Cambridge, England. He was famous for co-discovering the planet, Neptune.

Pygmy people
Pygmies are a group of people who live in Africa. They are known for being very short. One is called "Pygmy", and many of them are called "Pygmies".
Pygmies are short people; their adults have an average height of 150 centimeters or less.
Pygmies live in several ethnic groups in Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Central African Republic, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Angola, Botswana, Namibia, and Zambia.

Itihasa
In Sanskrit, Itihasa means history. For Hindus, an Itihasa is a religious story that tells about what happened in the past. Itihasas are usually epic poems. The three most important itihasas to Hindus are the Ramayana, the Mahabharata, and the Bhagavad Gita.
The original meaning of Itiihaasa had a more precise connotation than the word History. The etymology attested to by Panini indicates itiha to mean ‘thus indeed, in this tradition’.
One of the earliest references to Itihaasa in the literature of antiquity is in Chanakyas’s Arthashastra. Our investigations lead us to believe that the Maurya empire for which he was the preceptor began in 1534 BCE. He defines Itihaasa, in the context of the syllabus prescribed for training of a Prince, with the following words;
Puraana (the chronicles of the ancients), Itivrtta (history), Akhyayika (tales), Udaaharana (illustrative stories), Dharmashastra (the canon of Righteous conduct), and Arthashastra (the science of Government) are known by (comprise the corpus of Itihaasah,) History
Kautilya’s Arthashastra, Book 1, Chapter 5
Thus, History in this definition takes on the meaning more akin to the sense of Historiography and is perhaps even more eclectic and appears to indicate a superset of political science and History as we use them today. We feel vindicated therefore in calling our forthcoming conference a conference on Indian History (http://www.india-forum.com/forums/index.php?showtopic=2088), since we seem to ascribe the same broad meaning that Kautilya did 3 millennia ago.
The quintessential quote is that of Kalhana in the Rajatarangini,12th century CE (1147 to 1149 CE) who is regarded as a modern in Indian parlance
History will be the narration of events as they happened, in the form of a story, which will be an advice to the reader to be followed in life, to gain the purusaarthas namely Kama the satiation of desires through Artha the tool, by following the path of Dharma the human code of conduct to gain Moksha or liberation.
Clearly there is an emphasis on the traditions and on the utilitarian aspect of History, embedded in the etymology of Itihaasa. The reason we draw emphasis to the ambiguity in the use of the word History is that, in our usage, while we adhere to the broader usage of the word History, it makes for clarity in usage if the Civilizational aspects are distinguished into distinct categories

Bhakti Yoga
Bhakti Yoga is a Hindu spiritual practice. People constantly pray to, and think about, a form of a Hindu god, usually Vishnu. It was mentioned in the Bhagavad Gita.

International Society for Krishna Consciousness
The International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON) is a newer religious movement based on Hinduism. It is also known as 'the Hare Krishna' movement. It was founded in 1966 in New York City by A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada. The organization's core beliefs are based on two Hindu scriptures, the Bhagavad Gita and the Srimad Bhagavatam.

A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada
A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada, also known as Srila Prabhupada (September 1 1896–November 14 1977) was the person who created the ISKCON movement.

Purana
In the Sanskrit language, purana means story of ancient times. For Hindus, a purana is a scripture that tells what happened in ancient times. Puranas tell about history, ancient Indian traditions, and what Hindus believe.
Mahapuranas.
Mahapurana means Great Story of Ancient Times in Sanskrit.

Patti LaBelle
Patti LaBelle (born Patricia Louise Holt on May 24, 1944) is an American R&B and Soul singer. She is known for her high vocal belting (using the chest to make high pitch sounds). She is known for such songs as "New Attitude" and "On My Own".

Whitney Houston
Whitney Elizabeth Houston (born August 9, 1963) is an American pop and R&B singer. She is known for her beautiful and powerful voice. She is known for such songs as 'I Will Always Love You' or I wanna dance with some body and her version of 'The Star Spangled Banner.'.She is one of the most succesful female artists of all time. Her most famous albums are The Bodyguard (The best selling sountrack album of all time)her debut album Whitney Houston (The best selling debut album of all time) and album Whitney.She is known as the Voice. whitney Houston also played in the Preacher's Wife. These past few years Whitney Houston has had trouble with drugs. However, Whitney showed her love and devotion to singing by retraining her voice and by making a new album. Whitney's new album comes out in November 2008!

Kami (disambiguation)
Kami (神) is a Japanese word for any of several gods, spirits, or the God of Abrahamic religions.

Folklore
Folklore is the body of expressive culture, including tales, music, dance, legends, oral history, proverbs, jokes, popular beliefs, customs, and more within a particular people. This also includes the oral traditions of that culture, subculture, or group. The academic and usually ethnographic study of folklore is sometimes called "folkloristics".

Kappa (letter)
Kappa (uppercase/lowercase Κ κ), is the letter of the Greek alphabet, used to represent the "k" sound in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 20. Letters that came from it include the Roman K and Cyrillic К.
The letter κ denotes always the sound "k" in Greek. It is customary to translitterate (re-write) κ as "c" in English, but this is somewhat problematic since c is pronounced as "s" before e, i and y, which does not happen in Greek.

Nguyễn Văn Cao
Nguyễn Văn Cao was a famous Vietnamese composer. He wrote the Vietnamese national anthem, Tiến Quân Ca.

Vietnamese Independence League
The Vietnamese Independence League, or Việt Nam Độc Lập Đồng Minh Hội (Việt Minh for short), was a revolutionary group lead by Vietnamese independence leader Hồ Chí Minh. This group defeated the French imperialists during the First Indochinese War.

Kojiki
"Kojiki" or "Furukotofumi" (古事記), also called in English as the "Records of Ancient Matters", is the oldest book known in Japan. The body of the "Kojiki" is written in Chinese, but it includes many Japanese names and some phrases. The songs included in the "Kojiki" are in ancient Japanese written phonetically with Chinese characters. The Kojiki is a text which tells about the creation of the Kami (deities), their brothers and sisters, and the Earth.
A document that is said to be an older work, the "Kujiki" (the "Kojiki" was written around the year 620 AD), also exists, but most experts believe it to be false.

Hindu philosophy
Among the above six schools of Hindu Philosophy, Vedanta is by far very popular. The Vedanta accepts the authority of knowledge portions of the Vedas, called Upanishads.

Guru
In the Sanskrit language, guru means teacher. Eastern religions, such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism and newer movements such as Transcendental Meditation use "guru" as a title. They give it to a teacher (or guide) of religious matters.
In Western usage, every person who has followers is called a guru, even if he is followed for things other than religion or philosophy. Mothers and fathers are a person’s first gurus. A person with knowledge or expertise is also called a guru.
Satguru.
Many Hindus have a satguru as well. Satguru means true guru or true teacher. The title means that his students know that the guru can be trusted and will lead them to enlightenment. A satguru is a great soul who has realized God and is able to lead others along the path. God shines out from the satguru more brightly than from other people because he is very pure and enlightened. The satguru is devoted full time to religious life, is unmarried and has given up all possessions, personal life, family and friends. He has received an initiation from his satguru that gives him great spiritual power and authority. He can teach parents how to raise children, adults how to avoid problems and overcome any challenge in life, and in general he can make people feel close to God.

Moksha
Moksha is the final goal for Hindus. In the Sanskrit language, "moksha" means freedom.

Caste
The caste system is a system in India that was once mainly used by Hindus. It started as a job system. It later became a social class system. There are four castes in this system.

Brahmin
Brahmin is a division of the caste system. A brahmin is a teacher, doctor, scholar, and/or religious person.

Kshatriya
Kshatriya is a division of the caste system in Hinduism. A "kshatriya" is a warrior, ruler, politician, or administrative worker.

Vaishya
Vaishya is a division of the caste system. A vaishya is a trader or merchant.

Shudra
Shudra is a division of the caste system. A shudra is a servant.

Jnana Yoga
In Hinduism, Jnana Yoga is the yoga or practice of knowledge.

Atharva Veda
The Atharva Veda is the fourth Veda, one of the Hindu scriptures.

London Borough of Tower Hamlets
The London Borough of Tower Hamlets is a London Borough a bit east of the City of London and north of the River Thames.

Uriah Heep
Uriah Heep are an English hard rock band. They formed in December 1969.

E-book
An e-book or ebook or ecobook is a book that is on the computer or on a CD. The word "e-book" comes from "electronic book".

Church-Turing thesis
The Church-Turing thesis (also known as Church's thesis, Church's conjecture and Turing's thesis) is a statement about machines (for example computers). It says that a simple kind of computer now named a “Turing machine” is able to do what any machine is able to do. The Church-Turing thesis is similar to Gödel's incompleteness theorems.

London Borough of Brent
The London Borough of Brent is a London borough in north west London and is part of Greater London.

London Borough of Ealing
The London Borough of Ealing is a London borough in West London, it is part of Greater London. It includes the town of Ealing, famous for the Ealing Studios, a movie studio.

Tamamo-no-Mae
Tamamo-no-Mae (玉藻前) is a legendary figure in Japanese mythology and folklore. In the Otogizoshi, a collection of Japanese prose written in the Muromachi period, Tamamo-no-Mae was a courtesan under the Japanese Emperor Konoe. She was said to be the most beautiful and intelligent woman in Japan. Tamamo-no-Mae's body mysteriously always smelled wonderful, and her clothes never became dirty. Tamamo-no-Mae was not only beautiful, but she was very wise in all subjects. Although she appeared to be only twenty years old, there was no question that she could not answer. She answered every question posed to her, whether about music, religion, or astronomy. Because of her beauty and intelligence, everyone in the Imperial Court adored her, and Emperor Konoe fell deeply in love with her.
After some time had passed, the Emperor suddenly and mysteriously fell ill. He went to many priests and fortune-tellers for answers, but they had none to offer. Finally, an astrologer told the Emperor that Tamamo-no-Mae was the cause of his illness. The astrologer explained that the beautiful young woman was in fact an evil fox with nine tails (kitsune), who was making the Emperor ill in a evil plan to take the throne. Following this, Tamamo-no-Mae disappeared from the court.
The Emperor ordered Kazusa-no-suke and Miura-no-suke, the most powerful warriors of the day, to hunt and kill the fox. After escapin from the hunters for some time, the fox appeared to Miura-no-suke in a dream. Once again in the form of the beautiful Tamamo-no-Mae, the fox told Miura-nosuke would kill it the next day, and begged for its life. Miura-no-suke refused.
Early the next day, the hunters found the fox on the Plain of Nasu, and Miura-no-suke shot and killed the magical creature with an arrow. The body of the fox became the Sessho-seki, or Killing Stone, which kills anyone that comes in contact with it. Tamamo-no-Mae's spirit became Hoji and haunted the stone.
Hoji is said to have haunted this stone in the Japanese prefecture of Nasu until a Buddhist priest called Genno stopped for a rest near the stone and was threatened by Hoji. Genno did a certain spiritual ritual, and begged the spirit to consider her spiritual salvation, until finally Hoji surrendered and swore to never haunt the stone again.
In Matsuo Bashō's famous book, "The Narrow Road to the Deep North" (Oku no Hosomichi), Bashō tells of visiting the stone in the Japanese prefecture of Nasu.
Tamamo-no-Mae's legend served as base for the noh drama "Sesshoseki" ("The Killing Stone") and the kabuki play "Tamamonomae" (or "The Beautiful Fox Witch").

London Borough of Hounslow
The London Borough of Hounslow is a London borough in West London.

London Borough of Richmond upon Thames
The London Borough of Richmond upon Thames is a London borough in south west London.

Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames
The Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames is a London borough in south-west London. It is one of three Royal boroughs in London.

London Borough of Sutton
The London Borough of Sutton is a London borough in south west London.

London Borough of Bromley
The London Borough of Bromley is a London Borough of south east London.

London Borough of Lewisham
The London Borough of Lewisham is a London borough in south east London.

London Borough of Bexley
The London Borough of Bexley is a London Borough in south east London.

London Borough of Havering
The London Borough of Havering is a east London borough. Romford is the major centre.

London Borough of Barking and Dagenham
The London Borough of Barking and Dagenham is a London borough in East London.

London Borough of Redbridge
The London Borough of Redbridge is a London borough in north east London.

London Borough of Newham
The London Borough of Newham is a London borough in east London.

London Borough of Waltham Forest
The London Borough of Waltham Forest is a London borough in east London.

London Borough of Haringey
The London Borough of Haringey is a London borough in north London. There are some interesting sights, for example the stadium of the Premier League soccer club Tottenham Hotspur and the Alexandra Palace.

London Borough of Barnet
The London Borough of Barnet is a London borough in north London.

London Borough of Harrow
The London Borough of Harrow is a London borough of north west London.

London Borough of Hillingdon
The London Borough of Hillingdon is London borough, it is the most west borough of London.

John Shakespeare
John Shakespeare (c. 1530 - September 1601) was William Shakespeare's father and husband of Mary Arden.

Norwegian Elkhound
The Norwegian Elkhound is a type of dog that was bred in Norway, where most of them are found. They are fluffy and are working dogs. They are best in colder climates.

Conway's Game of Life
The Game of Life is a cellular automaton devised by the British mathematician John Horton Conway in 1970. It is the best-known example of a cellular automaton.
The "game" is actually a zero-player game, meaning that its evolution is determined by its initial state, needing no input from human players. One interacts with the Game of Life by creating an initial configuration and observing how it evolves. A variant exists where two players compete.
Rules.
The initial pattern constitutes the 'seed' of the system. The first generation is created by applying the above rules simultaneously to every cell in the seed — births and deaths happen simultaneously, and the discrete moment at which this happens is sometimes called a "tick". (In other words, each generation is a pure function of the one before.) The rules continue to be applied repeatedly to create further generations.
Origins.
Conway was interested in a problem presented in the 1940s by renowned mathematician John von Neumann, who tried to find a hypothetical machine that could build copies of itself and succeeded when he found a mathematical model for such a machine with very complicated rules on a Cartesian grid. Conway tried to simplify von Neumann's ideas and eventually succeeded. By coupling his previous success with Leech's problem in group theory with his interest in von Neumann's ideas concerning self-replicating machines, Conway devised the Game of Life.
Ever since its publication, it has attracted much interest because of the surprising ways the patterns can evolve. Life is an example of emergence and self-organization. It is interesting for physicists, biologists, economists, mathematicians, philosophers, generative scientists and others to observe the way that complex patterns can emerge from the implementation of very simple rules.
The popularity of Conway's Life was helped by the fact that it came into being just in time for a new generation of inexpensive minicomputers which were being released into the market, meaning that the game could be run for hours on these machines which were otherwise unused at night. In this respect it foreshadowed the later popularity of computer-generated fractals. For many aficionados Life was simply a programming challenge, a fun way to waste CPU cycles. For some, however, Life had more philosophical connotations. It developed a cult following through the 1970s and beyond; current developments have gone so far as to create theoretic emulations of computer systems within the confines of a Life board.
Examples of patterns.
Many different types of patterns occur in the Game of Life, including static patterns ("still lifes"), repeating patterns ("oscillators" - a superset of still lifes), and patterns that translate themselves across the board ("spaceships"). Common examples of these three classes are shown below, with live cells shown in black, and dead cells shown in white.
The "block" and "boat" are still lifes, the "blinker" and "toad" are two-phase oscillators, and the "glider" and "lightweight spaceship" ("LWSS") are spaceships which steadily march their way across the grid as time goes on. The "pulsar" is the most common period 3 oscillator. The great majority of naturally occurring oscillators are period 2, like the blinker and toad, but periods 4, 8, 15, 30, and a few others have been seen on rare occasions.
Patterns called "Methuselahs" can evolve for long periods before repeating. "Diehard" is a pattern that eventually disappears after 130 generations, or steps. "Acorn" takes 5206 generations to generate at least 25 gliders and stabilise as many oscillators.
Conway originally conjectured that no pattern can grow indefinitely - i.e., that for any initial configuration with a finite number of living cells, the population cannot grow beyond some finite upper limit. In the game's original appearance in "Mathematical Games", Conway offered a $50 prize to the first person who could prove or disprove the conjecture before the end of 1970. One way to disprove it would be to discover patterns that keep adding counters to the field: a "gun", which would be a configuration that repeatedly shoots out moving objects such as the "glider", or a "puffer train", which would be a configuration that moves but leaves behind a trail of persistent "smoke".
Later discoveries included other "guns", which are stationary and shoot out gliders or other spaceships; "puffers", which move along leaving behind a trail of debris; and "rakes", which move and emit spaceships. Gosper also constructed the first pattern with an asymptotically optimal quadratic growth rate, called a "breeder", which worked by leaving behind a trail of guns.
It is possible for gliders to interact with other objects in interesting ways. For example, if two gliders are shot at a block in just the right way, the block will move closer to the source of the gliders. If three gliders are shot in just the right way, the block will move farther away. This "sliding block memory" can be used to simulate a counter. It is possible to construct logic gates such as AND, OR and NOT using gliders. It is possible to build a pattern which acts like a finite state machine connected to two counters. This has the same computational power as a universal Turing machine, so the Game of Life is as powerful as any computer with unlimited memory: it is Turing complete.
Furthermore, a pattern can contain a collection of guns that combine to construct new objects, including copies of the original pattern. A "universal constructor" can be built which contains a Turing complete computer, and which can build many types of complex objects, including more copies of itself. Descriptions of these constructions are given in "Winning Ways" by Conway, Elwyn Berlekamp and Richard Guy.
Iteration.
From a random initial pattern of living cells on the grid, observers will find the population constantly changing as the generations tick by. The patterns that emerge from the simple rules may be considered a form of beauty. Small isolated subpatterns with no initial symmetry tend to become symmetrical. Once this happens the symmetry may increase in richness, but it cannot be lost unless a nearby subpattern comes close enough to disturb it. In a very few cases the society eventually dies out, with all living cells vanishing, though this may not happen for a great many generations. Most initial patterns eventually "burn out", producing either stable figures or patterns that oscillate forever between two or more states; many also produce one or more gliders or spaceships that travel indefinitely away from the initial location.
Algorithms.
The earliest results in the Game of Life were obtained without the use of computers. The simplest still-lifes and oscillators were discovered while tracking the fates of various small starting configurations using graph paper, blackboards, physical game boards (like Go) and the like. During this early research, Conway discovered that the F-pentomino (which he called the "R-pentomino") failed to stabilise in a small number of generations.
These discoveries inspired computer programmers over the world to write programs to track the evolution of Life patterns. Most of the early algorithms were similar. They represented Life patterns as two-dimensional arrays in computer memory. Typically two arrays are used, one to hold the current generation and one in which to calculate its successor. Often 0 and 1 represent dead and live cells, respectively. A double loop considers each element of the current array in turn, counting the live neighbours of each cell to decide whether the corresponding element of the successor array should be 0 or 1. The successor array is displayed. For the next iteration the arrays swap roles so that the successor array in the last iteration becomes the current array in the next iteration.
A variety of minor enhancements to this basic scheme are possible, and there are many ways to save unnecessary computation. A cell that did not change at the last time step, and none of whose neighbours changed, is guaranteed not to change at the current time step as well, so a program that keeps track of which areas are active can save time by not updating the inactive zones.
In principle, the Life field is infinite, but computers have finite memory, and usually array sizes must be declared in advance. This leads to problems when the active area encroaches on the border of the array. Programmers have used several strategies to address these problems. The simplest strategy is simply to assume that every cell outside the array is dead. This is easy to program, but leads to inaccurate results when the active area crosses the boundary. A more sophisticated trick is to consider the left and right edges of the field to be stitched together, and the top and bottom edges also, yielding a toroidal array. The result is that active areas that move across a field edge reappear at the opposite edge. Inaccuracy can still result if the pattern grows too large, but at least there are no pathological edge effects. Techniques of dynamic storage allocation may also be used, creating ever-larger arrays to hold growing patterns.
Alternatively, the programmer may abandon the notion of representing the Life field with a 2-dimensional array, and use a different data structure, like a vector of coordinate pairs representing live cells. This approach allows the pattern to move about the field unhindered, as long as the population does not exceed the size of the live-coordinate array. The drawback is that counting live neighbours becomes a search operation, slowing down simulation speed. With more sophisticated data structures this problem can also be largely solved.
For exploring large patterns at great time depths, sophisticated algorithms like Hashlife may be useful.
Variations on Life.
Since Life's original inception, new rules have been developed. The standard Game of Life, in which a cell is "born" if it has exactly 3 neighbours, stays alive if it has 2 or 3 living neighbours, and dies otherwise, is symbolised as "23/3". The first number, or list of numbers, is what is required for a cell to continue. The second set is the requirement for birth. Hence "16/6" means "a cell is born if there are 6 neighbours, and lives on if there are either 1 or 6 neighbours". HighLife is therefore 23/36, because having 6 neighbours, in addition to the original game's 23/3 rule, causes a birth. HighLife is best known for its replicators. Additional variations on Life exist, although the vast majority of these universes are either too chaotic or desolate.
Some variations modify the geometry of the universe as well as the rule. The above variations can be thought of as 2D Square, because the world is two-dimensional and laid out in a square grid. 3D Square and 1D Square variations have been developed, as have 2D Hexagonal variations where the grid is hexagonal or triangular instead of square.
Conway's rules may also be generalized so that instead of two states ("live" and "dead") there are three or more. State transitions are then determined either by a weighting system or by a table specifying separate transition rules for each state; for example, Mirek's Cellebration's multi-coloured "Rules Table" and "Weighted Life" rule families each include sample rules equivalent to Conway's Life.
Patterns relating to fractals and fractal systems may also be observed in certain Life-like variations. For example, the automaton 12/1 generates four very close approximations to the Sierpinski Triangle when applied to a single live cell.
Immigration is a variation that is the same as the Game of Life, except that there are two ON states (often expressed as two different colors). Whenever a new cell is born, it takes on the ON state that is the majority in the three cells that gave it birth. This feature can be used to examine interactions between spaceships and other "objects" within the game. Another similar variation, called QuadLife, involves four different ON states. When a new cell is born from three different ON neighbors, it takes on the fourth value, and otherwise like Immigration it takes the majority value. Except for the variation among ON cells, both of these variations act identically to Life.
Variation for two players.
In this variation, live cells can have two colours and a player wins when all cells of the opponent's colour are eliminated. When a dead cell becomes live, its colour is determined by the dominating colour of its neighbour live cells (which are exactly three). Start with a random or pre-chosen starting pattern with half the live cells of each colour. After one iteration, the first player may add one cell of his colour and remove one cell of his opponent's colour. After the next iteration the other player can do the same, and so forth.
Notable Life programs.
As there are thousands of Life programs online, a full list will not be provided here. The following is a selection of a small number of programs with some special claim to notability, such as popularity or unusual features. Most of these programs incorporate a graphical user interface for pattern editing and simulation, the capability for simulating multiple rules including Life, and a large library of interesting patterns in Life and other CA rules.
Other websites.
Many Other websites concerning the Game of Life can be found on. In addition, is a blog reporting on recent developments in the Game of Life by many individuals.

Bio Booster Armor Guyver
Bio-Booster Armor Guyver (Viz Media) or Guyver (Chuang Yi Publishing) (強殖装甲ガイバー, Kyōshoku Sōkō Gaibā?) is a long-running manga series written by Yoshiki Takaya

Repulse Bay
Repulse Bay (Chinese: 淺水灣/浅水湾, Pinyin: "Qianshuiwan", literally "Shallow Water Bay") Repulse Bay is a very famous beach in Hong Kong. It is located in the southern part of Hong Kong Island.In 1841, a gang of pirates captured Repulse Bay and lived in there. They robbed the merchant ships of the goods frequently. In order to protect the traders, the British Fleet repulsed the pirates and attacked their base. Due to this incident, it was named as Repulse Bay. During the Japanese occupation of Hong Kong, the name of Repulse Bay was changed to "綠ヶ濱".

Pelagianism
Pelagianism is a theory named after Pelagius. It is the belief that people are not born with original sin and that mortal will is still capable of choosing good or evil without Divine aid. For this reason, Adam's sin was there to set a bad example for those that came after him; other than that it had no consequences. Jesus was there to set a good example, much like Adam's bad example; but again without consequences. Christians that do not follow Pelagianism today believe that Jesus' death was special, in some way. Pelagians do not believe that.
Pelagianism was condemned as heresy at the Council of Ephesus in 431. Today there are no Pelagians left

Goggles
Goggles and safety glasses are thick, plastic glasses worn over the eyes to keep objects out of them. Goggles are used to keep water out of the eyes when swimming. They are also used for safety reasons when working with instruments that can be dangerous, like chemical or when things might fly into the eyes. Special goggles are used for kinds of welding to protect the eyes from bright light.

Urashima Tarō
is a Japanese fairy tale about a fisherman who rescues a turtle and is rewarded with a visit to the Ryūgū-jō, the Dragon Palace. There are many different versions of this story.
Story.
One day, a fisherman named Urashima Taro was fishing when he noticed a turtle, which appeared to be in trouble. Taro saved the turtle and in return the turtle magically gave Taro gills and brought Taro to the Dragon Palace (Ryūgū-jō), deep underwater. The turtle turned out to be the daughter of Ryūgū-jō, a lovely princess. He stayed there with her for a few days, and received a mysterious box from her when he was leaving, which she told him never to open. What he did not realize that time in the Dragon Palace moves an awful lot slower than on land and when he returned 700 years had passed. When he got home he found that all of his family had died long ago. In grief, he opened the box. It revealed itself in a cloud of white smoke, it was his true age, and Urashima Taro aged and died.

Electrical generator
A generator usually means a machine that makes electrical energy. A generator actually is converting the energy stored in a fuel to electrical energy. It does this by burning the fuel in an engine. The engine turns the shaft of the generator head. The head is specially designed so that when it spins, the moving magnetic fields in it make electricity flow through the wires.

Inert gas
An inert gas is a gas that does not usually react with other things. Examples of inert gases are neon and helium.
An inert gas made of only one element is called a noble gas. Inert gases can also be made of more than one element. They can be gases of molecules or mixtures of gases of elements.
Inert gases are used in several ways. A gas made from nitrogen is used to keep vegetables from spoiling when they are transported. Other inert gases are used in welding. They are put into gasoline tanks to help prevent explosions.

Emperor Gaozu of Han
Emperor Gaozu of Han (Chinese: 漢高祖 256 BC or 247 BC – 195 BC) was the founder of Han Dynasty and he reigned China from 202 BC until 195 BC. His name was Liu Bang and Ji was his courtesy name. He was born in Yang Li City. After defeating the great King, Xiang Yu, Emperor Gaozu of Han unified China and became the first emperor of Han Dynasty. Emperor Weidi of Han, Gaozu's son, was the 2nd emperor of Han Dynasty.
Birth.
One day, Liu Bang's mother slept near the river bank. Suddenly, thick clouds darkened the sky and it thundered. Liu Bang's father, Liu Tai Gong, felt it strange and he worried over his wife's safety. He went to find his wife immediately. When Liu Tai Gong arrived, he saw a dragon sleeping on her body. After this incident, Liu Tai Gong's wife had a baby and Liu Bang was born soon.
Appearance and Personality.
According to the Records of the Grand Historian, Liu Bang looked like the dragon. Also, there were 72 moles on his left leg. People saw a dragon following Liu Bang all the time. For the personality, Liu Bang was kind and he loved helping poor people. He liked drinking wines with his friends as well.

Unification Church
The Unification Church is a new religious movement based on the importance of the family in creating a world of peace, started by Sun Myung Moon in Korea in the 1940s.
Controversies.
The Unification Church is a controversial organisation. Some people say it is a cult with bizarre features. For example, Sun Myung Moon's says he is the "Savior, Messiah, Returning Lord" and using a Senate office building for a coronation ceremony. He also said that his teachings have helped Hitler and Stalin be "reborn as new persons". Many countries have recognized the organisation as a bona fide religion for legal purposes. This means the Unification Church has to pay less taxes, or no taxes at all.
Some doubt the organization's religious origins. Frederick Sontag, a professor of philosophy whose view of the church is no longer favorable has studied the Unification Church for 11 months. He concluded that "one thing is sure: the church has a genuine spiritual basis." A German court made a similar finding.
Some detractors have said that the church's main purpose is to advance Moon's political aspirations, such as the formation of a one world government.
Abuse of money.
Critics point to irregularities in the use of money. They highlight the church's role in enriching Moon personally. The Moon family situation is described as one of "luxury and privilege" and as "lavish".
Nansook Hong lived with the Moon family for 14 years. He describes the Unification Church as "a cash operation". He also pointed out there have been questionable movements of money, for example: "The Japanese had no trouble bringing the cash into the United States; they would tell customs agents that they were in America to gamble at Atlantic City. In addition, many businesses run by the church were cash operations, including several Japanese restaurants in New York City. I saw deliveries of cash from church headquarters that went directly into the wall safe in Mrs. Moon's closet."
In the 1990s, thousands of Japanese elderly people claimed to have been defrauded of their life savings by Moon followers'. Moon's church was the subject of the largest consumer fraud investigation in Japan's history in 1997 and number of subsequent awarded hundreds of millions of yen in judgments, including 37.6 million yen ($300,000) to pay two women coerced into donating their assets to the Unification Church.
Recruitment and allegations of brainwashing.
In the United States in the 1970s, the media reported on the high-pressure recruitment methods of Unificationists and said that the church separated vulnerable college students from their families through the use of brainwashing or mind control.
Moon dismissed these criticisms, stating in 1976 that he had received many thank-you letters from parents whose children became closer to them after joining the movement. (In 1977, Moon had a notice posted in all Unification Churches in America, mandating that all members write to their families no less than once every 10 days.)
Moon and his wife were banned from entry into Germany and the other 14 Schengen treaty countries, on the grounds that they are leaders of a sect that endangered the personal and social development of young people. The Netherlands and a few other Schengen states let Moon and his wife enter their countries in 2005. In 2006 the German Supreme Court overturned the ban.
Political activities === .
Critics of the Unification Church have accused the organization of being closely involved with covert CIA-authored operations against communism in Korea during the 1960s. The Church is known to have been involved with weapon and munitions manufacturing in Korea since the 1960s, as documented in a 1978 United States Congressional Report on the Unification Church. The explanation given by Korean Unification Church members is that all manufacturers seeking to do business in South Korea were required to supply the military.
Sun Myung Moon's controversial religious and political Unification Movement, which includes not only the Unification Church but an enormous constellation of civic organizations, including the Washington Times Foundation, is allied politically with evangelical Christians such as Jerry Falwell and Tim LaHaye. Advocates adhering to this point of view have challenged the church's tax-exempt status in the US, arguing that the political activities of church-related groups comprise an impermissible intrusion of the church into political areas.
Rev. Moon's infidelity.
In her 1998 book "In the Shadow of the Moons: My Life in the Reverend Sun Myung Moon's Family", Nansook Hong, ex-wife of Sun Myung Moon and Hak Ja Han's eldest son Hyo Jin Moon said that both Sun Myung Moon and Hak Ja Han told her about Sun Myung Moon's extramarital affairs (which she said he called "providential affairs"), including one which resulted in the birth of a boy raised by a church leader, named by Sun Myung Moon's daughter Un Jin Moon on the news show "60 Minutes".
In 1993, Chung Hwa Pak released the book "Roku Maria no Higeki" ("Tragedy of the Six Marys") through the Koyu Publishing Co. of Japan. The book contained allegations that Moon conducted sex rituals amongst six married female disciples ("The Six Marys") who were to have prepared the way for the virgin who would marry Moon and become the True Mother. Chung Hwa Pak had left the movement when the book was published and later withdrew the book from print when he rejoined the Unification Church. Before his death Chung Hwa Pak published a second book, "The Apostate", and recanted all allegations made in "Roku Maria no Higeki".
South America.
Authorities in Brazil and Paraguay have expressed concerns over the Church's purchases in recent years of large tracts of land in South America, ranging in the hundreds of thousands of acres.
In May 2002, federal police in Brazil conducted a number of raids on organizations linked to Sun Myung Moon. In a statement, the police stated that the raids were part of a broad investigation into allegations of tax evasion and immigration violations by Moon's organization. The Association of Families for Unification and World Peace was the target of the raids, which took place in Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, and the personal residence of Moon's primary representative in Brazil, Reverend Kim Yoon-sang. As of 2008 no legal action has been taken by the Brazilian government resulting from their investigations.
Anti-gay teachings.
Moon has spoken vehemently against homosexual activity. In talks to church members he compared homosexuals to "dirty dung-eating dogs" and prophesied that "gays will be eliminated" in a "purge on God's orders". These statements were criticized by gay rights groups.

Philip Pullman
Philip Pullman (born October 19, 1946) is an English writer. He is the best-selling author of "His Dark Materials", a trilogy of fantasy novels, and a number of other books.

Yomi
Yomi (黄泉), the Japanese word for the underworld in which horrible creatures guard the exits. According to Shinto mythology as related in Kojiki, this is where the dead go to exist and rot forever. When one eats at the hearth of Yomi it is impossible to return to the land of the living. Yomi is similar to Hades or Hell. In the Shintoist tradition, Yomi is known because Izanami retreated to that place after her death. Izanagi followed her there and when he returned, he washed himself, creating Amaterasu, Susanoo, and Tsukuyomi. (See Japanese mythology.)
Yomi is different from Christian Hell in that all souls go there, no matter their actions in life; and one doesn't receive punishment for evils made when alive. It is a dirty and polluted place. In Japanese tradition, pollution is usually associated to evil. By the tradition of Kojiki, Yomi is usually believed to be underground, and its entrance to be located in Izumo province.
Yomi is ruled over by Izanami no Mikoto, the Grand Deity of Yomi ("Yomotsu-Ōkami" 黄泉大神). According to Kojiki. The entrance to Yomi was blocked by Izanagi when he returned to Earth, using a great boulder ("Chibiki-no-Iwa" 千引の岩) at the base of the slope that leads to Yomi ("Yomotsu Hirasaka" 黄泉平坂).

Ryūgū-jō
In Japanese mythology, Ryūgū-jō (竜宮城) is the palace of Ryūjin, the dragon god of the sea. It is located under the sea. Depending on the version of the legend, it is built from red and white coral, or from solid crystal. Those that live in the palace were Ryūjin's servants, which were various creatures of the sea. On each of the four sides of the palace is a different season, and one day at the palace is like 100 years on earth. In legend, Urashima Tarō visits Ryūgū-jō.

Imp
An imp is a mythological creature similar to a fairy or demon, usually described in folklore and superstition. The word is related to "impious".
Imps are usually described as mischievous more than a serious threat, and as lesser creatures, not important supernatural beings. The small helpers who attend the devil are sometimes described as imps. They are usually described as small and very active.
Imps were the common name given to familiar spirits that served witches in the middle ages. Imps were usually kept inside artifacts such as gemstone pieces or vials and summoned for service by magics.

British Asian
British Asians is an ethnic group which includes people who have British nationality but are originally from South Asia. This includes the countries Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal and the Maldives.
The 2001 UK Census says there are 2.33 million British Asians. They make up 4% of the population of the United Kingdom.
British Asian does not include people from eastern Asia. People from eastern Asia are called by their own ethnic origins. An example is British Chinese.

Black British
Black British are people who have British nationality but are originally from Africa or African-Caribbean people or anyone who sees them self as black.
The 2001 UK census says there are 1.2 million Black British people. They are 2.33% of the population of the United Kingdom.
In the past, Black British used to mean any immigrant who was not English, like British Asians, but people say that it was because of racism in England at that time.

Ryūjin
Ryūjin (Japanese 龍神 "dragon god", also called Rinjin and Owatatsumi) was the god of the sea in Japanese mythology. He was a dragon, a symbol of the power of the ocean, had a very big mouth, and could transform into human shape. Ryūjin lived in Ryūgū-jō, his palace under the sea built out of red and white coral, from where he controlled the tides with magical "tide jewels". Sea turtles, fish and jellyfish were Ryūjin's servants.
Ryūjin was the father of the beautiful goddess Otohime who married the hunter prince Hoori. The first Emperor of Japan, Emperor Jimmu, is said to have been a grandson of Otohime and Hoori's. This means, Ryūjin is believed to be one of the ancestors of the Japanese imperial dynasty.
A legend about Ryūjin is the story about how the jellyfish lost its bones. This story tells that once, Ryūjin wanted to eat monkey's liver, and sent the jellyfish to get him a monkey. The monkey managed to escape from the jellyfish by telling him that he had put his liver in a jar in the forest, and offered to go and get it. When the jellyfish came back and told Ryūjin what had happened, Ryūjin became so angry that he beat the jellyfish until its bones were all broken.

Takamagahara
Takama-ga-hara (Japanese: 高天原), literally "High Heaven's Plain" but usually translated as the "High Plain of Heaven," is a place in Japanese mythology. In Shinto, Takama-ga-hara is the place where the Kami live. The legend say it's connected to the Earth by the bridge "Ama-no uki-hashi" (the "Floating Bridge of Heaven"). In Shinto, when a kami is worshipped, it is invited to leave Takama-ga-hara and enter a shrine.

TV Guide
The TV Guide is a magazine with a guide on schedules for TV shows and movies to let people know what will be shown.

Gospel music
Gospel music is a style of music. It is sort of telling a religious story through a song. Gospel music is traditionally used to tell a religious background of an individual. Gospel music is often written to express personal or communal belief, regarding Christianity or to give an alternative to classical Christian music. This music is used to praise, worship and thank God, Christ or the Holy Spirit.

Salsa
Salsa is a type of dance of hispanic origin. Most salsa music comes from Cuba. The music is characterised by the use of instruments such as the trumpet, piano, and percussion instruments like the guiro, cowbell, bongos, and congas. The music related to other styles of Latin music such as the merengue and cumbia.

Gwen Stefani
Gwen Renée Stefani is an American singer. She was born on October 3, 1969 in United States. She has a child and a husband. She has millions of fans around the world.
Early life.
Gwen Stefani was born and raised in Fullerton, California.

Izumo Province
Izumo (Japanese: 出雲国; "Izumo-no-kuni") was an old province of Japan. The territory of Izumo today is part of Shimane prefecture in the Chūgoku region. The origin of the word "Izumo" is from the name of the goddess Izanami. Legends tell she is the mother of Japan, and that she is buried on Mt. Hiba, at the border of the old provinces of Izumo and Hoki, near modern day Yasugi of Shimane Prefecture. By the tradition of Kojiki, the entrance to Yomi (the Japanese Hell) is also believed to be located in Izumo province.

Mount Hiei
is a mountain to the northeast of Kyoto city, located at the border between the Kyoto and Shiga prefectures, Japan.
Mount Hiei appeared in many folk tales in different centuries. Traditionally, people believed it to be the home of gods and demons of Shinto.

Momotarō
Momotarō (桃太郎) is a popular hero from Japanese folklore. His name literally means "Peach Tarō". Because "Tarō" is a common Japanese boy's name, it is usually translated as "Peach Boy". "Momotarō" is also the name of several books, films, and other works that tell the tale of this hero.
The most common version of this tale (from the Edo Period), tells Momotarō came to earth inside a giant peach. The peach was found floating down a river by an old woman without children who was washing clothes there. The woman and her husband found the child when they tried to open the peach to eat it. The child explained that he had been sent by Heaven to be their son. The couple called him Momotarō, from "momo" (peach) and "tarō" (oldest son in the family).
An older version of the story tells the old woman discover the giant, floating peach and take it home with her, as she finds it to be of good color and looking tasty. After eating a piece of the peach, the old woman is rejuvenated and becomes young and beautiful again. When her old husband comes home from the hills, he is surprised to find a lovely young lady in his house. At first he does not even recognize his own wife in her new form, but she explains what happened to him. She then gives her husband a piece of the peach to eat, and he also becomes young again. That night, the couple makes love, and the woman becomes pregnant as a result. She later gives birth to their first child, a son, whom they name "Tarō", as that is a common Japanese name for a first son. This version of the story is the oldest one that is written in old texts, but it appears to have been changed with the version without sex in school textbooks of the Meiji period. The peach is often seen as a symbol of sex or fertility in Japan, because its fruit is believed to be similar to a woman's buttocks.
Years later, Momotarō left his parents for an island called Onigashima to destroy the evil oni (demons or ogres) that lived there. On his way, Momotarō met and became friends with a talking dog, monkey, and pheasant, who agreed to help him in his mission. At the island, Momotarō and his animal friends entered the demons' fort and beat the demons' leader, Ura, and his army. Momotarō returned home with his new friends, and his family lived happily from then on.

Ama-no-Uzume
Ame-no-Uzume-no-mikoto (天宇受売命) is the Kami of dawn, happiness and joy in the Shinto religion of Japan. She is famous for her role in the tale of the sun goddess, Amaterasu.
Amaterasu's brother, the storm god Susano'o (須佐之男命), had vandalised her sacred buildings and killed her maidens because she refused to trust him. Amaterasu became so scared of his wrath that she went to hide into a cave, Ame-no-Iwato (天の岩戸). The world, without the light of the sun, became dark. The Oni (devils of Japanese mythology) came out to the dark world, and the gods could not make Amaterasu come out of the cave.
The intelligent Uzume took a small boat, turned it upside down near the cave entrance, and began a dance on it, tearing off her clothing in front of the other Kami. They thought this was so funy that they laughed happily.
Amaterasu heard them, and looked out to see why the gods were laughing. When she opened the cave, she saw her wonderful reflection in a mirror Uzume had put on a tree, and slowly came out of the cave.
At that moment, the god Ameno-Tajikarawo (天手力男命) closed the cave behind her, so she could not go back in. Another god tied a magic rope across the entrance. The sun goddess was then asked by the Kami Ame-no-Koyane (天児屋根命) to go back with the gods. She agreed, and light came back to the earth.
Uzume is still worshipped today as a Shinto kami. She is also known as Ame-no-Uzume, "The Great Persuader", and "The Heavenly Alarming Female".

Susanoo
Susanoo, (Japanese: 須佐之男命, "Susa-no-O-no-Mikoto"; also romanized as "Susano'o", "Susa-no-O", and "Susanowo") in Shinto is the Kami of the sea and storms.
Susano'o is the brother of Amaterasu, the goddess of the sun, and of Tsukuyomi, the god of the moon. All three were created from Izanagi, when he washed his face to clean the dirtiness of Yomi, the underworld. Amaterasu was born when Izanagi washed out his left eye, Tsukuyomi was born from the washing of the right eye, and Susano'o from the washing of the nose.
The tales tell of great rivalry between Susano'o and his sister. When he was to leave Heaven forever because Izanagi ordered him to, he went to say goodbye to his sister. Amaterasu, suspicious, proposed him a challenge: each of them was to turn an object of the other's into people. Amaterasu created three women from Susano'o's sword while he created five men from her necklace. Amaterasu said the men were hers because they were born of her necklace. Susano'o destroyed her rice fields, threw a dead pony into her loom, and killed one of her assistants in anger. For this, Amaterasu, sad, angry and scared, went to hide inside Ama-no-Iwato, the "heavenly rock cave", so the Sun was hidden and the world became dark for along time.
Amaterasu later was made to come out of the cave, but Susano'o was punished by being banished from Heaven. He came down to the province of Izumo, where he met an old couple. Seven of their eight daughters had been eaten by the eight-headed serpent Yamata-no-Orochi and it was about to come for the eighth, Kushi-inada-hime. After the couple promised their daughter's hand in marriage to Susano'o, he agreed to kill Orochi. With the help of eight bowls of "sake" (one for each head), Susano'o cut the head off the monster when it was sleeping.
From one of Orochi's tails, Susano'o took out a sword, which he called "Ame-no-Murakumo-no-Tsurugi" ("Heaven's Cloud-Gathering Sword"), later known as the "Kusanagi-no-Tsurugi". The sword was given to Amaterasu as a reconciliation gift and was later given to her descendant Ninigi (the great-grandfather of Emperor Jimmu), with the "Yata-no-Kagami" (a mirror) and "magatama" (sacred jewels) as proof of his divine right to rule on Earth (the three Imperial Regalia of Japan).
Izumo.
Amaterasu's shrine is at Ise Shrine, and Susano'o's is in Izumo, where he came down to Earth when banished from heaven. Izumo is home to the oldest shrines in Japan.

Ninigi-no-Mikoto
Ninigi no Mikoto (瓊瓊杵尊) is in Japanese mythology the son of Ame no Oshihomimi no Mikoto, and grandson of Amaterasu, who sent him down to earth to plant rice there. He was the great-grandfather of Emperor Jimmu.
Amaterasu sent him to bring peace to Japan by bringing the three gifts from Heaven used by the emperor. The sword, Kusanagi, the mirror, Yata no kagami, and the jewel, Yasakani no magatama. These three gifts mean to the world that the emperor is the descendant of Amaterasu herself.
The tale of Ninigi no Mikoto being sent to earth is told in the Nihon Shoki.

Preston
Preston is a city in the north-west of England. It is near the River Ribble. It became a city in 2002. This was the 50th year of Queen Elizabeth II's reign.
The city is near Chorley and Leyland. In 2001, a census said that there was 335,000 people living in Preston.
The football team in Preston is Preston North End F.C.. They play at Deepdale. They were the first team to be English football champions.

Onryō
Onryō (怨霊) is a Japanese ghost ("Yūrei", 幽霊) who is able to return to the world of the living to seek revenge. Some onryō are male, mostly in Kabuki, but most of them are women. They usually suffer at the hands of their male lovers when they were alive, because they were weak, but they become strong in death.
In Japanese tradition, the spiritual world has Yomi (hell) on one side and the world of the living in the other. In the middle, there is a waiting area, like a purgatory, where spirits lie in doubt before moving on. Some spirits, especially those of murdered people, can go back to the world of the living, influenced by feelings of anger, sadness, or love.
Onryō and yūrei don't have a particular look. But the popularity of Kabuki in the Edo Period made that a costume was created to show what they look like. This usually included a white burial kimono, long and black, messy hair, and white and purple make-up. The influence of this image can be seen in modern movies about Onryō, like "Ring".

British Chinese
British Chinese, also Chinese British, Chinese Britons or British-born Chinese (often informally referred to as BBCs) are people of Chinese ancestry who were born in the United Kingdom or have moved to the United Kingdom. According to the 2001 UK census, there are 247,403 British Chinese people living in the United Kingdom. They make up almost 0.5% of the population of the United Kingdom.

British African-Caribbean community
The British African-Caribbean (Afro-Caribbean) community are residents of the United Kingdom who are of British West Indian background, and whose ancestors first came from Africa. Around 566,000 people fit this description.

Flag of Switzerland
Switzerland’s national flag was adopted on December 12, 1889, which is one of the world’s oldest flag. The Flag of Switzerland is a red field, a white cross whose arms are one sixth longer than their width. The relationship between the span of the cross and the width of the flag has not been established, but in practice the ratio is about 2:3 or 7:10.
The Swiss cross on a red field ultimately derives from a similar banner of the Holy Roman Empire, and thus has strong Christian connotations. The Swiss flag traditionally stands for freedom, honour and fidelity. The motto "Honor et Fidelitas" was inscribed on the cross of several Swiss mercenary flags of the 18th century. In modern times, through association with consistent Swiss policy, the flag has also come to mean neutrality, democracy, peace and refuge.

Taizu Emperor
Taizu Emperor (Chinese: 清太祖 1559 - 1626) was the founding father of the Qing Dynasty. His name was Nurhaci and Aisin Gioro was his surname. The reign name was Tian Ming. Nurhaci was Manchurian. He was also the creator of the Manchu alphabet.

Japanese dragon
A Japanese dragon, also known as is a mythical animal from Japan.
Like other creatures called dragons, the Ryū is a big, fantastic animal that looks similar to a serpent, and is related to the Chinese "lóng" and the Korean "yong". Like all these Asian dragons, it is shown without wings, has legs with claws, and usually lives in the ocean, the clouds, or heavens. Japanese dragons do not fly as often as the Chinese one, which is the reason why they usually appear much more like serpents. The "ryū" in art has only three toes, instead of the "lóng's" five or the "yong's" four.
Japanese dragons usually live in the sea. This is because Japan is an island, and the sea is present in most of its geography.
"Ryū" originated from China and is one of the four creatures from heavens of Japanese mythology (the other three are the phoenix, turtle and tiger. It has often been the symbol of the Emperor or of a hero.
Dragons in Japanese mythology.
In Japanese mythology, one of the first dragons is the Yamata-no-Orochi, a very big serpent with eight heads and eight tails. The serpent ate girls, and it was killed by Susanoo after Susanoo tricked the creature into becoming drunk on sake.
Dragons in later Japanese folklore were often good, perhaps because of influence from Chinese culture. In Urashima Tarō, the main character rescues a turtle which turns out to be the daughter of Ryūjin, the dragon king of the ocean.

Japanese mythology
Japanese mythology is a very difficult system of beliefs that includes Shinto and Buddhist traditions. The Shinto religion alone has a very big number of "kami" (Japanese for "gods" or "spirits").
Most Japanese myths, as generally known today, are based on the "Kojiki", "Nihonshoki" and some other books. The "Kojiki" or "Record of Ancient Things" is the oldest known book of myths, legends, and history of Japan. The "Shintoshu" explains origins of Japanese gods and goddesses from a Buddhist point of view while the "Hotsuma Tsutae" has a very different version of mythology.
One notable thing of Japanese mythology is that it explains the origin of the Imperial family, and assigned them divinity. The Japanese word for the Emperor of Japan, "tennō" (天皇), means "heavenly emperor".

Huang Taiji
Huang Taiji (Chinese: 皇太極 1592 - 1643) was the emperor of Qing Dynasty. His surname was Aisin Gioro. His reign names were Tian Cong and Chong De. Huang Taiji was the eighth son of Taizu Emperor (Nurhaci). He reigned the Manchu trible from 1627 AD until 1643 AD.
Life.
In 1612, Huang Taiji followed his father, Nurhaci, to attack Wu La. He was awarded "Beile", a traditional title of Manchu nobility below prince. In 1616, he was ordered to deal with governmentaffairs with another Beili, Dai Shan. Huang became the "Khan" (King) of the Manchu trible in n 1626.
In 1636, Huang took control of the southern part of Mongol, the north-eastern part of China and Korea. He started the Qing Dynasty. Huang Taiji died in 1643 of apoplexy.

Japanese folklore
Japanese folklore is the folklore of Japan. It is very influenced by Shinto and Buddhism, the two most important religions in the country. It usually includes humorous or strange characters and situations. It also includes many supernatural creatures, such as "kami" (gods and revered spirits), "yōkai" (monster-spirits) (like "oni", "kappa", and "tengu"), "onryō" (ghosts), dragons, and animals with supernatural powers like the "kitsune" (fox), "tanuki" (raccoon dog), "mujina" (badger), and "bakeneko" (transforming cat).
Japanese folklore is often divided into several categories: "mukashibanashi," tales of long-ago; "namidabanashi", sad stories; "obakebanashi", ghost stories; "ongaeshibanashi", stories of kindness; "tonchibanashi", witty stories; "waraibanashi", funny stories; and "yokubaribanashi", stories of greed.

Pheasant
Pheasants are a group of large birds in the order Galliformes. Males pheasants are usually larger than the females, and they have feathers of bright colours and long tails. There are 35 species of pheasant in 11 different genera.
In many countries pheasant species are hunted, often illegally, as game, and several species are threatened by this and other human activities.
Chukar is the offical "National bird" of Pakistan.

Galena (disambiguation)
Galena is a mineral and an important lead ore.

Polytonality
Polytonality is the use in music of several keys at the same time. Music such as this is called polytonal.
Bitonality is the use in music of two keys at the same time. Music such as this is called bitonal.
Most traditional music is "in a particular key" e.g. in "C major" or in "D major" or in "d minor". Music that is in C major uses the notes of a C major scale.
In 20th century some composers sometimes wrote music which is in more than one key at once. A well-known example is the beginning of the second tableau of Igor Stravinsky's ballet, "Petrushka". The first clarinet plays a melody that uses the notes of the C major chord, while the second clarinet plays a different version of the same melody using the notes of the F sharp major chord.
Composers who have used bitonality or polytonality include Igor Stravinsky, Darius Milhaud, Béla Bartók, Charles Ives and many others.

M1 motorway
The M1 motorway is a large motorway in the United Kingdom. It joins London and Yorkshire. It was the second motorway to be built in the United Kingdom, after the M6. It was the first "urban" motorway to be built in the United Kingdom.
Location.
The motorway is 193 miles (310 km) long. It was built in four phases. Some of the motorway was opened in 1959. Other sections opened between 1965 and 1968. Two extensions were opened in 1977 and 1999.
The motorway is part of the unsigned European route E13.
History.
The first section of the motorway opened between Junction 5 (Watford) and Junction 18 (Rugby). It opened on 2 November 1959. This included two of the motorway's spurs, the M10 at Junction 7, and the M45 at Junction 17. It followed near to the A5.
In 1965, an extension from Junction 18 towards Yorkshire was built. The motorway takes a more northerly route through the East Midlands. It passes near Leicester, Loughborough and Nottingham to Sheffield. Here the M18 splits from the M1 at Junction 32.
In 1972 an extension of the M1 was opened into central Leeds. It was called the Leeds South Eastern Motorway. It meets the Leeds South Western Motorway (M621) at Junction 43.
The first motorway service station was built on the M1. It was built in 1959. It is currently operated by RoadChef.

Teddy Randazzo
Teddy Randazzo (May 13, 1935 - November 21, 2003) was an American singer, songwriter and record producer, best known for his work in the 1950s and 1960s. One of the groups he worked with was Little Anthony and the Imperials.
Randazzo appeared as himself in a 1962 movie, "Don't Knock the Twist", which was about the Twist craze of the early 1960s.

Kaspar Hauser
Kaspar Hauser (born probably 30 April 1812; died 17 December 1833) was a child who lived in Germany. His early life is a mystery. Kaspar appeared in the street in 1828, not able to talk normally, and no one knew where he had come from.
Kaspar is found.
On May 26 1828 the boy who became known as Kaspar Hauser was found in the streets of Nuremberg, Germany. He was dressed like a simple country person and could hardly talk. He carried with him two letters. One letter seems to have been written by a poor workman and it was addressed to a captain in the army. The writer of the letter says that he had looked after the boy since 1812 and that the boy wants to serve the king in the army. He asks the captain to take the boy or to hang him. There is no date on the letter. The other letter looked as if it was from his mother to the poor workman who had been looking after him. It says that the child was born on April 30th 1812 and that he was called Kaspar but that he has no second name. It says that his father was a soldier and that the boy should become a soldier when he is 17. The mother writes that she herself is too poor to look after him.
The boy was taken to an army captain whose name was Wessenig. The only things Kaspar could say (in German) were: "I want to be a knight, as my father was," and "Horse! Horse!" The captain asked him lots of other questions but the boy only cried and said "Don't know." He was taken to a police station where he could only write his name: Kaspar Hauser.
Kaspar is cared for.
He spent the next two months in a tower where a jailor looked after him. Many people came to see him. He smiled, and he walked like a baby. He was probably 16 years old, but his thinking was like a small child, and he would only drink water and eat bread
It took a long time, but Kaspar was taught to speak, and slowly told people about his life. He said that he had spent his life locked up in a small room with only a straw bed to sleep in and a wooden horse to play with. He was only given bread and water. Sometimes the water tasted strange because it had something inside that made him go to sleep. When he woke up from such a sleep he found that his hair and fingernails had been cut. Later he was visited by a man who never showed his face. The man taught him to speak a little bit, and then let him go. Kaspar walked down the streets of Nuremburg and then fainted.
People in many countries heard about the mysterious boy and tried to find out who he was. Some people thought he was related to the Grand Duke of Baden. Some people thought it was all a big joke.
Hauser was then taken into care by a schoolteacher, Friedrich Daumer, who taught him to speak, read and write. Kaspar learned quickly.
Someone tries to kill him.
On October 17 1829, a hooded man tried to kill Hauser with a large knife but managed only to wound his forehead. People were worried that the person might try to kill him again, so he was given to someone else to be looked after. He was given a job as a copyist. Because someone had tried to murder him some people thought it proved that he was related to a noble family in the house of Baden.
Lord Stanhope.
A British nobleman, Lord Stanhope, was interested in Hauser and gave him presents and tried to get permission to look after him. He said that Hauser was Hungarian and not of noble blood. Many historians thought that Lord Stanhope himself might have been from the house of Baden and that was why he was interested in Kaspar.
Kaspar’s murder.
On 14 December 1833, Hauser was told to go to a garden where he would find out about the family he came from. When he got there he was attacked by a stranger who stabbed him in the chest. He managed to get home but died three days later. No one knew who had murdered him, although a strange note was found in a black purse saying that Kaspar would not be able to tell people who had killed him, but that he was from the Bavarian border and that his initials were MLÖ." No one ever found out who the murderer was, and no one ever found out who Kaspar was.
Films, books and art.
The story of Kaspar Hauser has been made into films, both in German and in English. Books have been written about him and lots of people have made guesses about who he might have been. Some people have even guessed that he was just pretending, but it seems unlikely that he could have kept that up for several years.

Twist (dance)
The Twist was a popular dance in the early 1960s. It became famous through a song of the same title, written by Hank Ballard. Ballard's version of the song was not a hit, but a cover version by Chubby Checker became an international hit, and sparked off a craze for the dance.

Cover version
A cover version (or simply "cover") is a song which is re-recorded by a singer or band, after another artist has released a recording of it. Sometimes the versions are similar, but sometimes they are very different.
Many songs become more popular as cover versions than in their original recordings. Paul Revere and the Raiders recorded two songs, "Louie, Louie" and "(I'm Not Your) Steppin' Stone", that were bigger hits for other bands (The Kingsmen and The Monkees, respectively) than their versions.
A few songs are covered so many times by different artists, that the songs become standards. "Without You" (written by Peter Ham and Tom Evans of the band Badfinger) was first covered by Harry Nilsson, then later by dozens of other singers, including Mariah Carey. "Yesterday" and "Something", written by Paul McCartney and George Harrison of The Beatles (respectively), are also standards.

The Kingsmen
The Kingsmen were a popular American band of the early 1960s. Their most famous hit was "Louie, Louie". Many people believed the song contained obscenity or suggestive lyrics, and tried to have the song banned. An American court decided the song was not obscene, and the controversy over the song only helped to promote sales of the record.
The Kingsmen had other hits, including "Jolly Green Giant", a parody of the mascot of Green Giant vegetables. They appeared in a movie, "How to Stuff a Wild Bikini", accompanying Annette Funicello onstage.

Hank Ballard
Hank Ballard (November 18, 1936 - March 2, 2003) was an American musician and songwriter. One of his songs, "The Twist", became a huge hit for singer Chubby Checker, and began an international dance craze.

Disciples of Christ
The Disciples of Christ are an American Christian denomination of churches, which began in the 1800s. Disciples churches welcome members of other churches, and members of the public, to their services. Their most famous slogan is "We are not the only Christians; we are Christians only."

Bruno Bauer
Bruno Bauer (September 6, 1809 – April 13, 1882) was a german philosoper and theologian. He studied the New Testament in depth.

Zsa Zsa Gabor
Zsa Zsa Gábor (born February 6, 1917) is a Hungarian-American actress and socialite. Her two sisters, Magda and Eva, were also actresses and socialites.

Brittany Snow
Brittany Snow (born March 9, 1986) is an American actress. She is famous for her latest appearance in "Hairspray".

Desk
A desk is a piece of furniture where someone can sit and write, often with drawers or other places to put books, papers, and other things. Unlike a table, there is only one side of the desk where somebody could sit.
Desks come in many different sizes. There is a Armoire desk, which is very big. There is also a portable desk which is very small. Desks can be used at home. They can also be used in an office.
A computer desk will have a computer on top. The keyboard and mouse will pull out from underneath the desk.

Coles Supermarkets
Coles Supermarkets is an Australian supermarket chain owned by Wesfarmers (Coles Group before it was taken over on 23 November 2007). With over 750 stores nationally and more than 60,000 employees, Coles currently has the second-biggest market share behind Woolworths Supermarkets.

Empire of Nicea
The Empire of Nicaea (Greek: Βασίλειον τῆς Νίκαιας) was the largest of the Byzantine Greek states founded by the nobility of the Byzantine Empire after Constantinople was conquered during the Fourth Crusade. It lasted from 1204 to 1261.
It ended in 1261, when Constantinople was recaptured.

National Stock Exchange of India
The National Stock Exchange of India Limited (NSE), is a Mumbai-based stock exchange. It is the biggest stock exchange in India and the third biggest in the world in terms of amounts of transactions. NSE is mutually-owned by a set of leading financial institutions, banks, insurance companies and other financial intermediaries in India but its ownership and management operate as separate groups. As of 2006, the NSE VSAT terminals, 2799 in total, cover more than 1500 cities across India. In July 2007, the NSE had a total market capitalization of 42,74,509 crore INR making it the second-largest stock market in South Asia in terms of market-capitalization.
Origins.
The National Stock Exchange of India was promoted by leading Financial institutions at the behest of the Government of India, and was incorporated in November 1992 as a tax-paying company. In April 1993, it was recognized as a stock exchange under the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956. National Stock Exchange of India commenced operations in the Wholesale Debt Market (WDM) segment in June 1994. The Capital Market (Equities) segment of the NSE commenced operations in November 1994, while operations in the Derivatives segment commenced in June 2000.
Certifications.
NSE also conducts online examination and awards certifications, under its programmes of NSE's Certification in Finanacial Markets (NCFM). Currently, certifications are available in 9 modules, covering different sectors of financial and capital markets. The branches of the NSE are located throughout India.

John Whedon
John Ogden Whedon (November 5, 1905 - November 21, 1991) was an American screenwriter. He is best known for his writing for the television series "The Donna Reed Show" during the 1950s. Whedon has also written for "The Andy Griffith Show", "The Dick Van Dyke Show" and "Leave It To Beaver". He is the father of screenwriter Tom Whedon and the grandfather of screenwriter and director Joss Whedon and screenwriter Zack Whedon.

List of Buffy the Vampire Slayer episodes
This is a list of episodes for the American television series, "Buffy the Vampire Slayer". The series began on March 10, 1997 and aired until May 19, 2003. In that time, 144 episodes of the series were made.
Seasons one to five of the series ran on the WB. In 2001, it moved to the United Paramount Network (UPN) for its final two seasons. In the United Kingdom, the entire series aired on Sky One and BBC Two.
All the seven seasons of the series are available on DVDs for regions 1 and region 2. Two all-season collections ("The Chosen Collection" and "The Complete DVD Collection") have been also been released.

Shunzhi Emperor
Shunzhi Emperor (Chinese: 清世祖, 顺治皇帝 1638 - 1661) was the emperor of Qing Dynasty. His surname was Aisin Gioro. Shunzhi Emperor was the ninth son of Huang Taiji and he reigned China from 1644 AD until 1661 AD. During his short reign, he implemented a plenty of policies. He appointed Han Chinese to be the imperial officials. Also, he ordered the Upper 3 banners (Plain Yellow, Striped Yellow, and Plain White) to be under control of the emperor. Moreover, Shunzhi Emperor appointed that eunuchs cound not participate in government activities.

David Greenwalt
David Greenwalt (born October 16, 1949) is an American screenwriter. He was born in Los Angeles, California. He has worked as writer, director and producer on many television series.
Greenwalt is best known as a writer on "Buffy the Vampire Slayer" and co-creator of its spinoff, "Angel". He is also co-creator of the short lived television series "Profit".
On June 1, 2007, The Hollywood Reporter announced that Greenwalt would serve as executive producer and showrunner on "Moonlight", a new series that will debut on CBS in the fall of 2007. He later had to leave the show before it was first aired for health reasons. Executive producer Joel Silver said that his name would remain: "He worked really hard on the arc of the series. He really helped us focus and get started".

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Dong Hoi
Đồng Hới is a capital city of Quảng Bình province, in the north central coast of Vietnam. The city's area is 155.54 km² (60 square miles), population in 2005: 103,005. Urban area is 55.58 km2, urban population is 68,165. Suburban area is 99.69, suburban population is 35,823.
It is located at around 500 km (310 mi) south of Hà Nội (Hanoi), 260 km (160 mi) north of Đà Nẵng (Danang), 1,200 km (750 mi) north of Hồ Chí Minh City (Saigon). It borders Laos on the west, the South China Sea on the east, Hà Tĩnh province on the north, and Quảng Ninh in the south.
Administration.
Dong Hoi is subdivided into 16 subdivisions, 10 urban wards ("phường") and 6 rural communes ("xã").

Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park
Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park (Vietnamese language: "Vườn quốc gia Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng") is a national park in Quang Binh Province, Vietnam. It is about 40 km north of Dong Hoi city. This national park is a UNESCO's World Heritage Site. It protects an area of primitive forest, caves and grottos. This national park has many rare animals and underground rivers. This park has 300 caves and grottoes with a total length of 70 km, of which British and Vietnamese scientists have so far surveyed 20 km. This park has many underground rivers and has biological diversity. In 2003, UNESCO listed this national park in its world heritage sites (natural heritage sites).

Tan Son Nhat International Airport
Tan Son Nhat International Airport (in Vietnamese language: "Sân bay quốc tế Tân Sơn Nhất") is an airport in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. This is the largest airport in Vietnam. It serves 8.5 million passengers in 2006 and 11 million passager in 2007, more than a half of total passengers in Vietnam's airports. This airport covers 850 ha also serve two-thirds international passenger traffic. This airport has a capacity to handle from 15-17 million passengers per year in two terminals. The new international terminal was used on 14th August 2007.
History.
This airport was built by the French colonists in 1930s. During Vietnam War, the United States build more and made this airport larger to serve the war. After the Fall of Saigon in April 1975, this airport was made commercial. After 2010, this airport will be replaced by Long Thanh International Airport.

Romulus Augustus
Flavius Romulus Augustus (461 – after 476), often called Romulus Augustulus ("little Augustus"), was a Western Roman Emperor. He reigned from 31 October, 475 to 4 September, 476. His reign has been used to mark the end of the Roman Empire in the west.

Justinian I
Justinian I or Justinian the Great (Latin: Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus, Greek: Ιουστινιανός; 482/483 – November 13 or November 14 565) was Eastern Roman Emperor from 527 until his death. He is considered a saint by Eastern Orthodox Christians.
Justinian simplified Roman laws. These are now called "Corpus Juris Civilis".

Diocletian
Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus (c. 245–c. 312), born Diocles (Greek Διοκλής) and known in English as Diocletian, was Roman Emperor from November 20, 284 to May 1, 305. Diocletian ended the period known to many historians as the "Crisis of the Third Century" (235–284). Diocletian worked to return Rome to its former glory by making marked changes in key areas.
Religious: He persecuted Christians crucifying more than any other emperor, and promoted the traditional polytheistic religion of the Romans.
Economic: Recognizing a gold drain from the western Mediterranean to the east, he tried to stop the inflation of the region by legislation. He decreed that coins could only be made of gold or silver, stopping the trend of using lead in their creation.
Military: He changed the army from the traditional garrison defense to one that placed small ouposts of soldiers permanently at the border. He recurited local soldiers from the border regions along the Rhine and Danube rivers. These soldiers farmed and lived with their families in a village atmosphere, and lit signal fires on signal towers to warn other outposts of possible incursion of Germanics from across the border. The received regular pay from Rome for their services. He allowed soldiers to move up through the ranks by the accrual of "military credits" earned by years of loyal service and by distinguishing one's self on the field of battle.
Political: He established an autocratic government

Huns
The Huns were an early group of Central Asian equestrian nomads or semi-nomads..

Visigoths
The Visigoths ("Western Goths") were one of two main branches of the Goths. The Goths were an East Germanic tribe (the "Ostrogoths" being the other). Together these tribes were among the loosely-termed Germanic peoples who disturbed the late Roman Empire during the Migration Period.
Most famously, a Visigothic force led by King Alaric I succeeded in storming Rome in 410 A.D.
After the collapse of the western Roman Empire, the Visigoths played a major role in western European affairs for another two and a half centuries. The Visigoths were well known for adopting the Roman Culture and the Roman's style of clothing.

Turkic people
The Turkic peoples are a group of peoples.They are decsended from Japeth. They live in Northern and Central Eurasia. Turkic people speak languages belonging to the Turkic family. A Turkic person is called a "Turk" (e.g. the Kazakh Turks, the Kyrgyz Turks, etc., or in historical context: the Seljuq Turks, the Timurid Turks etc.). There are Turks in many places. They dominate Central Asia, there are many in the Caucus area, Middle East, and Eastern Europe. There are also some in Pakistan and Afghanistan, but are intermixed with the local people, like the Mohajir group in Pakistan. Turkic people can have varying looks, but they usually are black haired, green squinting eyed, and tan white skin. They usually have no squinting eyes in Turkey.

Trajan
Marcus Ulpius Nerva Traianus, commonly called Trajan (September 18, 53–August 9, 117) was Roman Emperor in 98–117. He was the second of the Five Good Emperors of the Roman Empire. Under his rule, the Empire reached its greatest territorial extent.

Amazons
The Amazons (in Greek,) is a mythical ancient nation of all-women warriors. Herodotus placed them in a region around Scythia in Sarmatia. The histories and legends in Greek mythology may be inspired by warrior women among the Sarmatians.

Wurzburg
Wurzburg is a common way in English to spell "Würzburg". Properly the accented letter ü should be replaced with the letter ue, as in "Wuerzburg"

Tammy Faye Messner
Tamara "Tammy" Faye Messner (March 7, 1942 - July 20, 2007) was an American Christian singer, evangelist, entrepreneur, author, talk show host, and television personality.

Sapphire
Sapphire is the non-red type of the mineral corundum, an aluminium oxide (Al2O3). It can be found naturally or it can be made in large crystal. Blue sapphires are the most famous kind, but they can be of many different colors, like amber and orange.
Sapphires have long history. Tradition says that the tablets of the Ten Commandments were made of sapphire, so strong a hammer could not break them, and would break instead if it hit them. The ancient Persians believed that the earth lied on a giant sapphire and its reflection colored the sky. Many other cultures believe that sapphires could be used to heal and calm people.
Sapphires have been used by royalty throughout the ages as a symbol of good fortune, virtue, wisdom and holiness. Princess Diana and Princess Anne both received sapphire engagement rings and the British Crown Jewels are full of large blue sapphires, the symbol of pure and wise rulers.
Sapphire is the birthstone of September. It symbolizes sincerity and faithfulness.

Anne Hathaway
Anne Jacqueline Hathaway (born November 12, 1982) is an American movie and stage actress.

Fear Factor
"Fear Factor" is an American stunt/dare reality game show. It was created by Endemol Netherlands. The program was first aired on June 11, 2001.
About show.
The original Dutch version of the program was called "Now or Neverland". When Endemol USA and NBC changed it to be shown in America in 2001, they changed the name to "Fear Factor". "Fear Factor" has many different versions which are shown in different countries.
The program has contestants compete against each other in a series of stunts. The person who finishes better and/or quicker than all the other contestants gets a prize of US$50,000. For the first five years the program was made, the contestants were usually three men and three women. Each person played for themselves. In the sixth year, the show changed. They started using four teams of two people. The members of each team had some relationship with one another, for example Father-daughter, Husband-wife, or friends. Each team played for a shared prize of the same amount. "Fear Factor" is hosted by comedian Joe Rogan and executive produced by Matt Kunitz. The main music for the program is composed and written by Russ Landau. Other music used on the show is made from rhythmic themes most notably taken from the popular game "Half-Life".
"Fear Factor" was an attempt by NBC to compete with the successful series, "Survivor". The program was very popular for the network in the summer of 2001. It had strong ratings for the next couple of years, but in later years, the ratings were not as good. In 2006, "Fear Factor" was being shown at the same time as TV ratings champion, the Fox talent series "American Idol" on Tuesday nights. It did not get good ratings during this time. During the sixth season, NBC decided to not show the program for the rest of the year to make room for the sitcom "Joey". That series was only shown for a few weeks. NBC canceled "Fear Factor" in May of 2006. The network began showing the remaining episodes of the sixth season on June 13, 2006. These episodes were shown throughout the summer. In 2004, "Fear Factor" became the first network reality show to be syndicated. Over its six seasons, "Fear Factor" earned NBC a reported $600 million from selling advertising during the program.

Joe Rogan
Joe Rogan (born August 11 1967) is an American comedian and actor best known for his role as Joe Garrelli in "NewsRadio" and as host on the TV game/reality program "Fear Factor".
Rogan is also a color commentator for the Ultimate Fighting Championship. He holds a Brown Belt in Brazilian Jiu Jitsu under Eddie Bravo and Jean Jacques Machado.

Endemol
Endemol is a company based in the Netherlands that makes programs for television. The company has subsidiaries and joint ventures in 23 countries. These countries include the United Kingdom, the United States, France, Mexico, Spain, Italy, Germany, Argentina, Poland, Netherlands, India, South Africa, Lebanon, Morocco and Australia among others.
Endemol was founded in 1994 with the combining of the television companies owned by Joop van den Ende and John de Mol. The name of the company comes from the combination of their surnames (Ende + Mol). The company is best known for making reality programs. One of its best known programs is the reality series "Big Brother". This series has over 40 different version which are shown in over 100 countries. The company also makes many different game shows such as "Deal or No Deal" and "Fear Factor". It also creates the popular series '.
Currently, the company is primarily owned by a group of people lead by John de Mol.

Hilton Hotels
The Hilton Hotels brand was re-united internationally after more than 40 years in February 2006, when United States-based Hilton Hotels Corporation purchased the lodging arm of United Kingdom-based Hilton Group PLC, which had acquired Hilton's international operations in 1987 (the companies had been severed originally in 1966).
Hilton Hotels became America's first coast-to-coast hotel chain in 1943. The company places marketing emphasis on business travel, but owns and operates a number of resorts and leisure-oriented hotels as well.
As of April 2007, the chain has 229 Hilton branded hotels across the world and has partnerships with many airlines and car rental companies.

Emily Osment
Emily Jordan Osment (born March 10, 1992 in Los Angeles, California) is an American actress and singer.She is most famous for her roles of Gerti Giggles in the "Spy Kids" trilogy, and Lilly Truscott in "Hannah Montana".

Evolution/VGA stub
In biology, evolution is a change in the traits passed by a group from one generation to the next. These traits are found in the genes, and when they change it is called mutation. Evolution is said to have happened when these traits either become more or less commonplace in a group.
In a person's family, his or her grandparents are one generation. The parents, aunts, and uncles are another, and that person, and his or her brothers, sisters, and cousins, are a third. Even photographs of all these people at the same age would not show very many people who looked exactly the same. This is the fact of evolution: A family, like all groups of living things, is changing from generation to generation in small ways, and these changes can add up over many generations and lead to very big differences.
The theory of evolution tries to explain all the patterns found in the entire history of living things. One part of evolution that explains a lot of what we see is natural selection. Natural selection says that since children aren't exactly like their parents, some of them might have some slight advantage that makes them better able to live where they live. Since they have an advantage, these ones are more likely to survive. Children are more like their parents than other unrelated individuals. So the ones with a slight advantage are likely to have children with a slight advantage, or might even end up with some children with a bigger advantage. After many generations in the same place, the great-great-great-great-etc. grandchildren are likely to be really good at living where they live.

Kerry Katona
Kerry Jayne Elizabeth Katona (born September 6 1980 in Warrington, Cheshire, England) is an English television presenter, magazine columnist and former pop singer with girl band Atomic Kitten.

Atomic Kitten
Atomic Kitten is an English girl group from Liverpool composed of Liz "Lil" McClarnon, Natasha "Tash" Hamilton, and Jenny Frost - who replaced original member Kerry Katona in January 2001. Atomic Kitten has sold over 12 million albums and 8 million singles around the world. Many of their singles and albums entered the Top 40 charts worldwide, such as "Right Now," "Whole Again," "Eternal Flame," "The Tide Is High," and "Ladies Night."

Warrington
Warrington is a large town and borough within the ceremonial county of Cheshire, England. It sits beside the West Coast Mainline, the M6, M56 and M62 motorways, and alongside the Manchester Ship Canal.

Darin Zanyar
Darin (born Darin Zanyar on June 2, 1987) is a pop singer from Sweden.
Darin was the first place runner-up in the "Swedish Idol" 2004, acquiring a fanbase primarily of teenage girls. Darin lives in Vällingby outside of Stockholm. He is of Kurdish heritage, and he speaks Central Kurdish (Soranî). He won the "Kurd of the year" award in 2005 presented by Swedish Minister for Public Health and Social Services Morgan Johansson. Darin released his first album in February 2005, with songs by Swedish hit maker Max Martin and Swedish artist Robyn. The same year he released his 2nd album “Darin” which went platinum and provided him even more success than his debut album. At the end of 2006 Darin released his 3rd album “Break the News”. It went straight to number 1 in the chart and went gold the first day. Following his success in Sweden, Darin signed a new deal with EMI Germany, Switzerland and Austria.

Gästrikland
, is a historical province or "landskap" on the eastern coast of Sweden. It borders Uppland, Västmanland, Dalarna, Hälsingland and the Gulf of Bothnia. The province is the southernmost district of Norrland.

Uppland
Uppland is a historical province or "landskap" on the eastern coast of Sweden, just north of Stockholm, the capital. It borders Södermanland, Västmanland and Gästrikland. It is also bounded by lake Mälaren and the Baltic sea. It has an extremely short and strangely shaped land border with Åland, an autonomous province of Finland, on the small uninhabited island of Märket in the Baltic.
The name literally means "up land", a name which is commonly encountered in especially older English literature. Its Latinised form, which is occasionally used, is "Uplandia".

Västmanland
Västmanland is a historical Swedish province, or "landskap", in middle Sweden. It borders Södermanland, Närke, Värmland, Dalarna and Uppland.
The name comes from "West men", referring to the people west of Uppland, the core province of early Sweden.

Värmland
Värmland is a historical province or "landskap" in the west of middle Sweden. It borders Västergötland, Dalsland, Dalarna, Västmanland and Närke. It is also bounded by Norway in the west. Its Latin name is "Wermelandia"; its English derivative is "Wermland" or similar variation. The origin of the name is uncertain. It may refer to a lake by that name, or to a river.

Gulf of Bothnia
The Gulf of Bothnia is the northernmost arm of the Baltic Sea. It is situated between Finland's west coast and Sweden's east coast. In the south of the gulf lie the Åland Islands, between the Sea of Åland and the Archipelago Sea.

Lolo Ferrari
Lolo Ferrari, born Eve Valois (February 9, 1963 - March 5, 2000) was a French dancer and actress billed as "the woman with the largest breasts in the world", though their size was artificially achieved.
Encouraged by her husband, Ferrari underwent numerous plastic surgery operations to create a 180-cm (71-inch) silicone-enhanced bust (22 enlargements, a Guinness world record).

Fluorescent lamp
Fluorescent light bulbs are a kind of light bulb that uses very hot gas to light up. They work by heating the gas until it turns into plasma - in this way, the electrons and positive nucleii separate and can move across the light bulb to carry charge. When this charge is carried across, it lights up the bulb by current, the flow of charge. It is this flow of charge that allows energy to be dropped from the battery or mains supply to the light bulb and give out light energy.

My December
"My December" is Kelly Clarkson's third album. The songs Never Again, Sober and One Minute have been released.

Tropical Storm Chantal (2007)
Tropical Storm Chantal was a very short-lived storm in the northern Atlantic Ocean that stayed away from land during most of its existence. It was also the third named storm of the 2007 Atlantic hurricane season. The stormed formed from a non-tropical system between Bermuda on Cape Cod, Massachusetts that developed on July 31 with good conditions for further development. The storm had maximum sustained winds of 50 mph (80 km/h) and began to move quickly northeastwards into colder water temperatures. When convection began to decrease, the National Hurricane Center stopped sending out advisories on August 1 when Chantal began to turn into an extratropical cyclone. Later, the remnants moved over southeast Newfoundland, before moving into the Arctic Ocean.
Storm history.
An area of thunderstorm activity developed on July 28 about 100 miles (160 km) east of the Bahamas which was associated with a weak low pressure system. It moved north-northeastward, into poor environmental conditions which left the system disorganized. However, conditions then were forecasted to become better for development, and by July 29 the National Hurricane Center stated that it had "potential for tropical or subtropical development." On July 30, the low passed to the west of Bermuda as it continued moving northeastward, under the effects of a large mid-latitude trough. The system contained an exposed low-level circulation, which from time to time passed under a thick area of convection to its northeast. By early on July 31, ship reports and QuikSCAT observations detected winds of 35 mph (55 km/h), and the center was well-involved enough with the convection for the National Hurricane Center to name it as "Tropical Depression Three" while it was located about 270 miles (435 km) north-northwest of Bermuda, or about 445 miles (710 km) south-southeast of Chatham, Massachusetts.
By six hours after development, the depression had of a somewhat exposed low-level center with deep convection taking up most of the northeastern semicircle. Located over sea surface temperatures of about 80º F (27º C), one forecaster said the depression had "a small window of opportunity... for it to reach tropical storm strength before transitioning to an extratropical cyclone." The system organized further, and based on satellite pictures and QuikSCAT data, the National Hurricane Center upgraded the depression to Tropical Storm Chantal at 1215 UTC on July 31 while located about 330 miles (530 km) south of Halifax, Nova Scotia. By three hours later the system formed a well-defined curved banding features, and Chantal reached maximum systained winds of 50 mph (80 km/h) at 40.2º N. The storm speed up northeastward into an area of cold waters and cooler air, and early on August 1 the National Hurricane Center gave out its last advisory on Chantal as it began extratropical transition.
After becoming an extratropical cyclone, Chantal managed to keep scattered convection near its center, though its main area of convection and clouds moved to its north. On August 1, the cyclone made landfall on Newfoundland along the Avalon Peninsula, and by late in the day the extratropical remnants of Chantal were about 265 miles (425 km) northeast of St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador and moving northeastward at 44 mph (70 km/h).
Impact.
The tropical disturbance that would later become Chantal began affecting Bermuda on July 30, creating scattered storms and increased cloud cover. The next day the system dropped more rainfall as it passed to the west of the island, and in the two day period, rainfall totaled up to 2.12 inches (53.8 mm) at the Bermuda International Airport, being responsible for 35% of the monthly rainfall total. Thunderstorms were reported on the island, and maximum reported winds on the island reached 45 mph (72 km/h). After Chantal passed Bermuda, a ship with the call sign "C60Y4" recorded sustained winds of 37 mph (59 km/h) over the open waters of the north Atlantic Ocean. At around 2300 UTC on July 31, a buoy to the southeast of Nova Scotia reported a pressure of 995 mbar as Chantal passed nearby.
Shortly after the system became a tropical storm, the Atlantic Storm Prediction Center of Canada began sending out gale warnings for the coastal waters off of Newfoundland. Later, the Newfoundland Labrador Weather Office issued heavy rainfall warnings for southeastern Newfoundland. In offshore waters, wave heights reached 20 feet (6 m). Onshore, the storm produced strong winds, with an unofficial recorded maximum gust of 54 mph (88 km/h) reported near where the storm made landfall. The extratropical remnants of Chantal dropped heavy rainfall in a short time scale across Newfoundland; 1.7 inches (43 mm) fell in 1 hour at St. John's West, the highest hourly rainfall total. Across the province, rainfall peaked at 5.9 inches (150 mm) at Whitbourne. The rainfall caused flooding and street washouts in several cities along the Avalon Peninsula. In Spaniard's Bay, the flooding caused a bridge to deprebe pushed down about 1.5 feet (50 cm), resulting in its temporary closure and possible need for replacement. Several communities declared states of emergencies along the Avalon Peninsula.

Flinders Street Station
Flinders Street Station is the central railway station of the rail network of Melbourne, Australia. It is on the corner of Flinders and Swanston Streets next to the Yarra River in the middle of the city, stretching from Swanston Street to Queen Street and covering two city blocks. Each weekday, about 105,000 people and 1,500 trains use the station.
It is serviced by Connex's suburban and city loop services, and Line's regional services.
History.
The first railway station in the Flinders Street site was called Melbourne or City Terminus, and was a collection of sheds. It was completed in 1854 and was officially opened on 12 September by Sir Charles Hotham. The terminus was the first city railway station in Australia, and the opening day saw the first steam train trip in the country. It travelled to Sandridge (now Port Melbourne), over the Sandridge Bridge (which has now been redeveloped in 2006 as a pedestrian and cycle bridge across the Yarra River), travelling along the now light rail Port Melbourne line.
Melbourne's two other early central-city stations, Spencer Street Station (now Southern Cross Station) and Princes Bridge, opened in 1859. Princes Bridge was originally separated from Flinders Street, even though it was only on the opposite side of Swanston Street. Once the railway line was extended under the street to join the two, Princes Bridge slowly became amalgamated into Flinders Street. Federation Square now occupies its site.
In 1882 the government decided to build a new central passenger station to replace the existing construction. A world-wide design competition was held in 1899, with 17 entries received. The £500 first prize went to railway employees J. W. Fawcett and H. P. C. Ashworth, whose design included a giant dome and clock tower. Work began in 1901 and ended in 1910.
Platforms.
Flinders Street Station's platforms are numbered from north to south, with Platform No. 1 being the farthest north, and generally serve specific lines as follows.
Platform 1: Epping and Hurstbridge
Platforms 2 & 3: Belgrave, Glen Waverley and Lilydale
Platforms 4 & 5: Alamein, Blackburn trains on the Belgrave and Lilydale lines (both platform 4 only), Cragieburn, Sydenham, Upfield and Werribee
Platforms 6 & 7: Cranbourne, Frankston and Pakenham
Platforms 8 & 9: Sandringham and Williamstown (Peak Only)
Platforms 10 & 12–14: Various services, depending on day and time.
"Note that the eastern end of Platform No. 1 is designated as Platform No. 14, past the Platform 1 escalators. Platform 11 is out of use and has no track."
Station redevelopment.
Flinders Street is currently undergoing redevelopment. It will involve cleaning and repair, as well as improving general ability for people who are disabled to move around the station.

RIOT!
"RIOT!" is a 2007 album by the United States Pop rock band Paramore. It is the second album to be released by the band.
The band named the album "Riot" because they liked the definition: "A sudden outburst of uncontrolled emotion"

Paramore
Paramore is an American Emo band. They have released 2 studio albums - "RIOT!" and "All We Know Is Falling". Their most recent single is called "Decode". Other singles released by Paramore include "That's What You Get", "Crushcrushcrush", "Hallelujah", "Misery Business", "All We Know", "Emergency", and "Pressure".
Paramore has recorded two songs for the soundtrack of the "Twilight" movie. These include "Decode" and "I Caught Myself". Both of these songs will be used in the movie.
The name "Paramore" is an alternative spelling but means secret lover in french
The band is known for their young age of the members. They are also like other bands such as The make believe and the hush sound in the sense that they have a female singer, but other members are male.

Stonemasonry
Stonemasonry is the art of making things out of stone. People who do this are called stonemasons. Their crafts have existed since the start of civilization. They have made important buildings, structures and sculptures out of stone. This stone comes from the earth. Stone has been used to build many long-lasting things. These could be monuments, artifacts, cathedrals and cities. These can often be seen in many cultures. Michelangelo is a famous stonemason. Some monuments made out of stone include the Easter Island statues, the Egyptian Pyramids and the Greek Parthenon. Stonehenge is also a famous stone sculpture.

Just Ella
"Just Ella" is a book written by Margaret Peterson Haddix. It was published in 1999. It is a retelling of Cinderella with a feminist twist. It shows a different version of happily-ever-after. In the story, Ella, Get Magically Transformed into a fairy.

Ouran High School Host Club
Ouran High School Host Club is a manga created by Bisco Hatori.
The manga and anime are centered around Harauhi who is a girl mistaken for a boy and the Host club which she belongs to.

Wei Yuan
Wei Yuan (Chinese:魏源 1794 AD - 1857 AD) was a Chinese scholar of the Qing Dynasty and he wrote many books on politics in his life. His courtesy name were Mo Shen(Chinese: 默深) and Hanshi (Chinese: 漢士). He was born in Shao Yang (present-day Hu Nan Province).

Herbert von Karajan
Herbert von Karajan (born Salzburg, Austria, 5 April 1908; died Salzburg 16 July 1989) was an Austrian conductor. He was probably the best-known conductor in the world during his time. He conducted the greatest orchestras, and made many wonderful recordings. He was the conductor of the Berlin Philharmonic for 35 years.
Early years.
Herbert von Karajan was born in Salzburg. His name at first was Heribert Ritter von Karajan. In 1916, he went to study the piano at the Mozarteum in Salzburg. There he was was told he should learn conducting. By 1929, he was conducting at the Festspielhaus, Salzburg and in 1934 he led the Vienna Philharmonic for the first time. He conducted regularly in Ulm and Aachen.
In 1937, Karajan first conducted the Berlin Philharmonic and the Berlin State Opera He was very successful when he conducted "Tristan und Isolde". In 1938 a Berlin music critic called him "Das Wunder Karajan" (The Karajan miracle). He started to make recordings. However, one day in June 1939 he was conducting "Die Meistersinger" at Bayreuth in front of Hitler and his guests the King and Queen of Yugoslavia when he suddenly could not remember the music (he was conducting without the score). The singers stopped and the curtain came down. Hitler was very angry and said that Karajan would never conduct at Bayreuth again. This event may actually have helped his career after World War II. Many people who had worked for the Nazis and for Hitler were not allowed to work.
Marriage, and wartime career.
During the war, in 1942, Karajan married Anita Gütermann. She was the daughter of a rich man who had a business making sewing machines. His wife was partly Jewish. This caused the Nazi’s to talk about whether Karajan should still be allowed to conduct. By 1944, he was not in favour with the Nazis, but he was still conducting in Berlin. He left Berlin and went to Milan, Italy with his wife in February 1945. Karajan divorced Anita in 1958.
Although he was deposed after the war because of his Nazi connections, he started to conduct again in 1946.
After the war.
Karajan gave his first concert after the war in 1946 in Vienna with the Vienna Philharmonic. He was banned again by the occupying Russians, but started conducting again the next year.
Karajan gave many concerts with the Vienna Symphony Orchestra for the Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde, Vienna. He conducted at La Scala in Milan for the 1948-49 season. From 1947, he made many recordings with the Philharmonia Orchestra in London and the Vienna Philharmonic in Vienna.
In 1951 and 1952, he conducted again at the Bayreuth Festspielhaus where he changed the seating plan for the orchestra that had been compulsory since Wagner made it in 1876.
In 1955, after the death of Wilhelm Furtwängler, he was made artistic director (conductor) for life of the Berlin Philharmonic. From 1957 to 1964 he was artistic director of the Vienna State Opera.
He very often conducted the Vienna Philharmonic and gave many concerts at the Salzburg Festival. He continued to work very hard performing, conducting, and recording until his death in 1989. In Karajan's last years he left the Berlin Philharmonic after arguments with them, and concentrated on working again with the Vienna State Opera and the Vienna Philharmonic.
His fame and personality.
Herbert von Karajan had very good musicianship and memory. He conducted without a score in front of him, very often with his eyes closed. He is remembered for being very strict (like a dictator) and always insisting on having things the way he wanted. There are many stories about him that show this. He insisted on being paid very high fees. When he was being filmed conducting an orchestra, he wanted the cameras to show him all the time. When he conducted Wagner at the Metropolitan Opera, he made the stand for the conductor higher so that the audience could see him.

Snape Maltings
Snape Maltings is a group of buildings including a famous concert hall in the village of Snape, Suffolk. Many concerts are given in the Maltings. Every year the Aldeburgh Festival has many of its concerts there. The composer Benjamin Britten used to live in Aldeburgh with the singer Peter Pears. They started a music school for young people. The Britten-Pears Foundation still continues today, with many concerts based in the Maltings. This foundation gives young musicians a chance to learn from famous music teachers and perform at concerts. Many of them have recently graduated from a music college.
The buildings on the site are mostly from the 19th century. They are built on the banks of the River Ore. Originally they were built to make barley and beer. When the barley had been malted it used to be sent to London and exported to Europe. The Maltings closed during the 1960s. Since then the buildings have been restored and rebuilt to include the famous concert hall. It was opened in 1967, burnt down in 1969, and rebuilt in 1970.
The Holst Library is connected to the Maltings and is named in honour of Imogen Holst, the daughter of Gustav Holst, who was a close friend of Benjamin Britten and an artistic director of the Aldeburgh Festival from 1956 to 1977.
The concert hall is a place for concerts and many other community activities during the year. Aldeburgh Music have concerts in June, and in August the Snape Proms take place. These are concerts at which some audience can by cheap tickets and sit on the floor at the front. They often take rugs to sit on.

Gladiator
Gladiators (Latin: "gladiatōrēs", "swordsmen" or "one who uses a sword," from "gladius", "sword") were professional fighters in ancient Rome, who fought against each other, wild animals, and sentenced criminals, sometimes to the death, for the entertainment of the public. These fights took place in arenas in many cities from the Roman Republic period through the Roman Empire.
The word comes from "gladius", the Latin word for a short sword used by legionaries and some gladiators.

Ohm's law
where "I" is the current in amperes, "V" is the potential difference in volts, and "R" is a constant, measured in ohms, called the resistance.

Lin Shu
Lin Shu (November 8, 1852 — October 9, 1924) was a Chinese translator. He worked with others to translate more than 170 titles (mostly novels) from English and French to Chinese.

Kamikaze
"Kamikaze" (Japanese: 神風; literally: "god-wind"; usual translation: "divine wind") is a word of Japanese origin. It comes from the name the Japanese gave to a typhoon that destroyed the Mongol fleet in the 13th century and saved the country from invasion.
In Western culture, the word "kamikaze" is used to mean the suicide pilots of the Empire of Japan, and their attacks on the ships of the Allied Powers in the final years of World War II. It has also come to mean other kinds of suicide attack.
Most people in Western culture believe the word "kamikaze" was the name used by the Japanese military for pilots, but that isn't true. Their correct name was "tokubetsu kōgeki tai" (特別攻撃隊), which literally means "special attack unit." This is usually abbreviated "tokkōtai" (特攻隊) in a shortened form. The suicide attacks made by Navy pilots were called "shinpū tokubetsu kōgeki tai" (神風特別攻撃隊, "divine wind special attack units"). The American translators used a different style of pronunciation of the Japanese language by mistake, and read the word "shinpū" ("divine wind") as "kamikaze". The name became popular throughout the world, and after the war, the Japanese also started using it.
History.
After the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, the Japanese Navy and Air force were defeated in several important battles, like Midway and the Philippine Sea. They lost many ships (including nearly all the Japanese aircraft carriers), hundreds of fighter aircraft, and many of their best pilots. The Japanese industry had little resources and was very poor compared to the American industry. For this reason, the United States replaced their lost ships and planes with better ones very quickly; but Japan could only make few, and of poor quality. During 1943-44, the Allied forces were moving towards Japan. At the Battle of the Philippine Sea, on June 19-20, 1944, the Japanese forces were pushed back to the Philippines.
On July 15, Saipan (in the Northern Mariana Islands) was captured by Allied forces. The capture of Saipan made it possible for the US Air force to attack Japan itself, using B-29 Superfortress bombers. After the fall of Saipan, the Japanese commanders knew that the Allies would try to capture the Philippines next. The Philippines were very important because they were located between the oil fields of Southeast Asia and Japan. If Japan lost control over the Philippines, they would have little fuel left for their ships. On October 17, the Allies started the attack on the Philippines in the Battle of Leyte Gulf.
The Japanese were defeated at the battle of Leyte Gulf, but the Special Attack force had great success. The first kamikaze attack took place on October 21, 1944, against the flagship of the Royal Australian Navy, the HMAS "Australia". 30 sailors died in the attack, including its Captain Emile Dechaineux, and many more were wounded. By October 26, 47 more Allied ships had been attacked. Most of them were badly damaged or sunk, like the United States aircraft carrier USS "St. Lo".
This early success convinced the Japanese commanders to continue the kamikaze attacks. Many more pilots were recruited to act as kamikaze. Over the next few months, more than 2,000 planes made such attacks. When the Japanese stock of airplanes began to run low, new models of low quality were built for these missions. Some of them, like the Nakajima Ki-115 "Tsurugi", were made mostly of wood and used stocks of older engines. The plane's landing gear was usually dropped by the pilot after takeoff so it could be used by other aircraft, because he would not be landing again. Similar suicide attacks programs were planned, including rocket bombs with pilots (called "Ohka") and submarine torpedoes ("Kaiten").
The high point of kamikaze attacks came from April 6 to May 25, 1945 during the Battle of Okinawa, in "Operation Kikusui" ("floating chrysanthemums"). In that time, seven important waves of attacks took place, with more than 1,500 kamikaze planes. Because their training had been too short and their airplanes were poorly made, kamikaze pilots were easy targets for the experienced Allied pilots, who also had much better planes. But still, the kamikaze who escaped the anti-aircraft fire and the enemy fighter airplanes did great damage to the Allied fleet. The Allies won the battle, but they lost many ships and men because of kamikaze attacks. By the end of the battle, at least 21 American ships had been sunk by kamikazes. Some ships from other Allied navies were also sunk, and dozens more were damaged.
Hundreds of extra kamikaze planes were ready to defend Japan from the final invasion. However, with Japan's surrender on August 15 after the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the declaration of war by the Soviet Union, they were never used.
Effects.
The most important effect of the attacks was creating fear among the Allied troops. When the American ships went to the last battles, the crews were very afraid of kamikaze pilots. By the end of World War II, the Japanese Navy had sacrificed 2,525 kamikaze pilots, and the Air force had lost 1,387. The Japanese government said, the missions sank 81 ships and damaged 195. They also claimed that the kamikaze attacks were the cause of 80% of Allied deaths in the last years of the War.
The American sources claim that kamikaze sunk less ships than the Japanese say. But still, they agree that they did very important damage. According to a U.S. Air Force source, the Kamikaze attackers sunk 34 Navy ships, damaged 368 others, killed 4,900 sailors, and wounded over 4,800. In a 2004 book, "World War II", the historians Wilmott, Cross & Messenger say that more than 70 U.S. ships were "sunk or damaged beyond repair" by kamikazes.
Kamikaze beliefs.
Many kamikaze pilots offered themselves as volunteers for the mission. They were usually very young, between 18 and 24 years old. Their belief was that dying when striking the enemies of Japan and the Emperor down was a very honorable death. This principle was traditional since the days of the samurai, and gave great importance to the sense of duty and obedience. This idea was called "Giri" ("Right Reason"), and was part of the code of conduct of the Japanese warriors since the Middle Ages, the "Bushido". Many young men sacrificed themselves by their free will because these beliefs and their love for the home land were the most important things for them. Many of them were so excited to go to combat, that they became very sad and violent if they couldn't go because of bad weather or for other reasons. The "tokkōtai" pilot's manual told pilots to never close their eyes. This was because if a pilot closed his eyes he would miss his target. In the final moments before the crash, the pilot was to shout "Hissatsu!" ("Sink without fail!") as loud as he could.
A special ceremony before going to combat usually took place. Pilots drank sake and ate a ball of rice. They were given medals, and a katana sword. They put on a headband with the rising sun, and a "sennibari", a "belt of a thousand stitches" made by a thousand women, who made one stitch each. Many times, they took prayers written by their families with them. According to legend, young pilots on kamikaze missions many times flew southwest from Japan over the 922 metre (~3000 ft) Mount Kaimon. Suicide mission pilots looked over their shoulders to see this, and said farewell to their country. Another legend says that kamikaze pilots dropped flowers from the air, as they departed on their final missions. Some places, like the hills near Kikajima airport, are said to have beds of cornflower that bloom in early May from those days.

Ü
Ü or ü is not a letter used in English, but is used in some other languages.
Germany and Austria.
Ü or ü is one of the 4 extra letters used in German. It can be replaced by using the letters Ue or ue. In English language newspapers it is often written as U or u but this is not correct.
Internet addresses are written as "ue" because the internet address system can only understand ordinary English letters.
Switzerland.
German is one of the official languages of Switzerland, but people from Switzerland who speak German do not use the extra letter, they always use ue.

Umlaut
The umlaut is the name of the two small dots above the letters A, O, and U in German. Without umlauts those three letters said [a], [o], and [u], but when the umlauts are put over them, Ä, Ö, and Ü change to be said like [ɛ], [œ]/[ø] and [y]/[ʏ].
Ü or ü is not a letter used in English, but is used in some other languages.

Ö
Ö or ö is not a letter used in English, but is used in some other languages.
Germany and Austria.
Ö or ö is one of the 4 extra letters used in German. It can be replaced by using the letters Oe or oe. In English language newspapers it is often written as O or o but this is not correct.
Internet addresses are written as "oe" because the internet address system can only understand ordinary English letters.
Switzerland.
German is one of the official languages of Switzerland, but people from Switzerland who speak German do not use the extra letter, they always use oe.

List of Emperors of China
This is a list of the Emperors of China from 221 BC until 1911 AD.
Emperors of the Ming Dynasty (1368 AD - 1644 AD).
Hongwu Emperor | Jianwen Emperor | Yongle Emperor | Hongxi Emperor | Xuande Emperor | Qianlong Emperor | Zhengtong Emperor | Jingtai Emperor | Chenghua Emperor | Hongzhi Emperor | Zhengde Emperor | Jiajing Emperor | Longqing Emperor | Wanli Emperor | Taichang Emperor | Tianqi Emperor | Chongzhen Emperor
Emperors of the Qing Dynasty (1644 AD - 1911 AD).
Taizu Emperor | Huang Taiji | Shunzhi Emperor | Kangxi Emperor | Yongzheng Emperor | Qianlong Emperor | Jiaqing Emperor | Daoguang Emperor | Xianfeng Emperor | Tongzhi Emperor | Guangxu Emperor | Xuantong Emperor

Ä
Ä or ä is not a letter used in English, but is used in some other languages.
Germany and Austria.
Ä or ä is one of the 4 extra letters used in German. It can be replaced by using the letters Ae or ae. In English language newspapers it is often written as A or a but this is not correct.
Internet addresses are written as "ae" because the internet address system can only understand ordinary English letters.
Switzerland.
German is one of the official languages of Switzerland, but people from Switzerland who speak German do not use the extra letter, they always use ae.

Ulyanovsk
Ulyanovsk (Russian: Улья́новск), formerly Simbirsk (Симби́рск), is a city on the Volga River in Russia. Ulyanovsk had a population of 638,300 in 2005. It is the administrative center of Ulyanovsk Oblast. In 1924, the city was renamed Ulyanovsk after Vladimir Ulyanov, better known as Lenin, who was born there.

Age of Enlightenment
The Age of Enlightenment was an eighteenth century cultural movement in Europe. It had its center in France and there it was led by philosophers like Voltaire and Denis Diderot. Diderot spread the enlightenment's ideas with the Encyclopédie, the first big public book of reference.
The most important idea of the Enlightenment was the belief in people's reason. All people are capable of thinking for themselves. Therefore, you shouldn't uncritically believe in things those in power and other authorities claim. You don't even have to believe what the church are teaching or what the priests are preaching. Another important thought was that the society is best developed by equal humans in cooperation. It was thought that the special rights and privilege of the nobility therefore should be abolished.
This were dangerous thoughts for those in power, and many enlightenment philosophers were at times in prison or were forced to go into exile. The ideas of the Age of Enlightenment also contributed to the French revolution 1789. But some regents took impression of the ideas of the Age of Enlightenment and carried reforms through in their countries, but they kept the power for themselves. Examples of these so called "enlightened absolutists" includes Catherine the Great of Russia, Frederick the Great of Prussia and Gustav III of Sweden.
During this period of time the Enlightenment many people began to use reason. People became to disagree with the idea that God created the world. This brought on conflicts and later on war. The Enlightenment is held to be the source of critical ideas, such as the centrality of freedom, democracy and reason as primary values of society. This view argues that the establishment of a contractual basis of rights would lead to the mechanism and capitalism, the scientific method, religious tolerance, and the organization of states into self-governing republics through democratic means. In this view, the tendency of the philosophies in particular to apply rationality to every problem is considered the essential change. From this point on, thinkers and writers were held to be free to pursue the truth in whatever form, without the threat of violating established ideas.
The Enlightenment also had an effect on Many of the Founding Fathers of America. They were influenced by Enlightenment ideas of duties and role of government for the people.

Bird of prey
Birds of prey (also called raptors) are birds that mainly use their claws (called "talons") to hunt for food. They cannot be classified into one natural family or group. The behaviour showed multiple times in different groups. This is known as convergent evolution.
Different groups.
Those bird of prey that are active during the day (diurnal) are classified as follows (All: Falconiformes)
The New World vultures are usually also regarded as birds of prey, although they may not be closely related to the other groups.

O RLY?
O RLY? is an Internet meme often used in chat rooms or fora. It is short for Oh, really?. O RLY is used as a response to an above post or comment to show (sarcastically) that it is obvious, clear, or apparent. O RLY? is usually followed by YA RLY?, then NO WAI. This sarcasm is not to be confused with trolling, disrupting a forum, or a chat room. The meme has spread on many forums, across the Internet.

World Peace One
"World Peace One is a concert event that will take place in 16 cities for 30 hours straight on December 8 and 9, 2007. Its purpose is to raise awareness for world peace, and to raise money for humanitarian relief. The team behind this is called World Peace One-World Peace Ten.

Jeffrey Buttle
Jeffrey Buttle (born September 1, 1982) is a figure skater from Canada. He has won the national championships for Canada three times and won the bronze medal (third place) at the 2006 Winter Olympics. He has twice won the Four Continents Figure Skating Championships, a competition for skaters from countries that are not in Europe.
Buttle is known for his high-level skating skills. He has deep edges in his skating, making his skating fun to watch even when he does not perform any jumps. He is known for his spread eagle and his Ina Bauer.

Ina Bauer
An Ina Bauer is a figure skating element. It is named after a figure skater from Germany named Ina Bauer, who invented the position.
The Ina Bauer is performed by placing the feet in the fourth position in ballet. The front leg is bent forwards at the knee and the back leg is extended behind the skater. The front leg can be either on an inside edge or an outside edge. An outside edge Ina Bauer is harder to do. While the skater skates in a curve across the ice (necessary because of the skate positions), the back can be bent backwards. This is not mandatory, but it does add to the element.
The Ina Bauer is a famous move in Japan because it was performed by Shizuka Arakawa during her long program at the 2006 Winter Olympics, which she won. Because she bends back so far during the move, the term in Japanese has come to mean anything having to do with bending backwards.

Shawn Sawyer
Shawn Sawyer (born January 14, 1985 in Edmundston, New Brunswick) is a Canadian figure skater. He won the bronze medal two times at the Canadian national championships. He skated at the 2006 Winter Olympics and came in 12th.
Biography.
Unlike most figure skaters who spin on the ice and during their jumps in a counter-clockwise motion, Sawyer is one of few skaters who jumps and spins in a clockwise direction. Other skaters who rotate "lefty" are Johnny Weir and Alissa Czisny.
Sawyer is known for his great flexibility and his artistry on the ice. Most male skaters do not perform spirals during competition because they do not get credit for doing them. Sawyer uses them to highlight his skating and as difficulty entrances. They are also a major part of his non-competitive ("exhibiton") programs. Sawyer's spirals and flexible spins have given him a different look from most other skaters and have helped his popularity.
Sawyer is often compared to Canadian Olympic bronze medalist Toller Cranston. When Sawyer was 12, Cranston was about to retire from show skating. Cranston put together a televised show in which he and other top ranked skaters, including Scott Hamilton, skated with Sawyer and gave him advice. Cranston still advises Sawyer.
Sawyer can perform a backflip on ice. He was taught this move by Brian Orser.
Sawyer has performed the Biellmann spin in exhibition when he was a junior-level skater, but has since stopped training it. Still, he remains one of the few male skaters to have ever performed this move.

Brian Orser
Brian Orser (born on December 18, 1961 in Belleville, Ontario, Canada) is a figure skater from Canada. He won two silver medals (second place) at the Olympics: the first in 1984 and the second in 1988.
At the 1988 Olympics, he was part of the "Battle of the Brians". He and American Brian Boitano were both favorites to win the competition. Boitano won it in a very close call over Orser.
In 1998, an ex-boyfriend of Orser announced in a court of law that Orser was gay. Orser did not want this known at first. He thought that people knowing that he was gay would affect his career in a negative way. However, he has since embraced being "outed".
Orser retired from show skating in 2007. He now is a co-director of skating at a rink in Toronto. He coaches World bronze medalist Kim Yu-Na of South Korea.

Kim Yu-Na
Kim Yu-Na (her family name is Kim, her personal name is Yu-Na) is a figure skater from South Korea. She is the first South Korean figure skater to win international medals. She won the silver medal at the 2005 World Junior Figure Skating Championships, a world-level competition for Junior-age skaters. The next year she won the gold medal over Mao Asada of Japan.
In 2006/2007 season, she changed coaches to Brian Orser and moved to Canada to train with him. Orser coached Kim to win the Grand Prix Final, a major skating accomplishment.
Kim has had a lot of injuries. A back injury kept her away from the 2007 South Korean national championships. Despite this, she went to the World Championships later that year. She placed 3rd, winning the first medal ever for South Korea at that event and the first medal for South Korea at a senior-level ISU championships.
Kim is known for her great skating technique and musical expression.

Christopher Mabee
Christopher Mabee (born on August 26, 1985 in Tillsonburg, Ontario) is a figure skater from Canada. He won the silver medal (second place) at the 2007 national championships. This earned him a spot to the 2007 World Championships, his first time ever at that competition.
Mabee is a good friends with Jeffrey Buttle. They train together and have the same coach.
Mabee's rise to the top of Canadian skating has been slow and steady. In the 2003/2004 season, he won the bronze medal at the Junior Grand Prix Final. He is the second Canadian man to ever win a medal at that competition (after Fedor Andreev).
Mabee just barely missed a place to the 2006 Winter Olympics. However, instead of going to that competition, he went to the 2006 Four Continents Figure Skating Championships, a competition for skaters from countries that are not in Europe. He won the silver medal at that competition.
Mabee is well liked by the crowds in exhibition. He is known for his humor on the ice. He often chooses music that makes fun of himself or is light-hearted. At the 2006 Four Continents, he skated a program to "Play that funky music, white boy". At the 2006 Nationals, he started his exhibition with a funny song about his home town of Tillsonburg.

Tanith Belbin
Tanith Jessica Louise Belbin (born July 11, 1984 in Kingston, Ontario, Canada) is a Canadian-American ice dancer. She is a citizen of both Canada and the United States. Her skating partner is Benjamin Agosto.
Belbin was born in Canada and lived in various places like Montreal until she was thirteen years old. At the age of thirteen, she moved to the United States to skate with Agosto. They are coached by Igor Shpilband. He is the one who paired them together.
Belbin & Agosto had success immediately on the Junior level. They won a medal of every color at the World Junior Figure Skating Championships between 2000 and 2002. They qualified to skate for the United States at the 2002 Winter Olympics. However, in order to do this, both partners would need to be citizens of the United States and Belbin had not yet gotten American citizenship.
In 2004, Belbin and Agosto won their first national title.
In 2005, Belbin and Agosto won their first World medal. This was the first World medal for the United States in ice dancing in 20 years. Their silver medal at this competition, along with how well the other American team did, earned the United States three spots on the Olympic team. However, this would not have done them any good because Belbin was still not an American citizen. If she had applied for citizenship, she would have gotten her citizenship in time for the 2006 Olympics. Because of rules changes after she had applied, she could not go back and take advantage of other rules, so she and Agosto thought they would have to miss the 2006 Olympics. But a special law was passed allowing her to take advantage of the sped-up process. Belbin was sworn in as an American citizen on December 31, 2005.
At the 2006 Winter Olympics, Belbin and Agosto won the first ice dancing medal (a silver) for the United States since 1976.
Belbin and Agosto are known for their connection, lifts, and skating skills. They have very good footwork.

Benjamin Agosto
Benjamin Alexandro "Ben" Agosto (born January 15, 1982, in Chicago, Illinois) is an American ice dancer. His skating partner is Tanith Belbin.
Agosto originally skated with Katy Hill in the Chicago area. In 1998, he moved to Michigan and he teamed up with Belbin. They are coached by Igor Shpilband. Shpilband is the one who paired them together.
Belbin & Agosto had success immediately on the Junior level. They won a medal of every color at the World Junior Figure Skating Championships between 2000 and 2002. They qualified to skate for the United States at the 2002 Winter Olympics. However, in order to do this, both partners would need to be citizens of the United States and Belbin had not yet gotten American citizenship.
In 2004, Belbin and Agosto won their first national title.
In 2005, Belbin and Agosto won their first World medal. This was the first World medal for the United States in ice dancing in 20 years. Their silver medal at this competition, along with how well the other American team did, earned the United States three spots on the Olympic team. However, this would not have done them any good because Belbin was still not an American citizen. If she had applied for citizenship, she would have gotten her citizenship in time for the 2006 Olympics. Because of rules changes after she had applied, she could not go back and take advantage of other rules, so she and Agosto thought they would have to miss the 2006 Olympics. But a special law was passed allowing her to take advantage of the sped-up process. Belbin was sworn in as an American citizen on December 31, 2005.
At the 2006 Winter Olympics, Belbin and Agosto won the first ice dancing medal (a silver) for the United States since 1976.
Belbin and Agosto are known for their connection, lifts, and skating skills. They have very good footwork.

Ice dancing
Ice dancing is a form of figure skating which draws from the world of ballroom dancing. It was first competed at the World Figure Skating Championships in 1952, but did not become a Winter Olympic Games medal sport until 1976. As in pair skating, dancers compete as a couple consisting of a man and a woman.
Ice dance differs from pair skating by not allowing the man to lift the woman above his head. Skaters also must stay close together. They may not perform jumps.
Ice dancing is the only form of figure skating to allow vocal music in official competitions.

Charlie White
Charlie White is an ice dancer from the United States. His skating partner is Meryl Davis. They won the junior title at the United States national championships in 2006. In 2007, they won the bronze medal (third place) on the senior level, becoming the first team since Tanith Belbin & Benjamin Agosto to go from being junior national champions to World team members in one season.
Davis and White have skated together since 1997. They are the longest-lasting team still skating in the United States.
In 2006, Davis and White won the bronze medal at the World Junior Figure Skating Championships. Later that year, they became the first team in the world to get the highest level of difficulty for one of their programs. This happened at the 2006 NHK Trophy and put them immediately into the skating spotlight.
In 2007, they won the bronze medal at Nationals. At the World Championships, they placed 7th. This was the highest placement for a US team at their first World Championships since 1980.
Davis and White are coached by Igor Shpilband and Marina Zueva.
White previously competed internationally as a single skater and nationally as a hockey player. He gave up hockey after breaking his ankle doing it and making him and Davis miss most of the 2004-2005 competitive season. He gave up single skating in 2006 to focus on ice dancing at the senior level.

Meryl Davis
Meryl Davis is an ice dancer from the United States. Her skating partner is Charlie White. They won the junior title at the United States national championships in 2006. In 2007, they won the bronze medal (third place) on the senior level, becoming the first team since Tanith Belbin & Benjamin Agosto to go from being junior national champions to World team members in one season.
Davis and White have skated together since 1997. They are the longest-lasting team still skating in the United States.
In 2006, Davis and White won the bronze medal at the World Junior Figure Skating Championships. Later that year, they became the first team in the world to get the highest level of difficulty for one of their programs. This happened at the 2006 NHK Trophy and put them immediately into the skating spotlight.
In 2007, they won the bronze medal at Nationals. At the World Championships, they placed 7th. This was the highest placement for a US team at their first World Championships since 1980.
Davis and White are coached by Igor Shpilband and Marina Zueva.

Treaty of Shimonoseki
The Treaty of Shimonoseki (Chinese: 馬關條約 Japanese: 下関条約) was signed between the Qing Dynasty and Empire of Japan at Shimonoseki in 1895 AD. It ended the First Sino-Japanese War (1894 AD - 1895 AD).

Tessa Virtue
Tessa Virtue is an ice dancer from Canada. Her skating partner is Scott Moir. Virtue and Moir have been skating together since 1997.
Virtue and Moir were the most successful junior-level Candian ice dancers ever. They won Canada's first gold medal in ice dancing at the World Junior Figure Skating Championships in 2006. In that year, they also won the bronze medal at the Four Continents Figure Skating Championships, a senior-level competition for skaters who are from countries that are not in Europe.
In their first full season skating at the senior level, Virtue and Moir won the silver medal (second place) at the Skate Canada International and again at Nationals. Their debut at the World Championships was the highest debut by any team in over two decades when they placed 6th. This made them immediately seeded skaters going into the 2007/2008 season.
Virtue and Moir are known for their artistry, musicality, and grace on the ice. They often look as if they were dancing, not skating. They have a close connection. While most of their programs have been soft and romantic, Virtue and Moir have also done humorous programs in exhibition.
Virtue and Moir are coached by Igor Shpilband and Marina Zueva.

Scott Moir
Scott Moir is an ice dancer from Canada. His skating partner is Tessa Virtue. Virtue and Moir have been skating together since 1997.
Virtue and Moir were the most successful junior-level Candian ice dancers ever. They won Canada's first gold medal in ice dancing at the World Junior Figure Skating Championships in 2006. In that year, they also won the bronze medal at the Four Continents Figure Skating Championships, a senior-level competition for skaters who are from countries that are not in Europe.
In their first full season skating at the senior level, Virtue and Moir won the silver medal (second place) at the Skate Canada International and again at Nationals. Their debut at the World Championships was the highest debut by any team in over two decades when they placed 6th. This made them immediately seeded skaters going into the 2007/2008 season.
Virtue and Moir are known for their artistry, musicality, and grace on the ice. They often look as if they were dancing, not skating. They have a close connection. While most of their programs have been soft and romantic, Virtue and Moir have also done humorous programs in exhibition.
Virtue and Moir are coached by Igor Shpilband and Marina Zueva.
Moir comes from a family of skaters. His older brother Danny competed internationally on the junior level with one of his cousins. That cousin now skates competitively as a synchronized skater. Other relatives of Moir's are judges and coaches.

Albena Denkova
Albena Denkova (born December 3, 1974 in Sofia) is an ice dancer from Bulgaria. Her skating partner and fiancee is Maxim Staviski.
Denkova and Staviski are the first Bulgarian skaters to win Worlds, which they did in 2006 and 2007.
In 2006, Denkova was elected as the president of the Bulgarian figure skating federation.
After 2007 Worlds, Denkova and Staviski did not announce if they would retire, leaving it open. However, in the summer of 2007, Staviski was involved in a fatal car crash that killed a man and left someone else in a coma. Staviski survived unharmed. However, he was legally drunk. Denkova and Staviski have withdrawn from the Grand Prix events they were scheduled to attend. Denkova has not made an official announcement as to their retirement, but if Staviski goes to jail, they will be unable to compete.
Denkova's younger sister Ina Demireva is also an ice dancer.
Denkova and Staviski are known for being pioneers of dance lifts. They invented or popularized most of the ice dance lifts currently in use at the international level.

Maxim Staviski
Maxim Staviski () (born November 16, 1977, in Rostov-on-Don, Soviet Union (now Russia)) is an ice dancer from Bulgaria. His skating partner and fiancee is Albena Denkova.
Staviski originally competed for the Soviet Union and later Russia. He moved to Bulgaria when he started skating with Denkova. He has acquired Bulgarian citizenship and considers himself wholly Bulgarian. He was insulted when a reporter told him he was the only Russian skater to win a gold medal at the 2006 World Championships.
Denkova and Staviski are the first Bulgarian skaters to win Worlds, which they did in 2006 and 2007.
After 2007 Worlds, Denkova and Staviski did not announce if they would retire, leaving it open. However, in the summer of 2007, Staviski was involved in a fatal car crash that killed a man and left someone else in a coma. Staviski survived unharmed. However, he was legally drunk. Denkova and Staviski have withdrawn from the Grand Prix events they were scheduled to attend. Denkova has not made an official announcement as to their retirement, but if Staviski goes to jail, they will be unable to compete.
Denkova and Staviski are known for being pioneers of dance lifts. They invented or popularized most of the ice dance lifts currently in use at the international level.

First Sino-Japanese War
The First Sino-Japanese War (Chinese: 中日甲午戰爭 Japanese: 日清戦争 1 August 1894–17 April 1895) was a war between the Qing Dynasty and the Empire of Japan. Finally, the Empire of Japan won the war. They signed the Treaty of Shimonoseki in 1895 AD.
Status of Chinese Fleets.
There were totally 65 warships in China before the outbreak of the First Sino-Japanese War. They were divided into four fleets (Beiyang Fleet, the Nanyang Fleet, the Guangdong Fleet and the Fujian Fleet). However, the Beiyang Fleet was the only fleet participated in the war. In order to save their ships, the other fleets' commanders were opposed to join the war.
In the Beiyang Fleet, there were 25 warships. Dingyuan and Zhenyuan were the most powerfull warships in the fleet. Dingyuan had 6,000 horsepower and displaced 7,670 tons loaded. Nevertheless, as Empress Dowager Cixi wanted to build a grand garden she embezzled the money originally allocated for expanding the Beiyang Fleet, the commanders did not have enough money to buy the latest weapons for the fleet. Most of the warships in the fleet were not well equipped before joining the war.
Status of Japanese Fleets.
There were totally 240,616 soldiers could be mobilized in Japan before the outbreak of the war. Also, there were 32 battleships and 24 torpedo boats in the Imperial Japanese Navy. All of them were well equipped with the latest weapons.
Main Battles During the War.
1. Battle of the Yalu River
In 17 September 1894, the Beiyang Fleet and the Imperial Japanese Navy fought at the Yalu River, the border between China and Korea. In this battle, the commander of the Beiyang Fleet was Ding Ruchang, originally a cavalryman, and Sukeyuki Ito was the commander of Japanese fleet. The battle last for 5 hours. Finally, 4 battleships of the Beiyang Fleet was destroyed and 1,000 soldiers were killed. 1 battleship was lost only in the Imperial Japanese Navy. The commander of the Beiyang Fleet retreated to the port of Lushun.
In 17 September 1894, the Japanese armies occupied the fortresses equipped with powerful cannons and cities in Lushun and Dalian. The Japanese troops entered the cities and killed 20,000 Chinese civilians within 4 days. This incident was historically called Port Arthur massacre.
In January 1895, the Japanese armies invaded Weihaiwei. The Beiyang Fleet was fairly defeated. 11 battleships of the team was sezied.

Johnny Weir
Johnny Weir (born July 2, 1984 in Coatesville, Pennsylvania) is a figure skater from the United States. He won the United States national championships three times.
Weir had a late start in skating, starting at the age of 12. He had previously competed as an equestrian.
Weir and his family moved to Delaware so he could skate. Weir originally trained at the University of Delaware. Despite his late start, Weir was the World Junior Champion in 2001 at the age of sixteen. He and Evan Lysacek won the top two medals that year, becoming the first time since 1987 that the US had gone one-and-two at Junior Worlds.
In 2003, Weir was in second place after the short program at the national championships in Dallas. However, he literally hit the wall during the program and then had a bad fall on a jump. He withdrew in the middle of the program. As he left, he got a hug from Lysacek, who told he would see him back the next year.
Following that bad competition, Weir left the University of Delaware club and moved to The Pond ice arena. His coach Priscilla Hill came with him.
In 2004, Weir won the National championships. He repeated in 2005 and 2006.
For the 2005/2006 season, Weir had a short program to The Swan. This program has become iconic and has become part of American pop culture. It was mocked during the movie Blades of Glory and became iconic of the 2006 Olympics. Weir had the most success of his career with this short program. At the 2006 Winter Olympics, Weir was second after the short program. After a long program in which he omitted the eighth jumping pass and did two combinations when three were allowed, he dropped to fifth place overall.
In 2007, Weir won the bronze medal at Nationals. After that season he switched coaches to Galina Zmievskaya, who previously coached Viktor Petrenko and Oksana Baiul to Olympic gold medals.
Weir is known for his smooth and elegant skating skills. Despite never studying ballet, he has very balletic movements. He is a very graceful and quiet skater with excellent basics. He is known as well for his flexiblity in spins. He is an inconsistent jumper. Although his triple axel is consistently one of the best in the world when it comes to smooth landings, he had landed only one quadruple jump in competition and it was not a clean quad. Weir is also known for only doing seven jumping passes instead of the allowed eight, which lost him an Olympic medal, a medal at the 2005 World Championships, and the silver medal at the 2007 Nationals. Weir has said that his focus for the future is on including the eighth jumping pass. Weir is often compared to Nobunari Oda, another graceful skater who has a problem counting jumps.
Weir lives and trains in New Jersey. He also works as a model. He has appeared in spreads in fashion magazines and walked the catwalk during New York Fasion Week.

Nobunari Oda
Nobunari Oda is a figure skater from Japan. He won the 2005 World Junior Figure Skating Championships, becoming just the second Japanse man in history to win that competition, after Daisuke Takahashi.
Oda was originally coached by his mother. Later, he moved part-time to Barrie, Canada to train at the Mariposa School of Skating.
He turned senior for the 2005-2006 Olympic season. He won the bronze medal at his first event, Skate Canada International, and then beat reigning World bronze medalist Evan Lysacek at the NHK Trophy to win. Japan had only one spot to the Olympics and to Worlds due to the withdrawing of Takeshi Honda from the 2005 World Championships with injury and the subsequent bad performance of Takahashi. At the 2006-2007 Japanese Nationals, Oda was originally declared the winner. Hoewver, an error in the scoring software was discovered and Takahashi instead became the winner. Oda had performed four combination jumps and only three are allowed. But the software did not penalize him. The Japanese federation "split" the international assignments, giving Takahashi the Olympics and Oda Worlds. Oda went to the Four Continents Championships first, winning it, and then went to Worlds. Again, he performed an illegal fourth jump combination, which lost him the bronze medal. Oda is often compared to American Johnny Weir, who is also inconsistent on counting combination jumps.
In the 2006-2007 season, Oda again beat Lysacek on the Grand Prix, then went on to win the bronze medal at the Grand Prix Final. He won the silver again at Nationals. At Worlds in Tokyo, Oda choked, performing once again too many combinations, and placed 7th.
Oda was originally given two Grand Prix assignments for the 2007-2008 season. However, on July 26, 2007, Oda was arrested by the Osaka prefectural police for driving his moped under the influence of alcohol. Luckily, no one was hurt. Oda has apologized for his crime. Due to this incident, Oda was quickly removed from the cast of an upcoming ice show in Japan.
On August 2, 2007, the Japan Skating Federation announced that it had suspended Oda from national competition until the end of October and from international competition and exhibitions until the end of December, effectively withdrawing him from his two Grand Prix assignments while allowing him to compete at Nationals and try to earn a spot to the 2008 Worlds.
The federation has also sentenced Oda to perform community service. He has accepted the punishment meted out by the federation.
Oda was fined ¥100,000, which he immediately paid.
Oda is the 17th direct descendant of Oda Nobunaga, a famous daimyo during Japan's Sengoku period.
Oda is known as a graceful skater with good basics and edging. He has very soft knees, allowing him to have jump landings that appear to be effortless and flow perfectly. He has very good spins and is known for being able to get very high scores without perfroming a quadruple jump because he has such good skating skills. Still, Oda is known for "not being able to count", that is, doing too many combinations when it matters most, thereby wasting points, because the fourth combination doesn't count.

The Simpsons Movie
"The Simpsons Movie" is a 2007 animated movie based on the television programme "The Simpsons". The movie mainly focuses on environmental disaster. The movie stars the main television cast of Dan Castellaneta, Julie Kavner, Nancy Cartwright, Yeardley Smith, Hank Azaria and Harry Shearer
Plot.
Homer adopts a pig, which he names Spider Pig, a parody of spiderman. Lisa starts a campaign with a new boy named Colin, who is Irish. They want to stop the people of Springfield from dumping in the lake. Everyone agrees to this and the lake is cleared up. Marge questions Homer about Spider pigs 'leavings'. He says he has put them in a silo. This causes Marge to say "Get rid of the silo properly." Homer agrees to this, and Marge says he is allowed to take Spider Pig with him. To which Homer tells Marge "He's not Spider Pig anymore, he's Harry Plopper". This is a reference to Harry Potter. The pig even has the lightningbolt scar and the thick glasses, just like Harry Potter. Homer drives to the waste site to get rid of the silo. Homer's friend and co-worker Lenny calls him from a donut store and tells him that they are giving out free donuts. Homer, with his love for donuts, tries to find a different way to getting rid of his silo. He then drives to the now clean lake. He ignores the "No Dumping" signs and dumps the silo into the lake. The lake then bubbles up and turns into a "Toxic Nightmare".

Male enhancement
Male enhancement supplements work by increasing the amount of blood flow the genital region receives and the volume of blood that it can retain. In a flaccid state, the penis, like any other part of the body, receives a normal amount of blood flow. When an erection occurs, the penis is surged with a rich supply of blood which is then trapped in the spongy tissues of the Cavernosa and Spongiosum.
Male enhancement supplements can be synthetic or herbal. Synthetic ones may have more side-effects.
The time it takes to see results, said to be a matter of weeks, depends on a man's body type, eating habits, overall health, genetics, and other factors.

Californication (TV series)
"Californication" is a 2007 American television series. The series is shown on the Showtime television network. Californication was created by Tom Kapinos and stars David Duchovny as Hank Moody. It is about a troubled novelist who moves to Los Angeles. The series deals with problems with his job that cause problems with his relationships with his ex-wife Karen (Natascha McElhone) and daughter Becca (Madeleine Martin). The series was first shown on television on August 13th, 2007. Channel Five in the UK and Network Ten in Australia have bought the rights to this television series.

Bushido (disambiguation)
Originally, Bushido (Bushi-Dō) is the Samurai code of honour in Japan.

Honour
Honor, spelt honour outside the United States, is the idea of the trustworthiness and social status of a person by the society, by judgement of his actions. The idea of honour, like most cultural things, is very different from place to place, and through time. In Europe in the Middle Ages, honour took form in the code of Chivalry. In Japan, a similar thing happened with Bushido. As time passed, the honor of a gentleman and his family was generally expressed in the practice of duelling. The idea has declined in Modern times, but still exists, mostly as an approval of one's actions by the society.

Oil field
An oil field is a region with many oil wells extracting petroleum (oil) from below ground. Because the oil reservoirs usually extend over a large area, possibly several hundred kilometres across, the only way to completely exploit the field is with many wells in different parts of the field. Other than wells, there may be pipelines to transport the oil elsewhere, and support buildings for the workers and for repairs.

Takeoff
Takeoff is the stage of flight in which an aircraft goes from moving along the ground (taxiing) to flying in the air, usually on a runway. For balloons, helicopters and some special aircraft such as the Harrier), no runway is needed. Takeoff is the opposite of landing.

Brian Joubert
Brian Joubert is a figure skater from France. He won the 2007 World Championships, the 2004 & 2007 European Championships, and has won the French Nationals five times.
Joubert did not have a good junior career, but this was due to him going senior at 15, as soon as he was able to.
Joubert won the bronze medal (third place) at the 2002 Nationals, but did not immediately qualify for the 2002 Olympic team because France had only two spots to the Olympics. But at the 2002 European Championships, Joubert won the bronze medal, placing ahead of the other French skaters at the competition, and he was put on the Olympic team. He placed 14th at the Olympics.
Joubert is one of two men (with Emanuel Sandhu) who has beaten Evgeni Plushenko between the 2002 Olympics and the 2006 Olympics. Joubert beat him at the 2004 European Championships. Joubert then went on to place 2nd at Worlds, winning his first World medal.
Joubert has had an up-and-down career. He has switched coaches many times. He was briefly coached by Alexei Yagudin. He is now coached by Jean-Christophe Simond. At the 2005 World Championships, he placed sixth. Nevertheless, he was seen as a threat for an Olympic medal. But at the Olympics, he placed 6th. He was criticized harshly in the French press for this. After the 2006 Worlds, where he won the silver medal, he said he felt pressured to do it in part because of the way the French press had turned on him.
In the 2006/2007 season, Joubert swept the season. He won every competition he entered, including the Grand Prix Final, the European Championships, and the World Championships. At the Cup of Russia, he became one of the few skaters in history to perform three quadruple jumps in one program.
Joubert is known for the power in his skating. He is a very fast skater with very big jumps. He has been criticized in the past for having very bad spins, but he has been working to correct this, working with spinning coaches like Lucinda Ruh. Joubert has also been criticized for his lack of artistry, which has led him to seek out new choreographers, such as Kurt Browning, who are able to take Joubert's strength and force on the ice and work it into a good program for his style.

Pap
Pap or Pop is a city in Uzbekistan. It is located in the Namangan district in the eastern part of the country. The city is near the Syr Darya river. Pap has a population of over 22,750 people.

Gift
A gift or a present is something (usually money or a good) which is given to someone. People give gifts voluntarily and don't expect anything in return. A gift is usually something that family or friends give to each other on special acations like a birthday or a holiday. For example you will give gifts and presents at Christmas time, Chocolates for Easter and thats about it. Gifts are usually something that you really want to get.If it is a birthday gift, it would be clothes, money, or a toy that is not very expensive. A small gift is usually wrapped up in wrapping paper, a big gift is most likely to be just given to or have a bow at the top.

Timothy Goebel
Timothy Goebel is a figure skater from the United States. He is Catholic and was adopted as an infant.
Goebel is the first skater in history to perform a quadruple salchow jump and the first American skater to perform a quadruple jump of any kind. Goebel is also the first skater in history to perform three quadruple jumps in one program. At the 2002 Olympics, he became the first skater to land a quadruple salchow jump in combination at the Olympics. He is the first and so far only skater to land 6 quadruple jumps in one competition.
He has landed 76 career quadruple jumps, the most of any skater in history.
Because of these accomplishments, he was nicknamed the "Quad King". However, after the 2003-2004, Goebel began struggling with the quad. He did not land it successfully at all in the 2005-2006 season.
Goebel won the bronze medal at the 2002 Olympics. It was a close call for the silver between him and reigning World Champion Evgeni Plushenko. That close call would be repeated at the 2003 World Championships where Plushenko narrowly beat Goebel out for the gold.
Goebel dealt with injuries in later seasons. An injury forced him to withdraw from the 2004 Nationals and give up on the rest of the season. At the 2005 Nationals, the mother of Angela Nikodinov, a good friend of Goebel, died in a car crash. Goebel spent a lot of time at that competition in mourning. With Nikodinov watching, Goebel started crying partly through his free skate. He finished the program in tears. He placed 2nd.
Goebel was unable to qualify for the 2006 Olympic team. He retired from competitive skating after the 2006 Nationals. He is now a student at Columbia University. He works as a technical specialist, the person who watches a skating program and tells the judges what each element was and how difficult it was.
During his career, Goebel was known primilariy as a "jumping bean", a skater whose skating is mostly jumps. But Goebel worked hard to overcome this reputation. His free skate in the 2002 season was the highlight of his career and opened a door into a different kind of artsitry for Goebel.
Goebel was also known for his daring hydroblading maneuvers. He was one of the skaters who popularized this move in the United States.
Geobel has not yet pursed a professional skating career, but has not announced that he never will.

Angela Nikodinov
Angela Nikodinov is a figure skater from the United States. She won the bronze medal (third place) twice at the U.S. nationals.
Nikodinov was a child prodigy and had a lot of early success. She was the second alternate to the 1998 Olympic team and the first alternate to the 2002 Olympic team. She won the Four Continents Championships, a competition for skaters from countries that are not in Europe, in 2000.
Nikodinov was considered a contender for the 2006 Olympic team. But at the 2005 Nationals, she and her mother and her coach were in a car accident. Her mother died. Nikodinov survived, but had superficial injuries. Nikodinov withdrew immediately from the competition. She later retired from competitive skating.
Nikodinov's parents were both from Bulgaria and Nikodinov speaks Bulgarian fluently. She dated Bulgarian skater Ivan Dinev and served as his coach at the 2006 Olympics.
Nikodinov now skates professionally with Stars on Ice.
Nikodinov was known for being an audience favorite during her career, as well as doing a classic layback spin with perform form. She is a graceful skater

Alberto Gonzales
Alberto Gonzales (born August 4, 1955) is an American jurist who is the 80th Attorney General of the United States. Gonzales was appointed to the position in February 2005 by President George W. Bush. While Bush was Governor of Texas, Gonzales was part of his general counsel, and later was the Secretary of State of Texas and then was on the Texas Supreme Court. From 2001 to 2005, Gonzales served in the Bush Administration as White House Counsel.
On August 27, 2007, Gonzales announced that he is quitting his position as Attorney General, and that his last day will be September 16, 2007. He did not say why he is leaving. He is the highest-ranking Hispanic ever in the United States federal government.

Cantilever
A Cantilever is a figure skating move. It is considered a "field move" because it is not a jump, a spin, or a spiral.
A cantilever is performed by a skater traveling on a deep lean across the ice, either in a spread eagle or a Besti squat position. The skater then bends backwards, so their back is parallel to the ice, while remaining on the deep lean. The hands can be draped across the ice or not. This is a very dramatic move on the ice.
It was invented by Werner Groebli, better known as "Mr. Frick", a long-time show skater with Ice Follies. It was brought back and populaizared by Ilia Klimkin of Russia, who performed it a lot in competition over many years.

Mao Asada
Mao Asada is a figure skater from Japan. She is the current World Figure Skating Champion (2008) and is ranked no. 1 by ISU. She won the Japanese national championships in 2007 and 2008 after winning two silver medals in a row. She is the 2005 World Junior Champion. Her older sister Mai Asada is also a high-level skater.
Asada was a child prodigy. She landed her first triple axel in competition while still at the junior level. She is one of five female figure skaters who have ever landed that jump in international competition.
Asada won won everything on the Junior level in the 2004-2005 season. The next season was the Olympic season. Asada would be too young to compete at the 2006 Olympics. But the Japanese skating federation thought there was not a good reason to keep her at the Junior level when she had already won everything. Asada was old enough for the Grand Prix, but not for senior level ISU championships. Asada went into the Grand Prix without any of the pressure that was on the other skaters who were old enough to go the Olympics and were trying to qualify for spots on their country's Olympic team. Able to compete without pressure, Asada won the Grand Prix Final in December 2005.
Following her win, the Japanese skating federation petitioned the International Olympic Committee to make an exception to the age rule for Asada, claiming that depriving her of a chance to compete at the 2006 Olympics would be denying a medal contender a chance to compete. However, this petition, even if it had worked, would have been too late. Other skaters had been effected by the age rule. The South Korean skating federation, for example, held Kim Yu-Na back in juniors for the 2005-2006 season, even though she could have competed successfully on the Grand Prix, because she also was not old enough for the Olympics, and because of it did not earn a spot to the Olympics at the Olympic Qualifying Competition in the fall of 2005. Asada had been a force in Japanese skating for many years, so the federation could have petitioned for an exception years earlier. There had previously been a loophole in eligibility rules regarding the World Championships and medalling at the World Junior Championships, but that loophole had been closed years earlier, and it had never applied to the Olympics.
Instead, Asada went to the World Junior Championships again, where she lost to Kim Yu-Na.
In 2006-2007, Asada's first season being old enough for senior Worlds, she won the silver medal at the World Championships behind fellow Japanese skater Miki Ando.
Mao Asada is known for her amazing flexiblity. She is known for her one-handed Biellmann spin and her cross-grab Biellmann spiral, in which she uses the hand opposite her leg to hold up her leg in the position. She is consistent with the triple axel.

Catia
Catia (Computer Aided Three dimensional Interactive Application) is a comercial designing software. It was made by Dassault Systemes and marketed world-wide by IBM. CATIA is written in C++..

Brigham Young
Brigham Young (June 1, 1801 – August 29, 1877) was the second president of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and the first Governor of the American state of Utah. Young was born in Vermont. He took over as president of the Mormon church in 1847 after the death of Joseph Smith, Jr in 1844. Brigham Young University is named after him. John Taylor replaced Young as leader of the church three years after the death of Young.

Speaker (politics)
Speaker is the name of the person in charge of some legislatures, usually the lower house.
House of Commons of the United Kingdom.
The Speaker is elected by other members, usually he or she is a member of the government party, but leaves his or her party because the Speaker must be "neutral" (not like one side more than another). The Speaker does not vote. If the Speaker wants to stand in for re-election the other parties do not oppose him to show he is neutral.
Dail Éireann in Ireland.
The Speaker (Ceann Comhairle) is neutral, but the constitution (Bunreacht) of Ireland says he does not need to stand for re-election, he is given the first seat in his constituency.
United States House of Representatives.
The Speaker is the leader of the largest party. He or she is not neutral, but votes for his party's policies. The Speaker also helps to get his party's idea's made law.

Parsifal
"Parsifal" is an opera in three acts by Richard Wagner. Wagner took most of the story from a medieval poem "Parzival" by the German poet Wolfram von Eschenbach. It was the last opera that Wagner completed. He started thinking about it in 1857 but did not do much work to it until after he had finished the cycle of four operas known as the Ring Cycle which was produced complete in 1876 in the special theatre (Festspielhaus) he had built in Bayreuth. Wagner composed his opera "Parsifal" so that it would suit the sound of this new theatre. It was first produced in 1882. The story is related to the Arthurian legends.
The Musical background to the opera.
Wagner did more than any other composer in the 19th century to change the way that people listened to opera. In the 18th century people went to the opera house and sat in their boxes to chat to other people and be seen. Composers wrote operas with big arias which allowed the singers to show off their skills and make the audience applaud.
Wagner changed all this. He soon developed operas in which there is no difference between recitative (where the story is told) and arias (big songs for the soloists). The music of his later operas, especially "Parsifal", is like a long, continuous line with rich, Romantic harmony. The music develops logically, with leitmotifs (musical ideas which represent particular people or ideas) which help the music and the story to develop.
The story of Parsifal.
The story of Parsifal and the Holy Grail has survived in several forms that date from between 1170 and 1220. Wagner, who always wrote the words of his operas himself, used a mixture of several of these versions of the story to fit his ideas for the opera. Parsifal is a young man who is a “pure fool”, which means that he is an innocent, good man who slowly starts to understand the world. The Holy Grail is the cup from which our Saviour Jesus Christ is supposed to have drunk at the Last Supper. The Holy Spear is the spear which is supposed to have been the one with which the Roman soldier pierced Jesus’ side when he was put on the cross. The Holy Grail and the Holy Spear are sacred relics (things from the past) which have been given to Titurel and his band of Christian knights to look after. Titurel has built a castle, Montsalvat, high up on the forest rocks, to guard them. In particular, he has to watch out for Klingsor who lives nearby. Klingsor is a magician who has a garden full of beautiful flower-maidens. These maidens are in his power. One of them is Kundry. She has already been made to lure several young knights to Klingsor’s power. Even Titurel’s son, Amfortas, could not resist the lure of Kundry. His spear was taken from him and he was badly wounded before being rescued. At the beginning of the opera he is lying in pain. The only thing that could heal the wound would be the touch of the Holy Spear which Klingsor now has, and the only person who could get that spear back again is a “pure fool”, a young man who knows nothing about the evil of the world and who can resist the beauty of the flower-maidens.
The story of "Parsifal" is an allegory. A lot of books have been written about the true meaning of the opera, but the general meaning is that the best way to live is to do good things ("compassion"), not evil things.
Act I.
The opera starts with an orchestral prelude (Wagner does not call it an “overture”). When the curtain rises Gurnemanz, one of the senior knights, wakes up two sleeping servants. They kneel and pray as King Amfortas is brought down on his bed to the forest lake to bathe his wound. Kundry arrives, dashing in on her horse, looking for something to heal the wound (when Kundry is away from Klingsor she is not in his power. She feels that it was her fault that Amfortas was wounded. When Kundry is not in Klingsor’s power she is actually a faithful messenger of the Grail).
Suddenly a wounded swan (a bird that is sacred to the knights of the Grail) falls dead at Gurnemanz’s feet. The swan had been killed by Parsifal. He did not know that it was a wrong thing to do, but when the knights capture him he realizes his guilt and he breaks the arrow. The knights ask him his name, but Parsifal says he does not know his name or where he comes from. Suddenly the knights realize that Parsifal is the pure fool they need who can capture the Holy Spear.
The scene changes. The knights take communion. Amfortas is in terrible pain but has to do his duty in the ceremony. When the Holy Grail is shown it sparkles brightly in the hall. The knights sink to their knees. Only Parsifal does not seem to understand the meaning of it all.
Act II.
The scene is Klingsor’s magic garden by his castle. Klingsor knows that Parsifal is on his way. Kundry is now quite different: she has no power of her own. The flower-maidens see Parsifal and call him by his name. No one has ever called him by his name before. When one of them kisses his lips he suddenly realizes what it is he has to do. He now remembers everything that has happened in Act I and understands its meaning. He throws the maiden to one side. Klingsor appears and throws the spear at Parsifal, but magically it stops over Parsifal’s head. Parsifal grabs it and makes the sign of the cross. The castle is destroyed, the gardens disappear, and he goes off back to the Grail.
Act III.
After a journey which takes him many years Parsifal comes back to the Grail forest. Gurnemanz is now very old. Kundry works for the knights. Parsifal himself is dressed as a black knight. Kundry recognizes him, but Gurnemanz does not. He is annoyed that an armed stranger should come on this holy day (it is Good Friday). Parsifal throws the spear into the ground, puts down his weapons and takes off his helmet. Gurnemanz realizes who it is. He helps him to dress like a knight of the Grail. Kundry washes his feet and dries them with her long hair. Gurnemanz blesses Parsifal’s head. Parsifal is now a knight of the Grail, and he baptizes Kundry. Titurel has just died, and Amfortas, still in terrible pain, comes out to uncover the Grail. Parsifal enters and touches the wound with the point of the spear. Amfortas’s pain changes to happiness, the shrine is opened, the Grail is surrounded by light. The knights kneel down, Kundry dies peacefully. All is forgiven. The music finishes with a climax based on the leitmotifs of the Holy Grail and the Sacrament.
The performances of Parsifal.
Until 1903, the Bayreuth Festspielhaus was the only place where Wagner’s opera "Parsifal" was allowed to be performed. This changed after the death of Wagner’s widow, Cosima. In 1903, the opera was performed at the Metropolitan Opera in New York. Soon, it was being performed in other places as well.
Wagner like to describe "Parsifal" as "ein Bühnenweihfestspiel" ("A Festival Play for the Consecration of the Stage"). At Bayreuth, it has become tradition that there is to be no applause after the first act of the opera.

Kana
Kana refers to the two syllabic writing systems used in Japanese.

Tropical Storm Erin (2007)
Tropical Storm Erin was the second tropical cyclone to make landfall on the United States in the 2007 Atlantic hurricane season. It was also the fifth named storm of the season. Erin formed in the Gulf of Mexico on August 14 from an area of convection which was becoming stronger. It became stronger and changed into a tropical storm the next day, and on August 16 Erin made landfall near Lamar, Texas and was able to not die as it moved over land across Texas before moving towards the north into Oklahoma. The storm killed at least 17 people and made an already-severe flooding problem in Texas even worse. Another different storm that Erin went into killed at least 18 people.
Storm history.
On August 9, an area of convection formed just south of Jamaica in association with a trough of low pressure. The system moved west-northwestward, and by August 10, the system had a broad surface trough with a little shower activity. Convection increased on August 11, and by August 12 the contact between a tropical wave and an upper-level low in the area resulted in a large area of disorganized thunderstorms extending from the western Caribbean Sea into the central Bahamas. Upper-level winds slowly became more helpful for development, and on August 13 a large low pressure area formed about 90 miles (145 km) north-northeast of Cancún, Quintana Roo. Late on August 14, a NOAA Hurricane Hunters plane that flew into the system reported a small circulation center, but at the time was not well-defined enough to begin tropical cyclone advisories. However, deep convection was kept near the increasingly organizaing center, and at 0300 UTC on August 15 the National Hurricane Center named it as Tropical Depression Five about 425 miles (685 km) southeast of Brownsville, Texas.
In the overnight hours after formation, the storm was disorganized with a shabby and abstracted center of circulation. Located to the south of a mid to upper-level ridge over the southern United States, the system moved to the west-northwest into an area ideal for further strengthening; an upper-level anticyclone formed over the central Gulf of Mexico, and sea surface temperatures along its track were warm. The cloud pattern became better organized, keeping a large area of convection with curved rainbands and well-established outflow. Based on reports from Hurricane Hunters, the National Hurricane Center upgraded the depression to Tropical Storm Erin at 1530 UTC on August 13 about 250 miles (400 km) east of Brownsville, Texas. As it continued northwestward, Erin remained disorganized and wasn't able to strengthen above minimal tropical storm status. At 1200 UTC on August 16 the cyclone made landfall near Lamar, Texas as it weakened to tropical depression status. Three hours later, the National Hurricane Center stopped giving out advisories on Erin as warning responsibility was switched to the Hydrometeorological Prediction Center.
Slowly moving northwestward through Texas, Tropical Depression Erin managed to keep an area of convection near the center, with its widespread, but scattered rainbands dropping moderate to heavy precipitation. By August 17, the winds decreased to 20 mph (30 km/h), with higher gusts. The system turned to the north-northeast on August 18, while heavy bands of thunderstorms continued to spin around the center of Erin. Early on August 19 after entering Oklahoma, Erin suddenly re-intensified to maximum sustained winds of 50 mph (80 km/h) a short distance west of Oklahoma City. The Norman, Oklahoma National Weather Service remarked the intensification "[resulted] in what amounts to an inland tropical storm;" at 0930 UTC the system showed an eye-like feature and a spiral rainband, and produced wind gusts of over 80 mph (130 km/h). However, a few hours later, the system began weakening again, and late on August 19 Erin degenerated into a remnant low pressure area as the circulation dissipated over northeastern Oklahoma. The low continued into southeastern Kansas before dissipating, feeding moisture northward toward a frontal system extending from the Midwestern United States through the Mid-Atlantic States. Its remnant mid-level circulation then moved eastward across Missouri, Kentucky, and Virginia before losing identity as it moved out into the Atlantic Ocean.
Preparations.
Instantly after Erin become a tropical depression, the National Hurricane Center gave out a tropical storm watch from Freeport, Texas to the United States/Mexico border; at the same time, the government of Mexico issued a tropical storm watch southward to Rio San Fernando. Shortly before achieving tropical storm status, the watch in Texas was upgraded to a tropical storm warning. Late on August 15, the warning was extended to San Luis Pass, while the watch in Mexico was cancelled. As Erin made landfall, the warnings was cancelled, and several flood watches and warnings were given out for counties across southeastern Texas. Upon moving into Oklahoma, flood and flash flood warnings were issued for several counties.
Governor of Texas, Rick Perry activated the National Guard and moved emergency personnel to the areas expected to be affected by the storm. Erin is expected to bring flooding to the region, which had already been declared a disaster area on August 7, 2007 from widespread flooding on the Nueces River basin; this area remained flooded as of August 15, 2007. On August 15, oil futures rose to $74.01 (USD), because of fears of Erin disturbing oil supplies produced on Texan coasts, combined with low oil supplies. As it made landfall, the storm created heavy rainfall near and to the or northeast of its path, reaching 11.02 inches (280 mm) at a station in Lockwood. The passage of the storm caused several bayous in the Houston area to reach or go beyond flood levels. Across southeastern Texas, the cyclone generated several funnel clouds, and near Iah a EF0 tornado was reported. Wind gusts from Erin were fairly weak across the state, peaking at 35 mph (55 km/h) at Palacios with an unofficial report of 39 mph (63 km/h) at Jamaica Beach. While moving onto land, the storm produced a small storm surge peaking at 3.22 feet (0.98 m) at Pleasure Pier, which caused minor beach erosion.
In Clear Lake City, heavy rainfall broke down a part of a grocery store roof, killing two workers. The precipitation caused moderate flooding across eastern parts of Harris County; over 400 homes and 40 businesses were flooded. Flooding across the Greater Houston area briefly stopped the METRORail and closed several state roads. One person drowned after driving into a retention pond. Several people needed rescue assistance, and in Comal County a car accident killed three people. The movement of the storm temporarily left about 20,000 electrical customers without power, though most outages were quickly restored. In San Antonio, one body was found from a creek and another died after driving into a flooded road and was swept into a drainage ditch in which four others survived. In Sisterdale, two people were killed when they were swept away stalled over Sister Creek In Taylor County, near Abilene, flooding killed one person and forced the evacuation of about 2,000 people.
Oklahoma.
After its unexpected redevelopment over Oklahoma, heavy damages were also reported there. Several communities in central Oklahoma were flooded from the effects of heavy rainfall. Watonga, Kingfisher and Geary were the hardest-hit communities, where many houses and buildings were flooded. Winds in Watonga gusted as high as 82 mph (131 km/h), which damaged numerous trees and power lines and heavily damaged mobile homes. The entire community lost power, also with about 15,000 customers in total in the Oklahoma City metropolitan area. A section of Interstate 40 was also closed for a while.
One person was found to have drowned in a cellar in Fort Cobb, and another drowned in Kingfisher. Another storm-related death took place in Seminole. Three others were found dead after a weather-related automobile accident also near Carnegie. Another automobile accident-related death took place in Okmulgee County but it is not sure if Erin is to blame there.
Missouri.
Although its surface circulation had dissipated, its upper circulation remained unbroken and created a burst of rainfall early on August 20. The 11.94 inches/303.3 mm that fell at Miller became the wettest Missouri rainfall total associated with a tropical cyclone, or its remains, since at least 1976. One person died in Sleeper when he drove into flood waters which had swept away a bridge he was trying to navigate onto. Nine water rescues happened along the Interstate 44 passageway, which was most effected by Erin's rainfall.

Antonio Banderas
José Antonio Domínguez Banderas (born August 10, 1960), better known as Antonio Banderas, is an Spanish film actor and singer who has acted in several important Hollywood films including ', "Assassins", "Interview with the Vampire", "Mariachi" sequels, "Philadelphia", "The Mask of Zorro", and the "Shrek" sequels.

Jim Carrey
James Eugene Carrey (born January 17, 1962) is a Canadian-American movie actor and comedian. He is known for his acting in comedy movies such as ', ', "The Mask", "Dumb and Dumber", "Me, Myself & Irene", "The Cable Guy", "Liar Liar" and "Bruce Almighty". Carrey has also been successful in dramatic roles in movies such as "The Truman Show", "Man on the Moon", and "Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind". He won the Golden Globe Award in 1999 and 2000. And in 2008 he acted the positive character in Movie "Yes Man".

Egyptian cobra
The Egyptian cobra "(naja haje)" is a type of poisonous cobra. It was worshiped by the Ancient Egyptians. It lives in both North Africa and Southwestern Asia. It is one of the most venomous snakes in the world. Egyptian Cobras can grow up to 5'-6'8" (1.5-2m) and have been seen as large as 8' in some areas. Recently, a man was sentenced to a year in jail and a fine of $17,000 for owning an Egyptian cobra. Small symbols of Egyptian cobras were included in the crown of the pharaohs.

Mikhail Baryshnikov
Mikhail Nikolaevitch Baryshnikov (Russian: Михаил Николаевич Барышников) (b January 27, 1948) is a Russian dancer, choreographer, and actor. He is often called the world's greatest living male ballet dancer. Critic Clive Barnes once called him, "The most perfect dancer I have ever seen.". While on a tour in Canada with the Kirov Ballet in 1974, Baryshnikov asked for political asylum in Toronto. He became an American citizen in 1986, and one of the most successful ballet dancers of all times. He won three Emmy Awards.

Suid-Afrikan rand
South African rand

Batman Begins
"Batman Begins" is a 2005 superhero movie, based on the fictional DC Comics character Batman. Christopher Nolan directed the film, which stars Christian Bale as Batman, as well as Michael Caine, Gary Oldman, Liam Neeson, Katie Holmes, Cillian Murphy and Morgan Freeman.
"Batman Begins" was successful, and in 2008 a sequel titled "The Dark Knight" was released.

Liam Neeson
William John "Liam" Neeson OBE (born June 7, 1952) is an Irish actor, nominated for many awards including the Oscar. He is Famous for his role as Oskar Schindler in the 1993 movie "Schindler's List", and after that he has appeared in several popular movie series, including the "Star Wars" prequel trilogy, "The Chronicles of Narnia" and "Batman Begins". He has also continued to play real-life characters, including Michael Collins and Alfred Kinsey.

Great Seal of the United States
The Great Seal of United States is the official coat of arms of United States, and it's placed in official documents from United States Government. The name is used both for the coat of arms, and the material seal itself, which is made by the United States' executive power. The great seal was used for the first time in the year of 1782.
The seal's design is used in national documents, such as passports, by the United States military, and flags. As a coat of arms, it has the national colors of the United States, but the material seal itself only has a basic black and white design (like when used on paper).
Since 1935, the two faces of Great Seal appear in the note of one dollar.

1444
Year 1444was a leap year. It started on a Wednesday.

Biellmann spin
The Biellmann spin is a spin in figure skating. It is performed on one foot. The free leg (the leg not on the ice) is pulled up from behind and pulled above the head. The knee is bent slightly and the back is bent backwards into the spin. This forms a teardrop position with the body. In the classic version of the spin, both arms are used to hold up the leg. A slightly changed version has one hand on the skate and the other hand on the arm holding up the skate. A change can be made in that one hand can be dropped. If the hand holding up the spin is on the same side of the body as the leg, the spin is referred to as a "one-hand Biellmann spin", because the spin is being performed with one hand. If the hand holding up the spin is on the opposite side of the body as the leg, the spin is referred to as a "cross-grab Biellmann spin", because that hand has to "cross" the body to "grab" the skate.
The spin has also been said to look like a "tulip on a turntable". It is one of the most iconic figure skating moves. Along with the layback spin, the Biellmann is used in advertisements and icons representing figure skating. The position is also used in spiral sequences.
Spin history.
No one knows who invented the spin. Cecilia Colledge of Great Britain performed a one-handed Biellmann spin in 1937. There is a famous photograph of her doing the spin at the 1937 World Figure Skating Championships. Tamara Moskvina of the Soviet Union performed the spin at the 1965 European Championships and there if a famous photo of her doing it as well. Both Janet Champion and Slavka Kohout of the United States performed this spin early on.
The spin is named after Swiss skater Denise Biellmann, who popularized the move. Biellmann performed the spin beginning in the 1970s, having learned it from her teammate, fellow Swiss skater Karin Iten. Biellmann performed the spin on her way to becoming World Champion and the spin was officially named for her. It is the only figure skating spin officially named after a skater in International Skating Union regulations.
Positions.
The classic positions is explained above. This position is often entered into through a layback spin. The free leg of the layback is grasped by one or both hands and brought up above the head.
Irina Slutskaya of Russia is officially credited with inventing the "change foot Biellmann spin". She performs the Biellmann on one foot, then drops her free leg and performs the spin on her other leg.
A "half-Biellmann spin", also called the "catch-foot camel spin", is a Biellmann variation in which the free leg is grasped in a camel spin position and brought up above the head, but the upper body is not lifted into the teardrop position.
Many skaters have performed a Biellmann variation in which the free leg is brought down towards the face, with the knee bent inwards. This spin has mostly been performed by Junior-level or Junior-age skaters, because this is easiest to perform before puberty. It is unknown who invented this variation. It was performed by Naomi Nari Nam at the United States nationals in 1999. More recently it has been brought back by Junior level skaters including Caroline Zhang of the United States who performed the spin on her way to winning the 2007 World Junior title.
As well, Zhang and other Junior skaters are known for doing a "hyper-extended" Biellmann spin in which the leg is pulled straight up in the air and the back bent as far into the spin as possible. Zhang is able to perform the spin with her free leg pulled straight up into the air, making the spin look like a capital-I. This position is not original to Zhang, but she has been the one to popularize it.
In skating competitions.
Because of Code of Points, the Biellmann spin has been used too much in competitions. Many skaters would perform the spin even if they were not flexible enough because it was a good way of getting a lot of points. The International Skating Union has taken steps to get rid of this by limiting the number of Biellmann spins that can be performed in a single program.
The spin is almost entirely performed by women, and it is a common feature in most Junior and Senior level ladies programs, as well as being a position for ice dancing lifts. It is mostly not performed by men because most male skaters are not flexible enough to perform the spin. The most famous male skater to perform the spin is Evgeni Plushenko. However, he has not done it in competition since 2003. Shawn Sawyer has also performed the spin at the Junior level. Recently, the spin has been performed in competition by Ryo Shibata of Japan and Eliot Halverson of the United States.

1445
Year 1445 was a common year. It started on a Friday.

Omar Sharif
Omar Sharif (Arabic: عمر الشريف) (born April 10, 1932) is an Egyptian actor who has worked in many Hollywood films. He has acted in Arabic, French, and English films. Sharif is most famous for his roles in "Doctor Zhivago" and "Lawrence of Arabia". He was nominated for the Academy Award and has won the Golden Globe Award three times.

Toshirō Mifune
Toshirō Mifune (Japanese: 三船 敏郎 "Mifune Toshirō" – IPA: [miɸɯne toɕiɺoː]) (April 1, 1920 – 24 December, 1997) was a Japanese actor who was in almost 170 movies. He might be the most famous Japanese movie actor of all time.

Andy García
Andy García (born April 12, 1956) is an American actor, born in Cuba. He became famous in the 1990s, when he acted in many successful Hollywood movies, including ', "When a Man Loves a Woman", "Ocean's Eleven", and "Ocean's Thirteen". He was nominated for several awards for his work, including the Oscar.

Rodrigo Santoro
Rodrigo Junqueira dos Reis Santoro, (born August 22, 1975) is a Brazilian actor. He started his career acting in different soap operas in his country. In the last yars, he has become known after his roles in the movies "Love actually" and "300".

Michael Caine
Sir Maurice Joseph Micklewhite, Jr. CBE (born March 14, 1933), known by the artistic name Michael Caine, is a popular English film actor. He has won many awards for his work, including two Oscars.

Begging
Begging means asking people for money, food, shelter or other things, when one is not able to give anything instead. It is also referred to as sponging, spanging (short for "spare-changing") or (in American English) panhandling.
In larger cities, it is common to see beggars who ask for money, food, or other items. Typically, beggars often beg for spare change equipped with coffee cups, mugs, small boxes, hats, or other items into which monies can be placed and sometimes display signs with messages such as "Help me. I'm homeless."
Use of funds obtained by begging.
A 2002 study of 54 panhandlers in Toronto reported that of a median monthly income of $638 CAD, those interviewed spent a median of $200 CAD on food and $192 CAD on alcohol, tobacco and illegal drugs
"Income and spending patterns among panhandlers", by Rohit Bose and Stephen W. Hwang. The Fraser Institute, however, criticized this study citing problems with potential exclusion of lucrative forms of begging and the unreliability of reports from the panhandlers who were polled in the Bose/Hwang study.
Because of this, some people say that it would be better to give the beggars gift cards or food/service vouchers, instead of money. Some shelters also offer business cards with information on the shelter's location and services, which can be given in lieu of cash.

Benicio Del Toro
Benicio Monserrate Rafael del Toro Sánchez (born February 19, 1967) is a Puerto Rican actor and film producer. He grew up in Santurce, but spent his adolescence and high school years in Mercersburg, Pennsylvania, USA. He was won several awards in his career, including an Academy Award.

Geoffrey Rush
Geoffrey Roy Rush (born 6 July 1951) is an Australian actor who has won the Academy and Emmy awards, as well as several others. He was the first Australian actor to win an Academy Award for acting.

Joaquin Phoenix
Joaquín Rafael Phoenix () (born October 28, 1974), originally called as 'Leaf Phoenix', is a Puerto Rican actor. He is from a family of actors, like his brother, the late actor River Phoenix. He has been nominated two times for the Academy Award, and has won the Golden Globe and Grammy Awards.
Phoenix is popular for his role as Commodus in "Gladiator", and of Johnny Cash in "Walk the Line". He has recently began directing music videos, as well as producing movies and television shows. Also, he has also sang and recorded an album, the soundtrack "Walk The Line", which won a Grammy Award. He has been a social activist for a long time, especially for animal rights. He is a vegan.

William Hurt
William Hurt (born March 20, 1950) is an American actor. He won the Academy Award in 1985 for his work in the movie "Kiss of the Spider Woman".

Adrien Brody
Adrien Brody (born April 14, 1973) is an American actor. He became very famous when he chosen as main star in Roman Polanski's "The Pianist" (2002). The role won him an Academy Award for Best Actor, the youngest actor ever to win the award.

Mark Wahlberg
Mark Robert Michael Wahlberg (born June 5 1971) is an American actor and television producer, who has been nominated for the Academy Award. He was also known as "Marky Mark" at the beginning of his career, when he had become famous as a rapmusician with the band Marky Mark and the Funky Bunch.

Wesley Snipes
Wesley Trent Snipes (born July 31, 1962) is an American actor, martial artist and film producer. He may be best known for his role as the vampire hunter in the "Blade" trilogy films.

Jak 3
Jak 3 is a video game made by Naughty Dog. It is the third game in the Jak and Daxter series.
Story.
Jak, Daxter, and Pecker are thrown into the desert by their own people one year after the previous game, Jak 2, ended.
They are found by Damas, Kleiver, and another wastelander. Jak is tested in an arena, and wins a fight, proving him worthy to not be killed. He and Daxter then explore, meeting Seem, a monk and Errol.
Friends who miss him.
Further throughout the game, Ashelin (a key character in Jak 2), asks Jak to come back to Haven City. Jak refuses, telling her "they could rot for all I care", still angry for them throwing him and Daxter for the wrong reason.
New powers.
Later on, he decides to go back, and meets everybody once again. He gains new light powers that give him the ability to fly, make a shield around him, slow time, and heal himself. With his newfound powers he saves Haven City and Spargus City from attacks multiple times.
The final fight.
In the end, Jak finds out that Damas was his father, and Veger took him away from him. Jak chases Veger towards the catacombs, and meets the Precursors themselves. It is also realized that Daxter is also a Precursor. Jak and Daxter is sent to Errol to stop him. When he is defeated, Jak, Daxter, and all the others gathered together in the arena, while the Precursors make their speech. Jak and Daxter have saved the world!
Characters.
Jak: He is the main character of the game series. He is accompanied with Daxter.
Daxter: Jak's sidekick. He sits on Jak's shoulder while they go on adventures. He is hyperactive and "immature", which brings laughter into the game. He is playable in this game.
Ashelin: She was once part of the Krimzon Guard, but then turned to the other side after she realized what her father was up to. She is now head leader of Haven City.
Samos: He is also the controller of Green eco. He is Jak and Daxter's "mentor". In Jak 2, he was The Shadow, leader of The Underground, which was a movement against Baron Praxis.
Keira: She helps with Jak's missions, and also is his love interest, Jak is also her love interest.
Torn:He was part of the Underground. He and Ashelin usually work together. He befriended Jak the hard way in "Jak 2", but he still isn't friends with Daxter.
Damas: Jak's father. He was the king of Spargus City, and before that, the leader of Haven City. He dies after a truck is overturned right above his body.

Edward Norton
Edward Harrison Norton (born August 18, 1969) is an American movie actor and director. He was nominated two times for the Academy Award, and won the Golden Globe in 1997. His acting includes main roles in the films "Primal Fear", "American History X" and "Fight Club".

Cardinal (bird)
The Cardinals or Cardinalidae are a family of passerine birds that live in North and South America.

Magpie
The magpies are passerine birds of the crow family, Corvidae.
In Europe, "Magpie" is often used by English speakers to call the European Magpie, as there are no other magpies in Europe outside the Iberian Peninsula.

Final Fantasy Tactics
Final Fantasy Tactics is a tactical role-playing game for the Playstation. It was released in 1997 by Square Co., Ltd. (now Square Enix).

Vacuole
Vacuoles are membrane-bound compartments within some eukaryotic cells that can serve a variety of functions. That can be secretion and excretory, and storage functions. Vacuoles and their contents are considered to be distinct from the cytoplasm, and are classified as ergastic according to some authors.

College of Arms
The College of Arms, in London is one of the few remaining government heraldic authorities in Europe. It was founded in 1484 by King Richard III, and its job is to control heraldry and grant new "armorial bearings", sometime called coats of arms.
The college is run by the Kings of Arms, heralds and pursuivants who handle heraldic affairs in England, Wales and Northern Ireland on behalf of the Queen. (Scotland has its own heraldic authority: Lord Lyon King of Arms and his office.)
The college also grants arms to citizens of other Commonwealth countries that do not have their own heralds. (Canadians use Canadian Heraldic Authority and South Africans have the Bureau of Heraldry)
As well as designing and granting new arms, the College tries to answers many requests from people trying to prove that they are descended from an "armigerous" (arms-bearing) person; a person descended in the male line (or through heraldic heiresses) from an armiger may be reissued that ancestor's arms. Special marks called difference marks can be added make the coat of arms different from the arms of their cousins. The college is involved in genealogy and have many pedigrees (family trees) in their records. Anyone may register a pedigree with the college, where they are carefully checked and need official proofs before being altered.
Heralds were originally messengers. Officers of the College of Arms still sometimes read Royal proclamations in public, for example at the accession of a new sovereign.
They also help plan state ceremonies, such as coronations, the introduction of new peers into the House of Lords, and the ceremonies of orders of chivalry.
For these public appearances, the officers of the college wear costume showing their place in the Royal Household, either simple red livery or the herald's traditional colourful outfit of a tabard emblazoned with his master's arms (in this case the royal arms).
The College of Arms is on Queen Victoria Street in the City of London, not far to the south of St. Paul's Cathedral. The site was given to the college when it was re-formed by Philip and Mary I in 1555, and the present 17th century building dates from after the Great Fire of London in 1666.
The College of Arms was featured in the 1969 James Bond film "On Her Majesty's Secret Service" where James Bond visits his friend Sir Hillary Bray who permits Bond to impersonate him so he can spy on Blofeld's base. Bray gives Bond information on Blofeld's ancestor Count Balthazzar de Bleuchamp. Bond is shown his own coat of arms with the family motto: "the world is not enough" (this was used for the title of the 19th Bond film "The World Is Not Enough").
The officers.
The Earl Marshal, a hereditary office held by the Duke of Norfolk, oversees the College, but he is not a member. He must give his written consent, called a warrant, before any new coar of arms can be issued. The Earl Marshal's court (called the Court of Chivalry) can hear cases about using coats arms, but the court has not sat since 1954. Usually the Earl Marshal usually leaves affairs to the professional heralds of the College.
Any letters, telephone calls or visitors to the college not for a specific officer of arms are seen by the "officer in waiting". All members of the college serve as officer in waiting on rotation.
"Heralds Extraordinary" are appointed to take part in special ceremonial occasions or to help the Earl Marshal personally; they are not members of the college. Among the extraordinary heralds have been —
The New Zealand Herald Extraordinaryis not a member of the college but it is a permanent post created to oversee heraldry in New Zealand; he works together with the college to grant new arms for people and bodies in that country (where he himself lives and works).
Grants and descent of arms.
The Kings of Arms grant coats of arms by letters patent. Before they can even consider the granting of arms, an application, (called a "memorial") must be made to the Earl Marshal, and a fee paid.
The Kings of Arms are authorised in their "patents of appointment" (the letter giving them their job) to grant coats of arms to "eminent men". Originally this meant someone who was wealthy or had social status. By 1530, the heralds wanted successful candidates for a grant of arms to have £300 or rent from land of £10 a year. Since the heralds get fees for granting arms, they have always been generous when deciding who should be allowed a coat of arms. In 1616, Ralphe Brooke, York Herald, tricked the Garter King of Arms into granting a coat of arms to the common hangman for a fee of 22 shillings (£1-20p).
This is why the Earl Marshal's permission to grant a coat of arms is needed.
There are no fixed rules about granting modern coats of arms. If a herald is approached and does not consider that the application has merit, he may tactfully suggest to the applicant that he or she should not proceed. If it does proceed, its success or otherwise will depend on the approval of the Earl Marshal, who may apply his own standards. Peter Gwynn-Jones has recently written that
The coat of arms, or a differenced version of them using marks of cadency, can be used by "all" of the legitimate children of an individual and such children and their descendants may bear the arms (or a differenced version of them) from the moment of birth: they do not have to wait for the death of the previous generation. The College of Arms does not need to approve the use of the arms in each generation: the original grant of arms is the only authority required. Although daughters and sons inherit the right to bear arms for themselves personally, the right passes only through the male line: hence, a son transmits the arms to his children, but a daughter, can use them herself, but her children cannot. A partial exception to this rule is the case of a woman who has no brothers, or whose brothers have no children; such a woman is called a heraldic heiress and may transmit the arms to her children as a quartering with their father's arms, and to their descendents.
The costs involved are quite substantial. The applicant does not buy a coat of arms: the arms themselves are freely given, but fees must be paid to the heralds and artists involved as professionals, and to support the buildings and other running costs of the College. Aside from the heralds' traditional nominal salaries, given above, the College of Arms is not financed by the taxpayer.
Name changes.
The College of Arms is also responsible for recording the changes of names. In order to change one's name, one must apply for a deed poll to be entered on the College's registers and published in the London Gazette.
When a Royal Licence is granted for a transfer of arms, the change of the surname may be permitted by the Licence itself, so their is no need of a deed poll.

City of Sunderland
The City of Sunderland is a metropolitan borough in Tyne and Wear, in North East England. Since 1992 it has had the status of a city and metropolitan borough.
It is named after its largest settlement, Sunderland, but covers a far larger area which includes the towns of Washington, Houghton-le-Spring, and other smaller settlements.
The district was created in 1974 as the Metropolitan Borough of Sunderland when all local government in England and Wales was changed by the Local Government Act 1972. This was when four different local government districts from County Durham were joined together.
Sunderland became a city in 1992, the 40th anniversary of Queen Elizabeth's "accession" (the time she became queen).
The district had a population of 280,807 at the time of the 2001 census.
On March 24, 2004, the City adopted St Benedict Biscop as its patron saint. A patron had never been adopted before.

Self-Strengthening Movement
The Self-Strengthening Movement (Chinese: 洋務運動 or 自強運動; 1861 AD - 1895 AD) was a reform organised during the late Qing Dynasty and it could be divided into three phases the first phase (1861 AD - 1872 AD), the second phase 1872 AD - 1885 AD) and the third phase (1885 AD - 1895 AD).
Background.
After the defeat of Opium Wars and the outbreak of Taiping Rebellion, the emperor and the imperial officials realised that the Qing Government would be overthrown soon and they would no longer reign the country. In order to improve the statement, a series of reforms were implemented in the Self-Strengthening Movement.

Michael Keaton
Michael John Douglas (better known by the artistic name Michael Keaton) (born September 9, 1951) is an American actor, perhaps most famous for his roles in comedy films such as "Night Shift", and "Beetlejuice", and for his work of Batman in the two films directed by Tim Burton.

Inequality
Inequality is sometimes used to name a statement that one expression is smaller, greater, not smaller or not greater than the other.

Chechnya
Chechnya ("Noxçiyçö") is a federal subject of Russia, located in the Caucasus which several times tried to depart from Russia. The issue is still being disputed, mainly because many people, both Russian and Chechen (people from Chechnya), died during the conflict. People of Chechnya are Muslims and are derived from ancient Hurrians who spoke a Dene-Caucasian language. Most Chechens belong to Hanafi school of Sunni Islam.
In Alexander Litvinenko's opinion Vladimir Putin became president by lying and blaming bombs in Moscow on Chechen terrorists.

Hilbert's paradox of the Grand Hotel
Hilbert's paradox of the Grand Hotel is a mathematical paradox named after a famous German mathematician David Hilbert. It is used to show how infinity does not act in the same way as regular numbers do.
In regular hotel, with a finite number of rooms, even if it is very big, it is obvious that if there is a guest in every room, we can't find a room for another guest without making two guests live in the same room. Then imagine a hotel, called Grand Hotel, with an infinite number of rooms, which is full, so there's a guest in each room. Unlike normal hotels, we still can find a room for a new guest: we move the guest in room number 1 into the room number 2, then the one in the room number 2 into number 3, and we keep moving guests until every guest who was, at start, in room number "n", is moved to room number "n+1", and finally we move the new guest into the room number one. This shows how we can find a room for a new guest even if the hotel is already full, something that could not happen in any hotel with a finite number of rooms.

Opposite number
Opposite number or additive inverse of any number "n" is a number which, if added to "n", results in 0, the identity element of addition. The opposite number for "n" is written as "-n". For example, -7 is opposite to 7, because formula_1. You can say that the opposite number of a number, is the negative version of the positive number.

Nth root
We write it like this: formula_3.

Isle of Portland
The Isle of Portland is an island in Dorset in the south of England. Portland is south of the resort of Weymouth. 13,000 people live there.
In 2012 the sailing in the Olympics will take place on Portland and in Weymouth.

Weymouth, Dorset
Weymouth is a resort town in Dorset on the south coast of England. 52,000 people live in the town. Thousands of tourists have holidays there, because it is by the sea. In summer it is sunny and warm and there's lots to do. The sailing in the 2012 Olympics will be held in Weymouth and on the Isle of Portland nearby.

Chrysanthemum
Chrysanthemums are a genus ("Chrysanthemum") of about 30 species of perennial flowering plants in the family Asteraceae, from Asia and northeast Europe.

Flagship
A flagship is the ship used by the officer who commanded a group of naval ships. The term comes from the custom of the commanding officer to fly a special flag to show he was present.
Used in this way, "flagship" is normally a temporary name; the flagship is wherever the officer is flying his flag. However, admirals have always needed a special place; a meeting room large enough to hold all the captains of the fleet, and a place for the admiral's staff to make plans and draw up orders.

European Magpie
The European Magpie ("Pica pica") is a bird that lives in Europe, much of Asia, and northwest Africa. It is one of several birds in the crow family named as magpies.
In Europe, "Magpie" is used by English speakers to call the European Magpie; it is the only magpie in Europe outside the Iberian Peninsula.
See also.
General licences under the Wildlife & Countryside Act 1981

Sui generis
Sui generis (pronounced or) is a term from Latin. It can be translated to "Of (his/her/its) own kind". It basically means that something has very special characteristics. They are so special, that the thing cannot really be compared to anything else. It is used in various contexts. The term was invented by philosophers. What they originally wanted to say was that an idea is so unique, that it cannot really be part of a broader concept.
Law.
When lawyers talk about something being "sui generis", they mean that something is so unique it cannot really be compared. With intellectual property, a design can be "sui generis".
Political sciences.
The European Union is something that has come to be in the last few years. It is not like a state or confederation of states. It is more like an International organisation. It is mostly classified as "sui generis".
Sociology.
In the sociology of Emile Durkheim, "sui generis" is used to illustrate his theories on social existence. He says that society, as it was there before any living individual was born, is independent of all individuals. His "sui generis" (its closest English meaning in this sense being 'independent') society will furthermore continue its existence after the individual ceases to interact with it.
Examples in media.
Meryl Streep was praised in a "Wall Street Journal" review of "The Devil Wears Prada": "(her) pitch-perfect portrayal of Miranda is "sui generis", with a dramatic existence of its own, as unique and memorable as, say, a Bette Davis character."
Martin Kettle in "The Guardian" said about hung parliaments: "Each is "sui generis", dependent on the particular parliamentary arithmetic, inter-party momentum and surrounding political circumstances."
"Slate" has used the term several times; one article discussed the unique variations of French Rose Champagne: "Grower Champagnes are wines made by small farmers in the Champagne region who, bucking convention, choose to craft their own wines rather than sell their grapes to the major Champagne houses. Typical of farmer fizzes, the grower rosés are utterly "sui generis"—in a few cases almost freakishly so."
A CNN "The Marquee" post said about James Brown, "I can't even begin to talk about his importance. He was sui generis."
Political commentator Dick Morris referred to the intense public interest in the 2008 US Presidential race as "clearly sui generis, and anything can happen."

Compass and straightedge construction
Compass-and-straightedge or ruler-and-compass construction is drawing of lengths, angles or shapes using only a ruler and compass. Some things cannot be drawn this way. For example, there are only 32 regular polygons with an uneven number of sides which are known to be constructible. It has been proven that a square with the same area as the area of a circle can't be constructed.

Carnation
A carnation is a type of flower.
See also.
Sweet William

Air Force One
"Air Force One" is the air traffic call sign (name) of any airplane being used by the President of the United States.
The president usually flies in one of the two specially converted Boeing 747 Jumbo Jets kept by the United States Air Force.
They are only called Air Force One when the President is on board; if the Vice President of another senior official is flying it is called Air Force Two. Otherwise it is called by its number like any other airplane.
When Richard Nixon resigned as President in 1974 he flew back to his home in California in Air Force One, but halfway to California he stopped being President and the airplane was then given a new name.

Incubus
In the Middle Ages, people in Europe believed that Incubi (One Incubus, several Incubi) were male demons. They lay on sleeping people, to have sexual intercourse with them. According to legend, they mostly did that to women. They would also do this to make other incubi. While they had sex with their victim, they drained its energy. They did this to sustain themselves. Some sources say that the incubus may be identified by its unnaturally cold penis. Religious tradition holds that repeated intercourse with such a spirit by either males or females (the female version of the incubus is called a succubus) may result in the deterioration of health, or even death.

Commonwealth realm
A Commonwealth realm is a country which has the same monarch as the United Kingdom.
The queen appoints a Governor-General to represent her. The Governor-General is appointed after consulting with the government of the realm, and has all of the powers and duties of the queen. Usually the Governor-General signs all acts of parliament into law, but can wait and ask the queen for advice or wait for her to sign the act herself. This happened in 1982 when Queen Elizabeth signed the important "Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms" during a visit to Canada.
Although the British Queen is also queen of the Commonwealth realms the British government has no power in the realms. The only exception was the British North America Act of 1867 which controlled the powers of the federal government in Canada. Because the provinces of Canada were worried about the power of the federal government only the British government and parliament could change the act until Britain and Canada agreed to the "Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms" in 1982.
Each realm decides on the Queen's title.
Usually it is Queen of (realm) and Her other Realms and Territories, Head of the Commonwealth.
Not all countries use the title "Defender of the Faith".

Dashiki
A Dashiki is a loose, brightly coloured African garment that covers the top half of the body. It is worn mostly by men in West Africa.

Colorado Avalanche
The Colorado Avalanche are an NHL team that plays in Denver, Colorado.

Battle of Midway
The Battle of Midway was an important naval battle of World War II, between the United States and the Empire of Japan. It took place from June 4, 1942 to June 7, 1942, more or less one month after the Battle of the Coral Sea, and about six months after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor that had made war break between the United States and Japan. During the battle, the United States Navy defeated a Japanese attack against Midway Atoll (located northwest of Hawaii) and destroyed four Japanese aircraft carriers and a heavy cruiser, and losing a carrier and a destroyer.
The battle was a clear victory for the Americans, and usually considered the most important naval battle of World War II.
The battle weakened the Imperial Japanese Navy for the rest of the war, mostly because Japan lost more than 200 pilots.
Both nations suffered losses in the battle, but Japan could not build up its forces again. The Japanese industry had little resources and was very poor compared to the American. For this reason, the United States replaced their lost ships and planes with better ones, very quickly; but Japan could only make few, and of poor quality.
The Japanese plan of attack was to bring America's carriers into a trap and sink them. The Japanese also tried to take Midway Atoll, to build Japan's defenses as far away from their homeland as possible. This operation was considered a previous step before attacking Fiji and Samoa, as well as an invasion of Hawaii.
The Midway operation, like the attack on Pearl Harbor, was not part of a campaign for the conquest of the United States, but was made by the Empire of Japan to destroy the American strength in the Pacific Ocean. This way, Japan could become the biggest power in the area and create a great government of Asia, under its rule. It was also hoped that another defeat would force the U.S. to ask for peace soon, with good terms for Japan.
After the clear victory, the American forces retired. Japan's loss of four out of their six carriers, plus many number of their best air pilots, stopped the expansion of the Japanese Empire in the Pacific, and the Americans slowly began to advance towards Japan.

Minnesota Wild
The Minnesota Wild are a NHL team based in Saint Paul, Minnesota

Ghassanids
Ghassanids, are an Arab clan who came to the Levant from Yemen before Islam. Ghassanids were Christians. Some of them remain Christians until modern days especially in Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Palestine, and Israel.

B-29 Flying Superfortress
The Boeing B-29 Superfortress was a heavy bomber aircraft with four engines used by the United States Army Air Forces in World War II, and by other countries' military after that. The name "Superfortress" came from its famous previous model, the B-17 Flying Fortress.
The B-29 Boeing Model 345 was one of the biggest aircraft to serve during World War II. It was one of the most advanced bombers of its time. It was the most used aircraft in the U.S. bombing against Japan in the final months of World War II, and B-29s carried the atomic bombs that destroyed Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The B-29 stayed in service for a long time after the war ended. By the time it was retired in the 1960s, some 3,900 planes had been built.

Sewing
Sewing is stitching cloth, leather, furs, or other materials, using a needle and thread. sewing can be done on a sewing machine, or by hand.
"Plain" sewing is mostly done to make or mend clothing and household furnishings such as curtains, sheets, upholstery, and table linens. It is also used for sails, bellows, skin boats, banners and other items shaped out of flexible materials.
"Fancy" sewing is done to decorate materials, such as embroidery or quilting.
Other places where sewing is done are stitching cuts in skin, making shoes, and making books.

Saipan
Saipan (IPA: in English) is the largest island and capital of the United States Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI), a chain of 15 tropical islands which are part of the Marianas archipelago in the western Pacific Ocean (15°10’51”N, 145°45’21”E) with a total area of 115.39 km² (44.55 sq mi). The 2000 census population was 62,392.
Saipan is located at latitude of 15.25° north and longitudeof 145.75° east, about 200 km (120 mi) north of Guam. Saipan is about 20 km (12.5 mi) long and 9 km (5.5 mi) wide. It is a popular tourist destination in the Pacific.

Knitting
Knitting creates flexible fabric by looping thread or yarn together using two or more knitting needles or a knitting machine.
Flat knitting.
Flat knitting, which is usually done on two straight needles, produces a length of cloth and is used to create things like blankets, scarves, and the backs and fronts of sweaters.
Circular knitting.
Circular knitting, which is done on circular or double-pointed needles, produces a seamless tube and is used to create things like hats, socks, mittens, and sleeves.
Cable knitting.
Patterns called "cables" are typically used on sweaters, particularly on Aran sweaters from Ireland.
Different kinds of stitches create different patterns in knitting. For example, the stretchy ends of knitted sleeves are called "ribbing".
Yarn.
Yarn for knitting can be made from any number of natural or synthetic fibers such as wool, cotton, silk, or acrylic. Some yarns are made from a blend of several kinds of fibers.
Yarns come in many thicknesses or "weights" from fine to thick: lace, fingering, sock, sport, double-knit (or DK), worsted, aran, bulky, and super-bulky. Thinner yarns are generally used with smaller knitting needles, and thicker yarns are used with larger knitting needles.
Needles.
Knitting needles come in various shapes: straight, double-pointed, cable, and circular. They can be made from bamboo, aluminum, steel, or plastic.

Yarn
Yarn is a long, continuous length of fibers that have been spun or felted together. Yarn is used to make cloth by knitting, crocheting or weaving. Yarn is sold in the shape called a skein to prevent the yarn from becoming tangled or knotted.
Yarn can be made from any number of natural or synthetic fibers such as wool, cotton, silk, or acrylic. Some yarns are made from a blend of several kinds of fibers.
Yarns come in many thicknesses or weights from fine to thick: lace, fingering, sock, sport, double-knit (or DK), worsted, aran, bulky, and super-bulky. Very fine yarn is called thread and is used in sewing and embroidery.

Royal Australian Navy
The Royal Australian Navy (RAN) is the navy of the Australian Defence Force. It was created in 1901, and was formed out of the Commonwealth Naval Forces to become the small navy of Australia. The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom continued to defend Australia in the Pacific Ocean until World War II, when the RAN became much bigger and modern, adding many ships including aircraft carriers.
Today the RAN is one of the largest naval forces in the Pacific region and the Indian Ocean. Vice Admiral Russ Shalders is the current Chief of Navy, since 2005.

Takijirō Ōnishi
was a Vice-admiral in the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II, who came to known as the father of the "kamikaze".

Torpedo
The torpedo, is an explosive projectile weapon that moves by itself (using a propeller), launched above or below the water surface, that goes underwater toward a target, and made to explode when it hits a target or is near to it. Torpedoes may be launched from submarines, surface ships, helicopters, aircraft, etc.

Undercarriage
In aviation, the undercarriage or landing gear is the structure (usually wheels) that supports an aircraft and allows it to move across the surface of the Earth when it is not flying.

Battlefield 2
Battlefield 2 is a first-person shooter developed by Digital Illusions CE and published by EA Games.
By playing online the players can gather points for the global ranking. If a player has enough points, he is promoted to the next higher rank and can unlock new weapons and awards.
The storyline takes place in Middle- and Eastern-Asia in the near future. In this fictional war, the US Marine Corps fights against China and the fictional "Middle Eastern Coalition". So the players can use the most modern weapons like the F-35 Lightning II fighter or the T90 tank. It´s also possible to choose between different classes like medic, assault, sniper and others.
Because Battlefield 2 is a tactic shooter, teamplay is very important. One player by team can be the commander who issues instructions on his team. The other players can group themselves into squads.
In every round two teams are playing. At the beginning of the round, both teams have a certain amount of tickets. By eliminating an enemy the teams can reduce the number of tickets of the other team. The team that has more tickets at the end of the round wins.
Battlefield 2 is the sequel of Battlefield 1942 and Battlefield Vietnam. The most recent game of the Battlefield series is Battlefield 2142.
There is also an addon named "Special Forces" in which several special forces (e. g. SAS) can be played. Also two so called "booster packs" are available: "Euro Forces" which brings the army of the European Union into the game and "Armored Fury" which relocates the storyline to North America.
Battlefield 2 is one of the most popular games in it´s genre. Although being released in 2005 it´s still played by many persons around the world and has a big community.

Subset
A subset is a set which has some (or all) of the elements of another set, called superset, but does not have any elements that the superset does not have. A subset which does not have all the elements of its superset is called a proper subset. We use the symbol ⊆ to say a set is a subset of another set. We can also use ⊂ if it is a proper subset. The symbols ⊃ ⊇ are opposite - they tell us the second element is a (proper) subset of the first.

Pythagorean theorem/proof
The proof of Pythagorean theorem was found by a Greek mathematician, Eudoxus of Cnidus.

Middle Temple
The Honourable Society of the Middle Temple is one of the four Inns of Court exclusively entitled to call their members to the English bar as barristers. (The others are the Inner Temple, Gray's Inn and Lincoln's Inn.) It is near the Royal Courts of Justice, within the City of London.

Albanian Orthodox Church
The Orthodox Autocephalous Church of Albania is one of the Eastern Orthodox churches. It is very new. It was created in 1922 by the fathers of the Albanian Orthodoxy Fan Noli, Visarion Xhuvani, and others. The Albanian Orthodox Church is autocephalous, meaning its bishop does not have to answer before any superior clerical authority.
Since its beginning it has had a difficult time. The church suffered during the Second World War, and in the communist period that came after. This became worse after 1967 when Albania was declared an atheist state, and no public or private expression of religion was allowed. After religious freedom returned in 1991, the church has become very active again. More than 250 churches have been created or repaired, and more than 100 clergy being ordained.
The Church currently has four dioceses, Tirana, Durrës and Elbasan; Berat and Kanina; Gjirokastër; and Korçë.

University of Padua
The University of Padua (Italian "Università degli Studi di Padova", UNIPD) located in Padua, Italy was created in 1222. It is one of the oldest European universities and the second oldest in Italy. As of 2003, the university had more or less 65,000 students.

Anti-aircraft warfare
Anti-aircraft warfare, or air defence, is any way of fighting military aircraft in combat from the ground. Different guns and cannons have been used for this since the first military aircraft were used in World War I. They have become more powerful over the years. After World War II, guided missiles began to be used too, like the "surface-to-air missile", and today both are used to fight against aircraft.
Nicknames for anti-aircraft guns include AAA or triple-A, an abbreviation for "anti-aircraft a'"rtillery", and flak or flack (from the German "Flugabwehrk'"anone", "aircraft defence cannon"). An anti-aircraft missile is another name for a surface-to-air missile, also said SAM for short.

National Museum of the United States Air Force
The National Museum of the United States Air Force (formerly the United States Air Force Museum) is the official national museum of the United States Air Force and is located on Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, near Dayton, Ohio. Over 400 aircraft and missiles are on display, most of them indoors. Admission is free.
Exhibits.
The museum has many rare and important aircraft and other exhibits, including one of four surviving Convair B-36s, the only surviving XB-70 Valkyrie, and "Bockscar"—the B-29 Superfortress that dropped the second atomic bomb in World War II. In contrast to the Smithsonian Institution's National Air and Space Museum, nearly all of the museum's exhibits are extremely accessible. Most are easily touched, even investigated, by visitors.

List of Tour de France winners
The first Tour de France was in 1903, but it was not run during World War I or World War II. Since 1903, the have been:-

Inner Temple
The Honourable Society of the Inner Temple is one of the four Inns of Court around the Royal Courts of Justice in London. They may call members to the Bar and allow them to practice as barristers. (The other Inns are Middle Temple, Gray's Inn and Lincoln's Inn.)
The Inner Temple was first recorded as being used for legal purposes when lawyers' houses were burned down in Wat Tyler's revolt in 1381. Before that date, the Temple was occupied by the Knights Templar. The Inner Temple was damaged during the wartime bombings in the areas surrounding the River Thames.

Inns of Court
The Inns of Court are professional associations, in London, in which every English barrister must belong to. The associations have directing and disciplinary functions over their members. The Inns also provide libraries, dining facilities and professional accommodations to members. Each Inn also has a church or chapel.
Over the centuries the number of active Inns of Court was reduced to four, which are Lincoln's Inn, Gray's Inn, Inner Temple and Middle Temple.

Lincoln's Inn
The Honourable Society of Lincoln's Inn is one of the four Inns of Court around the Royal Courts of Justice in London. They may call members to the Bar and allow them to practice as barristers. (The other Inns are Middle Temple, Gray's Inn and Inner Temple.) Lincoln's Inn is thought to be the oldest of the four Inns of Court. The history of the Inn can be traced back to 1422, although its actual origins are even older.
It is situated in Holborn, in the London Borough of Camden, just on the border with the City of London and the City of Westminster.

Gray's Inn
The Honourable Society of Gray's Inn is one of the four Inns of Court around the Royal Courts of Justice in London. They may call members to the Bar and allow them to practice as barristers. The other Inns are Middle Temple, Lincoln's Inn and Inner Temple.
It is situated in Holborn, in the London Borough of Camden, just on the border with the City of London and the City of Westminster.

Battle of Okinawa
The Battle of Okinawa, was a great battle of World War II that took place on the island of Okinawa in the Ryukyu Islands (south of the four big islands of Japan), between the military forces of the Empire of Japan and the Allies. It was the second biggest amphibious battle (from sea to land) of World War II, after the Battle of Normandy. It was also one of the longest battles in history, from April to June, 1945. The Allies won the battle and occupied Okinawa. Today, Okinawa is Japanese territory, but there are still American military bases there.
Nobody thought it was to be the last great battle of the war, but it was. The Americans were planning Operation Downfall, the invasion of the four great islands of Japan. This never happened, because the Japanese surrendered after the American use of the atomic bomb in August 1945 (first in Hiroshima, and a second time in Nagasaki) and the Soviet Union declaring war on Japan.
The battle has been called "Typhoon of Steel" in English, and "tetsu no ame," "tetsu no bōfū" by the people of Okinawa, which mean "rain of steel" and "violent wind of steel", because of the very heavy firing of guns and bombs at this battle.
At some battles, such as Iwo Jima, there had been no civilians, but Okinawa had a lot of civilian population. The civilians dead or injured in the battle were at least 150,000. American deaths were 18,900 killed or missing and 53,000 injured, more than double of the soldiers killed at Iwo Jima and Guadalcanal put together. Several thousand soldiers who died from wounds and other causes, after the battle had finished, are not included. About a third of the civilian population of the island were killed. There were about 100,000 Japanese soldiers killed and 7,000 captured. Some of the soldiers committed seppuku or simply blew themselves up with grenades. Some of the civilians, convinced by Japanese propaganda that the Americans were barbarians who did terrible things to prisoners, killed their families and themselves to avoid capture.
In 1945, Winston Churchill called the battle "among the most intense and famous in military history."

Naomi Nari Nam
Naomi Nari Nam (born July 6, 1985 in Anaheim, California) is a figure skater from the United States.
Nam was a very good skater as a child. She won the silver medal (second place) at the 1999 United States national championships behind Michelle Kwan at age 13. She would have normally gone to the World Championships after doing this, but she was too young according to the rules. She could have gone if she had won a medal at the World Junior Championships, but that was the last year the World Junior Championships were held before Nationals and Nam did not go to those championships.
Nam had a bad career after this. She had an injury in her hip and had to stop skating as a single skater.
In 2005, she started skating as a pairs skater with Themistocles Leftheris. They placed 5th at the 2006 Nationals, a very good result for a new team. They won the bronze medal (third place) at the 2006 Skate America competition, which was even more good. They won the bronze at the 2007 Nationals and then placed 6th at the 2007 Four Continents.
Naomi Nari Nam is a very graceful and flexible skater. She and Leftheris are a good pairs team. They do very hard jumps for a pairs team, which is helped by Nam's good singles career.

Themistocles Leftheris
Themistocles Leftheris is a figure skater from the United States. He is often called "Themi Leftheris".
Leftheris has skated pairs for most of his life. He has had many partners and has done very well with them.
In 2005, he started skating as a team with Naomi Nari Nam. They placed 5th at the 2006 Nationals, a very good result for a new team. They won the bronze medal (third place) at the 2006 Skate America competition, which was even more good. They won the bronze at the 2007 Nationals and then placed 6th at the 2007 Four Continents.
Themistocles Leftheris is a very powerful skater. He and Nam are a good pairs team. They do very hard jumps for a pairs team, which is helped by Nam's good singles career.

Ohka
The Yokosuka MXY-7 "Ohka" (櫻花 "cherry blossom") was a type of airplane rocket, used for suicide attacks by the Empire of Japan in the last months of World War II. The United States gave the aircraft the name "Baka" (Japanese for "stupid").
It was carried by a bomber that dropped it when close enough to an enemy ship. The pilot guided it to crash with the target. When dropping down, it could go so fast that it was almost impossible to stop it. The operational record of Ohkas used in action includes three ships sunk and three other ships with great damage.

Stéphane Lambiel
Stéphane Lambiel is a figure skater from Switzerland. He is famous for his very good spins.
Lambiel was a good skater as a child. When he was 12 years old, he was picked to perform an exhibition at the 1997 World Championships.
He has won the Swiss national championships every year he has entered them, and at every level.
In 2002, when he was 16, the Swiss Olympic Committee told him he could go to the 2002 Olympics if he placed in the top 15 at the European Championships. Lambiel placed 4th at the European Championships and he went to the Olympics.
In 2006, Lambiel won the silver medal (second place) at the 2006 Olympics. He was World Champion in 2005 and 2006.
Lambiel is famous for having everything a skater needs to do well, called the "full package". He is very artistic, and has all the technical elements needed, including a quadruple jump. He is very consistent, except for the triple axel, which is a bad jump for him.
Lambiel has had a lot of injuries, which has kept him out of the Grand Prix a lot. After the Olympics, he did not feel very motivated. He missed the 2007 European Championships because he said he was burnt out. But he came back for the 2007 World Championships, where he won the bronze medal.

Daisuke Takahashi
Daisuke Takahashi is a figure skater from Japan. He won the Japanese national championships in 2006 and 2007.
Takahashi is the first male skater from Japan to win the World Junior Championships and the first male skater from Japan to win a silver medal at the World Championship.
Takahashi went to the 2006 Olympics and placed 8th.
Takahashi is known as a graceful skater and a very good spinner. He has very good basic skating skills and a quadruple jump, making him a top skater in the world. In his career, he has known to be very inconsistent, often choking (doing badly under pressure) at big events. But in 2006-2007 season, he overcame this reputation and did very well, placing 1st or 2nd at every event he entered.

Evgeni Plushenko
Evgeni Plushenko is a figure skater from Russia. He was born and raised in the Soviet Union. He is the last of the "Soviet System" figure skaters, which took children from their parents at a young age and raised them in a training system away from home while giving them everything they needed, including housing and food and equipment, so they could become the best.
Plushenko was a very good skater as a child. At age 14, he won the World Junior Championships. At age 15, he won the bronze medal at the World Championships. He has always been coached by Alexei Mishin, a very famous Soviet and Russian skater coach. At the time of Plushenko's rise, Mishin was also coaching Alexei Yagudin. When Yagudin saw all the attention Mishin was giving Plushenko, it made Yagudin leave and find another coach. Plushenko and Yagudin had a very big rivalry that ended in 2002, when Yagudin won the Olympic Gold and Plushenko won the silver.
Between the 2002 Olympics and the 2006 Olympics, Plushenko only lost a competition twice. The first time was to Emanuel Sandhu at the 2003-2004 Grand Prix Final. The second was to Brian Joubert at the 2004 European Championships. Plushenko came close to losing the 2003 World Championships to American Timothy Goebel, but won.
Plushenko withdrew from the 2005 World Championships with injury. But he won the 2006 Olympics with a very big lead over everyone else there.
Plushenko took the 2006-2007 season away from skating. He was married and had a child, but he is now getting a divorce. He is trying to come back to competitive skating, but still has a lot of injuries.
Plushenko is known for his consistency and his strong jumping ability. He has done a lot of quadruple jumps in competition and in combination with other jumps. He was the first to do a lot of quadruple-jump combinations. He has also done the Biellmann spin in competition, although he has not done that recently.

Stacy London
Stacy London (born May 25, 1969 in New York City, New York) is an American fashionconsultant and mediapersonality. She known best for her role as a co-host on the makeover reality program "What Not to Wear".

Kaiten
The "Kaiten" (Japanese: 回天, translated "Change the World" or "Reverse Destiny") was a torpedo that was changed as a suicide weapon, and used by the Navy of the Empire of Japan in the last months of the Second World War. It was basically a torpedo with a pilot, and it could be thrown from a submarine or a ship.
The "Kaiten" was not very effective. Out of more or less 100 attacks made with them, only two enemy ships were sunk.

Blanket
A blanket is a large, usually rectangular piece of cloth, generally used on a bed over a sheet to keep the sleeping person warm. Some blankets are knitted or crocheted while others are made of two layers of cloth sewn together with stuffing in the middle. Blankets can be made with hollow fibre or feathers.
Other names for blankets are quilts, duvets, and comforters, depending on their thickness, construction and/or stuffing.
Blankets may also be used on the ground for a picnic or other places where people want to sit without their clothing getting dirty or wet.
Electric blankets are heated by electricity. Blankets were traditionally made of wool because it is warm, naturally fire-retardant, and allows air to circulate well, while today synthetic fibers are frequently used. Throw blankets are smaller blankets, often in decorative colors and patterns, that can be used for extra warmth outside of bed.
Other kinds are horse blankets, used to keep horses warm, and saddle blankets, used to prevent the horse's saddle from rubbing on its skin.
Blanket terminology is also used in the printing industry. A blanket is a rubber coating over different layer of compressible material. It wraps around a cylinder and insures transfer of ink form the printed material (where the image is ink defined) to the paper. Blankets are used for Offset, gravure, flexo, etc.

Crochet
Crochet is a way of creating fabric from yarn or thread using a crochet hook to pull loops of yarn through other loops. It is similar to knitting, except that usually only one loop is active at one time, and that a crochet hook is used instead of knitting needles. Also, crochet can not be made by machine. Crochet uses more yarn than knitting but is faster to make by hand.
Crochet is used to make clothing, household items like tablecloths, blankets and potholders, and toys. Lace is often made by crocheting, though it can be made by knitting and weaving as well.
Crocheting is also a great craft for younger children. The stitches are easy and their small hands are able to hold the crochet hook. They are also able to see progress very quickly and that motivates them to continue. It is very easy to start again after setting the project down, which will help to keep young people involved in the craft.

Weaving
Weaving is the interlacing of two sets of threads at right angles to each other to form cloth. Weaving is usually done on a loom.
One set of threads is called the "warp". These threads are held taut and in parallel order on the loom by "harnesses" creating a space called the "shed". The "weft" thread is wound onto "bobbins". The bobbins are held in a "shuttle", which carries the weft thread through the shed. The warp threads are moved over and under the weft threads

Loom
A loom is a machine for weaving thread or yarn into textiles. Looms can range from very small hand-held frames, to large free-standing hand looms, to huge automatic mechanical devices.
The invention of the power loom by Edmund Cartwright was very important in the Industrial Revolution.

Sweater
A sweater is a piece of clothing worn on the upper body to keep the person warm. Sweaters are usually knitted or crocheted. Other names for sweaters are pullover, jersey, or jumper.
Sweaters that open in the front are often called "cardigans". Sweaters without sleeves are often called "vests".

Scarf
A scarf is a piece of fabric worn on or near the head or around the neck for warmth, cleanliness, fashion or for religious reasons. Neck scarves are usually knitted or crocheted, while headscarves are usually woven.
Many Muslim women wear a headscarf known as a hijab. In the Persian Gulf Region it is called a sheila.

Across the Universe (movie)
"Across the Universe" is a musical movie made in 2007. It is directed by Julie Taymor and written by Ian La Frenais and Dick Clement. The main characters are played by Evan Rachel Wood and Jim Sturgess. There are also other famous actors and singers who appear in the movie: Bono, who plays "Dr. Robert", Eddie Izzard as "Mr. Kite", Dana Fuchs as a musician called "Sexy Sadie", and Salma Hayek as a nurse.
The movie was released in North America on 12 October in 2007.
Plot.
The story starts in the early 1960s. A young ship builder from Liverpool named Jude (played by Jim Sturgess) travels by ship to the United States in search of his American G.I. father called Wes (Played by Robert Clohessy). He has never met and his father does not know he exists. While looking for his father at Princeton, he makes friends with somebody called Max (Played by Joe Anderson), a rebellious young man from a rich background, and max's sister Lucy (Played by Evan Rachel Wood). Max drops out of college and moves to New York City, Jude goes with him. Max works as a taxi driver, while Jude tries to find work as an independant artist. They become roommates in a bohemian area of the city where they share an apartment with other people, including a woman called Sadie (Played by Dana Fuchs) who is their landlady and who is also trying to become singer. Other people who live in the same house include Jojo (Played by Martin Luther McCoy), a guitarist who arrives from Detroit after the death of his younger brother; and Prudence (Played by T.V. Carpio), a young lesbian who hitchhikes to New York City from Dayton, Ohio. Lucy joins them in the New York flat after her boyfriend is killed in the Vietnam War.
Lucy and Jude begin dating, as well as Sadie and Jojo, which leaves Prudence depressed. When Max is sent to Vietnam, Lucy becomes involved in an extreme anti-war group, which leads to tension with the non-political Jude. He is unhappy with the amount of time she spends with the political group, suspecting that its leader, Paco (Logan Marshall-Green), is a man who obsessively seduces and deceives women. Jude's art and his relationship with Lucy both start to break down. Meanwhile, Sadie has formed a band called Sadie and the Po Boys, with Jojo as her lead guitarist. She gains the attention of a manager (James Urbaniak) who signs her to a record label, but he wants her to drop her backing band. This leads to a break up between Sadie and Jojo, both musically and romantically.
The differences between Jude and Lucy grow. One day, Jude goes into the offices of the political group where Lucy works and is kicked out after punching Paco. This causes to a fight between the couple, resulting in Lucy leaving Jude. Jude finds her at an anti-war demonstration at Columbia University during which many protesters, including Lucy, are arrested. When trying to help her, Jude is also arrested. Though Wes (Jude's Fateher) persuades the police not to take further action for activity at the protest, he cannot prove that Jude is his son, and Jude is sent back to England.
Max is wounded in Vietnam and is emotionally and mentally troubled by his war experience, while Lucy remains involved in her anti-war group that is becoming more and more violent. After Lucy goes to the old headquarters of her anti-war group, she discovers Paco and some of his followers making bombs, She then decides to leave the group. One of Paco's bombs explodes, destroying the building. Jude reads about the explosion in a Liverpool newspaper and is concerned that Lucy has died. He then hears from Max that she is alive, and he arranges to return to the United States fairly and without breaking the law. He meets Max, who drives him to Sadie's music headquarters where a Beatles-style rooftop concert is being held by Jojo, Sadie, and their band singing an anti-war song (Don't let me down). Lucy is supposed to be there to meet Jude again, but no one can find her, and the group is forced to leave when the police arrive, but Jude manages to sneak back onto the roof and begins to sing "All you need is Love", his eyes searching the crowd for Lucy. The rest of the band sneaks back onto the roof too and they join him with their voices and instruments. Jude smiles sadly and turns to leave the roof, but Max suddenly points as they sing, and Jude turns to see Lucy standing on the roof across the street, singing along. They smile at one another with tears in their eyes, and the screen fades out to white clouds and blue sky.
Movie soundtrack.
The movie's end credits show that a total of thirty-three separate Beatles songs featured in the movie, either in full or in part. All of these songs were written between 1963 and 1970 by the members of The Beatles (John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr) and recorded by The Beatles. Thirty of them are songs that are officially credited to the songwriting partnership of Lennon-McCartney. Three are credited to George Harrison. One title ("Flying") is a 1967 songs credited to all four members of the Beatles (Lennon-McCartney-Harrison-Starkey).
Thirty-one of the soundtrack's songs feature vocals. Two of them ("And I Love Her" and "A Day in the Life") are brief instrumental versions of songs that were originally written with lyrics. One song ("Flying") was originally written as an instrumental.
Twenty-five of the vocal tracks are performed by one or more of the six lead cast members. Four of the songs are sung by stars with cameo roles (Bono, Eddie Izzard, Salma Hayek and Joe Cocker). One song ("Let It Be") is sung by supporting members of the cast. One song ("Blue Jay Way") is sung by indie Texan trio The Secret Machines. In twenty-nine of the vocal tracks, the vocalists are singing on-screen. Two of the vocal tracks ("Blue Jay Way" and "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds") are sung by off-screen vocalists.
The remaining three of the thirty-four songs are rendered instrumentally. "Flying" is performed by The Secret Machines, "And I Love Her" is heard briefly as part of the orchestral score, and "A Day in the Life" is performed on guitar by Jeff Beck in a version recorded for Sir George Martin's 1998 album "In My Life".
In addition to the thirty-four Beatles songs, the soundtrack features an original score written by Elliot Goldenthal. Goldenthal worked on Taymor's previous movies "Titus" and "Frida". (Goldenthal and director Taymor have also been partners since 1982.)
Beatles songs featured in the movie.
"This is a listing of the thirty-four songs written by members of The Beatles that are heard on the soundtrack, in the order featured in the movie. This listing includes notation of three songs that are heard twice in the course of the movie, so there are a total of thirty-seven individual music cues.
Production dispute.
In March 2007, the media reported a dispute over the final cut of the movie. Concerned with the length of director Julie Taymor's cut of the movie, Revolution Studios (production studio) chairman Joe Roth tested a sneak preview of a shortened version without first informing Taymor. The incident caused a quarel between the two, later involving Sony Pictures (distributor) Amy Pascal urging Taymor to agree to the shorter version. After several months of dispute, Taymor's version was eventually reinstated as the theatrically released version.
What the critics thought about the movie.
The movie received mixed reviews from critics. As of January 6, 2008, the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported that 52% of critics gave the movie positive reviews, based on 130 reviews. However, the movie is currently at 80% with the Rotten Tomatoes community. Metacritic reported the movie had an average score of 56 out of 100, based on 29 reviews.
Top ten lists.
The movie appeared on a few critics' top ten lists of the best movies of 2007.

Hugo Weaving
Hugo Wallace Weaving (born 4 April, 1960) is an Australian movie and stage actor. He is also well known as a voice actor. Weaving is most famous for his roles as "Agent Smith" in "The Matrix" and "Elrond" in "The Lord of the Rings" movie trilogy, the main character of "V for Vendetta" and the voices of "Noah the Elder" in "Happy Feet" and "Megatron" in "Transformers". He was born in Nigeria to English parents. He spent his childhood in South Africa and then moved to the United Kingdom when he was a teenager. He moved to Australia in 1976. He later became an Australian citizen.

Battle of the Philippine Sea
The Battle of the Philippine Sea was an important naval battle of the Second World War between by the navies of the United States and Japan. This battle took place on June 19 and June 20 1944 near the Mariana Islands, and involved two big naval forces and many Japanese aircraft from bases on land. The battle was a great defeat for the Japanese Navy, which lost three aircraft carriers and some 600 aircraft in two days of combat. This happened because the Japanese airplanes were getting old and their pilots had little training, compared to the more modern and better trained American forces. After the battle, the Japanese Navy was almost completely destroyed. This victory for Allied forces opened the door for the invasion of Iwo Jima.

Lottery
A lottery is a type of gambling contest where people buy a ticket to win large sums of money.

Tour of Britain
The Tour of Britain is the name of a cycle race held in United Kingdom. The race is made up of several parts in which the racers go from place to place across parts of Great Britain. The history of the event dates back to 1951. The Tour of Britain is part of the UCI's European Tour.
The race includes teams from Scotland and Wales, as well as a Great Britain team. In recent years, no English team has been entered. Teams from outside the UK compete too, for example in 2007 Team T-Mobile will take part.
The latest version, a professional stage race, was first run in 2004.
History.
The Tour of Britain has had different names. This is because many is because many different companies or groups of people have provided the money needed to have the event happen ("sponsors").
2004 Tour of Britain.
The first edition of the latest version of the Tour of Britain took place over five days in early September 2004. It was organised by SweetSpot along with British Cycling. The race was sponsored by the organisers of London's 2012 Olympics bid. It was well-promoted and many well-known teams were a part of the race. Such teams included T-Mobile (Germany) and U.S. Postal Service (USA). This was partly due to it being a 2.3 category race on the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) calendar.
The 2004 route ended with a 45 mile (72 km) criterium in London, where tens of thousands of people watching saw a long break by Londoner Bradley Wiggins last until the final lap. Enrico Degano of Team Barloworld passed him on the final lap to win that stage of the race. The Colombian Mauricio Ardila, of Chocolade Jacques, won the Tour overall.
2006 Tour of Britain.
The Tour of Britain 2006 took place from the 29 August to 3 September as a UCI category 2.1 event. Martin Pedersen and Andy Schleck of Team CSC won the overall and King of the Mountains classification, respectively. Mark Cavendish (T-Mobile Team) won the points classification and Johan Van Summeren (Davitamon-Lotto) captured the sprints classification.
2007 Tour of Britain.
The Tour of Britain is being changed to seven days for 2007. The extra day is being used to run a stage in Somerset for the first time. Instead of finishing in London, the 2007 race will start in London and finish in Glasgow. Glasgow is using the event to increase the chance of it becoming the host of the 2014 Commonwealth Games.

Tengiz
Tengiz is a lake in Kazakhstan, Kostanay oblast near Russia.

Aike
Aike is a lake on the border between Kazakhstan and Russia. The lake has an area of about. The city of Pskovskiy is located on the shoreline of the lake. The lake is located at

Tamgaly
Tamgaly is a lake in Kazakhstan, in South Kazakhstan oblast. It is also a UNESCO World Heritage Site where petroglyphs (rock pictures) have been found.

Union Cycliste Internationale
The Union Cycliste Internationale or "International Cycling Union" usually called the UCI is the governing body of bicycle racing in the world.
It sets out rules for bicycle design, and types of races. The UCI also issues licences to racing teams which gives them permission to compete in one of the ranks or "tours".
The ProTour.
This is the highest grade, the 20 best teams are in the "UCI ProTour", and all of the races are in Europe.
Contintental Circuits.
There five Continental Circuits (one each for Europe, Africa, Oceania, Asia, and the Americas). They are the next highest grade after the UCI ProTour. The circuits were designed by UCI to encourage cycle racing outside the European continent, where it is most popular and where the three Grand Tour stage races Vuelta Ciclista a España, Tour de France and the Giro d'Italia are run. The Grand Tours are part of the ProTour

Ashchikol
Ashchikol is a lake in Kazakhstan, in Kyzylorda oblast. It is located near the north border of the country.

Kajbagar
Kajbagar is a lake in Kazakhstan, Kustanay oblast. About 30 kilometers to the west is Kushmurun lake.

Milk Marketing Board
The Milk Marketing Board was an agency of the British government.
The Board bought all of the milk in England and Wales from diary farmers and passed it on to be processed and sold. This way small farmers always got a fair price, because no big producer could sell their milk more cheaply.
The Board was first set up in 1933. In the 1933 and 1934 three other boards were set up for Scotland and one for Northern Ireland in 1955.
From 1958 until it was abolished the Milk Marketing Board sponsored (paid money for) the Tour of Britain bicycle race, which was called "The Milk Race".

Smithsonian Institution
The Smithsonian Institution (pronounced Smith-sone-ian) is an educational and research institute and museum complex, administered and funded by the government of the United States and by funds from its endowment, contributions, and profits from its shops and its magazine. Most of the institution is located in Washington, D.C., but its 19 museums, zoo, and eight research centers include sites in New York City, Virginia, Panama, and elsewhere. It has over 142 million items in its collections.
A monthly magazine published by the Smithsonian Institution is also named the "Smithsonian".
History.
The Smithsonian Institution was founded for the "increase and diffusion" of knowledge by a bequest to the United States by the British scientist James Smithson (1765–1829), who had never visited the United States himself. In Smithson's will, he stated that should his nephew, Henry James Hungerford, die without heirs, the Smithson estate would go to the United States of America for creating an "Establishment for the increase & diffusion of Knowledge among men". After the nephew died without heirs in 1835, President Andrew Jackson informed Congress of the bequest, which amounted to 104,960 gold sovereigns, or USD 500,000 ($9,235,277 in 2005 U.S. dollars after inflation).
Eight years later, Congress passed an act establishing the Smithsonian Institution.
The Smithsonian Institution Building on the National Mall is known as "The Castle", because its design looks similar to a European castle.
Though the Smithsonian's first leader (called "secretary"), Joseph Henry, wanted the Institution to be a center for scientific research, before long it became the depository for various Washington and U.S. government collections.
The voyage of the U.S. Navy went around the world between 1838 and 1842. The United States Exploring Expedition collected thousands of animal specimens, herbs, shells, minerals, tropical birds, jars of seawater and ethnographic specimens from the South Pacific. These specimens and artifacts became part of the Smithsonian collections, as did those collected by the military and civilian surveys in the American West.
Chantilly, VA.
In addition, there are many museums that are Smithsonian affiliates.

Battle of Leyte Gulf
The Battle of Leyte Gulf, was the biggest naval battle in modern history. The battle was part of World War II, and happened in the seas near the Philippines island of Leyte. It took place from 23 October to 26 October 1944, between the Allies and the Empire of Japan. The Allies started the battle to cut the way between Japan and its colonies in South East Asia. Japan took its oil for fuel from that area. The Japanese gathered all the ships they had left to fight the Allied troops. However, they failed and lost many ships and aircraft.
The battle was the last big naval fight of World War II. Without fuel, the Imperial Japanese Navy never again sailed to battle. Most of their ships returned to Japan, and were inactive for the rest of the war.
The first use of kamikaze aircraft was during this battle. A kamikaze hit the Australian flagship "HMAS Australia" on 21 October. Many other suicide attacks by the "Special Attack Force" began on 25 October, and did great damage to the Allied ships.

Ottoman Dynasty
The Ottoman Dynasty (or the Imperial House of Osman) ruled the Ottoman Empire from 1281 to 1923. The dynasty began with Osman I, but it was not recognized until 1383 when Murad I declared himself sultan. The dynasty might have been known as Söğüt before 1383, but it was later renamed "Osmanlı" (Ottoman in English) in honor of Osman I.
The sultan was the sole and absolute ruler of the empire. The power was often shifted to other officials, such as the Grand Vizier.

Grand Vizier
Grand Vizier, Sadr-ı Azam (Sadrazam) or Serdar-ı Ekrem (in Ottoman Turkish "صدر اعظم" or "وزیر اعظم"), was the greatest minister of the Sultan. The Grand Vizier had absolute power of attorney and could only be removed by the Sultan. He held the imperial seal and he could gather all other viziers to attend meetings regarding state affairs. The title is derived originally from the Persian word "Vizier" (وزير).

1446
Year 1446 was a common year. It started on a Saturday.

List of Ottoman Grand Viziers
This is the list of Grand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire.

Köprülü family
The Köprülü family was an Ottoman noble family with origins from Albania. The family provided six Ottoman Grand Viziers. Several other family members became high-ranking Ottoman officers.

Ashley Tisdale
Ashley Tisdale (born July 2, 1985) is an American actress and singer. She is known for co-starring in the movies "High School Musical" and "High School Musical 2". She also played candy counter girl, Maddie Fitzpatrick, on the Disney Channel television series "The Suite Life of Zack and Cody". She began singing and acting at an early age. She has released one studio album called "Headstrong". Some of her songs are "Be Good to Me", "Headstrong", "Not that Girl" and "Over It". Her original hair color is brown but she changed it for the series "The Suite Life of Zack and Cody".

Vanessa Hudgens
Vanessa Anne Hudgens (born December 14, 1988) is an American actress. She is also Polish, Luxembourgish, Irish, and Indian. She is most well known for starring in "High School Musical" and "High School Musical 2" on Disney Channel. Hudgens has won many awards and been nominated since "High School Musical". She has been on many TV shows and movies. She began acting and singing at an early age.

Angela Beesley
Angela Beesley (born August 3, 1977) is a British web entrepreneur. She works alongside Jimbo Wales, and works for Wikia.

Derby (horse race)
Derby is a type of race for horses. The race is named after Edward Smith-Stanley, 12th Earl of Derby

Reef
A reef is a place in the sea where fish live. It is highly populated with things such as coral and many species of fish. It is in the deeper floors of the oceans. THere are many types of reefs, for example a coral reef.

Luba Goy
Luba Goy (born 8 November 1945 in Germany)is now a Canadian comedienne and a Canadian television star. She is of Ukrainian descent.

Tina Fey
Elizabeth Stamatina "Tina" Fey (born May 18, 1970) is an American writer, comedian and an Emmy-winning actress.

Ashley Leggat
Ashley Margaret Anne Leggat (born September 26, 1986) is a Canadian actress who is known for her roles as "Casey MacDonald" in the Canadian series "Life with Derek".

Jessica Lunsford
Jessica Marie Lunsford (October 6, 1995 – February 27, 2005) was a nine-year-old girl who was abducted from her home in Homosassa, Florida on February 23, 2005, then raped and murdered by 47-year-old John Couey. The media covered the investigation and trial of her killer extensively. On August 24, 2007 a judge in Inverness, Florida sentenced Couey, a convicted sex offender, to death for kidnapping, raping and murdering Jessica.

Puncak Jaya
Puncak Jaya (IPA:) (also called Mount Carstensz or the Carstensz Pyramid) is the highest mountain on the island of New Guinea

Raviv Ullman
Raviv "Ricky" Ullman (Hebrew: רביב אולמן) is an Israeli-American actor born on January 24, 1986. He is famous for acting in Phil of the Future.

Homosassa, Florida
Homosassa is a census-designated place (CDP) in Citrus County, Florida, United States. The population was 2,294 at the 2000 census.

John Couey
John Evander Couey (born September 19, 1958) is an American sex offender and murderer. He was convicted of kidnapping, raping, and murdering nine-year old Jessica Lunsford in February 2005, in Florida. Lunsford's disappearance and Couey's subsequent confession and trial received extensive media coverage. Due to Couey's actions, Jessica's Law was enacted in Florida, and Congress created the Jessica Lunsford Act. A jury recommended that Couey receive the death penalty, and on August 24, 2007 Couey was sentenced to death.

Jaws (movie)
Jaws is a 1975 thriller movie directed by Steven Spielberg.
The events of the movie are set in the small, quiet, rural town of Amity. The movie follows three men as they try to capture and kill a great white shark that is causing the town to be under threat on Independence Day. The movie follows Martin Brody, the slightly unheroic local sheriff who must decide whether to follow his instinct to shut the beach for safety reasons or keep the beach open to help the local tourist economy. Matt Hooper, a marine biologist, and Quint, the local shark hunter, help Brody to overcome his fears of the water and stop the great white shark attacks.

Alcazar (Band)
Alcazar is a Swedish pop group who had a string of hit singles during the early 2000s decade and are continuing successfully today.
Alcazar have twice taken part in the "Melodifestivalen", the competition that selects Sweden's entry in the Eurovision Song Contest. In 2003 "Not A Sinner, Nor A Saint" came third overall. But it became the biggest hit of all the songs in Melodifestivalen 2003 and won the National Finals Song Contest. It became Alcazar's first #1 single in Sweden and did sell gold. In 2005 "Alcastar" failed to qualify for the final automatically, but eventually made it through after a second chance semi-final. However, the group again had to settle for third in the final, which was won by Martin Stenmarck's song "Las Vegas". But the song became a hit and only needed three days in stores to became Alcazar's second #1 single in Sweden.

Gangster
A Gangster is a person who is part of a gang.

Gang
A gang is a group of people who are similar to each other and have common interests.

Mount
__NOTOC__
Mountain.
"Mount" is often used to mean "mountain", as part of a name eg. Mount Vesuvius, Mount McKinley, Mount Everest.
Mount as a Verb.
To "mount" something means to put it onto something else.
Mount as a noun.
A "mount" is a thing for mounting something on.

Odoacer
Odoacer (Flavius Odoacrus/Odovacar/Odowaker/Odoacer; b. around 435, † probably March 15, 493 in Ravenna) was a soldier in the army of the West Roman Empire. Perhaps he was of Germanic descent. When he forced the last Western Roman Emperor Romulus Augustus to quit in 476, he became King of Italy. That event is considered the end of Ancient history and the beginning of the Middle Ages.

Alexios I Komnenos
Alexios I Komnenos or Alexius I Comnenus (;; 1048 – August 15, 1118), Byzantine emperor (1081–1118), was the son of John Komnenos and Anna Dalassena. He was the nephew of Isaac I Komnenos (emperor 1057–1059). The military, financial and territorial recovery of the Byzantine Empire known as Komnenian restoration began in his time.

Slayer
Slayer is a thrash metal band from the USA. Slayer was one of the creators of thrash metal, along with Megadeth, Metallica, and Anthrax. Their songs are usually associatied with starting the Death Metal movement in the USA. Slayer's song Raining Blood is used on the video game.

Megadeth
Megadeth is a thrash metal band from the United States. The band was created by Dave Mustaine in 1983 when he left Metallica.

Bonnaroo Music Festival
The Bonnaroo Music and Arts Festival is an annual four-day music festival held in Manchester, Tennessee. It is held by Superfly Productions and AC Entertainment and was first put together in 2002. The show's main features are the multiple stages, with the two main stages -- the "What" stage and the "Which" stage -- providing most of the performances. The music that is heard comes in a wide variety, including world music, hip hop, jazz, americana, bluegrass, country music, folk, gospel, reggae, electronica, and other alternative music.

Przystanek Woodstock
Przystanek Woodstock is a weekend-long music festival in Poland that has been held once a year since 1995. The festival is named for and was inspired by the Woodstock Festival (Przystanek Woodstock is Polish for "Woodstock Gathering"). Its motto is "Love, Friendship and Peace." It is organized by a foundation called the Great Orchestra of Christmas Charity. Alcohol, drugs and weapons are prohibited, but not everyone follows these rules.
The festival has been held in the town of Kostrzyn nad Odrą since 2004.

Empire of Japan
The Empire of Japan (Japanese: 大日本帝国; said "Dai Nippon Teikoku"; officially Empire of Greater Japan or Greater Japanese Empire; also called Imperial Japan and the Japanese Empire) was a government of the areas ruled by Japan during the period from the Meiji Restoration to the Japanese defeat in World War II. The Emperors during this time, were Emperor Meiji (Mutsuhito), Emperor Taishō (Yoshihito) and Emperor Shōwa (Hirohito). It is considered to go from the year 1868 to 1945.
In those years, Japan changed very much. It became one of the most powerful countries in the world. Japan built a great army and navy, and changed from an agricultural to an industrial economy. Because the territory of Japan is so small, the Japanese began to invade and occupy other near countries like Korea, Taiwan, and part of China to get resources.
The Empire of Japan surrendered to the Allies on September 2, 1945 after the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, after a long war against the Allied nations of World War II. The United States occupied the country and led many changes, including a new constitution. American occupation and reconstruction of the country continued well into the 1950s.

Headband
A headband is an accessory that is made to fit over or around the head, usually to hold hair away from the face or sweat out of the eyes. It can be made of many different materials, like plastic or elastic fabric. They come in many shapes and sizes and are used for both practical and fashion reasons.

Cornflower
The Cornflower ("Centaurea cyanus") also called Bachelor's button, Basket flower, and Boutonniere flower is a small flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It originated in Europe, but has been taken to many other places like Australia. It gives flowers once a year.

Axel jump
An Axel jump is a jump in figure skating. It is the most famous and recognizable skating jump. It starts with the skater going forward. It is the only jump that does and that helps people know that the jump is an Axel jump. Because all skating jumps are landed going backwards, the Axel jump has an extra half rotation (full circle) in the air than all other skating jumps.
History.
The jump was named after Axel Paulsen of Norway, who invented the jump.
Performances.
The first skater to do a double Axel in competition was Dick Button and Carol Heiss Jenkins was the first woman to do it. The first skater to do a triple Axel in competition was Vern Taylor. The first woman to do it was Midori Ito.
The first pairs skater to do a "throw triple Axel" (he helps her with the jump) were Rena Inoue & John Baldwin. It is not known who did the first "throw double Axel".
Methods.
The Axel can be a single Axel (1 and a half rotations in the air), a double Axel (two and a half rotations in the air), or a triple Axel (three and a half rotations in the air). Most Junior and Senior skaters do a double Axel. Many senior-level male skaters do a triple Axel. Only six female figure skaters have been credited with doing the triple Axel in competition: Midori Ito (the first one to do it), Tonya Harding, Yukari Nakano, Ludmila Nelidina, Mao Asada, and Kimmie Meissner.
Because the Axel is the most famous skating jump, many people make a mistake and call all skating jumps as "Axel jumps". This has led to many mistakes in sports reporting of figure skating, for example a report in 2006 saying that Miki Ando was the first woman to do a "quadruple Axel" jump. No one has yet done a quadruple Axel jump. Ando did the first quadruple Salchow, which is a different jump.

Kimmie Meissner
Kimmie Meissner is a figure skater from the United States. She won the World Championships in 2006 and the United States national championships in 2007. She is the second American woman and the sixth woman worldwide to do a triple Axel jump.
Early Career.
Meissner was a very good skater as a child. In 2003, she won the Novice title at the United States nationals. In 2004, she won the Junior title. In 2005, she won the bronze medal at the Senior level. While this would normally have given her a spot to the World Championships, Meissner was too young to go.
Olympics.
In 2006, she went to the 2006 Olympics, where she placed 6th. At the Olympics, she was called the future of American skating. The future came quickly. The next month, she won the World Championships, placing ahead of the Olympic silver medalist Sasha Cohen.
Four Continents Figure Skating.
In 2007, Meissner won the United States championships and the Four Continents Figure Skating Championships, a competition for skaters from countries that are not in Europe.
Popularity.
Meissner is a very popular skater, especially in Baltimore, where she is from. She has done shows in Baltimore and is a local celebrity. Meissner has many endorsements, which means she gets money from telling people she uses products. She is also involved with the "Cool Kids", which is an organization to help kids with cancer.

Flying ace
A flying ace or fighter ace is a military pilot who has shot down five or more enemy aircraft in air combat. Use of the term "ace" in military aviation began in World War I (1914–18). French newspapers called Adolphe Pegoud, as "l'as" (French for "ace") after he became the first pilot to shoot down five German aircraft. Many other pilots later became aces, and some are very famous today, like the "Red Baron", Manfred von Richthofen whom had 81 kills.
Erich Hartmann was the ace with the most kills, he had 352.

Medal
A medal is a small metal object that is given as an award for doing something very important or made to commemorate something. There are medals for sports, military, academics, etc. There also exist medals that have religious meaning.
Military medals are also called "Orders" or "decorations".

Motoori Norinaga
Motoori Norinaga (Japanese: 本居宣長; 21 June 1730–5 November 1801) was a Japanese scholar and poet during the Edo period. Norinaga's most important works include the "Kojiki-den" ("Commentaries on the Kojiki"), made over 35 years, and his comments on the "Tale of Genji".

Yours truly (letter)
Most of the time, the words "Yours truly" are used in English to end a letter politely. It is normally followed by the name of the letter's author.
Modern day.
In the UK, "Yours truly" has been replaced by "Yours sincerely" or "Yours faithfully".
Yours sincerely.
"Yours sincerely" is used when the person who is receiving the letter knows the author well and they can call each other by their first names.
Yours faithfully.
"Yours faithfully" is used when the person who is receiving the letter is not known by name (i.e. the recipient is addressed by a phrase such as "Dear Sir/Madam").

Saburo Sakai
Saburo Sakai 坂井三郎 "Sakai Saburō" (August 25, 1916 – September 22, 2000) was a Japanese naval pilot and fighter ace ("Gekitsui-O") of the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II. He was the 4th best Japanese pilot by number of enemy aircraft he shot down. He survived the war, and became a famous figure for his criticism of the War and the government of the Japanese Empire. He became a pacifist and a Buddhist and promised that he would never again kill another living thing, even a mosquito. Only months before his death, Sakai told reporters that he still prayed for the souls of the Chinese, American, Australian and Dutch pilots he had killed. He also helped Microsoft design the popular computer game "Combat Flight Simulator 2".

Southern Cross Station
Southern Cross Station is a railway station in Melbourne, Australia. It is one of 5 stations in the City Loop and the main hub for Line's services outside Melbourne, via Bus and Train. The station was called Spencer Street Station until December 13, 2005

Flagstaff railway station, Melbourne
Flagstaff is a railway station in Melbourne, Australia
!colspan=5 align=center bgcolor=#efefef|"City Loop"
!colspan=5 align=center bgcolor=#efefef|Broadmeadows, Flemington Racecourse, Sydenham, Upfield, Werribee & Williamstown lines

Melbourne Central railway station
Melbourne Central is a train station in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. It is one of three underground stations on the Melbourne Underground Rail Loop (City Loop). The station is located underneath Melbourne Central Shopping Center. Melbourne Central has four platforms and four tracks. It was known as Museum Station when the Melbourne Museum was located at the State Library of Victoria, across the street. Melbourne Central opened on January 24, 1981.

Parliament railway station, Melbourne
Parliament is an underground railway station in Melbourne, Australia. It is part of the suburban train network. It is one of the five stations on the City Loop. The city loop goes around the central business district.
Parliament has 4 platforms on two levels, like the other to underground stations on the city loop. Each level is for the trains leaving. The different levels are for trains going to the north and west suburbs or to the south and east suburbs. The station opened on January 22 1983.
Many people who work for the government use the station because it is underneath the Parliament House of Victoria. It is also at the intersection of Bourke Street and Spring Street. The tram routes 86, 95 and 96 on Bourke Street, tram routes 11, 12, 31, 42, 109, and 112 on Collins Street and the free City Circle tram stop near the station.
The lower platforms are 38 metres low. that means that they are the lowest in the city loop. Its escalators are the longest in the southern hemisphere.

Asphyxiation
Asphyxiation or choking is a condition when you do not have enough oxygen going to your body. If this condition lasts long enough it can lead to unconsciousness, brain damage and death.
Asphyxia is can be used to injure or kill in capital punishment, suicide, torture, and warfare. It is also used non-fatally in martial arts, combat sports. Because the need to breathe is made by the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood, some victims may not experience an urgent need to breathe and may remain unaware of the shortage of oxygen in there body.

Toy Story 2
"Toy Story 2" is a 1999 computer-generated animation movie and the sequel to "Toy Story". It is the third Disney / Pixar full-length movie. It is about toys that come alive when people are not around.

Richmond railway station, Melbourne
Richmond station is a railway station in Richmond, Australia. Richmond is an inner suburb of Melbourne.
The station is from Flinders Street Station which is Melbourne's central railway station. Richmond station is close to the Melbourne Cricket Ground, Punt Road Oval and Melbourne Park. It is very busy during sporting and other special events.
Tram route 70 goes past Richmond Station along Swan Street.
Punt Road is under the station with a major interchange with Swan Street and Brunton Avenue.
History.
Richmond station has been moved and rebuilt four times. The first station in Punt Road was at ground level and opened on 8 February, 1859. It closed the same year on 12 December, 1859. On the same day the new station opened in Swan Street.
In 1885, a new station just north of Swan Street was opened. The new station was raised up and was not at ground level. It had six platforms. For some time, both the old and new stations were used, before the ground level Swan Street station was closed.
By the 1940s the station had begun to fall apart. It was so bad that the council said it should be pulled down. A new station wasn't built for another 20 years. On 26 March, 1960 the new station was opened west of the old one. The bridges at each end of the station across Punt Road and Swan Street were also rebuilt to fit the ten tracks. The old station was pulled down.
Proposed redevelopment.
The condition of Richmond station was a problem again in 2005. Melbourne held the 2006 Commonwealth Games. Richmond station was the gateway to many of the main venues. The station had a bleak appearance. The raised station didn't have much shelter and could be windy and cold. It has poor access with steep ramps, stairs, and no lifts. This led the Victorian Government to think about building a new station. They decided it would cost too much money.
Movie.
The opening scene of the movie "Romper Stomper" was filmed in Richmond station. In the movie it was called Footscray station.

Bairnsdale railway line, Victoria
The Bairnsdale railway line is a regional railway in Victoria, Australia. It continues from the Pakenham metropolitan line. The part as far as Warragul used to be run with Melbourne electric trains, but only for a period during the 1990s. It has 24 stations.
List of stations.
Bold stations are terminuses, "italic" stations are staffed at least part time (this has been confirmed).
Continues from the Pakenham metropolitan line.
Branch lines went from Warragul to Noojee, Moe to Walhalla (a 2' 6" line), Thorpdale and Yallourn after the line from Hearne's Oak to Yallourn was closed to allow for a grater expansion of a brown coal mine, Morwell to Mirboo North, Traralgon to Stratford Junction via Maffra, which also included a branch line to Briagolong, and a short branch line from Bairnsdale to Bairnsdale Wharf, all of which have been closed.
As well, several timber tramways existed from many of the stations between Pakenham and Yarragon.

Pakenham railway station, Melbourne
Pakenham is a railway station in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, located in the suburb of Pakenham, on the Pakenham railway line. It is in Metcard Zone 2. It is the terminus for the Pakenham line, as well as a stop for regional trains going to Traralgon and Bairnsdale. The station contains 2 platforms.

North Melbourne railway station, Melbourne
North Melbourne Railway Station is the gateway through which all west and northwest bound train lines in Melbourne, Australia pass. North Melbourne Railway Station is mainly used as an interchange point. There are public telephones on each of the platforms.
The station was converted to a premium station in 1996, and has a small kiosk and a staffed ticket office. Actually situated in West Melbourne, the station's main entrance, at its east, is at intersection of Ireland Street and Railway Place. The station also has a western exit however this leads only to the rail yards.
The number 216 and 219 buses stop nearby the station.
Redevelopment.
On May 15, 2006, it was announced that the station is to be redeveloped. As part of the project, a new main entrance will be created at the southern end of the station with new escalators, stairs and lifts installed for quicker access to other platforms and to help disabled passengers. The total cost of the redevelopment will be $36 million dollars. Prior to the Victorian State election in 2006, Department of Infrastructure signs outside North Melbourne railway station indicated that the redevelopment would be complete by 2008. Recent amendments to the signs have seen this date revised to 2010.

Crumbsuckers
Crumbsuckers was a 1980s hardcore punk/heavy metal band from the United States. The band was formed in 1982 on Long Island, New York.

Shushi Massacres
The Shushi massacres were anti-Armenian pogroms during the Armenian-Azerbaijani war, 1920, when Azeri and Turkish army soldiers with participation of Kurdish gangs attacked the inhabitants of Shushi. The massacres took place on March 22-26, 1920, and resulted in more than
20,000 Armenian deaths and the destruction of the town of Shushi in Nagorno-Karabakh.
Background.
On June 4-5, 1919, an armed Armenian-Turkish fight took place in Shushi. It was organized and started by Azeri Governor-General Khosrov beg Sultanov. The town was closed off by a blockade, and the Armenian population found itself needing food.
Massacres in Shushi on March 22-26, 1920.
From the very start of 1920, Governor Sultanov, breaking the temporary treaty agreement of August 22, 1919, continued the blockade around Karabakh. He increased the number of armed forces in strategically important locations and gave weapons to the local Azeri population.
In the early morning of March 23, 1920, the Azeri army soldiers and Kurdish gangs attacked the Armenian part of town and began a horrible massacre of the Armenian population, which finished in March 26, 1920.
Remembering.
In July 1, 1997, the Baroness Caroline Cox gave a speech in the House of Lords, United Kingdom remembering the lives of Armenians who have been killed and specifically mentioned the occurrence in Shushi in 1920..
Research analyst Kalli Raptis in her book "Nagorno-Karabakh and the Eurasian Transport Corridor" wrote: "'In July 1918, the First Armenian Assembly of Nagorno Karabakh declared the region self-governing and created a national Council and government. In August 1919, the Karabakh national Council entered into a provisional treaty arrangement with the Azerbaijani government in order to avoid military conflict with a superior adversary'. Azerbaijan's violation of the treaty culminated in March 1920 with the massacre of the Armenians of Nagorno-Karabakh's capital, Shushi (called Shusha by the Azerbaijanis)".

Osip Mandelstam
Osip Emilyevich Mandelstam (also spelled Mandelshtam) (Осип Эмильевич Мандельштам) (January 15, 1891 - December 27, 1938) was a Russian poet and essayist.
Mandelstam was born in Warsaw, to a wealthy Jewish family. In 1900 Mandelstam entered the prestigious Tenishevsky school, which also counts Vladimir Nabokov and other significant figures of Russian (and Soviet) culture among its alumni. His first poems were printed in the school's almanac in 1907.
In April 1908 Mandelstam decided to enter the Sorbonne to study literature and philosophy, but he left the following year to attend the University of Heidelberg. In 1911, in order to continue education in the University of St. Petersburg, he converted to Methodism (which he did not practice) and entered the university the same year. Your mom.
Mandelstam's poetry, acutely populist in spirit after the first Russian revolution, became closely associated with symbolist imagery, and in 1911 he and several other young Russian poets formed "Poets' Guild" (Russian: Цех Поэтов, "Tsekh Poetov"), under the formal leadership of Nikolai Gumilyov and Sergei Gorodetsky.
In 1922 Mandelstam arrived in Moscow with his newlywed wife Nadezhda. At the same time his second book of poems, "Tristia", was published in Berlin. For several years after that, he almost completely abandoned poetry, concentrating on essays, literary criticism, memoirs ("The Din Of Time", Russian: Шум времени, "Shum vremeni"; Феодосия, "Feodosiya" - both 1925) and small-format prose ("The Egyptian Stamp", Russian: Египетская марка, "Yegipetskaya marka" - 1928). As a day job, he translated (19 books in 6 years), then worked as a correspondent for a newspaper.
Mandelstam died in 1938 in prison.
Mandelstam's non-conformist, anti-establishment tendencies always simmered not far from the surface, and in the autumn of 1933 they broke through in form of the famous "Stalin Epigram".

Forestry Commission
The Forestry Commission is a UK Government agency that was set up in 1919.
The commission is responsible for many forests and woodlands in Great Britain. Its job is to protect and expand Britain's forests and woodlands and increase their value to society and the environment.
Some of its forests are pine trees which the commission manages and carefully cuts down trees for wood and paper making. The money from this helps the commission to maintain it other forests which are not farmed but which are used for recreation, by people wanting to visit the countryside, and also to fund some scientific research into the ways to grow trees and to keep them healthy.
The Forestry Commission looks after a lot of the forests in the list of Forests in the United Kingdom

Fukushima Prefecture
Fukushima Prefecture (福島県, Fukushima-ken?) is located in the Tōhoku region on the island of Honshū, Japan, approximately 300 km north of Tokyo. The capital is the city of Fukushima.

Arara, Paraíba
Arara is a Brazilian city in the state of Paraíba. Its population in 2007 was 12,920 inhabitants. Its area is 89 km².

Juan Crisóstomo de Arriaga
Juan Crisóstomo de Arriaga y Balzola (born Bilbao 27 January 1806; died Paris 17 January 1826) was an early 19th-century Spanish composer. He was still only 19 years old when he died. Like Mozart, he was a child prodigy and he might have become one of the world’s most famous composers if he had lived.
His life.
Juan Crisóstomo Arriaga was born in Bilbao, in the Basque country in Spain. His father and older brother first taught him music. He started to compose when he was 11 and had already written 20 works by the time he was 15. Many of these are now lost. He may have thrown them away later thinking that they were not very good. In 1921 he went to Paris where he studied the violin with Pierre Baillot, and counterpoint and harmony with François-Joseph Fétis at the Paris Conservatoire. He was so good that by 1824 he had become a teaching assistant in Fétis's class.
Arriaga died in Paris at the age of nineteen, probably of a lung disease and exhaustion.
His music.
Arriaga has been called “The Spanish Mozart”. His music, however, does not sound particularly Spanish. It has a more general European character, based on the style of Mozart and Beethoven. He wrote a symphony which sounds at times like Schubert. He also wrote an opera "Los esclavos felices" ("The Happy Slaves"), and three string quartets. The string quartets were the only works that were published while he was still alive.

Conservatoire de Paris
The Conservatoire de Paris (Paris Conservatoire) is a music conservatory where students can study dance, drama and music. It has now been split into two "Conservatoires". One is for Acting, Theatre and Drama and is called the "Conservatoire National Supérieur d'Art Dramatique" (CNSAD). It is in the old building in the centre of Paris. The other is called "Conservatoire National Supérieur de Musique et de Danse de Paris". It is further from the centre of the city. This is where Music and Dance are taught.
The Paris Conservatoire has been famous for music since it was formed in 1795. Nearly all famous French composers and performing musicians studied there, and many young musicians came from abroad to study. It was, and still is, one of the best places to study music in the world.

Prix de Rome
The Prix de Rome was a scholarship (money prize) for art students in Paris. It was created in 1663 in France when Louis XIV was reigning. Every year the prize was given to promising young painters, sculptors, and architects. They had to finish a very difficult piece of work to show that they deserved to win the prize. The person who won the prize would get money so that that he could go to Rome for a year to study. Sometimes they were allowed to stay longer if they were doing exceptionally good work.
In 1803, music was added to the subjects, and in 1804 engraving was added. Sometimes people won “second prize” which allowed them to study for a shorter period.
Many artists who won the Prix de Rome are now almost forgotten. On the other hand, there are many artists who became very famous but did not win the Prix de Rome. These people include Eugène Delacroix, Edouard Manet, Edgar Degas and the composers Ernest Chausson and Maurice Ravel. Ravel tried five times to win it. There was a big argument about this at the Paris Conservatoire, and rules were reorganized after that.
The Prix de Rome continued to be awarded until 1968 when it was stopped.

Caulfield railway station, Melbourne
Caulfield is a railway station in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. It is in the suburb Caulfield, on the Pakenham, Frankston and Cranbourne railway lines. At this station the Frankston line splits from the Pakenham and Cranbourne lines.
Caulfield is a Premium Station.
Location.
The station is between Sir John Monash Drive (formerly Railway Avenue) and Normanby Road. The tram route 3 and some bus routes stop here. The Caulfield campus of Monash University and Caulfield Racecourse are close to the station.
Facilities.
The station has 4 platforms. Two platforms make an island in the middle of the station. Platform 1 has a large red brick building. Platforms 2&3 (the island platforms) contain a large red brick building with a waiting room and a ticket office. Platform 4 has a large red brick building. Outbound Line (country trains) services leave from this platform. A large Metcard ticket machine is inside the waiting room. This machine is able to sell most tickets. It also accept notes and coins. Small Metcard machines are at the entrances to platforms 1 and 4. A subway is located underneath the station. This allows people to get to the island platform. It has a Coca-Cola Red Engine take away food shop.
History.
Caulfield station was opened on Wednesday, 7th May 1879.

Officer railway station, Melbourne
Officer railway station is an ummanned railway station in Officer, Victoria. It is located in Metcard Zone 2.

ß
The letter ß (also known as sharp S, German: "esszett" or "scharfes S") is a letter in the German alphabet. It is the only German letter that is not part of the basic Latin alphabet. The letter is pronounced (like the "s" in "see").
Origin.
The letter "ß" in today's form was created around 1900. It has two origins, one in Blackletter and one in Roman type. The letter came from the long s (ſ) and the normal 's' which when handwritten, over time, joined together to be ß.
The German language has several "s" sounds. A few hundred years ago they were written as "s", "ss", "tz" and "sz". The combination of "s" (pronounced "e-ss") and "z" (pronounced "ts-et") became the letter Esszett (pronounced "e-ss ts-et").
Spelling.
The "ß" is only used in German language. It appears only in the middle or at the end of German words. There is no uppercase "ß". Instead of lowercase "ß" one can also write "ss". In uppercase it is replaced with "SS".
However, not every "ss" can be written as "ß". The German language often puts two or more words together to make a longer word. If the new word has two s's together they cannot be written as ß. For example Voßstraße is two words joined together (Voß and strasse). It can also be written as Vossstrasse but never as Vosßtrasse because "sstrasse" (or ßtrasse) is not a word, and the ß is in the word "Voss" (Voß).
The rules for German orthography have changed since 1996. Many common words that used to be written with "ß" are now written with "ss". For example "Fluß" (river) is now spelled "Fluss".

General Motors railway station, Melbourne
General Motors Railway Station was a railway station in Melbourne, Australia.
The station was opened on November 18, 1956 to service the General Motors factory near it. The station had two platforms and a footbridge into the factory. In 1991, the General Motors factory closed. Since the main purpose of the station was to support the factory, the station was no longer needed, but the station stayed open for eleven years after the factory had been destroyed. It was estimated to be the least used station in the entire city network. It had an average of eight passengers using it a day. The last trains stopped at the station on July 28 2002.
Other websites.
General Motors is currently not in use and trains no longer stop here.

Agronomy
Agronomy is the study of soil in relation to how it affects plant growth. "Agronomists" work to make methods that will improve the use of soil and increase the amount of food and fiber crops.

Yarra Trams
Yarra Trams is a tram operating company in Melbourne, Australia. Its partner is a French company called Transdev and an Australian company Transfield Services.
Yarra Trams was started in October 1997.
Background.
After the collapse of M>Train and M>Tram in December 2002, the State Government wanted to start one main metropolitan train operator and one tram operator. On 18 April 2004, Yarra Trams took hold of the whole Melbourne tram network. The Melbourne tram network spans some 245 km and has over 1,700 tram stops. It is the third biggest tram network in the world.
The current CEO of Yarra Trams is Dennis Cliche. He was promoted in September 2005 after the resignation of Hubert Guyot.
Yarra Trams currently employs around 1,200 tram drivers and 250 customer service staff. Services operate for nearly 20 hours per day. A total of 141 million trips were taken in 2002 and 2003, rising to nearly 150 million in 2004.
Fleet.
The Yarra Trams fleet consists of 500 trams, operated from eight stations located around the system. The bulk of the fleet is made up of Z, A and B Class trams, which were built by Comeng between 1975 and 1994.
In October 2001, Yarra Trams took delivery of 36 Citadis trams which have primarily operated on route 109 to complement the extension to Box Hill.
As part of the creation of one tram company in 2004, Yarra acquired 39 Combino trams and oversaw the delivery of another 20 Combino trams originally ordered by National Express.
Apollo Seating.
In 2003, Yarra Trams tried out a seating layout which became known as "Apollo". The trial was to remove 30 seats from a B Class tram and replace the removed seats with "bum racks" which are found in Citadis trams. This resulted in a higher capacity for standing passengers on crowded services during peak hours.
A further ten trams received the seating layout during refurbishment. All bar 1 tram are located at Brunswick Depot.
Ticketing.
Yarra Trams currently runs under the Metlink banner and utilises the Metcard ticketing system. Each tram has a coin only ticket machine on board. The on board machines currently sell City Saver, 2 Hour and Daily tickets. Trams are also equipped with a number of ticket validators.
Major superstops in the CBD also have coin-only ticket machines. Tickets can also be purchased from Railway Stations and retail outlets displaying a blue Metcard flag.
Most tram routes operate entirely within Zone 1, however Routes 75, 86 and 109 enter Zone 2.
Think Tram.
Yarra Trams is a partner in the Think Tram program, aimed at improving tram travel time and reliability.
Trivia.
"Yarra Trams" backwards is "Smart Array", the name of a line of HP RAID controllers.

Metlink
Metlink is the marketing name for all public transport operators' in Melbourne, Australia.
Introduction.
The "Metlink" brand was introduced in 2003.
Under the new branding, railway station signage and timetables are colour-coded blue, tram stop signs and timetables are green, and the bus network is orange. The regional train network is colour-coded purple.
Future role.
Metlink has also been active in the use of 'value Metcards' (like credit cards but work only for trains) and is known for running a "funny" campaign called BATBYGOBSTOPL (Buying A Ticket Before You Get On Board Saves Time Or Problems Later). In July 2007, Metlink launched a new campaign, "I Highly Recommend You Get on the Bus", featuring musical comedian Frank Woodley, to improve bus services.
While they do not have control, representatives of the Bus Association of Victoria and Line have helped Metlink.
Viclink.
Victoria's regional bus and rail services will at some future date be brought under a similar brand to Metlink named Viclink. Signage upgrades at regional railway stations have started from October 2006. The signage will be fully implemented when Line is re-privatized following the completion of the Fast Rail project.

BATBYGOBSTOPL
BATBYGOBSTOPL is a 13 letter acronym used in Metlink advertising in Melbourne, Australia. It stands for "Buying A Ticket Before You Get On Board Saves Time Or Problems Later".
It is the centre of a Metlink advertising campaign to remind people they can save time (saving time meaning they don't have to worry about buying tickets on the vehicle or at the railway station) or problems later (problems later meaning getting caught without a ticket and being issued with a fine) by visiting a retail outlet which sells metcards (usually a Milk Bar or Newsagent). Two of the nine advertisements (seven radio, two television) produced tells people they can also purchase tickets online.

Sanyo
Sanyo is an electronics company.
They specialise in home appliances.

Celtic Frost
Celtic Frost is a thrash/death metal band from Switzerland. The band was formed in 1984.

Ness (character)
Ness is the main character in the game EarthBound. He never speaks and has the power to use psychic attacks.

Privy Council
The Privy Council is a group of advisors to a Monarch.

Cable knitting
Patterns called cables are created using special cable knitting needles. The cables often look like braids. They are typically used on sweaters, particularly on Aran sweaters from Ireland.

Maraghar Massacre
The Maraghar Massacre happened on April 10, 1992, during the Nagorno-Karabakh War.

Circular knitting
Circular knitting or knitting in the round is a form of knitting that creates a seamless tube. It is done with circular or double-pointed needles. socks, mittens, and sweaters can be made with circular knitting.

Knitting machine
Knitting machines are used to make knitted cloth for clothing or household items. They can make flat shapes or tubular shapes. The tubular shapes can be used for t-shirts.

Kirovabad pogrom
The Kirovabad pogrom was an attack by Azeris against the targeted Armenian population living in the Azerbaijani town of Kirovabad in November 1988. It is estimated that at least 130 people were killed.

Tree of Knowledge
In the Book of Genesis, chapters two and three, the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil was a tree in the middle of the Garden of Eden, along with the Tree of Life. God Told Adam and Eve) to never eat from this Tree. When Eve and Adam, ate the fruit from the Tree of Knowledge, they discovered that they were naked, and were banished from the garden and forced to survive through farming.
In Judaism.
According to the Jewish tradition, God telling Adam and Eve not to eat from the Tree was to give them free choice and allow them to earn perfection instead of getting it with a simple deed. According to this tradition, Adam and Eve would have become perfect and immortal had they not eaten from the Tree. After failing, they were sentenced to a long time of hard work to get themselves back into God's trust.
In Christianity.
In Christianity, the Tree of Knowledge is connected to the beginning of sin. By eating the fruit of the Tree, Adam and Eve tried to become like God.
Trees in other religions.
In Buddhism, the Buddha became enlightened under a Bodhi tree. While the biblical tree is usually seen as representing pleasure, the Bodhi tree gave pure knowledge.
The symbol of the Tree.
Symbolically, the fruit of the Tree of Knowledge tries to divide human action into Right or Wrong, Good or Evil and Lawful or Unlawful with privileges and punishments for each case.

Royal Academy of Music
The Royal Academy of Music is a conservatory in London where young people can study music. It was founded in 1822. Many musicians who became famous studied music at the Royal Academy of Music.
The Royal Academy of Music was officially founded (started) in 1822 and was opened the next year. King George IV was the patron of the conservatory. At first it had 21 students.
In 1830 it received its Royal Charter, but for many years it had financial problems and it was not until 1868, when the British Prime Minister Gladstone arranged for it to have a regular grant, that it began to do well. During the 19th century the RAM was in Hanover Square, but in 1912 it moved to St Marylebone Road near Regent’s Park.
Since 1912 many changes and extensions have been made to the building. Many concerts are given in the Duke’s Hall and operas are performed in the Sir Jack Lyons Theatre. Many of the professors (teachers) at the Academy come from other countries. They often get together to decide how the Academy should be run. The Academy works together with King’s College, London where many of the students take a 4 year performance course. In 1997 they won some lottery money which helped them to get a new building for their collection of musical instruments. It has a large library which includes all the books and music which used to belong to the conductors Sir Henry Wood and Otto Klemperer.
Today the students come from over 50 countries. Students from abroad can attend a special “English for Musicians” course. There are over 600 students at the Academy. The students have many opportunities to perform, both in the Academy and in concerts in other places. For example, on 31 August 2007 an orchestra of students from the Academy performed at the service of thanksgiving for the life of Diana, Princess of Wales. Over 90% of the students find a career in music after they leave the Academy.
The principal of the Royal Academy of Music is Sir Curtis Price.

Royal College of Music
The Royal College of Music is a conservatory in London where young people can study music. It was founded in 1882. Many musicians who became famous studied music at the Royal College of Music.
The Royal College of Music was founded by Royal Charter. The president was the Prince of Wales (later King Edward VII). The president has always been a member of the royal family. The first director was Sir George Groves and he was followed by Sir Hubert Parry. The first building was opposite the west side to the Royal Albert Hall, but in 1894 the RCM moved to a larger building south of the Royal Albert Hall on Prince Consort Road. The College is still there, but there have been many extensions and improvements to the building since then.
There are about 520 students at the RCM. About 170 of these are post-graduate students. The college can award degrees and diplomas in music. Composers and performing musicians can study there. There is a large museum of musical instruments. Next to the main building is a 400-seater opera house, the Britten Theatre, opened in 1986. There are now over 600 students from about 50 countries.
The director of the Royal College of Music is Dr Colin Lawson.

Automated teller machine
An Automatic Teller Machine, or ATM for short, is a machine that lets people take out (withdraw) cash from their bank accounts. In the UK ATMs are often called cash machines or the "hole in the wall".
Some Automatic Teller Machines allow people to do more, like put in money, or check how much money there is in a bank account.
ATM's are are found in stores and shopping malls. Sometimes it can be found in a bar or restaurant. Other times, at special events, people may set one up so the guests can use the machine, like at a fundraiser.
People need a debit card or credit card in order to use an ATM. They will also need to have a PIN number to access their account.
There are a number of scams for ATMs. In one scam, con artists look over the victim's shoulder and get their PIN number; this is known as shoulder surfing. In another, they may install a video camera and get PIN numbers from that way. They then make cards using the PIN number and account number to be able to use that person's account.

Quilt
A quilt is a type of blanket made of three layers: a top piece of cloth, a layer of insulating material often called "batting", and a bottom piece of cloth for backing. The layers are joined together either by sewing or by tying the layers together with pieces of yarn, thread, or ribbon.
The top layer of the quilt can be made from many pieces of cloth sewn together in patterns, known as "patchwork". Other patterns can be made by running lines of stitching through the three layers.
Sometimes quilts are not used as bedding, but are works of art made to be hung on a wall or used as decoration.
Quilting is done in many cultures, such as the Amish, in Hawaii, and in India.

Ribbon
A ribbon is a thin, flexible band, usually cloth but also plastic or sometimes metal.
Ribbons are mostly used for tying or decorating things. Ribbons can be used to tie a person's hair, decorate clothing or uniforms, or to tie up packages. A typewriter uses a cloth or plastic ribbon to hold the ink.

Garden of Eden
The Garden of Eden is the place where the first man, Adam, and the first woman, Eve, lived after they were created by God.
In the Christian Bible, the story of the creation of the world in the book of Genesis describes how Adam and Eve lived in Eden in peace with all of the animals. They tended the garden and could eat from any tree except the Tree of Knowledge. After they ate from the Tree of Knowledge, God punished Adam and Eve by making them leave the Garden of Eden forever.
The story is told in Book of Genesis 1-3 (in the old Testament of the Bible and the Tanakh. The Tanakh translates the Garden of Eden as Paradise.
Where the name Eden is from.
In Sumerian, "Eden" is a name for the Steppe. "Heavenly Eden" is also mentioned. It refers to a place that appears to be fertile at first, but later changes to become infertile. Climatologists have said this is a good description of the climate change that happened in The Levant after the last ice age. The green steppe became dry. This meant that food was no longer available all year round, but only at certain times. This forced the people living at the time to start agriculture and to keep some of their food for the periods where there was none. Scientists have referred to this change as the Neolithic Revolution. This change of food is also mentioned in the story.
Babylonian mythology sees the main reason for the creation of man to grow food for the gods. This is different in the Bible. There, god created plants as food for humans, and animals to keep them company.
The beginning of the Book of Genesis has been seen as describing the state before a climate change in a certain region. >Because of this change, humans were "condemned" to growing crops and keeping some food in stock, to be able to eat it, during the times it did not grow. Genesis has been seen to only start when this region converted to agriculture (the Neolithic Revolution, mentioned above). This means that Genesis roughly covers the time from about 8000 - 6000 BC to about 2000 BC.
Judaism.
Judaism teaches that sin cannot be passed on from the parents to their children. There is a free will, everyone is responsible for their own sins only. Humans can do bad things and good things. God's commandments help them do good things. What exactly makes up the Commandments of God is not written down, but needs to developed by tradition. Sins are forgiven once a year (at Jom Kippur). Unlike Christianity, Judaism has no personified evil.
Christianity.
Christianity believes that sin can be passed on from the parents to their children. This is known as Original sin. Without jesus, humans must live in sin. Augustine of Hippo formalized this belief, which is now a dogma in the Western Christian denominations (Catholicism and Protestantism).
Islam.
Islam sees Adam and Eve being chased away as a chance for a new start. Islam says the Christian concept of original sin is false. This means that them being chased away does not change the relationship between men and God. According to Islamic tradition, Adam and Eve were placed in different parts of the world. They first had to wander around, before they found each other.

Wigmore Hall
The Wigmore Hall is a famous concert hall in London. It is called a “recital hall” because it is designed for recitals: concerts given by one soloist, or sometimes a small group of musicians (chamber music). It is in Wigmore Street in the centre of London, just north of Oxford Street.
The Wigmore Hall was built in 1901 by the German firm Bechstein who made pianos. Originally it was called Bechstein Hall. Bechstein’s showrooms were next door. The hall was built in a Renaissance style, with alabaster and marble walls and a rectangular hall with a small, raised stage. Above the stage the ceiling is in the form of a cupola which has a painting which shows the Soul of Music looking up at the Genius of Harmony: a ball of eternal fire whose rays are reflected across the world. These are separated by thorns from the rest of the picture which includes a musician and, on the other side, Psyche inspiring a composer to write music.
The "Bechstein Hall" opened on 31 May 1901 with a concert given by the virtuoso pianist and composer Ferruccio Busoni and violinist Eugène Ysaÿe. During its early period many famous musicians played there, including Artur Schnabel, Pablo Sarasate, Percy Grainger, Myra Hess, Arthur Rubinstein and Camille Saint-Saëns.
Because it was owned by a German firm, the hall was seized as "enemy property" during World War I. The hall with over 130 pianos was sold at an auction to Debenhams for a very small amount of money, and was re-opened as Wigmore Hall in 1917. Musicians who have performed there since include Sviatoslav Richter, Vladimir Ashkenazy, Elisabeth Schwarzkopf, Sergei Prokofiev, Shura Cherkassky, Paul Hindemith, Andrés Segovia, Benjamin Britten and Francis Poulenc.
Today the Wigmore Hall seats 540 people. Many concerts are broadcast on BBC Radio 3. Famous musicians perform there, as well as young musicians who are just starting their career.
The Wigmore Hall publishes on its own record label "Wigmore Hall live" recordings of concerts that were given by famous musicians. The pianos in the Wigmore Hall today are made by Steinway.
The Wigmore Hall's director is John Gilhooly. His future plans include having lots of music by living composers

Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music
The Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music or ABRSM is an organisation that arranges music examinations. The organisation is based in London, but they arrange examinations in places all over the world. Many people, especially children, who learn instruments take examinations of the ABRSM as it helps them to become better players because it gives them something to work for. People of any age can take the exams. Those who pass an exam get a certificate. Over 620,000 candidates take the ABRSM examinations every year in over ninety countries.
Graded Exams.
Exams can be taken on many different instruments. In nearly each case there are eight grades, numbered from 1 to 8. For example, someone who has learned the piano for a short while may take Grade 1 once he or she can play pieces such as a simple minuet, and play a few scales with separate hands. By the time they take Grade 8 they will need to be able to play movements from sonatas by composers such as Beethoven, play all 24 scales in various ways very fluently and be good at sight-reading.
The marks are given out of 150. The pass mark is 100. Below 100 marks is a “Fail”. 120 marks and above is called a “Merit” and 130 and above is a “Distinction”.
Although some students take each of the grades as they get better at their instrument, it is not necessary to have passed earlier grades in order to take a higher grade. For grades 6 and above it is necessary to have passed Grade 5 Theory or Practical Musicianship or Jazz. This is to make sure that students have a good knowledge of music.
The examiners are people who are professional musicians. Many of them are music teachers. They have a wide experience of music and they are trained by the ABSCM so that they all mark in the same way.
The ABRSM also publish a lot of music, including the music set for their exams.
Practical Exams.
Each section has a certain number of marks and all the marks add up to 150.
There is also a Prep Test for those who are not yet ready to take Grade 1 but would like to have the experience of taking an exam. Students who take a Prep Test are not given a mark. It is a way to encourage young people and make them relaxed about the idea of taking exams.
Theory Exams.
These are written papers about musical theory. They are marked out of 100: 66 or more is a pass; 80 or more is a merit; 90 or more is a distinction.
Practical Musicianship.
These exams will test a student’s understanding of rhythm, melody, key and notation together with the ability to sing and play from memory, and improvise and to recognise changes to and answer questions about a score.
Jazz Exams.
These are the newest types of exams. Jazz piano was first offered in 1999. At the moment they are only available for flute, piano, clarinet, saxophone, trumpet and trombone. They are also only available from Grades 1-5. They are marked in the same way as practical exams. However many of the pieces include large sections where they have to improvise (make something up) using particular chords.
Diplomas.
These are professional qualifications which allow a person to put the letters after his or her name.

House of Commons
House of Commons is the name of the lower house in several commonwealth parliaments

Engraving
Engraving is putting a design onto a hard, flat surface, by carving into it. The result may be a decorative piece in itself, as when silver, gold or steel are engraved, or may provide a printing plate of copper or another metal, for printing images on paper which are also called engravings. Engraving was an important method in history of making images on paper, both in artistic ways, such as making a decorative print, and also for printing books and magazines. It has long been replaced by photography in its commercial uses and, is nowadays much less common in printmaking, where it has been almost completely replaced by etching and other techniques.
The engraving process.
Engravers use a steel tool called a burin to cut the picture or pattern into the surface, mostly a copper plate. Gravers come in a variety of shapes and sizes that give different line types when used. The burin gives us a line that is unique because of its steady appearance and smooth edges. The angle tint tool has a slightly curved tip that is commonly used in printmaking. Florentine liners are flat-bottomed tools with multiple lines on them, used to do work on larger areas. Flat gravers are used for doing work on letters, as well as most musical instrument engraving work. Round gravers are commonly used on silver as well as other hard-to-cut metals such as nickel and steel.
History and usage.
In ancient history, the only engraving that could be made were the shallow grooves found in some jewellery after 1000 B.C.
In the European Middle Ages goldsmiths used engraving to decorate metal. It is thought that they began to print impressions of their designs to record them. From this grew the engraving of copper printing plates to make artistic images on paper in Germany in the 1430s. The first and greatest period of engraving was from about 1470 to 1530, with such masters as Martin Schongauer, Albrecht Dürer, and Lucas van Leiden.
Thereafter engraving tended to lose popularity to etching, which was a much easier technique for an artist to learn. By the nineteenth century, most engraving was for commercial picture-making.
Before the invention of photography, engraving was used to reproduce other forms of art, for example paintings. Engravings continued to be common in newspapers and many books into the early 20th century, because they were cheap to use in printing.
When two sets of parallel line "hatchings" crossed each other for higher density, the pattern was known as "cross-hatching". Claude Mellan is well-known for his technique of using lines of different thicknesses. One example is his "Sudarium of Saint Veronica", an engraving of the face of Jesus from a single spiralling line that starts at the tip Jesus's nose (pictured).
Modern engraving.
Because of the high level of detail that can be done by a master engraver, faking engraved designs is almost impossible, and modern banknotes are almost always engraved, as are plates for printing money, checks, bonds and other papers that should not be faked. Engraving is so fine that a normal printer can not make the detail of hand engraved images properly. In the U.S. Bureau of Engraving and Printing, more than one engraver will work on the same printing plate, making it nearly impossible for any person to duplicate all the engraving on almost any banknote or document.
Many classic postage stamps were engraved, although the practice is now mostly confined to particular countries, or used when a more "elegant" design is desired and a limited amount of different colours is acceptable.
Engraving machines such as the K500 or K6 by "Hell Gravure Systems" use a diamond "pen" to cut cells. Each cell creates one printing dot later in the process. A K6 can have up to 18 engraving heads each cutting 8,000 cells per second to an accuracy of 0.1 µm and below. They are of course fully computer controlled and the whole process of cylinder making is fully automatic.
The engraving process with diamonds is state of the art since the 1960s.
Now, laser engraving machines are being made and even today the mechanical cutting has proven its strength in economical terms and quality. More than 4,000 engravers make about 8 million printing cylinders worldwide per year.
Biblical references.
The earliest allusion to engraving in the Bible may be the reference to Judah’s seal ring. (Genesis 38:18), followed by (Exodus 39.30). Engraving was commonly done with pointed tools of iron or even with diamond points. (Jeremiah 17:1).
Each of the two onyx stones on the shoulder pieces of the high priest’s ephod was engraved with the names of six different tribes of Israel, and each of the 12 precious stones that adorned his breastpiece was engraved with the name of one of the tribes. The holy sign of dedication, the shining gold plate on the high priest’s turban, was engraved with the words: “Holiness belongs to Jehovah.” Bezalel, along with Oholiab, was qualified to do this specialized engraving work as well as to train others.—Ex 35:30-35; 28:9-12; 39:6-14, 30.

Ron Dennis
Ron Dennis (born June 1, 1947) is the team principal of the McLaren Formula One team and 15% owner of the McLaren Group.
He is placed at number 648 in the Sunday Times Rich List 2006 with a treasure of £90 million.

Sabaragamuwa Province
Sabaragamuwa is a province in Sri Lanka. It has two main districts: Ratnapura and Kegalle. Ratnapra is famouse for its gems.

Skateboard
A skateboard is a board with four wheels attached to it. It used to go skateboarding.
The first skateboarders used a piece of wood with rollerskates attached to it. This became popular and by 1960, skateboards were made in production. As more skateboards were made, more people liked the new sport. However, it was dangerous and people started to fall off, hurting themselves. As a result, skateboard parks started to close down. With less places to skate, skateboarders had no where to go. A small group of skateboarders carried on skateboarding in the street and around cities. After 20 years, the sport began to grow into what we know now. Today, some older skateboarders reject the commercialization of the sport while younger skateboarders still enjoy and appreciate skateboarding.

Interstate 95
Interstate 95 (usually called I-95) is an important Interstate highway that runs north to south in the eastern part of the United States. It is about 1,900 miles (about 3,050 kilometres) long. Its southern end is at U.S. Route 1 in Miami, Florida and its northern end is at the Canadian border in Maine. It connects many major cities in the eastern half of the United States.
Gap.
Interstate 95 has a very famous and confusing gap north of Trenton, New Jersey. Because a freeway in the area was canceled, travelers wishing to travel north past Trenton must use parts of Interstate 295 and Interstate 195 to continue on Interstate 95. There is project going on to fix this.

U.S. Route 1
U.S. Route 1 (sometimes called US 1) is a major United States highway (U.S. Route) in the eastern part of the United States. Its northern end is at the Canadian border in Fort Kent, Maine and its southern end is at Key West, Florida. For most of its route, U.S. Route 1 runs next to Interstate 95.

Interstate Highway
The Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways (often called the Interstate Highway System, Interstate or I-), is a group of roads in the United States. They are grade separated, which means drivers must use a specially made group of ramps, called an interchange or exit, in order to get on or off the Interstate. Because of this, people are allowed to go very fast, sometimes up to 80 miles per hour (130 km/hr).
Numbering.
Interstates have a special way to figure out their numbers. Interstates that run east/west are even numbers, and north/south Interstates are odd numbers
Three-digit interstates.
Some cities have short freeways that get a three-digit number. That means that there is an extra number put behind the number of the Interstate. This number is even (2, 4, 6 or 8) if the Interstate goes around a city and connects with another Interstate, and odd (1, 3, 5, 7, or 9) if an Interstate goes into a city and ends at a street light. Numbers can be used again in different states. Three-digit Interstates usually go to the Interstate in their last two numbers. For example, Interstate 195 goes to Interstate 95.

Let It Be
"Let it Be" was a 1970 album and movie, by rock band The Beatles. It was the last Beatles project finished before the band broke up.
History.
After the "White Album" ("The Beatles") was released in late 1968, the Beatles talked about making a television special, where they would play songs from the album for an audience. It would be the band's first live public performance since 1966.
As 1969 began, the band decided instead to begin work on a new set of songs, and film the process of rehearsing and recording all the songs, then performing them live. The project was titled "Get Back", and a song by that name was worked up during rehearsals. The band agreed to perform all the songs without studio retouching or overdubs, as they had long used.
First week: Twickenham Film Studios.
The Beatles rented a soundstage at Twickenham Film Studios, where their instruments and equipment were set up. They were used to working from afternoons until late at night on music, but had to arrive between eight and ten o'clock in the morning, to meet the filming schedule. The band did not use this setup for long. The early hours and the cold, huge soundstage made them uncomfortable.
There was also friction between the Beatles, and it showed. The Beatles could not agree on where to perform the show, and for how large an audience. The suggested locations ranged from Los Angeles, California to Tunisia, and the size of the audience from a few dozen to thousands of people. Nobody had a location in mind that the rest liked, and George Harrison decided he did not want to perform a public concert at all.
Paul McCartney took charge of the rehearsals, and drove the band hard to play his new songs just the way he imagined them. The other Beatles became tired of this, because it did not give them much chance to improvise, the way they were used to doing. George Harrison got especially tired of McCartney telling him what to play, and his own songs not getting the attention they deserved. John Lennon also had new songs, but was more interested in spending time with Yoko Ono than in making another Beatles record. He was also critical of Harrison's new songs. Yoko Ono gave her opinions on the band's music, which they were not used to hearing from anyone but their producer, George Martin. McCartney and Harrison resented Ono's being at Lennon's side constantly. Ringo Starr tried to play the peacemaker, but did not always succeed. Harrison walked out during one lunch break, saying he had had enough. The band stopped work on the production, and decided to find a new location to work.
The next weeks: Apple Studio.
Harrison went to a Beatles business meeting, a few days after he left the rehearsal. McCartney agreed to mend his ways, and let Harrison have more input. Lennon and Harrison also made up. The idea of finishing "Get Back" with a public show was dropped. Nobody wanted to return to the movie studio, and they began to look for another place to work on their new songs.
"Magic Alex", a Greek-born inventor, had been hired by the Beatles to build them a new recording studio, in the basement of the townhouse which was the home of their company, Apple Corps. Alex spent a great deal of money over many months, trying to make a first-rate facility. He did not understand recording or studio technology well, though, and the studio he made had many technical problems. The Beatles only found this out when they tried to use the place to record. Things did not work, and this added to the tension felt by the band, and the people who worked for them.
George Martin was able to help the Beatles, by working around the problems in the basement studio. He borrowed recording equipment so the band could finish their project. The movie cameras were also set up in the basement, and the Beatles went back to work on their music. This time things were as crowded as the first location was cavernous, and again the band and their crew were uncomfortable.
The Beatles usually "warmed up" by playing old songs they had learned growing up. Many of these were captured on camera or tape during the sessions. Not all the songs were complete, or true to their original versions. When the band went from playing old songs to trying out new ones, problems came up. Lennon, McCartney, and Harrison each wanted certain things for their music, and enough time to make the records the best they could be. This did not always work out, and they sometimes insulted each other for trying to outdo the others, or for letting their musical influences show. It made the sessions unpleasant.
George Harrison helped the morale of the band, when he brought a guest musician, Billy Preston, to the sessions. All of the Beatles liked Preston, and got along while he was there. He played keyboards along with the band, and gave the records a fuller sound. McCartney's girlfriend Linda brought her daughter Heather to the studio, and they helped cheer things up. Linda sang background vocals on "Let it Be", a gospel-like song by McCartney.
The question of where and when to finally perform the new songs was settled, when the Beatles decided to give a show on the roof of Apple headquarters. This happened on January 30, 1969, early in the afternoon. The Beatles performed for the movie cameras, and for anyone who could hear them outside.
As it happened, the music coming from the rooftop caused a traffic jam along Savile Row, where the building was located. Local police came to Apple, and tried to stop the show. Mal Evans, one of the Beatles's most trusted helpers, went downstairs and talked to the police, to stall them until the band could finish playing. After performing "Get Back", "Don't Let Me Down", "I've Got A Feeling", "One After 909", "Dig A Pony", and another version of "Get Back", the band went inside.
The next day, the Beatles gave another show, back in the Apple basement. This show was for the cameras, though, and not a live audience. They performed "Two of Us", "Don't Let Me Down", "Let it Be", "Get Back", and "The Long and Winding Road". Some of these songs were too hard to record outdoors, with their keyboard parts.
Post-Production.
The film crew shot more than a hundred hours of movie footage, which was more than enough to make a television special. The Beatles worked a little longer on the recordings of the "Get Back" songs, ending up with over twenty-nine hours of session tapes. The problem was, nobody was happy with the music that had come from the sessions. The band members had argued and disagreed on camera, and did not always make their best efforts on each other's songs, or to get along. This was plain to anyone who saw the footage, or listened to the dialogue between songs.
George Martin tried to remix the recordings, and make an album from the songs, while the Beatles' film personnel tried to edit the movie footage into the TV special the band wanted. The band's problems were only magnified by the results, and they blamed each other, and the people who worked for them, for what showed. The Beatles decided to abandon the project, and work on other things. Only one single was released from the sessions, with the songs "Get Back" and "Don't Let Me Down". Billy Preston's name appeared underneath the band's, and stories started that Preston might join the Beatles. He never did, but he signed a recording contract with Apple Records, their record label. The other songs stayed "in the can".
The "Get Back" project became another problem that was dividing the Beatles. There was also trouble with Apple Corps, and personal issues between the band members. They had begun to make music apart the year before, and this increased as they stopped getting along as people. McCartney and Lennon both married their girlfriends, and lost control of their publishing company, Northern Songs. George Harrison began to play with musicians outside the Beatles. Ringo Starr started a new career as an actor in movies. The Beatles issued a new single, with the songs "The Ballad of John and Yoko" and "Old Brown Shoe". John and Paul played on the first song, and George and Ringo on the second. They had stopped working as a unit, and George Martin stopped coming to recording sessions, which he had never done before.
"Abbey Road".
During the summer of 1969, the Beatles felt sorry for the way the "Get Back" sessions had gone. They wanted to forget that time, and make another new album of songs, back at Abbey Road Studios. George Martin decided to come back, on the band's promise that they really would work together "like the old days", with Martin taking charge. The band kept their promise. "Abbey Road" was the result, and was issued in the early fall. As the record was being released, the Beatles met to discuss future projects. John Lennon, freshly back from his first non-Beatles concert, playing in Toronto, surprised everyone by announcing that he was quitting the band. He agreed to not make a public announcement, because this would have hurt the band's chance to renegotiate their recording contract. Lennon instead focused on his and Yoko Ono's new group, the Plastic Ono Band.
"Let it Be".
At the end of the year, Apple's accountants told the Beatles that they would have to release some kind of album and program from the "Get Back" sessions. They had spent too much money on the project to just forget about it. Glyn Johns, a young music producer, tried to assemble an album from the session tapes, but he also couldn't please the Beatles. Anxious fans and insiders worked together and released a bootleg album from Johns's mix. Even though it was an unauthorised album, it sold many copies and received radio airplay. The public wanted to hear the songs, good or bad.
Phil Spector, a legendary producer who predated the Beatles, had always wanted to work with them. Allen Klein brought Spector to England early in 1970 to meet them. John Lennon and George Harrison got along well with Spector, who produced a record of Lennon's song "Instant Karma!" the same day he wrote it. Lennon and Harrison gave their OK for Spector to work on the recordings, and Ringo Starr played along with the musicians Spector hired, to make overdubs. This went against the original plan to present the songs live, but was accepted to "sweeten" – and finish – the recordings.
An eighty-minute program was edited together from the film footage, and the band decided it would make a better movie than a television show. The Beatles had a contract with United Artists, who agreed to distribute the movie, which was titled "Let it Be". (The "Get Back" title was dropped, since "Get Back" had already appeared as a single almost a year earlier.)
Some of the new songs that appeared in the movie, including "Across the Universe" and "I Me Mine", were not finished on record. A session was scheduled in January 1970 to record full versions of some songs, but John Lennon refused to attend. George Harrison made a joke about this, during a take of "I Me Mine", referring to Lennon as "Dave Dee", another British musician.
Spector applied his "Wall of Sound" style to the Beatles recordings, including an old tape of "Across the Universe", so it could appear on record. His finished album was listenable, and showed none of the troubles that affected the band during the sessions, but it didn't sound the same as other Beatles albums. Paul McCartney hated the changes Spector made to his songs on the album, especially "The Long and Winding Road", but he could not stop the album from being issued.
Another problem was the timing of the record's release. Allen Klein had succeeded in remaking the Beatles's recording deal, and McCartney wasn't bound by the same promise Lennon had been, to not say he was leaving the band. His first solo album, finished early in 1970, included a press release stating that he had no further plans to work with the Beatles. This effectively broke up the band. He also wanted the album released ahead of "Let it Be".
Ringo Starr, who also had a solo record ("Sentimental Journey"), due to appear, was sent to ask McCartney to change his release date. The two argued, and McCartney threw Starr out of his house. The release schedule was changed, so McCartney could have his wish. Starr's album appeared earlier than planned, and "Let it Be" was pushed back from April to May.
Reception.
"Let it Be" was both a hit movie and a hit album, and won a Grammy Award for Best Soundtrack. Paul McCartney accepted the award. The news that the Beatles were breaking up was very sad to their fans, however, and the knowledge made watching the movie a bittersweet experience. Many fans and critics did not like Spector's changes to the Beatles style on record, and said so publicly.
A souvenir book was also issued, but instead of being a real document of the sessions, the book was censored and heavily edited, and reflected little of what was intended. It never appeared in the United States.
Late in 1970, John Lennon issued a solo album, "John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band", which made his feelings plain in its last song, "God": Lennon sang "I don't believe in Beatles." He gave a long interview to "Rolling Stone" magazine, which was later published as a book, "Lennon Remembers". He told his side of the "Let it Be" story, declared "That movie was set up by Paul, for Paul", and said he regretted not announcing that he quit the Beatles first.
When home video came along in the 1970s, "Let it Be" became a popular rental and sales title. Over time, the Beatles asserted their copyright control over the movie, and copies were withdrawn. The movie has been planned as a reissue many times, but has yet to be officially released on DVD.
In 2003, recording engineers went back to the old session tapes, and used digital remastering to make a new version of the familiar "Let it Be" songs. The new version was close to what the Beatles had wanted to make in the first place, and had none of Spector's post-production work. The album was issued as "Let it Be... Naked", and was praised as a "real"-sounding recording.

Tiger Woods
Eldrick "Tiger" Woods (born December 30, 1975) is an American professional golfer. His achievements make him one of the best golfers in the world.

House of Commons of Canada
The House of Commons of Canada (French: "Chambre des communes") is a part of the Parliament of Canada, along with the Sovereign (represented by the Governor General) and the Senate. The House of Commons is an elected body, of 308 members, who are known as "Members of Parliament" (MPs). Members are elected for a maximum of five years at a time. Each member is elected by one of the country's federal electoral districts which are usually called "ridings".
The House of Commons was established in 1867, when the British North America Act 1867cite web|url= title= British created the Dominion of Canada, and was modelled on the British House of Commons. The House of Commons is sometimes called the "lower house", even though it has more power than the "upper house", the Senate. Both Houses is must agree to new laws but the Senate very rarely rejects bills passed by the Commons (though the Senate does occasionally amend bills). The Government of Canada is responsible only to the House of Commons. The Prime Minister stays in office only as long as he or she has the support of the Lower House.
The Canadian House of Commons is in the Centre Block of the Parliament Buildings on Parliament Hill, in Ottawa, Ontario.
Unlike the Parliament of the United Kingdom, the powers of the Parliament of Canada are limited, because provincial legislatures have the sole right to pass laws about some things.
Until 1982 only the Parliament of the United Kingdom had the power to change the British North America Act, this was to protect the rights and powers of the provincial legislatures. This was changed by the Canada Act. In Canada the British North America Act is now called the Constitution Act.
A lot of the work of the House of Commons is done by committees which can spend more time investigating a subject than the whole House of Commons could

Riboflavin
Riboflavin one of the B vitamins (vitamin B2). The B vitamins and Vitamin C are the vitamins that dissolve in water. A healthy person's gut can easily take riboflavin from food and pass it on to the blood for the body to use. The body needs the B vitamins to get energy from food. Without riboflavin and the other B vitamins people's bodies cannot use fats, carbohydrates, and proteins.
Light can break down riboflavin molecules into other molecules that the body cannot use.
If anyone eats too much riboflavin, the gut does not take up enough
to make a person sick, but an injection with too much riboflavin can make one sick.
The kidneys pass riboflavin out in the urine, so when there is too much riboflavin in the body, the part that one does not want will not stay in the blood for long. If there is much riboflavin in the urine, the urine becomes bright, fluorescent yellow. Vitamin pills, or a meal with a lot of liver or egg white turns the urine yellow because such foods put so much riboflavin into the blood.
To make Vitamin B2 for vitamin pills or to add to foods, industrial companies grow special yeasts, other fungi, or bacteria that make a lot of riboflavin..
Riboflavin in food.
Riboflavin is yellow or orange-yellow, so it can be useful as a food coloring. People get some very bad kinds of sickness (deficiency diseases) when their food has too little riboflavin. Adding extra riboflavin can stop people from getting such sicknesses. To prevent riboflavin deficiency, people may add riboflavin to baby foods, breakfast cereals, pasta, sauces, fruit drinks, and foods such as cheese that are made from milk (dairy products). People call it fortification with riboflavin when they add riboflavin to food. A lot of the riboflavin that people make, they use in vitamin pills.
Riboflavin deficiency.
In their urine people lose riboflavin all the time, so if there is too little riboflavin in their food, they get sick from riboflavin deficiency (ariboflavinosis). Healthy food has a lot of riboflavin, so a person with a riboflavin deficiency will have deficiencies of other vitamins too.
When there is too little riboflavin in the food, it causes what people call a primary riboflavin deficiency. Some people who have something wrong with their guts get what people call a secondary riboflavin deficiency: even if there is plenty of riboflavin in the food, the sick gut cannot get it out of the food and pass it on to the blood.
Riboflavin deficiency can cause a sore red mouth, sores in the mouth (mouth ulcers), cracked red lips, cracks at the corners of the mouth (angular cheilitis), and a sore throat. The eyes may become bloodshot, itchy, and watery, and bright light might hurt the eyes easily so that it is hard to open the eyes in strong daylight (photophobia). A riboflavin deficiency also can cause dry, scaly skin that cracks easily, and itchy, painful private parts.
When all these three things go wrong, angular cheilitis, photophobia, and sore, itchy skin on the private parts, doctors call it the oral-ocular-genital syndrome. The syndrome shows that there may be riboflavin deficiency.
If riboflavin deficiency gets bad enough in animals, they grow too little, become unhealthy, and they may die. Dogs with bad riboflavin deficiency do not grow well, their skins become sore and their hair may fall out. Their eyes become cloudy, their insides may bleed, they become weak, they cannot move or even stand properly. In the end they lie down and die. All this is very much like what one might see in humans with riboflavin deficiency, but we seldom see such things except where people are very poor and starving. Still, millions of people in rich countries do not understand the need to eat the right foods or are too poor. They might have quite such bad signs of riboflavin deficiency, but still have what we call "sub-clinical" symptoms, not bad enough to send them to hospital, but bad enough to make them unhealthy and to stop children from growing properly and becoming healthy.
Subclinical riboflavin deficiency also happens more easily in women taking the contraceptive pill. It also may happen when people get old, or cannot eat properly, or who have sicknesses such as AIDS, inflammatory bowel disease, diabetes and chronic heart disease. We can tell that the body does not lose all its riboflavin easily because riboflavin deficiency does not cause bad sickness all at once.

Earl Marshal
The Earl Marshal is a member of the Royal Household and is in charge of organising royal ceremonies and processions. The Earl Marshal is not a member of the College of Arms, but he must give his permission before the College of Arms can issue a coat of arms.
The Earl Marshal is always the Duke of Norfolk, and because he is Earl Marshal the Duke of Norfolk is a member of the House of Lords without being elected by the other hereditary peers.

Crysis
Crysis is a first person shooter computer game involving science fiction. In the game, humans must survive an invasion by aliens. This is the first game to use all of the features of DirectX 10. And it's one of the most anticipated games, because of its awesome graphics. It's a free-to-explore game. This game takes place in 2020 on an island south of China that is hit by a meteor. Both the North Korean and American army gets involved, but the North Korean Army gets there first. Both armies later find out that the meteor is an alien ship. At that time an alien invasion threatens the whole world. Meanwhile, the American forces attack the island to take control from the Koreans.
This games story.
There is spoilers in this paragraph!
You play a soldier called Nomad. You and three soldiers look for missing people on an island. You find that Koreans attacked the island. America attacks the island. In the middle of the fighting, aliens come out of a mountain. Aliens then make a cold sphere(round circle) on the island. America shoots a nuke at the sphere. The sphere becomes bigger, because it took the energy from the explosion. You then fight a big alien on a big ship.
Game information.
The publisher is EA Games and it is developed by Crytek. It was released on November 16 2007. Crytek promised another Crysis game to continue the story.

Peerage
A peer is a member of the nobility. It is sometimes used instead of "Lord". In formal old British documents, the House of Lords is called the House of Peers.
Ranks.
Informally Barons, Viscounts, Earls and Marquesses are called lords, and instead of their name when speaking to them, the term "my lord" is used. A Duke is never called a lord. "Your grace" is used for a Duke.
Exceptions.
The only exceptions are the royal dukes, and the Duke of Abercorn.

Fertility
Fertility is the natural capability to give life. In humans and animals, fertility means that the parent can produce babies.
In agriculture fertility means that a soil can support the growth of plants because it contains the right minerals and nutrients.
Fertility can also mean that something is very active: having a "fertile imagination" means being able to think of many new and interesting things.
As a measure, "Fertility Rate" is the number of children born per couple, person or population. This is different to fecundity. This is defined the "potential" for reproduction (influenced by gamete production, fertilisation and carrying a pregnancy to term). In the English language, the term was originally applied only to females, but increasingly is applied to males as well, as common understanding of reproductive mechanisms increases and the importance of the male role is better known. Infertility is a deficient fertility.
Human fertility depends on factors of nutrition, sexual behavior, culture, instinct, endocrinology, timing, economics, way of life, and emotions. Animal fertility is no less complex, and may display astounding mechanisms.
Female fertility after 30.
The use of fertility drugs and/or in vitro fertilization can increase the chances of becoming pregnant at a later age.
Doctors recommend that women over 30 who have been unsuccessful in trying to conceive for more than 6 months undergo some kind of fertility testing.

Fin de siècle
Fin de siècle means turn of the century in French. Most people mean the turn of the 20th century when they say it. This means the time around the year 1900.
Fin de siecle is sometimes used to mean the type of art, culture and way of behaving at the end of the nineteenth century

Postmodernism
Postmodernism is a word to describe our actual times. It changes when philosophy, architecture, art, literature, modern culture and technology change. The term "Postmodernism" was created around World War II.

Eraser
An eraser is a tool made from rubber that is used to get rid of marks made from a pencil, or some types of pen. Another kind of eraser is made of felt and is used to remove chalk marks from a blackboard. Some may also be automatically be attached to a pencil, or could be bought to be shoved on a top of a pencil. You can use the eraser by rubbing the mistake and it will slowly clear away. All erasers will produce some dust called debris after rubbing and it will usually be black as it cleared away the pencil marks. Some erasers produce a lot of dust while some produce dust that all stick together. There are some good-quality erasers which are very soft and can erase easily, while some are very hard, and a lot of rubbing is needed.

Sercquiais
Sercquiais, also known as Sarkese or Sark-French (Lé Sèrtchais), is a language which is spoken on the island of Sark. It is a Norman language. Only 15 people can speak it, and a few more can understand it. It is a lot like Jerriais, a language spoken on an island called Jersey.

Jèrriais
Jèrriais is a language that is spoken in Jersey. Some people call it Jersey French. Just over 2000 people speak it. It is a Norman language. 3% of the people in Jersey speak it, and around 15% can understand it.
History.
In the 19th century, almost everyone in Jersey could speak Jerriais. Then, people stopped learning it, and it nearly became extinct. These days, lots of people are trying to get more people to speak the language. Now, signposts and road signs on Jersey are written in Jerriais and English.

Auregnais
Auregnais, Aoeur'gnaeux or Aurignais was the Norman dialect of the Channel Island of Alderney. It became extinct in the mid 20th century. People think it became extinct because people didn't bother to speak it or learn it.

Colwyn bay
Colwyn Bay is a town on the north coast of Wales. Around 30,000 people live in the town. In the town, there is a shopping centre, beaches and a pier. It is in Conwy county. There are a few towns around Colwyn Bay. Near Colwyn Bay, there is a zoo called the Welsh Mountain Zoo.

Maple syrup urine disease
Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) is a genetic medical disorder. It causes a problem with how the human body deals with amino acid. It is also called branched chain ketoaciduria. Maple syrup urine disease affects about 1 in 185,000 infants worldwide.
The most noticeable symptom of the disorder is an infant with sweet-smelling urine. Infants with this disease seem healthy at birth. If the disease is not treated, the person will suffer severe brain damage and eventually die. MSUD is much more common in children of Amish and Mennonite descent.
From a very early age, the condition can be recognised by poor feeding, vomiting, lack of energy, seizures, and mental health issues. The urine of infants with this disease has a very sweet odor, much like burned caramel or maple syrup. This is what gives the condition its name.

Anglesey
Anglesey (Welsh: Ynys Môn) is an island in Gwynedd County in North Wales. There is a town there called Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch. It is the longest place name in the United Kingdom. The island has a population of 68,900 people.
Culture and People.
Around 7 out of 10 people on Anglesey speak Welsh, which is quite high. Many people on Anglesey are religious, and many go to a chapel on Sunday. There are many small villages on the island. Anglesey is the home of Actress Naomi Watts, and founder of the English rock band Motörhead, Ian "Lemmy" Kilmister.
Places and Sights.
There are lots of good beaches on the island. A ferry between the island and Ireland is located at Holyhead. There is also a small tidal island called Llanddwyn island. On the island there are ruins of a church, a large lighthouse and a Christian cross.

Plateosaurus
Plateosaurus (meaning 'flat lizard') is a genus of plateosaurid prosauropod dinosaur that lived during the Norian and Rhaetian stages of the Late Triassic period, around 216 to 199 millon years ago in what is now Europe.

Cotton Mather
Cotton Mather (February 12, 1663 – February 13, 1728) was a politically important English Puritan minister and writer. He lived in North America before the creation of the United States in the area that is now known as New England. Cotton Mather was the son of minister Increase Mather. He is most well known for his connection to the Salem witch trials.

Linda McCartney
Lady Linda Louise Eastman See McCartney (1941-1998) was the first wife of musician Paul McCartney. She is the mother of artists Heather McCartney and Mary McCartney, fashion designer Stella McCartney, and musician James McCartney. Her father was attorney Lee Eastman, whose law partner was his son (Linda's brother) John Eastman. Her mother was Louise Linder, who was an heiress to a department store fortune.
Early life.
Linda grew up in Scarsdale, New York, and attended Sarah Lawrence College. She enjoyed music, and sang girl group songs with friends. When the Beatles became famous in America, she attended one of their concerts. She never considered a musical career.
Linda married a geologist, John See, and they had a daughter, named Heather. See wanted to move to Africa to work, and take his wife and daughter. Linda did not want to go, and they were divorced. She became a photographer, and took pictures for magazines and the press.
Before long, she began to photograph rock bands and singers. She became well-known for this. The Rolling Stones once made her the exclusive photographer for one of their public appearances. In time, she visited England, to photograph the pop stars there.
The Beatles.
Linda had been attracted most of all to John Lennon of the Beatles when she first saw them. In person, though, she was charmed more by another Beatle, Paul McCartney, when they met. McCartney was engaged to actress Jane Asher, but she wanted to wait to have children, and McCartney did not. Their engagement ended. McCartney loved to spend time with Linda's daughter Heather, and the three of them seemed to make a family. Linda and Heather moved into McCartney's home during 1968.
Early in 1969, Linda became pregnant. She and McCartney were married, and had a baby (named Mary after McCartney's own mother) the next year. During this same time, the Beatles were growing apart. They had business problems, and no longer had the same kinds of plans or hopes. Linda hoped her father and brother, whose clients were mostly entertainment personalities, could help solve the business problems. The fact that they were her family (and now McCartney's, by marriage) did not put the other Beatles at ease. They chose Allen Klein to represent them instead. Klein and the Eastmans did not get along, and this caused further problems. The Beatles began to break up late in 1969.
Besides the band's problems, Paul McCartney and John Lennon had grown apart personally. Lennon divorced his first wife Cynthia in 1968, and started a relationship with Japanese artist Yoko Ono. They were also married in 1969. Lennon and Ono spent as much time as possible together, and McCartney often felt out of place. McCartney and Linda also spent a lot of time together, but separated to work on their own projects. Linda and Yoko did not get along well, but each supported their men, and encouraged them to believe in themselves. Later, some fans blamed one or both women for breaking up the Beatles, but their role was not crucial to that. It was one of many factors that drove the band apart.
After the Beatles.
Paul McCartney suffered from depression for a time, when the Beatles ended. It had been his longtime band, made up of good friends, and he had lost both. He turned to his family for comfort. Linda and their children were always there. McCartney and Lennon argued in the media, and Linda also took verbal jabs at Lennon and Yoko Ono. Surprisingly, when they met in person, everyone usually acted in a completely different way, and were kind to each other.
Linda began to sing with her husband, and to help him to write new songs. He wanted her to do this, and liked her input. He also wanted to perform again for small audiences, as the Beatles had done in their early days. He taught Linda to play piano, so she could share in the experience. Linda did not become a virtuoso musician or singer, but she added to the sound of McCartney's new band, which he called Wings. The couple enjoyed performing together, as part of a band.
Adding other musicians, Wings began to play small shows, sometimes turning up at a school or club in the morning and asking to play, for no charge. As they played more, they began to give regular concerts, and to go on tours. The McCartneys would bring their children along during their school vacations. The McCartney children did not realise their parents were celebrities, and the family atmosphere between all of them was strong.
Although now a musician, Linda continued her photography, and published books of her works. She and McCartney also became vegetarians, out of their love of animals. Linda became a crusader for animal rights and related causes. She learned and made recipes for vegetarian meals, and began to write cookbooks.
After Wings ended, Linda still recorded and performed with her husband, but she was now recognized as an activist for social causes, and for charity work. She launched a line of vegetarian frozen dinners. They became popular, and in time made Linda wealthy on her own. Paul McCartney was knighted in 1997, and Linda was named Lady McCartney.
In the late 1990s, she developed breast cancer, which had killed McCartney's mother years earlier. Medicine had advanced since that time, but Linda lost her battle with cancer. She died in 1998, at the Arizona ranch she owned with her husband. A memorial service was held in London, England, and former Beatles George Harrison and Ringo Starr attended, marking the last time they and Paul McCartney appeared and performed together in public.

Fethiye
Fethiye is a city and district in the Mugla Province in Turkey. It is on the Turquoise coast. 59,425 people live there. There is a big harbor in the town and a marina. There are no beaches in Fethiye town, but there are many nice beaches around Oludeniz, a nearby town. There are lots of bed and breakfast hotels along the promenade. There is a really nice hotel called Club Letoonia on a peninsular opposite the town. There are 3 beaches in Letoonia, and it is an all inclusive hotel. There are lots of trees and flowers on Letoonia.

N-Dubz
N-Dubz is a British hip hop group based in Camden Town in Greater London.
Members.
N-Dubz are an award winning hip hop group from London, signed to Polydor Records. They have had two charting singles on the UK Singles Chart. History All of the members of N-Dubz attended school in Camden Town, and came together as a group under the management of Dino Contostavlos's father, Byron Contostavlos (formerly of Mungo Jerry), who died on April 12, 2007. Talking Shop:N Dubz. BBC, October 19, 2007. Accessed November 17, 2007. Members Dino and Tulisa are cousins. Each appeared on Channel 4's Dubplate Drama after they began to get notice as a group. Performing as the Lickle Rinsers Crew, they released the singles "Bad Man Riddim" and "Life Is Getting Sicker by the Day", which became hits on English pirate radio stations.
Tulisa.
Tulisa is the singer and sings parts of the chorus
Fazer.
Fazer is the co-producer and writer of the group, he sometimes raps as well.
Albums.
There next single is called 'Papa' and there album is called 'uncle B' and is coming out on 17th November 2008.
Performances.
They first performed as Lickle Rinsers Crew with their "Bad Man Riddim" anthem.
Their second single, "Life Is Getting Sicker By The Day," attracted nationwide pirate radio support. Their last release, "Better Not Waste My Time," was number one on Channel U for 5 weeks before dropping out and then rising again.

Wendy Scurr
Wendy Scurr is a nurse who is most famous as a person who believes that Martin Bryant did not commit the Port Arthur massacre, which is based on her own testimony as a person who was at Port Arthur during the time that the people were murdered, and who was the person that called police to inform them of the crime.
In 1996, she was working as a nurse at Port Arthur, Tasmania, Australia, which is a place that tourists come to visit. One day, on 28 April 1996, a man started shooting at people at the Broad Arrow Cafe. Wendy Scurr rushed in to see the man who was killing people and she called the police to tell them. Police did not believe her, so she told them to listen to the gun shots. Wendy Scurr has given a full account of what she observed on that day. Wendy Scurr thinks that the man who police claim killed these people, Martin Bryant, is not the person that killed the people.
Wendy Scurr was very angry that Martin Bryant was arrested, because she says that the person that was killing people was a very good shooter who was very clever. She has formed a group with many other people that were at Port Arthur to make sure that people her own theory. Wendy Scurr has gone to talk to many people in wide groups, together with some policemen who were there, to show to try and see who can be convinced to believe her.
One policeman that has helped Wendy Scurr is a man named Andrew MacGregor. An expert gunsmith that has helped Wendy Scurr is a man named Stewart Beattie. In addition, some people who were there have agreed to promote Wendy Scurr's story.

66
Events.
July 19: Great Fire of Rome, first Roman mass Persecution of Christians, earliest significant recognition of Christians in Rome

70
Events.
August - destruction of Herod's Temple in Jerusalem by the Romans under Titus.

Pachycephalosaurus
"Pachycephalosaurus" was a kind of dinosaur which lived during the late Cretaceous period millions of years ago. It lived in what is now North America. "Pachycephalosaurus" was a member of the Pachycephalosaurid family. It may have eaten both plants and meat. This dinosaur is only known from a single skull and a few extremely thick skull roofs.

Jeff Hardy
Jeffrey Nero "Jeff" Hardy (born August 31 1977) is an American professional wrestler. He is currently working on the "SmackDown!" brand of World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), where he is the reigning WWE Champion. He is the younger brother of "ECW" superstar, Matt Hardy. When not wrestling, Hardy enjoys motorcross and scupture. He is also the founder of the "Peroxwhy?gen".
Career.
Jeff Hardy says that Sting, The Ultimate Warrior, and Shawn Michaels were the reasons why he wanted to get into wrestling as a child. Jeff had been on seen on WWF television as early as age 16. His first WWF match, against The 1-2-3 Kid, came on May 25, 1994 in Erie, Pennsylvania. Early on, Jeff, along with his brother Matt and friends, started their own wrestling organization, the TWF (Trampoline Wrestling Federation). In it they would perform many of the moves they saw on TV. The federation eventually became a part of a county fair in North Carolina, U.S.. Jeff, Matt, and friends then began to work for other independent wrestling companies. They drove all over the East Coast of the United States, working for companies many small companies.
The Hardy Boys (1998-2002).
The Hardy brothers eventually caught the eyes of the World Wrestling Federation. Jeff was only 16 at the time. After being signed to a contract in 1998, they were trained by Dory Funk, Jr. in his Funkin' Dojo. They were trained with other notable wrestlers such as Kurt Angle, Christian, Test, and A-Train. When the team was finally brought up to WWF TV, they formed the tag team called The Hardy Boyz. During this time, they were managed by Michael Hayes. In 1999, they fought mainly with Edge and Christian.
The team of Matt and Jeff won the WWE Tag Team Championship six times. Because of this, they would be known as one of the most successful tag teams in WWE history. In 2000, Matt and Jeff found a new manager in their real-life friend Lita. Together, the three became known as "Team Xtreme".
Jeff was well known for his high risk stunts in many of the Hardy Boy's matches. He made a name for himself because of the riskes he took during this time. In 2001, Jeff would also hold the WWF Intercontinental, Light Heavyweight and Hardcore Championships.
Singles competition (2002-2003).
After years in the tag team division, Jeff fought The Undertaker in a Ladder match for the Championship. Jeff did not win, but earned the Undertaker's respect. Jeff competed for singles titles several times, but did not win.
Jeff was released from WWE on April 22, 2003. The reasons given for the release were Jeff's strange behavior, drug use, and not showing up for matches. Hardy also said "burn out" and the need for time off were reasons for leaving WWE.
Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (2004-2006).
Hardy started wrestling in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling on June 23 2004 at the TNA pay-per-view, the "Second Anniversary Show". He was in a match against A.J. Styles for the X - Division title. The match ended in a no-contest when Kid Kash and Dallas interfered. Hardy returned to TNA on July 21 and was given a chance to fight for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship. Hardy challenged for the title on September 8 but lost to NWA World Heavyweight Champion Jeff Jarrett.
World Wrestling Entertainment (2006-present).
On August 4 2006, WWE announced that Hardy was working with the company again. He returned on the August 21 episode of "RAW". On the day of his return, Hardy defeated Edge by disqualification when Lita pulled Edge out of the ring. After failing to win the Intercontinental Championship from Johnny Nitro over the next few weeks, Hardy finally defeated Nitro to win his second Intercontinental Championship on the October 2 edition of "RAW". On the November 6 episode of "RAW", Hardy lost the Intercontinental Championship back to Johnny Nitro. Just a week after he lost the title to Nitro, Hardy won it again on the November 13 edition of "RAW". This was Hardy's third time as Intercontinental Champion.
On the November 21 episode of "ECW" Jeff teamed with his brother Matt for the first time in almost five years to defeat the Full Blooded Italians.
With Jeff Hardy still feuding with Johnny Nitro in 2007, Jeff was challenged once again by Johnny Nitro at New Year's Revolution 2007 for the Intercontinental Championship. Hardy once again defeated Nitro. Hardy later lost the title to Umaga. On the September 3 edition of "RAW", Jeff successfully captured his 4th WWE Intercontinental Championship by defeating Umaga for the title. At Armageddon 2007, Hardy will fight Triple H, with the winner getting a WWE Championship match at the Royal Rumble. This match was seen to many as the most important match of Hardy's career, as his win against Triple H has finally moved Hardy into the top level of the roster and the race for the WWE Championship. However, he lost to Randy Orton at the Royal Rumble. He will fight in the Elimination Chamber at No Way Out on February 17th for a place in the main event at Wrestlemania.
Jeff Hardy came second in the Elimation Chamber match, being beaten by Triple H. He has competed in various matches and was going to WrestleMania XXIV to fight in the Money in the Bank ladder match. Jeff lost the Intercontinental Championship to Chris Jericho on the March 10 edition of "RAW". The next day, it was confirmed that Jeff Hardy had been put on 60-day suspension, as he failed his second drug test. This meant that he did not compete at WrestleMania.
Jeff Hardy returned the May 12, 2008 edition of "RAW", when General Manager William Regal told him he was to pay for his "sins" (read the paragraph before) by fighting Umaga. Jeff Hardy won with a ""Whisper in the Wind".
On December 14, 2008 at Armageddon he won the WWE Championship.

Durban
Durban (Zulu: "eThekwini" (IPA:) is the second most populous city in South Africa. It is part of the province KwaZulu Natal.
History.
It is thought that the first known inhabitants of the Durban area arrived from the north around 100,000 BC, according to carbon dating of rock art found in caves in the Drakensberg. These people lived in the central plains of KwaZulu-Natal until the expansion of Bantu people from the north sometime during the last millennium.

Bantu people
Bantu is a general term for over 400 different ethnic groups in Africa, from Cameroon to South Africa, that have a common language family (the Bantu languages) and in many cases common customs.

Knight Bachelor
In the United Kingdom a Knight Bachelor is a man who is a knight (has the title "Sir") but who is not both a
In the 1920s the Society of Knights Bachelor were allowed to wear a special badge on the days when other knights would wear their insignia.
The title is not hereditary so it cannot be passed on to the knight's children, but a baronet's title can be inherited.
Men who get some jobs, such as senior judges, are made Knights Bachelor. Women cannot be knights bachelor, so if they get a one of those jobs they are made Dames of the Order of the British Empire (DBE)
Knights Bachelor have no post-nominal letters (letters after their name to show they are a knight), unlike knights of the orders of knighthood, who use letters like KBE, or GBE etc, or baronets who put Bt or Bart after their name.

Digital
A digital system is a system that stores data in a discrete way. The opposite is an analogue system, which stores the data in a continuous way. Usually, digital systems store the information in a binary way; it means, every bit of information can not have a value other than "zero" (off) or "one" (on). Larger amounts of data are stored as a string of these bits, which means a set of 0s and 1s together make a meaning to the system.
The word "digital" is most commonly used in computing and electronics.

Hans Christian Ørsted
Hans Christian Ørsted (August 14, 1777 – March 9, 1851) was a Danish physicist and chemist. He is best known for discovering the relationship between electricity and magnetism known as electromagnetism.
Ørsted was also a writer and poet. His poetry series "Luftskibet" ("Airship") was inspired by the balloon flights of his physicist friend, Étienne-Gaspard Robert.

Ammeter
An ammeter is a measuring tool used to measure the flow of electric current in a circuit. The electric current is measured in amperes; for this reason, some people call the ammeters as "ampmeters", by mistake.

Voltage divider
In electronics, a voltage divider is a tool which creates an output voltage which is proportional to an input voltage. Voltage deviders are also known as resistor divider and potential divider.

English Heritage
English Heritage is an organization of the United Kingdom government (Department for Culture, Media and Sport). It manages many monuments of the historic environment of England. It was set up under the terms of the National Heritage Act 1983. Before the Department of the Environment had had these functions.
British Heritage takes care of many important historical and archaeological sites, from Stonehenge to the world's earliest iron bridge. But it has responsibilities in conservation, giving advice, registering and protecting the historic environment as well. It also maintains a public archive, the National Monuments Record (NMR).

Filioque clause
The Filioque cause is a part of the Nicene Creed that not all Christians agree about. Filioque is Latin. In the context (of the Nicene Creed) it means "and from the son". The main parties involved are the Roman Catholic church and the Eastern Orthodox Church. The Eastern Orthodox Church rejects these Changes, the Catholic Church, as well as most Protestant and the Anglican Church accept them
The Latin text is given below, the changes are highlighted. These were added to the Catholic version.
Many Eastern Catholic Churches have the same version as the Eastern Orthodox Churches for day-to-day use. They do however have the official catholic version for special uses.

Krokus
Krokus is a hard rock band from Switzerland.

Historic Scotland
Historic Scotland is an agency of the Scottish Executive, that is responsible for historic monuments in Scotland.
It has direct responsibility for maintaining and running over 200 monuments.

Loudness (band)
Loudness is a heavy metal band from Japan. The band was founded in 1981 by singer Akira Takasaki and drummer Munetaka Higuchi. Loudness was the first Japanese heavy metal band to be signed to a recording contract in the United States. They were ultimately dropped from their label in 1987 after an incident in which Takasaki was found attempting to molest the child of an executive at their label.

Gulf of Oman
The Gulf of Oman is an arm of the Arabian Sea that borders Iran and south-western Pakistan to the north and Oman and the United Arab Emirates to the south. The Gulf of Oman used to be called "The Persian Sea" in maps of antiquity.

Gulag
Gulag describes a vast network of slave labor camps operated by the Soviet Union from the 1930s to the 1950s. From the time that the Soviet Union was founded in 1917, it imprisoned people who disagreed and spoke out against it. This was in fact no different from what Imperial Russia did in previous decades, with its katorga camps. But the Soviet Union camp system eventually grew to be one of the most massive prison systems in existence.
During the 1920s, the Soviet Union imprisoned more and more people that disagreed with it. It believed that it was better to put these people to work and make their labor and goods part of the national economy. The Gulag system was officially created in 1930. During the 1930s there was a lot of fear of the Soviet government. Police officials were encouraged to round up and imprison many citizens for the most trivial offenses, even if they were innocent, and this caused the Gulag system to swell. By 1939 there were 1.3 million people in labor camps.
Even though the Gulag is often associated with Siberia, labor camps were located nationwide. Siberian camps greatly simplified the problem of keeping prisoners from running away, though it was harder to feed these camps and move goods in and out because of the vast distances involved.
The Gulag system died during the 1950s after the death of Stalin, and many people were released starting in 1954. The Gulag program was ended with a government decree in 1960.
It is thought that as many as 20 million people had been in a Gulag camp at one time or another.

Multimeter
A multimeter or a multitester is an electronic measuring tool that is a combination of several tools in one unit. It usutally includes an ammeter, voltmeter, and ohmmeter. Digital multimeters are sometimes called DMM too.
Modern multimeters can be used to measure electrical quantities other than current, resistance and voltage. For example, they can be used to measure frequency, capacitance and temperature.

Hyattsville, Maryland
Hyattsville is a town in Maryland in the USA. It is about 2 miles from Washington, DC.

Invitee
In tort law, an invitee is a member of the public who has been invited to do business with the owner of a property. For example, if someone owns a store and invites someone else to come into the store to buy something, the person who is invited is an "invitee".
In some places (or jurisdictions), tort law asks whether a person is an invitee when it decides what duty the owner of land has to keep that person safe from harm.

Luciano Pavarotti
Luciano Pavarotti (October 12, 1935 – September 6, 2007) was an Italian tenor and one of the most popular contemporary vocal performers in the world. He not only sang in opera but also in other kinds of music. Known for his televised concerts, media appearances, and as one of the "Three Tenors" (the other two were Plácido Domingo and José Carreras). Pavarotti became enormously popular after a performance of the aria "Nessun Dorma" from Puccini’s opera " Turandot " for the opening ceremony of the 1990 FIFA World Cup in Italy.
Pavarotti was also well known for his award-winning charity work for raising money on behalf of refugees and the Red Cross.
Early life.
Luciano Pavarotti was born in Modena in north-central Italy. His father was a baker who also liked to sing, his mother worked in a cigar factory. The family did not have much money. During World War II they lived in the countryside on a farm.
Pavarotti started to listen to his father’s recordings of famous tenors of the day such as Beniamino Gigli, Giovanni Martinelli, Tito Schipa and Enrico Caruso. At around the age of nine he began singing with his father in a small local church choir. He was a normal boy who liked playing football and even thought of being a professional soccer goalkeeper, but his mother said he should be a teacher. His father said he would continue to support him, but once he was 30 years old he would have to earn money to support himself.
Pavarotti began singing lessons seriously in 1954 at the age of 19. He met a singer called Adua Veroni. He married her in 1961. Pavarotti had to earn money, so he became a teacher, and then an insurance salesman. For several years he just gave a few recitals without being paid for them. Then he had problems with his throat and stopped singing for a short time, and, surprisingly, this helped his voice to become really good.
Career.
Pavarotti made his opera début in the role of Rodolfo in "La bohème" by Puccini on April 29, 1961 in the town of Reggio Emilia. Soon he was singing in: the Vienna State Opera. He sang in the United States with Joan Sutherland. In 1965 he sang at La Scala, probably the most famous of all opera houses. He was singing in the famous Franco Zeffirelli production of "La Bohème", with Mirella Freni singing Mimi and Herbert von Karajan conducting.. His first appearance as Tonio in Donizetti's "La fille du régiment" took place at Covent Garden on June 2 of that year. It was his performances of this role that made people call him the "King of the High Cs" (The note C above Middle C is a very high note for a tenor to sing).
Pavarotti learned many more operatic roles and sang all over the world. In 1972 he sang in a production of "La fille du régiment" by Donizetti at the Metropolitan Opera in New York. The audience were amazed when he sang nine high Cs. They applauded so much that he had 17 curtain calls. He sang the role of Rodolfo in ("La bohème") in the first "Live From The Met" telecast in March of 1977, which attracted one of the largest audiences ever for a televised opera. He won many Grammy awards and platinum and gold discs for his performances.
In 1976 Pavarotti sang at the Salzburg Festival appearing in a solo recital. He returned to the festival in 1978 with a recital and as the Italian singer in "Der Rosenkavalier", in 1983 with "Idomeneo", and both in 1985 and 1988 with solo recitals.
In 1977 there was a cover story in Time Magazine about him. That same year saw Pavarotti's return to the Vienna State Opera where he had not been for 14 years. With Herbert von Karajan conducting Pavarotti sang Manrico in "Il trovatore". In 1978, he appeared in a solo recital on "Live from Lincoln Center".
He made his international recital début at William Jewell College in Liberty, Missouri in 1973 as part of the college’s Fine Arts Program, now known as the Perspiring due to nerves and a cold, he kept a handkerchief in his hand all the way through the concert. The handkerchief was often associated with him after that during his solo performances.
1980s–1990s.
At the beginning of the 1980s, he set up "The Pavarotti International Voice Competition" for young singers, performing with the winners in 1982 in excerpts of "La bohème" and "L'elisir d'amore". The competition gave young people a chance to start their singing careers. It was repeated in 1982. They even travelled to China.
In 1992 Pavarotti sang in La Scala in a new Zeffirelli production of "Don Carlo" conducted by Riccardo Muti. Pavarotti's performance was heavily criticized by some observers and booed by some of the audience. The singer never returned to La Scala again after that.
Pavarotti became even more well-known throughout the world in 1990 when his sang Giacomo Puccini's aria, "Nessun Dorma" from "Turandot" which was used as the theme song for the BBC TV coverage of the 1990 FIFA World Cup in Italy. The aria made him a kind of pop star and it remained his trademark song. This was followed by the hugely successful Three Tenors concert held on the eve of the World Cup final at the ancient Baths of Caracalla in Rome with fellow tenors Plácido Domingo and José Carreras and conductor Zubin Mehta, which became the biggest selling classical record of all time. Throughout the 1990s, Pavarotti appeared in many big outdoor concerts, including his televised concert in London's Hyde Park which drew a record audience of 150,000. In June 1993, more than 500,000 listeners gathered for his performance on the Great Lawn of New York's Central Park, while millions more around the world watched on television. The following September, in the shadow of the Eiffel Tower in Paris, he sang for a crowd of about 300,000. Following on from the original 1990 concert, Three Tenors concerts were held during the Football World Cups; in Los Angeles in 1994, in Paris in 1998, and in Yokohama in 2002.
Pavarotti's rise to stardom was not without occasional difficulties, however. He got a reputation as "The King of Cancellations" because he often cancelled performances, and this made him unpopular with some opera houses.
In 1998, Pavarotti was given a very special award: the Grammy Legend Award.
2000s.
In 2002 Pavarotti split with the Herbert Breslin, the man who had been his manager for 36 years. On 13 December 2003 he married his former personal assistant, Nicoletta Mantovani, with whom he already had a daughter. A second child did not survive, due to complications at the time of birth. He started his farewell tour in 2004, at the age of 69, performing one last time in old and new locations, after over 40 years on the stage.
Pavarotti gave his last performance in an opera at the New York Metropolitan Opera on March 13, 2004 for which he received a 12-minute standing ovation for his role as the painter Mario Cavaradossi in Giacomo Puccini's "Tosca".
In March 2005, Pavarotti had an operation to his neck. His health began to suffer. He was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer in July 2006 and died on 6 September 2007 at his home in Modena.

Negligence
In law, negligence is a kind of lawsuit that people and organizations can bring if they are hurt. It is a kind of tort. The law calls someone negligent if he hurts someone else, or someone else's property, because he was not careful enough.
Duty.
The defendant's "duty" is what the law says that he or she has to do. Usually, the law says that people have to be "reasonable". That means they have to be careful, use good judgment, and not be unfair to other people. In some cases, the law tells people that they have special duties. In other cases, the law says that people have no duties at all. For example, in most places that use the common law, a person has no legal duty to rescue another person from harm, even if the rescue is very easy and does not cost anything or put anyone else in danger.
Breach.
When people do not follow their duty, the law says that they "breach" their duty.
Harm.
A plaintiff can usually bring a lawsuit only if he or she has been hurt, or has some other legal harm. The law tells people what kinds of injuries people can sue about.
Cause.
A plaintiff can usually sue a defendant only if that defendant was the one who hurt the plaintiff. In many cases, it is easy to figure out who hurt someone. But sometimes people get hurt in ways that nobody expects. For example, a defendant might be driving while drunk, and he might hit an electric pole. The electric pole could fall down and cause a neighborhood to lose electric power. As a result, a person two miles away might trip and fall in the dark. The law will decide whether the drunk driver "caused" the person to trip and fall.
Outside the law.
The word "negligence" is sometimes used outside the law in a similar way. It means that someone has not been careful enough.

Cytokinesis
"Cytokinesis" is the division of cells after either Mitosis or Meiosis I and II.
During Cytokinesis, the "cytoplasm" (the liquid center of the cell that holds the "organelles" into place.) splits into two equal halves, a cleavage point appears and the cell becomes two daughter cells. This occurs right after the beginning of anaphase (in mitosis and in meiosis I and II) and continues during telophase (in mitosis and in meiosis I and II) until the cell has completely divided and interphase (in mitosis and meiosis II only) has re-started.
Cytokinesis in plants.
In plants cytokinesis is slightly different. As plant cells cannot move apart because of their rigid cell wall, a cell plate begins to form during late anaphase and throughout telophase. When the cytoplasm and organelles are divide evenly between the two new cells, the plate then becomes less flimsy and soon becomes another rigid cell wall separating the daughter cells.

Battery (tort)
Battery is the crime or tort of intentionally touching someone else without permission (literally, the act of "battering" somebody). Thus, to start a fight would be to commit battery. In some states, the crime of battery is referred to as assault, or it may be referred to as "assault and battery."

Assault
An assault is a crime or tort in which somebody (physically) threatens or attempts to hurt someone else.
In some states or legal codes, the words "assault" and "battery" may mean the same thing.

Megaloblastic anemia
Megaloblastic anemia is a kind of anemia. It can be caused by not having enough vitamins, especially Vitamin B12 or folic acid.

Legal code
A legal code is a "written" system of laws. To "codify" the law is to write it down in a systematic manner.
Legal codes are typically written by legislatures.

Plácido Domingo
José Plácido Domingo Embil KBE (born January 21, 1941) is an Spanish tenor opera singer.

José Carreras
Josep Carreras i Coll (born December 5, 1946 in Barcelona, Spain), better known as José Carreras, is a tenor opera singer.
He was born in Sants, which is in neighborhood of Barcelona, Catalonia. His family moved to Argentina when he was very young. He started singing at the age of 6, and his first public performance happened when he was 8 years old.
Many years later, when he was in Paris, it turned out that he has leukemia. The long-term medications where successful and he survived from the disease. He established José Carreras International Leukaemia Foundation in Barcelona on July 14, 1988.
Carreras has received many awards both because of his musical and humanitarian work.

Leukemia
Leukemia or leukaemia is a cancer of blood and bone marrow. When somebody has leukemia, their body makes too many white blood cells (leukocytes).
Four major types.
Leukemia can be either acute or chronic (medicine). Acute leukemia usually grows quickly. Chronic leukemia usually grows slowly.
Leukemia can also involve two different types of white blood cells. These are lymphoid cells and meyloid cells.
Causes and risk factors.
Fanconi anemia is also a risk factor for developing acute myelogenous leukemia.

Tavern
A tavern is a place where alcoholic drinks (such as beer, wine, or spirits) are served. While the word "tavern" used to be common in England, in the 19th century the word began to be seen as old fashioned. The current term today in England is "pub" which comes from "public house". However, taverns remain a popular part of fantasy stories and games. The term is still commonly used in the United States.

Gaucho
Gaucho (or Gaúcho) is the term commonly used for people who live in the south regions of Brazil, mainly in Rio Grande do Sul. It can also be used for people from Uruguay, Argentina and Chile.
It is roughly the same as the North American cowboy, however the gauchos dress quite differently from cowboys and have different habits.

Flag of Tunisia
The flag of Tunisia is a national flag. It is red and white in colour with a star inside a moon. It was created for the first time in 1831 by the Tunisian "bey" Hassine I. Since then, it has had some small changes.

Humat Al Hima
Humat Al-Hima is the national anthem of Tunisia since November 1987.
The text (words) of this anthem was written by two men, Mustapha Sadiq Al-Rafi'i and Abul-Qacem Ech-Chebbi. And the Egyptian musician Mohamad Abdul-Wahab made its music.

Nymphadora Tonks
Nymphadora Tonks is a fictional character in the "Harry Potter" book series written by J. K. Rowling.
Tonks, as she is known, is the daughter of Andromeda Black and Ted Tonks. She is a "Half-Blood", but both of her parents are actually magical. Her mother is a pureblood, and her father is a muggle born, therefore considering that the majority of her father's family are muggles she is considered a halfblood, even though he is not a muggle himself. Tonks is a "metamorphmagus", which means that she can change her appearance when she wants to.
Tonks is described as being "seriously clumsy" in the books.
In "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows", she marries the werewolf Remus Lupin and they have a son called Teddy Remus Lupin. Teddy is a metamorphmagus like Tonks. Both Tonks and Lupin die during the Battle of Hogwarts.

Scelidosaurus
"Scelidosaurus" (meaning "limb lizard") was a genus of quadrupedal, lightly plated, herbivorous dinosaur about 4 metres long. It lived during the Early Jurassic period, during the Sinemurian to Hettangian stages around 194 to 208 million years ago. Its fossils have been found in both England and in Arizona, in the United States.

Inheritance (disambiguation)
Inheritance is when people pass on property and debts when they die.

Nissan Stadium
The Nissan Stadium (previously called the International Stadium of Yokohama) is a sports stadium in Yokohama, Japan. It was built for the 2002 World Cup Final.

Scream 2
Scream 2 is a 1997 horror film directed by Wes Craven and written by Kevin Williamson. Neve Campbell, Jamie Kennedy, Courteney Cox, David Arquette, and Liev Schrieber all reprised their roles from the first film with the supporting cast including Sarah Michelle Geller and Laurie Metcalf. The film was released Dimension Films on December 12, 1997
Plot.
Two years after the events of Woodsboro, Sidney Prescott and Randy Meeks have enrolled at Windsor College trying to move on with the lives. Gale Weathers has written a bestselling book based on the events of Scream entitled The Woodsboro Murders which in turn has been turned into a film called Stab. Dewey Riley remained in Woodsboro where he continued to work as a police officer.
At the premiere of Stab, two Windsor College Seniors, Maureen Evans and Phil Stevens, were brutally murdered. Now the Scream survivors and the new characters band together to try and figure out if it is happening again. Following the murder of the next victim, CiCi Cooper, they realize someone's trying to make a sequel.
As if her life wasn't complicated enough, Cotton Weary, who was released after Billy and Stu were killed, has suddenly showed back up into her life. Eventually a list of suspects is beginning to be made including Cotton Weary and eventually Derek Feldman (Sidney's boyfriend) after he shows up immediately after Sidney's first attack in a sorority house.
Shortly later, Randy Meeks, a survivor of Scream is murdered in a van. The police decide to put Sidney in hiding. Her roommate, Hallie, goes with her. Meanwhile, the killer attacks Gale and Dewey. Gale is safe in hiding, but the killer stabs Dewey several times.
While at a red light on a deserted street, the killer shows up and quickly kills one of the officers by slashing his throat. The killer than jumps into the car and runs over the other officer after he gets out of the car and is killed when the killer drives into a pile of poles and one of them goes thorugh his head. Sidney and Hallie are trapped, but are lucky when they see the killer is unconscious. They manage to escape and start to run, but Sidney stops when she realizes she can find out who the killer is. She runs back, but when she gets there she sees the killer is gone. She turns around and warns Hallie and than the killer jumps out from behind a building, grabs Hallie, and stabs her to death. Sidney takes off running.
Meanwhile, Gale leaves her hiding place and bumps into Cotton- who has blood all over his hands. He tries to tell Gale he found Dewey and was trying to help him, but Gale doesn't buy it and runs where she calls the police after stealing the phone from Debbie Salt, another reporter.
In the meantime, Sidney runs into the theater where she hears music playing. She sees no one there and tries to leave, but the set comes down and locks her in. That's when a cross falls and Derek is tied to it, gagged. She wakes him up and tries to get him down, but the killer shows up and reveals himself- Mickey! He manages to trick Sidney into thinking Derek is the other killer. Then, Mickey shoots and kills Derek.

DNA repair
DNA repair means a collection of processes by which a cell identifies and corrects damage to the DNA molecules that encode its genome.
DNA damage.
In human cells, both normal metabolic activities and environmental factors such as UV light can cause DNA damage, resulting in as many as 1 million individual molecular lesions per cell per day. Many of these lesions cause structural damage to the DNA molecule and can alter or eliminate the cell's ability to transcribe the gene that the affected DNA encodes. Other lesions induce potentially harmful mutations in the cell's genome, which affect the survival of its daughter cells after it undergoes mitosis. Consequently, the DNA repair process must be constantly active so it can respond rapidly to any damage in the DNA structure.
DNA repair.
The rate of DNA repair is dependent on many factors, including the cell type, the age of the cell, and the extracellular environment.

Armigerous
A person who has a coat is arms is sometime called an "armiger". They are armigerous.
Originally an armiger was an Armour-Bearer or Esquire, who helped a Knight, but who had bearing his own coat of arms.
The term "armiger" is well-defined only in countries such as the United Kingdom, Canada, Ireland, and Spain) where there is a state or other heraldic body. These include the College of Arms in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland, the Office of the Chief Herald in the Republic of Ireland or the Court of the Lord Lyon in Scotland).
Someone can have a coat of arms either because they are descended from a person with a right to bear a coat of arms, or by having a new "grant of arms" to him or herself.

Genome
In biology the genome of an organism is its whole hereditary information and is encoded in the DNA (or, for some viruses, RNA). This includes both the genes and the non-coding sequences of the
The term was coined in 1920.
More precisely, the genome of an organism is a complete DNA sequence of one set of chromosomes. The term genome can be applied specifically to mean the complete set of "nuclear DNA" (i.e., the "nuclear genome") but can also be applied to organelles that contain their own DNA, as with the mitochondrial genome or the chloroplast genome.
Comparison of different genome sizes.
"Note:" The DNA from a single human cell has a length of ~1.8 m (but at a width of ~2.4 nanometers).

Atomic force microscope
Atomic force microscopes (AFMs) are a type of microscope. AFMs provide pictures of atoms on or in surfaces. Like the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), the purpose of the AFM is to look at objects on the atomic level. In fact, the AFM may be used to look at individual atoms (Nature 2007, 446, 64).
The AFM can do some things that the SEM cannot do. The AFM can sometimes provide higher resolution than the SEM. Further, the AFM does not need to operate in a vacuum. In fact, the AFM can operate in ambient air or water.
The AFM works by employing an ultra-fine needle attached to a cantilever beam. As the tip of the needle runs over the ridges and valleys in the material being imaged, the cantilever deflects. In one basic configuration, a laser shines on the cantilever at an oblique angle, and allows for the direct measurement of the deflection in the cantilever by simply changing the angle of incidence for the laser beam. In this way, an image may be created revealing the atomic configuration of the molecules being imaged by the machine.

Zine El-Abidine Ben Ali
Zine El-Abidine Ben Ali (born September 9, 1936) is the second president of Tunisia, after Habib Bourguiba.
Birth.
Zine El-Abidine Ben Ali was born in Hammam-Sousse on September 9, 1936
Work before Presidency.
He was assigned to manage (direct and take care) the Defense Military Security in 1964, and worked there until 1974. He was then promoted (his grade was changed to a superior one) to director-general of National Security at the Ministry of Interior in 1977. After that, he was assigned to take care of relations between Tunisia and the Kingdom of Morocco.
After being the ambassador of Tunisia in Poland, he returned to National Security.
Right before becoming the President of Tunisian Republic, Zine El-Abidine Ben Ali has been promoted to Prime Minister and the constitutional successor on October 1, 1987.
Five weeks after his promotion he, officially, became the Second President of Tunisia.
Controversy.
The way that Zine El-Abidine Ben Ali governs had cause some problems with groups including the Al-Jazeera channel. Al-Jazeera does not believe it is correct for Ben Ali to say that Muslim women wearing headscarves (religious clothes) in public places must take then off and say that they will not wear them in public again.

Baronet
In the United Kingdom a baronet is a man who is a knight (has the title "Sir") but who is neither
Unlike the members of the orders of chivalry and a knight bachelor a baronet can pass his title to his children.
History.
Some baronets were created in the 1300s, but the modern Order of Baronets dates from King James I of England.
On 22 May 1611 King James I set up the present hereditary Order of Baronets in England. He made 200 "gentlemen of good birth" baronets. He did this partly to reward those people with more than a knighthood, without making them as important as a Baron. The other reason was that the king needed money to keep soldiers in Ireland. Each of the new baronets had to pay £1095, which was the cost of keeping thirty soldiers for three years.
In 1619 James I set up the Baronetage of Ireland, to more raise money
To explore Nova Scotia (New Scotland) in what we now call Canada King was going a create the Baronetage of Nova Scotia in 1624, but he died that year. His son King Charles I set up the Baronetage of Scotland and Nova Scotia in 1625. The new baronets had to pay £2000 or to support six settlers for two years.
Today over a hundred "baronets of Nova Scotia" still exist. The Duke of Roxburghe, who is also Baronet of Innes-Ker of Innes is the "Premier Baronet of Scotland" because the baronetcy is the oldest one still existing in Scotand. It was created in 1625.
Insignia.
The Baronets of Nova Scotia were allowed to wear a badge from 1629. The design on the badge is the same as the flag of Nova Scotia
Baronets of England, of Ireland, of Great Britain or of the United Kingdom had no badge until 1929.

Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
The duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (German "Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha" was a "dual monarchy" in Germany. This means that one ruler ruled over two countries. In this case the duchies of Coburg and Gotha. "Saxe" means of Saxony, because there were a lot of different little countries but all were ruled by members of the royal house of Saxony. Usually the royal house of Saxony means the rulers of the Kingdom of Saxony. The house of Wettin is the rulers of the other states. Wettin is the family's surname.
The royal house of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (German "Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha") was created in 1826. One dynasty of the House of Wettin (the Dukes of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg) became extinct because there were no more male children to inherit.
The remaining members of the family divided their various lands between them. The duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld gave up Saalfeld and instead got the duchy of Gotha. Saalfeld became part of Saxe-Meinigen, which also took Hildburghausen when the Dule of Saxe-Hildburghausen became Duke of Saxe-Altenburg
On 12 November 1826 Ernst III of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld became Ernst I Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Duke of Jülich "(Juelich)", Cleves and Berg, also Engern and Westphalia, Prince of Lichtenberg, Landgrave in Thuringia, Markgrave of Meißen "(Meissen)", Count of Hennerberg, Count of the Mark and Ravensburg, Lord of Ravenstein and Tonna.
Ernst had two sons. His younger son, Albert, married his cousin Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom. Saxe-Coburg and Gotha was the name of the royal house of the United Kingdom until 1917, when the name was changed the Windsor because of hatred of anything German in World War I.
The Duchy in Germany.
Ernst I died in 1844 and his elder son and successor, Ernst II, ruled until he died in 1893. As he had no children childless, the throne of the Duchy passed to the male descendant's of Ernst's late brother Albert the Prince Consort, husband of Queen Victoria. But, the Duchies did not want to be joined to Great Britain, so their constitutions constitutions stopped the King and heir apparent of Great Britain from becoming Duke if other eligible male heirs exist.. Therefore after Edward, Prince of Wales was his next brother, Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh. Alfred's only son, also named Alfred, committed suicide in 1899, so when Duke Alfred died in 1900, he was succeeded by his nephew, Charles Edward the Duke of Albany, the sixteen-year-old son of Queen Victoria's youngest son, Leopold. (Duke Arthur of Connaught and his son did not want to become Duke, so renounced (gave up) their right to succession). The new Duke started using the German version of his name, and ruled as Duke Carl Eduard. Until he came of age in 1905, the Hereditary Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg acted as Regent, Carl Eduard kept using his British title Duke of Albany, but because he fought for Germany in the First World War, he was stripped of his British titles in 1919.
Carl Eduard reigned until November 18, 1918 when the Workers' and Soldiers' Council of Gotha deposed him during the German Revolution. The two Duchies, became separate states, but soon joined bigger states. Saxe-Coburg became a part of Bavaria, and Saxe-Gotha merged with other small states to form the new state of Thuringia in 1920 in the Weimar Republic.
Saxe-Coburg and Gotha was the only European country to appoint a diplomatic consul to the Confederate States of America. The consul was named Ernst Raven, consul in the State of Texas. When Raven asked the Confederate Government for a diplomatic exequatur (permission to be act as consul) on July 30, 1861 he was accepted.
House.
Other members of the family became kings of Belgium and Bulgaria, and married into nearly all of the other royal families of Europe. More then 50 years after Bulgaria became a republic, King Simeon returned to Bulgaria and was elected Prime Minister. After the First World War the Kings of Belgium stopped using the name Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, but never officially changed their name. Simeon of Bulgaria legal name is Simeon Borisov Sakskoburggotski
The Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha stopped being independent in 1918, when Germany became a republic. Carl Eduard, the last reigning duke had his British titles taken away
for supporting Germany in World War I. He died in 1954.
Gotha became part of the new state of Thuringia, and Coburg joined Bavaria.

Berkelium
Berkelium (IPA:) is a chemical element in the periodic table. Berkelium has the symbol Bk and atomic number 97. It is a radioactive metallic element and an actinide. Berkelium was invented by scientists and does not exist in nature. Berkelium was first made by hitting americium with alpha particles or helium ions. It is named after Berkeley, California and the University of California, Berkeley.

BBC Learning English
BBC Learning English is a website hosted by the BBC World Service since 1996. It provides free learning materials for people who speak English as a second language and want to improve their English Language skills.

Omarosa Manigault-Stallworth
Omarosa Manigault-Stallworth mostly known only as "Omarosa" (born Omaroseonee O. Manigault February 15, 1974) is a former participant on Donald Trump's television reality show "The Apprentice". Omarosa was born in Youngstown, Ohio where she attended Rayen High School. She has gone on to appear on various talk shows and other reality shows, where her strong personality has often been the source of controversy.
"The Apprentice".
Omarosa's appearance on Trump's "The Apprentice" ended on Week Nine, when she was "fired" (see Season 1). During the final episode, in which two finalists competed, contestant Kwame Jackson chose Omarosa as part of his final team. Trump complained that Jackson was unable to control Omarosa and added that he should have fired her.

The Apprentice
"The Apprentice" is a television show that first aired in 2004 in the United States. The show has a group of 15-18 businessmen and -women competing in an elimination-style competition for a one-year, $250,000 job of running one of host and executive producer Donald Trump's companies. "The Apprentice" was developed by Mark Burnett, who successfully brought "Survivor" to the US. The show now has many international versions as well as several imitations. The show popularized the catch phrase, "You're Fired!".
In the USA there have been seven seasons. In the last one, all the contestants were celebrities. Season 8, which will also feature celebrities, is expected in January 2009.

Survivor (TV series)
"Survivor" is a popular reality television game show produced in many countries throughout the world. In the show, contestants are isolated in a remote location and compete for cash and other prizes. The format for "Survivor" was created in the UK in 1992 by Charlie Parsons, and the first production of it was the Swedish show ' in 1997. The US version is commonly considered the mother of American reality TV shows because it was the first highly-rated and profitable reality show on broadcast television in the USA. The show even has its own "reality coaster" at
Other websites.
Paramount's Great America in Santa Clara, CA, called.

The Weakest Link
"The Weakest Link" (known as "Weakest Link" in many countries) is a television game show which first appeared in the United Kingdom on BBC Two on 14 August 2000. It was devised by doctor and situation comedy writer Fintan Coyle and the comedian Cathy Dunning, and developed for television by the BBC Entertainment department. It has since been replicated around the world. It may also be called a "reality game show" because of competition similar to present-day reality shows and has been the basis of academic studies. The UK version, hosted by Anne Robinson, reached its 1,000th episode on 18 December 2006.
The show.
In ths show, eight contestants are put in a circle. There are eight levels of money. When the round starts, contestants must answer the questions. If they answer right, the level goes up. If one answers wrong, the level resets to zero. Players may say "bank" to keep the money they have, but this also limits the money they can earn, as each level doubles the amount of money they already have ($100 becomes $200, $200 becomes $400). At the end of each round, players vote off one player.
When it gets down to two players, they are put in a runoff. The host asks each person a question in a row. The first person to answer five questions wins all of the money.
Australian.
In the Australian version, Cornelia Frances hosts the show. There are nine people and $100,000 AU can be won.
American.
There have been two different American versions of the show. The first aired on NBC from April 16, 2001 to July 14, 2002 and was hosted by Anne Robinson. It followed the same format as the British version. The second aired in syndication from January 7, 2002 to May 20, 2003. The host was George Gray and the show was reduced to a half-hour in length. The maximum amount of money was reduced; there are only six players to start; and the first one to three answers in the final round is the winner.

Anne Robinson
Anne Josephine Robinson (born September 26, 1944) is an English television presenter and television game show hostess who is most famous for hosting the BBC game show, "The Weakest Link" which earned her the nickname "Queen of Mean". She was also one of the presenters on the long-running British consumer affairs series, "Watchdog", from 1993 to 2001.

Scooch
Scooch are a British bubblegum dance group. The members of Scooch are Natalie Powers, Caroline Barnes, David Ducasse, and Russ Spencer.
Scooch represented the United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest 2007 in Helsinki with their song "Flying the Flag (for You)".
The song reached #5 in the UK Top 40 Singles Chart on 13 May 2007. People had already had the chance to download the song 2 months before. If however the download and CD were released at the same time it is considered that they would have been #1 in the U.K for 2 weeks in a row.
Performance in the ESC Final.
Scooch performed in 19th place on the final night and after the votes were confirmed, came 22nd out of 42 entries. The quartet received 7 points from Ireland and the maximum 12 points from Malta. This was the first time since 2002 that a UK Eurovision entrant had received the maximum 12 points in the competition.

Rock art
In addition, petroforms and inukshuks are rock art made by aligning or piling natural stones. The stones themselves are used as large markings on the ground.
Location.
One can find petroglyphs and pictographs on the walls of a cave or on rock in open-air.

Edward Teach
Edward Teach (c. 1680 – 22 November 1718)was a Pirate, often called "Blackbeard the Pirate". He attacked ships in the Caribbean and the American colonies.
His best known ship was the Queen Anne's Revenge, which is thought to have run aground near Beaufort Inlet, North Carolina in 1718.
No one knows how many wives Blackbeard had the book "A General History of the Pyrates" says that he had as many as fourteen wives, but he was not legally married to most of them.
Blackbeard often fought wearing a big feathered tricorn hat, and with lots of swords, knives, and pistols. Some pictures show him with lighted rope matches woven into his enormous black beard during battle. The marches burned slowly and gave of lots of smoke. They were desihned to make him look frightening. He probably got the idea from seeing the burning rope was used to light the gunpowder in cannons and guns. (These old fashioned guns were called "matchlocks", later a flint was used to make a spark, these were called "flintlock" guns).
Early life.
Blackbeard is thought to have been born in Bristol. Teach went to sea when he was very young. He served on an English ship in the War of the Spanish Succession, privateering in the Spanish West Indies and along the Spanish Main. At the war's end in 1713, Teach, like many other privateers, turned to piracy.
Blackbeard the Pirate.
Teach began as a pirate under Benjamin Hornigold. In 1716, Hornigold retired, taking advantage of an amnesty offered to former privateers by the British government. Teach then took command of his own ship.
During the next two years Blackbeard attacked merchant ships, forcing them to allow his crew to board their ship. The pirates would seize all of the valuables, food, liquor, and weapons. Ironically, despite his ferocious reputation, there are no verified accounts of him actually killing anyone.
Capture and death.
Teach was said to have been shot five times and stabbed more than twenty times before he died and was decapitated. Legends about his death immediately sprang up. His headless body, was thrown overboard, but swam 3 times around the ship before sinking. Teach's head was placed as a trophy on the bowsprit of the ship. Captain Maynard had to keep the head to claim his prize when he returned home. Later, Teach's head hung from a pike in Bath.

Jenolan caves
Jenolan Caves is a series of limestone caves near Lithgow, Australia. The caves were named after the owner John Nolan at that time. The caves were used as hiding places by bushrangers. After they were discovered, they became a huge tourist attraction bringing thousands of people from all over the world to gaze at their splendour.

Sizzler
Sizzler is a chain of steakhouse restaurants in the United States and other countries around the world.

Báb
Siyyid `Alí Muḥammad was a merchant from Shíráz, Iran who started a religion called Bábism. After he started the religion, he changed his name to Báb. People who believe in the Báb are called Bábís, and they believe that the Báb was a prophet. Bábís also believe that the Báb is the Qá'im that Shi'as believe will come in the future. The Báb wrote hundreds of letters and books teaching who he was and what the rules of his religion were. The Báb's new rules replaced the "Shari'ah" or Muslim rules for his followers. Bábism became very large; over ten thousand people believed in the Báb. The Shi'a clergy, or leaders of Islam in Iran hated the Báb and tried to harm people who followed his religion. In 1850 a firing squad, or group of gunmen, shot the Báb in Tabríz, Iran.
The Báb had other names, for example the "Primal Point" and the "Point of the Bayán."
The Báb told everyone that another prophet who was stronger and even more powerful was coming soon. People who follow the Bahá'í religion believe the Báb was talking about Bahá'u'lláh, who started the Bahá'í religion.
Early Life.
The Báb was born on October 20, 1819, in Shiraz, Iran. His father was a merchant, and many people in the town knew him. Very soon after the Báb was born, his father died. The Báb's uncle Ḥájí Mírzá Siyyid `Alí was also a merchant, and he raised the Báb.
When the Báb became a man, he started working as a merchant with his uncle. In 1842 he married a woman named Khadíjih-Bagum. Together they had one son, who they named Aḥmad. Aḥmad was very sick and died when as a baby. Someone who lived at the same time as the Báb said he was very calm and quiet; they said the Báb only spoke who he had too, and did not even answer questions. The Báb was always thinking and praying. People said he was handsome, and had a thin beard. He always dressed in clean clothes, and wore a green scarf and a black turban, or wrap of cloth on his head.
The Shaykhis.
Shaykh Ahmad-i-Ahsa'i started a Shi'a Islam religious group in Persia in the 1790's. The member of the group, who were called Shaykhis, believes that god was sending a new messenger to earth very soon. They called the new messenger the Qá'im, or theMahdi. When Shaykh Ahmad died, Siyyid Kázim, who was from Rasht, Iran, became the new leader of the Shaykhis. Shaykh Ahmad lived was born in 1753 and he died in 1862. Siyyid Kázim was born in 1793 and he died in 1843.
When the Báb went on a pilgrimage to Karbala and the places near it, he may have listened to Siyyid Kázim teach. Nobody knows for sure if he did or did not, because there are very few documents or records from that time.
When Siyyid Kázim was dying, in December, he told all his followers--people who believe what he taught--that they should travel and try to find the new prophet from god. He called that prophet "The Lord of the Age", and told them that he would be discovered very soon. One of the people who believed Siyyid Kázim prayed and fasted, or stopped eating from dawn to dusk for forty days - his name was Mullá Ḥusayn. After that he travelled to Shiraz, and he met the Báb.
Announcement to Mullá Ḥusayn.
Mullá Ḥusayn got to Shiraz on May 23, 1844. A young man wearing a green turban greeted him after he had not been in Shiraz for very long. In Iran at that time, only people who were related to the prophet Muḥammad wore green turbans. Men who were related to the prophet Muḥammad were called Siyyids. The young man was the Báb, and he invited Mullá Ḥusayn to his home.
The Báb asked Mullá Ḥusayn why he was in Shiraz, and Mullá Ḥusayn told him that he was searching for the new prophet, or Promised One. The Báb asked Mullá Ḥusayn how he would know who the prophet way. Mullá Ḥusayn told him that the prophet would come from a famous and good family, and would know many things without having to learn them, also that he would have no problems with his body. Then the Báb said that all of those things were true about himself. "Behold, all these signs are manifest in me." The Báb was saying that he was the new prophet Mullá Ḥusayn had been looking for. This shocked, or startled Mullá Ḥusayn.
Mullá Ḥusayn had one more way to know who the new prophet was, and he had not told the Báb about. Siyyid Káẓim had told Mullá Ḥusayn that the new prophet would write a book explaining the Surih of Joseph. Siyyid Káẓim had also said that the new prophet would do this without anyone asking him to. After the Báb told Mullá Ḥusayn that he was the new prophet, he wrote a book about the Surih of Joseph. The Báb called that book the Qayyúmu'l-Asmá'
After spending the night talking to the Báb Mullá Husayn said this. (The words below might be hard to read.)
Letters of the Living.
Mullá Ḥusayn was the Báb's first disciple. A student of a religious leader is called a disciple. In less than five months, seventeen more students of Siyyid Káẓim became disciples of the Báb. All of the new disciples started believing the Báb was a new manifestation, or prophet of god without anyone else's help. One of these new disciples was a woman. Her name was Zarrín Táj Baragháni, and she was a poet. Later she was given a new name,Ṭáhirih (the pure). Later people started calling the first eighteen disciples and the Báb the Letters of the Living. The Báb told the Letters of the Living that it was their job to tell people that he was the new prophet.
The Báb said that the Letters of the Living were special. In Shi'a Islam there are fourteen special people, called the "Infallibles". Shi'as believe the "Infallibles" are always right. Muhammad, the twelve Imáms, and Fatimah, are the "Infallibles" in Shi'a Islam. Just like the "Infallibles", one of the letters of the Living was a woman, and one was a prophet. Nineteen was a special number in Bábism. The Letters of the Living were very much like the Twelve Apostles of Christ.

Breakfast at Tiffany's
"Breakfast at Tiffany's" is a 1961 movie. It stars Audrey Hepburn and George Peppard. It was based on a novella (short book) by Truman Capote. "Breakfast at Tiffany's" won two Academy Awards. It was nominated for a total of five awards. It was directed by Blake Edwards, who also directed seven Pink Panther movies.
Summary of the Story.
"Breakfast at Tiffany's" is about a young woman named Holly Golightly. Holly was married at a very young age but moved to New York so she could be happy. While in New York, Holly meets a man named Paul Varjak. At first, Paul does not like Holly, though she hopes to become his friend. Over time, they form a friendship and an undeniable romantic attraction froms between the two. Eventually, Holly learns that running from her "old life" will not make her happy. She learns a lot about herself and how to truly be happy, no matter where she lives or who she is friends with. The movie ends with a very famous scene with Holly and Paul standing in the rain.
Explanation of the Title.
Holly believes that material possessions (money and jewelry) will make her happy. She spends time in expensive jewelry stores wishing she had enough money to buy something inside. She sometimes gets a breakfast pastry in the morning and takes it with her to look in the stores. When she spends a day with Paul, she takes him to her favorite jewelry store, Tiffany & Co., just so they can look at all the fine jewelry.
Memorable Quotations.
The next lines are things actors said in "Breakfast at Tiffany's" that people remember and think are important to the movie.

Juan Ignacio Molina
Juan Ignacio Molina. Born July 24 1740; Died September 12 1829; Chilean Naturalist.
He is usually referred to as Abate Molina (form of Abbott Molina). He wrote "Compendio della storia geografica, naturale, e civili del regno del Chile" (1776), latter translated in English, French, German and Spanish. The journal "Moliniana" is dedicated in his honour.
Source.
Charles E. Ronan: Juan Ignacio Molina. The World's Window on Chile.

Mescaline
Mescaline (3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine) is a chemical substance. It occurs naturally in some cactuses, like the Peyote cactus,the Peruvian Torch cactus or the San Pedro cactus. Small amounts of it can also be found in certain members of the Fabaceae (bean) family, like Acacia berlandieri.
The chemical can cause hallucinations. In has been used as a drug in Native American religious ceremonies. It is illegal in many countries. Some people use it as an illegal drug.

Psilocybin
Psilocybin is a chemical substance. It can cause hallucinations. It occurs in many kind of fungi and mushrooms, most notably Psilocybin mushrooms. Most of these are known as psychedelic mushrooms.
The substance is used as a recreational drug. It is illegal in many countries.

Ketamine
Ketamine is an anesthetic. It causes a so called dissociative analgesia, which means that it has a high analgesic effect but a minor hypnotic, so treated people can be nearly awake but without feeling pain. Sometimes it can lead to hallucinations. That is why some people use it as a recreational drug. As it can have severe side effects, it is usually not available as an over-the-counter drug. For many years Ketamine had been available just as an racemic mixture (S and R-Ketamine in equal molarities). The new Enantiomer Esketamin has much fewer of these side effects.
A prescription is needed to get it (too).

Diazepam
Diazepam is a chemical substance. It is a drug. It is used to treat anxiety, insomnia, seizures, and other related symptoms. It was originally marketed as "Valium". It is a sedative. It is one of the drugs prescribed most often.

Fluoxetine
Fluoxetine hydrochloride is a chemical substance. It is used as a drug against various illnesses, like depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, Panic disorder, and other illnesses. It is commonly known as "Prozac".
There are newer drugs available to treat these conditions. Nevertheless, it remains extremely popular. Over 23.1 million prescriptions for different forms of fluoxetine were filled in the United States in 2006. This makes it the third most prescribed antidepressant..

Portable Document Format
The "Portable Document Format" (PDF) is a file format for storing documents on a computer. Adobe created it in 1993 to make it easier to exchange documents. PDF is often used to make documents print-ready. PDF documents can have stylised text and images in them.
The document is stored in such a way that the content does not change the way it looks on different screens, computers and printers as can happen with other file formats.
PDF is an open standard that was officially published on July 1, 2008 by the ISO.
PDF reader software is required to read PDF documents. Examples are Adobe Acrobat and Foxit Reader.

Ascension Island
Ascension Island is an island in the South Atlantic Ocean. It is located about 1,600 km from the coast of Africa. It is a dependency of the British overseas territory of Saint Helena, which is 1.287 km to the south east. The island is named after the day of its discovery, Ascension Day.
On the island is Wideawake Airfield, which run by the Royal Air Force and the United States Air Force.

Ashmore and Cartier Islands
The Territory of Ashmore and Cartier Islands is two groups of small low-lying uninhabited tropical islands in the Indian Ocean north-west of Australia and south of the Indonesian island of Roti.
The territory includes Ashmore Reef (West, Middle, and East Islets) and Cartier Island (70 km east) with, a total area of 199.45 km² within the reefs and including the lagoons, and 114,400 m² of dry land. They have a long coastline, over 74 km, but there are no ports or harbours, only offshore anchorage. Nearby Hibernia Reef, 42 km northeast of Ashmore Reef, is not part of the territory, because it has no permanently dry land area, although large parts of the reef become exposed during low tide.
Government.
The territory is administered from Canberra by the Australian Department of the Environment and Heritage. Therefore it is a dependency within the commonwealth. The islands are visited by seasonal caretakers.

Australian Antarctic Territory
The Australian Antarctic Territory (AAT) is the part of Antarctica claimed by Australia and is the largest part of Antarctica claimed by any nation. The area is about 6.119.818 km². Only the staff of research stations live in the territory.
History.
Victoria Land was first claimed for Britain on 9 January 1841 and Britain claimed Enderby Land in 1930. In 1933, a British imperial order transferred territory south of 60° S and between meridians 160 E and 45 E to Australia. On 13 February 1954, Mawson Station was set up. It was the first Australian station on the continent proper.
Australia's claim to sovereignty over the Australian Antarctic Territory is recognised by the United Kingdom, New Zealand, France and Norway. As Australia is part of the Antarctic Treaty System, which accommodates differences of opinions over the status of Antarctic territorial claims which pre-dated the 1959 Antarctic Treaty - effectively placing claims in abeyance - Australia only exercises its sovereignty in ways that in its view are consistent with good relations under the Antarctic Treaty.
Postage stamps.
Australia issues postage stamps for the Australian Antarctic Territory. The first issues came in 1957, and sporadically thereafter, settling into a pattern of an annual issue by the 1990s. All have been Antarctic-themed, and all are valid for postage in Australia, so in practice they are just Australian stamps with a different inscription.
Telephone connections.
Assigned the country calling code +672, four Antarctic bases operated by Australia can be reached by direct calling from anywhere in the world. The area codes are 10-6 for Davis, 11-7 for Mawson, 12-8 for Casey and 13-9 for Macquarie Island, in each case followed by three additional digits.

British Antarctic Territory
The British Antarctic Territory is a sector of Antarctica claimed by the United Kingdom and is a British overseas territory. It is a triangle in Antarctica from the South Pole to 60° S latitude between longitudes 20° W and 80° W. The Territory was formed on March 3, 1962, although the UK first claimed this part of the Antarctic in 1908. Before 1962, the area now covered by the Territory comprised three separate dependencies of the Falkland Islands;
The Territory overlaps other claims on Antarctica by Argentina and Chile
The Territory is inhabited largely by the staff of research and support stations operated and maintained by the British Antarctic Survey and other organisations.
History.
The United Kingdom has had a presence in the South Atlantic since 1833 when it occupied the Falkland Islands. In 1908 the UK claimed the territory that is British Antarctic Territory today, as well as South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. The territory was governed as three separate dependencies; Graham Land, the South Orkneys, and the South Shetlands, administered from Falkland Islands by the Governor.
Geography.
In addition to continental Antarctica, within which the BAT claim includes the Palmer Land peninsula, and the Ronne Ice Shelf, Weddell Sea, the territory also includes the South Shetland Islands and South Orkney Islands.
Administration.
It is administered by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO). A Commissioner is appointed and is always the Head of the FCO's Overseas Territories Department.
The Territory has a full suite of laws, and legal and postal administrations. Given the provisions of the Antarctic Treaty System, the Territory does not enforce its laws on foreign nations who maintain scientific bases within the Territory. It is self-financing, with income from the sale of postage stamps and income tax.

British Indian Ocean Territory
The British Indian Ocean Territory is a dependency of the United Kingdom. It includes many small islands in the Indian Ocean. The largest island is Diego Garcia.
Like many other peoples throughout history around the world, the natives of these islands were forcefully deported (made to leave their homes) by the British government. This happened in 1967, to allow the United States to rent them for a military base. In 2000, the High Court of the UK first ruled that the natives had the right to return home, but the government have been fighting hard against this court decision, and the natives are still now (2007) trying to move back to the islands.

Christmas Island
The Territory of Christmas Island is a small island that belongs to Australia. It is in the Indian Ocean, 2600 kms northwest of Perth in Western Australia and 500kms south of Jakarta, Indonesia.
Christmas Island is a long way from other islands which is why many of the plants and animals are only found on that Island. Much of it is undisturbed by humans.
There used to be mining on the island, but now 65% of Christmas Island is National Park.
History.
Captain William Mynors of the British East India Company ship, the "Royal Mary", gave the island its name because they arrived on Christmas Day, 25 December 1643.
The earliest recorded visit was in March 1688 by William Dampier of the British ship "Cygnet". Dampier was blown away from the direction he wanted to go, and he got lost. After 28 days he arrived on Christmas Island. Two of his crewmen were the first recorded people to set foot on Christmas Island.
There were several visits and explorations of the island, but it was only when valuable phosphate of lime was discovered that the island was "annexed to" (claimed by) the British Crown on 6 June 1888.
Settlement and exploitation.
Soon afterwards, a small settlement was started in Flying Fish Cove by G. Clunies Ross, the owner of the Keeling Islands (some 900 kilometres to the south west) to collect timber and supplies for the growing industry on Cocos.
Phosphate mining began in the 1890s using indentured workers from Singapore, China, and Malaysia.
The island was ruled jointly by the British Phosphate Commissioners and District Officers from the United Kingdom Colonial Office through the Straits Settlements, and later the Crown Colony of Singapore.
Japanese invasion.
Japan invaded and occupied the island in 1942, as the Indian garrison mutinied, and they interned the residents (made them stay where they were) until the end of World War II in 1945.
Transfer to Australia.
Australia asked the United Kingdom to allow them to rule the island; in 1957, the Australian government paid the government of Singapore £2.9 million in compensation. This amount of money was decided by guessing how much the phosphate given up by Singapore was worth.
The first Australian Official Representative arrived in 1958 and was replaced by an Administrator in 1968. Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands together are called the Australian Indian Ocean Territories and since 1997 share one Administrator who lives on Christmas Island.
Since the late 1980s boatloads of refugees have gone to Christmas Island, mostly from Indonesia. During 2001, Christmas Island received a large number of asylum seekers travelling by boat, most of them from the Middle East and intending to apply for asylum in Australia. The Norwegian cargo vessel MV "Tampa" rescued people from a sinking Indonesian fishing-boat "Palapa". The ship had 420 asylum seekers from Afghanistan, 13 from Sri Lanka, and five from Indonesia. The captain of the ship asked to let the refugees leave the ship at Christmas Island. The Australian SAS boarded and took control. The asylum seekers were sent to Nauru. Another boatload of asylum seekers was taken from Christmas Island to Papua New Guinea. It was said that many of the adult asylum seekers threw their children into the water in protest at being turned away. This was later proved to be untrue. Many of the refugees were accepted by New Zealand.
The Australian Parliament later passed a law to ban people who arrive on Christmas Island from being able automatically to claim refugee status. This allows the Australian navy to move them to other countries (Papua New Guinea's Manus Island, and Nauru). In 2005, the Department of Immigration began to build an "Immigration Reception and Processing Centre", due for completion in late 2007. The facility will probably cost $210 million, and will have 800 beds.
Government.
Christmas Island is a non-self governing territory of Australia. The Queen of Australiais represented by an administrator appointed by the Governor-General. Neil Lucas was appointed administrator on 28 January 2006.
Federal government services are provided through the Department of Transport and Regional Services and the Christmas Island Administration.
The Western Australian Government and other contractors provide state government services, but because Christmas Island is a territory the Commonwealth (federal) Australian Government pay the costs.
The local government is the Shire of Christmas Island. This council has 9 members, half the members are elected every two years.
Christmas Island residents who are Australian citizens also vote in Commonwealth elections for the Northern Territory's Lingiari constituency of the House of Representatives. They are represented in the Senate by Northern Territory Senators.
In early 1986 the Christmas Island Assembly held a design competition for an island flag; the winning design was adopted as the informal flag of the territory for more than ten years, and in 2002 it was made the official flag of Christmas Island.
The annual red crab mass migration (around 100 million animals) to the sea to spawn has been called one of the wonders of the natural world and takes place each year around November; after the start of the wet season and in synchronisation with the cycle of the moon.
Tourism.
The Christmas Island National Park covers 63% of the island. This means that for the visitor interested in plants and animals there is a great deal to see. There is also lots of amazing marine life in the sea.

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
The Territory of Cocos (Keeling) Islands, also called Cocos Islands and Keeling Islands, is a territory of Australia. There are two atolls and twenty-seven coral islands in the group. The islands are located in the Indian Ocean, about one-half of the way from Australia to Sri Lanka.
History.
Captain William Keeling was the first European to see the islands, in 1609, but they remained uninhabited until the nineteenth century, when they became a possession of the Clunies-Ross Family. Slaves were brought to work the coconut plantation from Indonesia, the Cape of Good Hope and East Asia by Alexander Hare who had taken part in Stamford Raffles' takeover of Java in 1811. A Scottish merchant seaman called Captain John Clunies-Ross, who had also served under Raffles in the takeover, set up a compound and Hare's severely mistreated slaves soon escaped to work under better conditions for Clunies-Ross.
On November 23 1955, the islands were transferred to Australian control under the "Cocos (Keeling) Islands Act 1955". In the 1970s, Australian government dissatisfaction with the Clunies-Ross feudal style of rule of the island increased. In 1978, Australia forced the family to sell the islands for the sum of AU$6,250,000, using the threat of compulsory purchase. By agreement the family retained ownership of Oceania House, their home on the island. However, in 1983 the Australian government moved to dishonour this agreement, and told the former last ruler, John Clunies-Ross, that he should leave the Cocos. The following year the High Court of Australia ruled that the government could not buy Oceania House. Instead the Australian government ordered that no government business was to be given to his shipping company, an action which contributed to his bankruptcy. John Clunies-Ross lives in exile in Perth, Australia, but his successors still live on the Cocos.
In 2004 there were 629 inhabitants of the Cocos (Keeling) islands. There are about 120 Europeans on West Island and 500 Malays on Home Island. A Cocos dialect of Malay and English are the main languages spoken and 80% of Cocos Islanders are Sunni Muslim.
Government.
The capital of the Territory of Cocos (Keeling) Islands is West Island while the largest settlement is the village of Bantam (Home Island). Governance of the islands is based on the "Cocos (Keeling) Islands Act 1955"

Heard Island and McDonald Islands
Heard Island and McDonald Islands (abbreviated as HIMI) are uninhabited islands located in the Southern Ocean, about two-thirds of the way from Madagascar to Antarctica, or due south of Rajapur, Maharashtra,India. The islands were discovered in 1833 by the British sailor Peter Kemp. They have been territories of Australia since 1947, and contain the only two active volcanoes in Australian territory, one of which, Mawson Peak, is the highest Australian mountain. The group's size is 372 km² in area.

Ross Dependency
The Ross Dependency is an area of Antarctica (and other land masses in the Southern Ocean) claimed by New Zealand. The Dependency takes its name from Sir James Clark Ross, who discovered the Ross Sea.
The Dependency includes part of Victoria Land, and most of the Ross Ice Shelf. Ross Island, Balleny Islands and the small Scott Island also form part of the Dependency, as does the ice-covered Roosevelt Island.
Habitation.
The scientific bases of Scott Base (New Zealand) and McMurdo Station (USA) are the only permanently occupied human settlements in the area – apart from the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station at the very edge of the territory. The Dependency has a snow runway at Williams Field, and depending on conditions and time of year, two ice runways. This guarantees accessibility by wheeled and ski equipped aircraft year round.
Jurisdiction.
The British government took possession of the territory in 1923 and entrusted it to the administration of New Zealand. Under the provisions of the Antarctic Treaty System, to which New Zealand is a signatory, no nation may make efforts to enforce sovereignty or territorial claims over the Antarctic continent proper. If one accepts the claim, the Ross Dependency comprises the bulk of the territory of New Zealand, far larger than the North Island and the South Island combined. However, the actual amount of land mass claimed is not large; most of the area defined as being in the Ross Dependency is either in the Ross Sea or the Antarctic Ocean. It is the smallest of the claims which were made prior to the implementation of the Antarctic Treaty System and the suspension of all territorial claims to Antarctica proper.
The Governor-General of New Zealand is also the Governor of Ross Dependency. Officers of the Government of the Ross Dependency are annually appointed to run the Dependency.
In the late 1980s, the British non-governmental exploratory vessel "Southern Quest" sank in the Ross Sea, United States Coast Guard helicopters rescued the crew, who were taken to McMurdo Station.

Tristan da Cunha
Tristan da Cunha (IPA:) is a group of remote islands in the south Atlantic Ocean, 2816 km (1750 miles) from South Africa and 3360 km (2088 miles) from South America. It is a dependency of the British overseas territory of Saint Helena, 2173 km (1350 miles) to the north. The territory consists of the main island, Tristan da Cunha (area: 98 km², 38 sq mi), as well as several uninhabited islands: Inaccessible Island and the Nightingale Islands. Gough Island, situated 395 km (245 mi) south east of the main island, is also part of the territory.
Tristan da Cunha is the most remote archipelago (group of islands) and the most remote inhabited archipelago in the world.

Frozen dinner
A frozen dinner is a kind of prepackaged meal, or convenience food. Frozen dinners are prepared in bulk, cooked until ready to serve, then divided into single servings and frozen, to be reheated later. An entrée of meat or other protein is included, along with vegetables, a carbohydrate food (such as potatoes or rice), and a sweet dessert.
Frozen dinners are helpful for persons who do not have time to cook, or who lack meal-planning or cooking skills. They are also known as "TV dinners", because they were long advertised as suitable to warm up and eat while watching television. Both inventions became popular at around the same time (during the 1950s), and each one sold more of the other.
For many years, frozen dinners came packaged with a shaped aluminum foil tray. This made them easy to reheat in a normal gas or electric stove's oven. The trays were sometimes reused or recycled by users. When microwave ovens became common, frozen dinners could not be cooked in them because the metal tray would damage the oven. Early packaged foods for the microwave often could not be cooked in a regular oven, because the heat would make the package catch fire or fall apart. New packaging had to be developed, so the same frozen dinner could be heated in both kinds of ovens. This succeeded during the 1980s. Some new trays can be reused, while others are made of paper and meant to be thrown away.
The quality of food in frozen dinners has also improved steadily through the years. Early potato dishes would sometimes have a chalk-like quality to them, and vegetables poor texture. Newer dinners taste much more like they are freshly cooked. Vegetarian meals have also been introduced. Linda McCartney started a popular line of frozen vegetarian dishes during the 1990s.

Věž
Věž is a village near Humpolec in the Havlíčkův Brod District, Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. 796 people live in Věž and it has 14,43 km².

Southern Lapwing
The Southern Lapwing ("Vanellus chilensis") is a large long-legged bird. Lapwings are shorebirds. It is a common in Central and South America, except in the jungles of the Amazon and the Andes. It is the national bird of Uruguay.

Reinforced concrete
Reinforced concrete is concrete with long pieces of metal called rebar inside to make it stronger. In rich countries, almost all concrete in buildings and roads is reinforced concrete. Reinforced concrete is stronger than normal concrete.

Courthouse
A courthouse is a building that holds a court. Some courthouses also have offices for the prosecutor and prosecutor's assistants. In small cities, some courthouses have other offices for local government officials.

Prosecutor
A prosecutor is a lawyer who works for the state (government). A prosecutor represents the state in a trial and tries to prove the defendant did a crime.

Ibiza
Ibiza is an island which is part of the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea which all belong to Spain.

Octave Mirbeau
Octave Mirbeau (1848-1917) was a French writer. His most famous novels are "Le Jardin des supplices" (in English: "The Torture Garden") (1899) and "Le Journal d'une femme de chambre" (in English: "Diary of a Chambermaid") (1900). His best known comedy is "Les affaires sont les affaires" (in English: "Business is business") (1903).

Tumulus
A Tumulus (one tumulus, several "Tumuli") is a certain type of grave. The word comes from Latin. This way of burying people was common in the Stone age, Bronze age, and Iron age. There are different layouts. Sometimes sarcophaguses were used, at other times, urns were placed in the grave. There are layouts with one or with multiple chambers. Sometimes the location is privileged, and stone circles can be found nearby.

Cocos Islands (disambiguation)
Island(s) called "Cocos", "Coco" or "Coconut"

Zapotec civilisation
The Zapotec civilization was an indigenous pre-Columbian civilization. It was mainly in the Valley of Oaxaca of southern Mesoamerica. Archaeologists think their culture goes back at least 2500 years. The Zapotec left traces at the ancient city of Monte Albán. There are buildings, ball courts, magnificent tombs and grave goods. In the graves, finely worked gold jewellery was found. Monte Albán was the first major city in the western hemisphere. It was the center of a Zapotec state that dominated much of what we know of as the current state of Oaxaca.
Etymology.
The name "Zapotec" comes from Nahuatl "tzapotēcah" (singular "tzapotēcatl"). This word means "inhabitants of the place of sapote". The Zapotec referred to themselves as "Be'ena'a", which means "The People."
Technology.
The Zapotec developed a calendar and a special system of writing. This system has a separate glyph for each of the syllables of the language. It is one of several candidates thought to have been the first writings system of Mesoamerica. It is the predecessor of the writing systems developed by the Maya, Mixtec, and Aztec civilizations. Currently there is some debate if Olmec symbols, dated to 650 BC, are actually a form of writing which is older than the earliest Zapotec writing dated to about 500 BC.
In the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan, there were Zapotec and Mixtec artisans who made jewellery for the Aztec rulers ("tlatoanis"), including Moctezuma II. Relations with central Mexico go back much further. This can be proven by archaeological remains of a Zapotec neighborhood within Teotihuacan and a Teotihuacan style "guest house" in Monte Albán. Other important pre-Columbian Zapotec sites include Lambityeco, Dainzu, Mitla, Yagul, San José Mogote, El Palmillo and Zaachila.
The Zapotec were a sedentary culture. They were a well-advanced in civilization, living in large villages and towns, in houses constructed with stone and mortar. They recorded the principal events in their history by means of hieroglyphics, and in warfare they made use of a cotton armour. The well-known ruins of Mitla have been attributed to them and were claimed to be the tombs of their ancestors.
Religion.
Like most Mesoamerican religious systems, the Zapotec religion was polytheistic. Two principal deities include Cocijo, the rain god (similar to the Aztec god Tlaloc), and Coquihani, the god of light. It is believed that the Zapotec sometimes used human sacrifice in their rituals.
The Zapotecs tell that their ancestors emerged from the earth, from caves, or that they turned from trees or jaguars into people, while the elite that governed them believed that they descended from supernatural beings that lived among the clouds, and that upon death they would return to such status. In fact, the name by which Zapotecs are known today resulted from this belief. In Central Valley Zapotec "The Cloud People' is "Be'ena' Za'a."
Warfare.
The last battle between the Aztecs and the Zapotecs occurred between 1497 and 1502, under the Aztec ruler Ahuizotl. At the time of Spanish conquest of Mexico, when news arrived that the Aztecs were defeated by the Spaniards, King Cosijoeza ordered his people not to confront the Spaniards so they would avoid the same fate. They were defeated by the Spaniards only after several campaigns between 1522 and 1527. However, uprisings against colonial authorities occurred in 1550, 1560, and 1715.
In 1850 there was another rebellion against the local government of Oaxaca, followed in 1866 by one against the Royal French Army, during the French invasion of Mexico. In recent times, there was an uprising against the local governor Manuel Zárate Aquino in the 1970s, supported by the Mexican Army.

Olmec
The Olmec were a people who lived about 3000 years ago in what is today south-central Mexico. The Olmec were the first civilization in the ancient area known as Mesoamerica. Because they were the first civilization, many later Mesoamerican civilizations used and repeated Olmec features and characteristics. The Olmec people discovered and made use of many natural resources in the area, including rubber and corn. Dozens of mysterious stone heads were discovered in the Olmec territory as well; archaeologists are still not sure what their purposes were.
Overview.
The Olmecs lived from 1200 BC to about 400 BC. They had two important cities, first San Lorenzo Tenochtitlan and then La Venta.

Mixe-Zoque languages
The Mixe-Zoque languages is a group of languages and dialects. They are currently all spoken in Mexico. There are about 350.000 people speaking one of the languages. Depending on who is asked, there are between 12 and 16 languages, with several dialects. Some languages that have become extinct are not counted in these.

Step pyramid
Step pyramids are a form of pyramid. They are usually large. Different civilisations developed them at the same time.

Chichen Itza
Chichén Itzá was a city built by the Maya civilisation. It is on the Yucatán Peninsula, about 120 km to the east of Mérida. It is about 1km in diameter. There are many temples and pyramids.

Common sense
Common sense means what people would agree about. It is actually a personal judgement based on the situation and facts. Common sense is sometimes the best guide to what is acceptable by others.

Magic User's Club
"Magic User’s Club" is an anime created by Junichi Sato. There were two manga released for it. One is for girls and the other is for boys.
Plot.
A huge spaceship called "the Bell" comes to Earth. People try to stop the Bell, but they are not able to. A group of high school students called the "Magic User’s Club" fight the Bell using magic.

Deryck Whibley
Deryck Whibley (born March 21, 1980) is a Canadian singer and musician from the band Sum 41. He is the husband to Avril Lavigne.

Glam rock
Glam rock is a genre of rock music that was popular in the early 1970's. It was made famous by acts such as David Bowie, T. Rex, Alice Cooper, Slade, Gary Glitter, Queen, Sweet and Alvin Stardust. Glam fans (usually referred to as "glitter kids") and performers distinguished themselves from the denim-clad hippie-hordes with sci-fi/mythological/Hollywood glamour/ambisexual-inspired costumes, which were perceived as glamorous by the press. The music was characterised by languid, narcotic ballads and raunchy, high-energy Rolling Stones–influenced rock n‘ roll stylings.

Polish Aviation Museum
Polish Aviation Museum (Polish: "Muzeum Lotnictwa Polskiego w Krakowie") is a big museum of old plane and plane engine in Kraków, Poland. It is in place of the no-longer used Kraków-Rakowice-Czyżyny Airport.
Museum shows to people over 200 planes, and plane engines. Some of them one can see only there.

Eddy Merckx
"Baron" Edouard Louis Joseph Merckx () (born June 17 1945, Meensel-Kiezegem, Vlaams Brabant, Belgium) is a former Belgian professional cyclist. Merckx, regarded as the greatest and most successful cyclist of all time, established several world cycling records, some of which remain unbroken to this day.
Early successes in stage racing and single day races.
Merckx started competing in 1961. Three years later he became Amateur World Champion. He turned professional in 1965. In 1966 he won the first of seven editions of Milan-Sanremo. He started his first grand tour at the 1967 "Giro d'Italia". He won his first stage here and finished seventh overall. Later that year he outsprinted Jan Janssen to become Professional World Champion at Heerlen, The Netherlands. He was world champion twice more.
In 1968 Merckx moved to the Italian "Faema" team. As world champion he wore the rainbow jersey and won the Paris-Roubaix race for the first time. He also won the "Giro d'Italia". He won the "Giro" three more times.
Starting the 1969 season, he won Paris-Nice stage race. In the time trial, he overtook the five-time Tour de France winner Jacques Anquetil. Anquetil was so good at time trailing many people thought he was unbeatable. Merckx went on to win Milan-Sanremo and Ronde van Vlaanderen several weeks later.
In his "Tour de France" debut (first entry) in 1969, Merckx immediately won the yellow jersey (overall leader), the green jersey (best sprinter) and the red polka-dotted jersey ("King of the Mountains" - best climber in the mountain stages). No other cyclist has won the three jerseys in one "Tour de France", and only Tony Romingerin 1993 and Laurent Jalabert in 1995 have been able to match this feat in any Grand Tour. Both were in the Tour of Spain. Merckx was only 24, so would have won the white jersey (for best rider under 25 years of age) but the Tour de France did not give a white jersey until the 1970s.
Eddy Merkx was the first Belgian to win the Tour de France since Sylvère Maes in 1939. Merckx became a national hero. He won the Tour four more times: in 1970, 1971, 1972 and 1974, equalling Jacques Anquetil. Over the next 25 years, only Bernard Hinault and Miguel Indurain were able to equal the five victories. Then Lance Armstrong won the Tour a sixth (2004) and a seventh (2005) time. Merckx still holds the records for stage wins (34) and number of days in the Yellow Jersey (96).
Challenges to Merckx's domination in the Grand Tours.
The greatest challenge to Merckx was in the 1971 Tour de France. Luis Ocana attacked and won the maillot jaune by several minutes. Ocana held his lead until he crashed and had to "abandon" (leave) the tour. Many people hoped they would race against each other again.of a rematch between the two.
Before that could happen, Merckx raced in the 1972 edition of the Giro d'Italia and beat the mountain racing expert Jose Manuel Fuentein the mountain stages. In that year's Tour de France Ocana was sick and withdrew.
In 1973 Merckx rode in the Vuelta a España where he beat Luis Ocana and Bernard Thévenet and then went on to win the Giro d'Italia. Merckx's final victory in the Giro d'Italia in the 1974 edition was a tight battle between Merckx and two Italians. In the end, Merckx won by the very narrow margin of twelve seconds over Gianbattista Baronchelli and 33 seconds over Felice Gimondi.
Classics Victories.
In addition to Grand Tour successes, Merckx has a long list of victories in one-day races. Among the highlights are
That is a total of 19 victories in the Classics. He also won the "World Road Racing Championship" a record three times in 1967, 1971 and 1974, and every Classic except Paris-Tours. Finally, he won 17 "six-day" track races, often with Patrick Sercu.
Merckx retired from racing in 1978, at the age of 33.
Setbacks and lesser days.
The blackest day in Merckx's career was in 1969, when he crashed in a derny race towards the end of the season. A pacer and a cyclist fell in front of Merckx's pacer, Fernand Wambst. Wambst and Merckx crashed. Wambst was killed instantly, and Merckx suffered concussion and fell unconscious. This accident cracked a vertebra and twisted his pelvis. Afterwards he said his riding was never the same, because he always be in pain, especially while climbing.
That same year, during the "Giro d'Italia", was found to have used drugs and disqualified. He cried in front of reporters and still protests his innocence. He argued that there were no counter-experts nor counter-analysis and that foreign supporters hated him. Further, he stated that the stage during which he was allegedly using drugs was an easy one, so there was no need to use drugs. The Belgian prince sent a plane to bring him to Belgium. This incident was one of the reasons why Merckx thought his first "Tour de France" victory, later that year, his best ever win
The end of his Tour-career came in 1975 (although he did compete in 1977 he finished 6th that year). That year, he attempted to win his sixth but became a victim of violence. Many Frenchmen were upset that a Belgian might beat the record five wins set by Jacques Anquetil. Merckx held the yellow jersey for eight days, which raised his record to 96 days, but during stage 14 a French spectator punched him in the liver. A later collision with the Danish rider Ole Ritter broke his jaw. Although he could not eat solid food and was barely able to talk, Merckx did not retire. During the last stage, he attacked leader Bernard Thevenet (but was caught by the peloton).
Records.
Merckx set these records during his career.
Hour record.
Merckx set the hour record in 25 October 1972. He covered 49.431 km at high altitude in Mexico City. The record was unbeaten until 1984, when Francesco Moser broke it using a specially designed bicycle. During the next 15 years, various racers improved the record to more than 56 km. However, because of the more and more strange designs of the bikes and position of the rider, in 2000 the UCI] said a "traditional" bike must be used. When Chris Boardman had another go at Merckx's reinstated record in 2000, he beat it by slightly more than 10 metres at sea level. But, Merckx had raced a full road season winning the Tour, Giro and four Classics, while Boardman was a time trial specialist who had retired from road racing and had prepared specially for the 2000 Hour Record.
After retirement.
Having retired, Merckx has a bicycle factory and is a race commentator. He was coach of the Belgian national cycling team during the mid-90s, and part of the Belgian Olympic Committee. Merckx is still asked to comment as an authority on cycling. As such, he has also figured as special advisor for the recent UCI addition "Tour of Qatar" since 2002.
In May 2004, he underwent an oesophagus operation to cure the constant stomach ache which he suffered since he was a young man. He lost almost 30kg in the process, and started cycling again, but only for leisure.
Personal life.
In 1967 Merckx married Claudine Acou. Merckx's mother asked the priest to celebrate the ceremony in French, a choice that ended up being a contentious issue in Belgium. They had two children: a daughter (Sabrina) and a son (Axel, who is a professional cyclist for Team T-Mobile.
Despite this early incident, Merckx is a perfect ambassador to Belgium (because he does not support Flanders more than Wallonia, but supports the unity of the country). Because of this, he came 4th in the Walloon version of the "Greatest Belgian" contest in 2005, and third in the Flemish (3rd) version..
In 1996 the Belgian king gave him the title of baron. In 2000 he was chosen Belgian "Sports Figure of the Century".
Merckx is known as a quiet and modest person. Many of his former helpers have worked in his bicycle factory and join him during recreational bike tours.
Merckx has condemned doping (he tested positive twice in his career). At the same time he has been quick to point out that cycling is unfairly treated when compared to other sports. In the 1990s, he became a friend of Lance Armstrong and supported him when he was accused of drug use, stating he "believed what Lance told him than what appeared in newspapers". After Armstrong won his third Tour de France, Merckx predicted he would go on to win as many as seven.
Doping.
Merckx twice tested positive for doping in his career. Because he has admitted doing this publicly the city of Stuttgart, Germany did not want to invite him to the world cycling championships being held in the city in 2007

Monstera
Monstera is a genus of flowering plants. There are about 31 species in the genus. The genus belongs to the family Araceae. Originally, the plants occur in the tropical regions of Central and South America.
The plants are evergreen vines. They climb other trees. They can grow to a height of about 20m. The plants also have aerial roots. These can act as hooks on branches of the tree that the plant is climbing. They can also grow into the ground to support the plant. The leaves are leathery, and dark green. They are special in that they have holes in them. The flowers grow on a special structure called spadix. Some species have edible fruit.
Many people grow some of these species (esp. "Monstera deliciosa") indoors as a houseplant. "Monstera deliciosa" is sometimes also grown for its fruit, which tastes somewhere between a banana and a pineapple.
In some parts of the world (other than Tropical America), some plants started to grow in the wild. This is the case for example in Portugal, on Madeira, Morocco, some parts of India and Malaysia as well as in Florida.

Vine
A vine is any plant of the genus Vitis. These plants make berries which can be made into wine. These plants are different from other plants. They have special ways to climb structures, like trees. Therefore, Vine often refers to such climbing plants (which are unrelated to the "Vine" plant). Sometimes, such plants are referred to as Climber. Ivy or Liana are examples of such plants.

Tropical wave
Tropical waves, or easterly waves, also known as African easterly waves in the Atlantic Ocean, are a type of atmospheric trough, an extended area of moderately low air pressure, leaning north to south, which move from east to west across the tropics creating areas of cloudiness and thunderstorms. West-moving waves can also form from the tail end of frontal zones in the subtropics and tropics and may be called to as easterly waves, but these waves are not properly called tropical waves; they are a form of inverted trough sharing many characteristics with fully tropical waves. All tropical waves form in the easterly flow along the southern side of the subtropical ridge or belt of high pressure which is located north and south of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). Tropical waves are normally carried westward by the prevailing easterly winds along the tropics and subtropics near the equator. They can lead to the formation of tropical cyclones in the north Atlantic and northeast Pacific Oceans.
Characteristics.
A tropical wave is usually preceded by an area of sinking, intensely dry air, sloping as a northeast wind. With the passage of the trough line, the wind turns to the southeast, the humidity suddenly rises, and the atmosphere destabilizes, producing widespread showers and thunderstorms, sometimes severe. As the wave moves off westward, the showers slowly stop.
A notable exception to the general characteristic of widespread precipitation behind a tropical wave occurs in the Atlantic. Periodically, a surge of intensely dry air known as the Saharan Air Layer (SAL) is entrained behind a tropical wave, resulting in cloudless or nearly cloudless skies as convection is limited by the dry layer inversion. Also, any dust which may be present within the SAL reflects solar radiation, slightly cooling the atmosphere below it.
Atlantic.
Tropical waves in the Atlantic Ocean form from disturbances which drift off the continent of Africa onto the Atlantic Ocean. These are generated or enhanced by the African Easterly Jet. The clockwise circulation of the large transoceanic high-pressure cell or anticyclone centered near the Azores islands impels easterly waves away from the coastal areas of Africa to North America. Approximately 60% of Atlantic tropical cyclones orginially form from tropical waves, while approximately 85% of intense Atlantic hurricanes (Category 3 and greater) form from tropical waves.
Tropical cyclones can sometimes degenerate back into a tropical wave. This normally happens if upper-level wind shear is too strong. The storm can redevelop if the upper level shear decreases or stops. If a tropical wave is moving quickly, it can have strong winds of over tropical storm force, but is not considered a tropical storm unless it has a closed circulation.
East Pacific.
It has been suggested that eastern Pacific Ocean tropical cyclones are formed out of tropical waves that come from North Africa as well. During the summer months, tropical waves can go northward as far as the desert southwest of the United States, producing spells of intensified shower activity surrounded within the current monsoon area.

Brownsville, Texas
Brownsville is a city located in the southern tip of Texas. As of 2005, the city has a total population of 167,493.

Agar
The word agar comes from the Malay word agar-agar (meaning jelly). Chemically comes from agarose. It is obtained from red algae "Gellidium" and "Gracillaria".
It is used as growth medium in microbiology laboratory, and to make some foods thicker, like soup.

Australian Air Force Cadets
The Australian Air Force Cadets (AAFC) is a youth organisation in Australia. The goal of the organisation it to help prepare young people for adult life. It was first created on July 11, 1941 with the name Air Training Corps. It was created to give training to young men (ages 16 to 18) who were interested in the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF). The name was changed in 2001.

Cable
A cable is made of many wires or optical fibers twisted together to make a larger wire. Each of these wires may be covered. Some cables contain both electrical wires and optical fibers. Electrical cables are usually made of copper, because electricity moves very well through copper. They are sometimes made of aluminium because it is cheaper.

Yellow jersey
The Yellow jersey (French: Maillot jaune [majo ʒoːn]) is the jersey worn by the leader of many multi-day (or "stage") bicycle races, originally and most notably the Tour de France. It allows the rider who was in the overall lead at the end of the previous day to be easily identified.
Because the Tour de France was the first to use a coloured jersey to identify the leader many newer races have chosen the same colour, for example the Tour of Germany. Other tours and races use other colours, sometimes because of the sponsor.
The Giro d'Italia, Tour of Italy, have a pink jersey (maglia rosa). The race's original sponsor was the sports newspaper (La Gazzetta dello Sport) which printed on pink paper, like many European sports newspapers.
The leader in the Vuelta a España (Tour of Spain) wears a "golden jersey".
Sometimes a rider will get three yellow jerseys.

Green jersey
In road bicycle racing, and especially the three Grand Tour stage races (Tour de France, Italy and Spain, the Green jersey is the name given to a cycling jersey worn by the leader in a subsidiary competition.
For example, while the overall race leader in the Tour de France will wear the yellow jersey, or "maillot jaune", the green jersey ("maillot vert") will be worn by the leader in the points competition for sprinters.
In the Giro d'Italia and Vuelta a Espana the green jersey is worn by the "King of the Mountains", the leader in the competition for the best climber.
Overall Leader.
The following events use the "green jersey" to signify the current leader and/or final winner of the overall classification by time

Rainbow jersey
The Rainbow jersey is a special jersey worn by world champion cyclists during races.
It is mainly white with five horizontal bands in the UCI colours around the chest. From the bottom up the colours are: green, yellow, black, red and blue, the same colours that appear in the rings on the olympic flag. There are different jerseys for each discipline (road racing, track racing, cyclo-cross, BMX, and the types of mountain biking).
A cyclist must wear the jersey when competing in the same discipline, category and speciality that he is world champion for. For example, the world road race champion would wear the jersey while competing in stage races and one-day races, but would not during time trials. Similarly, on the track, the world individual pursuit champion would only wear the jersey when competing in other individual pursuit events.
A champion who does not wear the rainbow jersey can be fined 2500 to 5000 Swiss francs..
The team's sponsor pays a lot of money to have their name on each rider's jersey. They can still put their names on the world champion's jersey, but probably smaller because there is less space. Sponsor's do not mind because the world champion gets a lot mkre publiitc than ordinary rids.
A world champion who is leading a stage race wears the race-leader's jersey, not the world champion's, but only while he is leader.

List of Turkish people
This is a list of notable Turkish people.
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Derny race
A derny race is a race in which the cyclists are paced by someone riding a derny.
A Derny is a motorised bicycle designed and built for motor-paced cycling events (eg: motor-paced races in six-day and Keirin racing) or motor-paced road races.
The first Dernys were built by "Roger Derny et Fils" of Paris, France in 1938. That firm is no longer in business and any motorised bicycle for pacing is called a "Derny".
The rider of the derny usually sits upright, this makes it easier for the cyclist by reducing wind resistance.
The photographers' motorbikes used to help riders in ordinary races. That is why they were banned from riding in front of the cyclists.

Escopetarra
An "escopetarra" is a guitar made from a rifle; it is used as a symbol of peace. The name is a combination of the Spanish words "escopeta" (meaning shotgun/rifle) and "guitarra" (meaning guitar).
"Escopetarras" were invented in 2003 by a Colombian peace activist named César López. At a gathering after the El Nogal Club bombing in Bogotá, he noticed a soldier holding a gun like a guitar and got the idea for it. The first "escopetarra" in 2003 was made from a Winchester rifle and a Stratocaster electric guitar.
López made five "escopetarras", four of which were given to Colombian musician Juanes, Argentine musician Fito Páez, the United Nations Development Program, and the city government of Bogotá, while one was kept for himself. Juanes later sold his "escopetarra" for US$17,000 at a Beverly Hills fundraiser held to help victims of anti-personnel mines, while the "escopetarra" given to the UN was exhibited at the June 2006 of the UN Conference on Disarmament.
In 2006, López got 12 more decommissioned AK-47 machine guns from Colombia's peace commissioner's office. After they are turned into guitars, he plans to give them to popular musicians such as Shakira, Carlos Santana, and Paul McCartney, as well as political figures such as the Dalai Lama. However, a member of the Dalai Lama's staff rejected López' offer, saying it is not appropriate to give a weapon as a gift; López has said he will try to explain his purpose more clearly.

Sylvère Maes
Sylvère Maes (born August 27, 1909 in Zevekote – died December 5, 1966 in Ostend) was a Belgian cyclist, who is most famous for winning the Tour de France in 1936 and 1939.

Maurice Garin
Maurice Garin (March 3 1871 - February 19 1957) was a road bicycle racer. He is best known for winning the 1903 Tour de France - the very first running of the race.
Garin was born in Arvier in the Aosta Valley in north-west Italy. He became a naturalized French citizen only in December 1901, when he was already a champion cyclist, winner of the second Paris-Roubaix.
He was declared the winner of the 1904 Tour de France, but was later disqualified. The Tour de France organisation and the French cycling authorities have not said why. They were said to have taken a train through part of the route. In the early days stages were much longer than today, sometimes starting in the dark.
When he retired from professional cycling he ran a small garage in Lens until his death.
He is buried in the Cimetière Est in the neighbouring suburb of Sallaumines.

Spiracle
Insects have small holes in their bodies that allow them to breathe. These holes are called spiracles. Air comes in the spiracles and goes to trachea, or tubes. These tubes take the oxygen to other parts of the insect body. Because insects have no lungs, air comes in and goes out of the spiracles passively (by itself). Some insects can open and close the spiracles to keep water out.
Some spiders also have spiracles.
Sharks and rays have a spiracle behind each eye. When the shark is not moving, the spiracle helps the shark to breathe.

Henri Cornet
Henri Cornet (born Henri Jaudry 4 August 1884 - 18 March 1941) was a French cyclist who won the 1904 Tour de France.
Born in Desvres, Pas-de-Calais, France, he was only 18 years old when he raced in the Tour de France. The race was spoiled by a many of problems including irate spectators throwing nails on the road in the final stage that forced Henri Cornet to ride the last 40 kilometres with two flat tyres. There were a lot of complaints about cheating, the top four finishers were disqualified by a special committee of the French cycling union. Although his overall time was three hours behind the first place rider, race officials declared Henri Cornet the winner in November 1903, when he was 19 years and 3 months old. He is the youngest ever winner.
Such was the commotion over the 1904 race that Tour founder Henri Desgrange said it was probably the last time the race would ever be run. The race winner Maurice Garin was suspended from competition for two years (he retired), and the second place finisher was banned for life. In all
nine cyclists were excluded because of illegal use of cars or trains and all of the stage winners were disqualified because of illegal agreements about allowing people to win.
After 1904 Cornet never again had any great success in any race. He abandoned the 1905 Tour de France] in the 4th stage. He did win the 1906 Paris-Roubaix race, but could not start the 1906 Tour de France, and had to abandon it again in 1907, but did manage 8th place finish in 1908. Extremely fast in what today are called time trials, he won the final leg of the 1908 race. A special timed lap run at a velodrome racetrack in Paris, the event was not counted as an official stage or towards the overall classification. Cornet competed in his last Tour de France in 1912, finishing 28th.
He died in 1941 at the age of 56 in Prunay-le-Gillon, Eure-et-Loir.

Jeopardy!
"Jeopardy!" is a game show on television. It was created by Merv Griffin in 1964 and it is still on television today.
Instead of a normal trivia game, where players try to give correct answers to questions, players on "Jeopardy!" have to give the questions to the answers that they were given as clues.
For instance, if the clue was, "This is a red fruit that grows on trees," then the correct response would be, "What is an apple?"
There are three different rounds in one game of "Jeopardy!": the Jeopardy! round, the Double Jeopardy! round, and the Final Jeopardy! round.

Paris-Roubaix
Paris-Roubaix is a famous single-day professional bicycle road race held in northern France starting in Compiègne and finishing in Roubaix, near the Belgian frontier. It was one of the ten UCI Road World Cup races and became part of the UCI ProTour. It is one of the 'Classic cycle races' has the nickname "The Hell of the North".
History.
Paris-Roubaix is one of the oldest professional bicycle races. Théo Vienne and Maurice Perez got the idea to run the race and in 1896, the sports newspaper Le Vélo worked out original route between Paris and Roubaix. The race has been contested every year since 1896, stopped only by the two World wars.
The first edition of the race was held at Easter, April 19 1896, so it got the nickname of "La Pascale"(English: "The Easter").
188 competitors left the Bois de Boulogne park in Paris and raced almost 300 kilometres to Roubaix. Josef Fischer, the winner of this first edition, received 1000 francs.
The race is now organised by the media group Amaury Sport Organisation (ASO) who also run the Tour de France.
Riders are often covered from head to toe in mud and grit, and race over the cobblestoned roads and hard rutted tracks of northern France. However, the race got the nickname "l'enfer du Nord", or the "Hell of the North" from journalists who watched the race after world war I, and saw it pass through many of the ruins, craters, and destruction along the way.
Originally, the race was from Paris to Roubaix, but in 1966 the starting location was moved to Chantilly, 50 kilometres to the north of Paris, to be moved in 1977 to Compiègne, approximately 80 kilometres to the north of Paris. Famous for rough terrain, the route of Paris-Roubaix is adjusted slightly from year to year as the older roads are resurfaced and the race organisers seek to replace them with other challenging cobbles, to maintain the character of the race - in 2005, for example, the race included 54.7 kilometres of cobbled sections. The race finishes with 750 meters on the smooth concrete expanses of the large outdoor velodrome in Roubaix.
The bicycles of Paris-Roubaix.
Due to its challenging course, and poor weather conditions, Paris-Roubaix presents a challenge to riders, team support personnel, and equipment alike. Special frames and wheels are often used specifically for Paris-Roubaix, in various configurations depending on the weather conditions.

Asexuality
Asexuality is a sexual orientation. Asexual people do not have sexual feelings for anyone, neither male nor female. Asexual people may still feel love for others, but are not aroused. Asexuality is one of the least known sexualities.
Most people aren't asexual. Most people are Heterosexual, and some are Homosexual, or Bisexual. However, some people who are antisexual may be asexual.

Mongoose
A mongoose (plural Mongooses, alternatively Mongeese) is a member of the family Herpestidae, a family of small cat-like carnivores. Mongooses are widely distributed in Asia, Africa the Caribbean, and southern Europe.

Macedonian language
Macedonian (македонски јазик, "makedonski jazik") is an Indo-European language spoken mainly in the Republic of Macedonia. Macedonian is a part of the Balkan linguistic union, which also includes Greek, Bulgarian, Romanian, Albanian and Torlakian dialect of the Serbian language. Macedonian is similar to those languages.

Patina
Patina is a coating of various chemical compounds such as oxides or carbonates formed on the surface of metal during exposure to weathering.

Clifton Hill (Niagara Falls)
Clifton Hill is the place for fun in Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada. It has a video arcade, a movie museum featuring "The Simpsons" and "Lara Croft", a haunted house, and other attractions. It hosts more than a million people per year and little shops dominate the road as well as family attractions. It is an hour's drive from Simcoe, Ontario, Canada and is considered "local" to the people of Toronto. In the past, there was an alien place, a clown-related store, and other attractions.

Crux
Crux (IPA: /ˈkrʊks/, Latin: cross), commonly known as the Southern Cross (in contrast to the Northern Cross), is one of the modern constellations. It can only be seen in the southern hemisphere. It points to the directions of north, south, east and west.
In the olden days sailors used to use Crux as a means of navigation.

Richmond, Victoria
Richmond is a suburb in east Melbourne, Australia.
Transport.
Richmond has a train staion, called the Richmond Train Station, which has 10 tracks and 10 platforms. The Richmond Railway Station is on the following train lines: Alamein, Bairnsdale, Belgrave, Cranbourne, Frankston, Glen Waverley, Lilydale, Pakenham and Sandringham.

2006 Commonwealth Games
The 2006 Commonwealth Games were held in Melbourne, Australia between March 15 and March 26, 2006. It was the largest sporting event to be staged in Melbourne, since the 1956 Summer Olympics.
The site for the opening and closing ceremonies was the Melbourne Cricket Ground which was also used during Melbourne's 1956 Olympic Games.
The mascot for the games was Karak, a Red-tailed Black Cockatoo.
Sports.
The 2006 Commonwealth Games included 16 sports, with 12 individual sports and 4 team sports. In total there are 247 events at the Games.
Calendar.
! March !! 15th
! 16th
! 17th
! 18th
! 19th
! 20th
! 21st
! 22nd
! 23rd
! 24th
! 25th
! 26th
! March !! 15th
! 16th
! 17th
! 18th
! 19th
! 20th
! 21st
! 22nd
! 23rd
! 24th
! 25th
! 26th
Venues.
The following venues were used at the 2006 Commonwealth Games. The sport(s) which were played at that venue is listed after it.
Other Notees.
Melbourne's public transport system (Metlink) - train, tram and bus - had changed timetables for the Games.

Deutschland Tour
The Deutschland Tour (English: "Tour of Germany" and sometimes "Deutschland-Rundfahrt" in German) is the most important stage race in Germany. Initially the race was held in May/June. Since 2005 it has been part of the UCI ProTour and has been moved to August.
History.
Already in 1911 a "national" cycling race of over 1,500 km was held in the German Empire (Germany was then lots of more or less independent kingdoms, duchies, and other little countries). Until 1931 several Tours were held, organised by different groups. In 1931 the first "Deutschlandtour" was held. The race was well organised and exciting between 1937 and 1939, but stopped again at the start of World War II.
There was not a lot of road cycling in Germany, and the tour's popularity depended on German riders doing well in other races. This resulted in several parallel tours of West Germany.
But after Jan Ullrich's 1997 Tour de France victory, cycling became more popular. Partly as because of Germany's new-found cycling enthusiasm, the "Bund Deutscher Radfahrer e.V." (German Cyclists' Federation) and the company Upsolut founded the Deutschland Tour "gmbh" (Ltd) 1999 the "Deutschlandtour" restarted, and continues to this day.

Stage race
A bicycle stage race is a race held over several days. Each day's race is called a "stage". Many countries have a racing tour of their country, for example the Deutschland Tour and the Tour of Britain. The oldest and most famous stage race is the Tour de France.
A stage race does not have to be tour of a country. The Bayern Rundfahrt is a stage race in Bavaria, Germany. In contrast the ENECO Tour is a stage race around Belgium and the Netherlands.

Eneco Tour of Benelux
The Eneco Tour of Benelux is a UCI ProTour bicycle stage race. Its name refers to its main sponsor, the energy company Eneco Energie. The first Eneco Tour of Benelux took place from August 3 to August 10 2005
History.
The Tour of the Netherlands began on 6 May 1948, but only became an annual event in 1975. From about 2000 it was known as the Eneco tour. The start of the UCI's ProTour in 2005 saw the tour reorganised.
Organization.
The then UCI president Hein Verbruggen wanted to keep the Tour of the Netherlands for "marketing reasons". (Part of the UCI's job is to make cycling more popular). The Dutch Tour organisation got a better sponsor (ENECO Energie). But because the race was not difficult enough for the new ProTourthe race organisers asked the organisers of the Tour of Belgium and the Tour de Luxembourg. The idea was a Tour of the Benelux that would replace the three. The Tours of Belgium and Luxembourg will carry on. The organisers of the Tour of Luxembourg did not want to join the new big race, so the Eneco tour only covers Belgium and the Netherlands.
General classification.
The overall winner of the race by time wears a "red jersey" (Dutch: "Rode trui" or French: "Maillot rouge").
Points classification.
In 2005, the overall winner of the race by points (Dutch: "Puntenklassement") wears a "blue jersey" (Dutch: "Blauwe trui" or French: "Maillot bleu"). This was changed to a white jersey however in 2006.
Mountains classification.
No jersey is awarded for leading this classification.
Young rider classification.
Before 2007, the best young (under 25) rider of the race got to wear a "yellow jersey". (Dutch: "Gele trui" or French: "Maillot jaune").

Lucas Cranach the Elder
Lucas Cranach the Elder (1472 – October 16, 1553) was a German painter and printmaker in woodcut and engraving. He was born Lucas Sunder at Kronach in upper Franconia. His father taught him how to draw cocks on his own back with a quill. We do not know more about his parents.
Early jobs.
Early on, Lucas Cranach tried jobs that had something to do with painting.
He decorated houses, but mostly made portraits and altar-pieces. He also helped design coins and other things.
First painting experiences.
His first paintings were still lifes and animals on the walls of the palaces at Coburg and Locha. They were so good that the duke asked Lucas Cranach to make a painting of him. Lucas Cranach painted the duke spearing a boar.
Before 1508 he had painted several altar-pieces for the Castle Church at Wittenberg. Albrecht Dürer, Hans Burgkmair and others also worked there. He made many portraits of the duke and his brother John. The best woodcuts and copper-plates were published.
Later painting experiences.
More honour was given to Cranach when he went to the Netherlands in 1509, and painted the Emperor Maximilian I and the boy who became Charles V later in his life. Until 1508 Cranach signed his works with the initials of his name. In that year the person in charge gave him the winged snake as a symbol. This symbol was marked on all his pictures after that date.
Death.
Lucas Cranach the Elder died on the 16th of October 1553 at Weimar in Germany. The house in which he lived still stands in the marketplace. He is commemorated as an artist by the Lutheran Church on April 6.
Influences.
Cranach's art in its prime was slightly affected by the art of the Italians, but was also similar to that of the Netherlands and Germans.
Compositions.
As a composer Cranach was not greatly gifted. His concept of the human shape was low; but he showed some freshness in the contour of incident, though he not unfrequently bordered on coarseness. His copper-plates and woodcuts are the best pieces of his art; and the earlier they are in date the more apparent is their power. Striking evidence of this is the "St Christopher" of 1506, or the plate of "Elector Frederick praying before the Madonna" (1509).
Early work.
His first woodcut (1505) represents the Virgin and three saints in prayer before a crucifix. Later on he composes the marriage of St Catherine, a series of martyrdoms, and scenes from the Passion.
Religious work.
After 1517 he occasionally draws the old gospel themes, but he also gives style to some of the thoughts of the Reformers. In a picture of 1518 at Leipzig, where a dying man offers "his soul to God, his body to earth, and his worldly goods to his relations," the soul rises to meet the Trinity in heaven, and being saved is clearly shown to depend on faith and not on good works. Again sin and grace become a familiar subject of description in pictures. Adam is observed sitting between John the Baptist and a prophet at the foot of a tree. To the left God brings out the tables of the law, Adam and Eve partake of the forbidden fruit, the serpent is holding his head up high, and punishment takes place in the shape of death and the realm of Satan. To the right, the birth, Crucifixion and Resurrection symbolize achievement, and this is duly impressed on Adam by John the Baptist, who points to the sacrifice of the crucified Saviour. There are two examples of this work in the galleries of Gotha and Prague, both of them dated 1529.
Sons.
Cranach had three sons, all artists: John Lucas Cranach, who died at Bologna in 1536; Hans Cranach, whose life is obscure; and Lucas Cranach the younger (1515-1586) who took over his father's workshop after his death. He also had a daughter Barbara Cranach, married to Christian Brück (Pontanus), ancestors of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.

Edwards v. Aguillard
Edwards v. Aguillard was a 1987 United States Supreme Court case that said that creationism (see that article) was not science, as its fans said it was. The Supreme Court said that it was religion, and could not be taught in American schools, because the United States Constitution (the set of rules that all American government must follow) does not allow the government to support one religion more than other religions, and so schools run by the government cannot teach religion as being true. This rule is known as the Establishment Clause.

Establishment Clause of the First Amendment
The Establishment Clause is part of the United States Constitution (the set of rules that all American government must follow) that does not allow the government to support one religion more than any other religions. It is often described as "separation of church and state", where "state" means "the government".

Frýdlant v Čechách
Frýdlant (-Czech, German: "Friedland") is a town in the Czech Republic. About 7,600 people live there. It is located in the north of the historical region Bohemia.

Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District
"Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District" is the full name of an American trial from 2005. It is also called the Dover trial, because it happened in Dover, Pennsylvania. It said that intelligent design was not science, and could not be taught as science in schools.
About.
Intelligent design is the idea that the universe is not simple enough to be made by nature. Instead, people who believe in intelligent design think that a smarter force must have made everything, or at least important parts of it.
Trial.
Evolution is science's explanation of how all of the different kinds of life developed from a simple beginning. A school in Dover, Pennsylvania tried to get teachers to say intelligent design was better than evolution. Tammy Kitzmiller and ten other parents did not want their children being taught this. They complained to the government, and a trial was held.
Before the trial.
There was an earlier trial called "Edwards v. Aguillard". It was about teaching creationism in schools. Creationism is the belief that God (or something else) created the universe, like it says in the Bible or other religious books.
The United States Constitution is the set of rules that all of the government in the United States must follow. It does not allow the government to support one religion more than any other religion. This means schools run by the government (public schools) cannot teach one type of religion as being true. In "Edwards v. Aguillard", the United States Supreme Court said that creationism was not science. It said it was religious, because it tried to explain things using stories from the Bible. Because of this, the Supreme Court said creationism could not be taught in public schools. But people said intelligent design was not creationism.
During the trail.
During the trial, experts showed that intelligent design was an old argument for religion and not science. They looked at the older copies of the book the school was using. These were from before most people could get the book. It had been changed from being about creationism to being about intelligent design. The authors did this by changing the words "created" to "designed" and "creationists" to "intelligent design proponents". The judge found this interesting. These changes were made just after Edwards v. Aguillard said you could not teach creationism in schools. The judge said this showed that intelligent design was creationism.
In one part of the trial, they spoke to Michael Behe. Behe was one of the people that helped create intelligent design. He said nobody could say how evolution made the immune system, the thing in your body that protects you from diseases. He said that some smarter force had to have made it. They showed him 58 articles, nine books, and lots of other things scientists wrote to show how the immune system could have been made by evolution. He had not read them, but said none of them was "good enough". The judge did not think this was true.
Result.
After the trial, the judge said that intelligent design was creationism, not science. The government is not allowed to support one religion more than any other religion. Creationism had already been shown to be religious. Therefore, schools can't teach intelligent design, as that would be saying one type of religion was true.

Psychometrics
Psychometrics is a science that tries to measure educational and psychological levels of people and groups of people. Areas of people which are studied include intelligence, skills, and personality traits. The science is mainly a part of the science of psychology.

Discovery Institute
The Discovery Institute is the main group promoting intelligent design.

Consolevania
Consolevania is an internet television program that is about video games. It also has funny stories, although not all of these are about games. It is made by Rab Florence and Ryan Mcleod in Glasgow, Scotland. Consolevania must be downloaded from the internet rather than watching it on a television set. Consolevania is named after a video game called Castlevania on the Super Nitendo video game console.
Rab and Ryan, also made a normal television show for BBC Scotland, called videoGaiden. It has less swearing in it.
Consolevania has a good reputation because the presenters care about video games and they sometimes makes fun of certain people who make video games. People also like the funny stories and swearing.

Drag (physics)
In physics, drag (sometimes called resistance) is a force which slows down the movement of an object through a liquid or gas. Drag happens because of friction, a force that happens from one surface moving across another surface.

Manatee
Manatees are large, fully-aquatic marine mammals of the order Sirenia. They are sometimes known as sea cows. The manatees form the genus "Trichechus" and the family Trichechidae. There are three manatee species.
Origin of the name.
The name comes from the Spanish "manatí", which itself comes from a Carib word meaning "breast".
Habitat.
Manatees life on the coasts of the Atlantic Ocean and the rivers.
The West African Manatee lives on the western side of Africa, on the shores from Senegal to Angola. They also live in some rivers like the Niger River and around Lake Chad.
The West Indian Manatee lives in the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean, and also on the shores of Brazil and Venezuela.
The Amazonian Manatee lives in parts of the Amazon Basin in South America.
Manatees live in salt water and in fresh water. On the sea shores they mostly live in shallow water, like lagoons and mangroves. They also live in brackish water and rivers. Manatees like bodies of water with a temperature of over 20 °C.
Life.
They are mainly herbivores, spending most of their time grazing in shallow waters at depths of 1-2 metres (3-7 ft).

Natural history
Natural history is a type of study of plants and animals. This type of study depends more on observation than experiments. People who study natural history are called naturalists. Naturalists also classify plants and animals.

Theistic evolution
Theistic evolution is the belief that God, or another higher power, created life using evolution.

Abdus Salam
Doctor Abdus Salam (January 29, 1926; Santokdas, Sahiwal Punjab – November 21, 1996; Oxford, England) was a Pakistani theoretical physicist and Nobel laureate in Physics for his work in Electro-Weak Theory.
During the war years a scheme was set up for the farmers to study abroad. He as a result went to England for studies. In 1951 he returned to Pakistan, but he found that he was cut off from the rest of the scientific world there. He again went to England where he started having interest in the Grand Unified Theory.
He believed that if the Creator of the universe was one then the origin of all the forces had to be be single also. He then set off to unify the Electromagnetic and the Weak Nuclear Force.
According to another scientist, Peter Higgs, a field existed i.e. the Higgs field. it had many corrugurations. Abdus Salam concluded that the Z and W particles, the weak force carriers, travelled on these rough features therefore they gained mass. while the photons travelled along these uneven features and therefore were massless.

Ununhexium
Ununhexium is a chemical element. It has the chemical symbol Uuh. Ununhexium is number 116 on the periodic table. The element lasts only 47 milliseconds. It was first discovered in 2000 by the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Russia.

UCI ProTour
The UCI ProTour is a series of bicycle road races organised by the world governing body the International Cycling Federation ("Union Cycliste Internationale" - the UCI)
The ProTour is the top grade of races for the top 20 cycling teams.
The ProTour includes one day races, time trials, and stage races. It started in 2005 and replaced the old world championship series which did not include stage races.
All of the ProTour races are in Europe, but the teams come from Europe and the United States. At the moment it is hard to move up from the Continental circuits to the ProTour, but in the future teams from Africa, Australia or Asia could take part in the ProTour.
List of current UCI ProTour teams.
2005 |
2006 |
2007
Ronde van Vlaanderen |
Vuelta al País Vasco |
Amstel Gold Race |
La Flèche Wallonne |
Tour de Romandie |
Giro d'Italia |
Volta a Catalunya |
Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré |
Tour de Suisse |
Eindhoven TTT |
Tour de France |
Clásica de San Sebastián |
Deutschland Tour |
Vattenfall Cyclassics |
Eneco Tour of Benelux |
Vuelta a España |
GP Ouest-France |
Tour de Pologne |
Giro di Lombardia

Ohana
Ohana is an idea in Hawaiian culture. The word "ʻohana" means family in the Hawaiian language, but in a much wider sense, to include not only one's closer relatives, but also one's cousins, in-laws, friends, race, and other neighbours. The idea is also that family and friends are bound together and everyone must work together and not forget each other.
Origin.
The word is related to the word "whānau" meaning the same, used by the Maori of New Zealand. It comes from the Hawaiian word "ʻohā" meaning the root of the taro plant, the most important plant in Hawaiian culture.
Popular culture.
"ʻOhana" is also one of the main ideas of the Disney animated film Lilo & Stitch. ("ʻOhana "means family, and family means nobody gets left behind. Or forgotten.") The director of the film, Dean DeBlois, says the film's makers learned about this from their tour guide when they went to Hawaii to get ideas for the movie. He said that everywhere they went, the guide seemed to know people, and that he explained about "ʻohana" to them. They liked the idea so much that it became one of the main ideas for the story, the one thing that changes the character of Stitch, even though he was created to destroy.

Grand Tour (cycling)
":For other uses see Grand Tour"
There are three Grand Tour cycling races:-
This is the order they are raced in each year.
All three are in the "ProTour Calendar", that is they are part of the UCI ProTour.
They got the name of Grand Tour because they are some of the oldest, hardest and longest stage races in the calendar.

Mammoth
Mammoths were hairy elephants of the genus "Mammuthus". They lived in Europe until 4,500 years ago. Then all of them were killed by hunters. When they were living in Europe, it was very cold there. There were lots of ice ages. An "age" here means "a very long period of time". In ice ages, the whole world was much colder than it is now. Big sheets of ice covered much of the ground. The time of ice ages the mammoths lived in is called the Pleistocene epoch. An epoch is an even longer time than an age and mammoth were hunted mostly by hunters for their teeth and flesh.

Right-wing
Someone whom is right-wing in politics is usually someone who supports social or economic conservatism. In other words, if a person has chosen to be Conservative, that person is usually more "conservative" about economic and social change.

Polka dot jersey
The polka dot jersey is the special cycling jersey given to the "King of the Mountains" in the Tour de France.
The King of the Mountains is the rider who has collected the most points in the hill-climbing sections of each stage. Most points can be won in the Alps and the Pyrenees mountains.

Pleistocene
"The Ice Age" redirects here. For other uses, see Ice Age (disambiguation)."
The Pleistocene epoch was a very long period of time. It stretched from 1,808,000 to 11,550 years ago. It was full of ice ages. Ice ages are when the world becomes much colder for a long time. Many animals that do not exist anymore lived then. Many of them were larger or hairier versions of animals that live now. Glyptodon was something like a giant armadillo, and mammoths were hairy elephants.
Cavemen and other ancient humans lived during the Pleistocene. They hunted many of the animals until there were not any left.

Louis XV of France
Louis XV (February 15, 1710 – May 10, 1774) was a French king, who ruled from 1715 until his death in 1774. He was called "The Beloved" (French: le Bien-Aimé). His father was Louis, Dauphin of France and his mother Princess Marie-Adélaïde of Savoy.

Ram Dass
Dr. Richard Alpert (born April 6, 1931), also known as Baba Ram Dass, is a spiritual teacher. He is the writer of "Be Here Now", the bestseller book of 1971.

Psychedelic
The word psychedelic is a word invented in the 20th century by joining the Greek words for "mind," ψυχή (psyche), and "manifest," δήλος (delos).
A person in a "psychedelic state" is supposed to be able to feel new ways of looking at his mind that were unknown to him before. This can be caused by taking psychedelic drugs, like LSD. In medicine, the new feelings a patient has when he is in psychedelic state are called hallucinations and synesthesia; these are also seen in patients with psychosis.

Rugby union
Rugby union is a ball sport. Two teams of 15 players play against each other. The ball used is oval in shape. The field is a rectangle shape. It is 100 meters long and 70 meters wide. It is played for 80 minutes (40 minutes aside). A Try is scored when a player scores or touches the ball down in the in-goal area and a try is worth 5 points and if its converted (the goal kicker kicks the ball in between the top of the goal post), the team gets an extra 2 points. Another method of scoring points is through Drop goals or penalty which are both worth 3 points each in union.

Try
A Try is one of the way of scoring points in rugby league and rugby union. A try is scored when a player grounds the ball in the opposition's in-goal area or behind the try line, or alternatively touching the base of the goalposts and ground at the same time. The scoring player must be holding on to the ball and should be applying downward pressure when it is grounded.

Avalon Peninsula
The Avalon Peninsula is a large peninsula (9,270 km²) that makes up the southeast portion of the island of Newfoundland.
The peninsula is home to forty percent of Newfoundland's population, and is the location of the provincial capital, St. John's. It is connected to the main section of the island by the 5 km/3 mile wide Isthmus of Avalon. The peninsula sticks out into the rich fishing zones near the Grand Banks. Its four major bays—Trinity Bay, Conception Bay, St. Mary's Bay, and Placentia Bay—have long been the center of Newfoundland's fishing industry.

Cape Cod
Cape Cod (or simply the Cape) is an arm-shaped peninsula located in the eastern part of Massachusetts.

Chatham, Massachusetts
Chatham is a New England town in Barnstable County, Massachusetts. The population was 6,625 at the 2000 census. Chatham is home to the "Monomoy National Wildlife Refuge", located on Monomoy, and to "Monomoy Theatre".

Whitbourne, Newfoundland and Labrador
Whitbourne is a town on the Avalon Peninsula in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada.
Whitbourne, Newfoundland’s first inland town, is named after Sir Richard Whitbourne, one of the most colorful early settlers of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador who wrote a book about Newfoundland that was published in 1620. Sir Richard was selected by the High Court of the Admiralty to set up the first English law court in the New World in 1615 in Trinity. He was kidnapped and held by the infamous Pirate Peter Easton in Harbour Grace. He also described a mermaid that he saw in St. John's harbour. Later, he became governor of Renews on the Southern Shore.
Whitbourne, unlike most communities on the Island of Newfoundland is inland. It was founded in about 1880 during the construction of the Newfoundland Railway. The railway continued to be an important employer in the Town until its abandonment in 1988, although its economic importance weakened slowly throughout the twentieth century.
Sir Robert Bond, the Prime Minister from 1900 to 1909, played a role in the expansion and planning of the Town and developed a complex country home, the "Grange", there.
The town of Whitbourne is located just off the Trans-Canada Highway on Route 81. It is located at the center of three possible routes to visit the Avalon Peninsula. Route 80 is one of the two entrances to the Baccalieu Trail, Route 100 and Route 81 lead to the Marine Atlantic Ferry Service in Argentia and other parts of Placentia and St. Mary's Bays, and Route 1, the Trans Canada leads towards the second entrance to the Baccalieu Trail and the capital city of St. John's. As a result, there is a Provincial Visitor Information Center on the Trans Canada near the town.
Whitbourne has many of the facilities of a small town that has traditionally been a regional service centre. The town’s Wetlands Conservation Trail is of interest to many visitors.

Wind power in South Australia
Wind power in South Australia is a growing industry with 388 megawatts (MW) of grid-connected wind farms, and a further 341 MW under construction. South Australia is well suited to wind farms and more wind power is generated in South Australia than any other Australian state or territory. Some 9 per cent of electricity generated in South Australia comes from wind power.
Wind farms do not emit greenhouse gases in the generation of electricity, and so wind power is considered a highly desirable form of renewable energy which assists in the reduction of the State’s reliance on coal and gas fired electricity generation.

Solar power plants in the Mojave Desert
There are several Solar power plants in the Mojave Desert which supply power to the electricity grid. Solar Energy Generating Systems (SEGS) is the name given to nine solar power plants in the Mojave Desert which were built in the 1980s. These plants have a combined capacity of 354 megawatts (MW) making them the largest solar power installation in the world. Nevada Solar One is a new solar thermal plant with a 64 MW generating capacity, located near Boulder City, Nevada. There are also plans to build other large solar plants in the Mojave Desert. The Mojave Solar Park will deliver 553 MW of solar thermal power when fully operational in 2011.
Insolation (solar radiation) in the Mojave Desert is among the best available in the United States, and some significant population centers are located in the area. This makes the Mojave Desert particularly suitable for solar power plants. These plants can generally be built in a few years because solar plants are built almost entirely with modular, readily available materials.

List of renewable energy topics
This lists the articles that are on renewable energy topics.

Discovery Channel Pro Cycling Team
The Discovery Channel Pro Cycling Team was a professional racing team.
The US Postal Service stopped sponsoring their team in 2004. The Discovery Channel took over sponsorship in June 2004 in time for the new UCI ProTour
On February 10 2007 Discovery Channel decided not renew its sponsorship of the team at the end of the 2007 season. The decision to end its sponsorship is believed to be related to the sacking of Discovery Networks president Billy Campbell by David Zaslav, the new president of Discovery Communications the same day.
On 10 August 2007 Tailwind Sports, who are the team's licence holders, said the team would stop racing at the end of the year<. They could not find a new sponsor and blamed bad publicity about doping in the 2007 Tour de France.
The most famous member of the Discovery Channel team was Lance Armstrong who won seven Tours de France before he retired in 2005.
Current members of the team, such as 2007 Tour de France winner Alberto Contador, 3rd placed Levi Leipheimer and George Hincapie all had to find new teams. Hincapie joined Team T-Mobile. Many think Contador may have trouble finding a new team because of rumours about being involved in the very big Operation Puerto doping scandal.
2007 squad.
As of April 30, 2007.

Alkane
Alkanes are chemical compounds, made of carbon and hydrogen. The simplest alkane is methane, which is made of one carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms. Larger alkanes have two or more carbon atoms connected or bonded together. The carbon atoms of alkanes are joined together by single bonds.

Charles Gounod
Charles-François Gounod (born Paris 18 June 1818; died Saint-Cloud (France) 18 October 1893) was a French composer. Gounod (pronounce: “Goo – no”) wrote many different kinds of pieces, but he is best known today for his operas "Faust" and "Roméo et Juliette" and, especially, for the very popular “Ave Maria” which is a melody that goes with a prelude by Johann Sebastian Bach.
Early life.
Gounod was born in Paris. His father was a painter and engraver. His mother was his first piano teacher. When his father died in 1823 his mother started a school for piano tuition. Gounod soon showed musical talent and went to study at the Paris Conservatoire. He studied with three teachers, all of whom died soon after Gounod became their pupil. The first time he competed for the Prix de Rome he did not get it, but the second time, in 1839, he was successful. This meant that he could go to Rome to learn more about music.
In Rome he liked the religious music of the 16th century by composers such as Palestrina. He did not much like the modern opera composers such as Donizetti and Bellini. Gounod also spent some of the year in Austria and Germany. He passed through Leipzig where he met Mendelssohn, whose music made a big impression on him.
Gounod returned to Paris where he got a job as director of music at a church. He thought of becoming a priest, but then he changed his mind. He left his job in the church. Some time later he became friends with the singer Pauline Viardot and her husband Louis. He spent some time at their house composing the opera "Sapho".
He composed the "Messe Sollennelle", also known as the "Saint Cecilia Mass". This work was first performed in London during 1851 and it helped him to become famous. By this time he was married. He had a job in charge of several choirs. He started to write a lot of choral music.
He wrote two symphonies in 1855, although they are not often played today.
Middle period.
In 1856 he started to write the opera by which he is now best remembered: "Faust" (1859), based on the first part of the play "Faust" by Goethe. The opera was produced in 1859 and soon was performed in many countries, especially in Germany. The composer Richard Wagner was the most important opera composer in Germany and his operas were quite different, so he said that Gounod’s operas were silly. Gounod had liked Wagner’s music until then, but when Wagner made rude remarks about his music Gounod decided he did not like Wagner’s music.
When the Franco-Prussian war broke out in 1870 Gounod went to live in England. He stayed there for five years becoming the first conductor of what is now the Royal Choral Society. Gounod wrote a lot of music for choirs at this time, including a motet composed especially for the grand opening of the Royal Albert Hall in 1871. He worked very hard, although he was often depressed about the war situation in France. His house in Saint-Cloud had been destroyed. He returned to France in 1875 and was glad to be back with his family.
He wrote much chamber music, including four string quartets, but these are hardly ever played today.
Last years.
Later in his life, Gounod became very interested in religion again. He wrote a lot of religious music, including his famous musical setting of Ave Maria based on the first prelude from Book I of the "Well-Tempered Clavier" by J.S. Bach and "Hymnus Pontificius" the anthem of Vatican. He also wrote two oratorios, including "Mors et vita" which Queen Victoria liked so much that she asked for it to be played in the Royal Albert Hall in 1886.
He was just finishing a requiem called "Le Grand Requiem" when he died. He was given a state funeral. He asked for all the music at his funeral to be chant only.

Operación Puerto doping case
The Operación Puerto doping case (meaning "Operation Mountain pass") is a doping investigation in Spain. It started in May of 2006.
Dr. Eufemiano Fuentes is accused of giving banned doping drugs to 200 professional athletes.
Fuentes doped a lot of well known tennis and football stars but most attention was on the fairly small number of professional road cyclists that were named in the investigation.
By May 2007, fifteen have been proved not guilty, but three have admitted to doping or have had very much evidence of blood doping placed before them.

Dover, Pennsylvania
Dover is a borough in York County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 1,815 at the 2000 census. The United States Census Bureau says the borough has a total area of 1.3 km² (0.5 mi²). All of it is land. There are no lakes or rivers in Dover.
History.
James Joner bought 203 acres of land in 1764. On this land, he created the town of Dover. It was known as Jonerstown until 1815, when the name was changed to Dover. Dover was incorporated in 1864, exactly 100 years after its founding.
Intelligent design controversy.
Dover is most well known for something that happened in 2004-05. The Dover Area School District voted to include a statement about intelligent design in what is taught on about biology in its schools. This action led to the court case "Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District" in late 2005.
On December 20, 2005, Judge John E. Jones III decided in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania that a public schooldistrict in Pennsylvania cannot teach Intelligent Design in a science class room. He said it was because it is based on a religious belief. The first amendment in the United States Constitution does not allow the government to deal with anything that deals with religious points of view.

Rugby sevens
Rugby sevens is the shortened version of rugby union in which only seven players per side feature, instead of the full fifteen. The version of rugby union is very popular, with notable competitions including the IRB Sevens World Series and the Rugby World Cup Sevens.It is also played at events such as the Commonwealth Games and rugby league has also adopted the sevens format.
It is played under the same rules and on a field of the same dimensions as the 15-player game but a rugby sevens match lasts approximately 15 minutes (7 minutes aside with 1 minute half-time break) but the finals last somewhat more than 20 minutes; each half in a final is ten minutes instead of the normal seven minutes and the point system is similar to rugby union where a Try gets a team 5 points and conversion 2 points with 3 points for penalties and Drop-goals (drop-goals are very uncommon in sevens)). Points scoring occurs with much greater regularity in sevens compared to fifteens, since there are more spaces for players to run. Scrums still exist within sevens, composed of just three players from each team. Given the speedy nature of the game, players are usually either from the backline or the trio of loose forwards in fifteens rugby.

Rugby World Cup Sevens
The Rugby World Cup Sevens is the world's premier international contest in the Sevens version of rugby union, first held in Scotland in 1993 and held every four years. The winning trohy is the Melrose Cup, named after the Scottish town of Melrose where the first sevens game was played. The current holders are Fiji who have won the Cup twice since it was first played in 1993.

Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon
Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon(born 1930 - died in 2002) is the younger sister of Queen Elizabeth II.
In 1961 she married the photographer Anthony Armstrong-Jones, who was made Earl of Snowdon. After they divorced she was known as "Princess Margaret" Countess of Snowdon; the Earl's new wife was simply "the" Countess of Snowdon.

Romain Maes
Romain Maes (18 August 1913 in Zerkegem– 22 February 1983 in Groot-Bijgaarden) was a Belgian cyclist who won the 1935 Tour de France. Some claim that he also won the 1936 Paris-Roubaix race, and that Georges Speicher was credited as winning by mistake

Heir apparent
An heir is a person who has inherited something after the original owner's death. Usually a child after their parents' death.
"Heir Apparent" and "Heir Presumptive" usually refer to someone who will inherit a royal or noble title.
An heir apparent is someone who will inherit after the death of the present title holder.
An heir presumptive is someone who might inherit, unless someone with a better claim under the rules of succession is born.

Armenia national football team
The Armenia national football team is the national football team of Armenia. After the split of the Soviet Union, they played their first match against Moldova on 12 October 1992.

Music of Serbia
The Music of Serbia has a mix of traditional music, which is part of the bigger Balkan tradition.

Nostradamus
Michel de Nostredame (December 14 or December 21, 1503 – July 2, 1566), also known as Nostradamus, was a French apothecary and claimed doctor. He is famous as a 'seer' who published collections of prophecies that have since become famous world-wide.

Trough (meteorology)
A trough is an elongated area of comparatively low atmospheric pressure, usually in association with weather fronts.
Convective cells may form in the surrounding area of troughs and give birth to a tropical cyclone. Some tropical or subtropical areas, such as the Philippines or south China are greatly affected by convection cells along a trough. In the mid-latitude westerlies, troughs and ridges often exchange with each other, especially when upper-level winds are in a high-amplitude pattern. For a trough in the westerlies, the region just west of the trough axis is typically an area of convergent winds and descending air - and hence high pressure - while the region just east of the trough axis is an area of fast, divergent winds and low pressure. Tropical waves are a type of trough in easterly currents, a cyclonic northward deflection of the trade winds.

QuikSCAT
The QuikSCAT (Quick Scatterometer) is an earth-observing satellite that provides wind speed and direction information over oceans to NOAA. It is a "quick recovery" mission to fill the gap created by the loss of data from the NASA Scatterometer (NSCAT) that was lost in June 1997. It is in a sun-synchronous low-earth orbit.
Because of the 2003 failure of the ADEOS II satellite that was meant to succeed the NSCAT, QuickSCAT is currently the only US-owned instrument in orbit that measures surface winds over the oceans. The European Space Agency has its own scatterometers in orbit, such as Envisat.
However, because it is now running on a backup transmitter and having other problems, this satellite could fail at any moment, putting risk at weather forecasts for possibly dangerous tropical cyclones.
In early June 2007, Bill Proenza, Director of the National Hurricane Center in Florida, came under fire for criticizing his NOAA superiors for not creating a back-up plan for replacing the capabilities provided by this satellite.

Zakarid-Mxargrzeli
The Zakarids (Armenian: Զաքարյաններ, Zakaryanner) also known as Mxargrdzeli, were a noble Armenian family in medieval Armenia and Georgia.

Bermuda International Airport
Bermuda International Airport, also known as L.F. Wade International Airport, is an airport in Bermuda, an overseas territory of the United Kingdom in the north Atlantic Ocean.

Mikhail Saakashvili
Mikhail Saakashvili (born December 21, 1967) is a Georgian politician and is now the President of Georgia.

Waltham, Massachusetts
Waltham is a city in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 59,226 at the 2000 census.

Sea surface temperature
Image:Wiki plot 03.png|thumb|right|Annual mean sea surface temperature. Data from the
Sea surface temperature (SST) is the water temperature at the surface. In practical terms, the exact meaning of "surface" will vary according to the measurement method used. A satellite infra-red radiometer indirectly measures the temperature of a very thin layer (about 10 micrometres thick) or skin of the ocean (leading to the phrase skin temperature) representing the top millimeter; a thermometer attached to an already fastened or wandering buoy in the ocean would measure the temperature at a specific depth (e.g. the top 1 meter below the sea surface); the measurements regularly made from ships are often from the engine water intakes and may be at various depths in the upper 20 m of the ocean. Note that the depth of measurement in this case will vary with the cargo aboard the vessel.

National language
A national language is a language which is the national identity of a nation. A national language is used for political and legal discourse.

Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum
The Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum is a museum that deals with the history of country music. The museum is located in Nashville, Tennessee, United States. The museum also honors the major people in the history of country music.

Flag of Iran
The current flag of Iran was started to be used on July 29, 1980, and is a similar of changes brought to Iran by the Islamic Revolution. The simple design of the flag is three horizontal bands of green above white above red, symbolizing Islam, peace, and courage.

Real Zaragoza
Real Zaragoza is an Aragonese football Club. The club competes in La Liga (the Spanish Premier League).
History.
It was established in 1932 when Zaragoza CD and Iberia FC join to create Real Zaragoza. Its home stadium is La Romareda in the city of Zaragoza.
Awards.
Real Zaragoza's honours includes 6 Spanish Championships "Copa del Rey" and five times runners-up, a Inter-City Fairs Cup and another runners-up, a UEFA Cup Winners' Cup and a Spanish Premier League "La Liga" runners-up.
Players.
Famous players like Juan Esnáider, Gabi Milito, Jorge Valdano, Cafu or José Luis Chilavert have played for Real Zaragoza.

Everton Tigers
Everton Tigers are an English professional basketball team. They play in Liverpool. The Tigers are a part of the British Basketball League (BBL). The Tigers play at the Greenbank Sports Academy. Some of the Everton Tigers players are Mohamed Niang, Delme Herriman, and Chris Haslam.

Eastman School of Music
The Eastman School of Music of the University of Rochester (also known more simply as The Eastman School, Eastman, or ESM) is a music conservatory in the United States. It is said to be one of the best schools for teaching music in the world.

Armeniapedia
Armeniapedia is an online encyclopedia about Armenia. Currently it has over 4,497 articles.

Henry Morgenthau
Henry Morgenthau, Sr. (April 26, 1856 – November 25, 1946)was a German-born American businessman and United States ambassador. He is most known by his job as ambassador to the Ottoman Empire during World War I. He was father of the politician, Henry Morgenthau, Jr. and the grandfather of Robert M. Morgenthau, the current District Attorney of New York County, and historian Barbara Tuchman.

Persian people
The Persians are an Iranic ethnic group who speak the Persian language and share the same culture and history. The word "Persia" comes from the name Greek people gave to Iran from many years ago. In the Western writings, it is common to name all old Iraninans as Persian, although some of the old Iranian people where not from Persian culture, and didn't speak in Persian language.
Persian people include many groups, like Tajiks, Tats, etc. Most of them live in Iran, Pakistan, Tajikistan and Afghanistan.

Louis P. Lochner
Louis P. Lochner (born Ludwig) (February 22, 1887 – 1975) was a Pulitzer Prize winning American journalist at the Associated Press. He won the Pulitzer Prize for his work reporting the news from Nazi Germany.

Shepherd
A shepherd is someone who looks after sheep. Shepherds usually take the sheep out into fields so that they can graze (eat the grass). In the same way, someone who looks after cows is called a “cowherd”. A "swineherd" looks after pigs and a "goatherd" looks after goats. A herd is a group of animals. To “herd” can also mean to get a herd of animals to move along. A female shepherd is called a “shepherdess”.
Many years ago, when most people lived in the country, shepherding was very common. Sheep were kept for their milk, meat, and especially their wool. We know that there were shepherds in some parts of the world thousands of years ago.
The shepherd’s job was to make sure the sheep were safe and they were not eaten by wolves or other wild animals.
A shepherd’s way of life.
In many societies shepherds were an important part of the economy. Unlike farmers, shepherds were often wage earners. They were paid to watch other people’s sheep. Shepherds often lived all on their own. Some were nomadic. Shepherds were most often the younger sons of simple farmers who did not inherit any land. Still in other societies, each family would have a family member to shepherd its flock, often a child or young person or an old person who was not able to help much with the harder work.
Shepherds often worked with dogs. The dogs (sheepdogs) were trained to herd the sheep. Sheepdog trials are still popular today. The shepherd has to give signs to the dog to tell it exactly where he wants the sheep to go.
A shepherd had a lot of time to sit and think or amuse himself. He often made simple instruments out of reeds that grew where he sat. These instruments were often simple panpipes or just pipes which were similar to bamboo pipes or a modern recorder. Some shepherds learned to carve instruments out of wood. An example is the fujara from Slovakia and southern Poland.
Shepherds in the Arts.
Shepherds often made up music. This is why composers of classical music very often wrote music which imitated the sound of the shepherd’s pipe. For example: in Mozart’s opera The Magic Flute the character Papageno, a birdcatcher, plays on his pipes. In the "Symphonie Fantastique" Berlioz wrote music which describes a shepherd playing his pipes, and a shepherdess far away the other side of the hill answering his call. Berlioz used an oboe and a cor anglais for this.
Musicians were not the only people who liked the idea of the life of a shepherd. Many painters painted scenes in the country with sheep being looked after by a shepherd. Poets wrote about shepherds. The shepherd’s way of life was thought to be the ideal way to live. It was called Arcadian. Poems like these are called pastoral, after the term for herding. Some early examples are the "Idylls" of Theocritus, and the "Eclogues" of Virgil.
Metaphors in religion.
In the Christian religion Jesus is often called “the good shepherd” because he looks after his people in the same way that a shepherd looks after his sheep.
Muhammad, the Prophet of Islam, was proud of being part of a rich tradition of prophets who made their living as shepherds.

Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia
The Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia (ASALA) was a Marxist-Leninist guerilla organization, that operated from 1975 to 1986.
The stated intention of ASALA was "to compel the Turkish Government to acknowledge publicly its alleged responsibility for the deaths of 1.5 million Armenians in 1915, pay reparations, and cede territory for an Armenian homeland".
ASALA was founded in 1975 in Beirut, Lebanon by Hagop Hagopian (Harutiun Tagushian) and Kevork Ajemian, a prominent contemporary writer.
The group's activities were primarily assassinations of Turkish diplomats and politicians in Western Europe, in the United States and the Middle East. A failed attack in Geneva on October 3, 1980, in which two Armenian militants were injured resulted in a new nickname for the group, the 3 October Organization. The ASALA's eight point manifesto was published in 1981.
Continuous attacks prompted Turkey to accuse Cyprus, Greece, Syria, Lebanon, and the Soviet Union of provoking or possibly funding the ASALA, though nothing of this sort was ever found to be true.
According to Dr Tessa Hofmann, Turkish officials frequently used the accusation of collaboration with the ASALA and foreign Armenian circles to incriminate extreme left-wing Turkish opposition groups.

Kevork Ajemian
Kevork Ajemian ("Adjemian") (1932 – 1998) was an Armenian writer, journalist and public activist, one of the founders of ASALA military organization.
Biography.
Kevork Ajemian was born in Syria, in the family of Armenian refugees. In early age he moved to Lebanon, where he studied at the American University of Beirut.
A prominent representative of the new generation of Armenian Diaspora writers of 1960s he wrote both in Armenian and in English, his books were published in Lebanon, USA and USA.
In 1978-1989 Ajemian edited the "Spurk" journal, in 1979 he took part of the First Armenian Congress Organizing Committee (Paris). He died in Paris, France.
In 1999 a collection of the best journalistic works of Ajemian was published.

Cosmic ray
Cosmic rays are particles from outer space that have a lot of energy. Most of these particles are protons, but some of them are helium nuclei or electrons. Cosmic rays are not actually rays but particles that are moving very fast.

Supabarn
Supabarn is a small, cheap supermarket chain based in Canberra with large shops across the Australian Capital Territory (Canberra) and New South Wales in Australia. It was known as Supabarn Emporium in the early 2000s before becoming Supabarn Supermarkets in 2004 and offers a lot of traditional, wholefoods, organic and gourmet grocery and fresh food items. It was first opened in the Canberra Centre in 1991 and six more shops have been opened from that time onwards. Supabarn is one of Canberra's largest employers because it has 750 people in 7 shops, with 2 new ones in Sydney coming in 2008.

Members of the United Nations
This is a list of countries what are members of the United Nations. The list includes the date each country joined the United Nations.

1960 Summer Olympics
The 1960 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XVII Olympiad, were held in 1960 in Rome, Italy. Rome had been awarded the organization of the 1908 Summer Olympics, but, after the 1906 eruption of Mount Vesuvius, London became the host. Other possible cities to host the 1960 Summer Olympics were Lausanne, Detroit, Budapest, Brussels, Mexico City and Tokyo; but in 1955, Rome was chosen.
CBS paid $394,000 for the right to broadcast the Games in the United States..

1948 Winter Olympics
The 1948 Winter Olympics, officially known as the V Olympic Winter Games, were celebrated in 1948 in St. Moritz, Switzerland. The games opened on January 30, 1948. St. Moritz was also the site of the 1928 Winter Olympics.
These Games were the first in twelve years, because none were held during World War II.

1932 Winter Olympics
The 1932 Winter Olympics, officially known as the III Olympic Winter Games, were celebrated in 1932 in Lake Placid, New York, United States. The games opened on February 4, 1932. The 1932 Winter Olympic Games were going to be in Big Pines, California, but because of poor snow conditions the games were moved to Lake Placid.

2010 Winter Olympics
The 2010 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XXI Olympic Winter Games, are the next Winter Olympics and will be celebrated in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada in 2010. Both the Olympic and Paralympic Games are being organized by the Vancouver Organizing Committee (VANOC).
The 2010 Winter Olympics will be the third Olympics hosted by Canada, and the first by the province of British Columbia. Previously, Canada was home to the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal and the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary. The villages of Whistler and Garibaldi bid for the games in 1976 but failed to win.

Sexual assault
Sexual assault is when two people come in contact of a sexual nature, but one of the two people does not want this contact to happen. In some cases, one of the people involved may also be unable to consent to the contact. Rape is one form of sexual assault, but not the only one.
Different countries have different definitions of this.

1994 Winter Olympics
The 1994 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XVII Olympic Winter Games, were celebrated in 1994 in Lillehammer, Norway. Other possible host cities were Anchorage, Alaska, USA; Östersund/Åre, Sweden; and Sofia, Bulgaria. In 1986, the International Olympic Committee voted to change the schedule of the Olympic Games so that the summer and winter games would be arranged in alternating even-numbered years. Lillehammer won the right to host the event in September 1988 in Seoul before the opening ceremony of the 1988 Summer Olympics. The Lillehammer Games were held in 1994, the only time the Winter Games have occurred two years after the previous games.
The Lillehammer Olympics are thought by sport specialists and Olympic officials to be one of the greatest Winter Games ever, and it is among the greatest sporting events in history. It is notable for being the last Winter Olympic Games to date to have been held in a town (Lillehammer's population is just 25,000), rather than the large cities which have held the more recent Winter Olympic Games.

1992 Winter Olympics
The 1992 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XVI Olympic Winter Games, were celebrated in 1992 in Albertville, France. Other possible host cities were Anchorage, USA; Berchtesgaden, Germany; Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy; Lillehammer, Norway; Falun, Sweden; and Sofia, Bulgaria.
These were the last Winter Games to be held in the same year as the Summer Games. They were also the first Games where the Winter Paralympics and the Winter Olympics were held at the same site.

1980 Winter Olympics
The 1980 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XIII Olympic Winter Games, were celebrated in 1980 in Lake Placid, New York, United States of America. Another possible host city was Vancouver-Garibaldi, British Columbia, Canada; they withdrew before the final vote.

Maya people
The Maya peoples form a diverse range of the Native American peoples of southern Mexico and northern Central America.
The most populations of Maya are in the Mexican states of Yucatán, Campeche, Quintana Roo, Tabasco, and Chiapas, and in the Central American countries of Belize, Guatemala, and the western portions of Honduras and El Salvador.

Cor anglais
The cor anglais, or English horn, is a double reed instrument in the woodwind family. It is very similar to an oboe, but as it is longer than an oboe it plays lower notes.
The lowest note of an oboe is B flat (just below Middle C). The lowest note of a cor anglais is an E flat, a fifth (five notes of a scale) lower than the oboe's lowest note.
The cor anglais is a transposing instrument pitched in F. This means that the music sounds a fifth higher than written. This has the advantage that the cor anglais player uses fingering as if he were playing an oboe, but it will sound a fifth lower.
The bell (the bit at the end of the instrument) is shaped like a pear. This gives it a nasal sound (as if played through the nose). The reed is not fixed to a piece of cork like the oboe reed but it is put straight onto the short piece of metal (called a "bocal") at the top of the instrument.
Etymology.
The word "cor anglais" is a French word which literally means "English horn", but the cor anglais is neither English nor a horn. No one is sure how it got its name, but many people think it is because the bocal at the top is curved (the French word for curved, "anglé" is pronounced like the word for English "anglais").
Repertoire.
Many oboists can play the cor anglais as well, just as flautists can play the piccolo (if they play both instruments in the same concert this is called "doubling").
There are few solo pieces for the instrument, but mostly it is used for solo melodies in slow pieces for orchestra because it can sound very expressive.

Bill Toone
William D Toone, or Bill Toone is a professional Conservation Biologist, based in the San Diego area.
His professional career began with the newly formed California Condor Recovery Program at the San Diego Wild Animal Park. Building, managing and directing the Park's Condor operations through its early years, his Park duties have since expanded to Curator of Birds and now to his current role as Director of Applied Conservation Programs
His projects have taken him around the world, and include studies of the human impacts upon the Monarch butterfly and their wintering grounds in Mexico, the effects of the bushmeat trade in Cameroon, Central Africa, and research on butterfly ranching in Costa Rica, Madagascar, and Papua New Guinea.
Media appearances have included The Tonight Show with Johnny Carson, and many PBS presentations including The Victory Garden and The Real Jurassic Park, and numerous local and national news broadcasts and interviews.
His latest work is the founding and managing of the ECOLIFE FOUNDATION, a nonprofit organization benefiting both people and wildlife in the areas most needing them.
His current projects with ECOLIFE FOUNDATION include the construction and promotion of energy and resource efficient straw bale building systems, design and construction of safer and more efficient wood burning stoves in Central America, and installation and promotion of rainwater collection and recovery systems in areas where water supply and safety are of particular concern.

Topoxte
Topoxte was a Maya city in the past. It is among the biggest sites in Guatemala.

Mayapan
Mayapan was a Maya city. It is about 100 km away from Chichen Itza.

Committee of Union and Progress
The Committee of Union and Progress was a political group. It was made by Bahaeddin Sakir in 1906 during the fall of the Ottoman Empire. The group was one of the Young Turks. This group came to power between 1908 and 1918. At the end of World War I most of its members were court-martialled by the sultan Mehmed VI and imprisoned. The remnants of the organization were eliminated from the Republic of Turkey during the "assassination of president" trials in 1926.

Dardanelles
Dardanelles is a narrow strait in northwestern Turkey connecting the Aegean Sea to the Sea of Marmara.

Biescas
Biescas is a town in the province of Huesca, Aragon. It is situated on the river Gallego at and altitude of 875 m in the zone known as "Tierra de Biescas". The population is 1240.
It is divided in two main neighbourhoods "San Pedro" and "El Salvador", the last one divided other two neighbourhoods called "Barrio Bajo" and "La Peña" (or "Barrio Alto").
There are two churches in the town, the first one, "San Pedro's Church" is situated in the neighbourhood of San Pedro and the second one "San Salvador's Church" situated in La Peña.
Municipality of Biescas is divided in four parts
Additionally Ainielle, Barbenuta, Bergusa, Casbas, Espierre, Susín and Javierre del Obispo are included in Biescas municipality

Gloucester
Gloucester (pronounced [ˈglɒstə]) is a city and district in the English county of Gloucestershire. It is close to the Welsh border on the River Severn.
Culture.
The annual Three Choirs Festival, which started in the eighteenth century and one of the oldest music festivals in Europe, takes place in Gloucester every third year. The other places the festival is held are Hereford and Worcester.
Some scenes for the Harry Potter movies were filmed at Gloucester cathedral.

Ciscaucasus
Ciscaucasus may refer to one of the following

Fore-Caucasus
Fore-Caucasus (Russian: Предкавказье, sometimes Ciscaucasia, Front Caucasus) is a region to North of the Caucasus Major (Большой Кавказ) mountains of Caucasus and farther bounded by Kuma-Manych Depression from the North, Sea of Azov and Kerch Strait from the West, and Caspian Sea from the East.

North Caucasus
The North Caucasus is the northern part of the Caucasus region between Europe and Asia. The term is also used as a synonym for the North Caucasus Economical Region of Russia.
Politically, the Northern Caucasus (territory north of the Greater Caucasus Range) includes the Russian Republics of the North Caucasus as well as several regions of Georgia and Azerbaijan.

Greater Caucasus
Greater Caucasus, sometimes known as "Caucasus Major", "Big Caucasus" or "Large Caucasus") is the major mountain range of Caucasus mountains.

Mount Elbrus
Mount Elbrus (Russian: Эльбрус) is a peak located in the western Caucasus mountains, in Kabardino-Balkaria and Karachay-Cherkessia, Russia, near the border of Georgia.

Provinces of the Dominican Republic
The Dominican Republic has thirty-one (31) provinces (in Spanish, "provincias"). The President of the Republic appoints a Civil Governor ("Gobernador Civil") in every province. The only function of the Governor is to represent the President of the Republic in the province.
The people who live in the province elect one Senator ("Senador") and at least two (2) Representatives ("Diputados") for the National Congress.
The National District ("Distrito Nacional") is similar to a province but without a Civil Governor and with only one municipality, Santo Domingo de Guzmán, the national capital.
There are two (2) or more municipalities (in Spanish and in singular, "municipio") in every province. The municipalities are governed by municipal councils and mayors elected by popular vote. The municipal districts (in Spanish and in singular, "distrito municipal") are subdivisions of some municipalities ruled by a municipal council and a mayor named by the municipality to which they belong.
The Dominican Republic has 154 municipalities and 202 municipal districts.
The following is a table of the provinces and their capital cities. Population figures in the following table are from the 2002 census.

Reductio ad absurdum
Reductio ad absurdum is a Latin phrase. It can be translated as "reduction to the impossible". Generally, it is also known as Proof by contradiction. In Logic and mathematics it is a method of proving something.
The phrase can be traced back to the Greek "η εις άτοπον απαγωγή" ("hê eis átopon apagogê"). This phrase means "reduction to the impossible". It was often used by Aristotle.
The method of proving something works by first stating something is true. Then other things are deduced from that. In the end, there is a contradiction. This contradiction then shows that thing stated first cannot be true.

Artificial sweetener
An Artificial sweetener or Sugar substitute is a chemical. It is added to some foods to make them taste sweet. It is made to taste like sugar or corn syrup. Usually it has a much lower energy value than sugar. It can be found in many products which say "Light" or "Diet" in their name.
Problems.
Studies done with animals have shown that artificial sweeteners cause weight gain. A sweet taste causes insulin to be produced. This will store some of the sugar in the blood in tissues, including fat. With artificial sweeteners, the amount of sugar in the blood does not increase. This means that there will be too little sugar in the blood. This is known as hypoglycemia. On the next meal, more food will be eaten to get the blood sugar level back to normal values.
After a while, rats given sweeteners have steadily increased the amount of calories. This increased body weight, and adiposity (fatness). The natural repsonse to easting sugary foods is to eat less at the next meal and to use some of the extra energy to warm the body after the meal. When using artifical sweeteners, this effect is lost gradually.

Larry Sanger
Lawrence Mark "Larry" Sanger (born July 16 1968) is a person who worked with Jimmy Wales to create the internet encyclopedias Nupedia and Wikipedia before he created his own online encyclopedias Digital Universe and Citizendium.
Wales, through his company Bomis, paid Sanger to help them to maintain Nupedia, an internet encyclopedia.
On January 2 2001, Ben Kovitz, Sanger's friend, had the idea to use a wiki to help to make Nupedia better. Sanger in turn told Wales, and on January 10 2001 Wikipedia was launched. There is differing opinions on which of the three people are most responsible for Wikipedia.
In 2005, Sanger created Digital Universe, an online encyclopedia like Wikipedia.
In 2006, Sanger created Citizendium, another online encyclopedia. Citizendium uses the MediaWiki engine (like Wikipedia) but rules are different. People must use their given names on Citizendium and need to be experts in the fields that they edit in.

Cats (musical)
Cats is a musical by Andrew Lloyd Webber, who wrote the music. Most of the words come from "Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats", which is a book of poems by T.S. Eliot. In this musical, the cats act like people and have different personalities. Many things happen in this musical, but one of the important things is that a cat is chosen to go to the "Heaviside Layer", which is like a heaven for cats.
Cats was first shown in London in 1981, with Elaine Paige first playing the role of Grizabella who sings "Memory", a memorable song in the show. It was shown on Broadway starting in 1982. The musical has since been made into many languages, and it has been shown around the world.

Independent movie
An independent movie, or independent film (often called indie film), is the name usually given to a film that is made by a small movie studio for not much money. Sometimes the name is used for art films; which are less expensive and often have less plot. Independent movies are being made (produced) more as the technology needed, such as cameras and editing-software, is becoming less expensive. Movies like Reservoir Dogs, American History X, The Basketball Diaries and the documentary Bowling for Columbine are independent because they were made for little money and by small studios.

Flower Power
"Flower Power" was a 1960s catchphrase, used by hippies and other people who were against war and violence. These people used flowers as a symbol of life, of love, and of peace. They wore flowers, made art with flowers and images of them, and gave them away often. Hippies sometimes placed flowers in the rifle barrels of marching soldiers.
Folk musician Donovan was one of the musical performers associated with flower power.

Cargo cult
Cargo cult is name given to several religions. These religions appeared as tribal societies came in contact with Western civilsation. There are many Cargo cults in Melanesia and New Guinea. When the first contact happened, the tribespeople saw western manufactured goods, like radios ("cargo"). They did not know how these things worked, nor how they were made. They made imitations of such goods, which of course do not work.
They imitate the behaviour they saw the Weterners do, in the hope that some spirits will send them more cargo. In other cases, such as on the island of Tanna in Vanuatu, cult members worship Americans who brought the cargo.

Walloon language
Walloon is a Romance language. It belongs to the family of the "oïl languages" along with French, Picard and Norman.
Walloon is spoken in Wallonia in Belgium and in some villages in Wisconsin in the United States.

Gallo language
Gallo is one of the two regional languages of Brittany. It is an Oïl language of the Romance language family, with Latin at the base. Gallo is spoken in the eastern part of Brittany.
The other regional language of Brittany is Breton. Breton is a Celtic language.

Diethyl ether
Diethyl ether, which is also called ether, is a clear and colorless liquid that burns very easily. It was used as a general anesthetic, which makes you not be able to feel things. It was discovered in 1275. Ether can dissolve many things.

Carriage
A carriage is how people moved around before cars were invented. They are a fancy type of cart where people sit, and were pulled by horses. Sometimes people still use carriages.

Lozi language
Lozi, also known as Silozi and Rozi, is a Bantu language of the Niger-Congo language family. It is spoken by the Lozi people living in western province of Zambia, which is also called Barotse Land. Lozi is a language from the Bantu family. The population is estimated between 100,000 and 200,000 inhabitants. The provincial town of Western province is Mongu. Some district towns are Sesheke, Senanga, eo.

Ruhleben P.O.W. Camp
Ruhleben P.O.W. Camp was a camp near Berlin, Germany, where British prisoners of war were detained (kept) during World War I. Ruhleben itself was then a village 10 kilometres to the west of Berlin, but now it is part of the city of Berlin, in a district called Ruhleben in the borough of Spandau. The camp was originally a horse racecourse.
Detainees.
The detainees (people who were kept there) came from countries that were fighting against Germany in the war. Most of them were British. They were in Germany when the war broke out, which is why they were taken prisoner (detained). Some of them were in Germany because they lived there, others were on holiday at the time. Some of them were crew members of civilian ships that happened to be in German harbours at the time or who were captured at sea.
There were about 5,500 prisoners in the camp. Most of them spent all four years of World War I there. Books have been written about what it was like living in the camp. These include "To Ruhleben - And Back" by Geoffrey Pyke, who successfully escaped from the camp in 1915.
The detainees were mostly treated quite well. The guards had to obey the Geneva Conventions. Although there were some people who found it very difficult being kept there, many others found lots of things to do to keep themselves occupied. Letters, books, sports equipment and a printing press were all allowed into the camp and the detainees organised their own police force, magazine, library and postal service. Some of the detainees were young people who later became famous. They included the Canadian musician Ernest MacMillan who later became the conductor of the Toronto Symphony Orchestra. MacMillan had been on holiday in Germany to visit the Bayreuth Festival when war broke out. Charles Ellis and James Chadwick later became famous scientists. They used their time in Ruhleben to study. They were able to build a laboratory and do some experiments. There were famous footballers and athletes as well.
The Arts in Ruhleben.
A lot of musical activities were organized in the camp. There was a Ruhleben Musical Society. Ernest MacMillan was a member and he gave concerts and lectures. Together with the composer and pianist Benjamin Dale, he played piano duet versions of all Beethoven’s symphonies. The society put on a performance of the Gilbert and Sullivan opera "Mikado" and a pantomime version of "Cinderella". They did not have the music for the "Mikado", but someone had the libretto (the words), and four of the musicians wrote the music from what they could remember. They wrote it out for whatever instruments they had in the camp. There was also a Ruhleben Drama Society which put on productions of Shakespeare’s "Othello" and "Twelfth Night" and Oscar Wilde’s "The Importance of Being Earnest".
Sports at Ruhleben.
As well as music and drama, sports also played a big part in the life of the camp detainees. Among the detainees were four people who had been England internationals: Fred Spiksley, Fred Pentland, Samuel Wolstenholme and Steve Bloomer, a Scotland international, John Cameron, a German international Edwin Dutton, and John Brearley, once of Everton and Tottenham Hotspur. There was a Ruhleben Football Association. Sometimes 1,000 detainees watched a game. Cricket, rugby, tennis, golf and boxing were also popular.
End of the war.
The detainees were free when the war ended and many of them were taken by ship back to Britain.

M249 Squad Automatic Weapon
The M249 Squad Automatic Weapon (SAW) is a gun used by many countries around the world. The main use of this weapon is to provide cover fire for other people in the group (the "squad") The gun uses 5.56 NATO caliber ammunition.

Toronto Symphony Orchestra
The Toronto Symphony Orchestra is a very gay and no one should listen to them. i honestly hate them so much Canadian orchestra. 400,000 people go to its concerts each year and it is often broadcast over CBC Radio 2. It was formed in 1922. The concerts used to be given in the Massey Hall but since 1982 they have been in the Roy Thomson Hall. The Orchestra often goes on tour and has had some famous conductors.
The TSO's concertmaster now is Jacques Israelievitch.

Vattenfall Cyclassics
The Vattenfall Cyclassics is a cycling race held every year in Hamburg, Germany.
It started as an unimportant race in 1996, but because cycling became very popular in Germany it was made a part of the UCI Road World Cup in 1998. Since 2005, it is a part of the UCI ProTour.
The route of the race changes, but is about 250 km long. During a number of laps through Hamburg, the Waseberg hill is climbed a several times. The cyclists also race over Hamburg's highest bridge Köhlbrandbrücke. Unlike many races the Cyclassic race almost never ends in a "mass sprint", that is, with a lot of riders close together racing to the finish line.
There is an amateur part of the Cyclassics. Earlier on the day of the race there are three "Jedermann-Rennen". Anybody ("jedermann") with a ticket can take part in these races ("rennen") over 55 km, 100 km and 155 km. Tickets must be reserved months in advance. In 2005 there were 20000 amateurs on the course.
The sponsor of the Cyclassics, was the "Hamburg Electrizität Werke", Hamburg electricity plant or "HEW", after it became part of the big "Vattenfall" company the Cyclassic changed its name too, and from 2006 this cycling race has been known as the Vattenfall Cyclassics.

Gothic language
The Gothic language is an extinct Germanic language. It it is the East Germanic language, with the biggest number of texts surviving today. It had died out by the 8th century, perhaps the early 9th century. It was spoken by the Goths.
Probably one of the best known works of the language is Wulfila's translation of the Bible. This work is known as the Wulfila Bible (or "Gothic Bible"). This translation was done in the 3rd century.

Ernest MacMillan
Sir Ernest MacMillan (born Mimico, Ontario, 18 August 1893; died 6 May 1973) was a famous Canadian conductor and composer.
MacMillan's father was a Scottish Presbyterian minister and musician. He was a child prodigy. He gave his first organ recital in Massey Hall at the age of ten. After studying in Britain and gaining the ARCO and FRCO diplomas at the Royal College of Organists, he studied modern history at the University of Toronto from 1911 to 1914.
Prisoner in Germany.
In 1914 he went to Europe. He wanted to study at the Paris Conservatoire but this was closed because of the political situation. He went on to Germany to attend the Bayreuth Festival, but World War I started and he was taken prisoner and kept at the Ruhleben civilian detention camp near Berlin. He helped the other people who were prisoners in the camp to put on concerts. He gave talks about classical music and conducted a performance of the Gilbert and Sullivan opera "Mikado" as well as a pantomime version of "Cinderella". This helped him to get experience in conducting. He also took part in the drama productions. He studied hard and was given a BA degree from the University of Toronto (1915) and a D Mus from the University of Oxford (1918), although he was locked up in the camp all this time.
After the war.
After the war he returned to Canada where he gave organ recitals and lectured about his experiences in Ruhleben. From 1926 to 1942 he was principal of the "Toronto Conservatory of Music", later to become the Royal Conservatory of Music. He was the conductor of the Toronto Symphony Orchestra between 1931 and 1956. He did a lot for music in Canada,and he was knighted in 1935 by King George V. In 1969 he was made a Companion of the Order of Canada. He died in Toronto in 1973.
When he conducted he often took the music very slowly. This gave him the nickname "Lord Largo" ("Largo" means "slow and broad" in music). He had an amazing musical memory and he could improvise very well. MacMillan helped to record and preserve the traditional songs and music of Canada's aboriginal or First Nations people. He had an important influence on almost every part of Canadian musical life.

Colin McRae
Colin McRae (August 5, 1968 – September 15, 2007) was a Scottish Rally car driver. He was one of the best rally drivers in the world. On September 15, 2007, he died with his son on a helicopter crash.

Benjamin Dale
Benjamin Dale (born London 17 July 1885; died London 30 July 1943) was a British composer.
Dale won many prizes at the Royal Academy of Music for composition when he was still very young. He wrote a " Piano sonata in D minor" which shows the influence of Romantic composers such as Liszt and Schumann. It was played by pianists such as York Bowen and Dame Myra Hess who were becoming famous. He wrote music for viola for Lionel Tertis to play.
He was in Germany when World War I broke out and was a prisoner in the camp at Ruhleben. There were other musicians there, including the Canadian Ernest MacMillan who later became a famous conductor. They organized a lot of musical events at the camp. Ernest MacMillan gave lectures about each of the nine symphonies by Beethoven, after which he and Dale would play the whole symphony in a piano duet arrangement.
After the war he worked as an Associated Board examiner. He became professor of harmony at the Royal Academy of Music. He continued to compose music. His ballade for violin was especially popular. Dale’s music is not played much today, but there have been some attempts to make his music known again through CD recordings.

The Chaser's War On Everything
"The Chaser’s War on Everything" is a comedy television series. It is on the ABC in Australia on Wednesday nights. The series is replayed on Friday nights and again (on a different channel) on Sunday nights. The series is hosted by a group of men called The Chaser.
Overview.
The series has the men doing stunts and tricks. Sometimes these tricks have been known to be dangerous (such as in one episode, cutting across lanes of traffic to stay behind a mobile advertisement), causing the television program Today Tonight to show a story on how dangerous this stunt was. At the end of each episode, there is a parody song performed, usually about the national government.
Stunts.
One of the most famous tricks that has been on the series was when the group tricked security at the APEC Meeting in Sydney in 2007. They drove past two checkpoints in a fake motorcade, using fake access passes. One member of The Chaser was dressed up as Osama bin Laden, causing a massive security scare just metres from where George Bush was staying. 12 crew members were arrested, charged and later released on bail.

Illyria
Illyria was a ancient region in the western part of today's Balkan Peninsula, by tribes of Illyrians a old people who spoke the Illyrian languages.

Battle of Kosovo
The Battle of Kosovo was a battle between Serbian forces and the Ottoman Empire. The result was an Ottoman victory.
The battle was fought on St Vitus' Day (June 15 is now celebrated on the 28th) 1389.

Worcester
Worcester is a city in the West Midlands region of England. With an estimated population of 94,300, Worcester is the county town of Worcestershire. It is located about 30 miles (48 km) southwest of Birmingham and 29 miles (47 km) north of Gloucester. The River Severn runs through the middle of the city and the cathedral overlooks the river.

Stoke-on-Trent
Stoke-on-Trent is a city in Staffordshire in the West Midlands region of England. It is also a unitary authority.
Stoke-on-Trent is sometimes known to be the home of the pottery industry in the United Kingdom and is commonly known as The Potteries.
"Stoke upon Trent" is a town inside the city.

Triton (moon)
Triton "(trye'-tən,", Greek "Τρίτων)," or Neptune I, is the planet Neptune's largest moon and the seventh largest moon in the Solar System. Triton has a complicated geological history and it is thought to have a comparatively young surface compared to the age of the solar system itself. It was discovered by British astronomer William Lassell on October 10 1846, just 17 days after Neptune itself was discovered by German astronomer Johann Gottfried Galle. It is also believed to be a captured Kuiper Belt object, and is the coldest known body in the Solar System.
Triton is also falling into a lowering orbit. In about one billion years, Triton is calculated that it will either collide into Neptune's atmosphere, or break up into ring systems similar to those patterns of Saturn's.

Kulykol
Kulykol is a lake in northeastern Kazakhstan. About 40 km south is Aike; 18 km to the west is the Russian border.

Pierre Curie
Pierre Curie (Paris, France, May 15, 1859 – April 19, 1906, Paris) was a French physicist.
He shared the 1903 Nobel Prize in physics with his wife, Marie Curie and Henri Becquerel
Work.
Pierre Curie is not as well known as Marie Curie. But Pierre and his brother did a lot of important work before Pierre married and started working with his wife Marie Curie. They were the first to use the term "radioactivity," and were pioneers in its study. Pierre and his brother Jacques built a special meter for measuring small amounts of electricity which Pierre and Marie used in their other discoveries.
Pierre died after a carriage accident in Paris on April 19, 1906. His head crushed under the wheels. If he had lived he would probably have died by radiation poisoning as Marie did. As they were the first to study radioactivity they did not know how dangerous it was.
After Pierre's death a group of scientists at the Radiology Congress decided to honour him by naming the unit of radioactivity a curie.
Children.
Pierre and Marie Curie's daughter Irène Joliot-Curie and their son-in-law Frédéric Joliot-Curie were also physicists involved in the study of radioactivity, and were also awarded the Nobel prize for their work. Their other daughter Eve wrote her mother's biography. His grand-daughter Hélène Langevin-Joliot is a professor of nuclear physics at the University of Paris and his grandson, Pierre Joliot, who was named after him, is a noted biochemist.

Hindustani language
Hindustani is a language. It is made up of the common parts of Hindi and Urdu. Hindi and Urdu have very similar grammar. They also have many words in common.

Masala
Masala or Massala is a word used in India. When Indian people talk about cooking, they mean a mixure of many spices, when they refer to Masala.
Masala is also a style of Indian movies where there is a mix of various styles of movies in one movie. For example, a movie can show action, comedy, drama, and romance. This movie style is used very often in South Indian films as it helps make the movies appeal to more viewers. Famous masala directors include S. Shankar, Perarasu and K. S. Ravikumar.

Maya languages
The Maya languages (or Mayan languages) is a group of languages spoken in Central America.
Mayan languages are spoken by at least 6 million indigenous Maya. Most of them are in Guatemala, Mexico, or Belize. In 1996, Guatemala formally recognized 21 Mayan languages by name, and Mexico recognises eight more.
The Mayan language family is one of the best documented and most studied in the Americas. Modern Mayan languages come from Proto-Mayan, a language which was probably spoken at least 5,000 years ago. It has been partially reconstructed.

Soconusco
Soconusco is a region of the Mexican state of Chiapas. It is in the most southern part of the state. It borders the Republic of Guatemala on the southeast, the regions Costa, Sierra and Fraylesca of Chiapas on the east and north, and the shore of the Pacific Ocean on the southwest. It is a region of rich lowlands and foothills. The economic center of Soconusco is Tapachula.
The name comes from the Nahuatl word "xoconostle", meaning the fruit of the prickly pear cactus. It was, under the Mexican culture, the farthest region of trade. The area provided jaguar pelts, cacao, and quetzal feathers for the ruling classes in the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan.
The Soconusco region is the main coffee-producing region in Chiapas. It has many plantations farther inland in the foothills of the Sierra Madre del Sur.

Chiapas
Chiapas is the southernmost state of Mexico. It is located towards the southeast of the country. Chiapas is bordered by the states of Tabasco to the north, Veracruz to the northwest, and Oaxaca to the west. To the east Chiapas borders Guatemala, and to the south the Pacific Ocean.
Chiapas has an area of. The 2005 census population was 4,293,459 people.
In general Chiapas has a humid, tropical weather. In the north, in the area bordering Tabasco, near Teapa, rainfall can be more than 3,000 mm (118 in) per year. In the past, natural vegetation at this region was lowland, tall perennial rainforest, but this vegetation has been destroyed almost completely to give way to agriculture and ranching. Rainfall decreases moving towards the Pacific Ocean, but it is still abundant enough to allow the farming of bananas and many other tropical crops near Tapachula. On the several parallel "sierras" or mountain ranges running along the center of Chiapas, climate can be quite temperate and foggy. This allows the development of cloud forests like those of the Reserva de la Biosfera el Triunfo, home to a handful of quetzals and horned guans.
The state capital is Tuxtla Gutiérrez. Other cities and towns in Chiapas include San Cristóbal de las Casas, Comitán, and Tapachula. Chiapas is also home to the ancient Maya ruins of Palenque, Yaxchilan, Bonampak, Chinkultic, and Tonina.
Most people in Chiapas are poor, rural small farmers. About one quarter of the population are of full or predominant Maya descent, and in rural areas many do not speak Spanish. The state suffers from the highest rate of malnutrition in Mexico. This rate is estimated to affect over 40% of the population.
Other social issues involve the increasing presence of the Central American gangs known as Maras, and illegal immigration from Central America in general. This migration is mostly directed towards the United States, but it makes local poverty even worse. Many times, there are abuse and Human Rights violations that touch these migrants.
In 1994, there was an outbreak of violence between the Mexican Government and the Zapatista Army of National Liberation (the EZLN or Zapatistas). Today, the EZLN (Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional, named in honour of Emiliano Zapata) has rejected the use of force and seek to be recognized as a voice of the poor. There are currently 32 "rebel autonomous zapatista municipalities" (independent Zapatista communities, MAREZ in Spanish), controlled by the EZLN in Chiapas: examples of these communities are Ocosingo and Las Margaritas.

Urbanism
Urbanism is the study of cities. Urbanists look at the different factors present in a city. A city is different from rural areas. There are certain things than make people come to a city, to live and work there. There are also certain factors, like where the city is located, that have an influence on the economic, social and cultural development of that city.

Teotihuacán
Teotihuacán was a city in pre-Columbian America. At the time it was most populated, it was the largest known city there.
This was from about the 1st century to about the 5th century.
The civilization and culture lived around this city is also called Teotihuacán. Its importent position can be seen in various sites in Veracruz, and the area controlled by the Maya civilisation.
The city is about 40km away from today Mexico City in the State of Mexico. It is about 83 km² in surface. It was made a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987.
Name.
The name "Teotihuacán" was given by the Nahuatl-speaking Aztec centuries after the fall of the city. The original name of the city is unknown. It can be seen in hieroglyphs in inscriptions, though. Nahuatl creation myths took place in the city. The Nauhatl therefore translates to 'birthplace of the gods. '
The Maya seemed to have referred to it as "puh", as "place of reeds". This is similar to other Central Mexican settlements that took the name 'Tollan' such as Tula-Hidalgo and Cholula. It looks like "Tollan" was a general term, used for large settlements. In the concept of urbanism of the time, "Tollan" and other names seemed like a metaphor. They linked the bundles of reeds and rushes that formed part of the environment of the Valley of Mexico and the large gathering of people in a city.
Origins and foundation.
The early history of Teotihuacán is still debated. At first, archeologists beleieved the city was built by the Toltec people. The Toltec were an early Mexican civilisation. Archeologists believed this, because it is what the Aztecs wrote about the city. The Nahuatl word "Toltec" means "great craftsman". There are some cases where it does not refer to the Toltec civilisation. Teotihuacan also seems to be older than the Toltec civilisation. This means the Toltec have probably not founded the city.
Other people believe the Totonac were the founders of Teotihuacán. The debate continues to this day. At least some of the people living in Teotihuacán seemed to have come from areas influenced by the Teotihuacano civilization. This includes the Zapotec, Mixtec and Maya peoples. The culture and architecture of Teotihuacán was also influenced by the Olmec people. They are considered to be the "mother civilization" of Mesoamerica. The earliest buildings at Teotihuacán date to about 200 BCE, and the largest pyramid, the Pyramid of the Sun, was completed by 100 CE.
Zenith.
The city reached its zenith between 150 and 450. It was the center of a powerful culture whose influence extended through much of the Mesoamerican region. At its height the city covered over 30 km² (over 11½ square miles). It probably housed a population of over 150,000 people, possibly as many as 250,000.. Various districts in the city housed people from across the Teotihuacano region of influence that spread south as far as Guatemala. There seem to be no fortifications or military structures in the city.
Different researchers have discussed what the relations the city had with the other cultural centers of the region might have been like. The most notable other civilsation in the region were the Mayas. Researchers agree that there was a big cultural exchange between Teothihuacan and its neighbours. Teotihuacan-inspired ideologies" and motifs persisted at Maya centres into the Late Classic long after Teotihuacan itself had declined.. The ideas of "exchange" range from a military domination of Teotihuacan over its neighbours to a policy of adopting 'foreign' traits, if they were useful.
Architectural styles from Teotihuacán can also be found in Mesoamerican sites far away. Some researchers see this as evidence for Teotihuacan's far-reaching interactions and political or militaristic dominance. A style that has been particularly associated with Teotihuacan is known as "talud-tablero". In this style, an inwards-sloping external side of a structure ("talud") is below a rectangular panel ("tablero"). Variants of the generic style can be found in some Maya region sites. These sites include Tikal, Kaminaljuyu, Copan, Becan and Oxkintok. They can be found particularly in the Petén Basin and the central Guatemalan highlands. The Talud-Tablero style is probably older than Teotihuacán. It seems to have come from the Tlaxcala-Puebla region, originally. The style seemed to have appeared at Tikal before the 5th century, where Teotihuacán-related motives also appear. The style seems to have spread through the region form the end of the Preclasic period, unrelated to the influence of Teotihuacán. It is currently unclear where the style originally came from, and how it arrived in the Maya region.
The city was a center of industry. Many potters, jewelers and craftsmen lived there. Many obsidian artifacts were produced in Teotihuacán. Unfortunately no ancient Teotihuacano non-ideographic texts are known to exist (or known to have existed). Mentions of the city in inscriptions from Maya cities show that Teotihuacán nobility travelled to local rulers, as far away as Honduras. It might have conquered them. Maya inscriptions mention an individual nicknamed by scholars as "Spearthrower Owl". He seems to have been a ruler of Teotihuacán, who reigned for over 60 years. He installed his relatives as rulers of Tikal and Uaxactún in Guatemala. Most of what we infer about the culture at Teotihuacán comes from the murals on the site and others, like the Wagner Murals, found in private collections, and from hieroglyphic inscriptions made by the Maya describing their encounters with Teotihuacano conquerors.
Collapse.
At first, people believed that sometime in the 7th or 8th century, the city was sacked and burnt by invaders. The Toltecs might have invaded the city. More recent research shows, that the burning and looting seems to be limited to the structures and houses of the elite. This evidence makes an uprising more likely than invasion. The invasion theory is also flawed, because excavation and restoration work started with the temples, and palaces. All these structures showed burning. The archaeologists then concluded, that probably the whole city was burnt.
The destruction seems to have been focused on structures along the Avenue of the Dead. Some statues seem to have been destroyed in a rather methodical way. The population in the city started to decline around the 6th century. This supports the hypothesis that there was unrest in the city. The decline in population is generally linked to droughts. These were linked to climate change, occurring in 535-536. There also seem to be more skeletons of young people, and more evidence of malnutrition in city in the 6th century.
There is no conflict between the theories. Both increased warfare and internal unrest can also be effects of a general period of drought and famine.
Other cities nearby tried to take the position of Teotihuacán. These include Cholula, Xochicalco, and Cacaxtla. They tried to fill the power vacuum left by Teotihuacán's decline. They may have aligned themselves against Teotihuacán to reduce its influence and power. The art and architecture at these sites show an interest in emulating Teotihuacán forms. There is also but also a broader mix of motifs and iconography from other parts of Mesoamerica, particularly the Maya region.
Teotihuacano culture.
Teotihuacán was a multi-ethnic city, with distinct Zapotec, Mixtec, Maya and what seem to be Nahua quarters. The Totonacs have always maintained that they were the ones who built it, a story that was corroborated later by the Aztecs.
In his 2001 paper, Terrence Kaufman shows linguistic evidence that suggests that an important ethnic group in Teotihuacán spoke Totonacan and/or Mixe-Zoquean languages. He uses this to explain general influences from Totonacan and Mixe-Zoquean languages in many other Mesoamerican languages. Many of these languages do not have any known history of contact with either of the above-mentioned groups.
The religion of Teotihuacán is similar to those of other Mesoamerican cultures. Many of the same gods were worshipped. This includes the Feathered Serpent and The Rain god. Teotihuacán was a major religious centre. The priests probably had a great deal of political power. As with other Mesoamerican cultures, Teotihuacános practised human sacrifice. Human bodies and animal sacrifices have been found during excavations of the pyramids at Teotihuacán. When the buildings were expanded, sacrifices were probably made to dedicate the new building. The victims could have been enemy warriors captured in battle. They were then brought to the city to be ritually sacrificed so the city could prosper. Some were decapitated, others had their hearts removed, still others were killed by being hit several times over the head. Some were even buried alive. Animals that were considered sacred and represented mythical powers and military might were also buried alive. They were imprisoned in cages, though. Cougars, a wolf, eagles, a falcon, an owl, and even venomous snakes were among those found.
Site layout.
The city's broad central avenue, called "Avenue of the Dead" (a translation from its Nahuatl name "Miccaotli"), is flanked by impressive ceremonial architecture, including the immense Pyramid of the Sun (second largest in the New World after the Great Pyramid of Cholula) and the Pyramid of the Moon. Along the Avenue of the Dead are many smaller talud-tablero platforms. The Aztecs believed they were tombs, inspiring the name of the avenue. Now they are known to be ceremonial platforms that were topped with temples. Further down the Avenue of the Dead is the area known as the Citadel, containing the ruined Temple of the Feathered Serpent. This area was a large plaza surrounded by temples that formed the religious and political center of the city. The name "Citadel" was given to it by the Spanish, who believed it was a fort. Many of the rich and powerful Teotihuacanos lived in Palaces near the temples, the largest of these covering more than 3300 m². Most of the common people lived in large apartment buildings spread across the city. Many of the buildings contained workshops that produced pottery and other goods.
The geographical layout of Teotihuacán is a good example of the Mesoamerican tradition of planning cities, settlements and buildings as a representation of the Teotihuacano view of the Universe. Its urban grid is aligned to precisely 15.5º east of North. The Street of the Dead, in particular, seems to line up with Cerro Gordo to the north of the Pyramid of the Moon. Pecked-cross circles throughout the city and in the surrounding regions indicate how the grid was managed over long distances.
Archaeological site.
Knowledge of the huge ruins of Teotihuacán was never lost. After the fall of the city, various squatters lived on the site. During Aztec times, the city was a place of pilgrimage and identified with the myth of Tollan, the place where the sun was created. Teotihuacán astonished the Spanish "conquistadores" during the post-conquest era. Today Teotihuacán is one of the most noted archaeological attractions in Mexico.
Excavations and investigations.
Minor archaeological excavations were conducted in the 19th century, and in 1905 major projects of excavation and restoration began under archaeologist Leopoldo Batres. The Pyramid of the Sun was restored to celebrate the centennial of Mexican Independence in 1910. Major programs of excavation and restoration were carried out in 1960-65 and 1980-82. Recent projects at the Pyramid of the Moon and the Pyramid of the Feathered Serpent have greatly expanded evidence of cultural practices. Teotihuacán features museums and reconstructed structures.

Deadwood (TV series)
"Deadwood" is an American dramatic television series. It was first shown in March 2004 on HBO. The series is a Western set in the 1870s in Deadwood, South Dakota. At the time, Deadwood was little more than a camp, but it was a popular place to go for those searching for gold in the Black Hills. The series shows Deadwood's growth from camp to town. It deals with ideas ranging from the creation of communities to western capitalism.
"Deadwood" features many historical people. For example, Wild Bill Hickok, Seth Bullock, Sol Star, Calamity Jane, Al Swearengen, Wyatt Earp, E. B. Farnum, Charlie Utter and George Hearst have all been used in the series. The stories that deal these characters include historical truths as well as fictional parts. Some of the characters are fully fictional, but they may have been based on actual persons.
The series was created by David Milch ("NYPD Blue"). He was also executive producer and head writer of the show. The theme music was written by David Schwartz.
The third and final season ended on August 27, 2006.

Tim Minear
Tim Minear (born October 29, 1963) is an American screenwriter and director. He was born in New York, grew up in Whittier, California. He studied film at California State University, Long Beach.
Minear was an assistant director on the movie "Platoon". He wrote episodes for several television series including "The X-Files" and "Lois and Clark". He later wrote, executive-produced, and directed episodes of "Strange World", "Angel", "Firefly", "Wonderfalls", and "The Inside" (which he also created, with Howard Gordon).
Minear had another series, "Drive", airing on FOX in April 2007, however it was cancelled by the network after only four episodes. Drive was set to return with two additional episodes on July 4th, 2007, but these were rescheduled to July 13th and then cancelled.
Minear often works with Joss Whedon. His work is usually includes a sharp, black humor. He is known for his ability to create characters who are sympathetic, understandable and completely wrong. The best example of this is his writing in "Angel" Season Two.

Lamella (zoology)
A Lamella (plural: lamellae) is a soft, thin plate attached to the bony gill arches in a fish's gills.
Lamellae also appear in other animals, for example water birds and ducks, as a filter when feeding for organisms or plant matter.

Lamella
Lamella is a Latin word meaning "layer", or something which is like a "plate".

Sütterlin
Sütterlinschrift, Sütterlin or Suetterlin script is a form of German handwriting. It was taught in German schools from 1915 to 1941.
In the 19th century the common form of German handwriting was German Kurrent. It uses very thin lines and sharp edges. Many students in primary school found it difficult to learn. So in 1911 the German designer and teacher Ludwig Sütterlin was asked to design a simpler script. Sütterlin script has thicker lines and rounder edges than German Kurrent. It can be easily written with any pen.
In everyday language some people call any handwritten blackletter script "Sütterlin".

Runic calendar
The Runic calendar also "Rune staff" or "Runic Almanac" is a perpetual calendar based on the 19 year long Metonic cycle of the Moon.
A typical Runic calendar consisted of several horizontal lines of symbols, one above the other.
Special days like solstices, equinoxes, and celebrations (including Christian holidays and feasts) were marked with additional lines of symbols.

Agha Petros
Agha Petros (Syriac: ܐܓܐ ܦܜܪܘܣ; born 1 April 1880, died 2 February 1932) was an Assyrian General during World War I. Petros was born in the Lower Baz village, Ottoman Empire.
Agha Petros defeated the Turks in Sauj Bulak and drove them back to Rowanduz. Agha Petros had no real influence over Assyrians or Armenians, and was not trusted by many of them.

Classical Latin
Classical Latin is the form of the Latin language used by the ancient Romans and is mostly known as "classical" Latin literature. Its use helped the Golden Age of Latin literature— during the 1st century BC and the early 1st century AD—possibly extending to the Silver Age—broadly the 1st and 2nd centuries.

Syriac language
Syriac ("leššānā Suryāyā") is an Eastern Aramaic language that was spoken long ago across much of the Fertile Crescent. It was a big literary language throughout the Middle East from the second to the eighth century AD.

Louis Charles Antoine Desaix
Louis Charles Antoine Desaix (August 17, 1768 – June 14, 1800) was a general of France.
Napoleon Bonaparte created two monuments in the memory of Desaix; they are "Desaix" on the "Place Dauphine" and "Place des Victoires" in Paris.

Monte Melkonian
Monte Melkonian (born November 25, 1957 – June 12, 1993) was a well-known Armenian military commander in the Nagorno-Karabakh war. He is largely known for major military victories against Azerbaijan from the late autumn of 1992 to his death in June 1993. Melkonian had no prior service record in any country's army before being placed in command of an estimated 4,000 men in the war. He had largely built his military education beginning from the late 1970s and 1980s where he fought against the various splintering factions in the Lebanese Civil War, against Israeli troops in the Israeli invasion of Lebanon and was a member of the Armenian guerrilla organization ASALA.

Israel Defense Forces
The Israel Defense Forces (IDF) (Hebrew: צבא ההגנה לישראל} ', "Army (or Force, literally "Host") for the Defense of Israel", known in Israel by the Hebrew acronym צה"ל, Tzahal), is the name of Israel's military forces, and the Israeli Army, Air Force and Sea Corps.

Government of the Dominican Republic
The Constitution of the Dominican Republic says that the country is a presidential democratic republic. It is a republic because the chief of State is a president, and not a king, queen or emperor. It is presidential because the president is also the head of government and there is not a prime minister as in other countries. It is democratic because the president, vice-president and the members of Congress are elected by the people.
National government.
The Constitution also says that there are three branches of government with separation of powers. They are the "executive branch", the "legislative branch", and the "judicial branch". The three branches are independent from each other.
Executive branch.
The executive branch is the part of the government that enforces the law. The people elects a President (and a Vice-President) who is the leader of the executive branch, as well as the leader of the Armed Forces. The President decides whether or not the bills that the Legislative branch passes will become laws. He may also make "decrees" to govern the country and to name persons in different positions. The President is in charge of many departments that control all of the different parts of the government. These departments are called Secretaries of State because they help the President to govern the country. For example, the Secretary of State of Agriculture takes care of the agriculture of the country. The President may serve two 4-year terms, making 8 years in all.
Legislative branch.
The legislative branch is the part of the government that makes laws. The legislative branch is made up of Congress, which is located in Santo Domingo, the capital of the Dominican Republic. The Congress is divided into two groups or "chambers".
One group is the Chamber of Deputies ("Cámara de Diputados"). The Chamber of Deputies is made up of Deputies, who are each elected by voters from their own province. The number of Deputies a province has is based on how many people live there: the more people a province has, the more deputies it gets. No province can have less than two Deputies. Deputies serve 4-year terms. The total number of Deputies for the period 2006-2010 is 178.
The other house is the Senate ("Senado"). In the Senate, each province is represented equally, by one Senator. Senators serve 4-year terms. There are 32 Senators, one for every province and one for the National District, where the capital city is.
Judicial branch.
The judicial branch is the part of government makes sure that the laws are obeyed and interprets what the law means. The judicial branch is made up of the Supreme Court and many lower courts. If the Supreme Court decides that a law is not allowed by the Constitution, then it is not a law anymore. The Supreme Court is made up of at least 11 judges. The head of the Supreme Court is called the President of the Supreme Court. A Supreme Court Justice serves until he or she either dies, or resigns (quits in the middle of his or her term). The Supreme Court controls all the courts in the country.
Provincial and municipal government.
There is a governor in every province; there is not a governor in the National District, where is the capital of the country. The governors are only representatives of the President of the Republic.
Every province is divided into two or more municipalities (Spanish: "municipios", singular "municipio"); the Distrito Nacional has only one municipality - Santo Domingo.
Municipalities.
There are only two branches in the municipalities: the executive and the legislative. They are elected for four years by the people that lives in the municipality.
The Mayor ("Síndico") is the head of the executive branch and the Municipal Council ("Ayuntamiento") is the legislative branch.
The rural parts of a municipality are divided into "Secciones" (singular, "Sección"; in English, "section"); every "Sección" has a person which represents the municipal administration.
The Dominican Republic has 154 municipalities ("municipios") (June 20 2006).
Municipal districts.
A municipality can have one municipal district ("distrito municipal") or more. A municipal council ("Junta Municipal") for such a municipal district is elected by the municipal council of the municipality to which it belongs and not for the people that lives there.
There are 202 municipal districts ("distrito municipal") in the Dominican Republic (June 20 2006).

Massacres in Harput District
Massacres in Harput District also Kharput were a large scale of massacres that happened in the district.
Background.
In May 1915, before the start of the deportations, the authorities in Harput began to mount systematic searches for arms in Armenian shops and homes in the twin cities and the surrounding villages.
In the words of an eye-witness.
Denmark's minister in Turkey during the First World War. "The Turks are vigorously carrying through their cruel intention, to exterminate the Armenian people," Carl Wandel wrote on 3 July 1915. The Bishop of Karput was ordered to leave Aleppo within 48 hours "and it has later been learned that this Bishop and all the clergy that accompanied him have been... killed between Diyarbekir and Urfa at a place where approximately 1,700 Armenian families have suffered the same fate... In Angora... approximately 6,000 men... have been shot on the road... even here in Constantinople (Istanbul), Armenians are being abducted and sent to Asia..."
Attack by Kurds.
The first sign of dangers was the appearance on the plain of bands of Kurds from the regions north and east. Villages were attacked, looted and burned, while the villagers were killed or scattered. For a time the marauders seemed to hold aloof from the city itself, but as they kept on their course of pillage their appetite for plunder was whetted, and they looked with avaricious eyes at the city on the hill.

Tour de Pologne
The Tour de Pologne (English: "Tour of Poland") is a road bicycle racing stage race. It consists of seven or eight stages, and was first held in 1928. Until 1952, the race was not held every year, but since then there has been a Tour "annually" (every year). When Eastern Europe was communist-controlled there were no professional cyclists, so until the early 1990s, the race was for amateurs only, and the winners mostly came from Poland.
Although the Tour de Pologne had not reached a high status, and was little known, the International Cycling Union (UCI) decided to make it a part of the UCI ProTour from 2005, which means that the major cycling teams compete in the race.

Atlas Shrugged
"Atlas Shrugged" is a long book by the Russian philosopher Ayn Rand, first published in 1957 in the United States. It was a very important book which sold a lot. It was her last fiction book she wrote before beginning to write non-fiction.
Subject.
"Atlas Shrugged" says that if people cared about themselves, the world will be better.
If we did not make other people give up what they want for what we want, the world would be better.
Plot.
"Atlas Shrugged" is a philosophical novel in the form of an exciting mystery and romantic love story. Its main protagonist is Dagny Taggart, a young woman who actually (although not in name) runs the country's pre-eminent transcontinental railroad. The story takes place before the era of commonplace air travel, when trains were the main means of interstate commerce and travel.
Dagny becomes alarmed to find that the country's great minds are disappearing. The men who are the giants of industry and science are abandoning their fields and physically vanishing. She sets out to find out who "the Destroyer" is, the man she believes is seducing them away from their lifes work. She begins searching for him.
During her search, the state of the country and of the world declines greatly. Without the men of genius, industries grind to a halt. The economy falters and recedes.
Finally Dagny finds the man who she had termed the Destroyer. In reality he is a man of high integrity and principle. He lured the industrialists and scientists away from their work by convincing them that working for a world which despises them, and which takes their efforts without adequate compensation, is not only counter-productive but immoral as well. He has formed a secret community with them, in a hidden valley.
In the end, Dagny is won over to this view. She joins this man (his name is John Galt) both philosophically and romantically. Their goal is to bring down society as it exists, so that a new society can be reborn which truly respects genius, hard work, and integrity. Signs are seen at the end of the novel that people are slowly realizing, as the old world crumbles around them, the virtue of living a life of responsibility and respect for the ideas and hard work of others.

Basilisk
Basilisks are a type lizards. They are about 70-75 cm long, when fully grown, and weights about 80 grams. They can be found in Latin America. Currently, there are 4 different species.

Hindu calendar
The Hindu calendar used in ancient times has changed during regionalization, and today there are several regional Indian calendars, and an Indian national calendar.

Taíno
The Taínos were pre-Columbian indigenous people that came from the Caribbean coast of South America, going northward to the island chain of the Lesser Antilles to the Greater Antilles, around 1200 CE.
When Christopher Columbus came to the Americas, the Taínos were living in the Bahamas, the Greater Antilles (Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola and Puerto Rico) and some islands of the northern Lesser Antilles. They had a culture different from that of the Arawaks of South America. They were the first people that the Spanish met in the Americas.
Name.
The name Taíno was given by Columbus when he met some native men and they said "Taíno, Taíno", meaning "We are good, noble"; Columbus thought that Taíno was the name of the people.
Rouse divides the Taínos into three main groups: Classic Taíno, from Hispaniola and Puerto Rico, Western Taíno or sub-Taíno, from Jamaica, Cuba (except for the western tip of the island) and the Bahamas, and Eastern Taíno, from the Virgin Islands to Montserrat.
The Taínos of the Bahamas were known as the Lucayan (the Bahamas being known then as the "Lucayas"); Lucayos were Taínos but with a culture less developed and archeologists call them as sub-Taínos.
Origins.
The ancestors of the Taínos went from the center of the Amazon Basin to the Orinoco valley. From there they got to the Caribbean islands through Guyana and Venezuela.
Another theory says that the ancestors of the Taínos came from the Colombian Andes.
The Taíno culture developed in the Greater Antilles.
Culture and lifestyle.
Taíno society was divided into two classes: "naborias" (common people) and " nitaínos" (nobles). These were governed by chiefs known as "caciques" (who were either male or female). There were also "bohiques" (medicine men).
The Taínos lived in villages called "yucayeques"; those in the Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico were the largest and those in the Bahamas were the smallest villages. They built large round houses called "bohio" where several families lived. The cacique and his family lived in a rectangular house called "caney". They slept on cotton hammocks ("hamacas").
They played a ball game called "batey". "Batey" was also the name of the place where they played and had dances. The cacique sat on a chair of wood called "duho", or "dujo".

The New York Times
The "New York Times", often called just the "Times" is a newspaper maker in New York City and is made worldwide. It is owned by The New York Times Company, which makes 15 other newspapers.
"The New York Times" also has a national list of bestselling books, in several categories.

Nairi
The Nairi (Armenian: Նաիրի) were a late Bronze Age people who lived in the area of the later Kingdom of Urartu, around Lake Van, in what is now the East Anatolia Region.
The name.
To this day, Nairi ("Yerkir Nairi", Arm.- Country of Nairi) is used as one of the names for Armenia, and is also a common Armenian name. It is also often used by Armenian poets, including Vahan Terian (author of "Am I the last poet of Nairi?"), Yeghishe Charents, and Vahagn Davtian.

Hayasa-Azzi
Hayasa-Azzi or Azzi-Hayasa, Haisa () were a people and area, in North of the Euphrates and to the South of Hayasa. It is not known if their language was Indo-European or Hurrian because there is no records of their language.

Ancient Armenia
Ancient Armenia was a rocky land of ravines, rivers, rugged cliffs, and hundreds of stone monuments and churches. Many survive to this day inside the Turkish border near Armenia. Armenia anciently had far more bigger land than it has now.
Ancient Armenia grew larger into parts of what are now Turkey and Iran.
Religion.
De Morgan has said there are signs which show that the Armenians, as their other Aryan relatives, were nature worshipers and that this faith in time was later changed to the worship of national gods, of which many were the equivalents of the gods in the Roman, Greek and Persian cultures. The main proto-Armenian (Aryan) god was Ar, the god of Sun, Fire and Revival. The Armenian hypothesis of Indo-European origins connects the name with the "Ar-" Armenian root meaning light, sun, fire found in Arev (Sun), Arpi (Light of heaven), Ararich (God or Creator), Ararat (place of Arar), Aryan, Arta etc. According to the researchers, the name of Ardini religious center of ancient Urartu also related to the god Ar-Arda. The cult of Ar appear in Armenian Highland during 5-3th millennium BC and had common Indo-European recognition: Ares (Greek), Ahuramazd (Persian) Ertag (German), Ram (Indian), Yar-Yarilo (Slavonic) etc.. After adoption of Christianity the cult of Ar was also evident in Armenia, remembered in the national myth, poetry, art and architecture.

Audition
An audition is a test to see whether a person is good enough to take part in a play or concert or to join a theatre company, dance company or orchestra.
Uses.
When people go for an audition they will normally have to prepare something to perform.
Acting.
An actor many have to be prepared to say a monologue (a speech from a play). If he (or she) is auditioning for a particular play then he will take a scene from that play, e.g. if the play is "Hamlet" a male actor who would like the part of Hamlet might have prepared the famous "To be or not to be..." monologue. The director of the play will then be able to decide whether he is good enough, or whether he might be better in another role. They may give the person who is auditioning some other tests, e.g. improvisation or acting with other people.
Music.
When a musician auditions for a job in an orchestra they will have to prepare a piece of music they know well. They may also be expected to have prepared difficult passages from well-known musical works, e.g. someone auditioning for tuned percussion might be asked to play the xylophone introduction to "Summer Time" from "Porgy and Bess", one of the hardest solos for xylophone. They will also be given some sightreading.
People can audition to sing in a choir. Dancers can audition for dancing companies.
After Audition.
In some cases people who pass an audition are still not automatically a member of a group until they have performed with the group for a trial period.
Grammar.
The word "audition" can be used as a noun or a verb.

Nikolai Gogol
Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol (Russian:; IPA:; Ukrainian:) (April 1, 1809 – March 4, 1852) was a Ukrainian writer. He came from Ukraine. His early works were heavily influenced by his Ukrainian heritage and upbringing. He wrote in Russian. His works belong to the tradition of Russian literature. The novel "Dead Souls" (1842), the play "Revizor" (1836, 1842), and the short story "The Overcoat" (1842) count among his masterpieces.

List of Presidents of the Dominican Republic
This page contains a list (modified from Moya Pons) of presidents of the Dominican Republic.

Thomas Francis Wade
Sir Thomas Francis Wade (25 August, 1818–31 July, 1895) was a London-born British diplomat and sinologist who produced a syllabary in 1859 that was later amended, extended and converted into the Wade-Giles Romanization for Mandarin Chinese by Herbert Giles in 1892. His Chinese name was Wei Tuoma (威妥瑪).

Remus Lupin
Remus Lupin is a character in the "Harry Potter" book series written by J. K. Rowling.
Lupin was bitten by a werewolf when he was very young. His parents were both upset by this, because it meant he could not go to Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. However, when Albus Dumbledore became headmaster, he let Lupin go to Howgwarts. He had a tunnel built so that Lupin could sneak out of the school during the times when he became a werewolf. This tunnel had the Whomping Willow (a violent tree that attacks those who get near it) built over it, so nobody could get to him by mistake. The tunnel led to the Shrieking Shack, a building in the wizarding village of Hogsmeade. When Lupin was in the Shrieking Shack as a werewolf, he had no humans to bite, so he often bit himself. These bites led to cries of pain that led the villagers to think that the building was haunted.
He was a wizard during Voldemort's first and second rises to power. He was member of the First and Second Order of the Phoenix and taught as the Defence Against the Dark Arts professor in the 1993-94 school year at Hogwarts. He quit at the end of the year when Severus Snape let it slip to students that he was a werewolf.
He was killed along with his wife Nymphadora Tonks in the Final Battle for Hogwarts.

Anagram
An anagram is a puzzle where the player has to rearrange all the letters in a word to make a new word.
An example would be "The Morse Code" and "Here Comes Dots".

Werewolf
A werewolf is a mythical monster. It is a human who turns into a fearsome wolf-like creature during the full moon. There are characteristics that make werewolves special, and that allow a person to tell them apart from real wolves, such as the eyes, shape, and tail. When in human form, werewolves look and act like any normal human being, although they usually appear to be ill around nights were there is a full moon. When in wolf form, the werewolf does not keep the mind of the human, and it cannot resist attacking humans; the werewolf may attack their best friends. A werewolf can be killed with silver bullets. However, a werewolf cannot be killed by silver crosses or holy water, like vampires. When a werewolf dies, it turns back into a human. It is said that humans can be turned into werewolves by having been bitten by another werewolf.
The name is derived from "wer" meaning man and "wulf" meaning wolf.

Paneuropean Picnic
The Paneuropean Picnic (also spelled Pan-European Picnic) was an event that took place on the border between Austria and Hungary near Sopron, Hungary. The event took place on August 19, 1989.
The event.
The event was planned to be a peaceful demonstration. Both countries agreed to open a gate in the border fence, between Sankt Margarethen im Burgenland (near Eisenstadt), and Sopronkőhida (Steinambrückl) on the Hungarian side of the border.
The leaders of the time were Otto von Habsburg and the Hungarian minister, Imre Pozsgay. The person who did the actual cutting of the border fence was the general secretary of the International Paneuropean Union, Walburga Habsburg Douglas. The gate was to be symbolically opened for three hours.
Problem.
More than 600 citizens of the German Democratic Republic took the chance to cross into the west once the Iron Curtain was opened. They had been told about the event by its organizers. At that time, the Hungarian border police still had orders to shoot anyone trying to cross the border illegally. However, they acted carefully and did not shoot at the fleeing people, this time.
Result.
The number of people who actually crossed the border to enter the west was only a few hundred on that first day. On the following days, the border was watched more closely, due to orders by the Hungarian government. Therefore, a smaller number of people managed to flee then. Hungary opened its borders to citizens of East Germany on September 11, 1989.
Remembering the event.
Today, the Paneuropean Picnic is seen as one of the important events that led to the end of the German Democratic Republic and the Cold War, the fall of the Iron Curtain, and the unification of the two German states.
The event is celebrated every year on August 19 on the spot where the border was opened.
Memorials.
Today, artwork made by Hungarian artists is at the place where the fence was cut. It shows a partly opened door.
In 1996, a 10 meter statue was built in Fertőrákos near Sopron. It was made by Gabriela von Habsburg. It shows a piece of barbed wire. From far away, it looks like a cross.

San Diego Wild Animal Park
The San Diego Wild Animal Park is a zoo in the San Pasqual Valley area of San Diego, California. Different kinds of wild animals including species from the continents of Africa, Asia, Europe, North and South America, and Australia are kept in the Park.
The park is 1800 acres (7 km2) and is visited by two million people each year.

Tulip
Tulip ("Tulipa") is a potflower plant. There is many races (cultivars) and species of tulips. Cultivars are used as ornamental plants.
It grows in southern Europe, north Africa, and Asia from Anatolia and Iran in the east to northeast of China and Japan.
The Tulip is most associtated with Holland.

Wolverhampton
Wolverhampton is a city in England. It is located in the West Midlands, but before 1974 it was in Staffordshire. In 2004 the city had a population of 239,100.
The city is almost always known as being named after Lady Wulfruna, who found the town in 985.

Nubia
Nubia was an ancient African Kingdom. It dates back to around 6000 BC. It was in northeastern Africa.
They were a valuable culture because of their trading abilities. They were located on the coast of the Red Sea which gave them many ports from which they were able to trade. This culture, though, had many hardships. It declined in power many times, which forced it to break up into smaller kingdoms which flourished on their own. These are commonly referred to as the A-Group, B-Group, and C-Group. Their true decline was around 350 AD, when the kingdom of Axum invaded and broke up the culture once again. This time, the culture never recovered its strength, thus ending of Historic Nubia.

Dave Batista
David Michael Bautista (born January 18 1969), better known as Dave Batista or by the ring name Batista, is an American professional wrestler. Batista is currently signed to World Wrestling Entertainment wrestling on its Raw brand.
Batista has held the World Heavyweight Championship three times, the World Tag Team Championship 3 times (with Ric Flair (2) and John Cena (1)) and the WWE Tag Team Championship once (with Rey Mysterio). He also won the Royal Rumble in 2005.
He married his wife Angie on October 13, 1998 and has two daughters and one step daughter from a prior marriage, In 2006, Batista said that he and his wife are separated.
Career.
Batista tried out at the WCW Power Plant but was told he would never make it in the wrestling business by Sgt. Buddy Lee Parker. He then went to the WWF. They sent him to work with Afa Anoa'i. He wrestled in Anoa'i's WXW promotion under the Kahn.
Ohio Valley Wrestling (2000-2002).
Batista made his Ohio Valley Wrestling debut in 2000. During his time in OVW he was called "Leviathan". He went on to win the OVW Heavyweight Championship from 'The Machine' Doug Basham. After losing the belt to The Prototype, Batista left OVW for the WWF.
World Wrestling Entertainment.
He began his WWE career on May 9 2002 as Deacon Bautista, Batista had his first WWE match in a tag match teaming with D-Von against Randy Orton and Faarooq. Batista pinned Orton to win that match. Batista later moved to "RAW", and was re-named as Dave Batista (or simply Batista). He joined with Ric Flair and fought many times with Kane, whom he beat in his first pay-per-view at Armageddon 2002.
2003-2004.
In January 2003, Batista joined with Triple H, Ric Flair, and Randy Orton to form the group Evolution. Batista did not wrestle for much of 2003 after he tore his right triceps. Batista re-tore his triceps while training. He had more problems when after his second surgery to repair his triceps he got an infection. He needed a third surgery to clean out the infection. He made his return on October 20 interfering in a match between Goldberg and Shawn Michaels.
At Armageddon 2003, Batista took part in two matches. He lost to Shawn Michaels in a singles match but won a Tag team along with Ric Flair to become the World Tag Team Champions. By the end of the PPV, all four members of Evolution held every male championship on "RAW".
Batista and Flair held the titles until February 16 2004 when they were defeated by Booker T and Rob Van Dam. They later won the titles back for a short period.
2005.
As 2005 began, Triple H believed that Batista was becoming a threat to his World Heavyweight Championship. Triple H told Batista not enter the Royal Rumble. He said it would be selfish of him to do so, and that he should be helping Triple H keep the title. Dave entered anyway and went on to win the "Royal Rumble". This earned him the right to wrestle in the main event of WrestleMania 21 against the World Champion of his choice.
In an attempt to get Batista to challenge WWE Champion John "Bradshaw" Layfield rather than him, Triple H created a plan to have Batista run over in a limousine similar the one used by Layfield. At first, Batista did not want help from Evolution in dealing with JBL. Triple H said that Evolution needed to stick together and went with him anyway. Triple H saved him from the vehicle before he got hit. Batista found out about the plan while listening Evolution members when they did not know he was there. He signed a contract for a match with World Champion Triple H at WrestleMania 21. Batista went on to win the World Heavyweight Championship on April 3 2005 at WrestleMania 21.
On June 30 2005 Batista was moved back to SmackDown! JBL and Batista wrestled for the championship at the Great American Bash on July 24 2005. JBL defeated Batista by disqualification after the referee saw Batista use a steel chair. They wrestled at SummerSlam on August 21 2005 in a No-Holds-Barred match. Batista pinned JBL to win the championship title.
WWE.com reported that Batista suffered a muscle tear in his back at the taping for the November 11 2005 edition of "SmackDown!". Plans had been made for Batista to defend the title in a match with Eddie Guerrero and Randy Orton on November 18 2005. The match did not take place because of the death of Eddie Guerrero on November 13 2005.
2006.
On January 9 2006, WWE.com announced that Batista tore his right triceps following a match with Mark Henry at a live event on January 8, 2006. The following day, WWE.com announced that, due to his injury, Batista was forced to give up the World Heavyweight Championship at the "SmackDown!" taping on January 10 2006 (aired on January 13 2006). Batista had surgery on his arm on January 12, 2006.
Batista made his return on July 7, 2006. Batista won his first televised match since his return, a six man tag match with Rey Mysterio and Lashley taking on King Booker, Finlay and Mark Henry. Oddly, Mark Henry was injured, and could not wrestle in the match between the two at The Great American Bash. Batista made several tries to win back the championship title before finally winning it back from Booker T on November 26, 2006.
2007.
Two months later at WrestleMania 23, Batista lost the championship to the winner of the Royal Rumble match, The Undertaker. They continued to fight over the title to a tie in a match at Backlash 2007. After a Steel Cage Match between the two men on May 11, Edge won the title from the Undertaker by using his Money in the Bank title opportunity. Afterwards, Batista challenged Edge three times but never won the championship. The third match included the statement that if Batista lost, he could no longer get another chance at the World Heavyweight Championship while Edge remains champion.
Edge later was injured and gave up the belt just before he was to wrestle Kane at the 2007 Great American Bash pay-per-veiw. The Great Khali became the new World Heavyweight Champion, winning a Battle Royal and eliminating Batista. Batista and Kane faced Khali at The Great American Bash where Khali retained the title. Batista finally defeated Khali, and Rey Mysterio, at Unforgiven to claim his third World Heavyweight Championship after eight consecutive tries. Batista is the second man to pin The Great Khali, the first being John Cena.
Steroid allegations.
In August 2007, Batista was said to have used anabolic steroid after an ESPN article released the names of wrestlers that bought medication from Signature Pharmacy of Orlando. Batista denied this and was said to be very mad because of the report. He denied ever being a customer of Signature, and stated that he has been "tested regularly by the WWE, and I am in full compliance with the WWE Wellness Program." The WWE punished ten wrestlers named in the issue, though Batista was not one of them.

Risk (game)
Risk is a board game which is played with two to six players each with different coloured army men.
Aim.
The main aim of the game is to conquer or dominate the whole world. Whoever does this first wins the game.
Beginning.
At the start of the game a player shuffles and deals out all of the cards. Each cards has either a country or a territory on it. When each player receives their cards, they put a soldier on their countries or territories. After they do this, they get a number of soldiers, cavalries and cannons to spread around according to which continent they want to conquer first. Then they hand their cards back and they put them all face-down on top of each other. Then the game starts.
Attacking/Defending.
Roll the red dice to attack and the white dice to defend. At the end of each turn, pick a card. With this card look at the country or territory and the soldier, cavalry or cannon. If someone conquers the country or territory on the card it belongs to him. For every country a player owned, they get two extra soldiers.

Growth
Growth means an increase in some quantity over time.

Cell growth
The term cell growth is used in two different ways in biology.
When used in the context of reproduction of living cells the phrase "cell growth" is shorthand for the idea of "growth in cell populations by means of cell reproduction".
During cell reproduction one cell (the "mother" cell) divides to produce two daughter cells.
Cell populations.
Cell populations go through a type of exponential growth called doubling. Thus, each generation of cells should be twice as numerous as the previous generation. But not all cells survive in each generation, as written by Richard Dawkins in 1997.
Cell size.
The relationship between cell size and cell division has been extensively studied in yeast. For some cells, there is a mechanism by which cell division does not begin until a cell has reached a certain size.
Cell reproduction.
Cell reproduction is asexual.
The process of cell reproduction has three major parts. The first part of cell reproduction involves the replication of the parental cell's DNA. The second major issue is the separation of the duplicated DNA into two equally sized groups of chromosomes. The third major aspect of cell reproduction is the physical division of entire cells, usually called cytokinesis.
Cell reproduction is more complex in eukaryotes than in other organisms. Prokaryotic cells such as bacterial cells reproduce by binary fission, a process that includes DNA replication, chromosome segregation, and cytokinesis. Eukaryotic cell reproduction either involves mitosis or a more complex process called meiosis. Mitosis and meiosis are sometimes called the two "nuclear division" processes.
Comparison of the three types of cell reproduction.
The DNA content of a cell is duplicated at the start of the cell reproduction process. Prior to DNA replication, the DNA content of a cell can be represented as the amount Z (the cell has Z chromosomes). After the DNA replication process, the amount of DNA in the cell is 2Z (multiplication: 2 x Z = 2Z). During Binary fission and mitosis the duplicated DNA content of the reproducing parental cell is separated into two equal halves that are destined to end up in the two daughter cells. The final part of the cell reproduction process is cell division, when daughter cells physically split apart from a parental cell. During meiosis, there are two cell division steps that together produce the four daughter cells.
Immediately after DNA replication a human cell will have 46 "double chromosomes". In each double chromosome there are two copies of that chromosome's DNA molecule. During mitosis the double chromosomes are split to produce 92 "single chromosomes", half of which go into each daughter cell. During meiosis, there are two chromosome separation steps which assure that each of the four daughter cells gets one copy of each of the 23 types of chromosome.
Sexual reproduction.
Cell reproduction that uses mitosis can reproduce eukaryotic cells. Eukaryotes bother with the more complicated process of meiosis because sexual reproduction such as meiosis confers a selective advantage.

DNA replication
DNA replication is the process of copying a double-stranded DNA molecule. This process is important in all known life forms and the general mechanisms of DNA replication are not the same in prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. As each DNA strand holds the same genetic information, both strands can serve as templates for the reproduction of the opposite strand.

Pushing Daisies
Pushing Daisies is an American television series that originally aired on the ABC network in October 2007.
The show is about Ned, a pie maker, who finds that he has the power to bring dead people back to life by touching them. But if he touches the person a second time, they die forever.
Ned has a double life, as the owner of a pie restaurant and as the partner of Emerson, a private detective. Ned helps Emerson solve murders by bringing the murder victim back to life, long enough to find out who the murderer is.
Ned's life takes a turn when his childhood sweetheart, Chuck, is found dead. Ned brings Chuck back to life, but he can never touch her again, or she'll die.

Journeyman (TV series)
"Journeyman" is an U.S.A. science-fiction television series that starts on the NBC network in September, 2007.
Plot.
The series is about a reporter, Dan Vasser, who finds that he can travel through time with no warning. He can change things in his own past, so he has to be careful not to change too much.

Chuck (TV series)
Chuck is an American television series that started on the NBC network on September 24, 2007.
The series is about Chuck Bartowski, a normal guy who fixes computers at the Buy More store, as part of the "Nerd Herd". His old friend Bryce turns out to be a rogue spy. Just before he dies, Bryce sends Chuck an e-mail with thousands of pictures. The pictures are encoded with all of the nation's spy secrets. After viewing them, Chuck holds all of the secrets inside his head.
Chuck is watched by agents from the CIA and the NSA, who hope to use Chuck's secrets to protect the United States from terrorism.

Bionic Woman
Bionic Woman is a science fiction television series which started on the NBC network on September 26, 2007. The series is a modern version of the 1976 "The Bionic Woman" series.
The series is about Jaime Sommers, a bartender who is hurt in a car accident. Her boyfriend, Will Anthros, brings her to a secret laboratory. Jaime's life is saved, but Will has to replace her legs, right arm, eye and ear with mechanical parts. Jaime has to adjust to her new life as a superhero.

1972 Winter Olympics
The 1972 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XI Olympic Winter Games, were celebrated in 1972 in Sapporo, Japan. It was the first Winter Olympics to be held outside Western Europe and the United States, and only the 3rd Games (Summer or Winter) held outside these regions, after Tokyo and Mexico City. The city won the rights to the games in 1966.

1956 Summer Olympics
The 1956 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XVI Olympiad, were held in 1956 in Melbourne, Australia. However, the equestrian events were not held in Australia because of quarantine regulations. These events were held five months earlier in Stockholm, Sweden, making it the second time that events of the same Olympics were held in different countries. (In the Antwerp, Belgium Olympics of 1920 one sailing event had been held in Dutch waters). Melbourne was chosen as the host city over instead of Buenos Aires, Mexico City, Montreal and six American cities on April 28, 1949 at the 43rd IOC session.

1904 Summer Olympics
The 1904 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the III Olympiad, were held in St. Louis, Missouri in the United States from July 1, 1904 to November 23, 1904, at what is now known as Francis Field on the campus of Washington University in St. Louis. Chicago had won the original bid to host the games, but the Louisiana Purchase Exposition would not accept another international event in the same time frame. The organization began to plan for its own sports activities, informing the Chicago Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games that the Exposition would try to make the Olympic Games less important than the Exposition games unless the Olympic Games were moved to St. Louis. Pierre de Coubertin, the founder of the modern Olympic movement, finally agreed...
St. Louis repeated the mistakes made at the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris. Competitions were reduced to a side-show of the World's Fair and were lost in the chaos of other, more popular cultural exhibits. David Francis, the President of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, did not invite anybody else to open the games and, on July 1, 1904, did so himself in a small, short 'ceremony'.
Officially, the games lasted for months; in fact, James Edward Sullivan tried to hold an event every day of the fair. The Olympic events were again mixed with other sporting events, but unlike Paris, who hardly ever mentioned the Olympics, Sullivan called "all" his sports events "Olympic". From these events, the International Olympic Committee declared 94 of them to be Olympic. A total of 651 athletes competed in the games—645 men and 6 women, representing 12 countries. In fact, only 42 of the events actually included athletes who were "not" from the United States. The majority of the recognized Olympic sports were held from Monday, August 29 to Saturday, September 3, 1904.

Stepanakert
Stepanakert (Armenian: Ստեփանակերտ; known as Xankəndi in Azerbaijan, and translated as Khankendi) is the capital city of the Nagorno-KarabakhRepublic, a de facto independent republic. The city has about 40,000 Armenians. The entire Azerbaijani population left the city during the Nagorno-Karabakh War.

Charles Drummond Ellis
Sir Charles Drummond Ellis (b.Hampstead, 11 August 1895; died Cookham 10 January 1980) was a physicist and scientific administrator. His work helped scientists to understand nuclear structure better.
Education and internment.
Ellis's father was a general manager of the Metropolitan Railway in London. He went to Harrow School where he was very good at all subjects as well as sport. In 1913 he become a cadet in the Royal Military Academy. He wanted to join the Royal Engineers.
He was on holiday in Germany the next summer when World War I broke out. All British people who were in Germany were sent to the Ruhleben P.O.W. Camp just outside Berlin. The place where the detainees (prisoners of war) were held had been a horse racecourse. There were lots of stables, and in each stable there were 27 horse boxes which became the detainees' home during the war. The detainees were allowed to do lots of things to keep themselves busy. They could get books, and Ellis made good use of his time to study. Another detainee in the camp was the scientist James Chadwick. Chadwick taught Ellis a lot and together they made a laboratory in one of the horse stables where they made scientific experiments on the photochemical process.
Career after the war.
After the war Ellis decided to study at Trinity College, Cambridge. After graduating in 1920 he did research work at the Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge. The director there was Sir Ernest Rutherford. Chadwick also worked there. In 1921 Ellis had become a fellow of Trinity College and was made assistant lecturer in natural science. In 1925 he married the daughter of a wealthy Polish shipbuilder. In 1929 he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society.
In 1930 Rutherford, Chadwick and Ellis wrote a famous book together called "Radiations from Radioactive Substances".
Discovery of the neutrino.
During the early 1930s Ellis worked with N.F.Mott on energy relations in beta decay. He discovered the neutrino and worked with W.J.Henderson on the energy distribution of positrons in artificial radioactivity. He became professor at the University of London.
During World War II he worked on the possibility of using nuclear fission to develop new weapons. He became scientific adviser to the army council from 1943-1946. He was knighted in 1946 for his war service.
Later career.
After World War II Ellis had other jobs which were not related to nuclear weapons. He gave scientific advice to the National Coal Board and to the British American Tobacco Company. This was at a time when people were just starting to realize that smoking might be bad for the health.
Ellis died in 1980 in a nursing home in Cookham after a short illness.

List of Southern Hemisphere cyclone seasons
The following is a list of Southern Hemisphere cyclone seasons.
1900s.
1995-96
1996-97
1997-98
1998-99
1999-00
2000s.
2000-01
2001-02
2002-03
2003-04
2004-05
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
Post-2008

James Chadwick
Sir James Chadwick, (born 20 October 1891; died 24 July 1974) was an English physicist and Nobel Prize winner who is best known for discovering the neutron.
Biography.
James Chadwick was born in Bollington, Cheshire, England. He went to Manchester High School, and studied at the Universities of Manchester and Cambridge.
In 1913, Chadwick went to Berlin in Germany to work with the scientist Hans Geiger. He also worked with Ernest Rutherford. He was still in Germany when World War I broke out and he was interned in Ruhleben P.O.W. Camp just outside Berlin. The camp, which had more than 5,000 detainees (prisoners of war) had been a horse race course. There were stables, each with 27 horse boxes. The detainees lived in these boxes. The detainees were allowed to do things to keep themselves busy. Chadwick worked with a young scientist called Charles Ellis. Together they set up a laboratory in the stables where they worked on the ionisation of phosphorus and also on the photo-chemical reaction of carbon monoxide and chlorine.
Research at Cambridge.
After the war, Chadwick returned to Cambridge where he worked with Ernest Rutherford, studying the emission of gamma rays from radioactive materials. They also studied the transmutation of elements by bombarding them with alpha particles, and investigated the nature of the atomic nucleus.
In 1932 Chadwick made a very important discovery: he discovered the particle in the nucleus of an atom that became known as the neutron because it has no electric charge. In contrast with the helium nuclei (alpha particles) which are positively charged, and therefore repelled by the strong electrical forces in the nuclei of heavy atoms, this new tool in atomic disintegration need not overcome any electric barrier and is capable of penetrating and splitting the nuclei of even the heaviest elements. In this way, Chadwick prepared the way towards the fission of uranium 235 and towards the creation of the atomic bomb. For this important discovery he was awarded the Hughes Medal of the Royal Society in 1932, and later the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1935. Later, he found out that a German scientist had discovered the neutron at the same time. But Hans Falkenhagen (Rostock) was afraid of publishing his results. When Chadwick learned of Falkenhagen's discovery, he offered to share the Nobel Prize with him. Falkenhagen, however, modestly refused the honour. He was also nicknamed "Jimmy Neutron" because of his discovery of the neutron.
Liverpool.
Chadwick became professor of physics at Liverpool University in 1935. He worked on the possibility of an atomic bomb. Later he realized that the nuclear bomb really was going to be made. He found it very frightening that the science he had been working on could lead to such a terrible weapon. He started to take sleeping pills.
He joined the Manhattan Project in the United States, which developed the atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Chadwick was knighted in 1945.
Return to Cambridge.
After the war, Chadwick moved to Cambridge University as master of Gonville and Caius College.
He died in Cambridge on 24 July 1974.

Francombat
Francombat is a French martial art similar to jiu-jitsu. It was created in the year 1988 by Alain Basset and Dominique Dumolin.
Francombat is practiced especially in the south of France. There are schools of francombat in Paris, Bordeaux, Montpellier, and in other localities.
This martial art is based on the strategy and on the knowledge of the human body. During the trainings, the instructors are dressed in red clothes and the students are dressed in green ones. According to the persons that practice this discipline, the efficiency in combat depends on three factors: good physical form, good knowledge of the techniques and of the strategy, good control of stress.

Classic race
The classic cycle races are the most important one-day professional cycling road races in the international "calendar" (list of races)
All of the races are run in western Europe. Most of the events have been on the professional calendar for decades and the oldest ones date back to the 19th Century. They are normally held at roughly the same time each year. In the last few years, the five top races are sometimes described as the 'Monuments'.
From 2005, the Classics have formed part of the UCI ProTour run by the Union Cycliste Internationale. This event series also includes various stage races including the Tour de France, Giro d'Italia, Vuelta a España, Paris-Nice and the Critérium de Dauphiné Libéré, and various non-Classic single day events. The ProTour replaced the UCI Road World Cup series which contained only one-day races.
The Classics.
Some races that were Classics are no longer run. These include the gruelling (very hard) 560km, Derny event, Bordeaux-Paris, run from 1891 to 1988.
The 'Monuments'.
Five of the classic races are sometimes called "the Monuments"
Only three riders have won all five 'Monument' one-day races during their careers: Roger De Vlaeminck, Rik Van Looy and Eddy Merckx. All were from Belgium.
Seán Kelly of Ireland won four Monuments but only finished second in the Ronde van Vlaanderen on three occasions (1984,1986,1987).
See also.
List of important cycling events

Criterium
A criterium, or crit, is a type of bicycle race held on a short course (usually less than 5 km), often run on closed-off city centre streets.
Race length can be either a time or a number of laps. Often a criterium lasts about one hour, which is shorter than that of a traditional road race — which can last many hours, sometimes of several days or even weeks, as in a Grand Tour. However, the average speed and is much higher. The winner is the first rider to cross the finish line without having been "lapped" (overtaken).
Events often have prizes (called "primes", usually cash) for winning specific intermediate laps (for instance, every 10th lap).
Winning criteriums needs a mix of good technical skills — especially the ability to corner rapidly and sharply — and riding safely with a large group on a short circuit and exceptional fitness to attack other riders and repeatedly accelerate hard from corners.
Criteriums are relatively easy to organize and do not require a large amount of space. They are the most common type of bicycle racing in the continental United States.
Equipment.
Racing bicycles used for criteriums are typically no different than those used in other mass-start road events. However, some racers use shorter bicycles to help keep control when turning and slightly shorter cranks (pedal levers) to help pedalling through sharp turns.

Valence electron
In chemistry, valence electrons are the electrons in the outside or "valence" electron shell of an atom. Valence electrons are important in how a chemical element reacts with other elements. If an atom does not have many valence electrons, it is more likely to react with another element. If the atom has more valence electrons, it is less likely to react.

Flamingo
Flamingos () are birds. They are gregarious wading birds. They are in the genus "Phoenicopterus" and family Phoenicopteridae. They are found in both the Western and Eastern Hemispheres. There are four species in the Americas.Two kinds of flamingos live in the Old World.

Magnesium oxide
Magnesium oxide, or magnesia, is a white solid mineral, made of one part magnesium and one part oxygen. Its chemical formula is MgO. Magnesium oxide is used by libraries to make books last longer. It is also used as an insulator for some electrical wires, and to help crucibles resist high temperatures. Magnesium oxide is also used to treat heartburn and upset stomachs.

Movie studio
A movie studio, or film studio, is a place where movies are made. A movie studio can be an area where the movie is filmed; like an indoor (interior) stage or room, or an outdoor area in which only those making the movie are allowed to be.
The term "movie studio" also means a production company because these companies often had - in the 1920s to the 1940s - their own studios in their own buildings. Even though most production companies do not now have their own studios, the term is still used in this way.

Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré
The Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré is an annual cycling road race, run over eight stages in the Dauphiné region in France during the first half of June. It is organised by the "Le Dauphiné Libéré" newspaper. Along with the Tour de Suisse, the Dauphiné Libéré is an important race in the lead-up to the Tour de France in July.
Because the Dauphiné is a mountainous area, the winners are often climbing specialists. Many climbs that are famous from the Tour de France, like the Mont Ventoux, the Col du Galibier or "Col de la Chartreuse" appear often in the Dauphiné Libéré.
All cyclists who have won the Tour de France five times or more have also won the Dauphiné Libéré.
The first Dauphiné Libéré was held in 1947 when Eduard Klablinski from Poland was the winner. Nello Lauredi, Luis Ocaña, Charly Mottet and Bernard Hinault share the record of the most wins, with three each.
Lance Armstrong used the Dauphiné Libéré as preparation for the Tour de France. He won the Dauphiné in 2002 and 2003, but was defeated by Iban Mayo in 2004, who climbed Mont Ventoux very quickly. Armstrong finished 4th in the 2005 Dauphiné, finishing 59 seconds "off the pace of" (that is "slower than" or "behind") overall winner Iñigo Landaluze, of the Euskaltel-Euskadi team.

1900 Summer Olympics
The 1900 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the II Olympiad, were held in 1900 in Paris, France. No opening or closing ceremonies were held but competitions began on May 14 and ended on October 28. The Games were held as part of the 1900 World's Fair. Over a thousand athletes competed in 19 different sports. Women took part in the games for the first time and Charlotte Cooper became the first female Olympic champion. Many American athletes opposed competing on a Sunday because they travelled as representatives of their colleges and were expected to withdraw rather than compete on the "sabbath".
Most of the winners in 1900 were given cups or trophies instead of medals. Professionals competed in fencing and Albert Robert Ayat, who won the epee for amateurs and masters, was awarded a prize of 3000 francs.

1998 Winter Olympics
The 1998 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XVIII Olympic Winter Games, were celebrated in 1998 in Nagano, Japan. Other possible host cities were Aosta, Italy; Jaca, Spain; Östersund, Sweden; and Salt Lake City, USA. The selection was held in Birmingham, United Kingdom in 1991.

Mont Ventoux
Mont Ventoux is a mountain in the Provence region of southern France, about 20 km north-east of Carpentras, Vaucluse.
It is the largest mountain in the region and has the nicknames "Giant of Provence" and "The Bald Mountain".
History.
Jean Buridan climbed the mountain early in the fourteenth century; Petrarch repeated the feat on April 26, 1336, and claimed to have been the first to climb a mountain since antiquity, which has been widely repeated since.
In the 15th century a chapel was built on the top. It was dedicated to the Holy Cross.
In 1882, a meteorological station was constructed on the summit, but it is not used now. In the 1960s a 50m-high telecommunications mast was built.
Road cycling.
For road bicycle racing enthusiasts, the mountain can be climbed by three roads.
Every year there are amateur races to climb the mountain as quickly and often as possible in 24 hours. On May 16 2006, Jean-Pascal Roux from Bédoin broke the record of climbs in 24 hours, with eleven climbs, all of them from Bédoin.
Tour de France.
Mont Ventoux is the one of the most gruelling climbs in the Tour de France. The Tour has visited the mountain thirteen times since 1951. The route is usually the Bédoin.
British cyclist Tom Simpson, who died here on July 13, 1967 from a combination of amphetamines, alcohol and heat exhaustion. He began to weave across the road before he fell down twice. He was delirious, but his last words were not "put me back on my bike", that was what a journalist wrote.
Amphetamines were found in his jersey and bloodstream. There is a memorial to Simpson near the summit which has become a shrine to fans of cycling, who often leave small tokens of remembrance there. In 1970, Eddy Merckx rode himself to the brink of collapse but won the stage. He received oxygen, recovered, and won the Tour. In 1994, Eros Poli, not known for his climbing ability, stole away at the beginning of the day's stage, built up a big time gap from the peloton, and was first over the Ventoux and was the stage winner despite. The last winner on the Ventoux was the French climber Richard Virenque.

Designated hitter
In baseball, a designated hitter (DH) is a person who bats in place of the pitcher in the American League of Major League Baseball. In the National League, the pitchers have to bat for themselves. The designated hitter is usually one of the best hitters on the team but is not a good defensive player.

1968 Winter Olympics
The 1968 Winter Olympics, officially known as the X Olympic Winter Games, were celebrated in 1968 Grenoble, France and opened on February 6. Thirty-seven countries participated. Norway won the most medals, the first time a country other than the USSR had done so since the USSR first entered the Winter Games in 1956.
Frenchman Jean-Claude Killy won three gold medals in all the alpine skiing events. In women's figure skating, Peggy Fleming won the only United States gold medal. The games have been credited with making the Winter Olympics more popular in the United States, largely because of ABC's coverage of Fleming and Killy, who became very popular among teenage girls.
1968 was the first year that the International Olympic Committee let East and West Germany enter separately, and the first time the IOC ever ordered drug and gender testing of the athletes.

1964 Winter Olympics
The 1964 Winter Olympics, officially known as the IX Olympic Winter Games, were celebrated in Innsbruck, Austria, from January 29 to February 9, 1964. The games included 1091 athletes from 36 nations, and the Olympic Torch was carried by Joseph Rieder,
a former alpine skier who had participated in the 1956 Winter Olympics.
The games were affected by the deaths of Australian alpine skier Ross Milne and a British luge slider, during training, and by the deaths, 3 years earlier, of the entire US figure skating team and family members.

Counterculture
Counterculture is a term used in psychology and sociology. People use it to describe a set of views that are not of the "mainstream". These values are in contrast to what the mainstream people believe. An example of a counterculture that was started in the 1960s is the culture of the hippies. This counterculture focused on drug use, sexual freedom (freedom of choice), and women's rights.

Hippie
A hippie (sometimes hippy) is a label for a person who feels attached to a certain counterculture that started in the United States and spread to other countries in the 1960s.
Hippies have their own views on drug use, sexual liberation, and women's rights.
History.
The first people to be called "hippies" in around 1965 were young adults and teenagers who grew out of the beatnik movement and supporters of civil rights for African-Americans in the Southern USA. They soon developed their own music scene in neighbourhoods in New York City (Greenwich Village) and San Francisco (Haight-Ashbury). They were also strongly against the Vietnam War, nuclear weapons, and what they called the "Establishment" and the "military-industrial complex" (This phrase was taken from a warning in the farewell speech of President Dwight Eisenhower in 1961).
Many more people began to see hippies in the news after the Human Be-In (January 1967) and the 1967 "Summer of Love" were held in San Francisco. By this time, they had developed their own lifestyle that included psychedelic styles, drug use, usually some amount of travel, and far longer hair than people had been used to seeing. These styles quickly spread across the country, especially to college campuses where students were loudly protesting President Lyndon Johnson's policies in Vietnam, the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. in 1968, and other events. They also spread to the UK, Netherlands, France, Italy, Germany, Australia, New Zealand and Canada, among other places.
1968 was a time of excitement as many more Americans turned against the war following the Tet Offensive, King was shot, and politicians began to get ready for the election for President in November. Many colleges were shut down by students, and people burned their draft cards at public rallies. A group of radical hippies called the Yippies led by Abbie Hoffman and Jerry Rubin led a huge protest during the 1968 Democratic Convention in Chicago, where they tried to run a pig called Pigasus as a candidate for President. The mayor responded by sending in riot police who beat people up in front of news cameras - even the cameramen, reporters, and other innocent people. This was shown on the news, and many programs and television stations began to become less favourable to the politicians, and more sympathetic to the hippies. This made hippie lifestyle much more mainstream through the early seventies.
In 1969, Richard Nixon succeeded Johnson as President, and protests continued - not just against the war, but against the court trials and hearings of the Yippie leaders who became known as "the Chicago Seven" (originally "Chicago Eight"). Also in that year, a huge rock concert was held in Bethel, New York - the three day Woodstock Festival, where around 500,000 hippies and music fans heard some of the most famous singers and groups of the time and indulged in wild, unrestrained behavior like nudism, nude swimming, mud-sliding, rain-dancing and mass tribal chants to show their freedom to the world.
Late that year, a sick murderer named Charles Manson who posed as a hippie killed several people, and because some people blamed hippies for this, the term began to fall a little out of fashion in 1970, even if the fashions themselves did not. A new type of hard rock called heavy metal was developing out of one style of hippie music, and a band called Led Zeppelin took the number one spot for most popular band of the year 1970, which had been held by the Beatles for eight years. Also that year, students at Kent State University in Ohio protesting Nixon's spread of bombing to Laos were shot at by the National Guard, and four were killed. This had a chilling effect on the hippies and the whole country, but the peace movement continued. In 1973, the draft was ended, and the war ended soon after that. US public attention turned to the Watergate scandal, and hippies never again had the attention they once did, though the lifestyle continued, especially in other countries. In the mid-seventies, trends like punks and disco were also spreading, causing the hippie image to fade in the media.

Halakha
Pouch is the Hebrew word for the Jewish code of laws.
History.
A long time ago, these laws were oral (spoken, but not written down). Once they became written down they were called the Mishnah. The Mishnah was made by rabbis in the 1st and 2nd Century (CE).

Stereotype
A stereotype is an idea or belief (often inaccurate) about what another person is like, based on what group that person belongs to. Stereotypes are a type of prejudice. Stereotypes might be used as reasons to discriminate against another person.

Tom Simpson
Tom Simpson (30 November 1937 - 13 July 1967) was an English road racing cyclist who died of exhaustion on the slopes of Mont Ventoux riding the 13th stage of the Tour de France in 1967.
The post mortem found that he had taken amphetamines. Added to brandyl, the hard climb up Mont Ventoux, the hot conditions, and a stomach complaint, the doping was fatal.
Early life.
Simpson was the youngest of the six children. He was born in Haswell, County Durham. After World War II, the Simpson family moved to Harworth in north Nottinghamshire, another mining village, where Simpson grew up and became interested in cycling. He attended the village school and later Worksop Technical College and in 1954 was an apprentice draughtsman at an engineering company in Retford.
As a cyclist he joined first Harworth and District Cycling Club and later Rotherham's Scala Wheelers, and by his late teens was winning local time trials. He was then advised to try track cycling, and he travelled regularly to Fallowfield Stadium in Manchester to compete. He won medals in the national 4000m individual pursuit discipline.
When he was 19, Simpson was part of the Great Britain team pursuit squad which won a bronze medal at the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne, Australia. Two years later, he won a silver medal in the individual pursuit at the 1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games in Cardiff.
In April 1959, Simpson went to France to live in the Breton fishing port of Saint-Brieuc. He hoped to win enough local amateur races to get noticed by a professional cycling team. It was in Saint-Brieuc that he met Helen Sherburn. They married on 3 January 1960).
Professional cyclist.
Within two months, Simpson had won five races and in July 1959 was offered terms by two professional teams; he decided to join the Rapha Geminiani team, which already had a British cyclist, Brian Robinson, in its squad. His first event as a professional was a small stage race, the Tour de l'Ouest (Tour of the West). He won two stages and finished 18th overall - a major achievement for a new pro who would normally be expected to be a "domestique" to the team's leader.
He competed in the 1959 World Championships in the Netherlands in the individual pursuit and professional road race, finishing fourth in both events. Simpson turned down an invitation to ride in the 1959 Tour de France, because he thought he was not ready. He rode in the 1960 Tour, and finished 29th, and was third in stage 3.
In 1960 he also competed in his first Classic races: he had top ten finishes in La Flèche Wallonne and Paris-Roubaix - he led the Paris-Roubaix for around 40km before running out of energy and being overtaken less than 10k from the finish, ending up 9th.
In April 1961, however, Simpson won his first Classic. He won the tough Ronde van Vlaanderen after a two-man sprint at the finish. That year he also finished 5th in the "Race to the Sun" - the Paris-Nice stage race, and 9th in the world championship, but he abandoned the Tour de France on stage 3, because of an earlier knee injury.
In 1962, he became the first Briton to wear the "maillot jaune" (the jersey of the leader of the Tour de France) and eventually finished 6th overall. That was highest final placing by a Briton until Robert Millar was fourth in 1984). Simpson had been third until a crash.
Earlier in the season, he again showed how much he likied for the tough Belgian Classic races. Simpson finished 5th in the Ronde van Vlaanderen and 6th in the Gent-Wevelgem.
1963 and 1965 were probably Simpson's best years for Classic races. He was riding for the Peugeot BP team in 1963, when he won the gruelling motor-paced event Bordeaux-Paris, was second in Paris-Brussels and Paris-Tours, third in the Ronde van Vlaanderen, 8th in Paris-Roubaix, and 10th in both La Flèche Wallonne and Giro di Lombardia.
In 1965, Simpson became the first Briton to be world professional road racing champion.
In 1967 he won the early season Paris-Nice stage race (taking two second places and a third place on different days) and the Tour of Sardinia. He also rode in the Vuelta a España for the first time, collecting two stage victories en route to an eventual 33rd place overall.
Thursday 13 July 1967.
At the start of the 1967 Tour de France, Simpson thought that he could do well in the event. After the first week he was sixth overall, but a stomach bug began to affect his form, and he lost vital time in a stage including the Col du Galibier. In Marseille, at the start of stage 13 on Thursday 13 July, he was still suffering the bad stomach as the race headed into Provence on a blisteringly hot day.
On the day's main climb, Mont Ventoux, Simpson broke away early, but was soon passed by the eventual stage winner, Julio Jiménez, and four others. About two kilometres from the summit, Simpson began to zig-zag across the road, eventually falling against an embankment. While his team car helpers wanted him to retire from the race, Simpson insisted on carrying on. He went another 500m or so before again beginning to fall; he toppled unconscious into the arms of his helpers. Despite mouth-to-mouth resuscitation and the administration of oxygen, plus a helicopter airlift to a nearby hospital, Simpson died. Two tubes of amphetamines and more empty tube were found in the rear pocket of his racing jersey.
On the next day, the other riders did not want to race so soon after Simpson's death and asked the organisers for a postponement. In the end, they agreed to ride but with the condition that they would allow a British rider to win the stage. This honour went to Barry Hoban. Hoban later married Simpson's widow.
Memorials.
British cyclists paid for a granite memorial to Simpson near the spot where he died.
Harry Hall, the team mechanic, said that Simpson's last wordswere "Go on, go on!". The ords "Put me back on my bike!" were invented by Sid Saltmarsh, a journalist writing about the Tour for "The Sun". Saltmarsh was not present at Simpson's death.
Simpson's is buried in Harworth cemetery. A small museum about him was opened in August 2001 by Tour de France legend Lucien van Impe in the Harworth social club. A small version of the Mont Ventoux Simpson Memorial was put outside that club in 1997, to commemorate the 30th anniversary of Simpsons's death.
Achievements: a summary.
In addition to these victories, Simpson frequently finished in the top ten of Classics, and won numerous criteriums and other events.
As an amateur he also won an Olympic Games team pursuit bronze medal (1956), silver in the 1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games individual pursuit, silver (1956) and gold (1958) medals in the British 4000m individual pursuit championship, and was British League of Racing Cyclists hill climb champion in 1957, picking up a silver medal in the same event the following year.

Electron cloud
In chemistry and nuclear physics, the electron cloud is a way to describe where electrons are when they go around the nucleus of an atom. The electron cloud model is different from the older model by Niels Bohr. Bohr talked about electrons going around the nucleus in a fixed circle, the same way that planets go around the Sun. The electron cloud model says that we can't know exactly where an electron is, but the electrons are more likely to be in specific areas of an atom.

9-1-1
9-1-1 or 911 (a lot of times said as "nine-one-one" or "nine-eleven") is the emergency telephone number for the United States, Canada, and Argentina. This number can only be used for real emergencies. The use of the number when there is no emergency may end in a criminal charge.

Emergency
An emergency is a situation in which a risk to health, life, property or environment is about to happen. Most emergencies need quick attention to prevent it from becoming worse. Even though some emergencies are easy to see, like a natural disaster, many smaller incidents need the opinion of someone who is watching in order to decide whether it is really an emergency. The exact definition of an emergency, the agencies involved and the rules followed, depend on the jurisdiction, and this is usually set by the government, whose agencies (emergency services) are responsible for emergency planning and handling.

German Jews
German Jews are Jews of German descent, or Jews living in Germany.
Holocaust.
170000 German Jews had been killed in the camps during the Holocaust.

Post mortem
Post Mortem are two Latin words, which mean "after death".
Especially in Britain "post mortem" is the usual name to describe the examination of a body to see if doctors can find the cause of death. In the United States this is called an autopsy. It got the name because it is the examination done "after death".

Sexual revolution
The term Sexual revolution was coined by Wilhelm Reich in his book "The Sexual Revolution". That book was first published in 1945. Reich wrote in the book what he saw as wrong, namely the double standard regarding morals in the society of his time. These double standards and the suppression of the sex drive would make people different. This would lead to a buildup of aggressions and frustration.
Freeing the sex drive would lead to a peaceful change of society, according to Reich.
These ideas meant that some people in the 1960s radically changed their views regarding sex. They were very open-minded about it. The publications of people like Alfred Kinsey helped give wings to the movement.

Peter Martyr d'Anghiera
Peter Martyr d'Anghiera (1457-1526) was an Italian-born historian of Spain and of the discoveries and explorations in the Americas.
He was born on February 2, 1457 at, near Anghiera (called now Angera) on Lake Maggiore, Lombardy, Italy. He went to Rome in 1477, at the age of twenty, and there he met important persons of the Church. In 1486, Anghiera met the Spanish ambassador in Rome, and with him to Spain in August, 1487, to the court of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella of Castile.
He wrote in latin the first accounts of explorations in the Americas in a series of letters and reports that were published from 1511 to 1530 in chapters called "Decades". The first three "Decades", together with a description of his experiences in Egypt, were published in 1516 under the title: "De orbe novo decades cum Legatione Babylonica" or, for short, "De orbe novo" ("On the New World").
He was the first writer to use the word "Hispaniola" to name the island that Columbus named "La Española". He also wrote that the Taíno name of the island was "Quizqueia", a name that no other historian of that time mentioned. Quizqueia is used now as "Quisqueya" or "Kiskeya" for the whole island (in Haiti) or for the eastern part (in the Dominican Republic).
He died in October 1526 at Granada, Spain.

Wilhelm Reich
Wilhelm Reich (March 24, 1897 – November 3, 1957) was an Austrian-American psychiatrist and psychoanalyst. He made important contributions to Psychotherapy. His work also contributed to the sexual revolution of the 1960s and 1970s.

Jules Massenet
Jules Massenet (born Montaud nr. Saint-Étienne, 12 May 1842; died Paris, 13 August 1912) was a French composer. He is most famous for his operas, although he wrote a large amount of other music as well.
Early years.
Jules’ father had a business making agricultural tools. His mother gave him his first piano lessons. In 1847 his father retired and the family moved to Paris. When he was ten years old he went to the Paris Conservatoire for piano and solfège studies. Over a period of ten years he studied there, gaining many prizes. He was taught composition by Ambroise Thomas who was an excellent music teacher.
Jules earned enough money to keep himself by giving piano lessons. He also played timpani in the orchestra of the Théâtre Lyrique. This helped him to get a good knowledge of French composers such as Gounod (especially his "Faust") as well as music by Gluck, Mozart and Beethoven. He was also very keen on the music of Berlioz and Wagner.
In 1863 he won the Prix de Rome (it was his second attempt). This allowed him to spend two years in Italy. During this time he travelled a lot but hardly composed anything.
Early career.
In 1866 he returned to Paris where he married. He gave piano lessons. At this stage he had hardly written anything important. However, soon he was to start writing many famous works. He became friends with other composers: Saint-Saëns, Bizet, Delibes, Lalo, Fauré, Duparc and others. Several of these people competed in writing operas for competitions. Massenet wrote several works, but he found writing operas difficult. His operas never won any prizes.
Years of fame.
In 1870 he served in the National Guard during the Franco-Prussian war. After the war he continued to compose, and he became professor of composition at the Conservatoire. He spent many years working on an opera "Le Roi de Lahore". This was a great success and helped him to become internationally famous. For many years he spent the winter in Paris and the summer in various places in the country where he could compose. His pupils at the Conservatoire included Pierné, Koechlin, Hahn, Enesco. In 1884 his opera "Manon" was produced at the Opéra-comique. This made him clearly the most famous opera composer of his time. It was an opéra-comique with some speech over the music. During the next 28 years he composed another 20 operas. Another opera that was particularly famous was "Werther". It was first performed in 1892 in Vienna and a year later in Paris. It was soon being performed in all the big European opera houses.
Some of his greatest operatic roles were written for the young American soprano Sybil Sanderson. This includes the main role in his popular opera "Thaïs". The story is set in Egypt and is about a monk who tries to persuade Thaïs to give up her life as a prostitute. However, he soon finds he is falling in love with her himself. This mixture of religion and salvation became an extremely popular subject for operas at that time. The "Méditation" from "Thaïs" is a short piece for violin solo. It is one of the best-loved of all Romantic violin solos.
He continued to compose lots of music even when his health was failing during his last years. He was a quiet, family man who hated it when people made a fuss about him. He liked best to spend his evenings quietly at home, or in the countryside during the summer. He continued to compose in a Romantic style to the end of his life, even though many composers around him (e.g. Debussy) were writing music which was more “modern” sounding.

Tokyo Game Show
The Tokyo Game Show is one of the biggest conferences for video games in the world. held in the Makuhari Messe, in Chiba, Japan.

İsmail Enver
İsmail Enver (Ottoman Turkish: اسماعيل انور) (November 22, 1881 in Istanbul - August 4, 1922), he was known to European powers as Enver Pasha (Turkish: Enver Paşa) or Enver Bey and he was a Turkish military officer and a leader of the Young Turk revolution. His contributions for the revolution, he was given the nickname "The Hero of Liberty"("Hürriyet Kahramanı"). He was the main leader of the Ottoman Empire in both Balkan Wars and World War I.

Choline
Choline is an organic compound. It is usually grouped with the Vitamin B complex. It is a vitamin that is needed by the human body. Adults should take between 425 to 550 milligrams of it daily. Choline is used by the body in the walls of cells and as a neurotransmitter. It also helps to prevent heart disease. There are claims that it helps reduce body fat, but this has not been proven.
History.
Choline was discovered by Andreas Strecker in 1864. In 1998 choline was classified as an needed nutrient by the Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine (USA).
Sources.
Sources of Choline are egg yolks, soy and cooked beef, chicken, veal and turkey livers. Many foods contain small amounts of choline, even iceberg lettuce.

La Borinqueña
La Borinqueña is the national anthem of Puerto Rico. The current official music and words were made up in 1903 and have been taught in schools and accepted by the public. The music was officially made the national anthem by the government in 1952, and the words in 1977. The title refers to the Taíno (Native American) name for the island of Puerto Rico, "Boriken" or "Borinquen".

Boy (album)
Boy was Irish rock group U2's first album, from the year 1980.
History.
Before this album came a single, a song that is played on its own, called "I Will Follow". It was very popular, and was played on college radio stations and made people know who U2 were. People mostly thought of "I Will Follow" as a Christian song, showing how all of the members of U2 were Christians, but none of the band members has said that that is true. This album is somewhat about Bono's life as a child, and his mother's death when he was 14.
At first, the producer of band Joy Division, Martin Hannett, was supposed to produce (help record) the album, but he was sad about the suicide of Ian Curtis, so he did not help record the album. It was produced by Steve Lillywhite, and recorded in a Dublin studio called Windmill Lane Studios. Some songs were written in the studio, like "An Cat Dubh" and "The Ocean". Some other songs had already been written, and U2 were performing them often, like the songs "Stories for Boys", Out of Control", and "Twilight". The Edge, U2's guitarist, recorded all of the songs using his Gibson Explorer guitar and his Fender Stratocaster guitar.
"Boy" reached #63 on the Billboard album charts, a list of the most popular albums in the U.S., and was not on the popularity charts in the United Kingdom. The song "I Will Follow" reached #20 on a popularity chart called the Mainstream rock charts. People said that their live shows were too predictable and that Bono, the singer, used too much echo in his singing, but their playing showed that they could play very well. People also said that Bono was a "charismatic and passionate" singer, meaning that he sang very emotionally and that people could connect to him. "Boy" is the only U2 album that every song has been played live, including all of the b-sides (songs that are extra songs on a single). On the list of the 500 greatest albums of all time, made by the rock magazine Rolling Stone, "Boy" was 417th on the list.
Album Cover.
The boy on the cover of the album is a boy named Peter Rowan. Rowan is the brother of Bono's friend Guggi, and he is a famous Irish photographer. He has been on other U2 album covers, including Three and War. The person who took the picture has made other U2 covers, too. In case that the band could be blamed for pedophilia, they changed the cover to a stretched picture of the four band members.
Track Listing.
All of the songs were written by U2, and all of the lyrics were written by Bono.
There were two singles released from this album. They were "I Will Follow" and "A Day Without Me". The album that came before "Boy" was called "Three". On very early copies of "Boy", there is a 30-second instrumental piece that is am early version of "Fire", which was on a later album called "October".

Ergastic substance
Ergastic substances are non-protoplasm materials that one can find in cells. The living protoplasm of a cell is sometimes called the "bioplasm" and something else than the ergastic substances of the cell.
These are usually organic or inorganic substances that are products of metabolism, and include crystals, oil drops, gums, tannins, resins and other compounds that can help the organism in defense, maintenance of cellular structure, or just substance storage. During the lifetime of a cell, these can appear and disappear. They indicate some level of participation in life processes. Ergastic substances may appear in the protoplasm, in vacuoles, or in the cell wall.

Adenine
Adenine is a chemical component of DNA and RNA.
It forms several tautomers, compounds that can be rapidly interconverted and are often considered equivalent.
Function.
In DNA, adenine binds to thymine via two hydrogen bonds to assist in stabilizing the nucleic acid structures. In RNA, which is used in the cytoplasm for protein synthesis, adenine binds to uracil.
History.
In older literature, adenine was sometimes called Vitamin B4. It is no longer considered a true vitamin nor part of the Vitamin B complex. However, two B vitamins, niacin and riboflavin, bind with adenine to form the essential cofactors NAD and FAD respectively.
Some think that, at the origin of life on Earth, the first adenine was formed by the polymerization of five hydrogen cyanide (HCN) molecules. However, this has been criticized by some chemists.

888
Year 888 was a leap year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar.

Harris Scarfe
Harris Scarfe is an Australian department store. It sells items including clothing, pots and pans, cutlery. The store went bankrupt in 2001, but has since bounced back.
In 2004, Harris Scarfe bought the Allens group of seven department and five homewares stores. They continued to trade under the Allens name in New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory, until 2008 when they got merged with Harris Scarfe.
Store locations.
Harris Scarfe has stores located in most Australian states. In New South Wales and the ACT they used to trade as Allens.).
The main store for the company is located in Rundle Mall, Adelaide. The store is five stories tall. The main store for Tasmania is in Hobart and it is three stories tall.
Items stocked.
Harris Scarfe sells items in two main groups, "In Style" (which includes all clothing) and "At Home" (all other goods, such as homewares & linen). The Adelaide store sells more goods than the other stores. Many of the Allens stores sell less goods than other stores.

Flushing, Queens
Flushing is a neighborhood in the Queens borough of New York City.

Atlas
An atlas is a collection of maps or manifolds, traditionally bound into book form, but also found in multimedia formats.
It may show geographic features and political boundaries, but often social, religious and economic statistics as well.
History.
The earliest atlases were not called by that name at the time of their publication. The first book that could be called an atlas was constructed from the calculations of Claudius Ptolemy, a geographer who worked in Alexandria circa A.D. 150. The first edition was published in Bologna in 1477 and was illustrated with a set of 27 maps, though scholars say that it is not known whether the printed maps were engraved versions of original maps made by Ptolemy, or whether they were constructed by medieval Greek scholars from Ptolemy's text.
From about 1544, many maps were produced, especially in the important trading centers of Rome and Venice. Each publisher worked independently. They produced maps based upon their own needs. The maps often varied dramatically in size. Over time, it became common to bind the maps together into one book. Although the term atlas was not in use in 1544, these works are now called "IATO" atlases - (Italian, Assembled to Order) or more frequently "Lafreri atlases" after one of the leading publishers of the period.
Modern atlases.
With the coming of the global market, publishers in different countries can reprint maps from plates made elsewhere. This means that the place names on the maps often use the designations or abbreviations of the language of the country in which the feature is located, to serve the widest market. For example, islands near Russia have the abbreviation "O." for "ostrov", not "I." for "island". This practise differs from what is standard for any given language.
Selected general atlases.
See Other websites below for online modern atlases and digitized historical atlases. The collection of digitized lists many significant atlases of the 18th-20th centuries.

T-Mobile Team
T-Mobile Team ("UCI Team Code:" TMO) is a professional cycling team competing in international road bicycle races.
It is named after its chief sponsor - the T-Mobile company. The team takes part in many editions of the annual Grand Tours of cycling, such as the Tour de France and the Giro d'Italia. Since 2005, the team has been one of 20 teams that compete in the new UCI ProTour.
In December 2007 T-Mobile decided to pull out of cycling sponsorship, and end their sponsorship immediately although they had promised to carry on until 2010.
The team was founded in 1991 as Team Telekom, sponsored by T-Mobile's parent Deutsche Telekom - but in 2004 their name changed to the current Team T-Mobile. It has 29 riders, 9 physiotherapists or nurses, 9 mechanics, and has 22 partners. The team is managed of Olaf Ludwig and Eddy Vandenhecke, and its sports directors, sometimes caleed "directeurs sportifs" Brian Holm, Tristan Hoffman, Allan Peiper, Valerio Piva and Jan Schaffrath.
Team Telekom.
Founded as "Team Telekom" in 1991 with Walter Godefroot the team manager, the team soon became important presence in international cycling. In 1994, the German sprinter Erik Zabel won the first UCI Road World Cup victory in the history of the team, the Paris-Tours. A year later, in 1995, Zabel won two stages in the 1995 Tour de France.
The next two years saw the international breakthrough of the team. Godefroot brought in Danish rider Bjarne Riis, finished third in the 1995 Tour, and he went on to win the 1996 Tour de France. Jan Ullrich was then a support rider, and finished in second place. In the 1997 Tour de France Ullrich as he won the race with support from Riis, who had earlier won the Amstel Gold World Cup race. Team Telekom also won the team classification, as the overall strongest team of the 1997 Tour.
In both 1997 and 1998, Zabel won the Milan-Sanremo, while Ullrich finished second in the 1998 Tour de France. Ullrich went on to win the 1999 Vuelta a España, but missed the 1999 Tour de France due to a knee injury. The next year, Zabel won the overall World Cup victory, having won the Milan-Sanremo and Amstel Gold Race, while Ullrich placed second again in the 2000 Tour de France to Lance Armstrong. In 2001, Zabel won Milan-Sanremo for the fourth time. Ullrich came in second in the 2001 Tour de France, while Zabel won six stages combined in the 2001 Tour and Vuelta. Kazakh rider Alexandre Vinokourov won the Paris-Nice stage race in 2002, a feat he would duplicate in 2003, also winning the Amstel Gold Race and Tour de Suisse that year. As Ullrich left the team to form Team Bianchi in 2003, Vinokourov became team leader for the 2003 Tour de France. He finished in third place, just below the second placed Ullrich. Zabel won the 2003 Paris-Tours, while Italian rider Daniele Nardello took the Züri-Metzgete.
T-Mobile.
In 2004, the team changed its name to T-Mobile. Jan Ullrich returned to the team, and raced the 2004 Tour de France as team leader, but Vinokourov did not ride in the Tour. Ullrich finished fourth, while Andreas Klöden was the best placed rider of the team in second place. Team T-Mobile was again the strongest team overall. In the spring of 2005, Vinokourov won the Liège-Bastogne-Liège classic race. Ullrich, as the team leader, finished 3rd overall in the 2005 Tour de France. Alexandre Vinokourov rode in support, and finished fifth as well as winning two stages, including the final stage on the Champs-Elysees. Italian rider Giuseppe Guerini also won a stage and the team once again winning the team classification.
In July 2005, during the 2005 Tour, Vinokourov's contract was running out and speculation was abundant if he was to stay with T-Mobile. With four days left of the 2005 Tour, he announcedt that he would leave the team to try to win the Tour de France as a team captain and after the Tour he joined the Liberty Seguros team. After 13 years with Team Telekom and T-Mobile Team, Erik Zabel also left in 2005 to ride for the newly formed Team Milram. Before the 2006 season, Olaf Ludwig took over from Walter Godefroot as team manager.
Doping scandal.
Thirteen riders were expelled from the 2006 Tour de France because of a Spanish doping scandal. The day before the prologue of the 93rd edition Jan Ullrich, one of the favourites to win the race, was among those excluded from the Tour. Another T-Mobile rider, Oscar Sevilla, was also expelled, leaving the team starting with only seven riders.
On 9 July, the team sacked sporting director Rudy Pevenage because he was linked with Jan Ullrich in the doping scandal. "The contract linking T-Mobile to Pevenage has been retrospectively stopped on 30 June," the team's general manager, Olaf Ludwig, said.
On July 21, 2006, Jan Ullrich was fired. investigation.
At the 2006 Tour de France, T-Mobile won the team classification for the third consecutive year, Andreas Klöden reached the podium (3rd place) for the second time, Matthias Kessler won Stage 3, Serhiy Honchar won two individual time trials (Stages 7 and 19) and wore the yellow jersey for 3 days (after Stages 7-9).
In May 2007, several former riders admitted to using banned substances (include EPO) while riding for the team in the mid 1990s, including Erik Zabel, Rolf Aldag, Brian Holm, Bjarne Riis, Bert Dietz, Udo Bölts and Christian Henn including the seasons in which Riis and Ullrich won the Tour de France. Team doctors Andreas Schmid and Lothar Heinrich has also confessed to helping and administering banned substances. Heinrich was Team Telekom's sporting director until May 3, 2007 when he was suspended following allegations published in former team member Jef d'Hont's book.
To present a new image the team brought a young team to the 2007 Tour de France, and drug-free attitude and image. However, Patrik Sinkewitz tested positive for higher than normal level of testosterone during a training camp.. The results were only announced when Sinkiewitz was in hospital because of a crash. He was still dismissed on 31 July 2007.
2007 ProTeam.
As of July 19, 2007
Film: Hell on Wheels.
In 2005 a film titled "Hell on Wheels" was released. It is a record of the 100th anniversary (but only the 90th running because of World War I and World War II) of the Tour de France in 2003 from the perspective of the then-Team Telekom.

T-Mobile
T-Mobile is a mobile (cell phone) network operator headquartered in Bonn, Germany. It is a part of Deutsche Telekom and belongs to the FreeMove alliance.
T-Mobile is a group of mobile phone companies (all owned by Deutsche Telekom) that operate GSM and UMTS networks in Europe and the United States. The "T" stands for "Telekom". Most subsidiaries (companies) of Deutsche Telekom have names beginning with "T-" like T-Home and T-Online. T-Mobile also owns parts of mobile operators in Eastern Europe. Globally, T-Mobile has 101 million subscribers, making it the world's sixth largest mobile phone service provider by subscribers and the third largest multinational after the United Kingdom's Vodafone and Spain's Telefonica.
T-Mobile International has a large presence in eleven European countries: Austria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Macedonia, Montenegro, the Netherlands, Poland, Slovakia and the United Kingdom as well as in the United States.
Deutsche Telekom recently tried to buy rival mobile network operator O2, but it was eventually bought by Spain's Telefonica.
As well as footbal kit sponsors for FC Bayern Munich, Ferencvárosi TC, The Blues City, Borehamwood and West Bromwich Albion, T-Mobile is also a sponsor of several sports events, some of which carry the company name. For example, it sponsors its own cycling team, the T-Mobile Team, and the Austrian first division football competition, the T-Mobile Bundesliga. It was also the official global mobile phone carrier for the 2006 FIFA World Cup (football) in Germany.

Simplified English
"Disambiguation: see also simple English"
AECMA Simplified English is a controlled language (a language with words that can be used only in ways that the creator of the language agrees with?) developed for aerospace (air and space) industry (factory) maintenance manuals (help books). It offers a carefully limited and standardized subset (smaller chunk) of English.
Simplified English has a dictionary of words and those words can only be used in certain ways. For example, the word "close" can be used in the phrase "Close the door" but not "do not go close to the landing gear".
The language was developed for Aerospace engineers to write manuals (instruction books). AECMA is the acronym for the "European Association of Aerospace Manufacturers"

Thymine
Thymine, also known as 5-methyluracil, is found in the nucleic acid DNA.
In RNA thymine is replaced with uracil in most cases. In DNA, thymine(T) binds to adenine (A) via two hydrogen bonds to assist in stabilizing the nucleic acid structures.

Probability distribution
A Probability distribution is a term from mathematics. Suppose there are many events with random outcomes. A probability distribution is the theoretical counterpart to the frequency distribution. A frequency distribution simply shows how many times a certain event occurred. A probability distribution says how many times it should have occurred.
There are different probablility distributions. Each of them has its use, its benefits and its drawbacks.

Binomial distribution
The Binomial distribution is a probability distribution. It has discrete values. It counts the number of successes in yes/no-type experiments. There are two parameters, the number of times an experiment is done ("n") and the probability of a success ("p")

Poisson distribution
The Poisson distribution is a probability distribution. It is named after Siméon Denis Poisson who discovered it in 1838. It measures the probability that a certain number of events occur within a certain time time interval. The events need to be independent of one another. They also need to occur with a known average rate.

Samaná Province
Samaná is a Dominican province, located in the northeastern part of the country, occupying the whole Samaná Peninsula. Its capital city is Santa Bárbara de Samaná, usually called just "Samaná". It is one of the main tourist region of the country with several important resorts.
It was created as a Maritime District (a special administrative category that has been abandoned) on June 4, 1867. The 1907 Dominican Constitution changed its status to province.
Location.
To the north and east of the peninsula (and province) is the coast of the Atlantic Ocean. To the south is the Samaná Bay. Samaná shares borders with the Duarte and María Trinidad Sánchez provinces (west). It also shares a short border with Monte Plata.
Origin of name.
The word "Samaná", written as "Xamaná" centuries ago, is the Taíno name of the region. The meaning of the word is unknown.
History.
Samaná was visited by Christopher Columbus in January 1493, during his first travel to the Americas. At that moment, Samaná was occupied by "Ciguayos", a tribe of Native Americans with the same culture of the Taínos but a different language. They were the first Indians that fought against the Europeans.
After the conquest of the Hispaniola island by the Spaniards, Samaná was occupied by different groups of Europeans, mainly French people. Some groups of "maroon" (runaway slaves) lived in the mountains for many years.
To fight against those European groups, Spain brought galleys (a galley was a narrow war ship where prisoners and slaves were used to move the ship), and founded in 1756 the town of Santa Bárbara de Samaná on the northern coast of Samaná Bay, with people from the Canary Islands.
When the eastern part of the Hispaniola (the "Santo Domingo" colony) was given to France in 1795, the French government tried to develop the region, and many French families moved to Samaná to grow coffee; many places in Samaná have French names. Those French families left Samaná when Spain took again the colony in 1809.
During the Haitian Ocupation (1822 - 1844), a fort was built in Los Cacaos (west of Santa Bárbara de Samaná) to control the Samaná Bay; another small fort was built in El Limón, on the northern coast.
Jean-Pierre Boyer, President of Haiti, sent some Haitian families to live in Tessón, to the north of Santa Bárbara de Samaná. Boyer brought ex-slaves from Philadelphia to live in the country, and 200 of them were taken to live in Samaná. Both the Haitian and the American populations kept their languages and traditions.
After the Independence, several Dominican governments tried to sell or rent the Samaná Bay, with the peninsula, to several foreign governments but without any result.
In 1888, the railway from Sánchez to La Vega (in the La Vega province) began to run across the rich region of the Cibao. Sánchez became the most important port of the country during the rest of the 19th century and beginning of the 20th century. The railroad worked until 1966.
Municipalities.
Samaná has a total area of 853.74 km². It has 1.8% of the area of the Dominican Republic and it is ranked as the 26th (out of 31 plus the National District) largest province.
There are three municipalities and three municipal districts in the province.
Population.
In 2002 (last national census), there were 91,875 people living in the Samaná province, and just 29,046 (31.62%) living in towns and cities. The population density was 107.6 persons/km².
Geography.
A mountain chain called Sierra de Samaná runs across the province, from west to east; only in the western part, west of Sánchez, there is flat land because it is an estuary. The Sierra de Samaná gets to the coast, except in some places where there are very good beaches. The highest mountain in the province is in the eastern part of the peninsula and is called "La Meseta" (650 m high).
Rivers.
There are many rivers and creeks but all are very short because the mountains get very close to the coast. There are more rivers on the southern part of the province but the most important ("Limón", "Cantón" and "San Juan") are on the northern part, going to the Atlantic Ocean;
In the southwestern part of the province is the Yuna river, one of the most important river of the country; it flows into the Samaná Bay.
Climate.
Samaná has a wet tropical weather, with temperature of 25.9 degrees Celsius, on average. The annual rainfall on the Sierra de Samaná is above 2,000 mm.
Economy.
The most important economic activity of the province is agriculture; Samaná is the biggest producer of coconut in the country but the demand for that product is diminishing. Cacao and rice are produced in the western part of the province.
Even if fishing was a very important activity, its importance has been reduced because the Yuna River has been filling the Samaná Bay with solid material.
Tourism is very important in the province because of the beautiful beaches in the province. Whale-watching is an important economic activity because many tourists come the province to watch the humpback whales that come in late winter and early spring to breed in the warm waters of the Samaná Bay.

Interpreter (computing)
In Computer Science, an interpreter is a computer program that performs commands written in a computer programming language. Interpreters are one of the two most important ways a program can be run, the other being compilation.

Flag of the United Arab Emirates
The flag of the United Arab Emirates (Arabic: علم الإمارات العربية المتحدة) is used to represent, or show, the United Arab Emirates. It contains the Pan-Arab colors, which are red, green, white, and black, to show Arab unity. The green stands for fertility, the white means neutrality, or being neutral, and the black stands for the country's large amount of oil.
Some merchants also fly a civil flag, which is red with the regualr United Arab Emirates flag in the top-right.

The Donna Reed Show
"The Donna Reed Show" was an American situation comedy. It aired on ABC network from 1958 to 1966. It starred Donna Reed as Donna Stone, a housewife to Doctor Alex Stone, played by Carl Betz. The couple had two children together, Mary and Jeff.
The series was fairly normal for a situation comedy. The focus of the series was on parenting problems. The lovelives and activities of the children were also a main part of the series. The series was very unusual at the time because Donna would help solve the children's problems alone while Alex worked. It was also unique because Donna often worked as a nurse, at a time when most television mothers were housewives.

Dan Castellaneta
Daniel Louis Castellaneta (born October 29, 1957) is an Emmy award winning American actor and comedian best known for providing the voice of Homer Simpson and other characters on the long-running FOX animated series "The Simpsons". As well as being a voice actor for The Simpsons, Dan Castellaneta has also written a few episodes of The Simpsons along with his wife, Deb Lacusta

Team Milram
Team Milram is an Italian-registered UCI ProTeam established in 2006. The team is often called a German team because its main sponsor is Milram, part of the Nordmilch company from the "Land" Bremen.
Milram took over the ProTeam licence of Domina Vacanze. Erik Zabel and Alessandro Petacchi are the team’s top cyclists. There are 25 other riders, mainly from Germany and Italy. Milram is the third team in the UCI ProTour with a German main sponsor.
The team manager is led by Italian Gianluigi Stanga, who has been a team manager in professional cycling since 1983. The directeurs sportifs (Sports Directors) are the Italians Vittorio Algeri, Antonio Bevilacqua and Oscar Pellicioli. Gerry van Gerwen from the Netherlands is the commercial manager.
Milram only joined the UCI ProTour in 2006. Since then they have won 88 podium positions (that is, finished a race either first, second, or third) (24 first, 29 second, 35 third).
Team MILRAM reorganised itself for its second season. Five new riders joined and eight riders left the team. The most prominent new rider is Igor Astarloa, 2003 World Champion from Spain. Additionally, the team added Brett Lancaster, the up-and-coming riders Marcel Sieberg and Niki Terpstra, as well as neo pro Sebastian Schwager. After breaking his kneecap in 2006, Alessandro Petacchi regained his top form and won some races.
There is a MILRAM Continental Circuit Team, and those young riders and those from other U23 teams are helped so they can develop their skills
2007 ProTeam.
As of January 5, 2007.

Perrierbambus
A Perrierbambus is a kind of bamboo that grows in Madagascar.

Chi-square distribution
In probability theory and statistics, the chi-square distribution (also chi-squared or formula_16  distribution) is one of the most widely used theoretical probability distributions. It is used in statistical significance tests. It is useful, because it is relatively easy to show that certain probability distributions come close to it, under certain conditions. One of these conditions is that the null hypothesis must be true. Another one is that the different random variables (or observations) must be independent of each other.

Null hypothesis
In Statistics, a null hypothesis is a hypothesis. It is made so that it can be proven to be false, by the numbers. Another hypothesis, called Alternernative hypothesis is then proved to be true, by proving that the null hypothesis is false.

Timothy Leary
Timothy Francis Leary, (October 22, 1920 – May 31, 1996) was an American writer and psychologist. He is seen as a modern pioneer. He was in favor of research on psychedelic drugs and their use. He was one of the first people whose remains have been sent into space. As an icon of the counterculture of the 1960s, he is most famous as a person who stood in for the therapeutic and spiritual benefits of using LSD. He coined and popularized the catch phrase "Turn on, tune in, drop out."

Ralph Metzner
Ralph Metzner is an American psychologist, and writer. He was born in 1936, in Germany. With Timothy Leary and Richard Alpert he was involved in a series of tests done at Harvard University, in the 1960s. These tests involved psychedelic drugs.

Rock band
A rock band is a group (a band) of musicians who play rock music.

Book of the Dead
The "Book of the Dead" is a name for an Egyptian text. It is also known as "The Book of Coming "[or "Going"]" Forth By Day", or as the papyrus of Ani. It contains a number of texts, and spells. These allow the dead person to safely get to the place of the afterlife.
The book of the dead was most commonly written on a papyrus scroll. It was placed in the coffin of the dead person, or their burial chamber. The book of the dead in its most familiar form was first used in the New Kingdom, but many of the spells had their origins in the funerary texts of the Old and Middle Kingdoms.
The name "Book of the Dead" was the invention of the German Egyptologist Karl Richard Lepsius, who published a selection of the texts in 1842.

Team Gerolsteiner
Team Gerolsteiner ("UCI Team Code:" GST) is a German road bicycle racing team in the UCI ProTour. It is sponsored by the drinks company Gerolsteiner Brunnen and the bike company "Specialized".
The team was founded in 1998 with manager Hans-Michael Holczer and sports directors Rolf Gölz and Christian Henn. The contract with Georg Totschnig in 2001 helped make the team enter Division I. In 2003 the team participated in the Tour de France for the first time.
The Leader is Georg Totschnig, who has finished in the top 10 in the Tour de France and is an excellent climber. In 2005, Totschnig won stage 14 of the Tour, showing his skill on the 15km long climb up the Port de Pailhères (2000m at 8.2%). He was the first Austrian to win a tour stage since Max Bulla in 1931. In 2007, Georg Totschnig retired and Levi Leipheimer moved to the Discovery Channel Pro Cycling Team. The team used youngsters Markus Fothen and Stefan Schumacher to captain the team in the 2007 Tour de France.
In September 2007 Gerolsteiner said it would not renew its sponsorship.
2007 ProTeam.
As of January 1, 2007

2006-2007 UCI Oceania Tour
The 2006-2007 UCI Oceania Tour is the third season of the UCI Oceania Tour of professional road bicycle racing held in various countries throughout the Oceania region. The season begins with the Jayco Herald Sun Tour stage race in October 2006 and runs until September 2007.
The points leader, based on the cumulative results of previous races, wears the UCI Oceania Tour cycling jersey. The final points leader is crowned the 2006-2007 UCI Oceania Tour champion. Gordon McCauley is the 2005-2006 champion of the UCI Oceania Tour.

Natural selection
In biology, natural selection is the process where organisms with favourable traits are more likely to reproduce. In doing so they pass on these traits to the next generation. Over time this process allows organisms to adapt to their environment.
Organisms naturally aren't all alike, because of differences in genetics. This is true even with children of the same parents. Some of these differences might make one organism better at surviving and reproducing than others in a habitat. This organism has an advantage over other organisms. In other words, it has been "selected". When this organism reproduces, it passes along the qualities that gave it the advantage to its children. This advantage is only good as long as the environment stays the same. If the environment changes, another organism might do better.
One example of natural selection is a type of moth. Some of the moths were light and some of the moths were dark. The light coloured moths survived better because they were camouflaged against the white colour of the nearby trees. This made it hard for their enemies to see them. When a factory was built, it caused pollution that made all the trees look black. Now the light coloured moths were obvious against the dark bark. The dark coloured moths now had the advantage, after the environment changed.

Devanagari
Devanāgarī is an abugida script used to write North Indian languages, including Sanskrit, Bangla, Hindi, Marathi, Sindhi, Bihari, Bhili, Konkani, Bhojpuri, Nepal Bhasa and Nepali from Nepal and sometimes Kashmiri and Romani

Continental circuits
The UCI ProTour is the series of races for the top cycling teams. The Continental circuits are for teams that are not so good.
Some teams, such as Team Milram, have one team on the ProTour, a team of younger riders on the continental circuit as well as being linked with U23 teams. In this way teams can spot talented riders.
There are five circuits, one each for
Usually organisers of a ProTour event can invite one or two teams from the continental circuit to compete. Also a ProTour team might decide to compete in a continental circuit race

Zac Efron
Zacharias Efron, born October 18, 1987 in San Luis Obispo, is an American actor and singer. He is most famous for his role in the High School Musical series. He has been in other television shows and movies. Most recently, he starred in High School Musical 3. Several times, he has been interviewed on T.V. and in magazines. He is dating co-star Vanessa Anne Hudgens. He also starred in the movie "Hairspray".

Fiddle
The word fiddle means a violin when used in folk music. Many people also use it simply as a fun word for "violin". Someone who plays the fiddle is a "fiddler". The bow is sometimes called a "fiddling stick". Fiddle playing, or fiddling, is a style of folk music.
The word "fiddle" is also used for instruments of several hundred years ago which developed into the violin. These instruments varied a lot from one country to another and one time to another. They were of different shapes and sizes, and even had many different names. Often they were held against the chest instead of being tucked under the chin. In the middle ages a small, narrow violin called a kit was often used by dancing masters. It was small enough to be put in a pocket. In south eastern Europe there was even a fiddle with a belly (the front of the instrument) made of skin. Fiddle strings were usually made of gut.
Many fiddles have bridges which are flatter on top than those of classical violins. The flatter bridges makes it easier to play chords and to bow quickly from one string to another. The strings are tuned in a variety of ways. A player might even change the tuning for playing different pieces of music. Tunings other than the regular G-D-A-E tuning, such as G-D-G-D or A-E-A-E, are common. One, two or three of the strings may have been used for a drone (continuous note) while playing the tune on the top string(s).
Many fiddlers have not received classical training but have learned by listening to other fiddlers and copying them. The music they play is dance music. Classical violin playing developed out of country fiddle playing. Most fiddlers use bows which are the same as violin bows, but in some countries such as Hungary they use shorter, heavier bows with horse hair that is tied around the frog (the heel of the bow). With this type of bow the player tightens the hair by squeezing it while playing.
Fiddles were played by people from all areas of society: from noble people to simple peasants. Many of them were minstrels who entertained important people. Some of them may have been able to read music, but many would have learned by copying other players and memorizing the music. At important feasts the minstrels may have played music while walking up to the high table when the food was brought in. They played to accompany dancers and singers, and even acrobats. We can see from old paintings that they sometimes played with other instruments such as trumpets, drums or percussion. We do not know the music they played because it was never written down, but some tunes we still hear today may have come from those old tunes, since some people still learn tunes by ear, from people who learned them by ear, and so on. Some American "old-time" tunes, and some Breton tunes may have come to us in this way, for example.

Hardanger fiddle
A Hardanger fiddle or hardingfele in Norwegian, is a traditional string instrument used mainly in the south west of Norway. It is similar to the violin, but it has eight or nine strings and the wood is thinner. Four of the strings are strung and played like a violin, while the other strings are sympathetic strings (they vibrate when the others are played).
The Hardingfele is used for dancing. The player stamps his foot loudly while playing. It was the Norwegian tradition for a bridal procession to be led to the church by a Hardanger fiddler.
The instrument has a lot of decoration, with a carved animal (usually the Lion of Norway) or a carved woman's head as part of the scroll at the top of the pegbox, mother of pearl in the tailpiece and fingerboard, and black ink decorations called 'rosing' on the body of the instrument. Sometimes pieces of bone are used to decorate the pegs and the edges of the instrument.
The earliest known instrument is dated 1651 although we do not know whether this date is correct. By 1850 it had developed into the Hardanger fiddle known today.
The Hardanger fiddle can be tuned in lot of different ways, depending on the music to be played. The Norwegian composer Edvard Grieg liked Norwegian folk music. When he wrote the famous tune “Morning” for the music for "Peer Gynt" he was thinking of the notes that would be played on the Hardanger fiddle.
In the 20th century the Hardanger fiddle has become very popular in Norway through competitions. The players have to play in the style of the area they come from.

Auguste Rodin
Auguste Rodin (born François-Auguste-René Rodin; November 12, 1840–November 17, 1917) was a French sculptor. He made solid objects from stone or clay. His most famous works are 'The Thinker' and 'The Kiss'.

Joe Cole
Joseph John "Joe" Cole is an English professional football player. He was born on November 8, 1981 in Romford, London. Cole plays as a mid fielder for Chelsea of the English Premier League and the England national team.
Joe Cole trained at West Ham United at the start of his career. He moved to Chelsea in 2003 for a prize of £6,600,00 and scored 10 goals for Chelsea in the 2004-2005 season. Cole currently wears the number 10 shirt for Chelsea.

Rebec
The rebec is a bowed string musical instrument that was played many hundreds of years ago. It was either held under the chin, like a violin, or held against the arm. The name “rebec” was spelt in a variety of ways.
Origins.
The rebec dates back to the Middle Ages and was particularly popular in the 15th and 16th centuries. The instrument is European, but probably developed from the Afghan instrument called the “rebab”. Instruments like the rebec were being played in the 10th century.
Tuning.
The rebec can have any number of strings from one to five, although three is the most common number. The strings are often tuned in fifths. The instrument played high notes like the violin, but in later years bigger rebecs were made that played lower notes.
Use of the rebec.
The rebec was mostly used for dance music. Dancing masters often used a kind of pocket-sized rebec called a “kit”.
The rebec was also used in folk music, especially in eastern Europe, Spain and North Africa.
In medieval and Renaissance times the rebec in Europe was played by minstrels. They dressed in special livery and played at important feasts and in processions. They were also played by cowherds. King Henry VIII has several rebec players at his court.

Resonator
A resonator is something that makes a sound bigger. The sound resonates.
Electromagnetics.
In electromagnetics a cavity resonator is a resonator composed of a space that is usually surrounded by a dielectric which makes particular frequencies.
Music.
Most musical instruments have resonators. They are the parts which makes the sound louder. A vibraphone, for example, has long tubes underneath the keys. It also has a special effect: a mechanism which, when it is turned on, opens and shuts the resonators very quickly so that a trembling sound is heard.
The body of a violin is a resonator: without the body the sound of the string vibrating would hardly be heard, just as the sound of an elastic band stretched between two fingers can hardly be heard.

Joshua Bell
Joshua David Bell (born 9 December 1967) is an American violinist. He is considered one of the greatest violinists of today.
Childhood.
Bell was born in Bloomington, Indiana, United States. His father was a psychologist and therapist. He began violin lessons at the age of four after his mother found that her son had taken rubber bands from around the house and stretched them across the handles of his dresser drawer to pluck out music he had heard her play on the piano. His parents got him a very small violin and started giving him lessons. He learned the violin very quickly, but also had time to enjoy things such as video games and sports.
Bell's first violin teacher suggested that he should learn with Josef Gingold. Bell says that Gingold was a great teacher. At the age of fourteen, Bell appeared as a soloist with the Philadelphia Orchestra conducted by Riccardo Muti. He studied the violin at the Indiana University's Jacobs School of Music, while managing to graduate from Bloomington High School North in 1984.
Career.
Joshua Bell first played in the Carnegie Hall, New York in 1985 with the Saint Louis Symphony Orchestra. He has since performed with almost all of the world's major orchestras and conductors. He has played all the well known concertos as well as new works. In 1993 he gave the first performance of Nicholas Maw's violin concerto which was dedicated to him. The recording of this work won Bell a Grammy award. He performed the solo part on John Corigliano's Oscar-winning soundtrack for the movie "The Red Violin" and was also featured in "Ladies in Lavender". Bell also made an appearance in the movie "Music of the Heart", a story about the power of music, with other famous violinists.
Bell's violin is a 300-year-old Stradivarius violin called the Gibson ex Huberman, which was made in 1713, a time when Stradivarius was making his best instruments. This violin had been stolen twice from the previous owner, Bronislaw Huberman; the last time the thief confessed as he was dying to having stolen it. Bell had held and played the violin, and its owner at the time jokingly told Bell the violin could be his for four million dollars. Shortly afterwards, by chance, Bell came across the violin again and discovered it was about to be sold to a wealthy German to become part of a collection. According to the Joshua Bell website Bell "was practically in tears." Bell then sold the Stradivarius violin that he had at the time for a little more than two million dollars and bought the Gibson ex Huberman for a little under the four million dollar asking price. His first recording made with the Gibson ex Huberman was "Romance of the Violin". It sold more than 5,000,000 copies and remained at the top of classical music charts for 54 weeks. In September 2006 he made a CD called the "Voice of the Violin" and was released in September 2006. It has songs arranged for the violin. He played the song "Vocalise" by Rachmaninoff in the Royal Albert Hall at the Last Night of the Proms in 2007. He is a visiting professor at the Royal Academy of Music in London.
In an unusual experiment the Washington Post asked Bell to stand in the street and busk (play his violin) by the entrance to a Washington Metro station one cold morning in January 2007. During the 45 minutes that he played more than 1000 people passed him but only a few people stopped to listen, most of whom were children. Only one person recognized him and one other person realized he was a great violinist.
Personal life.
Bell lives in in Manhattan. He is keen on sports such as golf and tennis. He has never married, although he has one child, born in July 2007, by a former girlfriend.

Elastic modulus
An elastic modulus, or modulus of elasticity, is the mathematical description of an object or substance's tendency to be deformed elastically (i.e. non-permanently) when a force is applied to it.
where λ is the elastic modulus; stress is the force that causes the deformation divided by the area to which the force is applied; and strain is the ratio of the change caused by the stress to the original state of the object.
If one specifies how stress and strain are to be measured, that allows for many types of elastic moduli to be defined.

ISO 3166-1
ISO 3166-1 is not the only standard for country codes. Many international organizations use their own country codes, where some of them closely correspond to the ISO 3166-1 codes. For examples, see "country codes".
Rules for inclusion.
Once a country name or territory name appears in either of these two sources, it will be added to ISO 3166-1 by default.
Officially assigned code elements.
The following is a complete ISO 3166-1 encoding code list in alphabetical order by the English short country names officially used by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency (ISO 3166/MA), which uses country names from United Nations sources.
The table includes officially assigned codes only.
Saint-Barthélemy and Saint-Martin were detached from Guadeloupe and became overseas collectivities of France on February 21, 2007. The ISO has yet to release the official codes for the new collectivities.
Reserved and user-assigned code elements.
Besides the officially assigned codes, code elements may be expanded by using either reserved codes or user-assigned codes.
Reserved code elements are codes which, while not ISO 3166-1 codes, are in use for some applications in conjunction with the ISO 3166 codes. They are reserved to add flexibility to the coding system. Usually, obsolete codes may be kept as reserved, while some overseas territories, international organizations, and special nationality status have reserved codes of their own. See the corresponding sections in "ISO 3166-1 alpha-2" and "ISO 3166-1 alpha-3" for their respective reserved codes (ISO 3166-1 numeric does not have reserved codes).
User-assigned code elements are codes at the disposal of users who need to add further names of countries, territories or other geographical entities to their in-house application of ISO 3166-1, and the ISO 3166/MA will never use them in the updating process of the standard. See the corresponding sections in "ISO 3166-1 alpha-2", "ISO 3166-1 alpha-3" and "ISO 3166-1 numeric" for their respective user-assigned codes.
Changes.
The second edition of ISO 3166-1 was published in 2007, which comprises a consolidation of all changes to the lists as published in the newsletters above.
References.
Information on reserved codes taken from "Reserved code elements under ISO 3166-1" published by Secretariat of ISO/TC 46, ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency, 2001-02-13, available on request from ISO 3166/MA.

List of Harris Scarfe stores
This is a list of Harris Scarfe stores trading under the Harris Scarfe name. Stores in New South Wales and Canberra (Australian Capital Territory) were acquired in 2004 from Allens but continued to trade under the Allens name. Rebranding, changing the brand or name of shop from Allens to Harris Scarfe, of these stores was occurring in late 2008.

Atlas (disambiguation)
Atlas, most commonly means a collection of maps, traditionally bound into book form.

Lira da braccio
The "lira da braccio" was a European string instrument that was played with a bow. It was used during the Renaissance. Italian poet-musicians in court in the 15th and 16th centuries often played it to accompany the poems they were reading. The lira da braccio was very similar to the medieval fiddle. Changes continued to be made to the way the lira da braccio was made until the end of the 16th century. In paintings it is often seen being played by the gods Orpheus and Apollo. Sometimes it was used in groups of instruments.
The instrument was a similar shape to a violin, but with a wider fingerboard and flatter bridge. It usually had seven strings, five of them tuned like a violin with a low D added to the bottom, and two other strings for drones. It is likely that the player often played the tune on the top strings and chords on the lower strings.
The lira da braccio was very popular at court. Later, in the 16th century, the madrigal became very popular and also the violin, so the lira da braccio was used less. It continued to be used in plays, especially when it was associated with Apollo. By the middle of the 17th century people no longer played it.

Atlas (missile)
Atlas was a missile built by the "Convair" Division of "General Dynamics".
It was originally designed as an ICBM in the late 1950s. Than it became the foundation for a family of successful space launch vehicles now built by "United Launch Alliance". The Atlas rocket family is today used as a launch platform for commercial and military satellites, and other space vehicles.
History.
The Atlas, first tested in 1957, was the United States' first successful ICBM (Intercontinental Ballistic Missile).
Atlas, named for the Atlas of Greek mythology, got its start in 1946 with the award of an Army Air Forces research contract to Convair for the study of a 1,500 to 5,000 mi. (2,400 to 8,000 km) range nuclear armed missile.
The missile was originally given the military designation "XB-65", thus making it a bomber; from 1955 it was redesignated "SM-65" and, from 1962, it became "CGM-16". This letter "C" stood for "coffin" or "Container", because the rocket was stored in a semi-hardened container; it was prepared for launch by being raised and fueled in the open. The Atlas-F (HGM-16) was stored vertically underground, but launched after being lifted to the surface.

Flag of Dominican Republic
The flag of the Dominican Republic, as described by Article 95 of the Dominican Constitution, has a white cross in the center that extends to the sides of the flag and divides the flag into four rectangles —the left rectangles are blue (top) and red, and the right ones are red (top) and blue. The width of the white cross is half the height of one of the rectangles.
The National Flag, equivalent to the state and war flags of other Latin American countries, has a small coat of arms in the center of the white cross but there is not a coat of arms in the ensign (the one used by commercial ships).
The Dominican flag was created the first day of Independence (27 February 1844); it was created from the Haitian flag but adding a white cross; that is, two blue rectangles on the top and two red rectangles on the bottom. The colors are from the French flag. That was the "First National Flag".
The first Dominican Constitution of 6 November 1844 did not say anything about the distribution of the rectangles but from the start the flag was represented with alternation of the colors; this is the "Second National Flag". Only the Constitution of 1908 is specific about the color distribution.

Southampton
Southampton is a city in the United Kingdom. The city is in Hampshire. It is about in the middle of the south coast of England. Southampton is the largest city on the south coast.
It is an important port. It is the nearest city to the New Forest. In 1912, the RMS Titanic sailed from there as was common with most ocean liners on the time. It contains several memorials and museum exhibitions related with the doomed ship.
Bargate.
Southampton has lots of landmarks, of which one is the Bargate. This is the old main gate of the city wall of Southampton, and nowadays is used as the beginning of the guided tour of Southampton, "Walk the Walls". In medieval Southampton, a bell was rung at dusk every day to tell people that the gates would shortly be locked.
Today, the Bargate Shopping Centre is situated nearby.
The Mayflower.
Named after "The Mayflower", which set sail from Southampton to the "New World" (via Plymouth), the Mayflower is the theatre in Southampton. It was built in 1928.
Docks.
Southampton is home to many cruise liners, including the QEII and the QMII.
There is also a regular ferry service to Hythe (a small village on the other side of Southampton Water), which leaves every half hour.
Sport.
Southampton has a football team, which is nicknamed "The Saints". In 2001, the team moved stadiums, from "The Dell", to St. Mary's Football Stadium. The club was founded in 1885, and has been playing ever since.
Twinned Cities.
Southampton is also sister cities with

Lhasa Apso
The Lhasa Apso is a small breed of dog. It originated in Lhasa, Tibet, which it is named after. Male Lhasas generally weigh about 14 to 18 pounds, and female Lhasas weigh 12 to 14 pounds. Lhasas have developed a thick coat due to the fact that they were bred in Tibet, which can get very cold. Their fur comes in many different colors, and they usually have dark brown eyes and a black nose. Lhasas generally live long lives, some surviving into their twenties. Lhasa Apsos do tend to develop some sort of arthritis in their legs, which is due to the fact they are excitable, energetic dogs. As they grow older they may weaken in their legs.

States and territories of Australia
The states and territories of Australia make up the Commonwealth of Australia under a federal system of government.
Mainland.
From 1926 to 1931, Central Australia existed as a separate territory between the 20th and 26th parallels of latitude, before being becoming a part of the Northern Territory again.
Background and overview.
The states started as separate British colonies before Federation (in 1901). Their powers are protected by the Australian constitution. The territories are under the control of the Commonwealth government. The Australian Parliament has powers to create laws in the territories that it does not have in the states.
Most of the territories are directly administered by the Commonwealth government. Three of the territories (the Northern Territory, the Australian Capital Territory and Norfolk Island) administer themselves. In the territories that govern themselves, the Australian Parliament has the power to govern, and can override laws made by the territorial governments. It has done this at times, but it is rare that it happens. The Northern Territory and the Australian Capital Territory are usually treated as states.
Each state has a governor. This governor is chosen by the Queen, but she choses the person on the advice of the state Premier. The Administrators of the Northern Territory and of Norfolk Island are chosen by the Governor-General. The Australian Capital Territory is governed by the Governor-General.
The head of government of each state is called the Premier. This person is chosen by the state's Governor. Normally the Governor will select as Premier whoever leads the lower house of the state Parliament. However, the Governor can chose someone else as Premier. The head of government of the self-governing mainland territories is called the Chief Minister. The Northern Territory's Chief Minister, is normally whoever controls the Legislative Assembly, is appointed by the Administrator.

The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show
The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show is an alternative name for two separate American television animated shows: Rocky and His Friends (1959–1961) and The Bullwinkle Show (1961–1964).

Jimmy Finlayson
James Henderson "Jimmy" Finlayson (August 27, 1887 – October 9, 1953) was a Scottish-American actor who worked in both silent and sound comedies. Finlayson was bald, with a fake moustache, and had many trademark comic mannerisms and is famous for his squinting, outrageous "double-take, "fade away" head reaction, and characteristic expression "D'oh!"

Body Mass Index
Image:Body mass index chart.svg|right|300px|thumb|A graph of body mass index is shown above. The dashed lines represent subdivisions within a major class. For instance the “Underweight” classification is further divided into “severe,” “moderate,” and “mild” subclasses."Based on World Health Organization data
Body mass index (BMI) or Quetelet Index is a statistical measure of the weight of a person scaled according to height. It was invented between the 1830s and 1850s by the Adolphe Quetelet.

Middle age
The middle age is the period of life between young adult and before old age. There is no fixed age, but most people think it begins when someone is about 40 years old, until the person is 60 years old.
In most countries, people that think that by middle age, people should be mature, perhaps with a good, steady job and a family. It is also common for some adults to suffer from mid-life crisis, when they are unsure about their life and sometimes become depressed because of it.
Health.
Middle-aged people begin to look older, with more wrinkles in their skin, and start to have grey hair. They become less fit, less strong, and usually gain more weight.
Middle-aged females find it harder to become pregnant. If they do have a baby, there is a higher chance that it will have a genetic disease (Down's Syndrome, for example). Females usually have their menopause in middle age, when they stop menstruating every month. When that happens, they cannot have children anymore.

Tribute
A tribute (from Latin "tribulum", contribution) is wealth one party gives to another as a sign of respect or, as was often case in historical situations, of submission or loyalty. It also included certain characteristics of regulated trade in goods and services between the parties under a contractual relationship formed upon pressure, and based upon the possibilty of threats if improved relationships did not happen.

Brandy
Brandy Norwood (born Brandy Rayana Norwood on February 11, 1979), professionally known as Brandy, is a Grammy Award-winning American R&B singer, songwriter, dancer, and actress. She became famous in 1994 with her first album "Brandy". "Brandy" was followed by "Never Say Never", "Full Moon" and "Afrodisiac", the live album "Divas Live 1999" (with Cher and Whitney Houston), a remix EP called "U Don't Know Me... Like U Used To" and a greatest hits CD named "The Best of Brandy". Her eighth album is expected to be released in October 2007.

Kew Gardens
Kew Gardens, with full name Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, are a collection of gardens (or parks), and glasshouses between Richmond, London and Kew, London. A team of scientists there are doing research in biology. The gardens have been declared a World Heritage Site.

Yo Gabba Gabba!
"Yo Gabba Gabba!" is a children's television program. It is shown on Nick Junior, on the Nickelodeon network. The program is about a colourful D.J. named DJ Lance Rock, and 5 toy monsters, who live in Gabbaland. In every program a band plays music. Most of the bands are famous indie rock acts, like for instance Arcade Fire and Enon.
The series was first shown on August 20, 2007 on Nick Jr. and began being shown February 23, 2008 on Noggin. A second series was shown in 2008.

Post (album)
"Post" is an album by Icelandic singer Björk. She sent it out on June of 1995. It includes techno and dance songs.
Post was one of the most popular albums of Björk. It was ranked #26 in "Spin's" "100 Greatest Albums, 1985-2005".

Grime
Grime is a genre of urban music which first emerged in London in the early 2000s, primarily a development of UK garage, drum and bass, dancehall and hip hop.[1]
Grime music can usually be defined by the beat of the music-130-145 beats per minute, and the strong London accent rapping in a fast and aggressive style.Grime is sometimes associated with dubstep, a similar but largely instrumental genre which also evolved from the early 2000s UK garage scene.
Origins and development.
Grime originated from the UK, mainly in London. Many of the artists found their success in the underground first before gaining mainstream attention.
Examples of the sound can be heard in the late 20th century, with tracks by So Solid Crew, More Fire Crew's "Oi", and Sticky's "Boo" which featured Ms. Dynamite. This indicated the movement of UK Garage away from its R'n'B and hip-hop influences towards darker themes and sounds.
Dizzee Rascal and Wiley(both former Roll Deep members) were possibly the first artists to bring the genre to the media's attention with their two albums "Boy in Da Corner" and"Treddin' On Thin Ice" respectively. Among the first tracks to be recognised as grime were "Eskimo" by Wiley who was the founder of the "Eskibeat" label and "Pulse X" by Musical Mob.
Dizzee Rascal achieved broad critical and commercial acclaim, with Boy in Da Corner eventually winning the 2003 Mercury Music Prize. Grime has received a lot of exposure from television stations including Channel U, Logan Sama's show on London station Kiss FM and the BBC's youth oriented digital radio station1Xtra.
International growth.
The 2005 release of 679 Recordings' "Run the Road" compilation, showcased some of the most popular grime releases to that point, increasing the popularity and fame of grime and grime artists internationally. A particularly notable grime artist who has had success overseas is Lady Sovereign, who reached #1 on MTV's TRL, appeared on "Late Show with David Letterman", and is now signed to Jay-Z's Roc-A-Fella Records.

Landscape
A landscape means an area of land as one can see it. This includes landforms, flora, fauna and human elements, for instance human activity or the built environment.
As it means a view such as lighting and weather conditions are part of landscape as well. It may also mean the objects around one in a building.
Etymology.
The word was borrowed as a painters' term from Dutch during the 16th century, when Dutch artists began to become masters of the landscape genre. The Dutch word "landschap" had earlier meant simply “region, tract of land” but now meant “a picture depicting scenery on land.”
The English word "landscape" was first recorded in 1598. 34 years passed before the word is used of a view or vista of natural scenery. This delay suggests that people were first introduced to landscapes in paintings and then landscapes in real life.

Dell
Dell is a company that makes laptop and desktop computers and computer accessories. It is named after Michael Dell, the CEO and creator of the company. Dell makes computers for businesses and home users, and they also make computer monitors and Printers. They used to make portable music players, called the Dell DJ, and PDAs too.
Their company is in Round Rock, Texas. In 2006, they employed over 78,000 people. Some of their computers come with Linux. Others come with Microsoft Windows.

Svartahrid
Svartahrid is a black metal band from Norway. The band was formed in Skien, Telemark in 1994.

Marcel Marceau
Marcel Mangel (March 22, 1923 – September 22, 2007), better known by his stage name Marcel Marceau, was a well-known mime. He was one of the most popular mimes in the world. He was said to be "single-handedly responsible for reviving the art of mime after World War II.".
Marceau created many personalities. The most famous of these is probably "Bip the clown". He received several awards for his works.

Bugs Bunny
Bugs Bunny was an Academy Award-winning animated rabbit who starred in the "Looney Tunes" and "Merrie Melodies" series created by Warner Bros. He made the phrase "What's up, Doc?" popular as early as 1940. He oftenly seen as a very studious character, with a carrot in his mouth. His counterpart is commonly Daffy Duck, which he is usually arguing with.

Kaz II mystery
The "Kaz II" is a 12 metre catamaran that was found drifting 160 km (80 nautical miles) off the northern coast of Australia on April 18, 2007. What happened to the crew of the boat is still unknown. The circumstances in which they disappeared are mysterious and have been compared to that of the 1800s ship Mary Celeste.

The Simpsons shorts
The Simpsons shorts is a series of one-minute television shorts that ran on the variety show "The Tracey Ullman Show" for three seasons. The shorts were created by cartoonist Matt Groening.

James L. Brooks
James L. Brooks (born May 9, 1940) is a three-time Academy Award, nineteen-time Emmy and Golden Globe-winning American producer, writer, and film director.
He is best known for creating American television programs such as "The Mary Tyler Moore Show", "The Simpsons", "Rhoda" and "Taxi". His best-known film is "Terms of Endearment", for which he received three Academy Awards in 1984.

Wi-Fi
Wireless Fidelity or Wi-Fi is a wireless brand owned by the Wi-Fi Alliance. It is used to help people access networks and the internet without using wires. It is often found in PDAs, laptops and newer computers. To create a wireless network, a wireless router is needed.
Wi-Fi uses the IEEE 802.11 standard to send and receive information between computers. Scientists have asked whether Wi-Fi is dangerous as it uses small amounts of radiation.

Digital object identifier
A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a permanent way of identifying a document, which is not related to its current location. A typical use of a DOI is to give a scientific paper or article a unique number that can be used by anyone find the location of the paper. It may also make it possible to find an electronic copy, for example, on the Internet. The DOI system has a DOI resolution system which is used to locate where the document is. When the document is moved, the DOI resolution system is updated with the new location of the document.

Encyclopaedia Metallum
Encyclopaedia Metallum: The Metal Archives is a website which lists bands from various forms of heavy metal music.

1984 (book)
Nineteen Eighty-Four

Tropical Depression Ten (2007)
Tropical Depression Ten was a short-lived tropical cyclone that moved onto land on western Florida in September 2007. It was the tenth tropical cyclone of the 2007 Atlantic hurricane season. The storm formed as a subtropical depression on September 21 in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico from the contact of a tropical wave, the end of a cold front, and a low pressure system. Originally, the system had a disorganized circulation and thunderstorm patterns, but later turned into a tropical depression after convection became more organized over the center. Moving northwestward, the depression came onto land near Fort Walton Beach early on September 22, and shortly later, it dissipated over southeastern Alabama. The depression caused only light damages to the area and was limited to light rainfall, although the system that would later become "Tropical Depression 10" created a damaging tornado in Eustis, Florida.
Storm history.
By September 17, the contact between a tropical wave and the end of a cold front created huge amounts of thunderstorms over the Bahamas and western Atlantic Ocean. An upper-level low over western Florida created more convection across the area, and on September 18 the system began moving towards Florida. Originally, the system was very disorganized, but surface pressures slowly went down across the area, with a weak low pressure area forming on September 19. A Hurricane Hunters aircraft was sent to fly into the system on September 20 reported an organized low and strong wind gusts in the storm as it moved into the northeastern Gulf of Mexico, along with little and disorganized thunderstorm activity. Convection slowly became better organized, with a well-defined rainband in its eastern half and irregular thunderstorm activity near the center. In spite of its bad organization, with a disorganized circulation and an upper-level low aloft, the National Hurricane Center started advisories on "Subtropical Depression Ten" at 1500 UTC on September 21 while it was located about 40 miles (60 km) south of St. Vincent Island, Florida, stating "the potential for additional development right along the coastline."
With a mid-level ridge to its northwest, the subtropical depression was predicted to move alongside with the coastline of Florida and Alabama. As a outcome, the cyclone was forecasted to have winds of 45 mph (75 km/h) and move onto land on southern Mississippi. The circulation became better organized as convection modestly increased over the center, and within 6 hours of its formation, the system turned into a tropical depression. The cyclone continued moving northwestward, making landfall around 0000 UTC on September 22 near Fort Walton Beach, Florida with winds of 35 mph (55 km/h). The cloud pattern began to become disorganized as it moved inland, and 3 hours after it moved ashore the National Hurricane Center gave out its last advisory on the depression. As the depression continued into Alabama, it became more disorganized, and by 0900 UTC on September 22 the cyclone collapsed into a remnant low pressure area.
Preparations and impact.
At the same time the National Hurricane Center gave out its first advisory on the depression, they also gave out a tropical storm warning from Apalachicola, Florida to the delta of the Mississippi River. Shortly thereafter, an inland tropical storm warning was given out for Pearl River, Walthall, and Pike counties in Mississippi and Washington Parish in Louisiana. Also, the New Orleans National Weather Service gave out a coastal flood watch for four parishes in southeastern Louisiana. In Mississippi, Governor Haley Barbour declared a state of emergency. Officials ordered a mandatory evacuation for people living in areas of low lands and in mobile homes for Jackson, Harrison, and Hancock counties. Officials in New Orleans opened three emergency shelters, stating the possible need of shelter for citizens in about 17,000 FEMA trailers after Hurricane Katrina. Because of the threat of the cyclone, Louisiana governor Kathleen Blanco also declared a state of emergency and placed the state's National Guard and other disaster services on stand-by.
Before of the depression's development, several oil and gas companies removed unneeded workers from offshore oil platforms in the northern Gulf of Mexico; the Shell Oil Company evacuated about 700 employees, while Noble Energy removed its workforce of about 300 people from two oil rigs. Exxon Mobil stopped its production by about 1,000 barrels of oil and 55,000 ft³ (1,500 m³). With 27.7% of the daily crude oil production stopped because of the depression, oil prices rose higher after days of increasing levels, and on September 20 reached a record rate of over $84 per barrel.
Together, the wind shear and low-level helicity created moderate convection across central Florida associated with the precursor low pressure system. Late on September 20, a supercell formed near Lake Apopka, and moved quickly northward it created an EF1 tornado near Eustis; the tornado moved around for about 2 miles (3 km) and reached winds of about 100 mph (160 km/h). The tornado destroyed 20 homes, left 30 others severely damaged, and injured one person, and cut power for about 300 people. The depression also created waves of about 5 feet (1.5 m) and rip currents along the west coast of Florida. Outer rainbands began affecting coastal sections of western Florida by about 12 hours before the formation of the depression. Precipitation in the state reached 2.83 inches (71.9 mm) in Crestview. In other places, rainfall totals reached 1.46 inches (37.1 mm) in Albany, Georgia and 0.51 inches (13 mm) in Dothan, Alabama.

Copyright infringement of software
Copyright infringement of software (also called software piracy, although real piracy still exists) refers to the illegal copying of software, music or films or the spread of these things on the Internet. Copying films is also called bootlegging. Some countries have laws about this. The problem is considered to be bigger in certain countries than in others. Those who hold the copyright get less money because of copyright infringement. As a result of this, some copyright holders publish “anti-piracy” campaigns to tell people about infringement.
Very often, the people making the laws have to make a trade-off between allowing people to copy and use the content, and the copyright holders charging for the content. At the same time, even not allowed distribution makes the content more popular. Because of these two reasons, infringement of copyright for proprietary software and content can be bad also for free software and content.

Bionicle
BIONICLE is a popular line of toys produced by the Lego Company in 2001. The line features half-living, half-robot beings in a different world, where there are heroes and villains.
The main heroes are called "Toa", and the main villains are called "Makuta". Makuta have many dark servants (Rahkshi, Piraka, Visorak and Barraki) that fight the Toa in their quest to bring peace and order to their shattered universe.
There are different types of Toa, such as the Toa Nuva, the Toa Metru the Toa Hagah, and the Toa Mahri. Each character has one main color. For example, some characters are mostly red, others are mostly blue.

Flora
In botany, "flora" (plural: floras or florae) has two meanings.
The first meaning refers to all plant life in an area or time period (especially the naturally occurring or indigenous plant life).
The second meaning refers to a "book or other work" which describes the plant species in an area or time period, with the aim of allowing identification.
The term flora comes from Latin language Flora, the goddess of flowers in Roman mythology. The corresponding term for animal life is fauna.
Plants are grouped into floras based on region, period, special environment, or climate. Regions can be geographically distinct habitats like mountain vs. flatland. Floras can mean plant life of an historic era as in "fossil flora".
Bacterial organisms are sometimes included in a flora. Other times, the terms "bacterial flora" and "plant flora" are used separately.

Flora (disambiguation)
Flora is plant life as distinct from animal life (fauna); or, a book or other work that describes the plant species in a particular area or region.

Eric Cantona
Eric Daniel Pierre Cantona (born May 24, 1966 in Paris) is a French former footballer. He is one of Manchester United F.C.'s greatest players. Cantona has more than 140 appearances with Manchester United. He ended his professional footballing career with the team. Cantona had earlier played for Leeds United before moving to Manchester United in 1992. He has also played for France from 1987 to 1994. He retired from football in 1997

Twin town
Twin Towns are towns or cities in different countries which are paired to encourage human contact and cultural links.
In Europe, the pairs of towns are known in as twin towns, but other languages say friendship towns or partner towns; in North America and Australasia, the towns are called sister cities. Brother cities was the name of twinned cities in the old Soviet bloc.
Twin Towns often (but not always) have similar populations, industries and other characteristics. Sometimes, even larger areas enter into "twinning" agreements, such as that between the provinces of Hainan in China and Jeju in South Korea.
Europe.
The earliest form of town twinning in Europe was between the German city of Paderborn and the French city of Le Mans in 836, although this was not officially established as a modern town twinning arrangement until 1967.
Coventry, United Kingdom was the first ever city to "twin" with another city (Stalingrad, Soviet Union) and hence began the modern practice of twinning.
After the Second World War twinning was a way to bring European people into a closer understanding of each other and to promote cross-border projects and peace.
For example, Coventry twinned with Dresden as an act of peace and reconciliation, both cities having been heavily bombed during the war. Each twin city country is represented in a specific ward of the city and in each ward has a peace garden dedicated to that twin city.
Another early example of town twinning dates back to 1947 when Bristol Corporation (later Bristol City Council) sent five 'leading citizens' on a goodwill mission to Hanover.
Twinning is more popular in Europe than anywhere else, but the idea has now spread to other continents.
Since 1989 the European Union has had a support scheme for town twinning. In 2003 an annual budget of about 12 million euros was given to about 1,300 projects. The from the European Commission

Buffyverse
The Buffyverse is a fictional universe created by writer/director Joss Whedon. It is the setting used for the movie "Buffy the Vampire Slayer" (BtVS), the "BtVS" television series and the "Angel" television series. Comic books and novels based on both the Buffy and Angel television series and the Fray comic book also take place in the Buffyverse. The term Buffyverse was created by the fans of the shows and later used by Whedon as the name for his world. The term has also been used in the titles of published works.
The Buffyverse is a world where Vampires and demons exist. Many different types of fictional creatures and monsters can be found in this world. These creatures include werewolves, ghosts, trolls, and witches. It is a world where magic is used often. Most of the people in the Buffyverse do not know that these creatures live in this world or that magic exists.
The Slayer.
The Slayer or "Chosen One" is a young girl with super-human strength, agility and stamina. It is her destiny to fight evil. When one Slayer is killed, a new girl is "chosen" to become the new Slayer. The new slayer has all of the power of the last Slayer as soon as she is chosen. The new Slayer also begins to have dreams that tell her of her future and Slayers from the past.
The first Slayer was created long before written history by a group of men who looked like Aborigine. She was created by combine her with a demon. As each Slayer is killed, the demon moves to the next slayer. It gives her the powers of the Slayer as well as the dreams of it's past with the other slayers.
Hellmouth.
In the Buffyverse there are many different "dimensions" or worlds. Some are full of evil. A place where the borders between the normal world and an evil dimension are weak is called a Hellmouth. Evil in the normal world will naturally move towards a hellmouth. The area closest to a hellmouth will be home to much evil and strange circumstances.
There are two well known hellmouths in the Buffyverse. The first is located in Sunnydale, California. This is the place where the stories in "Buffy" take place. It is the largest and most powerful hellmouth in the Buffyverse. The second hellmouth is in Cleveland, Ohio. Not much is known about this hellmouth.

Loudness
Volume can mean loudness, for example, in the volume control on computers and televisions which lets you tell the unit how loud you want its sound to be.

Lubricant
Lubricant is a term used to describe things that reduce friction.

Atlas Mountains
The Atlas Mountains (ar. جبال الأطلس) are a mountain range in northwest Africa extending about 2,400 km (1,500 miles) through Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia. The highest peak is Jbel Toubkal, with an elevation of 4,167 metres (13,671 ft) in southwestern Morocco. The second highest mountain is the M'Goun of 4071 meters. The Atlas ranges separate the Mediterranean and Atlantic coastlines from the Sahara Desert. The population of the Atlas Mountains are mainly Berber tribes in Morocco and Kabyles in Algeria.
The mountains are called after the ancient Greek Titan, Atlas (Mythology).

Genetic drift
Genetic drift is the effect that random chance has on evolution. Life is too complicated to be entirely predictable. Some of the differences between living things don't help or harm them enough for natural selection to really care about them.
Random chance can make small changes that later turn out to be useful when a new food, or new challenge arrives. Maybe birds with slightly larger bills will end up slightly better able to crack nuts, while those with slightly smaller bills can grab insects from smaller holes in rotten wood. Small differences like that can be acted on by natural selection to cause the birds to end up living in very different ways.

1956 Winter Olympics
The 1956 Winter Olympics, officially known as the VII Olympic Winter Games, were celebrated in 1956 in Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy. The USSR debuted in these Winter Olympics. They immediately showed their strength by winning more medals than any other nation.
Participating nations.
A total of 32 nations sent athletes to Cortina d'Ampezzo. Bolivia, Iran, and the USSR competed at the Winter Games for the first time. Korea, Liechtenstein, and Turkey returned after having missed the 1952 Winter Olympics. Argentina, Denmark, New Zealand, and Portugal did not compete at these Games, after participating in 1952.
Athletes from West Germany (FRG) and East Germany (GDR) competed together as the United Team of Germany at these Games, an arrangement that would continue for the next two Olympiads.

Feather duster
A feather duster is a tool used for cleaning. It consists typically of a handle and a segment composed of natural or artificial feathers which form the cleaning-contact surface. It is particularly useful for removing dust from surfaces.
Feather dusters use the principles of static electricity to take up small debris such as dander.

Electrostatics
Electrostatics (also known as "static electricity") is the branch of physics that deals with apparently stationary electric charges.
This means for instance the attraction of plastic wrap to ones hand when one has removed it from a package, but also apparently spontaneous explosion of grain silos and damage of electronic components during manufacturing or the operation of photocopiers.
Electrostatics involves the buildup of charge on the surface of objects due to contact with other surfaces. Although charge exchange happens whenever any two surfaces contact and separate, the effects of charge exchange are usually only noticed when at least one of the surfaces has a high resistance to electrical flow. This is because the charges that transfer to or from the highly resistive surface are more or less trapped there for a long enough time for their effects to be observed. These charges then remain on the object until they either bleed off to ground or are quickly neutralized by a discharge: e.g., the familiar phenomenon of a static 'shock' is caused by the neutralization of charge built up in the body from contact with nonconductive surfaces.

Coat of Arms of Dominican Republic
The coat of arms of the Dominican Republic, as described by Article 96 of the Dominican Constitution, has a shield supported by an olive branch (left) and a palm leaf (right); above the shield, a blue ribbon displays the national motto: "Dios, Patria, Libertad" ("God, Fatherland, Freedom"). Below the shield, there is a red ribbon with the words "República Dominicana" ("Dominican Republic").
In the center of the shield there is an opened Bible with a small cross above it, and on each side flanked by three spears, two of them holding Dominican flags. The Constitution does not specify in what page should be opened the Bible; only that is the "Book of Gospels, opened". In fact, only the 1916 Constitution said "opened in John, Chapter XIII" but that constitution was not valid because of the occupation of the country by United States.
The National Flag of Dominican Republic has a small coat of arms in the center of the white cross.
The first Dominican coat of arms was created by the first Dominican Constitution of 6 November 1844 but it was frequently changed until 1913; sometimes, two different coats of arms were used at the same time.
The official Dominican coat of arms, or "Great Seal of the Nation", was established in 1913, when Adolfo Nouel was the President of the Dominican Republic.

Eustis, Florida
Eustis is a city in Lake County, Florida, United States. Its current population as of 2005 is 17,683.

Fort Walton Beach, Florida
Fort Walton Beach is a city in Okaloosa County, Florida, United States. As of 2005, the population is estimated to be 19,817.

Supercell
A supercell is a strong type of thunderstorm with a thick, rotating updraft (a mesocyclone). Supercell thunderstorms are the largest, most dangerous type of thunderstorms. There are really only two types of thunderstorms: supercell and ordinary, but some have four classifications: single-cell, multi-cell, squall line, and supercell.

Kathleen Blanco
Kathleen Babineaux Blanco (born December 15, 1942) is the current governor of Louisiana.

Armenian hypothesis
The Armenian hypothesis suggests that the Proto-Indo-European languages was spoken in the Armenian Highland in the 3rd millennium BC. Scholars Tamaz Gamkrelidze and Vyacheslav Vsevolodovich Ivanov place the homeland in Armenia.

Wilsonian Armenia
Wilsonian Armenia is used for the borders that were drawn by Woodrow Wilson at the Treaty of Sèvres. The area was to the north and to the west side of Trabzon Province to provide the DRA an area to the Black Sea. The Armenian national fight for "Western Armenia" being somewhat part of the newly established Turkish republic dropped from the table.

Yasuo Fukuda
Yasuo Fukuda (福田康夫) was Prime Minister of Japan, 2007-2008. He was born on July 16, 1936 in Japan. He was preceded by Shinzo Abe. He hosted the G8 meeting in Hokkaido in July 2008, but resigned on September 1 2008, due to low approval ratings and political deadlock. He was suceeded by Taro Aso.

Mercenary
Mercenaries are soldiers who fight mainly for money, rather than for their country or for their political beliefs.
For many years in the Middle Ages soldiers from Switzerland fought battles for which ever side paid them. The popes would hire soldiers from Switzerland to fight for them. The Swiss Guard is all that is left of Switzerland's mercenary tradition. However the modern Swiss Guard are not mercenaries, because the guards are all catholic and are prepared to fight not for their country but for their beliefs.
In 2004, Sir Mark Thatcher was arrested in connection with an attempt by mercenaries to take over the country of Equatorial Guinea. Thatcher, son of Margaret Thatcher, the former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. He was eventually fined because of his involvement in giving funds to the leaders, but not with planning the fighting.

Kere
Kere is a lake in Kazakhstan, in Akmola Province. Its area is 63.8 square kilometres.

Jean-Pierre Jeunet
Jean-Pierre Jeunet (born 3 September 1953 in Roanne, Loire, France) is a French movie director.
Career.
Jean-Pierre Jeunet bought his first camera at the age of 17 and made short movies while studying animation at Cinémation Studios. He made friends with Marc Caro. Caro was a designer and comic book artist. Caro worked on many of Jeunet's movies with him.
Together, Jeunet and Caro directed award-winning animations. Their first live-action movie was "The Bunker of the Last Gunshots" (1981). It was a short movie about soldiers in a futuristic world. Jeunet also directed numerous television advertisements and music videos.
Jeunet and Caro's first full length movie was "Delicatessen" (1991). It was a black comedy set in a famine-plagued future. Next came "The City of Lost Children" (1995). It was a dark fantasy movie with a story about a doctor who kidnaps children in order to steal their dreams.
Because "The City of Lost Children" was well liked, Jeunet was asked to direct the fourth movie in the Alien series - ' (1997). Though not well received by critics, "Alien: Resurrection" turned a profit at the box office.
Jeunet returned to France after making "Alien: Resurrection". The fact that he had made a Hollywood movie gave him freedom on his next movie, "Amélie". "Amélie" is lighter and more romantic than his earlier movies. This story was a huge success worldwide. It was nominated for several Academy Awards. For this movie he also got an European Film Award for Best Director.
In 2004, Jeunet released "A Very Long Engagement". It is based on the novel by Sebastien Japrisot. The movie is set after World War I. It is about a woman (played by Audrey Tautou) looking for her missing lover.

Graham Yost
Graham Yost is a Canadian movie and television screenwriter. His most famous works are the 1994 movie "Speed", "Broken Arrow", and "Hard Rain". Yost did not write the dialog for "Speed". The dialog was written by Joss Whedon.
He has also written for the television series "Herman's Head", "Band of Brothers", and "Boomtown". More recently, he is the creator of the NBC drama "Raines" starring Jeff Goldblum that premiered on March 15, 2007.

Longboat
A longboat is a long boat used by the Vikings. It was made of wood and moved on the sea by rowing.

Jarrow
Jarrow is a town in England. It has a population of 27,000 people.
History.
Romans had set up a fort near Jarrow in the 1st century. Later in the 5th century, Anglo-Saxons occupied the location. It is not well known when Jarrow was first built. The name of "Jarrow" has been used from 750 AD. The monastery of St Paul is the sister monastery of Monkwearmouth in Sunderland.
Today.
Jarrow is part of the Metropolitan Borough of South Tyneside

1952 Winter Olympics
The 1952 Winter Olympics, officially known as the VI Olympic Winter Games, were celebrated in 1952 in Oslo, Norway.
Participating nations.
A total of 30 nations sent athletes to compete at these Games, which was the highest number to that date. This was the first time New Zealand and Portugal participated in the Winter Olympic Games. Australia, Germany, and Japan returned, after having missed the 1948 Winter Olympics. Korea, Liechtenstein, and Turkey did not participate in 1952, after having competed in 1948.

1940 Summer Olympics
The anticipated 1940 Summer Olympics, which were to be officially known as Games of the XII Olympiad and originally scheduled to be celebrated between September 21 and October 6 1940 in Tokyo, Empire of Japan, were cancelled because of World War II. After the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937, the International Olympic Committee decided to have the games in Helsinki, Finland. The Games in Finland were scheduled to be celebrated between July 20 to August 4 1940. When World War II started, the Summer Games were cancelled until after the war. They were next held in London in 1948.
With the Olympics cancelled, the major international athletics event in 1940 turned out to be the annual Finland-Sweden athletics international, held at the new Helsinki Olympic Stadium.
Helsinki eventually held the 1952 Summer Olympics and Tokyo the 1964 Summer Olympics.

1936 Winter Olympics
The 1936 Winter Olympics, officially known as the IV Olympic Winter Games, were celebrated in 1936 in the town of Garmisch-Partenkirchen in Bavaria, Germany. Germany also hosted the Summer Olympics the same year in Berlin.
Participating nations.
28 nations sent athletes to compete in Germany, to date the largest number at a Winter Games. Australia, Bulgaria, Greece, Liechtenstein, Spain, and Turkey all made their Winter Olympic debut in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, and Estonia, Latvia, the Netherlands, and Yugoslavia all returned to the Games after having missed the 1932 Winter Olympics.

Atlas (anatomy)
In anatomy, the atlas is the top "cervical vertebra" (neck bones) of the spine. In anatomy, the "atlas" is written (C1) for short.
It is named for the Atlas of mythology, because it supports the head in the same way as Atlas held the world on his shoulders.
The "atlas" connects to a vertebra called the Axis. Together they form the joint connecting the skull to the rest of the spine. The "atlas" and "axis" are different in shape from all the other vertebrae. They have more movement. They allow the head to nod and to rotate (turn).

Vertebra
Vertebrae (singular: "vertebra") are the individual irregular bones that make up the spinal column ("aka" ischis) — a flexuous and flexible column.
There are normally thirty-three (33) vertebrae in humans, including the five that are fused to form the sacrum (the others are separated by intervertebral discs) and the four coccygeal bones which form the "tailbone".
The upper three regions comprise the remaining 24, and are grouped under the names "cervical" (7 vertebrae), "thoracic" (12 vertebrae) and "lumbar" (5 vertebrae), according to the regions they occupy.

1928 Winter Olympics
The 1928 Winter Olympics, officially known as the II Olympic Winter Games, were celebrated in 1928 in St. Moritz, Switzerland. The 1928 Games were the first true "Winter Olympics" held on its own and not as a part of a "Summer Olympics". The preceding 1924 Winter Olympics were later renamed as Winter Olympics. They were actually part of the 1924 Summer Olympics. All preceding Winter Events of the Olympic Games were the winter sports part of the schedule of the Summer Games, and not as a separate Winter Games.
Participating nations.
Athletes from 25 nations competed at these Games, up from 16 in 1924. This was the first time many countries attended the Winter Olympic Games, including Argentina, Estonia, Germany, Japan, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, and Romania.

Local government in England
For the purposes of local government, England is divided into as many as four levels of administrative divisions. At some levels, various legislation has created alternative types of administrative division.
Regional level.
At the top level, England is divided into nine regions. Each one containing one or more county-level areas. The regions were created in 1994 and since the 1999 Euro-elections have been used as England's European Parliament constituencies. All have the same status. However London is the only region with any devolved power in the form of an elected mayor and the Greater London Authority. The regions also vary greatly in their areas and their populations.
County level.
England is divided by the Lieutenancies Act 1997 into areas for the appointment of Lord Lieutenants, who are historically the Crown's representative in a county. Although not actually defined as such, these areas have become known as ceremonial counties. These counties are sometimes used by people when describing where they live in England. However, many are not used as local government areas themselves, as many are too large or include large urban areas. They are taken into consideration though when drawing up Parliamentary constituency boundaries for example.
For administrative purposes, England is divided into four types of county-level subnational entities used for local governance.
Metropolitan county.
There are six metropolitan counties, divided into metropolitan boroughs, which cover large urban areas outside London. They were created in 1974. In 1986 their county councils were abolished.
Shire county.
The "shire counties" were also created in 1974 and are legally known as non-metropolitan counties. They are divided into non-metropolitan districts and cover much of the country, though mainly the rural areas.
Unitary authority.
Unitary authorities were created in the 1990s and are single-tier authorities which combine the functions of county and district councils. They are defined either as counties consisting of a single district or districts of a county such as Berkshire that has no county council. The Isle of Wight is the exception, being a county council with no districts.
Greater London.
Greater London was created in 1965 and is sometimes considered as a metropolitan county but it is not defined as such. It is divided into the City of London and London boroughs.
District level.
Districts in England may also have the status of borough, city or royal borough.
Metropolitan district.
The metropolitan counties were divided into metropolitan districts which are usually called boroughs. When the county councils were abolished the metropolitan districts gained much of their powers and therefore function similar to other unitary authorities.
Non-metropolitan district.
Shire counties are divided into non-metropolitan districts. Power is shared with the county council, but shared differently to the metropolitan counties when first created.
Parish level.
The civil parish is the most local unit of government in England. Under the legislation that created Greater London, they are not permitted within its boundary. Not all of the rest of England is parished, though the number of parishes and total area parished is growing.
Exceptions.
The following are exceptions to the general arrangements for local government in England and as a consequence are separately listed in legislation from the above types of local authorities where functions are allocated to particular groups of local authorities.
London boroughs.
In Greater London, the 32 London borough councils have a status close to that of unitary authorities, but there is also a higher strategic tier, the Greater London Authority, which oversees some of the functions performed elsewhere by Counties including transport, policing, the fire brigade and also economic development.
City of London.
As well as the same general functions performed by the surrounding London boroughs, the City of London has others which make it distinct from most local authorities, including extra-territorial possessions (such as Hampstead Heath and Queens Park recreation ground in Kilburn) and services (including veterinary services at Heathrow Airport and domestic asbestos disposal) elsewhere in Greater London.
Inner and Middle Temples.
Inner Temple and Middle Temple are small liberties within the boundary of the City of London which function as their own local authorities.
Isles of Scilly.
The Isles of Scilly have a "sui generis" local authority, the Isles of Scilly Council, which is similar to a unitary authority found in the rest of England.
Changes proposed in 2004.
A referendum was held in North East England on November 4, 2004 to see whether people there wished to have an elected regional assembly. As part of the referendum, voters were to have been asked to choose which system of unitary authorities they would like to see in the existing county council areas if the regional assembly was approved. In the event, the vote in the North East was a decisive "no", making the proposed local government changes moot.
Similar referendums in North West England and Yorkshire and the Humber were postponed indefinitely: on 8 November 2004 the Deputy Prime Minister announced "I will not therefore be bringing forward orders for referendums in either the North West, or Yorkshire and the Humber". *
Most of the proposed changes would have required no change in the county level entites, as they could have been be implemented by merging districts and abolition of the county council. Where borders were crossed, however, changes would have been needed. This impacted Lancashire, where various parts were proposed for combination with Blackpool and Blackburn with Darwen (both unitaries), Sefton (in Merseyside), Wigan (in Greater Manchester), and southern Cumbria; it also affects one proposal for North Yorkshire, which would have merged the district of Selby with the East Riding of Yorkshire. Few of the boundary changes would have involved creating new borders - only the proposals to combine Blackpool with parts of Wyre, and to split West Lancashire between Wigan and Sefton would do this.
Changes under consideration in 2007.
[*] - the Boundary Committee is asked to advise whether an alternative unitary proposal for Norwich based on revised council boundaries could deliver the required improvements.
[**] - if Bedford Borough Council’s proposals are implemented other authorities in Bedfordshire including Bedfordshire County Council will be invited to propose a unitary solution for the remaining area of Bedfordshire.

1928 Summer Olympics
The 1928 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the IX Olympiad, were held in 1928 in Amsterdam, Netherlands. Amsterdam had made a bid for the 1920 and 1924 Olympic Games, but had to give way to war-victim Belgium and De Coubertin's Paris before finally being awarded with the organisation. The only other candidate city was Los Angeles. Los Angeles would eventually host the Olympics four years later in 1932.
Participating nations.
A total of 46 nations were represented at the Amsterdam Games. Malta, Panama, and Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) competed at the Olympic Games for the first time. Germany returned after having not being invited in 1920 and 1924.

1924 Winter Olympics
The 1924 Winter Olympics, officially known as the I Olympic Winter Games, were celebrated in 1924 in Chamonix, Haute-Savoie, France between 25 January and 5 February 1924. The Games were originally called "Semaine Internationale des Sports d'Hiver" ("International Winter Sports Week") and were held as part of the 1924 Summer Olympics. It was later decided by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) that the Games would be called the I Olympic Winter Games.
Participating nations.
Athletes from 16 nations competed in the first Winter Olympic Games.

Realism
Realism is a word that can be used in many different ways. It is used mainly in the arts to describe the way that writers, musicians, painters etc thought in the late 19th century. These artists were trying to show the world as it really is, instead of trying to escape to a world of fantasy, which is what the Romantics had been doing. The Realists wanted to give an accurate description of Nature and of the way people lived in society.
Realism in literature.
Realism in literature was a movement which started in Germany. The poet and writer Heinrich Heine tried in his books to accept the world as it is instead of trying to escape from it. Realistic writers tried to find good things about society.
The interest in Realism led to a movement called Naturalism. This meant describing scenes in nature accurately. The novelist Emile Zola was a Naturalist.
Realism in Philosophy.
In philosophy Realism has a somewhat different meaning. Realist philosophy is a way of thinking about the world in which things have an existence even if no one is studying them (looking, hearing, smelling, touching them). This was different from older philosophers who said that things only exist because of people who are aware of them. For example: beauty only exists because someone sees something that they think is beautiful. A realist philosopher might say that beauty is there whether anyone sees it or not.
Music.
In music there was a movement called Verismo which was the Italian word for “reality”. Verismo was popular in Italian opera around the end of the 19th century and early 20th century. Puccini was an opera composer whose style is typical of Verismo.
Other meanings.
The term social realism describes an art form in America in the 1930s which expressed social protest in a naturalistic way. This is different from what is usually called socialist realism which was a term used by Soviet politicians from 1932 to the mid 1980s to describe art which showed the workers' struggle, glorifying the Soviet Union.
In the early 20th century Realism led to other movements such as Dadaism and Surrealism.

Ridge (meteorology)
A ridge is a stretched out area of high atmospheric pressure compared to normal recorded pressures. It is also the opposite of a trough.

Hurricane Hunters
Hurricane Hunters are special aircrafts that fly into or around a tropical cyclone to gather information (or data). Hurricane Hunters are only used to study tropical cyclones in the northern Atlantic Ocean and northeastern Pacific Ocean run by the United States government.

St. Vincent Island, Florida
St. Vincent Island, Florida is one of a group of islands that is located in the Floridan Gulf Coast.

Phencyclidine
Phencyclidine (a contraction of the chemical name "phenylcyclohexylpiperidine"), shortened as PCP, is a dissociative drug that gives the user hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects. It is commonly known as Angel Dust. The drug used to be used as an anesthetic.
PCP is a white crystalline powder that is readily soluble in water or alcohol. PCP or Angel Dust goes by names on the street such as angel hair, angel mist, aurora borealis, black whack, crystal, cyclones, devil dust, dummy dust, embalming fluid, hallucinogen, horse tranquilizer, jet fuel, magic dust, rocket fuel, or star dust. It is sometimes mixed with marijuana and referred to as Love Boat or Killer Weed, and it can even be mixed with crack, which is known as Space Basing. PCP/Angel Dust was created after WWII as a surgical anesthetic. It was efficient, but the side effects were brutal hallucinations, jumbled speech, and delirium. Around the mid-to-late 1960s, the drug sprang up on the streets of San Francisco as a "Peace Pill." It didn't take long for word to spread that Angel Dust had generated many unpleasant experiences. Once it was realized that it was a very dangerous drug, its use died out before the 1970’s where its uses began to become more frequent in New York. Even though it spread quickly in New York it was the same as before, its use died out. “Legal use of the drug has been discontinued and it is no longer legally manufactured in the U.S., because of its effects.
The effects of PCP can be very unpredictable. It can affect the central nervous system, by causing it to create states of euphoria, loss of inhibitions, anxiety, disorientation, restlessness, drowsiness, or disorganized thinking. Other effects can also be distorted time, space, and body sensations, feelings of weightlessness, paranoia, and the feeling of being disassociated with the environment. Audial and visual hallucinations are common as well when using Angel Dust. The drug raises the heart rate and blood pressure in your body. External effects include but are not limited to: excess salivation, sweating, numbness, staggering, slurred speech, fever, and muscle rigidity.
PCP can be eaten, snorted, injected or smoked. There are Low, Medium, and High Doses of PCP\Angel Dust, which determine what kinds of effects you have. Low doses causes you to have feelings of euphoria (well-being), relaxation, numbness, sensory distortions, feelings of detachment from one's own body, anxiety, confusion, amnesia, illogical speech, blurred vision, blank stare. Medium doses can cause confusion, agitation, analgesia, fever, excessive salivation, "schizophrenic-type" behavior, while High doses can cause seizures, respiratory failure, coma, fever, stroke, or death. A physiological or psychological dependence might occur, and bring forth withdrawal symptoms such as diarrhea, chills, and tremors. PCP affects multiple neurotransmitter systems in the brain. For example, PCP inhibits the obliteration of Dopamine, Norepinephrine, serotonin, and also some types of opioid receptors in the brain. It also inhibits the action of glutamate by blocking NMDA (N-methyl d-aspartate) receptors. Prescription drugs like Diazepam, haloperidol, and phentolamine may be used to help relieve some of the effects of Angel Dust/PCP.

Philodendron
Philodendron ("tree lover") is the name commonly given to some species of the Arum family, Araceae. Currently, over 1000 different species are known. The plants are evergreen flowering plants. Some of them are vines, some can grow as epiphytes. Most of them grow like bushes. They can reach a height of about 6 meters.
Very often, Philodendrons are grown as houseplants. They grow quickly, and are easy to care for.
Sometimes Monstera are still caled Philodendron. That plant is very similar.
Philodendrons are sometime grown because they can neutralise some poisons commonly found indoors, most notably Formaldehyde, Carbon monoxide and Benzene.

Sagittarius (astrology)
Sagittarius is the astrological Zodiac sign that represents the constellation Sagittarius. Sagittarius is from November 22 to December 21. The opposite sign to Aries is Gemini.
Mythology.
In mythology Sagittarius is related to Greek myth of a centaur.
myths also says that the constellation Sagittarius represents chiron because of his responsible actions unlike all the other sagittarius'.
Astrology.
In astrology Sagittarius is ruled by the planet Jupiter.
Negative Characteristics.
The Sagittarius has some very good characteristics, but with some very bad ones too. This is because they have two personalities, because the Centaur (Sagittarius' symbol), is half horse half person.
are always fighting each other. This everyday fight inside a Sagittarius' personality is seen in Sagittarius' sign, as an arrow lifting a heavy cross.

Shell Oil Company
Shell Oil Company is an oil company that is one of the most popular oil and gas producers in the United States. Its head office is in Houston, Texas.

Noble Energy
Noble Energy, Inc. () of Houston, Texas is the modern name of Noble Affiliates Inc., by which it was known through the 1990s, and it is now an oil and natural gas exploration and production company with almost US$3 billion in income at #660 on the 2007 Fortune 1000 list of the largest American companies.
In 1985, Noble Affiliates started its subsidiary Noble Drilling Corporation () to shareholders, and that company in turn went public by the early 1990s, and then became Noble Corporation, an S&P 500 company.
In South America, the company operates in Argentina and Ecuador. In Africa, Noble Energy operates in Equatorial Guinea. And in Eurasia, it operates in the Mediterranean Sea, the North Sea and China.

Pakenham railway line, Melbourne
The Pakenham Railway Line is a Railway in Melbourne, Victoria. It has 25 stations. It was run by M-Train until April 17, 2004, where Connex took over all Melbourne rail services.
List of stations.
Bold stations are places where trains end their journeys, "italic" stations have staff there to help people.
Branches from Frankston line at Caulfield station.
The Traralgon regional line follows on from this line.

Austrian Empire
The Austrian Empire was an empire that lasted in Europe from 1804 to 1867. The empire was centered on present-day Austria and was a remnant of the Holy Roman Empire which collapsed on 1806. It was then succeeded by Austria-Hungary.

Pilot fish
The pilot fish ("Naucrates ductor") is a fish that lives in many places of the world. It lives in warm water. It is a carnivore (meaning that it eats other creatures).
Pilot fish usually gather around sharks (as well as rays and sea turtles). They eat parasites (very small creatures which feed off other animals) on their host, as well as small pieces of food that their host doesn't eat (leftovers). When pilot fish are young, they gather around jellyfish and drifting seaweeds.
Pilot fish follow sharks because other animals which might eat the pilot fish will not come near a shark. In return, sharks don't eat pilot fish because pilot fish eat the parasites which feed off sharks. This is called a "mutualist" relationship. Small pilot fish are often seen swimming into the mouth of a sharks to eat small pieces of food from the shark's teeth. Sailors even said that sharks and pilot fish act like close friends. When a ship would capture the shark the pilot fish followed, some people reported that the pilot fish would appear upset and follow the ship for up to six weeks.
They will follow ships in other circumstances, sometimes for very long distances; many pilot fish have been seen on the shores of England, which is a long way from where they usually live.
The pilot fish is of a dark blue to blackish-silver colour, and are slightly lighter in colour underneath. They have between 5 and 7 dark stripes going from top to bottom. When the fish is excited, these stripes disappear, and three large blue patches appear on its back. The pilot fish is usually about 30 cm long, but sometimes they can be as big as 70cm.
The pilot fish will not hurt people, and they are said to be good to eat. They are very difficult to catch, though.
There are many explanations for the name "pilot fish". It could be because sailors people believed that pilot fish were leading (piloting) them back to port, or even leading swimmers and whales to safety. It could also be because people used to think pilot fish would lead sharks to food (but they don't really do this).

Bălţi
Bălţi is the third-largest city in the country of Moldova. It is the major city in the northern part of the country. During the Russian Empire (1812-1917), and later the Soviet era (1940-1990) the name was also spelled Beltsy, from its form in Russian. The city is 135 km north of the capital Chişinău, on the small river Răut, a branch of the Dniester (Nistru). It is located on a hilly landscape that, in the Middle Ages, was covered with forest, This forest has since been almost entirely cut down.

Floyd Landis
Floyd Landis (born October 14 1975) is an American cyclist, now best remembered because of the Tour de France 2006 doping scandal. He is a time-trial specialist and a strong climber.
Landis turned professional in 1999 with the Mercury Cycling Team. He joined the US Postal Service team in 2002], and moved to the Phonak Hearing Systems team in 2005.
Doping.
Landis was fired from the Phonak team on 5 August 2006. The doping test after stage 17 of the 2006 Tour de France showed he had a very high testosterone/epitestosterone "ratio". The rules say that for every one unit of one chemical he should have four unites of the other (a 4 to one (4:1) ratio). Landis's test showed a ratio of 11:1.
Landis appealed to the USA Cycling and saying the tests were not done properly. USA Cycling asked three people from the United States Anti-Doping Agency (USADA) to study Landis's claims. On 20 September 2007 that group voted 2 to 1 against him. Landis was stripped of his title as winner of the 2006 Tour de France by the UCI, and banned from professional racing for two years.
Under UCI rules, the cyclist's national federation, in this case USA Cycling decides if the rules have been broken, but because of the science involved they asked the United States Anti-Doping Agency (USADA) to help.
Biography.
Floyd Landis was born in Farmersville, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania.
Landis was brought up a Mennonite, and rode his first races wearing sweatpants because his religion forbade wearing shorts; he won anyway. Landis' father, is a devout Mennonite, and tried to stop him from racing his bike by giving him extra chores. He had no time to train during the day, so he would sneak out of the house at night to train, sometimes at 1 or 2 a.m. and often in the freezing cold. His father, found that Floyd had been going out at night and often followed him at a distance to make sure he was not getting into trouble. Today, Floyd Landis's father is a supporter of his son and says he is one of Floyd's biggest fans.
2006 Tour de France.
Before the 2006 Tour de Francemost people thought the winner would be either Ivan Basso or Jan Ullrich, who finished second and third respectively in the 2005 tour. Days before the race, the Operación Puerto doping case forced Basso and Ullrich to withdraw, and Landis became one of the favourites to win
Hip ailment.
Landis performance up to Stage 16 of the Tour de France and his comeback in Stage 17 is surprising because of his hip ailment, called osteonecrosis, which was revealed in an article in "The New York Times" during the 2006 Tour de France.. This means he was in constant pain.
Doping investigation===.
On July 27, 2006 the Phonak Cycling Team said Floyd Landis had a urine test come back positive, having an unusually high ratio of the hormone testosterone to the hormone epitestosterone (T/E ratio) after Stage 17. Landis denied having doped. Phonak stated that he would be dismissed should the backup sample also test positive. It did, and Landis was suspended from professional cycling and dismissed from his team. Landis's personal physician later disclosed that the test had found a T/E ratio of 11:1 in Landis, far above the maximum allowable ratio of 4:1.
The tests were done by French government's anti-doping clinical laboratory, the National Laboratory for Doping Detection (LNDD)which is part of the Ministry of Youth, Sport, and Social Life, and is and is accredited by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA).)
Appeal.
On May 14, 2007 a meeting began between the USADA and Landis about the doping allegations.. On September 20, 2007, the arbitrators found Landis guilty of doping.
As Landis forfeited his Tour title, the second place rider, Óscar Pereiro, became the race's official winner. Landis has also been banned from the sport for two years, dated retroactively to January 2007.
Landis's former team, Phonak has already been disbanded
The USADA had more B samples taken during the Tour de France 2006 examined. After Landis's attempts to prevent these tests had failed, traces of exogenous testosterone were found in several samples in a test of seven samples. These confirmation tests were done at the same French lab Landis's team was trying to discredit for the first positive results.
Landis did race in France in 2007 so that the appeal could be decided in the United States first. If the raced in France they may start their own investigation because doping is illegal in France.
Among Landis's lawyers are José Maria Buxeda of Spain and Howard L. Jacobs of the United States. Buxeda represented Roberto Heras when he was suspended for two years after testing positive for doping. Jacobs has also defended athletes accused of doping, such as cyclist Tyler Hamilton and sprinter Tim Montgomery. They are also representing Kazakh cyclist Alexandre Vinokourov who was accused of blood doping, kicked out of the 2007 Tour de France, and fired from his cycling team.
Verdict.
On September 20, 2007 Landis was found guilty of doping by a 2-1 vote of the hearing committee. The committee said that there were mistakes testing the sample so they will not say that there was a high amount of the natural chemical testosterone. But the committee did say was proof of artificial testosterone and that
Landis does have the right to appeal the decision of the committee to the Court of Arbitration for Sport.

Oscar Pereiro
Óscar Pereiro is a cyclist from Spain. He was born on 3 August 1977. He came second in the 2006 Tour de France. On 20 September 2007 he was declared the winner because Floyd Landis was found guilty of doping.

Hawksbill turtle
The Hawksbill Sea Turtle is an endangered species of turtle.

1924 Summer Olympics
The 1924 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the VIII Olympiad, were held in 1924 in Paris, France. The home town of Pierre de Coubertin, which had already hosted the 1900 Games, was chosen over bids of Amsterdam, Berlin, Los Angeles, Rio de Janeiro and Rome.
Participating nations.
A total of 44 nations were represented at the 1924 Games. Germany was not there because they were not invited by the Organizing Committee. Ecuador, Haiti, Ireland, Lithuania, the Philippines and Uruguay attended the Olympic Games for the first time. Latvia and Poland attended the Summer Olympic Games for the first time (appeared earlier at the 1924 Winter Olympics in Chamonix).

1906 Summer Olympics
The 1906 Summer Olympics, also called the 1906 Intercalated Games, were held in Athens, Greece. These games are not awarded the title of "Olympiad" because they were held between the III and IV Olympiads. Medals were given to the participants during these games, but the medals are not officially recognized by the International Olympic Committee.

2012 Summer Olympics
The 2012 Summer Olympic Games, officially known as the Games of the XXX Olympiad, will be held in London, United Kingdom from 27 July to 12 August 2012, followed by the 2012 Paralympic Games from 29 August to 9 September.
London will become the first city to host the modern Olympic Games three times; London also hosted the 1908 Summer Olympics and the 1948 Summer Olympics.
The bidding process.
By the bid submission deadline of 15 July 2003, nine cities had submitted bids to host the 2012 Olympics. These cities were Havana, Istanbul, Leipzig, London, Madrid, Moscow, New York, Paris, and Rio de Janeiro.
On 18 May 2004, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) reduced the number of cities to five: London, Madrid, Moscow, New York, and Paris.
The IOC inspection team visited the five candidate cities during February and March of 2005.
On 6 June 2005 the International Olympic Committee released its evaluation reports for the five candidate cities. Although these reports did not contain any scores or rankings, the evaluation report for Paris was seen as the most positive, followed closely by London.
During the process, many thought Paris was most likely to win the nomination, largely because this was its third bid in recent years. In late August 2004, reports came out predicting a London and Paris tie in the 2012 bid.
On 6 July 2005, London was announced as the winner of the bid at the Raffles City Convention Centre in Singapore.

1952 Summer Olympics
The 1952 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XV Olympiad, were held in 1952 in Helsinki, Finland. Helsinki had been elected as the host city over Amsterdam, Athens, Lausanne, and Stockholm and five American cities: Chicago, Detroit, Los Angeles, Minneapolis and Philadelphia. Helsinki had been given the 1940 Summer Olympics but they were canceled because of World War II.
Participating nations.
A total of 69 nations participated in these Games, up from 59 in the 1948 Games. Twelve nations made their first Olympic appearance in 1952: The Bahamas, Gold Coast (now Ghana), Guatemala, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Israel, Netherlands Antilles, Nigeria, Saar, the Soviet Union (USSR), Thailand, and Vietnam.

1948 Summer Olympics
The 1948 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XIV Olympiad, were held in 1948 at Wembley Stadium in London, England. These were the first Summer Olympics to be held since the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin because no Games were held during World War II.
Participating nations.
A total of 59 nations sent athletes to compete at the London Games. Fourteen nations made their first official Olympic appearance at these Games: British Guiana (now Guyana), Burma (now Myanmar), Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), Iran, Iraq, Jamaica, Korea, Lebanon, Pakistan, Puerto Rico, Singapore, Syria, Trinidad and Tobago, and Venezuela.

1944 Summer Olympics
The anticipated 1944 Summer Olympics, which were to be officially known as the Games of the XIII Olympiad, were cancelled because of World War II. They would have been held in London, England, which won the bid in the June 1939 International Olympic Committee election, over Rome, Detroit, Lausanne, Athens, Budapest, Helsinki and Montreal.
London hosted the next Olympic Games, the 1948 Summer Olympics, awarded without an election.
In spite of the war, the IOC had many events at its headquarters in Lausanne, Switzerland to celebrate its 50th anniversary. These events happened on 17 June to 19 June 1944 and were called "The Jubilee Celebrations of IOC" by Carl Diem, the man who began the modern tradition of the Olympic torch relay.
Polish POWs in the Woldenberg (Dobiegniew) Oflag II-C POW camp were granted permission by their Nazi captors to have an unofficial "POW Olympics" in 1944, showing that the Olympic spirit can survive even during war.

1920 Summer Olympics
The 1920 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the VII Olympiad, were held in 1920 in Antwerp, Belgium. The 1920 Games were awarded to Antwerp to honour the suffering of the Belgian people during World War I.
The 1916 Summer Olympics, to be held in the German Empire capital Berlin had been cancelled. The results of World War I and the Versailles Peace Conference affected the Olympic Games because new states were created. The Games were also affected by sanctions against the nations that lost the war and received the blame for starting it.
Budapest was going to host the 1920 games. However, the Austro-Hungarian Empire had been an ally of Germany in the First World War. Because of this, the (now independent) Hungary lost the right to hold the games, and was not even allowed to take part. Germany, Austria, Bulgaria and Turkey were also banned from the 1920 Summer Olympics.
Participating nations.
A total of 29 nations participated in the Antwerp Games, only one more than in 1912, as Germany, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria and Turkey were not invited. From the newly-created European states, only Estonia and Czechoslovakia took part. The Yugoslavia, Brazil, Finland and Monaco competed as nations at the Olympic Games for the first time. New Zealand, which had competed as part of a combined team with Australia in 1908 and 1912, competed on its own for the first time.

1916 Summer Olympics
The anticipated 1916 Summer Olympics, which were to be officially known as the Games of the VI Olympiad, were to have been held in Berlin, Germany. When World War I started in 1914, organization of the Games continued because no one thought the war would continue for four years. The games were eventually cancelled. Germany won the bid for the Games over Alexandria and Budapest.
A winter sports week with speed skating, figure skating, ice hockey and nordic skiing was planned. The main stadium would have been the Deutsche Stadion (German Stadium), which was built in 1912 – 13. Berlin returned to Olympic bidding in 1931 when it beat Barcelona, Spain for the right to host the 1936 Summer Olympics.

Morphology (linguistics)
Morphology is a way of studying language (linguistics). It is about the way words are put together, their internal structure.
Words are accepted as being the smallest units of a sentence (syntax). It is clear that in most languages, words can be related to other words by rules. For example, English speakers know that the words "dog", "dogs", and "dog-catcher" are closely related. English speakers simply know these relations from their personal experience (tacit knowledge) of the rules of word formation in English. They simply know that "dog" is to "dogs" as "cat" is to "cats". They know that "dog" is to "dog-catcher" as "dish" is to "dishwasher". These rules come from specific patterns in the way words are formed from smaller units and how those smaller units work together in speech. Morphology is the part of linguistics that studies patterns of word formation within and across languages. Morphology tries to formulate rules that show the knowledge of the speakers of those languages.

Syntax
In linguistics, syntax is the study of the rules that govern the structure of sentences.
The term "syntax" can also be used to refer to these rules themselves, as in “the syntax of a language”. Modern research in syntax attempts to describe languages in terms of such rules, and, for many practitioners, to find general rules that apply to all languages.

1912 Summer Olympics
The 1912 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the V Olympiad, were held in 1912 in Stockholm, Sweden. For the first time, athletes in the Games came from all five continents symbolized in the Olympic rings.
It was also the last time that solid gold medals were given to winners; modern medals are usually silver covered in gold. The main arena was Stockholms Olympiastadion.

Vyacheslav Vsevolodovich Ivanov
Vyacheslav Vsevolodovich Ivanov (born 21 August 1929, Moscow) is a Soviet/Russian historical linguist. His main topic of study was Indo-European languages. He is best known for his glottalic theory of how consonants are spoken in Indo-European languages and for placing point of origin for these languages in the area of the Armenian Highlands and Lake Urmia.
Vyacheslav Ivanov's father was Vsevolod Ivanov, one of the most famous Soviet writers. His mother was an actress. She worked in the theatre of Vsevolod Meyerhold. His childhood was filled by disease and war, which he spent in Tashkent.

Tamaz V. Gamkrelidze
Tamaz (Thomas) V. Gamkrelidze (Georgian თამაზ გამყრელიძე) (born October 23, 1929) is a Georgian linguist, orientalist and public benefactor, Academician (since 1974) and President (since February, 2005) of the Georgian Academy of Sciences (GAS), Doctor of Sciences (1963), Professor (1964).
Gamkrelidze was born in Kutaisi. His brother Revaz Gamkrelidze is also an Academician, a famous mathematician.

Georgian alphabet
The Georgian alphabet is used to write in the Georgian language and other Kartvelian languages. The alphabet is called Mkhedruli, first said around in the 11th century.
Greek and Aramaic influences have been shown, but some Georgian scholars like Tamaz V. Gamkrelidze have said that they were freely invented in imitation of the Greek model rather than directly based upon earlier forms of the Aramaic alphabet even though the Georgian phonological inventory is very different from Greek.

Cytosine
Cytosine is one of the 5 main nucleobases used in storing and transporting genetic information within a cell in the nucleic acids DNA and RNA.
In DNA and RNA, cytosine is paired with guanine. However, it is unstable, and can change into uracil (spontaneous deamination). This can lead to a point mutation if not repaired by the DNA repair enzymes such as uracil glycosylase, which cleaves a uracil in DNA.

1908 Summer Olympics
The 1908 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the IV Olympiad, were held in 1908 in London, England. These games were originally scheduled to be held in Rome. At the time, they were the fifth modern Olympic games. However, it was later decided that the 1906 Summer Olympics would not be considered an official Olmpiad.
Italian authorities were preparing for the Games when Mount Vesuvius erupted on April 7, 1906, devastating the nearby city of Naples. Money that would have gone to the Olympics in Rome were used to help re-construct Naples. London was then selected to host the Games, and they were held in White City alongside the Franco-British Exhibition, which at the time was the more noteworthy event. Berlin and Milan were the other candidates.
Participating nations.
The 1908 Games had athletes representing 22 National Olympic Committees. Argentina, Finland, Turkey, and New Zealand (as part of the team from Australasia) made their first appearance at the Olympic Games.

Guanine
Guanine is one of the five main nucleobases found in the nucleic acids DNA and RNA.
The others are adenine, cytosine, thymine, and uracil. With the formula C5H5N5O, guanine is a derivative of purine.
Basic principles.
Guanine, along with adenine and cytosine, is present in both DNA and RNA, whereas thymine is usually seen only in DNA and uracil only in RNA.
References.
1. Miyakawa, S., Murasawa, K., Kobayashi, K., Sawaoka, AB. "Abiotic synthesis of guanine with high-temperature plasma." Orig Life Evol Biosph. 30(6): 557-66, Dec. 2000.
2. Horton, H.R., Moran, L.A., Ochs, R.S., Rawn, J.D., Scrimgeour, K.G. "Principles of Biochemistry." Prentice Hall (New Jersey). 3rd Edition, 2002.
3. Lister, J.H. "Part II Purines." The Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds. Wiley-Interscience (New York). 1971.

Glottalic theory
The glottalic theory says that Proto-Indo-European had ejective stops instead of voiced ones, namely p’ t’ k’ rather than b d g, to the traditional reconstruction of the Proto-Indo-European sound system.
The glottalic theory was made in the United States by Paul Hopper and in the Soviet Union by Thomas V. Gamkrelidze and Vyacheslav V. Ivanov. In its earliest theory, made by the Danish linguist Holger Pedersen, it did not involve the use of glottalized sounds. While earlier linguists, such as André Martinet and Morris Swadesh, had seen the potential of substituting glottalic sounds for the supposed plain voiced stops of Proto-Indo-European, the request stayed speculative until more evidence for it was published in 1973 by Hopper in the journal Glossa and by Gamkrelidze and Ivanov in the journal Phonetica.

Proto-Indo-Europeans
The Proto-Indo-Europeans are the speakers of the newer version of the Proto-Indo-European language, a prehistoric people of the Chalcolithic and early Bronze Age or some say to some modern theories at Neolithic or even Paleolithic.
Summary.
The Proto-Indo-Europeans are a hypothetical as a group of people whose existence from around 4000 BCE is inferred from their language, Proto-Indo-European.

Urheimat
Urheimat (German: "ur-" original, ancient; "Heimat" home, homeland) is a linguistic term meaning the original homeland of the speakers of a proto-language. Since many peoples tend to wander and spread, there is no exact Urheimat, but there is an Indo-European Urheimat different from the Germanic or Romance Urheimat. Recent studies say the original home of Indo-Europeans was near the Armenian Highlands.

Anatolian hypothesis
The Anatolian hypothesis of Proto-Indo-European origin means that the speakers of the Proto-Indo-European language lived in Anatolia during the Neolithic era, and is close to the bigger of historical Indo-European languages with the widening during the Neolithic Revolution during the seventh and sixth millennia.

Rafael Ishkhanyan
Rafael Ishkhanyan or Ishkhanian () is a well-known Armenian philologist and historian. He was a professor of the Yerevan State University.
Biography.
In 1939, Ishkhanyan entered the department of Armenian language and literature of Yerevan State University. He fought in World War II. After the war, he continued his studies and graduated from Yerevan University in 1949.
His works are generally dedicated to the earliest history of the Armenian people, to the comparative linguistic analysis of ancient languages, and to printing. He is one of the authors of Armenian Soviet encyclopedia.
He was a Deputy to the Supreme Soviet Armenia in 1990-1996.
Publications.
Ishkhanyan claims that Armenians "were the aborigines of the Armenian plateau who have been living there continuously since the fourth millennium B.C.E at the latest". Similar claims were promoted in nationalist novels such as those of Sero Khanzatian, published in the 1970s.

Cross-country race
A Cross-country race is any running race that takes place on different types of terrain. Different levels of competition include middle school (), high school (), collegiate (men and, women 5km and), amateur, and professional.
The scoring in these events gives one point to the winner, two points to the person who finished second, and so on. In an "invitational" or "meet" where teams of runners count up the points of their top five finishers. This is their score. The team with the lowest score wins. If there is a tie, the team with the fastest sixth man wins.
Times in races depend on the terrain, weather, and the other runners. This means that two athletes competing in different places in the world who are running the same time might not be at the same ability level.

Long distance race
A long distance race is any running event that is longer than 3000m on the track. This includes such events as the 3000m run, the 3000m steeplechase, the 3200m run, the two mile run, the three mile run, 5000m run, five mile run, six mile run, and 10000m run, and so on.

Warsaw Convention
"distinguish the Warsaw Pact, which was a defence treaty between Eastern European nations"
The Warsaw Convention is an international convention which regulates liability for international carriage of persons, luggage or goods performed by aircraft for reward.
It was signed in 1929 in Warsaw, it was amended in 1955 at The Hague and in 1975 in Montreal.
On April 1, 2007, the exchange rate was 1.00 SDR = 1.135 EUR or
1.00 SDR = 1.51 USD.
The Montreal Convention, signed in 1999, will replace the Warsaw Convention system, once Montreal has been ratified by all states.

Coroner
Coroner was a thrash metal band from Switzerland. The band was formed in 1985. The band is with Noise record label. The band's most successful albums are "No More Color", "Mental Vortex" and "Grin".

Ritchies
Ritchies is the largest independent supermarket group in the IGA network. It was started in 1870 by Thomas Ritchie who opened a food store in the tiny country village of Frankston.
It is almost 138 years old. With a long and successful heritage, it claims the title of Australia's largest independent supermarket and liquor group which workers have put money in.
The "shilling for every pound" formula has been translated into the Community Benefit scheme. Ritchies now donates many millions of dollars each year to many places as chosen by shoppers. The focus is on the community, which is why the group uses the tagline "Ritchies - where the community benefits".

Maggie Smith
Margaret Natalie Smith DBE (born December 27, 1934) is a British actress. She is usually known as Maggie Smith, or Dame Maggie Smith.
She is well-known from Harry Potter movies, where she has played character named Professor Minerva McGonagall. Her other famous movies include "Gosford Park" and "Tea with Mussolini".

Blood Tsunami
Blood Tsunami is a thrash metal band from Oslo, Norway. The band was formed in 2004.

Bates College
Bates College is a American liberal arts college in Lewiston, Maine. Bates College was founded in 1855. 1,800 students attend Bates. Economics, English, Psychology, Biology, and History are popular majors at Bates College.

Suffolk University
Suffolk University is an American university in Boston, Massachusetts. Suffolk was founded in 1906 by Gleason Archer. The University has three main schools: Suffolk University Law School, Suffolk University College of Arts and Sciences, and Suffolk University's Sawyer Business School. The University remains best known for its law school. It is is featured annually in U.S. News and Annual Report and the Princeton Review.

Stem (paraphernalia)
A small glass stem with a funnel shaped 'bowlpiece' where the substance is placed to be smoked. There is a 2 to 3 inch long stem attached that the smoke travels through on the way to the consumer. These stems may be used in waterpipes, such as 'bongs' or 'bubblers', in which case about a 1/2 inch of the stem is submerged in the water and the smoke is sucked out through the water to the consumer. These stems are used for a variety of illicit substances, which include marijuana, crack cocaine, and crystal methamphetamine. When used for crack cocaine or methamphetamine, the stem is generally used as a standalone unit, without any water or attachment of any sort. After prolonged use, the glass from the stem may deteriorate from exposure to heat as well as acidity, and may become brittle and break or crack easily.

French literature
French literature is the literature of France. It also includes literature that is written in French, even if the writer is not from France. There are countries besides France where French is also spoken. These countries include Belgium, Switzerland, Canada, Senegal, Algeria, and Morocco. Works that are written in French but not from France are called Francophone literature.
History of French literature.
The French language grew out of Latin. French is a Romance language, related to other languages like Spanish and Italian. French was also influenced by the Celtic and Frankish languages.

Treaty of Warsaw (1970)
The Treaty of Warsaw ("German:" Warschauer Vertrag) is a treaty between West Germany and the People's Republic of Poland. It was signed on December 7, 1970 and ratified by the German Bundestag on May 17, 1972.
In the treaty, both sides committed themselves to nonviolence and accepted the existing border - the Oder-Neisse line. This was a very sensitive topic at the time as Poland was concerned that one day a German government would lay claim to some of the territory Germany lost after World War II. Poland tookover this territory to replace the parts of east. A lot of that land was east of the Curzon Line, and Poland kept it aftern the Polish-Soviet War (1919-1921).
Chancellor Willy Brandt was heavily criticized by the conservative CDU/CSU opposition, which indeed were in favour of such a claim, accusing him of abandoning German interests. The Oder-Neisse line was reaffirmed by a reunited Germany in the German-Polish Border Treaty, signed on 14 November 1990.
In the FRG at the time this treaty signed it was not seen as the last word on the border, because article IV stated that previous treaties like the Potsdam Agreement were not superseded by this latest agreement, so the provisions of this treaty could be changed by a final peace treaty between Germany and the Allies of World War II as provided for in the Potsdam Agreement.

History of Poland
The History of Poland is the history of rather different territories during the past millennium. At one time, in the 16th century, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was the second largest state in Europe, after Russia. At other times there was no separate Polish state at all. Poland got back its independence in 1918, after more than a century of rule by its neighbours, but its borders shifted again after the Second World War.
Poland began to form into a country around the middle of the 10th century in the Piast dynasty. In 966, Prince Mieszko I got himself and the whole Polish nation christened. In the 12th century Poland broke into some smaller states, which were later attacked by Mongol armies in 1241. In 1320 Władysław I became the King of the repaired Poland. His son Casimir III repaired the Polish economy, built new castles and won the war against the Ruthenian dukedom.
The Black Death, which affected many parts of Europe from 1347 to 1351, did not come to Poland.
Beginning with the Lithuanian Grand Duke Jogaila, the Jagiellon dynasty (1385–1569) formed the Polish-Lithuanian Union. The partnership proved beneficial for the Poles and Lithuanians, who played a dominant role in one of the most powerful empires in Europe for the next three centuries. The "Nihil novi" act adopted by the Polish Sejm (parliament) in 1505, transferred most of the legislative power from the Monarch to the Sejm. This event marked the beginning of the period known as "Nobility Commonwealth" when the State was ruled by the "free and equal" Polish nobility. The Lublin Union of 1569, established the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth as an influential player in European politics and a vital cultural entity.
In the 17th century Sweden attacked all of Poland (this was called “the Deluge”). Many wars against the Ottoman Empire, Russia, Cossacks, Transylvania and Brandenburg-Prussia ended in 1699. During the following 80 years, the government and nationed were weaker, making Poland dependent on Russia. Russian tsars took advantage of this by offering money to traitors, who would block new ideas and solutions. Russia, Prussia, and Austria broke Poland into three pieces in 1772, 1793 and 1795, which dissolved the country. Polish people did not like the new kings, and often rebelled.
In 1791, in an attempt of reform the Sejm of Poland and Lithuania accepted the Constitution of May 3 which was the first modern constitution in Europe and the second (after the United States) on Earth. But that did not help against the partitions of Poland in 1793 and 1795.
Napoleon made another Polish state, “the Duchy of Warsaw”, but after the Napoleonic wars, Poland was split again by the countries at the Congress of Vienna. The eastern part was ruled by the Russian tsar.
During World War I all Western Allies agreed to save Poland. Soon after the surrender of Germany in November 1918, Poland became the Second Polish Republic ("II Rzeczpospolita Polska"). It got its freedom after several military conflicts; the largest was in 1919-1921 Polish-Soviet War.
On September 1, 1939, Nazi Germany attacked Poland, and the Soviet Union attacked on September 17. Warsaw was defeated on September 28, and was split up into two pieces, one owned by Nazi Germany, the other by the Soviet Union. The eastern part of the German zone was turned into the German Government area.
Out of all the countries that were in the war, Poland lost the highest amount of its people: over 6 million died, half of them Polish Jews. Poland also gave the most troops, after the US, the British and the Soviets, to ultimately defeat Nazi Germany. At the war's end, Poland's borders were moved west, pushing the east border to the Curzon line. The west border was moved to the Oder-Neisse line. The new Poland became 20% smaller by 77,500 square kilometeres (29,900 sq mi). The shift forced millions of people to move: Poles, Germans, Ukrainians, and Jews.
After these events, Poland became, for the first time, a real country. There are still many Polish in the neighboring countries Ukraine, Belarus, and Lithuania, as well as in other countries. The most Poles outside of Poland are in the United States, especially in Chicago.
After the Second World War, the Soviet Union put a Communist government in Poland, and the country was named the People's Republic of Poland. In 1989 Solidarity - a political group led by Lech Wałęsa - helped defeat the communist government in Poland.
During the early 1990s the country turned its economy into one of the most solid in Central Europe. There were many improvements in human rights, such as free speech, democracy, etc. In 1991 Poland became a member of the Visegrad Group and joined NATO in 1999 also with the Czech Republic and Hungary. Polish voters then voted to join the European Union in a vote in June 2003. The country joined the EU on May 1, 2004.

Polish-Lithuanian Union
The term "Polish-Lithuanian union" means a development from personal union between the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania to the creation of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth — the "Republic of the Two Nations" — in 1569 and eventually to the creation of a short-lived unitary state in 1791.

Personal union
A personal union is a relationship of two or more sovereign states, which, through law, share the same person as their head of state.
Personal unions can begin for very different reasons. The case that a princess who is already married to a king becomes pregnant, and their child inherits the crown of both countries is a rather common cause. But a personal union sometimes was seen as a means against uprisings if a state wants an annexation of an other state. These unions can be written down in a constitution that clearly expresses that both states shall share the same person as head of state, but that is not always the case. Under these circumstances a personal union can easily be broken.
England.
The actual situation was slightly more complex with the Dutch provinces Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Gelderland and Overijssel entering into personal union in 1689 and Drenthe in 1696. Only 2 Dutch provinces never entered into the personal union: Friesland and Groningen.

Scordatura
Scordatura in music is a technique in which players of string instruments tune their strings to different notes from a normal tuning. The word “scordatura” is an Italian word which means “mistuning”. It was used for lutes, guitars, viols and instruments of the violin family.
Using a scordatura tuning made the instrument sound different. For example: a string tuned to a slightly higher note will sound louder and brighter because it is tighter. Care has to be taken not to tune it too high otherwise it will break. Scordatura also made it possible to play unusual chords or combinations of notes in string-crossing (when the bow moves quickly from one string to another).
When a composer writes for an instrument using scordatura tuning he shows at the beginning of the music what notes the strings must be tuned to. The music is then written, not as it sounds, but so that the player can read it as if the instrument were being played normally, e.g. if a G string is tuned up to G# and the composer wants a G# he simply writes a G, but it will sound G#.
Scordatura in the Baroque period.
Scordatura tuning was mainly popular in the Baroque period from 1600-1750. Composers such as Heinrich Biber often used it. He composed a group of sonatas for violin and accompaniment called the "Rosary Sonatas". In each sonata the violin is tuned in a different way. In Sonata XI (called "Resurrection") he even asks the violinist to make the two middle strings cross over between the bridge and the tailpiece so that the violin is tuned to two Gs and two Ds.
Scordatura in the Classical Period.
In the classical period a famous example of scordatura is Mozart’s, "Sinfonia Concertante" for Violin, Viola and Orchestra in which he asks the viola to tune all four strings a semitone higher than usual. This makes it sound louder and brighter compared to the violin, especially as the violin is playing with normal tuning in the key of E flat, which sounds a soft key (because the key of Eflat hardly uses any “open” strings).
Later examples.
In the late 19th century and 20th century there are examples of composers using scordatura. In his Fourth Symphony Mahler asks the violin soloist (the leader of the orchestra)] to play on a violin tuned to Gsharp-D-A-Eflat. The music is describing a poor beggar playing a violin. The violin soloist needs a second instrument for this, so that he can swap quickly back to a normal violin.
Saint-Saëns asks the solo violin in "Danse Macabre" to tune the E string to Eflat to make it sound like the devil.
Zoltán Kodály wrote a sonata in B minor for solo cello, for which the cellist has to tune down the two lower strings to F# and B instead of G and C. This helps to make a very dark, rich sound when playing B minor chords.

2028 Summer Olympics
The 2028 Summer Olympics, which will be officially known as the Games of the XXXIV Olympiad, is an international athletic event that has yet to be organized by the International Olympic Committee. The winning bid should be announced in the summer of 2021.

Armenian Origin of the Etruscans
The Armenian Origin of the Etruscans shows a link between the Armenians and the Etruscans.
Some scholars also see in Urartean art, architecture, language and general culture traces of kinship to the Etruscans of the Italian peninsula.
Dr. Bugge, a learned Norwegian, had made a suggestion presented a while ago by the late Dr. Robert Ellis of London, that the Etruscan was an Armenian dialect.
Language.
Etruscan words have been shown from the resources of the Armenian, the Albanian, and the Rhaeto-Romansch languages.

Etruscan language
The Etruscan language was spoken and written by Etruscan civilization in the ancient area of Etruria (modern Tuscany plus western Umbria and northern Latium) and in parts of Lombardy, Veneto, and Emilia-Romagna (where Gauls took the place of Etruscans), in Italy.
Inscriptions have been found in north-west and west-central Italy, in the region that even now has a name that came from the Etruscans, Tuscany (from Latin "tusc" "Etruscans"), as well as in today's Latium north of Rome, in today's Umbria west of the Tiber, around Capua in Campania and in the Po valley to the north of Etruria. This is probably the area in Italy where the language was once spoken.

Albanian language
The Albanian language is a Indo-European language. It is spoken mostly in Albania (3,500,000) and 500,000 Republic of Macedonia.

Trialeti culture
The Trialeti culture was seen around the 2nd millennium B.C. In the late 3rd millennium B.C. settlements of the Kura-Araxes culture began to be replaced by early Trialeti culture sites. The Trialeti culture was the second culture to appear in the Caucasus, after the Kura-Araxes culture. The Trialeti culture shows close ties with the highly-developed cultures of the ancient world, particularly with the Aegean.

Kura-Araxes culture
The Kura-Araxes culture or the Early trans-Caucasian culture, a people that lived from 3400 B.C until about 2000 B.C. The earliest evidence for this culture is found on the Ararat plain; thence it spread to Georgia by 3000 B.C.
The land they lived in are now Armenia, Georgia and the Caucasus.

Biodiesel
Biodiesel is a type of fuel prepared by modifying vegetable oil.
In Brazil, castor beans are the best stuff to make biodiesel out of, because they're easier to plant and cost less than soybeans, sunflower seeds or other seeds.
In Germany biodiesel is, for the most part, produced from rapeseeds.
Biodiesel is commercially available in most oilseed-producing states in the US.
In Thailand, the raw material will most likely come from palm oil, coconut oil, "Jatropha curcas", and tallow.
Biofuel prepared from biomass is different since it is not transesterified oil.

Nimrod
Nimrod (Hebrew: נִמְרוֹד) according to the Bible was the son of Cush, grandson of Ham and a "mighty hunter before the Lord" who built cities at Akkad, Erech (Uruk), and Babel. According to many legends, and as told by the Jewish historian Flavius Josephus, he became an evil tyrant who forced all his subjects to bake bricks for the Tower of Babel.

Julie Kavner
Julie Deborah Kavner (born September 7, 1951 in Los Angeles, California) is an Emmy Award-winning American actress, best known for playing Brenda Morgenstern on "Rhoda" in the 1970s, as an actress in several Woody Allen-directed films and playing the voice of Marge Simpson on the animated television show "The Simpsons". She also voices Marge's sisters Patty and Selma

Age of Empires
Age of Empires is a series of real-time strategy computer games made by Ensemble studios and published by Microsoft Game Studios.
History.
There are three games in the series so far. These are: Age of Empires, Age of Empires II, and Age of Empires III. There is also a spinoff game called Age of Mythology. It is very similar to Age of Empires, but players can also control monsters like the cyclops.
Gameplay.
In Age of Empires, the player usually guides a small tribe of people to build a city and destroy their enemies. The player could also try to be friends with them and start trading with them.

Bridge (instrument)
A bridge on a string instrument is something that stands on the body of the instrument and supports the strings. It sends the vibrations of the strings to the main part of the instrument so that the sound can be heard.
The bridge of an instrument in the violin family (violin, viola, cello and double bass) can be seen very clearly. It is a piece of hardwood which is shaped like a bridge. The top is like an arch in shape because the player needs to be able to play on one string at a time. The feet of the bridge have to be shaped to fit on the front of the instrument (the “belly”) which is curved. The bridge is not fixed to the instrument: it is only held up because of the tension (tightness) of the strings. The soundpost, a small wooden column inside the body, is also held up by tension of the strings and the bridge.
The part of the string which vibrates and gives the note is the part between the bridge and the top of the fingerboard (or the part between the bridge and where the player puts his finger). The other end of the string is fixed to a tailpiece.
On a banjo the bridge works in the same way, but on a guitar the bridge is fixed to the instrument and the strings are fixed to the bridge.
There are even instruments with moveable bridges such as the Japanese koto which has a separate bridge for each string.

Brazilwood
Brazilwood or Pau-Brasil, sometimes known as Pernambuco ("Caesalpinia echinata" syn. "Guilandina echinata" (Lam.) Spreng.) is a Brazilian tree. It has a dense, orange-red wood (which takes a high shine), and it is the most frequently used wood for making bows for string instruments from the violin family. The wood also gives a red dye called brazilin.

Chav
Chav, Charv/Charver (male) and Chavette (female) ('ch' pronounced as in chair) are mainly negative slang words in the United Kingdom for a subcultural stereotype of people who wear fashions based on American Hip-hop such as fake gold jewellery and designer clothing, combined with elements of working class British street fashion. The term first appeared in dictionaries in 2005.
The Stereotype of "Chav".
Chav has started to mean a variety of things. Chavs usually wear Burberry (Caps, Hats and gloves). Usually the Burberry Chavs wear is fake. Chavs are narrow-minded and Xenophobic sometimes Rascist and, more often than not, not very clever. Chavs also tend to use slang language to appear more "cool".
Chavs are usually associated with petty crime, such as muggings and robbery.
The Chav Attitude.
As well as hating anyone who does not belong to their group, they start fights for pleasure. Emos and Goths are often followed and hurt, usually on Goth or Emo against many more Chavs, simply because they are different. Chav are often arrogant, and always believe that they are right, in fighting or in other matters, and will often refuse to agree to, or even consider, other people's opinions.

Council house
The council house is a form of public housing found in Ireland and the United Kingdom, sometimes called social housing in modern times. Council houses were built and operated by local councils to helpt the local population. As of 2005, approximately 20% of the country's housing is owned by local councils or by housing associations. The largest council estate in the country (and one of the largest in the world) is Becontree, Dagenham, with a population of over 100,000. Building started in the 1920s and took nearly 20 years to finish.
The Republic of Ireland has a similar public housing system, Local Authority Accommodation.

Midnight Madness
"Midnight Madness" is a 1980 comedy movie from Walt Disney Productions, starring David Naughton. The movie is about a group of college students who participate in an all night puzzle solving race. It is Michael J. Fox's first film role.
The movie did not do well in theaters and many critics did not like it. However, the movie has gained a cult following, and has been the inspiration for many real-life puzzle and alternate reality games.

Barvas
Barvas or Barabhas is a village on the Isle of Lewis. It is said to have the biggest percentage of Gaelic speakers in Scotland, (74.7% here speak Gaelic.)

Isle of Lewis
The Isle of Lewis is an island in the Western Isles in Scotland. Its biggest town is called Stornoway, which has a population of over 5000. Most people on the island speak Gaelic. On the island, there is a town called Barvas, which is the place which has the biggest percentage of Gaelic speakers (74.7% of the people speak Gaelic).

Stornoway
Stornoway is the biggest town in the whole of the Western Isles. It is on the Isle of Lewis, and over 5,000 people live there.

Isle of Skye
Isle of Skye is an island in the Inner Hebrides in Scotland. More than 9000 people live there, and half of the people there speak Gaelic.

2024 Summer Olympics
The 2024 Summer Olympics, which will be officially known as the Games of the XXXIII Olympiad, is an international athletic event that will be organized by the International Olympic Committee. The winning bid should be announced in the summer of 2017.
Oceania.
Australia also hosted the Olympic games in Sydney, 2000.

2022 Winter Olympics
The 2022 Winter Olympics, formally called the XXIV Olympic Winter Games is a sporting event that the International Olympic Committee has yet to organize. The winning bid will be announced in the summer of 2015.

Guarneri
Guarneri is the name of a family of famous violin makers from Cremona in Italy in the 17th and 18th centuries. Together with the families Amati and Stradivari they made some of the best violins the world has known.
Andrea Guarneri (c. 1626 - 7 December 1698) was a pupil in the workshop of Nicolo Amati from 1641 to 1646 and returned to make violins for Amati from 1650 to 1654. He married a wealthy lady and they were able to buy a large house which became known as the “Casa Guarneri”. They had seven children. Two of his sons: Pietro Giovanni and Giuseppe Giovanni, became violin makers. Andrea Guarneri produced some fine violas, one of which was played by William Primrose in the early 20th century.
Pietro Giovanni Guarneri (18 February 1655 - 26 March 1720), known as Peter of Mantua ("Pietro da Mantova") to distinguish him from his nephew Pietro Guarneri. He worked in his father's workshop from around 1670 until his marriage in 1677. He had settled in Mantua by 1683, where he worked both as a musician and a violin maker. His instruments are generally better than his father's. However, he did not make so many instruments because he spent a lot of his time playing them. None of his children became violin makers. Joseph Szigeti played one of his instruments.
Andrea's younger son, Giuseppe Giovanni Battista Guarneri (25 November 1666 - 1739 or 1740), known as "filius Andreae", joined his father's business in Cremona. He inherited it in 1698. He is one of the great violin makers.
Giuseppe Giovanni Battista was father to two other instrument makers: Pietro Guerneri who settled in Venice and Bartolomeo.
Pietro Guarneri (Peter of Venice or "Pietro da Venezia") (14 April 1695 - 7 April, 1762) made some instruments that are as great as those of his father. One of his cellos was played by Beatrice Harrison.
Bartolomeo Giuseppe Guarneri ("del Gesù"), also known as Joseph (21 August 1698 - 17 October 1744), has been called the finest violin maker of the Amati line (Amati and his pupils). Giuseppe is known as "del Gesù" because his labels always have the characters I.H.S. ("iota-eta-sigma") and a Roman cross. His instruments are different from the others made by his family. They are thought of as the greatest violins with the exception of those by Stradivari. The famous violin virtuoso Niccolò Paganini’s favorite instrument was a Guarneri del Gesù violin of 1743. The "Lord Wilton" Guarneri del Gesù violin made in 1742 was owned by Yehudi Menuhin and other Twentieth-century 'del Gesù' players have included, Arthur Grumiaux, Jascha Heifetz, Isaac Stern and Henryk Szeryng.

Amati
Amati is the name of a family of Italian violin makers. Between about 1549 to 1740 they made some of the most wonderful violins that were ever produced. They worked in Cremona in Italy, the town which is famous for violin making.
Andrea Amati: the founder of the family.
The first famous member of the family was Andrea Amati who was born some time before 1511 and died in Cremona on 24 December 1577. He can be thought of as the inventor of the violin in its modern form. He made violins, violas and cellos. A small number of his instruments are still in existence. They are dated between 1564 and 1574 and they have the coat of arms of Charles IX of France on the back.
His sons Antonio and Girolamo Amati.
Andrea Amati’s two sons were Antonio Amati who was born about 1540 in Cremona and died there on 14 February 1607 and Girolamo Amati who was born about 1561 in Cremona and died of the plague there on 21 October 1630. They are known as "The Brothers Amati", but they did not work much together. However, they both produced some great instruments. They made the shape of the f holes perfect and gave their instruments more strength. They also made some large violas and cellos. They had an enormous influence on all other violin makers.
Nicolò Amati.
Nicolò Amati was the son of Girolamo Amati. He is now the most famous member of the family. He was born on 3 December 1596 and died on 12 April 1684) He was the most eminent of the family. He had become a very skilled violin maker by 1630 when his father died. During the next few years there was a lot of suffering because of the plague and not many people could afford to buy instruments. Then, after 1640, there was more demand again and Nicolò made many great instruments. Those that have survived are among the most sought-after and expensive violins today. He made instruments that were slightly wider and were known as the “Grand Pattern”. Many other violin makers learned from him. These pupils include Andrea Guarneri and possibly also Antonio Stradivari.
Girolamo Amati.
The last maker of the family was Nicolo's son, Girolamo Amati, known as Hieronymus II. He was born on 26 February and died on 21 February, 1740. Although he made some improvements to his father's instruments, they are not as good. Antonio Stradivari became the greatest violin maker at this time.

Guardians of Scotland
The Guardians of Scotland were appointed to act as King during the two "interregnums" of 1290-1292 and 1296-1302.
An interregum is a time when a monarchy has no king. It is from the Latin for "between reigns".

Montel Vontavious Porter
Alvin Burke, Jr. (born October 28, 1973), better known by his ring name Montel Vontavious Porter or MVP, is an American professional wrestler. He is best known for his time in World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), where he is currently signed to the SmackDown! brand. He is a former, one time WWE Tag Team Champion with Matt Hardy and former WWE United States Champion.

Pretzel
A pretzel (French: "Bretzel", Alsatian: "bradchdal", German: "Brezel" or "Brezen") is a baked snack that is traditionally twisted into a unique knot-like shape. The pretzel dough is made from wheat flour and yeast. Before baking, it is dipped into "Natronlauge"
(, sodium hydroxide solution (NaOH) or sodium carbonate solution (Na2CO3)) and sprinkled with coarse salt. During baking, a Maillard reaction then gives the pretzel its characteristic brown color and distinctive flavor. In Bavaria it is obligatory in a Weißwurst breakfast.

Shoplifting
Shoplifting is theft by stealing goods or money from a retail store. Shoplifting is punishable by law enforcement.

Portrait
A portrait is a painting or a photograph of a person's face and its expression. The purpose of a portrait is to show the likeness, personality, and even the mood of the person. For this reason, in photography a portrait is actually not a snapshot, but a calm image of a person in a still position. A portrait normally shows a person looking directly at the painter or photographer.

Steroid
A steroid is a drug that helps a person do better in areas such as sports, as well as give them more physical strength. Often, steroids are used to improve a person's performance, but they are sometimes overused and abused by athletes that depend on steroids. The rate of steroid abuse has grown by a high percentage in the last few years, and people all over the world continue to use them. Steroids can have very bad effects on the human body. The substances that are steroids for vertebrates are either hormones, or cholesterol. Steroids can kill people, and they have many side effects for both men and women. They are common in sports, but also in other areas.

Road rage
Road rage is a word used to mean to violent behavior by a driver of an automobile, which can possibly create accidents on the streets.

Graceland
Graceland is a 13.8 acre estate and large white-colored mansion that was owned by Elvis Presley. It is located at Memphis, Tennessee, USA.

High School Musical 2
"High School Musical 2" is a 2007 Disney television movie movie. It is a sequel to "High School Musical". The movie was very popular. It had a record number of viewers for a made-for-television movie. "High School Musical 2" also set the record for most viewers for a pay-television movie in Australia. This movie stars Zac Efron, Vanessa Anne Hudgens, Corbin Bleu, Monique Coleman, Ashley Tisdale, and Lucas Grabeel. Its sequel is '.

Harry Shearer
Harry Julius Shearer (born December 23, 1943 in Los Angeles, California) is an American comedic actor and writer. Shearer is most famous for playing the voices of several minor characters for "The Simpsons" (1989 to present).

Nancy Cartwright
Nancy Campbell Cartwright (born to Frank and Miriam Cartwright on October 25, 1957 in Kettering, Ohio) is an American voice actress. She is famous for playing the voices of Bart Simpson, Nelson Muntz, Todd Flanders and Ralph Wiggum on the animated television show "The Simpsons". She also plays the voice of Chuckie Finster on "Rugrats" and "All Grown Up!" instead of Christine Cavanaugh. A graduate of Fairmont High School, Cartwright went to Ohio University before moving to UCLA where she earned a degree in theatre.

CoCo Lee
CoCo Lee (born 17 January 1975) is a Chinese pop, dance and urban contemporary singer. Her real name is Ferren Lee-Kelly and 李美林 Lǐ Měi Lín in Chinese (although she also uses the stage name 李玟 Lǐ Wen when she writes songs). She sings Cantonese, Mandarin and English.
Biography.
CoCo Lee was born in Hong Kong. Her father died when she was young, and CoCo moved at age 10 with her mother, step-father and sisters to California, United States. She went through school while trying out her singing voice and she followed her older sisters in entering many local singing contests. CoCo Lee went to high school in San Francisco, California. CoCo later went for a short time to the University of California. CoCo is close to her mother, who has at times managed her career.
After Lee's high school graduation in 1993, she went on holiday in Hong Kong, probably seeing her two sisters Carol and Nancy Lee take part in the Miss Hong Kong Pageant, and while there, she became runner-up in the 12th Annual New Talent Singing Awards. The following day, the local record label Fancy Pie Records contacted her.
Record companies.
CoCo Lee was working with Fancy Pie Records from 1994 to 1995, recording four albums with them. She later signed with another record company in 1996 by Sony Music, who has continued to represent her ever since.
World fame.
CoCo sang the song "A Love Before Time" for the action-drama movie "Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon". People around the world could see her when she sang this song live at the 2001 Academy Awards ceremony.
In 2002, CoCo was the star singer at a Houston Rockets basketball game. She became the first East Asian singer to ever sing the American National Anthem at a major world sporting event.
Aside from her fame in singing Mandarin music, CoCo's English-language songs have also become famous. Her love song "Before I Fall In Love" was included in the soundtrack of the romance movie "Runaway Bride".
She was invited by Andrew Lloyd Webber to sing "Phantom of the Opera" in China.
Also, Walt Disney Pictures hired her to sing the title song and be the voice of the heroine Fa Mulan in the Mandarin version of "Mulan". She recorded the song "Reflections", which she also sang at the 2005 opening of the Hong Kong Disneyland A "Reflections" PV was also filmed. She also sang an English version.
CoCo has been getting into acting part-time. She co-starred in the Chinese comedy movie "Master of Everything (Bamboo Shoot)" with John Lone, which won the Best Foreign Film award at the 2005 Beverly Hills Film Festival. While in character within the movie, she sings one of her own songs, "Di-Da-Di".
In the world of fashion, CoCo was an Omega Global Ambassador in 2004, and Chanel named CoCo its first "Asian-Pacific Celebrity Ambassadress." She got her nickname "CoCo" from being an admirer of CoCo Chanel.
In June 2005, CoCo's engagement to Canadian millionaire businessman Bruce Rockowitz was made public, although it seems to have happened some months earlier. Even though Rockowitz is 18 years older than she, her mother approved the marriage.
Current career.
As of 2007, CoCo has not yet broken the American market with a big smash hit single - her English albums have sold moderately. Her hit single, "Do You Want My Love", is still popular at discos and some Internet radio stations.
CoCo is now working on a new album, which she plans to release in 2007. CoCo will return to the San Francisco bay area for a live concert at the Shoreline Amphitheatre on 22 September 2007 with special guest Alex To. It will be her first live performance in her hometown in several years.

Daniel Schneidermann
Daniel Schneidermann (born April 5, 1958 in Paris) is a French journalist. He mainly reports about televised media. He is most active in weekly columns. Schneidermann has written in "Le Monde" and is presently in "Libération". He also can be seen on the television program "Arrêt sur images" ("Freeze-frame"), broadcast by the public television channel France 5.

Pound (mass)
A pound is a unit used to measure the mass (that is, the weight) of something. The international avoirdupois pound is equal to exactly 453.59237 grams.

Eastern Armenia
Eastern Armenia was a part of Ottoman Armenia and Persian that was merged with the Russian empire.
The Eastern Armenian dialect of the Armenian language is spoken mostly in the Caucasus region (including Armenia) and in Iran and Russia.

Western Armenia
Western Armenia (), also referred to as Byzantine Armenia, later Turkish Armenia, or Ottoman Armenia is a term coined following the division of Greater Armenia between Byzantine Empire ("Western Armenia") and Persia ("Eastern Armenia") in 387 AC.
History.
After the death of Armenian king "Arshak III", in 390 AC, the Western Armenia was governed by Greek generals. In the 7th century Western Armenia was one of the centers of "Pavlikian" Christian popular sect. Since 9th century the most part of Western Armenia included Vaspurakan and Taron was under the rule of Bagratid dynasty of Armenia. Then the Zakarid Armenia of 13-14th centuries included some parts of Western Armenia.
After Turkish-Persian wars of 1602-1639 Western Armenia became part of Ottoman Empire. Since Russo-Turkish War, 1828-1829 that term is referred to the Armenian-populated historical regions of the Ottoman Empire that remained under Ottoman rule after the eastern part was ceded to the Russian Empire.
Western (Ottoman) Armenia was composed of six vilayets ("vilâyat-ı sitte"), the vilayets of Erzurum, Van, Bitlis, Diyarbekir, Kharput, and Sivas.After the collapse of Ottoman Empire Western Armenia remained under Turkish rule, and in 1894–96 and 1915 Turkey perpetrated systematic massacres and forced deportations of Armenians.
After the Armenian genocide the distinct Western Armenian dialect of the Armenian language (recognized as one of the major dialects of Armenian) is spoken primarily in Istanbul, Lebanon, Egypt, other parts of Armenian diaspora, and formerly in eastern Turkey. It differs orthographically from Eastern Armenian, there are also phonological differences. In some parts of the diaspora, the Armenian schools, such as L'École Arménienne Sourp Hagop and the Armenian Sisters Academy instruct Western Armenian to the students, instead of Eastern Armenian, the official dialect of the Republic of Armenia.
Modern period.
The fate of Western Armenia — commonly referred to as "The Armenian Question" — is considered as a key issue in the modern history of the Armenian people. The first and second congresses of Western Armenians took place in Yerevan in 1917 and 1919. Since 2000, an organizing committee of congress of heirs of Western Armenians who survived the Armenian Genocide is active in diasporan communities.

Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)
The Kingdom of Poland of the Jagiellons lasted from 1385 to 1569. It was created by the accession of Wladislaus II Jagiełło, Grand Duke of Lithuania, to the Polish throne in 1386. The Union of Krewo united Poland and Lithuania into one monarchy. The union was confirmed but also transformed by the Union of Lublin in 1569, which was shortly followed by the end of the Jagiellon dynasty that had ruled Poland for two centuries.

Jagiellon dynasty
The Jagiellons were a royal dynasty that came from Lithuania and reigned in some Central European countries (present day Lithuania, Belarus, Poland, Ukraine, Latvia, Estonia, Kaliningrad, parts of Russia, Hungary, Czech Republic, Slovakia) between the 14th and 16th century.
Members of the dynasty were grand dukes of Lithuania 1377–1392 and 1440–1572, kings of Poland 1386–1572, kings of Hungary 1440–1444 and 1490–1526, and kings of Bohemia 1471–1526. The family was a branch of the Lithuanian Gediminaičių dynasty.
The name (other variations used in English include: Jagiellonians, Jagiellos, Jogailos'") comes from Jogaila ("pol.:" Jagiełło), the first Polish king of that dynasty.
Jagiellon rulers.
Jagiellons were hereditary rulers of Poland and Lithuania.

D'oh!
D'oh! (also spelled out as annoyed grunt), is a famous catchphrase created by the fictional character Homer Simpson, from the popular animated television series, "The Simpsons". It was also famously accepted into the "Oxford English Dictionary" in 2002. The quote is normally used when Homer hurts himself, finds out that he has done something stupid, or when something bad has happened or is about to happen to him. Other characters from the Simpsons have also been heard using the chatchprase too, the most common being his son Bart. Homer has also been known to change this phrase slightly. For example, in The Simpsons Movie he shouts "doooommme" when the town is sealed in the glass dome.

Aqua regia
Aqua regia (translates to "Royal water" in Latin) is a chemical substance. It is made by mixing one part nitric acid and three parts hydrochloric acid. It is one of the few substances that can dissolve gold and platinum, and other noble metals. Tantalum, iridium and a few other metals can withstand it.
History.
Aqua regia was discovered around 800 AD, by the Persian alchemist Geber, when he mixed common salt with vitriol (sulphuric acid). In the Middle Ages it was one of the reasons that alchemists wanted to find the Philosopher's stone.
When Germany invaded Denmark in World War II, the Hungarian chemist George de Hevesy took the Nobel Prize medals of Max von Laue and James Franck to keep them safe. De Hevesy dissolved the medals, which were made of gold, into aqua regia. He did this so the Nazis would not steal them. He placed the jar that held the solution of aqua regia and gold on a shelf in his laboratory at the Niels Bohr Institute. The jar looked the same as hundreds of other jars in the laboratory. The Nazis thought that all the jars had normal chemicals in them. After the war, de Hevesy returned to the lab. He found the jar with the solution and removed the gold from it. He returned the gold to the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. The Nobel Foundation used the gold to make new new medals for Laue and Franck.
Uses.
Aqua Regia is used in etching metals and scientific analysis. It is also used to clean certain lab apparatus from tiny metal particles. It is particularly used in the purification and extraction of Gold and Platinum.

Inari (mythology)
is the Japanese "kami" (spirit) of fertility, rice, agriculture, foxes, industry, and success. Inari is sometimes represented as a male, female or both. Inari is popular in Shinto and

Kurgan hypothesis
The Kurgan model of Indo-European origins is on both archaeology and linguistics to show detailed archaeological cultures with different stages of the Indo-European expansion.
Background.
When it was first suggested in 1956, Marija Gimbutas's answer to the question of Indo-European origins was a pioneering interdisciplinary synthesis of archaeology and linguistics. From the nineties on, new archaeological evidence from Northern European prehistoric cultures was put forward to say the influence and expansion of Kurgan cultures to the west, and the process of "kurganization" of Corded Ware culture.

Marija Gimbutas
Marija Gimbutas (Lithuanian: Marija Gimbutienė, born Marija Birutė Alseikaitė) (Vilnius, Lithuania, January 23, 1921 – Los Angeles, United States February 2, 1994), was a Lithuanian-American archeologist known for her research into the Neolithic and Bronze Age cultures of "Old Europe", a new thing she introduced. Her works were made between 1946 and 1971 it showed new views by merging traditional spadework with linguistics and mythological info.

Luwians
The Luwians also known as "Luvians" were a people closely related to the Hittites. Sometime after 2300, the Luwians, an Indo-European-speaking people, settled in southern Anatolia.
The Luwians were related to the Hittites and were the dominant group in the Late Hittite culture.

Phrygia
Phrygia (Greek: ') was a kingdom in the west central part of the Anatolia. The Phrygian people started to live in the area from c. 1200 BC, and made a kingdom in the 8th century BC. It was ruined by Cimmerian invaders c. 690 BC, then conquered by its neighbor Lydia, before it passed successively into the Persian Empire of Cyrus, the empire of Alexander and his successors, was taken by the king of Pergamon, and became part of the Roman Empire. The Phrygian language survived until about the 6th century AD.

White Genocide
White Genocide (Armenian: Ճերմակ or սպիտակ ջարդ, Jermag or Spitag Chart) is the word Western Armenians use to describe assimilation in the West. Armenians were forcibly deported from their homeland in Anatolia during the Armenian Genocide in 1915-1918, and never allowed to return. Western Armenians consider Armenians who assimilate within the local population of the country where they were eventually forced to emigrate (such as France, USA, Argentina, etc) as lost to their nation due to the continuing exile after the actual genocide itself, and thus consider that lost Armenian to be another victim of the genocidal attempt to eliminate the Armenians. The term "White Genocide" was also used for the regions of Nagorno-Karabakh and Nakhichevan where Armenians were forcibly deported and cleansed from the regions.

Didier Drogba
Didier Yves Drogba Tébily is a professional football player from the Ivory Coast. He was born on March 11, 1978 in Abidjan and currently plays for Chelsea FC in the English Premier League, wearing the number 11 shirt. Drogba is the current African Footballer of the Year. In season 2006-2007, he was the top scorer of the English Premier League with 20 goals. Drogba played for Le Mans at Ligue 2 in 1998. He moved to Olympique de Marseille in 2003 and scored 29 goals in the next season. In July 2007, Drogba moved to Chelsea.

Muscatine, Iowa
Muscatine is a city in Muscatine County, Iowa. In 2000, 22,697 people lived in the city of Muscatine.
History.
Muscatine began as a trading post in 1833. The city was first called Bloomington in 1839. The name was later changed because there were so many other cities named Bloomington. Some people think the name "Muscatine" came from the name of a local Native American tribe.
A person from Germany founded a button company in Muscatine in 1884. They made buttons from clam shells found in the Mississippi river. Muscatine was and still is called the "Pearl button capital of the world."
Sam Clemens, also called Mark Twain, worked at the newspaper the city for a short amount of time. He also wrote about Muscatine in his book "Life on the Mississippi".
"And I remember Muscatine--still more pleasantly--for its summer sunsets. I have never seen any, on either side of the ocean, that equaled them. They used the broad smooth river as a canvas, and painted on it every imaginable dream of color, from the mottled daintinesses and delicacies of the opal, all the way up, through cumulative intensities, to blinding purple and crimson conflagrations which were enchanting to the eye, but sharply tried it at the same time. All the Upper Mississippi region has these extraordinary sunsets as a familiar spectacle. It is the true Sunset Land: I am sure no other country can show so good a right to the name. The sunrises are also said to be exceedingly fine. I do not know."

Armenian Army
The Armenian Army is the army of Armenia. Armenia has sent around 1,500 officers to be trained in Greece and Russia over the past years. Since the end of the Nagorno-Karabakh War, Armenia has made the army boost the defense and help defend Nagorno-Karabakh from a possible new attack by neighboring Azerbaijan.

Armenian Air Defense
The Armenian Air Defense is the anti-aircraft group of the Armed Forces of Armenia. It was a part of the military reform program of Ter-Grigoriants.
Armenian anti-aircraft defense has an anti-aircraft missile brigade and two regiments armed with 100 missile launchers of various models and fixes. These missle launchers include the M79 Osa, Krug, S-75, and S-125. There are also 24 Scud ballistic missiles with eight launchers.

Armed Forces of Armenia
The Armed Forces of the Republic of Armenia is the Army, Air Force, Air Defense, and Border Guard. Some parts were formed out of the former Soviet forces in the Armenian SSR.
The Commander-in-Chief of the military is the President of Armenia, currently Robert Kocharyan. The Ministry of Defense is in charge of politicalleadership. It is currently headed by Mikael Harutyunyan. Military command is in the hands of the General Staff, headed by the Chief of Staff, who is Lieutenant-General Seyran Ohanyan. Armenia established a Ministry of Defense on 28 January 1992. The Border guards purpose is to patrol Armenia's borders with Georgia and Azerbaijan, while Russian troops continue to watch its borders with Iran and Turkey.

President of Armenia
President of Armenia is the head of state of Armenia since its independence from the Soviet Union in 1991.

Levon Ter-Petrossian
Levon Ter-Petrosyan (Armenian: Լևոն Տեր-Պետրոսյան; Russian: Левон Тер-Петросян) (born January 9, 1945), also Levon Ter-Petrosyan, was the President of Armenia from 1991 to 1998. Because of many economic and political problems, he resigned on February 3, 1998. He was replaced by Robert Kocharyan. Levon Ter Petrosian, announced he will run again for office in the presidential election which will start next year.

Musical tuning
In music tuning an instrument means getting it ready so that when it is played it will sound at the correct pitch: not too high or too low.
When two or more instruments play together it is particularly important that they are in tune with one another. This means that when they play the same note it is indeed exactly the same note. If the two instruments are not in tune with one another it will sound unpleasant because two notes which are very slightly different in pitch will produce a “beat”.
Tuning instruments.
Instruments such as the piano or organ have to be tuned by people who are specialists in tuning. For most instruments, however, the players themselves need to tune their instruments before they play. Players of string instruments can turn the pegs at the top of their instruments to change the tension (tightness) of the string. Players of wind instruments can make their instruments very slightly longer or shorter by pushing out or pulling in one of the joints. Timpanists turn the taps which are situated around the top of their instruments to change the tension of the drum head.
When an orchestra gives a concert the instruments have to tune carefully so that they are in tune with one another. Usually it is the principal oboist’s job to stand up and play the note A so that everyone can tune to that note. In some countries such as the USA it is tradition for the principal violinist (concertmaster) to give the A. If the orchestra are going to play with a piano soloist they will have to tune to the A of the piano because the piano has already been tuned by the piano tuner.
When a violinist tunes his instrument he is making sure that his four strings are tuned perfectly to G, D, A and E. Each string is wound around a peg near the top of the scroll, so that turning the peg changes the tuning. He may also have “adjusters” or “fine tuners” which are at the other end of the string where it is attached to the tailpiece. The adjusters make it easier to make small changes to the tuning. The violinist will make sure that the A is in tune, then the A and D can be played together so that they are exactly a fifth apart, then the D and G and finally the A and E are compared.
If they are not tuning to a piano, players of instruments sometimes use a tuning fork which gives an exact note (usually an A) so that they know they are in tune. There are also electronic tuning devices.
Tuning systems.
When an instrument such as the piano is tuned, the piano tuner has to know how to make each note relate correctly to the others. During the course of music history there have been several systems of doing this. These different "tuning systems" are all about the exact scientific relationship between the notes of the scale. There has been an enormous amount of discussion among musicians about how best to tune instruments.
comma of Pythagoras.
When two notes are an octave apart the higher note is vibrating at twice the speed of the lower note. For example: if a string is vibrating at Hz440 (440 times a minute) the note we hear is an A (the A above Middle C on the piano). If the string is stopped half way up (e.g. because the player presses it down with a finger) it will vibrate at Hz880 and we will hear the note one octave higher.
The note which vibrates at 1 ½ times the frequency of the basic note will be the note a perfect 5th higher (an E).
If a piano tuner starts by tuning a C, then tunes a G so that it is exactly 1 ½ times the frequency of the C, he can continue tuning in fifths (a D, then an A etc) until he arrives back at C again. However, he will find that, for mathematical reasons, the last C is not in tune with the first C. This was discovered long ago by Pythagoras and is called “the comma of Pythagoras”.
Solutions to the comma of Pythagoras.
Musical tuning systems throughout the centuries have tried to find ways of dealing with this problem. From the 16th century onwards several music theorists wrote long books about the best way to tune keyboard instruments. They often started by tuning up a fifth and down a fifth so that these notes were perfectly in tune (e.g. C, G and F), then they would continue (tuning the D to the G and Bflat to the F) until they met in the middle around F sharp. Sometimes old organs today are tuned by such a method. Playing in keys with very few sharps or flats (such as C, G or F) sounds very beautiful, but playing in keys with lots of sharps or flats sounds horribly out of tune.
Around the time of the great composer Johann Sebastian Bach a new system, called “well-tempered”, was developed in which the “comma of Pythagoras” is spread over all the notes of the octave. This meant that it was possible to play in any key. Bach wrote two books of 24 preludes and fugues (called the "Well-tempered Clavier)" to prove that it was now possible to play in any key.

List of members of the Red Army Faction
This is a list of Members of the Red Army Faction. After Andreas Baader escaped from jail in 1970, the media began referring to the "Baader-Meinhoff Gang". When Baader and Meinhof were arrested, they became known as the Red Army Faction.
First generation.
These are the earliest members, from the late 1960s. The most important had all been arrested by 1972.
Second generation Red Army Faction.
Other young terrorists available to swell the shrinking ranks of the Gang. Like the first generation they were mostly middle class and a lot of them were students. A lot of them were terrorists who joined the Gang after their own groups dissolved (e.g. the Socialist Patients' Collective (SPK), J2M).
The SPK, the leftist, 'therapy-through-violence' group, dissolved in 1971, and those members who had turned militant forged links and joined with the Baader-Meinhof Gang. There were quite a few of them and below is a selected list of some of the major members.
Third Generation Red Army Faction.
This generation was active mostly throughout the 1980s and early 1990s. More vicious than their predecessors, they didn't have as much cause as the earlier generations to rebel.

Captain of Köpenick
The Captain of Köpenick (born Wilhelm Voigt on February 13, 1849 - January 3, 1922) was a German shoemaker, criminal and impostor who became world-famous in 1906 for a trick he played in Berlin when he pretended to be a Captain in the army.
Early life.
Voigt was born in Tilsit, a town which was then part of Germany but is now called Sovetsk near Kaliningrad, Russia. In 1863, aged 14, he was sent to prison for 14 days for stealing. He was expelled from school.
Voigt’s father taught him how to make shoes. However, Voigt continued to steal and forge and was often sent to prison. Eventually he was let out of prison in 1906.
Voigt travelled around until he went to live with his sister who lived near Berlin. He worked briefly as a court shoemaker until, on August 24, 1906, police expelled him from Berlin as an “undesirable” (someone who is not wanted). Although he was supposed to have gone to Hamburg he stayed in Berlin. He could not get a job because he was an unregistered citizen, but he could not register as a citizen because he had no job.
Captain of Köpenick.
On October 16 1906 Voigt was ready for the big adventure that made him famous. He had bought parts of a captain's uniform from different shops. He had resigned from the shoe factory ten days before. He put on the captain’s uniform and went to the local army barracks, stopped four grenadiers and a sergeant on their way back to barracks and told them to come with him. These soldiers had been taught to obey officers without asking any questions, so they did what they were told. He told the commanding sergeant to report to his boss, and told 6 more soldiers to come with him. Then he took a train with the soldiers to Köpenick, east of Berlin, occupied the local city hall and told the soldiers to guard all the exits. He told the local Police to go and look for people breaking the law, and told the local Post Office not to let anyone make telephone calls to Berlin for an hour (this was in the early days of the telephone when people could not dial numbers automatically: they had to ask the Post Office to make the connection).
He arrested the town secretary and the mayor, saying that they had been taking money from the town hall, and he took a large amount of money: 4002 marks and 37 pfennigs, signing a receipt for it, but using the name of the governor of the jail where he had been. Then he stopped two carriages and told the grenadiers to use them to take the mayor and the treasurer to the police so that they could be questioned. He told the remaining guards to stand in their places for half an hour. Then he went to the train station. Later he changed back into ordinary clothes and disappeared.
His capture.
During the next few days the newspapers around the world reported what had happened. Everybody seemed to think it was a very amusing joke.
Voigt was arrested on October 26 and on December 1 he was sentenced to four years in prison for forgery, impersonating (pretending to be) an officer and wrongful imprisonment. However, so many people seemed to have sympathy with Voigt. Even the Emperor Wilhelm II was probably amused by it and he pardoned him on August 16, 1908.
In England everybody thought the whole story was funny. The English people thought it showed that the stereotype (idea) they had about Germans was right, i.e that they were taught to obey orders and not to think.
Voigt’s last years..
After Voigt had been pardoned and let out of jail he spent his remaining years travelling to many countries including United States and Canada where he told people about his great adventure. He appeared in small theatres and signed lots of photographs. A waxwork was made of him in Madame Tussaud's museum in London.
In 1910, he moved to Luxembourg and worked as a waiter and shoemaker. Two years later, he bought a house and retired, but the inflation after World War I made him poor. Voigt died in Luxembourg.
Many plays and movies were written about him, including a play by the German author Carl Zuckmayer called "Der Hauptmann von Köpenick" (The Captain of Köpenick), Several movies were produced about the affair, including an English language adaptation by John Mortimer (1971).

Hittites
The Hittites were an ancient people from Kaneš who spoke an Indo-European language, and established a kingdom centered at Hattusa (Hittite URU') in north-central Anatolia from the 18th century BC.
After 1180 BC, the empire disintegrated into several independent "Neo-Hittite" city-states, some surviving until as late as the 8th century BC.

Suppiluliuma II
Suppiluliuma II, the son of Tudhaliya IV, was the last known king of the New Kingdom of the Hittite Empire, ruling 1207 BCE – c.1178 BCE, contemporary with Tukulti-Ninurta I of Assyira.
He is known from two inscriptions in Hieroglyphic Luwian. They record wars against former vassal Tarhuntassa, and against Alasiya in Cyprus.
After the fall, the Kaskians were probably in control of Hatti. Hattusa itself was destroyed, its site only re-occupied by a Phrygian fortress some 500 years later.
Kunzi-Teshub, king of Kargamish, took on the title "Great King", being a descendant of Shuppiluliuma I.

Parthian relations with the Armenians
The Parthian empire had a friendly relations with the
Armenians. The fighting between the Roman Empire and Parthia was centered in Armenia. Armenia was in between Parthian and the Roman Empire. The Armenians had already played a role in the early history of the Roman-Parthian relations.
Tigranes put military and political relations with Rome and Parthia on an international legal foundation.
History.
The Parthians were allies to Armenians in many times. Many Parthian noble families had moved out and they went to Armenia.

Battle of Rhandeia
The Battle of Rhandeia was a battle fought between Armenia and Parthia against the Roman Empire. It was fought just after the Mithridatic Wars. The Romans were lead by Lucius Caesennius Paetus. They were defeated by the Parthian-Armenian army lead by Tiridates I of Armenia.
The Parthians made Tiridates the King of Armenia. He was the brother of the Parthian king Vologases I. Tiridates replaced Tigranes, a Roman ally, as king. The Romans fought to take back the throne, but were forced into surrender at Rhandeia (autumn 62).

Hydrochloric acid
Hydrochloric acid is a chemical compound. It is a solution of hydrogen chloride (HCl) gas that is dissolved in water. It used to be called muriatic acid. It is widely used in industry, and it is also made by the stomach to help digest food.
Safety.
In high concentrations, hydrochloric acid can make acidic mists. Both the mist and the solution hurt human tissue. They are caustic, and can cause chemical burns. These can damage the eyes, the skin, the respiratory system, and other organs of the human body.
When hydrochloric acid is mixed with certain chemicals such as bleach, the toxic gas chlorine is made. When working with hydrochloric acid, certain safety measures should be taken. These include using rubber or PVC gloves, wearing goggles to protect the eyes, as well as special clothing that is resistant to chemicals.
The Environmental Protection Agency says hydrochloric acid is a toxin.

Kobayr
Kobayr (Armenian: Կոբայր) is a 12th century Armenian Apostolic Church monastery. It is located in the village Kober within Lori marz, Armenia.
Kobayr was built on a shelf of a gorge by the princes of the junior Bagratuni branch, Kyurikids in 1171. The monastery was later acquired by the Zakarids and converted into a Chalcedonian monastery. Many of the writings in the monastery are written in Georgian.
The monastery is being fixed and payed for by the government of Armenia with the help of the government of Italy. The ruins of the main church in the monastery contain frescoes of Christ and the twelve apostles as well as the Church fathers and other Christian figures.

Hnevank
Hnevank (, means old monastery) is a 7th century Armenian Apostolic Church monastery. It is located nearby the city of Stepanavan in the Lori marz of Armenia. The monastery is on a hill within a gorge, near where the Dzoraget and Gargar rivers join.
The monastery was all rebuilt by lord Smbat of the House of Orbelian, a branch of the Liparitids who were removed to Armenia in the late 12th century from Georgia. Liparitids were themselves a branch of the Mamikonians. Smbat was the ancestor of the Armenian princes of Syunik. Georgian writings around the drum attests his name. The monastery has a gavit and various service buildings around the site. The government of Armenia has recently begun fixing the monastery. The broken dome of the main church has been restored entirely.

Huntington's disease
Huntington's disease is a genetic disease that can be passed on from parent to child. It affects parts of the brain and causes people who suffer from it to have increasingly jerky movements and problems in behaviour as it progresses. It is found in about 7 of 100,000 people. It is named after George Huntington who described it accurately in 1872.

Adenoidectomy
Adenoidectomy is the process of taking out a persons' adenoids from the back of their throat through the process of surgery. They may be removed for several reasons, including difficulty breathing through the nose and having ear infections. The surgery is common in young kids. The procedure is usually performed using a substance called anaesthesia (Greek for "without sensation"), and the substance puts a person to sleep when it is applied. Recovery time from the operation can vary from several hours to a few days.
Adenoidectomy is usually done on young children because their adenoids were infected by a virus. If the disease was to be left alone, it would worsen. The affected person could have harder times breathing or hearing, and may possibly be killed from the disease. Normally functioning adenoids help maintain the body's healthy immune system during early childhood. They shrink when a person gets older. When a person becomes an adult, their adenoids completely disappear.

Turkish Armenian Reconciliation Commission
The Turkish Armenian Reconciliation Commission was made in 2001 to help Turkey and Armenia be closer. The main goal was to make the governments more active.

ROT13
ROT13 (or ROT-13) is a very simple form of encryption cipher. It is a variant of a Caesar cipher. In it, the alphabet is written in two lines, of 13 characters each. Encryption, and decryption is done by simply switching the letters that are below each other. That way, "A" becomes "N", "B" becomes "O", and so on.
It is widely used in USENET forums.
Letter games and net culture.
ROT13 can also be used for letter games. There are some words, that will produce another existing word, when they are treated with ROT13. The longest example in the English language is the pair of 7-letter words abjurer and nowhere; there is also the 7-letter pair chechen and purpura. Other examples of words like these are shown in the table.
The 1989 International Obfuscated C Code Contest (IOCCC) had an entry by Brian Westley. Westley's computer program can be ROT13'd or reversed and still compiles correctly. Its operation, when executed, is either to perform ROT13 encoding on, or to reverse its input.
The newsgroup "alt.folklore.urban" made a word—furrfu. It was the ROT13 encoding of the frequently encoded utterance "sheesh". "Furrfu" evolved in mid-1992 as a response to postings repeating urban myths on alt.folklore.urban, after some posters complained that "Sheesh!" as a response to newcomers was being overused.

Tony Kahn
Tony Kahn is an American radiohost, narrator, and writer who has won many awards. He is the son of Hollywood movie writer Gordon Kahn.
Early life.
Kahn was born in in Los Angeles, California. His father was placed on a list of people with political beliefs that some people thought were not acceptable. This happened during a time in American history known as the Red Scare. The Red Scare is a term used to describe a time during the 1940s and 1950s in the United States when people were accused of (often wrongly) being communists.
Because of the Red Scare, Kahn had to leave Los Angeles with his family. They went to Mexico during the 1950's. They returned after a few years and Kahn went to school at Harvard University where he studied the Russian language. He graduated with very good grades. He then went to Columbia University where he got a masters degree -- an advanced academic degree or diploma -- in Slavic studies.
Career.
Tony Kahn is known for his work in radio. He produces and directs a radio show called "Morning Stories" for the radio station WGBH in Boston, Massachusetts. He has also contributed to other radio shows such as Minnesota Public Radio's "The World". On "The World", Kahn is sometimes the host and sometimes a reporter. He has won twelve New England Emmys, six Gold Medals of the New York International Festival and an award called the Edward R. Murrow Award for Feature Reporting.

Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane
DDT is a well-known pesticide. The abbreviation stands for Dichloro-Diphenyl-Trichloroethane, one of its names. The Swiss chemist Paul Hermann Müller was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1948, for his discovery. In the 1960s there was a study that questioned if it was good to spread large amounts of DDT indiscriminately. The study also found that DDT could cause cancer. After that DDT was replaced by other pesticides.

Nucleobase
Nucleobases are important for genetics. They are parts of RNA and DNA that may be involved in pairing (see base pair).
They include cytosine, guanine, adenine, thymine in (DNA), uracil in (RNA) and xanthine and hypoxanthine (mutated forms of guanine and adenine). These are abbreviated as C, G, A, T, U, X and HX respectively. They are usually simply called bases in genetics. Because A, G, C and T appear in the DNA, these molecules are called DNA-bases; A, G, C and U are called RNA-bases.

Kėdainiai
Kėdainiai is a town in the center of Lithuania. The river Nevėžis passes the town. More than 30.000 people live here. Kėdainiai has an old town with lot of churches. Also, Kėdainiai is center of industry, especially chemistry.

Base pair
In molecular biology, two nucleotides on opposite complementary DNA or RNA strands that are connected by hydrogen bonds are called a base pair (often abbreviated bp).
In the "Watson-Crick base pairing", adenine (A) forms a base pair with thymine (T), and guanine (G) with cytosine (C) in DNA. In RNA, thymine is replaced by uracil (U). But there is also non-Watson-Crick base pairing with other hydrogen bonding patterns, especially in RNA.

Complementarity (molecular biology)
In molecular biology, complementarity is a property (something that it can do) of nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA. Each nucleotide has a nitrogenous base, and each nitrogenous base can pair up with the nitrogenous base from another different nucleotide. One can say that the nitrogenous base is complementary to the other in that the base pairs between them are non-covalently bonded by hydrogen bonds.
Since there is only one complementary base for any of the bases found in DNA and in RNA, enzymes can make a complementary strand from any single strand. This is needed for DNA replication.
The bases which are complementary are
For example, the complementary strand of the DNA sequence

Glissando
In music a glissando is a slide up or down the notes of a scale. The plural is “glissandi”. In written music the instruction to the player is often shortened to “gliss”. The word comes from the French “glisser” = “to slide”.
With the singing voice, or with an instrument such as the trombone or a string instrument a glissando is a smooth slide in which the pitch gradually changes, becoming higher and higher. The trombonist can make a glissando by blowing whilst pushing out or pulling in the slide. The violinist can make a glissando by sliding a finger up or down the fingerboard.
With instruments such as the piano, xylophone or harp a glissando is a quick slide in which we hear one note after another because the pitches between the notes cannot be played. On the piano there are two ways to play a glissando: either on the white notes or on the black notes. At the end of the piano piece called "Ondine" from "Gaspard de la Nuit" by Maurice Ravel both these types of glissando can be heard. The pianist has to play a glissando with tips of the fingers or the finger nails. It can be quite painful to practise them a lot. Harpists are very fond of playing glissandi. By changing the position of the harp pedals a harpist can change the scale which will sound when the glissando is played.
Many modern timpani have pedals which tighten or slacken the drum head. These can be used to make a glissando. The Hungarian composer Béla Bartók often used this effect.
Some jazz clarinettists manage to play a glissando on the clarinet. They do this by gradually changing the way they blow whilst at the same time gradually lifting all the fingers off the keys. George Gershwin's "Rhapsody in Blue" starts with a glissando on the solo clarinet.
When composers write a glissando they write the first and the last note, and then put a long, straight line between the notes, and write the word “glissando” or “gliss”.

Almudena Cathedral
The Almudena Cathedral (Spanish: Catedral de la Almudena) is a Catholic cathedral in Madrid, Spain. It is in front of the Royal Palace. The cathedral is one of Madrid´s newest landmarks. It opened in 1993 by Pope John Paul II. Construction of the cathedral was started in 1879 but stopped during the Spanish Civil War. Construction was restarted in 1950.
From the front of the cathedral, visitors can see parts of the old city wall which was built in the 9th century.

KIO Towers
The Puerta de Europa towers (Gate of Europe or Europe's Gate or just Torres KIO) are two office buildings in Madrid. They were built in 1996 by the Kuwait Investments Office (KIO). Each building is 115m tall and leans 15º. They are located near Plaza de Castilla.

Portamento
In music, portamento is a gradual slide from one note to another. It is very similar to a glissando, but a glissando is deliberately written in the music by the composer and may be a long slide between two or three octaves or more. A portamento is a much shorter slide, usually between two notes which are quite close. Opera singers often used to slide from one note of a tune to another instead of singing each note separately and clearly. The habit of putting in portamento between notes spread to other instruments as well. When listening to recordings of violin playing from the early 20th century we can hear that the players used a lot of portamento.
Over the last half century portamento has gone out of fashion and singers and instrumentalists are taught not to slide from one note to another. However, there are some places, especially in opera, where it can be effective so long as it is not done all the time. It is a matter of taste.

Hydrogen bond
A hydrogen bond is a special type of dipole-dipole bond that exists between an electronegative atom and a hydrogen atom bonded to another electronegative atom. This type of bond always involves a hydrogen atom. That explains the name.
Hydrogen bonds can occur between molecules ("intermolecularly"), or within different parts of a single molecule ("intramolecularly"). The typical hydrogen bond is stronger than van der Waals forces, but weaker than covalent, ionic and metallic bonds.
Intermolecular hydrogen bonding is responsible for the high boiling point of water (100 °C).

Thalidomide
Thalidomide is a drug. It can be used as a sedative. It also has uses for other illnesses. It was mainly prescribed to pregnant women. The drug can cause birth defects in rats, primates and humans. Before the drug was released, not enough tests were done, so this was unknown. About 10.000 children were born with deformities, between 1956, and 1962. These could be directly linked to the fact that their mothers had taken the drug during their pregnancy. After this discovery, more rigorous tests were required in the United States, before a drug can be said to be safe to take during pregancy. Other countries made similar laws. Thalidomide was not used as a drug for decades.
Researchers continued to look for ways to use the drug. They discovered, that it had good effects on certain types of skin diseases, associated with leprosy. Currently, studies are being done to see how this drug could help with cancer treatment, as well as some other, less-known diseases.

United Arab Republic
The United Arab Republic was a country formed in 1957 when Egypt and Syria joined together. When they separated in 1961, Egypt kept the name of United Arab Republic until 1971 when the official name of the country was changed to Arab Republic of Egypt.

Drop goal
A drop goal, also referred to as a dropped goal or field goal, is a method of scoring points in rugby union and rugby league. A drop goal is scored by drop kicking the ball above the crossbar and between the uprights. A drop goal is worth three points in rugby union and one point in rugby league.

Sibylline Books
The "Sibylline Books" were a collection of prophecies in rhyme written in Greek. The legendary king of Rome, Tarquinius Superbus bought them from a Sibyl (a kind of prophetess), and the prophecies used to be consulted in times when great danger happened in the history of the Roman Empire.
History.
The books were also known to the Greeks. They were kept in the Temple of Apollo at Gergis on Mount Ida (near Troy in Asia Minor) in the 7th century BC, and said to be written by the Hellespontine Sibyl. From there, it passed to Erythrae (in eastern Asia Minor) and was called the work of the Erythraean Sibyl. It seems that this collection travelled from there to Cumae, Italy and from there to Rome.
According to Virgil in the Aeneid, Aeneas had consulted the Cumaean Sibyl before he travelled to the lower world. The story of how king Tarquinius bought them from the Cumaean Sibyl was a famous legend. She offered to sell Tarquin a collection of nine books of prophecy, but he refused the price, so she burnt three. After that she offered to sell the six remaining books for the same price. He refused again and she burnt another three. Finally he bought these three remaining books for this price so they would not be destroyed, and put them in the temple of Jupiter in Rome.
The books were given to the trust of two Roman patricians (nobles). Beginning in 367 BC, ten keepers - five from the patricians and five from the common citizens - were appointed for them. After this (possibly the time of Sulla, 88-78 BC), the number of keepers was increased to fifteen. The job of these keepers was to consult the books on what was the right action or ceremony to escape from threats. Even so, they would not reveal the prophecies themselves, but only tell the action or ceremony needed.
The influence of the books brought eastern gods such as Apollo, the "Great Mother" Cybele, and Ceres, as well as Greek pagan beliefs, into the Roman pagan religion.
Because the verses were written in Greek, the keepers would always be helped by two Greek translators. The books were destroyed when the Temple of Jupiter burned down in 83 BC. Because of this, the Roman Senate sent messengers in 76 BC to find similar prophecies and replace them. The prophecies were gathered especially from Troy, Erythrae, Samos island, 'Africa' (that is, modern Tunisia), and from Sicily and Tibur in Italy. After they brought the new collection to Rome, Roman priests separated what they thought was true, but threw others out of the collection.
The Roman Emperor Augustus in 12 BC moved them to the Temple of Apollo, when they were studied and a new copy was made. They stayed there until 405 AD. It is said that at that time, Stilicho, who fought for the teachings of Arianism, burnt them.
Modern scholars believe these books are not the same as the "Sibylline Oracles" that were often quoted by early Christian writers from the 2nd century through the 5th century AD. It is certain that when one Christian writer, Athenagoras of Athens, wrote "A Plea for the Christians" to Emperor Marcus Aurelius in around 176 AD, at a time when Christians were being punished by the pagan Roman Empire, he quoted word-for-word from these "Oracles" that are known today. Quoting them along with writings by Homer and Hesiod, he wrote many times that "these books are all known to Caesar" (the Emperor). The Sibylline Books were still to be found in the Temple of Apollo at Rome at this time, so it is thought possible that at least some of these "Sibylline Oracles" were partly the same.
70 lines agreed to be from the real "Sibylline Books" were quoted in the 2nd century "Book of Marvels" by Phlegon of Trales. This quote speaks about the birth of a hermaphrodite, and ceremonies for sacrificing to idols.

2020 Summer Olympics
The 2020 Summer Olympics, which will be officially known as the Games of the XXXII Olympiad is a sporting event that the International Olympic Committee (IOC) has yet to organize. The winning bid is expected to be announced in the summer of 2013.

2016 Summer Olympics
The 2016 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXXI Olympiad is a major international sports and cultural event. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) has not yet been chosen a host city, but many cities have begun making a bid. A host city will be announced in Copenhagen, Denmark, on October 2, 2009. The 2016 Summer Paralympics will also be held in the same city and organized by the same organizing committee.
Possible host cities.
The bidding process for the 2016 Summer Olympic Games began on May 16, 2007. Each city had to submit an initial application to the IOC before September 13, 2007, saying they plan to make a bid. Completed official bids were submitted by each applicant city by January 14, 2008. The final candidate cities were shortlisted in June 2008, and the final selection will be made by the full IOC membership, on October 2, 2009, in Copenhagen, Denmark.

Molecular biology
Molecular biology is the study of biology at a molecular level. The field overlaps with other areas of biology and chemistry, particularly genetics and biochemistry.
Molecular biology chiefly concerns itself with understanding the interactions between the various systems of a cell, including the interrelationship of DNA, RNA and protein biosynthesis and learning how these interactions are regulated.

Uracil
One can find Uracil in RNA, it base pairs with adenine and is replaced by thymine in DNA.
It was originally discovered in 1900. It was isolated by hydrolysis of yeast nuclein that was found in bovine thymus and spleen, herring sperm, and wheat germ. Uracil is a planar, unsaturated compound that has the ability to absorb light.
It is a pyrimidine which is common and naturally occurring.

Double stopping
Double stopping means playing two notes at once on a bowed string instrument by drawing the bow across two strings at once while "stopping" two notes by pressing the fingers down on the fingerboard: one finger on each of the two strings being played.
On instruments such as the violin the player is mostly playing one note at a time. It is not difficult to play two open strings at once, but fingering two strings at once can be very difficult, so double stopping is an advanced technique. Sometimes triple or quadruple stopping is needed. This is sometimes called multiple stopping. It is not really possible to play three or four notes at the same time on a violin. The bridge is curved so that the player can bow on one string without hitting the others by accident. Multiple stopping is done by playing first two strings and then, while still letting the sound from these two ring, quickly playing the other two strings.
Multiple stopping was used a lot in Renaissance music when playing the viol. Baroque composers such as Johann Sebastian Bach in Germany or Arcangelo Corelli in Italy often require double stopping when writing for solo string instruments. It is also used a lot in virtuoso music of composers in the Romantic period such as Niccolò Paganini.

Saar (protectorate)
Saar was the name of the Saarland after World War Two, when it was under French control. It became part of West Germany in 1957.

Law of large numbers
The Law of large numbers (LLN) is a theorem from statistics. If there is a random variable, it will be be stable, in the long run. This means that in the long run, the observed value will get ever closer to the expected value.
The following graph shows the results of an experiment of rolls of a die. In this experiment it can be seen that the average of die rolls vary wildly at first. As predicted by LLN the average stabilizes around the expected value of 3.5 as the number of observations become large.
History.
Jakob Bernoulli first described the LLN. He says it was so simple that even the stupidest man instinctively knows it is true. Despite this, it took him over 20 years to develop a good mathematical proof. Once he had found it, he published the proof in "Ars Conjectandi" (The Art of Conjecturing) in 1713. He named this his "Golden Theorem". It became generally known as "Bernoulli's Theorem" (not to be confused with the Law in Physics with the same name.) In 1835, S.D. Poisson further described it under the name "La loi des grands nombres" (The law of large numbers). Thereafter, it was known under both names, but the "Law of large numbers" is most frequently used.
Other mathematicians also contributed to make the law better. Some of them were Chebyshev, Markov, Borel, Cantelli and Kolmogorov. After these studies there are now two different forms of the law: One is called the "weak" law and the other the "strong" law. These forms do not describe different laws. They have different ways to describe the convergence of the observed or measured probability to the actual probability. The strong form of the law implies the weak one.

Hennes & Mauritz
Hennes & Mauritz AB (H&M), is a Swedish clothing company. It is known for its cheap prices and fashionable clothing designs. The company was created in Västerås, Sweden, in 1947 by Erling Persson. At first, the company only sold women's clothing. At that time, it was called Hennes, Swedish for "hers." In 1968, Persson got the building and inventory of a Stockholm hunting equipment store named Mauritz Widforss. A supply of men's clothing was part of the inventory. This caused Persson to decide to also sell mens clothing. He renamed the store Hennes & Mauritz, later shortened to H&M. H&M has more than 1400 stores in 28 different countries. It has more than 60,000 employees.

Luchegorsk
Luchegorsk (Russian:Лучегорск, lit. "Ray of mountains") is a urban-type settlement and administrative center of Pozharsky District (Primorsky Krai, Russia). It was founded in 1966.
Population is 22,365 (2002 Census). Geographical coordinates are 46-27N,134-17E.
Luchegorsk is the largest non-city settlement on Russian Far East.
Luchegorsk has more ecological problems for a large electric power station.

The Tell-Tale Heart
"The Tell-Tale Heart" is an 1843 short story by Edgar Allan Poe. It is about someone who has killed an old man with a strange eye. The murder is carefully planned, and the killer hides the old man's body by cutting it into pieces and hiding it under the floor. The killer, who tells the story, feels guilty about the murder, and the guilt makes him imagine that he can hear the dead man's heart still beating under the floor.
The story does not say if the old man and the killer are related. Some people think that the old man is a father figure. Some people think that the man's strange, vulture-like eye is a symbol of some unknown secret. perhaps, that his vulture eye represents some sort of veiled secret.
The story was first published in James Russell Lowell's "The Pioneer" in January 1843. "The Tell-Tale Heart" is one of Poe's most famous short stories, and it is widely considered a classic of the Gothic fiction genre. The story has been made into or inspired many different works in film, television, and other media.
Plot summary.
"The Tell-Tale Heart" is a story told in the first-person; meaning that the storyteller talks about his or her own feelings and actions. The story says that the narrator is male.
The narrator is taking care of an old man with a clouded, vulture-like eye. The narrator has feelings of paranoia, and becomes afraid of the old man's strange eye. The narrator becomes so bothered by the eye that he plots to murder the old man. For more than a week, the narrator sneaks into the old man's room at night, watching and waiting for the right time to strike. However, the old man's eyes are shut, hiding the clouded eye, and the narrator loses the urge to kill.
One night, though, the old man awakens as the narrator watches, revealing the eye. The narrator strikes, smothering the old man with his own mattress. The narrator chops up the body, and hides the pieces under the floorboards. The narrator then cleans the place up to hide all signs of the crime. When the narrator reports that the police (whether a delusion or real is unclear) respond to a call placed by a neighbor who heard a distressful scream, the narrator invites them to look around, confident that they will not find any evidence of the murder. They sit around the old man's room, right on top of the very hiding place of the dead body, yet suspect nothing.
The narrator, however, begins to hear a faint noise. As the noise grows louder, the narrator hallucinates that it is the heartbeat of the old man coming from under the floorboards. This paranoia increases as the officers seem to pay no attention to the sound, which is loud enough for the narrator to admit to having heard. Shocked by the constant beating of the heart and a feeling that the officers must be aware of the heartbeats, the narrator loses control and confesses to killing the old man and tells them to tear up the floorboards to reveal the body.
Throughout the story the narrator insists on being sane, yet at the same time, giving the impression of serious hallucinations or paranoia, possibly caused by guilt from having murdered an elderly man.
Analysis.
"The Tell-Tale Heart" starts "in medias res", in the middle of an event. The opening is an in-progress conversation between the narrator and another person who is not identified in any way. It is speculated that the narrator is confessing to a prison warden, judge, newspaper reporter, doctor or psychiatrist. Whoever it is, it sparks the narrator's need to explain himself in great detail. The first word of the story, "True!," is an admission of his guilt.
One of the driving forces in this opening and throughout the story is not the narrator's insistence upon his "innocence" but on his "sanity". His drive to convince, however, is self-destructive because he fully admits he is guilty of murder. His denial of insanity is based on his systemic actions and precision - a rational explanation for irrational behavior (murder). This rationality, however, is undermined by his lack of motivation ("Object there was none. Passion there was none."). Despite this, however, he says the idea of murder, "haunted me day and night." The story's final scene, however, is a result of the narrator's feelings of guilt. Like many characters in the Gothic tradition, his nerves dictate his true nature. Despite his best efforts at defending himself, the narrator's "over acuteness of the senses," which help him hear the heart beating in the floorboards, is what convinces the reader that he is truly mad. Readers during Poe's time would have been especially interested amidst the controversy over the insanity defense in the 1840s.
It is unclear, however, if the narrator actually has very acute senses or if he is merely imagining things. If his condition is believed to be true, what he hears at the end of the story may not be the old man's heart but death watch beetles. The narrator first admits to hearing death watches in the wall after startling the old man from his sleep. According to superstition, death watches are a sign of impending death. One variety of death watch beetles raps its head against surfaces, presumably as part of a mating ritual, while others emit a ticking sound.
The relationship between the old man and the narrator is ambiguous, as is their names, their occupations, or where they live. In fact, that ambiguity adds to the tale as an ironic counter to the strict attention to detail in the plot. The narrator may be a servant of the old man's or, as is more often assumed, his son. In that case, the "vulture" eye of the old man is symbolizing parental surveillance and possibly the paternal principles of right and wrong. The murder of the eye, then, is a removal of conscience. The eye may also represent secrecy, again playing on the ambiguous lack of detail about the man or the narrator. Only when the eye is finally found open on the final night, penetrating the veil of secrecy, that the murder is carried out.
Former poet laureate Richard Wilbur has suggested that the tale is an allegorical representation of Poe's poem "To Science." The poem shows the struggle between imagination and science. In "The Tell-Tale Heart," the old man represents the scientific rational mind while the narrator is the imaginative.
Publication history.
"The Tell-Tale Heart" was first published in the Boston-based magazine "The Pioneer" in January 1843, edited by James Russell Lowell. Poe was likely paid only $10. It was slightly revised when republished in the August 23, 1845 edition of the "Broadway Journal". It was reprinted multiple times during Poe's lifetime.

Boxe pieds-poings
In French, one calls boxe pieds-poings ("feet-fists boxing"), since the years 1980, the combat sports of striking with boxing gloves. These sports are practised in a ring (or on a mat) and belong to the category of sport boxing. The boxers use, according to the regulation, the techniques of leg (kicks and knee kicks), the techniques of arm (punches and elbow strikes) and the techniques of throwing.

Vibrato
Vibrato is a series of very quick changes up and down to the pitch of a note. It is like a deliberate, controlled wobble. The word “vibrato” is related to the word “vibrate”.
Vibrato is used to make a melody sound more beautiful by making it more expressive. Singers use vibrato, especially when singing dramatic solo music such as opera. In Italy a singer’s vibrato is sometimes called “tremolo”.
Violinists and other players of string instruments produce vibrato by moving the finger backwards and forwards on the fingerboard. Vibrato has to be learned carefully, as the hand needs to be very relaxed. Many beginners who start to use vibrato will try to vibrate too fast and this makes an unpleasant sound. Vibrato can be produced on wind instruments by small changes of breath control.
Musicians sometimes disagree about how much vibrato was used in earlier times. People who play music from the Renaissance or Baroque on period instruments sometimes play without any vibrato. Other people think that players of those days did use some vibrato.

Glockenspiel
The glockenspiel is a type of percussion instrument. It is in the same category of musical instruments as the xylophone and timpani. A Glockenspiel usually has a range of two and a half octaves. It is set up in a keyboard format, similar to the xylophone. Unlike the wooden xylophone, the glockenspiel is a metallophone. It is made of metal. The glockenspiel is played by hitting it with mallets with a plastic or felt tip. It has a soft sound, but it is very high pitch. If it is hit too hard, it makes a very bad sound. It is often used to represent things such as fairies, birds, and butterflies. The glockenspiel is from Germany.

Titan A.E.
"Titan A.E." is a 2000 animated science fiction movie from Fox Animation Studios and Twentieth Century Fox. The name of the movie comes from the fictional spacecraft that is a main part of the plot. The "A.E." meaning "After Earth." The movie was created using both hand-drawn animation and computer generated imagery.
"Titan A.E." did not make much money in theaters. It made only $9,376,845 during its opening weekend, and a total of $22,753,426 in theaters.
Plot.
In the year 3028 A.D., Earth is attacked by aliens called the Drej. They are made of pure energy. The Drej spacecraft destroys Earth with an energy beam just as hundreds of space vehicles leave the planet with the last of mankind on them. The secret "Titan" ship with Professor Sam Tucker aboard leaves at the same time, but not with the other vessels. One of the one of the people escaping the planet is Sam's young son Cale. Cale carries with him a ring given to him by his father.
Fifteen years later, Cale works on a salvage station. Cale hates his father for having disappeared on the "Titan". Without a home planet, humans have become outer space drifters (people that move from place to place without a home). They are constantly treated badly by other races. A human captain named Joseph Korso and his pilot Akima seek out Cale. They tell him that he must help them find the "Titan". They say that the ship has machinery that will create a new Earth. Doing this will bring humanity back together again. The Drej want to find the "Titan" so that they can destroy it.
With Korso's help, Cale learns that the ring his father gave to him can help him find the "Titan". Before long, Cale and Akima find out that Korso is looking for the "Titan" in order to hand it over to the Drej. They escape from him but become stranded on a drifter colony. Cale and Akima repair one of the wrecked spacecraft at the colony. They use it to go to where the "Titan" has been hidden.
Inside the "Titan", Cale and Akima learn that Professor Tucker had been one of the main people who designed the craft. The designers felt that the destruction of Earth would happen. Because of this, they gave the "Titan" the ability to create a new planet. They loaded it with the DNA of every living Earth plant and animal so they could repopulate the new world. Unfortunately, the ship had no energy left and they could not recreate the planet.
Korso finds and boards the "Titan". He attacks Cale and Akima, but one of his men attacks him. Korso kills the man by breaking his neck, then fights with Cale. During the fight, Korso falls over a railing. Cale trying to save him but Korso slips from Cale's grip and falls to his apparent death. Akima, Cale and others from Korso's ship work together to defend the "Titan" against the Drej attack. Cale thinks that the energy that makes up the Drej and their ships may be used to power up the "Titans systems. Korso shows up again, but sacrifices himself repair a circuit breaker just as the Drej ship shoots an energy beam at the "Titan". Using the power of the beam, the "Titan" powers up and takes all the Drej energy. The Drej are destroyed while the ship creates a new planet.
The movie ends with Akima and Cale standing on their new world. Akima wants to name the planet "New Earth," while Cale wants to name it "Bob." The final scene is of all the human coming to the planet named "New Earth [Planet Bob]."
Prequels.
To tie in with the movie, there was a series of novels as well as a comic book mini-series that tell stories that take place before the movie.
The Dark Horse Comics comic told the story of Sam Tucker and his crew. It also told about them hiding the Titan.
The Digital Screening.
Titan A.E. became the first major movie to be digital from start to finish. On June 6 2000, before it was shown in theaters, the movie was in Atlanta, Georgia as well as in Los Angeles, California at the same time. The movie was sent to both screens from 20th Century Fox in Los Angeles using a private internet LAN line.. This was the first time a major movie had been created, distributed and shown digitally.

Nigella Lawson
Nigella Lawson (born January 6, 1960) is an English television chef, journalist, television presenter and food-writer. She presented the cooking show "Nigella Bites" on Channel4 from 2000 to 2001. After that series, she went on to present two cookery series called "Nigella's Christmas Kitchen" and "Nigella Express" on BBC2.
She has written many cooking books which have been translated into lots of different languages and are popular in the United Kingdom and the United States.

Pittsburg, Texas
Pittsburg is a city in the American state of Texas. As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 4,347.

Level 42
Level 42 is a Pop band from the United Kingdom. They were formed in 1980 in Manchester. Their songs include "Something About You" (1985) and "Lessons in Love" (1986). The current Level 42 is formation have Mark King, Mike Lindup, Gary Husband and Nathan King.

Johann Heinrich Schmelzer
Johann Heinrich Schmelzer (born Austria some time between 1620 and 1623; died in Prague some time between 29 February and 20 March) was a German composer. He was one of the most important composers of instrumental music in the mid-17th century.
Nothing is known about his early life. He became a member of the imperial chapel in the mid 1630’s. His job there was probably a violinist. We know very little about his life, except that over the years he became a famous composer. The emperor must have liked him because he gave him presents of money and gold chains.
In 1671 he became deputy Kapellmeister at the imperial court. In 1673 the emperor gave him the honorary title “von Ehrenruef” which he put after his name. A few years later the court moved to Prague to try to escape the plague that was killing so many people in Vienna. At the end of 1679 the emperor’s Kapellmeister died and Schmelzer became Kapellmeister. It was the first time that the Kapellmeister at the Habsburg court had not been a foreigner but an Austrian. However, the following March Schmelzer died of the plague.
Schmelzer wrote a lot of music for small groups of instruments as well as a lot of ballet music. His dance suites are made up of several dances such as galliard, bourree, sarabande, gigue, gavotte and allemande as well as more unusual dances. He wrote several sonatas for two violins and continuo. They are full of fast scales and arpeggios. He also seems to have written church music, but it has all been lost.

Oireachtas
The Oireachtas is the national parliament of Ireland.
Only the Irish names are used, never the English

Quasar
A quasar (or Quasi-Stellar Radio Source) happens when gas around a black hole goes in the black hole. As the gas gets close to the black hole itself, it heats up from a process called friction, and glows so brightly that this light can be seen on the other side of the Universe. It is often brighter than the whole galaxy the quasar is in. No one is sure what quasars are for but since the 1980's scientist have tried to find out.

Dáil Éireann
Dáil Éireann is the lower house of the parliament of Ireland.
It is elected by all Irish citizens of voting age (which is now 18). Members of Dáil Éireann are called TDs, which stands for "Teachta Dala".
First Dáil.
The First Dáil was elected at the British General Election of 1918. The Sinn Féin people who were elected did not go to the House of Commons. Instead they stayed in Dublin and set up the First Dáil.
The First Dáil passed the Declaration of Independence of the Irish Republic, a Constitution and set up a government.
The first British woman MP was Countess Markiewicz. Because she was a Sinn Féiner she went to the first Dáil Éireann instead. That is why many people think Lady Astor was Britain's first woman MP.
Second Dáil.
In 1922, during the War of Independence, the British passed the Government of Ireland Act. The act set up two parliaments, one for Northern Ireland and one for Southern Ireland. There was no election in Southern Ireland because only Sinn Féin candidates stood. They did not meet as the House of Commons of Southern Ireland. Instead they, and the only Sinn Feiner elected only in Northern Ireland met as the Second Dáil.
On the first day of the Second Dáil Éamon de Valera, President of the Irish Republic, said there would be no need to fight or negotiate with Britain if the British prime minister remembered that he had said De Valera said that if Poland had the right to its own government, so did Ireland.
The Second Dáil ratified (that is, confirmed) the Anglo-Irish Treaty, by a vote of 64 to 57. After this the 64 pro-treaty members met as the House of Commons of Southern Ireland, with the four University MPs, and voted to accept the treaty again.
Third Dáil.
The Third Dáil was two things.
The Third Dáil passed the constitution of the Irish Free State, and after 6 December 1922, it was the lower house of the Oireachtas of the Irish Free State.
Dáil Debates.
The official record of everything said in the Dáil is called tge or. Volume (book) one starts on the day the Third Dáil met, so the record of the First Dáil is called Book F, and the Second Dáil starts with book S.
Election of the Dáil.
TDs are elected in multi-member constituencies, unlike the British House of Commons or the American House of Representatives, which are single-member constituencies. There can be three, four, or five TDs in each constituency. Voters can vote for as many candidates as they want, but they rank them in order of preference, 1,2,3...
Working out who has been elected can sometimes take two or even three days, because the votes are counted several times under the Single Transferable Vote system.
If the Chairman of Dáil Éireann, called the Ceann Comhairle, wants to stand for re-election he is does not have to be elected. The law and the constitution say that he is given a seat in his old constutency.
Powers of Dáil Éireann.
The Dail is the more powerful of the two Houses of the Oireachtas.
The Taoiseach, (Prime Minister), the Tánaiste (deputy prime minister) and the Minister of Finance must be members of Dáil Éireann.
"Bold text"Catherine Byrne Has Made Ireland What It Is Today
Bills to raise tax have to start in the Dáil, and cannot be vetoed by the Seanad.
The Dáil can pass a bill even if the Seannad objects, but the Supreme Court can decide that the act is not allowed by the Constitution. The President can also ask the Supreme Court if the bill is not allowed by the constitution before he signd it.

Taoiseach
The Taoiseach is the head of the government in Ireland. The term "prime minister" is never used..
Appointment.
When a new Dáil Éireann meets after an election it nominates one of its members to be Taoiseach. He then visits the President, and is appointed. He then presents a list of ministers to the Dáil and when this is approved they are also appointed by the.
If the Taoiseach resigns all members of the government are said to have resigned as well. If a minister does not resign when asked by the Taoiseach, the Taoiseach can ask the President to sack the minister. The President cannot refuse to do this
Department of the Taoiseach.
The Department of the Taoiseach helps the Taoiseach to do his job. The main duty of the Taoiseach is to start policy and coordinate policy of the rest of government. Especially policies on Economic and Social Development, Northern Ireland, the European Union and Public Sector Change and Oireachtas Reform.
The Government Chief Whip, who has to make sure the government's policies and ideas are turned into law, is a part of the Taoiseach's department.
The current Taoiseach is Brian Cowen.

Anton Webern
Anton Webern (born Vienna 3 December 1883; died Mitterill 15 September 1945) was an Austrian composer. Webern and Alban Berg were the most famous pupils of Arnold Schoenberg, the composer who had invented the twelve tone system. This style of composition is often called the “Second Viennese School”. Webern was probably Schoenberg’s first pupil, and Berg joined them a few weeks later. Webern used the rules of the twelve tone system very strictly in his music. His compositions had a lot of influence on composers of the mid-20th century who were interested in serialism, especially Karlheinz Stockhausen and Pierre Boulez. Most of Webern’s compositions are very short.
Early years.
Anton was born Anton von Webern. Webern’s father was a mining engineer who later got an important government job. The family had belonged to the nobility which is why they had “von” before the family name. In 1918 a law was made in Austria to stop people from using “von” as part of their name, and so from then onwards he was always known as “Anton Webern”. Anton learned to play the cello and the piano. They had a country house where the family spent the summer, and the young boy spent a lot of time composing, especially songs to the poems of famous German poets such as Stefan George and Richard Dehmel. Together with his friend and cousin Ernst he read the philosophical books of Friedrich Nietzsche, studied modern paintings and listened to the music of Richard Wagner. His father took him to the Bayreuth Festival.
He went to study at the University of Vienna where he continued to compose a lot of music. By 1906 he had been given a doctorate for writing about the composer Heinrich Isaac.
Influence of Schoenberg.
When Webern became a pupil of Schoenberg he was joining a small group of musicians who were to be life-long friends. Alban Berg was a member of this group. The music these people were writing sounded very modern at the time and they had to face a lot of criticism. Berg and Webern were official pupils of Schoenberg only for two years, but they continued to work with him, often copying out music for him. They also helped him financially and, when Schoenberg moved to Berlin, Webern moved there to be near him.
In 1911 Webern married a cousin. They had four children. Webern wrote several works, many of them extremely short. He applied for the same conducting job at the Prague opera seven times and, although five times he was offered the job, he kept changing his mind and, when he did accept it, he always resigned soon afterwards. He also had a job at the theatre in Stettin for a short time.
He was persuaded to go on a course of psychoanalysis by the psychologist Albert Adler. After two months he said that he was cured, and he accepted a job at the theatre in Stettin. However, World War I broke out and the theatre was soon closed. He wanted to enter military service, so he joined the army, but he was never happy. He managed to leave the army by getting a job at the theatre in Prague again. Meanwhile Schoenberg had been made to join the army. This made Webern feel guilty so he left Prague without telling anybody. He joined the army again, asked for Schoenberg to be released from the army. When Schoenberg was released, Webern again lost interest in the army and managed to get his job in Prague back. Then he moved to be near Schoenberg. In 1920 Schoenberg persuaded him to go back to Prague, but again he soon left. This was the last time he tried to have a job conducting in the theatre.
Mid career.
Webern composed more and more twelve-tone music in these years. He also had conducting jobs which brought in some money. He was a very good conductor. He was only interested in music by German and Austrian composers. He tried to get several teaching jobs, but the only one he managed to get was at the Israel Institute for the Blind in Vienna, where he taught for six years.
Later years.
During the 1930s Webern faced many difficulties. He did not have much money, Schoenberg went to live in France and then United States because of the political situation in Europe. Alban Berg died in 1935 and his own conducting career came to an end. When the Nazis came to power in Austria they banned Webern’s music because they thought it was bad (they called it “degenerate art”). His son was killed fighting in World War II. Four months after the war had ended he was sitting on the veranda of his daughter’s house smoking a cigar after dinner when he was shot dead by one of the occupying troops. He was supposed to have been inside because there was a curfew on. His son-in-law had just been arrested for selling things on the black market.
His music.
Webern’s early music is in an Expressionist. Later he used more and more the twelve tone system. He liked using very high and very low notes, as well as silences in his music. Although most of his pieces are very short they are very concentrated: every note is part of a careful plan. Officially he composed 31 works, and these fit onto 6 CDs. A lot of his music still sounds very modern to us today.

Seanad Éireann
Seanad Éireann is the second house of the Irish parliament, the Oireachtas.
Function.
Seanad Éireann's main business is the revising of legislation sent to it by Dáil Éireann.
It can initiate (start) and revise legislation, except bills for raising tax and spending money (Money Bills). Financial legislation must start in Dáil Éireann, and the Seannad can only suggest changes, it cannot force the changes to be accepted.
Seanad Éireann slows Dáil Éireann. All bills must be looked at by the Seannad, so it is a safeguard against laws being passed too quickly.
Seanad Éireann also debates important issues. Also, Seanad Éireann can debate these issues with more freedom because the fate of the Government will not be at stake. If the government loses a vote in Seanad Éireann it could be embarrassing, but under the constitution if the Government loses a vote in Dáil Éireann they might have to call new elections.
Election day
Members of Dáil Éireann are members from the first meeting of Dáil Éireann after a general election until the Dáil is dissolved. Members of Seanad Éireann are members from the first meeting until the day before the next general election of the Seanad.
Elections for Dáil Éireann must be within 30 days of being dissolved. Elections for the Seanad must be within 90 days of Dáil Éireann's dissolution. The Seanad must be elected after the Dáil, because new TDs are allowed to vote in a Seanad election.
Elected Senators.
At least 5 senators must be elected from each panel, but no more than 11 from any one panel.
The senators from the Universities are elected by any Irish citizen with a degree from that university.
The university seats shows how much Éamon de Valera, who wrote the Constitution of Ireland was influenced by the British Parliament. At the time it was written the universities of Oxford and Cambridge had their own MPs in the House of Commons. Graduates of those universities voted for these MPs as well as for the MP were they lived.

Tseghakron
Tseghakron (meaning Religion of Race) began in Sofia in 1920s headed by Garegin Njdeh.
Tseghakron is a spiritual covenant to respect, defend and perfect historical kind, which while stemming from Armenian roots is at the same time harmonious with the values common to all mankind.

Protein biosynthesis
Protein biosynthesis (synthesis) is when cells build proteins. The term is sometimes used to refer only to protein translation but more often it refers to a multi-step process, beginning with amino acid synthesis and transcription which are then used for translation. Protein biosynthesis, although very similar, differs between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

List of California hurricanes
A California hurricane is a tropical cyclone that affects the state of California. Usually, only the remnants (or leftovers) from a Pacific hurricane affect California. No hurricane has ever made landfall in California in recorded history, except for two tropical storms that were thought to have hit California -- one by direct landfall from offshore, another after making landfall in Mexico.
Normally, rainfall is the only effect that Pacific hurricanes have on California. Sometimes, this rainfall is strong enough to cause flooding and some damage. For example, floods from Hurricane Kathleen in 1976 created damages scattered across the southeastern California area and killed three people.
Why hurricanes do not normally hit California.
The main reason why hurricanes do not hit California is because of cold sea surface temperatures off the California coastline and the California Current.
Tropical cyclones usually need sea surface temperatures above 26.5 °C (80 °F) with a depth of 50 metres (160 feet) to survive. But the waters off the California coast are too cold for tropical cyclones, even during the summer. Normally, the waters' temperatures don't get above 17 °C (63 °F), although El Nino effects may sometimes warm the waters a little bit.
Also the California Current moves down from the northwestern US coast to the southern tip of the Baja California peninsula, which is the opposite in which Northern Hemisphere tropical cyclones move. While a few tropical cyclones may hit the southern and central areas of the Baja California peninsula, they don't make landfall any further north than that.
Hurricanes have been found to start in California and leave the coast, only to come back and hit the state again, as was IKE!
Preparations.
Because of a possible threat of Califonia hurricanes in the future and from the damaging effects of a 1858 tropical storm, the National Weather Service created tropical cyclone warning stations across the southern California coast. But because of the fact that Pacific hurricanes rarely affected California, the idea of a warning station was later brought down.
The most serious damage from a California hurricane would be from heavy rainfall rather than hurricane force-winds or a storm surge, although distant hurricanes may still create heavy surf, maybe hurting or killing people.

National Weather Service
The National Weather Service (also known as NWS) is one of the six scientific agencies that make up the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) of the United States government. Its job is to provide "weather, hydrologic, and climate forecasts and warnings for the United States, its territories, adjacent waters and ocean areas, for the protection of life and property and the enhancement of the national economy." This is done through a collection of national and regional centers, and more than 122 local weather forecast offices (WFOs). Since the NWS is a government agency, most of its products are in the public domain.

Yuma, Arizona
Yuma is a city in and the county seat of Yuma County, Arizona, United States. According to 2005 Census Bureau estimates, the population of the city is 84,688.

Storm surge
A storm surge is a sudden rise of water hitting areas close to the coastline. Storm surges are usually created by a low pressure weather system, normally a tropical cyclone.

California Current
The California Current is a Pacific Ocean current that starts along the northwestern United States coast and ends on the southern tip of the Baja California peninsula.

Baja California peninsula
The Baja California Peninsula or Lower California is a peninsula of North America. It is located west of Mexico. It extends some 1,250 km (775 miles) from Mexicali in the north to Cabo San Lucas in the south, separating the Pacific Ocean from the Gulf of California (or "Sea of Cortés").

Sukkot
Sukkot (also known as Feast of Tabernacles) is a Jewish festival. In this event, people celebrate the gathering of the crops, and remember the time in the past when small shelters were made by the Jews when they were in the wilderness and had no homes.

Waterworld
"Waterworld" is a 1995 science fiction movie. The movie stars Kevin Costner who also produced it. "Waterworld" was released in the United States on July 28, 1995.
Problems during the making of the movie caused it to cost much more than expected. It was the most expensive movie ever made at the time. With a budget of $175 million, the movie earned $88 million at U.S. theaters. However, the movie was successful in other countries. It made more than a $100 million profit.
Plot.
Some time in the future, the polar icecaps have melted. The Earth is almost entirely covered with water. The humans that are still alive have forgotten the past. Most people believe the world was created in a flood. It is blasphemy to believe anything else. There is, however, a belief of many peoples that dry land exists.
The main character in the movie is a drifter (Kevin Costner). For most of the movie, he has no name. People call him "the Mariner." He is a genetic mutant, with webbed feet and gills. He also appears to have very good reflexes.
The Atollers offer a trade with the Mariner: if he will stay with them long enough to get one of their women pregnant they will give him all the supplies he needs. The Mariner does not accept their offer. He does not like being around many people. The Atoll's leaders are mad about this. They have him arrested. During the fight to capture him, they learn that he is a mutant. They fear him and plan to "recycle" him in the Atoll's midden.
As they get ready to "recycle" the Mariner, the Smokers attack. Their leader is the Deacon. He is the "captain" of an old oil tanker, the "Exxon Valdez" ("the 'Deez"). They are looking for a young girl named Enola. She has a map to Dryland tattooed on her back. One of their spies told them that she was there. Enola lives with her guardian, Helen, a woman in her twenties or thirties. Helen and Enola plan to escape with Gregor (the Atoll's astrologer/engineer) in search of Dryland. Like the Mariner, they do not fit in with the other people.
Gregor's escape balloon is accidentally let loose too early (with him on it). This leaves Helen and Enola on the Atoll as the Smokers attack it. They free the Mariner after he says he will take them with him. They all escape on his ship.
Helen learns that the Mariner knows where Dryland is and wants to see it. The Mariner puts her in a diving bell made out of plastic and swims down to a sunken city (actually the city of Denver) to show her. While they are looking at the sunken city, the Smokers find the Mariner's vessel and take control of it. Enola hides on the ship. When the Mariner and Helen return to the surface, the Smokers capture them. The Deacon wants the Mariner and Helen to tell him where Enola is, but they will not help him find her. The Deacon pretends to kill the Mariner and Helen by firing a gun into the sky. This scares Enola out of hiding and she is captured by the Smokers. The Deacon has his crew burn the Mariner's vessel and shoot at them, but they escape by diving deeper underwater than the bullets can reach. Since the Mariner can breathe underwater, he "breathes" for both of them using a kiss.
Gregor soon appears in his flying machine. He tells them that it was "good thinking" to burn the boat. Gregor then takes them to where a new Atoll is being built. The Mariner tells everyone that he is going to rescue Enola. No one else will help him.
The Mariner goes after the "Exxon Valdez" on a stolen jetski. The Deacon and his crew are celebrating finding "the map to Dryland". Unfortunately, neither the Deacon nor his crew has any idea how to "read" the map. Based on the shape of the area of Dryland, the Deacon believes that the area must be Japan. The crew begins to row the large ship with huge oars, in the style of a Viking longship.
The Mariner walks out onto the empty deck of the ship and threatens to throw a flare down into the oil holds unless the Deacon returns Enola. The Deacon does not believe Enola's warning that the Mariner never bluffs. He refuses and tells the Mariner that he would be crazy to blow up the ship. The Mariner drops the flare into the oil hold. The flare causes the oil catch on fire. This destroys the 'Deez in a large explosion.
The Mariner frees Enola and escapes the ship. They float at sea for a while and then have one last battle with the Deacon (who survived the blast) before being rescued by Gregor. Gregor understands the map and leads them in the direction of what does, in fact, turn out to be Dryland: Mount Everest. Gregor, Enola, Helen and the others start to rebuild civilization on the island. The Mariner builds a boat and sails away, back to his old life.

Kevin Costner
Kevin Michael Costner (born January 18, 1955) is an American film actor, director and producer. He is most known because of his movie "Dances with Wolves" (1990). This movie won seven Academy Awards, which included "Best Picture" and "Best Director" awards.
Biography.
Kevin was born in Lynwood, California, on January 18, 1955. He was the third child of Bill Costner and Sharon Costner. He has two older brothers (Dan born 1950 and a middle brother who died at birth in 1953). When he finished high school, he was a basketball, football and baseball star. In 1978, he married his college friend Cindy Costner. (Cindy Costner later played a role in "Dances with Wolves"). Some time later, he met Richard Burton, and this made him go after acting.
Kevin has three children from his first wife, Cindy: Annie (1984), Lily (1986) and Joe (1988). Kevin and Cindy devorced on 1994. He had relations with Bridget Rooney, and his fourth child, Liam (1996) is from her. Kevin remained divorced for 10 years; he married Christine Baumgartner on September 25, 2004. His fifth child, Cayden, was born in 2006.

Douglas Hyde
Douglas Hyde (or Dubhghlas de hÍde Born January 17 1860 Died July 12 1949) was the first President of Ireland from 1938 to 1945. He founded the Gaelic League, one of the most influential cultural organisations in Ireland. He promoted use of the Irish language, using the Irish spelling of his name and the pseudonym "An Craoibhin Aoibhinn"
Background.
Hyde was born at Longford House in Castlerea in County Roscommon, while his mother was on a short visit there. His father, Arthur Hyde, was a Church of Ireland rector.. He became fascinated with hearing the old people in the locality speak the Irish language. At the time the Irish language was looked down on seen as backward and old-fashioned.
He founded the Gaelic League, or in Irish, "Conradh na Gaeilge", in the hope of saving it from extinction in 1893.
Conradh na Gaeilge.
The league was set up to encourage the Irish culture, music, dances, and language. Many of the new generation of Irish leaders who played a central role in the fight for Irish independence in the early twentieth century, including Patrick Pearse, Éamon de Valera (who married his Irish teacher Sinéad Flanagan), Michael Collins, and Ernest Blythe first became passionate about Irish independence through their involvement in Conradh na Gaeilge or "(Gaelic League)".
Hyde himself was uncomfortable at the league becoming political instead of cultural and resigned as its president in 1915. He was replaced by the radical political activist and Irish-language teacher, Patrick Pearse (1879-1916). Pearse led the Easter Rising, and his election showed that the league had been infiltrated by the Irish Republican Brotherhood, just like the Irish Volunteers and the Gaelic Athletic Association)
Senator.
Hyde had no association with Sinn Féin or the Independence movement. But he did accept an appointment to the senate, part of the Irish Free State parliament.
In November 1925 he lost the election to the senate because of lies about his support for divorce (in fact he was anti-divorce) and his Protestantism.
He became Professor of Irish at University College Dublin, where one of his students was future Attorney-General and President of Ireland, Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh.
President of Ireland.
In April 1938 he was retired, but Taoiseach Éamon de Valera appointed him to Seanad Éireann. He was not a Senator for very long, because he was chosen to be first President of Ireland.
Hyde was inaugurated as the first President of Ireland in June 1938 and moved into the old "Vice Regal Lodge", the old home of the British Lords Lieutenant of Ireland. The lodge was also used by Governors General of the Irish Free State. Hyde renamed it the House of the President or Áras an Uachtaráin.
Hyde said the Presidential oath of office in Irish. The recording of his Roscommon dialect is one of the few recordings of the dialect, which has now died out.
"Fine and scholarly old gentleman" says F.D.R..
Hyde was a popular president. United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt called him a "fine and scholarly old gentleman". President Hyde and King George VI corresponded about stamp collecting. (George VI was legally King of Ireland until 1 April 1949)
However in April 1940 he suffered a massive stroke. Plans were made for his lying-in-state and state funeral, but to the surprise of everyone he survived, albeit paralysed and having to use a wheelchair.
President Hyde twice asked the Supreme Court, if a bill was Constitutional (so that the Bill in question can be signed into law).
On the first occasion, the court held that the Bill referred - Offences Against the State (Amendment) Bill, 1940- was Constitutional.
The second reference, the Court decided that the particular provision referred - section 4 of the School Attendance Bill, 1942 - was "repugnant to the Constitution". and told the Dáil he was refusing to sign it.
Retirement and death.
Hyde left office on 25 June 1945. Due to his ill-health he did not return to his Roscommon home Ratra. Instead he was moved into the former Secretary to the Lord Lieutenant's residence in the grounds of Áras an Uachtaráin, which he renamed "Little Ratra" and where he lived out the remaining four years of his life. He died quietly at 10pm on 12 July 1949, aged 89.
State funeral.
As a former President of Ireland he was given a state funeral. As an Anglican his funeral service took place in Dublin's Church of Ireland St. Patrick's Cathedral. But the Catholic church did not let Roman Catholics attend services in Anglican churches. As a result all but one member of the Catholic cabinet, Dr. Noel Browne, remained outside the cathedral while Hyde's funeral took place. They then joined the cortège when his coffin left the cathedral. Éamon de Valera, by now Leader of the Opposition, was represented by a senior Fianna Fáil figure who was a member of the Church of Ireland, Erskine Childers, a future President of Ireland himself. Hyde was buried in County Roscommon, where he had spent most of his childhood life.

Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh
Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh (12 February 1911 – 21 March 1978,) served as fifth President of Ireland, from 1974 to 1976. He was elected after the death of President Childers, but he resigned in 1976 after a clash with the government. He also had a notable legal career, including serving as Chief Justice of Ireland.
Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh was born in Bray, County Wicklow.
Career.
Ó Dálaigh trained as a lawyer. He became Ireland's youngest Attorney-General in 1946 under Taoiseach Éamon de Valera. He was re-appointed as Attorney-General in 1951 and in 1953 he became the youngest member of the Supreme Court. Less than a decade later, he became Ireland's youngest Chief Justice.
When Ireland joined the European Economic Community, Jack Lynch appointed Ó Dálaigh as Ireland's judge on the European Court of Justice. When President Childers died suddenly in 1974, all parties agreed to nominate Ó Dálaigh for the post.
President of Ireland.
Ó Dálaigh proved to be a mixed success as president. While popular with Irish language enthusiasts and artists he had a strained relationship with the Coalition Government.
In 1976 he decided to refer a series of tough state security Bills to the Supreme Court to test their constitutionality. This worried and angered members of the to the Fine Gael-Labour national coalition government. Ó Dálaigh then announced that he would sign the bill at midnight of the 15th of October, which he made public. There was a historical precedent for the referral of this bill. Dubhghlas de hÍde referred the Offences Against the State (Amendment) Act of 1939 to the Supreme Court. Jim Duffy claims that, as a result of this, the PIRA arranged an attack in Mountmellick which resulted in the killing of Garda Clerkin. Others would dispute that the PIRA would have held the President's opinion in such high regard as their members at the time did not recognise the State of which Ó Dálaigh was then the Head.
Ó Dálaigh's actions were seen by government ministers to have contributed to the killing of this Garda and greatly abgered them. The following day, following a minor car accident, Paddy Donegan, a controversial and outspoken Minister for Defence, described the incident as a "thundering disgrace". The president thought the minister meant that the "President was a disgrace", not what the "President was doing was a disgrace". Donegan, a known alcoholic, was likely under the influence of alcohol at the time he spoke. He was speaking to members of the Irish Defence Forces, and was only at the barracks to open a new cookhouse. Donegan insulted the President, who is Head of the Defence Forces in front of the defence forces. created a major political incident. Ó Dálaigh thoughtvthat the President and the Minister of Defence would be unable to work together.
The apologetic Donegan immediately offered his resignation, But Taoiseach Liam Cosgrave refused the offers an offer he repeated subsequently. Cosgrave never met the President personally to apologise, added to two years in which Cosgrave had failed to do his constitutional duty to regularly brief the President, and the manner in which his government treated the President, it was the last straw for President Ó Dálaigh.
He became the first Irish president to resign.
The incident meant even more people saw the Government as arrogant and out of touch with public opinion and contributed to their defeat in the 1977 general election.
The opposition proposed outgoing EEC Commissioner Patrick Hillery for the presidency. Hillery served two unchallenged terms of office before retiring at the end of his second term in 1990.
Death and assessment.
Ó Dálaigh died in 1978, less than two years after leaving office. He is buried in Sneem, County Kerry.
Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh was the most politically naïve president, but the Government he worked with was notable for its own inability to offer him the help to overcome the problem. The Taoiseach did not support Ó Dálaigh when Donegan attacked him.

Translation (genetics)
Translation is the second process of protein biosynthesis (part of the overall process of gene expression). Translation occurs in the cytoplasm where the ribosomes are located.
Ribosomes are made of a small and large subunit which surrounds the mRNA. In translation, messenger RNA (mRNA) is decoded to produce a specific polypeptide according to the rules specified by the genetic code. This is the process that converts an mRNA sequence into a chain of amino acids that form a protein. Before translation there must be transcription.
Translation proceeds in four phases: activation, initiation, elongation and termination (all describe the growth of the amino acid chain, or polypeptide that is the product of translation).

Gene expression
Gene expression is the process by which the inheritable information in a gene, such as the DNA sequence, is made into a functional gene product, such as protein or RNA.
Several steps in the gene expression process may be modulated, including the transcription step and the post-translational modification of a protein. Gene regulation gives the cell control over structure and function, and is the basis for cellular differentiation, morphogenesis and the versatility and adaptability of any organism. Gene regulation may also serve as a substrate for evolutionary change, since control of the timing, location, and amount of gene expression can have a profound effect on the functions (actions) the gene in the organism.

Curtis (50 Cent album)
"Curtis" is the third album by rapper 50 Cent. The album was released on September 11 2007. The album features production from Dr. Dre, Eminem, and Timbaland, among others. Guest appearances include Akon, Justin Timberlake, Nicole Scherzinger, and other notable musicians. 50 Cent divides between "hard" songs and "soft" songs on the album.
"Curtis" was released and sold 691,000 copies in its first week on the "Billboard" 200. It sold the most copies in one week for an East Coast album since Jay-Z's "Kingdom Come" sold 680,000 copies sold. The album's sales competition with Kanye West's "Graduation" was considered to be a "great day for hip hop".

Šarplaninac
The Šarplaninac (pronounced shar-pla-NEE-natz) (also known as Sharplaninec'") is a large-sized shepherd dog breed of the Balkan region, from the Šar mountains ("Šar Planina" in Serbian and Macedonian or "Bjeshket e Sharrit" in Albanian).

El Limón, Samaná
El Limón (in English, "The Lemon") is a Municipal district of Santa Bárbara de Samaná, Samaná province, Dominican Republic. It is on the north coast of the Samaná Peninsula, on the Atlantic coast.
There are other two Municipal districts with the same name (El Limón) in the country: one in the Independencia province and the other in the Santiago province.
Théodore Chassériau, a French painter, was born in El Limón on 1819.
Population.
In the last national census (2002), the population of El Limón is included with that of the city of Samaná.
Economy.
The most important economic activities of the province are agriculture, fishing and tourism. Tourism, above all nature tourism, is important here because many tourists visit El Limón Waterfall.

Théodore Chassériau
Théodore Chassériau (September 20, 1819 – October 8, 1856) was a French romantic painter noted for his portraits, historical and religious paintings, and images inspired by his travels to Algeria.
Life and work.
Chassériau was born in El Limón, Samaná, in "Saint Domingue" (now the Dominican Republic). Her mother, Maria Magdalena Couret de la Blagniére, was born in Haiti but she moved with her parents to Santo Domingo when the Haitian revolution. At that time, the eastern part of Hispaniola was a French colony. There she met Bénoit Chassériau and soon they got married and moved to Samaná.
When the eastern part of the Hispaniola became again a colony of Spain, the family moved to Venezuela and Jamaica. Then, in 1821, the family went to live in Paris, France. Théodore was three years old at that time.
In 1830, at the age of eleven, he started to study with Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, and soon he became the favorite pupil of the great classicist.
After Ingres left Paris in 1834 to become director of the French Academy in Rome, Chassériau fell under the influence of Eugène Delacroix, a well-known romantic painter. From that moment on, Chassériau tried to combine the two styles.
Chassériau died when he was 37 years old in Paris, on October 8 1856.
Other websites.
Théodore Chassériau exhibition at the Metropolitan Museum of Art Retrieved on 2007-10-03.

Intermolecular force
In physics, chemistry, and biology, intermolecular forces are forces that act between stable molecules or between functional groups of macromolecules.
These forces are generally much weaker than the chemical bonding forces. Their bonding energies are less than a few kcal/mol. But they are responsible for many different physical, chemical, and biological phenomena. In general one distinguishes short and long range intermolecular forces.
Hydrogen bonding.
Hydrogen bonding is an intermolecular interaction with a hydrogen atom being present in the intermolecular bond.

Tanystropheus
Tanystropheus is a long necked reptile that lived in the Middle Triassic period. The main feature that stands out about this animal is its very long neck. Fossils of this creature have been found in Europe and the Middle East.

Yuryuzan
Yuryuzan (Russian:"Юрюзань") is town in Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia. Its population is near 13,700 (2005).
Yuryuzan is located on Yuryuzan River's bank.

Sim (town)
Sim (Russian:"Сим", 54°59'N 57°41'E) is town in Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia. Its population is near 15,900 (2005).
Sim is located on Sim River's bank. Town was founded in 1759 and named as "Simsky Zavod" until 1942.
Sim is motherland of Igor Kurchatov.

Duff Beer (The Simpsons)
Duff Beer is a fictional alcoholic drink shown in the animated television series "The Simpsons". Duff Beer is known to be Homer Simpson's favorite drink and has a mascot known as "Duffman".

Sassuntsi-Davit Tank Regiment
The Sassuntsi-Davit Tank Regiment (Armenian: Սասունցի-Դավիթ Տանկային Շարասյուն; before the 119th Separate Rifle Tank (Mixed) Regiment) was a Soviet separate tank regiment during the Second World War, it had a lot of ethnic Armenians. Other ethnic groups that were in the regiment included Azeris but, they were largely relegated to logistics support and other non-combatant roles.

Sursk
Sursk (Russian:"Сурск", 53°05'N 45°42'E) is town in Penza Oblast, Russia. Its population is near 7,500 (2005). Town was founded in 1860.
Sursk is located on left Sura River's bank in 92 km from Penza.

Lipki
Lipki (Russian:"Липки", 53°57'N 37°42'E) is town in Tula Oblast, Russia. Its population is about 9,700 (2005). Lipki is located in 38 km on south from Tula. Village Lipki is known from 17's century.

Lage
Lage is a city in the Lippe district of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, approximatively 8 km northwest of Detmold. It has about 36,000 inhabitants.
Twin Towns.
The town is twinned with

Venture capital
Venture capital is a type of private equity capital.
Typically it is provided by outside investors to new businesses that promise to grow fast. Venture capital investments are usually high risk, but offer the potential for above-average returns.
A venture capitalist (VC) is a person who makes such investments. A venture capital fund is a pooled investment vehicle (often a limited partnership) that primarily invests the financial capital of third-party investors in enterprises that are too risky for the standard capital markets or bank loans.
Venture capital can also include managerial and technical expertise. Most venture capital comes from a group of wealthy investors, investment banks and other financial institutions that pool such investments or partnerships. This form of raising capital is popular among new companies, or ventures.

Moment of inertia
Moment of inertia, also called mass moment of inertia, is the rotational analog of mass.
That is, it is the inertia of a rotating body with respect to its rotation. The moment of inertia plays much the same role in rotational dynamics as mass does in basic dynamics. It determines the relationship between angular momentum and angular velocity, torque and angular acceleration.
A simple scalar treatment of the moment of inertia is sufficient for many situations. But with a more advanced tensor treatment it is possible to allow the analysis of such complicated systems as spinning tops and gyroscope motion.
The symbols formula_1 and sometimes formula_2 are usually used to refer to the moment of inertia.

Multiple choice
Multiple choice questions ask people to choose the answer from a list. Tests, elections, and surveys can use multiple choice questions. Frederick J. Kelly made the first multiple choice questions in 1914 at the University of Kansas.
Examples.
1. formula_1
2. Where is the Eiffel Tower?A) LondonB) ParisC) SingaporeD) New York

Angular velocity
In physics, the angular velocity specifies the angular speed at which an object is rotating along with the direction in which it is rotating.
It is a vector quantity. The SI unit of angular velocity is radians per second. But it may be measured in other units as well (such as degrees per second, degrees per hour, etc). When it is measured in cycles or rotations per unit time (e.g. revolutions per minute), it is often called the rotational velocity and its magnitude the rotational speed. Angular velocity is usually represented by the symbol omega (Ω or ω). The direction of the angular velocity vector is perpendicular to the plane of rotation, in a direction which is usually specified by the right hand rule.

Angular frequency
In physics (specifically mechanics and electrical engineering), angular frequency ω (also referred to by the terms angular speed, radial frequency, and radian frequency) is a scalar measure of rotation rate.
Angular frequency is the magnitude of the vector quantity "angular velocity". The term angular frequency vector formula_1 is sometimes used as a synonym for the vector quantity angular velocity.
In SI units, angular frequency is measured in radians per second, with dimensions t−1 since radians are dimensionless.

Pseudovector
In physics and mathematics, a pseudovector (or axial vector) is a quantity that transforms like a vector under a proper rotation, but gains an additional sign flip under an improper rotation (a transformation that can be expressed as an inversion followed by a proper rotation).
Physical examples.
Physical examples of pseudovectors include the magnetic field, torque, vorticity, and the angular momentum.

Twister (movie)
"Twister" is a 1996 disaster movie. It starred Helen Hunt and Bill Paxton as "storm chasers", people who follow tornadoes to learn about them. It was directed by Jan de Bont. The movie was based upon a script by Michael Crichton and his wife, former actress Anne-Marie Martin.
"Twister" has a famous scene of a flying cow. It is a scene that was the subject of many parodies. According to IMDb, "Twister" was the first movie commercially released on DVD.

Spoke
A spoke is one of several rods radiating from the center of a wheel (the hub where the axle connects), connecting the hub with the round traction surface.
The term originally meant the portions of a log which one had split lengthwise into four or six sections. The radial members of a wagon wheel were made by carving a spoke (from a log) into their finished shape. Eventually, the term spoke was applied to the finished product of the wheelwright's work.

Main Page/Article 11
Nickel Creek is an American acoustic musical group. Although the group's music has roots in bluegrass, Nickel Creek now calls itself "progressive acoustic". The band has three people: Chris Thile (mandolin), Sean Watkins (guitar), and Sara Watkins (violin). A fourth member also plays bass with the band. Chris Thile's father Scott Thile, Byron House, and Derek Jones have played bass with the group. Mark Schatz has played bass with Nickel Creek since 2003. The band has played songs by Radiohead, Elliott Smith, Bob Dylan, and even "Toxic" by Britney Spears. However, most of the band's songs from recordings are originals.
The band started in California in 1989 with Scott Thile, Chris' father, playing bass. The oldest of the children, Sean Watkins, was only twelve years old at the time. In the early days, Nickel Creek made two albums: "Little Cowpoke" in 1993, and "Here to There" in 1997.
Alison Krauss produced "Nickel Creek", which came out in 2000 on Sugar Hill Records. It was made gold in 2002 by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). Two other albums have been released: "This Side" (2002), and "Why Should the Fire Die?" (2005).

Main Page/Article 13
The violin is a string instrument that is played with a bow. The violin has four strings which are tuned to the notes G, D, A, and E. The violin is held between the left collar bone (near the shoulder) and the chin. Different notes are made by fingering with the left hand while bowing with the right. It has no frets or other markers, so players have to learn the exact place to put the fingers of the left hand by memory alone.
The violin is the smallest and highest pitched instrument in the string family. The other instruments in the family are: viola, cello and double bass. A person who plays the violin is called a violinist. A person who makes or repairs a violin is called a luthier.
No other instrument has played such an important part in European music as the violin. The violin is about 400 years old. By the time the modern orchestra started in the 17th century the violin was fully developed and it became the most important orchestral instrument. Nearly every composer wrote for the violin. It is used as a solo instrument, in chamber music, in orchestral music and in jazz as well as in folk music.

Midwestern United States/VGA stub
The Midwestern United States (or Midwest) is a name for the north-central states of the United States of America. The states that are part of the Midwest are: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin.
The word "Midwest" has been in common use for over 100 years. Other names for the area are no longer used. These names include the "Northwest" or "Old Northwest", "Mid-America," or "the Heartland". Since 1929, sociologists have often used the Midwest as "typical" of the entire nation.
The land in the Midwest is generally thought of as being flat. This is true of several areas in the Midwest, but there are parts that are not flat. For example, the eastern Midwest near the Appalachian Mountains, the Great Lakes basin, and northern parts of Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Iowa are not flat. Prairies cover most of the states west of the Mississippi River. Less rain falls in the western Midwest than in the eastern part. This causes different types of prairies. Most of the Midwest can now be called either "urban areas" or "agricultural areas". Areas in northern Minnesota, Michigan and Wisconsin, and the Ohio River valley are not very developed.

Examination
An examination is a special test to see how good somebody is at something.
In its widest sense, to examine somebody or something is look at it very carefully, perhaps to find out why something is not working properly. Someone who is ill may need to go to a doctor to have a medical examination. A machine that is not working properly may need an examination to find out the cause of the problem.
In education an examination (or exam for short) is a test to show the ability of a student. A student who takes an examination is a candidate. The person who decides how well the student has performed is the examiner. An examination may be a written test or a practical test. Examples of a practical test may be: driving a car, speaking a language, playing a musical instrument, doing a scientific experiment etc.
If the candidate is successful he will have passed the examination. If he is unsuccessful he will have failed. In some cases it is possible for a student who has failed to retake the exam (to take it again another time).
A student who passes an examination may get a certificate or diploma. Some certificates are professional qualifications, allowing the person to do a particular job, e.g. plumber, teacher, doctor, lawyer.

Irish Republic
In England, Ireland, Republic of Ireland, Irish Republic and Southern Ireland are sometimes used as if they are different words for the same country. They are not, and using the wrong name is an insult at least to the government. Veterans, and their families, of the Wars of Independence(1916-1922) and the Civil War are also greatly offended.
The Irish Republic (Irish: "Saorstát Éireann") was a declared independent state of the United Kingdom in the Easter Rising of 1916 and established in 1919 by the First Dáil. It only existed during the Irish War of Independence of 1919-1922 between the Irish Republican Army and the forces of the United Kingdom.
It formally ceased to exist in 1922 with the ratification of the Anglo-Irish Treaty that ended the war, when 26 of the country's 32 counties became the Irish Free State and the other six remained within the United Kingdom as Northern Ireland. Sin Fein refused to accept the treaty, said that the Irish Republic existed, even if it did not control any territory. This is why elected Sinn Fein TDs never took their seats in the parliaments of the Irish Free State or the Republic of Ireland
Name.
"Saorstát Éireann" was also the official Irish title of the Irish Free State.
Legislature.
This was Dáil Éireann. It was made up of the majority of Irish Members of Parliament elected in the 1918 general election. Two further general elections called by the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, the head of the British administration in Dublin Castle, were treated by nationalists as elections to the Dáil. The Second Dáil's members were elected in the 1921 elections for the Parliaments of Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland; the Third Dáil was elected in 1922 as the provisional parliament of Southern Ireland, as provided for by the Anglo-Irish Treaty.
At its first meeting the Dáil adopted the Dáil Constitution. It also passed a Declaration of Independence.
Ministers.
In April 1919, the ministry was increased in size to not more than nine ministers. In August 1921 it underwent a final overhaul when the post of president was created. The six ministers were
A number of previous cabinet ministers, notably Constance Markiewicz, were demoted to under-secretary level. Countess Markiewicz was the first women elected to the British House of Commons. She never took her seat, but instead she sat as a member of the first Dáil
The Aireacht met as often as secrecy and safety allowed.
The Anglo-Irish Treaty.
House of Commons of Southern Ireland and Dáil Éireann were the same people, except for 4 pro-British members of the House of Commons.

Super Smash Bros. Brawl
Super Smash Bros. Brawl is a new game by Nintendo. It came out in 2008. It is just like the other Super Smash Bros. games. It was released on to the Wii Console.
Dojo.
This is the third Super Smash Bros. game. It was released in Japan on January 31, 2008 and in North America on March 9, 2008. It has been released on June 27, 2008 in Europe and in Australia on June 26, 2008. It consists of many characters who have taken part in the previous games, such as Mario, Link, Fox, Kirby, and Pikachu. The new characters in this game are Wario, Meta Knight, Pit, Zero Suit Samus, Olimar, Lucas, Diddy Kong, Pokémon Trainer, King Dedede, Lucario, Ike, R.O.B., Toon Link, Wolf, Snake and Sonic. Masahiro Sakurai has a blog which shows new information that was released every weekday up until the release of Brawl in the U.S. It has now become a detailed guide for the game. The website is called Smash Bros. DOJO!!.
Characters.
In Super Smash Bros. Brawl, there are 35 characters. Pichu, Young Link, Roy, Mewtwo and Dr. Mario didn't appear in Brawl. Roy, Mewtwo, Dr. Mario, Dixie Kong, Toon Zelda and Toon Sheik were about to be in Brawl but were removed. There is a rumor that Plusle and Minun were about to be in Brawl but nothing has been officialy said about that.
Continuity.
Returning from Melee are the standard attacks where a player can utilize various moves of different damage effectiveness. A standard attack can be done without pushing in any direction, strong attacks can be done by holding the analogue stick (D-Pad for wii remote) in a direction of choice while pressing the standard attack buttion, and a smash attack can be done by tilting the control stick (pressing D-pad direction on Wii remote) at the same time whilst pressing or even holding the standard attack button. For the wii remote, one can either press 1 and 2 at the same time to do a very strong attack, or can press 2 at the same time with any D-Pad direction to do up to 3 strong attacks. Moves can also be done in the air by pressing the attack or A button (2 for wii remote) and any direction. Special moves are performed with the "Special Move" button and each character has 4 special attacks he/she can use. Pressing the Special Move button with any direction or even none at all will create such an attack.
New moves.
Newly introduced to Brawl are powerful special moves of specific characters called 'Final Smashes'. These massive attacks can only be used once a player obtains the 'Smash Ball' that floats around the stage by attacking it until the character 'possesses' its power. The 'special move' button on any of the 4 controls available for Brawl will unleash the 'Final Smash'. Players can also perform 3 taunts instead of just the one from the last two Super Smash Bros games by choosing to press the "taunt button" in different directions on the D-pad, except for the Wii remote by itself which is just pressing the A button, along with a D-Pad direction.
Gameplay.
Brawl consists of many game modes such as Classic Mode in which a fighter must defeat every character given for each stage.
In addition, there is an all-new "beat-em up" adventure mode, The Subspace Emissary in which characters go on a journey to defeat the Subspace Army and prevent them from contaminating the SMASH universe. Each character will go by their own storyline and history, and during the entire adventure, the player is able to choose between different characters at different periods, and is usually able to pick between two characters: one to be the main protagonist, the other an assistant.
One can select any level of difficulty from very easy to very hard, which can vary the number of enemies that roam the levels, or the level of skill of the more challenging enemies whom require more damage to be knocked out.
The new mode will allow two players to play together, sometimes resulting in a "clone" version of a character to be playable on some stages, or allowing the other player to play a character that the other player isn't using for that stage.
If a level is beaten, it is possible to return to that stage and play as a character that one wishes to use; however it will lack the grand CG (Computer Graphics) cutscene before one plays the level! If one completes the Adventure mode once, he/she may choose to select an option called "Boss Battles" and replay a boss that was included in the Adventure mode.
The unlockable All-Star Mode is where one chooses a character to battle against all other characters once they are all unlocked. Only three "Health Hearts" are available to heal damage as one plays, since the amount of damage the player takes carries over to the next battles, making it a challenge to complete it without dying.
New features.
Brawl has Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection in which people can send to other Wii users and visa-versa recorded matches or they can even 'Spectate' the matches and bet on some 'Brawl' coins (obtainable from Classic Mode) for who they believe will win the match. One can also play matches online by simply connecting via wi-fi connection and the internet, in which he/she will have a chance to play against strangers or other wii users. Another nice feature is the ability to play demos of past nintendo games from NES, SNES and N64 in a game option called "Masterpieces", usually in a time limit.
New challenges.
Returning to Brawl from previous Smash Bros titles is Stadium Mode in which there is a Target Smash challenge (known as 'Break the Targets' in Super Smash Bros 64 and 'Target Test' in Super Smash Bros Melee) and the Home Run Contest introduced from Melee.
In Brawl, players can now select a character to take part in various levels of difficulty in Target Smash such that there will be 5 different courses to choose from for all characters.
In Brawl, the Home-Run Contest will allow co-operative play in which two players can help each other in building damage on the sandbag in order to whack it as far as possible! One can also choose to have a barrier to surround the platform so that the character does not fall then becomes disqualified from the contest.
Brawl also brings back Multi-Man Melee, now known as Multi-Man Brawl! Differing from the previous Super Smash Bros games, players can now battle against hoards of enemies known as Alloys; they appear in 4 colors: red, blue, yellow and green, each with different abilities! One can still select from 10 Man Brawl, 100 Man Brawl, 3 Minute Brawl, 15 Minute Brawl, Endless Brawl, or even the infamous Cruel Brawl (much tougher version of Endless Brawl).
A hidden challenge known as "Boss Battles" can be unlocked once the player beats the adventure mode at least once! Here, the player can beat bosses again, which appear in RANDOM order, except for Tabuu, who is always the last boss. Like All-Star Mode, only three heart containers are available to fix up your health when not battling.
Stages.
At the start, Brawl has 29 stages (23 Brawl stages and 6 Melee stages), whilst there are 12 stages that can be unlocked (8 Brawl stages and 4 Melee stages). This totals up to 41 stages overall. Thus, no stages from Super Smash Bros 64 return at all.
Demo of the game.
Demos of Super Smash Bros. Brawl were playable at the E for ALL Expo presentation in Los Angeles from October 18-22, 2007 with many positive reviews. 14 characters and 11 stages were available for the demo with only a 2 minute Time limit option. Another 2 demo battles were also shown from the Smash Bros Dojo website (from the Japanese version and the English version), which were played via Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection. The full version comprises of more styles of play such as time and stock mode, along with Special Brawl, in which players can change the characters in size and look, change the gameplay, fight with more characters, fight in more stages, and play in more modes.
Unique Game Aspects.
Super Smash Bros Brawl is one of the few fighting games that does not force players to face each other the entire time when fighting. You can choose to move around the stage freely, and can attack the opponent whenever you want.
Brawl is also the first Wii game to be made on a dual-layer disc, with one disc side for DVD format, and the other side for CD format. The dual-layer disc initially caused problems for some wii owners who had the first Wii models that are unable to read such discs. As a compromise, Nintendo offered people with this problem to fix up the Wiis for free or to send them new ones that could read the dual-layer discs. Because Brawl was made on a dual-layer disc, it acts differently in the Wii machine, and sometimes has problems with consistant reading.
Brawl has perhaps the largest music collection of any media in the world. It has over 300 pieces of music.

Final Fantasy Tactics Advance
Final Fantasy Tactics Advance is a role-playing game made by Square Enix for the Nintendo Game Boy Advance. The story of the game is about four children who are pulled into their friends' dream by a magical book. The player plays as the boy Marche, his friend Montblanc, and many other characters who can join your group.

X-Men (movie)
"X-Men" is a 2000 superhero movie based upon the fictional characters the. The movie is about mutants who are the next evolutionary step of humanity. These mutants are feared and hated by most of humanity.
The movie was directed by Bryan Singer. It deals with the ideas of prejudice and discrimination in the United States. The screenplay was written by David Hayter. A sequel, "X2", was released in 2003 and a third movie, ', was released in 2006.
Professor Charles Xavier (the world's most powerful telepath) takes gifted children and teaches them to control their powers for good. He does this at Xavier's Academy for Gifted Youngsters, his school for mutants. This school is the home to the X-Men. The story is about the X-Men trying to stop Erik Lehnsherr (also known as Magneto), a mutant who blames humanity for the death of his family during the Holocaust. Magneto does not believe that humans and mutants can live together in peace. He builds a machine that turns humans into mutants.
Filming.
Filming took place from September 22 1999 to March 3 2000 in Toronto. Wolverine's claws required a full silicone cast of Hugh Jackman's arm, and 700 versions for Jackman and his stunt doubles.
Music.
Bryan Singer asked John Williams to compose the music for the movie, but Williams was too busy composing for "Saving Private Ryan".
Reactions and box office.
The movie was one of the biggest hits of 2000. It earned more than $296 million worldwide and was the 8th highest grossing movie in the United States that year.

Kingston upon Hull
Kingston upon Hull, often shortened to Hull, is a city and unitary authority in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. It is located on both sides of the River Hull where it meets the River Humber on the north bank estuary, near England's east coast, from the North Sea.
Hull has been a market town, military supply port, trading centre, fishing and whaling port, and industrial giant. Hull was also an early battleground in the English Civil Wars, and was the backdrop to events leading to the abolition of the slave trade in Britain. Hull was heavily damaged during the Second World War, and after a period of decline, when many factories closed; the city has started to regenerate.
History.
Meaux Abbey was founded between 1150 and 1179. This is the earliest date people are known to have lived in the area.
Edward I used the port to help supply his troops when he was fighting the Scots. as a site from which to supply his troops as they engaged their northern foes
The king granted a royal charter, dated April 1, 1299, that renamed the settlement of Wyke to "King's town upon Hull", or Kingston upon Hull. The charter remains preserved in the archives of the city's Guildhall.
In 1440, a new charter allowed the town to choose a mayor, a sheriff, and twelve aldermen to run its own affairs. The charter also said that the aldermen also be justices of the peace (that is, judges) for the town and its county.
Hull's port grew busier in the Middle Ages, sending wool, cloth, and leather to north Germany, towns on the Baltic Sea, and the Low Countries, bringing back timber, wine, furs, and dyes.
Sir William de la Pole was the town's first mayor.
The town grew rich during the 16th and early 17th centuries. At this time Wilberforce House was built. It is now a museum about William Wilberforce. who campaigned to abolish the slave trade.
In 1642 Hulldecided to support for Parliament and refused to let Charles I enter the town. This meant the king could not have Hull's arsenal. Named a traitor, Hotham was eventually executed, in spite of a pardon issued by Parliament. Charles I besieged the town, that is he ordered his army to surround the town and force Hull to surrender. This siege helped start the fighting in the Civil War.
Hull became a city in 1897 This was then time when the city was the richest it had ever been. Catching whales and fishing were very important. Whaling is now banned, and fishing is limited by EU rules. But Hull is still a major port sending bulk goods and commercial road traffic by RORO ferry to and from the Dutch ports of Rotterdam and Zeebrugge and on to Europe. Hull is also an important centre of food-processing for the United Kingdom.
In the Second World War much of the city centre was completely destroyed.. Hull was the most severely-bombed city or town apart from London during World War II, with 95% of houses being damaged or destroyed.
Hull was hit hard by the June 2007 floods. There was standing water over a wide area affecting 20% of the city's housing and damaging 90 out of its 105 schools. But the flooding was not as dramatic as the localised flooding in Sheffield and Doncaster. Newspapers and television reported about other areas, and Hull Council leader Carl Minns said Hull was the "forgotten city" of the floods.
Damage to schools alone has been estimated at £100 million.
Geography.
Kingston upon Hull's city centre is close to the Humber. The city is surrounded by the rural East Riding of Yorkshire, isolating it from the rest of the United Kingdom.
Much of Hull is on reclaimed land at or below sea level. The Hull Tidal Surge Barrier is where the River Hull joins the Humber Estuary and is lowered at times when unusually high tides are expected. It is used between 8 and 12 times per year and protects approximately 10,000 people from flooding.
Due to its low level, Hull is expected to be at increasing levels of risk from flooding due to global warming.
The city is quite small, but there are many villages in the metropolitan area. The largest of these suburbs is Cottingham.
Government.
Hull was a county borough in the East Riding of Yorkshire from 1889 to 1974. Then it became a non-metropolitan district of the new Humberside county. When that county was abolished in 1996 it was made a unitary authority.
The governing body of the city is now Hull City Council, based in the Guildhall in the city centre.
The council has adopted the "leader and cabinet" model. This means that most decision are made by the leader of the council and a "Cabinet"
The council was the UK's worst council in both 2004 and 2005, but is now rated as a two star "improving adequate" council after its recent "corporate performance assessment".
Cities and towns linked to Hull.
Hull, Massachusetts in the USA is named after this city, as is Hull, Quebec, which is part of Canada's national capital region.
Telephone system.
Hull is the only city in the UK with its own independent telephone network company, now called Kingston Communications. On 24 May 2007 the council sold their remaining stake in the company for over £107 million.

Riding (division)
In the United Kingdom, a riding was a section of a large county. It is usually one of three parts. The word comes from "tri-thing".
Several counties were divided into ridings, but are usually governed by the same council. The ridings of Yorkshire were so large that each riding was given its own county council. There was a North Riding, a West Riding and an East Riding. In 1974 when all the counties of England and Wales were reorganised, the new four areas were called North, West, and South Yorkshire and also Humberside.
In Canada, a riding is a federal constituency, or "electoral division" as they are known in Canada.

Pulkkila
Pulkkila is a small village in Northern Finland. The population of Pulkkila is about 1,600.
Pulkkila is best known for its metal works.

Emmental cheese
Emmental cheese (sometimes also called Emmentaler or Emmenthal) is a Swiss cheese. It first came from Switzerland. It is named after the "Emmental", the valley of a river, near Berne. Emmental cheese was first made around 1293 in that region. Today, there are several different kinds of cheese with that name, made all over the world.
Emmental cheese is amongst the best-known types of cheese. It is made from the milk of cows. One of the features that makes Emmental different from other cheeses is its holes. These holes are there because of the way the cheese is made. The bacteria which produce the cheese have enough time (usually several months) to create bubbles of carbon dioxide gas.
Today, Switzerland, France, Austria, and Germany produce Emmental cheeses that have a Protected Designation of Origin.
Emmental is produced in loaves of 70-80kg. Usually, Emmental cheese is left to ripen for a period of 6-7 weeks. Ripening it for 8-12 weeks gives a more spicy (salty) cheese. In Europe, about 464 200 tons of Emmental are produced each year. This means that about 6% of the total amount of milk these countries produce is used to make Emmental cheese. France is the biggest producer of Emmental. In 2005, 247 069 tons were produced there. For this, 13.1% of national milk production was used. About 19% of the production was exported.
French people and Swiss people eat the most of this kind of cheese, about 3.3 kg per person per year. Germans eat about half that amount, 1.7 kg per person, per year.
Emmental is also widely used in convenience food products, because it is so widely known.

Emmental
Emmental is a part of Switzerland. It is is made of low hills. Most of it is in the Canton of Berne. Its biggest rivers are the Emme and the Ilfis. The biggest localities are Burgdorf, Langnau and Huttwil.
The landscape is mostly made of meadows. There are some forests too. Most of the people live from raising cattle (mostly cows), or from things closely related to cattle-raising. Emmental cheese has its name from this region. Langnau is known for Ceramics. Pottery from the region is also well-known.
There is also some industry. The Emmental had one of the first fully-electric railway lines in Switzerland.
Jeremias Gotthelf was a famous writer who spent most of his life in the Emmental.

2001 Pacific hurricane season
The 2001 Pacific hurricane season officially started on May 15, 2001 in the eastern Pacific, and on June 1, 2001 in the central Pacific, and lasted until November 30, 2001. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northeastern Pacific Ocean. The first storm formed on May 25 and the last storm dissipated on November 3.
There were no significant storms during the 2001 Pacific hurricane season. Hurricanes Adolph and Hurricane Juliette both reached Category 4 strength, while Juliette made landfall in the Baja California peninsula as a weak Category 1 hurricane, causing two deaths.

2000 Pacific hurricane season
The 2000 Pacific hurricane season was an ongoing event in tropical cyclone meteorology. There were few notable storms this year. Tropical Storms Miriam, Norman, and Rosa all made landfall in Mexico with only small impacts. Hurricane Daniel for a short time, threatened the U.S. state of Hawaii while weakening. Hurricane Carlotta was the strongest storm of the year and the second strongest June hurricane in recorded history. It killed 18 people when it sank a ship.

2006 Pacific hurricane season
The 2006 Pacific hurricane season was an event in the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation. It officially began May 15, 2006 in the eastern Pacific, designated as the area east of 140°W, and began on June 1 2006 in the central Pacific, which is between the International Date Line and 140°W. Both seasons officially ended on November 30, 2006. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the eastern Pacific basin.
Tropical Storm Aletta.
Aletta staled offshore Mexico causing minor damage.
Tropical Depression Two-E.
Two-E produced 15 inches of rain in Mexico.
Hurricane Bud.
Bud was a Category 3 storm. it rapidly strengthened and then weakened just as fast.
Hurricane Carlota.
Carlota caused light rain in Mexico but no damage was reported. It was a Category 1 storm.
Hurricane Daniel.
Daniel was a long lived Major hurricane that Affected Hawaii with some rain. It peaked as a Category 4. It was the second strongest storm this year.
Tropical Storm Emilia.
It caused some rain in Mexico, causing minor damage.
Tropical Storm Fabio.
Fabio caused heave rainfall in Hawaii.
Tropical Storm Gilma.
Gilma produced light rain in Mexico. It was also the weakest storm so far.
Hurricane Hector.
Hector was a Category 2 hurricane. It made it to the Central Pacific.
Hurricane Ioke.
Ioke was the strongest hurricane ever in the Central Pacific that threated the Johnson Atoll and Wake Island. It formed on august 20. Ioke rapidly became a major hurricane 36 hours later. Ioke went extratropical on September 6. damage was nearly 100 million dollars. Ioke was retired at the end of the year. It also caused heavy rain in Alaska. Ioke is the most intense storm ever in the central Pacific and the only Category 5 storm that formed in the basin.
Hurricane Illena.
Illena killed one person in Mexico. It peaked as a Cateogory 3 storm.
Hurricane John.
John killed 5 when it hit Baja California as a Category 2 storm. It peaked as a Category 4.
Hurricane Kristy.
Kristy was outflowed by Hurricane John.
Hurricane Lane.
Lane caused damage in Mexico, when it hit there as a Major Hurricane.
Tropical Storm Norman.
Norman struck Mexico as a tropical depression, causing minor damage.
Hurricane Paul.
Paul was a Cateogory 2 hurricane that killed 4 in Mexico.
Tropical Storm Rosa.
Rosa produced light rain to Mexico in November.
Hurricane Sergio.
Sergio was also a Cateogory 2 storm. It was also the strongest November storm.

1997 Pacific hurricane season
The 1997 Pacific hurricane season was a yearly event in tropical cyclone meteorology. With hundreds of deaths and billions of dollars in damage, this season was one of the most costliest and deadliest Pacific hurricane seasons.
Tropical Storm Andres.
Tropical Depression One-E formed June 1. The next day, it became Tropical Storm Andres. After a brief period of a normal track, Andres was picked up, becoming the first named storm to threaten Central America sine Simone in 1968. It then turned to the southeast and paralleled the coast. This was the first time any East Pacific storm had taken such a path. Andres weakened to a depression and made landfall near San Salvador on June 7 and dissipated shortly thereafter. The only casualties were two fishermen who were reported missing.
Tropical Storm Blanca.
Blanca was a short-lived tropical storm that briefly threatened land. Tropical Depression Two-E formed June 9 and strengthened into Tropical Storm Blanca six hours later. It moved northwest and briefly threatened land on June 10 as warnings and watches were established. Then, a ridge of high pressure turned Blanca away from the coast. Despite moving over warm waters, a weakening trend unexpectedly began, and Blanca was downgraded to a depression. and Blanca lost its circulation shortly after being downgraded to tropical depression status on June 12. There was no deaths, because Blanca's impact was generally minimal.
Hurricane Guillermo.
A tropical wave that drifted across the shear-ridden Atlantic emerged into the Pacific Ocean on July 27. It organized into a depression July 30 and was named Tropical Storm Guillermo the next day. It quickly intensified, reaching hurricane status on August 1. Guillermo became a major hurricane August 2. It reached Category 4 intensity on August 3 before weakening slightly and restrengthening. The hurricane attained Category 5 strength August 4. Guillermo's peak intensity was 919 mbar (919 hPa) and.
Guillermo then weakened slowly, becoming a tropical storm August 8. It crossed 140°W and entered the Central Pacific. It weakened to a depression late August 10 but restrengthened back into a storm 24 hours later when it encountered a small area of warm water. It weakened to a depression for the second and final time August 15 and lost tropical characteristics early the next day.
Guillermo's remnants recurved over the far northern Pacific. They were tracked to a point west of Vancouver Island. The remnants hung on for a few more days and drifted south before being absorbed by a mid-latitude cyclone August 24 off the coast of California.
Tropical Storm Ignacio.
A depression formed from an area of disturbed weather on August 17. The depression organized into a tropical storm 12 hours later. Ignacio's location of tropical cyclogenesis was further north and west of where most East Pacific tropical cyclones form. Steering currents pulled Ignacio north, where it encountered wind shear and cooler waters. Ignacio lost tropical characteristics August 19. The extratropical cyclone was absorbed by Gulermeno and another extratropical cyclone.
It brought gusty winds to California coastal waters before dissipating. Damage is at $50 million. The rainfall caused a power outages as well as the worst rain since Hurricane Kathleen in 1976. Ignacio passed directly over the San Francisco Bay Area which is where the worst effects were felt.
Hurricane Oliwa.
A tropical disturbance that had meandered south of Johnston Atoll organized into Tropical Depression Two-C on September 2. Later that day, it was upgraded to Tropical Storm Oliwa (Hawaiian for Oliver) as it slowly moved towards the west. It crossed the dateline late on September 3 and entered the Joint Typhoon Warning Center's Area of Responsibility.
Oliwa passed south of Wake on September 6, where it caused heavy rains but no damage. On September 7, Oliwa started a period of rapid strengthening, becoming a typhoon September 8 and a Super Typhoon 8 hours later. Oliwa stayed at that intensity for over two days. While still a strong super typhoon, Oliwa passed near the Northern Marianas Islands. It then started weakening as it curved towards Japan. It made landfall as a minimal typhoon September 16. It quickly dissipated later that same day. Oliwa caused "damage and several fatalities" in Japan.
Hurricane Linda.
A tropical depression formed south of Manzanillo September 9. It rapidly intensified, becoming a hurricane early September 11. It became a major hurricane later that day. The deepening continued, and Linda reached Category 5 intensity the next day. It broke Hurricane Ava's long-standing intensity record. That record had stood for over 24 years. Linda reached peak intensity on September 12. Linda's intensity record still stands as of 2005. Linda then started weakening. On September 15, it was downgraded to a tropical storm. On September 17, it fell to a depression, and dissipated early September 18.
In California, Linda was responsible for 8 deaths and $68 million in damage. Five people were drowened in a jetty. Flash floods caused 3 deaths and mudslides destroyed millions many homes and $68 million in damage. The Southwest would get devastated again by Hurricane Nora weeks later.
Hurricane Nora.
Hurricane Nora was the first hurricane to a significant danger to the Continental United States since Kathleen in 1976. Part of a tropical wave that contributed to the formation of Hurricane Erika in the Atlantic moved into the Pacific and organized into Tropical Depression 16-E on September 16 and Tropical Storm Nora that same day. Nora became a hurricane in a favourable environment September 18 while moving northwest. Its motion then stalled over an upwelling of cooler water that weakened it. On September 20, Nora again started moving. It reached its peak intensity of 115 knots and 950 mb On September 21 and 22 it moved over the wake of Hurricane Linda. This weakened the storm pack down to a Category 1. During this time, a trough developed that turned Nora to the northeast. This carried Nora over a favourable environment and towards Baja California. After restrengthening slightly, Nora made landfall as a Category 1 hurricane near Punta Eugenia and again south of San Fernando, both times as a hurricane.
Nora stayed a tropical storm as it moved into the United States. Yuma reported sustained gale-force winds. Rains were heavy, sometimes exceeding the "annual" rainfall for the area. Nora weakened to a depression while over California, and it dissipated September 26. Nora killed two people in Mexico. One was killed by a downed power line in Mexicali, and the other was a scuba diving in underwater currents. No one in the United States was directly killed by Nora. However, the California Highway Patrol attributed several traffic accident deaths to the weather. There was extensive damage to areas hit by Nora. Waves ruined dozens of homes. Roughly 350 to 400 people were left homeless in San Felipe, and winds uprooted trees and peeled roofs from homes in Puerto Peñasco.
Tropical Storm Olaf.
Olaf was a weak but persistent tropical storm that made two landfalls and took an erratic path. A tropical depression formed September 26, was upgraded a tropical storm at the next advisory, and immediately moved north. On September 29, Olaf made landfall near Salina Cruz. Olaf dissipated, and the remnants moved far out to sea. During later reanalysis, Olaf was found to be a tropical depression during most of this time, but at the time was considered dissipated.
Olaf's remnants reformed, and started moving southeast on October 5. Olaf then turned to the north, and on October 12 made a second landfall near Manzanillo. Olaf dissipated, and the remnants moved out to sea where they did not reform again.
There were a few reports of damage. Three fishing boats were missing near Acapulco, and there was flooding in Mexico and Guatemala. Most of Olaf's damage was from its first landfall.
Hurricane Pauline.
"Main article: Hurricane Pauline"
Hurricane Pauline was the deadliest storm of the season. Landslides and flooding caused by it killed hundreds of people.
Tropical depression Eighteen-E formed October 5 and briefly moved to the east before turning to the northwest. In a favourable environment, the cyclone intensified rapidly, reaching a peak of 115 knots and a central pressure of 948 mb. It weakened slightly before peaking again.
Interaction with land weakened Pauline a bit, and the hurricane made landfall on October 9 in a thinly populated area. Accelerating, Pauline paralleled the coast for a day before dissipating on October 10 while over Jalisco.
There are no known damages from wind or storm surge. Heavy rains affected Oaxaca and Guerrero, causing catastrophic loss of life around Acapulco. Mudslides and flooding was widespread, leaving thousands homeless and at least 230 dead. The Red Cross reported that 400 were dead, but this was disputed by Mexican officials. Pauline was Mexico's deadliest Pacific hurricane since Hurricane Liza in the 1976 season.
Hurricane Rick.
Hurricane Rick was the first November formation since the 1991 season. A tropical wave acquired enough organization to be called a tropical depression on November 7. It moved north before a trough of low pressure turned it to the northeast. It was named on November 8, and was upgraded to a hurricane the next day. It reached its peak intensity of 80 knots and 973 mb November 9. Rick made landfall in Oaxaca— the same place devastated by Hurricane Pauline one month earlier— and quickly weakened, dissipating early November 11.
There were no deaths from Rick. Trees were downed and recently repaired roads were washed out.
Hurricane Paka.
Tropical Depression Five-C formed December 2, two days after the season ended. It strengthed into
Tropical Storm Paka (Hawaiian for Pat) while west of Palmyra Atoll. After drifting east, it reversed direction. As it moved west, dry air and wind shear disrupted its development until it crossed the dateline on December 6.
After entering the Western Pacific, the environment rapidly became more favourable and Paka's strengthening quickened. It became a typhoon on December 10 and passed near Kwajalein with winds of 100 knots. It strengthened further, twice reaching Category 5 intensity. While close to maximum intensity, Paka passed close to Guam on December 17 and 18, causing "major damage". Afterwards, Paka encountered a hostile environment and had completely dissipated by the evening of December 21.

1987 Pacific hurricane season
The 1987 Pacific hurricane season officially started May 15, 1987 in the eastern Pacific, and June 1, 1987 in the central Pacific, and lasted until November 30, 1987. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northeastern Pacific Ocean.
Despite there being twenty cyclones, there were very few notable storms this year. Only three storms came anywhere near to threatening land. Hurricane Eugene was the first Pacific hurricane to make landfall in Mexico in July since at least the 1949 season. Tropical Storm Pilar and Hurricane Norma also came close to land. The remnants of Hurricanes Ramon and Norma caused rain in the Continental United States. Elsewhere, Peke was a central north Pacific hurricane that crossed the dateline and became a typhoon.

1976 Pacific hurricane season
The 1976 Pacific hurricane season was an ongoing event in tropical cyclone formation. Hurricanes Kathleen, Liza, and Madeline are the most notable storms this year. Hurricane Kathleen caused death and destruction in California and Arizona because of flooding. Hurricane Liza was the deadliest storm of the season when it killed over 600 people in Mexico. Hurricane Madeline is notable for being the second-most intense Pacific hurricane at landfall.
Hurricane Kathleen.
Kathleen was a costly and damaging storm mainly in Nevada, California and Arizona. It also killed 7 people.
Hurricane Liza.
Liza was very deadly and the third deadliest ever behind Hurricane Paul and the Mexico hurricane.
Hurricane Madeline.
Madeline became the the third storm in the row to make landfall in Mexico. It was also the most intense.

Kronosaurus
Kronosaurus was one of the sea species of plesiosaurs, known as pliosaurs, with the distinctive feature of a much shorter, thicker neck. It was one the largest pliosaurs.

Fermat number
A Fermat number is a special positive number. Fermat numbers are named after Pierre de Fermat. The formula that generates them is
As of 2007, only the first 12 Fermat numbers have been completely factored. These factorizations can be found at
If 2"n" + 1 is prime, and "n" > 0, it can be shown that "n" must be a power of two. Every prime of the form 2"n" + 1 is a Fermat number, and such primes are called Fermat primes. The only known Fermat primes are "F"0...,"F"4.
What they are used for.
Today, Fermat numbers can be used to generate random numbers, between 0 and some value N, which is a power of 2.

Blowup
Blowup is a 1966 English-Italian drama movie. The movie was nominated for two Academy Award and won a Grand Prixaward. It is directed by Italian movie director Michelangelo Antonioni and written by Antonioni, Toni Guerra and Edward Bond. It starred David Hemmings and Vanessa Redgrave. Carlo Ponti produced the movie. This was Antonioni's first English language movie.

Improper rotation
An improper rotation can be understood as an inversion followed by a proper rotation.
Equivalently it is the combination of a rotation and an inversion in a point on the axis. Therefore it is also called a rotoinversion or rotary inversion.
A simple example of an improper rotation in 3D (but not in 2D) is a coordinate inversion: x goes to −x, y to −y and z to −z. Under this transformation, a and b go to −a and −b (by the definition of a vector), but p clearly does not change. (It follows that any improper rotation multiplies p by −1 compared to the rotation's effect on a true vector.)

Endorphin
Endorphins are proteins that are similar to opioids. They are made by the endocrine system of many vertebrates. When they are released into the body, they cause a sense of well-being. They also act as analgesics -- that is, they can fight pain. They are sometimes named "natural pain killers". Endorphins were first found in 1970s. In 1977, Roger Guillemin and Andrew W. Schally won the Nobel Prize in medicine because of their studies on hormones in the brain, including endorphins.
The term "endorphin" is a general name for many opioid-like proteins. (It consists of two parts: "endo" and "orphin"; these are short forms of the words "endogenous metersorphine" which means "a morphin-like substance which is produced by the human body".) Special endorphins have their own names, like enkephalin and β-endorphin.
Types.
Four types of endorphins are created in the human body. They are named "alpha" (α), "beta" (β), "gamma" (γ) and "sigma" (σ) endorphins. The four types have different numbers and types of amino acids in their molecules; they have between 16 and 31 amino acids in each molecule.
Beta-endorphins (β-endorphins) are the most powerful endorphins in the body. They are usually found in the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. More endorphins are released in the pituitary gland during times of pain or stress. Exercise increases the endorphin release too. For the same reason, exercise results in a better mood.
Met-enkephalin and leu-enkephalin are found in the brain stem and spinal cord; they are the pain killers of the spinal cord. Both of them have five amino acids in their structure; the first four are similar, but the last one is different.
Action.
All of the endorphins bind to the opioid receptors in the brain. Many of the analgesic (pain killer) drugs have a similar action in the brain. The main difference between the natural endorphins and the analgesic drugs is that natural endorphins are cleared from the blood very quickly. Endorphins are also involved in the release of sex hormones in the pituitary gland. Also, scientists think that acupuncture results in the release of more endorphins. Endorphins may have a role in obesity, diabetes and psychiatric diseases too.
Endorphin rush.
The term endorphin rush is sometimes used in normal speech to refer to a feeling of wellness caused by exercise, danger or stress. However, it is not a medical term, and it is not proven that higher endorphin production after exercise really has a role in the wellness feeling.
Another term which is commonly used is runner's high. It refers to the feeling of being "high" (full of energy and wellness) after exercise. It is commonly said that the "high" is a result of the release of bigger amounts of endorphins in the body during the exercise. However, some scientists think this feeling is caused by the challenge, and is not related to endorphin release.
For example, in some studies a drug was given to people which blocked the effect of endorphins. These people still felt the runner's high; it means this feeling is not caused by the release of endorphins in the blood. Another study was performed in 2004, which showed this feeling is related to a different body chemical named "anadamide". Anadamide is similar to one of the chemicals which is found in marijuana. The body produces anadamide to fight with the stress and pain in a long exercise.

Team Fortress 2
Team Fortress 2 is a multiplayer, first-person shooter video game by a company called Valve Corporation.
The game has two teams (RED and BLU) which battle with each other in different ways to win the game.

Big Black
Big Black was an American noise rock band. The band formed in 1983 with Steve Albini playing all of the instruments and a drum machine for percussion.
Big Black's music was very loud and distorted to the point where it only sounded like white noise. The themes of the music Big Black played were often very dark.

Company of Heroes
"Company of Heroes" is a strategy video game where you control soldiers in order to win. It is based on World War II.

Game & Watch
The "Game & Watch" was a series of small, hand-held video games made by Nintendo from 1980 to 1991. Gunpei Yokoi was a Japanese person who died in the 90's and made this series.

Fecundity
Fecundity, coming from the word "fecund", generally means the ability to reproduce.
In biology and demography, fecundity is the ability to reproduce of an organism or population, measured by the number of gametes (eggs), seed set or asexual propagules. Fecundity is under both genetic and environmental control, and is the major measure of biological fitness. "Fecundation" is another term for fertilisation.
Fecundity can increase or decrease in a population according to current conditions and certain regulating factors. For instance, in times of hardship for a population such as a lack of food, juvenile and eventually adult fecundity may decrease.
In the philosophy of science, fecundity refers to the ability of a scientific theory to open new lines of theoretical inquiry.

Séan T Ó Ceallaigh
(; 25 August, 1882–23 November, 1966) was the second President of Ireland. He served two terms from 1945 to 1959. He was a member of Dáil Éireann from 1918 until his election as President. During this time he had been Minister for Local Government (1932–1939) and Minister for Finance (1939–1945). Ó Ceallaigh served as Vice-President of the Executive Council from 1932 until 1937 and was the first Tánaiste of Éire from 1937 until 1945.
Early life.
Ó Ceallaigh was born in Dublin on Capel Street in the north inner-city Dublin. He joined the National Library of Ireland in 1898 as a junior assistant. The same year, he joined the Gaelic League, becoming a member of the governing body in 1910 and General Secretary in 1915.
Sinn Féin.
In 1905 Ó Ceallaigh joined Sinn Féin. Sinn Féin then wanted a dual-monarchy. He was honorary secretary of the party from 1908 until 1925. In 1906 he was elected to Dublin Corporation, which id Dublin's city council. He retained the seat until 1924.
Pádraig Pearse made Ó Ceallaigh his assistant when preparations for the Easter Risingwere being made.
After the in 1916, Ó Ceallaigh was imprisoned, released, and re-arrested. He escaped from detention in Fairfield in the UK, and returned to Ireland.
MP in the 1918 general election.
O'Kelly was elected Sinn Féin MP for College Green in the 1918 British general election. Along with other Sinn Féin MPs he refused to take his seat in the British House of Commons. Instead they set up an Irish parliament, called Dáil Éireann, in Dublin. Ó Ceallaigh wasCeann Comhairle(Chairman) of the First Dáil. He was the Irish Republic's envoy to the post-World War One peace treaty negotiations at Versailles, but the other countries refused to allow him to speak, because they did not recognise the Irish Republic
Close to de Valera.
Ó Ceallaigh was a close friend of Éamon de Valera, and both he and de Valera opposed the Anglo-Irish Treaty of December 1921.
When de Valera resigned as President of the Irish Republic on 6 January, 1922, Ó Ceallaigh returned from Paristo try to persuade de Valera to return to the presidency. A de Valera was furious and ordered Ó Ceallaigh to return to Paris.
During the Irish Civil War, O'Kelly was in jail until December 1923. Afterwards he spent the next two years as a Sinn Féin envoy to the United States.
A founder of Fianna Fáil.
In 1926 when de Valera left Sinn Féin to found his own republican party, Fianna Fáil, Ó Ceallaigh followed him, becoming one of the party's founding members. In 1932, when de Valera, was appointed President of the Executive Council (prime minister) of the Irish Free State he made Ó Ceallaigh Minister for Local Government. Ó Ceallaigh often tried to publicly humiliate the Governor-General of the Irish Free State, James McNeill. Stunts such as withdrawing the Irish Army's band from playing at diplomatic functions which the Governor-General attended, or in one notorious case the sight of O'Kelly and Defence Minister Frank Aiken storming out of a diplomatic function at the French Legation when McNeill, the guest of honour, arrived, damaged Ó Ceallaigh's reputation and image, particularly when the campaign backfired.
Before resigning, McNeill published his letters to de Valera about this. It made de Valera appear foolish, and made de Valera choose a new Governor-General. To the surprise of many, Ó Ceallaigh's was not considered for the office. Instead former Fianna Fáil TD, Domhnall Ua Buachalla from County Kildare, would be the last Governor-General.
Considered for President of Ireland in 1938.
In 1938, many thought that de Valera wanted to make Ó Ceallaigh the Fianna Fáil choice to become President of Ireland, under the new Irish constitution, Bunreacht na hÉireann. When Lord Mayor of Dublin, Alfie Byrne, said he wanted to be president there was an all party agreement to nominate Dubhghlas de hÍde, a Protestant Irish Senator, Irish language enthusiast and founder of the Conradh na Gaeilge. They thought de hÍde was the only person who might win an election against Alfie Byrne. Ó Ceallaigh was appointed Minister of Finance instead, and helped create Central Bank in 1942.
President of Ireland.
Ó Ceallaigh left the cabinet in 1945 when he was elected President of Ireland in a popular vote of the people, defeating two other candidates.
Ó Ceallaigh was re-elected unopposed in 1952. During his second term he visited many nations in Europe and spoke to the United States Congress in 1959. He retired at the end of his second term in 1959, to be replaced by his old friend, Éamon de Valera.
Ó Ceallaigh did not refer any Bills to the Supreme Court to see if they were legal, but he did ask his official advisors, called the Council of State, if he should refer the Health Bill, 1947 but he decided not to.
Ó Ceallaigh's Roman Catholic Beliefs.
Ó Ceallaigh's strong Roman Catholic beliefs sometimes caused problems. de Valera often thought that Ó Ceallaigh either deliberately or accidentally leaking information to the Knights of Columbanus, and the Church leaders. Ó Ceallaigh ensured that his first state visit, following the creation of the Republic of Ireland in 1949, was to the Vatican to meet Pope Pius XII. Ó Ceallaigh accidentally revealed the Pope's private views on communism. This angered the Pope and Stalin. This is why he was not given the papal Order of Christ which was given to many Catholic heads of state.
A Model President says The Irish Times.
On his retirement as president in 1959, he was described as a model President by the normally hostile Irish Times newspaper. Though controversial, Ó Ceallaigh was widely seen as a genuine and honest, but tactless.
He died on, 1966, at the age of 84, fifty years after the Easter Rising that first brought him to prominence. He is buried in Glasnevin Cemetery, Dublin.
Mary Kate Ryan and Ó Ceallaigh were married from 1918 until Mary Kate's death in 1934.
In 1936 he married his second wife Phyllis, who was Mary Kate's sister. Another sister was married to Fine Gael leader General Richard Mulcahys, and a brother was Fianna Fáil minister, James Ryan.

Teachta Dála
A Teachta Dála, is a member of Dáil Éireann, the lower house of the Irish parliament. Usually only the initials TD are used, after the person's name.
The letters are used in the same way that MP is used to show that someone is a Member of Parliament in the United Kingdom.

Léo Delibes
Léo Delibes (pronounce: LAY-oh De-LEEB) (born St. Germain-du-Val, France, 21 February 1836; died St. Germain-du-Val 16 January 1891) was a French composer of Romantic music. He is particularly famous for his ballets, especially "Coppélia", and operettas and operas, of which "Lakmé" is the most famous.
Life.
Delibes’s father worked for the post office. His mother was musical and played the piano. Her father, the composer’s grandfather, had been a baritone in the Opéra-Comique and she had a brother who was an organist and professor at the Paris Conservatoire.
When Delibes’s father died in 1847 his family moved to Paris so that the young Léo, who was 11, could continue having a good musical education. At first he found it difficult living in a large city as he was used to the countryside. He was a student of the well-known composer and teacher Adolphe Adam. At first he did well in his music lessons and won prizes, but after a few years he no longer won any prizes. He never tried to win the Prix de Rome which is what all French students of composition normally want to do. As a young boy he sang in choirs. Later he became a church organist and an accompanist at the Théâtre-Lyrique.
Soon Delibes started to composer operettas. He wrote 14 operettas in 14 years. He was commissioned to write some music to celebrate the emperor’s return from Algiers. The piece he wrote was called "Alger". It was a huge success. The emperor gave him a gold medal, personally fastening a pin with diamonds to his lapel. In 1864 he became chorus master at the Opéra where he coached the chorus to sing many famous operas. Two years later he started to write ballets. These became very successful and three years later he stopped writing operettas.
In 1870 his ballet "Coppélia" was produced. By 1884 it had been performed 100 times. Together with "La Sylphide" and "Giselle" it was one of the most popular of all ballets. The story is about a man who makes a mechanical doll. Another popular ballet he wrote was "Sylvia". His most successful opera was "Lakmé" which was first performed at the Opéra-Comique in 1883. It gives great opportunity for the main soprano, especially in the song called the "Bell Song". Musicians usually think "Lakmé" is his greatest work.
Delibes died in 1891, and was buried in the Cimetière de Montmartre, Paris.
Delibes’s reputation.
Delibes started to compose at a time when ballet had become less popular in France than it had been earlier. Around the time of the Revolution there had been lots of performances of ballet, but during the 19th century there was less interest with the exception of "La Sylphide" and "Giselle". Delibes was to change that. He had a great gift for writing easy melodies. At one time he thought he ought to compose like Wagner, using richer harmonies and leitmotifs, but fortunately he chose not to, following instead the style to which he was so well suited. "Coppélia" is in the repertoire of all major ballet companies, and several of its tunes are familiar to people even if they do not know where they come from. The Flower duet from "Lakmé" became particularly well-known in recent years through an advert for British Airways.

Rugrats
"Rugrats" is an American animated television programme created by Arlene Klasky, Gábor Csupó, and Paul Germain for Nickelodeon. The series aired from August 11, 1991 to June 8, 2004. The show centers around four babies and the life and times of adventures through their eyes. It was one of the first three Nicktoons and also aired on Nick Jr. in 1996.

Displacement vector
A Displacement vector is a concept from mathematics. It is a vector. It shows the direction and distance travelled. It is often used in physics to display the speed, acceleration and distance an object travelled (compared to a reference point).

Enkephalin
Enkephalins were the first endorphins that were discovered in the brain. They are found in many parts of the brain, specially in the basal ganglia. They act as "natural pain killers".
Enkephalins are small proteins. They consist of five amino acids in each of their molecules. The last amino acid is either leucine (leu) or methionine (met).

Biochemical receptor
In biochemistry, receptors are special structures that can be found in cells. Receptors bind to specialised molecules. If the receptor has such a molecule, it is activated, else it is deactivated. Depending on its state, a change inside the cell may be triggered.
In short, receptors work like locks and keys. With the key, the lock can be locked or unlocked. If it is unlocked, the door belonging to it can be opened.

Coppélia
"Coppélia" is a sentimental comic ballet with music by Léo Delibes. The choreography was by Arthur Saint-Léon to a ballet libretto by Saint-Léon and Charles Nuitter. It is based on a story by the German writer E.T.A. Hoffmann called "Der Sandmann" ("The Sandman"), which had been published in 1815. The ballet was first performed in May 25, 1870 at the Théâtre Impérial de l´Opéra.
Act 1.
The story is about a man called Dr Coppélius who makes dolls. He has just invented a mechanical doll which he calls Coppélia. The doll looks just like a real person. He puts the doll on the balcony of his house. A young man called Franz sees the doll, thinks she is real, and falls in love with her. Franz’s fiancée, a girl called Swanilda, is very angry.
The peasants come in and dance. The mayor comes in and says that, because the town is going to get a new bell, there will be a feast. All couples who are engaged to be married will get some money from the Duke The mayor asks Swanilda whether she will be there. Swanilda wants to know whether Franz will still be faithful to her. She has an ear of corn. If it makes a rustling noise than Franz does love her. However much she shakes it there is no sound. Franz tells her that he still loves her.
When Dr Coppélius goes out for a walk he drops his key. Swanilda and her 4 friends, find it and pick it up. They decide to go into the house to see the doll. Franz decides to go too. When Dr Coppélius comes back he finds his house full of people.
Act 2.
Swanilda and her friends are astonished to find that Coppélia is only a doll. They make the other mechanical dolls move and they dance around them. Doctor Coppélius enters and chases them all away, apart from Swanilda who has hidden. She takes Coppélia’s place. When Franz looks through the window Doctor Coppélius pretends to be one of his own dolls. He invites him in, then grabs him and threatens to punish him. Then he has another idea. He gives Franz something to make him fall asleep and then tries to bring Coppélia to life by putting Franz’s spirit into the doll. The dollmaker is delighted when it seems to be working, but he does not realize that it is, in fact, Swanilda who has disguised herself as the doll. He does not know what to do with her, and teaches her a Spanish dance and a Scottish dance. When Franz wakes up, Swanilda’s friends return and Doctor Coppélius realizes he has been tricked.
Act 3.
The Duke gives out purses of gold to the couples who are engaged to be married. Doctor Coppélius comes in and complains that his dolls have been ruined. The Duke gives him some gold. The peasants dance the “Masque of the Hours”. Franz and Swanilda are forgiven and they are married.
E.T.A.Hoffmann.
The story of the ballet comes from a story called “Der Sandmann” (“The Sandman”) by E.T.A.Hoffmann, but the ballet has a different character. E.T.A. Hoffmann’s story is quite frightening, but the ballet is pure comedy. Ten years later the composer Jacques Offenbach wrote an opera, "The Tales of Hoffmann", which is about the same story. Like the book, Offenbach’s opera has come quite frightening moments, especially when the doll breaks apart.
The first performances.
The plan for the first performance of "Coppélia" to take place in 1869 had to change because the dancer who was to dance the main part of Swanilda was seriously ill. A desperate search for another dancer took place. Delibes went all the way to Italy looking for a suitable ballerina, but he did not find one. However, the choreographer Saint-Léon then discovered a girl of 15 in Paris. Her name was Giuseppina Bozzacchi. She was exceptionally gifted and very youthful. She was very young indeed to be chosen for a big part in a professional ballet, but Saint-Léon made some changes to suit the young girl and she danced the part with tremendous success at the first performance on 25 May 1870. Napoleon III and the Empress Eugénie were in the audience. Bozzacchi danced with incredible grace, and she was an excellent actress as well. Everyone loved her charm.
In July the Franco-Prussian War broke out and there were no further performances of "Coppélia" for a while as the theatres were closed. Saint-Léon died in September, and then, tragically, Giuseppina Bozzacchi died of cholera on her 17th birthday.
"Coppélia" has been performed more often at the Paris Opéra than any other ballet.

Pan-German movement
Pan-German Movement (from, all, and "Germania") is an ideological and political movement promoting the unification of all German-speaking peoples of Europe.

IMVU
IMVU is an instant messaging client that uses three dimensional avatars to represent people. It was made in 2004, and has over one million users. Users can change how their avatar looks by buying things with "IMVU credits" that are earned in the game. It is free to join, but some features cost money. Most features can be bought with the game currency ("IMVU credits").

Constance Georgine, Countess Markiewicz
Constance, Countess Markiewicz, born as Constance Georgine Gore-Booth on February 4, 1868, died July 15, 1927), was an Irish Sinn Féin and Fianna Fáil.
She was the first woman elected to the British House of Commons, but she did not take her seat. Instead she and the other Sinn Féin TDs formed the first Dáil Éireann.
She was also the first woman in Europe to be a cabinet minister, She was Minister of Labour of the Irish Republic betweeen 1919 and 1922.

Nas
Nas is a Hip hop musician (born Nasir Jones in Long Island City, Queens, New York on September 14, 1973). He is most know for his first album, "Illmatic".

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was the formal name of the United Kingdom from 1 January 1801 until 12 April 1927. It was formed by the merger of the Kingdom of Great Britain (itself having been a merger of the Kingdoms of England and Scotland) and the Kingdom of Ireland.
List of monarchs.
Though the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland came to an end in 1922, the monarch continued to use the title of "King" or "Queen of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" until 1927.

Xerox
Xerox is a brand of copy machines and paper. It was the first brand of copy machines, so people in the United States often use 'xerox' to mean any copy machine, and "xeroxing" to mean photocopying

Agneta Sjödin
Agneta Sjödin (born July 20 1967 in Norrbo, Hälsingland) is a Swedish television host.

Baroque
Baroque is a style epoch. It was between the styles (or epochs) of Renaissance and Neoclassicism. This means it lasted from about 1575 to about 1770. At that time, there were absolutist monarchs in Europe. Baroque art is usually very playful and has many ornaments.
The movement started in Italy. It then spread to the Catholic countries in Europe. Finally, it also spread to the Protestant ones.
The word "Baroque" comes from Portuguese. There, "barocco" means something like "strange".In Portuguese, it was first used for irregularly-shaped pearls. It was first used in France to mean works of art that did not follow the current trend.

Éamon de Valera
Éamon de Valera (born with the name Edward George de Valera,) (14 October, 1882 –) was one of the dominant political figures in 20th century Ireland. Co-owner of one of the Irish Press Newspapers, he served in public office from 1917 to 1973. Several times he was either head of state or head of government in Ireland.
de Valera was a leader of Ireland's struggle for independence from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. He also led opposition to the anti-Treaty in the Irish Civil War. de Valera was the author of the Constitution of Ireland.
His family.
de Valera was born in the New York Nursery and Child's Hospital in New York City in 1882 to an Irish mother; he said that his parents were Catherine Coll Wheelwright, an immigrant from Bruree, County Limerick, and Juan Vivion de Valera, a Spanish-Cuban settler and sculptor, and that they were married in 1881 in New York.
In 1885, after his father's death, de Valera was taken to Ireland by his Uncle Ned. He was brought up by his grandmother Elizabeth Coll, her son Patrick and her daughter Hannie, in County Limerick. At the age of sixteen, he won a scholarship to Blackrock College, County Dublin. In his first year in Blackrock College he was Student of the Year. In 1903 was became mathematics teacher at Rockwell College, County Tipperary. When he graduated in mathematics from the Royal University of Ireland he went back to Blackrock College He taught in many other colleges, including Belvedere college where he taught Kevin Barry, the young Irish republican by the British during the Irish War of Independence.
Early political activity.
de Valera was an active "gaeilgeoir" (Irish language enthusiast). In 1908 he joined the Conradh na Gaeilge (the Gaelic League), where he Dubhghlas de hÍde, later first President of Ireland, and also Sinéad Flanagan, another teacher who he married on 8 January, 1910 at St Paul's Church, Arran Quay, Dublin.
Easter Rising.
On 25 November, 1913 when he joined the Irish Volunteers. He was soon elected captain of the Donnybrook company, then commandant of the Third Battalion and adjutant of the Dublin Brigade. He also joined the Irish Republican Brotherhood, which secretly controlled the central executive of the Volunteers.
On 24 April, 1916 the rising began. de Valera occupied Boland's Mills, Grand Canal Street in Dublin. After the fighting de Valera was court-martialled, convicted, and sentenced to death, but the sentence was changed to for life imprisonment. This was because he was not kept in Kilmainham Jail with the first prisoners executed. The delay meant British authorities started to check if he really was an American citizen, and wonder how the United States would react to the execution of one of its citizens.
de Valera's supporters say he showed leadership skills and a great ability for planning. His enemies claim he suffered a nervous breakdown during the Rising.
After imprisonment in Dartmoor, Maidstone and Lewes prisons in England, de Valera and other prisoners were released under an amnesty in June 1917. On 10 July, 1917 he was elected member of the British House of Commons for East Clare (the constituency which he represented until 1959) in a by-election after MP Willie Redmond died fighting in World War I.
President of Sinn Féin.
British newspapers and picture postcards often called the Easter Rising the Sinn Féin rebellion. From 1917 de Valera was president of Sinn Féin. He and the other survivors of the Rising took over Sinn Féin and then turned into a republican party. The previous president, Arthur Griffith, had wanted an Anglo-Irish "dual monarchy", with an independent Ireland governed separately from Britain, their only link being a shared monarch, like Canada and Britain today.
That had been the way Ireland was governed with the so-called Constitution of 1782 under Henry Grattan, until Ireland joined with Great Britain to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in 1801.
President of Dáil Éireann.
Sinn Féin won 73 out of 104 Irish seats in the 1918 general election. Alot more people wanted an independent Ireland after the leaders of the Easter Rising were executed of the 1916 leaders and the threat of conscription. In January 1919, these Sinn Féin MPs, or "TD"s, met in the Mansion House (City Hall), Dublin and formed the First Dáil Éireann ().
de Valera was not at this meeting because he had been arrested. He escaped from Lincoln Prison in February 1919, and when he got back to Dublin he replaced Cathal Brugha as Prime Minister. The Dáil Constitution passed by the Dáil said that the Príomh Aire was prime minister not head of state.
In September 1919 the British authorities said that The Dáil was illegal) escalated into the Irish War of Independence (also called the 'Anglo-Irish War').
President of the Republic.
In January 1921, got back from The United States with a loan of $5.500.000. This made him very popular.
In August 1921 de Valera had Dáil Éireann change the 1919 Dáil Constitution to upgrade his title from prime minister to President of the Republic. X He said that as Irish head of state he would not go to the Treaty Negotiations of October–December 1921 because the British head of state, King George V would not be there either.
The Treaty.
The Treaty replaced the Republic by a dominion of the British Commonwealth with the King represented by a Governor-General of the Irish Free State. This was just how Canada was governed. Treaty was finally signed on 6 December, 1921.
de Valera's opponents said that he did not join the negotiations because he knew that the British would only allow an Irish dominion, not a republic, and did not want to be blamed for giving up the idea of a republic. de Valera said he was angry because the delegates working out the treaty had not ssked him before signing the treaty. But at a secret session of the Dáil during the Treaty Debates and publicised in January 1922, his ideas for a treaty included dominion status, the 'Treaty Ports',a veto by the parliament in Belfast, and the king as head of the Commonwealth. Ireland's would pay ashare of the imperial debt.
When the Treaty was accepted by 64 votes to 57, de Valera and a large minority of Sinn Féin TDs left Dáil Éireann. He resigned and Arthur Griffith was elected President of Dáil Éireann in his place.
In March 1922, de Valera made an angry speech saying that, if the Treaty was accepted, it might be necessary to "wade through Irish blood" to achieve Irish freedom. Later he said that de Valera's enemies said that this was encouraging civil war.
Civil War broke out in late June 1922.
Civil War.
Fighting in the Irish Civil War started on 28 June 1922 and ended in May 1923 when the pro-treaty Free State forces beat the anti-Treaty IRA.
de Valera was supposed to be the head of the anti-Treatyites, but he had little power. Usually he had little influence with the IRA Chief of Staff, Liam Lynch. de Valera formed a republican government on 25 October 1922 but it had no real authority and was never like the Dáil governments of 1919–21, which was an alternative government to the British, even running their own courts.
When the IRA's new Chief of Staff called a ceasefire Frank Aiken on 30 May 1923 the government had won. Many republicans were arrested when they came out of hiding and returned home. de Valera was arrested in County Clare and interned until 1924.
The 'empty formula'.
de Valera resigned from the presidency of Sinn Féin after losing a vote to accept the Free State Constitution (if the Oath of Allegiance was dropped). In March 1926 he formed a new party, Fianna Fáil (Soldiers of Destiny). It is still the largest party in Ireland. Fianna Fáil was successful in elections, but for over a year a it did not take its seats in the Dáil. When a new law made candidates promise to take the oath if elected, de Valera and his TDs took the Oath of Allegiance in 1927. They said the oath was "an empty formula" that is, just words they had to say, they did not have to believe them.
Back in Power.
Six years after it was founded Fianna Fáil won 72 seats in the 1932 general election, and had a "plurality" in the Dáil. That is, it was the largest party but had less than half of all of the seats, which would be a "majority". On 9 March Governor-General James McNeill appointed de Valera President of the Executive Council. He abolished the oath and stopped paying money owed to Britain.
de Valera called a general election in January 1933 and won 77 seats, giving him an overall majority. Under his leadership, Fianna Fáil won further general elections in 1937, 1938, 1943 and 1944.
de Valera was his own Minister for External Affairs. He attended meetings of the League of Nations, and was president of the Council of the League on his first appearance at Geneva in 1932. In 1934, he supported the admission of the Soviet Union into the League. In September 1938 he was elected nineteenth president of the Assembly of the League, a tribute to the international recognition he had won by his independent stance on world questions.
de Valera's new constitution – Bunreacht na hÉireann.
During the 1930s, de Valera changed a lot of the Irish Free State constitution.
The Governor-General of the Irish Free State could "reserve" or "deny" the Royal Assent to any changes after being advised (ordered) by "His Majesty's Government in London". After a legal argument with the British Government the power this was changed to "His Majesty's Government in the Irish Free State"
That meant that de Valera was tge only person who could stop a bill becoming law.
When King Edward VIII abdicted (resigned) as "King of Ireland" de Valera passed two Bills;
In July 1936, de Valera wrote to King Edward in London saying that he planned to introduce a new constitution. This was only a little different from the "Bunreacht na hÉireann" (meaning literally the Constitution of Ireland).
The new constitution was not an act of the Dáil but was voted for in a referendum, because de Valera wanted a new start for the new country he was setting up.
Neutrality in World War II.
Ireland stayed neutral in World War II, which was called The Emergency in Ireland. Both the possibility of a German invasion and a British invasion were discussed in the Dáil.
To be neutral de Valera visited the German minister in Dublin, to express sympathy over the death of the Führer. Along with President Douglas Hyde, de Valera was the only head of government to do this. de Valera did not visit the American embassy following the death of Roosevelt, as David Gray, the American Ambassador said he would not receive de Valera. All flags were flown at half mast on Roosevelt's death on de Valera's instructions
Post–war period.
After sixteen years in power, Fianna Fáil lost the 1948 election. John A. Costello was Taoiseach of a coalition Government. It was Costello who declared Ireland a republic, making de Valera's friend President Ó Ceallaigh Ireland's head of state. In 1951 de Valera was returned to power but without an overall majority. Many people thought this was his worst government. He spent several months in the Netherlands where he had six operations on his eyes.
Fianna Fáil was defeated again in the 1954 general election, but in 1957 de Valera, won a majority of nine seats. This was the beginning of another sixteen year period in office for Fianna Fáil. But de Valera was only Taoiseach for two years.
In 1959 he was elected President of Ireland, as which he served until 1973. At his retirement at the age of 90, he was the oldest Head of State in the world.
Éamon de Valera died in Linden Convalescent Home, Blackrock, County Dublin on 29 August, 1975 aged 92. His wife, Sinéad de Valera, four years his senior, had died the previous January, on the eve of their 65th wedding anniversary. He is buried in Dublin's Glasnevin Cemetery.
Overview.
In his recent controversial biography by Tim Pat Coogan says that his failures are more thanhis achievements, and that de Valera's popularity fell as Michael Collins's rose.
Garret Fitzgerald summarised his last term as Taoiseach;
"Total economic stagnation marked de Valera's last seven years as leader of his party - because all of the chickens of his disastrous commitment to an inward-looking policy of self sufficiency were coming home to roost."

Operetta
Operetta is a term which started to be used in the 19th century to describe an opera that was not too serious and often full of fun. It is often described as “light opera” (“light” meaning “not serious“). In an opera everything is usually sung. In an operetta there is a lot of spoken dialogue, and songs and dances are added to this. Similar traditions already existed in other countries, e.g. in Germany where the Singspiel tradition was popular (e.g. Mozart’s "The Magic Flute)".
The operetta tradition started in France and soon spread to Austria and other countries. It remained popular until the mid-20th century, when it gradually turned into musical comedy.
The composer Jacques Offenbach can be thought of as the creator of the operetta tradition. It grew out of the opéra comique which had become quite long and serious. There was a need for shorter, more humorous musical entertainments. Offenbach was composing operettas in the 1850s in Paris. In England such works were often called “comic operas” or “opera comedies”. Then Johann Strauss became very popular in Vienna. He was already very well known in the ballroom, but when he started to write for the theatre he soon became a rival to Offenbach, whose operettas had become very popular in Vienna. Strauss’s operetta "Die Fledermaus" (“The Bat”) has been performed more than any other operetta. In Spain the Zarzuela was a kind of operetta.
Many people were involved in the creating and performing of operettas. The performers often had to both sing and act very well. Bizet, Chabrier and Delibes all wrote operettas as well as operas and other types of music. In England the operas of Gilbert and Sullivan were a kind of English form of operetta.
One of the most popular of all operettas was "Die Lustige Witwe" ("The Merry Widow") by Franz Léhar. It was produced in 1905 in Vienna. Léhar wrote many other operettas as well. Franz von Suppé is another composer who wrote operettas in the Austrian tradition.
In the early 20th century the French operetta became less popular as there was more interest in the Viennese operetta. After World War I Berlin was the centre of German operetta. By the middle of the 20th century many composers were writing light operas which were based on American dance band music. These were no longer called “operettas”. The word “operetta” continued to be used for light operas which were more in the style of traditional central European music.

Investiture
Investiture means the formal installation of somebody (heir, elect of nominee) in public office by formally giving him the "insignia". The term is normally reserved for formal offices of state, aristocracy and church.
In the Middle Ages investiture was the ceremonial transfer of a fief by an overlord to a vassal. The lord "invested" the vassal with a fiefdom, by giving a symbol of the land or office. From feudal times up to the present, the term has been used in ecclesiastical law to refer to a cleric receiving the symbols of spiritual office, such as the pastoral ring, mitre and staff, signifying transfer of the office.
United Kingdom.
In the United Kingdom, around 2,600 people are invested personally by The Queen or a member of the Royal Family. A list of those to be honoured is published twice a year, in either the New Year's Honours List or The Queen's Birthday Honours List.
Approximately 22 Investitures are held annually in Buckingham Palace, one or two at the Palace of Holyroodhouse in Edinburgh and one in Cardiff.
Investiture Controversy.
The question who should invest (or more to the point, appoint) whom was the subject of a conflict between the Catholic church (mainly papacy) and state (mainly the Holy Roman Empire) in the Middle Ages during the so-called Investiture Controversy (see that article).

Insignia
Insignia (the plural of Latin "insigne": emblem, symbol) is a symbol or token of personal power, status or office, or of an official body of government or jurisdiction. Insignia are especially used as an emblem of a specific or general authority.
Official insignia are often protected by law as to allow their use only by people holding a specific office or staff members action on behalf of such a person. Misuse, defacement and destruction of such symbols is considered an offense in many countries.

Irish War of Independence
The Irish War of Independence was fought by the Irish Republican Army (IRA) against the British soldiers who were trying to keep Ireland under British control.
The war was fought between 1919 and July 1921 when the fighting was stopped while a peace treaty was worked out.
It began because of the 1916 rising held in Dublin. The men who fought the British soldiers that day wanted Britain to move their army out of Ireland and for Ireland to be it's own country.
These men were defeated and sixteen of the leaders were executed. This made Irish people mad. Many Irish people turn against British rule. These people were called "Republicans". Republicans lived all over Ireland except in areas in Ulster where people called "Unionists" lived. The Unionists wanted to stay under control of the British empire. In Dublin, the political party Sinn Féin won most seats in the Irish Dáil. They set up the IRA to fight the British soldiers in Ireland. The Dail was hated by the British government. The British wanted to destroy it.
In 1919 fighting started. By 1921, the IRA had beaten the Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC) and Ireland had no police. In London, the British government began to row over Ireland. The war went on until 1922 when Irish Sinn Féin leaders and British MPs made up a peace treaty. Most of Ireland was made its own country except in Ulster where Unionists still lived. The area where Ireland was its own country was called the Irish Free State and the area that stayed under British rule was called Northern Ireland.

Bishop (chess)
A bishop (,) is a piece in the board game of chess. Each player starts the game with two bishops. One starts between the king's knight and the king, the other between the queen's knight and the queen. In algebraic notation the starting squares are c1 and f1 for White's bishops, and c8 and f8 for Black's bishops.

Bathurst 1000
The Bathurst 1000 is a car race held at Mount Panorama, Bathurst, New South Wales, Australia. It is held every year.

South Atlantic tropical cyclone
A South Atlantic tropical cyclone is an unusual form of weather event. Usually, strong wind shear is the biggest problem why tropical cyclones don't normally form in the southern Atlantic Ocean. If there was ever a "hurricane season" in the south Atlantic, it would most likely happen during the opposite of the north Atlantic season, from December to May with mid-March being the peak when the oceans are warmest in the Southern Hemisphere.
Cyclone Catarina.
Cyclone (or Hurricane) Catarina was an extraordinarily rare tropical cyclone, forming in the southern Atlantic Ocean in March 2004. Just after becoming a hurricane, it hit the southern coast of Brazil in the state of Santa Catarina on the evening of March 28, with winds estimated near 180 h (112 mph), making it a Category 2 storm on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale. The cyclone killed 3-10 people and caused millions of dollars in damage in Brazil.
This event is thought to be a nearly once-in-a-lifetime event by meteorologists.
Angola tropical cyclone of 1991.
On April 10, 1991, what was either a strong tropical depression or a weak tropical storm formed in the eastern South Atlantic, recorded by weather satellites off the coast of Angola. It reached a peak on the 13th, and dissipated two days later, drifting west-southwestward from where it formed. Of the few South Atlantic tropical cyclones that have existed, this was the only one in the eastern Atlantic. This was also the first South Atlantic tropical cyclone ever observed.
Tropical cyclone of January 2004.
A small area of convection developed on a trough of low pressure in mid-January off Brazil. It organized and appeared to become a tropical depression on January 18th. The next morning, it had a small amounts of convection near the center and well-defined bands, and the system, either a weak tropical storm or a strong tropical depression, likely reached its peak. Located 150 n miles southeast of Salvador, Brazil, it weakened as upper level shear, normal for the basin, prevailed. The depression moved inland on the 20th as a circulation with no convection, and dissipated the next day over Brazil, where it caused heavy rains and flooding. This would mark the first time in recorded history that two tropical cyclones (Catarina and the January storm) have been seen during the same year in the South Atlantic, and may be considered to make up the 2003-04 South Atlantic hurricane season.
Tropical cyclone of February 2006 [90L Invest (South Atlantic)].
A small area of convection 600 miles southeast of Rio de Janeiro moved into an area of low wind shear and barely 26°C warm waters on February 23, 2006. The wave had deep convection, was able to form a closed LLC and had 35 mi/h (56 km/h) winds as measured by Quikscat on February 24, 2006. These characteristics were operationally recognized for three hours before high shear began to tear the system apart, just short of the six hours required to be officially declared a tropical depression. It is possible that the system maintained these features longer and may have briefly been a tropical depression. While under study, the system was referred to as 90L Invest. The shear would eventually cause the system to dissipate later that night.

Opera buffa
Opera buffa is an Italian term meaning “comic opera”. It is mainly used for 18th century Italian comic operas. Opera buffa contrasts with opera seria (“serious opera”) in which the story was a tragedy. Opera seria was supposed to be “serious”, while opera buffa was an entertaining musical comedy. Like the opera seria, everything was sung, there was no spoken dialogue. This was different from comic opera in other countries. The story in opera buffa is told in recitative and then there were arias for the characters to show their feelings and show off their voices.
Although we use the term “opera buffa” today, in the 18th century they called such operas by other names, e.g. “commedia in musica”, “dramma giocosa”, “operetta”, “burlesca” etc. An opera buffa was usually a full length work: one which would fill a whole evening’s entertainment. It was different from an “intermezzo” or “farsa” which was a short musical comedy that was performed during the intervals of a musical tragedy, although the difference between the two is not always obvious. The intermezzo became longer and longer during the 18th century and gradually developed into opera buffa. Pergolesi’s "La Serva Padrone" was an intermezzo which became very famous after Pergolesi’s death. It influenced opera buffa.
Opera buffa always included a lot of caricature. The characters showed human weaknesses such as stupidity, vanity, greed and affectation (people who were pretending to be wise and important). They often poked fun at the ruling classes.
In opera buffa the acting was always very important. It was a very lively show, with a lot happening very quickly. At the end of each act all the main characters sang together: this is called an “ensemble” (the French word for “together”).
Opera buffa started in Naples and gradually spread to other parts of Italy. It was particularly popular at carnival time. Important composers of opera buffa include Carlo Goldoni and Baldassare Galuppi.
By the end of the 18th century it was not always possible to tell the difference between an opera buffa and an opera seria. Mozart’s opera "Don Giovanni ", for example, has a lot of comedy, but there is also a serious side.

Opera seria
"Opera seria" is an Italian term which refers to the "serious" style of Italian opera in the 18th century. It was different from opera buffa which was a musical comedy. Opera seria was supposed to be about serious tragedy. The term “opera seria” only started to be used after the time when it was popular in order to talk about the historic period.
Italian "opera seria" was always in the Italian language, even when it was composed or performed in other countries such as Germany, Austria, England and Spain. In France the opera seria was not so popular. They had their own forms of opera.
Popular composers of opera seria included Hasse, Vinci, Jommelli, George Frideric Handel, Piccinni, Paisiello, Cimarosa, Gluck, and Mozart.
"Opera seria" was often called "dramma per musica" ("drama through music"). The story was told in recitative, a quick-flowing music with simple accompaniment. Then there were arias which were the big songs where the singers could show off their skills. They were normally in "da capo" form (a main section, a middle section, and the main section repeated). The opera would start with an overture and there would also be some ensembles where several characters sung at once.
The stories of opera seria were usually about the ancient Greek and Roman gods or kings. This was different to opera buffa which was about ordinary people, and which often made fun of kings and nobility.
The main singers in opera seria were mostly castrati, male singers who had been castrated when they were young so that they still sang with high voices. Gradually during the 18th century the female singers got more of the main roles (the “prima donna” or “first lady”).
One of the first composers of opera seria was Alessandro Scarlatti. In England George Frideric Handel wrote many great opera seria. The most important man in the development of mid-18th century opera seria was Metastasio who wrote libretti. His words were set by the greatest composers in Europe: Hasse, Porpora and, especially, Mozart.
In the later part of the 18th century Christoph Willibald Gluck changed a lot of traditions in opera. He did not want opera to be just a way for singers to show off their voices. He wanted the story to be important. He did not use dry recitative but tried to make the drama, dance and music all important, especially the chorus. "Orfeo ed Euridice" was his first important opera, followed by others such as "Alceste".
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was influenced by Gluck’s reforms. His two great opera seria were "Idomeneo" (1780) and "La clemenza di Tito" (1791). Mostly, however, Mozart was not so interested in writing about the old Greek gods and kings. His other great Italian operas: "Cosi fan tutte", "Le Nozze di Figaro" and "Don Giovanni" are something between opera seria and opera buffa. These were set to libretti by Lorenzo da Ponte.
Other important "opera seria" composers were Luigi Cherubini and Gaspare Spontini, followed by Rossini whose musical style made further changes to opera seria.

Mosbach
Mosbach is a town in the state of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. About 25,000 people live there. It is between Heidelberg and Heilbronn. There are other big towns nearby: Sinsheim, Eberbach and Osterburken.
In Neckarelz, a suburb of Mosbach, is the most important train station. There are trains running from Mannheim - Heidelberg - Heilbronn, Stuttgart - Heilbronn - Neckarelz and Kaiserslautern - Mannheim - Heidelberg - Mosbach - Osterburken. There are also 2 other stations: Mosbach and Mosbach West. There are only trains from Kaiserslautern to Osterburken.
Mosbach has an area of. The postal codes are from "74801" to "74821", the old one was "6950". The telephone numbers start with "+49 6261", The cars have number plates with the letters "MOS".

Counties of Ireland
The 32 historic counties on the island of Ireland.
The counties "in italics" do not have a county council, instead they are have two or more smaller administrative county councils (called districts, in Northern Ireland)
Several large towns are county boroughs. These councils have the same powers and duties of a county council.

Melk Abbey
Melk Abbey or Stift Melk is a Benedictine abbey. It lies on the Danube, near the city of Melk. It is located in Lower Austria. It is one of the distinguishing features of a region known as Wachau. It is an UNESCO World Heritage Site.
The abbey was almost totally destroyed in a fire, on 14. August 1297. It was rebuilt in Baroque style at the beginning of the 18th century.

Walenstadt
Walenstadt is a small city in the east of Switzerland. It is located on the Lake Walen and is divided in four part cities: Tscherlach, Berschis, Walenstadt and Walenstadtberg. It currently has a population of about 4.800 people.

Exhibitionism
Exhibitionism is a tendency some people have. These people derive pleasure from the fact that other people can see them naked, or while having sex. The opposite tendency is having fun watching other people have sex, or being naked. This is called voyeurism.
Exhibitionism is more common in men, than in women.

Norman Rockwell
Norman Rockwell (born February 3, 1894, died November 8, 1978) was a famous American painter.

Zuiderzee Works
The Zuiderzeewerken ("Zuiderzee Works") are a system of dams, land reclamation and water drainage works, and the] project undertaken by the Netherlands during the twentieth century.
Polders make new land for agriculture and make flood protection better, because the lake is smaller.
Plans for the works date back to the 1600s, but it was not until a very bad flood in 1916, that the Dutch parliament finally agreed to pay for the works.
First some dams or dykes were built to separate the Zuiderzee from the North Sea. The biggest was the "Afsluitdijk" ('closure dyke'). It is long. When it was finished in 1932, the Zuiderzee was completely dammed off and from then on would be called the "IJsselmeer".
There are gates and sluices, at the ends of the Afsluitdijk. The gates, called locks, can be opened to let ships through. The sluices let water out of the IJsselmeer. If there were no sluices the lake would fill up and flood the countryside. This isbecause it is always beingfilled with water from rivers and from the polders which are still being drained.

Hugo Alvar Henrik Aalto
Hugo Alvar Henrik Aalto (February 3, 1898 — May 11, 1976) was a Finnish architect who made many important contributions to architecture. Sometimes called the "Father of Modernism".
Life.
Alvar Aalto was born in Kuortane, Finland. He studied architecture at the Technical University of Helsinki from 1916 to 1921. He returned to Jyväskylä, where he opened his first architectural office in 1923. Alvar Aalto died in May 11, 1976, in Helsinki.

Crook of Devon
The Crook of Devon is a Perthshire village about 6 miles south west of Kinross on the A977. It was famous in the 17th century for its witch burnings. Down the road at the side of the Institute (Village Hall) on the right hand side is a field called Lamblaires and in the north west corner is the place where the witches were strangled and then burned at the stake.

Opéra-comique
Opéra comique is a French opera tradition. Many French operas from the early 18th century to the early 20th century are opéras comiques. In this French tradition there is spoken dialogue as well as songs and dances. It developed from the popular vaudevilles.
In Paris there is a theatre called the Opéra-Comique where these operas were performed. Although “opéra comique” means “comic opera” it is not necessarily comedy. Bizet’s opera "Carmen" is probably the most famous opéra comique, and it is a tragedy. By the late 19th century the opéra-comique usually had no spoken dialogue. There was music all the way through (as there is in "Carmen").

Vaudeville
A Vaudeville was a French satirical poem or song in the 17th and 18th centuries. It was used a lot in French theatre where entertainments using such songs were called "comédie en vaudeville". Later there also grew an American vaudeville tradition.
History.
The earliest vaudeville was the "vau de vire", a Norman song of the 15th century, named after the valley of Vire. During the 16th century a style grew in the towns in France called the "voix de ville" ("city voices"), whose name may have been a pun on "vau de vire". These were also satirical. The two styles came together and in the 17th and 18th century. The term 'vaudeville' came to be used for songs satirizing political and court events.
Growth.
The comédie en vaudeville grew from the tradition of these simple songs. The Paris audiences in the late 17th and early 18th century enjoyed hearing the familiar vaudeville tunes to new words. These comedies then grew into opéra-comique.

Capelle aan den IJssel
Capelle aan den IJssel is a city at the east side of Rotterdam. It is on the river IJssel and it has nearly execally 42,000 inhabitants. The place is well-known because the Dutch Prime Minister Jan Peter Balkenende lives there.

Poppy
A Poppy is a flower. Some types can be grown and used to make drugs.
In the Commonwealth the poppy is also a symbol of remembrance of those who died in Wars. The Royal British Legion makes and sells plastic and paper poppíes for people to wear around Remembrance Day
There are a number of showy flowers, typically with one per stem, belonging to the poppy family. They include a number of attractive wildflower species with showy flowers found growing singularly or in large groups; many species are also grown in gardens. Those that are grown in gardens include large plants used in a mixed herbaceous boarder and small plants that are grown in rock or alpine gardens.
The flower color of poppy species include: white, pink, yellow, orange, red and blue; some have dark center markings. The species that have been cultivated for many years also include many other colors ranging from dark solid colors to soft pastel shades. Before blooming, the petals are crumpled in bud, and as blooming finishes, the petals often lie flat before falling away.
The pollen of the oriental poppy, "Papaver orientale", is dark blue. The pollen of the field poppy or corn poppy ("Papaver rhoeas") is dark blue to grey. Bees will use poppies as a pollen source.
The opium poppy, "Papaver somniferum", is grown for opium, opiates or seeds to be used in cooking and baking.

Time signature
A time signature is a set of two numbers, one on top of the other one, written right after the key signature in a piece of music. The two numbers in a time signature tell you how many of one kind of note there are in each measure in the song. For example, formula_1 means that there are four quarter notes, or notes that last one beat, in each measure.
Finding out what certain time signatures mean.
The number in the top of the time signature tells a player how many of a certain kind of note there are in each measure. The number in the bottom of the time signature tells what kind of note is used a certain number of times in each measure. The number on the bottom of the time signature can be any number that follows the pattern "1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32...", where each number in the pattern is two times the number that came before it. So, 64 could be a number that is put in the bottom of the time signature, but 65 could not be one.
This table shows different numbers that could be the bottom of a time signature, and what they mean. Note that each note down lasts for one-half of the amount the note above it lasted. For example, one quarter note lasts one beat, and one half note lasts one half of a beat, because one divided by two is one-half.

Really Simple Syndication
RSS is a family of Web feed formats used to publish often updated content such as blog entries, news headlines or podcasts. An RSS document, which is called a "feed," "web feed," or "channel," contains either a summary of content from an associated web site or the full text. RSS makes it possible for people to keep up with their favorite web sites in an automated manner that's easier than checking them manually.
RSS content can be read using software called an "RSS reader," "feed reader" or an "aggregator." The user subscribes to a feed by entering the feed's link into the reader or by clicking an RSS icon in a browser that begins the subscription process. The reader checks the user's subscribed feeds often for new content, downloading any updates that it finds.
RSS formats are specified using XML, a generic specification for the creation of data formats.

European Union member state
A European Union member state is any one of the twenty-seven countries that have joined the European Union (EU) since its inception in 1958 as the European Economic Community (EEC). From an original membership of six states, there have been five successive enlargements. The largest happened on May 1, 2004, when ten member states joined.
Following the addition of Romania and Bulgaria in 2007, the EU's membership now stands at twenty-seven. Negotiations are also under way with a number of other states. The process of enlargement is sometimes referred to as European integration. However, this term is also used to refer to the intensification of cooperation between EU member states as national governments allow for the gradual centralising of power within European institutions. Before being allowed to join the European Union, a state must fulfil the economic and political conditions generally known as the Copenhagen criteria: these basically require that a candidate member state must enjoy a secular, democratic system of government, together with the corresponding freedoms and institutions, and respect the rule of law. Under the terms of the Treaty on European Union, enlargement of the Union is conditional upon the agreement of each existing member state as well as approval by the European Parliament.
Bulgaria and Romania make up the second part of the EU's fifth enlargement, and joined the EU on 1 January 2007. This date was agreed upon at the Thessaloniki Summit in 2003, confirmed at Brussels on 18 June 2004, and affirmed by the country reports of October 2004 and the final report delivered on 26 September 2006. Bulgaria and Romania signed their Treaty of Accession on 25 April 2005 at a ceremony held at Neumünster Abbey in Luxembourg.

Quetzal
Quetzals are brightly colored birds in the Americas. The word "quetzal" was first used to mean the Resplendent Quetzal, a famous long-tailed quetzal that lives in Central America. The Resplendent Quetzal is the national symbol of Guatemala.

The Powerpuff Girls
"The Powerpuff Girls" is a 1998 children's cartoon on Cartoon Network about three girls in Kindergarten who have superpowers. The show was created by Craig McCracken and produced by Hanna-Barbera.

Teutonic Knights
The Teutonic Knights is a Roman Catholic military order. Started at the end of the 12th century in Acre, Palestine, during the Crusades. The Teutonic Knights are now a clerical order based in Vienna, Austria.
In 1226 Konrad of Masovia brought Teutonic Knights to fight against pagan Prussians. They did it quickly and knights started to be danger for weak then Poland. At last, the power of Teutonic Order was crushed in Battle of Tannenberg in 1410.

Renju
Renju (Japanese/Chinese: 連珠)is a version of the board game Gomoku. The game comes from Japan. It is played in many other countries including China and Korea. It is played with black and white stones on a Go board. Lianzhu is the name of the game translated into Chinese.

Nainital
Nainital is a town in the Indian state of Uttarakhand and headquarters of Nainital district in the Kumaon foothills of the outer Himalayas.
"Naini Lake" has too low a level of oxygen in the bottom layer to sustain fish. This is mostly due to pollution, which includes illegal dumping of garbage.

24 (TV series)
"24" is an Emmy and Golden Globe winning American television series broadcast by Fox Network in the USA and shown worldwide. The show first came on TV on November 6, 2001, starting with thirteen episodes. The first six seasons were all focused the fictional Los Angeles branch of the Counter Terrorist Unit (CTU).
"24" is shown in real time, with each season depicting a 24-hour period in the life of Jack Bauer, who works with the government as it fights threats to the country. Bauer is often in the field for the Counter Terrorist Unit as they try to protect the nation from terrorists. The show also follows the actions of other agents, government officials and terrorists associated with the plot. The first six seasons of the show were all based in Los Angeles and nearby locations  — both real and fictional  — in California, although sometimes other locations have been used as well  — Washington, D.C., in the fourth and sixth seasons. Promotional materials for the seventh season have shwon that it will be mainly set in Washington, D.C.

Tony Award for Best Musical
This is a list of winners and nominations for the Tony Award for Best Musical, first awarded in 1949.

Queen Anne's Revenge
Queen Anne's Revenge was the name of Blackbeard's famous pirate ship. Built in 1710 as the "Concord", it was captured by the French in 1711 and by pirates in 1717, before being run aground on an island near North Carolina

Mouthpiece (brass)
A brass mouthpiece is the part of a brass instrument that a player blows into to make a sound. The purpose of a mouthpiece is to send vibrations down the instrument to make a musical note.
Larger mouthpieces are used on larger instruments, and smaller ones are used on smaller instruments. This is because a larger mouthpiece makes a lower sound, and a smaller mouthpiece makes a higher sound, and bigger instruments make lower sounds and smaller instruments make higher sounds.
Different parts of a brass mouthpiece.
A mouthpiece has many different parts, and all its parts have different names.
Different ways to make a brass mouthpiece.
Some very small changes in how a mouthpiece is made can change the sound of an instrument a lot.
Gold plating.
For a very small amount of people who can afford it, some players gold plate their brass mouthpieces, or cover them with a thin layer of gold. This makes the sound of the instrument better than with any other mouthpiece. For some people that are allergic to silver, this is the best (but not cheapest) way to play a brass instrument without getting sick. Gold does not smudge, so it only has to be cleaned with soap and water once in a while.
Silver plating.
Silver plating is almost always used on brass mouthpieces because it doesn't cost too much money and a silver-plated mouthpiece helps a player make a pretty good sound. Silver plating is not as expensive as gold, but it is sometimes very important to have if a player plays a certain way. Silver-plate gives a clearer sound than gold and is good for styles of playing that need a lot of volume. Also, silver needs to be cleaned more often because it smudges easily.
Plastic.
Another type of mouthpiece is a plastic mouthpiece. These mouthpieces are good because they never break or dent, they don't cost as much as silver or gold mouthpieces, and they are good for playing outdoors. They are very often given to players in marching bands. They don't make as good sounds as silver or gold mouthpieces, though.
Steel and titanium.
Two of the newest things mouthpieces can be made out of are stainless steel and titanium. They are very rare, and are only made by a few companies. Steel and titanium mouthpieces don't vibrate as much, so they make a very clear sound, require much less cleaning, and they do not need to be silver plated. However, they are much more expensive than mouthpieces that are silver or gold plated.

Erskine Hamilton Childers
Erskine Hamilton Childers (11 December 1905 – 17 November 1974), was the son of Robert Erskine Childers (author of the spy thriller "The Riddle of the Sands". He was the fourth President of Ireland from 1973 until his death in 1974, and a TD from 1938 until 1973.
He was appointed Tánaiste in 1969.
Biography.
Childers was born in London. He moved to Ireland after the First World War and lived in County Wicklow with his father Robert Erskine Childers. His father helped bring guns to Ireland for the Easter Rising, and opposed the treaty that set up the Irish Free State. The younger Childers was educated at Gresham's School, Holt, and Trinity College, Cambridge, hence his striking British upper class accent.
In 1922, when Childers was 16, his father was executed by the Irish Free State. Before his execution the older Childers made his son promise from to find every man who had signed his father's death warrant out and shake his hand.
After finishing college in Britain Childers worked in a tourism board in Paris, until Éamon de Valera invited him back to Ireland to work for the Irish Press. He became a naturalised Irish citizen in 1938.
As member of Fianna Fáil, he held a number of ministerial posts in the cabinets of Éamon de Valera, Seán Lemass and Jack Lynch, becoming Tánaiste Deputy head of the government) in 1969. Erskine's period as a minister was controversial. One commentator described his ministerial career as "spectacularly unsuccessful", but others praised his willingness to take tough decisions.
Childers was elected the fourth President of Ireland on 30 May, 1973, defeating Tom O'Higgins by 635,867 votes to 578,771. Childers, though 67, was an extremely hard-working and He died suddenly of a heart attack in November 1974, while making a public speech to the Royal College of Physicians in Dublin.
Childers' state funeral in St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin, was attended by world leaders including Nelson Rockefeller, Vice-President of the United States, Earl Mountbatten of Burma (representing Queen Elizabeth II), Harold Wilson, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and presidents and crowned heads of state from Europe and beyond. He was buried County Wicklow. At first it was expected that President Childers' widow, Rita, would be offered the office of president to continue his work, but it went instead to the former Chief Justice, Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh.
One of Childers' sons, also called Erskine was a UN civil servant and Secretary General of the World Federation of United Nations Associations. A daughter by 2nd wife Rita, Nessa Childers, is a councillor for the Green Party on Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown County Council.
Additional reading.
John N. Young, "Erskine H. Childers: President of Ireland"

Tánaiste
(plural: Tánaistí), is the deputy head of the government of the Republic of Ireland.
The Taoiseach nominates a member of Government to be Tánaiste. Mary Coughlan is the current Tánaiste.
Under the Irish Free State, the deputy leader was Deputy President of the Executive Council. In 1937 the title was changed to Tánaiste
In history, the tánaiste was the heir of the chief (taoiseach) or king (rí).

Irish Free State
The Irish Free State () was the name of the Republic of Ireland from 1922 to 1937. It replaced both the Irish Republic and Southern Ireland.
The government was called the Executive Council, and it was headed by the President of the Executive Council, instead of a Prime Minister.
The Free State was the first Commonwealth Realm. Until 1927 it was ruled by a Governor General on behalf of the King of the United Kingdom. After a row between the Governments in London and Dublin it was decided that the Governor General represented the King of Ireland, not the King of the United Kingdom, even though they were the same person.
The change meant that the King and the Governor General were advised by the Irish government about what to do in Ireland, and stopped the British government from having any control over Irish affairs.
The constitution of 1937 changed the name of the country to, or, but the King stayed head of state until 1948.

2018 Winter Olympics
The 2018 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XXIII Olympic Winter Games, is a sporting event that the International Olympic Committee (IOC) has yet to organize and will be celebrated in 2018. The deadline for bids is January 2009. The winning bid should be announced in mid-2011.
Europe.
On July 4, 2007 Sochi, Russia was selected to host the 2014 Winter Games, hurting European candidates' chances at a successful bid. The IOC rarely awards back-to-back games to the same continent.

Kabyles people
The Kabyles ("Leqbayel" in Kabyle pronounced)) are a Berber people. Their traditional homeland is highlands of Kabylie (or Kabylia) in northeastern Algeria.
Their name comes from the name of the mountainous region in the north of Algeria where they live traditionally. It means "tribes" (from the Arabic "qaba'il" which is the plural of "qabîlah" قبيلة tribe). They speak the Kabyle variety of Berber. Kabyles have been very active to fight for the official recognition of the Berber language in Algeria.

Berber languages
The Berber languages / Tamazight are a group of closely related languages mainly spoken in Morocco and Algeria.

Southern Ireland
Southern Ireland was the twenty-six county Irish state created by the Government of Ireland Act 1920. This Act divided the island of Ireland in two, Northern Ireland (covering approximately fifteen percent of the island, in the northeast) and Southern Ireland (covering the remaining territory to the south and west). Both were given bicameral (two houses) parliaments and separate governments.
The king was represented by the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, who also acted in Northern Ireland.
Southern Ireland never existed except on paper. It was set up by law, but the first attempted meeting of its Parliament failed because it was short of a "quorum" (the number of members needed to hold a meeting). The second sitting was only to confirm the decision of Dáil Éireann to confirm the Anglo-Irish Treaty, then dissolved it itself.
So the British government set up Southern Ireland but there was never any government to take power.
Birth of The Irish Free State.
After the treaty was confirmed Michael Collins, head of Dáil Éireann's government became Chairman of the Provisional Government
According to the British he met the Lord Lieutenant and was made the King's prime minister. According to the Irish viewpoint, Collins went to accept the surrender of Dublin Castle. Arthur Griffith became President of Dáil Éireann, and then both Dáil Éireann and the House of Commons of Southern Ireland were then replaced in a new election, for the 'Third Dáil', sometimes called the 'Provisional Parliament' or the 'Constituent Assembly'. When Griffith died and a week later Collins was assassinated both in August 1922, W.T. Cosgravewas appointed to both offices, so the Irish nationalist and the British both systems of government joined into one temporary system, until the 1922 Constitution of the Irish Free State came into force in December 1922.

Züsedom
Züsedom is a small village in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany.

Bankstown Bunker
The Bankstown Bunker was a top secret Australian Air Force base that was once used during the Second World War. During the war it was Australia's main air defence base. It is not being used any more and at the moment the bunker is buried underneath a public park in a suburb called Condell Park in the City of Bankstown, which is in the State of New South Wales Australia. It is still possible to go into the bunker through a secret passage way.
History.
The Bankstown bunker is a three story building that was mostly underground. It was secretly used during the Second World War by the Australian air force. Builders started to build the bunker in 1942. Workers and volunteers (people who work for free) began to work inside the bunker in January 1945, it was called the Sydney "Air Defence Headquarters", it replaced another secret air force base that was located in a secret tunnel, called the Number One Fighter Sector Headquarters underneath St, James train station in Sydney. After that it was moved to a picture theatre in Bankstown called the Capital Hall.The main job for the people who worked in the bunker, was to keep an eye on all planes in the eastern area of the South West Pacific. Some of the people who worked in the bunker were from the No.2 Volunteer Air Observer Corps (VOAC), The Women's Auxiliary Australian Air Force and a few members of the Royal Australian Air Force and the United States Army Air Forces. Workers worked in the bunker 24 hours a day seven days a week in shifts called "Flights". The people who worked inside the bunker traveled to work in buses with tinted windows. Anyone that worked in the bunker had to receive special training.
At the end of the war, the people who worked at the bunker simply got up and left. It was then forgotten about for many years. It wasn't until 1971 that it was rediscovered by a reporter who worked for a local newspaper in the area. In 1972 the bunker was set on fire. In 1976 houses were built over part of the building, whilst the main part is underneath a public park.
Inside the bunker.
The bunker was built in the same fashion as the underground Operations rooms of wartime England, which planned Britain's air defence fighter plane attacks on the invading German Luftwaffe.
To get inside the bunker you had to enter through a secret passageway which was hidden under a grassy hill. Stairs led to a maze of hallways that lead to different sections. There were two different entrances to get inside the bunker. The two doors were guarded by special police that worked for the military.
The bunker walls were 1.5 metres thick and it was almost bomb proof. It had all the latest equipment of the time to allow it to run as a top secret defence base. It had its own code room, plotting rooms, two escape tunnels, radio transmitter room, kitchen, dining area, bathrooms and bedrooms. In the center of the bunker was a large operations room, it was a large room that was about two stories high. It was the control centre for all air force missions in the Pacific area. The room also had a big map of the South West Pacific theater of World War II. The bunker also had its own generator', air conditioning and switchboards which directed fifty telephone lines. The telephone lines went to various locations including radar stations and VAOC lookout posts which reported aircraft locations to the bunker. There are rumours of a tunnel running from the bunker to an unknown location.
Location.
There is a small park at the end of Taylor Street. In this park there is a large hill that looks totally out of place. It is under this hill that the bunker has been buried. It is still possible to get in through a secret door that not too many people know about.
Other bunkers in Bankstown.
There is another bunker in Bankstown. This one is called a "Remote Receiving station" not much is known about its history. It was in Picnic Point National Park, near the South Sydney Power station, People who live in the area say that it is still there. There are many other rumours of bunkers in the Bankstown area, such as under an electricity block house on the corner of Milpera road and Henry Lawson Drive, a demolished bunker under Condell Park High School.
The Bankstown Bunker on TV.
The Bankstown Bunker was on a TV show called Bourke's Backyard. Don Bourke the main presenter that works on the show conducted the episode from inside the bunker. To get inside the bunker he used the secret passage way that not many people know about.

Master Sword
The Master Sword is a sword found in The Legend of Zelda series. Link uses it as a sword to damage enemies.
Known as the Sword of Evil's Bane, the Master Sword is to only be held by a person destined to be the Hero of Time. Link in The Legend of Zelda Ocarina of Time is supposedly the first holder of the Master Sword. The other incarnations of Link are then given the right to wield the Master Sword due to those incarnations being in the bloodline of the Knights of Legend.

Coldplay
Coldplay is an English rock band formed in 1996 in London. The group's members are vocalist/pianist Chris Martin, guitarist Jonny Buckland, bassist Guy Berryman and drummer Will Champion. Coldplay became famous around the world with their 2000 song "Yellow". Their first album, "Parachutes", was very successful and was nominated for the Mercury Prize. Coldplay were nominated for this award again in 2003 and 2005. Coldplay has been one of the most successful bands of the new millennium, selling over 40 million albums. The band is also known for hit singles, including "Speed of Sound" and the Grammy Award-winning "Clocks" and their new single "Viva La Vida".

Sleeping sickness
Sleeping sickness is a disease. It is caused by a parasite. The tsetse fly can spread it. It can mainly be observed in tropical Africa. Today, between 50.000 and 70.000 people are infected with it.
Today, drugs are available that can treat the disease. These drugs are usually based on Arsenic. The treatment is usually done in a hospital, because the drugs have many side-effects. Up to 10% of the people die from taking the drug. The best prevention is to avoid insect bites.

Ayyubid dynasty
The Ayyubid or Ayyoubid Dynasty was a Muslim dynasty of Kurdish origins which ruled Egypt, Syria, Yemen (except for the Northern Mountains), Diyar Bakr, Mecca, Hejaz and northern Iraq in the 12th and 13th centuries. The Ayyubids are also known as Ayoubites, Ayyoubites, Ayoubides or Ayyoubides.
The Ayyubid Dynasty was begun by Saladin (Salah ah-Din). Saladin and his uncle Shirkuh conquered Egypt for the Zengid King Nur ad-Din of Damascus in 1169. The dynasty's name comes from Saladin's father and Shirkuh's brother, Najm ad-Din Ayyub.

Vice-President of the Executive Council of the Irish Free State
The Executive Council was the cabinet of the Irish Free State, it was headed by the "President of the Executive Council".
Constitution of The Irish Free State said that the Vice President would act for the President of the Executive Council while he was absent, or until a new President was elected
Because the Executive Council only had five, six or seven members, the Vice President was also a minister in charge of a department.
Neither the ministry of the Irish Republic nor the Provisional Government had a deputy head of government, so the office of Vice-President of the Executive Council was a new idea of the Free State. In 1937 when the Constitution of the Irish Free State was replaced by Bunreacht na hÉireann the Vice President was replaced by the Tánaiste.

Tsetse fly
Tsetse flies are flies that live in Africa. They live from biting vertebrates, and drinking their blood. They have been studied a lot, because they can spread sleeping sickness and other diseases.

Pun
(The last sentence is supposed to mean: “This was the way I used to speak before I got my false teeth”).
There is a joke about a man who sent ten different puns to friends in the hope that at least one of the puns would make them laugh. Unfortunately, no pun in ten did.
(The joke here is on “no pun intended” which is something people say when two words sound the same, but they were not trying to make a joke).
There are many websites and books which have jokes, very often with puns.
Puns are easier to make in some languages than others. Languages with many homophones (words which sound the same but have a different meaning) are most suitable for puns.
Puns do not have to be about homonyms. They can sometimes be about a literal use of the word and a metaphor (figurative use). For example, if a young man joins the Navy and someone says that he "sailed through his exams", this is a joke because: 1) the expression "to sail through something" means "to do it easily", but 2) the Navy is about sailing in ships. It is possible to say something like that without realizing that it is a pun.
Many British people love making puns, especially bad puns (where a word has to be mispronounced to make the joke work). Lewis Carroll made many puns in his books "Alice in Wonderland" and "Alice through the Looking Glass".

P-51 Mustang
The P-51 Mustang was an American fighter made by North American Aviation during World War II. Later versions escorted American bombers over Europe and Japan. To provide more power at high altitude, the B, C, D, and H versions had a Packard-built version of the Rolls-Royce Merlin engine instead of the Allison engine used in the P-51A. The Packard Merlin engine featured a more advanced supercharger, allowing much better performance above 15,000 feet when compared to the Allison. The P-51D version had a "bubble" canopy. After World War II, it was used in the Korean War as a dive bomber and was used by many Central American air forces until the 1970s. Today, P-51 Mustangs are often used in air races.

Airsoft
Airsoft is a sport that uses fake guns to battle. Plastic balls, called "BBs" are shot out of the guns. For safety, players wear protective goggles and masks. There are many kinds of airsoft guns. There are ones powered by springs, electricity, C02 and green gas.

MiG-15 Fagot
The MiG-15 Fagot was an airplane made by Mikoyan, a Russian airplane maker. It first flew in 1947, and went in military service in 1949. It first fought in the Korean War, where it battled the American F-80 Shooting Star. To try and beat the MiG-15, the North American Aviation F-86 Sabre was made. Today, it is used to train new pilots.

F-86 Sabre
The F-86 Sabre (nicknamed the "Sabre jet" was an American fighter plane made by North American Aviation. It first flew in 1947, and was introduced to battle the MiG-15 in the Korean War. Unlike the fighter before it, the F-86 had swept wings to be faster.

Patrick Hillery
He was Ireland's first EuropeanCommissioner, serving for three years until he became President in 1976. He never faced an election, because both time he ran for president he was unopposed.
Early & private life.
Patrick John Hillery, known as "Paddy Hillery", was born in Spanish Point, Miltown Malbay, County Clare in 1923. He attended University College Dublin, where he studied medicine. In 1947 he returned to his home town where he followed in his father’s footsteps as a doctor. A a doctor he also spent a year working as coroner for West Clare.
Hillery married Mary Beatrice (Maeve) Finnegan on October 27, 1955. Together they had a son, John, and a daughter, Vivienne, who died after a long illness in 1985, shortly before her eighteenth bithday.
Domestic political career.
Hillery was asked by Éamon de Valera to be his running mate in the 1951 general election. won the election and Hillery was successful on his first attempt to get elected. He only became a minister after de Valera retired as Taoiseach in 1959.
Government minister: 1959-1973.
As Minister for Education, Hillery established comprehensive schools and Regional Technical Colleges.
After another election win in 1969 Hillery became Minister for External Affairs (renamed Foreign Affairs in 1972), one of the top cabinet posts. After "Bloody Sunday"), he travelled to the United Nations in New York to demand UN involvement in peace-keeping on the streets of Northern Ireland. In 1972, he negotiated Irish membership of the European Economic Community, a process that was completed in 1973.
European Commissioner.
Following Ireland's successful entry into Europe Hillery was rewarded by becoming the first Irishman to serve on the European Commission. He was appointed Vice-President of the Commission as well as having special responsibility for Social Affairs. Hillery's most famous policy was to force EEC member states to give equal pay to women.
In 1976 the new Fine Gael–Labour Party National Coalition Government of Liam Cosgrave said they would not re-appointed him the Commission. He thought about returning to medicine, perhaps moving with his wife, Maeve (also a doctor) to Africa. When President Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh resigned, Hillery agreed to become the Fianna Fáil candidate in the election.
President.
He was elected without a contest as the only candidate, becoming President of Ireland on 3 December, 1976.
After 1982 people thought he was a very good and honest President. Before then he had been written off as boring and dull. In 1982 the Taoiseach, Fine Gael's Garrett Fitzgerald, lost a vote in Dáil Eireann. Dr Fitzgerald asked for a general election. As President he did not have to agree, and Dr Fitzgerald would have had to resign. This meant Dáil Éireann might choose Charles Haughey as Taoiseach. Hillery thought a new election was best, but many people from the President's own party tried to persuade him otherwise.
President Hillery refused to speak to any opposition party politicians, but when Charles Haughey, who was Leader of the Opposition, had rang the President's Office he "threatened" to end the career of the army officer answered and refused on Hillery's "explicit" orders to put the call through to the President. Hillery called the Irish Army's Chief of Staff the following day and as Commander-in-Chief of the Army had ordered the Chief of Staff to make sure that no politician ever interfered with the career of the young army officer.
In 1983 Hillery was again elected unopposed. Hillery left office in 1990 (he had served the maximum two terms), widely applauded for his integrity, honesty and devotion to duty. However he re-entered public life in 2002 during the second referendum on the Nice Treaty, when he urged a "yes" vote. The referendum was carried.

MiG-21 Fishbed
The MiG-21 Fishbed is an airplane made by Mikoyan. It is a supersonic fighter, and first flew in 1956. It has a triangle wing, and at least 30 countries use or have used it. More than 10,000 have been made, which is more than any supersonic fighter ever. It fought in the Vietnam War and is still being used today.

Pantyhose
Pantyhose is a piece of women's clothing that covers the waist down. They fit tightly and are usually brown or black. They are also sometimes used for protective or medical reasons.

Tights
Tights are a tight fitting clothing made out of spandex. They usually fit from the waist down and are often worn in dancing.

Cockatiel
Cockatiels are small birds from Australia. Many people have them for a pet. Some cockatiels can repeat words, but most just whistle.

North Hollywood shootout
The North Hollywood shootout was a gunfight that happened on Febuary 28, 1997. Emil Matasareanu and Larry Eugene Phillips were the bank robbers, and used AK-47s, an AR-15, an HK-91, and 9 MM pistols. The police could not kill them because of their heavy body armour, which was made out of kevlar. 20 people were wounded, and the only two killed were the robbers.

AR-15
The AR-15 is an assault rifle made by ArmaLite in 1958 by Eugene Stoner. It was used in the Vietnam War, and today is a civilian version of the M-16.

Timpani
Timpani (sometimes it is now called kettle drums) are drums that are then made out of large bowls that are then usually made of copper then converted by craftsmen, then after tuning are covered externally, over each of which is then stretched a skin-like material, then a type of vellum, but modern is a synthetic skin. This is then done to make a section what is known as the "drumhead".
"Timpani" is an Italian word. It is also a plural of the word "timpano". However "timpano" is rarely used in informal English. More often, a timpano is referred to as a "drum", a "timpani", or simply a "timp". Someone who plays a timpani is called a "timpanist".
Timpani are different from other drums because although they are drums they are then of an orchestral sort, in character it makes a certain musical note and the tympanist will often describe it as being "in voice" (or out of voice, as the case may be) when it is hit with a special sosh-vonk vedder drumstick or it is classified as a "timpani mallet". Other drums that are used in orchestras and bands make a sound rather than a note, and are not tuned. A player normally sits with a group of two, three or four timpani around him, which is why the name timpani is in the plural.
Timpani were originally used in official bands. They can still be seen in the bands of the modern official it is these Household Cavalry of Queen Elizabeth II of England, there it is which the "kettle drums" (as they are called) are carried by large piebald drumhorses.(See picture below) In the 1700s timpani became popular in orchestral music, and can be heard in the music of Handel. Beethoven and other 19th century composers wrote music that needed the timpani. Nowadays all large orchestras have timpani, and some bands that play popular music use them as well.
The bowl.
The basic timpanist technique is a bowl usually of copper, but then some have bowls that are made out of fiberglass or aluminum which are cheaper.
The drumhead.
A timpani drumhead, also called a timpani head, can be made out of two different things. Some are made out of animal skin, like calfskin or goatskin. Other ones can be made out of thick plastic. Because plastic heads are hard to break and do not cost as much as animal skin heads, they are used more often than animal skin heads. However, a lot of professional players prefer skin heads because they think that skin heads make a better sound when they are hit. The drumhead is stretched over the bowl of the timpani and held on by screws for tuning the timpani.
Tuning the timpani.
The screws that hold and tune the drumhead are then called "tension rods". To tune the timpani, the "tension rods" can all be tightened or loosened. The timpani makes a higher sound if the tension rods are made tighter, and a lower sound if they are loosened. There are usually around seven tension rods on the timpani.
Machine timpani.
Tuning a timpani by turning every tension rod by itself can be very hard, so some timpani makers invented different ways to change the drum's pitch more quickly.
Chain timpani.
In a chain timpani, the tension rods are all attached to a chain. This chain is hooked up to a lever, and when a player moves the lever back and forth, it tightens and loosens all the screws at the same time to change the pitch of the drum.
Timpani mallets.
Timpani are played with a special kind of drumstick called "timpani mallets". A player uses two mallets at a time when they play the drum. The two parts of the mallet are called the "shaft" and the "head". The head is the part of the mallet that is shaped like a circle, and is the part that hits the timpani, and the shaft is the wooden part of the mallet that is held by a timpanist. A timpani mallet's head can be made out of many things, but is usually made out of a wood sphere that is covered with felt or a thin cloth. The shaft of the mallet is usually made out of wood, like hickory, cherry, or bamboo, but can also be made out of a metal, like graphite or aluminum. Some timpani mallets do not have a felt head, and just have a wooden one. These mallets are sometimes used in classical and baroque music.
In the beginning of the 20th century, some mallets had shafts made out of whale bones and heads made out of sponges.

Hurricane Lorenzo (2007)
Hurricane Lorenzo was the twelfth named storm and fourth hurricane of the 2007 Atlantic hurricane season. It formed in the Bay of Campeche off the east coast of Mexico where it quickly strengthened into a hurricane. It made landfall in central Mexico early on September 28 as a Category 1 hurricane.
Storm history.
On September 21, an area of convection formed in the western Caribbean Sea associated with a trough of low pressure. Convection increased and a wide area of low pressure formed on September 22 as the convection moved northwestward towards the Yucatan Peninsula. On September 23 the area of low pressure moved over the Yucatan Peninsula and was creating thunderstorms from the southern Gulf of Mexico to the northwestern Caribbean Sea. Over the next few days the large area of low pressure was moving unevenly over the southwestern Gulf of Mexico, but convection was restricted from strong upper-level winds. By September 25 upper-level winds started decrease as conditions became more favorable for tropical cyclone formation and by that morning visible satellite imagery showed that a tropical depression could be forming about 180 mi (290 km) east of Tampico, Tamaulipas.
During the evening of September 25 a United States Air Force Hurricane Hunter aircraft found that the area of low pressure had turned into a tropical depression. The depression tracked slowly to the south and southwest into the Bay of Campeche. On September 26, convection increased and the depression was getting closer to strengthening into a tropical storm. At 0300 UTC September 27 the Government of Mexico gave out a tropical storm watch for parts of the Mexican Gulf Coast as the depression was predicted to strengthen into a tropical storm. The depression began to quickly strengthen on September 27, and the depression became Tropical Storm Lorenzo around midday. Continued strengthening that afternoon brought Lorenzo to hurricane strength, less than seven hours after being named. Lorenzo made landfall in central Mexico south-southwest of Tuxpan as a Category 1 hurricane with 80 mph winds on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale. Lorenzo dissipated later that afternoon as the final advisory was given out.
Preparations.
A tropical storm warning was given out for the central Mexican Gulf Coast on September 26. When Lorenzo began to rapidly strengthen, the warning was raised to a hurricane warning. Mexico's Civilian Protection officials declared a "red alert" for much of the state of Veracruz.
At first, no evacuations were given out right away, as a result of the up-coming start of Lorenzo, although shelters were set up in the state of Veracruz and officials cancelled classes at all local schools. Because of the fast development of the storm though, officials quickly evacuated over 100,000 people just before landfall by using bullhorns on the streets warning people of the up-coming threat.
Pemex oil production continued in spite of the threat of the system and its offshore impacts. Nonetheless, the price of oil increased to record highs of $83.90 a barrel from the concerns by investors about possible damage.
Impact.
Moderate damage was reported in east-central Mexico as Lorenzo hit the area. Shacks were badly damaged by the strong winds, a lot of tree damage was reported and many areas lost electricity service. Flooding was also reported as rivers quickly rose from the heavy rain and wet ground. Scattered landslides were also reported. The area was already cleaning up after Hurricane Dean, which hit the area in late August.
Heavy rain was the cause to at least five deaths; which included a woman and two children in Chiconcuautla in Puebla's Sierra Norte region, and a senior citizen who fell into a hole near his home in Pánuco, Veracruz.

Supergiant
Supergiants are some of the largest stars in the Universe. They have a diameter about 1,000 times bigger than the Sun (the orbit of Jupiter). They are about 1.6 billion kilometers across. The star Polaris (the North Star), and the star Betelgeuse, in the Orion constellation are supergiant stars.

Tipton
Tipton is a town in the Sandwell borough of the West Midlands, England, with a population of around 47,000.
Tipton is located about halfway between Birmingham and Wolverhampton. It is a part of the West Midlands conurbation, and is a part of the Black Country.

Organic matter
Organic matter (or organic material) is matter that has come from a recently living organism.
It is capable of decay, or the product of decay; or is composed of organic compounds. There is not one definition of organic matter only. It varies upon the subject it is being used for.
Soil organic matter.
Soil is composed of minerals and organic matter, as well as living organisms. The organic matter in soil comes from plants and animals. In a forest, for example, leaf litter and woody material falls to the forest floor. This is sometimes called organic material. When it decays to the point it is no longer recognizable it is called soil organic matter. When the organic matter has broken down into a stable humic substances that resist further decomposition it is called humus.
Vitalism.
The equation of "organic" with living organisms comes from the now-abandoned idea of vitalism that attributed a special force to life that alone could create organic substances. This idea was first questioned after the "a"biotic synthesis of urea by Friedrich Wöhler in 1828.

Mary Robinson
Mary Robinson (; born 21 May 1944) was the first female President of Ireland, serving from 1990 to 1997. She she had been an academic, barrister, and member of the Irish senate from 1969 to 1989.
She defeated "Fianna Fáil's" Brian Lenihan and Fine Gael's Austin Currie in the 1990 presidential election, the first time Fianna Fáil had lost a presidential election.
She resigned the presidency four months ahead of the end of her term of office to begin a five year term in the United Nations, as United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. In 2002 Robinson became Honorary President of Oxfam International.
Background.
Born Mary Therese Winifred Bourke in Ballina, County Mayo in 1944, Mary Robinson was the daughter of two medical doctors. The Bourke family has been in Mayo since the thirteenth century. One ancestor was a leading activist in the Irish National Land League in Mayo and the Irish Republican Brotherhood; an uncle, Sir Paget John Bourke, was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II after a career as a judge in the Colonial Service; while another relative was a Roman Catholic nun.
Robinson got the permission of the then Archbishop of Dublin, John Charles McQuaid to study in Trinity College, Dublin(TCD); at the time Roman Catholics were forbidden by church rules from studying in TCD without special permission, called a dispensation.. TCD once did not allow Catholics to study. In her twenties, she was appointed Professor of Law in the college.
Career in Seanad Éireann.
She was elected one of Trinity College's three members of Seanad Éireann in 1969.
In 1982, the Labour Party entered into a coalition government with Fine Gael. Many expected Robinson to be the attorney-general, but the Labour party leader instead picked an unknown, new senior counsel called John Rogers. Shortly afterwards, Robinson resigned from the party in protest at the Anglo-Irish Agreement, she said that unionist politicians in Northern Ireland should have been consulted as part of the deal.
Robinson decided not to seek re-election to the senate in 1989. One year later she agreed to become the first Labour candidate for the presidency and the first woman candidate in what was only the second presidential election to be contested by three candidates since 1945.
Candidates from other parties.
The main opposition party, Fine Gael was no well organised. They gambled that former Taoiseach Garret FitzGerald would run as its candidate (but for two years he had been saying no), then they asked Peter Barry, who had previously been willing to run but had run out of patience and was no longer interested. The party's third choice was the former civil rights campaigner Austin Currie, a new TD and former minister in Brian Faulkner's power-sharing executive in Northern Ireland from 1973-1974.
Fianna Fáil chose Tánaiste and Minister for Defence, Brian Lenihan. Lenihan was popular and widely seen as humorous and intelligent. Like Robinson he had made liberal policy reforms. In the 1960s he abolished censorship, for example. He was seen as a near certainty to win the presidency. The only question asked was whether Robinson would beat Currie and come second.
But Taoiseach Charles Haughey of Fianna Fáil was not popular, and the Labour Party leader Dick Spring was becoming more popular.
Election Campaign.
During the campaign people found out that what Lenihan had told friends in private showed he had lied in public about the 1982 dissolution of Dáil Éireann.
Lenihan denied he had pressured the President but then a tape was produced of an 'on the record' interview he had given to a postgraduate student the previous May where he talked about trying to apply pressure. Lenihan claimed that "on mature recollection" he hadn't pressured the President and had been confused in his interview with the student. But the government threatened to fall over the issue.
Lenihan was dismissed as Tánaiste and Minister for Defence.
Lenihan still managed to win the first count. In the Single Transferable Vote system Austin Currie was eliminated and his second choice votes were counted. Most were for Robinson. Lenihan became the first Fianna Fáil presidential candidate in the history of the office to lose a presidential election. Robinson now became President.
Presidency.
Robinson was a popular president, before he died in 2002 Brian Lenihan said that she was a better president than he ever could have been. She often visited Britain, and became the first Irish president to visit Queen Elizabeth II at Buckingham Palace. She welcomed visits by senior British royals, most notably the Prince of Wales to Áras an Uachtaráin. On one trip to Belfast she met with the local MP, Gerry Adams, the President of Sinn Féin. Foreign Minister Dick Spring, who was leader of the Labour Party, privately advised her not to meet Adams. However the Government did not formally advise her not to meet with him, so she felt it would be wrong,not to meet the local member of parliament during her visit, and was photographed publicly shaking his hand. During her various visits to Northern Ireland, she in fact regularly met politicians of all parties, including David Trimble of the Ulster Unionist Party and John Hume of the Social Democratic and Labour Party.
Charles Haughey died not like her, even stopping her from delivering the important BBC Dimbleby Lecture. Haughey's successors as Taoiseach, Albert Reynolds (Fianna Fáil: 1992-94), John Bruton (Fine Gael: 1994-97) and Bertie Ahern (Fianna Fáil:1997-) never hid their admiration of her work. Bruton and Ahern both tried to get her the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights.
High Commissioner for Human Rights.
Robinson became the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on 12 September 1997, resigning the Presidency a few weeks early with the approval of Irish political parties in order to take up the post. Newspaper reports say that she had been asked by Secretary General of the United Nations Kofi Annan to become a public campaigner
Robinson was the first High Commissioner for Human Rights to visit Tibet, making her trip in 1998. During her tenure she criticised the Irish system of permits for non-EU immigrants, and criticised the United States' use of capital punishment. Though she had initially announced her intention to serve a single four-year period, she extended the term by a year following an appeal from Annan, allowing her to preside over the 2001 World Conference against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance in Durban, South Africa, as Secretary-General. Robinson's posting as High Commissioner ended in 2002.
Trinity College.
Mrs Robinson is the twenty fourth, and first female, Chancellor of University of Dublin.
The Elders.
On July 18, 2007 in Johannesburg, South Africa, Nelson Mandela, his wife Graça Machel, and Desmond Tutu convened a group of world leaders to contribute their wisdom, independent leadership and honesty to tackle some of the world's toughest problems. Nelson Mandela announced the formation of this new group, The Elders, in a speech he delivered on his 89th birthday.
Archbishop Tutu will serve as the Chair of The Elders. The founding members of this group also include Graça Machel, Kofi Annan, Ela Bhatt, Gro Harlem Brundtland, Jimmy Carter, Li Zhaoxing, Mary Robinson and Muhammad Yunus.
The Elders will be independently funded by a group of Founders, including Richard Branson, Peter Gabriel, Ray Chambers; Michael Chambers; Bridgeway Foundation; Pam Omidyar, Humanity United; Amy Robbins; Shashi Ruia, Dick Tarlow; andThe United Nations Foundation.
As president she signed two very important Bills that she had fought for throughout her political career
Other source material.
Media coverage in "The Irish Times", "The Irish Independent", "The Examiner" (now renamed the "Irish Examiner"), "The Star", The Irish Mirror, "The Irish Sun", "Sunday Tribune", "The Sunday Independent", "The Sunday Times", "The Times", "The Daily Telegraph" and "The Guardian". Also briefing notes issued on various occasions (notably state, official or personal visits by Robinson abroad) supplied by the Irish Department of Foreign Affairs, The Foreign and Commonwealth Office, Buckingham Palace, Áras an Uachtaráin, the Holy See and the press offices of the United Nations (including the text of her Romanes Lecture in November 1997). Some background came via an interview with Mrs. Robinson.
"The Korea Liberator:" Criticism of Robinson's failure to speak out while North Korea deliberately starved two million of its people to death, largely during her tenure (warning: graphic image).

MotorStorm
"MotorStorm" is a racing video game. It is available for the PlayStation 3 only. The goal of the game is to win a series of off-road races and to be the overall winner of the MotorStorm Festival. Players are in control of seven different types of vehicles throughout the game including rally cars, big rigs, dirt bikes, ATVs, racing trucks, buggies and mudpluggers. There is a new motorstorm called pacific rift. It is similair but you race in four elements air, fire, water and earth.

Athletic shoe
An athletic shoe is a name for a shoe designed for sporting and physical activities, and is different in style and build than a dress shoe. Originally used mainly during sports, today they are worn as casual footwear. They are often very comfortable and usually have lots of padding.
Athletic shoes, depending on the location and the actual type of footwear, can also go by the name "trainers" (British English), "sandshoes" (Australian English) "running shoes" or "runners" (Canadian English, Australian English, Hiberno-English), "sneakers" (North American English, Australian English), "sport shoes", "gym shoes", "tennis shoes", "tennies", "sneaks", "kicks" (U.S. English), "takkies" (South African English).

Achtung Baby
"Achtung Baby" is the seventh studio album by Irish rock band U2. It was put in stores on 19 November 1991. The album came almost two years after the lead singer, Bono, said that the band would "have to go away and dream it all up again," after their 1988 album, "Rattle and Hum" was criticized.
"Achtung Baby" shows a very big change in U2's sound because they began to use alternative rock and electronic sounds in the rhythm, more production, and more guitar effects, also including darker and more personal song words. The results were much more adventurous and less traditionally rock-based than their previous albums, and "Achtung Baby" is one of U2's best-selling and most-liked albums.

Trail of Tears
Trail of Tears was a forced movement of Indians in the United States. Because so many died, it is called "Trail of Tears". In the Cherokee language the Trail of tears is called "nu na hi du na tlo hi lu i". Through this movement, the USA expanded their country in size.
Reasons.
In 1829, gold was found near Dahlonega in Georgia. This resulted the first Floridian gold rush in American History. But at that time, an Indian nation called Cherokees lived in Georgia. It was a civilized nation. Many Cherokee children went to American schools; the Cherokees had their own newspaper, built three-storey houses, and even some owned slaves. Even so, President Micheal Jackson wanted this land to become American. Therefore he signed a law that forced the Cherokee nation to move. The law is called Indian Removal Act. At that time the Cherokee nation, had its own government. So laws made by the USA couldn't effect them. Therefore Jackson signed laws that took nearly all the Cherokees' rights. The Cherokee nation didn't want to accept those laws or the Indian Removal Act, so the Cherokees' chief John Ross decided to try to defend the Cherokee rights through U.S. courts.
In 1832, the Supreme Court declared the Indian Removal Act was illegal. The judges said the Cherokee nation doesn't belong to the USA. They are living in their own country with their own government "in which the laws of Georgia can have no force". So the U.S. government had no right to take the land.
Nevertheless the U.S. government used a treaty, called treaty of New Echota, to remove the Cherokee nation by force. The treaty was not signed by an official Cherokee leader, so it was not legal. A petition signed by 15,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,001 Cherokees was ignored by the government and the Supreme Court.
Forced removal.
The deadline for Cherokees to leave their land voluntarily was on May 23, 1838. President Martin van Buren sent General Winfield Scott to lead the forcible removal. On May 26th the operation began. 7,000 soldiers forced Cherokees to leave their land. All Cherokees, who lived until this moment in their land, had to leave now. They went to the new Indian territory. This was what now is Oklahoma and Arkansas.
About 17,000 Cherokees and 2,000 of their slaves had to move to their new land. Within three weeks, they were all forced into camps. They travelled in groups of 1000 to 3000 people on three main routes: they started in Chattanooga, Tennessee; Guntersville, Alabama; and Charleston, Tennessee. From there they started their trip to a new Indian territory. Most Cherokees had to walk by foot; others, wealthy men, could use wagons. There were also about 660 wagons provided by the Federal government. The trip was about 1,200 miles long. During the trip, many had problems with diseases and the winter weather. There are different numbers of how many died. Some say 2,000 and others say 6,000, but most say 4,000 people died. About half of them died in camps, and the other half during the trip. It is said that many Cherokees sang a Cherokee version of the song Amazing Grace, which became a kind of anthem for the Cherokee nation.
Routes.
There were different routes the Cherokees took.
Water route.
This route was taken by three groups, in total 2,800 Cherokees. The first group left on June 6 and reached the Indian territory after 13 days. All groups started at Ross's Landing at the Tennessee River. They used boats to travel to the Ohio River. They then took this river southward, which took them to the Mississippi River. From there they moved through the Arkansas River westwards. They arrived near Fort Coffee. The second and third group had a lot of problems with diseases, so their trip took longer.
Land routes.
All others took land routes. They travelled in groups with a size of 700-1,600 people, all led by conductors chosen by John Ross, except for those, who signed the Treaty of New Enchota. They were led by other people. They usually took the southern route, and John Ross' groups the northern route. Both sides used already existing "roads". The most Cherokees took the northern route. The route lead through central Tennessee, southwestern Kentucky, and southern Illinois. The groups crossed the Mississippi in the north of Cape Girardeau in Missouri, then travelled through southern Missouri and west of Arkansas. Many died because of diseases, lack of water and bad road conditions. All land routes usually ended near Westville, Oklahoma. There were many more different land routes only taken by few people. Through their trip, Cherokees had problems with illnesses. Because they were in large groups, they infected each other easily.<22:14, 14 January 2009 (UTC)22:14, 14 January 2009

Tropical cyclogenesis
Tropical cyclogenesis is a meteorological word used to describe tropical cyclone formation, and its strengthening over the atmosphere. Tropical cyclogenesis happens when the development of a warm-core cyclone, is associated with a lot of convection in a favorable atmospheric environment. Usually, about 86 tropical cyclones of tropical storm strength form worldwide every year, with 47 reaching hurricane/typhoon strength, and 20 becoming strong tropical cyclones (at least Category 3 intensity on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale).

Archbishop
In Christianity, an archbishop is an important bishop. In the Catholic Church, when a bishop becomes an archbishop, he is not given any more Holy Orders or any other sacrament. The word comes from the Greek αρχι, which means "first" or "chief", and επισκοπος, which means "over-seer" or "supervisor".

Devolution
Devolution is giving government powers to a less important government body. It is sometimes called "Home Rule".
In the United Kingdom devolution has happened in Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. Each of these three countries now has an elected legislature which can pass some laws and a government to administer those laws and propose new ones.
There is no devolution to Cornwall yet.
Devolved assemblies depend on the parent body. The British government could change its mind and abolish the devolved assemblies. This happened in 1972 to the government and parliament of Northern Ireland. It had been set up in 1920, with the parliament of Southern Ireland.
This is different from a federal country. In a federal country like Germany the states, and their powers, exist because of the constitution, not because of the national parliament.

5566 (band)
5566 is a Taiwanese boy-band. The name of the band comes from the fact that there were originally five members, who worked in six areas of media and entertainment. These six areas are singing, acting, television hosting, modeling, CMs and dancing. They are signed under the record labels Jungiery Star and Avex.
Members.
5566 is made up of Tony Sun (lead singer), Jason Hsu, Sam Wang, Zax Wang and formerly, Rio Peng.
5566's members not only work together as one, but they also work separately. For example, Sam Wang is also a member of 183 Club. Tony Sun and Zax Wang are actors in many television programmes, while Jason Hsu has been in many promotional campaigns.
Before They Were a Band.
Each of 5566's members has had some success before joining to make one band.
Tony Sun had released some solo albums in Taiwan dialect in the 1990s. They were quite well received. He was even called the "Taiwanese little champion." However, his lost a bit of popularity when he had to do military service.
Zax Wang was a member of POSTM3N.
Sam Wang was a national soccer player and a model. He is a member of another Taiwanese boyband, 183 Club.
Jason Hsu was at first "obese and unpopular in high school". However, he started appearing in several CMs when he lost weight.
Debut.
In 2002, 5566's debut and sudden rise to popularity has been a controversial topic. They showcased their multiple talents in their debut interview, yet their hard work was not respected, drawing lots of criticism and earning them a negative nickname, "Turkey." Their first TV series "My MVP Valentine" aired on local television, starring the band as the lead roles. The show exceeded expectations by having a higher viewership rating than several drama shows at the time. Not only did this drama help skyrocket 5566 to fame, it was also the driving force behind the careers of Angela Zhang and Johnny Yan.
Due to a serious injury while filming a variety show, Rio Peng temporary pulled out from group activities to recover. Although the remaining 5566 members confirmed that Peng was still part of the group, Peng eventually left, forming his own management company, Wingman Entertainment.
In December of the same year, 5566 released their first album, which sold 240,000 copies in Taiwan. Because the album was re-released in two additional versions, 5566 became infamous for regularly repackaging their albums. This holds true till today; "Westside Story OST" and "Top of the Forbidden City OST" are the only two albums that remain unrepackaged.
Controversy.
The members of the band are said to have disrespectful behaviour. The band has also been accused of having "most of their songs" as cover versions, "showing no originality and no talent in their song-writing." On the Internet, many debates have been created surrounding the band.
Some believe that the controversy was created to increase media attention and fame.

Fahrenheit (band)
Fahrenheit (Traditional Chinese: 飛輪海; Pinyin: Fēi Lún Hǎi) is a Taiwanese boy band. Fahrenheit has been a great success around Asia, particularly in Taiwan, China and Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia and Japan. The group has four members: Calvin Chen, Jiro Wang, Wu Zun and Aaron Yan. They record albums with HIM International Music record label.
Background and Members.
The name Fahrenheit comes from each of the members representing a season or temperature matching their different personalities. Calvin Chen represents spring, warmth; Jiro Wang represents summer, hot; Wu Zun represents autumn, cool; and Aaron Yan represents winter, cold. Each of the four members also has a temperature symbolising them on the Fahrenheit scale: Calvin is at 77 degrees, Jiro is at 95 degrees, Wu is at 59 degrees and Aaron is at 41 degrees.
Wu was born and raised in Brunei for most of his life, later graduating at RMIT in Melbourne, Australia. He was entered the entertainment business while on a trip to Taiwan, when a television producer discovered him during this trip and recommended him to play the lead male role of Tokyo Juliet, which he accepted.
Aaron moved to New York, America at a young age but later returned to Taiwan for high school and college at Chinese Culture University. Around early 2005, Comic producers had been searching for good bloggers on the Internet. They discovered him, who at that time, was popular online, and thus recommended him to go casting for a role in a TV show.
After Calvin finished high school in Taiwan, he studied in university in Canada, where he completed his masters degree in Economics at University of Victoria. He then further continued his life in Vancouver by joining the pageant-like competition Sunshine Boyz, where he won first place with a free ticket to Taiwan and a contract with a music company, as well as a role in a TV drama.
Jiro graduated in Taiwan's Fu-Shin College. He was first asked to join the entertainment industry from a singing competition. But he failed to release an album because of company difficulties, so he decided to continue his career in the industry by working backstage, mainly in fashion designing and modeling. He was approached again around 2004, when his acting career began.
Although unsure at first, Fahrenheit first gained great fame around 2005 when all of the members first starred in the series KO One on television in Taiwan. Because it felt awkward to have only three members in a boyband, Wu Zun joined the group later in late 2005. On 28 December 2005, Fahrenheit officially became a quartet boy band.

Laborschule Bielefeld
Laborschule Bielefeld (Laboratory school Bielefeld) is school in Bielefeld, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. The school was created in 1974. It is based on the ideas of Hartmut von Hentig. Laborschule Bielefeld is different from other schools, because was created to try to create new ways of teaching. The University of Bielefeld is in charge of the school.
Laborschule Bielefeld has students from grade 0 through grade 10. Each grade has 60 students in it with a total of 660 students in the school. Laborschule Bielefeld does not group children by age. It groups them by level of learning. In that way, there are groups of children of different ages that are together to learn. Only students in grades nine and ten get written marks for their work.
The school was rated with a PISA-Test. The test showed that students who attended the school were generally better at reading and in exact sciences than students of the same age who went to other schools.

Jody Scheckter
Jody David Scheckter (born January 29, 1950) is a South African former auto racing driver. He won the Formula One driver's title in 1979 driving for Ferrari.
He is only South African ever to win the formula one driver's title.

Programme for International Student Assessment
The Programme for International Student Assessment is a test done by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). It is done every 3 years. In the test, 15-year-old schoolchildren are tested in different subjects. Their grades can then be compared. It is used to say that a certain school (or schooling system) does better or worse than a different one, on a certain subject.

Doris Lessing
Doris Lessing (born as Doris May Tayler, on 22 October, 1919 in Kermanshah, Iran) is a British writer. In 2007, she was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. Reporters told Doris that she had won the Nobel prize and they asked her "Are you not surprised?". She said she had already "won every other European literature prize" so winning prizes was normal.

An Najaf
Najaf (Arabic:النجف; Transliterated: An Najaf; Persian:نجف) is a city in Iraq. It is about 160 km south of Baghdad. In 2003, about 585,600 people lived there. This number has increased significantly since then because of immigration from abroad. The city is the capital of Najaf province. It is one of the holiest cities of Shia Islām. It is the center of Shia political power in Iraq.

Karbala
Karbala (Arabic:كربلاء; Transliterated:Al Karbala; also known as Karbala al-Muqaddasah, in the West, sometimes spelled Kerbela) is a city in Iraq. It is about 100 km southwest of Baghdad. It is the capital of Karbala Province. For Shi'a Muslims the city is one of the holiest cities, after Mekka,Medina, Jerusalem, and An Najaf.

Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader?
"Are You Smarter Than A Fifth Grader?" is a television game show based on asking grade-school level questions to adults. The format started with the United States version, which first aired on FOX in February 2007. The show was created by Mark Burnett, the same person behind the hit show Survivor. The show has since been made in many other countries; some use the same title, and some use different titles.
In Australia, the show is on the Ten Network. The top prize is AU$500,000.

Washington State University
Washington State University is a state university of Washington, along with the University of Washington. It is a land-grant university located in Pullman.

Land-grant university
A land-grant university is a college or university first built on land the United States government owned. They were made so that more people could go to college, and to do research that helps farmers.

Pullman, Washington
Pullman is a city in Whitman County, on the eastern border of Washington. The town's population was measured in 2000 as 24,675.
The main campus of Washington State University is located in Pullman, along with primary and secondary schools.

F-8 Crusader
The F-8 Crusader was an American fighter plane made by Vought. It first flew in 1955, and went into the Navy and Marine corps in 1957. It was the only fighter plane in the Vietnam War to have guns and missiles on it. It was slowly replaced by the F-4 Phantom II and was retired in 1999. There was also a different type of it called the RF-8 Crusader, meant for spying. It also took the pictures of Soviet missiles during the Cuban Missile Crisis.

A-7 Corsair II
The A-7 Corsair II was an attack plane like the F-8 Crusader. It was made by Ling-Temco-Vought. It first flew in 1965, and went into militaries in 1967. It can take off from aircraft carriers, and can carry bombs meant to destroy enemies on the ground.
Note that it is called the "Corsair II" because there was an airplane called the F4U Corsair.
The Corsair is a plane of stealth. It has an undefeated record and is known for its service to the navy. It was first flown December 9, 1978. It is not used anymore but it is still a magnificient jet.

F-4 Phantom II
The F-4 Phantom II was an American bomber and fighter mainly during the Vietnam War. It was first flown in 1958 and was shown in 1960. The plane could carry four AIM-9 Sidewinder missiles and four long range AIM-7 Sparrow missiles. But it did not carry a gun. Later, the E model had a a cannon put on it. After the F-15 Eagle replaced it, it was used as a bomber and the G model was used as a Wild Weasel. Outside the Unites States, is in other militaries.

Kappa (folklore)
The Kappa (also called Kawatarou, Kawako, Kawaranbe, Gatarō) is a character in Japanese folklore. It is water sprite that is responsible for mischief. The Kappa to be the size of a 6 to 10 year old boy. It has the body of a tortoise and an ape-like head. The most notable thing about it's body is a hole in its head that holds the kappa's strength giving water. They are said to live off of blood and to drain the life out of people. They are known for innocent pranks such as theft, but it is also said that they will rape women and eat children. The only things kappas enjoy more than children are cucumbers. To write a name on a cucumber and to throw it into a river is said to save that person from being eaten by the kappa.

Oni (folklore)
An Oni is a creature from Japanese folklore. They are described as large humanoids such as ogres and trolls. Sometimes they are described with horns usually wearing a jaguar skin loincloth and are very masculine.

Tengu
Tengu are a group of creatures from Japanese folklore. They are recognized for either a bird-like appearance or occasionally a human with a large nose or beak.

John McCain
John McCain (born August 29, 1936 in the Panama Canal Zone) is a United States Senator from Arizona. He was been chosen by the Republican Party for the party's candidate in the United States presidential election, 2008. He is married to business woman Cindy McCain.
McCain's father and grandfather served in the U.S. Navy. McCain went to the U.S. Naval Academy and later served during the Vietnam War. His plane was shot down. He was captured by the "Viet Cong", a name given to the North Vietnamese military who finally took over the entire country. While captured, he was called a "POW" (Prisoner of War). He was held in prison for several years and tortured, resulting in long-term damage to his body.
Presidential campaigns.
Later, he became a U.S. Senator. He tried to get the Republican Party to choose him to be their candidate for President of the United States before, but George W. Bush got it. He tried again for it in 2008, and got chosen this time. He was defeated in the election on November 4 by Barack Obama.

WikiHow
wikiHow is a wiki-based website with a collection of articles which tell people how to do things. The site uses a version of MediaWiki 1.9.3. The site now has over 48,000 how-to articles. wikiHow's mission is to create the world's largest collection of how-to information. In May 2007, wikiHow had 5.39 million unique readers. As of September 2007, the number of registered wikiHow users was more than 61,000.
History.
In January 2005, Jack Herrick and Elliot Green started wikiHow. On April 28, 2006, wikiHow was launched on its own www.wikihow.com domain.
Censorship.
WikiHow's censorship policy does not allow articles about things that are "sexually charged", illegal activities, drug use or potentially destructive things. Some people say this does not support the idea behind an educational resource.

Oregano
Oregano or Pot Marjoram ("Origanum vulgare") is a species of "Origanum". It is native to Europe, the Mediterranean region and southern and central Asia. It is a perennial herb. It can grow to 20-80 cm tall. Its leaves are opposite each other. They are 1-4 cm long. The flowers are purple. They can grow 3-4 mm long. The name of the plant comes from the Greek "origanon" [ὀρίγανον]: oros [ὄρος] “mountain” + the verb "ganousthai" [γανοῦσθαι] “delight in”.
Growing Oregano for cooking.
The subspecies of oregano "Origanum vulgare hirtum" is an important herb. It is used for cooking, especially in Greek and Italian cuisines. The leaves are used for cooking.
Oregano is often used for tomato sauces, fried vegetables and grilled meat. Together with basil, it adds much to the special character of many Italian dishes.
Oregano is an ingredient needed for Greek cuisine. It adds flavour to the Greek salad. It can be used separately. It can also be added to the lemon-olive oil sauce that goes with almost every fish or meat barbecues and some casseroles.
Oregano has an aromatic, warm and slightly bitter taste. The taste varies in intensity; good quality is so strong that it almost numbs the tongue, but the cultivars adapted to colder climates have often unsatisfactory flavour. The influence of climate, season and soil on the composition of the essential oil is bugger than the difference between the various species.
The related species "Origanum onites" (Greece, Asia Minor) and "O. heracleoticum" (Italy, Balkan peninsula, West Asia) have similar flavours. A closely related plant is marjoram from Asia Minor. That plant has a completely different taste. This is because phenolic compounds are missing in its essential oil. Some breeds show a flavour intermediate between oregano and marjoram.
The dish most associated with oregano is pizza.
Using Oregano to improve health.
Oregano is high in antioxidant activity,because of a high content of phenolic acids and flavonoids (PMID 16218659, PMID 12730411). Additionally, oregano has shown antimicrobial activity against food-borne pathogens such as "Listeria monocytogenes" (PMID 16218659). Both of these characteristics may be useful in both health and food preservation. In the Philippines, oregano (coleus aromaticus) is not commonly used for cooking but is rather considered as a primarily medicinal plant, useful for relieving children's coughs.

Origanum
Origanum is a genus of herbs. They are native to the Mediterranean and Asia. well-known members include Oregano and Marjoram. Some of the species are used by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species.

Basil
Basil ("Ocimum basilicum") (or) is a plant of the Family Lamiaceae. It is also known as Sweet Basil or Tulsi. It is a tender low-growing herb that is grown as a perennial in warm, tropical climates. Basil is originally native to India and other tropical regions of Asia. It has been cultivated there for more than 5,000 years. It is prominently featured in many cuisines throughout the world. Some of them are Italian, Thai, Vietnamese and Laotian cuisines. It grows to between 30–60 cm tall. It has light green, silky leaves 3–5 cm long and 1–3 cm broad. The leaves are opposite each other. The flowers are quite big. They are white in color and arranged as a spike.
The plant tastes somewhat like anise, with a strong, pungent, sweet smell. Basil is very sensitive to cold. It is best grown in hot, dry conditions. While most common varieties are treated as annuals, some are perennial, including African Blue and Holy Thai basil.
The word "basil" comes from the Greek βασιλεύς ("basileus"), meaning "royal". This is because it is believed to have grown above the spot where St. Constantine and Helen discovered the Holy Cross. The "Oxford English Dictionary" quotes speculations that basil may have been used in "some royal unguent, bath, or medicine". Basil is still considered the "king of herbs" by many cookery authors. An alternative etymology has "basil" coming from the Latin word "basilicus", meaning dragon and being the root for basilisk, but this likely was a linguistic reworking of the word as brought from Greece.
Basil for cooking.
Most of the time, Basil should be used fresh. In recipes it is generally added at the last moment. Cooking it quickly destroys the meal. The fresh herb can be kept for a short time in plastic bags in the refrigerator. Using a freezer will allow for it to be kept a longer time. In both cases, it needs being blanched quickly in boiling water. The dried herb also loses most of its flavour, and what little flavour remains tastes very different, with a weak coumarin flavour, like hay.
Mediterranean and Indochinese cuisines frequently use basil. In Mediterranean cuisines it is often combined with tomato. Basil is one of the main ingredients in pesto—a green Italian oil-and-herb sauce from the city of Genoa. The other two main ingredients of Pesto are olive oil and pine nuts. The most commonly used Mediterranean basil cultivars are "Genovese", "Purple Ruffles", "Mammoth", "Cinnamon", "Lemon", "Globe", and "African Blue". Chinese also use fresh or dried basils in soups and other foods. In Taiwan, people add fresh basil leaves into thick soups (羹湯; gēngtāng). They also eat fried chicken with deep-fried basil leaves.
Basil is sometimes used with fresh fruit and in fruit jams and sauces. Most commonly this is done with strawberries, but also raspberries or dark-colored plums. Some people say that the flat-leaf basil used in Vietnamese cooking is more suitable for use with fruit.
Basil seeds.
When soaked in water the seeds of several basil varieties become gelatinous. They are used in Asian drinks and desserts such as falooda or sherbet. Such seeds are known variously as "sabja", "subja", "takmaria", "tukmaria", "falooda", or "hột é". They are used for their medicinal properties in Ayurveda, the traditional medicinal system of India.
Other basils.
Several other basils, including some other "Ocimum" species, are grown in many regions of Asia. Most of the Asian basils have a clove-like flavour that is generally stronger than the Mediterranean basils. In China, the local cultivar is called 九層塔 ("jiǔcéngtǎ"; literally "nine-level pagoda"), while the imported varieties are specifically called 羅勒 ("luólè") or 巴西里 ("bāxīlǐ"), although [巴西里] often refers to another different kind plant--parsley.
'Lemon basil' has a strong lemony smell and flavour very different from those of other varieties because it contains a chemical called citral. It is widely used in Indonesia, where it is called "kemangi" and served raw, together with raw cabbage, green beans, and cucumber, as an accompaniment to fried fish or duck. Its flowers, broken up, are a zesty salad condiment.
Growing Basil.
Basil grows well in hot weather. It behaves like an annual if there is any chance of a frost. In Northern Europe, the northern states of the U.S., and the South Island of New Zealand it will grow best if sown under glass in a peat pot. It can be planted out in late spring/early summer, when there is little risk of frost. It fares best in a well-drained sunny spot.
Although basil will grow best outdoors, it can be grown indoors in a pot. Like most herbs, it will do best on a south-facing windowsill (in the Northern Hemisphere). It should be kept away from extremely cold drafts. It grows best in strong sunlight. A greenhouse or cloche is ideal if available. Basil plants can even be grown in a basement, under fluorescent lights.
If its leaves have wilted from lack of water, it will recover if watered thoroughly and placed in a sunny location. Yellow leaves towards the bottom of the plant are an indication that the plant needs more sunlight or less fertilizer.
In sunnier climates such as Southern Europe, the southern states of the U.S., the North Island of New Zealand, and Australia, basil will thrive when planted outside. It also thrives over the summertime in the central and northern United States, but dies out when temperatures reach freezing point, to grow again the next year if allowed to go to seed. It will need regular watering, but not as much attention as is needed in other climates.
Basil can also be propagated very reliably from cuttings in exactly the same manner as "Busy Lizzie" (Impatiens), with the stems of short cuttings suspended for two weeks or so in water until roots develop.
If a stem successfully produces mature flowers, leaf production slows or stops on any stem which flowers, the stem becomes woody, and essential oil production declines.To prevent this, a basil-grower may pinch off any flower stems before they are fully mature. Because only the blooming stem is so affected, some can be pinched for leaf production, while others are left to bloom for decoration or seeds.
Once the plant is allowed to flower, it may produce seed pods containing small black seeds. These can be saved and planted the following year. Picking the leaves off the plant helps "promote growth", largely because the plant responds by converting pairs of leaflets next to the topmost leaves into new stems.
Diseases.
Basil suffers from several plant diseases that can ruin the crop and reduce yield. Fusarium wilt is a soilbourne fungal disease that will quickly kill younger basil plants. Seedlings may also be killed by Pythium damping off.
A common foliar disease of basil is gray mold caused by "Botrytis cinerea", can also cause infections post-harvest and is capable of killing the entire plant. Black spot can also be seen on basil foliage and is caused by the fungi genus "Colletotrichum".
Health issues.
Basil, like other aromatic plants such as fennel and tarragon, contains estragole, a known carcinogen and teratogen in rats and mice. While human effects are currently unstudied, the rodent experiments indicate that it would take 100–1000 times the normal anticipated exposure to become a cancer risk.
Cultural aspects.
There are many rituals and beliefs associated with basil. The French call basil "herbe royale". Jewish folklore suggests it adds strength while fasting. It is a symbol of love in present-day Italy, but represented hatred in ancient Greece, and European lore sometimes claims that basil is a symbol of Satan. African legend claims that basil protects against scorpions, while the English botanist Culpeper cites one "Hilarius, a French physician" as affirming it as common knowledge that smelling basil too much would breed scorpions in the brain.
Holy Basil, also called 'Tulsi', is highly revered in Hinduism and also has religious significance in the Greek Orthodox Church, where it is used to prepare holy water. It is said to have been found around Christ's tomb after his resurrection. The Serbian Orthodox Church, Macedonian Orthodox Church and Romanian Orthodox Church use basil (Macedonian: "босилек"; Romanian: "busuioc", Serbian: "босиљак") to prepare holy water and pots of basil are often placed below church altars.
In Europe, they place basil in the hands of the dead to ensure a safe journey. In India, they place it in the mouth of the dying to ensure they reach God. The ancient Egyptians and ancient Greeks believed that it would open the gates of heaven for a person passing on.
In Boccaccio's "Decameron" a memorably morbid tale (novella V) tells of Lisabetta, whose brothers slay her lover. He appears to her in a dream and shows her where he is buried. She secretly disinters the head, and sets it in a pot of basil, which she waters with her daily tears. The pot being taken from her by her brothers, she dies of her grief not long after. Boccaccio's tale is the source of John Keats' poem "Isabella or The Pot of Basil". A similar story is told of the Longobard queen Rosalind.

Cockapoo
A Cockapoo (also called a Spoodle or Cockerpoo) is a hybrid dog. It is a mix of an American Cocker Spaniel and a Poodle (in most cases the Miniature Poodle or Toy Poodle), or by breeding a Cockapoo with another Cockapoo.

Short story
The short story is a genre of literature. It is usually fictional narrative prose and tends to be more direct and less-detailed than longer works of fiction, like novels.
Short stories are closely related to oral (spoken) story-telling traditions and prose anecdotes. They all develop the story very quickly and come to a conclusion quickly too.
Many authors today release their short stories together in a book, instead of one at a time.

2014 Winter Olympics
The 2014 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XXII Olympic Winter Games, is an international winter sports event that will be celebrated from February 7 to February 23, 2014. The host city, Sochi, Russia, was chosen on July 4, 2007, during the 119th International Olympic Committee (IOC) meeting in Guatemala City, Guatemala. This will be Russia's first time hosting the Winter Olympics (the Soviet Union hosted the 1980 Summer Games in Moscow though).

1944 Winter Olympics
The anticipated 1944 Winter Olympics, which would have been officially known as the V Olympic Winter Games (because of the cancellation of 1940's V Olympic Winter Games), would have been celebrated in 1944 in Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy. Cortina d'Ampezzo had won the right to host the event in June 1939, but because of World War II, the 1944 Winter Olympics were cancelled. As a result, the V Olympic Winter Games took place in Saint Moritz, Switzerland in 1948. Cortina d'Ampezzo later held the 1956 Winter Olympics.

1940 Winter Olympics
The 1940 Winter Olympics, should have been held in Sapporo, Japan, on February 3 - 12, 1940. These would have been the V Olympic Winter Games. The games were cancelled (not held) because of the start of the war between Japan and China, the Second Sino-Japanese War, in 1937. Sapporo gave the games back to the control of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) in July 1938.
The IOC decided to give the Winter Olympics to St. Moritz, Switzerland. There were some problems between the Swiss organizers and the IOC so the Games were cancelled again. The IOC then gave the 1940 Winter Olympics to Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany. Garmisch-Partenkirchen had hosted the 1936 Winter Olympics. The Games were to be held from February 2 - 11, 1940. When World War II began in 1939, the IOC decided in November 1939 not to hold the 1940 Winter Games at all.
St. Moritz later held the 1948 Winter Olympics and Sapporo held the 1972 Winter Olympics.

Alonso Berruguete
Alonso González de Berruguete, or (Alonso Berruguete) (1488 - 1561) was a Spanish painter, sculptor and architect. He is considered to be the most important sculptor of the Spanish Renaissance, and is known for his emotive sculptures, which had religious meanings.

Alonso Sánchez Coello
Alonso Sánchez Coello, (1531/32, Benifairó de les Valls, near Valencia - August 8 1588, Madrid) was the best portrait painter of the Spanish Renaissance and one of the pioneers of the great tradition of Spanish portrait painting.

Western European Union
The Western European Union (WEU) is a European defence and security organization. It was set up by Treaty of Brussels of 1948, West Germany and Italy joined in 1954. It should not be confused with the European Union (EU). The WEU headquarters are in Brussels.
Treaty of Brussels.
The Treaty of Brussels was signed by the United Kingdom, France, Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands on March 17, 1948. It was changed on October 23, 1954 when West Germany and Italy joined.
The WEU is led by a Council of Ministers, helped by a Council of Permanent Representatives (ambassadors). The Parliamentary Assembly now has the same members as the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe). Social and cultural activities were handed to the Council of Europe to avoid duplication of responsibilities within Europe.

Guy Fawkes Night
Guy Fawkes Night is a festival in Britain, on 5 November. It is also a festival in New Zealand, Canada and other British territories.
Guy Fawkes Night remembers the Gunpowder Plot. This was when a group of people wanted to use explosives to destroy the British Houses of Parliament in 1605. The people who created the Gunpowder Plot wanted a Catholic king for Britain. On 5 November, at night, the British king, James I, was inside the Houses of Parliament. King James was a member of the Protestant church, and the Gunpowder Plot group were Catholic. If the plan worked, then the new Parliament may have been destroyed.
The plan did not work, and soldiers captured the Catholic rebels. One of the rebels was Guy Fawkes.
Today, people create open air fires (bonfires), in towns across England. They remember the explosives by exploding fireworks in public places. People put cotton dummies (or "guys") on the bonfires. The guys represent Guy Fawkes. These guys are burnt at the top of the fire.
Traditionally children make the "guy" some days before 5 November, then carry it in the streets, asking for money - the traditional expression is "penny for the guy!"
"Remember, remember the Fifth of November,
I see no reason why Gunpowder Treason

Enchanted (video game)
"Enchanted" is a video game in the Disney Princesses series. It is based on the film with the same name.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) is a scientific agency of the United States government that is focused to monitor the oceans surrounding the United States and the atmosphere. NOAA warns people for dangerous weather, charts seas and skies, guides the use and protection of ocean and coastal resources, and conducts research to help understanding and stewardship of the environment. In addition to its civilian employees, NOAA research and operations are supported by 300 uniformed service members who make up the NOAA Corps.
NOAA is currently of Science, Service, and Stewardship.
Other websites.
Other National Ocean Service and National Geodetic Survey links
Other Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research links
Other Program Planning and Integration links

Tracey Ullman
Tracey Ullman (born December 30, 1959) is a British-born, now U.S. citizen comedian, actress, singer, dancer, screenwriter, and author, who is most famous for being the host of her variety television show.
She emigrated to the U.S. and ended up having her own network television series, "The Tracey Ullman Show", from which "The Simpsons" was spun off in 1989.

The Tracey Ullman Show
"The Tracey Ullman Show" was a weekly American television variety show, hosted by British comedian and former pop singer Tracey Ullman. It debuted on April 5, 1987 as the FOX network's second primetime series (after "Married... with Children"), and ran until May 26, 1990. The show featured sketch comedy along with many musical numbers, featuring Emmy Award-winning choreography by Paula Abdul. It also produced the hugely successful spin-off, "The Simpsons".

Joaquín Sorolla
Joaquín Sorolla y Bastida (February 27, 1863 - August 10, 1923), was a Spanish painter, born in Valencia. He excelled in the painting of portraits, landscapes, and large works of social and historical themes. His most typical works are skillful pictures of the people and landscape under the Spanish sun.

Laienspiegel
The work commonly referred to as Laienspiegel is a book of law. It was published in Mainz, in 1509. Its full title is "„Laijen Spiegel. von rechtmässigen ordnungen in Burgerlichen vnd peinlichen regimenten. mit allegation[en] vn[d] bewerungen auß geschribnen rechten vnnd gesatzen“". This can be roughly translated as "A layman's guide, of the correct order of civil and criminal regiments, with illustrations of written rights and laws.". It was written by Ulrich Tengler, and published by Sebastian Brant. There was a second edition in 1511. The work was very important, there were 14 editions of it in the 16th century.
The work is divided in three parts. It contains private law, criminal law, and law of the public institutions. The publication is much like the Klagspiegel of 1436. Other similar works are the Malleus Maleficarum of the 13th century, and the Constitutio Criminalis Bambergensis.

Berlin Blockade
The Berlin Blockade was from June 24 1948 to May 11 1949. It began when the Soviet Union "blocked" railway and road access by the three Western powers (the Americans, British, and French) to the Western-occupied sectors of Berlin. The Blockade stopped after the Western powers used aeroplanes to airlift food and other provisions.
The Soviet Union began the blockade because they thought that monetary reform in the three German Occupation zones controlled by the Western powers which started on June 21 1948 made the western parts of Germany too strong and wanted to force the west out of their occupation zone. The Russians wanted one Germany, without an army, that they could control.
Postwar division of Germany.
When the Allied Powers met at Potsdam they agreed to divide Germany into four occupation zones, and divided Berlin into four zones as well. Berlin was surrounded by the Soviet occupation zone, so the only way to get to the three western controlled sectors was driving through Soviet-controlled territory.
Berlin airlift.
On June 24 1948, the Soviet Union blocked access to the three Western-held sectors of Berlin. They cut off all rail and road routes going through Soviet-controlled territory in Germany. They also blocked routes by river and canal to the Baltic Sea. The Western powers had arranged a treaty with the Soviets guaranteeing the right to use the roads, railways and waterways.
The commander of the U.S. occupation zone in Germany, General Lucius D. Clay, wanted to send some tanks along the Autobahn from West Germany to West Berlin, with instructions to fire if they were stopped or attacked. President Trumansaid no, because that may start a war. Clay was told to ask General Curtis LeMay, commander of United States Air Forces in Europe, to see if an airlift was possible. General Albert Wedemeyer, the U.S. Army Chief of Staff, was in Europe when the blockade began. He had been commander of the American forces in India and China in 1944–45. He knew about the Allied airlift from India over "The Hump" of the Himalayas to China. He was in favour of starting an airlift.
The first flight of the airlift was thirty-two C-47 cargo planes on June 26 1948. They carried 80 tons of cargo including milk, flour, and medicine.
So many things had to be flown into Berlin that aircraft took off every three minutes. If an aircraft missed its landing place it could not fly around the airfield and try again, it had to return to its base. This was easier and safer than holding up the aircraft following behind.
The Americans also recruited ex-Luftwaffe aircraft mechanics to help with maintenance, when the Allies realised that the blockade was going to last longer than the expected three weeks.
British, U.S., Australian, Canadian, New Zealand and South African pilots flew in the airlift. The French were fighting in their colonies in South-East Asia and could not spare many aeroplanes for the airlift. Instead they built a new and larger airport in its sector, on the shores of Lake Tegel. They completed the building in less than 90 days. Today it is the Berlin-Tegel International Airport.
Hundreds of aircraft, nicknamed "Rosinenbomber" ("raisin bombers") by Berliners, were used to fly in a wide variety of cargo, ranging from large containers to small packets of candy with tiny individual parachutes intended for the children of Berlinflown out of Berlin on return flights.
278,228 flights were made, and 2,326,406 tons of food and supplies, including more than 1.5 million tons of coal, were delivered to Berlin.
The USSR lifted its blockade at midnight, on May 11 1949. But, the airlift did not end until September 30 1949, because the Western states wanted to build up enoughsupplies in West Berlin in case the Soviets blockaded it again.
The three major Berlin airfields involved were Tempelhof, in the American Sector, RAF Gatow in the British and Tegel in the French. Too keep everything safe, air traffic control located at Tempelhof. A new four-power organization also started, Berlin Air Safety Center (BASC). BASC only closed down in 1990, when Germany was reunited and the ordinary German civilian air traffic control took over.
British operation.
The British had about 150 C-47 Dakotas and 40 Avro Yorks. The RAF was also using 10 Short Sunderlands and later by Short Hythe flying boats. These flew Finkenwerder on the Elbe near Hamburg to the Havel river. The flying boats' were especially useful for transporting bulk salt, which would have rusted the other planes. Many other aircraft were later used, and the British had flown in about 100.000 tons of cargo by the end of the blockade.
Monument.
39 British and 31 U.S. pilots died during the blockade. There is a monument with their names in front of Tempelhof airport. Similar monuments can be found at the military airfield Wietzenbruch near Celle and at Rhein-Main Air Base
Afterward.
Tegel was developed into west Berlin's principal airport, and by 2007 had been joined by a redeveloped Berlin-Schoenefeld in Brandenburg. As a result of these two airports Tempelhof is being closed, whilst Gatow no longer serves as an airport and now hosts the Museum of the German Luftwaffe. During the 1970s and 1980s Schoenefeld had had its own crossing points through the Berlin Wall for western citizens.

Francisco Herrera the Younger
Francisco Herrera the Younger (Sevilla, 1622 - Madrid, 1685), was a Spanish Baroque painter and architect.

Francisco Herrera the Elder
Francisco Herrera (1576-1656) was a distinguished Spanish painter, born at Seville. He was the founder of the Seville school.

Lancelet
The lancelets (usually classified as Cephalochordata, traditionally known as amphioxus) are a group of primitive chordates.
Habitat.
They are usually found buried in sand in shallow parts of temperate or tropical seas.
Uses.
In Asia, they are harvested commercially for food that is eaten by both humans and domesticated animals. They are an important object of study in zoology as they provide indications about the origins of the vertebrates.

Regional Internet registry
A regional Internet registry (RIR) is an organization which is responsible for registring Internet numbers in a special part of the world.

Master Of Puppets (album)
"Master of Puppets" is Metallica's third album. It was released by Elektra Records on February 21 1986. The album has 8 songs which many feel have changed today's heavy metal music. It has several songs that are still played on the radio.

Anna Göldi
Anna Göldi (or Anna Göldin, Göldin is the female form of the name) (October 24,1734 - June 13, 1782) was probably the last person in Europe to be executed as a witch.
Life, and Accusations of Witchcraft.
Göldin was born into a poor family and worked as a servant. She had two children. Her first child died shortly after being born, and Göldin was accused (and sentenced) for killing it. She later worked for a physician from Glarus, Jakob Tschudi, who was one of the richest and most influential people in the Canton of Glarus. When she worked there, small needles were found in the milk for one of the daughters of Tschudi. Additionally, Tschudi's relatives claimed that the daughter had spewn nails on several occasions.
For this reason, Göldin was accused of bewitching Tchudi's daughter. Under torture, she confessed that she had used the powers of the Devil. On June 13, 1782, she was sentenced to die by the sword, but the verdict did not mention witchcraft. The execution followed soon afterwards. After the execution, the paper trail was destroyed. Despite these efforts, the case created an uproar in other parts of Switzerland and in Germany because the public saw Göldin as an innocent victim.
What probably happened.
Walter Hauser, a journalist, looked at sources that were not known to date. He thinks, Anna Göldin might have had an affair with her master, Johann Jakob Tschudin. During this affair, he might possibly have raped her. Adulterers were seen as unfit to hold a public office, at the time. For this reason, Tschudi probably decided to do away with Göldi. He initiated the trial for witchcraft, which ended in her execution.
Film about her life.
Gertrud Pinkus made a film about Anna Göldin's life, in 1992. It is called "Anna Göldin - Letzte Hexe". In it Cornelia Kempers plays Anna Göldin.
Was she a witch, after all?
In March 2007, both the government and the Church of Glarus refused to say Anna Göldin had been innocent, 225 years after her execution. They said that in the minds of the people of Glarus, this rehabilitation had already taken place.
On 20th September 2007, the Swiss parliament decided that in Anna Göldin's case, justice was wrong. Fritz Schiesser, as representative for Glarus in the Swiss parliament, called for Anna Göldin's exoneration. A museum is open in Glarus dedicated to her.

Neue Zürcher Zeitung
The Neue Zürcher Zeitung (often shortened to NZZ) is a Swiss daily newspaper. It is based in Zürich. It is one of the oldest newspapers that is still published today. It was first published (as "Zürcher Zeitung") on January 12, 1780. Politically, the paper holds liberal values. Other newspapers which are still published, and have a similar age, are the Wiener Zeitung (published since 1703) and the Hildesheimer Allgemeine Zeitung (published since 1705).

KOffice
KOffice is a free office suite for the K Desktop Environment (KDE). All its components have been released under free software/open source licenses. The latest version of KOffice is 1.6.3, which was released on June 7, 2007.
KOffice is primarily designed for Unix operating systems, but in the future there will likely be a Microsoft Windows and native Mac OS X version of all the applications.
KOffice applications uses OpenDocument as their native file format when possible.
The suite is released separately from KDE and can be downloaded at the KOffice homepage.
KOffice components.
KOffice includes import filters for some file formats provided by competitors.

Senna (herb)
Senna candolleana or Golden Senna associates with "Lithrea" and "Porlieria chilensis" in Central Chile Matorral or forms pure stands..
Traditionally "Senna", a genus including 250 species, was classified as "Cassia". Near 200 species appear in South America, fourteen of them in Chile..
Uses.
This evergreen shrub, 5 to 6 feet tall (1.5-1.8 m), 6 feet wide (1.8 m); dark green leaves is suitable as ornamental.

Tropical Storm Gabrielle (2007)
Tropical Storm Gabrielle was a moderate tropical storm that moved over eastern North Carolina before turning outwards to the sea. The seventh named storm of the 2007 Atlantic hurricane season, Gabrielle formed as a subtropical cyclone on September 8 about 385 miles (625 km) southeast of Cape Lookout, North Carolina. Wind shear affected the storm for much of its existence, although a short-lived decrease allowed the system to strengthen into a tropical storm. On September 9, Gabrielle made landfall at Cape Lookout National Seashore in the Outer Banks of North Carolina with winds of over 50 mph (85 km/h). Turning to the northeast, the storm quickly weakened and dissipated on September 11. The storm dropped heavy rainfall near its actual landfall location but little precipitation elsewhere. Total damages was minor, and there were no reported deaths.
Strom history.
A dieing cold front moved over just east off the coast of Georgia on September 2, leaving an area of cloudiness and showers that slowly moved drifted eastward. It slowly became better organized as its motion became erratic, and by late on September 4 the convection had become concentrated to the east of the center. On September 5, a Hurricane Hunters aircraft reported that the system had not yet gotten the characteristics of a tropical or subtropical cyclone. Contact with an upper-level trough created moderate wind shear which limited further development, and by September 6 the thunderstorm activity lost much organization. Upper-level winds became more favorable for strengthening, allowing the convection to build up about halfway between North Carolina and Bermuda. With a deep-layer ridge to its north, the system turned into a slow west-northwest movement. A reconnaissance aircraft flight late on September 7 reported a very enlarged center, with strongest sustained winds of 55 mph (90 km/h) about 100 miles (160 km) northeast of the center. Subsequent to the flight, the center became a little bit better organized, and based on the large wind field and the presence of an upper-level low to its west-southwest, the National Hurricane Center named the system as "Subtropical Storm Gabrielle" early on September 8 while located about 385 miles (625 km) southeast of Cape Lookout, North Carolina.
After becoming a subtropical cyclone, Gabrielle was found in an area of cooler air to its north, dry air to its south and west, southerly wind shear, and cooler water temperatures along its path. In spite of these unfavorable conditions, a curved convective band formed in its northern and western sections, and the circulation became better organized. Later, the rainbands in its northeastern quadrant died out, leaving the well-defined center far removed from the convection. By later that day, the circulation began to be more involved with the remaining convection. Soon, a weak warm-core was found, and the NHC re-named the sotrm as "Tropical Storm Gabrielle" late on September 8 about 185 miles (300 km) southeast of Cape Lookout, North Carolina.
Vertical wind shear slowly went down as the storm passed over the Gulf Stream, allowing a strong convective burst to form near the center. As it approached the coast of North Carolina, the center re-developed within the deep convection underneath the mid-level circulation, although increased northerly wind shear displaced the center of Gabrielle to the north of the thunderstorm activity. At about 1545 UTC, Tropical Storm Gabrielle made landfall at Cape Lookout National Seashore with winds possibly as strong as 60 mph (95 km/h). Tracking around the ridge over the western Atlantic, the storm turned to the north and north-northeast, emerging into the ocean near Kill Devil Hills, North Carolina early on September 10 as a poorly-organized system with convection far to the south of the center. Gabrielle weakened to a tropical depression shortly thereafter, and still kept scattered convection despite unfavorable wind shear as it tracked along the northern part of the Gulf Stream. By midday on September 11, the circulation had become very poorly organized and stretched out. Since the storm no longer met the criteria of a tropical cyclone, the National Hurricane Center declared Gabrielle dissipating well to the south of Nova Scotia. By early the next day, the remnants of Gabrielle were absorbed by an another cold front.
Preparations and impact.
Right after becoming a subtropical cyclone, the National Hurricane Center gave out a tropical storm watch from Edisto Beach, South Carolina to Oregon Inlet in North Carolina, including the Pamlico Sound. As the storm came closer to the coast, the watch south of Cape Fear, North Carolina was cancelled, and a tropical storm warning was issued from Surf City, North Carolina northward to the North Carolina/Virginia state border; a watch was also given northward to Cape Charles Light on the Delmarva Peninsula, and to New Point Comfort on the western shore of the Chesapeake Bay, which was upgraded to a warning the next day. Just before to Gabrielle made landfall, the National Park Service shut down visitor centers along the Outer Banks. For about 12 hours, the ferry between Hatteras and Ocracoke was closed.
By early on September 9, the outer rainbands began passing over southeastern North Carolina. A few hours after moving onto land, a wind gust of 52 mph (84 km/h) was reported at Frisco. Heavy rainfall from the storm was limited to its immediate landfall location; a station 7.2 miles (12 km) east-northeast of Newport recorded 8.60 inches (218 mm) of precipitation, the highest rainfall report that was associated with Gabrielle. In some locations, the rainfall led to flooding, which made farmers unable to harvest their crops, while in other places throughout the state, the storm wasn't able to relieve heavy drought conditions. The passage of the storm left a portion of North Carolina Highway 12 on Hatteras Island closed for three hours. Total damages in the state were minor, and no deaths were reported.

Donkey vote
A Donkey vote is where someone numbers an election ballot paper in the order of the candidates being listed. For example, if J. Smith, M. Doe and N. Citizen were on a ballot paper, and the voter put a 1 beside J. Smith, a 2 beside M. Doe and a 3 beside N. Citizen, that would be classed a donkey vote.

Mariano Fortuny (painter)
Mariano José María Bernardo Fortuny y Carbó (June 11, 1838 - November 21, 1874), was a Spanish painter. His brief career encompass both the Romantic fascination with orientalist themes, but also moved towards a prescient loosening brush-stroke and color.
He was born at Reus, a town near Taragon in the province of Catalonia in Spain. His father died when he was an infant, his mother by age 12, thus Mariano was raised by his grandfather, a cabinet-maker, raised him. His grandfather taught him to make wax figurines. At the age of 9, at a public competition in his town a local patron, Domingo Soberno, encouraged further study. At the age of 14 years he moved to Barcelona with his grandfather. A sculptor, Domingo Taleru, secured him a pension of to allow him to attend the Academy of Barcelona. There he studied for four years under Claudio Lorenzale, and in March of 1857 he gained a scholarship that entitled him to two years of studies in Rome starting in 1858. There he studied drawing and grand manner styles.
In 1859, he was called by the Spanish government to depict the campaigns of the Spanish-Moroccan War (1859)|Spanish-Moroccan War. The expedition lasted for only about six months, and he returned to Spain in the summer of 1860.

No Doubt
No Doubt is a third wave ska and alternative rock band from Anaheim, California, United States. There are four members in the band currently: Gwen Stefani, Tony Kanal, Adrian Young and Tom Dumont. Eric Stefani and John Spence (now passed away) were former members. No Doubt was formed in 1986. Their most successful album was "Tragic Kingdom", which spawned many singles, including "Don't Speak", which was at number-one for sixteen weeks in the "Billboard" Hot 100 Airplay Chart.
The band's trademark sound combines ska and reggae with alternative rock, pop, and punk.
History.
No Doubt formed in 1986 in Anaheim, California, but with the name "Apple Core", and with members Gwen Stefani, her brother Eric Stefani, and their friend John Spence. They played several concerts under that name. During one of the concert, Tony Kanal was there. He was impressed with the band, and became their bassist. He later began dating Gwen (which lasted for seven years.)
However, Spence committed suicide in December 1987. The rest of the band was shocked, and broke up, but reformed a few weeks later because they thought that's what Spence would have wanted. They soon got Tom Dumont as a new guitarist. He was formerly in a band called Rising with his sister. One year later, the band hired Adrian Young as a drummer. When he joined, he said he had been playing the drums for five years, even though he had only been playing for two months.

Matchbox Twenty
Matchbox Twenty (or MB20, MBT, matchbox twenty, originally spelled Matchbox 20) is an alternative rock band from Orlando, Florida, United States. The members of the band are Rob Thomas (vocals, piano), Kyle Cook (guitar), Brian Yale (bass), Paul Doucette (guitar) and Ryan MacMillian (drums). Matt Beck is a live member, playing several instruments in their shows. Adam Gaynor was formerly with the band. He left it in 2005. Their three studio albums have been popular worldwide, and they have sold more than 29 million copies. They are "Yourself or Someone Like You", "Mad Season" and "More Than You Think You Are". They released recently an album with new material and their biggest hits, called "Exile on Mainstream".

Albany, Western Australia
Albany is a city in Western Australia. In 2006 there were 25,196 people living in Albany. It was founded in 1826 by Major Edmund Lockyer. It is located on the southern coast of Western Australia. Its city centre is in between two hills, Mount Melville and Mount Clarence.

Kalgoorlie, Western Australia
Kalgoorlie is a city in Western Australia. It is 600 kilometres east of Perth. It is the largest urban centre in the Goldfield-Esperance region, with an population of 30,000. It was founded in the 1890s in response to the gold rush at the time.

Joondalup, Western Australia
Joondalup is a suburb and regional city in Perth, Western Australia. It was established in the 1980s. In 2001, the suburb had a population of 6,927. The suburb was named after Lake Joondalup which is located on the eastern side of the suburb. In relation to the other establishments in Perth, Joondalup is a relatively new settlement, as it was undeveloped until the 1960s.

Mandurah, Western Australia
Mandurah is a city south of Perth, Western Australia. It has a population of 65,000. It is the fastest-growing regional city in Australia. Mandurah is expected to connect with the new Mandurah railway line late in 2007 strengthening the transport connection with Perth. The foreshore of the city is home to many marine animals.

Bunbury, Western Australia
Bunbury is the third largest city in Western Australia, behind Perth and Mandurah, with a population of 54,967. It is 175 kilometres south of the Perth CBD. It was founded in 1836. Bunbury is connected to Perth via transport by the Transwa Australind passenger train.

Rockingham, Western Australia
Rockingham is a suburb in the city of Perth, Western Australia. It has a population of 11,406. People first started living there in 1847, and it was made a town in 1897. Rockingham will be connected with Perth by the Mandurah railway line late in 2007.

Esperance, Western Australia
Esperance is a town in Western Australia with a population of 13,269. Founded in 1896, Esperance is located in the south-east coast of the state and is halfway between Albany, Western Australia and the South Australian border. Esperance's main industries are tourism, fishing and agriculture.

Mandurah railway line, Perth
The Mandurah railway line is a suburban railway line in Perth, Australia. It was opened around Christmas in 2007. The line is a major transport route in Perth, connecting with the four other main Transperth railway lines: Joondalup, Midland, Fremantle and Armadale.

Transperth
Transperth is the name of the brand of the public transport system in Perth, Western Australia. Transperth is launched in 1986. It supplies public bus, train and ferry services.
Train services run on four lines that spread over the Perth metropolitan area. The lines are named Joondalup, Midland, Fremantle and Armadale. The new Mandurah line will be open late in 2007. All trains are operated using electricity.
Bus services run throughout the metropolitan area. A notable bus route is the CircleRoute which links major shopping centres, universities and railway stations in a circle.
Ferry services operate across the Swan River between the Perth CBD and South Perth. The ferry is popular for people to go to the Perth Zoo located in South Perth.
Passengers can take rides by buying cash tickets or using the ticket system known as "SmartRider".

Joondalup railway line, Perth
The Joondalup line is a major public transport railway line in Perth, Western Australia. It runs through Perth's northern suburbs. The line was established in 1992 where is extended north to Joondalup. In 1993, it was extended to Currambine and further extended in 2004 to Clarkson. A new station was completed in 2005 at Greenwood. The line will be later connected with the new Mandurah railway line late in 2007, allowing passengers to ride in the same train to Mandurah without changing at Perth station to transfer between trains.

Armadale railway line, Perth
The "Armadale railway line is a major public transport route in Perth. It runs through the metropolitan area's south-eastern suburbs, connecting between Perth and Armadale. A spur line connects the Armadale after Cannington to Thornlie.

Silverchair
Silverchair is a rock band from Newcastle, Australia. The band's members are Daniel Johns, Chris Joannou and Ben Gillies. Silverchair is the only artist to score five number-one albums in the Australian Charts. Their studio albums are "Frogstomp", "Freak Show", "Neon Ballroom", "Diorama" and "Young Modern". The band has released many singles, their number-one singles are "Tomorrow", "Freak" and "Straight Lines".

Avet Terterian
Avet Terterian (1929 - 1994) was a leading Armenian composer, awarded by Konrad Adenauer prize.
He composed eight (completed) symphonies, an opera and several chamber works.
Several of his symphonies are recorded (the date 1973 in the Musicweb review of the Melodiya recording of symphony 3 is probably a typographical error, since the publisher's listing also gives 1975 for the first performance of that work.) Much of his music is available from.
Yekaterinburg's annual music festival is named after him.

Bob Denard
"Colonel" Bob Denard (born Gilbert Bourgeaud April 7, 1929 in Bordeaux, died October 14, 2007), also known as Said Mustapha Mahdjoub, was a French mercenary. He was one of the most famous mercenaries after World War II. Denard fought in Indochina. He also fought in Algeria. Denard was married seven times and was the father of eight children. He practiced polygamy afer he converted to Islam. Denard had Alzheimer's disease at the time of his death.

Eutheria
Eutheria is the taxonomical name for a group of animals. This taxon contains the placental mammals, such as humans. The name Eutheria comes from the Greek words "eu-" "well-developed" and "ther" "beast". Eutheria was introduced by Thomas Henry Huxley in 1880. Members of Eutheria are found on all continents and in all oceans.
All living Eutherians are placental mammals. This means that a Eutherian fetus is fed during gestation by a placenta. The offspring of Eitherians are carried in the mother's uterus until fully developed.
Eutherians are different from other mammal groups such as monotremes and marsupials which are not placental. Monotremes, for example, lay eggs which protect the young until they are fully developed. Marsupials give birth to young who are not completely developed. Their young then move to a special pouch in the mother's body to continue their development.
The earliest known eutherian species is the extinct "Eomaia scansoria" from the Lower Cretaceous in China.

Tito Beltrán
Tito Ernesto Beltrán (born on July 1 1965) is a Swedish-Chilean tenor.
Tito Beltrán was born in 1965 in Punta Arenas, Chile. Beltrán left Chile in 1986 to study in Sweden where he now lives. He has performed at various opera houses around the world, and also widely at different scenes and tv-shows in Sweden. Since February 2007 he has been performing at the Royal Swedish Opera in Stockholm, where he sings in the operas "La Traviata" and "Tosca".
In October 2008, Beltrán was sentenced to 2.5 years in prison for rape and sexual abuse.

Cetartiodactyla
Cetartiodactyla is the taxonomical superorder which includes whales (and dolphins) and even-toed ungulates. The name was created by merging the name for the two orders, Cetacea and Artiodactyla, into a single word. Cetartiodactyla is commonly used because it is thought that whales evolved from the artiodactyls. Because of this, their closest living land relative is thought to be the hippopotamus.

Tetrapod
Tetrapods (Greek "tetrapoda", Latin "quadruped", "four-legged") are vertebrate animals. Tetrapods have four feet, legs or leglike appendages, for example arms or wings. Amphibians, reptiles, dinosaurs, birds, and mammals are all tetrapods. Even though snakes do not have limbs, they are tetrapods because they evolved from animals with four limbs. The earliest tetrapods evolved from the Sarcopterygii, or lobe-finned fishes, into air-breathing amphibians in the Devonian period.
Evolution.
Research by Jennifer A. Clack showed that the earliest tetrapods lived entirely in water. They could not live on land. Before this, it was believed that fish had first moved onto land - either looking for food (like modern mudskippers) or to find water when the pond they lived in dried out. It was believed that they later evolved legs, lungs, and other body parts to live better on land.
The first tetrapods are now thought to have evolved in shallow and swampy freshwater habitats during a time near the end of the Devonian, a little more than 365 million years ago.
Freshwater habitats were not the only places they could be found. Swampy habitats like shallow wetlands, coastal lagoons and river deltas also existed at this time. There is much to suggest that this is the kind of environment in which the tetrapods evolved. Early fossil tetrapods have been found in marine sediments. Also, because fossils of early tetrapods are found all around the world, they must have spread by following the coastal lines. This means they could not have lived in freshwater only.
Living tetrapods.
Snakes and other legless reptiles are tetrapods because they are evolved from ancestors who had four limbs. This is also true for caecilians and aquatic mammals.

Voivodeship
A Voivodeship, also spelled Voivodship, Voivodina or Vojvodina (Romanian: "voievodat", Polish: "województwo", Serbian: "vojvodina" (војводина), "vojvodstvo" (војводство) or "vojvodovina" (војводовина), Hungarian: "vajdaság", Lithuanian: "vaivadija", Latin "Palatinatus" in Poland), is a geographical administrative division dating to medieval Romania, Hungary, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Russia and Serbia (see Vojvodina), ruled by a voivod ("voivode", "wojewoda"). The voivod (literal translation: "the one who leads the warriors", is the same as to Dux Exercituum / Herzog) was originally the military commander next to the ruler.

President of the Republic of Poland
The President of the Republic of Poland (Polish: "Prezydent Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej") is the president of Poland. The president directly elected by the people to serve a term of five years. He can be reelected only once. His rights and responsibilities are determined by the Constitution of the Republic of Poland.
In agreement with the current Constitution, the President of the Republic of Poland is the head of state, the supreme representative of Poland and the guarantor of the continuity of government and is prevented from holding office for more than two consecutive terms. This means that the President heads the executive authority, is appointed to represent Polish interests on the international arena, ensures the observance of the Constitution, and is responsible for the security of the state. The President calls elections to the Sejm and the Polish Senate. He has a right to dissolve the parliament when it fails to form a Council of Ministers or pass the budget act. He can (with the Senate's consent) call a national referendum in matters important for the state, requiring the decision of all the citizens.

Tadeusz Kościuszko
Andrzej Tadeusz Bonawentura Kościuszko (; 1746 – 1817) was a Polish and Belarussian national hero, general and a leader of the Kościuszko Uprising (which bears his name) against the Russian Empire. He fought in the American Revolutionary War as a colonel in the Continental Army on the side of Washington. In recognition of his dedicated and faithful service he was brevetted by the Continental Congress to the rank of Brigadier General in 1783, and became a naturalized citizen of the United States that same year.

Wes Archer
Wesley "Wes" Archer (born November 26, 1961) is a television animation director. He was one of the original three animators (along with David Silverman and Bill Kopp) on The Simpsons' Tracey Ullman shorts and subsequently directed a number of Simpsons episodes before becoming supervising director at "King of the Hill" for many years. Archer's college animation film, "Jac Mac and Rad Boy, Go!" has long been a cult classic after receiving repeated airplay on USA Network's Night Flight in the 1980s. He studied at the Film Graphics/Experimental Animation Program at CalArts.

David Silverman
David Silverman (born on 15 March 1957 in New York City, New York) is an animator and writer. He is best known for directing many episodes of the animated television series "The Simpsons", where he would go on to be the supervising director of animation for several years, as well as animating on all of the original Simpsons "Tracey Ullman shorts".

Bill Kopp
Bill Kopp (born in Rockford, Illinois on April 17, 1962) is an American animator and voice actor. He performed the "Whammy" on the 1980s game show "Press Your Luck" and the title character on Nelvana's "Eek! The Cat". He was an animator for The Simpsons The Tracey Ullman Shorts, but left after the first season. He created "The Schnookums and Meat Funny Cartoon Show". He studied animation at the California Institute of the Arts.
He is not to be confused with another Bill Kopp, a music journalist, columnist and Editor-in-Chief (11/06-present) of "Skope" Magazine, a publication that bills itself as covering "trendsetting artists and music culture."

Klasky Csupo
Klasky Csupo, Inc. (pronounced "Class-key Chew-po", although commonly mistaken as "Class-key Ka-zoo-po") is a multimedia entertainment production company located in Los Angeles, California, co-founded by artist/producer Arlene Klasky and master animator Gábor Csupó.

Bergkamen
Bergkamen is a town in the district of Unna, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is situated near the river Lippe, approx. 15 km north-east of Dortmund and 15 km south-west of Hamm.
Bergkamen, a German town in the East part of the Ruhrgebiet and south of the Münsterland, was founded in 1966 by the merging of at first five smaller communities.

Renewable energy commercialisation in Australia
Australia's renewable energy industries cover numerous energy sources and stages of commercialisation. Renewable energy technologies currently contribute about 6 per cent of Australia's total energy supply and some 8 per cent of Australia's electricity supply, with hydro-electricity by far the largest single contributor.
Following the introduction of government Mandatory Renewable Energy Targets, more opportunities have opened up for "new" renewable energies such as wind power, photovoltaics, and solar thermal technologies. The deployment of these technologies provides opportunities for mitigating greenhouse gases.
At the end of 2006, Australia had 817 MW of installed wind power capacity, mainly in South Australia. A 154 MW, A$420 million, solar photovoltaic power station is planned for Victoria.
Initiatives are also being taken with ethanol fuel and geothermal energy exploration.
Marketing strategies of private companies, and government policies, influence the commercialisation process. Survey results suggest that there is considerable public support for the use of renewable energy and energy efficiency in Australia.

Renewable energy commercialization in the United States
The current status of renewable energy commercialization in the United States varies considerably between different renewable energy technologies, with some being commercialized at the present time.
Wind power is a growing industry in the United States. Latest American Wind Energy Association figures show that installed U.S. wind power capacity now exceeds 11,600 MW which is enough to serve three million average households. Texas is firmly established as the leader in wind power development, followed by California.
Several solar thermal power stations, including the new 64 MW Nevada Solar One, have also been built. The largest of these solar thermal power stations is the SEGS group of plants in the Mojave Desert with a total generating capacity of 354 MW, making the system the largest solar plant of any kind in the world. The largest solar photovoltaic plant in the U.S. is the 4.6 MW Springerville Generating Station, located near Tucson, Arizona.
In terms of renewable fuels for transportation, most cars on the road today in the U.S. can run on blends of up to 10% ethanol fuel, and motor vehicle manufacturers already produce vehicles designed to run on much higher ethanol blends.

Low kick
Low kick is a leg technique used in certain "boxes pieds-poings" (Burmese boxing, kickboxing and Thai boxing "Muay Thai") and certain martial arts. It consists in striking a blow with shinbone or a kick in the lower limb of the opponent (thigh or leg). According to the official rules concerning sport, it can be carried to the outer and to the inner part of the lower limb.
In fights in full contact (so-called "K.O. system"), these kicks are allowed in order to make an opponent not stable, indeed to have an advantage for a short time.
In the matter of hits in the legs, several kicks exist: circular or roundhouse kick, semicircular kick, balanced kicks (stick kick, crescent kick, axe kick...), kicks along the straight line (front kick and side kick), hooked-type kicks (hook kick), kicks that go down (hammer kick), etc.
In American or Japanese kickboxing, this type of kick can be only circular or semicircular according to the official rules.

Spider-Man (movie)
"Spider-Man" is an American 2002 movie. It was made from the story of the Marvel Comics superhero, Spider-Man. It was the first in the Spider-Man movie series. It was written by David Koepp and directed by Sam Raimi. Tobey Maguire starred as Peter Parker / Spider-Man. Kirsten Dunst acted as the girl Peter loves, Mary Jane Watson, and Willem Dafoe played as the bad guy, Norman Osborn.
Plot.
At the start of the movie, Peter Parker, a very smart teenager, is bitten by a radioactive spider that had been mutated (changed) in a science study. This allows him to climb up walls, make spider webs come from his wrists, jump high, move fast and become very strong. Peter lives with his grandparents. His Uncle Ben teaches him that "with great power becomes great responsibility." He uses these powers to win a wrestling competition. However, he does not get paid what he thought he would get paid. A criminal steals a lot of money from the cashier and runs off. He then steals Ben's car and Ben dies. From then on, Peter becomes Spider-Man and vows to fight crime, using Ben's words to their fullest.
Meanwhile, Peter's friend Harry's father is in trouble. Norman is the CEO or head of his own company, but the executive board kicks him off. He tests a new kind of formula and becomes the Green Goblin. Normal also has a device that lets him fly around. Spider-Man and the Green Goblin begin to fight in various places. During a fire at a building, the Green Goblin uses his voice and pretends to be someone trapped. When Spider-Man goes to rescue the person, he finds the Green Goblin. During the fight, Spider-Man's arm is cut. Peter, Norman and Harry, Peter's friend Mary Jane Watson, and his grandmother then meet at Peter's apartment for Thanksgiving. Norman notices Peter's cut on his arm and realizes that Peter Parker is Spider-Man.
Norman then starts to hurt Peter. He scares Peter's grandmother so badly that she has to go to the hospital. There, Peter realizes that the Green Goblin knows that he likes Mary Jane Watson, so he calls her up, but the Green Goblin has already taken her. Spider-Man goes out to a bridge in New York. The Green Goblin has Mary Jane in one arm and a group of kids in a boat on the other hand. He wants Spider-Man to fail at doing something – to choose between the person he loves and innocent civilians. He then drops both at once. Spider-Man grabs Mary Jane first and uses his webbing to save the kids. The Green Goblin is angry and attacks Spider-Man. A bunch of New York people start to throw trash and knock the Green Goblin off balance.
The Green Goblin then grabs Peter and they start to fight inside an abandoned building. The fight is very violent and Spider-Mans tarts to bleed. Finally, after Spider-Man knocks the Green Goblin down, the Green Goblin says that he is Norman Osborn. Spider-Man is very surprised. Norman then distracts Peter and talks to him as he tries to get his flier to move and to kill Peter. Spider-Man ducks at the last second and the flier impales Norman, killing him. Norman's final words ask Peter not to tell Harry that he was the Green Goblin.
The last scene is at a cemetery for the funeral of Norman. During the ceremony, Harry tells Peter that he swears that Spider-Man will die because Spider-Man killed his father. Mary Jane implies that she loves Peter, but Peter tells her that he will always be a friend and be there for her, and that is all he can give to her.
Reception.
After the movie was kept from being made for almost 25 years, it was shown in theaters on May 3, 2002. Critics liked it a lot and it broke many movie records. It made more money than any other movie in the year 2002. As of late 2007, "Spider-Man" is the seventh highest grossing movie in the United States and 17th highest world wide. It made enough money and two sequels have been made, "Spider-Man 2" (2004) and "Spider-Man 3" (2007).

Uncle Ben
In Marvel Comics, Benjamin "Ben" Parker, usually called Uncle Ben was Spider-Man’s Uncle. He was made by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko.
In the comics, Uncle Ben had adopted Peter Parker before Peter became Spider-Man. He was first made in "Amazing Fantasy" #15 (August 1962) when he was killed by a burglar that Spider-Man could have stopped. This caused Spider-Man to fight crime as a superhero ever since.
Even though he wasn’t alive in Spider-Man’s story for long, Uncle Ben’s death has made him a very important character in the Spider-Man comics. He has often appeared in Spider-Man’s memories and visions.
Ben may have in fact first had a role in a story called, “Goodbye to Linda Brown,” also written and drawn by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko. This story was in a comic called “"Strange Tales" #97,” which was released two months earlier than the first Spider-Man story. In it, Uncle Ben and Peter Parker’s Aunt May are shown as they are in the Spider-Man tales. Their first names are the same but their last names are never told. The story is about Linda Brown, May and Ben’s niece and adopted daughter who has to ride in a wheelchair. At the end of the story Linda turns out to be a mermaid (her fins were always covered by a blanket) and swims away to the ocean. This tale has not been kept in the Spider-Man’s main story line. Linda’s last name, Brown, shows that she most likely would have to be the daughter of a brother or sister other than Peter Parker's parents. The story was later printed again in the comic, "Marvel Tales" #83 in 1977. An editor opened it saying, "The resemblance is startling! Are these people the Parkers? Only Stan and Steve know -- and they're not talking!"

John Bunyan
John Bunyan (born Harrowden, near Bedford, 28 November 1628; died London, 31 August 1688) was an English tinker, preacher and writer. He wrote a book called "The Pilgrim's Progress" which has been translated into more languages than any other book except the Bible. The book is a story about a man who is trying to lead a good life as a Christian. It is allegory. The characters in the story represent good things or bad things. Bunyan lived at a time when there was no religious freedom: everybody had to believe what the Church of England told them. Bunyan did not agree with some of the things the Church of England said. He started to preach about his ideas. He was arrested and put into prison because of his beliefs. He wrote "The Pilgrim's Progress" while he was in gaol (prison).
Early years.
Bunyan’s father was a tinker: a metal worker who mends pots and pans. The Bunyan family had been living in Bedfordshire at least since the 12th century. They had gradually lost more and more of their land and had become quite poor. John Bunyan’s father had inherited a small cottage and 9 acres of land. He could not read or write.
John Bunyan only went to school for two, three or four years. He learned how to be a tinker from his father.
Youth: religious conversion.
There was a lot of fighting in England at the time Bunyan was a child. Many people were against King Charles I so there was a Civil War and the king was executed. For several years England was a republic, ruled by Oliver Cromwell.
When Bunyan was 16 years old he served in the parliamentary army at Newport Pagnell (1644 - 1647). After that he started to work as a tinker, and in 1649 he married. His wife had two books, both of which were religious books. Bunyan started to be influenced by religion. He became very frightened because he realized he had done things which were wrong, and he wondered whether God would forgive him, so that he would go to heaven when he died, or whether he would be punished and go to hell. The kind of things he did which at that time were thought to be wrong (sins) were not things which would worry many people nowadays: ringing church bells, dancing, playing games on Sundays and, perhaps worse of all, swearing. In his book "Grace Abounding" Bunyan describes himself as the “Chief of Sinners”. He tells how one day he was walking along when he heard a group of women talking to one another about salvation. This made him think about these things.
In those days people were supposed to worship God in the Church of England. There were, however, groups of people who wanted to worship God in different ways. These people were called “non-conformists”. In 1653 a sect (religious group) of non-conformists had taken over St John’s Church in Bedford. Their vicar was John Gifford. Bunyan discussed the Bible a lot with Gifford.
Bunyan lived in Elstow, near Bedford, until 1655 when his wife died. He moved to Bedford to be nearer to Gifford’s church. He married again in 1659. In 1660 the Restoration of the Monarchy took place: England had a king once more: Charles II became king. It was bad for religious freedom, because all non-conformist meetings were forbidden. St John’s Church had to become part of the Church of England again. Bunyan refused to go to church. He started to preach to groups of people anywhere they could meet: in barns or in the streets. Because he did not have permission to preach he was arrested and put in gaol. At first he was sentenced to 3 months, but because he refused to promise to stop preaching he spent 12 years in gaol.
Years in gaol.
Bunyan spent the years 1660-1672 in gaol, and again he was in gaol for a short time in 1677. The gaol was at the top of Silver Street in the centre of Bedford, only 5 minutes walk from his house in St Cuthbert Street, which was then on the edge of the town. The gaol had 6 cells and 2 dungeons. He could probably have been free at any time if he had promised to give up preaching, but he did what he firmly believed to be right. He made some money in gaol by making shoelaces. His eldest daughter Mary, who was blind, brought him soup every day and also took him books to read. Sometimes he seems to have been let out of gaol for short periods. This was not really allowed, but often the guards might let a prisoner out if they promised to come back. Bunyan even travelled as far as London once, and he must have gone home sometimes because he had two more children by his second wife during that time.
It was during this time in gaol that he wrote his allegorical novel: "The Pilgrim's Progress". We do not know whether he wrote it all while he was in gaol. The book is in two parts. The first part finishes with the words: “So I awoke, and behold it was a dream”. When the second part begins he says “..as I slept I dreamt again”. This might mean that he wrote the second part in 1677 when he was in gaol again. This is only guess, we do not know.
His release.
Bunyan was released in January 1672, when Charles II issued the “Declaration of Religious Indulgence” which meant that people were free to worship God in the way they wanted. The king had done this mainly because he wanted the Catholics to have less power. Non-conformist sects could register and get a license. Bunyan became pastor (priest) of the Bedford church. In March 1675, he was again imprisoned for preaching (because Charles II withdrew the Declaration of Religious Indulgence). This time he seems to have been in the Bedford town gaol on the stone bridge over the river Ouse. After a few months he was let out. He was a very popular preacher, so he was not arrested again. His book "The Pilgrim's Progress" was published in 1678. He also wrote several other books about religion, but "The Pilgrim's Progress" was the one that became extremely popular. Because Bunyan did not have a formal education he wrote in a very direct style which ordinary people could understand. A passage from Part Two of "The Pilgrim's Progress" beginning "Who would true Valour see" is sung regularly as a hymn.
On his way to London in 1688 he caught a severe cold, and died. His grave is in the cemetery at Bunhill Fields in London.

Smith (metalwork)
A smith, or metalsmith, is a person who makes things from metal.
Metal smiths were very important before industrialisation because they made metal tools for farming (especially the plough) and weapons for fighting in wars.
Etymology of smith.
The word smith means "to hit" or "to strike". Originally, smiths made things from metal by using a hammer.
As an English suffix, "-smith" at the end of a word means a craftsmen. For example, a "locksmith" makes locks.
Artisans and Craftpersons.
The ancient traditional tool of the smith is a forge or "smithy", which is a fire which allows compressed air (through a bellows) to heat the inside until it is hot enough for metal to melt so that it can be made into the shape that is required..
The term, "metalsmith", often refers to artisans and craftpersons who practice their craft in many different metals, including gold, copper and silver. Jewelers often refer to their craft as "metalsmithing", and many universities offer degree programs in metalsmithing, jewelry and blacksmithing as part of their fine arts programs.
A "tinker" is a metalsmith who mends kettles, pots and pans. They were often poor, itinerant workers (walking from place to place looking for jobs).
Machinists.
Machinists are metalsmiths who produce high-precision parts and tools. The most advanced of these tools, CNC machines, are computer controlled and largely automated.

Allegory
An allegory (from Greek αλλος, "other", and αγορευειν, "agoreuein," "to speak in public") is a story which has a hidden meaning. The characters in allegorical stories are symbols which represent particular ideas. The story has a figurative meaning, not just a literal one.
Allegory is an example of rhetoric, but an allegory does not have to be a story in language: it may be something to look at, such as a painting or sculpture.
An allegory is like a long metaphor. People have to use their imagination to understand what it is trying to say. A fable or parable is a short allegory with one basic idea (a moral).
Sometimes people say that stories have meanings which the author, in fact, did not intend. For instance, many people have suggested that "The Lord of the Rings" was an allegory for the World Wars, but, in fact, it was written well before the outbreak of World War II, and J.R.R. Tolkien said that it was not an allegory. In this way people sometimes change the author’s ideas. Sometimes they do it for their own political reasons.
Examples.
Allegory has been a favourite form in the literature of nearly every nation. It is often used as a way of criticising things or people where it would not be possible to do so directly.
In classical literature Plato and Ovid wrote allegories. Dante Alighieri wrote allegories in "The Divine Comedy". In the Middle Ages "Everyman" was a morality play. John Bunyan’s "The Pilgrim's Progress" tells the story of a man trying to lead a Christian life. Jonathan Swift wrote "Gulliver’s Travels", which tells about the strange customs of (made-up) faraway countries, but he was really criticising things about his own country, the United Kingdom. Animal Farm, by George Orwell is another example of an allegory, this time of the Soviet Union during Stalin's era and the Russian Revolution. Some of the characters can be directly linked to figures during that time.
Songs may also include allegories. "Waist Deep In The Big Muddy" tells a story of American soldiers in the 1800s, ordered by their commander to march into the Mississippi River, which they could never cross on foot. In truth, it told the story of soldiers fighting in the Vietnam War in the 1960s, and being expected to do the impossible.
Allegories still continue to be popular today. Pictures, films and plays can be allegories. William Golding’s novel "Lord of the Flies" also has allegorical meaning. "Star Trek" used a great deal of allegory, to look at social conditions and moral values in the present, while telling stories based in the future. Alien races were often a reflection of Earth's own races and countries.
Allegorical artworks include Sandro Botticelli's "La Primavera (Allegory of Spring)" and Jan Vermeer's "The Allegory of Painting".

Newport Pagnell
Newport Pagnell is a town in England. It is in the borough of Milton Keynes.
History.
The town was first mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086 as "Neuport", which is an Old English word meaning "New Market Town". At that time it was fairly new, having been founded by Norman invaders. The suffix "Pagnell" came later, when the manor passed into the hands of the Pagnell (Paynel) family.
At one time Newport Pagnell was one of the largest towns in the County of Buckinghamshire but today the new town of Milton Keynes has made it much less important.
Tickford Bridge, over the River Ouze, was built in 1810. It is the only iron bridge in Britain that still carries main road traffic. This is the oldest iron bridge in the world that is still in constant use. There is a plaque near the footbridge on the side that gives details of its history and construction. A large set of sluice gates used to control downstream flooding of the River Great Ouse is near the bridge.
Since 1954, Tickford Street in Newport Pagnell has been the home of the Aston Martin site, where all Aston Martin cars were built, until the recent opening of the new Ford Motor Company luxury division plant for Aston Martin built at Gaydon, Warwickshire.
The modern civil parish of Newport Pagnell stops at the M1, but the ecclesiastical parish extends to include Broughton and Caldecote. The parish church is dedicated to St Peter and St Paul.

Amniote
The amniotes are a taxonomical family of animals. They are a group of tetrapod vertebrates that include the Synapsida (mammals and mammal-like reptiles) and Sauropsida (reptiles and dinosaurs, including birds). The embryos of amniotes are either laid as eggs or carried by the female. These embyros are protected by several membranes. In humans, these membranes include the amniotic sac that surrounds the fetus. These embryonic membranes are why amniotes are different from other tetrapods, the amphibians.
The first amniotes looked similar to small lizards. They evolved 340 million years ago. Their eggs could survive out of the water. This let amniotes move into environments that had less water. The amniotes moved across the Earth. Almost all vertebrates that live mainly on land are amniotes.

List of mayors of Hamburg
The is the "First Mayor" of Hamburg, Germany. He is the President of the Senate (government) of Hamburg. The Erster Bürgermeister is Hamburg's Minister President.
The constitution of 28 September 1860 says that the state is to be governed by the ten-member "Senate" headed by the "First Mayor" as the "President of the Senate". His deputy is the "Second Mayor". Until 1997 the First Mayor was elected by the Senate. Now he is elected by the "Bürgerschaft" (the city's parliament) and the Erster Bürgermeister has appointed and dismissed other Senators.

Synapsid
Synapsids ('fused arch'), also known as Theropsids ('beast face'), is a taxonomical class of animals. This class includes mammals and other animals which are close to mammals. The non-mammal animals in the group were described as 'mammal-like reptiles'. A better name for them is "stem-mammals". Synapsids are one of the two major groups of amniote. The other group is the sauropsids. They developed one opening in their skull behind each eye, about 324 million years ago during the late Carboniferous Period.

The Pilgrim's Progress
"The Pilgrim's Progress" by John Bunyan (published, February, 1678) is one of the most important books in English literature. It’s full title is "The Pilgrim's Progress from This World to That Which Is to Come". It is a Christian allegory. It has been translated into more than 100 languages.
The writing of the book.
Bunyan started to write the book when he was in gaol (jail). He had got into trouble because he was preaching but he did not have a license to preach. Only priests of the Church of England were allowed to preach. He spent twelve years in the Bedfordshire county gaol. He probably could have been freed at any time if he had promised not to preach anymore, but he refused to do that. He was only let out when the law changed in 1672.
The book is divided into two parts. It is quite possible that Part One was written during his long stay in prison from 1660-1672 and that the second part was written in 1677 during his second, short stay in gaol. It is also possible that he started the book in gaol and finished it when he was freed.
When the first part was published in 1678 it immediately became extremely popular. Part Two was published in 1684. There were eleven editions of the first part during John Bunyan’s lifetime, and two editions of the second part.
Allegory.
The story is an allegory about a man called Christian who goes on a journey and meets many strange people. Eventually he gets to heaven. The strange people he meets are characters who represent good things and bad things in life. The story is therefore an allegory of the life of a good Christian.
Many of the places he describes are based on places he knew in the Bedfordshire countryside. For example, the Slough of Despond are thought to be the marshes in Tempsford (now on the A1) and House Beautiful is thought to be Houghton House (now a ruin) just outside Ampthill. The character of the Evangelist represents his friend John Gifford who was the leader of a non-conformist group at St John’s Church, Bedford. The heavy burden (the heavy load) that Christian carries on his back represents his sins: all the things he has done wrong in his life and which trouble him greatly. However, the burden is based on something from his real life: the heavy anvil which he carried on his back when he walked from place to place looking for work as a tinker (someone who mends pots and pans).
First part.
The story tells how a man called Christian makes his way from the "City of Destruction" (Earth) to the "Celestial City" (Heaven) of Zion. Christian finds himself weighed down by a great burden that he gets from reading a book (obviously the Bible). He keeps wondering what he can do to be saved. The character Evangelist appears several times during the story, pointing him in the right direction. He shows him the way to the "Wicket Gate". Christian tries to persuade his family to join him on the journey, but they will not go so he leaves them behind.
The first person he meets is called Mr. Worldly Wiseman who says he can be saved by looking at the law and that Mr Legality can help him, but Evangelist stops him from going that way. He has to go to the Wicket Gate.
At the Wicket Gate the gatekeeper, Good Will, tells him to keep to the straight path. Christian goes to the House of the Interpreter, where he is shown pictures and that show ideas of the Christian faith. Then he gets to the “place of deliverance”. This is meant to be the hill with the cross of Calvary where Jesus died. There his burden falls off his back so he is very relieved. Three shining ones give him the greeting of peace. They give him new clothes and a passport to the Celestial City (heaven). This is like a Christian Baptism.
At the top of the Hill of Difficulty, Christian stops at the House Beautiful, which is an allegory of the local Christian congregation. Christian spends three days here. When he leaves he is wearing armour which protects him when he fights a battle with the monster Apollyon. Then he goes to the Shadow of Death, but he is not afraid because his friend Faithful reminds him of the words of the Psalm 23: "Yea, though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I will fear no evil: for thou art with me; thy rod and thy staff they comfort me." The sun rises as he leaves.
Just outside the Valley of the Shadow of Death he meets Faithful, who also used to live in the City of Destruction. They go together to Vanity Fair, where they are both arrested because they do not like the kind of business that is being done at the fair, all based on greed. Faithful is put on trial, and executed. Hopeful, who lives in Vanity, takes Faithful's place as Christian's companion for the rest of the way.
Together Christian and Hope have several adventures. They are captured by Giant Despair, who takes them to his Doubting Castle, where they are imprisoned, beaten and starved. The giant wants them to commit suicide, but they refuse. Suddenly Christian realizes that a key he has, called Promise, will open all the doors and gates of Doubting Castle. Using the key, they escape.
They come to the Delectable Mountains where the shepherds show them some of the wonders of the place also known as "Immanuel's Land".
On the way, Christian and Hopeful meet a man called Ignorance. He thinks he can enter the Celestial City even though he does not believe. A ferryman called Vain Hope ferries Ignorance across the River of Death, but Ignorance is turned away from the gates of Celestial City and thrown into hell.
Christian and Hopeful eventually reach the Celestial City.
Second part.
The Second Part of "The Pilgrim's Progress" presents the pilgrimage of Christian's wife, Christiana; their sons and the maiden, Mercy. It shows that women can be as brave as men. They visit the same stopping places that Christian did, but they take longer because they marry and give birth to chidren on the way. The hero of the story is Greatheart, the servant of the Interpreter, who is a pilgrim's guide to the Celestial City. He kills four giants, including Giant Despair, and helps to kill a monster that terrorizes the city of Vanity.
Popularity.
Although the language of "The Pilgrim’s Progress" may seem old-fashioned to us now, Bunyan wrote in a style which was very simple and direct in comparison with other books of his time. He gave his characters symbolic names, and this must have sounded very lively and imaginative to a 17th century audience. Bunyan had not had a proper education, so he did not write in an intellectual way, but in a way that ordinary people would understand.
The book includes a poem which is now the popular hymn " Who Would True Valour See" (or " He Who Would Valiant Be" in some versions).
Some phrases from the book have become part of the English language, in the same way that many English expressions come from the Bible. We often talk of a "Slough of Despond" (when we feel a problem is to big for us) or a "Hill Difficulty" etc.
Musical settings and films.
The book was the basis of an opera by Ralph Vaughan Williams, first performed in 1951. Vaughan Williams also wrote a short anthem "Valiant for Truth". The story has been made into films and used in video games.

The Need for Speed
"The Need for Speed" is a racing video game made by Electronic Arts. It is the 1st game in the Need for Speed series. It was released on the 3DO and PlayStation.

Mayak accident
The Mayak accident is a nuclear accident. Mayak (Маяк) means beacon, in Russian. It happened in a nuclear reprocessing plant. That plant used to be known as "Cheljabinsk-65 " near Kishtim (Кыштым). There were many accidents, in the secret plant. The most serious of them happened on September 29,1957. The cooling system of the plant failed to work. A (non-nuclear) explosion occurred. This explosion had the force of about 75 tons of TNT. It released about 20 PetaPCi (about 740 Petabecquerel) of radioactivity. At least 200 people died from radiation sickness. about 10,000 people were evacuated from their homes. More than 470,000 people were exposed to the radiation, without knowing it.
According to different sources, the amount of radioactivity produced by this disaster is between twice and six times that of the Chernobyl accident of 1986. Because the leakage was more limited, this is classified as a Level 6 (of 7) disaster on the International Nuclear Event Scale. Chernobyl is rated at Level 7.
In 2003, Russian authorities closed down the Mayak plant. Lake Karachay, which is close to the plant is seen as one of the most contaminated spots on the planet.

Radiation poisoning
Radiation poisoning (or Radiation sickness) is a form of damage done to the organs, because of radiation. It is used to say that the damage occurs because of high levels of radiation, that happen in a short period of time.

Typhoon Sepat (2007)
Typhoon Sepat (international designation: "0708", JTWC designation: "09W", designated Typhoon Egay by PAGASA and sometimes called Super Typhoon Sepat) was the eighth tropical storm of the 2007 Pacific typhoon season that affected the Philippines and made landfall in Taiwan and Fujian.
Storm history.
On August 11, a low-level circulation center formed in conjunction with a persistent area of convection about 1280 km (800 mi) southeast of Naha, Okinawa. Northerly upper-level winds initially provided beneficial divergence, though also resulted in detrimental wind shear and lack of inflow. Upper-level conditions gradually became more favorable for development as the disturbance tracked along the eastern periphery of an upper-level anticyclone. With convective rain bands wrapping into the circulation, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) issued a tropical cyclone formation alert on the system late on August 11. Remaining nearly stationary between ridges to its northeast and southwest, the system developed further, and early on August 12 the JTWC classified it as Tropical Depression 09W. Shortly thereafter, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) classified it as a tropical depression while located about 1245 km (775 mi) southeast of Okinawa.
Twelve hours later, the JTWC upgraded the tropical depression to a tropical storm based on Dvorak technique satellite intensity estimates and the storm exhibiting tightly-curved convective bands. An upper-level low helped to reduce wind shear that had been affecting the storm. The JTWC also warned of the possibility of rapid intensification. The JMA upgraded the depression to a tropical storm later that day and named it Sepat, a name contributed by Malaysia referring to a freshwater fish species.
By early the next morning, August 13, Sepat had a banding eye visible on microwave satellite imagery and had remained in an environment conducive for strengthening, including weakening wind shear. An upper-level anticyclone also moved over the storm. By now, Sepat had moved into PAGASA's area of responsibility and attained the local name "Egay". The JMA upgraded Sepat to a severe tropical storm shortly after. Sepat continued to slowly gain more organisation and intensify further, and started to move faster under the influence of a subtropical steering ridge. Sepat strengthened into a typhoon on the morning of August 14 under still-decreasing wind shear and favourable diffluence.
Sepat developed a cloud-filled eye measuring 12 nautical miles (22 km, 14 mi) across by later that night, part of a larger central dense overcast nearly 130 nm (240 km, 150 mi) wide. Favourable sea surface temperatures of 29–30 °C (84–86 °F) allowed Sepat to continue intensifying despite decrease of poleward outflow. By this time, Sepat had deepened to 955 hPa. The JTWC also noted possible imminent rapid intensification of the storm.
Late that night, Sepat underwent rapid intensification as expected, and was upgraded by the JTWC to a super typhoon the next morning. The JMA analysed Sepat at 940 hPa at the same time. The deep convection warmed slightly and underwent slight fluctuations during the afternoon. During this period, Sepat slowed in forward speed and took a turn from a west-southwest motion to a more poleward one. Its eye also cleared out, became slightly larger, and warmed. By late that night, Sepat had become the strongest storm of the season to date, with the JMA analysing its pressure at 925 hPa, lower than Typhoon Man-yi's minimum of 935 hPa.
Continuing to intensify, Sepat reached a peak minimum central pressure of 910 hPa on the morning of August 16. It also managed to maintain its cloud-free eye. High ocean heat content and good equatorward outflow allowed Sepat to maintain its intensity, but an eyewall replacement cycle began later that night. The eyewall replacement cycle continued throughout the night, and by the next morning Sepat displayed concentric eyewalls, with the inner eyewall being weaker. The JTWC downgraded it to a typhoon later that evening.
It made landfall in eastern Taiwan between Taitung and Hualien on the morning of August 18 local time at around 5 a.m. (2100 UTC August 17) and weakened to a minimal typhoon. After crossing the island, Sepat held on to minimal typhoon intensity before weakening to a severe tropical storm that night. It made a second landfall, in China, about 24 hours after landfall on Taiwan and was downgraded to a tropical storm the next morning. It further weakened inland and the JMA issued its final advisory on the morning of August 20.
Preparations.
The Government of the Republic of China gave out sea typhoon warnings on the morning of August 16 and land warnings later that evening. At all county and city levels, a typhoon holiday was declared for August 18 in preparation for the storm. In the Philippines, PAGASA issued Public Storm Warning Signals 1 to 3 (4 is the highest signal) for most provinces of Luzon.
Over 900,000 people were evacuated in eastern China, and over 100 flights had to be cancelled. In Taiwan, nearly 2,000 people had to be evacuated.
After Sepat made landfall in China, the regional meteorological office in Hunan Province sent over 2.25 million text messages to residents to warn them about the storm's remnants.
Philippines.
On August 15, monsoon rains brought by Typhoon Sepat flooded and built up traffic in Metro Manila. Classes and services in government offices were stopped until August 17. At least three people drowned.
Taiwan.
Sustained winds of 126 km/h (78 mph) were recorded off the Taiwanese coast on August 18 as Sepat moved through the country.
Heavy rainfall in Taiwan, which reached 984 mm (38.7 inches) at Tianhsiang in Hualien, resulted in numerous mudslides, especially in mountain regions and in the south while the combination of the precipitation and winds caused an estimated $1.14 billion (2007 NT$, $34.5 million 2007 USD) in agricultural damage. More than 70,000 homes lost power, and nearly a week after the storm passed through 9,000 people remained without electricity.
The Suao-Hualien Highway was also closed due to landslides brought by the typhoon. One person was reported killed in Taiwan.
Mainland China.
In Fujian Province, Sepat's winds broke billboards and ripped roofs off houses and two people were killed, while a tornado was reported in Zhejiang, killing 13 people and injuring at least 60 more. Most counties received almost 200 mm (8 inches) of rainfall. Sepat caused landslides in Fujian, leaving 12 people missing. Landslides were the cause of at least half the 39 deaths in China. Damage was also reported in Jiangxi and Hunan, and damage in the four provinces was estimated at 5 billion yuan (US$658 million).

Louis de Broglie
Louis-Victor-Pierre-Raymond, 7th duc de Broglie, (August 15, 1892 – March 19, 1987) was a French physicist who discovered that electrons have two natures similar to both particles and waves.

Las Galeras, Samaná
Las Galeras is a Dominican Municipal district of Santa Bárbara de Samaná, Samaná province. It is on the east coast of the Samaná Peninsula, on the "Rincón Bay" that is found between "Cabrón" and "Samaná" capes.
"Las Galeras", in English "The Galleys" (a galley was a war ship where prisoners and slaves were used to move the ship), because two galleys stayed here during the 16th Century.
Population.
In the last national census (2002), the population of Las Galeras is included with that of Santa Bárbara de Samaná.
Economy.
The most important economic activities of the province are agriculture, fishing and tourism.

Induno Olona
Induno Olona is a city in northern Italy, in the Lombardy region, near Varese, with a population of 10.000 inhabitants.

Swordfish
Swordfish ("Xiphias gladius") are large fish characterized by a long, flat bill. They are a popular sport fish. Swordfish are elongated, round-bodied, and lose all teeth and scales by adulthood.
The International Game Fish Association's all-tackle angling record for a swordfish was a 1,182 lb (535.15 kg) specimen taken off Chile in 1953.
They are the sole member of their family Xiphiidae.
Physiology.
The swordfish is named after its sharp bill, resembling a sword (Latin gladius), which together with its streamlined physique (smooth body) allows it to cut through the water with great ease and agility.
Swordfish is a particularly popular fish for cooking. Since swordfish are large animals, meat is usually sold as steaks, which are often grilled. The color of the flesh varies by diet, with fish caught on the east coast of North America often being rosier.
However, many sources including the United States Food and Drug Administration warn about potential toxicity (how poisonous it is) from high levels of methylmercury in swordfish.

Carreño de Miranda
Juan Carreño de Miranda (March, 1614-September, 1685) was a Spanish painter of the Baroque period.
Born in Avilés in Asturias, son of a painter with the same name, Juan Carreño de Miranda. His family moved to Madrid in 1623, and he trained in Madrid during the late 1620s as apprentice of Pedro de Las Cuevas and Bartolomé Roman. He came to the notice of Velazquez for his work in the cloister of doña María de Aragón y en la iglesia del Rosario, he was asked to help paint in the Royal Palace of Madridwith frescoes on mythologic fables. He was named Painter of the king in 1669. In 1658 Carreño was hired as an assistant on a royal commission to paint frescoes in the Alcázar palace, now Royal Palace of Madrid. In 1671 he was appointed court painter to the queen (pintor de cámara) and began to paint primarily portraits.In 1671, upon the death ofSebastian de Herrera, he was named chamber painter. He refused to be knighted in the order of Santiago, saying "Painting needs no honors, it can give them to the whole world". Mainly recalled as a painter of portraits. His main pupilswere Mateo Cerezo, Cabezalero, Donoso, Ledesma y Sotomayor. He died in Madrid.

Late Old Japanese
Late Old Japanese (中古日本語) is an old form of the Japanese language. It was used in the time known as the Heian Period, between 794 and 1185. The form of Japanese that was used before that is called Old Japanese.
Old Japanese was the first form of the Japanese language. The script (the way it was written) came from the Chinese script. This was all based on characters which were like little pictures (called kanji today, e.g. 中古日本語). During the Late Old period two new scripts were invented: Hiragana and Katakana. These were much simpler and described the sound of the syllables. It made reading and writing much easier. Famous books were written during this period such as "The Tale of Genji", "The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter", "The Tales of Ise" and many others.
Many changes took place to the way the language was pronounced during this period. Consonants that had been spoken through the nose became voiced, some long vowels were added, some consonants slid into one another. The syllables became simpler: instead of 88 there were only 66. Instead of two types of -i, -e, and –o there were only one. Some verbs ended in a consonant, others in a vowel. The changes in grammar included different ways that adjectives could be declined.
See also.
Old Japanese

Old Japanese
Old Japanese (上代日本, Jōdai nihongo) is the oldest known form of the Japanese language.
It is difficult to give a precise date when Old Japanese started. The date when the Old Japanese period is said to have finished is 794. It was the start of the Heian period.
The Japanese writing system came from the Chinese. Wooden tablets have been found with writing on. The oldest extended piece of writing we know of dates from 712. This is the start of the Nara period (710-794).
The earliest texts found in Japan are written in classical Chinese. However, some of them show the influences of Japanese grammar (e.g. word order). Sometimes bits of Chinese characters are used to make the sound of the small Japanese words called “particles”. This helps us to make some guesses about how it used to be pronounced.
Many changes in the Japanese language took place over the centuries. The spoken form of Japanese changed much more quickly than the written form.
See also.
Late Old Japanese

Tom and Jerry
"Tom and Jerry" is a Academy-Award winning animated cartoon series of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer short films. They were created, written and directed by William Hanna and Joseph Barbera. During the 1960s, the cartoons were written and directed by Gene Deitch and Chuck Jones. One hundred and fourteen "Tom and Jerry" cartoons were produced by the MGM cartoon studio in Hollywood from 1940 until 1957. These shorts have won seven Academy Awards for Best Short Subject (Cartoons).

Tynwald
Tynwald is the second oldest government of continuous existence in the world, dating back over 1000 years, following the Papacy.
It is in existence on the Isle of Man, and while the island is Crown Dependent (it depends on a king/queen, in this case. of England), this ancient form of government enjoys a large amount of political power.
Queen Elizabeth II is acknowledged as the Lord of Man.
The Tynwald is a direct legacy from the ancestors of Viking and Norse descent that first colonized the Isle of Man.

Possum
A possum is a marsupial. It spends the first four months of their lives in their mother's pouch. By the time they are six months old, the young possums live outside of the pouch. They have sharp claws. They are nocturnal and they have a keen sense of smell. They eat the leafy growth of trees, insects, berries, bird's eggs and sometimes their own chicks. Possums are considered flightless because they can only jump short distances.
The first possums were brought to New Zealand in 1837 from Australia. Possums are native to Australia and are protected there.
In New Zealand, possums have no natural enemies, so possum numbers increased quickly. It is thought of as a pest in New Zealand.
The possum has done a lot of damage to the native plants, animals and birds.

Gotha
Gotha is a town in Thuringia, in Germany. It is the capital of the District of Gotha. The population was 46,205 in 2004.
History.
The town has existed at least since the 8th century, when its name was mentioned in a document signed by Charlemagne, in which it appears as "Villa Gotaha" ("Good Waters"). In 1640 Gotha became the capital city of Saxe-Gotha. In the 18th century the French philosopher Voltaire stayed for a long time, and the Royal court became one of the centres of the Enlightenment in Germany. From 1826 to 1918, Gotha was one of the two capitals of the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.
Gotha has played an important role in the Germany's workers' movement: the German socialist party (SPD) was founded in Gotha in 1875, when the Social Democratic Workers' Party, led by August Bebel and Wilhelm Liebknecht, and the General German Workers' Association, founded by Ferdinand Lassalle joined together. The compromise was known the "Gotha Program" and was opposed by Karl Marx.
Gotha has also been traditionally a centre of publishing. The firm of Justus Perthes (now called Hermann Haack) began publishing the "Almanach de Gotha" in 1763. The almanach was a very important directory of the world's major ruling dynasties and Europe's high nobility.
From 1949 to 1990 the city of Gotha was in the German Democratic Republic.

Palm Island, Queensland
Palm Island, also known as Great Palm Island, or by the Aboriginal name Bukaman, is an island with about 2,000 people living on it.
Names.
The small town on the island has many names such as Palm Island, the Mission, Palm Island Settlement or Palm Community.
Location.
The island is 65 kilometres north-west of Townsville, on the east coast of Queensland, Australia. It is the biggest of the "Greater Palm" group of islands. It has small bays, sandy beaches and steep forested mountains rising to a 548 metres high. Other close by islands outside the Palm group include Rattlesnake Island and Magnetic Island.
History.
Palm Island is often called a "tropical paradise" because of its natural beauty, but it has had a sad past since Europeans arrived in Australia. For much of the 20th Century it was used by the Queensland Government as a town for Aboriginals thought to be guilty of such crimes as being "disruptive", being pregnant to a white man or being born with "mixed blood".
The community created by this history has had many problems and has often been debated about by political and social writers. Of major concern is a lack of jobs and housing. Since it became a Aboriginal reserve, Palm Island has been a symbol of aboriginal hardship and violence.
Other websites.
Articles produced by The Brisbane Institute think tank

Igrejinha
Igrejinha is a Brazilian city of the state of Rio Grande do Sul. It has 31 389 inhabitants and an area of 136.816 km².

Arroyo Barril, Samaná
Arroyo Barril is a Municipal district of Santa Bárbara de Samaná, Samaná province in the Dominican Republic. It is on the south coast of the Samaná Peninsula, on the coast of Samaná Bay.
It was elevated to the category of municipal district on May 1, 2003.
Population.
In the last national census (2002), the population of Arroyo Barril is included with that of Santa Bárbara de Samaná.
Economy.
The most important economic activities of Arroyo Barril are the same of the province: agriculture, fishing and tourism.

Intolerable Acts
The Intolerable Acts or the Coercive Acts were names given by the American colonists to a number of laws passed by the British Parliament in 1774.
The British Parliament passed these laws to punish the Massachusetts colony for the Boston Tea Party. One of the laws closed Boston Harbor until the colonists paid for the destroyed tea. Another law banned the committees of correspondence. Still another law allowed Britain to house troops where ever it wanted to. The Laws were so harsh that the colonist called them the Intolerable Acts.
Other colonies offered Massachusetts their support. They sent supplies to Boston. The committees of correspondence also called for a meeting of all colonies. This meeting would decide what to do about the problems with Britain.

Mike Zambidis
"Iron" Mike Zambidis (born July 15, 1980) is a Greek kickboxer. He is known in the kickboxing community for his explosive fighting style.

Indo-Greek Kingdom
The Indo-Greek Kingdom was in parts of northwest and northern Indian subcontinent (present-day Pakistan) from 180 BCE to around 10 CE, and was ruled by a succession of more than thirty Hellenic and Hellenistic kings.

Mirage 2000
The Mirage 2000 is a French-built multirole fighter jet manufactured by Dassault Aviation. It first flew in 1978, and was introduced in 1984. Originally designed in the late seventies as a lightweight fighter for the Armée de l'Air, it evolved into a successful multirole aircraft now in service in 9 countries with more than 600 airplanes built.

Helensburgh, New South Wales
Helensburgh is a small town with a population of 5000+ residents in New South Wales, Australia. It is located about half-way between Sydney and Wollongong, at the southern end of the Royal National Park.

Hugo Award
The Hugo Award is an award given each year for the best science fiction or fantasy works of the previous year. The award is named after Hugo Gernsback, the founder of the science fiction magazine "Amazing Stories". Hugo Awards have been given out every year since 1953, except 1954. Hugo Award winners are chosen by members of the Worldcon convention each year. The ceremony where the awards are given out is a main part of the convention.
The Hugo Award trophy was co-designed by Benedict Jablonski.
The 2006 Hugo Awards ceremony was held at the 64th World Science Fiction Convention (Worldcon) on Saturday, August 26 in Anaheim, California. The 2007 Awards were presented at the 65th World Science Fiction Convention in Yokohama, Japan on 1 September.

Schlenkerla
Schlenkerla is a famous old brewery and tavern in Bamberg, Bavaria, Germany. It is known for its smoked beer which is called "Aecht Schlenkerla Rauchbier" ("real Schlenkerla smoked beer"). It is a strong, darkish beer with a slightly smokey taste which is rather like bacon. The alcohol content is 5.1%. There is another speciality which is called "Urbock" ("Ur" means "original" and "Bock" is actually a male goat). The Urbock is stronger: 6.5% alcohol and is only served in the season known as the "Starkbierzeit" ("Strong beer time") which is from October to 6 January. The beer is served from oak barrels. This is a very old tradition which is not often found nowadays.
It is said that the invention of smoked beer came about because one day the brewery caught fire and, after the fire was put out, the beer had a smokey taste. People liked it and decided to make it like that. No one knows whether this story is true.
The name Schlenkerla comes from the word "schlenken" which means: "to dangle" ("to hang loosely", or "swing"). Several hundred years ago the owner of the tavern was a man who had been run over by a horse cart. He walked with crooked legs and he used to hang his arms out as he walked. People called him the "Schlenkerla" (the ending "la" on a word is typical of Franconian dialect. They would often say: "Let's go to the Schlenkerla" and so the tavern and the beer got its name. The image of this man can still be seen hanging over the entrance to the tavern.

Gabelmann
The Gabelmann ("Fork man") is a statue with a fountain in Bamberg, Germany. It is a Baroque statue of Neptune, the ancient Roman god of the sea, who is holding his three-pronged fork. This is why he has the name Gabelmann.
The Gabelmann stands in the part of the pedestrian precinct called "Grüner Markt" ("Green Market"). In the local Franconian dialect he is called Goblmoo. There is a well-known poem about him written in the dialect.
The Gabelmann is a favourite place for people to meet in Bamberg.

Bamberg Symphony Orchestra
The Bamberger Symphoniker (Bamberg Symphony Orchestra'") is a world-famous orchestra from the city of Bamberg, Germany. It was formed in 1946. Most of musicians who formed the orchestra were Germans who had been expelled from Czechoslovakia after the World War II. Most of them had previously been members of the German Philharmonic Orchestra of Prague.
The Bamberger Symphoniker have a large modern concert hall in Bamberg which was opened in 1993. They give many concerts there, but they also do a lot of touring to all parts of the world. Their conductor is Jonathan Nott who is an English conductor. Every three years the orchestra organize a "Gustav Mahler Conducting Prize". This is a competition for young conductors. The competition first took place in 2004.
The orchestra have made several CD recordings.

Lübeck law
The Lübeck law (German language|German:"Lübisches Recht") was one of a few charters for town privileges. The Lübeck law said there should be a city council ("Rat"). There should be 20 council members, which were usually elected for 2 years.
Many cities in the Hanseatic League used this law.

Alfonso Daniel Rodríguez Castelao
Alfonso Daniel (30 January 1886 – 7 January 1950), also known as Castelao'", was a Spanish writer on Galician language and one of the main symbols of Galicia. As a politician, caricaturist, and writer, he is one of the leading figures of Galician culture and identity.
(1886–1929) Early life.
In 1886, Alfonso Daniel Rodríguez de Castelao was born on 30 January in Rianxo, Galicia, Spain.
Castelao spent his childhood and adolescence in Santa Rosa de Toay, Argentina. In 1900, the Castelao family returned to Rianxo. In 1908, he obtained his degree in Medicine from the University of Santiago de Compostela. The next year, he passed his doctorate in Madrid, where he started to become known as a caricaturist, and settled down in Rianxo, joining the political movement Action Galicia ("Acción Gallega" in Spanish). As a caricaturist, Castelao focussed on the everyday in a humorous way, although after the cruelty and tragedy of the Spanish Civil War, he turned to using his art to denounce the misery of Fascism.
In 1916, he moved to Pontevedra, where he joined the Irmandades da Fala and participated in the "Asembleia Nazonalista de Lugo", signing an important national declaration. In 1920, he became editor of the magazine "Nos" and travelled through France, the Netherlands and Germany. In 1922, he wrote the novel "Un Ollo de Vidro" and in 1924 he joined the "Seminario de Estudos Galegos" and founded the "Coral Polifonica de Pontevedra". Two years later he published "Cousas", and in 1929 he travelled to Brittany to study its stone crosses and publish "As Cruces de Pedra na Bretaña".

Emilia Pardo Bazan
Emilia Pardo Bazán (16 September 1851 – 12 May 1921) (also known as "Emilia, countess de Pardo Bazán") was a Spanish author and scholar.
Bazán was born in A Coruña (also known as La Coruña or Corunna), part of the region of Galicia, and the culture of that area was incorporated into some of her most popular novels, including Los pazos de Ulloa (The Manors of Ulloa) and its sequel, La Madre Naturaleza (Mother Nature). She was also known for bringing naturalism to Spanish literature, for her detailed descriptions of reality, and for her role in feminist literature of her era.
Married at eighteen to Sr D. Jos Quiroga, a Galician country gentleman, she interested herself in politics, and is believed to have taken an active part in the underground campaign against Amadeo of Spain and, later, against the republic. In 1876 she came into notice as the successful competitor for a literary prize offered by the municipality of Oviedo, the subject of her essay being the Benedictine monk, Benito Jerónimo Feijoo. This was followed by a series of articles inserted in La Ciencia cristiana, a magazine of the purest orthodoxy, edited by Juan M. Orti y Lara.

Bamberg Cathedral
Bamberg Cathedral is one of the most famous cathedrals of Germany. It can be seen from a long distance near the top of the hill. It has a very rich history. Its official name is Bamberg Cathedral of St. Peter and St. George. It is also called the Kaiserdom (“Emperor Cathedral”). The cathedral is under the administration of the Roman Catholic Church and is the seat of the Archbishop of Bamberg.
Construction of the cathedral.
The cathedral was founded in 1004 by the emperor Henry II, and was consecrated in 1012. During the next two centuries it was burnt down twice. The building we now see is a late Romanesque building with four big towers. It has a choir at both ends. The east chancel is dedicated to St. George. This symbolizes the Holy Roman Empire. The west chancel is dedicated to St. Peter symbolizing the Pope.
It took a long time for the cathedral to be built, and during that time tastes in architecture changed. This is why we can see several styles in different parts of the cathedral, particularly Romaneque and Gothic styles. Between these two styles is the Transitional style, and this is the way the nave was built.
Sculptures and carvings.
The cathedral is about 94 m long, 28 m broad, 26 m high, and the four towers are each about 81 m high. There are lots of sculptures in the cathedral. One of the most magnificent ones is the marble tomb of Henry II, the founder of the cathedral, and his wife, the empress Cunigunde. It took the famous sculptor Tilman Riemenschneider 14 years to carve: between 1499 and 1513. The tomb is slightly higher than floor level because below there is a crypt. The carvings round the side tell of various episodes in the lives of the imperial couple.
There is a beautiful Nativity altar in the south transept made in limewood by the famous artist Veit Stoss. He made it when he was about 80 years old. His son asked him to build it. His son was a Carmelite prior in the nearby city of Nürnberg. Unfortunately he was expelled from Nürnberg because he was against the Protestants at the time of the Reformation. This meant that his father was never paid for his beautiful work, which was soon moved to Bamberg.
The Bamberger Reiter.
Another treasure of the cathedral is an equestrian statue called the Bamberg Horseman (Bamberger Reiter). People have tried to guess for years who this knight on horseback really was. During the cathedral’s history people have often made up stories about who he was. The Romantics thought he was a German emperor from the Hohenstaufen family. The Nazis thought he was a knight who symbolized German perfection, looking towards the east for new lands to conquer. This was Nazi propaganda. The knight on the statue does not, in fact, look east at all. It is now thought that he was probably the 13th century Hungarian king Stephen I.. Modern technology has made it possible for us to know what the original colours were, and this has helped scientists to identify him. The sculptor has carved his name on the statue. Instead, he has carved his mask at the bottom right hand corner. This does not tell us who he was.
Papal grave.
Bamberg Cathedral is the only place in Germany where a pope is buried. He was Pope Clement II. He was the local bishop before he became Pope, but he died in 1047 after having been pope for only twelve months.
The organ.
The cathedral first had an organ in 1415. The one that was built in 1868 gave many problems and had to be rebuilt five years later, but it was kept until 1940 because it made a nice sound. The organ that we see in the cathedral today was built in 1976 by the organ builder Rieger. There are four angel figures in the corners of the organ case. The organ has four manuals and pedalboard. All the organs during the cathedral’s history were built against the north wall because the sound was best there.
Every year about 40 concerts are given in the cathedral.

Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus is a gland that is located at the base of the brain. It connects the endocrine system to the nervous system. The word "hypothalamus" is a Greek word which means "under the thalamus"; it is used because hypothalamus is located below the thalamus, and above the brain stem.
The hypothalamus controls body temperature, hunger, thirst and circadian cycles.

Square yard
A square yard (sometimes written yd²) is the United States and British unit of measurement for area. It is the area inside a square that has each side equal to one yard (3 feet or 36 inches). This measurement can be found by squaring the measure of one side of the square.

Ahmednagar
Ahmednagar is a city of Ahmednagar District in the state of Maharashtra, India, on the left bank of the Sina river, about 120 Kilometres northeast of Pune and 120 km from Aurangabad.

Steering wheel (ship)
The wheel of a ship is the modern method of changing the angle of the rudder to change the direction of the boat or ship. It is also called the helm, together with the rest of the steering mechanism.
The wheel is typically connected to a mechanical or hydraulic system.
The idea of tractors, automobiles, and similar land vehicles having a steering wheel probably evolved directly from the ship's wheel.

F-14 Tomcat
The F-14 Tomcat is a fighter plane made for the American Navy. It first flew in 1970 and started to replace the F-4 Phantom II in 1973. It could carry 6 of AIM-54 Pheonix missiles and two AIM-9 Sidewinders. The plane is supersonic. In 2006, the Navy stopped using it. Iran uses the F-14, but they are rumored to be in bad condition.

F-16 Fighting Falcon
The F-16 Fighting Falcon (also called the Viper) is an American light fighter. It is made to do many things, including destroying things on the ground and in the air. It can carry air missiles, ground missiles, and bombs. It first flew in 1974, and was introduced in 1978. It is still in the American air force.

M1 Garand
Image:Garand clip.jpg|thumb|The 8 bullet clip
Image:Marines-camp-pendleton-1943.jpg|thumb|US Marines with M1 in 1943
The M1 Garand is a rifle that was mostly used by the US Army during World War 2. It had an eight bullet stripper clip. After the stripper clip had run of bullets a bell would sound letting you know that you should reload. This bell could prove annoying and sometimes dangerous when trying to maintain silence. It was and still is the only rifle to have an eight bullet stripper clip. The rifle was designed and made by a Canadian engineer. It will always hold it's title as one of world's greatest rifles.

Dark Horse Comics
Dark Horse Comics is an American company that creates comic books and manga. It is one of the largest "independent" comic book publishers. The company was founded by Mike Richardson.
Richardson is the owner of several comic book shops in the Portland, Oregon metropolitan area. In 1986, he began to publish an anthology series called "Dark Horse Presents" using money from his stores. The company is based in Milwaukie, Oregon.
Overview.
Dark Horse creates many comics based on other peoples characters and settings. These include comics based on "Star Wars", "Buffy the Vampire Slayer", "Aliens", and "Who Wants to be a Superhero?" Dark Horse also publishes comics by artists who own their own settings. These include Frank Miller's "Sin City" and "300", Mike Mignola's "Hellboy", Stan Sakai's "Usagi Yojimbo", Katsuhiro Otomo's "Akira" and Michael Chabon's "The Escapist". From 1993-1996, Dark Horse published a line of superhero comics under the name Comics Greatest World. This was later re-named Dark Horse Heroes. After 1996, publication in this line slowed greatly. They stopped making any books about the characters in the early 2000's. Today, the company does very well even though they do not have their own universe of superpowered characters.
Dark Horse's movie company, Dark Horse Entertainment, creates movies based on Dark Horse Comics. These including "The Mask" and "Hellboy".
The company also produces novels based on some of their more popular comic book titles, including "Aliens" and "Predator".

Ernst Theodor Amadeus Hoffmann
Ernst Theodor Amadeus Hoffmann (born Königsberg 24 January 1776; died Berlin 25 June 1822) was a German writer, composer, music critic, painter, caricaturist and lawyer. He liked the music of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart so much that he changed his third name from Wilhelm to Amadeus. He is always known as E. T. A. Hoffmann. He was a man of many talents, but his greatest importance is as a Romantic writer. He wrote fantasy and horror stories which had a very large influence on German literature in the 19th century. His stories had a lot of influence in music. He is the hero of Jacques Offenbach's famous opera "The Tales of Hoffmann". His fantasies were used in other musical works such as Delibes’s ballet "Coppélia" and in operas by Busoni and Hindemith.
Early years.
Hoffmann studied law at the University of Königsberg from where he graduated when he was only 16 years old. He finished his studies in Glogau and Berlin. His first job was in Posen. He married in 1802, but in the same year he had to leave his job because he had made fun of some people in his caricature drawings. He soon went to Warsaw where he worked as a lawyer as well as meeting famous writers. He composed music, including a symphony, a harp quintet and music for plays. Because of the political situation after the French invasion in 1806 he lost his job. He tried to get a job in Berlin but without success. In 1808 he went to Bamberg where he spent five years. His job there was as a conductor and theatre designer. He fell in love with a young girl called Julia Marc and composed sacred music and operas. He wrote musical criticism as well as stories for the newspaper "Allgemeine Musikalische Zeitung". These include the famous short stories "Ritter Gluck", "Don Juan" and the series called "Kreisleriana" ("Johannes Kreislers, des Kapellmeisters musikalische Leiden", i.e. "The musical suffering of the Director of Music Johannes Kreisler").
Later career.
In 1813 he left Bamberg and spent some time in Dresden, Leipzig and, from 1814 onwards, Berlin. He was an excellent lawyer and was able to work very sensibly as a court official while, at the same time, spending some time devoted to art. He often met with literary friends to discuss literature and wrote more stories including "Die Lebensansichten des Katers Murr" ("Tom-cat Murr’s views on life"). His health started to become poor. He suffered from creeping paralysis. Once again he got into trouble because of his satire, but before his punishment could be sorted out he fell in and died.
His stories.
Hoffmann wrote various kinds of stories. Some of them are about fate, e.g. "Elixiere des Teufels" which is about a Capuchin monk who is tempted by the drink offered by the devil. Some of them are fairy tales, e.g. "Der goldene Topf" ("The golden pan") and "Nussknacker und Mausekönig" ("Nutcracker and Mouse King"). Very often in these stories the supernatural meets everyday reality. Some of his stories are autobiographical because they fantasies about himself. In particular, the story about Kreisler became very popular and was used by musicians, e.g. Robert Schumann in his piano pieces called "Kreisleriana".
Hoffmann is one of the great writers of German prose. He brought his imaginary world to life with his Romantic characters.

Hydrogen atom
A hydrogen atom is an atom of the chemical element hydrogen.
Its parts are a single negatively-charged electron that circles a single positively-charged nucleus of the hydrogen atom. The nucleus of hydrogen consists of only a single proton (in the case of hydrogen-1 or "protium"), "or" it may also include one or more neutrons (giving deuterium, tritium, and other isotopes). The electron is bound to the nucleus by the Coulomb force. Hydrogen-1, also known as protium or "light hydrogen" is the main component of natural hydrogen.
References.
Section 4.2 deals with the hydrogen atom specifically, but all of Chapter 4 is relevant.

Fuel cell
A Fuel cell converts hydrogen into electricity by chemically binding it to oxygen, from which results water. It is like a battery that is constantly fed with fuel. It is an important part of the hydrogen economy. Note, though, that, unlike oil, hydrogen which is not found in nature and is not an energy source, but an energy carrier. It has to be produced first, and if this is done by burning fossil fuels, it does not help against climate change in today. but, fuel cell will help against climate change in future, because scientists try to find new way to make hydrogen without using fossil fuels.
How to get energy.
Water is a molecule that consists of one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms. It takes energy when separating into oxygen and hydrogens. And it releases energy when they are recombined. A fuel cell does the latter. Hydrogen (the energy source) and oxygen (which can come in the form of plain air) are fed into it, separated by a screen that will only let positively charged hydrogen (H+) through to the oxygen (O). At the hydrogen side, a platinum plate helps the electrons of the hydrogen atoms to split off (it acts as a catalyst). The now positively charged hydrogen atoms pass through the screen, while the electrons enter an electric circuit. This produces the electricity required. At the other end of the electrical circuit, it connects to the oxygen side, where the electrons then combine with the positively charged hydrogen and the oxygen to form water (which then comes out the exhaust pipe). These three (H+, O and electrons) 'want' to combine and thus 'pull' the electrons through the electric circuit, thus creating the desired energy.
Efficiency.
Fuel cell make electricity by reacting oxygen and hydrogen. Efficiency is very good(about 40~60%).It also elevate efficiency maximum 80% if exhausting heat is used during reacting process. Moreover, Fuel cell can use various fuel, for example, natural gas, methanol, LPG(Liquid Petroleum Gas), naphtha, kerosene etc. Because it is easy not only to gain energy source but also not to burn a fuel, fuel cell is future energy contributing environment conservation.
Feature.
There are general feature of fuel cell. First, it is possible to develop efficiency highly. Because of higher efficiency than caloric power generation, fuel cell can reduce price of source. Futhermore, emission of NOx, CO2(carbon dioxide) is respectively 1/38, 1/3 lower than coal, caloric power generation. Noise is also very little.
Second, it is advantageous to determine location. It can be located in the center of city. So fuel cell plant is economically provided with energy.
Fuel cell is classified by a type of inner electrolyte. For instance, phosphoric acid fuel cell is for low temperature. It is used cell phone, automobile power supply to require high current state because it has a good safety. Alkali fuel cell usually consist of K(OH)2(pottasium hydroxide). Methanol fuel cell is used by reacting methanol electrochemistrically. This fuel cell is good for simplifying system. But methanol fuel cell is low output density because its reacting rate is slow.
Types of Fuel Cells.
Phosphoric Acid fuel cell (PAFC) - Phosphoric acid fuel cells are commercially available today.
Proton Exchange Membrane fuel cell (PEM) - These fuel cells operate at relatively low temperatures (about 175°F), have high power density, can vary their output quickly to meet shifts in power demand, and are suited for applications, such as in automobiles, where quick startup is required.
Molten Carbonate fuel cell (MCFC), Solid Oxide fuel cell (SOFC), Alkaline fuel cell (AFC),Direct Methanol fuel cell (DMFC), Regenerative fuel cell, Zinc Air fuel cell (ZAFC), Protonic Ceramic fuel cell (PCFC), Microbial fuel cell (MFC)
Applications.
There are many uses for fuel cells — right now, all of the major automakers are working to commercialize a fuel cell car. Fuel cells are powering buses, boats, trains, planes, scooters, forklifts, even bicycles. There are fuel cell-powered vending machines, vacuum cleaners and highway road signs. Miniature fuel cells for cellular phones, laptop computers and portable electronics are on their way to market. Hospitals, credit card centers, police stations, and banks are all using fuel cells to provide power to their facilities. Wastewater treatment plants and landfills are using fuel cells to convert the methane gas they produce into electricity. Telecommunications companies are installing fuel cells at cell phone, radio and 911 towers. The possibilities are endless.

Live at Wembley (Beyoncé DVD)
"Live at Wembley" is a DVD/CD by American R&B singer Beyoncé Knowles. It was released on April 27, 2004.

IPod classic
The iPod classic was the first type of iPod. It moves up in technology through generations. Each generation features a better iPod, with more functions and a bigger memory.

Leo von Caprivi
Georg Leo von Caprivi, later Georg Leo "Graf" von Caprivi de Caprara de Montecuccoli (), born; February 24, 1831 – February 6, 1899) was a German major general and politician, who succeeded Otto von Bismarck as Chancellor of Germany. Caprivi was German Chancellor from March 1890 to October 1894.
Biography.
Born in Charlottenburg, Berlin to a family of Italian and Slovenian origin, Caprivi joined the army in 1849 and fought in the Austro-Prussian War in 1866 and the Franco-Prussian War in 1870.
He liked Bismarck, and once said. Kaiser Wilhelm II was arguing with Bismarck about changes to the government. In February 1890 the Kaiser told Caprivi to come back to Berlin. Caprivi was told that he would take over from Bismarck if Bismarck did not do what the Kaiser wanted. Caprivi became chancellor on March 18 1890.
Caprivi's government was friendlier to the Social Democrats and to the United Kingdom. The Zanzibar treaty of July 1890, meant Germany gave control of Zanzibar, an island near German East Africa to Britain in return for the island of Heligoland in the North Sea. Caprivi also got the Caprivi Strip added to German South West Africa. This is a narrow strip of land that links German South West Africa (now called Namibia), to the Zambezi River.
In 1892 Caprivi resigned as Prussian Minister President and was replaced by Count Botho zu Eulenburg. Prussia was so powerful in the German Empire that having different people as Imperial Chancellor and Minister President made it hard to govern the country. Caprivi and Eulenburg were dismissed in 1894 and Prince Chlodwig of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst took both jobs.

Columbia, Missouri
Columbia is a city in the U.S. state of Missouri. It is home to the University of Missouri.

Santa Bárbara de Samaná
The Dominican city of Santa Bárbara de Samaná, or simply Samaná, is the head municipality of the Samaná province, on the south coast of the peninsula of Samaná. The people from this city, and of the province, are called "samanés", in Spanish.
Population.
The municipality has a total population of 51,501: 26,317 men and 25,184 women. The urban population was 79.24% of the total population. In this numbers are included the population of the municipal districts Arroyo Barril, El Limón and Las Galeras.
History.
The city was founded in 1756 as Santa Bárbara de Samaná during the colony by the Spanish governor Francisco Rubio y Peñaranda. Its first inhabitants were families from the Canary Islands.
It was named "Santa Bárbara" after the Queen Bárbara de Braganza, wife of King Ferdinand VI of Spain. Samaná was the Taíno name of the region.
When the Maritime District (an old division similar to a province) of Samaná was created in 1865, the city was elevated to the category of municipality.
Economy.
The main economic activities of the municipality are tourism, agriculture and fishing.

Amateur
The word amateur is normally used to mean: somebody who does something (e.g. a job) without being paid for it, or without having had training or education for it.
The opposite of an amateur is a professional. A professional is someone who has had formal training for something. He (or she) will expect to be paid a professional fee for the job.
The word “amateur” comes from a French word meaning: "lover of". An amateur is someone who does something (e.g. play the piano, football) because they enjoy doing it. They are not doing it in order to be paid. It is not how they earn money to live.
People often forget the real meaning of the word “amateur”. It is often used to mean: someone who is not good at something. Someone’s performance might be described as “amateurish”, i.e. not very good. On the other hand, they might be described as having done a very “professional” job, i.e. a very good job.
Although one might expect a professional to be better than an amateur, this is not always the case. Someone might be a very good amateur pianist, possibly better than some professionals.
In many sports (e.g. tennis or football), amateurs and professionals used not to be allowed to compete against one another. This was not always because amateurs were thought to be not as good as professionals. In some countries, such as Great Britain in Victorian times, this used to be because of social class distinction. Amateur cricketers were rich gentlemen from the upper classes who did not want to associate with people from lower classes. This attitude took a long time to change during the 20th century. Until the 1970s most Olympic events were for amateurs. Athletes were disqualified if they received money for the event.
In some jobs it would be impossible for amateurs to be allowed to work. One cannot have amateur doctors or lawyers. In some areas, however, amateurs can be very useful, e.g. in computer programming or astronomy or birdwatching.

Jogging
Jogging is running at a slow speed. Many people go for a jog in order to keep fit and healthy. People go jogging for exercise, not for competitions.
Jogging is a very cheap way of keeping fit, because all that is needed is a good pair of running shoes. One can jog anywhere, although it is good to stay away from main roads where the air is full of traffic fumes. It is also good to avoid too much jogging on hard pavements (sidewalks). A softer surface such as grass is better for jogging because there is less hard jolting for the knees and hips.

Birdwatching
Birdwatching or birding means going outside to enjoy watching birds. It is a popular hobby. Someone who does this is called a birdwatcher or birder. These two words mean the same thing, but people who spend a lot of their time watching birds, taking their hobby seriously, are more likely to call themselves “birders”, while “birdwatchers” may just be people who like watching birds when they happen to go for a walk. Both birdwatchers and birders are usually amateurs. The scientific study of birds is called ornithology. People who study birds as a profession are called ornithologists.
Birdwatching (or birding) is very popular in countries such as Britain and the United States. It can be especially awarding in spring when a lot of birds are singing and building nests to raise their young. In spring and autumn many birds can be seen as they migrate. In winter some other kinds of birds may be visiting from colder areas such as the Arctic where there is no food in the winter.
Equipment.
It is important to have a good pair of binoculars to help to see birds that are far away more clearly. They may also use scopes or telescopes. These give much greater magnification than binoculars (making the birds look much bigger), but they need to put on a tripod because they cannot be held steady by hand. They are useful for looking at birds that stay in one place for some time such as ducks swimming on a lake, but no use for birds flying in the air or hopping quickly from one tree to another. Some birders like to take photographs of birds. This is difficult to do well unless one has good, expensive cameras and long lenses. Telescopes can be attached to cameras. This is called digiscoping.
Twitchers.
Some birdwatchers are called twitchers. Twitching means spending all one’s time trying to see as many different kinds of birds as possible (the normal word “twitch” means: making little jerks in the body, often with muscles in the face). Twitchers keep lists of all the birds they have seen, and if they hear that a rare bird has been seen somewhere, they travel long distances to try to see it so that they can add it to their list.
Birdwatchers are useful.
Although birdwatchers are amateurs, they can be very useful, because they can tell organizations such as the British Trust for Ornithology about what they have seen. This information can be useful when discussions take place about possible damage to the environment, e.g. because of new developments (building). It can help us to protect the birds, because we understand their needs. Some birders help with bird ringing. Putting a ring on a bird’s foot helps us to identify it when it is seen again so that we can understand where birds go and what they do. Birders can also take part in bird counts. In Britain a “Big Garden Birdwatch” project takes place one weekend each year in late January. Over 400.000 people watch the birds in their gardens for one hour and are asked to make a list of how many they see during this time. By comparing the results with other years this helps us to see which birds are surviving well, and which ones are becoming less common.
Code of behaviour.
Birders are always reminded how important it is not to disturb the birds. This is particularly important in the nesting season. If birds are nesting on the ground in fields or reedbeds one should never go anywhere near them. Some birds get used to humans being near, but others may be very shy of humans.

Albert, Prince Consort
Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (later His Royal Highness The Prince Consort; August 26 1819 – December 14 1861) was the husband of Queen Victoria.
Albert was born near Coburg, in Germany. He was the son of Ernest I, the Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, and Louise of Saxe-Gotha-Anhalt. He was an intelligent child, and liked science, reading and mathematics.
He married Queen Victoria, his cousin, on 10 February 1840. The wedding was held at St. James's Palace, one of the queen's main homes in London. Both Victoria and Albert were deeply in love with each other. However, the queen kept Albert out of politics; he was not allowed to contribute to the government of the country. This eventually changed, and Albert often gave advice to the Prime Minister of the time.
Albert and Victoria had nine children together. Albert's favourite child was his first, Victoria, who later became Queen of Prussia, which was once part of Germany. When Prussia became the German Empire in 1871, she became Empress of Germany. When his second child, Albert Edward (the future king Edward VII) was born in 1841, he took an active interest in his education. The two were never close, and Albert often overworked his son.
In 1851, Albert hosted the Great Exhibition at Hyde Park in London. The exhibition was meant to show Britain's industrial strength following the Industrial Revolution. It was a great success, and improved his popularity in England. It was held in the Crystal Palace, a huge glass building, which burnt down in 1936.
Albert's health got worse as he got older. In 1861, he caught a fever while travelling to Cambridge to see his son. The fever eventually developed into typhoid, a disease which was common in the 19th century. He died at Windsor Castle on the 14 December 1861. Queen Victoria was devastated, and she spent the next forty years of her reign in mourning for her dead husband.

East Berlin
East Berlin was the name of the eastern part of Berlin between 1949 and 1990. It was the Soviet sector of Berlin that was established in 1945. The American, British and French sectors became West Berlin, a "de facto" part of West Germany. Although it was always legally a part of an occupied city, East Berlin was claimed as the capital of East Germany. From August 13, 1961 until November 9, 1989 it was separated from West Berlin by the Berlin Wall. The East German government referred to East Berlin simply as "Berlin" or often "Berlin, Hauptstadt der DDR" (Berlin, capital of the GDR). The term "Democratic Sector" was also used until the 1960s.
The Western Allies (the USA, Great Britain and France) only recognized the power of the Soviet Union in East Berlin in accordance with the occupation status of Berlin as a whole. The three Western commandants regularly protested about the presence of the East German National People's Army (NPA) in East Berlin.
Nevertheless, the three Western Allies eventually established embassies in East Berlin in the 1970s, although they never recognized it as East Germany's capital. Treaties instead used terms such as "seat of government." In the 1960s the Western Allies sometimes said the capital of East Germany was Pankow. Pankow is the borough where the main East German government buildings were built.
On 3 October 1990, West Germany and East Germany were united, and East Berlin ceased to exist.
East Berlin today.
Since reunification, the German government has spent lots of money on rejoining the two halves of the city and bringing services and buildings in the former East Berlin up to the standard in West Berlin. There are still differences between eastern and western Berlin. There are a lot more pre-war buildings in Eastern Berlin, some still show signs of wartime damage. The style of architecture used in the whole of the GDR was very different from that used in rebuilding West Berlin too.
In many East German cities streets were named after socialist heroes. Many were changed after reunification, but some, such as Karl-Marx-Allee, Rosa-Luxemburg-Platz and Karl-Liebknecht-Straße have been kept.
One way to anyone coul tell if they were in the old East Berlin or in West Berlin was by lokking at the traffic lights. East Berlin used special designs on their pedestrian traffic lights, called "Ampelmännchen". The Berlin government wanted to abolish the East German signals, but lots of people objected, and now Ampelmännchen are now being seen in West Berlin too.
Boroughs of East Berlin.
At the time of German reunification, East Berlin comprised the boroughs of

Württemberg-Baden
Württemberg-Baden was one of the original states of the Federal Republic of Germany.
In 1952 it joined with Baden and Württemberg-Hohenzollern to make the state of Baden-Württemberg.

Württemberg-Hohenzollern
Württemberg-Hohenzollern was one of the original states of the Federal Republic of Germany. Its capital was Tübingen.
It was part of the French Zone of Occupation. After a referendum on 16 December 1951 it joined with Württemberg-Baden, which had been in the American Zone, and Baden which had also been in the French Zone, and formed the present state of Baden-Württemberg on 25 April 1952
After World War the Kingdom of Württemberg became the Free Peoples' State of Württemberg. After World War II the part of the Free Peoples' State of Württemberg and the old Principality of Hohenzollern were joined to make Württemberg-Hohenzollern. The name of the Royal family of Prussia was Hohenzollern because they came from this area. This is also why it was always part of Prussia until Prussia was abolished after World War II.

Noraduz cemetery
Noraduz cemetery () is a medieval cemetery with many ancient khachkars in the village of Noraduz, Gegharkunik marz near Gavar and Lake Sevan, 90 km north of Yerevan. Many tombstones in the cemetery show carved scenes of weddings and farm life.
Khachkars.
The oldest khachkars in the cemetery go back to the late 10th century. During the revival of the khachkar tradition in the 16-17th centuries many khachkars were built under the yoke of the Safavid Empire when oriental influences seeped into Armenian art. Three master carvers from this period carved khachkars in Noraduz, the most notable of whom was Kiram Kazmogh (1551-1610), his contemporaries were Arakel and Meliset.
Folklore.
A popular folktale involving the cemetery concerns the invading army of Tamerlane. According to one story the villagers placed helmets on top of the khachkars and leaned swords against them. From a distance the khachkars looked like armed soldiers holding a defensive position as a result of which Tamerlane’s army retreated.

Safavid dynasty
The Safavids (Persian: صفویان) were an Iranian Shia dynasty of mixed Azerbaijani and Kurdish origins which ruled Iran from 1501/1502 to 1722. The Safavids made the greatest Iranian empire since the Islamic conquest of Persia, and established the Ithnāˤashari (twelver) school of Shi'a Islam as the official religion of their empire, making one of the most important turning points in the history of Islam.

La Scala
The "Teatro alla Scala", usually known as La Scala, is probably the most famous opera house in the world. It is in Milan, Italy, which is the country where opera started at the beginning of the 17th century. The theatre opened on 3 August 1778. At first it was called "Nuovo Regio Ducal Teatro alla Scala". The first opera to be performed there was Salieri's "Europa riconosciuta".
Building of the theatre.
There had been a theatre there before, called Teatro Ducale, but it had been destroyed by fire in 1776. The new theatre was built where there had been a church called Santa Maria della Scala. This is how the theatre got its name.
The theatre had more than 3,000 seats arranged in six tiers (six storeys) of boxes, and above that the two 'loggione' or galleries. It has a very large stage. The money for the building was found by selling the 'palchi' (boxes) to wealthy noblemen and other rich people in Milan. In the 'platea' (the main floor) there were no seats and the audience there stood up to watch, like they do today in the Royal Albert Hall at the Proms. The orchestra could be seen very well as they were not in an orchestra pit like they are today.
Above the boxes, La Scala has always had a gallery where people who are not so rich can watch. This is still there today. It is called the "loggione". Some people in the loggione, known as the Claque, are known to applaud wildly if they like a singer, or boo loudly if they do not like a singer. During La Scala’s history this has often been because of bribery or blackmail.
La Scala was originally lit with 84 oil lamps mounted on the "palcoscenico" (ceiling) and another thousand in the rest of theater. In case they ever caught fire, several rooms were filled with hundreds of water buckets. Later, oil lamps were replaced by gas lamps. In 1883 electric lights were put in.
The building was renovated in 1907. After that it had 2,800 seats as it does today. In 1943, during World War II, La Scala was badly damaged by bombing. It was rebuilt and reopened on 11 May 1946, with a brilliant concert conducted by Arturo Toscanini, with a soprano solo by Renata Tebaldi.
Verdi.
Many famous operas were first performed at La Scala, including some by Giuseppe Verdi. For several years, however, Verdi did not allow his music to be played here because he did not like the way the orchestra had played it. However the composer later conducted his "Requiem" there on May 25, 1874, and in 1886 announced that La Scala would host the premiere of his opera "Otello". The first performance of his last opera, "Falstaff" was also given in this theatre.
Today.
La Scala's season traditionally opens on 7 December, Saint Ambrose's Day, Milan's patron saint. All performances must end before midnight; long operas start earlier in the evening if necessary.
There is also a La Scala Museum (Museo Teatrale alla Scala) which has an extraordinary collection of paintings, drafts, statues, costumes, and other documents about opera and La Scala's history.
Recently there have been more renovations to La Scala. Some people were worried that it would spoil the historic building, but the opera company were very pleased when the work was done. There was a new stage and lots more room behind the stage. The heavy red carpets were taken away and the sound was better. The seats include monitors so that the audience can follow the words in English or Italian if it is in a foreign language (not Italian).
The renovated opera house was opened on 7 December 2004 with the same opera by Salieri that had opened it in 1778. The conductor was Riccardo Muti.

Roger Guillemin
Roger Charles Louis Guillemin (born January 11, 1924 in Dijon, Bourgogne, France) received the National Medal of Science in 1976, and Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1977 for his work on neurohormones.
Completing his undergraduate work at the University of Burgundy, Guillemin received his M.D. degree from the Medical Faculty at Lyon in 1949, and went to Montréal, Québec, Canada to work with Hans Selye at the Institute of Experimental Medicine and Surgery at the Université de Montréal where he received a Ph.D. in 1953. The same year he moved to the United States to join the faculty at Baylor College of Medicine at Houston. In 1965, he became a naturalized citizen of the United States. In 1970 he started a laboratory, San Diego where he worked until retirement in 1989.
Guillemin and Andrew V. Schally discovered the structures of TRH and GnRH in separate laboratories.

Andrew W. Schally
Andrzej Wiktor Schally, also known as Andrew W. Schally, born November 30, 1926 in Wilno, Poland (now Vilnius, Lithuania). He is an endocrinologist and in 1977 won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
Born in Poland, Andrew Schally received his education in Scotland and England. In 1952, he moved to Canada. He received his doctorate in endocrinology from McGill University in 1957. That same year he left for a research career in the United States where he has worked principally at Tulane University. A Canadian citizen when he left Canada, Schally became a naturalized citizen of the United States in 1962. He was affiliated with the Baylor College of Medicine for some years in Houston, Texas.
He developed a whole new realm of knowledge concerning the brain’s control over the body chemistry. His works also addressed birth control methods and growth hormones. He - as well as Roger Guillemin- described the neurohormone GnRH that controls FSH and LH. He was awarded an honorary Doctoral Degree from Jagiellonian University at Kraków.

Hyde Park, London
Hyde Park is one of the largest parks in central London, England and one of the Royal Parks of London, famous for its Speakers' Corner.
The park is divided in two by the Serpentine Lake. Hyde Park is 350 acres (1.4 km²), together with Kensington Gardens (275 acres, 1.1 km²) that is in the immediate neighbourhood the parks have an overall area of 625 acres (2.5 km²).
The park was the site of The Great Exhibition of 1851, for which the Crystal Palace was designed.
The park has become a traditional place for mass demonstrations.

Kensington Gardens
"See also Kensington Gardens, South Australia, a suburb of Adelaide, Australia"
Kensington Gardens, once the private gardens of Kensington Palace, is one of the Royal Parks of London, lying immediately to the west of Hyde Park. Most of it is in the City of Westminster, but a small section to the west is in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea. It covers 275 acres (1.1 km²).

Delfzijl
Delfzijl is a small town in the very north of the Netherlands. It has around 30,000 inhabitants. It has the fourth most important harbour in the country.

The Great Exhibition
The Great Exhibition, also known as the Crystal Palace Exhibition, was an international exhibition held in Hyde Park, London, England, from 1 May to 15 October 1851 and the first in a series of World's Fair exhibitions of culture and industry that were to be a popular 19th century feature.

Spandau
Spandau is the westernmost borough ("Bezirk") of Berlin. It is along the western bank of the Havel, and is where the rivers Havel and Spree meet.
It has an area of and has (as of 2003) about 226,100 inhabitants. Its current mayor is Konrad Birkholz (CDU).
History.
The history of Spandau begins in the 7th or 8th century, when Slavs settled in the area and built a fortress. It was conquered in 928 by the German King Henry I, but returns to Slavic rule later in the 10th century.
The first written mention of Spandau was in 1197. It was given City rights in 1232.
The Spandau Citadel was completed in 1594 by Joachim II of Brandenburg. In 1558 the village of Gatow became part of Spandau. Spandau was surrendered to the Swedes in 1634.
In 1806, after the Battle of Jena and Auerstedt, French troops under Napoleon took possession of the city and stayed there until 1807. In 1812, Napoleon returned and the Spandau Citadel was besieged in 1813 by Prussian and Russian troops.
In 1920, the city of Spandau became a borough of Berlin. Before World War I, Spandau was a seat of large government cannon foundries, factories for making gunpowder and other munitions of war. The most dangerous weapon invented in Spandau was the "Renana". This was a small round bomb that detonated if put under pressure, it wass especially dangerous in the mornings.
After World War II, it was part of the British Occupation Zone in West Berlin and the Spandau Prison, built in 1876, was used to house Nazi war criminals who were sentenced to imprisonment at the Nuremberg Trials. After the death of Rudolf Hess, the prison's last inmate, Spandau Prison was completely destroyed by the allied powers. A "NAAFI" supermarket was built on the site. When the Allies left Berlin this military supermarket became a "MediaMarkt" store and carpark.
Modern industries include metal working, chemicals and carpet making.
The popular British New Romantic band, Spandau Ballet takes its name from Spandau.
Twin towns.
Spandau is twinned with

Peterborough
Peterborough is a city in England. The city is well-known for its cathedral inside the city.

TSV Schwieberdingen
TSV Schwieberdingen is a German football club. It is located in Schwieberdingen, Baden-Württemberg. The club was founded 1906. Today it has over 2,200 people.
The footballteam is playing in the Oberliga Baden-Württemberg (IV). Their stadium is the Felsenberg-Arena.

Las Terrenas, Samaná
Las Terrenas is a Dominican municipality in the Samaná province, on the north coast of the peninsula of Samaná.
The name Las Terrenas comes from the French "La terrienne" (the "lady that owns land").
Population.
The municipality has a total population of 13,869: 6,985 men and 6,884 women. The urban population was 47.4% of the total population.
Economy.
The main economic activities of the municipality are the same of the province: tourism, agriculture and fishing.

Schwieberdingen
Schwieberdingen is a city in the center of Baden-Württemberg in Germany. The city was first mentioned 1304. It is found 5km away from Ludwigsburg and 10km away from Stuttgart.
About 11,000 people live in Schwieberdingen.

Sánchez, Samaná
Sánchez is a Dominican municipality in the Samaná province, on the south coast of the peninsula of Samaná.
Population.
The municipality has a total population of 26,505: 13,436 men and 13,069 women. The urban population was 58.28% of the total population.
History.
The old town of "Las Cañitas" was elevated to the category of municipality in 1866 with the name of Francisco del Rosario Sánchez, one of the three Founding Fathers of the Dominican Republic.
It was a very small town but it grew in importance and population when the railway from town to La Vega (in the La Vega province) began to run across the rich region of the Cibao. Sánchez became the most important port of the country during the rest of the 19th century and beginning of the 20th century. The railway worked until 1966.
The port has lost its importance because When other ports in the country grew in importance, Sánchez lost its importance as a port. And the Yuna River has been filling the Samaná Bay with solid material and only small boats can get to the port.
Economy.
The main economic activity of the municipality is agriculture. Fishing was the main activity but now is not so important.

RSA algorithm
In Cryptography, RSA is an algorithm for public-key cryptography. It was first described in 1977. It is named after Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir and Leonard Adleman. The same thing was already described earlier, though. Clifford Cocks, who worked for the British secret service, described it in 1973. The algorithm needs a lot of computing power. It was therefore not implemented in 1973, because computing power was expensive, then.
Bases.
The algorithm works because factoring of large numbers is a hard problem, and takes a long time. RSA generally uses length of the cryptographic keys of 1024 bits, or 2048 bits. Scientists believe that a sufficiently long key is still safe.

Parking
Parking a vehicle means leaving it somewhere at the end of a journey or when the driver wants to stop for a while. Parking used to be easy many years ago when there were fewer cars on the road, but today it can sometimes be quite difficult to find somewhere to park a vehicle. In towns one often has to pay to park a vehicle. It is important to make sure that the vehicle is parked somewhere where parking is allowed, otherwise the driver may have to pay a fine, or even worse, the vehicle may be clamped.
Parking a car is easier than parking a large vehicle such as a lorry (truck) or a coach. These large vehicles often have to go to special parks. Rules about parking are part of traffic rules, and these will vary a lot from one country to another.
On the road.
Vehicles can often be parked at the side of the road, parallel to the kerb (the edge of the pavement or sidewalk). Sometimes there are no restrictions: one can park there, free, for as long as one likes. In other places parking may not be allowed at all (e.g. where there are double yellow lines (in Britain) or it may be allowed only for limited periods. Drivers may have to pay to park. Money can either be put in parking meters which are to be found by every parking bay, or there may be a machine nearby where the driver has to pay, and then he receives a ticket which he has to leave inside the car to show that he has paid. The time and date of arrival will be printed on the ticket.
If a driver does not pay, or he stays longer than he is allowed, he may be given a parking ticket by a traffic warden. These wardens have the job of patrolling the streets and finding any cars which are illegally parked. In some cities the cars may be clamped. This means that a heavy clamp is fixed to one of the wheels so that the car cannot be driven away. The driver then has to phone the clamping firm and arrange for them to unlock the clamp. This will cost a lot of money. A third possibility is that the car may be impounded. This means that it is lifted by a crane onto a lorry and taken away. It costs a lot of money to get one’s car back.
In a car park.
Car parks (in America: “parking lots”) are large spaces where one can leave one’s car. A car park can be a large space of land. It can also be a large building with several storeys. This is called a “multi-storey car park”. Usually there are machines where one has to pay and then display a ticket inside the car. With multi-storey car parks the driver usually pays as he drives out, or he pays at a machine where the ticket is “validated”. He then puts the validated ticket into the machine at the exit, the barrier goes up and he can drive off.
Another type of car park, called an "attendant car park" is one where the driver leaves the car keys with an attendant. The attendant will then drive the car and park it so that all the cars are bunched up close to one another. This saves space. This type of car park is common at airports. The driver can tell the attendant when he expects to be back.
Cars are usually parked side by side in a car park.
A "Park and Ride" is a big car park on the edge of a town. Instead of driving into the centre of the town, drivers can park there and take a bus or tram into the centre.
Some car parks are private car parks. They can only be used by people who are visiting the hotel, store or firm to whom the car park belongs. People who park there illegally may find that their vehicle gets clamped.
Disabled parking.
Every car park, whether it is a public or a private car park, has to have a few spaces that are reserved for disabled people. These spaces are usually conveniently near the exit of the car park or near the entrance of the store, hotel, restaurant etc. The disabled bays are usually wider than ordinary bays so that the vehicle doors can be opened wide for the disabled person to get out. It is important to display a valid disabled badge in the car.
The technique of parking a vehicle.
When driving along a road the driver may see a space big enough for him to park his vehicle. He needs to park carefully. First he should check in the mirror whether anything is close behind him. He should stop just after he has passed the space, alongside the next car, then reverse (go backwards) slowly in, aiming towards the kerb, then turning the steering wheel so that he just misses the car in front. Then he can adjust, leaving equal room between the two cars. If the space is wide enough for two cars he can drive forwards into the space instead of reversing in. This helps him to get out of the way of traffic coming up behind him.
Wherever one parks, it is very important to make sure that the vehicle is not in anyone’s way. The vehicle must not cause an obstruction, i.e. it must not be in the way of traffic, or obstruct somebody’s driveway. It should not be parked somewhere where it might be dangerous such as on a corner.

Horsham
Horsham is a market town in West Sussex, England with a population of roughly 50,000. It is the administrative and market centre of the district of Horsham.

Lemgo
Lemgo is a city in the Lippe district in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, with a population of c. 42,000.

Kit Cat Clock
A Kit Cat Clock or Felix the Cat Clock is an art deco style clock. It looks like the cartoon character Felix the Cat.

St Michael's Church, Bamberg
The Michaelskirche (Church of St Michael) in Bamberg is a 12th century church. It stands on the top of a very high hill overlooking the town of Bamberg. It can be seen from nearly all directions. Bamberg is built on seven hills, each with a building at the top. The hill on which the St Michael’s Church stands is the highest one. An old, cobbled road with some ancient houses leads from the cathedral up to the church. Not far beyond the church are fields and woods.
The church is built in the Romanesque style. It used to be the church of a Benedictine monastery. The monastery was secularized in 1803. There is now an almshouse there as well as a museum and municipal art collections.
History.
Emperor Heinrich II (Henry II) was the founder of the Bishopric of Bamberg. The first bishop of Bamberg was Eberhard, who founded the abbey of St Michael. It belonged to the bishop. The abbot had to obey the bishop. The monks who came to live there came from the towns of Amorbach and Fulda.
In the 12th century the abbey flourished. This was the time of Bishop Otto of Bamberg. The abbey started to become more independent of the bishop.
The abbey went through hard times during the wars around 1525. In the 17th and 18th centuries it went through better times again. When the bishops lost their political power in 1803 the abbey started to belong to the town. The people asked for the almshouses in the town to be moved to the St Michael abbey. There is still a home for old people there today.
Inside the church.
Behind the altar is the tomb of Bishop Otto of Bamberg which dates from 1443. There is a hole in the middle of the tomb which is just big enough for a person to crawl through. Visitors to the church like to crawl through the hole, because it is said that it helps people who have backache.
The roof of the nave is very unusual. It has paintings of 580 different kinds of plants. These include plants from faraway countries, e.g. pineapple, cotton, pomegranate and tobacco as well as plants that are found locally. The paintings date from the 17th century. Many of the plants were grown in the herb gardens around the church.
In the side isles of the church the ceiling has more paintings. These include paintings of birds. There are even six parrots.

Principia Mathematica
The "Principia Mathematica" is an important 1910 book by written by Alfred North Whitehead and Bertrand Russell about mathematics, logic and philosophy. The "Principia" is about only set theory, cardinal numbers, ordinal numbers, and real numbers, which are just normal numbers.

Rampart
A rampart is a defensive mound of earth or a wall with a broad top and usually a stone parapet; a wall-like ridge of earth, stones or debris; an embankment for defensive purpose.

Punta Arenas
"Punta Arenas" (lit. Sandy Point) is the capital of Magallanes y Antártica Chilena Region and the largest city in the region. It has the 1% (about 124246 people) of the total population. It is located at "comuna" (municipality) of Magallanes, and geographically at Brunswich Peninsula (53° 10' S

Santiago Rusiñol
Santiago Rusiñol (1861 - 1931) was a Spanish Catalan naturalist painter, author, and playwright.
He was born in Barcelona in 1861, and died in Aranjuez in 1931 while painting its famous gardens.
He influenced Pablo Picasso as a modern artist, and also left a lot of modernist buildings in Sitges, a town from Catalonia very influenced by that artist.

Slaughterhouse
A slaughterhouse, also called by the French word abattoir, is a building where farm animals are killed and turned into meat. The animals most often slaughtered for food are cows (for beef and veal), sheep (for lamb and mutton), pigs (for pork), fowl (for chicken), and horses (for horsemeat).

Alfons Schuhbeck
Alfons Schuhbeck was born on 2 May 1949 in Traunstein,Upper Bavaria, Germany. He is one of Germany’s top chefs, as well as being a writer, restaurateur, TV cook and businessman.
Born as as "Alfons Karg", he trained as a telecommunications engineer, but was not happy. When he stopped at the Bavarian holiday resort of Waging, he ran into the restaurateur Sebastian Schuhbeck. He began working for Schuhbeck, and Sebastian Schubeck later adopted Alfons, and made him his heir.
Alfons quickly became a very good chef. The village inn he worked at soon became a favourite restaurant of the richer people of Munich and Salzburg.
He did more training in Salzburg, Geneva, Paris, London and Munich as well as Feinkost Käfer, Dallmayr and in the "Restaurant Aubergine" of Eckart Witzigmann). He also studied at the College of Hotel Management in Bad Reichenhall in Bavaria. He finally took over the Kurhausstüberl in Waging in 1980.
In 1983 he got a star in the Michelin Guide. The Gault Millau restaurant guide gave him 17 points and in 1989 he was elected cook of the year.
Since 1990 Schubeck has operated an outside catering service, which has catered for many high-class events like the Federal Chancellor’s celebration, the Ball des Sports and the German music industry’s "ECHO" award ceremony.
In 2003 he opened a new restaurant, the "Südtiroler Stuben" at the Platzl in Munich. In December of that year he was won his second Michelin star, and in November 2005 he was awarded got a star once again in December 2003, the Five Star Diamond Award by the American Academy of Hospitality Sciences.
His great popularity has resulted in his publishing over 20 books, as well as many TV shows. Bayerischer Rundfunk has broadcast his programme "Schuhbecks" since 1993, and he remains a regular guest in many talk and other TV shows.
Scandal.
During the 1990s Schuhbeck had DM 60 million for capital investments. Because he was the only person in charge of millions of DM in Monte Carlo, Monaco Schuhbeck was taken to court on the suspicion of fraud. Although unusual, what he did was not illegal, and he was exonerated.
Businesses.
At the end of the 1990s he set up Schuhbecks GmbH at the Platzl. This company now includes the restaurant Schuhbeck, a wine bistro, the party service, a cookery school, a spice shop and an ice-cream parlour. These are all based in Munich. Schuhbeck Check Inn GmbH was formed in 2001 to manage the Check Inn restaurant and the bar in Egelsbach (south Hesse).

Skatval
Skatval is a small village in the municipality called Stjørdal in the province Nord-Trøndelag, Norway. The nature is quite varied; forest, fiords, hills, mountains and farms.

Red Ring of Death
The Xbox 360 game console can have many problems. The problem that people think is the worst problem is what many people call the "Red Ring of Death" problem. When three red lights burn on the Xbox 360 it will not work anymore. It means that the xbox was too hot inside and is "burned" inside, and it has "died". Many people have had this problem, and other problems (like games that do not work because the Xbox 360 has put a scratch on the game disk), and many people wrote about these problems in newspapers and magazines. They say a lot of all the Xbox 360s will break and will have to be repaired or replaced by Microsoft.
When the Xbox 360 was sold for the first time Microsoft said the problems were "normal", just as many problems as with other electronic things. but Microsoft never admitted how many Xbox 360s they had to repair because of the "Red Ring of Death" problem. Luckily, Microsoft fixes Xbox 360s for free when they break down.
Microsoft will not say how many of the Xbox 360s will break, they keep it a secret.
But some of the people who sell them know how many they get back from angry people because it is broken. They have told the newspapers and magazines that they believe that of each three Xbox 360s sold one will break with the "Red Ring of Death". Others say, no, it is more like one in four of the Xbox 360's. Nobody knows exactly how many break because Microsoft keeps it a secret, but most people who sell them say the problem is very bad.
Microsoft tries to make the problem a little bit smaller by trying to change the inside of the Xbox so that it will not become so hot inside.
In July of the year 2007, Peter Moore (the man who was responsible for the Xbox 360) admitted the problem. He said that Microsoft would repair any Xbox 360 that broke and gave the "Red Ring of Death", until the Xbox 360 was three years old.
Microsoft also told people who own a little bit of Microsoft (a.k.a. Microsoft stockholders) that they needed one and a half billion dollars to pay for the broken Xbox 360s.
How to fix the Red Ring of Death.
Turn on the Xbox 360. Unplug all of your inputs and get 2 towels. Wrap the 2 towels around the 360. Make sure no heat escapes. Leave it on for 20 minutes and after 20 minutes, turn off the 360 and then turn it on again.
Another method to fix this issue is a 'preventative' measure that has revived a few consoles even with the hardware failure issue or for those that constantly freeze/crash during game session. One must simply turn on their air-conditioner and the cold air (preferably 22 'c) aimed towards the left-side of the console (vertical position). Turn on the console, wait for 10 minutes and then load a game disc. Wait another 10 minutes at the game menu and then play as usual. Continue playing with the air-conditioner turned on. The Red Ring of Death is caused by loose GPU in the console. By using cold air, the GPU remains stationary and does not emit much heat.

Gefjun
Gefjun (or Gefjon, Gefion) is one of the Æsir in Norse mythology. This name could be from Old Norse "geð fiá" meaning "chaste" is one of the Asynjur in Norse mythology. She appears only a few times in surviving sources. Medieval sources talk of her mainly as a goddess of chastity. However, modern scholarship suggests that she may originally have been a fertility goddess connected with ritual plowing, and even that she was originally the same fertility goddess as Freyja.
It has also been suggested that she is the origin of Grendel's mother who appears in the epic poem "Beowulf".

Stade de France
The Stade de France is a Multipurpose stadium in Paris, France. It has a capacity of around 80,000.

Melbourne Cricket Ground
The Melbourne Cricket Ground is a Cricket, australian rules football stadium in Melbourne, Australia. It has a capacity of around 100,000.

Tanning
Tanning is the process of turning animal skin (often called "hide") into leather. An acid called tannin is generally used. This prevents the leather from falling apart and often gives it a special colour.
A tanner is someone whose job is tanning. In the past centuries tanners were often poor. Because tanning was a smelly job they often lived at the edge of towns.
A tannery is the buildings where the tanners worked with the animal skins.

Romanesque architecture
Romanesque architecture is a term that describes the style of architecture which was used in Europe from the late 10th century until the 12th century when it changed to the Gothic style. The Romanesque style in England is called Norman architecture.
Buildings in the Romanesque style have very thick walls and round arches, Castles and churches or cathedrals were built in this style. Some of them are still standing.

Bypass (road)
A bypass is a road or highway that goes round a town or village so that traffic which is passing that town does not have to go through the town centre.
Bypasses are good because it reduces the amount of traffic in the centre where the people live and work. It makes it much safer for them to cross the roads, and reduces pollution. It is better for the vehicles passing the town because their journey is made quicker.
Not everyone is always happy when a bypass is built. The main objections people sometimes have is that a new road uses up a lot of land. Also, some people who have businesses in the town (especially filling stations and restaurants) may think that they will not get so many customers.
If there are no strong rules that control the use of land, buildings are built along a bypass, making it an ordinary town road so that it might become just as busy as a town street again.
A road that goes all the way round the town in a large circle is called a Ring Road. The M25 is a Ring Road for London.

Rhine-Main-Danube Canal
The Rhine-Main-Danube Canal (in German known as the Main-Donau-Kanal) is a canal that joins up the three rivers Rhine, Main and Danube so that boats can travel from one to the other. It is in Bavaria in the south of Germany. It goes from Bamberg, past Nuremberg, to Regensburg. It was finished in 1992. Boats can now travel from Rotterdam in the Netherlands all the way to the Black Sea. The canal is 171km (106 miles) long.
From Bamberg to Fürth the canal follows the valley of the Regnitz, a tributary of the Main. From Fuerth to beyond Roth it follows the valley of the Rednitz, a tributary of the Regnitz. It crosses the Frankish Alb mountains and joins the river Altmuehl near Dietfurt. From Dietfurt to Kelheim on the Danube the canal follows the Altmuehl valley.

Bypass
Bypass can have several meanings. It always means: going round something in order to avoid it.

Berlin-Mitte
Berlin-Mitte or Mitte is the most central borough of Berlin ("Mitte" is German for centre).
Most of Berlin's historic centre is in Mitte. Some of the most important tourist sites of Berlin (like the Pergamon Museum, Brandenburg Gate, Charité and the Reichstag), are all in Mitte, and most were in East Berlin.
In 2001, Berlin's boroughs were reorganized. The old East Berlin borough of Mitte, was joined with the boroughs of Wedding, once in the French Sector, and Tiergarten which had been in the British sector before. The new borough (both of which formerly belonged to West Berlin) to form the new Mitte borough. The new borough has an area of and has, as of 2003, about 320,700 inhabitants. The districts in Mitte are Gesundbrunnen, Hansaviertel, Mitte, Moabit, Tiergarten and Wedding.
The current mayor is Christian Hanke (SPD).

B'Day Anthology Video Album
"B'Day Anthology Video Album" is a video album, released by the American R&B singer-songwriter Beyoncé. It was released alongside "B'Day Deluxe Edition" on April 3, 2007.

Upgrade U
"Upgrade U" is an R&B/hip hop song written by Beyoncé Knowles.

Beyoncé Knowles discography
This is the discography, certification, and music video information of American R&B singer Beyoncé Knowles.

The Beyoncé Experience
The Beyoncé Experience is a 2007 worldwide concert tour by American singer, songwriter, and actress Beyoncé Knowles.

Beautiful Liar
"Beautiful Liar" is a song recorded by American R&B singer Beyoncé and Colombian singer Shakira.

DNA polymerase
DNA polymerase is an enzyme in the body that can replicate existing DNA.

Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan is the prime minister of Turkey. In 1998, he was convicted. He was impeached, or not in office, for ten months.

Abu Talib
Abu Talib was the uncle of Prophet Muhammad. He was helping Prophet Muhammad, but he was not a Muslim.

Doom 2
Doom 2 (or Doom II in roman numerals), is a sequel to the first-person shooter game Doom. It was created by iD Software, and came out in 1994. It was based on the same game engine as Doom, and had 30 levels.

Deathmatch
A deathmatch (shortened to DM) is a common gameplay mode included in many shooter and real-time strategy (RTS) computer games and "MilSim" games like airsoft and paintball. The goal of a deathmatch game is to kill as many other players as possible.

Samaná Bay
Samaná Bay (Spanish, Bahía de Samaná) is a big bay in the northeast of the Dominican Republic, south of the Samaná Peninsula. Christopher Columbus gave the name of "Golfo de las Flechas" (Gulf of the Arrows) to the bay. It has about 65 km east-west and 25 km north-south. The Yuna river, one of the most important of the Hispaniola island, flows into the bay.
There are many cays (very small and flat islands) in the bay, many of them with beautiful beaches visited by many tourists; Levantado Cay (Spanish, Cayo Levantado) is big enough to have a hotel.
On the southwest coast there is a national park: National Park Los Haitises, with many interesting plants and animals.
Dolphins are common in the bay most of the year. Humpback whales come from northern, cold waters to Samaná Bay to breed during winter and spring; then, they return to cold waters where food is more abundant. Whale watching is an important business in the Samaná Province in late winter and early spring.
France, England and United States were interested in the Samaná Bay (with the Samaná Peninsula) during the 19th century to control the Caribbean. Before that time, pirates were frequent visitors.
The most important cities around the bay are Santa Bárbara de Samaná and Sánchez on the north; and Sabana de la Mar, on the south. Sánchez was the most important international port of the Dominican Republic during the 19th century and early 20th century.

Halibut
Halibut is a kind of flatfish often used for food and living in the North Atlantic and the North Pacific oceans. The halibut from the Atlantic ocean has been overfished. It might become extinct. Fishing it is now prohibited.

Sola (manga)
"Sola" is a Japanese anime series initially written by the "Kanon" main writer, Naoki Hisaya together with the original character designer Naru Nanao. "Sola" started as a manga which was featured in the magazine "Dengeki Daioh" on December 21, 2006 by MediaWorks. As of August 2007, the manga is still being serialized, with Chaki Abeno as the illustrator. A drama CD was later released on December 31, 2006 at Comiket 71. The anime version of the series aired in Japan from April 7, 2007 to June 30, 2007, containing a total of thirteen episodes and two additional episodes currently being released exclusively for the DVD. An extra drama CD together with a video game title for the PlayStation 2 console are also planned. The title, "Sola", comes from the Italian/Spanish language "solo" (which translates literally to "alone"). The title of series, sounds the same with the Japanese word.

Ornithischia
Ornithischia is an order of beaked, herbivorous dinosaurs. The name "ornithischia" is derived from the Greek "ornithos" meaning 'of a bird' and "ischion" meaning 'hip joint'. They are known as the 'bird-hipped' dinosaurs because of their bird-like hip structure, even thouhg bird actually descended from the lizard-hipped' dinosaurs the saurischians.

Miss Earth
The Miss Earth Pageant is an international beauty contest. It was started in 2001.

Krauchthal
Krauchthal is a village in the Canton of Bern. It is located about halfway between Burgdorf and Bern, about 15 km northeast of the city of Bern. The commune of Krauchthal is made of the villages Krauchthal (with Hub and Dieterswald), and Hettiswil. The name of the settlements was mentioned during the Middle Ages. Krauchthal in 1208, Hettiswil in 1107, Hub and Dieterswald in 1326, Thorberg in 1196.- In 2006, 2345 people lived there. In Thorberg, there is a castle. This has been converted to a prison.

Dangerously in Love
"Dangerously in Love" is the solo debut album by American R&B singer Beyoncé, released on June 24 2003 in the United States and June 23 2003 in the United Kingdom on Columbia Records.

Until the End of Time (Justin Timberlake song)
"Until the End of Time" is a R&B song written by Justin Timberlake, Tim Mosley, and Nate Hills and is the first single from the deluxe edition of his studio album "LoveSounds". Although the song has not been officially released yet, it currently receives heavy radio airplay on Mainstream Urban stations. The Benjamin Wright Orchestra also appears on the song. The official date was June 5, 2007 for mainstream urban radio. The single version of the song featuring Beyoncé Knowles debuted on US radio on September 26, 2007 and the official single release will be on November 13, 2007.
Music video.
A music video has been shot at the three major destinations: Philippines, Indonesia and Los Angeles (US) on October 24, 2007. The video was released on MTV, November 22, 2007.

Inquisition
The Inquisition is the name for a number of judgments. The Catholic Church did most of them, for heresy. In the Middle Ages, heresy was common. There were also special people to judge these heresies. The usual punishment for those who were found guilty was death. There were several movements, and waves of inquisition.
The word Inquisition comes from Latin "quaerere". That means to "to turn", "to ask a question".

Lahore
Lahore is the second biggest city in Pakistan. It is the capital of the province of Punjab. It is also known as city of Gardens. This city is known for its rich culture and lively atmosphere.

Punjab (Pakistan)
Punjab is a province in Pakistan. The capital of Punjab is Lahore. Punjab has a population of 80 million people and an area of 79,284 sq mi or (205,344 km²) in terms of area the provincial region of PUNJAB is greater in area than Kyrgyzstan but smaller than Belarus.
History.
Before 1947 both Pakistan and India were ruled by the British. The Punjab province used to be a part of British Punjab. In 1947 the British province of Punjab was split between Pakistan and India. Today India has a state called Punjab. A bus service was launched in 2006 connecting Lahore in Pakistani Punjab with Amritsar in India. This was the first bus service between the two Punjabs for almost 60 years.

Peshawar
Peshawar is a city in Pakistan, and it is the capital of the Afghania. The main languages spoken there are Pashto, Hindko and Urdu. Peshawar's estimated population in 2005 was 1,240,000 people.

B'Day
"B'Day" is the second studio album by American R&B singer Beyoncé, released by Columbia Records on 1 September 2006 outside North America, on September 4, 2006 worldwide, and on September 5, 2006 in Canada and the United States. The album's title comes from the fact that September 4, the date of worldwide release, is Beyoncé's birthday (2006 being her 25th). "B'Day" won the award for "Best Contemporary R&B Album" at the 49th Annual Grammy Awards. A two-CD deluxe edition of the album, including previously unreleased material in English and Spanish, was released on April 3 2007.
B'Day Deluxe Edition.
Columbia Records released "B'Day - Deluxe Edition", an expanded two-CD edition of R&B singer Beyoncé Knowles's "B'Day", on Tuesday, April 3 2007 in the U.S. and on Monday, April 23 2007 in the UK. In addition to the original twelve tracks from the album, disc one features five brand-new songs in English and disc two features six new Spanish language tracks. The album also featuers a cover of Des'ree's "Kissing You" renamed "Still in Love (Kissing You)". On the same day, a DVD featuring video clips for all tracks from "B'Day" was released as a Wal-Mart exclusive. With the release of the deluxe edition, "B'Day" made a jump from number sixty-nine back up to number six on the Billboard 200, selling 126,000 copies, and also went to number one on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums.
The Australian, European, and Japanese versions include both the deluxe edition of "B'Day" as well as the music video DVD.
In the week of April 22, the Deluxe Edition of B'Day and the Anthology Video album, which include the song "Still in Love (Kissing You)", were pulled from distribution because of a lawsuit filed by British singer Des'ree. The lawsuit is over Beyoncé's cover of Des'ree's "I'm Kissing You", which was given permission, but within certain limits; the song could not be used in video form, and the title should not be changed. On March 27, according to the complaint, they discovered that Beyoncé and her record label planned to include the song on the re-release anyway, changing the title of the song and making a video. In a letter to Beyoncé's lawyer and her distribution group Sony, the Royalty Network called the move "completely unacceptable". The version of the Deluxe Edition with the track has been discontinued and replaced by a version with the international track "If" and placing "World Wide Woman" in the main track list.

Aldeburgh Festival
The Aldeburgh Festival is an English arts festival where classical music concerts take place during the summer. Aldeburgh is in Suffolk in the south-east of England. It is where the composer Benjamin Britten lived with his friend the tenor Peter Pears. A lot of Britan’s music is played at the festival, but music by many other composers can be heard as well. Most of the concerts take place in the Maltings, a concert hall in the village of Snape, not far away from Aldeburgh.
History of the Aldeburgh Festival.
The Festival was started in 1948 by the Benjamin Britten, Peter Pears and the librettist Eric Crozier. They started the festival so that the English Opera Group would have a place to perform their operas, but soon the festival became bigger. There were poetry readings, drama performances, lectures and art exhibitions. The first festival was mostly held in Aldeburgh Jubilee Hall, a few doors away from Britten's house in Crabbe Street. His opera "Albert Herring" was performed, as well as his "St Nicolas Cantata".
Over the years the festival grew. Some of the performances took place in the church, or in churches or other halls in nearby villages and small towns such as Orford and Framlingham. However, the festival needed a large concert hall. In the 1960s the old malthouse (where barley used to be made) in Snape was changed into a concert hall. It was opened by the Queen on 2 June 1967, at the start of the twentieth Aldeburgh Festival.
Two years later, on the first night of the 1969 Festival, the concert hall was destroyed by fire. Only the main walls remained. For that year the Festival was moved to other local places, but by the next year the hall had been rebuilt and once again it was opened by the Queen, this time at the start of the 1970 Festival.
The Festival today.
The festival is now organized by, which also runs the Britten-Pears Young Artist Programme which gives young musicians a chance to learn from famous music teachers and perform in concerts.
The festival has a nice atmosphere because it is in the country near the sea and marshes. New music is often performed. In the past there have been first performances of several works by Britten: ("A Midsummer Night's Dream" in 1960; "Death in Venice" in 1973) and also Harrison Birtwistle's "Punch and Judy" in 1968.
The Festival's Artistic Director is now the composer Thomas Adès, who was appointed in 1999.

Peter Pears
Sir Peter Pears (his name rhymes with “cheers”) (born Farnham 22 June 1910; died Aldeburgh 3 April 1986) was an English tenor and life-long partner of the composer Benjamin Britten.
Pears was at school at Lancing College. He then studied music at Keble College, Oxford. He was organist at Hertford College, Oxford but left Oxford without taking his degree. He later studied singing for two terms at the Royal College of Music.
He met Britten in 1934, when he was a member of the BBC Singers. Pears and Britten gave their first recital together in 1937 at Balliol College, University of Oxford. In 1939 they went to America together because of World War II. However, in 1942 they decided to return to their own country. Back in England they performed Britten's song cycle "Seven Sonnets of Michelangelo" together at the Wigmore Hall in London (Britten was an excellent pianist), and then recorded them for EMI, their first recording together.
Peter Pears was a great inspiration for Britten’s vocal writing. Many of Britten's operas have a main tenor role which was written for Pears to sing. Britten also wrote over 100 songs with piano accompaniment. Britten also wrote works for tenor and orchestra. These include "Les Illuminations", "Nocturne", the "Serenade for Tenor, Horn and Strings" and the Canticles. In Britten’s operas he sang "Peter Grimes" and "Albert Herring" (title roles), "The Beggar's Opera" (Macheath), "Owen Wingrave" (Sir Philip Wingrave), "Billy Budd" (Captain Vere), "The Turn of the Screw" (Quint), "Death in Venice" (Aschenbach) and the three Church Parables.
Pears helped to write the words for "A Midsummer Night's Dream", based on the Shakespeare play. In most of Britten’s operas Pears sang serious roles, but in A Midsummer Night’s Dream he had a comic role: the part of Flute the Bellowsmender. In this role he was dressed up as a female and did a parody of the great opera singer Joan Sutherland singing the mad scene from "Lucia di Lammermoor ".
Pears’s voice was a lyrical tenor, not a heavy, operatic one. Britten was extremely skilful in writing music for him which suited his voice very well. He sang regularly at the Royal Opera House and many other opera houses in Europe and the United States.
He was also a great singer of Franz Schubert's "Lieder", usually with Britten as accompanist, and he often sang the part of the Evangelist in Johann Sebastian Bach's Passions.
His last great role written for him by Britten was as Aschenbach in "Death in Venice". He sang this in 1973 at the Aldeburgh Festival, and the following year in the Royal Opera House. Britten by then had heart disease and was too ill to go to the performances, dying in 1976.
Pears continued to live in the Red House, Aldeburgh. After he retired from performing he continued to teach young singers at the Britten-Pears Foundation. He was awarded a CBE in 1955 and knighted in 1977.
In his last years Pears also suffered from heart disease. He died ten years after Britten.
He is buried next to him in the churchyard of Saint Peter and Saint Paul's Church in Aldeburgh.
There are many recordings of Pears’s singing including almost all the music that Britten wrote for him as well as the roles of the Evangelist in Johann Sebastian Bach’s "St Matthew Passion" and "St John Passion " and Gerontius in Elgar’s "Dream of Gerontius ".

Me, Myself and I
"Me, Myself and I" is an R&B/neo soul song written by Beyoncé Knowles, Scott Storch, and Robert Waller for Knowles' solo debut studio album "Dangerously in Love" (2003). In this laid-back, but strong-willed female-empowerment anthem, the song's protagonist comes to terms with a cheating boyfriend, and declares that in the world that there is only one person she can trust who never lets her down: herself. "Me, Myself and I" was the third single to be released from the album, in the last quarter of 2003. It reached number four on the "Billboard" Hot 100 for two weeks, becoming Beyoncé's fourth consecutive top five single in the United States; it also reached eleven in the United Kingdom.

Sexy Little Thug
"Sexy Little Thug" is a song by Beyoncé Knowles on her album "Speak My Mind". It is a remix of 50 Cent's "In da Club."

Encore (concert)
An encore at a concert is an extra piece that is played at the end of the concert. It is not on the programme, although the performer may have secretly planned it. A performer will play an encore if the audience claps a lot at the end of the concert. Sometimes the audience shout "encore!" when they want an encore. The word "encore" is the French word for "again".
An encore is usually a short piece. Often it is a fast piece to finish the concert off happily, but if the performer(s) has just played a very energetic, loud piece an encore might be a quiet piece. A concert given by a solo performer or small group of performers is more likely to finish with an encore than a concert with an orchestra, but a lot depends on the tradition from one country to another.
Although "encore" is a French word, in France the audience shout "bis!"

Cay
A cay (also spelled key or quay; all are pronounced alike as "key") is a small, low island consisting mostly of sand or coral and situated on top of a coral reef.
The English word "cay" comes from the Spanish word "cayo" and this from the Taíno word "cayo" meaning "small island". The English words "key" and "quay" come from the old French "kai" meaning "sand bank". Because it is a Taíno word, "cay" (and the other forms) are used mainly in the Caribbean, but the type of island is found in the tropical seas where there are coral reefs.
Sand cays are built on the edge of the coral reefs, opposite the direction from which the wind blows most of the time. Because of that, cays are often elongated. Tides and wind (and sometimes sea birds) deposit coral debris. Weather affects the formation of cays greatly; large tides would bring much more debris onto the cay and thus make it larger, while a hurricane destroy a cay.
Some cays are very large; Cayo Coco, north of Cuba, is about 370 km2. Those large cays are being used for tourism because they have beaches with white sand and the presence of coral reefs.

Sarcopterygii
Sarcopterygii (from Greek "sarx", flesh, and "pteryx", fin) is a taxonomical class of animals. The class is made up of lobe-finned fishes. For example, the lungfish and coelacanths.
Characteristics.
These are bony fishes with paired rounded fins. These fins, being similar to limbs, suggest that these fish may be ancestors of land vertebrates.
Many people who study taxonomy include Tetrapoda within this group. This means the group includes all species of four-limbed vertebrates. The fin-limbs of sarcopterygiians are very similar to what people believe was the ancestral form of tetrapod limbs. This has caused them to be believed to be the direct ancestors of tetrapods in the scientific literature.

Actinopterygii
The Actinopterygii (the plural form of "Actinopterygius") is a taxonomical class of animals. The animals in this class are the ray-finned fishes.
The ray-finned fishes get their name from the fact that they have lepidotrichia or "fin rays". Their fins are webs of skin held by bony or horny spines ("rays"). This is different from the fleshy fins of the fish in the order Sarcopterygii.
Actinopterygians are the largest class of vertebrates. There are nearly 30,000 species. They can be found in both fresh water and marine environments from the deep sea to the highest mountain streams.

Extended play
Extended play (EP) is a name given to CDs which contain more music than a single, but are too short to be called a music album. EPs usually have about 10 to 25 minutes of music, singles have less than 10 minutes and albums have about 25 to 80 minutes of music.

Richard von Weizsäcker
Dr. Richard Freiherr von Weizsäcker (born April 15 1920) is a German politician, and a member of the CDU party. He was President of Germany from 1984 to 1994.
He was born in Stuttgart as the son of the diplomat Ernst von Weizsäcker and brother of physicist and philosopher Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker. His grandfather Carl von Weizsäcker had been Minister President of Württemberg
In war he served in the German Army. He was wounded in East Prussia in 1945 and was sent home to Stuttgart. Then he continued his study of history in Göttingen and eventually studied law. As a law student he was a member of his father's defence team at the Eleventh secondary Nuremburg Trial. He took his first judicial state exam in 1950, the second in 1953, and in 1955 was promoted "doctor juris". In 1953 he married Marianne von Kretschmann; they have four children.
Richard von Weizsäcker joined the CDU in 1954 and was a member of the Bundestag (German Parliament) from 1969 to 1981. He was elected vice president of the Bundestag 1979-1981, but did not stand for re-election, because he became the Governing Mayor () of West Berlin (1981-1984).
He was elected President of Germany by the Bundesversammlung (Federal Convention) in 1984, succeeding Karl Carstens.
Although now an elder statesman, Richard von Weizsäcker is still involved in politics and charitable affairs. He was the chair of a commission installed by the then SPD-Die Grünen government for reforming the Bundeswehr.
He has served on many international commissions. He was chairman of the Independent Working Group on the future of the United Nations and was one of three 'Wise Men' appointed by European Commission President Romano Prodi to consider the future of the European Union.
von Weizsäcker has written may books, including
His autobiograghy called is "From Weimar to the Wall: My Life in German Politics" (1999).

Millennium Stadium
The Millennium Stadium is a football stadium in Cardiff, Wales. It has a capacity of around 74,500.

National Collegiate Athletic Association
The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) is a college sports organization in the United States.

The Happy Mondays
The Happy Mondays were an alternative rock band from Manchester who became popular in the 1980s. They were associated with the house music movement and Madchester. Their biggest hit was Step On, from the album Pills n Thrills n Bellyaches. They broke up in 1992.

Adidas
The Adidas AG is a major German sports apparel manufacturer, part of the Adidas Group, consisting of Reebok sportswear company, Taylormade golf company, Maxfli golf balls, and Adidas golf and is the second largest sportswear manufacturer in the world.

Joy Division
Joy Division were an English rock band. It was made up of Ian Curtis (vocals), Peter Hook (bass guitar),
Stephen Morris (drums) and Bernard Albrecht (AKA Sumner, guitar). They came out of the punk music scene around 1976, and in three years time became a band that inspired musicians from bands such as U2, Nine Inch Nails, Red Hot Chili Peppers, and The Cure.
During the Anarchy in the UK tour, the Sex Pistols played in Manchester on June 4. In the audience that night were three young men living around Manchester: school mates Peter Hook and Bernard Albrecht, and Ian Curtis. A few days later, Hook and Albrecht decided to start up a band, with Hook on bass and Albrecht on guitar. They got Terry Mason as a drummer, but still needed a singer. They placed an ad in the Virgin record shop in Manchester. Curtis answered it and became the singer of the band, called at the time the Stiff Kittens. He would also write the lyrics.
They practiced a lot during a few months, and wrote their first songs. In May of 1977, the band's name was changed to Warsaw and Mason was replaced on drums by Tony Tabac. Just a month later, Tabac left and Steve Brotherdale was hired as new drummer. It was at the same time that Paul Morley of the NME and DJ Rob Gretton found out about the band and saw its potential. Warsaw made a demo tape with five songs in the Pennine Sound Studios in July, but Brotherdale quit the group a few days later.
Finally, Stephen Morris joined the band. In October, they played at the Electric Circus, which was due to close down, along with The Fall and The Buzzcocks.
In December, they recorded four songs, which were to appear later as "An Ideal For Living". In January of 1978 the band changed its name to Joy Division to avoid any confusion with another group. They practised a lot and wrote new songs. On April 14 1978, they played along with 16 bands in a contest. Tony Wilson, who worked for Granada TV, and Rob Gretton liked their performance very much.
Ian Curtis hanged himself in 1980, and the band reformed as New Order.

New Order
New Order was a band from Manchester, popular in the 1980s. Its members were: Bernard Sumner, Peter Hook and Stephen Morris. Their biggest hit was Blue Monday, which was the biggest selling 12" record of all time.

Peter Hook
Peter "Hooky" Hook (born February 13, 1956 in Salford, England) is an English bass guitar player. He played in the bands Joy Division, New Order, Revenge and Monaco.

Bernard Sumner
Bernard Sumner is a singer with the band New Order. He is also known as Bernard Albrecht. He was born in 1956 in Salford, England. He plays guitar and keyboard.

Chorlton-on-Medlock
Chorlton-on-Medlock is a district of Manchester in England. One border is marked by the river Medlock. It is sometimes mistaken for Chorlton-cum-Hardy, a different place in Manchester. Famous residents of Chorlton-on-Medlock include Lloyd George and Emmeline Pankhurst.

Ultimate Fighting Championship
Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) is a U.S.-based mixed martial arts (MMA) organization, currently seen as the largest MMA promotion in the world. The UFC is headquartered in Las Vegas, Nevada and is owned and operated by Zuffa, LLC.

Chorlton-cum-Hardy
Chorlton-cum-Hardy is a southern district of Manchester, England. It's usually called just Chorlton The river Mersey runs through its southern end, in a part called Chorlton Ees. Ees is a Saxon word for water meadow.
Cosgrove Hall is an animation studio in Chorlton. Its most famous cartoon is "Dangermouse". Some famous current and past residents of Chorlton are: George Best, The Beegees, The Stone Roses, Badly Drawn Boy, and Harry Godwin.

Acropolis
The word acropolis (Greek "acron," edge + "polis," city) means the edge of a town or a high city.

Wokingham
Wokingham is a town in Berkshire in the south of England. It is the headquarters of Wokingham District. 30,403 people were living there in 2001.

California wildfires of October 2007
The California wildfires of October 2007 are more than 20 wildfires still active burning in Southern California, making over 1,000,000 people have to leave their homes, breaking at least 1,500 homes and buildings and moving in on at least 56,000 more.
At least of land have burned between Santa Barbara County and the Mexican border. Officials have said that they fear the fire could become even more deadly than the 2003 Cedar Fire, said to be the worst on ever. The number and strength of the fires have tired the firefighters, with one department saying the "lack of resources [is] hindering suppression efforts."
The fires have killed six people and have hurt at least 16 firefighters and 25 others.
California governor Arnold Schwarzenegger declared a state of emergency in seven California counties where fires burned. President Bush has declared an emergency is in the State of California and ordered Federal aid to help State and local efforts.
An event that helped the fires is the drought hapenning in Southern California. The fires have been strengthened by the stangely strong Santa Ana winds. The winds are believed to have broken power lines, creating some of the fires. One fire was because of arson; one was started by an flipped-over semi-truck. Why the other fires are happening it not yet known. Winds are not expected to get better until October 25 2007.
San Diego County.
San Diego County is where the two biggest fires are, the Witch Fire near the northeastern edge of the city of San Diego, and the Harris fire southeast of San Diego. The Witch fire forced Interstate 15 to be closed, and the Harris fire burns near the border with Mexico.
As of the night of October 222007, at least 5,000 homes were in danger. About 500,000 people have to leave, the largest evacuation in the area's history. Evacuees were meeting at the Del Mar Fairgrounds, Qualcomm Stadium and other places in the county. Officials think that 10,000 were meeting at Qualcomm. Other than food, blankets and water, volunteers gave toys to children, massages, and a live rock and roll band showe. Many schools and business were closed. The only burn unit in the county, the UCSD Medical Center in Hillcrest was operated on an overflow basis. The unit, which has 18 beds, had gotten 16 fire victims and several patients with injuries not due to to the blazes.
Witch Fire.
The Witch Fire, also known as the Witch Creek Fire, is the largest of the fires. Approximately 6,800 structures are in danger, including 5,000 homes. Hundreds of thousands of people living there are being told of evacuations through the Reverse 911 system. This evacuation comes almost exactly four years after the Cedar Fire of 2003.
The fire started near Santa Ysabel and quickly spread to Ramona, Rancho Bernardo, Poway and Escondido. From there the fire jumped over the Interstate 15 and kept moving west, causing bad damage in the upscale areas of Lake Hodges, 4S Ranch, Del Dios, Harmony Grove and Rancho Santa Fe.
Heavy Santa Ana winds have been pushing the fires west near the coast. San Diego County Sheriff William B. Kolendar said that the Witch Creek Fire could be "well in excess of Cedar Fire of 2003". Officials have also said that the fire could reach the coastline; people living in Solana Beach were told to be ready to evacuate.
All residents south of Del Dios Highway, north of Sorrento Valley Road, west of Interstate 15, and east of Interstate 5 were told to evacuate. By 9:30pm October 222007 a dispatch from the city of Del Mar's web site stated "For your safety, we are strongly advising that all Del Mar residents evacuate." Evacuations were also ordered for Scripps Ranch neighborhood, mostly "Everything south of Scripps Poway Parkway, north of MCAS Miramar, east of Interstate 15, and west of Highway 67". The Mesa Grande Indian reservation was evacuated from the Witch Fire. Residents of the Barona Indian Reservation have been told to leave if they wish, but the evacuation is not a must. The casino on the reservation is closed. At about 01:00 on 23 October, fire happened near the southern end of Wild Cat Canyon, where many houses were broken and people killed in the Cedar Fire. Residents of Wild Cat Canyon and Muth Valley were told to evacuate, and the road was closed.
Evacuation sites include Qualcomm Stadium, Escondido High School, Poway High School, Mira Mesa Senior High School, Ramona High School, Del Mar Fairgrounds.
Adding to the evacuations, many major roads have been closed around the fire. On October 22, 2007, the California Highway Patrol closed Interstate 15 in both ways between state Route 78 and state Route 56.
Harris Fire.
The Harris Fire started at at Harris Ranch Road near Potrero. As of October 23 the fire was moving towards eastern Chula Vista. Many places have been evacuated, with evacuation centers set up at a nearby high school and community center.
Other fires.
Two different Marine Corps Base fires were reported at about 1:00 p.m. on October 23. The Camp Margarita Fire is at 33 Area behind the Marine Corps Air Station. The Las Pulgas Fire is located at 43 Area near Basilone Road. Evacuations have been ordered.
The Coronado Hills Fire burned south of Cal State San Marcos.
The McCoy fire has burned in the Cleveland National Forest.
The fire started at about 3:13 a.m. on October 23 as a structure fire on the La Jolla Indian Reservation and has then moved itself onto Palomar Mountain. It is running in the same way as the Rice Fire. With firefighters worried that the Rice Fire and Poomacha fire will meet in the Del Dios Canyon, firefighters have left the area and people living there have to leave.
The Rice Fire is burning in the Rice Canyon near Fallbrook, moving towards Rainbow Heights, and Santa Marguerita and Sandy Creek drainages.
<span id="Los Angeles County" /><span id="Ventura County" />
Los Angeles and Ventura counties.
As of 12:20 a.m. PST on October 23, the US Forest Service was thinking the Ranch, Buckweed, and Magic fires would meet into a single huge fire within 2 days.
As of 23 October 2007 the Buckweed fire in Agua Dulce and the Santa Clarita community of Canyon Country has burned in northeastern parts of the county. The communities of Santa Clarita, Leona Valley, Green Valley, Acton, Agua Dulce, and Mint Canyon are in danger. At least 925 firefighters are fighting the fire. Over 15,000 people and 5,500 homes have been evacuated.
The Canyon Fire has burned close to Malibu, California, mostly in Malibu Canyon. 600 residences, 200 commercial buildings, and 100 outbuildings are in danger, and 500 homes have been evacuated.
The Magic Fire started near The Old Road at Magic Mountain Parkway. Flames crept a few yards from West Ranch High School and a many houses being made in Stevenson Ranch, but were pushed away. The fire is believed to have been caused accidentally by welders at a construction site.
The October Fire burned a small area in Santa Clarita, burning several homes in the Canyon Breeze Mobile Home Park.
Since 20 October 2007, the Ranch fire has burned on the Los Angeles-Ventura county line, in the Angeles and Los Padres national forests. The fire is going around the Ventura County community of Piru and also threatens the communities of Fillmore, Ventura and Ojai. Three homes have been destroyed, and 500 residences are in the fire's path. As of 7:00 a.m. local time, the fire was 10% under control. Evacuations have been recommended in all of Piru and parts of Fillmore. Highway 126 is closed between Main Street and Chiquita Canyon Road in Piru. Angeles National Forest officials are closing the whole forest, starting October 23.
Orange County.
The Santiago Fire began shortly before 5:55pm on October 21, 2007 in the foothills north of Irvine and east of the city of Orange in Orange County. Fire officials have said that the source of the fire is arson; the fire was said to have been started in three different spots. The fire has burned over and is 30% contained. Strong winds have stopped people from fighting the fire and forced a dozen firefighters to seek emergency shelter under tents after the fire moved at them. Two homes, one mobile home, and one outbuilding have been destroyed. Several other buildings damaged, and four firefighters were a bit hurt from the fire. Damage estimates put the fire's cost at $5.5 million.
San Bernardino County.
The Slide Fire has burned at Green Valley Lake, west of Lake Arrowhead. The Green Valley Lake, Arrow Bear, and Running Springs communities are under evacuation. Reports indicate water pressure in local systems was lost and conditions were too harsh for fighters to continue efforts in some areas. The fire has burned a camp owned by the Boy Scouts of America's local council, the California Inland Empire Council, called "Camp Helendade." Helendade was originally given to the council in 1960 to replace another camp that had been burned.
"Immediate threat to 100 structures and possible threat to thousands... Multiple downed power lines. IC (Incident Command) asking for resources from anywhere... Lack of resources hindering suppression efforts. Unable to fly aircraft. All local engines are depleted."
The fire began near Martin Ranch Road and Meyers Road.
This fire was in the Ontario, California area. It damaged several buildings.
<span id-"Devore Fire" /><span id="Glen Helen Fire" />
Together the fires made it a must to close Interstate 15 in the Cajon Pass. One fire was started by an flipped-over semi-truck. This fire has burned 250 acres. It is currently 50 percent under control. 107 firefighters are assigned to this fire.
The Little Mountain fire threatens several homes and other structures.
Santa Barbara County.
The Sedgewick Fire was the farthest north of the October 2007 California wildfires. It started around 6:00 a.m. PST on October 21, 2007 from a falling power line. The fire burned a total of near Los Olivos. Approximately 2000 people were affected and 800 homes threatened before the fire was all under control around 5:00 p.m. on October 22.
Riverside County.
The Roca fire began at 3:52 p.m. on October 21 in Aguanga, and burned east of Temecula. The fire was 100% contained on October 22. One home was destroyed and one injury was reported from the fire.
The Rosa fire began at 11:00 p.m. on October 22 in western Temecula and has burned. There are people who have to leave and closed roads in this area. The fire is 50% under control; 100% expected by October 24 at 6 p.m.
Wind and weather.
The fires are occurring in a very dry area and they are being exacerbated by seasonal winds called the Santa Ana winds. The San Diego Union Tribune reported, "Santa Ana winds blowing up to 60 mph combined with temperatures into the 90s to create in the worst possible fire conditions."
Southern California is in the midst of an unusual drought; in Los Angeles, California, with only 3.21 in (82 mm) of precipitation in the entire 2006-2007 rain season, it is the driest year on record, receiving less rain than Death Valley in a normal year.
The Santa Ana winds are warm, dry winds that characteristically appear in Southern California and Northern Baja California weather during autumn and early winter. Santa Anas are a type of föhn wind, the result of air pressure buildup in the high-altitude Great Basin between the Sierra Nevada and the Rocky Mountains. This high energy wind spills out of the Great Basin and is pulled by gravity into the surrounding lowlands. The air circulates clockwise around the high pressure area bringing winds from the east and northeast to Southern California (the reverse of the westerly winds characteristic of the latitude). The air heats up due to adiabatic heating while being compressed during its descent. While the air has already been dried by orographic lift prior to reaching the Great Basin, the relative humidity of the air declines rapidly as it descends and warms in its final stages as it passes over the Transverse and Peninsular Ranges.
The air is then forced down the mountain slopes out towards the Pacific coast; the air mass is further heated by compression as it drops in altitude before reaching the Los Angeles Basin, western San Diego County and Tijuana (Baja California) at typical speeds of 35 knots. The southern California coastal region gets some of its hottest weather of the year during autumn while Santa Ana winds are blowing. During Santa Ana conditions it is typically hotter along the coast than in the deserts and the humidity plummets to less than 15%.
As the Santa Ana winds are channeled through the mountain passes they can approach hurricane force. The combination of wind, heat, and dryness turns the chaparral into explosive fuel for the infamous wildfires the region is known for. Wildfires fanned by Santa Ana winds burned 721,791 acres (2,921 km²) in two weeks during October 2003.
As of October 22, the high wind conditions were expected to continue to hamper firefighting for three additional days.
At around 12:30 PM, officials believed that some of the fires have began generating their own winds, similar to the Oakland Firestorm of 1991.
Impact.
On October 21, the Harris Fire damaged and disabled the Southwest Power Link, a 500,000-volt power line from Arizona to San Diego. Power outages were reported in Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, and other counties on October 22 to 333,500 Southern California Edison customers, most being restored within 24 hours. The power outage also affected the areas of Ojai, Oxnard, Simi Valley, Santa Clarita, Thousand Oaks, Rialto, Fontana, San Bernardino, Rancho Cucamonga, Mira Loma, Hesperia, Corona, Bloomington, Irvine, Calimesa and Rubidoux. This outage also caused 230 people to be without power in Malibu. The California Independent System Operator Corp, or California ISO, declared an energy transmission emergency in southern California on October 23, due to wildfires affecting the lines. 500,000-, 230,000- and 138,000-volt lines were disabled in San Diego, and some lines in other areas were also disabled. 24,992 lost power, due to lack of power from the power grid.
The San Diego Community College District on October 222007 initially closed Miramar College, followed by Mesa College and selected Continuing Education sites in the northern area of the District. Effective at 3:00 p.m. the same day all colleges, campuses and sites of the San Diego Community College District were closed and would remain so through at least October 232007. Students and faculty were urged to seek an update on possible closures on October 23 after 5:00pm local time. Numerous other schools, businesses and universities have closed as well, including California State University, San Marcos, San Diego State University, UC San Diego, the University of San Diego and the San Diego Wild Animal Park. Classes for Tuesday, October 23 have been canceled for all of San Diego Unified School District and Sweetwater Union High School District as well as all other districts in the county and all schools in the municipalities of Tijuana, Tecate and Rosarito, located across the border in Baja California, Mexico.
In the Santa Clarita area, classes and events were cancelled at College of the Canyons and CalArts; local public schools were cancelled as well. All public schools were closed in Malibu, and there were some school closings in Orange County, Ventura County and San Bernardino County.
By mid-morning on October 222007, thousands of evacuees were taking shelter in Qualcomm Stadium and other locations throughout San Diego. On the afternoon of October 222007, the Marines were evacuating some planes from Marine Corps Air Station Miramar to other military bases in California and Arizona. The San Diego Wild Animal Park moved some animals to the on-site animal hospital for their protection.
As of October 22 2007, with Qualcomm Stadium still hosting evacuees, the San Diego State University football team was still planning to host their Saturday game against BYU in the stadium. Some players and coaches have been affected by evacuations. Numerous San Diego area high schools canceled games and practices at least through October 242007. With many players from the San Diego Chargers affected by evacuations, the team has moved practices to Arizona and they may move their upcoming game there as well.
Response.
Government agencies and volunteers worked together to mitigate the effects of the fires. According to the state of California's Consolidated Response web page, "There are 17 active fires in Southern California. The priority for fighting fires as of 1930 on October 21 is the Buckweed, Witch, Harris, Canyon, Ranch, Santiago, and Sedgewick Fires."
With many businesses and schools closed, some people used their time off to help others. Officials estimated that 10,000 people were gathered at Qualcomm stadium, the largest shelter point in San Diego. Besides food, blankets and water, volunteers provided toys for children, massages, and a live rock and roll band performance. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints opened ten of its churches as temporary shelters and, at the request of the mayor of San Diego, delivered two truckloads of blankets and processed food to evacuees in Qualcomm Stadium.
The Salvation Army is providing food, water and comfort to firefighters, police and others affected by the blaze.
The Navy and Marines were also helping in San Diego. Six crews from the Navy's Helicopter Sea Combat Squadron 85 based at Naval Air Station North Island have been assigned to battle the Witch Creek fire. They fly MH-60 Seahawk helicopters equipped with a 420-gallon water bucket and they are the only local Navy teams trained to fight fires from the air. Marine Corps Air Station Miramar has contributed several aircraft as well as fire fighting trucks to operations based in Ramona.
California governor Arnold Schwarzenegger declared a state of emergency in seven California counties where fires burned. President George W. Bush declared a federal disaster for the seven counties and scheduled a Thursday, October 25, 2007 visit to the region.

Parasaurolophus
Parasaurolophus is a genus of ornithopod dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous Period of what is now North America, about 76-73 million years ago. It was a herbivore that walked both as biped and a quadruped.

Thai boxing
Thai boxing (or Muay Thai) is a combat sport (martial art) that has been developed in Thailand. It is known also as "the art of all the members", because the hands, the feet, the elbows and the knees are used very much.
In the competition, the high kicks in the head can seem to make a stronger effect. In spite of this, the persons with special skills and knowledge of this sport declare that the low kicks, the elbows, an the knees are more causing destruction for the persons who fight.
A person, who takes part in the competition, does the long ceremony and the act established by custom before the fight. They exist for religious reasons and they serve as stretching the muscles and as preparation.
The training for Thai boxing is known for its being strong and its firmness. It aims to harden the eight members of the body, so that being hit with the shinbone of the Thai boxer is often compared to being hit with a baseball stick. The Thai boxers usually kick with the shinbone instead of with the foot.
Thai boxing has influenced a lot on developing of kickboxing which afterwards has been created in Japan, in Europe, and in North America.
Almost every act of moving in Thai boxing use the whole body, while turning the hip to every kick and every blow with the fist. As a result, the attacks and the defence in Thai boxing are slower but more powerful for example than those of boxing or of karate.

Carrefour
Carrefour SA (IPA: /karfur/) is a French international hypermarket chain, with a global network of outlets. It is the second largest retail group in the world in terms of revenue and sales figures after Wal-Mart. Carrefour operates mainly in the European Union, Brazil, Argentina and Colombia, but also has shops in North Africa and Asia. Carrefour means cross-road in French.

Never Say Never
"Never S-A-Y Never" is the second album by American R&B singer Brandy, released by Atlantic Records on June 8, 1998 in Europe and on June 9, 1998 in North America. Chielfy produced by Rodney Jerkins, helped to make Jerkins' Timbaland-inspired production sound popular, which he later used for recordings by Whitney Houston, Destiny's Child, and others. "Never Say Never" earned Brandy five Grammy-nominations and became her biggest-selling album to date.

Soviet occupation zone
The Soviet Occupation Zone (German: Sowjetische Besatzungszone (SBZ) or Ostzone, Sovetskaya zona Germanii, "Soviet Zone of Germany") was the area of eastern Germany occupied by the Soviet Union from 1945 on, at the end of World War II. It became East Germany.
American forces first occupied some of the area. The Americans withdrew in July of 1945 to the agreed occupation zone boundaries.
The Soviet Military Administration in Germany (German initials: SMAD) allowed four political parties to form, but they all had to work in the "All-Party Committee" (the "Nationale Front").
The Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) and the Communist Party of Germany were merged into the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (which became the governing party of East Germany). Finally, the SED created other parties, to weaken the Christian Democratic Union and Liberal Democratic Party of Germany.
Originally, Stalin wanted to Sovietize all of Germany, but when the West resisted this idea, he tried to work for a united Germany which would be neutral, but when the West again said no he decided to build a new country out of the Soviet occupation zone. This became East Germany
The Soviet occupation zone included the central parts of Prussia. After Prussia was dissolved by the allied powers in 1947, the area was divided between the German states of Brandenburg, Mecklenburg, Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt und Thuringia.
On October 8, 1949, the Soviet zone became the German Democratic Republic, usually known simply as East Germany. In 1952, the states were dissolved, and changed to 14 districts, plus East Berlin). East Berlin was treated as part of the new East Germany, but technically was part of the Allied-controlled city of Berlin.

Iron Man (disambiguation)
Sports.
The term "Iron Man" is used in multiple sports for players with long streaks of consecutive games. For example, the term "Iron Man of Baseball" refers to either Lou Gehrig or Cal Ripken, Jr..
The term "iron man" can also be used to describe a game that is played by oneself whereas additional players would normally be required. It is also used in the Arena Football League for any player that plays both offensive and defensive positions.

Iron Man (song)
"Iron Man" is the name of a song by Black Sabbath. It was on their second album, "Paranoid" (1970). The song is one of Black Sabbath's greatest hits.
"Iron Man" appears to be about a man who travels to the future and witnesses the Apocalypse. On his way back, he is caught in Earth's magnetic field, and turned to steel. when he comes back, he tries to warn the people about the Apocalypse, but they do not believe him, and shun him, so he takes his revenge by killing them all, thus bringing about the Apocalypse he saw. It would appear that he died and came back to life, for "vengeance from the grave kills the people he once saved" is a line from the song.
"Iron Man" has been used many times, and is frequently performed at events. Its riff has become one of the most easily recognizable riffs in music.
The 2008 movie "Iron Man" features portions of this song at the end of the movie.

Death in Venice (opera)
"Death in Venice" is an opera by Benjamin Britten. It is based on the story "Death in Venice" ("Der Tod in Venedig") by the German writer Thomas Mann.
The libretto (words) for the opera was written by Myfanwy Piper. It was the last opera that Britten wrote. It was first performed at Snape Maltings near Aldeburgh, England on June 16, 1973. Britten was too ill to conduct it himself. The main part of Aschenbach was sung by Sir Peter Pears.
The story of the opera.
The story is supposed to take place in the year 1911. It starts in Munich, and then moves to Venice. The opera is divided into two acts.
Act I.
Aschenbach is a famous German writer. He is getting old and starting to find it difficult to think of new ideas for stories. As he is walking in Munich he stops in front of a cemetery. He sees a traveller who is obviously from another country. This makes him think he ought to travel somewhere to get new ideas for his books.
He takes a boat to Venice. On the boat he watches a group of young people. Their leader is showing off. Aschenbach realizes that, although their leader looks young, he is in fact old. He has dressed in clothes and used make-up to make him look young. Aschenbach does not like him.
In Venice he is takes a gondola, but the boatman does not take him where he wants to go. Aschenbach argues at first, but the boatman does not take any notice.
Aschenbach arrives at the hotel. In the hotel he watches the people coming down to dinner. Suddenly he sees Tadzio. Tadzio is a young Polish boy who is unbelievably beautiful. Aschenbach realizes it is stupid for him to feel love for the boy, but he cannot get the boy out of his mind.
Aschenbach watches Tadzio playing on the sandy beach. When he notices that the boy (like many Polish people) hates the Russian guests, he realizes that the boy is not quite perfect after all.
Aschenbach walks along the streets of Venice. Everywhere beggars are asking him for money. There is a horrible smell coming from the water of the canals. Aschenbach decides to leave Venice. The hotel manager is very sorry that he going so soon. Tadzio walks past Aschenbach. Aschenbach goes to the train station, but his luggage has been put on the wrong train, so he goes back to the hotel. He is annoyed, but he is also pleased because he can see Tadzio again.
Aschenbach sits in his chair on the beach, watching Tadzio and his friends play. It makes him think of the Greek gods. The boys do different sports on the beach: running, long jump, discus, javelin and wrestling. Tadzio wins easily. Aschenbach wants to congratulate him, but when the chance comes he cannot speak.
Act II.
Aschenbach realizes that he loves the boy. He goes to the barber for a shave. The barber tells him that lots of people in Venice are getting sick. Aschenbach wants to know whether it is something serious, but the barber says it is nothing to worry about.
Aschenbach is being rowed on the water. He can smell disinfectant. There are notices in the streets warning people to be careful of the sickness. In a German newspaper he reads that the sickness in Venice is cholera. It says that all German people should leave the city and return home. Aschenbach does not want the Polish family to leave Venice. He does not want them to know about the cholera. He follows then to a café and to church, but he still cannot find the courage to speak to them. After dinner the guests watch a group of actors. Aschenbach notices that Tadzio, like himself, cannot laugh at their jokes.
Lots of the hotel guests are leaving. An English clerk tells him that lots of people in the city have Asiatic cholera. He tells him he ought to leave immediately before they stop everyone from leaving the city.
Aschenbach decides to warn Tadzio's mother of the danger of the illness, but he just cannot do it. He has a dream about the Greek gods. When he awakes he realises that these wild thoughts about Tadzio have gripped him. He cannot do anything about it.
Again Aschenbach watches as Tadzio and his friends play a game on the beach; they soon leave. Aschenbach goes to the barber. He asks him to try to make him beautiful and young. When he goes on a gondola he realises he is just like the old man he saw on the boat. He follows the Polish family. Tadzio starts to walk separately from his family. He waits for Aschenbach and looks straight at him, but Aschenbach turns away. He is pleased that Tadzio does not let his mother notice what happened. Aschenbach is alone again, and buys some strawberries. They are not fresh. He thinks about the Greek gods again, and about the relationship between a writer and what he writes about.
The hotel manager organizes the departure of the last guests. The Polish family are leaving. Aschenbach watches Tadzio and another boy playing on the beach. The game gets rough, and the other boy pushes Tadzio’s face into the sand. Aschenbach tries to get up to help him, but he is too weak to get out of his chair. Tadzio is left alone on the beach. He gives Aschenbach a sign to follow him, but Aschenbach slumps back in his chair and dies. Tadzio continues walking far out into the sea.
The cast and the music.
The part of the boy Tadzio is a dancing part. He and his family never speak or sing in the opera.
All the different characters that Aschenbach meets: the man by the cemetery, the old man dressed as a young man, the gondolier, the hotel manager, the barber, the leader of the actors and the voice of the God Dionysus are really like one character. They are sung by the same singer, a bass-baritone. Apart from him and Aschenbach (a tenor) the only other solo singer in the opera is the voice of Apollo, sung offstage by a countertenor as the boys play sport on the beach. There are several choruses: the groups of young people, hotel staff, actors, church choir and tourists.
The whole sound of the opera is written with the voice of Peter Pears in mind. Britten’s music is partly tonal but also uses twelve-tone music and gamelan music from the Far East. When Aschenbach sings recitative (telling the story) he is just accompanied by the piano. Britten deliberately uses a limited number of musical sounds. This gives the opera a specially expressive character, particularly in the beautiful ending.

Saargebiet
The Territory of the Saar Basin was usually called the Saar or the. It was a territory governed by the League of Nations under the Treaty of Versailles for 15 years from 1920.
Its population in 1933 was 812,000, and its capital was Saarbrücken.
It was made up of parts of the Prussian Rhine Province and the Bavarian Palatinate of the Rhine. It was slightly smaller than the modern German state of Saarland.
Commission of Government.
According to Treaty of Versailles the highly industrialized Saarland was to be governed by the League of Nations for a period of 15 years, and its coalfields given to France. The "Commission of Government", which represented the League of Nations, had five members. At least one member had to be French and one a native of the Saar..
At the end of the 15 year period, in 1935, the people of the Saar voted on how they wanted their country. They voted to become a part of Nazi Germany.
It had a currency, the Saar franc, and its own postage stamps during this period.
Plebiscite.
In 1933, a lotof anti-Nazi Germans fled to the Saar, as it was the only part of Germany left outside the Third Reich's control. As a result, anti-Nazi groups wanted the Saarland to remain under control of League of Nations as long as Adolf Hitler ruled Germany. However, France had a lot of power in the Saar. France had control of the coalmines and even had the Saar's currency called the "franc". Not many "Saarlanders" liked France, and in the plebiscite on 13 January, 1935, 90% of those voting that wished to join Germany, 8.86% wanted to stay with the League of Nations. Only 0.40% (that is, four voters in every thousand) wanted to join France.
Nazi rule.
On 17 January 1935, the territory's re-union with Germany was approved by the League Council. On March 1, the Nazi Germany took over the region, and appointed Josef Bürckel as "Reichskommissar für die Rückgliederung des Saarlandes", "Reich Commissioner for the re-union of Saarland".
Many former politicians and office holders of the Saargebiet were changed or arreasted by the Nazis.
When re-incorporation was completed, the governor became "Reichskommissar für das Saarland", "Reich Commissioner of Saarland" on 17 June 1936.

William Walton
Sir William Walton, (born Oldham, 29 March 1902; died Ischia, Italy, 8 March 1983) was a British composer and conductor. He was one of the most important British composers of the mid-20th century, a period that included Benjamin Britten and Michael Tippett. His music has very lively rhythms which are often jazzy.
Early years.
Walton’s family were musical but they had very little money. Both his parents sang, and Walton sang in the local church choir. His father would hit him if he made a mistake. This may be why in later life he was so careful about every note he wrote.
At the age of ten he joined the choir of Christ Church Cathedral in Oxford. He learned the piano and violin. He was only 16 years when he went to University of Oxford where he was at Christ Church, Oxford. Most of what he knew about composing he taught himself. He studied the scores of works by Stravinsky, Debussy, Sibelius and others. He had some lessons from Hugh Allen, the cathedral organist. At Oxford Walton became friends with two poets: Sacheverell Sitwell and Siegfried Sassoon. Most of the music he wrote when he was very young has been lost, but the choral anthem "A Litany", written when he was just fifteen, shows his musical talent with its modern harmonies.
Walton left Oxford in 1920 without a degree having failed his exams three times. He went to live with the Sitwell family, who introduced him to many important people, including the composer Constant Lambert and song writer Noel Coward. He also travelled with the Sitwells to Italy. In 1923 he set one of Edith Sitwell’s poems to music. The piece was called "Façade". The music was very jazzy and almost jokey, and it sounded very modern to many people at that time.
During the 1920s, Walton earned some money playing the piano at jazz clubs, but he spent most of his time composing in the Sitwells' attic. The orchestral overture "Portsmouth Point" (which he dedicated to Sassoon) was the first work which shows Walton’s real style. In 1929 the Viola Concerto started to make him really famous. This was followed by "Belshazzar's Feast" (1931), the Symphony No. 1 (1935), the coronation march "Crown Imperial" (1937), and the Violin Concerto (1939). All these works are very popular today.
After World War II.
During World War II, Walton did not have to do military service so that he had time to compose music for propaganda films, such as "The First of the Few" (1942), and Laurence Olivier's adaptation of Shakespeare's "Henry V" (1944). After composing a second string quartet (1946) Walton spent most of the next seven years writing his opera, "Troilus and Cressida" (1947-1954). The opera was not very popular. This was because his music was rather Romantic, very different from a lot of modern music that was in fashion in the 1950s, especially the music of Pierre Boulez and his followers.
Walton also composed the music for two more Shakespeare-Olivier films - the Academy Award-winning "Hamlet", and "Richard III". Walton, however, did not win Oscars for any of his Shakespeare-based scores.
Walton then started to write more orchestral music: the Cello Concerto (1956), the Symphony No. 2 (1960), and the "Variations on a Theme by Hindemith" (1963). He started to have many honours: He was knighted in 1951 and received the Order of Merit in 1968. People liked his one-act comic opera "The Bear", when it was performed at the Aldeburgh Festival in 1967, and he was asked by people from all over the world for new music. His song-cycles from this period were given their first performances by famous singers such as Peter Pears and Elisabeth Schwarzkopf.
In his last years, Walton found composition more and more difficult. He tried to compose a third symphony for André Previn, but later gave up. His last works were mostly church music or reworkings of older pieces.. He had settled on the island of Ischia in Italy in 1949 with his Argentinian wife Susana Gil. He died there in 1983.
Since his death, Walton's music has been performed and recorded a lot. People no longer think of him as old-fashioned, but as a composer who had a very strong personality which can be heard clearly in his music.
Walton was knighted in 1951 and appointed to the Order of Merit in 1967.

List of Romanian composers
This is a list of Romanian composers.

Free City of Danzig
The Free City of Danzig (German: "Freie Stadt Danzig"; Polish: "Wolne Miasto Gdańsk") was an self-governing port on the Baltic Sea port and a city-state. It was set up on January 10, 1920, by Part III Section XI of the Treaty of Versailles of 1919, and put under League of Nations protection, with special rights reserved Poland, because it was the only port in the Polish Corridor.
The Free City ceased to exist after 1939 when it was occupied and annexed by Nazi Germany. After Germany's defeat in 1945 Danzig was occupied and annexed by Poland under the Polish name Gdańsk.
Territory.
The Free City of Danzig included the major city of Danzig (Gdańsk) as well as Zoppot (Sopot), Tiegenhof (Nowy Dwór Gdański), Neuteich (Nowy Staw) and some 252 villages and 63 hamlets. Its area was.
Polish rights.
The Free City was represented abroad by Poland's ambassadors. The railway line that connected the Free City with Poland was administered by Poland. Similarly, the separated military post within the city's harbour, the Westerplatte (formerly a city beach), was also given to Poland. There were also two post-offices, one for the Danzig Postal Service, the other was Polish-run.
Population.
The Free City's population was 357,000 in (1919). 98% were German-speakers, with the rest mainly speaking either Kashubian or Polish.
The Treaty of Versailles, split Danzig from Germany. The treaty made the people living in the city citizens of the Free City. German inhabitants lost their German nationality, if they wanted to stay German they had to go and live outside the Free City's territory.
Politics.
Heads of State of the Free City of Danzig
In May 1933, the Nazi Party won the local elections in the city. But they had less than the two-thirds majority that would let them change the Constitution of the Free City of Danzig. The government introduced anti-Semitic and also anti-Catholic laws against the Poles and Kashubian inhabitants.
Poland always refused to allow the status of Danzig to change. In April 1939 the Polish Commissioner-General said that Poland was willing to fight if there was a change..
Second World War and aftermath.
The Nazi government voted for re-unification with Germany on September 2, 1939, the day after the German invasion of Poland began.
Around 90% of the city was reduced to ruins towards the end of the Second World War. On March 30, 1945 the city was taken by the USSR. It is thought that more than 90% of the pre-war population were either dead or had fled by 1945.
The Allied Powers were told at the Potsdam conference that the former Free State was now part of Poland. (The Yalta conference was unclear about wether the Free City would be recreated or not).

Surf's Up (movie)
"Surf's Up" is an American computer-animated movie released on June 7, 2007 by Columbia Pictures. It is directed by Ash Brannon (the co-director of "Toy Story 2") and Chris Buck (the director of "Tarzan").
It is a parody of surfing documentaries, like "The Endless Summer" and "Riding Giants".
Many actors, including Shia LaBeouf, Jeff Bridges, Zooey Deschanel, Jon Heder, Mario Cantone, James Woods, Rebecca Honig, Diedrich Bader, Rob Machado, Kelly Slater and Sal Masekela did the voices of the characters in the movie.

Baby Boy
"Baby Boy" is a Middle Eastern-influenced R&B song written by Beyoncé Knowles, Scott Storch, Sean Paul, Robert Waller, and Shawn "Jay-Z" Carter for Knowles' debut solo album, "Dangerously in Love" (2003).
It was produced by Knowles and Storch and was released to positive reception as the album's second single in August 2003. The song (which features dancehall singer Sean Paul) reached number one in the U.S., becoming Beyoncé's second solo number-one single and Sean Paul's second; it also reached number two in the UK. It was also recognized at the ASCAP awards by the label companies receiving the Publisher of the Year from EMI and Most Performed Songs award in 2003.

List of heads of state of the Free City of Danzig
The Free City of Danzig (German: "Freie Stadt Danzig"; Polish: "Wolne Miasto Gdańsk") existed between 1920 and 1939.
The City had its own post office, currency and citizenship, but it was not independent: it was administered directly by the League of Nations, represented by a High Commissioner. The city was governed by the Senate. The head of state was the President of the Senate. The Free City was represented abroad by Poland's ambassadors.
Politics.
Heads of State of the Free City of Danzig

Main-Franconian
Main-Franconian is group of German dialects that are spoken in the centre of Germany, in the area known as Franconia near the river Main.
In Germany most people call these dialects simply “Fränkisch”. Although they have a lot in common there are many variations from one small region to another.
Historically Franconia (German: “Franken”) was a very large area covering a lot of Germany including parts of the Rhine as far as the Netherlands. Today Franconia is the north part of Bavaria (German: “Bayern”) including what is known as Lower Franconia, Upper Franconia, Mid-Franconia and parts of Upper Bavaria.
Examples of Franconian dialect.
Typical for Franconian dialects is the voiceless consonants becoming voiced, i.e “k” pronounced like “g”, “t” like “d”, “p” like “b” and “s” like English “z”. In pubs one often hears on the public address system a request for a member of staff
The pronunciation of vowels may be different from normal German, e.g.
References.
“Fränkisch” by Jens Sobisch; Kauderwelsch 186, ASMB 3-89416-474-3

Port Arthur, Texas
Port Arthur is a Texan city that was hit by Hurricane Alicia on August 18, 1983. There was 57,755 people at the 2000 census.

Moisture
Moisture is mostly means the presence of water, often in trace amounts.

Marta Colvin
Marta Colvin Andrade, (born June 22, 1907 in Chillán, Chile, died October 27, 1995 in Santiago, Chile) was a sculptor.
Colvin began sculpting in Chillán years after marrying and forming a family. After the 1939 earthquake, Marta Colvin lived in Santiago. While there, she went to the Belle Arts School of the University of Chile. Her teachers were Julio Antonio Vásquez and Lorenzo Domínguez. In 1943, she worked as an instructor at the Vasquez Factory. She became a professor there in 1950. In 1948, she traveled to France to study at the Academy Grand Chaumiere with the sculptors Ossip Zadkine and Henri Laurens. In 1951, she was invited by the British Council to study in the Slade School of the University of London, England. Colvin spent the next thirty years working and studying in France. Her talent was known world-wide. In 1970, she was awarded the National Prize of Art.

Bárbara of Portugal
Bárbara of Portugal (Pronunciation (December 4, 1711 – August 27, 1758) was a Portuguese princess, daughter of King John V of Portugal, of the House of Braganza, and his wife, Maria Anna of Austria.
She was born on 4 December 1711 in Lisbon, Portugal and given the name "Maria Madalena Bárbara Xavier Leonor Teresa Antónia Josefa de Bragança" but she was usually called just "Bárbara" or "Maria Bárbara", in honour of Saint Barbara, the saint of her birthday.
She had a fine education and loved music. She could speak six languages and studied music for several years with Domenico Scarlatti, the famous Italian harpsichordist and composer.
In 1729, when she was 18 years old, she married the future King Ferdinand VI of Spain, in Badajoz, Spain. They had no children. She died on 27 August 1758 in Aranjuez, Spain.
The city of Santa Bárbara de Samaná in the Dominican Republic was named after her when it was founded in 1756.

List of Arizona hurricanes
An Arizona hurricane is a tropical cyclone forming in the eastern Pacific Ocean that affects the state of Arizona in the United States. Usually, the storm makes landfall in the Mexican states of Baja California or Sonora, with the remaining moisture normally having mild rainfall effects on the state. However, a few storms have crossed into Arizona while they still had tropical storm strength.
It is difficult for a hurricane to form in Arizona, because the normal storms that form in the eastern Pacific Ocean move either parallel or away from the Pacific coast of northwestern Mexico. As a result, most storms that could affect Arizona are carried away from the United States, and only 6% of all Pacific hurricanes enter US territory. In average, Arizona experiences the effects of tropical cyclones once every five years. Many, but not all, of these systems also affected California.
List of Arizona hurricanes.
Tropical storms are one of Arizona's main sources of rainfall, and they infuse the monsoon over the southwestern United States. However, all of the storms that have impacted Arizona have formed in the latter parts of the Pacific hurricane season, and no storm has affected the state before August.
Deadly storms.
Some of these tropical cyclones have caused deaths or a lot of property damage, usually because of flooding created by rain.
In August of 1935, the remnants of an unnamed tropical storm that landed on southern California causing heavy rains and flooding across Arizona, especially along the Santa Cruz River and Rillito Creek on Southern Arizona. The rainfall due to the storm still holds the record rainfall at the National Weather Service office in Tucson.
In September of 1970, the remnants of Tropical Storm Norma became Arizona's deadliest storm when they contributed to the disaster known as the "Labor Day storm of 1970". As Norma dissipated, moisture from the cyclone was captured in a large extratropical low. The resulting rainfall created deadly floods that killed 23 people and caused huge damages. Two years later, the remnants of Hurricane Joanne caused flooding that created damages up to $10 million (1972 USD) and eight deaths.
On September 11, 1976, Hurricane Kathleen killed a man when a gust of wind blew a palm tree down onto his mobile home. Strong flooding and hailstorms also resulted.
A weather system, including moisture from Tropical Storm Octave, caused heavy rains over a ten-day period. Fourteen people drowned, 975 were injured, and roughly 10,000 people were left homeless when the flooding ended. The amount of damage from the disaster was put at 370 million (year unknown) USD.

Mallard
The Mallard ("Anas platyrhynchos") is the best-known and most recognizable of all ducks. It can be found throughout most of North America, Europe, Asia, New Zealand and Australia. It is the most common and widespread duck. It can be found in almost any area with a wetland habitat, even in urban areas.
Description.
The mallard is a large and heavy looking duck. It has a body and a long and broad bill. The male has a dark green head, a yellow bill, is mainly purple-brown on the breast and grey on the body. The female is mainly brown with an orange bill.
Habitat.
It breeds in all parts of the Europe in summer and winter, wherever there are suitable wetland habitats, although it is scarcer in upland areas.

Naughty Girl
"Naughty Girl" is an R&B/disco song written by Beyoncé Knowles, Scott Storch, Robert Waller, and Angela Beyincé for Knowles' debut solo album, "Dangerously in Love" (2003). It was released as the fourth single. It was also recognized at the American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers 2005 Pop Music Awards by receiving the "Songwriter of the Year" —sharing with Scott Storch, Robert Walker, Angela Beyincé, and Donna Summer—and "Most Performed Songs" awards. The remixes feature Lil' Flip, Lil' Kim, Grafh, and Redman.
Music video.
The video for this song was directed by Jake Nava, who had risen to popularity after directing Beyoncé's first two videos, "Crazy In Love" and "Baby Boy." The video pays tribute to Hollywood's Golden Era, as Beyoncé and the cast of the video are dressed in old fashioned, glamorous clothing and hairstyles. As the title of the song suggest, Beyoncé plays the role of the naughty girl in several sexy sequences, as she can be seen dancing seductively with Usher emulating Cyd Charisse and Fred Astaire in "The Band Wagon".

Yankee Stadium
The Yankee Stadium is a baseball stadium in New York City, New York in the United States. It is home to the MLB team New York Yankees. The stadium was opened in 1923 and closed for professional baseball in 2008. It will be partially torn down and used for high school and college baseball games.

British occupation zone
The Allied powers who defeated Nazi Germany in World War II divided the country into four occupation zones from 1945 to 1949.
The British zone consisted of Schleswig-Holstein, Hamburg, Lower Saxony and the present-day state of North Rhine-Westphalia. The British military government was based in Bad Oeynhausen.
Bremen and Bremerhaven where surrounded by the British Zone, but were given to the United States, so that the Americans had a port.What is now Rhineland-Palatinate was to be a part of the British Zone. It was given up to form part of the French occupation zone.
In May 1949 the British French and American zones were joined to form the Federal Republic of Germany. The military governors were replaced by civilian high commissioners. The high commissioners were part-governor and part-ambassador. The occupation officially continued until 1955. This is when the Federal Republic was became a fully sovereign state, the western occupation zones ceased to exist, and the high commissioners were replaced by normal ambassadors. But the four allied powers still had special rights and responsibilities in Germany until the Final Settlement of 1990.
The city of Berlin, however, was not part of either state and continued to be under Allied occupation until 1990.

Greater Hesse
Greater Hesse () was a part of the American Occupation Zone of Germany after World War II
The German Empire broke up after World War I. The Grand Duchy of Hesse-Darmstadt () became the People's State of Hesse () on 2 March 1919.
After World War II, on 19 September 1945, the American Military Government joined Hesse-Darmstadt (except for Rheinhessen) with parts of the Prussian provinces of Kurhessen and Nassau to form Greater-Hesse.
On 18 December 1946 the state was renamed Hesse, and in 1949 became a part of the Federal Republic of Germany.

Mioriţa
Mioriţa "(The Little Ewe)" is a Romanian traditional ballad.

Muzio Clementi
Muzio Clementi was a composer who lived from 1752 to 1832. He was born in Rome, Italy.

Chromatography
Chromatography is a way to separate single chemical compounds from mixed substances that depends on the speed at which they move through special "media", or chemical substances. It consists of a "stationary phase" (a solid) and a "mobile phase" (a liquid or a gas). The mobile phase flows through the stationary phase. Chromatography is much used in biochemistry and analytical chemistry.
Column Chromatography.
"Column chromatography" separates compounds using many chemical actions between the chemical being tested and the chromatography column (a rod with a blending of special chemicals). The column is run using either gravity or a pump.
The mixed substance to be tested is added in a small amount and is slowed by certain chemical or physical activity with the chemicals in the chromatography column. The amount of slowing depends on the type of chemicals in the substance being tested and the different phases. The time at which a certain chemical elutes (comes out of the end of the column) is called the "retention time" and there is thought to be only one for one chemical.
The most common stationary phase for column chromatography is silica gel, followed by alumina. Cellulose powder has been much used in the past. The mobile phase is either a pure solvent or a mixture of solvents. It is chosen make the time and amount of solvent used as little as possible, while still clearly separating the chemicals being tested.
HPLC.
"High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)" is also sometimes referred to as high-pressure liquid chromatography. It is column chromatography run under pressure to raise the speed of the process. When the chemicals have less time to move in the column, there is better identification of chemicals in the chromatogram (a picture of the chemicals in the starting mixed substance).
Common solvents used in HPLC are mixes of water or various organic liquids (the most common are methanol and acetonitrile).

IPhone
The iPhone is a mobile phone made by Apple Inc. At first, it was only for Cingular/AT&T customers in the United States, but Apple bought space with several network operators in Europe. Some people even know how to make it work with any GSM mobile provider (unlock it). This is disliked by Apple and will stop the warranty. The iPhone was first sold in the United States on June 29, 2007. It went on sale in Europe in November of that year. iPhone was released in Australia on June 13, 2008, along with about 40 other countries.
Functions.
You can do many different things with it (functions): mobile phone things, using some of the Internet, and iPod/multimedia functions. It is used by touching the item you want to use, on the screen. When the user needs to type something, for example a text message or a web address, a keyboard comes onto the screen so that they are able to type. The iPhone can also take pictures with the built-in camera or play a number of forms of media. Apple has added an SDK for the iPhone, which lets people make their own software for it.
iPhone 3G.
At the Apple World Wide Developers Conference, on 9 June 2008, a new iPhone was released. This newer version of the phone has a Global Positioning System (GPS) and has "3G" or "Third Generation" cellphone Internet speeds. 3G networking is more popular and is faster than previous cellphone Internet access. This version of the iPhone will be released in 42 countries around the world.
This version is $199, due to being subsidized. Being subsidized means the device is cheaper at the start, yet fees from monthly service charges will pay for the rest of the phone.

Concert hall
A concert hall is a place where concerts of classical music take place. “Concert hall” can either mean the actual room where the concerts takes place, or the whole building. The hall where the concerts are held may have a “stage” (where the performers are) and there will be an “auditorium” where the audience sits.
Some concert halls are purpose-built. That means they were built to be concert halls. Other concert halls may have been something else many years ago, e.g. a Corn Exchange (a place where farmers used to sell their corn) and the building has later been changed into a concert hall. Purpose-built concert halls started about the beginning of the 20th century. At that time scientists began to understand the importance of good acoustics (somewhere where the sound was good).
Concert halls that are purpose-built usually have fixed seating (seats that cannot be moved). Some halls may have seats that can be moved, either by stacking them in small piles, or tiered seating that can fold up. This allows the hall to be used for other things, e.g. dancing.
A concert hall is usually a big hall: big enough for an orchestra to be on the stage. A small concert hall, designed for just a few performers (as in chamber music) may be called a “recital hall”.
Some concert halls are especially famous. In London there is the Royal Festival Hall on the banks of the river Thames, the Barbican Centre in the City (near St Paul’s Cathedral) and the Royal Albert Hall in Kensington which is used for other events as well. There is also a famous recital hall called the Wigmore Hall. New York has the Carnegie Hall, Vienna has the Vienna Musikverein with a beautiful hall called the Golden Hall where the famous New Year’s Day concerts are given. In Germany there is the Berliner Philharmonie in Berlin and the Gewandhaus in Leipzig. In Amsterdam there is the Concertgebouw (which means: "concert hall").

Madrigal
A madrigal is a special kind of song for a small group of people to sing. Madrigals were popular in the 16th and 17th centuries. This was the end of the Renaissance music and beginning of the Baroque periods. They started in Italy and became very popular for a short time in England as well as in France. The words of madrigals are always about secular (non-religious) things, e.g. about love.
When Italian composers started writing madrigals the kinds of songs they knew were the frottola, the motet and the French chanson (song). The first madrigals were for 2 or 3 voices, but later many madrigals were written for 4 or 5 voices. These voices might be single voices (one person to each part) or several people. Sometimes the lines would also be played by an instrument, but the madrigal is usually sung unaccompanied.
The madrigal was the most important secular form of music of its time. In Italy it was very popular between about 1550 and 1630. In England the madrigal period was about 1588 to 1620.
In 1533 a book called "Primo libro di Madrigali" (First Book of Madrigals) was collected and published by Philippe Verdelot in Venice. It made madrigals very popular. Arcadelt published several volumes of madrigals which were very important for their development. In 1588 in England Nicholas Yonge published a collected called "Musica Transalpina" (Music from over the Alps). These were Italian madrigals with translated texts. The madrigal suddenly became extremely popular in England and remained so until after 1620 when it gradually became less important.
People liked madrigals because they were fun. Whenever possible the composer made the music sound like the word being sung. A word like “smile” would have quick music, “sigh” would have a note followed by a short rest, as if the singer were sighing, “rise so high” would be sung to music which rose very high. This kind of thing was called “word-painting”. It can be found in religious music as well, but the way it was used in madrigals was new and exciting. Very often there would be a verse and a refrain which was often just sung to words such as “fa la la la la”. The songs were often about shepherds and shepherdesses falling in love.
The most important composers of madrigals in Italy were Luca Marenzio, Jacques Arcadelt, Adrian Willaert, Cipriano de Rore, Carlo Gesualdo, Giaches de Wert and Claudio Monteverdi. In England they were William Byrd, Thomas Morley, John Wilbye, Thomas Weelkes, John Dowland, Orlando Gibbons and Thomas Tomkins.
Performance of madrigals.
In the Renaissance, madrigals were performed either as entertainment at important feasts, or for relaxed enjoyment by groups of amateurs in their homes.
Nowadays, madrigals are often sung by high school or college madrigal choirs often as an after-dinner entertainment. Sometimes the singers wear Renaissance costumes.

Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
The Duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld was one of the "Ernestine duchies". Ernest, who became elector of Saxony in 1464, divided his territory between his sons, andover the years more and more small duchies existed.
Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld was reformed on 29 July 1735, although Coburg and Saalfeld had had the same ruler since 1699. As only men could be the rulers of the duchies, Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld ceased to exist in 1825, when the last male descendant of the dukes of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg died. The various dukes reorganised their territories. Saalfeld went the dukes of Saxe-Meiningen, Altenburg went to the Duke of Saxe-Hildburgausen, who gave Hildburghausen to the Duke of Saxe-Meiningen. Gotha and Coburg were combined into the new duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.

Sonora
Sonora is a Mexian state, located in the northwestern Mexico region. Sonora borders the states of Chihuahua to the east, Sinaloa to the south, and Baja California to the northwest. To the north Sonora accounts for a long stretch of the U.S.-Mexico border adjacent to the U.S. states of Arizona and New Mexico; to the west it borders the Gulf of California (Sea of Cortez).

Monsoon
A monsoon is a seasonal wind which lasts for several months. The word was first used in English in India, Bangladesh, Pakistan and neighboring countries to talk about the seasonal winds blowing from the Indian Ocean and Arabian Sea in the southwest bringing heavy rainfall to the area. In hydrology, monsoonal rainfall is considered to be that which happens in any region that receives the majority of its rain during a particular season, and so monsoons are referred to in relation to other regions such as in North America, Sub-Saharan Africa, Brazil and East Asia.

Baja California
Baja California is a Mexican state located in the northern section of the Baja California peninsula. It borders the state Baja California Sur to the south, and Sonora to the east. It also borders the U.S. state of California to the north. It means "Lower California".

Verizon Ladies First Tour
"Verizon Ladies First Tour" is a 2004 joint concert tour by American R&B/soul singers Beyoncé and Alicia Keys and American rapper Missy Elliott.

Dangerously in Love World Tour
The Dangerously In Love World Tour was singer Beyoncé's first solo concert tour, intended to showcase songs from her debut solo album, "Dangerously in Love".
The show.
The stage was simple and featured a large LED screen in the back that moved up and down throughout the entire show and displayed video images of Beyoncé and her dancers, as well as some images from her music videos and some prerecorded images with special effects.
The set list included not only "Dangerously in Love" material, but also contained a special segment of her show dedicated to her erstwhile group Destiny's Child. This concert also featured songs from Beyoncé's 2003 film "The Fighting Temptations" ("Fever" and "Summertime"). A highlight for many fans was her performance of "Dangerously in Love 2".

Vikidia
Vikidia is an encyclopedia made with a wiki, using mediawiki. Its goal is to be readible by a child from 8 to 13 years old as well as allowing easy comprehension to people learning French and Spanish.
It has been initiated in November 2006 and has reached 2500 articles in October 2007.
Characteristics.
As in Wikipedia, Vikidia is an open wiki, so everybody is allowed to edit the articles. But Vikidia is also a wiki for children, so all inappropriated or shocking contents are quickly removed by the site's administrators.
Vikidia helps childs to contribute, and some schools and teachers have involved their class to write articles as a school project.

Déjà Vu (Beyoncé song)
"Déjà Vu" is an funk song written by Beyoncé Knowles, Rodney Jerkins, Delisha Thomas, Makeba, Keli Nicole Price, and Shawn "Jay-Z" Carter for Knowles' second solo album, "B'Day" (2006). It features rapper Jay-Z and production by Rodney "Darkchild" Jerkins, utilizing the bass, hi-hat, and the 808 instruments and sound system, reminiscent of many popular Rich Harrison productions. Released as the album's lead single in the third quarter of 2006, "Déjà Vu" reached number one in Brazil, China, Poland, and the United Kingdom. While the song failed to match the success of 2003's "Crazy in Love", it entered the top ten on the majority of the charts it appeared on. It also was nominated for Sung Collaboration and Best R&B Song at the 2007 Grammy Awards.

If (Beyoncé song)
"If" is an R&B Ballad by Beyoncé Knowles. The song is her final single from her album '. The song was most likely chosen due to the fact that originally it wasn't available in the U.S. as it was an international track, but due to the Des'ree law suit, the U.S. version of the album with the track "Still In Love (Kissing You)" was replaced by a version with "If". A CD single of the song was created for her official fan club and is available for purchase from their online store.

Number 1's
"#1's" is a compilation album released by R&B group Destiny's Child. It was released on October 25, 2005 charting at #1 on the Billboard album chart, and at #6 on the UK album chart. It is the best selling greatest-hits album by a female group. Despite the album's title, only 5 of the singles went to the #1 spot on the Billboard Hot 100, and one single, ("Check On It") was sung solely by Beyonce with an additional rap from Slim Thug.

Ciara
Ciara Princess Harris (born October 25, 1985) professionally known as Ciara, is an American singer, songwriter, record producer, dancer, and actress. Ciara made her debut in the summer of 2004 with the "Billboard" number-one single "Goodies". The album "Goodies" was released the fourth quarter of 2004 and first quarter of 2005. It produced three top two singles on the Billboard Hot 100, selling over 2.6 million in the U.S., and three million worldwide, and earned various awards and nominations.
Ciara's second album, ', was released in December 2006. It has spawned the hit singles "Get Up", "Promise", and "Like a Boy". The album has sold nearly two million copies worldwide.

Mykolaiv
Mykolaiv (, translit. "Nikolayev"; also referred to as or Mykolayiv, Nikolaev, or Nikolayev;) is a major city in southern Ukraine.
The city is located 65 kilometers from the Black Sea along the estuary of the Southern Buh river (where it meets the Inhul River) at around. Population 514,000 (as of 2001 Ukrainian Census).
Administrative status.
It is the administrative center of the Mykolaiv Oblast (province), as well as of both the Mykolaivsky and Zhovtnevy raions (districts) within the oblast. However, Mykolaiv is a city of oblast subordinance, thus being subject directly to the oblast authorities rather to the raion administration housed in the city itself.
History.
The town was founded in 1789 by the Russian Governor General of Novorossiya Knyaz Potemkin initially as a shipyard called simply a "New Shipyard on the Ingul river". Knyaz Potemkin signed an order to construct a shipyard on August 27, 1789, which is considered to be a city birth date. The shipyard was to serve for the repair of the Russian Navy ships in the Russo-Turkish war. Later Potemkin ordered the shipyard to be named "Nikolaev" to commemorate the date of fall of Ochakov to the Russian troops under his command on December 6, 1788, close to the day of Saint Nicholas "(Nikolay)" December 19, in the Russian Orthodox Church.
The history of the city has always been closely connected to the ship building.
The only Russian Navy aircraft carrier currently in commission, "Admiral Flota Sovetskogo Soyuza Kuznetsov", was built in Mykolaiv.
Economy.
Today Mykolaiv is a major ship building center of Ukraine (as, earlier, of the whole Soviet Union) and an important riverport. The city has 3 major shipyards some of which are capable of building large navy ships. Other important industries are mechanical engineering, power engineering, metallurgy and cosmetics.

Akkad
Akkad (Sumerian: Agade, Bible: Accad) was an ancient city found in Mesopotamia. The ruins have never been found yet, but it is believed to be on the Euphrates river between Sippar and Kish. The area was called "Uri-ki" or "Ki-uri" in Sumerian.
According to the Sumerian king list, Akkad (Agade) was built by Sargon of Akkad. Even so, it is known from older cuneiform writings that the city was already there before Sargon, in the time of the kings of Uruk, Enshakushanna and Lugal-Zaggesi. According to the Bible (Genesis 10:10), it was one of the cities started by Nimrod. Also, in the early Sumerian legend called "Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta", the countries where the languages were scattered are said to be: Shubar (Subartu), Hamazi, the Mar.tu (Amorites) land, Sumer, and Uri-Ki (Akkad), again showing the place is very old. Also, in the earliest records, when Mesopotamian kings started calling themselves "lord of the four quarters" around Sumer, these were listed as: Martu, Shubar, Elam, and Uri-ki.
As the capital city of the Akkadian Empire beginning with Sargon, the city ruled from around 2300 to 2215 BC, when it was destroyed by the Gutians who invaded from the mountains. The Akkadian language was one of the Semitic languages, and at the time of the Akkadian Empire it was made official in both Mesopotamia and Elam.
Later to reclaim the land General Paynis Ahkhad invaded, and claimed the land under the people of Tell-Ahkm

Faisal Mosque
Faisal Mosque is a mosque located in Islamabad, the capital of Pakistan. It is the National mosque of Pakistan, and one of the largest mosques in the world. It is named after King Faisal of Saudi Arabia.

Song cycle
A song cycle in classical music is a group of songs that belong together. Although each song may be sung separately, the composer really imagined that they would be performed together as one work. Sometimes they tell a story, but sometimes they just belong together because they are about the same idea (e.g. the sadness that can be caused by love). They are often for solo voice and piano accompaniment, but they can also be without accompaniment, or with several instruments or even a whole orchestra. The words of a cycle are often by the same poet, but this is not always the case.
Song cycles started to become popular with composers in the Romantic period. Although there were examples of song cycles written before that, it was the German composers of the 19th century who are most often thought of as writers of song cycles. Their songs are called "Lieder".
The great composer Franz Schubert wrote about 600 songs. These include two long song cycles: "Winterreise" ("Winter’s Journey") and "Die schöne Müllerin" ("The beautiful miller’s daughter"). Each of these song cycles is long enough for a whole concert. Robert Schumann wrote song cycles including two which he simply called "Liederkreise" ("Song Cycles"), and his well-known "Dichterliebe" ("Poet’s Love") and "Frauenliebe und -Leben" ("Women’s Love and Life"). Brahms wrote "Vier ernste Gesänge" ("Four Serious Songs"), and Gustav Mahler, who became very interested in folk song, wrote several song cycles with orchestra accompaniment, including "Das Lied von der Erde" ("The Song of the Earth").
French composers who wrote song cycles include Jules Massenet, Gabriel Fauré and Claude Debussy. Russian composers include Modest Mussorgsky and Dmitri Shostakovich, and English and American composers in the 20th century include Michael Tippett, Benjamin Britten and Aaron Copland as well as the South American Alberto Ginastera and Heitor Villa-Lobos.

Quetta
Queta (Urdu: کوئٹہ) is the capital and largest city of Balochistan province in Pakistan.

Gilgit
Gilgit (Urdu: گلگت) is the capital and largest city of the Northern Areas, Pakistan.

Frottola
The frottola (plural: frottole) was the most popular kind of secular (non-religious) song in Italy during the late 15th and early 16th centuries.
Frottole were quite simple and fun. They were often sung by small groups of singers. They were not contrapuntal, but they had a tune in the top part while the other singers sang chords to accompany the tune. Sometimes they might have been sung by a solo voice with a lute accompaniment.
The most famous composer of frottole was Bartolomeo Tromboncino. The great composer Josquin also composed frottole, although that is not what he called them. For example, there is a well-known one called "El Grillo" (The Cricket) in which the singers try to sound like the chirping of a cricket in the grass.
About the year 1530 the frottola developed into the madrigal.

Bartolomeo Tromboncino
Bartolomeo Tromboncino (born Verona around 1470; died in or near Venice in 1535 or later) was an Italian composer. He lived in the Renaissance period. He is famous as a composer of songs called "frottole". He is also remembered because he murdered his wife.
We know very little about his life. He probably grew up in Mantua. In a letter he says that he came from Verona. Until around 1500 he lived and worked in Mantua, but sometimes he went to other towns when he was in trouble. In 1499 he found his wife with another man, so he murdered her. He may also have murdered the other man. We cannot be sure about this.
He does not seem to have been punished. This may be because a wealthy lady called Isabella d'Este liked him.
From 1502 Tromboncino was employed by a rich lady called Lucrezia Borgia. She is remembered today because she was a very bad woman. He wrote music for the court and for her wedding to Alfonso d'Este. Sometime before 1521 he moved to Venice, where he probably spent the rest of his life.
His frottole are very lively and full of fun. He played the trombone. This is how he got his name. He also wrote some serious sacred music.

De jure
De jure is a phrase from the Latin language that means "in law".
It is often used in contrast to "de facto" (which means "in fact", or "in practice") when talking about law, governance, or technique. When talking about law, "de jure" is used to describe what the law says, and "de facto" is used to describe what actually happens.
Examples.
This means that legally the territory of Abkhazia is a part of the country of Georgia, but that it is in effect independent
The "de jure" name of Bill Clinton is William Jefferson Clinton. This is his name according to official records. His "de facto" name is Bill Clinton because this is what he is usually called.

Boy George
George Alan O'Dowd, better known as Boy George (born June 14, 1961 in Eltham, London) is a rock singer-songwriter and Club DJ. He grew up in a large, working-class Irish family. The family which originally came form Thurles, in Co. Tipperary, Ireland.
O'Dowd was a part of the British new romantic movement which emerged in the late 1970s and was popularised in the early 1980s. He and Marilyn, born Peter Robinson were regulars at 'The Blitz' (regulars being labelled as Blitz Kids), a highly stylised nightclub in London run by Steve Strange of the musical group Visage, and a place which spawned many early 1980s pop stars such as Spandau Ballet. Essentially the new romantics based their image on the coolness of David Bowie and high fashion, and the music of David Bowie, Kraftwerk, Marc Bolan and post punk New Wave see Taboo.
O'Dowd gained fame with his group Culture Club during the 1980s. His music is often classified as blue-eyed soul, since he was heavily influenced by Rhythm and Blues and Reggae. Early recordings with Culture Club showed that O'Dowd's vocals had an emotional quality which was like American soul music of the 1960s and 1970s. His later solo work has also touched on glam rock influences and was particularly influenced by David Bowie and Iggy Pop.
Boy George is also known for his flamboyant and androgynous appearance back in the 80s and early 90s.

Bon Jovi
Bon Jovi is an American hard rock and country band from New Jersey. The group ist fronted by lead singer Jon Bon Jovi and was founded in 1983. They are one of the world's most successful rock bands in the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s with over 120 million sold albums.
The first years.
The 1982 written and recorded song "Runaway" by Jon Bon Jovi reached the first place in a radio talent contest in 1983. So he became the possibility to sign a recording contract. Consequently, he founded Bon Jovi in 1983 with Richie Sambora, David Bryan, Alec John Such and Tico Torres. The self-titled debut album "Bon Jovi" was released in 1984. The single "Runaway" was the band's first hit and reached #39 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1984.
"Slippery When Wet".
Bon Jovi's second album "7800° Fahrenheit" had only moderate success. In 1986 the third album "Slippery When Wet" was released. It brought the worldwide breakthrough with international hits including "Livin' On A Prayer", "You Give Love A Bad Name" and "Wanted Dead Or Alive". Significantly involved in this success was Desmond Child, who wrote many of the songs. "Slippery When Wet" has sold over 26,000,000 copies since its release in late 1986. The following Slippery When Wet Tour let become the band even more famous in Europe and North America.
The 90ies.
After the enormous success with "Slippery When Wet" and the following tour, Bon Jovi released their forth album "New Jersey" in 1988. It was also successful and contained the hit "Bad Medicine" and the ballad "I'll Be There for You". Between 1990 and 1992, the band members went their separate ways for a while. Jon Bon Jovi released his first solo album "Blaze of Glory", that served as the soundtrack for the film "Young Guns II". In 1992, "Keep the Faith" was released. The album signyfied a music genre change. Bon Jovi turned away from heavy drums and wild guitar solos, and their new sound was smoother and calmer than in the eighties. The piano had a bigger influence now and the lyrics had a more serious meaning. The song "Keep the Faith" is about social and religious problems. The singles "Bed of Roses", "Keep the Faith" and "In These Arms" reached the Top 40 in the United States.
In 1994, Bon Jovi's first best-of-album was released: "Cross Road". It includes the hits from 1983 till 1992 and two new songs. One of them, "Always", became one of the most successful songs of Bon Jovi. "Always" is a love song and a power ballad completely written by Jon Bon Jovi. The 1995 album These Days was the band's sixth studio album. The sound is calm and the lyric content is very serious. "This Ain't a Love Song" was the lead single of "These Days" who sold over 11 million copies all around the world.
"Crush" and "Bounce".
From 1995 till 2000, Bon Jovi had a longer break. The band members focused on solo projects and family. In 2000 the first album after 5 years was released: "Crush". The album itself wasn't such prosperous than "Slippery When Wet" and "Keep The Faith". But the hit-single "It's my Life" became the most successful song of Bon Jovi. It reached the first place in the charts of many countries. The next disc was "Bounce" in 2002. It's affected by the September 11, 2001 attacks. "Bounce" wasn't very successful.

Anastasia (1956 movie)
"Anastasia" is a movie made in 1956 by 20th Century Fox. It was based on something that happened in real life (a historical drama movie).
The movie was directed by in Anatole Litvak. The most important actors are Ingrid Bergman, Yul Brynner, and Helen Hayes. Other players include Akim Tamiroff (who earlier worked with Ingrid Bergman in the movie "For Whom the Bell Tolls"), Martita Hunt (who has a comic part as a fussy lady-in-waiting), and, in a small role, Natalie Schafer (familiar to television audiences from her later role on "Gilligan's Island").
What actually happened.
The real Anastasia was Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia. She was one of the daughter's of the Tsar, the emperor who ruled Russia. In 1918 all the Tsar's family was murdered because the Communists wanted to rule instead of the tsars. Some years later there were some people who started to believe that Anastasia had not been murdered, but had escaped and was still alive. This gave several women the idea that they would pretend to the world that they were Anastasia. The movie is about one of these women.
The movie.
The movie tells the story of a young, confused woman in 1920s France. This part is played by (Ingrid Bergman). She is found by a group of Russian people who have left their country. They want her to pretend to the world that she is Anastasia. They reason they want to do this is because they want to get money. The real Anastasia, if she were alive, would inherit millions of pounds which had been left in an English bank by the Tsar.
The Russians, led by General Bounine played by (Yul Brynner), make her learn how to behave like the Grand Duchess Anastasia. They teach her all the things she ought to know about her childhood. They teach her to walk like a Duchess, practising with a book on her head. When they think she is ready she is introduced to several people who knew Anastasia. None of them believe she really is Anastasia. The real test comes when she is taken by General Bounine (Brynner) to Denmark to meet the Dowager Empress, Maria Feodorovna played by Helen Hayes. At first the old Empress does not believe she is her granddaughter, but when Anastasia coughs because she is nervous, the Empress remembers that Anastasia used to do this as a child. She now believes she is her granddaughter. Meanwhile Prince Paul wants to marry Anastasia. He is obviously wanting to have the money he thinks she will inherit. In the final scene there is a party. The Dowager Empress is going to announce the engagement between Paul and Anastasia, but Anastasia and General Bounine have suddenly disappeared. The Dowager realizes that it was not Anastasia after all. She says very bravely that she will go in to where all the guests are waiting and tell them that the party is over and that they should go home.

Valdivia
"Valdivia" is a city, comune and municipality in southern Chile. Valdivia is the capital of "Los Ríos Region" (Spanish for "Region of the Rivers") one of Chile's 16 regions. Valdivia is most known for being the most affected city by the Great Chilean Earthquake.

Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam International Airport
The Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam International Airport (short name: SSR Airport) is the biggest airport in Mauritius.
Location.
The SSR Airport is near the city Mahebourg at Mauritius.

Pervez Musharraf
Pervez Musharraf () (born August 11, 1943) was the twelfth President of Pakistan. Previously, he was Chief Executive of Pakistan as well as former Chief of Army Staff of the Pakistan Army.

Bas-relief
Bas-relief is a sort of sculpture where the sulpture has less depth behind the faces or figures than the actual faces or figures would have, when measured.
The advantage of the natural contour of the figures allows the work to be viewed from many angles without distortion of the figures themselves. There is a continuum of the bas relief technique into the next category, alto-relievo, or high relief. This technique combines the rounded figures with significantly deeper backgrounds. Instead of the backgrounds being a few inches deep, they may be a foot to several feet deep.

Dogfights
"Dogfights" is a TV show on The History Channel. It uses computer animation to show dogfights from wars and talks with the pilots.

Dogfight
A dogfight is a close air fight between fighter airplanes. It often involves turning, climbing, and swirling.

Colt M1911
The M1911 is a pistol made by Colt. It was made in the 1890s and was in World War I, World War II, The Korean War, and in the Vietnam War. It is half automatic and can fire a bullet each time the trigger is pulled. It could shoot seven bullets. It is still made today. It was the most used pistol in the army from 1911-1985. It is legal in the U.S.

Artaxiad dynasty of Iberia
The Artaxiads (Georgian: არტაშესიანი, Artašesiani), a branch of the dynasty of Armenia that ruled Iberia (ancient Georgia) from c. 90 BC to 30 AD. Little is known about the early years of the Iberian Artaxiad rule. They seem to have been under the influence of their Armenian cousins to whom Iberia had gotten a significant portion of its territory. In 65 BC, their kingdom was attacked by Rome and the dynasty was forced to sign a peace treaty.

Stocking
A stocking is a piece of women's clothing, worn like socks. They are made of stretchy materials. They are often worn instead of tights or socks.
Stockings that are similar to woman's stockings are also made as parts of sport uniforms.

Robe
A robe is a type of clothing. It is loose-fitting and sometimes ties in the front.

Geri Halliwell
Geraldine Estelle "Geri" Halliwell (born 6 August 1972) is an English pop music singer. She is very famous for being in the popular pop group the Spice Girls.
She left the Spice Girls in May 1998 and continued singing as a solo. In 2007, she reunited with the Spice Girls to do a world tour.

The Crucible
The Crucible is a 1950s play about the Salem Witch Trials by Arthur Miller.
Miller wrote this play during the time of McCarthyism in America. Many people were afraid that communism would stop the American way of life. Some people falsely accused their enemies of being communists during this time. Miller writes about the ideas of fear and false accusation in this play.
Characters.
Tituba- Servant to Reverend Parris, from the Barbados Islands
Abigail Williams- His niece, former servant to John and Elizabeth Proctor
John Proctor- Farmer in the town, had an affair with Abigail Williams, has two sons, is accused of being a witch
Elizabeth Proctor- John Proctors wife, accused of being a witch by Abigail Williams and had sex.
Plot.
In the beginning of the story, Reverend Parris is looking at his daughter, Betty. She is asleep on her bed and cannot wake up. They know that she is not dead, but she doesn't move or speak. She just lies there. Parris heard that Betty and other girls were dancing in the woods. (This was a very bad thing at the time.)
Reverend Parris's slave, Tituba, is from Barbados. Abigail says that she put a spell on Betty so she would not wake up. Parris is angry with Tituba. He makes her say that she was a witch, and the devil made her curse Betty. Suddenly, Abigail and Betty both say that they were with the devil too, so they would get out of trouble. They say that other people are witches too. Abigail also says Elizabeth is a witch.
When John hears this, he gets very angry. He tries to help his wife and other "witches" in the court. He tells the court how well he knows these people and that they cannot be witches.
However, he gets into trouble and someone says that "he" is a witch. He is very respected in the town, and so the judges ask him to admit that he works with the devil. He will be able to live if he lies.
Firstly, he signs a letter that he works with the devil. Then he destroys the letter instead of lying. He wants to live so he could look after his family, but chose to keep his respect instead. He is tried and the court kills him by hanging. However, the court allows Elizabeth to live because she is pregnant. Abigail runs away because she thinks that people know she told lies.
In the end, many people were killed by the court because Abigail lied. When judges realised this, they let the other "witches" live.

Rush Limbaugh
Rush Limbaugh is a Republican (Conservative) radio talk show host. He is the host of The Rush Limbaugh show where callers can call in and express their opinion.

Second Life
Second Life is a big online game. Unlike most games, Second
Life does not have any single thing that players must do. They are free to do anything they want. They are also free to make up new things and add them to Second Life. Players can make places, clothes, and other things. Because of this, some people think that Second Life is not a game at all. They say that it is a platform (in computing, "a platform" can mean something which is used as a base from which you make things).
All players are free to do anything they want in Second Life. Because of this, in fact there are some things that cannot be done in Second Life that can be in other online games, because other people will not let them be done when they have a free choice. For example, users can fight each other in Second Life, but either person can stop fighting any time and they do not really lose anything by doing so.
Because Second Life lets people make things, people can make things that are about real life things. Many universities and companies are using Second Life for education and training, including Harvard and Oxford universities.
In 2007 Second Life started to be used for foreign language tuition. Both Second Life and real life language educators have begun to use the virtual world for language tuition. English (as a foreign language) has gained a presence through several schools, including the, which has focused on the. Spain’s language and cultural institute “” has an on Second Life. A list of educational projects (including some language schools) in Second Life can be found on the site. Each year the conference explores language learning in Second Life.
The police in Germany warned the owners of the website because they did not stop paedophile activity on the site. Even if it is only pretend, sexual abuse of children is illegal in Germany.

Ford Falcon
The Ford Falcon is a big car made by Ford in Australia since 1960.

Hoboken
Hoboken is a southern district of the city of Antwerp, in Flanders (Belgium). It has 34 443 inhabitants.

Bottlenose Dolphin
A bottlenose dolphin is a kind of dolphin. The name "bottlenose" comes from its snout being shaped like a bottle, although its real nose for breathing is just a hole on top of its head. It is very intelligent.

Franz Josef Strauß
Franz Josef Strauß () (September 6, 1915 – October 3, 1988) was a German politician (CSU) and minister-president of the state of Bavaria. Press reports called him the "Strong Man of Europe".
Early years.
Born as "Franz Strauß" in Munich as the second child of a butcher. Strauß studied at the University of Munich from 1935 to 1939.
He became a member of the "NSDStB" (Nationalsozialistischer Deutscher Studentenbund), (). All students had to be members, or they would not be allowed to study.
In World War II, he served in the German army, on the Western and Eastern Fronts. While on furlough, he passed the German state exams to become a teacher. He got severe frostbite on the Eastern Front at the end of 1942, so he became an "Offizier für wehrgeistige Führung" (political officer) at the antiaircraft artillery school in Altenstadt, near Schongau, Bavaria.
Soon after the war he changed his name to Franz Josef Strauß.
In 1957 Strauß married Marianne Zwicknagl. They had three children (Max Josef, Franz Georg and Monika. Monika also became a Bavarian minister and member of the Bavarian parliament.
Political life.
After the war, he was appointed deputy "Landrat" (county president) of Schongau by the American army, and helped to found the local CSU there.
He became a member of the first "Bundestag" (Federal Parliament) in 1949 and, in 1953, Federal Minister for Special Affairs in the second cabinet of Chancellor Konrad Adenauer. In 1955 he became Federal Minister of Nuclear Energy, and in 1956 defence minister. As defence minister he helped to build-up of the new "Bundeswehr".
He became chairman of the CSU in 1961.
"Der Spiegel" scandal.
Strauß had to resign as defence minister in 1962 because of the Spiegel scandal. The important magazine "Der Spiegel" said that the Bundeswehr could not defend Germany. Strauß said this was treason and Rudolf Augstein, editor of the magazine, was arrested for 103 days.
Strauß had to admit that he had lied to the Bundestag, and had to to resign. He complained that he was treated like a "Jew who had dared appear at an NSDAP party convention".
Rivalry between Kohl and Strauß.
Strauß became minister of finance in 1966, in the cabinet of Kurt Georg Kiesinger.
He worked with the SPD minister for economy, Karl Schiller, but after the SPD was able to form a government without the CDU/CSU, in 1969, Strauß lost his job and became a critics of Willy Brandt's "Ostpolitik."
In 1976, when Helmut Kohl failed to become chancellor Strauß cancelled the alliance between the CDU and CSU parties in the Bundestag. He only started the alliance again when the CDU threatened to move into Bavaria.
In the 1980 federal election Strauß was the CDU/CSU candidate for chancellor. Some people thought that this showed that the CDU and CSU leaders thought Strauß had better policies and style than Kohl. Others said that the CDU/CSU thought that Helmut Schmidt and the SPD was bound to win the 1980 election, and felt that they had nothing to lose in running Strauß: but it might stop Strauß criticising anyone whon disagreed with him.
Final decade of life.
From 1978 until his death in 1988, Strauß was minister president of Bavaria. He served as President of the Bundesrat in 1983/84.
After he lost the 1980 federal election, he left federal politics. But he did not stay quiet, and often commented on federal affairs from his safe seat in Bavaria. He especially criticised Kohl's ideas, even after Kohl ascended to the Chancellorship.
In 1983, Strauß helped to arrange a loan of 3 billion Deutschmarks for East Germany. This was not popular, and today it is regarded by some as having artificially prolonged the life of the then-bankrupt communist state.
Visit to Albania.
Strauß visited communist Albania on August 21, 1984, while Enver Hoxha, the absolute dictator from the end of World War II until his death in 1985, was still alive. Strauß was one of the few Western leaders to visit Albania in decades. Some thought Strauß might be helping to start diplomatic links between Albania and West Germany but the visit did not result in anything concrete.
Death.
On October 1, 1988, Strauß collapsed while hunting with the Prince of Thurn and Taxis in the Thurn and Taxis forests, east of Regensburg. He died in a Regensburg hospital on October 3 without having regained consciousness.
Legacy.
Strauß was very important in post-war Germany even though he was not very well known outside Germany. He polarized (split) the public like few other politicians.
A well known spokesman for conservatives, and brilliant speech-maaker, he was a "red flag" to the left (his ideas made left wing people very angry).
He transformed Bavaria from the a farming state to a centre of technology in Germany. He was an aerospace enthusiast, and supported the Airbus in the 1970s. This is why the new airport in Munich was named after him in 1992 (see Franz Josef Strauß International Airport).

President of the Bundesrat of Germany
The President of the Bundesrat () is the speaker or chair of the Bundesrat, which is the upper house of the German parliament.
Each of the ministers president of the federal "Länder" (states) acts as the president of the Bundesrat for one year.
President of the Bundesrat can also acts as deputy to the Federal President if the Federal President is out of Germany or not able to act because of illness etc. If the Federal President dies or is removed from office the President of the Bundestag will act as President until a new president is elected, which must be within within thirty days.
Election.
The President of the Bundesrat usually is elected on the 1 November in one year, and serves until the 31 October in the next year. The Basic Law says, in Article 52.1, that "the Bundesrat elects its President for one year". However, in practice the presidency rotates among all Länder equally, in accordance with a predetermined order. The order changes sometimes, because the it depends on each state's population.

German TV
German TV was a German-speaking television program for viewers in the USA and in Canada.
It was founded as a joint program from ARD and ZDF, which formed 40% each of the broadcast output. The remaining 20% was from Deutsche Welle.
The channel broadcast 24 hours-a-day. The editorial staff and the management of German TV were in the offices of Deutsche Welle TV in Berlin.
German TV sent news and information as well as sport, children's programs, shows and other entertainment programs as well as various films from different areas.
German TV went on the air in April, 2002. It was able to be received in the USA, and in wide parts of Canada and Latin America, by Satellite or Cable TV.
Other websites.
as it was managed by a semi-official government body

List of Presidents of the Bundesrat of Germany
The President of the Bundesrat () is the Bundesrat's chairperson or speaker.
The office rotates among the ministers president of each of the federal "Länder" annually. The new Bundesratspräsident is elected during October and takes office on 1 November. In 1950 the Ministers President of the Länder agreed to elect the Bundesratspräsident on a rota, so that every state had a chance to preside over the Bundesrat and to show that the Bundesrat represents all of Germany, rather than the most successful political party.
The rota is based on the state's population.

Maximilien de Robespierre
Maximilien François Marie Odenthalius Isidore de Robespierre (; 6 May 1758 – 28 July 1794) is one of the best-known leaders of the French Revolution. Most people know him as Maximilien de Robespierre. He studied in Paris and became a lawyer. His supporters called him "The Incorruptible". He was an important member of the Committee of Public Safety. He was a leader in the period of the Revolution commonly known as the Reign of Terror that ended with his arrest and execution in 1794.
Politically, Robespierre was a disciple of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, among others. He was very well able to say what the left-wing bourgeoisie thought. He was described as physically unimposing and immaculate in attire and personal manners.

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
The ideas written in the declaration are important in French law today. They can be used to fight or change new laws or other government actions.

The Simpsons Halloween episodes
The Simpsons Halloween Episodes or The Simpsons Halloween Specials is a seasonal special TV episode that is aired in every season where there are three different Halloween-based stories. Most of the time the episodes are about something really scary, unusual, or science-fictional event happening to the family. Since they have nothing to do with the real episodes, they are considered non-canonical (things that don't really happen).
Most of the time the family encounter horrible things like zombies, aliens, monsters, witches, or sometimes each other. Some episodes spoof horror or science-fiction films (most notably, shows from The Twilight Zone).

Perfect Stranger (movie)
"Perfect Stranger" is a big screen movie that was first shown in late 2006. It stars Halle Berry.

American Bison
The American Bison is a bovine mammal, also known as the American Buffalo, or simply Buffalo, something of a misnomer as it is only distantly related to either of the two "true buffalos": the Water Buffalo and the African Buffalo. Staples grasses and sedges.
Description.
Bison are considered a keystone species they once roamed the continent in great herds, and their grazing pressure helped shape the ecology of the Great Plains. The bisons has a large head with relatively small, curving horns. Its dark brown coat is long and shaggy on the forequarters, including the front legs, neck, and shoulders, wile the rest of the body has shorter, finer hair.
Habitat.
Bison once roamed across much of North America. Today bison are ecologically extinct throughout most of their historic range, except for a few national parks and other small wildlife areas.

Jiroft civilization
The Jiroft Civilization (Persian: تمدن جيرفت) is a proposed Early Bronze Age civilization of Sistan, Iran (fl. ca. 26th century BC). It was proposed by Yousef Madjidzadeh in 2003 because of archaeological artefacts confiscated by Iranian authorities. White Muscarella (2005) expresses serious doubt in the accuracy of the "Jiroft Civilization" as an archaeological entity. The Jiroft site itself is of undisputed notability as a mid-3rd millennium city situated between the Elamite civilization to the west and the Indus Valley civilization to the east.

Urartian hieroglyphs hypothesis
The Urartian hieroglyphs hypothesis suggests that besides the cuneiform inscriptions of the Urartian language, Urartu had a native hieroglyphic script.
Armenian scientist Artak Movsisyan published a partial attempt deciphering of Urartian hieroglyphs, saying that they were written in an early form of Armenian.

Tigranakert
Tigranakert (Armenian: Տիգրանակերտ, transliterated "Tigranakert" and also spelled "Dikranagerd" in Western Armenian; Latin Tigranocerta) was a city near present-day Silvan, Turkey, east of Diyarbakır. It was founded by the Armenian Emperor Tigranes the Great in the 1st century BC. Tigranakert was founded as the new capital of the Armenian Empire in order to be in a more central position within the boundaries of the expanding empire.

Combat sport
A combat sport (also known as a combative sport) is a competitive contact sport where two combatants fight against each other using certain rules of contact, with the aim of simulating parts of real hand to hand combat. Boxing, sport wrestling, mixed martial arts and fencing are examples of combat sports.
The techniques used can be categorized into three domains: striking, grappling, and weapon usage. Some rule-sets specialize in one area, while others allow overlap.

Ground fighting
Ground fighting (in martial arts sometimes referred to as "ground work" or "ground game") is hand-to-hand combat which takes place while the fighters are on the ground, generally involving a degree of clutching of gripping.

Anderson Silva
Anderson da Silva(born April 14, 1975) is a Brazilian Muay Thai fighter and mixed martial artist (MMA). He is the current UFC middleweight champion. He is also the current Cage Rage World middleweight champion. Silva is the longest-reigning champion in that promotion. He has competed in PRIDE Fighting Championships, Shooto, and Rumble on the Rock. Silva holds notable wins over Rich Franklin, Hayato Sakurai, Nathan Marquardt and Jeremy Horn.

Karo Parisyan
Karapet "Karo" Parisyan (born August 28, 1982 in Yerevan, Armenia) is an Armenian-American mixed martial arts fighter. His fighting style is mainly Judo, but has been modified to fight without the use of a Judogi.
His current professional MMA record is 17-4-0 with 9 of his wins coming by way of submission. Karo is currently fighting out of North Hollywood, California, and he is ranked as the 5th best welterweight fighter in the world by MMAweekly.com.

Diego Sanchez
Diego "The Nightmare" Sanchez (born December 31, 1981 in Albuquerque, New Mexico) is a Mexican American mixed martial artist (MMA). He has a background in wrestling and Gaidojutsu, a system of submission wrestling developed by his longtime trainer Greg Jackson. Sanchez currently fights as a welterweight with the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC).

Elías Piña Province
Elías Piña is a Dominican province, located in the western part of the country, on the border with Haiti. It was created on 1942 and its capital city is Comendador.
It was created on 1942 with the name Province San Rafael. In 1965, its name was changed to Province Estrelleta and, finally, in 1972 it got its present name. It was a municipality of the San Juan province before being elevated to the category of province.
Location.
Elías Piña is bordered to the northwest by the province of Dajabón, to the northeast by Santiago Rodríguez, to the east by San Juan and to the south by the Independencia province. To the west Elías Piña borders the Republic of Haiti.
Origin of name.
"Elías Piña" was an officer of the Dominican army when the Dominican-Haitian War. He was born close to Comendador and died in 1845 in a battle close to Bánica.
History.
Few people lived in the territory of Elías Piña during colonial times because it was on the border between two colonies: the French "Saint-Domingue" and the Spanish "Santo Domingo". After 1844, the region was part of the border between Haiti and Dominican Republic.
The only town founded during the colony was Bánica, in the eastern end of "Oncéano", a region of many savannas that now is part of Haiti. Both Comendador and Hondo Valle were military posts on the border after de Dominican independence. The rest of the present province had very few people until the Restoration War when families from other parts of the country came to live here.
During the Dominican-Haitian War (1844-1856), Haitian soldiers came across this region; because of that, there were many fights here. The most important fight was La Estrelleta Battle, in a savanna close to Comendador.
Since colonial times, the territory was part of the Azua province until it was changed to the Benefactor province (now the San Juan province) when this province was created in 1938. The dictator Rafael Trujillo created the Elías Piña province in 1942.
Municipalities.
Elías Piña has a total area of 1,426.20 km². It has 2.9% of the Dominican Republic area and it is ranked as the 14th (out of 31 plus the National District) largest province.
There are six municipalities and seven municipal districts in the province.
Population.
In 2002 (last national census), there were 63,879 people living in the Elías Piña province, and just 23,203 (36.32%) living in towns and cities. The population density was 10 persons/km², one of the lowest in the country.
Mountains.
The Cordillera Central ("Central mountain chain") is found in the northern part of the province, and the Sierra de Neiba runs across the southern half. The area between those two mountain ranges is composed of several valleys, formed by the Artibonite River and its tributaries, and low mountains (hills).
The highest mountain in the province is the "Loma La Tasajera del Chivito" at 2,179 metres above sea level in the Sierra de Neiba. "Nalga de Maco" (1,990 m) is the second highest mountain, located in the northeast corner of the province, close to the Santiago Rodríguez province. It is the highest mountain in the western Cordillera Central.
Rivers.
The main river is the Artibonite that, in some places, marks the Dominican-Haitian border. Other rivers are Macasías, Tocino, Joca and Vallecito, all of them tributaries of the Artibonite. The Caña river is the most important in the southern part of the province, going from south to north; it is a tributary of the Macasías river.
Climate.
The climate of the province is a tropical climate, hot most of the year, but it is cooler on the mountains.
Economy.
As in all border provinces in the Dominican Republic, there is little economic development. The trade with Haiti is important, above all in Comendador. On the mountains, coffee and beans are important products. Potatos are also produced in the south (Sierra de Neiba).

CLIMAX
CLIMAX or 高潮樂隊 is said to be one of the "first Chinese rock bands in ages".
CLIMAX consists of popular comic illustrator and vocalist Elphonso, vocalist Gloria, guitarist Keung, bassist Kei and drummer Barry.
Style.
CLIMAX is considered by many the leading punk rock music outfit of Hong Kong. However, its punk-style is not destructive, rather mischievous and somewhat blissful, though sometimes their acts are interactive, powerful, dynamic and "rapid-fire." Named after Japanese rock music group Buck-Tick's live DVD "Climax Together", CLIMAX has been trying to embrace elements such as pop-rock, rock, rockabilly, big band, ska and traditional Chinese music into their punk sound.
Band History.
The band was first formed in 2004 with the members Elphonso, Keung, Barry, Joey and Goro.
Right after the five members joined forces, the band established a music record label, High Dynasty Limited, setting their sights on promoting local music. At the same time, they also opened a studio where they practiced and recorded music.
Later that year, CLIMAX started to perform in a number of live shows. Their dynamic and energetic live playing received encouraging feedback from rock fanatics. In the same year, they were picked as one of the performing bands of Rockit Hong Kong Music Festival, playing alongside international acts such as Aqualung and The Cooper Temple Clause.
In November 2004, they released their self-financed debut single "The Punk Night Club" in Hong Kong and Japan. In February of the following year, the band's song "Punk Rock New Year" hit #16 spot, a rendition of a famous traditional Chinese New Year tune. Since then, CLIMAX had more opportunities to play in large-scale shows and share the stage with world-class names such as Tat Ming Pair and Denise Ho.
In 2006, vocalist Gloria and bassist Kei joined after Goro and Joey left the band. The band then put together their album "Rock My Planet". It is the first studio recording of the band after they signed to Hong Kong-based international music distributor LOVE DA RECORDS in early 2007.
The new album includes "Punk Rock New Year", the rockabilly single "Start From Radio", which climbed up to #14 on the Ultimate Music Pop Chart and stayed on the chart for three weeks, and the rock ballad "Around The World In 80 Days", their first song featuring Gloria.

Mila Kunis
Milena Markovna "Mila" Kunis (; born August 14, 1983 in di Kiev, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union) is an American actress. She is best known for playing Jackie Burkhart on the sitcom "That '70s Show". She also plays the voice of Meg Griffin on "Family Guy" instead of Lacey Chabert.

Dolapdere Big Gang
Dolapdere Big Gang founded in the middle of 2004 by DJ producer Önder Ulugür. There are 8 musicians in the group. They perform the songs with their "Dolapdere Sound" by the "Alaturca" way.

Crazy in Love
"Crazy in Love" is an R&B/funk song written by Beyoncé Knowles, producer Rich Harrison, rapper Jay-Z, and Eugene Record. Released as the first single from Beyoncé's debut album "Dangerously in Love" in mid 2003 (see 2003 in music), it reached number one in the United States and United Kingdom and the top ten on the majority of charts it entered across the world. The song contains a prominent horn sample from The Chi-Lites' 1970 "Are You My Woman (Tell Me So)", and serves as the song's hook. Its success established Knowles as a leading solo performer following several years as a member of the band Destiny's Child.
Music video.
The music video (released in May 2003) was filmed by Jake Nava and does not have a story. The opening scene begins with Knowles wearing a tank top, shorts, and red high-heels. She performs an dance on a riser. The scene shifts to a gold set detailing a mock photo shoot, before moving into a scene with dancers detailing Knowles and dancing against a wall while wearing caps and full length pants. In a controversial sequence, the video then shifts into its next scene, which shows a helpless Beyoncé struggling inside a car. She is apparently unaware that there is a trail of gasoline outside of the car, which Jay-Z ignites, causing the car to explode.
Knowles does not appear injured; next, she is dancing to Jay-Z's solo rap in an exotic silk print over a fur coat, and decides to kick a fire hydrant. She continues to dance whilst the water is flying all over the place. The video ends with Knowles and her dancers in front of a giant fan in vibrant dresses in contrast to the more neutral colors of the background.

Check on It
"Check on It" is an R&B song written by Beyoncé Knowles, Kasseem Dean, Sean Garrett, Angela Beyincé, and Stayve Thomas for the soundtrack to the 2006 film "The Pink Panther", in which Beyoncé co-stars. Although not included on its soundtrack album (because it only contains the films scores), the song is included on Destiny's Child's greatest hits album "1's" and on selected non-U.S. versions of Knowles' second studio album, "B’Day". It was produced by Knowles and Swizz Beatz.
Music video.
When demand was growing for the song, Knowles shot a music video serving as promotion for both "#1's" and "The Pink Panther". The video was directed by Hype Williams, and was premiered on December 16 2005. The remix of the song in the music video features a remix of "The Pink Panther Theme" and a rap from Bun B. The video has a pink theme, with Knowles shown in mostly all pink (to fit in with "The Pink Panther"), and the dancers wear pink PVC jackets and dance around rippling pink satin sheets. The video cuts to Knowles wearing a pink polka dot corset against a hot magenta polka dot wall. Where black bars normally appear on a (full screen) television showing a widescreen production, footage is displayed of pink curtains moving in the background.
"Check on It" won the 2006 MTV Video Music Award for "Best R&B Video" on August 31, 2006.

Irreplaceable
"Irreplaceable" is a song written by American singer-songwriters Beyonce Knowles and Ne-Yo, and Norwegian songwriters Mikkel S. Eriksen, Tor Erik Hermansen, Espen Lind, and Amund Bjørklund for Knowles' second studio album, "B'Day" (2006). Produced by Norwegian production team Stargate and Beyoncé, the song was released as the album's third single domestically, and the second single outside North America in October 2006. The track "Freakum Dress" was initially the third single for US single and the second international single, however due to the underperformance of the single "Ring The Alarm" "Irreplaceable" was rush released because of its high popularity. "Irreplaceable" reached number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100 on December 16, 2006, making it Beyoncé's eighth "Billboard" number-one, and her fourth as a solo artist (her first without a guest rapper). It has sold over two million copies in digital sales. It was the last U.S. #1 of 2006 and the first of 2007.
Charts.
"Irreplaceable" has entered many charts around the world. The following table lists the various charts and peak positions.
Track listings and formats.
These are the formats and track listings of major single releases of "Irreplaceable".

Amor Gitano
"Amor Gitano" (English: "Gypsy Love") is the theme song for the telenovela ', performed in Spanish by Alejandro Fernández and Beyoncé. The single was sold mainly in markets with a strong Latin demographic, such as Mexico, where it reached number thirty-eight on its official singles chart and number five on the Digital Sales Chart in late April 2007.

Work It Out
"Work It Out" is a funk song written by American singer-songwriter Beyoncé Knowles and The Neptunes members Pharrell Williams and Chad Hugo (who produced the track) for the soundtrack to the 2002 film "Austin Powers in Goldmember"—in which she plays Foxxy Cleopatra—and was later featured on the non-U.S. editions of Knowles' solo debut album, "Dangerously in Love" (2003). Released as a single in June 2002, it failed to chart on the U.S. "Billboard" Hot 100, but did experience moderate success on the "Billboard" Hot Dance Club Play chart, debuting at number forty-nine and later peaking at number eleven. Nevertheless, it was a relative hit in European countries such as the United Kingdom and Norway, where it reached number seven and number three respectively. The music video for the song was directed by Matthew Rolston. This funky number features Chad Hugo on the saxophone.

Get Me Bodied
"Get Me Bodied" is a song written by Beyoncé Knowles, Sean Garrett, Solange Knowles, Angela Beyince, Makeba Riddick, and Swizz Beatz for Knowles' second studio album, "B'Day" (2006). Produced by Swizz Beatz, Sean Garrett, and Beyoncé, it was released as the album's fifth single in the United States on July 10, 2007, and has since reached number 68 on the U.S. "Billboard" Hot 100.

Listen (song)
"Listen" is a song performed by American R&B singer-songwriter Beyoncé Knowles in the 2006 film "Dreamgirls". It was released as the first single from the film's soundtrack album on December 5, 2006 in the United States and on was released in the United Kingdom on February 19, 2007. The song can also be found as a hidden track on international editions of the singer's second solo studio album, "B'Day" (2006).

Lose My Breath
"Lose My Breath" is an R&B/dance-pop song written by Beyoncé Knowles, Kelly Rowland, Michelle Williams, Rodney Jerkins, LaShawn Daniels, Fred Jerkins III, Sean Garrett, and Shawn "Jay-Z" Corey Carter for Destiny's Child's fourth studio album, "Destiny Fulfilled" (2004). It was produced by Knowles and Jerkins and released as the album's lead single in autumn 2004. The single was released with "Why You Actin'" as the b-side. The song reached number one in Belgium, China, India, Israel, Ireland, and Switzerland and entered the top ten on the majority of the charts it appeared on, making it one of Destiny's Child most successful single releases. The song was also nominated for a Grammy Award for Best R&B Vocal Performance by a Duo Or Group.
Formats and tracklistings.
These are the formats and track listings of major single releases of "Lose My Breath".

Destiny's Child discography
The discography of the R&B group Destiny's Child.

1983 Pacific hurricane season
The 1983 Pacific hurricane season officially started May 15, 1983 in the eastern Pacific, and June 1, 1983 in the central Pacific, and lasted until November 30, 1983. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northeastern Pacific Ocean.
This season, there were a record-setting 21 named storms this year. Of those storms, twelve became hurricanes. Eight hurricanes reached Category 3 or higher on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale. No named storms formed in the central Pacific; however, there were two tropical depressions. A strong El Niño contributed to this level of activity. That same El Niño influenced a relatively quiet season in the Atlantic.
The most notable storms were hurricane Tico, Tropical Storm Octave, and Hurricane Winnie. Hurricane Tico left thousands homeless in Mazatlan; Tropical Storm Octave killed several people in one of Arizona's worst disasters; and Hurricane Winnie was a rare December cyclone.

1972 Pacific hurricane season
The 1972 Pacific hurricane season began on May 15, 1972 in the east Pacific, and on June 1, 1972 in the central Pacific. It ended on November 30, 1972. These dates conventionally delimit the period of time when tropical cyclones form in the east Pacific Ocean.
This season had a below average number of storms. There were twelve tropical cyclones. Of those, four were tropical storms, eight were hurricanes, and four were major hurricanes that reached Category 3 or higher on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale. In the central Pacific, two tropical storms and two tropical depressions formed. One of the depressions and one of the storms crossed the dateline to become typhoons.

1970 Pacific hurricane season
The 1970 Pacific hurricane season began on May 15, 1970 in the east Pacific, and on June 1, 1970 in the central Pacific. It ended on November 30, 1970. These dates conventionally delimit the period of time when tropical cyclones form in the eastern Pacific Ocean.
This season had an above average number of storms. There were twenty-one tropical cyclones, of which eighteen reached tropical storm strength. Four storms became hurricanes, of which none reached major hurricane strength. In the central Pacific, one hurricane and one tropical depression formed. One of the depressions crossed the dateline to become a typhoon.

1977 Pacific hurricane season
The 1977 Pacific hurricane season officially started May 15, 1977 in the eastern Pacific, and June 1, 1977 in the central Pacific, and lasted until November 30, 1977. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northeastern Pacific Ocean. The season was very inactive.
This season had a record low level of activity. Only eight tropical storms formed, and four hurricanes. Zero major hurricanes formed. The next time this happened was during the 2003 season. In addition, there was just one cyclogenesis in each of May, June, July, August, and October, which is also low. Activity in the central Pacific was zero, as no storms formed there nor moved in from the east.

2003 Pacific hurricane season
The 2003 Pacific hurricane season saw an unusually large number of tropical cyclones affect Mexico. The most notable cyclones the year were Hurricanes Ignacio and Marty, which killed 2 and 12 people in Mexico, respectively, and were responsible for about $1 billion (2003 USD) in damage. Three other Pacific storms, two of them hurricanes, and three Atlantic storms also had a direct impact on Mexico. The only other significant storm of the season was Hurricane Jimena, which passed just to the south of Hawaii, the first storm to directly threaten Hawaii for several years.
The season officially started on May 15, 2003 in the eastern Pacific, and on June 1, 2003 in the central Pacific, and lasted until November 30, 2003. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northeastern Pacific Ocean. The season saw 16 tropical storms form, which is about average. However, this season was the first Pacific hurricane season since 1977 to have no systems become major hurricanes by reaching Category 3 or higher on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale.

1989 Pacific hurricane season
The 1989 Pacific hurricane season officially started May 15, 1989 in the Eastern Pacific, and June 1, 1989 in the Central Pacific, and lasted until November 30, 1989. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northeastern Pacific Ocean.
Notable storms include Hurricanes Cosme, Kiko, and Raymond. Cosme crossed over Mexico and contributed to the formation of Tropical Storm Allison in the Atlantic. Hurricane Kiko made landfall on the Gulf of California side of the Baja California peninsula. Hurricane Raymond was the strongest storm of the season, but weakened significantly before landfall.

1995 Pacific hurricane season
The 1995 Pacific hurricane season was the least active Pacific hurricane season since 1979. Of the eleven tropical cyclones that formed during the season, four affected land, with the most notable storm of the season being Hurricane Ismael, which killed at least 116 people in Mexico. The strongest hurricane in the season was Hurricane Juliette, which reached peak winds of 150 mph (240 km/h).
The season officially started on May 15, 1995 in the eastern Pacific, and on June 1, 1995 in the central Pacific, and lasted until November 30, 1995. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northeastern Pacific Ocean. The season saw eleven tropical cyclones form, of which ten became tropical storms. Seven storms attained hurricane status, of which three acquired major hurricane status. The number of tropical storms was much less than the average of 16 storms, while the number of hurricanes and major hurricanes were slightly below average.

1992 Pacific hurricane season
The 1992 Pacific hurricane season was the most active Pacific season on record. The most notable storm was Hurricane Iniki, which caused billions of dollars of damage to the Hawaiian Islands. Hurricanes Lester, Virgil, Winifred, and Orlene also made landfall and killed several people, but were significantly less destructive. Hurricane Darby and Tropical Storm Agatha brought rains and more destruction to Mexico, without making landfall. Also of note are Hurricane Ekeka and Tropical Storm Hali, which formed in late January and March, respectively.

Santa Cruz River
The Santa Cruz River is a river in southern Arizona, United States, and northern Sonora, Mexico. The Santa Cruz has its headwaters in the high intermontane grasslands of the San Rafael Valley to the east of Patagonia between the Canelo Hills to the east and the Patagonia Mountains to the west. It flows southward into Mexico and turns westward, and reenters the United States just to the east of Nogales. It then continues northward from the International border at Nogales past the Tumacacori National Historical Park, Tubac, Green Valley, Sahuarita, San Xavier del Bac, and Tucson to the Santa Cruz Flats just to the south of Casa Grande and the Gila River.

Artibonite River
The River Artibonite (Spanish, "Artibonito"; Haitian Creole, "Latibonit") is a river in the island of Hispaniola. It is 321 km long (68 km in the Dominican Republic, 253 km in Haiti), the longest of the island and of Haiti.
Name.
The Taíno name of the river was Hatibonico. Peter Martyr d'Anghiera wrote that the name was "Attiboni" or "Attibonicus". Some people said that the name was "Guayajayuco" but it is another river, tributary of the Artibonite.
Course.
The source of the Artibonite is in the Cordillera Central in the Dominican Republic. The mouth of the Artibonite is in Haiti, south of La Grand Saline, at about. It flows into the Gulf of Gonâve.
The river is the border between the Dominican Republic and Haiti for several kilometres, from the town of Pedro Santana to the point where it is joined by the Macasías River, and then turns west into Haiti.
Its watershed has an area of 9,013 km² (2,614 km² in the Dominican Republic, the rest in Haiti).
Tributaries.
The most important tributaries are the rivers Libón, Macasías and Joca, all of them in the Dominican Republic. The Libón River is the only important tributary that flows into the right side of the Artibonite.
Environment.
Deforestation has affected in a bad way the quality and amount of water in the River Artibonite in the Dominican Republic and Haiti. There are not many fishes; only tilapias are caught. There were American crocodiles ("Crocodylus acutus") in the River Artibonite and in other rivers of the Hispaniola, but now they are found only in the big lakes of the island.
Uses.
The water of the river is used for irrigation in Haiti but not in the Dominican Republic because it flows here through high mountains. The Peligre Hydroelectric Dam was built on the Arbitonite; it produces electricity for Haiti.

Jens Pulver
Jens Johnnie "Little Evil" Pulver (born December 6, 1974 in Sunnyside, Washington) is an American mixed martial artist (MMA). He was the first Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) lightweight champion, and was a coach on the "The Ultimate Fighter 5" reality show, which aired on Spike TV. He is currently signed as a featherweight with World Extreme Cagefighting (WEC), which is owned by Zuffa (the parent company of the UFC).

Video CD
A Video CD or VCD is a CD that contains a movie instead of music or a computer program. It is the "little brother" of the DVD.
Differences.
Since a DVD can store ten times as much information as a VCD, the quality of a VCD is not as high as that of a DVD, yet is ten times cheaper to make. The quality of the picture is about as good as a normal TV with a simple antenna.
History.
VCD's were invented by Philips and Sony just like the CD, but then never became very popular in the Western world, which switched from VHS tapes directly to the DVD. However, in Asia and in other developing countries the VCD is popular, since a DVD player is also much more expensive than a VCD player.
Uses.
A VCD movie is stored in the popular MPEG (.MPG) format, that is also often used to download movies from the internet. But if a VCD disk is put in a computer, there is a file with a.MPG after the name, and many other files. This is because the movie is actually in a file (or files) that has.DAT after the name. This file can be played with Windows Media Player (or any other player that can play a.MPG movie), one does not need special software because the file is actually just a.MPG movie with a.DAT end of the name instead of.MPG. There are also many programs that exist to make it possible to play a VCD on a PC.

Boston Red Sox
The Boston Red Sox are a baseball team from Boston, Massachusetts and are the World Series Champions in 2007. The Red Sox are a member and are now champions of both the Major League Baseball's American League Eastern Division and of the American League itself. The Red Sox have played at Fenway Park ever since 1912
After the ALCS, the Red Sox beat the St. Louis Cardinals to win their first World Series since 1918 (86 years) in 2004.
One of the American League's eight charter franchises, the club was founded in Boston in 1901. Then known as the Boston Americans, they played at Huntington Avenue Grounds, and met the Pittsburgh Pirates in the first World Series. In 1918, the team won its fifth World Series, and then went into one of the longest championship droughts in baseball history.
Many thought the "Curse of the Bambino" said to have been caused by the trade of Babe Ruth to the New York Yankees in 1920. The drought was ended, and the "curse" reversed in 2004, when the team won their sixth World Series Championship.
The Red Sox's current captain is Jason Varitek.
The share a large rivalry with the New York Yankees, and a smaller yet still big rivalry with the Tampa Bay Rays.

Irreemplazable
"Irreemplazable" is a Spanish and Spanglish fare EP by female R&B singer Beyoncé Knowles. It was released on August 28 in US. At the same time, a CD/DVD combo was released exclusively at Wal-mart. The DVD features behind the scenes documentary entitled La Evolucion Latina de Beyoncé (The Latin Evolution of Beyoncé) as well as the music video for Beyoncé's "Get Me Bodied" (Timbaland remix) featuring Voltio.

Ring the Alarm
"Ring the Alarm" is an R&B song written by Beyoncé Knowles, Kasseem "Swizz Beatz" Dean, and Sean Garrett for Knowles' second solo album "B’Day" (2006). Co-produced by Knowles, and Swizz Beatz, the song premiered on August 8, 2006 to radio outlets in the United States and eventually debuted at number twelve on the "Billboard" Hot 100, making the single her highest entry on the official American singles chart and the second highest debut of 2006 behind only Taylor Hicks's "Do I Make You Proud". It previously debuted at "Billboard" Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles at number seventeen.
Formats and track listing.
These are the formats and track listings of major single-releases of "Ring the Alarm".

Ved Pratap Vaidik
Dr. Ved Pratap Vaidik (hi: वेद प्रताप वैदिक) is a well-known scholar, political analyst, orator and a columnist on national and international affairs. Dr. Vaidik worked with Press Trust of India for a decade as the Founder-Editor of its Hindi News Agency "BHASHA". Earlier he held the position of Editor (views), Nav Bharat Times (the then largest circulated National Hindi daily).
Early academic life.
Born on the 30th December 1944, Dr. Vaidik has been throughout a first class student. He was awarded the degree of Ph.D. in International Affairs from Jawaharlal Nehru University in 1971. He knows Russian, Persian, English, Sanskrit, Hindi and several other Indian languages. He won several all India awards in debating and elocutionary contests.
Field work.
While doing research, Vaidik studied at Columbia University, New York, School of Oriental and African Studies, London; Institute of the Peoples of Asia, Moscow and did extensive field work in Afghanistan. As an expert on international affairs and an Editor, Dr. Vaidik has had an opportunity to rub shoulders with Prime Ministers, Foreign ministers, dissidents and guerilla leaders of several Asian and Western countries. He has been a member of the Indian Delegation to the UN in 1999. He also had the honor of inaugurating the Annual Conference on South Asia organized by Wisconsin University in 1999.
Expulsion.
As a Ph.D. Student at Indian School of International Studies, Vaidik, insisted on writing his thesis in his mothertongue, Hindi. It led to his expulsion from the School. The principled stand of Vaidik evoked nationwide response and the Indian Parliament went through unprecedented debates and uproarious scenes in 1966-67. Vaidik created history by winning the right for all Indian languages to be the medium of expression at the highest academic level.
Later life.
He has been frequently appearing on Indian and Foreign television and broadcasting networks since 1962. More than a dozen newspapers carry his column currently. He is one of the most reputed mass orators in India. He has also been invited by several Indian and foreign universities to deliver special lectures on International Politics and Journalism.
Later academic life.
Dr. Vaidik has taught Political Science at Motilal Nehru College, Delhi University and has been a Senior Fellow at the Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses and at SIS Jawaharlal Nehru University. He has several award winning research publications to his credit.
Dr. Vaidik is a widely travelled scholar-journalist. He has visited more than 60 countries on various missions. Dr. Vaidik has won more than a dozen National and International awards for academic and journalistic excellence. He has been a member of several Advisory Committees of Government of India. Currently, he is the Chairman of Council for Indian Foreign Policy and Bhartiya Bhasha Sammelan.
Dr. Vaidik on Afghanistan.
Dr. V.P. Vaidik is a renowned expert on Afghanistan. He is the only one among the top Indian experts on international affairs, who has studied at Kabul University, knows the languages of Afghanistan and has traveled extensively in that country. His Ph.D. thesis (JNU): A Comparative Study of Afghanistan's Relations with the USA and the USSR has won international acclaim, though it was written in Hindi, which ignited uproarious debates in the Indian Parliament 35 years ago.
Vaidik as an author.
Dr. Vaidik has published two books and more than 80 articles and research papers on Afghanistan including a few in English, Russian and Persian. Dr. Vaidik is in touch with almost all the Presidents, Prime Ministers and major factional leaders of Afghanistan throughout these years of turmoil.
He has written books on topics of national and international repute like Ethnic Crisis in Sri Lanka, Angrezi Hatao: Kyon aur kaise, Bhartiya Videsh Niti etc. He has achieved many awards and felicitations like Vishva Hindi Samman, Patrakarita Bhushan Samman, National Academy Award to name a few.
He is the former Editor of PTI-Bhasha and Nav Bharat Times. He has been a Senior Fellow at IDSA and School of International Studies (JNU) 1981-83. He is one of the most reputed columnists in Hindi.
Major works.
A PHD in International relations, Dr. Vaidik has written numerous editorial pieces and written many research journals and books on issues of national and international importance.
He has to his credit more than 1000 articles in his name published in eminent newspaper like Times of India, Hindustan Times, Pioneer, World Focus and many more. He has been invited by several Indian and foreign Universities to deliver special lectures on International politics and Journalism.

'03 Bonnie & Clyde
"03 Bonnie & Clyde" is a single by rapper Jay-Z featuring R&B singer Beyoncé. It was taken from his ninth studio album ' and can also be found on the international editions of her solo debut album "Dangerously in Love". Released in 2002, the song reached number four on the U.S. "Billboard" Hot 100, becoming Jay-Z's second top ten single and Beyoncé's first top ten single as a solo artist; it also reached number two in the UK. The single is notable for causing drama between Jay-Z and Toni Braxton over what she claimed was a stolen sample. Jay-Z had to work with Suge Knight to secure the rights to cover this song from Tupac Shakur, who made the original version of the song called "Me and My Girlfriend" which appeared on his 1996 classic" " and which Jay-Z also referenced in his song "All I Need" from The Blueprint.
Music video.
The music video for the song, directed by Chris Robinson, was nominated for "Best Hip-Hop Video" at the 2003 MTV Video Music Awards, but it lost out to Missy Elliott's "Work It." The name of the song is a reference to Eminem's song "'97 Bonnie and Clyde", and by extension the original Tupac song, in which he refers to himself and his girlfriend as the "'96 Bonnie and Clyde".
There is an edited version of it, entitled "Bonnie & Clyde '03" which features many of Beyoncé's vocals rather than of Jay-Z. It is included in her "Dangerously In Love" CD.

One Night Only
"One Night Only" is a song from the 1981 Broadway musical "Dreamgirls", with lyrics by Tom Eyen and music by Henry Krieger. In the context of the musical, "One Night Only" is performed twice in succession, as differing versions of the song - a soul ballad by the character Effie White and a disco version by her former bandmates Deena Jones & the Dreams - compete on the radio and the pop charts.
Song information.
Both versions of "One Night Only" appear as one track on the original 1982 "Dreamgirls" Broadway cast album, performed by Jennifer Holliday as Effie and Sheryl Lee Ralph, Loretta Devine, and Deborah Burrell as Deena Jones & the Dreams. "One Night Only" was later covered on album by Elaine Page and Sylvester. Actor Hugh Jackman performed the song while hosting the 2004 Tony Awards ceremony, in a large production number featuring girl groups from the musicals "Caroline, or Change", "Hairspray", and "Little Shop of Horrors".
Single versions.
Releases of the single featured the different versions of the 2006 song.

Dangerously in Love 2
Knowles re-recorded the song for her debut solo album, "Dangerously in Love" (2003), under the title "Dangerously in Love 2". Featuring a modified arrangement and background vocals by Kelly Rowland and Michelle Williams, Knowles's version received a generally positive response from music critics. In the U.S. the song went for radio airplay only and was never released as a single in other countries. No music video exists for the song, though the performance on her DVD "Live at Wembley" was shown frequently on BET.
Knowles frequently performs the song live — often as a prelude to "Crazy in Love", and more recently with her live cover of the Jill Scott song "He Loves Me" — often to show her vocal power and range. She performed "Dangerously in Love 2" at the 2004 Grammy Awards, where it won in the category of "Best Female R&B Vocal Performance".
Other versions of the Knowles solo version of the song include an a cappella, an instrumental and the Svella remix.

Green Light
"Green Light" is an R&B/funk song written by Beyoncé Knowles, Sean Garrett, and Pharrell Williams for Knowles' second solo studio album, "B'Day" (2006). Co-produced by Pharrell and Beyoncé, it was released as fifth UK single on July 30 2007. The Freemasons remix of "Green Light" was on the BBC Radio 1 A-list by July 18 2007.
Chart performance.
With the album version of the song being available digitally as soon as the album was released, it debuted on the UK Singles Chart at number 152 after the video aired in July 2007. The album version peaked at number seventy-seven one week before the Freemasons remix became available. Because of heavy radio airplay of the Freemasons remix, as soon as it was available, the song climbed sixty places to number seventeen the following week, and then to number twelve, giving Knowles her eleventh top twenty hit in the UK. "Green Light" became Knowles's highest charting single on downloads alone on the UK Singles Chart without a prominent featured artist. The UK commercial CD single was cancelled at the last minute.
The album version was released in the Netherlands where it debuted on the Dutch Singles Chart at number 30.

Suga Mama
"Suga Mama" is an R&B/soul/funk/rock song written by Beyoncé Knowles, Rich Harrison, and Makeba, and produced by Knowles and Harrison for Knowles' second solo album, "B'Day" (2006). It features a sample of Jake Wade and the Soul Searchers' song "Searching for Soul", which was written by Chuck Middleton. The music video for the song was released on television in the United Kingdom in April 2007.
Music video and other promotion.
The "Suga Mama" music video was released to UK music channels in April 2007. It is black-and-white and was co-directed by Melina and Knowles for the "B'Day Anthology Video Album", which was released the same month; it was one of eight videos shot in two weeks for the album. It begins with Knowles sitting in a chair, wearing men's clothing and smoking a cigar. She gets up and begins to pole dance. The remainder of the video presents Knowles dancing on top of a sugar cube, dancing with backing dancers whose faces are partially concealed, lying in a circle of light and riding a mechanical bull. Knowles said she is meant to "slowly become a woman" during the video, adding "Well, a sexier woman — I'm always a woman."
Knowles rehearsed the pole dancing using two ballet bars, which was when it was decided to add a pole above her head to form an arc. Though Knowles is from Texas, she had never previously been on mechanical bull. There were no problems during warm-ups, but the man operating the bull during the video shoot programmed it to go faster, causing Knowles to fall off when she tried to perform tricks such as lifting up her foot, leaning back and turning around. To minimise the time Knowles spent on the bull, the director shot the sequence at twelve frames per second (see frame rate) and Knowles sang twice as quickly, but it wasn't until 4:00 a.m. that they completed work.
"Suga Mama" was included on the set list of Knowles's 2007 tour, The Beyoncé Experience, and "The Tennessean" wrote that the song "was even sexier and more gutbucket than on record". A remix of the song features rapper Consequence.

I Got That
"I Got That" is a single by rapper Amil featuring Beyoncé Knowles of Destiny's Child. It was the first single by Beyoncé and also it is currently the last solo single by Amil. Eve makes a cameo appearance in the video.

Jumpin' Jumpin'
"Jumpin', Jumpin'" is a song recorded by Destiny's Child. It was the fourth and final single from the group's second album, "The Writing's on the Wall". The single achieved success in various charts.
Byron Rittenhouse's voice is on the song saying "Uh huh, I ain't worried 'bout my girl a'ight" in response to Beyonce's line "I ain't thinking 'bout my man tonight".
Formats and remixes.
Two official urban remixes for this song exist. One, known as the Nitro remix features rapper Nitro, while the other is known as the So So Def Remix with Lil' Bow Wow, Da Brat and Jermaine Dupri. A video was filmed for the So So Def Remix later. Also, appearing as a second half of the So So Def Remix on the This Is the Remix (Destiny's Child album), Azza's Remix of Jumpin', Jumpin'. This version was a newly recorded version with slower singing and Kelly doing lead on chorus and high notes during break, and one of few remix songs from Writing's On The Wall that Farrah Franklin and Michelle are singing; the other being the WMBA version of the song.

Beyoncé The Ultimate Performer
Beyoncé The Ultimate Performer is a DVD by R&B artist Beyoncé Knowles. It was released in the US on November 24, 2006. It features some of her exclusive footages in France, Japan, United Kingdom, New York among other places during her worldwide tour, the makings and music video.

Fighting Temptation
"Fighting Temptation" is a single released by R&B singer Beyoncé and female rappers Missy Elliott, MC Lyte, and Free in 2003 to promote the film "The Fighting Temptations", in which Beyoncé has a part. The song is part of the official soundtrack.
As it was released just one month after the second single from Beyoncé's "Dangerously in Love", "Baby Boy", the song did not become a big hit and failed to enter the "Billboard" Hot 100 and other important U.S. charts. However, the single received some attention from European countries, eventually peaking at number thirteen in the Netherlands. The film was also an instant success, mainly due to Beyoncé's success in Europe at that time.

Slaithwaite
Slaithwaite is a large village in the Colne Valley in Kirklees, West Yorkshire, England. It is placed alongside the Colne River.

Bundesverfassungsgericht
The Bundesverfassungsgericht is the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany. It does not hear ordinary criminal cases. Instead it deals with matters that affect the Constitution of Germany.
The Court is located in Karlsruhe. This was to show it was separate from the federal government, first based in Bonn, and other federal bodies such as the German intelligence (BND) based in Munich.
Competence.
Federal law helps to describe what the court can do, and how it works. Article 20.3 of the "Grundgesetz" says that each the three branches of the government – the parliament, the ministers and the courts – can only do what the constitution allows. The court can decide that acts of all three branches are not allowed by the constitution and prevent them from happening.
Decisions of the court on material conflicts are applied through a federal law by the Federal Constitutional Court Act (BVerfGG).
Organization.
The court has 16 judges. They are divided into two groups, called senates, of eight judges. The chairman of one senate is also the President of the Court ("Chief Justice"). The chairman of the other senate is the vice president. Most cases are heard by a "chamber" which is three members of one senate. All three judges of the chamber must agree on a decision. A chamber has to use precedent ("past rulings"). If a chamber thinks a precedent should be changed they have to let the case be decided by the Senate as a whole. Similarly, if a Senate thinks a precedent set by the other Senate should be changed precedent of the must ask the "Plenum" (a meeting of all 16 judges).
Decisions by a Senate need an absolute majority of 5 votes (in some cases a two-thirds majority is required, that is, 6 out of 8 votes). The BVerfGG decides which type of cases a senate hears.
Election of judges.
Four judges of each senate are elected by the Bundestag. The others are elected by the Bundesrat. Choosing a judge needs a two-thirds majority.
The judges have a 12-year term, but they must retire when reaching the age of 68. A judge must be at least 40 years old and must be a well-trained jurist. Three out of eight members of each Senate must have been a judge of a Federal Supreme Court. Of the other five members of each Senate, most judges have been a professor of law at a university, a public servant or a lawyer.
At the end of their term, most judges retire from public life. One notable exception was Roman Herzog, who was elected Federal President in 1994, shortly before the end of his term as President of the Court.

Kaaba
The Kaaba is a large cube-shaped building located inside the mosque known as al-Masjid al-Haram in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. The mosque was built around the original Kaaba. Muslims believe it is a reflection of a heavenly house primarily built by Adam.
The Kaaba is the holiest place in Islam. Muslims are required to make a pilgrimage once in a lifetime to the Kaaba. As it is the most holiest place in Islam all Muslims pray towards this when they perform the five fardh (necessary acts mentioned in the Quran) Salaah or prayer. Religious idols or symbols from other religions are inside the building.

EUX.TV
EUX.TV, or the Europe channel, is an independent digital television station from Brussels that talks about European matters.

Awadhi
Awadhi is an Indo-Aryan language. This language was spoken in a wide area including Lucknow and Ayoudhya (Awadh) earlier. Goswami Tulasidas wrote Ramcharitmanas, Geetavali, Kavitavali, and all his Shri Ram poems in this language.
Hindi is a much newer language mostly based on Awadhi and Braj.

Westdeutscher Rundfunk
The Westdeutscher Rundfunk (WDR, official "Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln") is a German public-broadcasting institution based in the Federal State of North Rhine-Westphalia with its main office in Cologne.
WDR is a constituent member of the consortium of German public-broadcasting institutions, ARD.
The WDR produces the regional television service WDR Fernsehen (formerly known as WDF and West3) and six regional radio channels.

ARD (broadcaster)
ARD is a public broadcaster in Germany. The name is an abbreviation. It stands for "Arbeitsgemeinschaft der öffentlich-rechtlichen Rundfunkanstalten der Bundesrepublik Deutschland". This can be translated as "Consortium of public-law broadcasting institutions of the Federal Republic of Germany". The company is made of different regional broadcasters. It provides one of the two (publicly-funded) television programmes in Germany, amongst other programmes. The other publicly funded TV program is called Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen (ZDF, in short).
It was founded in West Germany in 1950. It was made for common interests of the new, de-centralized post-war broadcasting services - in particular, the introduction of a joint television network.
ARD is made of the follwing regional broadcasters: BR, HR, MDR, NDR, Radio Bremen, RBB, SR, SWR, and WDR, as well as international broadcaster Deutsche Welle
They make a total of 54 regional and local radio stations and networks, two nationwide radio channels, and seven regional TV networks. During certain parts of the day some of these split even further.

Deutsche Welle
Deutsche Welle or DW is Germany's international broadcaster. It broadcasts news and information on shortwave, Internet and satellite radio in 29 languages (DW-RADIO). It has a satellite television service (DW-TV) that is available in four languages, and there is also, a 30-language online news site. "Deutsche Welle", which in English means "German Wave", is similar to international broadcasters such as the BBC World Service, Radio Canada International, Voice of America, and Radio France Internationale.

Guildford Dudley
Guildford Dudley was the husband of Lady Jane Grey. He was born in 1536 and was executed along with Jane on February 12th, 1554.
Pre-Marriage.
Guildford (also spelled as Guilford) was the son of John Dudley, the Earl of Warwick and later Duke of Northumberland and Jane Guildford (that was how he got his unusual name). He was very handsome, but arrogant and selfish because his mother spoiled him ever since infancy.
Marriage.
In 1553, Guildford was told by his father that he was to marry Lady Jane Grey. Like many other people in the sixteenth century, Guildford complied. But Jane did not want to marry Guildford because he was rude and stupid. Jane only agreed after her parents had beaten and whipped her.
When Jane became queen in July 1553, they got into an argument about Guildford becoming king. Guildford claimed than he should be king, but Jane didn't believe that Guildford had the qualities to become king. She said she would make him duke, but Guildford threw a temper tantrum. Guildford and his mother attempted to leave the Tower of London, but Jane had him brought back. Jane lost the throne on July 19th, 1554.
Inprisonment and Death.
At first, Guildford and Jane were allowed to visit each other, but only in the garden. But for the last few months of their lifes, they were not allowed to visit each other anymore.
A few days before their execution, Guildford asked Jane if they could visit one last time, but Jane refused.
On February 12th, 1553, Guildford was executed and, unlike his wife, he was not very calm when he went to his death. Days before his death, he cried endlessly. But the day he was executed, he was calm. At the sight of the block, however, he lost his courage and cried again. He is said to have cried "Pray for me!" many times.

Medical papyri
The medical papyri (or medical papyruses) are a set of ancient Egyptian texts that give background info on medical practices from ancient Egyptian times. The papyri give details on disease, diagnostics, and remedies of disease, which also have traditional methods and with magical spells.
It is thought there were more medical papyri, but many have been lost due to grave robbing. The largest study of the medical papyri to date has was undertaken by Berlin University and was titled "Medizin der alten Agypter" (Medicine of ancient Egypt).
Early Egyptian medicine was based on a mixture of magic and religious spells. Most commonly "cured" by use of amulets or magical spells, the illnesses were thought to be caused by spiteful acts or actions. Afterwards, doctors did various medical treatments if needed. The instructions for these medical rituals were later inscribed on papyrus scrolls by the priests performing the actions.

Tibetan Book of the Dead
The "Tibetan Book of the Dead" is a religious text from Tibet, written as a guide for persons attending someone who is dying or recently dead, to bring comfort and "spiritual liberation". It includes prayers, instructions for both dying persons and their attendants, and descriptions of the afterlife. (Roman Catholicism has comparable rituals, called Anointing of the Sick or Last Rites.) The book has been translated into many languages, including English.
Adaptations.
In the 1960s, professors Timothy Leary, Ralph Metzner and Richard Alpert (later known as Baba Ram Dass) collaborated on a book titled "The Psychedelic Experience", which adapted portions of the "Book of the Dead" as a guide for use in LSD experiences. They hoped to give users of LSD a simulation of death and rebirth, to "liberate" them from past problems or mistakes in their lives. Many persons did have positive results from their book. Others pursued it like a fad, and were not helped or changed for the better.
John Lennon of The Beatles adapted the adaptation in turn, using many of the book's ideas for his song "Tomorrow Never Knows". He later denounced "The Psychedelic Experience", calling it "that stupid book of Leary's," but his song spread its influence.

ChalkZone
"ChalkZone" is a American animated television series. It is about a boy named Rudy. Rudy has magic chalk. When Rudy draws on the board with the magic chalk, it lets him go to a chalk world called Chalk Zone. Whatever he draws on the chalk board, or in Chalk Zone, comes to life.

F-22 Raptor
The F-22 Raptor is a fighter made by Lockheed Martin. It first flew in 1990, and entered service in the United States Air Force in 2005. Because it is expensive, not as many will serve as other fighters. It uses stealth, which means it cannot be seen on radar. It can hold 6 AIM-120 AMRAAM missiles and 2 AIM-9 Sidewinder missiles. Its top speed is 2.4 times the speed of sound and it features thrust vectoring, where the plane's thrust nozzles turn to turn it.

Edomites
The Edomites were an ancient people who lived near Israel. The Old Testament of the Bible says they got their name from Esau, (also known as Edom), the brother of Jacob (also known as Israel). In the Roman Empire, the area where they lived was called "Idumaea".

Hollywood (Jay-Z song)
"Hollywood" is the fourth single from Jay-Z's latest solo album Kingdom Come. The song features Jay-Z's longtime girlfriend, R&B singer Beyoncé. The song is also featured on Beyoncé's B'Day Deluxe Edition with more of Beyoncé's vocals and less of Jay-Z's under the title "Welcome To Hollywood".
Music video.
A video for Jay-Z's album version does not exist but an official video was created for "Welcome to Hollywood" using clips of different Beyoncé videos (much like the "Lose My Breath" megamix on the Destiny's Child Fan Pack II). The video is played as an interlude on Beyoncé's B'Day Tour, The Beyoncé Experience.

Summertime (Beyoncé song)
"Summertime" is a single released by R&B singer Beyoncé featuring rapper P. Diddy in 2003. The song was the second and final single released to promote the film "The Fighting Temptations", in which Knowles plays the leading lady. The song isn't featured in the film but is part of the official soundtrack. It first appeared as a B-side to Knowles' 2003 smash hit "Crazy in love".
As it was released just seven days after the third single from Knowles' "Dangerously in Love", "Me, Myself and I", the song did not become a big hit and an official music video was never shot for it. The song however was part of the set list on Knowles' Dangerously in Love World Tour.

Fabaceae
Fabaceae is the systematic name of plant family, commonly known as Pea family, consisting in three subgroups namely, Caesalpinioideae, Mimosoideae and Papilionoideae (or better Faboideae). In the modern systems like as APG II circumscription this family Fabaceae is close related to quillaja Quillajaceae, and Polygalaceae or milkworts (including the families Diclidantheraceae, Moutabeaceae, and Xanthophyllaceae), and Surianaceae.
Description.
The leaves are usually alternate and compound, in the Mimosoideae and the Caesalpinioideae commonly bipinnate (e.g. "Acacia", "Mimosa"). In many species the leaves have structures evolved to attract ants, that, being predatory, protect the plant from herbivore insects. Extrafloral nectaries -a gland secreting nectar -are common among the Mimosoideae and the Caesalpinioideae and are also found in some Faboideae (e.g. vetches "Vicia sativa"). Fabaceae are typically entomophilous plants (i.e. they are pollinated by insects) and the flower are usually showy to attract the pollinators.
In the Mimosoideae the flowers are radial symmetric or actinomorphic. In the Caesalpinioideae and Faboideae (see diagram) are most often zygomorphic or bilateral in simmetry.
Other sites.
Caesalpinioideae: Senna (herb)
Papilionoideae: Broom (shrub)

List of political parties in Germany
This is a list of political parties in Germany.
Germany has a multi-party system. There are two large parties, three smaller parties, and a number of minor parties.

Bundesversammlung
The Bundesversammlung, or "Federal Convention", is a special federal body in Germany.
It is made up of all of the members of the Bundestag, plus an equal number of delegates elected by the parliaments of the Länder. This means that it has at about 1200 members.
The only job of the Bundesversammlung is to elect the Federal President.
Meeting.
The Bundesversammlung is called to meet by the President of the Bundestag, and the President of the Bundestag acts as Chairman of the Bundesversammlung.
The Bundesversammlung meets at least thirty days before the end of the Federal President's term of office ends, in order to elect the next president. If the Federal President dies or is impeached, the Bundesversammlung meets within 30 days.
Electing the President.
The Bundesversammlung does not hold debates or question any of the candidates for president.
It chooses the next Federal President by an absolute majority vote. If no-one has an absolute majority on the second ballot, then they hold a third ballot, and the winner is the person who has the highest number of vote.

Friedrich Ebert
Friedrich Ebert (February 4, 1871 – February 28, 1925) was a German politician (SPD).
He was Chancellor of Germany and its first president during the Weimar period.

Walter Simons
Walter Simons (1861 - 1937) was a German politician. He was president of the German Supreme Court from 1922 - 1929. After the death of Friedrich Ebert in February, 1925 he was acting president of the Weimar Republic from 12 March, 1925 until 12 May, 1925 when the next president, Paul von Hindenburg, was elected and assumed office.

Full Moon (album)
"Full Moon" is the third studio album by R&B singer Brandy Norwood. It contains the hit songs like "What About Us", "Another Day In Paradise" and "Full Moon".

U Don't Know Me (Like U Used to)
"U Don't Know Me (Like U Used to) - The Remix EP" is the first EP by American R&B singer Brandy Norwood, released in 1999 (see 1999 in music). It was released for promotional use only.
Release.
During 1999, her record company, Atlantic Records, released a 9-track remix EP entitled "U Don't Know Me... Like U Used To - The Remix EP". The album contains remix versions with Da Brat, Ma$e, Fat Joe, Big Pun, Darkchild, DJ Premier and many other artists and producers. The album is seen as a maxi-single so the peak positions are the same as the peak positions of the single. The songs on "U Don't Know Me" didn't have much success with a peak position of #79 on the U.S. Hot 100, 50 in Canada and 25 in the UK. The album's lead single was "U Don't Know Me (Like U Used to) [Remix]".

The Boy is Mine
"The Boy Is Mine" is an R&B song by singers Brandy and Monica. It was written by LaShawn Daniels, Fred Jerkins III, Rodney "Darkchild" Jerkins and Brandy Norwood for Norwood's second studio album "Never Say Never" (1998) but eventually released as the lead single off of both singers' second albums during the second quarter of 1998 (see 1998 in music). Co-produced by Darkchild, Brandy and Dallas Austin, "The Boy Is Mine" has become one of the most successful R&B singles of all time. The song's lyrics tell a story about two women disputing the love of a man and were inspired by Paul McCartney and Michael Jackson's 1982 duet "The Girl Is Mine."

Euskadi Ta Askatasuna
or ETA (Basque for "Basque Homeland and Freedom"; IPA pronunciation: [) is a nationalist terrorist organization. It wants to establish a separate nation-state for the Basque people. The Basque people are an ethnic group living in areas of northern Spain and southwestern France. There are between 2 and 2.5 million Basques in the region. Some of them speak an indigenous, non-Indo-European language called Euskara.
What they are.
ETA is one of Europe’s most notorious and long-running terror groups. It was founded in 1959 from what was left of EKIN, another radical Basque separatist group. Both EKIN and ETA were created because of discontent with the moderate nationalism of the main Basque party, the Basque National Party. Since its founding, ETA has been responsible for hundreds of attacks in Spain, France, and elsewhere. It has also maintained ties with other terrorist groups both inside and outside the Basque region. These ties included the Irish Republican Army and Venezuela’s Red Flag.
Their attacks.
Most of ETA’s attacks have targeted businesses and Spanish government officials, especially members of the security services and the judiciary. Its most common tactics are bombing and assassination. Similar to the IRA, ETA sometimes issues warnings before the attacks.
The group’s most notorious success was the assassination of Admiral Luis Carrero Blanco in December 1973. At the time, Blanco was seen by many as the most likely successor to Spain’s dictator, Francisco Franco. He was killed when an underground bomb exploded beneath his car. More than twenty years later, ETA nearly assassinated Jose Maria Aznar, an opposition politician who later became prime minister.
Status change.
The status of the Basque homeland changed significantly with the end of the Franco regime and the return of democracy in 1979. Franco tried to suppress Basque nationalism and separatism. The new democratic government, on the other hand, offered significant autonomy to the Basque provinces. In a deal struck in 1980, the Basque region acquired its own parliament. It was also allowed to change taxes. In addition, the language Euskara became more prominent in public culture and education. The new autonomy, however, did not deter the radical separatists that comprised ETA. ETA has committed approximately 900 murders and dozens of kidnappings.
Change of activity.
ETA’s level of activity has changed over the years. The group has attempted several cease-fires, including a 14-month one that lasted until December 1999. While there have been a number of ETA attacks since 2000, the group has claimed fewer victims. It is believed to be shrinking. Spanish officials believe that recent crackdowns have led to a serious weakening of the group and sense that its future as a terrorist organization may be limited. There are more than one hundred suspected ETA members in Spanish prisons today.
In the past several years, ETA has done sporadic attacks, including strings of bombings in September 2004, December 2005, and early 2006. However, these bombings were generally preceded by warnings and did not result in any deaths.
Current Goals: In March 2006, ETA declared a permanent cease-fire and expressed a willingness to join the political process. The decision may have been linked to the infamous Madrid train bombings of March 11th, 2004, which killed nearly 200 people. The attack was originally blamed on ETA, though it was soon discovered to be the work of militant Islamists linked to al-Qaeda. Like the Irish Republican Army, ETA leaders may have felt that the mass casualty terrorism practiced by some radical Islamist groups discredited its violent tactics—though this is not known for certain. ETA is famous for its secretive leadership structure.
In June 2007, ETA declared its March 2006 cease-fire null-and-void, though many had seen ETA’s December 2006 bombing of an airport parking garage as an indication that the truce would not hold. An ETA spokesperson accused the Spanish government of interfering in Basque local elections as well as continuing with the prosecution and conviction of ETA members during the cease-fire.
It must be noted that ETA did not officially renounce violence or initiate steps to decommission its weapons (as the IRA did in July 2005) as part of its cease-fire declaration. ETA cease-fires have deteriorated into violence before.

Petr Eben
Petr Eben (Žamberk, 22 January 1929; died Prague 24 October 2007) was a Czech composer and organist. Many musicians think of him as the most important Czech composer of the late 20th century. He was known world wide for his organ playing. He was especially good at improvisation.
His Life.
Eben grew up in Český Krumlov in south Bohemia. He learned to play the piano, and later the cello and organ. Because his father was a Jew he had to leave school in 1943 and spent the rest of the war years in concentration camp in Buchenwald. In the camp he saw many terrible things, including graves into which the Nazis were throwing lots of murdered Jews. These terrible things influenced his music in later years. He had a strong faith and this helped him to survive during 40 years of living in Czechoslovakia under communist rule.
After the war he went to Prague Academy for Music where he studied the piano with František Rauch and composition with Pavel Bořkovec. In 1955 he got a job as lecturer at Charles University in Prague. He stayed there until 1990. He was the country’s best composer, and he should have had promotion, but the communist politicians did not allow this. He went to church every Sunday with his family. This did not help his career in a communist state.
After the Velvet Revolution in 1989, when his country became free from the Soviet Union, he started to become a national hero. He was made Professor of Composition and president of the Prague Spring Music Festival. Many music festivals performed his compositions, and he traveled to hear the concerts in spite of the fact that he was starting to become ill. His music was often played in England, where he had spent two years as professor of composition at the Royal Northern College of Music in Manchester from 1978 to 1979. In March 2007 the BBC Symphony Orchestra under their Czech conductor Jiří Bělohlávek performed his "Vox Clamantis", a work he had written in 1968 which shows the Czech people’s longing to be free.
His compositions.
Eben continued during his lifetime to develop the style of music in which he wrote. He was interested in Czech folk music and he wrote down many folk songs that he heard in Moravia. He listened to plainchant in church music. All this helped him to develop his own style of composition. He is best-known abroad for his organ music, especially works such as "Musica Dominicalis" ("Sunday Music") which includes a popular piece called "Moto Ostinato". Other organ works include "Faust" (1980), "Job" (1987) and "A Festive Voluntary" which is a set of variations on the tune of "Good King Wenceslas", written for the reopening in 1986 of the organ at Chichester Cathedral which had just been restored. He also wrote a lot of music for orchestra as well as chamber music. He composed some beautiful music for children’s choir, including church music called "Liturgical Songs".

Totalitarianism
Totalitarianism is a word used to describe modern regimes (political systems) where the government controls every part of public and private behavior, including the way that people think. It involves extreme collectivization (that of the mind included) and the personal becomes the political. This idea was mainly used in The Soviet Union.
It often involves mass participation in events such as parades or rallies.

Gothic metal
Gothic metal is a fusion genre of gothic rock, doom metal and death metal.

Lüneburg
Lüneburg is a city in Lower Saxony in north Germany. It is about 50km southeast of Hamburg. It is the capital of the District of Lüneburg. About 102,660 people live there.
The Ilmenau River, a tributary of the Elbe, flows through Lüneburg.
In medieval times the town was very rich due to the salt trade. Salt used to be transported along the Old Salt Route to the Baltic Sea from where it was sent by ship to other countries. There were salt mines near the town for a thousand years. Salt mining stopped in 1980. The salt mining caused a lot of deforestation. The countryside changed into heathland which is called the Lüneburger Heide (Lüneburg Heath).
On May 23, 1945 the Nazi war criminal Heinrich Himmler committed suicide in Lüneburg after he had been captured by the British Army. He swallowed a potassium cyanide capsule before his interrogation could begin.
Lüneburg is twinned with Scunthorpe, England.

Paul von Hindenburg
Paul Ludwig Hans Anton von Beneckendorff und von Hindenburg (), known as Paul von Hindenburg (). October 2, 1847 – August 2, 1934). He was a German field marshal and statesman.
Hindenburg retired from the army in 1911. He rejoined the army at the start of the First World War. He became famous when he won the Battle of Tannenberg in 1914.
Hindenburg retired again in 1919, but returned to public life one more time in 1925 to be elected as the second President of Germany.
He was 84 years old and in poor health, but had to run for re-election in 1932 as the only candidate who could defeat Adolf Hitler. He tried to stop the Nazi Party's rise to power, but had to appoint Hitler as Chancellor in January 1933. In March he signed the Enabling Act of 1933 which gave special powers to Hitler's government. Hindenburg died the next year, after which Hitler declared the office of President vacant and made himself Head of State.
The famous zeppelin "Hindenburg" that was destroyed by fire in 1937 had been named in his honour, as is the causeway joining the island of Sylt to mainland Schleswig-Holstein, the Hindenburgdamm, built during his time in office.
1925 election.
In 1925, Hindenburg had no interest in running for public office. After the first round Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz, one of the leaders of the DNVP, visited Hindenburg and asked him to run.
Hindenburg eventually agreed to run in the second round of the elections as a non-party independent, although he was a conservative. Because he was Germany's greatest war hero, Hindenburg won the election in the second round of voting held on 26 April, 1925.
He was helped when the Bavarian People's Party (BVP), switched its support from Marx, the SPD candidate and the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) to did not withdraw its candidate, Ernst Thälmann. If they had their supporters would most likely have voted for the SPD and Hindenburg may not have won.
First term.
Hindenburg tried to stay out of day-to-politics, and be a ceremonial president. He liked the monarchy, but took his oath to the Weimar Constitution seriously.
Hindenburg often complained that he missed the quiet of his retirement and, that politics was full of ideas like economics that he did not understand.
He advisers included his son, Oskar, his old army aide General Wilhelm Groener, and General Kurt von Schleicher. They did not like the democratic rules of the Weimar Republic, and wanted a change. The younger Hindenburg served as his father's aide-de-camp and controlled politicians' access to the President.
Schleicher came up with the idea of "Presidential government", and the "25/48/53 formula".
Schleicher's wanted to have Hindenburg appoint a chancellor that Schleicher's chose. If that chancellor needed any laws he could use article 48. If the Reichstag should threaten to cancell any of those laws d, Hindenburg could threaten a dissolution, and call new elections. Hindenburg did not like the idea, butwas pressured into going along with them by his son and his other advisors..
Presidential government.
The first try at "presidential government" in 1926 – 1927 failed for lack of political support. During the winter of 1929 – 1930, Schleicher had a series of secret meetings with Heinrich Brüning, the leader of the Catholic Center Party ("Zentrum").
Schleicher then set about splitting the "Grand Coalition" government of the Social Democrats and the German People’s Party. As a reult the government fell in March 1930 and Brüning was named Chancellor by Hindenburg.
Brüning's first act was to introduce a budget calling for steep spending cuts and sharp tax increases. When the budget was defeated in July, Brüning had Hindenburg sign the budget as an emergency law under Article 48. When the Reichstag voted to cancel the budget, Brüning had Hindenburg dissolve Reichstag only two years into its mandate, and had the budget passed again by Article 48. The Nazis got 17% of the vote in the September 1930 elections. The Communist Party of Germany also made gains.
Brüning ruled through Article 48; the Social Democrats never voted not to cancel his Article 48 bills in order not to have another election that could only benefit the Nazis and the Communists.
1932 Election.
In the first round of the election held in March 1932, Hindenburg was the frontrunner, but did not have an absolute majority. In the runoff election of April 1932, Hindenburgbeat Hitler for the Presidency.
After the presidential elections had ended, Schleicher held a series of secret meetings with Hitler in May 1932, and thought that Hitler had agreed to support the new "presidential government" Schleicher was building.
In May 1932 Schleicher had Hindenburg sack Groener as Defence Minister to humiliate both Groener and Brüning. On 31 May 1932, Hindenburg sacked Brüning as Chancellor and replaced him with Schleicher's suggestion, Franz von Papen.
von Papen's government openly wanted to destroy German democracy. Like Brüning's government, von Papen's government was a "presidential government" that governed through the use of Article 48.
As Schleicher wanted, Hindenburg dissolved the Reichstag and set new elections for July 1932. Schleicher and von Papen both believed that the Nazis would win the majority of the seats and would support von Papen's government.
The Nazi party did became the largest party in the Reichstag, and expected Hitler would be Chancellor. When Hindenburg met Hitler on 13 August 1932, in Berlin, Hindenburg rejected Hitler's demands for the Chancellorship.
Hindenburg issued a press release about his meeting with Hitler that seemed to say that Hitler had demanded absolute power and that the President had refused. Hitler was enraged by this press release.
When the Reichstag met in September 1932, its first and only act was to pass a massive vote of no-confidence in von Papen’s government. In response, von Papen had Hindenburg dissolve the Reichstag for elections in November 1932. In the 1949 constitution, a vote of no confidence must be accompanied by the election of a new chancellor, so this could not happen.
In the second Reichstag elections of 1932 the Nazis lost some support, but stayed the largest party in the Reichstag. There ensued another round of talks between Hindenburg, von Papen, von Schleicher on the one hand and Hitler and the other Nazi leaders on the other.
Hitler still demanded that Hindenburg give him the Chancellorship. Hindenburg could not accept this, so von Papen suggested Hindenburg declare martial law and do away with democracy.
Von Papen got Oscar Hindenburg to support the plan, and they persuaded the president to ignore his oath to the Constitution and go along with this plan. Schleicher saw von Papen as a threat so he blocked the martial law plan by saying it would make the Nazi SA and the Communist Red Front Fighters rebel, and that the Poles would invade and the Reichswehr would be unable to cope.
von Papen to resigned in December 1932 and von Schleicher replace him. von Papen still believed that he could control Hitler from behind the scenes and decided to support him for Chancellor. von Papen then started pressuring Hindenburg into naming Hitler as Chancellor.
Hindenburg hated the idea of Hitler as Chancellor, but under pressure from Meißner, von Papen and Oskar Hindenburg the President decided to appoint Hitler Chancellor. On the morning of 30 January 1933, Hindenburg swore Hitler in as Chancellor at the Presidential Palace.
The "Machtergreifung".
Hindenburg played key role in the Nazi "Machtergreifung" (Seizure of Power) in 1933. He was not involved in the planning, but did not stop Hitler. In the "Government of National Concentration" headed by Hitler, the Nazis were in the minority. Most of the ministers were from the von Papen and von Schleicher governments. Besides Hitler, the only other Nazi ministers were Hermann Göring and Wilhelm Frick.
Hindenburg thought that the Nazis' power was limited, especially as his favourite politician, von Papen, was the Vice-Chancellor and the Reich Commissioner for Prussia.
Hitler's first act as Chancellor was to ask Hindenburg to dissolve the Reichstag so that the Nazis and D.N.V.P. could increase their number of seats, Hindenburg agreed.
In early February 1933, von Papen had an Article 48 bill signed into law that limited the freedom of press. After the Reichstag fire, Hindenburg signed into law the "Reichstag Fire Decree".
At the opening of the new "Reichstag" on 21 March 1933, at the Kroll Opera House, the Nazis staged an elaborate ceremony, in which Hindenburg played the leading part, that was meant to mark the continuity between the Prussian-German tradition and the new Nazi state.
The ceremony at the Kroll Opera House had the effect of reassuring many Germans, especially conservative Germans, that life would be fine under the new regime. On 23 March 1933, Hindenburg signed the Enabling Act into law.
Hindenburg was still very popular, but his health was getting worse. The Nazis made sure that whenever Hindenburg did appear in public Hitler was with him, and that Hitler was always very respectful to the President. The nazi propagandists hooped people would think Hindenburg liked Hitler, and nHitler would become more poular.
The only time Hindenburg ever tried to stop a Nazi bill was in early April 1933. The Reichstag had passed a "Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service]". This said that all Jewish civil servants working for the "Reich", the "Länder", or the local districts should be sacked immediately.
Hindenburg refused to sign this bill into law unless all Jewish veterans of World War I, Jewish civil servants who served in the civil service during the war and those Jewish civil servants whose fathers were veterans were allowed to stay in office. Hitler agreed, in order to get the law signed, even though he believed that the Jews had tried to undermine Germany during the Great War. It was Hindenburg who said that Germany lost the First World War because of politicians and others "stabbing the Army in the back". Hindenburg did not believe the story. He said it so that his wartime deputy Erich von Ludendorff would not write bad things in his memoirs. But Hitler did believe the story, and used it to gain power.
Hindenburg stayed president until he died from lung cancer at his home in "Neudeck", East Prussia on 2 August 1934.
One day before Hindenburg's death, Hitler flew to "Neudeck" and visited him. Hindenburg, old and senile, thought he was meeting Kaiser Wilhelm II, and called Hitler "Your Majesty".
He would be Germany's last president until 1945, when Karl Dönitz was appointed president in Hitler's last will. Following Hindenburg's death, Hitler declared the office of President to be permanently vacant, effectively merging it with the office of Chancellor under the title of Leader and Chancellor ("Führer und Reichskanzler"), making himself Germany's Head of State and Head of government.
Burial.
Hindenburg was buried in the Tannenberg memorial near Tannenberg, East Prussia (today: Stębark, Poland). But Hindenburg always said he wanted to be buried next to his wife. In 1945, German troops removed his and his wife's coffins, to save them from the approaching Soviet troops.

Sharon Osbourne
Sharon Osbounre (born 9 October 1952) is a British music manager, television presenter, and talent show judge. Osbourne first became famous on "The Osbournes" which was a reality show that showed Osbourne and her family in their daily lives.
She has also been a judge on the talent shows "The X Factor" and "America's Got Talent". Her autobiography, "Extreme", which Osbourne wrote about her life, was very successful and has sold 2 million copies.
She is married to the rock singer Ozzy Osbourne and she has three kids with him named Kelly Osbourne, Jack Osbourne and Aimee Osbourne.

Cy Young
Denton True "Cy" Young (March 29, 1867 – November 4, 1955) was an American baseball player who was a pitcher for five different professional baseball teams from 1890 to 1911. He set many pitching records during his 22-year career in Major League Baseball (MLB), some of which have stood for 100 years. When Young retired from baseball, he had won a total of 511 games in his career, the most in MLB history and 94 more wins than Walter Johnson, who is second on the list.
In 1956, the MLB created the Cy Young Award. The award is given each year to the pitcher who is voted the most effective in each of the two leagues. Young was voted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1939. During his professional career, Young won 30 or more games in a season five times, with ten other seasons of 20+ wins. He also pitched three no-hitters, including the first perfect game of baseball's "modern era."
In addition to wins, Young holds the MLB records for most career innings pitched (7,355), most career games started (815), and most complete games (749). He also retired with 316 losses, the most in MLB history (the only other pitcher with more than 300 career losses was Pud Galvin). Young also had 76 career shutouts, the fourth most in history.
In 1999, 88 years after his final Major League appearance and 44 years after his death, editors at "The Sporting News" ranked Cy Young 14th on their list of "Baseball's 100 Greatest Players". That same year, baseball fans named Young to the Major League Baseball All-Century Team.
Early life.
Young was born in Gilmore, Ohio, a farming community located in eastern Ohio. Young went by the name "Dent Young" in his early years.
He was raised on a farm and was sometimes called "Farmer Young" and "Farmboy Young". Young stopped going to school after he finished 6th grade.
Professional career.
Young began his professional career in 1889 with the Canton, Ohio team of the Tri-State League, a professional minor league. The catcher who warmed up Young gave him the nickname "Cyclone" because of the speed of his fastball. Reporters then shortened the name to "Cy". "Cy" became the nickname he used the rest of his life.
In 1890, Young signed for $500 with the Cleveland Spiders, which had moved up from the American Association to the National League the previous year.
Two years later, the National League moved the pitcher's mound from fifty feet away from the home plate (where it had been since 1881) to sixty feet and six inches. In the book "James Guide to Pitchers", sports journalist Rob Neyer wrote that the reason for the move was that pitchers like Cy Young, Amos Rusie, and Jouett Meekin threw too fast at the shorter distance.
On September 18, 1897, Young pitched the first no-hitter of his career in a game against the Cincinnati Reds. Although Young did not walk a batter, the Spiders committed four errors while on defense.
Before the 1899 season, Frank Robison, the owner of the Spiders, bought the St. Louis Browns, thus owning two clubs at the same time. Just weeks before the start of the season, most of the better Spiders players were transferred to St. Louis, including three future Hall of Famers: Young, Jesse Burkett and Bobby Wallace. Despite the changes in the team members, St. Louis finished fifth in both 1899 and 1900. The Spiders lost 134 games, the most in MLB history, before folding.
In 1901, Young left St. Louis and joined the American League's Boston Americans for a $3,500 contract. Young stayed with the Boston team until 1909.
Young was traded back to Cleveland before the 1909 season, this time to the Cleveland Naps of the American League. He split 1911, his final year, between the Naps and the Boston Rustlers.
On September 22, 1911, Young shut out the Pittsburgh Pirates and their pitcher Babe Adams 1-0, for his last career win. However, two weeks later, Young's 906th and final game ended badly: the last eight batters of Young's career combined to hit a triple, four singles and three doubles.
Young's legacy.
Young retired after the 1911 season with 511 career wins. His win total set the record for most career wins by a pitcher. At the time, Pud Galvin had the second most career wins with 364. Walter Johnson, then in his fourth season, finished his career with 417 wins and is now second on the list. However, Johnson broke Young's career record for strikeouts.
Cy Young's career is seen as a bridge from baseball's earliest days to its modern era. When Young's career began, pitchers delivered the baseball underhand and fouls were not counted as strikes. The pitcher's mound was not moved back to its present position of 60 feet, six inches until Young's fourth season. He did not wear a glove until his sixth.
Young also said that his offseason farming chores, including wood chopping, kept his pitching arm in good shape until he was 44. Even at the time of his retirement, his arm was healthy, but Young had gained weight and was unable to field his position anymore. In three of his last four years, he was the oldest player in the league.
The first Cy Young Award was voted on in 1956, and was given to Brooklyn's Don Newcombe. Originally, it was a single award covering the whole of baseball. The honor was divided into two Cy Young Awards in 1967, one for each league.

Arabic alphabet
The Arabic alphabet is an alphabet that has been used to write the Arabic language. Some other languages use a similar writing system; examples are Persian and Urdu.
There are 28 basic letters. All of them are cursive, both in handwriting and in print. This means that inside a word, a letter is usually directly connected to the letter following it. Arabic is written from right to left. Each letter can have up to 4 different forms. Which of the forms is used depends on the letters before and after it. The form for uppercase letters and lowercase letters is the same.
The alphabet can also be used to write numbers. This was common in the Middle Ages. Today it can be found more rarely. Usually, Latin-alphabet ("Arabic") numbers are used.
Another usage that is rare today, is to use the letters of the alphabet to stand for numbers. That way, the letter ' is 1, ' is 2, ' is 3, and so on until ' = 10, ' = 20, ' = 30, …, ' = 200, …, ' = 1000. This is sometimes used to produce chronograms.

Brandenburg Gate
The Brandenburg Gate () is one of the main symbols of Berlin, Germany. It is between the Platz des 18. März and the Pariser Platz. It is the only remaining gate through which people used to enter Berlin. A little to the north is the Reichstag building. During the Cold War the Reichstag was in West Berlin, and the Brandenburger Tor in East Berlin. It was built between 1788 and 1791.
Design.
The Brandenburg Gate has twelve columns, six on the entrance side and six on the exit. The columns form five roadways, citizens originally were allowed to use only the outer two. This is rather like Admiralty Arch in London, the central roadway is reserved so that royal and important traffic is not delayed. On top of the gate is the Quadriga. This is Viktoria, the goddess of victory driving a Quadriga, a type of horse drawn chariot.
The gate is high, wide, and thick.
After 1806, when Prussia was defeated at the Battle of Jena-Auerstedt, Napoleon stole the Quadriga and took it to Paris. When Napoleon was beaten in 1814 Prussian General Ernst von Pfuel occupied Pais and took the Quadriga back to Berlin, the olive wreath was changed to an Iron Cross. The Goddess Viktoria became Nike, goddess of victory.
When the Nazis came to power, they used the Gate as their symbol. The Gate was damaged but not destroyed during World War II. The governments of East Berlin and West Berlin restored it but it was closed when the Berlin Wall was built in 1961. The gate was in the middle of the death strip
von Weizsäcker was the President of Germany at the reunification
The Gate then symbolized the freedom to unite the City of Berlin. On the 22nd of December 1989, the Brandenburg Gate re-opened when Helmut Kohl, the West German Chancellor, walked through to be greeted by Hans Modrow, the East German Prime Minister.
On December 21, 2000, the Brandenburg Gate was privately refurbished at a cost of 3 million dollar cost.

Languages of the Caucasus
The languages of the Caucasus are languages spoken by more than ten million people in the Caucasus region of Eastern Europe and Western Asia, between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea.
Some of those language families have no known members outside the Caucasus area. The term Caucasian languages can mean these families, or more known to all languages historically spoken in that area.

Lake Urmia
Lake Urmia (Persian: دریاچه ارومیه) is a salt lake in north west of Iran. It is in the provinces of East Azarbaijan and West Azarbaijan, and is located to the south-west of the close shaped Caspian Sea. It is the largest lake inside Iran, and the second biggest salt lake of the world. It is the largest lake in the Middle East.
The location of Lake Urmia is at. It has a surface area of about 5,200 km² (2,000 mile²). At its biggest extent, it is about 140 km (87 miles) long, and 55 km (34 miles) wide. Its deepest point is approximately 16 m (52 ft) deep. It receives water from thirteen rivers coming from the near mountains, and it has no output.
Lake Urmia lies between West Azarbaijan and East Azarbaijan provinces. Tabriz is the biggest city to its east, and Urmia is the biggest city to its west. The shortest way between these cities is to go round the lake. In 1970s a project was started to create a bridge across the lake. This project was canceled when Islamic Revolution happened in 1979. However, the project was started again in 2000s; it is planned to be finished by the end of 2007.
The lake has a very salty water. The concentration of salt is different in each season of the year; it may be 26-28% in the late Autumn.
Lake Urmia is getting smaller and smaller each year. This is because the rivers which bring water to it have become smaller.
History.
This lake was historically named Chaychast (Persian: چیچست). Later, it was named "Urmia" by the Assyrian people. The word "Urmia" consists of two parts: "ur" means city and "mia" means water. "Urmia" was the name given to the city of Urmia, which is located near this lake. The lake was then named Lake Urmia, after the name given to the city. In the early years of the 20th century, it was named "Rezaiyeh Lake" after the name of Reza Pahlavi, the king of Iran. After the Islamic Revolution, its name was changed back to "Urmia Lake".
Life near Lake Urmia.
Different creatures live inside or near this lake, including some species of shrimps, amphibians and birds like flamingos and pelicans.
Urmia Lake has shallow borders with lots of mud. Different creatures live inside the mud, including frogs, snails and worms. The mud is said to have good effects in treatment of some diseases of the joints.
Islands.
Aram, Arash, Ardeshir, Arezu, Ashk, Ashk-Sar, Ashku, Atash, Azar, Azin, Bahram, Bard, Bardak, Bardin, Bastvar, Bon, Bon-Ashk, Borz, Borzin, Borzu, Chak-Tappeh, Cheshmeh-Kenar, Dey, Espir, Espirak, Espiro, Garivak, Giv, Golgun, Gordeh, Gorz, Iran-Nezhad, Jodarreh, Jovin, Jowzar, Kabudan, Kafchehnok, Kakayi-e Bala, Kakayi-ye Miyaneh, Kakayi-e Pain, Kalsang, Kam, Kaman, Kameh, Kariveh, Karkas, Kaveh, Kazem-Dashi, Kenarak, Khersak, Kuchek-Tappeh, Magh, Mahdis, Mahvar, Markid, Mehr, Mehran, Mehrdad, Meshkin, Meydan, Miyaneh, Nadid, Nahan, Nahid, Nahoft, Nakhoda, Navi, Naviyan, Omid, Panah, Penhan, Pishva, Sahran, Samani, Sangan, Sangu, Sarijeh, Sepid, Shabdiz, Shahi (Eslami), Shahin, Shamshiran, Shur-Tappeh, Shush-Tappeh, Siyavash, Siyah-Sang, Siyah-Tappeh, Sorkh, Sorush, Tak, Takht, Takhtan, Tanjeh, Tanjak, Tashbal, Tir, Tus, Zagh, Zar-Kaman, Zarkanak, Zar-Tappeh, Zirabeh.

Giuseppe Piazzi
Giuseppe Piazzi (July 7, 1746 – July 22, 1826) was an Italian astronomer who was famous for discovering the asteriod, now dwarf planet "Ceres".

Ceres (mythology)
In Roman mythology, Ceres was the goddess of growing plants (particularly cereals) and of motherly love. Her name derives from the Proto-Indo-European root "ker", meaning "to grow", which is also the root for the words "create" and "increase".

Vesta (mythology)
Vesta was the virgin goddess of the hearth, home, and family in Roman mythology.

Heinrich Wilhelm Olbers
Heinrich Wilhelm Matthäus Olbers (October 11, 1758–March 2, 1840) was a German astronomer, physician and physicist.

Minstrel
A minstrel was a composer of the medieval time period. Other names for them are minnesinger, troubadour and trouvere.

Gnathostomata
Gnathostomata is the group of vertebrates with jaws.
The group is traditionally a superclass, incluiding the familiar classes of fish, birds, mammals, and so forth, and a sister group of the jawless vertebrates Agnatha. However, recent genetic studies are causing a reassessment of Gnathostomata as a grouping.
The Gnathostomata first appeared in the Ordovician period and became common in the Devonian period.

Niger River
The Niger River is the main river of western Africa. It is over 4180 km (2500 miles long. It has a crescent shape and it goes through Guinea, Mali, Niger, on the border with Benin and then through Nigeria. Finally, it reaches the sea at a large delta, called the Niger Delta of the Oil Rivers. This part of the Atlantic Ocean is called the Gulf of Guinea. The Niger is the third-longest river in Africa. (Only by the Nile and the Congo are longer. Its main tributary is the Benue River.
Etymology.
No-one knows the origin of the name Niger. Many people think that it comes from the Latin word for "black", "niger", but there is no evidence for this, and Portuguese explorers would probably have used their own word ("negro") on their maps. Also, the Niger is not a blackwater river (see Rio Negro). (Some people think that 'black' may mean the colour of the people in this area, but this did not happen with any other river in Africa.)
Therefore, most people think the name is from the original people of the area in the middle of the river where early European maps used the name "Quorra". One possibility is the Tuareg phrase "gher n gheren" "river of rivers", shortened to "ngher", from the middle of the river near Timbuktu.
The Tabula Peutingeriana says "Flumen Girin" (River Girin) and "Hoc flumen quidam Grin vocant, alii Nilum appellant dicint enim sub terra Etyopium in Nilum ire Lacum.", which means "This river which some are naming Grin is called Nile by others and is thought to flow under the ground of Ethiopia (i.e. modern Africa) into the Nile Lake."
Nigeria and Niger take their names from the river. The people who live beside the river have many names for it, such as "Jeliba" or "Joliba" ("great river" in Manding), "Isa Ber" ("big river" in Songhay), "Oya," (a Yoruba River Niger goddess), and "Kworra" or "Quorra." The last name was the name that Europeans used for the lower part of the river before they knew that the upper and lower parts were connected.
Geography.
The Niger River is quite a clear river. It has only 10% as much sediment as the Nile because the Niger's source is in very old rocks that have little silt. Like the Nile, the Niger River has a flood every year; this begins in September, becomes strongest in November, and finishes by May.
An unusual feature of the river is the Niger Inland Delta. This forms where the river suddenly becomes less steep. This makes a region of connected streams, marshes, and lakes over an amount of land the same size as Belgium. The yearly floods make the delta very good for fishing and agriculture.
The Niger takes an unusual route. It is a boomerang shape and this confused Europeans for 2000 years. Its source is only 240 km (150 miles) from the Atlantic Ocean, but the river flows away from the sea into the Sahara Desert, then turns right near the ancient city of Timbuktu (Tombouctou). From here, it goes southeast to the Gulf of Guinea.
Ancient Romans thought that the river near Timbuktu was part of the Nile River and Ibn Battuta had the same opinion. Early 17th-century European explorers thought that it flowed west and joined the Sénégal River. Many local people probably knew the real route, but Europeans only knew it in the late 19th century, when it was mentioned in the book "Travels in the Interior of Africa" by the Scottish explorer Mungo Park. This unusual route happened because the Niger River is two ancient rivers which are joined together. The upper Niger, from the source, past Timbuktu, to the bend in the river, used to empty into a lake, but the lake has now gone. However, the lower Niger started in hills near the lake and flowed south into the Gulf of Guinea. The Sahara Desert dried up in 4000-1000 BC, and the two rivers changed their routes and they joined. (Some people disagree, but most people think this is true.)
The northern part of the river, which is called the "Niger bend", is important because it is the Sahara Desert's closest big river. Therefore, trade across the west of the Sahara came here, and it became the centre of the Sahelian kingdoms of Mali and Gao.
Pictures.
Pictures of the in Mali

Flag of Mali
The flag of Mali has three equal vertical stripes. Starting from the flagpole, the colours are green, gold, and red, which are the pan-African colours.
The flag became official on March 1, 1961. The original flag became official on April 4, 1959, when Mali joined the Mali Federation. This flag was the same, but the golden stripe had a human "stick figure", called a "kanaga", in black, with its arms pointing to the sky. The figure was removed because of an Islamic belief against making pictures of humans. (Mali is about 90% Muslim.)

Coat of Arms of Mali
On 20 October, 1973, the coat of arms of the Republic of Mali was made. The motto of the Republic of Mali is "Un Peuple, Un But, Une Foi" (One People, One Goal, One Faith).

Heads of government of Mali
This is a list of Heads of Government of Mali.
Parties.
ADM = "Adema" Alliance pour la Démocratie en Mali-Parti Pan-Africain pour la Liberté, la Solidarité et la Justice (Alliance for Democracy in Mali-Pan-African Party for Liberty, Solidarity and Justice) - "centrist"
CCD = Coalition for Change and Democracy
PARENA = Party for National Renewal
UDPM = Union Démocratique des Pepul Maliens (Democratic Union of the Malian People)
US-RDA = Union Soudanais/Rassemblement Démocratique Africain (Sudanese Union/African Democratic Rally)

.ml
.ml is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Mali.

French Sudan
French Sudan (Fr.: "Soudan") was a colony in French West Africa.
Existence.
It existed at two separate times. The first time was from 1890 to 1899, and the second was from 1920 to 1960. In 1960 it became the independent nation of Mali.
Beginning.
It was created as a French territory on September 9, 1880 and its name was "Upper Senegal".
Name.
The name changed to the "French Sudan Territory" on August 18, 1890, and its capital was Kayes. On October 10, 1899, French Sudan was broken into pieces: 11 southern provinces became part of French Guinea, Côte d'Ivoire and Dahomey. However, two provinces were returned in 1900.
History.
In 1902 the parts of the colony which were not organised into military districts became Senegambia and Niger, then the name changed to Upper Senegal and Niger in 1904. Finally, the old name of French Sudan returned in a reorganisation in 1920.
In 1933, Upper Volta stopped existing (It began again in 1947.) and French Sudan gained some of its provinces.
Independence.
After the October 4, 1958 French vote about the constitution, the "République Soudanaise" joined the French Community, again with the name French Sudan, and it gained complete domestic control on 25 November, 1958.
On April 4, 1959, French Sudan was joined with Senegal to form the Mali Federation. This became fully independent but still inside the French Community on June 20, 1960. This union finished on August 20, 1960, when Senegal left. On 22 September, French Sudan changed its name to the Republic of Mali and left the French Community.

Cunnilingus
Cunnilingus is the act of a man or another woman performing oral sex using the mouth, lips, and tongue to stimulate the female sex organs. The clitoris is the most sensitive part of the female genitalia. The term comes from a Latin word for the vulva ("cunnus") and from the Latin word for tongue ("lingua"). Most women achieve orgasm easily from clitoral stimulation as part of cunnilingus.

Agnatha
Agnatha ("no jaws") is a paraphyletic superclass of jawless fish in the chordate, subphylum of the vertebrates.
Characteristics.
Agnatha have existed since the Cambrian, and continue to live in modern times. There are two extant group of jawless fish, the lampreys and the hagfish, with about 100 species between them. In addition to the absence of jaws, the Agnatha are characterised by absence of paired fins, the presence notochord both in larvae and adults; and seven or more paired gill pouches. The bronchial arches supporting the gill pouches lie close to body surface. There is a light sensitive pineal eye. There is no identificable stomach. The Agnatha are ectothermic, with a cartilaginous skeleton, and the heart contains 2 chambers.
Fossil agnathans.
Many Ordovician, Silurian, and Devonian agnathans were armored with heavy bony-spiky plates. The first armored agnathans the Ostracoderms, precursors to the bony fish and hence to the tetrapods (including human beings), are known from the middle Ordovician, and by the Late Silurian the agnathans had reached the high point of their evolution. Agnathans declined in the Devonian and never recovered.

Henry Cavendish
Henry Cavendish (October 10, 1731 - February 24, 1810) was a British scientist. He is famous for discovering hydrogen.
He measured the earth's mass and density with Cavendish Experiment.
He studied at Peterhouse College, which is part of the University of Cambridge but he couldn't graduate in there.
He built a laboratory near London, where vhe worked for nearly fifty years, but he only published about 20 scientific papers. Evenso, he is called one of the greatest scientist of his period.
Cavendish claimed that the force between the two electrical objects is inversely proportional to their distance's square. He explained the concept of electric potential, which was already known in Math but had been never used in electrical experiments until that day. He developed the thought of all points on a good conductor's surface have the same potential energy beside a common reference point. Because of no possibility to measure electric current, he used his body as a machine which measures strength of electric current. All Cavendish's explorations in his notebook was found and confirmed by James Clerk Maxwell.

Ornamentation (music)
In music, ornaments are notes which are added to the main notes of a piece of music in order to make it more interesting. There are several types of ornaments, including trills and slides. Music of the Renaissance and Baroque periods have lots of ornaments. The composer usually shows what ornaments are needed by little signs written above the notes. In some pieces, especially in slow movements, the composers often did not show the ornaments that are needed: they expected the performers to put them in themselves. Understanding the correct way of ornamenting music used to be a very important part of the art of singing or playing a musical instrument.
The correct way of ornamenting music varied a lot from one country to another and from century to another. Ideas about how music should be performed kept changing. It is important for musicians today, who want to play music from these older periods, to know as much as possible about historical musical styles. Sometimes we have to make guesses about what a composer might have wanted. Fortunately several composers and music theorists wrote books about how to play ornaments. This enables us to understand the different performing styles. Sometimes composers wrote a preface (introduction) in their music to explain to the performer how to play the ornaments they had written.
There are different kinds of ornaments. A “grace note” is a note written in smaller print, to show that its note value (how long it lasts) does not count as part of the total time value of the measure.
In Spain, these ornaments were called "diferenzias". They were used as early as the 16th century, when the first books with music for the guitar were produced. In French music they were called "agréments".
Ornaments were still written in music from the Classical music period although they gradually became used less and less as composers started to write precisely all the notes that were to be played. By the Romantic period they were hardly being used except for “tr” meaning “trill”.
Trill.
A trill is a quick alternation between the main note and the note above it. It was also known as a "shake". Usually, if the music was written before 1800 the trill is played by starting a note above the written note. If the music was written after 1800 then the trill is usually played by starting on the note written and going up to the note above. This was not, of course, a firm rule: changes in performance style happened gradually.
Sometimes the trill ends with a turn (the note above, the main note, the note below, the main note).
The trill is shown by either a formula_1 or a formula_1~~, with the ~ representing the length of the trill, above the staff.
Mordent.
The mordent is like a very short trill, usually just the main note, the note above, and the main note again. If the middle note is the note below, this is called an “inverted mordent” or “lower mordent”.
Turn.
A short figure consisting of the note above the one indicated, the note itself, the note below the one indicated, and the note itself again. It is marked by a mirrored S-shape lying on its side above the staff.
The lower added note may or may not be chromatically raised (turn into a sharp)
An "inverted turn" (the note below the one indicated, the note itself, the note above it, and the note itself again) is usually indicated by putting a short vertical line through the normal turn sign, though sometimes the sign itself is turned upside down.
Appoggiatura.
An Appoggiatura literally means a “leaning note”. The word comes from the Italian word "appoggiare", "to lean upon". It is a note which wants to fall down to the next one which is part of the harmony. Composers often wrote an appoggiatura in small print. This usually means it must be played by taking half the time value of the next note (for example: an appoggiatura in front of a quaver (eighth note) turns both notes into two semiquavers (sixteenth notes). During the 18th century composers stopped writing them in small print and just wrote them as normal notes.
Acciaccatura.
An acciaccatura is a note which is played as fast as possible. It means a “crushed note” (in Italian "acciaccare" means "to crush"). It is normally written in small print but with a slash through it to show that it is not an appoggiatura. Most performers play acciaccaturas exactly on the beat, but sometimes it is better to play it just before the beat so that the main note is exactly on time on the beat.

Endocrine system
The endocrine system includes those organs of the body which produce hormones.
It helps to regulate metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, and plays a part also in mood.
The field of medicine that deals with disorders of endocrine glands is endocrinology, a branch of the wider field of internal medicine.

Sponge (tool)
A Sponge is a tool. It is used for cleaning and washing. The sponge is made of a special material, with many holes. By rubbing the sponge against dirt, the dirt can be removed.
Today, there are also artificial sponges.
Natural sponges for cleaning.
Most natural sponges used for cleaning today come from the Mediterranean and the Caribbean. Today Izmir and Tripolis are the main markets were natural sponges are sold.
Antibiotic compounds.
Sponges have medicinal potential. This is because of antimicrobial compounds in either the sponge itself or their microbial symbionts.
Dolphin use sponges.
Bottlenose dolphins have been seen using live sponges. This was in Shark Bay. Shark bay is in Western Australia. The behaviour has only been observed in the bay. Most likely adult dolphins teach it to their children. The only other marine mammals that use tools are Sea otters.

Tyne and Wear
Tyne and Wear is a metropolitan county in north-east England.
Like all metropolitan counties, the county council was abolished in 1986, and its functions given either to the individual boroughs or shared by new joint committees of the five boroughs.
Schools are now controlled by each borough. The fire brigade is one of several services run on a county-wide basis by a committee made up of members from each borough.
The people from Sunderland and the people from Newcastle did not like being joined in one county. The Royal Commission that recommended changing the county councils of England could not even find a name that the people of the two place liked. Their report just called the new county "area D".

Osteichthyes
Osteichthyes are a taxonomic superclass of fish, also called "bony fish" that includes the ray-finned fish (Actinopterygii) and lobe finned fish (Sarcopterygii). The split between these two classes occurred around 440 million of years. The Osteichthyes are paraphyletic with land vertebrates, in some classification schemes the tetrapods are considered to be members of the Osteichthyes for this reason.
Osteichthyes are the most various group of vertebrates, consisting of over 29,000 species, making them the largest class of vertebrates in existence today.

Aquarium (group)
Aquarium (Аква́риум in Russian) is a Russian rock group, formed in Leningrad in 1972 by Boris Grebenshchikov and Anatoly "George" Gunitsky.
Until 1987 Aquarium recorded all of their albums in a self-assembled underground studio. Despite those hard conditions, the recording quality was rather high and Aquarium's albums between 1980 and 1987 are considered by most fans as their best.
In 1987 they recorded their first album for the state-owned Melodiya record label. With official backing and legalized distribution the album was a hit in USSR, selling well over a million copies within a few months. Aquarium today consists of Boris Grebenshchikov, Boris Rubekin (keyboards), Andrey Surotdinov (violin), Igor Timofeyev (guitars, saxophones and flutes), Andrey Svetlov (bass), Oleg "Shar" Shavkunov (drums and percussion).

Chondrichthyes
Chondrichthyes or cartilaginous fishes are jawed fis with paired fins, paires nostrils, scales, two-chambered hearts, and skeletons made of cartilage rather than bone. They are divided into two subclasses: Elasmobranchii (sharks, rays and skates) and Holocephali (chimaera, sometimes called ghost sharks).

Alexey Ekimyan
Alexey Ekimyan (, (April 10, 1927, Baku - April 24, 1982, Moscow) was a famous Armenian-Russian composer, and author of popular songs. Ekimyan was also a General of Soviet militsia (police) and was the head of Criminal Investigation Department of Moscow region. He was considered the only popular composer in the world who ruled a law-enforcement department at the same time. Ekimyan awarded by the "Renowned Master of the Arts" Armenian SSR official title.
Ekimyan's first song for the Moscow International Festival (1957) was approved by Vano Muradeli ("I don't know if you would become a general, but you would become a composer!"). His songs were performed and recorded by prominent Soviet singers that include Lyudmila Zykina, Iosif Kobzon, Lusine Zakaryan. Some hits by Ekimyan were chosen for the "Song of the Year" all-Soviet festivals during the 1970s-'80s.
The documentary film-concert "Paths of My Memory" (1979, 27 min.) by Yerevan Studio is dedicated to the Alexey Ekimyan.
Ekimyan died on April 24, 1982. He is buried in Yerevan, Armenia.

Mikael Tariverdiev
Mikael Tariverdiev was a prominent Soviet composer, who was born of Armenian parents in Georgia but lived in Russia.
He is an author of over 100 romances and 2 operas. But most of all he is known for his music in many popular Soviet movies.
Mikael Tariverdiev was a recipient of multiple awards, including the USSR State Prize (1977) and the prize of the American Academy of Music (1975). He was made People's Artist of Russia in 1986.
The Best Music prize at the largest Russian national film festival Kinotaur is named after Tariverdiev.

Bergen
Bergen is the second largest city and municipality in Norway. The city has a population of 250,000 in the municipality, and 220,418 in the urban area. Bergen was a county until 1972, when it was merged with Hordaland. The old wharf "Bryggen" is a world heritage site.

1456
Births.
QueenAnn Neville, wife of King Richard III of England
Things that happened.
Painter Filippo Lippi marries with Lucrezia Buti, a young nun from the convent of Saint Margherita.

Winchester
Winchester is a city in the county of Hampshire, England. It was the capital of Saxon England. It is the home of Winchester College which is the oldest continually living public school in England.

2 Pallas
2 Pallas (, Greek "Παλλάς)" is a large asteroid located in the asteroid belt of the solar system and was the second to be discovered. It was found and named by astronomer Heinrich Wilhelm Olbers on March 28, 1802. It is one of the four large asteroids (1 Ceres, 4 Vesta, 10 Hygiea, and Pallas.) This does not include 704 Interamnia another large asteroid. Pallas is about the size of Vesta.

Axial tilt
In astronomy, axial tilt is the inclination angle of a planet's rotational axis in relation to a 90 degree angle to its orbital plane. It is also called axial inclination or obliquity. The axial tilt is expressed as the angle made by the planet's axis and a line drawn through the planet's center perpendicular to the orbital plane.

Dollhouse (TV series)
"Dollhouse" is an hour-long American television series, set to premiere in the Fall 2008 season. The series is written by producer Joss Whedon and stars Eliza Dushku. Whedon and Dushku both worked together on the television series "Buffy the Vampire Slayer" and its darker spin-off " Angel". Tim Minear, who also worked with "Buffy" and "Angel" is also involved. The series will be produced by 20th Century Fox Television. FOX has asked for seven episodes of "Dollhouse" for 2008.
The Story.
In "Dollhouse", Dushku plays a young woman named Echo. She is one of a group of men and women who can have "personality packages" put into their minds. These packages can include many things, for example, memory, skills, language and muscle memory. These people live in a futuristic dormitory/laboratory named the "Dollhouse". They are given special personas as part of the personality packages. These are used to do many different types of assignments. For example, the jobs could be romantic, adventurous, strange, or illegal. After the assignment, the information is removed from their minds and they are left in a child-like state with no memories. The series follows Echo as she begins to remember things even though her mind is constantly being erased and new memories implanted into it.

Hydrostatic equilibrium
Hydrostatic equilibrium happens when the pull of gravity is balanced by a pressure gradient which creates a pressure gradient force in the opposite direction. The balance of these two forces is known as the hydrostatic balance.

Right ascension
Right ascension (abbrev. RA; symbol α) is the astronomical word for one of the two coordinates of a point on the celestial sphere when using the equatorial coordinate system. The other coordinate is the declination.

Declination
Declination (abbrev. dec or δ) is a word used in astronomy to describe one of the two coordinates of the equatorial coordinate system, the other being either right ascension or hour angle. Dec is comparable to latitude, projected onto the celestial sphere, and is measured in degrees north and south of the celestial equator.

Retrograde and direct motion
Direct motion is the motion of a planetary body in a direction similar to that of other bodies within its system, and is sometimes called prograde motion. Retrograde motion is motion in the opposite direction. In the case of celestial bodies, such motion may be real, defined by the natural rotation or orbit of the body, as seen in the skies from Earth.

Planetesimal
Planetesimals are small, solid objects thought to exist in protoplanetary disks around a young or forming star.

Achondrite
An achondrite is a stony meteorite that is made of material similar to terrestrial basalts or plutonic rocks. Compared to the chondrites, they have all been differentiated and reprocessed to a lesser or greater degree from the effects to melting and recrystallization on or within meteorite parent bodies.

Basalt
Basalt (IPA:) is a common gray to black extrusive volcanic rock. It is usually fine-grained because of its rapid cooling of lava manner on the Earth's surface. It may be porphyritic containing larger crystals in a fine matrix, or vesicular, or frothy scoria.

Aswan
Aswan (, population 200,000) is a city in the south of Egypt and the capital of the Aswan Governorate. It is on the east bank of the Nile and is a busy market and tourist center.
Aswan is one of the driest places in the world where people actually live; as of early 2001, the last rain there was 6 years earlier. As of October 13, 2007, the last rainfall was a thunderstorm on May 13, 2006. In Nubian settlements, the people often do not put a roof over all of the rooms in their houses.

Carl Barks
Carl Barks (March 27, 1901 - August 25, 2000) was a famous and one of the most important American cartoonists ever. He's the inventor of Scrooge McDuck, the Beagle Boys, Gyro Gearloose and many other Walt Disney characters. He was often called the most important artist in Disney comics.
Carl Barks was born on March 27, 1901, near Merrill, Oregon, as part of a farming family. At age 10, he was for the first time interested in art. When he was 15, his mother died, and he began to help his father on the family's farm. In 1935, he took a contract with Disney and started as one of the studios in between artists. Some months later, he become a part of Ted Sears "Story Department" at the Disney studios, where he wrote more than two dozen Stories for short films with Donald Duck and other characters until 1942.
In this year he went to "Western Publishing". There he starts drawing comics with Donald Duck and later with other characters, most of them were created by himself. He did this job until the year 1966, when he retired.
In the early 1990s Carl Barks become a comic legend. In 1994, at age 93, he traveled for the first time in his long life to Europe and visit around a dozen countries. Some months before, his third wife, Margaret, called Garé, has passed away at age 75.
In 1999, Leukemia began to destroy his body. The "Duck man" died at age 99 at August 25, 2000, at his home in Grants Pass, Oregon.

Jay-Z
Shawn Corey Carter (born December 4, 1969 in Brooklyn, New York) better known by his stage name Jay-Z, is an American rapper and current president and CEO of Def Jam and Roc-A-Fella Records. In addition, he co-owns 40 Club, and is co-owner of the New Jersey Nets NBA team. He is one of the most financially successful hip-hop artists and entrepreneurs in America..

Ripon
Ripon is a small cathedral city in North Yorkshire, England. In the 2001 census Ripon had a population of 15,922. In England only Wells, Ely and the City of London are smaller.
Ripon was one of the boroughs reformed by the Municipal Corporations Act 1835. It stayed a borough in the West Riding of Yorkshire until 1974. Under the Local Government Act 1972 it became a parish in the borough of Harrogate, North Yorkshire. Because it is an urban (town) parish Ripon can call its parish council Ripon City Council, the chairman of its parish council is called the City Mayor.

Ripon (disambiguation)
Ripon is a city in North Yorkshire, England.

What's It Gonna Be
"What's It Gonna Be" is a single by Beyoncé from the Japanese edition of her debut album "Dangerously in Love" (2003), the bonus CD of her first DVD "Live at Wembley" (2004), and the Wal-Mart edition of Destiny's Child's fourth studio album "Destiny Fulfilled" (2004). A 7" promo single containing three different versions of the song plus three different versions of Faith Evans' cover of Donna Summer's 1978 "Heaven Knows" (which was part of the official soundtrack to "The Fighting Temptations") was released. The song was used in Knowles' adds for L'Oréal.

Sénégal River
The Sénégal River is a river in West Africa. It is 1790km long and it is the border between Senegal and Mauritania. Pliny the Elder called it "Bambotus" (from a word meaning "hippopotamus") and Claudius Ptolemy called it "Nias". Hanno the Carthaginian went to the river in about 450 BC when he was going from Carthage to Mount Cameroon in the Gulf of Guinea. Carthage was destroyed in 146 BC, but before that time there was probably trade from here to the Mediterranean Sea.
The Semefé River and Bafing River meet in Bafoulabé and this forms the Sénégal River. The Semefé and Bafing rivers' sources are in Guinea. The Bafing River flows through Mali and the Semefé is the Mali-Senegal border.
Near the river's mouth, the Sénégal goes through Biffeche and there is an island in the river. The city of Saint-Louis is on this island. The river then turns south. There is a thin line of sand and this separates the river from the Atlantic Ocean. The line of sand is called the Langue de Barbarie. After this, the river enters the Atlantic Ocean. The river has two large dams: the Manantali Dam in Mali, and the Maka-Diama Dam on the Mauritania-Senegal border, near the sea. The Manantali Dam makes a reservoir. The Maka-Diama Dam stops salt water going deep into the countryside.
The Sénégal River takes its water from 483,181 km² of land. About 8 000 000 km³ of water goes along the river every year. The Faleme River, Karakoro River, and Gorgol River join the Sénégal River.
In 1972, Mali, Mauritania and Senegal made the Organisation pour la mise en valeur du fleuve Sénégal (OMVS). This organisation manages the land around the river. Guinea joined this organisation in 2005.

Diprotodontia
Diprotodontia is a large order od about 120 marsupial mammals including the kangaroos, wallabies, possums, koala, wombats, and many others. Extinct members include the giant Diprotodon family, and Thylacoleo, the so-called "marsupial lion".
Classification.
† means extinct family, genus or species.

Live in Atlanta
Destiny's Child: Live in Atlanta features Destiny's Child performing live in Atlanta, Georgia at Philips Arena on July 15, 2005 during their Destiny Fulfilled... And Lovin' It which sponsored by McDonald's, it was also known as the last tour of Destiny's Child. It has been released on March 28, 2006 in the United States. The DVD debuted at #1 on the Billboard Music DVD charts breaking record sales about 500,000 copies at first week, instead of those numbers Nielsen SoundScan tracked sales of 50,000 because the restrictions about retail, international deliveries and e-packages, RIAA already certified the DVD as Platinum.
This was also released as a two-disc CD but only seemingly in Japan.

Bambara language
Bambara is a language from Mali. 610 000 000 people (including second language users) speak it. It is called Bamanankan in Bambara. Bambara is very similar to Dioula. Dioula is not spoken by as many people, but it is used in Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, and Gambia. The Bambara language is spoken mainly by people in the Bambara racial group. About 2,700,000 people are in this group, but Bambara is also used by other racial groups in Mali.
Bambara is in the Manding language family. These languages are similar to each other. This family of languages is in a larger language group. This group is called the Mandé group. It is an SOV language (Subject-Object-Verb) and it has two tones (pitches).
There are seven vowels: a, e, i, o, and u.
Writing started during the period of French rule. There is not much written work, but there is a lot of oral literature, which is often stories about kings and heroes. The people who tell these stories are called Griot. They also sing religious songs. Many of their songs are very old and some people think the songs are as old as the old Mali Empire.
Bambara is a national language of Mali, and it is also the most widely understood language in Mali.
Bambara has many local dialects. Somono, Segou, San, Beledugu, Ganadugu and Wasulu and Sikasso are some dialects.

Proboscidea
Proboscidea is an order containing only one familiy of living animals, Elephantidae, the elephants, with three living species (African Forest Elephant, and Asian Elephant).
During the period of the last ice age there were more, now extinct species, including a number of species of the elephant-like mammoths and mastodons.
Origins.
The oldest dates from the early Tertiary period, over 50 million years ago. The evolution of the elephant-like animals mainly concerned the proportions of the cranium and jaw and the shape of the tusks and molar teeth.

Adrar des Ifoghas
The Adrar des Ifoghas is a sandstone high area in the Kidal Region of Mali. Is has an area of about 250,000 km².
There are wide, shallow valleys, and many granite rocks. The Tamesna Plain is to the east. The Telemsi Fosse is to the west The low, western part of the Azaouak Valley is to the south. Tanezrouft is to the north. Kidal, Aguel'hoc, Boughessa, Essouk and Tessalit are cities in this area.
The Adrar des Ifoghas is called "Adagh" in the local language. "Adrar" is the Berber word for mountain, and "Ifogha" is the short name of a rich Tuareg family. This family (the "Kel Ifoghas") has been very powerful in this area for a long time. They are nomads and they eat and sell camels, goats and sheep.
The area has many old archaeological places. The rock drawings showing men hunting, farming, and looking after cows are very important. Asselar Man's bones were also found here by Théodore Monod. Recently, the Adrar des Ifoghas has become popular for hiking.

Kokoreç
Kokoreç is a Turkish meal. It is made of lamb intestines. Intestines of suckling lambs (süt kuzusu) is most favored for this dish. It is very delicious. It is not a standard menu item in restaurants. It can be found in any street but this can be unhealthy. It is very important to wash and clean it in order to be healthy.
Kokoreç can be cooked in many ways. One way is to cook it similar to Döner; with a horizontal skewer (see also Rotisserie). The intestine parts are stacked together. This sort can be found in street vendors mostly. The most popular heating method is charcoal fire which gives it an extra rich flavour. After it is cooked, it is cut and put in a half or quarter portion of Turkish bread (somun). Tomatoes or spices can be added to it.
Another way to cook is to cut it after cleaning, mixing it with cut tomatoes and green peppers. After that, it is cooked on a big griddle in large quantities, and then it is added hot red pepper and oregano. It is constantly mixed and cut by the cooker using two spatulas in his hands during cooking. When done, the dish is kept warm.
Kokoreç can be served in many ways. It is usually served as a sandwich in form of Yarım Ekmek Kokoreç (Half-Bread) or Çeyrek Ekmek Kokoreç (Quarter-Bread). At the same time, it could be served without bread, on a plate, as a normal male. Kokoreç is usually served with Ayran, Beer or Cola.

Ub Iwerks
Ubbe Ert Iwwerks (March 24, 1901 - July 7, 1971), better known as Ub Iwerks, was an American animator. He is best known for creating Mickey Mouse, together with Walt Disney.
Ub Iwerks was born in 1901 in Kansas City. His father Eert Ubbe was a immigrant from Germany. In 1919 he met Walt Disney the first time. Some months later, Disney founded his first studio. Ub Iwerks was his first artist, and at this time the only one. Iwerks was called "the fastest animator" of Hollywood, because he could drew more than 700 pictures a day. In fact, he finished the first Mickey Mouse cartoon which was produced in just two weeks.
Disney, the man with money and Iwerks, the man with talent, had often differences. As a result of this differences, Iwerks left Disney in 1930 and founded his own studio. It closed in 1936, after that, Iwerks worked some months for Columbia Pictures, in 1940 he went back to Walt Disney. He did not draw anymore, but became the head of the "Special Processes Department". There he invented the Multiplane camera. For this camera he was awarded in 1960 with a special Oscar.
At the end of his life, Ub Iwerks worked for popular directors, like Alfred Hitchcock, too. In 1963 he was nominated for his work on "The Birds" for a second Oscar.
Ub Iwerks died at age 70 in Burbank, California. His sons Don Iwerks and David Iwerks worked for Disney, too. Ub's great grandson, Michael Iwerks, works at Disney also

Endocrine gland
Endocrine glands are glands that secrete their product (hormones) directly into the blood. This group contains the glands of the Endocrine system.
The main Endocrine glands include the pituitary gland, the pancreas, the gonads, the thyroid gland and the adrenal glands. Other organs which are not so well known for their endocrine activity include the stomach, which produces such hormones as ghrelin.

Thyroid
The thyroid is one of the largest endocrine glands in the body. This gland is found in the neck below the mouth (see number 3 in the picture on the right). The thyroid controls how quickly the body burns energy, makes proteins, and how sensitive the body should be to other hormones.

Johann Christian Bach
Johann Christian Bach (born Leipzig, 5 September 1735; died London, 1 January 1782) was a composer of the Classical period. He was the eleventh and youngest son of the great composer Johann Sebastian Bach. He is often called 'the London Bach' or 'the English Bach', because he spent many years living in London. He became internationally famous, both as a composer and as a performer. Mozart liked his music, and learned a lot about how to write good concertos by looking at the concertos of J. C. Bach.
Childhood.
Johann Christian Bach’s parents were Johann Sebastian and Anna Magdalena Bach. He was born in Leipzig, Germany. His famous father was one of the last composers of the Baroque period. His father was already 50 when J. C. Bach was born, so it is not surprising that by the time Johann Christian had grown up the style of music had changed a lot since Johann Sebastian had been writing his great works. Johann Christian belonged to the Classical period. He was 15 when his father died. He moved to Berlin and his half-brother Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach, who was already a famous composer, gave him more music lessons.
Italy.
Johann Christian lived in Italy for many years from 1756, first studying counterpoint with Padre Martini in Bologna and later with Giovanni Battista Sammartini. He became an organist at the cathedral in Milan in 1760. However, he soon started to become successful as an opera composer and he left his cathedral job so that he could work in the theatre and travel more in Italy.
Johann Christian had been brought up in the Lutheran church, but in Italy he became a Catholic. He married the Italian soprano Cecilia Grassi. She was about eight years older than Johann Christian and, perhaps because of this, they never had children.
London years.
In 1762 he moved to London. He was very successful there, and earned plenty of money to live comfortably. He knew the royal family and many important aristocratic people as well as famous people such as the painter Gainsborough and the musician and writer Charles Burney. King George III and Queen Charlotte went to hear his first London opera "Orione" in 1763. He gave the Queen music lessons.
He lived at a time when the piano was becoming a popular instrument and the harpsichord was becoming old-fashioned. J. C. Bach wrote a lot of music for the piano and gave the very first concert of piano music in London in 1768. He wrote 6 keyboard concertos and dedicated them to the Queen. The last movement of Concerto no 6 was a set of variations on "God Save the King". This became a very popular piece of music at the time. He wrote many songs that became popular in his time. They were often performed in Vauxhall Gardens, a park where many people went to be entertained.
He gave many concerts together with Carl Friedrich Abel, a well-known player of the viola da gamba. Abel and Bach may have known one another as children because both their fathers had worked together in Cöthen in Germany. In April 1764 J. C. Bach met the 8-year-old Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart who visited London with his father Leopold. They played duets on the harpsichord together.
He composed cantatas, chamber music, keyboard and orchestral works, operas, symphonies and songs. He had many works published in London and Paris.
During his last years he lost a lot of money. The Bach-Abel concert series lost money, and one of Bach’s servants stole £1000 from him which was a very large sum on those days. His health started to become bad and, when he died, he left his wife with a lot of debt. Queen Charlotte helped to pay a lot of the debt, and his widow went back to Italy.
He was buried in St Pancras churchyard, London.

Pelycosaur
Pelycosaur (meaning "basin lizards") were the earliest, and most primitive synapsids; they were not dinosaurs. These quadrupeds -- animals that walk on four feet -- appeared during the upper Carboniferous and went extinct during the Permian period (before the Triassic period when the dinosaurs evolved).
Characteristics.
Pelycosaur began as small, lizard-like animals and evolved into larger, more differentiated type. Some were carnivores, some were herbivores; some had sailbacks like Dimetrodon, some did not. The swamp dwellers had a sprawling gait and were likely ancestors of the therapsids, which led to the mammals.

Therapsida
Therapsids ("Therapsida"), previosly known as the "mammal-like reptiles", are an order of synapsids. Traditionally, synapsids were referred to as reptiles. However, when the term is used cladistically, the taxon also includes the mammals, which are descended from the cynodont therapsids.
Characteristics.
Therapsids' temporal fenestrae were larger than those of the pelycosaurs. The jaws of therapsids were differentiated into frontal incisors for nipping, large lateral canines for puncturing and tearing, and molars for shearing and tearing, and molars for shearing and chopping food. Therapsids legs were positioned more vertically beneath their bodies than were the sprawling legs of reptiles and pelycosaurs.

Toccata
Toccata is the title that was often given to pieces of music for solo instruments from the Renaissance onwards. The word comes from the Italian for "to touch", also meaning "to play a musical instrument". These pieces were often quite difficult, with a lot of fast notes which showed off how well the person could play.
The first toccatas were written in northern Italy by composers such as Claudio Monteverdi, Giovanni Gabrieli and others. They are pieces for the keyboard (harpsichord or organ with lots of running scales in the right hand and accompanying chords in the left hand. Toccatas became popular in Germany with composers such as Hans Leo Hassler who had studied in Venice with Gabrieli. Many German Baroque organ composers wrote toccatas: Sweelinck (who was Dutch), Pachelbel, Buxtehude and Johann Sebastian Bach. Bach's "Toccata and Fugue in d minor" is the most famous piece of Baroque organ music.
After the Baroque period composers did not often write toccatas. The toccata became popular again in the late 19th century with the French organ composers such as Charles-Marie Widor whose Toccata from his "Symphony No. 5" is very popular today, especially at weddings. It has lots of quick notes in the right hand (and occasionally in the left) and a big tune in the pedals. Another famous organ toccata is by Louis Vierne. It is the last movement of his "Symphony No. 1" (at this time French composers wrote organ works called "symphonies").
In the 20th century several composers wrote toccatas for piano including Prokofiev, Khachaturian, Ravel (part of "Le Tombeau de Couperin") and Claude Debussy (part of "Suite: Pour le Piano").

Taylor Swift
Taylor Alison Swift (born December 13, 1989) is an American country pop singer-songwriter. She had her first hit, "Tim McGraw", in 2006 at the age of 16.
She won CMT's "Breakthrough Video of the Year" award in 2007 for "Tim McGraw". She was also nominated by the Academy of Country Music for "Top New Female Vocalist".

Internal medicine
Internal medicine is the branch and specialty of medicine concerning the diagnosis and nonsurgical treatment of diseases in adults, especially of internal organs.
Doctors of internal medicine, also called "internists", are required to have included in their medical schooling and postgraduate training at least three years dedicated to learning how to prevent, diagnose, and treat diseases that affect adults.
Caring for the whole patient.
Internists are trained to solve puzzling diagnostic problems and handle severe chronic illnesses and situations where several different illnesses may strike at the same time.
Subspecialties of internal medicine.
Internists can choose to focus their practice on general internal medicine, or may take additional training to "subspecialize" in one of 13 areas of internal medicine, generally organized by organ system. Cardiologists, for example, are doctors of internal medicine who subspecialize in diseases of the heart. The training an internist receives to subspecialize in a particular medical area is both broad and deep. Subspecialty training (often called a "fellowship") usually requires an additional one to three years beyond the standard three year general internal medicine residency. (Residencies come after a student has graduated from medical school.)
In the United States, there are two organizations responsible for certification of subspecialists within the field, the American Board of Internal Medicine, and the American Osteopathic Board of Internal Medicine.
The following are the subspecialties recognized by the American Board of Internal Medicine.
The ABIM also recognizes additional qualifications in the following areas
Internists may also specialize in allergy and immunology. The American Board of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology is a conjoint board between internal medicine and pediatrics.
The American College of Osteopathic Internists recognizes the following subspecialties.

City status in the United Kingdom
City status in the United Kingdom is granted by the British monarch to some communities.
Becoming a city is not automatic, but many people think that any town that has a cathedral is a city. This is because Henry VIII built cathedrals in six English towns and also granted made them cities by letters patent.
A city council does not have any more powers than a borough or district council. Some city councils (like Ripon) are only parish councils, so have very little powers at all.
Official cities.
Officially there are 66 cities in the UK. Sunderland was made a city to mark Elizabeth II's Ruby anniversary (40 years as Queen). Eight others have been created in competitions to celebrate the new millennium and Queen Elizabeth II's Golden Jubilee.
Lord Mayors.
A city does not automatically have a Lord Mayor or Lord Provost in Scotland. There are 66 cities in the UK but only 30 Lord Mayors.
The Former City of Rochester.
Rochester was a city from 1211 to 1998.
On April 1 1974 the city council was abolished, and new letters patent were issued to the new Medway Borough Council to carry on the city name in the old city area.
In 1979 Medway was renamed Rochester-upon-Medway and new letters patent made the whole of the new area a city.
On April 1, 1998, Rochester-upon-Medway and Gillingham joined together to became the new unitary authority of Medway. Rochester upon Medway City Council did not appoint appoint Charter Trustees to maintain the existence of the city and the mayoralty so the city simply ceased to exist, because the council forgot.
List of officially-designated cities.
City Status confirmed by Letters Patent issued under the Great Seal dated April 1, 1974.
City Status confirmed by Letters Patent issued under the Great Seal dated June 25, 1974.
City Status confirmed by Letters Patent issued under the Great Seal dated May 28, 1974.
Bath Abbey and Westminster Abbey are no longer cathedrals.
Coventry has had three cathedrals: the first, St Mary's from 1043 to 1539; the second, St Michael's, from 1918 to 1940, when it was destroyed by German bombardment; and its replacement, also St Michael's, built alongside the old cathedral, consecrated in 1962.
Note that the City of London covers only the "square mile", and is usually just referred to as "the City". The larger conurbation of Greater London has no city charter, and consists of the City of London, the City of Westminster and 31 other London boroughs. This can be compared to the City of Brussels, within Brussels.
City status was confirmed by Letters Patent dated July 9, 1974. The city status extends to the entire district, although the district council calls itself "St Albans District Council" or "St Albans City and District".
Letters Patent under the Great Seal conferring City Status were issued to the unitary authority of York on 1 April, 1996, confirming the right of the Lord Mayor to be styled "Right Honourable", in continuation to those granted to the previous City Council abolished March 31, 1996.
Letters Patent under the Great Seal were issued on March 29, 1996 ordaining that the counties of Swansea and Cardiff should have the status of cities from April 1, 1996. The counties replaced the previous district councils which had enjoyed city status.
According to the "Municipal Year Book, 1972" the royal burghs of Perth and Elgin officially enjoyed city status. The royal burghs of Brechin, Dunfermline and Kirkwall had also been officially described as "cities". As all burghs were abolished in 1975, these areas are now often called "former cities". Although Brechin does not have city status, the community council formed for the area uses the title "City of Brechin and District".
The Provost of Inverness is the Area Convenor of the Inverness Area Committee of Highland Council.
The Provost of Stirling is the civic head of the entire Stirling council area, although city status only extends to the town of Stirling.
Armagh had previously enjoyed city status, with St Patrick's Cathedral the site of the metropolitan primate of all Ireland. The city status was lost in 1840 when the city corporation was abolished. However, the successor urban district council and district council frequently used the title of city without official sanction prior to 1994.
City Status confirmed by Letters Patent issued under the Great Seal dated March 18, 1975.
City status granted by Letters Patent dated June 7, 1977.
City status granted to the "Town of Newport in the County Borough of Newport" and the "Town of Preston" by Letters Patent dated May 15, 2002.
Letters Patent dated January 31, 2001 ordained that "the Towns of Brighton and Hove shall have the status of a City".
Letters Patent dated January 31, 2001 ordained that "the Town of Wolverhampton shall have the status of a City".
Letters Patent dated November 4, 1980 ordained that the "Town of Lichfield shall have the status of a City". A town council had been constituted in 1980 leading to the dissolution of the Charter Trustees of the City of Lichfield.
City status granted by Letters Patent dated March 23, 1992.
City status was conferred on Hereford Town Council October 11, 2000. The status had previously been confirmed to the district council formed in 1974. When that council was abolished in 1996 charter trustees were formed for the City of Hereford. On the formation of a town council for Hereford in April 2000 the charter trustees were dissolved, and the city status temporarily lapsed.
St. David's historically had city status because of the presence of St David's Cathedral. This status was lost in the 19th. century after local government reorganization. Letters Patent dated September 16, 1994 ordained that the "Town of St. David's shall have the status of a City".
The title of City was used "by courtesy" after 1550 when Westminster ceased to be the see of a bishop. By Letters Patent dated October 27 1900 city status was conferred on the newly created Metropolitan Borough of Westminster from November 1. This status was continued on the creation of the City of Westminster as a london borough in 1965.
A letter from the Home Secretary to the Mayor of Leicester confirming that the city status would be bestowed, noted that this was a "restoration to your ancient town of its former status of a city."
Letters Patent dated December 10, 1969.
Letters Patent dated April 21, 1926.
Letters Patent dated March 21, 1951.
Letters Patent dated May 14, 1937.
Letters Patent dated October 18, 1928.
Letters Patent dated June 5, 1925.
Letters Patent dated October 28, 1905, which also granted the title of Lord Mayor.
Letters Patent dated March 22, 1982.
Letters Patent dated July 13, 1988.
Letters Patent dated March 10, 1992.
Letters Patent dated June 6, 1953.
Letters Patent dated May 1, 2002.
Declaration that the Chief Magistrate and Officer of the City to bear the style and title of Lord Mayor due to "the city's high position in the roll of ports of [the] kingdom" June 26, 1914
Declaration that the Chief Magistrate to bear the honorary title of Lord Mayor July 11, 1906.
Declaration that the Chief Magistrate of the City to bear the style and title of Lord Mayor July 10, 1928 "in consideration of its antiquity and importance"
Letters Patent dated October 23, 1962.
Letters Patent dated May 10, 1935, "in commemoration of his Majesty's silver jubilee"
Letters Patent dated March 11, 1966.
Style of "Right Honourable" conferred on Lord Mayor by Letters Patent dated October 26, 1956. The city was designated the capital of Wales at that date.
The first Lord Mayor was appointed June 3, 1896.
Letters Patent dated September 16, 1907.
The Lord Mayoralty of Bristol was granted as part of the Birthday Honours in 1899
The Lord Mayoralty was granted in 1897
The Lord Mayoralty was granted in 1928
The Lord Mayoralty was granted in 1892
The Lord Mayoralty was granted in 1892
The Lord Mayoralty was granted in 1910 "in view of the position occupied by that city as the chief city of East Anglia and of its close association with his Majesty"
The Lord Mayoralty was granted in 1927
The Lord Mayoralty was granted July 12, 1897.
The Lord Mayoralty was granted July 10, 1928.
Warrant issued 28 January 1889 that Letters Patent be issued under the Seal appointed by the treaty of union to be used in place of the Great Seal of Scotland, ordaining and declaring that the Burgh of Dundee shall be a City, and shall be called and styled "The City of Dundee"
Burghs of Old Aberdeen and Woodside and the district of Torry incorporated as the City and Royal Burgh of Aberdeen by the Aberdeen Corporation Act 1891 (1891 c.cxxiv)
The present council areas are designated "cities" by virtue of the Local Government etc. (Scotland) Act 1994, which also reserves the post of Lord Provost for the convener of the four councils. The previous local government districts and district councils created by the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973 enjoyed the same privileges.
Letters Patent dated January 14, 1889

P-38 Lightning
The P-38 Lightning is a World War II fighter aircraft made by Lockheed. It was mainly used by the United States Air Force. It first flew in 1939. It was different from other fighters because it had two engines instead of one, and was twice the size of other fighters. The plane fought in the Pacific and in Europe. It could carry 4 machine guns and a cannon. By 1944, it was replaced by the faster P-51 Mustang in Europe. The P-38 was the only American fighter being built at the beginning and the end of the war.

Messerschmitt Bf 109
The Bf 109 was a fighter aircraft made by Messerschmitt. It first flew in 1935, and was mainly used by the Luftwaffe during the World War II. It is the most made fighter airplane in history.

Me 262
The Me 262 was a German fighter aircraft flown during late World War II. It was the first jet to be used in war. It began test flights in 1942, but was not used in combat by the German air force, the Luftwaffe, until 1944. It saw little action because the war was nearly over. The jet engines of the new machine often made problems, thats why a lot of machines had deathly accidents

Osmosis
Osmosis is the movement of water in and out of cells from a high concentration of water to a low concentration of water through a semi- permeable membrane. If the strength of the water inside the cell is more than outside, then the water moves inside the cell. If it is the same, the same amount of water moves in and out. If it is less, the cell loses water. Osmosis can be processed with food coloring and a carnation.

MiG-17 Fresco
The MiG-17 Fresco is a fighter aircraft made by Mikoyan, a Russian company. It first flew in 1950, and was supposed to replace the MiG-15 in the Korean War, but it did not arrive fast enough. It was used by the North Vietnamese in the Vietnam War. It carried 3 guns on it, and later versions carried missiles. Today, it is used as a trainer in other air forces.

Mikoyan
Mikoyan is a Russian company that designs fighter airplanes. The company was first formed in December 1939 as a design office called Mikoyan-Gurevich or MiG, this was because its designers were Artem Mikoyan and Mikhail Gurevich. Mikoyan will join other Russian airplane companies in a new compnay called United Aircraft Corporation.
History.
In 1939 Russia was part of the Soviet Union and was communist. In the Soviet communist system there were two types of airplane companies, companies that designed aircraft known as design offices or OKB, and companies that made airplanes called zavods. Artem Mikoyan and Mikhail Gurevich had been designers in another design office helping a designer called Nikolai Polikarpov. One airplane design that Artem Mikoyan and Mikhail Gurevich worked on at Polikarpov was called the I-200. When Nikolai Polikarpov lost the trust of the Soviet leader Stalin, Artem Mikoyan and Mikhail Gurevich were given the I-200 design to finish. This airplane was given a new name and was called the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-1. As it was being made, ways to make the MiG-1 into a better airplane were found and airplanes with these changes became known as the MiG-3 and later the MiG-7. However even with changes the MiG fighter airplanes were not as good as the fighter airplanes designed by the design offices of Lavochkin or Yakovlev.
After World War II Mikoyan-Gurevich designed jet aircraft. In the Soviet system the airplane designs of the design offices would compete to see which was the best. When the best design had been found the design would be built by the second type of airplane company. Even though Mikoyan-Gurevich airplanes in World War II had not been as good as airplanes by Lavochkin or Yakovlev. Mikoyan-Gurevich jet aircraft won more of the competitions to be sent to the zavods and in the time of the Cold War Mikoyan-Gurevich, together with another design office called Sukhoi, became one of the two most important design offices of fighter planes in the Soviet Union.
In the Soviet system decisions were made to protect the government from its own soldiers. In many countries there is only one airforce, the Soviet Union had five airforces. Two of these airforces were the main users of Soviet fighter airplanes. One airforce was called "PVO Strany", this airforce was used to defend the cities and land of the Soviet Union. One airforce was called "Frontal Aviation", this airforce was used to defend the Soviet Union's ground soldiers against enemy fighter airplanes, and to attack enemy ground forces. Mikoyan-Gurevich became the main designer of aircraft for "Frontal Aviation".

Neptune (mythology)
Neptune (Latin: "Neptūnus") is the god of the sea in Roman mythology. He was a relative of Ceres. He is similar but not identical to the god Poseidon of Greek mythology. The Roman conception of Neptune in influenced by the Etruscan god Nethuns very much.
Neptune was associated as well with fresh water, Oceanus was the god of the world-ocean.
Like Poseidon, Neptune was also worshipped by the Romans as a horse god, under the name Neptune Equester, patron of horse-racing.

Sol Invictus
Sol Invictus ("the Unconquered Sun") or, more fully, Deus Sol Invictus ("the Unconquered Sun God") was a religious title applied to at least three distinct deities during the later Roman Empire: El Gabal, Mithras, and Sol.
The earlier cult of Sol Indiges ("the native sun" or "the invoked sun") was agrarian. The title "Deus Sol Invictus" was formed similar to the imperial titulature "pius felix invictus" ("dutiful, fortunate, unconquered").
The Romans held a festival on December 25 called "Dies Natalis Solis Invicti", "the birthday of the unconquered sun." The use of the title Sol Invictus allowed several solar deities to be worshipped together, including Elah-Gabal, a Syrian sun god; Sol, the patron god of Emperor Aurelian (AD 270-274); and Mithras, a soldiers' god of Persian origin. Emperor Elagabalus (218-222) introduced the festival, and it reached the height of its popularity under Aurelian, who promoted it as an empire-wide holiday.

Optical printer
An optical printer is a device. It can be used to copy rolls of movies. It is made of one or more movie projectors, which are linked to a movie camera. It allows filmmakers to re-photograph one or more strips of movie. The optical printer is used for making special effects for motion pictures or for copying and restoring old movie material.
Common optical effects include fade outs and fade ins, dissolves, slow motion, fast motion, and matte work. More complicated work needs dozens of elements, all combined into a single scene. Ideally, the audience in a theater should not be able to notice any optical printers work, but this is not always the case. For economical reasons, especially in the 1950s, and later in TV series produced on movie, printer work was limited to only the actual parts of a scene needing the effect, so there is a clear change in the image quality when the transition occurs.
The first, simple optical printers were constructed in the early 1920s. Linwood G. Dunn expanded the concept in the 1930s. The development continued well into the 1980s, when the printers were controlled with minicomputers.
Sice the late 1980s, digital compositing began to replace optical effects. Since the mid nineties the conversion to digital effects has been almost total. Optical printing today is used most widely by artists working exclusively with movie. As a technique, it proves particularly useful for making copies of hand painted or physically manipulated movie.

Lares
Lares (pl.) were ancient Roman deities who protected the house and the family - household gods. See also Genius, Larvae, Di Penates, Manes.
Lares are presumed sons of Mercury and Lara, and deeply venerated by ancient Romans through small statues, usually put in higher places of the house, far from the floor, or even on the roof.
In the early Roman times, in every house there was at least one little statue. Later, a sort of confusion connected their figure with those of Manes, deities of Hades (and the most virtuous dead persons of the family). Finally the confusion included the Penates (other minor deities) as well.
See also.
Turan, the Etruscan love goddess

Charter Trustees
Charter Trustees are the English district councillors for an area that used to be a city.
They are allowed by the "Charter Trustees Act 1985", so that some of the privileges and dignities of former city can be carried on..

Quirinus
In Roman mythology, Quirinus was an early god of the Roman state. In Augustan Rome, Quirinus was also a name of Janus, as "Janus Quirinus".
History.
Quirinus was originally most likely a Sabine god. The Sabines had a settlement near the site of what was to become Rome, and erected an altar to Quirinus on the "Collis Quirinalis", the "Quirinal Hill", one of the "Seven Hills of Rome". When the Romans settled there, they absorbed the cult of Quirinus into their early belief system — previous to direct Greek influence — and he was said to be the deified Romulus.
In later times, however, Quirinus became far less important, losing his place to (Juno and Minerva and Mars' place).

Kreisfreie stadt
The name kreisfreie Stadt (plural: "kreisfreie Städte") is used for German towns that have their own government. This town government is independent of the government of the next-higher level of authority, the "Landkreis". Today, most of the cities that have this statute, are big cities, with 100.000 people living there, or more. The concept grew historically. That means that are big cities, with more than 100.000 people that do not have the statute. There are also some cities who have only taken a part of the responsibilities of a Landkreis (or Kreis). The smallest city with the statute is Zweibrücken. About 35.000 people live there. The biggest of these cities is Munich, with about 1.3 million people. Hamburg and Berlin are bigger. They are city states, though. The city state of Bremen (state) is made of two "kreisfreie Städte", the city of Bremen, and the city of Bremerhaven, about 60 km to the north. About half a million people live in Bremen (1.5 million in the agglomeration), about 117.000 people live in Bremerhaven.
But not every big city with more than 100.000 inhabitants is a "kreisfreie Stadt". Some of them, for example Recklinghausen or Göttingen (both more 120.000 inhabitants) are part of a "Landkreis".
Celle, Cuxhaven, Goslar, Hameln, Hildesheim, Lingen, and Lüneburg. Things like hunting permits cannot be delegated to the cities. Other things, like what to do with the trash have sometimes been delegated.
Similar concepts to that of the "kreisfreie Stadt" are Unitary authorities in the United Kingdom, or that of "independent city" in the United States.

Jet aircraft
Jet aircraft are aircraft with jet engines. Unlike propeller-powered aircraft, jet aircraft normally fly at altitudes as high as 10,000 to 15,000 meters, about 33,000 to. At these altitudes, jet engines can achieve maximum efficiency over long distances. The engines in propeller powered aircraft achieve their maximum efficiency at much lower altitudes.

Egypt-Israel Peace Treaty
The Egypt-Israel Peace Treaty was an innovative document saying that Egypt and Israel were friends. It was the first treaty with Israel from a Middle-Eastern Arabic nation. After signing it, Egypt was ejected from the Arab League.

Downtown
Downtown (called a city centre in British English) is a word used in North America which refers to the main part of a city. It is where most commercial areas are. For example, downtown Detroit, Michigan is where most people would visit.
"Uptown" refers to a wealthy area of a city.

IEEE 802.11
IEEE 802.11 is the name for a series of protocols for wireless networking. Often. these are referred to as Wireless LAN, "WLAN", or WiFi. Such a protocol allows computers that are equipped with special cards to talk with each other, without a cable.
Different standards have different bandwidths.
The first of these standards was made in 1997. It is called IEEE 802.11. It allows communication with 1-2 MBit per second. Today it is outdated, and hardly used any more.
Newer standards have a bandwidth of 54 MBit/s. About 40-50% of this is usable in real-life situations. As of 2007, the standards most widely used are IEEE 802.11g, and IEEE 802.11b. They are compatible with each other.
Currently,standards exist and are labelled IEEE 802.11,802.11a to IEEE 802.11g; h,i,j,n,p and s, are also there, or are planned.
Frequency bands in use.
Data communication is either done in the 2.4 GHz band or in the 5 GHz band. The 2.4 GHz band is a general use band. Microwave ovens and Bluetooth are examples of other things that emit radio waves in this band. There are three usable channels there. This means there is a maximum of 3 network in the same place. The 5 GHz band can solve some of these problems, but it introduces others. That way, there are 19 usable channels. Overall the band is less used. However there are more regulations. Most devices need to be able to do Dynamic Frequency Selection. Some channels require that those participating can do Transmitter Power Control. Transmitter Power Control is a mechanism to adapt the strength of the signal to what is actually needed. This also helps reduce the amount of interference between different networks.

Wireless LAN
In computing, Wireless LAN or Wireless Local Area Network is a term to refer to a Local Area Network that does not need cables to connect the different devices. Instead, radio waves are used to communicate. Technologies that can be used to do that include IEEE 802.11 and Bluetooth.

Bluetooth
Bluetooth is a protocol for Wireless communication. Devices such as mobile phones, laptops, PCs, printers, digital cameras, and video game console can connect to each other, and exchange information. This is done using radio waves. It can be done securely. Originally, Bluetooth was developed to reduce the number of cables needed to connect such devices to a PC. Bluetooth is only used for relatively short distances, like a few metres.
There are different standards. Data rates vary. Currently, they are at 1-3 MBit per second. Typical bluetooth applications are to connect a headset to a mobile phone, or to connect a computer mouse, keyboard or printer.

Noraduz
Noraduz (or Noratus) is a site in the region of Gegharkunik in Armenia near Lake Sevan. It was formed a church dedicated to Sainte-mère-de-Dieu (built in the ninth century), and an exceptional site of medieval tombs. The tombstones are called Khachkars. Noraduz is the most important place for Khachkars in Armenia.

1921 New York Yankees season
The New York Yankees during 1921 (the 1921 season) was the 19th season for the Yankees in New York, and overall it was their 21th season. The season ended in the team having a record (the number of wins and losses) of 98-55 (98 wins, 55 losses). This was the first pennant won in Yankees history. They won the American League game pennant, replacing the previous winners, Cleveland Indians. The manager of their team was Miller Huggins. The Yankees home games were played on the Polo Grounds.

Hominidae
The hominids are members of the biological family Hominidae (the great apes), which includes humans, chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans. "Great ape" is a common name rather than a taxonomic label and there are differences in usage. Subtly, it may seem to exclude human beings ("humans and the great apes") or to include them ("humans and non-human great apes"). "Homo sapiens" is not at any especial remove from other members of the biological family, and humans are therefore described here as great apes.
This constitued, the Hominidae includes 4 genera and 5 species. Its nonhuman members are restricted to equatorial Africa, Sumatra and Borneo. Hominid fossils date the Miocene and are known from Asia.
Hominids range in weight from 48 kg to 270 kg. Males are larger than femals. Hominids are the primates, with robust bodies and well-developed forearms. Their pollex and hallux are opposa except in humans, who have lost opposability of the big toe. All digits have flattened nails. No hominid has a tail, and none has ischial callosties. Numerous skeletal differences between hominids and other primates are related to their upright or semi-upright stance.
The classification also includes the ancestors of the currently living species.

Acropolis of Athens
The Acropolis of Athens is a the most famous Acropolis. It is a large hill in the center of Athens, on which the Parthenon and some other Greek architecture were built. It is often referred as "The" Acropolis.

Toki Pona
Toki Pona is a constructed language. Sonja Elen Kisa made the language. It focuses on simple ideas that are known to all cultures. Toki Pona is a minimal language. It has only 118 words.

Canadian Hurricane Centre
The Canadian Hurricane Centre (CHC) is a Canadian agency that is responsible for monitoring and tracking tropical cyclones that come near or affects Canadian territory. The agency warns people about on-coming tropical cyclones and makes hurricane advisories when needed. Its headquarters are located in Dartmouth, Nova Scotia.
CHC usually works together with its United States counterpart, the National Hurricane Center in Miami, to coordinate the tracks and positions of all storms that show a possible threat to Canada.
While Atlantic hurricanes are normally uncommon in Canada, they do approach or strike from time to time. Among recent events are Hurricane Bob, which struck New Brunswick, in 1991, Hurricane Luis which struck Newfoundland in September 1995, Hurricane Hortense which struck Nova Scotia in September 1996, Hurricane Michael which struck Newfoundland in October 2000, and Hurricane Juan, which struck Nova Scotia in September 2003.

V-type asteroid
V-type asteroids or Vestoids are asteriods that are similar to 4 Vesta, by far the largest asteroid in this class (hence the name).

Vulcan (Star Trek)
Vulcans are a humanoid species in the fictional "Star Trek" universe who hail from the planet Vulcan, and are noted for their attempt to live by reason and logic with no interference from emotion. They were the first
extraterrestrial species encountered by Humans, and later became one of the founding members of the United Federation of Planets. Vulcans are featured in all six Star Trek series, four of which featured a Vulcan as a main character.

W. M. Keck Observatory
The W. M. Keck Observatory is a pair of two large, ground-based telescopes located at Mauna Kea, Hawaii.

HED meteorite
These are all thought to have originated from the crust of the asteroid 4 Vesta, their differences being due to different geologic histories of the parent rock. Their crystallization ages have been determined to be between 4.43 and 4.55 billion years from radioisotope ratios.

Metamorphic rock
A metamorphic rock is a type of rock that is formed when its pre-existing rock is changed. It's name is derived from the the word "morph", meaning change.
That will happen if different temperature and pressure conditions than those in which the original rock was formed occur. These temperatures and pressures are always higher than those at the Earth's surface and must be sufficiently high that they change the original minerals into other mineral types or into other forms of the same minerals (e.g. by recrystallisation) under the pressure of Earth's crust over long periods of time.
Marble is a type of metamorphic rock.

Extrusive
Extrusive means to the mode of igneous volcanic rock formation in which hot magma from inside the Earth flows out (extrudes) onto the surface as lava or explodes violently into the atmosphere to fall back as pyroclastics or tuff. This is opposed to intrusive rock formation, in which magma does not reach the surface.

Intrusion
In geology, an intrusion is a body of igneous rock that has crystallized from molten magma below the surface of the Earth. Bodies of magma that solidify underground before they reach the surface of the earth are called plutons, named for Pluto, the Roman god of the underworld. Correspondingly, rocks of this kind are also referred to as igneous plutonic rocks or igneous intrusive rocks. This is to be contrasted with extrusive rocks.

Radiation pressure
Radiation pressure is the pressure exerted upon any surface exposed to electromagnetic radiation. If absorbed, the pressure is the energy flux density divided by the speed of light. If the radiation is totally reflected, the radiation pressure is doubled.
For example, the radiation of the Sun at the Earth has an energy flux density of 1370 W/m2, so the radiation pressure is 4.6 µPa (absorbed).

Kirkwood gap
Kirkwood gaps are gaps or dips in the asteroid belt with semi-major axis (or equivalently their orbital period), as seen in the. They correspond to the location of orbital resonances with Jupiter.

Ca-Al-rich inclusions
Ca-Al-rich inclusions (CAIs) are centimeter-sized light-coloured calcium and aluminium rich inclusions found in carbonaceous chondrites. CAIs contains high-temperature minerals and are among the first solids which solidified from the cooling protoplanetary disk. CAIs were formed at much higher temperatures than the associated chondrules, and may have survived many high-temperature events, whereas most chondrules are the product of a single transient melting event.
The isotopic anomalies of CAIs give valuable clues about the solar system's formation, suggesting that the solar nebula collapsed shortly after a nearby supernova. Radiometric dating shows that the CAIs formed about 2 million years before the chondrules formed.

Eucrite
Eucrites are achondritic stony meteorites that originate from the surface of the asteroid 4 Vesta, and as such are part of the HED meteorite group. They are the most common achondrite group with well over 100 distinct finds at present.
Eucrites consist of basaltic rock from the crust of 4 Vesta. They are mostly made up of Ca-poor pyroxene, pigeonite, and Ca-rich plagioclase (anorthite).
Eucrites are named from a Greek word meaning "easily distinguished".

81P/Wild
Comet 81P/Wild, also known as Wild 2, is a comet named after Swiss astronomer Paul Wild (pronounced "Vilt"), who discovered it in 1978.
It is believed that for most of its 4.5 billion-year lifetime, Wild 2 had a more distant and circular orbit. In 1974, it passed within only about one million kilometers of the planet Jupiter, whose strong gravitational pull altered the comet's orbit and brought it into the inner solar system. Its orbital period changed from 40 years to about 6 years, and its perihelion is now about 1.59 AU (astronomical unit).

Barrel (weapons)
A barrel is a part of a gun. It is a long metal tube that the bullet goes through after it is fired. Guns can have many different sizes of barrels. Usually, longer barrels mean that the bullet will hit the target more often. Barrels usually have spiral grooves on the inside of them, called rifling. Barrels with the grooves spin the bullet around fast as it exits, so the bullet is even more stable and likely to hit the target.

Shell (weapons)
A shell is the metal case that holds a bullet. Usually shells are made of brass, but steel shells are being used more now. Shells are usually filled with gunpowder and have a bullet inserted into them.
Shells can be loaded into magazines to be fired out of guns, or they can be hand-loaded into the gun.

Ion thruster
An ion thruster (more specifically an electrostatic ion thruster) is one of several types of spacecraft propulsion, specifically electric propulsion. It uses beams of ions — electrically charged atoms or molecules — for propulsion.

Pistol
A pistol is a type of gun that is small and can be used with only one hand. Many pistols are used for defending yourself. They are usually smaller and lighter than most guns, like rifles, which makes them useful for hiding and carrying around. They also have shorter barrels.
Pistols usually only fire one shot every time you pull the trigger. Some special pistols, called machine pistols, can fire more than one at a time. Some famous pistols are the Colt M1911 and the Beretta 92.
Pistols were commonly used in the western United States during the 1800s.

Submachine gun
A submachine gun is a type of gun that shoots many bullets, usually pistol bullets, when one holds down the trigger. They are often used where people need to defend themselves in small areas, or people need to fire many bullets quickly. The first submachine guns were invented in the early 1900s.

Elena V. Pitjeva
Elena Vladimirovna Pitjeva is a Russian theoretical physicist at the Institute of Applied Astronomy, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg. She is noted for her work on ephemerides and is currently head of the Laboratory of Ephemeris Astronomy at the Institute of Applied Astronomy. Pitjeva is a member of the International Astronomical Union Commisson 4: Ephemerides.
Education.
Pitjeva earned her undergraduate degree from the Faculty of Mathematics and Mechanics at A. A. Zhdanov Leningrad State University in 1972 in the specialty of astronomy. She earned an M.A. in theoretical physics in 1994 and a Ph.D. in theoretical physics in 2005. She was a student of Professor G.A. Krasinski.

Socialist Reich Party
The Socialist Reich Party of Germany (German: "Sozialistische Reichspartei Deutschlands") was a political party in West Germany. It was formed in 1949.
It was openly Neo-Nazi and admired Hitler. It split from the German Empire Party. Leaders included Otto Ernst Remer, a former Major General, and Fritz Dorls.
The SRP claimed West Germany's first Chancellor, Konrad Adenauer only did what the United States told, and that Karl Dönitz was the last legal of Germany.
The SRP also said that the Holocaust never happened, and that the ovens of the Dachau concentration camp were built by the United States after 1945. The SRP also wanted Europe to be led by a reunited German Reich, and that it would not be capitalist or communist.
The SRP never criticised the Soviet Union because the Russians funded the SRP because it was anti-American. The only other party modern in postwar Germany was ehe Communist Party of Germany. It did not get Soviet funds because the Russians thought it was useless.. SRP leader Remer once said that if the USSR ever did invade Germany, he would "show the Russians the way to the Rhine".
The SRP had its own paramilitary organisation, the Reichsfront.
The SRP had about ten thousand members and it won 16 seats in the Lower Saxony Landtag election, and 8 seats Bremen.
It was banned in 1952 by the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany, the only court with the power to do so.

International Fight League
The International Fight League is an American mixed martial arts (MMA) league and is the world's first MMA league. Instead of the established norm for MMA events, where matchups are strictly one-on-one affairs, each IFL card is a showdown between two teams of five fighters, each fighter fighting one match against another on the opposing team. The IFL is shown in the United States on Fox Sports Net and MyNetworkTV.

Anton Chekhov
Anton Pavlovich Chekhov (January 29, 1860 - July 15, 1904) was a Russian writer who wrote short stories and plays.
Early life.
Anton Chekhov was born in Taganrog, which is a city in Russia. His father, Pavel, was the owner of a grocery store. His mother, Yevgeniya, sometimes told Anton stories about her childhood.
In 1876, Chekhov's father went bankrupt. From then on, Chekhov's family was very poor. Anton Chekhov had to pay for his own education. He paid for it by tutoring (teaching) other students, catching birds and selling them, and writing short stories for newspapers. When he had extra money, he sent it to his family. While he was at school, he read many books by famous authors, for example Miguel de Cervantes and Arthur Schopenhauer.
In 1879, Chekhov went to Moscow University.
Writing career.
While he was at Moscow University, Chekhov wrote many short stories to pay for his schooling and to help his family. In 1886, one of the most famous newspapers in Russia, New Times, asked him to write stories for them. Soon, his stories started to get famous, and other writers read his work and liked it. He wrote a book of stories called At Dusk that won the Pushkin Prize, an award for good writing.
In 1887, Chekhov wrote a play called Ivanov. Chekhov did not like the play, but critics loved it.
In 1890, Chekhov went to Sakhalin Island, a penal colony (prison). He talked to many prisoners and found out that they were treated very badly. The prisoners were often beaten. There were also children there. He was angry, and wrote about it in a book called The Island Of Salakhin and in a short story called The Murder.
In 1892, he bought a house and some land near Moscow called Melikhovo. While he was there, he helped the people who lived nearby. He brought them food and clothing, and medicine when they were sick. Since he was trained as a doctor, he knew how to take care of them.
While at Melikhovo, he started to write a play called The Seagull. When it was first performed, it went very badly, and the audience did not like it. Later, it was performed at another theater, the Moscow Art Theater, where the performances went better. Soon after this, he had another play performed, called Uncle Vanya. He later wrote two more great plays: "Three Sisters" and "The Cherry Orchard". All four plays are still often performed today.
Marriage, sickness, and death.
In 1897, he became sick. Doctors told him that he had tuberculosis, a lung disease, and that he should change his life to be healthier. He moved to Yalta and bought a house there. Later, he married a woman named Olga Knipper. At Yalta, he wrote some of his most famous stories, including a story called The Lady With The Dog.
By 1904, Chekhov was very sick. He died on the 15th of July in Germany. Thousands of people were very sad when he died. He was buried in Novodevichy Cemetery.
Influence.
Chekhov influenced many important writers, including George Bernard Shaw, James Joyce, and Virginia Woolf. His short stories are still read by many people around the world.

Electoral Alternative for Labour and Social Justice
Labour and Social Justice – The Electoral Alternative (or WASG'") was a German political party founded in 2005 by people who did not like the Social Democratic-Green government.
On June 16, 2007 it merged with The Left Party.PDS to form the a party The Left ("Die Linke") party. At the time of its merger with The Left Party.PDS about 11,600 people were members.

Deutsche Reichspartei
The Deutsche Reichspartei (DRP) ("German Reich Party", "German Imperial Party" or "German Empire Party") was a nationalist political party in West Germany. It was a merger of the German Conservative Party - Deutsche Right Party (DKP-DRP) and the old Hessian Nationaldemokratischen Partei (NDP).
The initial founders of the party were among others: Alexander Andrae, Oskar Lutz, Hans Bernd von Grünberg, Wilhelm Meinberg, Otto Heß, Hans Schikora, Heinrich Kunstmann, Adolf von Thadden.
In 1949 the Sozialistische Reichspartei (SRP) split away from it. This was because the Empire Party was not neo-Nazi, and did not want to be associated with Adolf Hitler.
Instead the party preferred to say how good the Second German Empire (1870-1919). The Deutsche Reichspartei did become more national socialist after 1952. This is when the Sozialistische Reichspartei was banned by the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany and a lot of its members re-joined the Empire Party.
The party was not very successful in the 1950s, but seemed to be getting more popular after the state elections of 1959. But the success did not last, and the party held its final conference in 1964 when it was dissolved. It was quickly replaced by the new Nationaldemokratische Partei Deutschlands.

Fukuoka Prefecture
Fukuoka Prefecture is an area in the North of the island of Kyushu, Japan. The major cities are Fukuoka city, Kitakyushu, Kurume and Iizuka. It is next to Saga prefecture, Oita prefecture, and Kumamoto prefecture, and opposite Yamaguchi prefecture on Japan`s main island, Honshu

Evening Prayer (Anglican)
Evening Prayer (often called Evensong), in the Anglican Church, is the traditional service when people come to church to worship in the late afternoon or early evening. In cathedrals in Britain and in some of the old university chapels it is a service that is sung by a choir nearly every day of the week (there is usually one day of the week when there is no choir and everything is spoken). In cathedrals it is usually just the choir and the priests who sing, while the congregation listen. There is sometimes one hymn at the end in which the congregation can join in. Evensong in churches will have more singing for the congregation to join in.
Development and meaning of Evensong.
The form of Evensong used today was developed by Thomas Cranmer in the 16th century. There were two kinds of services, called "vespers" and "compline" that used to be sung every day by monks in monasteries. Cranmer took some of the words that were used in both these services and made today's form of Evening Prayer (Evensong).
The main idea in Evensong is the celebration of the incarnation of Christ: this is the story about Christ coming to the world in the form of a person and living among people. The words of the Magnificat and the Nunc Dimittis are always used in the service. The Magnificat is the song that Mary sang when she was told that she was going to have a baby who would be God’s son. The Nunc Dimittis is the song that was sung by the priest Simeon who had been promised by God that he would live long enough to see Jesus. Both these sets of words are from the New Testament.
Many churches now use the words from "Common Worship" or some other modern prayer book for their services. However, when Evensong is sung by a choir the words used are usually from the old traditional "Book of Common Prayer" (1662). This is because, for more than four centuries, so much great music has been composed that uses these words.
Because there is no communion at evensong, the service can be led by a layperson (someone who is not a “qualified” priest).
Parts of the Evensong service.
The organist usually plays some organ music before and after the service. On Sundays there may be a sermon.
Music.
In churches the Magnificat and the Nunc dimittis (canticles), like the psalm, are often sung to a chant. This is a tune which repeats itself for every verse or every two verses and is sung to the natural rhythm in which it would be spoken. In cathedrals, or in churches with a good choir, the two canticles are sung to special music (like an anthem) composed by some well-known composer. There is usually an organ accompaniment.
Many composers, especially Anglican church composers, wrote settings (music) for these two canticles (which choir members often called “Mag and Nunc”). Such composers include Edward Bairstow, Herbert Brewer, Orlando Gibbons, Herbert Howells, Henry Purcell, Charles Stanford, Herbert Sumsion, Thomas Tallis, Thomas Weelkes, Samuel Wesley and many others. Some of the composers wrote several settings. This is why different settings are often identified by the key they are in, e.g. Stanford in G, Stanford in C etc. Sometimes they can be identified by the cathedral for which they were written. Herbert Howells, for example, wrote Mag and Nunc settings for several cathedrals and chapels. These can be identified by calling them: Howells’ Gloucester Service, Collegium Regale (=King’s College, Cambridge) etc.
In a sung evensong the choir will also sing an "introit" which is a very short piece at the beginning of the service. They will sing a psalm to a chant, and there will also be an anthem.

Regierender Bürgermeister
The Regierender Bürgermeister () of Berlin is the head of government of the city.
The Governing Mayor is the equivalent of the Minister President of the bigger States of Germany.
The Regierender Bürgermeister is elected by the Abgeordentenhaus (). He then appoints up to eight Senators. The Senators are ministers in charge of the departments of the city government. Two of the senators are also Mayors. The Mayors are the deputies of the Governing Mayor.

Alice in Chains
Alice in Chains is a popular rock band that formed in Seattle, Washington in 1987. They have sold an estimated 15 million albums in the US alone. Alice in Chains is often thought of as a heavy metal band, but is mostly considered a grunge band.

Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk
Johann Ludwig (Lutz) Graf Schwerin von Krosigk'", (August 22, 1887 – March 4, 1977) was a German politician.
Early life.
Johann Ludwig von Krosigk was born in Rathmannsdorf, in the Kingdom of Saxony. His father was from a noble family in Anhalt, his mother was a daughter of one of the Counts ("Graf") von Schwerin. He studied law and politics in Halle, in Lausanne and, as a Rhodes Scholar, at the University of Oxford.
He became a Lieutenant in the German Army during World War I, and he won the Iron Cross. In 1918, Krosigk married Baroness Ehrengard von Plettenberg. They had four sons and five daughters.
Pre-World War II.
Schwerin von Krosigkut was a conservative, but not a member of any political party when was appointed Minister of Finance by Franz von Papen in 1932. President Paul von Hindenburg asked him to stay in office under Kurt von Schleicher. Hitler kept him as finance minister throughout the period of Nazi Party rule, even though several members of his family took part in attempts to kill Hitler.
World War II.
On May 1, 1945, Schwerin von Krosigk was asked to be the Chancellor ("Reichskanzler") of the Acting Government by new President ("Reichspräsident") Karl Dönitz.
On May 7th, 1945, Dönitz allowed the German Army to surrender at Rheims before General Eisenhower.
Winston Churchill recognised the Flensburg Government de facto because he said the surrender was allowed by "Grand Admiral Dönitz the designated Head of State". The government was dissolved when its members were captured by British forces on May 23, 1945, at Flensburg.
Schwerin von Krosigk was tried at Ministries Trial at Nuremberg along with other leading members of the Nazi Government. Schwerin von Krosigk was sentenced to 10 years imprisonment but was released during an amnesty in 1951.
After World War II.
In later years Schwerin von Krosigk wrote several books about economics policy and two versions of his memoirs.
He was one of the first to talk about an "Iron Curtain" coming down across Europe, in a broadcast to the German people on May 2, 1945, a phrase which he had picked up from an article by Joseph Goebbels, and later used by Winston Churchill in a speech that made the phrase famous.
Schwerin von Krosigk died in 1977 in the town of Essen, Germany, aged 89.

Oi! Oi! Oi!
Oi! Oi! Oi! is a song by the English punk rockers Cockney Rejects. The song was the inspiration for the name of the Oi! music genre.

Cockney Rejects
The Cockney Rejects is an Oi! punk rock band that formed in the East End of London in 1979.

East End of London
The East End of London, known locally as the East End, generally refers to the area of central London, England, east of the medieval walled City of London and north of the River Thames.

Suidae
Suidae is the family to which pigs and their relatives belong. Up to existen species are currently recognised, including the domestic pig. In addition to numerous species of wild pig, the family includes the babirusa and the warthog.

Trdat of Iberia
T'rdat (Georgian: თრდატი), sometimes Latinized as "Tiridates"), of the Chosroid Dynasty, was the king of Iberia (Kartli, eastern Georgia) from c. 394 to 406.
Georgian chronicles have said that he is the son of Rev, son of Mirian III, the first Christian king of Iberia. He is reported to have succeeded by his relative and son-in-law, Varaz-Bakur II, and to have been forced to pay tribute to the Sasanids of Iran. The chronicles praise his piety and credit Trdat with the construction of churches at Rustavi and Nekresi.

The Nutcracker
The Nutcracker is a fairy tale-ballet by the Russian composer Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky. It was composed in 1891-1892, and based on a story written in 1816 by E. T. A. Hoffmann called "The Nutcracker and the Mouse King". Tchaikovsky put some of the best music from the ballet together to make a suite for orchestra. This selection of music, called the "The Nutcracker Suite", has some of the best known tunes in classical music.
Until the 1960s the full ballet was not often performed. People just knew the music from the suite. In the 1940s it was made particularly popular when it was used by Walt Disney in the animated film "Fantasia". Today the whole ballet is very popular indeed, and often performed at Christmas time.
The orchestra.
In this ballet Tchaikovsky used an instrument called the celeste. It was a new instrument, that looked like a piano but sounded like bells. Tchaikovsky heard one in Paris. He used it first in a symphonic poem called "The Voyevoda" and then in "The Nutcracker" where it plays in the "Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy", together with the bass clarinet.
Story.
The story is about a German girl called Clara Stahlbaum.
Act I.
Before the dancing starts we hear an orchestral introduction. Only the high instruments play: violins, violas, woodwind (including piccolo), horns, and triangle.
When the curtain opens we see the house of the Stahlbaum family. The family are having a Christmas Eve party. The children's godfather Herr Drosselmeyer comes in with presents for everyone, including Clara's brother Fritz. Clara is still waiting for her present. Herr Drosselmeyer then produces three life-size dolls, who each take a turn to dance. Clara has still not had a present and starts to cry.
Drosselmeyer then conjures up a toy Nutcracker that looks like a soldier. Clara loves it. Her brother Fritz is jealous, and breaks it. Drosselmeyer chases him off and mends the toy.
The party ends and the Stahlbaum family go to bed, but Clara is worried about her Nutcracker. In the night she comes out to the Christmas tree to see it. She falls asleep under the tree with the Nutcracker in her arms.
When the clock strikes midnight, Clara hears the sound of mice. She wakes up and tries to run away, but the mice stop her. Is this really happening or is it a dream? The Christmas tree suddenly begins to grow to enormous size, filling the room. The Nutcracker comes to life, he and his band of soldiers rise to defend Clara, and the Mouse King leads his mice into battle.
There is a fight, and when Clara helps the Nutcracker by throwing her slipper at the Mouse King, the Nutcracker stabs him. The mouse dies. The mice go away, taking their dead leader with them. The Nutcracker then changes into a prince.
Clara and the Prince travel to a world where dancing Snow Flakes greet them and fairies and queens dance, welcoming Clara and the Prince into their world.
Act II.
Clara and the Prince arrive in the Land of the Sugar Plum Fairy. The Sugar Plum Fairy and the people of the Land of Sweets dance for Clara and the Prince in the dances of Dew Drop Fairy, the Spanish dancers, the Chinese dancers, the Arabian dancers, the Russian dancers, Mother Ginger and her Polichinelles, the Reed Flutes (or Mirlitons), the Sugar Plum Fairy, and the Waltz of the Flowers. The dances in the Land of the Sugar Plum Fairy are not always performed in this order. These are the dances which are heard in the orchestral suite.
After the feast, Clara wakes up under the Christmas tree with the Nutcracker toy in her arms and the curtain closes. It had all been a dream.
In some productions the producer makes the end look as if it was not really a dream, but had actually happened.
The composition.
Tchaikovsky was not well when he composed The Nutcracker. He was nearly at the end of his life. He wrote the music for the suite while he was working at the ballet because he urgently needed some music for an orchestral concert. Then he worked hard at finishing the ballet. When he had finished it he was exhausted. He stopped all work and went to the zoo every day to relax. He died the next year.

Kingdom of Sophene
The Kingdom of Sophene (Armenian: Ծոփքի Թագավորութուն) was an ancient Armenian kingdom. Found sometime around the 3rd century B.C. the kingdom stayed independent until 90's B.C. when Tigranes the great conquered these territories as part of his empire.
Origin.
The first records show that it was part of Urartu, later it became a province of the Armenian Kingdom around 600 BC.

Lady Katherine Grey
Lady Katherine Grey (August 1540 - January 26, 1568) was the sister to Lady Jane Grey and Lady Mary Grey. Her mother was Lady Frances Brandon and Henry Grey, who were Marquess and Marchioness of Dorset and later Duke and Duchess of Suffolk. Her sisters were Lady Jane Grey and Lady Mary Grey.
Biography.
Katherine (also spelled Catherine) was born in 1540 to Lady Frances Brandon and Henry Grey. Her parents were disappointed that she was a girl. However, Frances treated Katherine better than she treated her sister Lady Jane Grey. Little is known about Katherine's early life before 1550.
Katherine was married at the age of twelve to Henry Herbert in May of 1553. It was the same day her older sister Jane Grey was married to Guildford Dudley. Katherine's sister Jane was queen of England for nine days before Mary I became queen. Because of this, Katherine's marriage to Herbert was annulled (or divorce).
Appearance and personality.
Like her sister, Katherine was considered very beautiful. However, Katherine was considered even more beautiful. She was a little short, but she had a delicate appearance. She had shining red-gold hair and her grandmother Mary Tudor's blue eyes. She also had white skin and no freckles, unlike her sister Lady Jane Grey.
Unlike her sister Jane, Katherine was not as smart and didn't like her studies as much. She preferred playing with her pet dogs and birds.
Later life.
Katherine said that her life at Queen Mary's court was the best time of her life. She met her future husband during these years and received money from Mary every year. Mary's sister, Elizabeth, did not like Katherine much. She distrusted her and did not wish to see her married. Katherine had other plans.
In December 1560, she married Edward Seymour, Earl of Hertford without Elizabeth I's permission. They planned to keep it a secret for a long time. However, Katherine became pregnant quickly and by July of the next year, she could not hold her secret any longer. She first tried to get help from Bess of Hardwick, but Bess screamed at Katherine and made her go away. Then she went to see Elizabeth's great favorite, Robert Dudley. He listened to Katherine but promised nothing. The next day he told Elizabeth everything. Elizabeth was angry with this and put both Edward and Katherine in prison. She gave birth to a son in the Tower of London. The child's name was Edward.
Later, she gave birth to another son, also in the Tower of London. This made Elizabeth even more angry since she was not supposed to see Edward. The couple would not see each other again after the birth. Katherine soon got tuberculosis and died in January of 1568 and is buried in Cockfield Chapel.

Apparent magnitude
The apparent magnitude ("m") of a celestial body is a measure of its brightness as seen by a person on Earth, normalized to the value it would have in the absence of the atmosphere. The brighter the object appears, the lower the numerical value of its magnitude.

Elongation
Elongation is an astronomical term that describes the angle between the Sun and a planet, as viewed from Earth.
When an inferior planet is visible after sunset, it is near its greatest eastern elongation. When an inferior planet is visible before sunrise, it is near its greatest western elongation. The value of the greatest elongation (west or east), for Mercury, is between 18° and 28°; and for Venus between 45° and 47°. This value varies because the orbits of the planets are elliptical, rather than perfect circles.

Conjunction (astronomy and astrology)
Conjunction is a word used in astronomy and astrology. It means that, as seen from some place (usually the Earth), two celestial bodies appear near one another in the sky. The event is also sometimes known as an appulse.

Opposition (astronomy and astrology)
Opposition is a word used in astronomy and astrology to show when one celestial body is on the opposite side of the sky when viewed from a particular place (usually the Earth). In particular, two planets are in opposition to each other when their ecliptic longitudes differ by 180°.
The symbol of opposition is ☍.

Ophiuchus
Ophiuchus (Οφιούχος), is one of the 88 listed constellations. In Latin, it means "serpent-holder". It is located around the celestial equator, and northwest of the center of the Milky Way.

Scorpius
Scorpius (Latin for "scorpion", symbol, Unicode ♏) is one of the constellations of the zodiac. In western astrology it is known as "Scorpio". It is a large constellation located in the Southern Hemisphere near the center of the Milky Way.

George Boleyn
George Boleyn (1504? - May 17 1536) was the brother of his famous sister Anne Boleyn and his other sister Mary Boleyn. His parents were Thomas Boleyn and Elizabeth Howard.
Biography.
George was born in 1504, probably in Blickling, although it is unsure. George Boleyn was well known for serving the King (Henry VIII), he was most favored by him. His sister, Anne, became queen because of the help of his Uncle (The Duke Of Norfolk) and his Father(Thomas Boleyn). His two sisters, Anne Boleyn (Second wife of Henry VIII), and Mary Boleyn (Mistress of the King) were his only two friends. They spent much time together. He married Jane Parker, also known as Lady Jane Rochford. He was not happy with his marriage, he was only engaged to her by their Uncle. As a Boleyn/Howard (Howard, Mothers maiden name) he had to obey. His obedience towards his family made him unhappy. He refused to sleep with his wife, so instead spent many nights with his sisters in Anne's rooms. Mary would be there, for she was Anne's lady in waiting. All three of the Boleyns were very close.
Downfall.
George Boleyn had a very close relationship with his sister Anne, he was close with his other sister as well, but Mary concentrated more on her family with her husband (William Stafford). Their downfall together was because the Henry VIII accused them of incest. Mary Boleyn was not with them at the time of their exile. She chose to hide for the sake of her children. Or she too would have been beheaded. It was probably a false charge by Henry VIII so he could get rid of Anne Boleyn. Another reason why he died was because his wife claimed that George and Anne had an affair, but on her own execution, Lady Jane Rochford claimed that "God has permitted me to suffer this shameful doom as punishment for having contributed to my husband's death. I falsely accused him of loving in an incestuous manner, his sister, Queen Anne Boleyn. For this I deserve to die."

Tsitsernakaberd
Tsitsernakaberd (Armenian: Ծիծեռնակաբերդ) is a memorial for the victims of the Armenian Genocide located on a hill overlooking Yerevan, Armenia. Every year on April 24, Armenians gather here to remember the victims of the 1915 Armenian Genocide that took place in the Ottoman Empire carried out by the Turkish government. In 1965 to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the Genocide after a million people demonstrated for 24 hours; the demonstrations are now known as the 1965 Yerevan Demonstrations. In response, the genocide memorial construction began in 1966 and it was completed in 1968. In Yerevan, the capital of Armenia, crowds of people walk to the Tsitsernakaberd Genocide Memorial to lay flowers at the eternal flame.

Mary Boleyn
Mary Boleyn (about 1499 - 19 July 1543) was the elder sister of Anne Boleyn, the second wife of King Henry VIII. They had a brother called George Boleyn.
Early Life.
Mary Boleyn was the daughter of Thomas Boleyn and Elizabeth Howard. She was born in Hever in about 1499. She was kept in England until 1514, when she was fifteen. She was sent to be a maid of honor to Mary Tudor, the sister of King Henry VIII. Mary Tudor was going to be married to King Louis XII of France. Only a few months after the wedding, Louis died and Francis I became king. It is thought that Mary Boleyn became Francis I's lover for a while.
1520s.
Mary was sent back to England when her parents found out about her affair in France, but she ended up being the lover of King Henry VIII. Some people think that King Henry was the father of Mary's children, Catherine Carey and Henry Carey, but it is more likely that her husband, William Carey, was the true father. Mary married William Carey in 1520.
Anne Boleyn becomes queen.
After Mary's husband died, Mary's luck ran out. Her sister Anne took Mary's place as King Henry's favourite lover, and Henry divorced his wife in order to marry Anne. After this, Mary became really poor. Her first husband died, but she met another man, William Stafford, who was also poor. They married for love and this upset Anne Boleyn, who banished Mary from court. Mary and William Stafford had two children, but both of them died.
After her sister's downfall.
After Anne Boleyn had been married to King Henry for a short time, he grew tired of her. She was accused of having had other lovers and was executed. George Boleyn, the brother of Anne and Mary, was also executed, but Mary and her husband William Stafford were not blamed for anything as they were not at the royal court. They lived happily together until Mary died in 1543.

Cubic centimetre
A cubic centimetre (symbol cm³ or cc) (U.S. spelling: cubic centimeter) is a commonly used unit of volume extending the derived SI-unit cubic metre and corresponds to the volume of a cube measuring 1 cm × 1 cm × 1 cm. One cubic centimetre corresponds to a volume of of a cubic metre, or of a litre; therefore, 1 cm³ = 1 mL. In many scientific fields, the use of cubic centimetres has been replaced by the millilitre. The medical and automotive fields are two of the few fields wherein the term cubic centimetre was never discontinued in the United States. In the United Kingdom millilitres are used in preference to cubic centimetres in the medical field.
One cubic centimetre of water is equal to 1 gram.

Geometric albedo
The geometric albedo of an astronomical body is the ratio of its actual brightness at zero phase angle (i.e. as seen from the light source) to that of an "idealized" flat, fully reflecting, diffusively scattering (Lambertian) disk with the same cross-section.
The visual geometric albedo refers to the geometric albedo quantity when accounting for only electromagnetic radiation in the visible spectrum.

Welcome to the Black Parade
"Welcome to the Black Parade" is the first single and fifth track from My Chemical Romance's third studio album, "The Black Parade". It was released on September 11, 2006 on iTunes and October 9, 2006 on CD. It is the band's ninth single. The studio version was available on MySpace on September 2, 2006. The song became the group's first number one in the UK on October 15, 2006, and later rose to number one on the Modern Rock Tracks on October 26, 2006, where it would stay for seven weeks. It was originally intended to be called "The Five Of Us Are Dying."
The song ranked at #17 on Rolling Stone's "The 100 Best Songs of 2006".

Remembrance Day
Remembrance Day (in Australia, Canada, and the United Kingdom) is a day to remember people who fought and died in wars. It is on November 11th to remember the end of World War I on that day in 1918. Remembrance Day was started in 1919 by King George V from the United Kingdom. On the same day, other countries also have days to remember war and soldiers. There is Veteran's Day in the United States, and Armistice Day in France, Belgium, New Zealand and other countries.
Traditions.
There are some things that people do on Remembrance Day. One is having two minutes of silence at 11:00 AM. It is at 11:00 AM because that is when World War I ended. At a ceremony for Remembrance Day, before the two minutes of silence, a song called "The Last Post" is played on a bugle (or sometimes a trumpet). At the end of the silence, the bugle plays a song called "Reveille."
People often bring wreaths made of poppies to Remembrance Day ceremonies. The wreaths honor people who have died in wars.
In many countries, many people wear a fake poppy on Remembrance Day, and for a few days before. The poppy is a symbol to show that they remember the wars, and the soldiers who fought in them. Poppies were chosen to be a symbol because they often grew in battlefields, after the soldiers stopped fighting there.

Division (botany)
In biology, a division is the equivalent of a phylum in a kingdom.

Leona Lewis
Leona Lewis (born 3 April 1985) is an British singer.
Lewis first became famous when she won a television talent contest in Britain called "The X Factor". When she won "The X Factor" in 2006, Lewis got a £1 million contract to make more music. She then released a song, as part of "The X Factor" contract, called "A Moment Like This" which was the number 1 song in the charts at Christmas after selling 571,253 copies in the shops and on download.
Lewis then released her second song on 22 October 2007 called "Bleeding Love" which was the number 1 song again in Britain, and also reached number 1 in the United States. It sold 218,805 copies in the first week of release. She released her fist album called "Spirit" in November 2007.
She won the X Factor in 2006 then Leon Jackson surpassed her in 2007.

Trinny Woodall
Trinny Woodall (born Sarah-Jane Woodall in February 8, 1964) is an English expert in fashion, author, television presenter and journalist.
Trinny Woodall first became famous when she presented a reality show called "What Not to Wear" with Susannah Constantine on the BBC. She then was on "The Oprah Winfrey Show" in 2004 and helped American people with their clothes and appearance. She then presented "Trinny & Susannah Undress" on ITV in 2006 and "Trinny & Susannah Undress The Nation" in 2007.
She has also written lots of fashion books with Constantine in Britain and America which have been made into many languages. Their first major book, "What Not to Wear", sold 670,000 copies and won a British Book Award.

Susannah Constantine
Susannah Caroline Constantine (born June 3, 1962) is an English television presenter, fashion expert, author and journalist. In her early career, Constantine worked with famous fashion designers like John Galliano. She met Trinny Woodall in 1994 at a party and wrote about fashion in a newspaper called "The Telegraph". Susannah Constantine also dated the member of the royal family, David, Viscount Linley in the 1980s.
Constantine and Woodall became famous when they presented a reality show in Britain called "What Not to Wear". In 2002, they won a Royal Television Award for being the best presenters. In 2006 Constantine hosted another fashion show on ITV called "Trinny & Susannah Undress". She has also been on "The Oprah Winfrey Show" with Trinny Woodall, and helped women with their clothes. They have made many fashion books which have been successful in America and Britain, and have been translated into many languages. It is thought that the books have sold 2.5 million copies around the world.

Anna Wintour
Anna Wintour (born November 3, 1949 in London) is an English-American editor and journalist. Wintour is currently the chief editor at a famous fashion magazine called "Vogue". She has been the editor since 1988.
Life.
Anna Wintour stopped going to school at 16 and started her career in fashion. She worked on magazines in America called "New York" and "Home & Garden". She then went back to Britain and worked on a British magazine known as "Vogue". She later worked on the American version, making them both more popular and successful. Wintour supports young fashion designers and is sometimes called "Nuclear Wintour" because of her demanding personality.
"The Devil Wears Prada".
It is thought that Anna Wintour was the inspiration behind the demanding editor, Miranda Priestly, in the novel "The Devil Wears Prada". The author of the book, Lauren Weisberger, had worked as the personal assistant of Anna Wintour at "Vogue". It has been suggested that the setting and Priestly were based on "Vogue" and Wintour, but Weisberger denies this, and says that Wintour is given her own appearance near the end of the book.
Before the book started selling, Wintour told the "New York Times", "I always enjoy a great piece of fiction. I haven't decided whether I am going to read it or not."
"Ugly Betty".
Wintour is also mentioned in "Ugly Betty" when Wilhelmina Slater is going to get a better job at "MODE" (the magazine) after Bradford Meade is arrested. She does not accept a lunch invitation from Anna Wintour, saying she should have called back in 1998, not 2007.

Kingdom of Saxony
The Kingdom of Saxony (), existed from 1806 until 1918.
From 1871 it was part of the German Empire, and after World War I it became part of the Weimar Republic. Its capital was the city of Dresden, and its modern successor state is the Free State of Saxony.
Before 1806 Saxony was the Electorate of Saxony in the Holy Roman Empire. This meant that the princes who ruled Saxony were prince-elector Kurfürst were some of the people who could elect a new Holy Roman Emperor.
When Emperor Francis II was defeated by Napoleon at the Battle of Austerlitz and the empire was dissolved the electorate became an independent kingdom. The last elector of Saxony became King Frederick Augustus I.
After the Battle of Jena in 1806, Saxony joined the Confederation of the Rhine, and remained within the Confederation until it broke up in 1813 when Napoleon was defeated at the Battle of Leipzig.
The Catholic ruler of Saxony was one of the few German leaders to support the French. Saxony was put under Russian occupation and 40% of the Kingdom, including the historically significant Wittenberg, home of the Protestant Reformation, was taken by Prussia, but Frederick Augustus was allowed back to rule the remainder of his kingdom, which still included the major cities of Dresden and Leipzig. The Kingdom also joined the German Confederation, the new organization of the German states to replace the Holy Roman Empire.
The Austro-Prussian War and the German Empire.
During the 1866 Austro-Prussian War, Saxony sided with Austria. The Saxon army was the only large army to help Austria. At the peace talks Austria said Saxony should not be punished. The other states in north Germany including the large Kingdom of Hanover were annexed ("taken over") by Prussia after the war. These states had promised help to Autria but did little. So Austria did not try to help them at the peace talks.
Saxony joined the Prussian-led North German Confederation the next yearin 1867. When Prussia beat France in the Franco-Prussian War of 1871, the Confederation was turned into the German Empire by Otto von Bismarck, with Wilhelm I as its Emperor.
John I, as Saxony's king, was below the Emperor, although he, like the other German princes, kept some of the rights of a sovereign ruler, including sending ambassadors other states.
The end of the kingdom.
Wilhelm I's grandson Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicated in 1918 after Germany's defeat in the First World War. King Frederick Augustus III of Saxony followed him into abdication and the Kingdom of Saxony became the Free State of Saxony inside the newly-formed Weimar Republic. The Kingdom of Saxony had lasted only 112 years.

Commedia dell' arte
Commedia dell' arte is a form of comedy. It was first done in theatres in Italy. It was done with a standard set of characters (like a doctor, or a priest). Usually it was played in the open, and free to watch. Usually, the players followed no script. it was popular between the 16th and 18th century.

Saxe-Meiningen
The Duchy of Saxe-Meiningen was one of the Ernestine duchies.
The dukes were never very important in forming the history of Europe, and unlike their relative in the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha never set out to form a long lasting dynasty.
Like all of the German monarchies the duchy became part of the Weimar Republic after World War I.
In the reshuffle of Ernestine territories after the death of the Saxe-Gothaducal line in 1825, Saxe-Meiningen got the territories of Hildburghausen and Saalfeld. The state of Saxe-Meiningen was merged into the new state of Thuringia in 1920.
The capital of Saxe-Meiningen was Meiningen; it had an area of 2,468 km² and a population of 269,000 (1905). The summer residence was Altenstein.
The present head of Head of the Ducal House of Saxe-Meiningen is Prince Frederick Konrad (born 1952).

Eilenburg
Eilenburg is a town on the banks of the river Mulde in north-western Saxony, Germany. The town is well-known because of its personalities Karl August Möbius, Franz Abt and Martin Rinckart, who is the creator of the Christian hymn “Now thank we all our God”.
Eilenburg has about 18,000 inhabitants.

The Misfits
The Misfits were a punk rock band from New Jersey, usually classified as a hardcore punk or horror punk band. They often played in theatrical makeup to look spooky and had themes mostly from old movies, especially horror movies. The lead singer was Glenn Danzig, who later formed Samhain and then Danzig (band). Other members went on to form a new version of the Misfits in the late 90's which eventually also contained members of the Ramones and Black Flag.
The Misfits had many of their records released in limited collectible versions sometimes through their fan club called The Fiend Club, and have had a huge influence on everything from the way punk is marketed (the Misfits rival Kiss in marketing of their skull logo) to the numerous celebrities wearing their t shirts.

Vistula
The Vistula (Polish: Wisła); is the longest river in Poland. It is 1,047 km (678 miles) in length.

Sunnah
The word Sunnah (Arabic: سنة) is an Arabic word meaning tradition or way. In Islamic terms, Sunnah refers to the "way of the prophet". These are the religious actions made by Muhammad during the last 23 years of his life, when he was a prophet.

Al-Aqsa Mosque
Al-Aqsa Mosque ("The Farthest Mosque") is a mosque, or a place where Muslims go to worship, and it is in Jerusalem. Abdul Malik ibn Marwan asked for the mosque to be built, but he died before they finished building it, and it was finished by his son in 705 AD. The Al-Aqsa Mosque is a part of the Al-Haram al-Qudsi al-Sharif, or "The Noble Sanctuary". This area is known as the Temple Mount by Jews, and it is believed to be the location where the Jewish Temple was built. The mosque is the 3rd most important place in Islam. Many Muslims believe that Muhammad went from the Sacred Mosque in Mecca to the Al-Aqsa Mosque in the story of the "Night Journey". Also, some Islamic traditions say Muhammad led prayers there before his ascension.
People have planned to attack the mosque, and some people have actually attacked it. In 1969 Michael Dennis Rohan set the mosque on fire, destroying a lot of the mosque. Some members of the Gush Emunim Underground planned to blow up the mosque, but they never blew it up.
In September of 2000 Ariel Sharon visited Al-Aqsa, and Palestinians who were at the mosque threw objects at the police force that was with Sharon. In return the police shot rubber bullets at the group of Palestinians. Palestinians said Sharon visited the mosque to make people angry, but Sharon sayed he had gone there with a message of peace. This visit is what some believe caused the Second Intifada.
Name.
"Al-Aqsa Mosque" means "the farthest mosque". The mosques name comes from a story in the Quran called "The Night Journey". In the story Muhammad goes from Mecca to Jerusalem, where the Al-Aqsa Mosque is. Then he went up to Heaven on a flying horse..
History.
The mosque was first built in 705 AD. The first mosque was destroyed in a earthquake in 748 AD and had to be built again. We don't know when it was built again, but it was probably in 771 AD, and this mosque was destroyed soon after they finished building it. The third mosque was built around 780 AD. In 1033 AD there was another earthquake, and the mosque had to be built again.
Jerusalem was taken over by the Crusaders in 1099. Instead of taking down the mosque, the crusaders used the mosque as a palace. In 1119 it was changed into the headquarters for the Templar Knights.

Balkh Province
Balkh is a province in the northern part of Afghanistan. Its capital is Mezari Sharif. Most of its people are Tajiks.

Dario Chioli
Dario Chioli is an Italian poet that was born on January 28, 1956. Dario Chioli is also a religious philosopher, and an essayist author. He was born in Turin.

Dwight Hicks
Dwight Hicks was born April 5, 1956 in Mount Holly, New Jersey. He was a professional American football player. He played the defensive back position for the Toronto Argonauts in 1978. He also played in the National Football League (NFL) for the San Francisco 49ers from 1979 to 1985 and for the Indianapolis Colts in 1986. Before that, Dwight Hicks played for the University of Michigan. He is a four-time Pro Bowl selection from 1981 to 1984. He helped the 49ers to win 2 NFL Championships in Super Bowl XVI and Super Bowl XIX.
Hicks led the NFL in interceptions in the 1981 season, and return yards. He went on to be very important in the Super Bowl. After the 49ers lost a fumble on the opening kickoff, the Cincinatti Bengals got the football to San Francisco 5-yard line. Hicks made an interception and stopped the Bengals from scoring.
In Hicks eight NFL seasons, he had 32 interceptions, 602 interception return yards, 14 fumble recoveries, 112 fumble return yards, and 4 touchdowns.
Hicks went on to become a popular character actor in movies such as "The Rock", "Jack", "Armageddon", and "In the Mix" after his football career. He also made appearances on many television programs. Some shows that he appeared on include "Nash Bridges", "The Pretender", "The Practice", "The X-Files", "ER" and "The O.C."

Surface gravity
The surface gravity, "g", of an astronomical or other object is the gravitational acceleration experienced at its surface. The surface gravity may be thought of as the acceleration caused by the gravity experienced by a hypothetical test particle which is very close to the object's surface and which, in order not to disturb the system, has negligible mass.
Surface gravity is measured in units of acceleration, which, in the SI system, are meters per second squared. It may also be described as a multiple of the Earth's gravity, "g" = 9.80665 m/s2. In astrophysics, the surface gravity may be expressed as log "g", which is obtained by first expressing the gravity in cgs units, where the unit of acceleration is centimeters per second squared, and then taking the base 10 logarithm.

Rotation period
In astronomy, a rotation period is the time an astronomical object takes to complete one revolution around its rotation axis relative to the background stars. For the Earth this is a sidereal day. It is different from a solar day, which is measured by the passage of the Sun across the local meridian.

Absolute magnitude
In astronomy, absolute magnitude is the apparent magnitude, "m", an object would have if it were at a standard luminosity distance away from us, in the absence of interstellar extinction. It allows the overall brightnesses of objects to be compared without regard to distance.

Angular size
Angular size is a measurement of how large or small something is using rotational measurement. It is useful for measuring things that are so far away that they appear two dimensional.

House Sparrow
The House Sparrow ("Passer domesticus") is a member of the Old World sparrow family Passeridae, and is, somewhat controversially, considered a relative of the Weaver Finch Family. It occurs naturally in most of Europe and much of Asia.
Description.
Male has black throat, white cheeks, and chestnut nape; gray crown and rump. Female and young are streaked dull brown above, dingy white below, with pale eyebrow.
Habitat.
It successfully spread across the continent, and is abundant in urban and agricultural habitats. Although is found in many people and their buildings.

Albedo
The albedo of an object is the extent to which it reflects light, defined as
the ratio of reflected to incident electromagnetic radiation. It is a unitless measure indicative of a surface's or body's diffuse reflectivity. The word is derived from "albus", a Latin word for "white".

Robin Olds
Robin Olds (born July 14, 1922, died June 14, 2007) was a member of the United States Air Force. He was one of the first jet fighter pilots. In World War II, he flew a P-38 Lightning and a P-51 Mustang. In the Vietnam War, he was a commander and was angry about lack of dogfight training. He flew an F-4 Phantom II. In 1973, he retired from the Air Force at the rank of brigadier general. He had made 16 kills (12 in World War II, 4 in Vietnam). He had prostate cancer and died of heart failure.

Lady Mary Grey
Lady Mary Grey (1545- April 20, 1578 was the sister of Lady Jane Grey and Lady Katherine Grey. Her parents were Lady Frances Brandon and Henry Grey.
Life.
Mary Grey's parents were disappointed with her birth, because she was a girl and a hunchback. She was described as "four foot tall and hunchbacked".
Mary's life was not as exciting as her sisters, Jane and Katherine Grey. But after their death she was the last surviving grandchild of Mary Tudor, and therefore some people thought she might be heiress to the English throne. She married the royal gatekeeper Thomas Keyes in 1565 but this was without Queen Elizabeth's permission. But like her sister Katherine's marriage to Edward Seymour, Earl of Hertford, Queen Elizabeth was angry. Elizabeth claimed that she wanted "no bastard Keyes". Elizabeth put Mary under house arrest. She was released after the death of her husband in 1572 and was permitted to attend Court occasionally.
She died childless at age 33.

German-speaking Community of Belgium
The German-speaking Community of Belgium (, short "DGB") is one of the three federal communities in Belgium. It is the main part of the so-called East Cantons (German "Ost-Kantone") of Belgium. It has an area of, and a population of over 73,000, of which almost 100% are German speaking (traditionally Ripuarian-speaking).
Its capital is Eupen; it is part of the province of Liège and borders on the Netherlands, Germany, and Luxembourg.
The area was known as Eupen-Malmedy, and is now called the East Cantons. It is made up of the German-speaking Community and the municipalities of Malmedy and Waimes (Weismes), which belong to the French-Speaking Community of Belgium.
The East Cantons were part of the Rhine Province of Prussia in Germany until 1920 but were annexed by Belgium following Germany's defeat in World War I and the subsequent Treaty of Versailles. Thus they also became known as the "cantons rédimés", "redeemed cantons". The peace treaty of Versailles demanded the "questioning" of the local population about their political status.
This was not a secret vote, and anyone who did not want to become Belgian had to register their full name and address. Many locals feared reprisals or even expulsion after enlisting.
In the mid-1920s the kingdom of Belgium seemed to want to sell the region back to Germany. The French government told the Belgians to stop the Belgian-German talks about the deal.
In 1940 the new cantons were retaken by Germany in World War II. They had only been in Belgium for 20 years, so the majority of people of the east cantons still thought of themselves as German. Following the defeat of Germany in 1945 the cantons were once again taken over by Belgium.
In the early 1960s Belgium was divided into four language areas, the Dutch speaking Flemish area, the French speaking area, the bilingual capital of Brussels, and the German speaking area of the east cantons. In 1973, three communities and three regions were established and granted internal autonomy. The legislative Parliament of the German-speaking Community, "Rat der Deutschsprachigen Gemeinschaft", was set up. Today the German-speaking Community has a degree of self government, especially in language and cultural matters, but it still part of French speaking Wallonia.
Some people want the German-speaking Community to be its own region. One of these is the current Minister-President Karl-Heinz Lambertz.

County Durham
Its county town is Durham.
The form of the county name is unique in England. Many counties are named after their principal town, and the expected form here would be "Durhamshire". But County Durham did not become a Shire/County until after the language of government was changed from Anglo-Saxon to Norman French in 1066. Previous to that it was a semi-independent Bishopric.
Durham County Council promotes the non-metropolitan county for tourism purposes as "The Land of the Prince Bishops" in reference to the former palatine jurisdiction of the bishops.
1.Historic County.
The historic county covered from the Pennines in the west, the River Tees in the south, the North Sea in the east and the Rivers Tyne and Derwent in the north.
The county several had a number of exclaves: Bedlingtonshire, Islandshire and Norhamshire within Northumberland, and Craikshire within the North Riding of Yorkshire. The historic boundaries were used for parliamentary purposes until 1832, and for law courts and local government until the Counties (Detached Parts) Act 1844, which merged most remaining exclaves with their surrounding county.
2.Administrative county.
In 1889, under the Local Government Act 1888 England and Wales was divided into administrative counties and county boroughs. Administrative counties, governed by an elected county council, were based on the historic boundaries, less larger towns which became self-governing as county boroughs.
In 1889 the administrative county of Durham consisted of the historic county less the county boroughs of Gateshead, South Shields and Sunderland. The boundary with the North Riding of Yorkshire was adjusted: the part of the town of Barnard Castle that was in Yorkshire was added to County Durham, but the part of the Borough of Stockton-on-Tees in Durham was given to the North Riding. For all non-administrative purposes, such as lieutenancy, the County of Durham comprised the administrative county and associated county boroughs.
Over its existence, the administrative county lost territory, both to the existing county boroughs, and also due to the creation of county boroughs at West Hartlepool in 1902 and Darlington in 1915. In 1967 the borough of Hartlepool was removed from the administrative county when it merged with West Hartlepool to form a new county borough of Hartlepool, and in 1968 Billingham was included within the boundaries of the county borough of Teesside, associated with the North Riding.
The administrative county was abolished in 1974.
3.Non-metropolitan county.
In 1974 Durham was divided between three counties. The boroughs of Hartlepool and Stockton-on-Tees became a part of the new non-metropolitan county of Cleveland. The metropolitan county of Tyne and Wear became responsible for Gateshead, Sunderland and South Tyneside. The new non-metropolitan county of Durham also covered the former area of Startforth Rural District, a part of the historic North Riding of Yorkshire, and south of the historical boundary of the River Tees.
The Department for Communities and Local Government has said that the seven district councils and the County Council will be abolished and a new unitary authority for the whole of the existing County Council area will be created. The change will be on 1 April 2009 at the latest.. The successful Durham County Council bid referred to the new authority as County Durham Council.
4.Ceremonial county.
In 1997 the non-metropolitan county (including unitary Darlington), together with that part of the former county of Cleveland north of the River Tees became a ceremonial county. Lord-lieutenants and high sheriffs are appointed to the ceremonial county of Durham. they have no job in local government.
Settlements.
This is a list of the main towns in County Durham. The area covered is the entire ceremonial county, hence the inclusion of towns which are no longer administered by Durham County Council.

Balkan Mountains
The Balkan mountain range (Bulgarian and Serbian: Стара планина, "Stara planina", "Old Mountain") is an extension of the Carpathian mountain range, separated from it by the Danube River.
The Balkan range runs 560 km from eastern Serbia eastward through central Bulgaria to Cape Emine on the Black Sea.
The highest peak on the Balkan peninsula is Musala in the Rila mountains near Sofia (Rila range), with 2,925 m, closely followed by Mount Olympus in Greece and Vihren (Pirin range).
The highest peaks of the Stara planina itself are in central Bulgaria. The highest peak is Botev (2,376 m), located in the Central Balkan National Park (established 1991).

Carpathian Mountains
The Carpathian Mountains are the eastern wing of the great Central Mountain System of Europe, curving 1500 km (~900 miles) along the borders of Romania, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Ukraine, Austria, Serbia, and northern Hungary.
Geography.
The Carpathians begin on the Danube near Bratislava. They surround Transcarpathia and Transylvania in a large semicircle, sweeping towards the south-west, and end on the Danube near Orşova, in Romania. The total length of the Carpathians is over 1,500 km, and the mountain chain's width varies between 12 and 500 km.
The Carpathians are separated from the Alps by the Danube.
Horizontal division.
A major part of the western and northeastern Outer Carpathians in Poland, Ukraine and Slovakia is traditionally called Beskids.

Squamata
Squamata (meaning "scaled reptiles") is the order of reptiles, including lizards and snakes. This members of the order are distinguished by their skins, which bear horny scales or shield. They also possess movable quadrate bones, making it possible to move the upper jaw relative to the braincase. This is also the only reptile group in which can be found both viviparous and ovoviviparous species, as well as the usual oviparous reptiles.
The Squamata do not include the tuataras from New Zealand reptiles resembling lizards.

Pingu
Pingu is a cartoon series for children about a penguin called Pingu. It was made in Switzerland in 1986.

Tatra mountains
The Tatra Mountains, Tatras or Tatra (Tatry in both Slovak and Polish), constitute a mountain range which forms a natural border between Slovakia and Poland. They occupy an area of 750km², the major part (600km²) of which lies in Slovakia. The highest Tatra peak, at 2655m, is Gerlachovský štít, located in Slovakia. Rysy, at 2499m, is the highest Polish peak.
The Tatra Mountains are the highest mountain range in the Carpathian Mountains. Although considerably smaller than the Alps, they are classified as having an alpine landscape. Their high mountain character, combined with great accessibility, makes them popular with tourist and scientists.
Bibliography.
Ján Lacika, "Tatras" (2nd edition), Bratislava 2006. ISBN 80-88975-95-6

Frank Wells
Frank Wells (March 4, 1932 - April 3, 1994) was the former President of Warner Bros. (1973-1977) and the Walt Disney Company (1984-1994). He climbed the highest mountain of every continent, but he did not reach the summit of the Mount Everest.
Frank Wells was born in 1932. At age 37, he became the Vice President of Warner Brothers, in 1973 the President and in 1977 the Vice Chairman. In 1982 he left Warner Bros. to pursue his dream of climbing to the top of the highest mountain on each continent. In 1984, he became part of the Disney concern as the second man behind Michael Eisner. Since 1984 he was the President and the Chief Operating Officer (COO). With Wells and Eisner at the top Disney became again one of the leading entertainment companies.
Frank Wells died in a helicopter crash at April 3, 1994 at age 62 while returning from a ski trip. The Disney animation movie, The Lion King, is dedicated to him.

Bodhi tree
The Bodhi Tree was a large and very old specimen of Fig, located at the Mahabodhi Temple at Bodh Gaya under which Siddhartha Gautama, the spiritual teacher and founder of Buddhism later known as Gautama Buddha, arrived at "Bodhi". The Bodhi tree is easily recognised because of its heart-shaped leaves.
The word "Bodhi tree" is also widely applied to existing trees, particularly the Sacred Fig growing at the Mahabodhi Temple, which is probably a direct descendant of the original tree. This tree is a frequent place for pilgrims to visit, being the most important of the four holy sites for Buddhists.
Historical events.
The Bodhi tree at the Mahabodhi Temple is called the Sri MahaBodhi. According to Buddhism, after his Enlightenment, the Buddha spent a whole week in front of the tree, standing with unblinking eyes, gazing at it with gratitude. A shrine was later built where he had stood.
The spot was used as a shrine even in the lifetime of the Buddha, the only shrine that could be so used. King Asoka held a festival every year in its honour in the month of Kattika. His queen, Tissarakkhā was jealous of the Tree, and three years after she became queen (i.e., in the nineteenth year of Asoka's reign), she caused the tree to be killed by means of mandu thorns. The tree, however, grew again, and a great monastery was attached to the Bodhimanda called the Bodhimanda Vihara. Among those present at the foundation of the Mahā Thūpa are mentioned thirty thousand monks from the Bodhimanda Vihara, led by Cittagutta.
To Jetavana, Sravasti.
While the Buddha was still alive, so that people might make their offerings in the name of the Buddha when he was away on pilgrimage, he approved the planting of a seed from the Bodhi tree in Bodhgaya in front of the gateway of Jetavana Monastery near Sravasti. For this purpose Moggallana took a fruit from the tree as it dropped from its stalk, before it reached the ground. It was planted in a golden jar by Anathapindika with great pomp and ceremony. A sapling immediately sprouted forth, fifty cubits high, and in order to consecrate it the Buddha spent one night under it, rapt in meditation. This tree, because it was planted under the direction of Ananda, came to be known as the Ananda Bodhi.
To Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka.
The Sri Maha Bodhi in Sri Lanka was planted in 288 BC, making it the oldest verified specimen of any angiosperm. In this year (the twelfth year of King Asoka's reign) the right branch of the Bodhi tree was brought by Sanghamittā to Anurādhapura and placed by Devānāmpiyatissa in the Mahāmeghavana. The Buddha, on his death bed, had resolved five things, one being that the branch which should be taken to Ceylon should detach itself (Mhv.xvii.46f). From Gayā, the branch was taken to Pātaliputta, then to Tāmalittī, where it was placed in a ship and taken to Jambukola, across the sea; finally it arrived at Anuradhapura, staying on the way at Tivakka. Those who assisted the king at the ceremony of the planting of the Tree were the nobles of Kājaragāma and of Candanagāma and of Tivakka. A sapling of this tree was planted in the Buddha Jayanti Park in New Delhi, India in 1993.
The trees of other Buddhas.
According to the Ceylon Chronicles (e.g., Mhv.xv), branches from the Bodhi trees of all the Buddhas born during this kalpa were planted in Ceylon on the spot where the sacred Bodhi tree stands today in Anurādhapura. The branch of Kakusandha's tree was brought by a nun called Rucānandā, Konagamana's by Kantakānandā (or Kanakadattā), and Kassapa's by Sudhammā.

Bob Hope
Leslie Townes Hope (May 29, 1903 - July 27, 2003), better known as Bob Hope, was an English-born American actor, comedian and entertainer. He was the only person who was awarded five times with an honorary Oscar.
Life and career.
Bob Hope was born on May 29, 1903, in London, England. In 1907, the Hopes immigrated to the United States and at age 17 Bob Hope became a U.S. citizen.
Before he was an actor, Hope became a professionally boxer. In this time he was called "Packey East". Years later, he was popular because of some musicals he played in. He was also part of some television and radio shows. At the same time, Bob Hope became a comedian. Hope visited the United States armed forces between 1941 and 1991 during the conflicts in that time period. These shows made Hope a household name and well liked by most Americans. Hope also entertained eleven U.S. Presidents
In 1939, Bob Hope married Dolores DeFina (born May 27, 1909). The couple had four children: Eleanora, Anthony, Linda, and Kelly.
Bob Hope was honored with more than 1500 awards. Among them are five special Oscars in 1941, 1945, 1953, 1960, and 1966. Between 1940 and 1978 he hosted the Academy Awards seventeen times, too.
Bob Hope died of pneumonia at July 27, 2003, just a few weeks after his 100th birthday.

Dawn French
Dawn French (born 11 October 1957) is an English comedian and actress.
French studied acting at the London Central School of Speech and Drama, and met Jennifer Saunders there in 1977. French and Saunders became famous when they appeared on a comedy series called "The Comic Strip". They wrote the famous comedy series "French & Saunders" which was first on BBC TV in 1987.
French is also well-known for appearing as Geraldine Granger in the British sitcom called "The Vicar of Dibley". In her career in film, French played "The Fat Lady" picture in the film "Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban" and voiced the beaver in '.

Port-au-Prince
Port-au-Prince is the capital city of Haiti. It has a population of nearly 2 million. It is located in the Gonave bay.

Hameln
Hameln (English name sometimes "Hamelin") is a city in Germany. In 2005, about 58.000 peolple lived there. A very well-known story from there is called The Pied Piper of Hamelin ("Der Rattenfänger von Hameln"). The story dates from the Middle Ages.

MiG-25 Foxbat
The MiG-25 Foxbat is a fast fighter plane made to attack enemies at high speed made by Russian airplane company Mikoyan It first flew in 1964 and was introduced in 1970. In 1976, a Soviet MiG-25 pilot left the Soviet Union and flew his plane to Japan, where it was looked at. It is very fast, and can go Mach 3.2 (3.2 times the speed of sound). But going at this speed can destroy the engines. It can carry 4 radar guided missiles and 4 heat seeking missiles. It is now being replaced by the MiG-31 Foxhound, but is used a little in other countries.

Semi-major axis
In geometry, the term semi-major axis (also spelled out semimajor axis) is used to describe the dimensions of ellipses and hyperbolae.

Apsis
In astronomy, an apsis, plural "apsides" (IPA: //) is the point of greatest or least distance of the elliptical orbit of an astronomical object from its center of attraction, which is generally the center of mass of the system.
The point of closest approach is called the periapsis or pericentre and the point of farthest excursion is called the apoapsis (Greek από, "from", which becomes απ before a vowel, and αφ before rough breathing), apocentre or apapsis (the latter term, although etymologically more correct, is much less used). A straight line drawn through the periapsis and apoapsis is the "line of apsides". This is the major axis of the ellipse, the line through the longest part of the ellipse.
Similar words are used to identify the body being orbited. The most common are perigee and apogee, referring to orbits around the Earth, and perihelion and aphelion, referring to orbits around the Sun (Greek ‘ήλιος "hēlios" sun). During the Apollo program, the terms pericynthion and apocynthion were used when referring to the moon.

Orbital eccentricity
In astrodynamics, Orbital eccentricity shows how much the shape of an objects orbit is different from a circle.
Finding eccentricity.
formula_6, where
ra is the apoapsis of the object's orbit
rp is the periapsis of the object's orbit

Astronomical unit
The astronomical unit (AU or au or a.u. or sometimes ua) is a unit of length about the same as the distance from the Earth to the Sun. The currently accepted value of the AU is 149,597,870,691 (about 150 million kilometres or 93 million miles).

Giga
Giga- (symbol: "G") is a prefix in the SI system of units denoting 109, or 1,000,000,000 (1 billion). The "Oxford English Dictionary" reports the earliest written use of "giga-" in this sense to be in the Reports of the IUPAC 14th Conference in 1947: "The following prefixes to abbreviations for the names of units should be used: G giga- 109×". Giga- comes from the Greek γίγας, meaning "giant".

Degree (angle)
In mathematics, a degree is 1/360 part of a circle. Imagine a round pie. Cut it through the middle in two parts. Now cut the halves in two equal parts. Each of the four parts has a right angle where the middle of the pie was. If each of these parts was in 90 equal slices they will all have an angle of one degree.
Why ninety and not one hundred?
Ninety is easier to make calculations with mentally. Ninety can be split into equal pieces in many different ways.
In times when people made calculations in their head a lot, they liked the numbers 360, 90, and 12 better than 10 and 100 for this reason. That is also why there are 12 hours in a day (and 12 in a night), and why a troy pound is 12 ounces.

Julian year (astronomy)
In astronomy, a Julian year (symbol: a) is a unit of measurement of time defined as exactly 365.25 days of 86,400 SI seconds each, totalling 31,557,600 seconds. That is the average length of the year in the Julian calendar used in Western societies in previous centuries, and for which the unit is named. Nevertheless, because a Julian year measures duration rather than designates date, the Julian year does not correspond to years in the Julian calendar or any other calendar. Nor does it correspond to the many other ways of defining a year (for which, "see Year").

Epoch (astronomy)
In astronomy, an epoch (or sometimes epochal moment) is a moment in time for which the position or the orbital elements of a celestial body are specified.
The position at other times can be measured by taking into account proper motion or orbital motion. In the case of orbital elements for a solar system body, these change due to perturbation by other bodies on our solar system.

Julian day
The Julian day or Julian day number (JDN) is the number of days that have passed since the initial epoch defined as noon Universal Time (UT) Monday, January 1, 4713 BC in the Julian calendar. That noon-to-noon day is counted as Julian day 0. Thus the multiples of 7 are Mondays. Negative values can also be used, although those predate all recorded history.
Now at the JDN is. The remainder of this value divided by 7 is, an integer expression for the day of the week with 0 representing Monday.
The Julian date (JD) is a continuous count of days and fractions elapsed since the same initial epoch. Currently the JD is. The integral part (its floor) gives the Julian day number. The fractional part gives the time of day since noon UT as a decimal fraction of one day or fractional day, with 0.5 representing midnight UT. Typically, a 64-bit floating point (double precision) variable can represent an epoch expressed as a Julian date to about 1 millisecond precision.
A Julian date of 2454115.05486 means that the date and Universal Time is Sunday 14 January 2007 at 13:18:59.9.
0.1 = 2.4 hours or 144 minutes or 8640 seconds
0.01 = 0.24 hours or 14.4 minutes or 864 seconds
0.001 = 0.024 hours or 1.44 minutes or 86.4 seconds
0.0001 = 0.0024 hours or 0.144 minutes or 8.64 seconds
0.00001 = 0.00024 hours or 0.0144 minutes or 0.864 seconds.
Almost 2.5 million Julian days have elapsed since the initial epoch. JDN 2,400,000 was November 16, 1858. JD 2,500,000.0 will occur on August 31, 2132 at noon UT.
The Julian day number can be considered a very simple calendar, where its calendar date is just an integer. This is useful for reference, computations, and conversions. It allows the time between any two dates in history to be computed by simple subtraction.
The Julian day system was introduced by astronomers to provide a single system of dates that could be used when working with different calendars and to unify different historical chronologies. Apart from the choice of the zero point and name, this Julian day and Julian date are not directly related to the Julian calendar, although it is possible to convert any date from one calendar to the other.

Meatball
A meatball is meat that is ground up (finely cut), mixed with other ingredients, then shaped like a ball. Most meatballs are made out of beef. Meatballs can also be made out of chicken, fish, or other kinds of meat. The other ingredients (parts) are usually bread, onion, and eggs. Meatballs can be cooked by frying, baking, or steaming them. Meatballs are sometimes served with pasta or in a sauce.

Mandé people
Mandé is a ethnic group of West Africa. These people speak Mande languages and they live in Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Senegal, Mali, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Burkina Faso, and Côte d'Ivoire. The Mande languages are in the Niger-Congo family. These people made the largest west African empires. Some people think that the Mandé people are not a racial group, but are a cultural group instead.

Amadou Toumani Touré
General (ret) Amadou Toumani Touré (born November 4, 1948 in Mopti, Mali) is the president of Mali. He took power from a military ruler, Moussa Traoré in 1991, then he gave power to civilian (non-military) authorities in 1992. He won the presidential election in 2002. He won the next election easily in 2007.

Ghana Empire
The Ghana Empire was in what is now southeastern Mauritania, Western Mali, and Eastern Senegal. It is also sometimes called the Wagadou Empire. It started in about 750 and ended in about 1076.

Mali Empire
The Mali Empire was a west African country from 1235 to 1645. The Mandinka people lived there. It is also called the Manding Empire or Manden Kurufa. Sundiata Keita started the empire and the empire became famous because its rulers were very rich, especially Mansa Musa I. The Mali Empire had many important cultural effects on western Africa, so the language, laws and customs spread a lot along the Niger River.

Timbuktu
Timbuktu is a city in Tombouctou Region, Mali. Sankore University (which is well-respected) and other madrasas are in the city. In the 15th and 16th centuries, the city was important for thinking and for religion. It was important in spreading Islam through Africa at that time. There are three great mosques: Djingareyber, Sankore and Sidi Yahya. They are reminders of Timbuktu's golden age. They are always being fixed, but threatened because the desert is spreading.
Songhay, Tuareg, Fulani, and Mandé people live in Timbuktu. It is about 15 km north of the Niger River. There is a route across the Sahara Desert from east to west and this is used for trade. There is another from north to south. These two routes meet in Timbuktu. It is an "entrepôt" for rock salt from Taoudenni. This means that the salt is brought here and sold to other people to take it somewhere else, but not tax is charged.
Its location helped different people meet, so local people, Berbers and Arabs met here. It has a long history of mixed African trade, so it became famous in Europe for this reason. Therefore, western people often thought of Timbuktu as being exotic.
Timbuktu has given a lot of research and study to Islam and to the world. Important books were written and copied in Timbuktu in the 14th century. This made the city become the centre of writing in Africa.

Jeanne Demessieux
Jeanne Demessieux (born Montpellier, France, 13 February 1921; died Paris, 11 November 1968), was a French organist and composer.
She started to learn the piano when she was very young and was soon learning at the Paris Conservatory. Her family moved to Paris so that she could continue to have music lessons there. She became a student at the Conservatoire in 1933. In the same year she got a job as organist of the St. Esprit church in Paris. She had this job for 29 years.
Between 1936 and 1939, she studied organ privately with the famous organist Marcel Dupré, and in 1939 she joined his organ class at the Conservatory. After receiving a first prize in organ performance and improvisation in 1941, Jeanne Demessieux studied five more years with Dupré in Meudon, before she played her first recital at Salle Pleyel in Paris in 1946. This was the beginning of her career as an international recitalist. She played more than 700 concerts in Europe and the United States.
Jeanne Demessieux had an amazing musical memory: she could play more than than 2,500 works without the printed music, including all the organ works of Johann Sebastian Bach, César Franck, Franz Liszt, Felix Mendelssohn-Bartholdy and Marcel Dupré.
She was also an amazing improviser. When she gave her first concert in London she was given four tunes by four different people and was asked to improvise a long piece of music on the organ using all those tunes.
Jeanne Demessieux made many recordings. She taught the organ at Nancy and Brussels. She had plans to record all the organ works Olivier Messiaen. However, sadly she died of cancer before she was able to start work on these plans.
She wrote many compositions, especially for the organ. These include: "Nativité",
"Six Études", "Sept Méditations sur le Saint-Esprit", "Triptyque", "Twelve Choral-Preludes on Gregorian Chant Themes", "Te Deum"

House mouse
House Mouse ("Mus musculus") the common mouse is one of the most numerous species of the genus "Mus". Very often, it is just called a mouse. It is a small mammal and a rodent. In most parts of the world, they live very close to humans. Laboratory mice are types of House Mice and are some of the most important organisms used for research in biology and medicine; they are the most commonly used laboratory mammal for experiments.
Description.
A small, scaly-tailed mouse with a distinct notch in the cutting surface of upper incisors (seen best in side view); hair short; ears moderately large and naked; upperparts ochraceous, suffused with black; belly buffy white, or buffy, usually without speckling and with slaty underfur; yellowish flank line usually present; tail brownish with black tip, not distinctly bicolor, but paler on underside; ears pale brown, feet drab or buffy, tips of toes white. Mammae in four or five pairs. External measurements average: total length, 169 mm; tail, 93 mm; hind foot, 18 mm. Weight of adults, 17-25 g.
Habitat.
Although not native to North America the house mouse, since its early accidental introduction at most of our seaport towns, has become widespread throughout the United States and occurs either as a commensal or feral animal in practically all parts of the United States. As commensal animals, house mice live in close association with man — in his houses, outbuildings, stores, and other structures. Where conditions permit, feral mice may be found in fields, along watercourses, and in other places where vegetation is dense enough to afford concealment. They tend to hide in the winter as the climate is too cold to naturally survive in. They will usually stay in cool dark places like garden sheds. They will only stay up until the summer where they will find a new place to live.

Scientology
Scientology is a type of belief of some people. It was started in 1950. In some countries, it has won the status of a religion. Many countries see the organisation behind it very sceptically. They say, scientology is a cult, and a machine to make money. Scientology has been very controversial, since its beginnings.
According to the organisation there are over 10 million people in it. Critics say however, that the organisation probably does not have many more than 100.000 people following the doctrine, most of them from the United States. In the 1960, there were probably 50.000 to 100.000 followers in the US. In the 1990s, a representative survey claimed there were only about 45.000 followers left. These figures seemed to have improved a bit, by 2004, where there were an estimated 55.000 followers.

Mike Gravel
Maurice Robert Gravel, better know as Mike Gravel (born May 13, 1930 in Springfield, Massachusetts) is an American politician, a member of the Democratic Party. He served as a United States Senator from Alaska (1969-1981) and, previously, as member of the Alaska House of Representatives (1953-1966, speaker from 1965-1966). He is currently a candidate for the Democratic Presidential nomination in 2008.
Gravel is primarily know for his successful effort to end military draft during the Vietnam War and put the Pentagon Papers into the public record in 1971.
Currently as a Presidential candidate he is advocating imminent withdrawal of US Armed Forces from Iraq, expanding of the health care, and social security, preventing global warming. He is also one of the earliest and the most prominent advocates of direct democracy in the United States.

Iva Zanicchi
Iva Zanicchi (born January 18, 1940) is a italian singer

North German Confederation
The North German Confederation (), was a military alliance of 22 states of northern Germany. It started in August 1866, and the Kingdom of Prussia was the leading state. In July 1867 it became a political alliance too. The Confederation was a federal state, with a constitution which set out what the individual countries could do, and what what be done by the federation.
The North German Confederation was the basis of the German Empire, which adopted most parts of the federation's constitution and its flag. It included the lands of the German Confederation north of the river Main, plus Prussia's eastern territories and the Duchy of Schleswig. Austria, and the southern states of Bavaria, Württemberg, Baden and the southern parts of the Grand Duchy of Hesse were not in the Confederation. Bismarck thought Austria was too powerful at the time and wanted to set up a state Prussia could dominate.
The federation was created after Prussia defeated Austria and the other remaining states of the German Confederation in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866. Otto von Bismarck was its Chancellor, and the King of Prussia, William I was its President. The states sent representatives to the "Reichsrat" (Federal Council). The Federal Council had 43 members, 17 were from Prussia. seats (of which Prussia held 17). The southern states were soon allowed to sent representatives if the joined a Customs Union.
The Federation was dissolved after Prussia beat the Second French Empire in the Franco-Prussian War of 1871. Bavaria, Württemberg, and Baden (together with parts of the Grand Duchy of Hesse which had not originally joined the federation), joined with the Federation to form the German Empire. William I became German Emperor he was not called the "Emperor of Germany" because it was thought that that title could only be used if Austria was included.
Postage stamps.
The federation handled the mail and issued postage stamps, after 1 January 1868. But the federation did not issue its own money, so different stamps had to be issued. Stamps valued in groschen were used in the north, stamps in kreuzer in the Southern District. All of these stamps were marked "NORDDEUTSCHER POSTBEZIRK" (North German Postal Area).
A third set of stamps were printed for Hamburg. These were also marked "STADTPOSTBRIEF HAMBURG".

MiG Alley
MiG Alley was a place during the Korean War that had a lot of North Korean MiG-15 Fagots in the area. It was over north west North Korea, near China. F-86 Sabres mainly fought the MiGs. Some of the pilots were Russian fighter pilots from World War II and were trained very good. They were called "honchos" (Japanese for "big shot"). The MiG-15s had less kills than the F-86s, so it is said that the Americans won.

NetBackup
Veritas' NetBackup is a data backup software for Windows and Linux.

Inclination
Inclination in general is the angle between a reference plane and another plane or axis of direction. The axial tilt is described as the angle made by the planet's axis and a line drawn through the planet's center perpendicular to the orbital plane.

Argument of periapsis
The argument of periapsis (ω) is the orbital element describing the angle of an orbiting body's periapsis (the point of closest approach to the central body), relative to its ascending node (the point where the body crosses the plane of reference from South to North). The angle is measured in the orbital plane and in the direction of motion. (For specific types of orbits, words such as "perihelion" (for Sun-centered orbits), "perigee" (for Earth-centered orbits), "pericenter" (general), etc. may replace the word "periapsis". See apsis for more information.)
An argument of periapsis of 0° means that the orbiting body will be at its closest approach to the central body at the same moment that it crosses the plane of reference from South to North. An argument of periapsis of 90° means that the orbiting body will reach periapsis at its northmost distance from the plane of reference.

Longitude of the ascending node
The longitude of the ascending node (☊ or Ω) is one of the orbital elements used to specify the orbit of an object in space. It is the angle from a reference direction, called the "origin of longitude", to the direction of the ascending node, measured in a reference plane.

Mean anomaly
In the study of orbital dynamics the mean anomaly of an orbiting body is the angle the body would have traveled about the center of the orbit's auxiliary circle. Unlike other measures of anomaly, the mean anomaly grows linearly with time. Because of the linear growth with time, the mean anomaly makes calculating the time of flight between two points on the orbit very easy. The mean anomalies for the two points are calculated and their difference is found. Knowing this, the ratio of this difference relative to the entire formula_1 encompassing one orbit is simply equal to ratio of the time of flight to the orbital period of one whole orbit (i.e. formula_2).

Orbital period
The orbital period is the time taken for a given object to make one complete orbit about another object.
When mentioned without further qualification in astronomy this refers to the sidereal period of an astronomical object, which is calculated with respect to the stars.

Orbital speed
The orbital speed of a body, usually a planet, a natural satellite, an artificial satellite, or a multiple star, is the speed at which it orbits around the barycenter of a system, usually around a more massive body. It can be used to refer to either the mean orbital speed, the average speed as it completes an orbit, or instantaneous orbital speed, the speed at a particular point in its orbit.
The orbital speed at any position in the orbit can be computed from the distance to the central body at that position, and the specific orbital energy, which is independent of position: the kinetic energy is the total energy minus the potential energy.

101
Year 101 was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar.

Continental drift
Continental drift is a theory that says that parts of the Earth's crust moves slowly or "drifts" on top of a liquid core. The theory was first proposed by the German geologist and meteorologist Alfred Wegener in 1915. The fossil record supports the theories of continental drift and plate tectonics.

Saxe-Altenburg
Saxe-Altenburg () was one of the Ernestine duchies of the House of Wettin.
Altenburg was independent for most of the 1600s until 1672. This is when the last male ruler died. Because only men could rule the Ernestine duchies Altenburg began to be ruled by the Duke of Saxe-Gotha, who had married the last ruler’s daughter.
In 1825 the ruler died, and he also had no male heirs. Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg was split up. Gotha was given to the Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld and Altenburg to the Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen, who in exchange gave up Saalfeld and Hildburghausen to the Duke of Saxe-Meiningen. This family ruled in the duchy until the end of the monarchies in 1918. Saxe-Altenburg became part of the new state of Thuringia in the Weimar Republic in 1920.
Saxe-Altenburg had an area of and a population of 207,000 (1905). Its capital was Altenburg.
The Saxe-Altenburg line became extinct following the death of Prince George Moritz in 1991.
Heads of the Ducal House of Saxe-Altenburg, post monarchy.
In 1991 the Saxe-Altenburg line became extinct.
Two branches descend from duke Ernest the Pious, the father of the progenitor of this Saxe-Altenburg branch: Saxe-Meiningen and Saxe-Coburg-Gotha; according to old Wettin family law, they would have divided the actual territories between them (as happened to Gotha and Altenburg in 1826). The senior male agnate descending from duke Ernest the Pious, in 1991, was prince Frederick-Alfred of Saxe-Meiningen (a monk, 1921-1997), and thus technically succeeded then as titular duke of Saxe-Altenburg and head of the whole branch; but, because he renounced all his succession rights in favor of his uncle Bernhard, was him instead Frederick-Alfred the general heir of the line of Saxe-Meiningen. His successor was Konrad, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen, the present head of that branch.

Porcupine
A porcupine is a rodent with a coat of sharp spines, or quills, that defend them from predators. The porcupines include the third biggest rodent, after the capybara, and beaver, and are not to be confused with hedgehogs. Most porcupines are about 60-90 cm long, with a 20-25 cm long tail. Weighing between 12-35 pounds (5-16 kg), they are rounded, large and slow. Porcupines come in various shades of brown, grey, and the unusual white. The name "porcupine" comes from Middle French "porc d'épine" "thorny pork", hence the nickname "quill pig" for the animal.
The animal's quills or spines take on many forms, depending on the type, but all are hairs coated with thick plates of keratin, and they are in the skin musculature. Old World porcupines (Hystricidae) have quills in clusters, whereas in New World porcupines (Erethizontidae) single quills are mixed with bristles, underfur, and hair.
Porcupine quills are as sharp as needles, can be removed very easily, and will remain stuck in an attacker. Unlike needles, however, the quills of New World porcupines have microscopic, backwards-facing barbs on the tip that catch on the skin making them hard and painful to pull out. Quills are about 75 mm long and 2 mm wide. If a quill becomes put in the tissues of an attacker, the barbs act to pull the quill further into the tissues with the normal muscle movements of the attacker, moving up to many millimeters in a day. Animals who try to eat porcupines have been known to die because of quill penetration and infection. Quills can still penetrate animals and humans even after death.. The ancient belief that porcupines can throw their quills at an enemy has long been proved to be incorrect.
Porcupines can live in a wide range of places in tropical and mild parts of Asia, Italy, Africa, and North and South America. Porcupines live in forests, deserts and grasslands. Some live in trees, others stay on the ground.
Porcupines in search of salt sometimes live in human places, eating plywood cured with sodium nitrate, certain paints, and tool handles, footwear, clothes and other items that have been coated in salty sweat. Porcupines like going near roads in areas where rock salt is used to melt ice and snow, and are known to gnaw on vehicle tires or wiring coated in road salt. Salt licks placed nearby can stop porcupine damage.
Natural sources of salt used by porcupines include different salt-rich plants (such as yellow water lily and aquatic liverwort), fresh animal bones, outer tree bark and mud in salt-rich soils.

The Silvia Night Show
"The Silvia Night Show" is a 2007 icelandic television series following the controversial fictional character Silvia Night. It is the English version that was made to promote her participance in the Eurovision Song Contest.
The show followed Silvia Night during her appearance in Eurovision Song Contest2006, and her tantrums after she realised she did not qualify for the final.
Silvia also received a lot of attention from media when she, on the premiere day of her own television program, protested against it on the streets of Reykjavík saying that "the show is total junk". The show will be available on DVD sometime soon.
"The Silvia Night Show" started airing in Sweden on the channel TV400 on October 10, 2007.

Jakten på Billie Jo
Jakten på Billie Jo was a Swedish reality show. It was first broadcast on August 4, 2000. The station TV4 showed it. The show followed three American actresses who auditioned for the role as "Billie Jo" in the Swedish soap opera Nya tider.
The winner was "Alexandra Sapot" who came to play the villain "Billie Jo". The winner was decided by partly Swedish viewers televotes and the production company Jarowskij.
Tanya Gingerich.
Tanya Gingerich is an actress from Tarrytown, New York, USA. She also played parts in series like "Hamlet" and "Shame No More".
Melissa Hanson.
Melissa Hanson is an actress born in Honolulu,Hawaii USA. She also played parts in series like "Grace under fire" and "Who shot Patakango?".
Hope Harris.
Hope Harris is an American actress from Virginia. She also played roles in TV shows like "The Sullivan sisters","Come On, Get Happy: The Partridge Family Story" and "Angel in Training".
Alexandra Sapot.
Alexandra Sapot is an American actress and executive assistant on shows like "Entourage", and "Now and Again". Sapot won the role as "Billie Jo" in the Swedish soap opera Nya tider in 2000.

Ernestine duchies
The Ernestine duchies, are sometimes called the Saxon duchies, were a changing number of small states in the present German state of Thuringia, governed by dukes of the Ernestine line of the house of Wettin The Albertine duchies of Weissenfels, Merseburg and Zeitz were are also sometime called "Saxon duchies" and border several Ernestine ones)
Overview.
The old Duchy of Saxon began to split up in the 15th Century, because law said that all sons should inherit. All of the sons of a Saxon duke had the title of "Duke", sometimes brothers ruled the territory together, and sometimes they divided it up between them. Some of the Ernestine duchies stayed independent until 1918. The nearby royal houses of Reuss and Schwarzburg also divided up their territory, so Thuringia was a tangle of little states, exclaves and enclaves from the late 15th Century until the early 20th Century.
Background.
Albert, grandson of Albert "the Bear" inherited the Duchy of Saxony from his father. Albert's sons divided Saxony into the duchies of Saxe-Lauenburg and Saxe-Wittenberg. When duke of Saxe-Wittenberg died without an heir in 1422, the Emperor Sigismund gave the duchy to Frederick IV of the House of Wettin. Frederick was already Margrave of Meißen and Landgrave of Thuringia, and then became Frederick I, Elector of Saxony. Frederick was followed as Elector by his son Frederick II, and when Frederick II died in 1464 his sons Ernest and Albert took over. Because he was the older, Ernest became Elector of Saxony, but the brothers shared ruling the lands until 1485. Then Ernest took northern Meißen, southern Thuringia, and Wittenberg, with Albert receiving northern Thuringia and southern Meißen
The Ernestine line.
Elector Ernest died in 1486, and was succeeded by his son, Frederick III, the Wise.
It was Frederick the Wise who set up the University of Wittenberg in 1502. This was because the only university in Saxony was in Leipzig, was in the part of Saxony controlled by the descendants of his uncle, Albert. The University of Wittenberg was were Martin Luther posted his 95 Theses. Frederick protected Luther, and did not send him to Rome for trial. Frederick allowed Lutheran reforms in his country.
Frederick the Wise had three grandsons to share the territory. John Frederick II set up his capitals in in Eisenach and Coburg, the middle brother John William staying in Weimar (Saxe-Weimar), and the youngest, John Frederick III took Gotha (Saxe-Gotha).
John Frederick III of Gotha died unmarried and heirless in 1565 and John William of Weimar tried to claim Saxe-Gotha, but the sons of the imprisoned John Frederick II entered their own claim.
In 1572 the claimants agreed to the Division of Erfurt. This treaty said John William of Saxe-Weimar would also take the districts of Altenburg, Gotha and Meiningen.
When John William died a year later.
The older son of John Frederick II, and John Ernest (d 1638 heirless), the younger son of John Frederick II, received together the territory of Saxe-Coburg-Eisenach. In 1596 the brothers agreed to split the duchy into Saxe-Coburg and Saxe-Eisenach.
Johann II, Duke of Saxe-Weimar (or John II), died young but left eight surviving sons who ruled together, Three died, (including Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar, the youngest, the famed general) and a will ordering them to rule jointly. Only three survived by 1639, when the lands of the Coburg-Eisenach dukes were divided between the Altenburgs and the Weimarsthe remaining brothers finally divided their lands which were twice the size of what they inherited.
William kept Weimar, Albert became Duke of Eisenach and Ernest "the Pious" became known as Duke of Gotha.
Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Gotha (1601-75) had married Elisabeth Sophie, the only child of John Philip, Duke of Altenburg(1597-1638). Elisabeth Sophie's cousin Frederick William III, Duke of Altenburg, died unmarried 1672. He was the last male descendant of the first Saxe-Altenburg line.
There was a big argument about who should get the Altenburg land. In the end most went to Ernest and Elisabeth Sophie's sons. One quarter the original Altenburglands went to the Saxe-Weimar branch.
These two lines: Weimar and Gotha(-Altenburg) form the basis of future Ernestine lines, and both have surviving male lineage up to today.
After the division of the first Altenburg lands line, the senior Ernestine branch (the Saxe-Weimar family), line held just under half of the Ernestine lands, and the junior, Gotha-Altenburg, line held more than half. Gotha-Altenburg line divided more each generation. The Weimar line did not subdivide their land and by 1741 all of the land was controlled by the one branch of the Weimar family. In 1815 they became Grand Dukes.
Duke Ernest of Gotha and Duchess Elisabeth Sophie's numerous sons divided the inheritance into seven parts: Gotha-Altenburg, Coburg, Meiningen, Römhild, Eisenberg, Hildburghausen and Saalfeld. The new dukes of Coburg, Römhild and Eisenberg had no children, so their lands were quickly absorbed by the four remaining lines.
Eventually, primogeniture (that is, only the eldest son inherits) became the rule for inheritance in the Ernestine Duchies.
In 1825 the Ernestine duchies were
In 1825 Ernest the Pious' senior line, the Gotha-Altenburg, went extinct and the land was redistributed for the last time.
Altenburg went to the Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen, but he gave Hildburghausen to the Duke of Saxe-Meiningen-Hildburghausen. The duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld gave up Saalfeld in return for Gotha.. All of the Ernestine Duchies ended with the abolition of the monarchy and princely states in Germany shortly after the end of World War I.
Five rulers of the Ernestine duchies
had a vote in the Holy Roman Empire’s Reichstag. In 1792 the Duke of Saxe-Weimar was also the Duke of Saxe-Eisenach, and the Duke of Saxe-Altenburg was also the Duke of Saxe-Gotha, so both had two votes; and the Duke of Saxe-Coburg had one vote.
The other Ernestine duchies were never members of the Imperial Circle, and were subordinate to the five duchies that did belong to the Imperial Circle (for example, the principalities of Meiningen and Hildburghausen were such; that was one reason why Duke of Hildburghausen exchanged his patrimony to that of Altenburg). Ultimately, in the German Confederation, all these became equally sovereign.

Sri Maha Bodhi
The Sri Maha Bodhi is a Sacred Fig tree in Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka. It is said to be a tree grown from a seed from the famous Bodhi tree under which the first Buddha became enlightened. It was planted in 288 BC, and is the oldest living human-planted tree in the world with a known planting date.
It was planted on a high terrace about above the ground and surrounded by railings, and today it is one of the most sacred objects of the Buddhists in Sri Lanka and respected by Buddhists all over the world. This wall was built during the reign of King Kirthi Sri Rajasingha, to protect it from wild elephants which might have attacked the tree.
History.
The tree is said to be the southern branch of the Jaya Siri Maha Bodhi at Bodh Gaya in India under which the first Buddha attained Enlightenment.
In the 3rd century BC, the Buddha's fig tree was brought to Sri Lanka by the Their Sangamitta, daughter of Emperor Asoka and founder of an order of Buddhist nuns, in Sri Lanka.
In 249 BC, Jaya Siri Maha Bodhi was planted in the Mahameghavana Park in Anuradhapura by King Devanampiyatissa.

List of children of the Presidents of the United States
This is a list of children of U.S. Presidents with step-children, adopted children, and alleged illegitimate children included. Full names are given including middle, maiden and married names. This list also includes the childrens' spouses and any known children they had and a “?” for an unknown number of children.
Presidential children have been studied individually, and as a group. As individuals, they are more often notable than most individuals: they know many political and social leaders and are part of the wealthier, upper classes. They are more likely to be viewed as a part of celebrity culture. Also, as individuals they frequently have significant influence on other notable family members. A child who may appear otherwise non-notable may have affected the parent's beliefs or performance.
George Washington and Martha Dandridge Custis Washington.
"No children together. Martha's first husband, Daniel Parke Custis (October 15, 1711-July 8, 1757), had four children, two of whom were still living at the time of her marriage to Washington (those who did not survive were Daniel Parke Custis, Jr. [November 19, 1751 - February 19, 1754] and Frances Parke Custis [April 12, 1753 - April 1, 1757]):"
"Martha's grandchildren who were raised by the Washingtons:"
James Madison and Dolley Payne Todd Madison.
"No children together, but raised Dolley's son from her first marriage."
Andrew Jackson and Rachel Donelson Robards Jackson.
"No biological children together, adopted two:"
"Also guardians of eight additional children including:"
James Knox Polk and Sarah Childress Polk.
"No natural children, but raised Polk's nephew as their ward:"
"After the death of James, Sarah was guardian of:"
James Buchanan.
"No children; served as guardian to two nieces:"

Dolores Hope
Dolores Hope (born May 27, 1909) is an American singer. She was married to Bob Hope (1903-2003), a famous British-born actor and entertainer, who was awarded with five Oscars.
Dolores Hope was born Dolores DeFina on May 27 in New York City. She began her career in the 1930s. In 1933, she met Bob Hope the first time in a Manhattan nightclub. They married in 1934. The couple adopted four children: Eleanora, Anthony, Linda and Kelly.
She and her husband entertained U.S. troops since the 1940s. Dolores Hope did this job over the time of a half century until the 1990s. In 1990, she was the only female entertainer who could be at Saudi Arabia.
She was often awarded for her work, for example with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame and seven honorary Doctorates. A street was named after Dolores Hope in the Bronx.
She was with her husband as he turned 100. Shortly after, and 69 years after their marriage, Bob Hope died in summer of 2003 at age 100. On May 27, 2008, Dolores Hope celebrated her 99th birthday. Despite her high age, she is thought to be in good health.

Miranda (state)
Estado Miranda is one of the 23 states of Venezuela. The state capital is Los Teques.

Miranda (novel)
"Miranda" is a novel written by Antoni Lange in 1924. It is the last great work of Lange and his most famous book today. It is said that "Miranda" is an "occultic fiction" and a "romance ranked to a philosophical treaty". The novel is also known as a mix of dystopia and utopia.
The novel was translated into English (in 1968), French, Spanish and Italian.
Explanation of the novel's title.
The novel's title refers to the character Miranda, from Shakespeare's play "The Tempest". "Miranda" also has been influenced by work such as: "Men Like Gods" by Herbert George Wells; "The City of the Sun" by Tommaso Campanella; "Lenore" by Edgar Allan Poe,;"Genezis z Ducha" by Juliusz Słowacki; poems by Cyprian Kamil Norwid; writings of Friedrich Nietzsche (criticism of concept of the Übermensch); Arthur Schopenhauer; Plato; and Sanskrit epics of ancient India.
Plot summary.
The novel tells about a civilization of Brahmans who have powerful skills. They can speak with their minds, and levitate (float in the air). The Brahmans in the book think the most important things are anarchy, freedom, peace, and free love. Their country is led by the Ministry of Love, Ministry of Power and Ministry of Wisdom. The Brahmans use a strange chemical named Nivridium to keep their self-perfect idea. The story is the of a Polish emigrant named Jan Podobłoczny (Lange's own "parte-parole") falling in love with a woman named Damayanti. The book ends in a tragedy. In the last chapter of the novel, Damayanti sacrifices her body in order to let her spirit fly to a greater level of though.
Miranda is a Scottish spiritual medium, who lives in Warsaw. She can talk with the soul of Damayanti and make a woman named Lenore appear. She meets Jan Podobłoczny when he is close to his death. In the moment when Damayanti dies, Miranda disappears.

Capybara
Capybara ("Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris") is a semi-aquatic rodent of South America. It weighs about a hundred pounds, and is about 2 feet tall at the shoulder.
Description.
The world's largest rodent (related to rats and mice). They weigh in at around 55 kg. The capybara's stocky body has a length of about a metre and a height at the shoulder around 60 cm. It ranges in colour from brown to reddish and has tough skin, which is sometimes used to make high quality leather. The eyes and ears are high on the head so they can easily be kept above water when swimming.
Lifestyle.
The capybara is semi-aquatic, living in grassy wetland areas or close to rivers. It carries out most of its activities on land, using water as a refuge where is swims and dives with ease. There are simple webs between the toes that help when swimming. They can hold their breath under water for only a few minutes, but can hide in water when necessary for much longer, with only their noses sticking out of the water. The hottest hours of the day are spent in the water and grazing is done in the mornings, evenings and at night.

Great Awakening
The Great Awakenings were a few periods of religious revival in United States history. The term is used sometimes to refer to events like the Protestant Reformation, as well as to identify general trends within U.S. religious culture.

Lycopene
Lycopene is the pigment of tomato. Its chemical formula is (6E,8E,10E,12E,14E,16E,18E,20E,22E,24E,26E)-
2,6,10,14,19,23,27,31- Octamethyldotriaconta- 2, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16,18,20,22,24,26,30- tridecaene. C40H56.
Ketchup contains the highest concentrations of bioavailable lycopene.

Housefly
Housefly is the common fly occurring in homes. This species is always found near humans. It is the most common species found on hog and poultry farms, horse stables and ranches. Not only are house flies a nuisance, but they can also transport disease-causing organisms. Excessive fly populations are not only an irritant to farm workers but, when there are nearby human habitations, a public health problem could occur.The Latin name for the housefly is Musca domestica.

Infusion
An infusion is water or oil in which plants with a desired flavor have been steeped.

1950-1969 Pacific hurricane seasons
The 1950-1969 Pacific hurricane seasons all began on May 15, 1950-69 in the northeast Pacific Ocean and on June 1, 1950-69 in the central Pacific. They ended on November 30, 1950-69. These dates conventionally delimit the time of year when most tropical cyclones form in northeast Pacific Ocean.
Before the satellite age started in the 1960s, data on east Pacific hurricanes is extremely unreliable. Most east Pacific storms are of no threat to land. Only ones that made landfall or are notable in some way are mentioned.

Chemical engineering
Chemical Engineering is a type of engineering that was started in the early 20th century. Chemical engineering uses physics (the science of moving objects and forces), chemistry (the science of substances), and mathematics. There are many different types of jobs for people with degrees in chemical engineering.
Some new topics in chemical engineering include environmental sanitation at factories (making certain nature is not hurt by the factories), types of energy other than those from gas or oil) and biological engineering.

House of Windsor
The House of Windsor is the current Royal House of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and each of the other Commonwealth realms. The older part is a branch of the Saxe-Coburg and Gotha line of the House of Wettin, while the newer part is a branch of the Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg line of the House of Oldenburg.
Descendants of Victoria.
Queen Victoria married Prince Albert, son of Duke Ernst I of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Therefore her descendants are members of the ducal family of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha with the house name of Wettin. Victoria's son Edward VII and his son George V reigned as members of this house. But during World War I there was a lot of hatred of anything German. A lot of this feeling was stirred up by newspapers. People with German names were beaten up, and shops with German names had their windows broken. Even the Royal Family were accused of supporting Germany. On 17 July 1917 George V ordered the Royal Family to give up their German titles, and change German-sounding titles and house names for English-sounding versions. Prince Louis Battenberg became Lord Louis Mountbatten. The Duke of Teck became the Marquis of Milford Haven and the name of the royal house, and the royal surname was changed to Windsor, after the town of Windsor and Windsor Castle.
When he heard about the change of name, German Emperor William II joked that he wanted to see Shakespeare's play "The Merry Wives of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha".
Descendants of Elizabeth II.
In April 1952, Queen Elizabeth II said that her descendants will keep name and House of Windsor, the House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg through their father, born Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark, a line of the House of Oldenburg.
On 8 February 1960, the Queen decided instead to keep the House and Family of Windsor but that their personal surname is "Mountbatten-Windsor". Mountbatten is the surname adopted by Prince Philip before his marriage, an anglicization of his mother's family name of Battenberg.

Jocelyne Saab
Jocelyne Saab (* 30 April 1948 in Beirut) is a journalist and film director from Lebanon.

Ulva
Ulva or the Isle of Ulva (Gaelic: Ulbha) is an island in the Inner Hebrides in Scotland. Around 16 people live there. At the beginning of the 19th century, 600 people lived there. Lachlan Macquarie who is sometimes known as the "Father of Australia", came from here.

Sugar Ray Robinson
Sugar Ray Robinson (born Walker Smith Jr., May 3, 1921 – April 12, 1989) was an American boxer who won the welterweight and middleweight world championships. Many boxing historians rank Robinson as the best boxer who ever lived.
Robinson had no losses as an amateur boxer. He became a professional boxer in 1940 and won the welterweight title from Johnny Bratton in 1946. He then beat Jake LaMotta (who had, up to that time, been the only man to beat him) for the middleweight championship in 1951. He lost and regained the title from Randy Turpin before trying, and failing, to beat Joey Maxim for the light heavyweight championship in 1952. He retired later that year.
He made a comeback, however, and won the middleweight title again in 1955. He lost it to Gene Fullmer in 1957, but defeated him in a rematch. Later that year Carmen Basilio also beat Robinson for the title, but Robinson defeated him in 1958 to get the championship back.
Robinson continued to fight until the 1960s. He died in 1989.

Randy Turpin
Randolph Adolphus ('Randy') Turpin (June 7,1928 – May 17, 1966) was an English boxer who was the middleweight champion of the world in 1951.
Turpin was born in Leamington Spa and became a professional boxer in 1946. In 1951, Sugar Ray Robinson traveled to England and gave Turpin an opportunity to fight for his middleweight championship. Turpin became only the second man to defeat Robinson when he won a fifteen-round decision.
Robinson and Turpin had a rematch in September 1951 where Robinson regained the title by a tenth-round knockout.
He stopped boxing in the mid-1960s. He died by suicide in 1966.

Maple
Maple (Latin name "Acer") is a genus of trees or shrubs. Sometimes they are made a familiy of their own, the Aceraceae. At other times they are included in the Sapindaceae. To include them in the Sapindaceae is the more modern classification. There are between 100 and 200 species of Maples. Most species are native to Asia, but some also occur in Europe, Northern Africa, and North America.
The word "Acer" comes from a Latin word meaning "sharp". It was given because of the characteristic sharp points on the maple leaves. The first person to talk about the genus that way was French botanist Joseph Pitton de Tournefort in 1700. The type species of the genus is "Acer pseudoplatanus" (Sycamore Maple).
What are maples used for?
Maple trees are often planted as ornamental trees in cities. Some species resist the cold rather well. Maples are also grown to make Maple syrup. Some maples are grown for timber (wood that is used for furniture).
Symbolism.
The flag of Canada shows a maple leaf.

Tilde Fröling
Tilde Fröling (born May 14, 1980) is a television personality and actress. She is the daughter of actress Ewa Fröling and she was born in Sweden.

Marie Picasso
Marie Picasso (born April 24, 1979) is a Swedish reality show star, model and singer who rose to fame in 2002 when she was a housemate on Big Brother. She later got a job as a game show host on TV4 leading two different game shows. In 2007 she entered Idol 2007 where she is currently in the top 10 of the Swedish version of Pop Idol. Picasso won Pop idol on December 7 2007 in Globen Arena in Stockholm with 51,3% of the votes and she won over the first runner up Amanda Jenssen. Her debut single is called "This Moment".

Hostel (movie)
Hostel is an American horror movie from 2006. A sequel was made in 2007 named Hostel 2 which received bad reviews and low ticket sales.

Insectivora
The name insectivora (insect eater) has reference to the food habits of the group as a whole. Although moles and shrews are not all strictly insectivorous, insects and other small animal life constitute the chief dietary items of most members of the group. Some kinds, the otter shrews of Africa and the star-nosed mole of America, for example, feed also upon fish. The Townsend mole of the Pacific Northwest often is a nuisance to bulb growers because of its fondness for the bulbs of many kinds of plants.
Moles, as a group, are subterranean in habit and spend most of their lives in the darkness of underground tunnels which they usually excavate for themselves. Correlated with this fossorial habit, the eyes of all moles are very small, in some species actually not opening to the outside, and of little value to them. On the other hand, their senses of touch and smell are highly developed.
Classification.
One species of mole and four species of shrews occur in Texas.

Bad Kissingen
Bad Kissingen is a city in Bavaria, in the country of Germany. About 21,000 people live there.
History.
It was first mentioned in 801 C.E. It is a "spa town", a place where people go to rest and relax. The well that is the source of the spa was first mentioned in 823 C.E.

Hostel
A hostel is a place that rents beds to travellers. They are more focused on the community experience that hotels. They are also cheaper.

Reuters
Reuters Group plc is a British News agency and Financial companies.

Associated Press
Associated Press is an American news media company.

BBC News
BBC News (it was BBC News and Current Affairs) is a free news channel, broadcasted by BBC. The BBC's website, bbc.co.uk, also features a section called BBC News. This section contains news articles and videos of broadcasts from the news channel.

Saxe-Jena
The Duchy of Saxe-Jena was one of the Ernestine duchies of the House of Wettin.
Part of the Duchy of Saxe-Weimar was given to Bernhard, the fourth son of Wilhelm, Duke of Saxe-Weimar in 1672. The second duke had no male heirs to inherit the title, so the territory was taken back by Saxe-Weimar when the second duke died in 1690..

Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
The Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach () was created in 1809 when the Ernestine duchies of Saxe-Weimar and Saxe-Eisenach were formally joined into one state. The two duchies had shared the same ruler since 1741, which is when the Saxe-Eisenach line had died out. It became a Grand Duchy in 1815.
In 1877, the Grand Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach officially became the Grand Duchy of Saxony (), but this name was not often used. The Grand Duchy was abolished in 1918 with the other German monarchies, and the state joined others to form the new state of Thuringia in the Weimar Republic.
The Grand Dukes full title was Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, Landgrave in Thuringia, Margrave of Meißen, Princely Count of Henneberg, Lord of Blankenhayn, Neustadt and Tautenburg.

Alligatoridae
Alligators and Caimans make up the second largest family of the crocodilians, "Alligatoridae". There are 4 genera and about 7 known species of Alligatorids. Alligatorids range in size depending on species. The Chinese alligator ("Aligator sinensis") is usually about while the American Alligator ("A. mississippiensis") is usually. The largest American alligator was long. The Black Caiman of the Amazon can reach as much as.
Alligatorids live in the southern United States, Central America, northern South America and near the Yangzee river in China.
Alligators vs crocodiles.
There are several differences between alligators and crocodiles. Alligators have shorter and wider snouts. They prefer fresh water to saltwater. Crocodiles have a gland that removes much of the salt. Alligators do not have this gland. In alligators, the fourth tooth of their lower jaw fits into a pit in the upper jaw. In crocodilians this tooth fits into a groove on the outside of the jaw. Alligators are also less aggressive than crocodilids. Usually only the largest of the species are a threat to humans.

Gaza
Gaza (Arabic:. transliterated Ġazzah; Hebrew:, transliterated: Azzah) is the largest city inside the Gaza Strip and in the Palestinian territories. The city has a population of approximately 400,000. It is often named "Gaza City" to distinguish it from the larger Gaza Strip.

Grand duchy
A grand duchy is a country whose head of state is a Grand Duke or Grand Duchess.
The only grand duchy in existence today is Luxembourg. Luxembourg became a grand duchy in 1815 when the Netherlands became an independent kingdom, and King William I of the Netherlands was made Grand Duke of KLuxembourg. In 1890 the two countries separated. William III of the Netherlands had no male heir, so in the Netherlands he was succeeded by Queen Wilhelmina but Luxembourg followed Salic law, which meant only a man could rule. The present Grand Duke of Luxembourg is Henri.
However there are other houses of Europe that style themselves as Grand Dukes even if not wholly recognised by the rest of society.
The independent republics of Finland and Lithuania, and the Dutch province Limburg (Duchy of Limburg) have been Grand Duchies at certain times in their history.
The title and origins of grand duchies.
The title Grand Duke (Latin: "Magnus Dux", German: "Großherzog", Italian: "Gran Duca", French: "Grand-Duc", Swedish: "Storhertig", Lithuanian:"Didysis kunigaikštis", Polish: "Wielki książę", Czech: "Velkovévoda") ranks in honour below King but higher than a sovereign Duke ("Herzog") or Prince ("Fürst").
A Grand Duke (or Grand Duchess) is a person who rules a Grand Duchy. But in the English language "Grand Duke" can also mean a type of prince who does not rule a country, but is related to the monarch. In the Russian language "Velikiy Knjaz" are "Grand Princes", relatives of the Tsar, other princes were nobleman who ranked above a duke. English says Grand Duke instead of Grand Prince.
List of grand duchies.
A lot of grand duchies were created in the Napoleonic era and by the Congress of Vienna and the German Confederation.
The Duchy of Warsaw(1807-1813) is sometimes called a Grand Duchy but it was not.
Today Luxembourg is the only remaining grand duchy. However some old Grand Duchies still retain the titles granted to them usually in the Congress of Vienna.
Form of address.
Most reigning Grand Dukes were called "Royal Highness". Titles e styfor other members of the families were different. In Hesse-Darmstadt and in Baden, junior members were called "Grand Ducal Highness".
The only current grand ducal family in existence, Luxembourg, styles calls its junior members "Royal Highnesses", but they were also Princes of Parma.
A Russian Grand Duke or Grand Duchess was an "Imperial Highness".

António de Oliveira Salazar
António de Oliveira Salazar called a dictator by some people and a Statesman by others was perhaps the only politician in modern Portuguese history to stir passions years after his passing away.An academic, Dr Salazar was a Professor of Economics and perhaps the most educated and urbane European leader of the time.
Following a military revolution in 1926 which overthrew a civilian government of squabbling politicians and a country close to penury Dr. Salazar was invited to put right the finances of what was then a failed state, Dr Salazar was Finance Minister for 13 days, resigned in disgust over interfering politicians and soldiers and went back to his university. He was again persuaded to take over as Finance Minister in 1928 which he did conditionally on an assurance of greated powers for himself and minimal interference from the government. Salazar continued as minister until 1932 and was widely credited with turning the flagging economy around.
Dr Salazar was Prime Minister from 1932 until 1968.
He ruled Portugal for almost 40 years, managing to keep Portugal away from the Second World War and preventing also a Spanish invasion by keeping friends on both sides. Salazar died in 1970. Often called a fascist by his opponents, Dr Salazar's regime was instrumental in issuing Portuguese nationality documents to thousands of fleeing Jews though Europe and ultimately through Portugal a boarding point for the ultimate flight to North America.Unfortunately Dr Salazar's contribution to this humanitarian cause was never acknowledged as this activity had to be toned down & wound up in the later years of the war. Embassy staff in Europe particularly in Vichy France some say for reasons other than just humanitarian turned a limited covert operation into a massive flood, provoking a angry rumble from a powerful Germany. Ironically some such embassy officials are feted to this day as the valiant individuals who helped the desperate Jews.
A little known fact is that Salazar's Portugal was the only European nation at the time to have non white people at all levels of administration and judiciary. Dark skinned people termed "colonial subjects" in other colonial empires were accorded full civil status by Portugal. It was the only State anywhere in the western world to have non European Members of Parliament. This status was however not universally available to the Blacks of the African territories i.e. those who were not "assimilados" (literately translated to "assimilated")which meant those Africans who had not given up their tribal customs nor reached minimum educational standards.Roughly 4% of the African populace was considered "assimilado" whilst in the overseas colonies of Cape Verde,India and China 100% were considered assimilados even though in the latter two territories, people were not largely of the Roman Catholic faith nor did most speak the Portuguese language.
In the mid sixties Portugal and its colonies found themselves in the front line of the Cold war, with a proxy war which drained Portugal of its resources. Salazar was blamed for a War he had no control over and the consequent impoverishment of his country. Thousands from mainland Portugal fled into neighbouring European countries particularly France to avoid the military draft and the war in africa. Most took up menial jobs and were a convinient source of low cost labour in Europe. This expatriate segment of society got increasingly empowered after a Military coup overthrew the government of Salazar's successor Marcello Caetano in 1974. Many returned to Portugal to become next generation Politicians.
The the term "fascist regime" probably stems from a attempt by this sizable group to demonize the fallen regime and justify their flight from a country at war.
Salazar is still loved by some of the people of Portugal today, and was voted the greatest Portuguese man of all time. Apologists say that it was more as a way of showing frustration with the current political events and politicians in Portugal than actually a true devotion.A great segment of the Portuguese people though may beg to differ.

Princess Nikki
"Princess Nikki" is a reality television show that stars former Big Brother 7 UK house mate Nikki Grahame. It ran on Wednesday nights between 10:00 - 10:30pm on the digital and satellite television channel E4 from 6 September 2006, for a total runtime of 30 minutes. The show was devised by Endemol, the company that also devised Big Brother. It was narrated by the presenter and comedian, Alex Zane.
The format saw Nikki attempt several jobs on each show, which included various unpleasant tasks such as rubbish collecting, deep sea fishing, and waste management. The show's premise was to see whether or not Nikki would perform the tasks given to her and keep her job for a day, or whether she would quit or be sacked due to her infamous tantrums. The concept of the show was taken from one of the tasks Nikki undertook while in the Big Brother House. During the task, she was assigned as Big Brother's personal assistant and had to carry out various duties, which often resulted in Nikki throwing a tantrum and refusing to comply.
The theme music for the programme has been adapted from the 1982 hit single Hey Mickey! by Toni Basil, with the lyrics "Hey Nikki!" used as a replacement.
Contrary to rumors, no second season is planned. Creative director Philip Edgar-Jones confirmed the series is finished in an interview with Brother's Bar.

James Van Der Beek
James William Van Der Beek, Jr. (born March 8, 1977) is an American television and movie actor. He is best known for his role as Dawson Leery in "Dawson's Creek" alongside Katie Holmes.

Dawson's Creek
"Dawson's Creek" was an American primetime television drama which aired from January 20, 1998, to May 14, 2003, on The WB Television Network. The lead production company was Sony Pictures Television. Reruns of the show are currently seen in the US in syndication on TBS and on The N. With Katie Holmes in one of the leading roles.

General Hospital
"General Hospital" (commonly abbreviated "GH") is the longest-running ABC Daytime American soap opera broadcast on the American Broadcasting Company television network. It is also the longest-running serial produced in Hollywood (having been taped at the Prospect Avenue ABC Television Center West and Sunset-Gower Studios).
Set in the fictional city of Port Charles, New York, General Hospital debuted on April 1, 1963, the same day that rival network NBC launched its own medical daytime drama, The Doctors. The show originally aired for a half-hour until the network expanded it to the unusual length of 45 minutes in 1976, and then to a full hour in 1978. The serial was created by soap writers Frank and Doris Hursley, a husband-and-wife team.
General Hospital is credited for starting several trends in the soap opera genre in the 1980s, most notably that of the fast-paced action-adventure plotlines that were remarkably different from the more traditional domestic and social issues that had been the sole focus of most soap operas during the previous decades. In 2003, when GH was celebrating its 40th anniversary, TV Guide named it "The Greatest Soap Opera Of All Time." In addition, GH was also named as one of TIME Magazine's "Top 100 Television Shows of All Time."

Popstars
Popstars is a reality show where a number of people audition of a spot in a new popgroup. The concept has been sold to most parts of the world.
Also solo artists has been searche for in this show, Girls Aloud are one of the most famous groups coming out from the reality show also Nicole Scherzinger from pussycat dolls audition for a spot on Edens Crush on American Popstars.

Nicole Scherzinger
Nicole Scherzinger (born June 29, 1978) is an American actress and singer. She was one of the group members in Edens Crush after winning a spot from the reality show Popstars. Scherzinger was later a member of the Pussycatdolls. On November 16, 2007 Nicole released her first single album.

Girls Aloud
Girls Aloud are a popular British girl group created by an ITV television show named ' in 2002. The group's members are Cheryl Cole (née Tweedy), Nadine Coyle, Sarah Harding, Nicola Roberts and Kimberley Walsh. Girls Aloud have become one of the most successful British pop groups of the decade, with a record-breaking eighteen consecutive Top 10 singles (including three number ones), five platinum albums (including a number one) and record sales of more than 5 million in the UK. They are Smash Hits poll winners, have won a TMF Award and have been nominated for 2 BRIT Awards.
Their recent single Can't Speak French, deals with the members of the group not being able to speak the french language and instead, they let their music talk for themselves. It was a Top 10 hit in the UK's singles chart listings.

Wulfila Bible
The Wulfila Bible (or Gothic Bible) is a translation of parts of the Bible into the Gothic language. It was done by a Christian Bishop, called Wulfila, in the 3rd century. It contains mainly a translation of the New Testament. The basis for the translation was a Greek version of the Bible. Up till then, the Goths had used runes to write. This was impractical, though. For this reason Wulfila also invented the Gothic alphabet. The Gothic alphabet is based on the Greek one.
Many copies of parts of the text still exist today. Most of them are from the 6th to 8th century. The Wulfila bible is the oldest written text of a Germanic language. It is very important for research.
Text of The Lord's Prayer in the Wulfilabible.
"þ" is pronounced like the English "th" in "the".

Plague of Athens
The Plague of Athens was an epidemic which hit the city-state of Athens in ancient Greece during the second year of the Peloponnesian War (430 BC), when an Athenian victory still seemed possible. Many historians believe that it entered Athens through Piraeus, the city's port and sole source of food and supplies. The city-state of Sparta, and much of the eastern Mediterranean, was also struck by the disease. The plague returned twice more, in 429 BC and in the winter of 427/6 BC.

Peloponnesian War
The Peloponnesian War (431–404 BC) was an Ancient Greek military conflict, fought by Athens and its allies against the "Peloponnesian League", led by Sparta. Sparta eventually won the Pelopennesian War.

429 BC
Deaths.
Pericles or Perikles (ca. 495–429 BC), an important statesman of Athens. He also was an orator and a general.

Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg
Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg () was acountry today's Thuringia, Germany.
It was formed in 1672 when Frederick Wilhelm III, the last duke of Saxe-Altenburg died and Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Gotha (who had married Frederick Wilhelm's cousin, Elisabeth Sophie) inherited his possessions.
The duchy was split up again after Ernest’s death in 1675, and the Duchy of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg officially came into existence in 1680 when his eldest son, Frederick, took control of the parts of the country Gotha and Altenburg.
When the royal house of "Saxe-Gotha and Altenburg" became extinct in 1825, Saxe-Gotha was given to Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld and Saxe-Altenburg passed to the Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen. After the abolition of German monarchies at the end of the First World War, both Saxe-Gotha and Saxe-Altenburg became part of the newly created state of Thuringia in 1920.
Dukes of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg.
Divided between Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld and Saxe-Hildburghausen

Thucydides
Thucydides (around 460 BC – around395 BC) (Greek Θουκυδίδης, "Thoukudídēs") was an ancient Greek historian.

Piraeus
Piraeus is a city in Attica, Greece, in the south of the center of Athens.
The population of Piraeus is 175,697 (2001).

Rhône
The Rhône is a river in France and Switzerland. It is 812 kilometers long. The river starts in Rhône Glacier, which is in Switzerland. Then, the Rhône River joints the Saône, in France (and other rivers) and ends in the Mediterranean Sea.
The River Rhône emties into the Mediterranean. Only the Nile brings more water into the Mediteranean. The river drains an are of 95.5500 m2. The usual amount of water is about 1.700 m3 per second (at Tarrascon). During floods, this value has reached over 12.000 m3 per second.

Rhone
The river starts in Rhone Glacier, which is in Switzerland. Then, the Rhone River joints the Saone, in France (and other rivers) and ends in the Mediterranean Sea.

Luis Egidio Meléndez
Luis Egidio Meléndez (Naples, 1716-Madrid, 1780) was a Spanish painter. Although he received little acclaim during his lifetime and died in poverty, Meléndez is recognized today as the greatest Spanish still-life painter of the eighteenth century. His mastery of composition and light, and his remarkable ability to convey the volume and texture of individual objects enabled him to transform the most mundane of kitchen fare into powerful images.

Saxe-Hildburghausen
Saxe-Hildburghausen was one of the Ernestine duchies of the House of Wettin.
History.
Although it was very small, Saxe-Hildburghausen was an independent duchy from 1680 to 1826. In 1684 the duchy changed its capital from Heldburg to Hildburghausen, and changed its name to Saxe-Hildburghausen.
In 1810, a Princess Therese of Saxe-Hildburghausen married Crown Prince Ludwig of Bavaria, who became king of Bavaria 15 years later. The marriage is the reason for the Oktoberfest, held annually in Munich.
In 1826, the Ernestine duchies were reorganised after the last ruler of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg died without an heir. The duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen gave up his duchy in return for becoming Duke of Saxe-Altenburg. Hildburghausen was given to Saxe-Meiningen. Hildburghausen was not one of the duchies in the Imperial circle, Altenburg was, so by swapping his land the duke gained in social rank, even though the Holy Roman Empire no longer existed
In 1868, four districts were established in the duchy of Saxe-Meiningen. Hildburghausen was one of these districts, with boundaries very similar to those of the former duchy. It remained almost unchanged until 1993, when the former district of Suhl was dissolved and most of its municipalities joined the district.

Augustine of Hippo
Aurelius Augustinus, Augustine of Hippo, or Saint Augustine (November 13, 354 A.D. – August 28, 430 A.D.) was a philosopher, theologian, and was bishop of the North African city of Hippo Regius for the last part of his life. Augustine is one of the most important figures in the development of Western Christianity, and is considered to be one of the church fathers. He framed the concepts of original sin and just war.
In Roman Catholicism and the Anglican Communion, he is a saint and Doctor of the Church, and the patron of the Augustinian religious order. Many Protestants, especially Calvinists, consider him to be one of the theological fathers of Reformation teaching on salvation and grace. In the Eastern Orthodox Church he is a saint, and his feast day is celebrated annually on June 15. Among the Orthodox he is called Blessed Augustine, or St. Augustine the Blessed'". "Blessed" here does not mean that he is less than a saint, but is a title bestowed upon him as a sign of respect. The Orthodox do not remember Augustine so much for his theological speculations as for his writings on spirituality.

House of Wettin
The House of Wettin was a dynasty of German counts, dukes, prince-electors (Kurfürsten) and kings that ruled in what is known today as the German states of Saxony and Thuringia for more than 800 years. Members of the Wettin family were also kings of Poland, as well as forming the ruling houses of Great Britain, Portugal, Bulgaria, Poland, Saxony, and Belgium. Today only the British and Belgian lines still rule their countries, but the last Tsar of Bulgaria, Simeon II, was Prime Minister of Bulgaria between 2001 and 2005. Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha is the only ex-king who has ever returned to his country as an elected leader.
Origins: Wettins of Saxony.
The oldest known member of the House of Wettin was Thiedericus (died 982). Around 1000, as part of the German conquest of Slavic territory, the family got Wettin Castle and changed their name. It was usual for noblemen to change their name to the name of their territory. Wettin Castle is located in Wettin, Saxony-Anhalt in the Hosgau on the Saale River.
Branches of the House of Wettin.
The House split into two main branches, the Ernestine and the Albertine. The descendants of Ernest often subdivided their land and ended up with a lot of small duchies, but one (Saxe-Coburg and Gotha) became very important. Ernest's younger brother was Albert. His descendants became Electors of Saxony, and in 1806, Kings of Saxony
The House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.
and also husbands of the queens of
The wife of the Emperor of Mexico (Carlota of Mexico) was also a member of the house of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. As such, the British, Portuguese, and for a time, Mexican, thrones became a possession of persons who belonged to the House of Wettin.
During World War I the British Royal Family changed the name as well as their personal surnames to "Windsor" by an Order-in-Council of King George V. The Kings of Belgiums now do not use the Saxe-Coburg and Gotha name, but have never offially changed it.

City of Durham
Durham is a local government district in County Durham, England. Its main settlement is Durham.
The district was formed on 1 April 1974 when the borough of Durham and Framwelgate was joined to the, Brandon and Byshottles urban district and Durham Rural District..
The City of Durham district council will be abolished by April 1999, when County Durham's county council becomes a unitary authority. The original city of Durham could still continue as a town council.
Mayors of the City of Durham.
Mayors of the City of Durham are styled "The Right Worshipful, The Mayor of Durham". The Mayoralty is taken as a continuation of the mayoralty of the pre-1974 Durham and Framwelgate. The Mayor of Durham is entitled to an armed ceremonial bodyguard.
Composition of the Council.
The Council is made up of 50 councillors elected every four years (last elections 2007). In 2007 the council is made of is Liberal Democrat (30), Labour (17), and Independent (3) members.
Liberal Democrats first took control of the council in the 2003 elections. Labour had held overall control of the City Council continually since the early 1980s.

Angelic Upstarts
The Angelic Upstarts are an anti-fascist Oi! punk rock band who started in South Shields, North-East England in 1977.

Anti-fascism
Anti-fascism is the opposition to fascist ideologies, organizations, governments and people.

History of the Peloponnesian War
The "History of the Peloponnesian War" tells the story of the Peloponnesian War in Ancient Greece. It was written by Thucydides, an Athenian general who served in that war. The war was fought between the "Peloponnesian League" (led by Sparta) and the "Athenian league" (led by Athens) and lasted more than 20 years.
Many historians regard this "History" of Thucydides as one of the earliest scholarly works of history.
Historical method.
Thucydides' "History" made a number of contributions to early historiography. Many of his principles have become standard methods of history writing today, though others have not.
Chronology.
One of Thucydides' major innovations was to use a strict standard of chronology, recording events by year, each year consisting of the summer campaigning season and a less active winter season. As a result, events that span several years are divided up and described in parts of the book that are sometimes quite distant from one another, causing the impression that he is oscillating between the various theatres of conflict. This method contrasts sharply with Herodotus' earlier work "The Histories", which jumps around chronologically.
Speeches.
Another feature of the work is that Thucydides writes dozens of speeches of the most important figures who were engaged in the war. Thucydides heard some of these speeches himself but some of the speeches he wrote without knowing exactly what was really spoken.
Neutral point of view.
Thucydides wanted his writings "to last for ever" (1.22.4). Therefore he tried to be as neutral as possible though as general of Athens that was difficult for him.
Role of religion.
The gods play no active role in Thucydides' work. This is very different to Herodotus, who frequently mentions the role of the gods. Instead, Thucydides regards history as being caused by the choices and actions of human beings.
The "History" concentrates on the military aspects of the Peloponnesian War, but it uses these events as a medium to suggest several other themes as well, for instance to show degenerative effects of war on humanity itself.
For the most part, the "History" does not discuss topics such as the art and architecture of Greece, but speaks of the development of military technologies
The "History" explains that the cause of the Peloponnesian War was the "growth in power of Athens, and the alarm which this inspired in Sparta" (1.23.6). The Spartans represent a more traditional and less expansive power.
Sources.
Thucydides almost never names his informants. This is in contrast to Herodotus, who frequently mentions multiple versions of his stories and allows the reader to decide which is true.
Influence.
Thucydides' "History" has been enormously influential in both ancient and modern historiography.

Historiography
Historiography is about the writing of history and the use of historical methods. Therefore it looks at authors, sources, interpretation, style, bias, and audience. The word historiography can also refer to a body of historical work.
Hellenic world.
Written history appeared first with the ancient Greeks, whose historians greatly contributed to the development of historical methodology. The very first historical works were "The Histories" composed by Herodotus of Halicarnassus (484 BC–ca.425 BC), who became later known as the 'father of history' (Cicero).
Thucydides was the first to distinguish between cause and immediate origins of an event, and his successor Xenophon (ca. 431–355 BC) introduced autobiographical elements and character studies in his Anabasis.
Roman world.
The Romans adopted the Greek tradition, becoming the first people to write history in a non-Greek language. The most famous writers are Julius Caesar's (100 BC–44 BC) "Bellum Gallicum".
Livy (59 BC–AD 17) who records the rise of Rome from city-state to world dominion.
Plutarch (c. 46 - 127) and Suetonius (c. 69-after 130) introduced biography as a branch of history. Tacitus (c. 56–c. 117) citicizes Roman immorality by praising German virtues.
Medieval Europe.
Writing history was popular among Christian monks and clergy in the Middle Ages. They wrote about the history of Jesus Christ, the Church and of their patrons, the dynastic history of the local rulers. In the Early Middles Ages historical writing often took the form of annals or chronicles recording events year by year but this style tended to hampered the analysis of events and causes. An example of this type of writing are Anglo-Saxon Chronicles which were the work of several different writers and start during the reign of Alfred the Great in the late 9th century and one copy of which was still being updated in 1154.
History was written about states or nations during the Renaissance. The study of history changed during the Enlightenment and Romanticism. Voltaire described the history of certain ages that were important according to him, instead of describing events in a chronological order. History became an independent discipline. It was not called "philosophia historiae" anymore, but merely history ("historia").
Modern era.
Modern historiography began with Leopold Ranke in the 19th century, who was very critical on the sources used in history.
The French Annales School radically changed history during the 20th century. Fernand Braudel wanted history to become more scientific by demanding more mathematical evidence in history, in order to make the history discipline less subjective. Furthermore, he added a social-economic and geographic framework to answer historical questions. Other French historians, like Philippe Ariès and Michel Foucault described history of daily life topics such as death and sexuality. They wanted history to be written about all topics and that all questions should be asked.
Foundation of important historical journals.
The idea of the historical journal, a forum where academic historians could exchange ideas, came into being in the nineteenth century. The early journals were similar to those used in the physical sciences, and were seen as a means by which history could be professionalised. Journals also helped historians to establish various historiographical approaches, the most notable example of which was "Annales. Économies. Sociétés. Civilisations." a publication instrumental in establishing the Annales School.
Approaches to history.
The question of how a historian approaches historical events is one of the most important questions within historiography. It is commonly recognised by historians that, in themselves, individual historical facts are not particularly meaningful. Such facts will only become useful when assembled with other historical evidence, and the process of assembling this evidence is understood as a particular historiographical approach.

Historical method
The historical method are the techniques and guidelines by which historians use primary sources and other evidence to research and then to write history.

Primary source
In historiography and other areas of scholarship, a primary source (also called original source) is a document, recording or other source of information that was created at the time that is studied. Usually it was produced by someone with direct personal knowledge of the events that are described.
It is used as an original source of information about the topic. Primary sources are distinguished from secondary sources, which often build upon primary sources.

Secondary source
A secondary source is a document or recording that writes or speaks about information that was originally presented elsewhere. This information is called "primary source" or "original source" of the information.
Secondary sources often involve generalization, analysis, synthesis, interpretation, or evaluation of the original information.
In historiography, a secondary source is a study written by a scholar about a topic, and using primary sources and other secondary sources.
Example.
An example of a secondary source is the biography of a historical figure in which the author tells the story on the basis of many primary source documents, such as letters, diaries, newspaper accounts, photographs, and official records. A scholarly secondary source is familiar with the existing secondary literature and seeks to engage it in terms of arguments and evidence. Most, but not all, secondary sources use extensive citation.
Secondary sources in law.
Secondary sources are often used in common law, to allow judges to determine what is actually meant by the language of a particular statute. See legislative intent.

Breinigerberg
Breinigerberg is a small village in the West of Germany, the state of North Rhine-Westphalia About 972 people live at the place. It is close to the "Naturpark Nordeifel", a large forest area in Germany, Belgium and the Netherlands.
The road L12 passes through Breinigerberg splitting it into two parts.
In the last two centuries, Breinigerberg was famous for mining. Even the ancient Romans dug for ore in the area. It was used for the production of brass in the city of Stolberg. Today there is no more mining but the remains are still present. Big holes in the Schlangenberg area prove what had been left from the past. Today the Schlangenberg is a natural reserve protecting rare flowers and insects.

Document
A document ("noun") is a piece of information that one can use for communicating something. In most of the cases it is a paper, that contains information in the form of ink marks. But nowadays documents can be digital as well.
To document ("verb") means to produce an object by collecting and representing information.
Document life cycle management technology.
Technology to manage documents has developed with documents themselves. Of particular importances are practices concerning the preservation, archival, destruction and management of documents. These together are called the "document life cycle"

International Standard Book Number
The International Standard Book Number, ISBN, is a unique commercial book identifier barcode. The ISBN system was created in the United Kingdom, in 1966, by the booksellers and stationers W.H. Smith.
Originally, it was the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering (SBN) code and still was used in 1974; it was adopted as the international standard ISO 2108 in 1970. A similar, numeric identifier, the International Standard Serial Number (ISSN), identifies periodical publications such as magazines. Since January 1, 2007, ISBNs are of 13 digits, like in Bookland EAN-13. The SC 9 is responsible for the standard.
Overview.
The ISBN parts may be of different lengths, and usually are separated with hyphens or spaces.
The group identifier code (GIC) number is 0 or 1 for English-speaking countries; 2 for French-speaking countries; 3 for German-speaking countries; 4 for Japanese; 5 for Russian, et cetera. The original standard book number (SBN) had no group identifier, but affixing a zero (0) as prefix to a 9-digit SBN creates a valid 10-digit ISBN. The group identifier may be up to 5 digits long; e.g. 99936 is a group identifier for the country Bhutan.
The national ISBN agency assigns the publisher number (cf. the); the publisher selects the item number. Generally, a book publisher is not required to assign an ISBN, nor for a book to display its number (except in China; see below), however, most book stores only handle ISBN-bearing merchandise.
A listing of all the 628,000 assigned publisher codes is published, and can be ordered in book form, but, as of 2007, it costs US$300. The web site of the international ISBN agency does not offer any free method of looking up publisher codes.

Index
An index is a system used to make finding information easier.

Recording
Recording means to capture data to store it on a storage medium or record.
Historical records of events have been made for thousands of years. Amongst the earliest are cave painting, runic alphabets and ideograms. Technology continues to provide and expand means for human beings to record their thoughts, feelings and experiences.

Storage medium
A storage medium is a device for recording (storing) information (data). Recording can be done using virtually any form of energy.
A storage device may hold information, process information, or both. A device that only holds information is a recording medium.
"Electronic data storage" is storage which requires electrical power to store and get back that data. Most storage devices that do not require visual optics to read data fall into this category. Electronic data may be stored in either an analog or digital signal format.
Terminology.
An organic brain may or may not be considered a data storage device.
All information is data. However, not all data is information.
Recording medium.
A recording medium is a physical material that holds data expressed in any of the existing recording formats. With electronic media, the data and the recording medium is sometimes referred to as "software" despite the more common use of the word to describe computer software.

Pedro Santana, Elías Piña
Pedro Santana is a municipality in the Dominican Republic, in the Elías Piña Province, on the border with Haiti.
Population.
The municipality had, in 2002, a total population of 4,043: 2,207 men and 1,836 women. The urban population was 29.26% of the total population.
History.
The old small town of "Los Cercadillos" was elevated, with the present name, to the category of municipal district of Bánica on 16 September, 1942 and to the category of municipality by the Law 3208 of 3 March, 1952.
The city, and municipality, was named after "Pedro Santana", general of the Independence wars and first president of the Dominican Republic. He was born in Hincha, now a Haitian city ("Hinche") close to the border.
Economy.
The main economic activity of the municipality is agriculture.

Visual system
The visual system is the part of the nervous system which allows organisms to see.
It interprets the information from visible light to build a representation of the world surrounding the body. The visual system has the complex task of (re)constructing a three dimensional world from a two dimensional projection of that world. The psychological manifestation of visual information is known as visual perception.
Introduction.
Different species are able to see different parts of the light spectrum; for example, bees can see into the ultraviolet, while pit vipers can accurately target prey with their infrared imaging sensors.

Visual perception
In psychology, visual perception is the ability to interpret visible light information reaching the eyes which is then made available for planning and action.
The resulting perception is also known as eyesight, sight or vision. The components that are necessary for vision are known as the visual system.
Study of visual perception.
The major problem in visual perception is that what people see is not simply a translation of the image on the retina. Therefore it was difficult to explain what visual processing does to create what we actually see.
History.
The breakthrough came with Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen), the "father of optics". In his "Book of Optics" in the 1000s he argued that vision occurs in the brain, rather than the eyes. He pointed out that personal experience has an effect on what people see and how they see, and that vision and perception are subjective. He explained possible errors in vision in detail, and as an example, describes how a small child with less experience may have more difficulty interpreting what he/she sees. He also gives an example of an adult that can make mistakes in vision because of how one's experience suggests that he/she is seeing one thing, when he/she is really seeing something else.
Ibn al-Haytham's investigations and experiments on visual perception also included sensation, variations in sensitivity, sensation of touch, perception of colours, perception of darkness, the psychological explanation of the moon illusion, and binocular vision.

Microform
Microform is a name given to special photographic films. Microforms contain reduced images of documents. Usually, documents stored on microform are reduced about 25 times. Microform is mainly used for archival purposes.
Properly stored (room temperature, 50% humidity), microform should be able to last up to 500 years.

Analog signal
An analog or analogue signal is any continuous signal.
The difference from a digital signal is that also very small fluctuations in the signal are meaningful. When one speaks of analog one often means an electrical context, however mechanical, pneumatic, hydraulic, and other systems may also convey analog signals.
An analog signal uses some property of the medium to convey the signal's information.
Any information may be conveyed by an analog signal, often such a signal is a measured change in physical phenomena, such as sound, light, temperature, position, or pressure.
For example, in sound recording, fluctuations in air pressure (that is to say, sound) strike the diaphragm of a microphone which causes corresponding fluctuations in a voltage or the current in an electric circuit. The voltage or the current is said to be an "analog" of the sound.
See digital for a discussion of "digital vs. analog".

Microphone
A microphone, sometimes referred to as a mike or mic (both IPA pronunciation:), converts sound into an electrical signal.
Microphones are used in many applications such as telephones, tape recorders, hearing aids, motion picture production, live and recorded audio engineering, in radio and television broadcasting and in computers for recording voice.

Digital signal
Digital signal can mean to different things: "discrete-time signals" that are digitized, or to the waveform signals in a digital system.
Discrete-time signals.
Digital signals are digital representations of "discrete-time signals", which often produced by changing an analog signal.
An analog signal is a datum that changes over time (for instance the temperature at a given place; the depth of a certain point in a pond; or the amplitude of the voltage at some node in a circuit). A discrete-time signal is a sampled version of an analog signal: the value of the datum is noted at fixed intervals (for example, every microsecond) rather than continuously.
In short, a digital signal is a quantized discrete-time signal; a discrete-time signal is a sampled analog signal.
In the digital revolution, the usage of digital signals has increased significantly.
Many modern media devices, especially the ones that connect with computers use digital signals to represent signals that were traditionally represented as analog signals; cell phones, music and video players, personal video recorders, and digital cameras are examples.
In most applications, digital signals are represented as binary numbers, so their precision of quantization is measured in bits.
Waveforms in digital systems.
In computer architecture and other digital systems, a waveform that switches between two voltage levels representing the two states of a Boolean value (0 and 1) is referred to as a digital signal, even though it is an analog voltage waveform, since it is interpreted in terms of only two levels.
The clock signal is a special digital signal that is used to synchronize digital circuits.
The image shown can be considered the waveform of a clock signal.
Logic changes are triggered either by the rising edge or the falling edge.

Pneumatics
Pneumatics is the use of pressurized air for mechanical motion.
It is used in different context.
Pneumatic transfer systems are employed in many industries to move powders and devices. Pneumatic devices are also used where electric motors cannot be used for safety reasons, such as deep in a mine where explosive dust or gases may be present.
Comparison to Hydraulics.
Both pneumatics and hydraulics are applications of fluid power. Pneumatics uses air, which is compressible, while hydraulics uses relatively incompressible liquid media such as oil or water.

Saxe-Gotha
Saxe-Gotha () was a state in today's Thuringia, Germany.
It was created in 1640 for Duke Ernest I and ended in 1680 when his lands were divided after his death in 1675. The area around Gotha passed to Ernest's eldest surviving son, Frederick of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg, who also inherited Altenburg (which Ernest had inherited through his wife Elisabeth Sophie) and became Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg.
Dukes of Saxe-Gotha.
When the house of Saxe-Gotha and Altenburg became extinct in 1825, Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg was split. Saxe-Gotha passed to the Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld who in turn gave Saalfeld to Saxe-Meiningen. The Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen became Duke of Saxe-Altenburg, and gave Saxe-Hildburghausen to Saxe-Meiningen.
After the abolition of German monarchies at the end of the First World War it became a part of the newly created state of Thuringia in 1920.

Seafloor spreading
Seafloor spreading is a type of geographic movement that happens on the bottom of an ocean. It happens at ridges in the middle of oceans where new oceanic crust is created. This crust is created by volcanic activity. The new crust then slowly moves away from the ridge. Seafloor spreading helps explain continental drift in the theory of plate tectonics.
Earlier theories (e.g., by Alfred Wegener) of continental drift were that continents "plowed" through the ocean. The idea that the ocean floor itself moves and carries the continents with it as it expands from a central axis was created by Harry Hess from Princeton University in the 1960s. Today, many people believe this theory is true. The phenomenon is known to be caused by convection currents in the very weak upper mantle, or asthenosphere.

Comendador, Elías Piña
The Dominican city of Comendador is the head municipality of the Elías Piña province, on the border with Haiti.
Population.
The municipality had, in 2002, a total population of 25,475: 12,574 men and 12,901 women. The urban population was 44.71% of the total population. In this numbers are included the population of the municipal districts Guayabo and Sabana Larga.
History.
The city, founded in 1868, was named after Nicolás de Ovando, the "Comendador of Lares" ("Comendador" was the chief of a military or religious order). It was founded where there was a military post close to the border with Haiti. The Taíno name of the region was "Duan".
There was several fights between Haitians and Dominican soldiers during the Dominican-Haitian War after 1844. The most important fight was the "La Estrelleta Battle" in a savanna close to Comendador.
The old military post was made a "Cantón" (now called Municipal District) of the Azua province in 1907. The next year, in 1908, it was elevated to the category of Municipality of the same province.
Its name was changed to Villa Elías Piña on 29 November, 1930. By the Law 342 of 29 May, 1972 the city was named again "Comendador".
Economy.
The main economic activity of the municipality is agriculture. Commerce with Haiti is also an important economic activity in the city.

Emily Greene Balch
Emily Greene Balch (1867-1961) shared the Nobel Peace Prize in 1946 with John Raleigh Mott (1865-1955). Both laureates were American.

Chiara Zanni
Chiara Zanni (born July 19, 1978 in Vancouver, British Columbia) is a Canadian actress and voice actress. She is known for her role as "Amy" in The N's television series "About a Girl".
Biography.
Raised in Vancouver, Chiara started her career at the age of 8, when won a talent contest called "Search for a Star". She was cast as the "Pokey Little Puppy" in a cartoon called "Little Golden Book Land" and hasn't stopped working since. Chiara has acted in the feature movies ', "40 Days and 40 Nights", "Almost America", "In the Land of Women", and "Good Luck Chuck".
Her TV appearances include "Supernatural", "Stargate Atlantis", "Edgemont", "Trophy Wife", "Bye Bye Birdie", "First to Die", and "Post Mortem". She has also done voice work, including roles in "Hamtaro", "Trollz", "My Little Pony", "Polly Pockets", "Barbie Fairytopia", "X-Men Evolution", "Sabrina", "Bionicle", "Inuyasha", and "Storm Hawks".

Antoni Lange
Antoni Lange, whose pen-names were Antoni Wrzesień and Napierski (1861 or 1863 – March 17, 1929) was a Polish poet, polyglot (15 languages), translator and mystic philosopher of the Symbolism and Parnassianism movements, generally regarded as a "great master of reflective poetry". Although Lange was not a particularly famed author, many people call him "a magican of lyrical form" because of his unquestionable mastery in using rare poetic forms and innovations, which makes him a pioneer of modern "collage" and even imagism movement.
As a religious thinker Lange was one of the first to popularize Indian philosophy and literature in Poland; his existential reflection of "universal pain" (wszechcierpienie) unites Christian mysticism with traditions of Buddhism.
Lange was also an uncle of the poet Bolesław Leśmian.
Life.
He was born in 1861 or 1863 into a patriotic Jewish family who were heavily influenced by the messianic ideals of Romantic Polish poets, especially Adam Mickiewicz. What is important, in 1830 his father Henri Lange took part in the November Uprising.
"Lange’s own poems did not win him recognition, and the last phase of his life was poisoned by feelings of bitterness". He never married and had no children.

Curie (unit)
The curie (symbol Ci) is a unit of measurement. It measures radioactivity. It is defined as
In 1962, the International Commission on Radiological Units suggested the usage of this unit named after Marie Curie.

Fjord
Fiard is a type of gulf. Fiards are in Sweden, Denmark, Canada, Finland. In Germany fiards are called fiords.

Raccoon
The Raccoon ("Procyon lotor"), also known as the Northern Raccoon, Common Raccoon, Washer Bear or Coon, is a widespread, medium-sized, omnivorous mammal native to North America.
Description.
Recognized by its striped face and ringed tail, the raccoon has invaded almost every habitat and is commonly found even in towns and cities. The raccoon is curious, clever, and solitary and deceptively cuddly-looking. It owes its success to its ability to live in a wide variety of habitats and survive on a flexible diet.
Habitat.
Although most raccoons live in the wild, close contact with humans does not bother them. They often nest in empty buildings, garages, sheds, and even the attics of houses. Since raccoons are nocturnal animals, they are most active at night. Raccoons do not hibernate in the winter, but those that live further north, where it is colder, grow thick coats to keep them warm and spend long periods sleeping.

Eliza Dushku
Eliza Patricia Dushku (born December 30, 1980) is an American television and movie actress. She has appeared in several Hollywood movies such as "True Lies", "The New Guy", "Bring It On", and "Wrong Turn". She is also well known for her acting on television, such as her role on "Buffy the Vampire Slayer" and "Angel" as Faith. She was also the main character in the series "Tru Calling".
Early life.
Dushku was born in Watertown, Massachusetts. Dushku's father is Albanian-American and her mother has Danish ancestry. She was raised a Mormon, the faith of her mother but she is not actively practicing. She has three older brothers, Aaron, Benjamin (Ben) (born February 5, 1976), and Nathan (Nate) (born June 8, 1977, in Boston, Massachusetts), the last of whom is also an actor and a model. Her parents divorced when she was still an infant.
Early career.
Dushku started acting when she was 10. She was chosen for the lead role of Alice, opposite Juliette Lewis in the movie "That Night". In 1993, Dushku got the role as Pearl alongside Robert De Niro and Leonardo DiCaprio in "This Boy's Life". The following year, she played the teenage daughter of Arnold Schwarzenegger and Jamie Lee Curtis in "True Lies". She also had parts as Paul Reiser's daughter in "Bye Bye, Love", as Cindy Johnson with Halle Berry and Jim Belushi in "Race the Sun", as well as roles in a television movie and a short movie.
Dushku took some time off from acting to finish her last two years of high school. She was accepted to the George Washington University in Washington, DC and Suffolk University in Boston, where her mother was professor of government and had been the dean of the campus in Dakar, Senegal.
Later roles.
After high school, Dushku returned to acting with the role of Faith, a Slayer much more troubled than the main character Buffy. At first, her character was only going to be used for five episodes but became so popular that Joss Whedon decided to use her for more of the story. She stayed on for the rest of the third season and returned for a two-part appearance in season four. She was then used as part of the first season of the "Buffy" spinoff series "Angel". Faith returned as a heroine in several other episodes of "Angel" and in the last five episodes of "Buffy".
In 2000, Dushku starred in "Soul Survivors" with her "Race The Sun" co-star Casey Affleck. She followed that up with the cheerleader comedy "Bring It On" with Kirsten Dunst. She was very busy in 2001: shooting "The New Guy" in Texas and having to travel up to New York where she was working again with actor Robert De Niro and director Michael Caton-Jones in "City by the Sea". She played James Franco's junkie girlfriend and mother of his child. The same year Kevin Smith asked Dushku to be a part of "Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back". Dushku co-starred with Shannon Elizabeth, Ali Larter, Ben Affleck, and others.
2003 saw the release of "Wrong Turn", a horror movie in which Dushku had the starring role, and "The Kiss", an independent comedy-drama. Starting that same year, she also starred in a new Fox TV series, "Tru Calling". She played the main character, Tru Davies, a ex-medical student who must take a job at a local morgue where she finds that she has the power to "re-live" the previous day over again. She uses this ability to stop wrongful deaths.
She appeared in the Simple Plan music video, "I'm Just a Kid", as the band's love interest, as well as Nickelback's video for "Rockstar".
Future roles.
"Variety" announced on August 2, 2006 that Dushku would co-star with Macaulay Culkin in "Sex and Breakfast", written and directed by Miles Brandman. The movie will be released in Los Angeles in November 30, 2007 and on DVD in January 22, 2008. She will also star in "Open Graves", a horror-thriller movie about a satanic game. The movie is expected to be released in 2007. She will play the main character on a thriller directed by Rob Schmidt who she had worked with before on Wrong Turn, called The Alphabet Killer.
It was announced on October 31, 2007 that Dushku and Joss Whedon, famous for creating the "Buffy" series, agreed to create a new show called Dollhouse. FOX has already ordered seven episodes and the series is expected to premiere in April.
Personal life.
Dushku lives in the Los Angeles area of Southern California.

Sandy Robson
Sandy Wayne Robson (born November 6, 1973 in Peterborough, Ontario) is a Canadian actor. He is probably best known for hosting the game show "Trash to Treasure" and his role as "Dude" in The N's television series "About a Girl".
Biography.
A Toronto native, Robson's breakthrough role was in "Crazy Canucks", the story of the 1974 World Cup ski champions. (His background as a giant slalom down hill skier was useful for the film.) More recently, he has acted in "Cow Belles" and "The Cheetah Girls", and the television series "Kevin Hill", ', and "Instant Star". Sandy has starred in many theatrical productions, including the one man show "Full Committed", in which he played 40 characters.

List of Commonwealth Games cities
 Editions .
The following cities have hosted the Commonwealth Games, and their predecessors

Lord's Prayer
The Lord's Prayer, is the best known prayer in the Christian religion. It is also known as the Our Father (because these are the first two words of the prayer) or Pater noster (which is Latin for "Our Father").
The Lord's Prayer is the prayer that Jesus taught the people to say when praying to God. It can be found in two places in the New Testament: one in the Gospel of Matthew (Chapter 6, verses 9-13) which is part of the Sermon on the Mount, and the other in the Gospel of Luke (Chapter 11: verses 2-4).
Music.
Many composers have written musical scores of the prayer. Some of them are
Luigi Cherubini, Martin Luther, E Nomine, Die Toten Hosen, Charles Gounod, Leoš Janáček, Franz Liszt, Giacomo Meyerbeer, Otto Nicolai, Bernardino Rizzi, Igor Strawinski, Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, Leonard Bernstein (in Mass) and Giuseppe Verdi.
The probably most modern version was done by Söhne Mannheims in 2004.

Service (music)
In Anglican church music, a Service is a piece of music for the choir to sing during a service of worship. It uses the words which are a traditional part of the service. The choir is usually accompanied by the organ, but sometimes it can be just for choir without organ.
In Morning Prayer the words which are set to music for the choir are the words of the Venite (Psalm 95), the Te Deum and the Jubilate (Psalm 100) or Benedictus.
For a Holy Communion the set words will usually be the Gloria, sometimes the Creed, Sanctus, Agnus Dei as well as responses.
For Evening Prayer the words will be the Magnificat and the Nunc Dimittis. Singers in the choir often call these "Mag and Nunc" for short. Many composers have set these words. They make them into a piece for choir which is like an anthem.
In the Tudor and early Stuart periods, services were described as "Short", "Great" or "Verse" services. Short services were short, the words were only sung once and it was often unaccompanied (no organ). A Great service was longer: some of the words were often sung many times. William Byrd wrote a famous Great Service. A Verse service was also long: there were several verses which need to be sung by a solo choir member. In between each verse there is some music for the whole choir to sing.

Space station
A space station is a structure built in space for astronauts to live in and to make experiments for science. A famous example of a space station is the International Space Station.

Van de Graaff Generator
A Van de Graaff generator is an electrostatic machine. It uses a moving belt to accumulate very high voltages on a hollow metal globe. The potential differences achieved in modern Van de Graaff generators can reach 5 megavolts. Applications for these high voltage generators include driving X-ray tubes, accelerating electrons to sterilize food and process materials, and accelerating protons for nuclear physics experiments. The Van de Graaff generator can be thought of as a constant-current source connected in parallel with a capacitor and a very large electrical resistance. It is named after the United States American physicist Robert Jemison Van de Graaff, who built the fist generators of this style in 1929.

Time server
A Time server is a special computer in a Computer network.
It is important that computer on a network have a common idea of time. Time servers are computers with special software on them. They either use an atomic clock, or they ask other computers on the network about the time. They then make this time available to all the other computers in the same network. Common protocols used to do this are the DAYTIME protocol and the Network Time Protocol (NTP).
Dedicated Time Server [NTP] delivers the time directly into LAN network using NTP and SNTP protocols. It is equipped with multiple independent Ethernet interfaces. UTC reference time is drawn simultaneously from different clocks via GPS or RF AM. It has build-in oscillators (rubidium, ocxo, tcxo) stabilized in PLL/FLL against 1PPS frequency reference. This device is ready for continuous operation 24h/ day and is able to provide simultaneous synchronization to 10 000 NTP clients: servers, routers and workstations.

Laura Prepon
Laura Prepon (born March 7, 1980) is an American actress, best known for her role as Donna Pinciotti on the Fox television series "That '70s Show" and Hannah Daniels on the ABC television series "October Road".

Ashley Massaro
Ashley Marie Massaro (born May 26 1979), better known simply as Ashley, is an American pictorial model and professional wrestler, signed to World Wrestling Entertainment, wrestling on its "Raw" brand although currently inactive for unknown reasons. She was the winner of the Raw Diva Search 2005 and was on the cover of the April 2007 issue of "Playboy Magazine". She was a contestant on the fifteenth season of "Survivor" in China, but was the second contestant to be eliminated.

Melina Perez
Melina Perez (born March 9, 1979) ring name as Melina, is an American professional wrestler and manager. She currently works for World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) wrestling on its RAW brand, although she is currently out on a foot injury that will keep her out for an unknown amount of time.
Early Life.
Perez began her career as a model. In 2000, she decided to become a professional wrestler and began training. Perez's pro-wrestling debut was in 2002 on a tour of the independent wrestling scene. She joined a number of California-based promotions such as the Empire Wrestling Federation (EWF).
World Wrestling Entertainment.
Perez began working in World Wrestling Entertainment's "farm territory" Ohio Valley Wrestling (OVW) in March 2004 when she was kayfabe brought her in as a way to taunt her ex-boyfriend John Hennigan. Melina, however, aligned herself with Hennigan, who later changed his ring name to Johnny Nitro. Soon after, Nitro began teaming with Joey Matthews, later known as Joey Mercury. On November 10, the trio, now known as MNM, won the OVW Southern Tag Team Championship.
2005.
MNM made their debut in WWE on the April 14, 2005 edition of SmackDown! by interrupting the first ever Carlito's Cabana interview segment. Rey Mysterio, one half of the WWE Tag Team Champions, was a guest. Melina insulted Mysterio and had Mercury and Nitro attack him. This led to MNM's first match the next week on SmackDown! for the tag team title. MNM won the match against Mysterio and Eddie Guerrero, giving them their first WWE Tag Team Title reign.
While managing the Tag Team Champions, Melina started wrestling against the other WWE Divas. She had her first match on June 30 against Michelle McCool. Her first pay-per-view match – a Bra and Panties match – was at The Great American Bash against Torrie Wilson. Melina won both matches.
2007.
On January 29, 2007, Melina became the number 1 contender for the WWE Women's Championship. On February 5 Melina lost a title match against Mickie James. On February 19, Melina won the Women's Championship from James. On April 24 at a show in Paris, France, Melina lost the Women's Championship in a Triple Threat match to James when James pinned Victoria. In a rematch on the same night, she pinned James to regain the title and become a two-time WWE Women's Champion.
On May 7 Melina was defeated in a tag team match when she was pinned by Candice Michelle. Melina lost to Candice in several tag team matches, as well as in non-title bouts over the next few weeks. At Vengeance, Melina lost the Women's Championship to Candice, and failed to wim the title back at The Great American Bash.

Amy Dumas
Amy Christine Dumas (born April 14,1975)
better known by her ring name Lita, is an American former World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) wrestler and valet. While working with WWE from 2000–2006, she became one of the most popular female wrestlers in the company's history..
After working for a short time on the independent circuit and in Extreme Championship Wrestling, Dumas began working with the World Wrestling Federation in 1999. Originally, she was paired with Essa Rios. She became more well know when she teamed up with Matt and Jeff Hardy as Team Xtreme. During her career, she won the WWE Women's Championship four times.
Dumas had an off-screen relationship with Matt Hardy. It ended in 2005 after her affair with Adam Copeland. WWE used the problems between them as part of a story during 2005 and 2006. The affair was part of the reason Hardy was fired in 2005, but he was rehired later in the year. As a result of her personal life, Dumas' character Lita began to be "booed" for the first time by the fans during this time.
After she stopped wrestling in 2006, she became the lead singer of punk rock band The Luchagors. The band released their self-titled CD, "The Luchagors" on September 11, 2007.

Mafic
Mafic minerals are usually dark in color and have a specific gravity greater than 3.
Common rock-forming mafic minerals include olivine, pyroxene, amphibole, biotite and other micas, augite and the calcium-rich plagioclase feldspars. Common mafic rocks include basalt and gabbro.
In terms of chemistry, mafic rocks are on the other side of the rock spectrum from the so-called felsic rocks. The term roughly corresponds to the older "basic" rock class.
Mafic lava, before cooling, has a lower viscosity than felsic lava due to its lower silica content. Water and other volatiles can more easily and gradually escape from mafic lava, so eruptions of volcanoes made of mafic lavas are less explosively violent than felsic lava eruptions. Most mafic lava volcanoes are oceanic volcanoes, like Hawaii.

Specific gravity
Specific Gravity (SG) is a special case of relative density.
It is defined as the ratio of the density of a given substance, to the density of water (H2O). Substances with a specific gravity greater than 1 are heavier than water, and those with a specific gravity of less than 1 are lighter than water.
formula_1
SG is by definition dimensionless and therefore not dependent on the system of units used (e.g. slugsft-3 or kgm-3), insofar as the units are consistent.
Based on the SG-value of a given substance, the density of that substance can be calculated.

Rosetta Stone
The Rosetta Stone is a stone that was discovered in Egypt in 1799. It had three pieces of writing on it that all said the same thing, but in three different languages. One was in an Ancient Egyptian writing called "Demotic", one was in another Ancient Egyptian writing called "Hieroglyphics", and one was written in Ancient Greek. This stone greatly helped historians who were trying to find out more about Ancient Egypt - its discovery led to the translation of Ancient Egyptian writing.
The historians could read the Greek and Demotic, and so they could then translate the words into Hieroglyhpics, and they then knew how to read the ancient words that people could not read for so many years. Demotic was the local language of the people in Egypt at that time.
The stone is named after the city where it was found, Rosetta. Today, that city is called "Rashid". The stone is now in the British Museum in London.
Part of the text.
The complete Greek text, in English, is about 1600–1700 words in length, and is about 20 paragraphs long (average 80 words/paragraph). In essence, the Rosetta Stone is a tax amnesty given to the temple priests of the day, restoring the tax privileges they had traditionally enjoyed from more ancient times. Some scholars speculate that several copies of the Rosetta Stone must exist, as yet undiscovered, since this proclamation must have been made at many temples.

Curtain
A curtain is a piece of cloth used to block light, water, or cold air from entering a place (some curtains are better at blocking then others because of the fabric). Curtains are hung around showers to keep water off the floor around the shower. Curtains are also hung around windows to keep light from coming in. Curtains can come in many different colors and different types of fabric.

Criminal record
A criminal record is a list of crimes that a person has done in the past. These records are kept by different law enforcement agencies.

Visitor
A visitor is a person who does not permanently live in a place. If someone says "I am a visitor here", that means that they do not live in that place all the time.

Espresso
Espresso is a type of coffee that is concentrated. In order to make espresso, coffee beans are powdered and hot water is added under high pressure. This makes espresso have a very strong flavor. Because espresso is so strong, it is usually mixed with other coffee drinks.

Damson
Damson is a kind of plum. Like the plum, it comes from the Rosaceae family. Originally, the fruit comes from the Mediterranean.

Half-time
Half-time is the name of a break in the middle of a sports-game. This break gives players a chance to rest. It also goves watchers of the game time to stretch, eat, or go to the toilet without missing the game. During half-time, there is usually a show on the field of play. It may include a marching band or something like it. This is called a half-time show.

Fluid mechanics
Fluid mechanics is the study of how fluids move and the forces on them. (Fluids include liquids and gases.)
Fluid mechanics can be divided into fluid statics, the study of fluids at rest, and fluid dynamics, the study of fluids in motion. It is a branch of continuum mechanics, a subject which models matter without using the information that it is made out of atoms.
The study of fluid mechanics goes back at least to the days of ancient Greece, when Archimedes made a beginning on fluid statics. However, fluid mechanics, especially fluid dynamics, is an active field of research with many unsolved or partly solved problems. Fluid mechanics can be mathematically complex. Sometimes it can best be solved by numerical methods, typically using computers. A modern discipline, called "Computational Fluid Dynamics" (CFD), is devoted to this approach to solving fluid mechanics problems.
Relationship to continuum mechanics.
Fluid mechanics is a subdiscipline of continuum mechanics, as illustrated in the following table.

Fluid statics
Fluid statics (also called hydrostatics) is the science of fluids at rest, and is a sub-field within fluid mechanics. The term usually refers to the mathematical treatment of the subject. It embraces the study of the conditions under which fluids are at rest in stable equilibrium. The use of fluid to do work is called hydraulics, and the science of fluids in motion is fluid dynamics.

Meroë
Meroë (Meroitic: "Medewi" or "Bedewi") is the name of an ancient city. What remains of the city is on the east bank of the Nile about 6 km north-east of the Kabushiya station near Shendi, Sudan. It lies about 200 km north-east of Khartoum.
There are a few villages nearby. They are called Bagrawiyah.
Meroë was the capital of the Kingdom of Kush for several centuries. The Kushitic Kingdom of Meroë gave its name to the "Island of Meroë", which was the modern region of Butana, a region bounded by the Nile (from the Atbarah River to Khartoum), the Atbarah, Ethiopia, and the Blue Nile. The city of Meroë was on the edge of Butana and there were two other Meroitic cities in Butana, Musawwarat es-Sufra and Naqa.
The site of the city of Meroë is marked by over two hundred pyramids in three groups. Of many of these pyramids, there are only ruins left.

Saxe-Eisenach
Saxe-Eisenach () was the name of three different Ernestine duchies that existed at different times in Thuringia. The chief town and capital of all three duchies was Eisenach.
History.
The first Duchy of Saxe-Eisenach was created in 1596 for Johann Ernst, younger son of Johann Frederick II of Saxe-Coburg-Eisenach.
In 1633, the Wettin line died out, and Johann Ernst inherited it, but he died heirless in 1638, and the territories of Saxe-Gotha and Saxe-Eisenach were split between Saxe-Weimar and Saxe-Altenburg.
In 1640 Saxe-Eisenach was again separated off from Saxe-Weimar for Albert, son of John II of Saxe-Weimar, but after just four years he too died without an heir, and Saxe-Eisenach was then divided between Saxe-Gotha and Saxe-Weimar, ruled by his brothers Ernst and Wilhelm.
In 1662 Wilhelm, Duke of Saxe-Weimar died, leaving four children: Johann Ernst, Adolf Wilhelm, Johann Georg and Bernhard. Adolf Wilhelm, got Eisenach, but he had to share this with his younger brother Johann Georg. Johann Georg eventually took an allowance from the duchy instead of taking part in the government, and moved to live in the small town of Marksuhl. Adolf William’s first four sons died soon after birth. In 1668 he died, just before of the birth of his fifth child, Wilhelm August, who became the new Duke of Saxe-Eisenach from his birth, with Johann Georg as regent. A sickly boy, he died in 1671 at only two years old, and Johann Georg I became the duke of Saxe-Eisenach.
Saxe-Eisenach changed again in 1672. Frederick William III of Saxe-Altenburg died and his lands were split. The line of Johann Georg I ruled Saxe-Eisenach for 69 years, until Duke Wilhelm Heinrich died heirless in 1741. Ernst August I of Saxe-Weimar, Wilhelm's second cousin, inherited Saxe-Eisenach; he and his successors ruled Saxe-Weimar and Saxe-Eisenach in a personal union until 1809, when the duchies were formally merged into the Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach.
First creation.
Created in 1572 as Saxe-Coburg-Eisenach
1596 divided into Saxe-Coburg and Saxe-Eisenach
Divided between Saxe-Altenburg and Saxe-Weimar
Second creation.
Divided between Saxe-Gotha and Saxe-Weimar
Personal union with Saxe-Weimar.
Merged with Saxe Weimar into Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach

Laxative
A laxative is a food or drug taken to make bowel movements easier, or to treat constipation. Sometimes taking powerful or lots of laxatives can cause diarrhea or a flatulence.
Laxatives work by helping your intestines digest undigested food, and don't make you lose weight. Despite this, some people with eating disorders take laxatives in an attempt to lose weight.

Jebel Barkal
Jebel Barkal, also called Gebel Barkal, is a small mountain located about 400 kilometers (248.6 miles) north of a city called Khartoum, in the country of Sudan. This mountain is about 98 meters high (about 321.5 feet) and has a flat top.

Mirage III
The Mirage III is a fighter aircraft made by French airplane company Dassault Aviation. If first flew in 1956 and was introduced in 1961. It used a triangle wing (called a delta wing). It had 2 cannons and some missiles. Because it was an interceptor, an airplane made to shoot down enemy airplanes at high speed, it could go Mach 2.2. It was used by Israel in the Six-Day War.

Herbaceous plant
A herbaceous plant is a plant that does not have much wood and its stems are green and soft. These plants grow fast and produce flowers and many seeds in a short period of time.
In Botany, the word for a herbaceous plant is herb (from Latin "herba", "grass") but it is common to use the word herb only for plants that are used in perfumes, medicines and for cooking, even if they are not herbaceous plants.
Herbaceous plants may be annuals, biennials or perennials but most are annuals and die at the end of their growing season (the time when they produce flowers, fruits and seeds), leaving their seeds on the soil; those seeds will produce new plants with good weather. Wheat and pea are annual herbaceous plants.
Biennial and perennial herbaceous plants will live for two or more years but the stems that are in the air will die every year; the underground stems will form the new aerial stems (stems that are above the ground). Underground roots and stems can resist more the bad weather (winter or a very dry season) than leaves and stems that are above the ground. Bulbs are biennal and peonies are perennial herbaceous plants
Most herbaceous plants are small and their stems are not thick because they do not have much wood but there are some cases of big herbaceous plants. Bananas and papaya (a tropical fruit) are herbaceous plants but they looks like trees; papaya has a thick stem but without much wood.
Herbaceous plants are the first plants with flower that come to live in barren lands (lands without plant life) because they are small and produce many seed. They are also found in places where the weather conditions are not good for most plants; they can use the little rain that falls in deserts, and they can get enough heat to grow where the soil is covered with snow and ice most of the year, like in very high mountains.

Trophy
A trophy is an object given to someone because of an accomplishment. These are often given out through sporting events.
A trophy can be in the shape of a cup, a bowl, a mug (these usually painted or engraved with something), a human shape (like the Emmy Award), or a spaceship (like the Hugo Award for science-fiction).
Trophies can also be an animal head. These are often taken as trophies by hunters.
In ancient times people would take heads or other body parts of enemies they had killed in a battle to show how good a warrior they were.
Other websites.
– Website listing Trophies in U.S.

Nickel Creek
Nickel Creek is an American acoustic musical group. Although the group's music has roots in bluegrass, Nickel Creek now calls itself "progressive acoustic". The band has three people: Chris Thile (mandolin), Sean Watkins (guitar), and Sara Watkins (violin). A fourth member also plays bass with the band. Chris Thile's father Scott Thile, Byron House, and Derek Jones have played bass with the group. Mark Schatz has played bass with Nickel Creek since 2003. The band has played songs by Radiohead, Elliott Smith, Bob Dylan, and even "Toxic" by Britney Spears. However, most of the songs the band play are originals.
History.
The band started in California in 1989 with Scott Thile, Chris' father, playing the double bass. The oldest of the children, Sean Watkins, was only twelve years old at the time. In the early days, Nickel Creek made two albums: "Little Cowpoke" in 1993, and "Here to There" in 1997.
"Nickel Creek": 2000–2001.
Alison Krauss produced the album "Nickel Creek", which came out in 2000 on Sugar Hill Records. It was made gold in 2002 by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) and has now sold one million copies. Nickel Creek got two Grammy Award nominations for the album: Best Bluegrass Album and Best Country Instrumental for "Ode to a Butterfly". Three singles, "When You Come Back Down", "The Lighthouse's Tale", and "Reasons Why" were released with music videos, and the first two were on the US Country chart. The album itself topped the Billboard Heatseekers chart, and reached #125 on the Billboard 200.
To help sell the album, Nickel Creek toured with artists like Lyle Lovett, Dolly Parton, Vince Gill, and Amy Grant.
"This Side": 2002–2004.
On the "This Side" tour of 2002 and 2003, Nickel Creek played shows as the main act for the most part, but also opened five shows for John Mayer in November 2002 in Upstate New York and New England, and played with Gillian Welch and David Rawlings earlier in the year. In 2003, Nickel Creek was on Béla Fleck's album "Little Worlds".
Nickel Creek also released three singles from "This Side": "This Side", "Speak", and "Smoothie Song". "This Side" appeared on the US Country chart, but the others did not chart with Billboard. However, "Smoothie Song" topped the AAA Contemporary chart for three weeks.
"Why Should the Fire Die?": 2005.
Nickel Creek released "Why Should the Fire Die?" in August 2005. The album brought even more rock and pop to Nickel Creek's sound, just as "This Side" did. Chris Thile talked about the band's genre and style in a 2005 interview from "JamBase": "We actually feel like more than a bluegrass band that stretched out. We are a band that incorporates bluegrass into our music. There's been a problem in perception. 'Bluegrass band leaves the fold' (uses a news announcer voice). No, no, no, no, no. Actually, it's a band that incorporates a little bluegrass into whatever the hell kind of music they play." Sean Watkins also said: The album's only single, "When In Rome" did not chart. The album is neither gold or platinum, but has sold almost 300,000 copies.
"Farewell (For Now)": 2006–2007.
After the break was announced, a tour was scheduled. To say goodbye to their fans, the tour was named the "Farewell (For Now)" Tour, because the band does not know if they will get together again. The tour started in April 2007 and ended in November 2007 in Nashville, Tennessee. The tour had many guest appearances by musicians like Fiona Apple, Glen Phillips, Jon Brion, Bruce Molsky, Béla Fleck, and Tift Merritt.
When talking about Nickel Creek's last tour before the break, Sara Watkins said "A lot of the other stuff will be special in the way that anything is special when you realize that it’s not going to be around forever... Nothing is going be Nickel Creek except Nickel Creek. I’m not looking for anything to top this. It can’t be duplicated in my life."

Six-Day War
The Six-Day War was a war that started on June 5, 1967 and ended June 10, 1967. The fight was between Israel and Egypt, Jordan, and Syria, but many other countries helped out the different sides.
History.
The war began because Egypt, Syria and Jordan were extremely anti-Jewish and wanted to destroy Israel completely. Before they could attack, Israel planned a preemptive, or first, strike against the Egyptians. This attack was against the Egyptian airfields. The Egyptians had 50 runways and about 960 attack craft, but Israelis only had about 200 attack craft, so Israel attacked while Egypt's planes were still on the ground. In three hours the entire Egyptian air force was wiped out. This surprised the Egyptians, and Israel went on to attack on the ground and claim victory. Israel then attacked Syria and Jordan and defeated them quickly. The entire war took only six days from beginning to end, which is how it got its name.

Australopithecus afarensis
"Australopithecus afarensis" is an extinct hominid. It lived between 3.9 and 2.9 million years ago. "A. afarensis" is similar to the younger "Australopithecus africanus". It had a thin build. It has been thought that "A. afarensis" was an ancestor to both the genus "Australopithecus" and the genus "Homo". "Homo" includes the modern human species, "Homo sapiens"..

Nakalipithecus nakayamai
"Nakalipithecus nakayamai" is a ancient ape species. It was a discovery of a 10-million-year-old jawbone with teeth, in a volcanic mud in Nakali, Kenya. "N. nakayamai" is thought to have lived around 9.9 million to 9.8 million years ago.

Defoliant
Defoliants are a type of chemical that destroys plants like trees, bushes and grass.
A very common defoliant is Agent Orange used by the US Airforce in the Vietnam War to destroy cover of the enemy.

Phoenix lights
The Phoenix Lights were a light phenomenon that occured on March 13 1997 over Arizona and Nevada, in the United States. Some claim that they were UFOs. The governor of Arizona also said he thought they could be UFOs.

272
Deaths.
Saint Denis, Bishop of Paris and Patron Saint of France

909
Births.
Saint Dunstan, Archbishop of Canterbury

Teaching English as a foreign language
KET.
The easiest exam is the KET. KET means "Key English Test". The KET is the start of the Cambridge exams. The KET tests basic English.
PET.
The PET is more difficult. PET means "Preliminary English Test". People with a PET know some English. They can survive social situations in English. They can also survive work situations in English. But they often find English difficult. They also make many mistakes.
FCE.
The FCE is the most popular of the Cambridge English exams. FCE means "First Certificate in English". The FCE is good for many businesses. People with a FCE can use English. They sometimes find English difficult. Normally they have no problems with English. But they make mistakes.
CAE.
The CAE is a difficult exam. CAE means "Certificate in Advanced English". The CAE is good for many universities. The CAE is also good for many businesses. People with a CAE have no problems working in England or United States of America.
CPE.
The CPE is the most difficult exam. CPE stands for "Certificate of Proficiency in English". People who have a CPE are very good at English. Their English is nearly as good as people who are from England or America. The CPE is good for universities. The CPE is also good for business. Many universities who teach courses in English want a CPE or CAE from foreign-language students.
Business exams.
There are two English exams systems for business. The "Business English Certificate" (BEC) is available at three levels comparable to PET, FCE and CAE above BEC means. The BULATS "Business Language Testing Service" is a single examination which can offer organisations or individuals the opportunity of assessing their current language level.
IELTS.
The IELTS is the International English Language Testing System. This system is from the University of Cambridge, the British Council and IDP Education in Australia. It has one exam for academics or professionals, and one for people who want to live in an English-speaking country. Universities in Britain, Ireland, Australia, South Africa, Canada, New Zealand and New Zealand often want an IELTS exam. IELTS is also becoming popular in North America. The IELTS tests: speaking, listening, writing and reading.
TOEFL.
The TOEFL is a very popular English exam. It is very popular in America. It is also very popular in countries which are friends with America. TOEFL means "Test of English as a Foreign Language". The TOEFL is an academic exam. Many universities in America want a TOEFL exam.
In 2005 a new TOEFL was made. The new TOEFL uses Internet. Its name is "Internet-Based TOEFL" (iBT). The old TOEFLs did not stop. They are called "Computer-Based TOEFL" (CBT) and "Paper-Based TOEFL", but are not now available in all countries.
TOEIC.
The TOEIC is a general English exam. TOEIC means "Test of English for International Communication". The exam has 200 questions. Every question is a multiple choice question. A multiple-choice question is a question where you choose which answer (e.g. a, b, c or d) is correct.
The result of the TOEIC is a number. This number is between 10 and 990. 990 is the best number. The TOEIC number is often used for jobs. Many jobs need a number bigger than 600. Managers often need a number bigger than 800.
LCCIEB.
LCCIEB means "London Chamber of Commerce and Industry Examinations Board". The LCCIEB makes many English exams. Many businesses like LCCIEB exams.
EFB.
The EFB means "English for Business". The EFB is a business English exam. It tests basic general English. It also tests more difficult business English.
EFC.
The EFC means "English for Commerce". The EFC is a business English exam. It tests business writing. It also tests business skills. Business skills are ideas how to manage a business. The EFC is more difficult than the EFB.
PBE.
The PBE means "Practical Business English". The PBE is a business English exam. It tests business speaking. It also tests business listening. The PBE is for basic English. People with a PBE can have a basic business conversation.
SEFIC.
The SEFIC means "Spoken English for Industry and Commerce". The SEFIC is a business English exam. It tests business speaking. It is more difficult than the PBE. It tests difficult business speaking. It also tests difficult business listening.
WEFT.
The WEFT means "Written English for Tourism". The WEFT is an English business exam. It tests business speaking. It tests speaking at hotels. It also tests speaking in other parts of tourism. The WEFT also tests listening.
BULATS.
The BULATS means "Business Language Testing Service". The BULATS is a special exams for big companies. The BULATS are made for a company. The BULATS for another company is different.
Pitman.
Pitman exams are made by the City and Guilds Group. There are two important English exams by Pitman.
ESOL.
The ESOL means "English for Speakers of Other Languages". The ESOL tests English at many levels. The ESOL is good for going to many colleges. The "Spoken ESOL" is like the ESOL. But the Spoken ESOL only tests speaking and listening.
EBC.
The EBC means "English for Business Communications". The EBS is a business English exam. There are three levels.
CELS (ARELS/Oxford).
The CELS exams are English exams for people who want to study in England. CELS means "Certificates in Communicative Skills in English". The CELS exam comes from the old ARELS and Oxford exams; now they are Cambridge ESOL exams. The ARELS exam tests speaking and listening. The Oxford exam tests writing and reading. The new name of Arels and Oxford together is CELS.
There are three levels in the CELS exam. "Preliminary" is the easiest exam. "Vantage" is more difficult. "Higher" is the most difficult exam. People who have the CELS are very good at speaking English. These exams are good for universities.
This exam is different from some other exams because learners get one certificate (paper saying how good they are) for each part of the exam. A learner can have a high mark on the speaking certificate but a low one in writing, for example.
Compare exams.
It is very difficult to compare English exams. Every exam is a little different.
In Europe, the ALTE says how different exams compare. The ALTE is the Association of Language Testers in Europe. It has 28 exam makers in it, and compares their exams in 24 languages. The ALTE says what learners can do at every step of learning. Because of this, they say the ALTE list is a "can-do" list. The ALTE list is a simple way to talk about the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEF). The CEF is from the Council of Europe.

Eumetazoa
Eumetazoa is a clade comprising all major animal groups except sponges.

Bilateria
Bilateria are all animals having a bilaterally symmetrical animals, they have front and a back end, as well as an upside and downside.

Lyre
A lyre (pronounce to rhyme with "fire") is an instrument which is like a mixture between a harp and a guitar. It is held in one hand and the strings are plucked using the other hand. Lyres were among the first string instruments to be invented.

Continuum mechanics
Continuum mechanics is a branch of physics (specifically mechanics) where matter is understood as continuous.
This is useful in engineering (especially civil engineering and mechanical engineering) and in physics that deals with deformation of matter. It is important for both: solids "and" fluids (i.e., liquids and gases).
The fact that matter is made of atoms and that it commonly has some sort of heterogeneous "microstructure" is ignored in the simplifying approximation that is used in continuum mechanics.

Oceanic crust
Oceanic crust is the part of Earth's lithosphere that is under the ocean basins.
Oceanic crust is primarily composed of mafic rocks, or sima. It is thinner than continental crust, or sial, generally less than 10 kilometers thick, however it is more dense, having a mean density of about 3.3 g/cm3.
Life Cycle.
Oceanic crust generally does not last longer than 200 million years. It is continuously being created at oceanic ridges. At these ridges, hot magma rises into the crust and cools, pushing the crust apart at the ridge. The continuous formation of new oceanic crust pushes the older crust away from the mid-ocean ridge. As it moves away from the ridge, the crust becomes cooler and denser, while the sediment may build on top of it.
See also.
Continental crust

Continental crust
The continental crust is the layer of granitic, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks which form the continents and the areas of shallow seabed close to their shores, known as continental shelves.
It consists mostly of sialic rock. It is less dense than the material of the Earth's mantle, which consists of mafic rock. Continental crust is also less dense than oceanic crust, though it is considerably thicker; mostly 35 to 40 km versus the average oceanic thickness of around 7-10 km. About 40% of the Earth's surface is now underlain by continental crust.

List of cities in the United Kingdom
This is a List of Cities in the United Kingdom. This list includes all places with city status.
City Status confirmed by Letters Patent issued under the Great Seal dated April 1, 1974.
City Status confirmed by Letters Patent issued under the Great Seal dated June 25, 1974.
City Status confirmed by Letters Patent issued under the Great Seal dated May 28, 1974.
Bath Abbey and Westminster Abbey are no longer cathedrals.
Coventry has had three cathedrals: the first, St Mary's from 1043 to 1539; the second, St Michael's, from 1918 to 1940, when it was destroyed by German bombardment; and its replacement, also St Michael's, built alongside the old cathedral, consecrated in 1962.
Note that the City of London covers only the "square mile", and is usually just referred to as "the City". The larger conurbation of Greater London has no city charter, and consists of the City of London, the City of Westminster and 31 other London boroughs. This can be compared to the City of Brussels, within Brussels.
City status was confirmed by Letters Patent dated July 9, 1974. The city status extends to the entire district, although the district council calls itself "St Albans District Council" or "St Albans City and District".
Letters Patent under the Great Seal conferring City Status were issued to the unitary authority of York on 1 April, 1996, confirming the right of the Lord Mayor to be styled "Right Honourable", in continuation to those granted to the previous City Council abolished March 31, 1996.
Letters Patent under the Great Seal were issued on March 29, 1996 ordaining that the counties of Swansea and Cardiff should have the status of cities from April 1, 1996. The counties replaced the previous district councils which had enjoyed city status.
According to the "Municipal Year Book, 1972" the royal burghs of Perth and Elgin officially enjoyed city status. The royal burghs of Brechin, Dunfermline and Kirkwall had also been officially described as "cities". As all burghs were abolished in 1975, these areas are now often called "former cities". Although Brechin does not have city status, the community council formed for the area uses the title "City of Brechin and District".
The Provost of Inverness is the Area Convenor of the Inverness Area Committee of Highland Council.
The Provost of Stirling is the civic head of the entire Stirling council area, although city status only extends to the town of Stirling.
Armagh had previously enjoyed city status, with St Patrick's Cathedral the site of the metropolitan primate of all Ireland. The city status was lost in 1840 when the city corporation was abolished. However, the successor urban district council and district council frequently used the title of city without official sanction prior to 1994.
City Status confirmed by Letters Patent issued under the Great Seal dated March 18, 1975.
City status granted by Letters Patent dated June 7, 1977.
City status granted to the "Town of Newport in the County Borough of Newport" and the "Town of Preston" by Letters Patent dated May 15, 2002.
Letters Patent dated January 31, 2001 ordained that "the Towns of Brighton and Hove shall have the status of a City".
Letters Patent dated January 31, 2001 ordained that "the Town of Wolverhampton shall have the status of a City".
Letters Patent dated November 4, 1980 ordained that the "Town of Lichfield shall have the status of a City". A town council had been constituted in 1980 leading to the dissolution of the Charter Trustees of the City of Lichfield.
City status granted by Letters Patent dated March 23, 1992.
City status was conferred on Hereford Town Council October 11, 2000. The status had previously been confirmed to the district council formed in 1974. When that council was abolished in 1996 charter trustees were formed for the City of Hereford. On the formation of a town council for Hereford in April 2000 the charter trustees were dissolved, and the city status temporarily lapsed.
St. David's historically had city status because of the presence of St David's Cathedral. This status was lost in the 19th. century after local government reorganization. Letters Patent dated September 16, 1994 ordained that the "Town of St. David's shall have the status of a City".
The title of City was used "by courtesy" after 1550 when Westminster ceased to be the see of a bishop. By Letters Patent dated October 27 1900 city status was conferred on the newly created Metropolitan Borough of Westminster from November 1. This status was continued on the creation of the City of Westminster as a london borough in 1965.
A letter from the Home Secretary to the Mayor of Leicester confirming that the city status would be bestowed, noted that this was a "restoration to your ancient town of its former status of a city."
Letters Patent dated December 10, 1969.
Letters Patent dated April 21, 1926.
Letters Patent dated March 21, 1951.
Letters Patent dated May 14, 1937.
Letters Patent dated October 18, 1928.
Letters Patent dated June 5, 1925.
Letters Patent dated October 28, 1905, which also granted the title of Lord Mayor.
Letters Patent dated March 22, 1982.
Letters Patent dated July 13, 1988.
Letters Patent dated March 10, 1992.
Letters Patent dated June 6, 1953.
Letters Patent dated May 1, 2002.
Declaration that the Chief Magistrate and Officer of the City to bear the style and title of Lord Mayor due to "the city's high position in the roll of ports of [the] kingdom" June 26, 1914
Declaration that the Chief Magistrate to bear the honorary title of Lord Mayor July 11, 1906.
Declaration that the Chief Magistrate of the City to bear the style and title of Lord Mayor July 10, 1928 "in consideration of its antiquity and importance"
Letters Patent dated October 23, 1962.
Letters Patent dated May 10, 1935, "in commemoration of his Majesty's silver jubilee"
Letters Patent dated March 11, 1966.
Style of "Right Honourable" conferred on Lord Mayor by Letters Patent dated October 26, 1956. The city was designated the capital of Wales at that date.
The first Lord Mayor was appointed June 3, 1896.
Letters Patent dated September 16, 1907.
The Lord Mayoralty of Bristol was granted as part of the Birthday Honours in 1899
The Lord Mayoralty was granted in 1897
The Lord Mayoralty was granted in 1928
The Lord Mayoralty was granted in 1892
The Lord Mayoralty was granted in 1892
The Lord Mayoralty was granted in 1910 "in view of the position occupied by that city as the chief city of East Anglia and of its close association with his Majesty"
The Lord Mayoralty was granted in 1927
The Lord Mayoralty was granted July 12, 1897.
The Lord Mayoralty was granted July 10, 1928.
Warrant issued 28 January 1889 that Letters Patent be issued under the Seal appointed by the treaty of union to be used in place of the Great Seal of Scotland, ordaining and declaring that the Burgh of Dundee shall be a City, and shall be called and styled "The City of Dundee"
Burghs of Old Aberdeen and Woodside and the district of Torry incorporated as the City and Royal Burgh of Aberdeen by the Aberdeen Corporation Act 1891 (1891 c.cxxiv)
The present council areas are designated "cities" by virtue of the Local Government etc. (Scotland) Act 1994, which also reserves the post of Lord Provost for the convener of the four councils. The previous local government districts and district councils created by the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973 enjoyed the same privileges.
Letters Patent dated January 14, 1889

Shift work
Shift work is a working practice which is designed to use all 24 hours of a day, and not only the standard working day hours.
A day for example can be divided into three eight-hour shifts. An employee only works one of the shifts in each day. The "first shift" is in the morning, the "second shift" is in the afternoon and evening and the "third shift" is overnight.
The "second shift", also known as the "swing shift" in some places, is the work shift which takes place in the afternoon and evening. It usually extends from 4 PM (16:00) to midnight, or from 3 PM (15:00) to 10 PM (22:00).
The "third shift", the "night shift", is usually from 12-midnight (00:00) to 07 or 08 in the morning.
Health effects.
The World Health Organization (WHO) decided in December 2007 that shift work, especially work at night, probably causes cancer.
A study by Knutsson "et al" in 1986 showed that people who work shift work for more than 15 years, are 3 times more likely to develop ischaemic heart diseases.

Étang Saumâtre
Étang Saumâtre (in English, "brackish pond") is the largest lake of Haiti and the second largest lake of the Hispaniola, after Lake Enriquillo. It is also known as Lake Azuei; it is known as "Lago del Fondo" in the Dominican Republic. Its Taíno name was "Yainagua".
It is located on the arid part of the valley Cul-de-Sac, 29 km east of Port-au-Prince, at. Its eastern side is part of the border between Haiti and the Dominican Republic.
The salt-water lake has a length, from northwest to southeast, of 22 km; its maximum width is 12 km. The total area is 170 km².
The water of the lake has a dark blue colour; its salinity is about one fifth (1/5) the salinity of sea water.. Very few small rivers flow into the lake.
Many water birds visit the lake to feed, including flamingos. There are also American crocodiles and some fishes as tilapia. Because it is an arid region, the vegetation around the lake is poor with cacti and small shrubs.

F6F Hellcat
The F6F Hellcat was an American World War II fighter aircraft made by Grumman. It first flew in 1942 and was introduced in 1943. It was supposed to be a little bit better than the F4F Wildcat, but became a big improvement. It was more powerful and could turn better. This was supposed to fight the Japanese A6M Zero. It was able to take off of aircraft carriers. It was also used by the navy as a "night fighter", which means that a radar was put on it so it could fly at night. During the war, it had the most aces fly it. It was retired in 1954.

F4F Wildcat
The F4F Wilcat was a fighter aircraft made by Grumman. It first flew in 1937, and was introduced in 1940. It was used in the Pacific during the early years of World War II. It could take off aircraft carriers. During the war, it mainly fought the A6M Zero. Because the Wildcat was not able to beat the Zero, a new airplane was made called the F6F Hellcat. The Wildcat was retired in 1945.

A6M Zero
The A6M Zero was a Japanese fighter aircraft during World War II. It was made by Mitsubishi. It first flew in 1939, and was introduced in 1940. It was used a lot by Japan during the war. Mainly it fought planes such as the F4F Wildcat, F4U Corsair, and the F6F Hellcat, which was designed to fight the Zero. The Zero was used throughout the entire war.

CONCACAF Champions' Cup
The CONCACAF Champions' Cup is a football competition between the best club teams in North, Central, and Caribbean. The teams are selected because of good performances in matches.

CONCACAF
The Confederation of North, Central American and Caribbean Association Football often referred to as just CONCACAF, is the organization that controls North, Central, and Caribbean football (soccer) (often referred to as association football).

Mali Federation
The Mali Federation was a country in the west of Africa. Senegal and Mali came together and made this country. (Mali's name was French Sudan at that time). It started on April 4 1959 and it was controlled by France. However, it became independent on June 20 1960.
The Federation's prime minister was Modibo Keita, and the government was in Dakar. The Federation ended a short time after independence because Senegal left on August 20 1960 because they had a disagreement about politics.

Value Added Tax
Value Added Tax is often called by it initial letters „vat“ or “V.A.T.”. It is the English name of a tax that is added to things sold in the European Union. It is like a sales tax that is charged in some US States.
The tax is paid every time goods are sold.
The tax can be complicated to work out, because every business or person has to charge the tax, and have an invoice to show they have paid some tax. The only person who pays the full amount of tax is the customer of the shop.
The government also charges VAT on some services. This is because some companies do not make a thing which can be used (goods) instead they do something to help a customer (that is, provide a service).
For example a garage-owner might sell a spare part for a customer’s car. The garage-owner charges VAT because spare parts are “goods”. If the garage-owner helps the customer by fitting the spare parts into the car, the garage-owner would charge extra for his time, and would also charge VAT on the amount he charged for the service of fitting the parts.

Saxe-Coburg
Saxe-Coburg () was a country in today's Bavaria, Germany. It was part of the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Eisenach after the Division of Erfurt in 1572. In 1596 Saxe-Coburg-Eisenach was split, Johann Casimir got Saxe-Coburg and Johann Ernst got Saxe-Eisenach. When Casimir died in 1633, his brother Ernst of Saxe-Eisenach both countries until he died in 1638. Saxe-Coburg was then given to other Ernestine duchies.
It became again a duchy in 1681. From 1699, when Albrecht of Saxe-Coburg died without sons until 1735 it shared a ruler with the Duke of Saxe-Saalfeld. In 1735 the two duchies were merged as Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld.

Deuterostome
Deuterostomes ("Deuterostomia") are a superphylum of animals. They are a subtaxon of the Bilateria branch of the subregnum Eumetazoa, and are opposed to the protostomes. Deuterostomes are distingued by their embryo, in deuterostomes, the first opening (the blastopore) becomes the anus, while in protostomes it becomes the mouth.

Saxe-Coburg-Eisenach
Saxe-Coburg-Eisenach was one of the short lived Ernestine duchies. It only existed between 1572 - 1596 and again from 1633 - 1638. It was a part of the Holy Roman Empire, today it is within the federal states of Bavaria and Thuringia.
Creation.
The duchy was created by the Division of Erfurt in 1572 when Coburg and Eisenach were split from the Duchy of Saxony-Weimar for Johann Casimir and Johann Ernst, the sons of Johann Friedrich II, the Middle.
Rulers.
The two princes at this time were still children, so the Elector August of Saxony was regent until 1586. This is when Johann Casimir and Johann Ernst becgan to rule the duchy. Johann Ernst retired to his hunting lodge in Marksühl, and in 1590 the two brothers divided the country. Johann Casimir kept Saxe-Coburg, and Johann Ernst took Saxe-Eisenach. Johann Casimir died in 1633so his brother Johann Ernst inherited his possessions, again were short and Coburg and Eisenach were reunited until Johann Ernst's death in 1638.
Division.
Johann Ernst also had no children, so the Saxe-Coburg-Eisenach line died out, out the territory was divided between the other Ernestine line.

Dennis Rader
Dennis Lynn Rader (born March 9, 1945) is an American serial killer. He murdered 10 people near Wichita, Kansas between 1974 and 1991. He was known as the BTK killer (or the BTK strangler). "BTK" stand for Bind, Torture and Kill. He was named this because that was what he did to the people he killed. Letters were written soon after the killings and sent to police and to local news outlets. They talked about the crimes. The letters had information which only the killer and police knew about the crimes. The letters stopped being sent for a long time. In 2004, they started being sent again. This led to him being located in 2005 and found guilty of the murders. Rader was sentenced to at least 175 year behind bars which means he will never get out of prison.

Tom and Jerry Kids Show
Tom and Jerry Kids Show is a 1990 television series by Hanna-Barbera Studios.

Hannelore Kohl
Hannelore Kohl (March 7, 1933 – July 5, 2001) was the wife of former German Chancellor Dr. Helmut Kohl. She met him for the first time in Ludwigshafen, Germany, when she was 15 years old.
She was born in Berlin as Eleonore Johanna Renner, and later, she changed her first name to "Hannelore". When her husband was chancellor she set the up the Hannelore Kohl "Stiftung" (that is the Hannelore Kohl Charity) and the Kuratorium ZNS, a foundation to help find a cure for illnesses of the central nervous system.
On July 5 2001 Mrs Kohl was found dead in her home in Ludwigshafen. She had apparently committed suicide with an overdose of sleeping pills. She was said to have suffered from photo allergy (sunlight burns the skin).
However, journalist Andrew Gimson, writing in "The Spectator" questioned official version of events, and so did the German newsmagazine, "Stern" and the BBC.
Kohl is known for her collection of German-style cooking recipes, "Kulinarische Reise durch Deutsche Länder" ("Culinary Journey through German Regions"), published in 1996.

Amber Benson
Amber Nicole Benson(b. January 8, 1977) is an American actress, writer, film director, and film producer. She is best known for her role as "Tara Maclay", on the TV series "Buffy the Vampire Slayer".
Early life.
Benson was born in Birmingham, Alabama. She had a mixed Christian and Jewish upbringing.
Feature and animation movies.
While still working on "Buffy the Vampire Slayer", Benson wrote, directed, produced, edited, and acted in a movie called "Chance" (2002). The movie also featured her "Buffy" co-star James Marsters. After her time on Buffy, Benson began working on a series of animated movies for the BBC with co-creator Christopher Golden and animation company Cosgrove Hall. "Ghosts of Albion: Legacy" (2003) and its sequels are available on the BBC Cult website (http://www.bbc.co.uk/cult/ghosts/legacy/). In 2006, Benson released her second movie "Lovers, Liars and Lunatics" through her own production company, Benson Entertainment. The movie was shot on movie and was partly payed for by the sale of special action figures of her character Tara from the "Buffy" episode "Triangle".
Writing career: novels and comics.
Benson also writes novels and comic books. She usually writes these with Christopher Golden. In 2003, Benson worked with Golden, Terry Moore, and Eric Powell of Dark Horse Comics to create the ' comic book titled "WannaBlessedBe". During the same year, she worked with Christopher Golden and AJ (Ajit Jothikaumar) of Dark Horse Comics to create the "Buffy the Vampire Slayer: Willow and Tara" comic books titled "Wilderness #1" and "Wilderness #2". In 2005, Benson worked with artist Jamie McKelvie on a short story for the Image Comics collection "Four Letter Worlds". In 2006, Benson worked with artist Ben Templesmith on "Demon Father John’s Pinwheel Blues" published by IDW. Benson and Golden have also worked together on two supernatural thrillers: "Ghosts of Albion: Accursed" and "Ghosts of Albion: Witchery". These books follow the stories of Tamara and William Swift, characters from the BBC computer animated web movie "Ghosts of Albion: Legacy". In September of 2007, Benson signed a three-book deal with Penguin Books. The first book is believed to be titled "Death's Daughter".
Career: miscellaneous.
In 2003, she worked with director James Kerwin to produce her play, "Albert Hall", in Hollywood.
Benson sang in the "Buffy the Vampire Slayer" musical episode "Once More, With Feeling". She sang on the songs "I've Got a Theory / Bunnies / If We're Together", "Under Your Spell" (her solo), "Walk Through the Fire", "Standing/Under Your Spell (Reprise)" and "Where Do We Go From Here?" She also sang "Toucha Toucha Touch Me" (aka "Creature of the Night") at VH-1's celebrity karaoke tribute to The Rocky Horror Picture Show.
Personal life.
On the November 11, 2000 episode of the radioshow "Loveline", Amber (at age 23) said that she did not have a driver's license, that her mother drove her to the studio. She also said that she was at the time still a virgin. As of 2007, Benson resides in Los Angeles, California. And she is a vegetarian.

Walter Scheel
Walter Scheel (born July 8, 1919) is a German politician (FDP).
Biography.
Scheel was born in Solingen.
During World War II, he served in the Luftwaffe, the last years of the war as a Radar operator on a Me 110 night fighter.
He was federal minister of economic cooperation and development (1961-1966), but he persuaded the FDP to leave Ludwig Erhard's coalition government in late 1966. This forced elections in Germany, and Kurt Georg Kiesinger became chancellor.
In 1969 his party formed a new coalition with the Social Democrats. He became Foreign Minister and Vice Chancellor. With Willy Brandt his foreign policy meant the Federal Republic of Germany promised not to try and get back the parts of Germany given to Poland and the USSR. The treaty with Poland actually defined the western border of Poland, not the border between Poland and Germany. It is the same thing, but meant Poland could sign a treaty with West Germany that described the border of East Germany.
When Brandt resigned on May 7 1974, Scheel, was acting chancellor, for about a week, until Helmut Schmidt was elected Chancellor.
A few weeks later, Scheel was elected Federal President of West Germany, a post he held from July 1974 until June 1979.
Like most ex German presidents, Scheel retired from political life term ended. He did sometimes appears on political talk shows or events. At the funeral of the murdered businessman Hanns Martin Schleyer in October 1977, Scheel gave a speech entitled "shame".

Norman Mailer
Norman Kingsley Mailer (January 31, 1923 – November 10, 2007) was an American writer and journalist.
Along with Truman Capote, Joan Didion, and Tom Wolfe, Mailer writes creative nonfiction, sometimes called New Journalism, but which covers the essay to the nonfiction novel. He was awarded the Pulitzer Prize twice and the National Book Award once on his journalism career. In 1955, Mailer, along with Ed Fancher and Dan Wolf, first published "The Village Voice", which was showed to the Greenwich Village. In 2005, he won the Medal for Distinguished Contribution to American Letters from The National Book Foundation.

The Lion King
"The Lion King" is a 1994 animated Disney movie that was the most successful animated movie of the 1990s. The movie is about a young lion prince who learns about his place on the throne of Pride Rock and his role in the circle of life. It is dedicated to Frank Wells, who was the president of The Walt Disney Company until his death just a few months before the film was released into theaters on June 15, 1994. It was the first full-length Disney film to feature no human characters since "Bambi". Unlike previous Disney animated films, much of the voice acting work was done by well-known actors, including James Earl Jones, Jeremy Irons, Matthew Broderick, Whoopi Goldberg, Rowan Atkinson, Jonathan Taylor Thomas, and Nathan Lane. It is a musical; the songs have music by Elton John and lyrics by Tim Rice. Computer animation was used a lot in the creation of the movie, especially during the "Circle of Life" and stampede sequences. During production, this film was considered a secondary project compared to the next film scheduled, "Pocahontas". However, as the movie was being marketed, the studio noticed that the released teaser which consisted of the entire opening sequence featuring the song, "Circle of Life", was getting a strongly reaction from audiences. Furthermore, when the movie was in limited release in two major theatres, the movie did very impressive business which suggested that this "secondary project" promised to be popular. Upon general release, the movie more than confirmed that suspicion by becoming the most successful movie of the year worldwide (in the United States, "Forrest Gump" was most successful of that year) and the most successful animated feature film of all time until "Finding Nemo". Since then, "Shrek 2" has surpassed Finding Nemo making "The Lion King" the third most successful.
The story.
Simba is Mufasa's son, and Mufasa is the current lion king and rules a kingdom named Pride Rock. However, Mufasa's younger brother Scar is jealous of Simba and Mufasa and wants to replace Mufasa as king. Scar can't become king unless Mufasa and Simba both die. Scar becomes friends with three hyenas and promises them food if they help him kill his brother Mufasa and nephew Simba and take control of the throne. Scar and the hyenas trick Simba so that he is sitting in a dried up river, where Scar sends a big herd of stampeding Wildebeast to kill him. Mufasa finds out that his son is in danger and goes to save him. He jumps down into the stampede and pulls Simba out before Simba is killed and throws Simba onto a rock where he is safe. However, as Mufasa tries to climb the cliff to safety, Scar comes over and pushes him off the rock. Mufasa falls into the stampede and dies. Scar still has to get rid of Simba before Scar can be king, so he tells Simba that it's his fault Mufasa is dead. and that he should "run.Run away and never return."Then he tells the hyenas to kill Simba. They chase him down a cliff of Cacti, but Simba still esapes. One of the hyenas bumps into the pile of cacti and comes out screaming.Simba is still running off so the hyena in the (who's name is Banzi) tells the other two to go after Simba, but Sheinzi,the second hyena(the third one is an idiot named Ed) says "There ain't no way I'm goin' in there! What,you want me to come out looking like "you", Cactus-Butt?!" So they let Simba go,while shoutting thearts from above.Meanwhile,Scar tells everyone about the stampede, only he says Simba is dead, not knowin that the hyenas didn't really kill him. He then takes over the kingdom and becomes King, since that he's the closest in the family. Simba grows up with his two new friends, Timon and Pumbaa. He learns to live with a new motto, "Hakuna Matata", which means "No worries" in the African language Swahili. Simba grows up to be a strong lion when he is reunited with his childhood friend Nala, whom he knew back when his father Mufasa was still alive. She tells him about Scar's evil reign of terror and begs Simba to return to challenge Scar. Simba goes home to challenge Scar for the throne, and eventually Scar tells the truth that he was the one who killed Mufasa. There is a long battle and Simba defeats Scar, claiming his rightful place as the true lion king. Nala becomes Simba's queen and they soon have a cub of their own.
Awards and nominations.
"The Lion King" received many award nominations, including the Academy Award for Best Original Score (by Hans Zimmer) and the Golden Globe award for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy, both of which it won. Most notably, the song "Can You Feel the Love Tonight" by Elton John and Tim Rice won the Academy Award for Best Original Song, the Golden Globe for Best Original Song, the BMI Film Music Award, and the Grammy Award for Best Vocal Performance Male.
Sequels and spin-offs.
"The Lion King" was so successful that Disney created a direct-to-video sequel called ' and a spin-off television series called "The Lion King's Timon and Pumbaa". A second direct-to-video sequel, "The Lion King 1½", was released on February 10, 2004. The movie was remastered for IMAX, being re-released on December 25, 2002, and on October 7, 2003, as a 2-Disc Special Edition Disney DVD.
Controversies surrounding "The Lion King".
The movie has had its share of controversy. These are just some examples.
Main controversies.
There was some criticism from the gay community regarding a thing about the movie's villain, Scar. In one scene of the movie it appears as if animators had written the word "sex" into several frames of animation -- the intention, however, was the letter combination "SFX" (for "special effects"). And there was dispute over the origin of the story, as it bears a striking resemblance to a Japanese animated television show "Kimba the White Lion", so much so that apparently even some animators thought they were doing a remake.
"The Lion Sleeps Tonight".
The use of the song "The Lion Sleeps Tonight" in a scene with Timon and Pumbaa has led to disputes between Disney and the family of South African Solomon Linda, who composed the song (originally titled "Mbube") in 1939. In July 2004, the family filed suit, seeking $1.6 million in royalties from Disney. In February 2006, Linda's heirs reached a legal settlement with Abilene Music, who held the worldwide rights and had licensed the song to Disney for an undisclosed amount of money.
Hidden racism.
Upon its release, some critics complained that the hyenas in the movie were negative racial stereotypes of urban blacks and Hispanics. It has been argued that "despicable hyena storm troopers speak...in racially coded accents that take on the nuances of the discourse of a decidedly urban, black, and Latino youth."
Hamas' propaganda.
In August 2007, the Hamas terrorist organization produced an animated propaganda movie that made fun of the style of "The Lion King". The programme was aired on their television station, "Al-Aqsa TV". Hamas was portrayed as a lion that chased and killed rats that bore the likenesses of members of the secular Fatah organization in Gaza. The programme was shortly aired but was pulled off the air for revision.
Appropriateness for children.
Despite being given a "G" rating by the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA), there has been criticism that "The Lion King" (as well as many other Disney films) has adult content. This includes the death of a main character, Mufasa. The British version of the movie had a warning on the VHS box stating that some scenes may be upsetting for very young children. Simaliar controversies have been created with Disney's movie "Bambi", as the story is simaliar and so is the controversy aout a certain death of a certain main character, only in "Bambi" it is even more controversal because Bambi was the first Disney movie to introduce this, and the death is more upsetting. In "Bambi", Bambi and his mother are eating grass and suddenly Bambi's mother catches Man's scent and tells Bambi to run. As they run, Bambi makes it back to the thicket, but his mother is gone. He desperatly calls out for her, wandering around, untill his father comes and tells him "your mother can't be with you anymore".
Musical.
The movie was also adapted into an award-winning stage musical of the same name. The stage show first opened on November 13, 1997 in New York City, and was an instant and tremendous success. A version later opened London, England, and another in Toronto, playing there until January 2004.

Kelly Osbourne
Kelly Osbourne (b. October 27 1984 in London) is an English singer and actress. She is the daughter of the singer Ozzy Osbourne.
She also presents a show on BBC Radio 1 called "The Surgery" on a Sunday evening.

Marie-Antoine Carême
Marie Antoine (Antonin) Carême (June 8, 1784 – January 12, 1833), was a French chef and author. He is well known for greatly simplifying and writing about the style of cooking known as "haute cuisine", the high art of French cooking. He was known as "chef of kings and king of chefs," because he cooked for royalty, and is often thought of as the first celebrity chef.
Biography.
Carême was born Paris, but was abandoned in 1792 because his parents were very very poor. He worked as a kitchen boy at a cheap Paris cafe in exchange for a room and food. In 1798, he was apprenticed to Sylvain Bailly, a famous "pâtissier" (cake baker) with a shop near the Palais-Royal.
Carême gained fame in Paris for his cake centrepieces, which Bailly put in the pâtisserie window. The centerpieces were sometimes several feet high, and were only made out of foodstuffs such as sugar, marzipan, and pastry. He modelled them on temples, pyramids, and ancient ruins which he read about in the books he studied at the French national library (Bibliothéque Nationale). Some of his sugar works were so strong that court jesters could dance on them to entertain the king.
Carême also worked for other people, for example the French diplomat and gourmand Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord, and other members of Parisian high society, including Napoleon. When he worked in the private kitchens he quickly learned about main courses.
Napoleon was not interested in having fancy food, but he knew of social contacts were important for diplomts. In 1804, he gave Talleyrand money to buy Château de Valençay. When Talleyrand moved there, he took Carême with him.
Carême was set a test by Talleyrand: he had to create a whole year’s worth of menus, without repeating them, and use only food that was in season. Carême passed the test and finished his training in Talleyrand's kitchens. When Napoléon was defeated Carême went to London for a time and served as "chef de cuisine" to the Prince Regent, later George IV. He returned to Europe to work for Tsar Alexander I in St. Petersburg, before returning to Paris, where he was chef to banker James Mayer Rothschild.
He died in Paris at the age of 48, and is buried in the Cimetière de Montmartre in Montmartre.
Influence.
Talleyrand encouraged Carême to start a new refined style of eating.
Carême's is said to have started "service à la russe" (serving each course in the order printed on the menu) instead of "service à la française" (serving all dishes at once)

X Window System
The X Window System is a set of protocols and programs. It is also known as X11, or simply X. It can manage windows, and other components of a graphical user interface on a bitmap display. This way of doing graphics is most common in Unix-like operating systems.
X provides the basic components to build GUI environments: drawing and moving windows on the screen and interacting with a mouse or a keyboard. X does not say what the user interface should look like — different client programs handle this. Different X11-based environments have radically different designs. X is not an part of the operating system; instead, it is built as an additional application layer on top of the operating system kernel.
Unlike previous display protocols, X was specifically designed to be used over network connections rather than on a display near the computer. X has network transparency: the machine where an application program (the "client" application) runs need not be the user's local machine (the display "server").
X was developed at MIT in 1984. The current protocol version, X11, appeared in September 1987. The X.Org Foundation leads the X project, with the current reference implementation, version 11 release 7.3 (September 6 2007), available as free software under the MIT License and similar permissive licenses.

Mammaliaformes
Mammaliaformes is clade that contains the mammals and their closest extinct relatives. Some other groups are also good candidates. Personally speaking, I'm inclined to think of them as basal mammals.

Pineal gland
The pineal is a very small gland in the middle of the brain of humans and of many animals. It makes and releases the hormone named melatonin.
There is almost no melatonin in the blood in the daytime. At the end of the day, melatonin in the blood allows sleepiness in humans and other animals which sleep at night. There is melatonin in the blood all night, while the person or animal is sleeping. In the morning, there is less and less melatonin in the blood. When light enters the eyes, the melatonin of the blood goes away.
Some people have circadian rhythm sleep disorders which make them sleepy much earlier or much later than normal. The most common one is Delayed Sleep-Phase Disorder (DSPD, or Delayed Sleep-Phase Syndrome, DSPS). People with DSPD usually go to bed at 3 in the morning or later but they sleep normally for at least eight hours.

Raghu Vira
Raghu Vira (December 30, 1902 - May 14, 1963) was a linguist. He was a Hindu nationalist and served as Jana Sangh's President.
Biography.
Dr. Raghu Vira was born in in Rawalpindi (West Punjab) on 30th December 1902. After doing MA from Punjab University, he did Ph.D. from London and D. Litt. from Leiden (Holland). He was in close touch with most of the Indologists of Europe during and after his three visits there. Dr Raghuvira's early centre of work after his three study trips of Europe was Lahore where he became Head of Sanskrit Department in Sanatan Dharma College. At that time Dr Raghuvira's reputation as Head of the Department of Sanskrit of S.D. College was great. In any scholarly assembly, he outshone all speakers. He was offered principalship of the college with the condition that he would not take part in politics. He turned down the offer.
He was elected to first to Constituent Assembly in 1948 and then to Rajya Sabha in 1952 and 1957. He left the party in 1961 because of differences with Nehru over the China policy. His contribution to parliamentary and inner party debates with inside knowledge of China and South-East Asia was unique. He pleaded for a large anti-China, anti-communist front of Buddhist countries of South-East Asia. After his return from three months cultural research tour of China in 1956, he told Nehru that China as a once cultural brother of India was dead and that it was now an expansionist, materialist country. He had many skirmishes with Nehru in party meetings and ultimately resigned in December 1960 when the Chinese danger loomed large as the GoI just watched aimlessly. Soon after his resignation he was invited to the Jana Sangh and joined it as the only major party close to his views, with a strong network of cadres.
His life ended in a car accident near Kanpur when as Jana Sangh President he was going to do election propaganda work for his socialist friend Dr Ram Manohar Lohia's by-election in the Farrukhabad Lok Sabha constituency in UP in May 1963.
Raghuvira's linguistic mission.
Dr Raghuvira's was indeed a unique linguistic mission worth cherishing for countering the five per cent of Macaulayan intellectuals lording over our national life. He was a foremost linguist and zealous nationalist rolled into one. Dr Raghuvira in fact tried to organise a joint front of all Indian languages against the imperialist monopoly of English. Dr Raghuvira had mastered more languages than any other Indian including Hindi, Sanskrit, Persian, Arabic, English, Urdu, Bengali, Marathi, Tamil, Telugu and Punjabi.
He has become immortal for his services to the cause of Hindi in coining some 1.50 lakh scientific and parliamentary terms with Sanskrit as the common base just like Latin is for European languages. That way his Greater English-Hindi Dictionary remains his fundamental contribution to the cause of Indian Languages. He was in touch with leading Tamil and Telugu scholars too for his research work.
Apart from his work of creating for Hindi, a scientific, technical and legal vocabulary based upon Sanskrit, his repulation as a scholar will rest mainly on many editions of ancient Sanskrit texts, either his own direct work or inspired by him..."
Collection of manuscripts.
Dr Raghuvira as an outstanding savant and saviour of Indian culture, who aimed at re-establishing India as Jagat Guru by researching, excavating and collecting an estimated three lakh Sanskrit manuscripts spread worldwide as the relics of the glorious work of the Hindu and Buddhist missionaries as great cultural colonisers of Mongolia, China, Central Asia, South-East Asia and Indonesia.
As a result of Acharyaji's personal visits to these countries, huge number of relics and manuscripts were collected. These impressed great world fights like Pt Nehru, Chou En-lai and Dr Soekarno who extended personal encouragement, and appreciation to him for excavatory missions in search of long lost Indian artifacts and manuscripts in those countries. This is clear from the fact that when he came back from China after a three month tour in 1956 he had a baggage of 300 wooden boxes with him containing rarest of finds, antiques and manuscripts bearing on the deep cultural contacts between China and India.
Saraswati Vihar.
An institution in himself he established International Academy of Indian Culture (Saraswati Vihar). The Vihar was as Acharya Raghuvira's personal centre of Research work in Indian Culture, Literature and Religion with studies in its widespread impact and proliferation from Mangolia to Indonesia, China, Russia, and Central Asia. It was established first at Ichhra near Lahore in 1932 and sensing trouble in 1946 he shifted to Nagpur a year before Partition. The State Government of Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla provided him all the facilities for the rehabilitation of his research network.
The Vihar was later shifted to Delhi in 1956 and is still functioning under the stewardship of his erudite, well-trained, missionary-minded worthy son Dr Lokesh Chandra. Even to Prime Minister Nehru, President Rajendra Prasad and ambassadors of nearly all South-East Asian countries used to visit it to see the progress of his work and his latest collections. It is significant that before embarking on his last fatal journey to Kanpur, he had divided his cultural mission among his son, daughter-in-law, two daughters and a son-in-law, all of whom are deeply immersed in accomplishing its founder's mission.
Nationalist politician.
One is surprised how the Congress recognised Hindutvavadi Dr Raghuvira's linguistic expertise and elected him first to Constituent Assembly in 1948 and then to Rajya Sabha in 1952 and 1957. But they could not suppress his nationalist Hindu zeal. He left the party in 1961 because of differences with Pt Nehru over the China policy. His contribution to parliamentary and inner party debates with inside knowledge of China and South-East Asia was unique. He pleaded for a large anti-China, anti-communist front of Buddhist countries of South-East Asia. After his return from three months cultural research tour of China in 1956, he told Nehru that China as a once cultural brother of India was dead and that it was now an expansionist, materialist country. He had many skirmishes with Nehru in party meetings and ultimately resigned in December 1960 when the Chinese danger loomed large as Indian government just watched aimlessly. Soon after his resignation he was invited to the Jana Sangh and joined it as the only vibrant party close to his views, with a strong network of cadres.
He was a Hindu nationalist in every sense of the term. Earlier even in 1948 he clashed with Congress party bosses on the question of Sheikh Abdullah's repressive policies against people of Jammu represented by Praja Parishad. Along with another Congress member, M.L. Chattopadhyay, he visited Jammu to see things for himself and issued a blistering report against Sheikh Abdullah's anti-Hindu policies which later on blossomed into the Sheikh's azadi mongering Islamiat. He reported how the Sheikh had sacked 3000 Hindu employees and recruited even pro-Pakistanis in their place after assuming dictatorial powers. Some prominent Muslims who had left for Pakistan were called back and given prize posts-one of them made even Governor of Udhampur province. Kidnapping of Hindu girls was reported even by Nehru's own favourite General, B.M. Kaul who was then head of State Militia but Nehru was somehow afraid of Abdullah, leading to a chain of disasters. Only very serious matters such as the Sheikh's outburst in favour of azadi to a British correspondent were referred to Sardar Patel whom Abdullah really feared as he threatened to withdraw Indian army from the Valley. But after Patel's death, even that check was removed and Dr Syama Prasad Mookerjee had to take up cudgels but he was deliberately pushed into the jaws of death.
Dr. Raghuvira's reputation in Hindu circles soared very high after that. Even before RSS work began in Lahore, he started his Hindu Rakshak Sangh, and used to hold daily drills in DAV College grounds, in military uniform, looking rather ludicrous among a few volunteers. However, he never cared for public applause in pursuit of his mission.
There were great expectations when such a luminary with grand Hindu cultural vision joined the Jana Sangh in early 1961. His gloomy prophecies about China came true within a year in Chinese attack. His address at the Bhopal session of Jana Sangh in December 1962, a month after the attack was a wonderful analysis of India's defence problems, foreign affairs and economic policies. It is a pity he did not live long. His tragic death was second great blow to Jana Sangh after Dr Mookerjee's death. Still the party flourished because of its inner steel frame of cadres and idealism. The car accident in which he died occurred on May 14, 1963 when he was going from Jaunapur to Farrukhabad to campaign for Dr Ram Manohar Lohia in the parliamentary by-election. The car struck against three trees one after another when one of the tyres burst, eleven miles before Kanpur.
Humanist.
Apart from being a scholar, he was also a man of great energy and the highest ideas, that he sometimes put into practice by working among the untouchables in villages and spending some time in Gandhiji's Sabarmati Ashram. His interest in politics came from Lala Lajpat Rai's ideas. In Delhi, he found time from his studies to work for improving the living conditions of people living in slums.

Rajeev Kumar
Rajeev Kumar () is a famous Activist and Educationist from New Delhi, India.
Achievements.
Kumar founded the Movement and Action for Social Services-(मास).

Gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid
Gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid (commonly shortened to GHB) is a drug. It is an anesthetic, and a sedative. It has been used in the past to treat Insomnia, and depression. It can also help people who have a problem with alcohol. or suffer from narcolepsy.
The drug has been used as a recreational drug, because it can make a person euphoric. Its most common name there is Liquid Ecstasy. For this reason, many countries have made it illegal, outside the medical context.
In addition, it often causes GHB Comas - where people faint or become unconscious. This is what causes most deaths.

Reichsmark
The Reichsmark (which was shown with the symbol RM) was the currency in Germany from 1924 until June 20, 1948. One Reichsmark was subdivided into 100 "Reichspfennig".

Plum (color)
Plum is a colour similar to purple. The name comes from the fruit called a plum.
Meaning of plum.
In business, the color plum represents a deal that is profitable--a "plum" contract or a "plum" job that one is assigned to that has a high salary.

Co-operative Party
The Co-operative Party is a small socialist political party, in the United Kingdom. It does not put candidates for election, its candidates must be members of the Labour Party as well, and stand as "Labour and Co-operative Party" candidates.
The party today.
It is the political arm of the wider British co-operative movement, and all members of the party must be members of a co-operative business. Those who want to stand for election must also be members of the Labour Party.
Most of the party’s income is from grants made by the retail co-operative societies, and from the fee charged for managing the political affairs of Co-operatives UK, formerly known as the Co-operative Union. Local parties are not based on constituencies, but around a major local retail society, which gives most of the money a local Party Council has. The Party council organises local branches to organise local activity and liaise with Constituency Labour Parties. Some Parties exist without Society support, known as voluntary parties.
At first the Co-operative Party was mostly concerned with the trading and commercial problems of the co-op movement. Since the 1930s it has become a more mainstream political, but it still wants better recognition and protection for co-operative business, the social economy, and to advance support for co-operatives and co-operation across Europe and the developing world. The party also stands for a sustainable economy and society.
In 2005 there were 29 MPs in the Co-operative Parliamentary Group, who are also members of the Parliamentary Labour Party in the British House of Commons, 8 Members of the Scottish Parliament, 4 Members of the Welsh Assembly and 11 Members of the House of Lords, as well as over 700 local councillors. There is also an informal Co-operative Party group in the European Parliament.
The election agreement between the Co-operative and Labour Parties means that 30 candidates can stand as "Labour Co-operative" candidates, and get money for election expenses from the Co-operative Party. There are many other Labour MPs who are Co-operative Party members but are not sponsored. One of these was Gareth Thomas MP, chair of the Co-operative Party since 2001 and of the Co-operative Congress in 2003, who was invited to join the parliamentary group in 2003. The Party has not registered a logo with the electoral commission for use on ballot papers, as candidates use the Labour Party "Rose" logo. Under UK law a party and a logo must be registered if either are to be used on a ballot paper in an election
The Party holds an annual conference. The 2006 conference was held in Sheffield in September 2006.
The current General Secretary is Peter Hunt..
Joint Parliamentary Committee.
The "Joint Parliamentary Committee" was set up in 1881 by The Co-operative Union. It was not set up to get MPs elected, but to watch over what was happening in parliament, and to lobby sympathetic MPs. The Co-operative Union Annual Congress tried to get a regular party set up but the retail societies would not give any money.
The Great War.
At the start of the war, the many retail societies in the Co-op movement grew, partly because they were very public about "anti-profiteering". Making a large profit in war time was seen as not being patriotic or helping the country. When conscription (men were ordered into the army) was started and food and fuel supplies restricted, the co-op societies began to suffer. The co-ops were started by ordinary workers, but the government distribution committees and draft tribunals were usually run by members of the upper classes and gentry. Co-ops smaller amounts of food to sell, and coop managers were often drafted, whereas business opponents were able to have even clerks declared vital for the war effort. Co-op Societies were also made to pay "excess profits tax" even though as co-operatives they made no profits.
The 1917 Congress in Swansea decided to set up a Co-operative Party, the decision was passed by 1979 votes to 201.
Central Co-operative Parliamentary Representation Committee.
An Emergency Political Conference was held on 18 October 1917. As a result the "Central Co-operative Parliamentary Representation Committee" was formed in 1917, with the objective of putting co-operators into the House of Commons. This was soon re-named the Co-operative Party.
At first the party put forward its own candidates. The first was H J May, later Secretary of the International Co-operative Alliance. He was unsuccessful at the 1918 Prestwich by-election.
Ten people stood in the 1918 general election. One candidate was elected: Alfred Waterson who became a Member of Parliament for the Kettering seat. Waterson took the Labour whip in Parliament. In 1919, 151 Co-operative Party local councillors. Waterson retired from Parliament in 1922, but four new Co-operative MPs were elected that same year, including A.V. Alexander. All of them took the Labour whip. Six were elected in 1923 and five in 1924.
However, since the 1927 Cheltenham Agreement, the party has had an electoral agreement with the Labour Party, which allows for a limited number of "Labour Co-operative" candidates. This means that the parties do not waste resources by opposing each other. The agreement has been changed several times, most recently in 2003. The 2003 agreement was the first between the Labour Party and the Co-operative Party, instead of the Co-operative Societies. After the first formal agreement, nine Labour Co-op MPs were elected at the 1929 general election, and Alexander was made a cabinet minister. However, only one was returned at the 1931 election against the backdrop of a massive defeat for Labour.
The rise of the sister party.
The Labour party recovered from the bad election of 1931 and was in government during World War II. This helped the Co-operative Party through the formal election links.. In 1945, 23 Labour Co-op MPs were elected and two had high office in the Labour government - Alexander and Alfred Barnes, who had been chair of the Party.
After the war the co-operative movement declined and so did the influence of the Party. By 1983 only eight Labour Co-op MPs were elected. However, in 1997, all 23 candidates won seats in Parliament and, in 2001, only one was defeated, Faye Tinnion who had stood against the Leader of the Conservative Party, William Hague. Gordon Brown is very interested in the co-operative principles of self-help, and this support allowed the co-operative movement to make representations, and sponsor important bills on updating company law, employee share ownership and micro-generation of energy.
Noted co-op politicians.
See and List of Labour Co-operative Members of Parliament for wider lists.
Nicholas Russell, the 6th Earl Russell (and grandson of the philosopher, 3rd Earl Bertrand Russell) is a strong supporter of the Co-operative Party and secretary of its Waltham Forest branch; he is vocal in his call for the abolition of the House of Lords.

Bánica, Elías Piña
The Dominican city of San Francisco de Bánica, or simply Bánica, is a municipality of the Elías Piña province, on the border with Haiti and near the Artibonite. The name Bánica comes from the Taíno name of the region, Banique ("land of ebony").
Population.
The municipality had, in 2002, a total population of 7,272: 3,802 men and 3,470 women. The urban population was 20.05% of the total population. In this numbers are included the population of the municipal districts Sabana Cruz and Sabana Higüero.
History.
The town was founded in 1504 by Diego Velázquez, who later went to conquest the island of Cuba, on the left side of the River Artibonite. It was an important town in those years but later it lost its importance. In the century XVIII, the Spanish government moved the city to its present place, away from the river, and brought families from the Canary Islands to live there.
When the Haitian independence, most of the people moved to other places. When the Haitians occupied the eastern part of the island (the present Dominican Republic), they founded again the town as part of the Departement of Artibonite.
After the Independence in 1844, the town was elevated by the Dominican government to the category of municipality of the Azua province. But again the town was abandoned by its inhabitants. After the "Restoration War" (1863 - 1865), some families from other towns close to the Haitian border came to live in Bánica.
Bánica was made a municipality of the San Juan province in 1938 and then, in 1942, of the new province of Elías Piña.
Economy.
The main economic activity of the municipality is agriculture. Commerce with Haiti is also an important economic activity in the city.

Quillaja saponaria
Soap bark tree ("Quillaja saponaria") is a tree of the family "Quillajaceae". In commerce, it is known as Panama wood. The tree grows naturally from warm temperate central Chile north to Bolivia and Peru. It can grow to 15-20 m in height. The Soap bark tree gets its name because the inner bark can be made into a powder which can be used as soap. Its compounds are also used as foam in beer and other drinks. The tree also has medicinal uses.
Morphology.
Quillay is an evergreen tree, 15 to 20 m tall. Grey bark. Alternate leaves, glaber, acute apex and obtuse base, bright green, near entire margins with 4-8 teeth. Flowers light green or white, hermaphrodite, pentamer, radiate. Five petals, 5 sepals, 10 stamens and 5 pistils. Fruit: a star-shape capsule, with winged seeds.

Clarence E. Anderson
Clarence E. "Bud" Anderson was born January 13, 1922 in Oakland, California. He was a fighter pilot in the United States Air Force. He joined the Air Force in 1942. During World War II, he flew a P-51 Mustang named "Old Crow". He had 16 kills, and was a triple ace. At the end of World War II, he was a captain. He flew an F-105 Thunderchief in the Vietnam War. He retired from the Air Force in 1972. He was also a test pilot.

Wild Weasel
A Wild Weasel is a nickname for an aircraft in the United States Air Force that is supposed to destroy enemy anti-aircraft guns, surface-to-air missiles, and other ground attack weapons by seeking them out with radar and destroying them with missiles.
History.
The idea was first though of in 1965 during the Vietnam War, because North Vietnamese surface-to-air missiles, or "SAMs" were destroying American aircraft. The first Wild Weasel airplane was the F-100 Super Sabre, a variant of the F-86 Sabre. In 1966, the F-105 Thunderchief took the job.
After that, a new kind of F-4 Phantom IIs, the "G" model was used as a Wild Weasel. During the Gulf War of 1991, Wild Weasel missions were done by the F-16 Fighting Falcon, a light fighter-bomber that can also battle enemy fighter aircraft. Currently, the F-16 still does this. They are being used in the Iraq War.
Weapons used.
In the Vietnam War, the main missile used by Wild Weasels was the AGM-45 Shrike. Currently, some of the weapons used by the Wild Weasel planes includes the AGM-88 HARM and the AGM-65 Maverick air-to-ground missiles. They can also have ALQ-131 and ALQ-184 pods that can mess up enemy radar.

F-105 Thunderchief
The F-105 Thunderchief was a bomber during the Vietnam War. It first flew in 1955, and was introduced in 1958. It was used as a bomber, but was later replaced by the F-4 Phantom II and the F-111 Raven. But it was still in service for a while as a Wild Weasel. It could carry an electronic counter-measures pod that could mess up the enemy radar.

Labour Co-operative
Labour Co-operative or Labour and Co-operative is the name used in the United Kingdom to describe politicians who are elected as members of the Co-operative Party.
The electoral agreement between the Labour Party and the Co-operative Party says that the Co-operative Party candidates must be members of the Labour Party as well.

Heraldic badge
A heraldic badge is not a part of an armiger's coat of arms, but it is granted by the same body as a coat of arms.
The badge is designed to be used by the supporters of an armiger. A mediaeval knight would have a coat of arms, but his supporters or followers would not be allowed to use the coat of arms, instead they would use a badge to help identify themselves to each other and to other people.
Today, many English towns and cities have a coat of arms. Usually the mayor and council are the only ones allowed to used the full coat of arms. The departments of the council use a badge, and it is the badge which is painted on council vehicles etc to identify them.
Badges, like coats of arms, can only be used with the permission of the person to whom they were granted.
The "Prince of Wales's Feathers" is the badge of the heir apparent of the British monarch. The badge is used because the coats of arms of the prince and the monarch are very similar.

Postal code
A Postal code is a series of numbers or letters and numbers used by a post office to help identify where a letter or parcel should be sent.
The code can be read by machines, this speeds up sorting mail.
In the United Kingdom the first part of the post code has one or two letters and one or two numbers. This identifies the post town and an area in the post town. The second part is used to identify an even smaller area, down to just one street or a few house in a long street.
The post town is the main town in an area. Sometimes this is a lot bigger than the real town. Ipswich, for example is the post town for most of east Suffolk.
In Europe most postal codes are all numbers. Often the one or two letter country code is put in front of the code to make sure that towns and cities are not mixed up, or for international post.
In France the first two numbers of the postal code relate to the department. Codes for Monaco start with 98 as if it was part of France, but has the letters "MC" instead of "F" for international mail.

Bethlehem Housing Authority
The Bethlehem Housing Authority (BHA)provides social housing in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania.
Early years.
The Bethlehem Housing Authority was formed in 1939. Its job was to build houses for the people living in Bethlehem, which is a city in eastern Pennsylvania.
The National Housing Act (1937) was one of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt's first tries to make better the living conditions of Americans badly affected by the Great Depression of the 1930's.
Bethlehem's Housing Authority was one of the first in the nation. Robert Nuemeyer became the Authority's first executive director in 1939. BHA's first board consisted of chairman (and mayor) Robert Pfeifle, Weir Jepson, Merritt Kreidler, Lt. Colonel William Coyle and Andrew W. Litzenberger.
The first thing the BHA built was "low-income public housing". That means the houses were built for people who did not earn a lot of money, and they were not built to be sold to make money. The new houses were called Pembroke Village. They were on reclaimed farmland in the northeast part of the city. This area was near the border with the boroughs of Freemansburg, Steel City and Bethlehem Township.
Pembroke Village was planned to have 202 houses or apartments, and a community building/office. At about this time, the US entered into World War II. The war meant there was very little building in the US. But Bethlehem Steel's factory was more or less turned over completely toward providing goods for the war effort. Thousands of workers were brought into Bethlehem to help the plant work for 24 hours a day. This meant a lot of houses were needed in the city. The government and the housing authority got extra land and built three communities as "temporary war housing". 700 homes for these workers were built at Parkridge, South Terrace and Clearfield. Pembroke Village was hurried to completion and its 202 units were set aside as "permanent war housing", meaning that at the end of the war, Pembroke would revert to (go back to being) low-income housing, while the others would be demolished.
After the War.
After the end of WWII, Bethlehem had another housing crisis. Men were leaving the armed forces and going back home. From about the start of 1946, the population of the United States increased greatly. In Bethlehem the city population increased from 50,000 to 75,000 by 1960.
This meant that a lot of affordable housing was needed. The BHA decided to keep the Parkridge, South Terrace and Clearfield units and use them as public housing.
The BHA also planned to build another 500 - 600 units next to Pembroke on a former family farm along Pembroke Road. These buildings would increase Bethlehem's public housing stock to more than 1,400 units.
By June of 1950, firms had offered to build Fairmount for $962,000.00. By the end of the year, the Marvine Village bid was also approved for $3.9 million. A lot of the Fairmount project was paid for by the State of Pennsylvania. It stayed part of the state's housing inventory until the late 1970's.
By 1952, Mr. Nuemeyer became ill and stepped down. He was replaced by Ralph J. Bartholomew, who was a longtime member of the banking community. During Mr. Bartholomew's tenure, the housing authority started an expansion program designed to help the growing needs of the elderly population.
1960 - 1974.
In 1962, BHA showed plans for its first development designed for older people. The "Robert Pfeifle Homes", was a 50 unit community located in the northeast area. It had ten buildings.
They were among the very first of their type in the United States. In the next ten years, the BHA would design and build more public housing for seniors, including the "Litzenberger House", the "Bodder Building" and the "Bartholomew Building" and the "Monocacy Tower".
The BHA now has some 450 apartments now exist to serve the older adults in need of affordable housing.
At around this time, Mr. Bartholomew passed away and his successor was brought in from the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). Frank V. Loretti, with a background in labor relations became the BHA's third director.
1974 - 2003.
Frank Loretti's wanted to modernize the way the authority worked and was organized. He wanted to use computers for the authority's records and other functions.
During this time each development was modernized inside and out. Also the South Terrace, Parkridge and Clearfield projects were knocked down. South Terrace and Parkridge were rebuilt between 1985 and 1991 and all other buildings were improved.
Also during this period, various management functions were centralized for greater organization and efficiency. The maintenance shops were also centralized within one modern facility in 1978.
Today.
The current executive director is Clara A. Kendy (2004). The Bethlehem Housing Authority does not have so much money from the federal government. HUD says agencies must "do more with less".
Today, BHA has several new ideas, including homeownership initiatives where the authority connects eligible tenants with opportunities to help them own their own home. One such example is a partnership with Habitat For Humanity.
Today, the Bethlehem Housing Authority manages 1,430 housing units within ten developments serving the city of Bethlehem. The authority also has various recreational and social programs for tenants of all ages.
In 2007, BHA's new First Tee Golf Learning program received a national merit award, recognizing it as an innovative recreation/learning program for children. In 2009, BHA will celebrate 70 years of service to the community.

Les Six
Les Six (pronounced "Le sees") is French for "The Six". Les Six were a group of six French composers who were friends around the year 1920. They were young at the time, and they shared a lot of ideas about music. The composer Eric Satie called them "Les Nouveaux Jeunes", but then a man called Henri Collet called them "Les Six" in an article he was writing, and that name was always used for them after that.
In their music they tried to be different from Richard Wagner and other composers of Romantic music, and different from Debussy and Ravel who had been writing Impressionistic music. They also wanted to write in a simple way instead of using complicated rhythms such as those of Stravinsky or twelve tone music like Arnold Schoenberg. Many of their pieces were quite short. They liked strong, masculine music, especially jazz.
The six composers did not stay together for very long as they soon developed their own personal styles in their compositions.
After 1920.
It was really only in 1920 that all six composers were together. They had all been inspired by Jean Cocteau and Eric Satie. By 1921 Louis Durey had already left the group. Les Six continued to be associated with the style of French music from around the 1920s. They still remained friends, and used to visit a bar known as "La Gaya" which became "Le Boeuf sur le Toit" (The Ox on the Roof): the title of Milhaud's ballet. The group published an album of piano pieces together called "Album des Six". Five of the members worked together on the music for Cocteau's work "Les Mariés de la Tour Eiffel"
The name "The Six" was a reference to the group of Russian composers who had been known as "The Five".

Georges Auric
Georges Auric (born Lodève, France, 15 February 1899; died Paris 23 July 1983) was a French composer. He was one of the six composers who became known as Les Six.
Auric was a child prodigy. He composed a lot of music from the age of 10, but most of these early works he destroyed later. He grew up in Montpellier. In 1913 his parents moved to Paris so that he could study at the Paris Conservatoire. He studied with the composer Vincent D'Indy at the Schola Cantorum.
By the time he had joined Les Six he had already become a composer with a strong, personal style of writing. His music is often energetic and aggressive.
Auric wrote ballet music for Diaghilev. When Jean Cocteau started making motion pictures at the beginning of the 1930s Auric began writing film music. He wrote soundtracks for a number of French and British films, and then for Hollywood movies, too. "The Song from Moulin Rouge" made it to the hit parade.
In 1962 he gave up writing for moving pictures when he became director of the Opéra National de Paris and then chairman of SACEM, the French Performing Rights Society. Auric continued to write classical chamber music, especially for wind instruments, for the rest of his life.

Die Linke
Die Linke or "The Left" is a political party in Germany. It was formed on June 16 2007, when The Left Party.PDS joined with WASG to form a unified party.

Louis Durey
Louis Durey (born Paris, 27 May 1888; died Saint-Tropez, France, 3 July 1979) was a French composer. He was the oldest, but probably the least well-known of the six composers who are called Les Six.
Louis Durey was the son of a businessman. He had no idea that he wanted to be a composer until he heard the opera Pélléas et Mélisande by Claude Debussy. He was then already 19 years old. He taught himself how to compose.
Durey became a member of the group called Les Six in 1920. However, he did not take part in the music they wrote together in 1921 called "Les Mariés de la Tour Eiffel". This made Jean Cocteau very annoyed.
Durey became interested in left-wing politics and later joined the Communist Party. During the years of the Nazi occupation of World War II, he worked with the French Resistance and wrote anti-Fascist songs. After the war he had strong Communist ideas. This made it difficult for him to be successful in the world of music.
In 1950 he got the job of music critic for a communist newspaper in Paris.
He wrote a lot of music during his life, but there were many years when he wrote nothing. He composed songs, chamber music and choral works.
Louis Durey died at Saint-Tropez, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France.

Tom and Jerry in House Trap
Tom and Jerry in House Trap is a 2000 video game by NewKidCo and VIS Interactive. The video game is for 1 or 2 players and is based on the series Tom and Jerry.
It is played on the Playstation.

Arthur Honegger
Arthur Honegger (born Le Havre, 10 March 1892; died Paris, 27 November 1955) was a Swiss composer, who was born in France and lived a large part of his life in Paris. He was a member of the group of composers called Les Six. His most popular piece of music is an orchestral work called "Pacific 231", which imitates the sound of a steam locomotive.
His full name was Oscar-Arthur Honegger, but his first name was never used. He studied harmony and violin in Paris until his parents moved to Zürich, Switzerland, when he studied at the Conservatory there. He then went back to Paris to study with Charles Widor and Vincent d'Indy. He wrote a ballet "Le dit des jeux du monde" in 1918. In 1926 he married Andrée Vaurabourg, a pianist and fellow student at the Paris Conservatoire. They did not often live together because Honegger wanted peace and quiet in order to compose. However, they often went on tour together, and his wife played the piano parts to his compositions. They had one daughter, Pascale, born in 1932. Honegger also had a son, Jean-Claude (1926-2003) whose mother was the singer Claire Croiza.
In the early 1920s he became famous with the "dramatic psalm" "Le Roi David" ("King David"), which is still often sung by choirs. He wrote a lot of music between the wars, including the oratorio "Jeanne d'Arc au bûcher", one of his best works. It tells the story of Joan of Arc.
During World War II Honegger could not leave Paris. He joined the French Resistance. He became very depressed by the war. He continued to write very serious music, including four symphonies (numbers 2-5) and some religious music.
Honegger loved trains. As a student he had spent some time travelling to Paris twice a week by train from Le Havre. His popular orchestral work "Pacific 231" describes a train on the Canadian Pacific Railway. It was an early work written in 1923.
Arthur Honegger died of a heart attack on 27 November 1955.
Honegger's music is different to that of the other members of Les Six. Honegger liked the Romantic music of Wagner, Strauss and Reger. His music is tonal but with some strong dissonances. His musical style was also influenced by the music of Johann Sebastian Bach.

Darius Milhaud
Darius Milhaud (pronounced "DAR-yus MEE-yoh") (born Marseille, 4 September 1892; died Geneva 22 June 1974) was a French composer. He was a member of the group called "Les Six". He is one of the most important French composers of the 20th century. He wrote more than 400 compositions. His music is often influenced by jazz and polytonality (music in more than one key at once).
Life.
Milhaud's family were Jewish. He grew up in Aix-en-Provence. His father was an almond dealer. When he was very small he often listened to the songs that were being sung by the women who were sorting out the nuts. They were folksongs from the Provence. When he was a young man he liked to go for walks in the Provence country. This was an important part of his life.
Milhaud's parents liked music. His father was a pianist and often played at local music gatherings. His mother had a nice contralto voice. When he was seven he learned to play the violin. He loved the music of Claude Debussy whom he met only once.
Milhaud studied in Paris at the Paris Conservatory where he met Arthur Honegger and Germaine Tailleferre who were also to become members of Les Six. He studied composition under Charles-Marie Widor and harmony and counterpoint with André Gédalge. He also studied privately with Vincent d'Indy. He taught himself to play the piano. In Paris he was able to listen to music by a lot of great composers.
He was terribly sad when a close friend was killed in World War I. He decided to go to Brazil. He worked there for nearly two years, deciphering codes. He liked the sounds of the jungle. This was to influence his music. The other great influence was jazz which he heard in 1922 in New York.
Milhaud returned to France and worked very hard. He often travelled. In 1940 he had to emigrate to the United States because the Nazis were arresting Jewish musicians. In America he gave lectures.
His health became poor. He had rheumatoid arthritis and, by 1948, he was in a wheelchair. He still continued to travel for as long as possible.
In 1925 Milhaud married an actress called Madeleine. She often performed speaking parts in her husband's musical works, e.g. in his oratorio "Jeanne d'Arc au bûcher (Joan of Arc at the stake)". She devoted herself to looking after him in his final years. She died in Paris on 17 January 2008 at the age of 105.
His works.
Milhaud's most popular works include "Le Boeuf sur le Toit" (ballet), "La création du monde" (a ballet for small orchestra with solo saxophone, influenced by jazz), "Scaramouche" (for Saxophone and Orchestra, also for two pianos), and "Saudades do Brazil" (dance suite). His autobiography is called "Notes Sans Musique" ("Notes Without Music"), later rewritten as "Ma Vie Heureuse" ("My Happy Life").

Saône
The Saône is a river of eastern France. It is a right tributary of the River Rhône. It rises in the Vosges department. It joins the Rhône in Lyon.

Hereford
Hereford (pronounced or) (pronounced "Henforth") is a city and civil parish in the West Midlands of England, close to the border with Wales and on the River Wye. It is the county town of Herefordshire.
The name "Hereford" comes from the Anglo Saxon "here", meaning an army and "ford" which is a place where soldiers could cross.
Hereford has had a cathedral since 1059.
In 1997 Hereford Council lost its status as a city council, and had to appoint Charter Trustees. Its ancient city traditions are recognised and carried on by the parish council, which is lead by the City Mayor.

Middle finger
The middle finger (also called "the bird", "the fickle finger of fate", "the curse finger", or "the finger" is a common insulting hand signal. It means "fuck you".

Ariel (moon)
Ariel is a moon of the planet Uranus. Ariel was found on October 24, 1851 by William Lassell.
The moon is named after the leading sylph in Alexander Pope's poem "Rape of the Lock". It is also the name of the spirit who serves Prospero in Shakespeare's "The Tempest".

Trondheim
is a city and municipality in the county of Sør-Trøndelag, Norway. With 161,730 inhabitants inhabitant (as of 2006), Trondheim is Norway's third largest municipality, as well as the centre of the fourth largest urban area, with a population of about 152,800. As of 2006, the Trondheim Region, a statistical metropolitan area, has a population of 246,751.
History.
The city of Trondheim was founded in 997. It was frequently used as the seat of the king, and was capital of Norway until 1217. In the Middle Ages, Trondheim was the site of several battles, including the battle between King Sverre and Erling Skakke, in 1179. The city has experienced several major fires - the most devastating in 1651 and 1681. The 1651 fire destroyed 90% of the buildings in Trondheim, and the 1681 fire led to a total reconstruction of the city.
The city of Trondheim became a municipality January 1, 1838. The rural municipalities of Byneset, Leinstrand, Strinda and Tiller were joined into Trondheim on January 1, 1964.

Trondheim Region
The Trondheim Region is a statistical metropolitan area in the counties of Sør-Trøndelag (population: 223,363) and Nord-Trøndelag (23,388) in Norway. It is centered around the city of Trondheim.
1/ km²2/ Population per km², population data from;3/ Orkdal has been added to region due to new road completed

Electric potential
Difference in electric potential is also known as voltage or electric potential energy difference. The unit for electric potential is the volt, in memory of Alessandro Volta. Electric potential is like a push. Electrons are pushed through a wire by the voltage.
A good analogy is water in a river. The water is like electrons flowing. When the river goes over a waterfall, the water drops and loses energy. When the electrons go through a circuit or wire they "drop" in voltage and lose energy.

Christine Teipel
Christine Teipel (* 1621; † 4th May 1630) was a 9 year old child that was executed as a witch. This execution happened in Schmallenberg-Oberkirchen in North Rhine-Westphalia, in Germany.
She was questioned on March 7, 1630. She told about 15 other people who had taken part in a sabbat, at night. There were 8 men, 6 women, and a little girl. During that year, there were 7 processes, form April to June of that year. During these, 58 people were convicted top burn at the stake, for witchcraft. 22 people of these were men, 2 were children.
Christine Teipel was sentenced and executed in the third of seven rounds of trials.
Near Oberkirchen there is a place where commemorative instcriptions have been erected.
Pact with the devil.
"bekend guetlich, daß Johan Bell...vor etzlicher zeit, weiß nit, wieviel jar, in Stephans backhaus sie die zauberei gelert...(Sie) Hette auch austrucklich dem teuffel zugesagt, waruf der teuffel in eins wackern jungen gestalt...zu ir kommen... zu ir gesagt, ob sie im auch stehen [zu ihm stehen] wolte. Sie im druff geandwortet: ja, wen er ir etzwas guts tun wölte, wilches er ir auch zu tun versprochen."
"confesses, that Johan Bell (...) had taught her to do magic, some time ago; she does not know, how long ago. This happened in Stephan's bakery. She had also committed to serving the devil. The devil had then appeared in the form of vigorous young boy. The boy had asked her, if she wanted to commit herself to him; she had agreed, under the condition that he should do something good for her, which he had promised (...)"
Attending a Sabbat.
"Sein boel (Teufelsbuhle) hett mit ir gedanzt... Der tanz hette woll zwei stunde geweret"
"Her mate (sex partner) had danced with her... The dance had lasted about two hours"
Sex with the devil.
"bekend, daß der bol (Teufelsbuhle) ein ding furm leib gehabt, damit ihr in ir schamb etc., hab kein freud dabei gehabt, were gewesen, als wens holz gewest; und so oft sie zum tanz gezogen, hette er erst zu ihr kommen und boliret [= Geschlechtsverkehr haben], und wen sie´s nit leiden wolten, hette er ir zu schlagen gedrauwet" [= gedroht]."
"confesses, that the mate (sex partner) had had a thing before him, to put into her (etc), that she did not enjoy it at all, it was like this thing were wood; And whenever she wanted to dance, he had first come, and had had sex; and when she did not want to, he had threatened to beat her(..)"

Ajax (programming)
AJAX stands for Asynchronous JavaScript and XML. It is a technique used to make Web pages faster to use. If they are programmed with AJAX, they seem to react faster. They only send small bits of information to the server. That way the whole web page does not need to reload, only small parts of it.

City of Bradford
Bradford is a major city in West Yorkshire, England. The city has a population of about 500,000 people. Bradford grew due to its excellence in the textile trades of nineteeth century England. Bradford is home to Bradford City Football Club who became the first Engish football club to win the current FA Cup in 1911.
Bradford is near to Leeds. The two cities share the Leeds Bradford International Airport.

Lithuanian litas
Lithuanian litas (Lithuanian: "Litas") is a national currency of the Republic of Lithuania. Litas became a currency of Lithuania in 1922, then again in 1993. In present days, there are 8 coins (1, 2, 5, 10, 50 cents and 1, 2 and 5 LTL) and 6 banknotes (10, 20, 50, 100, 200 and 500 LTL) in use.

Maria Holl
Maria Holl (* 1549 in Altenstadt near Geislingen an der Steige, in Germany; † 1634) was an inn-keeper in Nördlingen. She was accused of witchcraft, but she did not talk, depsite the torture. After this, she was released, and cleared of the accusations.
Because she was very successful running the tavern, she was accused of witchcraft. In total, she was tortured 56 times. At all times she only confessed to god. No matter what was done to her, she could not be made to say to have a pact with the devil. Many citizens of Nördlingen were in favour of her. She was cleared of the accusations on October 11, 1594. She was among the last people to be tried for Witchcraft, in Nördlingen.
Maria Holl died in 1634, probably from the Plague.

Duduk
The Duduk is a traditional woodwind instrument of Armenian origins.
History.
The duduk is one of the oldest double reed instruments in the world which dates back over 3,000 years. Many different duduks can be found in Armenia and the Caucasus. The roots of Armenian duduk music go back to the times of the Armenian king Tigran the Great (95-55 BC). The instrument is shown in many Armenian manuscripts of the Middle Ages.

Droopy Dog
Droopy Dog is a cartoon character created by Tex Avery for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer cartoon studio in 1943. It first appeard on a cartoon named "Dumb Hounded" (1943).

Iraqi Kurdistan
Iraqi Kurdistan also known as Kurdistan Region (Kurdish: ههريمى كوردستان, Herêma Kurdistan, Arabic:إقليم كردستان العراق) is a partial self-governing region north of Iraq, south of Turkey east of Iran and west of Syria. Its capital is Arbil and it's called "Hewlêr" in Kurdish.
The area is 80,000 km² and 5,500,000 people live there.
Geography.
Iraqi Kurdistan is a huge mountain range, where the highest point is 3.611 meters, known as Cheekha Dar.
The biggest lake is Dukan.
Iraqi Kurdistan is divided into 6 provinces.
1.As Sulaymaniyah (Silemanî)
2.Arbil (Hewlêr)
3.Dahuk (Duhok)
4.Diyala
5.Kirkuk
6.Ninawa
Demographics.
The population in Iraqi Kurdistan is about 5-6 million. Most of these people are Sunni Muslims. There are also many Yazidis, Kakeyís and Christians. Kurds make the ethnic majority in the region while the Turkmen, Assyrians, Armenians and Arabs make up the rest of the western part of the area.

Biohazzard Records
Biohazzard Records is a German based Independent record label founded by music journalist Sascha Bahn and Alexander C.H. Lorenz (publisher of compilation). He has more as 20 years experience in management of bands. The label is distributed through "Alive!", edel.net (Digital Distribution) and DanseMacabre (Das Ich). They focus at Gothic, Gothic Metal and some kinds of Electro.

Arbil
Arbil (also written Erbil or Irbil) is an Iraqi city and the capital of Iraqi Kurdistan. In Kurdish, the city is called "Hewlêr". 990,000 people live there, mostly Kurds and Arabs. The city is 80 kilometers east of Mosul.

Ruhr Area
The Ruhr Area (') is an urban area in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Many of the cities in the Ruhrgebiet used to have a lot of heavy industry.
The Ruhr Area is bordered by the rivers Ruhr River to the south, Rhine River to the west, and Lippe to the north. Southwest it borders the Bergisches Land.
The area has about 5.3 million inhabitants, and is part of the larger Rhine-Ruhr metropolitan area of more than 12 million people.
The Ruhr Area consits on the cities of of Duisburg, Oberhausen, Bottrop, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Essen, Gelsenkirchen, Bochum, Herne, Hamm, Hagen and Dortmund and the rural districts of Wesel, Recklinghausen, Unna and Ennepe-Ruhr

Iraqi dinar
The Iraqi dinar is the currency of Iraq. 1 Dinar = 1000 fils (فلس).

APG II
The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, or APG, refers to two international groups of systematic botanists who came together to try to establish a consensus view of the taxonomy of flowering plants that would reflect new knowledge in angiosperm relationships molecular systematics.
Other web sites.
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
References.
The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (1998). "An ordinal classification for the families of flowering plants". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 85: 531–553

Massoud Barzani
Massoud Barzani (born 16 August, 1946) is the first president of Iraqi Kurdistan.

Nechervan Idris Barzani
Nechervan Idris Barzani (Kurdish:نێچیرڤان بارزانی, Nêçîrvan Îdrîs Barzanî) (born September 21, 1966) has been the Prime Minister of Iraqi Kurdistan since March 2006.

Credit card
A credit card is a card which allows people to buy items without money. What it does is that it charges the money needed to their bank account, so the person will pay later.
If a person does not pay within a limit (usually a month) they will have to pay extra money, called interest.

Lebanese Civil War
The Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990) was a conflict that became greatly worse by Lebanon's changing demographic trends, Christian and Muslim inter-religious strife, and the involvement of Syria, Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). After a short break in the fighting in 1976 due to Arab League mediation and Syrian intervention, civil strife continued, with fighting primarily focused in south Lebanon, occupied first by the PLO, then occupied by Israel.

Mosul
Mosul (Arabic:الموصل) is a city in north of Iraq. 1,739,800 people live there.

Mayonnaise
Mayonnaise or Mayo is a thick sauce made with vegetable oil and egg yolk. Some people call it "mayo" as a shortened name.

Francis Poulenc
Francis Poulenc (born Paris, 7 January 1899; died Paris, 30 January 1963) was a French composer. He was one of the group of six composers who became known as Les Six. He composed music in many different forms: song, chamber music, oratorio, opera, ballet music and orchestral music. His music is easy to like at first hearing: it is much simpler than the music of many other composers who were writing modern music at the time. At first the music critics did not think he was a serious composer, but later people realized the importance of his music. He is the greatest writer of French song (mélodie) since Fauré.
Early life.
Poulenc came from a wealthy family. His father had a large pharmaceutical business. His mother, an amateur pianist, taught him to play the piano. The Catholic faith was important to him, as well as the artistic life. These two influences shaped his personality. The music critic Claude Rostand said that Poulenc was “something like a monk but also a rascal.
Poulenc wanted to study music at the Paris Conservatoire after his school years, but the death of both his parents changed his plans. He had lessons from Ricardo Viñes who was a great teacher for him and helped him develop as a person. Poulenc wrote his first compositions for his teacher. He met many famous people including the composers Satie, Auric and Falla and writers such as Apollinaire. He started to get his works performed, and Stravinsky helped him to get them published in London. He continued to compose while he was doing his military service, and became a member of Les Six. These six composers did not all compose in the same way, but they were good friends.
Poulenc felt that he needed more lessons and he studied with Charles Koechlin. He was asked by Diaghilev to write ballet music for "Les Biches". He composed his "Concerto for Two Pianos" and the "Organ Concerto". He was very upset by the death of Raymonde Linossier who was the only woman he ever wanted to marry. Poulenc was becoming aware that he was gay. He had a lot of emotional problems with big changes of mood.
His friendship with the singer Pierre Barnac was a great help to him professionally. Barnac was a baritone. Poulenc composed about 90 songs for him. They gave many concerts together.
Poulenc spent some periods of his life composing and other periods performing. He made a series of broadcasts on French radio. He composed a great deal of music during the 1950s. He died suddenly of a heart attack in 1963.
His music.
Poulenc was an excellent pianist and he wrote a lot of music for the piano, especially during the 1930s. He liked to create blurred effects by using the sustaining pedal a lot. Some of his best piano writing is in the accompaniment to his songs.
Poulenc’s early chamber music often uses jazz ideas. He wrote several sonatas for various instruments. He liked writing for wind instruments. His "Piano Sextet" is for piano and five wind instruments.
He wrote several works for orchestra as well as music for the stage and choral music. His "Gloria" is often performed by choirs. Children like his "Story of Babar the Elephant". It is for a storyteller and piano. Jean Françaix made an arrangement for an orchestra.

Germaine Tailleferre
Germaine Tailleferre (born Saint Maur Des Fossés, France, 19 April 1892; died Paris, 7 November 1983) was a French composer. She was one of the famous Group Les Six.
She was called Marcelle Taillefesse when she was born. When she was grown up she changed her last name to "Tailleferre" just to annoy her father because he had refused to let her study music. She studied piano with her mother at home, composing short works of her own and then began studying at the Paris Conservatoire. There she met Louis Durey, Francis Poulenc, Darius Milhaud, Georges Auric and Arthur Honegger. She won several prizes at the Conservatoire. She often met with her friends who became known as Les Six.
In 1923 Tailleferre began to spend a great deal of time with Maurice Ravel at his home in Monfort-L'Amaury. Ravel encouraged her to enter the "Prix de Rome" Competition. In 1925, she married Ralph Barton, an American caricaturist, and moved to Manhattan, New York. She stayed in the United States until 1927 when she and her husband returned to France. They divorced shortly afterwards.
Tailleferre wrote many of her most important works during the 1920s, including her 1st Piano Concerto, The Harp Concertino, the Ballets "Le Marchand d'Oiseaux" (the most often performed ballet in the repertoire of the Ballets Suédoises during the 1920s) and "La Nouvelle Cythère" which was commissioned by Diaghilev.
In the 1930s she composed the Concerto for Two Pianos, Choeurs, Saxophones and Orchestra, the Violin Concerto, the Operas "Zoulaïna" and "Le Marin de Bolivar",and her masterwork, "La Cantate de Narcisse" which she wrote with Paul Valéry. Her work in film music included "Le Petit Chose".
When World War II started she had to escape across Spain to Portugal and from there to America.
After the war, in 1946, she returned to her home in France where she composed a lot more music, much of which was not published until after her death. She was accompanist at a children's music and movement class. She wrote shorter pieces towards the end of her life because her arthritis made writing difficult.
Tailleferre carried on composing until a few weeks before her death.

Clade
A clade is a taxonomic group of organisms including a single common ancestor and all the descendants of that ancestor. A branch of a phylogenetic tree. e.g. Progoneata is a clade of millipides including Symphyla, Pauropoda, and Diplopoda

Kimbo Slice
Kevin Ferguson also known as Kimbo Slice (born on February 8, 1974) is a American mixed martial arts fighter. He began fighting in a series of web videos. He fights in backyards, airplane hangars, and nuclear power plants. He is now being trained by Bas Rutten.
Slice has six children. He used to work as a bodyguard for a porn website.

Pangaea
Pangaea (meaning "entire Earth" in Ancient Greek) was the continent that existed about 250 million years ago. Pangaea broke up into Lurasia and Gondwanaland before each of the sections were separated into the current continents.

Fatah
Fatah is a Palestinian nationalist political party. Fatah is an acronym for Harakat At-Tahriri Al-Filistiniya. That means Palestinian National Liberation Movement in English. It was created by Yasser Arafat in the late 1950s. In 1968 Fatah joined the Palestinian Liberation Organization, and in 1969 it got a leadership role. When it was founded, it did not accept the existence of Israel, but now the group officially does. The political part of the party is not considered a terrorist group by any country, but its military part, the al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades is considered a terrorist group. Fatah says that the Brigades are not a part of the party but Israel says that Fatah supports the al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades.
Fatah and the Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades.
Leaders of the brigades, and other members have said they are a military group that is a part of Fatah. On their website, and on posters they post the Fatah Emblem. Leaders of Fatah have said they didn't create the brigades, or make them the military of Fatah. Since 2002 leaders in Fatah have tried to get the brigades to stop attacking Israeli citizens.

Cheek kissing
A kiss on the cheek is a way that one person can greet another, whether it's to say “we’re friends,” “good job,” “I’m sorry” or “I look up to you.” It is done by pressing ones lips on the side of another’s face, at times repeated on both cheeks, repeating one, two, three or four times. Shaking hands or hugging can also happen.
Depending on the culture it usually doesn’t mean that the kisser loves or likes the person he or she kissed in a romantic way. It is not as normal in Asia and most of North America (not including Miami and Quebec) than in Latin America and Europe, especially in Northern Europe.

Balkh
Balkh is a small city in Balkh Province of Afghanistan. It was a big city hunderds of years ago, but it was ruind by Mongols.

Hessischer Rundfunk
The Hessischer Rundfunk ("HR") is a German television and radio broadcasting company based in Frankfurt am Main in the State of Hesse.
HR is a member of the group of German public-broadcasting institutions that makes up ARD.
The HR produces the regional television service "Hessenfernsehen" (which used to be called hessen3) and six regional radio channels.

As Sulaymaniyah Province
As Sulaymaniyah (Arabic:السليمانية, Kurdish: Parêzgay Silêmanî) is a province in east of Iraq. The capital is called Sulaymaniyah. The area is 17,023 km² and nearly 1,800,000 people live there.

Arbil Province
Arbil (Arabic:أربيل, Kurdish: هه‌ولێر Hewlêr; also written Erbil or Irbil) is a province in north of Iraq. The area 14,428 km² and 1,425,000 people live in the province.

Dahuk Province
Dahuk (also Dohuk or Duhok, Arabic:دهوك, Kurdish: دهۆك, Duhok, Assyrian: ܢܘܗܕܪܐ, Nohadra) is a province in north of Iraq. The capital is also called Dahuk. 510,000 people live in the province.

Al Anbar Province
Al Anbar (; or Anbar) is a Western Region of Iraq. The largest province in Iraq by area, it has shares borders with Syria, Jordan, and Saudi Arabia. Al Anbar is overwhelmingly Sunni Muslim Arab. Its capital is Ar Ramadi.
The name of the province is from the Arabic انبار, "’Anbār", and means "granaries," in Arabic as this region was the primary entrepot on the western borders of Lakhmid Kingdom. The famous Sunni theologian Abu Hanifa an-Nu‘man, who developed Hanafi, one of the Sunni Madh'habs (schools of thought) is associated with this region.
Before 1976 the province was known as Ramadi; before 1962, it was known as Dulaim.
People.
All the inhabitants are Sunni Muslims from Dulaim tribe.
Geography of Al Anbar.
The Euphrates River flows diagonally from the north to the southeast, passing through six of the eight districts; Al-Qa'im, Anah, Haditha, Hīt, Ramadi, Fallujah, Abu Ghraib, Ar Rutba, forms the majority of the Governorate's area, occupying the large desert area in the southwest.
Weapons in Al Anbar.
According to recent statistics, There are an estimated 20 million weapons in Al Anbar, opposed to an estimated population of 2 million, according to official reports, a ratio of ten firearms for every citizen.
It's traditional for Dulaim tribe members to keep a weapons at home.
The arms included mortars, surface-to-air missiles, anti-tank shells, rocket-propelled grenades as well as large quantities of mines, explosives and ammunition.
Iraq War events in Al Anbar.
The city of Fallujah is also in Anbar. The Iraqi resistance were widely considered to be stronger in this province than in any other in Iraq, and hostility toward Against American forces.
In late 2004 to 2007, a series of operations by US forces, was not successful in driving resistance from Anbar. Additionally, in early 2006, several clans—some including resistance groups raids against Americans forces in the area, the increase of sectarian violence in baghdad(that pushed many of the Sunni Dulaimi clans back into alliances with militants) and the continued resistance control of several cities in Anbar showed that fighting in the region was far from over. Reports in March 2006 suggested that the Anbar capital Ramadi had largely fallen under resistance control along with most of the region, as a result the US sent an additional 3,500 Marines to re-establish control of the region.
The Iraq war website icasualties has reported that 1,842 Iraqi soldier and 2220 US Soldier and 7542 Mercenary were killed in action in Anbar province between the start of 2004 and the end of February 2006. Many of these died in and around Fallujah and Ramadi.
Anbar, with Ramadi and Haditha and Hit and Al Qa'im and Fallujah in particular, is known for its inhabitants' strong tribal
and religious traditions. Allegedly, former President Saddam Hussein was constantly
wary of the volatile nature of the area. All the inhabitants of the province are Sunni Muslims from the Dulaim tribe.
The Washington Post reported on September 11, 2006 that, according to a recent U. S. Marine Corps secret report, "the prospects for securing that country's western Anbar province are dim and there is almost nothing the U.S. military can do there. reporting that there are no functioning Iraqi government institutions in Anbar, leaving a vacuum that has been filled by the Resistance group, which has become the province's most significant political force. Another person familiar with the report said it describes Anbar as beyond repair; a third said it concludes that the United States has been defeated in Anbar."
according to local government, tribal resistance had yet to materialize and Islamist forces affiliated with the Shura Council (an umbrella organization represent a number of resistance factions) staged military parades in cities throughout Anbar province including Ramadi and Haqlaniyah and Fallujah.
In November another U.S. military report was filed, confirming the earlier warning that Anbar was falling under resistance control. The report stated that "the social and political situation has deteriorated to a point that U.S. and Iraqi troops are no longer capable of militarily defeating the insurgency and Dulaim tribe in al-Anbar," and that "nearly all government institutions from the village to provincial levels have disintegrated or have been thoroughly corrupted and infiltrated by Al Qaeda in Iraq, or a smattering of other resistance groups." leaving the insurgency and al-Qaeda in Iraq as the "dominant organization of influence in al-Anbar,"
for that the American commanders threatened the Dulaim Sheikhs that ramadi be over Attack like Fallujah or you Fighting Al Qaeda resistance in Anbar, but the Sheikhs of the Dulaim tribe rejected that, until Al Qaeda killed one of the Sheikhs of Albu Resha clan (one clan of Dulaim tribe).
Sattar Abu Risha the son of Sheikh who killed by Al Qaeda, had put on him self to fighting Al Qaeda.
Sheikh Sattar Abu Risha Asked from Americans to release the Sunni arrestees (150 thousand) and Establishment Sunni Federalism in Western Iraq and The Sunni areas and provinces led by him Versus to fight Al Qaeda in Anbar and the American commanders agreed, Sheikh Sattar Abu Risha with 60 thousand man from his clan It a short time Expelled Al Qaeda from Anbar.
After the Americans forces Stop attacking and bombing The Sunni Towns and cities included ramadi A recent New York Times article describes Anbar as, "undergoing a surprising transformation. Violence is ebbing in many areas, shops and schools are reopening, police forces are growing." It continues, "Yet for all the indications of a heartening turnaround in Anbar, the situation, as it appeared during more than a week spent with American troops in Ramadi and Falluja in early April, is at best uneasy and fragile,", citing a lack of municipal services, weak local government, and failure to stop all the insurgent attacks. Still, "There are some people who would say we've won the war out here. I'm cautiously optimistic as we're going forward."
However, these challenges have been overcome as January 10th, 2008. Marine Major General Walter E. Gaskin has reported that the province is ready to be turned over to People of Anbar. as the population has embraced the emerging "Awakening Council", Sunni clans that are responsible for driving Al-Qaeda from Iraq.
but until now the Americans have not Establishment Sunni Federalism in Iraq and the Dulaim Sheikhs Angry cause the American commanders has Brought the Iraqi forces (mostly Shiites) to Anbar and have not Withdraw from Anbar and have not release the Sunni arrestees, and in Baghdad and Diyala and Babil province the Shiite militias Cooperation with the Iraqi forces Still Kidnapping and Arrested and killing sunnis and Dulaimi sunnis in particular.
for that the Coming days Perhaps witness fighting and Clashes between the inhabitants of Anbar and Iraqi forces that are not Welcome in Anbar.
Cities and The Population.
According to statistics of the Ministry of Commerce in 1999, there about million and half million inhabitants in seven major Cities in Al Anbar province.
According to statistics in 2008 The population 2,405,000 people.
According to the former regime in 2003 just the city of Fallujah (600 thousand) and Ramadi (700 thousand) exceed million and three hundred thousand people.
According to the election for the council governorate on January 30, 2005, The largely Sunni province is one of the most violent Against the occupation in Iraq and turnout was very low. Of the total population of some 2 million only 3775 voted.
According to The UN statistics in 2003 the Population of Al Anbar is 1,230,169,Ramadi (444,582), Fallujah (425,774), Al-Qaim (116,129), Hit (105,825), Haditha (75,835), Anah (37,211), Ar Rutba (24,813).
But The governor of Al Anbar Mamoun Sami Rashid Alwani says "The UN statistics are Incorrect and just included 7 major Cities from 80 cities and towns in Al Anbar" It continues, "We know our country more than strangers And Al Anbar Population about more then 3 million citizen".
Number of the Population is unknown, and there are no precise statistics Include all of the cities and towns and villages and the people of Al Anbar, just in the city of Abu Ghraib eastern Al Anbar There between 750,000 and 1.5 million inhabitants.
after the occupation The population of Al Anbar province Increase because of the sunni immigrants from Baghdad and southern Iraq, Whom are more than million people, and some areas in Al Anbar Decreased such as Fallujah and Ramadi because Hundreds of thousands of Al Anabr citizens killed by American forces using Chemical weapons and weapons of mass destruction or by Siege and Bombing cities, which lasted for four years in anbar.

Babil Province
Babil (Arabic:بابل) is a province in Iraq. The area is 6,468 km² and 1,751,900 people live in the province. The capital is Al Hillah.

Coruscant
Coruscant is a fictional planet in the "Star Wars" movies. It has been the capital of the Galaxy for many years, and during that time, the planet has become one big city.

Digital Video Broadcasting
Digital Video Broadcasting (often shortened to DVB) is a series of standards for sending digital content, like Television using digital technology.
Because the data stream can be compressed, this allows to have more TV channels per frequency range than when analogue channels are used.
There are different standards, some of them are
Digital Audio Broadcasting is something similar for audio.

Baghdad Province
Baghdad (Arabic:بغداد) is a province in Iraq. The capital is also called Baghdad.
The area is 734 km², and the province is the smallest province in Iraq.

Linguine
Linguine are a form of Italian pasta. Sometimes they are also called Linguini (this is an English-language form, and is not Italian). They are flat, like fettuccine and trenette, but narrow like spaghetti. The name means "little tongues" in Italian. Linguine "alle vongole" (with clams) is a popular use of this sort of pasta.

Basra Province
Basra or Al Basrah (Arabic:البصرة) is a province in south east of Iraq, with an area of 19,070 km². The capital is also called Basra and 2,565,893 people live in the province.

Egg (food)
Most eggs that are eaten by humans, including birds' eggs and turtle's eggs, consist of a protective, oval eggshell, the albumen (egg white), the vitellus (egg yolk), and various thin membranes, which are layers like skin. Every part is edible, although the eggshell is usually thrown away. Eggs are a good source of protein and choline.
Roe and caviar are edible eggs produced by fish.
Egg as a food ingredient.
Birds' eggs are a common food source. The most commonly used bird eggs are those from the chicken, the duck, and the goose, but smaller eggs such as quail eggs are occasionally used as a gourmet ingredient, as are the largest bird eggs, from ostriches. Most commercially produced chicken eggs intended for human consumption are unfertilized, because hens are kept without any roosters. Fertile eggs can be bought and eaten as well. There is no difference in the food value of fertilised and unfertilised eggs. Fertile eggs for eating do not have a baby bird inside. This is because eggs have to be kept cool before they are sold, and the cold stops the young inside from starting to grow.
Chicken eggs are widely used in many types of cooking. Dishes that use eggs range from both sweet to savoury dishes. Eggs are versatile, that means they can be used and cooked in many different ways. They can be pickled; hard-boiled, soft-boiled, scrambled, fried and refrigerated; or eaten raw. Roasted eggs are used at the Jewish holiday of Passover Eating raw eggs is not recommended for people who may be likely to catch to salmonella, such as the elderly, the infirm, or pregnant women.
Cooking does not change the taste of eggs, or the way they look. The body can use about 91% of the protein of a cooked eggs, nearly twice as much as from a raw egg.
Colour.
There is no difference in taste or food value between white or brown eggs. The colour of a chicken's egg depends on the breed.
In most of the United States, eggs are generally white; while in the northeast of that country and in the United Kingdom, eggs are generally light-brown. People in Brazil and Poland prefer brown or reddish eggs, because white eggs are though of as "industrial", that is, for use in commercial bakeries.. The reason some people prefer one colour of egg and other people prefer a different colour is probably because of what the colours are linked with in their minds. For example white is linked with purity, and brown-shelled eggs with greater wholesomeness in

Dhi Qar Province
Dhi Qar (Arabic: ذي قار) is a province in south east of Iraq, with an area of 12,900 km². The capital is An Nasiriyah and 1,454,200 people live in the province.

Diyala Province
Diyala (Arabic:ديالى) is a province in east of Iraq, with an area of 17,685 km². The capital is Baqubah and 1,271,000 people live in the province.

Leitmotif
A leitmotif (pronounced, “LITE-mow-teef”) (also spelled leitmotiv), is a German word meaning leading motif. It is a little musical theme that is often repeated in a piece of music, very often in opera. The leitmotif is linked in the musical story with a person or a thing or an idea. The leitmotif might be a short tune, but it can also be a rhythm or just a chord.
The word “leitmotif” is sometimes used in other things such as literature. In a book it might be an idea that keeps coming during the story. It can also be used in movies or video games.
The word “leitmotif” is particularly associated with the operas of Richard Wagner. It helps to make the story dramatic and bind it together. A leitmotif can gradually change during the opera as the character changes. Various dramatic effects can be got, e.g. the audience might hear a leitmotif and know who is coming, even before the character enters the stage. Three examples of leitmotifs from the famous Ring cycle "Der Ring des Nibelungen " are: the leitmotif for the chief god Wotan (a person), the leitmotif for the Tarnhelm, the invisibility helmet, (a thing), and the leitmotif for the Renunciation of Love (an idea).
The use of leitmotif was not completely new in the 19th century. For example: the first four notes of Beethoven's Fifth Symphony are used like a leitmotif during the whole symphony. It was, however, Carl Maria von Weber who first used it a lot in his operas. A music critic called F. W. Jähns used the word to describe Weber’s work. Hector Berlioz wrote a symphony called "Symphonie Fantastique" which has a tune which he called idée fixe (“fixed idea”) to represent the love between the two characters.
Wagner did not actually use the word “leitmotif”. He preferred to call such themes “Grundthema” (basic idea) or simple “Motiv”. Some people, such as Eduard Hanslick, who did not like Wagner’s music, thought that Wagner’s use of leitmotifs made the music too simple. They said it was like a “visiting card”. However, they probably did not want to understand the dramatic effect that it would make.
Many other composers used leitmotifs in a similar way to Wagner, e.g. Richard Strauss in his operas, Elgar in his oratorios "The Kingdom" and "The Apostles" or Alban Berg in his opera "Lulu".
Leitmotifs or music themes are also used to dramatise movies e.g. Jaws and X files

Karbala Province
Karbala (Arabic:كربلاء) is a province in Iraq, with 710,274 people living there. The capital of the province is also called Karbala, that is a holy city for Shi'a Muslims.

Pointe shoes
Pointe shoes are special shoes worn by ballerinas. They are made with a wide flat front end so that the ballerina can stand on the tips of her toes. In normal flat ballet shoes, people can not do this because the shoe will not support their feet properly.
Pointe shoes are normally only worn by female ballet dancers but sometimes male dancers will wear them. This is very rare though.
Girls will usually start en pointe between the ages of 12 and 14. Some start a little earlier than this but starting too early may be bad for the feet of the dancer. Some girls will never go en pointe. This is usually because they are not strong enough, as going en pointe means one has to have enough strength.
Construction.
All pointe shoes are handmade. There are many different companies which make these shoes. Some of them include: Bloch, Capezio, Grishko, Gaynor Mindens, Sansha and Freed Of London.
Proper fit and safety.
Its important that pointe shoes fit correctly. If they do not, it can cause the dancers feet to become sore. It can also affect the way the dancer performs in them and may cause injury to the dancer. A dancer may need to try on many pairs of pointe shoes before they find ones that fit correctly. Also, when the pointe shoes are "dead" (too soft to dance in any more), the shoes will need to be replaced.

Maysan Province
Maysan (Arabic:ميسان) is a province in southeastern Iraq, bordering Iran. The capital is Amarah and 785,068 people live in the province.

Najaf Province
Najaf (Arabic: النجف) is a province in southwestern Iraq. The province has an area of 28,824 km². The capital is also called Najaf and 931,600 people live in the province.

Ninawa Province
Ninawa (Arabic: نینوى, Kurdish: Neynewa, Assyrian: ܢܝܢܘܐ Nîněwâ) is a province in north of Iraq, with an area of 37,323 km². The capital is Mosul which lies near Tigris. 2,600,000 people live in the province.

Al Muthanna Province
Al Muthanna (also Muthanna, Arabic:المثنى) is a province in southern Iraq, bordering Saudi Arabia. The province has an area of 83,268 km², and 550,000 people live there. The capital is Samawah.

Kirkuk Province
Kirkuk (Arabic:كركوك, earlier: "At-Ta'mim", Kurdish: Garmiyan) is a province in northern Iraq, with an area of 10,282 km².
The capital is also called Kirkuk, and 949,000 people live in the province.

Provinces of Iraq
Iraq is divided into 18 provinces ("muhafazah").

Brussels-Capital Region
Brussels-Capital Region is one of the three regions of Belgium. Its official name can be in the three official languages of Belgium

Vaishali
Vaishali or Vesali (Pali) was a city located in what is currently in Vaishali District, Bihar, India. The city was the capital of the Licchavi and the Vajjian Confederacy. At the time of the Buddha, Vesali was a very large and rich city. It was crowded with people and with much food. There were seven thousand seven hundred and seven pleasure grounds and an equal number of lotus ponds.

Licchavi
Licchavi (also "Lichchhavi", "Lichavi") was an ancient republic which existed in what is now Bihar state of India, before the birth of Mahavira (b. 599 BC). Its capital was Vaishali.
From about 400 to 750 there existed a kingdom in Nepal in the Kathmandu Valley with the same name "Licchavi".
Origins of the kingdom Licchavi.
Early Buddhist legends tell that Licchavi was a ruling family during Gautama Buddha's time in India, however links to the Nepalese kingdom are speculative. The language of Licchavi inscriptions is Sanskrit, and the particular script used is closely related to official Gupta scripts. That means that India was a significant cultural influence. This was likely through Mithila - the northern part of modern Bihar, India.

Republicanism
Republicanism is the ideology of governing a nation as a republic with an emphasis on liberty and the civic virtue practiced by citizens. Republicanism always stands in opposition to aristocracy, oligarchy, and dictatorship. More broadly, it refers to a political system that protects liberty, especially by incorporating a rule of law that cannot be arbitrarily ignored by the government. According to John Adams, “They define a republic to be a government of laws, and not of men.” Much of the literature deals with the issue of what sort of values and behavior by the citizens is necessary if the republic is to survive and flourish; the emphasis has been on widespread citizen participation, civic virtue, and opposition to corruption.

Tabriz
Tabriz is the largest city in north-western Iran with a population of 1,597,319. Tabriz is situated north of the volcanic cone of Sahand and south of the Eynali mountain. It is the capital of East Azarbaijan Province.

Saber-toothed cat
The saber-toothed cats are some of the best known and most popular of ice age animals. They are among the most impressive carnivores that ever have lived. These cats had enlarged canines usually associated with the name saber tooth.
Saber Tooth Tigers probably lived in grassy plains, open woodlands, and other dry areas. Saber Tooth Tigers probably feasted on large animals such as, horses, buffalo, deer, and antelope. Saber Tooth Tigers lived in North America and South America. The saber tooth tiger was one of a kind. There are no close living relatives today but paleontologists reconstruct the skeleton of a saber tooth tiger to some of the largest living cats today.

Prosper Mérimée
Prosper Mérimée (September 28, 1803–September 23, 1870) was a French writer. He was also historian and archaeologist. He is probably best known for writing the short story, Carmen. Carmen bacame the basis for the opera Carmen, by Georges Bizet.

Jerry Hsu
Jerry Hsu (b. December 17, 1981) is an American professional skateboarder. He was born in, and currently lives in, San Jose, California. Hsu is a member of the San Jose Tilt Mode Army crew. He has several pro model skateboard decks with Enjoi Skateboards. Hsu was featured in the skateboard videos "Bag of Suck" by Enjoi. He won an award for best video part by Transworld Skateboarding Magazine and a reader's choice award for his work in the video.

Barnes & Noble
"Barnes & Noble" is an American bookstore chain, based in New York City. The company was first opened in 1873 as a printing company. Their first bookstore was opened in 1917.

Wasit Province
Wasit (Arabic: واسط) is a province in east of Iraq. The capital is Al Kut. "Wasit" is an Arabic word meaning "middle" as it lies along Tigris about midway between Baghdad and Basra.

Birth defect
Birth defect is the name people use to say that when a baby is born, there are some things, that are wrong with it. Birth defects are usually congenital; it means they are with the child from birth. However, only some of these defects are visible at birth. Some birth defects are with the child for many years before they get visible.
Some birth defects are more serious than others. Birthmarks are birth defects, as well. Some kinds are quite common. Most kinds pose little health risks.
How common birth defects are.
About 3 percent of all babies have what is called a "major physical anomaly". This is something that either impacts the way certain things look, or how they work.
Birth defects involving the brain are the most common problems. They concern about 10 per 1000 live births, compared to heart problems, at 8 per 1000, kidney problems at 4 per 1000, and limbs at 1 per 1000. All other physical anomalies together occur in 6 per 1000 live births.
Birth defects of the heart have the highest risk of death during childhood. They are the cause of 28% of infant deaths due to birth defects, while chromosomal abnormalities and respiratory abnormalities each account for 15%, and brain malformations about 12%. About 10% of deaths in children are because of a genetic disease. This is more than the number of deaths caused by infectious diseases.
China Birth Deformity Monitoring Centre says that one baby with birth defects is born every 30 seconds in China.

Scrambled eggs
Scrambled eggs is a dish made from beaten whites and yolks of eggs (usually chicken). The dish often contains other ingredients. Cream, butter, milk, water or oil (used in China) will dilute the egg proteins to create a softer texture.
Sample recipe.
The eggs and a large piece of butter are put into a saucepan over a low heat. The egg whites and egg yolks are then "scrambled" or mixed together. The mixture should be mixed together all the time they are being cooked.
When cooked a little créme frâiche is added. This is because the eggs will be hot enough to carry on cooking themselves. Adding a cool liquid will stop the eggs from overcooking. Some salt and pepper or other seasoning can be added to taste as well.
In the home the eggs can be mixed together first and then poured into a pan. The créme frâiche doesn't need to be added if the eggs will be eaten almost straight away.
Properly made, the eggs should be moist and creamy consistency. If any liquid is coming from the eggs, it means the eggs have been overcook or that the add the vegetables were undercooked.
Other methods of preparation.
Using a double boiler or "Bain Marie" means that the heat is constant, and does not to be adjusted to make sure the eggs do not brown or burn. The baine marie method is slower than cooking directly in a pan over a heat but makes it easier to cook the eggs perfectly. The eggs must be taken out of the bain marie when cooked, otherwise they will carry on cooking and spoil..
Scrambled eggs may also be made in a microwave oven by put the ingredients in a glass bowl and cooking for 30 seconds then whisking, then cooking and whisking again until the desired consistency is achieved.

Elizabeth of Bohemia
Elizabeth of Bohemia (born Elizabeth Stuart, August 19 1596 to February 13 1662) was a Scottish born Queen of Bohemia. As well as being Queen of Bohemia, she was also titled Electress of Palatine and Princess Elizabeth Stuart of Scotland Elizabeth was the oldest daughter of King James IV of Scotland (later, James I of England) and his wife, Anne of Denmark. Her brother was Charles I. She was Queen of Bohemia only for a few months so she is sometimes called "The Winter Queen".
Childhood.
Elizabeth was born at Falkland Palace in Fife, Scotland. Her father gave her the name Elizabeth to make Queen Elizabeth I of England happy. The Queen had no children. James wanted her to chose him to be King of England when she died. She later agreed and James IV became King James I of England (as well as Wales and Ireland) in 1603. Elizabeth Stuart now had a higher status. This meant meant that more important men would want to marry her.
The gunpowder plot.
At this time, there was strong fighting between Catholics and Protestants in England. King James was Catholic but many Catholics did not like him because he gave the Protestants too much freedom to do what they wanted. In 1605, a group decided to try to blow up the English Parliament with gunpowder when King James was there. This is called The Gunpowder Plot. The group planned to kidnap Princess Elizabeth from Coombe Abbey, in Warwickshire. They wanted to make her the Queen. Because she was only nine years old, important Catholics would have the real power over her kingdoms. In the end, the group were found before they could kill King James.
Marriage.
On February 14 1613, Elizabeth married Frederick V. He was the Elector of the Palatinate. She moved to his court at Heidelberg. Frederick was the leader of an important group of Protestant princes, called the Evangelical Union. James wanted Elizabeth to marry someone from this group so he could have a stronger friendship with them.
Queen of Bohemia.
In 1619, Frederick was asked to become King of Bohemia. He and Elizabeth moved to Prague. There was also strong fighting between different religious groups there. After only a few months of being King, Frederick had to leave the country. Because she was queen for such a short time, Elizabeth is sometimes called ‘The Winter Queen’. She was also called ‘Queen of Hearts’ because many people liked her.
Exile and death.
Elizabeth and Frederick lived in exile in The Hague. They could not return to Bohemia. Frederick died in 1632 and Elizabeth lived in Holland for most of the rest of her life. After her brother’s son, Charles, became King of England and Scotland, she went to London to see him. She died there in 1662, when she was 65 years old.
Children.
She had eight children in total. Charles I Louis, became Elector of the Palatine in 1648. Her other children were: Frederick Henry von der Pfalz, Elisabeth of Bohemia, Princess Palatine, Prince Rupert of the Rhine, Louise Marie of the Palatinate, Prince Maurice von Simmern, Edward, Count Palatine of Simmern and Sophia of Hanover. After the 1701 Act of Settlement, Electress Sophia and her children were made heirs to the English and Scottish thrones. This means that all Kings and Queens of Great Britain after George I are Elizabeth’s descendants.

Salah ad Din Province
Salah ad Din (Arabic:صلاح الدين) is a province in north of Iraq. The province has an area of 24,751 km². The capital is Tikrit and 1,146,500 people live in the province.

TAM Airlines
TAM Airlines ("TAM Linhas Aéreas" in Portuguese) is Brazilian airline. TAM was an abbreviation of, Air Taxis of Marília. Marilia is a town in rural São Paulo State.
TAM was founded in 1961, but since 2000 it has grown fast, and is now the biggest airline in Latin America.

Al-Qādisiyyah Province
Al-Qādisiyyah (Arabic: القادسية) is a province in south of Iraq. The capital is Al Diwaniyah.

Limb
A limb is a part of the body of a living creature, which extends from its trunk. Examples are the branches of a tree, and the legs of a man.
In normal human body, there are four limbs: two "upper limbs" (arms) and two "lower limbs" (legs). Each limb has several joints.

Natalee Holloway
Natalee Holloway (born October 21, 1986), from Mountain Brook, Alabama, United States, disappeared on May 30, 2005 during a graduation trip in Aruba. Holloway remains officially missing to this day, although according to Aruban authorities, she is most likely dead. The disappearance generated a media sensation in both the U.S. and Aruba and sparked considerable interest in the Netherlands.

Louise and Charmian Faulkner disappearance
Louise Yvonne Faulkner (aged 43) and Charmian Christabel Alexis Faulkner were a mother and daughter who disappeared without a trace from outside their residence at 39 Acland St, St Kilda, Victoria, Australia in 1980. Journalists have referred to the disappearance which remains unsolved as the 'St Kilda Mum Mystery.' They are pressumed dead.

Australosphenida
Australophenida are a clade of mammals which has nearly entirely died out. Today, living specimen exist only in Australia and New Guinea with only five surviving species species, but fossils have been in Madagascar and Argentina. Species consist are of the platypus and echidnas.

Steropodontidae
Steropodontidae was a family of monotremes that are known fossils from the Early Cretaceous in Australia.

Steropodon
"Steropodon galmanii" was a prehistoric species of monotreme, or a egg-laying mammal, that lived during the middle stage, in the Lower Cretaceous period. It is the earliest kwon relative of the Platypus.

Kollikodon
"Kollikodon ritchiei" is an fossil monotreme species. It is known from an opalised teeth frgament, with one premolar and two molars in situ. The fossil was found al Lightning Ridge, New South Wales, Australia.

Teinolophos
"Teinolophos trusleri" was a prehistoric species of monotreme, or egg-laying mammal. It is known from a lower jawbone found in Flat Rocks, Victoria, Australia. It lived during age of the Lower Cretaceous.

Obdurodon
"Obdurodon" is a extinct monotreme genus. "Obdurodon" differed from modern Platypuses in that it still had teeth (except for juveniles, the modern platypus does not have teeth).

Curtiss P-40
The Curtiss P-40 (also called the Tomahawk, Warhawk, and Kittyhawk) was a fighter aircraft that could also be used for attacking things on the ground. It was made by Curtiss. It first flew in 1938 and saw combat during World War II. It was not as fast high up as the German Luftwaffe fighters, but was used a lot in other places. It was used not only the United States Army Air Force, but also a mercenary air force called the "Flying Tigers." They put the mouth of a shark on their P-40s. It could fly to 360 miles per hour. In 1948, the United States Air Force stopped using it.

Flying Tigers
The Flying Tigers was a group of American fighter pilots from the United States Army Air Force, the United States Navy, and the United States Marine Corps. Clair Lee Chennault commanded it.
History.
During 1937, Clair Lee Chennault retired from the American military and became the military advisor to China. He to looked at their air force. It was bad, and could not fight their enemy, Japan. In 1938, Chennault was going to make the Flying Tigers. In late 1941, after Pearl Harbor, the Flying Tigers started fighting the Japanese.
The airplane they used was the Curtiss P-40 Warhawk. There were about 100 of the fighter aircraft. They could not turn with the Japanese fighters, such as the A6M Zero, Ki-43 Oscar, and Ki-27 Nate, but the P-40 was tough, had more guns, and was faster in a dive.
The Flying Tigers stayed in World War II for the whole time.
Things the Flying Tigers were famous for.
The Flying Tigers are well-known for things. One thing was their airplane paint, which had a shark face on the sides. They were also known for fighting hard during the war. Franklin D. Roosevelt had said they were good.
List of aces.
The following are flying aces from the Flying Tigers, with their air-to-air victory credits: (In alphabetical order).

Shusha
Shusha also known as Shushi is a town in the region of Nagorno-Karabakh. Shusha was a popular mountainous-climatic recreation resort in the Soviet Union. It was also the only large settlement in the Soviet autonomy of Nagorno-Karabakh (1921-1991) with predominantly non-Armenian population. The city was also a major center of Armenian cultural and economic life through the early years of World War I.
Shusha was founded in 1750-1752 (according to other sources, 1756-1757) by Panah-Ali khan Javanshir (r. 1748-1763), the founder and the first ruler of the independent. The first capital of the Karabakh khanate was castle of Bayat, built in 1748 in the district of Kebirli. However, soon afterwards Panah Ali khan realized that in order to secure himself and his newly-established khanate from external threats, and especially from the invasions from Iran, he needed to build a new more reliable castle.

Doritos
Doritos are a brand of flavored corn (maize) tortilla chip snack. They have been made by the American food company Frito-Lay since 1966. They come in many flavors, including Nacho Cheese, and Cool Ranch.

Mount Silverthrone
Mount Silverthrone is a 20 km wide, deeply dissected caldera complex in southwestern British Columbia, Canada. Most of its eruptions occurred during the last ice age and the products have since been heavily eroded. It is the highest peak in the Ha-Iltzuk Icefield, which is the largest icefield in the Coast Mountains south of the Alaska Panhandle.

AIM-9 Sidewinder
The AIM-9 Sidewinder is a short-range air-to-air missile, which means it is shot from an aircraft and is supposed to hit an aircraft. It is heat seeking, which means it locks on to heat. It first flew in 1953, and went into air forces in 1956. It was used during the Vietnam War along with the AIM-7 Sparrow, but was not good. At the time, it would hit only 10-20% of the time, and could be fooled. Sometimes it could lock on to the sun or other bogus heat source and not an enemy airplane.
The problems were later fixed, and the new Sidewinders have a good hitting rate. It is in a lot of air forces. The missile can hit from 11 miles. It is used a lot.

X-intercept
The x-intercept of a line on a graph is where the line touches (intercepts) the x-axis.

Liberty
Liberty means the condition in which an individual has the ability to act following his or her own will, with other words political freedom.
Liberal conceptions of liberty think mainly of the freedom of the individual from outside compulsion. A socialist perspective, on the other hand, thinks of equality. As such, a socialist connects liberty (i.e. freedom) to the equal distribution of political power (i.e. democracy). They argue that liberty without equality means the domination of the most powerful. Thus, freedom and democracy are seen as connected.
John Stuart Mill, in his work, "On Liberty", was the first to recognize the difference between liberty as the freedom to act and liberty as the absence of coercion (being forced to do something).

Liberty (disambiguation)
Liberty generally means the condition in which an individual has the ability to act following his or her own will.

Dignity
Dignity in humans involves the earning or the expectation of personal respect or esteem.

Dignity (disambiguation)
Dignity in humans involves the earning or the expectation of personal respect or of esteem.

Voluntary association
A voluntary association or union is a group of individuals who voluntarily enter into an agreement to form a body (or organization) to work together for a purpose.
In most of the cases no formalities are necessary to start an association. But in some jurisdictions, there is a minimum for the number of persons starting an association, in others the association must register with the police or other official body to inform the public of the association's existence. This is not necessarily a tool of political control but much more a way of protecting the economy from fraud.
Legal status.
In most countries, an unincorporated association does not have separate legal personality, and nor do members of the association usually enjoy limited liability. However, in some countries they are treated as having separate legal personality for tax purposes.
Associations that are organized for profit or financial gain are usually called partnerships. A special kind of partnership is a co-operative which is usually founded on one man—one vote principle and distributes its profits according to the amount of goods produced or bought by the member. Associations may take the form of a non-profit organization or they may be not-for-profit corporations; this does not mean that the association cannot make benefits from its activity, but all the benefits must be reinvested. Most associations have some kind of document or documents that regulate the way in which the body meets and operates. Such an instrument is often called the organization's bylaws, regulations, or agreement of association.

Islam
Islam (Arabic:) is the name of a religion founded by Muhammad in ancient Arabia in the 7th century. People who follow Islam are called Muslims. They believe in only one God, That God is called "Allah," which is the Arabic phrase for "the (only) God". There is no plural for Allah in the Arabic language. Muslims believe that Muhammad was the last prophet (or messenger) of God. Muslims read a holy book called the Qur'an. Muslims also look to other writings, the Sunnah and Hadith, as important guides. In Islam there is only one unforgivable sin, that is worshipping another god or giving gods qualities to a person, animal or drawing.
As well as having religious laws, Islam has laws on how the government should be run. These laws are called "Shariah Law". Lawyers have looked at Shariah, and interpreted it; these interpretations are called Fiqh.
Unlike Christianity and Judaism, Islam was not named after its founder, Muhammad, because Muhammad was not considered "holy."
Quran.
The most holy book in the religion of Islam is the Quran. The Quran is assumed to be the sayings of "Allah". Islam teaches that the Quran was revealed by Allah, or God, to Muhammad with the help of an angel called Gabriel. It also teaches that the Quran is in heaven and that it is a perfect book. The Quran has a total of 114 chapters. In each chapter there are many verses. Many Muslims try to memorize the entire Quran and ones that do are generally called upon as Hafiz or Hafez.
Other important books are the Sunnah, or biographies of Muhammad and Hadith compilations, which are collections of sayings attributed to Muhammad.
The Five Pillars of Islam.
There are five things that Muslims should do. They are called "The Five Pillars of Islam".
1. Faith: The Testimony (al-Shahada in Arabic) is the Muslim belief that there is no god but Allah Himself, and that Muhammad is His messenger.
2. Prayer: Muslims pray five times at special times of the day.
3. Charity: Muslims who have money must give alms (Zakah or Zakat in Arabic) to help poor Muslims in the local community.
4. Fasting: Muslims fast during Ramadan, the ninth month of the Islamic year. They do not eat or drink from sunrise till sunset for one lunar month. After Ramadan, there is a holiday called "Eid al-Fitr" (English: Festival of end-fast). Muslims usually have a party with families and friends and go to the mosque in the morning for a special service.
5. Hajj (Pilgrimage): During the Hajj season, many Muslims go to Makkah, the holiest city of Islam, which is in Saudi Arabia. Muslims must make the hajj at least once in their life if they can afford to do so. There is no need if a Muslim does not have the money to make the Hajj. At the end of Hajj season, there is a holiday called "Eid al-Adha" (English: Festival of Sacrifice). Muslims in general who can afford or who have made the Hajj must buy an animal, and cook as food or give away to the poor, if they have the money for it. Muslims believe that Abraham, one of Allah's earliest messengers, was told by Allah on the day of Eid al-Adha to sacrifice his son in Jerusalem. But the angel Gabriel congratulated Abraham's obedience to Allah and gave him a lamb instead.
Place of Worship.
Muslims, the people who follow the religion of Islam, pray in a holy place called the "mosque". Most mosques have at least one dome and some have one or more towers. But a mosque does not need to have a dome or tower. Muslims take their shoes off before entering the mosque to pray. Prayer is one of the most important things that a Muslim does.
Different movements and beliefs.
Like with other religions, over the time different movements have developed in Islam. These movements are based on different interpretations of the scriptures.
Sunni.
"Sunni Islam" is the biggest movement in Islam. About 90% of Muslims are Sunni. After Muhammad died, the Sunnis believed that Abu Bakr should lead Islam. This is because they believe leaders of Islam should be chosen by the consensus of the Ummah, the Muslim world. After he died Omar took his place then Othman then Ali. All of them were companions of Prophet Mohammed and lived in Medina. Sunni beliefs are usually based on the Qur'an and the Sunnah.
Shi'a.
The "Shia" are the second largest movement in Islam. About 7.5% of Muslims are Shi'a. They believe that before Muhammad died, he chose his cousin Ali to come after him as the caliph, the leader of the Muslim world. Shia Muslims think Ali was the first Imam, a leader who was closer to Allah than others. The children of Ali were seen as the next Imams. Shi'a beliefs include the Qur'an and Sunnah, but also the beliefs of the Imam.
Kharijite.
"Kharijites" were a movement during the early years of Islam. This movement has no followers today. At first they accepted the rule of Ali, but rejected him to later support the view that Abu Bakr, and his successors were the rightful Caliphs. The only group of Kharijites that still exists are the Ibadi. The Ibadi do not consider themselves to be Kharijite. Most Ibadis live in Oman. Smaller numbers live in Algeria, Tunisia, Libya and Zanzibar.
Sometimes, the term "Kharijite" (or "Neo-Kharijite") is also used for some islamic terrorist groups. Examples of such groups are the Groupe islamique armé in Algeria, or the Takfir wal-Hijra in Egypt.
Sufism.
The "Sufi" are not a movement like the Sunni or the Shia. They focus more on the spiritual and mystic elements of Islam. Some followers of Sufism are Sunni, others are Shia.
Criticism.
Islam has widely been criticised. Some of the first people who criticised Islam in writing were Christians, like John of Damascus (born about 676). In the medieval period, some Arab philosophers like the poet Al-Ma'arri also criticised Islam. The Jewish philosopher Maimonides compared Islamic views of morality to the Jewish approach that he himself believed in and believed that it was a rip off of the Jewish and Christian religions with a few minor changes to suit Mohamed and his egotistical pursuit of fame and quest to start a new religion and to become equal to the likes of Moses and Jesus. Medieval Christian writers thought that Islamic beliefs were not valid. They tried to show Muhammad was possessed by Satan. In the 19th century, the Orientalist (eastern countries and beliefs) scholar William Muir wrote harshly about the Qu'ran.
In modern times, critics also say that Islam does not tolerate the view that Islamic law may be too harsh on some accounts. This is especially the case when punishing those Muslims that reject or criticize the accepted views of Islam. Other critics see Muhammad's personal life negatively. Others question how authentic the Qu'ran is and if it can impose moral guidelines. These reports also say that women may be treated badly by Islamic law and practice.
Some people have responded to these forms of criticism. Montgomery Watt and Norman Daniel say that some of the criticisms are the product of old myths and polemics. Carl Ernst writes that Islamophobia has played a part in establishing those myths.

United States
The United States of America are states on the continent of North America.
Other names for the United States of America.
The United States of America has many different names.
Government.
The federal government is set up by the Constitution. There are three branches of government. They are the "executive branch", the "legislative branch", and the "judicial branch". State governments work very much like the federal government.
Executive branch.
The executive branch is the part of the government that enforces the law. Members of the U.S. Electoral College elect a President who is the leader of the executive branch, as well as the leader of the Armed Forces. The President decides whether or not the bills that the Legislative branch passes will become laws, and the President may veto any bill. The President may also make "executive orders" to ensure that people follow the law. Two of the most famous executive orders were President Abraham Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation and President Dwight D. Eisenhower's order to send 1,200 soldiers from the 101st Airborne Division to allow the Little Rock Nine into a school that refused to admit African Americans students. The President is in charge of many departments that control much of the day-to-day business of government. For example, Department of Commerce makes rules about trade and business. The President chooses the heads of these departments, and also nominates judges at the federal (nation-wide) level. However, the Senate, part of the legislative branch, must agree with all of the people the President chooses. The President may serve two 4-year terms, making 8 years in all.
Legislative branch.
The legislative branch is the part of the government that makes laws. The legislative branch is called Congress. Congress is divided into two "houses".
One house is the House of Representatives. The House of Representatives is made up of Representatives, who are each elected by voters from their own state. The number of Representatives a state has is based on how many people live there: the more people a state has, the more representatives it gets. Every 10 years, the U.S. Census Bureau conducts a census, or count, of the population of the United States. States gain or lose Representatives based on their total population as shown by the census. Representatives serve two-year terms. The total number of representatives today is 435. The leader of the House of Representatives is the Speaker of the House, who is also the person who would become president if the President or Vice President were unable.
The other house is the Senate. In the Senate, each state is represented equally, by two Senators. Because there are 50 states, there are 100 senators. Before the President makes treaties or appoints officials, the Senate must approve them. Senators serve six-year terms. The Vice President of the United States serves as president of the Senate, but may only cast votes in order to break a tie vote. In practice, the Vice President is usually absent from the Senate, and a Senator is selected to serve as president pro tempore, or temporary president, of the Senate.
Representatives and Senators propose laws, called "bills", in their respective houses. A bill may be voted upon by the entire house right away or may first go to a small group of members of that house, known as a committee, which may recommend a bill for a vote by the whole house. If one house votes to pass a bill, the bill then gets sent to the other house; if both houses vote for it, it is then sent to the President, who may sign the bill into law or veto it. If the President vetoes the bill, it is sent back to Congress. If Congress votes again and passes the bill with at least a two-thirds majority, the bill becomes law and cannot be vetoed by the President.
Under the American system of federalism, Congress may not make laws that directly control the states; instead, Congress may use the promise of federal funds or extenuating circumstances, such as national emergencies, to encourage the states to follow federal law. This system is both complex and unique.
Judicial branch.
The Judicial Branch is the part of government that interprets what the law means. The Judicial Branch is made up of the Supreme Court and many lower courts. If the Supreme Court decides that a law is not allowed by the Constitution, the law is said to be "struck down" and is no longer a valid law. The Supreme Court is made up of 9 judges, called Justices, who are nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate. One of these 9 Justices, called the Chief Justice, heads the Court. A Supreme Court Justice serves until he or she dies or resigns (quits in the middle of his or her term). When that happens, the President nominates someone new to replace the Justice who left. If the Senate agrees with that choice, the people become a Justice. If the Senate does not agree with the President's choice, then the President must nominate someone else.
Famous court cases such as "Marbury v. Madison" (which was decided in 1803) have firmly established that the Supreme Court is the ultimate interpreter of the United States Constitution and has the power to strike down any law that conflicts with it.
History.
The place now called "the United States" has been inhabited since prehistoric times by Native American tribes. In time, Europeans "discovered" and eventually began establishing colonies in the eastern part of today's United States of America. The Netherlands, Spain, France, and England were the primary European countries that competed to settle and exploit the resources of the "New World." In 1607, the British founded Jamestown, their first North American colony. What started as a small settlement on the James River in the present-day state of Virginia expanded into 13 colonies as the British Crown granted land to other explorers who founded other settlements along the coast of the American continent, from present-day Georgia to the present-day St. Lawrence River and beyond. Some of these early colonists traveled vast distances to America to escape religious persecution, while others went to find new business opportunities or adventure. Eventually, the British came to dominate the continent and British customs and laws took root, with some exceptions and differences that eventually led to tensions between England and her American colonies.
The many native tribes had long spread across the North American continent, but the arrival of the Europeans proved disastrous for them. The Europeans brought diseases, like smallpox, that killed many Native Americans, since they had never been exposed to these diseases before and had developed no natural immunity, while the Europeans had been used to them for a very long time. Also, as the colonists began to prosper and multiply, they sought new land and freely took it from the native peoples. They killed many native, destroying whole tribes, and forced many to leave the land where their peoples had lived for thousands of years. In a very few cases, the colonists did buy land from the native peoples.
After a while, the colonists who settled in the British colonies became dissatisfied with British rule. Among their primary concerns, the colonists felt that the heavy taxes the British made them pay were unfair because they were not being represented in the British government. "No taxation without representation," became a popular phrase, and infamous acts of the British Parliament, including the Stamp Act and the "Intolerable" Acts, angered many Americans. Many Americans, including Samuel Adams, John Adams, John Hancock, Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, George Washington, among others, began to feel that independence was the only way to secure their rights as free men. Committees were created in each of the 13 colonies to begin organizing resistance to the perceived oppression by the British government. Eventually, Britain began sending troops in order to quell what appeared to be a rebellion brewing. Events like the Boston Massacre and the Battles of Lexington and Concord in Massachusetts swayed public opinion behind the cause of the revolutionaries. By 1775, the colonists had formed a Continental Congress and sent representatives, and after much debate, the Continental Congress voted to declare independence from Great Britain. On July 4, 1776, its members signed the United States Declaration of Independence. This said from that point on, the 13 colonies were free and independent states; however, the independence of the new United States of America was not secure. From 1775 until 1781, the Americans fought Great Britain in the American Revolutionary War. In 1781, General George Washington and an allied force of American and French troops defeated the British at Yorktown, Virginia, effectively winning the war. Great Britain formally recognized the independence of the United States in the Treaty of Paris, signed in 1783.
During the American Revolution and immediately following it, the United States was much more loosely organized than it is today. Each state had greater political power than the United States as a whole. In other words, the government was not centralized. This government structure was set in 1781. The document that established this structure was called the Articles of Confederation.
After a brief time, many in the United States wanted a stronger government. In 1787, Congress called a convention at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in order to revise the Articles of Confederation. The result of the convention was an entirely new constitution. The Constitution of the United States was ratified by 9 of the 13 states in 1789 and became the law of the land. The Constitution is a written document that establishes the structure and function of the United States government. As promised during the ratification process, a set of 10 changes, or "amendments" that became known as the Bill of Rights was added to the original Constitution. These amendments limited the government's power and guaranteed certain rights to the citizens. The U.S. Constitution has been changed and added to many times since its creation. The main idea is that the U.S. government is a representative democracy elected by the people, all of whom have the same rights. However, not all did have the same rights, since only white males who owned property could vote and most black people in the United States were bound in slavery. This was finally changed after the bloody American Civil War, by the addition of the 13th, 14th, 15th, and 19th amendments to the Constitution.
Industrialization, Slavery, and the American Civil War.
The United States was mostly farm land before the industrial revolution around the mid-19th century. Many new states were added to the original 13, and the nation grew.
In 1861, after decades of disagreement over the issues of states' rights and slavery, as well as the addition of new states in the west, 11 southern states attempted to secede from the United States and began forcefully seizing federal military posts in the South, sparking the American Civil War. The remaining United States, which were often referred to as the "Union" during the war, were primarily composed of the more prosperous northern states, while the "Confederacy" was made up of the seceding southern states. After numerous large-scale battles that cost the lives of hundreds of thousands of men and civilians, the Union eventually won the war with the surrender of Confederate troops under General Robert E. Lee to Union General Ulysses S. Grant at Appomatox Courthouse, Virginia. The surrender formally reunited the country, in territory at least, and meant the end of slavery in the United States.
After the Civil War, there were more problems in the west between the white settlers and the native Indians as more people began to move west. Because of this, many more Indians were killed.
Expansion, Influence, and World Wars.
In the early years of the 20th century, the U.S. slowly gained more influence in world affairs. In 1917, the US became involved in World War I and helped to defeat Germany and its allies. After World War I, the United States was suddenly the world's second richest and most powerful country. The U.S. became torn between assisting a devastated Europe with its recovery and strong isolationist sentiments among Americans who were disillusioned by the terrible European war. In general, the 1920s were years of economic boom in the U.S.
The Great Depression began in 1929 and continued throughout the 1930s, leaving many Americans without work, without homes, and without food. There were many reasons for the Great Depression, but the stock market crash of 1929, in particular, made the Depression so damaging. Many people, who had invested their savings in stocks lost a great deal of money in a very short amount of time. Some people lost all of their investments in only a few days, since the stocks they had bought in the years leading up to the crash were now worth almost nothing.
Later, the US was involved in World War II, and helped to defeat Nazi Germany and her allies. The war also allowed the U.S. economy to recover from the Great Depression and left the United States as one of the world's only two superpowers. The 1950s, especially, were prosperous years in America as her troops returned from the war and revitalized the American economy.
The Global War on Terror.
On September 11, 2001, the United States was struck by a major terrorist attack. More than 3,000 civilians were killed, including many firefighters, police officers, and medical workers who responded to the scene. The terrorists took control of four airplanes in order to deliberately crash the planes into important American buildings.
Two of the planes crashed into the World Trade Center, a pair of skyscrapers in the financial district of New York City. One plane crashed into the Pentagon, the main headquarters building for the U.S. military, located near Washington, D.C. in Virginia. The fourth plane crashed in an open field in Pennsylvania after the passengers fought the hijackers aboard the plane.
Most of the hijackers were from Saudi Arabia and all were members of a group called al-Qaeda, led by Osama bin Laden. Al-Qaeda soon admitted they were behind these attacks. The terrorist organization was based in Afghanistan, where they were supported by the Afghan government, which was then under the control of a fundamentalist group known as the Taliban.
The attacks led to sweeping changes in the U.S. government and the national security structure of the U.S. The United States responded militarily to the attacks in October of 2001 by going to war against Afghanistan and driving out the Taliban, claiming that the Taliban were supporters of al-Qaeda. In March of 2003, the United States again invaded Iraq and ended the government of Saddam Hussein. The war in Iraq created political tension in the U.S., as many Americans disagreed with the U.S. government's motives for invading and its plans to end the war successfully.
Politics.
The United States of America consists of 50 states, 5 territories and 1 district, all of which have 'limited autonomy.' This means that states can make laws about things inside the state, but if the national government makes laws that say different things, the law the state made is not a law any more, and people only have to follow the national law. Each state has a constitution of its own, different from the federal (national) Constitution. Each one of these is like the federal Constitution, but they only talk about how each state's government is set up.
The federal and state government is dominated today by two groups of politicians (called political parties): the Republicans (who are usually more conservative) and the Democrats (who are usually more liberal), although other people can sometimes be elected too, like people from the Green Party or the Independent Party. The two main parties get support from different people and businesses, who give money to the parties. This means that elections can cost a lot of money. In return, parties will sometimes pass laws that help the people who gave them money. This is a problem in American politics.
Right now, the President is Republican, but the Democrats have control of Congress, which means that neither party has enough votes to decide what direction the country's policies will go.
The USA's large cultural, economic, and military influence has made foreign relations, or relations with other countries, an especially important topic in American politics, and the politics of many other countries.
Land.
The United States has grown from 13 states in 1776, to 50 states, 5 territories (Guam, Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Northern Mariana Islands, US Virgin Islands), 1 district (District of Columbia) and other lands (Guantanamo Bay, Johnston Atoll, etc.) today. The US states and territories are like what are sometimes called provinces for some countries.
The country grew from east to west. It conquered and bought lands. It also divided some states into two.
The states are also divided into smaller counties. Two states use different words other than "county". Louisiana uses the word "parish". Alaska uses the word "borough".
The Philippines was once a colony of the United States, but it is now an independent country.
The U.S. military has bases in many countries.
The U.S. Naval base at Guantanamo Bay was rented from Cuba, and kept after that country had a Communist revolution.
Geography.
The United States is the third biggest country in the world. Its geography varies a lot.
The climate varies along with the geography, from tropical (hot and wet in summer, warm and dry in winter) in Florida to tundra (cold all year) in Alaska. Large parts of the country have warm summers and cold winters. Some parts of the United States, like parts of California, have a Mediterranean climate.
Economy.
The United States has a capitalist economy. The country has steady economic growth, low unemployment and inflation, and a large trade deficit (meaning the United States buys more things from other countries than it sells).
The country has rich mineral resources, with many gold, oil, coal and uranium deposits. Farming makes the country among the top producers of, among others, corn (maize), wheat, sugar and tobacco. American produces cars, airplanes and electronics. About 3/4 of Americans work in the service industry.
Demographics.
Most of the people in the United States descend from European immigrants. Many people are descended from Germany, England, Scotland, Ireland, Africa, and Italy.
In recent years, many Hispanics have come from Mexico and other parts of Latin America, especially to the U.S. Southwest. Many of these people cross the border illegally. Some Americans are unhappy about that, and are also unhappy about having more use of the Spanish language in the United States (see Languages in the United States). Some people have suggested building a fence on the Mexican border to keep illegal immigrants out, and there are already many border patrols.
Many people in the United States are African-American. Most of them descend from the African slaves that were brought to America.
A third large minority is Asian-American. Many of them are on the West Coast.
The original peoples, called Native American or "American Indian"s and Inuit (Eskimos) are a very small group.
The 2000 Census counted self-reported ancestry. It identified 43 million German-Americans, 30.5 million Irish-Americans, 24.9 million African-Americans, 24.5 million English-Americans, and 18.4 million Mexican-Americans.
Money.
The social structure of the United States has a big range, meaning some Americans are much, much richer than others. For example, 51% of all households have access to a computer and 41% had access to the Internet in 2000, a figure which had grown to 75% in 2004. Globally, less than one percent of people own a computer. Furthermore, 67.9% of Americans owned their homes in 2002. The average income for an American was $37,000 a year in 2002.
Religion.
The level of Christianity in the US is declining. 86.2% called themselves Christian in 1990 and 76.5% said this in 2001 (). The religious memberships in 2001 were Protestant 52%, Catholic 24.5%, none 13.2%, 2% Buddhist, Jewish 1.3% and 0.5-0.3% for Muslim, Agnostic, Atheist, Hindu and Unitarian Universalist. There is a large difference between those who declare themselves to be of a religion and those who are members of a church of that religion. (PDF file) show that church membership in 2001 was 53% Christian, 2.3% Jewish and 0.1% Muslim, others lower.
Languages.
The United States doesn't have an official language, but English is the most used language. Spanish has also become more used and is becoming popular, especially among high school students and business people.
Culture.
American popular culture goes out to many places in the world. It has a large influence on most of the world, especially the Western world.
American music is heard all over the world, and American movies and television shows can be seen almost anywhere.
This was very different from when the country was younger.
Now most big American cities have classical and popular music; research centers and museums, dance performances, musicals and plays; outdoor art projects and architecture.
The United States is also a center of higher education. It has more than 1,500 universities, colleges, and similar institutions. Some of them are very prestigious.

Helen Keller
Helen Keller was an American writer and speaker. She was born in Tuscumbia, Alabama in 1880. When she was eighteen months old she became sick and lost her eyesight and hearing.
When Helen was seven years old, her family decided to find a teacher for her. They wrote to Michael Anegnos, who was the director of the Perkins Institute and Asylum for the Blind. They asked him to help them find a teacher for their daughter. He wrote to them and told them that he knew a young teacher and her name was Anne Sullivan. Anne traveled to Alabama to live with Helen’s family and to teach her. Anne went to live with the Keller family in March, 1887.
Anne helped Helen to learn how to communicate with other people. She taught her the names of things by writing the words on Helen’s hand. In 1890, Helen’s family sent her to the Perkins Institute to learn how to speak and communicate. When she was nineteen years old, Helen went to Radcliffe College in Massachusetts. She graduated from Radcliffe in 1904. She was the first deaf and blind person to obtain a Bachelors of Arts degree.
In 1903, Helen wrote a book about her life. It was called "The Story of My Life". She wrote twelve other books. Some of them became movies, like The Miracle Worker, made in 1962. She tried to help poor people and other blind people during her life. Helen traveled to over 39 countries with Anne to talk about her life and experiences. She also wrote a book about Annie Sullivan called "Teacher". Helen Keller died on June 1, 1968, at Arcan Ridge in Connecticut.

Pausanias (geographer)
Pausanias (Greek:) was a Greek traveller and geographer of the 2nd century A.D., who lived in the times of Hadrian, Antoninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius. He is famous for his "Description of Greece" (), a lengthy work that describes ancient Greece from firsthand observations, and is a crucial link between classical literature and modern archaeology.
Biography.
Pausanias was probably a native of Lydia; he was certainly familiar with the western coast of Asia Minor, but his travels extended far beyond the limits of Ionia. Before visiting Greece he had been to Antioch, Joppa and Jerusalem, and to the banks of the River Jordan. In Egypt he had seen the Pyramids, while at the temple of Ammon he had been shown the hymn once sent to that shrine by Pindar. In Macedonia he had almost certainly viewed the traditional tomb of Orpheus. Crossing over to Italy, he had seen something of the cities of Campania and of the wonders of Rome. He was one of the first to write of seeing the ruins of Troy, Alexandria Troas, and Mycenae.
Work.
Pausanias' "Description of Greece" takes the form of a tour in Ionia on the coast of Asia Minor and in the Peloponnese and part of northern Greece. He constantly describes ceremonial rites or superstitious customs. He frequently introduces narratives from the domain of history and of legend and folklore, and it is only rarely that he allows the reader to see something of the scenery.

Dignitas
In Ancient Rome, "Dignitas" was regarded as the sum of the personal influence that a male citizen acquired throughout his life. It included personal reputation, moral standing, and ethical worth and the man's entitlement to respect and proper treatment as well.
The word does not have a direct connotation or translation in English. Some interpretations include dignity (merely a derivation) and prestige. The Oxford Latin Dictionary defines the expression as fitness, suitability, worthiness, visual impressiveness or distinction, dignity of style and gesture, rank, status, position, standing, esteem, importance, and honor.
Origins.
Authors who had used "dignitas" extensively in their writings and oratories include M. Tullius Cicero, Julius Caesar, Cornelius Tacitus, and T. Livius (Livy). The most prolific user was Cicero, who initially related it to the established term auctoritas. These two words were highly associated, auctoritas was thought to be the expression of a man’s "dignitas".
The changing definition of dignitas.
Over the course of Ancient Roman history, "dignitas" took on different meanings over time, adjusting for the gradually changing viewpoints of society, politicians, and the various authors.
Years after Caesar's death, his heir Augustus rejected the contemporary meaning of "dignitas". Augustus found the related term "auctoritas" to be a suitable alternative.

Tacitus
Publius (or Gaius) Cornelius Tacitus (ca. 56 – ca. 117) was a senator and a historian of the Roman Empire. The surviving parts of his two major works—the "Annals" and the "Histories"—report about the reigns of the Roman Emperors Tiberius, Claudius, Nero, Galba, Otho, Vitellius, and Vespasian.

Connotation
Connotation is a meaning that is suggested or implied, as opposed to a denotation, or literal definition.
Usage.
Today the word has different meanings, but it is always used for the contrast of a word or phrase with its primary, literal meaning (known as a denotation). That can be an implied value judgement or feelings.

Margrave
A Margrave () is a German nobleman.
Originally the Holy Roman Emperor would give a Markgraf an area of the borders (the Marches or) to look after. The Margrave would have to protect the people in the area from invaders, and at the same time protect the empire.
A Markgraf ranked higher than a count or earl (), but lower than a duke. The Margraves of Brandenburg were in control of such an important area that they were made Electors of the Holy Roman Empire, which was the highest honour in the Imperial Parliament. There were no Kings in the Empire, so when the Margraves of Brandenburg took control of some territory outside the empire as well, they could call themselves King in Prussia.
As the Middle Ages ended and Europe and the Holy Roman Empire became more secure the military importance of the Margraves became less. At the end of the German Empire in 1918, there were no Markgrafs left. All had been given higher title, but may have kept the Markgraf title as an extra. The Kings of Prussia, for example, always kept the lower title Margraves of Brandenburg.

Meppel
Meppel is a town and a municipality in the north east of the Netherlands (in the province Drenthe). On January 1, 2007 it had about 31,063 inhabitants. It had a density of 558/km² (1,445.2/sq mi). The timezone in Meppel is CET.
History.
Meppel received city rights in 1809. It's the oldest town of Drenthe.
In the World War II almost all the Jew of Meppel were killed. 232 of the 250 were killed, so 18 servived it. Now there is a monument in Meppel for all the died Jew.
Municipality.
These are the cities in the municipality of Meppel.

Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar
Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar (1465 - 1524) was a Spanish soldier and colonial administrator (a "Conquistador").He conquered and governed Cuba for Spain. He is often called "Diego de Velázquez" by Dominican historians (that is the name used in the).
He was born in Cuéllar, near Segovia, Spain. He came to America in the second voyage of Christopher Columbus in 1493. He spent 17 years in the Hispaniola, living most of the time in the southwestern region of the island.
He worked together with the Spanish governor Nicolás de Ovando in the fight against the Taíno Indians of the region. He founded and governed several towns: Azua de Compostela (1504), San Juan de la Maguana (1503), Bánica (1504), Salvatierra de la Sabana (1504, now Les Cayes, Haiti), Santa María de la Verapaz (near the present Port-au-Prince, Haiti), Villanueva de Yáquimo (now Jacmel, Haiti).
In 1511, he left from Salvatierra de la Sabana with 300 men and three or four ships to the island of Cuba to conquer that island. He was the first governor of the island and he founded several cities, Nuestra Señora de la Asunción de Baracoa (the first European city in Cuba and its first capital) in 1511, San Salvador del Bayamo (1513), Santiago de Cuba in 1514 and Havana in 1515.
In 1517 he sent Juan de Grijalva to explore the coast of Mexico and in 1518 he sent Francisco Hernández de Córdoba to explore the coast of Yucatán. Then in 1519 he sent his secretary, Hernán Cortés, to conquer Mexico with about 450 soldiers but when Cortés got to México (in Veracruz), he broke all relations with Velázquez.
Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar died in Santiago de Cuba in 1524.

Denotation
Different aspects of meaning.
Several parts of meaning may be called denotation. That depends on the contrast being drawn.
In logic and semantics, denotational always attracts the extension meaning "in the pair", but the other element genuinely varies. See intension for some more discussion.
A denotation is the strict, literal, dictionary definition of a word, devoid of any emotion, attitude, or colour.
Denotation often links with symbolism, as the denotation of a particular media text often represents something further; a hidden meaning (or an Engima Code) is often encoded into a media text (such as the images below).

Victoria Silvstedt
Victoria Silvstedt (born September 19, 1974 in Skelleftehamn, Sweden) is a Swedish fashion model and actress. She is also a former winner of Playmate of the Year,which is chosen by Hugh Hefner.

Donner kebab
The doner kebab (or "donner kebab", but seldom "döner") kebab with salad and sauce is a very popular dish in the United Kingdom.
The usual kebab supplier (or "kebab shops") in the UK will offer hot chilli sauce and garlic yoghurt-style sauce. In different areas of the UK barbecue sauce, burger sauce, lemon juice, or a mint sauce similar to raita is also popular.
UK "doner kebab" often uses a different mixture of spices, because immigrants from Cyprus operate a major proportion of the takeaways. Menus typically offer doner, shish (lamb and chicken) and kofte kebabs, with a 'special' including portions of each with bread and chips. "Doner meat" is often also offered as a pizza or burger topping in such establishments.
The part of the animal used to produce the meat is not generally made clear; consequently, there are a lot of myths and jokes flying around as to the source.

Murder of Meredith Kercher
The murder of Meredith Kercher occurred on the night of November 1, 2007. The English student was stabbed to death in Perugia, Italy. Kercher had been part of a student exchange programme. She had gone to Italy to complete her degree course. Two men and a woman are in custody, as suspects, in Italy.

Lindsay Hawker
Lindsay Ann Hawker was a 22-year old British citizen who was murdered in Japan in early 2007. Hawker's naked body was found buried in a sand-filled bathtub on the apartment's balcony. She had severe injuries to her face and arms, and her possessions were strewn across the room.The case remains unsolved. Tatsuya Ichihashi is the prime suspect in her killing.

Meredith Monroe
Meredith Monroe (born December 30, 1969) is an American actress She is best-known for her role as Andie McPhee on Dawson's Creek from 1998 to 2000. She was a series regular in Seasons 2-3, appearing in several episodes at the beginning and end of season 4, and was a special guest star in the final series episode in Season 6, though these scenes were cut from the televised episode.

Michelle Williams (actress)
Michelle Williams (born September 9, 1980) is an Academy Award-nominated American actress. Williams broke into stardom on the teen series Dawson's Creek and later graduated to full length features, such as Brokeback Mountain, for which she earned an Oscars nomination for Best Supporting Actress.

Pernilla Wiberg
Pernilla Wiberg (born October 15 1970 in Norrköping) is one of the most successful Swedish alpine skiers. She won the giant slalom in the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville and the Alpine combination at the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer as well as 24 wins in the Alpine skiing World Cup between 1991 and 1999. She was elected a member of the International Olympic Committee in 2002.

Ebba von Sydow
Ebba von Sydow (born February 18, 1981 in Gothenburg, Sweden) is a Swedish journalist and author. She is the great-granddaughter of Swedish prime minister Oscar von Sydow, and also related to actor Max von Sydow and politician Björn von Sydow.

Lulu (opera)
"Lulu" is an opera by the composer Alban Berg. Berg took the story from two plays called "Erdgeist" and "Die Büchse des Pandora" by the German playwright Frank Wedekind. Berg wrote the libretto (the words for the opera) himself.
Many people found "Lulu" very shocking because the story is very decadent. There is a lot of blood, murder, sex and violence in it. Also: Berg’s music was quite difficult to understand. He uses twelve tone music, which is not in any particular key, although he uses it to make a style of music which is often very Romantic and expressive.
Composition.
Berg started to write the opera in 1929, but then he stopped working on it to write his Violin Concerto. When Berg died, he had not finished the last act of the opera, he had only sketched it. Schoenberg was asked whether he would finish the opera, but he thought it would be too much work. When the opera was first performed in 1937 there were only two acts: the opera was unfinished. Berg’s widow, Helene, said that nobody was allowed to finish it and that it should stay unfinished. For more than 40 years that is how the opera was performed.
When Helene died in 1976 a man called Friedrich Cerha finished the opera, guessing what Berg might have written. This completed version was performed in 1979 at the Opera Garnier, conducted by Pierre Boulez.
Famous sopranos who have sung the main part of Lulu include Teresa Stratas, Anja Silja and Christine Schäfer.
The story.
Prologue: A circus ringmaster introduces all his animals. The last one is Lulu herself, who is carried on stage and introduced as a snake.
Act I.
Scene 1: Lulu, the wife of Dr. Goll, an old doctor, is having her portrait painted. Dr. Schön, a newspaper editor who rescued Lulu when she was living in the streets, is now having a love affair with her. Dr. Schön’s son Alwa arrives, excuses himself, and he and Dr. Schön leave. The Painter wants to make love to Lulu. Dr. Goll unexpectly walks in, sees that the two of them are alone, collapses and dies of a heart attack.
Scene 2: Lulu has now married the Painter. She gets a telegram which says that Dr. Schön is engaged to be married. Schigolch, a tramp, visits her. He seems to have had something to do with her in the past. Dr. Schön arrives. He talks as if Schigolch is Lulu's father. He has come to ask Lulu to stay out of his life from now on. She takes no notice and leaves after her husband, the Painter, arrives. Dr. Schön tells the Painter about their affair, and says he must talk to his wife about it. The Painter leaves, but instead of going to talk to Lulu he cuts his own throat and dies. Lulu does not seem to care and simply tells Dr. Schön "You'll marry me all the same."
Scene 3: Lulu, working as a dancer, is sitting in her dressing room with Alwa. They talk about a Prince who is in love with Lulu and who wants to marry her. Lulu leaves to go on stage, but refuses to go on because Dr. Schön and his fiancée are in the audience. Dr. Schön, comes in to try to persuade her to perform. When the two are left alone, she tells Schön that she is thinking of leaving with the Prince to go to Africa. Dr. Schön realises that he cannot live without her, and Lulu makes him write a letter to his fiancée saying that he does not want to marry her. Lulu carries on with the show.
Act II.
Scene 1: Lulu has now married Dr. Schön, who is full of jealousy because so many men seem to love Lulu. One of them, the lesbian Countess Geschwitz, visits her to invite her to a ball, but leaves when Dr. Schön disapproves. When the two go out, the Countess returns and hides. Two other admirers, the Acrobat and the Schoolboy, also enter, and all begin to talk to Lulu when she returns. Alwa arrives, and the admirers hide as Alwa tells Lulu he loves her. Dr. Schön returns, sees the Acrobat, and begins a long argument with Lulu. Gradually he finds the other people who are hiding. He gives Lulu a revolver, and tells her to kill herself, but she shoots Schön instead. The police arrive to arrest Lulu for the murder.
Interlude: during the music of the interlude a silent movie is shown. In it, we see Lulu being taken by the police, tried in court, and put into prison. Then we see her deliberately getting the illness cholera and being taken to hospital. The Countess Geschwitz visits her, and gives her her own clothes, so that Lulu can escape disguised as the Countess.
Scene 2: The Countess Geschwitz, Alwa and the Acrobat are in the same room as Act II, Scene 1. They are waiting for Schigolch, who is to take the Countess to the hospital. She is going to give up her own freedom by taking Lulu's place so that nobody will discover she has escaped until it is too late. The Acrobat says he is going to marry Lulu and move with her to Paris where the two will work in an act together. Schigolch leaves with the countess, then returns with Lulu, who is so ill from her disease that the Acrobat does not follow his plan, but goes off to get the police instead. Schigolch is sent off to buy train tickets, and, left alone, Alwa and Lulu say they love each other and agree to go away together.
Act III.
Scene 1: Lulu and Alwa are now living in Paris. The scene is a party in a casino. Lulu is being forced by blackmail to work in a Cairo brothel by the Acrobat and a pimp. The police still want her for Dr. Schön's murder and the Acrobat and the pimp say to her that they will take her to the police if she does not do as they say. Schigolch arrives, asking for money. She is persuaded to lure the Acrobat away to a hotel and murder him. After they have gone, news arrives that the railway company has run out of money. The guests have all got money in the company. The party quickly breaks up, and in the confusion, Lulu manages to change clothes with a young man. She escapes with Alwa just before the police arrive to catch her.
Scene 2: Lulu and Alwa are now living with Schigolch. They are poor are in London so that the police cannot find them. Lulu is working as a prostitute. She arrives with a client, a professor (played by the same actor as Dr. Goll, Lulu's first husband). The Countess Geschwitz then arrives with a portrait of Lulu which she has brought from Paris. Alwa hangs it on the wall. Lulu goes out, and returns with another client, the Negro (played by the same actor as the Painter, Lulu's second husband). He refuses to pay before making love, and kills Alwa in a struggle. Schigolch takes the body away while Geschwitz thinks about killing himself, but then gives up the idea when she realises that Lulu does not care. Eventually, Lulu goes out and comes back with a third client (played by the same actor as Dr. Schön, Lulu's third husband). He aregues over the price, and is about to leave when Lulu decides she will sleep with him for less than her usual fee. This client, who is actually Jack the Ripper, murders Lulu, and then on his way out kills the Countess as well, who swears her love to Lulu as the curtain comes down.
Structure.
The shape of the whole opera is often said to be like a mirror - Lulu's popularity in the first act is mirrored by the poverty she lives in during Act III. Also, Lulu's husbands in Act I are played by the same singers as her clients in Act III. In the middle of the opera is the movie. Even some of the music is a palindrome (it reads the same forwards as backwards).
Some of the characters have their own music which, in each case, is a theme made of twelve notes. This is the twelve-tone system which was invented by Berg’s teacher Arnold Schoenberg. By giving each character a theme he is using the idea of a leitmotif which was used a lot by Wagner.

Howard University
Howard University is an African-American college in Washington, D.C..

Seth MacFarlane
Seth MacFarlane is the creator of "Family Guy" and "American Dad". He was born on October 26, 1973, in a Connecticut town named Kent.
Early years and beginning of "Family Guy".
MacFarlane went to Rhode Island School of Design (RISD), a school in Rhode Island where he studied animation. He made a short cartoon film named, "The Life of Larry" during his senior year. He worked at Hanna-Barbera writing and making cartoons for "Johnny Bravo". FOX, a media network, saw "The Life of Larry" and offered him $50,000 to make a pilot.

Taylor Horn
Taylor Ashley Horn (born October 12, 1992) is an American pop singer-songwriter and actress. To date, she has released two albums, one EP and a single. She has worked with Grammy Award winning songwriter Don Rollins on her third album "Changes" and was a subject of interest in the British documentary, "Britney's Redneck Roots" about fellow pop singer and Kentwood, Louisiana resident, Britney Spears. She also played Lilly Rose Walker in a made-for-television movie for PBS titled "Artists in the Forest" in 2004, although the movie never aired.

Tanuki
Tanuki is a word for the Raccoon Dog in Japanese. Tanukis are seen in Japanese folk tales.

Megalibgwilia
"Megalibgwilia" is a genus of echidna only known from fossils from Australia, it incorporates the oldest known echidna species.

Ajax the Great
Ajax the Great or Aias (ancient Greek: Αἴας) son of Telamon, was a well-known hero from the Trojan War. He was the cousin of Achilles. Ajax dies by committing suicide, after Achilles dies and he is in a contest with Odysseus to see who gets Achilles's armor and he loses.

Phoenicia
Phoenicia was a civilization in the north part of Canaan, the holy land for Christians and Jews. Phoenicia existed from 1200 BCE to 900BCE. People from Phoenicia had their own language called the Phoenician language, which is important to very many modern languages.

Seattle Seahawks
The Seattle Seahawks are a professional American football team from Seattle, Washington. They started playing football in 1976. They are currently members of the Western Division of the National Football Conference (NFC) in the National Football League (NFL). The Seahawks played football in the SuperBowl in 2005, but were defeated by the Pittsburgh Steelers. The Quarterback (player who either throws the ball or gives it to a runner) for the Seahawks is Matt Hasselbeck.

Salisbury
Salisbury is city in the southern part of England. Salisbury is very close to many important rivers. Salisbury has a very big Cathedral - a type of Christian church - which is special because it has four copies of the Magna Carta. Salisbury has a population of 45,000 people. Salisbury is close to Stonehenge.

Jan Ullrich
Jan Ullrich ((born on 2 December 1973 in Rostock, Germany) is a retired German bicycle rider. He was very good in riding in the mountains. In Individual time trials he was one of the best cyclists at his time. He won the Tour de France in 1997. Jan Ullrich is the only German athlete who has won this event.
Beginning.
Jan Ullrich started cycling early. When he was ten years old, he won his first race. After Germany's reunification he went to a club in Hamburg. In 1993, when Ullrich was 19 years old, he won the World Amateur Road Race championship in Oslo, Norway. In this year Lance Armstrong won the Professional World Race championchip. The year after, he became third in the Individual Time Race championchip. After this succes he became a professional member of the German Team "Team-Telekom".
Tour de France.
Jan Ullrich first rode the Tour de France in 1996. There he won a stage and became overall second, after his team mate Bjarne Riis. Some experts say, Jan Ullrich could have won the Tour the France that year, but he didn't because he helped his team-mate over the Tour.
In 2007 Bjarne Riis said that he used drugs to win the Tour. In 1997 Jan Ullrich won the Tour the France, when he was 23 years old (fourth youngest winner of the Tour since 1947). During this year he won the Tour de Swiss, German-Tour and HEW-Cyclassics. At the end of the year, he was elected as the "sports person of the year" in Germany.
Doping.
Many of Jan Ullrichs Team-members said, he was taking drugs in the 90s. In 2002 he tested positive for amphetamine. He said he took pills in a disco, without knowing that they were an illegal substance. He was suspended for 6 months. In 2006 Ullrich was suspected to be a client of Fuentes. In 2007 a DNA-test gave the evidence that he was one, and that he was planning to use the illegal blood doping
. Jan Ullrich still says that he has never taken drugs with the intention of fixing a race.

Lincoln, Lincolnshire
Lincoln is a small city in Lincolnshire, England. Lincoln has a cathedral that is one of the biggest in the world. Lincoln has a population of 101,000 people.

Burj el-Barajneh
The settlement of Burj el-Barajneh in Lebanon was set up as a Palestine refugee camp in 1948 and was laid siege to by the Israeli army and local Christian Phalangists during 1982, after Israel invaded Lebanon earlier that year.

Coelacanth
A Coelacanth is a fish that lives in the Indian Ocean. Coelacanths are very rare. Coelacanths are also found as fossils as old as some dinosaurs.
Characteristics.
The Coelacanth is the only living example of the fossil Coelacanth fishes. They are also the closest link between fish and the first amphibian creatures which made the transition from sea to land in the Devonian period (408-362 Million Years Ago). That such a creature could have existed for so long is nearly incredible, but some say that the cold depths of the West Indian ocean at which the Coelacanth thrives, and the small number of predators it has, may have helped the species survive eons of change.
Discovery.
The Coelacanth was first discovered in 1938 by Marjorie Courtenay Latimer, the curator of a small museum in the port town of East London, as she was visiting a fisherman who would let her search through his boat's catch for interesting specimens.

Tent city
The term tent city is used to describe a variety of temporary housing facilities made using tents. Informal tent cities may be set up without authorization by homeless people or protesters. As well, state governments or military organizations set up tent cities to house refugees, evacuees, or soldiers. Tent cities set up by homeless people may be similar to shanty towns, which are informal settlements in which the buildings are made from of scrap building materials.
Environmental disasters and homeless people.
Since Hurricane Katrina made landfall in August of 2005, the term has been used to describe temporary housing sites set up for Gulf Coast residents who were left homeless by the storm. Some of the tents that were built by Seabees and funded by FEMA are wooden structures covered by tents. With the exception of indoor plumbing, most of the tents have heat, air, and lights. The tent city can hold as many as 250 occupants. Displaced residents are only expected to stay for three to six months. In late December 2006, the St. Vincent de Paul Society in Saint Petersburg, Florida established an encampment on their property when dozens of homeless moved off of public land across the street from the society. In early January 2007, city officials noted city codes that prohibit living in tents and gave the society one week to evict the occupants of the tent city.
For travelers on The Hajj to Mecca.
Every year, the Saudi Arabian government's Ministry of Hajj sets up a tent city to support Muslim pilgrims in the village of Mina, where the ritual Stoning of the Devil takes place as part of the overall Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca. A tent city is also established annually at Mount Arafat, another essential stop during the Hajj. Because up to four million pilgrims may be performing the Hajj annually, the tent cities are densely inhabited with 20-40 people per tent. As such, fire and disease outbreaks are constant concerns. Since the late 1990s, Saudi authorities have started using fireproof tents to reduce the risks of a major fire.
Military uses.
In the military, the term "tent city" usually refers to temporary living quarters erected on deployed military bases, such as those found in Bosnia or Iraq. Depending on the branch of service and the length the tent city has been in place, the living space may be equipped with most modern amenities. For sanitary reasons, military tent cities place toilet, shower, and laundry facilities at least 50 feet (15m) from living quarters. Also, tents are typically divided into clusters of 8-10 to prevent the rapid spread of fire, which is of utmost concern because of the tent and bedding materials.

Norwegian Refugee Council
The Norwegian Refugee Council (NRC) (Norwegian: "Flyktninghjelpen") is an independent, non-governmental organisation in Norway which helps refugees and internally displaced persons around the world.
The NRC protects the rights of people who have been forced to leave their countries, or their homes within their countries. It is the only Norwegian group that specialises in international efforts for these types of people.
The NRC was established in 1946 with the name "Aid to Europe", to help refugees in Europe after World War II. Today, the NRC is an independent, private organisation. It works closely with the United Nations and other organisations around the world, as well as in Norway.

Euphemism
Euphemism is the use of a word (or phrase) that replaces another one that one thinks to be too offensive or vulgar.
It also may be a replacement of a name or a word, that could reveal a secret or holy and sacred names to the uninitiated. It may also be used to obscure the identity of the subject of a conversation from potential eavesdroppers. A well known example for many is the replacement of "Lord Voldemorts" name by "You-Know-Who" or "He-Who-Must-Not-Be-Named" in Harry Potter. Some euphemisms are intended to be humorous.
Usage.
When a phrase is used as a euphemism, it often becomes a metaphor whose literal meaning is dropped. Euphemisms may be used to hide unpleasant or disturbing ideas, even when the literal term for them is not necessarily offensive. This type of euphemism is used in politics.

List of German Presidents by age
This is a list of German Presidents since 1919 by age at death. Where the person is still living, the age is calculated up to.

List of German Chancellors by age
This is a list of German Chancellors since 1871 by age.
Where the person in question is still alive, the age is worked out up to.

Boscobel House
Boscobel House is a house located on the Shropshire/Staffordshire border, near Wolverhamptonand Albrighton, England. It was built around 1632 when landowner John Gifford of White Ladies Priory turned a farmhouse into a hunting lodge. Charles II famously hid in a tree at the Boscobel House to escape discovery by Parliamentary soldiers after the Battle of Worcester in 1651. The tree became known as the Royal Oak
42 days after the Battle of Worcester, Charles escaped to France on a coal ship called "Surprise". Nine years later, Charles ll was invited back to England to become king. In 1660, he came back to England to be the king and Charles named that day "Oak apple day".

Wismar
Wismar is a small town in northern Germany on the Baltic Sea, in the state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern,
about 45 km due east of Lübeck, and 30 km due north of Schwerin. It has a university and a harbour.

Dysphemism
Dysphemism means the usage of an harsh word or expression instead of a polite one. It is more or less the opposite of euphemism.
Examples of dysphemism are “dead tree edition” for the paper version of an online magazine, or the American military personnel’s use of “shit on a shingle” for their common breakfast of creamed chipped beef on toast.
Dysphemism is common in everyday language. Sports teams don't actually "slaughter" or "annihilate" one another, and while a losing team may be disappointed or angry, they are unlikely to be "shattered"; few companies actually "crush" their competition; no one is actually "dumb as a box of rocks" (see hyperbole).

Christian worship
In Christianity, worship has been thought as by most Christians to be the central act of Christian identity throughout history. Many Christian theologians have called humanity "homo adorans", which means "worshipping man," and so the worship of God is at the very centre of what it means to be human.
Overview.
Throughout most centuries of Church history, Christian worship has been primarily liturgical, symbolised by prayers and hymns, whose texts were closely related to, the Scripture. Set times for prayer during the day were made (based mostly on Jewish models), and a festal cycle throughout the Church year pointed out the celebration of feasts and holy days relating to the events in the life of Jesus, the lives of the saints, and features of the Church's view of God.
A large amount of importance was placed on the forms of worship, as they were seen in terms of the Latin phrase "lex orandi, lex credendi" ("the rule of prayer is the rule of belief") — that is, the details of someone's worship show, teach, and govern the principle beliefs of the community. To change the patterns and content of worship were to change the faith itself. So even though there was always a certain amount of variety in the early Church's liturgical worship, there was also a great deal of unity. Each time a heresy appeared in the Church, it normally came by a shift in worship for the heretical group. Orthodoxy in faith also meant orthodoxy in worship, and vice versa.
Early Church Fathers.
The very early development of Christian worship is lost in history, but Christian worship is, normally, fixed in the worship of Judaism. The Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles present the very early Christians as visiting both the Temple and synagogues, as well as worshipping in private homes, frequently to "break bread," a term which signifies both the sharing of a meal and, when used in that context, celebrating the Eucharist. Acts 2:42 shows the very early Church of Jerusalem as "continuing in the Apostles' teaching and fellowship [or communion], the breaking of bread, and the prayers."
Contemporary worship.
In general, worship for the Eastern churches and for the Catholic and Anglican churches in the West is centered in regular celebration of the Lord's Supper, celebrated by a priest with more or less participation from the whole body of believers that are there. This tradition, variously known as the Mass, Divine Liturgy, Eucharist or Communion, continues in the Anglican church and among some Protestants. A worship service in these traditions is centered on the sharing of bread (or bread and wine) although it also includes prayer, the reading of Scripture, and usually singing and some form of teaching or sermon.
In many Protestant traditions, however, Communion is celebrated rarely or not at all, and corporate worship is centered on a formal sermon, which may resemble a lecture. Worship in such a context also generally is described by spoken prayer, Scripture, and music, mainly hymns.
In virtually all Christian traditions, this regular public worship is accompanied by other forms of worship, such as prayer and study, small group prayer (often linked with Bible study), and formal ceremonies on special occasions, including weddings, funerals and events of Church or state.
Holidays and seasons.
The most popular religious holidays in the Christian calendar are Christmas, which is after the Advent season, and Easter, which is after Lent and Holy Week. While Christmas is very popular, especially in Western countries, Easter is liturgically by far the most important celebration.

Prose
Prose is writing without regular rhythm and is very similar to everyday communication. That makes the most important difference to poetry.
The word prose comes from the Latin "prosa", meaning straightforward, hence the term "prosaic," which is often seen as negative. Prose writing is usually adopted for the description of facts or the discussion of whatever one's thoughts are, incorporated in free flowing speech. It may be used for newspapers, caper stories, magazines, encyclopedias, broadcast media, movies, letters, debtor's notes, famous quotes, murder mystery, history, philosophy, biography, linguistic geography and many other forms of media.
Prose generally has no formal structure like meter or rhyme that is often found in poetry. Although some works of prose may happen to contain traces of metrical structure or versification, a conscious blend of the two forms of literature is known as a prose poem.

Caper story
The caper story is a special sort of crime story. In the typical caper story, one or more crimes happen (especially thefts, swindles, or occasionally kidnappings) in full view of the reader. The actions of the police or detectives may also be told, but are not that important for the story.
The typical elements of caper stories are humor, adventure, or unusual cleverness or audacity.
Examples of the caper story.
The "Dortmunder" stories of "Donald E. Westlake" are very funny tales where unusual thefts happen; in another storiy, Dortmunder's gang steals the same gem several times, steals an entire branch bank, and kidnaps someone from an asylum by driving a stolen train onto the property.

14 BC
__NOTOC__
Year 14 BC began at a Tuesday

Tina Watson
Christina "Tina" Thomas Watson, 26 years old, was an American woman from Alabama. She died on her honeymoon in Queensland, Australia in 2003. She had only been married 11 days. At first, it was believed that she died in a scuba diving accident.
Media attention.
The story has received much mediaattention. There were other people diving near them when Watson died. One diver photographed Watson while taking a picture of another diver on holiday. This picture showed Tina when she was on the bottom of the sea. This was not known until a couple of weeks later when the pictures were developed. Investigators are not certain if Tina was already dead in the picture or if she was still trying to survive.
This story was featured in a 90-minute documentary that was shown on "Dateline NBC" on Monday May 19, 2008.
Investigations.
In January 2008, this event was still under investigation because things her husband said about the accident had changed several times. Tina's husband David Gabriel "Gabe" Watson has not returned to Australia since the event. He also did not testify during the inquest. Gabe Watson claimed hundreds of thousands of dollars in insurance money from her death until it was believed that he may have killed her. In March 2005, Mr. Watson started legalaction in Alabama's Jefferson County Circuit Court to get back the cost of their trip after the travel insurance company refused a pay him. In court filings, Mr Watson referred to the Australian investigation into his wife's death. He said it caused him "to reasonably apprehend that he risks self-incrimination in this case". Mr Watson's Australian legal team believed "it was not in his best interest" to continue to legal action against the insurance company. Mr. Watson's US-based lawyer, Bob Austin added that Mr. Watson would not be voluntarily "going back to Australia".
June 19, 2008, Townsville coroner David Glasgow said that there was enough evidence to charge David Gabriel Watson with the murder of his wife. A warrant was issued for his arrest and the extradition process begun. In November 2008, charges were filed against Mr. Watson. Glasgow said that he believed that it was likely that Watson killed his wife by holding her underwater and turning off her airsupply.

City of Wakefield
The City of Wakefield is in West Yorkshire, England. As well as Wakefield there are five other big towns - Normanton, Pontefract, Featherstone, Castleford and Knottingley - and some smaller towns in the City area. Most people who live in those towns will tell other people that they live in those towns, instead of telling them that they live in Wakefield. Wakefield has a population of about 320,000 people.

Io (moon)
Io is a moon of the planet Jupiter. It is Jupiter's third biggest moon with a diameter of 3642 km, being slightly bigger Earth's moon. Io has about 400 active volcanos.

Cormorant
Cormorant are a family of seabirds. There are about 40 different species of Cormorants. In some areas, they are also known as Shags.
Description.
Cormorants range in size from as little as 45 cm (18 in) and 340 g (12 oz) to a maximum size 100 cm (40 in) and 5 kg (11 lbs). Most cormorants, including nearly all Northern Hemisphere species, have mainly dark feathers. Some Southern Hemisphere species are black and white. A few species are very colorful. Many species have areas of colored skin on the face. These areas can be bright blue, orange, red or yellow. They usually become more brightly colored in the breeding season. The bill is long, thin, and sharply hooked. Their feet have webbing between all four toes.
Habitat.
Cormorants breed on rocky headlands and islands as well as near inland lakes, marshes and reservoirs. The birds spend the winter on coasts, estuaries, rivers, lakes and reservoirs.

Tour de France 2006
The 2006 Tour de France was the "93rd Tour de France". It took place from July 1 to July 23, 2006. The winner was Óscar Pereiro. Floyd Landis was the first person to finish the race, but was disqualified on September 20, 2007 for taking the drug testosteron during the 17th stage of the race.
The Tour began in Strasbourg, on the French-German border. It ended Sunday July 23 in Paris. The distance of the race was 3657 km (2272 mi). The race was the third fastest in average speed. Along the way, the cyclists passed through six different countries including France, The Netherlands (a stop at Valkenburg in Stage 3), Belgium (at Huy, Stages 3 and 4), Luxembourg (at Esch-sur-Alzette, Stages 2 and 3), Germany (though not stopping there, Stage 1) and Spain (Pla-de-Beret, Stage 11). For the first time since the 1999 race, there was no team time trial.
One day before the start of the Tour, there was a doping-scandal. 13 racers were removed from the tour, because it was believed that they were working together with Fuentes. Two of the 13 riders were the expected to do well in the race. They were Jan Ullrich and Ivan Basso.

Beth Phoenix
Elizabeth Carolan (born November 24, 1980) better known by her ring name Beth Phoenix, is an American professional wrestler. She currently works for World Wrestling Entertainment wrestling on "RAW". She is the current WWE Women's Champion.

Cartridge (firearms)
A cartridge is the package that has inside of it a bullet, gunpowder and primer all inside a metal sheath. It is made to fit neatly with the chamber of a gun.

Hong Kong Island
Hong Kong Island is an island in the southern part of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region in China. Hong Kong island has most of the city of Hong Kong on it. Hong Kong island is 80.4 km2 in size. In the Chinese language, Hong Kong Island is spelled 香港島.

Communist Party of China
The Communist Party of China (spelled as 中国共产党 in Chinese, also called the CPC) is the dominant political party and founder of the People's Republic of China. The leader of the CPC is named Hu Jintao

Tatar language
The Tatar language is a Turkic language that is spoken by Tatar people. The tatar language is in the Turkic language family.

Medici
The Medici family was a very important family in Florence, Italy from the year 1200 to about 1600. Three Popes were part of the Medici family (Popes Leo X, Clement VII, and Leo XI), and so were many leaders of Florence during the Renaissance. The Medicis were important because they ran many banks.

Giordano Bruno
Giordano Bruno (1548 – February 17, 1600) was an Italian philosopher, priest, cosmologist, and occultist. Bruno is known for his mnemonic system based upon epistemology. He was an early proponent of the idea of an infinite and homogeneous universe. He was burnt at the stake as a heretic by the Roman Inquisition.

Wheel of Fortune (US game show)
Wheel of Fortune is a game show on television. It was created by Merv Griffin in 1975 and it is still on television today.

Shalom
Shalom (שלום) is a Hebraic word which means "peace". Like in English, it can concerns as well the peace between two parts, as an inner peace, being calm or the quietness of a person. It is also used as a mathod of greeting which is equal to "hello", "good day (morning, afternoon, high noon...)" or "good bye".
The root of the word "shalom" can be realted to "le-shalem" which means "to complete, to reward, to pay, to compensate". For this one can say that it is more than the absence of conflict of opposition (struggle) or the breaking of the unfriendliness. But "shalom" also means a return to the balance, to justice, and to the complete equality.
In general, one uses the word "shalom" as the short form of the sentence "Shalom Aleichem" (exactly "Peace is with you") that can be translated as "good day (morning, afternoon, high noon...)" (a greeting). This is very similar to the Arabic phrase "Salam Alaykum" (سلام عليكم) which is again a greeting meaning "Peace be with you".

Villa Gordiani
Villa Gordiani is a park situated in Rome. Several Roman ruins,some of them still well preserved, are scattered throughout the park.

Massachusetts Bay Colony
The Massachusetts Bay Colony was a small town in the modern state of Massachusetts. It was created by the English in 1629, and got its name from a group of Native Americans that were living close to the colony. It is near the city that is now called Boston.
The people who lived in the Massachusetts Bay Colony were called Puritans. Puritans are one kind of Christians that read the Bible very seriously. The Massachusetts Bay Colony was the place where Thanksgiving was first celebrated.
This colony was also the home of a man named John Winthrop, a man who built his house on top of a hill to "be closer to god"

About a Girl
"About a Girl" is a comedy television series, which was first shown on October 5, 2007 on The N in the United States, and Global in Canada. It is the first scripted comedy for The N.
Plot.
The series centers around Amy, a young college co-ed who moves in a apartment off campus with four guys, when she finds out her dorm room is a uninhabitable sty. Her new roommates are wild, unpredictable, and...kind of hot.

Number line
A number line is a line with integers (...-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3...) on it extending into infinity. Usually, zero (0) is placed in the middle of the line. The numbers have an equal space from each other. Other numbers in between the numbers on the line represent rational, irrational, and other types of real numbers.
There is another number line'", equally valid and useful, that extends vertically through 0 (the origin) at right angles to our traditional number line and uses imaginary numbers ("i")also extending into infinity. These so called imaginary numbers extend above and below the traditional number line and are used in very real calculations in many areas of science and technology.

Tunicate
Tunicates (called Tunicata or urochordates, also called Sea squirts) is a subphylum of chordates. They are filter feeders. Most of them look like a sack. Chemical substances which might help fight diseases like cancer or various viruses have been found in some species.
Scientists have also found out that some species can heal some damage done to them, over several generations. A similar process might be possible for humans.

Zheng He
Zheng He (spelled 鄭和 in Chinese) (1371-1433) was an explorer, diplomat, and admiral from Ming Dynasty China. Zheng He was the leader of a very large fleet of Chinese ships that traveled all over the Indian Ocean and Southwest Asia. Zheng He was an eunuch of China's Imperial Court. The fleet that Zheng He commanded had 317 ships that were very large. 28,000 Chinese soldiers were on board these ships.
Early Life.
Zheng He was born in Yuannan Province. His birth name was Ma He (馬三寶). He came from Kunyang, which was Mongolian territory. In 1381, the Ming Dynasty sent an army to stop the Mongolian rebellion. Zheng He was captured and became a servant. Because Prince Zhu Di wanted him as his eunuch servant he had him castrated. This was in 1385 when he was 13 years old. Ma He became a servant at the Imperial Court. The name, Zheng He, was given to him by the emperor. Also the name Sanbao was used for him meaning "Three Treasures". This tresures were his penis and testicles which were cut of.
Journeys.
From 1405 to 1433, Zheng He went on seven journeys to the Indian Ocean, or what the Chinese people called the "Western Ocean". He was the leader of a large fleet of ships and a big army.
In his first three journeys he visited the countries of Southeast Asia, India and Sri Lanka. In his fourth to seventh journeys he went as far as the east African coast. In his journeys he gave the countries he visited gifts of silk, porcelain, gunpowder and other gifts. He got lots of unusual gifts as well, including giraffes and zebras.
Zheng He usually made peace with other countries and his army made would-be enemies afraid. At age 20 he was a great sailor who been in the chineses that traveled through the east coast and west coast that had been realer recorded in a big book. Later on he married a chinese woman named lin that had a family of 3 kids. One become a general, the daughter become a royal heir and his last son just become emperior of another empire.

Georg Büchner Prize
The Georg Büchner Prize (German: Georg-Büchner-Preis) is the most important literary prize of Germany. It was created in 1923 in memory of Georg Büchner and was only given to artists who came from or were closely tied to Büchner's home of Hesse.
In 1951, the prize changed to a general literary prize, given yearly by the "Deutsche Akademie für Sprache und Dichtung". It goes to German language authors, and the annual speech by the recipient takes place in Darmstadt. Since 2002, the prize has been endowed with 40,000 Euros.

Brigham Young University Hawaii
Brigham Young University Hawaii, or "BYU-Hawaii" for short, is an undergraduate institution that educates some 2,400 students from Asia, the Pacific islands, the U.S., and other parts of the world.
The campus is located in Laie, Hawaii. It is owned and operated by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. It was founded in 1955 by Mormon prophet David O. McKay.

Australopithecus africanus
"Austalopithecus africanus" was first discovered by Raymond Dart in 1925. He found a well-preserved skull of a young australopithecine, three to four years old. This skull is often called the Taung Child, for Taung, South Africa where it was found. It is perhaps the most complete skull of "A. africanus" known.
"Australopithecus africanus" had a dish shaped facial structure with teeth that were large compared to modern humans. While it had larger front teeth compared to the back, the emphasis was on back tooth grinding. Males had a sagital crest on the tops of their skulls. Large muscles were attached to this ridge that helped to support the heavy jaw.

Australopithecus
The gracile australopithecines (of the genus "Australopithecus"; Latin "australis" "of the south", Greek "pithekos" "ape") are a group of extinct hominids that were closely related to humans.
Evolution.
Gracile australopithecines shared several traits with modern apes and humans. They were widespread throughout Eastern and Northern Africa 3-3.9 million years ago. The earliest evidence for this species was found at a site of Laetoli in Tanzania. These footprints found are similar to those of modern humans. They have been positively dated as 3.7 million years old. Until recently, the footprints were categorized as Australopithecine. This is because the species was thought to be the only pre-human known to have existed in that region at that time. However, some scholars have considered reclassifying them under a very early species of the genus Homo.

Homo (genus)
"Homo" is the genus is separated from the earlier hominids because of the emergence of tool use, language and culture.
The genus begins about 2.3 million years ago. The characteristics of these species are bigger brain (above 1000ml), the forehead rises straight up, the skull becomes rounder, the teeth are reduced, arms are shorter and legs are longer, and the skeleton becomes more delicate.

Poverty in India
India suffers from quite a fair bit of poverty. 27.5% of the population was living below the poverty line in 2004–2005. Monthly per capita consumption expenditure is below Rs. 356.35 for rural areas and Rs. 538.60 for urban areas. 1 out of every 4 Indians earns less than $0.40 per day. 75% of the poor are in rural areas. Most of them are daily wagers and landless labourers.
A study was done by the McKinsey Global Institute. This study found 54% of the people living in India were living on a household income of less than 90,000 rupees a year. That menas about a dollar per person per day.
National Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganised Sector (NCEUS) published a report in 2007. This report state, 77% of Indians (that means 836 million people), lived on less than 20 rupees per day (USD 0.50 nominal, USD 2.0 in PPP). Most of them have no job or social security. They live in abject poverty.
Cause.
There are two views on the cause of poverty in India.

The Christian Community
The Christian Community (original German name: "Die Christengemeinschaft") is a Christian denomination. It was founded in 1922 in Dornach (Switzerland) by a group of theologians and pastors, led by the protestant pastor Friedrich Rittelmeyer. He was helped by Rudolf Steiner, the Austrian philosopher and founder of anthroposophy.

List of Melbourne railway stations
This is a list of the 200 currently operating suburban railway stations (216 including greater metropolitan stations) in Melbourne, Australia. The stations make up 16 radial railway lines (and 4 greater metropolitan lines), as well as the central City Loop.
There are also a further 19 stations on 3 heritage, volunteer-operated, tourist railways. These are not a part of the suburban network.
Stations are broken up into 2 Metcard ticketing zones (some stations are in the overlap between the two zones, where tickets for either zone may be used), as well as the City Saver area, which is within Zone 1 and covers the central business district. On March 4, 2007 zone 3 was abolished by being incorporated into zone 2.
For detailed travel information, do not rely solely on this page; please refer to the website.
Frankston line.
Branches from the Pakenham line at Caulfield station.
The Stony Point line is a greater metropolitan continuation of the Frankston line.
Pakenham line.
Branches from the Sandringham line at South Yarra station.
The Traralgon line is a regional continuation of the Pakenham line.
Cranbourne line.
Branches from the Pakenham line at Dandenong station.
Sandringham line.
Branches from the Eastern lines (Burnley group) at Richmond station.
Craigieburn line.
Branches from the City Loop at Southern Cross and Flagstaff stations.
Upfield line.
Branches from the Craigieburn railway line at North Melbourne station.
Sydenham line.
Branches from the Craigieburn railway line at North Melbourne station.
The Sunbury line is a greater metropolitan continuations of the Sydenham line.
Williamstown line.
Branches from the Sydenham line at Footscray station.
Werribee line.
Branches from the Williamstown line at Newport station.
The Geelong and Warrnambool regional lines are continuations of the Werribee line.
Flemington Racecourse line (Special events only).
Branches from the Craigieburn railway line at Newmarket station. This line may be opened to permanent daily service as part of the redevelopment of the Showgrounds.
Lilydale line.
Branches from the City Loop at Flinders Street and Parliament stations.
Glen Waverley line.
Branches from the Lilydale line at Burnley station.
Belgrave line.
Branches from the Lilydale line at Ringwood station.
Alamein line.
Branches from the Lilydale line at Camberwell station.
Hurstbridge line.
Branches from the City Loop at Flinders Street and Parliament stations.
Epping line.
Branches from the Hurstbridge line at Clifton Hill station.
Greater metropolitan lines.
These lines are operated by diesel locomotive-hauled & railcar services, and are covered by Metcard ticketing. All services are operated by Line, with the exception of the Stony Point line operated by Connex using locomotives leased from Line Passenger.
Stony Point line.
Begins at Frankston station on the Frankston line.
Melton line.
Branches from the Sydenham line at Sunshine station.
The Ballarat regional line is a continuation of the Melton line.
Sunbury line.
Continues from the Sydenham line.
The Bendigo regional line is a continuation of the Sunbury line.
Tourist railways.
These lines are operated part-time (full-time in the case of Puffing Billy) by independent railway preservation groups, and are not covered by Metcard ticketing.
Puffing Billy Railway.
12 stations. In this list only, an asterisk (*) indicates stations at which trains are not normally scheduled to stop, and exist primarily for heritage purposes.

Flag of Iraqi Kurdistan
The Flag of Iraqi Kurdistan (Kurdish: "Alaya Kurdistanê") has three colours and are placed horizontally. The top colour is red, the middle is white and the bottom is green. In the middle of the white is a sun with 21 rays. The 21 rays represent Navruz.

Vector graphics
Vector graphics (also called graphical modeling, or object-oriented graphics) is a type of computer graphics, Vector graphics uses geometrical objects, like points, lines, curves, and polygons to model the image. Mathematics can be used to describe the graphics. Most often vectors and matrices are used. The other way to model computer graphics is to use raster graphics. They model images as a collection of pixels. Most often photographs are modeled as raster images.

Silence (band)
Silence was founded back in 1995 in Bavaria, Germany. Its founding members were Stefan Mueller (Guitar), Holger Kronester(Drums), and the brothers Bernd (Guitar) and Marco Wolf (Bass). From the beginning they played a mix of rock and metal, but always with a dark, depressive side.
The band's first successful record was Enola (e.g. "Album of the month" in German Metal-Hammer). It was released in 2000.
Three years later they recorded the p/o/u/r letters, a 8-track masterpiece, which received once again great reviews all over Germany and Europe.
In 2007 they released their 5-track e.p. the badtime stories, which made them become a record deal with the German label Biohazzard Records, a sublabel of Danse macabre.
The today's cast of the band is constant since 2003 and consists of Stefan Mueller (Vocals), Bernd Wolf (Guitar), Sebastian Koos (Keyboard), Christian Marsch (Guitar), Oliver Goess (Bass) and Bastian Mattlener (Drums).

Georg Büchner
Karl Georg Büchner (October 17, 1813 – February 19, 1837) was a German dramatist and writer of prose. He was the brother of physician and philosopher Ludwig Büchner. Many people think that he might have become as important as Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Friedrich Schiller if he had lived longer.
He was the son of a doctor and born in Goddelau near Darmstadt, Hesse-Darmstadt. Büchner went to a secondary school that focused on Latin, Greek and on modern languages (including French, Italian and English). But he was mainly interested in science and when he went to university he studied medicine in Strasbourg.
In 1828 he became interested in politics and joined a group which later on probably became the Gießen and Darmstadt section of the "Gesellschaft für Menschenrechte" (Society for Human Rights). In Strasbourg, he studied not only medicine but French literature and political thought as well.
While Büchner continued his studies in Gießen he started a secret society which wanted revolutionary change. With the help of the protestant theologian Friedrich Ludwig Weidig he published the leaflet "Der Hessische Landbote", a revolutionary text that criticized social problems in the Grand Duchy of Hesse. The authorities charged them with treason and issued a warrant of apprehension. While Weidig was arrested, tortured and died imprisoned in Darmstadt, Büchner fled across the border to Strasbourg where he wrote most of his literary work and translated two plays by Victor Hugo, "Lucrèce Borgia" and "Marie Tudor". Two years later, his dissertation, "Mémoire sur le Système Nerveux du Barbeaux (Cyprinus barbus L.)" was published in Paris and Strasbourg. The ideas of François-Noël Babeuf and Claude Henri de Saint-Simon had an important influence on his work. In October 1836 he got a job at the University of Zürich as a lecturer in anatomy and went back to Zürich where he spent his final months writing and teaching until he died of typhus at the age of twenty-three.
In 1835, his first play, "Dantons Tod" (Danton's Death), about the French revolution, was published, followed by "Lenz". It is a novella based on the life of the Sturm und Drang poet Jakob Michael Reinhold Lenz. In 1836 his second play, "Leonce and Lena" he describes the nobility. His unfinished and most famous play, "Woyzeck", was the first literary work in German whose main characters were members of the working class. Published after Büchner's death, it became the basis for Alban Berg's opera "Wozzeck" which was first performed in 1925.
By the 1870s, Büchner was nearly forgotten in Germany when Karl Emil Franzos edited his works; these later became a major influence on naturalism and expressionism. Arnold Zweig described "Lenz", Büchner's only work of prose, as the "beginning of modern European prose".
Translations.
There are many translations of the individual plays.

Ludwig Büchner
Friedrich Karl Christian Ludwig Büchner (March 29, 1824 – May 1, 1899) was a German philosopher, physiologist and physician who became one of the exponents of 19th century scientific materialism.
Büchner was born at Darmstadt, Germany, on March 29, 1824. From 1842 to 1848 he studied physics, chemistry, botany, mineralogy, philosophy and medicine at the University of Giessen. In 1852 he became lecturer in medicine at the University of Tübingen, where he published his great work "Kraft und Stoff: Empirisch-naturphilosophische Studien" (Force and Matter: Empiricophilosophical Studies, 1855). In this work, he sought to demonstrate the indestructibility of matter and force. The extreme materialism of this work excited so much opposition that he was compelled to give up his post at Tübingen. He retired to Darmstadt, where he practiced as a physician and contributed regularly to pathological and physiological magazines.
He died at Darmstadt on May 1, 1899.
Ludwig Büchner was the brother of Georg Büchner, a famous playwright.

Goitre
A goitre (BrE), or goiter (AmE) (Latin "struma"), also called a bronchocele, is a swelling in the neck (just below Adam's apple or larynx) due to an enlarged thyroid gland.
Causes.
New research indicates that there may be a tendency to inherit an increased vulnerability to goitre.

Cincinnati Reds
The Cincinnati Reds are a baseball team. They are in Cincinnati, Ohio. It was created in 1869. They become a World Series champion in 1919, 1940, 1975, 1976 and 1990.

Josh Beckett
Josh Beckett (born May 15, 1980) is a Major League Baseball starting pitcher for the Boston Red Sox.

Curt Schilling
Curtis Montague (Curt) Schilling (born November 14, 1966 in Anchorage, Alaska) is an American Major League Baseball starting pitcher. Schilling is a right-handed starting pitcher for the Boston Red Sox. He has won World Series championships in 2001 with the Arizona Diamondbacks and in 2004 and 2007 with the Red Sox. Schilling began his career on September 7, 1988 playing for the Baltimore Orioles.

Adam Dunn
Adam Dunn (born November 9, 1979, in Houston, Texas) is an American Major League baseball player. He is an outfeilder for the Cincinnati Reds. He bats left-handed and throws right-handed.

Stroke (medicine)
In medicine stroke (or cerebrovascular accident (CVA)) means a rapidly developing loss of brain function due to a disturbance in the blood vessels supplying blood to the brain. In medicine, the process of being struck down by a stroke, fit, or faint is sometimes referred to as an ictus "[cerebri]", from the Latin "icere" ("to strike"), especially before a definitive diagnosis.
Stroke is a medical emergency and can cause permanent neurological damage and death if not promptly diagnosed and treated. It is the third leading cause of death and the leading cause of adult disability in the United States and Europe.
The symptoms of a stroke are depend on the speed of onset of the problem and the anatomical location of the damage and therefore there are quite a lot of different ones. A doctor will generally first localize the lesion on the basis of a "snapshot" assessment of the symptoms and signs. This "snapshot" view will not be specific for the "cause" of the stroke, but rather the anatomical location of the lesion. The speed of onset of the neurological deficit (fast or "stroke-like") in addition to risk-factor profile, indicates to a doctor that the symptoms are due to a blood vessel problem rather than other causes.
Risk factors for stroke include advanced age, hypertension (high blood pressure), previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack, diabetes, high cholesterol, cigarette smoking, atrial fibrillation, migraine with aura, and thrombophilia (a tendency to thrombosis). In clinical practice, blood pressure is the most important modifiable risk factor of stroke; however many other risk factors, such as cigarette smoking and treatment of atrial fibrillation with anticoagulant drugs, are important.

The Wheel of Fortune
The "Wheel of Fortune", or "Rota Fortuna", is a concept in medieval and ancient philosophy and means the unpreditable nature of Fate. The wheel belongs to the goddess Fortuna, who spins it at random, changing the positions of those on the wheel - some suffer great misfortune, others gain windfalls.
Origins.
The concept developed in antiquity; it was used by Cicero. The Wheel originally belonged to the Roman goddess Fortuna, whose name seems to derive from "Vortumna", "she who revolves the year". Fortuna eventually became Christianized: the Roman philosopher Boethius (d. 524) was a major source for the medieval view of the Wheel, writing about it in his "Consolatio Philosophiae".
Later usage.
Fortune and her Wheel have remained an enduring image throughout history.
Selections from the "Carmina Burana", including the two poems quoted above, were set to new music by twentieth-century classical composer Carl Orff, whose bombastic and well-known "O Fortuna" is based on the poem "Fortuna Imperatrix Mundi.
Fortuna does occasionally turn up in modern literature. She is often associated with gamblers, and dice could also be said to have replaced the Wheel as the primary metaphor for uncertain fortune.

Raster graphics
Raster graphics (or bitmap graphics) is one of two ways to do computer graphics. With raster graphics, images are modeled as a big collections of pixels. Usually they form a rectangle. Each pixel has special things, like color, or transparency. Raster images are used very often. Computer screens are made of a raster of points. That way, vector graphic images need to be rasterised. Images that are difficult to make as a vector, like photographs are often in the form of a raster image.
Many printers today use languages like Postscript or PCL. These languages are based on vectorized images, most of the time. To be printed, these images must first be translated into raster graphics. This is done by a component called Raster Image Processor. Most modern printers have raster image processors in the printer. Some printer use a special piece of software on the computer to do the rasterising.

Postscript
Postscript is a programming language. It was developed by Adobe, in 1984. It is a standard used by many computer printers. There are three different versions of it, Postscript Level 1, Level 2, and Level 3.
The Portable Document Format is another standard, also from Adobe. It is better adapted to printing. Many things computer languages have, have been dropped to develop PDF.
"Hello world".
or if the output device has a console

Horse Chestnut
Horse Chestnut is a large deciduous tree. Its Latin name is Aesculus hippocastanum. It grows natively in southern Europe, on the Balkans, It is grown very often in temperate climates. It can grow up to 36 m tall. The name of the tree (and the whole genus of similar trees) is because it was used to treat horses, against cough and some parasite worms.

Francisco Pizarro
Francisco Pizarro González, marqués de los Atabillos (1471 – June 26, 1541) was a Spanish conquistador. Today, he is known as the conqueror of the Inca Empire. He also founded Lima, La Ciudad de los Reyes, capital of Peru. Pizarro was born in Trujillo, Extremadura, Spain. He was an illegitimate son of Gonzalo Pizarro Rodríguez de Aguilar (senior) who as colonel of infantry served in the Italian campaigns under Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba, and in Navarre, with some distinction. His mother was Francisca González Mateos, a woman of slender means from Trujillo. Through his father, Francisco was second cousin to Hernán Cortés, the famed conquistador of Mexico.
In 1502, Pizarro travelled to the New World where he joined in several expeditions to see the Pacific Ocean. In 1524, after hearing stories about the exploration of Peru, he joined Diego de Almagro and Hernando de Soto. Together, they agreed to travel to Peru and look for gold. The expedition was a disaster, but Pizarro made connections with the Inca people. In 1528 he returned to Spain, where the king allowed him to conquer the new land for the sake of Spain. Pizarro himself was to be named governor of Peru. In 1531 he landed in Peru again, accompanied by not even 300 soldiers. The country was devastated bya recent civil war between Atahualpa and Huascar, the sons of the dead emperor. In November 1532, Pizarro met Atahualpa in the city of Cajamarca and managed to capture him, despite the Inca was protected by thousands of soldiers. The weapons of the Spaniards proved superior. In 1533, after paying a huge ransom for his release, Atahualpa requested to be let free but was killed anyway by Pizarro. He then continued south into Peru and captured the capital of Cuzco.
In 1535, Pizarro founded a new capital named La Ciudad the los Reyes, today known as Lima. However, some Spaniards had not been part of the capture of the Inca and therefor had not been paid any gold. Led by Almagro, the "Almagristas", Almagro's men, marched south into present-day Chile to find new riches, while Pizarro stayed in Peru. The Inca were treated very ill and their riches stolen by the Spaniards, who built huge estates or travelled back to Spain. Pizarro became the richest and most powerful of them all. In 1536, the Inca tried to overthrow him in a rebellion, but failed since Pizarro managed to subdue the Incas after a year of fights. However, the Spaniards had became so weaken that when Almagro returned, he took power and expelled Pizarro to the north. Pizarro returned with an army in 1538 and defeated Almagro. Almagro were executed in the plaza of Cuzco and Pizarro was again sole ruler. However, Almagro had a son who swore revenge, and in 1541, Pizarro was killed in his palace in Lima by a number of men following Diego Almagro the younger. He was himself caught and executed the following year, so was the last brother of Pizarro struggling for power in Peru, in 1548. Then the spanish king took personal control over the country by a personal envoy, the "Viceroy".

Bingo
Bingo or Housie is a game where people try to match numbers drawn at ramdom with numbers on a card. When someone does this, they call "BINGO!" or "HOUSE!" as loud as they can.
In the United Kingdom, the game is played by marking a card. The card has 27 squares in 3 rows of 9. 15 squares have a numbers between 1 and 90. 5 numbers on each row. The winner is the first player to mark the 5 numbers in one line or all fifteen numbers on the card.
Bingo cards are normally printed in strips of six. A strip of six cards has every number between 1 and 90. Many people buy only 4 cards, so that the other two cards were usually wasted. Edward Thompson and Company, the largest printer of bingo tickets in the UK worked out a way to print strips of 12 so that there would be less waste, and so that any 6 tickets had all of the numbers 1 to 90.
In the UK, all money used to buy the bingo ticket must be given back in prize money. The owner of a bingo club is allowed to charge an entrance fee and also a "participation fee" (a fee to be allowed to take part in the bingo game).
In the United States, the game is played by a group of people. All of the group has cards and tokens. When a number is called that you have on your card, you place a token on that spot. The first person to make a line of 5 tokens up or down, across, or diagonally wins the game. This game is played for prizes usually.

Nine
Nine is a number. It comes between eight and ten, is an odd number, and is the highest single-digit number. It is also a square number.

Five
The number five is a number that comes after four, but before the number six.
Math.
Five is the third prime number, after two and three, and before seven. The number five is also an odd number.
Most people have five fingers on each hand and five toes on each foot.

Hurling
Hurling (in Irish, "iománaíocht" or "iomáint") is an Irish outdoor team sport similar to hockey, played by two teams of 15 people.
The object of the game is for players to use a wooden axe-shaped stick called a hurley (in Irish a "camán", pronounced kam-awn), or a hurl, to hit a small ball called a sliotar (pronounced slith-er) between the opponents' goalposts either over the crossbar for one point, or under the crossbar into a net guarded by a goalkeeper for one goal, which is equivalent to three points.
The ball can be caught in the hand and carried for not more than four steps, struck in the air, or struck on the ground with the stick. It can be kicked or slapped with an open hand (the hand pass) for short-range passing. A player who wants to carry the ball for more than three steps has to bounce or balance the ball on the end of the stick, and the ball can only be handled twice while in his possession.
Playing field.
Hurling is played on a pitch approximately 137m long and 82m wide The goals at each end of the field are formed by two posts, which are usually 6 m high, set 6.4 m apart, and connected 2.44 m above the ground by a crossbar. A net extending in back of the goal is attached to the crossbar and lower goal posts.

Six
The number six is a natural number that comes after the number five, but before the number seven.
Math.
In math, the number six is an even number.

Four
The number four, is a number and a numeral. It comes after the number three, but before the number five.
Math.
In math, the number four is an even number and the smallest composite number. Four is also the second square number after one.

Seven
The number seven is a natural number that comes after six and before eight.
Math.
In math, the number seven is an odd number and a prime number.

Eight
The number eight is a natural number that comes after the number seven, but before the number nine.
Math.
In math, the number eight is an even number and a composite number. Eight is also a power of two, being 2 times itself 3 times.

Donatello
Donato di Niccolò di Betto Bardi (most people just called him Donatello) (1386 – December 13, 1466) was an Italian artist during the Renaissance. He lived in Florence and was very famous because he was one of the best sculptors of his times. He used special sort of sculpture technique, or way of doing things, called 'shallow relief', which made his work look very real.
He was the son of Niccolo di Betto Bardi, and was born in Florence. When Donatello was older, he studied with Filippo Brunelleschi the architect. He also helped the sculptor Lorenzo Ghiberti to make statues for the Battistero di San Giovanni. Some of Donatello's most famous works are statues of "Mary Magdalene" and a life-size statue of David.

Tu-95 Bear
The Tu-95 Bear is a bomber made by Tupolev. It first flew in 1952, and was introduced in 1956. It was used a lot during the Cold War, this is because it could fly to far places. In fact, it could go more than 500 miles per hour, and has a range of 9,000 miles. The plane is driven by a turboprop engine, which makes it fast. The plane's speed is also given by its wings, which are swept back to make it sleek.
Unlike most new bombers, the Tu-95 has a turret in the tail. Right now, the Tu-95 is still in the Russian Air Force and Indian Air Force There is also another version, called the "Tu-142 that is in the Russian Navy. The Bear will be in militaries until the year 2040.

Sarah Bernhardt
Sarah Bernhardt (born in Paris, France on October 23, 1844; died March 26, 1923) was a French stage actress, and has often been called "the most famous actress in the history of the world". Bernhardt made her fame on the stages of Europe in the 1870s, and was soon working in Europe and the United States. She developed a reputation as a serious actress, getting the nickname "The Divine Sarah."
Early life.
She was born in Paris as Marie Henriette Bernardt, the daughter of Julie Bernardt and a Dutch father. She added the letter "H" to her first and last name, and used the name of Edouard Bernardt, her mother's brother, as the name of her father. This was probably done to hide the fact that her father was unknown.
Career.
Bernhardt's career started in 1862 when she was a student at the Comédie-Française. She was not very successful there and left to become a courtesan by 1865. She became famous in Europe in the 1870s, and was soon in demand all over Europe and in New York. She may have been the most famous actress of the 19th century. She coached many young women in the art of acting, including Liane de Pougy.
Late career.
In 1905, while performing in Rio de Janeiro, Bernhardt hurt her right knee during the final scene when she jumped from a high wall. The leg never healed properly. By 1915, gangrene had set in and her entire right leg was amputated, meaning she was in a wheelchair for several months. Nonetheless, she continued her career. She carried out a successful tour of America in 1915, and died on returning to France.
On March 26, 1923, Bernhardt died of uremia. She is buried in Père Lachaise Cemetery, Paris, France.
Sarah Bernhardt has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 1751 Vine Street.

Kevin Rudd
Kevin Rudd (born 21 September 1957) is the 26th Prime Minister of Australia. He is the leader of the federal Australian Labor party. He won the federal 2007 election and is now Australia's 26th prime minister.
Before he was elected to Parliament, Rudd was a diplomat and a government worker. Rudd won a seat in Parliament in 1998. The Australian Labor party elected him the Leader of the Opposition in December 2006. He won the 2007 federal election because of work agreements and global warming. As Prime Minister he has already signed the Kyoto Protocol and will take Australian troops out of the Iraq conflict.

Hurley (stick)
A hurley is a wooden stick measuring between 70 and 100 cm (26 to 40 inches) long with a flattened, curved end (called the "bas"), used to hit a "sliotar" (leather ball) in the Irish sport of hurling. It is also used in camogie, the female equivalent, and there often called a camogie stick.
Hurleys are made from ash wood, and are usually bought from local craftsmen in Ireland, who still use traditional production methods.
No matter how well crafted the hurley is, a hurler may well expect to use several hurleys over the course of the hurling season. The hurleys often break if two collide in the course of a game, or occasionally they break off on the other players (arms, legs, etc.). Two hurleys colliding is colloquially known as "the clash of the ash." Throwing the hurley (e.g. to block a ball going high over one's head) is illegal, but camogie players may drop it to make a handpass.

Sliotar
A sliotar (or sliothar) - is a hard solid sphere slightly larger than a tennis ball, consisting of a cork core covered by two pieces of leather stitched together. Sometimes called a "puck" or "hurling ball", it resembles an American baseball with more pronounced stitching. It is used in the Gaelic games of hurling, camogie, rounders and shinty.

Camogie
Camogie (in Irish, "camógaíocht") is an Irish team sport, organised by the "Camogie Association of Ireland", the women's variant of hurling. The rules are almost identical to hurling with a few exceptions.
One is that goalkeepers wear the same colours as outfield players and a player in camogie can handpass a score, which is not allowed in the men's game. All games last 60 minutes (senior inter-county hurling games last 70), and dropping the camogie stick to handpass the ball is allowed. The All-Ireland Final is held every year in Croke Park during September, usually the week between the hurling final and Gaelic football final. There are two main competitions; the National League which is staged during the winter-spring months and is used as a warm-up to the All-Ireland Championships during the summer.
The name "camogie".
Camogie/hurling is unique in that it uses a different name for the version played by men and women. The reason is complicated: men play using a curved stick called in Irish a "camán". Women would use a shorter stick, called by the diminutive form "camóg". The suffix -"aíocht" was added to both words to give names for the sports: "camánaíocht" (which became "iománaíocht") and "camógaíocht". When the Gaelic Athletic Association was founded in 1884 the English-origin name "hurling" was given to the men's game. When an organisation for women was set up in 1904, it was decided to Anglicise the Irish name "camógaíocht" to "camogie".

Rounders
Rounders (Irish: "cluiche corr") is a sport which originated in Great Britain and Ireland. The game is regulated by the "Gaelic Athletic Association" (GAA) in Ireland and the "National Rounders Association" (NRA) in the UK. Both have different, although broadly similar, game-play and culture. Competitions are held between teams from " both" traditions, often with one version being played in the morning and the other being played in the afternoon.
Game-play centers around innings where teams act at turns being batters and fielders. A maximum of nine players are allowed to play in fielding positions at one time. Points ("rounders") are scored by the batting team by completing a circuit around the field through four bases/posts without being put 'out' - for example, by a ball they batted being 'caught-out' or touching a tagged base/post.
The earliest nationally formalised rules of play were devised by the GAA in Ireland in 1884.
Although it is generally considered a school game, rounders is played at international level as well. Currently, teams from Canada, England, Ireland, the Isle of Man, Scotland and Wales compete against each other.
Some theories on the origin of baseball claim that baseball is based on rounders.Rounders is a sport played with a bat and ball when the ball is thrown to you the ball is ment to be hit with the bat.

Cricket (insect)
Crickets, family Gryllidae (also known as "true crickets"), are insects somewhat related to grasshoppers and more closely related to katydids or bush crickets (family Tettigoniidae). They have somewhat flattened bodies and long antennae. There are about 900 species of crickets. They tend to be nocturnal and are often confused with grasshoppers because they have a similar body structure including jumping hind legs.
Cricket chirping.
Crickets are known for their chirp (which only male crickets can do; male wings have ridges or "teeth" that act like a "comb and file" instrument). The left forewing has a thick rib (a modified vein) which bears 50 to 300 "teeth". The chirp is made by raising their left forewing to a 45 degree angle and rubbing it against the upper hind edge of the right forewing, which has a thick scraper (Berenbaum 1995). This sound producing action is called "stridulation" and the song is species-specific. There are two types of cricket songs: a calling song and a courting song. The calling song attracts females and repels other males, and is fairly loud. The courting song is used when a female cricket is near, and is a very quiet song.
Crickets are hermaphrodites in their childhood.:)

Rounders (movie)
"Rounders" is a 1998 movie about the underground world of high-stakes poker. The movie was directed by John Dahl and starred Matt Damon and Edward Norton. It follows two friends who need to quickly earn enough cash playing poker to pay off a huge debt. The term “rounder” refers to a person whose sole means of earning a living is by playing cards.
The movie opened to mixed reviews and only made a modest amount of money. However, with the growing popularity of Texas hold 'em and other poker games, "Rounders" has become a cult hit.

Gaelic Athletic Association
The Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) (Irish: "Cumann Lúthchleas Gael") is an organisation which is mostly focused on promoting Gaelic Games - traditional Irish sports, such as hurling, camogie, Gaelic football, handball, and rounders. The organisation also promotes Irish music and dance, and the Irish language. It is the largest and most popular organisation in Ireland with some 800,000 members out of the island's population of almost 6 million.
Gaelic football and Hurling are the main and most popular activities promoted by the organisation.
Gaelic football is a contact sport that combines the skills of soccer, basketball, and some of the skills of volleyball in a high-scoring game in which players punch or kick the ball over the crossbar for one point, or kick the ball into a net on the bottom for three points. The game also has similarities with Australian Rules Football (see below).
Hurling is a stick-and-ball game that combines many of the skills of field hockey, lacrosse, and baseball but pre-dates all three. Players can catch the ball and use a hurley (Irish: "camán") to hit a ball (sliotar) between the goalposts using the same scoring system as in Gaelic football and on the same size of field. It is not to be confused with the Scottish game of shinty.

Gaelic Games
Gaelic games are the traditional sports played in Ireland. The two main Gaelic games are Gaelic football and Hurling. Both are organised by the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA). Other games organised by the association include Rounders, Gaelic handball. During the late 19th century, Gaelic games in Ireland were dying out. This decline was stopped by the GAA and the Irish national Gaelic Revival. Today they are the most popular games in Ireland.
Gaelic football.
Gaelic football is the most popular of the gaelic games and is played by teams of 15 on a rectangular grass pitch with H-shaped goals at each end. The object is to score by driving the ball through the goals. The team with the highest score at the end of the match wins. It combines the skills of soccer and basketball in a fast-paced, high-scoring contact sport.
Hurling.
Hurling is a stick and ball game played by teams of 15 on a rectangular grass pitch with H-shaped goals at each end. The primary object is to score by driving the ball through the goals. The team with the highest score at the end of the match wins. It is over three-thousand years old, and is said to be the world's fastest field game, combining skills from lacrosse, field hockey, and baseball in a hard-hitting, highly skilled game.
Rounders.
Rounders is a bat and ball game which is played in Ireland; a similar version is played in England. Rounders is the least popular of the GAA gaelic games and is organised by a sub division of the GAA known as the Rounders Council of Ireland. It is similar to baseball.
Gaelic handball.
Gaelic handball is a game where two players use their hands to return a ball against a wall. The game is similar to American handball; Gaelic handballers play against their US counterparts.
Other Gaelic Games.
Other Gaelic Games such as gaelic athletics have nearly or completely died out. Pastimes such as Road bowling, a sport played in Ireland for a long time, could be considered Gaelic games.

Gaelic handball
Gaelic handball is a game where two players use their hands to return a ball against a wall. The game is similar to American handball; Gaelic handballers play against their US counterparts.

American handball
American (or court) handball, usually referred to simply as handball, is an American form of fives played against one or more walls.
History.
It is a common belief that "American handball" was brought to the United States in the 1880s by Irish immigrants. The Gaelic handball sport was played since the 15th century in Ireland and Scotland.
Play.
American handball is played on a court 12.2 meters long by 6.1 meters wide (40 feet long by 20 feet wide) with either a single (front) wall, three walls, or in a fully enclosed four-wall court (the most common). The four-wall court is a rectangular box. The front wall is 6.1 meters (20 feet) square, and the side walls are 12.2 meters (40 feet) long and 6.1 meters (20 feet) high. In the middle of the floor of the court lies the short line, that divides the floor into two 6.1 meter (20 feet) squares. Also along the floor is the service line, which is 1.5 meters (5 feet) in front of the short line. The service zone is the area between these two lines. The back wall of the court is usually 3.7 meters (12 feet) high, with an above gallery for the referee and scorer, and also spectators. A few courts have a glass back wall and/or glass side walls to allow for a better view of the match. (In three-wall court handball, the court often has a front wall and two full side walls, or the front wall is flanked by two triangular wings.)

Fives
Fives is a British sport believed to come from the same origins as many racket sports. In fives, a ball is propelled against the walls of a special court using gloved or bare hands as though they were a racquet.
Background.
The name may be derived from the slang expression "a bunch of fives" (meaning a fist). The game has also been known as hand-tennis and historically was often played between the buttresses of church buildings in England. There are links between Fives and the Irish and North American handball games and indeed, in recent years, British clubs have begun to establish ties with clubs in those countries.
Fives is not the same as Long Fives, which is played in a real tennis court.
There are two main forms of the game Rugby Fives and Eton Fives.
Eton Fives is played competitively as a doubles game, whilst Rugby Fives is played as both a singles and a doubles game.

Miami Heat
The Miami Heat (also known as just HEAT) are a team in the National Basketball Association in Miami, Florida. It was started in 1988. They won the 2006 NBA Finals. Dwyane Wade is their current star player.

Buttress
A buttress is a structure placed against the walls of a building to give it more support, or to help it to hold the roofs. Buttresses are common in ancient buildings, especially in Europe.

Real tennis
Real tennis is the original racket sport from which the modern game of lawn tennis, or tennis, developrd. It is also known as "jeu de paume" in France and as "court tennis" in some parts of United States.
Real tennis is still played at a small number of active courts in the United Kingdom, Australia, the United States, and France. The sport is supported and governed by

Jeu de paume
Jeu de paume was originally a French game similar to lawn tennis, but played without racquets. The players hit the ball with their hands as in volleyball. "Jeu de paume" literally means: game of palm (of the hand). After some time gloves replaced bare hands. But even when bats, and finally racquets, became standard equipment for the game, the name did not change. It became known as "tennis" in English (see History of tennis), and later "real tennis" after lawn tennis became more popular than the parent game.
Some important buildings in France are known by the name "jeu de paume", in general because they are near to tennis courts or to sites on which courts once stood. Several works of art also bear this name, including the famous "serment du jeu de paume" ('the Tennis Court Oath') in the Palace of Versailles. It depicts the formal announcement of the French revolution made in the Royal Tennis Court there on 20 June, 1789.

Palace of Versailles
The Château de Versailles, or simply Versailles, is a royal castle in Versailles, France.
In English one often speaks of the Palace of Versailles. When the castle was built, Versailles was a country village, but it is now a suburb of Paris. From 1682, when King Louis XIV moved from Paris, until the royal family was forced to return to the capital in 1789, the Court of Versailles was the centre of power in Ancien Régime France. Versailles is therefore famous not only as a building, but as a symbol of the system of absolute monarchy.

Château
A château (plural "châteaux") is a manor house or residence of the lord of the manor or a country house of nobility or gentry.
It may have fortifications, but often has none. The term comes from French-speaking regions and is used most often for buildings in these regions. Where clarification is needed, a fortified château (that is, a castle) is called a "château fort". But the word is not used in the same way as "castle" is in English, and most châteaux are more appropriately described as "palaces" or "country houses" in English than as "castles". For example, the Château de Versailles is so called because it was located in the country when it was built, but it does not bear any resemblance to a castle, so it is usually known in English as the Palace of Versailles.

Positron
A positron is the antimatter equivalent to the electron. It has the same mass as an electron, but it has a positive charge whereas an electron has a negative charge. When a positron meets an electron, energy is released.

Basque pelota
Pelota in Spanish, pilota in Basque and Catalan, or pelote in French (from Latin "pila") is a name for several court sports played with a ball using one's hand, a racket, or a wooden bat ("pala"), against a wall ("frontón" in Spanish, "frontoi" in Basque, "frontó" in Catalan) or, more traditionally, with two teams face to face separated by a line on the ground or a net. Their roots can be traced to the Greek and other ancient cultures, but in Europe they all come from real tennis (see "Jeu de paume‎"). Today, Basque Pelota is widely played in several countries: in Spain and France, specially in the Basque Country and its neighbour areas.

Pump-jet
A pump-jet or water jet is a marine system that creates a jet of water for propulsion. The mechanical arrangement may be a propeller with nozzle, or a centrifugal pump and nozzle.
Pump jets have some advantages over bare propellers for certain applications, usually related to requirements for high-speed.

Propulsor
A propulsor is a mechanical device that gives propulsion.
The Pump-jet is an example.

Valencian
Valencian ("valencià") is the historical, traditional, and official name used in the Valencian Community (Spain) for the language spoken in this region, also known as Catalan ("català") in the Spanish Autonomous Communities of Catalonia, Aragon and the Balearic Islands; in the country of Andorra; in the southern French region of the Roussillon; and in the Italian city of Alghero on the island of Sardinia.
In linguistics "Valencian" is also used to identify this distinctive variant spoken in central and southern Valencia which has gained its own currency within the Catalan domain.

Valencian pilota
"Pilota Valenciana" or Valencian pilota ("pilota" means "ball" in Valencian) is a traditional handball sport played in the Valencian Community. Its origins are not known, but seems to be related to the French Jeu de paume.
Rules vary from area to area but the common trait is that the ball is struck with a bare, or almost bare, hand (only some minimal protection is applied in some versions of the sport). The general rule involves two teams made from two up to five players each (the numbers depend on the particular version played).
The second characteristic is that it is not played against a wall. Instead, similarly to modern tennis, two individuals or teams are placed face to face separated either by a line on the ground or a net.
A distinctive trait of Valencian pilota is that the spectators are often seated or standing very close to the court which means that they may be impacted by the ball and thus become an (unwilling) part of the game.
History.
Valencian pilota origins are not known with certainty, but it's commonly supposed to be a variant from the middle-aged Jeu de paume, as many other European handball sports (Basque "laxoa", French Longue paume, Frisian handball and Italian Pallone) similar to the actual Valencian llargues variant.
"Jeu de paume" is documented at Paris in 1292 since there were 13 ball workshops and many "tripots" (courtfields), it was first played with the hands, and the scoring system was very similar to the current Valencian one. There were so many resemblances with the "Valencian pilota" sport that, in the 16th century Joan Lluís Vives compared both games in his "Dialogues" and claimed them to be exactly the same despite some minor differences.

Trapezoid
A trapezoid (in North America) or trapezium (in Britain and elsewhere) is a quadrilateral, which is defined as a shape with four sides, which has one set of parallel sides.

Frisian handball
Frisian handball ("Dutch: kaatsen, Frisian: Keatsen") is a traditional Frisian sport, related to American handball and fives, that is most commonly practiced by people from the northern province of Fryslân/Friesland. It is believed to be one of the oldest ballgames. The score is similar to tennis. The first team that scores six games, wins the match.
In parts of Belgium, a similar game is played, there called "Jeu de Pelote". This game is played by teams of 5 players on a trapezium shaped field, mostly on marketplaces.

Gaelic football
Gaelic Football (Irish: "Peil", "Peil Ghaelach" or "Caid"), commonly referred to as "football", or "Gaelic", is a form of football played mainly in Ireland. It, along with Hurling, is the most popular spectator sport in Ireland.
Gaelic football is played by teams of 15 on a rectangular grass pitch with H-shaped goals at each end. The object is to score by kicking/striking the ball with your hand and getting it through the goals. The team with the highest score at the end of the match wins.
Players advance the ball up the field with a combination of carrying, "soloing" (dropping and then toe-kicking the ball upward into the hands), kicking, and hand-passing to their team-mates.
Gaelic football is one of four Gaelic Games run by the Gaelic Athletic Association, the largest sporting organization in Ireland. It has strict rules on player amateurism. The game is believed to have come from ancient Irish football known as caid which dates back to 1537, although the modern game took shape in 1887.
Playing field.
The grass pitch is rectangular, stretching 130–145 metres long and 80–90 metres wide. There are H-shaped goalposts at each end with a net on the bottom section. The same pitch is used for hurling; the GAA, which organizes both sports, decided this to facilitate dual usage. Lines are marked at distances of 13m, 20m and 45m from each end-line. Shorter pitches and smaller goals are used by under-14s.
Duration.
All Gaelic football matches last for 60 minutes, divided into two halves of thirty minutes, with the exception of senior inter-county games which last for 70 minutes (two halves of 35 minutes). Draws are decided by replays or by playing 20 minutes of extra time (two halves of 10 minutes).
Teams.
Teams consist of fifteen players (a goalkeeper, two corner backs, a full back, three half backs, two mid fielders, three half forwards, two corner forwards and a full forward) plus up to fifteen substitutes, of which five may be used. Each player is numbered 1–15, starting with the goalkeeper, who must wear a different coloured jersey.
The ball.
The game is played with a round leather football, similar to a soccer ball, but heavier, and with horizontal stitching rather than the hexagon and pentagon panels often used on soccer balls, and similar to a standard volleyball.

Caid (sport)
"Caid" was the name given to several ancient and traditional Irish football games. "Caid" is now used by some people for modern Gaelic football.
The word "caid" originally meant the ball which was used. It was made out of animal skin, with a natural bladder inside.
Some people believe that "caid" has influenced the modern sport of Gaelic football the rules of which were officially published in 1887.
The first recorded mention of football in Ireland was in 1308, when John McCrocan, a spectator at a football game was charged with accidentally stabbing a player named William Bernard. Football games are mentioned in the "Statute of Galway", 1527, which allowed the playing of football and archery, but banned "hokie" — the hurling of a little ball with sticks or staves", as well as other sports.
"Caid" was especially popular in rural areas.
There is some evidence that "caid" was taken around the world by the Irish diaspora, and that it may have influenced the development of Australian rules football, although this is controversial.
By the late 19th century, "caid", like many aspects of native Irish culture, was in steep decline.

Longue paume
Longue paume is an outdoor version of jeu de paume and therefoe an ancestor of modern lawn tennis. Hundreds of years ago it was quite popular, particularly in France. It was part of the Paris 1900 Summer Olympics, but not all think that the medals that were awarded for longue paume at that Olympics have full value. Today, the sport is played regionally in Picardie. The governing body of the sport is the "Fédération Française de Longue Paume" with its headquarter in Amiens.

Pallone
Pallone (Italian for an inflated ball, similar to the word "balloon") is the name of several traditional ball games, played in various regions of Italy, with minimal differences in regulations.
Pallone col bracciale.
"Pallone col bracciale" was particularly popular throughout Italy in the 18th century then in 19th century and 20th century until 1930 was the most popular sport of ancient Italian national sports; its first official regulations date back to 1555. The "pallone col bracciale" players are called "pallonisti" and during 19th century Italian professional pallonisti were richest and best rewarded sportsmen of all the world. This sport and his champions were described by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Giacomo Leopardi, Edmondo de Amicis, Antonio Francesco Grazzini, Ottavio Rinuccini, Gabriello Chiabrera, Tommaso Grossi, Giuseppe Gioachino Belli. Where Angels Fear to Tread (1991) includes a brief film depiction of this game.
Balls are struck back and forth with a wooden cylinder, called "bracciale", worn over the forearm, if carelessly played, a broken arm can result: in fact bracciale weighs 2 or 1 kilogram. Originally the balls were inflated, but now hard rubber ball of 350 grams is used. Scoring is by fifteens, as in tennis and the team which wins 12 games is final winner of the match. A special feature is that the ball is put into play by a designated server, who otherwise is not part of the game. The receivers can reject serves at will. Pallone is played on courts marked out on town streets. Registered players of official championships dispute their matches in a kind of stadium named "sferisterio" or "sferodromo" in Italian language.Nowadays they play two forms of this sport: 3 players a side with lateral wall and 4 players a side in open playing field without lateral wall.
Pallapugno.
"Pallapugno", one time named "pallone elastico", is a game from Piedmont and Liguria and it is played with a bandaged fist; rubber ball has diameter of 10,5
centimetres and weighs 190 grams. Scoring is also by fifteens, but in this version a second bounce can result in a "chase" rather than an outright point, similar to real tennis. Every team has 4 players and the team which wins 11 games is final winner of the match. Professional players dispute their matches in sferisterio 90 metres long and 18 metres large with lateral wall. Professional Italian pallapugno league is top level of competitions: in 2008 10 teams competed.
This sport is played in various nations and they dispute a world championship.
Pallapugno leggera.
"Pallapugno leggera" is played in courtfield which has same size of volleyball's courtfield without net (device). Each team has 4 players with 2 reserve players. A match consisted of one set or three sets.
Pantalera.
"Pantalera" or "pallapugno alla pantalera" is generally played on the urban streets. First action of every match consisted of shot pushing up the ball for rebound on a roof called pantalera in Piedmontese language. Other rules are the same of pallapugno.
Pallonetto.
"Pallonetto" or "pallonetto ligure al lungo" is generally played on the urban streets with tennis balls without covering felt. Playing field is long between 60 and 90 metres and it's large 18 metres with or without lateral wall. Players push the ball using one bandaged hand.

Palla
Palla, Italian language for ball, is the name of various traditional ball games of Italy. In Italian they also call "pallacanestro" for basketball, "pallavolo" for volleyball, "pallamano" for handball and "pallanuoto" for water polo.
Palla eh!
"Palla eh!" is an old Tuscan ball game from Maremma towns between Siena and Grosseto. It has this name because players call out "eh!" before serving.
Small hand-made balls contain a lead pellet wrapped in rubber and wool with a leather cover. The game is played by facing teams who strike, not catch, the ball with either a bare or gloved hand: every team include 3, 4 or 5 athletes. Courts are marked out with painted lines on town streets, but there is no net, and players can move between sides. Adjacent buildings, objects, and sometimes spectators, are considered "in play." Play does stop for oncoming automobiles. Similar to real tennis, a second bounce can result in a "chase" rather than an outright point, marked in chalk where the ball stops rolling. In one version of palla, scoring is identical to that of tennis: 15-30-40-game.
Palla 21.
In a variant called "palla 21" scoring is 7-14-21 or game. In this form they use a rubber or plastic ball of 35-40 grams. Firstly a palla 21 tournament was played in Chicago during 2007 with Italian national team.
Palla elastica.
"Palla elastica" is a team game: every team include 5 athletes who catch a rubber ball, similar to tennis ball, with either a bare hand. The team which wins 11 games is final winner of the match: each game consists of 4 points. Registered players of official championships dispute their matches in a kind of stadium, 75 metres long with lateral wall, named "sferisterio" or "sferodromo" in Italian language.
Pallamuro.
"Pallamuro" is Italian name of American handball.
Palla prigioniera.
"Palla prigioniera" is Italian name of prisoner ball.
Pallacorda.
"Pallacorda" or "palla della corda" is the Italian name of ancient form of real tennis where a cord of rope was strung across the street and players used hands, racket or tamburello alias "tambourine" in English language. Pisa, Prato, Rome, Siena, and various Tuscan towns still have streets named "via Pallacorda" or "via Della Corda".
Pallamaglio.
"Pallamaglio" is an other ancient game called pall mall in English language and his modern form named skittles is played in England, Germany, Austria and Switzerland currently.
Pallina.
"Pallina" means "small ball" and it is a team game: every team include 4, 5 or 6 athletes who catch a rubber ball, of almost 50 grams, with either a bare hand.

Pellet
Pellet is a term used for a small particle or grain, typically one created by compressing an original material. The term is used in a variety of specific contexts.

Meteorological history of Hurricane Katrina
The meteorological history of Hurricane Katrina started on August 23, 2005. Hurricane Katrina was extremely destructive Category 5 hurricane which formed as Tropical Depression Twelve near the Bahamas. The next day, the tropical depression strengthened to a tropical storm, and was named "Katrina". Katrina continued on to make landfall on the southern part of the U.S. state of Florida as a Category 1 hurricane.
While passing across Florida, Katrina weakened to a tropical storm; however, the warm waters of the Gulf of Mexico allowed it to rapidly intensify to the sixth strongest Atlantic hurricane in recorded history. Afterwards, Katrina made landfall as a Category 3 hurricane near Buras-Triumph, Louisiana, and once more near the Mississippi/Louisiana border. Katrina continued northward through the central United States and finally dissipated near the Great Lakes, when it was absorbed by a cold front.
Formation.
Tropical Depression Twelve formed over the southeastern Bahamas at 5:00 p.m. EDT (2100 UTC) on August 23, 2005, partially from the remains of Tropical Depression Ten, which had dissipated from the effects of a nearby upper tropospheric trough. While the normal standards for numbering tropical depressions in the Atlantic shows that the old name/number is kept when a depression dissipates and regenerates, satellite data indicated that a second tropical wave combined with Tropical Depression Ten north of Puerto Rico to form a new, much more advanced system, which was then named as Tropical Depression Twelve. Simultaneously, the trough in the upper troposphere weakened, causing the wind shear in the area to decrease, also allowing the new tropical depression to develop. In a later re-analysis, it was found that the low-level circulation of TD Ten had completely detached and dissipated, with only the remnant mid-level circulation moving on and merging with the second tropical wave mentioned before. As a result, the criteria for keeping the same name and identity were not met.
First landfall.
As the atmospheric conditions surrounding Tropical Depression Twelve were favorable for tropical development, the system began to strength and was upgraded to Tropical Storm "Katrina" on the morning of August 24. A burst of convection allowed Katrina to become the fifth hurricane of the 2005 season on August 25, only two hours before it made landfall around 6:30 p.m. EST (2230 UTC) between Hallandale Beach and Aventura, Florida.
Katrina struck the peninsula with 80 mph (130 h) winds, and had a well-defined eye on Doppler radar, which managed to stay undisturbed throughout its passage over Florida. The storm weakened over land on August 26 to a tropical storm, but recovered its strength to hurricane status at 2:00 a.m. EDT (0600 UTC), about one hour after ending its passage through Florida and entering the Gulf of Mexico. Parts of the Florida Keys experienced tropical storm winds throughout August 26, with the Dry Tortugas briefly experiencing hurricane-force winds.
Gulf of Mexico.
At first, the National Hurricane Center forecasts predicted that Katrina would begin turning northward after landfall, eventually to make its second landfall on the Florida Panhandle about three to four days later. Katrina, however, continued a westerly and west-southwesterly track, which eventually made the forecasts change their predictions, and forecast Katrina to move westward into New Orleans.
Right after the storm entered the Gulf of Mexico, the low wind shear, good upper-level outflow, and the warm sea surface temperatures of the Gulf Loop Current caused Katrina to intensify rapidly. On August 27, the storm was upgraded to Category 3 strength, becoming the third major hurricane of the season. An eyewall replacement cycle stopped Katrina from strengthening its maximum winds for about 18 hours, but almost doubled the size of the storm as a result. The storm then began a second period of rapid intensification starting at 7:00 p.m. CDT on August 27, and by 12:40 a.m. CDT on August 28, Katrina was upgraded to a Category 4 hurricane with maximum sustained winds of 145 mph (233 km/h). It became a Category 5 storm by 7:00 a.m. CDT, twelve hours after the beginning of the second round of rapid intensification, and reached its peak intensity at 1:00 p.m. CDT with maximum sustained winds of 175 mph (280 km/h), gusts of 215 mph (344 km/h) and a central pressure of 902 mbar (26.64 inHg). The minimum pressure made Katrina, at the time, the fourth most intense Atlantic hurricane on record (Hurricanes Rita and Wilma would later beat Katrina's record that same year). As the hurricane came closer New Orleans, the Weather Forecast Office in Slidell, Louisiana gave out two strongly-worded warnings of the storm's danger.
By the afternoon of August 28, the storm was large enough that some areas of the Gulf Coast were already experiencing tropical storm-force winds. The center of Katrina was about 180 statute miles (290 km) from the mouth of the Mississippi River, but tropical storm-force winds extended 230 mi (370 km) from the center of the storm, and hurricane-force winds extended about 105 miles (170 km) away.
Overnight on August 29, and into the morning of the next day, Katrina quickly weakened (in terms of maximum sustained winds) as it began to enter another eyewall replacement cycle. The inner eyewall disappered before an outer eyewall had fully formed, which was one of the reasons of its rapid weakening. In 18 hours, the hurricane's maximum sustained winds decreased from 170 mph (280 km/h) to 125 mph (205 km/h). However, storm surges remained high at landfall because large waves greater than 30 feet (9.1 m) in height were generated beforehand (with a buoy recording a 55 ft/16.7 m wave at sea), when Katrina was at Categories 4 and 5 on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale. The waves then combined with the storm surge of the large Category 3 hurricane.
Second and third landfalls.
Katrina made its second landfall at 6:10 a.m. CDT on August 29 as a Category 3 hurricane with winds of 125 mph (205 km/h) near Buras-Triumph, Louisiana. Because Katrina had just weakened from Category 4 strength, and also because of the shape of the coastline, Category 4-force winds are believed to have existed on land while the eye was over water. At landfall, hurricane-force winds were recorded 120 miles (190 km) from the center, the storm's central pressure was 920 mbar (27.17 inHg), and its forward speed was 15 mph (10 km/h). As it made its way up the eastern Louisiana coastline, most communities in Plaquemines, St. Bernard Parish, and Slidell in St. Tammany Parish were severely damaged by storm surge and the strong winds of the eyewall, which also swipped over eastern New Orleans, creating $1 billion worth of damage to the city from intense flooding and wind damage.
Original estimates recorded that Katrina had made this landfall as a Category 4 hurricane, with 135 mph (220 km/h) winds; however, as mentioned above, the storm weakened just before landfall to Category 3 intensity. The reasons for this weakening are not completely understood yet; while the eye-wall replacement cycle played a part, slightly increasing shear, dropping sea surface temperatures, dry air on the western semicircle of the storm and interaction with the continental landmass also may have played a role in weakening the cyclone. This follows the trend of previous strong cyclones in the Gulf of Mexico: all cyclones with minimum central pressures of 973 mbar (28.73 inHg) or less have weakened over the 12 hours before making landfall in the Gulf Coast of the United States.
A few hours later, after weakening slightly, Katrina made its third landfall near the Louisiana-Mississippi border with 120 mph (195 km/h) sustained winds and 928 mbar (27.37 inHg) pressure, still at Category 3 intensity. Its minimum pressure at its second landfall was 920 mbar (27.17 inHg), making Katrina the third strongest hurricane on record to make landfall on the United States, behind Hurricane Camille's 909 mbar (26.85 inHg) reading in 1969, and the 1935 Labor Day Hurricane's 892 mbar (26.35 inHg) record.
Because the storm was so large, its highly destructive eye-wall winds and the strong northeastern quadrant of the storm pushed record storm surges onshore, smashing the entire Mississippi Gulf Coast, including towns in Mississippi such as Waveland, Bay St. Louis, Pass Christian, Long Beach, Gulfport, Biloxi, Ocean Springs, Gautier and Pascagoula, and, in Alabama, Bayou La Batre. The surges peaked at 28 feet (8.5 m) in Bay St. Louis, Mississippi, and at 13 feet (4.0 m) as far away as Mobile, Alabama, which saw its highest storm surge since 1917. Storm surge was particularly high due to the hydrology of the region, the hurricane's extreme size, and the fact that it weakened only shortly before landfall. As Katrina moved inland diagonally over Mississippi, high winds cut a swath of damage that affected almost the entire state.
Dissipation.
Katrina stayed at hurricane strength in Mississippi, but it soon weakened. It lost hurricane strength more than 150 miles (240 km) inland, near Meridian, Mississippi. Katrina was then lowered into a tropical depression near Clarksville, Tennessee and broke in half. One half of the storm continued to race northward, affecting the Central United States, and it was last noticeable in the eastern Great Lakes region. On August 31, it was absorbed by a frontal boundary and became a powerful extratropical low, causing 1.97–6.69 inches (50–170 mm) of rain in 12 hours. It also caused gale-force wind gusts from 31 to 61 mph (50 to 98 km/h) in southeastern Quebec and northern New Brunswick. In the region of Saguenay and Côte-Nord, rain caused breakdowns and failure in roads. The Côte-Nord region was isolated from the rest of Quebec for at least 1 week. However, the other half of Katrina broke off in the eastern part of the Appalachians, which caused a major tornado outbreak in the area from central Georgia to central Pennsylvania. The tornadoes were strong, killing two people and creating severe damage.
At 11:00 p.m. EDT on August 31, the center of the remnant storm that was once Katrina was absorbed by another weather system in southeastern Canada.

Troposphere
The troposphere is the lowest portion of Earth's atmosphere. It contains about 75% of the atmosphere's mass and almost all of its water vapor and aerosols.

Rapid deepening
Rapid deepening is a condition that happens when the minimum sea-level atmospheric pressure of a tropical cyclone goes down at lot very quickly. The National Weather Service describes rapid deepening as a decrease of 42 millibars in less than 24 hours. However, this phrase is usually applied to most storms that are quickly becoming stronger.

Doppler radar
Doppler radar uses the Doppler effect to measure the radial velocity of targets in the antenna's directional beam. The Doppler effect shifts the received frequency up or down based on the radial velocity of target (closing or opening) in the beam, allowing for the direct and highly accurate measurement of target velocity.
Doppler radars may be Coherent Pulsed, Continuous Wave, or Frequency Modulated.

Horseshoe crab
Horseshoe crab ("Limulus polyphemus") are benthic or bottom-dwelling organisms found in both estuarine and continental shelf habitats. Horseshoe crabs are arthropods, part of the largest group of all living animals that includes insects, spiders, scorpions and crabs. Unlike true crabs, horseshoe crabs have book gills (a breathing organ in many arachnids containing folds of membrane like leaves of a book), chelicera (an anterior pair of appendages in arachnids, often specialized as fangs) and five pairs of legs. The external appearance of the horseshoe crab has remained relatively unchanged over the last 360 million years ago.
The horseshoe crab population ranges from the Yucatan peninsula to northern Maine, but they are most commonly found in the mid-Atlantic region between Virginia and New Jersey. Each major estuary along the coast is believed to have a discrete horseshoe crab population, distinguished from one another by individuals’ adult size, carapace color and eye pigmentation.

Atlantic hurricane
An Atlantic hurricane refers to a tropical cyclone that forms in the Atlantic Ocean usually in the Northern Hemisphere during the summer or autumn, with one-minute maximum sustained winds of at least 74 mph (64 knots, 33 m/s, 119 km/h). When applied to hurricanes, "Atlantic" generally refers to the entire "Atlantic basin", which includes the North Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico.
Most Atlantic tropical storms and hurricanes form between June 1 and November 30. The United States National Hurricane Center monitors the basin and gives out reports, watches and warnings about tropical weather systems for the Atlantic Basin as one of the Regional Specialized Meteorological Centers for tropical cyclones as defined by the World Meteorological Organization.
Tropical disturbances that reach tropical storm intensity are named from a pre-determined list. On average, 10.1 named storms form each season, with an average of 5.9 becoming hurricanes and 2.5 becoming major hurricanes (Category 3 or greater). The climatological peak of activity is around September 10 every season.

Buras-Triumph, Louisiana
Buras-Triumph is a census-designated place (CDP) in Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana, United States.
The population was 3,358 at the 2000 census. On the peninsula, Buras has been located higher, with Triumph located southeast of Buras.
Buras-Triumph has become famous as the location where, on August 29, 2005, at 6:10 AM CDT, the eye of Hurricane Katrina, by far the most expensive natural disaster (and one of the deadliest) ever to strike the United States, made its strongest landfall. However, the storm surge and high winds began on the previous day, August 28, 2005. During those 2 days, the area was destroyed as a result.

Dry Tortugas
The Dry Tortugas are a small group of islands, located at the end of the Florida Keys, United States. They are located about west of Key West, and west of the Marquesas Keys, at, the closest islands. Still further west is the Tortugas Bank, which is now underwater. The islands were discovered in 1513 by Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de León. They are an unincorporated area of Monroe County, Florida and belong to the Lower Keys Census County Division. With their surrounding waters, they make up the Dry Tortugas National Park.

Aventura, Florida
Aventura is a city located in northeastern Miami-Dade County, Florida. The city name is from the Spanish word for "adventure," and was named "Aventura" because that was the name of the original group of condominium developments in the area. The name predates the well known mall (Aventura Mall) built near the condominium developments. According to the U.S Census estimates of 2006, the city had a population of 30,027.

Florida Keys
The Florida Keys is an archipelago of about 1700 islands in the southeast United States. They begin at the southeastern tip of the Florida peninsula, about 15 miles south of Miami, and extend in a gentle arc south-southwest and then westward to Key West, the westernmost of the inhabited islands, and on to the uninhabited Dry Tortugas. The islands lie along the Florida Straits, dividing the Atlantic Ocean to the east from the Gulf of Mexico to the west, and defining one edge of Florida Bay. At the nearest point, the southern tip of Key West is just 98 miles (157 km) from Cuba. The Florida Keys are between about 23.5 and 25.5 degrees North latitude, in the subtropics. The climate of the Keys however, is defined as tropical according to Köppen climate classification. More than 95 percent of the land area lies in Monroe County, but a small portion extends northeast into Miami-Dade County, primarily in the city of Islandia, Florida. The total land area is 355.6 km² (137.3 sq mi). As of the 2000 census the population was 79,535, with an average density of 223.66/km² (579.27/sq mi), although much of the population is concentrated in a few areas of much higher density, such as the city of Key West, which has 32% of the entire population of the Keys.
The city of Key West is the county seat of Monroe County, which consists of a section on the mainland which is almost entirely in Everglades National Park, and the Keys islands from Key Largo to the Dry Tortugas.

Climatology
Climatology is the study of climate, scientifically defined as weather conditions averaged over a period of time, and is a branch of the atmospheric sciences. Basic knowledge of climate can be used within shorter term weather forecasting using analog techniques such as teleconnections and climate indices.

Harder, Better, Faster, Stronger
"Harder, Better, Faster, Stronger" is a 2001 single from the album "Discovery" by Daft Punk.
Kanye West's 2007 song "Stronger" from the album "Graduation" uses a sample from "Harder, Better, Faster, Stronger".

Fiona Apple
Fiona Apple McAfee Maggart, or Fiona Apple (born September 13, 1977) is an American musician.

Tanakh
Tanakh is an acronym that is the same thing as the Hebrew Bible. It has three parts called the Torah, which has the first five books, the Nevi'im, which has the books of Hebrew prophets, and the Ketuvim, which has the rest of the books. It takes its name from the first two letters of each of these parts.

Pastor
A pastor is what a leader is called in some Christian Churches. The word "pastor" is Latin for "shepherd".

Egyptology
Egyptology is the study of Ancient Egypt. It falls under both history and archaeology. Someone who studies or works in this field is called an Egyptologist.

Lichfield
Lichfield is a small city in Staffordshire, England.
The first part of the name comes from a nearby Roman-British village called "Letocetum". It was captured by the Mercians some time before 669, when it was called "Licidfelth". Between 786 and 803, the Christian archbishop in England was here, instead of Canterbury.

New France
New France was a colony settled by France in North America. The regions in New France included Quebec, Acadia, and Louisiana. Quebec City was its capital.

El Llano, Elías Piña
El Llano (in English, "The Plain") is a Dominican municipality in the Elías Piña Province.
Population.
The municipality had, in 2002, a total population of 8,151: 4,376 men and 3,775 women. The urban population was 30.23% of the total population.
History.
El Llano was elevated to the category of municipality by the law 3208 of 2 July, 1974. Before that date, it was part of Comendador.
Economy.
The main economic activity of the municipality is agriculture.

Hondo Valle, Elías Piña
Hondo Valle (in English, "Deep Valley") is a Dominican municipality in the Elías Piña Province. It is located in the Sierra de Neiba mountain range.
Population.
The municipality had, in 2002, a total population of 10,647: 5,538 men and 5,109 women. The urban population was 35.24% of the total population.
History.
Hondo Valle was elevated to the category of municipality by the law 916 of 12 August, 1978. Before that date, it was a municipal district of Comendador.
Economy.
The main economic activity of the municipality is agriculture.

Juan Santiago, Elías Piña
Juan Santiago is a Dominican municipality in the Elías Piña Province.
Population.
The municipality had, in 2002, a total population of 4,491: 2,453 men and 2,038 women. The urban population was 34.85% of the total population.
History.
Juan Santiago was elevated to the category of municipal district of Comendador by the law 916 of 12 August, 1978. Then it was elevated to the category of municipality.
Economy.
The main economic activity of the municipality is agriculture.

Río Limpio, Elías Piña
Río Limpio (in English, "Clean River") is a Dominican municipal district of Pedro Santana in the Elías Piña Province. It is on the northern side of the Cordillera Central mountain range.
Population.
The municipality had, in 2002, a total population of 3,800: 2,036 men and 1,764 women. The urban population was 36.58% of the total population.
History.
Río Limpio was elevated to the category of municipal district of Pedro Santana by the law 36 of 15 November, 1992.
Economy.
The main economic activity of the municipality is agriculture.

Sabana Cruz, Elías Piña
Sabana Cruz is a Dominican municipal district of Bánica in the Elías Piña Province.
Population.
In the last national census (2002), the population of Sabana Cruz is included with that of Bánica.
Economy.
The main economic activity of the municipality is agriculture.

Sabana Larga, Elías Piña
Sabana Larga is a Dominican municipal district of Comendador in the Elías Piña Province.
Population.
In the last national census (2002), the population of Sabana Larga is included with that of Comendador.
History.
Sabana Larga was elevated to the category of municipal district of Comendador by the law 18 of 20 January, 2004.
Economy.
The main economic activity of the municipality is agriculture.

Destiny Fulfilled
"Destiny Fulfilled" is the fourth studio album by the American R&B trio Destiny's Child. The album features the top five singles "Lose My Breath" and "Soldier" along with the top twenty single "Cater 2 U" and top thirty single "Girl".
"Destiny Fulfilled" debuted prematurely at number-nineteen on the Billboard 200 selling 61,000 copies a week before its official release. During its first official week of sales the album sold over 497,000 (558,000) copies and rocketed to number two on the pop charts behind Eminem's "Encore" and number one on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart (for two weeks). The album sold over 337,000 copies in its second week (number four), 164,000 in its third (number nine) and 214,000 in its fourth (number seven). "Destiny Fulfilled" was certified Triple platinum by the RIAA after only eight weeks on the chart in January, 2005. It spent nine weeks in the top ten and fifty weeks on the Billboard 200 and has sold 2.7 million copies in the US according to Nielsen SoundScan. The album has sold 6 million copies worldwide, to date.

Kanal 5
Kanal 5 is a Swedish television channel.

Decadence
Decadence (pronounced: DEK-a-dence) means a state in which people are behaving in a way that is morally bad. The adjective is decadent (pronounce: DEK-a-dent). It has nothing to do with the word decade (10 years). “Decadence” comes from the Latin words “de” (from) and “cadere” (to fall).
Decadence is usually a state in a society which used to be good but has become bad. Many people have started to behave in a way that others think is shocking. Of course, not everyone will agree what is “good” or “bad”, but some societies, such as ancient Rome at the end of its existence, are always thought to have been decadent.
In literature and other arts the end of the 19th century and beginning of the 20th century is often called the “Decadent movement”. It is often called the “fin de siècle” (end of century). In France there were several writers who were happy to be called “decadent”. They included Paul Verlaine, Charles Baudelaire, Arthur Rimbaud and Stéphane Mallarmé. In England they included Oscar Wilde.

Kanye West
Kanye Omari West (born June 8, 1977) is an American record producer and rapper. He rose to fame in the mid 2000s. His first two albums, "The College Dropout" and "Late Registration", received many awards (including six Grammys), critical acclaim, and commercial success. West also runs his own record label called GOOD Music. West's mascot and trademark is a teddy bear. A teddy bear has appeared on the covers of his three albums as well as the single cover for his song "Stronger".
On Saturday, November 10, 2007, at 8:30 PM PST Kanye West's mother, Donda West, was pronounced dead. Her death was due to complications from cosmetic surgery involving a tummy tuck and breast reduction procedure.TMZ reported that West was advised not to go through with the surgery by Beverly Hills physician Andre Aboolian. She had a health condition that could lead to a heart attack if she went through with the surgery. West was referred to an internist by her physician. West never met with the internist and had the procedures performed by someone other than Aboolian. "Access Hollywood" reported that Oprah Winfrey had introduced West to the doctor who performed the surgery (Jan Adams). Winfrey has denied this.

Giro Manoyan
Giro (Kiro) Manoyan () is an Armenian politician, one of the leaders of ARF Dashnaktsutiun and the head of "Armenian Cause" Office.
Manoyan attended and finished Concordia University in Montreal, Canada. In the 1980s he was the Executive Director of the Armenian National Committee of Canada. From 1989 to 1999, he edited the Horizon Weekly Armenian newspaper. Since 2000, he is the Director of the International Secretariat of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation Bureau in Yerevan.

Castleton
Castleton is a small little village in the Derbyshire Peak District national park, in England. It is built on a limestone part of the national park and nearly all the buildings are built of limestone. It has extremely good access as it is near some main cities.
There are some main attractions in Castleton. Mam Tor is a tall mountain made out of shale. Burbage Moor is a lovely walking spot. It has some climbing spots and has a valley in a valley. Winnats Pass is a path way in between 2 cliffs. It is very spectacular walking through it.
There are big limestone caves near Castleton. They have stalagmites stalactites. Blue John is a type of rock which is found near Castleton.
Castleton has the nickname 'Gem of the Peaks'.

Los Angeles Lakers
The Los Angeles Lakers are an National Basketball Association team located in Los Angeles, California. The Lakers play their home games at Staples Center, which they share with the Los Angeles Clippers, their sister team the Los Angeles Sparks of the WNBA, the Los Angeles Kings of the National Hockey League, the Los Angeles Avengers of the Arena Football League and the NBA Development League's Los Angeles D-Fenders. The Lakers were originally known as Minneapolis Lakers. Many famous players played on the Los Angeles Lakers' team, like Wilt Chamberlain, the only NBA player to score 100 points in a game.

Asterix
"Asterix" () is a French comic book, created by René Goscinny (words) and Albert Uderzo (pictures). Goscinny died in 1977 and Uderzo continues to draw and write the series by himself. The title character Asterix is a Gaul, a member of Celtic tribe that lived in France, many years ago. Asterix lives in a small village in northwest Gaul (Anicent France) during the time of Julius Caesar in 50 BC. Unlike, the rest of Gaul, this village has not been taken over by the Romans, because the people in the village drink a magic potion brewed by their druid. Asterix has many adventures with his friend, Obelix. The stories have been adapted into movies and video games, there is even an amusement park.

Hurdy gurdy
A hurdy gurdy is a stringed musical instrument played by a rosin-covered wheel.

List of magicians
This is a list of magicians, illusionists, escape artists, and other practitioners of stage magic. For a list of witches, wizards, and other people who say they do real magic, see: List of occultists.
Magicians are listed by the most common name used in performance. Magicians' real names, if different, follow in parentheses.

Magician
A magician is an entertainer who does illusions and magic tricks by learning about the tricks of the mind and using them to his/her advantage; magicians will occasionally use props, such as a pack of cards.
Harry Potter is a fictional magician who uses words to create magic.

P-47 Thunderbolt
The P-47 Thunderbolt (also called The Jug) was a fighter aircraft made by Republic Aviation. It first flew in 1941, and was introduced in 1942. It had a very big Pratt and Whitney R-2800-59 engine, which had more than 2,000 horsepower. Because of this, the P-47 could go than 430 miles per hour. In fact, it was the biggest engine ever at the time. It had 8 machine guns, 2 more than most fighters. It's shape and speed made it similar to the Fw 190.
During 1944, the P-51 Mustang was lighter, faster, and could turn better. So it started replacing the P-47 as a fighter. But the P-47 was then used for bombing in late World War II. It was retired from the American Air National Guard in 1955.
Now, there is a jet called the A-10 Thunderbolt II, and is named after the P-47.

Judo
Judo, meaning "Gentle Way" comes from the ancient Samurai art in Japan, named "Jujitsu".
Jujitsu was a deadly art that used chokes, throws, joint locks, and strikes to knock out or kill opponents. Kano Jigoro who created Judo, took the safest techniques from Jujitsu and combined them to create this new Japanese martial art.
Judo is very scientific in its training methods and fighting techniques.

Michelle Williams
Michelle Williams may refer to different people

Humus
Humus is often described as the 'life-force' of the soil.
Yet it is difficult to define humus in precise terms; it is a highly complex substance, the full nature of which is still not fully understood.
In the earth sciences, "humus" means any organic matter which has reached a point of stability, where it will break down no further and might, if conditions do not change, remain essentially as it is for centuries, or millennia.
In agriculture, "humus" is often used simply to mean mature compost, or natural compost extracted from a forest or other spontaneous source for use to amend soil.
Physically, the difference between humus and organic matter is that organic matter is rough looking material, with coarse plant remains still visible, while once fully humified it becomes more uniform in appearance (a dark, spongy, jelly-like substance) and amorphous in structure. That is, it has no determinate shape, structure or character.

Soil science
Soil science deals with soil as a natural resource on the surface of the earth.
It includes soil formation, classification and mapping.
But many more sciences deal with knowledge of soils and the advancement of the soil sciences: engineering, agronomists, chemistry, geology, geography, biology, microbiology, sylviculture, public health, archaeology, and regional planning.

Queen's Counsel
Queen's Counsel (postnominal QC), during the reign of a male sovereign known as King's Counsel (KC), are senior lawyers in various Commonwealth countries.
They are appointed by letters patent to be one of "Her Majesty's Counsel learned in the law". They are not a separate type of lawyer. They are more than long serving lawyers, because their status is given by the Crown and recognised by the courts.
Queen's Counsel have the privilege of sitting within the Bar of court, and wear silk gowns of a special design (hence the informal title Silks). The special robes are the reason why becoming a QC is often called "taking silk".
In order to "take silk" a lawyer usually has to serve as a barrister or a Scottish advocate for at least 10 years. Recently solicitors have also been appointed Queen's Counsel.
A QC's status means they generally charge higher fees than ordinary barristers, and always have another barrister as an assistant. This assistant is called a "junior" even if the junior has been a lawyer longer than the "silk".

Pedogenesis
Pedogenesis or soil evolution (formation) is the process by which soil is created.
Climate regulates soil formation. Soils are more developed in areas with higher rainfall and more warmth.
The rate of chemical weathering increases by 2-3 times when the temperature increases by 10 degrees Celsius (20 °F).
Climate also affects which organisms are present, affecting the soil chemically and physically (movement of roots, burrowing by animals).
The organisms living in and on the soil form distinct soil types. Coniferous forests have acidic leaf litter and form what are known as inceptisols. Mixed or deciduous forests leave a larger layer of humus, changing the elements leached and accumulated in the soil, forming alfisols. Prairies have very high humus accumulation, creating a dark, thick A horizon characteristic of mollisols.
The rock from which soil is formed is called "parent material".
The main types are: eolian, glacial till, glacial outwash, alluvium, lacustrine parent material and residual parent material, or bedrock.
Pedogenesis is the major topic of the science of pedology, whose other aspects include the soil morphology, classification (taxonomy) of soils, and their distribution in nature, present and past (soil geography and paleopedology).

Eleven
Eleven is a number. It comes between ten and twelve, is an odd number, and is a prime number, after 3, 5, and 7.

Twelve
Twelve is a number. It comes between eleven and thirteen, and is an even number. It is divisble by 2, 3, 4, and 6. Its ordinal is 12th (twelfth). Its Roman numeral is XII. It is a duodecimal number.

Sedimentary rock
Sedimentary rocks are rocks that are made from sediments (pieces of other rocks, animals, plants or minerals). Sedimentary rocks cover 75-80% of the Earth's land area. Other types of rock are igneous rock and metamorphic rock).
Types of Sedimentary Rock.
Chalk, limestone, and dolomite, are all made from a mixture of minerals and pieces of animals (especially animal shells). They are mostly formed in oceans.
Shale, sandstone, and conglomerate are all Clastic rocks (They are made from pieces of other rocks) The pieces may have come from erosion by water, ice or wind.
Coal is made from ancient plants.These rocks can be found any where in the universe.
The sediments become rock either by being buried and squeezed together or by being stuck together by a solution washing through them. When sedimentary rocks are heated, they become metamorphic rocks. They come from igneous rocks. The rocks all go round in a cycle.

Fourteen
Fourteen is a number. It comes between thirteen and fifteen, and is an even number. It is divisible by 2, and 7.

Rock (geology)
A rock is a naturally occurring mixture of minerals and/or mineraloids. The Earth's lithosphere is made of rock. Petrology is the scientific study of rocks.
Rock classification.
Rocks are classified by mineral and chemical composition, by the texture of their particles and by the processes that formed them. These indicators separate rocks into igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic. The transformation of one rock type to another is described by the geological model called the "rock cycle".
Igneous rocks are formed when molten magma cools and are divided into two main categories: plutonic rock and volcanic rock. Plutonic or intrusive rocks result when magma cools and crystallizes slowly within the Earth's crust (example granite), while volcanic or extrusive rocks result from magma reaching the surface either as lava or fragmental ejecta (examples pumice and basalt).
Sedimentary rocks are formed by deposition of either clastic sediments, organic matter, or chemical precipitates (evaporites), followed by compaction of the particulate matter and cementation during diagenesis. Sedimentary rocks form at or near the Earth's surface. Mud rocks comprise 65% (mudstone, shale and siltstone); sandstones 20 to 25% and carbonate rocks 10 to 15% (limestone and dolostone).
Metamorphic rocks are formed by subjecting any rock type (including previously-formed metamorphic rock) to different temperature and pressure conditions than those in which the original rock was formed. These temperatures and pressures are always higher than those at the Earth's surface and must be sufficiently high so as to change the original minerals into other mineral types or else into other forms of the same minerals (e.g. by recrystallisation).

Fifteen
Fifteen is a number. It comes between fourteen and sixteen, and is an odd number. It is divisible by 3, and 5.

Sixteen
Sixteen is a number. It comes between fifteen and seventeen, and is an even number. It is also the 4th square number, after 1, 4, and 9.

Weathering
Weathering is the decomposition of rocks, soils and their minerals through direct contact with the Earth's atmosphere.
Weathering happens on the place without movement and should not to be confused with erosion, where rocks and minerals disintegrate under the influence of water, ice, wind and gravity.
Two important classifications of weathering processes exist.

Recrystallisation
Recrystallization (see also crystallization) is an essentially physical process that has meanings in chemistry, metallurgy and geology.
In chemistry, recrystallization is a procedure for purifying compounds.
In geology, solid-state recrystallization is a metamorphic process that occurs under situations of intense temperature and pressure where grains, atoms or molecules of a rock or mineral are packed closer together, creating a new crystal structure.
Limestone is a sedimentary rock that undergoes metamorphic recrystallization to form marble, and clays can recrystallize to muscovite mica.
In metallurgy, recrystallization is the nucleation and growth of new undeformed grains in a deformed metal.
For ice, recrystallization means the growth of larger crystals at the expense of smaller ones. Some biological antifreeze proteins have been shown to inhibit this process, and the effect may be relevant in freezing-tolerant organisms.

General licences under the Wildlife & Countryside Act 1981
General licences under the Wildlife & Countryside Act 1981 are issued each year by the Department for Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) in England.
Killing most mammals and almost all birds is illegal in the United Kingdom, except for certain types and for certain reasons.
DEFRA can give a licence to kill or disturb birds. It also gives out a general licence. This allows any “authorised person”, that is someone who has the landowner’s permission, to kill certain birds, or to destroy their eggs or nests, if there is no other way to get rid of the birds.
This table shows the name of the bird, and the reasons () that type of bird can be destroyed.
1or to prevent serious damage to livestock or damage to foodstuffs for livestock, crops, vegetables, fruit, growing timber, fisheries or inland waters.

Soil classification
Soil classification means that one finds categories of soils that are based on general characteristics as well as criteria that decide about the use that is possible.
Soil classification can be approached from both the perspective of pedogenesis and from soil morphology. But in both cases interpretations do not vary widely.

Manor house
A manor house or fortified manor-house is a country house, which has historically formed the centre of a manor (see Manorialism). The term is sometimes used for relatively small country houses which belonged to gentry families, as well as to grand stately homes, particularly as a technical term for minor late medieval castles more intended for show than for defence.
In general terms, the manor house was the house of a feudal lord of a manor, which he occupied only on occasional visits if he held many manors. Although not built with strong fortifications as castles were, many manor houses were partly fortified: they were enclosed within walls or ditches. Often the farm buildings were within these walls as well. Many of manor houses were equipped with small gatehouses and watchtowers.
The main feature of the manor house was its great hall. By the beginning of the 16th century, manor houses as well as small castles began to acquire the character and amenities of the residences of country gentlemen. This late 16th century transformation produced many of the smaller Renaissance châteaux of France and the many country mansions of the Elizabethan and Jacobean styles in England.
In France, the terms "château" or "manoir" are often used synonymously to describe a French manor house. "Maison-forte" is another French word to describe a strongly fortified manor house. In the western France provinces of Brittany and Normandy, certain large manors enjoyed real means of protection.
In modern usage, the term "manor" or "manor house" is often used, especially outside Europe, to mean simply either a country house or indeed any other house considered to resemble one, without any reference to age or to the historical sense of the term.

English country house
The English country house is generally accepted as a large house that was once in the ownership of an individual who in most of the cases owned another great house in the West End of London. The country house was not only a weekend retreat for aristocrats, but also often a full time residence for the minor gentry.
Evolution of the English country house.
The country houses of England have developed over the last 500 years. Before this time larger houses were fortified in most of the cases, because their owners were feudal lords or overlords of their manor. The Tudor period of stability in the country saw the first of the large unfortified coutry houses.
Decline.
With the rise of modern industry, when people left the country to go to the big cities coutry houses decned as there were less people in the country. After 1945 it became very difficult to pay for the huge staff that was required to maintain these houses.

Larynx
The larynx (plural "larynges"), colloquially known as the voicebox, is an organ in the neck of mammals that helps to protect the trachea and sound production. The larynx houses the vocal folds.
Function.
Sound is "generated" in the larynx, and that is where pitch and volume are manipulated. The strength of expiration from the lungs also contributes to loudness, and is necessary for the vocal folds to produce speech.
Fine manipulation of the larynx is used in a great way to generate a source sound with a particular fundamental frequency, or pitch. This source sound is altered as it travels through the vocal tract, configured differently based on the position of the tongue, lips, mouth, and pharynx. The process of altering a source sound as it passes through the filter of the vocal tract creates the many different vowel and consonant sounds of the world's languages.
During swallowing, the backward motion of the tongue forces the epiglottis over the laryngeal opening to prevent swallowed material from entering the lungs; the larynx is also pulled upwards to assist this process. Stimulation of the larynx by ingested matter produces a strong cough reflex to protect the lungs.
The vocal folds can be held close together (by adducting the arytenoid cartilages), so that they vibrate (see phonation).
References.
Speech and Hearing Science: Anatomy and Physiology 3rd edition. Willard R. Zemlin. 1988. Prentice-Hall, Inc. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. ISBN 0-13-827429-0

Endangered species
An endangered species is a group (population) of organisms that is in danger of becoming extinct. This could happen because there are few of that animal left, its predators have grown in number, or the climate that it lives in is changing.

Archosaur
Archosaurs ("Archosauria") any of various reptiles, including all crocodiles and birds and all descendants of their most recent common ancestor. Archosaurs ("ruling reptiles") are members of a subclass that also includes dinosaurs, the pterosaurs (flying reptiles), and several groups extinct forms, mostly from the Triassic period.

MS Explorer
The MS Explorer was a cruise ship ("MS" stands for motor ship). It had been known as MS Lindblad Explorer (–1985) and MS Society Explorer (–1992). It was registered in Liberia. It was designed for sailing in cold areas, such as around Antarctica. The MS "Explorer" was originally ordered by the Swedish explorer Lars-Eric Lindblad. The ship was sold several times. Its last owner was the Toronto-based travel company G.A.P Adventures. It had bought the "Explorer" in 2004.
Besides being the first cruise ship ever built specifically to ply the frigid waters of the Antarctic Ocean, the "Explorer" became the first ever to sink there when it struck an unidentified submerged object, possibly ice, on November 23 2007 which caused a 10 by 4 inch (25 × 10 cm) gash in the hull. Everyone escaped from "Explorer" in the early hours of November 23 2007 after taking on water near the South Shetland Islands in the Southern Ocean, which is usually stormy, but was calm at the time. The "Explorer" was confirmed by the Chilean Navy to have sunk at approximately position: 62 degrees 24 minute South and 57 degrees 16 minutes west, between South Shetlands and Grahams Land, in the Bransfield Strait, where the depth is roughly 2000 feet (600 m).
History.
Commissioned by Lars-Eric Lindblad, the Swedish-American pioneer of exotic expedition tours, the "Explorer" was built in 1969 at Nystads Varv shipyard in Uusikaupunki, Finland. The ship was built to stay afloat with two of its compartments filled with water, and its ice class on the HELCOM scale was IC.
The vessel was originally named the "Lindblad Explorer" in honor of Lars-Eric Lindblad. On February 11, 1972 the "Explorer" ran aground (into the ground) near La Plaza Point, Antarctica; its passengers, Lars-Eric Lindblad among them, were rescued by the Chilean Navy. It was towed to Buenos Aires, Argentina and then to Kristiansand, Norway for repairs.
In 1998 "Explorer" was the first ship to sail around the James Ross Island;.
The "Explorer" was depicted on at least two postage stamps issued by South Georgia.
Sinking.
The ship left Ushuaia, Argentina on November 11th, 2007, on a 19-day cruise intended to trace the route of 20th century explorer Ernest Shackleton through the Drake Passage (an area typically stormy with rough seas). After visiting the Falkland Islands and South Georgia Island the "Explorer" hit an unidentified submerged object in the Bransfield Strait close to King George Island in the Antarctic Ocean, near the South Shetland Islands, on November 23, 2007. The object struck by the "Explorer" caused a 10 by 4 inch (25 × 10 cm) hole to the ship's port side (left side) which allowed sea water to enter the ship.
A passenger reported sea water in the cabin at about 03:00 UTC. Although some reports indicate there had been no noticeable impact, or at least nothing more than the normal crunching of ice experienced when sailing through icy waters, other reports say that there was a loud bang. Some reports also indicate that the ship drifted into an iceberg on the "Explorer's" starboard side while the crew was assessing damage caused by the original impact to the port side of the ship.
A mayday call was put out by the ship at 04:24 UTC, and rescue operations were quickly coordinated by the Prefectura Naval (Coast Guard Corps) of the Argentine Republic, and the Chilean Navy Center for Search and Rescue. Chile dispatched the icebreaker "Almirante Viel", and nearby commercial ships including the MN "Ushuaia", the "National Geographic Endeavor", and the Norwegian Coastal Express ship MS "Nordnorge" which was operating as a passenger cruise ship at the time. By 07:30 UTC, all 91 passengers, 9 guides and 54 crew, from over 14 countries
, left the ship and took to the life rafts, where they drifted for three to four hours, until they were picked up by the Norwegian ship MS "Nordnorge" which arrived on scene by 10:00 UTC.
It is believed that the "Explorer" sank at about 19:00 UTC. Coincidentally, earlier in 2007, the MS Nordnorge was involved in another Antarctic rescue when it evacuated 294 passengers from a sister ship, the MS Nordkapp, when the Nordkapp ran aground on Deception Island, a part of these same remote South Shetland Islands archipelago.
Some of those rescued by the "Nordnorge" were taken to the Chilean Eduardo Frei Montalva Station on King George Island. Later they were flown by C-130 Hercules transport aircraft of the Chilean Air Force to Punta Arenas, Chile, in two separate flights on Saturday, November 24th, and Sunday, November 25th. Approximately 70 of the survivors were taken to Uruguay’s Artigas Base. The "Explorer" sank within 20 hours after striking an unknown submerged object reported to be ice.

Calcite
Calcite is one of the most widely distributed minerals on the Earth's surface. It is a common constituent of sedimentary rocks, limestone in particular. It is also the primary mineral in metamorphic marble.
It is a chemical or biochemical calcium carbonate corresponding to the formula CaCO3 and belongs to the carbonate mineral. One can find it as a vein mineral in deposits from hot springs, and in caverns as stalactites and stalagmites.

Stalagmite
A stalagmite is a form that can be found on the floor of a cave. It rises from the floor of a limestone cave when mineralized solutions drip from the ceiling and deposits of calcium carbonate form columns on the ground. The corresponding formation on the ceiling of a cave is known as a stalactite.
When touring caves with stalactites and stalagmites you might be asked to not touch the rock formations. This is generally because the formation is considered to still be growing and forming. Since the rock buildup is formed by minerals solidifying out of the water solution, skin oils can disturb where the mineral water will cling. So the development of the rock formation will be affected and not natural anymore.
Stalactites and stalagmites can also form on concrete ceilings and floors, but they form much more rapidly there than in the natural cave environment.

Deposition (geology)
Deposition is the geological process where by material is added to a landform.
This happens when wind and water lay down grains of material that has been eroded and transported from another geographical location.
Deposition happens when the forces that transport sediments are weaker than the forces of particle weight and friction, which resist motion.

Calcium carbonate
Calcium carbonate is a chemical compound, with the chemical formula CaCO3. It is a common substance found as rock in all parts of the world, and is the main component of seashells, snails, and eggshell. Calcium carbonate is usually the main cause of hard water.
To test whether a mineral or rock contains calcium carbonate, strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid, can be added to it. If the sample does contain calcium carbonate, it will fizz and produce carbon dioxide and water. Weak acids such as acetic acid will react, but less quickly. All of the rocks/minerals mentioned above will react with acid.

Hard water
Hard water is water that has a high mineral content (contrast with "soft water").
The main components of these minerals usually are calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+) ions. But there are also dissolved metals, bicarbonates, and sulfates. Calcium usually enters the water as either calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in the form of limestone and chalk, or calcium sulfate (CaSO4) in the form of several other mineral deposits. The main source of magnesium is dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2). Hard water is generally not harmful.

Soft water
With soft water one describes types of water that contain few or no minerals like calcium or magnesium ions. The term is usually relative to "hard water", which does contain significant amounts of such ions.
Soft Water mostly comes from peat or igneous rock sources, such as granite but may also come from sandstone sources, since such sedimentary rocks are usually low in calcium and magnesium.

Moorland
Moorland or moor is a type of habitat that one can find in upland areas, that are characterised by acidic soils.
Moorland habitats are rather common in the neotropics and tropical Africa but one can find them also in small scattered places in northern and western Europe, northern Australia, North America, Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent. In the tiny areas of European moorlands tend to be environments with only very few species. They are often dominated by heather. In the far more extensive moorlands of the tropics species diversity can be extremely high.
Moorlands differ from typical heathland in being colder and much wetter, often with extensive bogs.
Famous moorlands in the UK.
Notable areas of upland moorland in Britain include the Dark Peak, the Forest of Bowland, the Lake District, the Pennines, Mid Wales, the Southern Uplands of Scotland, the Scottish Highlands and a few very small pockets in western Herefordshire.
Conservation.
In Europe if the heather and other vegetation is left for too long, a large volume of dry and combustible material builds up. This is may cause a fire which may burn out a large area. But generally moorland wildlife copes with even major fires and are easily able to recover if such intense burnings are not too frequent.

Neotropic ecozone
In context of biogeography, Neotropic or Neotropical means one of the world's eight terrestrial ecozones.
This ecozone includes South and Central America, the Mexican lowlands, the Caribbean islands, and southern Florida, because these regions share a large number of plant and animal groups.
It is sometimes used as a synonym for the tropical area of South America, although the ecozone also includes temperate southern South America.
Its fauna and flora are distinct from the Nearctic (which includes most of North America) because of the long separation of the two continents. The formation of the Isthmus of Panama joined the two continents 2 to 3 million years ago.
The Neotropic includes more tropical rainforest than any other ecozone. They extend from southern Mexico through Central America and northern South America to southern Brazil and include the Amazon Rainforest. These rainforest ecoregions are one of the most important reserves of biodiversity on Earth. Extensive deforestation in the late 20th century has reduced this diversity to a degree.

Nearctic
"For the thoroughbred racehorse see Nearctic (horse)."
The Nearctic is one of the eight terrestrial ecozones dividing the Earth's land surface.
The Nearctic ecozone covers most of North America, including Greenland and the highlands of Mexico. Southern Mexico, southern Florida, Central America, and the Caribbean islands are part of the Neotropic ecozone, together with South America.
The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) divides the Nearctic into four Bioregions, defined as "geographic clusters of ecoregions that may span several habitat types, but have strong biogeographic affinities, particularly at taxonomic levels higher than the species level (genus, family)."

Nearctic (horse)
Nearctic (born 1954- died 1973) was an Canadian-bred Thoroughbred racehorse. He had his most successful season in racing at 4 years old, when he won nine races. Nearctic was retired to stand at stud at "Windfields Farm" in Canada where he became father of a "Kentucky Derby" winner and the "Northern Dancer".
He died at age 19 on July 27, 1973.

Lockerbie
Lockerbie is a little town in Scotland that was devastated on December 21 1988 when a Pan American 747-400 came plummeting to earth after a explosive device hidden in a hand held radio exploded in the rear cargo hold after been transferred onto the flight from a connecting flight from amsterdam all passengers and crew aboard the 747 and 11 people in nearby sherwood crescent were killed that night.

Circadian rhythm
A circadian rhythm is a cycle that takes about 24 hours. Plants and animals have these built-in cycles which allow them to flower at the right time, sleep at the right time etc. The word "circadian" comes from the Latin "circa", "around", and "diem" or "dies", "day", meaning "about a day." The study of biological time-keeping rhythms such as daily, tidal, weekly, seasonal, and annual rhythms, is called chronobiology.
Circadian rhythms are "built-in" so that, without time signals from the environment, they keep time at the rate of about 24-hour periods. When kept in total darkness, plants and animals continue to behave by the built-in period which is about 24 hours. The rhythms are also affected and re-set by time signals such as daylight and the length of the day and the night. It is important that the rhythms be re-set regularly to the natural light/dark cycle. Adult humans of all ages have a circadian rhythm which averages 24 hours and 11 minutes.
The circadian rhythms, also called the "biological clock", of humans and other animals regulate many bodily functions including feeding, sleeping, body temperature and hormone production.
The primary body clock in humans and other mammals is located in the "suprachiasmatic nucleus" (or "nuclei") (SCN), a pair of groups of cells in the hypothalamus in the brain. Destruction of the SCN results in the complete absence of a regular sleep/wake rhythm. The SCN receives information about light through the eyes and directs the pineal gland to release the hormone melatonin at night.
Some people have circadian rhythm sleep disorders which cause them to sleep much too early (Advanced sleep-phase syndrome, ASPS), much too late (Delayed sleep-phase syndrome, DSPS) or in several bouts throughout the day and night (Irregular sleep-wake disorder).

Stud (animal)
A stud in animal breeding is a male animal, such as a horse or dog, that is employed for breeding. The terms for the male of a given animal species (stallion, bull, rooster, etc.) usually mean that the animal is entire, that is, not castrated, and therefore capable of standing at stud. A specialized vocabulary exists for de-sexed animals.
A stud farm, in animal husbandry, is an establishment for selective breeding using stud animals.

Castration
Castration is any action, surgical, chemical, or otherwise, by which a male loses the functions of the testes or a female loses the functions of the ovaries.
Castration in veterinary practice.
Castration is commonly performed on domestic animals not intended for breeding.
Domestic animals are usually castrated in order to avoid unwanted or uncontrolled reproduction; to reduce or prevent other ways of sexual behaviour such as territorial behaviour or aggression (like fighting between groups of uncastrated males of a species); or to reduce other consequences of sexual behaviour that may make animal husbandry more difficult, such as fence destruction when animals try to get to nearby females of the species.
Male horses are usually castrated, because stallions are rather aggressive. The same applies to male mules, although they are sterile. Male cattle are castrated to improve muscling and docility for use as oxen.
Castration in humans.
The practice of castration has its roots before recorded human history. Castration was frequently used in certain cultures of Europe, the Middle East, India, Africa and China, for political, religious or social reasons. After battles in some cases, victors castrated their captives or the corpses of the defeated to symbolise their victory and 'seize' their power. Castrated men — eunuchs — were often admitted to special social classes and were used particularly to staff bureaucracies and palace households: in particular, the harem. Castration also figured in a number of religious castration cults. Other religions, for example Judaism and Islam, were strongly opposed to the practice. The "Leviticus Holiness code", for example, specifically excludes eunuchs or any males with defective genitals from the priesthood, just as castrated animals are excluded from sacrifice.
In China, to become a servant of the emperor, men had to be castrated. This would prevent them from having sons or having affairs with royal concubines. Eunuchs in China have been known to usurp power in many eras of Chinese history, most notably in the Later Han, late Tang and late Ming Dynasties. There are similar recorded Middle Eastern events.
Medical.
Testicular cancer is generally treated by surgical removal of the cancerous testicle(s) (orchidectomy), often followed by radiation or chemotherapy. Unless both testicles are cancerous, only one is removed.
As punishment.
Edward Gibbon's famous work "Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire" reports castration of defeated foes at the hands of the Normans. Castration has also been used in modern conflicts, as the Janjaweed militiamen currently (as of 2005) attacking citizens of the Darfur region in Sudan, often castrating villagers and leaving them to bleed to death.
For religious reasons.
In Europe, when females were not permitted to sing in church or cathedral choirs in the Roman Catholic Church, boys were sometimes castrated to prevent their voices breaking at puberty and to develop a special high voice. The first documents mentioning castrati are Italian church records from the 1550s.

Bullock
A bullock is a bull that has been castrated - its testicles have been removed. They are castrated so that the animal can be calmer or to put on weight more quickly.

Bureaucracy
Bureaucracy is typical for large organizations and government. It means the structure and set of regulations that control the activities of people that work for these organizations.
It is characterized by standardized procedure (rule-following), formal division of responsibility, hierarchy, and impersonal relationships. In practice the interpretation and execution of policy can lead to informal influence.
Bureaucracy is a concept in sociology and political science. Four structural concepts are central to any definition of bureaucracy: a well-defined division of administrative labor among persons and offices, a personnel system with consistent patterns of recruitment and stable linear careers, a hierarchy among offices, such that the authority and status are differentially distributed among actors, and formal and informal networks that connect organizational actors to one another through flows of information and patterns of cooperation.
Examples of everyday bureaucracies include governments, armed forces, corporations, hospitals, courts, ministries and schools.

Anzère
Anzère is a small village in the canton of Valais, Switzerland, north of Sion. It is a popular ski resort, with several ski schools.
Skiing.
The ski slopes in Anzère cover about 40 kilometers, with 1 cablecar, 2 chair lifts, and 8 T-bars.
There are several cafes in the area, and the entire area is known as Télé-Anzère.
Town Centre.
Facilities in and around Anzère's 'Place du Village' include both indoor and outdoor swimming pools, two supermarkets, many hotels, bars and nightclubs, as well as many restaurants and clothing shops. The 'Place du Village' is a person area right in the heart of the village, housing most of Anzère's cafes and restaurants. There is also an internet cafe, a crèperie and a children's play area.

Sion, Switzerland
Sion is the capital of the Swiss canton of Valais. In 2002, it had a population of 27,700.
Landmarks include the Basilique de Valère and Château de Tourbillon.
Geography.
The city is home to 28,013 people as of 31 December, 2005. It is located in the center of the Rhône valley. Sion is the economic and commercial hub of the region and canton.
The older area of the city still stays and is well preserved. As well as the two Château's, a number of other important buildings are found there, such as the "Château de la Majorie", the "Hôtel de Ville" and the "Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Sion".
History.
Sion really started to develop during the time when Celts were big.
It takes its name from the Latin word "Sedunum". It housed the Romans with the rest of the surrounding area in the first century BCE.
The Roman Catholic bishop of Sion is the oldest in Switzerland and one of the oldest north of the Alps.
Economy.
The tertiary sector is the main economic sector in Sion. Tourism is also an important sector due to its historic "château's" and museums.
Sion is the third largest wine making region in Switzerland, however, the valuable agricultural land and vineyards are undergoing constant regression due to the process of urbanisation.
Sion has also become an important medical site. The Sion-Region hospital is situated here next to the central institute of Valaisan hospitals and the "Romande" clinic for physical rehabilitation (SUVA).
Finally, the commune hosts a waste incinerator which disposes of the waste from 44 surrounding communes. This incinerator is equipped with a catalytic converter, something that reduces harmful gases to below unacceptable levels. The heat created from the burning is converted into electrical energy that is then provided to local communes.
Airshows.
Public Airshows have been held at the airfield of Sion. Participated Aerobatic teams have been for example the Frecce Tricolori from Italy was well as the Patrouille de France.
Transport.
Sion is situated on the main railway line, the motorway and also has an airport (Sion Airport).

Monthey, Switzerland
Monthey is the capital of the district of Monthey in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.
It has a population is of 15,118 (as of 2004) people ("Montheysans"). Monthey is located on the west side of the Rhone valley, south to Lake Geneva. Monthey is important to Swiss industry, with many important companies including chemical companies. The city is close to the famous winter sports region, the Portes du Soleil.

Sierre
Sierre is the capital of the district of Sierre in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.
It has a population of 14,355. It is situated at the language border of the German-speaking upper part of the "Wallis" and the French-speaking "Valais". This city counts as one of the three official bilingual towns in Switzerland. Sierre is starting point for the tourist sites of the Val d'Anniviers including the villages of Vercorin, Chandolin, St-Luc Vissoie, St-Jean Chandolin, Grimentz, Zinal and Ayer. Sierre is connected with Crans-Montana by a cable car.
At the beginning of the 20th century, Sierre became economically important as very early aluminium smelting is enabled by its access to hydroelectricity.

Brig, Switzerland
Brig is the capital of the district of Brig in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.
History.
The historic town of 5,000 people is part of the Brig-Glis municipality. The name 'Brig' comes from "Briva", or "bridge." Its medieval name was "Briga dives". It is a small town in the Swiss canton of the Valais, located at the foot of the northern slope of the Simplon Pass, on the right bank of the Saltine stream, and a little above its junction with the Rhone. Its older houses look very Italian. Its buildings were built during the 17th century, because of a single member of the local Stockalper family.
Location.
Brig is located close to the Swiss-Italian borders. The language used when talking between one another is a unique German dialect, used only in this canton. Brig is popular among winter sport athletes, since it is surrounded by many Alp summits. The town itself lies close to Rhone river. Due to the height, the temperatures in winter often remain below zero, resulting in frost. During the summer season, heat can be intense.
The place of meeting in the town is the train station, which links it to other Swiss cities.
Economy.
The wealth of Brig is because of the Simplon Pass. The opening of the carriage road across the Simplon (1807) and of the tunnel beneath the pass (1906), as well as the fact that above Brig is the steeper and less fertile portion of the Upper Valais (then much frequented by tourists), greatly increased the importance and size of the town.

Pennine Alps
The Pennine Alps are a mountain range in the western part of the Alps. They are located in Switzerland (Valais) and Italy (Piedmont and the Aosta Valley).

Bernese Alps
The Bernese Alps are a group of mountain ranges in the western part of the Alps, in Switzerland. Although the name notes that they are in the Bernese Oberland region of the canton of Bern, some of the Bernese Alps are found in the cantons of Vaud, Fribourg, Valais, Lucerne, Uri, and Nidwalden.

Armenian National Committee of America
The Armenian National Committee of America (ANCA) is the largest and most influential Armenian American advocacy organization in the United States. Working in coordination with a network of offices, chapters, and supporters throughout the country and affiliated organizations around the world, the ANCA advances the concerns of the Armenian American community on a broad range of issues.
Beyond the Central offices of ANCA are in Washington DC, Boston and Los Angeles, ANCA has more than fifty local chapters and thousands of activists, it is cooperating with a large web of regional Armenian National Committees (or "Armenian Cause/Hay Tad" Offices) in Armenia, Russia, France, the Middle East, Canada and Australia.
The Executive Director of ANCA is Aram Hamparian.

Valais
Valais is one of the 26 cantons of Switzerland in the south-western part of the country.
It is near the valley of the Rhone River from its springs to Lake Geneva, that separates Pennine Alps from the Bernese Alps. The canton is one of the drier parts of Switzerland in its central Rhone valley. It is also one of most well-watered parts, having large amounts of snow and rain up on the highest peaks found in Switzerland. It is perhaps best known world wide for the Matterhorn.
Geography.
The canton of Valais is in the south of Switzerland. To its south lies Italy, to the southwest France. To the north the canton there are the Swiss cantons of Vaud and Bern; the cantons of Uri and Ticino lie to its east.
The wide, icy Rhone valley dominates the area. There are many side valleys off the main valley. At the head of the Mattertal valley lies Zermatt, a pretty tourist village dominated by views of the Matterhorn (4,478 m). Fifty of the mountains are more than 4,000m high, with the highest, Monte Rosa, that reaches to 4,638m (15,217ft), and there are many glaciers.
The Rhône drains the main valley from east to west up to Martigny, Switzerland, then in a right angle north to its mouth in the Lake Geneva. After the small town of Saint-Maurice, the northern banks of the river belong to the canton of Vaud. The main valley lies between the Bernese Alps in the north and the Pennine Alps in the south. Only about half of the total area is considered productive.
History.
The Romans called the area "Vallis Poenina" ("Upper Rhône Valley").
In 888, Valais became a part of the kingdom of Jurane Burgundy.
King Rudolph III of Burgundy gave the area to the Bishop of Sion in 999, and made him Count of the Valais. The count-bishops had to to defend their area against the dukes of Savoy.
Valais did not follow the Protestant Reformation.
On March 12, 1529, Valais became an associate member ("Zugewandter Ort") of the Swiss Confederation.
In 1628 the Valais became a republic, the "République des Sept Dizains / Republik der Sieben Zehenden" but the bishop remained in power until Napoleon's troops invaded the Valais and created the "République du Valais" on March 16, 1798 but on May 1, 1798, the Valais became part of the Helvetic Republic and became independent again in 1802 as the "Rhodanic Republic".
In 1810, the Rhodanic Republic was made a part of France, and was called the Simplon Department.
Valais became independent again in 1813 and on August 4, 1815 decided to join the Swiss confederation as a canton (state).
In 1845, the Valais joined the Catholic separatist league ("Sonderbund"), but never fought federal troops when other members of the league started fighting in 1847.
Economy.
Wine production and tourism are some of the main industries of the canton. The Matterhorn near Zermatt is one of the biggest tourist attractions in the Swiss mountains, as is its sister valley immediately east Saas Fee. Other parts of the mountains of the canton further west are popular as well, such as the more French speaking resorts near Verbier and the Evolene & Arolla region. The resorts on the north side of the main Rhone river valley are popular, looking out southwards towards the Peninne Alps and still part of the southern slope of the Bernese Alps, such as the family oriented resort of Crans-Montana. The resorts in the Goms region are slightly less known, yet also receive attention during the summer hiking season and the winter ski season.
Apart from tourism, agriculture is still important, particularly cattle breeding in the mountains and dairy farming in the plains. The wine industry of the canton is the largest in Switzerland. There are also a large number orchards in the area, and saffron is also gathered here.
The most industrial western region of the canton is called Chablais. The area is very important for the economy. There are a lot of factories, the most important are the subsidiaries of Novartis and Syngenta, in Monthey. In the town of Collombey, there is an oil refinery.
Near Visp there is a large plant of aluminium manufacturing. Other metal products and chemicals are produced around Visp and Sierre.
Despite the thriving tourist industry, high level of infrastructure, and the many vineyards, canton Valais is still one of the poorest of the Swiss cantons, and not near the wealthier banking/financial cantons. A large portion of the canton's land and houses are now owned by foreigners.
Transport.
A small airport is located at Sion, but the main routes of transport are rail and road. Both networks are large and benefit from tourism. Many of the road passes are well known, such as the Grimsel Pass. The longest land tunnel in the world, the Lötschberg Base Tunnel, will soon be working, in late 2007 perhaps, connecting by rail the town of Frutigen in canton Bern, with the town of Visp in canton Valais/Wallis. This is to better spread car traffic in the highly scenic Kandertal, and also to provide faster transport through the Bernese Alps from the populous Mittelland in the north to the southern canton of Valais. Cars may be loaded onto the trains as freight.
Demographics.
Valais is mostly French speaking. The eastern part of the canton Upper Valais, however, speaks Walliser German. The French speaking population makes up a two-thirds of the population.
The people of the canton are spread thinly. The largest towns are the capitals Sion ("Sitten"), Sierre and Brig. There is no major city located in the canton. Most of the population is Roman Catholic.
Cities.
The following are the cities of the canton, by district.

Martigny, Switzerland
Martigny is the capital city of the French-speaking district of Martigny in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.
It is 495 meters high. It has a population of about 15,000 people. Martigny is located at the joining of Italy, France and Switzerland, one road linking this town over the Great St. Bernard Pass to Aosta (Italy), and the other one, over the col de la Forclaz to Chamonix (France). In winter, Martigny is appreciated for its nearby ski resorts like Verbier.
History.
In the first century BCE, present-day Martigny was an oppidum or vicus of a Celtic tribe, the Veragri. It was then called Octodurus or Octodurum. When Julius Caesar was in Gaul (57-56 BCE), he sent Servius Galba with the twelfth legion and some cavalry into the country of the Nantuates, Veragri, and Seduni. His purpose in sending this force was to open the pass over the Alps, the pass of the Great St. Bernard, by which road the "mercatores" had been used to travel at great risk, and with the payment of great tolls. ("B. G." iii. 1.) The people of the Alps allowed the Italian merchants to pass, because if they plundered them the merchants would not come; but they got as much out of them as they could. Galba, after taking many strong places, and receiving the submission of the people, sent off two cohorts into the country of the Nantuates, and with the remaining cohorts determined to winter in Octodurus, which town being situated in a valley with no great extent of level ground near it, is confined on all sides by very lofty mountains. There is some level ground at Martigny, and the valley of the Rhone at this part is not very narrow. Caesar says that the town of Octodurus was divided into parts by a river, but he does not mention the river's name. It is the Dranse. Galba gave one part of the town to the Galli to winter in, and assigned the other to his troops. He fortified himself with a ditch and rampart, and thought he was safe. He was, however, suddenly attacked by the Galli before his defences were complete or all his supplies were brought into the camp. Thus began the Battle of Octodurus. The Romans obstinately defended themselves in a six hours' fight; when, seeing that they could no longer keep the enemy out, they made a sortie, which was successful. The Romans estimated the Galli at more than 30,000, and Caesar says that more than a third part were destroyed. The slaughter of the enemy was prodigious, which has been made an objection to Caesar's veracity, or to Galba's, who made his report to the commander. It has also been objected that the valley is not wide enough at Martigny to hold the 30,000 men. There may be error in the number that attacked, and also in the number who perished. After this escape Galba prudently withdrew his troops, and marching through the country of the Nantuates reached the land of the Allobroges, where he wintered.
The region joined the Roman Empire. In 47, Emperor Claudius founded Forum Claudii Augusti, later renamed Forum Claudii Vallensium to avoid confusion with another city that was dear to him. Octodurus was the principal town of the area until the displacement of the episcopal see to Sion in the 4th century. Pliny (iii. c. 20) says that the Octodurenses received the "Latinitas" ("Latio donati"). The town appears in the Antonine Itinerary and in the Tabula Peutingeriana. In the "Notit. Prov.", the place is called Civitas Vallensium Octodurus. At a later period it was called Forum Claudii Vallensium Octodurensium, as an inscription shows. One authority speaks of the remains of a Roman aqueduct at Martigny. Many coins, and other memorials of the Roman time, have been found about the place.
The name "Octodur" is manifestly Celtic. The second part of the name is "Dur", water. The first part, probably some corrupt form, is not explained. The town sat on the Roman road from Augusta Praetoria (modern Aosta) in Italy.
Present situation.
The Romans left many ruins. The city is known for the amphitheatre, which was restored in 1978. Cow fights are held in the amphitheatre during early autumn for the "Comptoir". The city is also famous for its museum, the Pierre Gianadda Foundation, built on top of Roman ruins.
The area has some apricot orchards, and vines on steep slopes.

Mattertal
Mattertal is a valley in the Alps of Switzerland which begins on the side of the Matterhorn. The "Matterhorn" is one of the most famous mountains in the world because of its beauty, and because it is hard to climb.
The "Mattertal" is a valley that was made by a glacier (a slowly-moving river of ice) moving down from the mountain. This can be seen from the deep U shape of the valley. (Valleys made by a fast-running stream are V-shaped). Because the sides of the valley are very steep, there are often landslides. One can be seen in the photo taken near Randa village. Many houses in the villages are called chalets. These can be seen in the picture of Täsch village.
In the Mattertal are villages which include Zermatt, Täsch, Randa, Grächen, and St. Niklaus. Many tourists like to stay in the villages to see the view, to go walking, skiing or mountain climbing. The traditional work of the people is dairy farming, but many people work in the tourist industry.

Zermatt
Zermatt is a municipality in the district of Visp in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.
It is found to the north of the Matterhorn in the German-speaking and mostly Roman Catholic section of the canton. It is pretty far southeast of Gstaad, and is pretty close to the border with Italy.
Zermatt has a local population of 5,500 people, but the actual population changes through the seasons as tourists come and go.
Tourism.
Zermatt is a famed ski resort and is a tourist destination. Until the mid-1800s, it was mostly a farming community; its name, as well as that of the Matterhorn itself, derives from the alpine meadows, or "matten", in the valley. In the German language, the town is "Zur Matte", or "in the meadow."
The town was "discovered" mid-century by British mountaineers, most notably Edward Whymper, whose conquest of the Matterhorn made the village famous worldwide.
Zermatt is a closed village, which means that non-Swiss nationals are not permitted to buy property within the area. May is the worst time to visit this city, as most of the streets are muddy.
Hiking.
Zermatt is a good place to start many hikes into the surrounding mountains, such as the Haute Route that ultimately leads to Chamonix in France. A complex of cable cars and chair lifts carry skiers in the winter and hikers in the summer; the highest of them leads to the Klein Matterhorn, a small outcropping on the ridge between Breithorn and Matterhorn that offers cool views in all directions. It is possible to cross into Italy via the Cervinia cable car station.
Transportation.
Any automobile that uses an engine is not allowed in Zermatt because of concerns for air pollution. Electric vehicles are allowed for local commerces. The Cantonal police allow some people to park in the northern section of this city. Some emergency vehicles (firetrucks, ambulance..) are also allowed to use combustion engines.
Most people reach Zermatt by train or cable car. Trains also leave for Zermatt from Visp and Brig.
Skiing.
Zermatt is well known throughout the world for its great skiing, especially Triftji for its moguls. The high altitude results in consistent skiing continuously up until the summer.
Skiing in Zermatt is split up into four distinct areas; Sunnegga, Gornegrat, Klein Matterhorn and Schwarzsee. There is also a connection to Cervinia and Valtournenche in Italy.

Ajax the Lesser
Ajax the Lesser (Ancient Greek: Αἴας) was a Greek hero from the Trojan War, who was the son of Oïleus.

Post-nominal letters
Academic degrees (qualifications from a university) can also be shown as postnominal letters, as can military awards (medals and decorations)

Crow
Crow are birds common name for about 27 large passerine birds of the genus which also includes the ravens and jackdaws. Their family also includes the jays, magpies, choughs, and nutcrackers. Crows are found on every continent except South America and Antarctica.
Description.
They are among the most intelligent and adaptable of birds, and several species have been able to thrive near humans, although others, especially on islands, are endangered and their habits little known. Northern-hemisphere crows are sometimes migratory, but often they are resident the year round. Although territorial in the breeding season, crows are gregarious at other times, and wintering flocks may number in the thousands. Even in the breeding season, crows gather together to mob owls and other predators. Crows in turn may be mobbed by other birds, because their omnivorous diet includes eggs and nestlings as well as other small animals, vegetable matter, carrion, and garbage. In some agricultural areas, crows are considered great pests, which accounts for the invention of the scarecrow. Crow nests are large platforms of sticks, usually in tall trees. The three to eight eggs are deeply colored and are incubated by the female. The young are cared for by both parents. The voices of crows are loud and usually harsh, but are characteristic for each species.
Crows and humans.
All of the North American crows are black, with more or less of a glossy sheen, but several species from elsewhere are conspicuously marked with white or gray. The best known species is the ubiquitous American crow, which has become increasingly adapted to urban areas in the late 20th century. The American crow is up to 50 cm (up to 20 in) long and has an average lifespan of approximately 15 years in the wild. A similar species, differing in voice, is the northwestern crow, confined to the Pacific coast from Alaska to Oregon. A smaller, glossier species, the fish crow, lives along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts from New England to Texas and inland along major river systems. The tiny Mexican crow, also known as the Tamaolipas crow, is regularly seen in southeasternmost Texas.

Visp
Visp is the capital city of the district of Visp in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.
It has a population of around 7,000 people. The two valleys are Mattertal and Saastal. It borders Brig-Glis
The majority of the population are German-speaking.
Economy.
It has a chemical business named LONZA AG. There are also several smaller businesses.
Transportation.
In 2007, Visp will become a junction of the Neue Eisenbahn-Alpentransversale or NEAT, connecting with many other rail-lines.
The bus and the train station of Visp and Brig is the starting point for many outdoor activities, trips, and tours in the surrounding mountain resorts of Zermatt and Saas-Fee.

Saint-Maurice, Switzerland
Saint-Maurice is the capital of the district of Saint-Maurice in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.
It is the site of the Roman outpost of Agaunum and the old Abby of Saint-Maurice, which has become a famous high school in Switzerland ("Collège de Saint-Maurice").
It is not St. Mortiz, a resort in the east part of Switzerland.

Conthey
Conthey is the capital of the district of Conthey in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

Entremont (district)
Entremont is a district in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

Santeri Palin
Santeri Palin (also known as Incánus) (born September 15, 1983, Nokia, Finland.) is a Finnish poet who writes poems in Finnish and English. His first book "Elämän kolmio kuoleman syklissä – ajatuksia reunalta" ("The Triangle of Life in the Cycle of Death – Thoughts from the Edge") came out in 2006.
Palin is a fan of J. R. R. Tolkien and currently he is the president of "Kontu Internet Community" (or "Verkkoyhteisö Kontu ry" in Finnish) and the vice president of the "Finnish Tolkien Society", which are Finnish Tolkien related communities.

Sembrancher
Sembrancher is the capital of the district of Entremont in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.
A small scenic village of around 500 residents in the Bagnes Valley, it is close to the Verbier ski resort. There is a way to get from Sembrancher to the Verbier ski resort and back for people interested in skiing.

Münster-Geschinen
Münster-Geschinen is the capital city of the district of Goms in the canton of Valais in Switzerland. It was formed in 2004 when the municipalities of Münster and Geschinen came together.

Microbiotheria
Microbiotheria are small order of opossums containing only one living species known as colocolo or monito del monte.
At one time they were placed in the order Didelphimorphia along with the other opossums, but due to several morphological differences were placed in a separate order. The skull's shape is peculiar, with several technical differences from the opossums.
Colocolos are small and have a prehensile tail and a pouch. They can be found mainly in Chile and Argentina in South America.

Goat Rock Beach
Goat Rock Beach is a beach in Sonoma County, California, United States.
It is part of the Sonoma Coast State Beach, which is owned by the State of California. The mouth of the Russian River is located in the northern part of the beach. Goat Rock is located in the southern part of the beach. The beach itself was named after the rock. The naming of Goat Rock is unknown, but many sources say some goat herders around the early 20th century used the grassy, flat rock for goats, because few other animals could live there.
Goat Rock Beach has many visitors. It usually has the most people in the middle of summer. The beach is a popular spot for swimming and surfing. It is home to seagulls, harbor seals, and sea lions, as well as other animals from the Pacific Ocean.
History.
The oldest natural history of the area is related to marks made by mammals in an area of rock about one third of a mile south of Goat Rock Beach. In uplifted sea stack formations, there are rubbing marks about two to four meters above the ground surface, too high of a rubbing mark for modern bovids. Mammoths are thought to have traveled here as recently as 40,000 years ago, and are thought to have made these rubbing marks. Mammoth fossils have been found at Bodega Head, which is a few miles south of Goat Rock Beach.
The earliest known humans to settle at Goat Rock Beach were the Native American Coast Miwok and Pomo tribes. During the mid-1800s, Mexican ranchers lived in California, and Goat Rock Beach was part of a Mexican land grant called the "Bodega Rancho". The Russians are thought to have begun cutting down the forests just north of the beach in the early 19th century.
Geography.
The Russian River, which has its mouth at the north end of Goat Rock Beach, is Sonoma County's biggest watercourse and river. Just north of the Russian River mouth is the small town of Jenner, and the beach, Jenner Beach. Goat Rock is located at the south end of the beach. Visitors can walk onto Goat Rock, going on a small "isthmus", which is also known as a land bridge. Blind Beach is just south of Goat Rock Beach, with only Goat Rock between the two beaches, and Goat Beach is southwest of it.
Geology.
Goat Rock Beach has much marine erosion and erosion from the wind. This causes about one to three feet of land mass lost each year. "Erosion" is when water and wind remove the top layer of rock or mud. During big storms, there can be even more erosion.
The "sea stacks" (eroded parts of rock) along the Goat Rock Beach coast are rocks from the Franciscan Complex, rock formations which were made during earthquakes in California. About 200 years to 30 million years ago, the North American Plate collided with the Farallon Plate, causing earthquakes. Different rock types came from these collisions, including pillow basalt, chert, and sandstone. Goat Rock has a flat topped sea stack, made of greywacke. The rock "formations" (groups) are made of sandstone with layers of quartz.

Sea lion
Sea lion are several pinniped from the family Otariidae (Eared seals). Sea lions live all around the world, except in the Atlantic Ocean.

Greywacke
Greywacke (German "grauwacke", signifying a grey, earthy rock) is a type of sandstone.

Carmina Burana
Carmina Burana is the name given to a collection of texts form the 11th and 12th century. There are over 240 texts in the collection. Most of the texts are moral or satirical in nature. There are also texts about spring, or about love. Some of them are drinking songs, some of them were used as Minnesang. Some of the songs contain hints for the melodies. For some, the melodies can be reconstructed.
The texts were written down around 1230. This happened either in an abbey in Styria, or near Brixen. They were discovered by Johann Christoph von Aretin in Benediktbeuern Abbey in 1803. Today, they are in the Bavarian State Library in Munich. There they can be found there as Codex Buranus, with the signature clm 4660/4660a.
Johann Andreas Schmeller edited them and published them as "Carmina Burana – Lieder aus Benediktbeuern".
Carl Orff took 24 of them as "Carmina Burana". He wrote the music for them. The work was first performed in 1937 in the Opera house in Frankfurt am Main. Together with his works "Catulli Carmina" and "Trionfo di Afrodite" he made a work containing all three, called "Trionfi". Trionfi is performed much less than the Carmina Burana alone, though.

Vex, Switzerland
Vex is the capital city of the district of Hérens in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

Dasyuridae
Dasyuridae is a family of marsupial carnivores. It has nearly all non-extinct members of the order "Dasyuromorphia". This means the quolls, phascogales, antechinuses, dunnarts, planigales, and Tasmanian devil (about 55 species in all).

Mohammed Zahir Shah
Mohammed Zahir Shah (16 October 1914 – 23 July 2007) was the last King ("Shah") of Afghanistan, reigning for four decades, from 1933 to 1973.
Mohammed Zahir Shah became king of Afghanistan at the age of nineteen after the assassination of his father in November 1933. Since he was so young, his uncle, "Shah Mahmood Khan" ran the government. Mohammed Zahir Shah took control and was able to maintain Afghanistan’s neutral position in international politics.
In July 17, 1973, Mohammed Zahir Shah was no longer king after a bloodless coup. He died on

Thurgau
Thurgau is a northeast canton of Switzerland. The population is 228,200 (2003). The capital is Frauenfeld.
Geography.
To the north of Thurgau is the Lake Constance, across which is Germany and Austria. The river Rhine makes the border in the northwest. To the south is the Canton of St. Gallen; to the west are the cantons of Zürich and Schaffhausen.
The area of the canton is 991 km² and is usually divided into three hilly areas. One of these is along Lake Constance to the north. Another is inland between the rivers Thur and Murg. The third one makes the southern border of the canton and comes together with the Hörnli mountain in the pre-Alps.
History.
In prehistoric times the lands of the canton were inhabited by people of the Pfyn culture along the lake. During Roman times the canton was part of the province "Raetia" until in 450 the lands were settled by the Alamanni. It was only in the 8th century that the canton became a political unit similar to what it is known today, as a Gau of the Frankish Empire. At the time, however, the area was not so clearly defined and changed frequently. Overall, the size of the Thurgau was larger, but during the Middle Ages the canton became smaller in size. The dukes of Zähringen and the counts of Kyburg took over much of the land.
The town of Zürich was part of the Thurgau until it became "reichsunmittelbar" in 1218. When the Kyburg dynasty became extinct in 1264 the Habsburgs took over that land. The Swiss confederation allied with ten freed bailiwicks of the former Toggenburg seized the lands of the Thurgau from the Habsburgs in 1460, and it became subject territory of Zürich.
In 1798 the land became a canton for the first time as part of the Helvetic Republic. In 1803 the canton of Thurgau became a member of the Swiss confederation. The current cantonal constitution dates from 1987.
Economy.
The canton of Thurgau is known for the farm produce such as apples, pears, and other fruits and vegetables. The many orchards in the canton are used for the making of cider. Wine is produced in the Thur valley.
There is also industry in the canton of Thurgau. The main industries are printing, clothing and arts and crafts. Small and middle-sized businesses are important for the economy. Many of these are concentrated around the capital.
Demographics.
The population is mostly German speaking. Most of the population are Protestants with the rest being Roman Catholics.

Graubünden
Graubünden ' is the biggest and is farthest to the east of the cantons of Switzerland. The name means "Gray Union" in German.
Geography.
The area of the canton is 7,105 km². Only one third of this land is used for farming. Forests cover 20% of the total area. The canton has many mountains that make up the highlands of the Rhine and Inn river valleys. Many of its scenic areas are part of the Swiss National Park or the Ela Nature Park.
There are many important peaks in the Grison Alps, including the Tödi at 3,614 meters and the highest peak Piz Bernina at 4,049 meters. Many of the mountain ranges feature huge glaciers, such as at the Adula, the Albula, the Silvretta, the Bernina, the Bregaglia and the Rätikon ranges. The mountain ranges in the central area contain many of the deepest vallies in Switzerland.
The canton borders Liechtenstein to the north, Austria to the north and the east, Italy to the south, and the cantons of St. Gallen to the northwest; Glarus and the canton of Uri to the west, and Ticino to the southwest. The capital city is Chur. Davos and St. Mortiz are world-famous resorts and can be found in this area.
History.
Most of the lands of the canton were once part of a Roman province called "Raetia" that was established in 15 BC. The area later was part of the lands of the diocese at Chur.
In 1367 the League of God's House was founded to resist the rising power of the Bishop of Chur. This was followed by the making of the Grey League, sometimes called "Oberbund", in 1395 in the Upper Rhine valley. The name "Grey League" is derived from the homespun grey clothes worn by the people. The name of this league later gave its name to the canton of Graubünden.
The first step towards the naming of the canton into Graubünden was when the league of the Ten Jurisdictions allied with the League of God's House in 1450. In 1471, the two leagues aligned with the Grey League. This meant that the leagues allied with the Swiss Confederation. The Habsburgs were defeated at Calven Gorge and Dornach, helping the Swiss confederation and the allied leagues of the canton of Grisons to be recognized.
The last traces of the bishop of Chur's jurisdiction were abolished in 1526. The Musso war of the 1520 drove the Three Leagues closer to the Swiss Confederacy. The lands of the canton of Graubünden were part of the Helvetic Republic, but the "perpetual ally" of Switzerland became a canton in 1803. The constitution of the canton dates from 1892.
The arms of the three original leagues are now all part of the coat of arms of the canton.
Culture.
The Graubünden are knwon for a dried-beef delicacy called Bündnerfleisch and for a nut and honey pie known as Bündner Nusstorte. Another specialty, made mostly in the western part of Grison, is Capuns, a filling meal of meat, cheese and salad leaves.
Economy.
Agriculture and tourism make up most of the canton's economy. Agriculture combines forests and mountain pasturage in summer, particularly of sheep and goats. Tourism is mainly in the mountains, usually around the towns of Davos/Arosa, Laax and St. Moritz/Pontresina. There are a great number of other resorts people visiting the country can go to in the canton.
There is wine production around the capital Chur. Chur is also the center of industry. In the southern valleys of Misox and Poschiavo there is corn (maize) and chestnut farming.
Demographics.
The languages spoken in Graubünden are German in the northwest, Romansh in the Engadin and around Mustér), and Standard Italian in the valleys Misox, Calanca, Val Bregaglia, and Poschiavo.
The main religions are Protestantism and Catholicism. Both are well-represented in the canton, with Roman Catholics forming a slight majority.

Nidwalden
Nidwalden is a canton of Switzerland. It is located in the center of Switzerland. The population is 38,600 (in 2001). The capital is Stans.
Geography.
Nidwalden is located in the center of Switzerland. To the north lies the Lake Lucerne. Mountain ranges block in the rest of the canton on the other sides.
History.
In 1291 the people of Nidwalden joined Uri and Schwyz to form an alliance. At the time there was no state, but towards the end of the 14th century early forms of government were established. This included institutionalized assemblies and courts. In the 14th and 15th century the people of Nidwalden joined the people of Obwalden to discuss important matters, but the two cantons were never really one. For example, Obwalden did not participate in the annexation of Bellinzona, Riviera and Blenio areas (today located in the canton of Ticino).
Around 1500 many people in Nidwalden worked as mercenary soldiers. Many of these soldiers later emigrated. This helped to lessen the pressure of a growing population. A popular destination was the Alsace. After rejecting a new constitution by Napoleon — the ideas of the French Revolution were not popular in such an agricultural area — Nidwalden was attacked by French troops on 9 September 1798. Random destruction was caused and at least 400 people were killed. After the end of Napoleon's rule in 1814 most of the changes were reverted. Only in 1877 did Nidwalden introduce a new constitution. The open assembly ("Landsgemeinde") was abolished in 1997.
Politics.
The government is composed of seven members. The local parliament has 60 seats.
Nidwalden sends only one deputy to the Swiss Council of States.
Economy.
Up to the 1900s, Nidwalden was taken over by agriculture. Cattle and cheese were exported mainly to northern Italy. Around 1500, many people in Nidwalden worked as mercenary soldiers (people hired to fight for someone for money).
From the middle of the 19th century onwards, trade, industry and tourism gained momentum. Still, until the 1950s, agriculture took over the canton. Today, many small and middle-sized businesses fill the economy. The largest employer is the airplane constructor Pilatus. The small and middle-sized businesses work in a lot of areas. Many provide work in machine construction, medical equipment, international trade, optics and electronics.
Traditional areas such as forestry and agriculture are still important. Most farming is done with cattle and diary products. Family farms are still common in Nidwalden today.
In recent years, Nidwalden is becoming an increasingly popular place to live and work. This is caused by its low taxes, its central location between Zürich and Milan, and the pretty countryside.
Tourism.
Because of the mountainous geography, tourism is important to Nidwalden. The lake and mountains attract many tourists around the year.
Culture.
Many local charities have kept local traditions intact. There is traditional music, yodeling, dances, theaters and festivals. There are a number of modern cultural events, such as concerts and galleries.

Schaffhausen
Schaffhausen is a city in northern Switzerland and the capital of the canton of the same name. It has a population of about 33,527 as of March 31, 2005.
The old portion of the city has many fine Renaissance era buildings decorated with exterior frescos and sculpture, as well as the impressive old canton fortress, the "Munot". A train runs out of town to the nearby Rhine Falls in Neuhausen am Rheinfall, Europe's largest waterfall, a tourist attraction.
History.
Schaffhausen was a city state in the Middle Ages, documented to have struck its own coins starting in 1045. For a time it was under Habsburg domination, but regained its independence in 1415. It allied itself with Zürich in 1457, and became a full member of the Swiss Confederation in 1501. The first railroad came to Schaffhausen in 1857.
Schaffhausen is located in a finger of Swiss territory surrounded on three sides by Germany. On April 1, 1944, Schaffhausen suffered a bombing raid by United States Army Air Forces aircraft which strayed from German airspace into neutral Switzerland. While the United States immediately offered a million dollars in reparations, the raid occurred only a month after the Swiss Air Force had shot down an American bomber.
Industry.
Schaffhausen has some well-known industrial companies () in piping systems, machine tools and automotives, one internationally-reputed watches manufacturer (IWC), and drug industry (Cilag, founded by Bernhard Joos).

Obwalden
Obwalden is a canton of Switzerland. It is located in the centre of Switzerland. The population is 33,300 (2004). Its capital is Sarnen.
Geography.
Lakes in the canton include: parts of Lake Lucerne, Lake Sarnen, Lungerersee, Wichelsee, Tannensee and Melchsee.
Municipalities.
There are seven municipalities: Sarnen, Kerns, Sachseln, Alpnach, Giswil, Lungern and Engelberg.

Jura (canton)
The canton of Jura is one of the Cantons of Switzerland. It is the newest of the 26 Swiss cantons (created in 1979) and is located in the northwestern part of Switzerland. The capital is Delémont. It shares borders with the canton of Basel-Landschaft, the Canton of Bern, and the French département of Jura.
Geography.
Canton Jura lies in northwest Switzerland. It includes parts of the Jura mountains in the south and the Jura plateau in the north. The Jura plateau is hilly and almost entirely limestone.
To the north and the west of Jura lies France. The canton of Solothurn and Basel-Landschaft are east of Jura, while the canton of Bern lies south of Jura. The River Doubs and the river Birs drain the lands.
History.
The king of Burgundy donated much of the land that today makes up Canton Jura to the Bishop of Basel in 999. The area was a sovereign state within the Holy Roman Empire for more than 800 years. After the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648 the Jura had close ties with the Swiss Confederation. In the Congress of Vienna the Jura was given to the Canton Bern. This act caused dissension. The Jura was French-speaking and Roman Catholic, whereas the canton of Bern was mostly German-speaking and Protestant. The people of the Jura region called for independence. After a long struggle, a constitution was accepted in 1977. In 1978 the split was made official when the Swiss people voted in favour of it, and in 1979 the Jura joined the Swiss Confederation as a full member. However, the southern part of the Jura region, which is also predominantly French-speaking but has a Protestant majority, opted not to join the newly-formed canton, and instead remained part of Bern. This area is now known as Bernese Jura. The word Jura, therefore, may refer either to Canton Jura, or to the combined territory of Canton Jura and Bernese Jura.
On creation, the canton adopted the title Republic and Canton of the Jura. Other cantons in Switzerland using the title "Republic and Canton" are Ticino, Canton Geneva, and Canton Neuchâtel. In each case the title asserts the autonomy of the canton and its nominal sovereignty within the Swiss Confederation.
Economy.
Agriculture is important in Canton Jura. Cattle breeding is significant and there is also horse breeding. The main industries are watches, clothing and tobacco. There are a growing number of small and middle-sized businesses.
People.
The people are almost fully French-speaking. The majority is Roman Catholic.
Municipalities.
This is a list of the canton's 83 municipalities by district.

French Community
The French Community () was the body which replaced the French Union in 1958. Under the 1958 Constitution, member territories, former French colonies, had a lot of independence, but France controlled the currency, defence, foreign affairs and national security.
When the Community was established, French President de Gaulle said that any country in the French Community could move to complete independence. Apart from Guinea, which chose by referendum in 1958 not to join the Community, all French-ruled territories in sub-Saharan Africa joined the French Community. They obtained independence in 1960.

Usury
Usury is a very high, often extortionate rate of interest on a loan.
Loan sharks are otherwise known as usurers, as they often charge a lot of interest for very short term loans.
Usury is illegal in many parts of the world. In some countries charging any interest at all is illegal.
Some people argue that this is against the Old Testament, which states that those who lend to someone in need will be blessed, but the point about usury is the high levels of interest, not the act of lending in itself.

John Bates
John Lewis Bates (September 18, 1859–June 8, 1946) was born in Massachusetts.
He was a Republican, and was a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives from 1894 to 1899; from 1897 to 1899 he was Speaker of the House. From 1900 to 1903 he was Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts.
In 1902, Bates was elected Governor, holding office from 1903 to 1905. Bates then retired to his private law practice in Boston. From 1917 to 1919 Bates was a delegate to the Massachusetts Constitutional Convention.
Bates was a member of the American Bar Association, the Freemasons, the Odd Fellows, and Beta Theta Pi.

Acoustic music
Acoustic music is music which is played by using acoustic musical instruments, i.e. instruments in which the sound is not made louder by electronic amplification. Before electronic musical instruments were created in the 20th century all instruments were acoustic.
Classical music is usually played using only acoustic musical instruments, although some 20th century composers such as Karlheinz Stockhausen used electronic instruments, sometimes together with acoustic instruments. Some modern forms of music like heavy metal music are usually played using electronic musical instruments like electric guitars and synthesizers.

Mandolin
The mandolin is a musical instrument, which literally means, a small soprano member of the lute family. It is played by hitting its strings and sounds similar in tone of a violin or a hammered dulcimer. The most common type of mandolin, which was first designed in Naples, has eight strings. It has a body made of wood and a fingerboard which has frets.

Bluegrass music
Bluegrass music is a form of American roots music. It has its own roots in Irish, Scottish and English traditional music. It is usually played using acoustic musical instruments, and electronic musical instruments are rarely used in bluegrass music.

Billboard charts
"Billboard" charts are charts published by "Billboard" magazine. They have information about the popularity of music songs, singers, etc. The "Billboard" Hot 100 is the most popular chart. It appears every week in the United States. It uses information from radio play and sales to say the most popular song each week.

Leuk
Leuk (French Loèche) is a municipality of Switzerland and is the capital city of the district of Leuk in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.
Since it controls access to the Gemmipass, it had some importance from the time of Roman Raetia. The Leukerbad hot baths are just North of Leuk, towards the pass.
Loèche houses the installations of Onyx, the Swiss interception system for electronic intelligence gathering.

Raron
Raron is the capital city of the district of Raron in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

Goms (district)
Goms is a district of the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

Shavo Odadjian
Shavo Odadjian () (born April 22 1974, Yerevan, Armenia as Shavarsh Odadjian) was the bassist for the Armenian American-based alternative metal band System of a Down and now Dj and vocal of Achozen.
Biography.
In his youth, Shavo used to spend his time skateboarding and listening to punk rock and heavy metal music. He started managing the band "Soil" with Malakian and Tankian in 1993 after meeting them in a recording studio. In 1995, Shavo became the permanent bassist of the band. They then named themselves "System of a Down" after a poem titled "Victims of a Down" authored by bandmate Daron Malakian.
Odadjian is a popular DJ in the LA area met by "Dj Tatic", taking part in such events as the "Rock/DJ Explosion" on March 2 2001 at The Roxy in Hollywood and collaborating with bandmate Tankian on SerArt, the singer's side project with Armenian musician Arto Tunçboyacıyan.

Aspartame
Aspartame (also known as E951 or NutraSweet) is an artificial sweetener, that was discovered in 1965, by James M. Schlatter. It can be used to replace some kinds of sugar. It is not based on saccharides, like saccharin.

Saccharin
Saccharin is the oldest artificial sweetener that exists. It can be used to replace certain kinds of sugar. It was discovered in 1878 by Constantin Fahlberg. It is also known as E954.

Isomalt
Isomalt is a natural substitute for sugar. It is a kind of sugar alcohol. It is used mainly to replace sugar in some products, like bubble gum, candies,chocolate or ice cream. This makes it different from other artificial sweeteners. It is also known as E563.

Sloth
Sloths are mammals that live in Central and South America. They are part of the order Pilosa. There are two species of sloths: two-toed and three-toed. Most scientists call these two families the Folivora, while some call it Phyllophaga.
Most sloths are about the size of a small dog and they have short, flat flat heads. Their hair is grayish brown but, at times they look grey-green in color because they move so slowly that tiny camouflaging algae grow all over their coats.
Sloths are active at night and sleep curled up with their head placed between the arms and the feet drawn close together. This disguises them as part of a tree so that its enemies like the jaguar do not see them. Sloths rarely climb down from the trees and can live for up to 30 years.

Oberon (moon)
Oberon is the farthest major moon of the planet Uranus.
With a mean radius of about 760 km, Oberon is the second biggest moon of Uranus.
It was found on January 11, 1787 by William Herschel, in the same year when he found Titania.

Delémont (district)
The district of Delémont is one of three districts in Jura, Switzerland. It's capital is the city of Delémont. The district is nearly all French-speaking and is home to a population of 35,175 (end of 2005).

Xavier Rudd
Xavier Rudd (born 1978) is an Australian musician. He grew up in the small town of Torquay, Victoria, Australia. When Rudd was young, he learned to play the didgeridoo on a vacuum cleaner hose.
Rudd is known for playing at music festivals and concerts in Australia and in North America. He has many fans in Australia, his home, as well as Canada, where he has recorded a few live albums.
Some of his songs have political themes that deal with the environment and the rights of Aboriginal Australians.
Personal life.
Rudd is a father of two sons, Joaquin and Finojet, and a husband to his Canadian wife, Marci. He claims to have his son Joaquin's sock with him when he travels, because of the fact that his family often can't travel with him.
Rudd also describes himself as a full-time "barefooter", which means that he does own any shoes or other footwear. Rudd is also a vegetarian.

Banjo
The banjo is a string instrument, that was first played by African slaves a few hundred years ago in the United States. The idea came from other African instruments.
The name "banjo" may have come from a Kimbundu word: "mbanza", but it could have also come from a Senegambian word for the bamboo stick used for the banjo's neck.

Nicolás de Ovando
Nicolás de Ovando (Brozas, 1460 – Seville, 1511) was a Spanish soldier from a noble family and a knight of the Order of Alcántara. He was governor of Hispaniola from 1502 until 1509.
Early life.
Nicolas de Ovando was born in 1460 in the town of Brozas, in Extremadura, Spain. His family was very religious and, when young, he joined the military religious "Order of Alcantara" where, in 1478, he was named "Comendador de Lares" ("Commander of Lares"), a very important position in the Order.
Governor of Hispaniola.
As "Commander of Lares", he was very appreciated by the Spanish Catholic Kings and, in particular, by Queen Isabella. On 3 September, 1501 (Oviedo said in 1502), he was named as Governor of Hispaniola and of all lands discovered in America.
On 13 February, 1502, he went out of the port of Sanlúcar de Barrameda, Spain to go to the Hispaniola island with a fleet of 32 ships. On the fleet, there were 2,500 people, including priests, soldiers and colonists (some of them with their families), who were going to live in the Hispaniola. Among those colonists was Bartolomé de las Casas, later known as the "Protector of the Indians", and also Francisco Pizarro, who conquered the Inca Empire.
The plan of Ovando was to develop the West Indies economically and expand the Spanish influence in the region.
Ovando got in Santo Domingo on 15 April, 1502.
Administration.
The administration of Ovando in Hispaniola was one of great cruelty toward the Taíno Indians. When the Spaniards came to the island in 1492, the native population was 400,000 (estimated) but in 1508 there were only 60,000 Indians.
Because the new colonists needed more workers for the gold mines and farms, they brought, as slaves, Indians from the "Lucayas" (now, the Bahamas) islands. Then they brought slaves from Spain ("Ladinos", that is, of Africa origin but born in Spain); those were the first African slaves brought to America.
Ovando founded several cities (or ordered their foundations) on Hispaniola, among them: Compostela de Azua (or Azua de Compostela), Santa María de la Vera Paz, Bayajá (today, Fort Liberté, in Haiti), Salvatierra de la Sabana (today, Les Cayes, in Haiti), Salvaleón de Higüey, Cotuí, Puerto Plata, Santa Cruz de Hicayagua (today, Santa Cruz del Seibo, Dominican Republic).
Ovando sent Andrés Morales to explore completely the Hispaniola island. Morales made the most complete map of the island. Sebastián de Ocampo was sent to find out if Cuba was an island or part of the continent; after 8 or 10 months, Ocampo came back with the information that Cuba was an island. In 1508, Juan Ponce de León was sent with 50 men to conquer the island of San Juan (now the island of Puerto Rico).
In 1509, Ovando went back to Spain where he was made "Comendador Mayor" ("Head Commander") of the Order of Alcantara. During a meeting of the Order in Seville, Spain, he died on 29 May, 1511 (Oviedo said in 1518). He was buried in the Church of San Benito, in the city of Alcántara, Extremadura, Spain.

Abelsonite
Abelsonite is a mineral that can be pinkish-brown, purple, or reddish-brown in color and is formed from crystals. It is not radioactive and it is very easy to break or scratch. It was named after Philip H. Abelson, president, the Carnegie Institution, Washington, DC, who was a physicist. It can be found in the Green River Formation of Utah, in the United States.

Abenakiite-(Ce)
Abenakiite-(Ce) is a pale brown mineral and made from crystals. It was named for the Abenaki Indian Tribe, the people that lived in the area where this mineral was found. It is somewhat radioactive and it is easily scratched with fluorite. It was found in a quarry in Canada.

Abernathyite
Abernathyite is a pale, yellow-colored mineral that forms crystals. It was named for Jess Abernathy, the person who found the first samples of this mineral. It is found in a mine in Emery County, in the United States. It is highly radioactive.

Abhurite
Abhurite is a colorless crystalline mineral that forms on ship-wrecked tin ingots (nuggets). It is named for where it is found. It is found in a cove in the Red Sea. It is not radioactive.

Animal Liberation Orchestra
Animal Liberation Orchestra (also known as ALO) is an American rock and jam band from Southern California. They first formed several years ago as a group calling themselves Django. Over the years, they changed their name to Animal Liberation Orchestra and were signed to Jack Johnson's record label Brushfire Records.

Leftover Salmon
Leftover Salmon is an American rock and jam band from Boulder, Colorado.

Internet meme
An Internet meme is something famous on the internet such as an image, a video, or even a person. Internet memes are usually created when someone published something and that thing was spread widely over the Internet. Famous internet phenomenons are lolcats, Chuck Norris Facts, Angry German Kid, Tay Zonday's "Chocolate Rain" and Rick Astley's "Never Gonna Give You Up" a.k.a "Rickroll".

Morris Gleitzman
Morris Gleitzman (born January 9, 1953 in England) is one of Australia's most famous children's writers. Morris Gleitzman began writing as a screenwriter and enjoyed success writing for the Norman Gunston Show on Australian television. He has also written for the Governor-General of Australia and Rolf Harris.
Morris Gleitzman has had much success with his children's stories. They have been published in 14 countries around the world including the United States, United Kingdom, France and Australia. Some of his most successful books include Misery Guts, Worry Warts, "Blabber Mouth", "Belly Flop" and "Puppy Fat". He was born in England, on the 9th of January 1953. He had dropped out of school by the age of 16 to live "the hippie dream" and by the time he had moved to Australia was writing many short stories that would later become a reality and turn his small life into a big meaningful life.

Coaxial cable
A Coaxial cable is a special electrical cable. It is used to transmit signals. The cable is specially insulated. This makes it quite stiff. Today, coaxial cables are used for things like Cable TV. Coaxial cables can also be used for computer networks, but this is more rarely the case now, as twisted pair cables can be used there more easily.
Such cables are usually made of a conducting wire. Then there is some insulation, then there is another layer of conducting material. Finally there is the (insulating) mantle. Such cables are used as a high-frequency transmission line to carry a high-frequency or broadband signal. Because the electromagnetic field carrying the signal exists (ideally) only in the space between the inner and outer conductors, it cannot interfere with or suffer interference from external electromagnetic fields.
There are different types of coaxial cables, which satisfy different standards.

Abswurmbachite
Abswurmbachite is a black or dark brown metallic mineral. It is named after Irmgard Abs-Wurmbach, who is a German mineralogist. It is found in Mili, Avia or Andros Island, Greece. It is not radioactive.

Mineralogist
A mineralogist is a person who studies anything about minerals and rocks associated with minerals (also called Mineralogy).

Acanthite
Acanthite is a mineral that can be lead gray, gray, or coal in color and is made from crystals. It's name comes from the Greek word, akanta, meaning "arrow", or the Latin word "argentum", meaning "silver".
It is found in Freiberg, Schneeberg, and Annaberg, Germany. Acanthite is not radioactive.

Seven Lucky Gods
The, commonly called the Seven Lucky Gods in English, refer to the seven gods of good fortune in Japanese mythology and folklore. They are often the subject of netsuke carvings.
Many figures in Japanese myth were transmitted from China (some having entered China from India), including all of the Seven Lucky Gods except Ebisu. Another god, Kichijōten, goddess of happiness, is sometimes found depicted along with the seven traditional gods, replacing Jurōjin.
The seven gods are often pictured on their ship, the Takarabune (宝船), or "Treasure Ship." The tradition says that the seven gods will arrive in town on the New Year and distribute fantastic gifts to worthy people. Children often receive red envelopes bearing the Takarabune which contain gifts of money around the New Year. The Takarabune and its passengers are often shown in art in different locations, from the walls of museums to cuddly caricatures.

Acetamide
Acetamide is a mineral that is either colorless or gray in color, and is made of a crystalline crust on black shale. It is named for acetic acid and ammonia. It can be found in Russia and is not radioactive.

Seventeen
Seventeen is a number. It comes between sixteen and eighteen, and is an odd number. It is also the 6th prime number, after 3, 5, 7, 11, and 13.

Pectin
Pectin is a food supplement. It is a source of dietary fiber. It is used to make jellies and jams. Usually it comes in the form of a white powder. It is made from parts of fruit, like oranges. People use pectin to thicken things, like jelly and jam.

Audio engineering
Audio engineering deals with the recording and reproduction of sound through mechanical and electronic means and is a part of audio science.
The field draws on many disciplines, including electrical engineering, acoustics, psychoacoustics, and music. An audio engineer is closer to the creative and technical aspects of audio than an acoustical engineer.

Pectobacterium carotovorum
Pectobacterium carotovorum (syn "Erwinia carotovora") is a rod shaped bacterium – originally isolated from carrot- is a plant pathogen and opportunistic human pathogen, causative agent of soft rot and blackleg potato ("P.atrosepticum") diseases.

Jesus with erection
Jesus with erection is a picture made and students at the University of Oregon. It caused many debates in the United States in 2006.
The picture shows a naked Jesus on the Cross with an erection. The students have made eleven more pictures of Jesus. One of the picture is called "Resurrection"; on the picture is Jesus who is kissing a man; both are naked and both have erections.
Context.
The same year, Danish journalists have published pictures of Mohammed, the most important prophet of Islam. Muslims in the whole world have criticized the pictures of Mohammed, because they are against that anybody make pictures of Mohammed. In the western world (Europe and North America especially), people criticized that the Muslim protests were very violent; they said that Muslims have to understand that in western countries, there is freedom of expression.
The students of Oregon University explained that they made the pictures of Jesus because they want to show how religious people feel when others make (ugly) pictures of their prophet. The students said that the pictures should cause dialogue and a better understanding between Muslims and Christians.
Reactions.
Many people were against the picture made by the students and said that the government should not finance any more the student newspaper. The president of the Catholic League, William Donohue, said that the president of the Oregon University, Dave Frohnmayer, is partially responsible for the pictures.
The Catholic leader said that the "Jesus with erection" was one of the worst attacks on Christianity he had ever seen. Other conservatives said that the University's President David B. Frohnmayer should not work in the University. On the other side, the Oregon Daily Emerald and the Oregon Commentator, two University founded newspapers, publicly defended the students' right to free speech and Frohnmayer's decision to uphold the controversial student newspaper, citing the decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States.

Giovanni Guaita
Giovanni Guaita is an Italian historian, researcher of Eastern Christianity and writer. He is an assistant Professor of the Moscow Linguistic University. Guaita was born in 1962 in Italy. He studied in different Western European and Russian (Moscow and St Petersburg) universities.
He is the author of several books. Three of these books are on the Armenian theme. Guaita also known as the compilator of "The vocabulary of Orthodox agiology".

Cockatoo
Cockatoos are 21 species of birds that make up the family "Cacatuidae". They come from Australia and the East Indies. The upper jaw of the bill overlaps the narrow lower jaw.
The cockatoo builds its nest in a high tree hole in the tropical forest. The female lays two white eggs on wood chips. The young, which hatch naked and blind are fed by the adults by regurgitation of partially digested food for about three months. Cockatoos often travel in immense flocks numbering many thousands. They make good pets and are found in all zoos Cockatoos come in all different colours, but the most common is white.

P-39 Airacobra
The P-39 Airacobra was a fighter aircraft made by Bell Aircraft. It first flew in 1939, and was introduced in 1941. It was known for being very unstable and could lose control easily. It also was not good above 15,000 feet. But the Soviet Union used it during World War II in a good way. They did not use it to attack German tanks.
The P-39 was different from a lot of aircraft in World War II. It had "tricycle" landing gear (like a tricycle), doors that opened like a car (pilots would climb out of most fighters of the time). The "Q" version could go 375 miles per hour, had 4 13mm cannons, and one 37mm cannon.

Air Canada
Air Canada is Canada's largest airline and flies to the United States, Europe, Asia, Australia, and some Caribbean countries.
Air Canada has ordered the Boeing 787 Dreamliner and is still receiving more Embraers.

Actinolite
Actinolite is a mineral that can be green, green-black, gray-green, or black in color and is made of crystals. It is common around the world. The environment it lives in is in metamorphic rocks. It is named after the Greek word aktinos (meaning "ray") because of the nature of Actinolite. Actinole is not radioactive.

Buoy
A buoy is a floating object that can have many different purposes, which determine whether the buoy is anchored (stationary) or allowed to drift. The word is most commonly pronounced () (as in "buoyant"), but in American English it is often pronounced.

Gulf Coast of the United States
The Gulf Coast region of the United States comprises the coasts of states which border the Gulf of Mexico. The states of Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida are known as the Gulf States. All Gulf States are located in the Southern region of the United States.

Florida Panhandle
The Florida Panhandle is the region of the state of Florida which includes the westernmost 16 counties in the state. It is a narrow strip lying between Alabama and Georgia to the north and the Gulf of Mexico to the south. Culturally and in terms of history and climate, the region is more closely tied to the Deep South than to peninsular Florida.
Shortly after the Civil War, residents of Florida's peninsula considered ceding the state's entire western arm to Alabama for a million dollars. Alabama's leaders decided that the land was "a sand bank and gopher region," and, as a result, the Panhandle remained a part of Florida. The region is a major source of revenue for the state today.

Loop Current
Part of the Gulf Stream, the Loop Current is a warm ocean current in the Gulf of Mexico that flows northward between Cuba and the Yucatán Peninsula, moves north into the Gulf of Mexico, loops west and south before exiting to the east through the Florida Straits.
Around 1970, it was believed that the Loop Current exhibited an annual cycle in which the Loop feature extended farther to the north during the summer. Further study over the past few decades, however, has shown that the extension to the north (and the shedding of eddies) does not have a significant annual cycle.
The Loop Current and its eddies may be detected by measuring sea surface level. Sea surface level of both the Eddies and the Loop on September 21, 2005 was up to 60 cm (24 in) higher than surrounding water, indicating a deep area of warm water beneath them.

National Weather Service bulletin for New Orleans region
The National Weather Service bulletin for the New Orleans region of 10:11 a.m., August 28, 2005 was a vividly worded release issued by the local Weather Forecast Office in Slidell, Louisiana warning of the devastation that the Gulf Coast of the United States could experience as a result of Hurricane Katrina. Partly due to this bulletin, people in southeastern Louisiana and southern Mississippi, those most affected by the storm's impact, followed evacuation orders more closely, resulting in a reduced fatality number.
Background.
On the evening of August 25, 2005, Hurricane Katrina made landfall as a Category 1 hurricane near the Miami-Dade – Broward county line in southern Florida and weakened into a tropical storm as a result. The next morning, after passing over the state, Tropical Storm Katrina moved into the Gulf of Mexico, strengthened back to hurricane strength, and from the influence of the warm waters from the Loop Current, began undergoing rapid deepening.
At 11:00 p.m. EDT August 26, approximately 56 hours before Katrina's landfall near Buras, Louisiana, the National Hurricane Center had predicted that the New Orleans metropolitan area could face a direct hit by the storm. As New Orleans is located on the Mississippi River delta and much of the city is below sea level, a strong hurricane could have a devastating effect on the city. Previous warnings, such as the one made by the Houston Chronicle in 2001, told of a disaster that "would strand 250,000 people or more, and probably kill one of 10 left behind as the city drowned under 20 feet of water" following a severe hurricane making landfall on the city. The National Hurricane Center's director, Max Mayfield, mentioned that the Mississippi/Louisiana area has "the greatest potential for nightmare scenarios," and that this has been known for at least the three decades he has worked at the NHC. Other publications, such as "Popular Mechanics", "Scientific American", and The Times-Picayune predicted doomsday situtations in which a sinking city would drown and its residents would be left homeless.
In 1965, Hurricane Betsy made landfall just south of New Orleans, causing widespread flooding in the city. As a result, a system of levees was authorized by Congress to handle future storm events. However, the protection given by this system was limited to hurricanes up to Category 3 intensity on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale.
Three days before Katrina's second and third landfalls, the National Hurricane Center began predicting that the storm would make landfall as a major hurricane. By the next morning, on August 27, the NHC gave out a hurricane watch that included the New Orleans metro area, which was upgraded to a hurricane warning by 10:00 p.m. CDT that same evening. At this point, Katrina was a Category 3 hurricane with 115 mph (185 h) winds and about 335 miles (540 km) to the south-southeast of the Mississippi River's mouth.
Bulletin text.
An equally-explicit bulletin was repeated at 4:13 p.m. CDT.
Impact.
In the following months after the storm, Congress appointed a two-party system committee to look into the response to Hurricane Katrina and the preparations before to its landfall. The committee concluded that the forecasts given by the National Weather Service were timely, were not responsible for failures in other agencies, and were likely responsible for saving thousands of lives.
During an internal assessment by the National Weather Service, the 10:11 bulletin and its impact were examined. The report called the bulletin "a significant moment for the NWS during Katrina," as its detailed and specific language did not have any previous precedent (though the message was based on a template designed by the Tampa Weather Office in 1990). The strongly-worded statement persuaded people to evacuate, and was highlighted by national news media. As a result, the level of detail was highlighted as an "innovative best practice" in the NWS assessment, which recommended issuing warnings with similar levels of detail in the future.

Cesc Fàbregas
Cesc Fàbregas (born May 4, 1987) is a Spanish footballer. He plays as a central midfielder for Arsenal in the English Premier League. He also plays for the Spanish national team. He signed to play for Arsenal in 1999 and began playing in 2003.

Misery Guts
"Misery Guts" is a book by the award winning Australian author Morris Gleitzman.
This is a story about a kid named Keith who lives in London and his parents who own a fish and chip shop. This parents for a long time haven't had many customers. Keith is dedicated to trying to make the store better and cheer up his parents so they wont be Misery Guts for the rest of their lives. He tries everything including some crazy stunts.
The story continues in the hilarious sequel "Worry Warts".
The book didn't sell very well. As of November 2007, the "Misery Guts/Worry Warts" combination was ranked #3,465,204 in Books sold by Amazon. A television series was made based on this book.

Brett Lee
Brett Lee (born 8 November, 1976 in Wollongong, New South Wales) is an Australian cricketer. He has played for the Australian national cricket team and New South Wales Blues. He has taken more than 300 wickets. Brett is a very fast bowler, one of the fastest the cricket world has known. His fastest delivery was. Lee won the Donald Bradman Young Player of the Year Award at the Allan Border Medal award ceremony in 2000 soon after his debut. Lee's popularity grew when he was voted runner-up in "Cleo Magazine's" yearly "Bachelor of the Year" competition in 2000.
He is considered as the "pin-up boy" in cricket by many female fans. Brett lives in Sydney. Lee married Liz Kemp in June 2006. They had a child, son Preston Charles, on November 16th, 2006.

Otter
Otters are animals that live near and around water. They are a part of the animal family Mustelid. A group of otters are called a "romp", because they play together and are energetic. They live in nests are called holts. There are many different kinds of otters, some live near rivers, some in the sea (Sea Otters). Otters live in most parts of the world, except for Australia and Antarctica.
Description.
Otters are long and slim animals with four short legs that can be longer than a meter. They usually stay on all four legs, but they can stand up as well but they are expert swimmers and spend a lot of time in water. They have a thick fur coat that keeps them warm even in freezing water. Their fur is often brown at the top, and lighter on the bottom of the Otter. They eat meat and hunt for fish and small animals, so they have sharp claws and teeth that allow them to catch prey, then eat them. They are great swimmers and divers; they can stay underwater for 8 minutes. Their thick and long tail helps them steer while swimming underwater. Also, their feet are webbed, which helps them swim. On they ground, they can run very fast.
Otters live 8 to 9 years in the wild, and as many as 21 years when living with people.
Diet.
Otters are carnivores; they must eat a lot of meat to live, so they spend 3 to 5 hours per day fishing and hunting. They can die of hunger more quickly than most animals. They eat fish, crayfish, crabs, and frogs. They will eat any small animals and birds they can catch. Much of their food is found in water. They dive in rivers, lakes and streams until they can find a suitable animal to eat, which they then chase. Once they catch it, they bring it to the top of the water, where they eat it. If the animal has a hard shell, Otters can use a rock as a tool to break open the shell.
Behavior.
Otters are playful and energetic. They can be seen sliding down hills and slopes, as well as chasing other otters for fun. Some kinds of otters live in groups, while others are almost always alone. Because they spent so much time in cold water, they have to groom their fur often to stop themselves from freezing.
Communication.
Otters talk to other animals and otters with whistles, growls, chuckles and screams, as well as chirps, squeals, and some kinds of otters might even purr. They also leave their smell on plants so that other animals can know where an otters territory is..

Arsenal
An arsenal is a place where guns and ammunition are made, repaired or stored.

Medal of Honor
The Medal of Honor is the highest award given to members of the United States Military. It is given to people who show a lot of bravery in wartime. Because of this, many people who get Medal of Honor die earning it. It was first given in 1862 during the American Civil War, and is still awarded. The most recent person to get it was Lieutenant Michael P. Murphy, a United States Navy SEAL. He died fighting the Taliban during the War in Afghanistan.

Asynchronous Transfer Mode
Asynchronous Transfer Mode is a set of protocols used for computer networks. It is mostly used for Wide Area Networks. It splits the data, and encodes it into packets of a fixed size. Each packet can be routed differently, along virtual paths set up in the network.

Blood type
Blood type or blood group is a medical term. It describes the type of blood a person has. This blood type is based on whether or not there are substances on the outside of red blood cells that can cause an allergic reaction when it comes into contact with certain other blood cells. These substances are called "antigenic substances" or also "antigens".
When a blood transfusion or an organ donation takes place, it is important to know what type of blood the donor (who gives blood) and the receiver (who needs blood) have, so that the receiver's blood does not have an allergic reaction to the donor's blood. This can be very dangerous for the receiver.
There are many different blood group systems. Of these systems, the ABO blood group system in combination with the Rhesus blood group system are the most important. In this system the presence or absence of the A-antigen, the B-antigen and the RhD-antigen are determined.
ABO System.
In a laboratory, blood is tested for antigens. When a certain antigen is found, there are also always particular antibodies found. These antibodies will attack any antigens that it does not recognise.
The blood is thus tagged as being "A positive", "O negative" for instance, where the letter refers to the ABO blood group and "positive" or "negative" refers to whether or not the RhD-antigen of the Rhesus blood group system was found.
Compatibility.
People with type O negative blood are often called universal donors because they can give blood to any other bloodgroup. People with type AB positive blood are called universal recipients because they can receive blood from any other bloodgroup.
Of course, before a transfusion takes place, the blood is also tested thoroughly for all sorts of other things that might cause problems for the receiver.

Trance music
Trance music is a kind of electronic music. It centers around a bass drum on each beat and melodies with themes. Most trance usually has 140 beats per minute. Trance music is played in clubs. The origin of the term "trance" is unclear. The genre borrows elements from techno, house, and other kinds of electronic music.

Acuminite
Acuminite is a mineral that is colorless in color and is made from crystals. It is named for the Latin word "acuminis" (meaning "sharp point" or "spearhead") for the way the crystals are made. It is easily found in Greenland in the Ivigtut cryolite deposit. It is easily scratched with a copper penny.

Warthog
Warthog ("Phacochoerus africanus") are nonetheless remarkable animals. They are found in most of Africa south of the Sahara and are widely distributed in East Africa. They are the only pigs able to live in areas without water for several months of the year. By tolerating a higher-than-normal body temperature, the warthog is perhaps able to conserve moisture inside its body that might otherwise be used for cooling. (Camels and desert gazelles have developed a similar mechanism for survival in hot, arid environments.)
Habitat.
Warthogs are found in moist and arid savannas. They avoid rainforest, deserts and high mountains.

Moraine
Moraines are accumulations of debris that are found in regions where there are glaciers or were glaciers formerly.
Moraines which are found far off from existings glaciers were created during a past ice age. The debris may have been taken off the valley floor as a glacier moved or fallen off the valley walls as a result of weathering. Moraines may be made of silt like glacial flour to large boulders. Moraines may be on the glacier’s surface or deposited as piles or sheets of debris where the glacier has melted. Moraines may also develop when glacier or iceberg transported rocks fall into the sea as the ice melts.

Silt
Silt is soil or rock that developed from granular material of a specific grain size.
Grain size criteria.
Silt particles range between a and mm (3.9 to 62.5 μm), larger than clay but smaller than a sand. Silt is chemically distinct from clay, and unlike clay, grains of silt are approximately the same size in all dimensions.
Silt may occur as a soil or alternatively as suspended sediment in a water column of any surface water body. It may also exist as deposition soil at the bottom of a water body and it can occur as a deposit or as material transported by a stream or by a current in the ocean. Silt is easily transported in water and is fine enough to be carried long distances by air as 'dust'. Thick deposits of silty material that result from "wind" deposition are often called "loess" (a German term) or "limon" (French). Silt and clay contribute to turbidity in water.

Catalytic converter
A catalytic converter is a device fitted onto the tailpipe of a car to help reduce the amount of greenhouse gases it sends out into the air. It also helps the efficency of the car

Adamite
Adamite is a mineral that can be either yellow, purple, green, pink, or yellowish-green in color and is made from crystals. It is very easy to break and it can be scratched by a copper penny. Adamite is not radioactive. It is named for the French mineralogist Gilbert Joseph Adam (1795-1881), who was the person who discovered it. It is found in Chile, in the Atacama Desert.

Six Flags Great Adventure
Six Flags Great Adventure is a very large theme park in Jackson Township, New Jersey, United States. It opened on July 4, 1974. The park is located beside a water park called Six Flags Hurricane Harbour and a zoo called the Wild Safari Area. It has 13 roller coasters in it, and 59 other kinds of rides, giving a total of 72 rides in the park. Inside the park there are many colorful roller coasters, including El Toro, Nitro, Medusa, Great American Scream Machine, Batman: The Ride, Batman and Robin: The Chiller and Kingda Ka. The park is built on 260 acres of land.

Adamsite-(Y)
Adamsite-(Y) is a mineral that can be white, pale pink, pale purple, or is colorless in color and is made of crystals. It is named for Professor Frank Dawson Adams (1859-1942) of McGill University, Montreal, Quebec and is found in the Poudrette quarry in Quebec. It's environment is in a pegmatite dike that is greatly heated. It is barely radioactive, and is easily scratched with calcite and it also breaks easily.

Eighteen
Eighteen is a number. It comes between seventeen and nineteen, and is an even number. It is divisible by 2, 3, 6, and 9.

Nineteen
Nineteen is a number. It comes between eighteen and twenty, and is an odd number. It is also the 7th prime number, after 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, and 17.

Twenty-one
Twenty-one is a number. It comes between twenty and twenty-two, and is an odd number. It is divisible by 3, and 7.
Twenty-one is also the name of a popular card game.

Samuel Pepys
Samuel Pepys, (23 February 1633 – 26 May 1703) was an English administrator at the Admiralty and Member of Parliament, who is now most famous for his diary.
Although Pepys had no maritime experience, he rose by patronage, hard work and his talent for administration to be the Chief Secretary to the Admiralty under King James II. The detailed private diary that he kept during 1660–1669 was first published in the nineteenth century, and is one of the most important primary sources for the English Restoration period. It provides a combination of personal notes and eyewitness accounts of great events, such as the Great Plague of London, the Second Dutch War and the Great Fire of London.
The Diary.
The complete and definitive edition of Pepys's diary by Robert Latham and William Matthews was published by Bell & Hyman, London, in 1970–1983.
Other websites.
Some of the older editions of the diary are available online.
There are also two encyclopedic sites about Pepys based on these free editions
As well as other sites about Pepys.

Jorge Guillen
Jorge Guillén y Álvarez (January 18, 1893 – February 6, 1984) was a Spanish poet, a member of the Generation of '27.
Biography.
Jorge Guillén was born in Valladolid. His life paralleled that of his friend Pedro Salinas, whom he succeeded as a Spanish teaching assistant at the Collège de Sorbonne in the University of Paris from 1917 to 1923. He was also a professor at the University of Murcia from 1925 to 1929, the University of Oxford from 1929 to 1931, and the University of Seville from 1932 to 1938. Exiled, he was forced to establish himself in the United States to continue his postsecondary teaching. He was a professor of Spanish at Wellesley College from 1941 to 1967. He retired to Italy, where he married for the second time. He later moved to the city of Málaga. In 1977, he was awarded the Miguel de Cervantes Prize, one of the most prestigious prizes for Spanish-language writers. He died in Málaga in 1984, age 91.

Albatross
Albatrosses are a family ("Diomedeidae") of seabirds.
Albatrosses are hard working athletes. They have some amazing skills, for example they can fly a very long distance.
They are among the largest flying birds, weighing in at up to 10 kilograms (22 lbs). Some species have striking colors, and perform beautiful mating dances. Albatrosses live at sea and find their fish and squid food on the open ocean. They come to land on islands only because their young have to be on land until they can fly.
To handle this problem, albatrosses can cover thousands of kilometers on one trip to find food for their babies and themselves.
Scientists have found that there are 24 species of albatrosses. They all have a stocky body, webbed feet, very long wings, and hooked beak.

Proxima Centauri
Proxima Centauri is a red dwarf star that is likely a part of the Alpha Centauri star system and is the closest star to the Sun at a distance of 4.22 light years. It is in the constellation of Centaurus.
Proxima Centauri was found to share the same proper motion as Alpha Centauri in 1915 by Robert Innes while he was Director of the Union Observatory in Johannesburg, South Africa.
In 1951, Harlow Shapley said that Proxima Centauri was a flare star. Past photographic records showed that the star displayed a measurable increase in magnitude about 8% of the time, making it the most active flare star then found.
Characteristics.
Red dwarfs are usually far too faint to be seen with the naked eye. It has an apparent magnitude of 11 while its absolute magnitude is a very dim 15.5. Even from Alpha Centauri A or B, Proxima would only be seen as a 5th magnitude star.
Proxima Centauri has been the closest star to the Sun for about the last 32,000 years and will be so for about another 9,000 years, when it will be replaced by Barnard's Star.

San Jacinto fault
The San Jacinto Fault Zone is a series of faults that run through Southern California. It is said to be a sister fault of the older, much more famous San Andreas Fault. Some cities that are directly on the fault zone include San Bernardino, San Jacinto, and Hemet. This fault could create a large earthquake that could greatly affect Greater Los Angeles.

Dhammapada
The Dhammapāda is a Buddhist scripture.

Chant
A chant is a type of song. It usually repeats, and is used in sporting events around the world.

Habenaria mossii
"Habenaria mossii" is a species of plant in the Orchidaceae family. It is naturally found in South Africa. Its natural habitat is mild grassland. It is threatened by habitat loss.

Twenty-two
Twenty-two is a number. It comes between twenty-one and twenty-three, and is an even number. It is divisible by 2, and 11.

Twenty-three
Twenty-three is a number. It comes between twenty-two and twenty-four, and is an odd number. It is also the 8th prime number, after 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, and 19.

Adelite
Adelite is a mineral that can be blueish-gray, green, gray, yellow, or light green in color and is made of crystals. It was named from the Greek word for indistinct because of how big it is. The person who discovered it has yet to come forward, so it is unknown for who it was named after. It can be found in Flipistad, Sweden and it is scratched easily with apatite. Adelite is not radioactive.

The Naked Brothers Band
"The Naked Brothers Band" is a television series that airs on Nickelodeon. It is about Nat and Alex Wolff, real-life brothers that deal with fame. The series started in January 2006. Before it started airing, there was a movie called the "Naked Brothers Band". It also has another movie, "Battle of the Bands". The second season of the series will start airing in January 2008 after the premeire of the new NBB movie "Sidekicks".

Matterhorn
The Matterhorn (German) or Cervino (Italian), (French: Mont Cervin or Le Cervin) is perhaps the most familiar mountain in the European Alps. On the border between Switzerland and Italy, it towers over the Swiss village of Zermatt and the Italian village Breuil-Cervinia in the Val Tournanche. The name of the mountain comes from the German words "Matte", meaning "valley" or "meadow", and "Horn", which means "peak".

Jura (department)
Jura is a department in the east of France. It is named after the Jura mountains (not to be confused with the Swiss canton of Jura).
History.
Historically, Jura belonged to the Free County of Burgundy, known in French as the Franche-Comté. Dole was the capital until the region was conquered by Louis XIV and it was moved to Besançon. It is now a "sous-préfecture" of Jura.
As early as the 13th century, inhabitants of the southern 2/3 of Jura spoke a dialect of Arpitan language. It continued to be spoken in rural areas into the 20th century.
Jura is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from part of the former province of Franche-Comté. The departments of Jura, Doubs, and Haute-Saône form the modern Franche-Comté region of France. The prefecture (capital) is Lons-le-Saunier.
Geography.
Jura is one of four departments of the Franche-Comté region. The French departments of Doubs, Haute-Saône, Côte-d'Or, Saône-et-Loire, and Ain, are next to it. The Swiss canton of Vaud is to the east.
The Jura mountains are wooded and rolling, not craggy and rocky like the Alps.
Many lakes can be found throughout the Jura. The largest natural lake is called Lac De Chalain. It is 3km long and 1km wide. Lac de Vouglans was formed after the building of a hydro-electric dam. It is one of the largest man-made lakes in France.
Climate.
The climate of the Jura varies greatly by elevation. The lower valleys are temperate and pleasant, but the high mountain valleys have bitterly cold winters.
Economy.
Jura is a wine-growing region. The Jura wines are very distinctive and unusual wines, such as vin jaune, which is made by a similar process to sherry. It develops under a flor of yeast. This is made from the local Savagnin grape variety. Other grape varieties include Poulsard, Trousseau, and Chardonnay.
Tourism.
The Jura mountains provide ample opportunities for hiking, skiing, and other winter sports.

Fray
"Fray" is an eight-issue comic book series. It is a spin-off of the television series "Buffy the Vampire Slayer". The series is written by "Buffy" creator Joss Whedon. "Fray" tells the story of a Slayer named Melaka Fray. She is the "chosen one" in a time where vampires (called "lurks") are common, and the difference between rich and poor people is even greater.
The series was published by Dark Horse Comics beginning in 2001. In a short video promoting the charity Equality Now Joss Whedon said that "Fray is not done, Fray is coming back. More than that, I will not say." This was repeated in 2007's Comic Con where Joss said that he would "absolutely would be returning to that world."
The series was closely linked to the seventh season of "Buffy". It includes the Slayer's mystical scythe and her origins. Melaka Fray also appears in the story "Tales" in the comic book "Tales of the Slayers".
Connections to "Buffy the Vampire Slayer".
Fray's scythe was used in the last three episodes of "Buffy the Vampire Slayer". Buffy Summers, also a vampire Slayer, found the scythe stuck in rock in Sunnydale. The scythe was later used to create fully developed Slayers of the many Potential Slayers. It has never been stated as to how the scythe travelled from Sunnydale, California to New York City through the centuries, or who had it during that time (or how they got it).
In "Fray" it is also explained that sometime in the twenty-first century, "a Slayer, possibly with some mystical allies, faced an apocalyptic army of demons. And when it was done, they were gone. All demons, all magicks, banished from this earthly dimension,". The Slayer, whose fate is unknown, was the last to be called.
Discussing her connection to the Slayer line, Urkonn tells Melaka, "In your dreams, you're someone else. A slave. A princess. A girl in school in a sunlit city." The scar Fray has and her personality are similar to Buffy in the alternate universe created in season 3 episode "The Wish".

Erik Satie
Erik Satie (born Honfleur (France), 17 May 1866; died Paris, 1 July 1925) was a French composer. He is mainly remembered today for his eccentricity (the strange ways in which he behaved). He often gave his compositions unusual titles such as "Piece in the form of a pear". His best known compositions are the three piano pieces which he called "Gymnopédies". The first of these pieces, in particular, is a very famous piece of music: it is a simple tune over a gentle accompaniment. Satie sometimes used unusual instruments such as sirens and typewriters.
Satie was more than just an eccentric. He played a very important part in the development of music in France in the late 19th and early 20th century. He was important because of the ideas he had, and many people were influenced by him. Ways of composing that were used later in the century such as very chromatic music and Minimalism had already been suggested by Satie. Satie was not a brilliant composer, but he was happy to compose well in a simple way. He was also interested in other arts such as literature and painting and he was associated with the new ideas called "esprit nouveau" (new spirit) which was fashionable in France around the time of World War I.
Early years.
He was born Alfred Eric Leslie Satie, but when he was grown up he always spelt his name “Erik”. His father had been in the shipping business, but the family then moved to Paris. He was still quite young when his mother died and he was sent back to his birthplace, Honfleur, to be brought up by his father’s parents. However, his grandmother drowned, so he was sent back to Paris again where his father taught him. His father had remarried. His new wife was a pianist and sent young Eric to have piano lessons at the Paris Conservatoire.
Satie hated his piano lessons. His teacher said that he was the laziest pupil in the Conservatoire. He was bad at sight-reading, but he continued with his lessons because this would make it possible for him to do just one year of military service instead of five. In fact, he did less than a year in the army because he deliberately got himself ill with bronchitis. While he was getting better he started to compose. His father published a few songs he had written. However, he did not get on well with his family and he left home in 1887.
The young Satie.
Satie soon got to know many people in the famous cabaret Chat Noir. He grew his hair long and wore a frock coat and a top hat. He wrote a ballet which most people found shocking. He became friends with Debussy who was one of the only people who understood the serious reasons for Satie’s unusual behaviour.
In 1890 he moved to new rooms on a top floor of a house so that people to whom he owed money could not get at him. He tried to compose in a simple style and became interested in mystical religion and Gothic art. He inherited a small amount of money with which he bought himself seven velvet suits which were all exactly the same: one for each day of the week. He started a church called Église Métropolitaine d’Art de Jésus Conducteur (Metropolitan Church of Art of Conductor Jesus), but nobody belonged to the church except himself.
At the end of 1898 he moved to Arceuil, a suburb of Paris. He spent the rest of his life there. He stopped performing in public and earned money by playing the piano in cafés and pubs. Every morning he walked the 10 kilometres into Paris, stopping on the way at cafés to drink or compose. He wore a bowler hat, wing collar and always carried a rolled-up umbrella. If it was raining he kept his umbrella underneath his coat to keep it dry. He also carried a hammer in case anyone attacked him. Late at night he walked home again or took the last train back. His flat was a terrible mess.
Rise to fame.
In 1905, at the age of 39, he became a student again and studied music at the Schola Cantorum. He wanted to become a better composer. He learned how to write fugues. He still liked to use parody in his music.
In 1911 Maurice Ravel played some of Satie’s piano pieces in public. Suddenly people began to take notice of Satie. They realized that he had been one of the first Impressionist composers. Debussy conducted his "Gymnopédies" in his arrangement for orchestra. Music critics started to write articles about Satie. He was at last becoming famous. He had some humorous piano pieces published. He was earning some money from his compositions, so he was able to give up playing in cabarets. He met Jean Cocteau who introduced him to Diaghilev for whom he wrote the music for "Parade". Some people loved it, some hated it, but people were taking notice of him. He was asked to write more theatre music. He was a very important influence on the six composers who were known as Les Six. He was asked to write a symphonic drama which he called "Socrate". Many musicians think it is his best piece.
Final years.
In the 1920s he wrote many articles for newspapers and journals and became associated with the art movement known as Dada. His ballets "Relâche" and "Mercure" both shocked the audiences when they were first performed. "Relâche" is an early example of what later became the theatre of alienation.
Satie drank heavily and became ill. He got cirrhosis of the liver and died in 1926. When his friends entered his flat after he died, there was so much mess that they had to throw away two cartloads of rubbish before they could get at his papers and manuscripts.
His music.
Satie was involved with dance, theatre and cabaret for most of his life and that is what much of his music is written for. He was always trying out new ideas in his music. He was capable of writing in a late Romantic style with chromatic harmonies, but he also wrote in more modern styles, often using very simple ideas. He was always more interested in beautiful melodies than in writing complicated rhythms. His three "Gymnopédies" are still extremely popular. They seem to come from an old-fashioned world where there is great simplicity. His three "Gnossiennes" (1890) sound more Oriental, and Satie wrote some very strange remarks in the music. His piano piece "Vexations" (1893) is a short piece with strange, chromatic chords, which the pianist is then supposed to play 840 times. "Uspud" was an early example of what later became the “Theatre of the Absurd”. The text was all written in lower-case letters: the first time this had ever been done. He wrote many cabaret songs.
Later, after he had studied at the Schola Cantorum, he became famous, and then wrote lots of piano pieces with funny titles and strange comments (e.g. “like a nightingale with toothache”). "Parade" has strange instruments such as typewriters. "Socrate" was his most serious work.
After his death all the people he had insulted wrote about Satie that he was a bad composer. As a result he was almost forgotten until the 1960s when John Cage became interested in his music and made it popular again. Many Surrealist artists were often inspired by Satie’s music and ideas.

Dryopteridaceae
The Dryopteridaceae is a family of ferns that can be found almost anywhere on the world.
Many are cultivated as ornamental plants.

Particle size (grain size)
Particle size, also called grain size, means the diameter of individual grains of sediment, or the lithified particles in clastic rocks. The term may also be used for other granular materials.
In some schemes "gravel" is anything larger than sand (>2.0 mm), and includes "granule", "pebble", "cobble", and "boulder" in the above table. In this scheme, "pebble" covers the size range 4 to 64 mm (−2 to −6 φ).

Rock flour
Rock flour, or glacial flour, consists of clay-sized particles of rock, generated by glacial erosion or by artificial grinding to a similar size. Because the material is very small, it is suspended in river water making the water appear cloudy. If the river flows into a glacial lake, the lake may appear turquoise in color as a result. Examples of this are Lake Louise, Canada and Gjende lake in Norway.
Agricultural use.
Some agronomists believe that rock flour has a powerful effect in restoring trace minerals to soil. An early experimeter was the German miller Julius Hensel, author of "Bread from Stones", who reported successful results with "steinmehl" (stonemeal) in the 1890s. His ideas were not taken up through technical limitations and, according to proponents of his method, opposition from the champions of conventional fertilisers.

Virginia Opossum
The Virginia Opossum ("Didelphis virginiana"), sometimes called a possum, is a marsupial. There are lots of marsupials in Australia, but the Virginia Opossum is the only North American marsupial.
Description.
An opossum is about the size of a house cat. It has grizzled white and gray fur. Adult opossums weigh about 2-6 kg (4-14 lbs). They live alone, are active at night, and they are good climbers.
Habitat.
People can find this opossum in the eastern United States, and along the west coast from British Columbia and to Baja California. They like to live in forests, brushy areas, and farmland.

Motor ship
A motor ship is a ship moved through water by an engine, usually a diesel engine. The name of motor ships are often prefixed with MS or M/S.

Twenty-four
Twenty-four is a number. It comes between twenty-three and twenty-five, and is an even number. It is divisible by 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, and 12.
24 is also the name of a popular television show in the United States.

Twenty-five
Twenty-five is a number. It comes between twenty-four and twenty-six, and is an odd number. It is also the 5th square number, after 1, 4, 9, and 16.

Passo de Camaragibe
Passo de Camaragibe is a municipality located in the northern coast of the Brazilian state of Alagoas. About 13,544 people live there (2005) and its area is 187 km².

Folded mountain
A folded mountain or fold mountain is created when two tectonic plates hit each other straight on. This causes them to rise out of the earth.
Folded mountains make up some of the highest mountains in the world. Folded mountains commonly form along borders, where two continents are colliding. They tend to look like an accordion. Some really complex folds can be found in parts of the Alps, Himalayas, Appalachians, and Russia's Ural Mountains. These long mountain chains also show extensive signs of folding.
Folded mountains are created when tectonic plates are pushed together slowly and continueously with pressure and heat.

Radlin
Radlin is a town in Wodzisław County, Silesian Voivodeship, Poland, with about 17,673 people (2004).

Particle size (general)
The term particle size is used to compare dimensions of different small material objects.
Larger objects are usually called stone, rock, a piece of something, etc. The term "particle" indicates small size, usually less than centimeter. Particle might be either solid, or liquid, or even gas. Liquid particles are called "droplets". Gaseous particles are "bubbles". All of them can be characterised in terms of size.
But a typical material object is likely to be irregular in shape. This causes ambiguity in definition of "particle size". Existing definitions are based on replacent of a given particle with imaginary sphere that has one of the properties identical with the particle.
See also.
Particle size (grain size)

Chichester
Chichester is a small cathedral city in West Sussex, England, with a population of 23,731, (2001 Census). It is quite near the sea, and near to a harbour for yachts.
There are many buildings in the centre of Chichester which have interesting architecture. The oldest building is Chichester Cathedral. There are many beautiful houses in the Cathedral precincts. In many parts of the city one can still see the old city walls, and it is possible to walk along the top in some places. There is an old butter market dating from 1808. A century later another storey was added on top.
Just to the north of Chichester is the Goodwood race course. Many people go there in the summer to watch the horse races. Goodwood is in the South Downs which is a beautiful area for walking.
Chichester is an old Roman town. In the centre of Chichester are four main streets: North Street, South Street, East Street and West Street. These four streets meet in the centre, where there is a small round building with a cross: the Chichester cross. The four main streets form an area which is mostly pedestrianized. Chichester Cathedral stands near the centre, between West Street and South Street. Further to the north lies the area of Summersdale and the conservation area around Graylingwell Hospital. South of Chichester is a canal which links the city to the sea. Soon after it was built in the 19th century the railway came to Chichester so that the canal was not used for long. The canal was left in a bad state for many years until, more recently, it was restored. Some of it can be used by small boats, and there are reedbeds where birds can breed.
There is a Roman Museum near Fishbourne, just west of the city, where many Roman remains can be seen, including a palace which once stood there.
Chichester is a Fairtrade City. Suppliers of Fairtrade are shown by a green dot in the web directory.
Because Chichester is so beautiful it has been divided into eight conservation areas. People are very anxious that the town should not lose its historic character.
Culture.
There is a lot of culture in Chichester. Every year, in July, a three-week festival, the Chichester Festivities, takes place. The Chichester Festival Theatre has productions for most of the year. It is one of the most famous theatres outside London.
Pallant House Gallery won the 2007 gallery of the year Gulbenkian Prize. It has a lot of modern British art.
Chichester has its own amateur orchestra, the Chichester Symphony Orchestra, which gives three concerts during the year.
Chichester RAJF (From "Real Ale and Jazz Festival") gives a four day festival of music and real ale held each July in tents beside the 13th century Guildhall in Priory Park.
Sport.
There is plenty of sport in Chichester. Chichester R.F.C. are a central team and rugby club. There is a large swimming pool with fitness rooms and sports hall. There are tennis courts near the Festival Theatre.
Education.
Chichester has several schools, including Chichester High School for Boys, Chichester High School for Girls, Bishop Luffa School and Prebendal School which is linked to the Cathedral. There is a University of Chichester which, until recently, was known as Bishop Otter College.
Transport.
Several roads lead into Chichester. The A27, which runs along the south coast, now bypasses the city. There are rail links to London, Gatwick, Portsmouth, Southampton and Basingstoke. Many years ago there was a small train which went to Midhurst, and even a tram to Selsey. Nowadays busses go to these towns. They depart from the central bus station near the railway station.

Admontite
Admontite is a mineral that is colorless in color and is made of crystals. It is named for Admont, Austria, which is where they found the first example of it. They found the first example of it in a gypsum deposit. Gypsum and calcite both easily scratch this mineral, and it easily breaks as well. Admontite is not radioactive.

Hydrology
Hydrology (from Greek: Yδωρ, hudōr, "water"; and λόγος, logos, "study") is the study of the movement, distribution, and quality of water throughout the Earth. A person who studies hydrology is called a hydrologist.

Semicircle
In geometry, a semicircle is a two-dimensional geometric shape that forms half of a circle. Being half of a circle's 360°, the arc of a semicircle always measures 180°. A triangle inscribed in a semicircle is always a right triangle.

Hurricane Camille
Hurricane Camille was the third named storm and second hurricane of the 1969 Atlantic hurricane season. Camille was the second of three Category 5 hurricanes to make landfall in the United States during the 20th century, which it did near the mouth of the Mississippi River on the night of August 17, resulting in catastrophic damage. Camille was the only Atlantic hurricane with official winds reported to reach 190 mph until Allen equalled that number in 1980.
The storm formed on August 14 and rapidly deepened. It scraped the western edge of Cuba at Category 3 strength. Camille strengthened further over the Gulf of Mexico and made landfall with a pressure of 905 mbar (hPa), estimated sustained winds of 190 mph (305 h), and a peak storm surge of 24 feet (7.3 m); by maximum sustained wind speeds, Camille was the strongest landfalling tropical cyclone recorded worldwide, and one of only four tropical cyclones worldwide ever to achieve wind speeds of 190 mph. The hurricane flattened nearly everything along the coast of the U.S. state of Mississippi, and caused additional flooding and deaths inland while crossing the Appalachian Mountains of Virginia. In total, Camille killed 259 people and caused $1.42 billion (1969 USD, $9.14 billion 2005 USD) in damages.

1935 Labor Day Hurricane
The Labor Day Hurricane of 1935 was the strongest tropical cyclone during the 1935 Atlantic hurricane season. The second tropical cyclone, second hurricane, and second intense hurricane of the season was the most intense Atlantic hurricane that affected the United States, and it remains the first of three Category 5 hurricanes that struck the country. After forming as a weak tropical storm east of the Bahamas on August 29, it slowly proceeded westward, became a hurricane on September 1, and underwent rapid intensification prior to striking the upper Florida Keys on September 2. After landfall at its peak intensity, it continued northwest along the Florida west coast, and it weakened prior to landfall near Cedar Key on September 4.
The large and storng hurricane caused severe damage in the upper Florida Keys, and a storm surge about 18 to 20 feet affected the region. The hurricane's strong winds destroyed most of the buildings in the Islamorada area, and many World War I veteran workers were killed by the storm surge. Portions of the Key West Extension of the Florida East Coast Railroad were severely damaged or destroyed. The hurricane also caused additional damage in northwest Florida, Georgia, and the Carolinas. In total, more than 400 people were killed.

Vahan Totovents
Vahan Hovhannesi Totovents (1893 - 1938) was an Armenian writer, poet and public activist.
Biography.
Vahan Totovents was born in Mezire, Western Armenia (modern Turkey). He studied in Armenia and Istanbul, then at Wisconsin University which he finished in 1915.
He was a volunteer in Caucasian front during World War I, and served as the bodyguarder, translator and secretary of General Andranik Ozanian, about whom he wrote memoires and published them in 1920. In Tbilisi Totovents edited "Hayastan" paper, the official organ of Andranik.
Since 1922 he lived in Yerevan, Soviet Armenia. In 1938 he became a victim of Stalinism.
Works.
The works of Totovents were published from 1907. He is the author of "Doctor Burbonian" (1918), "Death battalion" (1923), "New York" (1927), "Baku" (v. 1-3, 1930-34), "Jonathan, Son of Jeremiah" novels, stories and dramas. He influenced to Armenian literature especially by his "Life on the Old Roman Road" autobiographical novel (1930, "A piece of sky" film by Henrik Malian) which "reflect the society, culture, and mores not only of the Armenians of his childhood but also of their neighbors in the waning days of the Ottoman Empire".

Leonid Azkaldian
Leonid Azkaldian () (November 23, 1942 Tbilisi - June 21, 1992 Martakert) was an Armenian physicist and one of the founders and the commander of "Liberation Army" military organization.
Biography.
Leonid Azkaldian was born on November 23, 1942 in Tbilisi, Georgian SSR. In 1959, he graduated from Askanaz Mravyan school and in 1960, he was admitted into Physics Department of Moscow State University. He later transferred and graduated with honors from the same department of Yerevan State University. After graduation, he worked in many spheres in national economy of USSR.
Leonid Azkaldian was one of the creators of Karabakh movement and a military leader. From February of 1990, he planned and organized the defense of several regions of Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh. In June, 1991, with Hovsep Hovsepyan co-founded and commanded the "Liberation army" military organization whose goal was to preserve the self-determination and defense of the local Armenian population of Nagorno-Karabakh. He was killed in 21 June, 1992 in the Tonashen village of Martakert region of Nagorno-Karabakh. After his death, he was awarded with the Order of the Combat Cross of the First Degree.

Central United States
The Central United States is sometimes conceived as between the Eastern United States and Western United States as part of a three-region model, roughly coincident with the Midwestern United States plus the western and central portions of the Southern United States; the term is also sometimes used more or less as a synonym for the Midwest, leaving out all or most of the South.
The Census Bureau does not provide a standard definition of a "Central" region of the United States, and organizations that need to subdivide the US are free to define a "Central" region to fit their needs.

International Committee of the Red Cross
The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) is a "private" humanitarian organisation based in Geneva, Switzerland.
The ICRC has a unique job, based on the Geneva Conventions as well as other international law, to protect the victims of international and internal armed conflicts. This includes war wounded, prisoners, refugees, civilians, and other non-combatants. But the ICRC is a private body. It is not controlled by any government, group of governments or international organisation
It is the oldest organisation within the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement and one of the most widely recognized organizations in the world. It is also the most honoured, The ICRC won three Nobel Peace Prizes in 1917, 1944, and 1963.
History.
Up until the middle of the 19th century, there was no organized army nursing for casualties and no way safe place to house and treat the wounded.
Swiss businessman Henry Dunant saw the Battle of Solferino, in the Austro-Sardinian War. The battle only lasted one day, but about 40,000 soldiers on both sides were killed or were left wounded on the battlefield.
Dunant was shocked by the suffering of the wounded soldiers, and the lack of medical help. He abandoned his trip to see Emperor Napoleon III and spent several days helping to treat and care for the wounded.
He wrote a book about what he saw, called "A Memory of Solferino" he published it with his own money in 1862, and sent copies of the book to leading political and military figures throughout Europe. The book did not only describe what Dunant saw, but called for the setting up of national voluntary relief organisations to help nurse wounded soldiers in the case of war. Dunant also called for international treaties to guarantee the neutrality and protection for the wounded and for medics and field hospitals.
The committee soon changed its name to the "International Committee for Relief to the Wounded".
In October 1863, the international conference it organised took place in Geneva to talk about improving medical services on the battle field.
31 people joined the committee at the conference: eighteen official delegates from national governments, six delegates from other non-governmental organisations, and seven non-official foreign delegates. The official delegates came from
Only one year later, the Swiss government invited the governments of all European countries, as well as the United States, Brazil, and Mexico, to attend an official diplomatic conference. Sixteen countries sent a total of twenty-six delegates to Geneva. On August 22, 1864, the conference adopted the first Geneva Convention "for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded in Armies in the Field". Representatives of 12 states and kingdoms signed the convention: Baden, Belgium, Denmark, France, Hesse, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, Prussia, Switzerland, Spain, and Württemberg. The convention contained ten articles, establishing for the first time legally binding rules guaranteeing neutrality and protection for wounded soldiers, field medical personnel, and specific humanitarian institutions in an armed conflict.
The first national societies were founded in Belgium, Denmark, France, Oldenburg, Prussia, Spain, and Württemberg. Also in 1864, Louis Appia and Charles van de Velde, a captain of the Dutch Army, became the first independent and neutral delegates to work under the symbol of the Red Cross in an armed conflict. Three years later in 1867, the first International Conference of National Aid Societies for the Nursing of the War Wounded was convened.
Dunant left the committee in 1867 after arguing with other members. In 1876, the committee changed its name to the"International Committee of the Red Cross" (ICRC), which is still its official name today. Five years later, the American Red Cross was founded through the efforts of Clara Barton. More and more countries signed the Geneva Convention and began to respect it in practice during armed conflicts. The Red Cross quickly became an internationally respected movement, and the national societies became increasingly popular as a venue for volunteer work.
When the first Nobel Peace Prize was awarded in 1901, the Norwegian Nobel Committee opted to give it to Henry Dunant and Frédéric Passy, a leading campaigner against war. The International Committee of the Red Cross officially congratulated Dunant and was a tribute to his key role in the formation of the Red Cross. Dunant died nine years later in the small Swiss health resort of Heiden. Only two months earlier his former friend and committee member Gustave Moynier had also died.
By the start of the First World War in 1914, there were 45 national relief societies throughout the world. The movement had grown beyond Europe and North America to Central and South America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Cuba, Mexico, Peru, El Salvador, Uruguay, Venezuela), Asia (the Republic of China, Japan, Korea, Siam), and Africa (Republic of South Africa). The Geneva Convention had been changed to include fighting at sea as well as on land.
World War One.
In World War I Red Cross nurses came from around the world, including the United States and Japan, came to help the medical services of the armed forces of the countries involved in the war in Europe.
On October 15, 1914, immediately after the start of the war, the ICRC set up its International Prisoners-of-War (POW) Agency. By the end of the war, the Agency had sent about 20 million letters and messages, 1.9 million parcels, and about 18 million Swiss francs to POWs of all affected countries. The Agency also arranged for about 200,000 prisoners to be released and returned to their home country. The Agency collected about 7 million records from 1914 to 1923 about prisoners or missing people. The card index helped to identify about 2 million POWs and to contact their families. The complete index of 7 million cards is on loan from the ICRC to the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Museum in Geneva. But only ICRC can search the index.
The ICRC got the only Nobel Peace Prize of the wars years, in 1917, for its outstanding wartime work.
In 1923, the Committee changed its membership rules. Until then, only citizens of the city of Geneva could serve in the Committee. This was changed to include all citizens of Switzerland by birth. This is still the rule today, and is designed to show that the ICRC is neutral, and that committee members and workers have never been citizens of a country that might be involved in a war. Only in 1993 were non-Swiss citizens allowed to work for the committee.
World War Two.
In 1934 the ICRC tried to get extra protection for civilians during war. Unfortunately most governments were not interested in adopting the extra rules before the start of World War II.
By the end of the war, 179 delegates had conducted 12,750 visits to POW camps in 41 countries. The Central Information Agency on Prisoners-of-War ("Zentralauskunftsstelle für Kriegsgefangene") had a staff of 3,000, the card index tracking prisoners contained 45 million cards (more than 6 times as many as world war 1), and 120 million messages were exchanged by the Agency.
The German Red Cross was controlled by the Nazis, and would not uphold the Geneva conventions which may have helped stop the deportation of Jews from Germany and the mass murders conducted in the concentration camps run by the German government.
Two other main countries in the war, the Soviet Union and Japan, were not party to the 1929 Geneva Conventions and were not legally required to follow the rules of the conventions. Thus, other countries were not bound to follow the Conventions regarding their prisoners in return.
The ICRC had to stop complaining about the treatment of detainees in concentration camps in case the ICRC was stopped from working for POWs.
After November 1943, the ICRC could send parcels to concentration camp detainees with known names and locations. Because the notices of receipt for these parcels were often signed by other inmates, the ICRC managed to register the identities of about 105,000 detainees in the concentration camps and delivered about 1.1 million parcels, mostly to the camps Dachau, Buchenwald, Ravensbrück, and Sachsenhausen.
On March 12, 1945, ICRC president Jacob Burckhardt was told by SS General Ernst Kaltenbrunner that the ICRC's delegates could visit the concentration camps, but the delegates would have to stay in the camps until the end of the war. Ten delegates, among them Louis Haefliger (Camp Mauthausen), Paul Dunant (Camp Theresienstadt) and Victor Maurer (Camp Dachau), visited the camps.
Louis Haefliger told American troops about the forceful eviction or blasting of Mauthausen-Gusen and saved the lives of about 60,000 inmates. His actions were condemned by the ICRC because they were deemed as acting unduly on his own authority and risking the ICRC's neutrality. Only in 1990, his reputation was finally rehabilitated by ICRC president Cornelio Sommaruga.
Another example of great humanitarian spirit was Friedrich Born (1903-1963), an ICRC delegate in Budapest who saved the lives of about 11,000 to 15,000 Jewish people in Hungary. Marcel Junod (1904-1961), a doctor from Geneva, was another famous delegate during the Second World War. He was one of the first foreigners to visit Hiroshima after the atomic bomb was dropped, and wrote his thoughts in his book "Warrior without Weapons".
In 1944, the ICRC got its third Nobel Peace Prize.
After the Second World War.
On August 12, 1949, the existing two Geneva Conventions were changed, and the Hague Convention about casualties at sea was brought into the Geneva Convention "family". It was renamed the Second Geneva Coventioin, and so the second convention of 1929 is now called the third convention. The Fourth Geneva Convention, about the "Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War," was established. On June 8, 1977 extra article "protocols" were added to make the conventions apply to internal conflicts such as civil wars.
In 1963, the ICRC shared its third Nobel Peace Prize with the League of Red Cross Societies.
Since 1993, non-Swiss citizens have been allowed to serve as Committee delegates abroad, a task which was previously restricted to Swiss citizens. Now about one third of staff are not Swiss citizens.
On October 16, 1990, the UN General Assembly gave the ICRC observer status for its assembly sessions and sub-committee meetings, the first observer status given to a private organization. The resolution was jointly proposed by 138 member states and introduced by the Italian ambassador, Vieri Traxler, in memory of the organization's origins in the Battle of Solferino.
An agreement with the Swiss government signed on March 19, 1993, affirmed the already long-standing policy of full independence of the Committee from any interference by Switzerland. The agreement protects the full sanctity of all ICRC property in Switzerland including its headquarters and archive, grants members and staff legal immunity, exempts the ICRC from all taxes and fees, guarantees the protected and duty-free transfer of goods, services, and money, provides the ICRC with secure communication privileges at the same level as foreign embassies, and simplifies Committee travel in and out of Switzerland.
The ICRC continued its activities throughout the 1990s. It broke its usual silence when it denounced the Rwandan Genocide in 1994, and again in 1995 about the crimes that happened in and around Srebrenica when it said, "We must acknowledge that despite our efforts to help thousands of civilians forcibly expelled from the town and despite the dedication of our colleagues on the spot, the ICRC's impact on the unfolding of the tragedy was extremely limited." It went public once again in 2007 to decry "major human rights abuses" by Burma's military government including forced labor, starvation, and murder of men, women, and children.
Symbols.
The original motto of the International Committee of the Red Cross was "Inter Arma Caritas" ("Amidst War, Charity"). It has preserved this motto while other Red Cross organizations have adopted others. Because Geneva is in the French-speaking part of Switzerland, the ICRC is also known under its French name "Comité international de la Croix-Rouge" (CICR). However, the ICRC has six official languages, including Arabic. The official symbol of the ICRC is the Red Cross on white background (the inverse of the Swiss flag)with the words "COMITE INTERNATIONAL GENEVE" circling the cross.
The ICRC drew up seven fundamental principles in 1965 that were adopted by the entire Red Cross Movement. They are
Funding and financial matters.
The 2005 budget of the ICRC was about 970 million Swiss francs. All payments to the ICRC are voluntary and are received as donations based on two types of appeals issued by the Committee: an annual "Headquarters Appeal" to cover its internal costs and "Emergency Appeals" for its individual missions.
Most of the ICRC's funding comes from Switzerland and the United States, with the other European states and the E.U. close behind. Together with Australia, Canada, Japan, and New Zealand, they contribute about 80-85% of the ICRC's budget. About 3% comes from private gifts, and the rest comes from national Red Cross societies.
Responsibilities within the Movement.
The ICRC is responsible for legally recognizing a relief society as an official national Red Cross or Red Crescent society and thus accepting it into the Movement. The exact rules are in the statutes of the Movement. After recognition by the ICRC, a national society is admitted as a member to the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent societies. The ICRC and the Federation cooperate with the individual national societies in their international missions, especially with human, material, and financial resources and organizing on-site logistics. According to the 1997 Seville Agreement, the ICRC is the lead Red Cross agency in conflicts while other organizations within the Movement take the lead in non-war situations. National societies will be given the lead especially when a conflict is happening within their own country.
Organization.
The ICRC headquarters are in Geneva, Switzerland. It has other offices, called "Delegations", in about 80 countries. Each delegation is under the responsibility of a Head of delegation who is the official representative of the ICRC in the country. Of its 2,000 professional employees, roughly 800 work in its Geneva headquarters and 1,200 expatriates work in the field. About half of the field workers serve as delegates managing ICRC operations in the different countries while the other half are specialists like doctors, agronomists, engineers or interpreters. The international staff are assisted by some 13,000 national employees, so about 15,000 people work for the ICRC.
Directorate.
The Directorate is the executive body of the Committee.It carries out the policies set by the assembly.
The Directorate consists of a Director-General and five directors in the areas of "Operations", "Human Resources", "Resources and Operational Support", "Communication", and "International Law and Cooperation within the Movement". The members of the Directorate are appointed by the Assembly to serve for four years. The Director-General has assumed more personal responsibility in recent years, much like a CEO, where he was formerly more of a first among equals at the Directorate.
Assembly.
The Assembly (also called the Committee) convenes on a regular basis and is responsible for defining aims, guidelines, and strategies and for supervising the financial matters of the Committee. The Assembly has a membership of a maximum of 25 Swiss citizens. Members must speak the house language of French, but many also speak English and German as well. These Assembly members are co-opted for a period of four years, and there is no limit to the number of terms an individual member can serve. A three-quarters majority vote from all members is required for re-election after the third term, which acts as a motivation for members to remain active and productive.
In the early years, every Committee member was Genevan, Protestant, white, and male. The first woman, Renée-Marguerite Cramer, was co-opted in 1918. Since then, several women have attained the Vice Presidency, and the female proportion after the Cold War has been about 15%. The first non-Genevans were admitted in 1923, and one Jew has served in the Assembly.
While the rest of the Red Cross Movement many be multi-national, the Committee believes that its mono-national nature is an asset because the nationality in question is Swiss. Thanks to permanent Swiss neutrality, conflicting parties can be sure that no one from "the enemy" will be setting policy in Geneva. The Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71 showed that even National Red Cross Societies can be biased and not maintain neutral humanitarianism.
Assembly Council.
Furthermore, the Assembly elects a five-member Assembly Council that constitutes an especially active core of the Assembly. The Council meets at least ten times per year and has the authority to decide on behalf of the full Assembly in some matters. The Council is also responsible for organizing the Assembly meetings and for helping communication between the Assembly and the Directorate. The Assembly Council normally includes the president, two vice presidents and two elected members. While one of the vice presidents is elected for a four-year term, the other is appointed permanently with his tenure ending by retirement from the vice presidency or from the Committee. Currently Jacques Forster and Olivier Vodoz are vice presidents. In April 2007, Christine Beerli was appointed to succeed Jacques Forster from the beginning of 2008.
The President.
The Assembly also selects, for a term of four years, one individual to act as President of the ICRC. The president is both a member of the Assembly and leader of the ICRC, and he has always been included on the Council since its formation. The President automatically becomes a member of the assembly and the ICRC once he is appointed, but he does not necessarily come from within the ICRC organization. There is a strong faction within the Assembly that wants to reach outside the organization to select a president from the Swiss government or professional circles like the banking or medical fields. In fact, the last three presidents were previously officials in the Swiss government. The president's influence and role is not well-defined, and changes depending upon the times and each president's personal style. Since 2000, the president of the ICRC has been Jakob Kellenberger. Kellenberger does not make many public appearances or statements but is good at personal negotiation promoting the ICRC privately. In February 2007, he was appointed by the Assembly to another four-year term which will run until the end of 2011.
The ICRC tends to work quietly and not attract publicity, unlike some other aid agencies. This way it was been able to get access to, for example, Nelson Mandela, when he was still a prisoner of the apartheid government of South Africa.

Meridian, Mississippi
Meridian is a city located in, and the county seat of, Lauderdale County in Mississippi, a state of the United States of America. Meridian is the fifth largest city in Mississippi and the principal city of the Meridian, Mississippi Micropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 39,968 at the 2000 census. The current population is larger than in the 2000 census. A recent annexation, in addition to seeing many displaced coastal residents after Hurricane Katrina (many of them have made Meridian their permanent residence), have put the population over 40,000.

Hydrometeorological Prediction Center
The Hydrometeorological Prediction Center (a.k.a. HPC) is one of nine Service Centers under the umbrella of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP), operating under the aegis of the National Weather Service, which in turn is part of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) of the U.S. government.
The HPC serves as a center of excellence in Quantitative Precipitation Forecasting, Medium Range Forecasting (three to seven days) and the interpretation of numerical weather prediction models.
The HPC issues storm summaries on storm systems bringing significant rainfall and snowfall to portions of the United States. Advisories are also issued for tropical cyclones which have moved inland and are no longer the responsibility of the National Hurricane Center. The HPC also acts as the backup office to the National Hurricane Center in the event of a complete communications failure.
The HPC was created in October 1995, when the former National Meteorological Center was reorganised into the NCEP. It is based at the World Weather Building in Camp Springs, Maryland, along with a few of the other National Centers such as the Climate Prediction Center (CPC), the Ocean Prediction Center (OPC), and the Environmental Modeling Center (EMC).

Tornado outbreak
While there is no single agreed upon definition, generally more than six tornadoes in a day in the same region is considered a tornado outbreak. A series of continuous or near continuous tornado outbreaks is known as a tornado outbreak sequence.
The biggest tornado outbreak on record — with 148 tornadoes, most significantly including six F5 and 24 F4 tornadoes — occurred on April 3-April 4, 1974 across the United States and Canada. It is dubbed the Super Outbreak.

Côte-Nord
Côte-Nord (French for "Northern Coast", area 247,627.06 km², or 95,609.34 sq mi) is the second largest administrative region by land area in Quebec, Canada. It covers much of the northern shore of the Saint Lawrence River's estuary and the Gulf of Saint Lawrence past Tadoussac. At the 2006 census it had a resident population of 95,911 inhabitants.

Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean
Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean is a region in Quebec, Canada.

Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana
Plaquemines Parish (Cajun French: "Paroisse Plaquemine") is the parish with the biggest combined land and water area in the U.S. state of Louisiana. The parish seat is Pointe à la Hache. As of 2000, the parish's population was 26,757.
The name is pronounced (transcription in IPA).

Naiad (moon)
Naiad or Neptune III is the closest moon to Neptune named after the Naiads of Greek legend. It was found sometime before mid-September, 1989 from the images taken by the "Voyager 2" probe. The last moon to be discovered during the flyby, it was designated S/1989 N 6. Naiad is not a sphere and probably has not been changed by any internal geological processes after its formation. It orbits about 23,500 km above Neptune's cloud tops.
Since the "Voyager 2" flyby, the Neptune system has been studied a lot from ground-based observatories and the Hubble Space Telescope as well. In 2002-03, Keck telescope looked at the system using adaptive optics and detected easily the biggest four closer satellites. Thalassa was found with some image processing, but Naiad was not located.

Tamsui, Taipei
Tamsui (Chinese: 淡水鎮, Taiwanese: Tām-súi/Tām-chúi, Tongyong Pinyin: Danshuei, Hanyu Pinyin: Danshui) is a sea-side town in Taipei County, Taiwan. The town has a population of 130,105 people. It is named after a river whose name means "Freshwater". The town is also popular as a site for viewing the sun setting into the Taiwan Strait. There are three universities in this small town.

Lovisa Aarberg
Lovisa Aarberg, (born 1803, dead after 1866) was a Swedish surgeon and doctor. She and Kisamor were the first female doctors in Sweden. She was a doctor and a surgeon long before it was permitted for women. In Sweden, her name is spelled as Lovisa Årberg, and she was often called "Jungfru Årberg", which means "Maiden Årberg" in English.
Lovisa Årberg was born in Uppsala. Her mother often nursed sick people, and when Lovisa was a child, she followed her mother to the hospitals. She learned a lot about sickness and medicine and how to cure and nurse sick people, and often helped people she knew when they were sick.
When she was an adult, she mowed to Stockholm and became a maid. People had heard that she was good at helping sick people, and often came and asked her for help. Soon, even rich people started to ask her for help. The paid her money when she cured them, so she could stop being a maid and could start to work as a doctor instead. Lovisa then opened her own clinic and started to work as a doctor and a surgeon.
She opened her clinic and started to work as a doctor in the 1820s. In the 1820s, it was forbidden for a woman to work as a doctor. The male doctors did not like that a woman worked as a doctor, and the government was worried, that she perhaps hurt her patients because she had never learned medicine at a university. But when they examined her, they found out, that she was a very good doctor, and that she had all the knowledge that the male doctors had, so they gave her a medal and special permission to work as a surgeon and a doctor, even though it was forbidden for women. She continued to work as a doctor for forty years, until the 1860s. She gave treatment to poor people, even when they did not have the money to pay her, too. She was a popular doctor, and so many people asked her for help, that she worked very hard, so hard that she became very tired and her own health became weakened, so she often had to take time of, so she could rest.

Kisamor
Kisamor, (1788-1842), was a famous female doctor in Sweden. Her real name was Maria Jansson, but she was always called Kisamor. Kisamor means "The Mother in Kisa" in English, and Kisa was the place were she worked. She was a doctor before it was allowed for a woman to be a doctor, and she is the most famous woman doctor in Sweden in the 19th century.
She was born in Örebro. Her father was a doctor in natural medicine, and she wanted to become one too. But her father wouldn't let her. Instead, her forced her to marry a farmer. The marriage became unhappy, and she divorced her husband.
She often visited sick people and worked as a doctor in natural medicine. One day, she was given a house in Östergötland as a gift by some rich women after she had made them well after sickness. She visited the sick in their cottages, and sometimes they came to her in the inn called Kisa, and therefore, she was called "The Mother in Kisa".
She became famous, and people came to her from all over the country to ask her for help. In 1825, she was given special permission to work as a doctor, even though it was forbidden for a woman to work as a doctor.

Amalia Lindegren
Amalia Lindegren, (1814-1891), was a famous Swedish painter.
She became an orphan when her mother died in 1817. Then, she was adopted by the widow of Benjamin Sandel. Benjamin Sandel is thought to have been her real father.
Amalia liked to draw and wanted to become an artist. When the artist Qvarnström saw her drawings, he got her a permission to study art at the Swedish Academy of Arts in 1849. They thought she was very promising and had great talent. In 1850, she became the first woman who got a scholarship by the Academy to study art in Paris.
In 1856, she was elected to become a member in to the Swedish Academy of Arts. She showed people her paintings in the exhibitions in Paris in 1867, Philadelphia in 1876, and in Chicago in 1893.

Thalassa (moon)
Thalassa or Neptune IV, is the second closest moon to Neptune. It was named after a daughter of Aether and Hemera from Greek mythology.
"Thalassa" is also the Greek word for "sea".
Thalassa was discovered sometime before mid-September, 1989 from the images taken by the "Voyager 2" probe. It was given the designation S/1989 N 5. The discovery was said (IAUC 4867) on September 29, 1989, but the text only talks of "25 frames taken over 11 days", giving a discovery date of sometime before September 18. The name was given on 16 September 1991.
Thalassa is not a sphere and shows no sign of any geological changes. Unusually for a non-spherical moon, it appears to be disk-shaped.

Bayerischer Rundfunk
Bayerischer Rundfunk is the main German radio and television broadcasting company for Bavaria. It is a member of the ARD public broadcasting group.

Circadian rhythm sleep disorder
Circadian rhythm sleep disorders occur when the circadian rhythm is disrupted or is not functioning properly. They usually affect other bodily functions as well, and not just sleep.
Extrinsic category.
Jet Lag often affects people who have travelled several hours east or west, through several time zones. It may take many days for the body to adjust to the new environment. The name comes from travelling by jet aircraft.
Many people have problems with their sleep, appetite, alertness etc. when they work a shift during the times when their circadian rhythms indicate that they should be asleep.
Intrinsic category.
Intrinsic refers to something which happens or is caused within a system or an organism. There are four circadian rhythm sleep disorders of the intrinsic type. Unless they are caused by a head injury or by a disease, they are usually genetic, that is, people are born with them. They are generally chronic; they don't go away, but they may to some degree be treated.
Advanced sleep-phase syndrome (ASPS) is very rare. People with this syndrome are sleepy very early in the evening and they sleep from about 19:00-20:00 in the evening to about 03:00-04:00 in the early morning. Their sleep is usually normal. There are often several people in the same family who have ASPS.
Delayed sleep-phase syndrome (DSPS) is the opposite of ASPS, and it is more common, affecting about 0.15% of adults. It usually starts in early childhood or at puberty. Some cases which start at puberty go away when the person is about 20 years old. Otherwise, the syndrome doesn't go away, that is, it is chronic.
People with DSPS cannot go to sleep before 03:00-06:00 in the morning, or even later. They sleep normally for 8-9 hours, but they cannot wake up in time for school or a job which starts in the morning. They can go to sleep at the same time every night and get up at the same time each day. This means that they are "entrained" (adjusted, synchronized) to the daily light/dark cycle. Even when they try to sleep at acceptable times, they are most alert in the late evening and the nighttime hours.
Non-24-hour sleep-wake syndrome (Non-24) is quite rare. Some people who can see have it, but it is more common among the blind. People with Non-24 sleep well for 8-9 hours, but they do not adjust to the daily light/dark cycle at all. Therefore, they go to sleep 1-2 hours later each day and wake up 1-2 hours later than the day before. This is called freerunning sleep. Their times of best alertness, appetite, body temperature rhythm and hormone cycles all move continuously around the clock, coming back to the same time after a few weeks.
Irregular sleep-wake disorder is quite rare, and it is often possible to find out what causes it, for example, a head injury, a mental handicap, dementia or some other sicknesses. People with this disorder sleep and wake several times a day, but not at the same times every day. Altogether they sleep the same number of hours as other people of the same age.
Treatment.
Treatment for these disorders is similar, and it often does not work very well. In addition, it can be difficult to find a doctor who knows much about circadian rhythms, as the field of study is quite new.
Treatment with bright light is also called phototherapy or light therapy. People with ASPS need a lot of light in the evening and they should avoid bright light in the morning. People with DSPS need bright light as soon as they wake up and should try to avoid bright light in the evening.
Melatonin is a hormone produced in the pineal gland in the brain. It is normally only produced in the evening and at night. People with ASPS can take melatonin by mouth in the morning. People with DSPS can take melatonin in the afternoon or evening, and this treatment works also for some people with Non-24.
One can buy melatonin in the shops in the USA and Canada. In most other countries one must get it from a doctor or it might not be legal at all.
Similar treatments can be tried for the other disorders.

Asian Elephant
The Asian Elephant ("Elephas maximus") is a elephant species living in Asia. They are more easily tamed than their larger African counterparts, and have been used as beasts of burden for centuries.
Physical Description.
Asian elephants are distinguished from their African counterparts by their smaller size, smaller ears, more rounded back, and a fourth toenail on each of their hind feet. They have thick, dry skin with a small amount of stiff hair, and are grey to brown in colour. Female Asian elephants have rudimentary tusks.
Distribution.
Asian elephants have an extensive range across India (National animal) and Sri Lanka and also occur further south and east as far as Sumatra. These three areas appear to contain subspecies all with slightly different characteristics.hi
Habitat.
Asian elephants are spread over areas where rainfall levels vary considerably. They can survive in dry places where less than 40cm of rain falls per year, and in wet areas where over 8m of rain can fall in a year.

Karolina Bock
Karolina Sofia Bock, (1792-1872), was a Swedish dancer, actor and singer. She also became principal for the famous theatre-school, Dramatens elevskola.
Karolina Bock was born as Karolina Richter. She was a student at the theatrical school Dramatens elevskola in Stockholm between 1806 and 1809, were she was instructed by the principal Sofia Lovisa Gråå. Many of the girls graduating from the school between 1804 and 1812, when Gråå was principal, became famous in Sweden, and were called "the girls of Gråå".
Karolina worked at the theatres Djurgårdsteatern and Nya Komiska Teatern before she was hired at the Royal Dramatic Theatre i 1814. She worked there for fifty years, and became one of the most popular actors there. But she never became a star because of the parts she played; she always played old women in comedys, never heroines and main parts. She was very well used and never lacked parts to play, but she was not given main parts. It was said, that she had a rare quality; she knew her limitations.
Her most popular parts were in the plays "Min tante Aurore", "Bildhuggaren", "Brodertvisten", "Syrsan", "Preciosa", "Jane Eyre" and "Mäster Smith".
She was principal for Dramatens elevskola two times; the first time from 1831 to 1834, and the second time from 1841 to 1856. She was also teatcher in declamation there. She was the third woman to be principal for the famous school. Anne Marie Milan Desguillons had ben the first in 1793-1800, but she was principal together with her husband. Sofia Lovisa Gråå had ben the first woman who was principal of this school alone, and she was principal in 1804-1812. Karolina Bock was a good teatcher, but unlike her own teacher, Sofia Lovisa Gråå, she was very strict and firm with her students, so strict that her students rebelled and had her deposed from her position as principal. But she continued to work as an actor until 1863.
Karolina Bock was married two times. In 1813, she married J.G. Svanberg, who played violin in the royal chapel, and in 1826 she married K.F. Bock, who played the flute in the royal chapel. She had a daughter, Bertha Tammelin, who became an actor, singer, composer, musician and a teatcher at Dramatens elevskola.
Karolina Bock was revarded with the medal Litteris et Artibus in 1857.

Lea Ahlborn
Lea Ahlborn, (1826-1897) was a famous Swedish artist. She was a member of the Swedish Royal Academy of Arts, and the first woman to be appointed royal printmaker. The position of royal printmaker also made her the first female official in Sweden.
She was daughter to Ludvig Lundgren, who was a printmaker, and she early decided, that she wanted to become a printmaker too. In 1849, she, as well as Amalia Lindegren and Agnes Börjesson, became one of the four women who were given permission to study art at the Swedish Royal Academy of Arts.
In 1851, she made a study-trip to Paris with her teacher Carl Gustaf Qvarnström and her brother Pehr Henrik.
In 1855, she was appointed royal printmaker, and was also elected as a member in the Royal Swedish Academy of Arts. She kept herself updated in everything regarding her work, and was given assignments from the Swedish Academy, the science academy and the royal academy Pro Patria. She made the medal-portraits to the celebration of the anniversary of the king and queen, and she was hired by the US government to make the medal of George Washington at the centenary (hundred years anniversary) of the end of the war of independence in 1883. In 1892, she was given the medal "Illis Quorum" by the king.
Her sister, Carolina Weidenhayn, (1822-1902), became the first professional female xylographer, who after she studied in Paris 1858-1867, became an instructor at the great technical school Tekniska Skolan in 1859-1881.

Hedda Hjortsberg
Hedda (Hedvig Katarina) Hjortsberg, (1777-1867), was a Swedish ballerina. She was the sister of the famous Swedish actor Lars Hjortsberg, and was considered the greatest Swedish ballet-dancer of her generation.
She became a student of the French ballet-master Louis Gallodier in 1786, at the age of nine, and when she graduated, she was considered as one of the first great products of the newly founded Royal Swedish ballet.
Between 1791 and 1806 she was a premier-dancer at the Royal Swedish Opera in Stockholm. The writer Marianne Ehrenström called her the darling of the audience, and describes her as gracious as a nymph.
She danced the parts of Lucile in the pantomime ballet "Det dubbla giftermålet" by Jean Marcadet with Margaretha Christina Hallongren, Carl Dahlén, Raimond and Carlo Caspare Simone Uttini the season of 1790-1719, Leonore in "Enleveringen" by Louis Deland with honom, Hallongren, Uttini, Luigi Taglioni and Ambrosiani and Diana in "Diana och Kärleken" by Deland with J.F. Björkstrand, Deland, Hallongren, Casagli and Hedvig Elisabeth Casagli in 1800-1801; she also did the part of Venus in "Venus och Adonis" by Deland with H. Björkman, Casagli, G.B. Ambrosiani and Hallongren 1801-1802, and as Frosine in "Dansvurmen" by Gardel with Deland, Filippo Taglioni, Anna Christina Löfborg, Anders Ekholm, Raimond and Ambrosiani in 1803-1804.
When the Opera was opened again in 1809 after it had been closed since 1806, she performed with her five year old daughter in the ballet "Dansvurmen".
Hjortsberg married the businessman Erik Samuel Koersner in 1804, and Abraham Hülphers in 1811, and after that, she danced only as a guest-artist.

Despina (moon)
Despina or Neptune V, is the third closest moon to Neptune. It is named after Despina, a nymph who was a daughter of Poseidon.
Despina was found in late July, 1989 from the images taken by the "Voyager 2" probe. It was given the designation S/1989 N 3.
Despina is not a sphere and shows no sign of any geological changes.

Chef
A chef is a person who cooks food as their job. They usually are found in restaurants.

St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana
St. Bernard Parish () is a parish located in the U.S. state of Louisiana. As of 2000, its population was 67,229. In 2006, because of the effects of Hurricane Katrina, its population was estimated to be 25,489.

Slidell, Louisiana
Slidell is a city in St. Tammany Parish in Louisiana, situated on the northeast shore of Lake Pontchartrain.
As of the 2000 census, the city had a population of 25,695. Slidell is a suburb of New Orleans.

St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana
St. Tammany Parish (French: "Paroisse de Saint-Tammany") is a parish located in the U.S. state of Louisiana, in the New Orleans metropolitan area. The parish seat is Covington, and as of 2000, the population was 191,268. In 2004, the population was estimated to have grown to 212,000, and after the landfall of Hurricane Katrina the following year, the population was estimated by St. Tammany Planners to be about 264,000. Most new residents are thought to have come from St. Bernard Parish. If correct, these figures make St. Tammany Parish the fastest-growing parish in the state, overtaking Livingston and Ascension parishes.

Chewing gum
Chewing gum is a type of candy. It is either a soft and chewy substance or a hard substance that becomes soft when it is chewed. It is chewed by people for enjoyment. It is often flavored with artificial or natural sweeteners. It may or may not include sugar. Chewing it can help clean teeth. Many chewing gum products used today will include new and exotic flavors such as mint.

Herat
Herat (Persian: هرات), is the second largest city of Afghanistan and capital of a province with the same name. It is located in the west of the country, close to the border of Iran. The spoken language of Herat is Perisan (Dari).

Mobile, Alabama
Mobile () is the third most populous city in the U.S. state of Alabama and is the county seat of Mobile County. The population within the city limits was 198,915 as of the 2000 census. Mobile is the principal municipality of the Mobile Metropolitan Statistical Area, a region of 399,843 residents which is composed solely of Mobile County and is the second largest MSA in the state. Mobile is included in the Mobile-Daphne-Fairhope Combined Statistical Area with a total population of 540,258, the second largest CSA in the state.

Relay race
A relay race is a track and field event in which runners run a pre-set distance carrying a baton before passing it onto the next runner. Often, a relay team is a team of four sprinters.

Bayou La Batre, Alabama
Bayou La Batre (is a city in Mobile County, Alabama, United States. It is included in the Mobile metropolitan statistical area. At the 2000 census, the population was 2,313. According to the 2005 U.S. Census estimates, the city had a population of 2,725.

Bay St. Louis, Mississippi
Bay Saint Louis is a city located in Hancock County, Mississippi. It is part of the Gulfport-Biloxi, Mississippi Metropolitan Statistical Area. As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 8,209. It is the county seat of Hancock County. Like several other upper Gulf Coast cities, Bay Saint Louis was devastated by Hurricane Katrina in August 2005.

Waveland, Mississippi
Waveland is a city located in Hancock County, Mississippi, on the Gulf of Mexico. It is part of the Gulfport-Biloxi, Mississippi Metropolitan Statistical Area. As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 6,674. On August 29, 2005, Waveland was nearly destroyed by Hurricane Katrina.
The current mayor of Waveland is Democrat Tommy Longo.

Pass Christian, Mississippi
Pass Christian is a city in Harrison County, Mississippi, United States, along the Gulf of Mexico. It is part of the Gulfport-Biloxi, Mississippi Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 6,579 at the 2000 census.

Long Beach, Mississippi
Long Beach is a city (incorporated August 10, 1905) located in Harrison County, Mississippi, USA. It is part of the Gulfport-Biloxi, Mississippi Metropolitan Statistical Area. As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 17,320. It also the home of Alphonso Campbell.

Gulfport, Mississippi
Gulfport is the second largest city in Mississippi after the state capital Jackson. It is the larger (population wise) of two,aom cities of the Gulfport-Biloxi, Mississippi Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is included in the Gulfport-Biloxi-Pascagoula, Mississippi Combined Statistical Area. As of the 2000 census, the city of Gulport had a total population of 71,127. Gulfport is co-county seat with Biloxi of Harrison County, Mississippi. Gulfport is the east coast home to the US Navy Seabees, and also the birthplace of American football player Brett Favre.
On August 29, 2005, Gulfport was hit by the strong east side of Hurricane Katrina, and much of Gulfport was flooded or destroyed. Much of Gulfport was also severely damaged by Hurricane Camille on August 17, 1969.

Gulfport-Biloxi-Pascagoula, Mississippi Combined Statistical Area
The Gulfport-Biloxi-Pascagoula Combined Statistical Area is made up of five counties in the Mississippi Gulf Coast region. The statistical area consists of the Gulfport-Biloxi Metropolitan Statistical Area and the Pascagoula Metropolitan Statistical Area. As of the 2000 census, the CSA had a population of 396,754 The area was significantly impacted by Hurricane Katrina in 2005. A July 1, 2006 estimate placed the population at 380,309. Prior to the hurricane, the area had experienced steady to moderate population growth.

Gulfport-Biloxi metropolitan area
The Gulfport-Biloxi Metropolitan Statistical Area is a metropolitan area in the Mississippi Gulf Coast region that covers three counties - Hancock, Harrison, and Stone. As of the 2000 census, the MSA had a population of 246,190. The area was significantly impacted by Hurricane Katrina in 2005. A July 1, 2006 estimate placed the population at 227,904. Prior to the hurricane, the area had experienced steady to moderate population growth. It is also part of the larger Gulfport-Biloxi-Pascagoula Combined Statistical Area.

Biloxi, Mississippi
Biloxi () is a city in Harrison County, Mississippi, in the U.S.. The 2000 census recorded the population as 50,644. Biloxi is co–county seat with the larger city Gulfport, in the Gulfport-Biloxi, Mississippi Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is included in the Gulfport-Biloxi-Pascagoula, Mississippi Combined Statistical Area.
The beachfront of Biloxi lies directly on the Mississippi Sound, with barrier islands scattered off the coast and into the Gulf of Mexico.

El Toro (roller coaster)
El Toro ("The Bull") is a wooden rollercoaster at Six Flags Great Adventure in Jackson, New Jersey, United States. It was opened (people could go on it) on June 11, 2006. It has the steepest drop of any wooden rollercoaster in the world, at 76 degrees. It is 188ft tall, a world record breaking drop on a wooden roller coaster, and goes at a maximum (highest possible) speed of 113km/h. The speed can be different. During the day it goes faster and faster. It begins at 108km/h and by the end of the day it travels at 118km/h. It has 4,400 feet of track, and the trains are known to not really slow down much through the whole ride. El Toro is also known for it's strong "airtime" (when riders would be thrown out of the seats if the restraints were not there).
Construction.
El Toro is quite different than most other wooden rollercoasters because it is made out prefabricated track, which means that the pieces of track were cut in a factory and do not need to be cut by hand. This makes the time to build El Toro much shorter. Since it uses prefabricated track, the ride is very smooth. Most wooden rollercoasters are known to be quite rough.

Galatea (moon)
Galatea or Neptune VI, is the fourth closest moon to Neptune. It is named after Galatea, one of the Nereids of Greek legend.
Galatea was found in late July, 1989 from the images taken by the "Voyager 2" probe. It was given the designation S/1989 N 4. The discovery was said (IAUC 4824) on August 2, 1989, but the text only talks of "10 frames taken over 5 days", giving a discovery date of sometime before July 28. The name was given on 16 September 1991.
It is not a sphere and shows no sign of any geological changes.

Nguyen Hue
Nguyen Hue (1753 – 1792) was a general, an emperor of Tay Son Dynasty in the history of Vietnam. He was one of the talented general of Vietnam. He was born in Tay Son, Binh Dinh Province. His notable victories included: Victory over Siamese army in Rach Gam and Qing's army invasion in Dong Da, Thang Long.

MiG-29 Fulcrum
The MiG-29 Fulcrum is a fighter aircraft made by Russian aircraft company Mikoyan. It first flew in 1977, and was introduced in 1983. It was made by the Soviet Union during the Cold War so it could fight new American fighters like the F-16 Fighting Falcon and A-18 Hornet. It is still used by the Russian Air Force and other countries in Europe and Asia.
MiG-29s for trying things.
There are some versions of the MiG-29 that are for trying things out.

Emmy Rossum
Emmanuelle Grey "Emmy" Rossum (born September 12, 1986) is an American actress, best known for her role as Laura Chapman in the 2004 movie "The Day After Tomorrow" and Christine Daae in "The Phantom of the Opera".

Bedouin
Bedouin people live in the deserts of North Africa and the Middle East. They call themselves "people of the tent".
This is because they are "nomadic", which means they do not live in houses but travel around, living in tents. Bedouin were always camel raisers and drivers, sheep and goat nomads, cattle driving nomads, merchants. Today many Bedouin have given up the nomadic life and live and work in towns. But most do not forget that they are bedouin, and are proud of their heritage.
For example, the actor Nadim Sawalha is proud of not knowing his exact date of birth because he was born when his family were nomadic bedouin. He is equally proud of the pioneering work his family did in the hotel and tourism industry when they settled in town in Jordan.

Twenty-six
Twenty-six is a number. It comes between twenty-five and twenty-seven, and is an even number. It is divisible by 2, and 13.

Twenty-seven
Twenty-seven is a number. It comes between twenty-six and twenty-eight, and is an odd number. It is divisible by 3, and 9.

Twenty-eight
Twenty-eight is a number. It comes between twenty-seven and twenty-nine, and is an even number. It is divisible by 2, 4, 7, and 14.

Twenty-nine
Twenty-nine is a number. It comes between twenty-eight and thirty, and is an odd number. It is also the 9th prime number, after 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, and 23.

Thirty-one
Thirty-one is a number. It comes between thirty and thirty-two, and is an odd number. It is also the 10th prime number, after 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, and 29.

Thirty-two
Thirty-two is a number. It comes between thirty-one and thirty-three, and is an even number. It is divisible by 2, 4, 8, and 16.

Thirty-three
Thirty-three is a number. It comes between thirty-two and thirty-four, and is an odd number. It is divisible by 3, and 11.

Thirty-four
Thirty-four is a number. It comes between thirty-three and thirty-five, and is an even number. It is divisible by 2, and 17.

Thirty-five
Thirty-five is a number. It comes between thirty-four and thirty-six, and is an odd number. It is divisible by 5, and 7.

Thirty-six
Thirty-six is a number. It comes between thirty-five and thirty-seven, and is an even number. It is divisible by 3, 4, 6, 9, and 12. 36 is the 6th square number after 1, 4, 9, 16, and 25.

Thirty-seven
Thirty-seven is a number. It comes between thirty-six and thirty-eight, and is an odd number. It is also the 11th prime number, after 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, and 31.

Pokédex
The Pokédex is a tool used by Pokémon trainers all around the Pokémon world in different regions. These regions include the Sinnoh region, the Hoenn region, the Johto region and the Kanto region.
The Pokédex makes records of information about each of the different Pokémon. There are 493 different species of Pokémon recorded in the world today.
Different Pokémon are caught in different regions and some Pokémon can only be caught in certain regions, such as Dialga with the Sinnoh Region.
The Pokedex is also used in the very popular Pokémon video games that were released for the Game Boy, the Game Boy Color, the Game Boy Advance (Both regular and SP), the Nintendo DS, the Nintendo 64, the GameCube and the newly released Nintendo Wii.

Pokémon evolution
Evolve by Leveling.
This is the most common of the ways that Pokémon evolve. Pokémon in this category evolve whenever they reach a certain level.
Other Information.
Keep in mind that this is only one example out of all of them. There are actually too many Pokémon that evolve from leveling to list.
Evolve by Evolution Stones.
This is another way that Pokémon evolve. Some Pokémon can only evolve if they are given certain evolution stones. If they are given an evolution stone, be prepared to have it not be able to learn the moves that it would normally have learned.
Evolve by Trade.
This is another way that Pokémon evolve. Some Pokémon only evolve if they are traded to a friend.
Evolve by Trade w/Items.
Another way in this same category are Pokémon that only evolve if traded to a friend "with" an item attached to it.
Example.
Example: Eevee only evolves into either Umbreon or Espeon if it gains lots of happiness. If it is evolved by happiness during the day, it will change into Espeon; if at night, then Umbreon.
Other Information.
Sometimes, this way of evolving is combined with another way, in the case of Togetic evolving into Togekiss.

Jewitchery
Jewitchery is a modern religion which has been based on minority beliefs. It started in the New Age beliefs of the 1970s.

Larissa (moon)
Larissa or Neptune VII, is the fifth closest moon to Neptune. It is named after Larissa, a lover of Poseidon (Neptune) in Greek mythology.
It was first found by Harold J. Reitsema, William B. Hubbard, Larry A. Lebofsky and David J. Tholen based on ground-based stellar occultation observations on May 24, 1981, and given the designation S/1981 N 1 and said on 29 May, 1981. The moon was refound and confirmed to be the only object in its orbit during the "Voyager 2" flyby in 1989 after which it received another designation S/1989 N 2 on August 2, 1989.
Larissa is not a sphere and appears to be cratered a lot, with no sign of any geological changes. Little else is known about it.

Borat Sagdiyev
Borat Sagdiyev (Kazakh and Russian: Борат Сагдиев) is a fictional Kazakhstani journalist portrayed by British comedian Sacha Baron Cohen. Humour is often derived from Borat being a foreigner and having strange customs, thoughts and behaviour. There is also a lot of toilet humor in the show. Borat hates Gypsies and Jews, especially "the ones who suck blood."
Origins of "Borat".
The Borat character first appeared in short clips on "F2F - The Granada Talk TV Show" that Cohen presented in 1996-1997.
Borat's life and family.
Borat was born on July 30, 1972, in the fictional village of Kuzcek, Kazakhstan, to Asimbala Sagdiyev and Boltok the town rapist (who is also his mother's father). He has a 13-year-old son named Hooeylewis and 12-year-old twin boys, named Biram and Bilak, as well as 17 grandchildren. He has an older sister, Natalya (who he has claimed at different times to be either "the number four" or "number two prostitute" in Kazakhstan) and a younger brother, Bilo, who is mentally retarded. It is revealed that he has a second wife in addition to a mistress, a girlfriend and a prostitute.
Borat is shown to have been married several times, after first having been betrothed to his half-sister's plough while in his teens. His first wife, Oksana, was reported in the "Borat" film to have been "broken" by a bear while taking his brother Bilo for a walk in the forest. The death of Borat's wife did not bother him; he thanks the man who brings him this "good news"—and celebrates by trying to marry Pamela Anderson and eventually reuniting with Luenell, a black prostitute he met while filming his documentary.
Borat is a professional journalist and announcer on Kazakh television. According to various in-character interviews with Sacha Baron Cohen, Borat learned at Astana University, where he studied English, journalism, and plague research. He claims to have created five new plagues which supposedly "killed over 5 million goats and whores in Uzbekistan."
Before this Borat was an ice maker, animal sperm retriever, gypsy catcher, and someone who removes dead birds from a computer.
Borat was a pagan for most of his life. However, in the film he attends a Pentecostal church service and later converts his village neighbors to Christianity.
Borat greatly admires Joseph Stalin, and claims that both he and Stalin are strong men with powerful "khram" (genitals). He hates women's rights and was surprised to learn that women can vote in some countries. In his spare time, he enjoys playing ping pong, sunbathing while wearing a lime green "mankini", disco dancing, spitting, sitting on comfortable chairs, and taking pictures of women while they "make toilet".
"Da Ali G Show".
Borat is shown in each episode of "Da Ali G Show", doing funny interviews with real people in the United Kingdom and the United States. The segments were shot in low-quality video to make fun of how poor Kazakhstan is and how it cannot afford good cameras. Of Ali G, Borat comments on his website, "I appear on Alee G shows—He idiot, but it give me lot of girls & pickles; I like..."
The Borat segments on "Da Ali G Show" use a rock and roll version of the Russian folk tune "Korobeiniki" as the theme song.
Guide to Britain.
Was part of a six-part Ali G show originally on Channel 4 (UK) in March 2000.
Five Borat sketches were shown: "Etiquette", Hunting, Cambridge, Edinburgh and Henley. The "Guides" to "English Gentlemen", "Politics" and "Sport" were also filmed at this time but released later as part of "Ali G" DVDs.
Borat Special.
A special shown on the E4 launch night (UK) in January 2001 known as "The Best of Borat".
Some of the best parts were the "Guide to Sport" and a some video of Borat's villiage in Kazakhstan. Though the villiage they used was really in Romania.
Guide to USA 1.
Shown as part of a six part "Ali G Show" originally on HBO (USA) in February 2003.
Six Borat sketches were shown, in the form of "Guides" to "Dating",
"Etiquette", "Acting", "Men", "Baseballs" and "The (Deep) South". A "Guide to Animals" was filmed but released at a later date as part of an "Ali G" DVD. (Alyssa Greenfill was also in it).
Guide to USA 2.
Shown as part of a six-part "Ali G Show" originally on HBO (USA) in July 2004. (C4 was the UK channel where Ali G and Borat originally appeared, and the series for America was a HBO/C4 co-production).
Six Borat sketches were shown: "Wine Tasting", "Politics", "Country Music", "Hobbies", "Buying a House" and "Jobs" (careers). A "Guide to Hunting" was filmed but only aired in the UK because it bothered animal rights people in America.
Ali G Indahouse.
Borat appeared in the Ali G movie "Ali G Indahouse" as a Kazak diplomat. Borat greets Ali G with a hug and kiss, but Ali pushes him away. Borat then calls Ali a "cocksucker". In the end, Borat performs a hip-hop song with superstar Max Allard.
The "Movie Film".
Subtitled "Cultural Learnings of America for Make Benefit Glorious Nation of Kazakhstan", the film "Borat" is mockumentary comedy. Most of those appearing in the film are not paid performers, but real people whom Borat met on his journey. The film was distributed by 20th Century Fox, and directed by Larry Charles. It premiered at the 2006 Toronto International Film Festival, and was released across Europe and North America on November 3, 2006.
The film follows Borat in his travels across the United States, as he commits cultural solecisms and exposes a few American ones. Over the course of the film, Borat falls in love with Pamela Anderson after watching a rerun of "Baywatch," and vows to make her his wife.
The film opened at # 1 in the U.S., taking in $26.4 million on a limited release of 837 screens during its first weekend, beating "11" as the biggest opening weekend for a film released in fewer than 1,000 cinemas. Cohen celebrated the release of the film with a host of promotional 'in-character' interviews.
On November 9, 2006, the Russian Federal Agency for Culture and Cinematography issued an opinion, citing "it could offend viewers in relation to certain ethnic groups and religions."
The film expanded its release on the second weekend to 2,566 screens, where it took in an additional $29 million.
In 2007, Cohen won a Golden Globe for "Best Performance by an Actor in a Motion Picture - Musical Or Comedy".
With a production budget of $18,000,000, the film earned $128,501,044 in America and another $128,848,505 in the rest of the world. $257,349,549 in total as of March 2007.
Book.
In 2007, a book from Cohen was released entitled," Touristic Guidings to Glorious Nation of Kazakhstan/ Touristic Guidings to Minor Nation of U.S. and A.", with humor about both countries in the same style as movie.
Language.
Though he pretends to speak Kazakh, Borat really speaks in Hebrew mixed with some Polish and other Slavic language phrases, such as "jagshemash (jak się masz)" and "chenquieh (dziękuję)" (polish "how are you", and, "thank you").
The Borat character also lapses into Hebrew while purporting to sing the Kazakhstani national anthem at a Savannah Sand Gnats game. He kept repeating a famous Hebrew folk song: קום בחור עצל וצא לעבודה (kum bachur atzel ve'tze la'avoda - "get up lazy guy and go to work [...]") [...] קוקוריקו קוקוריקו התרנגול קרא (kookooriku kookooriku ha'tarnegol kara) ("cock-a-doodle-do the cock has crowed"), and also called Kazakhstan a distant/desolate place (literally "hole" (חור)("hor")).
His producer Azamat Bagatov speaks only Armenian.
In the opening scenes in the town of Kuzcek, because these scenes were shot in Glod, Romania, the villagers speak Romanian. As in the rest of the film, what is spoken does not match the translation given in the subtitles. For example, when Borat's wife Oksana speaks, the subtitles show her telling Borat to "Do something useful and dig his mother's grave," when she is actually telling him to go into "the devil's cunt."
Criticized as unfair smear against Kazakhstan.
Some say that Kazakhstan is not as bad as Borat says it is and that it is wrong of him to say such things.
In August 2004, the Chief Rabbi of Kazakhstan, at an international religious meeting in Brussels, stated that in 10 years in the country he had never faced anti-Semitism. He praised the Government of Kazakhstan for its treatment of the Jewish community.
His trip could yield a lot of discoveries—that women not only travel inside buses but also drive their own cars, that we make wine from grapes, that Jews can freely attend synagogues and so on.
Denigration of Gypsies.
Borat's movie has frequently been accused of promoting antiziganism. The scenes supposedly filmed in Borat's Kazakhstani village were actually filmed in an impoverished Roma (gipsy) village of Glod in Romania. "USA Today" reports that poverty villagers were offered between $3.30 and $5.50 to bring animals into their houses and perform other acts some critics called humiliating. The studio contends that
participants were paid double the rate recommended by the Romanian film office for extras.
Two villagers of Glod have hired reparation attorney Ed Fagan to sue the makers of the film for $30 million for human rights abuses. Fagan intends to submit lawsuits in New York and Florida state courts, as well as in Frankfurt, Germany.
Denigration of Jews.
The Borat character has elicited some controversy, mostly related to his frequent displays of anti-Semitism and anti-Zionism.
Baron Cohen, who is himself Jewish, has explained his character's racism by stating that the segments show how people are sometimes racist because others around them are too and that it is important to stand up against racism.
} "Borat essentially works a tool. By himself pretending to be anti-Semitic, he lets people lower their guard and expose their own prejudice," Cohen explains to "Rolling Stone".
Regarding the enthusiastic response to his song "In My Country There is Problem" (detailed below), he says, "Did it reveal that they were anti-Semitic? Perhaps. But maybe it just revealed that they were indifferent to anti-Semitism."
However, the Anti-Defamation League, a U.S.-based group that “...combat[s] anti-Semitism and bigotry of all kinds”, complained to HBO after Borat performed a country western song titled "In My Country There Is Problem" that called on people to 'throw the Jew down the well', warning them that 'you must be careful of his teeth' and that 'you must grab him by his horns', to applause and joining in from some of the audience in Tucson, Arizona. The chorus goes: "Throw the Jew down the well/So my country can be free/You must grab him by his horns/Then we have a big party."
In another scene, Borat visits the Serengeti Range ranch in Texas, where the owner of the ranch confides that he believes the Holocaust was a necessity for Germany. He further implies that he would have no problem running a ranch where people can hunt, in Borat's words, "deer... then Jew."
An interview with James Broadwater, an evangelical Christian and Republican candidate for U.S. Congress from Mississippi, caused Broadwater to receive some hateful emails after an episode of "Da Ali G Show" aired in which Broadwater stated that Jews will go to Hell. He was told that the interview would be played in foreign countries to teach others about the American political system. Broadwater later posted a letter on his website against "Da Ali G Show," explaining that his statement referred to a theological belief that anyone that "accepts Jesus Christ as Lord and Saviour will spend eternity in Heaven, while everyone who rejects Him will spend eternity in Hell." Broadwater did not apologise for his comments. Instead, he insisted that "the liberal, anti-God media needs to be brought under the strict control of the FCC, and that as soon as possible."
In the film, Borat continues to hate Jews. He does not like to fly while in America in case the Jews make another11". Later, he finds himself in a hotel run by an old Jewish couple, he tries to "escape", and throws money at two bugs on the floor, afraid that the Jews have shapeshifted into the cockroaches.
Cohen later joked, upon receiving a British comedy award, that Borat was guest of honour at the International Conference to Review the Global Vision of the Holocaust in Tehran.
Iraq war sarcasm.
In January 2005, after pretending to be making a documentary, Cohen angered a crowd at a rodeo in Salem, Virginia. The crowd first cheered his statements of "support" for the Iraq war, including statements like "We is support your war of terror", and "May George Bush drink the blood of every single man, woman, and child of Iraq". However, the applause softened when he exclaimed "May you destroy their country so that for the next thousand years, not even a single lizard will survive in their desert!" The crowd then got infuriated when he sang the (fictional) Kazakhstan national anthem to an off-key version of the US national anthem.
"If he had been out there a minute longer, I think somebody would have shot him," said one witness. "People were booing him, flipping him off." For his own safety, Cohen was escorted from the venue. (Much of the event appears in the movie. A credulous news report about the incident, aired on a local television station, is included in the DVD extras).
Conflicts with Kazakhstan's government.
Baron Cohen has also been accused of creating a derogatory image of Kazakhstan.
In November 2005, following Borat's hosting of the MTV Europe Music Awards in Lisbon, Kazakhstan's Foreign Ministry said he was woried about the character. Spokesman Yerzhan Ashykbayev told a news conference: "We view Mr Cohen's behaviour at the MTV Europe Music Awards as utterly unacceptable, being a concoction of bad taste and ill manners which is completely incompatible with the ethics and civilised behaviour of Kazakhstan's people", concluding "We reserve the right to any legal action to prevent new pranks of the kind."
In response to Mr. Ashykbayev's comments, I'd like to state I have no connection with Mr. Cohen and fully support my government's decision to sue this Jew. Since the 2003 Tuleyakiv reforms, Kazakhstan is as civilized as any other country in the world. Women can now travel on "inside" of bus, homosexuals no longer have to wear blue hats, and age of consent has been raised to eight years old. Please, captain of industry; I invite you to come to Kazakhstan where we have incredible natural resources, hardworking labour, and some of the cleanest prostitutes in whole of Central Asia. Goodbye! Dzienkuje!
Reuters quoted an unnamed Western diplomat as saying "They (the Government of Kazakhstan) are damned if they do [respond] and damned if they don't," he said. "It's sort of unfortunate that he hit upon Kazakhstan." Another unnamed source inside Kazakhstan's Washington embassy called Borat a "one-man diplomatic wrecking ball."
The next week, the government hired two Western public relations firms to counter Borat's claims, and ran a four-page advertisement in "The New York Times". The ad carried testimonials about the nation's democracy, education system and the power and influence enjoyed by women. On a previous occasion, Borat responded to such official complaints by issuing his own "press release", a bunch of random Cyrillic characters. He would again respond when promoting his movie in front of the Kazakhstani Embassy in Washington, roundly denouncing the advertisements as "Uzbek propaganda".
On December 13 2005, the right to use the domain name www.borat.kz was suspended, and the site attached to it was closed down. The domain-issuing body said that they took this action since false names were given for the site's administrators, and also because the site www.borat.kz was hosted outside Kazakhstan. However, the stated underlying cause of the action was in order to censor the content of the site: "We've done this so he can't badmouth Kazakhstan under the.kz domain name," Nurlan Isin, President of the Association of Kazakh IT Companies, told Reuters. "He can go and do whatever he wants at other domains."
Reporters Without Borders petitioned the ICANN ombudsman to allow Borat to keep the website. Meanwhile, the "Official Borat Homesite" was moved to the .tv domain, where it remains. As of October 14, 2007, the former domain name was still suspended. The 2006 annual human rights report released by the US State Department cited the loss of the.kz website as evidence of the Kazakhstani government's efforts to stop free speech.
Borat has, however, recently been defended by Dariga Nazarbayeva, a politician and daughter of Kazakhstan's President Nursultan Nazarbayev. She stated on a national news programme "Karavan" that Cohen's website "damaged our image much less than its closure, which was covered by all global news agencies," and "We should not be afraid of humour and we shouldn't try to control everything, I think."
White House "visit".
On September 28 2006, Cohen appeared in character as Borat at the White House gates to give a press conference and invite "Supreme Warlord Premier George Walker Bush" to a screening of his forthcoming film, along with "O.J. Simpson", "Melvin Gibsons" and other "American dignitaries", after which they would join him for drinks at Hooters. Secret Service Uniformed Division Officers would not admit him on to the grounds.
Complaint by Gypsies in Germany.
On October 18, 2006, European Centre for Antiziganism Research, which pleads against discrimination of Gypsies, filed a complaint with prosecutors based on Borat's comments about Gypsies in his film. The complaint accuses him of spreading lies and inciting violence against the ethnic group.
Avian Flu "Gift".
At a press conference just hours before the live broadcast of the 2005 MTV Europe Music Awards, he shocked local and international journalists in Lisbon, Portugal, by bringing a bag of birds from Romania (the first European country to detect avian influenza) as a gift, then proceeded to say he was sorry that they had all died.
Victims of Borat hoaxes.
WAPT (Jackson, Mississippi) TV news producer Dharma Arthur states in "Newsweek" she lost her job as a result of her booking Borat on a local afternoon news program. At the time of the appearance, she was unaware of Cohen's act. During an interview with anchor Brad McMullan, Borat made sexual and scatological references, kissed McMullan, and later disrupted a live weather report. She said: "Because of him, my boss lost faith in my abilities and second-guessed everything I did... I spiralled into depression, and... was released from my contract... It took me three months to find another job, and now I'm thousands of dollars in debt and struggling to keep my house out of foreclosure... How upsetting that a man who leaves so much harm in his path is lauded as a comedic genius."
The broadcast, including the initial interview, the disrupted weather report, and several behind-the-scenes shots made by Borat's own film crew, is seen in the "Borat" movie.
Not all hoax victims threaten to sue, however. Behind-the-scenes interviews with Randall Shelley ("Guide to Baseball"), Danny Passmore ("Guide to Hobbies USA"), Jennifer Defrancisco/Charles Di Cagno ("Guide to Acting"), Ken Goldberg ("Guide to Being a Real Man") and Peta Heskell ("Guide to English Gentlemen") have all resulted in the subjects deciding not to sue.
In popular culture.
In the 2007 film "Epic Movie", Danny Jacobs plays Borat at the end of the film, and repeats the "NOT!" joke used in '.
The "30-Second Bunnies Theatre" has produced a parody of Borat, although in this case, he is from Bunzakhstan (a parody of Kazakhstan).

Dermatology
Dermatology is a branch of medicine that deals with skin, hair, sweat glands, etc.
Dermatologists are doctors who diagnose and treat diseases and tumors of the skin, hair, and sweat glands.

Maria Rohl
Maria Christina Rohl, (1801-1875), was a Swedish artist. She was a sketch artist and drew portraits of many famous people. In Sweden, her name is spelled as Maria Röhl.
Her paintings are displayed at the national museum at in Stockholm, and in the royal library, there are one thousand eight hundred of her portraits.
She was born in a rich family, but in 1822, her parents died, and she became poor. She then thought, that she would become a teacher, but the artist Christian Forsell taught her to draw portraits of people like an artist.
She made portratis of friends of the rich family she lived with, and soon, it had become popular to go to her when you wanted to have a picture of yourself. This was before photography, and it was cheaper than having your portrait painted in oil.
The king made her a court-painter in 1843, and in 1843-1846, she studied in Paris. She worked as a portrait-drawer for thirty years. Eventually, however, the new art of photography lead to less assignments for her.

Basil Hume
George Basil Cardinal Hume OSB, OM, MA, STL (March 2, 1923—June 17, 1999) was an English prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Westminster from 1976 and President of the Catholic Bishops' Conference of England and Wales from 1979 until his death. Hume was elevated to the cardinalate in 1976.
Early life and ministry.
George Haliburton Hume was born in Newcastle upon Tyne to Sir William Errington Hume and Marie Elizabeth Tisseyre. His father was a Protestant heart doctor from Scotland, and his mother the French Catholic daughter of an army officer. He had three sisters and one brother.
Hume joined the Benedictine monastery at Ampleforth Abbey in North Yorkshire at the age of 18. He took the name Basil when he made his final promise to be a monk 1945. He became a priest on July 23, 1950.
Bishop.
On February 9, 1976, Pope Paul VI made Hume the Archbishop of Westminster, the highest ranking catholic priest in England and Wales. He was the first monk to be archbishop since 1850 when Roman Catholic bishops returned to England.
Hume was told he was being appointment at dinner
Cardinal Hume's time in office saw Catholicism become more accepted in Britain than it had been for 400 years. 1995 saw the first visit of Queen Elizabeth II to Westminster Cathedral. He also read from the Bible at the installation ceremony of Archbishop Robert Runcie as of Canterbury in 1980. It was also during his term in Westminster that Pope John Paul II made first ever visit of a pope to England.
In 1998, Hume asked John Paul II for permission to retire, so that he could go back to his monastery at Ampleforth and spend some time fly fishing and watching Newcastle United Football Club. The request was refused.
He was diagnosed with inoperable stomach cancer in April 1999. On June 2 of that same year, Queen Elizabeth awarded him the Order of Merit. He died just over two weeks later in London, at age 76. His funeral was broadcast live on British national television and he was buried in Westminster Cathedral. John Paul II said he was a "shepherd of great spiritual and moral character".
See also.
Anthony Howard, "Basil Hume, the monk cardinal", Headline, 2005 (ISBN 0-7553-1247-3).

Proteus (moon)
Proteus or Neptune VIII, is the second biggest moon of Neptune, and its biggest close moon. It is named after Proteus, the shape-changing sea god of Greek mythology.
Proteus was found from the images taken by "Voyager 2" probe during the Neptune flyby in 1989. It got the designation S/1989 N 1. Stephen P. Synnott and Bradford A. Smith said (IAUC 4806) its discovery on July 7, 1989, speaking only of “17 frames taken over 21 days”, which gives a discovery date of sometime before June 16. The name was given on 16 September 1991.
Proteus is more than 400 kilometres in diameter, bigger than Nereid, another moon of Neptune. However, it was not found by Earth-based telescopes because it is so close to the planet that it is lost in the glare of reflected sunlight.
Proteus is one of the darkest objects in the solar system. Like Saturn's moon Phoebe, it reflects only 6 percent of the sunlight that hits it. Proteus is very cratered, showing no sign of any geological changes. It is also not a sphere; scientists believe Proteus is about as big as a body of its density can be without being pulled into a spherical shape by its own gravity. Saturn's moon Mimas has much more spherical shape despite being less massive than Proteus.

Nereid (moon)
Nereid or Neptune II, is a moon of Neptune.
Nereid was found on 1 May 1949 by Gerard P. Kuiper, who suggested the name in the report of his discovery. It is named after the Nereids, sea-nymphs of Greek mythology.
It was the farthest of Neptune's known moons for a long time (Halimede through Neso have since taken that honour), and is the third biggest, with a diameter of 340 km. Its orbit averages 5,513,400 km in radius, but is very eccentric and varies from 1,353,600 to 9,623,700 kilometres. For a long time this was the most highly eccentric orbit of any known moon in the solar system, but it has found that Bestla, a recently discovered moon of Saturn has a more eccentric orbit. The unusual orbit suggests that it may be a captured asteroid or Kuiper belt object, or possibly that it was perturbed during the capture of Neptune's largest moon Triton. Very little else is known of Nereid.
Nereid was too far to be properly imaged by the "Voyager 2" probe when it visited the Neptune system in 1989. Photos sent back show only its very non-spherical shape, and no surface features could be seen at the resolution available.

Thirty-eight
Thirty-eight is a number. It comes between thirty-seven and thirty-nine, and is an even number. It is divisible by 2, and 19.

Thirty-nine
Thirty-nine is a number. It comes between thirty-eight and forty, and is an odd number. It is divisible by 3, and 13.

Forty-one
Forty-one is a number. It comes between forty and forty-two, and is an odd number. It is also the 12th prime number, after 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, and 37.

Ocean Springs, Mississippi
Ocean Springs is a city in Jackson County, Mississippi, USA, about 2 miles east of Biloxi. It is part of the Pascagoula, Mississippi Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 17,225 at the 2000 census.

Forty-two
Forty-two is a number. It comes between forty-one and forty-three, and is an even number. It is divisible by 2, 6, 7, 14, and 21.
42 is the "Answer to the Ultimate Question of Life, the Universe, and Everything" in the "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy" books.

Gautier, Mississippi
Gautier is a city along the Gulf of Mexico, west of Pascagoula, in Jackson County, Mississippi, United States. It is part of the Pascagoula, Mississippi Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 11,681 at the 2000 census. Locally, the name is pronounced as "go-CHAY," reflecting its French origin. Descendants of the Gautier family, for whom it was named, still live in the area.

Pascagoula, Mississippi
Pascagoula is a city in Jackson County, Mississippi, United States. It is the main city of the Pascagoula, Mississippi Metropolitan Statistical Area, as a part of the Gulfport-Biloxi-Pascagoula, Mississippi Combined Statistical Area. The population was 26,200 at the 2000 census. It is the county seat of Jackson County.

Forty-three
Forty-three is a number. It comes between forty-two and forty-four, and is an odd number. It is also the 13th prime number, after 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, and 41.

Forty-four
Forty-four is a number. It comes between forty-three and forty-five, and is an even number. It is divisible by 2, 4, and 11.

Sonoma County, California
Sonoma County is a county in Northern California. The county seat is in Santa Rosa. To the south of Sonoma County is Marin County, to the north is Mendocino County, to the east is Napa County, and to the northeast is Lake County.

Forty-five
Forty-five is a number. It comes between forty-four and forty-six, and is an odd number. It is divisible by 3, 5, 9 and 15.

Forty-six
Forty-six is a number. It comes between forty-five and forty-seven, and is an even number. It is divisible by 2, and 23.

Russian River
The Russian River is the largest river and watercourse in Sonoma County, California. In addition to flowing through Sonoma, part of the river is also in Mendocino County, California. The mouth of the river is at the Pacific Ocean at Goat Rock Beach.

Forty-seven
Forty-seven is a number. It comes between forty-six and forty-eight, and is an odd number. It is also the 15th prime number, after 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, and 43.

Halimede (moon)
Halimede is a non-spherical moon of Neptune. It was found by Matthew J. Holman "et al." on August 14, 2002.
Halimede follows a very inclined and very eccentric orbit seen on the image in relation to other non-spherical moons of Neptune.
Halimede is about 62 kilometres in diameter (assuming an albedo of 0.04) and appears neutral (grey) in the visible light.
Given the very similar colour of the moon to that of Nereid together with a high probability (41%) of their collision in the lifespan of the Solar system, it has been suggested that the moon could be a piece of Nereid.
Halimede, or Neptune IX, like many of the farther moons of Neptune, is named after one of the Nereids, the fifty daughters of Nereus and Doris. Before the announcement of its name on February 3, 2007 (IAUC 8802), Halimede was known by the designation S/2002 N 1.

Hurricane Katrina tornado outbreak
The Hurricane Katrina tornado outbreak was a tornado outbreak across the eastern United States from August 29 to 31, 2005, spawned mostly by the outer bands of Hurricane Katrina (or the remnants thereof).
One person was killed and numerous communities suffered damage of varying degrees from central Mississippi to Pennsylvania, with Georgia the hardest hit. It was the worst tornado outbreak ever in the month of August in that state, and the first tornado to kill someone.
List of confirmed tornadoes.
There were a total of 44 confirmed tornadoes - 18 in Georgia, 11 in Mississippi, 5 each in Virginia and Pennsylvania, 4 in Alabama, and 1 isolated tornado in Florida three days before the main outbreak.

Square number
A square number is the result of a number multiplied by itself to equal another number.
Examples.
There are many more examples that are possible, these are just the examples that will occur the most often in real life.

Miami-Dade County, Florida
Miami-Dade County (formerly known as "Dade County" and many times referred to as simply "Miami" or "Dade") is a county located in the southeastern part of the state of Florida. The United States Census Bureau estimates that the county population was 2,402,208 in 2006, making it the most populous county in Florida and the eighth-most populous county in the United States. The county seat is the city of Miami.

Broward County, Florida
Broward County is a county located in the U.S. state of Florida. As of 2000, the population is 1,623,018; this makes it the second most populated county in the state. According to 2006 U.S. Census estimates, its population had grown to 1,787,636. Its county seat is Fort Lauderdale, Florida.

Max Mayfield
Britt Max Mayfield (born on September 19, 1948 in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma) is a meteorologist who served as the director of the National Hurricane Center from 2000 to 2007. As director, Mayfield became a trusted voice in preparing for weather-related disasters, particularly those involving tropical storms and hurricanes.

Levee
A levee, levée (from the feminine past participle of the French verb "lever", "to raise"), floodbank or stopbank is a natural or artificial slope or wall, usually earthen and often parallels the course of a river. Linguists agree that the term "levee" came into English use in New Orleans circa 1672. It is known in Europe as a dike.

River delta
A river delta is a landform where the mouth of a river flows into an ocean, sea, desert, estuary, lake or another river.
The word "delta" comes from the upper-case letter delta, Δ, in the Greek alphabet because a river delta resembles the shape of this letter.

C-5 Galaxy
The C-5 Galaxy is a very big military cargo aircraft made by Lockheed (now Lockheed Martin) used by the United States Air Force. It first flew in 1968 and was introduced in 1970. It is one of the biggest transports in the world; being 247 feet (75 meters) long, 65 feet (19 meters) high, has a wingspan of 222 feet (67 meters), and can weigh up to 840,000 pounds (378,000 kilograms).
It is used to fly military equipment on to battlefields, and because of its size, it can even carry tanks and helicopters. Five C-5s have crashed.

Template (word processing)
The term template, when used in the context of word processing software, refers to a sample "fill-in-the-blank" document that can be completed either by hand or through an automated iterative process, such as a with a wizard. Once the template is completed, the user can edit, save and manage the result as an ordinary word processing document. Word processing templates give the ability to bypass the original setup and configuration time necessary to create standardized documents such as a resume. They also give the automatic configuration of the User Interface of the Word processing software, with features such as autocompletion, toolbars, thesaurus, and spelling options.

Hurricane Betsy
Hurricane Betsy was a strong hurricane of the 1965 Atlantic hurricane season which caused a lot of damage in the Bahamas, Florida, and Louisiana. Betsy made its most strongest landfall near the mouth of the Mississippi River, causing major flooding of the waters of Lake Pontchartrain into New Orleans; at the time it was the costliest hurricane in the history of the United States, and, as the first hurricane to cause over a billion dollars in damages, earned the nickname "Billion-Dollar Betsy".

Houston Chronicle
The "Houston Chronicle" is the largest daily newspaper in Texas, USA. As of March 2007, it is the ninth largest newspaper circulating in the United States. With the demise of its long-time rival the "Houston Post", its nearest major competitors are located in Dallas-Fort Worth.

Delta wing
A delta wing is a wing used on fixed-wing aircraft, mainly fighter aircraft. Delta wings are triangles. Some were "tailless" (which means they had no elevators) and others were "tailed." Many of the Dassault Aviation Mirages had delta wings (like the Mirage III, Mirage V, Mirage 50, and Mirage 2000).

Popular Mechanics
"Popular Mechanics" is an American magazine devoted to science and technology. It was first published January 11, 1902 by H.H. Windsor, and has been owned since the 1950s by the Hearst Corporation There is also a Latin American edition that has been published for decades and a newly formed South African version available.
"Popular Mechanics" features regular sections on cars, trucks, science, technology, home how-to and outdoor adventures. A recurring column is "Jay Leno's Garage" featuring observations by the famed late-night talk show host and vehicle enthusiast.

Scientific American
"Scientific American" is a popular science magazine, published (first weekly and later monthly) since August 28, 1845, making it the oldest continuously published magazine in the United States. It brings articles about new and innovative research to the amateur and lay audience.

The Times-Picayune
"The Times-Picayune" is a daily newspaper published in New Orleans, Louisiana, United States.

Poultry
Poultry is a group of domesticated birds kept for meat, eggs, and feathers. These usually include farm animals such as ducks, chickens, geese, turkeys, and among other types of birds.

Gas station
A gas station, also known as a filling station, fueling station, service station or petrol station is a facility which sells fuel and lubricants for motor vehicles. The most common fuels sold are gasoline (petrol) or diesel fuel.
Many gas stations have a convenience store close to the pumps, to make extra earnings.

Warehouse
A warehouse is a commercial building for storage of goods. Warehouses are used by manufacturers, importers, exporters, wholesalers, transport businesses, customs, etc. They are usually large plain buildings in industrial areas of cities and towns. They come equipped with loading docks to load and unload trucks; or sometimes are loaded directly from railways, airports, or seaports. They also often have cranes and forklifts for moving goods, which are usually placed on ISO standard pallets loaded into pallet racks.

Nursery (horticulture)
A nursery is a place where plants are cultivated and grown to usable size. There are retail nurseries which sell to the general public, wholesale nurseries which sell only to other nurseries and to commercial landscape gardeners, and private nurseries which supply the needs of institutions or private estates. Some retail and wholesale nurseries sell by mail.

Credit union
A credit union is a cooperative financial institution that is owned and controlled by its members. Credit unions differ from banks and other financial institutions in that the members who have accounts in the credit union are the owners of the credit union.

Tettigoniidae
The family Tettigoniidae, known in American English as katydids and in British English as bush-crickets, contains more than 6,400 species. It is part of the suborder Ensifera and the only family in the superfamily Tettigonoidea. They are also known as long-horned grasshoppers, but they are more closely related to crickets than to grasshoppers.
Their antennae may be longer than their own body length, those of the grasshoppers are always relatively short.

Bills, Bills, Bills
"Bills, Bills, Bills" was the first single (music) from Destiny's Child's second album "The Writing's on the Wall". A track which echoed the men-bashing sentiments of TLC's massive summer hit "No Scrubs", and even featured the same producer (Kevin She"kspere Briggs). The song provided the group with their first US chart-topper in July 1999, and also reached the UK Top 10. The album featured a greater creative input from the group, although they still relied on a production crew including Rodney Jerkins, Missy Elliott, Chad Elliot, and Dwayne Wiggins of Tony! Toni! Tone!

Anna Maria Thelott
Anna Maria Thelott'", (1683-1710), was a Swedish artist. She was one of the first professional female artists in Sweden and also in Scandinavia. She was a engraver, an illustrator, a woodcut-artist, and a miniaturist.
Anna Maria was the daughter of the artist Philipp Jacob Thelott the Older, and sister of the artist Philip Jacob Thelott the Younger. When she was a child, she worked together with her brother and her father to illustrate the books "Campus Elysii" and "Atlantica", by Olof Rudbeck, and when she was grown up, she started to work alone and illustrate papers and maps and other things. She made miniature portraits of people, she drew animals, cities and landscapes.
Her family lived in Uppsala until 1702, when the city burnt down, and they moved to Stockholm.
In 1710, Anna Maria became one of the many victims of the last plague in Sweden.

Justina Casagli
Justina Kristina Casagli, (1794-1841), was a famous singer and actor. She was born in Sweden, but worked in all Europe, especially in Italy and Germany, were she became famous.
She was born with the name Justina Kristina Wässelius. Her sister, Jeanette Wässelius, also became a singer, but she only worked in Sweden. Justina went to the theatre school Dramatens elevskola in 1805. When she graduated in 1812, she began to work at the theatre Royal Swedish Opera. The same year, she married the Italian dancer Ludovico Casagli, and got the name Justina Casagli.
She left Sweden with her husband in 1818 and went to Italy. In Italy, she played in the play "Cerentola" in Turino in 1818, in the play "Donna del Lago" in Rome in 1823 and in Lucca 1827 in the play "Matrimonio Segreto". She was a great success, and then worked in Munich in Germany for several years. After that, she tried to get work in the Opera in Sweden again, but her place there was occupied by a new singer, Henriette Widerberg.
The last years, she lived in Parma, where she died after she had fallen from a window.

Forty-eight
Forty-eight is a number. It comes between forty-seven and forty-nine, and is an even number. It is divisible by 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, and 24.

Forty-nine
Forty-nine is a number. It comes between forty-eight and fifty, and is an even number. It is divisible by 7. 49 is the 7th square number after 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, and 36.

Cynthia Lennon
Cynthia Lillian Lennon née Powell (born September 10, 1939 in Blackpool, Lancashire, England) was the first wife of John Lennon.
Cynthia divorced Lennon in 1968 after he left her for Yoko Ono.

Fifty-one
Fifty-one is a number. It comes between fifty and fifty-two, and is an odd number. It is divisible by 3 and 17.

Fifty-three
Fifty-three is a number. It comes between fifty-two and fifty-four, and is an odd number. It is also the 15th prime number, after 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, and 47.

Fifty-two
Fifty-two is a number. It comes between fifty-one and fifty-three, and is an even number. It is divisible by 2, 4, 13, and 26.

Fifty-four
Fifty-four is a number. It comes between fifty-three and fifty-five, and is an even number. It is divisible by 2, 3, 6, 9, 18, and 27.

Fifty-five
Fifty-five is a number. It comes between fifty-four and fifty-six, and is an odd number. It is divisible by 5 and 11.

Mandrill
The Mandrill ("Mandrillus sphinx") are the most colourful primates in the world. The skin colours brighten as the animal gets more excited.
Description.
Males have an orange/yellow beard and an unmistakable bright red and blue snout and rump. Females and juveniles have a duller blue snout and a buff beard. Mandrills can live for over 46 years. They feed on fruits, leaves, roots, seeds, nuts, greens and invertebrates.
Habitat.
Mandrills live in Cameroon and Gabon. Mandrills live in dense rainforest and coastal forests, although they will sometimes venture into savannah.
Behaviour.
There are two distinct group types in mandrill society. One type consists of one very large male and an average of 15 females. The other group-type is multi male and multi female, and can include up to 200 members. Mandrills are predominantly terrestrial. They sleep in trees at a different site each night.

Carburization
Carburization (often also called carburizing) is the process by which carbon is introduced into a metal.
One does it to make the surface harder and more abrasion resistant. But because too great a concentration of carbon makes metal brittle and unworkable, metals are also often decarburized.
In earlier times one used a direct application of charcoal packed onto the metal for carburization, but modern techniques apply carbon-bearing gases or plasmas (such as carbon dioxide or methane).

Fifty-six
Fifty-six is a number. It comes between fifty-five and fifty-seven, and is an even number. It is divisible by 2, 4, 7, 8, 14, and 28.

Sao (moon)
Sao is a non-spherical moon of Neptune. It was found by Matthew J. Holman "et al." on August 14, 2002.
Sao orbits Neptune at a distance of about 22.4 million km and is about 44 kilometers in diameter (assuming an albedo of 0.04).
Sao has a very inclined and eccentric orbit seen on the diagram in relation to other non-sperical moons of Neptune.
Sao, or Neptune XI, like many of the farther moons of Neptune, is named after one of the Nereids; Sao was associated with sailing and is referred to as "The rescuer" or "Safety". Before the announcement of its name on February 3, 2007 (IAUC 8802), Sao was known provisionally as S/2002 N 2.

Dresden University of Technology
The Dresden University of Technology ("TUD") is the largest university in the state of Saxony and one of the 10 largest universities in Germany with 34,993 students.
History.
The University is one of the oldest colleges of technology in Germany.
In 1828, the "Saxon Technical School" was founded to educate workers in technological subjects such as mechanics and ship construction. In 1871, the institute was renamed the Royal Saxon Polytechnic, and other subjects, such as history and languages, were introduced. By the end of the 19th century the institute had developed into a university covering all subjects. In 1961 it was then given its present name, the Dresden University of Technology ().
Organization.
The Dresden University of Technology is organised into 14 departments ("faculties"). Almost all faculties are located on the main campus South of the city centre, except for the Faculty of Medicine which has its own campus near the Elbe river, east of the city centre and the Department of Forestry in a town nearby called Tharandt.
Reputation.
The TU Dresden offers a broad range of courses and research. It has a high reputation in technical fields such as electrical engineering or computer science.
The university also has a strong research tradition in microelectronics and transport sciences in the Dresden area, and now is becoming more important in new fields of research such as Biotechnology.
Campus.
TU Dresden is a "campus university", This means that most of its buildings are in one area rather than being spread out across the city. Some of its buildings are more than a hundred years old. In recent years these historic building have been complemented by modern buildings (e.g. the library, the main auditorium, the biochemistry department or the life sciences building).
General.
About 60% of the students come from Saxony, 19% from other Eastern German federal states, 12% from the Western German federal states and 10%from other countries.
Only one quarter of the students from Saxony come from outside the Dresden and its suburbs.
International Students.
There are 3,442 international students enrolled at the TU Dresden (2005/2006). Most of the foreign students come from Europe (1,527), followed by Asia (1,404) and America (170). Ranked by countries the largest group of students comes from China (710), followed by Poland (294), Vietnam (196), Bulgaria (160) and Russia (154).
The university is also quite popular among Central and East European countries such as the neighbouring Czech Republic (which is only away or Ukraine.
Because of the Erasmus programme and partnerships with universities in the USA, there are many English, French and Spanish speaking students. But the language spoken during lessons is nearly always German. To prepare for the university, many international students attend German language courses at the University.
International students interested in TU Dresden should visit the websites of the " (International office) for more information. This office is responsible for handling international applications.
Other activities.
Sports are very popular among the TUD students. There are eight big students' clubs and the summer campus party is probably the biggest in Germany. There are cafeterias as at most universities and the largest refectory can compete with some restaurants even as far as menu size.

Fifty-seven
Fifty-seven is a number. It comes between fifty-six and fifty-eight, and is an odd number. It is divisible by 3, and 19.

Fifty-eight
Fifty-eight is a number. It comes between fifty-seven and fifty-nine, and is an even number. It is divisible by 2, and 29.

Fifty-nine
Fifty-nine is a number. It comes between fifty-eight and sixty, and is an odd number. It is also the 16th prime number, after 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, and 53.

Laomedeia (moon)
Laomedeia also Neptune XII, is a non-spherical moon of Neptune. It was found by Matthew J. Holman, et al. on August 13, 2002. Before the announcement of its name on February 3, 2007 (IAUC 8802), it was known as S/2002 N 3.
It orbits Neptune at a distance of about 23,571,000 km and is about 42 kilometers in diameter (assuming albedo of 0.04). It is named after Laomedeia, one of the 50 Nereids.

Tropical Storm Jerry (2007)
Tropical Storm Jerry was the tenth named storm of the 2007 Atlantic hurricane season. It was a very short-lived storm over the north-central Atlantic Ocean. The storm lasted less than 48 hours, half of that time as a subtropical cyclone. It was never a threat to land.
Storm history.
The system that would later become Tropical Storm Jerry started as a non-tropical low pressure area over the central Atlantic Ocean on September 21. The system moved in a shaky path over the north-central Atlantic over the next two days. It slowly developed deeper convection and became more organized. On September 22, the system had become organized enough that the National Hurricane Center mentioned a possible tropical or subtropical development in the area. Late that evening, it had been determined that a subtropical depression had formed, as a warm core had developed but the system was still involved with an upper-level low and had its strongest winds well removed from the center. Early on September 23, both satellite estimates and QuikScat data determined that the depression had strengthened into Subtropical Storm Jerry, despite the lack of a well-defined inner core. The storm slowly acquired tropical characteristics including a better-defined warm core, and became fully tropical that evening as a weak and sheared tropical storm with 40 mph (65 km/h) winds over a small radius.
Jerry began to weaken once again early on September 24 as it accelerated northeastward over cooler waters with sea surface temperatures below 24°C (75°F). It remained a tropical storm until later that morning.Then it weakened to a tropical depression ahead of a powerful cold front with little deep convection remaining in the system. Jerry remained a tropical depression as the cold front approached and began to absorb the system that afternoon as it continued to accelerate northeastward. That evening, a QuikScat pass determined that Jerry had opened up into a trough which was being absorbed into the larger frontal system. It completely dissipated by early on September 25.
Impact.
Jerry never came near land during its lifespan, and no damage or deaths were reported. No ships were impacted by Jerry.

Jenner, California
Jenner, California is a small town in Sonoma County, California, U.S.. The town is small, with about 121 people. Just south of Jenner is Goat Rock Beach, a unit within the Sonoma Coast State Beach.

Tropical Storm Ingrid (2007)
Tropical Storm Ingrid was a weak tropical storm that existed from September 12 – September 17, 2007. It was the ninth named storm of the 2007 Atlantic hurricane season. The storm developed as Tropical Depression Eight. Tropical Depression Nine appeared at the same time as Eight but was much quicker to develop. Tropical Depression Nine strengthened into Humberto—the next name on the list—before Eight became a named storm. Tropical Storm Ingrid was a weak storm. It only lasted for a short amount of time. The storm got weaker in the Atlantic because of high wind shear. Ingrid died out before reaching land areas. There was rain in Saint Martin and Antigua because of the storm.
Storm history.
The system formed from a big tropical wave that moved off the coast of west Africa on September 6. Because of strong wind shear, it did not get stronger over the next three days. On September 9, it developed an area of low pressure in the central Atlantic, between the coast of Africa and the Lesser Antilles. Slowly, the wind shear began to go away. Dvorak classifications were started on the weather system on September 11. By the morning of September 12, it had developed into Tropical Depression Eight. This took place about east of the Lesser Antilles. The same tropical wave eventually created another area of weather activity that became Tropical Depression Ten, with the help of other weather systems.
The system moved towards the west-northwest for almost all of its life. It stayed on the southern edge of a meteorological ridge. Wind shear slowed down development greatly. The system stayed a tropical depression for 24 hours before convection increased. The storm became a weak tropical storm early on September 13. The storm kept getting stronger that afternoon. It reached its highest strength of that evening.
The storm did not get stronger because of a very strong wind shear from a strong tropical upper tropospheric trough. Despite the high shear, Ingrid remained a weak tropical storm until the afternoon of September 15. It then weakened to a tropical depression while east of the Leeward Islands. Ingrid kept getting weaker as it passed to the northeast of the islands. The system stayed a tropical depression, because it continued to create strong thunderstorms. Ingrid became more organized for a short time on September 16. This event was short-lived. The storm became very disorganized once again that afternoon. It kept getting weaker. The final National Hurricane Center advisory was given out early on September 17 as the system weakened into a tropical wave while remaining north of the Leeward Islands. The remnant low turned to the northwest within the low-level steering flow. It died out on September 18 without any reforming.
Impact.
Ingrid stayed just to the east and northeast of the Lesser Antilles. It weakened without impacting any land. Its remnants produced rain and thunder to Antigua. On Saint Martin, the system produced of rain in about an hour. This caused some roads to become flooded. No damage or deaths were caused by the storm. No ships reported tropical storm-force winds.
Because there was no damage from Tropical Storm Ingrid, the name "Ingrid" was not removed from the tropical cyclone names list, and will be used again during for the 2013 Atlantic hurricane season. This was the first time that the name "Ingrid" was used for a tropical cyclone in the Atlantic Ocean. However, the name has been used in other parts of the world.

Jenner Beach
Jenner Beach is a beach in Jenner, California. It is near Goat Rock Beach.
2004 murders.
The beach got attention in August 2004 when two El Dorado County Christian youth camp counselors, 22-year-old Lindsay Cutshall and 26-year-old Jason Allen, were found dead. Both had been shot in the head at close range. The murders have not been solved.

Sixty-one
Sixty-one is a number. It comes between sixty and sixty-two, and is an odd number. It is also the 17th prime number, after 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, and 59.

Sixty-seven
Sixty-seven is a number. It comes between sixty-six and sixty-eight, and is an odd number. It is also the 18th prime number, after 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, and 61.

Psamathe (moon)
Psamathe or Neptune X, is a non-spherical moon of Neptune.
Psamathe was found by Scott S. Sheppard and David C. Jewitt in 2003. It orbits Neptune at a distance of about 46,695,000 km and takes almost 25 Earth years to make one orbit. It is about 24 kilometers in diameter.
It is named after Psamathe, one of the Nereids. Before the announcement of its name on February 3, 2007 (IAUC 8802), it was known by the designation S/2003 N 1.
Given the similarity of the orbit's parameters with Neso (S/2002 N 4), it was suggested that both non-spherical moons could have been a bigger moon that broken up.

Sixty-two
Sixty-two is a number. It comes between sixty-one and sixty-three, and is an even number. It is divisible by 2, and 31.

Sixty-three
Sixty-three is a number. It comes between sixty-two and sixty-four, and is an odd number. It is divisible by 3, 7, 9, and 21.

Sixty-four
Sixty-four is a number. It comes between sixty-three and sixty-five, and is an even number. It is divisible by 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32. 64 is the 8th square number after 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, and 49. There are sixty-four squares on a chess, checkers and draughts board.

Sixty-five
Sixty-five is a number. It comes between sixty-four and sixty-six, and is an odd number. It is divisible by 5, and 13.

Sixty-six
Sixty-six is a number. It comes between sixty-five and sixty-seven, and is an even number. It is divisible by 2, 3, 6, 11, 22, and 33. In numerical form, it is "66".

Tropical Upper Tropospheric Trough
A Tropical Upper Tropospheric Trough (TUTT) is a trough situated in upper-level (at about 200 hPa) tropics. Its formation is usually caused by the expansion of the Trough of Westerlies Wind to the tropics. It can also develop from the inverted trough adjacent to a upper level anticyclone. TUTTs are different from mid-latitude troughs in the sense that they are maintained by subsidence warming near the tropopause which balances radiation cooling.
TUTTs sometimes brings a large amount of vertical wind shear over tropical disturbances and cyclones and thus hinder their development. On the contrary, there are cases that TUTTs assist the genesis and intensification of tropical cyclones by providing additional forced ascent near the storm center and an efficient outflow channel in the upper troposphere. Moreover, under specific circumstances, TUTTs can grow into upper cold lows and may enhance the development of low level disturbances.

Leeward Islands
The Leeward Islands are the northern islands of the Lesser Antilles chain of islands, part of the West Indies. They are situated where the Caribbean Sea meets the western Atlantic Ocean. The southern part of the Lesser Antilles chain is called the Windward Islands.

Sixty-eight
Sixty-eight is a number. It comes between sixty-seven and sixty-nine, and is an even number. It is divisible by 2, 4, 17, and 34.

Sixty-nine
Sixty-nine is a number. It comes between sixty-eight and seventy, and is an odd number. It is divisible by 3, and 23.

Saint Martin
Saint Martin is a tropical island in the northeast Caribbean, approximately 300 km southeast of Puerto Rico. The 87 km² island is divided roughly in half between France and the Netherlands; it is the smallest inhabited sea island divided between two nations.
The main towns are Marigot (on the French part) and Philippsburg in the Dutch one.
About 60.000 people live on the island.

Antigua
Antigua (IPA: /ænˈtiːgə//an-tee-gah) is an island in the West Indies, Leeward Islands in the Caribbean region, the main island of the country of Antigua and Barbuda. It is also known as Wadadli, which means approximately "our own". The island's circumference is about 87 kilometres (54 miles) and it has an area of 281 km² (108 square miles). It has a population of about 69,000 people as of July 2006. It is the largest of the Leeward Islands, and the most developed and prosperous due to its upscale tourism industry, internet gambling services and education services, including two medical schools.

Tropical Storm Melissa (2007)
Tropical Storm Melissa was the thirteenth named storm of the 2007 Atlantic hurricane season. It was a short-lived storm that formed southwest of the Cape Verde islands, remaining weak because of high wind shear. It dissipated without affecting any land areas. It was only notable for being the eighth named storm of September 2007, which tied the record for the month of September.
Storm history.
The system began as a tropical wave that moved off the west coast of Africa on September 26. An area of low pressure formed on September 27 near Cape Verde in association with the wave, and convection slowly increased as a result of the low. Early on September 28, a rapid increase in convection and a well-organized outflow pattern allowed the low to develop into Tropical Depression Fourteen while about 115 miles (185 km) west-southwest of the southernmost Cape Verde Islands. Since the depression was far removed from the subtropical ridge and an upper-level low pressure area was sitting to the north, steering currents were weak at first and the depression moved very slowly on a general west-northwest track. Vertical wind shear from the west also slowed down development. Small amounts of strengthening took place early on September 29 as convection increased in the system, and the depression was upgraded to Tropical Storm Melissa.
Like previous storms Ingrid and Karen, high wind shear in the deep tropics delayed Melissa's development. Operationally, Melissa was briefly upgraded to 45 mph (75 km/h) late on September 29 as some satellite estimates showed a slightly stronger storm with deeper convection, but Melissa was found to have been weaker in the post-storm analysis, remaining at 40 mph (65 km/h). By early on September 30, wind shear began to severely increase and a weakening trend began. That morning, the increased shear, combined with cooler sea surface temperatures, weakened Melissa to a tropical depression with a poorly-defined surface center as it continued to move west-northwest at a somewhat faster speed. The system lost its deep convection and by the afternoon of September 30, Melissa degenerated into a remnant low as thunderstorm activity decreased. After the circulation dissipated, the remnant low continued its general west-northwest track south of a rebuilding subtropical ridge in the central Atlantic. The low produced discontinuous amounts convection until it was absorbed by a frontal zone late on October 5 northeast of the Leeward Islands.
Impact and records.
Melissa remained away from land during its lifespan, never threatening any land areas. There were no ship reports of tropical storm-force winds as a result of Melissa. No damage or deaths were reported.
When Tropical Depression Fourteen was upgraded to Tropical Storm Melissa on September 29, it was the eighth named storm to form in the month of September. That tied a record for the month of September, which was first set in the 2002 season.

Seventy-one
Seventy-one is a number. It comes between seventy and seventy-two, and is an odd number. It is also the 19th prime number, after 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, and 67.

Neso (moon)
Neso also known as Neptune XIII, is the farthest non-spherical moon of Neptune. It was found by Matthew J. Holman, Brett J. Gladman, "et al." on August 14, 2002, though it went unnoticed until 2003.
Neso orbits Neptune at a distance of more than 48 million km, making it the farthest known moon of any planet.
It follows a very inclined and very eccentric orbit illustrated on the diagram in relation to other irregular satellites of Neptune.
Neso is about 60 km in diameter, and assuming the mean density of 1.5 g/cm3. Its mass is estimated at 1.6 kg.
Given the similarity of the orbit's parameters with Psamathe (S/2003 N 1), it was suggested that both non-spherical moons could have been a bigger moon that broke up.
Neso is named after one of the Nereids. Before the announcement of its name on February 3, 2007 (IAUC 8802), Neso was known by its designation S/2002 N 4.

Weather front
A weather front is a boundary in between two masses of air of different densities, and is the principal cause of significant weather. In surface weather analyses, fronts are depicted using various colored lines and symbols. The air masses separated by a front usually differ in temperature and humidity.
Cold fronts may feature narrow bands of thunderstorms and severe weather, and may on occasion be preceded by squall lines or dry lines. Warm fronts are usually preceded by stratiform precipitation and fog. The weather usually quickly clears after a front passes. Some fronts produce no precipitation and little cloudiness, although there is invariably a wind shift.

Subtropical ridge
The subtropical ridge is a large belt of high pressure situated around 30ºN in the Northern Hemisphere and 30ºS in the Southern Hemisphere. It is characterized by mostly calm winds. Air flows out from its center toward the upper and lower latitudes of each hemisphere, creating both the trade winds and the westerlies.

Vorticity
Vorticity is a mathematical concept used in fluid dynamics. It can be related to the amount of "circulation" or "rotation" (or more strictly, the local angular rate of rotation) in a fluid.
The average vorticity in a small region of fluid flow is equal to the circulation formula_1 around the boundary of the small region, divided by the area A of the small region.
In the field of flow of a fluid, vorticity formula_5 is zero almost everywhere. It is only in special places, such as the boundary layer or the core of a vortex, that the vorticity is not zero.

Barbuda
Barbuda is an island in the eastern Caribbean, and forms part of the state of Antigua and Barbuda. It has a population of about 1,500, most of whom live in the town of Codrington.
Barbuda is located north of Antigua, in the middle of the Leeward Islands. To the south are the islands of Montserrat and Guadaloupe, and to the north and west are Nevis, St. Kitts, St. Barts, and St. Martin.

Émile Durkheim
Émile Durkheim (April 15, 1858 – November 15, 1917) was a French sociologist. He is known for his contributions in sociology and anthropology. He is considered as one of the founding fathers of Sociology.
Durkheim was born in the eastern French province of Lorraine. He studied at École Normale Supérieure. He made contributions to subjects such as education, crime, religion, suicide, and many other topics related to sociology.

Popcorn
Popcorn is a snack food. Popcorn seeds are exploded by heating. The small amount of water inside the seeds causes pressure inside the seeds when hot. This pressure breaks the seeds open, and the meat inside the seeds expands. When the seed shell breaks a sharp noise is made. The name "pop" is because of this noise. The expanded seed meat is a white, low density material.
Salt and hot butter is usually added to popcorn. Sometimes candy is melted and mixed into the popcorn.

SBD Dauntless
The SBD Dauntless (SBD means ship-borne dive bomber) was a dive bomber made by Douglas Aircraft Company (now Boeing) during World War II. It first flew in 1940 and was introduced the same year. It was made from the Northrop BT. The Dauntless's first bombed enemy in the war happened on December 10, 1941. It was a Japanese submarine.
In the War, the dauntless was used to take off aircraft carriers and attack enemy ships and submarines.
The SBD-5 (5th version) could go 255 miles per hour (410 kilometers per hour), had a Wright R-1820-60 Cyclone air-cooled radial piston engine with 1,200 horsepower. It had 2 12.7 mm and 2 7.62 mm machine guns and could carry 1 bomb or torpedo. It could weigh 6,404 pounds (2,905 kilograms) to 10,699 pounds (4,853 kilograms). It could fly for 1,115 miles (1,795 kilometers) without running out of fuel. It could go to 25,525 feet (7,780 meters) high.
The Dauntless was retired in the late 1940s.

John Bardeen
John Bardeen (May 23, 1908 – January 30, 1991) was an American physicist and electrical engineer. He is the only person to win two Nobel Prizes in Physics.
Bardeen was born in Madison, Wisconsin. His father, Charles Bardeen was a Professor at the Medical School of the University of Wisconsin. He completed his bachelor's degree and master's degree in Electrical Engineering from the University of Wisconsin-Madison. He completed his Ph.D. in Physics from Princeton University in 1936.
Bardeen, together with William Shockley and Walter Brattain, invented the transistor on December 23, 1947. They shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1956 for inventing transistor.
Bardeen worked together with Leon Cooper and Robert Schrieffer created the standard theory of superconductivity known as the BCS theory, named after them. For this work they shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1972.
Bardeen was a Professor of Electrical Engineering and Physics at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign from 1951 to 1991.

Reconnaissance
Reconnaissance, sometimes referred to as scouting, is the act of exploring (especially military or medical) to gain information. Often referred to as "recce" (UK, Canada and Australia,) or "recon" (U.S.,), the associated formal verb is "reconnoitre" (British spelling) or "reconnoiter" (American spelling). In informal English, both "recce" and "recon" are often also used as a verb.

Cape Verde-type hurricane
A Cape Verde-type hurricane is an Atlantic hurricane that develops near the Cape Verde islands, off the west coast of Africa. The average hurricane season has about two Cape Verde-type hurricanes, which are usually the strongest storms of the season because they often have plenty of warm open ocean over which to develop before coming across land.

Windward Islands
The Windward Islands are the southern islands of the Lesser Antilles.

Birth certificate
Most countries have statutes and laws that regulate the registration of births. In the United States, it is the responsibility of the mother's physician, midwife, or a hospital administrator to prepare the official birth certificate.
The birth certificate itself is not proof of a person's identity, but only a record stating that a birth occurred at the time, date, and place stated on the certificate.
To prove one's identity, a person may need a photo ID, generally issued to an adult.

Vital record
Vital records are records of life events. They include birth certificates, marriage licenses, and death certificates. In some jurisdictions, vital records may also include records of civil unions or domestic partnerships.

Tzitzernavank Monastery
Tzitzernavank Monastery (, "Swallows Monastery") is an Armenian monastery located in the region of Kashatagh (under control of the Nagorno Karabakh Republic). The monastery dates from the IV-VI centuries and recognized as a native Armenian example of an “oriental” architectural type.
The church of St. Gregory was reopened after a restoration in 1999-2000.

Hérens (district)
Hérens is a district in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

Leuk (district)
1The municipalities of Guttet and Feschel were combined on October 1, 2000

Martigny (district)
Martigny is a district in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

Mariner 10
Mariner 10 was a robotic space probe launched on November 3, 1973, to fly by the planets Mercury and Venus. Mariner 10 is no longer functional today but is still orbiting the sun.

Fender
Fender is a well known company that produces guitars. These are sold all over the world. The founder is Leo Fender. Fender makes the Stratocaster and Telecaster guitars.

Myra
Myra is an ancient town in Lycia.The small town of Kale (Demre) is situated near it today. It is in Antalya Province of Turkey. It was located on the river Myros (Demre Çay), in the fertile alluvial plain between Alaca Dağ, the Massikytos range and the Aegean Sea.
Nicholas of Myra (also known as "Saint Nicholas") did many things there.

Metis (moon)
Metis or, is Jupiter's closest moon.
Metis was found in 1979 by Stephen P. Synnott in images taken by the Voyager 1 probe. Its designation was. In 1983 it was named after the mythological Metis, a Titaness who was the first wife of Zeus (the Greek equivalent of Jupiter).
Metis not a sphere and measures 60×40×34 km across. The composition and mass of Metis are not known, but assuming that its mean density is like that of Amalthea (~0.86 g/cm³), its mass can be estimated as ~7×1016 kg. Amalthea's density implies that that moon is composed of water ice with a porosity of 10-15%, and Adrastea may be similar.
The surface of Metis is very cratered. It is dark and appears to be reddish in color.
Orbit.
Metis is the closest moon to Jupiter. It orbits Jupiter at a distance of ~128,000 km. Its orbit has very small eccentricity (~0.0002) and inclination (~ 0.06°) relative to the equator of Jupiter.
Exploration.
The images taken by "Voyager 1" showed Metis only as a dot, and very little was know about Metis until the arrival of the "Galileo" spacecraft. "Galileo" took pictures of almost all of the surface of Metis and put constraints on its composition.

Goblin Valley State Park, Utah
The Goblin Valley State Park is a State park in the southern Utah.
Goblins.
The valley, which is only about across and long, is full of thousands of mushroom-shaped pinnacles. These pinnacles are each a few meters high. Because of their height and shape, people refered to them as goblins. They are made of large orange-brown boulders of hard rock on top of weaker sandy layers. The sandy layers have eroded more quickly causing their shape. The "Goblins" are well hidden from the nearby road. The land to the east is flat and empty. It is near a long narrow ridge with eroded layers of grey and red-brown rocks. The far side of this empty land gives the best views of the landscape. The Goblins look as if they join with the cliffs. This gives giving the look of a strange skeletal structure with skull-like rocks and bony ridges.
The park.
There are several trails passing through the park. These trails are not easy to notice and people can walk almost anywhere.
Wilderness.
The land west of Goblin Valley State Park is part of the San Rafael Swell. It is similar to much of south Utah. The land is far away from most things and beautiful. It is crossed only by a few dirt tracks. 4WD vehicles are very useful here. There are many slot canyons in this area. Some of these, for example Little Wild Horse Canyon, may be explored easily.

European Article Number
The European Article Number (often shortened to "EAN") is a standard to do barcodes. Barcodes are machine-readable codes. They encode information. They can be found on many product packets in supermarkets. They are also found on most retail products (electronics, books etc.)

Carrefour, Haiti
Carrefour is a poor district in the Ouest Department of Port-au-Prince, Haïti. It's population is 408,000. The neighborhood is very poor and ill-serviced however as of recently, small-scale construction has gone on in the area along with street renovations. A slum called Feuilles of Carrefour is notorious for the illegal execution of eleven young men that took place there in 1999.

Mochi
Mochi is a type of Japanese confectionary made from pounded pasty rice and molded into shape. Mochi normally has a filling inside, such as ice cream, azuki (red bean) paste, and others. Mochitsuki is a traditional mochi-making ceremony in Japan.

Donkey Kong (video game)
"Donkey Kong" is an arcade video game made by Nintendo in 1981. It was made by Shigeru Miyamoto and Gunpei Yokoi after their other games failed in North America. It is the first game starring Mario and Donkey Kong, where Mario has to climb a construction site to save his girlfriend Pauline from Donkey Kong, an escaped gorilla.
Gameplay.
The player is Jumpman. He must climb to the top of the level to reach his girlfriend Pauline who has been kidnapped by Donkey Kong, who escaped from a zoo. There are four different levels, and Donkey Kong has different weapons in each. Donkey Kong rolls barrels down a busted construction site, and Mario has to climb ladders and jump over these barrels until he reaches the top. He can grab a hammer to defeat obstacles, and each level has three of Pauline's things that will give him bonus points.
When Mario beats the fourth level, it goes back to the first level and it gets harder. Like all arcade games with looping levels has an end level because the game cannot go further than that. In this, Mario dies ten seconds into the final level.
Music.
The music was made by Hirokazu "Hip" Tanaka. Several remixes have been made of music from this game and used in "Super Smash Bros. Brawl".
Development.
Shigeru Miyamoto made "Donkey Kong" with the help of other people, such as Gunpei Yokoi. It wqs based on an older Nintendo game called "Radar Scope", which did not do very well in the United States, so Hiroshi Yamauchi, the president of Nintendo, asked Miyamoto to make a game to replace "Radar Scope".
Name.
There are a lot of rumors about where the name comes from. One rumor says that someone misheard or mistranslated the phrase "Monkey Kong" into "Donkey Kong" when talking over the phone or on a fax machine. Another rumor is that Miyamoto used a Japanese-to-English dictionary to find words that meant stubborn gorilla and came up with "Donkey Kong".
Reception.
When "Donkey Kong" was first announced in America, game magazines thought it was not going to be a good game because it was not like other games being made at the time, which were mostly shooting games. But when it came out, it got great reviews and made a lot of money at the arcades. It is one of Nintendo's most famous games ever made.
Legacy.
There was a documentary made about the game called ' where someone tries to beat the high score for the game.
A lot of items from this game is used in "Super Smash Bros. Brawl", such as a stage that copies the third level.
Sequels and re-releases.
"Donkey Kong" has had many sequels. "Donkey Kong Jr." and "Donkey Kong 3" were sequels to this game. The playable character called Mario went on to become the biggest game character of all time, making Nintendo more than 1 billion dollars and releasing more than 200 games, more than any other series. Donkey Kong went on to have his own series apart from Mario, starting with "Donkey Kong Country" for the Super NES. Donkey Kong also starred in many more sequels, as well as spin-offs like the "Donkey Konga" music games.
"Donkey Kong" has been re-released many times, first on the Nintendo Entertainment System where it was the same game except that it loses the second level. It has also appeared on other consoles including Atari consoles. A sequel came out for the Game Boy called "Donkey Kong", which had the first four levels and 100 new levels after that.

Leogane
Léogâne is the name of both a coastal city and an arrondissement in Ouest Department, Haiti. The city of Léogâne is located at around. The arrondissement of Léogâne contains three communes: Petit-Goâve, Grand-Goâve, and the city of Léogâne.
The port town is located about 29 km (18 miles) West of the Haitian capital Port-au-Prince. Léogâne is the birthplace of the Taíno queen Anacaona (the town was originally called the Amerindian name "Yaguana" and the city's name is a corruption of that) and of Marie-Claire Heureuse Félicité, the wife of the Haitian revolutionary Jean-Jacques Dessalines (1758).

Atlantic Beach, Florida
Atlantic Beach is a city in Duval County, Florida, United States. When the majority of communities in Duval County consolidated with Jacksonville, Florida in 1968, Atlantic Beach, along with Jacksonville Beach, Neptune Beach, Ponte Vedra Beach and Baldwin, Florida, remained quasi-independent. Like the other towns, it maintains its own municipal government but its residents vote in the Jacksonville mayoral election and have representation on the Jacksonville city council. The population was 13,368 at the 2000 census. According to the U.S Census estimates of 2005, the city had a population of 13,436.

Pity
Pity is an emotion that may come from being near a person or animal who is injured, or in another unfortunate situation. People who experience pity may have intense sorrow for the person or animal, and may try to help them.

First ascent
In climbing, the first climb to reach the top of a mountain is called first ascent.
The risks for the climbers are often very high, because the way to the top is not known. That is why first ascents are often carefully recorded as part of the history of a mountain and usually mentioned in books about that mountain.
Some use the words "last ascent" as a joke for a way that was no pleasure and no one wants to do it like the first climbers.

ZIP code
The ZIP code is the system of postal codes used by the United States Postal Service (USPS). The letters "ZIP" is an acronym for Zone Improvement Plan. The letters are written properly in capital letters. The word ZIP was chosen to suggest that the mail travels more efficiently, and more quickly, when senders use it. The basic ZIP code is made up of five numbers. An extended ZIP + 4 code includes the five digits of the ZIP code, a hyphen and then four more digits. This lets a piece of mail to be sent to a more exact location than by the ZIP code alone. "ZIP Code" was a trademark of the U.S. Postal Service but its registration has since ended.
Background.
The postal service started the use of postal zones for large cities in 1943. By the early 1960s a more general system was needed. On July 1, 1963, ZIP codes were created for the whole country but they were not. In 1967, these were made mandatory for many types of mail. The system was soon used for all mail.
ZIP + 4.
In 1983, the U.S. Postal Service began using an expanded ZIP code system called "ZIP + 4", often called "plus-four codes" or "add-on codes."
A ZIP + 4 code uses the basic five-digit code plus an additional four digits to identify a geographic area inside the five-digit delivery area, such as a group of apartments, or a location which gets a large amount of mail.
Structure and allocation.
ZIP codes are numbered with the first number representing a certain group of U.S. states. The second and third numbers represent a region in that group of states or, in some cases, a large city. The fourth and fifth numbers representing a group of delivery addresses within that region. The main town in a region (if applicable) often gets the first ZIP codes for that region. Other towns are often given ZIP codes in numerical order alphabetically.

Eastern European Time
Eastern European Time (EET) is one of the names of UTC+2 time zone, 2 hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. It is used in some European, North African, and Middle Eastern countries. Most of them also use Eastern European Summer Time (UTC+3) as a summer daylight saving time.
Where it is used.
Moscow used EET in years 1922-30 and 1991-92. In Poland this time was used in years 1918-22.
In time of World War II MET (CET) was used in eastern countries, occupied by Germany.

Tom Clancy
Thomas Leo "Tom" Clancy Jr. (born April 12, 1947) is a writer in the United States. His books are thrillers about politics, spys and the military. Most of his books include many technical details about their subjects. His stories take place during and after the Cold War. He owns with some other persons a Major League Baseball team. Clancy is also known for producing popular video games.
Biography.
Thomas Leo Clancy Jr. was born April 12, 1947, in Maryland. He finished school 1965. After school he studied English Literature at Loyola College in Baltimore and finished that in 1968. He said he studied English because he was not smart enough to do physics.
Clancy married his first wife, Wanda, in the 1970s. They have four children together and separated in 1998.
In 1993 Tom Clancy bought with some other people the Baltimore Orioles (Baseball team) from Eli Jacobs.
In 1999, Clancy, at age 52, married the 32-year-old writer Alexandra Marie Llewellyn, on June 26.
Clancy is known to be political conservative, and has given over $200,000 to Republican Party politicians.
Bibliography.
From the books "The Hunt for Red October", "Patriot Games", "Clear and Present Danger", and "The Sum of All Fears" films were made, that many people wanted to see. The first NetForce book was filmed for television.
The website IMDB says that Tom Clancy's novel "Without Remorse" is to be made into a movie in 2008. No other details are available (27 June 2007).
Only two books of Clancy are not with Jack Ryan and/or John Clark.
For a list of all his books see the English wikipedia.

Mount Thor
Mount Thor is a mountain on Baffin Island, Nunavut, Canada. It features the Earth's greatest purely straight drop at 1,250 m (4,100 feet), with an average angle of 150 degrees.

Waluigi
Waluigi is a character in Nintendo's series of Mario video games. He is the villain version of Luigi in the same way that Wario is the evil version of Mario. Waluigi is a very long, thin, tall man, who wears Purple.

Alexander von Humboldt
(September 14, 1769 – May 6, 1859) was a Prussian naturalist and explorer. His older brother was the Prussian minister, philosopher, and linguist Wilhelm von Humboldt. Humboldt's work on botanical geography was very important in the field of biogeography.
Humboldt was born in Berlin. His father, Alexander Georg von Humboldt, was a rewarded major in the Prussian Army. He married Maria Elizabeth von Colomb in 1766. The couple had two sons, the younger was Alexander.
In his childhood Humboldt already liked to collect plants, shells, and insects. Humboldt's father died very early (in 1799). From that time on his mother took care of his education.
Between 1799 and 1804, Humboldt travelled to Latin America and was the first scientist who wrote about it. He was one of the first who said that South America and Africa was once one continent.
Late in his life he attempted to bring together different fields of science in his work "Kosmos".

Nike, Inc.
Nike, Incorporated is a company in the United States near Beaverton, Oregon. It is the world's biggest maker of sports shoes, clothes and equipment. The company is named after Nike, the Greek goddess of victory. Nike sells its products under its own name as well as Nike Golf, Nike Pro, Nike+, Air Jordan, Team Starter, and companies it owns such as Bauer, Cole Haan, Hurley International and Converse.

Pound sterling
The pound is the official money used in the United Kingdom. The pound is divided into 100 pence.
The pound got its name because it was the value of one pound (weight) of "sterling silver". This is why it is called "pound sterling". "Sterling silver" means mixed metal that has 92.5% or more real silver. The sign for the pound is £ which is similar to a capital L because "libra" is the Latin for pound. The symbol for pennies is "p" (pronounced "pee" like the letter). We write 50p or £0.50 and say it "fifty pee".
Today’s coins are 1p, 2p, 5p, 10p, 20p, 50p, £1 and £2. The notes are £5, £10. £20. £50.
The old system.
The pound has only been divided into 100 pennies since 1971. Before this time it was divided into 20 shillings. Each shilling was divided into 12 pennies.
The symbols for shilling and penny came from Roman coins: "s" for shilling (from the Latin word "solidus" and "d" for penny (from the Latin "denarius"). The penny was divided into 4 farthings. The farthing became obsolete (was no longer used) in 1961 because it was worth so little.
How prices were written and pronounced in the old system.
There was also a "guinea". Originally the guinea was an old gold coin. Although the coin had been obsolete for a long time, prices were still sometimes given in guineas. A "guinea" was 21s (or £1 1s 0d). A price of 58 guineas was, in fact, £60 18s 0d, which sounds more than "58 guineas".
It was difficult to add up prices using the old system. You had to be very good indeed at maths. That is why Britain changed to the decimal system (units of 10s and 100s) in 1971.

Vestfold
Vestfold is a county in Norway. It borders Buskerud and Telemark. The county administration is in the city of Tønsberg. Vestfold is located west of the Oslo Fjord. The river Numedalslågen runs through the district. Many islands are located at the coast. Vestfold is mostly lowland areas. It is among the best agricultural areas of Norway.
Vestfold used to be a headquarters for whaling fleets. The economy of the coastal towns of Vestfold now is centered around fishing and shipbuilding. Some lumbering is done away from the coast. The district also has some of the best farmland in Norway.

Buskerud
Buskerud is one of Norway's 19 counties. Its main city is Drammen.

Telemark
Telemark is a county in Norway. Skien is the main city in Telemark.

Akershus
Akershus is one of the nineteen counties in Norway. It is bordered by Hedmark, Oppland, Buskerud, Oslo and Østfold. It has a short border with Sweden. Akershus is the second largest county in population after Oslo. It has more than half a million people living in it. The county is named after Akershus Fortress. The county administration is in Oslo, which is not part of the county.
Geography.
Most of the county is located in the districts Follo and Romerike. There are also the two smaller districts of Asker and Bærum which are located to the west of Oslo. This happened when the municipality of Aker (surrounding Oslo) was moved from Akershus county to Oslo in 1948.
Akershus includes some of the lake Mjøsa and some of the river Glomma. Because it includes many suburbs of Oslo, notably Bærum, Akershus has a large number of people living in a small area. The main national railwaylines into Oslo run through Akershus with many stations such as Asker, Ullensaker, Ski and Lillestrøm.
The county includes the historical place Eidsvoll, 48 km north of Oslo. This is where the National assembly voted the Norwegian constitution in 1814. South of Eidsvoll is the international airport of Oslo Airport at Gardermoen. The home of the crown prince is located in Asker.
Buildings.
The county has a major international airport, the Oslo Airport. It also has two university hospitals, Akershus University Hospital and Sunnaas Hospital.
History.
Akershus became a fief in the 16th century. At that time it included the current counties of Hedmark, Oppland, Buskerud and Oslo. It also included municipalities of Askim, Eidsberg and Trøgstad in the county of Østfold. In 1685 Buskerud was separated from Akershus. In 1768 Hedmark and Oppland were also separated from Akershus. In 1842 Christiania (Oslo) was made separate as well. In 1948 Aker was transferred to the county of Oslo.
Origin.
The county is named after Akershus Fortress. The fortress was built in 1299. Its name means "the (fortified) house of (the district) Aker".

West Highland White Terrier
The West Highland White Terrier or Westie is originally a Scottish dog. It was used for hunting foxes and otters. The breed is well known for high stamina, courage and agility. Westies have a double coat which protect them from attacks and cold weather.
Westies are small dogs. They are very lively, playful amd alert. They are loyal to their owner, but can be stubborn at times. They are known to kill small animals, such as moles, squirrels, chipmunks, birds,Etc.
They are very energetic dogs, and love the outdoors. They are intelligent, lovable little dogs.

Soldier (song)
"Soldier" is an R&B/hip hop song written by Beyoncé Knowles, Kelly Rowland, Michelle Williams, Rich Harrison, Sean Garrett, T.I., and Lil Wayne for Destiny's Child's fourth studio album, "Destiny Fulfilled" (2004). It was produced by Knowles and Harrison and released as the album's second single in fall 2004. The song reached number 3 in Australia and the United States. It became the group's tenth and final consecutive top 10 hit in the US. It peaked in the top 10 in New Zealand, the UK, Denmark, Ireland, Israel, Finland, Italy, Greece and Switzerland. The song also was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration category. It won the Soul Train Lady of Soul Award for Best R&B/Soul Single by a Group, Band or Duo.

Abrasion
In dermatology, an abrasion, is a damage to the skin, that affects only the surface, generally not deeper than the epidermis. But it can give mild bleeding. Mild abrasions, also known as 'grazes' do not scar, but deep abrasions may lead to the development of scarring tissue.
Abrasion injuries occur rather often when exposed skin comes into moving contact with a rough surface causing trauma to the upper layers of the epidermis.
Such injuries, where caused by abrasive contact with textiles or carpet, are sometimes referred to as 'rug burn' or 'carpet burn'.

Wear (erosion)
In materials science, wear is the erosion of material from a solid surface by the action of another solid. The study of the processes of wear is part of the discipline of tribology.
Explanation.
The definition of wear does not include loss of dimension from plastic deformation, although wear can happen without loss of material. Also this definition does not include impact wear where there is no sliding motion or cavitation (also corrosion) where counterbody is a fluid..
Wear, along with other aging processes such as fatigue, creep, and fracture toughness, causes progressive degradation of materials with time leading to failure of material at an advanced age. Under normal circumstances, the property changes during usage normally occur in three different stages as follows:-
• Primary or early stage or run-in period, where rate of changes can be high.
• Secondary or mid-age process where a steady rate of aging process is maintained. The useful or working life is at this stage.
• Tertiary or old-age stage, where rapid rate of aging leads to early failure.
With increasing severity of environmental conditions, such as, higher temperatures, strain rates, stress and sliding velocities, the secondary stage is shortened and the primary stage tends to merge with the tertiary stage, thus drastically reducing the working life. Surface engineering processes are used to minimize wear and extend working life of material.
Adhesive wear.
Adhesive wear is also known as scoring, galling, or seizing. It happens when two solid surfaces slide over one another under pressure.
Abrasive wear.
This happens when material is removed by contact with hard particles. The particles either may be present at the surface of a second material or may exist as loose particles between two surfaces.
Abrasive wear can be measured as loss of mass by the Taber Abrasion Test according to ISO 9352 or ASTM D 1044.
Corrosive wear.
Often referred to simply as “corrosion”, corrosive wear is deterioration of useful properties in a material due to reactions with its environment.
Surface fatigue.
Surface fatigue is a process by which the surface of a material is weakened by cyclic loading, which is one type of general material fatigue.

Compacted oxide layer glaze
Compacted oxide layer glaze describes the often shiny, wear-protective layer of oxide formed when two metals (or a metal and ceramic) are slid against each other at high temperature in an oxygen-containing atmosphere. The layer forms on either or both the surfaces in contact and can protect against wear.
A not often used definition of 'glaze' is the highly sintered compacted oxide layer formed due to the sliding of either two metallic surfaces (or sometimes a metal surface and ceramic surface) at very high temperatures (normally several hundred degrees Celsius) in oxidizing conditions.

Wound
In medicine, a wound is a type of physical trauma where in the skin is torn, cut or punctured (an "open" wound), or where blunt force trauma causes a bruise (a "closed" wound).
In pathology, it specifically means a sharp injury which damages the dermis of the skin.
Healing.
To heal a wound, the body undertakes a series of actions collectively known as the wound healing process.

Chick Corea
Armando Anthony "Chick" Corea (born June 12, 1941) is a multiple Grammy Award winning American jazz pianist/keyboardist and composer.

Monthey (district)
Monthey is a district of the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

Raron (district)
Raron is a district in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

Street children
Street Children is a term which can refer to different kinds of children. They can be children who work on the streets by doing errands or selling items. Street children may spend a lot of time in the streets, but sleep at home. They can also live permanently on the streets with or without their families because they have no home.

Saint-Maurice (district)
Saint-Maurice is a district in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

Sierre (district)
Sierre is a district of the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

Sion (district)
Sion is a district of the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

Steckborn (district)
Steckborn is a district of the canton of Thurgau. The capital city is Steckborn.

Frauenfeld (district)
Frauenfeld is a district of the canton of Thurgau. The capital city, and the capital of Thurgau, is the city of Frauenfeld.

Badger
American Badgers (Taxidea taxus) are animals found primarily in the Great Plains area of North America.
Physical Description.
American Badgers measure 520 to 875 mm from head to tail, with the tail making up only 100 to 155 mm of this length. The badgers weigh 4 to 12 kg. The body is flattened, and the legs are short and stocky. The fur on the back and flanks of the animal ranges from greyish to reddish. The ventrum is a buffy colour. The face of the badger is distinct. The throat and chin are whitish, and the face has black patches. A white dorsal stripe extends back over the head from the nose. In northern populations, this stripe ends near the shoulders. In southern populations, however, it continues over the back to the rump. Males are significantly larger than females and animals from northern populations are larger than those from southern populations.
Habitat.
American Badgers prefer to live in dry, open grasslands, fields, and pastures. They are found in many different places from high alpine meadows to sea level.
Behaviour.
American Badgers are excellent digging machines. Their powerfully built forelimbs allow them to tunnel rapidly through the soil, and apparently through other harder substances as well. There are anecdotal accounts of badgers emerging from holes they have excavated through blacktopped pavement and two inch thick concrete. They can be very violent creatures.
Food Habits.
Badgers are carnivorous. Their dominant prey are pocket gophers, ground squirrels, moles, marmots, prairie dogs, woodrats, kangaroo rats, deer mice, and voles. They also prey on ground nesting birds, such as bank swallows and burrowing owls, lizards, amphibians, carrion, fish, hibernating skunks, insects, including bees and honeycomb, and some plant foods, such as corn and sunflower seeds. Unlike many carnivores that stalk their prey in open country, badgers catch most of their food by digging. They can tunnel after ground dwelling rodents with amazing speed.

Kreuzlingen (district)
Kreuzlingen is a district of the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland. The capital city is Kreuzlingen.

Weinfelden (district)
Weinfelden is one of the eight districts of the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland. The capital city is Weinfelden.

Bischofszell (district)
Bischofszell is a district of the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland. The capital city is Bischofszell.

Diessenhofen (district)
Diessenhofen is a district of the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland. The capital city is Diessenhofen.

Münchwilen (district)
Münchwilen is one of the eight districts of the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland. The capital city is Münchwilen.

Arbon (district)
Arbon is a district of the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland. The capital city is Arbon.

Steckborn
Steckborn is a municipality and the capital city of the district of Steckborn in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.
It is located near Lake Constance. As of 2005, the municipality had a population of 3398.
History.
People lived in the area around Steckborn already in the 100s. There are also Roman ruins of walls and other buildings. Probably in the 800s, the village became part of the territory of the monastery of Reichenau. This is the period when it is first written about.

Frauenfeld
Frauenfeld is the capital city of the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland. It is also the capital city of the district of Frauenfeld.
Early history.
The city is first written about in 1246. It grew up around the Frauenfeld castle on the land of the Reichenau convent.
In 1264, it became the property of the Habsburgs. In 1374, the Habsburgs bestowed the right of judgment for all of Thurgau (which then included St. Gallen) on the Duke of Frauenfeld.
Twice in the 1700s, Frauenfeld was partly destroyed by fire, in 1771 and in 1788.
The fall of the old Old Swiss Confederacy in 1798 as a result of the French invasion brought an end to the gatherings in Frauenfeld.
Modern history.
In 1919, the municipalities of Langdorf, Kurzdorf, Huben, Herten, and Horgenbach became part of Frauenfeld. In 1998, Gerlikon, Schönenhof, and Zelgli joined Frauenfeld.

Benito Jeronimo Feijoo
Benito Jerónimo Feijoo y Montenegro (8 October 1676 - 26 September 1764) was a Galician neoclassical monk and scholar noted for encouraging scientific thought in Galicia and Spain.
He was born in Casdemiro, and joined the Benedictines at the age of 12, and had taken classes in Galicia, León, and Salamanca. He later taught theology and philosophy at the university of Oviedo, and died at Oviedo. Padre Feijoo studied in Salamanca, Spain, at the University of Oviedo, earning a professorship in theology. Feijoo was a prominent essayist for the Spanish, and his critiques, letters, and plays helped change the steadfast beliefs of many during the 18th century.
His two famous multi-volume collection of essays, "Teatro critico universal" (1726-1739) and "Cartas eruditas y curiosas" cover a range of subjects, from education, law, and medicine, to superstitions and popular beliefs. He is also of interest as a writer in the Galician language.
Father Feijoo was a debunker of myths. He had great interest in natural science and many of his essays touch on topics related to this subject and to the many myths about creatures and lands that abounded at that time. One example of how far his naturalistic bent went can be found in a story told by Julio A. Feijoo, one of his descendents, born in Cuba in 1910. Father Feijoo believed that demonic possession was a psychological phenomenon. Once he was called upon to perform an exorcism, and in order to demonstrate that this phenomenon was more due to suggestibility than anything else, in performing a spurious exorcism on the "possessed" subject, he read from Bocaccio's famous bawdy work the "Decameron". Upon hearing the Latin lines, the "possessed" individual settled down and declared himself to be free of demonic influence.

Kreuzlingen
Kreuzlingen is a municipality in the district of Kreuzlingen in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.
It is the second largest city of the canton, after Frauenfeld with a population of over 18,000.
In 1874, the municipality of Egelshofen was renamed "Kreuzlingen". It reached the present size with the adding of Kurzrickenbach in 1927 and Emmishofen in 1928.
Geography.
It is located on Lake Constance.
It is halfway between Schaffhausen and Rorschach.
History.
The name of the municipality stems from the Augustinian monastery "Crucelin", which was later renamed Kreuzlingen Abbey. It was built in 1125 by the Bishop of Constance, Ulrich I. In the Swabian War and the 30 Years' War after the siege of Constance by Swedish troops, Kreuzlingen Abbey was burned down by the people of Constance. The crime was blamed on the monks for having supported the enemy. In 1650, the monastery was rebuilt in its present location. Because of secularization in 1848, the buildings became a school. The chapel became a Catholic church
People already lived in the Kreuzlingen area during the Bronze Age. Celtic and Roman coins and artifacts show that people continued to be settled in the area pre-writing. Kurzrickenbach is first mentioned as "Rihinbah" in 830, Egelshofen is mentioned as "Eigolteshoven" in 1125, and Emmishofen is mentioned as as "Eminshoven" in 1159. The territory of the municipality, except for the Augustinian monastery, belonged to the Bishop of Constance.
Until the beginning of the 19th century, the current centre of Kreuzlingen was still largely agricultural. The first steamboats began to operate on Lake Constance in 1824. The first train line to Romanshorn was finished in 1871, and the second to Etzwilen in 1875. This brought commerce and industry to the area. In 1874, Kreuzlingen became the capital of the district, instead of the previous capital, Gottlieben. However, until World War I, Kreuzlingen was a kind of suburb of Constance. Most of its profits went to German firms. The war made Kreuzlingen more independent.
(1857-1980), which occupied part of the old monastery, played an important role in the history of Kreuzlingen. In 1842, a man called Ignaz Vanotti from Constance bought a large area of land and constructed a building to house the emigrant press of Bellevue in 1843, which had been located in Römerburg before. In 1857, Ludwig Binswanger, a psychiatrist from Münsterlingen bought the property and opened a private sanatorium. The clinic was very modern and stayed in the control of the Binswanger family for nearly 120 years. Important psychiatric discoveries, particularly under the founder's grandson's control, especially in the development of existential psychotherapy, were made at the sanatorium. However, few of its buildings remain.
Economy.
Earlier, most of the people in Kreuzlingen made a living in the wine industry. However, because of diseases and bad harvests, the last wine grapes were raised in Kreuzlingen in 1938.
Today, the local economy is mostly shopping and handcraft, with the largest employer being a clothing maker.

Weinfelden
Weinfelden is a municipality in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland. It is the capital of the district of the same name.
In December 2004 it had about 9500 inhabitants. Since it lies in the middle of the canton, part of the cantonal government is located in the town, as is the Thurgau cantonal bank. The grand council of the canton meets in Weinfelden during the winter.
Early history.
Already in the year 124 AD, there was a Roman bridge over the Thur at Weinfelden. The name "Weinfelden" is first documented in 838.
Weinfelden was by far the biggest town in the canton of Thurgau. In 1798, Paul Reinhart and his committee led the area to freedom from the domination of the "Eidgenossen". In 1803, Thurgau became an independent canton, through the mediation of Napoleon, with Frauenfeld as capital.
Modern history.
In 1830, Thomas Bornhauser spoke to a large crowd in Weinfelden, demanding a liberal constitution for the canton. It is one of the first (if not the first) such document.
Portraits of both Paul Reinhart and Thomas Bornhauser hang in the "Rathaus".

Bernardino de Sahagún
Bernardino de Sahagún (1499 – October 23 1590), was a Franciscan missionary to the Aztec (Nahua) people of Mexico, best known as the compiler of the "Florentine Codex," also known as "Historia general de las cosas de Nueva España" ("General History of the Things of New Spain").

Bruise
A bruise, also called a contusion or ecchymosis, is a kind of injury to biological tissue in which the capillaries are damaged, allowing blood to seep into the surrounding tissue.
It is usually caused by blunt impact. Bruises often cause pain but are not normally dangerous. Sometimes bruises can be serious and lead to other more life threatening forms of hematoma, or can be associated with serious injuries as fractures and internal bleeding. Minor bruises may be easily recognized, in people with light skin color, by their characteristic blue or purple appearance (idiomatically described as "black and blue") in the days following the injury.
In language.
More generally, "bruise" is used metaphorically to mean any minor injury in other fields than health. It means that the injury is painful and sensitive but minor and will recover on its own.

Leopoldo Alas
Leopoldo Alas y Ureña (25 April 1851 - 13 May 1901), also known as "Clarín" was a Spanish realist writer born in Zamora. He died in Oviedo.
Alas spent his childhood living in León and Guadalajara, until he moved to Oviedo in 1865. There he studied "Bachillerato" (high school) and he began his law career. He lived in Madrid from 1871 to 1878, where he began his career as a journalist and he graduated with the thesis "El Derecho y la Moralidad" ("Law and Morality"). He taught in Zaragoza from 1882 to 1883. In 1883 he returned to Oviedo to take up a position as professor of Roman law.
He is the author of books such as "La Regenta". It is a long work, similar to Flaubert's "Madame Bovary", one of the books that helped to inspire it. Other influences included Naturalism and "Kraussism", a philosophical trend which made cultural and moral change in Spain. He also wrote Nuevo viaje al Parnaso and La Literatura en 1881 (1882), working with Armando Palacio Valdes.
"La Regenta" is special for its great number of characters and other stories around the main story of the novel, and the main character is shown in a way that is not very clear. On the other hand, the downfall of the provincial lady has place amidst two very different men who want to marry her: the most handsome man in the city, who is the winner in the end, and the cathedral's priest. The depiction of this priest is a very important part of the book.
For the description of the provincial setting and the city's collective life, "Clarín" used styles such as the internal monologue or the free indirect style, which makes the story be told by the characters, not the narrator.
In 1890, he published a new novel, "Su único hijo". Most critics do not think it is as good as "La Regenta". "Su único hijo" was originally meant to be the first of a series of three books, but these were not written. The only parts of them that exist are an outline and a few fragments of two of the novels. "Su único hijo" was Clarín's last long book.
"Clarín" also wrote some stories and some journalistic articles.
Leopoldo Alas remains a rather unknown figure in the Spanish literary world. He searched for God and was Humanist at the same time. This strange joining has led to there being different views on the meaning of his writings. "La Regenta" in particular has many different views on what it could mean.

Pasiphaë (moon)
Pasiphaë is one of Jupiter's moons. It was found in 1908 by Philibert Jacques Melotte and was named after Pasiphaë from Greek mythology, the wife of Minos and mother of Minotaur.

Anthe (moon)
! bgcolor="#a0ffa0" colspan="2" | Orbital characteristics
! align="left" | Semi-major axis
! align="left" | Orbital period
! align="left" | Inclination(to Saturn's equator)
! align="left" | Is a moon of
! bgcolor="#a0ffa0" colspan="2" | Physical characteristics
! align="left" | Mean diameter
! align="left" | Mean density
! align="left" | Surface gravity
! align="left" | Rotation period
! align="left" | Axial tilt
Anthe is a very small moon of Saturn between the orbits of Mimas and Enceladus. It is also known as Saturn XLIX and its designation was S/2007 S 4. It is named after one of the Alkyonides; the name means "flowery".
It was found by the in images taken on May 30, 2007. Once the find was made, a search of older Cassini images showed this small moon in observations from as far back as June 2004. It was first announced on July 18, 2007.

Kiviuq (moon)
Kiviuq is a non-spherical moon of Saturn. It was found by Brett J. Gladman in 2000, and given the designation S/2000 S 5.
It was named in 2003 after a "giant" of Inuit mythology. Kiviuq (also spelled Keeveeok, Qiviuq or Kivioq) is a legendary and heroic Inuk, a sort of Inuit Odysseus. He has lived very long (or has had several lives), has wandered and journeyed, living all sorts of adventures whose details depend on the story-teller's local tradition.
Kiviuq is about 16 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Saturn at an average distance of 11.1 million kilometers in 450 days. It is a member of the Inuit group of non-spherical moons.
Kiviuq displays "light-red" colours and the infrared spectrum very similar to Siarnaq and Paaliaq, further supporting the thesis of a possible common origin of the Inuit group in the break-up of a bigger body.

Manchukuo
Manchukuo was a Japanese puppet state in Manchuria and eastern Inner Mongolia ruled by the former Emperor of China Puyi. It was created by Japan in 1932 because Japan wanted to occupy Manchuria's rich natural resources but did not wish to declare war on China yet. Most nations in the world did not recognize Manchukuo as a country.

Ijiraq (moon)
Ijiraq is a non-spherical moon of Saturn. It was found by the team of
Brett Gladman, John J. Kavelaars, "et al." in 2000, and given the designation.
Orbit.
Ijiraq orbits Saturn at an average distance of 11,100,000 km in 451 days on an orbit very similar to Kiviuq's. The diagram illustrates its orbit in relation to other non-spherical moons of Saturn. The eccentricity of the orbits is represented by the yellow segments extending from the pericentre to the apocentre.
Physical characteristics.
While Ijiraq is a member of the Inuit group non-spherical moons, recent observations revealed that Ijiraq is redder than Paaliaq, Siarnaq and Kiviuq.
Name.
Kavelaars, an astronomer at McMaster University, suggested this name to help astronomical nomenclature to get out of its Greco-Romano-Renaissance rut. He spent several months trying to find names that were both multi-cultural and Canadian, consulting Amerindian scholars without finding a name that seemed good. In March 2001, he was reading an Inuit story to his children and had a revelation. The ijiraq plays at hide-and-seek, which is what these small moons of Saturn do: they are hard to find, and cold like the Canadian Arctic (the team of discoverers includes Canadians, Norwegians and Icelanders—Nordicity is their common trait). Kavelaars contacted the author of the tale, Michael Kusugak, to get his assent, and the latter also suggested the names for Kiviuq and 90377 Sedna.

Denial of the Armenian Genocide
Denial of the Armenian Genocide is the assertion that the events within the Ottoman Empire following April 24 1915 and the Tehcir Law of May 1915 were not part of a state-organized genocide directed against the empire's Armenian inhabitants, and that the Armenian Genocide did not occur. For example, the Republic of Turkey does not accept that the Ottoman authorities attempted to eliminate the Armenian people.
Institutional Study.
In 1990, psychologist Robert Jay Lifton received a letter from the Turkish Ambassador to the United States, questioning his inclusion of references to the Armenian Genocide in one of his books. The ambassador inadvertently included a draft of the letter, presented by scholar Heath Lowry, advising the ambassador on how to prevent mention of the Armenian Genocide in scholarly works. Lowry was later named to a chair at Princeton University, which had been endowed with a $750,000 grant from the Republic of Turkey. The incident was the subject of numerous reports as to ethics in scholarship.
Outlawing.
Some countries, including Argentina, Switzerland and Uruguay have adopted laws that punish genocide denial. In October 2006, France passed a bill which if approved by the Senate and president, will make Armenian Genocide denial a crime.
The first person convicted by a court of law for denying the Armenian genocide is Turkish politician Doğu Perinçek, found guilty by a Swiss district court in Lausanne in March 2007. Perinçek appealed the verdict. Ferai Tinç, a foreign affairs columnist with Turkey's Hurriyet newspaper, added, "we find these type of [penal] articles against freedom of opinion dangerous because we are struggling in our country to achieve freedom of thought."
After the court's decision, Perinçek said, "I defend my right to freedom of expression."
Advertisement.
The Ankara Chamber of Commerce included DVDs, accusing the Armenian people of slaughtering Turks, with their paid tourism advertisements in the June 6, 2005 edition of the magazine TIME Europe. Time Europe later apologized for allowing the inclusion of the DVDs and published a critical letter signed by five French organizations. The February 12, 2007 edition of Time Europe included an acknowledgment of the truth of the Armenian Genocide and a DVD of a documentary by French director Laurence Jourdan about the genocide.

Paaliaq (moon)
Paaliaq is a non-spherical moon of Saturn. It was found by Brett J. Gladman, John J. Kavelaars, Jean-Marc Petit, Hans Scholl, Matthew J. Holman, Brian G. Marsden,
Philip D. Nicholson and Joseph A. Burns in early October 2000, and given the designation S/2000 S 2. It was named in August 2003 after a fictional shaman in the book "The Curse of the Shaman," written by Michael Kusugak, who supplied Kavelaars with the names of giants from Inuit mythology that were used for other Saturnian moons.
Paaliaq is thought to be about 22 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Saturn at an average distance of 15,200,000 km in 687 days. It is a member of the Inuit group of non-spherical moons.
Together with Kiviuq and Siarnaq, Paaliaq has "light-red" colours, further supporting that the Inuit group might have been formed when a bigger body broken up.

Hebrew Bible
The term "Hebrew Bible" means books of the Bible that were originally written in Hebrew, and of which people agree that they belong to the Biblical canon.
It means nearly the same as the Jewish Tanakh and the Protestant Old Testament, but does not include the deuterocanonical portions of the Roman Catholic Old Testament and is meant for the text only, not for naming, numbering or ordering of books (what both Tanakh and Old Testament do).
"Hebrew Bible" is a term that refers to the common portions of the Jewish canon and the Christian canons. In its Latin form, "Biblia Hebraica", it is used as a title for printed editions of the masoretic text.
Usage.
One uses the term "Hebrew Bible", when one wants to speak of the contents and not of the specific Jewish or Protestant edition of it.
On the one hand, the term is not much used among adherents of either Judaism or Christianity. On the other hand, it is widely used in academic writing and interfaith discussion.

Skathi (moon)
Skathi or Saturn XXVII, is a moon of Saturn. It was found by Brett Gladman,Kavelaars, et al. in 2000, and given the designation S/2000 S 8.
Skathi is about 6.4 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Saturn at an average distance of 15,576,000 km in 725.784 days, at an inclination of 149° to the ecliptic (150° to Saturn's equator) with an eccentricity of 0.246.
Skathi may have been formed from debris knocked off of Phoebe by big impacts at some point in the solar system's history.
Its name comes from Norse mythology, where Skaði is a giantess (female giant) who is the wife of the Vanir god Niord.

Targum
A targum (Hebrew: תרגום, plural: "targumim") is an Aramaic translation of the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh) that was written or compiled in Palestine or in Babylonia from the Second Temple period until the early Middle Ages (late first millennium).
Targum also means translation or interpretation. In Arabic Targem (verb) means to translate or interpret. (Mutargem = Translator/Interpreter).

Adam Gilchrist
Adam Craig Gilchrist (born 14 November 1971 in Bellingen, New South Wales) is an Australian cricketer. He is the wicket keeper and a left hand batsmen. In his test career, he smashed 100 sixes. Nobody in history has done that. He holds the record of the second fastest century maker in history.

Department store
A department store is a store that sells many different products. It does not sell the products of only one company, as some other stores do. In a department store a person can usually buy clothing, furniture, electronics, and sometimes paint, hardware, toiletries, cosmetics, photographic equipment, jewellery, toys, and sporting goods.
Some department stores sell products cheaper than other stores, they are then called discount department stores.

The Princess Diaries 2
"The Princess Diaries 2: Royal Engagement" is a 2004 Disney movie based on the Princess Diaries book series by Meg Cabot. It is a sequel to the 2001 movie "The Princess Diaries". The movie is a romantic comedy movie about 21 year old Amelia Mignomete Christos Thermopolis Grimaldi, Princess of Genovia, (Mia Thermopolis for short) who has to have an arranged marriage to become Queen. The movie stars Anne Hathaway, Julie Andrews, and Raven. It was directed by Garry Marshall.

Transfer chess
Transfer chess (also known as Bughouse) is a version of the game, chess. It is played by four people in two teams. Each team has two players. The game is played on two chess boards. Two chess clocks can also be used. Two games of chess are played in at the same time. If a player one game captures a piece, following the regular rules of chess, they give that piece to their partner to use in the other game. The partner can put the peice on the board instead of making a normal move. Pawns can not be placed in the first or last row but other peices can be placed in any empty space. This is why the partners use opposite colored pieces.
If one player wins, that partnership wins the match. Games are usually always won by check-mating the opponent's king. Other rules can be used such as "flagfall" (which is only played when there is a clock).

Harry Kewell
Harry Kewell (born September 22, 1978 in Smithfield, Sydney Australia) is an Australian football player. He currently plays for Galatasaray in the Turkish Super League and the Socceroos.
He used to play for Leeds United. His junior club was Marconi Stallions. He can play as a midfielder, a striker or a wing.
Career.
Harry Kewell started playing for Liverpool in 2003 before that he played for Leeds United. He was offered more money at other clubs such as Arsenal, Chelsea, A.C. Milan, Manchester United, Barcelona, Juventus and Real Madrid but eventually he chose to play at Liverpool. And Now Galatasaray FC

Worry Warts
"Worry Warts" is a children's story is by the award winning author Morris Gleitzman.
In the story, a boy named Keith and his parents have moved to Australia, but his parents are still not happy. Keith listens to his teacher about a precious stone, opal. He gets the idea of going to the opal fields and getting opals to make his family happy and keep his parents from getting a divorce But his parents find out when Keith's friend Tracey tells them to avoid a nation wide search. Then his parents pick him up and then they go back to London.
This is the sequel to "Misery Guts".
The sequel to this story is "Puppy Fat".

Maiasaura
Maiasaura was a large, plant-eating, duck-billed dinosaur. Maiasaura was the first dinosaur that was found alongside its young, eggs, and nests. This suggests that Maiasaura nurtured its young.
About Maiasaura.
Maiasaura lived about 80 to 65 million years ago in the late Cretaceous period. It was described as a kind and good natured dinosaur who ate plants, leaves and berries. It ate no meat at all since it was a herbivore. Its name Maiasaura means “Good Mother Lizard”. It was named this because scientists discovered that it looked after its young. Maiasaura measured about 9 metres long, 2-2.5 metres tall and weighed around 1800 kg.
Where they live.
Maiasaurs fossils were found in Montana, United States.

Bait
Bait is used by fishermen to catch fish. There are many different types of bait depending on the size of fish. For a shark, adult squid is often used. When trying to get a salmon, crab is commonly used.

Dennis Kucinich
Dennis John Kucinich (born October 8, 1946) is a United States Representative from Ohio. He is a hopeful for President of the United States in 2008. He is a Democrat.

Tusk
Tusks is a very long tooth that some animals have. Tusks are made of ivory. Ivory is very rare and expensive. Many elephants are killed for their tusks.

Bill Richardson
William Blaine "Bill" Richardson III (born November 15, 1947) is the Governor of the United States state of New Mexico. He was a candidate for President of the United States in the 2008 election. He is a Democrat.

Mike Huckabee
Michael Dale "Mike" Huckabee (born August 24 1955) is a former governor of the U.S. state of Arkansas. He was governor from 1996 to 2007. He is a Republican. He is also a Southern Baptist minister. He wanted to be President of the United States in the 2008 election, but did not get picked by his party.

Rudy Giuliani
Rudolph William Louis "Rudy" Giuliani (born May 28, 1944) is a politician from New York in the United States. He is a Republican and campaigned to become President of the United States in 2008. Giuliani was mayor of New York City from January 1, 1994 to December 31, 2001. Giuliani became more well known during and after the September 11, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center. In 2001, "Time" magazine named him "Person of the Year" and he received an honorary knighthood from Queen Elizabeth II in 2002.
Rudy was campaigning in 1993 with the show Seinfeld where he appeared as the NYC Mayor candidate as the "over count" cholesterol man by eating too much yogurt. This "product placement" of Mayor Giuliani is often referred to as an excellent example of electioneering and boosted his popularity accordingly.

Albiorix (moon)
Albiorix is a non-spherical moon of Saturn. It was found by Holman, et al. in 2000, and given the designation S/2000 S 11.
Albiorix is the biggest member of the Gallic group of non-spherical moons.
It was named in August 2003 from one of the Celtic names for the god of tribal unity, better known as Toutatis.
Albiorix orbits Saturn at a distance of about 16,000,000 km and its diameter is estimated at 32 kilometers, assuming an albedo of 0.04.
The diagram illustrates its orbit in relation to other prograde non-spherical moons of Saturn. The eccentricity of the orbits is represented by the yellow segments extending from the pericentre to the apocentre.
Different colours seen recently suggest a possibility of a big crater, suggesting that Erriapo and Tarvos could be pieces of Albiorix following a near break-up collision with another body.

S/2007 S 2
S/2007 S 2 is an unnamed moon of Saturn. Its discovery was announced by Scott S. Sheppard, David C. Jewitt, Jan Kleyna, and Brian G. Marsden on May 1, 2007, from observations taken between January 18 and April 19, 2007.
S/2007 S 2 is about 6 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Saturn at an average distance of 16,560,000 kilometres in 792.96 days, at an inclination of 176.68° to the ecliptic and with an eccentricity of 0.218.

Bebhionn (moon)
Bebhionn or Saturn XXXVII (provisional designation S/2004 S 11) is a moon of Saturn. Its discovery was announced by Scott S. Sheppard, David C. Jewitt, Jan Kleyna, and Brian G. Marsden on May 4, 2005, from observations taken between December 12, 2004, and March 9, 2005.
Bebhionn is about 6 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Saturn at an average distance of 16,898,000 km in 820.130 days, at an inclination of 41° to the ecliptic (18° to Saturn's equator), and with an eccentricity of 0.333.
It was named in April 2007 after Bébinn, an early Irish mythology goddess of birth, renowned for her beauty.

Erriapo (moon)
Erriapo or Saturn XXVIII, is non-spherical moon of Saturn. It was found by Brett Gladman, John J. Kavelaars, et al. in 2000, and given the designation S/2000 S 10. It was named in August 2003 after Erriapo, a giant in Gaulish mythology.
Erriapo is about 10 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Saturn at an average distance of 17,300,000 km in 871 days.
Erriapo is a member of the Gallic group of non-spherical, sharing a similar orbit and displaying a similar "light-red" colour, Erriapo is thought to have been formed in a break-up of a bigger body.

Skoll (moon)
Skoll or Saturn XLVII (provisional designation S/2006 S 8) is non-spherical moon of Saturn. Its discovery was announced by Scott S. Sheppard, David C. Jewitt and Jan Kleyna on June 26, 2006, from observations taken between January 5 and April 30, 2006.
Skoll is about 6 kilometres in diameter (assuming an albedo of 0.04), and orbits Saturn at an average distance of 17,600,000 km in 869 days, following a highly eccentric and inclined orbit.
It was named in April 2007 after Sköll, a giant wolf from Norse mythology, son of Fenrisulfr and twin brother of Hati.

Siarnaq (moon)
Siarnaq or Saturn XXIX, is a non-spherical moon of Saturn. It was found by Brett J. Gladman, et al. in 2000 and given the designation S/2000 S 3.
It was named in August 2003 after the giant Siarnaq (also known as Sedna) in Inuit mythology, it is the biggest member of the Inuit group of non-spherical moons.
Siarnaq is thought to be about 40 kilometres in diameter and orbits Saturn at an average distance of 17,500,000 km in 895 days.
The diagram illustrates its orbit in relation to other prograde non-spherical moons of Saturn. The eccentricity of the orbits is represented by the yellow segments extending from the pericentre to the apocentre.
Siarnaq has light-red colours very similar to Paaliaq and Kiviuq, supporting that the moons formed during a break up of a bigger body.

Tarqeq (moon)
Tarqeq or Saturn LII (provisional designation S/2007 S 1) is a moon of Saturn. Its discovery was announced by Scott S. Sheppard, David C. Jewitt, Jan Kleyna, and Brian G. Marsden on April 13, 2007, from observations taken between January 5, 2006 and March 22, 2007.
The semi-major axis of Tarqeq is 17,910,000 km and it orbits Saturn in 894.86 days. The orbit is at an inclination of 49.90° (to the ecliptic; 49.77°to Saturn's equator), with an eccentricity of 0.1081. The diameter of the moon is 7 km. It is a member of the Inuit group of non-spherical moons.
Tarqeq is named after Tarqeq, the Inuit moon god.

Brunswick, Georgia
Brunswick is a city in the U.S. state of Georgia and the county seat of Glynn County. In 2006, the city had an estimated population of 16,074 and an estimated metropolitan population of 100,613. Brunswick is the principal city of the "Brunswick, GA Metropolitan Statistical Area", which is often called "Metropolitan Brunswick".

Cocoa Beach, Florida
Cocoa Beach is a city in Brevard County, Florida, United States. The population was 12,482 at the 2000 census. According to the U.S Census estimates of 2005, the city had a population of 12,435..

Santee River
The Santee River is a river in South Carolina in the United States, 143 mi (230 km long). The Santee and its tributaries provide the main drainage and navigation for the central coastal plain of South Carolina, emptying into the Atlantic Ocean approximately 440 mi (710 km) from its farthest headwater on the Catawba River in North Carolina, Much of upper river is impounded as the expansive horn-shaped Lake Marion reservoir, formed by the 8 mi (13 km) long Santee Dam, built during the 1930s as a WPA project to provide a major source of hydroelectric power for the state.

Federal Emergency Management Agency
The Federal Emergency Management Agency, or FEMA, is an agency of the United States Department of Homeland Security. The purpose of FEMA (begun by Presidential Order on March 30, 1979)
is to coordinate the response to a disaster which has occurred in the United States and which overwhelms the resources of local and state authorities. The governor of the state in which the disaster occurred must declare a state of emergency and formally request from the President that FEMA and the federal government respond to the disaster. The only exception is when an emergency or disaster occurs on federal property or to a federal asset, for example, the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, in the 1995 bombing, or the Space Shuttle Columbia in the 2003 return-flight disaster.

Tropical Depression 10 (2005)
Tropical Depression 10 was the first tropical cyclone in the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season that did not make it to tropical storm force strength.
Storm history.
Tropical Depression Ten formed 1100 statute miles (1770 km) east of the Lesser Antilles on August 13. Throughout its entire life-span, conditions were not favorable for development, as strong vertical wind shear eventually ripped the system apart after forming, and advisories were stopped the next day when it showed no organized deep convection. The remnants of Tropical Depression Ten continued drifting northwestward before degenerating into a tropical wave north of the Leeward Islands. The mid-level remnant circulation eventually merged with another system in the "complex genesis" of what would become Tropical Depression Twelve and, eventually, Hurricane Katrina.

Utahraptor
Utahraptor was a large mid-Cretaceous predator with 9-15 inch long middle-toe claws. It was a lightly built, fast-moving, agile, bipedal (walked on two legs), bird-like dinosaur. It had a curved, flexible neck and a big head. Sharp, serrated teeth were set into very powerful jaws. Each of its three fingers on each arm had large, sharp, curved claw.
It had four-toed feet; the second toe had a 9-15 inch (23-38 cm) sickle-like claw and the other toes had smaller claws. Its long tail had bony rods running along the spine giving it rigidity; the tail was used for balance and fast turning ability. It had a relatively large brain and large, keen, eyes. Utahraptor was 16-23 feet (5-7 m) long and may have weighed about 1 ton.

Albertosaurus
Albertosaurus was a relative of Tyrannosaurus. The Albertosaurus was smaller than T. rex and lived a few million years earlier. Albertosaurus walked on two legs and had a large head with sharp, saw-toothed teeth. It had two-fingered hands on short arms. Its long tail provided balance and quick turning. It had powerful back legs with clawed, three-toed feet.
Albertosaurus was about 30 feet (9 m) long, about 11 feet (3.4 m) tall at the hips, and up to 3 tons in weight (averaging roughly 2500 kg). The lower jaw of Albertosaurus had from 14 and 16 teeth; the upper jaw had 17-19 teeth. It had one row of teeth in each jaw but had at least one replacement tooth growing up from under each tooth.

Michael Clarke
Michael John Clarke (born 2 April, 1981 in Liverpool, New South Wales) is an Australian cricketer. He is nicknamed 'Pup' or 'Clarkey', he is a right-handed batsman, highly-regarded fielder and occasional left-arm orthodox spin bowler.

S/2004 S 13
S/2004 S 13 is a moon of Saturn. Its discovery was announced by Scott S. Sheppard, David C. Jewitt, Jan Kleyna, and Brian G. Marsden on May 4, 2005, from observations taken between December 12, 2004, and March 9, 2005.
S/2004 S 13 is about 6 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Saturn at an average distance of 18,056,000 km in 905.848 days, at an inclination of 167° to the ecliptic (143° to Saturn's equator), with an eccentricity of 0.261.

Greip (moon)
Greip or Saturn LI (provisional designation S/2006 S 4) is a moon of Saturn. Its discovery was announced by Scott S. Sheppard, David C. Jewitt, Jan Kleyna, and Brian G. Marsden on June 26, 2006, from observations taken between January 5 and May 1, 2006.
Greip is about 6 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Saturn at an average distance of 18,066,000 km in 906.556 days, at an inclination of 172.7° to the ecliptic (159.2° to Saturn's equator), and with an eccentricity of 0.3735.
It is named after Greip, a giantess (female giant) in Norse mythology.

Hyrrokkin (moon)
Hyrrokkin or Saturn XLIV (provisional designation S/2004 S 19) is a moon of Saturn. Its discovery was announced by Scott S. Sheppard, David C. Jewitt, Jan Kleyna, and Brian G. Marsden on June 26, 2006, from observations taken between December 12, 2004, and April 30, 2006.
Hyrrokkin is about 8 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Saturn at an average distance of 18,168,300 km in 914.292 days, at an inclination of 153.3° to the ecliptic (154.3° to Saturn's equator), with an eccentricity of 0.3604.
It was named in April 2007 after Hyrrokkin, a giantess (female giant) from Norse mythology, who launched Hringhorni, Baldr's funeral ship. It was originally listed as being spelled "Hyrokkin", but the spelling was later corrected.

Jarnsaxa (moon)
Jarnsaxa or Saturn L (provisional designation S/2006 S 6) is a moon of Saturn. Its discovery was announced by Scott S. Sheppard, David C. Jewitt, Jan Kleyna, and Brian G. Marsden on June 26, 2006, from observations taken between January 5 and April 29, 2006.
Jarnsaxa is about 6 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Saturn at an average distance of 18,556,900 km in 943.784 days, at an inclination of 162.9° to the ecliptic (164.1° to Saturn's equator), with an eccentricity of 0.1918. It is a member of the Norse group of non-spherical moons.
It is named after Járnsaxa, a giantess (female giant) in Norse mythology.

Tarvos (moon)
Tarvos or Saturn XXI is a non-spherical moon of Saturn. It was found by John J. Kavelaars, et al. on September 23, 2000, and given the designation S/2000 S 4. The name, given in August 2003, is after Tarvos from Gaulish mythology.
Tarvos orbits Saturn at an average distance of 18 million km in 926 days and is about 15 km in diameter (assuming an albedo of 0.04).
It is a member of the Gallic group of non-spherical moons.
Sharing similar orbit and displaying similar "light-red" colour, Tarvos is thought to have been formed in a break-up of a bigger body or to be a piece of Albiorix.

1450
1450 was a common year in the 15th century.

Product (business)
A product is something that is made (produced) and often something that is sold.
In Economics, things that one person has and another person wants are called goods. If the thing was made by people, then it is called a product. If it is something that was found in nature, then it is called a natural resource.

Yippee
Yippee is a 2006 documentary movie created by Jewish-American director Paul Mazursky. The movie follows a Jewish pilgrimage to the town of Uman in the Ukraine on Rosh Hashanah, the Jewish New Year. The city is the burial site of the founder of Bratslav Hasidism, Rabbi Nachman.

Vung Tau
Vung Tau (Vietnamese: "Vũng Tàu") is a city in Ba Ria-Vung Tau Province, Vietnam. This city has a population of 240.000 and an area of 154.0 km2. This is a petroleum and tourism centre of Vietnam. Vung Tau is located about 120 km northeast of Ho Chi Minh City. Vung Tau town was founded by French colonists under the administration of Paul Doumer, then the Governor General of French Indochina. This city borders South China Sea and has several beautiful beaches.

Media Access Control
A Media Access Control address (often shortened to MAC address) is a 48 bit code which allows a computer to be part of a computer network.

Arabic Wikipedia
The Arabic Wikipedia (In Arabic: ويكيبيديا العربية) is the Arabic language version of Wikipedia. It started in September 2001. As of August 2008, it has over 75,000 articles, 328,000 pages, 140,000 registered users and 3900 files. The Arabic Wikipedia is currently the 27th largest edition of Wikipedia by article count.

French Wikipedia
The French Wikipedia (In French: "Wikipédia Francophone" or "Wikipédia en français") is the French language edition of Wikipedia, spelled "Wikipédia". Started in March 2001, this edition has over 525,000 articles as of July 2007 and is the third largest Wikipedia after the English language and German language editions. It is the largest Wikipedia in a Romance language.

German Wikipedia
The German Wikipedia (In German: "Deutschsprachige Wikipedia") is the German language edition of Wikipedia. It is the second largest Wikipedia, after the English Wikipedia. It was the first non-English Wikipedia. It was created on 16 March 2001.

Mundilfari (moon)
Mundilfari or Saturn XXV, is a moon of Saturn. It was found by Brett J. Gladman, et al. in 2000, and given the designation S/2000 S 9.
Mundilfari is about 5.6 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Saturn at an average distance of 18,360,000 km in 928.806 days, at an inclination of 170° to the ecliptic (150° to Saturn's equator), with an eccentricity of 0.198.
Mundilfari may have formed from debris knocked off of Phoebe by big impacts at some point in the solar system's history.
It was named in August 2003 from Norse mythology, where Mundilfari is a Jotun or giant who is the father of the goddess Sol and the god Mani.

S/2006 S 1
S/2006 S 1 is an unnamed moon of Saturn. Its discovery was announced by Scott S. Sheppard, David C. Jewitt, Jan Kleyna, and Brian G. Marsden on June 26, 2006, from observations taken between January 4 and April 30, 2006.
S/2006 S 1 is about 6 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Saturn at an average distance of 18,930,200 km in 972.407 days, at an inclination of 154.2° to the ecliptic (175.4° to Saturn's equator), with an eccentricity of 0.1303.

S/2004 S 17
S/2004 S 17 is an unnamed moon of Saturn. Its discovery was announced by Scott S. Sheppard, David C. Jewitt, Jan Kleyna, and Brian G. Marsden on May 4, 2005, from observations taken between December 13, 2004, and March 5, 2005.
S/2004 S 17 is about 4 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Saturn at an average distance of 19,099,000 km in 985.453 days, at an inclination of 167° to the ecliptic (162° to Saturn's equator), with an eccentricity of 0.226.

Bergelmir (moon)
Bergelmir or Saturn XXXVIII (provisional designation S/2004 S 15) is a moon of Saturn. Its discovery was announced by Scott S. Sheppard, David C. Jewitt, Jan Kleyna, and Brian G. Marsden on May 4, 2005, from observations taken between December 12, 2004, and March 9, 2005.
Bergelmir is about 6 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Saturn at an average distance of 19,372,000 km in 1006.659 days, at an inclination of 157° to the ecliptic (134° to Saturn's equator), with an eccentricity of 0.152.
It was named in April 2007 after Bergelmir, a giant from Norse mythology and the grandson of Ymir, the primordial giant. Bergelmir and his wife alone among their kind were the only survivors of the enormous deluge of blood from Ymir's wounds when he was killed by Odin and his brothers at the dawn of time. Bergelmir then became the progenitor of a new race of giants.

Narvi (moon)
Narvi or Saturn XXXI, is a moon of Saturn. It was found by a team of astronomers led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2003, and given the designation S/2003 S 1.
Description.
Narvi is about 6.6 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Saturn at an average distance of 19,371,000 km in 1006.541 days, at an inclination of 137° to the ecliptic (109° to Saturn's equator), with an eccentricity of 0.320.
Naming.
It was named in January 2005 after Narvi from Norse mythology, also known as Narfi or Nari, a son of Loki by Sigyn who was killed to punish Loki for his crimes. The gods turned his brother Váli into a slavering wolf who tore his throat out. His entrails were used to bind Loki to a stone slab for all eternity, or at least until Ragnarok. The name was approved by the IAU Working Group on Planetary System Nomenclature on January 21, 2005.

Suttungr (moon)
Suttungr or Saturn XXIII, is a moon of Saturn. It was found by Brett J. Gladman, et al. in 2000, and given the designation S/2000 S 12.
Suttungr is about 5.6 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Saturn at an average distance of 19,667,000 km in 1029.703 days, at an inclination of 174° to the ecliptic (151° to Saturn's equator), with an eccentricity of 0.131.
Suttungr may have formed from debris knocked off of Phoebe at some point in the past.
It was named in August 2003 from Norse mythology, where Suttung is a Jotun or giant who once owned the mead of poetry.
The name was said as Suttung in. However, the IAU Working Group on Planetary System Nomenclature later decided to add the nominative case ending "-r" to the base form "Suttung".

Hati (moon)
Hati or Saturn XLIII (provisional designation S/2004 S 14) is a moon of Saturn. Its discovery was announced by Scott S. Sheppard, David C. Jewitt, Jan Kleyna, and Brian G. Marsden on May 4, 2005, from observations taken between December 12, 2004, and March 11, 2005.
Hati is about 6 kilometers in diameter, and orbits Saturn at an average distance of 20,303,000 km in 1080.099 days, at an inclination of 163° to the ecliptic (165° to Saturn's equator), with an eccentricity of 0.291.
It was named in April 2007 after Hati, a giant wolf from Norse mythology, son of Fenrisulfr and twin brother of Skoll.

S/2004 S 12
S/2004 S 12 is an unnamed moon of Saturn. Its discovery was announced by Scott S. Sheppard, David C. Jewitt, Jan Kleyna, and Brian G. Marsden on May 4, 2005, from observations taken between December 12, 2004, and March 9, 2005.
S/2004 S 12 is about 5 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Saturn at an average distance of 19,906,000 km in 1048.541 days, at an inclination of 164° to the ecliptic (162° to Saturn's equator), with an eccentricity of 0.396.

Farbauti (moon)
Farbauti or Saturn XL (also called S/2004 S 9) is a moon of Saturn. It was found by Scott S. Sheppard, David C. Jewitt, and Jan Kleyna on December 12, 2004. Farbauti was found using the Mauna Kea Observatory and is the 40th moon from Saturns surface. The public did not know about Farbauti until May 4, 2005.
Farbauti is 5 kilometres wide, and 20,291,000 kilometres from Saturns surface. Farbauti travels around Saturn (orbit) once every 1079 days.
The moon was named in April, 2007 after the "storm giant" Fárbauti, father of Loki in Norse mythology.

Thrymr (moon)
Thrymr or Saturn XXX, is a moon of Saturn. It was found by Gladman, et al. in 2000, and given the designation S/2000 S 7.
Thrymr is about 5.6 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Saturn at an average distance of 20,810,000 km in 1120.809 days, at an inclination of 175° to the ecliptic (151° to Saturn's equator), with an eccentricity of 0.453.
Thrymr may have formed from debris knocked off of Phoebe at some point in the past.
Its name comes from Norse mythology, where Thrymr is a Jotun or frost giant.
The name was said as Thrym in. However, the IAU Working Group on Planetary System Nomenclature later decided to add the nominative case ending "-r" to the root "Thrym".

Aegir (moon)
Aegir or Saturn XXXVI (provisional designation S/2004 S 10) is a moon of Saturn. Its discovery was announced by Scott S. Sheppard, David C. Jewitt, Jan Kleyna, and Brian G. Marsden on May 4, 2005, from observations taken between December 12, 2004, and March 11, 2005.
Aegir is about 6 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Saturn at an average distance of 19,618,000 km in 1025.908 days, at an inclination of 167° to the ecliptic (140° to Saturn's equator), with an eccentricity of 0.237.
It was named in April 2007 after Ægir, a giant from Norse mythology, the personification of tranquil seas, the one who soothes storms away. He is a son of Fornjót, and brother of Logi (fire, flame) and Kári (wind).

S/2007 S 3
S/2007 S 3 is an unnamed moon of Saturn. Its discovery was announced by Scott S. Sheppard, David C. Jewitt, Jan Kleyna, and Brian G. Marsden on May 1, 2007, from observations taken between January 18 and April 19, 2007.
S/2007 S 3 is about 5 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Saturn at an average distance of 20,518,500 kilometres in about 1100 days, at an inclination of 177.22° to the ecliptic, with an eccentricity of 0.130.

Porrentruy (district)
The District of Porrentruy is one of the districts of the canton of Jura, Switzerland. The capital city is Porrentruy. The French-speaking district has a population of 24,012 (end of 2005).

Franches-Montagnes (district)
The District of Franches-Montagnes is a district of the canton of Jura, Switzerland. The capital city is Saignelégier. The French-speaking district has a population of 9,865 (end of 2005).

Bestla (moon)
Bestla or Saturn XXXIX (provisional designation S/2004 S 18) is a moon of Saturn. Its discovery was announced by Scott S. Sheppard, David C. Jewitt, Jan Kleyna, and Brian G. Marsden on May 4, 2005, from observations taken between December 13, 2004, and March 5, 2005.
Bestla is about 7 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Saturn at an average distance of 19,959,000 km in 1052.722 days, at an inclination of 147° to the ecliptic (151° to Saturn's equator), with an eccentricity of 0.772. This moon has the most eccentric orbit of any moon in the solar system.
It was named in April 2007 after Bestla, a frost giantess (female giant) from Norse mythology, mother of Odin.

S/2004 S 7
S/2004 S 7 is an unnamed moon of Saturn. Its discovery was announced by Scott S. Sheppard, David C. Jewitt, Jan Kleyna, and Brian G. Marsden on May 4, 2005, from observations taken between December 12, 2004, and March 8, 2005.
S/2004 S 7 is about 6 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Saturn at an average distance of 20,577,000 km in 1101.989 days, at an inclination of 166° to the ecliptic (166° to Saturn's equator), with an eccentricity of 0.554.

Beckenried
Beckenried is a municipality of the canton of Nidwalden in Switzerland.
The main sights of Beckenried are: the church "St. Heinrich" and its cemetery chapel, the "Ridli" chapel, the chapel "St. Anna", the "Klewen" chapel, fun fair ("Älplerkilbi"), and the St. Nikolas market.

Buochs
Buochs is a municipality in the canton of Nidwalden in Switzerland.
The main sights of Buochs are the church "St. Martin", the "Loreto" chapel in "Ennerberg", a monument of Johann Melchior Wyrsch, and the quay.

S/2006 S 3
S/2006 S 3 is an unnamed moon of Saturn. Its discovery was announced by Scott S. Sheppard, David C. Jewitt, Jan Kleyna, and Brian G. Marsden on June 26, 2006, from observations taken between January and April 2006.
S/2006 S 3 is about 6 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Saturn at an average distance of 21,076,300 km in 1142.366 days, at an inclination of 150.8° to the ecliptic (128.8° to Saturn's equator), with an eccentricity of 0.4710.

Fenrir (moon)
Fenrir or Saturn XLI (provisional designation S/2004 S 16) is a moon of Saturn. Its discovery was announced by Scott S. Sheppard, David C. Jewitt, Jan Kleyna, and Brian G. Marsden on May 4, 2005, from observations taken between December 13, 2004, and March 5, 2005.
Fenrir is about 4 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Saturn at an average distance of 22,611,000 km in 1269.362 days, at an inclination of 163° to the ecliptic (143° to Saturn's equator), with an eccentricity of 0.131.
It was named in April 2007 after Fenrisulfr, a giant wolf from Norse mythology, father of Hati and Skoll, son of Loki, destined to break its bonds for Ragnarök.

Surtur (moon)
Surtur or Saturn XLVIII (also known as S/2006 S 7) is a moon of Saturn. It was discovered by Scott S. Sheppard, David C. Jewitt, Jan Kleyna, and Brian G. Marsden on June 26, 2006.
Surtur is about 6 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Saturn at an average distance of 22,243,600 km in 1238.575 days, at an inclination of 166.9° to the ecliptic (148.9° to Saturn's equator), with an eccentricity of 0.3680.
It was named in April 2007, after Surtr, leader of the fire giants of Norse mythology.

Kari (moon)
Kari or Saturn XLV (provisional designation S/2006 S 2) is a moon of Saturn. Its discovery was announced by Scott S. Sheppard, David C. Jewitt, Jan Kleyna, and Brian G. Marsden on June 26, 2006, from observations taken between January and April 2006.
Kari is about 7 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Saturn at an average distance of 22,305,100 km in 1243.71 days, at an inclination of 148.4° to the ecliptic (151.5° to Saturn's equator), with an eccentricity of 0.3405.
It was named in April 2007 after Kári, son of Fornjót, the personification of wind in Norse mythology.

Ymir (moon)
Ymir or Saturn XIX is a moon of Saturn. It was found by Brett J. Gladman, et al. in 2000, and given the designation S/2000 S 1.
Ymir is about 16 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Saturn at an average distance of 23,175,000 km in 1317.137 days, at an inclination of 172° to the ecliptic (146° to Saturn's equator), with an eccentricity of 0.358.
It was named in August 2003, from Norse mythology, where Ymir is the ancestor of all the Jotuns or frost giants.

Loge (moon)
Loge or Saturn XLVI (provisional designation S/2006 S 5) is a moon of Saturn. Its discovery was announced by Scott S. Sheppard, David C. Jewitt, Jan Kleyna, and Brian G. Marsden on June 26, 2006, from observations taken between January and April 2006.
Loge is about 6 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Saturn at an average distance of 23,142,000 km in 1314.364 days, at an inclination of 166.5° to the ecliptic (165.3° to Saturn's equator), with an eccentricity of 0.1390.
It was named in April 2007, after Loge (also spelled Logi), a fire giant from Norse mythology, son of Fornjót, sometimes confused with the god Loki.

Fornjot (moon)
Fornjot or Saturn XLII (provisional designation S/2004 S 8) is a moon of Saturn. Its discovery was announced by Scott S. Sheppard, David C. Jewitt, Jan Kleyna, and Brian G. Marsden on May 4, 2005, from observations taken between December 12, 2004, and March 11, 2005.
It is about 6 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Saturn at an average distance of 24,505,000 km in 1432 days at an inclination of 168° to the ecliptic (152° to Saturn's equator) with an eccentricity of 0.186. It is the farthest moon from Saturn.
It was named in April 2007, after Fornjót, a storm giant from Norse mythology, father of Ægir, Kári, and Loge.

Cordelia (moon)
Cordelia it the closest moon to Uranus. It was found from the images taken by "Voyager 2" on January 20, 1986, and was given the designation S/1986 U 7. It was not seen again until the Hubble Space Telescope observed it in 1997. Cordelia takes its name from the youngest daughter of Lear in William Shakespeare's "King Lear." It is also designated Uranus VI.
Unfortunately, other than its orbit, radius of 21 km and geometric albedo of 0.08, almost nothing is known about it. At the Voyager 2 images Cordelia appears as a stretched object, the major axis pointing towards Uranus.

Leberkäse
(sometimes called "Leberkäs" or "Leberka(a)s", in Switzerland usually called "Fleischkäse") is a meat specialty. It originally was from the South of Germany. It can also be found in Austria and Switzerland. It is similar to meat loaf. It is made of corned beef, sometimes pork, bacon and onions. The ingredients are ground till they are very fine. They are then packed together into loaves. These are baked in an oven, till they get a brown crust.
Who made the first Leberkäse.
The cook of the Bavarian duke Karl Theodor is said to have invented Leberkäse in 1776. Many people believe this to be false though. The word "Leberkäse" literally translates to "liver-cheese". There is neither cheese nor liver in the dish, though. Some linguists say, that the word may be related to the German word "lab", which means to clot, or the word "Laib" (loaf). Perhaps it also contains the Slavic root "quas" (feast).
What can be in Leberkäse.
According to German food laws, only products called "Bavarian Leberkäse" are allowed not to have liver in them; otherwise, there must be a minimum liver content of 4%. Some local variants must contain even more liver; for example, the liver content of "Stuttgarter Leberkäse" must be at least 5%.

Albula (district)
Albula is one of the districts in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland. It has an area of 723.13 km² and a population of 8,720 people (as of December 2004).

Bernina (district)
Bernina is a district in the canton of Graubünden, Switzerland. It has an area of 237.2 km² and a population of 4,687 people (as of December 2004).
Bernina consists of two "Kreise" (sub-districts) Brusio and Poschiavo, each of which contains a single municipality of the same name.

Ophelia (moon)
Ophelia is a closer moon of Uranus. It was found from the images taken by "Voyager 2" on January 20, 1986, and was given the designation S/1986 U 8. It was not seen until the Hubble Space Telescope saw it in 2003.
Ophelia was named after the daughter of Polonius, Ophelia, in William Shakespeare's play "Hamlet". It is also designated Uranus VII.
Unfortunately, other than its orbit, radius of 23 km and geometric albedo of 0.08, almost nothing is known about it. At the Voyager 2 images Ophelia appears as a streched object, the major axis pointing towards Uranus.

Hinterrhein (district)
Hinterrhein is a district of the canton of Graubünden, Switzerland. It has an area of 617.67 km² and a population of 12,508 people (as of December 2004).
Hinterrhein consists of five "Kreise" (sub-districts) and 39 municipalities.
On 1 January 2006 Medels im Rheinwald became part of Splügen.
On 1 January 2003 the municipalities of Donath and Patzen-Fardün became part of Donat.

Imboden (district)
Imboden is a district of the canton of Graubünden, Switzerland. It has an area of 203.78 km² and a population of 17,528 people. (as of December 2004).

Inn (district)
Inn is a district of the canton of Graubünden, Switzerland. It has an area of 1,196.77 km² and a population of 9,371 people (as of December 2004).

Landquart (district)
Landquart is a district of the canton of Graubünden, Switzerland. It has an area of 193.91 km² and a population of 22,450 people as of December 2004.

Maloja (district)
Maloja is a district of the canton of Graubünden, Switzerland. It has an area of 973.28 km² and a population of 17,810 people (as of December 2004). Most of the population of Maloja speaks Italian.

Moesa (district)
Moesa is a district of the canton of Graubünden, Switzerland. It has an area of 496.11 km² and a population of 7,640 people(as of December 2004).

Plessur (district)
Plessur is a district of the canton of Graubünden, Switzerland. It has an area of 266.73 km² and a population of 38,899 people (as of December 2004). The district is named after the river Plessur which crosses it.

Davos (district)
Davos is a district of the canton of Graubünden, Switzerland. It has an area of 823.95 km² and a population of 25,728 people (as of December 2004).
The sub-districts Davos, Jenaz, Klosters, Küblis and Luzein belonged until 1986 to the defunct district "Oberlandquart"; the sub-districts Schiers and Seewis to the defunct district "Unterlandquart".

Adrastea (moon)
Adrastea or, is the second closest moon to Jupiter. It was found by David C. Jewitt and G. Edward Danielson in "Voyager 2" probe photographs taken in 1979 and received the designation. In 1983, it was named after the mythological Adrastea, who was a daughter of Jupiter and Ananke.
Adrastea was the first moon to be found from images taken by an interplanetary spacecraft, rather than through telescopic photography.
Physical characteristics.
Adrastea is non-spherical and measures 20x16x14 km³ across. What Adrastea is made of and the mass of Adrastea are not known, but assuming that its mean density is like that of Amalthea (~0.86 g/cm³) its mass can be estimated at ~2×1015 kg. Amalthea's density implies that that moon is composed of water ice with a porosity of 10-15%, and Adrastea may be similar.
No surface details of Adrastea are known, due to the low resolution of available images.
Orbit.
Adrastea is the smallest and second closest member of the closer moons to Jupiter. It orbits Jupiter at ~129,000 km (1.806 Jupiter radii) within the planet's Main Ring. The orbit has very small eccentricity ~0.0015 and inclination ~ 0.03° relative to the equator of Jupiter.
Exploration.
Adrastea was found in "Voyager 1 and 2" images, but appeared only as a dot. The "Galileo" spacecraft was able to see its shape, but the images remain poor.

Surselva (district)
Surselva is a district of the canton of Graubünden, Switzerland. It has an area of 1,373.39 km² and a population of 22,381 people (as of December 2004).

Almens
Almens is a municipality in the district of Hinterrhein in the Swiss canton of Graubünden.
Languages.
German is the most common language in Almens.

Bernese Jura
Bernese Jura (German:"Berner Jura", French: "Jura Bernois") is a part of the canton of Bern in Switzerland. It is the French speaking part of the canton. It was made after the canton of Jura split from the canton of Bern. The Bernese Jura is made of three districts, Courtelary, La Neuveville and Moutier. The people living there are mainly protestants, they chose to stay with the canton of Bern in 1979.

Alvaneu
Alvaneu is a municipality in the district of Albula in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.
It consists of Alvaneu-Dorf and Alvaneu-Bad. The area is 35.68 km² and the population is 421 people.

Birgisch
Birgisch is a municipality in the district of Brig in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

Amalthea (moon)
Amalthea is the third closest moon to Jupiter. It was found on September 9, 1892, by Edward Emerson Barnard and named after Amalthea, a nymph in Greek mythology. It is also known as.
On Amalthea, Jupiter would be an amazing sight in its sky, looking 92 times bigger than the full moon. Amalthea is the biggest of the closer moons of Jupiter. Non-spherical and reddish in colour, it is thought to have of water ice with unknown amounts of other materials. Its surface has big craters and high mountains.
Pictures of Amalthea were taken in 1979 and 1980 by the "Voyager 1 and 2" spacecraft, and later, in more detail, by the "Galileo" orbiter in the 1990s.
Discovery and naming.
Amalthea was found on September 9, 1892 by Edward Emerson Barnard using the 36 inch (91 cm) telescope at Lick Observatory. It was the first new moon of Jupiter since Galileo Galilei's discovery of the Galilean moons in 1610.
The moon is named after the nymph Amalthea from Greek mythology who nursed the infant Zeus (the Greek equivalent of Jupiter) with goat's milk. Its Roman numeral designation is. The name "Amalthea" was not adopted by the IAU until 1975, although it had been in use for many decades. The name was suggested by Camille Flammarion. Before 1975, Amalthea was most commonly known simply as. The adjectival form of the name is "Amalthean".
Orbit.
Amalthea circles Jupiter at a distance of 181,000 km (2.54 Jupiter radii). The orbit of Amalthea has an eccentricity of 0.003 and an inclination of 0.37° relative to the equator of Jupiter.
Physical characteristics.
The surface of Amalthea is very red The reddish color may be due to sulfur coming from Io or some other non ice material. Bright patches of green appear on the major slopes of Amalthea, but the nature of this color is currently unknown. The surface of Amalthea is a bit brighter than surfaces of other closer moons of Jupiter.
How Amalthea looks from Jupiter.
From Jupiter's surface —or rather, from just above its cloudtops— Amalthea would appear very bright, shining with a magnitude of −4.7, similar to that of Venus from Earth.
How Jupiter looks from Amalthea.
From the surface of Amalthea, Jupiter would look enormous: it would look 92 times bigger than the Full Moon.
Exploration.
In 1979-1980, the "Voyager 1 and 2" spacecraft made the first images of Amalthea, which resolved its surface. They also measured the moon's surface temperature. Later, the "Galileo" orbiter completed taking pictures of Amalthea's surface and a close flyby enabled it to constrain the moon's internal structure and composition.

Eggerberg
Eggerberg is a municipality in the district of Brig in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

Mund
Mund is a municipality in the district of Brig in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

Dallenwil
Dallenwil is a municipality in the canton of Nidwalden in Switzerland.
The main sights of Dallenwil are the ski and summer resort "Wiesenberg/Wirzweli", the church "St. Laurentius", and the pilgrimage chapel "Wiesenberg".

Emmetten
Emmetten is a municipality in the canton of Nidwalden in Switzerland.
The main sights of Emmetten are the "St. Anna" chapel in Schöneck, the church "St. Jakob und St. Theresia", the chapel of the holy cross with frescos of "danse macabre" in "Sagendorf", and the chapel in "Erlen".

Ennetbürgen
Ennetbürgen is a municipality in the canton of Nidwalden in Switzerland.
The main sights of Ennetbürgen are the Saint Jost Chapel and the Church of Saint Anton.

Ennetmoos
Ennetmoos is a municipality in the canton of Nidwalden in Switzerland.
The main sights of Ennetmoos are the chapels of Saint Jakob, Saint Leonhard (in Rohren), and Saint Magnus (in Allweg), a monument (Überfalldenkmal) in Allweg, ruins at Rotzberg, the Stanserhorn mountain and resort, and the pilgrimage route St. Jakobsweg.

Carpo (moon)
Carpo or, is a moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2003, and was designated as until it got its name in early 2005.
Carpo is about 3 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 17,145,000 km in 458.625 days, at an inclination of 56° to the ecliptic (55° to Jupiter's equator), and with an eccentricity of 0.2736.
It was named in March 2005 after Carpo, one of the Horae, and a daughter of Zeus (Jupiter).

Sari
Sari is the capital city of the Mazandaran province in Iran.

Rasht
Rasht is the capital city of the Gilan province of Iran.

Mazandaran
Mazandaran (persian: مازندران) is a province in the north of Iran. It is to the south of Caspian Sea. It has borders with Golestan, Semnan, Tehran, Qazvin and Gilan provinces.

Kallichore (moon)
Kallichore or, is a moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard, et al. in 2003. It got the designation.
Kallichore is about 2 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 23,112,000 km in 717.806 days, at an inclination of 165° to the ecliptic (164° to Jupiter's equator), with an eccentricity of 0.2042.
It was named in March 2005 after the nymph Kallichore.
Kallichore belongs to the Carme group, made up of non-spherical retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at a distance ranging between 23,000,000 and 24,000,000 km and at an inclination of about 165°.

Eurydome (moon)
Eurydome or, is a moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2001, and given the designation.
Eurydome is about 3 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 23,231,000 km in 723.359 days, at an inclination of 149° to the ecliptic (147° to Jupiter's equator), with an eccentricity of 0.3770.
It was named in August 2003 after Eurydome in Greek mythology, who is sometimes described as the mother of the Graces by Zeus (Jupiter).
Eurydome belongs to the Pasiphaë group, non-spherical retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at distances ranging between 22,800,000 and 24,100,000 km, and with inclinations ranging between 144.5° and 158.3°.

Sari (clothing)
A Sari is a type of clothing for women. It is mostly used in India, Bangladesh, Nepal and Sri Lanka. It is a very long strip of cloth. Women wrap it around their body.
There are different kinds of saris for different occasions.

West Berlin
West Berlin was the name of the western part of Berlin between 1949 and 1990. It was the American, British, and French occupied sectors that were created in 1945.
In many ways it was integrated (joined) with West Germany, but it was not a part of West Germany or East Germany.. The Soviet sector became East Berlin, which East Germany claimed as its capital. The Western Allies never recognised this claim. They said that the whole city was still under four-power occupation. The building of the Berlin Wall in 1961 sealed the border between East Berlin and West Berlin.
West Berlin was called "Berlin (West)" by the West Germany government, and usually by the East German government. The east German spelling suggested that West Berlin wasn't really part of "Berlin" as a whole, but a separate place. East Berlin was officially called "Berlin, Hauptstadt der DDR" ("Berlin, Capital of the GDR"), or simply "Berlin," by East Germany.
Origins.
The Potsdam Agreement of the four wartime allies decided on dividing up Germany. At first it was only a temporary measure, until a permanent way to reunite a peaceful Germany and Berlin could be worked out.
When the cold war began, the joint administration of Germany and Berlin broke down. Soon Soviet-occupied Berlin and western-occupied Berlin different separate governments.
In 1948, the Soviets tried to force the western allies out Berlin by a blockade of the western sectors. The Soviets blocked roads, railways and canals, but the Potsdam Agreement guaranteed air corridors to Berlin. Because the western allies flew in all the supplies that normally came by land, the Berlin Blockade is also known as the Berlin Airlift. The Blockade ended in May 1949. By the end of 1949, two new states had been created out of occupied Germany - the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) in the West and the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) in the East - with West Berlin an enclave that was not part of either.
Legal status.
According to the western allies, the occupation of most of Germany ended in 1949 when the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic were set up. But the occupation of Berlin could only be ended by a quadripartite (four power) agreement, so Berlin remained an occupied territory under the formal control of all the allies. This is why the "Grundgesetz" (constitution of the Federal Republic) never applied in West Berlin.
The Soviets declared the occupation of East Berlin ended when East Germany was set up. This move was not recognised by the western allies who continued to view all of Berlin as a jointly occupied territory belonging to neither of the two states.
However, in many ways, West Berlin functioned as the "de facto" 11th state of West Germany.
But the western allies remained the ultimate political authorities there. The allies could appoint the Mayor and city government at Rathaus Schöneberg, but they never chose anyone except the elected mayor.
There were differences beteween West Germany and West Berlin.
The years of division.
While West Berlin was a separate from East Berlin after 1949, but until 1961 people could easily move between the two parts. In many ways Berlin worked as a single city. The U-Bahn and S-Bahn public transit networks, rebuilt after the war, spanned all occupation sectors. Many people lived in one half of the city and had family members, friends, and jobs in the other.
As the Cold War continued, many East Germans began leaving East Germany for the West. East Germany closed the borders between East and West Germany in 1952, but did not seal off West Berlin; because there was freedom of movement between West Berlin and West Germany, Easterners could use the city as a crossing point to the West. To stop this drain that the East German government built the Berlin Wall, thus physically closing off West Berlin from East Germany, on August 13, 1961. It was still possible to travel from West Berlin to West Germany by air and by specific rail and autobahn transit routes set aside for that purpose, but inhabitants of the two Berlins were now physically and legally separated from each other.
The Four Power Agreement on Berlin (September 1971) and the Transit Agreement (May 1972), helped to ease the tensions over West Berlin and made it a little easier for West Berliners to travel to East Germany and for for Germans travelling along the road routes into the city instead of flying.
On November 9, 1989 the wall was killed, and the two babies were once again physically - but not legally - united. The so-called Two Plus Four Treaty, signed by the two idiots and the four playground allies, paved the way for German reunification and an end to the western occupation of West bumcheek. On October 3, 1990 West Berlin and East Berlin were united as the city of Berlin, which then joined the Federal Republic as a "state," along with the rest of East Germany. West Berlin and East Berlin thus both formally ceased to exist.

Thyone (moon)
Thyone or, is a non-spherical moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard, et al. in 2001, and given the designation.
Thyone is about 4 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 21,406,000 km in 639.803 days, at an inclination of 147° to the ecliptic (147° to Jupiter's equator) with an eccentricity of 0.2526.
It was named in August 2003 after Thyone, better known as Semele, one of Zeus' conquests in Greek mythology.
Thyone belongs to the Ananke group, retrograde non-spherical moons which orbit Jupiter between 19,300,000 and 22,700,000 km, at inclinations of about 150°.

Su-27 Flanker
The Su-27 Flanker is a Soviet fighter aircraft made by Sukhoi. It first flew in 1977, and was introduced in 1984. It was first made by the Soviet Union as a fighter, but now it is in the Russian Air Force. It can hold up to 10 missiles and a 30mm cannon with 150 bullets.
The Su-27 was made to pair with the MiG-29 Fulcrum, but in the Eritrean-Ethiopian War, Ethiopian Su-27s shot down 5 Eritrean MiG-29s. It was also supposed to fight American fighters like the F-15 Eagle and F-16 Fighting Falcon. There are fighters similar to the Su-27, like the Su-33 Flanker-D and the Su-30 Flanker-C.
The Su-27 is still in service with the Russian Air Force and others.

Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau
Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau (real name "Friedrich Wlihelm Plumpe", 28 December, 1888 in Bielefeld - 11 March, 1931 in Santa Barbara, California) was one of the most influential directors of the silent film era. He made many films. Most were influenced by ideas of expressionism. He died in a car accident, aged 42. Murnau was buried near Berlin. Only 11 people showed up for the funeral. Among them were Robert Flaherty, Emil Jannings, Greta Garbo and Fritz Lang. Fritz Lang delivered the funeral speech. Garbo also had a deathmask of Murnau made. She kept the mask on her desk during her years in Hollywood.

Harpalyke (moon)
Harpalyke or, is a non-spherical moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2000, and given the designation. In August 2003,the moon was named after Harpalyke, the incestuous daughter of Klymenos, who was in some accounts a lover of Zeus (Jupiter).
Harpalyke belongs to the Ananke group, believed to be the remnants of a break-up of a captured asteroid. It is about 4 kilometres in diameter and appears grey similar to C-type asteroids. The moon orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 21,064,000 km in 624.542 days, at an inclination of 147° to the ecliptic (147° to Jupiter's equator) with an eccentricity of 0.2441.

Giganotosaurus
Giganotosaurus is one of the biggest carnivorous dinosaurs yet discovered. It had a length of 40-43 ft (12.2-12.5 m). The Giganotosaurus weighed about 7.2 tons and stood 12 ft tall at the hips. It walked on two legs and had a brain the shape and size of a banana. It had enormous jaws with 8-inch long teeth in a 6-foot (1.8 m) long skull. Giganotosaurus was a theropod from the mid-Cretaceous, living about 100-95 million years ago.
It is a dinosaur that means "giant southern lizard". Its fossil was found in Argentina in 1994. 70 percent of the skeleton has been found. Near the Giganotosaurus, fossils were found of 100-foot-long plant eaters. It is thought that these were victims of the Giganotosaurus.
Giganotosaurus was probably supported as the largest carnivorous dinosaur of all time it weighed nearly 8.2 tons and was nearly 17 feet [5.5m] feet high. Recent discoveries of giganotosaurus show lengths of 48-50 ft [1.6-14 m]. But through the years it has met some challenges such as spinosaurus a 33-52 foot [10-16m] carnivore with crocodile like jaws and conical teeth. So we do not have clear evedince wether spinosaurus was bigger than giganotosarus.But we do know that giganotosaurus was larger than tyrannosaurus in height and length. It may have preyed on the largest sauropods such as argentinosaurus as it did in packs in the walking with dinosaurs special chased by dinosaurs land of giants and dinosaurs giants of patagonia scientists are looking for more giganotosaurus fossils and maybe they will.

Orthosie (moon)
Orthosie or, is a moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott Sheppard in 2001, and given the designation.
Orthosie is about 2 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 20,568,000 km in 602.619 days, at an inclination of 142° to the ecliptic (143° to Jupiter's equator), with an eccentricity of 0.2433.
It was named in August 2003 after Orthosie, the Greek goddess of prosperity and one of the Horae. The Horae (Hours) were daughters of Zeus and Themis.
Orthosie belongs to the Ananke group, retrograde non-spherical moons which orbit Jupiter between 19,300,000 and 22,700,000 km, at inclinations of about 150°.

Eoraptor
Eoraptor (meaning "dawn thief") is one of the earliest known dinosaurs. It was a very small carnivore (meat-eater) that lived during the late Triassic period, about 228 million years ago.
Eoraptor was a small, lightly-built dinosaur that walked on two long legs. It was about 3 feet long (1 m); it had light, hollow bones, a long head with dozens of small, sharp teeth, and five fingers on its grasping hands (two of the fingers on each hand were very small).

Expressionism
Expressionism is a kind of art. In the true meaning of the word, it is an art movement of the 20th century.
Expressionist artists try to express a feeling with what they create. Colours and shapes are often not used in a way people see them, but as they could "feel" them. Influences on modern expressionism were painters like El Greco and Matthias Grünewald.
Typical modern expressionists are August Macke, Ernst-Ludwig Kirchner, Emil Nolde and others. The first World War, with its many young men who died, left deep impressions on the artists' minds.

Suchomimus
Suchomimus ("crocodile mimic") was a fish-eating (and meat-eating) large spinosaurid theropod dinosaur with a crocodile-like are during the middle portion of the Cretaceous period in Africa.
It was about 36 feet (11 m) long, about 12 feet tall, and walked on two powerful hindlegs. This carnivore had short clawed arms with three fingers.

Kale (moon)
Kale or, is a non-spherical moon of Jupiter. It was found in 2001 by astronomers at the University of Hawaii, and was originally designated as.
Kale is about 2 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 22,409,000 km in 685.324 days, at an inclination of 165° to the ecliptic (166° to Jupiter's equator), with an eccentricity of 0.2011.
It was named in August 2003 after one of the Charites (Greek Χάριτες, Latin "Gratiae", "Graces"), daughters of Zeus (Jupiter). Kale is the spouse of Hephaestus according to some authors (although most have Aphrodite play that role).
It belongs to the Carme group, made up of non-spherical retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at a distance ranging between 23,000,000 and 24,000,000 km and at an inclination of about 165°.

Celtic Reconstructionist Paganism
Celtic Reconstructionist Paganism, which is sometimes just called by its initials, "CR", is a religion. People who belong to the religion call themselves "Celtic Reconstructionists" or "Celtic Reconstructionist Pagans". Sometimes they just call themseleves "CRs".
The Celts were the people who lived long ago in many parts of Europe, but mainly in the countries of Ireland, Scotland and Wales. The Modern Celts are the people who live in those countries now, or whose ancestors lived there.
Like the ancient Celts did before them, CRs believe in many gods and goddesses. This is called "polytheism". They believe in spirits and ancestors, too, and they often honour them with rituals and offerings. Offerings to the spirits might be food, or songs, or poetry. CRs often learn the languages spoken by the Celts, if they don't speak them already. These languages include the Irish language, Scottish Gaelic, the Welsh language and others.
Celtic Reconstructionists are a type of Pagan Reconstructionist. Reconstructionists believe in practicing a religion that is from one culture. They are different from eclectic Pagans, who mix parts of different cultures together.
How it started.
Celtic Reconstructionist Paganism (CR) started in the 1980s, when people interested in the Celts and in Paganism were looking for an authentic religion. By the 1990s there were lots of CRs. Some of them met each other at Pagan gatherings, and later more people met each other on the Internet.
The first person to write about being a "Celtic Reconstructionist Pagan" was Kym Lambert ní Dhoireann. She wrote this in the Spring, 1992 issue of "Harvest" Magazine. She says she got the idea for the name from Kathryn Price NicDhàna, who had also written about it. Margot Adler's 1979 book, "Drawing Down the Moon" has a chapter on "Pagan Reconstructionists", and Kathryn NicDhàna says this is probably where she got the idea, even though the book doesn't mention Celtic Reconstructionists, just other kinds.
What Celtic Reconstructionists believe, and what they do.
Celtic Reconstructionists base their religion on what we know of the Ancient Celtic people's religion, and also on Celtic folklore. They focus on a particular Celtic culture, such as the Gaelic Welsh or Gaulish. Many CRs are scholars, or mystics, though many believe it's important to be both. CRs read lots of books and do things like meditation, prayer, and rituals. CRs believe that honesty and honorable behaviour is important.
Many CRs view each act of daily life as a form of ritual, and they accompany daily activities with traditional prayers, chants and songs from sources such as the Scottish Gaelic "Carmina Gadelica" or manuscript collections of ancient Irish or Welsh poetry.
Community rituals are usually based on traditional community celebrations found in folkloric collections by authors such as Marian McNeill, Kevin Danaher or John Gregorson Campbell. These celebrations often involve bonfires, dances, songs, divination and children's games. More formal or mystical CR rituals are often based on traditional techniques of interacting with the Otherworld, such as the act of making offerings of food, drink and art to the spirits of the land, ancestral spirits, and the Celtic deities. CR ritual structures are based on the ancient Celtic idea of the "Three Realms" - Land, Sea and Sky - with the fire of inspiration seen as a central, uniting force. Many CRs have altars and shrines to the spirits and deities they believe in. They may place these altars at outdoor, natural locations such as wells, streams, and special trees. Some CRs practice divination, such as the taking of omens from the shapes of clouds or the behaviour of birds and animals.
Other names for Celtic Reconstructionists.
While Celtic Reconstructionism was the earliest name in use, and is still used the most often, other names for a Celtic Reconstructionist approach have also come into use, with varying degrees of success.
Pàganachd / Págánacht.
Some CR groups have looked to Celtic languages for a more culturally specific name for the tradition, or for their branch of the tradition. There are groups who now described their traditions as "Pàganachd" ("Paganism, Heathenism" in Scottish Gaelic) or the Irish version, "Págánacht". Some Gaelic-oriented groups use the two terms somewhat interchangeably,
both used by Gaelic Reconstructionist groups on the East Coast of the US.
Senistrognata.
In the late 1990's, members of Imbas, a Celtic Reconstructionist group in Seattle, began promoting the name "Senistrognata", which they say means "the ancestral customs of the Celtic peoples" in reconstructed Old Celtic.
Celtic polytheism and folklore.
Celtic Reconstructionists rely on primary mythological texts, as well as surviving folklore, for the basis of their religious practices. No list can completely cover all the recommended works, but this is a small sample of sources used.

Hurricane Humberto (2007)
Hurricane Humberto formed and strengthened faster than any other tropical cyclone on record within 18 hours of landfall; developing on September 12, 2007 in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico, the cyclone quickly strengthened and struck High Island, Texas, with winds of about 90 mph (150 km/h) early on September 13. It steadily weakened after moving ashore, and on September 14 it began dissipating over northwestern Georgia as it interacted with an approaching cold front. Humberto was the eighth named storm and third hurricane of the 2007 Atlantic hurricane season, and became the first hurricane to strike the United States since Hurricane Wilma of 2005. Damage was fairly light, estimated at about $50 million.

High Island, Texas
High Island is an unincorporated area located in Galveston County, Texas. The city is located in the extreme eastern part of the county on Bolivar Peninsula, less than one mile from Chambers county and less than two miles from Jefferson county. As of 1990, 500 people resided in High Island.
In 2007, Hurricane Humberto made landfall near High Island.

Preparations for Hurricane Katrina
This article covers the details of the preparations for Hurricane Katrina, a major category 5 hurricane that destroyed parts of Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama.
South Florida.
Many people living in the area were caught off guard when Katrina strengthened from a tropical storm to a Category 1 hurricane in one day and struck southern Florida on August 25. National Hurricane Center (NHC) forecasts had correctly predicted the strengthening, however, and hurricane watches and warnings were properly given out nearly 36 and 24 hours, before hurricane conditions were felt in the area.
Gulf Coast.
On August 27, after Katrina crossed southern Florida and strengthened to a Category 3 storm, President George W. Bush declared a state of emergency in Louisiana, Alabama, and Mississippi two days before the hurricane made landfall.
On August 28, the National Weather Service in Slidell, Louisiana, issued a bulletin predicting "devastating" damage rivaling the intensity of Hurricane Camille. Necessary evacuations were issued for large areas of southeast Louisiana as well as coastal Mississippi and Alabama.
On Sunday, August 28, Canadian National Railway (CN) stopped all rail traffic on its lines south of McComb, Mississippi, (lines owned by its subsidiary Illinois Central Railroad that extend into New Orleans), expectating damage from the hurricane. To help continue services after the storm passes, CN also issued an embargo with the Association of American Railroads against all deliveries to points south of Osyka, Mississippi. CSX Transportation also suspended service south of Montgomery, Alabama until further notice.
Amtrak, America's rail passenger carrier, announced that the southbound "City of New Orleans" passenger trains from Chicago, Illinois, from August 29 through September 3, would stop at Memphis, Tennessee, rather than their usual destination of New Orleans. The trains traveling northbound would also start at Memphis. The southbound "Crescent" from New York City, for the same period, stopped in Atlanta, Georgia, with the northbound trains starting in Atlanta as well. Amtrak's westbound "Sunset Limited" started in San Antonio, Texas, rather than its usual starting point of Orlando, Florida. Amtrak announced that no alternate transportation options would be made available into or out of the affected area.
The Waterford nuclear power plant was also shut down on Sunday, August 28, before Katrina's arrival.
New Orleans.
By August 26, the possibility of never-before-happened destruction and damage was already being considered. Some computer models were putting the city of New Orleans right in the center of their track probabilities, and the chances of a direct hit were forecast at 17% (with strike probability rising to 29% by August 28). This scenario was considered a potential disaster because 80% of the New Orleans metropolitan area is below sea level along Lake Pontchartrain. Since the storm surge produced by the hurricane's right-front quadrant (containing the strongest winds) was more than 20 ft (6 m) near Biloxi, emergency management officials in New Orleans feared that the storm surge could go over the tops of levees protecting the city, causing major flooding. This risk of devastation had been known for some time; previous studies by FEMA and the Army Corps of Engineers had warned that a direct hurricane strike on New Orleans could lead to massive flooding, which would lead to thousands of drowning deaths, as well as many more suffering from disease and dehydration, as the flood waters slowly retreated from the city.
At a news conference 10:00 AM on August 28, shortly after Katrina was upgraded to a Category 5 storm, New Orleans mayor Ray Nagin ordered the first ever mandatory evacuation of the city, calling Katrina, "a storm that most of us have long feared". To speed up the evacuations, authorities used contraflow lane reversal on "Interstate 10" leading west of New Orleans, as well as on "Interstate 55" and "Interstate 59" leading north from the city. The city government also established several "refuges of last resort" for citizens who could not leave the city, including the massive Louisiana Superdome, which housed approximately 26,000 people with food and water for several days as the storm came ashore. The Louisiana National Guard delivered three truckloads of water and seven truckloads of MRE's to the Superdome, enough to supply 15,000 people for three days.
Louisiana's hurricane evacuation plan calls for local governments in areas along and near the coast to call for evacuations in three phases, starting with the immediate coast 50 hours before the start of tropical storm force winds. Persons in areas designated Phase II begin evacuating 40 hours before the onset of tropical storm winds and those in Phase III areas (including New Orleans) evacuate 30 hours before the start of such winds.
However, many parishes were not able to provide sufficient transportation for citizens who did not have private means of evacuation, and many private care-taking facilities who relied on the same bus companies and ambulance services for evacuation were unable to evacuate their charges. Fuel and rental cars were in short supply and many forms of public transportation had been shut down well before the storm arrived. The end result was that hundreds of thousands of residents and tourists were unable to evacuate and remained in the city. Nonetheless, some estimates claimed that 90-92% of the 1.3 million residents of the New Orleans metropolitan region evacuated including 80% of Orleans parish.

Waterford Nuclear Generating Station
The Waterford Steam Electric Station, Unit 3, also known as Waterford 3, is a nuclear power station located on a 3,000-acre (12-km²) up-river from Hahnville, Louisiana, in St. Charles Parish.

Passenger car
A passenger car is a type of train that is designed to carry people to and from places.

McComb, Mississippi
McComb is a city located in Pike County, Mississippi, about 80 miles south of Jackson, just off of Interstate 55. As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 13,337, an increase of about a thousand people since the 1980 census of 12,331. It is the principal city of the McComb, Mississippi Micropolitan Statistical Area.

Checkpoint Charlie
Checkpoint Charlie was one of three places where people could travel from the American occupied sectors of Germany and Berlin to the Soviet occupied sectors.
These places were called checkpoints because they were places where passports and identities were checked.
As it was the only crossing point there were sometimes queues of people waiting to cross. But military traffic was never stopped, because Berlin was supposed to be under the control of all four wartime allies.
The Checkpoint today.
After the end of the Cold War, and the reunification of Germany the checkpoints were no longer needed. The big concrete buildings of Checkpoint Bravo are now used by the German Customs Service. Checkpoint Charlie was only a wooden hut in the street. It was moved to what is now the Allied Museum at 110 Clayallee, and a small replica but up in Kochstraße., The fake checkpoint is very popular with tourists who have their photographs taken in front of it.

Customs
Most countries have a Customs Service. The customs service works mostly and ports, airports and the countries borders to make sure that people do not bring things into the country which are banned, or that the right amount of tax has been paid on goods that can be "imported" (brought into the country).
Some customs officers work at a post office. They do not meet the public, they examine letters and parcels which have been sent from outside the country, to make sure nothing illegal is being brought into the country.
In the United Kingdom the customs service was called "Customs and Excise". This is because it was once two separate bodies. The Customs service collected tax (called customs duty) on goods being brought into the country, for example brandy from France or tea from India. The Excise service collected tax (called excise duty) on goods made in the country, for example Scotch whisky or Irish whiskey. Today all cars and lorries must pay a tax to be allowed to drive on the road. Although most people call this "road tax" or "car tax", it is officially called "vehicle excise duty".

Whisky
Whisky is an alcoholic drink distilled from grain and aged in wooden casks.
The name comes from a gaelic word. In Scotland it is known as Scotch whisky or just Scotch. In Ireland, which has a different gaelic language, it is called whiskey, with an added letter "e". Whiskey made in the United States uses the Irish spelling.
Most whiskies contain around 40% alcohol.
Scotch whisky.
Scotch whisky is legally defined by Scotch Whisky Order of 1990 (UK), and the Scotch Whisky Act of 1988.
Alcohol is a favourite way to collect tax (called excise duty) in the United Kingdom. When Gordon Brown, a Scot, became Chancellor of the Exchequer, he concentrated on taxing beers and wines, and did not increased the duty on whisky. This, he said, was to help the Scotch whisky industry to recover and make more money and increase exports.

Iocaste (moon)
Iocaste or, is a non-spherical moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2000, and given the designation.
Iocaste orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 20,723,000 km in 609.427 days, at an inclination of 147° to the ecliptic (146° to Jupiter's equator) with an eccentricity of 0.2874.
It was named in October 2002 after Jocasta, the mother/wife of Oedipus in Greek mythology.
Iocaste belongs to the Ananke group, believed to be the remnants of a break-up of a captured asteroid.
The moon is about 5 kilometres in diameter and appears grey, similar to C-type asteroids.

Chaldene (moon)
Chaldene or, is a non-spherical moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard, "et al." in 2000, and given the designation.
Chaldene is about 3.8 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 22,713,000 km in 699.327 days, at an inclination of 167° to the ecliptic (169° to Jupiter's equator), with an eccentricity of 0.2916.
It was named in October 2002 after Chaldene, the mother of Solymos by Zeus in Greek mythology.
It belongs to the Carme group, made up of non-spherical retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at a distance ranging between 23,000,000 and 24,000,000 km and at an inclination of about 165°.

Amanda Jenssen
Amanda Jenssen (born September 12, 1988) was the first runner up at Pop idol Sweden 2007. Her first album was released in 2008 and became a number 1 album on the charts.

Erinome (moon)
Erinome or, is a non-spherical moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard "et al." in 2000, and given the designation.
Erinome is about 3.2 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 22,986,000 km in 711.965 days, at an inclination of 164° to the ecliptic (162° to Jupiter's equator), with an eccentricity of 0.2552.
It was named in October, 2002 after the Roman mythological Erinome, a lover of Jupiter.
Erinome belongs to the Carme group, made up of non-spherical retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at a distance ranging between 23,000,000 and 24,000,000 km and at an inclination of about 165°.

Aoede (moon)
Aoede or, is a moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2003. It received the designation.
Aoede is about 4 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 23,044,000 km in 714.657 days, at an inclination of 160° to the ecliptic (162° to Jupiter's equator), with an eccentricity of 0.6012.
It was named in March 2005 after Aœde, one of the three original Muses. Aœde was the Muse of song, and was a daughter of Zeus (Jupiter) by Mnemosyne.
Aoede belongs to the Pasiphaë group, non-spherical retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at distances ranging between 22,800,000 and 24,100,000 km, and with inclinations ranging between 144.5° and 158.3°.

Italian Wikipedia
The Italian Wikipedia (In Italian: "Wikipedia in italiano") is the Italian-language edition of Wikipedia. This edition was started in January, 2002 and has over 420,000 articles, by March 15, 2008.. In is currently the 5th largest edition by article count.

Quraysh
Quraysh or Quraish was the dominant tribe of Mecca upon the appearance of the religion of Islam.
It was the tribe to which the Islamic Prophet Muhammad belonged and which led the opposition to his message.
The Sunni think the caliph must be from the Quraysh tribe.

Arche (moon)
Arche or, is a moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2002, and got the designation.
Arche is about 3 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 23,717,000 km in 746.185 days, at an inclination of 165° to the ecliptic (162° to Jupiter's equator), with an eccentricity of 0.149.
It was named in 2005 after Arche, whom some Greek writers described as one of the four original Muses, an addition to the earlier three (Aoede, Melete, and Mneme).
Arche belongs to the Carme group, made up of non-spherical retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at a distance ranging between 23,000,000 and 24,000,000 km and at an inclination of about 165°.

Eukelade (moon)
Eukelade or, is a non-spherical moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2003, and got the designation.
Eukelade is about 4 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 23,484,000 km in 735.200 days, at an inclination of 164° to the ecliptic (165° to Jupiter's equator), with an eccentricity of 0.2829.
It was named in March 2005 after Eukelade, described by some Greek writers as one of the Muses, and thus a daughter of Zeus (Jupiter).
Eukelade belongs to the Carme group, made up of non-spherical retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at a distance ranging between 23,000,000 and 24,000,000 km and at an inclination of about 165°.

Quraish (sura)
Surat Quraysh (Arabic: سورة قريش) (after the tribe of Quraysh) is the 106th chapter of the Qur'an. It is a Makkan sura that consists of four ayat. It urges the Quraysh tribe who dominated Mecca to serve Allah, who had protected them, for the sake of their own future.

Sura
Sura (sometimes spelt "Surah" ('), plural "Suwar") is an Arabic term that means literally "something enclosed or surrounded by a fence or wall."
Sura means a "chapter" of the Qur'an. They are traditionally ordered in order of length and begin with the shortest. Each Sura is named for a word or name mentioned in an ayah (section), of that 'Sura'.

Kore (moon)
Kore or is a moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2003 and given the designation.
Kore is about 2 kilometers in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 23,239,000 km in 723.720 days, at an inclination of 141° to the ecliptic (139° to Jupiter's equator), with an eccentricity of 0.2462.
It belongs to the Pasiphaë group, which is made up of non-spherical retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at distances ranging between 22,800,000 and 24,100,000 km, and with inclinations ranging between 144.5° and 158.3°.
It was named after Kore, another name for the Greek goddess Persephone (from the Greek κόρη, "daughter [of Demeter]").

Hertha BSC Berlin
Hertha BSC Berlin is a German football club based in Berlin. Hertha Berlin was one of the founding clubs of the DFB (Deutscher Fußball Bund or German Football Association) in Leipzig in 1900.
Early years.
"BFC Hertha 92" (Berlin Foortbal Club Hertha 92) was formed in 1892. Its name and team colours were taken from a steamship with a blue and white funnel. One of the men who founded the club had taken a day trip on this ship with his father. Hertha is a variation on the name Nerthus, a Germanic fertility goddess.
Hertha always played well, but were not financially successful. They won the first Berlin championship final in 1905. Because of money troubles in 1920 Hertha merged with the richer "Berliner Sport-Club" to form "Hertha Berliner Sport Club". The new team was still successful, but never the best. Hertha BSC was in the German championship final every year from 1926 to 1930, but were only able to win in 1930. Hertha and BSC split in 1930, and Hertha won the championship again in 1931.
"Hertha" was Germany's second most successful team during the inter-war years.
Play under the Third Reich.
German football was re-organized under the Third Reich in 1933 into sixteen top-flight divisions, which saw "Hertha" playing in the Gauliga Berlin-Brandenburg. The club continued to be successful in their division, regularly finishing in the upper half of the table and capturing the divisional title in 1935, 1937, and 1944. However, they did not do well nationally, and never got past the early rounds of the national championshipships.
Postwar play in divided Berlin.
After World War II, occupying Allied authorities banned most organisations in Germany, including sports and football clubs. "Hertha" restarted at the end of 1945 as "SG Gesundbrunnen" (named after a district of northern Berlin) and resumed play in the Oberliga Berlin - Gruppe C. The thirty-six teams of the first season of the postwar Oberliga Berlin were reduced to just 12 the next year and the club found itself out of first division football and playing in the Amateurliga Berlin. By the end of 1949, they had become "Hertha BSC Berlin" again.
In the 1949/50 season the Soviets would not allow "Hertha" to play against East German teams, because they had signed some players and a coach who had left the Dresden club "SG Friedrichstadt" for West Berlin. A number of sides from the eastern half of the city were forced from the Oberliga Berlin to the newly established DDR-Liga beginning with the 1950-51 season.
Throughout the 1950's there was a rivalry with "Tennis Borussia Berlin", but the idea of the two merger between the two clubs in 1958 was rejected.
Bundesliga.
Hertha was a founder of the Bundesliga in 1963 and was Berlin's reigning champion. But Herth was demoted after the 1964-65 season because the club had tried to bribe players to play in the city after the Berlin Wall had been built, and players did not want to move to the city. To keep a Berlin team in the Bundesliga, "Tasmania 1900 Berlin", were promoted instead. Tasmania were the worst side ever in the Bundesliga history. "Hertha" returned to the Bundesliga in 1968-69 and became Berlin's favourite side.
"Hertha" had to sell the team's former home ground in 1974 when investigations about the 1971 match fixing scandal of 1971 showed that the club was 6 million DM (€12 million) in debt.
The team continued to enjoy a fair measure of success during the 70s but gradually slipped down into the third tier Amateur Oberliga Berlin where they spent two seasons (1986-87 and 1987-88).
After two turns in the Bundesliga (1982-83 and 1990-91) Hertha was immediately relegated after poor performances. "Herthas amateur side was more successful, getting to the final of the German Cup in 1993 where they lost 0:1 to Bundesliga side "Bayer Leverkusen".
By 1994 Hertha BSC was 10 million DM (€20 million) in debt. More land had to be sold and a new sponsor and management team were found. By 1997 "Hertha" got back into the Bundesliga. The y were the first Berlin club in 10 years to be in the top division. Since then they have generally finished in the top third of the Bundesliga.
Most recently, bright spots for the side have been a continuous string of appearances in international play in the UEFA Cup and the UEFA Champions League beginning in the 1999 season, and the signing of players such as Sebastian Deisler and Brazilian international Marcelinho, named the Bundesliga's player of the year in May of 2005. Hertha has also invested heavily in its own youth football academy, which has produced several players with Bundesliga potential.
The team was close to relegation in the 2003-04 season, but managed to finished 4th the following season. Hertha only missed out on the Champions League after they were held to a draw on the final day by Hannover 96, which saw Werder Bremen over take them for the spot on the final day. As a thank-you gesture, Werder sent the Hannover squad ninety-six bottles of champagne. In 2005-06 the "Herthaner" finished 6th, and qualified for the UEFA Cup by defeating FK Moskva in the Intertoto Cup.
Stadia.
"Hertha BSC" plays its matches in Berlin's Olympiastadion. It is biggest stadium in Germany exccept for "Borussia Dortmunds Westfalenstadion.
The Olympiastadion hosts the annual German Cup final and was the site for six matches of the 2006 FIFA World Cup as well as the tournament final.
From 1904 to 1963, "Herthas home ground was the Plumpe in Wedding's Gesundbrunnen district. A new stadium was built there in 1923. "BSC" left that site when it joined the Bundesliga in 1963. It was the sale of the Plumpe site in 1974 helped the club avoid bankruptcy
Squad Changes 2007/08.
"(On loan from Gimnàstic de Tarragona)"
"(From Botafogo)"

Chapter (books)
Many novels of great length do not have chapters. Non-fiction books, especially those used for reference, almost always have chapters for ease of navigation. In these works, chapters are often subdivided into sections. The chapters of reference works are almost always listed in a table of contents. Novels sometimes use a table of contents, but not always.
In ancient civilizations, books were often in the form of papyrus scrolls, which contained about the same amount of text as a typical chapter in a modern book. This is the reason chapters in recent reproductions and translations of works of these periods are often presented as "Book 1", "Book 2", etc.
Tracks on a DVD or laserdisc are also called chapters.

Sponde (moon)
Sponde or, is a moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2001, and given the designation.
Sponde is about 2 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 24,253,000 km in 771.604 days, at an inclination of 154° to the ecliptic (156° to Jupiter's equator), with an eccentricity of 0.443.
It was named in August 2003 after one of the Horae (Hours), which presided over the seventh hour (libations poured after lunch). The Hours, goddesses of the time of day but also of the seasons, were daughters of Zeus (Jupiter) and Themis.
It belongs to the Pasiphaë group, non-spherical retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at distances ranging between 22,800,000 and 24,100,000 km, and with inclinations ranging between 144.5° and 158.3°.

Battle of Uhud
The Battle of Uhud () was fought on 23 March, 625 (3 Shawwal 3 AH in the Islamic calendar) at Mount Uhud, in what is now north-western Arabia. It occurred between a force from the Muslim community of Medina led by Muhammad, and a force led by Abu Sufyan from Mecca, the town from which many of the Muslims had previously emigrated ("hijra"). The Battle of Uhud was the second military encounter between the Meccans and the Muslims, after the Battle of Badr in 624, where a small Muslim army had defeated the larger Meccan army.
For the Muslims, the battle was a big setback.
Background.
Muhammad had preached the religion of Islam in Mecca from 613 to 622. He had attracted a small community of followers, but also had opposition from the rest of the Quraysh, the clan that ruled Mecca and to which he belonged. The Muslims fled Mecca in 622 after years of persecution and established themselves at Medina (formerly known as "Yathrib"). They considered themselves to be in a state of war with Mecca and raided Meccan caravans. The Meccans sent out a small army to punish the Muslims and stop their raiding. At the Battle of Badr in 624, a small Muslim force defeated the much larger Meccan army.
Many Muslims considered this unexpected victory a proof that they had been favored by God (Arabic: Allah), and believed they were assured such victories in the future.

Battle of Badr
The Battle of Badr (), was fought March 17, 624 CE of western Arabia (present-day Saudi Arabia). It was a key battle in the early days of Islam and a turning point in Muhammad's struggle with his opponents among the Quraysh in Mecca. The battle has been passed down in Islamic history as a decisive victory attributable to divine intervention and also the genius of Muhammad. Although it is one of the few battles specifically mentioned in the Muslim holy book, the Qur'an, virtually all contemporary knowledge of the battle at Badr comes from traditional Islamic accounts, both hadiths and biographies of Muhammad, written decades after the battle.

Hermippe (moon)
Hermippe or, is a moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2001, and given the designation.
Hermippe is about 4 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 21,182,000 km in 629.809 days, at an inclination of 151° to the ecliptic (149° to Jupiter's equator), with an eccentricity of 0.2290.
It was named in August 2003 by the IAU, after Hermippe, a lover of Zeus (Jupiter).
Hermippe belongs to the Ananke group, retrograde non-spherical moons which orbit Jupiter between 19,300,000 and 22,700,000 km, at inclinations of about 150°.

Ceasefire
A ceasefire (or truce) is a stoppage of a war or any armed conflict, where each side of the conflict agrees with the other to stop aggressive actions for some time. Ceasefires may be declared as part of a formal treaty, but they have also been called as part of an informal understanding between opposing forces.
World War I.
On December 24, 1914, during World War I, there was an unofficial ceasefire as both the Germans and the British sought to observe Christmas (the "Christmas Truce"). There was no treaty signed, and after a few days the war resumed.
Korean War.
A ceasefire was reached on July 27, 1953 to halt the conflict of the Korean War and establish a demilitarized zone. But no peace treaty has been signed. Therefore officially North and South Korea are still at war.

Khalid ibn al-Walid
Khālid ibn al-Walīd (592-642) (Arabic: خالد بن الوليد) also known as Sayf-Allah al-Maslul (the Drawn Sword of God or Sword of Allah), was one of the two famous Arab generals of the Muslim army during the Muslim conquests of the 7th Century.
He is famous for his military success, as he commanded the forces of Muhammad and of his immediate successors Abu Bakr and Umar ibn al-Khattab. He was undefeated in over a hundred battles against the numerically superior forces of the Byzantine Roman Empire, Sassanid Persian Empire, and their allies. Therefore he is regarded as one of the finest military commanders in history. His greatest strategic achievements were his quick conquest of the Persian Empire and conquest of Roman Syria within three years from 633 to 636. His greatest tactical achievements were his successful double envelopment maneuver at Walaja and his victories at Ullais and Yarmouk.
Khalid ibn Walid was from the Meccan tribe of Quraysh, who opposed Muhammad, and he played a vital role in their victory at the Battle of Uhud. He converted, however, and joined Muhammad after the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah and commanded various expeditions for him. After Muhammad's death, he played a key role in commanding Medinan forces for Abu Bakr in the Ridda wars, the capture of the Sassanid Arab client Kingdom of Al-Hirah, and the defeat of the Sassanid Persian forces during his conquest of the Persian Empire.

Military tactics
Military tactics (Greek: "Taktikē", the art of organizing an army) are the techniques for using weapons or military units to fight an enemy in battle.
Tactics has changed over time following changes in philosophy and technology.
Specialized tactics exist for many situations, ranging from securing a room or individual building, to large-scale operations such as establishing air superiority over a region. Today, military tactics are employed at all levels of command, from individual and group up to entire armed forces.
Common military tactics include frontal assaults, attempts to flank the enemy, keeping troops in reserve and the use of ambushes.

Marching band
A marching band is a group of instrumental musicians who generally perform outdoors.
It combines movement – usually some type of marching and other movements  – with their musical performance. Its instruments typically are brass, woodwinds, and percussion instruments. The music usually has a strong rhythmic component suitable for marching. All marching bands use some kind of uniform.
In addition to traditional parade performances, many bands also perform field shows at special events (such as football games) or at competitions.

Hergiswil
Hergiswil is a municipality in the canton of Nidwalden in Switzerland.
It was founded in 1378.
The main sights of Hergiswil are: an old clergy house, the church, the chapel "Maria zum guten Rat", old mansion "Thumigerhaus", and a glazier's workshop with museum. The workshop was established in 1817. It burned down on one occasion.

Max Bruch
Max Christian Friedrich Bruch (January 6, 1838–October 2, 1920) also known as Max Karl August Bruch, was a German Romantic composer and conductor who wrote over 200 works, including three violin concertos, one of which is a staple of the violin repertoire.
He had a long career as a teacher, conductor and composer, moving among musical posts in Germany: Mannheim (1862-1864), Koblenz (1865-1867), Sondershausen, (1867-1870) Berlin (1870-1872), Bonn, where he spent 1873 -1878 working privately. At the height of his reputation he spent three seasons as conductor of the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Society (1880-83). He taught composition at the "Berlin Hochschule für Musik" (the Berlin Conservatoire) from 1890 until his retirement in 1910.
His conservatively structured works, in the German romantic musical tradition, placed him in the camp of Romantic classicism exemplified by Johannes Brahms, rather than the opposing "New Music" of Franz Liszt and Richard Wagner. In his time, he was known primarily as a choral composer.
His "Violin Concerto No. 1 in G minor", Op. 26 (1868) is one of the most popular Romantic violin concertos. It uses several techniques from Felix Mendelssohn's "Violin Concerto in E minor".

Oberdorf, Nidwalden
Oberdorf is a municipality of the canton of Nidwalden in Switzerland.
The economy of Oberdorf is mainly based in agriculture. The main sight of Oberdorf is the Benedictine convent Maria-Rickenbach. The convent can only be reached by cable car.

Postgraduate education
Postgraduate is the name for someone who is doing further education, after he or she graduated from university. A typical form of this kind of education is a doctoral thesis, or Ph.D. Another such degree is probably the Master level of the revised Bologna system. Masters can be done in about 1.5 years after doing a bachelors degree, theses usually take 3-4 years, after the master level.

Stans
Stans is the capital city of the canton of Nidwalden in Switzerland. It has a population of 7,300 people. The area of Stans is 11 km².
History.
Stans was first noted in 1172. In 1798, it was attacked by French troops, followed the decision of Nidwalden not to adapt a new constitution. Children whose parents were killed by this event were gathered by the teacher Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi for his first school. The open-air assembly ("Landsgemeinde") was held in Stans each year until 1997.

Stansstad
Stansstad is a municipality of the canton of Nidwalden in Switzerland.
The main sights of Stansstad are: a museum of the buildings, a tower ("Schnitzturm"), and the chaper "Marie Linden" in "Kehrsiten".

Wolfenschiessen
Wolfenschiessen is a municipality of the canton of Nidwalden in Switzerland.
The main sights of Wolfenschiessen are: the parish church "St. Maria", the chapel "St. Joder" in "Altzellen", the mansions "Hechhuis", and the "Grossitz" mansion.

Bischofszell
Bischofszell is a municipality of the district of Bischofszell in the canton of Thurgau in the country of Switzerland. It has a population of 5,500 people.
The local industry is Bischofszell Konserven (now belonging to Migros, makes jams, fruit juices, various cans, convenience food, among them Anna's Best)).

Diessenhofen
Diessenhofen is a municipality of the district of Diessenhofen in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

Münchwilen, Thurgau
Münchwilen is a municipality and capital city of the district of Münchwilen in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

Arbon
Arbon is a municipality and capital city of the district of Arbon in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.
History.
The shores of Lake Constance near Arbon have been inhabited since the Stone Age. Archaeological digs in 1885 and 1944 have uncovered stilt houses from the Stone and Bronze Ages. At first, it was assumed that these were built over water, since they were raised on stilts. However, it is now known that they were on the shore and were built in this fashion because the ground was swampy.
During Roman times, "Bergli" was probably a Roman fort. The raised situation and view over the lake were strategically important. Since 1957, regular excavations have shown the remains of late Roman fortifications. The Latin name of Arbon, "Arbor Felix" (meaning "happy tree"), first appears in the "Itinerarium Antonini" in 300.
According to the chronicles of Ammianus Marcellinus, Emperor Gratian went to Arbon in 378, and stayed there until 401.
In the 8th century, the area became part of the territory of the Franks.
In 610, Irish monks who were followers of Columban of Luxeuil settled in Arbon. They found a small Christian settlement called "Castrum" there. One of these monks was St. Gallus, the founder of the monastery of St. Gallen. He died in 627 in Arbon. In 720, a fortification on the site of the present castle was built by a Frankish troop. The foundations of this early fortress remain.
Ecclesiastically, Arbon belonged to the territory of the Bishop of Constance. In 1255, Bishop Eberhard von Waldburg gave Arbon a dispensation for market rights in the area and built the city wall. That century saw an influx of inhabitants from the surrounding farms. From 1262 to 1264, and again in 1266, the young Duke of Swabia, Conradin of Hohenstaufen, resided in Arbon because the Bishop of Constance was his guardian. The surrounding towns of Steinach, Mörschwil, Horn, Goldach, Egnach, Roggwil, and Steinebrunn all belonged to the parish of Arbon.
The 14th century saw further growth. Linen production and other crafts developed. Between 1322 and 1334, Bishop Rudolf von Montfort rebuilt the crumbling fortress. A fire of unknown cause in 1390 destroyed much of the "Altstadt". A second fire in 1494 was set by the sons of a hanged thief.
When Thurgau was conquered by the Swiss "Eidgenossen" in 1460, the Bishops of Constance retained Arbon. However, in the Swabian War of 1499, they lost civil rights over the territory, retaining only ecclesiastical supremacy. Arbon then became part of the Old Swiss Confederacy.
The castle of Arbon in its present form was built in 1515 by Bishop Hugo von Hohenlandenberg. The tower is older and dates to 993.
In 1525, the first stirrings of the Reformation reached Arbon. In 1537, the reformed congregation was forced to return the church of St. Martin to the Catholic church and meet in the chapel in Erdhausen, although only a small minority of the population remained Catholic. Religious conflict continued until the 18th century. In 1712, Thurgau declared equality for the various faiths.
In the 18th century, the linen and embroidery industry was established in Arbon. The industrialists built attractive villas in the area, such as the «Rotes Haus» built in 1750.
In 1798, Thurgau was occupied by French troops, along with much of the rest of Switzerland. The adoption of the Swiss constitution ended Arbon's dependence on the Bishops of Constance. The Bishop's representative, Franz Xaver Wirz von Rudenz, was forced to leave the city. In 1803, Arbon became part of the new canton of Thurgau. From 1803 to 1815, Arbon and Horn (an exclave in the canton of St. Gallen) were united in one municipality.
In the 19th century, Arbon developed into an economic and manufacturing center. This occurred primarily because of the pioneering efforts of industrialist Franz Saurer, who move his foundry from St. Gallen to Arbon in 1863. Starting in 1888, his factory built all kinds of machinery and motors. Until 1983, the factory produced trucks and buses, and until 1986 military vehicles. Today, the factory produces only textile machinery. At its high point, the factory employed 5000 workers. The population grew from 660 in 1844 to over 10,000 at the turn of the century.
Since the beginning of the 20th century, Arbon has had a large non-Swiss minority. Tensions between ethnic groups led to riots with several fatalities in 1902.
In 1911, Arbon was the site of the International Socialist Congress. From the 1920s to the 1950s, the Social Democratic majority held power in the city, and it was known as "red Arbon".
Population.
The population of the city of Arbon is about 13,000 people.

Aadorf
Aadorf is a municipality of the district of Frauenfeld in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.
With a population of 7,436 people (as of 2005), it is the canton's seventh largest municipality.

Genius
A genius is a person who is exceptionally intelligent. People may have different ideas of how clever one has to be in order to be called a “genius”. A genius may be extremely clever at maths or science or games such as chess, or they may be creative geniuses who are brilliant writers, musicians or artists.
Albert Einstein is perhaps the world’s most famous genius. He was extraordinarily good at math, but in other areas, such as languages, he was not particularly good. Leonardo da Vinci and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe were geniuses who can also be described as polymaths because they were brilliant in lots of different subjects. Geniuses are usually child progidies, i.e., they already show they are a genius when they are young children.
Genius is not quite the same as talent. Talent means the ability to learn a particular skill very quickly. A genius, on the other hand, is also very creative and able to do things that no one else has thought of.
Some geniuses, such as Goethe, are very sensible, reliable people who are good at organizing their lives. However, there are many geniuses who have unusual personalities. They may be very absent-minded, they may not have much common sense, or they may suffer at times from depression and changes of mood.

Affeltrangen
Affeltrangen is a municipality of the district of Münchwilen in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

Altnau
Altnau is a municipality of the district of Kreuzlingen in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

Amlikon-Bissegg
Amlikon-Bissegg is a municipality of the district of Weinfelden in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

Amriswil
Amriswil is a municipality of the district of Bischofszell in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

Taygete (moon)
Taygete or, is a non-spherical moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard, "et al." in 2000, and given the designation.
Geography.
Taygete is about 5 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 22,439,000 km in 686.675 days, at an inclination of 165° to the ecliptic (163° to Jupiter's equator), with an eccentricity of 0.3678.
History.
It was named in October 2002 after Taygete, one of the Pleiades, daughter of the Titan Atlas and mother of Lacedaemon by Zeus (Jupiter).
It belongs to the Carme group, made up of non-spherical retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at a distance ranging between 23,000,000 and 24,000,000 km and at an inclination of about 165°.

Betschwanden
Betschwanden is a municipality of the canton of Glarus in Switzerland.

Glarus (canton)
Glarus is a canton in east Switzerland. The capital is Glarus. There are 25 municipalities in the canton (July 2006). The population is German speaking and either Protestant or Catholic.
Geography.
The canton of Glarus is dominated by the deep valley of the Linth River. Most of the area is mountainous. The total area of the canton of Glarus is 685 km².
History.
The history of this canton is dominated by religion. The inhabitants of the Linth Valley were converted to Christianity in the 6th century by the Irish monk Saint Fridolin, who still features in the coat of arms of the canton today. He founded Säckingen Abbey near Basel. From the 9th century, the area around Glarus was owned by the abbey. By 1288, the Habsburgs, bit by bit, claimed all the abbey's rights. This resulted in the people of Glarus joining the Swiss Confederation in 1352.
Between 1506 and 1516, the reformer Huldrych Zwingli was priest in Glarus, but by 1564, all of Zwingli's followers were eliminated. This, however, did not end the struggles between the Protestants and the Catholics in the area. To secure peace it was decided that each party should have its own assembly ("Landsgemeinde") in 1623, and at a later stage in 1683, each side was granted the right to have its own tribunals.
Between 1798 and 1803, Glarus was part of the Canton of Linth as established by Napoleon. In 1836 the constitution was adapted to unite the assemblies and establish only one "Landsgemeinde".
About two thirds of Glarus (593 buildings) were destroyed after a big fire in 1861. After this incident, Glarus was rebuilt in block fashion according to construction plans by Bernhard Simon and Johann Caspar Wolff.
On May 6, 2007 Glarus became the first Swiss canton to lower the voting age to 16.
Industry.
The land of the canton helped to make slate works in the 1600s.

Mendrisio (district)
The district of Mendrisio is the southernmost district of canton of Ticino and of Switzerland.

Chert
Chert is a type of rock that includes flint and agate. It sometimes has fossils in it.

Mendrisio
Mendrisio is a municipality of the district of Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Coldrerio
Coldrerio is a municipality of the district of Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Franciscan Assemblage
The Franciscan Assemblage is a term in geology that describes the assemblage of rocks located near the San Franciscan Peninsula.

Genestrerio
Genestrerio is a municipality of the district of Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Blind Beach
Blind Beach is a beach in Sonoma County, California, near Goat Rock Beach. It is located south of Jenner.

Goat Beach
Goat Beach is a beach in Sonoma County, California, near Goat Rock Beach. Goat Beach is known for being one of the most dangerous surfing spots in California because of its powerful waves, and it is recommended to not go near the water when visiting the beach.

Sonoma Coast State Beach
The Sonoma Coast State Beach is a string of beaches in Sonoma County, California, extending from Bodega Head in Bodega to just north of Goat Rock Beach.

Bern (canton)
The Swiss canton of Bern has a population of about 947,000. The canton is located in west-central Switzerland and the city of Bern is its capital.

Aarberg
Aarberg is a municipality of the district of Aarberg in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

Bargen, Bern
Bargen is a municipality in the district of Aarberg in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.
It is a parish and is now part of the district of Aarberg. Its official language is German.

Coast Miwok
The Coast Miwok were a Native American tribe who lived in what is now Northern California.

Pomo
The Pomo were a Native American tribe who lived in what is now Northern California.

Euporie (moon)
Euporie or is a moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2001, and given the designation.
Euporie is about 2 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 19,088,000 km in 538.780 days, at an inclination of 145° to the ecliptic (145° to Jupiter's equator), with an eccentricity of 0.0960.
It was named in August 2003 after Euporie, a Greek goddess of abundance and one of the Horae in Greek mythology (and thus a daughter of Zeus).
It is the closest member of the Ananke group, retrograde non-spherical moons which orbit Jupiter between 19,300,000 and 22,700,000 km, at inclinations of about 150°.

Autonoe (moon)
Autonoe or, is a moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2001, and given the designation.
Autonoe is about 4 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 24,264,000 km in 772.168 days, at an inclination of 151° to the ecliptic (150° to Jupiter's equator), with an eccentricity of 0.369.
It belongs to the Pasiphaë group, non-spherical retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at distances ranging between 22,800,000 and 24,100,000 km, and with inclinations ranging between 144.5° and 158.3°.
Autonoe was named in August 2003 after the Greek mythological figure Autonoe, conquest of Zeus (Jupiter), mother of the Charites (Gracies), according to some authors.

Hegemone (moon)
Hegemone or, is a moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2003, and given the designation.
Hegemone is about 3 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 23,703,000 km in 745.500 days, at an inclination of 153° to the ecliptic (151° to Jupiter's equator), with an eccentricity of 0.4077.
It was named in March 2005 after Hegemone, one of the Graces, and a daughter of Zeus (Jupiter).
Hegemone belongs to the Pasiphaë group, non-spherical retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at distances ranging between 22,800,000 and 24,100,000 km, and with inclinations ranging between 144.5° and 158.3°.

Euanthe (moon)
Euanthe or is a non-spherical moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2001, and given the designation.
Euanthe is about 3 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 20,465,000 km in 598.093 days, at an inclination of 143° to the ecliptic (142° to Jupiter's equator) with an eccentricity of 0.2001.
It was named in August 2003 after Euanthe, who was the mother of the Graces, according to some Greek writers.
Euanthe belongs to the Ananke group, retrograde non-spherical moons which orbit Jupiter between 19,300,000 and 22,700,000 km, at inclinations of about 150°.

Kalyke (moon)
Kalyke or, is a non-spherical moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard, et al. in 2000, and given the designation.
Kalyke is about 5.2 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 23,181,000 km in 721.021 days, at an inclination of 166° to the ecliptic (165° to Jupiter's equator), with an eccentricity of 0.2140.
It was named in October 2002 after the Greek mythological figure Kalyke or Calyce..
It belongs to the Carme group, made up of non-spherical retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at a distance ranging between 23,000,000 and 24,000,000 km and at an inclination of about 165°.

Megaclite (moon)
Megaclite or, is a moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2000, and given the designation.
Megaclite is about 5.4 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 24,687,000 km in 792.437 days, at an inclination of 150° to the ecliptic (148° to Jupiter's equator), with an eccentricity of 0.308.
It was named in October 2002 after Megaclite, mother by Zeus (Jupiter) of Thebe and Locrus (although both of these are assigned a different mother by other authors).
It belongs to the Pasiphaë group, non-spherical retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at distances ranging between 22,800,000 and 24,100,000 km, and with inclinations ranging between 144.5° and 158.3°.

Emerald (color)
Emerald is a color that is a shade of green. It is light and bright, with a faint bluish cast. The name comes from the color of the gemstone emerald.

Isonoe (moon)
Isonoe or, is a non-spherical moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2000, and given the designation.
Isonoe is about 3.8 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 23,833,000 km in 751.647 days, at an inclination of 166° to the ecliptic (169° to Jupiter's equator), with an eccentricity of 0.166.
It was named in October 2002 after Isonoe, one of the Danaides in Greek mythology, and a lover of Zeus (Jupiter).
Isonoe belongs to the Carme group, made up of non-spherical retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at a distance ranging between 23,000,000 and 24,000,000 km and at an inclination of about 165°.

André-Marie Ampère
André-Marie Ampère (January 20, 1775 – June 10, 1836) was a French physicist and mathematician who helped discover electromagnetism. An electrical unit called the ampere is named after him.
Life.
Ampere was born in Lyon, France in 1775. During his childhood, Ampere's father taught him Latin, until he found out that his son was talented in mathematical studies. However, young Ampere continued his study on Latin, so that he could understand and master the works of Euler and Bernoulli. In his later life, Ampere began to distinguish himself in mathematical field; not only was he specialized in mathematical field, but also he studied history, travels, poetry, phiolosophy, and the natural sciences.
During the years of French Revolution, a great sorrow came to Ampere's life; he lost his father who was executed by revolutionaries. The death of his father brought a huge impact to Ampere.
In 1796, he met the daughter of a blacksmith living near Lyon named Julie Carron, and married her in 1799. Afterward, Ampere worked as a professor in Lyon, giving lessons in mathematics, chemistry, languages, and physics. He continued working as a professor even after the death of her wife in 1803. However, her death bothered Ampere for the rest of his life. Ampere passed away at Marseille and buried in the Cimetiere de Montmartre, Paris. In his work "Journal et correspondence", we can see his amiability and childlike simplicity of his character.
Works.
Ampere is most known for establishing the relationship between electricity and magnetism, and combining them into a new field called electromagnetism, or electrodynamics. On September 11, 1820, Ampere heard from the discovery of H.C.Orsted that a magnetic needle can be activated by a voltaic current. Only a week later, he came up with a much more advanced version of that kindred phenomena. It was such a amazing development. On the same day, he also discovered that parallel wires carrying currents attract or repel each other. This has later become fundamentals of a field called electrodynamics.

Cyllene (moon)
Cyllene or, is a moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2003, getting the designation.
Cyllene is about 2 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 23,396,000 km in 731.099 days, at an inclination of 140° to the ecliptic (140° to Jupiter's equator), with an eccentricity of 0.4116.
It was named in March 2005 after Cyllene, a naiad (stream nymph) or oread (mountain nymph) associated with Mount Kyllini, Greece. She was a daughter of Zeus (Jupiter).
It belongs to the Pasiphaë group, non-spherical retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at distances ranging between 22,800,000 and 24,100,000 km, and with inclinations ranging between 144.5° and 158.3°.

Dive bomber
A dive bomber is a bomber aircraft that dives towards the ground so it can get very close to its targets. This means it is more likely to hit them. This can also limit the chance of anti-aircraft fire.
Diving nearly vertically at the target, in the same direction the bombs will take, the aircraft will release the bombs very close to the target at high speed. This allows a dive bomber to accurately place bombs on relatively small target, or a moving target quite easily. Additionally, no complicated precision equipment is needed. Dive bombers were widely used to attack high value targets such as ships and bridges. This also had the advantage of attacking ships at a weak spot; armour was the heaviest near the waterline and thin or non-existent on the deck. Also, dive bombing allowed relatively small aeroplanes carrying limited bomb load to produce more damage than usual.

Naters
Naters is a municipality of the district of Brig in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

Ried-Brig
Ried-Brig is a municipality of the district of Brig in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

Simplon
Simplon is a municipality of the district of Brig in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.
A member of the Swiss Federal Council Josef Escher was born in Simplon.

Fiberglass
Fiberglass (also called fibreglass and glass fibre) is material made from extremely fine fibers of glass.
It is used as a reinforcing material for many polymer products. The composite material, that is produced by this method is called "fiberglass" in popular usage. The proper names are fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) or glass-reinforced plastic (GRP).
Glassmakers throughout history have experimented with glass fibers, but mass manufacture of fiberglass was only made possible when finer tools for machines were produced.
Formation.
Glass fiber is formed when thin strands of silica-based or other formulation glass is extruded into many fibers with small diameters that are suitable for textile processing. Glass is unlike other polymers because, even as a fiber, it has little crystalline structure (see amorphous solid). The properties of the structure of glass in its soft stage are very much like its properties when spun into fiber.

Composite material
Composite materials (or composites for short) are engineered materials made from two or more constituent materials with significantly different physical or chemical properties and which remain separate and distinct on a macroscopic level within the finished structure.
Background.
The most primitive composite materials comprised straw and mud in the form of bricks for building construction. The Biblical book of Exodus tells of the Israelites that were oppressed by Pharaoh and forced to make "bricks without straw". Today we use shower stalls and bath tubs made of fiberglass.

Fibre
Fibre or fiber is a class of materials that are continuous filaments or are in discrete elongated pieces, similar to lengths of thread. They are very important in the biology of both plants and animals, because they hold tissues together. There is a lot of human uses for fibres. They can be spun into filaments, thread, string or rope. They can be used as a component of composite materials. They can also be matted into sheets to make products such as paper or felt. Fibres are often used in the manufacture of other materials.

Fibre-reinforced polymer
A fibre-reinforced polymer (also fibre-reinforced plastic ("FRP")) is a composite material that consists of a polymer matrix that is reinforced with fibres. The fibres are usually fibreglass, carbon, or aramid, the polymer is usually an epoxy, vinylester or polyester thermosetting plastic. FRPs are commonly used in the aerospace, automobile, marine, and construction industries.

Glass-reinforced plastic
Glass-reinforced plastic (GRP), is a composite material or fiber-reinforced polymer made of a plastic reinforced by fine fibers made of glass. Like carbon fiber reinforced plastic, the composite material is commonly referred to by the name of its reinforcing fibers (fiberglass).

Carbon fiber reinforced plastic
Carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP or CRP), is a very strong, light and expensive composite material or fiber-reinforced plastic. Similar to glass-reinforced plastic, one uses commonly the name of its reinforcing fibers (carbon fiber) for the composite material. The plastic is most often epoxy, but other plastics, such as polyester, vinyl ester or nylon, are also sometimes used. Some composites contain both carbon fiber and other fibres such as kevlar, aluminium and fiberglass reinforcement. Less commonly, the terms graphite-reinforced plastic or graphite fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP) are also used.
It has many applications in aerospace and automotive fields, as well as in sailboats, and notably in modern bicycles and motorcycles, where these qualities are of importance. It is becoming increasingly common in small consumer goods as well, such as laptop computers, tripods, fishing rods, paintball equipment, racquet sports frames, stringed instrument bodies, classical guitar strings, and drum shells.

Thermal expansion
In physics, thermal expansion is the tendency of matter to change in volume in response to a change in temperature. When a substance is heated, its constituent particles move around more quickly and by doing so generally maintain a greater average separation. Materials that contract with an increase in temperature are very uncommon; this effect is limited in size, and only occurs within limited temperature ranges. The degree of expansion divided by the change in temperature is called the material's coefficient of thermal expansion and generally varies with temperature.
Common engineering solids usually have thermal expansion coefficients that do not vary significantly over the range of temperatures where they are designed to be used, so where extremely high accuracy is not required, calculations can be based on a constant, average, value of the coefficient of expansion.
Thermometers are an example of an application of thermal expansion – they contain a liquid which is constrained to flow in only one direction (along the tube) due to changes in volume brought about by changes in temperature.

Carbon fiber
Carbon fiber or Carbon fibre is also sometimes called graphite fiber. It has the highest compressive strength of all the reinforcing materials (composites), and it has a high strength to weight ratio and low coefficient of thermal expansion. The density of carbon fiber is also much lower than the density of steel. Carbon fiber is in the form of several thousand long, thin strands of material that is composed of mostly carbon atoms.

Coefficient
In mathematics, a coefficient is a constant multiplicative factor of a certain object. For example, the coefficient in "9x'2" is "9".
where "a'n" is the coefficient of the variable "x'n" for each "n" = 1, 2, 3, …

Enrico Fermi
Enrico Fermi (September 29, 1901 – November 28, 1954) was an Italian physicist who worked on the first nuclear reactor and helped make quantum theory. He also was important to particle physics, and statistical mechanics. Fermi won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1938 for his work on induced radioactivity and was one of the most important scientists of the 20th century.

Physical coefficient
A physical coefficient is an important number that characterizes some physical property of a technical or scientific object.

Coefficient of thermal expansion
Solids mostly expand in response to heating and contract on cooling. This response to temperature change is expressed as its coefficient of thermal expansion.
These characteristics are closely related. The volumetric thermal expansion coefficient can be measured for all substances of condensed matter (liquids and solid state). The linear thermal expansion can only be measured in the solid state and is common in engineering applications.
Thermal expansion coefficients for some common materials.
The expansion and contraction of material must be considered when designing large structures, when using tape or chain to measure distances for land surveys, when designing molds for casting hot material, and in other engineering applications when large changes in dimension due to temperature are expected. The range for α is from 10-7 for hard solids to 10-3 for organic liquids. α varies with the temperature and some materials have a very high variation. Some values for common materials, given in parts per million per Celsius degree: (NOTE: This can also be in kelvins as the changes in temperature are a 1:1 ratio)
Applications.
For applications using the thermal expansion property, see bi-metal and mercury thermometer
Thermal expansion is also used in mechanical applications to fit parts over one another, e.g. a bushing can be fitted over a shaft by making its inner diameter slightly smaller than the diameter of the shaft, then heating it until it fits over the shaft, and allowing it to cool after it has been pushed over the shaft, thus achieving a 'shrink fit'
There exist some alloys with a very small CTE, used in applications that demand very small changes in physical dimension over a range of temperatures. One of these is Invar 36, with a coefficient in the 0.6x10-6 range. These alloys are useful in aerospace applications where wide temperature swings may occur.

Surveying
Surveying is the technique and science of accurately determining the position of points and the distances and angles between them. These points are usually, but not exclusively, associated with positions on the surface of the Earth, and are often used to establish land maps and boundaries for ownership or governmental purposes.
In order to reach their objective, surveyors use elements of geometry, engineering, trigonometry, mathematics, physics, and law.
Surveying has been an essential element in the development of the human environment since the beginning of recorded history (ca. 5000 years ago) and it is a requirement in the planning and execution of nearly every form of construction. Its most familiar modern uses are in the fields of transport, building and construction, communications, mapping, and the definition of legal boundaries for land ownership.
Origins.
Surveying techniques have existed throughout much of recorded history. In ancient Egypt, when the Nile River overflowed its banks and washed out farm boundaries, boundaries were re-established through the application of simple geometry. The nearly perfect squareness and north-south orientation of the Great Pyramid of Giza, built c. 2700 BC, affirm the Egyptians' command of surveying.

Jorge Manrique
Jorge Manrique (c. 1440 – 1479) was a major Spanish poet, whose main work, the "Coplas a la muerte de su padre (Stanzas about the Death of his Father)", is still read today. He was a supporter of the great Spanish queen, Isabel I of Castile, and actively participated on her side in the civil war that broke out against her half-brother, Enrique IV, when the latter attempted to make his daughter, Juana, crown princess. Jorge died in 1479 during an attempt to take the castle of Garcimuñoz after Isabel gained the crown.
Manrique were one of major Spanish aristocratic families of the Jewish converso descent. See, Norman Roth, "Conversos, Inquisition, and the Expulsion of the Jews from Spain", Madison, WI: The University of Wisconcin Press, 1995, p. 333. Jorge Manrique was a great-nephew of Iñigo López de Mendoza (marquess of Santillana), a descendant of Pero López de Ayala, chancellor of Castile, and a nephew of Gómez Manrique, "corregidor" of Toledo, all important poets of the late fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. He was, therefore, a member of a noble family of great consequence.

Minutes to Midnight
"Minutes to Midnight" is third studio album by American nu metal band, Linkin Park. It was released on May 14, 2007 all over the world and on May 15, 2007 in North America. Rick Rubin and Mike Shinoda produced the album.
The name "Minutes to Midnight" comes from the Doomsday Clock.

Thelxinoe (moon)
Thelxinoe or is a moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2004 from pictures taken in 2003, and originally got the designation.
Thelxinoe is about 2 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 20,454,000 km in 597.607 days, at an inclination of 151° to the ecliptic (153° to Jupiter's equator), with an eccentricity of 0.2685.
It was named in March 2005 after Thelxinoe, one of the four original Muses according to some Greek writers, and a daughter of Zeus (Jupiter) by Mnemosyne.
Thelxinoe belongs to the Ananke group, retrograde non-spherical moons which orbit Jupiter between 19,300,000 and 22,700,000 km, at inclinations of about 150°.

Oskar Lafontaine
Oskar Lafontaine (; born September 16, 1943 in Saarlouis-Roden) is a left-wing German politician and a founder member of the new political party "Die Linke".
Education and family.
Lafontaine studied physics at the Bonn University and the Saarland University from 1962 to 1969.
He is Roman Catholic and is married to Christa Müller who leads a campaign against genital mutiliation in Africa. They have a son, Carl Maurice, born 1997.
Political rise.
Lafontaine's political career began locally as mayor of Saarbrücken. He became widely known as a critic of chancellor Helmut Schmidt's support for the NATO plan to put Pershing II missiles in Germany. From 1985 to 1998 he was minister-president of the Saarland. As minister-president, Lafontaine tried to keep the traditional industries of steel production and coal mining in the state with subsidies. He was also President of the Bundesrat in 1992/93.
Chancellor candidacy.
In the German federal election of 1990, Lafonntaine was the SPD's Chancellor candidate. The party lost because of support for the CDU who were the government during reunification. During the campaign he was attacked with a knife by a mentally deranged woman after a speech in Cologne. His carotid artery was slashed and he remained in a critical condition for several days.
Political comeback.
At the "Mannheim convention" in 1995, Lafontaine was elected chairman of the SPD, replacing Rudolf Scharping. He was mainly responsible for bringing the whole of the SPD against Helmut Kohl and his CDU party, instead of cooperating with the CDU. Lafontaine said that any help given to Kohl would only help to keep the CDU in government.
This idea put the SPD ahead in the opinion polls in September 1998. He was appointed Federal Minister of Finance in the first government of Gerhard Schröder.
Minister of Finance.
During his short time as Minister of Finance, Lafontaine was a figure of attack by UK Eurosceptics. This was especially because he wanted to make taxes the same in the European Union. This would have meant some UK taxes would increase.
On March 11, 1999, he resigned from all his official and party offices, saying that not getting any help from other members of the cabinet. Later he become known for his attacks against Angela Merkel's government in the tabloid Bild-Zeitung which is generally considered conservative.
The Left Party.
On May 24, 2005 Lafontaine left the SPD. On June 10, he said he would run as the lead candidate for the The Left Party.PDS (Die Linkspartei), a coalition of the Electoral Alternative for Labour and Social Justice (WASG), which is based in western Germany, and the Party of Democratic Socialism (PDS), which was the successor to the East German communist party
He joined the WASG on June 18, 2005 and was selected to head their list for the 2005 Federal Election in North Rhine-Westphalia on the same day. He also stood in the Saarbrücken constituency, but lost. Nevertheless, the result of the Linkspartei in the Saarland was the best in any of the federal states in the West of Germany.
Criticisms of Lafontaine.
An article by Lafontaine on Erich Honecker, state and party leader of the GDR and a Saarländer like him, in the magazine Der Spiegel was criticized by many people who said it concentrated on a few good things Honecker did, and ignored the bad things. In the late 80s and early 90s he lost some support from left-wing people because he seemed to want pro-business policies and he called for a reduction of the influx of Germans from Eastern Europe and asylum-seekers.
Books.
Oskar LaFontaine: "The Heart Beats on the Left" Polity, ISBN 0745625827

Differential coefficient
In mathematics, the former differential coefficient of a function "f"("x") is now called its derivative "df"("x")/"dx". It is the (not necessarily constant) multiplicative factor or "coefficient" of the differential "dx" in the differential "df"("x").
The differential coefficient of "f" is a constant function only if "f" is a linear function.
The term "differential coefficient" is out of use now.
Early editions of Silvanus P. Thompson's "Calculus Made Easy" use the older term. In his 1998 update of this text, "Martin Gardner" puts "derivative" instead of "differential coefficient". He speaks of it only in context with Thompson's criticism of the term.

Periodic table period
A period in the Periodic Table is any horizontal row of elements. The elements in a certain period all share the same number of atomic numbers. The horizontal rows are calledperiods, that means constantly repeat.
Each Period in the Periodic table of Elements is fully of different types of atoms.

Atomic orbital
Atomic orbitals are a series of concentric spheres in which electrons orbit. It is similar to the solar system, where the sun is the nucleus and the planets are electrons. However, the difference is that the orbits are not circles; they are spheres. The number of atomic orbitals in an element is defined by the period the element is in. Electrons move between orbitals depending on the strength of their charge.

Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf
Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf is a borough of Berlin, formed in 2001 by joining together the old boroughs of Charlottenburg and Wilmersdorf.
It has an area of and has, as of 2003, about 315,200 inhabitants.
Its current mayor is Monika Thiemen (SPD).
The Technical University of Berlin (Technische Universität Berlin), the Berlin University of the Arts (Universität der Künste), the opera (Deutsche Oper Berlin), the Charlottenburg Palace and the Olympic Stadium are located in Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf.

Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg
Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg is a borough of Berlin. It is a new borough, only made in 2001 by joining the old boroughs of Friedrichshain and Kreuzberg.
It's area is and has, as of 2003, about 255,200 inhabitants.
Its current mayor is Franz Schulz (Green Party).

Lichtenberg-Hohenschönhausen
Lichtenberg is a borough of Berlin, Germany. In 2001, it took over the old borough of Hohenschönhausen. Lichtenberg now has an area of and a population (as of 2003) of about 260,200 inhabitants.
The present mayor of the borough is Christina Emmrich (Die Linke).
Lichtenberg contains the Tierpark Berlin, the larger of Berlin's two zoological parks. Lichtenberg was also the site of the headquarters of the Stasi, the East German intelligence service. The complex is now a museum.
The Berlin-Hohenschönhausen Memorial is on the site of the main prison of the Stasi.

Proteaceae
Proteaceae is a family of flowering plants. Mainly restricted to the Southern Hemisphere, it is a fairly large family, with around 80 genera but fewer than 2000 species. Together with the Platanaceae and Nelumbonaceae they make up the order Proteales.

Marzahn-Hellersdorf
Marzahn-Hellersdorf is one of the 12 new boroughs of Berlin. It was created in 2001 when the old boroughs of Marzahn and Hellersdorf were merged (joined together).
Marzahn-Hellersdorf is in northeast Berlin. It has borders with Lichtenberg in the west, Treptow-Köpenick in the south and the state of Brandenburg in the east and north.
The borough contains of five former villages: Biesdorf, Hellersdorf, Kaulsdorf, Mahlsdorf and Marzahn, which became part of Berlin in 1920.

Billionaire
A billionaire is somebody who has at least one billion units of currency (for example, British pounds £ or American dollars $). It isn't clear how much a billion is. In Europe a billion is one million million (1,000,000,000,000) with 12 zeros. However, in the United States a billion is one thousand million (1,000,000,000) with 9 zeros. Some people in the United Kingdom, especially banks, also use the American way.
"Milliard" is used for 1,000,000,000 in countries that use one million million for billion.

Neukölln
Neukölln is a borough of Berlin. It has an area of and has, as of 2003, about 307,400 inhabitants and one of the highest percentage of foreigners in Berlin.
Its current mayor is Heinz Buschkowsky (SPD).
History.
When it was first mentioned in 1360, the village was called "Richardsdorf" and owned by the Order of St. John
The coat of arms of the borough has a Maltese cross to remember this part of its history.
In 1737, Frederick William I of Prussia let Moravians from Bohemia settle in the area. They built their own church and houses off the village centre along the road to Berlin, which is now called "Richardstraße". The new Bohemian village was granted its own constitution in 1797.
When both parts of the village were reunited in 1874, the population was 8,000 inhabitants. It had nearly doubled, to 15,000 by the next year.
On May 1, 1899 the area, then the largest village of Prussia, became an independent city and got its current name in 1912. Its independence ended in 1920, when it was made part of Greater Berlin. Between 1966 and 1975, the "Gropiusstadt" was built. This city-within-a-city was designed by architect Walter Gropius. Gropius was the last director of the Bauhaus school of arts and architecture, which set up in Berlin when it moved from Dessau. Gropiusstadt has over 60,000 inhabitants.
Individuals associated with Neukölln.
Actress Mady Rahl and Lotte Ulbricht, wife of East German leader Walter Ulbricht, were born in Neukölln.

Pankow
Pankow is one of the new borough of Berlin. In 2001, the old borough of Pankow was merged (joined) with the former boroughs of Prenzlauer Berg and Weißensee.
It has an area of and about 347,100 inhabitants. Pankow's current mayor is Matthias Koehne (SPD).
Between 1945-1960 many members of the government of East Germany lived in the Majakowskiring district of Pankow. Western writers often called Pankow capital of East Germany, or used Pankow as shorthand for the East German government.
The Rykestrasse Synagogue Germany's largest synagogue, is located in the Prenzlauer Berg neighbourhood of the Pankow district.

Reinickendorf
Reinickendorf is a borough of Berlin. It has an area of and has, as of December 31 2003, 246,577 inhabitants.
Reinickendorf was created in 1920 by the Greater Berlin Act, and was not changed in the borough reforms of 2001.
Its current mayor is Marlies Wanjura (CDU).
Politics.
The last elections for the BVV (elections for the representatives in the boroughs parliament) were in October 2001.

Pasithee (moon)
Pasithee or, is a non-spherical moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2001, and given the designation.
Pasithee is about 2 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 23,307,000 km in 726.933 days, at an inclination of 166° to the ecliptic (164° to Jupiter's equator), with an eccentricity of 0.3289.
It was named in August 2003 after Pasithee, one of the Charites, goddesses of charm, beauty, nature, human creativity and fertility, daughters of Zeus (Jupiter) by Eurynome. Pasithee, better known as Aglaea, is the spouse of Hypnos (Sleep) and presides to hallucinations and hallucinogens.
It belongs to the Carme group, made up of non-spherical retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at a distance ranging between 23,000,000 and 24,000,000 km and at an inclination of about 165°.

Steglitz-Zehlendorf
Steglitz-Zehlendorf is a borough of Berlin. It was formed in 2001 when the former boroughs of Steglitz and Zehlendorf were joined together.
Steglitz-Zehlendorf has an area of and has, as of 2003, about 288,300 inhabitants. Its current mayor is Norbert Kopp (CDU).

Thrillville
"Thrillville" is a PlayStation 2, Xbox and PlayStation Portable game made by Lucasarts and Frontier. Players make their own theme park. They make roller coasters, game stalls, rides, race tracks, and food and drink shops.
Story.
Uncle Mortimer, a strange scientist, puts the player in charge of Thrillville, a large theme park with roller coasters, games, rides, and racetracks. The player then picks a character. The character can be moved through each theme park. He must try to finish missions in the theme park before he can move on to the next one.
Garrison, a bad, rich, theme park owner, has his own theme park called Globo-joy. Globo-joy competes against Thrillville. The player must do difficult tasks to make Thrillville the best theme park.
Minigames.
Thrillville has many minigames that can be played in the theme park, or with up to four other players.
Entertainer: Players must hit the right button at the right time to make the cheerleaders dance to the music
RC wars: Players must drive remote-control cars into each other, to try to make the other car blow up.
Event Horizon: Players can pick between four space ships, each with a different weapon, to blast other enemy ships.
Robot Invasion, Hauntings, Pirate Raiders, and Wild Frontier: Players move around in a battle arena. They can shoot either the other players or robot enemies.
Star Sniper, Ghoul Gunner, Blackbeard's Booty, and Prospect Stakeout: Players shoot targets that pop out of certain areas.
Dune Buggy, Anti-Grav Racer, Go-karts, Monster Truck, and Formula Thrills: Players race to the finish on a race track.
Trojan Quest: Players can pick between four heroes, each with a different weapon, to kill enemy skeletons and evil monsters.
Luftwaffe 109: Players can pick between four airplanes, each with a different weapon, to shoot down enemy airplanes and bombers.
Trampolines: Players bounce on a trampoline, doing crazy tricks in the air.
Saucer Sumo: Players control a flying saucer and try to bump the other players off the edge of the ring.
Saucer Soccer: Players control a flying car and try to get the soccer ball and shoot it into the goal.
Minigolf: Players play a game of miniature golf, where they hit the ball lightly with a golf club and send the ball into a hole.
Sparkle Island: Players play as a cat-like hero and shoot blobs.
Mechanic: Players arrange tubes to fit on a board, to connect one part of a circuit board to another.
Groundskeeper: Players suck up the trash and wash the vomit that has collected in the theme parks.
Thrillville: Off the Rails.
Off the Rails, the second part of the series, came out in 2007 for the PlayStation 2, Wii, Xbox 360, Nintendo DS, PlayStation Portable and Microsoft Windows. "Off the Rails" allows roller coasters to crash, more minigames, more options, and more fun. Also, Off the Rails has a good amount of songs, such as "Parklife" by Blur and "Smile" by Lily Allen.

Volvo
Volvo is a Swedish car and truck maker founded in 1927.
Ford bought the "Volvo" car company in 1999.
Volvo is now the leading producer in what most people would call safe family cars.
One of the Volvo's cars, the S60 is used by police departments in some parts of Europe and the United Kingdom.

Tempelhof-Schöneberg
Tempelhof-Schöneberg is one of the new borough of Berlin, formed in 2001 by merging the old boroughs of Tempelhof and Schöneberg.
Tempelhof-Schöneberg has an area of and has, as of November 2004, about 335.000 inhabitants. Its current mayor is Ekkehard Band (SPD).

Treptow-Köpenick
Treptow-Köpenick is a borough of Berlin, formed in 2001 by merging the former boroughs of Treptow and Köpenick.
Treptow-Köpenick has an area of and has, as of 2003, about 233,700 inhabitants. It's current mayor is Gabriele Schöttler (SPD).

Platanaceae
Platanaceae is a family of flowering plants. The family has only one genus "platanus". This genus has six to ten species of tall trees. The trees grow naturally in temperate and subtropical regions of the Northern Hemisphere. In all species, the flowers grow in dense groups of small flowers. The fruits are small achenes with hairs near the base.

Microsoft Office Online
Microsoft Office Online is the website of Microsoft Office. It has images, articles, templates and other attractions.
Trivia.
By November 2004, Microsoft Office Online received over 52 million visitors, with over 746 million page views, ranking it in the top 100 sites worldwide.

Visual Studio Tools for Office
Visual Studio Tools for Office (Sometime written as "VSTO") is an add-on product for Microsoft's Visual Studio product that enables developers to create applications built on the Microsoft Office.

Callirrhoe (moon)
Callirrhoe or, is one of Jupiter's farthest named moons. It was found by Spacewatch on October 6, 1999 and originally designated as an asteroid (). It was found to be in orbit around Jupiter by Tim Spahr on July 18, 2000, and then given the designation.
Callirrhoe is about 8.6 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 24,356,000 km in 776.543 days, at an inclination of 141° to the ecliptic (140° to Jupiter's equator), with an eccentricity of 0.264.
It was named in October 2002 after Callirhoe, daughter of the river god Achelous, one of Zeus' (Jupiter's) many conquests.
It belongs to the Pasiphaë group, non-spherical retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at distances ranging between 22,800,000 and 24,100,000 km, and with inclinations ranging between 144.5° and 158.3°.
As a navigation exercise, the New Horizons spacecraft imaged it on January 10, 2007.

Mneme (moon)
Mneme or, is a non-spherical moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard, et al. in 2003, and was designated S/2003 J 21.
Mneme is about 2 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 21,427,000 km in 640.769 days, at an inclination of 149° to the ecliptic (148° to Jupiter's equator) with an eccentricity of 0.2214.
It was named in March 2005 after Mneme, one of the three original Muses. She is sometimes confused with Mnemosyne, mother of the Muses (the three or the nine, depending on the author) by Zeus (Jupiter).
Mneme belongs to the Ananke group, retrograde non-spherical moons which orbit Jupiter between 19,300,000 and 22,700,000 km, at inclinations of about 150°.

Lift Coefficient
The lift coefficient ("CL" or "CZ") is coefficient without a dimension that relates the lift generated by an airfoil, the dynamic pressure of the fluid flow around the airfoil, and the planform area of the airfoil. It may also be described as the ratio of lift pressure to dynamic pressure.
The lift coefficient is a dimensionless number.

Karl Dönitz
Karl Dönitz () (September 16, 1891 – December 24, 1980) was a German naval leader. He commanded the German Navy ("Kriegsmarine") during the second half of World War II. Dönitz was also President of Germany for 23 days after Adolf Hitler's suicide. For his role in World War II, Dönitz was referred to as "der Löwe" (the Lion).
Dönitz was born in the Berlin. He entered the Imperial German Navy ("Kaiserliche Marine") in 1911. During World War I, he served on surface ships. Later he was transferred to submarines (U-boats). He remained in the navy after the war and rose through the ranks of the German Navy of the Weimar Republic ("Reichsmarine") and the German Navy of the Third Reich ("Kriegsmarine"). He became a "Großadmiral". He served as Commander of Submarines ("Befehlshaber der Unterseeboote", "B.d.U."). Later, he became Commander-in-Chief of the German Navy ("Oberbefehlshaber der Kriegsmarine"). He got this position, even though he never joined the Nazi Party. Under his command, the U-boat fleet fought the Battle of the Atlantic. He also served as "Reichspräsident" for 23 days after Adolf Hitler's suicide. He ended the war as a prisoner-of-war of the British.
After the war Dönitz was charged and convicted of "crimes against peace" and "war crimes" at the Nuremberg Trials. He served ten years in prison. He ordered the unrestricted submarine warfare which was done by Germany in the North Atlantic. With this, he caused Germany to be in breach of the Second London Naval Treaty of 1936.
At his trial, evidence was show that the Allies had acted similarly. For this reason, this breach of international law had no impact on his sentence. After his release from prison, Dönitz moved to Aumühle, a small village near Hamburg. During his later years, he wrote two autobiographies. In them, he covered different periods in his life. He died of a heart attack on Christmas Eve, 1980.

Helike (moon)
Helike or, is a moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2003, and given the designation.
Helike is about 4 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 20,540,000 km in 601.402 days, at an inclination of 155° to the ecliptic (156° to Jupiter's equator), with an eccentricity of 0.1375.
It was named in March 2005 after Helike, one of the nymphs that nurtured Zeus (Jupiter) in his infancy on Crete.
Helike belongs to the Ananke group, retrograde non-spherical moons which orbit Jupiter between 19,300,000 and 22,700,000 km, at inclinations of about 150°.

Turbulence
In fluid dynamics, turbulence or turbulent flow is a flow regime characterized by chaotic, stochastic property changes. This includes low momentum diffusion, high momentum convection, and rapid variation of pressure and velocity in space and time. Flow that is not turbulent is called laminar flow.

Praxidike (moon)
Praxidike or, is a non-spherical moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2000, and given the designation.
Praxidike orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 20,824,000 km in 613.904 days, at an inclination of 144° to the ecliptic (143° to Jupiter's equator), with an eccentricity of 0.1840.
It was named in August 2003 after Praxidike, the Greek goddess of punishment.
Praxidike belongs to the Ananke group, believed to be the remnants of a break-up of a captured asteroid. With an estimated diameter of 7 km, Praxidike is the second biggest member of the group after Ananke itself (assumed albedo of 0.04)
The moon appears grey similar to C-type asteroids.

Great Dark Spot
The Great Dark Spot was a dark spot on Neptune similar in appearance to Jupiter's Great Red Spot. It was discovered in 1989 by NASA's "Voyager 2" probe. Although it appeared similar to Jupiter's spot, which was an anticyclonic storm, it is believed that the Great Dark Spot was an atmospheric hole similar to the hole in Earth's ozone layer.

Supersonic
The term supersonic is used to describe a speed that is over the speed of sound (Mach 1). At a typical temperature like 70 degrees Fahrenheit (21.1 °C), the threshold value required for an object to be traveling at a supersonic speed is approximately 344 s, 1,129 s, 770 mph or 1,238 h. Speeds greater than 5 times the speed of sound are often referred to as hypersonic. Speeds where only some parts of the air around an object (such as the ends of rotor blades) reach supersonic speeds are called transonic (typically somewhere between Mach 0.8 and Mach 1.2).

Small Dark Spot
The Small Dark Spot, sometimes also called Dark Spot 2 or The Wizard's Eye, was a southern cyclonic storm on the planet Neptune. It was the second strongest storm on the planet in 1989, when Voyager 2 flew by the planet. When first discovered, it was a dark cyclonic storm. As Voyager 2 approached the planet, a bright core of cloud activity developed.

Aitne (moon)
Aitne or, is a non-spherical moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard, "et al." in 2001, and given the designation.
Aitne is about 3 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 22,285,000 km in 679.641 days, at an inclination of 166° to the ecliptic (164° to Jupiter's equator), with an eccentricity of 0.393.
It was named in August 2003 after Aitna or Aitne, the divine personification of Mount Etna, whose sons by Zeus (Jupiter) are the Palici, the twin sicilian gods of geysers (other authors have them descend from Thalia and/or Hephaistos).
Aitne belongs to the Carme group, made up of non-spherical irregular retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at a distance ranging between 23,000,000 and 24,000,000 km and at an inclination of about 165°.

William Lassell
William Lassell (June 18 1799 – October 5 1880) was a British astronomer, born in Bolton, Lancashire, England.

Roche limit
The Roche limit (), sometimes referred to as the Roche radius, is the distance within which a celestial body, held together only by its own gravity, will disintegrate due to a second celestial body's tidal forces exceeding the first body's gravitational self-attraction. Inside the Roche limit, orbiting material will tend to disperse and form rings, while outside the limit, material will tend to coalesce. The term is named after Édouard Roche, the French astronomer who first calculated this theoretical limit in 1848.

Synchronous orbit
A synchronous orbit is an orbit in which an orbiting body (usually a satellite) has a period equal to the average rotational period of the body being orbited (usually a planet), and in the same direction of rotation as that body.

François Arago
François Jean Dominique Arago (Catalan: Francesc Joan Dominic Aragó; February 26, 1786 – October 2, 1853) was a French mathematician, physicist, astronomer and politician.

S/2003 J 2
is an unnamed non-spherical moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard and David C. Jewitt and was announced on March 4 2003 As of 2006, it is Jupiter's farthest known moon.
is about 2 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 29,540,000 km in 980 days, at an inclination of 154° to the ecliptic (152° to Jupiter's equator) and with an eccentricity of 0.2255.
It seems to belong to a group all of its own, with semi-major axis ~30,000,000 km and inclination ~160°.

Santiago Rodríguez Province
Santiago Rodríguez is a province of the Dominican Republic. It is located in the northwestern part of the country. Its capital city is San Ignacio de Sabaneta.
It was created on 1948. It was a municipality of the Monte Cristi province before being elevated to the category of province.
Location.
Santiago Rodríguez is located in the region known as "Línea Noroeste" ("Northwestern Line"). The province has the Monte Cristi and Valverde provinces to the north, the Santiago province to the east, the San Juan and Elías Piña provinces to the south and the Dajabón province to the west.
Origin of name.
"Santiago Rodríguez" was an officer of the Dominican army when the Dominican-Haitian War. He is one of the founder of the city of Sabaneta. He was an important military leader during the initial stages of the "Restoration War" (1863-1865).
Municipalities.
Santiago Rodríguez has a total area of 1,111.14 km². It has 2.3% of the area of the Dominican Republic and it is ranked as the 22nd (out of 31 plus the National District) largest province.
Population.
In 2002 (last national census), there were 59,629 people living in the Santiago Rodríguez province, and 25,979 (43.57%) living in towns and cities. The population density was 53.7 persons/km², one of the lowest in the country.
Geography.
The Cordillera Central ("Central mountain chain") is found in the southern part of the province, and the Sierra Samba (or Sierra Zamba), a chain of low hills, runs across the northern half.
Climate.
The climate of the province is a tropical climate, hot most of the year, but it is cooler on the mountains.
Rivers.
The main rivers are Guayubín and Mao, both tributaries of the river Yaque del Norte.
Economy.
The only economic activity of importance is farming.

S/2003 J 5
is a non-spherical moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2003.
is about 4 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 23,974,000 km in 758.341 days, at an inclination of 166° to the ecliptic (167° to Jupiter's equator), with an eccentricity of 0.307.
It belongs to the Carme group, made up of non-spherical retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at a distance ranging between 23,000,000 and 24,000,000 km and at an inclination of about 165°.

Magnolia (tree)
Magnolia is a genus of 210 species. The Angiosperm taxonomical names "Magnoliophyta" (division) and "Magnoliopsida" (class) come from this genus. Charles Plumier gave a flowering tree from the island of Martinique the genus name "Magnolia", after French botanist Pier Magnol.

S/2003 J 4
is a moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2003.
is about 2 km in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 23,571,000 km in 739.294 days, at an inclination of 147° to the ecliptic (149° to Jupiter's equator), with an eccentricity of 0.3003.
It belongs to the Pasiphaë group, non-spherical retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at distances ranging between 22,800,000 and 24,100,000 km, and with inclinations ranging between 144.5° and 158.3°.

MiG-19 Farmer
The MiG-19 Farmer was a Soviet fighter aircraft made by Mikoyan. It first flew in 1953, and was introduced in 1955. It was meant to replace the older MiG-17 Fresco. During the Vietnam War, it was used a little by the North Vietnamese, but not as much as the MiG-17 or MiG-21 Fishbed.
It had 3 30mm cannon, and could carry 4 bombs or rockets. It weighed 11,397 pounds (5,170 kilograms) empty and could weigh up to 19,621 pounds (8,900 kilograms) at the heaviest. It was powered by 2 Tumansky RD-9 jet engines, each had 7,165 pounds (3250 kilograms) of thrust with afterburner. It was 12 feet (3.6576 meters) high, had a wingspan of 29.5 feet (9 meters), and was 42 feet 11 in (13.1 meters) long. It could go 903 miles per hour (1,450 kilometers per hour), and was the first supersonic Soviet fighter.
Eventually, it was replaced by the newer MiG-21.

1162 Larissa
1162 Larissa is an outer main belt asteroid orbiting the Sun. About 45 kilometers in diameter, it makes one orbit around the Sun once every 8 years. It was discovered by Karl Wilhelm Reinmuth at Heidelberg, Germany on January 5, 1930. Its provisional designation was 1930 AC.

Camille Flammarion
Nicolas Camille Flammarion (February 26, 1842 – June 3, 1925) was a French astronomer and writer. He was usually credited as Camille Flammarion.

S/2003 J 17
is a moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers led by Brett J. Gladman, "et al." in 2003.
is about 2 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 22,134,000 km in 672.752 days, at an inclination of 162° to the ecliptic (161° to Jupiter's equator), with an eccentricity of 0.2379.
It is the closest member of the Carme group, made up of non-spherical retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at a distance ranging between 23,000,000 and 24,000,000 km and at an inclination of about 165°.

Johann Gottfried Galle
Johann Gottfried Galle (June 9, 1812 in Radis, Saxony-Anhalt – July 10, 1910 in Potsdam, Brandenburg) was a German astronomer at the Berlin Observatory who, with the help of student Heinrich Louis d'Arrest, was the first person to view the planet Neptune, and know what he was looking at (September 23, 1846). He used the calculations of Urbain Le Verrier to know where to look.

Voyager program
The Voyager program is a space exploration program of the United States' NASA agency. It consists of a pair of unmanned scientific probes, "Voyager 1" and "Voyager 2". They were launched in 1977 to take advantage of a favorable planetary alignment of the late 1970s. Although they were officially used to study just Jupiter and Saturn, the two probes were able to continue their mission into the outer solar system. They have since continued out and exited the solar system. These probes were built at JPL and were funded by NASA.
Both missions have gathered large amounts of data about the gas giants of the solar system, of which little was known before. In addition, the spacecraft paths have been used to place limits on the existence of Planet X, a planet believed by some people to be located past Pluto.

Neptune Trojan
A Neptune Trojan is an object, for example a moon or asteroid, which is in the same orbit as the planet Neptune. Their name comes from the Trojan asteroids which have the same orbital period as a planet. As of March 2007, there are six known Neptune Trojans. They lie in the elongated, curved region around the L4 Lagrangian point 60° ahead of Neptune. The six Neptune Trojans are,, and.
The discovery of in a high inclination (>25°) orbit is significant because it suggests a ‘thick’ cloud of Trojans. It is believed that large (radius ≈ 100 km) Neptune Trojans could greatly outnumber the Jupiter Trojans.
If any other L5 Neptune Trojans are discovered in the near future, it may be possible for the New Horizons spacecraft to investigate them as it passes through the region in 2014 while on its way to Pluto.

Edward Guinan
Edward Guinan is currently a professor in Villanova University's Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics. He and two colleagues discovered Neptune's ring system.

Occultation
An occultation is an event that occurs when one object is hidden by another object that passes between it and the observer. The word is often used in astronomy. It can also be used in a non-astronomical sense to describe when an object in the foreground "occults" (covers up) objects in the background.

Flattening
The flattening, ellipticity, or oblateness of an oblate spheroid is the "squashing" of the spheroid's pole, down towards its equator.

Adaptive optics
Adaptive optics is a technology to improve the performance of optical systems by reducing the effects of rapidly changing optical distortion. It is commonly used on astronomical telescopes to remove the effects of atmospheric distortion, or astronomical seeing. Adaptive optics works by measuring the distortion and rapidly compensating for it either using deformable mirrors or material with variable refractive properties. While the technique was theoretically understood for some time, it was only advances in computer technology during the 1990s that finally made the technique practical.
Adaptive optics should not be confused with active optics, which works on a longer timescale to correct the primary mirror geometry itself. The simplest form of adaptive optics is tip-tilt correction, which corresponds to correction of the tilts of the wavefront in two dimensions (equivalent to correction of the position offsets for the image). This is performed using a rapidly moving tip-tilt mirror which makes small rotations around two of its axes. A significant fraction of the aberration introduced by the atmosphere can be removed in this way. Tip-tilt mirrors are widely used in night time and solar telescopes, to correct the aberration introduced by Earth's atmosphere on the light path and improve image quality over what would be possible according to the atmospheric seeing. Tip-tilt mirrors are effectively segmented adaptive optics mirrors having only one segment which can tip and tilt, rather than having an array of multiple segments which can tip and tilt independently.

Optical depth
Optical depth is a measure of transparency. It is defined as the fraction of radiation (or light) that is scattered or absorbed on a path. One way of visualizing optical depth is to think of a fog. The fog between a person and an object that is immediately in front of them has an optical depth of zero. As the object moves away, the optical depth increases until it reaches a large value and the object is no longer visible.

English free settlers
The English free settlers were the people that chose to go to Australia. They were not forced to go there like the convicts were. The English free settlers went to Australia between the late 17th century and the early 18th century. This was after the convicts were sent to Australia. When the English free settlers got to Australia, they landed in the southern part of the continent. That was the only colony created by the free settlers.
The English free settlers went to Australia to be free. They wanted to make money as well. They also wanted to explore Australia. Most of them were families who wanted a better life with their children. Some people called the English Free settlers "Pilgrims".

Meter (poetry)
In poetry, meter (British English spelling: metre) means the rhythmic patterns in a verse.
Fundamentals.
The units of poetic meter, like rhyme, vary from language to language and between poetic traditions. They can involve arrangements of syllables into repeated patterns called "feet" within a line. English meter is founded on the patterns of stressed and unstressed syllables. In Latin and Greek verse, on the other hand, while the metrical units are similar, not syllable stresses but syllable lengths are the component parts of meter.

Verse (poetry)
In poetry a verse is used for a single line in a metrical composition, e.g. poetry.
In common use it also means a unit of a song that consists of several lines, if there are several similar units in a song. In poems of Ancient Greece these units are called strophe.

S/2003 J 9
is a non-spherical moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2003.
is about 1 kilometre in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 23,858,000 km in 752.839 days, at an inclination of 165° to the ecliptic (165° to Jupiter's equator), with an eccentricity of 0.276.
It belongs to the Carme group, made up of non-spherical retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at a distance ranging between 23,000,000 and 24,000,000 km and at an inclination of about 165°.

Dynamic pressure
In fluid dynamics dynamic pressure depends on density and velocity of the fluid.
Physical meaning.
Dynamic pressure is closely related to the kinetic energy of a fluid particle, since both quantities are proportional to the particle's mass (through the density, in the case of dynamic pressure) and square of the velocity. Dynamic pressure is in fact one of the terms of Bernoulli's equation, which is essentially an equation of energy conservation for a fluid in motion.

Lichtenberg
Lichtenberg was a borough in Berlin. Since the boundary changes of 2001, it has been a district of the new borough of Lichtenberg-Hohenschönhausen.
From 1945 to German Reunification Lichtenberg was part of East Berlin.

Aaron Burr
Aaron Burr, Jr. (February 6, 1756, – September 14, 1836) was an American politician, Revolutionary War hero and adventurer. He was the third Vice President of the United States (1801 – 1805).
Burr fought in the American Revolutionary War, reaching the rank of Colonel.
Burr served in the New York State Assembly, as New York State Attorney General, and as a United States Senator before serving as Vice President.
Burr killed Alexander Hamilton in a duel in 1804, when Burr was still Vice President.
Burr conspired to form a new country in the southwest territories. He wanted to create a war with Spain to achieve that goal. Some people, including President Thomas Jefferson, who had picked a different Vice President for his second term, saw Burr's actions as treason. However, Burr was found innocent of the charges.

Charlotte Lindström
Charlotte Karin Lindström (born August 9 1984 in Sollentuna, Sweden) is a former waitress, promotion model and current prisoner who on May 26, 2007 at 10.40am was arrested in Sydney, Australia on suspicion of trying to hire a hitman to kill two men who were about to testify against her boyfriend Steven Spaliviero in court. Since her arrest, she has confessed and pleaded guilty to the crimes she was under suspicion for. Her friend and boss Sydney socialite Justin Hemmes offered to pay a $200,000 bail to set Lindström free so she could work at the Hemmesphere nightclub until trial. The bail was later denied and Charlotte was remanded in custody. Hemmes was also called as a character witness telling the court about Lindströms personality.
Charlotte was initially sentenced to 4 years in jail with earliest parole on may 25,2009. The sentence was appealed by the crown and was heard again on july 4,2008 with a decision from the appeal judges later that month.
On 23 July 2008, The appeal judges increased her minimum sentence from two years to three years after Sydney prosecutors argued that the sentence was "manifestly inadequate". Her maximum sentence was increased from three years and 10 months to four years and nine months. She will be now be eligible for parole in May, 2010. Lindström will appeal the sentence.
Lindström will after her release have the choice to join a witness protection program as she has received death threats. Lindström also became historic as she was awarded the shortest sentence in the history ofAustralia for the kind of crime she had committed. Charlotte is serving her jailtime at an undisclosed male prison in Australia, and has told about the daily verbal abuse from male prisoners. With the judge Steven Rotman commenting "Were this (solitary) regime imposed for reasons other than her own safety, it would amount possibly to a form of torture.
Lindströms friend and classmate at Rudbecks Gymnasium,(graduated in 2003) today a world famous model Caroline Winberg has commented on the case saying "She was blinded by love". The two models kept in contact after graduation.
Lindströms case has received extensive coverage from television and newspapers.
Case.
Lindström arrived in Sydney in 2004 and worked as a waitress in the exclusive nightclub Hemmesphere in Sydney.. And also as a part-time model in Sydney. She rented an apartment, where she met her boyfriend Spaliviero who owned the apartment complex, he worked as a property developer. They soon started a relationship living in a apartment in Darling Harbour. Lindström has told investigators that she soon realised that he was both a wealthy businessman and a drug dealer. In early 2007, investigators started to look into Spaliviero's business and soon found two witnesses who said they had information about the man's drug dealing business.
Murder plot.
Spaliviero who already was in jail phoned Lindström telling her to meet a hitman and give him money for the crime. Spaliviero is still in custody awaiting sentencing for the murder plot and his drug dealing buisness which could land him a life sentence. Spaliviero has already served a sentence in a U.S jail for fraud.
She contacted what she thought was a hitman but who really was a undercover policeman. The policeman on the case says that Lindström wanted to have two men murdered,and that she would pay $100.000 for each murder. They were about to testify against her boyfriend. At their last meeting Lindström handed over an envelope containing cash for the hit and information about the two men. On May 26, Lindström was arrested in central Sydney, and bail was denied. On September 18, Lindström pleaded guilty to the charges and will now have to wait sentence until March of 2008. On December 21, she pleaded guilty again but in another court in Sydney. Lindström had to appear in a bullet-proof vest at her court hearings because of the death threats against her.
On august 11,2008 Lindström started testifying against her ex-boyfriend in hes courtcase, also reading to the court a love letter she wrote to him in february, 2007 some months before her own arrest.

Bilten
Bilten is a municipality of the canton of Glarus in Switzerland.

Braunwald
Braunwald is a municipality of the canton of Glarus in Switzerland.

Elm, Switzerland
Elm is a municipality of the canton of Glarus in Switzerland.
It is the municipality farthest south in the valley of the Sernf.
History.
Russian General Alexander Suvarov and his troops stayed the night in Elm before crossing Panix Pass to Pigniu on their retreat into Austria.
On September 11, 1881, an avalanche caused by too much mining of slate killed 114 people and buried 83 structures in the municipality.

Engi
Engi is a municipality of the canton of Glarus in Switzerland.

Ennenda
Ennenda is a municipality of the canton of Glarus in Switzerland.

Filzbach
Filzbach is a municipality of the canton of Glarus in Switzerland.

Glarus (city)
Glarus (German:) is the capital of the Canton of Glarus in Switzerland.
Glarus lies on the Linth River at the foot of the Glärnisch foothills. The municipality has about 57,00 people.
History.
The first mention of the town is from 1178.
It became the capital of the Linth valley in 1419. In the 1700s and 1800s, the valley began to be industrialized.
In 1864, the first European labor law to protect workers was introduced in Glarus, prohibiting requiring workers to work more than 12 hours a day.

Haslen
Haslen is a municipality of the canton of Glarus in Switzerland. On July 1, 2006, Haslen merged with the municipalities of Leuggelbach and Nidfurn.

Linthal
Linthal is a municipality of the canton of Glarus in Switzerland.

Luchsingen
Luchsingen is a municipality of the canton of Glarus in Switzerland.
Oberblegisee is located in the municipality.

Matt, Switzerland
Matt is a municipality of the canton of Glarus in Switzerland.

Agno
Agno is a municipality of the district of Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.
It is known for being the municipality where Lugano Airport is situated.
It is not far from the city of Lugano

Airolo
Airolo is a municipality of the district of Leventina in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.
Airolo is also a small ski-resort with 30km of ski slopes.

Alto Malcantone
Alto Malcantone is a municipality of the district of Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. It was formed on 13 March 2005 from the earlier municipalities of Arosio, Breno, Fescoggia, Mugena und Vezio.

Balerna
Balerna is a municipality of the district of Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Castel San Pietro
Castel San Pietro is a municipality of the district of Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Chiasso
Chiasso is a municipality of the district of Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Morbio Inferiore
Morbio Inferiore is a municipality of the canton of Ticino in the country of Switzerland in the hills above Chiasso. It is located in the district of Mendrisio.

Caneggio
Caneggio is a municipality of the district of Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Cabbio
Cabbio is a municipality of the district of Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Vacallo
Vacallo is a municipality of the district of Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.
The current population is almost 3,000 people. The coat of arms of Vacallo is a V with three bunches of grapes. Each bunch of grapes symbolises the three parishes or 'frazione' of the municipality.

Sagno
Sagno is a municipality of the district of Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Aarwangen (district)
Aarwangen is a district in the northeast corner of the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

Baden (district)
Baden is a district in the canton of Aargau, Switzerland. The capital city is the town of Baden and the largest municipality is Wettingen. The district has a total of 26 municipalities, an area of 153.07km², and a population of 121,071.

Bremgarten (district)
Bremgarten is a Swiss district in the Canton of Aargau.

Brugg (district)
Brugg is a district in the Canton of Aargau, Switzerland, it is located south of the Aare and the Aargauer Jura covers the district. The capital of the district is Brugg.

Kulm (district)
Kulm is an administrative district in the canton of Aargau, Switzerland. It is west of Lake Hallwil and covers parts of the Wyna and Suhre valleys. The principal town is Unterkulm; the largest municipality is Reinach. The district contains 17 municipalities, is 101.35 km² in area and has a total population of 36,700 people (2005).

Laufenburg (district)
Laufenburg is a district of the canton of Aargau, Switzerland. The capital is the town of Laufenburg.

Chuck Norris
Chuck Norris (March 10, 1940) is an American karate competitor and actor. He has been in many movies and television programs. He was in the television series "Walker, Texas Ranger", and the 2004 movie "Dodgeball".

George Clinton (vice president)
George Clinton (July 26, 1739 – April 20, 1812) was an American soldier and politician. He was the first (and longest-serving) Governor of New York, and then Vice President of the United States under Thomas Jefferson and James Madison.
Clinton was born in the state of New York. Clinton fought with the British in the French and Indian War.
Clinton was a member of the Continental Congress and voted for the Declaration of Independence. He was a friend of George Washington and served with and supplied the Continental Army.
Clinton was a member of the Democratic-Republican Party. Clinton was vice president under two different presidents. He is one out of two vice presidents who did this; John C. Calhoun served under two presidents as well. He was also a candidate for president in the 1808 election and did receive six electoral votes.

Ignatius of Antioch
Saint Ignatius of Antioch (also known as Theophorus) (ca. 35-107) was the third Bishop or Patriarch of Antioch and a student of the Apostle John. En route to his martyrdom in Rome, Ignatius wrote a series of letters which have been preserved as an example of the theology of the earliest Christians. Important topics addressed in these letters include ecclesiology, the sacraments, and the role of bishops.
Ignatius' feast day is observed on 17 October in Western Christianity and 20 December in Eastern Christianity.
Ignatius was Bishop of Antioch after Saint Peter and Evodius, who died around AD 67.
Besides the Latin name, Ignatius, he also called himself Theophorus ("God Bearer"), and tradition says he was one of the children Jesus took in His arms and blessed. Ignatius was most likely a disciple of the Apostle John.
Ignatius is generally considered to be one of the Apostolic Fathers (the earliest authoritative group of the Church Fathers) and a saint by the Roman Catholic Church, Lutheran Church, Eastern Orthodox Church and Episcopal Church who celebrate his feast day on October 17, and the Orthodox and Eastern Catholic churches, who celebrate his feast day on December 20. Ignatius based his authority on living his life in imitation of Christ.
Martyrdom.
He died as a martyr in the arena. The Roman authorities hoped to make an example of him and thus discourage Christianity from spreading. Instead, he met with and encouraged Christians who flocked to meet him all along his route, and he wrote six letters to the churches in the region and one to a fellow bishop.

S/2003 J 3
is a moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2003.
is about 2 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 19,622,000 km in 561.518 days, at an inclination of 146° to the ecliptic (146° to Jupiter's equator), with an eccentricity of 0.2507.
It belongs to the Ananke group, retrograde non-spherical moons which orbit Jupiter between 19,300,000 and 22,700,000 km, at inclinations of about 150°.

Stephen
Stephen or Steven (generally pronounced) is an English masculine first name, comes the Latin form "Stephanus" and that from the Greek "Στέφανος" ("Stephanos"), which means "crown" or "wreath."
Other spellings are Stephan, Stefan, and Stevon. Steve is the common short form and various diminutives such as Stevie are also found. Many family names come from Stephen: the most common are Stephens/Stevens and Stephenson/Stevenson (others include Stephen, Stephan, Stefan, Stevin, and Stever).

Muri (district)
Muri is a district in the Swiss Canton of Aargau with the capital of Muri.

Diminutive
A diminutive is a formation of a word used to express smallness of the object or quality that is meant with the word the diminutive is formed from.
Examples in English.
Diminutives are common in most dialects of English. Terms such as "undies" for underwear and "movie" for "moving picture" are frequently heard terms in English.

Rheinfelden (district)
Rheinfelden is a district of the canton of Aargau in Switzerland. The capital is Rheinfelden.

Zofingen (district)
Zofingen is a district in the Swiss canton of Aargau. It is located in the southwest corner of the Canton.

S/2003 J 16
is a moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers led by Brett J. Gladman in 2003.
is about 2 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 20,744,000 km in 610.362 days, at an inclination of 151° to the ecliptic (149° to Jupiter's equator), with an eccentricity of 0.3185.
It belongs to the Ananke group, retrograde non-spherical moons which orbit Jupiter between 19,300,000 and 22,700,000 km, at inclinations of about 150°.

Licinius
Flavius Galerius Valerius Licinianus Licinius (c. 250 - 325) was Roman emperor from 308 to 324.
Licinius went with his close friend the Emperor Galerius on the Persian expedition in 297. After the death of Flavius Valerius Severus, Galerius declared Licinius emperor honorific in the West in 308.
On the death of Galerius, in May 311, Licinius shared the entire empire with Maximinus Daia. The Hellespont and the Bosporus were the dividing line.
In 313 he married Flavia Julia Constantia, half-sister of Constantine, at Mediolanum (now Milan). Together with Constantine he issued the "Edict of Milan" that allowed Christianity to be professed in the empire.
On April 30, Licinius won against Maximinus at the Battle of Tzirallum. So he became master of the East, while his brother-in-law, Constantine, was master in the West.
In 314, a civil war began between Licinius and Constantine. Constantine won at Cibalae in Pannonia and again 2 years later in Thrace. Then followed a period during which they worked together. But in 324 Constantine attacked him again and Licinius had to give up. Because his wife, Constantine's sister, asked for his survival he was not killed immediately. In 325 Constantine accused him of starting a conspiration with the barbarians and had him killed.

Zurzach (district)
Zurzach is a district in the Swiss Canton of Aargau with the capital of Zurzach.

Aarau
Aarau is the capital of the northern Swiss canton of Aargau. The city is also the capital of the district of Aarau. Most of the people in the municipality speak German. To the west of Aarau is the canton of Solothurn. It is the third-largest city in Aargau after Wettingen and Baden.
Geography and Geology.
The old city of Aarau lies on a rocky cliff where the Aar river valley narrows at the southern foot of the Jura mountains. Newer parts of the city can be found further south of the river valley.
The neighboring municipalities are Küttigen to the north, Rohr and Buchs to the east, Suhr to the south-east, Unterentfelden to the south, and Eppenberg-Wöschnau and Erlinsbach to the west.
Aarau and the other municipalities have merged together over the years. The only exceptions are Unterentfelden and Eppenberg-Wöschnau to the south, whose places are divided from Aarau by the large forests of Gönhard and Zelgli.
Prehistory.
A few artifacts from the Neolithic period were found in Aarau. Near the location of the present train station, the ruins of a settlement from the Bronze Age (about 1000 BC) have been excavated. The Roman road between Salodurum (Solothurn) and Vindonissa passed through the area, along the route now covered by the Bahnhofstrasse. In 1976 divers in the Aar found part of a seven-meter wide wooden bridge from the late Roman times.
Middle Ages.
Aarau was founded around 1240 A.D. by the counts of Kyburg. The first certain reference to the city dates to 1256. The town was ruled from the "Rore" tower, which has been incorporated into the modern city hall.
In 1273 the counts of Kyburg died out. Agnes of Kyburg, who had no male relations, sold the family's lands to King Rudolf I von Habsburg. He granted Aarau its city rights in 1283. In the 14th Century the city was expanded in two stages, and a second defesive wall was constructed. A deep ditch separated the city from its "suburb;" its location is today marked by a wide street named "Graben" (meaning Ditch).
In 1415 Bern invaded lower Aargau with the help of Solothurn. Aarau capitulated after a short resistance, and was forced to swear allegiance to the new rulers. In the 16th Century, the rights of the lower classes were abolished.
In March 1528 the citizens of Aarau allowed the introduction of Protestantism at the urging of the Bernese. A growth in population during the 16th Century led to taller buildings and more dense construction methods. Early forms of industry developed at this time; however, unlike in other cities, no guilds were formed in Aarau.
Starting in the early 18th century, the textile industry was established in Aarau. German immigration contributed to the city's favorable conditions, in that they introduced the cotton and silk factories. These highly educated immigrants were also responsible for education reform and the enlightened, revolutionary spirit that developed in Aarau.
1798: Capital of the Helvetic Republic.
On December 27, 1797, the last Tagsatzung of the Old Swiss Confederacy was held in Aarau. Two weeks later a French envoy continued to foment the revolutionary opinions of the city. The contrast between a high level of education and a low level of political rights was particarly great in Aarau, and the city refused to send troops to defend the Bernese border. By Mid-March 1798 Aarau was occupied by French troops.
On March 22, 1798 Aarau was declared the capital of the Helvetic Republic. It is therefore the first capital of a unified Switzerland. Parliament met in the city hall. On September 20, the capital was moved to Lucerne.
Aarau as canton capital.
In 1803, Napoleon ordered the fusion of the cantons of Aargau, Baden and Fricktal. Aarau was declared the capital of the new, enlarged canton of Aargau. In 1820 the city wall was torn down, with exception of the individual towers and gates, and the defensive ditches were filled in.
The wooden bridge, dating from the Middle Ages, across the Aar was destroyed by floods three times in thirty years, and was replaced with a steel suspension bridge in 1851. This was replaced by a concrete bridge in 1952. The city connected to the Swiss Central Railroad in 1856.
The textile industry in Aarau broke down in about 1850 because of the protectionist tariff policies of neighboring states. Other industries had developed by that time to replace it, including the production of mathematical instruments, shoes and cement. Beginning in 1900, numerous electrical enterprises developed. By the 1960s, more citizens worked in service industries or for the canton-level government than in manufacturing. During the 1980s many of the industries left Aarau completely.
In 1802 the Canton School was established; it was the first non-parochial high school in Switzerland. It developed a good reputation, and was home to Nobel Prize winners Albert Einstein, Paul Karrer, and Werner Arber, as well as several Swiss politicians and authors.
The purchase of a manuscript collection in 1803 laid the foundation for what would become the Cantonal Library, which contains a Bible annotated by Huldrych Zwingli. More newspapers developed in the city, maintaining the revolutionary atmosphere of Aarau. Beginning in 1820, Aarau has been a refuge for political refugees.
The urban educational and cultural opportunities of Aarau have been extended through numerous new institutions. A Theater and Concert Hall was constructed in 1883, which was renovated and expanded in 1995-96. The Aargau Nature Museum opened in 1922. A former cloth warehouse was transformed into a small theater in 1974, and the alternative culture center KIFF (Culture in the fodder factory) was established in a former animal fodder factory.
Origin of the name.
The earliest use of the place name was in 1248 (in the form Arowe), and probably referred to the settlement in the area before the founding of the city. It comes, along with the name of the River Aar (which was called Arula, Arola, and Araris in early times), from the German Au, meaning floodplain.
Old city.
The historic old city forms an irregular square, consisting of four parts (called Stoecke). To the south lies the "suburb", that is, the part of the town formerly outside the city wall. One special characteristic of the city is its painted gables, for which Aarau is sometimes called the "City of beautiful Gables".
The buildings in the old city originate, on the whole, from building projects during the 16th century, when nearly all the Middle Age period buildings were replaced or expanded. The architectural development of the city ended in the 18th century, when the city began to expand beyond its (still existing) wall. Most of the buildings in the "suburb" date from this time.
The "Schlössli" (small Castle), Rore Tower and the upper gate tower have remained nearly unchanged since the 13th century. The "Schlössli" is the oldest building in the city. It was already founded at the time of the establishment of the city shortly after 1200; the exact date is not known. City hall was built around Rore Tower in 1515.
The upper gate tower stands beside the southern gate in the city wall, along the road to Lucerne and Bern. The jail has been housed in it since the Middle Ages. A Carillon was erected in the tower in the middle of the 20th century, the bells for which were provided by the centuries-old bell manufacturers of Aarau.
The town church was built between 1471 and 1478. During the Reformation, in 1528, its twelve altars and accompanying pictures were destroyed. The "Justice fountain" (Gerechtskeitbrunnen) was built in 1634, and is made of french limestone; it includes a statue of Lady Justice made of sandstone, hence the name. It was originally in the street in front of city hall, but was moved to its present location in front of the town church in 1905 due to increased traffic.
Economy.
The people that give the most jobs in Aarau is the canton government; most of their offices can be found throughout the city.
One of the two head offices of the "Aargauer Zeitung", Switzerland's fifth largest newspaper, can be found in Aarau.
Kern & Co., founded in 1819, was an internationally known geodetic instrument manufacturer based in Aarau. However, it was taken over by Wild Leitz in 1988, and was closed in 1991.
More than half of the workers in Aarau live in the city's suburbs, or on the outskirts of the city. Aarau gets some jams of cars and buses sometimes during rush hour (the time of day when everyone leaves work to get home).
Things made in Aarau are: bells, mathematical instruments, electrical goods, cotton textiles, chemicals, shoes, and other products.

S/2003 J 10
is a non-spherical moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard "et al." in 2003.
is about 2 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 22,731,000 km in 700.129 days, at an inclination of 164° to the ecliptic (166° to Jupiter's equator), with an eccentricity of 0.3438.
It belongs to the Carme group, made up of non-spherical retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at a distance ranging between 23,000,000 and 24,000,000 km and at an inclination of about 165°.

Aarburg
Aarburg is a municipality of the district Zofingen in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Abtwil, Aargau
Abtwil is a municipality of the district Muri in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Ammerswil
Ammerswil is a municipality of the district Lenzburg in canton of Aargau in Switzerland. It is located 3 km south-east of the town of Lenzburg.

Edict of Milan
The Edict of Milan was a letter signed by the Roman emperors Constantine and Licinius, that proclaimed religious toleration in the Roman Empire. The letter was issued in 313, shortly after the end of the persecution of Christians by the emperor Diocletian.
With the Edict of Milan there began a period when Constantine granted favors to the Christian Church and its members. The document itself does not survive.
History.
The Edict of Milan was issued in 313 AD, in the names of the Roman Emperors Constantine I, who ruled the western parts of the Empire, and Licinius, who ruled the east. The two emperors were in Milan to celebrate the wedding of Constantine's sister with Licinius.
There had been already an edict of toleration issued by the emperor Galerius in 311. They were granted an indulgence, not favors.
Wherefore, for this our indulgence, they ought to pray to their God for our safety, for that of the republic, and for their own, that the commonwealth may continue uninjured on every side, and that they may be able to live securely in their homes.
...the same shall be restored to the Christians without payment or any claim of recompense and without any kind of fraud or deception...

Aristau
Aristau is a municipality of the district Muri in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Arni, Aargau
Arni is a municipality of the district Bremgarten in the Swiss canton of Aargau.

Religious toleration
Religious toleration means that one accepts or permits religious beliefs and practices which are different from one's own beliefs.
In a country with a state religion, "toleration" means that the government permits religious practices of other sects besides the state religion, and does not persecute believers in other

Attelwil
Attelwil is a municipality of the district Zofingen in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

S/2003 J 19
is a moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers led by Brett J. Gladman, et al. in 2003.
is about 2 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 22,709,000 km in 699.125 days, at an inclination of 165° to the ecliptic (164° to Jupiter's equator), with an eccentricity of 0.1961.
It belongs to the Carme group, made up of non-spherical retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at a distance ranging between 23,000,000 and 24,000,000 km and at an inclination of about 165°.

Aigle (district)
Aigle is a district of the canton of Vaud, Switzerland.

Aubonne (district)
Aubonne is a district of the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. The capital is Aubonne.

Avenches (district)
Avenches is a district of the Canton of Vaud, Switzerland. The capital is the town of Avenches.

Cossonay (district)
Cossonay is a district of the Canton of Vaud, Switzerland. The capital is the town of Cossonay.

Echallens (district)
Echallens is a district of the Canton of Vaud, Switzerland. The capital is the town of Echallens.

Grandson (district)
Grandson is a district of the Canton of Vaud in Switzerland. The capital is the town of Grandson.

Theodosius I
Flavius Theodosius (January 11, 347 – January 17, 395), also called Theodosius I and Theodosius the Great, was Roman Emperor from 379-395. He reunited the Eastern and Western Roman Empire, but was the last emperor of both parts of the empire. After his death, the two parts split permanently. He is also known for making Christianity the official state religion of the Roman Empire.

Lausanne (district)
Lausanne is a district of the canton of Vaud, Switzerland. The capital is the city of Lausanne.

Ernest Shackleton
Ernest Shackleton (15 February 1874 – 5 January 1922) was an Anglo-Irish explorer.
Early life.
Ernest Henry Shackleton was born at Kilkea, County Kildare, Ireland. The Shackletons were originally from Yorkshire. The first member of this family was Abraham Shackleton, a Quaker, who moved to Ireland early in the 18th century and started a school at Ballitore, near Dublin. His father, Henry, wanted to enter the army but his poor health prevented him.
Ernest's mother, born Henrietta Letitia Sophia Ganan, married his father in 1872, bringing some Irish blood into the Anglo-Irish family. Henry Shackleton was a survivalist. He had left the farm before it was too late. When he was 33 years old, he left his farm to go to Trinity College in Dublin to start a new career in medicine.

Lavaux (district)
Lavaux is a district of the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. The capital is Cully.

Morges (district)
Morges is a district of the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. The capital is the city of Morges.

Anzonico
Anzonico is a municipality of the district of Leventina in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Aquila, Switzerland
Aquila is a municipality of the district of Blenio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Aranno
Aranno is a municipality of the district of Lugano in the canton of Ticino in southern Switzerland.

Basadingen-Schlattingen
Basadingen-Schlattingen is a municipality of the district of Diessenhofen in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

Berg, Thurgau
Berg is a municipality of the district of Weinfelden in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

Berlingen, Switzerland
Berlingen is a municipality of the district of Steckborn in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

S/2003 J 15
is a moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard, "et al." in 2003.
is about 2 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 22,721,000 km in 699.676 days, at an inclination of 142° to the ecliptic (142° to Jupiter's equator), with an eccentricity of 0.0932.
It is the farthest member of the Ananke group, retrograde non-spherical moons which orbit Jupiter between 19,300,000 and 22,700,000 km, at inclinations of about 150°.

S/2003 J 18
is a moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers led by Brett J. Gladman in 2003.
is about 2 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 19,813,000 km in 569.728 days, at an inclination of 147° to the ecliptic (149° to Jupiter's equator), with an eccentricity of 0.1570.
It belongs to the Ananke group, retrograde non-spherical moons which orbit Jupiter between 19,300,000 and 22,700,000 km, at inclinations of about 150°.

Stanisław Wyspiański
Stanisław Wyspiański (January 15, 1869, Kraków – November 28, 1907, Kraków) was a Polish writer, painter, and architect.

Eustreptospondylus
Eustreptospondylus (meaning "well-reversed vertebrae") was a megalosaurid tetanuran theropod (a large, bipedal meat-eater) about 23-30 ft (7-9 m) long, weighing about 440-550 pounds (200 kg to 250 kg). This predator had a large head, long, sharp serrated teeth, short arms and a primitive hip structure. It lived during the mid-Jurassic period, about 165 million years ago. Incomplete fossils have been found in England. Eustreptospondylus was named by Richard Owen in 1841. The type species is "E. oxoniensis", which was named by C. A. Walker in 1964.

S/2003 J 23
is a moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard "et al." in 2004 from pictures taken in 2003.
is about 2 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 22,740,000 km in 700.538 days, at an inclination of 149° to the ecliptic (149° to Jupiter's equator), with an eccentricity of 0.3931.
It belongs to the Pasiphaë group, non-spherical retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at distances ranging between 22,800,000 and 24,100,000 km, and with inclinations ranging between 144.5° and 158.3°.

Megaraptor
Megaraptor was a large, terrifying late Cretaceous predator with two enormous, sickle-like claws on each hand. It was a huge, lightly built, fast-moving, agile, bipedal (walked on two legs), dinosaur. It had a curved, flexible neck, and a big head with sharp, serrated teeth in very powerful jaws.
The first thing of Megaraptor to be discovered was one of its claws. As they strongly resembled the claws seen in Dromeosaurs, it was believed that Megaraptor belonged to that family, and was the largest member of it. Later, a complete hand was discovered, revealing the claw to be located on its thumb.
Megaraptor was about 20-26 feet (6-8 m) long.

7 Iris
7 Iris (,)" is a large main belt asteroid. Its bright surface and small distance from the Sun make Iris the fourth brightest object in the asteroid belt after 4 Vesta, 1 Ceres, and 2 Pallas. But at a normal oppositions it marginally outshines the larger though darker 2 Pallas. It has a "mean" opposition magnitude of +7.8, comparable to that of Neptune, and can easily be seen with binoculars at most oppositions. At rare oppositions near perihelion Iris can reach a magnitude of +6.7, which is as bright as Ceres ever gets, and reports of it being seen without optical aid are unverified.

3 Juno
Juno (,), designated 3 Juno in the Minor Planet Center catalogue system, was the third asteroid to be discovered and is one of the largest main belt asteroids, being the second heaviest of the stony S-type. It was discovered on September 1, 1804 by German astronomer Karl L. Harding and named after the mythological figure Juno, the highest Roman goddess. The adjectival form of the name is "Junonian".

6 Hebe
6 Hebe (,)" is a large Main belt asteroid. Hebe is the thirteenth largest asteroid by mass, containing around 0.5 percent of the mass of the entire asteroid belt. Its apparently high bulk density (greater than that of the Earth's Moon or even Mars), however, means that by volume it does not rank among the top twenty asteroids. This high bulk density suggests an extremely solid body that has not been impacted by collisions, which is not typical of asteroids of its size - they tend to be loosely bound rubble piles.
In brightness, Hebe is the fifth brightest object in the asteroid belt behind Vesta, Ceres, Iris, and Pallas. It has a mean opposition magnitude of +8.3, about equal to the mean brightness of Titan and can reach +7.5 at an opposition near perihelion.

2001 QR322
(also written as 2001 QR322) is the first Neptune Trojan discovered in 2001 by the Deep Ecliptic Survey. It orbits ahead of Neptune at its L4 Lagrangian point.
Five others have been discovered since:,, and.

2004 UP10
(also written as 2004 UP10) is a Neptune Trojan discovered by Scott S. Sheppard and Chadwick A. Trujillo in 2004. Only five others are known:,, and. They have the same orbital period as Neptune and orbit at the L4 Lagrangian point about 60 degrees ahead of Neptune.

2005 TN53
(also written as 2005 TN53) is a possible Neptune Trojan discovered by Scott S. Sheppard and Chadwick A. Trujillo in 2005. Only five others are known:,, and. They have the same orbital period as Neptune and orbit at the L4 Lagrangian point about 60 degrees ahead of Neptune.

2005 TO74
(also written as 2005 TO74) is a possible Neptune Trojan discovered by Scott S. Sheppard and Chadwick A. Trujillo in 2005. Only five others are known:,, and. They have the same orbital period as Neptune and orbit at the L4 Lagrangian point about 60 degrees ahead of Neptune.

2006 RJ103
(also written as 2006 RJ103) is a Neptune Trojan discovered by the SDSS Collaboration in 2006. Only four others are known:, and. They have the same orbital period as Neptune and orbit at the L4 Lagrangian point about 60 degrees ahead of Neptune.

2007 RW10
is a Neptune Trojan discovered in September 2007. Only five others are known:,, and. They have the same orbital period as Neptune and orbit at the L4 Lagrangian point about 60 degrees ahead of Neptune.

Radiogenic
A radiogenic nuclide is one that is created by a process of radioactive decay.

Tropopause
The tropopause is a boundary region in Earth's atmosphere between the troposphere and the stratosphere. Here the air ceases to cool at -56.5°C (-70°F), and the air becomes almost completely dry.
Most commercial aircraft are flown in the Tropopause.

Gravity wave
In fluid dynamics, gravity waves are waves generated in a fluid medium or at the interface between two mediums (e.g. the atmosphere or ocean) which has the restoring force of gravity or buoyancy.

Accretion disc
An accretion disc (or accretion disk) is a structure formed by diffuse material in orbital motion around a central body. The central body is typically either a young star, a protostar, a white dwarf, a neutron star, or a black hole. Instabilities within the disc redistribute angular momentum, causing material in the disc to spiral inward towards the central body. Gravitational energy released in that process is transformed into heat and emitted at the disk surface in form of electromagnetic radiation. The frequency range of that radiation depends on the central object. Accretion discs of young stars and protostars radiate in the infrared, those around neutron stars and black holes in the X-ray part of the spectrum.

Victoria Beckham
Victoria Caroline Beckham (born April 17, 1974) is an English singer and fashiondesigner. She is very famous for singing with the pop group the Spice Girls. She is also very famous for being married to David Beckham, who is a very famous football player. Her nickname is Posh Spice, because she loves to wear clothes that look good on her.
She had a short solo career after the Spice Girls in 2001. After that, she created clothes and perfumes with her husband, David.
She reunited with the Spice Girls for a world tour in 2007.

Spice (album)
Spice was the first album by the Spice Girls. It was released in the United Kingdom in 1996, and in the United States in 1997. It was the most successful album by a girl group ever. It sold 23 million copies around the world.
There were 5 songs that were very successful from this album. The most successful was "Wannabe," which went to #1 on many music charts around the world.

Head tie
A head tie is a west and southern African women’s head scarf, specifically an elaborate ornamental head covering.

Dupatta
Dupatta (Hindi: दुपट्टा, Urdu: دوپٹا) is a long scarf that is essential to many South Asian women's suits. Some "dupatta suits" include the salwar kameez, the trouser suit, and the kurta. The dupatta is also worn over the Hindu outfit of lehenga or ghaghra- choli. The dupatta has long been a symbol of modesty in South Asian dress. It is traditionally worn across both shoulders. However, the dupatta can also be worn like a cape around the entire torso. The material for the dupatta varies according to the suit: cotton, georgette, silk, chiffon, and more. The other names for dupatta are chunri and chunni (sometimes shortened to 'unni' by many Gujaratis).
There are various modes of wearing the unsewn dupatta. When not draped over the head in the traditional style, it is usually worn with the middle portion of the dupatta resting on the chest like a garland with both ends thrown over each respective shoulder. When the dupatta resting is worn along with the salwar-kameez it is casually allowed to flow down the front and back.
The use of the dupatta has definitely undergone a metamorphosis over time. In current fashions, the dupatta is frequently draped over one shoulder, and even over just the arms. Another recent trend is the short dupatta often seen with kurtas and Indo-Western clothing. Essentially, the dupatta is often treated as an accessory in current urban fashion. Nevertheless, the dupatta remains an integral part of Indian clothing and Pakistani clothing.

Charles XII of Sweden
Charles XII (Swedish: Karl XII) was the king of Sweden from 1697 to 1718. He was born on June 27, 1682.
During his time as a king, he tried to expand Swedens empire. He took part in the Nordic War (1700-1721), in which his enemies were Denmark, Poland and Russia. England and the Netherlands supported him his armies won over the Danes during sea battle.He also won over Peter I Russian Tsar.
After these successes, he attacked Poland, where during this time Augustus II the Strong was the king. This war was closed by the peace of Altranstadt.
Charles attacked Russia once again in 1707, where he allied with the Ukrainian leader, hetman Mazeppa. After more than a 1000 km long walk in 1709, the Swedish king suffered a defeat from the Russian Tsar so he had to flee to Turkey. He could only return to Sweden in 1714. He tried to compensate the lost territories by a war against Norway, but during the battle he suffered a lethal wound. The wars of Charles XII made Sweden weaker and the land lost a lot of prestige.

Izanagi
is a deity who was a child of the seven divine generations in Japanese mythology and Shintoism, and is also referred to in the roughly translated Kojiki as "male who invites", or Izanagi-no-mikoto.
He and his wife Izanami created many islands, deities, and forefathers of Japan. When Izanami died while giving birth to a child, Izanagi tried (but failed) to retrieve her from Yomi (the underworld). In the cleansing rite after his return, he created Amaterasu (the sun goddess) from his left eye, Tsukuyomi (the moon god) from his right eye, and Susanoo (tempest or storm god) from his nose.
When Izanagi looks at his wife in Yomi, he sees her monstrous and hellish state and she is ashamed and angry. She chases him in order to kill him. She fails, but promises to kill a thousand of his people every day. Izanagi says that he will create a thousand and five hundred every day.

S/2003 J 12
is a moon of Jupiter, and is the smallest known. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2003.
is about 1 kilometre in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 17,740,000 km in 482.691 days, at an inclination of 143° to the ecliptic (143° to Jupiter's equator), with an eccentricity of 0.4449.
It is the closest of the farther non-spherical retrograde moons of Jupiter, and does not seem to belong to any group.

Kurt Weill
Kurt Weill (born Dessau, 2 March 1900; died New York, 3 April 1950), was a German composer who later became an American. Although he was trained as a composer of classical music he wrote many songs in a popular, jazzy style. He is particularly remembered for the music he wrote for the plays of the German dramatist Bertolt Brecht, as well as for musicals he wrote when he lived in New York. He also wrote symphonies and chamber music, especially during his early career.
Early years.
Kurt Weill grew up in a religious Jewish family. During his teens he started to get experience working in a theatre in Dessau, where he learned a lot from the theatre conductor Albert Bing. When he was 20 he went to study at the Berlin Musikhochschule where he studied with the composer Humperdinck. He did not like it there, and soon started a three year period studying with the composer Busoni. Busoni was a good teacher for him and encouraged him to study counterpoint carefully in order to be a good composer. Then he introduced Weill to the music pubishers Universal, who published all his music for the next ten years.
German career.
In 1924, Busoni died. Weill started to work with the playwright Georg Kaiser who wrote plays in an Expressionistic style. Together they wrote an opera "Der Protagonist" (1926) which made Weill famous. The next year he worked with Bertolt Brecht. Together they wrote five songs which soon developed in a "Songspiel" under the title "Mahagonny". Between 1927 and 1929, Brecht and Weill wrote a new piece, an opera called "Aufstieg und Fall der Stadt Mahagonny" ("Rise and Fall of the City of Mahagonny"), in which five songs from the "Songspiel" were used again.
In 1924, he met the singer and actress Lotte Lenya. He married her in 1926, divorced her in 1933 and married her again in 1937.
In 1928, he wrote the music for a play by Brecht which was to become world-famous. It was called "Dreigroschenoper" ("The Threepenny Opera"). It was based on an opera called "The Beggar's Opera" which had been written in 1728 by John Gay. The "Threepenny Opera" includes a song which became Weill's most famous song, "Mack the Knife". Weill stopped working with Brecht in 1930 because they had political disagreements. Brecht was becoming more and more interested in Communism, but Weill did not want to be a “Communist composer”.
In Berlin, Weill taught composition to several young composers. He also gave many radio broadcasts. By 1929, he was well-known enough as a composer to make his living just from his compositions.
Exile.
Weill had to flee from Nazi Germany in March 1933. As a famous and popular Jewish composer, he was a target of the Nazi authorities, who criticized and even interfered with performances of his later stage works, such as "Aufstieg und Fall der Stadt Mahagonny", "Die Bürgschaft" (1932), and "Der Silbersee" (1933). He went first to Paris, where he started a work with Jean Cocteau but it was not finished. He wrote one more work with Brecht: the ballet "The Seven Deadly Sins". In 1934, he completed his "Symphony No.2", his last purely orchestral work, conducted in Amsterdam and New York by Bruno Walter.
American years.
In 1935, Weill went to America with his wife Lotte Lenya. The rest of his life he spent writing for the American stage. He became a naturalized citizen of the United States in 1943. He thought most of his compositions in Germany had been destroyed by the Nazis. He never spoke German again except when writing to his parents who had escaped to Israel.
Weill changed his musical style. He wrote in a popular way, working with writers such as Ira Gershwin. He wrote an opera "Street Scene" for which he won an award. He took part in political movements, encouraging America to join in the war.
Weill died of a heart illness in New York City in 1950.

S/2000 J 11
S/2000 J 11 is the farthest prograde non-spherical moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2000.
S/2000 J 11 is about 4 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 12,555,000 km in 287 days, at an inclination of 28° (to Jupiter's equator), and with an eccentricity of 0.248.
The moon, has been included in the Himalia group. However, its orbit isn't known with precision and the mean orbital elements haven't been calculated.

Sinope (moon)
Sinope is a non-spherical moon of Jupiter. It was found by Seth Barnes Nicholson at Lick Observatory in 1914, and is named after Sinope of Greek mythology.
Sinope did not get its present name until 1975; before then, it was simply known as. It was sometimes called "Hades" between 1955 and 1975.
Sinope was the farthest known moon of Jupiter until the discovery of Megaclite in 2000. The farthest moon of Jupiter now known is.
Orbit.
Sinope orbits Jupiter on a high eccentricity and high inclination retrograde orbit. The orbital elements are as of January 2000. They are changing a lot due to Solar and planetary perturbations. It is often believed to belong to the Pasiphaë group. However, given its mean inclination and different colour, Sinope could be also an independent object, captured independently, unrelated to the collision and break-up at the origin of the group. The diagram illustrates Sinope's orbital elements in relation to other moons of the group.
Physical characteristics.
Sinope has an estimated diameter of 38 km (assuming an albedo of 0.04) The moon is red unlike Pasiphae which is grey.
Its infrared spectrum is similar to D-type asteroids also different from Pasiphae. These dissimilarities of the physical parameters suggest a different origin from the core members of the group.

French press
A French press (also called press pot, coffee press, coffee plunger or "cafetière") is a special machine. It is used to make coffee. It is easy to operate. The coffee it can make is stronger than that produced by other means.
A French press has a round jug. This jug can be glass or clear plastic. The jug has a lid and a "plunger". The plunger fits in the jug very well. It usually has some kind of steel or plastic wire, that acts as a filter. Coffee is brewed by placing the coffee and water together, leaving to brew for a few minutes, then pushing the plunger down. This puts the coffee at the bottom of the jug.
The French press has different names around the world. In Australia, South Africa and Ireland it is known as a coffee "plunger" and coffee brewed in it is known as "plunger coffee". Its French name is "cafetière à piston". Sometimes it is also called a "melior" (from an old brand of makers of coffee pots of this type) or a "Bodum" (another brand). In the UK the device is known as a cafetière (the French word for "coffee pot").
Because the coffee grounds are in direct contact with the brewing water, coffee brewed with the French press gets more of the coffee's flavour and essential oils. These usually are trapped in a traditional drip brew machine's paper filters. French pressed coffee is often stronger and thicker than drip-brewed one. It also has more sediment. Because the grounds remain in the drink after brewing, French pressed coffee should be served quickly. Over time, the drink will develop a bitter taste. This is because the grounds still act on the water.
Coffee for use in a French press should be ground coarsely. The use of a burr mill grinder gives a better grind than the whirling blade variety. The ground coffee should be more coarse than that used for a drip brew coffee filter, and far coarser than that used for espresso. Anything other than a coarse grind will go through the press filter and into the coffee. A French press can also be used instead of a tea infuser to brew loose tea.
The French press is also more portable than other coffee makers. Special versions for travellers also exist. They are made of tough plastic instead of glass. They also have a sealed lid with a closable drinking hole. Some versions are marketed to hikers and backpackers. These people often do not want to carry a heavy metal percolator or a filter using drip brew.
Despite the name, the French press is not noticeably more popular in France than in other countries. In most French households, coffee is prepared by drip brewing, with an electric coffeemaker and paper filters. In bars and restaurants, an espresso machine is used.
Some studies have found that drinking large amounts of coffee made by the French press method increases LDL ("bad") cholesterol levels, while drinking filtered or drip coffee does not. The French press method allows certain Diterpenes, such as Cafestol and Kahweol, to remain in the coffee while other brewing methods either remove or limit these chemicals.

Ananke (moon)
Ananke is a retrograde non-spherical moon of Jupiter. It was found by Seth Barnes Nicholson at Mount Wilson Observatory in 1951 and is named after the mythological Ananke, the mother of Adrastea by Jupiter. The adjectival form of the name is "Anankean".
Ananke did not get its present name until 1975; before then, it was simply known as. It was sometimes called "Adrastea" between 1955 and 1975. Note that Adrastea is now the name of another moon of Jupiter.
Ananke gives its name to the Ananke group, retrograde non-spherical moons which orbit Jupiter between 19,300,000 and 22,700,000 km, at inclinations of about 150°.
Orbit.
Ananke orbits Jupiter on a high eccentricity and high inclination retrograde orbit. Eight non-spherical moons found since 2000 follow similar orbits.The orbital elements are as of January 2000. They are changing a lot due to Solar and planetary perturbations. The diagram illustrates Ananke's orbit in relation to other retrograde non-spherical moons of Jupiter. The eccentricity of selected orbits is represented by the yellow segments (extending from the pericentre to the apocentre). The farthest spherical moon Callisto is located for reference.
Given these orbital elements and the physical characteristics known so far, Ananke is thought to be the biggest remnant of an original break-up forming the Ananke group.
Physical characteristics.
In the visible spectrum, Ananke appears grey to light-red.
The infrared spectrum is similar to P-type asteroids but with a possible indication of water.

Grind
A grind of a blade is the cross-section of the blade. It also means to finely grate something, like coffee beans. The word also applies to skateboarding; a grind is a trick on a skateboard.

Camptosaurus
Camptosaurus (meaning "bent lizard") was a plant-eater from the late Jurassic period (about 156 to 145 million years ago) that looked a lot like Iguanodon. It was a heavy ornithischian dinosaur that was about 16-23 feet (5-7 m) long and 3-4 feet (1 m) high at the hips, weighing roughly 2,200 pounds (1000 kg). It had a long snout, hundreds of teeth and a horny beak. Its legs were longer than its arms; it had four-toed feet and five-fingered arms, all with hooves. It could walk on two or four legs, it probably went on all four to graze for low-lying plants.

Carme (moon)
Carme is a retrograde non-spherical moon of Jupiter. It was found by Seth Barnes Nicholson at Mount Wilson Observatory in California in July 1938. It is named after the mythological Carme, mother by Zeus of Britomartis, a Cretan goddess.
Carme did not get its present name until 1975; before then, it was simply known as. It was sometimes called "Pan" between 1955 and 1975. Note that Pan is now the name of a moon of Saturn.
It gives its name to the Carme group, made up of non-spherical retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at a distance ranging between 23,000,000 and 24,000,000 km and at an inclination of about 165°. Its orbital elements are as of January 2000. They are changing a lot due to Solar and planetary perturbations.

Leda (moon)
Leda or, is a prograde non-spherical moon of Jupiter. It was found by Charles T. Kowal at the Mount Palomar Observatory on September 14, 1974, after three nights' worth of photographic plates had been taken (September 11 through 13; Leda appears on all of them). It was named after Leda, who was a lover of Zeus, the Greek equivalent of Jupiter (who came to her in the form of a swan). Kowal suggested the name and the IAU supported it in 1975.
Leda belongs to the Himalia group, five moons orbiting between 11,000,000 and 13,000,000 km from Jupiter at an inclination of about 27.5°. The orbital elements given here are as of January 2000, but they are changing a lot due to Solar and planetary perturbations.

Lysithea (moon)
Lysithea is a prograde non-spherical moon of Jupiter. It was found by Seth Barnes Nicholson in 1938 at Mount Wilson Observatory and is named after the mythological Lysithea, daughter of Oceanus and one of Zeus' lovers.
Lysithea didn't get its present name until 1975; before then, it was simply known as. It was sometimes called "Demeter" from 1955 to 1975.
It belongs to the Himalia group, five moons orbiting between 11,000,000 and 13,000,000 km from Jupiter at an inclination of about 28.3°. Its orbital elements are as of January 2000. They are changing a lot due to Solar and planetary perturbations.

Rust Belt
The Rust Belt refers to an area of the north central United States. The area is mostly the states near the Great Lakes. This area was once known for steel production and heavy industry. That industry has greatly decreased since the middle of the 20th century. Much of this decreace is because of the United States using manufacturers from other countries.
Most Rust Belt cities, for example, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and Youngstown, Ohio, have had very large decrease in population since the 1950s and 1960s.

Pax Romana
Pax Romana was the time when there was peace in the Roman Empire. (Peace is when there is no war. "Pax" means "peace" in the Latin language; "Romana" means "Roman" in Latin. "So, Pax Romana" means "Roman peace.")
The Pax Romana lasted from 27 BC until 180 AD. It started when Augustus Caesar was the emperor (ruler) of the Roman Empire.

UH-1 Huey
The UH-1 Iroquois (although known mainly as the Huey) was a helicopter made by Bell Helicopters. It first flew in 1956 and was introduced in 1959. It was known for being in the Vietnam War. It could be used for transporting soldiers, cargo, support, helping lost soldiers or pilots, helping hurt people get to hosptials, or attacking enemies. One version, the UH-1V was made just for helping hurt people getting to hospitals. Some Hueys were given to civilians to help people get to hospitals. Now, the UH-60 Black Hawk is mainly used, but the Huey is still in service with countries.

Terabyte
A terabyte (TB) is a unit of measurement in computers and similar electronic devices. Terabytes hold 1000 gigabytes (GB) or a trillion (1,000,000,000,000) bytes. Some people say that the exact number of bytes is 1,099,511,627,776. The term used for this exact figure is tebibyte.
Large organisations use terabytes of storage to hold massive amounts of data. People at home probably don't use terabytes, they would use gigabytes, megabytes and occasionally kilobytes. However, in the future terabytes of storage will probably be more common in home usage. In fact, according to on the Apple website, 2008 Apple iMac computers can be ordered with 1 TB hard drives.

Meteora (album)
"Meteora" is the second studio album by Linkin Park. It was released on March 25, 2003. The album has sold 5.5 million copies in the USA and over 15 million worldwide also.

Say My Name
"Say My Name" is a number-one single by American R&B group Destiny's Child for the Columbia Records label, released in early 2000. The single was the third of four singles from the group's 1999 album "The Writing's On The Wall", and the most successful of the four. It is considered to be one of their signature songs. It won a Grammy and an MTV Video Music Award.
Formats and remixes.
Several remixes of "Say My Name" were issued alongside the original version. The two most notable alternate versions are a remix by Timbaland, which features different vocals and a guest appearance from Static of Playa; and the "Nitro Remix" (featuring Nitro and Chief, with production by Mista Maze), which uses the original vocals over a bass music-styled backing track.

Veto
A right of veto means that somebody can stop decisions or legislation.
For example, the president of the United States of America has veto power over the USA's parliament. This means that he can stop laws or bills from being passed.
Similarly, the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council (The United States of America, the United Kingdom, China, Russia and France) each have veto power. Using this, they can stop the security council's decisions from being passed and becoming resolutions.

Bettwiesen
Bettwiesen is a municipality of the district of Münchwilen in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

Bichelsee-Balterswil
Bichelsee-Balterswil is a municipality of the district of Münchwilen in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland. It was made from the union on January 1, 1996 of Bichelsee and Balterswil. The lake Bichelsee is in the municipality.

Birwinken
Birwinken is a municipality of the district of Weinfelden in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

Bottighofen
Bottighofen is a municipality of the district of Kreuzlingen in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.
It is located on Lake Constance.

Braunau, Switzerland
Braunau is a municipality of the district of Münchwilen in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

Bürglen, Thurgau
Bürglen is a municipality of the district of Weinfelden in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

Elbridge Gerry
Elbridge Thomas Gerry (July 17, 1744 – November 23, 1814) was an American politician from Massachusetts. As a Democratic-Republican he was elected the fifth Vice President of the United States, serving under James Madison, from March 4, 1813, until his death a year and a half later.
Gerry was a member of the Continental Congress and was a signer of both the Declaration of Independence and the Articles of Confederation.
He was a delegate to the United States Constitutional Convention in 1787 but did not sign it.
Gerry was elected to the House of Representatives and served there from 1789 to 1793.
Gerry was elected Governor of Massachusetts in 1810 and served for two years. While serving as governor, Gerry supported a plan that would re-create voting districts in Massachusetts to give more power to the political party that he belonged to. The word gerrymander used today when a party tries to create more favourable voting districts was named for Elbridge Gerry.
Gerry was Vice President under James Madison and died in office on November 23, 1814.

Bussnang
Bussnang is a municipality of the district of Weinfelden in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

Piltdown Man
Piltdown Man ("Eoanthropus dawsoni") was once thought to be a "missing link" between man and ape. The first Piltdown fragments were discovered in 1912. Thereafter, over 500 scientific essays were written on the Piltdown Man in a 40-year period. The discovery was proven to be a deliberate hoax in 1953.
The fossil remains.
Piltdown Man consisted of two human skulls, an orangutan jaw, an elephant molar, a hippopotamus tooth, and a canine tooth from a chimpanzee. Sir Kenneth Oakley has determined the human skulls to be approximately 620 years old. They may have belonged to Ona Indians from Patagonia, as the skulls were unusually thick. Thick skulls are a common trait among Ona Indians. The orangutan jaw is around 500 years old, perhaps from Sarawak. The elephant molar is thought to be from Tunisia. The hippopotamus tooth is thought to have come from Malta or perhaps Sicily. The canine tooth belonged to a Pleistocene Chimpanzee. The Piltdown remains were purposefully scattered around a quarry in Piltdown, England, so that they could be "discovered" later as evidence for evolution and the development of man from ape. The skulls had been treated with acid. All of the fossil remains were stained with an iron sulfate solution. The canine tooth was painted brown and patched with bubble gum. The molars were filed down. The portion of the orangutan jaw that connected the jaw to its skull was carefully broken so as not to show evidence that this jaw did not belong to a human skull.
The perpetrators.
The Piltdown Man hoax is thought to have been perpetrated by Charles Dawson, an archaeologist, geologist and fossil collector for the British Museum. However, no one is quite certain who was involved. There are a number of other suspects, including Sir Arthur Smith Woodward, Keeper of the British Museum's Natural History department, and Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, a paleontologist and Jesuit theologian.

Dozwil
Dozwil is a municipality of the district of Arbon in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

Egnach
Egnach is a municipality of the district of Arbon in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.
It is on Lake Constance.

Erlen
Erlen is a municipality of the district of Bischofszell in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

Ermatingen
Ermatingen is a municipality of the district of Kreuzlingen in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

Eschenz
Eschenz is a municipality of the district of Steckborn in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

Eschlikon
Eschlikon is a municipality of the district of Münchwilen in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

Felben-Wellhausen
Felben-Wellhausen is a municipality of the district of Frauenfeld in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

Fischingen, Switzerland
Fischingen is a municipality of the district of Münchwilen in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

Gachnang
Gachnang is a municipality of the district of Frauenfeld in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

Gottlieben
Gottlieben is a municipality of the district of Kreuzlingen in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

Güttingen
Güttingen is a municipality of the district of Kreuzlingen in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

TNT (couriers)
TNT is a delivery company that delivers packages either world-wide or within a country by couriers. The company picks up parcels from the sender and then delivers them to the addressee. TNT Airways, based in Liège Airport, is the airline of TNT, using more than 40 planes to reach 70 destinations in Europe every night.
System.
All packages are delivered to a local warehouse. A courier collects the packages from the warehouse and delivers them to the address on the package. Couriers will also collect packages from a certain area and take them to the warehouse where they can be sorted and sent to the warehouse nearest the receiver's address.
In the United Kingdom, couriers are often part-time workers, delivering packages using their own cars. They collect and deliver packages to any house in a certain postcode area. This way, the TNT company can be sure of delivering to any house in the area.

The Bad Beginning
"The Bad Beginning" is a book by Lemony Snicket. It is the first book in a series called "A Series of Unfortunate Events". The book was released in 1999.
Plot.
Violet, Klaus and Sunny Baudelaire were enjoying a day at Briny Beach. Mr. Poe, a banker and friend of the family, went to the beach to them that their parents had died in a fire which also destroyed their home. Mr. Poe is the executor of the Baudelaire fortune. It is his responsibility to put the children with a guardian and take care of their money until Violet turns eighteen (the legal age to handle money).
The Baudelaire children were taken to their new guardian Count Olaf. Olaf is a distant relative of the children. He works as an actor. On their way, they met Justice Strauss. Strauss is a kind and friendly judge who lives in the house next to them. She tells the children that they are welcome in her home anytime, which has a library in it. Count Olaf is a very cruel, filthy man. He has one long eyebrow and a strange tattoo of an eye on his left ankle. Olaf lives in a dirty musty house. Most importantly, he only adopted the children to get their money. He constantly made them do chores and other things, while only giving them with one bed to sleep in. Count Olaf also refers them as "orphans" instead of "children".
Olaf's theatre troupe was coming to his house that night to practice. Olaf told the children that they had to make dinner for everyone. There was no food in the house, so the children went to the marketplace with Justice Strauss to buy the ingredients for Pasta Puttanesca. Count Olaf complained that he wanted roast beef but he had never told them this. He became very mad and hit Klaus across the face. The children went to Mr. Poe at his bank in order to get help. Mr. Poe told them that Olaf may raise them however he wants. He then called Olaf to tell him of the Baudelaires' visit. When they got back to their home, Olaf told the children that he was sorry. He also told them that they would be in an upcoming play, called "The Marvelous Marriage" written by Al Funcoot. Olaf would play the groom, Violet would be the bride, and Klaus and Sunny would be people in the audience.
The children spent the day at Justice Strauss's home. While Violet and Sunny were helping in the garden, Klaus was reading law books in the library. He took a book on nuptial law out of the library with him when they return home. Klaus spent the entire night reading about how they could stop Count Olaf's plan to get their money. He learned that two people can be married if they sign a document and say their wedding vows in the presence of a legal judge. Olaf planned to marry Violet during the play to get control of the money. When Klaus talked to Count Olaf about this, he only smiled and laughed. Klaus ran to wake up his sisters but Sunny was not there. Violet and Klaus followed Olaf outside. They learned that Sunny was being held inside a birdcage at the top of the tower.
Count Olaf told them that one of his henchmen had kidnapped Sunny while they were sleeping. He warned them that if they did not do what he told them to do during the play, the cage will be released and Sunny would fall to her death. That night, Violet made a grappling hook to reach the top of the tower but she was kept captive with Klaus until the play began.
The play was performed. Olaf stopped it after the wedding scene to say that he and Violet were now married. Justice Strauss said that Violet could not marry because she was not old enough. Olaf said that she could be married if her parent or guardian allowed it. As her guardian, he allowed to to get married. Sunny was returned to them. Violet said that she was right-handed but signed the document with her left hand. Judge Strauss said that this maked the marriage not legal. Olaf escaped when one of his henchmen turned off the theater's lights. Just as Violet was about to turn the lights back on, Olaf quietly said that he would always be after them, and that when he got their fortune, he would kill them with his own hands. Justice Strauss was willing to adopt the Baudelaires, but Mr. Poe told her that their parents' will said a relative must care for them. They got into Mr. Poe's car and it drove away as Justice Strauss waved goodbye.

Count Olaf
Count Olaf is the principal villain from Lemony Snicket's "A Series of Unfortunate Events". His main goal throughout the series is to inherit or steal the Baudelaire fortune.

Warhammer 40,000
Warhammer 40,000 also called 40K is a table-top game in which model armies fight against each other on miniature terrain. It is played using dice to decide what happens and an ruler to tell how far a unit moves.
Each army has many types of weaponry. Each type has different strengths and armor piercing value (AP). There are also different types of units in each army. All units have different statistics which the playera use to their advantage when playing.
Rules.
2+ players are needed for a game. Each player takes it in turns to (in order) move, shoot, then assault. Each unit has a rating for "strength", "toughness", "armour save", "leadership", "initiative", "weapon" and "combat" skill.
Armies.
The armies include: Necrons, Tyranids, Space Marines, Chaos Space Marines, Eldar, Dark Eldar, Tau, Orks and Imperial Guard.
Necrons.
The Necrons are mysterious, silent and skeleton-like warriors. They have powerful technology and armour. The Necrons are one of most ancient race in the Warhammer 40,000 universe. They can be compared to traditional Undead such as vampires, skeletons and zombies.
Tyranids.
In the storyline the Tyranids are merciless predators from another galaxy. They completely eat whole planets before moving on. Tyranids can be compared to the Alien in Ridley Scott's Alien movies.
Space Marines.
The Space Marines are an army of super humans. They were genetically changed to defend humanity in the Warhammer 40,000 universe. There are lots of different groups of Space Marines. These groups are called chapters. All of the chapters are separate from each other. Each chapter has 1000 soldiers in it, and its own uniform, history and equipment. Some chapters have special rules in the game and types of soldier that only they can use. Chapters get and train their own recruits separately. The Space Marine in charge of each chapter is called the Chapter Master.
A lot of Space Marine equipment is very old. No-one knows how to make any more of some things they use, like the powerful Dreadnought armour. Space Marines wear special suits of armour, called power armour, to help them fight better. All Space Marines are genetically engineered to be very strong and tough, much more than most people. They can live for a very long time, and have extra They are also trained to be very brave and religious, as well as being trained to be good at shooting and fighting. Some Space Marines have psychic powers - these are called Librarians in most chapters. There are also Space Marines who act like priests, called Chaplains.

Hauptwil-Gottshaus
Hauptwil-Gottshaus is a municipality in the district of Bischofszell in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

Hefenhofen
Hefenhofen is a municipality of the district of Arbon in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

Herdern
Herdern is a municipality of the district of Steckborn in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

Hohentannen
Hohentannen is a municipality of the district of Bischofszell in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

Homburg, Switzerland
Homburg is a municipality of the district of Steckborn in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

Horn, Switzerland
Horn is a municipality of the district of Arbon in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

Termen
Termen is a municipality of the district of Brig in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

Zwischbergen
Zwischbergen is a municipality of the district of Brig in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

Daspletosaurus
Daspletosaurus (meaning "frightful lizard") was a tyrannosaurid theropod dinosaur that was 26-33 feet (8-10 m) long and weighed perhaps 2-3.5 tons (2300 kg). It had tiny horns behind its eyes and its arms were a bit longer than those of "T. rex". It may have been an ancestor of T. rex. This bipedal meat-eater lived in marshes by streams in what is now Alberta, Canada, during the late Cretaceous period, 76-72 million years ago. It may have preyed upon Triceratops. It was named by D. A. Russell in 1970. The type species is "D. torosus".

1447
Year 1447 was a common year starting on Sunday.

Mitte
Mitte was the most central borough of Berlin ("Mitte" is German for centre). It was set up in 1920, when Groß-Berlin was set up, and in 2001 it was joined with Wedding and Tiergarten to make a new borough called Mitte or Berlin-Mitte.
Mitte was in East Berlin, and had a lot of Berlin's historic sites. The Pergamon Museum, Unter den Linden and the Brandenburg Gate were in Mitte.
In 2001 Mitte was joined with two boroughs from West Berlin. This helped to break down the idea of a divided city, and put the important tourist centre of Berlin under one local government.

Groß-Berlin
Groß-Berlin or Greater Berlin was created by an act of the Prussian parliament made on 27 April 1920. The act was called the Greater Berlin Act () for short. Its full name was the "Law Regarding the Reconstruction of the New Local Authority of Berlin" ().
The act said that on 1 October 1920 "Greater Berlin" should be taken away from the Province of Brandenburg and become a new district.
The new Berlin was 13 times bigger than the old. Its area went from to and the population doubled from approximately 1.9 million to near 4 million, with almost 1.2 million of these new inhabitants coming from the 7 surrounding towns alone.
Apart from minor changes, the city boundary defined in the law is the same as today, except for some changes made during the time of the Berlin Wall. During the 1970s and 1980s three new boroughs were made in East Berlin when other boroughs were split up.

Pardon
A Pardon is what a President or other important political person "gives" to someone who has been put in jail or taken to court. Whoever gets this pardon is free and not guilty anymore.
Usually Presidents give these right when they are about to leave and cannot be elected again, because sometimes people get very angry at the President for pardoning criminals.

Medellín (Spain)
Medellín is a village in the province of Badajoz, Extremadura, Spain. It is notable as the birthplace of Hernán Cortés in 1485 and the site of the Battle of Medellín, during the Peninsular War.
The city was named after the Roman general Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius who founded it as a military base for his operations in western Iberia. It was originally called Metellinum.

Sean Watkins
Sean Watkins is a United States guitarist most famous as a member of Californian acoustic trio Nickel Creek.

Sara Watkins
Sara Watkins is a United States violinist most famous as a member of United States bluegrass band Nickel Creek.

Elara (moon)
Elara is a non-spherical moon of Jupiter. It was found by Charles Dillon Perrine at Lick Observatory in 1905 and is named after the mother by Zeus of the giant Tityus.
Elara did not get its present name until 1975; before then, it was simply known as. It was sometimes called "Hera" between 1955 and 1975.
Elara belongs to the Himalia group, five moons orbiting between 11,000,000 and 13,000,000 km from Jupiter at an inclination of about 27.5°. Its orbital elements are as of January 2000. They are changing a lot due to Solar and planetary perturbations.
New Horizons encounter.
In February and March 2007, the New Horizons spacecraft to Pluto made a number of pictures of Elara, culminating in photos from a distance of five million miles.

Crochet hook
A crochet hook is a tool used for making crochet fabric. The hook at the end is used to grab yarn. The tool also has a flat part for fingers to hold during work. Crochet hooks come in different sizes for different sizes of yarn.

Pterodaustro
Pterodaustro was a pterosaur from South America, are living from Cretaceous period. Pterodaustro most likely fed on tiny invertebrates: zooplankton and krill. Interesting enough, flamingos derive their pink colour from pigments found in these invertebrates (the pigments are actually found in algae, which the invertebrates consume).
Pterodaustro was medium sized, having a wing-span about two meters in length and having only been found in Brazil.

Dsungaripterus
Dsungaripterus ("Wing of Junggar Basin") was a pterosaur with 10 feet (3 m) wide leathery wings. It had an unusual bony crest running along its snout and had long, narrow, curved jaws with a pointed tip. The crest may have acted as a rudder when flying or may have been a sexual characteristic. It had flat teeth at the back of the jaws, probably for crushing the shells of its prey. It was not a dinosaur, but a type of extinct, flying reptile.
Dsungaripterus wings were covered by a leathery membrane. This thin but tough membrane stretched between its body, the top of its legs and its elongated fourth fingers, forming the structure of the wing. Claws protruded from the other fingers.

Himalia (moon)
Himalia is the biggest non-spherical moon of Jupiter. It was found by Charles Dillon Perrine at the Lick Observatory on December 3 1904 and is named after the nymph Himalia who bore three sons of Zeus (the Greek equivalent of Jupiter).
Name.
Himalia did not get its present name until 1975; before then, it was simply known as or Jupiter Satellite VI, although calls for a full name appeared shortly after its and Elara's discovery; A.C.D. Crommelin wrote in 1905,
Unfortunately the numeration of Jupiter's satellites is now in precisely the same confusion as that of Saturn's system was before the numbers were abandoned and names substituted. A similar course would seem to be advisable here; the designation V for the inner satellite was tolerated for a time, as it was considered to be in a class by itself; but it has now got companions, so that this subterfuge disappears. The substitution of names for numerals is certainly more poetic.
The moon was sometimes called Hestia, after the Greek goddess, from 1955 to 1975.
Orbit.
It is the biggest member of the group that bears its name, the moons orbiting between 11.4 and 13 million kilometers from Jupiter at an inclination of about 27.5°. The orbital elements are as of January 2000. They are changing a lot due to Solar and planetary perturbations.
Physical characteristics.
Himalia appears grey, like the other members of its group, similar to a C-type asteroid. Measurements by "Cassini" confirm a featureless spectrum, with a slight absorption at 3 μm which could indicate the presence of water.
Exploration.
In November 2000, the Cassini spacecraft, going to Saturn, made a number of pictures of Himalia, including photos from a distance as close as 4.4 million km. The moon covers only a few pixels, but seems to be a stretched object with axes 150 ± 20 and 120 ± 20 km, close to the Earth-based estimations.
In February and March 2007, the New Horizons spacecraft to Pluto made a series of pictures of Himalia, culminating in photos from a distance of eight million km. Again, Himalia appears only a few pixels across.

Kalli Raptis
Kalli Raptis has worked in a Washington, DC-based nonprofit organization, where she dealt with foreign policy and conflict resolution issues in southeast Europe and the Caucasus. She received master's degrees in international relations and in English from Loyola University Chicago and DePaul University. She is director of client development at the oldest major law firm of Hogan & Hartson, headquartered in Washington, D.C.

Brachychiton
"Brachychiton" (Kurrajong, Bottletree) is a genus of 31 species of trees and large shrubs. They grow naturally in Australia and New Guinea. Fossils from New South Wales and New Zealand are believed to be 50 million years old. The name "Brachychiton" is comes from the Greek "brachys", meaning "short", and "chiton", meaning "tunic". This refers to its loose seed coverings.
They grow to 4–30m tall. All species have separate male and female flowers on the same plant. The female flowers have five separate carpels that can each form a woody fruit that has several seeds.

Themisto (moon)
Themisto or, is a small prograde non-spherical moon of Jupiter. It was found in 1975, lost, and then refound in 2000.
Discovery and naming.
Themisto was first found by Charles T. Kowal and Elizabeth Roemer on September 30, 1975, reported on October 3, 1975and designated. However, not enough observations were made to establish an orbit and it was subsequently lost.
Themisto appeared as a footnote in astronomy textbooks into the 1980s. Then, in 2000, a seemingly new moon was found by Scott S. Sheppard, David C. Jewitt, Yanga R. Fernández and Eugene A. Magnier, and was designated. It was soon confirmed that this was the same as the 1975 object. The Sheppard et al. announcement was immediately correlated with an August 6 2000 observation by the team of Brett J. Gladman, John J. Kavelaars, Jean-Marc Petit, Hans Scholl, Matthew J. Holman, Brian G. Marsden, Philip D. Nicholson and Joseph A. Burns — an observation that was reported to the Minor Planet Center but not published as an IAU Circular (IAUC).
In October 2002 it was officially named after Themisto, daughter of the river god Inachus by Zeus (Jupiter) in Greek mythology.
Characteristics.
Themisto's orbit is unusual. Unlike most of Jupiter's moons, which orbit in groups, Themisto orbits alone, midway between the Galilean moons and the first group of prograde irregulars.
Themisto is about 8 kilometers in diameter (assuming an albedo of 0.04)

Thebe (moon)
Thebe or, is the fourth of Jupiter's known moons (by distance from the planet). It was found by Stephen P. Synnott in images from the "Voyager 1" space probe taken on March 5, 1979 and was given the designation. Later, it was found on images dating back to February 27, 1979. In 1983 it was officially named after the mythological nymph Thebe who was the daughter of the river god Asopus and a lover of Zeus (the Greek equivalent of Jupiter).
Orbit.
Thebe is the farthest of the inner Jovian moons. It orbits Jupiter at a distance of ~222,000 km (3.11 Jupiter radii). The orbit of Thebe has an eccentricity of ~0.018 and an inclination of ~1.08° relative to the equator of Jupiter. These values are unusually high for a closer moon and can be explained by the past influence of the closest Galilean satellite Io; in the past, several mean motion resonances with Io would have passed through Thebe's orbit as Io gradually moved away from Jupiter, and these excited Thebe's orbit.
Physical characteristics.
Thebe is not a sphere, with the closest ellipsoidal approximation being 116x98x84 km. Its bulk density and mass are not known but assuming that it mean density is like that of Amalthea (~0.86 g/cm³) its mass can be estimated at ~4.3×1017 kg.
The surface of Thebe is dark and appears to be reddish in color.
Exploration.
Thebe was found in "Voyager 1" images by Steve Synnott, a member of the Voyager navigation team. However, before the "Galileo" spacecraft arrived at Jupiter, little was known about it. "Galileo" imaged almost all of the surface of Thebe and put constraints on its composition.

Antagonist
An antagonist is the character in a story whom has evil intent. The antagonist(s) is the opposing character to a protagonist, which are the characters that have good intent. Antagonists normally have reasoning for committing acts of evil. Though it is rare, it is possible for an antagonist to be an evil doer committing acts of which a protagonist might through acts which may seem evil, which throw off most readers and characters of a story.
A secondary antagonist is an evil doer who serves to a main antagonist.
It should be noted that it is possible for a protagonist to become an antagonist. A prominent example of this was when Anakin Skywalker had turned from a Jedi to a Sith, namely becoming Darth Vader.

Joe Grant
Joe Grant (May 15, 1908 - May 9, 2005) was a famous American animator, writer and illustrator. He worked for Walt Disney the first time between 1933 and 1949 and the second time from 1989 until his death just a few days before his 97th birthday.
Joe Grant was born at 1908 in New York City. After school, he began his career as a caricaturist. In 1933, he was hired by Disney for the Mickey Mouse short movie "Mickey's Gala Premiere". In the next years he was together with Albert Hurter, Dick Huemer and Fred Moore the studios' most important character animator. He created the which in Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937) and with Dick Huemer the book for Fantasia and Dumbo. Later he was the head of the "Character Animation Department" at Disney. This department was closed in 1949 and Grant left Disney.
40 years later, in 1989, Joe Grant was back. For Disney's Beauty and the Beast (1991) he created again characters and sketches. The movie was the first animation film which was nominated for the Academy Awards' Best Picture. In 1992, Joe Grant's wife, Jenny died. To be in action after the death of his wife, he did not left Disney. In 1999, he was the only person who worked on Fantasia (1940) "and" Fantasia 2000.
In 2005, his animation short movie "Lorenzo" was nominated for an Academy Award. Just a few weeks later Joe Grant died while working with his drawing board at the age of 96 in Glendale, California.

Ganymede (moon)
Ganymede is the largest moon of Jupiter, and also the largest in the Solar System. Ganymede is larger in diameter than Mercury, but has only about half its mass, as Ganymede's density is much less. Ganymede can be seen from Earth with the naked eye, if not for the brighter light of nearby Jupiter. Other than possibly the other Galilean Satellites; Io, Europa and Callisto; the only other planetary satellite visible with the naked eye is our own Moon.
Ganymede's discoverer is Galileo Galilei who confirmed its existence in 1610. The name Ganymede was suggested soon after by Simon Marius, named after the cup-bearer of the Greek gods, beloved of Zeus. This name and the names of the other Galilean satellites was not favoured for a long time, and were not put into common use until the mid-20th century. Instead, it is simply referred to by its Roman numeral designation (a system that was introduced by Galileo) as or as the "third satellite of Jupiter". Ganymede is the only Galilean moon of Jupiter named after a male figure.

Callisto (moon)
Callisto is a moon of the planet Jupiter, discovered in 1610 by Galileo Galilei. It is the second largest moon orbiting Jupiter, after Ganymede, and the third largest moon in the Solar System. Callisto is almost the same size as the planet Mercury, being 99% the diameter of the planet, but is much less massive. Of the four Galilean moons of Jupiter, Callisto is the farthest, with an orbital radius of about 1,880,000 kilometres. It does not form part of the orbital resonance that affects three inner Galilean satellites, Io, Europa and Ganymede. Like the Earth's Moon, Callisto rotates synchronously with its orbital period. This means that one side is always turned toward Jupiter, while the other side never sees the face of the planet. Callisto's surface is less affected by Jupiter's magnetosphere than the other inner satellites because it orbits farther away.
Callisto is composed of approximately equal amounts of rock and ices, with an average density of about 1.83 g/cm³. Compounds on the surface include water ice, carbon dioxide, silicates, and organics. The Galileo spacecraft made investigations of the moon, and revealed that Callisto may have a small silicate core and possibly a subsurface ocean of liquid water more than 100 kilometers deep.
The surface of Callisto is heavily cratered and extremely old. The surface does not show any sign of processes occurring below the surface such as plate tectonics, earthquakes or volcanoes, and is thought to have evolved mainly under the influence of meteorite impacts. Notable surface features include multi-ring structures, impact craters in different shapes, and chains of craters (known as catenae) and associated scarps, ridges and deposits. On a smaller scale, the surface is diverse and is made up of small bright frost deposits at around hill tops, surrounded by a smooth blanket of dark material in valleys. This is thought to result from the degradation of small landforms, caused through sublimation, which is supported by the general lack of small impact craters and the presence of numerous small knobs, considered to be their remains. The absolute ages of the landforms are not known.
Callisto is surrounded by an extremely thin atmosphere made out of carbon dioxide and probably molecular oxygen, as well as by a rather intense ionosphere. An ocean is thought to exist within Callisto. This may mean that life might exist. However, this is less likely than on nearby Europa. Various space probes from Pioneers 10–11 to Galileo and Cassini have studied the moon. Callisto has long been considered the most suitable place for humans to settle for future exploration of the Jovian system.

Garth Brooks
Troyal Garth Brooks (born February 7, 1962) is an American country music singer-songwriter. He uses rock elements into his recordings and live performances. Brooks was successful in the country singles and country album charts and later also proved popular in the mainstream pop arena, exposing country music to a larger audience.
Brooks has had one of the most successful careers in popular music history, with over 70 hit singles and 15 charted albums to his credit. Throughout the 1990s he broke records for both sales and concert attendance. In 1999, looking to expand his career boundaries, Brooks began a multimedia project involving a fictitious alter ego known as Chris Gaines.
In 2001, Brooks officially retired from recording and performing, after having conflicts between his career and family. During this time he has sold millions of albums through an exclusive distribution deal with Wal-Mart and has released new singles from time to time.
On November 6, 2007, "The Ultimate Hits" was released.

Baden
Baden is a historical state in south-west Germany.
The Margraviate of Baden () was made in 1112. From 1190 to 1771, Baden was broken up into different smaller states. When the Holy Roman Empire ended in 1806, the Margraviate of Baden became the larger and more powerful Grand Duchy of Baden (). After World War I ended in 1918, the monarchy in Baden ended so Baden became a republic.
After World War II ended in 1945, Baden was cut in half: the north half became part of Württemberg-Baden and the south half became South Baden. South Baden changed its name to "Baden" in 1947. Baden was one of the original states of the Federal Republic of Germany. In 1952, it joined with Württemberg-Baden and Württemberg-Hohenzollern to make the state of Baden-Württemberg.

Color
Color or colour is a property of light as seen by people. This word is written as "colour" in British English and "color" in American English. Each color has a different wavelength.
"Primary colors" can be mixed to make the other colors. Red, yellow and blue are the three traditional primary colors. The primary colors for television screens and computer monitors are red, green and blue. Printers use magenta, yellow and cyan as primary colors, they also use black.
People who can not see colors well are called color blind. Most color blind people are male.
Colors are sometimes added to food. Food coloring is used to color food.
When something has no color, it is colorless. An example is air.
A transparent material is not the same as a colorless material because it can still have a color, like stained glass.

Hüttlingen, Switzerland
Hüttlingen is a municipality of the district of Frauenfeld, in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

Hüttwilen
Hüttwilen is a municipality of the district of Steckborn in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.
The lakes Nussbaumersee, Hüttwilersee and Hasensee are found in the municipality.

Kemmental
Kemmental is a municipality of the district of Kreuzlingen in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

Kesswil
Kesswil is a municipality of the district of Arbon in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.
Trivia.
The village was the birthplace of the important psychiatrist Carl Jung.

Kradolf-Schönenberg
Kradolf-Schönenberg is a municipality of the district of Bischofszell in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

Langrickenbach
Langrickenbach is a municipality of the district of Kreuzlingen in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

Lengwil
Lengwil is a municipality of the district of Kreuzlingen in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

Mitsubishi Model A
The Mitsubishi Model A is the only car built by the Mitsubishi Shipbuilding Company, a member of the Mitsubishi "keiretsu" which would later become Mitsubishi Motors, and the first automobile made in Japan. Based on the Fiat "Tipo 3", it was a four-door seven-seat sedan powered by a front-mounted 26kW 2.8 litre straight-4 engine driving the rear wheels, and was could drive as fast as 20 mph. 22 were built at the company's Kobe shipyard between 1917 and 1921.

Gopher (protocol)
Gopher is a protocol. It is used to index and search for documents on the Internet. It was designed to be used as a form of anonymous FTP. It is what came before the World Wide Web.
The gopher protocol has some things HTTP-based clients do not have. It is based on menus. An item selected from a menu will either open another menu, or a document.
Because of licensing fees, and because the World-Wide Web was easier to use, the protocol did not fly. There are less than 100 gopher servers left. Most of them are run by universities. Most of them are rarely updated except for the ones run by enthusiasts of the protocol. A handful of new servers are set up every year by hobbyists - 25 have been set up and added to Floodgap's list since 1999 and possibly some more that haven't been added. Today Gopher exists as an almost forgotten corner of the internet - one can publish email addresses in plaintext without having to worry about spam, and publish large amounts of data without the risk of the server's bandwidth becoming saturated, while at the same time people do still browse the gopher servers regularly.
Some have suggested that the simple interface of Gopher would be a good match for mobile phones and Personal digital assistants (PDAs), but so far, the Web-fixated market prefers Wireless Markup Language (WML)/Wireless Application Protocol (WAP), DoCoMo i-mode, XHTML Basic or other adaptations of HTML and XML. The PyGopherd server, however, provides a built-in WML front-end to Gopher sites served with it.
Many current web-browsers support the gopher protocol.

Inner moons of Jupiter
The inner moons of Jupiter are four small moons that orbit close to Jupiter. These moons are closely interconnected with Jupiter's rings and serve as both sources and sinks of the ring's material. Their semi-major axes range between 128,000 and 222,000 km.
Metis and Adrastea each orbit Jupiter in less than one Jovian day (the time it takes for Jupiter to rotate once). Phobos, a moon of Mars, is the only other moon known to orbit its planet in less than the length of that planet's day.

Galilean moons
The Galilean moons are the four moons of Jupiter found by Galileo Galilei. They are by far the biggest of the many moons of Jupiter.
Discovery.
Galileo Galilei found what came to be known as the Galilean moons around December 1609 or January 1610. As a result of improvements he made to the telescope, Galileo was able to see celestial bodies better than ever before in human history. Using his improved telescope, Galileo was the first to see four moons of Jupiter.
On January 7, 1610, Galileo wrote a letter containing the first mention of Jupiter’s moons. At the time, he only saw three of them, and he believed them to be fixed stars near Jupiter. He continued to look at these celestial orbs from January 8 through March 2. In these observations, he found a fourth body, and also observed that the four were not fixed stars, but rather were orbiting Jupiter.
Galileo’s discovery proved the importance of the telescope as a tool for astronomers by showing that there were objects in space to be found that until then had remained unseen by the naked eye. More importantly, the incontrovertible discovery of celestial bodies orbiting something other than the Earth dealt a serious blow to the then-accepted Ptolemaic world system, which held that the Earth was at the center of the universe and all other celestial bodies revolved around it. That Jupiter has four moons while Earth has only one further undercut the near-universal belief that the Earth was the center of the universe both in position and in importance. Galileo's "Sidereus Nuncius" ("Starry Messenger"), which announced celestial observations through his telescope, does not mention Copernican heliocentrism, a theory that placed the Sun at the center of the universe. Nevertheless, Galileo believed in the Copernican theory.
Galileo also developed a method of determining longitude based on the timing of the orbits of the Galilean moons.
A Chinese historian of astronomy, Xi Zezong, claims that Chinese astronomer Gan De observed one of Jupiter's moons in 362 BC, nearly 2 millennia earlier than Galileo.
Name.
Galileo called his discovery the Cosmica Sidera ("Cosimo's stars"), in honour of Cosimo II de' Medici (1590–1621), grand-duke of Tuscany from 1609, whose patronage he wanted to secure. At the grand-duke's suggestion, Galileo changed the name to Medicea Sidera ("the Medician stars"), honouring all four Medici brothers (Cosimo, Francesco, Carlo, and Lorenzo). The discovery was announced in the "Sidereus Nuncius" ("Starry Messenger"), published in Venice in March 1610, less than two months after the first observations.
Other names put forward include 'Principharus, Victipharus, Cosmipharus and Ferdinandipharus', for each of the four Medici brothers, proposed by Giovanni Batista Hodierna, a disciple of Galileo and author of the first ephemerides ("Medicaeorum Ephemerides", 1656)
Johannes Hevelius called the moons the 'Circulatores Jovis' or 'Jovis Committees', and Jacques Ozanam called them 'Gardes' or 'Satellites' (from the Latin "satelles, satellitis", meaning "escorts").
The names that eventually prevailed were chosen by Simon Marius, who claimed to have found the moons at the same time as Galileo: he named them after lovers of the god Zeus (the Greek equivalent of Jupiter): "Io", "Europa", "Ganymede" and "Callisto", in his "Mundus Jovialis", published in 1614.
Galileo steadfastly refused to use Marius's names and invented as a result the numbering scheme that is still used nowadays, in parallel with proper moon names.
The numbers run from Jupiter outward, thus I, II, III and IV for Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto respectively. Galileo used this system in his notebooks but never actually published it.
Seeing the moons.
All four Galilean moons are bright enough that they could, if they were farther away from Jupiter, be seen without a telescope. They have apparent magnitudes between 4.6 and 5.6 when Jupiter is in opposition with the Sun, and about one unit of magnitude dimmer when Jupiter is in conjunction. The main thing that is hard in observing them is due to the fact that they are very close to Jupiter, and are masked by its brightness. Their maximum angular separations from Jupiter are between 2 and 8 minutes of arc, close to the limit of human visual acuity. Ganymede and Callisto, at their maximum separation, are the likeliest targets for possible naked-eye observation. The easiest way to observe them is to cover Jupiter with an object, e.g. a tree limb or a power line that is perpendicular to the plane of moons' orbits.

Passion cantata
A Passion cantata is a cantata. The cantata takes its theme from the Passion of Jesus Christ, in other words his suffering until his death at the cross. Larger cantatas with this theme are known as oratorios.
Today, most of them are performed in the week before Easter.
English.
In the English repertoire, the two classics are "The Crucifixion" (1887) by Sir John Stainer and "Olivet to Calvary" (1904) by John Henry Maunder. Other works include Sir Arthur Somervell's "The Passion of Christ" (1914), Charles Wood's "St. Mark Passion" (1921) and Eric Thiman's "The Last Supper" (1930).
German.
The most famous Passion cantatas are probably the two composed by Johann Sebastian Bach: the "St John Passion" (1724) and the "St Matthew Passion" (1727). A t first it was believed, St Luke Passion (1730) was also written by him. Now it is thought that he simply rearranged an earlier work.
Latin.
One notable work in Latin is Arvo Pärt's "Passio Domini Nostri Jesu Christi secundum Joannem" ("The Passion of Our Lord Jesus Christ according to John") of 1982.

Aberdeen Grammar School
Aberdeen Grammar School is one of the twelve secondary schools run by the government in the City of Aberdeen, Scotland. It is run by the Aberdeen City Council education department. It is the oldest school in the city. It is one of oldest grammar schools in the United Kingdom. It is around 750 years old.

Wireless Application Protocol
The Wireless Application Protocol ("WAP") is a protocol. It was made to allow devices like mobile phones to access the internet.

Himalia group
The Himalia group is a group of prograde non-spherical moons of Jupiter that follow similar orbits to Himalia and are thought to have a common origin.
The orbit estimate of the recently found moon 2000 J 11 also qualified it as a member of the group (it appeared to have the same inclination, and a slightly bigger semi-major axis)
but its orbit is not known exactly and the mean orbital elements have not yet been calculated.
The International Astronomical Union (IAU) reserves names in -a for the moons in this group.
Characteristics and origin.
The objects in the Himalia group have semi-major axes (distances from Jupiter) in the range of 11,150,000 and 11,750,000 km, inclinations between 26.6° and 28.3°, and eccentricities of between 0.11 and 0.25.
All moons in the group are grey similar to C-type asteroids. It has been suggested that the group could be a remnant of the break-up of an asteroid from the main asteroid belt. The radius of the parent asteroid was probably about 89 km, only a bit bigger than that of Himalia, which retains approximately 87% of the mass of the original body. This indicates the asteroid was not heavily disturbed.

SOS
SOS (· · · — — — · · ·) is a Morse code. It is used as distress code, to signal danger. It was introduced by the German government in radio regulations on April 1, 1905. It became the worldwide standard when it was included in the second International Radiotelegraphic Convention, which was signed on November 3, 1906. The convention became effective on July 1, 1908.
From the beginning, the SOS distress signal has actually been a continuous sequence of three-dits/three-dahs/three-dits, all run together without letter spacing. In International Morse Code, three dits form the letter S, and three dahs make the letter O, so "SOS" became an easy way to remember the correct order of the dits and dahs. In modern terminology, SOS is a "procedural signal" or "prosign", and the formal way to write it is with a bar above the letters. It should be written SOS.
In popular usage, SOS became associated with phrases such as "Save Our Souls," "Save our Ship" "Save Our Shelby," "Shoot Our Ship", "Sinking Our Ship", "Survivors On Shore", and others. It is mostly known by "Save Our Ship". However, these phrases were a later development, most likely used to help remember the correct letters—something known as a backronym.
Many songs have been made of the distress signal SOS, such as "Message in a Bottle" by The Police, "SOS" by ABBA, "SOS" by Rihanna, "S.O.S." by The Jonas Brothers, and "Stranger" by Gamma.
Early developments.
Before radio communication was developed in the early 1890s, seagoing ships had already adopted many different visual and audio distress signals. They used such things as semaphore flags, signal flares, bells, and foghorns. In the beginning, radio was called "wireless telegraphy". It used Morse code, the dit-and-dah system originally developed for landline telegraphy.When radio communication was made available to ships, there was a need for standardized communication. Cooperation was somewhat limited by national differences and rivalries between different radio companies.
The first International Radiotelegraphic Conference was held in Berlin, Germany in 1903. At the time, Captain Quintino Bonomo, an Italian representative, discussed the need for common operating procedures. He also had the suggestion that "ships in distress... should send the signal SSS DDD at intervals of a few minutes", according to "The Wireless Telegraph Conference", in the November 27, 1903, issue of "The Electrician". Question on how to do things were beyond the scope of the 1903 Conference. Although Article IV of the Conference's Final Protocol, signed August 13, 1903, said that "Wireless telegraph stations should, unless practically impossible, give priority to calls for help received from ships at sea," no standard signal was adopted at the time.
Because there were no international regulations, each ship was left to develop its own practices. For example in 1905 the crew of a sinking lightship off Nantucket transmitted the word "HELP" to call for rescue. Perhaps the first international radio distress call adopted was "CQD" ( — · — ·    — — · —    — · · ).
This was announced on January 7, 1904 by "Circular 57" of the Marconi International Marine Communication Company. It became effective for Marconi installations on February 1, 1904. Another suggestion appeared in the 1906 edition of S. S. Robison's "Manual of Wireless Telegraphy for the Use of Naval Electricians," published for use by the United States Navy. This stated that the standard visual flag signals, known as the International Code of Signals, would likely also be adopted for radio use. Therefore, the flag signal "NC" ( — ·     — · — · ), which stood for "In distress; want immediate assistance", would also likely become the radio distress call.
SOS created in Germany.
SOS was developed from the general German radio call "SOE", with the 3 dits of a "S" easier to hear in static than the one dit of an "E". The string has no other meaning. It was also selected because it is easy to recognize and can be sent rapidly. Comparing SOS (di-di-di-dah-dah-dah-di-di-dit) with the older CQD (dah-di-dah-dit dah-dah-di-dah dah-di-dit) (— ·—· /—— ·—/—· ·) it is obvious how much simpler the new code is. It would not be mistaken for CQ,either. "CQ" is the radio code for "calling anyone" used in casual circumstances.
In 1906, the second International Radiotelegraphic Convention was held in Berlin. This convention developed many Service Regulations to be added to the main agreement, which was signed on November 3, 1906, and became effective on July 1, 1908. Article XVI of the regulations adopted Germany's "Notzeichen" distress signal as the international standard, reading: "Ships in distress shall use the following signal: · · · — — — · · ·  repeated at brief intervals". The first ship to transmit an SOS distress call appears to have been the Cunard liner "Slavonia" on June 10, 1909, according to "Notable Achievements of Wireless" in the September, 1910 "Modern Electrics". However, there was some resistance among the Marconi operators about adopting the new signal, and, as late as the April, 1912 sinking of the RMS Titanic, the ship's Marconi operators intermixed CQD and SOS distress calls. But with the need for consistency for public safety, the use of CQD appears to have generally disappeared after this point.
In both the April 1, 1905 German law, and the 1906 International regulations, the distress signal was specified as a continuous Morse code sequence of three-dits/three-dahs/three-dits, with no mention of any alphabetic equivalents. However, in International Morse three dits make the letter S, and three dahs the letter O, and it soon became common to refer to the distress signal as "SOS." An early report on "The International Radio-Telegraphic Convention" in the January 12, 1907 "Electrical World" said that "Vessels in distress use the special signal, SOS, repeated at short intervals." (In American Morse code, which was used by many coastal ships in the United States through the first part of the twentieth century, three dahs stood for the numeral "5", so in a few cases the distress signal was informally referred to as "S5S").
In contrast to CQD, which was sent as three separate letters with spaces between each letter, the SOS distress call has always been transmitted as a continuous sequence of dits-and-dahs, and not as individual letters. There was no problem as long as operators were aware that "SOS" was technically just a convenient way for remembering the proper sequence of the distress signal's total of nine dits and dahs. In later years, the number of special Morse symbols increased. In order to designate the proper sequence of dits-and-dahs for a long special symbol, the standard practice is to list alphabetic characters which contain the same dits-and-dahs in the same order, with a bar atop the character sequence to indicate that there should not be any internal spaces in the transmission. Thus, under the modern notation, the distress signal becomes SOS. (In International Morse, VTB, IJS and SMB, among others, would also correctly translate into the · · · — — — · · ·  distress call sequence, but traditionally only SOS is used).
SOS has also sometimes been used as a visual distress signal, consisting of three-short/three-long/three-short light flashes, or with "SOS" spelled out in individual letters, for example, stamped in a snowbank or formed out of logs on a beach. The fact that SOS can be read right side up as well as upside down became important for visual recognition if viewed from above.
Later developments.
Additional warning and distress signals were introduced after SOS. On January 20, 1914, the London International Convention on Safety of Life at Sea adopted the Morse code signal TTT ( —  —  —), three letter T's (—) spaced correctly as three letters so as not to be confused with the letter O (- - -), as the "Safety Signal," used for messages to ships "involving safety of navigation and being of an urgent character." When radio transmitters that could send audio were developed, there was a need for a spoken distress phrase, and "Mayday" was adopted by the 1927 International Radio Convention as the equivalent of SOS. For TTT the equivalent audio signals are "Pan-pan" for urgency and "Securite" for navigational safety.
During the Second World War, additional codes were used to include immediate details about attacks by enemy vessels, especially in the Battle of the Atlantic. The signal SSS signalled attacked by submarines, whilst RRR warned of an attack by a surface raider, QQQ warned of an unknown raider (usually an auxiliary cruiser), and AAA indicated an attack by aircraft. They were usually sent in conjunction with the SOS distress code. All of these codes later switched from three repeats of the letter to four repeats ("RRRR", etc.).

Naturalization
Naturalization is when a person changes his or her nationality. Most people have the nationality of the country where they are born and grow up. If they move to another country they will still keep their own nationality at first, but if they stay there for many years and want to stay there for the rest of their lives they may want to change their nationality. Different countries have different laws about nationalization. Usually the person will have to make a promise in a court of law. He will have to promise to be a good citizen and obey the country's laws.
Sometimes it is still possible for someone to keep their first nationality as well as getting a new one. This is called "dual nationality". Sometimes children whose parents have different nationalities are allowed to have dual nationality.
Someone who has been naturalized will normally have all the rights that any other person belonging to that country has.

Semaphore
A Semaphore is an installation used to send optical signals. It is also known as Optical telegraph. Common system include signal towers with special installations on them or hand-held flags. The meaning of the signal is determined by the position of the elements, for example the flags. The signal can be read when it is in a stable position. In modern usage, it refers to signalling with a set of flags.
Signal towers came before the electric telegraph. They were faster than sending out post riders with the information.

Ananke group
The Ananke group is a group of retrograde non-spherical moons of Jupiter that follow similar orbits to Ananke and are thought to have a common origin.
Their semi-major axes (distances from Jupiter) range between 19,300,000 and 22,700,000 km, their inclinations between 145.7° and 154.8°, and their orbital eccentricities between 0.02 and 0.28.
The International Astronomical Union (IAU) reserves names ending in -e for all retrograde moons, including this group's members.
Origin.
The Ananke group is believed to have been formed when an asteroid was captured by Jupiter and broken apart by a collision.
Based on the sizes of the moons, the original asteroid may have been about 28 km in diameter. Since this value is near the approximate diameter of Ananke itself, it is likely the parent body was not heavily disrupted.
Three of the moons of the family (Harpalyke, Praxidike and Iocaste) display similar grey colours while Ananke itself is on the boundary between grey and light red.

Carme group
The Carme group is a group of retrograde non-spherical moons of Jupiter that follow similar orbits to Carme and are thought to have a common origin.
Their semi-major axes (distances from Jupiter) range between 22,900,000 and 24,100,000 km, their inclinations between 164.9° and 165.5°, and their orbital eccentricities between 0.23 and 0.27 (with one exception).
The International Astronomical Union (IAU) reserves names in -e for all retrograde moons, including this group's members.
Origin.
The Carme group may once have been a single body that was broken apart by an impact. Further support to the single body origin comes from the known colours: all the moons appear light red,
and infrared spectra, similar to D-type asteroids.

Alexis Bouvard
Alexis Bouvard (June 27, 1767 – June 7, 1843) was a French astronomer. He is particularly noted for his careful observations of the irregulrities in the motion of Uranus and his hypothesis of the existence of an eighth planet in the solar system.

George Biddell Airy
Sir George Biddell Airy (July 27, 1801–January 2, 1892) was an English mathematician and astronomer, Astronomer Royal from 1835 to 1881. His many achievements include work on planetary orbits, measuring the mean density of the Earth, a method of solution of two-dimensional problems in solid mechanics and, in his role as Astronomer Royal, establishing Greenwich at the location of the prime meridian. His reputation has been tarnished by allegations that, through his inaction, Britain lost the opportunity of priority in the discovery of Neptune.

Pasiphaë group
The Pasiphaë group is a group of retrograde non-spherical moons of Jupiter that follow similar orbits to Pasiphaë and are thought of have a common origin.
Their semi-major axes (distances from Jupiter) range between 22,800,000 and 24,100,000 km (the same range as the Carme group), their inclinations between 144.5° and 158.3°, and their eccentricities between 0.25 and 0.43.
The International Astronomical Union (IAU) reserves names ending in -e for all retrograde moons, including this group's members.
Origin.
The Pasiphaë group is believed to have been formed when Jupiter captured an asteroid which broke up after a collision. The original asteroid was not disturbed heavily: the original body is calculated to have been 60 km in diameter, about the same size as Pasiphaë; Pasiphaë has 99% of the original body's mass. However, if Sinope belongs to the group, the amount is much smaller, 87%.
The differences of colour between the objects (grey for Pasiphaë, light red for Callirrhoe and Megaclite) also suggest that the group could have a more complex origin than a single collision.

Rashomon
Rashomon is a 1950 film directed by renowned Japanese film director Akira Kurosawa. The film is famous for its unique narrative style, in which one important event is recounted in four different ways, based on accounts by four different characters, one of them "speaking" from the grave.

James Challis
James Challis (December 12, 1803 – December 3, 1882) was an English clergyman, physicist and astronomer. Plumian Professor and director of the Cambridge Observatory, he investigated a wide range of physical phenomena though made few lasting contributions outside astronomy. He is best remembered for his missed opportunity to discover the planet Neptune in 1846.

Heinrich Louis d'Arrest
Heinrich Louis d'Arrest (July 13, 1822 – June 14, 1875) was a Prussian astronomer, born in Berlin. His name is sometimes given as Heinrich Ludwig d'Arrest.

Olin J. Eggen
Olin Jeuck Eggen (July 9, 1919 – October 2, 1998) was an American astronomer. Some sources incorrectly give his name as Olin Jenck Eggen.

John Herschel
Sir John Frederick William Herschel, 1st Baronet (March 7, 1792–May 11, 1871)
was an English mathematician, astronomer, chemist, and experimental photographer/inventor. He was the son of astronomer Sir William Herschel and the father of 12 children.

Berlin Observatory
The Berlin Observatory (Berliner Sternwarte in German) has its origins in 1700 when Gottfried Leibniz initiated the "Societät der Wissenschaften" (Brandenburgische Science Society) which would later (1744) become the "Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften" (Prussian Academy of Sciences). The Society had no observatory, but nevertheless had an astronomer, Gottfried Kirch, who observed from a private observatory in Berlin. A first small observatory was furnished in 1711, financing itself through calendrical computations.

Astronomer Royal
Astronomer Royal is a senior post in the Royal Household of the Sovereign of the United Kingdom. There are two officers, the senior being the Astronomer Royal dating from June 22, 1675, and the second the Astronomer Royal for Scotland, which dates from 1834.
King Charles II, who founded the Royal Observatory Greenwich in 1675 instructed the first Astronomer Royal John Flamsteed, "to apply himself with the most exact care and diligence to the rectifying of the tables of the motions of the heavens, and the places of the fixed stars, so as to find out the so much desired longitude of places for the perfecting of the art of navigation."
From that time until 1972 the Astronomer Royal was Director of the Royal Observatory Greenwich. As Astronomer Royal he receives a stipend of £100 a year and is a member of the Royal Household, under the general authority of the Lord Chamberlain. After the separation of the two offices the position of Astronomer Royal has been largely honorary, though he remains available to advise the Sovereign on astronomical and related scientific matters, and the office is of great prestige.

Royal Observatory, Greenwich
The Royal Observatory, Greenwich (formerly the Royal Greenwich Observatory or RGO) was commissioned in 1675 by King Charles II, with the foundation stone being laid on 10 August.At this time the king also created the position of Astronomer Royal (initially filled by John Flamsteed), to serve as the director of the observatory and to "apply himself with the most exact care and diligence to the rectifying of the tables of the motions of the heavens, and the places of the fixed stars, so as to find out the so much desired longitude of places for the perfecting of the art of navigation." It is situated on a hill in Greenwich Park in Greenwich, London, overlooking the River Thames.

Keira Knightley
Keira Christina Knightley (born March 26, 1985 in Teddington, London, England) is a Golden Globe and Academy Award nominated English actress. She is most famous for playing the part of Elizabeth Swann in the movie ' and its sequels. She has also been in such movies as ' and 2005's "Pride and Prejudice".

Carnosauria
Carnosauria are infraclass very name evokes danger, from Greek for "meat-eating lizards". These theropod dinosaurs must have terrorized their dinosaurian prey during their peak in the Jurassic period. Carnosaurs are characterized by several features, mostly modifications of the pelvis and hind legs (possibly adaptations evolved along with their increased size). For example, the carnosaurian femur ("thigh bone") is usually larger than the tibia ("shin bone"). Also characteristic of the Carnosauria are large orbits (eye openings in the skull) and a generally long, narrow skull.

Lake Pontchartrain
Lake Pontchartrain (in English; "Lac Pontchartrain," IPA [lak pɔ̃ʃaʀtʀɛ̃] in French) is a brackish lake located in southeastern Louisiana. It is the second largest salt-water lake in the United States, after the Great Salt Lake in Utah, and the largest lake in Louisiana.
It covers an area of 630 square miles (1630 square km) with an average depth of 12 to 14 feet (about 4 meters). Some shipping channels are kept deeper through dredging. It is roughly oval in shape, about 40 miles (64 km) wide and 24 miles (39 km) from south to north.

Bianca (moon)
Bianca is a closer moon to Uranus. It was found from the images taken by "Voyager 2" on 1986-01-23, and was given the designation S/1986 U 9. It was named after the sister of Katherine in Shakespeare's play "The Taming of the Shrew". It is also designated Uranus VIII.
Bianca belongs to Portia Group of moons, which also includes Cressida, Desdemona, Juliet, Portia, Rosalind, Cupid, Belinda and Perdita. These moons have similar orbits and photometric properties. Unfortunately, other than its orbit, radius of 27 km and geometric albedo of 0.08 almost nothing is known about it.
At the Voyager 2 images Bianca appears as a stretched object, the major axis pointing towards Uranus. The ratio of axises of the Bianca's prolate spheroid is 0.7 ± 0.2. Its surface is grey in color.

Cressida (moon)
Cressida is a closer moon to Uranus. It was found from the images taken by "Voyager 2" on 1986-01-09, and was given the designation S/1986 U 3. It was named after the Trojan daughter of Calchas, a tragic heroine who appears in William Shakespeare's play "Troilus and Cressida" (as well as in tales by Geoffrey Chaucer and others). It is also designated Uranus IX.
Cressida belongs to Portia Group of moons, which also includes Bianca, Desdemona, Juliet, Portia, Rosalind, Cupid, Belinda and Perdita. These moons have similar orbits and photometric properties. Unfortunately, other than its orbit, radius of 41 km and geometric albedo of 0.08 almost nothing is known about it.
At the Voyager 2 images Cressida appears as a stretched object, the major axis pointing towards Uranus. The ratio of axises of the Cressida's prolate spheroid is 0.8 ± 0.3. Its surface is grey in color.

Desdemona (moon)
Desdemona is a closer moon to Uranus. It was found from the images taken by "Voyager 2" on 1986-01-13, and was given the designation S/1986 U 6. Desdemona is named after the wife of Othello in William Shakespeare's play "Othello". It is also designated Uranus X.
Desdemona belongs to Portia Group of moons, which also includes Bianca, Cressida, Juliet, Portia, Rosalind, Cupid, Belinda and Perdita. These moons have similar orbits and photometric properties. Unfortunately, other than its orbit, radius of 34 km and geometric albedo of 0.08 almost nothing is known about it.
At the Voyager 2 images Desdemona appears as a stretched object, the major axis pointing towards Uranus. The ratio of axises of the Desdemona's prolate spheroid is 0.6 ± 0.3. Its surface is grey in color.

Art Pepper
Arthur Edward "Art" Pepper, Jr. (September 1, 1925–June 15, 1982) was an American jazz alto saxophonist. He was born in Gardena, California United States. Pepper began his musical career in the 1940s playing with Benny Carter. Along with Chet Baker, Gerry Mulligan, Shelly Manne and others, he performed and recorded a lot of very good music.
Some of his most famous albums are "Art Pepper Meets the Rhythm Section", "The Aladdin Recordings" (three volumes), "Art Pepper + Eleven - Modern Jazz Classics", "Gettin' Together", and "Smack Up".
He wrote a book in 1980 called "Straight Life". The book is about his life and his music. It was very popular because it was honest, and very good. There was also a movie made called "Art Pepper: Notes from a Jazz Survivor", which is available on DVD.

Squash (sport)
Squash is a sport in which two players hit a ball with a racket (or "Racquet"). The aim of the game is to beat the opponent by making the ball bounce twice before they can hit their turn, or for them to hit the ball out of play.
The ball is made of rubber. It is warmed before the game is started, so it bounces more.
The racket(or "Racquet") is similar to tennis racket, but it's lighter than tennis racket.

Juliet (moon)
Juliet is a closer moon to Uranus. It was found from the images taken by "Voyager 2" on 1986-01-03, and was given the designation S/1986 U 2. It is named after the heroine of William Shakespeare's play "Romeo and Juliet". It is also designated Uranus XI.
Juliet belongs to Portia Group of moons, which also includes Bianca, Cressida, Desdemona, Portia, Rosalind, Cupid, Belinda and Perdita. These moons have similar orbits and photometric properties. Unfortunately, other than its orbit, radius of 53 km and geometric albedo of 0.08 almost nothing is known about it.
At the Voyager 2 images Juliet appears as a stretched object, the major axis pointing towards Uranus. The ratio of axises of the Juliet's prolate spheroid is 0.5 ± 0.3, which is rather an extreme value. Its surface is grey in color.

Low Saxon
Plattdüütsch is a Germanic language. It is known in, or as.
Plattdüütsch is spoken by about 3,000,000 people across northern Germany. It extended from East Prussia and northern Poland, across northern Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium and to Dunkirk in France. Especially since World War II the name "Low Saxon" has been used in the Netherlands instead of "Low German", and use of the language has shrunk so that it is now only protected in Germany and the Netherlands
Official Status.
The European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages gives some official recognition and protection to Plattdüütsch as a Regional language in Germany and the Netherlands. In Germany it has the protection of the rules in part III of the Charter in the states of Bremen, Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Lower Saxony and Schleswig-Holstein, and the protection of part III of the charter in Brandenburg, North Rhine-Westphalia and Saxony-Anhalt. It has part II protection in the Netherlands.
Some people say that Plattdüütsch is not really a language at all. But the European Charter does not apply to dialects, only to languages, and so the German government must think that the language is not just a dialect of German.
Outside northern Europe.
Several groups of people outside Europe speak Low-German.
Mennonite communities use their "Plautdietsch" everywhere they live, especially in Russia, Ukraine, Central Asia, Germany, South Africa, Malaysia, Indonesia, Australia and the Americas (i.e. the Mennonite colonies in Paraguay, South America, or Chihuahua, Mexico, use Low German as a "co-official language" of the community, in addition to the country's official language, Spanish). There are communities in the Midwest of the United States, some of them with their own dialects that developed from dialects imported from Schleswig-Holstein and Lower Saxony in the 19th century. Nobody knows how many people speak Low German in the United States, and the language may have died out in the mid 20th century, as the many German-American communities were further assimilated (mixed) into the English speaking United States and lost many of their traditions, including using Low German and other German dialects/languages.
Other websites.
If your organisation isn't listed here, feel free to add it.

Project Runway
Project Runway is a reality television series where clothing designers compete. It is shown on the Bravo network. The winner of the first season was Jay McCarroll. The winner of the second season was Chloe Dao. The winner of the third season was Jeffrey Sebelia. The fourth season is being shown on Bravo TV right now.

Lommis
Lommis is a municipality of the district of Münchwilen in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

Mammern
Mammern is a municipality of the district of Steckborn in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.
It is by the Lake Constance. It has a population of 560 people.

Märstetten
Märstetten is a municipality of the district of Weinfelden in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

Matzingen
Matzingen is a municipality of the district of Frauenfeld in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

Müllheim, Switzerland
Müllheim is a municipality of the district of Steckborn in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

Münsterlingen
Münsterlingen is a municipality of the district of Kreuzlingen in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

Neunforn
Neunforn is a municipality of the district Frauenfeld in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

Pfyn
Pfyn is a municipality of the district of Steckborn in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

Raperswilen
Raperswilen is a municipality of the district of Steckborn in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

Rickenbach, Thurgau
Rickenbach is a municipality of the district of Münchwilen in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

Roggwil
Roggwil is a municipality of the district of Arbon in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

Romanshorn
Romanshorn is a municipality of the district of Arbon in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

Franconian Dialect
The Franconian Dialect () is a dialect, which is spoken in Franconia.

Tübingen
Tübingen is a city in the German state Baden-Württemberg. It has about 83,000 inhabitants (2007).

Salenstein
Salenstein is a municipality of the district of Steckborn in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

Salmsach
Salmsach is a municipality of the district of Arbon in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

Schlatt bei Diessenhofen
Schlatt bei Diessenhofen is a municipality of the district of Diessenhofen in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

Schönholzerswilen
Schönholzerswilen is a municipality of the district of Münchwilen in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

Bong
A bong or a water pipe is a special pipe. Most often, either tobacco or cannabis are smoked with it.

Sirnach
Sirnach is a municipality of the district of Münchwilen in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

Sommeri
Sommeri is a municipality of the district of Arbon in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

Stettfurt
Stettfurt is a municipality of the district of Frauenfeld in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

Sulgen
Sulgen is a municipality of the district of Bischofszell in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

Violin Concerto (Berg)
Alban Berg's "Violin Concerto" was written in 1935. It is one of the most famous concertos for the violin written in the 20th century. It is also probably Berg's best known and most often performed piece.
Composition of the work.
Berg was asked to write a violin concerto for the violinist Louis Krasner. At the time he was working hard on his opera "Lulu", which took him several years to write. He stopped working on the opera for four months in the summer of 1935 so that he could write the violin concerto. He had probably already started the concerto when he heard the sad news of the death of a girl called Manon Gropius, the daughter of Alma Mahler (who had once been Gustav Mahler's wife) and Walter Gropius. Berg decided to dedicate the concerto to Manon. He wrote at the top of the work: "To the memory of an angel."
When Berg died on 24 December 1935 he had not finished "Lulu". It is possible he might have finished it if he had not spent time writing the violin concerto. The work was first performed after the composer's death, with Krasner playing the solo part, on 19 April 1936 in Barcelona.
The orchestra.
The instruments in the orchestra for the Violin Concerto are: 2 flutes (both doubling as piccolo), 2 oboes, (one doubling as a cor anglais), alto saxophone (doubling as a clarinet), 2 clarinets, bass clarinet, 2 bassoons, contrabassoon, 4 horns, 2 trumpets, 2 trombones, tuba, timpani, percussion, harp and strings.
The music.
The concerto has two movements. Each movement is also divided into two sections. The first movement begins with an Andante in classical sonata form, followed by the Allegretto, a dance-like section. The second movement starts with an Allegro which uses a small rhythmic idea. The solo part is very difficult to play here. The orchestra plays very loudly and comes to a big climax. The work ends quietly. The first two sections are meant to be about life, the last two sections are about death.
Berg composed music using the twelve tone technique that he had learned from his teacher Arnold Schoenberg, but his music also sounds at times as if it is an ordinary major or minor key. A piece of music using twelve tone technique starts with twelve notes in which each of the 12 pitches (C, C sharp, D etc) is used before it can be repeated.
This tone row does not sound as random as many tone rows are because parts of it sound quite tonal. This is because the first three notes are a G minor triad; notes three to five are a D major triad; notes five to seven are an A minor triad; notes seven to nine are an E major triad; and the last four notes together make up part of a whole tone scale. The first notes of each group of triads together form G, D, A and E, which are the open strings of the violin. The opening of the concerto makes this very obvious.
The last four notes of the row, rising whole tones, are also the first four notes of the chorale melody, "Es ist genug" ("It Is Enough"). Berg quotes this chorale in the last movement of the piece, using the harmony composed by Johann Sebastian Bach.
There is also another quotation in the piece: a Carinthian folk song. It is unusual to have a simple folk song in the middle of a concerto. Berg wanted it to describe Manon Gropius, a simple young girl.
Many people find twelve tone music hard to listen to, but this concerto is easier than most serial works to understand. This is partly because some of the music is tonal, but also because of the programme: the idea behind the music (Manon, life and death).

Portia (moon)
Portia is a closer moon to Uranus. It was found from the images taken by "Voyager 2" on 1986-01-03, and was given the designation S/1986 U 1. The moon is named after Portia, the heroine of William Shakespeare's play "The Merchant of Venice". It is also designated Uranus XII.
Portia is the second biggest closer moon of Uranus after Puck. The Portian orbit, which lies inside Uranus' synchronous orbital radius, is slowly shrinking due to tidal deceleration. The moon will one day either break up into a planetary ring or hit Uranus.
It heads a group of moons called Portia Group, which includes Bianca, Cressida, Desdemona, Juliet, Rosalind, Cupid, Belinda and Perdita. These moons have similar orbits and photometric properties.
Little is known about Portia beyond its size of about 140 km, orbit, and geometric albedo of about 0.08.
In the Voyager 2 images, Portia appears as a stretched object whose major axis points towards Uranus. The ratio of axises of the Portia's prolate spheroid is 0.8 ± 0.1. Its surface is grey in color. Observations with Hubble Space Telescope and large terrestrial telescopes found water ice absorption features in the spectrum of Portia.

Tom and Jerry Tales
Tom and Jerry Tales is an animated telvision series which begam production in 2005, currently aring on The CW's Kids WB block. As the title suggests, the series stars the well-known title characters from the Tom and Jerry shorts, and is the first made for TV interation of the cartoona to emulate the theatrical shorts. It grew from dircet-to-video movies The Magic Ring (2001),
Blast Off to Mars, The Fast and the Furry(2005), Shiver Me Whiskers (2006) and A Nutcracker Tale (2007).

Ragıp Zarakolu
Ragıp Zarakolu (born 1948) is a Turkish publisher who has long faced legal problems for publishing books on controversial things in Turkey, especially on minority and human rights in Turkey.
Biography.
Ragıp Zarakolu was born in 1948 on the island of Büyükada close to Istanbul. At that time his father, Remzi Zarakolu, was the district governor on that island. Ragıp Zarakolu grew up with members of the Greek and Armenian minority in Turkey. In 1968 he began writing for "Ant" and "Yeni Ufuklar" magazines.
In 1971 a military junta assumed power in Turkey. Ragıp Zarakolu was tried on charges of secret relations to Amnesty International. He spent five months in prison, before the charges were dropped. In 1972 Ragıp Zarakolu was sentenced to 2 years in prison for his paragraph in the journal "Ant" (Oath) on "Ho Chi Minh and the Vietnam War". He stayed in Selimiye Prison (in Istanbul) and was set free in 1974 after a general amnesty. On his release Zarakolu refused to abandon his work for freedom of thought, working hard for an "attitude of respect for different thoughts and cultures to become widespread in Turkey".
The Belge Publishing House, established in Istanbul in 1977 by Zarakolu and his wife Ayşenur, has been a focus for Turkish censorship laws ever since. Charges brought against the couple resulted in imprisonment and the confiscation and destruction of books and the pressing of heavy fines.
In 1979 Ragıp Zarakolu was one of the founders of the daily newspaper "Demokrat" and took responsibility for the news desk on foreign affairs. The paper was banned with the military coup of 12 September 1980 and Ragıp Zarakolu was shortly imprisoned in 1982 in connection with this position in "Demokrat". He was banned from leaving the country between 1971 and 1991. In 1986 he became one of 98 starters of the Human Rights Association in Turkey (HRA or in Turkish IHD). For some time Ragıp Zarakolu chaired the Writers in Prison Committee of International PEN in Turkey. Currently (beginning of 2007) he chairs the Committee for Freedom of Publication in the Union of Publishers.
Until the military coup of 12 September 1980 "Belge" Publishing House mostly published academic and theoretical books. Afterwards "Belge" started to publish a series of books written by political prisoners. The series of 35 books consisted of poems, shorts stories, novels. The list of publications (see a list of selected publications below) include more than 10 books (translations) of Greek literature, 10 books on the Armenian Question and five books related to the Jews in Turkey. There are also a number of books dealing with the Kurds in Turkey.
He also published several books on the Armenian Genocide — such as George Jerjian's book "History Will Free All of Us/Turkish-Armenian Conciliation" and Professor Dora Sakayan's "An Armenian Doctor in Turkey: Garabed Hatcherian: My Smyrna Ordeal of 1922" — which brought new criminal charges in 2005.
In 1995 the Belge Publishing House offices were firebombed by a far right group, forcing it to be housed in a cellar. Since his wife's death in 2002, Zarakolu continued to face further prosecutions.

Instrumental doubling
The term "doubling" is often used in the woodwind section. An oboist may sometimes double on the cor anglais, a clarinettist may sometimes double on a bass clarinet, and a bassoonist may double on a contrabassoon. At other times such instruments may need a separate player. At the beginning of a musical score there should be a list of instruments that makes it clear how many players are needed.

Aska Yang
Aska Yang, born on April 4, 1978, is a popular Taiwanese singer and a member of Million Star Gang (星光幫).
Aska Yang is listed in "Taiwan Who is Who 2007-2008" and he is also ranked the 2nd place of Yahoo! Taiwan Person of the Year 2007, the 2nd place of United Daily Star News of the Year 2007, the 1st place of Apple Daily Person of the Year 2007 and one of the Top Five Newcomers 2007 chosen by SinaNet.
On November 17, 2007, Aska Yang was invited to perform at the Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall for the 42nd Golden Bell Awards (金鐘獎) in Taipei. He sang a medley of eleven classic TV drama theme songs from the past century.

Ara Gevorgyan
Ara Gevorgian (Gevorgyan) (born April 19, 1960, Yerevan) is an Armenian musician, composer and musical producer. In 2004 he was awarded by the "Honorary Artist of the Republic of Armenia" title by the President Robert Kocharyan.
Biography.
Gevorgian is the son of well-known Armenian folk-singer Valya Samvelyan. He studied at #31 school of Yerevan and at the A. Tigranyan musical school at the same time. During the two years he studied at Yerevan #8 college of Fine Arts. From 1983 to 1987 he studied at Armenian pedagogical institute after Khachatur Abovyan at the faculty of wood wide instruments and pop music department.
In 1987-1989 Gevorgian taught conducting at the same Institute, then he worked at Armenian Television ("3-Aliq" TV program).
In 1983 he founded the "Rally" Armenian pop-rock band, the participant of "Song - 85" festival.
He participated in the Opening Ceremony of the Cultural Year of Armenia in Russia hosted at the Moscow Kremlin Music Hall and honored by the presence of the presidents of Armenia and Russia Robert Kocharyan and Vladimir Putin respectively and the famous singer Charles Aznavour.
Ara Gevorgian co-operates with Jivan Gasparyan, Ian Gillan, Demis Roussos, Pedro Eustache, Daniel Decker and others. Among his most popular songs are "Adana", "Artsakh", "Ov Hayots Ashkharh" and "Ovkyanosits ayn koghm".

Heidi Klum
Heidi Klum (born June 1, 1973) is a model, actress, singer, and a clothing maker. She was born in Germany. She hosts Project Runway and Germany's Next Top Model. She also models for Victoria's Secret.
Biography.
Heidi was born in Bergisch Gladbach, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Her dad was a company leader and her mom was a hair cutter. She won a modeling competition. She beat over 25,000 other people. She got $300,000 from it, and modeled in the United States. She has been on the cover of many magazines. These include Vogue Magazine, Elle, and Marie Claire. She became famous for being in Sports Illustrated and Victoria's Secret.
She is now the host and a judge on Project Runway. It is a show where clothing designers compete to win $100,000 to make designs. She had chances to win Emmys for the first three seasons of the show. She also is the host of "Germany's Next Topmodel". It is similar to America's Next Top Model which is hosted by Tyra Banks.
Personal Life.
Heidi married Ric Pipino in 1997. Ric was a hair cutter for famous people. They separated in 2002. After the separation, Klum was with race car businessman Flavio Briatore. She became pregnant with his baby. They separated after he was with another woman. Her daughter was born on May 4, 2004 in New York City, New York. Her name is Helene "Leni" Klum.
She was in a relationship with Seal, a musician, while pregnant with Leni. They were married May 10, 2005 in Mexico. They have two sons, Henry Günther Ademola Dashtu Samuel, born September 12, 2005 in Los Angeles, California and Johan Riley Fyodor Taiwo Samuel born November 22, 2006 in Los Angeles. Flavio is not in Leni's life. Seal acts as Leni's father.

Ceratosauria
Ceratosauria are dinosaurs first seen in the fossil record in the late Triassic period, some 225 million years ago.
Ceratosaurians also had strongly curved S-shaped necks like birds do; this is a trait inherited from a distant archosaurian ancestor. One diagnostic characteristic of most of the Ceratosauria (except for Ceratosaurus, which was an oddball that appeared long after the other ceratosaurs, and may not even belong in this group) is the loose attachment between the premaxilla (the most anterior bone of the upper jaw) and the "maxilla" (the main upper jaw bone, posterior to the premaxilla). A large tooth from the lower jaw normally fits into the notch formed by this loose attachment. You can see this character clearly on Coelophysis and Dilophosaurus.

Rosalind (moon)
Rosalind is a closer moon to Uranus. It was found from the images taken by "Voyager 2" on 1986-01-13, and was given the designation S/1986 U 4. It was named after the daughter of the banished Duke in William Shakespeare's play "As You Like It". It is also designated Uranus XIII.
Rosalind belongs to Portia Group of moons, which also includes Bianca, Cressida, Desdemona, Portia, Juliet, Cupid, Belinda and Perdita. These moons have similar orbits and photometric properties. Unfortunately, other than its orbit, radius of 36 km and geometric albedo of 0.08 almost nothing is known about it.
At the Voyager 2 images Rosalind appears as an almost spherical object. The ratio of axises of the Rosalind's prolate spheroid is 1.0-0.8. Its surface is grey in color.

Cupid (moon)
Cupid is a closer moon to Uranus. It was found by Mark Showalter and Jack J. Lissauer in 2003 using the Hubble Space Telescope. It was named after a character in William Shakespeare's play "Timon of Athens".
It is the smallest of the closer Uranian moons, estimated to be only about 18 km in diameter. This and the dark surface made it too dim to be detected by the "Voyager 2" cameras during its Uranus flyby in 1986.
The orbit of Cupid is only 863 km from the orbit of the bigger moon Belinda. Amazingly, compared to Mab and Perdita, the recently found Uranian moons, it does not seem to be perturbed.
Following its discovery, Cupid was given the designation S/2003 U 2. It is also designated Uranus XXVII.
It should not be confused with the asteroid 763 Cupido.

Uzi
An Uzi is a type of submachine gun. There are many different kinds of Uzis: Mini Uzi, which is a smaller version of the Uzi, Micro Uzi; which is only slightly larger than a standard pistol, Para Micro Uzi; which was made for counter terrorist units, and the Uzi Pistol; which is the semi-automatic (meaning it fires 1 bullet every time you pull the trigger). All of these kinds of Uzis are still in use by the special forces today. It is being replaced by the MP-5 slowly.
History.
Uzis were invented by Uziel Gal. This gun was first used in 1956. Uzis were used in the 1967 Six Day War by Israel.

Escape the Fate
Escape the Fate is an American emo and post-hardcore band from Las Vegas, Nevada.

Post-hardcore
Post-hardcore is a musical genre that evolved from hardcore punk, itself a part of the broader punk rock movement. One of the main influences on this genre is the band Fugazi.
Post hardcore uses elements of hardcore, along with Emo, metal, alternative rock or whatever, to create a more experimental sound. It can be more melodic than normal hardcore, but sometimes is heavier.

Tropical Storm Olga (2007)
Tropical Storm Olga was the fifteenth named storm of the 2007 Atlantic hurricane season. In the second week of December, after the official end of the hurricane season, a low formed east of the northernmost Lesser Antilles. It slowly gained tropical characteristics, and late on December 10, the NHC declared it "Subtropical Storm Olga" while just north of Puerto Rico. It is the first post-season storm since Tropical Storm Zeta in the 2005 season, making this season one of the few with activity both before and after the official bounds of the hurricane season. The storm made landfall on December 11 on the eastern tip of the Dominican Republic. Later that evening, Olga transitioned into a tropical storm just after making landfall. Olga tracked over Hispaniola and emerged in the Caribbean Sea. Strong wind shear and dry air caused Olga to weaken into a remnant low early on December 13.
The storm impacted many areas affected by Tropical Storm Noel a month earlier. In Puerto Rico, moderate rainfall caused one death. 37 fatalities were confirmed in the Dominican Republic, including twenty deaths due to the release of floodgates at a dam in Santiago Province. Two deaths were also reported in Haiti.
Storm history.
In the first week of December, a westward-moving upper-level low led to the formation of a broad surface trough well to the east of the northern Lesser Antilles. With a strong ridge to its northeast, the trough tracked slowly westward, creating scattered convection and some cyclonic turning. On December 8 convection began to persist in association with the trough and an upper-level low. Early on December 9, officials at the Tropical Prediction Center began classifying the system using the Hebert-Poteat technique, and several tropical cyclone forecast models expected its development of tropical characteristics. The system, which included of a sharp trough with an area of gale force winds to its north, continued westward through an area of moderately warm sea surface temperatures. On December 10 a low-level circulation developed within the system, though its convection had become disorganized and well-removed from the center. Southerly wind shear left the structure asymmetric, and convection steadily increased closer to the center. With an upper-level low situated just south of the center, the National Hurricane Center classified it as Subtropical Storm Olga at 0300 UTC on December 11 while located about 55 miles (85 km) east of San Juan, Puerto Rico.
After being classified as a subtropical cyclone, Olga kept an organized outflow, and located to the southeast of a strong ridge over the western Atlantic Ocean, the cyclone moved west-southwestward. The storm strengthened a little bit while moving right along the north coast of Puerto Rico, and after an increase in convection near the center, Olga made landfall near Punta Cana, Dominican Republic at 1800 UTC on December 11. A Hurricane Hunters flight into the storm reported a tighter wind gradient and peak winds of 60 mph (95 km/h), and at 0000 UTC on December 12 the National Hurricane Center reclassified Olga as a tropical cyclone while it was still inland. Convection quickly weakened as the storm crossed central Hispaniola, and after reaching the Caribbean Sea the system lacked the convection required for the classification of a tropical cyclone; rainbands well to its northeast had stronger winds, though the center became very disorganized with dry air and strong wind shear. Late on December 12, convection increased a little bit over the center, though by that time the cyclone weakened to tropical depression status. As a certain amount of convection failed to exist, the National Hurricane Center discontinued advisories on Olga earlier on December 13 while located about 80 miles (130 km) northwest of Kingston, Jamaica. Its remnants continued west-northwestward with a clear low-level circulation, creating scattered thunderstorms over Cuba and the Cayman Islands with its moisture extending northward into southern Florida.
Preparations.
On December 10, the Tropical Prediction Center gave out a gale warning for waters north of the Lesser Antilles, Puerto Rico, and the Dominican Republic, in association with the disturbance that would later become Olga. Right after it being classified as a subtropical cyclone, the government of the Dominican Republic gave out a tropical storm warning from Cabo Engaño along the north coast to its border with Haiti; a tropical storm watch was also issued along the southern coastline to near Santo Domingo. Because winds were well to the north of its center, a tropical storm warning was not issued for Puerto Rico. Just before the storm moved ashore, the government of Haiti issued a tropical storm warning for its northern coastline, and later a tropical storm warning was issued for the Turks and Caicos Islands, as well as the southeastern Bahamas.
The San Juan National Weather Service office issued a flood watch for all of Puerto Rico, including the islands of Culebra and Vieques. Continued periods of heavy rainfall also resulted in flash flood warnings for areas across the island. Ferry service between Fajardo and the islands of Culebra and Vieques was temporarily stopped during the passage of the storm. In the Dominican Republic, officials opened shelters in 15 provinces, with citizens in low-lying areas recommended to stay elsewhere during the passage of the storm; citizens in 22 communities were evacuated.
Impact.
The cyclone dropped light to moderate precipitation across Puerto Rico, with the maximum rainfall amount at 9.54 inches (242 mm) in Villalba. The rainfall increased levels along several rivers across the island, including the Arecibo Big River which was reported at several feet above flood stage. Its passage left about 79,000 people without power and 144,000 without water. In the northern portion of the island, the rainfall caused a mudslide that buried an automobile, which killed its driver.
Heavy rainfall fell across the Dominican Republic, with isolated totals of 10 inches (250 mm) expected. The rainfall caused flooding along the Yaque del Norte River, and at first there appeared to be a threat that the Tavera Dam along the river would fail, potentially killing thousands in Santiago Province. Officials instead chose to open all six floodgates at 0400 UTC on December 12, which released about 1.6 million gallons (6.1 million liters) of water into the river every second. It formed a 66 foot (20 m) wave of water is a result that caught many off guard due to the time of night and only about 15 minutes to prepare, according to eyewitnesses who criticized the decision; the flooding killed at least 20 people and left homes seven towns flooded. Two other deaths were reported elsewhere in the country, and more than 34,000 people fled their homes due to the storm; more than 7,500 houses were damaged. In neighboring Haiti, two deaths were reported in the northern portion of the country.
On December 11, a station in the Turks and Caicos Islands recorded sustained winds of 36 mph (58 km/h).

Santiago Province (Dominican Republic)
Santiago is a Dominican province located in the north central part of the country. Its capital city is Santiago de los Caballeros, the second largest city in the country, and the province takes its name from that city.
The province occupies the eastern part of the "Yaque del Norte Valley" and the Yaque del Norte River runs through the province. The Yaque del Norte Valley, also named "Línea Noroeste" ("Northwestern Line"), is the western section of the "Cibao Valley".
Location.
Santiago is bordered to the northwest by the province of Valverde, to the north by Puerto Plata, to the east by the Espaillat and La Vega provinces, to the south by San Juan and to the west by Santiago Rodríguez.
History.
The province has been an important administrative territory since colonial times. Because it was an important centre, its capital city was occupied by French and Haitian armies that came from the northwest border.
It was one of the original five provinces created by the first Dominican Constitution in 1844; its territory was the northwest of the country and part of the north coast (Puerto Plata), from Monte Cristi and Dajabón to the west to Moca to the east. Moca was made part of the La Vega province in 1854.
Several provinces were created with part of its original territory: Puerto Plata in 1865, Monte Cristi in 1879, Dajabón in 1938, Santiago Rodríguez in 1950 and, last, Valverde in 1959.
Municipalities.
Santiago has a total area of 2,836.51 km². It has 5.8% of the area of the Dominican Republic and it is ranked as the 3rd (out of 31 plus the National District) largest province.
There are 9 municipalities and 16 municipal districts in the province.
Population.
In 2002 (last national census), there were 908,250 people living in the Santiago province, and 602,721 (66.36%) living in towns and cities. The population density was 320 persons/km².
Geography.
The province of Santiago is divided in three regions: the "Cordillera Septentrional" ("Northern mountain range") in the north, the "Yaque del Norte Valley" in the centre, and the "Cordillera Central" ("Central mountain range") in the south.
The Cordillera Septentrional mountain range runs across the north of the province; the highest mountain of this range, "Pico Diego de Ocampo" (1,249 m), is in this province, on the border with the Puerto Plata province. The range is covered with rainforests because it rains a lot there; the trade winds (winds that come from the northeast, from the Atlantic Ocean) bring a lot of water that falls on the mountains.
South of the Cordillera Septentrional is the Yaque del Norte Valley; from the city of Santiago de los Caballeros to the west, this is a very dry valley because the trade winds cannot go over the Cordillera Central and so it does not rain enough over the valley. But people here uses the water of the Yaque del Norte river to grow plants.
The Cordillera Central is in the southern half of the province. The highest mountains of the country, the island and the Caribbean are here, on the border with the San Juan province: "Pico Duarte", 3,098 m, and others above 3,000 m. This mountain range is covered with pine forests, except close to rivers where there are rainforests.
The most important river is Yaque del Norte which crosses the province from south to north, first, and then it turns to the northwest. All the other rivers in the province are tributaries of the Yaque del Norte except the Licey river that comes from the Cordillera Septentrional and flows to the east; Licey is a tributary of the River Yuna.
Economy.
The economy of the province is based on farming and industry; because there is not a coast, tourism is not so important as in other parts of the country.
It is the second economic centre of the country, after the Greater Santo Domingo (Distrito Nacional and the Santo Domingo Province). It has significant commerce and many industries, especially textiles, food and cement. Most of these industries are located in Santiago de los Caballeros and Tamboril; the tobacco industry is also important in Villa Bisonó.
Farming is very important in the province and poultry and pigs are raised in Licey al Medio; cattle is found in the south central and western parts of the province.
Coffee is grown in the mountains, plantain and cassava in Licey al Medio and rice, fruits and vegetables in the western part of the province. Tobacco is grown in all the lowlands of the province but the best types are grown around the cities of Villa Bisonó and Villa González.

Outflow (meteorology)
Outflow, in meteorology, is air that flows outwards from a thunderstorm. Outflow tends to indicate the "health" of a system; large quantities of outflow indicate it is in good health.
The "edge" of the outflow boundary can often be detected by Doppler radar (especially in clear air mode). Convergence occurs along the leading edge of the downdraft. Convergence of dust, aerosols, and bugs at the leading edge will lead to a higher clear air signature. The signature of the leading edge is also influenced by the density change between the cold air from the downdraft and the warm environmental air. This density boundary will increase the number of echo returns from the leading edge. Clouds, hydrometeors and new thunderstorms can also develop along the outflow's leading edge. This makes it possible to locate the outflow boundary when using precipitation mode. The image to the right depicts a particularly strong ouflow boundary ahead of a line of storms. Often, the outflow boundary will bow in the direction it is moving the quickest.

Mellotron
The Mellotron is a musical instrument, which appeared in the 1960s. It was the world's first sampled keyboard. Mellotrons contained tape loops made from the sounds of other musical instruments. Instead of sounding exactly like the original instruments, the Mellotron had a unique sound.
Mellotrons did not travel well, and had to be carefully set up every time they were moved. They became popular in recording studios, and with musicians who could leave them in one location.
The Beatles liked the sound of the Mellotron, and used it in many of their songs, like "Strawberry Fields Forever". John Lennon, a member of the Beatles, owned a Mellotron that he kept in his home studio. Paul McCartney and George Harrison, also members of the band, used Mellotrons in their solo recordings. Lennon's instrument was later owned by Trent Reznor of Nine Inch Nails, who used it on his album "The Downward Spiral". Harry Nilsson also used a Mellotron on some of his recordings.
Mellotrons are now obsolete and no longer made, and digital instruments have taken their place. Digital keyboards are portable, and can be used to make similar sounds anywhere.

Punta Cana
Punta Cana, named after a local cape, is a region in the easternmost tip of the Dominican Republic. Covering about 4,200,000 m2 (about 1,100 acres), the region is home to a coastline of sandy white beaches and to a town of the same name. A region once named "Punta de Borrachón" was merged with Punta Cana by the founding investors in 1969.

Bayernliga
The Bayernliga (English Bavaria League) is the highest level of soccer in Bavaria.
Champions of Bavarian League (Oberliga Bayern).
FC Augsburg is the most successful team. It has won the league seven times. Before 1969, it was called BC Augsburg. The next best teams are SpVgg Bayreuth with six titles and 1860 München with five titles, although two were won by the second team, TSV 1860 München Amateure.

Gavialidae
Gavialidae is a family of reptiles within the order Crocodilia. There are only two surviving species, the Gharial ("Gavialis gangeticus") and the False Gharial ("Tomistoma schlegelii"), which are each the sole living representatives of the two Gavialidae genera.

Gharial
The gharial ("Gavialis gangeticus"), sometimes called the Indian gharial or gavial, is one of two surviving members of the family Gavialidae. Gavialidae is a group of crocodile-like reptiles with long, narrow jaws. The gharial is the second-longest of all living crocodilians: a large male can approach 6 meters in length. Only Saltwater crocodiles can grow larger.
Ancestry.
The fossil history of the Gavialoidea is quite well known. The earliest examples split from the other crocodilians in the late Cretaceous. The feature of the group that is easiest to recognise is the very long, narrow snout. This is an adaptation to a diet of small fish. Gharials have sacrificed the great mechanical strength of the robust skull and jaw that most crocodiles and alligators have. FOr this reason, and they cannot prey on large creatures. But they also have reduced weight and water resistance of their lighter skull and very narrow jaw. This gives gharials the ability to catch rapidly moving fish. They catch them with a side-to-side snapping motion.
The earliest Gavialoidea may or may not have been related to the modern types: some died out at the same time as the dinosaurs (at the end of the Cretaceous), others survived until the early Eocene (about 35 million years ago). The modern forms appeared at much the same time. They evolved in the estuaries and coastal waters of Africa. They crossed the Atlantic to reach South America as well. At their peak, the Gavialoidea were numerous and diverse, they occupied much of Asia and America up until the Pliocene. One species, "Rhamphosuchus crassidens" of India, is believed to have grown to an enormous 15 metres or more.
Distribution.
Northern Indian subcontinent: Bhutan (almost extinct), Bangladesh (close to extinction), India (present in small numbers and increasing), Myanmar (possibly extinct), Nepal, Pakistan (close to extinction). Usually found in the river systems of Indus (Pakistan) and the Brahmaputra (Bangladesh, Bhutan & North eastern India), the Ganges (Bangladesh, India & Nepal), and the Mahanadi (in the rainforest biome)(India), with small numbers in Kaladan and the Ayeyarwady River in Myanmar. It is sympatric, in respective areas, with the Mugger Crocodile
("Crocodylus palustris") and the Saltwater Crocodile ("Crocodylus porosus").
Habitat.
Gharials live in rivers. They are best adapted to the calmer areas in deep fast moving rivers. Their physical attributes do not make the animals very suited to walk on land. In fact the only reasons the gharial leaves the water is to either bask in the sun or to nest on the sandbanks of the rivers.
Appearance.
The Gharial has a long, narrow snout. This is the feature that is most different from most other Crocodilia. The only other species who has such a snout is the False gharial ("Tomistoma schlegelii"), which is closely related. The shape of this snout changes when the animal grows older. The snout becomes progressively thinner the older the gharial gets. There is a bulbous growth on the tip of the male's snout. This is called a 'ghara' (after the Indian word meaning 'pot'). It is only present in mature animals. It is used for different activities, such as making a resonant hum during vocalization. It is also used for attracting females. The mating ritual includes a section where the male uses this ghara to make bubbles.
The long jaws are lined with many interlocking, razor-sharp teeth. This is an adaptation to the diet (predominantly fish in adults). This species is one of the largest of all crocodilian species, approaching the saltwater crocodile ("Crocodylus porosus") and the Nile crocodile in maximum size - males reach at least 5 metres in length, and often approach 6 metres. Reports of 7 metre animals exist, but are unconfirmed. The leg musculature of the gharial is not suited to enable the animal to raise the body off the ground (on land) in order to achieve the high-walk gait - being able only to push its body forward across the ground ('belly-sliding'), although it can do this with some speed when required. However, when in water, the gharial is the most nimble and quick of all the crocodiles in the world. The tail seems overdeveloped and is flattened on the side, more so than other crocodiles. This enables it to achieve the excellent swimming abilities.
The gharial has 27 to 29 upper and 25 or 26 lower teeth on each side. These teeth are not received into interdental pits; the first, second, and third mandibular teeth fit into notches in the upper jaw. The front teeth are the largest. The gharial's snout is narrow and long, with a dilation at the end and its nasal bones are comparatively short and are widely separated from the pre-maxillaries. The nasal opening of a gharial is smaller than the supra-temporal fossae. The gharial's lower anterior margin of orbit (jugal) is raised and its mandibular symphysis is extremely long, extending to the 23rd or 24th tooth. A dorsal shield is formed from four longitudinal series of juxtaposed, keeled and bony scutes.
The length of the snout is 3.5 (in adults) to 5.5 times (in young) the breadth of the snout's base. Nuchal and dorsal scutes form a single continuous shield composed of 21 or 22 transverse series. Gharials have an outer row of soft, smooth or feebly-keeled scutes in addition to the bony dorsal scutes. They also have two small post-occipital scutes.
The outer toes of a gharial are two-thirds webbed, while the middle toe is one-third webbed. Gharials have a strong crest on the outer edge of the forearm, leg and foot. Typically, adult gharials are of a dark olive hue while young ones are pale olive, with dark brown spots or cross-bands.
Diet.
Young gharials eat insects, larvae, and small frogs. Mature adults feed almost solely on fish, although some individuals have been known to scavenge dead animals. Their snout morphology is ideally suited for piscivory; their long, narrow snouts afford very little resistance to water in swiping motions to snap up fish in the water. Their numerous needle-like teeth are perfect for holding on to struggling, slippery fish.
Danger to humans.
The Gharial is not a man-eater. Despite its immense size, its thin, fragile jaws make it physically incapable of devouring any large animal, including a human being. The myth that gharials eat humans may come partly from their similar appearance to Crocodiles and because jewelry has been found in their stomachs. However, the gharial may have swallowed this jewelry while scavenging corpses or as gastroliths used to aid digestion or buoyancy management.
Breeding.
The mating season is during November through December and well into January. The nesting and laying of eggs takes place in the dry season of March, April, and May. This is because during the dry season the rivers shrink a bit and the sandy river banks are available for nesting. Between 30 and 50 eggs are deposited into the hole that the female digs up before it is covered over carefully. After about 90 days, the juveniles emerge, although there is no record of the female assisting the juveniles into the water after they hatch (probably because their jaws are not suited for carrying the young due to the needle like teeth).However the mother does protect the young in the water for a few days till they learn to fend for themselves.
Conservation.
In the 1970s the gharial came to the brink of extinction and even now remains on the critically endangered list. The conservation efforts of the environmentalists in cooperation with several governments has led to some reduction in the threat of extinction. Some hope lies with the conservation and management programs in place as of 2004. Full protection was granted in the 1970s in the hope of reducing poaching losses, although these measures were slow to be implemented at first. Now there are 9 protected areas for this species in India which are linked to both captive breeding and 'ranching' operations where eggs collected from the wild are raised in captivity (to reduce mortality due to natural predators) and then released back into the wild (the first being released in 1981). More than 3000 animals have been released through these programs, and the wild population in India is estimated at around 1500 animals - with perhaps between one and two hundred animals in the remainder of its range.
Recently this species has moved from Endangered to Critically Endangered on the 2007 Red List of endangered species of animals and plants issued by the World Conservation Union, and qualifies for protection under the CITES (Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species) Appendix II.
Taxonomy.
Janke "et al." (2005), using molecular genetic evidence, found the gharial and the false gharial ("Tomistoma") to be close relatives, and placed them together in the same family.
Common names include: Indian gharial, Indian gavial, Fish-eating crocodile, Gavial del Ganges, Gavial du Gange, Long-nosed crocodile, Bahsoolia, Nakar, Chimpta, Lamthora, Mecho Kumhir, Naka, Nakar, Shormon, Thantia, Thondre, Garial.

Franck Ribéry
Franck Bilal Ribéry (born April 1 1983 in Boulogne-sur-Mer) is a French football player. His team is FC Bayern München of Germany.

False gharial
The false gharial or Malayan gharial ("Tomistoma schlegelii") is a fresh-water reptile. It looks like a crocodile with a very thin and long snout. This snout resembles that of the gharial. That is where the name of the species is from.
From a morphological standpoint, it has long been classed in the family "Crocodylidae", but recent immunological studies have shown that it is more closely related to the gharial than was originally thought. It is now classed in the family "Gavialidae".
The false gharial is native to six river systems in Sumatra and Malaysia. It can also be found in Borneo, Java, Vietnam, Thailand (Not seen since 1970) and possibly Sulawesi. Fossils finds in Southern China indicate that at some point this species occurred there in the past.
The False gharial, like all other crocodilian species, lays eggs. It is not known when the species breeds in the wild or when its nesting season is. It is a mound nester. Females usually mature at 2-3 m. Mated females will lay a clutch of 30-60 eggs in a mound of dry leaves or peat. Once the eggs are laid, and construction of the mound is completed, she abandons her nest. Unlike most other crocodilian species, the young receive no parental care and are at risk of being eaten by predators like wild boar, mongooses, big cats such as tigers and leopards, civets, and wild dogs. The young hatch after 90 days and are left to fight for themselves.
The False gharial is threatened with extinction throughout most of its range due to the drainage of its freshwater swamplands and clearance of surrounding rainforests. The species is also hunted frequently for its skin and meat and the eggs are often harvested for human consumption. However, positive steps have been taken by the Malaysian and Indonesian governments to prevent its extinction in the wild.

Prime lens
A Prime lens is a lens wich has a fixed focal length. It is easier to make fixed focal lenses than to include them in a variable focus lens. Therefore, fixed focal lenses usually have a higher aperture than comparable variable focus lenses. They are usually also of a higher optical quality.

Aperture
In Optics (and also photography) an Aperture is a hole where light can pass through.
In photography.
The aperture stop of a photographic lens can be adjusted to control the amount of light reaching the film or image sensor. In combination with variation of shutter speed, the aperture size will regulate the film's degree of exposure to light. Typically, a fast shutter speed will require a larger aperture to ensure sufficient light exposure, and a slow shutter speed will require a smaller aperture to avoid excessive exposure.

Zoom lens
A Variable focus lens (also called Zoom lens) is a camera lens that can vary its focal length.
In general, such lenses have a lower aperture than comparable fixfocus lenses. Depending on the manufacturer common zoom lenses (in the 30-100mm focal range, for film photography) usually have a varying aperture, from 4-5.6, perhaps 3.3-5.6. There are also some zoom lenses with a fixed maximal aperture (to take the example from before: Of 2.6 or 2.8, maximum). In contrast, fix-focus lenses in that range have maximum apertures of 1.4 to 2.

Belinda (moon)
Belinda is a closer moon to Uranus. Belinda was found from the images taken by "Voyager 2" on 1986-01-13, and was given the designation S/1986 U 5. It is named after the heroine of Alexander Pope's "The Rape of the Lock". It is also designated Uranus XIV.
Belinda belongs to Portia Group of moons, which also includes Bianca, Cressida, Desdemona, Portia, Juliet, Cupid, Rosalind and Perdita. These moons have similar orbits and photometric properties. Unfortunately, other than its orbit, radius of 45 km and geometric albedo of 0.08 almost nothing is known about it.
At the Voyager 2 images Belinda appears as a stretched object, the major axis pointing towards Uranus. The moon is very stretched, with its short axis 0.5 ± 0.1 times the long axis. Its surface is grey in color.

Normal lens
In photography the word normal lens is used for camera lenses that have a focal length which is rougly the diagonal of the image projected inside the camera. Camera lenses with a shorter focal length are called "wide-angle lenses", those with a longer one "telephoto lenses".

Vyankatesh Madgulkar
Vyankatesh Madgulkar (1927-2001) was one of the most popular and well-known Marathi writers of his time. He became well-known mainly for his realistic writings about village life in a part of southern Maharashtra called Maandesh. These writings about Maandesh are set in a period of 15 to 20 years before and after India's Independence.
Vyankatesh Madgulkar was a man of many interests. He also read a lot of books on different subjects. He was lovingly called Tatya (“old man”, or “grand old man” in Marathi) by his admirers, friends and family members.
Childhood.
Vyankatesh Madgulkar was born in Madgul, a village in Sangli district of Maharashtra. The Madgulkar family had probably come from the neighbouring state of Karnataka a few centuries back. They were one of the eight Brahmin families Madgul, which had a population of over a thousand.
The family owned some land. Vyankatesh Madgulkar's grandfather and the earlier generations had lived off the land. However, in Vyankatesh Madgulkar's father’s time, the land could not feed the family. The family was large. Apart from Vyankatesh Madgulkar, there were seven children, one of whom died early.
Vyankatesh Madgulkar's father took a job in the government of the Aundh princely state, which ruled over Madgul and the region around it known as Maandesh. The job took him to various villages and small towns of Maandesh. For some time, the family moved with him. In this way, Vyankatesh Madgulkar got to see life in many parts of Maandesh.
Although his mother was an old-fashioned woman who believed Brahmins should not mix with people of `lower' castes, Vyankatesh Madgulkar freely mixed with children of other castes and communities. From them he learnt how to climb trees, how to identify birds, how to trap fish, how to hunt.
Madgul had no electricity, bus service or shop. But it had a primary school. Vyankatesh Madgulkar studied there and later in a secondary school in a small town nearby. But he was not a good student. Some of his teachers told him he had no future.
When he was a teenager, he left home and joined a group of people fighting for India’s freedom. For two years he was considered a criminal by the British government.
Working life.
After India got Independence, Vyankatesh Madgulkar returned home. His elder brother (“Anna”), Gajanan, had already left home and become a writer for Marathi films.`GaDiMa’ (Gajanan Digambar Madgulkar), as he was called, went on to become a famous poet, song and screenplay writer, and a well-known name in Maharashtra.
GaDiMa’s success might have helped Vyankatesh Madgulkar to also think of becoming an artist. However, he had his own personality, different from that of his brother.
As he said often, he had always had the feeling he was “different”. He first wanted to be a poet. He also loved sketching and painting. And though he did not complete school education, he developed an enormous love for reading. He learnt and read English books the hard way, with the help of a dictionary. He read books by the American novelist John Steinbeck, the famous British writer George Orwell and the Irish writer Liam O’ Flaherty, and several other Western writers.
Vyankatesh Madgulkar first tried to become a painter. He went to the city of Kolhapur in western Maharashtra to learn painting. However, he lost interest in becoming a painter and turned to writing. He wrote his first short story when he was 19 years old. It won a literary prize. This encouraged him to become a writer.
In 1948, when he was 21, he took up a job as a journalist. Two years later he moved to the capital of Maharashtra, Mumbai, to write scripts for Marathi films.
In 1955 he took up a job in Pune, in the rural programming department of the government's All India Radio (AIR) station. He worked here till he retired in 1985. All this time, he continued to write.
Vyankatesh Madgulkar passed away in August 2001 at the age of 73. He died of complications from diabetes.
Writing.
Vyankatesh Madgulkar wrote in many different ways. He wrote nearly 40 screenplays for films. He wrote several folk plays. He attempted a Marathi version of "Fiddler on the Roof".He translated books, especially wild life books, from English to Marathi. He wrote essays on his travels, nature and interesting people he had read about, like Richard Burton, the British traveller.
However, he is most fondly remembered for his short stories and novellas (long stories). He wrote 8 novellas and over 200 short stories.
His first book, "Maandeshi Manse" (People of Maandesh), was published when he was only 22 years old. "Maandeshi Manse" is about different kinds of people Vyankatesh Madgulkar had met during his childhood in Maandesh. The descriptions of these people are realistic. However, Vyankatesh Madgulkar explained later that the descriptions were are not fully true. The people in "Maandeshi Manse" are creations of the author, based on real people he knew.
Vyankatesh Madgulkar mixed the real world with his own imagination in the same way in all his Maandeshi stories. He also did not change his style of writing.
That style is generally of a person telling a story to people sitting in front of him.
Many of the stories told in this way are about poor people. Some stories are about things that had happened during Vyankatesh Madgulkar's childhood. Some stories are about family members. Only a few stories have a plot. Most stories have one central character. But a few stories are about happenings rather than on people.
Bangarwadi.
The most famous of Vyankatesh Madgulkar's writing is his novella called "Bangarwadi" (1954). It is about the experiences of a young schoolteacher in a village of shepherds in Maandesh. The story begins with the schoolteacher walking alone towards the village called Bangarwadi, in the night, across a landscape with few trees. When the teacher reaches Bangarwadi, he finds that the school is not working. Over the next months, the schoolteacher successfully runs the school. However, at the end of the story, lack of rainfall forces all the people of Bangarwadi to leave the village. The school again has no no students.
Within this story, Vyankatesh Madgulkar gives us an unforgettable and detailed picture of a way of living. One reviewer, Taya Zinkin reviewing the English translation of the book in "The Economic Weekly" in 1958 said, “(it) is perhaps the most important book written by an Indian about India to appear in English since [Jawaharlal} Nehru’s "Discovery of India".”
"Bangarwardi" was translated in several languages. The great German scholar on India Gunther Sontheimer translated it in German. Bookstores in Pune and other Maharashtra cities still sell the original book in Marathi. It has been reprinted over 15 times.
"Bangarwardi" was also make into a film by Amol Palekar.
Other writing.
Vyankatesh Madgulkar wrote stories about Maandesh for around 20 years, from the mid-1940s to the mid-1960s. Later, he wrote about his family and then about nature. His last novella, "Sattantar" (1981), about a community of monkeys, won him the central government’s Sahitya Parishad award for best Marathi book published in that year.

The Ren and Stimpy Show
The Ren and Stimpy Show is an American cartoon created by John Kricfalusi. The show had two main people, Ren Höek (who is a dog), and Stimpson J. Cat (who is also named Stimpy). Stimpy is a cat. It showed in the United States on Nickelodeon and MTV.

Perdita (moon)
Perdita is a closer moon to Uranus. Perdita's discovery was not simple. The first pictures of Perdita were taken by the "Voyager 2" spacecraft in 1986, but it was not recognized from the photographs for more than a decade. In 1999, the moon was noticed by Erich Karkoschka and reported. But because no further pictures could be taken to confirm its existence, it was thought to be non-existent in 2001. However, in 2003, pictures taken by the Hubble Space Telescope managed to pick up an object where Perdita was supposed to be, finally confirming its existence.
Following its discovery in 1999, Perdita was given the designation of S/1986 U 10. It was named after the daughter of Leontes and Hermione in William Shakespeare's play "The Winter's Tale". The moon is also designated Uranus XXV.
Perdita belongs to Portia Group of moons, which also includes Bianca, Cressida, Desdemona, Portia, Juliet, Cupid, Rosalind and Belinda. These moons have similar orbits and photometric properties. Unfortunately, other than its orbit, radius of 15 km and geometric albedo of 0.08 almost nothing is known about it.

135 film
135 film is the official name of the photographic film that is most used today. It is specified by ISO Standard 1007. It was introduced by Kodak in 1934. It was made for making pictures, rather than films. It is 35mm wide; that is why it is often also called 35mm film.
It quickly grew in popularity. It became more popular than 120 film by the late 1960s. Since then, it has been the most popular photographic film format. Despite competition from formats such as 828, 126, 110 and APS, it remains so today.
Individual rolls of 135 film are enclosed in single-spool, light-tight, metal cassettes. This allows cameras to be loaded in daylight. The film is clipped or taped to a spool and exits via a velvet-covered slot. The end of the film is cut on one side to form a leader, which is to be inserted into a corresponding slot in the camera take-up spool. It has the same dimensions and perforation pitch as 35 mm movie print film.

European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages
The European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages (ECRML) is a European treaty that was adopted in 1992.
It was designed by the Council of Europe to protect and promote historical regional and minority languages in Europe. It only applies to languages traditionally used by the nationals of the State Parties which have a lot of differences from the majority or official language. This means that the treaty does not protect languages used by recent immigrants from other countries. Also, the treaty does not protect local dialects of (ways of speaking) the official or majority language)
To be protected a language should be spoken either by
National official languages are not covered by the treaty, but regional official languages can be. For example, Catalan is only official within a region of Spain, so could benefit from the treaty but Irish cannot because it is an official language in Republic of Ireland, even though it is a minority language. However Irish is protected in Northern Ireland because it is not an official or national language of the United Kingdom.
France has signed the treaty, but the French constitution does not allow the government to support languages apart from French.
What the Charter does.
There are two levels of protection. Every country which has signed the treaty must give all qualifying languages the lower level of protection. Countries can also decide to give some languages the higher level of protection. The higher level is a list of things countries should do. A country giving higher protection must do at least 35 of these things.

Finger Eleven
Finger Eleven is a Canadian rock band. it was formed in 1994. They are from Burlington, Ontario. There they had achieved minor success as a cover band, then as a full fledged band.

Nefertiti
Nefertiti (pronounced at the time something like *nafratiːta) (c. 1370 BC - c. 1330 BC) was the Great Royal Wife of the Egyptian Pharaoh Akhenaten. She was the mother-in-law and may have been stepmother of the Pharaoh Tutankhamun. Nefertiti may have also ruled as pharaoh under the name Neferneferuaten for a short time after her husband's death and before the accession of Tutankhamun, although this identification is doubted by the latest research. Her name in English means "the beautiful (or perfect) woman has come". Nefertiti was one of the most powerful queens in Ancient Egypt.

Wide-angle lens
A wide-angle lens is a lens that has a focal length that is shorter than that of the normal lens. Normal lenses have an angle of view of between 40° and 50°. Wide-angle lenses have an angle of view that is bigger.
For the 135 film format (the most popular photographic film type), normal lenses are 50mm focal length. 35mm (with an angle of view of 63 degrees) and 28mm (75°) are slight wide-angle lenses.
24mm (84°), 20mm (94°), 17mm (104°) and 14mm (114°) offer more extreme views (for 35mm film).
This is different for digital photography. Many cameras use smaller sensors. This means that the focal lengths have an angle of view that is different. That way, an 18mm lens mounted on a digital camera of this type gives an angle of view of the 28mm wide-angle lens, namely 75 degrees, for a multiplier of 1.5.
A special kind of wide-angle lens is called fish eye lens.

Grand Duchy of Hesse
The Grand Duchy of Hesse () was a former state that existed in modern-day Germany. It was formed in 1806 after the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire as a result of the actions of Napoleon, who then elevated the former Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt to the level of grand duchy. For this reason, this state was occasionally known simply as Hesse-Darmstadt.
History.
Because Hesse-Darmstadt was a member of Napoleon's Confederation of the Rhine, it was forced to give up a considerable amount of territory at the 1815 Congress of Vienna. The territory of the Duchy of Westphalia, which Hesse-Darmstadt received from the 1803 "Reichsdeputationshauptschluss", was given to the Kingdom of Prussia. However, it received some territory on the western bank of the Rhine, including the important federal fortress at Mainz.
The Grand Duchy changed its name to the Grand Duchy of Hesse and by Rhine () in 1816.

Puck (moon)
Puck is a closer moon to Uranus. Puck was found from the images taken by "Voyager 2" on 1985-12-30, and was given the designation S/1985 U 1.
In Celtic mythology and English folklore, a "Puck" is a mischievous sprite, imagined as an evil demon by Christians; the moon is named after the Puck who appears in Shakespeare's "A Midsummer Night's Dream", in which he travels around the globe at night with the fairies. It is also designated Uranus XV.
Puck is the biggest of the small closer moons to Uranus. It is in the middle in size between Portia and Miranda, the smallest of the five bigger moons. Puck's orbit is also located between these two moons. Little is known about it aside from its orbit, its radius about 81 km, and its geometric albedo approximately 0.11.
Of the moons found by the "Voyager 2" imaging team, only Puck was found early enough that the probe could be programmed to take pictures of it in some detail. Images showed that Puck has a shape of a slightly prolate spheroid (ratio between axises is 0.97 ± 0.04).. Its surface is heavily cratered and is grey in color. There are three named craters on the surface of Puck. Observations with Hubble Space Telescope and large terrestrial telescopes found water ice absorption features in the spectrum of Puck.

Schinus
"Schinus" a large genus of Anacardiaceae, many tree. It prefers tropic subhumid zones.
Californian pepper tree "S.areira" native from Mexico to South America. Various species grown as ornamental, e.g. "S.areira", and Brazilian pepper "S.terebinthifolius".

Mab (moon)
Mab is a closer moon to Uranus. It was found by Mark R. Showalter and Jack J. Lissauer in 2003 using the Hubble Space Telescope. It was named after Queen Mab, a fairy queen from English folklore who is mentioned in William Shakespeare's play "Romeo and Juliet".
Because the moon is small and dark, it was not seen in the images taken by "Voyager 2" during its Uranus flyby in 1986. However, it is brighter than another moon, Perdita, which was discovered from Voyager's photos in 1997. This led scientists to look at the old photos again, and the moon was finally found in the images.
If it is as dark as Puck, it is about 24 km in diameter. On the other hand, if it is brightly coloured like the neighbouring moon Miranda, it would be even smaller than Cupid and comparable to the smallest farther moons.
Mab is heavily perturbed. The actual source for perturbation is still unclear, but is probably one or more of the nearby orbiting moons.
Following its discovery, Mab was given the designation S/2003 U 1. The moon is also designated Uranus XXVI.

Telephoto lens
In photography, a telephoto lens is a lens. There are two different uses of the word. The less specific use is to mean a lens that has a longer focal length than a normal lens. Their angle of view is smaller than that of a normal lens. With telephoto lenses things look closer than they really are.
The other meaning of telephoto lens applies to lenses that are constructed in a special way so they can be shorter than their focal length.
For 35mm film, 50mm is a normal focal length. Typical telephoto lenses are 85mm (28°50') and 100m (24°). They are used for portraits mostly. Other telephoto lenses that are used often are 135mm (18°), 180mm and 200mm.
Longer focal lengths (300 to 1200mm) are used in sports photography.
Different focal lengths.
The above photos were taken using a 35 mm camera, using lenses of the given focal lengths.

Umbriel (moon)
Umbriel is a moon of Uranus found on October 24, 1851 by William Lassell. It was found at the same time as Ariel.
Name.
The name "Umbriel" and the names of all four moons of Uranus then known were suggested by John Herschel in 1852 at the request of Lassell. Lassell had earlier supported Herschel's 1847 naming scheme for the seven then-known moons of Saturn and had named his newly-found eighth moon Hyperion in accordance with Herschel's naming scheme in 1848. Umbriel is the 'dusky melancholy sprite' in Alexander Pope's "The Rape of the Lock", and the name suggests the Latin "umbra", shadow. The adjectival form of the name is "Umbrielian".
It is also designated Uranus II.
Physical characteristics.
So far the only close-up images of Umbriel are from the "Voyager 2" probe, which made observations of the moon during its Uranus flyby in January, 1986. During the flyby the southern hemisphere of the moon was pointed towards the Sun so only it was studied.
Umbriel's surface is the darkest of the Uranian moons, and reflects only about half as much light as Ariel, Uranus' brightest moon. It has far more and bigger craters than do Ariel and Titania and is also the least geologically active. It is mostly made of water ice, with the balance made up of silicate rock, and other ices such as methane. Methane can break down and form reddish-black organic compounds such as tholins when bombarded by high-energy particles. Near-IR spectra of Ariel and Umbriel clearly show that water ice dominates the spectra of these objects.

Titania (moon)
Titania is the biggest moon of Uranus and the eighth biggest moon in the Solar System.
Discovery.
Titania was found on January 11, 1787 by William Herschel. He reported it and Oberon the same year. He later reported four more moons, which turned out to be spurious.
Name and pronunciation.
The names of Titania and the other four moons of Uranus then known were suggested by Herschel's son John Herschel in 1852 at the request of William Lassell, who had found Ariel and Umbriel the year before. Lassell had earlier supported Herschel's 1847 naming scheme for the seven then-known moons of Saturn and had named his newly-found eighth moon Hyperion in accordance with Herschel's naming scheme in 1848.
All of the moons of Uranus are named for characters from Shakespeare or Alexander Pope. Titania was named after Titania, the Queen of the Faeries in "A Midsummer Night's Dream".
Shakespeare's character's name is pronounced, but the moon is often pronounced, by analogy with the familiar chemical element titanium.
It is also designated Uranus III.
Physical characteristics.
So far the only close-up images of Titania are from the "Voyager 2" probe, which photographed the moon during its Uranus flyby in January, 1986. At the time of the flyby the southern hemisphere of the moon was pointed towards the Sun so only it was studied.
Although what its interior is made up of is uncertain, one model suggests that Titania is made of about 50% water ice, 30% silicate rock, and 20% methane-related organic compounds. A major surface feature is a huge canyon that dwarfs the scale of the Grand Canyon on Earth and is in the same class as the Valles Marineris on Mars or Ithaca Chasma on Saturn's moon Tethys.
Occultation.
On September 8, 2001, Titania occulted a faint star; this was a chance to both refine its diameter and ephemeris, and to detect any extant atmosphere. The data revealed no atmosphere to a surface pressure of 0.03 microbars; if it exists, it would have to be far thinner than that of Triton or Pluto.

The 20 Hunchakian gallows
The 20 Hunchakian gallows (or "Ksan Gakhaghan", also "The 20 Martyrs", "The 20s") is the common name for the group of Hunchakian activists who were hanged in the Sultan Bayazid square of Constantinople in June 15, 1915.
History.
The 7th General Convention of the Social Democrat Hunchakian Party which was held in Constanţa, Romania, in 1913, had a unique and great importance not only for the Hunchaks, but in the history of the Armenian people as a whole. During the Convention, members stressed their concern of the Ittihad (Young Turk) government's blatant disregard of the Armenian lives who resided in Historic Armenia. The Hunchaks feared that this disregard would only escalate as time past. The Hunchaks also stressed the importance of a United Independent Armenia which would be impossible under the racist and dictatorial Young Turk government's rule of the Ottoman Empire.
I - As stated in its original program, the party was to move from licit to illicit activities, thus becoming once again a covert organization.
II - To plan and assassinate the leaders of the Ittihad (Young Turk) party, the same leaders that carried out the Adana massacres of 1909, and thus the same leaders who at that moment were planning the annihilation of the Armenian people.
Unfortunately, these secret objectives were passed on to the Turks by an Armenian agent for the government; consequently as soon as the delegates arrived in Constantinople, they were arrested. By the end of the year a total of one hundred and forty Hunchak leaders were arrested.
After spending two years in terrible conditions in Turkish prisons, and undergoing lengthy mock trials, twenty prominent figures - Paramaz, Dr. Benne, Aram Ach'ekbashian, Vanig and others were sentenced to death by hanging. A few weeks after the beginning of the Armenian Genocide on June 15, 1915, all twenty men were hanged in the central square of Constantinople, know as Sultan Bayazid Square. Paramaz's last words before his hanging were, "You can only hang our bodies, but not our ideology....You will see tomorrow on the Eastern horizon a Socialist Armenia."
Since their execution, the Twenty Martyrs have been a source of inspiration for thousands of young Armenians through out the world.
In 2001 the monument of Paramaz and his 19 Hunchakian comrades was opened in Meghri town, Armenia.
The list of hanged Hunchakians.
Two other prominent Hunchakian activists, Stepan Sabah-Goulian and Varaztahd, were condemned to death "in absentia".

Allowance
An allowance is usually an amount of money that a parent gives to his/her child.

Social Democrat Hunchakian Party
The Social Democrat Hunchakian Party (SDHP) (), also known as Hentchak is one of the oldest political parties in Armenia and the first Socialist party in the Ottoman Empire and in Persia in the 1880s. It was founded in 1887 by Avetis Nazarbekian, Mariam Vardanian, Ruben Khan-Azat and others, who studied in Geneva, Switzerland, with the goal to gain Armenia's independence from the Ottoman Empire, which is part of Armenian national liberation movement. Its name, taken from its newspaper "Hunchak," means "Bell" in English, and is taken by party members to represent "awakening, enlightenment, and freedom."
History.
All of the 7 founders of Hunchakian party were Russian-Armenian Marxist students who had left Russia to continue their higher education in universities of Western Europe. They were young persons, in their twenties, and were from well‑to‑do bourgeois families who were financially supporting them. For the purpose of furthering revolutionary activity in Turkish Armenia, they formed the Hunchakian Revolutionary Party in August, 1887.
Hunchak party fought many battles against the Ottoman Empire, to free the Armenian people from Turkish rule. One of Armenia's famous national heroes Andranik Ozanian, at first, joined the Hunchak party, but disagreement with party policies led Andranik to leave the Hunchak ranks and join the Dashnak party.
Democratic Republic of Armenia.
The party also played role in establishment of Democratic Republic of Armenia, as party members took part in the Battle of Sardarapat, during the World War I at Caucasus Campaign, which defended the Armenian capital of Yerevan from Army of Islam of Ottoman Empire.
Activities in Lebanon.
In the 1950s, it clashed, sometimes violently, with the Dashnak Party, due to tensions that escalated when the ARF elected Bishop Zareh as Catholicos of Cilicia, a move that was rejected by the Hunchaks. In the midst of increasing sectarian strife in the late 1960s and early 1970s, however, Lebanon's Armenian community began to close ranks, and in 1972, the Hunchakian Party ran a joint ticket with the Dashnaks. In 2000, the Hunchakian Party joined forces with Rafik Hariri's Dignity party, which swept the city of Beirut.
Modern.
In the early 1990s, the party took part in the Nagorno Karabakh conflict. The party today forms part of the opposition "Justice" bloc.
This party is also active in Lebanon, where it competes for the six National Assembly seats reserved for ethnic Armenians. The party subscribes to a socialist ideology and advocates a planned economy for Lebanon.
Affiliate organizations.
The Hunchakian party has established affiliate organizations such as the AEBU which is an organization that helps with educational, health and social care, the Armenian Dkhrouhi Youth Association and HMM (Homenmen) which is a sporting organization (not to be confused with Homenetmen).

Inverter
An inverter is a device the changes electricity from devices such as batteries and solar panels (DC voltage) to electricity similar to that used in the home (AC voltage) so that small household devices can be run from batteries or such.

1998 FIFA World Cup
The 1998 FIFA World Cup was a football (soccer) sporting event that was held in France from June 10 1998 to July 12, 1998. 32 teams took part from many countries. France won the trophy after beating Brazil in the final 3-0.

1994 FIFA World Cup
The 1994 FIFA World Cup was a football (soccer) sporting event that was held in USA from June 17 1994 to July 17 1994. 24 teams took part from many countries. Brazil won the trophy after beating Italy in the final on penalties.

1990 FIFA World Cup
The 1990 FIFA World Cup was a football (soccer) sporting event that was held in Italy from June 8 to July 8, 1990. 24 teams took part from many countries. Germany won the trophy after beating Argentina in the final.

Francisco (moon)
Francisco is the closest non-spherical moon of Uranus.
Francisco was found by Matthew J. Holman, et al. and Brett J. Gladman, et al. in 2003 from pictures taken in 2001 and given the designation S/2001 U 3.
Confirmed as Uranus XXII, it was named after a lord in William Shakespeare's play "The Tempest".

Tropical cyclone warnings and watches
Warnings and watches are two levels of alert issued by national weather forecasting bodies to coastal areas threatened by the imminent approach of a tropical cyclone of tropical storm or hurricane strength. They are notices to the local population and civil authorities to make appropriate preparation for the cyclone, including evacuation of vulnerable areas where necessary. It is important that interests throughout the area of an alert make preparations to protect life and property, and do not disregard it on the strength of the detailed forecast track. Tropical cyclones are not points, and forecasting their track remains an uncertain science.

Kingston, Jamaica
The City of Kingston is the capital and largest city of Jamaica. It is located on the southeastern coast of the island country. It faces a natural harbour protected by the Palisadoes, a long sand spit which connects Port Royal and the Norman Manley International Airport to the rest of the island. In the Western Hemisphere, Kingston is the largest predominantly English-speaking city south of the United States, with a population of 651,880 (2001 census).

Caliban (moon)
Caliban is the second biggest retrograde non-spherical moon of Uranus.
Caliban was found on 1997-09-06 by Brett J. Gladman, Philip D. Nicholson, Joseph A. Burns, and John J. Kavelaars using the 200-inch Hale telescope together with Sycorax and given the designation S/1997 U 1.
Designated Uranus XVI it was named after the monster character in William Shakespeare's play "The Tempest"..
The orbital parameters suggest that it may belong, together with Stephano to the same dynamic cluster, suggesting common origin.
The diameter is estimated at 72 km (assuming albedo of 0.04), making it the second biggest non-spherical moon of Uranus, half the size of Sycorax, the biggest non-spherical moon of Uranus.
The light curve suggests Caliban's rotation period is 2.7 hours.

Tropical cyclone forecast model
A tropical cyclone forecast model is a computer program that uses meteorological data to forecast the motion and intensity of tropical cyclones. Such models utilize powerful supercomputers with complex mathematical modeling software and meteorological data to calculate paths and intensities. There are two general types, statistical and dynamical, and two primary types of forecasts, track and intensity.

Villalba, Puerto Rico
Villalba (vee-YAHL-bah) is a municipality of Puerto Rico located in the central region, northeast of Juana Díaz; south of Orocovis; and west of Coamo. Villalba is spread over 6 wards and Villalba Pueblo (The downtown area and the administrative center of the city).

Stephano (moon)
Stephano is a retrograde non-spherical moon of Uranus. It was found by Brett J. Gladman, "et al". in 1999, and given the designation S/1999 U 2.
Confirmed as Uranus XX, it is named after the drunken butler in William Shakespeare's play "The Tempest".

Trinculo (moon)
Trinculo is a retrograde non-spherical moon of Uranus. It was found by Holman, "et al". on 2001-08-13, and given the designation S/2001 U 1.
Confirmed as Uranus XXI, it was named after the drunken jester Trinculo in William Shakespeare's play "The Tempest".

Cabo Engaño
Cabo Engaño is a cape near Punta de Agua, the easternmost point of the island of Hispaniola, in the Dominican Republic. The region around the cape is very dry where cacti grow.
Christopher Columbus saw the cape for the first time on 16 January 1493 and named it as Cape Sant Theramo (or Cape San Telmo).
Punta Cana International Airport, one of the busiest airport of the country, is to the south of the cape.

Sycorax (moon)
Sycorax is the biggest retrograde non-spherical moon of Uranus.
Sycorax was found on 1997-09-06 by Brett J. Gladman, Philip D. Nicholson, Joseph A. Burns, and John J. Kavelaars using the 200-inch Hale telescope, together with Caliban and given the designation S/1997 U 2.
Officially confirmed as Uranus XVII, it was named after Sycorax, Caliban's mother in William Shakespeare's play "The Tempest".
Orbit.
Sycorax follows a far orbit, more than 20 times farther from Uranus than the farthest regular moon Oberon. Its orbit is retrograde, moderately inclined and eccentric.
The orbital parameters suggest that it may belong, together with Setebos and Prospero, to the same dynamic cluster, suggesting common origin.
The diagram illustrates the orbital parameters of the retrograde non-spherical moons of Uranus (in polar co-ordinates) with the eccentricity of the orbits represented by the segments extending from the pericentre to the apocentre.
Physical characteristics.
The diameter of Sycorax is estimated at 150 km (assuming albedo of 0.04) making it the biggest non-spherical moon of Uranus, comparable in size with Himalia, the biggest non-spherical moon of Jupiter.
The rotation period could not be estimated well (best fit ~4 h).

Wozzeck
"Wozzeck" is an opera by the Austrian composer Alban Berg (1885-1935). It was composed between 1914 and 1922 and first performed in 1925.
Berg wrote this opera before the period when he used serialism in his works. His teacher Schoenberg had not yet developed the twelve tone system. The music of "Wozzeck" has tonal music in the tradition of Mahler, but also some atonal music (music which is not based on any key) as well as melodies which are based on the whole tone scale. The music sounded very modern at the time it was written. Berg also writes for the voices in unusual ways: sometimes they have to half-speak, half-sing (this is called Sprechgesang).
The opera is based on a play called "Woyzeck" by the German playwright Georg Büchner. "Woyzeck" was an unusual drama because, instead of being a story about someone important such as a king or a god, it was about a poor man who is not very smart and is bullied and misused by other people. When Berg wrote the opera nearly a century later, it was still an unusual story for an opera. The heroes in operas were usually important people, while working people often had comic parts: they were often servants. But Wozzeck is a simple man who cannot help what is happening to him. In drama this is sometimes called an "anti-hero".
Act I.
Scene 1 (Suite): Wozzeck is working as a barber. While he is shaving the Captain, the Captain tells Wozzeck that he thinks Wozzeck leads a bad life because he has had a child with a woman (Marie) without being married to her. Wozzeck says that it is hard for him to be good because he is poor. He reminds the Captain that Jesus said "Let the little children come to me," (Mark 10:14). The Captain is confused by this remark.
Scene 2 (Rhapsody and Hunting Song): Wozzeck and his friend Andres are cutting sticks as the sun is setting. Wozzeck has scary visions: he sees the sinking sun covering the world in flames.
Scene 3 (March and Lullaby): Soldiers march by outside Marie's room. Her neighbour, Margret, tells Marie she is bad because she is flirting with the soldiers. Then Wozzeck comes and tells Marie of the terrible visions he has had.
Scene 4 (Passacaglia): The Doctor tells Wozzeck that he should not cough in the street (Büchner wrote: “piss in the street”). He says he is doing a medical experiment. Wozzeck is so simple that he believes him. The doctor is glad to hear about Wozzeck’s terrible visions.
Scene 5 (Rondo): Marie admires the Drum-major outside her room. He wants to love her. At first she turns away from him, but then she gives in and they rush out together.
Act II.
Scene 1 (Sonata-Allegro): Marie is telling her child to go to sleep while admiring earrings which the Drum-major gave her. Wozzeck arrives. He asks her where she got the earrings. She says she found them. Wozzeck does not know whether to believe her, but gives her some money and leaves. Marie knows her behaviour is wrong.
Scene 2 (Fantasia and Fugue on 3 Themes): The Doctor rushes by the Captain in the street, who tells him to slow down. The Doctor makes the Captain frightened by thinking of nasty illnesses that he might get. When Wozzeck comes, they tease him by saying that Marie loves someone else.
Scene 3 (Largo): Wozzeck talks about it to Marie. She admits that she has a boyfriend. Wozzeck is furious. He is about to hit her when she stops him, saying even her father never dared to hit her. She says: "better a knife in my belly than your hands on me". This gives Wozzeck an idea for revenge.
Scene 4 (Scherzo): Wozzeck sees Marie dancing with the Drum-major in a crowd. Andres asks Wozzeck why he is sitting by himself. A drunkard gives a sermon, then an idiot goes up to Wozzeck and says he can smell blood.
Scene 5 (Rondo): In the barracks at night, Wozzeck cannot sleep. He is keeping Andres awake. The Drum-major comes in. He is drunk. He gets Wozzeck out of bed to fight with him.
Act III.
Scene 1 (Invention on a Theme): In her room at night, Marie reads to herself from the Bible. She wants to be forgiven.
Scene 2 (Invention on a Single Note (B)): Wozzeck and Marie are walking in the woods by a pond. Marie wants to leave, but Wozzeck stops her. The moon is shining bright red. Wozzeck becomes determined that if he can't have Marie, no one else can, and he stabs her.
Scene 3 (Invention on a Rhythm): People are dancing in a pub. Wozzeck enters, and when he sees Margret, he dances with her and pulls her onto his lap. He insults her, and then asks her to sing him a song. She sings, but then notices blood on his hand and elbow; everyone begins to shout at him, and Wozzeck rushes out.
Scene 4 (Invention on a 6-Note Chord): Wozzeck goes back to the place where he killed Marie. Wozzeck thinks that the knife he killed Marie with will prove that he is the murderer. He throws the knife into the pond. When the blood-red moon appears again, he walks into the pond to try to wash the blood of his body, but he drowns. The Captain and the Doctor, passing by, hear Wozzeck moaning and rush off in fright.
Intermezzo (Invention on a Key (D minor)): This interlude leads to the finale.
Scene 5 (Invention on an Eighth-Note moto perpetuo, "quasi toccata"): The next morning a group of children are playing in the sunshine. People are telling one another that Marie's body has been found. The children all run off to see. Marie and Wozzeck’s little boy has been playing on a toy horse. He stops and runs after the other children to the pond.
History of the opera.
Berg saw Büchner's play "Woyzeck" in 1914. It was the first time it had been performed in Vienna. The play had been advertised as "Wozzeck" because people could not read Büchner’s handwriting. This is why Berg uses this spelling for his opera.
Berg knew at once that he wanted to make the play into an opera. Büchner, who had died in 1837 at the age of 23, had left the play unfinished. Berg took fifteen scenes from the play and made them into an opera with three acts. He composed music with a particular form for each scene so that the music develops in a very organised way. He made changes to the libretto himself.
Though Berg began work on the opera in 1914, he was serving in the army during World War I, so he did not have time to continue working on it until 1917. He finished the opera in April 1922. Erich Kleiber conducted the first performance at the Berlin State Opera on 14 December 14 1925. It quickly became famous and was performed in all of the big opera houses in Europe. It was so successful that Berg was able to live off of the money he earned from it.
Musical style.
"Wozzeck" was the first major opera written in a modern 20th century style. A lot of the music is atonal (not in any key) so Berg was able to use this to express the madness of Wozzeck. Sometimes the music becomes more tonal, especially when the story is telling about love and humanity. He also bases some of the music about the soldiers on folksong which he treats in his own special way.
Another musical technique he uses is the leitmotif, in which particular characters or things are linked to particular themes or musical ideas. This technique can be very useful to suggest certain things. For example, there is a leitmotif for the earrings which the Drum major has given to Marie. When the major makes love to Marie we hear this leitmotif. The music makes us realize that he is not forcing her to love him but that she is willing. In another place, the military music tells us that Marie is thinking of the Drum major.
Another leitmotif is the chord we hear when Wozzeck, near the beginning of the opera, talks about “poor folk like us”. The chord we hear is used in other parts of the opera when characters are not strong enough to change their situation in life.

Gram (mythology)
In Norse mythology, Gram is the name of the sword of Sigurd (Siegfried). He used it to kill the dragon Fafnir. It was forged by Weyland the Smith and originally belonged to his father, Sigmund, who received it in the hall of the Volsung after pulling it out of a log into which Odin had stuck it—nobody else could pull it out. The sword was destroyed and reforged at least once. After it was reforged, it clove an anvil in half. See Sigurd for more details on the story of Siegfried and Fafnir.
In the "Nibelungenlied", Siegfried's sword is called Balmung; in Richard Wagner's Ring Cycle, it is called Nothung (Notung in more modern German).

Tantra
Tantra (Sanskrit: तन्त्र "weave" meaning "continuity"), tantricism or tantrism is the name for a number of traditions from Indian religions. These traditions are usually esoteric in their nature. Tantra exists in Hindu, Bönpo, Buddhist, and Jain forms. Tantra in its various forms has existed in South Asia, China, Japan, Tibet, Korea, Cambodia, Burma, Indonesia and Mongolia.

Sorbs
The Sorbs are Slavic people. They live mostly in Germany and Poland. There are 60,000 Sorbian people in the world. About 25,000 people speak one of the Sorbian languages.
In Germany and Poland Sorbs do not use the old fashioned words "Wends" or "Wendish" to describe themselves. American and Australian communities often prefer to call themselves "Wends" or "Wendish". They think that “Sorb” and “Sorbian” are bad words.
Upper Sorbian and Lower Sorbian dialects are protected languages in parts of Germany under the European Charter for Minority or Regional Languages

List of Romanian writers
This is a list of Romanian writers.

Almazán
Almazán is a city in Castilla y León, in Spain. The city name comes from Arabic. There it means "The fortified place". It is located about 32km south of the capital of the province (Valladolid), and about 192km from Madrid. Today, about 5.700 people live there.
The city has a long history. In it, the Pedro IV of Aragon and Enrique II of Castilla signed the truce between Castillla and Aragon. Juan Hurtado de Mendoza was the majordomo of king Enrique III. The king Enrique IV of Castilla gave the city to him. He also got to supervise the city. Later the duchy was divided into two different parts.
The city itself was goverened by the "Alcalde Mayor". He was helped by a committee of people from the city (3 noblemen, and 3 from the Hidalgo class).
The city belonged to the county of Altamira. The counts descended from Hernando de Mendoza.
Diego Laínez was a jesuit monk who was born in the city. He was a companion to San Ignacio de Loyola. He also succeeded him as head of the Society of Jesus, a Catholic religious order. Laínez later had a large influence in the Council of Trent.
Most of the city is built in a Romanesque style. There are also some examples of Baroque, Renaissance and Gothic art styles.

Ratnasambhava
Buddha Ratnasambhava is one of the five Dhyani Buddhas.
His mandala is yellow and is in the southern direction. Ratnasambhava embodies Dharma that changes pride, miserliness and avarice into equanimity. He is shown with his right hand extended down, palm facing outwards. His left hand holds a precious jewel in his lap. He is associated with changing poverty into wealth. Ratnasambhava’s blessings allow us to overcome pride and miserliness, thereby developing inner calm. The wealth-giving Buddhas or Jambhalas are associated with the family of Ratnasambhava.

Hydrangea
Hydrangea, common name Hortensia, is a genus of 70-80 species of flowers. The earliest kinds of hydrangea came from southern and eastern Asia.
The colour of the flowers can tell you how much acid is in the soil the plant is growing in.
For example alkaline ones produce pink colored flowers.

Mandala
A Mandala is a symbol of either a man or a woman in the world.
Uses.
The Mandala acts as a support for anyone in meditation. The Mandala itself is often illustrated as a palace with four gates, facing the four corners of the Earth. It is a symbol that represents wholeness, and can be seen as a model for the structure of life itself.

Margaret (moon)
Margaret is the only prograde non-spherical moon of Uranus. It was found by Scott S. Sheppard, et al. in 2003 and given the designation S/2003 U 3.
Confirmed as Uranus XXIII, it was named after the servant of Hero in William Shakespeare's play "Much Ado About Nothing"
Orbit.
Margaret stands out as the only prograde non-spherical moon of Uranus. The diagram illustrates the orbital parameters of Margaret, unique among the non-spherical moons of Uranus, with inclination on the vertical axis and the eccentricity of the orbits represented by the segments extending from the pericentre to the apocentre.

Joanot Martorell
Joanot Martorell (1413 – 1468) was the Valencian author of the novel "Tirant lo Blanch," which is written in the Catalan language (Martorell calls it "the Valencian vernacular" "vulgar llengua valenciana" used in the Crown of Aragon). First published in Valencia in 1490, it was reprinted in Barcelona in 1497, and some consider it the first modern novel in Europe.
It deals with the adventures of a knight in the Byzantine Empire with echoes of the real-life Catalan Company. Miguel de Cervantes in the book burning scene of Don Quixote considers it the best knight novel. Martorell himself was a chivalrous man and suffered an early death due to court intrigue, leading to a colleague, Marti Joan de Galba, finishing the novel.

Pocket calculator
A pocket calculator is a small calculator that helps people do mathematics. They get their name since they are so small they can be put in a pocket. Its most common use is for addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. They do not have batteries, but are powered by solar cells with a technology known as photovoltaics. They are commonly seen in schools and businesses around the world and can be used quickly and efficiently for simple mathematical problems. Another name for them is 'miniature calculator' or 'mini calculator'.

St Albans
St Albans is the main urban area of the City and District of St Albans in southern Hertfordshire, England.
Location.
St Albans is found in southern Hertfordshire, England, 22 km north of central London.
History.
It was originally named "Verlamion" by the Ancient British, Catuvellauni tribe. It was the first major town on the old Roman road of Watling Street for travellers heading north and became the Roman city of Verulamium. After the Roman withdrawal, and prior to becoming known as St Albans, the town was called "Verlamchester" or "Wæclingacaester".

Lancaster, Lancashire
The City of Lancaster (2002 population: 133,914) is a local government district in Lancashire, England. Its main town is Lancaster, from which it obtained its city status. Other towns in the district include Morecambe, Heysham, Slyne, and Carnforth.
History.
The district was formed on April 1, 1974, under the Local Government Act 1972, as a merger of the boroughs of Lancaster and Morecambe and Heysham, along with Carnforth urban district, Lancaster Rural District and Lunesdale Rural District.

Vice Chancellor of Germany
The Vice Chancellor is the deputy of the Federal Chancellor. He acts for the Chancellor if he cannot act, or if there is no chancellor. The Vice Chancellor is also a federal minister, and in a coalition government is usually the leader of the minority party.
List of Vice Chancellors.
Government of Germany

Peripheral equipment
Peripheral equipment (also called: input and output devices) is any equipment used to give a computer system more features. Input is anything that goes in and output is any thing that goes out. Any device for the computer that the computer can work without is peripheral equipment. This equipment is always separated from the central processing unit (CPU) by a device controller.
Peripheral equipment is nessecary for people to interact with a computer system. Some peripheral equipment displays information (such as a computer monitor).
Peripheral equipment is often labelled I/O device (Input/Output device). I/O devices are connected to a device controller which is connected to the electronics in the computer system. An example of an output device is computer speakers. Computer speakers are plugged in to a device controller called an audio device. The device is connected to the rest of the system inside. An example of an input device is a computer mouse and it is connected in a same way as an output device.
One peripheral device can be connected to many systems.
Sometimes extra memory devices such as a second hard disk can be called peripheral equipment. People who make computer programs call everything except the processor and main memory an I/O device. To an engineer working on the design of a processor, everything except the processor is called an I/O device.
Input devices.
An input device is anything that puts information inside a computer. It is a hardware device that sends information into the CPU. Without any input devices a computer would simply be a display device and not allow users to interact with it, similar to a TV. Below is a listing of different types of computer input devices.
Output devices.
An output device is anything used for displaying information from the computer or making sound from the computer.

Federal Ministry of Marshall Plan Affairs
The Federal Ministry of Marshall Plan Affairs was one of the first ministries of the Federal Republic of Germany. Its job was to oversee the rebuilding of the new republic using money and aid given by the United States as part of the European Recovery Programme, which was usually called the Marshall Plan.
The only Minister for Marshall Plan Affairs was also the first Federal Vice Chancellor, Franz Blücher.
In 1953 the Ministry was renamed the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation

Marshall Plan
The Marshall Plan (officially called the European Recovery Program [ERP]) was a plan of the United States for rebuilding the allied countries of Europe after World War II. Another reason was to stop communism.
The plan was named after Secretary of State George Marshall, but the plan was worked out by other people in the State Department.
The plan ran for four years beginning in July 1947. During that period some US$ 13 thousand million in economic and technical assistance were given to help the recovery of the European countries that had joined in the Organization for European Economic Co-operation.
By the time the plan ended, the economy of every member state except Germany, had grown well past pre-war levels.
In recent years some historians have said that another reason for the plan was to make the United States stronger, and to make the countries of western Europe need the United States. They also say that the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration, which helped millions of refugees from 1944 to 1947, also helped the European postwar recovery.
Morgenthau plan.
U.S. Treasury Secretary Henry Morgenthau, Jr. said that if Europe need money to rebuild what had been destroyed by the war they should take it from Germany. This money was called war reparations. Morgenthau said it would also stop Germany from ever being rebuilt, and threatening to start another war. Taking money from Germany was done after World War I. It did not work. Instead of helping other countries it hurt them. This is because companies could not sell the coal and steel that they made because it was coming in free from Germany.
Monnet plan.
Jean Monnet of France said that France should control the German coal areas of the Ruhr and Saar and use it to rebuild French industry. In 1946 the occupying powers agreed to put strict limits on how quickly Germany could reindustrialize. Limits were placed on how much coal and steel could be produced.
Level of industry agreement.
This was the first German industrial plan. It was signed in early 1946 and said that German heavy industry was to be cut down to half% of its 1938 levels by the destroying 1,500 manufacturing plants.
By the end of 1946 governments could see the problems of the plan, and the agreement was changed several times, the last time in 1949. But dismantling factories went on into 1950. Germany had been very important to the economy of Europe for a long time. This meant that a poor Germany was holding back European recovery, because other countries could not sell so many things to Germany. A poor Germany was also expensive for the occupying powers. They had to give Germany food and other things which it needed and could not grow or make for itself anymore.
Because of this the Morgenthau and Monnet plans were rejected.
The Marshall Plan ended in 1952. Ideas to extend it were stopped because of the cost of the Korean War and rearmament. U.S. Republicans hostile to the plan had also gained seats in the 1950 Congressional elections.
Criticism.
The Marshall Plan has been described as "the most unselfish act in history." However, this may not be the case. The United States benefited from the plan because part of the agreement for giving the aid was that that country would have to open up their economies to US companies.
"Historical revisionist" hisistorians, such as Walter LaFeber, during the 1960s and 1970s said that the plan was American economic imperialism. That means, that it was an attempt to gain control over Western Europe just as the Soviets controlled Eastern Europe.
Tyler Cowen, economist, has said that nations receiving the most aid from the Marshall Plan (Britain, Sweden, Greece) saw the least returns and grew the least between 1947 and 1955. Those nations who received little (e.g. Austria) grew the most.
When he looked at West Germany's economy from 1945 to 1951, German analyst Werner Abelshauser decided that foreign aid was not needed to start the recovery or to keepit going. Cowen found that the economic recoveries of France, Italy, and Belgium, started before the Marshall Plan. Belgium relied heavily on free market economic policies after its liberation in 1944, and had the fastest recovery. It also did not have the severe housing and food shortages seen in the rest of continental Europe.

95 theses
The "Ninety-Five Theses on the Power of Indulgences", commonly known as "The Ninety-Five Theses", was written by Martin Luther.
Luther argued that the Church should not sell indulgences. Because many people agreed, Luther became very popular, paving the way for the Protestant Reformation.
On October 31, 1517, Luther approached the church authorities with his pressing call for reform. On this day he presented them with his theses. When the bishops did not respond, Luther circulated his theses privately. The theses spread quickly and were printed in Nuremberg, Leipzig, and Basel.
Most recently, in February 2007, the media reported that a handwritten note by Luther's secretary Georg Rörer, found in the university library at Jena, appeared to confirm the traditional account of Luther's nailing the theses to the door. As of February 2007, this new find has yet to be assessed by scholars.

Indulgence
An indulgence, in Roman Catholic theology, means that temporal punishment for sins which have already been forgiven is taken from the sinner.
The indulgence is granted by the church after the sinner has confessed and received absolution.
Indulgences replaced the severe penances of the early church.
That they were sold was the reason why Martin Luther protested against it. This was the starting point for the Protestant Reformation (1517).

Prospero (moon)
Prospero is a small retrograde non-spherical moon of Uranus found on 1999-07-18 by the astrophysicist Matthew Holman and his team, and given designation S/1999 U 3. Confirmed as Uranus XVIII it was named after the sorcerer Prospero in William Shakespeare's play "The Tempest".
The orbital parameters suggest that it may belong, together with Sycorax and Setebos to the same dynamic cluster, suggesting common origin.
However, this suggestion does not appear to be supported by the observed colours. The moon appears grey in the visible light
, similar to Setebos but different from Sycorax (which is "light red").

Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos
Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos (5 January, 1744 - 27 November, 1811) was a Spanish neoclassical statesman, writer and philosopher.
Banishment.
Involved in the disgrace of his friend, Francisco de Cabarrús, Jovellanos spent the years 1790 to 1797 in a sort of prison at Gijon where he wrote.
Reintroduction.
In 1797 he came back and refused the post of ambassador to Russia, but accepted to become minister of grace and justice.
Offers to fame.
Joseph Bonaparte, on mounting the Spanish throne, made Jovellanos lots of offers but he refused them all and joined a patriotic party. When he was involved in the fall of the party he was sent back to Gijon. The vessel in which he sailed was compelled by stress of weather to put in at Vega de Navia (now Puerto de Vega) in Asturias, and there he died on November 27 1811.

Empire State Building
The Empire State Building is a skyscraper and the tallest building in New York City. It has 102 floors and for forty one years it was the tallest building in the world. It is named after the popular nickname for New York, The Empire State. It was completed in 1931 and is one of the most famous landmarks in the USA. It has been the tallest building in New York City since the September 11, 2001 attacks.
History.
The Empire State Building was designed by the architects named Shreve,Lamb & Harmon Associates. It was built at a time when many people were trying to make the world's tallest building, but the Empire State Building was the tallest. It was completed in 410 days and President Herbert Hoover turned the lights on on May 1, 1931.

Calvià
Calviá is a village on the island of Mallorca and it has some of the most beautiful beaches on the island.
The village of Calvià has an area of and an altitude of. There are almost 50,000 inhabitants.
Economy.
Tourism is the main source of income in this city. In summer there are many tourist coming to this city, especially from the United Kingdom.

Hoover Dam
The Hoover Dam is a large dam on the Colorado River. It is located on the border of the states of Arizona and Nevada. The dam is named after the former US President Herbert Hoover. At first it was called "Boulder Dam", but the name was changed to honour Hoover who was president when the idea of building the dam started.

Felanitx
Felanitx is on the east side of Majorca close to Porto Colom on the coast. It is from Palma.
It is the centre of a very touristic area (there are more than 2.300 hotel rooms), especially in summer.
It is the home town of the famous painter Miquel Barceló, who has just worked in the cathedral of Palma.

St. Peter's Basilica
St. Peter's Basilica, which is called in Italian "Basilica di San Pietro in Vaticano", is a large church in the Vatican City, in Rome, Italy. It is often called "the greatest church in Christendom". In Catholic tradition, St. Peter's Basilica is believed to be the burial place of Saint Peter, who was one of the twelve apostles of Jesus. It is believed that Saint Peter was the first Bishop of Rome.
Although the Bible does not say that the apostle Peter went to Rome, other Roman Christians who were alive in the 1st century AD have written about him. Catholics believe that after Peter was killed, his body was buried in a cemetery where the basilica now stands. A tomb has been found below the altar of the basilica, and there were some bones, but no-one can say for certain if they are the bones of St. Peter.
A church was built here in the 4th century AD. The building that stands here now was begun on April 18, 1506 and was finished in 1626. Many Popes have been buried there. Although many people think St. Peter's is a cathedral, it is not, because it does not have a bishop. The pope is the Bishop of Rome, and although he usually uses St. Peter's as his main church, because he lives in the Vatican, his bishop's throne is in a different church, the cathedral of "Saint John Lateran". Large important churches like St. Peter's are often called basilicas. There are four ancient basilicas in Rome that were begun by the Emperor Constantine soon after he made Christianity the legal religion of the Roman Empire in the early 4th century AD (300s). The basilicas are "St. Peter's Basilica", "St. John Lateran", "Santa Maria Maggiore" and "St. Paul outside the Walls".
Burial place of St. Peter.
One of the books of the Bible, called the Acts of the Apostles, tells what happened to the disciples of Jesus after he was put to death by crucifixion in the 1st century AD. One of his twelve disciples became the leader. His name was Simon Peter and he was a fisherman from Galilee. Peter became one of the most important people in starting the Christian Church. Another important disciple was Paul of Tarsus, who travelled to many places and wrote lots of letters to teach and to encourage people in the new Christian groups that began to spring up in many different parts of the Roman Empire. St. Paul travelled to Rome. It is believed that St. Peter also travelled to Rome and that both Paul and Peter were put to death there as Christian martyrs. St. Paul was beheaded with a sword. Peter was crucified up-side-down. It is believed that the body of St. Peter was buried in a cemetery near the Via Cornelia, a road leading out of the city, on the hill called Vaticanus. Peter's grave was marked, by a red rock, the symbol of his name. The place where Peter died was marked, in the 1400s, by a little round temple called the "Tempietto" designed by Bramante.
The name Peter means a "rock". The Roman Catholic Church believes that Jesus made Peter the head of the Christian Church, and so all the Bishops of Rome (the Popes) must be the leaders of the Christian Church throughout the whole world. The Protestant and Orthodox churches believe that Jesus was speaking about the important words Peter had just said: "You are the Christ and the Son of the Living God" (Matthew 16:16), and that this "Confession of Faith" is the rock that the Christian Church is built on.
On December 23, 1950, while making his Christmas radio broadcast to the world, Pope Pius XII announced that Saint Peter's tomb had been discovered. Archaeologists had been searching for ten years in a place under the basilica that had been covered up for about a thousand years. They had found part of a small building dating from soon after St. Peter's death, and some bones, but no-one could be sure if they were the bones of St. Peter.
Old St. Peter's.
St. Peter's Basilica, as it stand today, was begun in 1506. The first basilica, which is now called "Old St. Peter's Basilica" was begun by the Emperor Constantine between 326 and 333 AD. This was a big wide church in the shape of a Latin Cross, over 103.6 metres (350 feet) long. The central part called the "nave" had two aisles on either side, separated by rows of talls Roman columns. In front of the main entrance was large courtyard with a covered walkway all around. This church had been built over a small "shrine" (little chapel) believed to mark the burial place of St. Peter. The old basilica contained a very large number of tombs and memorials, including those of most of the popes from St. Peter to the 15th century.
The plan to rebuild.
By the end of the 15th century (1400s), the old basilica was falling to pieces. Pope Nicholas V, (1447–55), was worried about it and got two architects, Leone Battista Alberti and Bernardo Rossellino, to make plans to restore it or build a new one. But Pope Nicholas had so many political problems that when he died, very little of the work had been done.
In 1505, Pope Julius II decided to "demolish" (pull down) the old St. Peter's and build a basilica that would be the grandest church in the world and make Rome (and himself) famous. He held a competition and invited lots of artists and architects to draw designs. A plan was selected and the build was begun, but Pope Julius did not get his new basilica. In fact, it was not finished for 120 years. The planning and construction (or "building work") lasted through the reigns of 21 popes and 8 architects.
One plan after another.
The changing plans for St. Peter's. The architectural terms are explained in the article.
Bramante.
When Pope Julius decided to build the "grandest church in Christendom" the design by Bramante was chosen, and Pope Julius laid the foundation stone in 1506. Bramante's plan was in the shape of an enormous Greek Cross, which means that it had four arms all of equal length, and a large dome at the middle. For the next hundred years, the "groundplan" got changed backwards and forwards between a "Greek Cross" like Bramante's plan and a "Latin Cross" like the old basilica, but one thing never changed, and that was the idea of having an enormous dome at the place where the two arms crossed.
At that time, there were only three very large domes in the whole world. One was far away in Constantinople on the church of Hagia Sophia and not many people in Italy had seen it. The other two domes were both very well known. One was the dome on the temple to the Ancient Roman gods, called the Pantheon. The other dome was built in the early 15th century (1400s) on Florence Cathedral by Brunelleschi. The dome of the Pantheon is...metres (142.06 ft) across and the dome of Florence Cathedral is about...metres (138 ft), but is much taller. Bramante's plan for the dome of St. Peter's was for it to be about as wide as the dome of Florence, and even taller.
No architect with any sense would try to design a dome without first checking out how these other two domes were made. Bramante checked them out. He discovered that the dome of the Pantheon, which had been standing for nearly 1500 years, was made of concrete. So that the concrete wouldn't be too heavy, it was mixed with pumice stone which comes out of a volcano and is full of gas holes so it is very light weight. Bramante learned how to make concrete like the Ancient Romans.
Bramante's dome was to be like the one on the Pantheon. But there was one very big difference between the Pantheon dome and Bramante's design. The Pantheon's dome stands on a round wall like a drum, with only one doorway in it, but Bramante's dome was designed to stand on a drum, which was standing high up on four wide arches. The aches rested on four enormous "piers" (pillars of stone). He had got this idea from Florence Cathedral which had an enormous dome resting on eight big piers. Another idea that Bramante got from Florence Cathedral was the design for the little stone tower which sits on top of the dome and is called the "lantern".
Raphael, Peruzzi and Sangallo the Younger.
When Pope Julius died in 1513, the next pope, Leo X, called in three architects, Giuliano da Sangallo, Fra Giocondo and Raphael. Sangallo and Fr Giocondo both died in 1515. Raphael made a big change to the plan. Instead of having a Greek Cross, he decided to change the plan to a Latin Cross, which had a long "nave" and "aisles" like the old basilica.
Raphael also died, in his early 30s, in 1520, before any important changes could be made to the building. The next architect was Peruzzi who like some of the ideas that Raphael had, but did not like the Latin Cross plan. Peruzzi went back to Bramante's Greek Cross plan. But there were so many arguments in the church that the building stopped completely. Then in 1527 Rome was invaded by Emperor Charles V. Peruzzi died in 1536 without his plan being built. The only main parts of the building which had been constructed were Bramante's four big "piers" to hold the dome.
Antonio da Sangallo (known as "Sangallo the Younger") looked at all the different plans by Peruzzi, Raphael and Bramante. He put some of their ideas together in a design that had a very short nave, (not a long one like Raphael's design) and had a big porch at the front. He changed Bramante's dome to be much stronger and also much more decorated. The main new idea that he added were 16 stone ribs to strengthen the dome. This idea came from Florence Cathedral which had eight stone ribs. But Sangallo's plan never got built, either. The main job that he did was to strengthen Bramante's piers which had begun to crack.
Michelangelo.
On January 1st, 1547 in the reign of Pope Paul III, Michelangelo, who was already over 70, became the architect of St. Peter's. He is the main designer of the building as it stands today. Michelangelo died before the job was finished, but by that time, he had got the construction up to a point where other people could get it finished. Michelangelo had already done a lot of work for the popes, carving figures for the tomb of Pope Julius II, painting the Sistine Chapel ceiling, which took five years, and the enormous fresco the "Last Judgement" on the wall of the Sistine Chapel. Michelangelo found the popes and the cardinals very difficult to work with. When Pope Paul asked him to be the new architect for St. Peter's, Michelangelo did not want the job. In fact, Pope Paul didn't really want Michelangelo. But his first choice, Giulio Romano, died suddenly. Michelangelo told the pope that he would only do the job, if he could do it in whatever way he thought was best.
When Michelangelo took over a building site in 1547, the nave of the old basilica was still standing and in use. There were four of the most enormous piers in the world standing where the western part of the old basilica had been. The building work had stopped for so long that weeds and bushes were growing out between the stones of the unfinished building as if it was a cliff. Michelangelo looked at all the plans that had been drawn by some of the greatest architects and engineers of the 16th century. He knew he could do whatever he liked but he had respect for the other designers, especially Bramante. He knew that he was expected to make a design that would be the symbol of the city of Rome, in the same way as Brunelleschi's dome was the symbol of Florence where Michelangelo had lived as a young man. He went back to the Greek Cross idea and re-drew Bramante's plan, making every part of it much stronger and simpler. It had to be strong enough to support the tallest dome in the world.
Michelangelo was a sculptor. When he was going to carve something, he would start by making a clay model. Michelangelo could imagine the building like a lump of clay. What if the building could be pushed and pulled and squeezed? If you could squeeze the corners in, then other bits would bulge out. If you could put your hands around the whole building and squeeze it, then the dome would bulge upwards. The idea of imagining buildings as bendy and bulgy was a completely new one. But other artists like Gianlorenzo Bernini looked at what Michelangelo did at St. Peter's and used this clever new idea in their own work. This is called the Baroque style.
As it stands today, the "Greek Cross" part of the basilica is Michelangelo's design and the "nave", which was added later, is by Carlo Maderna. Comparing Michelangelo's plan with Raphael's plan shows that while the outside-line of Raphael's plan has clear square and round shapes, the outside-line in Michelangelo's plan has lots of changes of direction. That is the way it was built. All around the outside of the building are enormous "pilasters" (which are like giant columns stuck on the building). Almost every pilaster is set at a different angle to the next one as if the flat walls had been folded up. Right around the top of the building is a band called the "cornice". A "cornice" is usually quite flat, but because of all the changes of direction, this cornice ripples like a giant piece of ribbon, tied around the outside of the building. The art historian Helen Gardner wrote that it looked as of the whole building was being held together from top to bottom.
The Dome of St. Peter's.
Michelangelo designed the dome again, using ideas from Bramante and Sangallo the Younger. Three important ideas came from the dome that Brunelleschi had built in Florence more than 100 years earlier.
When Michelangelo died in 1564, the walls were being built, the piers had been strengthened and everything was ready for the building of the dome. The Pope wanted Michelangelo's assistant Vignola to finish it, but he was not able to. After twenty years Pope Sixtus V gave the job to the architect Giacomo della Porta and the engineer Domenico Fontana. Giacomo della Porta successfully built the dome. He made some changes to the design, like adding some lions' heads to the decoration because they were the symbol of Pope Sixtus' family. The main way that the dome is different from the wooden model is that it is much more pointy.
Some writers believe that Michelangelo had changed his mind from his first plan, and didn't want the pointy dome. They believe he wanted a round dome which would look more "restful". Other writers believe that Michelangelo wanted the pointed dome, not just because it was safer to builld, but also because it looked more exciting, as if the building was pushing upwards. Pope Sixtus V lived just long enough to see the dome finished in 1590. His name is written in gold letters around the inside, just below the lantern.
Pope Clement III, had a cross raised into place on top of the lantern. It took a whole day and everyone in Rome was given a holiday, and all the church-bells of the city were rung. In the arms of the cross are set two lead boxes, one containing a fragment of the True Cross and a bone of St. Andrew and the other containing medals of the "Holy Lamb".
The dome of St. Peter's rises to a height of 136.57 m (448.06 ft) from the floor of the basilica. It is the tallest dome in the world. Its inside diameter is 41.47 metres (136.06 ft), just slightly smaller than those of the Pantheon and the Florence Cathedral.
TV ES PETRVS ET SVPER HANC PETRAM AEDIFICABO ECCLESIAM MEAM. TIBI DABO CLAVES REGNI CAELORVM
The change of plan.
In 1602 Pope Paul V put Carlo Maderna in charge of the building. On February 18 1606, workmen began to pull down the rest of the old basilica. Some people were very upset. The building committee felt guilty. They decided that the church was the wrong shape, and that they wanted a Latin Cross plan because it was the symbol of the death of Jesus. They wanted a "nave" which would cover all the Holy Ground where the old building had been. In 1607 Maderna's plans for the nave and the "facade" (the front) were accepted. For the inside, he used very large piers with pilasters like Michelangelo's, but he made a clear join between the two parts of the building. The building work began on May 7 1607 and 700 men were employed to do the work. In 1608, the facade was begun. In December 1614 the building was all finished except for the decorations on the ceiling. Early in 1615 the temporary wall between Michelangelo's building and the new nave was pulled down. All the mess was carted away, and the nave was ready for use by Palm Sunday.
The façade was designed by Maderna. It is 114.69 metres (376.28 ft) wide and 45.55 metres (149.44 ft) high and is built of pale grey travertine stone, with a giant Corinthian columns and a central triangular pediment. Along the roof-line are statues of Christ, John the Baptist, and eleven of the apostles.
Inside the main doors is a portico (a long hall) which runs across the front of the building and has five doors leading into the basilica. Its has a long curving roof decorated with gold. The light that comes through the doors shines on the beautifully patterned marble floor. At each end of the portico, set between columns, is a statue of a figure on horseback. They are Charlemagne sculpted by Cornacchini (18th century) to the south and Emperor Constantine by Bernini (1670) to the north. Maderna's last work at St. Peter's was to design a sunken crypt called the "Confessio" under the dome, where people can go to be nearer the burial place of the apostle. All around its marble handrail are 95 bronze lamps.
Pope Urban VIII and Bernini.
As a young boy Gianlorenzo Bernini (1598-1680) visited St. Peter's and said that one day he wanted to build "a mighty throne for the apostle". His wish came true. As a young man, in 1626, Pope Urban VIII asked him to work as architect for the basilica. Bernini spent the next fifty years thinking of new and beautiful things to design. He is thought of as the greatest architect and sculptor of the Baroque period.
Baldacchino and niches.
Bernini's first work at St. Peter's was to design the "baldacchino" which is like a tent or "pavilion" above the High Altar. This amazing thing is 30 metres (98 ft) tall and is probably the largest piece of bronze in the world. It stands underneath the dome and has four huge bronze twisted columns decorated with olive leaves and bees, because bees were the symbol of Pope Urban. Pope Urban had a neice that he loved very much and he got Bernini to put her face and the face of her new-born baby boy on the columns as well.
Bernini had a great idea for Bramante's great big piers. He had four hollow "niches" carved into them where four huge statues could stand. The basilica owns some precious relics: a piece of the True Cross of Jesus, a veil that a woman wiped the face of Jesus with, while he was carrying the cross, the spear that was used to pierce Jesus side, and the bones of St. Andrew, the brother of St. Peter. No-one knows for sure whether these things are real or not, but for hundreds of years they have been precious. Bernini's plan was the make four marble statues of the four Holy people: St. Helena who found the cross, St. Longinus who was the soldier with the spear, St Veronica who wiped Jesus' face and St. Andrew. (See below)
Cattedra Petri and Chapel of the Sacrament.
Bernini's next job was to make a special throne out of bronze, to hold an ancient wood and ivory throne that had been at the basilica for more than 500 years. It is called the "Cattedra Petri" or "throne of St. Peter". The bronze throne, with the old wooden throne inside it, is held up high at the end of the basilica, by four important saints who are called "Doctors of the Church" because they were all great writers and teachers. The statues are made of bronze. They are Saints Ambrose and Augustine for the Church of Rome and Saints Athanasius and John Chrysostum for the Orthodox Church. Above the chair is a window which is made not from glass but thin translucent stone called alabaster. The Dove of the Holy Spirit is in the middle of the window with rays of light spreading out into the basilica through a sculpture of golden clouds and angels. Bernini designed this to look like a window into Heaven. There was a great celebration when the chair was put in place on January 16, 1666.
Bernini's last work for St. Peter's, 1676, was to decorate of the Chapel of the Sacrament. He designed a miniature version of Bramante's Tempietto, and made it in gilt bronze. On either side is an angel, one gazing in adoration and the other looking towards the viewer in welcome. Bernini died in 1680 in his 82nd year.
St. Peter's Piazza.
To the east of the basilica is the "Piazza di San Pietro" (St. Peter's Place). The piazza was designed by Bernini and built between 1656 and 1667. It was not an easy job because the designer had lots of things to think about. Firstly, many people complained that Maderna's "facade" on St. Peter's looked too wide, so Bernini wanted to make it look narrower, not wider. Secondly, in the old square left over from the Old St. Peter's, Pope Sixtus V had a monument set up. This monument was a precious Ancient Egyptian "obelisk" (which is like a tall column, but with four flat sides). From its base to the top of the cross (that the pope had put on top) it was 40 metres (131 ft) high, and had been brought to Roman in ancient times. The obelisk really should be at the centre of the new square, but it wasn't in quite the right place, and was very difficult to move without breaking. The third problem was that Maderna had built a fountain to one side of the obelisk, and Bernini needed to make another fountain to match it, otherwise the design would look unbalanced.
Bernini solved the problem by making two areas, instead of one huge one. The first area is an almost-square area right in front of the facade. It is cleverly designed with sloping sides that make the building look taller and not so wide. The second part of the piazza is oval. It has the obelisk at the centre with two fountains on either side at the widest part. The two parts of the piazza are surrounded by a "colonnade" (covered walk-way) which is carried on tall columns. All around are large statues of saints which seem to look down on the thousands of visitors that come to the square every day. The colonnade is in two great arcs that seem to stretch out like loving arms, welcoming people to the Basilica. In recent times some buildings were demolished, making another square, to match the one near the piazza. It is a good place for vans to park and can be seen in the photo.
The famous architectural historian, Sir Banister Fletcher, said that no other city in the world had given such a wonderful view to people visiting their main church. He said that no other architect except Bernini could have imagined such a noble design. He said it is the greatest entrance to the greatest Christian church in the whole world.
Treasures.
St. Peter's Basilica has many treasures. These include Christian relics, the tombs of popes and many other important people, famous artworks which are mostly sculpture and other interesting things.

Alcúdia
Alcudia is a city on the island of Majorca. About 5,400 people live there. It used to be a fortified city to prevent attacks. Tourism is one of the main resources in the city, espeically during the summer, which is known as the high season.

Computer memory
The computer memory is a temporary storage area. It holds the data and instructions that the Central Processing Unit (CPU) needs. Before a program can be run, the program is loaded from some storage medium into the memory. This allows the CPU direct access to the program. Memory is a necessity for any computer.
Because the computer is an electrical device, it understands only electricity on and electricity off. This is expressed by using two symbols – 0 and 1 – which are called binary digits or bits. Numbers and text characters are represented as codes, which are made up of combinations of 0s and 1s. The character codes are called ASCII (the American Standard Code for Information Interchange). In ASCII, eight bits – any combination of 0s and 1s – form one character or symbol. For example, the letter A is denoted by the code 01000001. The basic working unit of the computer's memory is therefore a group of eight bits, which is called a byte. The computer's memory consists of many thousands of bytes. To make it easier, the unit K (for kilobytes) can be used to express memory capacity. One K equals 1,024. For example, 64K bytes of memory is the same as 65,536 (1,024 × 64 = 65,536) bytes. For larger memory capacities, the units "mega" and "giga" can be used. One megabyte of computer memory usually means 1024 kilobytes, which is 1,048,576 bytes, whereas one gigabyte means 1024 megabytes, which is 1,073,741,824 bytes.
The CPU calls instructions and data from the computer's memory. Because the same computer performs different tasks at different times, the memory is erasable -- much like audio cassette tapes must be erasable to record different musical selections at different times). But there are some programs and instructions which the computer needs. It does not matter what function you are performing. These programs often are permanently recorded in the memory. So they cannot be destroyed.
Read only memory (ROM).
The instructions and data are permanently fixed. They can be read and used by the CPU but cannot be changed by the computer user.
Random access memory (RAM).
It is also called volatile memory. The instructions and data are erasable. Therefore they can be defined by the computer user.

Setebos (moon)
Setebos is one of the farthest retrograde non-spherical moons of Uranus. It was found on 1999-07-18 by John J. Kavelaars "et al". and designated S/1999 U 1.
Confirmed as Uranus XIX it is named after the god worshipped by Caliban and Sycorax in William Shakespeare's play "The Tempest".
The orbital parameters suggest that it may belong, together with Sycorax and Prospero to the same dynamic cluster, suggesting common origin. However, this suggestion does not appear to be supported by the observed colours. The moon appears grey in the visible light, similar to Prospero but different from Sycorax (which is "light red").

Yaque del Norte River
The Yaque Del Norte River is the longest river in the Dominican Republic. The river rises in the center of the country to the south of Santiago city in Santiago province. The river runs roughly due north, through Santiago, before turning west-north-west through the Cibao Valley. It enters the Manzanillo Bay in the Atlantic just west of Monte Cristi. The river is 208 km long, is the drainage basin for the north-west of the country and is economically important as a source of irrigation for rice-farming and other agriculture.

Hydroelectricity and dams in the Dominican Republic
There are many hydroelectric plants in the Dominican Republic, which is composed of rivers, lakes, streams, and several waterfalls.

Culebra, Puerto Rico
Isla Culebra () (Snake Island) is an island-municipality of Puerto Rico originally called Isla Pasaje and Isla de San Ildefonso. It is located about seventeen miles east of the Puerto Rican mainland, twelve miles west of St. Thomas and nine miles north of Vieques. Culebra is spread over 5 wards and Culebra (Dewey) Pueblo (The downtown area and the administrative center of the city). The island is also known as Isla Chiquita (Little Island) and Ultima Virgen (Last Virgin). Residents of the island are known as "Culebrenses".

Vieques, Puerto Rico
Vieques (English pronunciation: "vee-AY-kayz" or "-kez"), in full Isla de Vieques, is an island-municipality of Puerto Rico in the northeastern Caribbean. Like mainland Puerto Rico the island is US territory, though it retains strong Spanish influences from 400 years of Spanish ownership.

Fajardo, Puerto Rico
Fajardo (fah-HAHR-do) is a small but popular city in Puerto Rico located in the east region of the island, bordering the Atlantic Ocean, north of Ceiba and east of Luquillo.Fajardo is spread over 7 wards and Fajardo Pueblo (The downtown area and the administrative center of the city).

Hurricane Noel
Hurricane Noel was the fourteenth named storm and sixth hurricane of the 2007 Atlantic hurricane season. Noel formed on October 27 from the interaction between a tropical wave and an upper-level low in the north-central Caribbean Sea. It strengthened to winds of 60 mph (95 km/h) before making landfall on western Haiti and the north coast of eastern Cuba. It turned northward, and on November 1 it attained hurricane status. The hurricane accelerated northeastward after crossing the Bahamas, and on November 2 it became an extratropical cyclone. (The Canadian Hurricane Centre classified Noel as a post-tropical storm until 2200 UTC November 4 when it determined that it had lost all tropical characteristics.)
The storm caused at least 169 deaths along its path, primarily in Hispaniola, due to flooding and mudslides. It was the deadliest Atlantic hurricane of the 2007 season. After its transition to post-tropical, Noel became a very strong low pressure system causing flooding and wind damage over Maine and Eastern Canada. It even dropped snow over some areas of Eastern Quebec and Labrador.

Meteorological history of Hurricane Wilma
The meteorological history of Hurricane Wilma, the strongest tropical cyclone known in the Western Hemisphere, began in the second week of October 2005. A big weather system formed across much of the Caribbean Sea and slowly organized to the southeast of Jamaica. By late on October 15, the system was became strong for the National Hurricane Center to name it Tropical Depression Twenty-Four.
The depression slowly moved southwestward, and in conditions that were good for strengthening, it strengthened into Tropical Storm "Wilma" on October 17. In the beginning, development was slow because of its large size, although thunderstorms slowly organized. From October 18, and over the next day, Wilma underwent explosive deepening over the open waters of the Caribbean; in a 30-hour period, the system's central atmospheric pressure dropped from 982 mbar (29.00 inHg) to the record-low value of 882 mbar (26.05 inHg), while the winds increased to 185 mph (300 km/h). At its strongest, the pinhole eye of Wilma was about 3 miles (5 km) in diameter, the smallest known eye in an Atlantic hurricane. After the inner eye died off because of an eyewall replacement cycle, Wilma weakened to Category 4 status, and on October 21, it made landfall on Cozumel and on the Mexican mainland with winds of about 150 mph (240 km/h).
Wilma weakened over the Yucatán Peninsula, and reached the southern Gulf of Mexico before speeding up northeastward. Despite increasing amounts of wind shear, the hurricane re-strengthened to hit Cape Romano, Florida as a major hurricane. Wilma weakened as it quickly crossed the state, and entered the Atlantic Ocean near Jupiter, Florida. The hurricane again re-intensified before cold air and wind shear penetrated the inner core of convection. On October 26, it turned into an extratropical cyclone, and the next day, the remnants of Wilma were absorbed by another extratropical storm over Atlantic Canada.
Formation.
The origin of Hurricane Wilma is complicated. During the second week of October, an unusually large, monsoon-like lower-level circulation and a large area of disturbed weather developed over much of the Caribbean Sea. The system was enhanced by diffluence—the rate at which a fluid moves—from an upper-level low across the southwestern Atlantic. By October 13, a broad area of low pressure developed and persisted about 150 miles (240 km) southeast of Jamaica, possibly aided by the passage of tropical waves through the area at the time. Convection increased and became slightly better organized, though upper-level wind shear originally stopped development. The system moved westward, and early on October 14 the convection became more concentrated and a little better organized as upper-level wind shear lessened slightly.
Later on October 14, the system became much better organized, with increasingly organized shower and thunderstorm activity, as conditions in the upper levels of the atmosphere became significantly more favorable. It was then that the National Hurricane Center first said that it was possible for a tropical depression to develop in the area. Dvorak classifications were initiated on October 15. The system continued to organize, with the National Hurricane Center remarking the system could ultimately become a hurricane. By late on October 15, the surface circulation became defined well-enough, with enough organized deep convection, for the National Hurricane Center to designate the system as "Tropical Depression Twenty-Four" while it was located about 220 miles (345 km) east-southeast of Grand Cayman.
The depression tracked slowly westward, a motion due to weak steering currents caused by a high pressure system to its north across the Gulf of Mexico. Initially, the center of circulation was broad without a defined inner core; forecaster Lixion Avila remarked, "The area of minimum pressure could [have been] anywhere within 60 miles (95 km) of its [initial advisory position]." Originally, the tropical depression was forecast to drift west-southwestward before turning to the north; within 120 hours of the forecast's issuance, the system was predicted to be located about 80 miles (130 km) south of the Isle of Youth as a 105 mph (170 km/h) hurricane. However, the National Hurricane Center noted in the first advisory on the depression that there were "all indications that there could a dangerous hurricane in the northwestern Caribbean Sea in 3 to 5 days." This was due to the depression being located within an environment very ideal for development, specifically low amounts of wind shear and very warm water temperatures.
As Tropical Depression Twenty-Four drifted southwestward, it steadily organized; by early on October 16, rainbands began to slowly consolidate with well-established outflow, and a large upper-level anticyclone developed over the depression. Although deep convection and banding features increased, mid-level dry air from the north prevented significant organization, and the convection was split into two primary areas. Surface buoy reports indicated that, due to its large size, the system failed to strengthen beyond tropical depression status, even though it received tropical storm strength Dvorak classifications from The National Hurricane Center's Tropical Analysis and Forecast Branch and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Satellite Analysis Branch. Continued reconnaissance flights reported peak winds of about 30 mph (50 km/h).
Peak strength.
By early on October 17, the outer rainbands, which had previously controlled the structure of the cyclone, dissipated, while deep convection developed near and to the south of the center. Computer models predicted steady strengthening as the depression moved westward before turning to the north. Of the intensity models, the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory predicted an intensity of 135 mph (215 km/h) within 36 hours, with other forecasts being more conservative in their predictions. Deep convection continued to develop to the south of the center, and the depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Wilma at 0600 UTC on October 17, while located about 200 miles (320 km) southeast of Grand Cayman. Right after becoming a tropical storm, the National Hurricane Center predicted Wilma to track west-northwestward, reaching winds of 105 mph (170 km/h) before striking the northeastern portion of the Yucatán Peninsula. The storm continued to the southwest while deep convection laid near the center. National Hurricane Centner forecaster James Franklin said, "Confidence at the later ranges [of the forecast track] was unusually low", because of wide divergences between computer models. Late on October 17, a Hurricane Hunters flight into Wilma recorded winds of 50 mph (80 km/h), but an unusually low pressure of 989 mbar (29.21 inHg), which would be more typical of a minimal hurricane. This was because of a number of unusual low pressures across the region, which resulted in a lesser pressure gradient and thus lighter winds. Convection continued to develop near the center and became much more symmetrical.
Tropical Storm Wilma began to turn to the west-northwest on October 18, during which the storm developed a small, intermittent and ragged eye feature as well as a mid-level eye feature. It continued to strength, and at 1200 UTC on October 18, Wilma strengthened into a Category 1 hurricane while located about 225 miles (360 km) south-southeast of Grand Cayman. Shortly after reaching hurricane strength, the hurricane began undergoing explosive deepening, subsequent to the development of a "pinhole" eye 9 miles (14 km) in diameter. This small eye was surrounded by a ring of deep convection, with cloud-top temperatures of about -125 °F (-87 °C).
Early on October 19, Wilma attained major hurricane status while continuing to rapidly intensify, and by 0600 UTC, the storm's maximum sustained winds increased to 170 mph (275 km/h), making Wilma a dangerous Category 5 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale. In the span of just 24 hours, Wilma had intensified from a 70-mph (110-km/h) tropical storm to a 175-mph (280-km/h) Category 5 hurricane, an event that has never happened before for an Atlantic hurricane. The eye continued to contract to a diameter of about 3 miles (5 km), the smallest known eye in an Atlantic hurricane, and at 1200 UTC on October 19, Wilma reached peak winds of 185 mph (300 km/h). The central pressure quickly dropped 54 mbar (1.65 inHg) from 0000 to 0600 UTC.
At 0800 UTC, a Hurricane Hunters flight recorded a minimum central pressure of 884 mbar (26.10 inHg) in a dropsonde near the center of the extremely small eye. As the dropsonde did not reach the calm winds in the center, the pressure was estimated at 882 mbar (26.05 inHg), the lowest pressure in an Atlantic hurricane on record. The pressure continued to fall as the Hurricane Hunters left the hurricane, and it is possible the pressure was a little bit lower. Operationally, the peak intensity was estimated at 175 mph (280 km/h). At the time of its peak intensity, hurricane force winds extended only 50 miles (85 km) from the small center of Wilma, with tropical storm force winds extending only about 160 miles (260 km).
First landfall.
Shortly after peaking in intensity, the coldest cloud tops surrounding the eye warmed a little bit and an outer eyewall began to form, meaning that an eyewall replacement cycle was happening. By late on October 19, the winds in Hurricane Wilma decreased to 160 mph (260 km/h) as the inner 5 mile (8 km) wide eye weakened and the wind field expanded. Early on October 20 the hurricane weakened to Category 4 status after the small, inner eye dissipated and the 45 mile wide outer eyewall became the new eye. At the time, the pressure measured 892 mbar (26.34 inHg), the lowest known pressure for a Category 4 hurricane, and Wilma retained the large eyewall as it turned northwestward. Originally, the hurricane was forecasted to re-intensify into a Category 5 hurricane, with one forecast predicting it to make landfall on the Yucatán Peninsula with winds of 165 mph (265 km/h), though Wilma remained a strong Category 4 hurricane as it tracked northwestward.
Steering currents stayed weak, though a series of troughs eroded the high pressure system across the Gulf of Mexico, resulting in a turn towards the north-northwest. Environmental conditions remained favorable, with the eye becoming more distinct early on October 21. At about 2145 UTC on October 21, Wilma made landfall on the island of Cozumel with winds of 150 mph (240 km/h). It weakened a little bit as it continued northwestward, and struck the Mexican mainland near Puerto Morelos at 0330 UTC on October 22, with winds of 135 mph (215 km/h) and gusts of up to 170 mph (270 km/h).
Second landfall and demise.
On October 22, the mid-level ridge to the north of Wilma later dissipated, leaving the hurricane moving northward across the northeastern Yucatán Peninsula. As the hurricane moved further inland, the eye became cloud-filled as the deepest convection began to warm, and the winds slowly weakened during its passage over land. About 26 hours after making landfall on Cozumel, Wilma emerged into the southern Gulf of Mexico near Cabo Catoche with winds of about 100 mph (160 km/h). After reaching open waters, Reconnaissance Aircraft reported the remains of an inner eyewall and an outer eyewall measuring between 70 and 90 miles (110 to 145 km) in diameter. Convection deepened around the eyewalls, and the inner core of convection, which had previously become disrupted over land, became a little bit more organized.
A powerful eastward-moving mid-level trough across the central United States turned the hurricane northeastward and caused it to gradually speed up. Vertical wind shear increased as strong upper-level southwesterly flow increased, though in spite of the shear Wilma continued to intensify. Early on October 24, Wilma re-gained major hurricane status while located about 120 miles (195 km) west-southwest of Key West, Florida. It slowly became better organized, with the large 50 mile (80 km) eye becoming very distinct on satellite and radar imagery. Wilma was able to retain its strength because large eyes in tropical cyclones are more stable and more resistant to vertical wind shear. Despite wind shear values of about 30 mph (48 km/h), Wilma strengthened further to reach winds of 125 mph (200 km/h). It weakened a little bit as it approached Florida, and made landfall at Cape Romano with winds of 120 mph (195 km/h) at around 1030 UTC on October 24.
Hurricane Wilma crossed the Florida peninsula in about 4.5 hours while continuing to speed northeastward, and entered into the Atlantic Ocean as a weakened 110 mph (175 km/h) hurricane near Jupiter. A vigorous cold front associated with the mid-level trough moved across the area to the west of Wilma, yet the cooler and drier air behind the front could not fully penetrate the inner core of the hurricane to weaken it. Shortly after exiting the Florida coastline, Wilma began to re-intensify, believed to be due to a reduction of friction of the eyewall and warm waters of the Gulf Stream. Early on October 25, the hurricane reached a secondary peak intensity of 125 mph while located about 340 miles (545 km) east of Jacksonville, Florida. During the time, the large circulation of Wilma absorbed smaller Tropical Depression Alpha over the Bahamas. Shortly thereafter, the wind shear combined with its rapid forward motion of 50 mph (80 km/h) resulted in a slow weakening trend. The overall cloud pattern began to be disorganized, with the eye becoming less visible and the convection less symmetric. By 1170 UTC on October 25, the center was located to the northwest of the primary convection as cold air from the southwest disturbed the circulation. The remaining convection continued to diminish, and early on October 26 Wilma turned into an extratropical cyclone while located about 230 miles (370 km) southeast of Halifax, Nova Scotia. The extratropical remnant continued east-northeast before being absorbed by another extratropical storm on October 27.

Top Chef
Top Chef is a television reality competition show. It has several cooks that try to win the contest. It has been shown for 3 seasons. The 4th season will be in Chicago. It is shown on Bravo Television on cable. The first season was hosted by Katie Lee Joel. Other seasons were hosted by Padma Lakshmi. Tom Colicchio is the head judge, and every episode, they invite a 'guest judge' to come and help judge the dishes made with Padma Lakshmi (or Gail Simmons, when Padma cannot be there) and Tom Colicchio. Gail Simmons is a judge, and Tim Allen has been a judge since season 3. Some past guest judges are: Anthony Bourdain, Rocco DiSpirito, and many others.

Cozumel
Cozumel (Mayan: "Island of the Swallows") is an island in the Caribbean Sea off the eastern coast of Mexico's Yucatán Peninsula, opposite Playa del Carmen. It is one of the eight municipalities "(municipios)" of the state of Quintana Roo. Cozumel is a popular tourist destination renowned for its scuba diving. The main town on the island is San Miguel de Cozumel.
The island is about 48 km (30 miles) north-south and 16 km (10 miles) east-west, and is the largest Atlantic island of Mexico. It is about 20 km (12 miles) from the mainland, and some 60 km (36 miles) south of Cancún. The vast majority of the population of Cozumel lives in the town of San Miguel (pop. 71,401 in 2005), which is on the western shore. The rest of the island is low, flat, and densely vegetated.

Cape Romano
Cape Romano is a cape at the southern end of Caxambas Island, just south of Marco Island and northwest of the Ten Thousand Islands in Collier County, Florida. Cape Romano was also the spot where Hurricane Wilma made its first U.S. landfall in October 2005.

Jupiter, Florida
Jupiter is a town found in Palm Beach County, Florida. As of the 2000 census, the town had a total population of 39,328. As of 2006, the city had a population of 50,028 according to the University of Florida, Bureau of Economic and Business Research.

Atlantic Canada
Atlantic Canada, also known as the Atlantic provinces, is the region of Canada which is made up of four provinces located on the Atlantic coast: the three Maritime provinces – New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island – and Newfoundland and Labrador. The population of the Atlantic provinces was 2,324,893 in 2007.

Tomb
A tomb is almost the same as a grave. It is a place where dead people can be visited at.

Ferdinand (moon)
Ferdinand is the farthest retrograde non-spherical moon of Uranus. It was found by Matthew J. Holman, John J. Kavelaars, Dan Milisavljevic, and Brett J. Gladman on August 13, 2001 and given the designation S/2001 U 2.
Despite being seen again on September 21 and November 15 and even a year later on August 13 and September 5, 2002, it was eventually lost. It was finally refound on September 24, 2003 by Scott S. Sheppard on images taken by David C. Jewitt and himself on August 29-30 and September 20 of that year. Confirming observations were made by Holman on September 30.
Designated Uranus XXIV it was named after the son of the King of Naples in William Shakespeare's play "The Tempest".
Orbit.
Ferdinand is the farthest known moon of Uranus. It follows a retrograde, fairly inclined but very eccentric orbit.
The diagram illustrates the orbital parameters of the retrograde non-spherical moons of Uranus (in polar co-ordinates) with the eccentricity of the orbits represented by the segments extending from the pericentre to the apocentre.

Nix (moon)
Nix is a non-spherical moon of Pluto. It was found along with Hydra in June 2005 by the Hubble Space Telescope Pluto Companion Search Team, composed of Hal A. Weaver, S. Alan Stern, Max J. Mutchler, Andrew J. Steffl, Marc W. Buie, William J. Merline, John R. Spencer, Eliot F. Young, and Leslie A. Young.
The discovery images were taken on May 15, 2005 and May 18, 2005; the moons were independently found by Max J. Mutchler on June 15, 2005 and Andrew J. Steffl on August 15, 2005. The discoveries were announced on October 31, 2005, after confirmation by precoveries from 2002. The moons were designated S/2005 P 1 (Hydra) and S/2005 P 2 (Nix).
The moon follows a circular orbit in the same plane as Charon. Its orbital period of 24.9 days.
Although its size has not been directly measured, the moon is calculated to have a diameter of between 46 km, if its reflectivity is similar to Charon's 35%, and 137 km, if it has a reflectivity of 4%, like the darkest Kuiper Belt Objects. Nix is slightly fainter than Hydra, suggesting that it is somewhat smaller in size. In the discovery image, Nix is 6,300 times fainter than Pluto.
Early research appeared to show that Nix was reddish like Pluto and unlike the other moons, but more recent reports have been that it is grey like the remaining moons.
Nix is to be visited along with Pluto by the "New Horizons" mission in 2015.
The formal name "Nix", from the Greek goddess of darkness and night, and mother of Charon, was announced on June 21, 2006 on IAU Circular 8723, where the designation Pluto II is also given. Together with Hydra, Pluto's third moon, the initials are those of the "New Horizons" probe. The initial proposal was to use the Classical spelling Nyx, but to avoid confusion with the asteroid 3908 Nyx, this was changed to "the Egyptian spelling of the Greek name".

Anticyclone
In meteorology, an anticyclone (that is, opposite to a cyclone) is a weather event where there is a downward movement of the air and a high pressure area over the part of the planet's surface affected by it.

Dvorak technique
The Dvorak technique (developed in 1974 by Vernon Dvorak) is a widely used system to subjectively estimate tropical cyclone intensity based solely on visible and infrared satellite images. Several agencies issue Dvorak numbers for cyclones of sufficient intensity. These include the National Hurricane Center's Tropical Analysis and Forecast Branch (TAFB), the NOAA/NESDIS Satellite Analysis Branch (SAB), the Joint Typhoon Warning Center at the Naval Pacific Meteorology and Oceanography Center in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, and the Air Force Weather Agency (AFWA).

Grand Cayman
Grand Cayman is the largest of the three Cayman Islands at about 196 km² and contains the capital George Town. Towns on the island are referred to as "districts". It is located at.

Tägerwilen
Tägerwilen is a municipality of the district of Kreuzlingen in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

Thundorf, Switzerland
Thundorf is a municipality of the district of district of Frauenfeld in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

Tobel-Tägerschen
Tobel-Tägerschen is a municipality of the district of Münchwilen in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

Uesslingen-Buch
Uesslingen-Buch is a municipality of the district of Frauenfeld in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

Hydra (moon)
Hydra is the farthest moon of Pluto. It was found along with Nix in June, 2005 by the Hubble Space Telescope's Pluto Companion Search Team, which is composed of Hal A. Weaver, Alan Stern, Max J. Mutchler, Andrew J. Steffl, Marc W. Buie, William J. Merline, John R. Spencer, Eliot F. Young, and Leslie A. Young. The discovery images were taken on May 15, 2005 and May 18, 2005; the moons were independently found by Max J. Mutchler on June 15, 2005 and Andrew J. Steffl on August 15, 2005. The discoveries were announced on October 31, 2005, after confirmation by precoveries from 2002. The moons were provisionally designated S/2005 P 1 (Hydra) and S/2005 P 2 (Nix).
The moon orbits the barycenter of the system in the same plane as Charon and Nix, at a distance of about 65,000 km. Unlike other moons of Pluto, its orbit is only nearly circular; its eccentricity of 0.0052 is small, but significantly non-zero. Its orbital period of 38.2 days.
Although its size has not been directly measured, calculations based on its brightness give it a diameter of between 61 km, if its reflectivity is similar to Charon's 35 percent, and about 167 km, if it has a reflectivity of 4 percent like the darkest Kuiper belt objects (KBOs). At the time of discovery, Hydra was about 25 percent brighter than its sister moon Nix, which led to the assumption that its diameter was some 10 percent bigger. Pre-discovery data from Hubble observations in 2002-3 inferred that Nix was the brighter moon. However, Hubble observations in 2005-6, specifically targeting the dim moons, once again showed Hydra to be a little brighter. Hydra appears to be grey like Charon and Nix, though Pluto is reddish.
Hydra is to be visited along with Pluto by the "New Horizons" mission in 2015.
The name "Hydra" was announced on June 21, 2006, in IAU Circular 8723, along with the formal designation Pluto III. It was named after Hydra, the monster who guarded the waters of Pluto/Hades's underworld in Greco-Roman Mythology.

5 Astraea
5 Astraea (written Astræa in the early literature) is a big main belt asteroid. Its surface is very reflective (bright) and what it's made of is probably a mixture of nickel-iron with magnesium- and iron-silicates. The adjectival form of the name, although unused, would be "Astraean" (which also designates a genus of star corals).
Astraea was the fifth asteroid found, on December 8, 1845 by K. L. Hencke. It was his first of two asteroid discoveries. The second was 6 Hebe. An amateur astronomer and post office employee, Hencke was looking for 4 Vesta when he stumbled on Astraea. The King of Prussia awarded him with an annual pension of 300 US$ (1968 dollars) for the discovery.
Photometry indicates prograde rotation, that the north pole points in the direction of right ascension 9 h 52 min, declination 73° with a 5° uncertainty. This gives an axial tilt of about 33°.
Astrea is physically unremarkable but notable mainly because for 38 years (after the discovery of Vesta in 1807) it had been thought that there were only four asteroids. In terms of maximum brightness, it is indeed only the "seventeenth brightest" main belt asteroid, being fainter than 192 Nausikaa and even, at rare near-perihelion oppositions, the highly eccentric carbonaceous 324 Bamberga.
After the discovery of Astraea, thousands of other asteroids would follow. Indeed, the discovery of Astrea proved to be the starting point for the eventual demotion of the four original asteroids (which were regarded as planets at the time) to their current status, as it became apparent that these four were only the biggest of a whole new type of celestial body.
There has been only one seen stellar occultation by Astraea (February 2, 1991).

Fred and George Weasley
Fred and George Weasley are characters in J.K. Rowling's "Harry Potter" series. They are twins and brothers of Harry Potter's best friend Ron Weasley; younger than Bill, Charlie, and Percy, but older than Ginny and Ron. They're basically in the middle of the seven Weasley children. Both are tall and skinny, have red hair, and are proud to be Weasleys.
Although these two aren't very big characters in the seven-book installment, they play some big roles in a few books. In "Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban", the twins show Harry the Marauder's Map that they found that leads to many useful and helpful things. In "Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix" (their seventh year), the two escape Hogwarts and the horribly terrible new Defense Against The Dark Arts teacher, Professor Umbridge. Fred and George are also involved in Harry's big study group that is called D.A. (Dumbledore's Army). In the beginning of Half-Blood Prince, Ron, Hermione, and Harry, followed by Ginny, Mrs. and Mr. Weasley, visit the twins in their new joke shop. They are excited to see them and show all their new joke shop supplies. In "Deathly Hallows", Fred Weasley gets killed by an explosion presumably by Augustus Rookwood. George gets his ear cut off.
Fred and George are usually described as determined, mischievous, and very sneaky. They get scolded by their mother, Molly Weasley for many things that the boys do.(For example, Apparating right in front of her eyes in Order of the Phoenix.)

Nanyang Technological University
Nanyang Technological University (Abbreviation: NTU) is a big research university in Singapore. The University garden campus is called as the Yunnan Garden campus. It is in the southwestern part of Singapore.
Campus.
The Yunnan Garden Campus, has a pretty green landscape. It is some 25km from the city center. The original part of the campus was built in 1986. The campus buildings are built from a master plan drawn by architect Kenzo Tange.
The campus has many modern facilities for teaching and research. The new School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences building, which is under construction, houses laboratories that are designed along those at Oxford University and will be the best equipped and most modern of laboratories among Singapore universities. Another beautiful building is the School of Art, Design and Media. The roofs of the building have grasses on the top that looks like a small rolling hill in the garden campus.
Staff and students can live in good dorms and residential halls within the NTU Campus. They have access to a many leisure and recreational facilities.
In late 2000, NTU's National Institute of Education shifted into its new, state-of-the-art, $400 million campus at the NTU grounds.
Colleges, Schools and Institutes.
NTU has 4 colleges, comprising 12 schools.
The College of Engineering, with six schools ranking fourth in the world in engineering publications.
The Nanyang Business School (College of Business) ranks world's top 100 MBA programmes.
The College of Humanities, Arts, & Social Sciences along with the Wee Kim Wee School of Communication and Information. This School is named after the late Dr Wee Kim Wee. He was one of the old President of Singapore who was a highly respected.
Research Institutes and Centres.
NTU has multi-country programs and initiatives with good institutions worldwide. Some examples are MIT, Stanford University, Cornell University, Caltech, University of Washington, Carnegie Mellon University. It also has tie ups with universities in Asia such as Beijing University, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Waseda, IIT of India and top universities in Europe like the University of Cambridge, Imperial College, HSR (University of Applied Sciences Rapperswil), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, University of St Gallen, University of Technology of Compiegne and University of Technology of Troyes.
Finances.
NTU receives funding mainly from the Government through the Ministry of Education. A part of these funds comes from tuition fees and other sources of income. For development projects, separate funding is provided by the Government. From 1 April 2006, the university has become self governing. This gives the university more freedom when making decisions in management, strategic planning, tuition fees, and admission policy.

ThaMuseMeant
ThaMuseMeant is an American folk rock band from Virginia.

Uttwil
Uttwil is a municipality of the district of Arbon in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

8 Flora
8 Flora is a big, bright main belt asteroid. It is the closest "big" asteroid: no asteroid closer to the Sun has a diameter above 25 kilometres or two-elevenths that of Flora itself, and not until the tiny 149 Medusa was found was a single asteroid orbiting at a closer mean distance known. It is the seventh brightest asteroid with a mean opposition magnitude of +8.7. Flora can reach a magnitude of +7.9 at a favorable opposition near perihelion, such as will occur in mid November 2007.
Discovery and naming.
Flora was found by J. R. Hind on October 18, 1847. It was his second asteroid discovery after 7 Iris.
The name Flora was proposed by John Herschel, from Flora, the Latin goddess of flowers and gardens, wife of Zephyrus (the personnification of the West wind), mother of Spring, and whose Greek equivalent is Chloris (who has her own asteroid, 410 Chloris).
Characteristics.
Flora is the parent body of the Flora family of asteroids, and by far the biggest member, comprising about 80% of the total mass of this family. Nevertheless, Flora was almost certainly disrupted by the impact(s) that formed the family, and is probably a gravitational aggregate of most of the pieces.
Flora's spectrum indicates that its surface is made of a mixture of silicate rock (including pyroxene and olivine) and nickel-iron metal. Flora, and the whole Flora family generally, are good candidates for being the parent bodies of the L chondrite meteorites. This meteorite type comprises about 38% of all meteorites impacting the Earth.
Notable facts.
During an observation on March 25, 1917, 8 Flora was mistaken for the star TU Leonis, which led to that star's classification as a U Geminorum cataclysmic variable star. This mistake was uncovered only in 1995.

Central Nacional de Televisão
Central Nacional de Televisão or CNT is a television network in Curitiba, Brazil. It was created by Paraná state for all Brazil on March 15, 1979.

Dropsonde
A dropsonde is a weather reconnaissance device created by the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), designed to be dropped from an aircraft at altitude to more accurately measure (and therefore track) tropical storm conditions as the device falls to the ground. The dropsonde contains a GPS receiver, along with pressure, temperature, and humidity (PTH) sensors to capture atmospheric profiles and thermodynamic data. It typically relays these data to a computer in the aircraft by radio transmission. The device's descent is usually slowed by a parachute, allowing for more readings to be taken before it reaches the water beneath.

Pressure gradient
In atmospheric sciences (meteorology, climatology and related fields), the pressure gradient (typically of air, more generally of any fluid) is a physical quantity that describes in which direction and at what rate the pressure changes the most rapidly around a particular location. The pressure gradient is a dimensional quantity expressed in units of pressure per unit length. The SI unit is pascal per metre (Pa/m).

Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory
The Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) is a laboratory in the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)/Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research (OAR).

Puerto Morelos
Puerto Morelos is a town in Quintana Roo, Mexico's easternmost state, on the Yucatán Peninsula.
There are two parts to Puerto Morelos, the original coastal fishing village is now a laid-back, mixed use neighborhood of private homes, hotels, condominiums, restaurants, and tourist shops. The second part about 2 km. inland and adjacent to Highway 307, on the western side. The inland portion is mainly single level dwellings for the local workers.

Cabo Catoche
Cabo Catoche or Cape Catoche, in the Mexican state of Quintana Roo, is the northernmost point on the Yucatán Peninsula. It is about 53 km (33 miles) north of the city of Cancún.

Key West, Florida
Key West is a city and an island of the same name near the southernmost tip of the Florida Keys in Monroe County, Florida, United States.

Servicio Meteorológico Nacional
The Servicio Meteorologíco Nacional (SMN) is Mexico's national weather organization. It collects data and issues forecasts, advisories, and warnings for the entire country.

Meteorological history of Hurricane Ivan
The meteorological history of Hurricane Ivan, the longest tracked tropical cyclone of the 2004 Atlantic hurricane season, lasted from late August through late September. The hurricane developed from a tropical wave that moved off the coast of Africa on August 31. Moving westward from the effects of a ridge, favorable conditions allowed it to develop into Tropical Depression Nine on September 2 in the deep tropical Atlantic Ocean. The cyclone slowly intensified until September 5, when it underwent rapid deepening and reached Category 4 status on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale; at the time Ivan was the southernmost major hurricane on record.
Ivan quickly weakened because of dry air, but it slowly reorganized itself, passing just south of Grenada as a major hurricane on September 7. The hurricane strengthened into a Category 5 hurricane while located in the central Caribbean Sea. Over next the days its intensity changed largely due to eyewall replacement cycles, and Ivan passed just south of Jamaica, the Cayman Islands, and western Cuba with winds at or slightly below Category 5 status. Turning northward and encountering unfavorable conditions, Ivan slowly weakened before making landfall just west of Gulf Shores, Alabama, on September 16 with winds of 120 mph (195 km/h). The cyclone quickly weakened to tropical depression status as it turned to the northeast, and Ivan transitioned into an extratropical cyclone on September 18.
The remnant low of Ivan turned to the south and southwest, and after crossing Florida on September 21 it began to regain tropical characteristics. It became a tropical depression again on September 22 to the southeast of Louisiana, and Ivan reached winds of 60 mph (95 km/h) before weakening and moving ashore along southwestern Louisiana as a tropical depression; the circulation of Ivan dissipated after crossing into Texas on September 25. The cyclone broke several intensity records, and its duration was the tenth longest on record for an Atlantic hurricane.
Formation and intensification.
On August 31, a large tropical wave moved off the west coast of Africa. A tropical system along the wave axis contained a low pressure area as well as an impressive outflow pattern, though orginially its convection was disorganized and limited. By September 1 a cyclonic circulation with a diameter of 690 mile (1115 km) was seen on satellite imagery, well to the southeast of the Cape Verde Islands, and several hurricane forecast models expected development and strengthening. As it moved quickly westward, the convection organized and developed into rainbands–bands of showers and thunderstorms that move in a spiral direction towards the center of the storm–and late on September 1 meteorologists began tracking the system using the Dvorak technique. Low amounts of wind shear and favorable outflow allowed strong deep convection to develop and persist near the center, and by 1800 UTC on September 2 the system developed into Tropical Depression Nine about 450 miles (730 km) southwest of Praia, Cape Verde.
After being classified as a tropical cyclone, the depression was embedded within a deep easterly steering current provided by a ridge to its north. Expected to move across sea surface temperatures greater than 82 °F (28 °C), the cyclone was forecasted to slowly strengthen and within four days become a hurricane; the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory predicted the depression to reach Category 4 status on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale within three days. Increased northeasterly wind shear shifted the center to the northeastern edge of the deep convection, and despite the shear and its relatively low latitude of 9.7° N, the depression strengthened to attain tropical storm status early on September 3; upon reaching the intensity, the National Hurricane Center classified the system as Tropical Storm "Ivan".
Tropical Storm Ivan slowly became more organized as wind shear decreased, and its outflow expanded in all quadrants. Satellite imagery late on September 3 showed a well-defined curved band wrapping around much of the circulation. The next day, the deep convection temporarily became disorganzied, before reorganizing and developing an eye feature. Convection strengthened further as the feature transitioned into an eye, and Ivan became a hurricane at around 0600 UTC on September 5. After reaching hurricane status, Ivan began to rapidly intensify with continued favorable conditions, and in an 18 hour period the pressure dropped 39 mbar (1.15 inHg) as the winds increased by 60 mph (95 km/h); early on September 6 Ivan reached its first peak intensity of 135 mph (215 km/h) while located about 825 miles (1330 km) east of the island of Tobago in the southern Lesser Antilles.
While at major hurricane status, Ivan kept very strong convection in its core with a well-defined eye. Operationally, the probability for further rapid strengthening was considered nearly nine times the average of a normal hurricane. Accordingly, Ivan was forecasted to pass near Barbados with winds of about 150 mph (240 km/h). Shortly after becoming a Category 4 hurricane, the outer convection of the hurricane became ragged. Hurricane Hunters found a Saharan Air Layer in the northern portion of the eye, leaving the eyewall eroded which caused a marked decrease in winds; by late on September 6 Ivan weakened to winds of 105 mph (165 km/h). The inner eyewall died out as a 23 mile (37 km) outer eyewall became took over, and at the same time, the overall organization of the hurricane improved. Ivan then re-gained major hurricane status as it approached the Lesser Antilles, and at 2130 UTC on September 7 the cyclone passed 7 miles (11 km) south-southwest of the southern tip of Grenada, its closest approach to the island. At the time, the hurricane maintained an eye diameter of 12 miles (19 km), with the northern portion of the eyewall producing strong winds on the island.
Caribbean Sea.
Hurricane Ivan again reached Category 4 status as it entered the Caribbean Sea. Subsequently, it underwent another eyewall replacement cycle, and for about 18 hours the intensity stayed the same as it paralleled the northern coast of Venezuela offshore. Another period of rapid deepening began late on September 8 as its motion turned to the west-northwest. Hurricane Hunters recorded flight-level sustained winds of 180 mph (290 km/h) to the north and northeast of the eye, and a dropsonde about 630 feet (190 m) above the surface recorded winds of 200 mph (325 km/h) and an extrapolated pressure of 916 mbar (27.05 inHg). Based on the reports, it is estimated Ivan attained Category 5 status at 0600 UTC on September 9, while located about 90 miles (145 km) north of Aruba. At the time, the cyclone was forecasted to strike southern Florida as a major hurricane.
After maintaining Category 5 status for about 12 hours, Ivan began a steady weakening trend because of another eyewall replacement cycle until reaching winds of 140 mph (225 km/h) on September 10. Early next day, the hurricane reorganized as it reached winds just al little bit below of Category 5 status. However, the storm weakened again beause of another eyewall replacement cycle, and at 0330 UTC on September 11 Ivan passed 23 miles (37 km) south of Portland Point, Jamaica, its closest approach, with winds of 150 mph (240 km/h). The hurricane was previously forecasted to make landfall on the island, though the weakening and a turn to the west kept the strongest winds offshore; the last-minute turn to the west was due to a mid-level high pressure system over the eastern Gulf of Mexico. A slight weakening trend continued, due to its northern outflow being disrupted by an upper-level low over the Bahamas. As it tracked further away from Jamaica, Ivan again rapidly intensified to Category 5 status, and early on September 12 it reached its peak intensity of 165 mph (265 km/h) with a pressure of 910 mbar (26.87 inHg).
Shortly after peaking in intensity, the hurricane again weakened as it underwent an eyewall replacement cycle. At 1415 UTC on September 12 Ivan passed 25 miles (40 km) south-southwest of George Town, Cayman Islands, with winds of 150 mph (240 km/h). After its eyewall became re-established Ivan attained Category 5 status for a third time early on September 13. Shortly thereafter, a trough created a weakness in the ridge to its north, causing the hurricane to turn to the northwest. The combination of the combination of enhanced outflow from the trough and very warm waters allowed Ivan to maintain Category 5 status for 30 hours. Early on September 14 the hurricane passed through the Yucatán Channel about 17 miles (28 km) southwest of Cabo San Antonio, Cuba, with the eastern portion of the eyewall crossing the western portion of the island.
Gulf of Mexico and Alabama landfall.
After entering the southern Gulf of Mexico, Hurricane Ivan weakened to Category 4 status by 0600 UTC on September 14. As it slowly turned to the north, southwesterly flow from a large trough over the central United States increased wind shear over the hurricane. An eyewall replacement cycle, along with dry air and restricted outflow, contributed to the weakening. By late on September 14 the weakening trend ceased as the eyewall became better defined, and Ivan was expected to restrengthen a little bit over an area of warmer water temperatures. The eye diameter expanded to 60 miles (95 km/h), though concurrently westerly wind shear and dry continued to increase. As Ivan approached the Gulf Coast of the United States, Hurricane Hunters reported erosion of the southern portion of the eyewall, and cooler waters just offshore contributed to further weakening. At around 0650 UTC on September 16, Hurricane Ivan made landfall just west of Gulf Shores, Alabama, with winds of 120 mph (195 km/h); the strongest winds occurred over a narrow area near the southern Alabama and western Florida border.
Upon moving ashore, the National Hurricane Center expected the forward path of Ivan to be blocked, and accordingly forecasted the hurricane to stall in the southern Appalachian Mountains before dissipating. As the hurricane crossed Mobile Bay it turned to the north-northeast, and within twelve hours Ivan rapidly weakened to tropical storm status. The circulation became less-defined, and early on September 17 the cyclone weakened into a tropical depression over northeastern Alabama. Ivan accelerated to the northeast ahead of an approaching cold front, dropping heavy rainfall along its path. Late on September 18, the remnants of Ivan became an extratropical low as it merged with the cold front over the Delmarva Peninsula.
Redevelopment and demise.
After becoming an extratropical low, the remnants of Ivan turned to the southeast and entered into the Atlantic Ocean, due to the building of an upper-level ridge to its east. As an extratropical cyclone, Ivan remained identifiable in both surface and upper-level data, and the system turned south and southwestward over the next few days. By September 20, the system was located off the east coast of Florida, creating scattered thunderstorms; unfavorable wind shear stopped tropical redevelopment, though forecasters mentioned the possibility for more favorable conditions a few days later. On September 21 the low crossed southern Florida and emerged into the Gulf of Mexico, and as it moved across the warm waters of the region the low began to re-acquire tropical characteristics; the low-level circulation became increasingly better defined, and convection redeveloped over the center. Based on reports from Hurricane Hunters, it is estimated the low redeveloped into Tropical Depression Ivan late on September 22 while located about 175 miles (280 km) south-southeast of the mouth of the Mississippi River.
In its first advisory on the re-developed cyclone, the National Hurricane Center classified the system Ivan "after considerable and sometimes animated in-house discussion of [its demise]... in the midst of a low-pressure and surface frontal system over the eastern United States... based primarily on the reasonable continuity observed in the analysis of the surface and low-level circulation." In spite of unfavorable wind shear and its disorganized cloud structure, the cyclone strengthened to tropical storm status early on September 23, based on Hurricane Hunter reports. As an area of deep convection developed over the center, Ivan reached winds of 60 mph (95 km/h), though the winds decreased as thunderstorm activity diminished. Ivan weakened to a tropical depression at 0000 UTC on September 24, and two hours later it moved ashore near Holly Beach, Louisiana.
At first, computer models forecasted the low-level circulation to turn southwestward and re-emerge into the Gulf of Mexico. However, the storm rapidly weakened over land, and by 1200 UTC on September 24 Ivan degenerated into a remnant low pressure area over southeastern Texas. The low turned to the south and the circulation dissipated early on September 25. The remnant trough reached the northwestern Gulf of Mexico later that day, producing scatter thunderstorms for a short time, before it diminished.
Records.
Ivan became the southernmost major hurricane on record after reaching Category 3 status on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale at 10.2° N. Additionally, the hurricane reached Category 4 and Category 5 status further south than any other Atlantic hurricane. At the time, Ivan was the sixth most intense Atlantic hurricane on record; but has now dropped to the tenth most intense Atlantic hurricane. Throughout its existence, Ivan kept winds of major hurricane status or greater for a total of 10 days, establishing an Atlantic hurricane record. Lasting as a tropical cyclone for a total of 450 hours, Ivan was the tenth longest tracked Atlantic hurricane on record. After making its first landfall in the United States, the hurricane spawned a total of 117 tornadoes, which is the largest tornado outbreak caused by a tropical cyclone; this broke the previous record of 115 set by Hurricane Beulah in 1967.

Tropical cyclone scales
Tropical cyclones are ranked according to their maximum winds using several scales. These scales are provided by several bodies, including the World Meteorological Organization, the National Hurricane Center, and the Bureau of Meteorology. The National Hurricane Center uses the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale for hurricanes in the eastern Pacific and Atlantic basins. Australia uses a difference set of tropical cyclone categories for their region. Many basins have different names for storms of hurricane/typhoon/cyclone strength. The use of different definitions for maximum sustained wind creates additional confusion into the definitions of cyclone categories worldwide.

Gulf Shores, Alabama
Gulf Shores is a coastal city in Baldwin County, Alabama, United States. As of the 2000 census, the population was 5,044. However, since the year 2000, Baldwin County, Alabama as a whole, has experienced the fastest rate of population growth in the state, second only to Shelby County, Alabama.

Hurricane Ivan
Hurricane Ivan was the strongest hurricane of the 2004 Atlantic hurricane season. The storm formed as a Cape Verde-type hurricane in early September, and became the ninth named storm, the sixth hurricane, and the fourth major hurricane of the year. Ivan reached Category 5 strength on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale, the highest possible category and the only one of the season. At the time it was sixth most intense Atlantic hurricane on record.
Ivan caused great damage to Grenada, which it struck directly at Category 3 strength, and heavy damage to Jamaica, Grand Cayman, and the western tip of Cuba. After peaking in strength, it moved north-northwest across the Gulf of Mexico to make landfall as a strong Category 3 storm in the United States, in Orange Beach, Alabama, causing very heavy damage there. Ivan dropped heavy rains on the southeastern United States as it looped across Florida and back into the Gulf of Mexico. The remnant low from the storm regenerated into a new tropical system, which moved into Louisiana and Texas, causing minimal damage. Ivan caused an estimated $13 billion worth of damage in the United States, making it the fifth costliest hurricane to ever strike the United States.

Orange Beach, Alabama
Orange Beach is a city in Baldwin County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 3,784.

Emma Watson
Emma Charlotte Duerre Watson (born April 15, 1990 in Paris, France) is a British actress. Her most notable role is that of Hermione Granger in the "Harry Potter" movie series.

Rupert Grint
Rupert Alexander Lloyd Grint (born August 24, 1988) is a British actor best known for playing the character of Ron Weasley in the "Harry Potter" films.

9 Metis
9 Metis is one of the biggest main belt asteroids. It is made of silicates and metallic nickel-iron, and may be the core remnant of a big asteroid that was destroyed by an ancient collision.
Discovery and naming.
Metis was found by Andrew Graham on April 25, 1848; it was his only asteroid discovery. It is also the only asteroid to have been found as a result of observations from Ireland. Its name comes from the mythological Metis, a Titaness and Oceanid, daughter of Tethys and Oceanus. The name "Thetis" was also considered and rejected (it would later devolve to 17 Thetis).
Characteristics.
Metis' direction of rotation is unknown at present.
Hubble space telescope images and lightcurve analyses are in agreement that Metis has a non-spherical stretched shape with one pointed and one broad end. Radar observations suggest the presence of a significant flat area, in agreement with the shape model from lightcurves.
What the surface is made of has been estimated as 30-40% metal-bearing olivine and 60-70% Ni-Fe metal.
Light curve data on Metis led to an assumption that it could have a moon. However, subsequent observations failed to confirm this. Later searches with the Hubble Space Telescope in 1993 found no moons.
Occultations.
Metis has been seen to occult stars no less than 5 times.

Saint Louis IX of France
Saint Louis IX (25 April 1214 – 25 August 1270), also called Saint Louis, was King of France from 1226 to his death. He established the Parlement of Paris. Louis died on 25 August 1270 and was canonised (made a saint) in 1297 by Pope Boniface VIII.
Source.
Jean de Joinville was a close friend of Louis and wrote a famous biography of the king, from which we have most of our information about him.
Other sources.
Two other important biographies were written by the king's confessor, Geoffrey of Beaulieu, and his chaplain, William of Chartres. While several other people wrote biographies about the king, only Jean de Joinville, Geoffrey of Beaulieu, and William of Chartres had reliable information.
Early life.
Louis was born in 1214 at Poissy, near Paris
Family.
He was the son of Louis VIII of France and Blanche of Castile. Louis was eleven years old when his father died on November 8, 1226. He was crowned king the same year in the cathedral at Reims. Because Louis was so young, his mother ruled France as regent while he was a child.
His younger brother Charles I of Sicily (1227 – 85) was made count of Anjou.
On May 27, 1234 Louis married Marguerite of Provence (1221 – December 21, 1295), whose sister Eleanor was the wife of Henry III of England.
Crusading.
At the age of 15, Louis brought an end to the Albigensian Crusade in 1229 after signing an agreement with Count Raymond VII of Toulouse.
Louis's kindness towards the poor was much celebrated. He went on crusade twice, in his mid-30s in 1248 and then again in his mid-50s in 1270. Both crusades were complete disasters; after initial success in his first attempt, Louis's army of 15,000 men was met by overwhelming resistance from the Egyptian army and people where he was captured. After his release from Egypt, Louis spent four years in the crusader Kingdoms of Acre, Caesarea, and Jaffe.
Alliances.
In 1252, Louis attempted an alliance with the Egyptians, for the return of Jerusalem if the French assisted with the subduing of Damascus.
In 1253, Louis tried to seek allies from the Ismailian Assassins and the Mongols.
Religion.
Louis was Catholic, and he built the "Sainte Chapelle" ("Holy Chapel") on the "Île de la Cité" in the centre of Paris. It is thought that the French monarchy was trying to establish the kingdom of France as the "new Jerusalem."
Louis IX tried to make France, which was seen as being a very religious place, a protector of the Church. It worked, and between the 12th and 13th centuries, France and the pope were very close.
Death.
During his second crusade, Louis died at Tunis, August 25, 1270, and his son, Philip III, replaced him as king. He may have died either of bubonic plague or dysentry.
His body was taken to the French royal necropolis at Saint-Denis in Lyon.
Places named after Saint Louis.
The cities of San Luis Potosí in Mexico, Saint Louis, Missouri, Saint-Louis du Sénégal in Senegal, Saint-Louis in Alsace, Lake Saint-Louis in Quebec, and the Mission San Luis Rey de Francia in California.
Many places in Brazil are called São Luís in Portuguese are named after Saint Louis.

Ministry for Intra-German Relations
The Federal Ministry of Intra-German Relations () was a federal ministry of the Federal Republic of Germany. It was responsible for all relations with the East German government. This was because the West German government said there should be only one Germany. This meant they could not use the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, because they could not admit that East Germany was a foreign country.
The ministry was created in 1949 as the Federal Ministry of All-German Affairs (). This ministry was also in charge of matters about the German lands east of the Oder-Neisse-Line which had become a part of Poland. The ministry was renamed in 1969 when Willy Brandt signed a treaty with Poland which said that Poland's western border was along the Oder and Neisse Rivers. This was part of Willy Brandt's ideas of Ostpolitik. At that time Poland was under a communist government. They could not allow West Germany to sign a treaty about East Germany's borders, which is why the treaty says "the western border of Poland" and not "the border between Germany and Poland".
The ministry was abolished in 1991, about one year after German Reunification, after helping with the change to one country. All "intra-German affairs" are now jobs of the Ministry of the Interior. The Misiter of the Interior is now also "Commissioner for the New Bundesländer" to show that there is still some work to make all of the states equal.

East Sussex
East Sussex is a county in South East England.
Location.
It is bordered by the counties of Kent, Surrey and West Sussex, and to the south by the English Channel.

10 Hygiea
10 Hygiea is the fourth biggest object in the asteroid belt, somewhat non-spherical with diameters of 350 – 500 km and a mass estimated to be 3% of the total mass of the asteroid belt.
It is the biggest of the class of dark C-type asteroids with a carbonaceous surface that are dominant in the farther part main belt, which lies beyond the Kirkwood gap at 2.82 AU, and is also the biggest body in this region. Its dark surface and bigger than average distance from the Sun makes it very dim for such a big asteroid when seen from Earth. In fact it is the third dimmest of the first twenty-three asteroids discovered, with only 13 Egeria and the quite small 17 Thetis having lower mean opposition magnitudes.
At most oppositions, Hygiea has a magnitude of around +10.2, which is as much as four orders fainter than Vesta, and will need at least a 4-inch telescope to resolve. At a perihelic opposition, however, Hygiea can reach +9.1 and may just be resolvable with 10x50 binoculars, unlike the fifth and sixth biggest asteroids 704 Interamnia and 511 Davida which are always beyond binocular visibility.
Discovery.
Hygiea was found by Annibale de Gasparis on April 12, 1849 in Naples, Italy. It was the first of his nine asteroid discoveries. It is named after Hygieia, the Greek goddess of health, daughter of Asclepius (Aesculapius for the Romans).
The director of the Naples observatory, Ernesto Capocci, named the asteroid. He chose to call it "Igea Borbonica" ("Bourbon Hygieia") in honor of the ruling family of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies where Naples was located. However, by 1852, John Russell Hind would write that "it is universally termed "Hygeia", the unnecessary appendage 'Borbonica' being dropped."
The name was often spelled Hygeia in the nineteenth century, for example in the "Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society".
Characteristics.
Hygiea's surface is made of primitive carbonaceous material similar to the chondrite meteorites.
It is the main member of the Hygiea family and contains almost all the mass in this family (well over 90%).
Generally Hygiea's properties are the least known out of the "big four" objects in the main belt. Its orbit is much closer to the plane of the ecliptic than those of Ceres, Pallas or Interamnia, but is less circular than Ceres or Vesta with an eccentricity of around 12%. Its perihelion is at a quite similar longitude to those of Vesta and Ceres, though its ascending and descending nodes are opposite the corresponding ones for those objects. Although its perihelion is extremely close to the mean distance of Ceres and Pallas, a collision between Hygiea and its bigger companions is impossible because at that distance they are always on opposite sides of the ecliptic. At aphelion Hygiea reaches out to the extreme edge of the asteroid belt at the perihelia of the Hilda family which is in 3:2 resonance with Jupiter.
It spins unusually slow, taking 27 hours and 37 minutes to complete one rotation, whereas 6 to 12 hours are more typical for big asteroids.
At least 5 stellar occultations by Hygiea were tracked by Earth-based observers, but all with few seeing independent measurements so that much was not learned of its shape. The Hubble Space Telescope was able to resolve the asteroid, and to rule out the presence of any orbiting companions bigger than about 16 km in diameter.

Karl Carstens
Karl Carstens (December 14, 1914 - May 29, 1992) was a German politician. He served as the fifth Federal President of West Germany.
Biography.
Born in Bremen, Carstens studied law and political science at the universities of Frankfurt am Main, Dijon, Munich, Königsberg, and Hamburg from 1933 to 1936. In 1949 he received a Master of Laws (LL.M.) degree from Yale Law School.
Carstens joined the Nazi Party in 1940. This was when he was a law clerk. He said he had to join the oarty or he would not be treated fairly. But this does not explaijn why Carstens had joined the SA, another Nazi party group, in 1933.
In 1955 he joined the CDU.
In July 1960 Carstens started to work for the government. He was a secretary of state in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In the same year he was also appointed as professor for public and international law at Cologne University. During the Grand coalition government (1966-1969), he was in the Ministry of Defence, and in 1968 he became Director of the Chancellor's Office.
In 1972 Carstens was elected into the Bundestag. He stayed a member until 1979. He often spoke against the left-wing ideas in German society and accused the governing SPD of being to soft on left-wing extremists. He also famously denounced the author Heinrich Böll as a supporter of the Baader-Meinhof Gang.
On 14 December 1976, the CDU/CSU became the largest group in parliament, and Carstens was elected president of the Bundestag.
On May 23, 1979 Carstens was elected as President of the Federal Republic of Germany. Carstens wass well known for hiking around Germany during his term in order to decrease the gulf between politics and the people.
In December 1982, the recently elected Chancellor Helmut Kohl deliberately lost a motion of confidence in order to hold new general elections. On January 7 1983, President Carstens dissolved the Bundestag and called for new elections. In February 1983 the Federal Constitutional Court said that deliberately losing the vote was allowed, so the general elections could take place.
In 1984 he decided not to seek a second term on account of his age and left office on 30 June, 1984.

Rena Sinakin
Rena Sinakin (born March 1949) is an American singer, songwriter and record producer. She was educated at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. Sinakin started her career as a singer on Capitol Records. She later went on record on Atco.
During the 1970s, she moved into production. She produced Gladys Knight and the Pips, McFadden and Whitehead and John Lennon's band Elephants Memory.

Goodbye (Eurovision song)
"Goodbye" was the Bosnian and Herzegovinian entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 1997.
Performance.
The song was performed in Bosnian by Alma Čardžić.
Meaning.
The song is about the singer asking her lover not to end their relationship. She suggests many things that he could do, just as long as he doesn't "say the two words, which mean it's over" (the two words being "Goodbye, darling" - "Zbogom ljubavi" in Bosnian).

Norbert Lammert
Dr. Norbert Lammert (born November 16, 1948 in Bochum) is a German politician, and a member of the CDU party.
After military service Lammert studied political science, sociology, modern history and social economics at the university of Bochum and the University of Oxford (England) from 1969 to 1975. He graduated in 1972 but carried on studying to get a doctorate in social sciences in 1975.
Although he has worked as a lecturer, Lammert became a member of the Bochum City Council in 1975. He was elected to the Bundestag in 1980, and has been a member ever since.
Dr Lammert was a Vice-President of the Bundestag from October 2002 to 18 October 2005, when he became President.
In 2005, he was elected the President of the Bundestag, the German parliament. Even though the President of the Bundesrat acts as deputy for the Federal President, according to the German order of precedence, Dr Lammert, as President of the Bundestag, is Germany's highest ranking official after President Horst Köhler.
Literature.
Michael F. Feldkamp (ed.), "Der Bundestagspräsident. Amt - Funktion - Person." 16. Wahlperiode, München 2007, ISBN 978-3-7892-8201-0

Amarna
The site of Amarna (Arabic: العمارنة "al-‘amārnä") is located on the east bank of the Nile River in the Egyptian province of Minya. Amarna includes several modern villages, including el-Till in the north and el-Hagg Qandil in the south.
The area contains a large Egyptian archaeological site that represents the remains of the capital city built by the Pharaoh Akhenaten of the late Eighteenth Dynasty. The name for the city used by the ancient Egyptians is written as "Akhetaten" in English. It translates to "the Horizon of the Aten".

Decomposer
A decomposer means an organism that breaks down large molecules from dead organisms into small molecules and returns important materials to the environment.

Chairman
A Chairman is someone who has authority over a group, business or company. A Chairman can also be called a Chairwoman or a Chair Person. A Chairman often heads the board of directors in a large bussiness or a football club.

Saleisha Stowers
Saleisha Stowers is the winner of the 9th season of America's Next Top Model, a model competition on 2007. She is born on January 10, 1986 and is now a model at a company called Elite Model Management. Stowers also won CoverGirl cosmetics worth $100 000 and a cover on a magazine called Seventeen.
Before" America's Next Top Model".
Stowers really worked at a service counter. She joined a camp by model Tyra Banks called T-Zone because she had no confidence in herself. After the camp, she had more confidence and became more happy as a person. Stowers appeared in the 6th season of the competition as a minor model with a 1-second appearance. She also appeared as a model on Tyra Banks' show.
"America's Next Top Model".
Stowers joined the 9th season of America's Next Top Model and became one of the 13 girls to become contestants. She was nearly out when in the bottom two with contestant Victoria Marshman. Her happy personality made her popular among the girls, and she made a best friend, Chantal Jones.
Stowers was No. 1 for two times, which helped her become better in Tyra Banks's eyes. Stowers was called short and fat by one of the girls, Bianca Golden, and when she was helped by Jones, it made the two's friendship even better. Stowers however was too happy-go-lucky to do serious-looks, and landed in the bottom two again, this time with Jenah Doucette. She however had called Doucette lousy in front of the judges, and as they believed her, Doucette was kicked out instead of her. Stowers joined the final catwalk show with Chantal. The two best friends helped each other, and in the final judging time, Stowers was named the winner.
Controversy.
Stowers was called bad things in the discussion website of America's Next Top Model. She was even said to have slept with one of the judges Nigel Barker in order to win. However, these are all untrue as those who have said that are in truth angry with Stowers winning the competition.
Stowers really knew Tyra Banks, making people think it is unfair to the other girls. Stowers also appeared in an advertisement before, and the rule states that contestants must not have appeared in advertisements in the 5 years.
Trivia.
Stowers' new hair in the competition has made people think she looks like Dora the Explorer, but it is really created from Louis Brooks's hairstyle.

River Ganges
Ganges or Ganga is a river in North India, which is named after a Hindu goddess called Ganga. In Hinduism, the Ganges is also worshipped as a goddess and every year millions of pilgrims bathe in its waters. It is also believed that drinking its water can cure diseases. Most Hindu families have a bottle of its water in case anyone is very sick.
The river starts from a glacier called Gangotri Glacier, which is in the Himalayas. The Ganges flows through north India, and ends at the Bay of Bengal in eastern India. Overall it flows 2,510 km making it one of the longest rivers in the world. Its watershed is 907,000 km² big. The major rivers which flow into the Ganges are Brahmaputra, Gomti, Kosi river, Gandak, Ghaghra river, Yamuna river and Son river.
There is a lot of pollution in the Ganges because everyone lets out their waste into the Ganges. This causes a lot of sicknesses like cholera, hepatitis, typhoid and amoebic dysentery. Due to these diseases causeba third of the deaths in India every year.

Isaac Albéniz
Isaac Albéniz (pronounced EE-saac al-BAY-nith) (born Camprodón, Catalonia, Spain, 29 May 1860; died Cambô-les-Bains, Spain, 18 May 1909) was a Spanish composer and pianist. He wrote a lot of piano music. His best known work is the collection of 12 piano pieces called "Iberia" which have lots of exciting Spanish rhythms. These pieces are very difficult to play. He also wrote several zarzuelas (light-hearted Spanish operas) and he tried to make the zarzuela more serious, but the public did not want that. He helped to make Spanish music more popular in other countries.
His Life.
Albéniz started to learn the piano when he was three. His elder sister taught him. He was a child prodigy who first performed at the age of four. When he was seven he passed the entrance examination for piano at the Paris Conservatoire, but he was not given a place because they thought he was too young. A year later his father lost his job, so he took his two children on tour so that they could give concerts and earn some money. In 1869 the family moved to Madrid, but Albéniz had an unsettled childhood. He twice ran away from home, giving concerts in various places and even escaping as a stowaway to South America where he visited Argentina, Uruguay, Brazil, Cuba, Puerto Rico and then the USA. He returned to Spain in 1873. By the age of fifteen, he had already given concerts all over the world. After a short stay at the Leipzig Conservatory, in 1876 he went to study in Brussels. In 1880, he went to Budapest wanting to study with Franz Liszt, but Liszt was not there.
In 1874 his sister wanted to become a singer at the Teatro de la Zarzuela. When she did not get a place there she committed suicide.
Albéniz continued to travel all over the world. In 1883, he met the teacher and composer Felipe Pedrell, who inspired him to write Spanish music such as the "Suite Española", Op. 47. The fifth movement of that suite, called "Asturias" (Leyenda), was later arranged for guitar. It is probably the most famous piece for classical guitar. The composer Francisco Tárrega made guitar arrangements of many other piano works by Albéniz. Albéniz once said that he preferred Tárrega’s guitar arrangements to his own original piano versions.
During the 1890s Albéniz lived in London and Paris and wrote mainly theatrical works. In 1900 he started to suffer from Bright's disease and started to write more piano music. Between 1905 and 1909 he composed his most famous work, "Iberia" (1908), a suite of twelve piano "impressions".
His orchestral works include "Spanish Rhapsody" (1887) and "Catalonia" (1899).
In 1883, the composer married his student Rosina Jordana. They had three children, Blanca (who died in 1886), Laura (a painter), and Alfonso (who played for Real Madrid in the early 1900s before becoming a diplomat).
Albéniz died on 18th May 1909 at the age of 48 in Cambô-les-Bains and is buried in Barcelona.
Reputation.
Although he became world famous as a composer and pianist he was not properly appreciated in his own country. The Spaniards were jealous of his international reputation and thought he was a Spaniard who had deserted his country. He spent his last years in Paris where he had many friends including Gabriel Fauré, Vincent d’Indy, Paul Dukas and Claude Debussy.
There are no recordings of his piano playing but he had a very individual style. He was able to put a lot of colour and life into his playing. He had learned a lot from Liszt.
Most of his works are for piano. The "Suite Iberia" is his best work. A lot of the music is based on Spanish folksong.

James Hetfield
James Alan Hetfield (August 3, 1963) is an American singer, songwriter and guitarist. He is a member of the thrash metal band Metallica.

Tyra Banks
Tyra Banks (born December 4, 1973) is a popular supermodel. She is now hosting her television shows, "America's Next Top Model" and "The Tyra Banks Show".
Tyra Banks is inspirational to many women around the world and has helped them achieve goals.

America's Next Top Model
America's Next Top Model is a reality television series created and hosted by supermodel Tyra Banks. It began showing in 2003 and is still showing as of 2007. The 10th cycle (season) has finished showing. The 11th cycle has finished filming and is being shown on the TV right now.
Overview.
A group of contestants (10 in Cycle 1, 12 in Cycle 2, 13 in Cycle 5 to 9, 14 in Cycle 3, 4, 10 and 11) are chosen to live together in the Top Model House and compete to become America's Next Top Model. Each week, one girl is asked to leave (called 'elimination') because she does not have the standard and ability to become a top model. The elimination is based on a photoshoot or a commercial and the reward challenge different every week. When half the girls are gone, the other half will take an aeroplane to another country to continue (France, Italy, Japan, China, Thailand etc.) the competition. Once there are three girls, they will do a CoverGirl commercial. Then, two girls are left to appear in a final runway show against each other. The winner is then chosen with help of the group of judges - Tyra Banks (supermodel), Nigel Barker (photographer), Jay Alexander (runway coach), Twiggy (top model) and sometimes, Jay Manuel (make-up artist).
America's Best Top Model.
There are rumours of America's Best Top Model, a competition like World Idol where the winners will compete against each other to become the best winner. The contestants of America's Best Top Model are Adrianne Curry, Yoanna House, Eva Pigford, Naima Mora, Nicole Linkletter, CariDee English, Jaslene Gonzalez, Saleisha Stowers, Whitney Thompson and McKey Sullivan

Prime Minister of France
The Prime Minister of France is the person who controls the government of France. They are appointed by the President of France. The current Prime Minister of France is François Fillon. He was given the job by President Nicolas Sarkozy on May 17, 2007.

François Fillon
Francois Fillon, born 4 March 1954 in Le Mans, France is the current Prime Minister of France. He was given the job in May 2007.

1986 FIFA World Cup
The 1986 FIFA World Cup was a football sporting event that was held in Mexico in 1986. 24 national teams took part. Argentina won the trophy after beating Germany in the final. Maradona was the best player of the tournament.

Tobago
Tobago is the smaller of the two main islands that make up the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago. It is located in the southern Caribbean Sea, northeast of the island of Trinidad and southeast of Grenada. The island is not hit by hurricanes very often.

Saharan Air Layer
The Saharan Air Layer (SAL) is an intensely dry, warm and sometimes dust-laden layer of the atmosphere which often overlays the cooler, more-humid surface air of the Atlantic Ocean. In the Sahara Desert region of North Africa, where it originates, it is the prevalent atmosphere, extending from the surface upwards several kilometers. As it drives, or is driven, out over the ocean, it is lifted above the denser marine air. This arrangement is an inversion where the temperature increases with height. The boundary between the SAL and the marine layer suppresses or "caps" any convection originating in the marine layer. Since it is dry air, the lapse rate within the SAL itself is steep, that is, the temperature falls rapidly with height.

Portland Point
Portland Point is the southernmost point in Jamaica. It is half-way along the island's south coast at the end of a hilly peninsula. A large bay, Portland Bight, lies to the east of it.

Yucatán Channel
The Yucatán Channel is a strait between Mexico and Cuba. It connects the Caribbean Sea with the Gulf of Mexico.

George Town, Cayman Islands
George Town, Grand Cayman, is the capital of the Cayman Islands, in the British West Indies. The town has a population of 20,626 (1999 estimates).

Guanahacabibes Peninsula
Guanahacabibes Peninsula is the western most point on the island of Cuba. It is located in the Pinar del Río Province, in the municipality of Sandino and is sparsely populated. The waters surrounding the peninsula are important lobster and red snapper fishing grounds. It also boasts the category of "Biosphere Reserve", listed by UNESCO in 1987. It's western extremity, Cape San Antonio (), is the western most point of Cuba.

Mobile Bay
Mobile Bay is an inlet of the Gulf of Mexico, lying within the state of Alabama in the United States. Its mouth is formed by the Fort Morgan Peninsula on the eastern side and Dauphin Island, a barrier island on the western side. The Mobile River and Tensaw River empty into the northern end of the bay, making it an estuary. Dog River, Deer River, and East Fowl River empty into the western side of the bay, and Fish River is across the bay on the eastern shore.

Delmarva Peninsula
The Delmarva Peninsula is a large peninsula on the East Coast of the United States, made up by parts of three U.S. states: Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia. Named as a portmanteau of the letters of the states that occupy it, it is almost 300 by 100 km or about 180 by 60 miles, and is bordered by the Chesapeake Bay on the west, and the Delaware River, Delaware Bay, and Atlantic Ocean on the east.

1967 Atlantic hurricane season
The 1967 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1, 1967, and lasted until November 30, 1967. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin. The season was fairly average, with eight storms forming.
Hurricane Beulah was the most notable Atlantic hurricane of 1967. A Category 5 hurricane, it killed 58 and made $217 million ($1.2 billion in 2005 US dollars) in damage as it crossed the Yucatán Peninsula and then made landfall a second time near the mouth of the Rio Grande river.

Hurricane Beulah
Hurricane Beulah tracked through the Caribbean Sea, struck the Yucatán Peninsula of Mexico as a major hurricane, and moved west-northwest into the Gulf of Mexico, briefly gaining Category 5 status. It was the strongest hurricane during the 1967 Atlantic hurricane season. The cyclone then weakened before moving into Texas as a major hurricane. It spawned 115 twisters across Texas, which established a new record for the highest amount of tornadoes produced by a tropical cyclone. Due to its slow movement over Texas, Beulah led to significant flooding, and caused over $1 billion (2005 USD) in damages. There were 58 fatalities.

Greater Antilles
The islands of the Caribbean Sea, collectively known as the West Indies are sorted by size and location into the Bahamas (or Lucayan archipelago), the Lesser Antilles and the Greater Antilles. The Greater Antilles are Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola (composed of Haiti on the west side and the Dominican Republic on the east side) and Puerto Rico. The smaller islands in the vicinity of these four major islands are sometimes also treated as part of the group. This includes the smaller islands thst surrounding the main islands, but are still part of the main island country (eg. the Republic of Cuba consists of the island of Cuba and several smaller islands around it). The Cayman Islands are also often included in the Greater Antilles because of their geographical proximiy. The Greater Antilles are made up of continental rock, distinct from the Lesser Antilles, which are mostly young volcanic or coral islands.

1930 FIFA World Cup
The 1930 FIFA World Cup was a football (soccer) sporting event that was held in Uruguay in 1930.Uruguay won the trophy after beating Argentina in the final.

1934 FIFA World Cup
The 1934 FIFA World Cup was a football (soccer) sporting event that was held in Italy in 1934.Italy won the trophy after beating Czech in the final.

1938 FIFA World Cup
The 1938 FIFA World Cup was a football (soccer) sporting event that was held in France in 1938. Italy won the trophy after beating Hungary in the final.

1950 FIFA World Cup
The 1950 FIFA World Cup was a football (soccer) sporting event that was held in Brazil in 1954.Uruguay won the trophy after beating Brazil in the final.

1954 FIFA World Cup
The 1954 FIFA World Cup was a football (soccer) sporting event that was held in Switzerland in 1954. Germany won the trophy after beating Hungary in the final.

1958 FIFA World Cup
The 1958 FIFA World Cup was a football (soccer) sporting event that was held in Sweden in 1954.Brazil won the trophy after beating Sweden in the final.

1962 FIFA World Cup
The 1962 FIFA World Cup was a football (soccer) sporting event that was held in Chile in 1962. 16 teams took part from many countries. Brazil won the trophy after beating Czech in the final.

1970 FIFA World Cup
The 1970 FIFA World Cup was a football (soccer) sporting event that was held in Mexico in 1970. 16 teams took part from many countries. Brazil won the trophy after beating Italy in the final.

1974 FIFA World Cup
The 1974 FIFA World Cup was a football (soccer) sporting event that was held in Germany in 1974. 16 teams took part from many countries. Germany won the trophy after beating Holland in the final.

Anglo-Saxon mythology
Anglo-Saxon mythologty refers to the Migration Period Germanic paganism practiced by the English peoples in 5th to 7th century England.
Origins and History.
The Anglo-Saxons, composed of tribes of the Angles, Saxons, Friesian and Jutes, arrived in Britain from southern Scandinavia, the Netherlands and northern Germany. It is from these people that the modern English language (Angle-ish) derives. An impression, but only that, of the Anglo-Saxon mythology can be obtained from reading about Scandinavian mythology. The latter was written down much later, by Snorri Sturluson, because Iceland remained pagan until well into the Christian era (c.1000). The Norse of Iceland and the English certainly shared a common ancestry in 6th century Denmark. The Anglo-Saxons were a largely illiterate society and tales were orally transmitted between groups and tribes by the Anglo-Saxon travelling minstrels, the scops, in the form of verse.
Sources.
The chief literary source is Bede, a Christian monk who wrote of the old English calendar in his "De Temporum Ratione". Only a little Old English poetry has survived, and all of it has had Christian editors. The epic poem "Beowulf" is an important source of Anglo-Saxon pagan poetry and history, but it is clearly addressed to a Christian audience, containing numerous references to the Christian God, and using Christian phrasing and metaphor. The monster Grendel, for example, is described as a descendant of the biblical Cain. In fact, the only fragment of poetry dating to the pagan era that has not undergone edits by Christian editors is the "Finnsburgh Fragment".
Beliefs.
The Anglo-Saxons believed in supernatural creatures such as elves, dwarves and giants ("Etins") who often brought harm to men. It is likely that they believed in "Wyrd" (German "werden"), usually translated as "fate," although the modern term fate does little justice to the true meaning of wyrd.
Being a Germanic people, the Anglo-Saxons worshipped the same gods as the Norse and other Germanic peoples. The names are slightly different due to the differences in language among the Germanic peoples. For example, Thunor of the Anglo-Saxons was the same god as Thor of the Norse and Donar of the Germans. Likewise, Woden of the Anglo-Saxons is the same as Odin among the Norse and Wotan of the Germans.
The Gods.
The religious ideas of the Anglo-Saxons made allowance for the worship of many gods. There the Anglo-Saxons had temples that housed images of their gods as well as an altar. Pope Gregory instructed Augustine to 'destroy the idols but use their houses for Christian worship'.
The Ése.
The Ése correspond to the Norse Æsir.
Woden, the leader of the Wild Hunt and the one who carries off the dead, is one of the chief gods of the Anglo-Saxons before the Christian era. He was held to be the ancestor of Hengest and Horsa, two legendary figures from early English history and most of the early Anglo-Saxon kings claimed descent from Woden. He gives us the modern Wednesday ("Woden's day").
Thunor, is the god of thunder, who rules the storms and sky. He also protects mankind from the giants. He was the god of the common people within the heathen community. His name gives rise to the modern Thursday ("Thunor's Day").
Fríge is the goddess of love, and is the wife of Woden. She is one of the most powerful Goddesses, this position being threatened only by Freya. Her day is Friday but there is also the belief that Friday is named for Freya instead.
Tiw is the god of warfare and battle, and gives us Tuesday ("Tiu's day"). Some people believe that he is a sky-god figure and formerly the chief god, replaced over the years by Woden.
The Wen.
Ingui Fréy was one of the most popular Gods, after Thunor and Woden - there is evidence to suggest that Ingui was the most popular of the Anglo-Saxon deities, his cult later being replaced in popularity by that of the Ese. He is above all the god of fertility, bringing and fruitfulness to the crops, herds, and the folk. Though he is a fertility god, he is also connected to warfare to a degree; however, this warfare is defensive, as opposed to offensive, and is not to create havoc. After all, peace is necessary for a good harvest and a productive community, while needless warfare destroys any prospect of peace and fruitfulness. The Yngling royal line of Sweden claimed descent from him.
Freya, or Freo, is said to be the most beautiful of all the goddesses, and is therefore described as the goddess of love. She is not to be mistaken with Frige, however; Frigga's is love and marriage. It is likely that Freya directed Woden's Waelcyrge onto the battlefield to claim the dead soldiers. Like her brother, Fréy, she is connected to abundance and wealth; however, her wealth is in metals and gems. She is also a goddess of magic, having taught Woden "seithr".
Neorth is Frey and Freya's father, and is the god of the seas and commerce. He is called upon by fishermen and sailors who depend upon good seas. Like his son and daughter, his realm is that of wealth; namely, the wealth of the sea. He married the giantess Sceadu, though the marriage was not successful as neither of them could accept the other's element; Sceadu his sea, and Neorth her mountains.
Other Gods and Heroes.
Hengest and Horsa, who are named in historical sources as leaders of the earliest Anglo-Saxon raids and settlements in the south, may also had deific status. The name Hengest means "stallion" and Horsa means "horse"; the horse in the Anglo-Saxon mythology is an important symbol.
Wayland is a mythic smith. Originally, he was an elvish being, a shape-changer like his wife, a swan maiden and Waelcyrge. His picture adorns the Franks Casket, an Anglo-Saxon royal box and was meant there to refer to wealth and partnership.
Eorthe, whose name means "Earth," is the wife of Woden and mother of Thunor. She is also the daughter of the Goddess Niht. Her worship is generally passive, as opposed to active, though she is called on for "might and main." Her latent strength can be seen in her son, Thunor.
Eostre, according to St. Bede, was a Goddess whose feast was celebrated in Spring. Bede asserts that the current Christian festival of Easter took its name from the Goddess's feast in "Eostur-monath" (April/Aprilis).
Niht is the Goddess of Night, and also the mother of Eorthe. The Norse night was the daughter of Narvi. She was married three times; the first to Naglfari by whom she had Aud; the second, to Annar by whom she had Eorthe; and the third to Dellinger Daeg.
Sigel is the Goddess of the Sun. Her day is, of course, Sunday.
Practices.
Since Anglo-Saxon religion a subset of Germanic paganism in general, many of its central practices are also shared by other religions such as the religion of the Norse peoples.
Modern Influence.
The Germanic gods have affected elements of every day western life in most countries that speak Germanic languages. An example is some of the names of the days of the week. Most of the days of the week were named after Roman gods in Latin (named after "Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus, Saturn"). The names for Tuesday through Friday were replaced with Germanic versions of the Roman gods. In English, Saturn was not replaced. Saturday is named after the sabbath in German, and is called "washing day" in Scandinavia. Sunday and Monday are named after the Sun (or "Sunne" in Old English) and the Moon ("Mōna" in Old English).
Also, many place names such as Woodway House, Wansdyke, Thundersley and Frigedene are named after the old deities of the English people.

Hengest and Horsa
Hengest (d. 488?) was a semi-legendary ruler of Kent in southeast England. His name is Anglo-Saxon for "stallion". Horsa, Hengest's brother, was a 5th century warrior who took part in the settlement of Britain.

1978 FIFA World Cup
The 1978 FIFA World Cup was a football (soccer) sporting event that was held in Argentina in 1978. Argentina won the trophy after beating Holland in the final.

Holly Beach, Louisiana
Holly Beach, also known as the "Cajun Riviera", is a coastal town in the state of Louisiana, United States in Cameron Parish. It is located 10 miles west of Cameron and 12 miles east of Johnson Bayou.

Wayland
Wayland was the Germanic god of blacksmiths. In Anglo-Saxon writing, he appears in "Deor", "Waldere" and in "Beowulf" and the legend is shown on the Franks Casket.
Wayland is connected with Wayland's Smithy, a burial mound in Oxfordshire. This was named by the Saxons, but it was there before them. The place has a superstition that says that if a horse is left there overnight with a small silver coin ("groat"), it would have new shoes by morning.

1982 FIFA World Cup
The 1982 FIFA World Cup was a football (soccer) sporting event that was held in Spain in 1982. Italy won the trophy after beating Germany in the final.

Sporting event
A sporting event is when athletes play games or matches to compete (often on teams) or otherwise show off their abilities in athletics.

Penance
Penance is repentance of sins, as well as the name of the Catholic Sacrament of Penance and Reconciliation/Confession. The word "penance" comes from the Latin "poenitentia", the same root as penitence, which in English means repentance, the desire to be forgiven, see contrition; in many languages there is only one single word for it. Penance and repentance were similar in their original sense. After the controversy about the merits of "faith" and "good works" they are seen as conflicting views.

Repentance
Repentance means that a person wants to get rid of the sin that it has committed. In some cases, individuals or nations repent of their sins and are spared God's judgment. Sometimes the punishment avoided is destruction in this life, sometimes it is damnation.
If repentance is successful one speaks of salvation.

Repentance (disambiguation)
Repentance is an act recognized in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.

11 Parthenope
11 Parthenope is a big, bright Main belt asteroid.
Parthenope was found by Annibale de Gasparis on May 11, 1850, the second of his nine asteroid discoveries. It was named after one of the Sirens in Greek mythology, said to have founded the city of Naples. De Gasparis "used his utmost endeavours to realise a 'Parthenope' in the heavens, such being the name suggested by Sir John Herschel on the occasion of the discovery of "Hygeia" in 1849".
There has been one seen occultation by Parthnope, on February 13, 1987.

Southern All Stars
Southern All Stars are a popular rock music group from Kanagawa, Japan. They got their start in the 1970's, playing music related to surfing and the beach.

12 Victoria
12 Victoria is a big Main belt asteroid.
It was found by J. R. Hind on September 13, 1850.
Victoria is officially named after the Roman goddess of victory, but the name also honours Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom. The goddess Victoria (Nike for the Greeks) was the daughter of Styx by the Titan Pallas. The coincidence with the name of the then-reigning queen caused quite a controversy at the time, and B. A. Gould, editor of the prestigious Astronomical Journal, adopted the alternate name Clio (now used by 84 Klio), proposed by the discoverer. However, W. C. Bond, of the Harvard College Observatory, then the highest authority on astronomy in America, held that the mythological condition was fulfilled and the name therefore acceptable, and his opinion eventually prevailed.
Radar and speckle interferometry observations show that the shape of Victoria is stretched, and it is suspected to be a binary asteroid.
Victoria has been seen to occult stars 3 times.

Asian Kung-Fu Generation
Asian Kung-Fu Generation (アジアン・カンフー・ジェネレーション, Ajian Kanfū Jenerēshon) is a Japanese pop-rock band signed by Ki/oon Records, a subsidiary of Sony Music Entertainment Japan.

Agamidae
Agamidae are a scaled reptile family. It contains about 350 species in about 50 genera. Agamids usually have scaly bodies, well-developed legs, and a moderately long tail; average body size ranges from 10 to 15 cm (4 to 6 inches), and the tail is 20 to 30 cm (8 to 12 inches) long, though the family varies widely.

Kanjani∞
Kanjani Eight (関ジャニ∞, "kanjani eito", or Kanjani∞) is a Japanese music group. The group is made of eight men. The group was made in 2002, and their first CD was released in 2004.
Members.
This list contains the names and birth dates of group members

13 Egeria
13 Egeria is a big Main belt asteroid.
It was found by A. de Gasparis on November 2, 1850, and was named by Urbain J. J. Le Verrier, whose computations led to the discovery of Neptune. Egeria was a goddess (other sources say a nymph) of Aricia, in Italy, and the wife of Numa Pompilius, second king of Rome.
Egeria occulted a star on January 8, 1992. The former's disc was found to be quite round (217×196 km).

The Gazette (band)
is a Japanese rock band. They are a part of the visual kei movement. The band formed in early 2002 and is currently signed to PS Company and King Records.
Biography.
In March of 2002, Ruki, Uruha, and Reita (all former band mates), and Aoi and Yune (also former band mates) formed a band under the name Gazette. Originally signed to Matina, they released their first single, "Wakaremichi", and a video release in April. By September they had released two more singles and another video, headlining a show for the first time in October.
In early 2003, Yune decided to leave the band, and he was replaced by Kai. Shortly after, they signed with the PS Company label, and in May released their first EP, "Cockayne Soup". They started their first tour, with the band Hanamuke, and along with the tour, the bands collaborated on two songs. A second tour followed with the band Vidoll, and the bands were featured together on the November issue of "Cure", a magazine focusing on Visual Kei bands.
In early December they played a co-headlining show with Deadman. On December 28 they performed at "Fool's Mate" magazine's Beauti-fool's Fest which was later released on DVD.
On January 16, 2004 they recorded a solo performance at the Shibuya-AX, which was released on DVD as "Tokyo saihan ~Judgement Day~". On March 30, 2004 they released their "Madara" mini-album, which reached #2 on the Oricon Indie Charts. Madara was followed in May by a companion DVD, which included six music videos and an in-the-studio documentary. The same month, Gazette was featured in Shoxx magazine's "Expect Rush III", a catalogue of independent Visual Kei artists. A second live DVD, "Heisei Banka", was released in August. During September and October they toured with fellow PS Company bands Kra and BIS. Their debut album, "Disorder", was released in October, and made it to the top 5 of the indies Oricon Daily Charts.
The band spent the remainder of 2004 and 2005 touring extensively, releasing "Gama" (another mini album) in August.
In 2005 the band released their first major label single, "Cassis", in December.
Starting 2006 with a name change—from Japanese characters to a romanized script—they released "Nil", their second full-length album, on February 8, 2006, and embarked on another Japanese tour, ending at the venue "Nippon Budokan". That July, The Gazette performed at the Beethovenhalle in Bonn, Germany, their first show outside of Asia. The concerts were arranged in conjunction with the AnimagiC anime and manga convention.
Three more singles were released followed by another studio album, "Stacked Rubbish" on July 4, 2007. It reached #2 on the Oricon charts within a day from the release. The album debut was followed by a promotional tour from July through September. In October, The Gazette started their first European tour stopping England, Finland, France, and Germany.
A new single called "Guren" will be released on February 13, 2008.

Exile (Japanese band)
EXILE (エグザイル, Eguzairu?) is a 7-member Japanese pop music band.The perfoemers of this group are Hiro, Makidai, Matsu, Usa and Akira. The vocalists of this group are Atsushi and Takahiro.
See also.
Exile is a Japanese band. This group is made up of 7 members. This group is popular in Japan.

Sling
A sling is a type of weapon which involves swinging a rock round to gain speed before throwing it. The sling is an ancient weapon which was used in the Roman Empire.

AnCafe
An Cafe (or Antic Cafe) is a Japanese pop/rock band formed in 2003 and signed to the independent label Loop Ash. They have been described as a visual kei band. As of 2007, the group has released two full-length albums, an EP and several singles. An Cafe recently received two new members, original guitarist Bou being replaced by Takuya and Yuuki joining on keyboard.
Endorsements.
An Cafe has been a long time supporter and endorser of popular Japanese fashion label Sex Pot Revenge, as they are frequently seen wearing clothing from that label. They have appeared on the cover of company's free magazine, "V!nyl Syndicate".
International recognition.
An Cafe has gained moderate success in not only Japan, but Europe, mainland Asia (Korea, China) and the United States.

Arashi
Arashi (嵐 in Japanese text, meaning "Storm") is a five-member Japanese boy band. They made their debut on September 15, 1999 in Honolulu, Hawaii on a Cruise Boat. They come from the famous Johnny's Entertainment production group. The five members are Satoshi Ohno, Sho Sakurai, Masaki Aiba, Jun Matsumoto, and Kazunari Ninomiya. Their first single was “A-ra-shi”. On October, 2008 they released the single "Beautiful Days" from a TV drama which stars one member, Kazunari Ninomiya. On November, 2008, the song topped music charts in Japan.

Kobukuro
Kobukuro is a Japanese male pop band.
The name.
The name is a mix of the two members' family names, Kentaro Kobuchi and Shunsuke Kuroda.
Origins.
In 1998, the two met each other in Sakai and formed Kobukuro.
Albums.
Kobukuro received moderately successful ratings for their first three indie albums - ' (July 1999), "Root of My Mind" (March 2001), and 'ANSWER' (December 2000). Kobukuro signed with Warner Music Japan in 2001, and made their debut with the hit single, "Yell" which reached #4 on the Oricon Charts. Their newest album is called "5296" (December 2007).

Home Made Kazoku
Home Made Kazoku is a Japanese hip-hop band, formed in 1996. The members of the band are Micro, Kuro and founding member, DJ U-Ichi. They were very famous, and some of their famous songs include "Thank You".

Kiroro
"Kiroro" is a Japanese music group. The group is made up of two female singers. They are from Okinawa, Japan. Members were: Chiharu Tamashiro and Ayano Kinjou. Chiharu Tamashiro is the vocal. Ayano Kinjou plays piano.

Ai Kawashima
Ai Kawashima (born February 21, 1986 in Fukuoka City, Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan) is a Japan singer-songwriter. Her music was used as an opening theme of Japanese popular television program "Ainori".
She had a dream of becoming a singer since she was a child. Now she is singing for her mother and people who listen to her song, wishing world peace. Her famous song include "My love" and "Asuhenotobira"

Greeeen
Greeeen or The Green is a japanese J-pop group. The group released their first album in 2007.
Members.
GReeeeN is a group of 4 singers: HIDE, SOH, 92 and navi.

Misato Watanabe
(born 12 July 1966, Tokyo, Japan) is a female Japanese popular music artist.

Cocco
Cocco (born January 19, 1977) is a Japanese singer. in Naha, Okinawa as Satoko Makishi

V6 (band)
V6 is a six people band from Japan. The members are Sakamoto, Morita, Inohara, Miyake, Okada and Nagano. The group is well known outside of Japan. Their sound is very similar of many American pop acts but sung in Japanese.

Metis (reggae artist)
Metis (born March 28, 1984) is a Japanese reggae singer. She is from Hiroshima. She has released one album, "ONE LOVE". Her most famous song is "Umehasaitaka Sakurahamadakaina".

Kagrra,
is a Japanese rock band and part of the country's visual kei movement. It was originally signed to the now defunct Key Party Records under the name "Crow". The group changed its name when it signed to Free-Will's PS Company division. They have since released several albums, EPs and singles, along with multiple video releases.

Bonnie Pink
Bonnie Pink (born April 16, 1973 in Kyoto,Japan) is a Japanese singer. She debuted in 1995. She writes and composes all her songs, and plays guitar and piano. Her most famous song is "A Perfect Sky".

Aya Matsuura
Aya Matsuura (松浦亜弥"Matsuura Aya", born June 25, 1986) is a female Japanese singer, idol, actress, TV performer. She belong to "Hello!Project" and U"P-FRONT AGENCY Co". She was born and raised in Himeji Hyogo, group type B blood. Her nickname is "Ayaya".
Singles.
Theme song of "Hamtaro the Movie 4" (2004-11-26)

RADWIMPS
RADWIMPS (also known as RAD) is a rock music group, that started in 2001.

Aqua Timez
Aqua Timez is a Japanese Pop band signed to Sony Music of Japan. This group is made up of 5 members. This group was formed in 2000. Members are Futoshi, OKP-STAR, Daisuke, mayuko and TASHHI.

WaT
is a Japanese Pop duo. The members of the group are Wentz Eiji (ウエンツ瑛士) and Koike Teppei (小池徹平).

14 Irene
14 Irene is a very big Main belt asteroid.
14 Irene was found by J. R. Hind on May 19, 1851, and named after Eirene, a personification of peace in Greek mythology. She was one of the Horae, daughter of Zeus and Themis. The name was suggested by Sir John Herschel. Hind wrote,
The "Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations" in the Crystal Palace of Hyde Park, London ran from May 1 until October 18, 1851.
Hind suggested that the symbol for the asteroid should be "A dove carrying an olive-branch, with a star on its head", but an actual drawing of the symbol was never made before the use of graphical symbols to represent asteroids was no longer used.
There have been four reported stellar occultations by Irene.

Steve Allen
Stephen Valentine Patrick William Allen (born 1920 - died 2000), best known as Steve Allen, was an American comedian, musician, and talk show host.
Allen introduced many new celebrities and performers on his shows, including Jerry Lee Lewis and Jack Kerouac. He also recorded an album with Kerouac, with Kerouac reading poetry and Allen playing piano with a jazz combo.
He was the first host of "The Tonight Show", who was replaced by Johnny Carson and later Jay Leno. Allen played himself in an all-star comedy movie, "Amazon Women on the Moon".

Lollipop
Lollipops are available in a variety of flavours, particularly fruit flavours. In Europe, especially the Nordic countries, Germany and the Netherlands, salty-liquorice or salmiak () flavoured lollipops are also available, but these are largely unknown in other parts of the world. With numerous companies producing lollipops, the candy now comes in dozens of flavors and many different shapes. They range from small ones which can be bought by the hundred and are often given away for free at banks, barbershops, etc., to very large ones made out of candy canes twisted into a circle.
Some lollipops contain fillings, such as bubble gum or soft candy.
Some lollipops have been marketed for use as diet aids, although their effectiveness is untested, and anecdotal cases of weight loss may be due to the power of suggestion.

2007 Formula One season
The 2007 Formula One season was the 58th edition of the championship. The champion was Kimi Raikkonen in the close battle. Ferrari won the constructor's championship, after McLaren lost all of their points after a decision by the FIA
Teams and drivers.
The following teams and drivers participated in the 2007 Formula One season. Drivers are numbered as per the official FIA 2007 entry list. All team details are as per the, except where noted. Note that there is no driver number 13 as per the historical tradition.
1 All engines conform to the Formula One 2.4L V8 specifications introduced in 2006.
² Test drivers in bold have taken part in Friday practices during Grand Prix weekends
New car launches.
The following teams launched their 2007 entries as below.

2006 Formula One season
The 2006 Formula One season was the 57th edition of the championship. The champion was Fernando Alonso in a close battle. Renault won the constructor's championship.
Drivers and constructors.
The following teams and drivers competed in the 2006 FIA Formula One World Championship.
Team changes.
Four prominent names in the sport disappeared for this season, with Minardi, Sauber, BAR and Jordan withdrawing, and one new team, Super Aguri entered at the last moment.
The Sauber name remained, although largely as a sentiment, as BMW owned 80% of the team to Peter Sauber's 20%. Jordan became MF1 Racing, as Midland started afresh after a disappointing first season under the Jordan name. Late in the season, the team was bought by Spyker. Honda, who already owned a 45% stake in the BAR team, completed their takeover of the team and changed its name to Honda Racing F1 Team at the start of the season.
Super Aguri F1 also entered their first season after having problems entering. They received backing from Honda Racing F1 including technology and engines, due to them running Honda driver Takuma Sato.
Williams introduced numerous changes for 2006, particularly changing to Cosworth V8 engines after they and BMW split. Red Bull Racing (RBR) had Ferrari engines, replacing the Cosworth power which gained them seventh in the standings in 2005. Williams and Toyota changed tyre suppliers to Bridgestone, due to Michelin's desire to supply fewer teams in the championship. Despite this Toro Rosso who under the Minardi name ran Bridgestone tyres switched to Michelin in line with parent team RBR.
Driver changes.
At The Start of the Season
Results and standings.
In the 2006 Formula One calendar the Australian Grand Prix was put back to a few weeks to avoid a clash with the 2006 Commonwealth Games. For the first time, Bahrain hosted the first Grand Prix. Brazil hosted the last race and Japan and China swapped their original dates.
Drivers.
(*) Driver did not finish the race but was classified, having raced more than 90% of race distance.

2005 Formula One season
The 2005 Formula One season was the 56th edition of the championship. The champion was Fernando Alonso in the close battle. Renault won the constructor's championship.
Drivers and constructors.
The following teams and drivers were competitors in the 2005 FIA Formula One World Championship.
Driver changes.
The most noticeable change to the 2005 season was its driver lineup — only 7 drivers raced for the same team with which they began the 2004 season, another 7 drivers switched to new teams.
Team changes.
Red Bull Racing, which took over the Jaguar team, ran with Cosworth engines. Red Bull's lead driver is veteran Scotsman David Coulthard, paired with Christian Klien, the '04 Jaguar driver. Red Bull performed well, scoring 11 points after the first two events. Toyota-powered Jordan Grand Prix was purchased by Midland Group, although the team continued as Jordan until 2006. Sauber switched from Bridgestone to Michelin tyres over the winter, further severing their ties with the Ferrari team.
Shortly after the United States Grand Prix, Peter Sauber sold BMW a majority share in his Sauber team, which announced its intention to run as BMW's factory team in 2006.
Results and standings.
The 2005 Formula One calendar featured a new event in Turkey, just miles from the Europe-Asia dividing line. The newly-built circuit in Istanbul joined the 2004 newcomers Bahrain and China. The 2005 season witnessed two of the hottest grands prix ever: the track temperature at the beginning of the Malaysian event was 51°C (124°F), while in Bahrain the mercury soared past 56°C (133°F).

2004 Formula One season
The 2004 Formula One season was the 55th edition of the championship. The champion was Michael Schumacher after dominated all the season. Ferrari won the constructor's championship.

2003 Formula One season
The 2003 Formula One season was the 54th edition of the championship. The champion was Michael Schumacher in a close battle. Ferrari won the constructor's championship.

2002 Formula One season
The 2002 Formula One season was the 53rd edition of the championship. The champion was Michael Schumacher after he dominated all season. Ferrari won the constructor's championship.

2001 Formula One season
The 2001 Formula One season was the 52th edition of the championship. The champion was Michael Schumacher after dominated all the season. Ferrari won the constructor's championship.
Drivers and constructors.
The following teams and drivers competed in the 2001 FIA Formula One World Championship.

2000 Formula One season
The 2000 Formula One season was the 51th edition of the championship. The champion was Michael Schumacher in a close battle. Ferrari won the constructor's championship.
Drivers and constructors.
The following teams and drivers competed in the 2000 FIA Formula One World Championship.

1999 Formula One season
The 1999 Formula One season was the 50th edition of the championship. The champion was Mika Hakkinen in a close battle. Ferrari won the constructor's championship.
Drivers and constructors.
The following teams and drivers competed in the 1999 FIA Formula One World Championship.

1998 Formula One season
The 1998 Formula One season was the 47th edition of the championship. The champion was Mika Häkkinen in a close battle. Mclaren won the constructor's championship.
Drivers and constructors.
The following teams and drivers competed in the 1998 FIA Formula One World Championship.
† All engines were 3.0 litre, V10 configuration.

1997 Formula One season
The 1997 Formula One season was the 48th edition of the championship. The champion was Jacques Villeneuve in a close battle. Williams won the constructor's championship.

1996 Formula One season
The 1996 Formula One season was the 47th edition of the championship. The champion was Damon Hill in a close battle. Williams won the constructor's championship.

1995 Formula One season
The 1995 Formula One season was the 46th edition of the championship. The champion was Michael Schumacher in a close battle. Benneton won the constructor's championship.

1994 Formula One season
The 1994 Formula One season was the 45th edition of the championship. The champion was Michael Schumacher in a close battle. Williams won the constructor's championship.

1993 Formula One season
The 1993 Formula One season was the 44th edition of the championship. The champion was Alain Prost in a close battle. Williams won the constructor's championship.

1992 Formula One season
The 1992 Formula One season was the 43th edition of the championship. The champion was Nigel Mansell in a close battle. Williams won the constructors championship.

1991 Formula One season
The 1991 Formula One season was the 42th edition of the championship. The champion was Ayrton Senna in a close battle. Mclaren won the constructors championship.

1990 Formula One season
The 1990 Formula One season was the 41st edition of the championship. The champion was Ayrton Senna in a close battle. Mclaren won the constructors' championship.

1950 Formula One season
The 1950 Formula One season was the first edition of the championship. The champion was Giussepe Farina in a close battle.
Non-Championship race results.
Other Formula One races, which did not count towards the World Championship, also held in 1950.

1951 Formula One season
The 1951 Formula One season was the second edition of the championship. The champion was Juan Manuel Fangio in a close battle.
Non-Championship race results.
Other Formula One races, which did not count towards the World Championship, also held in 1951.

1952 Formula One season
The 1952 Formula One season was the third of the championship. The champion was Alberto Ascari in a close battle.
Non-Championship race results.
Formula One/Two Grand Prix races, which did not count towards the World Championship, also held in 1952.

1953 Formula One season
The 1953 Formula One season was the 4th of the championship. The champion was Alberto Ascari in a close battle.
Non-Championship race results.
Formula One/Two races also held in 1953, which did not count towards the World Championship.

1954 Formula One season
The 1954 Formula One season was the 5th edition of the championship. The champion was Juan Manuel Fangio in a close battle.
Non-Championship race results.
Other Formula One races also held in 1954, which did not count towards the World Championship.

1955 Formula One season
The 1955 Formula One season was the 6th of the championship. The champion was Juan Manuel Fangio in a close battle.
Non-Championship race results.
Other Formula One races also held in 1955, which did not count towards the World Championship.

1956 Formula One season
The 1956 Formula One season was the 7th of the championship. The champion was Juan Manuel Fangio in a close battle.

1957 Formula One season
The 1957 Formula One season was the 8th of the championship. The champion was Juan Manuel Fangio in a close battle.

1958 Formula One season
The 1958 Formula One season was the 9th of the championship. The champion was Mike Hawthorn in a close battle.

1959 Formula One season
The 1959 Formula One season was the 9th of the championship. The champion was Jack Brabham in a close battle.

1960 Formula One season
The 1960 Formula One season was the 10th of the championship. The champion was Jack Brabham in a close battle.

1961 Formula One season
The 1961 Formula One season saw Phil Hill crowned as champion.

1962 Formula One season
The 1962 Formula One season saw Graham Hill crowned as champion.

1963 Formula One season
The 1963 Formula One season crowned as champion Jim Clark.

1964 Formula One season
The 1964 Formula One season crowned as champion John Surtees.

1965 Formula One season
The 1965 Formula One season crowned as champion Jim Clark.

1966 Formula One season
The 1966 Formula One season crowned as champion Jack Brabham.

1967 Formula One season
The 1967 Formula One season crowned as champion Denny Hulme.

1968 Formula One season
The 1968 Formula One season crowned as champion Graham Hill.

1969 Formula One season
The 1969 Formula One season crowned as champion Jackie Stewart.

1970 Formula One season
The 1970 Formula One season crowned as champion Jochen Rindt.

1971 Formula One season
The 1971 Formula One season crowned as champion Jackie Stewart.

1972 Formula One season
The 1972 Formula One season crowned as champion Emerson Fittipaldi.

1973 Formula One season
The 1973 Formula One season crowned as champion Jackie Stewart.

1974 Formula One season
The 1974 Formula One season crowned as champion Emerson Fittipaldi.

1975 Formula One season
The 1975 Formula One season saw Niki Lauda crowned as champion.

1976 Formula One season
The 1976 Formula One season crowned as champion as James Hunt.
Season review.
The Driver's championship was won by James Hunt from Niki Lauda, who had to miss several races as a result of an injury sustained in a crash at the German Grand Prix.

1977 Formula One season
The 1977 Formula One season crowned as champion Niki Lauda.

1978 Formula One season
The 1978 Formula One season crowned as champion Mario Andretti.

1979 Formula One season
The 1979 Formula One season crowned as champion Jody Scheckter.

1980 Formula One season
The 1980 Formula One season was the 31th of the championship. The champion was Alan Jones in a close battle.

1981 Formula One season
The 1981 Formula One season was the 32th of the championship. The champion was Nelson Piquet in a close battle.

1982 Formula One season
The 1982 Formula One season was 33th championship. The champion was Keke Rosberg in a close battle.

1983 Formula One season
The 1983 Formula One season was the 34th of the championship. The champion was Nelson Piquet in a close battle.

1984 Formula One season
The 1984 Formula One season was the 35th of the championship. The champion was Niki Lauda in a close battle.

1985 Formula One season
The 1985 Formula One season was the 36th of the championship. The champion was Alain Prost in a close battle.

1986 Formula One season
The 1986 Formula One season was the 37th of the championship. The champion was Alain Prost in a close battle.

1987 Formula One season
The 1987 Formula One season was the 38th of the championship. The champion was Nelson Piquet in a close battle.

1988 Formula One season
The 1988 Formula One season was the 39th of the championship. The champion was Ayrton Senna in a close battle.
Drivers & Constructors.
The following drivers and constructors competed in the 1988 season

1989 Formula One season
The 1989 Formula One season was the 40th of the championship. The champion was Alain Prost in a close battle.

Lamar, Texas
Lamar is a small community in Aransas County, Texas, ten miles north of Rockport and forty miles north of Corpus Christi. Like the (otherwise unconnected) Lamar County it was named for Mirabeau B. Lamar, the second president of the Republic of Texas.

Sukima switch
is a J-pop duo. The groups members are Takuya Ōhashi (May 9, 1978) and Shintarō Tokita (February 25, 1978). Ōhashi is the singer for the group. He also plays the guitar and harmonica. Tokita plays piano and keyboard. Their style is very heavily-jazz influenced.

Qi Yuwu
Qi Yuwu (Chinese: 戚玉武; pinyin: Qī Yùwǔ; born November 28, 1976) is a television and movie actor. Qi was born in Guangzhou, China. He grew up in Singapore.
Early life.
Qi was a Physical Education major graduate. He was the winner the "China Round" of Asian Star Search1999, Singapore's regional talent search contest. He also won "Mr. Personality". Before signing to MediaCorp Studios, he was a model. He had also played the lead part in a Guangzhou television serial.
Television.
In 2004, 2005 and 2006, Qi was selected as one of the "Top 10 Most Popular Male Artiste" on the annual Star Awards. He was also nominated for the "Best Actor" award in Star Awards 2004 for the drama series, "Room In My Heart" and Star Awards 2006 for the drama series, "C.I.D".
In 2006, he was expected to win the Best Actor award for his acting in "C.I.D" but he lost out to long-time actor Li Nanxing. After which, Li Nan Xing said that he was he did not think that he would win because he had been watching "C.I.D" and though Qi's acting was better.
A natural actor, Yuwu was cast with regional actors in his first television series, "Master Swordsman Lu Xiao Feng". This was followed by "Dare To Strike", another blockbuster co-production with Hong Kong actors.
Movies.
Though being new in the movie industry, he already has many fans and an official fan club. He was the first MediaCorp star to start a successful movie career.
His notable roles were in "My Genie" as Zhang Tai Ping, "The Champion" as Lu Kai Wei, "C.I.D" as Tang Si Wei and "The Peak" as Chen Tian Jun.
In 2007, Qi starred in the movies "The Leap Years" (also called "Leap of Love") with Wong Lilin, Ananda Everingham and Joan Chen; "The Home Song Stories", again with Joan Chen; and "881" by Royston Tan, with Yeo Yann Yann. He also made a guest appearance in the movie "Protege", acting with Louis Khoo and Daniel Wu.
He has said in an interview that he will be doing more movies in 2008 and will take a break from television work.

Nigel Barker
Nigel Barker (born April 27, 1972 in London, England) is a fashion photographer most popular for appearing on America's Next Top Model since Cycle 2. He is still a judge and the 2nd main judge (only after Tyra Banks). Barker is a married man.
America's Next Top Model.
Barker has been a judge on television show America's Next Top Model since Cycle 2, which premiered in 2004. He is currently a permanent judge and will appear in the upcoming Cycle 10, to premiere on February 2008. He is memorably known for being offended by several contestants, especially winners.
Cycle 7.
- Barker was offended by contestant CariDee English when she made a joke that he had stuck a stick inside his anus. English later apologized to Barker during judging, having written a letter that she read out. Barker forgave her but still made her enter the bottom two to teach her a lesson.
Cycle 9.
Barker is supportive of Saleisha Stowers, a contestant that eventually became the winner. There have been rumours on the forum of the show that Stowers slept with Barker so that he would put in good words for her in front of Tyra.

Simpleton
A simpleton is a person who is stupid and understands only very simple things. In this sense, the word can also be used offensively: "he is simple" is almost as strong as saying "he is stupid".

Comedy-drama
Comedy-drama, also called dramedy, is a style of television and movies when there are equal amounts of both humor and seriousness.
Theatre.
Traditional theatre was separated from its earliest days into comedy and tragedy. Authors such as Anton Chekov and George Bernard Shaw famously blurred the line between comedy and drama.
Early television.
In live theatre the difference between comedy and tragedy became less and less significant, in mass media, comedy and drama were clearly separated. Comedies, especially, were meant to only have jokes and not any serious content.
By the early 1960s, television had started to present half-hour long "comedy" series, or one hour long "dramas." Half-hour series were mostly situation comedy or family comedy. One hour dramas could have detective series, westerns and science fiction.
Drama-comedy on television today.
A drama-comedy today is usually an hour-long dramatic series with funny jokes such as "Moonlighting", "Northern Exposure", "Auf Wiedersehen, Pet", "Buffy the Vampire Slayer", "Eureka", "Life on Mars", "House", "Desperate Housewives", "Charmed", "Popular", "Skins", "Monk", "Psych", "Gilmore Girls", "The O.C.", "Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip", "Ally McBeal", "Ugly Betty", "Brothers & Sisters", "Grey's Anatomy" or "Boston Legal".

Petronas Twin Towers
The Petronas Twin Towers are two very tall skyscrapers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. They were the tallest buildings in the world until 2004, but still remain the tallest twin buildings. Each tower has 88 floors and they are connected by a sky-bridge between the 41st and 42nd floors. It is an office building.

Contrabass trombone
The Contrabass Trombone is the lowest sounding trombone used in music today. It sometimes has a double slide, meaning that the slide tube wraps twice instead of once, as is usual on the tenor trombone.

Bass trombone
The Bass Trombone is the second lowest sounding trombone used in music today. It has an "F Trigger", meaning that there is a valve near the bell (opening) of the trombone that lets you play the lower bass notes.
Well apperantly since not many people can explain much on the bass trombone, I will have to, here you go.
The bass trombone is a step lower than the starter trombone.(Tenor trombone) By step I mean in musical pitch terms. The reason most people don't start using the bass trombone is because it is a bit more advanced than the starter trombone. One of the main reasons it is harder to use is because most bass's use a series of triggers that lower your pitch. This makes it difficult because it can confuse you with what positions plus the combination of triggers to use. But it also harder to play higher notes that come easily on the tenor trombone. But luckily the Bass trombone is not just a hard instrument to play. It also has very good points too. Most advanced bands will have at least one bass trombone because the bass trombone has a very rich tone and can easily play along in a pitch with the tuba players. Along with being such a low instrument it also gives the musician playing it the ability to use a larger mouthpiece. I cannot specify the exact average dimensions of a bass trombone mouthpiece but i can tell you that, it has a wider shank, (long part that goes into slide) and a larger cup, (part that you put your mouth on). Unfortunately not many people have the courage and will to play the bass trombone, but for those who do i must say you are awesome. As I wrote earlier the bass trombone usually will have a trigger(s). what a trigger does is it can be used as a short cut for positions like in example, playing a C natural in 1st position instead of playing a Bb in first position. This basically lets you use a few short cuts than can really save you some effort when playing a fast song because playing C in 1st is a lot easier tan playing it in 6th. Now that is all i am going to say on the bass trombone, i would normally go into how awesome/amazing they are but apparently wikipedia doesn't like that very much. --Patrick Redmond 747 (talk) 15:52, 17 January 2009 (UTC) Patrick Redmond, the awesome trombone man

Ponce, Puerto Rico
Ponce is the second largest city in Puerto Rico outside of the San Juan metropolitan area. It is located in the southern part of the island and has a population of 186,475. It is also called "La Perla del Sur" (The Pearl of the South) and "La Ciudad Señorial de Puerto Rico" (Majestic city of Puerto Rico).
The city was named after Juan Ponce de León y Loayza, the grandson of Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de León.

Global Positioning System
Global Positioning System, also known as GPS, is a system of satellites in space which are circling the Earth.
It is one of three different satellite systems to help people find out where they are. This system sends and receives microwave signals to a receiver on Earth (called a GPS receiver) and tells the person holding the receiver where they are on Earth, whether they are moving or not (like traveling in a ship or auto), how fast they are moving, and what direction they are going.
The system has more than 24 satellites circling the Earth, all of them working together to tell people where they are.
The system was created by the Department of Defense of the United States (U.S.). In the beginning, it was only used by the U.S. military, but in 1983 President Ronald Reagan made an order to allow anyone to use the system.
GPS is commonly used in cars, cell phones, and GPS receivers.

Transmitter
Transmitter is a electronic device or tool which sends or receives a signal through electromagnetic radiation. It is used by people to communicate. Transmitter sizes can be very small for people to use or wear, or can be as big as a building.

Layla
Layla is a song by Derek and the Dominos. The song first appeared on the album "Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs". This song clocks in at 7 minutes and 4 seconds, and it is split into two sections. The first section has the unmistakable guitar riff, which has two parts to it. The first part is played on a Brownie guitar by Eric Clapton. The next part that comes in is played on a Gibson Les Paul by Duane Allman. Clapton also sings the lead vocals. Bobby Whitlock sings the backup vocals, and he plays the keyboard. Carl Radle plays the bass, and Jim Gordon plays the drums. He plays the piano part in the second segment, and Clapton and Allman both play slide guitar during the piano exit part. Bobby Whitlock plays an acoustic guitar, which augments the piano. While Led Zeppelin's "Stairway to Heaven" builds from a quiet introduction to a hard rock finale, "Layla" does pretty much the opposite.
This song was dedicated to Pattie Boyd, who was already married to George Harrison. The lyrics have something to do with unrequited love. The song was also named after a fictional character in a movie.

Audit
An audit is an evaluation or examination of something by a person or group of people. They can be made to a person, to a company, to buildings, to systems, to documents and many other things that are used by people.
Audits are made to verify something, like to verify that a person is paying their taxes correctly or to verify that a document is correct.
The most common type of audit are the audits performed on companies and their financial statements, a type of document. In business, many companies inform and report their operations, their money, and their income in financial statements to many people for many reasons. They inform people like banks, governments, investors, and the public, for reasons like getting a loan, paying taxes, getting investments, and improving their public image.

Financial statements
In business, a financial statement is an organized document that includes financial information, like income and transactions, of a person, company, government, or organization. They are used by these people and organizations to make decisions on the subject (the person or organization who the financial statement is about), like to invest in a company.
Balance sheet.
A balance sheet is a financial statement that includes everything the subject owns (called assets and equity) and owes (called liability or debt). For a person, an asset may be their house or car, and their liability may be their mortgage and credit cards.or
It is the statement prepared with a view to measure the financial positon of a business on certain fixed dated.
Income statement.
An income statement is a financial statement that includes the subject's income, expenses and profit. This is also known as a profit and loss account.
Owner's equity.
A statement of owner's equity is a financial statement that includes what part of the subject belongs to the owner, such as the amount of a company that belongs to the investor.
Cash flows.
A statement of cash flows is a financial statement that includes the sources and uses of the subject's cash.

Benson & Hedges
Benson and Hedges were a cigarette manufacturer. The company were bought by the Gallaher Group The name became a brand of the Gallagher. The brand sponsored Formula One racing teams for many years.
In April 2007 Japan Tobacco bought the Gallaher Group.

Royal Warrant
Royal Warrants of Appointment are given by members of the British Royal Family to companies and other people who supply them with goods.
The warrant does not mean that the things are the best, only that the Royal family has been buying then for at least five years.
Only three members of the Royal Family issue warrants now. They are
The Queen Mother also issued royal warrants. They were all expired in 2007, five years after her death
Many royal families in Europe issued similar awards, Sweden still does, but they are for supplying the "Royal Swedish Court", that is the royal palace rather than a named member of the royal family.

Antonio de Cabezón
Antonio de Cabezón (born Castrillo de Matajudios, near Burgos, Spain, 1510; died Madrid, 26 March, 1566) was a Spanish composer and organist of the Renaissance. He was blind from early childhood. He is best known for the music he composed for the organ.
Life.
His parents came from noble families and owned a lot of land. He probably had his first organ lessons at the local church. Then he had more music lessons in Palencia. He probably had organ lessons from the cathedral organist. He never had an official job at the cathedral, but he must have been an excellent student, and his teachers, who had a lot of influence, recommended him to the royal family. In 1526 he became organist to Queen Isabella and played at the Spanish chamber concerts of King Charles V of Spain.
About 1538 he married the daughter of a rich family and he went to live in Avila where his wife came from. They had five children who had important positions at the royal court when they grew up.
After Queen Isabella died he spent all his time working for Prince Philip, who became Philip II. King Philip thought he was the world’s greatest artist except for the painter Titian. He often travelled with the king to countries such as Italy, Germany, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. He influenced many European composers that he met, and they influenced him. When the king moved to Madrid and made it the capital of Spain, Cabezón went there too. He stayed there until his death.
His music.
Cabezón was one of the greatest composers of his time. He was good at writing music which sounded just right for the organ and the clavichord. He used the techniques of other composers of his time, but added some very special effects. Instead of just putting in a lot of ornamentation to make the music interesting, he enjoyed creating tension between harmony and melody.
He wrote "diferencias" (sets of variations) which use Spanish tunes which were often dances such as the folia, pavan and galliard. Many of his organ compositions are called " glosas ". Each one has something very special to say.

Glosa
Glosa is a term that was often used by Spanish musicians in the 16th century to mean: a piece of music which was similar to a set of variations. Composers at that time often wrote collections of glosas. The term is related to the word “gloss”. They were comparing it to gloss (ornamentation) that a poet might put on his poem. They were often on religious themes.
Antonio de Cabezón was an important composer of glosas.
Glosa was also used by Spanish musicians to mean: musical ornamentation. This is the meaning in the title of a famous book of music for viola da gamba and harpsichord by Diego Ortiz called "Trattado de glosas" (1553).

Real property
Real property is a type of property that includes land and buildings and infrastructure in land. It is one of two types of property that one can own, and the other is personal property.

15 Eunomia
15 Eunomia is a very big asteroid in the closer part of the main asteroid belt. It is the biggest of the stony (S-type) asteroids, and somewhere between the 8th to 12th biggest Main Belt asteroid overall (unsure diameters make its ranking unsure). It is also the biggest member of the Eunomia family of asteroids.
Eunomia was found by Annibale de Gasparis on July 29, 1851 and named after Eunomia, one of the Horae (Hours), a personification of order and law in Greek mythology.
Characteristics.
As the biggest S-type asteroid (with 3 Juno being a very close second), Eunomia has attracted a moderate amount of scientific attention. It has a bit over one percent of the mass of the entire main belt.
Eunomia appears to be a stretched but fairly round body, with what appear to be four sides of differing curvature and noticeably different average compositions. Its stretched shape led to the suggestion that Eunomia may be a binary object. However, this has been denied. It is a retrograde rotator with its pole pointing towards ecliptic coordinates (β, λ) = (-65°, 2°) with a 10° uncertainty. This gives an axial tilt of about 165°.
Like other true members of the family, its surface is made up of silicates and some nickel-iron, and is quite bright. Calcium-rich pyroxenes and olivine, along with nickel-iron metal have been detected on Eunomia's surface. Spectroscopic studies suggest that Eunomia has regions made up differently.
Eunomia has been seen occulting stars three times. It has a mean opposition magnitude of +8.5, about equal to the mean brightness of Titan and can reach +7.9 at a near perihelion opposition.

16 Psyche
16 Psyche is a very big Main belt asteroid, well over 200 kilometers in diameter, and likely the biggest of the metallic M-type asteroids. It is estimated to have 0.6 percent of the mass of the entire asteroid belt.
This asteroid was found by Annibale de Gasparis on March 17, 1852 from Naples and named after the Greek nymph Psyche. The first fifteen asteroids to be found were given symbols by astronomers as a type of short-hand notation. In 1851, however, J. F. Encke suggested using a circled number. 16 Psyche was the first new asteroid to be found that was designated with this scheme (in 1852 by J. Ferguson).
Characteristics.
Radar
observations indicate that it is made of iron-nickel. Psyche appears to be a case of an exposed metallic core from a bigger differentiated parent body. Unlike some other M-type asteroids, Psyche shows no sign of the presence of water or water-bearing minerals on its surface, consistent with its interpretation as a metallic body. Small amounts of pyroxene appear to be present.
If Psyche is the core remnant of a bigger parent body, we might expect other asteroids on similar orbits. Psyche does not belong to any asteroid family. One theory is that the collision occurred very early in the solar system's history, and all the other remnants have since been ground into fragments by subsequent collisions or had their orbits perturbed beyond recognition.
Psyche is massive enough that its perturbations on other asteroids can be measured, which enables a mass measurement. Its density is fairly low for metal (although fairly common for asteroids as such), indicating a fairly high porosity of 30–40%.
Psyche appears to have a fairly round surface and is approximately ellipsoidal in shape. Recent lightcurve analysis indicates that its pole points towards either ecliptic coordinates (β, λ) = (-9°, 35°) or (β, λ) = (-2°, 215°) with a 10° uncertainty. This gives an axial tilt of 95°.
Two stellar occultations by Psyche have been seen (from Mexico on March 22, 2002, and another on May 16, 2002). Lightcurve changes indicate a non-spherical body, consistent with the lightcurve and radar results.

Cancún, Quintana Roo
Cancún (pronounced as) is a coastal city in Mexico's easternmost state, Quintana Roo, on the Yucatán Peninsula.

Norman, Oklahoma
Norman, Oklahoma, is the county seat and largest city in Cleveland County in the U.S. state of Oklahoma, and is part of the Oklahoma City Metropolitan Statistical Area. Norman is about 20 miles south of Oklahoma City. Norman is home to James Garner and Toby Keith. The University of Oklahoma is in Norman. Norman was founded in 1889 by Abner Norman. Norman has a very pretty main street. In 2008, Money Magazine said Norman was a very good place to live. Norman has one small airport and a railroad station.

Mid-Atlantic States
The Mid-Atlantic States (also called "Middle Atlantic States" or simply "Middle East") form one of the nine geographic divisions within the United States that are officially recognized by the United States Census Bureau. The division consists of three states: New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania. This definition corresponds with the region's traditional definition as the section of the Atlantic Seaboard between New England and the South. However, many people consider the Mid-Atlantic to be the states south of the Northeast, centered in Delaware, Maryland.
The traditional Mid-Atlantic States comprise the most densely-populated of the nine U.S. regions, and anchor the megalopolis which runs from Boston to Washington, D.C.. The southeastern part of New York State, eastern Pennsylvania, and all of New Jersey combine to form the bulk of the "moral region" of the Metropolis, according to socio-political geographers James Patterson and Peter Kim, co-authors of the 1991 book "The Day America Told The Truth". (Metropolis begins in the southern Connecticut suburbs of New York City and stretches along the Eastern seaboard to the northern Virginia suburbs of Washington, D.C.). The book classifies the remainder of New York State and Pennsylvania in the Rust Belt.

Landfall (meteorology)
Landfall is when a tropical cyclone or waterspout moves over land after being over water. When a tornadic waterspout makes landfall it can be classified as a tornado, and then causes damage to buildings. When a fair weather waterspout makes landfall it quickly dissipates as it loses its energy; the water.
A tropical cyclone is classified as made landfall when the center of the storm moves over land; in tropical cyclones this can be the eye moves over land. This is where most of the damage occurs because whilst the storm is over water there is a minimal chance for damage, except if its rainbands are over land; this can cause severe flooding especially when the system is slow moving or stationary. Effects when a tropical cyclone are; the storm surge peaks, the core of strong winds comes on shore, and heavy flooding rains move over land. These coupled with high surf can cause major beach erosion. In low lying areas the storm surge can stay inland for a long time and mix with chemicals already in the area to create a toxic mess. When a tropical cyclone makes landfall, the eye "closes", surf decreases, and winds decrease as the cyclone dissipates. Damages inland include flooding rains, gusty winds, and severe weather associated with the cyclone's remnant thunderstorms.
A "landfall" should not be confused with a "direct hit" as a direct hit is where the core of high winds (or eyewall) comes onshore but the center of the storm stays off shore. The effects of this are similar but storm surges can be greatly diminished. These effects are; high surf, heavy flooding rains, water build up along the coast with minor storm surge, coastal beach erosion, high winds, and possibly severe weather.

Freeport, Texas
Freeport is a city in Brazoria County, Texas within the Houston – Sugar Land – Baytown Metropolitan Area and is situated in Southeast Texas. As of the 2000 U.S. census, the city population was 12,708 and is about sixteen miles away from Angleton.
Dow Chemical is the major employer in Freeport, as the company operates a large chemical plant complex in Freeport.

San Luis Pass
San Luis Pass is a strait of water at the south-western end of Galveston Island off the shores of the U.S. state of Texas. It connects the sheltered waters of West Bay to the open Gulf of Mexico.

17 Thetis
17 Thetis is a big Main belt asteroid. It is a S-type asteroid, giving it a fairly bright silicate surface.
It was found by R. Luther on April 17, 1852. It was his first asteroid discovery. Its name comes from Thetis, the mother of Achilles in Greek mythology.
One stellar occultation of Thetis was seen from Oregon in 1999. However, the event was not timed.

18 Melpomene
18 Melpomene is a big, bright Main belt asteroid. It is made of silicates and metals.
It was found by J. R. Hind on June 24, 1852 and named after Melpomene, the Muse of tragedy in Greek mythology.
Melpomene occulted the star SAO 114159 on December 11, 1978. A possible moon of Melpomene with a diameter at least 37 km was detected. The moon candidate got a designation S/1978 (18) 1.
Melpomene was seen with the Hubble Space Telescope in 1993. It was able to resolve the asteroid's slightly stretched shape, but no moons were detected.

19 Fortuna
19 Fortuna is one of the biggest main belt asteroids. It is made up of stuff similar to 1 Ceres: a darkly colored surface that is heavily space weathered and made up of primitive organic compounds, including tholins.
Fortuna is 225 km in diameter and has one of the darkest known geometric albedos for an asteroid over 150 km in diameter. Its albedo has been measured at 0.028 and 0.037.
The Hubble Space Telescope saw Fortuna in 1993. It was resolved with an apparent diameter of 0.20 arcseconds (4.5 pixels in the Planetary Camera) and its shape was found to be nearly spherical. Moons were searched for but none were detected.
Stellar occultations by Fortuna have been seen several times.
It was found by J. R. Hind on August 22, 1852 and named after Fortuna, the Roman goddess of luck.

20 Massalia
20 Massalia is a big and fairly bright Main belt asteroid. It is also the biggest member of the Massalia family of asteroids.
Characteristics.
Massalia is an S-type asteroid. It orbits at very low inclination in the intermediate main belt, and is by far the biggest asteroid in the Massalia family. The remaining family members are pieces blown off by a cratering event on Massalia.
Massalia has an above-average density for S-type asteroids, similar to the density of silicate rocks. As such, it appears to be a solid un-fractured body, which is rare among asteroids of its size. Apart from the few biggest bodies over 400 km in diameter, such as 1 Ceres and 4 Vesta, most asteroids appear to have been fractured a lot.
Lightcurve analysis indicates that Massalia's pole points towards either ecliptic coordinates (β, λ) = (45°, 10°) or (β, λ) = (45°, 190°) with a 10° uncertainty. This gives an axial tilt of 45°in both cases. The shape reconstruction from lightcurves has been described as quite spherical with large planar, nonconvex parts of the surface.
Discovery.
Massalia was found by A. de Gasparis on September 19, 1852, and also found independently the next night by J. Chacornac. It was Chacornac's discovery that was announced first.
"Massalia" is the Greek name for Marseille, where Chacornac made his discovery (de Gasparis was observing from Naples).

21 Lutetia
21 Lutetia is a big Main belt asteroid of the M spectral type, about 100 kilometers in diameter. It will be the subject of a flyby by the "Rosetta" space probe in 2010.
The name Lutetia comes from the Latin name for Paris.
Characteristics.
What Lutetia is made up of has puzzled astronomers for some time, and its investigation has picked up in recent years in anticipation of the upcoming "Rosetta" flyby. While classified as the M spectral type, it does not display much evidence of metal on their surface.
Lightcurve analysis indicates that Lutetia's pole points towards either ecliptic coordinates (β, λ) = (3°, 40°) or (β, λ) = (3°, 220°) with a 10° uncertainty. This gives an axial tilt of 85°, or 89°, respectively, meaning that Lutetia spins at an approximately right angle to the ecliptic like e.g. Uranus.
Discovery.
Lutetia was found on November 15, 1852 by Hermann Mayer Salomon Goldschmidt from the balcony of his apartment in Paris.
Exploration.
On July 10, 2010, the European "Rosetta" comet probe will pass the asteroid with a minimum distance of 3000 km and a velocity of 15 kilometres per second on its way to Churyumov-Gerasimenko. In the run-up to this event the attention of astronomers has been drawn to Lutetia.
The flyby will be important for the understanding of the asteroids, since Lutetia will be the first M-type asteroid to be visited by a spacecraft.
There have been two reported stellar occultations by Lutetia: from Malta (1997) and Australia (2003), with only one chord each, roughly agreeing with IRAS measurements.

22 Kalliope
22 Kalliope is a big main belt asteroid of the M-type, found by J. R. Hind on November 16, 1852. It is named after Calliope, the Greek Muse of epic poetry.
Characteristics.
Kalliope is somewhat stretched, approximately 180 km in diameter, and slightly asymmetric, as evidenced by resolved images taken with the VLT at the European Southern Observatory.
While its spectrum is an M-type, Kalliope does not appear to be metallic, similarly to other M-types such as 21 Lutetia, for example. Firstly, its density, which is known with confidence from its moon's orbit, is far too low to agree with any plausible metallic substance. Furthermore, spectroscopic studies have shown evidence of hydrated minerals and silicates, which indicate that the surface is stony. Kalliope also has a low radar albedo, which is again inconsistent with a metallic surface.
Lightcurve analysis indicates that Kalliope's pole most likely points towards ecliptic coordinates (β, λ) = (-23°, 20°) with a 10° uncertainty, which gives Kalliope an axial tilt of 103°. Kalliope's rotation is then a bit retrograde.
Moon.
Kalliope has one known moon, Linus, or (22) Kalliope I Linus. It is quite big being 30-40 km in diameter, and would be a sizeable asteroid by itself. It orbits about 1065 km from Kalliope, equal to about 12 Kalliope radii. Linus was found on August 29, 2001 by Jean-Luc Margot and Michael E. Brown, while another team also independently detected the moon 3 days later.

IPod touch
The iPod touch (also called as iPod Touch and iTouch) is a media player that was created and sold by Apple Inc. It was first seen by the public at an Apple meeting called "The Beat Goes On" on September 5, 2007. The iPod touch is famous for its touch screen. It has internet access with YouTube and the iTunes store. It is sold with either 8 GB, 16 GB, or 32 GB of storage.
The iPod touch can see last 10 songs played in a Starbucks café through Wi-Fi within the location of the iPod. With an IPod touch the user the can download tracks in the online iTunes music store. This feature is to be offered in some Starbuck stores in the US. Right now, there are no plans to expand its Wi-Fi iTunes stores in any other than country than the United States.
The iPod touch's touch screen ability is the same like that of the iPhone. Like the iPhone, the iPod touch also has a physical home button separate from the touch screen. The home screen includes a headphone set, an alarm clock and also a list of buttons corresponding to the available applications: Music, Videos, Photos, iTunes on the bottom button row. Safari, Calendar, Contacts, Clock, Calculator, and Settings are at the top. The iPod touch is also sold with 28 wallpaper photos, some of which are figures from the iPod advertisements.
Requirements.
When the iPod Touch is taken out of the box and is in a factory condition, it needs to be connected to a computer for it to start. Officially, Apple requires iTunes to be installed on either a Mac OS X or Microsoft Windows operating system based computer for programming the iPod touch. On either operating system, the iPod touch needs a USB 2.0 port on the computer for data communications. Turning the iPod touch on from factory condition requires data communications with iTunes, and will always show the "cable to iTunes" picture until it senses iTunes.
To use the iPod touch for purchasing products at the iTunes Store through Wi-Fi, an iTunes account is needed to make such purchases, and can be created and programmed into the device through iTunes during the iPod touch registration process.
Wi-Fi.
The iPod touch is included with Wi-Fi 802.11b/g, and, like the iPhone, has the Safari web browser and YouTube. The iPod's Wi-Fi ability can also be used to buy music from the iTunes Store. Like its counterpart, the iPhone, the iPod touch does not support the 802.1x authentication method, which is a common enterprise standard.
Third-party applications.
On October 17, 2007, Steve Jobs, gave an open letter posted on Apple's webpage, announced that a software development kit (SDK) for the iPhone would be made ready to third-party developers in February 2008. Because of security concerns and Jobs' praise of Nokia's digital signature system, it is also suggested that Apple will adopt a similar method. The SDK will also apply to the iPod touch. However, end-users have still been able to "jailbreak" the iPod touch in similar methods to the iPhone, allowing the usage of third-party applications created by users. The most popular iPod touch jailbreak method is a website which takes advantage of a TIFF exploit in the iPod touch's web browser to execute the code in order to install the hacks. The site also patches the exploit as well. This method only worked on the 1.1.1 firmware, as 1.1.2 fixed the exploit needed for the installer to work.
Software Upgrades.
During the initial launch of the iPod touch, reviews have noted some differences when compared to Apple's similar iPhone. One of the primary criticisms of the iPod touch is the absence of iPhone's email, mapping and stock tracking applications. On January 15 2008, Steve Jobs announced at his Macworld 2008 keynote that the "January Software Upgrade" for the iPod touch consists of five new applications: Mail, Maps, Stocks, Notes and Weather. The new Maps feature is similar to that of the iPhone's, with new software from Skyhook Wireless that pinpoints the user's location using Wi-Fi. The software upgrade is available for current iPod touch owners via iTunes download for US$19.99. New iPod touch units with 1.1.3 installed (MA623LL/B or MA627LL/B) will also have the software upgrade pre-installed. Customers who purchase an iPod touch with part number MA623LL/A or MA627LL/A must pay the upgrade fee to receive the new applications.
Comparisons to the iPhone.
The first reviews of the iPod touch have cited some differences compared to Apple's similar iPhone. One of the biggest criticisms of the iPod touch was that it didn't have the iPhone's email, mapping and stock tracking applications. Another complaint mentioned that the iPod touch had no physical buttons for volume control - a feature that the iPhone had. The iPod touch instead uses software-based controls, which makes users to double click the home button, bringing up an on-screen volume control. The iPod touch also dosen't have the iPhone's external speakers, built-in camera, and Bluetooth capability. At least one critic has suggested that Apple may have left out these applications and hardware features on purpose in order to differentiate the iPod touch from its more expensive cousin, the iPhone. Others say that the touch does not need the applications mentioned above because it's an "iPod" and not a mobile phone.
Manufacturing flaws.
A number of early iTouch users have complained that theit iPod's screen could not properly display shades of black. The problem has been related to the misapplication of the reflective coating on the LCD display and bad quality control. The defect caused the screen to have very narrow optimal viewing angle and also resulted in "shimmering" blacks. This screen problem was later fixed with the firmware update 1.1.1 although some still complained that the screen still could not properly display certain shades of black. Critics also say that the update simply "alleviates" the screen problem by adjusting contrast settings and does not provide a fix for the screen itself.

Tenor trombone
The Tenor Trombone is the most popular trombone type in use today. It is usually the first instrument a new trombonist will play. It has a slide that is used to change notes and make music.

Safari (web browser)
Safari is an internet web-browser that was created by Apple Inc. and is included in every Mac computer.

Contact
Contact means to touch physically or to communicate with.

Mac OS X v10.4
Mac OS X version 10.4 “Tiger” is the fifth major release of Apple's Mac OS X. It was released on April 29, 2005.

Notre Dame de Paris
Notre Dame is a very old cathedral in Paris, France. It is one of France's most famous landmarks and many people visit it each year. The cathedral is on a small island on the River Seine.
Victor Hugo wrote a famous story. The story takes place around the cathedral. The English title is 'The Hunchback of Notre Dame', but in French it is called 'Notre-Dame de Paris'.

Stand Up for Love
"Stand Up For Love" was the first single from Destiny's Child's greatest hits album, "1's". Released in 2005, the single became Destiny's Child's first single to fail to chart in the United States. The song was the final Destiny's Child single, although another new song from the album, "Check on It" (a solo Beyoncé Knowles song) was released.

Survivor (song)
"Survivor," Destiny's Child's signature song, is an R&B song written by American singer-songwriter Beyoncé Knowles, Anthony Dent, and Mathew Knowles for Destiny's Child's third studio album "Survivor" (2001). It was produced by Beyoncé and Dent, and was released as the album's first single in early 2001. The song reached number one in Ireland, Norway, and the United Kingdom, and entered the top 10 of the majority of the charts it appeard on, making it one of Destiny's Child most successful single releases. The song also won a Grammy Award for Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals.

23 Thalia
23 Thalia is a big main belt asteroid.
It was found by J. R. Hind on December 15, 1852 and named after Thalia, the Muse of comedy and pastoral poetry in Greek mythology.

24 Themis
24 Themis is one of the biggest Main belt asteroids. It is also the biggest member of Themistian asteroid family.
It was found by Annibale de Gasparis on April 5, 1853. The mass and diameter appearing in the table are from different sources, and combining them gives an unusually high density, which is most probably wrong. The mass has very likely been overestimated by a factor of at least five times.
It is named after Themis, the personification of divine order, law and custom in Greek mythology.

Erich Honecker
Erich Honecker (25 August 1912 – 29 May 1994) was an East German Communist politician who led the German Democratic Republic from 1971 until 1989.
After German re-unification, he went to the Soviet Union but was sent back by the new Russian government to Germany, where he was imprisoned and tried for high treason and crimes committed during the Cold War. However, as he was dying of cancer, he was released from prison. He died in exile in Chile about a year and a half later.
Origins and early political career.
Honecker was born in Neunkirchen, now Saarland. He had two brothers and three sisters.
He joined the Young Communist League of Germany (KJVD), the youth section of the Communist Party of Germany (KPD), in 1926 and joined the KPD itself in 1929. Between 1928 and 1930 he worked as a roofer, but did not finish his apprenticeship. Thereafter he was sent to Moscow to study at the International Lenin School and for the rest of his life remained a full-time politician.
He returned to Germany in 1931 and was arrested in 1935 after the Nazis had come to power ("Machtübernahme"). In 1937, he was sentenced to ten years for Communist activities and remained in captivity until the end of World War II. At the end of the war, Honecker started working for the communist party again under leader Walter Ulbricht. In 1946, he became one of the first members of the new Socialist Unity Party of Germany ("Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands", SED), made up of the old KPD and the Social Democrats of eastern Germany.
He was a member of the parliament in the Soviet Occupied Zone after the elections of October 1946. The German Democratic Republic was created on October 7, 1949. Its constitution set up a system of government like the Soviet Union's. In 1950 Honecker became a candidate member of the secretariat of the Central Committee in 1950 and full member in 1958.
Leadership of East Germany.
In 1961, Honecker was in charge of the building of the Berlin Wall. In 1971, he started a political power struggle. The Soviet's supported him, so Hoinecker became the new leader, or "General Secretary", of the Socialist Unity Party, replacing Walter Ulbricht. In 1976, he also became Chairman of the Council of State ("Staatsratsvorsitzender").
Under Honecker there was a big improvement in living standards, even though the GDR had the highest standard of living in the Eastern bloc countries. More consumer goods were made availabile and new house-building was speeded up
Although Honecker was more caring to the people about goods and housing he did not allow criticism of the government. The most obvious way this was showed was the Berlin Wall. About 125 East German citizens were killed during this period while trying to cross the border into West Berlin.
In foreign relations, Honecker would never allow a unified Germany. He was very loyal to the USSR, but accepted détente (that is, becoming friendlier to western countries). Under his government East Germany even became friendlier to West Germany. In September 1987, he became the first East German head of state to visit West Germany.
In the late 1980s Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev introduced glasnost and perestroika, reforms to liberalize communism. Honecker and the East German government, however, refused to implement similar reforms in the DDR. As the reform movement spread across Central and Eastern Europe there were demonstrations against the East German government. The biggest were the 1989 Monday demonstrations in the city of Leipzig. The other leaders of the DDR decided to get rid of Honecker, and forced him to resign on October 18, 1989. Egon Krenz took over instead.
Post-1989.
After the German reunification Honecker stayed in a Soviet military hospital near Berlin. Then he fled to Moscow with his wife, to avoid prosecution over charges of Cold War crimes. The German government said he should be prosecuted because 192 East Germans died trying to leave East Germany. After the Soviet Union broke up in December 1991, Honecker went to the Chilean embassy in Moscow, but was sent back by Boris Yeltsin's government in 1992. The trial started in early 1993, but Honecker was released due to ill health and on 13 January of that year moved to Chile to live with his daughter Sonja, her Chilean husband Leo Yáñez, and their son Roberto. He died in exile of liver cancer in Santiago on 29 May 1994.
Personal.
Honecker married Edith Baumann in 1950 and divorced her in 1953. They had a daughter, Erika (b. 1950). In 1953 he married Margot Feist and they remained married until his death. They had a daughter, Sonja, born in 1952. Margot Honecker was the Minister for National Education in East Germany.
Literature.
Honecker's autobiography "Aus meinem Leben" is translated into English as "From my life".
New York: Pergamon, 1981. ISBN 0080245323

25 Phocaea
25 Phocaea is a Main belt asteroid.
It was found by J. Chacornac on April 6, 1853. It was the first asteroid he found. It is named after Phocaea, the ancient Greek name for Foça in Turkey.

List of national rulers
This page lists the national rulers in the world, i.e. heads of state and heads of government (and, in certain cases, de facto leaders not occupying either of those formal positions or prime ministers who are not heads of government...) of the 194 states usually recognized like that (192 UN members + Vatican City + Taiwan), of 10 other national entities (quasi and unrecognized states), and of 7 in exile and/or alternative governments (only in exile governments that exercised power or succeded governments that exercised power).

26 Proserpina
26 Proserpina is a Main belt asteroid.
It was found by R. Luther on May 5, 1853.
It is named after the Roman goddess Proserpina, the daughter of Ceres and the Queen of the Underworld.

Notre Dame
Notre Dame in French is the name give to a number of religious buildings, consecrated to the virgin Mary. Most of these buildings are churches or cathedrals. Probably the most famous of these is Notre Dame de Paris

Contact lens
A contact lens is a type of soft lens that you put directly into your eye in order to help you see better. They are a different option instead of glasses. They have to be prescribed by your eye doctor.

Chara (singer)
Chara (born as Miwa Satō, on January 13, 1968) is a Japanese singer, songwriter, musician and actress. She began performing in 1991. "Swallowtail Butterfly - あいのうた" is one of her popular songs.

Notre-Dame de Reims
Notre Dame de Reims is a cathedral. It is located in Reims. It was built in the 13th century. It is not as old as Notre-Dame de Paris or Notre-Dame de Chartres. The building process started in 1211. Most of the works were done in 1275. It was built before the Cathedrals of Strasbourg, Amiens and Beauvais, which are also called Notre Dame.
The cathedral is one of the best examples of Gothic architecture. It has been an UNESCO world heritage site since 1991. In 2006, about 1.5 million people visited it..
The Kings of France were crowned in this cathedral. The last coronation ceremony was that of Charles X of France in 1825.

Bayeux Cathedral
Bayeux Cathedral is a cathedral. It is located in Bayeux, in Basse Normandie. The current cathedral was consecrated on July 14, 1077. It is part of a larger complex, a bishop's palace. It was built as a replacement for an earlier church which dated from the Merovingian era.

Coelurosauria
Coelurosauria is defined as the clade containing group all theropod dinosaurs more closely related to birds than to carnosaurs. Some diagnostic characteristics of coelurosaurs include elongated arms and well- developed hinge-like ankles (possible rotation of the ankle is reduced, which is helpful during locomotion). These features may be lost or modified by later coelurosaurs (birds, for example).

Maniraptora
Maniraptora ("hand snatchers") is a clade of coelurosaurian dinosaurs that many paleontologists believe birds were derived from some 150 or so million years ago, in the Jurassic period. Hence, according to phylogenetic taxonomy, birds are by definition maniraptorans, and the other maniraptorans are their closest relatives.

IEEE 802.1X
IEEE 802.1X is an IEEE standard for port-based Network Access Control; it is part of the IEEE 802 (802.1) group of protocols. It requires a RADIUS server. It provides authentication to devices attached to a LAN port, establishing a point-to-point connection or preventing access from that port if authentication fails. It is used for certain closed wireless access points, and is based on the EAP, Extensible Authentication Protocol (RFC 2284). RFC 2284 has been obsoleted by RFC 3748.

Software Development Kit
A software development kit (SDK or "devkit") is usually a set of development tools that allows a software engineer to create applications for a certain software package, software framework, hardware platform, computer system, video game console, operating system, or similar platform.

Tagged Image File Format
Tagged Image File Format (also known as TIFF) is a container format for storing images, including photographs and line art. It is now under the control of Adobe. Originally created by the company Aldus for use with what was then called "desktop publishing," TIFF is a popular format for color and black and white images. The TIFF format is widely supported by image-manipulation applications, by publishing and page layout applications, by scanning, faxing, word processing, optical character recognition and other applications. Adobe Systems, which acquired Aldus, now holds the copyright to the TIFF specification. TIFF has not had a major update since 1992, though several Aldus/Adobe technical notes have been published with minor extensions to the format, and several specifications, including EP, have been based on the TIFF 6.0 specification.

Ounce
The ounce (abbreviated: oz, the old Italian word "onza", now spelled "oncia") is a unit of mass in a number of different systems, including various systems of mass that form part of the imperial and United States customary systems. Its size can vary from system to system. The most commonly used ounces used today are the international avoirdupois ounce and the international troy ounce.

Camino
Camino is a free, open source web browser, that was designed for the Mac OS X operating system. It is developed by the Camino Project, a community organization.

Pixels per inch
Pixels per inch (PPI) or pixel density is a measurement of the resolution of a computer display, related to the size of the display in inches and the total number of pixels in the horizontal and vertical directions. This measurement is often referred to as dots per inch, though that measurement more accurately refers to the resolution of a computer printer. PPI may also be used to describe the resolution of an image scanner or digital camera; in this context, it is synonymous with samples per inch.

ARM
An arm is an upper limb of the body.

Safari
Safari is a web browser developed by Apple Inc. downloadable free of charge. It also comes with a Mac OS X computer.

Netscape Navigator
Netscape Navigator (or just Netscape), is a closed source web browser. It was first created in 1994.

List of The Simpsons Treehouse of Horror episodes
This is a list of "Treehouse of Horror" episodes created by the animated television series "The Simpsons".

English literature
The term English literature means literature written in the English language, that is also literature in English by writers that did not come from England. Beowulf is one of the first books in English. Geoffrey Chaucer, Shakespeare, John Milton, William Wordsworth, Jane Austen, George Eliot, Thomas Hardy, D.H. Lawrence, Virginia Woolf and Ted Hughes are all important English writers.
Joseph Conrad was Polish, Robert Burns was Scottish, James Joyce was Irish, Dylan Thomas was Welsh, Edgar Allan Poe was American, Salman Rushdie is Indian, V. S. Naipaul is Trinidadian, Vladimir Nabokov was Russian. In other words, English literature includes the varieties and dialects of English spoken around the world.

Auguste Escoffier
Georges Auguste Escoffier (28 October 1846 – 12 February 1935) was a French chef, restaurateur and writer who updated traditional French cooking methods and made them more popular. He was one of the most important leaders in the development of modern French cuisine.
A lot of Escoffier's ideas and ways of working were based on Antoine Carême's. Careme wrote down a lot about French "Haute cuisine", but Escoffier simplified and modernisede Carême's complicated recipes and style.
As well as recording and inventing recipes, Escoffier made cooking a respected profession.
He organised his kitchens into sections run by "chefs de partie". He also carried on Careme's habit of "service à la russe" (serving each dish in the order printed on the menu) instead of "service à la française" (serving all dishes at once).
Early life.
He was born in the village of Villeneuve-Loubet, near Nice. At thirteen he became an apprentice at his uncle's restaurant, "Le Restaurant Français", in Nice. In 1865 he moved to "Le Petit Moulin Rouge" restaurant in Paris. He stayed there until the start of the Franco-Prussian war in 1870, when he became an army chef. His army experience led him to study the ways of canning food. Some time before 1878 he opened his own restaurant, "Le Faisan d'Or" (The Golden Pheasant) in Cannes. In 1880 he married Delphine Daffis. In 1884 the couple moved to Monte Carlo, where Escoffier took control of the kitchen at the Grand Hotel.
César Ritz and the London Savoy.
During the summers he ran the kitchen of the Hotel National in Lucerne, where he met César Ritz. At that time the French Riviera was a winter resort. The two men formed a partnership and in 1890 moved to the Savoy Hotel in London. From the Savoy they started a number of famous hotels, including the Grand Hotel in Rome, and many Ritz Hotels around the world.
At the London Savoy, Escoffier created many famous dishes. For example, in 1893 he invented the Pêche Melba (Peach Melba) in honour of the Australian singer Dame Nellie Melba. Another of his creations was Tournedos Rossini, in honour of the Italian composer Gioacchino Rossini. He left the Savoy Hotel after taking money from food suppliers.
Ritz and Carlton.
In 1898 Escoffier and Ritz opened the Hôtel Ritz in Paris. The Carlton in London followed in 1899, where Escoffier first introduced the practice of the "à la carte" menu. Ritz had a nervous breakdown in 1901, leaving Escoffier to run the Carlton until 1919, shortly after Ritz's death. For a time one of his pupils was Ho Chi Minh who was training as a pastry chef.
Le Guide Culinaire.
In 1903 Escoffier published his first major book, "Le Guide Culinaire". This "Guide to Cooking" had 5,000 recipes. Even today it is used as both a cookbook and textbook for classic cooking. In 1904 and 1912 Escoffier was hired to plan the kitchens for ships belonging to the steam-ship company Hamburg-Amerika Lines. On the second voyage, Kaiser William II congratulated Escoffier, telling him "I am the Emperor of Germany, but you are the Emperor of chefs."
Legion d'honneur.
In the 1920's, Escoffier became the first chef to receive the Legion of Honour and in 1928 was made an Officer of the Legion.
Death.
He died at the age of 88 in Monte Carlo a few days after his wife.

27 Euterpe
27 Euterpe is a big Main belt asteroid.
It was found by J. R. Hind on November 8, 1853 and named after Euterpe, the Muse of music in Greek mythology.
Euterpe is one of the brightest asteroids in the night sky.

28 Bellona
28 Bellona is a big main belt asteroid.
Bellona was found by R. Luther on March 1, 1854. It is named after Bellona, the Roman goddess of war; the name was chosen to mark the beginning of the Crimean War.

29 Amphitrite
29 Amphitrite is one of the biggest S-type asteroids, probably third in diameter after Eunomia and Juno, although Iris and Herculina are similar in size.
It is probably not a fully solid body, since its density is too low for a solid silicate object and much lower than Eunomia or Juno. Its orbit is less eccentric and inclined than those of its bigger cousins - being indeed the most circular of any asteroid found up to that point - and as a consequence it never becomes as bright as Iris or Hebe, especially as it is much further from the Sun than those asteroids. It can reach magnitudes of around +8.6 at a favorable opposition, but more usually is around the binocular limit of +9.5.
Amphitrite was found by Albert Marth on March 1, 1854. It was the only asteroid he found. It is named after Amphitrite, a sea goddess in Greek mythology.
A moon is suspected based on the lightcurve data.

30 Urania
30 Urania is a big Main belt asteroid.
Urania was found by J. R. Hind on July 22, 1854. It was the last asteroid he found. It is named after Urania, the Greek Muse of astronomy.

31 Euphrosyne
31 Euphrosyne is one of the biggest main belt asteroids, found by James Ferguson on September 1, 1854. It was the first asteroid found from North America. It is named after Euphrosyne, one of the Charites in Greek mythology.
It is the eighth biggest main belt asteroid and contains around 1% of the mass of the entire asteroid belt, but is a very dark body near the belt's farther edge. Consequently Euphrosyne is never visible with binoculars, having a maximum magnitude at the best possible opposition of around +10.2, which is actually fainter than any of the thirty asteroids previously found.
It has not been studied a lot despite being one of the biggest asteroids. It is a normal C-type asteroid with a primitive surface. Its orbit, however, is quite unusual. It's orbit is similar to that of 2 Pallas in its high inclination and eccentricity. Whereas Pallas and Eris - the only bigger bodies with comparably tilted orbits - have nodes near perihelion and aphelion, Euphrosyne's perihelion lies at the northernmost point of its orbit. During a rare perihelic opposition Euphrosyne is very high in the sky from northern latitudes, but invisble from such countries as New Zealand and Chile.
Its apparently low density suggests that, unlike 10 Hygiea, 704 Interamnia and 52 Europa, Euphrosyne is a loosely-packed rubble pile (an asteroid that has been broken apart by a collision with all the pieces pulled together by gravity). Its rotation period is very common for big asteroids, but nothing is known of its axial tilt.

32 Pomona
32 Pomona is a main belt asteroid.
Pomona was found by H. Goldschmidt on October 26, 1854. It is named after Pomona, the Roman goddess of fruit trees.

Chemistry (band)
Chemistry is a Japanese band. This group is made up of 2 members: Douchin and Kawabata. It was formed in 2001.

33 Polyhymnia
33 Polyhymnia is a main belt asteroid.
It was found by J. Chacornac on October 28, 1854 and named after Polyhymnia, the Greek Muse of sacred hymns.

Misia (Japanese singer)
MISIA (born July 7, 1978 in Fukuoka, Fukuoka Kyūshū, Japan) is a Japanese singer who is most popular in Japan. One of her most famous songs is called "Everything".

Pikaia
Pikaia gracilens is regarded as the earliest known primitive chordate from the Middle Cambrian fossil found near Mount Pika in the Burgess Shale of British Columbia. It was discovered by Charles Walcott in 1911. Walcott classified it as a Polychaete worm.
It was about 40 mm in length and swam above the sea-floor. Pikaia may have filtered particles from the water as it swam along. Only 60 specimens have been found to date.

Opabinia
"Opabinia" is a fossil animal found in Cambrian fossil deposits. Its sole species, "Opabinia regalis", is known from the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale of British Columbia. The discoverer of "Opabinia",Charles Doolittle Walcott, named it after a local mountain, Opabin Peak in the Canadian Rockies.
Thirty specimens of Opabinia are known and each ranges in size from 40- 70 mm. The most intriguing feature of Opabinia are its five eyes found on the dorsal surface of the head. These eyes were used to search for food. Because of it's flexible body it is not known whether Opabinia was pelagic or benthic.

34 Circe
34 Circe is a big, very dark main belt asteroid.
It was found by J. Chacornac on April 6, 1855 and named after Circe, a goddess in Greek mythology.

Wiwaxia
"Wiwaxia corrugata" is an extinct species of animal known only from fossils found in Canada's Burgess Shale deposits.
Wiwaxia somewhat resembles a very small porcupine (about 30 mm in diameter) with its quills pulled out. The body is covered by both spines and scales. The spines are believed to have been used for defence purposes. Wiwaxia probably grazed or scavenged by walking or crawling along the sediment. One hundred and forty specimens are known from the Burgess Shale. Similar scales and spines have turned up in similarly aged sediments from elsewhere around the world suggesting that Wiwaxia was widespread during the Cambrian.

35 Leukothea
35 Leukothea is a big, dark main belt asteroid.
It was found by R. Luther on April 19, 1855 and named after Leukothea, a sea goddess in Greek mythology.

36 Atalante
36 Atalante is a big, dark main belt asteroid.
It was found by H. Goldschmidt on October 5, 1855 and named after the Greek mythological heroine Atalanta.

37 Fides
37 Fides is a big main belt asteroid.
It was found by R. Luther on October 5, 1855 and named after Fides, the Roman goddess of loyalty.

Cambrian
The Cambrian epoch was the first eon of Earth’s history, from the first coalesence of the planet, about 4500 Million years ago, to about 542 Mya, is referred to as the Precambrian. Animals with hard-shells appeared in great numbers for the first time during the Cambrian. The continents were flooded by shallow seas.

Conjecture
A conjecture is an idea in mathematics that appears "likely" to be true but that has not been "proven" to be true.
After a conjecture is proven true, it becomes a theorem.
Famous conjectures.
Until recently, the most famous conjecture was the badly named Fermat's last theorem. The name is wrong, because Fermat claimed to have found a clever proof of it, but no proof could be found among his notes after his death. The conjecture challenged mathematicians for over three centuries before a British mathematician Andrew Wiles could finally prove it in 1993. Now it is properly called a theorem.
Undecidable conjectures.
Not every conjecture can be proven true or false. The continuum hypothesis, which says something about some properties of certain infinite sets is such an example. It was shown to be undecidable (or independent) from the generally accepted set of axioms of set theory. It is therefore possible to take this statement, or its negation, as a new axiom in a consistent manner (much as we can take Euclid's parallel postulate as either true or false).
In this case, if a proof uses this statement, researchers will often look for a new proof that "doesn't" require the hypothesis The one major exception to this in practice is the axiom of choice -- unless studying this axiom in particular, the majority of researchers do not usually worry whether a result requires the axiom of choice.

Boeing 787
The Boeing 787 (also called the Dreamliner) is an aircraft made by Boeing. It has not flown yet, but its first flight should be near the end of the year 2008 and will start being used by airlines in the year 2009. These dates have been changed lots of times and now some airlines will get their aircraft nearly 30 months late.
Types of aircraft.
Boeing are making 3 variants of the Dreamliner: the 787-300, 787-800 and the 787-900.
The -300 will be the smallest and have the shortest range at about 5000 km, will fly about 290 people and will be the last to be made. It will replace the Boeing 747-400D (the D stands for domestic, which means flights that take-off and land in the same country) that was used by two Japanese airlines.
The -900 will be largest and have the biggest range at about 15250 km. It will be able to fly about 270 people and will be made in 2012. It will compete against Airbus and their A330-300 aircraft and their A330-200. It will replace the Boeing 767-400ER.
The -800 model will be in the middle, flying 210 people about 14750 km and will be the first type to be made in 2009. The -800 will replace the Boeing 767-200ER and Boeing 767-300ER aircraft.

Akshobhya
Buddha Akshobhya is one of the five Dhyani buddhas.
Akshobya embodies Dharma that changes hatred and aversion into wisdom. He is shown touching the earth with his right hand and holding an upright thunderbolt in his left hand. Akshobya's blessings enables us to develop wisdom and understand the true nature of reality.

Jambhala
Jambhala is the wealth-giving form of Avalokiteśvara or Chenrezig, the bodhisattva of compassion. Jambhala's blessings are to help others by eliminating poverty, so that they may practice the Dharma. There are five Jambhalas - Yellow Jambhala (overcomes pride), White Jambhala (overcomes attachment), Black Jambala (overcomes resentment), Green Jambhala (overcomes jealousy) and Red Jambhala (overcomes greed). For instance, the White Jambhala is shown sitting on a turquoise dragon and his left hand holds a mongoose that spews out precious jewels.

Bodhi
Bodhi (Sanskrit) or Enlightenment refers to full awakening where all limitations have been removed from the mind. All positive potential including unlimited compassion, skill and wisdom are said to be realized. The enlightened being is free from samsara.

38 Leda
38 Leda is a big, dark main belt asteroid.
It was found by J. Chacornac on January 12, 1856 and named after Leda, the mother of Helen of Troy in Greek mythology.
Leda is also the name of a moon of Jupiter.

39 Laetitia
39 Laetitia is a big, bright main belt asteroid.
It was found by J. Chacornac on February 8, 1856 and named after Laetitia, a minor Roman goddess of gaiety.

40 Harmonia
40 Harmonia is a big main belt asteroid.
It was found by H. Goldschmidt on March 31, 1856 and named after Harmonia, the Greek goddess of harmony. The name was chosen to mark the end of the Crimean War.

41 Daphne
41 Daphne is a big Main belt asteroid. This dark-surfaced body is probably made of primitive carbonaceous chondrites. It was found by H. Goldschmidt on May 22, 1856 and named after Daphne, the nymph in Greek mythology who was turned into a laurel tree. Daphne has been seen to occult stars three times (all in 1990s). Daphnes lightcurves suggest that the asteroid is non-spherical.

Combinatorics
The objects to be arranged or selected from can be uniform, or different. Sometimes it is possible to tell them apart.

Enrique Granados
Enrique Granados (born Lérida, Spain, 27 July 1867; died in the English Channel, 24 March 1916) was a Spanish composer and pianist. He lived most of his life in Barcelona. His favourite painter was Goya and his best work, the piano pieces called "Goyescas", are inspired by Goya’s paintings.
Early career.
Granados started having piano lessons in Barcelona and then went to Paris where he studied privately with Charles de Bériot. He returned to Barcelona in 1889 and the following year gave his first piano recital. He wrote a zarzuela (light opera) called "Maria del Carmen". The king liked it very much and gave him an award.
During the following years he composed a lot and performed with famous musicians such as Jacques Thibaud, Pau Casals and Camille Saint-Saëns. His piano suite "Goyescas" was first performed in Barcelona in 1911 and then in Paris in 1914 where it soon became extremely popular.
"Goyescas" and the fateful voyage.
He was persuaded to make "Goyescas" into an opera. The opera was going to be performed at the Paris Opéra but, because of World War I it was performed in New York instead. Granados was invited to go to New York to watch the first performance of his opera. He was very frightened of the sea, but eventually was persuaded to go. The opera was a great success when it was performed on 26 January 1916. Granados felt that he was at the beginning of a successful career. President Wilson invited him to play the piano at the White House. Because of this invitation he missed the ship that would have taken him back to Spain. He took a ship to England instead. In Liverpool he got off the ship and got onto another one which would take him to Dieppe in France. The ship was called the "Sussex". When the "Sussex" was in the middle of the English Channel it was torpedoed by a German submarine. Granados managed to get onto a lifeboat, but then he saw his wife in the sea and he jumped in to try to save her, but they both drowned.
His music.
Granados wrote mainly piano works and songs. He was influenced by Romantic composers such as Grieg, Schumann and Liszt, but he was starting to make his music sound very Spanish. His songs include some of the best written by a Spanish composer. His piano works include "Ten Spanish Dances", which are not too difficult to play, and the suite "Goyescas" which is mostly quite difficult to play. The most popular piece in this suite is called "Lament, or The Maiden and the Nightingale". It has a very romantic tune which is repeated several times.
References.
The New Grove Dictionary of Music & Musicians ed. Stanley Sadie, 1980

Manuel de Falla
Manuel de Falla (born Cádiz, Spain, 23 November 1876; died Alta Gracia, Argentina, 14 November 1946 was a Spanish composer. Falla (pronounce: “FA-ya”), together with Albéniz and Granados, helped to make Spanish music important again after three centuries during which there had been no important Spanish composers.
Early years.
Falla had his first music lessons in Cádiz. At first he did not know whether he wanted to take music or literature as a career. When he was ten he started to go to music evenings where he heard chamber music being played. Then he started to go to the opera, and he heard church music and orchestral music. He liked the music of Grieg and decided that he wanted to do something similar with Spanish music. He went to Madrid where he studied very hard and won prizes. His first compositions were played in Cádiz. He studied with Pedrell who had also taught Albéniz and Granados.
He wrote a song called "Tus ojillos negros" which became very popular, and he won a prize for a piano composition, but it was his opera "La vida breve" (1904-1905) which really showed his genius, although it was not performed at the time. No one in Spain wanted to perform his zarzuelas, so he went to Paris in 1907. He soon made friends with Dukas, Debussy and Ravel. He made changes to "La vida breve" and it was performed in Paris in 1913. His piano works and songs were also performed in Paris, and in Madrid.
Mid career.
In 1915 he wrote "El amor brujo". It was a work with dances, songs and spoken passages. He soon turned it into a ballet. The music uses the songs of Andalusia and the rhythms of Spanish folkmusic. He wrote a work for solo piano and orchestra called "Noches en los jardines de España" ("Nights in the gardens of Spain"). Later he changed it to a ballet for Diaghilev, calling it "El sombrero". It was performed in London in 1919 with designs by Picasso. The music is very lively and often sounds like a guitar. He wrote a piano piece called "Fantasia bética" (1919) which is the most important Spanish piano work after Albéniz’s "Iberia".
Falla had many friends, including Lorca. They liked small theatre pieces and Falla wrote "El retablo" and set it as a puppet opera. He liked the music of the past centuries, and wrote a concerto for harpsichord and five other instruments.
Final years.
During his final years Falla was composing a very large work called "Atlántida". It was a long oratorio for soloists, chorus and orchestra. The words were in Catalan. Falla did not live long enough to finish the work. He became very depressed because of World War II. In the end he was invited to Argentina where he settled. He continued to work at "Atlántida", but he had not finished it when he died. A man called Ernesto Halffter spent many years trying to finish it and prepare it for a performance. It was performed on stage at La Scala, Milan, in 1962, but it does not work well as an opera. Occasionally it is performed as a concert piece.
References.
The New Grove Dictionary of Music & Musicians ed. Stanley Sadie, 1980

Joaquín Turina
Joaquín Turina (born in Seville on 9 December 1882; died in Madrid on 14 January 1949) was a Spanish composer.
Turina was brought up in Seville, and the music of this town always had a big influence on his music. His father was a painter. As a small boy Turina’s favourite toy was a small toy accordion. He started to study medicine, but he wanted to be a musician, so his father let him study music instead. He had piano lessons with Enrique Rodriguez and studied harmony with Garcia Torres, who was in charge of music at the cathedral in Seville.
Soon Turina started to compose. He met Falla and the two musicians became lifelong friends. He moved to Paris in 1905 where he studied with Moskowski and d’Indy. One of the his first works to be performed was piano quintet. The style was similar to César Franck. Albéniz heard it and advised the young composer to make his music sound Spanish.
Turina’s music started to be performed widely. In 1914 both Turina and Falla returned to live in Spain. They were two of the most important Spanish composers. He was choirmaster at the Teatro Real and he had an opera "Jardin de oriente" performed there. He became director of the Madrid Conservatory and received many honours. He died after a long illness.
Turina’s music always sounds very Spanish, although he used the forms of main European composers. He wrote many short piano pieces which often describe a person. He wrote songs and guitar music.
References.
The New Grove Dictionary of Music & Musicians ed. Stanley Sadie

Edouard Lalo
Edouard Lalo (born Lille, 27 January 1823; died Paris, 22 April 1892) was a French composer.
His life.
His family originally came from Spain. Edouard learned to play the piano and violin at the Lille Conservatory, but his parents did not want him to take music as a profession. So he left home when he was 16 and went to Paris. He took some lessons and earned money by teaching and playing the violin. He liked chamber music. Not many people in France were interested in chamber music at that time. With three friends he formed a string quartet and they helped to make the string quartets of Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven better known in France. He played the viola in his quartet, and later he played second violin. In 1859 he composed a string quartet.
It was not until the 1870s, when he was already in his 50s, that he started to become really well known. Some famous conductors such as Pasdeloup, Lamoureux and Colonne and the violinist Sarasate took an interest in his orchestral works and performed them. He wrote a violin concerto and a work called "Symphonie espagnole" ("Spanish Symphony") which was also for solo violin and orchestra. Sarasate played both these works. He wrote a cello concerto in 1877.
He wrote an opera "Le roi d’Ys", but no opera house wanted to perform it. They asked him to write a ballet instead. He did not know anything about ballet, but he composed one called "Namouna". It had some good music, although people who did not like him said it sounded like Wagner or like the music of someone who is used to writing symphonies.
In 1888 his opera "Le roi d’Ys" was performed at last. It was an enormous success, but Lalo only had four more years to live, and he did not compose anything more of importance. He had married one of his pupils in 1865 and they had a son.
His music.
In France Lalo is mainly remembered for his opera "Le roi d’Ys", but in other countries his best known work is his "Symphonie espagnole". It is not really a “symphony”, it is a violin concerto. It has five movements and there are lots of lively, Spanish rhythms. His cello concerto is also an excellent work.
References.
The New Grove Dictionary of Music & Musicians ed. Stanley Sadie, 1980

Oakland Raiders
The Oakland Raiders are a professional American football team in the National Football League. They are located in Oakland, California and play at McAfee Coliseum. They were created in 1960 as a new American Football League team. They play in the Western Division of the American Football Conference. Division rivals are Denver Broncos, Kansas City Chiefs, and San Diego Chargers.
American Football League years (1960-1969).
Few moths after AFL's first draft in 1959, owners of the Minneapolis new team (later known as the Minnesota Vikings) accepted the invitation to join the established National Football League. Needed a replacement, the AFL tried to find one quickly. Oakland was a unlikely city to have a professional American football team. The AFL owners selected Oakland after Los Angeles Chargers owner Barron Hilton threatened to lose his team unless a second team was placed on the West Coast. So, the city of Oakland was awarded the eighth AFL team on January 30, 1960, and the team took over the Minneapolis club's draft picks. In the early years, the Raiders struggled. When Al Davis came in as head coach and general manager, the Raiders improved. Davis hired John Rauch and went to the their first AFL Championship against the Houston Oilers and won it 40-7. After winning their first AFL championship they earned a shot at Super Bowl II and lost to Green Bay Packers 33-14. The next two years, the Raiders again won Western Division titles, only to lose the AFL Championship to the eventual Super Bowl winners—the New York Jets (1968) and Kansas City Chiefs (1969).
National Football League years (1970-present).
After the 1969 season, the AFL decided to merge with the NFL. The Raiders join the American Football Conference as a Western Division member. John Madden was hired as head coach. Madden took the Raiders to their first Super Bowl win against Minnesota Vikings 32-14 in Super Bowl XI. Later, Madden left for a commentary career. The Raiders hire Tom Flores, the first Hispanic head coach in NFL history. Flores took the Raiders for their second Super Bowl win against Philadelphia Eagles 27 10 in Super Bowl XV. The Raiders became the first wild card team to win a Super Bowl.
Los Angeles Raiders (1982-1995).
Al Davis signed a note to make the Raiders move to Los Angeles. The Raiders won their third Super Bowl against the Washington Redskins.
Oakland Raiders (1995-present).
The Raiders move back to Oakland. Currently, the Raiders have struggle since 2003 season.
Season-by-season records.
"Note: W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties"
+ = Due to a strike-shortened season in 1982, all teams were ranked by conference instead of division.

Wagenhausen
Wagenhausen is a municipality of the district of Steckborn in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

Wäldi
Wäldi is a municipality of the district of Kreuzlingen in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

Wängi
Wängi is a municipality of the district of Münchwilen in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

Warth-Weiningen
Warth-Weiningen is a municipality of the district of Frauenfeld in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

Wigoltingen
Wigoltingen is a municipality of the district of Weinfelden in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

Wilen
Wilen is a municipality of the district of Münchwilen in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

Wuppenau
Wuppenau is a municipality of the district of Münchwilen in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

Zihlschlacht-Sitterdorf
Zihlschlacht-Sitterdorf is a municipality of the district of Bischofszell in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

Auenstein, Switzerland
Auenstein is a municipality of the district Brugg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.
It is located about 3km northwest of Lenzburg.

Auw, Switzerland
Auw is a municipality of the district Muri in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Daniel D. Tompkins
Daniel D. Tompkins (June 21, 1774 – June 11, 1825) was an entrepreneur, jurist, Congressman, Governor of New York, and the sixth Vice President of the United States.

Overijssel
Overijssel (Latin: "Transiselania") is a province of the Netherlands. It is in the central eastern part of the country. The province's name in both Dutch and Latin means "Lands across river Jissel". The capital city of Overijssel is Zwolle. Its biggest city is Enschede
Geography.
Overijssel has Germany to the east. The Achterhoek region of Gelderland lies to the south, the Veluwe region of Gelderland and Flevoland are to the west, and Friesland and the former moors of Drenthe to the north. Overijssel is made of three regions: Kop van Overijssel in the northwest, Salland in the centre of the province, and Twente in the east. Besides the capital Zwolle, the major cities are Almelo, Deventer, Enschede, and Hengelo.
To the southeast, the land is mostly sandy. There are small rivers and brooks cutting through it. Examples for such rivers are Regge and Dinkel. In the northwest, the geology is mostly made of sediments from the "Overijsselse Vecht" and clay. The northern parts were once covered by "veen" (bogs) which separated the dryer and more arable south from Drenthe. These bogs have been exploited as fuel to a large degree. Only small patches survive today ("Engbertsdijksvenen" near Tubbergen, "Witteveen" (near Haaksbergen), and the Aamsveen (near Enschede). The extreme northwest is dominated by a system of lakes formed by former peat-mining, the Weerribben, which is a valuable wetland.
The highest point in Overijssel is the summit of the Tankenberg, a hill in the municipality of Losser. It is 89 metres (295 ft). The lowest point is in the Mastenbroek Polder near Kampen at 2 metres (6 ft) below sea level.
History.
Overijssel was formerly known as Oversticht. In 1336, it was made part of Guelders. It was given to the Bishopric of Utrecht in 1347. Utrecht was known as "het Sticht". The Bishops gave the Oversticht to the Emperor Charles V in 1528, who styled himself "Lord of Overijssel". With this, he gave the province its modern name. The people joined with the other Dutch and rebelled against Charles' heir Philip II. Overijssel became governed by the most powerful mayors and lords in the province.
After a brief occupation by the forces of the Bishop of Münster (1672–1674), Overijssel received a new form of government. This granted the stadtholders more power. Widespread resistance against the bigger power throughout the provinces lead to the Batavian Republic in 1795. A centralist government arose and the Netherlands was organised into a series of "départements", based on those used by revolutionary France. At first organised into its own "département", it was merged with Drenthe in 1798 to form Ouden Ijssel, which was renamed Overijssel in 1801.
The French annexed the Batavian Republic in 1810, and Overijssel was organised into the new French département of Bouches-de-l'Yssel. After the defeat of Napoleon in 1814, the kingdom of the Netherlands and the former province of Overijssel were recreated. Overijssel was briefly occupied by Nazi Germany during World War II from May 1940, until its liberation in April 1945. The Noordoostpolder, which had been laid dry in 1942, was part of Overijssel from 1962 until 1986, when it became part of the newly created province of Flevoland.

Walker, Texas Ranger
Walker, Texas Ranger was a television show that ran originally from 1993 to 2001. The main character, Cordell Walker, was played by Chuck Norris.

Chuck Norris Facts
The "facts" usually say that Chuck Norris is a very angry, all-powerful, superbeing. Some of these "facts" have also turned into popular jokes. Like most Internet phenomena, the Chuck Norris facts have spread around the world. They have been translated into may different languages as well as used as the basis for advertising and other Internet phenomena. The "facts" often refer to his use of roundhouse kick attacks to do almost anything, his beard, and his role in the action television series "Walker, Texas Ranger".
Background.
Chuck Norris Facts were first seen on the Internet in early 2005. Conan O'Brien's Chuck Norris jokes on "Late Night with Conan O'Brien" have been seen as an cause for the fad. These "facts" are similar to "Tall tales" such as those of Paul Bunyan. Chuck Norris Facts started being used in the gaming community shortly after a Chuck Norris Fact generator was created for use with World of Warcraft in early 2006.
Chuck's response.
Chuck Norris has talked about the Chuck Norris Facts on his official website, chucknorris.com, with a statement. He was surprised and liked the attention. He said that some of the statements were indeed funny but he tries not to take any of them seriously. He hoped that the "facts" would get people to want to know the real facts about Chuck Norris found in his literary works.
Norris appeared in a 2007 commercial for Mountain Dew where he had his revenge on the two fictional webmasters of a site that showed Norris in a humorous way. This is a reference to the Chuck Norris Facts meme.
In December, 2007, when these statements were published in book form by Penguin in November, 2007.

Magglio Ordóñez
Magglio Jose "Maggs" Ordóñez (b. January 28, 1974) is a Venezuelan Major League Baseball player. He is a right fielder and right-handed batter. Ordóñez was born in Coro, Venezuela. He played for the Chicago White Sox from 1997 to 2004. He has played for the Detroit Tigers since 2005.

Johan Santana
Johan Santana (born March 13, 1979) is a Venezuelan Major League Baseball player. He is a left-handed pitcher for the New York Mets. Santana has previously played for the Minnesota Twins.

Minnesota Twins
The Minnesota Twins are a Major League Baseball team in Minneapolis, Minnesota.

42 Isis
42 Isis is a big main belt asteroid. Isis was found by N. R. Pogson on May 23, 1856. It was the first asteroid he found. It is named after Isis, the classical (Greek) name of an Egyptian goddess.

Hard-Fi
Hard-Fi are a popular indie rock band from Staines an area of London, England. They are named after Lee Scratch Perry's description of his studio. They have had two hit albums in the UK charts: "Stars of CCTV" and "Once Upon a Time in the West". Their most successful songs include "Suburban Knights" and "Hard to Beat".

Chamber
A chamber is a space inside a structure; for example, a room inside a building or the hollow inside a shell.

Self
A self is an individual person, from his or her own point of view. To you, self is you. To someone else, self is that person.
Virtues.
See the list at Virtues and values

Goldbach's conjecture
Origins.
Euler, becoming interested in the problem, answered by noting that this conjecture would follow from a stronger version,
adding that he regarded this a fully certain theorem ("ein ganz gewisses Theorema"), in spite of his being unable to prove it.

Compass (drafting)
A compass (or pair of compasses) is a drawing tool that can be used for making circles or arcs. They can also be used as a tool to measure distances, in particular on maps. Compasses can be used for mathematics, drafting, navigation, and other purposes.
Construction.
Compasses are usually made of metal, and consist of two parts called "legs" connected by a hinge which can be adjusted. Typically one part has a spike at its end, and the other part a pencil, or sometimes a pen.
Drawing.
Circles can be made by fastening one leg of the compasses into the paper with the spike, putting the pencil on the paper, and moving the pencil around while keeping the hinge on the same angle. The radius of the circle can be adjusted by changing the angle of the hinge.
Measuring.
Distances can be measured on a map using compasses with two spikes. The hinge is set in such a way that the distance between the spikes on the map represents a certain distance in reality, and by measuring how many times the compasses fit between two points on the map the distance between those points can be calculated.
Geometry.
Compass and straightedge construction is used to illustrate principles of plane geometry. Although a real pair of compasses is used to draft visible illustrations, the ideal compass used in proofs is an abstract creator of perfect circles. The most rigorous definition of this abstract tool is the "collapsing compass"; having drawn a circle from a given point with a given radius, it disappears; it cannot simply be moved to another point and used to draw another circle of equal radius (unlike a real pair of compasses).

43 Ariadne
43 Ariadne is a fairly big and bright main belt asteroid. It is the second-biggest member of the Flora asteroid family. It was found by N. R. Pogson on April 15, 1857 and named after the Greek heroine Ariadne.
Characteristics.
Ariadne is very stretched (almost twice as long as its smallest dimension). It is a retrograde rotator, although its pole points almost parallel to the ecliptic towards ecliptic coordinates (β, λ) = (-15°, 235°) with a 10° uncertaintya>. This gives an axial tilt of about 105°.

44 Nysa
44 Nysa is a quite big and very bright main belt asteroid. It is also the brightest member of the Nysa asteroid family. It is classified as a rare class E asteroid and is probably the biggest of this type (though 55 Pandora is only a bit smaller).
It was found by H. Goldschmidt on May 27, 1857 and named after the mythical land of Nysa in Greek mythology.
The shape model constructed from the lightcurve of Nysa is shaped like a cone, indicating that the asteroid may actually be a contact binary.
Nysa has so far been reported occulting a star twice.

45 Eugenia
45 Eugenia is a big Main belt asteroid. It is famous because it is one of the first asteroids to be found to have a moon orbiting it. It is also the second known triple asteroid, after 87 Sylvia.
Discovery.
Eugenia was found in 1857 by Hermann Goldschmidt. It was named after Empress Eugenia di Montijo, the wife of Napoleon III, and was the first asteroid to be named after a real person, rather than a figure from classical legend (although there had been controversy about whether 12 Victoria was really named for the mythological figure or for Queen Victoria).
Physical characteristics.
Eugenia is a big asteroid, with a diameter of 214 km. It is an F-type asteroid, which means that it is very dark in colouring (darker than soot) made up of carbonate. Like Mathilde, its density appears to be unusually low, indicating that it may be a loosely-packed rubble pile (an asteroid that has been broken apart by a collision and pulled back together by gravity).
Lightcurve analysis indicates that Eugenia's pole most likely points towards ecliptic coordinates (β, λ) = (-30°, 124°) with a 10° uncertainty, which gives it an axial tilt of 117°. Eugenia's rotation is then retrograde.
Petit-Prince.
In November 1998, astronomers at the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope on Mauna Kea, Hawaii, found a small moon orbiting Eugenia. This was the first time a moon orbiting an asteroid had been found by a ground-based telescope. Eugenia's moon has been named (45) Eugenia I Petit-Prince, after Empress Eugenia's son, the Prince Imperial. The moon is much smaller than Eugenia, about 13 km in diameter, and takes five days to complete an orbit around it.
2004 (45) 1.
A second, smaller (estimated diameter of 6 km) moon that orbits closer to Eugenia than Petit-Prince has since been found and provisionally named S/2004 (45) 1. It was found by analyses of three images acquired in February 2004 from the 8.2 m VLT "Yepun" at the European Southern Observatory (ESO) Cerro Paranal, in Chile. The discovery was announced in IAUC 8817, on 7 March 2007 by Franck Marchis and his IMCCE collaborators.

Moomin
MOOMIN (b. July 13, 1972) is a Japanese Reggae singer. He comes from Chigasaki City, Kanagawa Prefecture.

Shri Gurudev Mahendranath
Shri Gurudev Mahendranath (April 29, 1911–August 30, 1991) was a British mystic, writer, poet, and guru of tantra who started the spiritual organization known as the "International Nath Order".
Biography.
Born Lawrence Amos Miles in London, England on April 29, 1911. While still a child, he had a number of unusual experiences which led him to become interested in spirituality and Paganism. As a young man, Shri Mahendranath met Aleister Crowley. Personal experience and Crowley's advice prompted him into a deeper study of meditation and the I Ching with Indian and other Asian masters.
During his life, Shri Mahendranath traveled to Ceylon, Thailand, Bangladesh, Burma, Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia, and Australia. He studied Theravada, Mahayana and Vajrayana Buddhism, as well as Taoism, and Zen.
After some years, Shri Mahendranath arrived in India in 1953. On the auspicious occasion of Guru Purnima, he was made a Nath by H.H. Shri Sadguru Lokanath, the Avadhut of the Himalayas. Later, he was taught Tantra by Shri Pagala Baba of Ranchi and became his successor.
Shri Gurudev Mahendranath died on August 30, 1991. His last home was his hermitage—Shambhala Tapowan—near the Vatrak river, in the state of Gujarat, India.
Writings.
Shri Gurudev Mahendranath wrote a number of articles and essays on tantra and the spiritual life, including the "Twilight Yoga Trilogy", the "Levogyrate Tantra", and "The Londinium Temple Strain", subsequently collected under the title "The Scrolls of Mahendranath" in 1990. These works present the basics of spiritual life and the tantric path in a humorous and open manner. In 2002, an online version of "The Scrolls of Mahendrath & Other Writings" was published by the "International Nath Order". This online version contains Gurudev's poetry and earlier essays which were not included in the original print edition.

List of divinities in Japanese mythology
This is a list of divinities native to Japanese beliefs and religious traditions. Many of these are from Shinto, while others were imported via Buddhism or Taoism and "integrated" into Japanese mythology and folklore.
Shinto.
The following is a list of some of the major and minor deities in Shinto. As it is often said that there are "yaoyorozu-no-kami"(八百万の神) or 8 million kami (a representation of an infinite number), it would be impossible to list them all.
Major kami.
Inari (稲荷)
Tenjin (天神)
Buddhism.
Amida Nyorai (無量光佛 or 無量壽佛)
The Seven Lucky Gods.
Ebisu (恵比須, 恵比寿, 夷 or 戎)

46 Hestia
46 Hestia is a big, dark Main belt asteroid. It is also the primary body of the Hestia "asteroid clump". It was found by N. R. Pogson on August 16, 1857 and is named after Hestia, Greek goddess of the hearth.

47 Aglaja
47 Aglaja is a big, dark main belt asteroid. It was found by R. Luther on September 15, 1857. It is named after Aglaea, one of the Charites in Greek mythology.

Lantana camara
Lantana camara shrub verbena or Spanish flag is hairy shrub native from tropical America. It is regarded as a notorious weed, and popular ornamental garden plant in many parts of the world.

Tenzin Gyatso
His Holiness Tenzin Gyatso is the fourteenth Dalai Lama. His full name is Jetsun Jamphel Ngawang Lobsang Yeshe Tenzin Gyatso (born Llhamo Döndrub on 6 July 1935 in Qinghai), is the fourteenth and current Dalai Lama. He is the political and spiritual leader of Tibet.

48 Doris
48 Doris is one of the biggest main belt asteroids. Doris was found by H. Goldschmidt on September 19, 1857 and named after Doris, an Oceanid in Greek mythology.

Lama
In the Tibetan language, lama means teacher. A lama is a religious teacher, guide, or mentor of Tibetan Buddhism. The meaning is similar to the Sanskrit term "guru". The word "lama" is part of the title, Dalai Lama.

49 Pales
49 Pales is a big, dark Main belt asteroid. Pales was found by H. Goldschmidt on September 19, 1857 and named after Pales, goddess of shepherds in Roman mythology.

Rinpoche
Rinpoche is a title in Tibetan Buddhism which may be given to a religious teacher known as a lama. The word "Rinpoche" literally means "precious one".
In Tibet and Bhutan, when used as "Guru Rinpoche" it refers to Padmasambhava, who first brought Tibetan Buddhism to the Himalayas. When used as "Je Rinpoche", it refers to Je Tsongkhapa, the founder of the Gelug School.

Padmasambhava
Padmasambhava is the person who brought Buddhism to Tibet in the 8th century. The name is in the Sanskrit language and means "born from a lotus flower". In Bhutan and Tibet he is better known as Guru Rinpoche ("Precious Master") or Lopon Rinpoche, where followers of the Nyingma school regard him as the second Buddha.
The mantra of Padmasambhva is "Om Ah Hum Vajra Guru Padma Siddhi Hum" and is called the "Vajra Guru mantra". There is also a prayer called "The Seven Line Prayer" which is devoted to him.

Kitsune
(is the Japanese word for fox. Foxes are a common subject of Japanese folklore. Stories depict them as intelligent beings and as possessing magical abilities that increase with their age and wisdom. Foremost among these is the ability to assume human form. While some folktales speak of kitsune employing this ability to trick others — as foxes in folklore often do — others portray them as faithful guardians, friends, lovers, and wives.
Foxes and human beings lived in close proximity in ancient Japan; this companionship gave rise to legends about the creatures. Kitsune have become closely associated with Inari, a Shinto "kami" or spirit, and serve as his messengers. This role has reinforced the fox's supernatural significance. The more tails a kitsune has — they may have as many as nine — the older, wiser, and more powerful it is. Because of their potential power and influence, some people make offerings to them as to a deity.

Phonetics
Phonetics (from the Greek word φωνή, "phone" which means 'sound' or 'voice') is the science of the sounds of human speech. Phonetic theory regards the nature of sounds in speech (called phones) and how they are made, heard and thought of. Phonology, which came from it, studies sound systems and sound units (such as phonemes and distinctive features). Phonetics is one of the two parts of orthographical linguistics, the other part being spelling, differing from grammar and lexis.
There are more than 100 different phones recognized by the International Phonetic Association (IPA) and are shown in their writing system called the International Phonetic Alphabet.
The first time phonetics was studied was 2,500 years ago in what is now India, with, when he wrote about the place and manner of articulation of consonants in Sanskrit in his 5th century BC essay on Sanskrit linguistics. The major Indic scripts today order their consonants the way did.

Laws of Form
"Laws of Form" is a book by George Spencer-Brown published in 1969. It is about logic, mathematics, and philosophy. The mathematical systems that Spencer-Brown presented in the book are known by the names "calculus of indications", "distinction calculus", and often just "LOF".
"Laws of Form" grew out of the author's work in electronic engineering. The book has been published in several editions and translations and has never gone out of print. A short book, its mathematical part is only 55 pages long.
Spencer-Brown's philosophy was influenced by Ludwig Wittgenstein, R.D. Laing, Charles Sanders Peirce, Bertrand Russell, and Alfred North Whitehead.
Reception.
"Laws of Form" was listed in the "Whole Earth Catalog" in 1969 and quickly became a cult classic. The calculus of indications and the primary algebra may be regarded as a way to think about a fundamental activity of the mind, namely, the ability to "distinguish" or to "draw distinctions". The book argues that this ability is the foundation of human cognition and consciousness. According to Spencer-Brown, the primary arithemetic and primary algebra reveal new connections among logic, mathematics, the philosophy of language, and the philosophy of mind.
Mathematical ideas.
Let 0 and 1 be the two basic primitive values of Boolean algebra. Let "AB" denote a binary operation of Boolean algebra. Let ("X") stand for the Boolean complement of "X". Then the calculus of indications is simply Boolean arithmetic reduced to the two equations 11=1 and (1)=0. These are the only "axioms" in "LoF".
The primary algebra is mainly a simpler notation for Boolean algebra, except for one thing. In Boolean algebra, () is not defined. () is "empty" complementation (the complementation of "nothing"). On the other hand, in the primary algebra () is defined, and stands for one of 0 or 1. (()) stands for the other primitive value, and is the same thing as the blank page.
Let "A" and "B" be any two expressions of the primary algebra. The primary algebra is made up of equations of the form "A"="B", and these equations are treated in the same way as the equations of the number algebra taught in all schools. Standard methods of logic seldom use equations. "LoF" argues that doing elementary logic with the primary algebra is easier. In particular, if "A" is a tautology in logic, then one of "A"=() or "A"=(()) holds in the primary algebra.
Hence the primary algebra is a well-behaved piece of mathematics. It can be useful even if the philosophy and cognitive science of "LoF" are wrong or uninteresting.

Marx Brothers
The Marx Brothers were a popular team of sibling comedians who appeared in vaudeville, stage plays, movie, and television.
The brothers were Chico, Harpo, Groucho, Gummo and Zeppo.
Early life.
Born in New York City, the Marx Brothers were the sons of Jewish immigrants from Germany. Their mother, Minnie Schönberg, was from Dornum in East Frisia, and their father Simon Marrix (whose name was changed to Sam Marx, and who was nicknamed "Frenchy") was a native of Alsace, now part of France, and worked as a tailor. The family lived in the then-poor Yorkville section of New York City's Upper East Side, between the Irish, German and Italian Quarters.
Careers.
The Marx Brothers began as a musical group, during the days of vaudeville theater. They would make jokes, play funny characters, and pretend to get into fights when they performed. In time their antics got them more applause (and work) than their music, and they became a comedy group. Music stayed in their act, with the brothers performing in character, but their focus was on getting laughs. Makeup and costumes gave their characters their look. When the brothers were out of costume, they could blend into the audience.
Gummo did not appear in any of the movies. In the movies, each brother played a role that was mostly the same in every movie. Groucho was a "wise guy" who big bushy eyebrows, glasses, and a moustache who smoked a cigar; Chico spoke with an Italian accent and played the piano; Harpo never spoke and played the harp. Zeppo usually played the straight man. He left the group in 1933, and they worked with other actors. Margaret Dumont played the leading lady role in many of their shows. She did not appear to know when a joke was made about her, and this made her role funnier.
The fortunes of the brothers rose and fell over the years. Groucho lost a lot of money in 1929, when the stock market collapsed. (Years later, he visited the New York Stock Exchange, and drew so much attention that trading stopped for several minutes. Groucho joked that he came "to get his money's worth" in stopping business.) Chico had a problem with gambling, and lost more than he won at it. Harpo and his wife could not have children of their own, so they adopted enough to have a large family. (When Adolf Hitler took control of Germany in the 1930s, and stories came back about his mistreatment of Jewish people, Harpo legally changed his name from Adolph to Arthur, even though he was better known as Harpo.)
Groucho kept working after his brothers retired. He hosted a television quiz show called "You Bet Your Life", which was more liked for Groucho's way of hosting than for the game itself. He made a few movie and television appearances late in his life. He also appeared at Carnegie Hall, telling stories about his life and career, and singing songs from every part of his career. A recording of his Carnegie Hall show became a best-seller.

M. C. Escher
Maurits Cornelis Escher (June 17 1898 – March 27 1972), usually referred to as M. C. Escher, was a Dutch graphic artist. He is known for his often mathematically inspired woodcuts, lithographs and mezzotints. These feature impossible constructions, explorations of infinity, architecture and tessellations.

Adit
An adit is a type of entrance to a mine which is horizontal or nearly horizontal. Adits are usually built into the side of a hill or mountain, and often occur when coal or ore is located inside the mountain but above the local valley floor or coastal plain. The use of adits is generally called "drift mining".

A5M Claude
The A5M Claude was a Japanese fighter aircraft made by Mitsubishi. It first flew inh 1935 and was introduced in 1937. It was the first monoplane (fixed-wing aircraft with one set of wings) that could be on an aircraft carrier. It was similar to the P-26 Peashooter, an American monoplane fighter. It fought in the second Sino-Japanese War. After the Pearl Harbor attacks, it was not able to fight American fighters like the Curtiss P-40 and the F4F Wildcat, so it was replaced by the A6M Zero.

Birmingham, Alabama
Birmingham is a city in the American state of Alabama. It is county seat of Jefferson County. Birmingham is the largest city in Alabama by population. The city has a population of about 230 thousand people and a metropolitan population of over 1 million. It has an area of about 152 square miles (394 km²) and an elevation of 614 feet (140 m).
Birmingham Sunday.
Birmingham became famous around the world when a bomb exploded in the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church on Sunday September 15, 1963. Four young black girls were killed. A member of the Ku Klux Klan was charged for the bombing many years later. Richard Farina wrote a sad song called "Birmingham Sunday" in 1964 to the tune of "I Love A Lass".. It has been recorded by singers including Joan Baez.

Independent Women Part I
"Independent Women (Part I)" is an R&B song written by American singer-songwriter Beyoncé Knowles, Sam Barnes, Jen-Claude Olivier, and Cory Rooney for Destiny's Child's third studio album, "Survivor" (2001), only considered as a bonus track. It was produced by Knowles, Rooney, and Poke & Tone and first appeared on the soundtrack to the film "Charlie's Angels". Released as both the soundtrack's and album's first single in fall 2000, the song held the number one spot on the Billboard Hot 100 chart for eleven consecutive weeks from November 2000 to February 2001. Although, for the United Kingdom, it was released on the same day, with both Part I and Part II counting as the song release.
The music video was directed by Francis Lawrence. At the end, the women are greeted by the ever-mysterious "Charlie".

Huntsville, Alabama
Huntsville is a city in the American State of Alabama. It is the county seat of Madison County, Alabama. The city has a population of about 170 thousand people. It has a metrolitan population of about 370 thousand people. The city was the first capital city of Alabama.
Huntsville has an area of about 174 sq miles and sits at an elevation of 600 feet.

Burlington, Vermont
Burlington is a city in the American state of Vermont. It is the county seat of Chittenden County. Burlington was first settled in 1783. It became a city in 1865.
Population.
Burlington is Vermont's largest city. It has a population of about 40,000 people. It is the smallest American city that is also the largest in it's state. Burlington has a metropolitan population of about 210,000.
Geography.
The city is located on the east bank of Lake Champlain. Burlington has an area of about 15.5 sq miles. It sits at a elevation of 200 feet.

Loretta Spencer
Loretta Spencer is the current mayor of the city of Huntsville, Alabama. She first became mayor on October 4, 1996. Spencer is the first woman to have been elected mayor of Huntsville. If she finish her third term, she will also be one of four mayors to serve 12 or more years as Huntsville mayor.

Tuscaloosa, Alabama
Tuscaloosa is a city and county seat of Tuscaloosa County, Alabama. Tuscaloosa has a population of about 84,000 people and a metro population of about 117,000 people. Tuscaloosa has an area of about. It sits at a height of 223 feet.

Hoover, Alabama
Hoover is a city in Jefferson County, Alabama.
Hoover has a population of about 69,000 people.
Hoover has an area of about 43 miles and sits at a height of 577 feet.

Dothan, Alabama
Dothan is a city and county seat of Houston County. The city has a population of about 65,000 people. Dothan has an area of about and sits at a height of.

Kou Shibasaki
, born on August 5, 1981 in Toshima, Tokyo, is a Japanese singer and actress.

Decatur, Alabama
Decatur is a city and county seat of Morgan County, Alabama. It has a population of about 56,000 people. Decatur has an area of about 60 miles and sits at a height of about 561 feet.

Auburn, Alabama
Auburn is a city in Lee County, Alabama. Known as "the loveliest village on the plains", it has a population of about 52,000 people and an area of about 40 miles and sits at 702 feet. Auburn is home to Auburn University.

Casper, Wyoming
Casper is an American city in the state of Wyoming. It is located in Natrona County. The city has a population of about 50,000 people. Casper has an area of about 25 square miles and sits at an elevation of 5,150 feet.

Wilmington, Delaware
Wilmington is the largest city in the state Delaware, United States, and the county seat of New Castle County. Its population is almost 73,000 people.
Wilmington has an area of about and is above see level, at the junction of the Christina River and Brandywine Creek.

Niña
The Niña was one of the ships Christopher Columbus sailed to the new world. The others were the Pinta and the Santa Maria Nina also is an Indian girl name meaning beautiful eyes or lovely eyes. Also, in Spanish it means girl.

Pinta (ship)
The "Pinta" is one of the ships Christopher Columbus sailed to the new world. The others were the Niña and the Santa Maria

Santa Maria
The "Santa Maria" is one of the ships Christopher Columbus sailed to the new world. The others were the "Pinta" and the "Nina".

50 Virginia
50 Virginia is a big, very dark Main belt asteroid. It was found by J. Ferguson on October 4, 1857. R. Luther found it on his own on October 19, and his discovery was announced first. The reason for Virginia's name is not known. It is probably named after Verginia, the Roman noblewoman slain by her father, but it may also have been named after the American state of Virginia.

51 Nemausa
51 Nemausa is a big Main belt asteroid made up with similar stuff as 1 Ceres. It was found in the city of Nîmes, France, after which it was named (in its Latin name). The person who found Nemausa was a certain "A. Laurent" who never found anymore asteroids and about whom not much seems to be known. The asteroid was found using the private observatory at the house formerly occupied by Benjamin Valz, who left to become the new director of the Marseille Observatory. He entrusted his former observatory to A. Laurent, who later found the asteroid. The house, at 32 rue Nationale in Nîmes, has a plaque commemorating the discovery.
A small moon has been suggested based on lightcurve data.

52 Europa
52 Europa is an asteroid. It has a diameter of 289 km, and was found on February 4, 1858 by H. Goldschmidt. It is named after Europa, one of Zeus's conquests in Greek mythology. Europa is the seventh biggest asteroid by volume and the sixth biggest by mass (after Ceres, Vesta, Pallas, Hygiea, and Interamnia) and contains somewhat less than 2% of the mass of the entire main belt.
It is a very dark carbonaceous C-type, and the fourth-biggest of these. It orbits close to the Hygiea asteroid family, but is not a member. Spectroscopic studies have found evidence of olivines and pyroxenes on the surface.
Lightcurve data for Europa has been very hard to interpret, so much so for a long time its period of rotation was in dispute (5 and a half, or 11 hours?) despite many observationsa>. It has now been determined that Europa is a prograde rotator, but the exact direction in which its pole points remains unclear. The most detailed analysis indicates that it points either towards about ecliptic coordinates (β, λ) = (70°, 55°) or (40°, 255°) with a 10° uncertainty a>. This gives an axial tilt of about 14° or 54°, respectively.
It has been found that the star CV Aquarii found in 1934, was actually an incorrect misidentification of 52 Europa.
52 Europa should not be confused with Jupiter's moon Europa.

Three Jewels
The Three Jewels, also called the Three Treasures, the Three Refuges, or the Triple Gem, are the three things that Buddhists give themselves to, and in return look toward for guidance, in the process known as "taking refuge".

Dharma (Buddhism)
Dharma in Buddhism means the teachings of the Buddha which lead to enlightenment.
What is called "Buddhism" in western countries is called buddha-dharma in eastern countries. This term simply means "Path of Awakening" and is thus a form of dharma.
The Dharma is one of the Three Jewels of Buddhism of which followers of Buddhism seek refuge in (what one relies on for his/her lasting happiness). The three jewels of Buddhism are the Buddha (mind's perfection of enlightenment), the Dharma (teachings and methods), and the Sangha (awakened beings who provide guidance and support).

Helvetic Republic
The Helvetic Republic was a state lasting for five years, from 1798 to 1803. It's name came from the Helvetii people.

Helvetii
The Helvetii were a Celtic tribe and the main dwellers of the Swiss plateau in the 1st century BC. They are usually featured in Julius Caesar’s commentaries on the Gallic War.

Saas Fee
Saas-Fee is the main village in the Saastal or the Saas Valley and is a municipality of the district of Visp in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

Evolène
Evolène is a municipality of the district of Hérens in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

Baden, Switzerland
Baden is a municipality of the district Swiss canton of Aargau.

Baldingen, Switzerland
Baldingen is a municipality of the district Zurzach in canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Beinwil (Freiamt)
Beinwil (Freiamt) is a municipality of the district Muri in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Ratification
Ratification is the confirmation of a treaty.
Treaties are signed by members of the government of a country. Many treaties make a country do something, or change the law of the countries which agree to it. Therefore some countries can only ratify a treaty if it is confirmed by the legislature of the country, or by a referendum (a vote of the people).
In the past treaties were signed by delegates chosen by the ruler of a country. To make sure that the treaty was acceptable to the ruler the treaty would not take effect until it was ratified by the ruler.
The United States is only bound by a treaty if the Senate agrees. So although President Woodrow Wilson signed the Treaty of Versailles which ended the First World War with Germany and set up the League of Nations the treaty never took effect for the USA because the US Senate never gave its "advice and consent" (agreed) to the treaty. This is why there was a separate peace treaty between Germany and the USA
In the United Kingdom the government ratifies treaties, it does not need the agreement of the House of Commons. However if the treaty is going to change the law then a separate act of parliament is needed. For example before Britain entered the European Union in 1973 the European Communities Act had to be passed to make the changes to the law that were needed.

Beinwil am See
Beinwil am See is a municipality of the district Kulm in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

New Orleans Hornets
New Orleans Hornets are a American professional basketball team. They play in New Orleans, Louisiana. The Hornets are a part of the National Basketball Association (NBA). The team started playing in the NBA in 1998 as the Charlotte Hornets playing in Charlotte, North Carolina. The moved to New Orleans in 2002. During the 2005 - 2006 and 2006 - 2007 seasons, the team was moved to Oklahoma City, Oklahoma because of the damage caused in New Orleans by Hurricane Katrina. During this time they were called the New Orleans / Oklahoma City Hornets. The team returned to New Orleans for the 2007-2008 season.

World Wrestling Entertainment roster
This is a list of people employed by and/or contracted to World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), including its developmental territory Florida Championship Wrestling (FCW).
Other on-air talent.
'Vickie Guerrero - "General Manager"

The Queen Vic
The Queen Vic (full name Queen Victoria) is a fictional pub in the British television show EastEnders. It has the fictional address of 46 Albert Square, Walford, London E20. It is known for being painted several times during the series.

Ian Beale
Ian Beale is a fictional character in "EastEnders". He is played by Adam Woodyatt.
Ian is the son of Pete and Kathy Beale.

Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs
"Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs" is a 1970 album by Derek and the Dominos.

National Rugby League
The National Rugby League (NRL) is a professional sports league in Australia. They play rugby league. There are 16 teams. Fifteen teams are from Australia and one is from New Zealand. The NRL is very popular in Australia. It is the biggest rugby competition in the world.The teams are the
Rugby League started in Australia in 1908. The 2008 competition winners were the Manly Sea Eagles.

Alison Krauss
Alison Krauss (born July 23, 1971) is an American bluegrass-country singer and fiddle player. She is famous for being the leader of the band "Alison Krauss & Union Station", and has produced albums for artists like Nickel Creek, Reba McEntire, and Alan Jackson. She has 21 Grammy Awards, more than any other female artist in history.

Lyle Lovett
Lyle Pearce Lovett (born November 1, 1957) is an American singer-songwriter and actor.

Dolly Parton
Dolly Rebecca Parton (born January 19, 1946) is an American, Grammy Award-winning country music singer/songwriter, composer, author, and actress. She has become one of the most successful female country artists in history, with 25 number-one singles (a record for a female country artist) and 41 top-10 country albums (a record for any country artist).
Her 1967 song "Dumb Blonde" was heard by country singer Porter Wagoner, and he asked Parton to be a part of his television show. Her single "Jolene" reached number one in 1974, becoming a solo artist, though still performed and recorded with Wagoner.
In the fifty-four years since her debut, Parton has become one of the most famous country artists in the world.

Vince Gill
Vincent Grant "Vince" Gill (born April 12, 1957) is an American country music singer-songwriter and multi-instrumentalist.

1256
Europe.
Roger Bacon becomes a Franciscan Friar.

Glen Phillips
Glen Phillips (born December 29, 1970) is an American songwriter, singer and guitarist. He is best known as the singer and songwriter of 1990s alternative rock group Toad the Wet Sprocket.

Jon Brion
Jon Brion (born December 11, 1963) is an American rock and pop multi-instrumentalist, singer, songwriter, composer and record producer. Jon Brion was born in Glen Ridge, New Jersey. His mother was a jazz singer, his father a band director at Yale, and his brother is a composer/arranger and sister a violinist.

Bruce Molsky
Bruce Molsky (b. Manhattan, New York, 1955) is an American fiddler, banjo player, guitarist, and singer.

Béla Fleck
Béla Fleck (born July 10, 1958 in New York City, New York) is an American banjo player. He is best known for his work with the band Béla Fleck and the Flecktones.
As part of a musical group.
Tasty Licks
The New Grass Revival
Béla Fleck and the Flecktones
As a guest musician.
Sam Bush
Dave Matthews Band
Eddie From Ohio
Jimmy Sturr & His Orchestra
Jorma Kaukonen
Nitty Gritty Dirt Band
Charlie Peacock
Keller Williams

Tift Merritt
Tift Merritt (born January 8, 1975) is an American singer and songwriter. Born in Houston, Texas, Merritt moved to North Carolina at a young age.

Elliott Smith
Steven Paul "Elliott" Smith (August 6, 1969 – October 21, 2003) was an American singer-songwriter and musician.

Sugar Hill Records
Sugar Hill Records is a folk music record label. Some of the artists who have released albums with the label are Nickel Creek, Allison Moorer, Sam Bush and Dolly Parton.

Toad
A Toad is a type of amphibian. A toad and a frog look alike. Toads mainly evolved in dry climates, so many toads have browner skin. Many toads also burrow, though that depends on the environment that the toad evolved in.

53 Kalypso
53 Kalypso is a big and very dark main belt asteroid. It was found by R. Luther on April 4, 1858. It is named after Calypso, a sea nymph in Greek mythology. Calypso is also the name of a moon of Saturn.

54 Alexandra
54 Alexandra is a very big and dark main belt asteroid. It was found by H. Goldschmidt on September 10, 1858 and named after the German explorer Alexander von Humboldt. On May 17, 2005 this asteroid occulted a faint star (magnitude 8.5) and the event was seen and timed in a number of locations within the U.S. and Mexico. As a result a silhouette profile was produced, yielding a roughly oval cross-section with dimensions of 160 × 135 km (± 1 km).

List of characters from EastEnders
This is a list of characters currently in the popular BBC soap opera "EastEnders", listed in order of first appearance.

Dot Branning
Dot Branning (formally Cotton) is a fictional character in EastEnders. She is played by June Brown

Pat Evans
Pat Evans is a fictional character in EastEnders. She has been played by Pam St. Clement since 12 June 1986.

Middle way
The Middle Way or Middle Path is a teaching about a way of looking at things in Buddhism. This teaching advises a path of moderation, taking a middle way between extremes. In particular, the Buddha advises against taking a either an overly hard path or an overly easy path. He said that a person should not be either too self-indulgent or self-denying.

Steven Beale
Steven Beale is a fictional character in EastEnders. He is played by Aaron Sidwell.

The Three Bears
"The Three Bears" or "Goldilocks and the Three Bears" is a children's story.
It is about a little girl named Goldilocks. She gets lost in the woods and finds a house where three bears live. The bears are not at home.
Curious, she enters the house and uses the bears' things, tasting their porridge (eating all of the baby's bowl), sitting on their chairs (breaking the baby's one), and then trying out their beds (falling asleep in the baby's one). Every member of the bear family has their own unique chair, porridge, and bed, which have unique characteristics. The mother and father's beds and chairs are "too hard" and "too soft" and their porridges are "too hot" and "too cold", with the baby bear's porridge, chair, and bed being "just right".
Goldilocks is still asleep in the baby's bed when the bears return home. They wake her up, and depending on the version of the story, either kill her or scare her away.

Bundesgerichtshof
The Bundesgerichtshof ("Federal Supreme Court") (BGH) is the highest German court for civil and criminal law. It is one of the five Supreme Courts in Germany.
are the other supreme courts. They only hear cases about their areas of law. There is no appeal from any of the supreme courts, unless someone's human rights are affected which is a matter for the Bundesverfassungsgericht - the Federal Constitutional Court to decide. If a matter of European law is being decided, the Supreme courts must decided the case first, before appealing to the European Court of Justice.
History.
The Bundesgerichtshof was founded in 1950. Its headquarters were in the old Palace of the "Hereditary Grand Duke" (the "heir apparent") of Hesse in Karlsruhe.
Another part, the 5th criminal division is based in the "Villa Sack" in Leipzig. The idea was to move all of the court there after the reunification. The judges did not want to move so instead only the 5th criminal division was moved from Berlin to Leipzig.
The 5th division used to meet in West Berlin so that appeal cases could be heard in the city without having to take criminals across the DDR. The Federal Administrative Court moved into the Villa sack as well on August 22nd, 2002.
Organisation.
The BGH is divided into "senates". Each Senate has a judges as chairman and four assessors.
Civil courts of appeal.
Which senate hears a case depends on what is being argued about.
I. Copyrights, trademark rights, dishonest competition
VI. "Deliktsrecht" Compensation after illegal acts
VII. Planning and building laws and regulations
IX. Acts by lawyers and tax consultants, insolvency law
X. Patent and registered design law, "kind protection" (that is, protecting types of plants a breeder has grown), travel contract law
XII. Family law and rent law
Criminal divisions.
The criminal senates hear cases from the 24 Higher Regional Courts. Which senate depends on which court the appeal comes from.
1. Bamberg, Karlsruhe, Munich, Nuremberg and Stuttgart as well as armed forces crimes and offence against the national defence;
2. Frankfurt am Main, Jena, Koblenz and Cologne;
3. Celle, Düsseldorf, Oldenburg and Schleswig as well as state security crimes;
4. Hamm, Naumburg, Rostock, Saarbrücken and Zweibrücken, as well as traffic crimes;
5. (based in Leipzig): Supreme Court of Berlin and the Higher Regional Courts of Brandenburg, Brunswick, Bremen, Dresden and Hamburg as well as tax and customs crimes.

Category
A category is a group of people or things that are the same in some way.

55 Pandora
55 Pandora is a quite big and very bright Main belt asteroid. Pandora was found by G. Searle on September 10, 1858. It was the first and only asteroid he found. It is named after Pandora, the first woman in Greek mythology. Not to be confused with Saturn's moon Pandora.

56 Melete
56 Melete is a big and dark main belt asteroid. It is a rather unusual class P asteroid, it is probably made up of organic rich silicates, carbon and anhydrous silicates, with possible internal water ice. It was found by H. Goldschmidt on September 9, 1857 and was named after Melete, the Muse of meditation in Greek mythology. So far two stellar occultations by Melete have been seen successfully (in 1997 and again in 2002).

57 Mnemosyne
57 Mnemosyne is a big Main belt asteroid. It is a S-type asteroid. It was found by R. Luther on September 22, 1859. It is named after Mnemosyne, a Titaness in Greek mythology.

58 Concordia
58 Concordia is a quite big Main belt asteroid. It is classified as a C-type asteroid, so its surface is very dark and it is likely made of carbonate. It was found by R. Luther on March 24, 1860. He named it after Concordia, the Roman goddess of harmony.

59 Elpis
59 Elpis is a very big main belt asteroid. Being a C-type asteroid it is very dark and carbonaceous. Elpis was found by J. Chacornac on September 12, 1860. It was the sixth and last asteroid he found. It is named after Elpis, a personification of hope in Greek mythology.

60 Echo
60 Echo is a quite big Main belt asteroid. It is an S-type asteroid. Echo was found by James Ferguson on September 14 1860. It was the third and last asteroid he found. It is named after Echo, a nymph in Greek mythology.

Soundtrack
A Soundtrack is a lot of different music which is generally used in a movie or media presentation.

Entertainer
An Entertainer is a person or people who are employed to bring joy, relaxation or happiness.
Features.
An entertainer can perform on stage and T.V or simply entertaining children at parties.

Benetice (Světlá nad Sázavou)
Benetice is a small village near the town Světlá nad Sázavou (in Czech Republic).
Historical features.
There was a glass factory in Benetice. It does not exist anymore, but some local names of places are derived from the parts of the glass factory as name "Na sušírnách" or "Sklárenský rybník" (the name of a pond). There is recreation camp in Benetice. It was used as pioneer camp (pioneers were people organized in one group in Czech republic) and it was used for young people from Hungary, Poland and Germany.
Natural features.
A linden-tree grows on village green of Benetice. It was planted in 1945.
Structural features.
The castle Lipnice can be seen from Benetice.

61 Danaë
61 Danaë is a quite big, rocky Main belt asteroid. It was found by H. Goldschmidt on September 9, 1860 and named after Danaë, the mother of Perseus in Greek mythology.
A moon has been suggested in 1985 based on lightcurve data. The primary's ellipsoid is then 85×80×75 km, and 101 km away would be the moon, measuring 55×30×30 km. The density of both would be 1.1 g/cm³.

Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer
Gustavo Adolfo Domínguez Bastida, better known as Bécquer, (Seville February 17, 1836 – Madrid December 22, 1870) was a Spanish post-romanticist writer of poetry and short stories. He is considered one of the most important figures in Spanish literature. He adopted the alias of Bécquer as his brother Valeriano Bécquer, a painter, had done earlier. He was associated with the post-romanticism movement and wrote while realism was enjoying success in Spain. He was moderately well known during his life, but it was after his death that most of his works were published.
His best known works are the "Rhymes" and the "Legends," usually published together as "Rimas y leyendas". These poems and tales are essential to the study of Spanish literature and common reading for high-school students in Spanish-speaking countries.
His work approached the traditional poetry and themes in a modern way, and is considered the founder of modern Spanish lyricism.

Tirso de Molina
Tirso de Molina (October, 1571? - March 12, 1648) was a Spanish Baroque dramatist and poet.
Originally Gabriel Tellez, he was born in Madrid. He studied at Alcalá de Henares, joined the Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mercy on November 4 1600, and entered the Monastery of San Antolín at Guadalajara, Spain on January 21 1601. He was ordained a priest by 1610.

62 Erato
62 Erato is a big and dark, probably carbonaceous main belt asteroid. It is a member of the Themis asteroid family. Erato is the first asteroid to have been credited with two discoverers, Oskar Lesser and Wilhelm Forster, who found it on September 14, 1860. It was the first and only asteroid they found. It is named after Erato, the Muse of lyric poetry in Greek mythology.

HotJava
HotJava is a web browser from Sun Microsystems that can execute Java applets. It was the first browser to support Java applets, and is not available anymore and is not supported anymore.

Mobile browser
A mobile browser (also called a microbrowser or minibrowser) is a web browser made for use on a mobile device like a mobile phone or PDA. Mobile browsers are made to display Web content in the best way for small screens on mobile devices.

WebCopier
WebCopier is an offline Web browser.

ABrowse
ABrowse is a free web browser for the Syllable operating system.

63 Ausonia
63 Ausonia is a big main belt asteroid. It was found by A. de Gasparis on February 10, 1861. 'Ausonia' is another name for Italy.
Based on its lightcurve, a small moon has been suggested.

Shiira
Shiira (シイラ, Japanese for the common dolphin-fish) is a free web browser based on Safari for the Mac OS X operating system.

Ghostzilla
Ghostzilla is a web browser for Microsoft Windows based on Mozilla. The browser runs inside the window space of another program e.g. in Microsoft Outlook, where the page is made to look like the things one would expect in an email, making people think the person was reading e-mail.
Between May 2004 and January 2005, the project was taken off the website because the person who made it felt it was bad to use it. It was later put back, but with warnings about the potential to use it for the wrong reason. Since February 2007, the site has been closed and is no longer available.

Swiftweasel
Swiftweasel is a free and fully open source build of Mozilla Firefox.

Charon (web browser)
Charon is a web browser for the Inferno operating system.

64 Angelina
64 Angelina is a medium-sized Main belt asteroid and is an uncommon E-type asteroid. It is the third biggest E-type after 44 Nysa and 55 Pandora. It was thought to be the biggest of this class but recent work has shown that its diameter is only a quarter of what was previously thought.
It was found on March 4, 1861 by a prolific comet discoverer, E. W. Tempel. It was the first asteroid he found.
E-type asteroids show unusual brightening when at close opposition to the Sun. This phenomenon is also known in Jupiter's moons Io, Ganymede and Europa, and also Saturn's moon Iapetus.

Bern (district)
The District of Bern is a district of the canton of Bern, Switzerland. It has an area of 233 km² and a population of 237,919 people (as of January 2005). The capital city is Bern.

65 Cybele
65 Cybele is one of the biggest asteroids in the main belt. It gives its name to the Cybele asteroids which orbit outward from the Sun from the 2:1 orbital resonance with Jupiter. As a C-type asteroid it is dark in color and made of carbonate. It was found on March 8 1861 by Ernst Tempel and named after Cybele the earth goddess.
The first Cybelian stellar occultation was seen on October 17, 1979 in the Soviet Union. A diameter of 230 km was concluded, closely matching the diameter of 237 km determined by the IRAS satellite. During the same occultation, a hint of a possible 11 km wide moon was detected.

Rose Byrne
Rose Judith Esther Byrne (b. July 24, 1979) is a Golden Globe nominated Australian actress. She was born in Sydney, Australia.

66 Maja
66 Maja is a dark, quite big main belt asteroid. It was found by Horace Tuttle on April 9, 1861 and named after Maia, one of the Pleiades in Greek mythology.

Bellikon
Bellikon is a municipality of the district Baden in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

67 Asia
67 Asia is a bright main belt asteroid. It was found by Norman Pogson on April 17, 1861 in Madras. It was named after Asia, a Titaness in Greek mythology, but also after the continent, because the asteroid was the first to be found in Asia.

Benzenschwil
Benzenschwil is a municipality of the district Muri in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Bergdietikon
Bergdietikon is a municipality of the district Baden in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland. The lake Egelsee is in Bergdietikon.

68 Leto
68 Leto is a big main belt asteroid. Its spectral type is S. It was found by Robert Luther on April 29, 1861, and named after Leto, the mother of Apollo and Artemis in Greek mythology.

Egelsee (Aargau)
Egelsee is a lake at Bergdietikon, Aargau, Switzerland. The surface area is 2 ha. It is the largest natural lake in the canton.

Berikon
Berikon is a municipality of the district Bremgarten in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

69 Hesperia
69 Hesperia is a big, M-type main belt asteroid.
Hesperia was found by the famous Italian astronomer Giovanni Schiaparelli on April 26, 1861. It was the only asteroid he found. It is named after one of the Hesperides in Greek mythology.

70 Panopaea
70 Panopaea is a big main belt asteroid. It orbits close to the Eunomia asteroid family. However, it is a dark, primitive carbonaceous C-type asteroid and not related to the parent body of the Eunomia family which has S-type asteroids. Panopaea was found by H. Goldschmidt on May 5, 1861. It was the fourteenth and last asteroid he found. It is named after Panopea, a nymph in Greek mythology.

71 Niobe
71 Niobe is a quite big main belt asteroid. It was found by Robert Luther on August 13, 1861 and named after Niobe, a character in Greek mythology.

72 Feronia
72 Feronia is a quite big and dark main belt asteroid. It was the first asteroid found by C. H. F. Peters on May 29, 1861 and is named after Feronia, a Roman fertility goddess.

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73 Klytia
73 Klytia is a main belt asteroid. It was the second and last asteroid found by the prolific comet finder Horace Tuttle on April 7 1862. It is named after Clytia, who loved Apollo in Greek mythology.

Comet West
Comet West was a spectacular comet, also considered to qualify for "great comet" status.
It was discovered through pictures by Richard M. West, of the European Southern Observatory, on August 10, 1975. During peak brightness, observers reported that it was bright enough to study during full daylight.
Comet West was what 1973's Comet Kohoutek should have been.
The comet has an estimated orbital period of 558,000 years.
Breakup.
During the comet's run into the closer part of the solar system for the first time in 500,000 years, the nucleus of Comet West was seen to split into four pieces as it passed within 30 million km. of the sun.
The first report of the split came around 7 March 1976 12:30UT, when reports were received that the comet had broken into two pieces. These two pieces remained the only pieces until Steven O'Meara, using the 9-inch Harvard Refractor, reported that two additional pieces had formed on the morning of 18 March.
The breakup was one of very few comet breakups seen from historical times by the 1970s. Recently, comets Shoemaker-Levy 9, Schwassmann-Wachmann-3 (73/P), C/1999 S4 LINEAR, and P du Toit-Neujmin-Delporte, have been seen to disintegrate. When seen, many were stunned, but none more so than the discoverer, Richard Martin West. The comet broke into pieces when some distance from the sun. It exploded into four pieces, and those were scattered. Later, two pieces were spotted, and studied intently by astronomers.

75 Eurydike
75 Eurydike is a main belt asteroid. It has an M-type spectrum and a fairly high albedo and may be rich in nickel-iron. Eurydike was found by C. H. F. Peters on September 22, 1862. It was the second asteroid he found. It is named after Eurydice, the wife of Orpheus.

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Neem Karoli Baba
Shri Neem Karoli Baba or Shri Neeb Karori Baba (नीब
करोरी बाबा) (? - September 11, 1973, in Vrindavan, India), also known to followers as Maharaj-ji, was a Hindu guru and who loved the Hindu deity Hanuman. He is known in the West for having been the guru of a number of Americans who traveled to India in the 1960s and 1970s. These students were returned to the West and told other people about Neem Karoli Baba. The most well known of these students are the spiritual teachers Ram Dass and Bhagavan Das, and the musicians Krishna Das and Jai Uttal.
Sadhu and guru.
Not much is known about Neem Karoli Baba's birth and early years. According to one story, he was born Lakshmi Narayan Sharma (in Akbarpur, Firozabad district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. After an arranged marriage at the age of 11, he left his home and traveled a lot in northern India as a holy man ("sadhu"). During this time he was known by many names including Lakshman Das, Handi Wallah Baba, and Tikonia Walla Baba. When he did spiritual practice at Bavania in Gujarat, he was known as Tallaiya Baba. In Vrindavan, the local people called him Chamatkari Baba which means "Miracle Baba". Many people thought him to be a saint.
Notable Disciples.
Among the most well known of Maharaj-ji's disciples were Ram Dass, the author of "Be Here Now," teacher and performer Bhagavan Das, and the musicians Jai Uttal and Krishna Das. Other notable devotees include humanitarian Larry Brilliant and his wife Girija, as well as Dada Mukerjee (former professor at Allahabad University, Uttar Pradesh, India).
After returning to the United States, Ram Dass and Larry Brilliant founded the Seva Foundation, a worldwide development organization which tries to end world poverty by following the teachings of Neem Karoli Baba. Seva is based in Berkeley, California, and Ram Dass still serves on the Board of Directors to this day.

Be Here Now
"Be Here Now" is the title of a 1971 book on spirituality by Ram Dass. The title comes from a repeated teaching of his guide and friend, Bhagavan Das.
The book has four sections: Journey: "The Transformation", "From Bindu to Ojas", "Cookbook for a Sacred Life", and "Painted Cakes". The first part tells about Ram Dass' life and how he came to change his name from Dr. Richard Alpert to Baba Ram Dass. The second part is the biggest part and has many spiritual sayings together with beautiful pictures. The third is a manual or 'cookbook' for changing one's own life and includes how to do some yoga, pranayama, and meditation. It also tells some of the things that were said by great teachers of all religions and traditions. Finally, the last section contains a list of spiritual books we should "hang out with."
"Be Here Now" helps people learn how to change to a yogic lifestyle. It has helped many people to follow their own path with new faith and passion. At first, it was made in pamphlet form by Lama Foundation. In the summer of 1977, Lama Foundation gave the rights and half the money from the book to Hanuman Foundation. It is now in its 37th printing and has sold over one million copies.

Yogi
A yogi (Sanskrit, feminine root: "yogini") is a term for a male who practices various forms of the path of Yoga, maintaining a steadfast mind, the process of transcending the lower self. These designations are mostly reserved for advanced or daily practitioners. In contemporary English "yogin" is an alternative rendering for the word "yogi". This word is often used to describe Buddhist monks or any lay person or householder who is devoted to meditation.
The "Shiva-Samhita" text defines the yogi as someone who knows that the entire cosmos is situated within his own body, and the "Yoga-Shikha-Upanishad" distinguishes two kinds of yogins: those who pierce through the "sun" (surya) by means of the various yogic techniques and those who access the door of the central conduit (sushumna-nadi) and drink the nectar.
Sources.
1-2. Feuerstein, Georg. The Shambhala Encyclopedia of Yoga, Shambhala Publications, Boston, 2000 p. 321, 350.

76 Freia
76 Freia is a very big main belt asteroid. It orbits in the farther part of the asteroid belt and is classified as a Cybele asteroid. What it is made up of is very primitive and it is extremely dark in color. Freia was found by the astronomer Heinrich d'Arrest on October 21, 1862 in Copenhagen, Denmark. It was the first and only asteroid he found. It is named after the goddess Freyja in Norse mythology.

77 Frigga
77 Frigga is a big, M-type, possibly metallic main belt asteroid. It was found by C. H. F. Peters on November 12, 1862. It is named after Frigg, the Norse goddess.

78 Diana
78 Diana is a big and dark main belt asteroid. It is made of carbonate and primitive. It was found by Robert Luther on March 15, 1863 and named after Diana, Roman goddess of the hunt. 78 Diana occulted a star on September 4, 1980. A diameter of 116 km was measured, closely matching the value given by the IRAS satellite.

79 Eurynome
79 Eurynome is a quite big and bright main belt asteroid made of silicate rock. Eurynome was found by J. C. Watson on September 14, 1863. It was the first asteroid he found. It is named after one of the many Eurynomes in Greek mythology.

80 Sappho
80 Sappho is a quite big main belt asteroid. It was found by Norman Pogson on May 2, 1864 and is named after Sappho, the Greek poet.

81 Terpsichore
81 Terpsichore is a big and very dark main belt asteroid. It is most likely made up of carbonate. It was found by the prolific comet finder Ernst Tempel on September 30, 1864. It is named after Terpsichore, the Muse of dance in Greek mythology.

82 Alkmene
82 Alkmene is a Main belt asteroid. Alkmene was found by R. Luther on November 27, 1864 and named after Alcmene, the mother of Herakles in Greek mythology. A moon has been suggested based on the lightcurve data.

83 Beatrix
83 Beatrix is a quite big asteroid orbiting in the closer part of the main asteroid belt. It was found by Annibale de Gasparis on April 26, 1865. A diameter of at least 68 km was determined from the Beatrician stellar occultation seen on June 15, 1983. It is named for Beatrice Portinari, beloved of Dante Alighieri and immortalized by him in "La Vita Nuova" and "The Divine Comedy".

84 Klio
84 Klio is a quite big and very dark Main belt asteroid. It was found by R. Luther on August 25, 1865 and named after Clio, the Muse of history in Greek mythology. The name Clio had previously been suggested by the finder of 12 Victoria, and that is the name B. A. Gould, editor of the prestigious Astronomical Journal, adopted for that asteroid, because of the controversy over the name Victoria.
An occultation by Klio over a dim star was seen on April 2, 1997.

85 Io
85 Io is a big, dark Main belt asteroid of the C spectral class. It is probably a primitive body made of carbonates. Like 70 Panopaea it orbits within the Eunomia asteroid family but it is not related to the shattered parent body.
Io is a retrograde rotator, with its pole pointing towards one of ecliptic coordinates (β, λ) = (-45°, 105°) or (-15°, 295°) with a 10° uncertaintya>. This gives an axial tilt of about 125° or 115°, respectively. Its shape is quite spherical.
It was found by C. H. F. Peters on September 19, 1865 and named after Io, a lover of Zeus in Greek mythology.
A diameter of 178 kilometres was measured from an occultation of a star on December 10, 1995 a>.
Io is also the name of the volcanic moon of Jupiter. With a two-digit number and a two-letter name, 85 Io has the shortest designation of all minor planets.

Coat of Arms of Iraqi Kurdistan
The coat of arms of Iraqi Kurdistan is an eagle holding a sun on its wings. The sun is formed of three colours of red, yellow and green which represent the Kurdish flag.

86 Semele
86 Semele is a big and very dark main belt asteroid. It is probably made of carbonates. Semele was found by German astronomer Friedrich Tietjen on January 4, 1866. It was the first and only asteroid he found. It is named after Semele, the mother of Dionysus in Greek mythology.

87 Sylvia
87 Sylvia is one of the biggest main-belt asteroids. It is a member of the Cybele group located beyond the middle of the belt. Sylvia is famous for being the first asteroid known to have more than one moon.
Discovery and naming.
Sylvia was found by N. R. Pogson on May 16, 1866 from Madras (Chennai), India. Paul Herget, in his "The Names of the Minor Planets" (1955), attributes the name as honouring the first wife of astronomer Camille Flammarion, Sylvie Petiaux-Hugo Flammarion (this entry is signed by A. Paluzie-Borrell). However in the article announcing the discovery of this asteroid ("MNRAS", 1866), Pogson explained that he selected the name in reference to Rhea Silvia, mother of Romulus and Remus.
Physical characteristics.
Sylvia is very dark in color and probably made of primitive. The discovery of its moons made possible an accurate measurement of the asteroid's mass and density. Its density was found to be very low (around 1.2 times the density of water), indicating that the asteroid has a lot of empty spaces; From 25% to as much as 60% of it may be empty space, depending on the details of what it's made of. However, the mineralogy of the X-type asteroids is not known well enough to force this further. Either way, this suggests a loose rubble pile (an asteroid that has been broken up in a collision and pulled back together by gravity) structure. Sylvia is also a fairly fast rotator, turning about its axis every 5.18 hours (giving an equatorial rotation speed of about 230 km/h or 145 mph). The short axis is the rotation axis. Direct images indicate that Sylvia's pole points towards ecliptic coordinates (β, λ) = (+62.6°, 72.4°) with only a 0.5° uncertainty, which gives it an axial tilt of around 29.1°. Sylvia's shape is very stretched.
Moons.
Sylvia is orbited by two small moons. They have been named Romulus and Remus (the formal names are (87) Sylvia I Romulus and (87) Sylvia II Remus, respectively), after the children of the mythological Rhea Silvia.
Romulus, the first moon, was found on February 18, 2001 from the Keck II telescope by Michael E. Brown and Jean-Luc Margot. It is about 18 km in diameter and orbits at a distance of 1356±5 km, taking 3.6496±0.0007 days (87.59 h) to complete an orbit of Sylvia.
Remus, the second moon, was found over three years later on August 9, 2004 by Franck Marchis of UC Berkeley, and Pascal Descamps, Daniel Hestroffer, and Jérôme Berthier of the Observatoire de Paris, France. It is 7±2 km in diameter and orbits at a distance of 706±5 km, taking 1.3788±0.0007 days (33.09 h) to complete an orbit of Sylvia.
It is thought likely that both Sylvia and its moons are rubble piles from a past asteroid collision Other, smaller moons formed in a similar way may also be found.
From the surface of Sylvia, Romulus and Remus would appear about the same size. Romulus, the farthest moon, would be about 0.89° across, a bit bigger than the closer but smaller Remus, which would be about 0.78° across. Because Sylvia is far from spherical, these values may vary by a little more than 10%, depending on where the observer is on Sylvia's surface. Since the two asteroid moons appear to orbit (as best we can tell) in the same plane, they would occult each other once every 2.2 days. When the season is right, twice during Sylvia's 6.52 year orbital period, they would eclipse the Sun, which, at 0.15° across, is much smaller than when seen from Earth (0.53°). From Remus, the closer moon, Sylvia appears very big, about 30°×18° across, while its view of Romulus varies between 1.59 and 0.50° across. From Romulus, Sylvia measures 16°×10° across, while Remus varies between 0.62° and 0.19°.

Government of Germany
The Government of Germany has three parts.
1. The Executive: The President, the Chancellor and the other ministers. Often when people say "Government of Germany" they mean just the Chancellor and the ministers.
2. The Legislature: The law making body, in Germany this is called the Bundestag
3. The Judiciary: The Judges and the courts.
Germany is a federal parliamentary democracy. This means
As Germany is a federal country, a lot of the work of government is done by the 16 states, or Länder.
The constitution is called the Grundgesetz. As well as setting out the human rights of the people, it describes the jobs of the President, the Cabinet, the Bundestag, Bundesrat and the Courts.

Java Embedding Plugin
Java Embedding Plugin (JEP) allows Java on Mac OS X with browsers that are not Safari.

Arena
Arena is a web browser made by the W3C for testing support for HTML 3 and Cascading Style Sheets.

Flock
Flock is a web browser based on Mozilla Firefox. Flock is also the name of the company making the browser.

HTTrack
HTTrack is a free and open source website copier and offline browser by Xavier Roche, licensed under the GNU General Public License. It allows you to download World Wide Web sites from the Internet to a computer.

88 Thisbe
88 Thisbe is one of the biggest main belt asteroids. It was found by C. H. F. Peters on June 15, 1866 and named after Thisbe, heroine of a Roman fable. An occultation of a star by Thisbe was seen on October 7, 1981. Results from the occultation indicate a bigger than expected diameter of 232 km.

K-Meleon
K-Meleon is a web browser for Microsoft Windows. It's build to be small, simple and fast. Small means that if a users computer doesn't have much space in his hard drive, the person will still be able to use it.

Gentoo Linux
Gentoo Linux is a version of the Linux operating system. It was created by Daniel Robbins. The project and its products are named after the Gentoo penguin.
Gentoo Linux uses a package management system called Portage. Portage is like the BSD ports collection. Gentoo package management is designed to be modular, portable, easy to maintain, flexible, and optimized for the user's machine. Packages are normally built from source code, continuing the tradition of the ports collection, although for convenience, some large software packages are also available as precompiled binaries for various architectures.
Although originally designed for the x86 architecture, it has been ported to many others and currently runs on the x86, x86-64, IA-64, PA-RISC; PowerPC, PowerPC 970, SPARC64, MIPS, DEC Alpha, s390, PS3 Cell Processor and SuperH architectures. Official support for 32bit Sparc hardware has been dropped.
See Also.
List of Linux distributions

Federico Fellini
Federico Fellini (born in Rimini, January 20, 1920, died in Rome, October 31, 1993) was a famous Italian movie-maker and director. Fellini's movies combine memory, dream, and fantasy.
The first movie Fellini directed was "Lo Sceicco Bianco" (1951), with Alberto Sordi, written by Michelangelo Antonioni and Ennio Flaiano. In making this movie Fellini met Nino Rota, the musician that would follow him for the successful rest of his career.
Fellini's wife, actress Giulietta Masina (married in 1943) was often in his movies. Other actors Fellini often worked with include Marcello Mastroianni, Alberto Sordi, and Anita Ekberg.
Apart from making movies he also wrote scripts for radio shows, for movies (mainly for Rossellini) and wrote comic gags for well known actors like Aldo Fabrizi.
Fellini also produced several drawings (mostly pencil on paper), often humoristic portraits.
His first success was in drawing advertising pictures for movies.
During Fascism an "Avanguardista", his first writings were for Alleanza Cinematografica Italiana (ACI), a prodution company of Vittorio Mussolini, son of Benito, who introduced him to Roberto Rossellini.
In 1944, when Fascism was over, he opened a shop in Rome in which he sold these drawings. The shop was named (in English) "The Funny Face Shop", and contained works from Fellini and De Seta, Verdini, Camerini, Scarpelli, Majorana, Guasta, Giobbe, Attalo, Migneco (all writers, directors or otherwise intellectuals working for Italian cinema). In the same year started his contribution to Rossellini's Roma Città Aperta, with Aldo Fabrizi.Fellini took also part in writing another of Rossellini's movies: "Paisà". He wrote also for other directors as Alberto Lattuada, Pietro Germi and Luigi Comencini.
In 1945, he had a son who survived for only 2 weeks; it was the only son of Fellini and Giulietta Masina.
In 1948, Fellini acted in Rossellini's "Il Miracolo".
In 1993, he received an Academy Award (Oscar) for his lifetime achievement.

John Milton
John Milton (December 9, 1608 – November 8, 1674) was an English poet, prose polemicist, and civil servant for the English Commonwealth. He is famous for his epic poem "Paradise Lost".
His father was John Milton, his mother Sarah Jerry. His brother, Christopher, reported him to have been studying very long into the night each day.
After receiving his Master of Arts degree on July 3, 1632, he stayed at home and studied for six years. He would write much poetry, and soon married Mary Powell, a young girl of 17 compared with his age of 34.

Wedge (mechanics)
A wedge is a portable inclined plane, used either to separate two objects, or portions of objects, lift an object, or hold an object in place, by the application of force to the wide end, which the wedge converts to force perpendicular to the inclined surfaces. The mechanical advantage of a wedge depends on the ratio of its length to its thickness.
Where a short wedge with a wide angle does the job faster, it requires more force than a long wedge with a smaller angle.
History.
The origin of the wedge is unknown, because it has been in use as early as the Stone Age. Circa 3000 BC, in Ancient Egypt quarrys, bronze wedges were used to break away blocks of rock used for construction. Wood wedges, that swelled after being wet, were also used. Some Native American tribes used antler wedges as a means of splitting and working wood to make canoes, houses, and other wood objects.
Examples for separating and lifting.
Examples include axes, splitting mauls, and splitting wedges. Wedges can also be used to lift heavy objects, or finely adjust the height of objects, essentially separating them from the surface they rest on. These may also be referred to as shims. Knives, scissors, chisels, and even teeth can sometimes be used as wedges, however, they are more fundamentally cutting implements.
Examples for holding fast.
Wedges can also be used to hold objects in place, such as engine parts (poppet valves), bicycle parts (stems and eccentric bottom brackets), and doors.
A door stop (door wedge) is a wedge, and its main function is to generate friction between the bottom of the door and the ground.
A fork or nails can also be considered a type of wedge. While a nail will slice into wood when hammered, a bolt will not be pushed in. This is because a nail is a wedge and a bolt is not. A nail is tapered to a point at its end, then gets thicker farther up towards the head of the nail.
Mechanical advantage.
formula_1
The more acute the angle of the wedge, the more mechanical advantage it will have.
Despite this, one reason that many splitting wedges have a wide angle is that an elastic material, such as wood, will bind a narrow wedge more readily than a wide wedge. This is why splitting mauls have a much larger angle than an axe.

Cabinet of Germany
The Bundesregierung is sometimes called the Bundeskabinett or Federal Cabinet is the government of the Federal Republic of Germany it and consists of the Chancellor and the Federal Ministers.
The job of the cabinet is listed in the articles 62 to 69 of the constitution. This also has the oath of office that the minister must take.
The Chancellor is responsible for the administrative work of the Federal Government, but the work is delegated (passed on) to the Head of the Federal Chancellery.
The Chancellor sets the general policy of the Federal Government, and what each ministry should do. The Federal Ministers are responsible for what happens in their own departments, and for making sure that the ministry keeps to the general ideas of the Chancellor. This is known as the departmental principle ().
If two Federal Ministers disagree about what should be done or about who is to do it or how it is to be done, the Federal Government decides with majority decision. The is called the cooperative principle ().
The "Federal Minister law" () says that a retired member of the Federal Government can have a retirement pension, if they have been a minister for at least two years. Time as a junior minister (US "Undersecretary") who in Germany are called parliamentary permanent secretaries is counted, and so is previous membership of a Land government.
Parliamentary permanent secretaries and state ministers are not members of the Federal Government but do help them in their job.
As a rule, the Federal Cabinet meets in the Federal Chancellery every Wednesday at 9.30 hours.
Current make-up of the Federal Government.
Only members of CDU/CSU and SPD are in the current Federal Government. Eleven of the 16 members of the Federal Government are members of the Bundestag.
Seniority in the Federal Government.
§ 22 of the "Standing Orders of the Federal Government" controls the seniority in meetings of the Federal Government.
If the Chancellor is absent, the Deputy Chancellor is the chairman of the Federal Government. If the deputy is also absent, the longest serving or the oldest minster chairs the meeting.
These rules mean that the order of seniority is in this table
Lawyers in the Federal Government.
This table lists the number and percentage of members of the federal government who were lawyers. In Germany the time between elections is called a "legislative period". In the United Kingdom this would be called a Parliament or in the United States a Congress

Brave New World
"Brave New World" is a novel by Aldous Huxley. It was first published in 1932. The novel plays in London in 2580, and speaks of developments in reproductive technology, biological engineering, and sleep-learning that change society.

Manuel José Quintana
Manuel José Quintana y Lorenzo (April 11, 1772 - March 11, 1857), poet, was born at Madrid, Spain.
Writings.
In 1801 Quintana wrote a tragedy, "El Duque de Viseo", written about a patriotic theme. which was successful.
Life.
The first book of his "Vidas de Españoles célebres", about the lives of Spanish heroes, helped to promote Quintana the post of secretary to the Cortes during the French invasion. But on the return of Ferdinand VII he was put in prison at Pamplona from 1814 to 1820. He was finally given a small post in the civil service, became tutor to Queen Isabella II, and was nominated senator.
Death.
Quintana died at the age of 84. Philanthropy and patriotism helped him write. The thought he put into his poems is not deep, but his faith to Spain attracted people to read them.

Fortran
Fortran is a programming language first created in the 1950s. It is still in use today. It is a procedural language mainly used for scientific computing and numerical analysis.
The first FORTRAN compiler was created in 1954-57 by a team at IBM led by John W. Backus. This compiler was the first compiler for any High level language. The authors were worried that no one would use the language if programs written in it did not run nearly as fast as programs written in assembly language. So they made it an optimizing compiler.
Because of the heavy use by scientists doing numerical work the language grew in ways that encouraged compiler writers to produce compilers that generated high quality (fast) code. There are many high performance compiler vendors. Much work and research in compiler theory and design was caused by the need to generate good code for Fortran programs.
Several revisions of the language have appeared, including the very well known FORTRAN IV (the same as FORTRAN 66), FORTRAN 77 and Fortran 90. The most recent formal standard for the language was published in 1997 and is known as Fortran 95.
Initially, the language relied on precise formatting of the source code and heavy use of statement numbers and goto statements.
Every version introduced 'modern' programming concepts, such as source code comments and output of text, IF-THEN-ELSE (in FORTRAN 77), recursion (in Fortran 90) and parallel constructs, while trying to maintain Fortran's 'lean' profile and high performance.
Meaning and spelling of the name.
The name "Fortran" is short for "Formula Translation". The language was formerly known as FORTRAN (and older variants of it still are). Since Fortran 90, the capitalization has been abandoned. The published formal standards use "Fortran".
Standards.
The two standards below reflect the current Fortran implementations.

William Butler Yeats
William Butler Yeats (1865-1939) was an Irish poet, dramatist and mystic. He was born in Dublin on June 13, 1865.He spend most of his time in Sligo
Yeats' early poetry drew heavily on myth and legend. His later work had more to do with contemporary issues. One of his famous poems is called "Leda and the Swan".
With Lady Gregory and others, he was one of the people who founded the Irish Literary Theatre and the Abbey Theatre.
He was also interested in Hermeticism and Theosophy. He was a member of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn.
Yeats won the Nobel Prize in literature in 1923.

89 Julia
89 Julia is a big main belt asteroid. It was found by a French astronomer Édouard Stephan on August 6, 1866. It was first asteroid he found; the other was 91 Aegina. It is believed to be named after Saint Julia of Corsica. A stellar occultation by Julia was seen on December 20, 1985.

90 Antiope
90 Antiope is an asteroid found on October 1, 1866 by Robert Luther. The 90th asteroid to be found, it is named after Antiope from Greek mythology, though it is disputed as to whether the namesake is Antiope the Amazon or Antiope the mother of Amphion and Zethus.
Antiope orbits in the farther third of the core region of the main belt, and is a member of the Themis family of asteroids. Like most bodies in this region, it is of the dark C spectral type, indicating that it is made of carbonaceous chondrite.
One seen stellar occultation by Antiope has been reported, on June 11, 1980.
Double asteroid.
The most remarkable feature of Antiope is that it has two asteroids of almost equal size (the difference in mass is less than 2.5%), making it a truly "double" asteroid. Its binary nature was found on 10 August, 2000 by a group of astronomers using adaptive optics at the Keck Telescope on Mauna Kea. The "secondary" is designated S/2000 (90) 1.
Each asteroid is about 86±1 km across, with their centers separated by only about 170 kilometers. This means that the space separating the two halves is only 60 km, or so. The two bodies orbit around the same center of mass which lies in the space between them. The orbital period is about 16.50 hours, the eccentricity below 0.03 (best estimate 0.01 ± 0.02). Every several years, a period of mutual occultations occurs when the asteroid is viewed from Earth. Using Kepler's third law, the mass and density of the asteroids can be derived from the orbital period and asteroid sizes.
The axis of the mutual orbit of the two asteroids points towards ecliptic coordinates (β, λ) = (200°, 38°) with 2 degrees uncertainty. This is tilted about 63° to the circumsolar orbit of the system.

Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn
The Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn (or Golden Dawn for short) was a magical order founded in London in 1888 by Dr. William Wynn Westcott and Samuel Liddell MacGregor Mathers. It ceased to exist under that name in 1903. However, two spin-off groups were created at that time, the Stella Matutina and the Alpha et Omega.

Sweet William
Sweet William an Eurasian pink widely grown for its clusters of small bright-coloured flowers. Biennial to perennial plant belonging to the pink family, native to southern Europe. It is grown for its fragrant red, white, and pink flowers.
Georg Friedrich Händel composed “See the Conquering Hero Comes” in honour of the victorious Duke of Cumberland. The flower sweet William was named after the latter in England.

91 Aegina
91 Aegina is a big main belt asteroid. Its surface coloring is very dark and the asteroid is probably made of carbonate. It was found by a French astronomer Édouard Jean-Marie Stephan on November 4, 1866. It was the second and last asteroid he found. The first was 89 Julia. The asteroid's name comes from Aegina, a Greek mythological figure associated with the island of the same name.

Mount Cheaha
Cheaha Mountain, often called Mount Cheaha, is the tallest point in the State of Alabama. It is 2,407 feet (734 meters) tall. Mount Cheaha is a Quartzite rock Mountain.
Mount Cheaha is protected in Cheaha State Park. The nearest city to Mount Cheaha is Talladega.

Pago Pago, American Samoa
Pago Pago is a village in American Samoa. It is the capital of the country but not the Seat of government. The population of Pago Pago is about 11,000.

92 Undina
92 Undina is a big main belt asteroid. It has an unusually high albedo and an M-type spectrum. It was found by C. H. F. Peters on July 7, 1867. It is named after the eponymous heroine of Undine, a popular novella by Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué. Undina is a member of the Veritas asteroid family, which formed some eight million years ago.

Fagatogo, American Samoa
Fagatogo is the seat of government in American Samoa, but not its capital city, which is Pago Pago.
The population of Fagatogo is about 3,000.

93 Minerva
93 Minerva is a big main belt asteroid. It is a C-type asteroid, meaning that it has a dark surface and probably made of carbonate. It was found by J. C. Watson on August 24, 1867 and named after Minerva, the Roman equivalent of Athena, goddess of wisdom,truth,war and the loom. An occultation of a star by Minerva was seen in France, Spain and the United States on November 22, 1982. An occultation diameter of ~170 km was measured from the observations. Since then two more occultations have been seen, which give an estimated mean diameter of ~150 km for diameter.

Planform
In design planform or plan view is a vertical orthographic projection of an object on a horizontal plane, like a map.
In aviation, a planform is the shape and layout of an airplane's wing. Of all the myriad planforms used, they can typically be grouped into those used for low-speed flight, found on general aviation aircraft, and those used for
high-speed flight, found on many military aircraft and airliners.

Charlotte Amalie, U.S. Virgin Islands
Charlotte Amalie is the capital of the United States Virgin Islands. It is the largest city with a population of about 20,000 people. The city is located on the island of Saint Thomas.

Olinda Borggren
Olinda Borggren is a Swedish TV personality who was a contestant on the American reality show Joe Millionaire and the first season of the Swedish version of Paradise Hotel.

Plan view
A plan is an orthographic projection of a 3-dimensional object from the position of a horizontal plane through the object. In other words, a plan is a section viewed from the top. In such views, the portion of the object in above the plane is omitted to reveal what lies beyond. In the case of a floor plan, the roof and upper part of the walls may be left out.

Floor plan
A floor plan (floorplan) in architecture and building engineering is a diagram, usually to scale, of the relationships between rooms, spaces and other physical features at one level of a structure.
Similar to a map the orientation of the view is downward from above.

Hagåtña, Guam
Hagåtña is the capital city of Guam. Hagåtña has a population of about 2,000 people. Hagåtña has an
area of about 1 mile.

Plans (drawings)
Plans are a set of two-dimensional diagrams or drawings used to describe a place or object, or to communicate building or fabrication instructions. Usually plans are drawn or printed on paper, but they can take the form of a digital file.
Views and Projections.
Because plans represent three-dimensional objects on a two-dimensional plane, the use of views or Graphical projections is crucial the reading of plans.

Dededo, Guam
Dededo is the largest city in Guam. Dededo has a population of about 47,000 people. Dededo has an area of about 30 miles.

94 Aurora
94 Aurora is one of the biggest main belt asteroids. With an albedo of only 0.04, it is darker than soot, and is made of carbonate. It was found by J. C. Watson on September 6, 1867 in Ann Arbor and named after Aurora, the Roman goddess of the dawn. Aurora occulted a dim star on October 12, 2001. A somewhat oval shape was detected.

95 Arethusa
95 Arethusa is a big main belt asteroid. Its coloring is dark, and it is made of carbonate. It was found by Robert Luther on November 23, 1867 and named after one of the various Arethusas in Greek mythology. Arethusa has been seen occulting a star three times: first on February 2, 1998 and twice in January, 2003.

Pg.lost
Pg.lost is a band from the late 2000's. It plays post-rock genre music and it still presently active.
Albums.
Their first ep was released June 20, 2007. It was called "Yes I Am".
Members.
Pg.lost is a four-man band and shares members with the band "Eskju Divine". Their instrumental music has recently been compared to bands like "Explosions In The Sky", "Red Sparowes" and "Mono".

Albertville, Alabama
Albertville is the largest city in Marshall County, Alabama. Albertville has a population of about 19,000 people, an area of about 26 miles, and a height of 1,089 feet. Other cities in Marshall County include Arab.

96 Aegle
96 Aegle is a very big main belt asteroid. It has a dark-colored surface and probably made of carbonate. It was found by Jérôme Coggia on February 17, 1868 and named after one of the three Aegles in Greek mythology. Aegle has been seen occulting three stars.

Besenbüren
Besenbüren is a municipality of the district Muri in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Bettwil
Bettwil is a municipality of the district Muri in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

97 Klotho
97 Klotho is a fairly big main belt asteroid. While it is an M-type, its radar albedo is too low to allow it to be made of nickel-iron. Klotho is similar to 21 Lutetia and 22 Kalliope in that all three are M-types made up of stuff unknown. Klotho was found by Ernst Tempel on February 17, 1868. It was the fifth and last asteroid he found. It is named after one of the three Moirae, or Fates, in Greek mythology.

Biberstein
Biberstein is a municipality of the district Aarau of the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

98 Ianthe
98 Ianthe is a big main belt asteroid. It is very dark and is made of carbonates. It was one of the many (for his time) asteroids found by C. H. F. Peters, who found it on April 18, 1868 from Clinton, New York.

Arab, Alabama
Arab is a city in Marshall County, Alabama. Arab has a population of about 7,200 people. an area of about 13 miles and, a height of 1,089. Other cities in Marshall County include Albertville.

99 Dike
99 Dike is a very large and dark Main belt asteroid. Dike was found by Alphonse Borrelly on May 28, 1868. It was the first asteroid he found. It is named after Dike, the Greek goddess of moral justice.

100 Hekate
100 Hekate is a big Main belt asteroid. It orbits in the same area of space as the Hygiea asteroid family, however it is actually an unrelated interloper. Its albedo of 0.19 is too high, and it is of the wrong spectral class to be part of the dark carbonaceous Hygiea family.
Hekate was the 100th asteroid to be found, by J. C. Watson on July 11, 1868. It is named after Hecate, the goddess of witchcraft in Greek mythology, but its name also honours it as the hundredth asteroid, as "hekaton" is Greek for 'hundred'.
A Hekatean occultation of a star was seen on July 14, 2003 from New Zealand.

Abbeville, Alabama
Abbeville is a city and county seat of Henry County, Alabama.
Abbeville has a population of about 3,000 people.
Abbeville has an area of about and sits at a height of 449 feet.

101 Helena
101 Helena is a fairly big, rocky Main belt asteroid. It was found by J. C. Watson on August 15, 1868.

Birmenstorf, Aargau
Birmenstorf is a municipality of the district Baden in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Birr, Switzerland
Birr is a municipality of the Swiss canton of Aargau.

Birmensdorf, Zürich
Birmensdorf is a municipality of the district of Dietikon in the canton of Zürich in Switzerland.

Lake Zürich
Lake Zürich is a lake in Switzerland, that goes southeast of the town Zürich.

Birrhard
Birrhard is a municipality of the district Brugg in canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Birrwil
Birrwil is a municipality of the district Kulm in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.
It is located on the western shore of Lake Hallwil.

Lake Hallwil
Lake Hallwil (German: "Hallwilersee") is a lake in the Canton of Aargau, Switzerland. Its surface maximum depth is 48 meters.

Unterendingen
Unterendingen is a municipality of the district of Zurzach in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Böbikon
Böbikon is a municipality of the district Zurzach in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland. It is located just 2 km south of the border with Germany.

Boniswil
Boniswil is a municipality of the district of Lenzburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Boswil
Boswil is a municipality of the district Muri in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Zuzgen
Zuzgen is a municipality of the district of Rheinfelden in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Bottenwil
Bottenwil is a municipality of the district Zofingen in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Böttstein
Böttstein is a municipality of the district Zurzach in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Bad Zurzach
Bad Zurzach is a municipality in the district of Zurzach in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland. It is the seat of the district. Bad Zurzach was known as Zurzach.

102 Miriam
102 Miriam is a quite big, very dark main belt asteroid. It was found by C. H. F. Peters on August 22, 1868 and named after Miriam, the sister of Moses in the Old Testament.

Bözen
Bözen is a municipality of the district Brugg in canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Zufikon
Zufikon is a municipality of the district of Bremgarten in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Geography of the Dominican Republic
The Dominican Republic (Spanish: "República Dominicana") is a country in the Caribbean. It occupies the eastern two-thirds of Hispaniola; Haiti occupies the western one-third of the island. The land border between these two countries is 388 km long.
The country has a total area of 48,671 km²; the part on the Hispaniola has an area of 48,215 km² and the small Dominican islands have an area of 159 km². The maximum length, east to west, is 390 km from Punta de Agua to Las Lajas, on the border with Haiti. The maximum width, north to south, is 265 km from Cape Isabela to Cape Beata.
The limits of the country are Haiti to the west, the Atlantic Ocean to the north and the Caribbean Sea to the south. Puerto Rico is to the southeast separated by the Mona Channel, of about 130 km wide. The capital, Santo Domingo, is located on the south coast.
Climate.
The country has a tropical climate but modified by elevation and the "trade winds" (winds that come from the northeast, from the Atlantic Ocean), which blow from the Atlantic all year long. The average yearly temperature is 25 °C with small changes from one season to another; the average temperatures change from one region to another, from 21 °C in the centre of the Cordillera Central to as high as 28 °C on the coastal plains. Temperatures very few times get above 32 °C; temperatures get below 0 °C only in the highest mountains in winter. The average temperature in Santo Domingo in January is 25 °C and 30 °C in July.
The rain season is from May to November. The average yearly rainfall is 1,346 mm, with extremes of 2,500 mm or more in the northeastern mountains and 500 mm in the southwestern valleys. The western valleys, along the Haitian border, remain relatively dry, with less than 760 mm of annual precipitation. The northwestern and southeastern extremes of the country are also very dry.
From June to November (mainly from August to October), tropical storms and hurricanes are frequent and can do much damage in the country.
Islands.
Some of the cays are "Cayos Siete Hermanos" (in English, "Seven Brothers Cays"), close to the northwestern coast, and the cays of Samaná Bay.
Mountains and Valleys.
The Dominican Republic is a country with many mountains; the highest peaks of the Caribbean are found here. The chains of mountains show a direction northwest-southeast and they are separated by valleys with the same general direction.
Rivers and Lakes.
The Artibonite River is the longest river of the island but only 68 km are in the Dominican Republic.
The largest lake of the Hispaniola, and of the Caribbean, is the Lake Enriquillo. It is located in the "Hoya de Enriquillo" with an area of 265 km². There are three small islands within the lake. It is around 40 meters below sea level and is a saline lake with a higher concentration of salt than the sea water.
Others lakes are "Rincón" (fresh water, area of 28.2 km²), "Oviedo" (brackish water, area of 28 km²), "Redonda", "Limón".

Arbedo-Castione
Arbedo-Castione is a municipality of the district of Bellinzona in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Zofingen
Zofingen is a city in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland. It is the capital of the district of Zofingen.

Arogno
Arogno is a municipality of the district of Lugano in the canton of Ticino.

Aarwangen
Aarwangen is a municipality of the district of Aarwangen in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

Adelboden
Adelboden is a municipality of the district of Frutigen in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

Adelboden (disambiguation)
Adelboden is a municipality in the Bernese Oberland in Switzerland.

Aefligen
Aefligen is a municipality of the district of Burgdorf in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

Aegerten
Aegerten is a municipality of the district of Nidau of the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

Aeschi bei Spiez
Aeschi bei Spiez is a municipality of the district of Frutigen in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

103 Hera
103 Hera is a big main belt asteroid. It's surface is made of silicate. It was found by J. C. Watson on September 7, 1868 and named after Hera, queen of the gods in Greek mythology.

104 Klymene
104 Klymene is a big, dark main belt asteroid. It is probably made of carbonate. Klymene is a member of the big Themis asteroid family. It was found by J. C. Watson on September 13, 1868 and named after one of the many Clymenes in Greek mythology.

105 Artemis
105 Artemis is a big main belt asteroid. It is a C-type asteroid, meaning that it is very dark and made of carbonate. It was found by J. C. Watson on September 16, 1868 and named after Artemis, the Greek goddess of the moon. Many Artemisian stellar occultations have been reported.

106 Dione
106 Dione is a big main belt asteroid. It is probably made up of stuff similar to 1 Ceres. It was found by J. C. Watson on October 10, 1868 and named after Dione, a Titan in Greek mythology. Dione occulted a dim star on January 19, 1983. A diameter of 147 km was seen, closely matching the value acquired by the IRAS satellite.
One of Saturn's moons is also named Dione.

107 Camilla
107 Camilla is one of the biggest main belt asteroids. It orbits within the Cybele Group, beyond most of the main belt asteroids. It has a very dark surface and is made of carbonate. It was found by N. R. Pogson on November 17, 1868 and named after Camilla, Queen of the Volsci in Roman mythology.
Lightcurve analysis indicates that Camilla's pole most likely points towards ecliptic coordinates (β, λ) = (+51°, 72°) with a 10° uncertainty, which gives it an axial tilt of 29°.
Moon (S/2001 (107) I).
On March 1, 2001, a moon of Camilla was found by A. Storrs, F. Vilas, R. Landis, E. Wells, C. Woods, B. Zellner, and M. Gaffey using the Hubble Space Telescope. It has been designated S/2001 (107) 1 but it does not yet have an official name.
Later sightings in September 2005 with the VLT allowed the determination of an orbit. Apart from data in infobox, the inclination was found to be 3 ± 1° with respect to an axis pointing towards (β, λ) = (+55°, 75°). Given the ~10° uncertainty in the actual rotational axis of Camilla, one can say that the orbit's inclination is less than 10°.
The moon is estimated to measure about 11 km in diameter. Assuming a similar density to the Camilla, this would give it a mass of about ~1.5 kg. It has a similar colour to Camilla.

Aya Ueto
(born September 14, 1985 in Nerima, Tokyo, Japan) is a Japanese actress, idol and singer. She debuted the spectacle society by having won the jury's special award by "All-Japan national nymph contest".

108 Hecuba
108 Hecuba is a fairly big and bright main belt asteroid.
Hecuba orbits within the Hygiea family of asteroids but is not otherwise related to other family members because it is made of silicate. Hygieas are dark C-type asteroids.
It was found by R. Luther on April 2, 1869 and named after Hecuba, wife of King Priam in the legends of the Trojan War.

Chitose Hajime
Chitose Hajime (Chitose Hajime, Hajime Chitose?, Born January 5, 1979) is a singer from Japan. She is from Amami Ōshima and sings in a style particular to that region, with distinctive falsetto effects. Because of this, it is said that her voice has a relaxing effect that has been observed in electroencephalograms taken from the brains of people listening to her singing.
Chitose Hajime was recognized as a gifted folk singer at a young age. She won many folk song competitions, released two traditional folk albums on an indie label, and was approached by numerous record labels. She decided to study to become a beautician instead of pursuing music. However, Hajime had severe allergic reactions to many of the chemicals used by beauticians. She withdrew from school, and seriously considered a music career. Chitose Hajime was recognized as a gifted folk singer at a young age. She won many folk song competitions, released two traditional folk albums on an indie label, and was approached by numerous record labels. She decided to study to become a beautician instead of pursuing music. However, Hajime had severe allergic reactions to many of the chemicals used by beauticians. She withdrew from school, and seriously considered a music career.
In 2001, she released a self titled mini-album on the indie label Office Augusta. The album was covers of older songs, but was so well received that Hajime was pushed to release another mini-album. In August 2001, Chitose released her second mini-album with Augusta Records entitled Kotonoha (コトノハ, Kotonoha ?). This release featured 5 original tracks. In 2001, she released a self titled mini-album on the indie label Office Augusta. The album was covers of older songs, but was so well received that Hajime was pushed to release another mini-album. In August 2001, Chitose released her second mini-album with Augusta Records entitled Kotonoha (KOTONOHA, Kotonoha?). This release featured 5 original tracks.
In 2002 she released her first major label single on Epic Records - "Wadatsumi no Ki" (ワダツミの木, "Wadatsumi no Ki" ?). It was the third highest selling single of the year behind only Hikaru Utada 's " traveling ", and Ayumi Hamasaki 's " H ". Three months later, she released a brand new single, "Kimi wo Omō" (君ヲ想フ, "Kimi wo Omō" ?). While also very popular, it was not nearly the success that her first single was, although it did help to cement her as a permanent artist. In 2002 she released her first major label single on Epic Records - "Wadatsumi no Ki" (Wadatsumi-no-ki, "Wadatsumi no Ki"?). It was the third highest selling single of the year behind only Hikaru Utada 's "traveling", And Ayumi Hamasaki 's "H". Three months later, she released a brand new single, "Kimi wo Omō" (Kimi Omou Takehiko novel, "Kimi wo Omō"?). While also very popular, it was not nearly the success that her first single was, although it did help to cement her as a permanent artist.
Her first major album, Hainumikaze (ハイヌミカゼ, Hainumikaze ?), followed later in the year. It sold 800,000 copies, charted for 57 weeks, and was the 16th highest selling album of the year. Her first major album, Hainumikaze (HAINUMIKAZE, Hainumikaze?), Followed later in the year. It sold 800000 copies, charted for 57 weeks, and was the 16th highest selling album of the year.
She released 3 more singles before her second major album, Nomad Soul (ノマド・ソウル, nomado souru ?), was released in 2003. Shortly after a concert tour, and the release of a live album and DVD in 2004, Hajime announced that she would be taking time away from the music scene to get married, and have a child. Her first child miscarried, but she successfully gave birth to a girl on January 20, 2005. She released 3 more singles before her second major album, Nomad Soul (Nomad Soul, nomado souru?), Was released in 2003. Shortly after a concert tour, and the release of a live album and DVD in 2004, Hajime announced that she would be taking time away from the music scene to get married, and have a child. Her first child miscarried, but she successfully gave birth to a girl on January 20, 2005.
She returned to the music industry in November 2005 with the single "Kataritsugu Koto" (語り継ぐこと, "Kataritsugu Koto" ?), the ending theme for the anime BLOOD+. The single was a hit, reaching #12 on the Oricon charts. She followed this success with her next come-back single, "Haru no Katami" (春のかたみ, "Haru no Katami" ?), the ending theme for the anime AYAKASHI - Japanese Classic Horror. This single sold 6050 copies in its first week, and remained on the charts for 7 weeks total. A third single was released before her next album. The single, "Ao no Requiem" (青のレクイエム, "Ao no Requiem" ?), was the theme song for the Studio GAGA film Hatsukoi. It featured 1 extra track, and charted for 3 weeks. The following week, Hajime released her third original major album, Hanadairo (ハナダイロ, Hanadairo ?). The album was available in both a regular edition, and a limited edition. The limited edition featured a 13th track, "Shinda Onna no Ko" (死んだ女の子, "Shinda Onna no Ko" ?) with Ryuichi Sakamoto), as well as a DVD containing the music videos for "Kataritsugu Koto", and "Haru no Katami". She returned to the music industry in November 2005 with the single "Kataritsugu Koto" (語り継ぐit, "Kataritsugu Koto"?), The ending theme for the anime BLOOD +. The single was a hit, reaching # 12 on the Oricon charts. She followed this success with her next come-back single, "Haru no Katami" (see how the spring, "Haru no Katami"?), the ending theme for the anime AYAKASHI - Japanese Classic Horror. This single sold 6050 copies in its first week, and remained on the charts for 7 weeks total. A third single was released before her next album. The single, "Ao no Requiem" (blue Requiem, "Ao no Requiem"?), was the theme song for the Studio GAGA film Hatsukoi. It featured 1 extra track, and charted for 3 weeks. The following week, Hajime released her third original major album, Hanadairo (HANADAIRO, Hanadairo?). The album was available in both a regular edition, and a limited edition. The limited edition featured a 13th track, "Shinda Onna no Ko" (a dead girl, "Shinda Onna no Ko"?) With Ryuichi Sakamoto), as well as a DVD containing the music videos for "Kataritsugu Koto", and " Haru no Katami ".

109 Felicitas
109 Felicitas is a dark and fairly big main belt asteroid. It was found by C. H. F. Peters on October 9, 1869 and named after Felicitas, the Roman goddess of success. The only seen stellar occultation by Felicitas is one from Japan (March 29, 2003).

110 Lydia
110 Lydia is a big Main belt asteroid with an M-type spectrum, which may have nickel-iron. The Lydia asteroid family is named after it. It was found by A. Borrelly on April 19, 1870. It was the second asteroid he found. Lydia occulted a dim star on September 18, 1999.

111 Ate
111 Ate is a big, dark asteroid made up of carbonate. It was found by C. H. F. Peters on August 14, 1870 and named after Ate, a personification of destruction in Greek mythology. Two stellar occultations by Ate were seen in 2000, only two months apart.

Scrabble
Scrabble is a game that is played by 2, 3 or 4 people. It uses a board with squares on it (15x15) and a large number of letters on small tiles. Each player, when it is his turn, has to put a word on the board, using any of the seven letters (seven tiles) that they have in front of them. Their word must join on to what is already on the board.
How to play.
The players decide who is going to start by taking one letter (one tile) from the bag. The person with the letter closest to the beginning of the alphabet may start.
Each player takes seven tiles from the bag (without looking at what they are). The player puts these tiles on a rack in front of him so that he can see them, but the others cannot see which letters he has. After each turn a player can take some new letters out of the bag so that he has seven letters again for his next turn.
The first player puts a word on the board using some, or all, of his seven letters as possible. He must include the square in the middle. It is then the next player's turn. His word must join on somewhere to what the other player has already put. Sometimes it is possible to make two or more words in one turn by touching other letters, but each word on the board reading horizonally (left to right) or vertically (top to bottom) must be a proper word (no abbreviations or names). It should read like a crossword.
Each tile (each letter) has a number of points. The common letters such as A, B, T, etc are worth one point. Unusual letters such as Q and Z are worth 10 points. There are also two blank tiles which can be used for any letter. A player must say what the letter is when he puts it down, e.g. he might say that "C" "A" "Blank" spells "CAT". During the rest of the game that blank tile must be treated as a letter "T".
There are several squares on the board where a player can get extra points. Some squares allow the player to count that letter twice (light blue) or three times (dark blue), other squares allow him to count the whole word twice (light red) or three times (dark red).
The aim of the game is to get as many points as possible. A long word will not always get as many points as a shorter word. It depends which letters are used. It is also a good idea not put a word which will let the next player make a high score.
There are special Scrabble dictionaries available in which all allowable words are listed. When playing according to the proper rules one is not allowed to use a dictionary to find a word. However, if one of players challenges another (i.e. if he says: "The word you have put down is not allowed"), then the players may check it in the dictionary. If the word does not exist, the player must take his letters back and he loses his turn.
After a while there are no more letters in the bag. The game finishes when one player has no more letters. The other players have to count the points for the letters they still have in front of them, and take them away from their total score.
Other languages.
Scrabble is available in many languages. Even if a language uses the same letters as English, some of the common English letters may be unusual in another language, and common letters there may be unusual in English. There are versions in languages with other alphabets, such as Russian.
History.
Scrabble was invented in 1938 by an architect called Alfred Mosher Butts. He had previously invented a similar game called "Lexiko". He worked out how many points should be given for each letter by looking at books and newspapers and counting how often particular letters are used in the English language. He called the game "Criss-Crosswords". However, he was not successful in selling the game. In 1948 a lawyer called James Brunot bought the rights to make to game. Brunot made some of the rules easier, and changed the name to "Scrabble", which is a real word meaning: “to scratch around frantically”. Soon other firms around the world were buying rights to make the game. It had become so popular by 1984 that it was made into a daytime TV show on NBC television.
The name "Scrabble" today is a trademark of Hasbro, Inc. in the US and Canada and of J. W. Spear & Sons PLC in other countries.
All over the world people play Scrabble in clubs and tournaments. People who play in serious tournaments are given a time limit. They lose points if they spend too long thinking about their moves.
There are websites where one can play Scrabble online.
On Facebook, there is a version of Scrabble called Scrabulous.

Flow (band)
FLOW is a Japanese music band. The group is made of five men. The group was made in 1998.
Members.
This list contains the names and birth dates of group members

Nuremberg Trials
There were two sets of Nuremberg Trials.
The first, and most well known, were the trials of the leaders of Nazi Germany. This was organized by the International Military Tribunal (IMT). The judges and prosecuters were from the four wartime allies, France, the USSR, the United Kingdom and the United States.
The second set of trials were the 12 "follow up trials" (). These trial were of groups lower ranking Nazis, like doctors, and officials of the German Foreign Office. Although the follow up trials were held in the same court-room as the IMT trials, they were run by the Americans alone.
The original plan was for the IMT to hold several trials, and the allies to hold their own trials of local officials as well. Cooperation between the Soviet Union and the Western Allies quickly broke down. The IMT only held the one big trial. So the US held trials of the next most important Nazis themselves.
The main trial.
The International Military Tribunal was opened on October 18 1945, in the Supreme Court Building in Berlin. The first session was presided over by the Soviet judge, Nikitchenko. The prosecution brought charges against 24 major war criminals and six criminal organizations - the leadership of the Nazi Party, the Schutzstaffel (SS) and Sicherheitsdienst (SD), the Gestapo, the Sturmabteilung (SA) and the High Command of the German armed forces (OKW).
"I" indicted      "G" indicted and found guilty      "O" Not Charged
"I" indicted      "G" indicted and found guilty      "O" Not Charged
The death sentences were carried out on 16 October 1946 by hanging using the inefficient American "standard" drop method instead of the long drop. The executioner was John C. Woods. The French judges suggested the use of a firing squad for the military condemned, as is standard for military courts-martial, but this was opposed by Biddle and the Soviet judges. They said that the military officers acted so badly they did not deserve to be treated as soldiers. The prisoners sentenced to jail were transferred to Spandau Prison in 1947.
The definition of what constitutes a war crime is described by the Nuremberg Principles, a document which was created as a result of the trial. The medical experiments conducted by German doctors and prosecuted in the so-called Doctors' Trial led to the creation of the Nuremberg Code to control future trials involving human subjects.

Orthographic projection
Orthographic projection is a means of representing a three-dimensional (3D) object in two dimensions (2D). It is a form of parallel projection, where the view direction is orthogonal to the projection plane.

Parallel projection
In linear algebra and functional analysis, a projection is a linear transformation "P" from a vector space to itself such that "P"2 = "P". Projections map the whole vector space to a subspace and leave the points in that subspace unchanged.

Non-profit organization
A Non-profit organization (or just non-profit) is an organization that is not allowed to distribute any money that it makes to its owners as profit. It usually does not even repay them money they provide, which is called a donation. In England this is more often referred to as "not-for-profit", and includes local and national government. A non-profit organizations are allowed to pay their workers, but many workers at non-profit organizations are volunteers who do not get paid for their work.
Sometimes a non-profit may make money to help other people, which might include helping them start their own business or providing them with food, clothing or shelter. Some non-profits try to help endangered animals or the environment. Some non-profits are small groups of people such as a block association or community group. Others such as trade unions, universities or religions are large and well established, with many assets and many paid workers
An organization that is non-profit is usually called a non-profit organization. When it deals with politics or international issues it can be called a non-governmental organization or NGO.
The Wikimedia organization, which runs Wikipedia is a non-profit. It is based in Florida in the United States. It is also a corporation known as a not-for-profit corporation.
An organization that is "trying" to make a profit, and failing, is called unprofitable and may go bankrupt - but this does not make it a non-profit. A non-profit may be profitable just as any business, but the profits are used to further the purpose, not to make the people who started it or who work there rich.

Expense
An expense, also sometimes called an expenditure, is when money is given in exchange for a good or service.
In accounting, expense has a very specific meaning. It is when cash or some other valuable object goes from a person or company to another person or company.

Deposit account
A Deposit Account is an account at a bank where money can be put in or taken out by whoever owns the account. Each time money is moved, it is recorded in the bank's books. Some banks charge a fee for this.

Filippo Brunelleschi
Filippo Brunelleschi (1377 – April 15, 1446) was one of the most important architects of the Italian Renaissance. All of his most well-known works are in Florence, Italy.

Arno River
The Arno is a river in the Tuscany region of Italy. It is the most important river of central Italy after the Tiber River. The river Arno is in the north of Italy.

Lake Como
Lake Como ("Lago di Como" in Italian),is a lake of glacial origin in Lombardy, Italy. It has an area of 146 km², making it the third largest lake in Italy, after Lake Garda and Lake Maggiore.

Lake Maggiore
Lake Maggiore (in Italian: "Lago Maggiore" or "lago Verbano") is the most westerly of the three large prealpine lakes of Italy and the second largest after Lake Garda.
Events.
The Spirit of Woodstock Festival is an annual open air festival at the end of July/beginning of August at Mirapuri.

112 Iphigenia
112 Iphigenia is a fairly big and very dark Main belt asteroid. It is probably made of carbonate. It was found by C. H. F. Peters on September 19, 1870 and named after Iphigenia, the princess sacrificed by her father in Greek mythology.

GIMP
The GNU Image Manipulation Program, or GIMP or "The GIMP", is a free software picture maker.
It is often used for making logos, making photographs bigger or smaller, changing colours, making many pictures part of one picture, making pictures nicer to look at, and changing file formats.
GIMP is often used as a free software rival for the most popular Adobe Photoshop, but it is made to be an Adobe Photoshop. The GIMPs mascot is a coyote named Wilber.
The GIMP was started in 1995 by Spencer Kimball and Peter Mattis and is now taken care of by a group of volunteers as part of the GNU Project. The newest version of GIMP is v.2.6.4 and it was available since January 2009. The GIMPs license is the GNU General Public License, GIMP is free software.
File types.
GIMP can be used for opening and changing many types of file formats. GIMPs own file format is XCF, which is the name of the building where GIMP was written.
Some file formats that GIMP can be used with are bitmap, JPEG, PNG, GIF and TIFF. GIMP can also read and write path information from SVG files and GIMP can read Adobe PDF files and the raw image formats used by digital cameras, but cannot write to these formats.

113 Amalthea
113 Amalthea is a fairly common rocky Main belt asteroid orbiting in the closer areas of the belt. It was found by R. Luther on March 12, 1871. One of Jupiter's closer small moons is also called Amalthea. The name comes from Amalthea of Greek mythology.
Amalthea is thought to be a piece from the mantle of a Vesta-sized parent body that broke up around one billion years ago, with the other major remnant being 9 Metis.

David Ben-Gurion
David Ben-Gurion, born David Grün on 16 October 1886, died 1 December 1973) was the first Prime Minister of Israel. After leading Israel to victory in the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, Ben-Gurion helped build the state institutions. He retired from political life in 1970 and moved to Sde Boker, where he lived until his death.
After he died, Ben-Gurion was named one of "Time Magazine's" 100 Most Important People of the Century.

Kotoko
KOTOKO is a Japanese musician. She was born January 19, in Hokkaido, Japan. She is signed to "I've". She writes the lyrics of her songs by herself, and gives them to other artists. She play an active role in the animation and game industry.

Mariano José de Larra
Mariano José de Larra (24 March 1809 - 13 February 1837) was a Spanish romanticist writer noted for satire and perhaps the best prose writer of 19th-century Spain.
He was born in Madrid; his father served as a regimental doctor in the French army, and, as an "afrancesado", was compelled to leave the Peninsula with his family in 1812. In 1817 Larra returned to Spain, knowing less Spanish than French. His nature was disorderly, his education was imperfect, and, after futile attempts to obtain a degree in medicine or law, he made an imprudent marriage at the age of twenty, broke with his relatives and became a journalist.
On the 27th of April 1831 he produced his first play, "No más mostrador", based on two pieces by Scribe and Dieulafoy. Though wanting in originality, it is brilliantly written, and held the stage for many years. On the 24th of September 1834 he produced "Macías", a play based on his own historical novel, "El doncel de don Enrique el Doliente" (1834).
The drama and novel are interesting as experiments, but Larra was essentially a journalist, and the increased liberty of the press after the death of Ferdinand VII gave his caustic talent an ampler field. He was already famous under the pseudonyms of "Juan Pérez de Munguía" and "Fígaro" which he used in "El Pobrecito Hablador" and "La Revista Española" respectively. Madrid laughed at his grim humour; ministers feared his vitriolic pen and courted him assiduously; he defended Liberalism against the Carlist rebellion; he was elected as deputy for Ávila, and a great career seemed to lie before him. But the era of military pronunciamientos ruined his personal prospects and patriotic plans. His writing took on a more sombre tinge; domestic troubles increased his pessimism, and, in consequence of a disastrous love-affair, he committed suicide in February 1837.
Larra lived long enough to prove himself the greatest prose-writer that Spain can boast during the 19th century. He wrote at great speed with the constant fear of the censor before his eyes, but no sign of haste is discernible in his work, and the dexterity with which he aims his venomous shafts is amazing. His political instinct, his abundance of ideas and his forcible, mordant style would have given him a foremost position at any time and in any country; in Spain, and in his own period, they placed him beyond all rivalry.

Luis de Molina
Luis de Molina (born 1535 in Cuenca; died October 12, 1600 in Madrid) was a Spanish Jesuit and writer.
At the age of eighteen Molina became a member of the Society of Jesus. He studied theology at Coimbra. After this, he became professor in the university of Évora, Portugal. From this post he was called, at the end of twenty years, to the chair of moral theology in Madrid.
Besides other works he wrote "De liberi arbitrii cum gratiae donis, divina praescientia, praedestinatione et reprobatione concordia" (4 vo., Lisbon, 1588); a commentary on the first part of the "Summa Theologiae" of Thomas Aquinas (2 vols., fol., Cuenca, 1593); and a treatise "De jure et justitia" (6 vols., 1593-1609).

Henrik Ibsen
Henrik Johan Ibsen (born March 20 1828, died May 23 1906) was a major Norwegian playwright. He is often called the "father of modern drama."
Ibsen is held to be the greatest of Norwegian authors and one of the most important playwrights of all time, celebrated as a national symbol by Norwegians.

Bead
A bead is a small item with a hole in it for stringing. Beads can be made from many different things including wood, glass, and gemstones. The oldest known beads are over 100,000 years old.

Julius Streicher
He published "Der Stürmer" newspaper, became a part of the Nazi propaganda machine. His publishing firm released three anti-Semitic books for children, including the 1938 "Der Giftpilz" ("The Poison Mushroom"), one of the most widespread pieces of propaganda. The book said that Jews were dangerous, just like an attractive yet deadly mushroom. After the war, he was convicted at the Nuremberg Trials of crimes against humanity and executed.
Early life.
Streicher was born in Fleinhausen, Bavaria. He was an elementary school teacher until joining the German Army in 1914. Streicher won the Iron Cross and was a lieutenant by the time the Armistice was signed in 1918. In 1913 Streicher married Kunigunde Roth, a baker's daughter, in Nürnberg. They had two sons, Lothar (born 1915) and Elmar (born 1918).
National Socialism.
In 1919 Streicher was active in the "Schutz- und Trutz-Bund", an anti-Semitic organization. In 1920 he turned to the newly formed German Socialist Party ("Deutschsozialistische Partei"). This party had nearly the same ideas as the Nazi Party. Streicher wanted to make it more anti-Semitic. Most members of the German Socialist Party did not want this, so Streicher and his followers moved to the "German Working Community" () in 1921. This community wanted to unite the various anti-Semitic movements. In 1922, Streicher joined his followers with those of Adolf Hitler, almost doubling the membership of the Nazi Party, and earning Hitler's lifelong gratitude. Streicher took part in the Munich Beer Hall Putsch in 1923. Later he had the privilege of marching at the front of the annual reenactment of the putsch after the Nazi takeover of power in 1933.
In 1923 Streicher founded the racist newspaper, "Der Stürmer". He was also the editor. Streicher used the newspaper to stir up a deep hatred of everything and everyone Jewish. Eventually the newspaper reached a peak circulation of 480,000 in 1935.
Streicher argued in the newspaper that the Jews had contributed to the depression, unemployment, and inflation in Germany which afflicted the country during the 1920's. He claimed that Jews were white-slavers and were responsible for over 90 percent of the prostitutes in the country.
After the refounding of the Nazi party, Streicher became Gauleiter (district leader) of Franconia. After 1933, he practically ruled the city of Nuremberg and was nicknamed "King of Nuremberg" and the "Beast of Franconia." In 1940, he was stripped of all party offices after being involved in major financial scandals involving Jewish property seized after the anti-Semitic outburst of Kristallnacht in November 1938, and also for spreading untrue stories about Hermann Göring, several attacks on other Gauleiters and unconcealed adultery. Streicher, however, remained on good terms with German dictator Adolf Hitler until the latter committed suicide on April 30, 1945. On May 23, two weeks after Germany's surrender, Streicher was captured by the Americans.
Streicher's wife, Kunigunde Streicher, died in 1943 after 30 years of marriage. Streicher was married to his former secretary, Adele Tappe, just days before his arrest.
Trial and execution.
Julius Streicher was found guilty of crimes against humanity at the Nuremberg War Crimes Trial and sentenced to death on October 1, 1946.
Streicher was not a member of the military and was not part of planning the Holocaust, the invasion of Poland, or the Soviet invasion. But because he encouraged so much support for the hatred and extermination of Jews the prosecutors' decided to include him in the indictment.
His last words on October 16, 1946, were "Heil Hitler," and, "The Bolsheviks will hang you one day!". He is also reported to have cried out "Purim Fest 1946!" - i.e., Streicher thought that Jews would start a new Holiday on the date of the hanging of himself and his fellow Nazis, just as they had started Purim to mark the execution of Haman.
The hanging of Julius Streicher was not as planned. Most eyewitnesses say that he died by slow strangulation rather than by the quick death from breaking the neck. Streicher was not the only Nazi this happened to. It was because of the type of hanging used at Nuremberg. It is thought that the executioner had to intervene under the gallows to silence and finish Streicher, who was still groaning and swinging on the rope some time after the release of the trap-door

114 Kassandra
114 Kassandra is a big and dark Main belt asteroid. It belongs to the rare class T. It was found by C. H. F. Peters on July 23, 1871, and is named after Cassandra, the prophetess in the tales of the Trojan War.

Bremgarten, Switzerland
Bremgarten is a municipality of the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Zetzwil
Zetzwil is a municipality of the district of Kulm in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Zeiningen
Zeiningen is a municipality of the district of Rheinfelden in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Zeihen
Zeihen is a municipality of the district of Laufenburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Mihimaru GT
Mihimaru GT is a J-pop band started by Hiroko Akutsu and Mitsuyuki Miyake.

115 Thyra
115 Thyra is a fairly big and bright closer Main belt asteroid. It was found by J. C. Watson on August 6, 1871.

116 Sirona
116 Sirona is a somewhat big and bright-colored main belt asteroid. It has an S-type spectrum. It was found by C. H. F. Peters on September 8, 1871 and named after Sirona, the Celtic goddess of astronomy.

Brittnau
Brittnau is a municipality of the district Zofingen in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Brugg
Brugg is a municipality of the Swiss canton of Aargau. It is the capital of the district of Brugg.

Brunegg
Brunegg is a municipality of the district Lenzburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Buchs, Aargau
Buchs is a municipality of the district Aarau of the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Bünzen, Switzerland
Bünzen is a municipality of the district Muri in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Burg, Aargau
Burg is a municipality of the district Kulm in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Büttikon
Büttikon is a municipality of the district Bremgarten in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Buttwil
Buttwil is a municipality of the district Muri in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.
The village is 2km west of Muri.

Densbüren
Densbüren is a municipality of the district Aarau of the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Dietwil
Dietwil is a municipality of the district Muri in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

117 Lomia
117 Lomia is a rather big Main belt asteroid. It has a very dark surface and is made of carbonate. It was found by A. Borrelly on September 12, 1871. Occultations by Lomia have so far been seen twice, in 2000 and 2003.

Dintikon
Dintikon is a municipality of the district Lenzburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Sabaneta, Santiago Rodríguez
San Ignacio de Sabaneta is a city and municipality in northwestern Dominican Republic. It is the head municipality of the Santiago Rodríguez province. It is usually called only "Sabaneta" or "Santiago Rodríguez".
Population.
The municipality had, in 2002, a total population of 35,654: 18,243 men and 17,411 women; its population density was 44 persons/km². The urban population was 45.63% of the total population.
History.
The town was founded in 1844 by Santiago Rodríguez and others in a small savanna ("Sabaneta" means, in English, "small savanna") north of the Cordillera Central. In 1854, the town was elevated to the category "Military Post" and in 1858 it became a municipality of the Santiago province.
"San Ignacio de Sabaneta" was the centre of the fight against the Spanish soldiers during the first period of the Restoration War (1863-1865).
When 1879 Monte Cristi became a province, San Ignacio de Sabaneta was made a municipality of that new province. When the new province of Santiago Rodríguez was created in 1948, San Ignacio de Sabaneta was made the head municipality of the province.
Economy.
The main economic activity of the municipality is farming.

Dottikon
Dottikon is a municipality of the district Bremgarten in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Döttingen, Switzerland
Döttingen is a municipality of the district Zurzach in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Dürrenäsch
Dürrenäsch is a municipality of the district Kulm in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Effingen
Effingen is a municipality of the district Brugg in canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Eggenwil
Eggenwil is a municipality of the district Bremgarten in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Egliswil
Egliswil is a municipality of the district Lenzburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Eiken, Switzerland
Eiken is a municipality of the district Laufenburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Elfingen
Elfingen is a municipality of the district Brugg in canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Sarnen
Sarnen is the capital of the canton of Obwalden in Switzerland.

Kerns
Kerns is a municipality of the canton of Obwalden in Switzerland.

Sachseln
Sachseln is a municipality of the canton of Obwalden in Switzerland.

Alpnach
Alpnach is a municipality of the canton of Obwalden in Switzerland.

Giswil
Giswil is a municipality of the canton of Obwalden in Switzerland.

Lungern
Lungern is a municipality of the canton of Obwalden in Switzerland.

Engelberg
Engelberg is a municipality of the canton of Obwalden in Switzerland.

118 Peitho
118 Peitho is a main belt asteroid. It is probably an S-type asteroid. It was found by R. Luther on March 15, 1872 and named after one of the two Peithos in Greek mythology. There have been two seen Peithoan occultations of a dim star, one was in 2000 and the other in 2003.

119 Althaea
119 Althaea is a big main belt asteroid. It is an S-type asteroid. It was found by J. C. Watson on April 3, 1872 and named after Althaea, the mother of Meleager in Greek mythology. Two occultations by Althaea were seen in 2002, only a month apart.

120 Lachesis
120 Lachesis is a very big and very dark main belt asteroid. As a primitive C-type asteroid it is likely made of carbonates. It was found by Alphonse Borrelly on April 10, 1872 and named after one of the Moirae, or Fates, in Greek mythology. The only seen Lachesean occultation happened in 1999 and was recorded in the south-western United States.

121 Hermione
121 Hermione is a very big asteroid of the dark C spectral type, orbiting in the Cybele group in the farther part of the main belt. As a C-type, it is probably made of carbonate.
Hermione was found by J. C. Watson on May 12, 1872, and named after Hermione, daughter of Menelaus and Helen in Greek mythology. Hermione is a Cybele asteroid and orbits beyond most of the main belt asteroids.
The asteroid has an odd shape, as evidenced by adaptive optics images, the first of which were taken in December 2003, with the Keck telescope. Of many proposed shape models that agreed with the images, a "snowman"-like shape was found to best fit the seen precession rate of Hermione's moon.
Observation of the moon's orbit has made possible a correct determination of Hermione's mass. For the best-fit "snowman" model, the density is found to be 1.8 ± 0.2 g/cm³, giving a porosity of the order of 20%, and possibly indicating that the main asteroids are fractured solid bodies, but that the asteroid is rather not a rubble pile (an asteroid that has been broken up by a collision and pulled back together by gravity).
Occultations by Hermione have been successfully seen three times so far, the last time in February, 2004.
Moon (S/2002 (121) 1).
A moon of Hermione was found in 2002 with the Keck II telescope. The moon is currently designated S/2002 (121) 1. It has not yet been officially named, but "LaFayette" has been suggested by a group of astronomers in reference to the frigate used in secret by the Marquis de Lafayette to reach America to help the insurgents.

122 Gerda
122 Gerda is a fairly big farther main belt asteroid. It is an S-type. It was found by C. H. F. Peters on July 31, 1872 and named after Gerda, the wife of the god Freyr in Norse mythology.

123 Brunhild
123 Brunhild is a fairly common stony S-type main belt asteroid. It was found by C. H. F. Peters on July 31, 1872 and named after Brünnehilde, a Valkyrie in Norse mythology.

124 Alkeste
124 Alkeste is a big Main belt asteroid. It is an S-type. C.H.F. Peters found the asteroid on August 23, 1872, and named it after Alcestis, a woman in Greek mythology. Only one stellar occultation by Alkeste has been seen. It passed over the third magnitude star Beta Virginis on June 24, 2003. The event was seen from Australia and New Zealand.

125 Liberatrix
125 Liberatrix is a Main belt asteroid. It has a fairly reflective surface and an M-type spectrum. Liberatrix is a member of an asteroid family having its own name. It was found by Prosper Henry on September 11, 1872. It was the first asteroid he found. He and his brother Paul Henry found a total of 14 asteroids. The asteroid's name is believed to mark the liberation of France at the collapse of the Second French Empire in 1870. There are so far two seen occultations by Liberatrix.
The lightcurve of the asteroid has a big amplitude, indicating a stretched or non-spherical shape.

126 Velleda
126 Velleda is a Main belt asteroid. It is probably a rather common, although big, S-type asteroid. It was found by Paul Henry on November 5, 1872 in Paris, France. It was the first credited asteroid he found. He and his brother Prosper Henry found a total of 14 asteroids.
This asteroid rotates once every 5 hours, 8 hours and 44 minutes. During each rotation the light curve changes by 0.22 magnitudes.

Endingen, Switzerland
Endingen is a municipality of the district Zurzach in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Ennetbaden
Ennetbaden is a municipality of the district Baden in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Ray Toro
Raymond Manuel Toro-Ortiz, born on July 15, 1977 in Kearny, New Jersey, is the lead guitarist and one of two backup vocalists for My Chemical Romance. He plays Gibson Les Paul guitars with Seymour Duncan pickups through Marshall amplifiers.
When he was younger he enjoyed the music of Queen, Metallica, Megadeth, and Slayer and he cites Brian May and Randy Rhoads as large influences on his playing.
References.
maddi once straightend rays hair, then georgia stole his shampoo! (he uses head and shoulders!:O)

Belleville, New Jersey
Belleville is a Township in Essex County, New Jersey, United States. As of the United States 2000 Census, the township population was 35,928.

Kearny, New Jersey
Kearny (pronounced) is a town in Hudson County, New Jersey, United States. It was named after Civil War general Philip Kearny. As of the United States 2000 Census, the town population was 40,513.

Frank Iero
Frank Anthony Iero (born October 31, 1981) is the youngest member of the band My Chemical Romance. He was born in Belleville, New Jersey and attended Queen of Peace High School in North Arlington. Iero's parents divorced when he was young. He then attended Rutgers University on scholarship but then dropped out for the band after he felt they were beginning to get somewhere. Iero is a rhythm guitarist and is one of the two backup vocalists for the alternative rock band My Chemical Romance.

Mikey Way
Michael James Way (born September 10, 1980) is the bass guitarist for the band My Chemical Romance and is the younger brother of frontman Gerard Way. Mikey learned how to play the bass just so he could be in Gerard's new band which formed after the 9/11 attacks. On March 7 2007 Mikey married Maddison Hillier.
Mikey recently got electrocuted twice as he stuck a fork in a toaster, and used a small heater near the water when he was showering.

Bob Bryar
Robert Nathaniel Cory "Bob" Bryar (born December 31, 1979 in Chicago, Illinois) is the drummer for My Chemical Romance. Bryar joined My Chemical Romance after former drummer Matt Pelissier suddenly left the group while on tour in Japan in 2004. Bibbles bobbles boo
he has three dogs one of which is called dixie.He loves dixie.
Bob Bryar was born in Chicago, and was born on December 31, 1979.
Other websites.
bob has an unhealthy obsession with his iphone, wich he loves very much!

ENIAC
ENIAC (which meant "Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer") was a computer built in 1943. It was designed by two people called John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert. The machine was built out of nearly 17,500 vacuum tubes, 7,200 diodes and many miles of wire.
Because the computer was built out of vacuum tubes, it broke often. This meant that someone had to find the broken tube (which was "not" an easy job), take the broken tube out and put a working tube in.
Making programs for the computer was hard. Making the computer ready for one single program could take many days or even weeks. This was because the programming had to be done by pulling wires from one place to another. This was not hard for small programs, but if a large program was wanted, it was very hard work. Programming by pulling wires was used until 1948, when a special type of memory (called ROM, or Read Only Memory, because it could only be read by the computer) was added. After that, programming was done by using switches, meaning that the time to make a program was reduced (made smaller) to hours instead of days.
The ENIAC was first designed to print firing tables for the U.S Navy, but the war had finished before the machine was completed.
When it was asked if it was possible to make a hydrogen bomb, ENIAC gave the answer in 20 seconds. ENIAC took 70 hours to work out pi to 2000 decimal places. A modern PC with a CPU of the size of 2x2 cm is much faster than ENIAC, which used up a whole room of space. For an example, a modern PC can work out a million (1 000 000) decimal places of pi in about a second.
ENIAC was shut down forever on October 2, 1955. Now, only about 10 panels of the 40 exist.

National Democratic Party of Germany
The National Democratic Party () is a right wing political party in Germany. It is usually just called the NPD.
It started after the Deutsche Reichspartei dissolved in 1964.
It is not the same as the old Hessian Nationaldemokratischen Partei. That was one of the parties which joined to form the Deutsche Reichspartei in 1949.
The German government tried to get the NPD banned in 2003, but the Bundesverfassungsgericht threw the case out when some of the leaders of the party turned out to be agents or informers of German security services, including the Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz, the "Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution", which still lists the NPD as a dangerous organisation because its policies are a threat to the peace and stability of Germany and the constitution. The NPD is also referred to as being Neo-Nazi, as it openly opposes Turks, blacks, gays and Jews.

127 Johanna
127 Johanna is a big Main belt asteroid. It has a very dark surface and is made of carbonates. It was found by P. M. Henry on November 5, 1872 and is believed to be named after Joan of Arc.

128 Nemesis
128 Nemesis is a very big and very dark main belt asteroid made of carbonate. It rotates rather slowly, taking about one and half Earth days to finish one rotation. Nemesis is the biggest member of the Nemesian asteroid family having its name. It was found by J. C. Watson on November 25, 1872 and named after Nemesis, the goddess of retribution in Greek mythology. Nemesis is also the name of a hypothetical companion star of the sun.

129 Antigone
129 Antigone is a big main belt asteroid. Radar observations indicate that it is made of almost pure nickel-iron. It and other similar asteroids probably come from the core of a shattered Vesta-like planetesimal which had a differentiated interior. It was found by C. H. F. Peters on February 5, 1873 and named after Antigone, the Theban princess in Greek mythology.
In 1979 a possible moon of Antigone was suggested based on lightcurve data. A model constructed from these shows Antigone itself to be quite spherical.
Since 1985, a total of three stellar occultations by Antigone have been seen.

Austral thrush
Austral thrush ("Turdus falcklandii magellanicus") is a common bird from Atacama to Tierra del Fuego. Its size is 29 cm, brown-headed. Breast gray-yellow. Beak solid and yellow. Dark brown eyes with eyebrows yellow.
Source.
English wikipedia

130 Elektra
130 Elektra is a very big farther main belt asteroid. It was found by C. H. F. Peters on February 17, 1873 and named after Electra, an avenger in Greek mythology.
Its spectrum is of the G type, so it is probably made up like Ceres. Spectral signatures of organic compounds have been seen on Elektra's surface.
Recent optical sightings have found a moon (see below). Using its orbit, Elektra's mass can be found more correctly. The value of 1.3 kg indicates an unusually high density (for asteroids) of 3.8 ± 0.3 g/cm³. Optical sightings have also determined that Elektra's shape is quite non-spherical, as well as giving indications of albedo differences of 5-15% on its surface.
Moon (S/2003 (130) 1).
In 2003, a small moon of Elektra was detected using the Keck II telescope. The diameter of the moon is 4 km and it orbits at a distance of about 1170 km. The moon has been given the provisional designation S/2003 (130) 1. Due to only a few sightings to date, its orbit is still not well known.

Absinthe
Absinthe, also known as absinth, absynthe, or absenta is a drink. It is distilled, from herbs including the flowers and leaves of the medicinal plant "Artemisia absinthium". It is a very alcoholic drink. Absinthe is usually green. Sometimes colors are added to change the color. It is often called "la Fée Verte" or "The Green Fairy".
Absinthe came from Val-de-Travers, Switzerland. It was very popular in late 19th and early 20th century France. Parisian artists and writers were supposed to drink it. The romantic associations with the drink still linger in popular culture. At the end of 1900 the French were drinking over 2 million litres of absinthe a year. By 1910 this had increased to 36 million litres.
In the 19th century, hotel owners often put bad things into absinthe, such as sulfur to change its color. Absinthe was seen as a dangerous drink with mind altering effects. After the Lanfray murders in 1906 a petition was given to the Swiss government to ban absinthe in Switzerland. Absinthe became banned in other countries. Since 1915, it was banned in a number of European countries and the United States.
Where the word comes from.
The word comes from the Latin word "absinthium". This is from the Greek word αψίνθιον (apsínthion). Wormwood 'Absinth' (without the 'e') is a way of spelling absinthe that is often seen in central Europe.
The preparation.
Traditionally, absinthe is put into a glass. A sugar cube is then placed in the bowl of a special spoon. Ice-cold water is poured or dripped over the sugar until the drink is diluted. During this process, the parts that are not soluble in water make the liquid cloudy. The resulting milky opalescence is called the "louche".
Production.
The main herbs used to produce absinthe are green anise, florence fennel and grande wormwood, often called the 'holy trinity'. Many other herbs may be used as well, such as hyssop, melissa, star anise, petite wormwood ("Artemisia pontica" or Roman wormwood), angelica root, Sweet Flag, dittany leaves, coriander, veronica, juniper, nutmeg, and various mountain herbs.
The herbs are first soaked, a step called "maceration". Heat is added in the process of distillation which extracts a pure liquid. Wormwood, anise, and Florence fennel produce a colorless liquid or distillate that is about 72% alcohol. The distillate can be bottled clear, to produce a "Blanche" or "la Bleue" absinthe. A second step can add color to the liquid using artificial or natural coloring.
Traditionally the natural coloring step is done by steeping petite wormwood, hyssop, and melissa, among other herbs, in the liquid. Chlorophyll from these herbs give it its famous green color. This green absinthe is known as a "verte". After this process, the liquid is mixed with water to reach the desired amount of alcohol. Historically, most absinthes contain between 60% and 75% alcohol. Sometimes absinthe can be colored red, called a "rouge" or "rose". This made by using a red flower/herb. It is possible to create a 'naturally colored' absinthe of any color by using the correct plant material.
Grades of absinthe.
Historically, there were five grades of absinthe: "ordinaire", "demi-fine", "fine", "supérieure" and "Suisse". These were graded in increasing alcoholic strength and quality. A "supérieure" and "Suisse" would always be naturally colored and distilled. "Suisse" did not mean it came from Switzerland. "Ordinaire" and "demi-fine" could be artificially colored and made from oil extracts.
Storage.
Absinthe should be stored in a cool, room temperature, dry place away from light and heat.
History.
The precise origin of absinthe is unknown. Wormwood has been in medical use since 1500 BC. In 1797,Henry-Louis Pernod, opened the first absinthe distillery, called "Dubied Père et Fils", in Couvet. In 1805Pernod built a second distillery in Pontarlier, France,
Absinthe's popularity grew slowly. In the 1840s absinthe was given to French soldiers as a malaria treatment. When the troops returned home, they started to drink absinthe with water. It became popular at bars and bistros. After the 1860s absinthe had become so popular that it was for sale in most cafés and cabarets. By the 1880s the price had dropped a lot, the market got bigger, and absinthe soon became "the" drink of France. By 1910 the French were drinking 36 million litres of absinthe per year.
Prohibition.
Absinthe was often linked with violent crimes supposedly committed under its influence. Combined with hard liquor use and the low price, absinthe became a social problem in France. Wine makers groups often publicized problems with absinthe. Journalists blamed absinthe for many social problems.
In 1900 absinthe was banned in Switzerland. The banning of absinthe was even written into the constitution in 1907, following a popular initiative. The Netherlands banned absinthe in 1909, followed by the United States in 1912 and France in 1915. Around the same time, Australia banned the liquor too. After the absinthe prohibition, wine and whiskey makers had a big increase in sales.
Modern revival.
In the 1990s an importer, George Rowley, discovered that there was no UK law banning the sale of absinthe. It had never been banned in the UK other than the normal laws covering alcoholic beverages. Hill's Liquere, a Czech Republic distillery founded in 1920, began manufacturing Hill's Absinth. This was a Bohemian-style absinthe, which started a modern rebirth in absinthe's popularity.
It has never been banned in Spain or Portugal, where it continues to be made. France never changed the law of 1915. In 1988 a new law was passed. This bans only drinks that call themselves 'absinthe' and drinks that do not meet with European Union laws on thujone. Thujone is the chemical which was thought to cause the hallucinatory (bad dream) effect of absinthe.
In the Netherlands, the old law banning absinthe was successfully challenged by the Amsterdam wine seller Menno Boorsma. In July 2004 it became legal to make absinthe again.
In Switzerland, the constitutional ban on absinthe was removed in 2000 during an overhaul of the national constitution. The ban was written into ordinary law instead. Absinthe is now not only sold in Switzerland, but is once again distilled in its Val-de-Travers birthplace.
In the United States the laws banning absinthe are hard to understand. In some states it is legal have a bottle of absinthe, but not to buy or to produce it. The export and import of absinthe is probably illegal.

131 Vala
131 Vala is a closer Main belt asteroid. It was found by C. H. F. Peters on May 24, 1873, and named after Vala, a prophetess in Norse mythology. One sighting of an occultation of a star by Vala was from Italy (May 26, 2002).

132 Aethra
132 Aethra is a M-type main belt asteroid. It was found by James Craig Watson in 1873. It has a rather eccentric orbit that sometimes brings it closer to the Sun than the planet Mars. It was the first such Mars-crosser asteroid to be found.
The changing light curve of the asteroid means that it has a stretched or non-spherical shape for its body.
It is named after Aethra, the mother of Theseus in Greek mythology.

Ernst Reuter
Ernst Reuter was born on July 29 1889 in the small Prussian town of Apenrade (today Aabenraa in Denmark).
After getting his abitur in 1907 at the Gymnasium in Leer (East Frisia) he went to Marburg to study philosophy and social sciences. In 1909 he moved to the university in Munich. In Munich he first came in touch with the ideas of socialism. He returned to Marburg in the autumn of 1910 and in 1912 took the state examination there.
Ernst Reuter then worked as a private tutor in Bielefeld. He joined the Social Democratic Party in Bielefeld, but soon went to the SPD party executive to Berlin where he worked in the central education committee.
Reuter did not believe in war. He founded the pacifist, group "Neues Vaterland".
In 1916 Reuter was ordered into the imperial army. He was a courier on the eastern front. He was seriously wounded and became a Russian prisoner. He studied Russian in the prison camp, followed the Bolsheviks, and was appointed People's Commissar in the Volga German Republic in December 1917.
But Reuter returned to Germany in November 1918. He joined the Communist Party (KPD) and became First Secretary of the Berlin city party in 1920. The KPD expelled him in January 1922, and later that year Reuter returned to SPD.
In 1926, after having been editor of the SPD newspaper "Vorwärts" ("Forwards"), he started working for the Berlin Transport Department. Reuter oversaw the creation of the "Berliner Verkehrs-Aktien-Gesellschaft" (BVG) in 1928. The BVG was a merger of all of the underground, tram, and bus companies in the city. At the time the BVG was the largest public transport company in the world. It still operates today, as part of the Berlin-Brandenburg Transport Group.
Reuter was mayor of Magdeburg from 1931 up to the take-over by the National Socialists; he belonged to the SPD parliamentary group in the Reichstag at the same time. After being arrested several times Ernst Reuter was freed from a concentration camp after help from English friends. He moved to live in the Netherlands, then Great Britain and Turkey. He worked as an adviser for the Turkish government in traffic matters. In 1938 he became a professor for urban development and town planning at the Administration Academy in Ankara.
Ernst Reuter returned to Berlin in November 1946 and became head of the city's traffic department again.
The Soviet veto stopped Reuter from becoming mayor in June 1947. But he played on a central role also under the acting Mayor Louise Schröder.
The elections set for December 5 1948 could only take place in the western sectors. The SPD gained almost two-thirds of the votes so they were the strongest party. On December 7 the old city council met once again and elected Ernst Reuter as mayor. This choice was confirmed by the new parliament on January 14 1949. Although the SPD lost about 20 per cent of the votes in the elections on December 3 1950, Ernst Reuter remained in the office. The vote in parliament between Reuter and the CDU candidate Walther Schreiber had ended with a stalemate. Schreiber withdrew in favour of Reuter who took the new official title of Regierender Bürgermeister, at the head an all-party coalition with the from SPD, CDU and FDP.
Ernst Reuter stayed in charge of Berlin for another two years and eight months. He died of a heart attack in Berlin on September 29 1953.

Würenlos
Würenlos is a municipality of the district of Baden in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Würenlingen
Würenlingen is a municipality of the district of Baden in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Wölflinswil
Wölflinswil is a municipality of the district of Laufenburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Wohlenschwil
Wohlenschwil is a municipality of the district of Baden in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Wohlen, Aargau
Wohlen is a municipality of the district of Bremgarten in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Wittnau, Switzerland
Wittnau is a municipality of the district of Laufenburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Wislikofen
Wislikofen is a municipality of the district of Zurzach in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Windisch
Windisch is a municipality of the district of Brugg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Wiliberg
Wiliberg is a municipality of the district of Zofingen in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Wettingen
Wettingen is a municipality of the district of Baden in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Wegenstetten
Wegenstetten is a municipality of the district of Rheinfelden in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Waltenschwil
Waltenschwil is a municipality of the district of Muri in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Wallbach, Switzerland
Wallbach is a municipality of the district of Rheinfelden in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Vordemwald
Vordemwald is a municipality of the district of Zofingen in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Villnachern
Villnachern is a municipality of the district of Brugg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Villmergen
Villmergen is a municipality of the district of Bremgarten in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Villigen
Villigen is a municipality of the district of Brugg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Veltheim, Aargau
Veltheim is a municipality of the district of Brugg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Untersiggenthal
Untersiggenthal is a municipality of the district of Baden in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Unterlunkhofen
Unterlunkhofen is a municipality of the district of Bremgarten in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Unterkulm
Unterkulm is a municipality of the district of Kulm in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Unterentfelden
Unterentfelden is a municipality of the district of Aarau of the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Unterbözberg
Unterbözberg is a municipality of the district of Brugg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Umiken
Umiken is a municipality of the district of Brugg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Uezwil
Uezwil is a municipality of the district of Bremgarten in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Uerkheim
Uerkheim is a municipality of the district of Zofingen in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Ueken
Ueken is a municipality of the district of Laufenburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Turgi
Turgi is a municipality of the district of Baden in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland. In 2002, Turgi got the Wakker Prize for saving its historical buildings.

Thalheim, Aargau
Thalheim is a municipality of the district of Brugg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Teufenthal
Teufenthal is a municipality of the district of Kulm in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Tegerfelden
Tegerfelden is a municipality of the district of Zurzach in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Tägerig
Tägerig is a municipality of the district of Bremgarten in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Suhr, Aargau
Suhr is a municipality of the district of Aarau of the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Strengelbach
Strengelbach is a municipality of the district of Zofingen in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Stilli
Stilli is a former municipality of the canton of Aargau, Switzerland.

Stetten, Aargau
Stetten is a municipality of the district of Baden in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Stein, Aargau
Stein is a municipality of the district of Rheinfelden in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Staufen, Switzerland
Staufen is a municipality of the district of Lenzburg in the canton of Aargau in the country of Switzerland.

Staffelbach
Staffelbach is a municipality of the district of Zofingen in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Sisseln
Sisseln is a municipality of the district of Laufenburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Sins, Switzerland
Sins is a municipality of the district of Muri in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Wil, Aargau
Wil is a municipality of the district of Laufenburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Widen
Widen is a municipality of the district of Bremgarten in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Sulz, Aargau
Sulz is a municipality of the district of Laufenburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Spreitenbach
Spreitenbach is a municipality of the district of Baden in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Zug (canton)
The Canton of Zug is one of the 26 cantons of Switzerland. It is located in central Switzerland and its capital is Zug. With 239 km² in area, the canton is one of the smallest of the cantons. It does not contain any districts as there aren't enough municipalities to warrant any districts.
Geography.
The canton of Zug is located in central Switzerland. The canton of Lucerne and Canton of Aargau lie to its west. To the north lies the Canton of Zürich; to the west and south lies the Canton of Schwyz. The canton has two lakes inside of it, both of which make up a large part of the canton's area. They are the lakes of Zug and Ägeri.

Lake Zug
The Lake Zug (German: "Zugersee") is one of the lesser known Swiss lakes, on the outskirts of the Alps and north of Lake Lucerne. It is fed by the Aa, which descends from the Rigi and enters the south end of the lake. The Lorze feeds the lake at the northern shore.
For the most part, the lake is in the Canton of Zug, but the southern end is up to 10km in the canton of Schwyz, while the Canton of Lucerne stretches over a 2km area by the Immensee.
At its northern end the shores are nearly level, while on the west shore the wooded promontory of Buonas (with its castles, old and new) projects picturesquely into the waters. The principal place on the lake is the town of Zug. Three railways follow the shore of the lake, one from Zürich via Zug and Arth-Goldau to the St Gotthard, one from Lucerne via Arth-Goldau to the St Gotthard and one from Zürich via Zug to Lucerne.
Many fish (including pike and carp of considerable weights) are taken from the lake, which is especially famous for an endemic kind of trout ("Salmo salvelinus", locally called "Rolheli"). Because of farming runoff, it is not one of Switzerland's cleanest lakes.
Historical notes.
In 1911, a railway was built around the lake.
The first steamer was placed on the lake in 1852.

Ardon, Switzerland
Ardon is a municipality of the district of Conthey in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

Chamoson
Chamoson is a municipality of the district of Conthey in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

Nendaz
Nendaz is a municipality of the district of Conthey in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

Vétroz
Vétroz is a municipality of the district of Conthey in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

Erlinsbach, Aargau
Erlinsbach is a municipality of the district Aarau of the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Etzgen
Etzgen is a municipality of the district Laufenburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Fahrwangen
Fahrwangen is a municipality of the district Lenzburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Fischbach-Göslikon
Fischbach-Göslikon is a municipality of the district Bremgarten in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Fisibach
Fisibach is a municipality of the district Zurzach in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Fislisbach
Fislisbach is a municipality of the district Baden in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Freienwil
Freienwil is a municipality of the district Baden in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Frick, Switzerland
Frick is a municipality of the district Laufenburg in the canton of Aargau in the country of Switzerland.

Full-Reuenthal
Full-Reuenthal is a municipality of the district Zurzach in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Gallenkirch
Gallenkirch is a municipality of the district Brugg in canton of Aargau in Switzerland.
It has a middle school, but the district school is in Brugg.

Gansingen
Gansingen is a municipality of the district Laufenburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Gebenstorf
Gebenstorf is a municipality of the district Baden in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Geltwil
Geltwil is a municipality of the district Muri in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Gipf-Oberfrick
Gipf-Oberfrick is a municipality of the district Laufenburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Gontenschwil
Gontenschwil is a municipality of the district Kulm in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Gränichen
Gränichen is a municipality of the district of Aarau of the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Habsburg, Switzerland
Habsburg is a municipality of the district of Brugg in canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Hägglingen
Hägglingen is a municipality of the district of Bremgarten in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Hallwil
Hallwil is a municipality of the district of Lenzburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Hausen bei Brugg
Hausen bei Brugg is a municipality of the district of Brugg in canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Hellikon
Hellikon is a municipality of the district of Rheinfelden in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Hendschiken
Hendschiken is a municipality of the district of Lenzburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Chadian orphan children scandal
The Chadian orphan children scandal is about the six French citizens from the aid group L'Arche de Zoe who on October 26 were about to fly 103 Sudanese children to France from Chad. Chadian authorities claimed that the children were not orphans from Darfur in Sudan, but children from Chad with parents still alive. For that reason, the six workers where arrested in an airport on October 26 2007. On December 21, they stood trial for child kidnapping of 103 children. Chad's interior minister, Ahmat Bachir said that the French suspects could face up to 20 years of hard labour in a Chad prison if they are convicted. The six suspects have started a hunger strike in protest at the Chad court and the charges brought against them. On December 26,2007 the six French aid workers where sentenced to eight years at hard labour in prison by a court in Chad. The French prime minister has promised to talk with the Chadian government in a attempt to bring the six aid workers back to France. In that case they would have to serve their eight year prison sentence in France.

133 Cyrene
133 Cyrene is a fairly big and very bright main belt asteroid. It is an S-type.
It was found by J. C. Watson on August 16, 1873 and named after Cyrene, a nymph, daughter of the river Peneus and beloved of Apollo in Greek mythology.

134 Sophrosyne
134 Sophrosyne is a big main belt asteroid. It has a very dark surface and is most likely made of carbonates. It was found by Robert Luther on September 27, 1873, and is named after the concept of "sophrosyne", Plato's term for 'moderation'.

135 Hertha
135 Hertha is a big M-type main belt asteroid. It orbits in the Nysa asteroid family. Lightcurve data from Hertha indicates a flattened body. Radar observations indicate that Hertha is non-metallic. Hertha was found by C. H. F. Peters on February 18, 1874 in Clinton, New York. One occultation of a star by the asteroid has been seen, in 2000.

136 Austria
136 Austria is a Main belt asteroid. It has an M-type spectrum. It was found by the prolific asteroid finder Johann Palisa on March 18, 1874. It was the first asteroid he found and was named after the Latin name of his homeland.

137 Meliboea
137 Meliboea is a big and very dark main belt asteroid. It is made of carbonaceous materials. It is the biggest body in the Meliboea family of asteroids. Only 791 Ani is close in size. It was found by J. Palisa on April 21, 1874. It was the second of the many asteroids he found. It is named after one of the two Meliboeas in Greek mythology.

138 Tolosa
138 Tolosa is a brightly coloured, stony Main belt asteroid. It was found by Henri Joseph Perrotin on May 19 1874 and named after the Latin name for Toulouse, France.

ALI PROJECT
ALI PROJECT is a Japanese musical group. This group members were Arika Takarano and Mikiya Katakura. They play active role in the animation.

Benny Goodman
Benny Goodman, born Benjamin David Goodman, (May 30, 1909 – June 13, 1986) was an American jazz musician who played the clarinet. He was called as "King of Swing", "Patriarch of the Clarinet", "The Professor", and "Swing's Senior Statesman".
Early life.
Goodman was born the son of poor Jewish immigrants in Chicago, Illinois. They lived in Chicago's Maxwell Street neighborhood. He learned to play clarinet in a boy's band run by a charity. He became a strong player at an early age and began playing professionally in bands while still 'in short pants'.
Early influences.
His early influences were New Orleans jazz clarinet players in Chicago, notably Johnny Dodds, Leon Ropollo, and Jimmy Noone.
First band.
Goodman joined one of Chicago's top bands, the Ben Pollack Orchestra, at the age of 16, He made his first recordings with them in 1926. He started making records under his own name 2 years later.
Later life.
Goodman left for New York City. He became a good session musician during the late 1920s and early 1930s. He was known as a solid player because he was prepared and reliable. He played with the nationally known bands of Red Nichols, Isham Jones, and Ted Lewis. Then he formed his own band in 1932.
In 1934 he auditioned for the "Let's Dance" radio program. Since he needed new charts every week for the show, his friend John Hammond suggested that he purchase some Jazz charts from Fletcher Henderson, who had New York's most popular African-American band in the 1920s and early 1930s. The combination of the Henderson charts, his solid clarinet playing, and his well rehearsed band made him a rising star in the mid-30s.
Fame.
He performed at the Palomar Ballroom in Los Angeles on August 21, 1935. Due to this show, he became a nationally known star. His radio broadcasts from New York had been too late to attract a large audience on the East Coast, but had an avid following in California, and a wildly enthusiastic crowd for the first time greeted Goodman. This received national publicity and turned the Goodman Band into an overnight sensation. Some writers have declared this date to be the start of the Swing Era.
Loss of fame.
Goodman continued his meteoric rise throughout the late 1930s with his big band, his trio and quartet, and a sextet. On January 16, 1938, his band made a famous appearance at Carnegie Hall. By the mid-1940s, big bands lost a lot of their popularity. Reasons include: talented musicians were entering the service, or getting better-paying factory jobs, gasoline and rubber rationing during WWII, two long musician recording strikes, the rise of popular singers like Frank Sinatra.
Death.
Goodman continued to play on records and in small groups. Periodically he would organize a new band and play a Jazz festival or go on an international tour. He continued to play the clarinet until his death in 1986 in in New York, New York.
Other projects.
Goodman also helped racial integration in America. In the early 1930s, black and white jazz musicians could not play together in most clubs or concerts. In the Southern states, racial segregation was enforced by law. Benny Goodman broke with tradition by hiring Teddy Wilson to play with him and drummer Gene Krupa in the Benny Goodman Trio. In 1936, he added Lionel Hampton on vibes to form the Benny Goodman Quartet. Goodman's fame was great enough that his band had no financial need to tour in the southern states, where his lineup would have been subject to arrest.

Masanori Akikawa
Masahumi Akikawa is a Japanese tenor singer. He was born in October 11, 1967, in Ehime, Japan. His representative work is "Sen no kaze ni natte", this song was sung in annual NHK sponsored year-end men versus women singing contest in 2006.

Artie Shaw
Artie Shaw (May 23, 1910 – December 30, 2004) is considered to be one of the best jazz musicians of his time. He was a Jazz clarinet player, composer, and bandleader. He also wrote both fiction and non-fiction writings.
Life.
He was born Arthur Jacob Arshawsky in New York, New York. He began learning the saxophone when he was 15. By age 16 he began to tour with a band. He returned to New York City and became a session musician. During the Swing Era, his big band was very popular with hits like "Begin the Beguine".
During the War.
During World War II he joined the U.S. Navy. He served in the Pacific theater as the leader of a service band (similar to Glenn Miller's wartime band in Europe).
Marriage.
Shaw was married eight times: Jane Cairns (1932); Margaret Allen (1934-37); Lana Turner (1940); Betty Kern (1941-43), daughter of songwriter Jerome Kern; Ava Gardner (1945-46); "Forever Amber" author Kathleen Winsor (1946-48); Doris Dowling (1952-56) and Evelyn Keyes (1957-85). He had two sons by Kern and Dowling.
Political problems.
In 1953, Shaw was brought up before the House Un-American Activities Committee for his leftist activities. The committee was investigating a peace activist organization, the World Peace Congress, which it considered a communist front.
Writing career.
Throughout his musical career, Shaw would take time off. He would quit the music business and pursue his writing career. In 1955, Shaw stopped playing the clarinet. After that, he focused on writing, especially semi-biographical fiction.
Bands.
In 1981, he organized a new Artie Shaw Band with clarinetist Dick Johnson as bandleader and soloist. Shaw himself would guest conduct from time to time, ending his self-imposed retirement.
In 1991, Artie Shaw's band library and manuscript collection was donated to the University of Arizona. In 2004, he was presented with a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award.
Death.
In his later years, Shaw lived and wrote in the Newbury Park section of Thousand Oaks, California. Shaw had adult onset diabetes. In December 2004, he died due to the disease at age 94.

Edward R. Murrow
Edward R. "Ed" Murrow (April 25 1908 – April 27 1965) was an American journalist and television and radio figure. He first became known for a series of radio news broadcasts during World War II. These broadcasts were followed by millions of listeners in the United States and Canada. Many historians think he was one of journalism's greatest figures. Murrow hired the best war correspondents. He was known for his honesty and integrity in delivering the news. He was a pioneer of television news broadcasting.
Murrow produced a series of TV news reports that helped lead to the censure of Senator Joseph McCarthy. This was portrayed in the 2005 movie "Good Night, and Good Luck."

139 Juewa
139 Juewa is a very big and dark Main belt asteroid. It is probably made of carbonate. It was the first asteroid found from China, in Beijing. It was found by the visiting American astronomer James Craig Watson on October 10, 1874; Watson was in China to see the transit of Venus. Watson asked his hosts to name the asteroid, and they called it 瑞華, which in modern pinyin would be represented in letters as "ruìhuá", but was written Juewa according to the spelling conventions of the time. The full name was 瑞華星, which means "Star of China’s Fortune". There are three reported stellar occultations by Juewa.

Good Night, and Good Luck.
"Good Night, and Good Luck." is an Academy Award-nominated 2005 movie directed by George Clooney. It was written by Clooney and Grant Heslov. It portrays the conflict between veteran radio and television journalist Edward R. Murrow and U.S. Senator Joseph McCarthy of Wisconsin, especially relating to the anti-Communist Senator's actions with the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations.
The movie, although released in black and white, was filmed on color film stock but on a grayscale set. It was later color corrected to black and white during post-production. It focuses on the theme of media responsibility. It also addresses what occurs when the media offer a voice of dissent against the government. The movie takes its title from the line with which Murrow routinely closed his broadcasts.
Taglines: "They took on the government with nothing but the truth"; "We will not walk in fear of one another."

140 Siwa
140 Siwa is a big and dark main belt asteroid. It is made up like a P-type asteroid (or possibly C-type) asteroid. It was found by J. Palisa on October 13, 1874 and named after Šiwa, the Slavic goddess of fertility. Siwa has a very flat lightcurve, indicating a spherical body.
The "Rosetta" comet probe was to visit Siwa on its way to comet Wirtanen in July, 2008. However, the mission was replanned to visit comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko and the flyby had to be canceled.

141 Lumen
141 Lumen is a dark (C-type), big rocky asteroid 130 km in diameter orbiting in the Main belt near the Eunomia family of asteroids. It is not, however, physically related to the group, being of the wrong spectral class.
It was found on January 13, 1875 by the brothers Paul Henry and Prosper Henry, but Paul is the one who was given the credit for finding this asteroid. It is named after ', a book by the astronomer Camille Flammarion.

142 Polana
142 Polana is a very dark Main belt asteroid. It is made of carbonates and is an F-type asteroid (a part of the more common C-type).
It is a major member of the Polana family, which is a part of the Nysa family.
It was found by Johann Palisa on January 28, 1875, and named after the city of Pola (now Pula, Croatia) where he found the asteroid.

143 Adria
143 Adria is a fairly big main belt asteroid. This dark-coloured asteroid is probably made of carbonate and chondrite.
It was found by J. Palisa on February 23, 1875 at Pula and named after the Adriatic Sea, on the coast where the asteroid was found.
One occultation by Adria has been reported so far, from Japan on August 21, 2000. A somewhat spherical shape measuring 98 × 86 km was seen.

AnnaSophia Robb
AnnaSophia Robb (b. December 8, 1993) is an American actress and singer. She was born in Denver, Colorado.

Joseph Conrad
Joseph Conrad (3 December 1857 – 3 August 1924) (real name: "Józef Teodor Konrad Korzeniowski") was a Polish writer, regarded as one of the greatest English-language novelists. This is very remarkable, because he did not learn to speak English well until he was in his 20s and therefore always had a Polish accent.
People think Conrad's prose style is one of the best of all English novelists. He also is seen as important for paving the way to modernist literature. His narrative style and anti-heroic characters have influenced many modern writers and inspired such films as "Apocalypse Now" (after Conrad's "Heart of Darkness").
Conrad lived in the time of the British Empire and worked in the British Merchant Navy. So he had experience enough to write novels and short stories about empire and navy.

Modernist literature
Modernist literature is the literary form of Modernism and especially high modernism; it should not be confused with modern literature, which is the history of the modern novel and modern poetry as one. There is a separate section on modernist poetry.
Modernist literature was at its height from 1900 to 1940, and featured such authors as Knut Hamsun, Vladimir Nabokov, T. S. Eliot, James Joyce, William Faulkner, Ernest Hemingway, Franz Kafka, Joseph Conrad, Virginia Woolf, Andrei Bely, W.B. Yeats, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ezra Pound, D.H. Lawrence, Katherine Mansfield, Gertrude Stein, H.D., Jaroslav Hašek, Samuel Beckett, Menno ter Braak, Marcel Proust, Thomas Mann, Mikhail Bulgakov, Robert Frost and Boris Pasternak.

144 Vibilia
144 Vibilia is a dark, big Main belt asteroid and probably primitive in composition (what it is made of).
It is the only big member of the Vibilia asteroid family.
It was found by C. H. F. Peters on June 3, 1875 in Clinton, New York and named after Vibilia, a Roman goddess.
Vibilia has been seen to occult a star twice so far (in 1993 and again in 2001).

V. S. Naipaul
Sir Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul, KB, TC (born August 17 1932 in Chaguanas, Trinidad and Tobago) is a British writer who was born in Trinidad and Tobago and lives in Wiltshire. He is better known as V. S. Naipaul and was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature and the first person of Indian origin to win a Booker Prize (1971).

Booker Prize
The Man Booker Prize for Fiction, also known in short as the Booker Prize, is a literary prize awarded each year for the best original full-length novel, written in the English language, by a citizen of either the Commonwealth of Nations or the Republic of Ireland.
To win the Booker Prize generally means to gain international success.

Dubliners
"Dubliners" is a collection of 15 short stories by James Joyce, an Irish writer. It was his first book and was first published in 1914.
The fifteen stories were supposed to describe very well the life of Irish people living in and around Dublin in the early years of the 20th century.
The stories in the collection are first told by children, and as the stories continue they deal with the lives of older people. The last story, "The Dead", is the longest and the most famous.

Ministry of the Interior of Germany
The Ministry of the Interior of Germany is a ministry of the federal government.It is based in a brand new building in the Moabit area of Berlin-Mitte. The BMI has a second office in Bonn. It is not the same as the United States Department of the Interior.
The ministry handles affairs about security and police, so it is more like the British Home Office.
Each state also has a ministry of the interior.
Responsibility.
The Federal Ministry of the Interior is responsible for the security inside Germany, the protection of the constitution, the public service, the organisation of the public administration, the civil defence, information technology and sports. The BMI also buys motor vehicles for the federal government, and has its own motor vehicle registration office.
Health and Safety Standards.
The various State laws about health and safety do not apply to the Federal Government. Instead the BMI is the with health and safe authoirty for all federal bodies. It keeps the federal accident reigster.
The European Union sometimes complains that this is wrong. It says that the Federal health and safety authority should be independent.
Agencies under the authority of the BMI.
Bundesausgleichsamt (BAA) Federal Equalization of Burdens Office (helping small states which need to spend a lot of money for some jobs)
Bundesamt für Migration und Flüchtlinge Federal Office of Migration and Refugees (BAMF)
Bundesakademie für öffentliche Verwaltung Federal Academy for Public Administration (BAköV)
Bundesbeauftragter für den Datenschutz und die Informationsfreiheit Federal Commissioner for Data Protection and Freedom of Information (BfD)
Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution (BfV)
Bundespolizei Federal Police (BPol) (formerly: "Bundesgrenzschutz Federal Border Guard" (BGS))
Bundesinstitut für Bevölkerungsforschung Federal Institute for Population Research (BIB)
Bundesinstitut für Sportwissenschaft Federal Institute for Sports Science BISp)
Bundeskriminalamt Federal Criminal Police Office (BKA)
Bundesamt für Kartographie und Geodäsie Federal Office of Cartography and Geodesy (BKG)
Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung Federal Office for Civic Education (bpb)
Bundesamt für Sicherheit in der Informationstechnik Federal Office of Information Technology Security (BSI)
Bundesverwaltungsamt Federal Administration Office (BVA)
Bundesamt für Bevölkerungsschutz und Katastrophenhilfe Federal Office of Civil Protection and Disaster Assistance (BBK)
Schutzkommission beim Bundesminister des Innern Security Commission of the Federal Minister of the Interior
Fachhochschule des Bundes für öffentliche Verwaltung Federal College for Public Administration (FH bund)
Koordinierungs- und Beratungsstelle der Bundesregierung für Informationstechnik in der Bundesverwaltung Coordination and Advice Centre for Information Technology in the Federal Government (KBSt)
Statistisches Bundesamt Federal Statistical Office (destatis)
Technisches Hilfswerk Emergency relief organisation (THW)
Unabhängige Kommission zur Überprüfung des Vermögens der Parteien und Massenorganisationen der DDR Independent Commission for Checking the Property of the Parties and Mass Organisations of the DDR (UKPV)|
Vertreter des Bundesinteresses beim Bundesverwaltungsgericht Federal Interests Representative at the Federal Administrative Court (VBI)
Beauftragter der Bundesregierung für Aussiedlerfragen und nationale Minderheiten Federal Ombudsman for Resettled Persons and National Minorities
Bundesanstalt für den Digitalfunk der Behörden und Organisationen mit Sicherheitsaufgaben Federal Agency for Digital Radio of Security Authorities and Organizations(BDBOS.)

145 Adeona
145 Adeona is a rather big Main belt asteroid. Its surface is very dark, and is likely made of carbonates.
The Adeona family of asteroids is named after it.
It was found by C. H. F. Peters on June 3, 1875 in Clinton, New York and named after Adeona, a protector of children in Roman mythology.
Adeona has been seen occulting a star once (July 9, 2002).

146 Lucina
146 Lucina is a main belt asteroid. It is big, dark and is made of carbonates.
It was found by Alphonse Borrelly on June 8, 1875 and named after Lucina, the Roman goddess of childbirth.
Two stellar occultations by Lucina have been seen so far, in 1982 and 1989. During the first event, a possible small moon (6 km in diameter) was detected.
Further evidence for a moon came in 2003, this time based on astrometric measurements.

Hurricane Helene (2006)
Hurricane Helene was one of the strongest hurricanes of the 2006 Atlantic hurricane season tied with Hurricane Gordon, and was the ninth tropical storm, fourth hurricane and second major hurricane of the 2006 Atlantic hurricane season.
Helene was a long-lived Cape Verde-type hurricane that formed in the extreme southeastern part of the North Atlantic Ocean, peaking as a Category 3 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale as it traveled across the central Atlantic. It never affected land until the very end of its lifespan as a weak extratropical system, which only had minor impact in the northern British Isles.
Storm history.
In the second week of September, a strong tropical wave began to move off the coast of Africa. It was well-organized from the start, and on September 11, even before it entered the Atlantic, the National Hurricane Center believed that it could quickly develop into a tropical depression. That is indeed what happened, and it became Tropical Depression Eight on the morning of September 12.
The large size of the depression made it fairly slow to develop, combined with some easterly wind shear in the eastern Atlantic and influence of the Saharan Air Layer to the north as it moved south of the Cape Verde islands. Convection was also slow to build in, with little banding at first. The original strengthening was delayed as a result. However, on September 13, the organization became better as banding became better defined, and that evening, the depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Helene. The storm slowly strengthened over the warm waters of the eastern Atlantic thereafter as it tracked west-northwest.
Some dry air from the Saharan Air Layer continued to slow development on September 14 as Helene remained a low-end tropical storm. However, an sudden period of intensification happened on September 15 as shear decreased. The storm became much better organized with well-defined banding, and levelled off that evening at just under hurricane intensity.
On the morning of September 16, the storm began to form a ragged eye and strengthened to Hurricane Helene. The intensity levelled off for a while as a weak Category 1 hurricane, as the intensification was slowed by the influence of moderate wind shear in spite of the absence of significant dry air. Late that evening, the storm began to slowly intensify once again.
On September 17, the intensification became more rapid and Helene quickly became a Category 2 hurricane that morning as the eye became clearer and surrounded by deeper convection. Helene also turned more northward and slowed down in the central Atlantic, which was in response to a weakness in the subtropical ridge farther north created by Gordon to the north. The northward turn moved the hurricane away from any land areas. The intensification continued through the afternoon, and that evening, Helene strengthened into a major hurricane with 115 mph (185 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 962 mbar. As shear remained low and the oceans remained warm, Helene intensified a little bit more, peaking as a strong Category 3 hurricane with 120 mph (195 km/h) winds early on September 18. At that time, Helene and Gordon were at roughly the same longitude in the open ocean. (Operationally, Helene was estimated to have had 125 mph (205 km/h) winds, but the post-storm analysis downgraded it slightly.)
As Gordon moved eastward on the afternoon of 18th, a narrow ridge built in, forcing Helene westward. The eyewall collapsed somewhat, and Helene weakened into a Category 2 hurricane, where it levelled off for about 48 hours until September 20 because of a lengthy eyewall replacement cycle and a stretched out cloud pattern. On the 20th, Helene turned back to the northwest and weakened slightly due to a small increase in wind shear. That afternoon, the hurricane was downgraded to a Category 1 hurricane, which Helene stayed as until becoming extratropical.
Early on September 21, the motion shifted to the north as it moved along the northwest edge of the subtropical ridge. That general motion continued throughout the day, however, Helene began to turn more northeastward that evening along the edge of the subtropical ridge, east of Bermuda. A decrease in wind shear and relatively warm water around 81°F (27°C) kept Helene as a Category 1 hurricane without any big changes to its intensity. The intensity held around 80 mph (130 km/h) before strengthening slightly late on September 22, despite losing some tropical characteristics (it was operationally downgraded to a tropical storm for a brief period) as it sped up northeast in the north Atlantic. A QuikSCAT analysis early on September 23 confirmed a high-end Category 1 hurricane with 90 mph (145 km/h) winds.
Helene turned into a "hybrid" storm with both tropical and extratropical characteristics that afternoon, with both a deep warm core and an asymmetric, frontal-like appearance. After that, increased shear weakened Helene once again, although it remained a hurricane-strength storm until it was fully extratropical on the morning of September 24. After becoming fully extratropical, the storm weakened as it tracked eastward, becoming a gale center west of Ireland early on September 27. It eventually merged with a larger extratropical low near the northern end of the British Isles late on the 27th.
Impact.
While Helene was a tropical cyclone, the storm never came near to land. Three ships were caught in the outer bands of Helene; the strongest of which reported 56 mph (91 km/h) sustained winds early on September 23 in the north Atlantic. Though it remained far away from the island, the hurricane produced rough waves in Bermuda. As a weakened extratropical system, strong wind gusts were reported in Ireland and northern Scotland. The strongest reported wind gust in Ireland was at the Valentia Observatory, where 56 mph (91 km/h) gusts were reported. In Scotland, the strongest gust was on South Uist Island in the Outer Hebrides, where 74 mph (118 km/h) gusts were reported. No damage or deaths were reported as a result of Helene.

Alle, Switzerland
Alle is a municipality of the district Porrentruy of the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

147 Protogeneia
147 Protogeneia is a big main belt asteroid. It has a dark surface and is probably made of carbonates.
It was found by Lipót Schulhof on July 10, 1875 and it was the only asteroid he found. It is named after Protogeneia, one of the daughters of King Erechtheus in Greek mythology.
There is one reported stellar occultation by Protogeneia, on May 28, 2002 from Texas.

Electronic component
An electronic component is a basic electronic element. These components can be connected together. Components can be single items (resistor, transistor) or in more or less complex groups as integrated circuits (logic gate, resistor array).
Cable.
A flexible conducting electrical or optical link.
Terminal.
A device usually made up of a display unit and a keyboard which allows entry and display of information when on-line to central computer system.
Connector.
A physical device with a number of metal contacts that allow devices to be easily linked together.
Switch.
A mechanical or hard state device that can electrically connect or isolate two or more lines.

Asuel
Asuel is a municipality of the district Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

Beurnevésin
Beurnevésin is a municipality of the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

Boncourt, Switzerland
Boncourt is a municipality of the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

Bonfol
Bonfol is a municipality of the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

Bressaucourt
Bressaucourt is a municipality of the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

South Uist
South Uist (Scottish Gaelic: "Uibhist-a-Deas") is an island of the Outer Hebrides in Scotland. In the 2001 census it had a usually resident population of 1,818. There is a nature reserve and a number of sites of archaeological interest, including the only location in Great Britain where prehistoric mummies have been found. The population is about 90% Roman Catholic. The island, in common with the rest of the Hebrides, is one of the last remaining strongholds of the Gaelic language in Scotland. In 2006 South Uist, and neighbouring Benbecula and Eriskay were involved in Scotland's biggest community land buyout to date. In the north west there is a missile testing range.

Western Isles
The Western Isles are sometimesw calles "Outer Hebrides", (officially known by the Gaelic name, "Na h-Eileanan Siar") comprise an island chain off the west coast of Scotland.
"na h-Eileanan an Iar" in Scottish Gaelic is also the name of the parliamentary constituency.
They form part of the Hebrides, separated from the Scottish mainland and from the Inner Hebrides by the stormy waters of the Minch, the Little Minch and the Sea of the Hebrides. Formerly the dominant language of the Islands, Scottish Gaelic remains widely spoken even though it has now been largely supplanted by English in some parts.
Other websites.
Historical footnote: Many websites of the Outer Hebrides derive content from the Eolas Virtual Hebrides, website. This was once the largest rural website in the world. Eolas went bankrupt in 2000 and the Eolas TV company became. The web design team became and the content has largely found a home on GlobalGuide.Org.
Sites deriving partly from the original Virtual Hebrides

Space Shuttle Atlantis
Space Shuttle Atlantis is a US space shuttle run by NASA.

Hurricane Gordon (2006)
Hurricane Gordon was a strong Category 3 hurricane that crossed the Azores as a Category 1 hurricane, making it the first hurricane to directly impact the Azores since 1991. Gordon's remnants also affected Western Europe. It was the eighth tropical storm, third hurricane and first major hurricane of the 2006 Atlantic hurricane season.
Storm history.
The orginial development of this system can be linked to Hurricane Florence. It began as a tropical wave just right behind Florence in the first week of September, which at first was absorbed into the large circulation of then-Tropical Storm Florence. As Florence began to organize and move northwest, the wave managed to break from the circulation again and slowly organize in spite of hostile conditions at first. On September 10, it had organized enough to be declared Tropical Depression Seven northeast of the Lesser Antilles. With Florence far away from the system, conditions became more favorable for development, and it was upgraded to Tropical Storm Gordon on September 11 while moving slowly westward.
The conditions remained favorable as Gordon steered through a hole in the ridge near the Azores, allowing it to avoid land. It continued to strengthen, becoming a hurricane on September 12 and rapidly organizing into a strong Category 2 hurricane less than 24 hours later. The quick development continued on September 13, and by that evening, it had strengthened into a major hurricane - the first of 2006 - while maintaining a very small size. Gordon would remain a major hurricane for over 24 hours before cooler water began to set in and Gordon gradually weakened, beginning early on September 15.
The steering currents would also weaken greatly and Gordon became nearly stationary for about 24 hours as well before a trough would come in and push Gordon northeastward. By the morning of September 16, Gordon was barely a hurricane and was forecast to weaken over cooler waters. However, that did not happen, and Gordon actually strengthened a little bit while moving northeastward and became better organized. That trend continued for over 48 hours, and Gordon increased in strength slowly, becoming a Category 2 hurricane. While the forecast constantly showed a weakening trend, the resiliency suddenly meant that the Azores were threatened by Gordon. Gordon reached its secondary peak of 105 mph (165 km/h) on the morning of September 19, before weakening again.
Nonetheless, it remained a hurricane as it crossed the Azores. Shortly after that it weakened and became extratropical. The remnants of Gordon then began to interact with a large Atlantic low pressure area to the west of Ireland and an associated weather front extending south. It tracked towards the north-west of the Iberian Peninsula and then on September 21 turned northwards towards south-west Britain and Ireland. By the morning of September 22 it had become completely absorbed into the Atlantic low.
Azores.
With the onset of Gordon expected, all nine Azores Islands were placed on red alert by the Portuguese government, and residents were asked to take emergency precautions. The Meteorological Service of the Azores gave out hurricane warnings for all of the islands. The civil protection agency head Antonio Cunha closed all schools as a precautionary measure. Fishermen were also ordered to stay on land. Residents were warned to stay indoors, close doors and windows, clear storm sewers and move livestock to safe areas. Forecasters warned of winds as high as 105 mph (170 km/h), along with heavy rain and waves of up to 12 metres (40 ft) high lashing coastal areas.
Spain.
In Spain, the region of Galicia was placed on red alert - the highest level - by authorities who were expecting the extratropical remnants of Gordon. Classes on September 21 were also stopped by the regional education ministry. 11 other regions of Spain, including as far east as Madrid and as far south as Andalusia, received lower levels of warning.
British Isles.
Stormy conditions caused by the remnants of Gordon were expected to affect the 2006 Ryder Cup in Straffan, County Kildare, Ireland, starting fears that the event may be greatly interrupted and delayed. Strong gusts and heavy rain associated with another system had already caused some damages, resulting both teams to delay their second practice rounds. This led to concerns about the possible state of the course by the time the tournament proper was expected to start on September 22, leading to the possibility of further interruptions and possible changing of the normal rules. As a result, September 25 was set aside as an additional "reserve day" by organizers at the K Club.
On September 19 it was reported that the remnants of Gordon would cause high winds and rainfall in parts of the United Kingdom. The UK Met Office stated that a "period of very windy weather" with "exceptionally severe gales" was expected for much of Northern Ireland and Scotland. Northern Ireland was expected to receive the worst of the storm, with severe gales as high as 80 mph expected. There were also warnings of localised flooding, with up to two inches (50 mm) of rain expected to fall. In addition, Wales and western England were warned of gusts of up to 50 mph.
Azores.
The Azores escaped a lot of severe damage. There were only reports of toppled trees and power lines, knocking out power to some communities, particularly on Santa Maria Island.
Spain.
Gordon hit the northwestern province of Galicia while as a strengthening extratropical storm early on September 21. Gusts as strong as 101 mph (165 km/h) were seen at Fisterra. Even near Madrid, reported winds of 65 mph (107 km/h) raked Punto Navacerrada. Heavy rainfall, up to 2.58" (65.5 mm) at Canfranc, fell across Spain. The pressure plummeted to 989.7 hPa at A Coruña. Waves as high as 7 metres were also reported. Trees, traffic lights, containers and placards were all blown over by the strong winds. One man was injured from a tree falling on his car. Overall damage was light, but some roads were blocked.
Republic of Ireland.
On September 20, practice rounds for the Ryder Cup were temporarily delayed due to high winds, but Meteorological Office charts showed these to be associated with a different Atlantic low pressure area rather than effects of Gordon itself.
The remnants of Gordon caused stormy conditions late on September 21, with 1,500 homes losing power. The worst affected areas were on the east coast between Drogheda and Wexford and in the south around Cork and Limerick.
Earlier on the 21st, a woman attending the Ryder Cup in County Kildare was injured after a tree branch fell near a golf buggy in which she was travelling. Additionally, the event's media centre was evacuated because of high winds. However, the gates opened at 06:00 on September 22 as originally planned and the tournament's first day went ahead without major disruption.
United Kingdom.
The remnants of Gordon hit south-west Britain late on September 21. A gust of 81 mph (130) km/h) was recorded and power lines were hit, leaving more than 1,000 homes without power in Truro, Cornwall. In Devon, the rail line between Exeter and Plymouth was damaged by high surf at Dawlish, causing disruption to services. A section of seawall 10m (33 ft) long was also eroded near the track. A tree fell onto a campervan in Yeoford, but no injuries were reported.
Gusts of up to 75 mph affected Northern Ireland during the night of the 21st & 22nd. Up to 100,000 houses lost power as tree branches fell on power lines. Fallen trees caused widespread disruption: in County Down, several people had to be rescued from their vehicles after trees had fallen on them; flooding was also reported at Rostrevor. Several roads across the province were blocked by fallen trees, including the M1 motorway and the main roads from Derry to Belfast and Coleraine. The Foyle Bridge in Derry was also closed for two hours early on the 22nd due to high winds.
In Scotland, high winds led to the cancelling of ferry services from Stranraer and Cairnryan. Lorries on the A715 road were forced to park on the roadside overnight due to dangerous driving conditions.
One positive effect from the extratropical remnants of Gordon was observed in Newquay, Cornwall, where large waves and swells up to 2.5 m (8 ft) high made for excellent surf conditions.

Tropical Storm Debby (2006)
Tropical Storm Debby was the fifth tropical storm of the 2006 Atlantic hurricane season. Debby formed just off the coast of Africa on August 21 from a tropical wave. After passing near the Cape Verde islands, Debby moved generally northwestward for much of its life, reaching a peak intensity of 50 mph (85 km/h). Strong wind shear weakened the storm, and Debby dissipated on August 27 over the northern Atlantic Ocean.
Early in its life, Debby was forecasted to pass through the southern Cape Verde islands as a tropical storm, possibly causing life-threatening flooding. Most computer models consistently predicted Debby to move to the northwest throughout its lifetime, though intensity was more of a problem for forecasters. The National Hurricane Center continually predicted Debby to strengthen into hurricane status, though strong vertical shear eventually prevented the storm from becoming a hurricane.
Storm history.
A stong tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa late on August 20, and almost convective banding and a broad circulation. A large area of low pressure formed within the wave the next day while located 260 miles southeast of the Cape Verde islands. Though convection decreased early on August 21, the area of low pressure stayed well-organized and the system developed into Tropical Depression Four late on August 21. Water temperatures remained warm enough for development, while upper level shear was minimal as the depression moved west-northwestward because of a ridge of high pressure to its north. Orginial predictions by the National Hurricane Center also forecasted a turn to the northwest based computer model predictions, as quoted by forecaster James Franklin, "The models have also been excellently wrong thus far".
In spite of a decrease in convection shortly after forming, the large depression remained well organized, with a 575 mile wide wind field. On August 22, as it passed 140 miles (225 km) miles to south of the Cape Verde islands, deep convection developed over the center of circulation, and early on August 23 the depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Debby about 300 miles southwest of Cape Verde. Banding features continued to organize as the system slowly strengthened, and on August 23 Debby reached its peak intensity of 50 mph over the open waters of the Atlantic Ocean. Forecasters predicted Debby to continue to strengthen to reach hurricane status, while its projected path placed the storm in an area of warm water temperatures and moderate upper level shear.
Shortly after reaching its peak intensity, Debby encountered an area of dry air, and as a result weakened. The low level circulation detached itself from the dieing convection while the system as a whole continued west-northwestward. Convection redeveloped over a portion of the center, while banding features redeveloped as well. Organization continued, and Debby again reached its peak intensity of 50 mph on August 24. Southerly wind shear displaced the convection to the north of the center, and Debby weakened to a weak tropical storm on August 25. The center of the storm became asymmetric and elongated, and on August 26 Debby weakened to a tropical depression. Convection remained minimal and it quickly degenerated into a remnant area of low pressure. The low turned to the north and north-northeast ahead of an approaching trough, and on August 28 the low dissipated.
Preparation and Impact.
The government of the Cape Verde islands gave out tropical storm warnings at the same time with the issuance of the first advisory on Tropical Depression Four, meaning tropical storm conditions were expected in the area within 24 hours. The National Hurricane Center stated that heavy rainfall, possibly as high as 10 inches in mountainous areas, would be possible in the territory, possibly causing life-threatening flash floods and mudslides.
However, because of a reformation further to the south, tropical storm warnings were discontinued as the depression passed away from the area. While passing around 115 miles to the southwest of the southwestern most islands, the depression produced a 35 mph wind gust at Fogo and some rainfall, though no damage was reported.
Long range forecasts brought the storm near Bermuda. However Debby remained over 900 miles from the island at its closest approach.
Though the storm was forecasted to remain far away from the Gulf of Mexico, investors tracking the storm caused the price of crude oil to rise 60 cents a barrel due to the possible impact to oil installations.

148 Gallia
148 Gallia is a big main belt asteroid. It is classified as one of the few R-type asteroids.
Gallia was found by the brothers Paul Henry and Prosper Henry on August 7, 1875, but the credit for finding this asteroid was given to Prosper. It is named after the Latin name for Gaul (France).

Fogo, Cape Verde
Fogo (Portuguese for "fire") is a volcanic island in the Sotavento group of Cape Verde. It is the most prominent of the group, rising to nearly 3,000 m (10,000 ft) above sea level at Mount Fogo.

Hurricane Isaac (2006)
Hurricane Isaac was the final tropical cyclone of the 2006 Atlantic hurricane season. It reached peak strength of Category 1 just before striking Newfoundland, where it produced tropical storm-force winds. Isaac followed the path of the three previous storms in the Atlantic basin, Florence, Gordon, and Helene. Isaac formed in the central North Atlantic Ocean and moved eastward toward Europe.
Hurricane Isaac formed off the coast of Africa on September 18. Intensification was partly suppressed by high wind shear and by cool sea surface temperatures in the wake of Hurricanes Gordon and Helene. Isaac reached tropical storm strength on September 28 and entered a area of low wind shear, allowing it to strengthen into an 85 mph (137 h) hurricane. Its intensity nearly matched forecasts made with the Statistical Hurricane Intensity Prediction Scheme (SHIPS).
On October 1, Isaac turned northeast and struck Newfoundland as a tropical storm. Two days later, it merged with a newly-formed baroclinic low off the east coast of the United States. The merged system was forecast to move toward the area between Greenland and Great Britain. Isaac produced rainfall over Newfoundland of up to 25 mm (1 in). No deaths or damage were reported. Isaac was the second storm to affect Newfoundland during the season, the other being Hurricane Florence.
Storm history.
Isaac started as a tropical wave that moved away from Africa on September 18. An area of disturbed weather began interacting with the tropical wave as deep convection increased on September 23. The convection began to organize, and weather agencies to release the first Dvorak numbers on the system.
The SHIPS models predicted that the system would become a hurricane with maximum sustained winds of 88 knots (150 km/h) after 120 hours. However, the system was slow to organize and a Tropical Cyclone Formation Advisory was not issued by the National Hurricane Center (NHC) until four days later. The NHC, however, decided the convection was too ephemeral to justify classification as a tropical depression and the TCFA was discontinued. Three days later, on September 27 another TCFA was issued, announcing the formation of the ninth tropical depression of the Atlantic season.
The depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Isaac on September 28, just twelve hours after the cyclone's formation. Deep convection was slow to form that day since the system remained over cold waters that had upwelled in the wake of Hurricanes Gordon and Helene. The next day, the cyclone moved west-northwestward and started gaining subtropical characteristics while its convection deepened. Vertical shear weakened as the system moved away from the cold, upwelling waters and the core of Isaac started re-developing. Atmospheric conditions remained favorable and Isaac reached hurricane status on September 30. Isaac continued strengthening a little bit during the next day near Bermuda, reaching its peak intensity with sustained winds of 85 mph (135 km/h) and minimum central pressure of 985 mbar. Isaac's winds quickly weakened to 80 mph (130 km/h), but its central pressure did not change.
Isaac encountered cooler waters as it approached Newfoundland on October 1, and weakened into a tropical storm on October 2. Isaac made landfall on the Avalon Peninsula as a weak tropical storm on October 2 and maintained tropical cyclonic structure and deep convection. Soon after, Isaac turned into an extratropical storm and merged with a larger extratropical system on October 3 off the Avalon Peninsula.
Preparations.
Several tropical cyclone watches and warnings were issued in association with Hurricane Isaac. A tropical storm watch was issued on October 1 for the Avalon Peninsula. This was upgraded the next day to a tropical storm warning, and a tropical storm watch was issued for the Burin and Bonavista Peninsulas. These warnings and watches were discontinued the same day. The final warning issued was a tropical storm warning for the Avalon Peninsula on October 2.
The Atlantic Storm Prediction Center released a warning for Prince Edward Island and northern Nova Scotia to expect 30-50 mm (1-2 in) rainfall totals on October 1 from the newly-formed extratropical system. A hurricane-force wind warning was issued for Laurentian Fan, Newfoundland with gale and storm-force wind warnings for the eastern part of the Maritimes Marine District. A rainfall warning was issued for Southeastern Newfoundland, advising of the threat of 40-50 mm rainfall.
Impact.
The strongest winds on land in Newfoundland were reported at Cape Race, where a maximum gust to 96 km/h (60 mph) with a sustained wind of 74 km/h (46 mph) was recorded. At Cape Pine, a peak wind of 76 km/h (47 mph) was reported. However, due to Isaac's small size and swift forward speed, winds were lighter over most of the Avalon Peninsula. Winds in St. John's, Newfoundland reached only 33 mph (54 km/h). Canadian buoy 44138 reported wind gusts up to 56 knots and sustained winds of 50 knots. During the extratropical transition on October 3, three oil platforms reported 48-56 knot winds east-southeast of the circulation center. The buoy also reported five meter high waves. Rainfall totals were 26 mm (1 in) at Cape Race, 10 mm (0.4 in) at St. John's and 19 mm (0.75 in) at Cape Pine. Otherwise, Isaac's impact on Newfoundland was minimal with no deaths or damage reported.

Baroclinic
In fluid dynamics, the baroclinity (sometimes called baroclinicity) is a measure of the stratification in a fluid. A baroclinic atmosphere is one for which the density depends on both the temperature and the pressure; contrast this with barotropic atmosphere, for which the density depends only on the pressure. In atmospheric terms, the barotropic zones of the Earth are generally found in the central lattitudes, or tropics, whereas the baroclinic areas are generally found in the mid-lattitude/polar regions.

Foreign Office of Germany
The traditional name of the ministry handling Germany's foreign affairs is the Foreign Office or AA (). It is responsible for the foreign policy as well as the German EU politics. It is led by the federal Minister for Foreign Affairs ()
Auswärtiges Amt.
The Foreign Office is part of the foreign service of Germany. The other part is the parts of the other agencies of the federal government based abroad.
The Foreign Office handles contact between Germany and other countries or international organisations such as the United Nations. This included trying to get a permanent seat in the Security Council of the United Nations as part of the proposed 2005 UN reforms.
The Foreign Office is near the old DDR Foreign Ministry in Berlin. The big old building in the Werderschen Markt became the Reichbanks headquarters in 1940 and from 1959 the central committee headquarters of the SED. The Foreign Office has a "second headquarters" on Adenauerallee in Bonn.
Frank-Walter Steinmeier (SPD) has been Foreign Minister since 2005
Organisation.
There are German embassies and consulates or consulates-general in most capitals of the world as well as in larger towns of the countries.
The Berlin headquarters job is to coordinate German diplomacy, and study the information passed on from the embassies, permanent representations and consulates. These are the "eyes, ears and voice" of the Federal Government abroad.
The Foreign Office has 145 embassies, 59 consulates general, twelve permanent representations (at international organisations) and ten offices abroad.
There are also three "German Information Centres (GIC)" with the job of giving information about Germany and the German language.
The biggest GIC is in Washington, DC, after it moved from New York in 2003. A GIC in Cairo is for the Arabic speaking world. The other GIC is in Paris, for French speaking areas
There are also 356 honorary consuls. These are often German businessmen who do some work for the Foreign Office.
Bonn.
The Bonn office handles information technology particularly. Every German agency abroad is connected to Bonn, which can send the information to Berlin. The Bonn office also arranges communications for the Foreign Minister and the Chancellorwhen they are abroad.
Problems.
Some people say that there is corruption in the way senir jobs are filled.
This is because the Foreign Office does not publish the qualifications of its top diplomats anymore. They stopped after terrorists used the information to attack the German embassy in Stockholm in 1975 and the RAF murdered diplomat Gerold von Braunmühl in 1986.
North German Confederation.
The Foreign Office started in 1870 as a part of the North German Confederation. It was headed by a permanent secretary, just like the Foreign Office of the German empire. There were ministers only since 1919. This was why it was called an Office not a ministry.
German Empire (1871-1918).
The Foreign Office of the German Empire was based in Berlin Wilhelmstraße 76.
The empire tookover the Foreign Office of the North German alliance unchanged. However the German federal states kept a considerable degree of independence in their own foreign policy.
Department I.
Higher politics, personnel, ceremonies, budgets, registeration of the schools and churches. The head of this department was a permanent secretary who was also the permanent representative of the German Chancellor in the Foreign Office at the same time. The German Chancellor had the topmost responsibility in foreign policy.
Department II.
The second department was responsible for trade, traffic, consulates, national law, civil law, the art and science, the private matters of Germans abroad, also, justice, police and Post Office, emigration, ship matters. This department was headed by the director of the Foreign Office.
Other departments.
Legal matters were transferred to the new Department III in 1885. A colonial department was formed in 1890, it became the Imperial Colonial Office in 1907. Department IV was formed in 1915 to handle intelligence.
Weimar Republic 1919-1933.
The Foreign Office became a ministry in the Weimar Republic, headed by a Reich Minister. The permanent secretary no longerThe minister had the sole responsibility for the foreign policy now. The name "Foreign Office" was kept, out of tradition. Gustav Stresemann was the most famous foreign minister of this time, and moulded German foreign policy just like Bismarck had done during the empire.
The Third Reich 1933-1945.
When the Nazis seized power the Foreign Office started following Nazi Party ideas. However there was some resistance, especially from people like Adam von Trott zu Solz and Ulrich von Hassell.
The Foreign Office wrote a formal letter about the Jews and foreign policy in 1939: It said that giving the Jews a homeland in Palestine was dangerous to world peace. This note is a big reason why the second set of Nuremberg Trials included officials from the Foreign Office.
Also see: Fritz Kolbe, "Kurt Georg Kiessinger"
After the Second World War Germany stayed under allied control, at least in part, until 1955. This meant that there was no need for a Foreign Office until 1951, when the new Germany got more control overs its own affairs.
Federal Republic of Germany.
The new Foreign Office was set up on March 15th, 1951 in Bonn and kept the name of "Office".
Many of the senior officials of the AA were ex nazis. in fact More ex party members were in charge parts of the Foreign Office than there were party members doing the same type of job during the Third Reich.
Since 1966 the Foreign Minister has often been the leader of the smaller coalition partner in coalition governments. The exceptions were the vice-chancellorships of Jürgen Möllemann and Franz Müntefering.
German Democratic Republic.
The Ministry for Foreign Affairs handled the foreign policy of the government of the DDR.
Foreign Ministers.
Two Chancellors also Foreign Minister. Konrad Adenauer as the first Foreign Secretary of the Federal Republic of Germany and Helmut Schmidt, after FDP had left coalition and cabinet. Hans-Dietrich Genscher was Foreign Minister under both an SPD and a CDU chancellor.

149 Medusa
149 Medusa is a bright-coloured, stony main belt asteroid.
It was found by J. Perrotin on September 21, 1875 and named after the Gorgon Medusa, a snake-haired monster in Greek mythology.
When it was found, Medusa was by far the smallest asteroid found (although this was not known at that time). Since then, many thousands of smaller asteroids have been found. It was also the closest asteroid to the Sun found up to that point, beating the long-held record of 8 Flora. It continued to be the closest asteroid to the Sun until 433 Eros and 434 Hungaria were found in 1898, leading to two new families of asteroids being found closer than the 4:1 Kirkwood gap which forms the edge of the main belt.
It has also a rather long rotation period of 26 hours.

Burin Peninsula
The Burin Peninsula is a Canadian peninsula located on the south coast of the island of Newfoundland in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador.

Bonavista Peninsula
The Bonavista Peninsula is a large peninsula on the east coast of the island of Newfoundland in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador.

Districts of Switzerland
In Switzerland each Canton is free to decide its own internal organisation. Because of this there many types and names for smaller administrative divisions in each canton. The term District is used for these smaller divisions.
Amt, Amtsbezirk, District and Distretto.
Most Cantons are divided into "Bezirke" (German for districts). Some are called "Ämter" (Lucerne), "Amtsbezirke" (Bern), "district" (in French) or "distretto" (Tessin and part of Graubünden).
The Bezirke generally only deals with administration and court organization. The cantons Graubünden and Schwyz are their own legal entities. They have the power to control taxes as well.
Absence of a district level in ten cantons.
Uri, Obwalden, Nidwalden, Appenzell Ausserrhoden, Glarus, Zug, Basel-City and Geneva. Schaffhausen stopped using Bezirke in the middle of 1999. Since the start of 2003 Canton of St. Gallen does not use the Bezirk level any more.
Canton of Zürich.
The Canton of Zürich is divided into 12 districts (German: "Bezirke"). The city of Zürich is its own district.
Canton of Bern.
There are 26 administrative districts in Berne
Canton of Uri.
Canton of Uri is not divided into districts: the municipality is the next lowest unit of government.
Canton of Schwyz.
The Canton of Schwyz is divided into six districts and 30 municipalities, although the districts Einsiedeln, Küssnacht and Gersau simply comprise the municipality of the same name.
Canton of Obwalden.
Obwalden is not divided into districts: the municipality is the next lowest unit of government. See: Obwalden.
Canton of Nidwalden.
Nidwalden is not divided into districts.
Canton of Glarus.
Canton of Glarus is not divided into districts: the municipality is the next lower unit of government.
Canton of Zug.
Canton of Zug is not divided into districts.
Canton of Solothurn.
From 2005, Solothurn's ten districts are combined in pairs into five electoral districts, called "Amtei". From 2005, districts are only used for statistics.
Canton of Basel-City.
Basel-City is not divided into districts. It is formed only of the city of Basel and two municipalities.
Canton of Schaffhausen.
The Canton of Schaffhausen used to be divided into 6 districts ("Bezirke") until July 1999. The municipality is now the next lower unit of government.
Canton of Appenzell Ausserrhoden.
Canton Appenzell Ausserrhoden is not divided into districts. The municipality is the next lower unit of government.
Canton of Appenzell Innerrhoden.
"Feuerschaugemeinde" is a special-purpose municipality for firefighting, energy and water for the town Appenzell.
Canton of St. Gallen.
The canton used to be subdivided into 14 districts ("Bezirke") until 2003 January 1,
when it was reorganised into 8 constituencies (Wahlkreise).
Canton of Aargau.
Aargau is divided into 11 districts.
Canton of Thurgau.
The Canton of Thurgau is divided into eight districts. Each district is named after its capital.
Canton of Geneva.
The Canton of Geneva is not divided into districts. The municipality is the next level of government.

Cape Race
Cape Race is a point of land located at the southeastern tip of the Avalon Peninsula, on the island of Newfoundland, Canada. Its name is thought to come from the original Portuguese name for this cape, "Raso", or "bare". The Cape appeared on early sixteenth century maps as Cape Raso, and may derive from a cape of the same name at the mouth of the Tagus River in Portugal.

Hurricane Florence (2006)
Hurricane Florence was the first Atlantic hurricane to produce hurricane force winds on Bermuda since Hurricane Fabian hit the island in September 2003. The seventh tropical storm and second hurricane of the 2006 Atlantic hurricane season, Florence developed from a tropical wave in the tropical Atlantic Ocean on September 3 and followed the track of a Cape Verde-type hurricane. Because of unfavorable conditions, the system failed to organize at first, and as a result the storm grew to an unusually large size. After several days, Florence encountered an area of lesser wind shear and strengthened into a hurricane on September 10. It passed just west of Bermuda while recurving northeastward, and on September 13 it transitioned into an extratropical cyclone.
Florence produced wind gusts of up to 115 mph (185 km/h) on Bermuda, which caused several power outages and minor damage. Florence then brought heavy rains across Newfoundland as an extratropical storm, destroying one house and causing minor damage to several others. There were no fatalities as a result of the hurricane.
Storm history.
A tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa on August 29. It tracked slowly westward, and first showed signs of development two days later. On August 31, a second tropical wave exited the coast of Africa at a faster speed than its predecessor. The two waves interacted, and by September 2 combined to form a large area of disturbed weather across the eastern Atlantic Ocean. Convection increased within the system, and the large system developed a thick area of convection along with an organized low pressure area. By late on September 3, the system maintained a large closed circulation and enough convective organization to be named Tropical Depression Six while located about midway between the Lesser Antilles and Africa.
After becoming a tropical cyclone, the depression had many cloud swirls inside its common center. Banding features increased in satellite pictures, though southwesterly wind shear from an upper-level trough to its northeast and the lack of an organized circulation orginially prevented strengthening. Dry air encountered the depression, and as such the depression developed very slowly; forecasters maintained considerable difficulty in determining a center of circulation. It continued its motion to the west-northwest while tracking around the southern periphery of a deep-layer subtropical ridge to its north. Though convection remained focused near the outer periphery of the system, the overall organized continued to steadily increase, and it is estimated the depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Florence on September 5 while located about 1120 miles (1800 km) east-northeast of Anguilla.
After reaching tropical storm status, the maximum sustained winds existed for three days between 40 mph (65 km/h) and 50 mph (85 km/h). This is because of the large size of Florence; the wind field reached 460 miles (745 km) wide with a radius of maximum winds of about 110 miles (170 km). By September 6, an orgained form of cloud swirls became visible, with thin rainbands developing in the southeast and northwest quadrants. As a result, hurricane forecasters predicted Florence to quickly develop and reach major hurricane status. Though convection slowly moved closer to the center of the storm, forecasters could not detect an organized center of circulation late on September 13.
On September 7, convection developed over and to the west of the center for the first time in its duration. However, Florence failed to strengthen any further with a wind field more than 1035 miles (1670 km) in diameter. This made it diffficult to forecast the storm, since it tracked through an area of 84° F (29° C) water temperatures, light shear, and a large low-level cyclonic envelop with abundant convection. By early on September 8, the storm became a stretched out, shapeless cloud pattern not normal for a tropical cyclone. Later that day, as an anticyclone developed over Florence, the storm began to consolidate around a vorticity center on the western side of the large cyclonic envelope. It began to strengthen more steadily as the storm turned to the northwest. Early on September 10, an eye began developing inside a ring of round thick convection over the center, and shortly thereafter Florence reached hurricane status while located about 390 miles (630 km) south of Bermuda.
Hurricane Florence turned to the north and north-northeast through a break in the subtropical ridge. Though its eyewall was open on the north side, favorable conditions led forecasters to predict Florence passing near Bermuda as a strong Category 2 hurricane. The inner core of convection became ragged-looking on satellite pictures, and based on reports from Hurricane Hunters it is estimated the hurricane reached peak winds of 90 mph (150 km/h) late on September 10. Subsequent to further erosion of the eyewall, the hurricane weakened, and on September 11 passed about 60 miles (95 km) west of Bermuda with winds of 85 mph (135 km/h). The overall cloud pattern became a little bit better organized, and Florence briefly re-strengthened before encountering increased upper-level winds and cooler waters.
Dry air wrapping around the southern half of the cyclone dissipated most of the deep convection by early on September 12. The cloud shield became asymmetrically displaced to the north of the center, and frontal-like features began to form. It continued to lose tropical characteristics, and on September 13 Florence turned into an extratropical cyclone about 485 miles (780 km) south-southwest of Cape Race, Newfoundland. At first, the storm was able to keep hurricane-force winds, as the extratropical remnant passed near Cape Race before turning to the east-northeast, and on September 14 the winds weakened to gale force. The storm executed a broad cyclonic half-loop to the southwest of Iceland over the subsequent days, and after turning to the west the extratropical remnants of Florence were absorbed to the east of Greenland by a developing extratropical cyclone to its south.
Preparations.
The government of Bermuda gave out a hurricane watch for the island on September 8, which was followed by a tropical storm warning on September 9. These were replaced by a hurricane warning on September 10, which were given out at the same time with the storm's strengthening to hurricane status. The government pursaded the potentially impacted citizens to take preparations for the storm, many of whom bought supplies at local hardware stores. Residents installed storm shutters, while boat owners moved their boats to safer locations. An emergency shelter was prepared on the island. Before Florence approached the storm, officials canceled bus and ferry service, and also closed all schools and government offices on the day of impact. The Bermuda International Airport was also closed.
Impact.
Image:Florence2006filledrainmmblk.gif|right|thumb|200px|Rainfall totals for Florence in Newfoundland (in metric units)
Hurricane Florence produced strong swells and dangerous surf conditions for the northern Lesser Antilles, U.S. Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico, Hispaniola, and Bermuda. Later in its duration, the tight pressure gradient between Florence and a high-pressure system over southeastern Canada produced strong winds and rough waves along the East Coast of the United States. The hurricane also caused strong swells and rough ocean conditions, including rip currents, in the Bahamas and Atlantic Canada.
Passing a short distance west of Bermuda, Hurricane Florence produced strong winds on the island; sustained winds peaked at 82 mph (132 km/h) on St. David's Island at an elevation of 410 feet (48 m), while gusts reached 115 mph (185 km/h) at the Maritime Operations Centre in St. George's Parish at an elevation of 665 feet (78 m). The winds knocked down trees and power lines, leaving over 25,000 homes and businesses without electricity during the peak of the storm. The powerful winds damaged ten houses, including destroying the roofs of three, and blew out windows across the island. A few people were injured by flying glass, though none required hospital care. Rainfall on the island reached 1.32 inches (34 mm) at the Bermuda International Airport.
A possible tornado reported in Southampton Parish downed trees and caused light property damage. At the Bermuda Zoo and Aquarium, two flamingos died due to falling branches. During the peak of the storm, police officials advised citizens to remain indoors away from harm, though there were several reports of looting throughout the territory.
The storm caused over $200,000 (2006 USD) in damage on the island. Shortly after the storm passed through, BELCO began restoring power, and by six hours after the peak of the storm power had been restored to 7,000 homes and businesses. By the day after the storm, about 3,000 remained without electricity on the island. The passage of the storm damaged the causeway between St. David's Island and Hamilton Parish, temporarily limiting traffic to one lane in each direction.
As an extratropical storm over Newfoundland, Florence produced powerful winds peaking at 101 mph (163 km/h) and moderate amounts of rainfall of up to 2.6 inches (67 mm). Flooding and power outages were reported, although they were isolated. The hurricane caused flight interruptions at St. John's International Airport and also to the Trans Canada ferry between Newfoundland and Cape Breton Island in eastern Nova Scotia Strong winds destroyed a house in the small Newfoundland village of Francois. Residents in Francois agreed to rebuild the wrecked home while the family temporarily resided in a summer home of another family. The winds also caused damage to shingles and sides of homes, while the strong waves damaged roads and boats along the Burin Peninsula.

Travagliato
Travagliato is a city in north of Italy. Travagliato is in the province of Brescia, Lombardy Region. About 12000 live in Travagliato.

2006 Nova Scotia Tropical Storm
The 2006 unnamed tropical storm was a short-lived tropical cyclone that was first classified during post-season analysis. The second tropical storm of the 2006 Atlantic hurricane season, the system developed as an extratropical cyclone to the southeast of Nantucket, Massachusetts, on July 16 from a dissipating cold front. It tracked northeastward over warm water temperatures, and on July 17 the system turned into a tropical storm after an area of convection developed over the center. The storm quickly reached peak winds of 50 mph (85 h) before encountering cooler waters and weakening. On July 18, it degenerated into a non-convective remnant low, and after crossing Newfoundland it dissipated on July 19. Impact in Canada was minimal, and no deaths were reported.
Storm history.
A cold front moved off the eastern coast of the United States late on July 13 and later stalled over the western Atlantic Ocean. The front decayed and dissipated, leaving behind two areas of low pressure. The southern area was centered about 200 miles (320 km) south of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina and later became Tropical Storm Beryl, while the northern area was centered about 290 miles (470 km) south-southeast of Cape Cod, Massachusetts. The northern area developed into an extratropical low on July 16 after an upper-level trough approached it from the west. Moving northeastward over warm water temperatures of 80 — 82º F (27 — 28º C), the trough weakened, and late on July 16 the system separated itself from the dieing cold front. Shortly thereafter, a large burst of convection formed near the center, and it is estimated the system turned into a tropical depression early on July 17 while located about 240 miles (390 km) southeast of Nantucket, Massachusetts.
Speeding up northeastward, the depression came across favorable conditions for development, and strengthened into a tropical storm six hours after becoming a tropical cyclone. A large curved band of convection formed in the northern portion of the storm, with other banding features becoming more visible. It continued to strengthen, and late on July 17 the storm reached peak winds of 50 mph (85 km/h) while located about 245 miles (395 km) south of Halifax, Nova Scotia. Shortly thereafter, the storm encountered much cooler water temperatures after leaving the Gulf Stream. The storm quickly weakened as the convection quickly diminished, and on July 18 it degenerated into a non-convective remnant low. The remnants crossed Newfoundland before turning to the east-northeast, and on July 19 the system dissipated.
Operationally, the storm was classified as a non-tropical gale. However, a post-season analysis of the storm gave enough evidence of tropical characteristics to warrant classifying it as an unnamed tropical storm. Observations analyzed the storm as having a symmetric warm-core, whereas in real time it was considered subtropical. Additionally, the storm was first assessed as a frontal low in real-time, though later analysis indicated no frontal features and no cold air entrainment around the time of its peak intensity.
Impact, naming, and records.
Upon entering the area of responsibility of the Canadian Hurricane Centre, a Canadian buoy recorded maximum sustained winds of 36 mph (56 km/h) with gusts to 44 mph (70 km/h). The same buoy recorded a pressure of 1001.2 mbar (29.57 inHg). The storm greatly weakened before moving across Newfoundland, and as a result impact was minimal. No official forecasts were issued for the system; however the Atlantic Storm Prediction Centre issued marine gale warnings for the storm.
As part of its routine post-season review, the National Hurricane Center occasionally identifies a previously undesignated tropical or subtropical cyclone based on new data or meteorological interpretation. The reanalysis of 2006 resulted in its re-classification as an unnamed tropical storm on December 15, 2006; had it been classified operationally, it would have been named Tropical Storm Beryl. The last fully-tropical cyclone to be first classified in post-analysis was Hurricane Eight in 1991, more often known as the "Perfect Storm". Several subtropical cyclones were first classified during post-analysis since then, most recently in 2005.
Upon transitioning into a tropical cyclone at 39.1º N, the storm broke the record for the northernmost cyclogenesis in the Atlantic in July since reliable records started in 1940, surpassing that of Tropical Storm Arthur in 2002. It was also the northernmost tropical or subtropical cyclogenesis for an Atlantic tropical cyclone since a subtropical storm in December of 1975. Additionally, the cyclone became a tropical storm farther north than any other Atlantic tropical cyclone in the month of July, and was farther north than any other Atlantic storm since Tropical Storm Alberto in 1988.

Nantucket, Massachusetts
Nantucket is an island 30 miles (48.3 km) south of Cape Cod, Massachusetts, in the United States.

Cape Hatteras
Cape Hatteras is a cape on the coast of North Carolina. It is the point that protrudes the farthest to the southeast along the northeast-to-southwest line of the Atlantic coast of North America, making it a key point for navigation along the eastern seaboard. So many ships have been lost around it that the area is known as the "Graveyard of the Atlantic". The nearby shoals are known as Diamond Shoals.

Tropical Storm Alberto (1988)
Tropical Storm Alberto became a tropical storm further north than any other Atlantic tropical cyclone. The first tropical storm of the 1988 Atlantic hurricane season, Alberto developed from a trough of low pressure off of the coast of South Carolina on August 5. It tracked quickly northeastward, and intensified into a tropical storm at its record latitude on August 7 while located about 60 miles (95 km) east of the Massachusetts island of Nantucket. Alberto continued its fast forward motion, and struck western Nova Scotia late on August 7. It became extratropical the next day, and dissipated shortly thereafter to the north of Newfoundland. Alberto produced light rainfall and gusty winds across its path. No damage was reported.

Tropical Storm Beryl (2006)
Tropical Storm Beryl was the third tropical storm of the 2006 Atlantic hurricane season. Developing from a tropical disturbance on July 18, it tracked generally northward, and strengthened to attain peak winds of 60 mph (95 km/h) under generally favorable conditions. After turning to the northeast, Beryl weakened over cooler waters. On July 21 it struck the island of Nantucket, and shortly thereafter it became extratropical. The extratropical remnants continued northeastward through Nova Scotia, and on July 22 it merged with an approaching cold front.
Beryl produced rough seas along the northeast United States coastline. In Massachusetts, its impact was limited to light rainfall and gusty winds, with no reported damage. Beryl later produced moderate rainfall and gusty winds across Atlantic Canada, resulting in some localized power outages though little damage. No deaths were reported.
Storm history.
A cold front moved off the East Coast of the United States on July 16 and stalled off the coast of North Carolina. It slowly decayed into a surface low pressure trough, and developed into two disturbances; one was centered 290 miles (490 km) south-southeast of Cape Cod and another was located 200 miles (320 km south of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. The first low quickly organized into an unnamed tropical storm, and the other area stayed broad and disorganized. However, by July 18, the system became much better organized with improved banding features, and the area developed into Tropical Depression Two while located 220 miles (355 km) south-southeast of Cape Hatteras.
The depression moved slowly to the north-northwest through a break in the subtropical ridge, and as convective banding features became more visible the system strengthened into Tropical Storm Beryl. Throughout much of its duration, the storm tracked through an environment with light vertical wind shear and well-established upper-level outflow. Shortly after becoming a tropical storm, the low-level circulation of Beryl became exposed with limited deep convection, though deep convection re-developed the following morning. Outflow continued to improve, and with warm sea surface temperatures Beryl slowly strenghened further to reach peak winds of 60 mph (95 km/h) early on July 20 while located about 120 miles (190 km) east of Nags Head, North Carolina.
Beryl maintained peak winds for about 18 hours as it paralleled the Mid-Atlantic and New Jersey coasts, during which an eye-like feature developed in the center of the convection. Late on July 20, it began a slow weakening trend after passing over cooler waters. Steering winds ahead of an approaching mid-level trough caused Beryl to speed up northeastward, and early on July 21 the center of the storm crossed the island of Nantucket. The convection diminished as it moved through progressively colder waters, and shortly after 1200 UTC on July 21 Beryl became an extratropical cyclone a short distance east of Cape Cod. Hours later, it made landfall in southwestern Nova Scotia, and on July 22 the extratropical remnants of Beryl merged with an approaching cold front over Newfoundland.
Preparations.
Forecasters orginially predicted Beryl to brush the Carolinas; as such, a tropical storm watch was issued for the eastern coast of North Carolina from Cape Lookout northward to Currituck Beach Lighthouse. When a more northeastward track became apparent, a tropical storm watch was issued about 33 hours before moving ashore from Woods Hole to Plymouth, Massachusetts, including Cape Cod, Nantucket, and Martha's Vineyard. About 22 hours before landfall, the National Hurricane Center replaced the watch with a tropical storm warning for the same area, and also issued a tropical storm watch from Woods Hole, Massachusetts westward to New Haven, Connecticut and for the eastern portion of Long Island from east of Fire Island to Port Jefferson. Expecting for the storm, the Massachusetts Emergency Management Agency was activated as a trial run for the hurricane season. Local Red Cross chapters were opened, as well, with two volunteer teams placed on standby to assist. Across southeastern Massachusetts, police departments maintained extra staff in preparation for any potential problems from the storm. Many fishermen secured their boats, while some business owners boarded up windows to prevent storm damage.
Several days prior to the passage of Beryl through Atlantic Canada, the Canadian Hurricane Centre issued gale warnings for the coastal waters off of Nova Scotia and Newfoundland. In anticipation of heavy rainfall, the agency also issued heavy rainfall warnings for western Nova Scotia, including Halifax.
Impact.
The storm caused high waves along the East Coast of the United States, with 19 foot seas (5.97 m) in the open ocean. Waves along the southern coast of Nantucket reached 10 feet in height as the storm approached the island, resulting in four people being rescued by lifeguards from rip currents.
High surf was also reported along the southern coast of Massachusetts and Rhode Island. Beryl also produced a storm surge of 0.9 feet on Nantucket. Winds across southeastern Massachusetts were fairly light, with no sustained tropical storm force winds and wind gusts peaking at 44 mph; unofficially gusts reached 51 mph.
Beryl dropped moderate precipitation just offshore, though the maximum precipitation total in the United States was only 0.97 inches (24.6 mm) on Nantucket. Rainfall along southeastern Massachusetts reached 0.33 inches at Chatham. The only reported damage were some downed telephone poles and fallen tree branches. Overall impact was minor; there were no reported power outages, deaths, injuries, or maritime emergencies in association with the storm.
The remnants of Beryl dropped moderate precipitation in Atlantic Canada, officially peaking at 2.8 inches (71 mm) in Scotts Bay, Nova Scotia with an unofficially higher total of 3.5 inches (88 mm); in some locations 1 inch of rain fell in an hour. Additionally, a station in Fredericton, New Brunswick reported 1.77 inches (45 mm) in 2 hours. The rainfall caused some flooding, with some overflown streams flooding some streets. Moderate winds were reported along its path, which peaked at 60 mph (96 km/h) in southern Nova Scotia. The winds downed some tree limbs and led to some power outages. Overall damage was minor.

1991 Halloween Nor'easter
The 1991 Halloween Nor’easter, also known as the Perfect Storm, was an weird nor’easter which was extratropical, absorbed one hurricane, and ultimately evolved into a small hurricane late in its life cycle. The unnamed hurricane of 1991 was the last tropical cyclone of the 1991 Atlantic hurricane season, and its 4 hurricane. By November 2, Atlantic Canada experienced the effects of a landfalling tropical storm. Damage totaled $208 million (1991 USD) and deaths climbed to 12 people. Most of the damage occurred while the storm was extratropical. The hurricane was the second costliest storm of the season, behind only Hurricane Bob.

Nor'easter
A nor'easter (also northeaster) is a macro-scale storm along the East Coast of the United States. A Nor'easter is so named because the winds in a Nor'easter come from the northeast, especially in the coastal areas of the Northeastern United States and Atlantic Canada. More specifically, it describes a low pressure area whose center of rotation is just off the East Coast and whose leading winds in the left forward quadrant rotate onto land from the northeast. The precipitation pattern is similar to other extratropical storms. Nor'easters also can cause coastal flooding, coastal erosion, hurricane force winds, and heavy snow.
Nor'easters are characterized by having an association with a warm front, cold front, or occluded fronts.
Nor'easters can occur at any time of the year but are mostly known for their presence in the winter season.
Nor'easters can be devastating and damaging, especially in the winter months, when most damage and deaths are cold related, as Nor'easters are known for bringing extremely cold air down from the Arctic air mass. Nor'easters thrive on the converging air masses; that is, the polar cold air mass and the warmer ocean water of the Gulf Stream.
Nor'easters will usually develop between 30 N. and 35 N.

150 Nuwa
150 Nuwa is a big Main belt asteroid. It is made of primitive carbonaceous chondritic material. The surface is very dark.
It was found by J. C. Watson on October 18, 1875 and named after Nüwa, the Chinese creator goddess.
On December 17, 1999, a star was occulted by Nuwa.

East Coast of the United States
The East Coast of the United States, is a part of the United States. It is also called the "Eastern Seaboard" or "Atlantic Seaboard". The East Coast refers, or talks about, the farthest east states of the US. These states touch the Atlantic Ocean all the way up to Canada. It is usually used to talk about the northern half of this region, the thirteen original states plus Maine and Washington, D.C.. The southern half of this region is more often thought to be the South or Southeast.

Nags Head, North Carolina
Nags Head is a town in Dare County, North Carolina, United States. The population was 2,700 at the 2000 census.

151 Abundantia
151 Abundantia is a stony main belt asteroid.
It was found by J. Palisa on November 1, 1875 and named after Abundantia, a Roman goddess of luck, although the name was also chosen to celebrate the growing numbers of asteroids that were being found in the 1870s.

Cape Lookout (North Carolina)
Cape Lookout is southern point of the South Core Banks, one of the natural barrier islands on the Atlantic coast of North Carolina, USA. It delimits Onslow Bay to the west from Raleigh Bay to the east. An area of the banks to either side of it has been designated the Cape Lookout National Seashore.
Cape Lookout stands at 34°36'19"N, 76°32'10"W, and is part of Carteret County, 11 miles southeast of Beaufort, NC.

New Haven, Connecticut
New Haven is the second- or third-largest municipality in Connecticut, after Bridgeport and possibly Hartford, with a core population of about 124,000. "New Haven" may also refer to the wider Greater New Haven area, which has nearly 600,000 inhabitants in the immediate area. It is located in New Haven County, on New Haven Harbor, on the northern shore of Long Island Sound.

Martha's Vineyard
Martha's Vineyard (adjoining the smaller Chappaquiddick Island) is an island off the southern coast of Cape Cod, both forming a part of the Outer Lands region. It is often called just "the Vineyard". With a land area of 87.48 square miles (231.75 km²), Martha's Vineyard is the 57th largest island in the United States. It is located in the U.S. state of Massachusetts, in Dukes County, which also includes Cuttyhunk and the other Elizabeth Islands, as well as the island of Nomans Land).

Woods Hole, Massachusetts
Woods Hole is a census-designated place and village within the town of Falmouth in Barnstable County, Massachusetts, at the extreme southwest corner of Cape Cod, near Martha's Vineyard and the Elizabeth Islands.

Carcinogen
Carcinogens are substances that cause cancer. Sometimes radiation or radionuclide are also considered carcinogens. A common example of a carcinogen is tobacco smoke.
Carcinogens in radiation.
Several radioactive substances are considered carcinogens. The carcinogens in them are caused by the radiation they release, such as gamma rays or alpha particles.
CERCLA says that all radionuclides are carcinogens. How much of a carcinogen radiation is depends on the type of radiation, the type of exposure to it and its penetration. For example, alpha radiation has low penetration and is not a danger outside the body. Alpha radiation is a carcinogen when breathed in or eaten.
Thorotrast, previously used in x-rays, is a human carcinogen. Marie Curie, one of the pioneers of radioactivity, died of a cancer that was caused by the radiation she was exposed to during her experiments.
Not all types of electromagnetic radiation are carcinogenic. Radio waves, microwave radiation, infrared radiation, and visible light are examples of this. Higher-energy radiation, including ultraviolet radiation, usually "is" carcinogenic, if a person is exposed to it long enough.
Carcinogens in food.
Recent research has shown that when food is cooked at high temperatures, carcinogens may be formed in very small amounts. Pre-cooking meats in a microwave oven for 2-3 minutes before broiling shortens the time on the hot pan. This could help stop the carcinogens from being made. Certain kinds of foods, like potato chips and French fries, may have higher levels of carcinogens than others. The charred residue on barbecued meats is a carcinogen, too.
This does not mean eating cooked foods is dangerous. The gastrointestinal tract sheds its outer layer continuously to protect itself from carcinomas. Because of this, it has a good chance of shedding bad enzymes that could cause cancer.
Foods that have been microwaved are not carcinogenic. No "radiation" remains, the same way no light remains in a lens.

Port Jefferson, New York
The Incorporated Village of Port Jefferson is located in the town of Brookhaven in Suffolk County, New York on the North Shore of Long Island. As of the United States 2000 census, the village population was 7,837. The small town is home to several unique restaurants and shops, and has a growing tourism industry.

Currituck Beach Lighthouse
The Currituck Beach Light is a lighthouse in Corolla, North Carolina, on the Outer Banks.

A-10 Thunderbolt II
The A-10 Thunderbolt II (also called the Warthog) is an attack aircraft made by Fairchild Aircraft. It first flew in 1972 and was introduced in 1977. It is designed to drop bombs, fire rockets, missiles, and its cannon at enemies on the ground (like tanks). It is named after the World War II P-47 Thunderbolt. It is not as fast as most military jets, but it is tough and can turn well.
What the A-10 is like.
The A-10 is 53 feet, 4 inches (16.16 meters) long, 14 feet, 8 inches (4.42 meters) high, has a wingspan of 57 feet, 6 inches (17.42 meters), can go 420 miles per hour, and can weigh 51,000 pounds (22,950 kilograms) at heaviest. It is armed with a GAU-9 cannon, and can have thousands of pounds of bombs or missiles. It can also carry radar-jamming pods so it cannot be seen on radar, and chaff, which can confuse missiles fired at the A-10.

Fire Island, New York
Fire Island is a barrier island, approximately 31 miles (49.5 km) long and varying between approximately 0.1 mile (0.16 km) to 0.5 mile (0.8 km) wide, in Suffolk County on the southern side of Long Island in the U.S. state of New York, running approximately WSW to ENE. The land area is 48 km² (18.7 sq mi) and a permanent population of 310 persons was reported as of the 2000 census. (There are many thousands of seasonal residents.)

152 Atala
152 Atala is a very big, dark main belt asteroid. It is a type D asteroid, meaning that it is made of carbon, organic rich silicates and possibly water ice.
It was found by brothers Paul Henry and Prosper Henry on November 2, 1875, but finding the asteroid was credited to Paul. It is named after Atala, eponymous heroine of the 1801 novel by François-René de Chateaubriand.
An occultation of a star by Atala was seen from Japan on March 11, 1994. Other occultations have been seen as recently as 2006.

Plymouth, Massachusetts
Plymouth (historically known as Plimouth and Plimoth) is a town in Plymouth County, Massachusetts, United States. It is the largest municipality in Massachusetts by area. The population was 51,701 at the 2000 census, with its estimated 2007 population being 57,901. Plymouth is one of two county seats of Plymouth County, the other being Brockton. It is named after Plymouth, Devon, United Kingdom, which is, in turn, named for the mouth of the river Plym.

Buix
Buix is a municipality of the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

Bure, Switzerland
Bure is a municipality of the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

153 Hilda
153 Hilda is a very big asteroid in the farther Main belt. Because it is made of primitive carbonaceous materials, it has a very dark surface.
Hilda gives its name to an asteroid group called Hilda asteroids (or shorter "Hildas"). It is not an asteroid family since the members are not physically related. Instead they are asteroids locked in a 2:3 orbital resonance with Jupiter.
It was found by J. Palisa on November 2, 1875.
Hilda was seen to occult a star on December 31, 2002 from Japan.
It has a very low-amplitude light curve indicating a spherical body.

Charmoille, Switzerland
Charmoille is a municipality of the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

Chevenez
Chevenez is a municipality of the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

Coeuve
Coeuve is a municipality of the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

Cornol
Cornol is a municipality of the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

Courchavon
Courchavon is a municipality of the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.
Courchavon is also famous for its Swiss chocolate.

Courgenay
Courgenay is a municipality of the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

Xenogears
"Xenogears" is a 1999 roleplaying video game created by Squaresoft. The main character is named Fei and he does not like gears or fighting.

Metal Gear
"Metal Gear" is an action-adventure video game series made by Konami since 1987. This series of video games are more about not being seen and hiding in order to win - getting into fights can make you lose.
The main character of the 'Metal Gear' games is named Solid Snake. He is a soldier who does sneaking (hiding) missions by himself, much like James Bond. He is a clone of a famous soldier named Big Boss. The games have a large amount of story about these two men and the things that happen to them. Many players say the games are like watching a James Bond movie or reading a book about spies.
The series is named after a type of robotic tank that is in every game. These robots are very dangerous and Solid Snake makes it his job to stop them.
The latest game, Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots has been made by Konami for the Playstation 3

154 Bertha
154 Bertha is a very dark and very big farther Main belt asteroid.
It was found by brothers Paul Henry and Prosper Henry on November 4, 1875, but the credit for finding the asteroid was given to Prosper. It is probably named after Berthe Martin-Flammarion, sister of the astronomer Camille Flammarion.

Deus Ex
Deus Ex is a video game available on the personal computer. It is a first person shooter. This means that the player views the game as though they were behind a gun that they are holding. The camera is their eye, basically. The game is about a conspiracy in the future that involves the Illuminati and artificial intelligence.
The player play as J.C. Denton, a cyborg who has to deal with problems like robots, men, and bombs. Denton has a brother and many employers. He has skills in the game that increase when goals are completed. For instance, if he needs to sneak up on men in the Army, the player might use a ventilationshaft and gain extra points, which can then be used like money to buy better aim with a pistol.
Deus Ex came out in 2000. It tried to say things about philosophy, knowledge, terrorism, and other thing, much like The Matrix. It is widely regarded as one of the best computer game and video game of all time.

Ulysses (novel)
Ulysses is a novel by James Joyce. The complete book was first published in 1922, although parts of it had appeared elsewhere earlier.
The story takes place on a day in 1904, and is about a man named Leopold Bloom, who walks around Dublin. The day is June 16, 1904. The book also tells the story of Molly Bloom, his wife, and of Stephen Dedalus, a school teacher.
The book became famous for several reasons, but mainly because it is written in a new style called stream of consciousness. The book is now thought to be an important book of modernist literature. Many professors and teachers teach this book in universities and colleges.

Gunpei Yokoi
Gunpei Yokoi'", or (September 10, 1941 – October 4, 1997) was a video game designer for Nintendo. He created of the Game Boy and the produced the "Metroid" series of video games. He was also the mentor to Shigeru Miyamoto. Yokoi's last invention, the Virutal Boy, was not a success. He left Nintendo after his mother died of Gumpei Diesease and he was charged 1.5 $ million dollars.

155 Scylla
155 Scylla is a main belt asteroid.
It was found by J. Palisa on November 8, 1875 and named after the monster Scylla in Greek mythology.

156 Xanthippe
156 Xanthippe is a big main belt asteroid. It is made of carbonates and has a very dark surface. It is named after Xanthippe, the wife of Socrates.
It was found by J. Palisa on November 22, 1875.

157 Dejanira
157 Dejanira is a main belt asteroid.
The Dejanira asteroid family is named after it.
It was found by Alphonse Borrelly on December 1, 1875 and named after the warlike princess Deianira in Greek mythology.

158 Koronis
158 Koronis ("kuh ROE niss") is a Main belt asteroid. It is an S-type asteroid.
It was found by Viktor Knorre on January 4, 1876 from the Berlin observatory. It was the first asteroid he found.
The asteroid itself may not be interesting, but the Koronidian family of asteroids named after it is one of the most important. One member of the family, 243 Ida, has been visited by spacecraft, and gives some idea of how the other asteroids in the family may look.
Based on a model constructed from the lightcurve, the shape of Koronis looks like that of Ida, although it is a bit bigger.

159 Aemilia
159 Aemilia is a big Main belt asteroid. This slowly rotating, dark asteroid is made of carbonates.
It orbits within the Hygiea family, although it may be an unrelated asteroid orbiting within the family, as it is too big to have been formed from the cratering process that most likely formed that family.
Aemilia was found by the brothers Paul Henry and Prosper Henry on January 26, 1876. The credit for finding the asteroid was given to Paul. It is probably named after the Via Aemilia, a Roman road in Italy that runs from Piacenza to Rimini.
Two stellar occultations by Aemilia have been recorded so far, the first in 2001 and the second in 2003.

A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man
"A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man" is a novel written by the Irish writer James Joyce. It was first printed as a book in 1916. It tells the story of Stephen Dedalus, a young man who is trying to be an artist in Dublin. The story begins from his childhood and ends with him deciding to go to Paris and leave Dublin, his hometown, to become an artist.
The book is written in a new style of writing called stream of consciousness. Therefore the beginning of the book is very simple while the later parts become less simple. It shows how, when a person grows up, the language he or she uses becomes more and more complex.

Finnegans Wake
Finnegans Wake is the last book written by the Irish writer James Joyce. It was published in 1939.
He started to work on this book in 1924 and published parts of it under the titles "A New Unnamed Work" and "Work in Progress" He did not complete until seventeen years later, in 1939. During this time he faced many hardships, such as having no money, eye problems and family problems.
"Finnegans Wake" is a very hard book to read, even for people who read a lot of literature, because Joyce uses several languages and creates new words that come from combinations of old and new English and other languages as well.
It can be understood as the story of Humphrey Chimpden Earwicker and his family. But it is an experiment more than a story.

Freerunning sleep
Freerunning sleep can be sleep which is not adjusted, "entrained", to the 24-hour cycle in nature. Sleep which is entrained to 24 hours but is not artificially regulated by alarm clocks etc. can also be called freerunning sleep.
Scientific experiments.
Animals which are kept in a laboratory for research in "constant conditions", that is in constant light or constant dark, will "freerun". They live by their built-in circadian rhythms. Each day will be a little bit shorter or a little bit longer than 24 hours. It will be shorter if the animal's natural cycle is less than 24 hours long. The animals sleep and are active as usual, but their timing gets to be further and further off.
Scientists let the animals freerun and then do experiments to see what sort of signals are most effective at entraining them. They also experiment to see how long or short a cycle that animal can be entrained to. Some animals can be entrained to a 22-hour day, but they can not be entrained to a 20-hour day.
Light is the most effective signal. Some animals are quite easily entrained by the timing of meals. Exercise is a signal for some animals. Heat is not effective.
Sometimes people stay in a laboratory for a few days in very low light without any knowledge of the time. Such experiments show that adults, both older and younger, have a circadian cycle which is 24 hours and 11 minutes, on average.
Illness.
Some people have a condition, a circadian rhythm sleep disorder, which makes them freerun all the time, even if they get out into daylight and eat regular meals. Many of these people are blind, but some of them can see. They have a long circadian cycle and they do not entrain. Scientists do not yet know why.
Intentional freerunning.
Some people believe they will be more healthy if they don't sleep on a regular schedule. They try to go to bed only when they are sleepy. They do not use alarm clocks. They call this freerunning, but since they are exposed to daylight and dark, it's not the same as freerunning as the scientists use the term.

Frederico Mompou
Federico (Frederic) Mompou (born Barcelona, 16 April 1893; died Barcelona 30 June, 1987) was a Spanish (Catalan) composer. He is best known for his short works for solo piano and his songs.
Life.
Mompou was born in Barcelona (Spain), and studied piano there at the Conservatorio del Liceo. In 1911 he went to Paris. He was studying to be a concert pianist, but he was very shy, and decided to become a composer.
Although he left Paris and returned to Barcelona when World War I broke out in 1914, he went to Paris again in 1921 and stayed there until 1941 when, once again he went back to Catalonia, because the German army were invading Paris in World War II. He continued to lecture about his music until he had a stroke. He died at the age of 94.
His music.
Mompou is best known as a miniaturist (someone who composes short pieces). His music often sounds as if is being improvised. When he wrote his "Scènes d'enfants" (1915-18) a French music critic said he would be the next great composer after Debussy. Although he did not become as famous as Debussy, his musical style shows the influence of French Impressionism and of Erik Satie. He liked using short, repeated note-patterns (ostinati), imitations of bells, and a kind of thoughtful, religious sound which is heard in his piece called "John of the Cross." His music often uses the rhythms and modes of Catalan folkmusic.

Right triangle
A right triangle, (also called a right-angled triangle), has one angle that is 90 degrees. The other two angles always add up to 90 degrees but can be different sizes.
The side opposite to the right angle is the hypotenuse; it is the longest side in the right triangle. The other two sides are the legs or catheti (singular: cathetus) of the triangle.
Uses.
It is used a lot when studying trigonometry and the Pythagorean theorem.

List of social democratic parties
This is a list of parties in the world that consider themselves to be upholding the principles and values of social democracy. Some are also members of the Socialist International. Note that, in some cases, a party's self-described adherence to social democracy may be disputed by its critics.
Names used by social democratic parties.
"Note: Not all parties that use these names are social democratic."

160 Una
160 Una is a fairly big and dark, primitive Main belt asteroid.
It was found by C. H. F. Peters on February 20, 1876 in Clinton, New York. It is named after a character in Edmund Spenser's epic poem "The Faerie Queene" (1590).

VIS Interactive
VIS Interactive is a video game company by WB Interactive. They are based in Dunfermline, Scotland.

161 Athor
161 Athor is an M-type Main belt asteroid.
It was found by J. C. Watson on April 19, 1876 and named after Hathor, an Egyptian fertility goddess.
An occultation by Athor has been seen, on October 15, 2002.

162 Laurentia
162 Laurentia is a big and dark Main belt asteroid.
It was found by brothers Paul Henry and Prosper Henry on April 21, 1876 and named after A. Laurent, a non-professional astronomer who found the asteroid 51 Nemausa.
An occultation by Laurentia was seen from Clive, Alberta on November 21, 1999.

Stream of consciousness writing
Stream of consciousness is a term used in literary criticism for a literary technique that reports thought processes of a person.
That can be done either in context with observation of the surrounding world or without such observations, then it is called interior or internal monologue. Stream-of-consciousness writing is typical for the modernist movement. The introduction of the term to describe literature, transferred from psychology, is attributed to May Sinclair.

Courtedoux
Courtedoux is a municipality of the district of Porrentruy of the Canton of Jura, Switzerland.

Courtemaîche
Courtemaîche is a municipality of the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

Damphreux
Damphreux is a municipality of the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

Damvant
Damvant is a municipality of the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

Fahy
Fahy is a municipality of the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

Benazir Bhutto
Benazir Bhutto (21 June 1953 - 27 December 2007) was a Pakistani politician. Bhutto was the first woman elected to lead a Muslim state. She was elected Prime Minister of Pakistan two times. She was sworn in for the first time in 1988 but removed from office 20 months later under orders of then-president Ghulam Ishaq Khan on grounds of alleged corruption. In 1993 Bhutto was re-elected but was again removed in 1996 on similar charges, this time by President Farooq Leghari.
Assassination.
On December 27, 2007, Benazir Bhutto was killed while getting into a vehicle to leave a political meeting for the Pakistan Peoples Party in Rawalpindi, Pakistan. An assassin shot her in the neck and chest before detonating an explosive vest. This killed about 30 people and wounded many others. She is called Shaheed-e-Jaumhuriat (Martyr of Democracy) by her fans.

163 Erigone
163 Erigone is a dark-coloured, fairly big Main belt asteroid. The Erigone family of asteroids is named after it.
It was found by J. Perrotin on April 26, 1876 and named after one of the two Erigones in Greek mythology.

Sitar
The sitar (Hindi/Sanskrit: सितार, Urdu: ستار) is a plucked string instrument. It uses sympathetic strings along with a long hollow neck and a gourd resonating chamber to make a rich sound with complex harmonic resonance. It is used throughout India.

Oud
The oud is a pear-shaped, stringed instrument. It is similar to a modern western lute. It does not have frets. It is commonly used in Middle Eastern music and East African music.

164 Eva
164 Eva is a big and very dark Main belt asteroid. It is probably made of primitive carbonaceous chondritic materials.
It's orbit is somewhat not round.
It was found by the brothers Paul Henry and Prosper Henry on July 12, 1876.
In 2000 Eva was reported occulting a dim star.

Pickup (music)
A pickup is a device that captures mechanical vibrations (usually from stringed instruments like the electric guitar, electric bass guitar or electric violin) and converts them to an electrical signal which can be amplified and recorded.
Humbuckers.
One problem with electromagnetic pickups is that they also pick up mains hum. Mains hum is a signal at a nominal 50 or 60 Hz, depending on local alternating current frequency, and usually some harmonic content. The changing magnetic flux caused by the mains current links with the windings of the pickup, inducing a voltage by transformer action.
To overcome the mains hum effect, the humbucking pickup was made by Seth Lover of Gibson and Ray Butts, working for Gretsch. It is unclear who first made it, but Seth Lover was given the first patent.

Vihuela
Vihuela is a name given to two different guitar-like string instruments: one from 16th century Spain, usually with 12 paired strings, and the other, the Mexican vihuela, from 20th century Mexico with five strings and typically played in Mariachi bands.

Mischa Barton
Mischa Anne Marsden Barton (born 24 January, 1986, London) is an award-winning English-American actress best known for her role as Marissa Cooper in the American television series "The O.C.".
Legal Troubles.
According to TMZ she was arrested for DUI on December 27, 2007.

Range (music)
The range of a musical instrument is the distance from the lowest to the highest pitch it can play. For a singing voice, this is known as "vocal range".

Antonio Torres Jurado
Antonio De Torres Jurado (June 13, 1817 – November 19, 1892) was a Spanish guitarist and guitar maker.
Jurado is often respected among guitarists the same way Antonio Stradivari is respected among violinists. His work established the shape, design, and construction of the modern classical guitar.

George Beauchamp
George D. Beauchamp (1899 - 1941) was an inventor of musical instruments and co-founder of National Stringed Instrument Corporation and Rickenbacker.
Born in Texas, he played the violin and the lap steel guitar in Vaudeville before going into the business of then manufacturing of electric lap steel guitars, electric guitars, electric bass guitars, electric violins and combo instrument amplifiers. He is well-known for his creation of the Frying pan electric guitar. He died in Los Angeles, California while deep-sea fishing.

Danelectro
Danelectro is a manufacturer of musical instruments and accessories, specializing in guitars, bass guitars, amplifiers and effects units. Danelectro was founded by Nathan Daniel in 1947. Jimi Hendrix is among the many well-known guitarists to have used Danelectro.

Book of Numbers
The book of Numbers in the Bible is the fourth book in the Old Testament. It is called a book of Moses because it contains the story of Moses and the Israelites when they wander throughout the wilderness before ending up at Israel (also known as Canaan or Palestine), where God promised they will settle.
The book is called Numbers because at the start God ordered a counting of the people (a census) in the twelve tribes of Israel. After counting all the men who are over twenty and fit to fight, the Israelites began to travel in well-ordered divisions, with God in the middle of the Ark of the Covenant. However, when the people found that the place God promised them was filled with strong and powerful people of other races, they became scared and rebelled against God and Moses. Therefore God punished them by making the Israelites travel forty years before they could settle on the promised land.

Allegra Versace
Allegra Versace (born in Milan on June 30, 1986) is the daughter of designer Donatella Versace and ex-male fashion model Paul Beck.

Rickenbacker
Rickenbacker International Corporation, also known as Rickenbacker ()), is an American company that makes electric guitars. The company invented the first electric guitar during the 1930s. The guitars are made at its headquarters in Santa Ana, California. Rickenbacker is the largest guitar company to make all of their guitars within the United States.

Donatella Versace
Donatella Versace was born in 1955 and is a famous Italian designer and the current owner of the Versace fashion line, which she inherited from her brother Gianni Versace after he died. Her daughter, Allegra Versace, also owns 50% of the company.
Donatella had Allegra with an ex-fashion model, Paul Beck.

Ministry of Justice of Germany
The Federal Ministry of Justice is a ministry of the Federal Republic of Germany.
History.
Germany has five "Classic Ministries", rather like the United Kingdom's "Great Offices of State".
The Reich Justice Office was created in 1875. It was a part of the Chancellor's department until 1 January 1877 when it became independent. The first Minister of Justice was appointed in 1919, when the Office of Justice became the "Reichsministerium der Justiz" of the Weimar Republic
Political.
The Federal Minister of Justice heads the Ministry. He has two senior assistants.
Role.
Germany is a federal country. The administration of the justice and criminal prosecution is mainly a matter for the federal states.
The federal ministry's main job is ensuring that federation and the states, and all laws, keep within the "Rule of Law".
The ministry also oversees the laws about qualifying and working as a judge, prosecutor, lawyer or notary
The ministry has also been responsible for the legal problems after the reunification of Germany. This meant changing a lot of criminal and administrative law. Also professional rehabilitation was needed. Judges and lawyers were just some of the people who were used to working in the communist system, and now had to change.
Furthermore the ministry checks that all laws and ordinances prepared by other ministries do not break the constitution.
The Ministery publishes the official newspaper the "Bundesgesetzblatt" the Federal Law Gazette und "Bundesanzeiger" the Federal Gazette. It also prepares the elections of Judges to the Bundesverfassungsgerichts and the highest level of federal courts.

165 Loreley
165 Loreley is a very big Main belt asteroid.
It was found by C. H. F. Peters on August 9, 1876 in Clinton, New York and named after the Lorelei, a figure in German folklore.
One stellar occultation by Loreley has been seen, on July 20, 2003.

Learning by teaching
In professional education, learning by teaching means a method that trains pupils and students to prepare and to teach lessons, or parts of lessons. This method is designed to teach them better understanding than any method where the teacher talks to the pupils and gives them work they have to prepare.
Learning by teaching should not be confused with presentations or lectures by students, because they have to do much more. They have to choose their own methods and didactic approaches in teaching classmates that subject. And it is sometuing else than tutoring, because the teacher gives continuous support when they prepare teaching.

166 Rhodope
166 Rhodope is a very dark main belt asteroid. It is a member of the Adeona family of asteroids.
It was found by C. H. F. Peters on August 15, 1876 in Clinton, New York and named after Rhodope, the queen in Greek mythology who was turned into a mountain.

Jean-Pol Martin
Jean-Pol Martin (born 1943, Paris, France) is a professor for foreign language teaching in Germany. He established the teaching method learning by teaching, a method for students to learn by teaching their peers. This concept has developed into a common practice throughout Germany and has been experimented with in other countries.
Biography.
Martin was born in 1943 in Paris and went to Germany in 1968. He studied German and French in order to become a teacher at a German grammar school, becoming a professor for foreign language teaching didactics at the Catholic University of Eichstätt-Ingolstadt (Bavaria) in 1980. In that year he had the idea to let the students teach their peers in French. That experience was successful, so he could establish the "Lernen durch Lehren" (LdL) (learning by teaching) method in Germany. He was the first scholar to do active research on that topic for 25 years, building a wide network with several thousand teachers and promoting it to a large scale. All teachers in Germany are now trained in that method during their pedagogic studies.

Tutor
In British, Australian, New Zealand, and some Canadian universities, a tutor is often but not always a postgraduate student or a lecturer who conducts a seminar for undergraduate students. These seminars are often known as a tutorial. In the United States and the rest of Canada, a tutor is known as a teaching assistant.
Secondary school form tutors.
In English and Irish secondary schools, form tutors are similar to American home room teachers. They are in charge of a group of students in a particular year group.
Peer Tutoring.
In the United States, tutors are students teaching other students of the same or similar age or grade level. When peer tutors are trained how to tutor correctly, peer tutoring is both academically and cost effective.

Great Offices of State
The Great Offices of State are the four most important cabinet jobs in the United Kingdom.
Only one person has ever held all four, James Callaghan, who was Prime Minister from 1976 to 1979.

Foreign Secretary
The Foreign Secretary is the Minister in charge of the United Kingdom's Foreign and Commonwealth Office.
Until the 1960s, the Foreign Secretary only handled relations with foreign countries and international organisations. The was a separate Commonwealth Secretary and a Colonial Secretary, but all three are now joined into one.
The Foreign Secretary's is one of the four Great Offices of State

Hermetschwil-Staffeln
Hermetschwil-Staffeln is a municipality of the district of Bremgarten in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

167 Urda
167 Urda is a Main belt asteroid. It is an S-type asteroid.
It is a member of the Koronis asteroid family.
It was found by C. H. F. Peters on August 28, 1876 in Clinton, New York and named after Urd, one of the Norns in Norse mythology.
A stellar occultation by Urda was seen from Japan on July 23, 2001.

Herznach
Herznach is a municipality of the district of Laufenburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

168 Sibylla
168 Sibylla is a big Main belt asteroid. It is very dark and made of primitive carbonaceous materials.
It is a Cybele asteroid, orbiting beyond most of the Main belt asteroids.
It was found by J. C. Watson on September 28, 1876.

Hilfikon
Hilfikon is a municipality of the district of Bremgarten in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Claudine Monteil
Claudine Monteil (b. 1949) is a French writer and women's rights specialist. She holds a PhD on Simone de Beauvoir's writings and life. She was inspired by the example of her mother, Dr Josiane Serre, a chemist and president of the Ecole Normale Supérieure de Jeunes Filles (ex-Sèvres), the equivalent of one of the Seven Sisters. Her father is the mathematician Jean-Pierre Serre, Fields medal and Abel prize.
Dr Monteil is one of the founders of the women's rights movement in 1970. She is also a specialist on Simone de Beauvoir. While working on women's rights, she was a long close friend of Beauvoir, Jean-Paul Sartre and Beauvoir's sister, the painter Hélène de Beauvoir.
Books.
Claudine Monteil has also written a biography on Charlie Chaplin with his wife Oona Chaplin.
Her website is both in English and French: www.claudinemonteil.com

169 Zelia
169 Zelia is a bright, stony main belt asteroid.
Zelia was found by the brothers Paul Henry and Prosper Henry on September 28, 1876. Credit for finding the asteroid was given to Prosper. It is named after a niece of the astronomer Camille Flammarion.

Fontenais
Fontenais is a municipality of the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

Fregiécourt
Fregiécourt is a municipality of the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

Grandfontaine, Switzerland
Grandfontaine is a municipality of the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

Hirschthal
Hirschthal is a municipality of the district of Aarau of the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Mortification
Mortification is a Christian extreme metal band from Australia. The band was formed in 1990.

170 Maria
170 Maria is a Main belt asteroid. It is an S-type asteroid.
The Maria asteroid family is named after it.
It was found by J. Perrotin on January 10, 1877. Its orbit was calculated by Antonio Abetti, and the asteroid was named after his sister, Maria.
An occultation of a star by Maria was seen from Manitoba, Canada, on June 10, 1997.

Lugnez
Lugnez is a municipality of the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

Holderbank, Aargau
Holderbank is a municipality of the district of Lenzburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Miécourt
Miécourt is a municipality of the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

Steve Rowe
Steve Rowe (born January, 1965) is the founder of the Australian extreme metal band Mortification.

Montenol
Montenol is a municipality of the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

Holziken
Holziken is a municipality of the district of Kulm in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Montignez
Montignez is a municipality of the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

Hornussen, Aargau
Hornussen is a municipality of the district of Laufenburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Hottwil
Hottwil is a municipality of the district of Brugg in canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Montmelon
Montmelon is a municipality of the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.
The municipality is made of several villages and of many spread out farms. The municipality has about 100 people living there, many of them are farmers.

Hunzenschwil
Hunzenschwil is a municipality of the district of Lenzburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Extreme metal
Extreme metal is an umbrella term for a mixture of heavy metal music subgenres formed since the 1980s.

Islisberg
Islisberg is a municipality of the district of Bremgarten in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Ocourt
Ocourt is a municipality of the district of Porrentruy of the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

Ittenthal
Ittenthal is a municipality of the district of Laufenburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

171 Ophelia
171 Ophelia is a main belt asteroid. It is a member of the Themis family of asteroids.
It is big and its surface is dark. It is made of carbonaceous chondrite.
It was found by Alphonse Borrelly on January 13, 1877 and named after the character in Shakespeare's "Hamlet".
A possible moon was reported in 1979 based on lightcurve data. However, it has not been confirmed.
Ophelia is also the name of a moon of Uranus.

Jonen
Jonen is a municipality of the district of Bremgarten in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Kaiseraugst
Kaiseraugst is a municipality of the district of Rheinfelden in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Kaiserstuhl, Switzerland
Kaiserstuhl is a municipality of the district of Zurzach in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Kaisten, Switzerland
Kaisten is a municipality of the district Laufenburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Kallern
Kallern is a municipality of the district of Muri in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Killwangen
Killwangen is a municipality of the district of Baden in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.
The town is in the Limmat river valley between Baden and Zürich.

Limmat
The Limmat is a river in Switzerland that flows northwest until it joins into the river Aare north of the small town of Brügg.
Its name comes from Linth and Maag the main tributaries of the lake of Zürich.
The main tributaries of the Limmat river are the Sihl (in Zürich) and the Reppisch (in Dietikon).
This river is one of the main providers of hydroelectric power in Switzerland.

Kirchleerau
Kirchleerau is a municipality of the district of Zofingen in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Klingnau
Klingnau is a municipality of the district of Zurzach in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Koblenz, Switzerland
Koblenz (or Coblenz) is a municipality of the district of Zurzach in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

172 Baucis
172 Baucis is a fairly big Main belt asteroid. It is an S-type asteroid.
It was found by Alphonse Borrelly on February 5, 1877 and named after a character in the Greek legend of Baucis and Philemon.

Religious debates over Harry Potter
There have been many religious debates over "Harry Potter" because of the witchcraft in it. Some religious groups think the Harry Potter books go against their god because they represent witchcraft or are Satanic (meaning anti-God).
In the United States, people tried to get the books banned in schools. Their argument was that witchcraft is a registered religion, so letting the books in schools went against the separation of church and state. This was then brought up in court as being against the Freedom of Religion.
Many people have said that the books do not resemble real witchcraft. They say that the witchcraft in Harry Potter is the same as in "The Chronicles of Narnia" and "The Lord of the Rings", which are often thought of as Christian books.

173 Ino
173 Ino is a big main belt asteroid. It has a dark surface and is made of carbonates.
It was found by Alphonse Borrelly on August 1, 1877 and named after Ino, a queen in Greek mythology.

Dr Pepper
Dr Pepper is a soft drink (soda) similar to Coca Cola.
History.
Dr Pepper was invented by a pharmacist of the state of Texas, in 1885. He mixed 23 ingredients from his General Store, and put them in carbonated water.

Pleujouse
Pleujouse is a municipality of the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

Porrentruy
Porrentruy (German: "Pruntrut") is a Swiss municipality and seat of the district of the same name found in the canton of Jura.

Réclère
Réclère is a municipality of the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

Roche-d'Or
Roche-d'Or is a municipality of the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

Rocourt
Rocourt is a municipality of the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

Kölliken
Kölliken is a municipality of the district of Zofingen in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Künten
Künten is a municipality of the district of Baden in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Küttigen
Küttigen is a municipality of the district of Aarau of the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Saint-Ursanne
Saint Ursanne (population about 1,000) is a city and a municipality of the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura, Switzerland which has kept its medieval style.
Its name refers to Saint Ursicinus, a 7th century monk who made a monastery there.

Laufenburg, Switzerland
Laufenburg is a municipality of the Swiss canton of Aargau. It is the capital city of the district with the same name.

174 Phaedra
174 Phaedra is a big, rocky main belt asteroid.
It was found by J. C. Watson on September 2, 1877 and named after Phaedra, the tragic lovelorn queen in Greek mythology.
Lightcurve data from Phaedra indicates a rather non-spherical or stretched body.

Leibstadt
Leibstadt is a municipality of the district of Zurzach in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Leimbach, Aargau
Leimbach is a municipality of the district of Kulm in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Leuggern
Leuggern is a municipality of the district of Zurzach in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Leutwil
Leutwil is a municipality of the district of Kulm in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Lengnau, Aargau
Lengnau is a municipality of the district of Zurzach in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

175 Andromache
175 Andromache is a big Main belt asteroid.
It was found by J. C. Watson on October 1, 1877 and named after Andromache, wife of Hector during the Trojan War.

Linn, Switzerland
Linn is a municipality of the district of Brugg in canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Lupfig
Lupfig is a municipality of the district of Brugg in canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

176 Iduna
176 Iduna is a big main belt asteroid. It is made of similar stuff as the biggest main belt asteroid, 1 Ceres.
It was found by C. H. F. Peters on October 14, 1877 in Clinton, New York. It is named after the Ydun, a club in Stockholm that hosted an astronomical conference.
An occultation of a star by Iduna was seen from Mexico on January 17, 1998.

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177 Irma
177 Irma is a fairly big and dark Main belt asteroid.
It was found by brothers Paul Henry and Prosper Henry on November 5, 1877. Paul was credited for finding this asteroid.

178 Belisana
178 Belisana is a rocky Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Johann Palisa on November 6, 1877. It is named after the Celtic goddess Belisana.

Magden
Magden is a municipality of the district of Rheinfelden in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Mägenwil
Mägenwil is a municipality of the district of Baden in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Mandach
Mandach is a municipality of the district of Brugg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Meisterschwanden
Meisterschwanden is a municipality of the district of Lenzburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Mellikon
Mellikon is a municipality of the district of Zurzach in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Mellingen
"For the town in Thuringia, see Mellingen, Germany."
Mellingen is a municipality of the district of Baden in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Altoids
Altoids are a brand of breath mints and candies that have been sold since the 1800s. There are many different flavours for each product.
Mints.
Mints are sold as squares and come in six flavours: Peppermint, Cinnamon, Wintergreen, Spearmint, Ginger, and liquorice.
Sours.
Sours are hard candies that are round. They come in six flavours: Tangerine, Citrus, Raspberry, Apple, Mango, and Passion Fruit.
Gum.
Altoid gum is sugar-free, which means there is no sugar inside the gum. They come in six flavours: Peppermint, Spearmint, Cinnamon, Wintergreen, Cherry, and Apple.
Breath Strips.
Breath Strips came in two flavours: Cinnamon and Peppermint. Since 2007, the product was discontinued, which means that the company isn't selling them anymore.

179 Klytaemnestra
179 Klytaemnestra is a fairly big Main belt asteroid. It is an S-type asteroid.
It was found by J. C. Watson on November 11, 1877. It was the last of the 22 asteroids he found. It is named after Clytemnestra, the wife of Agamemnon in Greek mythology.

Menziken
Menziken is a municipality of the district of Kulm in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Merenschwand
Merenschwand is a municipality of the district of Muri in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus
The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus is a American band. Since the band formed in 2003 in Jacksonville, Florida, they have made two albums and two EPs.

180 Garumna
180 Garumna is a Main belt asteroid.
It was found by J. Perrotin on January 29, 1878. Its name comes from the old Latin name for the Garonne River in France.

Monción
Monción is a city and municipality of the Santiago Rodríguez province, in northwestern Dominican Republic. Its old name was "Guaraguanó", a Taíno name that many people still use.
Population.
The municipality had, in 2002, a total population of 11,663: 5,870 men and 5,793 women; its population density was 82 persons/km². The urban population was 57.94% of the total population.
History.
The town was founded by people that came to look for gold in the Mao river and other rivers of the region. Later, some families came to live here to cut the many trees, mainly pines, that there were around the town.
On 9 April 1884, it was created the "Puesto Cantonal de Guaraguanó" in the Monte Cristi province. "Puesto Cantonal" was similar to a municipality; in English, "County (Military) Post". On 23 March 1898, the name of "Guaraguanó" was changed to the present name, "Monción", in honor of "Benito Monción", one of the heroes of the Restoration War against Spain.
When the Santiago Rodríguez province was created in 1948, Monción was one of the municipalities of that new province.
Economy.
The main economic activity of the municipality is farming. Monción is the centre of production of "casabe" (a kind of bread, of Taíno origin, made with the flour of manioc).

181 Eucharis
181 Eucharis is a big, slowly rotating Main belt asteroid. It is classified as a K-type asteroid. It is named after Eucharis, a Greek nymph.
It was found by French astronomer Pablo Cottenot on February 2, 1878 from Marseille Observatory. It was the only asteroid he found.

182 Elsa
182 Elsa is a Main belt asteroid. It is an S-type asteroid.
It was found by Johann Palisa on February 7, 1878. What it is named after is uncertain; it may be named after the character in the legend of Lohengrin perpetuated by Richard Wagner's opera of the same name.
It rotates very slowly; its rotation period (or "day") is about 3.3 Earth days. A possible moon has been suggested to explain the slow rotation.
Elsa has very amplified lightcurve indicating a stretched or non-spherical body. It was one of five minor planets included in the 1993 study, Transition Comets -- UV Search for OH Emissions in Asteroids, which was research involving non-professional astronomers who were allowed to make use of the Hubble Space Telescope.

183 Istria
183 Istria is a stony main belt asteroid.
It was found by J. Palisa on February 8, 1878, from Pula, Croatia, and named after the Istrian peninsula, which was then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and where city of Pula is located.

184 Dejopeja
184 Dejopeja is a big M-type Main belt asteroid.
It was found by J. Palisa on February 28, 1878. It is named after Deiopaea, a Roman nymph.

185 Eunike
185 Eunike is a dark and very big Main belt asteroid. It is made of carbonates.
It was found by C. H. F. Peters on March 1, 1878 in Clinton, New York and named after Eunike, a Nereid in Greek mythology whose name means 'happy victory'. The name was chosen to celebrate the Treaty of San Stefano (1878).
There have been three seen occultations of stars by Eunike.

Guayacanes
Guayacanes is a village in the province of Ciego de Ávila, Cuba.

American Cooperative School of Tunis
The American Cooperative School of Tunis or ACST is a comprehensive non-profit private high school located in Tunis, Tunisia. The school has more than 500 students in grades K-12,
The school is widely known for its International Baccalaureate Diploma Program which it has used since 2000. It is currently the only IB World School in Tunisia.
History.
The American Cooperative School of Tunis was founded in 1959, originally as an American Grade School only teaching Grades K-8. A ninth grade was added in 1982 and a tenth grade in 1993. Eleventh and twelfth grade was added in 1995 and 1996 respectively with the first graduating class being the class of June 1997.

Fucking Åmål
"Fucking Åmål" is a 1998 Swedish movie that was distributed in most English speaking countries as "Show Me Love".
The movie was written and directed by Lukas Moodysson and was his first full length movie. Alexandra Dahlström and Rebecka Liljeberg are "Elin" and "Agnes". "Fucking Åmål" won four Guldbagge Awards at the 1999 awards ceremony. The movie was not filmed in Åmål, the city that gives the name to the movie, but in Trollhättan, another small city in Sweden. The movie is really famous in lesbian environments around the world.
Plot summary.
The movie tells the story of two girls, Agnes and Elin, who go to school in the small town of Åmål. Elin is outgoing and popular, but finds her life unsatisfying and dull. Agnes, by contrast, has no friends and is constantly depressed. Agnes has a crush on Elin, but cannot find any way to express it. Agnes's parents worry about their daughter and try to make her happy. They throw a birthday party for her, but Agnes is afraid no one will come. Her friend, a girl in a wheelchair, shows up and Agnes shouts at her in front of her parents, telling her they are only friends because no one wants to make friends with either of them. Elin arrives late at Agnes's house, mainly as an excuse to avoid going to a different party, where there will be a boy she wants to avoid. Elin's older sister, Jessica, who comes with her, dares her to kiss Agnes, who is rumoured to be a lesbian. Elin fulfils the dare, and then runs away. Elin soon discovers that she is attracted to Agnes but is afraid to admit it. She pretends to be in love with Johan Hult, the boy she avoided at the start. She loses her virginity to him, but later breaks up with him, telling him that she is in love with someone else, truly she understand that boys want just sex from the girls, so she try to see around herself, and she discovers the love for Agnes. Elin and Agnes eventually show each other's feelings at the end of the movie, where, after a climactic scene in a school bathroom, they decide to "out" their relationship to all students in the school.

Mateo Alemán
Mateo Alemán y de Enero (Seville, Spain, 1547 – 1615? in Mexico) was a Spanish writer.
He graduated at Seville University in 1564 and later studied at Salamanca and Alcalá. From 1571 to 1588 held a post in the treasury. He was descended from Jews who were made to converted to Catholicism after 1492. One of his forebears had been burned by the Inquisition for secretly continuing to practice Judaism. In 1599, he published the first part of "Guzmán de Alfarache". It was a well liked book which was printed in at least sixteen editions in five years.
In 1571 he married Catalina de Espinosa. It was not a happy marriage. He was constantly in money difficulties and was imprisoned for debt at Seville at the end of 1602.
In 1608, Alemán moved to America. It is said that he worked as a printer in Mexico. His "Ortografía castellana" (1609), published in Mexico, contains ideas for the reform of Spanish spelling. Nothing is known of Alemán after 1609, but it is sometimes believed that he was still living in 1617.

Rebecka Liljeberg
Rebecka Månstråle Liljeberg (born 13 May 1981) is a Swedish actress.
She was born in Turinge, about 40 km southwest of Stockholm, and moved around Sweden for much of her youth. Liljeberg's mother was relatively young when she was born, and her parents divorced when she was one year old. At the age of 9 (1991), Liljeberg began her acting career when she won a role in the series "Sunes jul". Between 1993 and 1997, she became played in amateur theatre, which she continued with until gaining a role in the film "Närkontakt" later in 1997. The following year she won her breakthrough role in the Lukas Moodysson film "Fucking Åmål". For the 22Fucking Åmål she stopped his study in high school to take up the role, which ultimately won her the 1999 Guldbagge Award for Best Actress, together with Alexandra Dahlström.After her roles in "Fucking Åmål" and "Sherdil", Liljeberg began an adult education course in order to graduate from high school. While studying, she also played in "Bear's Kiss", and voiced a character in the Swedish version of IMAX film "T-Rex: Back to the Cretaceous". In 2002, she completed the adult education course, and is now studying medicine at the Karolinska Institute to become a pediatrician.
Private Life.
Liljeberg is known to enjoy working with computers. She wrote for a Swedish newspaper Svenska Dagbladet for some time. Liljeberg also contributed to UNESCO's "Utrymme" anthology of twenty works from young writers around the world. Liljeberg now lives in Stockholm with her boyfriend Alexander Skepp. They have two children: Harry Theodor, born in June 2002 and Vera, born on 1 January, 2005. Liljeberg expressed a desire to work with director Lukas Moodysson again.

Alexandra Dahlström
Alexandra Dahlström (born February 12, 1984) is a Swedish actress. She was born in Gävle, Sweden, and grew up in Stockholm. Her mother is Russian, and her father Swedish. She speaks both Swedish and Russian.
Career.
Dahlström gained international attention in 1998, after starring as "Elin" in the movie "Fucking Åmål". For this, she won the Guldbagge Award for Best Actress, together with Rebecka Liljeberg. After "Fucking Åmål" she receiving numerous offers to work in other movies, but she declined the offers, because she wanted to concentrate on finishing school. In 2002, Dahlström worked as assistant director and Russian translator,for Lukas Moodysson, with his movie "Lilya 4-ever". From the 5 March 2007 Alexandra will be participating in the Dutch soap opera Goede Tijden, Slechte Tijden on RTL 4. She will play a Swedish exchanges student called Skylar Nilsson.
Personal life.
She lived alone in Stockholm after graduating high school. She continued to act in theatre. After a several-year break, Dahlström again starred in the movie "Fröken Sverige" (Miss Sweden)gaining nice comments. During the autumn of 2004 she was the DJ for the biggest late night talk show in Sweden, called 'Late Night with Luuk', which she had been originally interviewed on in May 1998 with Rebecka Liljeberg for her acting in "Fucking Åmål". After completing her studies, she now lives in Rome, Italy and is again pursuing a serious acting career.

186 Celuta
186 Celuta is a fairly big Main belt asteroid. It is an S-type asteroid.
It was found by the brothers Paul Henry and Prosper Henry on April 6, 1878. This was the last asteroid credited to Prosper. The meaning of the name is unknown.

Search engine optimisation
Search engine optimisation is a set of techniques to make webpages appear in the search engines results pages (SERPS) such as those given by google. Many people use search engine optimisation companies to do the work for them because it is too time consuming to do themselves.
A more common word used to describe search engine optimisation is internet marketing or search engine marketing.
Search engine companies are careful to ensure that spam does not affect their search engine results pages by incorporating filters such as pagerank.
Most people do not need to pay for search engine optimisation services because usually a webpage is supposed to appear on the search engines over time anyway. But some ecommerce websites may want to appear sooner, and so they pay for search engine optimisation services from companies that provide it.

Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs of Germany
The Federal Ministry of Work and Social Affairs (BMAS) is a ministry of the Federal Republic of Germany. It was part of the Federal Ministry of economy and work () between 2002 and 2005.
Office building.
A part of the ministry is based in Berlin-Mitte. When the Bundestag and government moved to Berlin in 1999 the BMA moved into buildings in the Jägerstraße/ Wilhelmstraße. A large part of the ministry stayed in Bonn. Originally the building at Wilhelmstraße 49 was a stately home. After 1826 it was used by the Hohenzollern Prince Karl.
The building housed the press department of the Reichsregierung (National government) of the Weimar Republic between 1918 and 1933. Under the Third Reich it was the Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda of Dr Joseph Goebbels.
After Wartime damage was repaired, the Central Council of the National Front moved in in 1947. Later the Central Council of the German Democratic Republic occupied the building. The study of the first and only president of the DDR, Wilhelm Pieck, is there. It was restored between 1996 and 2000.
Federal Minister for Work 1949 to 1957.
1949-1957: Anton Storch (CDU)
Functions.
The BMAS was involved in promoting the new Code of Social Law II, sometime called Hartz IV.
Bundesagentur für Arbeit federal Labour agency ("Jobcentres" as they aare known in the UK;
Bundesanstalt für Arbeitsschutz und Arbeitsmedizin. Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
Europe.
The European Court of Justice found that Germany did not properly enforce the Working Hours Directive. This was a job BMAS should have done.

187 Lamberta
187 Lamberta is a big and very dark main belt asteroid. It is made of carbonates.
It was found by J. Coggia on April 11, 1878. It was the second of the five asteroids he found. It is named after the astronomer Johann Heinrich Lambert.

188 Menippe
188 Menippe is a main belt asteroid. It has a bright surface and is made of rock.
It was found by C. H. F. Peters on June 18, 1878 in Clinton, New York and named after Menippe, one of the daughters of Orion in Greek mythology.

189 Phthia
189 Phthia is a bright-coloured, rocky main belt asteroid.
It was found by C. H. F. Peters on September 9, 1878 in Clinton, New York and named after Phthia, an area of Ancient Greece.

190 Ismene
190 Ismene is a very big main belt asteroid. Being a P-type asteroid, it has a very dark surface and may have water.
Ismene orbits near the farther edge of the asteroid belt. It is one of the Hilda asteroids, which are locked in 3:2 resonance with the planet Jupiter.
It was found by C. H. F. Peters on September 22, 1878 in Clinton, New York and named after Ismene, the sister of Antigone in Greek mythology.

Ministry of Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth
The Federal Ministry of Family, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth () (BMFSFJ) is a ministry of the Federal Republic of Germany. Although the headquarters are in Berlin, more people work in the Bonn office.
Different ministries, for example Labour and Social Affairs, can affect families, the elderly, women and youth. The BMFSFJ watches what these ministries do and provides specialised help.
Federal Ministers.
"Federal Minister for Family Questions (1953 to 1957), Family and Youth Questions (1957-1963) or Family and Youth (1963 to 1969)"
"Federal Minister for Youth, Family and Health 1969 to 1991"
"Federal Minister for Women and Youth 1991 to 1994"
"Federal Minister for Family and Senior Citizens 1991 to 1994"
"Federal Minister for Family, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth since 1994"

191 Kolga
191 Kolga is a big and very dark Main belt asteroid.
It was found by C. H. F. Peters on September 30, 1878 in Clinton, New York. It is named after Kolga, the daughter of Aeger in Norse mythology.

Ark of the Covenant
The Ark of the Covenant (ארון הברית in Hebrew: "aron hab'rit") is described in the Bible as a holy container where the tablets of stone with the Ten Commandments and other holy Israelite pieces are contained.
According to the Biblical account, the Ark was built at the command of God, following Moses' prophetic vision on Mount Sinai (Exodus 25:9-10).
Terminology.
The Hebrew word "aron" is used in the Bible to designate any type of ark or chest, for any purpose (Genesis 50:26; 2 Kings 12:9, 10). The Ark of the Covenant is distinguished from all others by such titles as "Ark of God" (1 Samuel 3:3), "Ark of the Covenant" (Josh. 3:6; Hebrews 9:4), "Ark of the Testimony" (Ex. 25:22).
The Ark (aron kodesh in Hebrew meaning holy cupboard) is a raised cupboard found in Jewish Synagogues which contains the holy Torah scrolls. These are all written by hand and can take years to make. It is always on the wall of the Synagogue which faces towards Jerusalem.
When the Ark is opened and the Torah removed for reading everyone stands in respect of God. During some prayers and services the Ark doors an inner curtain (parochet) are kept open.
Description.
The Bible describes the Ark as made of acacia or shittah-tree wood. It was a cubit and a half broad and high, and two and a half cubits long (about 130 cm × 78 cm × 78 cm or 4.29 × 2.57 × 2.57 feet, for Egyptian royal cubit was most likely used). The Ark was covered all over with the purest gold.
See also.
Middle Eastern: Israel
People: Joshua, Samuel, Solomon

Cubit
Cubit is the name for any one of many units of measure used by various ancient peoples and is among the first recorded units of length.
The cubit is based on measuring by comparing – especially cords and textiles, but also for timbers and stones – to one's forearm length. The Egyptian hieroglyph for the unit shows this symbol. It was employed consistently through Antiquity, the Middle Ages up to the Early Modern Times.
The distance between thumb and another finger to the elbow on an average person and measures about 24 digits or 6 palms or 1½ feet. This is about 45 cm or 18 inches. This so-called "natural cubit" of 1½ feet is used in the Roman system of measures and in different Greek systems.
From late Antiquity, the Roman ulna, a four-feet-cubit (about 120 cm) is also attested. This length is the measure from a man's hip to the fingers of the outstretched opposite arm.
The English yard could be considered to be a type of cubit, measuring 12 palms, ~90 cm, or 36 inches (3.00 ft). This is the measure from the middle of a man's body to his fingers, always with outstretched arm. The English ell is essentially a kind of great cubit of 15 palms, 114 cm, or 45 inches (3.75 ft).

Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development of Germany
The Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) is a ministry of the Federal Republic of Germany. The ministry's headquarters are in what used to be the Bundeskanzleramt (the Federal Chancellor's Office building) in Bonn, with a second office in the Europahaus, in Berlin.
History.
The BMZ was founded 1961, as the Ministry for Economic Cooperation. Lots of different ministries had a little to do with helping the economies of foreign countries. These jobs were all taken away and given to the new ministry. It became the "Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development" on 23 January 1993. The change was to show that Germany was not just interested in working with Less Developed Countries, but in helping those countries as well.
Job.
The BMZ main job is help to other countries to develop and become richer. It does this by giving money and other aid.
The BMZ also oversees giving money to international organisations and private charities which can help the BMZ's main job.
The money that Germany gives to the European Development Fund, the World Bank and regional development banks is paid by the BMZ.
The BMZ also makes sure that countries which get money are democratic and have a good human rights record.
Germany thinks that giving this help is so important that the BMZ is a member of the Federal Security Council, which helps to make sure that Germany is safe and at peace.

192 Nausikaa
192 Nausikaa is a big main belt asteroid. It is an S-type asteroid.
It was found by Johann Palisa on February 17, 1879. The name comes from Nausicaä, a princess in Homer's Odyssey.
Based on the lightcurve data from Nausikaa, a possible moon was reported in 1985. However, it has not been confirmed.
A shape model of Nausikaa has been constructed, also based on the lightcurve data. It indicates a roughly-cut, but not very stretched body.
In 1998, an occultation of a star by the asteroid was seen from the United States.

Haskovo
Haskovo is a town in southeastern Bulgaria. Around 96,000 people live there. It celebrated the 1,000th anniversary in 1985.
History.
Archeologists (people who study stuff from long ago) say that people started to live in the Haskovo area about 7,000 years ago.
During the 9th century, a fortress was built, and soon after, a town was built around the fortress. The town was located on a big piece of land between the Klokotnitsa, Harmanliyska, and Maritsa rivers.
In 1395, the "Eski camii" (the Old Mosque) was built as one of the first in the Balkans.
In 1782, the town was known as Marsa (Arab name).
Most Bulgarians started living in Haskovo in the 19th century. The town was a trading center for merchants (people who sell stuff) from Edirne, Enos, and Istanbul. The area became known for producing cotton, silk fabrics, and carpets.

Athens, Alabama
Athens is a city in and the county seat of Limestone County, Alabama.
In the year 2000, Athens had a population of about 21,000 people. Athens has an area of about 39 miles and sits at 798 feet above sea level.

Athens (disambiguation)
Athens is the capital city of Greece.

Less Developed Countries
Less Developed Countries or "LDC"s are those countries that are not as rich as the industrialised countries of western Europe and North America.
These are often countries which have a lot of natural resources but not the industry to use them so the resources are sold to the countries which can use them.
They are not used now because "Less Developed Country" seems less insulting.

Ell
The English unit of length ell is usually 45 inches, that means 1.143 m (for the international inch) It came from the length of the arm from the shoulder (or the elbow) to the wrist, although the exact length was never defined in English law.
Several different national forms existed, with different lengths: the Scottish ell (about 37 inches), the Flemish ell (about 27 inches) and the Polish ell (0.78 metres, about 31 inches).Sometimes "ell" is used as an other word for the cubit.
An ell-wand or ellwand was a rod of length one ell used for official measurement. Edward I of England ordered that every town should have one.

Unit of length
A unit of length is a way of measuring length or distance.

193 Ambrosia
193 Ambrosia is a main belt asteroid.
It was found by J. Coggia on February 28, 1879 and named after Ambrosia, the food of the gods in Greek mythology.

Mettau, Switzerland
Mettau is a municipality of the district of Laufenburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Möhlin
Möhlin is a municipality of the district of Rheinfelden in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Mönthal
Mönthal is a municipality of the district of Brugg in canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Moosleerau
Moosleerau is a municipality of the district of Zofingen in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Möriken-Wildegg
Möriken-Wildegg is a municipality of the district of Lenzburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Muhen
Muhen is a municipality of the district of Aarau of the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Gorgona, Italy
Gorgona is an island in the Tuscan Archipelago, a group of islands off the west coast of Italy.
It is one of only five islands in the world on which the Corsican Finch is found.The island is famous for its anchovies. Tradition holds that monks from Gorgona rescued the relics of Saint Julia of Corsica before they were carried to the mainland in the 8th century.

Mühlau
"For the town in Germany, see Mühlau, Germany."
Mühlau is a municipality of the district of Muri in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Mülligen
Mülligen is a municipality of the district of Brugg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Tuscan Archipelago
The Tuscan Archipelago is a chain of islands between the Ligurian Sea and Tyrrhenian Sea, west of Tuscany, Italy.
The archipelago contains the islands of Elba (the largest island of the group), Pianosa, Capraia, Montecristo, Giglio, Gorgona and Giannutri, all of which are protected as part of the Tuscan Archipelago National Park.

Pianosa
Pianosa is a small (about 10 km2) island in Italy's Tuscan Archipelago. The name is derived from the Italian word "pianura" (plain) because its highest point is some 22 meters over sea level.Pianosa has no permanent residents. It is known in Italy for a maximum-security prison, where especially dangerous Mafia criminals are held. For administration,Pianosa is part of the Elba island municipality. On clear days, it can be seen from that island as a dark blue line over the lighter blue sea.
In the novel "Catch-22", a U.S. Army Air Corps bomber squadron is based on the island during World War II,
There is another, even smaller island called "Pianosa" off the Adriatic coast of Italy.

Capraia
Capraia, is an island of Italy, part of the Tuscan Archipelago, off the northwest coast, belonging to the Province of Livorno. It is 62 km from the city of Livorno by sea, and 32 km northwest of the island of Elba.It is of volcanic origin, has an area of 19 km² and its highest point is 466 m above sea level. As of 31 December 2004, the "comune" (municipality) of Capraia Isola had a population of 366
The island produces wine, and is a centre of the anchovy fishery. It became Genoese in 1527 and was strongly fortified. In 1796 it was occupied for a short time by Horatio Nelson. Part of the island was formerly occupied by an agricultural penal colony, but it was shut down in 1986. Most of the island has been made into a national park. About 40 km to the north is the island of Gorgona, which is also famous for its anchovies.

Montecristo
Monte Cristo is a small Italian Island, approximately 4.3 kilometers across at its widest point, located about halfway between Corsica and mainland Italy; south of Elba and west of Giglio.It is part of the Tuscan Archipelago.
The island is probably best known as a fictional setting in the novel "The Count of Monte Cristo" by Alexandre Dumas, père.
Monte Cristo is Italian for “The mountain of Christ".
The island is remote and kept by the Italian government as a nature preserve and hunting park, and only accessible by private yacht and permit.
There are no structures on the island.

Giglio
Giglio Island (Italian: "Isola del Giglio") is an island and Italian "commune" located in the Tyrrhenian Sea, off the coast of Tuscany, part of the Province of Grosseto,and part of Tuscan Archipelago
Geography.
The island is separated by a 16 km stretch of sea from the Argentario promontory: mainly montainous, it is almost wholly constituted of granites culminating in the Poggio della Pagana (496 m). 90% of its surface is covered by Mediterranean vegetation alternating with large pine forests and numerous vineyards which enable the production of the famous "Ansonaco" wine. The coast is 27 km long, made up of rocks, of smooth cliffs and several suggestive bays: Arenella, Cannelle, Caldane and Campese, the biggest one with its little homonymous village.
History.
The modern island was probably born 4.5 - 5 millions years ago, and has been inhabited since the Iron Age. Later it was probably an Etruscan military stronghold. Under the Roman domination it was an important base in the Tyrrhenian Sea, cited, for example, by Julius Caesar in his "De Bello Gallico" and by the poet Rutilius Claudius Namatianus.
In 805 it was donated by Charlemagne to the abbey of the Tre Fontane in Rome, and was later a possession of Aldobrandeschi, Pannocchieschi, Caetani, Orsini families and the commune of Perugia. In 1241 the Sicilian fleet of Emperor Frederick II destroyed a Genoese fleet. From 1264 Giglio was a Pisane dominion, from which it passed to the Medici. It suffered several Saracen attacks, which ended only in 1799.
Alongside its history the island was always renowned for his minerary resources: many columns and edifices in Rome were built with the Gigliese granite.
How the island was.
The island houses the remains of a Roman villa of Domitius Ahenobarbus (1st-2nd centuries), in the area of Giglio Porto. No traces of the Temple of Diana once existing now can be seen. The church of San Pietro Apostolo in Giglio Castello has an ivory crucifix attributed to Giambologna
It is also site of an Etruscan shipwreck, dating to the early Iron age, "c." 600 BC. The cargo of the ship included copper and lead ingots, iron spits, amphorae and a Corinthian helmet. Even a wooden writing tablet with stylus was preserved. The finds are almost completely lost now.
Transportation.
Isola del Giglio is connected to Tuscany by ferries starting from Porto Santo Stefano and Orbetello Scalo.

Giannutri
Giannutri is a small island in the Mediterranean Sea off the coast of Tuscany, Italy. It is the most southerly island of the Tuscan Archipelago.
Its tourist attractions include Villa Domizia, an ancient Roman seaside villa.

Orange, Ohio
Orange is a village of Cuyahoga County, Ohio, United States. It is a suburb of the big city of Cleveland. The population was 3,236 people as of 2000.
Orange was first settled in 1815, and was founded as a township in 1820. In 1831, Orange became the birthplace of United States president James A. Garfield.
Orange was made into a village in 1929.

AH-64 Apache
The AH-64 Apache is an attack helicopter that first flew in 1975 and has been produced since 1984. It was designed by Hughes Helicopters, but that later became McDonnell Douglas, which later became Boeing. It is designed to attack things on the ground to help soldiers. To do this, it can carry 16 AGM-114 Hellfire missiles, along with rocket pods, and a 30mm chain gun that can fire 625 rounds per minute. It can carry 1,200 bullets. It can also carry missiles like the AIM-9 Sidewinder to shoot down things in the air if it is attacked by fighter aircraft or other helicopters.
AH-64 details.
The AH-64 is 49.11 feet (14.97 meters) long, 17.16 feet (5.23 meters) wide, and 16.24 feet (4.95 meters) tall. Without anything, it weighs 11,799 pounds (5,352 kilograms). Full, it weighs 22,282 pounds (10,107 kilograms). It is powered by 2 General Electric T700-GE-701C engines. It can go 162 miles per hour (261 kilometers per hour), can fly 1,181 miles (1,900 kilometers) without refueling, can fly 9,478 feet (2,889 meters) high, and can climb 2,415 feet a minute (736 meters a minute).
The AH-64's users.
The AH-64 has been used by the United States. It was first used in Operation Just Cause. It has also been used by Israel, Japan, Netherlands, United Kingdom, Kuwait, Greece, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, and Singapore.

Aberdeen, Ohio
Aberdeen is a village of Brown County, Ohio, United States, along the Ohio River. The population is 1,603 people as of 2000.
The village has an area of 1.7 square miles.
Aberdeen was made in 1816 along the north shore of the Ohio River, at a site where a ferry was in service.

194 Prokne
194 Prokne is a very big and dark main belt asteroid. It is made of carbonates.
It was found by C. H. F. Peters on March 21, 1879 in Clinton, New York and named after Procne, the sister of Philomela in Greek mythology.
Stellar occultations by Prokne have been seen twice, in 1984 from Italy and again in 1999 from Iowa (United States).

Adamsville, Ohio
Adamsville is a village of Muskingum County, Ohio, United States. The population is 127 people as of 2000.
The village has an area of.1 square miles, according to the United States Census Bureau.

Adell, Wisconsin
Adell is a village of Sheboygan County, Wisconsin, United States. The population is 517 people as of 2000. Adell has an area of.5 square miles, thanks to the United States Census Bureau.
Hildegarde, an American cabaret singer, was born in Adell.

Albany, Wisconsin
Albany is a village in Green County, Wisconsin, United States. The population is 1,191 people as of 2000. It has an area of 1.3 square miles, thanks to the United States Census Bureau.

Allouez, Wisconsin
Allouez is a village of Brown County in the state of Wisconsin in the United States. The village has a population of 15,443 people as of 2000. The village has an area of 5.2 square miles, thanks to the United States Census Bureau.
Some notable people who lived in Allouez are: Vince Lombardi, Paul Gigot, and Nick Matzke.

Arcade Fire
Arcade Fire is an indie rock band from Montreal, Canada. They became very famous in 2004. They have many members in the band, and have released two albums.

195 Eurykleia
195 Eurykleia is a fairly big Main belt asteroid. It is made of carbonates.
It was found by Johann Palisa on April 19, 1879 and named after Euryclea, the wet-nurse of Odysseus in "The Odyssey".

Pavement (band)
Pavement is an indie rock band from California, United States. They made music from 1989 until 1999. They are on the music label Matador Records.

Matador Records
Matador Records is an American indie record label with many bands like Modest Mouse, Pavement, and Guided by Voices.

Modest Mouse
Modest Mouse is a famous indie rock band from Issaquah, Washington. It was formed by Isaac Brock, Jeremiah Green, John Wickhart, and Eric Judy. They started making music in 1993 and still are a band today.
They formed in 1993 in Washington, during the popularity of grunge music. They struggled to release an album, but eventually released their first album "This Is a Long Drive for Someone with Nothing to Think About" in 1996 after being signed to Up Records. Their second album, "The Lonesome Crowded West", came next, one year later.
They then re-signed to Epic Records in 2000 and released "The Moon & Antarctica".
In 2003, Jeremiah Green left the band, but he was replaced with Benjamin Weikel and Dann Gallucci. Modest Mouse was fairly unaffected by this, and they released their fourth album, "Good News for People Who Love Bad News" one year later. It was very popular and had two main hits: "Float On" and "Ocean Breathes Salty."
In 2006, after a long tour supporting "Good News", Modest Mouse came back to the studio to record their fifth studio album, "We Were Dead Before the Ship Even Sank". It was fairly quick to record, and it was released on March 20, 2007. It was even more popular than "Good News". A hit single from this album was "Dashboard." After touring for over a year with R.E.M. and The National, Modest Mouse has now returned to the studio again, to make a sixth album. The album will be released in 2009.

196 Philomela
196 Philomela is a big and bright main belt asteroid. It is an S-type asteroid.
It was found by C. H. F. Peters on May 14, 1879 in Clinton, New York and named after Philomela, the woman who became a nightingale in Greek mythology.
There are so far two reported Philomelian stellar occultations.

Santa Maria Island
The island of Santa Maria (Portuguese for Saint Mary) is an island located in the southeastern part of the Azores and is the southernmost island in the Azores Islands. It was the first island in the Azores Archipelago to be discovered. The discoverer of the island was Diogo Silves during his journey to Madeira in 1427. Gonçalo Velho brought families and cattle to the island.

Harry Potter (character)
Harry James Potter is the main character and the main protagonist of J. K. Rowling's "Harry Potter" fantasy series. The books cover seven years in the life of the orphan who, on his 11th birthday, learns he is a wizard and the son of magical parents Lily and James Potter. He goes to Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry to learn magic. Harry soon learns that he is already famous in the world of wizards. He also learns that his fate is connected to Lord Voldemort. Voldemort was the evil wizard who killed Harry's parents but was believed to have died when he tried to use the Killing Curse on the baby Harry. Rowling said that the idea for the Harry Potter character came to her while waiting for a train in 1990. She decided to make him an orphan following the death of her mother.
Concept and creation.
According to author J. K. Rowling, the idea for both the "Harry Potter" books and the character came while waiting for a delayed train from Manchester to London in 1990. J.K. Rowling said that in the hours she waited, her idea for "this scrawny, black-haired, bespectacled boy who didn't know he was a wizard became more and more real to me." Rowling also decided to make Harry an orphan at a boarding school called Hogwarts. She explained in a 1y HAD to be an orphan - so that he's a free agent, with no fear of letting down his parents, disappointing them … Hogwarts HAS to be a boarding school - half the important stuff happens at night! Then there's the security. Having a child of my own reinforces my belief that children above all want security, and that's what Hogwarts offers Harry."
The death of her mother on December 30, 1990 led Rowling to write Harry Potter as a boy longing for his dead parents. His anguish became "more deeper, more real" than in earlier versions because she related to it herself. In a 2000 interview with "The Guardian", Rowling also said that the character of Wart in T.H. White's novel "The Sword In the Stone" is "Harry's spiritual ancestor." In that book, a boy called Wart meets the mysterious sorcerer Merlyn. Merlyn helps the child grow into a noble, powerful warrior who later becomes King Arthur. She also said that Harry was born on 31 July and has the same birthday as herself. However, she says, Harry is not directly based on any real-life character, "he came just out of a part of me".
First book.
Harry first appears in "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone" (published in the United States as "Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone") as the book's protagonist, or main character. When Harry was a little over one year old, his parents were killed by the powerful Dark Wizard, Lord Voldemort. Harry survived Voldemort's Killing Curse after his mother died to protect him. The Curse was turned back at Voldemort and ripped his soul from his body. Because of this, Harry has a lightning-bolt shaped scar on his forehead. Rowling has said that creating the story about Harry Potter's past was a matter of reverse planning: "The basic idea [is that] Harry … didn't know he was a wizard … and so then I kind of worked backwards from that position to find out how that could be, that he wouldn't know what he was… When he was one-year-old, the most evil wizard in hundreds of years attempted to kill him. He killed Harry's parents, and then he tried to kill Harry - he tried to curse him… Harry has to find out, before we find out. And - so - but for some mysterious reason, the curse didn't work on Harry. So he's left with this lightning-bolt shaped scar on his forehead, and the curse rebounded upon the evil wizard who has been in hiding ever since".
Harry is written as an orphan living unhappily with his only family left, the cruel Dursleys. On his eleventh birthday, Harry finds that he is a wizard when Rubeus Hagrid tells him that he is to go Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. There he learns about his parents and his connection to the Dark Lord. He is "sorted" into Gryffindor House by the Sorting Hat and becomes friends with classmates Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger. Near the end of his first year at Hogwarts, he stops Voldemort's attempt to steal the Philosopher's Stone. He also forms rivalries with characters Draco Malfoy, a classmate from an elitist wizard family, and the Potions teacher and head of Slytherin House, Severus Snape. Both feuds continue throughout the series. In a 1999 interview, Rowling stated that Draco is based on several schoolyard bullies she had known and Snape on a teacher of hers who abused his power.
Rowling has said that the "Mirror of Erised" chapter in "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone" is her favourite. The mirror reflects Harry's deepest desire, namely to see his dead parents. Her favourite funny scene is when Harry accidentally sets a boa constrictor free from the zoo in the horrified Dursleys' presence.
Second to fourth books.
In the second book, "Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets", Rowling pits Harry against Tom Marvolo Riddle, a memory of Lord Voldemort locked up in a secret diary that Ron's younger sister Ginny Weasley finds in a bathroom. When half-blood students are found being petrified, many think that Harry may be the one behind the attacks, making him become more detached from his classmates. At the height of the book, Ginny Weasley is found to be missing. To rescue her, Harry battles Riddle and the monster he controls that is hidden in the Chamber of Secrets.
In the third book, called "Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban", Rowling uses time travel as the basis for the book. Harry learns that his parents were sold out to Lord Voldemort by their friend Peter Pettigrew, also accused of framing Harry's godfather Sirius Black for crimes he didn't make, locking him up in the wizarding prison, Azkaban. When Black escapes to find revenge, Harry and Hermione use a Time Turner to save him and a hippogriff named Buckbeak. Pettigrew, and the truth, escape from Sirius, causing him to be on the run from the authorities.
In the previous books, Harry is written as a child, but Rowling states that in the fourth novel, "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire", "Harry's horizons are literally and metaphorically widening as he grows older." Harry's developing maturity becomes apparent when he becomes interested in Cho Chang, a pretty Ravenclaw student. Tension mounts, however, when Harry is mysteriously chosen by the Goblet of Fire to compete in the dangerous Triwizard Tournament, even though another Hogwarts champion, Cedric Diggory, was already selected. It is actually an elaborate scheme by Lord Voldemort to lure Harry into a deadly trap. During the Tournament's final challenge, Harry and Cedric are teleported to a graveyard. Cedric is killed, and Lord Voldemort, aided by Peter Pettigrew, uses Harry's blood in a gruesome ritual to resurrect Voldemort's body. When Harry duels Voldemort, their wands' magical streams connect, forcing the spirit echoes of Voldemort's victims, including Cedric and James and Lily Potter, to be expelled from his wand. The spirits shortly protect Harry as he escapes to Hogwarts with Cedric's body. For Rowling, this scene is important because it shows how Harry is brave, and by finding Cedric's corpse, he demonstrates selflessness and compassion. Says Rowling, "He wants to save Cedric's parents additional pain.” She added that preventing Cedric Diggory's body from falling into Voldemort's hands is based on the classic scene in the "Iliad" where Achilles finds the body of his best friend Patroclus from the hands of Hector. The author said: "That [Iliad scene] really, really, REALLY moved me when I read that when I was 19. The idea of the desecration of a body, a very ancient idea... I was thinking of that when Harry saved Cedric's body." She also said that she cried while writing the scene when Harry's dead parents are drawn from Voldemort's wand, the first time she cried while penning her story.
Fifth and sixth book.
In the fifth book, "Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix", the Ministry of Magic has been waging a smear campaign against Harry and Dumbledore, disputing their claims that Voldemort has returned. A new character is introduced when the Ministry of Magic appoints Dolores Umbridge as the latest Hogwarts' Defence Against the Dark Arts instructor (and Ministry spy). Because the paranoid Ministry thinks that Dumbledore is building a wizard army to overthrow them, Umbridge decides not to teach students real defensive magic. She gradually gains more power, eventually seizing control of the school. As a result, Harry's growing angry and erratic behaviour nearly estranges him from Ron and Hermione. Rowling says she put Harry through extreme emotional stress to show his emotional vulnerability and humanity—a contrast to his nemesis, Voldemort. "[Harry is] a very "human" hero, and this is, obviously, a contrast, between him, as a very human hero, and Voldemort, who has deliberately "de"humanised himself. And Harry, therefore, did have to reach a point where he did almost break down, and say he "didn’t" want to play anymore, he "didn’t" want to be the hero anymore – and he’d lost too much. And he didn’t want to lose anything else. So that – "Phoenix" was the point at which I decided he would have his breakdown." At Hermione's urging, Harry secretly teaches his classmates real defensive magic to thwart Umbridge and the Ministry, but their meetings are found and Dumbledore is ousted as Headmaster. Harry suffers another emotional blow, when his godfather, Sirius Black is killed during a battle with Death Eaters at the Department of Mysteries, but Harry ultimately defeats Voldemort's plan to steal an important prophecy and helps uncover Umbridge's sinister motives. Rowling stated: "And now he [Harry] will rise from the ashes strengthened." A sideplot of "Order of the Phoenix" involves Harry's romance with Cho Chang, but the relationship quickly unravels. Says Rowling: "They were never going to be happy, it was better that it ended early!"
In the sixth book, "Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince" Harry enters a tumultuous puberty that, Rowling says, is based on her and her younger sister's own difficult teenage years. Rowling also made an intimate statement about Harry's personal life: "Because of the demands of the adventure that Harry is following, he has had less sexual experience than boys of his age might have had". This inexperience with romance was a factor in Harry's failed relationship with Cho Chang. Now his thoughts concern Ginny Weasley, Ron's sister, a vital plot point in the last chapter when Harry ends their budding romance to protect her from Voldemort.
A new character appears when former Hogwarts Potions master Horace Slughorn returns to replace Severus Snape, who takes over the Defence Against the Dark Arts post. Harry excels in Potions by using an old textbook once belonging to a talented student known only as, "The Half-Blood Prince." The book contains many handwritten notes, revisions, and new spells; Hermione, however, believes Harry using it is cheating. Through private meetings with Dumbledore, Harry learns about Lord Voldemort's orphaned youth, his rise to power, and how he splintered his soul into Horcruxes to achieve immortality. Two Horcruxes have been destroyed, and Harry and Dumbledore locate another, although it is a fake. When Death Eaters invade Hogwarts, Snape kills Dumbledore. As Snape escapes, he proclaims that he is the Half-Blood Prince—Harry's admired mentor is actually his hated enemy. It now falls upon Harry to find and destroy Voldemort's remaining Horcruxes and to avenge Dumbledore's death. In a 2005 interview with NBC anchorwoman Katie Couric, Rowling stated that [after the events in the sixth book] Harry has, "taken the view that they are now at war. He does become more battle hardened. He’s now ready to go out fighting. And he’s after revenge [against Voldemort and Snape]."
Final book.
In "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows", Harry, Ron and Hermione leave Hogwarts to complete Dumbledore's task: to search for and destroy Voldemort's remaining four Horcruxes, and then find and kill the Dark Lord. The three put themselves against Voldemort's newly formed totalitarian police state, an action that tests Harry's courage and moral character. According to J.K. Rowling, a telling scene in which Harry uses "Cruciatus" and "Imperius" (unforgivable curses for torture and mind-control) on Voldemort's servants shows a side to Harry that is "flawed and mortal." However, she explains that, "He is also in an extreme situation and attempting to defend somebody very good against a violent and murderous opponent".
Harry comes to recognise that his own single-mindedness makes him predictable to his enemies and often clouds his perceptions. When Severus Snape is killed by Voldemort later in the story, Harry realises that Snape was not the traitorous murderer he believed him to be, but a tragic anti-hero who was loyal to Albus Dumbledore. In Chapter 33 ("The Prince's Tale") Snape's memories show that he loved Harry's mother Lily Evans, but their friendship ended over his association with future Death Eaters and "blood purity" beliefs. When Voldemort killed the Potters, a grieving Snape vowed to protect Lily's child, although he loathed young Harry for being James Potter's son. It is also revealed that Snape did not kill Albus Dumbledore, but carried out Dumbledore's prearranged plan. Dumbledore, who was dying from a slow-spreading curse, wanted to protect Snape's position within the Death Eaters and spare Draco Malfoy from completing Voldemort's task to murder him.
To defeat Harry, Voldemort steals the Elder Wand from Dumbledore's tomb. It is the most powerful wand ever created, and he twice casts the Killing Curse on Harry with it. The first attempt merely stuns Harry into a death-like state. In the chapter "King's Cross", Dumbledore's spirit tells Harry that when Voldemort failed to kill baby Harry and disembodied himself, Harry became an unintentional Horcrux; Voldemort could not kill Harry while the Dark Lord's soul shard was within Harry's body. Voldemort's second Killing Curse also fails because Voldemort used Harry's blood in his resurrection. Voldemort's soul shard within Harry was destroyed because Harry willingly faced death. In the next chapter, "The Flaw in the Plan", it is established that Harry, not Voldemort, became the Elder Wand's true master. In the book's climax, the Elder Wand disobeys the Dark Lord's command and rebounds the curse onto Voldemort, killing him. J.K. Rowling said, the difference between Harry and Voldemort is that Harry willingly accepts mortality, making him stronger than his nemesis. "The real master of Death accepts that he must die, and that there are much worse things in the world of the living."
After Voldemort's defeat, Harry joins the Auror Office for a revolutionised Ministry of Magic. Ten years afterwards, Harry is appointed department head by new Minister of Magic Kingsley Shacklebolt. Ron, who helped George run the Weasley Wizarding Wheezes Joke Shop for a time, is also an Auror. In the end, Rowling said his old rival Draco Malfoy has overcome his animosity after Harry saved his life three times in the seventh book.
In the "Deathly Hallows" epilogue, set nineteen years after Voldemort's death (i.e. 2017), Harry and Ginny are married and have three children: James, the oldest, Albus Severus, and Lily.
Movie appearances.
In the five "Harry Potter" movies from 2001-2007, Harry Potter has been played by British actor Daniel Radcliffe. He is also to appear in the two final movies. Radcliffe was asked to audition for the role of Harry Potter in 2000 by producer David Heyman, while in at a play titled "Stones in His Pockets" in London. The Harry Potter role has earned much money for Radcliffe. As of 2007, he has an estimated wealth of £17 million.
In a 2007 interview with MTV, Radcliffe stated that, for him, Harry Potter is a classic coming of age character: "That's what the films are about for me: a loss of innocence, going from being a young kid in awe of the world around him, to someone who is more battle-hardened by the end of it." He also said that for him, important factors in Harry's psyche are his survivor's guilt in regard to his dead parents and his lingering loneliness. Because of this, Radcliffe talked to a bereavement counsellor to help him prepare for the role. Radcliffe was quoted as saying that he wished for Harry to die in the books, but he clarified that he, "can't imagine any other way they can be concluded". After reading the last book, where Harry Potter and his friends survive and have children, Radcliffe stated to be glad about the ending and lauded author J. K. Rowling for the conclusion of the story.
Radcliffe stated that the most oft repeated question he has been asked is how Harry Potter has influenced his own life, to which he regularly answers it has been "fine", and that he did not feel pigeonholed by the role, but rather sees it as a huge privilege to portray the character of Harry Potter.
Characterisation.
According to author J. K. Rowling, Harry Potter is strongly guided by his own conscience, and has a keen feeling of what is right and what is wrong. Having "very limited access to truly caring adults", Rowling said, Harry "is forced to make his own decisions from early age on." He "does make mistakes", she conceded, but in the end, he does what his conscience tells him to do. According to Rowling, one of Harry's pivotal scenes came in the fourth book when he protects his dead schoolmate Cedric Diggory's body from arch villain Lord Voldemort, because it shows he is brave and unselfish.
Rowling also said that Harry's two worst character flaws are "anger and occasional arrogance", but that Harry is also innately honourable. "He's not a cruel boy. He's competitive, and he's a fighter. He doesn't just lie down and take abuse. But he does have native integrity, which makes him a hero to me. He's a normal boy but with those qualities most of us really admire." After the seventh book, Rowling commented that Harry has the ultimate character strength, being able to do what even Voldemort can not: he is not afraid of death.
Rowling has also maintained that Harry is a suitable real-life role model for children. "The advantage of a fictional hero or heroine is that you can know them better than you can know a living hero, many of whom you would never meet […] if people like Harry and identify with him, I am pleased, because I think he is very likeable."
Outward appearance.
Rowling also gave Harry Potter an uncanny outward appearance. Throughout the entire series, Harry sports his father's perpetually untidy black hair, his mother's green eyes, and a lightning bolt-shaped scar on his forehead because of his encounter with Lord Voldemort and round, thick eyeglasses. She explained that this image simply came to her when she first thought up Harry Potter, seeing him as a "scrawny, black-haired, bespectacled boy".
In the books, Harry's scar serves as an indicator of Voldemort's presence: it burns when the Dark Lord is near or feeling particularly murderous or exultant. According to Rowling, by attacking Harry when he was a baby, Voldemort gave him "tools (that) no other wizard possessed – the scar, and the ability it conferred, provided a magical window into Voldemort's mind." Asked why Harry's forehead scar is lightning bolt-shaped, Rowling said, "to be honest, because it’s a cool shape," and joked, "I couldn’t have my hero sport a doughnut-shaped scar."
Abilities and interests.
In the books, Harry is categorised as a "half-blood" wizard in the series, because although both his parents were magical, his mother, Lily Evans, was "Muggle-born". According to Rowling, to characters for whom wizarding blood purity matters, Lily would be considered "as loathsome as a Muggle", and derogatively referred to as a "Mudblood".
Throughout the series, Rowling wrote Harry Potter as a gifted wizard apprentice. She stated in a 2000 interview with "South West News Service" that Harry Potter is "particularly talented" in Defence Against the Dark Arts, and also good in Quidditch. Rowling said in the same interview that until about halfway through the third book, his good friend Hermione Granger –written as the smartest student in Harry's year– would have beaten Harry in a magical duel. From the fourth book onwards, Rowling admits Harry has become quite talented in the Defence Against the Dark Arts and would beat his friend Hermione in a magical duel. His power is evident from the beginning of the series; specifically, Harry shows immediate command of a broomstick, produces a Patronus at an early age and survives several confrontations with Voldemort. Harry is able to speak and understand Parseltongue, a language associated with Dark Magic, which, according to Rowling, is because he harbours a piece of Lord Voldemort's soul. After Voldemort destroys that soul piece in the seventh book's climax, Harry loses the ability to speak Parseltongue. Harry "is very glad" to have lost this gift.
According to Rowling, Harry's favourite book is "Quidditch Through the Ages", an actual book that Rowling wrote (under the pseudonym Kennilworthy Whisp) for the "Comic Relief" charity.
Possessions.
When Harry's parents were murdered by Lord Voldemort, they left behind a large pile of wizard's gold, used as currency in the world of magic, in a vault in the wizarding bank, Gringotts. This becomes Harry's source of paying for all of his Hogwarts textbooks, wizarding clothing, and spending money.
As is the case with most wizards in the Harry Potter series, his wand is among his most valued magical items. Harry's is made of holly, a wood Rowling chose because it is said to get rid of evil. It forms a deliberate contrast to the wand of his nemesis Lord Voldemort, whose wand is made of yew, which symbolises death. Rowling states she later learned that in the Celtic calendar a type of wood is assigned to each month; and Harry's fictional birthday (July 31) is linked to holly. Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger also happened to get wands made from the appropriate woods identified the Celtic calendar, according to their fictional birth months.
Another valued and useful possession is Harry's Cloak of Invisibility. In his first year at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, he gets it anonymously as a Christmas gift. He later learns it was given by Albus Dumbledore, who had it in turn from Harry's father.
Harry also owns half of a pair of two-way mirrors, given by his godfather Sirius Black, as a means of maintaining covert communications. In Book 7, "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows", when Harry and several friends are captured at Malfoy Manor, which Lord Voldemort was using as his headquarters, Harry uses the mirror to communicate with Aberforth Dumbledore, who sends rescue in the form of Dobby the House Elf.
After Sirius' death, all of his remaining possessions were passed along to Harry. This included the Black family residence, located at Number Twelve Grimmauld Place, and all the contents and furnishings of the house, including Kreacher (the old Black family House Elf). Harry also inherited the remainder of Sirius' wealth in wizard's gold at Gringotts.
Another notable possession of Harry's is a magical knife, given to him by Sirius Black. The knife has the power to open most mechanically locks and magical seals. The knife was destroyed when Harry attempted to use it on a lock in the Department of Mysteries, when instead of opening the desired lock, an enchantment destroyed the knife's blade.
By the end of "Deathly Hallows", Harry possesses all three Deathly Hallows, the Cloak of Invisibility, the Resurrection Stone, and the Elder Wand, three of the most powerfully magical items in all of the wizarding-world. However, Harry lost the Resurrection Stone inside the Forbidden Forest, and decides to leave it there. Harry also takes the Elder Wand and lays it with Dumbledore's body, so the power of the wand might be extinguished if he dies a natural death. However, the new portrait of Dumbledore in the Headmaster's Office agrees that Harry should keep the Invisibility Cloak for himself, since it was his father's.
Throughout most of the books, Harry also has a pet owl named Hedwig, used to deliver and get messages and packages. When Hedwig is killed in the seventh book, the author said she expected the strong emotional reaction of her readers: "The loss of Hedwig represented a loss of innocence and security. She has been almost like a cuddly toy to Harry at times. I know that death upset a lot of people!"
Family.
In the novels, Harry is the only child of James and Lily Potter, but orphaned as an infant. Rowling made Harry an orphan from the early drafts of her first book. She felt an orphan would be the most interesting character to write about. However, after her mother's death, Rowling wrote Harry as a child longing to see his dead parents again, incorporating her own anguish into him. Harry's aunt and uncle kept the truth about their deaths from Harry, telling him they died in a car accident. Through his marriage to Ginny Weasley, Harry links the Peverell and the House of Black families. It is unknown whether there have been other links between the two families' history, but this is possible, as they are among the most prominent wizarding families.
In popular culture.
In 2002, Harry Potter was voted No. 85 among the "100 Best Fictional Characters" by "Book" magazine and also voted the 35th "Worst Briton" in Channel 4's "100 Worst Britons We Love to Hate" program. In addition, Harry Potter is spoofed in the "Barry Trotter" series by American writer Michael Gerber, where a "Barry Trotter" appears as the eponymous anti-hero. On his homepage, Gerber describes Trotter as an unpleasant character who "drinks too much, eats like a pig, sleeps until noon, and owes everybody money." The author stated "[s]ince I really liked Rowling's books […] I felt obligated to try to write a spoof worthy of the originals."
In real life, Harry's iconoclastic appearance has become cult. According to halloweenonline.com, "Harry Potter" sets were the fifth-best selling Halloween costume of 2005. In addition, wizard rock bands like Harry and the Potters and others regularly dress up in the style of Harry Potter, sporting painted forehead scars, black wigs and round bottle top glasses.
Wizard rock is a musical movement dating from 2002 that consists of at least 200 bands made up of young musicians, playing songs about "Harry Potter". The movement started in Massachusetts with the band Harry and the Potters, who cosplay as Harry during live performances
Harry Potter appears in the "Robot Chicken" episode "Nutcracker Sweet" voiced by Seth Green. He is shown to have Firebolt in a delicate place on himself. Quinton Flynn voices Harry Potter in the episode "Password: Swordfish." When the threat of the puberty creature Pubertis is known, Harry sees Dumbledore about this and receives a stone that might help him fight Pubertis. Upon confrontation with Pubertis, he rubs the stone two times, which summons ghosts to punch it. When it comes to the third time, (the stone starts "chafing") Dumbledore appears and tells Harry that the stone can only be warmed up three times (four if you take a week off) and that Pubertis cannot be destroyed since it lives in everyone.
In "Epic Movie", a 2007 parody film, he is played by Canadian comedian Kevin McDonald, whereas Harry is portrayed as being somewhat of a pervert as seen when Harry tries to touch Susan Pevensie's breasts.
Episodes of "The Grim Adventures of Billy and Mandy" has spoofed Harry as Nigel Planter. Unlike Harry, Nigel has an L-shaped scar on his forehead.
In an episode of ', Potter is referenced trice, once when Jimmy is watching a real of movies rapidly (Where Hagrid says "You're a Wizard, Harry") and later in the filming for Jimmy's movie, as Jimmy plays a parody of Harry, called "Terry Bladder".
"Wizards of Waverly Place" once referenced Harry, as Justin was wearing a robe and glasses like Harry, to which Alex comments on with trying to guess who he looks like ("Barry something", "Jerry something", etc.)

197 Arete
197 Arete is a Main belt asteroid. It has a very bright surface which is very bright for a rocky S-type asteroid.
It was found by J. Palisa on May 21, 1879, and named after Arete, the mother of Nausicaa in Homer's "The Odyssey".

Oregon-grape
Oregon-grape, "Berberis aquifolium" or Mahonia aquifolium is a shrub whose classification is in dispute, generally considered as Mahonia. Recently, this classification has been supported by their rusts. Originally, the Oregon Holly Grape (Mahonia aquifolium) is from the Pacific Northwest of United States of America. Cultivated in Europe, and bird dispersed has became a weed, not restricted to gardens

Alma Center, Wisconsin
Alma Center is a village in Jackson County, Wisconsin, United States. The population is 446 people as of 2000. The area of Alma Center is about 1 square mile, thanks to the United States Census Bureau.

Almena, Wisconsin
Almena is a village in Barron County in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. The population is 720 people as of 2000. The area of Almena is about 1 square mile, thanks to the United States Census Bureau.

Almond, Wisconsin
Almond is a village in Portage County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 459 people in 2000. The area of Almond is 1 square mile, thanks to the United States Census Bureau.

Amherst, Wisconsin
Amherst is a village in Portage County, Wisconsin, United States. The population is 964 people as of 2000. Amherst has an area of 1.2 square miles, thanks to the United States Census Bureau.

Amherst Junction, Wisconsin
Amherst Junction is a village in Portage County, Wisconsin, United States. The population is 305 people as of 2000. Amherst Junction has an area of 1.2 square miles, of which.04 square miles is water.

198 Ampella
198 Ampella is a fairly big Main belt asteroid. It is an S-type asteroid.
It was found by Alphonse Borrelly on June 13, 1879. The name seems to be the feminine form of Ampelos, a satyr and good friend of Dionysus in Greek mythology. It could also come from the Ampelose (plural of Ampelos), a variety of hamadryad.
So far Ampella has been seen occulting a star once, on November 8, 1991 from New South Wales, Australia.

199 Byblis
199 Byblis is a fairly big main belt asteroid.
It was found by C. H. F. Peters on July 9, 1879 in Clinton, New York and named after Byblis, an incestuous lover in Greek mythology.

Alan Dix
Professor Alan Dix of Lancaster University is an author of text books. He took part in the 1979 Maths Olympiad in Romania for the UK Team and got a silver medal.

Ching Yun University
Ching Yun University "CYU"（traditional Chinese:清雲科技大學；simplified Chinese:清云科技大学）is a university in Jhongli City, Taoyuan County, Taiwan. CYU is also known as Ching Yun Tech (清雲科大; Cingyún KeDà).
Ching Yun University opened in 1933 and now about 10,000 students go there. The university is noted for teaching and research in the science and engineering, especially energy engineering.

Rosalia de Castro
Rosalía Castro de Murguía better known as Rosalía de Castro (24 February 1837 – 15 July 1885) was a Galician writer and poet.
A native of Santiago de Compostela in the Galicia region of northwest Spain, she wrote in both Galician and Castilian.

Ministry of Health of Germany
The Federal Ministry of Health (BMG) is a Ministry of the Federal Republic of Germany. The ministry's headquarters are still in Bonn and the second office is in Berlin.
History.
The "Federal Ministry of Health Services" () was formed in 1961. Between 1969 and 1991 it was part of the Federal Ministry of Youth, Family, and Health or Youth, Family, Women and Health
It became independent again as the Federal Ministry of Health in 1991. In 2002 it took over control of Social Security, but the in Federal Ministry of Health and Social Security () only lasted for three years. In 2005 it was reduced to just health, and the Social security part of its work went to the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs ()

200 Dynamene
200 Dynamene is a big and very dark Main belt asteroid. It is probably made up like carbonaceous chondrite meteorites.
It was found by C. H. F. Peters on July 27, 1879 in Clinton, New York.

201 Penelope
201 Penelope is a big Main belt asteroid. It is classified as a M-type asteroid.
It was found by Johann Palisa on August 7, 1879 in Pola. It was the 17th asteroid he found.
The asteroid is named after Penelope, the wife of Odysseus in Homer's "The Odyssey".

Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, and Nuclear Safety of Germany
The Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, and Nuclear Safety of Germany (BMU) is a ministry of the Federal Republic of Germany. Its first headquarters is in Bonn. It has a second base in Berlin.
Structure.
The Federal Ministry of the Environment () is in charge of the ecological policy of the federal government. It is also in charge of environmental protection. Being in charge of nuclear reactor safety helps the BMU protect the environment. The Federal minister appoints two junior ministers () to help him. These two help the minister in the Bundestag and in making policy, they have no power to make rules or change the way the department works.
If extra help is needed the BMU can get expert help from
In 2005 the BMU's budget was 769 million euros. This is about ten percent of the total amount spent on the environment by the federal government. This is because several other ministries also have money to spent on environmental tasks.
History.
The ministry was set up on 6 June 1986, about five weeks after the serious reactor disaster at Chernobyl. The Federal Government wanted to bring all responsibility for preventing a disaster in Germany, or clearing up if a disaster happened, under one ministry.
The first minister stayed for less than a year, because he became Minister President of Hesse. His successor became director of the United Nations Environment Programme, UNEP. The time when Angela Merkel was in charge was not very good for the BMU. Economic problems became more important than environmental protection.
The red-green coalition of 1998 saw Jürgen Trittin of (Die Grünen) become minister. The idea of an environmental tax and ending nuclear power became important.

Villa Los Almácigos
Villa Los Almácigos is a city and municipality of the Santiago Rodríguez province, in northwestern Dominican Republic. The municipality is on the northern side of the Cordillera Central mountain range, west of Sabaneta.
Population.
The municipality had, in 2002, a total population of 12,312: 6,409 men and 5,903 women. The urban population was 24% of the total population..
History.
On 6 March 1863, there was a meeting in this town of the leaders of the Restoration War against Spain. The Dominicans had lost the first battles and in this meeting they decided to stop the fight for a moment and they went to Haiti to prepare for the next battles.
In 1937, it was named "Villa Generalísimo" in honor of the dictator Trujillo but in 1962 the town got again its old name.
Villa Los Almácigos was elevated to the category of municipal district of San Ignacio de Sabaneta by the law 659 of 2 May, 1974. It is municipality since 19 September, 1996.
Economy.
The main economic activity of the municipality is farming.

Epic Records
Epic Records is an American record label with several sub-companies around the world. It is currently owned by Sony BMG, but was originally owned by CBS. The company started in 1953, and over the years has signed artists and bands such as Fiona Apple, Céline Dion, Pearl Jam, Michael Jackson, KISS, DC, Rage Against the Machine, Heart, and Modest Mouse.

202 Chryseïs
202 Chryseïs is a big, lightly coloured Main belt asteroid. It is probably made of silicate rocks.
It was found by C. H. F. Peters on September 11, 1879 in Clinton, New York.
It was named after the mythical Trojan woman Chryseis.

Aniwa, Wisconsin
Aniwa is a village in Shawano County, Wisconsin, United States. The population is 272 people as of 2000. Aniwa has an area of 2.1 square miles, of which.04 square miles is water.

Mumpf
Mumpf is a municipality of the district of Rheinfelden in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Murgenthal
Murgenthal is a municipality of the district of Zofingen in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Limerick
Limerick () is a city and the county seat of County Limerick in the province of Munster, in the midwest of the Republic of Ireland. The city lies on the River Shannon, with three main crossing points near the city centre and has a 2006 population of 91,000 inhabitants within its urban area.

203 Pompeja
203 Pompeja is a quite big Main belt asteroid.
It was found by C. H. F. Peters on September 25, 1879 in Clinton, New York and named after Pompeii, the Roman town destroyed in volcanic eruption in 79 AD.

Wexford
Wexford (coming from Old Norse "Veisafjǫrðr" meaning "mudflat, stagnant pool", also Irish: "Loch Garman", Latin: "Menapia") is the county town of County Wexford in the Republic of Ireland. It is found near the south-eastern tip of Ireland, close to Rosslare Europort.
The town is connected to the capital, Dublin, via the N11 National Primary Route (European route E1), and the national rail network.

Drogheda
Drogheda () or) ("Droichead Átha" in Irish, meaning "Bridge of the Ford") is an industrial and port town in County Louth on the east coast of Ireland, 56 km (35 mi) north of Dublin. Within legally defined boundaries, Drogheda is the second largest town in Ireland, behind its county neighbour, Dundalk; however, the town's total population (including suburbs and environs) is recorded to be 35,090, five inhabitants more than Dundalk.

Hallstadt
Hallstadt is a town in the Upper Franconian district of Bamberg. It is on the left bank of the river Main, 4 km north of Bamberg. The town has a population of about 8500 people.

Muri
Muri is a municipality of the district of Muri in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.
It was best known for the Muri Abbey, which dissolved in 1841.

204 Kallisto
204 Kallisto is a big main belt asteroid. It is classified as an S-type asteroid. Like other asteroids of its type, it is light in colour.
It was found by Johann Palisa on October 8, 1879 in Pola.
The asteroid was named after the same nymph Callisto in Greek mythology as Jupiter's moon Callisto.

County Kildare
County Kildare () is an Irish county located to the southwest of Dublin in the province of Leinster. The name comes from the Irish, meaning church ("Cill") of the oaks ("Dara").

Straffan
Straffan ("Teach Srafáin" in Irish) is a village in County Kildare, Ireland situated on the banks of the River Liffey, 25 km upstream of the Irish capital Dublin.
With a population (according to the census of 2006) of 439 – an increase since 2002 of 32.2% – Straffan is the 31st most populous centre in County Kildare.

2006 Ryder Cup
The 36th Ryder Cup Matches were held between September 22 and September 24, 2006 at The K Club, Straffan, Co. Kildare, Ireland. Team Europe won the competition by a score of 18½ to 9½, equalling their record winning margin of 2 years earlier. This was the first time Europe had achieved three successive victories. Swedish rookie Henrik Stenson made the winning putt, just moments after Luke Donald had sunk a putt to ensure Europe retained the trophy.

Dawlish
Dawlish () is a town on the south coast of Devon, England, 12 miles from the County town of Exeter, with a population of around 13,000 people. During the eighteenth century, it grew from a small fishing port to become a well-known seaside resort.

Newquay
Newquay () is a town, civil parish, seaside resort and fishing port on the north Atlantic coast of Pydarshire, Cornwall, Great Britain. It is bounded to the west by the River Gannel and its associated salt marsh, and in the east by the Porth Valley. The town has been expanding inland (south) since it was founded. According to the 2001 census it had a permanent population of 19,423.

Cairnryan
Cairnryan is a small Scottish village overlooking Loch Ryan and is notable today for its large modern ferry port, operated by P&O, which links Scotland with Larne in Northern Ireland. The village has been of vital importance in maritime history.

Stranraer
Stranraer (Gaelic: "An t-Sròn Reamhar",) is a town in the south of Scotland in the west of the region of Dumfries and Galloway and in the county of Wigtownshire. It is best known as a ferry port connecting Scotland with Belfast in Northern Ireland.

Coleraine
Coleraine () is a very large town in County Londonderry, Northern Ireland near to the mouth of the River Bann. It is northwest of Belfast and east of Derry City, both of which are linked by major roads and railway connections. George Best Belfast City Airport to the south–east, City of Derry Airport, to the west, and the main regional airport, Belfast International Airport, to the south are all relatively accessible from Coleraine.

County Down
County Down'", ("Contae an Dúin" in Irish - meaning "the Fort") is one of the nine counties that form Ulster and one of six counties that form Northern Ireland. The county forms an area of 2,448 km² (945 square miles). It lies in the province of Ulster. The estimated population in 1992 was 416,600, a more recent approximation puts it at about 516,000. The county town is Downpatrick, and the largest town is Bangor.

Rostrevor
Rostrevor (in Irish: "Ros Treabhair", ie Trevor’s Wood, also "Caislean Ruairi", ie Rory's Castle) is a village in County Down, Northern Ireland. It lies on Carlingford Lough and the hill of Slieve Martin, at the base of the Mourne Mountains and on the Kilbroney River. It had a population of 2,444 in the 2001 Census. The town is known for its folk music festival. It lies within the Newry and Mourne District Council area. The name 'Rostrevor' first appeared circa 1618 and was named after Rose Ussher (the daughter of Henry Ussher, the Anglican Archbishop of Armagh) by her husband Edward Trevor (who came from Brynkynallt in Wales).

205 Martha
205 Martha is a big Main belt asteroid. It is a dark, primitive carbonaceous C-type asteroid.
It was found by Johann Palisa on October 13, 1879 in Pola and was named after Martha, a woman in the New Testament.

Tropical Storm Chris (2006)
Tropical Storm Chris was the fourth tropical storm of the 2006 Atlantic hurricane season. Forming on July 31 in the Atlantic Ocean east of the Leeward Islands from a tropical wave, Chris moved generally to the west-northwest, skirting the northern fringes of the Caribbean islands. Chris was a relatively short-lived storm, reaching a peak intensity with winds at 65 mph (100 h) on August 2, while positioned north of St. Martin. The storm gradually weakened before finally dissipating on August 5, near eastern Cuba.
Overall impact was minimal, amounting to moderate amounts of rainfall throughout its path. No deaths were reported.
Storm history.
A tropical wave moved westward off the coast of Africa on July 27. At first, deep convection was spread throughout the wave axis, though dry air greatly decreased the convection on July 28. The wind field remained well-defined as it continued westward, and deep convection increased two days later along the northern end of the wave axis. Dvorak classifications began on July 30 in response to an increase in vertical depth and organization of the convection. On July 31 a buoy recorded a change of wind direction from northeast to west, indicating a small low pressure area formed. Convective organization rapidly increased as it turned to the northwest, and the system developed into Tropical Depression Three on August 1 while located about 235 miles (375 km) east-southeast of Barbuda.
Forecasters originally predicted wind shear from an upper level low would prevent strengthening and cause dissipation within three days. However, the depression continued to organize as deep convection continued to develop near the circulation despite moderate amounts of wind shear, and the system strengthened into Tropical Storm Chris six hours after developing. The convection slowly covered the entire system, and by late on the 1st Chris reached winds of 60 mph (95 km/h) while passing 50 miles (80 km) north of the northern Leeward Islands. The structure of Chris continued to improve and become more symmetrical, and an upper level eye feature developed early on August 2. Outflow improved in all quadrants, as well, and the storm reached a peak intensity of 65 mph (100 km/h) shortly thereafter while located 120 miles (195 km) east of St. Thomas. Ins pite of the initial predictions of Chris intensifying to a hurricane as a ridge of high pressure forced it west-northwestward, upper level shear dissipated the well-defined inner core of the storm, and Chris started to weaken.
Early on August 3, strong wind shear over Chris removed the deep convection from the low level circulation, while a building ridge to its north turned the storm towards the west into an area of drier air. By mid-day on the 3rd the circulation was devoid of any convection within 85 miles (135 km), while the deeper convection spread across Puerto Rico and Hispaniola. Late on August 3, deep convection developed over the center of circulation again, though persistent vertical shear weakened Chris to a tropical depression on August 4. Because of computer models predicting lesser amounts of shear, forecasters mentioned the possibility of moderate strengthening in the Gulf of Mexico to a 60 mph (95 km/h) storm. However, convection remained minimal, and Chris degenerated into a remnant area of low pressure late on August 4. Late on August 5, convection increased in the remnants of the storm, and forecasters indicated the potential for slow development over the Gulf of Mexico due to marginally favorable conditions. The redevelopment never happened, and the remnant circulation dissipated near Havana, Cuba on August 6.
Preparations.
When the National Hurricane Center published its first advisory on Tropical Depression Three, the governments of Antigua and Barbuda, Anguilla, Saint Kitts and Nevis, and the British Virgin Islands also gave out Tropical Storm Warnings for their respective territories. When the depression strengthened to Tropical Storm Chris, Tropical Storm Warnings were also issued for Saba, Sint Eustatius, Saint-Barthélemy, and Saint Martin. Three Royal Caribbean cruise ships changed their paths to avoid the storm. FEMA representatives coordinated with local emergency management officials in the United States Virgin Islands to determine if preparation necessities would be needed, such as hospital usage, shelters, and sand bags. In St. Thomas, all jet flights were cancelled in and out of the island, though small airlines were permitted to fly during the storm. Ferry service from Saint Martin to Anguilla was cancelled for a short period of time. Saint Martin officials recommended citizens to secure all loose items, for coastal residents to prepare for high surf, and for construction sites to secure all loose equipment. A small craft advisory was also issued for coastal waters of Saint Martin due to strong waves from the storm.
On August 1, officials in Puerto Rico issued a tropical storm warning for the island. The next day, approximately 600 tourists evacuated the islands of Vieques and Culebra. Citizens in Puerto Rico prepared for the storm by stocking up on supplies and visiting gas stations. On August 2, the government of the Bahamas issued a Hurricane Watch for the Turks and Caicos Islands, the Acklins and Crooked Islands, Ragged Island, Inagua, and Mayaguana. In response to the threat, officials urged citizens to stock up on hurricane supplies, while boat owners in Staniel Cay secured their boats in preparation for the storm.
In response to the storm's projected path into the Gulf of Mexico, prices for crude oil rose on the New York Mercantile Exchange at branch offices in London. Natural gas prices rose considerably in New York Mercantile Exchange electronic trading on August 2. Anticipation of a threat to supply by a potential Hurricane Chris coupled with high demand during an ongoing heat wave were cited as part of the reasons in the price move. In New Orleans, officials including Mayor Ray Nagin prepared for a possible evacuation of the city if Chris entered the Gulf of Mexico as a hurricane. The evacuation plan included moving all residents out of the city as a worst-case scenario, intended to avoid a re-occurrence of Hurricane Katrina around 1 year prior. Florida Emergency Management requested 10 mobile recovery centers, and placed hospitals in the Florida Keys on standby for evacuation. Officials in Mississippi identified the need for 110 to assist in an evacuation process in case of a possible landfall. Both Louisiana and Texas emergency operation centers monitored the progress of the storm, though didn't execute any preparation action.
Impact.
Damage caused by Tropical Storm Chris was minor and limited to just local flooding.
St. Thomas received brief amounts of heavy rain, with totals of over 3 inches (75 mm). Anguilla reported light rain and wind gusts of up to 21 mph (34 km/h). In St. John the storm caused peak wind gusts of 23 mph (37 km/h) along with moderately heavy rainfall of nearly 3 inches (75 mm), along with reports of lightning near the storm's center. Though impact was minimal in Saint Martin, Governor Franklyn Richards recognized the storm preparations served as a wake up call for citizens who weren't ready for the hurricane season. In San Juan, Puerto Rico, the storm caused very little wind or rain. Convection dissociated from the center of the storm produced 30 mph (48 km/h) wind gusts and over 1.3 inches (33 mm) of rain in Culebra. Rainfall peaked at 3.09 inches (78 mm) in Fajardo. Rainfall from the storm caused the Fajardo River to overflow its banks. The overflown waters temporarily closed a highway in the northeastern portion of the island.
Rainfall reached up to 2 inches (50 mm) across portions of Hispaniola, the Turks and Caicos, the Bahamas, and eastern Cuba, and reached 4 inches (100 mm) in some mountainous areas. In Santo Domingo in the Dominican Republic, heavy rainfall caused severe flooding. Las Américas reported 5.01 inches/127 mm of rainfall from Chris. Several people were left temporarily homeless from the flood waters entering their households. The flooding left many roads impassable near the capital city, and also resulted in landslides. The flooding also covered rice fields in the northeastern portion of the country. The National Office of Meteorology issued flood warnings for residents in low-lying areas and near rivers in the northeast and southeast portions of the country. Despite the flooding, overall damage was minor, and there are no casualties associated with Chris.

206 Hersilia
206 Hersilia is a fairly big Main belt asteroid. It is classified as a primitive, dark carbon-rich C-type asteroid.
It was found by C. H. F. Peters on October 13, 1879 in Clinton, New York.
It was named after Hersilia, Roman wife of Romulus.

Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands
Saint Thomas is an island in the Caribbean Sea, a county and constituent district of the United States Virgin Islands (USVI), an unincorporated territory of the United States. Located on the island is the territorial capital and port of Charlotte Amalie. As of the 2000 census, the population of Saint Thomas was 51,181, about 47% of the US Virgin Islands total. The district has a land area of 80.9 km² (31.24 sq mi).

207 Hedda
207 Hedda is a big Main belt asteroid. It is a C-type asteroid, meaning that what it is made up of is primitive and that it is dark in colour.
It was found by Johann Palisa on October 17, 1879 in Pola and was named after Hedwig, wife of astronomer Friedrich A. T. Winnecke.

Saint John, United States Virgin Islands
Saint John is an island in the Caribbean Sea and a constituent district of the United States Virgin Islands (USVI), an unincorporated territory of the United States. It is the smallest of the three main islands: Saint John, Saint Thomas, and Saint Croix. St. John is located in the Caribbean Sea about 4 miles east of Saint Thomas, the location of the territory's capital, Charlotte Amalie, and 4 miles south and west of Tortola, part of the British Virgin Islands. It is 50.8 km² (19.61 sq mi) in area and has a population of 4,197 (2000 census).

Neuenhof, Aargau
Neuenhof is a municipality of the district of Baden in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Niederlenz
Niederlenz is a municipality of the district of Lenzburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Niederrohrdorf
Niederrohrdorf is a municipality in the district of Baden in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Niederwil, Aargau
Niederwil is a municipality of the district of Bremgarten in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Oberbözberg
Oberbözberg is a municipality of the district of Brugg in canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Oberentfelden
Oberentfelden is a municipality of the district of Aarau of the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Oberflachs
Oberflachs is a municipality of the district of Brugg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Oberhof, Switzerland
Oberhof is a municipality of the district of Laufenburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Ministry of Finance of Germany
The Federal Ministry of Finance () (BMF) is a ministry of the Federal Republic of Germany. It is based in Berlin and Bonn. It is led by the Minister of Finance, whose office is in the Detlev-Rohwedder House in Wilhelmstraße, Berlin. This was the old Reich Air Ministry Building. The ministry is supported by a scientific advisory board.
Responsibility.
The ministry works out how much the government can spend each year, and how to raise that money, in income tax and other taxes.
Federal Ministers of Finance since 1949.
Between 1990 and 1993, the senior civil servant (was Horst Köhler (CDU) who went on to become Federal President in 2004.

Oberhofen, Switzerland
Oberhofen is a municipality of the district of Laufenburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Oberkulm
Oberkulm is a municipality of the district of Kulm, in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Oberlunkhofen
Oberlunkhofen is a municipality of the district of Bremgarten, in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Obermumpf
Obermumpf is a municipality of the district of Rheinfelden in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Oberrohrdorf
Oberrohrdorf is a municipality of the district of Baden in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

208 Lacrimosa
208 Lacrimosa is a Main belt asteroid. It is classified as an S-type asteroid.
It is also one of the biggest members of the Koronis asteroid family and probably a piece of the original asteroid which was broken in an impact which happened a long time ago that created the family.
It was found by Johann Palisa on October 21, 1879 in Pola.
The name comes from Our Lady of Sorrows, a title given to Mary, the mother of Jesus.

209 Dido
209 Dido is a very big main-belt asteroid. It is classified as a C-type asteroid and is probably made of privitive carbonaceous materials. Like many asteroids of its type, it has a very low albedo.
It was found by C. H. F. Peters on October 22, 1879 in Clinton, New York and was named after the mythical Carthaginian queen Dido.

Heat wave
A heat wave is a long period of extremely hot weather, which may be followed by high humidity. There is no definition of a heat wave that everyone agrees on; the term depends on the usual weather in the area. Temperatures that people from a hotter climate consider normal can be called a heat wave in a cooler area if they are outside the normal climate pattern for that area. The term is used on both common weather changes and to very hot spells which may occur only once a century.

Ray Nagin
Clarence Ray Nagin, Jr. () (born June 11, 1956) is the mayor of New Orleans. He was first elected on March 2, 2002, to succeed his fellow Democrat, Marc Morial. Nagin gained international attention in 2005 in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, which devastated the New Orleans area.

New York Mercantile Exchange
The New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX) is the world's largest physical commodity futures exchange, located in New York City. Its two principal divisions are the New York Mercantile Exchange and the New York Commodities Exchange (COMEX) which were once independent companies but are now merged.

Saba
Saba (pronounced "Sah-ba") is the smallest island of the Netherlands Antilles, located at. It consists largely of the dormant volcano, Mount Scenery (877 m), the highest point of the Kingdom of the Netherlands.
Saba has a land area of 13 km² (5 sq. miles). At the 2001 Netherlands Antilles census, the population was 1,349 inhabitants, which means a population density of 104 inhabitants per km². In 2004, the population was estimated at 1,424 inhabitants.

Sint Eustatius
Sint Eustatius, also known as Statia, or Saint Eustace, is one of the islands which make up the Netherlands Antilles; it is in the northern, Leeward Islands portion of the West Indies, some distance southeast of the Virgin Islands. It forms part of the inner arc of the Leeward Island chain, lying immediately to the northwest of Saint Kitts and Nevis and to the southeast of Saba at. The regional capital is Oranjestad. It is named after the legendary Catholic Saint Eustace.
Sint Eustatius has a land area of 21 km² (8.1 sq. miles). At the 2001 Netherlands Antilles census, the population was 2,292 inhabitants, which means a population density of 109 inh. per km². In 2004, the population was estimated at 2,498 inhabitants.

Royal Caribbean International
Royal Caribbean International () is a Norwegian-American cruise ship company based in Miami, Florida.

Ragged Island
Ragged Island is a small island (9 square miles) and district in the southern Bahamas.

Inagua
Inagua is the southernmost district of the Bahamas comprising the islands of Great Inagua and Little Inagua.
Great Inagua is the third largest island in the Bahamas at 596 square miles (1544 km²) and lies about 55 miles (90 km) from the eastern tip of Cuba. The island is about 55 × 19 miles (90 × 30 km) in extent, the highest point being 108 ft (33 m) on East Hill. It encloses several lakes, most notably the 12-mile long Lake Windsor (also called Lake Rosa) which occupies nearly ¼ of the interior. The population of Great Inagua is 969 (2000 census).

Acklins and Crooked Islands
Acklins and Crooked Islands was a district of the Bahamas until 1996, and as Acklins, Crooked Island and Long Cay until 1999. (The islands are located at)
The population of Acklins was 428, and Crooked Island 350, at the 2000 census.
Since 1999, Acklins and Crooked Island are separate districts.

Mayaguana
Mayaguana is the most easterly island and district of the Bahamas. It is one of only two Bahamian islands which retain their Arawak names, the other being Inagua. The population of Mayaguana in the 2000 census was 259 and is currently about 312. It has an area of about 110 square miles.

210 Isabella
210 Isabella is a big and dark Main belt asteroid. It is probably made of material similar to carbonaceous chondrites. The asteroid is classified as a member of the Nemesis asteroid family. It was found by Johann Palisa on November 12, 1879 in Pola.

211 Isolda
211 Isolda is a very big, dark Main belt asteroid. It is classified as a C-type asteroid and is probably made of primitive carbonaceous material.
It was found by Johann Palisa on December 10, 1879 in Pola and named after Isolde, heroine of the legend of Tristan and Iseult.

212 Medea
212 Medea is a very big Main belt asteroid. It is rather dark in colour.
It was found by Johann Palisa on February 6, 1880 in Pola and was named after the witch Medea in Greek mythology.

213 Lilaea
213 Lilaea is a big Main belt asteroid. It is classified as an F-type asteroid, like C-type asteroids its rich in carbon.
It was found by C. H. F. Peters on February 16, 1880 in Clinton, New York.
It was named after Lilaea, a Naiad in Greek mythology.

214 Aschera
214 Aschera is a Main belt asteroid. It is classified as an E-type asteroid.
It was found by Johann Palisa on February 29, 1880 in Pola and was named after Sidonian goddess Asherah.

215 Oenone
215 Oenone is a common Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Viktor Knorre on April 7, 1880 in Berlin. It was first of the four asteroids he found.
It was named after Oenone, a nymph in Greek mythology.

Catabolism
Catabolism is a kind of metabolism, and is a process in which molecules turn into smaller units and release energy. In most cases, the released energies are used to form ATP.

Acetic acid
Acetic acid or ethanoic acid (CH3COOH) is a kind of carboxylic acid, which is often called vinegar. It tastes and smells sour. Its melting point is 16.5 °C(61.6°F) and boiling point is 118.1 °C(244.5 °F).

Boris Becker
Boris Franz Becker (born November 22, 1967) is a former German tennis player. He is born in Leimen, Germany. At the age of 17, he became the youngest ever winner at Wimbledon in 1985. He won the contest while being unseeded, that is, they did not think he was good enough to be assigned within an order of the better players at the start of the tournament.
He became a very successful player, winning the Wimbledon title again in 1986. Becker also helped West Germany win its first Davis Cup in 1988. In 1989, he won the Wimbledon, the US Open and another Davis Cup.
In 1991 he reached the World No 1 ranking by winning the Australian Open. Becker defeated Jim Courier in straight sets to win the 1992 Association of Tennis Professionals Tour World title. His final Grand Slam title was in 1996, where he beat Michael Chang for another Australian Open title in four sets.
Throughout his career, Becker won 49 singles titles and 15 doubles titles. He is famous for his rivalry with certain players, like Ivan Lendl, Stefan Edberg and Michael Stich.

A-level
The A-Level (short for Advanced Level) is a General Certificate of Education set of exams taken in the United Kingdom. They are usually taken during the end of secondary school. In the UK, they are usually taken two years after the students have completed GCSE or IGCSE exams. A-Levels are usually split into six parts, each with its own exam. Most people study three A-Levels, and one AS-Level. An AS-Level is the first half of an A-Level. An AS-Level can be studied on its own, but to get an A-Level the second half must also be learnt.
The examination results of the A-Levels determines if a student is good enough to go to a university or college. Most universities require students who want to attend the university to pass three A-Levels.

Chinese New Year
The Chinese New Year (农历新年）is the most important holidays for ethnic Chinese people all around the world. The Chinese calendar and dates are traditionally based on changes of the moon. They are not based on the sun. The New Year starts at the beginning of this lunar (moon) calendar. It is also called the Spring Festival.
The Chinese New Year is celebrated for fifteen days. On Chinese New Year's Eve, families come together to eat a meal in the evening. This meal is called the "reunion dinner". No matter how far away they are, Chinese people will try to visit with their families at least this one time of the year.
Early new year.
Chinese people visit their grandparents, parents, friends and relatives during the first few days of the New Year. The older and married people give the younger ones a red paper packet called "hongbao". This packet has money in side it.
Chinese people wear new clothes when they go on visits. This clothing is usually red in color. They also say special phrases to wish other people good luck when they see them.
Late new year.
The last day of the New Year celebration is called the Lantern Festival, or the "Yuanxiao". On this day, families cook dumplings made of sticky rice. They eat them in a sweet soup. There are also many beautiful lanterns which decorate the streets in China and Chinatowns. Traditionally, on this day, adult men and women can choose a partner. Long ago in China, this would have been one of the few days when women of rich families were allowed to go outside their houses with their maids.
Beginning.
Chinese New Year starts on the first day of the new year that has a new moon. It ends on the Lantern Festival fourteen days later. This occurs around the time of the full moon as each complete moon cycle is about 29.53 days long. In the Gregorian calendar used in other countries, Chinese New Year falls on different dates each year. It is usually between January 21 and February 20. This means that the holiday usually starts on the second (sometimes the third) new moon after the winter solstice.
Animal zodiacs.
The dates for the Spring Festival from 1996 to 2019 (in the Gregorian calendar) are at the right. The list also includes the year's animal zodiac and its earthly branch. The names of the earthly branches have no English translations. They are not Chinese translations of the animals. The calendar has a 12-year cycle of the animal zodiac and a 10-year cycle of "heavenly stems". Each of the ten heavenly stems is associated with one of the five elements of Chinese astrology. These elements are Wood, Fire, Earth, Metal, and Water. The elements are changed every two years and a yin and yang association changes every year. The elements are named: Yang Wood, Yin Wood, Yang Fire, Yin Fire, and so on. These two cycles create a combined cycle that repeats every 60 years. For example, 1936 was the year of the Yang Fire Rat. 60 years later, 1996 was the next year of the Yang Fire Rat.
Differences.
Some people had problems with the difference between the Chinese birth-year and the Gregorian birth-year. Because the Chinese New Year starts in late January or early February, the Chinese year begins several weeks after the it begins in the Gregorian calendar. If a person is born in early January, their Chinese birth-year is the last Gregorian year, not the current on. This cause problems because many people think of the years as the same. For example, 1989 was the year of the snake. The year 1990 was the year of the horse. It began on 26 January 1990. This means that anyone born from January 1 to January 25, 1990 was actually born in the year of the snake not the year of the horse.

Suite (music)
In music, a suite (pronounce "sweet") is a collection of short musical pieces which can be played one after another. The pieces are usually dance movements. The French word “suite” means “a sequence” of things, i.e. one thing following another.
In the 17th century many composers such as Bach and Handel wrote suites. They were collections of dances: usually an allemande, a courante, a sarabande and a gigue. Sometimes other dances were included as well, e.g. a minuet, gavotte, passepied or bourree. Sometimes the first movement was not a dance movement but an introduction. It may have been called a prelude or even overture. Some of Bach’s suites were called "Partitas". The French composer François Couperin called his suites "Ordres".
Bach wrote suites for orchestra which he called "overtures". Handel wrote two very famous collections of dance movements for orchestra: "Water Music" and "Music for the Royal Fireworks". These are also suites although they are not given that title. He also wrote 22 suites for keyboard, and Bach wrote "French Suites", "English Suites" and "Partitas" for keyboard as well as partitas for unaccompanied violin and suites for unaccompanied cello.
Earlier composers, e.g. Renaissance composers, had also written suites, but the word “suite” was not used until around the middle of the 17th century.
By the 1750s composers had stopped writing suites. They were more interested in the symphony and concerto,
In the late 19th century, the word "suite" started to be used again. Composers who had written operas or ballets with lots of popular dance movements often made an arrangement of these movements for orchestra so that it could be played at concerts. Tchaikovsky wrote the "Nutcracker Suite" which includes the most popular dances from his ballet "The Nutcracker". Some composers used the word "suite" for pieces with movements which had a common theme: Gustav Holst called "The Planets" a suite, as each movement is about one of the planets. French composers of the Impressionist period such as Ravel and Debussy wrote suites for piano.

Suite
The word Suite (pronounce: "sweet") comes from the (French word “suite” meaning “a sequence”, i.e. several things that follow one another. In French the verb “suivre” means “to follow”.

Partner
A partner is someone with whom a person shares an activity, i.e. they do something together.
Very often the word partner is used to mean a person with whom one has a sexual relationship. People who live together but are not married may describe themselves as "partners". Partners may also be gay couples.
In dance a partner is someone with whom one dances.
In business a partner is someone with whom one runs a business.
In card games such as bridge partners are two people who are playing together on the same side. They are trying to win from the other two people who are their opponents.
A relationship of partners (in any sense) may be called a partnership.

Michael Chang
Michael Te-Pei Chang (張德培; Pinyin: Zhāng Dépéi; born February 22, 1972, in Hoboken, New Jersey, United States) is an American former tennis player. He was the youngest-ever male winner of a Grand Slam singles title. Michael Chang did this when he won the French Open in 1989 at the age of 17.
Chang was often in the Top 10 in the Association of Tennis Professionals world rankings for several years in the 1990s. His highest ranking (that is, the order in which it is shown how good he is in the sport at a certain time) was World No. 2.
When he won the French Open in 1989, Chang had a very famous semi-final match with Ivan Lendl. Before the match, most people think Michael Chang would lose because he was unseeded, and Lendl wass ranked No. 1. At first Chang was losing, but he won the important third set. Starting then, Chang began to have leg cramps, but managed to win the match through determination. Today many people remember this game as one of his best matches when the name Michael Chang is mentioned.
Chang is a very well known Christian. With his family he started the Chang Family Foundation in 1999 "to introduce the Good News of Jesus Christ to the World".

Catalão
Catalão is a Brazilian city of the state of Goiás. It has 75.623 inhabitants and an area of 3.778 km². Was founded in 1833 and is today a important industrial center of state of Goiás.

216 Kleopatra
216 Kleopatra is a Main belt asteroid that was found by Johann Palisa on April 10, 1880 in Pola. It is named after Cleopatra, the Queen of Egypt.
Kleopatra is an unusual object. Its odd shape was revealed by adaptive optics on the ESO 3.6m telescope at La Silla. By bouncing radar signals off the asteroid, a team of astronomers at the Arecibo radio telescope in Puerto Rico were able to develop a more detailed computer model of its shape, which confirmed the dog-bone like shape. A favored explanation is that Kleopatra is a contact binary: two similarly-sized asteroids that have hit and stuck together instead of breaking apart.
Kleopatra is a fairly big asteroid, measuring 217 × 94 × 81 km. It is believed to be a loosely packed metallic object, based on its radar albedo.

Ministry of Defence of Germany
The Federal Ministry of Defence (BMVg) is a Ministry of the Federal Republic of Germany. At present the headquarters of the ministry are still in Bonn with 3230 working in the Hardthöhe. The second office employs about 500 people in the Bendlerblock in Berlin.
Organisation.
Operatively the General Staff of the Defence Forces (or "FÜ S", which is short for) is the most important, it has seven sections divided into 42 smaller sections
The press and information staff and the planning staff work directly under the minister
Federal Minister of Defence.
In peace time the Federal Minister of Defence is commander in chief of the Armed Forces, not the Federal President.
If Germany is attacked, or about to be attacked, command passes to the Chancellor.
History.
In 1950 Chancellor Konrad Adenauer gave Thordore Blank the job of preparing for the time when Germany could have an army. In December 20 people where working in the "Blank Office". On 7 June 1950 it had 1300 employees, and became the Federal Ministry of Defence.a German About 20 employees started with intensive groundworks with the name "the representative of the Chancellor for the questions being connected with the increase of the allied troops" in Blank's office in December 1950. Until June 1955 this so-called duty Blank grew up on over 1300 employees. It was renamed in Federal Ministry for defence on June 1955. The name was changed into Federal Ministry of defence on December 1961 and was seen as one of the "classic departments". At German reunification the National People's Army (Nationale Volksarmee) of East Germany was made part of the Federal Armed Forces. Not long after this, Germany's army took part in the war in Kosovo. The first time that Germany's army had been sent to fight outside Germany since the end of World War II

Angstrom
An angstrom or ångström (symbol Å) is a non-SI unit of length that is internationally recognized. It equals 0.1 nanometre (nm). It can be written in scientific notations as 1×10−10 m (normalized notation) or (exponential notation) — both means. It is sometimes used to express the sizes of atoms, lengths of chemical bonds and visible-light spectra, and dimensions of parts of integrated circuits.
History.
The ångström is named after the Swedish physicist Anders Jonas Ångström (1814–1874), one of the founders of spectroscopy who is known also for studies of astrophysics, heat transfer, terrestrial magnetism, and the aurora borealis.
In 1868, Ångström created a spectrum chart of solar radiation that expresses the wavelength of electromagnetic radiation in the electromagnetic spectrum in multiples of one ten-millionth of a millimetre, or 1 metres. This unit of length later became known as the ångström, Å.
The visual sensitivity of a human being is from about 4,000 Ångstroms (violet) to 7,000 Ångstroms (deep red) so the use of the ångström as a unit provided a fair amount of discrimination without resort to fractional units. Because of its closeness to the scale of atomic and molecular structures it also became popular in chemistry and crystallography.
Today, the use of the Ångstrom as a unit is less popular than it used to be and the nanometre (nm) is often used instead (with the Ångstrom being officially discouraged by both the International Committee for Weights and Measures and the American National Standard for Metric Practice).

217 Eudora
217 Eudora is a big Main belt asteroid. It is probably made of carbonaceous chondrites.
It was found by J. Coggia on August 30, 1880 in Marseilles. It was the fourth asteroid he found.
It was named after Eudora, a Hyad in Greek mythology.

218 Bianca
218 Bianca is a big Main belt asteroid. It is an S-type asteroid.
It was found by Johann Palisa on September 4, 1880 in Pola and was named after the then-famous Austro-Hungarian opera singer Bianca Bianchi (real name Bertha Schwarz).
Bianca is also a moon of planet Uranus.

Oberrüti
Oberrüti is a municipality of the district of Muri in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Obersiggenthal
Obersiggenthal is a municipality of the district of Baden, in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Oberwil-Lieli
Oberwil-Lieli is a municipality of the district of Bremgarten in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Oeschgen
Oeschgen is a municipality of the district of Laufenburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Oftringen
Oftringen is a municipality of the district of Zofingen in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica
The Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica was a trilogy written by Isaac Newton and published on July 5, 1687.
What they were about.
This three volume text was a series of books describing the physics and math.

Prato
Prato is a city in Tuscany, Italy. It is the capital of the Province of Prato.
Prato's economy has been based upon the textile industry, since 1400.
Prato is also a centre of the slow food movement, with many other local specialities, including cantucci, a type of biscotti.
Since the late 1950s, the city has had a big amount of immigration, first from southern Italy, then other countries. Since the late 1980s a large Han community has settled in the city. With a population of more than 180,000 people, Prato is Tuscany's second largest city. It is the third largest in Central Italy, after Rome and Florence.
History.
In 1512 the city was attacked by the Spanish troops sent by Pope Julius II to capture the nearby city of Florence for the Medici family. The attack caused much damage to Prato. It led to the surrender of the Florentine Republic and control by the Medici family. The army killed 50,600 citizens of Prato in the streets.
Main monuments.
Prato is home to many museums and other cultural monuments. These include the Filippo Lippi frescoes in the Cathedral of Santo Stefano which has been restored in 2006. The Cathedral has an external pulpit by Donatello.
"Palazzo Pretorio", the old town hall, was built at the end of the 13th century in red bricks. Sections in white brick were added later. In the 16th century an outside staircase and a clock were added. Also notable is the "Palazzo Datini", the home of the merchant Francesco Datini built from 1383. It has decorations by Florentine artists like Agnolo Gaddi and Niccolò Gerini. In 1409, it housed Pope Alexander V and Louis of Anjou. The "Palazzo degli Alberti" (12th century) is home to an artgallery with works by Filippo Lippi ("Prato Madonna"), Giovanni Bellini ("Crucifix with Jew Cemetery") and Caravaggio ("The Crowning with Thorns").
Another major attraction of the city is the Centro per l'arte contemporanea Luigi Pecci, a museum and education centre concerned with contemporary arts.
Prato is also the home of the Monash University a very nice centre for learning English.

Olsberg, Switzerland
Olsberg is a municipality of the district of Rheinfelden in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Livorno
Livorno is a port city on the Tyrrhenian Sea on the western coast of Tuscany, Italy.
History.
Today, Livorno is known for the fortified town walls and for the small streets. Many foreigners moved to Livorno such as Jews, Armenians, Greeks, Dutch, and English. Some Moriscos (Muslim Spaniards forced to turn Catholic), much later, also moved to Livorno (from Spain and during the 18th century).
Main monuments.
Bridges, houses and streets, mostly from the neo-classical era are in the district of Livorno.
Examples.
The "Monumento dei quattro mori" ("Monument of the Four Turks"), dedicated to Grand Duke Ferdinando I de' Medici of Tuscany, is one of the most important monuments of Livorno.
Another important monument is the old fortress which has 3 bastions called “Capitana”, “Ampolletta” and “Canaviglia”. It was made before the Renaissance.
Culture.
Politically, Livorno is one of the most left-leaning cities of Italy. The Communist Party of Italy was founded in Livorno on 21 January 1921.
Economy.
Tuaca liqueur is produced in Livorno. The city also has a petrochemical industry.
Sport.
Livorno has a football team in Serie B, A.S. Livorno Calcio.
Languages.
Livorno inhabitants speak a Tuscan dialect of Italian, called "vernacolo".

Arezzo
Arezzo is an old city in central Italy. It is the capital of the Province of Arezzo, located in the region of Tuscany. Arezzo is about 80 km (50 mi) south-east of Florence. It is at an elevation of 296 m above sea level. In 2001 the population was about 91,600 people.
Geography.
Arezzo is placed on the floodplain of the Arno. In the upper part of the town are the cathedral and the squares.
History.
Arezzo may have been one of the twelve most important Etruscan cities, the so-called Dodecapolis.
Conquered by the Romans in 311 BC, Arretium became a military station on the via Cassia, the road to expansion by republican Rome into the basin of the Po. In the 3rd to 4th century, Arezzo became an episcopal place: it is one of the few cities whose succession of bishops are known by name without interruption to the present day, in part because they were the feudal lords of the city in the Middle Ages.
Until 1384, Arezzo was an independent city-state, generally Ghibelline in tendency, thus opposing Guelph Florence. In 1252 the city founded its university, the "Studium". Arezzo in 1384 was under Florentine dominationDuring this period Piero della Francesca worked in the church of San Francesco di Arezzo producing the splendid frescoes.
In the 18th century the neighbouring marshes of the Val di Chiana, south of Arezzo, were drained and the region became less malarial. At the end of the century French troops led by Napoleon Bonaparte conquered Arezzo, but the city soon turned into the hands of the resistance against the invaders with the movement of "Viva Maria": this gained the city the role of provincial capital. In 1860 Arezzo became part of the Kingdom of Italy.
Squares.
The Piazza Grande is the most noteworthy medieval square in the city, it is currently the site of the "Giostra del Saracino" ("Joust of the Saracin").

Police, Poland
Police is a town in Poland. As of 2007, 34,220 people live there. The town is located on the river Oder, near the border with Germany. It is one of the largest sea ports in Poland. Police borders with Szczecin. In the Police area, there is another town called Nowe Warpno.

Nowe Warpno
Nowe Warpno is a town in Poland. As of 2004, 1,214 people live there. The town is located on the Szczecin Lagoon, at the border with Germany. In the area of Nowe Warpno there are Police, Poland, Świnoujście, Szczecin, Eggesin and Ueckermünde.

219 Thusnelda
219 Thusnelda is a common Main belt asteroid. It is classified as a S-type asteroid.
It was found by Johann Palisa on September 30, 1880 in Pola and was named after Thusnelda, wife of Germanic warrior Arminius.

Thomas de Maizière
Thomas de Maizière (born 21 January 1954 in Bonn) is the Minister for Special Affairs in the German government. He is also Head of the Federal Chancellery.
His father was Ulrich de Maizière, who was Inspector General of the Bundeswehr. The senior officer in all German Armed Forces. In the UK, he would be Chief of the Defence Staff and in the US, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff,
Thomas' cousin Lothar de Maizière was the only democratically elected Prime Minister of the German Democratic Republic.

Szczecin Lagoon
The Lagoon of the Oder River is an inland water basin found in the southwestern part of the Baltic Sea. It is shared by Germany and Poland. These are the towns that can be found at the Szczecin Lagoon: Świnoujście, Ueckermünde, Wolin (town) and Nowe Warpno.

Othmarsingen
Othmarsingen is a municipality of the district of Lenzburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Reinach, Aargau
Reinach is a municipality of the district of Kulm in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Reitnau
Reitnau is a municipality of the district of Zofingen in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Lava dome
In volcanology, a lava dome or plug dome is a round-shaped mound in the crater of a volcano that is formed because of a future eruption.

Rekingen
Rekingen is a municipality of the district of Zurzach in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Remetschwil
Remetschwil is a municipality of the district of Baden in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Remigen
Remigen is a municipality of the district of Brugg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Gifford Pinchot National Forest
The Gifford Pinchot National Forest is a United States National Forest located in Washington, USA. It has 1.3 million acres of land, and the forest includes the Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument, which takes up 110,000 acres of the property.

Rietheim, Switzerland
Rietheim is a municipality of the district of Zurzach in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Cascade Range
The Cascade Range is a mountain range that spreads from Northern California, through Oregon and Washington, and ends in British Columbia, Canada. It has other names such as the Cascade Mountains, the High Cascades, and in British Columbia, the Canadian Cascades. Mountains and volcanos in the range include Mount St. Helens, Mount Rainier, and Mount Shasta.

Riniken
Riniken is a municipality of the district of Brugg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

220 Stephania
220 Stephania is a Main belt asteroid. It is a P-type asteroid, meaning it is fairly dark and made of organic rich silicates, carbon and anhydrous silicates.
It was found by Johann Palisa on May 19, 1881 in Vienna.
The name honours Crown Princess Stéphanie, wife of the heir-apparent Crown Prince Rudolf of Austria.

Rohr, Aargau
Rohr is a municipality of the district of Aarau in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Rothrist
Rothrist is a municipality of the district of Zofingen in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Rottenschwil
Rottenschwil is a municipality of the district of Muri in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Rudolfstetten-Friedlisberg
Rudolfstetten-Friedlisberg is a municipality of the district of Bremgarten in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Rüfenach
Rüfenach is a municipality of the district of Brugg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival
Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival, best known as just Coachella, is an annual three-day music festival held in Indio, California. It has taken place every year since the first year in 1999, except in the year 2000. It has had artists ranging from Rage Against the Machine to Nickel Creek.

Rümikon
Rümikon is a municipality of the district of Zurzach in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Welwel
Welwel, is an oasis in Ethiopia, near Somalia. It used to be called Walwal. Walwal was where a border dispute happened with Italy. Mussolini used the dispute as an excuse to start a war against Ethiopia.

Archers of Loaf
Archers of Loaf was an indie rock band from Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States. They were formed in 1991 and broke up in 1998. They have sometimes been compared to the band Pavement (band). They stopped touring in 2000 with the release of their last live album, "Seconds Before the Accident".

Arctic Cordillera
The Arctic Cordillera is a mountain range running along the northeastern coast of North America from Ellesmere Island to the northernmost tip of Labrador. It is the only major mountain range in Canada east of the Rocky Mountains. The range has a surface area of 218,225 km2. Its highest point is 2,616 m (8,583 ft) at Barbeau Peak.

Fort Banks
Fort Banks (also known as the "Eastern Command Fixed Defences"), is an old World War II fort that was used to protect the entrance to Botany Bay. The fort is located north of Cape Banks in La Perouse, New South Wales Australia.
History.
Just before WWII, a small section of land on the Cape Banks Headland that was owned by the New South Wales Golf Club was used by the Australian Army to build a fort. The fort was made so that it could protect Sydney from an attack by a foreign navy ship. The fort had two BL 9.2 inch Mark 10 cannons that were put into concrete gun emplacements (pictured) and barracks that were finished just before the start of WWII. During WWII the Henry Head Battery was also reopened and had two BL 6 inch cannons.

221 Eos
221 Eos is a rather big main belt asteroid. It is classified as a K-type asteroid.
The big Eos asteroid family is named after it.
It was found by Johann Palisa on January 18, 1882 in Vienna and was named after Eos, Greek goddess of dawn.

222 Lucia
222 Lucia is a big Main belt asteroid. It is classified as a C-type asteroid and is probably made of primitive carbonaceous material.
Lucia is a member of the Themis family of asteroids.
It was found by Johann Palisa on February 9, 1882 in Vienna and named after Lucia, daughter of explorer Graf Wilczek.

223 Rosa
223 Rosa is a big Main belt asteroid. It is classified as a combination of C-type and P-type asteroids, so it is probably made of carbonaceous material with lots of water ice. It is also a member of the Themis asteroid family.
It was found by Johann Palisa on March 9, 1882 in Vienna.
Where the name comes from is unknown.

224 Oceana
224 Oceana is a big Main belt asteroid. It is an M-type, but is not metallic.
It was found by Johann Palisa on March 30, 1882 in Vienna.
It was named after the Pacific Ocean.
224 Oceana was one of five minor planets included in the 1993 study, Transition Comets -- UV Search for OH Emissions in Asteroids, which was research involving non-professional astronomers who were allowed to make use of the Hubble Space Telescope.

Rupperswil
Rupperswil is a municipality of the district of Lenzburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Safenwil
Safenwil is a municipality of the district of Zofingen in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Sarmenstorf
Sarmenstorf is a municipality of the district of Bremgarten in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Schafisheim
Schafisheim is a municipality of the district of Lenzburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Scherz
Scherz is a municipality of the district of Brugg in canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Schinznach-Bad
Schinznach-Bad is a municipality of the district of Brugg in canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Schinznach-Dorf
Schinznach-Dorf is a municipality of the district of Brugg in canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Schlossrued
Schlossrued is a municipality of the district of Kulm in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Schmiedrued
Schmiedrued is a municipality of the district of Kulm in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Schneisingen
Schneisingen is a municipality of the district of Zurzach in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Schöftland
Schöftland is a municipality of the district of Kulm in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Schupfart
Schupfart is a municipality of the district of Rheinfelden in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Black-eyed Susan
"blackeyed Susan" "Rudbeckia" is one of at least four genera within the flowering plant family Asteraceae whose members are commonly known as coneflowers.
Blackeyed Susan is a common Missouri native wildflower which typically occurs in open woods, prairies, fields, roadsides and waste areas throughout the State.
The name was given by Carolus Linneaus in honor of his teacher at Uppsala University, Professor Olof Rudbeck the Younger (1660-1740), and his father, Professor Olof Rudbeck the Elder (1630-1702), both of whom were botanists.

225 Henrietta
225 Henrietta is a very big farther Main belt asteroid. It is classified as a C-type asteroid and is probably made of privitive carbonaceous material. It has very dark surface.
It belongs to Cybele group of asteroids and is probably in 4:7 orbital resonance with planet Jupiter.
It was found by Johann Palisa on April 19, 1882 in Vienna and named after Henrietta, wife of astronomer Pierre J. C. Janssen.

226 Weringia
226 Weringia is a common Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Johann Palisa on July 19, 1882.
It was named after Währing, part of Vienna, the city where the asteroid was found.

Schwaderloch
Schwaderloch is a municipality of the district of Laufenburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Seengen
Seengen is a municipality of the district of Lenzburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Seon, Switzerland
Seon is a municipality of the district of Lenzburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Siglistorf
Siglistorf is a municipality of the district of Zurzach in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Lenzburg
Lenzburg is a municipality in the district of Lenzburg in the canton of Aargau, Switzerland. It is the capital city of the district. The town was founded in the Middle Ages. It lies in the Seetal valley, about south of the Aare delta. Lenzburg and the municipalities of Niederlenz and Staufen have merged together over time. The city name refers to the name of the castle which can be translated as "spring castle".
As of January 2007, Lenzburg had a population of about 7,700 people. Lenzburg is about west of Zürich. Many people living in Lenzburg go to Zürich to work.
Geography.
The district (1,113 hectares in area) is located in a valley between two ranges of minor limestone mountains which rise about a hundred meters over the otherwise flat valley. The two major mountains are Während der Schlossberg at 504 metres above sea-level with a diameter of only 250 metres, and the nearby Goffersberg at 507 metres above sea-level which is only 500 metres long and has a broad plateau 50 metres wide. Lenzburg grew together with the nearby communities into a regional area
Nearby municipalities are Rupperswil in the northwest, Niederlenz and Möriken Wildegg in the north; Othmarsingen in the northeast, Hendschiken in the east, Ammerswil in the southeast, Egliswil the south, Seon in the southwest as well as Staufen in the west.
History.
A Roman theatre was uncovered when the motorway was built in 1964. It was part of a small settlement of 500 inhabitants that existed for about 200 years. The settlement was abandoned in the 3rd century. In the 5th and 6th centuries, an Alamanni village existed. The oldest registered usage of the name "Lencis" (from which Lenzburg derives) is in 893 AD.
In 1036, Castle Lenzburg was used for the first time as the seat for the count of Lenzburg, then an important lord. The family died out in 1173, and the castle became owned by emperor Frederick Barbarossa. After this, it was mainly used by the Kyburger house. The Habsburgs took over the castle in 1273. City rights were granted in 1306.
Lenzburg was conquered by Bern in 1415, along with the western part of what is now Aargau. Bern did not take away its city rights. In 1433, the city of Bern bought the castle and used it to govern the area from 1444 to 1798. A major fire ruined the town in 1491. Only fifteen houses were not destroyed. The reformation was carried out at the same time with the rest of the region in 1528. The economy started to move slowly from a farming economy to a more industrial one in the 16th century. A textile factory was founded in 1732.
In 1798, the Helvetian Republic was made and the lords from Bern were removed. The canton of Aargau was founded and Lenzburg became the capital of the district in 1803. The canton gained the castle in 1804. Lenzburg became the economic center of the area in the 19th century. In 1875, Lenzburg was added to the railway system. Competition for trade became too much and Lenzburg became bankrupt only one year later. The town recovered from bankruptcy during the next 10 years.
Economics.
Lenzburg is an important economic centre. It contains over 800 companies. Most of the businesses are small to medium sized, but some worldwide companies are established in Lenzburg, for example the global Asea Brown Boveri (ABB). About 6,000 people work in Lenzburg.
Transportation.
Lenzburg is a good place for transportation. It is about from Zürich with access to the A1, Switzerland's most important motorway. Two main axes of traffic cross in Lenzburg, one running from Waldshut to Lucerne and the other running from Zurich to Berne.
Some of the trains from Zurich to Berne stop in Lenzburg. Lenzburg is part of the Suburban rail system of Zurich. Other trains connect the city to Brugg, Lucerne, Zofingen and Zug. The line to Wettingen was closed, because of low traffic. The trains were replaced by a commuter line from Zurich (which runs to Aarau).
Zürich International Airport is close to the town of Lenzburg. The local bus "Regionalbus Lenzburg" leads to the municipalities of Brunegg, Dintikon, Möriken-Wildegg, Schafisheim and Seengen. Lenzburg has an urban bus system as well.
Events.
For over 400 years, the youth celebration ("Jugendfest") is the largest event in Lenzburg. It takes place every year on the second Friday of July. In August, the "Gauklerfestival" takes place in the streets of the old part of town with good food and entertainment on the streets of the city.

Aurora (aircraft)
The Aurora (supposedly called the SR-91 Aurora) is a possible surveillance aircraft. No one knows if it ever existed. Supposedly, it was meant for trying out hypersonic flight, or speeds above 5 times the speed of sound. The name "Aurora" was used for the aircraft because in 1985, it appeared on an American military funding list. It might have been to replace the SR-71 Blackbird.
Aurora sightings.
In 1989, a man named Chris Gibson was working on an oil rig when he saw a KC-135 Stratotanker, two F-111 Aardvarks, and a triangle-shaped craft refueling. He did not know what it was. During 1991 in Southern California, there were a lot of sonic booms being heard. There was also a pulse coming out of the engine. The most recent sighting was in 2006.

The Oprah Winfrey Show
The Oprah Winfrey Show is an American talk show which has Oprah Winfrey as the host. It began in the late 1980s, and has since become one of the most famous talk shows in the world.

Rheinfelden, Switzerland
Rheinfelden is a municipality of the canton of Aargau in Switzerland, seat of the district of Rheinfelden. It is located 15 kilometres east of Basel. The name means the fields of the Rhine, as the town is located on the Hochrhein. It is home to Feldschlösschen, the most popular beer in Switzerland. The city is across the river from Rheinfelden in Baden-Württemberg; the two cities were joined until Napoleon Bonaparte fixed the German–Swiss border on the Rhine in 1802 and are still socially and economically tied.
Geography.
The old town of Rheinfelden lies on the Rhine river. The Rhine can be traveled down by ship from Rheinfelden all the way to the North Sea.
History.
The area around Rheinfelden was already settled about 10,000 years ago. At that time, people lived in the "Hermitage", a small natural cave next to the current highway. In the year 45 BC, a few kilometers west, the village Augusta Raurica was made, the first Roman town in Switzerland, near modern Kaiseraugst. Towards the end of the 4th century, a fort was built at the western settlement.
During the 17th century, there was very little time during which the city enjoyed peace. During the Rappenkrieg (a peasant uprising that lasted from 1612 until 1614), the city was ruined. Between 1633 and 1638, the Thirty Years' War reached Fricktal, where Rheinfelden played a big role. On 15 July 1633, Swedish and French troops ruined the city. On 5 February 1638, the city was put under attack by Protestant troops sent by Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar. On 28 February, the Battle of Rheinfelden began, as the city was attacked by the bigger Imperial and Bavarian troops sent by Johann von Werth and Federigo Savelli. The Protestants lost this battle and moved on. Bernhard brought them weapons, but in the second passage on 3 March they were defeated, as he and his men unexpectedly re-appeared on the battlefield, with Savelli and Werth falling into captivity.
By the end of the Thirty Years' War, the Austrians had built a fortress on the island to secure the southwestern border of the Breisgau. In 1678, French troops sent by François de Créquy fired at the city. In 1745, during the War of the Austrian Succession, the French made a fortress on the same ground and also ruined part of the city wall. On 17 July 1796, Rheinfelden was again occupied and looted by the French.
Because of the Treaty of Campo Formio in 1797, the Fricktal became a protectorate of the French, making the front line between the French Revolutionary and the Austrian troops in the War of the Second Coalition. On 20 February 1802, Rheinfelden was made the capital city of the new Canton of Fricktal, joining the Helvetic Republic in August, the point at which the city became mostly Swiss. The seat of the cantonal government was found here instead of in Laufenburg. With the beginning of the "Reichsdeputationshauptschluss" (the German Mediatisation), Napoleon Bonaparte removed the canton of Fricktal. Since 19 March 1803, Rheinfelden has been the capital of the district of the same name, in the canton of Aargau.

227 Philosophia
227 Philosophia is a big Main belt asteroid.
It was found by P.P. Henry on August 12, 1882 in Paris and named after philosophy.

228 Agathe
228 Agathe is a small Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Johann Palisa on August 19, 1882 in Vienna.

229 Adelinda
229 Adelinda is a big, dark farther Main belt asteroid. It is classified as a C-type asteroid and is probably made of primitive carbonaceous material.
It is part of the Cybele asteroid group and probably in 4:7 orbital resonance with planet Jupiter.
It was found by Johann Palisa on August 22, 1882 in Vienna.
It was named after Adelinda, wife of astronomer E. Weiss.

230 Athamantis
230 Athamantis is a fairly big Main belt asteroid. It is classified as an S-type asteroid.
It was found by K. de Ball on September 3, 1882 in Bothkamp. It was the only asteroid he found.
It was named after Athamantis, daughter of Athamas the mythical Greek king of Orchomenos.

231 Vindobona
231 Vindobona is a big Main belt asteroid. Its dark surface indicates that it is made of lots of carbon.
It was found by Johann Palisa on September 10, 1882.
Vindobona is the Latin name for Vienna, Austria, the city where the asteroid was found.

232 Russia
"This article is about the asteroid. For the article on Russia, see Russia"
232 Russia is a big Main belt asteroid. It is classified as a C-type asteroid and is probably made of primitive carbonaceous material.
It was found by Johann Palisa on January 31, 1883 in Vienna and was named after the country of Russia.

233 Asterope
233 Asterope is a quite big Main belt asteroid. It is a rare T-type asteroid and has a fairly dark surface.
It was found by A. Borrelly on May 11, 1883 in Marseilles.
The asteroid was named after Asterope (or Sterope), one of the Pleiades.

234 Barbara
234 Barbara is a common Main belt asteroid. It is classified as an S-type asteroid.
It was found by C. H. F. Peters on August 12, 1883 in Clinton, New York.

Klickitat
The Klickitat (also spelled Klikitat) are a Native American tribe of the Pacific Northwest. A Shahaptian tribe, their neighbors to the east were the Yakama, who speak a closely related language. Their neighbors to the west are the Salishan and Chinookan tribes. Their name has been used for naming places like Klickitat County, Washington, Klickitat, Washington, and the Klickitat River, a tributary of the Columbia River.

Arzo
Arzo is a municipality of the district of Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Ascona
Ascona is a municipality of the district of Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Astano
Astano is a municipality of the district of Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Lugano (district)
Lugano is a district of the canton of Ticino inSwitzerland.

Locarno (district)
Locarno is a district of the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Vallemaggia (district)
Vallemaggia is a district of the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. The capital city of the district is Cevio.

Bellinzona (district)
Bellinzona is a district of the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Riviera (district)
Riviera is a district of the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. The capital city of the district is Biasca.

Blenio (district)
Blenio is a district of the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. The capital city of the district is Acquarossa.

Leventina (district)
Leventina is a district of the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. The capital city of the district is Faido.

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
In linguistics, the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis is the idea that the sort of language people speak changes the way they think and act.

Icosahedron
A Icosahedron is a Platonic solid that is made of triangles and has twenty sides.

Octahedron
An octahedron is a polyhedron with eight sides and is made of eight equilateral triangles, four of which meet at each top.

Rounder Records
Rounder Records is an American record label that formed in Cambridge, Massachusetts in 1970. Since then, it has moved to Burlington, Massachusetts. Over the years, some of the artists and bands that have been signed to the label include Alison Krauss, Ween, and Bela Fleck.

Columbia Records
Columbia Records is an American record label that formed in 1888. It is the oldest known record company in the world. Its parent company is now Sony BMG. Over the years, some of the artists and bands that have been signed to the label include Aretha Franklin, System of a Down, Johnny Cash, Bob Dylan, Bela Fleck, Janis Joplin, Paul McCartney, John Lennon, Willie Nelson, Dolly Parton, and hundreds of other artists.

Origin of life
There are many theories on Origin of life because we can't define what life is still and because we haven't made any kind of life in laboratory.
We don't know whether metabolism or genetics comes earlier. The main hypothesis which supports genetics first is RNA world hypothesis, and the one which supports metabolism first is Protein world hypothesis.
RNA world hypothesis.
In this hypothesis, RNA is said to work both as enzyme and as container of gene. After that, DNA takes after its rule as container of gene.
There are some evidences which supports this idea.
There are also some reasons because of which some deny this idea.
Protein world hypothesis.
This idea insists that protein worked as enzyme first, and after that DNA and RNA began to work as container of gene.
This idea also has some evidences which supports this.
In recent years, a new variation of this idea, GADV hypothesis, was presented.

Timeline of the 2006 Atlantic hurricane season
Below is a timeline of the 2006 Atlantic hurricane season, listing all the storm formations, strengthening, weakening, landfalls, extratropical transitions, as well as dissipation. The 2006 Atlantic hurricane season was a season in which an El Niño event stopped much tropical cyclone activity, especially later in the season. The season officially began on June 1 2006, and lasted until November 30. For convenience and clarity, in the timeline below, all landfalls are bolded. The timeline also includes information which was not operationally released, meaning that information from post-storm reviews by the National Hurricane Center, such as information on a storm that was not operationally warned on, have been included.
The graphical bar above gives a brief overview of storm activity during the season, and for convenience, the storm's maximum intensity is included as a color bar. Tropical Storm Zeta from 2005 persisted into 2006, therefore a January section has been included in the text timeline.

Atlantic Standard Time Zone
The Atlantic Standard Time Zone (AST) is a geographic region that keeps time by subtracting four hours from Greenwich Mean Time (GMT), resulting in GMT-4 (UTC-4). The clock time in this zone is based on the mean solar time of the 60th degree meridian west of the Greenwich Observatory.
Other parts of the world that keep time by subtracting four hours from UTC include Bermuda, in the North Atlantic; many Caribbean islands, including Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands; and several South American countries, such as Paraguay, Chile, Bolivia, and parts of Brazil. Venezuela used AST until December 9, 2007, when it switched to.

Figueirense Futebol Clube
Figueirense Futebol Clube, also known as Figueirense, is a Brazilian football team in Florianópolis, Santa Catarina.
History.
In 1921, the club was founded as Figueirense Football Club.
In 1932 the team won their first state championship.
From 1935 to 1937, Figueirense was three times in a row Catarinense champion.
In 1973, Figueirense was the first team of Santa Catarina state in Campeonato Brasileiro Série A.
In 1987, the club played at Campeonato Catarinense Second Division, and won the promotion to the First Division.
In 2001, the club was Campeonato Brasileiro Second Division runner-up, and was promoted to the following year's First Division.
From 2002 to 2004, Figueirense was three times in a row Campeonato Catarinense champion.
Stadium.
The stadium of Figueirense is Estádio Orlando Scarpelli. It was built in 1961. Its a maximum capacity is 19,908 people.

235 Carolina
235 Carolina is a big Main belt asteroid. It is an S-type asteroid.
It was found by Johann Palisa on November 28, 1883 in Vienna.
The asteroid was named after Caroline Island, now part of Kiribati.

C sharp
C# (pronounced "see sharp") is a computer programming language made by Microsoft, more precisely by Anders Hejlsberg, the creator of Delphi. It was created to use all capacities of .NET platform. The first version appeared in 2001, last update appeared in 2007 with the C# 3.0. C# is a modern language.
Execution Platform.
Today, C# can be run on most platforms (Windows, Linux...) without modification of the source code. The C# can be run on the Xbox 360 platform with a special framework.
Syntax.
C# code looks a lot like C++ and Java code. It is an object-oriented programming language. The CLR (Common Language Runtime is obligatory in order to run a C# program.
This code writes "Hello world" in the output console.

236 Honoria
236 Honoria is a big Main belt asteroid. It is classified as an S-type asteroid.
It was found by Johann Palisa on April 26, 1884 in Vienna.
The asteroid was named after Honoria, granddaughter of the Roman Emperor Theodosius I, who started negotiations with Attila the Hun.

Wilmington, North Carolina
Wilmington is a city in New Hanover County, North Carolina, United States. The population was around at 96,000 during 2006;. It is the county seat of New Hanover County. It was named in honor of Spencer Compton, the Earl of Wilmington, who was Prime Minister at the same time as George II was King of England.

Plantation Key
Plantation Key is an island in Monroe County, Florida, United States. It is located in the upper Florida Keys on U.S. Route 1 (or the "Overseas Highway"), between Key Largo and Windley Key.

Oak Island, North Carolina
Oak Island, North Carolina is a town located mostly on Oak Island (which also contains the town of Caswell Beach and the North Carolina Baptist Assembly at Fort Caswell) in Brunswick County, North Carolina; a small part of the town extends onto the mainland north of the island's bridge. The population was 6,571 at the 2000 census. It was founded in 1999 by the consolidation of the towns of Long Beach and Yaupon Beach. Its main industry is tourism; the town has an average summer population of 30,000-40,000.

237 Coelestina
237 Coelestina is a common Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Johann Palisa on June 27, 1884 in Vienna and was named after Coelestine, wife of astronomer Theodor von Oppolzer.

Avegno, Switzerland
Avegno is a municipality of the district of Vallemaggia in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.
In 1982, the Swiss Heritage Society gave the Wakker Prize to Avegno for the saving of it's historical buildings.

Wakker Prize
The Wakker Prize (in German: "Wakkerpreis", in French "Prix Wakker") is given every year by the Swiss Heritage Society to a municipality of Switzerland for the making and saving of its historical buildings.
In 2005, the prize was given to the Swiss Federal Railways, rather than a municipality.
The prize is named for Henri-Louis Wakker.

Ehrendingen
Ehrendingen is a municipality of the district Baden in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Barbengo
Barbengo is a municipality of the district of Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Bedano
Bedano is a municipality of the district of Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Bedigliora
Bedigliora is a municipality of the district of Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Hurricane Fabian
Hurricane Fabian was a powerful Cape Verde-type hurricane that hit Bermuda in early September during the 2003 Atlantic hurricane season. Fabian, the sixth named storm, fourth hurricane, and first major hurricane of the season, developed from a tropical wave in the tropical Atlantic Ocean on August 25. It moved west-northwestward under the influence of the subtropical ridge to its north, and steadily strengthened in an area of warm water temperatures and light wind shear. The hurricane attained a peak intensity of 145 mph (230 km/h) on September 1, and it slowly weakened as it turned northward. On September 5, Fabian made a direct hit on the island of Bermuda with wind speeds of over 120 mph (195 km/h). After passing the island, the hurricane turned to the northeast, and became extratropical on September 8.
Fabian was the strongest hurricane to hit Bermuda since Hurricane Arlene in 1963. It was both the most damaging and the first hurricane to cause a death on the island since 1926. The hurricane's powerful winds resulted in moderate damage and destroyed roofs throughout the island. A strong storm surge associated with the hurricane killed four people crossing a causeway on Bermuda, temporarily closing the only link between two islands. The endangered Bermuda Petrel, better known as the Cahow, was threatened by the hurricane, which destroyed ten nests, although volunteer work transported the species to a safer location. Strong swells resulted in damage in northern Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic, and also caused four people to drown along the United States' Atlantic coast. In all, Fabian caused around $300 million (2003 USD, $330 million 2006 USD) in damage and eight deaths.

Bedretto
Bedretto is a municipality of the district of Leventina in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

High five
A high five is a gesture done with two people.
Meanings.
It might mean "Good Job!". High fives are not done because a person is mad at someone else, even though doing one may hurt.
Methods.
To do a high five, both people open one hand and raise it, and slap them together.

238 Hypatia
238 Hypatia is a very big Main belt asteroid. It is classified as a C-type asteroid and is probably made of primitive carbonaceous material. Like many asteroids of this type, its surface is very dark in colour.
It was found by Viktor Knorre on July 1, 1884 in Berlin. It was the third asteroid he found.
The name was given in honour of philosopher Hypatia of Alexandria.

Revolver (album)
"Revolver" is a 1966 album by British rock band The Beatles. Its front cover is a collage, designed by Klaus Voormann, a artist friend of the Beatles from Germany.
The album was recorded at Abbey Road Studios in London, England. While most of the Beatles's records were made in Studio Two, it was being used for another project, so much of "Revolver" was made in Studio Three, which was much smaller and meant for use by soloists. Space was cramped, and the sound of the record was different from their earlier ones.
The album also got a different reception from earlier Beatles albums. The band felt free to "branch out" into new themes and ideas, that nobody had tried in a pop music recording before. "Taxman" commented on the tax system in England. "Eleanor Rigby" was about loneliness. "Yellow Submarine" became a hit with children. "Good Day Sunshine" and "Got to Get You Into My Life" were covered by other bands.
A few of the songs made references to drugs, particularly John Lennon's songs. "She Said She Said" was about a party in Los Angeles the Beatles had gone to, and had taken LSD. "Doctor Robert" was about a New York doctor (Charles Roberts) who overprescribed sedatives and "feel-good" drugs for his patients. "Tomorrow Never Knows" came from Lennon's reading "The Psychedelic Experience", which adapted the "Tibetan Book of the Dead" as a drug-user's guide.
Beatles lead guitarist George Harrison was pleased to have three of his own songs included on "Revolver", "Taxman", "Love You To", and "I Want to Tell You". Most Beatles albums only had one or two Harrison songs. "Love You To" did not feature guitars, but Harrison instead played a sitar. World-famous sitarist Ravi Shankar heard the song, but did not like it, and offered to teach Harrison to play sitar properly. Shankar and Harrison went on to become lifelong friends.
Three songs from the album were "borrowed" by Capitol Records in the United States, and used on a compilation album, "Yesterday... and Today", which came out before "Revolver". The songs were "I'm Only Sleeping", "Doctor Robert", and "And Your Bird Can Sing". Capitol Records then released "Revolver" in a shortened version. The compact disc edition for sale today follows the original British version.
"Revolver" came out while the Beatles were on a concert tour. Bands normally perform songs from their latest album as a routine part of a concert. Strangely, the Beatles did not perform any "Revolver" songs on tour, but instead played the same music as on earlier tours. This got them criticism from some listeners. The tour also turned out to be the band's last. They played their final public concert in San Francisco, California on August 29, 1966.
Songs.
Songs with an asterisk (*) were not included in the American release, by Capitol Records.

Besazio
Besazio is a municipality of the district of Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Rip current
A rip current is a strong surface flow of water returning seaward from near the shore (not to be confused with an undertow). It is often mistakenly called a "rip tide" or "riptide", though the occurrence is not related to the tides. Colloquially a rip current is known simply as a rip. Although rip currents would exist even without the tides, tides can make an existing rip much more dangerous (especially low tide). Typical flow is at 0.5 meters per second (1-2 feet per second), and can be as fast as 2.5 meters per second (8 feet per second). Rip currents can move to different locations on a beach break, up to tens of metres (a few hundred feet) a day. They can happen at any beach with breaking waves, including the world's oceans, seas, and large lakes such as the Great Lakes in Canada and the United States.

Bidogno
Bidogno is a municipality of the district Lugano, in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Biasca
Biasca is the capital of the district Riviera in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.
Geography.
The municipality lies at the entrance to the Blenio valley, 19 km north of Bellinzona, on the banks of the Brenno. About 3 km east of Biasca is the small lake of Carigiolo. The villages of Loderio, Ponte, Pontirone, Sant'Anna, and Valle are a part of Biasca.
History.
Roman coins hae been found in Biasca, which means that it had people living in it in old times.
The church of Biasca has sculptures and paintings from the 1400s and 1500s. It was built in 1213. A second Catholic church, the Rotonda di San Carlo, is a nice example of the modern building of the Milanese builder Macciacchini.
An avalanche from the Monte Crenone (now called Pizzo Magno) in 1512 buried many houses in Biasca and killed hundreds of people. This was one of the big avalanches in the Alps in modern times. It dammed the Brenno, forming a 14 kilometer long lake. This dam broke in the spring of 1514, flooding the Ticino valley to the Magadino plain.

Bioggio
Bioggio is a municipality of the district of Lugano, in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

St. David's Island, Bermuda
St. David's Island is one of the main islands of Bermuda. It is located in the far north of the territory, one of the two similarly sized islands that makeup the majority of St. George's Parish.

239 Adrastea
239 Adrastea is a common main belt asteroid.
It was found by Johann Palisa on August 18, 1884 in Vienna. It is named after the Greek nymph Adrasteia.

St. John's International Airport
St. John's International Airport is located 3 nautical miles (5.6 km) northwest of St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. The airport is part of the National Airports System, and is operated by St. John's International Airport Authority Inc.

Capitol Records
Capitol Records is a record label based in Hollywood, California. It was founded in 1942 by musician Johnny Mercer, with partners Buddy DeSylva and Glenn Wallichs. The company was later bought by EMI, a company based in England. The buyout gave Capitol's American recording artists an outlet for their records in England and Europe, while EMI's artists could sell their works in America.
Capitol's biggest-selling "imported" artist is The Beatles. When the Beatles had their first hits in England and Europe, Capitol Records did not want to market their recordings. Record producer George Martin turned instead to other American labels, trying to give the Beatles a hit record in America. Their records did not sell well in America at first, but "I Want to Hold Your Hand" became a hit through radio airplay of a British copy. Capitol Records changed their minds, released "I Want to Hold Your Hand", and it became a best-seller. Capitol then became the exclusive record label for the Beatles in America.
Capitol's Hollywood headquarters is in a building called the Capitol Tower. It is round, and built to resemble a stack of records. The building houses offices, and also Capitol's own recording studio, with large echo chambers under the building.
Today Capitol Records supervises many smaller record labels. Capitol and EMI are part of a larger company, named CEMA.

Recording studio
A recording studio is a place prepared for the recording of music, or other sound media. Some studios are independent, but many are part of a larger business, like a record label. Independent studios may only record one band or set of performers, but may also lease time to outsiders. Some studios charge an hourly rate, while others charge by the project.
Recording studios are usually divided into three areas: a "live area" (with natural reverberation) for recording groups, a "dead area" (with soundproofing to prevent reverb and echoes) for vocals and soloists, and a control booth, to house the recording equipment. Studios are usually soundproofed, to keep outside noises from getting into recordings. Baffles and other objects are used inside studios, to isolate sound sources. Asymmetrical room shapes are also used, to prevent "standing waves" and sound interference.
Early recording studios were not much different from radio studios, and the techniques used were interchangeable, but this changed over the years. Recordings could present sounds in ways radio could not carry, and radio did not play only recordings, so the shift was natural. When multitrack recording was developed in the 1950s, radio stations did not need multitrack equipment, for example. (Today some radio stations have such equipment, but use it to pre-record material.)
After effects processors were developed, the natural sound of a recording space was ignored by many new studios. The people who operated them depended on effects to create the sound they wanted. Today the trend is back toward good natural sounds, with less processing.

Hamilton Parish, Bermuda
Hamilton Parish (originally Bedford Parish) is one of the nine parishes of Bermuda. It was renamed for Scottish aristocrat James Hamilton, 2nd Marquess of Hamilton (1589-1625) when he purchased the shares originally held in the Virginia Company by Lucy, Countess of Bedford.

The Causeway, Bermuda
The Causeway is a narrow strip of reclaimed land and bridges in the north of Bermuda linking Hamilton Parish on the mainland in the southwest and Bermuda International Airport on St. David's Island in St. George's Parish in the northeast, which are otherwise divided by Castle Harbour.

Southampton Parish, Bermuda
Southampton Parish is one of the nine parishes of Bermuda. It is named for Henry Wriothesley, 3rd Earl of Southampton (1573-1624).

Joaquín Rodrigo
Joaquín Rodrigo (born Sagunto, Valencia, 22 November 1901; died Madrid, 6 July 1999) was a Spanish composer of classical music and a virtuoso pianist. Although he was blind from an early age, he became one of the most important Spanish composers of the 20th century. He wrote a lot of music for guitar, which helped classical guitar music worldwide to become more popular. His most famous work is a guitar concerto called "Concierto de Aranjuez".
Early life.
Rodrigo became blind at the age of three after becoming ill with diphtheria. When he was eight he began to learn piano and violin. He also learned the guitar, but never became very good at it, although he was to compose some wonderful music for the instrument.
After studying music in Valencia he went to Paris where he studied with Paul Dukas in Paris. After a short time back in Spain he returned to Paris to study musicology, first under Maurice Emmanuel and then under André Pirro. In 1925 he received Spain's National Prize for Orchestra for his pieces "Cinco piezas infantiles" (Five Children's Pieces). In 1947 Rodrigo became a professor of music history in Madrid, a job that was made especially for him.
His famous concertos.
Rodrigo’s most famous work, "de Aranjuez", was composed in 1939 in Paris. It is a concerto for solo classical guitar and orchestra. There are three movements. The middle movement is a slow movement with a tune which is played on the cor anglais. It has become one of classical music’s best-loved tunes.
After the success of this piece several other musicians asked him to write concertos for them, e.g the flautist James Galway, the cellist Julian Lloyd Webber and the guitarist Andrés Segovia, for whom he composed "Fantasía para un gentilhombre" in 1954. Another of his works is called "Concierto Andaluz," for four guitars and orchestra.
Honours.
In 1991, Rodrigo was raised to the nobility by King Juan Carlos; he was given the title "Marqués de los Jardines de Aranjuez" (Marquis of the Gardens of Aranjuez). He was given the Prince of Asturias Award in 1996, the highest honour a Spanish civilian can get. He was made Commander of the Order of Arts and Letters by the French government in 1998.
Personal life.
He married Victoria Kamhi, a Turkish-born pianist, in 1933. They had a daughter called Cecilia. Rodrigo died in 1999 in Madrid at the age of 97. Joaquín Rodrigo and his wife Victoria are buried at the cemetery at Aranjuez.
His music.
Rodrigo composed about 170 works. These include 11 concertos, lots of pieces for choir, songs, piano music and guitar music. Like Manuel de Falla in the early 20th century, Rodrigo became the leading figure in Spanish music in the later part of the century. His music is not like most of the music that was being written in Europe at the time. At first his music was influenced by that of Stravinsky, Ravel and Granados, but later his personality gave it a special Spanish character. He had a lot of knowledge and wrote articles about lots of different arts subjects.

St. George's Parish, Bermuda
St. George's Parish is one of the nine parishes of Bermuda. It is named in honour of the patron saint of England, though it is indirectly regarded as being named for the founder of the Bermuda colony, Englishman Admiral Sir George Somers.

Cape Breton Island
Cape Breton Island (French: "île du Cap-Breton" - formely "île Royale", Scottish Gaelic: "Eilean Cheap Breatuinn", Míkmaq: "Únamakika", simply: "Cape Breton") is an island on the Atlantic coast of North America. It likely corresponds to the European word "Breton", referring to Brittany.

240 Vanadis
240 Vanadis is a fairly big Main belt asteroid. This very dark asteroid is classified as a C-type asteroid and is probably made of privitive carbonaceous material.
It was found by A. Borrelly on August 27, 1884 in Marseilles and was named after Freyja (Vanadis), the Norse fertility goddess.

Focke-Wulf Fw 190
The Fw 190 was a German fighter aircraft made by Focke-Wulf during World War II. It first flew in 1939 and was introduced in 1941. Even though it was not sleek, it could still go 408 miles per hour (653 kilometers per hour). It was also called the Shrike and the Butcher Bird.
In 1942, Luftwaffe pilot Armin Faber landed by accident at a British airfield. They were then able to find out things about the aircraft.
The Fw 190 was 29 feet (8.84 meters) long, had a wingspan of 34 feet 5.5 inches (10.49 meters), was 13 feet (3.96 meters) high, weighed 7,055 pounds (3,200 kilograms) empty and 10,800 pounds (4,900 kilograms) operational. It could go 408 miles per hour (653 kilometers per hour), could fly up to 37,400 feet (11,410 meters), and could go 560 miles (900 kilometers) without refueling.

Warriors (book series)
"Warriors" is a series of fiction books written by Kate Cary and Cherith Baldry, with their editor Victoria Holmes, under the pen name Erin Hunter. The series are about the adventures of wild cats as they try to survive in their forest homes. The series is, as of now, a three mini-series with six books in each series. The first of these, called the "Original Warriors", was released in 2003, starting with the book "Into the Wild". The second series is titled "Warriors: The New Prophecy" and published in 2005. The first book was called "Midnight". The first book of the third series "Warriors: The Power of Three", "The Sight", was released on April 24, 2007.
Another book, "Secrets of the Clans", was released early in 2007. This gives information about the Clans unknown before. "Firestar's Quest" was released on August 21, 2007. A three volume manga series is being printed as well. The title of the first volume is "The Lost Warrior", and the book was released on the same day as "The Sight". The second volume, "Warrior's Refuge", was released on December 26, 2007, and the second book of "Power of Three", "Dark River", was also released December 26, 2007.
Graystripe's Trilogy.
There is a three book manga series based on what happened to Graystripe between the time that he was taken by "Twolegs" in "Dawn" until he returned to ThunderClan in "The Sight".
"Warriors" play.
Written by Vicky Holmes for a tour, a play entitled "After" Sunset": We Need to Talk" was first premiered on April 28, 2007 at the Secret Garden bookstore in Seattle, Washington. It details a meeting between Leafpool of ThunderClan and Crowfeather of WindClan after the events of "Sunset". The script was released to the public at www.warriorcats.com, the official site for the "Warriors" series.

241 Germania
241 Germania is a very big Main belt asteroid. It is classified as a C-type asteroid and is probably made of dark, privitive carbonaceous material.
It was found by Robert Luther on September 12, 1884 in Düsseldorf.
Germania is the Latin name for Germany.

Tsar Bomba
Tsar Bomba was the largest, most powerful nuclear weapon ever used. It was originally tested by the Soviet Union on October 30, 1961. It was a three stage H bomb.
This bomb is also called the "Father of Bombs". Two were built, one real while the other was a fake, meant to distract attention. See footage of the explosion here

242 Kriemhild
242 Kriemhild is a common Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Johann Palisa on September 22, 1884 in Vienna and was named after Kriemhild, a mythological Germanic princess.

243 Ida
243 Ida is a Main belt asteroid with pictures taken by the "Galileo" spacecraft on August 28, 1993. It was the first binary asteroid to be found and is a member of the Koronis family of asteroids.
Discovery and name.
Ida was found by Johann Palisa on September 29, 1884 in Vienna. It is named after Ida, a Cretan nymph in Greek mythology who lived on a mountain that has her name (see Mount Ida, Crete).
Moon.
Ida has a small moon, Dactyl, which was found on February 17, 1994 by "Galileo" mission member Ann Harch, while examining the delayed image downloads. The moon was given the designation S/1993 (243) 1 and later named (243) Ida I Dactyl. The pictures where it was first seen were taken on 28 August 1993, hence the designation. The moon was reported on 12 March 1994.
Dactyl is only 1.4 km in diameter. Some researchers believe that Dactyl formed from debris blown off from Ida because of cratering, while others suggest that Ida and Dactyl formed as a pair a billion or more years ago when Ida's parent body was disrupted. Both of these theories present difficulties that are unresolved at this time. Since Dactyl was found, other sightings have suggested that asteroid moons are common.
Although Ida's dimensions, measured along the principal axes (based on its rotation) are 53.6×24.0×15.2 km, the best-fit ellipsoid measures 60.0×25.2×18.6 km. Since its mass is well known thanks to its little moon, one can calculate that its surface gravity can be between 0.0031 and 0.0324 m/s². The rotation axis is within one degree of the shorter dimension axis, which means the centrifugal effect can reach a value as high as 0.0042 m/s² — at the tips of its longest axes, Ida is actually under tension.

Bironico
Bironico is a municipality of the district of Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Bissone
Bissone is a municipality of the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Bodio
Bodio is a municipality of the district of Leventina in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Bogno
Bogno is a municipality of the district of Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Borgnone
Borgnone is a municipality of the district of Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

244 Sita
244 Sita is an asteroid which is part of the Flora family in the Main Belt.
It was found by Johann Palisa on October 14, 1884 in Vienna.

245 Vera
245 Vera is a big Main belt asteroid. It is classified as an S-type asteroid.
It was found by N. R. Pogson on February 6, 1885 in Madras.

Principality of Khachen
The Principality of Khachen () was a medieval Armenian principality, in part of historical Artsakh (present-day Nagorno-Karabakh). The regions of Artsakh and Utik were attached to the Kingdom of Armenia in Antiquity. From the twelfth century the Khachen principality dominated the region. The Byzantine emperor Constantine VII addressed his letters to the prince of Khachen with the inscription "To Prince of Khachen, Armenia."

246 Asporina
246 Asporina is a big Main belt asteroid. It is classified as one of the few R-type asteroids.
It was found by A. Borrelly on March 6, 1885 in Marseilles and was named after Asporina, a goddess worshipped in Asia Minor.

Therapy
Therapy, in the medical field also called treatment, is what people do to try to solve or care for a health problem, physical or mental. When a person is ill or injured, a doctor may make a diagnosis and then recommend a therapy to try to make the person well. The therapy can be, for example, medicines (drugs), surgery or a change of diet.

247 Eukrate
247 Eukrate is a rather big Main belt asteroid. It is dark and likely made of carbonates.
It was found by Robert Luther on March 14, 1885 in Düsseldorf.
It was named after Eukrate, a Nereid in Greek mythology.

248 Lameia
248 Lameia is a quite common Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Johann Palisa on June 5, 1885 in Vienna and was named after Lamia, a lover of Zeus.

249 Ilse
249 Ilse is a Main belt asteroid. It has an unusually slow rotation period, about 3.5 days.
It was found by C. H. F. Peters on August 16, 1885 in Clinton, New York and was named after Ilse, a legendary German princess.
Due to the long rotation period, a possible moon of Ilse was suggested by R. P. Binzel in 1987. No evidence of it has been provided, however.

250 Bettina
250 Bettina is a big Main belt asteroid. It is classified as an M-type asteroid.
It was found by Johann Palisa on September 3, 1885 in Vienna. It was named in honour of Baroness Bettina von Rothschild, the wife of the prominent Viennese banker Albert Salomon von Rothschild who had bought the naming rights for £50.

251 Sophia
251 Sophia is a main belt asteroid.
It was found by Johann Palisa on October 4, 1885 in Vienna and was named after Sophia, wife of astronomer Hugo von Seeliger.

252 Clementina
252 Clementina is a main belt asteroid.
It was found by J. Perrotin on October 11, 1885 in Nice.
Where the name came from is not known, but is believed to be the name of Perrotin's first cat.

253 Mathilde
253 Mathilde is a main belt asteroid that was found by Johann Palisa in 1885. It has a fairly elliptical orbit that takes more than four years to circle the Sun. This asteroid has an unusually slow rate of rotation, taking 17.4 days to complete a 360° revolution about its axis. It is a primitive C-type asteroid, which means the surface has lots of carbon; giving it a dark surface that reflects only 4% of the light that falls on it.
This asteroid was visited by the NEAR Shoemaker spacecraft during June 1997, on its way to asteroid 433 Eros. The spacecraft took pictures a hemisphere of the asteroid, finding many big craters that have gouged out depressions in the surface. It is currently the biggest asteroid to be visited by a spacecraft, and the first C-type asteroid to be so explored.
Description.
253 Mathilde is very dark. The asteroid has a number of very big craters, with the individual craters being named for coal fields and basins around the world. The two biggest craters, Ishikari (29.3 km) and Karoo (33.4 km), are as wide as the asteroid's average radius. The impacts appear to have blown big volumes off the asteroid, as suggested by the angular edges of the craters.
The density measured by NEAR Shoemaker, 1,300 kg/m³, is less than half that of a normal carbonaceous chondrite; this may indicate that the asteroid is very loosely packed rubble pile (an asteroid that has been broken apart by a collision and pulled back together by gravity). The same is true of several C-type asteroids studied by ground-based telescopes with adaptive optics systems (45 Eugenia, 90 Antiope, 87 Sylvia and 121 Hermione). Up to 50% of the volume inside of 253 Mathilde has open space. However, the existence of a 20-km-long scarp may indicate that the asteroid does have some structural strength, so it could contain some big internal components. The low interior density is an inefficient transmitter of impact shock through the asteroid, which also helps to preserve the surface features to a high degree.
Mathilde's orbit is eccentric, taking it to the farther reaches of the Main belt. Nonetheless, the orbit lies between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter; it does not cross the planetary orbits. It also has one of the slowest rotation periods of the known asteroids — most asteroids have a rotation period in the range of 2 – 24 hours. Because of the slow rotation rate, NEAR Shoemaker was only able to take pictures of 60% of the asteroid's surface. The slow rate of rotation may been accounted for by a moon orbiting the asteroid, but a search of the NEAR images revealed none bigger than 10 km in diameter out to 20 times the radius of 253 Mathilde.

254 Augusta
254 Augusta is a common small Main belt asteroid. It is an S-type asteroid. The Augusta family of asteroids is named after it as it is the first-numbered member of the family.
It was found by Johann Palisa on March 31, 1886 in Vienna.
Augusta was named after the widow of astronomer Carl Ludwig von Littrow.

Yōkai
Yōkai are a type of creatures appeared in Japanese old stories, such as oni (the evil), kappa, or tengu. There are thousands of yōkai. Originally, yōkais are made to explain natural phenomenon when the science haven't advanced enough. In edo period, yōkais are used as character of stories in books, and in this age many new yōkais are made. Even yōkai dictionary was made.

Stamp album
A stamp album is a book, often loose-leafed (with its papers not attached to the book, but hanging loose inside), in which a collection of postage stamps may be stored and displayed. There are also stamp albums in the form of binders.
Many collectors buy preprinted (already printed) albums and pages, which are made and sold. The usual format is to print a black-and-white picture of the stamp in each space. Album pages are almost always one-sided pages.
Stamp hinges are used by stamp collectors to put postage stamps onto the pages of the stamp album.

255 Oppavia
255 Oppavia is a big Main belt asteroid. It classified as a dark P-type asteroid.
It was found by Johann Palisa on March 31, 1886 in Vienna and was named after Opava, town in the Czech Republic (then part of Austria-Hungary), where Palisa was born.
Oppavia was long thought to be a member of the now non-existent Ceres asteroid family, but was found to be an unrelated asteroid on the basis of its non-matching spectral type.

Stamp collector
A stamp collector (or philatelist) collects postage stamps as a hobby. Stamp collectors normally keep the stamps in books called stamp albums. A philatelist can study definitive stamps and other types.

Pansexuality
Pansexual, also known as 'omnisexual' is a word that means any person who is sexually attracted to males, females, and people that are not male "or" female.
The word 'pansexual' comes from the Greek word 'pan-', meaning "all", as pansexuals are attracted to all genders.
Pansexuality is often noted as a combination of sexual attraction to one or both genders of the human species as well as one or both genders of many times of animals. Some pansexuals claim the name as to avoid the term, "beastial".
Pansexuality is a type of bisexuality because people are attracted to men and women, but also everything else as well. Some pansexual people say that gender is not important.
Pansexuality is the opposite of Asexuality, as pansexuality means a person is sexually attracted to everyone, but asexuality means a person is sexually attracted to no one.

Adverse effect (medicine)
In medicine, an adverse effect is a harmful and undesired effect that results from a therapy like medication, chemotherapy, surgery or other intervention. An adverse effect may be called a "side-effect" (when it is less important than the therapeutic effect).
I may result from an unsuitable or incorrect dosage or procedure (which could be caused by medical error). Some adverse effects happen only at the beginning or a change of a treatment.
Reporting systems.
In many countries, adverse effects have to be reported and researched in clinical trials and included into the patient information accompanying medical devices and drugs for sale to the public.

256 Walpurga
256 Walpurga is a big Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Johann Palisa on April 3, 1886 in Vienna and was named after Saint Walburga.

257 Silesia
257 Silesia is a big Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Johann Palisa on April 5, 1886 in Vienna.
It is named after Silesia, an area of the Central Europe.
Little data is available on it.

258 Tyche
258 Tyche is a fairly big Main belt asteroid. It is classified as an S-type. Tyche orbits very close to the Eunomia family of asteroids, and could be a member based on what it is made of. However, it is bigger than all family members apart from 15 Eunomia while lying at the very edge of the family group. Hence, there is a good chance that it is an unrelated asteroid.
There is some uncertainty on Tyche's rotation period. Many authors give values from 9.983 to 10.041 hours.
It was found by Robert Luther on May 4, 1886 in Düsseldorf and was named after Greek goddess Tyche. Tyche's Roman equivalent is Fortuna, who also has an asteroid named after her (19 Fortuna).

259 Aletheia
259 Aletheia is a very big Main belt asteroid. It is made of primitive carbonaceous materials and is very dark in colour, darker than coal.
It was found by C. H. F. Peters on June 28, 1886 in Clinton, New York.
It is named after the Greek goddess Aletheia.

Autosexuality
Sometimes Autosexuality means masturbation. When some people say "autosexual," they mean a person who masturbates but does not want to have sex with anyone. There is no common definition for this word.

Technosexuality
Sometimes "technosexual" is used as an insult, implying that someone would prefer a sex toy to an actual sexual partner.
The Calvin Klein company trademarked the term "technosexual" in 2005.
i-wear.
'i-wear' (or 'e-wear') is "intelligent" clothing that joins fashion with technology. i-wear was born out of the collaboration between European fashion designers and computer technicians. i-wear is a step made towards technologizing a person's fashion, and in this sense, a person can be more as a part of technosexuality.

Antisexuality
Antisexuality is when a person thinks sex is always bad.
Reasons.
Different people have different reasons for being antisexual. Here are some reasons.

Ned Flanders
Nedward "Ned" Flanders is a character in the animated television series "The Simpsons".
Creation.
Ned Flanders and his son Todd first appeared in the season one episode "Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire", which was the series first episode. The first episode in which Flanders and his family were seen is season two's "Dead Putting Society", which also showed the first appearance of Maude and Rod Flanders.
Name.
Flanders was named after Flanders St. in Portland, Oregon, the hometown of "Simpsons" creator Matt Groening. Groening wanted Flanders as "just a guy who was truly nice, that Homer had no justifiable reason to loathe, but then did." It was not until after the first few episodes that it was decided Flanders would be a faithful Christian. Mike Scully said that Flanders is "everything Homer would love to be, although he'll never admit it." Flanders had originally been meant to just be a neighbor that Homer was jealous of, but Harry Shearer used "such a sweet voice" and Flanders was planned to become a Christian and a sweet guy that someone would choose to live next to over Homer.
How he was received.
Ned's "unbearable niceness" has been described as "The Simpsons worst comment about religion. Although Flanders was meant to be only a character making fun of Christian right, he has since become a favorite of many Christian viewers. He has been described as "[The United States]' most well-known evangelical." Dr. Rowan Williams, the Archbishop of Canterbury, declared himself as a "Simpsons" fan, and likes Flanders.

260 Huberta
260 Huberta is a big asteroid orbiting near the farther edge of the Main belt. It is dark and has lots of carbon.
It belongs to the Cybele group of asteroids and may have been trapped in a 4:7 orbital resonance with Jupiter.
It was found by Johann Palisa on October 3, 1886 in Vienna and was named after Saint Hubertus.

Mike Scully
Mike Scully (born October 2, 1956 in West Springfield, Massachusetts) is an Emmy Award-winning American television writer best known for his work as show runner of the Fox series "The Simpsons" from 1997 - 2001 (Seasons 9-12).

George Meyer
George Meyer is an American producer and screenwriter for the television series "The Simpsons". He is arguably the writer who has done the most to the series over the many years it has been made. In 2000, Meyer was called the "the funniest man behind the funniest show on TV" by "The New Yorker".

Christian right
The Christian right is a spectrum of right-wing Christian political and social movements and organizations characterized by their strong support of conservative social and political values. The politically active social movement of the Christian right includes individuals from a wide variety of theological beliefs, ranging from moderately traditional movements within Lutheranism and Catholicism to theologically more conservative movements such as Evangelicalism, Pentecostalism and Fundamentalist Christianity.

261 Prymno
261 Prymno is a somewhat big Main belt asteroid. It is classified as a B-type asteroid and probably has a primitive make-up not unlike common C-type carbonaceous asteroids.
It was found by C. H. F. Peters on October 31, 1886 in Clinton, New York and was named after the Greek Oceanid Prymno.

Short subject
Short subject is a format description originally coined in the North American film industry in the early period of cinema. The description is now used almost interchangeably with short film; either term is often abbreviated to short (as a noun, e.g. 'a short'). Although the North American definition generally refers to movies of between 20 and 40 minutes long, the definition refers to much shorter movies in Europe, Latin America and Australasia. In New Zealand, for instance, the description can be used to describe any movie that has a duration longer than 1 minute and shorter than 15 minutes. The North American definition also tends to focus much more on character whereas the European and Australasian forms tend to depend much more on visual drama and plot twists. In this way, the North American form can be understood to be a derivation of the feature movie form, usually acting as a platform for aspirant Hollywood directors. Elsewhere, short films tend to work as showcases for cinematographers and commercial directors.

Tress MacNeille
Tress MacNeille (born June 20, 1951) is an American voice actress best known for providing various voices on the animated television series "The Simpsons", "Futurama", and "Animaniacs". Her most notable characters on "The Simpsons" include Agnes Skinner, Brandine Spuckler and Lindsey Naegle, while her performance as Mom is her most notable "Futurama" role.

Karl Wiedergott
Karl Wiedergott has regularly played various voice roles in the television program "The Simpsons", beginning in 1998. He has also just finished work on The Simpsons Movie which was released worldwide on July 27th, 2007.

Bill Oakley
Bill Oakley (born in 1966) is an American television writer, best known for his work on "The Simpsons". Along with his writing partner Josh Weinstein, Oakley was the executive producer and showrunner during the seventh and eighth seasons. Before serving as the show's executive producers, the pair were hired onto the writing staff during the fourth season. Together, the two wrote episodes such as "Who Shot Mr. Burns?". After leaving "The Simpsons", Oakley and Weinstein created "Mission Hill", "The Mullets", and served as consulting producers on "Futurama".

David X. Cohen
David X. Cohen (born July 13, 1966), born David Samuel Cohen, is an American television writer. He has written for "The Simpsons", and he is the head writer and runner of "Futurama".

262 Valda
262 Valda is a small Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Johann Palisa on November 3, 1886 in Vienna.
Where the name came from is unknown.

263 Dresda
263 Dresda is a common Main belt asteroid. It belongs to the Koronis family of asteroids.
It has a lightly-coloured surface and likely is not made of carbonaceus materials, but is made up of similar materials as another Koronis family member, 243 Ida.
It was found by Johann Palisa on November 3, 1886 in Vienna.
Name Dresda comes from the German city of Dresden.

Canterbury Cathedral
Canterbury Cathedral is one of the oldest and most famous Christian buildings in England. It is the cathedral of the Archbishop of Canterbury. The archbishop is the most important religious person in the Church of England. The cathedral is in Canterbury, Kent and is a World Heritage Site.

264 Libussa
264 Libussa is a big Main belt asteroid. It is classified as an S-type asteroid.
It was found by C. H. F. Peters on December 22, 1886 in Clinton, New York and was named after Libussa, the legendary founder of Prague.

265 Anna
265 Anna is a common Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Johann Palisa on February 25, 1887 in Vienna and was probably named after the daughter of astronomer E. Weiss.

Bosco Gurin
Bosco Gurin is a municipality of the district of Vallemaggia in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Brione (Verzasca)
Brione is a municipality of the district of Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Brione sopra Minusio
Brione sopra Minusio is a municipality of the district of Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Brissago
Brissago is a municipality of the district of Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Brusino Arsizio
Brusino Arsizio is a municipality of the district of Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

266 Aline
266 Aline is a fairly big Main belt asteroid. It is a dark C-type asteroid and is probably made of primitive carbonaceous material.
It was found by Johann Palisa on May 17, 1887 in Vienna and is thought to have been named after the daughter of astronomer E. Weiss.

Bruzella
Bruzella is a municipality of the district of Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

267 Tirza
267 Tirza is a fairly big, very dark Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Auguste Charlois on May 27, 1887 in Nice. It was the first asteroid he found.
It was named after Tirzah, a woman in the Bible.

268 Adorea
268 Adorea is a very big Main belt asteroid. It is classified as a primitive carbonaceous F-type/C-type asteroid.
Adorea is one of the Themis family members, meaning that it is a piece of the original body that broken apart in a collsion that happened a long time ago which resulted in the formation of the family.
It was found by A. Borrelly on June 8, 1887 in Marseilles.

269 Justitia
269 Justitia is a fairly big Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Johann Palisa on September 21, 1887 in Vienna.
The asteroid was named after Justitia, the Roman equivalent of Themis, the Greek goddess of justice (she also has an asteroid named after her, 24 Themis).

Second-in-command
The Second-in-Command (2i/c or 2IC) is the second commander, the person that is in charge after the commander, of any British Army or British Royal Marines unit/group. He or she is the same as an Executive Officer in the United States Army. This term or word is also used in many other Commonwealth militaries.
The Second-in-Command of a group is usually a Major. The Second-in-Command of a smaller group is usually a Captain (although infantry groups' Second-in-Command's were usually Lieutenants until after the Second World War), the Second-in-Command of an even smaller group is the Sergeant of the group, and the Second-in-Command of a section is usually aLance Corporal.
In the Royal Navy the second-in-command of a vessel or ship is known as the First Lieutenant or Executive Officer.
Other meanings/uses.
"Second-in-command" is a term/word used, usually as a joke, for any deputy or person that is right below the commander. Its basic meaning is "someone that relieves a commander".

Cademario
Cademario is a municipality of the district of Lugano in the Swiss canton of Ticino.

Cadempino
Cadempino is a municipality of the district of Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Cadenazzo
Cadenazzo is a municipality of the district of Bellinzona, in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Cadro
Cadro is a municipality of the district of Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Calpiogna
Calpiogna is a municipality of the district of Leventina in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Camignolo
Camignolo is a municipality of the district of Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Camorino
Camorino is a municipality of the district of Bellinzona in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Campello, Switzerland
Campello is a municipality of the district of Leventina in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Vicente Blasco Ibañez
Vicente Blasco Ibáñez (January 29, 1867 - January 28, 1928) was a Spanish realist novelist writing in Spanish, a screenwriter and occasional film director.

Pistoia
Pistoia is a city in the Tuscany region of Italy. It is the capital of the province of Pistoia. The city is located about 30 km west and north of Florence.
History.
"Pistoria", the old Latin name of Pistoia, was a Gallic, Ligurian and Etruscan city. After the city became a Roman colony in the 6th century BC, it was a place for activities or trades. Near the end of the 6th century, the city was captured by troops of the Lombardic king. The city did very well under the control of the Lombards. In 1177, Pistoia chose to become a free commune. In the following years, it became an important political centre. It built walls and several public and religious buildings.
In 1254 Pistoia was captured by troops from Florentine. Pistoia stayed a Florentine city except for few years in the 14th century, when Castruccio Castracani captured it for Lucca. It was annexed to (made a part of) Florence in 1530. During the 14th century Ormanno Tedici was one of the Lords of the city.
Dante mentioned the town in his Divina Commedia. Michelangelo called the people of Pistoia the "enemies of heaven".
Duomo Square and Bishops' Palace.
The large Piazza del Duomo is connected near to other famous buildings, for example the " Palazzo del Comune" and the "Palazzo del Podestà". In July, the "Giostra dell'Orso" ("Bear Joust") takes place in the square. At the joust, horsemen try to strike a target held by a dummy shaped like a bear. The 14th century Baptistry, in Gothic style is also located in the square.
The "Palazzo dei Vescovi" ("Bishops' Palace") includes a loggia in gothic style.

270 Anahita
270 Anahita is a stony S-type Main belt asteroid.
It was found by C. H. F. Peters on October 8, 1887 in Clinton, New York.
It was named after the Avestan divinity Aredvi Sura Anahita.

271 Penthesilea
271 Penthesilea is a big Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Viktor Knorre on October 13, 1887 in Berlin.

Seleute
Seleute is a municipality of the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

Vendlincourt
Vendlincourt is a municipality of the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

Bassecourt
Bassecourt is a municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

Boécourt
Boécourt is a municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

Bourrignon
Bourrignon is a municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

Châtillon, Jura
Châtillon is a municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

Trans fat
"Trans fat" is an artificial food. Most of it is made in factories. Trans fat occurs in nature only very rarely. When oils are heated or when they are "hydrogenated", trans fats are made. "Hydrogenation" is the process of bubbling hydrogen gas through the oil to change its consistency. The bubbling raises the melting point of the oil. As the hydrogen passes through, the oil begins to become solid. By stopping the hydrogenation part of the way through, manufacturers obtain "partially hydrogenated oil". This is similar to butter, but much cheaper to produce. It is sold as "margarine", "oleo" or "vegetable shortening". The process allow to cheaply add a butter-like consistency to food products.
Trans fat is bad for human health and has been tied to a number of problems including: Coronary heart disease, Cancer, Diabetes, Obesity, Liver dysfunction, and Infertility. There has yet to be a study which shows that trans fat is good for human health in any way.
For now, the US government's "Food and Drug Administration" has allowed makers of food products to label their products as having "0 grams of trans fat per serving" as long as the amount of trans fat in the food product falls below 0.5 grams per serving. Since partially hydrogenated oils are the major source of trans fat, reading the "ingredients" label is the safest way to ensure that a food does not contain any trans fat at all. Fried foods will likely, but not necessarily, contain trans fat since fried foods are produced by using very hot oil.
Healthy oils are always liquid at blood temperature. Saturated and trans fats are not.
Now that the health issues related to eating trans fats are becoming more apparent, trans fats are being used less but have not yet been completely eliminated from mainstream food production.

Cluny
Cluny is a city in eastern France. It lies in the region of Burgundy. The city grew around the Abbey of Cluny in the 10th century. The town of Mâcon is about 30 km to the southeast. Lyon is about 60km to the south. Today, about 4.400 people live in the city.

Integumentary system
The integumentary system is everything covering the outside of our bodies. This means skin, hair, scales, nails, sweat glands and their products (sweat and mucus). The name comes from the Latin "integumentum", which means 'a covering'.
The integumentary system.
Skin, hair, scales, feathers and nails make up the integumentary system.

Auditory system
The auditory system is the sensory system for the sense for hearing.
Outer ear.
The outer ear is the folds of cartilage surrounding the ear canal. They are called the pinna.
Middle ear.
Sound waves travelling through the ear canal will hit the tympanum, or eardrum. The malleus (hammer), incus (anvil) and stapes (stirrup). These bones convert the waves to high pressure vibrations. They are then converted to nerve impulses in the cochlea.
Inner ear.
The inner ear is made mostly of the cochlea.
The cochlea.
The cochlea is made up of three pieces, and is filled with liquid. It transforms sound waves to electric signals in neurons.

Northbridge
The northbridge is one of two basic chips on the motherboard of a computer. The other basic chip is the southbridge and together they create the computer chipset. Usually, north- and southbridge are on different ICs, rarely they are both on one chip.
Use.
Northbridge supports communication between CPU, RAM memory, AGP port or PCI Express bus and also supports connection with southbridge. There exist some chipsets which support two types of RAM memory and which are accessible during transition to new standard.
Significance.
Northbridge is a basic part of motherboard which establishes speed, types of processors, quantity of processors and kind of RAM memory. Other important factors are, for example, voltage regulation and number of connectors.
Progression.
Sequencers of RAM memory was, in AMD64 architecture, shifted directly into processor. Other producers (like Intel or IBM) also incorporated this change into their new processors.
The future.
A perspective to the future is SOC (System On Chip). With it will also decrease the number of components on the motherboard. But bigger chips hold under universality of solution, they have more pins and they are more difficult. Present high-speed buses are series (PCIe, SATA) and they decline the complexity. In the future we can expect return to the standard interface of other circuits using bus (probably PCI express) and maybe they will be connected to the single Super I/O sequencer. Saved lads can be used for another integrated turn like SATA, USB, IDE, SDIO scanner of cards and sequencers of PCI.

Mitlödi
Mitlödi is a municipality of the canton of Glarus in Switzerland.

Mollis
Mollis is a municipality of the canton of Glarus in Switzerland.

Mühlehorn
Mühlehorn is a municipality of the canton of Glarus in Switzerland.

Näfels
Näfels is a municipality of the canton of Glarus in Switzerland.

Netstal
Netstal is a municipality of the canton of Glarus in Switzerland.

Niederurnen
Niederurnen is a municipality of the canton of Glarus in the country of Switzerland.

Oberurnen
Oberurnen is a municipality of the canton of Glarus in Switzerland.

Obstalden
Obstalden is a municipality of the canton of Glarus in Switzerland.

Riedern
Riedern is a municipality of the canton of Glarus in Switzerland.

272 Antonia
272 Antonia is a common Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Auguste Charlois on February 4, 1888 in Nice.

Rüti, Glarus
Rüti is a municipality of the canton of Glarus in Switzerland.

Schwanden, Glarus
Schwanden is a municipality of the canton of Glarus in Switzerland. The lake Garichtisee can be reached by cable car.

Garichtisee
Garichtisee is a lake on Mettmenalp above Schwanden in the Canton of Glarus, Switzerland. The lake's area is 0.16 km².

Appenzell Ausserrhoden
Appenzell Ausserrhoden is a canton of Switzerland. Appenzell Ausserrhoden is located in the north-east of Switzerland, next to the cantons of St. Gallen and Appenzell Innerrhoden.
History.
Settlement in Appenzell began in the 7th and the 8th century alongside the river Glatt. In 907 Herisau is mentioned for the first time, the canton (Appenzell: "abbatis cella") is named first in 1071.
The canton witnessed a number of battles, including the Battle of Vögelinsegg (1403) and the Battle at the Stoss (1405).
In 1513 Appenzell joined the Swiss confederation as the 13th canton. In 1597 the Protestant canton was divided for religious reasons from the former canton "Appenzell", with the Catholic Appenzell Innerrhoden being the other half.
From the 16th century onwards linen production was established little by little. Larger textile businesses established themselves, later diversifying into weaving and embroidery. The textile industry collapsed between 1920 and 1939.
In 1834 for the first time a constitution was adapted, undergoing reforms in 1876 and 1908. The construction of numerous railway lines between 1875 and 1913 helped the local industry and the population grew to a maximum of 57,973 people in 1910 (compared with 53,200 in 2001).
In 1934 Johannes Baumann was the first citizen from Appenzell Ausserrhoden to become a federal councilor. Women's right to vote was introduced in 1972 on a local level, but only in 1989 on a canton-wide level. In 1994 for the first time two women were elected into government. The open assembly ("Landsgemeinde") was abolished in 1997. The right of foreigners to vote is determined by each municipality.

Appenzell (district)
Appenzell is a district of the canton of Appenzell Innerrhoden in Switzerland. The district of Appenzell contains part of the town "Appenzell", as well as Rinkenbach, Kau and Meistersrüte.

Corban, Switzerland
Corban is a municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

Courchapoix
Courchapoix is a municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

Courfaivre
Courfaivre is a municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

Electric eel
The electric eel, "Electrophorus electricus", is a species of fish. It is capable of generating powerful electric shocks. The animal uses these shocks both for hunting and to defend itself. It is an apex predator in its South American range. This means that usually, it has no enemies except other animals of its own species. Despite its name, it is not an eel at all but rather a knifefish.

Gymnotiformes
The Gymnotiformes is a lineage of electric fishes. Common names include the Neotropical electric fishes, South American electric fishes, or American knifefishes'". They are primarily freshwater inhabitants. They have organs adapted to the generation of electric fields.
Perhaps the best-known species is the electric eel ("Electrophorus electricus") which uses powerful electric shocks (up to 600 V) for hunting and self-defense. Other species familiar in the aquarium trade are: the black ghost knifefish ("Apteronotus albifrons"), the glass knifefish ("Eigenmannia virescens"), and the banded knifefish "Gymnotus carapo".

Electric fish
An Electric fish is a fish that can make electric fields. Fishes that can generate such fields are said to be "electorgenic", those that can detect them are called "electroreceptive". Most electrogenic fish are also electroreceptive. Many fish, for example sharks, rays, and catfishes are electroreceptive. They cannot generate electric fields though, and are therefore not classified as electric fish. Most bony fish are neither electrogenic nor electroreceptive.
Strongly and weakly electric fish.
Electrogenic fish have a special organ that can generate electricity. This organ is usually called electric organ. It is usually located near the tail of the fish. It is made from specialised muscle or nerve cells. When the organ produces electricity that is released this is called "Electric Organ Discharge" (or "EOD" for short).
In total, there are 348 known species of electric fish, in about 56 genera. The only known species that lives in salt water are the electric rays, with 23 species.

Sergeant
Sergeant is a rank used in most militaries, policeforces, and other uniformed organizations around the world. The word comes from the Latin "serviens", "one who serves", through the French term "Sergent".
A sergeant (Sgt) in the British Army wears three point-down chevrons, or "checks" on their sleeve. They usually serves as a platoon, troop, or group sergeant, or in a specialist position.
A Lance-Sergeant (LSgt) was originally a Corporal doing the work of a Sergeant. The job is now used mostly in the Guards, where it is given to all Corporals. A Lance-Sergeant in the Guards and Honourable Artillery Company wears three chevrons, and is considered senior or higher up to "normal" Corporals. For most purposes, he still remains a Corporal rather than an acting Sergeant (e.g., he will typically command a section). In the Household Cavalry, the same rank is Lance-Corporal of Horse.
The official spelling was Serjeant (Sjt) (still used by The Rifles) until after World War II, although the modern spelling had already been in common use for many years.

273 Atropos
273 Atropos is a common Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Johann Palisa on March 8, 1888 in Vienna.

Gourgen Yanikian
Gourgen Yanikian (, December 24, 1895, Erzurum, Ottoman Armenia - March 27, 1984, USA) was an Armenian author and engineer who killed two Turkish consular officials in California in 1973. His stated purpose was "to demand justice" for the Armenian Genocide.
Armenians hoped Yanikian's trial would provide a vehicle for proving the massacres in a court of law, while there were still surviving witnesses. Yanikian took the Armenian Genocide witness stand, accompanied by his friend and interpreter, Santa Barbaran Aram Saroyan, the uncle of famous author William Saroyan. Yanikian told of his 26 family members killed in the massacres, and how he watched in hiding as marauding Turks slit his brother's throat. Finally, he said that he killed the Turkish
diplomats as representatives of the "government that had massacred his people".
He was sentenced to life in prison in July 1973 and paroled in 1984, over the objection of the Turkish government.
After Yanikian's death, District Attorney David D. Minner wrote: "Looking back, I regret that I did not allow the genocide to
be proven. Not because Yanikian should have gone free, but because
history's darkest chapters - its genocides - should be exposed, so
their horrors are less likely to be repeated".

274 Philagoria
274 Philagoria is a common Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Johann Palisa on April 3, 1888 in Vienna.

Campo (Blenio)
Campo Blenio was a municipality of the district of Blenio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.
On 25 January 2005, the people in charge announced that Campo Blenio would merge with Aquila, Ghirone, Olivone and Torre to form a new municipality to be called Blenio. This union was carried through on 22 October 2006.

Campo (Vallemaggia)
Campo is a municipality of the district of Vallemaggia in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Schwändi
Schwändi is a municipality of the canton of Glarus in Switzerland.

Sool, Switzerland
Sool is a municipality of the canton of Glarus in Switzerland.

275 Sapientia
275 Sapientia is a very big Main belt asteroid. It is classified as a C-type asteroid and is probably made of carbonaceous material.
It was found by Johann Palisa on April 15, 1888 in Vienna.

276 Adelheid
276 Adelheid is a very big Main belt asteroid. It is classified by IRAS satellite as a mix-up of P-type and C-type asteroids and so is probably made of primitive carbonaceous materials.
It was found by Johann Palisa on April 17, 1888 in Vienna.

277 Elvira
277 Elvira is a common Main belt asteroid and a member of the Koronis asteroid family.
It was found by Auguste Charlois on May 3, 1888 in Nice.

278 Paulina
278 Paulina is a common Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Johann Palisa on May 16, 1888 in Vienna.

DDR2 SDRAM
In information technologies we use the term DDR2 SDRAM for a Double Data Rate memory module of the second generation. This technology is used for high speed storage of the working data.
Comparisons.
The main difference between DDR and DDR2 modules is that the bus on which the DDR2 memory modules are working is clocked at twice the speed of the memory cells. In practical terms we can say that four words of data can be transferred during one memory cell cycle. To sum it up DDR2 can effectively operate at twice the bus speed of DDR.
Chips and modules.
For use in PCs, DDR2 SDRAM is supplied in DIMMs with 240 pins and a single locating notch. DIMMs are identified by their peak transfer capacity (often called bandwidth).

Southbridge (computing)
Southbridge is also known as Input/Output Controller Hub. The microchip realizes lower functions of the motherboard in computer architecture with northbridge and southbridge. It's easy to distinguish southbridge and northbridge: the southbridge is not directly connected to the processor. Northbridge realizes connection between southbridge and processor.

Organic light-emitting diode
Organic light-emitting diode (OLED'") is a type of light-emitting diode (LED). The part of the OLED that creates light is made of a very thin layer of organic compounds. One of the uses of OLED technology is for thin display panels used in notebooks. Because of the way they are made, OLEDs can be used to make displays that can bend. These can be used in many different ways. For example, they can be used in clothing.
Advantages and disadvantages.
In some ways, OLEDs are better for display devices than LCDs. There are also ways LCDs are better. OLEDs can make more different colors at different levels of brightness than LEDs. Unlike LCDs their colors do not change when viewed at an angle. They are also much cheaper to make. Most LCDs have to have an LED or Cold Cathode Fluorescent Light(CCFL) used as a backlight to be visible. LCDs also need to use filters to work properly. These filters block much of the light created by the LED/CCFL. Because of backlighting and filtering, OLEDs use far less power than LCDs for the amount of light made ("Verify this"). OLEDs also react faster to changes in electricity. They turn on and off much faster than LCDs.
LEDs will last longer than OLEDs. This is the biggest problem with OLEDs. Currently most OLEDs used in displays will work for about 5,000 hours of use. LEDs normally work for 60,000 hours. This may changes as experiments in 2007 created a type of OLED that worked for 198,000 hours. The organic compounds that make up OLEDs are also more easily damaged by water.
OLED technology is currently patented by the Eastman Kodak company and several other companies. Because of this, a company must pay to be allowed to use it in their product.
How they work.
The emissive and conductive layers are made of special organic molecules that conduct electricity. The anode and cathode connect the OLED to the source of electicity.
When electricity is applied to an OLED, the emissive layer becomes negatively charged and the conductive layer becomes positively charged. Electrostatic forces cause electrons to move from the positive conductive layer toward the negative emissive layer. This causes a change in the electrical levels and makes radiation that has a frequency in the range of visible light.
OLED, as with all diodes, can only work if electricity flows through them in the correct direction. The Anode, connected to the emmisive layer must be at a higher electrical potential (more volts, more "positive") than the cathode, connected to the conductive layer, for the OLED to work.

Karl Arnold
Karl Arnold (* 21. March 1901 in Herrlishöfen; + 29. June 1958 in Düsseldorf) was a German politician. He was Minister President of North Rhine-Westphalia from 1947 to 1956.
Life and profession.
After 1920 Arnold worked full-time basis for the Christian trade union movement. He became Secretary of the Düsseldorf District of the Christian trade union in 1924.
In 1928 Arnold married Arnold Liesl Joeres. Their son Gottfried was born in 1933 and was a member of the German Bundestag between 1961 and 1983.
Arnold was partner in a business in Düsseldorf in 1933. During the Third Reich the Gestapo watched and followed him. He was arrested after Count von Stauffenberg tried to assassinate (murder) Hitler on 20 July 1944.
Arnold helped to found the industrial unions, today's DGB, with Hans Böckler in the Rhineland in 1945.
He got permission from the American Army to publish the Rheinische Post (Rhenish Post) daily newspaper. His family still own part of the paper today.
He died of a heart attack on 29 June 1958, during the Landtag (state parliament) election campaign.
Karl Arnold was buried in Düsseldorf's South Cemetery.
Political party.
Arnold joined the Centre party in 1920.
After the World War II Arnold founded the of Düsseldorf Christian democratic party in 1945. Later this became a part of CDU. Arnold was the CDU's deputy federal chairman from 1956 until his death.
Public offices.
1925 to 1933 he was a member of the city council of Düsseldorf and acting chairman the of the Centre Party group.
He was a member of the Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia from 1946 until his death. Between 1947 and 1949 he was alao a member of the parliament of the Bizone (which was the British and American occupation zones).
In 1957 Arnold was elected to the Bundestag with 72.6% of the votes in the Gelsenkirchen-Erkelenz Jülich constituency. He was deputy chairman of the CDU/CSU parliamentary group.
On 29 January 1946 Arnold was appointed mayor of Düsseldorf by the American Military Government. He was elected mayor in the first free elections on 26 October 1946.
From December 1946 until 1956 he was Minister President of North Rhine Westphalia.
From 7 September 1949 to 6 September 1950 he was the first President of the Bundesrat.
This also mean that between 7 and 13 September he was Acting President of Germany, until Theodor Heuss was elected Federal President.
Arnold lost a constructive vote of 'no confidence' on 20 February 1956. His successor (person who followed) as Minister President was Fritz Steinhoff.
Arnold died one week before the next state elections, in 1958. He was only 57 years old.

Courrendlin
Courrendlin is a municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

Courroux
Courroux is a municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.
It is found three kilometers southeast of the city of Delémont. It is the third largest town in Jura.

279 Thule
279 Thule is a very big Main belt asteroid. It is classified as a D-type asteroid and is probably made of organic rich silicates, carbon and anhydrous silicates.
The orbit of Thule is unusual. It appears to orbit in the farthest edge of the Main belt in a 3:4 orbital resonance with planet Jupiter. Unlike the Hilda asteroids whose eccentricity is fairly common of main belt asteroids, Thule has a very low eccentricity - actually much lower that that of Jupiter itself and only a bit higher than that of Earth. Why it has this orbit is not clear, as is the reason for the absence of smaller bodies in similar 4:3 resonances with Jupiter.
Some astronomers have argued that Thule's present orbit is the natural result of the force of Jupiter on a body orbiting at exactly the distance from the Sun Thule does, in the same way (though with the reverse effect) as the Kirkwood gaps in the more closer parts of the asteroid belt. It could thus be that the resonance which holds Thule in a very low-eccentricity orbit serves to eject other smaller bodies whose distance from the Sun is only a bit different from that of Thule itself.
It is the main member of the Thule dynamical group.
It was found by Johann Palisa on October 25, 1888 in Vienna and was named aptly after the ultimate northern land of Thule.

Caucus
A caucus is basically a meeting of supporters or members of a political party or movement. Caucuses are slightly different in different countries.
In the United States, in some states, such as Iowa, political parties have a caucus to choose presidential nominees for their parties.

Joe Biden
Joseph Robinette Biden, Jr. (born November 20, 1942) is an American lawyer and politician from Wilmington, Delaware. He is a member of the Democratic Party,the incumbent senior U.S. Senator from Delaware and the Vice President-elect of the United States, after the 2008 presidential election. He is the chairman of the U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations. He was a candidate for the Democratic Party's nomination in the 2008 presidential election. Biden dropped out of the race on January 3, 2008 after he did not get many votes in the Iowa caucus.

Courtételle
Courtételle is a municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

Delémont
Delémont (German: "Delsberg") is the capital of the Swiss canton of Jura. The city has about 12,000 people there since 2004.

Mr. Men
"Mr. Men" is a series of 52 children's books by Roger Hargreaves started in 1971. "Little Miss" was another series of 39 books by the same author with female characters that started in 1981. After Hargreaves died in 1988, his son, Adam Hargreaves, began writing and illustrating new stories about the "Mr. Men" and "Little Miss" characters. He created ten new characters; four of them were inspired by work Roger Hargreaves had produced before his death.

280 Philia
280 Philia is a fairly big Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Johann Palisa on October 29, 1888 in Vienna.

281 Lucretia
281 Lucretia is an asteroid in the Flora family in the Main Belt.
It was found by Johann Palisa on October 31, 1888 in Vienna. It is named for the middle name of Caroline Herschel, one of the first female astronomers.

Mélodie
Mélodie is the French word for “melody”. The word is used in music to mean songs written by French composers of classical music from the mid 19th century to the present. The Mélodie in French music is similar to the Lied in German music. “Mélodié" is not the same as "chanson" (the French word for “song”). The word “chanson” is used for folksongs or popular songs.
History.
In Germany composers of classical music had been writing great songs from about 1800, but in France the mélodie became important about 50 years later. While some German Lieder were based on folksong, the texts of the mélodies were usually poems by serious poets.
Hector Berlioz was the first composer to call some of his compositions melodies. His "Les Nuits d'Été" (1841) is one of the greatest of all song cycles. Charles Gounod wrote about 200 mélodies. He used texts by famous poets such as Hugo.
Gabriel Fauré wrote some of the greatest of all French song composers. He wrote more than 100 mélodies, many based on poems by Verlaine.
Henri Duparc wrote 13 very famous mélodies, although he wrote nothing else of any importance.
Claude Debussy and Maurice Ravel were very famous composers who wrote a lot of music, including mélodies that are often sung today. Ravel’s melodies are unusual because they are often based on folksong. Other composers of mélodie at the time include Albert Roussel, Reynaldo Hahn and André Caplet.
Mélodies continue to be composed today, though perhaps the last really popular composer of them was Francis Poulenc, who died in 1963.
Performing Mélodies.
In the French mélodie the poet’s feelings are often suggested or hinted at rather than stated in an obvious way. There is a very close relationship between the text (words) and the melody. To sing mélodie really well a singer must know the French language very well and understand a lot about French poetry. The rules about singing in the French language can be quite complicated. It is important to know when to let the last sound of a word run into the next word (elision). Several books have been written about this.
Although many famous singers are well-known for singing French mélodie, the most famous singer from the past was Pierre Bernac. He gave many song recitals with the composer Francis Poulenc who accompanied him on the piano. He wrote a book on how to sing mélodies.

Stage6
Stage6 is a video sharing website. It is similar to other websites like YouTube because it lets users upload, view, and share video clips. Unlike many other video sharing sites, Stage6 allows users to upload better quality videos and very large file sizes. There are few upload limitations, and visitors can download videos easily through the website.

Video sharing
Video sharing is when one person shares a video clip with another or many other people. This is usually done over the Internet. There are many websites that offer video sharing. Many people use theses sites to share videos they have made with their family and friends. But, sharing videos which are copyrighted, like television programs, without permission from those who own them might be illegal.

282 Clorinde
282 Clorinde is a common Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Auguste Charlois on January 28, 1889 in Nice.

Angus Young
Angus McKinnon Young (born on 31 March 1955) is a Scottish-born Australian guitarist and songwriter. He is one of the founders of the Australian hard rock band DC. He is known for his style of playing the guitar, his very active performance while on stage, and schoolboy-uniform clothing. He was ranked 96th on "Rolling Stones list the 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time. Young uses Gibson SG guitars often but he also owns Telecasters, Firebirds and ES335s.

Calvin Harris
Calvin Harris (born January 17 1984), is a Scottish singer, songwriter and record producer. He was born and grew up in Dumfries, Scotland, UK.
History.
Calvin Harris signed record contracts with EMI (publishing) and Sony BMG (recording) in 2006, after his music had been found on the social networking website, MySpace.
First album.
His first album "I Created Disco" was released on 18 June 2007. The album contained uptempo electronic sounding songs that were influenced by music from the 1980s. To promote "I Created Disco", Harris left to go on a tour of the UK, supporting Faithless and Groove Armada.
First single.
The first single release from the album, 'I created Disco' was called "Vegas". It was released on limited edition vinyl. His second single from his album was called "Acceptable in the 80s", a tribute to the style and culture of the decade. The song reached the top ten on the UK singles chart, remaining on the chart for fifteen weeks. "The Girls" was the album's second charted single. The fourth release from the album was "Merrymaking at My Place" however it only reached #43 in the UK chart.
Trivia.
In 2007, Harris also recorded with Kylie Minogue. He had caught Minogue's attention after his recordings had been passed on to her by another record producer. Harris says that working with Kylie was "surreal, but fun" although revealed to mixmag in 2007 to "needing a few drinks before meeting her."
It has been confirmed that Harris has co-written and produced two songs on the forthcoming Kylie album, 'In My Arms' and 'Heart Beat Rock'.
He has recently been given the credit as being the producer in a remixed version of The Mitchell Brothers song "Michael Jackson".
Today.
He is currently working with British pop-star Sophie Ellis-Bextor, co-writing a new single for her forthcoming greatest hits album.

Nashville Sounds
The Nashville Sounds are a minor league baseball team from Nashville, Tennessee. They play at the Triple-A (AAA) level, the most difficult level before Major League Baseball, against other baseball teams in the Pacific Coast League (a group of 16 baseball teams at the same level). When a player shows that he plays well at this level, he is moved up to the team's partner, the Milwaukee Brewers, which is a Major Leage Baseball team.
The Sounds started playing in 1978 at Herschel Greer Stadium (the name of the stadium where they play baseball). They have won the championship in their league three (3) times: 1979, 1982, and 2005.
The team is named "Sounds" because Nashville, the city where the team plays, is famous for making Country music.

SuperDisk
LS-120 or SuperDisk is a high-speed, high-capacity alternative to the 90 mm (3.5 in), 1.44 MB floppy disk. It is called High density media. The main advantage when compared to FDD and ZD is the possibility to use the united mechanism for these special diskettes even for FDD and ZD. This SuperDisk was introduced by Iomega in 1995 as ZD. But the SuperDisks were not expanded because of slowness and unreliability in comparison with ZD.
SuperDisk 120MB Diskettes may still be available in the marketplace, however are no longer warranted. We do not have information about where these products can be purchased.
Once a drive fails, it may be impossible or expensive to get data off the diskettes.
SuperDisk diskettes are etched with a servo pattern at the factory. This pattern is then read by the SuperDisk drive to precisely align the read/write head. The result is that a SuperDisk diskette can have 2,490 tracks, as opposed to the 160 tracks that conventional 3.5-inch 1.44 MB diskettes use.
Unlike other removable disk storage solutions, such as the Zip drive, SuperDisk is backward compatible with older diskettes. This means that the same SuperDisk drive can be used to read and write to older 1.44 MB diskettes as well as the new 120 MB SuperDisk diskettes.
Here are some current data storage and backup technologies that Imation supplies for a variety of customer needs. A combination of backup media may be the best course; for instance, backing up currently used files to Flash Drives or Micro Drives, and keeping seldom used files on DVD or CD.

Ls-120
SuperDisk 120MB Diskettes may still be available in the marketplace, however are no longer warranted. We do not have information about where these products can be purchased.
If you currently own a SuperDisk drive, once your drive fails, it may be impossible or expensive to get your data off the diskettes. If you locate a drive in the marketplace, you may want to consider purchasing a backup drive. But for high-value data, we are recommending that our customers consider upgrading to a current technology, and transfer the information.
SuperDisk diskettes are etched with a servo pattern at the factory. This pattern is then read by the SuperDisk drive to precisely align the read/write head. The result is that a SuperDisk diskette can have 2,490 tracks, as opposed to the 160 tracks that conventional 3.5-inch 1.44 MB diskettes use.
Unlike other removable disk storage solutions, such as the Zip drive, SuperDisk is backward compatible with older diskettes. This means that you can use the same SuperDisk drive to read and write to older 1.44 MB diskettes as well as the new 120 MB SuperDisk diskettes.
Here are some current data storage and backup technologies that Imation supplies for a variety of customer needs. A combination of backup media may be the best course; for instance, backing up currently used files to Flash Drives or Micro Drives, and keeping seldom used files on DVD or CD.

Good Hair Day
Good Hair Day (also called ghd) is an English hair styling company. It is the UK's leading maker of hair irons and hair products.
Ownership.
Owned by Jemella Group, the company was started in 2001 by Martin Penny, Gary Douglas and Robert Powls.. In 2007, after being sold to Lloyds Development Capital, Jemella was re-sold 11 months later to Montagu Private Equity group for ₤160 million.
Famosity.
The reason the company is famous is because of its "iconic" line of hair irons, which have been described as "one of the most successful hair products in history" by the Yorkshire Post.. Their popularity, becoming a "fashion 'must-have'" is because of their celebrity fans, such as Madonna, Gwyneth Paltrow, and Victoria Beckham. As a result, Martin Penny won the The North Region Consumer Products Entrepreneur of the Year in 2005 for the product, and Consumer Products Entrepreneur Of The Year. The product has been involved with many fashion shows, such as New York Fashion Week, Alice McCall, and Willow Lingerie, and also sponsored the 2004 season of reality TV program The Salon.
Marketing.
GHD became famous through the use of its advertising campaign 'A new religion for hair'.
Products.
The irons have 'ceramic' on their heating plates, which is why the plates look golden, instead of silver. The technology involves using ceramic on the blades rather than just traditional metal which reduces the frizzing and damaging impacts on the hair caused by the severe heat.
GHD does however sell hair repair treatments and some other cremes to help the burnt hair.
Modern use of the word.
Recently, as the popularity of GHDs have grown in the UK, the word 'GHD' as an acronym has in fact been absorbed into the language. As well as being used as the name of the product, "GHD'd hair" is often referred to as any straightened hair, so is in this way an adjective. Other uses include the word as a verb, so a person can "GHD their hair", which means they have straightened their hair.

283 Emma
283 Emma is a big main belt asteroid.
It was found by Auguste Charlois on February 8, 1889 in Nice.
A companion for Emma was noticed on 14 July, 2003 by W. J. Merline et al. using the Keck II telescope. It is 12 km in diameter and is designated S/2003 (283) 1. The announcement is contained in the International Astronomical Union Circular (IAUC) 8165. It probably orbits at a distance of 370 km from Emma. When the orbit is known well enough, the moon will get a permanent number and name.

284 Amalia
284 Amalia is a big Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Auguste Charlois on May 29, 1889 in Nice.

285 Regina
285 Regina is a common, although fairly big Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Auguste Charlois on August 3, 1889 in Nice.

286 Iclea
286 Iclea is a big Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Johann Palisa on August 3, 1889 in Vienna.

287 Nephthys
287 Nephthys is a big Main belt asteroid. It is classified as an S-type asteroid.
It was found by C. H. F. Peters on August 25, 1889 in Clinton, New York.

Wells Gray-Clearwater Volcanic Field
The Wells Gray-Clearwater Volcanic Field is a volcanic field in east-central British Columbia, Canada.

Blake River Megacaldera Complex
The Blake River Megacaldera Complex is a giant caldera cluster that spans across the Ontario-Quebec border in Canada. It is considered to be a supervolcano because of its great size (3,000 km2) and its numerous dikes and vents. The cluster is about 2700 million year old.

2014
2014 is a year in the 21st century. It is a common year starting on Thursday.

288 Glauke
288 Glauke is an asteroid found by Robert Luther in 1890. It was the last asteroid he found. It is named after Glauke, a daughter of Creon in Greek mythology.
Glauke has a very slow rotation period of about 1200 hours (50 days). This makes it the slowest-rotating object that is not a planet known in the solar system (both Mercury and Venus rotate more slowly). The rotation is believed to be "tumbling", similar to 4179 Toutatis.

289 Nenetta
289 Nenetta is a common Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Joe Kramer on March 10, 1890 in Nice.

Mike Reiss
Mike Reiss (born September 15, 1959 in Bristol, Connecticut) is an American television comedy writer. He went to Harvard University and was co-president with Jon Vitti of the Harvard Lampoon. He has frequently collaborated with his writing partner Al Jean as a writer for "The Tonight Show with Johnny Carson", and writers/producers for many episodes of "The Simpsons". The duo created and executive produced "The Critic" and "Teen Angel", which was cancelled in its first season. Reiss independently produced a short internet cartoon series entitled "Queer Duck" for Icebox.com. In 2002, the series was picked up by Showtime, where it aired as a supporting feature to "Queer as Folk". "Queer Duck: the Movie" was released on DVD July 18, 2006. The feature film reunites the Queer Duck cast. As a professional speaker, Reiss has lectured on comedy and the Simpsons at colleges. He has published six children's books, including "How Murray Saved Christmas". He also won an Edgar Award for his mystery story "Cro-Magnon PI".

Al Jean
Al Jean (born January 9, 1961 Farmington Hills, Michigan) is a television comedy writer best known for his work on "The Simpsons".

Sam Simon
Sam Simon (born c. 1955) is an American television producer and writer, most notable as one of the original developers of "The Simpsons", along with Matt Groening, James L. Brooks, and Richard C. Harner. He is perhaps best known for his creation of many "Simpsons" characters.

290 Bruna
290 Bruna is a small Main belt asteroid.
It was found on March 20, 1890 by Johann Palisa, an Austrian astronomer of Vienna.

William H. Macy
William Hall Macy, Jr. (born March 13, 1950) is an Emmy Award-winning and Academy Award-nominated American actor. He is also a teacher and director in theatre, movie and television. Macy has described his screen persona as "sort of a Middle American, WASPy, Lutheran kind of guy... Everyman".

Rowan Williams
Rowan Douglas Williams, DD, PC, FBA (born June 14, 1950) is the 104th and current Archbishop of Canterbury, metropolitan of the province of Canterbury, Primate of All England, senior archbishop of the Church of England and the symbolic head of the worldwide Anglican Communion. Williams is also a distinguished theologian and poet. He has two children.

291 Alice
291 Alice is an asteroid in the Flora family in the Main Belt.
It was found by Johann Palisa on April 25, 1890 in Vienna.
Lightcurve analysis indicates that Alice's pole points towards either ecliptic coordinates (β, λ) = (55°, 65°) or (β, λ) = (55°, 245°) with a 10° uncertainty. This gives an axial tilt of about 35° in both cases.

292 Ludovica
292 Ludovica is a Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Johann Palisa on April 25, 1890 in Vienna.

293 Brasilia
293 Brasilia is a big Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Auguste Charlois on May 20, 1890 in Nice.

Common Fig
The Common fig is an fruit; technically it is a syconium. It is pollynated by fig wasps, that enter by a tiny opening.

Kate Nash
Kate Marie Nash (born 6 July 1987) is an Irish singer and songwriter from Dublin. She was born in Dublin but she grew up in Harrow, which is situated in West London. She first became interested in music during her childhood when she learned how to play the piano.
A side.
Nash's début single was a double-A side single (recorded in Iceland), was released through independent record label Moshi Moshi Records in February 2007. Only 1000 copies were released, and it was on available on 7" vinyl. Because the single was so popular, 1000 additional copies of the single were made and sold out extremely fast. The A-side was called "Caroline's a Victim", is an electronic sounding song about Kate Nash's friend Caroline. A video for the song was released and received a lotof airplay on the music television channel, MTV2. The video was directed by Kinga Burza and it featured Kate Nash playing different instruments at the same time that her friend "Caroline" sits in her room playing music, taking photographs, trying on different clothes, listening to David Bowie, putting on makeup and sitting at her computer checking a website.
B side.
The B-side to the single was "Birds", it is an acoustic song that tells the story of a boy's clumsy attempts to try and explain to his girlfriend how he feels about her, all the while the girl doesn't know what her boyfriend is talking about.
During the promotion for "Caroline's a Victim/Birds", Nash supported an English singer who goes by the name of Get Cape. Wear Cape. Fly on his national tour before leaving to go on her own headlining tour around the UK.
Early career.
In March 2007, Nash was signed to Fiction Records.
In April 2007, Nash and other up-coming London acts were mocked through a nasty imitation of Nash's song, "Caroline's a Victim" entitled "LDN Is A Victim." The song mocked Kate Nash and Lily Allen, among others, for singing in a Cockney accent, despite their privileged backgrounds.
Kate nash released a second song, but through a different recored label called Fiction Records, her second single that was named "Foundations", was released on June 25 2007 and reached number two in the official UK Singles Chart.
Later career.
Following the fast, and unpredicted, success of "Foundations", Fiction Records announced plans to release Nash's album earlier than expected, to August 6, 2007. The album, which was named: "Made of Bricks", included many of the tracks which Kate Nash had been performing on her two nationwide tours, on her tours Kate Nash was supported by a British duet, called Peggy Sue & The Pirates.
The album received mixed reviews, The Independent describing it as being in "pole position for worst album of the year.".Kate Nash's album, "Made of Bricks" reached the UK Number 1.
In June 2007 Nash performed at many summer music festvals, for example, O2 Wireless Festival, the Bestival, Electric Gardens, Glastonbury Festival and the Latitude Festival, she also played at the Reading and Leeds Festivals, Oxegen and T in the Park, as well as other festivals. Kate Nash made her first official Television performance on "Later with Jools Holland", also appearing on other TV shows, for example: "Popworld", "The Friday Night Project", GMTV and "This Morning" during 2007.
Recognitions.
Nash was featured on the Top of the Pops Christmas special on December 25th, 2007. She performed her smash-hit single, Foundations.
Nash features on rapper, Kano's album which is called "London Town", in a song titled "Me & My Microphone".
She is also featured in the song "Look What You've Done" from Lethal Bizzle's latest albumwhich is named, "Back To Bizznizz".
Book.
Nash stated in an interview with NME that she is writing a series of short stories influenced by Roald Dahl, including one based around a seven-foot transvestite named Roy, and would like to release a collection. Kate Nash will probably release her books under a false name.

Single person
In English, male singles used to be called "bachelors", female singles used to be called "spinsters" (or "bachelorettes", more recently). In general, the word "single" is used more often now, because it also does not make a difference between the two sexes.

Catfish
Catfish are a group of bony fish. Their Latin name is Siluriformes. They are named catfish because their barbels look like the whiskers of a cat. They are very diverse. They range in size from the heaviest, the Mekong Giant Catfish to the longest, the Wels catfish found in Eurasia. There are also detrivores in the group, and even tiny parasitic fish can be found. These parasites are called candiru. Some catfish are also grown for food, in fish farms. Some catfish can be kept in aquaria.

Adam's apple
The Adam's apple is clinically known as the laryngeal prominence and is a feature of the human neck. This lump is formed by the angle of the thyroid cartilage that surrounds the larynx.
Sex differences.
The adam's apple is usually more prominent in adult men than in women or girls or boys. The adam's apple is only the lump that one sees of the thyroid cartilage making up the body of the larynx. Some suggest that the reason for the laryngeal prominence usually being more prominent in males is that the two laminae of the thyroid cartilage that form the protrusion meet at an angle of 90° in males but that angle is usually 120° in females. This theory, however, seems more like conjecture when the fact is taken into consideration that with most women with a large laryngeal prominence appear no different from those seen on men.
A prominent adam's apple is commonly seen as a male secondary sex characteristic though this is more of a perception because not all males have it and quite a few women have one.
"Adam's apple" Etymology.
"Adam's apple" reminds of the forbidden fruit in the biblical book of Genesis and in the holy Qur'an.

Adam's apple (disambiguation)
An adam's apple is a protrusion in the front of the throat.

294 Felicia
294 Felicia is a big Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Auguste Charlois on July 15, 1890 in Nice.

Forbidden fruit
The words Forbidden fruit stand as a metaphor (an image). The metaphor comes from the book of Genesis in the Bible. There Adam and Eve are thrown out of Paradise because they eat from the tree of knowledge.
Most often, people thought the fruit was an apple. The Bible does not say what kind the fruit is. In Judaism the fruit is believed to be either a grape, a fig, a citron or wheat. Most scholars say that the type of fruit is not forbidden, it was just the fruits of that particular tree that were.
In general, the term can also refer to something that is considered to be illegal or immoral to do. It might also be dangerous. Many times this is about sex (perhaps with children, inside the family, or outside of marriage) or about using illegal drugs. It might also be about people drinking alcohol even though they are too young to be legally allowed to do so.

Real Sociedad
The Real Sociedad de Fútbol SAD is a Spanish football team. The team is located in Donostia-San Sebastián in the Spanish provice of Guipuzcoa. It was created in 1909. In the 2006-2007 season, the team was in Primera División. After 40 years in this division, in the season 2007-2008 Real Sociedad plays in Segunda División. The colors of the team are blue and white.
Anoeta.
Anoeta Stadium is the stadium of Real Sociedad. Anoeta has a capacity of 32 000. Anoeta Stadium was opened in 1993.

Richard Mentor Johnson
Richard Mentor Johnson (October 17, 1780 – November 19, 1850) was the ninth Vice President of the United States, serving with President Martin Van Buren. A resident of Kentucky, Johnson served as a Representative and Senator from Kentucky, and in the Kentucky House of Representatives.
Johnson started his career as a lawyer representing many people for free. He was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1806. During the War of 1812, Johnson led troops against the British.
Johnson later served in the Senate before being chosen as vice president. Johnson was elected by the Senate and not through the normal election because he did not have enough electors to win. This happened because Johnson lived with a slave named Julia Chinn, had two children with her, and treated her like his wife.
Johnson was not chosen to run with Van Buren in 1840. Johnson served in the Kentucky House of Representatives again as well as ran for a Senate seat again. In 1850 he was elected to the United States House of Representatives again but died two weeks into his term on November 19, 1850.

295 Theresia
295 Theresia is a common Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Johann Palisa on August 17, 1890 in Vienna.

Allemande
An allemande (spelt allemanda in Italian), is a dance that was popular in Baroque music in the 17th and early 18th centuries. The word comes from the French word for "German".
Composers of the Baroque period often composed a group of several dances. This was called a suite. There was usually an allemande, a courante, a sarabande and a gigue, in that order, and sometimes one or two other dances or as well. Sometimes a suite started with a prelude (an introductory movement) before the allemande.
The allemande was played at a moderate speed - not too fast, not too slow. There were 4 beats in a bar (4/4 time), and it started with an anacrusis (an upbeat, i.e. one, or possibly a small group of notes which were not on the first beat of a bar).

Illegal drug trade
The illegal drug trade or drug trafficking is a global black market and consists of the cultivation, manufacture, distribution and sale of illegal drugs. While some drugs are legal to possess and sell, in most jurisdictions laws do not allow the trade of certain types of drug.

Mortadella di Bologna
Mortadella di Bologna is an Italian kind of sausage. It is made of ground pork meat. Salt, pepper, sugar as well as large pieces of bacon are added. It is then made into big sausages. It is then cooked in special ovens at 90°C. Some kinds of Mortadella have other spices in them.
As a Protected designation of Origin, Mortadella di Bologna must come from the Bologna province.

Courante
A courante (called corrente in Italian), is a dance that was popular in Baroque music in the 17th and early 18th centuries. The word comes from the French word for to "run".
The courante was a fast, running dance with 3 beats in a bar (the time signature was often 3/2, although sometimes it was 3/4). During the 17th century the French courante started to become slower than the Italian corrente, and it often had more counterpoint (imitating parts). However, this was not a strict rule, and the courantes that Bach wrote were both Italian and French in style, and sometimes he called them "courante" and sometimes "corrente".
Composers of the Baroque period often composed a group of several dances. This was called a suite. There was usually an allemande, then the courante was the second dance, followed by a sarabande and a gigue and sometimes one or two other dances or as well.

Sarabande
A sarabande (spelt sarabanda in Italian), is a dance that was popular in Baroque music in the 17th and early 18th centuries.
Composers of the Baroque period often composed a group of several dances. This was called a suite. There was usually an allemande, a courante, a sarabande and a gigue, in that order, and sometimes one or two other dances or as well.
The sarabande was a slow dance with 3 beats in a bar (3/4 time). There was always a small stress on the second beat of the bar. The note on the first beat would often be played quite short so that the second beat would feel heavy. Like the other dance movements in the suite, the sarabande was in binary form.
The sarabande seems to have come from Central America where it was known as "zarabanda". Although it was mainly used in the Baroque period, composers in the 20th Century such as Debussy, Satie, Howells and Britten sometimes wrote sarabandes.
Perhaps the most famous sarabande is one written by an unknown composer. The piece is called "La folie espagnole". Many Baroque composers such as Monteverdi and Corelli and even some modern ones used this well-known tune.
Movies.
The sarabande has been used a lot in movies, including one by Ingmar Bergman called "Saraband" (2003). It uses the sarabande from the 5th suite for solo cello by Bach.

Gigue
The gigue or giga is a lively baroque dance. "Gigue" (pronounce "jeeg") is the French word, and "giga" (pronounce "jee-ga") is the Italian word. The English word is "jig" and in England this refers to a folk dance.
The gigue was one of the movements in a series of dance movements called suites written by Baroque composers. The Baroque suite normally had an Allemande, a Courante, a Sarabande and a Gigue to finish with. Sometimes there were one or two other movements as well.
The gigue usually has a compound metre such as 6/8, 6/4, 9/8 or 12/16. They often have a contrapuntal texture and each phrase is usually four bars long. Like all the dances in the Baroque suite, the gigue is in binary form. The second half will usually start with the main tune in inversion (upside down).

Canobbio
Canobbio is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland
It is not to be confused with Ca"nn"o"b"io in nearby Italy.

Capriasca
Capriasca is a municipality of the district of Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Carabbia
Carabbia is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Carabietta
Carabietta is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Capolago
Capolago is a municipality of the district Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Carona, Switzerland
Carona is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Caslano
Caslano is a municipality of the district Lugano in the Swiss cantons of Ticino.

296 Phaëtusa
296 Phaëtusa is a small Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Auguste Charlois on August 19, 1890 in Nice.

Altentreptow
Altentreptow () is a town in the Demmin Rural District, in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany. Altentreptow is the chief town of the Treptower Tollensewinkel amt
It is on the river Tollense, north of Neubrandenburg and south of Greifswald.
Name.
The town was called Trybethowe in 1175. From 1191 it was being called Trebutowe, and Tributowe in 1245. The name Treptow was being used is 1254. In 1295 the Latin "Antiquum Treptow" was used. This means Old Treptow, or in
Until 1939 the city's name was "Treptow an der Tollense" (Treptow on the Tollense).
Fires.
The town was burned down several time in the 1500s. Later, during the Thirty Years War the Holy Roman Empire's army was forced to leave the town by the Swedish Army. Later Prussian troops returned, threw the Swedes out, and looted (robbed) the town.
The Modern Town.
By the 18th century wars had made the town very poor. The city wall was taken down to get new land for growing food.
1869 a new city hall was built and there were cloth weavers and spinning mills as well as farmers in the city.
Later a new mill, but this was burned down ´in 1999. A railway line connected the town with Neubrandenburg and Stralsund, and a school, a bank, a hospital and a post office were opened.
1888 a dairy cooperative was started, and they opened new building in 1995.
Electricity arrived in the city in 1916. This encoraged more people to move to the city and build.
The official name of the city was "Treptow an der Tollense" until 26 January 1939.
A big residential area arose with 1049 flats was built between 1960 and 1985. In the middle of the 1960s the old primary school was changed to a home for old people and a zoo was opened in 1972.
Altentreptow was the capital of the Landkreis (administrative district) Altentreptow from 1952 to 1994.
After the German reunification the old town centre was rebuilt. A modern hospital was opened with 108 beds in 2001.

Cavagnago
Cavagnago is a municipality of the district Leventina in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Caviano
Caviano is a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Cavigliano
Cavigliano is a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Cerentino
Cerentino is a municipality of the district Vallemaggia in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Certara
Certara is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Cevio
Cevio is the capital of the district Vallemaggia in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 22 October 2006, Cevio became bigger when it came together with the villages of Bignasco and Cavergno. Both were municipalities of Ticino before this coming together.
Geography.
Cevio can be found about 23 kilometers northwest of the city of Locarno in the upper Vallemaggia. Most of the area of the municipality, about 64 percent, is covered with trees. About 25 percent of the area has mountains. Only 5 percent of the langer is used for farming.
History.
Cevio has been the main town of the district for a long time. In 1858, the municipality of Linescio broke off from it.
In the fall of 2006, the villages of Cavergno and Bignasco were put into the municipality, even though Bignasco didn't want to do so.
Languages.
The inhabitants of Cevio speak using a language that is different from the Italian.

Bignasco
Bignasco is a village in the district of Vallemaggia, in the canton of Ticino, Switzerland. Bignasco is not a free municipality anymore after merging with another village to become Cevio.

Cavergno
Cavergno is a village in the district of Vallemaggia, in the canton of Ticino, Switzerland. Cavergno is not a free municipality anymore after merging with the village Bignasco to form the municipality Cevio.

Lucca
Lucca is a city in the Italian region of Tuscany. The city is located on the river Serchio in a very fertile plain near the Tyrrhenian Sea. It is the capital city of the Province of Lucca.
History.
Lucca was founded by the Etruscans. It later became a Roman village in 180 BC. The Romans built an amphitheatre that is still seen in the Piazza dell'Anfiteatro. Lucca was an important city and fortress even in the 6th century, when Narses attacked it over and over again for several months in 553. During the 10th and 11th centuries, Lucca was the capital of the feudal territories of Tuscany, with more power about the Roman Emperor.
After the death of Matilda of Tuscany, the city began an independent commune. For almost 500 years, Lucca remained an independent republic. There were many minor communes in the region between southern Liguria and northern Tuscany (which was filled by the Malaspina). Tuscany in this time was part of feudal Europe. Dante’s "Divine Comedy" was written to remember the days spent in his exile in Lucca.
In 1273 and again in 1277, Lucca was ruled by a Guelph (captain of the people) named Luchetto Gattilusio. In 1314, after internal problems Uguccione della Faggiuola of Pisa make himself lord of Lucca. The people of the city made him leave two years later and "condottiere" gain the leadership. In 1325, in the battle of Altopascio, Lucca soldiers defeated Florence's Guelphs with the help of Castracani, a leader of the city in time of war. After they won, Castracani was named "Duke of Lucca" by Louis IV the Bavarian. Until the French Revolution in 1789, Lucca was independent from Venice and Genoa. It was a city controlled by democracy or sometimes by oligarchy.
Republic of Lucca.
Lucca was the second largest Italian city-state (after Venice) with a republican constitution ("comune"). In 1805 Lucca was taken over by Napoleon, who put his sister Elisa Bonaparte Baciocchi in the place reserved for the "Queen of Etruria". The city became a part of Tuscany in 1847 and later a part of Italy.
Important monuments.
The walls around the old town are intact as the city grew and became more modern. This is unusual for cities in the region. A famous place is the house where Puccini was born. The house is open to the public.
Culture.
Every year in Lucca there are two important festivals. The Lucca Summer Festival is a rock music festival. "Lucca Comics and Games" is the largest meeting about comics and games of Italy.

Massa
Massa is a town and "comune" in Tuscany, Italy, in the centre of province of Massa-Carrara.Located in the northern part of the Tuscany region.
Location.
Massa is near the sea, and has a population of approximately 69,000 inhabitants, distributed in five areas.
Tourism.
The Massa area has an high number of touristists, and it's famous for concentration of some 600 industrial and craft activities where are working about 7,000 people.
Together with the twin town of Carrara, Massa is worldwide known for the extraction and production of marble.
History.
From the 15th to the 19th century, Massa was the capital of the independent Principate (later Duchy) of Massa and Carrara, controlled and ruled by the Malaspina and Cybo-Malaspina families.
In 1829, the city was handed by the Austrian Este family. In 1859, during the unification of Italy process, it joined the Kingdom of Sardinia

Carrara
Carrara is a city in the province of Massa-Carrara (Tuscany, Italy), famous for white or blue-gray marble,and for be a city "symbol" of international anarchism
History.
Carrara was ruled by Pisa in (1235), Lucca in (1322), Genoa in (1329), and Milan in (1343). After Filippo Maria Visconti of Milan died in 1477, Carrara was controlled by Tommaso Campogregoso, lord of Sarzana, and the Malaspina family.
Carrara and Massa made up the Duchy of Massa and Carrara from the 15th to the 19th century.
In 1929, the cities of Carrara, Massa and Montignoso were mixed in a single big city, called "Apuania". In 1945 "Apuania",was separated,and the cities,were returned free.
Economy and culture.
Carrara marble has been used since the time of Ancient Rome;for buildings,like the Pantheon and Trajan's Column in Rome. Many sculptures of the Renaissance, such as Michelangelo's "David",were made up from Carrara marble.
The city has academies of sculpture and fine arts and a museum of statuaries and antiquities. The local marble is exported around the world.

297 Caecilia
297 Caecilia is a common Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Auguste Charlois on September 9, 1890 in Nice.

298 Baptistina
298 Baptistina is a common Main belt asteroid. It was found by Auguste Charlois on September 9, 1890 in Nice.
Although it has an orbit similar to the Flora family asteroids, it was found to be an unrelated asteroid.
A 2007 US-Czech study decided that 298 Baptistina may be the biggest remnant of a 170 km (110 mile) asteroid that was destroyed about 160 million years ago in an impact with a smaller body, making the Baptistina family of asteroids and that the Baptistina event may have created the eventual impact asteroid believed by many to have caused the Cretaceous – Tertiary extinction event about 65 million years ago.. This is the T impactor believed to be shown in the geological record. This theory has not, as yet, found general acceptance among the scientific community.

VLC media player
VLC media player is a free software media player by the VideoLAN project,also called "VLC", or "VideoLAN Client".
It is a highly portable multimedia player, encoder, and streamer that support many kind of audio and video. Vlc can repair and play,corrupt files,damaged or unfinished.
It is one of the most platform-independent players available, for BeOS, BSD, Linux, Mac OS X, Microsoft Windows, Solaris and Windows CE, and has over 50 million downloads for version 0.8.6.
VLC uses a large number of free decoding and encoding libraries. Many of its codecs are provided by the libavcodec codec library from the FFmpeg project, but it uses mainly its own muxer and demuxers.VLC gained honor as the first player to support playback of encrypted DVDs on Linux by using the libdvdcss DVD library.
History.
VLC was initially the client for the VideoLAN project,and it It was originally maked by students at the École Centrale Paris, and was released under the GPL license on the 1 February 2001.Now has supporters and contributors in everlyplace in the worldwide.
The icon of VLC is a traffic cones collected by Ecole Centrale's Networking Students' Association.
Design principles.
VLC has a very design, which makes it easier to include modules for new file formats, codecs or streaming methods.There are more than 300 modules in VLC.VLC also supports highly personalizable skins through the skins2 interface, Winamp 2 and XMMS skins and can play high definition recordings of D-VHS tapes duplicated to a computer using CapDVHS.exe

Guitar Hero (video game)
"Guitar Hero" is a music video game, released on November 8, 2005 for the PlayStation 2. The game uses a guitar-shaped controller that allows players to simulate the playing of rock music. "Guitar Hero" has earned comparisons to "Dance Dance Revolution" played with a guitar. Despite a high price for the guitar/game bundle, "Guitar Hero" was very successful and had several sequels; "Guitar Hero II" and ', as well as other games in the music game genre. The game features artists such as David Bowie, Judas Priest, Sum 41 and Deep Purple

Guitar Hero II
"Guitar Hero II" is a music video game, released for the PlayStation 2 on November 7, 2006 and the Xbox 360 on April 3, 2007. It is the sequel to "Guitar Hero". The game features a guitar-shaped controller that allows players to simulate the playing of rock music. Much like the original game, "Guitar Hero II" was very successful and helped the "Guitar Hero" series become a cultural phenomenon. The game features artists such as Aerosmith, Nirvana, Foo Fighters and Guns N' Roses

PeaZip
PeaZip is an open source, cross-platform, portable file archiver for Microsoft Windows and Linux.
PeaZip created and can open,the "Pea" archive format,made by the same orporation of the archiver.Peazip is written in Free Pascal, using Lazarus.Peazip is under the GNU Lesser General Public License, PeaZip is free software.
Peazip can change look,like opacity, colors, and icons.
Full support formats.
7Z, 7Z-sfx, BZip2/TBZ, GZip/TGZ, LPAQ1/5, PAQ8F/JD/L/O, PEA, QUAD, split (.001), TAR, ZIP
Just extract or reading formats.
ACE, ARJ, CAB, CHM, COMPOUND files (MSI, DOC, PPT, XLS...), CPIO, DEB, ISO CD/DVD images, Java archives (JAR, EAR, WAR), LZH, NSIS installers, OpenOffice file types, PET/PUP (Puppy Linux installers), PAK/PK3/PK4, RAR, RPM, WIM, XPI, Z

Volcanic Explosivity Index
In volcanology, the Volcanic Explosivity Index is the way to measure the strength of a volcanic eruption. In earthquakes, the Richter scale is used to measure the eartqhuake's strength, and the Volcanic Explosivity Index is used to measure the explosiveness of volcanic eruptions. The index is based on a scale of 1 to 8, 1 being very small, and 8 being huge and very rare. The largest eruption in modern times, the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, was rated as a 5 on the index.

299 Thora
299 Thora is a common Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Johann Palisa on October 6, 1890 in Vienna.

Lockheed U-2
"For the band, see U2 (band)."
The U-2 (nicknamed the Dragon Lady) is an espionage fixed-wing aircraft made by Lockheed (now Lockheed Martin). It first flew in 1955 and was introduced in 1957. It flies a lot like a glider. It was made during the Cold War, because the United States needed a way to look at the Soviet military from high up. Taiwan also used it to spy on China.
The United States wanted to keep the purpose of the U-2 secret, but on May 1, 1960, Francis Gary Powers was shot down in his U-2 by a Soviet SAM SA-2 missile. In 1962, Powers was released and traded for captured Soviet spy Rudolf Abel. After this, the SR-71 Blackbird started spying on the Soviet Union, which was faster and harder to see on radar.
The U-2 is still in service even though the design is over 50 years old.
U-2 details (U-2S model).
The U-2S is 62.99 feet (19.20 meters) long, 104.99 feet (32 meters wide), and is 15.75 feet (4.80 meters) tall. It weighs 14,991 pounds (6,800 kilograms) empty, but when full, it weighs 41,006 pounds (18,600 kilograms). It is powered by one General Electric F118-101 engine with 17,000 pounds (7711.2 kilograms) of thrust. It can go 475 miles per hour (764 kilometers per hour), fly 7,000 miles (11,265 kilometers) without refueling, and can fly 69,593 feet (21,212 meters) high.

300 Geraldina
300 Geraldina is a big Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Auguste Charlois on October 3, 1890 in Nice.

Russell Brand
Russell Edward Brand (born June 4, 1975) is an English comedian, actor, and Newspaper columnist. Many people notice his odd fashion sense - his choice of clothing is not the same as for most people.
He wrote a book about his life in 2007, which he called "My Booky Wook".

Chief Justice of the United States
The Chief Justice of the United States is the senior judge of the Supreme Court of the United States.
He has no more powers than any of the other judges of the Supreme Court, who are called Associate Justices. The Chief Justice is responsible for organising the Court's schedules and administration.
By tradition, the Chief Justice administers the oath of office to the President when the president starts his time as president. The only time this hasn't happened is when Calvin Coolidge became president.

301 Bavaria
301 Bavaria is a big Main belt asteroid. It was found by Johann Palisa on November 16, 1890 in Vienna.

Proactinium
Protactinium is a chemical element with the symbol Pa and atomic number 91.
Notable Characteristics.
Protactinium is a silver metallic element that is in the actinide group, with a bright metallic shine that it keeps for some time in the air. It is superconductive at temperatures below 1.4 K.
Applications.
Due to its scarcity, high radioactivity and toxicity, there are currently no uses for protactinium outside of basic research.
Protactinium-231 (which is made by the alpha decay of Uranium-235 followed by beta decay of Thorium-231) could possibly sustain a nuclear chain reaction and might be used to build a nuclear weapon. The critical mass, according to Walter Seifritz, is 750±180 kg. Other authors conclude that no chain reactions are possible in Protactinium-231.
History.
Protactinium was first discovered in 1913, when Kasimir Fajans and O. H. Göhring encountered short-lived isotope 234m-Pa, with a half-life of about 1.17 minutes, while they were studying the decay chain of 238-U. They gave the new element the name "Brevium" (Latin "brevis", brief, short); the name was changed to "Protoactinium" in 1918 when two groups of scientists (Otto Hahn and Lise Meitner of Germany and Frederick Soddy and John Cranston of the UK) independently discovered 231-Pa. The name was shortened to "Protactinium" in 1949.
In 1961, the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority was able to produce 125 g of 99.9% pure protactinium, processing 60 tons of waste material in a 12-stage process and spending 500,000 USD. For many years to come, this was the world's only way to get the element. It is said that the metal was sold to laboratories for a cost of 2,800 USD / g in the following years.
Precautions.
Protactinium is both toxic and highly radioactive. It requires precautions similar to those used when handling plutonium.

302 Clarissa
302 Clarissa is a common Main belt asteroid. It is classified as a C-type asteroid and is probably made of carbonaceous material.
It was found by Auguste Charlois on November 14, 1890 in Nice.

Sturmabteilung
The (often shortened to SA) was a paramilitary group for the German Nazi Party. The English translation for "Sturmabteilung" is "assault detachment", "assault section" or "stormtroopers". The group was important in helping Adolf Hitler gain power in the 1930s.
The word "Sturmabteilung" was used before the founding of the Nazi Party in 1919. It originally comes from the specialized assault troops used by Germany in World War I utilising "Hutier" infiltration tactics.
Assault troops played a key role in Adolf Hitler's rise to power in the 1930s.

303 Josephina
303 Josephina is a big Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Elia Millosevich on February 12, 1891 in Rome. It was first of the two asteroids he found. The other was 306 Unitas.

304 Olga
304 Olga is a big Main belt asteroid. It is classified as a C-type asteroid and is probably made of carbonaceous material.
It was found by Johann Palisa on February 14, 1891 in Vienna.

305 Gordonia
305 Gordonia is a fairly common, although big Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Auguste Charlois on February 16, 1891 in Nice.

306 Unitas
306 Unitas is a common Main belt asteroid. It is classified as an S-type asteroid.
It was found by Elia Millosevich on March 1, 1891 in Rome. It was second of the two asteroids he found. The other was 303 Josephina.
Although 306 Unitas has an orbit similar to the Vesta family asteroids, it was found to be an unrelated asteroid on the basis of its non-matching spectral type.

Green card
Green Card or Permanent Resident Card is the card that shows that someone who is not a United States citizen is a permanent resident of the United States. The holder of the card is allowed to live and work in the United States.

307 Nike
307 Nike is a big Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Auguste Charlois on March 5, 1891 in Nice.

Council of Chalcedon
The Council of Chalcedon was an ecumenical council that took place from October 8 to November 1, 451, at Chalcedon (a city of Bithynia in Asia Minor). Chalcedon is today part of the city of Istanbul on the Asian side of the Bosphorus.
Some people did not like it.
For many people, these definitions were too dogmatic; The Oriental Orthodox Churches split from the main church (that would later become the Roman Catholic and the Eastern Orthodox Church).

Chalcedon
Chalcedon (Χαλκηδών, sometimes transliterated as "Chalkedon") was an ancient maritime town of Bithynia, in Asia Minor, almost directly opposite Byzantium, south of Scutari (modern Üsküdar). Today, in modern Turkish, Chalcedon is called Kadıköy and a district of Istanbul, Turkey.

Bithynia
Bithynia was an old kingdom of a Roman province in the northwest of Asia Minor. It was at the coast of the Black Sea.

Kadıköy
Kadıköy is a large district on the Anatolian side of İstanbul, Turkey. It is on the shore of the Sea of Marmara. It faces the historic city centre on the European side of the Bosporus. Kadıköy was known as Chalcedon in ancient history.

Bosporus
The Bosporus or Bosphorus is a strait that forms the boundary between the European part of Turkey and its Asian part (Anatolia). It connects the Black Sea with the Sea of Marmara. It is about 30 km long, with a maximum width of 3,700 metres at the northern entrance, and a minimum width of 700 metres between Kandilli and Aşiyan; and 750 metres between Anadoluhisarı and Rumelihisarı. The depth varies from 36 to 124 metres in midstream.
The shores of the strait are heavily populated as Istanbul is nearby..

Strait
A strait is a narrow, navigable channel of water that connects two larger navigable bodies of water. It most commonly means a channel of water that lies between two land masses, but it may also mean a navigable channel through a body of water that is not navigable, for example because it is too shallow, or because it contains an unnavigable reef or archipelago. The terms "strait", "channel", "passage", "sound" and "firth" can be synonymous, but each is sometimes used with a slight difference of meaning. Many straits are economically important. Straits can lie on important shipping routes, and wars have been fought for control of these straits. Many artificial channels, called "canals", have been constructed to connect two bodies of water over land.
Although rivers and canals often form a bridge between two large lakes or a lake and a sea, they are not usually referred to as straits. Straits are typically much larger, wider structures that do not have water running in a single direction, and normally connect two seas.

Channel
In a "general sense" channel means connection.

Strait of Dover
The Strait of Dover or Dover Strait is the strait at the narrowest part of the English Channel.
The strait is at the east end of the English Channel, where it joins the North Sea. Its width is the shortest distance between France and England. On a clear day, it is possible to see the coastline on the other side and the buildings on the shore without the help of binoculars.
The shortest distance across the strait is from the South Foreland, some 6 km (4 mi) north-east of Dover in the county of Kent, England, to Cap Gris Nez, a cape near Calais in the "département" of Pas-de-Calais, France. Between these two points – the most popular route for cross-channel swimmers – the distance is just 33 km (20 mi).

SA
SA is an abbreviation. It can stand for different things.

Jemella Group
The Jemella Group is an organisation. It is partly owned by 'Montagu Private Equity', and owns the famous GHD hair iron brand.
Jemella is entering a 'joint venture' (joint project) with 'Green Chemicals', another group, to produce environmentally friendly hair products.

The Pigeon Detectives
The Pigeon Detectives are an English band who originated from Rothwell in Leeds, they formed in 2002. They have received praise by such well known DJs as Steve Lamacq and Jo Whiley, and performed at the Reading and Leeds Festivals in 2006, where they were "the band most likely to leap to the main stage in 2007” in an issue of the NME.
They supported "Dirty Pretty Things" whilst they toured in spring 2006. In early November 2006 they supported The "Kaiser Chiefs", who are known to be admirers of the band. On 8 July 2007, they played on the Radio 1 NME Stage in front of thousands of people at T in the Park. The performance was televised and shown later that day on BBC3 television channel.

Hirschaid
Hirschaid is the biggest municipality in the district of Bamberg. About 11,650 people live there. The mayor is Andreas Schlund.

Julian Marías
Julián Marías Aguilera (June 17 1914 – December 15 2005), was a Spanish philosopher. His "History of Philosophy" (1941) is widely accepted as the greatest work written in Spanish on the subject of the history of philosophy. He was a pupil of the Spanish philosopher José Ortega y Gasset.

Deuteronomy
Deuteronomy is a book in the Bible. It is the last of the five books of Moses, meaning it deals with Moses, the Israelites and their ancestors, and their relationship with God. It is part of the Torah.
The Beginning.
The book begins with the words Moses spoke to the Israelites in wilderness east of the Jordan. He told them that they had been very rebellious towards God, so God made them travel from place to place before reaching the land he promised them. This was then the fortieth year they travel.
The Causes.
Moses told the Israelites what had happened throughout their journey. He scolded them for disobeying God, who made them go through a very hard journey. Moses then gave them the Law, teaching them what must be done, and what cannot be done. These laws were given to him by God. The Law warns against worshipping other gods, and tells that all Israel, every one, must obey God alone. He warned them against worshipping idols, and commanded them to treat the poor, the foreigner and the orphans well. If the Israelites obey God, they will prosper. But God predicted that the future generations will suffer because of their disobedience. One day, however the Israelites would return to God.
The Tablets.
God then commanded Moses to write the Law on stone tablets for the Israelites to remember. Then Moses formally made Joshua, son of Nun, the new leader over the Israelites. God gave Moses a song to sing, and asked him to teach it to the Israelites. The song would remind them how they have gone against God in the future.
The death of Moses.
Moses was very old - 120 years - during that time. He knew he was going to die because God had told him it will happen. Therefore before he died, he gave a blessing to all the twelfth tribes of Israel.
Finally God made Moses climb Mount Nebo and showed him all the land he is giving to Israel. Because Moses and his brother Aaron disobeyed God earlier on, Moses was not allowed to enter the land but just to see it. Moses died on Mount Nebo, and the Israelites mourned for him for thirty days. After that Joshua began to lead Israel under God's command.

Viareggio
Viareggio is a city in northern Tuscany in Italy on the coast of the Tyrrhenian Sea. With over 63,000 people it is the main centre of the northern Tuscan Riviera known as Versilia, and the second largest city in the Province of Lucca.
Viareggio is famous for the "Passeggiata",a promenade,and for the oldest Carnival in Europe,the "Carnevale di Viareggio".
Origin of the name.
The city’s name as deriving from the Latin "via regis", the name of the Medieval road used for going to Lucca.
From the origins to 1169.
In the area we can find the rest of Ligurian,and other peoples from north Italy. The area of "Ersilia",is very rich in old artifacts.
1169/1400.
With time, Viareggio has also gained the title of Capital of Versilia.The first historical fact concerning Viareggio dates 1169 when a wooden tower guarding coast was built,however Viareggio,was in a bad area for living, how Giovanni Boccaccio spoke in his book the "Decamerone".
1600/1699.
This century was perhaps one of the most difficult periods for the 300 inhabitants of Viareggio; the area was really bad,for the life,often people died for malaria,but however slowly Viareggio changed its appearance; two small churches and as many factories were built, followed by a number of small shops.
1800/1814.
With the fall of Napoleon, Viareggio was the centre of several acts of violence. In March 1814 viareggini,(he people born in Viareggio) attack the french soldiers.
1815/1847.
Viareggio remained under the control of the Austrians until 1817 when, as part of the agreements from Congress of Vienna, Maria Luisa di Borbone was assigned the new Duchy of Lucca. In 1820 Viareggio was officially proclaimed city.Carlo Ludovico di Borbone helped the city,building a new church, a royal casino and two beach resorts, the first ones to be built in Viareggio.
1860/1899.
During these years Viareggio’s economy had a very rapid expansion about the sailboat industry.
1900/1940.
Viareggio benins to be a place for tourism,The "Passeggiata" or promenade was born, with its cafés and shops, contributing to make famous the city,that after will be called friendly the "Pearl of the Tyrrhenian Sea".
1940/Today.
During World War II Viareggio was subject to heavy bombings and entire suburbs of the city were destroyed.After the war, the reconstruction was really hard to do.Today Viareggio is a very nice city for tourism.
Patron Saint of the city.
Patron saint of the city is Maria Santissima Annunziata
The Carnival.
The oldest carnival in Italy and Europe,and surely the mos timportant. It was born in 1873. The official masks of the Carnival are Burlamacco and Ondina, drawn for the first time in 1930.Since 1954, RAI broadcasts the event on national TV.The carnival it's really famous because,on the carnival,there are masks about ministers,or show man.
Economy and trade.
In Viareggio there are many resources,sea tourism,with the very nice cost,tourism,and a very big industry about flowers and fruit.Viareggio is famous in Italy for the beauties local shops,near the city and near the beach.

308 Polyxo
308 Polyxo is a very big Main belt asteroid. It is classified as a rare T-type asteroid.
It was found by A. Borrelly on March 31, 1891 in Marseilles.

Static RAM
The Static Random Access Memory (Static RAM) is a high speed memory. Static RAM is a type of RAM that gets its data without an external refresh. For as long as power is supplied to the circuit.
SRAM has many differences to Dynamic RAM (DRAM). The first of all is duty to refresh memory many time per second to hold its data contents. The second one is that SRAMs are also used for specific applications within the PC, where their strengths outweigh their weaknesses compared to DRAM.
Positive differences.
SRAMs don't require external refresh circuitry or other work in order for them to keep their data intact, they are also faster than DRAM.
Negative differences.
A SRAM is more expensive than DRAM. SRAMs take up much more space than DRAMs. That is the reason why is SRAM more expensive then DRAM.
Summary.
SRAM is manufactured in a way rather similar to how processors are: highly-integrated transistor patterns photo-etched into silicon. Each SRAM bit is composed of between four and six transistors. Which is why SRAM takes up much more space compared to DRAM. To compare with DRAM. DRAM has only one transistor plus a capacitor. SRAM chip is comprised of thousands or millions of identical cells. That is much easier to make than a CPU, which is a large die with a non-repetitive structure. This is one reason why RAM chips cost much less than processors do. See this discussion of how processors are manufactured; this process is similar (but simplified somewhat) for making memory circuits.

Damnation
In Western Christian belief, damnation to hell is the punishment of God for persons who were sinners.
In Eastern Christian traditions (Eastern Orthodoxy and Oriental Orthodoxy), as well as some Western traditions, it is seen as a state of separation from God, a state into which all humans are born but against which Christ is the "Mediator" and "Great Physician".

Chester Bennington
Chester Charles Bennington (born March 20, 1976 in Phoenix, Arizona) is Linkin Park's vocalist.
Early years.
Bennington was born in Phoenix, Arizona. He was interested in music since he was young and he liked mostly Depeche Mode and Stone Temple Pilots. His parents separated in the late 1980s, while he was still a child. Later he had problems with drugs. Before starting his musical career, he worked at a Burger King restaurant.
Professional music career.
At the beginning he was a vocalist in a grunge band called Grey Daze. He left Grey Daze in 1998. After that, the vice president of A&R at Zomba Music in Los Angeles, offered Bennington an audition with Linkin Park. Bennington went to California and joined the band. Their name was “Hybrid Theory”. The other vocalist was Mike Shinoda. After some rejections, Jeff Blue operated to help the band sign with Warner Bros. Records.
In spite of the success in the early 2000s, Bennington has had personal problems outside of the public interest.
Personal life.
On October 31, 1996 Bennington got married with Samantha, his first wife. They had one child, called Draven Sebastian, who was born on April 19, 2002. After divorcing, Bennington married Talinda Bentley, a former "Playboy" model.

Himno Nacional
Himno Nacional (in English: "National Anthem") is the national anthem of the Dominican Republic. The music was written by José Reyes (1835-1905) and the lyrics (words of the song) by Emilio Prud'homme (1856-1932).
This anthem was played for the first time on 17 August 1883 in Santo Domingo. In 1897, Prud'homme made some corrections to its original poem.
"Himno Nacional" was made the official Dominican national anthem on 30 May 1934.

PetSmart
Pet Smart Inc. is an American pet supply company. They sell pet supplies and services like grooming and dog training in the United States and Canada. The name Pet Smart was made as a pun.

Chironico
Chironico is a municipality of the district Leventina in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Cimadera
Cimadera is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Claro, Ticino
Claro is a municipality of the district Riviera in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

SCSI
SCSI is a set of standards for physically connecting and transferring data between computers and peripheral devices, such as a CD or DVD drive.
Physical Structure.
SCSI is realized by a bus slot on the motherboard. Just to put a card called host adapter to the motherboard. From this card is a managed data cable. This cable connects individual SCSI peripherals. Each of this peripherals has its own sequencer which is functional independent. Operation on data cable (bus SCSI) is controlled by the host adapter. There is also a possibility to install internal or external components. Transferring data on the SCSI bus is managed by the host adapter. The CPU is not loaded by transferring data.
Advantages.
Each peripheral has its own sequencer and host adapter. They can be used for communication with devices by a defined "computer" language. They could also cooperate with arbitrary peripherals of SCSI. At present there are hard disks, optical drives, tape adapter units, ZIP drives, scanners and printers using SCSI.
SCSI is not restricted by conditions (for example: by data capacity). One of the main advantages of SCSI is a possibility to daisy-chain devices. There is some device on the bus SCSI which controls this.
For example, hard disk defines “head's of operations” etc. At the same moment the other device could send data to other devices, (scanner). Operations of other device are not cancelled with origin connection. After transferring data to scanner device could continues with transferring data to hard disk. SCSI is faster because of this fact even maximal speed of transferring is not so different to EIDE.
Configured rules.
Each peripheral of SCSI has to be identified. That is the reason why every peripheral must have a unique ID. This number is set by bond or shunt located on the case of components. In terms of a bus is enumerate from 0, hostname has as a rule ID 7. There cannot be two devices on the same bus with the same ID.
Buses have to be finished with resistances, in terminology called terminators. On the last devices is necessary to install terminators.
Host adapter has to be in connection with to assign system resources (addresses I/O, IRQ, DMA, reserved memory).
Progression.
SCSI has also long progression. That is the reason why there are many kind of SCSI in the present. They are just different from data width (8 or 16 bites) and work’s frequency (from 5 MHz to 40 MHz). On 8bites SCSI bus could be connected to 8 devices (used 50pin’s connector); on 16bites SCSI bus could be connected to 16 devices (used 16pin’s connector). However one of these devices has to have sequencer SCSI.

Electric Gardens
Electric Gardens Festival, sometimes called Electric Gardens, 'EGFestival', 'EGFest', or 'EG', is a medium sized music festival at Mount Ephraim, Faversham in Kent. The festival happens on a weekend in early August.
The first time the festival took place was in 2006. There are plans to hold the festival every year.
The Myspace bus.
A bus was parked at the festival, by Myspace. The bus was used for the music players to meet people. Free gifts and information are also given from here.

309 Fraternitas
309 Fraternitas is a common Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Johann Palisa on April 6, 1891 in Vienna.

310 Margarita
310 Margarita is a common Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Auguste Charlois on May 16, 1891 in Nice.

311 Claudia
311 Claudia is a common Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Auguste Charlois on June 11, 1891 in Nice.

312 Pierretta
312 Pierretta is a fairly big Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Auguste Charlois on August 28, 1891 in Nice.

313 Chaldaea
313 Chaldaea is a big Main belt asteroid. It is classified as a C-type asteroid and is probably made of carbonaceous material.
It was found by Johann Palisa on August 30, 1891 in Vienna.

314 Rosalia
314 Rosalia is a big Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Auguste Charlois on September 1, 1891 in Nice.

315 Constantia
315 Constantia is a small asteroid in the Flora family in the Main Belt.
It was found by Johann Palisa on September 4, 1891 in Vienna.

Near East
The Near East is a term used for Middle East by archaeologists, geographers and historians.
Background.
The term "Near East" came into use in the 1890s, when European powers had to do with two critical situations in the "east". The Sino-Japanese War in 1894–1895 in the Far East, and the Armenian Genocide in the Near East.
British archaeologist D.G. Hogarth published "The Nearer East" in 1902, which helped to define the term and its extent, including Albania, Montenegro, southern Serbia and Bulgaria, Greece, Egypt, all the Ottoman lands, the entire Arabian peninsula, and western parts of Iran.

Collina d'Oro
Collina d'Oro (called Gold Hill in English) is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. It was made from the merging of the villages of Agra, Gentilino, and Montagnola.

Far East
The term Far East means countries of East Asia. It became used in the English language during the period of the British Empire for lands to the east of British India.
Before World War I, the "Near East" meant relatively nearby lands of the Ottoman Empire, "Middle East" northwestern South Asia and Central Asia, and "Far East" countries along the western Pacific Ocean and countries along the eastern Indian Ocean. Many European languages have analogous terms, such as the French "Extrême-Orient", Spanish "Extremo Oriente", Portuguese "Extremo Oriente", German "Ferner Osten", Italian "Estremo oriente", and Dutch "Verre Oosten".
"Far East" is never used for the culturally Western nations of Australia and New Zealand, which lie even farther to the east of Europe than much of East Asia.

Montagnola
Montagnola is a small Swiss village in the Collina d'Oro municipality. Along with the villages of Agra and Gentilino, it makes the new municipality of Collina d'Oro.

Comano, Switzerland
Comano is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

316 Goberta
316 Goberta is a common Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Auguste Charlois on September 8, 1891 in Nice, France.

Contone
Contone is a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Corippo
Corippo is a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.
With a population of just 17 as of December 2004, it is the smallest municipality in Switzerland. It has many of the things that communities many times its size has: an official website (), its own coat of arms, a village church, a restaurant, and a mayor who leads a town council made up of three local citizens. The village has remained independent since 1822.
Description.
Corippo lies in the Verzasca valley about 12 kilometers (7.4 miles) from Locarno at the north end of the reservoir Lake Vogorno, and 20 km from the border with Italy. The houses are built from the local Ticino granite with slate roofs and have changed little for several hundred years, leading the Italian writer Piero Bianconi to describe Corippo as "Verzasca's gentlest village".

Corticiasca
Corticiasca is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Cresciano
Cresciano is a municipality of the district Riviera in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Croglio
Croglio is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Cugnasco
Cugnasco is a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Cureglia
Cureglia is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Curio, Switzerland
Curio is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

317 Roxane
317 Roxane is a common Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Auguste Charlois on September 11, 1891 in Nice, and was at first named Roxana.

318 Magdalena
318 Magdalena is a big Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Auguste Charlois on September 24, 1891 in Nice.
On April 15, 2005 UT, Magdalena occulted a 10.7 mag star in the constellation Scutum for watchers along a path across

Dobryanka
Dobryanka (Russian: Добрянка, 58°27′N, 56°25′E) is a town in Perm Krai, Russia. It's a center of Dobryansky District. The population is about 36,100 (2005).
Dobryanka was founded in 1623 and became town in 1943. It is one of the oldest settlements of Perm Krai.

319 Leona
319 Leona is a big Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Auguste Charlois on October 8, 1891 in Nice, France.

320 Katharina
320 Katharina is a small Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Johann Palisa on October 11, 1891 in Vienna.

321 Florentina
321 Florentina is a common Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Johann Palisa on October 15, 1891 in Vienna.

Grosseto
Grosseto is a town in the central Italian region of Tuscany. It is the capital of the Province of Grosseto. The city is 12km from the Tyrrhenian Sea. It is located in the Maremma near the Ombrone river. Grosseto has a population of 60,000 people. Another 15,000 people live in the area around the city.
History.
Grosseto was one of the main Etruscan cities. The city was under the control of the Aldobrandeschi family. In 1137, the city was captured by German soldiers under the control of Duke Henry X of Bavaria. In 1151, the people of Grosseto agreed to be under the control of Siena. In 1222, the city returned to the Aldobrandeschi. When Siena captured the lands of the Aldobrandeschi in 1244, Grosseto was under their control again. The city tried to free itself in 1266 and 1355 but failed.
Sienese control of the Grosseto lasted until 1559 when Charles V gave control of the city to the Medici. It then became part of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany.

322 Phaeo
322 Phaeo is a big Main belt asteroid. It is classified as a M-type asteroid.
The asteroid was found by A. Borrelly on November 27, 1891 in Marseilles, France. It was named for the Greek mythological figure Phaeo, one of the Hyades or nymphs. Many other asteroids were named for other of the Hyades - 106 Dione, 158 Koronis, 217 Eudora, and 308 Polyxo.

Ministry of Transport, Building and Urban Affairs of Germany
The Federal Ministry of Transport, Building and Urban Development (BMVBS) is a ministry of the Federal Republic of Germany. Its headquarters are in Berlin, but the second office, in Bonn, has more staff.
The Minister is also "Beauftragter der Bundesregierung für die neuen Bundesländer" That is, he is the government's special representative for the old states of East Germany. His job is to help those states to rebuilld industry, improve roads and jobs and become as rich as the other states of Germany.
History.
The Federal Ministry of Transport, Building and Housings (BMVBW) was formed in 1998 when the "Federal Ministry of Transport" and the "Federal Ministry of Environmental Planning, Building and Construction and Urban Development" were joined. The ministry was renamed in 2005 to the Federal Ministry of Transport, Building and Urban Development.
Both of these earlier ministries were founded in 1949.

Philosophy of science
Philosophy of science is the part of philosophy that studies sciences. Philosophers who are interested in philosophy of science try to explain how a human knowledge, that means all that we are able to understand, could be a science (by induction and observation, by deduction, or by an other method ?), what kind of explanation is science and what exactly science could teach us about nature and universe.
Popular ideas about science.
The word “science” is used in everyday life language in a lot of domains that don't seem to concern directly philosophy of science. For example, when one says that science proves something, one means that this thing is absolutely true. Advertising uses so the word “science” to give to some object more value, because one believes that if science says that a product has a certain property, then it "must have" this property.
More generally, science is conceived like something as a knowledge about the world that we must believe. And we think usually that such a belief is right because scientifical truths are proved by direct observation of the facts. In this view, a scientist simply describes what he observes by the means of his senses, that is to say, what he can observe in experience.
A “naive” conception of science.
For the common sense, then, science begins with observations: all scientific knowledges come from the facts of experience, and theories are produced by the observation of this facts and could then be tested by prediction.
---> INDUCTION -----> LAWS AND THEORIES -----> DEDUCTION --->
FACTS OF EXPERIENCE PREDICTIONS AND EXPLANATIONS
Although the majority of philosophers don't think that this conception could be true, it shows to us the essential notions of philosophy of science: fact, induction, law, and so on. The aim of the philosophy of science is to understand what we really mean by those notions and how we could define them for justify the scientifical knowledge.
Universal laws.
If such a regularity is observed at all times and all places, it is then expressed in a form called "universal law". A universal law says to us that when something is, at any times and any places, then an another thing must be. For example, if "fire is hot" is an universal law, when there is (or was or will be) fire in a place of the universe, it's absolutely certain that, in all cases, fire "is hot".
In this logical expression, (x) means "all x", that is to say, "in any case where there is a x". x itself is what is called a variable, that is to say, that it can refer to a lot of things, for example, "some material body." Px means that "x is P" or "has the property P", and Qx means that "x is Q" or "has the property Q". The symbol ⊃ links Px to Qx, and corresponds to the English "if... then..." We can then read the expression "(Px ⊃ Qx)" in this way: "if x is P, then x is also Q."
Rudolf Carnap gives the following illustration for understand this logical expression: "For every body x, if that body is heated, that body will expand". This illustration is the law of thermal expansion. Of course, this sentence is a very simplified formulation of this law.
A universal law can then be describe as a law that says that if there is a x, and if x is P (or has the property P), then x is Q (or has the property Q). Such a description is the simplest one, but doesn't describe all kind of scientific laws.
Statistical laws.
The symbol formula_2 is a "exclusive disjunction", and, in this example, it means that "x is Q" is true or "x is R" is true, but when "x is Q" is true, "x is R" is false, and when "x is R" is true, "x is Q" is false. We know that one or the other must be true, but we don't able to determine simply by the means of a universal law which of them is true and which of them is false.
However, even in such a case, a kind of law is sometimes possible. Indeed, by counting boys and girls, we know that about half of the children born each year are girls. Therefore, there is a measure of the fact that each child is a boy or a girl, and this measure is a law that is called a "statistical law".
What teachs us exactly a statistical law ? It teaches us that a fact happens a certain number of times, what is called a "frequency", and it defines the "probability" that the fact happens. Therefore, if x is a child, if we don't know if this child is a boy or a girl, however we know that half a time a child is a boy.
Facts and laws.
When we know an universal or a statistical law, we think that we have some knowlegde about objects of the world. Both kind of laws learn us something about what is called "facts." A fact is a singular thing or a singular event; for example, "this morning, the sun rose" is a fact, and we can express this fact by a sentence. When we know a fact, we have only the knowledge of this fact in this singularity, and therefore such a sentence don't tell us why that is so.
1 is the universal law we want to apply to "a". "a" is a particular object.
2 means that "a" has the property P: for example, we have observe that "a is P".
3 is the deduction that logically follows 1 and 2: if a has the property P (2), then a has the property Q (3). Therefore, if we know 1 (the law that explains some facts) and 2 (a fact that corresponds to Px), we can predict 3 (a new fact) and explain it by 1.
The problem of induction.
Scientific laws allow men to discover and predict new facts. But a more fundamental question, for philosophers and for scientists, is to understand how we can generalize our observations, and if this kind of generalisations that we call laws are really valid.
As we have seen, for the naive conception of science, laws come directly from facts of experience. If we observe a lot of times a fact A in various situations, and if we observe that all A we have seen have the property B, then we could conclude that all A must have the property B. This is the basic formulation of the principle of induction.

Volterra
Volterra is a city in the Tuscany region of Italy. The city is in the province of Pisa.
History.
The city was a Neolithic settlement and an important Etruscan center. It became a "municipium" (a type of Roman city) in the Roman Age. Volterra was attacked and controlled by Florence many time. When the Florentian Republic fell in 1530, Volterra came under the control of the Medici family. It later became part of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany.
Important monuments and places.
The Medici Villa di Spedaletto is located outside the city in direction of Lajatico. Also near the city, in the Valle Bona area, are excavations of Etruscan tombs.
Volterra in fiction.
Volterra is an important location in Stephenie Meyer's popular book, "New Moon". In the story, Volterra is home to the Volturi, a type of royal family of vampires.

Floppy drive versus Zip drive
Floppy drives (FDD) and Zip drives (YD) are the hardward used to read some types of diskettes
Diskettes are magnetic mediums which are used for saving and sending electronically data. On the opposite there are disks (fixed disk drive), classical savings mechanics in personal computers. Standard transfer speeds up to 1 MB/s. With direct contact has a rotation about 300 RPM.
Advantages of FDD.
One of the mainly advantage is that diskettes can be easily used for reading/transferring data in mechanics (also compatibility) and the reason why the diskettes were so popular in the past was their price. In terminology called Floppy disks what means that diskettes are exactly limp. This feature is caused by the first products because they don't loose their reading/transferring properties after limping with them.
Disadvantages of FDD.
On the other side in the present they are not so used because of they are slow, have low data capacity and they are unreliable. It is duty to protect this mechanics from hot, dust, mechanical damage or magnetic field.
Usage.
Floppy disk drives are ideal for backing-up or saving important data. Also they are still used in the most of accountant programs to archiving data.
History.
1971 - 8 inch (203,2 mm) with a data capacity to 160 kB, later to 1MB
1976–5,25 inch (133,3 mm) on the first time with a data capacity to 160 kB, on the second time to 1,2 MB–this type of FDD was used in personal computers from 1981, but after year 1995 a producing was end because of newer mechanics
1984–3,5 inch (88,9 mm)–used in present, originally with a data capacity to 400/800 kB, then with a data capacity to 1,44 MB, in the end a limit to 2,88 MB (but they are more expensive than 3,5 inch).
Components.
Write-protect tab, hub, shutter, plastic housing, paper ring, magnetic disk and disk sector.
Floppy disks of 3,5“ are composed of: 80 cylinders, 2 tracks per cylinder, 9 sectors per track.
Summary of FDD.
The best type of FDD’s are 3,5 inch. In spite of the same level of quality from 1984 they are using for 23 years which is in a computer’s world very long time to be still handy. They are being used on home or in every personal computer. Available to buy them in every computer shop for a low price.
ZIP’S (Zip Drives - ZD) Medium- capacity mechanics.
Zip drives (ZD) was introduced in 1994 by Iomega Company. They are also magnetic medium, but their data capacity is greater. Originally it was 100MB. After some years was invented ZD with a data capacity to 250 MB and then to 750 MB. Even 100MB are more then 1, 4 MB - a data capacity of the diskettes. Maximal transfer speed of ZD is 1,4 MB/s (with a date capacity of 250 MB to 2,4 MB/s).
Advantages of ZD.
ZD showed up more responsible and faster then FDD. They never were on the same market penetration as FDD, as only some new computers were sold with Zip drives.
Disadvantages of ZD.
Despite of their capacity were not so popular in a market because they were robust and heavy. The mainly disadvantage is that ZD’s need special mechanism in computer (not the same as in FDD!).
External.
Which are fixed on a face of computer (in the opening mechanism in a front of PC’s)
Internal.
On the opposite internal ZD has a mechanism inside of a computer. Internal type is preferable not to transfer with a mechanism. And on the other side transferring data is faster by internal data bus then by external type.
Summary of ZD.
Available to buy everywhere, but for higher price then FDD. ZD are still used for transferring capacious data and sometimes for archiving data in some Personal and Corporate computers.
But the decreasing prices of CD-R and CD-RW media reduced the popularity of the ZD and anymore nobody is using them.
Summary of comparison.
All FDD and ZD are not longer famous because of the success of CD’s and later DVD’s. Nowadays burning data on a compact disk is almost as fast as it would take to copy it to floppy disk. Moreover, CD offers bigger capacity and is much more reliable. Considering a situation as a regular user, the best option is FDD because of the low price. In day to day use its data transfer and the capacity is completely enough.BLAAH BLAAH

Dynamic random access memory
Dynamic random access memory is the most used form of RAM.
DRAM is called dynamic (or active), because it must be refreshed all the time or it will lose the data which it is supposed to be storing. That’s why, it is called “volatile”. If something is volatile, it runs away quickly.
Refreshing DRAM means "reading" the data "from" the DRAM and directly "writing" them "back" to the DRAM.
DRAM is made up of large data fields of very small capacitors. Each of these capacitors slowly lets energy out, and if the DRAM is not refreshed, in the end one or more of the capacitors will let so much energy out, that for example a 1 will become a 0, so data will be lost or corrupted.
Comparison DRAM and SRAM.
DRAM is often compraed to SRAM (Static ram). SRAM is able to store data as long as power/energy is used. There is no need to refresh it. SRAM can also be faster than DRAM. But SRAM is much more expensive than DRAM. Also, SRAM heats up much faster than DRAM.
DRAM and SRAM lose the data when the power to them is turned off.

Touchpad
 Touchpad .
A touchpad (also trackpad) is an area that imitates (does the same) functions of a computer mouse.
There is no need of an external device like a mouse. The user just runs over the small sensitive pad with one or more fingers.
Touchpads are mostly found on laptop computers. They are also more and more used on devices like mp3 players (Apple iPod) and mobile phones as well.
It is good to have the touchpad, because when the user is travelling, sometimes he can not use a mouse. When the laptop is used at home, the user is able to attach (connect) a separate mouse.
New models of touchpads often have more functions because they are pressure-sensitive. Many have the function to scroll up and down a page or the volume field.
Most touchpads have the function of tapping, which imitates the left-click button on a mouse. The user can choose and change, which functions happen, if he does certain moves. Example: The normal function for tapping on the pad is the left-click on the mouse. The user can change it in the settings section to the right-click of the mouse, if he likes it better.

Fingerprint scanner
Fingerprint scanners are security systems of biometrics. They are now used in police stations, security industries and, most recently, on computers.
Every person has marks on his or hers fingers. They can not be removed or changed. These marks have a pattern and this pattern is called the fingerprint. Every fingerprint is special. A person's genes create a fingerprint, which is different from any other in the world. Because there are countless combinations, fingerprints have become an ideal means of identification.
Types of fingerprint scanners.
There are two types of fingerprint scanners: the optical scanner and the capacitance scanner. The basic function of these two types of scanners is to get an image of a person’s fingerprint and find a match for this print in the database.
The capacitance scanner is better, because the imagines are more exact.
Construction forms.
There are two construction forms: the stagnant and the moving fingerprint scanner.
Stagnant: The finger must be dragged over the small scanning area. This form is not as good as the moving form, but it’s cheaper. The image is not very good, because maybe the finger is not regularly dragged over the scanning area.
Moving: The finger lays on the scanning area, while the scanner runs underneath. Because the scanner runs regularly over the fingerprint, the images are better

323 Brucia
323 Brucia was the first asteroid to be found by the use of pictures. It was also the first of over 200 asteroids found by Max Wolf, a pioneer in that method of finding astronomical objects. Found in 1891, it was named in honour of Catherine Wolfe Bruce, a noted patroness of the science of astronomy, who had given 10.000$ for the construction of the telescope used by Wolf.
It is also a Mars-crosser asteroid.

324 Bamberga
324 Bamberga is the 16th biggest asteroid in the Main asteroid belt. It was found by Johann Palisa on February 25, 1892 in Vienna, making it one of the last big (diameter over 200 km) asteroids found. Apart from the near-earth asteroid Eros, it was the last asteroid which is "ever" easily visible with binoculars to be found.
Although its very high orbital eccentricity means its opposition magnitude varies a lot, at a rare opposition near perihelion Bamberga can reach a magnitude of +8.0, which is as bright as Saturn's moon Titan. Such near-perihelion oppositions happen on a regular cycle every twenty-two years, with the last happening in 1991 and the next in 2013. Its brightness at these rare near-perihelion oppositions makes Bamberga the "brightest C-type asteroid", about one magnitude brighter than 10 Hygiea's maximum brightness of around +9.1. At such an opposition Bamberga can in fact be closer to Earth than any main belt asteroid with magnitude above +9.5, getting as close as 0.78 AU. For comparison, 7 Iris never comes closer than 0.85 AU and 4 Vesta never closer than 1.13 AU when it becomes visible to the naked eye in a pollution-free sky.
Overall Bamberga is the tenth brightest main belt asteroid after, in order, Vesta, Pallas, Ceres, Iris, Hebe, Juno, Melpomene, Eunomia and Flora. Its high eccentricity (for comparison 36% higher than that of Pluto), though, means that at most oppositions other asteroids reach higher magnitudes.
It has an unusually long rotation period among the big asteroids. Its spectral class is between the C-type and P-type asteroids.
An occultation of Bamberga was seen on 8 December, 1987, and gave a diameter of about 228 km, in agreement with IRAS results.

Dalpe
Dalpe is a municipality of the district Leventina in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Faido
Faido is the capital of the district of Leventina in the Italian-speaking canton of Ticino in southern Switzerland.
It has about 1,600 people and lies in the Leventina valley.
History.
The municipality was first noted in 1171 as "Faedo".
In the spring of 2004, the people voted for merging the neighboring municipalities of Chiggiogna, Osco, Mairengo, Calpiogna, Campello, Rossura, Calonico, Anzonico, Cavagnago, and Sobrio. Most of the municipalities did not want to do that, and the new municipality contains only the municipalities of Faido, Chiggiogna, Rossura, and Calonico.

Frasco
Frasco is a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Gerra (Gambarogno)
Gerra (Gambarogno) is a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Gerra (Verzasca)
Gerra (Verzasca) is a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Ghirone
Ghirone was a municipality of the district Blenio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.
It is no longer a municipality.

Giornico
Giornico is a municipality of the district Leventina in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Giubiasco
Giubiasco is a municipality of the district Bellinzona in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Gnosca
Gnosca is a municipality of the district Bellinzona in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Gordevio
Gordevio is a municipality of the district Vallemaggia in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Gordola
Gordola is a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Giaches de Wert
Giaches de Wert (pronounce: JYA-kes de VERT) (born Flanders, 1535; died Mantua, 6 May 1596) was a Flemish composer who lived and worked in Italy. He was one of the most important composers of madrigals in the Renaissance period.
Life.
We know very little about his childhood. Even some of the things about his adult life we are not sure about. He was born in Flanders, possibly in Ghent. When he was a boy he was taken to Italy and he stayed there for the rest of his life.
As a boy he was a singer in the household of Maria di Cardona, Marchesa of Padulla, near Naples. As a young man he lived in Novellara. He married there, and he had at least six children.
Later he went to live in Milan where he had the job of maestro di capella (music director). He stayed there until 1565. Some letters he wrote during that time have survived. They describe life at the court where he worked.
In 1565 he went to work for the Gonzaga in Mantua and became choir master at the ducal chapel of S. Barbara where he stayed until 1592. A lot of people were jealous of his good job, especially a man called Bonvicino who made life difficult for him. It was then found that Bonvicino was having a love affair with de Wert’s wife, so she had to go back to live in Novellara.
De Wert was becoming a very well known composer. He was offered a job at the emperor’s palace in Prague, but he did not take it. He travelled to work in various places such as Parma and Novellara. In Novellara his wife was found to have been plotting against the Gonzaga of Novellara. She was put in prison where she later died. There were long arguments in the law court about who should have her property. In the end, de Wert was given a third of her possessions, and he was given the right to let his children inherit the money.
He worked in Ferrara where he had a love affair with a lady who was of aristocratic birth. Since he was only a musician he was only a servant, so the lady was sent away from the court.
In his later years he worked for the court at Mantua where the music had become very good because the new ruler, Vincenzo Gonzaga, was very interested in music. De Wert composed music for the theatre. His health became poor. He suffered from malaria during the early 1580s. He died in Mantua and was buried in the crypt at S Barbara.
Music and influence.
De Wert wrote over 230 madrigals and other secular works. These were later published in 16 volumes. He also wrote over 150 sacred pieces (motets, hymns etc.) which showed how well he could write counterpoint.
His madrigals were very modern for their time. The music was very daring in the way it described the words. He sometimes used small groups of singers to contrast with one another like a musical conversation. He was a great influence on later madrigal composers such as Monteverdi and Gesualdo.

San Gimignano
San Gimignano is a small hill town in the province of Siena, Tuscany, Italy. San Gimignano is famous for the medieval towers, and for the wine, called "Vernaccia di San Gimignano".
History.
San Gimignano was founded as a small village in about 1300 BC by the Etruscans. The name of the city come from by a saint, Saint Geminianus, who had defended it from Attila's Huns.
In medieval and Renaissance times, it was a stopping point for pilgrims on their way to Rome and the Vatican as it sits on the medieval via Francigena.
In 1199, during the period of its highest splendour, the city made itself independent from Volterra.
Important places.
There are many churches in the town: the two main ones are the "Collegiata", a cathedral, and "Sant'Agostino".
The Communal Palace is now the home of San Gimignano Gallery. Hhere there are works by Pinturicchio, Benozzo Gozzoli, Filippino Lippi, Domenico di Michelino, Pier Francesco Fiorentino, and others.
The heart of the town contains the four squares, "Piazza della Cisterna", "Piazza Duomo", "Piazza Pecori", and "Piazza delle Erbe".
Culture.
San Gimignano is the birthplace of the poet Folgore da San Gimignano (1270-1332).
"Tea with Mussolini", a 1999 drama about English and American women in Italy during World War II, was filmed in part at San Gimignano.

Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection of Germany
The Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection (BMELV) is a ministry of the Federal Republic of Germany. Its headquarters are in Bonn, but it has a second seat in Berlin.
The Ministry was formed on 22 November 2005.
Organisation.
The ministry has two "parliamentary permanent secretaries", Dr. Gerd Müller, CSU and Ursula Heinen, CDU, and the top civil servant is Gert Lindemann. He is the "established permanent secretary".
The ministry’s work is done in six departments
Competition.
The ministry organizes the nationwide competition "Our Village has a Future".

Gorduno
Gorduno is a municipality of the district Bellinzona in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Grancia
Grancia is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Gravesano
Gravesano is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

A.C.F. Fiorentina
ACF Fiorentina "(Associazione Calcio Fiorentina e Florentia Viola)",often called just and friendly Fiorentina, is an Italian professional football club from Florence, Tuscany.Founded in 1926.
History.
Fiorentina have won Serie A twice, first in 1955–56 then again in 1968–69, as well as winning six Coppa Italia trophies. On the European stage Fiorentina have won the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup in 1960–61, they finished runners-up in the UEFA Cup 1989–90 and they also came close to winning the biggest European prize, finishing as runners-up in the European Cup during 1956–57.
Nickname.
Fiorentina is known by the nickname "La viola"; a reference to their distinctive purple colours.
History.
August 26 1926 - By the fusion of "Libertas" and "Club Sportivo Firenze",born the Fiorentina.
1939 - 1940 - Fiorentina win his first cup,the Coppa Italia.
1955 - 1956 - FIorentina win his first "Scudetto",(the Italian championship).
1920 - 1961 - 2th "Scudetto" of Fiorentina.
After the secondo "Scudetto",Fiorentina won the Cup Winners' Cup.
1960 - the club won the "Coppa Italia" and the Mitropa Cup
1974 - the "Viola" won the Anglo-Italian League Cup.
1975 - the team won another "Coppa Italia".
1993 - 1994 - Fiorentina went in Serie B (second division).
After the team return in Serie A
1996 - Fiorentina gained her 3th "Coppa Italia".
2000 - Fiorentina win the "Italian SuperCoppa".
2001 -2005 - the team has economics problems,don't has money,and risk to be deleted for the history of Italian football,because no one wants to help the team.
After this,Fiorentina has another return in "Serie B",for few time,and after will has great things,very nice places in the Europe championship,like 3th one times in UEFA.

Gresso
Gresso is a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. The municipality was made in 1882 by splitting from the municipality of Vergeletto.

Gudo
Gudo is a municipality of the district Bellinzona in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Indemini
Indemini is a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Intragna, Switzerland
Intragna is a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Iragna
Iragna is a municipality of the district Riviera in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Iseo, Switzerland
Iseo is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Isone
Isone is a municipality of the district Bellinzona in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Isorno
Isorno is a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Lamone
Lamone is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Lavertezzo
Lavertezzo is a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Lavizzara
Lavizzara is a municipality of the district Vallemaggia in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Ligornetto
Ligornetto is a municipality of the district Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Linescio
Linescio is a municipality of the district Vallemaggia in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

325 Heidelberga
325 Heidelberga is a big Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Max Wolf on March 4, 1892 in Heidelberg.

326 Tamara
326 Tamara is a big Main belt asteroid. It is classified as a C-type asteroid and is probably made of carbonaceous material.
It was found by Johann Palisa on March 19, 1892 in Vienna.

327 Columbia
327 Columbia is a common Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Auguste Charlois on March 22, 1892 in Nice.

328 Gudrun
328 Gudrun is a very big Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Max Wolf on March 18, 1892 in Heidelberg.

329 Svea
329 Svea is a big Main belt asteroid. It is classified as a C-type asteroid and is probably made of carbonaceous material.
It was found by Max Wolf on March 21, 1892 in Heidelberg.

330 Adalberta
330 Adalberta is a small Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Max Wolf on February 2, 1910 in Heidelberg.
An object found March 18, 1892 by Max Wolf with provisional designation "1892 X" was named 330 Adalberta, but was lost and never seen again after that. In 1982 it was noticed that the sightings leading to the designation of 1892 X were stars, and the object never existed. The name and number 330 Adalberta was then used again for another asteroid found by Max Wolf on February 2, 1910, which had the provisional designation A910 CB.

331 Etheridgea
331 Etheridgea is a big Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Auguste Charlois on April 1, 1892 in Nice.

332 Siri
332 Siri is a common Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Max Wolf on March 19, 1892 in Heidelberg.

Ministry of Economics and Technology of Germany
The Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology () is a Federal Ministry of the Federal Republic of Germany. It was founded 1949 as the Federal Ministry of the Economy.
It was combined in May 1971 with the Federal Ministry of Finance to make the Federal Ministry of Economics and Finance. This joining only lasted until December 1972.
In 1998 the technology area of the Ministry of Research and Development was given to the ministry so that it was called Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology. It was joined with the Federal Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs to make the Federal Ministry of Economics and Labour between 2002 and 2005.
The new Federal Government of Angela Merkel split the two areas so that there is a Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology again.
History.
The ministry has had many names
Structure of the ministry.
To do its job, the ministry is divided into nine departments, the central division deals with administration, the other divisions deal with a certain area of policy. There are also some independent agencies which report to the ministry
Federal Ministers.
Economics 1949 to 1998 (1971/72: Federal Ministry of Economics and Finance)
The ministry had many junior ministers, one who has gone on to a more important political job is Norbert Lammert, CDU, who was parliamentary permanent secretary between 1994 and 1997. Lammert became President of the Bundestag in 2005
Of the ministry's top civil servants, called the "established permanent secretary", Klaus von Dohnanyi is best known. He was established permanent secretary in 1968 and 1969. He is a famous economist and was "First Mayor" of Hamburg
Federal Minister for Economy and Technology 1998 to 2002
Federal Minister for Economics and Labour 2002 to 2005
Federal Minister for Economics and Technology since 2005
Headquarters.
The main headquarters of the ministry is in Invalidenstraße in Berlin-Mitte. It is number of buildings which used to be the Kaiser Wilhelm academy (armed forces medical school) and the old hospital. The second headquarters of the ministry is the old Gallwitz barracks in Bonn-Duisdorf.

Ministry of Education and Research of Germany
The Federal Ministry of Education and Research () (BMBF) is a Federal Ministry of the Federal Republic of Germany. The headquarters of the Ministry are in the so-called "cross buildings" (Kreuzbauten) in Bonn, a second office is in Berlin.
History.
The Federal Ministry of Education and Science was founded as the "Federal Ministry for Nuclear Affairs" on October 20 1955. It was renamed the "Federal Ministry of Nuclear Affairs and Water-supply and Distribution" in 1957, and again in 1962 to Federal Ministry of Scientific Research.
It became the "Federal Ministry for Education and Science" in 1969 which it kept 1994 up to the reunification with the Federal Ministry of Research and Technology.
The Federal Ministry of Research and Technology had been founded only 1972.
The Ministry got its present name in 1998.
References.
Peter Weingart: "Das Wissensministerium: ein halbes Jahrhundert Forschungs- und Bildungspolitik in Deutschland" VelbruÌck Wiss., Weilerswist 2006, ISBN 9783938808184

Locarno
Locarno is the capital of the Locarno district in the Swiss canton of Ticino.

Lodrino, Switzerland
Lodrino is a municipality of the district Riviera in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Losone
Losone is a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

333 Badenia
333 Badenia is a big asteroid made of carbonates in the farther part of the Main belt.
It was found by Max Wolf on August 22, 1892 in Heidelberg.

New Musical Express
The "New Musical Express" (better known as the "NME") is an Indie and pop music magazine in the United Kingdom and it has has been published every week since March 1952. It was the first British magazine to include a singles chart.
History.
The magazine's first issue was published on 7 March 1952. It was first published in a non-glossy tabloid format on standard newsprint.
1960s.
During the 1960s, the magazine championed the new British groups emerging at the time. The Beatles and The Rolling Stones were frequently on the front cover a lot. These and other artists would also appeared at the NME Poll Winners Concert, an awards event that featured artists voted as most popular by the NME's readers. The concert also featured an awards ceremony where the poll winners would collect their awards.
The later part of the 1960's, the magazine began to report about psychedelia as well as the continuation of articles about British groups of the time.
1970s.
In early 1972, with the magazine on the verge of closure by its owners, But a new person becoame editor and the paper's coverage changed radically from an uncritical to something intended to be smarter, hipper, more cynical and funnier than any mainstream British music paper had previously been (an approach influenced mainly by writers.
In mid-1973, the paper was selling nearly 300,000 copies per week and was outselling its other weekly rivals, "Disc", "Record Mirror" and "Sounds".
The year 1976 saw Punk Rock arrive on the music scene and "NME", like other "specialist" publications, was slow in reporting and covering this new music phenomenon. In an attempt to boost sales, the paper advertised for a pair of "hip young gunslingers" to join their editorial staff. This resulted in the recruitment of two journalists who made sure the magazine was completely up to date on this new music style. Bands who a few months previously had been criticising the "NME" were now eager to be included.
The magazine also became more openly political during the time of Punk. Its cover would sometimes feature youth-oriented issues rather than a musical act.
1980s.
Sales were dropping, and by 1985 "NME" had hit a rough patch and was in danger of closing again. During this period, the editors at the magazine were split between those who wanted to write about hip hop, a genre that was relatively new to the UK, and those who wanted to stick to rock music. Sales were apparently lower when photos of hip hop artists appeared on the front and this led to the paper suffering as the lack of direction became even more apparent to readers.
The late eighties and early nineties had a generally weak rock scene in the UK and the paper was forced into giving a high profile to long forgotten bands like Kingmaker and the Railway Children.
1990s.
By the end of 1990, although the magazine still supported new British bands, the paper was dominated by American bands, because that was what the music scene in general was about.
Although the period from 1991 to 1993 was dominated by American bands like Nirvana, this did not mean that British bands were being ignored. The "NME" still covered the Indie scene a lot.
By 1992, some new British bands were beginning to appear. "Suede" were quickly hailed by the paper as an alternative to the heavy Grunge sound and hailed as the start of a new British music scene. Indie however was still the dominant force, but the rise of new British bands would become something the paper would focus more and more upon.
In April 1994 Nirvana frontman Kurt Cobain was found dead, a story which affected not only his fans and readers of the "NME", but would see a massive change in British music. Grunge was about to be replaced by Britpop, a new form of music influenced by British music of the 1960s and British culture. The phrase was coined by "NME" after the band Blur released their album "Parklife" in the same month of Cobain's death. Britpop began to fill the musical and cultural void left after Cobain's death, and Blur's success, along with the rise of a new group from Manchester called Oasis saw Britpop gather popularity for the rest of 1994. By the end of the year Blur and Oasis were the two biggest bands in the UK and sales of the "NME" were increasing thanks to the Britpop effect.
1995 saw the "NME" cover many of these new bands and saw many of these bands play the "NME Stage" at that years Glastonbury Festival where the magazine had been sponsoring the second stage at the festival since 1993.
2000s.
The new millennium saw the "NME" focus on new British bands such as Franz Ferdinand and the Kaiser Chiefs who emerged as "indie music" continued to grow in commercial success. This commercial success has led to bands such as the Arctic Monkeys being both successful in the extreme and being championed by the NME; a phenomenon not seen since Britpop.
In December 2005 accusations were made that the "NME" end of year poll had been edited for commercial and political reasons. These criticisms were rebutted by McNicholas, who claimed that webzine Londonist.com had got hold of an early draft of the poll.
In 2006 NME won the CocaCola best magazine this century award.
NME.COM.
Its first editor was Brendan Fitzgerald. Later Anthony Thornton redesigned the site, focusing on music news. The website was awarded Online Magazine Of The Year in 1999 and 2001 and Anthony Thornton was announced as Website Editor Of The Year on three occasions.
It was awarded 'Best Music Website' at the Record Of The Day awards in October 2005. In 2006 NME.COM celebrated with a party at London's KOKO featuring Leicester band Kasabian and was subsequently awarded the BT Digital Music Award for Best Music Magazine and the first 'Chairman's Award' from the Association of Online Publisher's awarded by the Chairman, Simon Waldman.
In 2007 NME.COM was launched in the USA with additional staff and plans to launch its Breaking Bands contest and the NME Awards across the Atlantic.
The site now provides news, reviews, gig listings and videos as well as featuring downloads, merchandising and message boards.
The Website over the last year has shifted it focus to also include tabloid gossip alongside its traditional music news. With regular news articles entitled "Daily Ligger" and "Tabloid Hell."
In 2007 NME.com had a free download from the verve, and it was the first songs the verve released since they got back together.

Pedernales Province
Pedernales is a Dominican province; it is located in the southwestern part of the country, on the border with Haiti. Its capital city has the same name, Pedernales.
It was created on 16 December 1957. It was a municipality of the Barahona province before being elevated to the category of province.
Location.
Pedernales is bordered to the north by the province of Independencia, to the northeast by Barahona, to the east and south by the Caribbean Sea. To the west Pedernales borders the Republic of Haiti.
Origin of name.
The province was named after the Pedernales River; this river is the southern border between Haiti and the Dominican Republic. And the river is named Pedernales because the mineral flint (in Spanish, "pedernal") is common in the region.
History.
Some native groups lived close to the coast and the Pedernales river before the conquest of the island by European people. But very few people has lived in the region, for most of its history, because it is a very dry region.
In his second travel to America, Christopher Columbus discovered and named part of the present island, including the Beata and Alto Velo islands.
Until the 20th century, the only people living here were Haitians and many places have French names. Sometimes, during the Dominican-Haitian War (1844-1856), Haitian soldiers came across this region because there were not Dominican soldiers. The only fight between soldiers of the two countries in the territory of the present province was close to the "El Can" bay, near the town of Juancho, on 6 January 1856.
Since colonial times, the territory was part of the Azua province until it was changed to the Barahona when this province was created in 1881. The dictator Rafael Trujillo created the Pedernales province in 1957.
Municipalities.
Pedernales has a total area of 2,074.53 km². It has 4.3% of the area of the Dominican Republic and it is ranked as the 7th (out of 31 plus the National District) largest province.
There are two municipalities and two municipal districts in the province.
Population.
In 2002 (last national census), there were 21,207 people living in the Pedernales province, and 14,450 (68.14%) living in towns and cities. The population density was 10.2 persons/km², the lowest in the country.
Geography.
The province is in the Barahona Peninsula. Sierra de Bahoruco ("Bahoruco mountain range") is in the northern half of the province; its highest mountain, and the highest mountain of the province, is "Loma del Toro" (2,367 m) in the limits with the Independencia province.
The rest of the province is formed by savannas and plains of limestone rocks. The savannas are close to the coast, as the Sansón Savanna in Oviedo and the Pedernales Savanna around the city of Pedernales.
Several small islands belong to the province. The main islands are Beata and Alto Velo.
The only important river is the Pedernales River, with its tributary Mulito River. The Pedernales River marks the Dominican-Haitian border.
There are several lagoons (lagoon is a small lake close to the sea) with (brackish water. The most important is the "Laguna de Oviedo", on the eastern coast and near the town of Oviedo, with an area of 28 km². On the western coast, the most important lagoon is "Laguna Salada", with an area of 1.8 km².
Climate.
The climate of the province is tropical, hot most of the year, but it is cooler on the mountains. It is very dry in the savannas and plains, with long droughts, but rains are common in the high mountains.
Economy.
As in all border provinces in the Dominican Republic, there is little economic development. The trade with Haiti is important, above all in the capital city. On the mountains, coffee and beans are important products. Potato, cabbage and other vegetables are produced in the Sierra de Bahoruco.
Fishing is also an important activity in the province, mainly close to the Beata Island, where lobster, conch and several kind of fishes are caught.
Because of the beautiful beaches of the western coast of the province, like "Bahía de las Águilas" ("Eagles Bay"), tourism is becoming an important economic activity. There are two of the largest national parks of the country: the "Jaragua National Park" and the "Sierra de Bahoruco National Park".
The development of the province was produced by the mining of bauxite (an aluminium ore) but, since 1984, it has changed to the mining of limestone to send to other countries and for a cement factory.

334 Chicago
334 Chicago is a very big Main belt asteroid. It is classified as a C-type asteroid and is probably made of carbonaceous material.
It was found by Max Wolf on August 23, 1892 in Heidelberg.

335 Roberta
335 Roberta is a big Main belt asteroid. It is classified as an F-type asteroid.
It was found by Anton Staus on September 1, 1892 in Heidelberg. It was the only asteroid he found.

Wolfenstein 3D
"Wolfenstein 3D" is a 1992 first person shooter computer video game. The game was created by id Software. It was released for the PC on May 5, 1992. It was later released for many other systems including Apple computers and Nintendo's SNES console and Game Boy Advance handheld system. "Wolfenstein 3D" was one of the first first person shooter games. It is said to have created much of the popularity in this type of game. The game was based on the 1980s Muse Software computer games "Castle Wolfenstein" and "Beyond Castle Wolfenstein".
Story.
In "Wolfenstein 3D", the player controls an American soldier named BJ Blazkowicz. The player is trying to get out of a building controlled by Nazis during World War II. The player must avoid guards and dogs while looking for the way out. Food, medical supplies, ammunition and weapons can be found along the way to help the player.
Controversy.
Because of the use of Nazi symbols and music in the game, "Wolfenstein 3D" was banned in Germany. This was because it broke German laws. People also complained about the player having to shoot dogs in the game.

336 Lacadiera
336 Lacadiera is a big Main belt asteroid. It is classified as a D-type asteroid and is probably made of organic rich silicates, carbon and anhydrous silicates.
It was found by Auguste Charlois on September 19, 1892 in Nice.

Deceiver
"Deceiver" is the fourth album by American musician Chris Thile, which was released in 2004. The album uses thirty-nine different instruments, which were all played by Thile alone. Some of the instruments played on the album include mandolin, piano, bass guitar, electric guitar, violin, and different types of percussion instruments. In 2005, the album was nominated a Grammy Award, for "Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical" to "Deceivers engineers, Thile and Gary Paczosa.
Track listing.
All songs on "Deceiver" were written by Chris Thile.

337 Devosa
337 Devosa is a big Main belt asteroid. It is classified as an M-type asteroid.
It was found by Auguste Charlois on September 22, 1892 in Nice.

338 Budrosa
338 Budrosa is a big Main belt asteroid. It is classified as an M-type asteroid.
It was found by Auguste Charlois on September 25, 1892 in Nice.

339 Dorothea
339 Dorothea is a common Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Max Wolf on September 25, 1892 in Heidelberg, Germany.

My Trach Massacre
My Trach Massacre was the murder of many people in My Trach Village, My Thuy Commune, Le Thuy District, Quang Binh Province, Vietnam. The massacre took place on 29 November 1947 between 2:00 a.m. and 12:00 p.m. Soldiers of the French army killed nearly half of the 320 people who lived in the village. Many of the civilians who were killed were women, old people and children.

Anti-submarine boom net (Sydney Harbour WWII)
The Anti-submarine boom net was used to stop enemy submarines entering Sydney Harbour during World War II. The net went all the way across the harbour from Green Point, Watson's Bay to Georges Head on the other side. The boom was part of the Sydney Harbour defences which also included artillery batteries and patrol boats.
History.
In January of 1942 the Australian defence forces began to build the anti-submarine boom net, it was finished in August 1942. For more than three years, entry by boats, ships and ferries into Sydney Harbour was through one of three different gates that were a part of the anti-submarine boom net.
On 31 May 1942 during WWII, three Japanese submarines tried to get into the harbour. The first submarine to try and come in was the M27. Lieutenant Jahai Chuma was the man in charge of this submarine. The M27 followed a Sydney ferry on its way to Manly for a short while, but it got caught in the western end of the net's middle section. Lieutenant Chuma, tried to free his submarine by using a special cutting tool that cuts metal, this only made things worse. By 8.30 pm the watchman for the Maritime Service Board, James Cargill became aware of what was happening. He used a boat to row across to where the Japanese submarine was stuck. Very surprised at finding a Japanese sub, Cargill contacted naval headquarters with his two way radio. At first the navy did not believe that there was a Japanese Midget submarine caught in the boom net. It took him two hours to get them to believe him.
By 10:27 pm, the boss ‘Chuma’ after realising that he had been found out, blew up the submarine using bombs, killing himself and his workmates as well. The two other submarines got through the boom net, which at the time wasn’t quite finished. They attacked shipping for many hours before they were destroyed as well.
In August of 1945, the boom net was dismantled, by early 1946; all except for the dolphin structure had been dismantled. The base of the winch house is all that remains and is the only remaining evidence of the anti-submarine boom net. It can still be seen at Green Point.

Eurotrash (term)
Eurotrash is an American English slang term to describe stereotypical Europeans. These words often will cause rage to the European.

List of the main local rulers
This page lists the main local rulers: rulers of dependencies and of the main administrative divisions (autonomous regions, insular or peninsular regions, successors of historical regions or regions with strong identity, regions in the news, etc.)

Adele
Adele Laurie Blue Adkins (born 1989 in Tottenham, London) is an English soul and jazz singer.
Adele graduated from BRIT School in Croydon in May 2006. In July 2006, Adele published two songs on the fourth issue of online arts magazine PlatformsMagazine.com. After graduation, Adele began to play small shows at places all over Britain. She has also toured with best friend Jack Peñate, as well as Jamie T, Raul Midon, Devendra Banhart, Amos Lee and Keren Ann since summer 2006. Adele went on her first UK headlining tour in October 2007.
Adele's first album released was "Hometown Glory". On it, she sings the about Tottenham. The album was released on 22 October 2007 on Jamie T's label Pacemaker Recordings. It is a limited edition 7" vinyl with B Side "Best For Last." She has since signed to independent music label XL Recordings. In January 2008, they will release her second single "Chasing Pavements."
Adele has become quite popular on MySpace. She is following the example of fellow Londoner Lily Allen by using the web as a mediafocus and a place to see what people think of her songs. Adele performed "Daydreamer" on BBC2's "Later With Jools Holland," alongside Paul McCartney and Bjork. She was next on BBC1's "Friday Night with Jonathan Ross" on December 7 2007, singing "Chasing Pavements."
On December 10, 2007, Adele was awarded with the first Brit Awards Critics’ Choice prize. She has been called the "new Amy Winehouse." In January 2008, she was voted winner in the annual BBC 6 Music poll of industry experts "Sound of 2008," for acts to emerge in the coming year.

Hair straightening
Hair straightening is where a person makes their hair more straight. Their hair may be curly, wavy, or almost straight, but straightening it makes it straighter.
There are two different types of straightening: Temporary and Permanent. Temporary hair straightening keeps the hair straight until it gets wet or damp again, so only lasts for up to a few days. Permanent hair straightening keeps the hair straight for up to a few months, even when the hair gets wet.

Hair iron
History.
In 1872, Marcel Grateau (a Parisian) used heated rods to straighten or style hair.
Ian Gutgold used hard chemicals on the hair and scalp to straighten hair, but this often made burnt scalps and hair.
Simon E. Monroe patented a hair straightener in 1906 that was like a metal comb.
In 1909, Issac K. Shero patented a hair straightener made of two irons that are heated and put together around the hair.
Years later, Sharrell made heated metal tools, for example: hot combs. The hot metal straightener went easily through the hair, making less damage and dryness than the earlier methods. Later, ceramic and electrical straighteners were made, meaning people could adjust the heat settings and straightener size.
Another method of hair straightening is Japanese hair straightening, which was invented in Japan, and works like a perm, but to straighten instead of curl the hair. It is now given at many salons but is quite expensive and must be re-done after it stops working.
How it works.
Hair straighteners work by breaking the hair's hydrogen bonds, which are what make the hair curly. After the bonds are broken, the hair is stopped from going back to its original, natural, curly form. The hydrogen bonds can re-form if moisture touches them, such as water or dampness.
The straightening irons of today.
Some better hair straighteners today have ceramic coated heating parts, which harm the hair less, and heat up faster than non-ceramic coated heating parts. Cheaper brands do not often have ceramic, but some have a paint-like coating that looks like ceramic plating.
Lots of more expensive hair straighteners use ionic and infra red technology, which helps to keep moisture and oils in the hair, and to stop static and frizz.
Depending on the hair type, repeated use of hair straighteners, like most other heat styling tools, can cause varying amounts of damage such as split ends, thinning of the hair shaft and even causing hair to become brittle and prone to breakage. Generally, after extensive damage, hair will show signs of dryness and display an unhealthy appearance. However, many companies, such as L’Oréal and Tresemmé, have began to manufacture heat protection sprays and cream which aim to reduce the amount of damage that is caused by the use of straighteners.
Hair straighteners should only be used on dry hair, unless they are specially made with vents to let the moisture out. These sort of irons are usually called "Wet Dry" irons.
Based on the materials used in the heating plates, hair irons can be classified as ceramic, tourmaline and traditional metal flat iron. Ceramic hair irons are believed to be gentle to the hair.

Intel Core
Intel Core is a name of family 32-bit processors with dual-core, projected and produced by Intel Company. Intel Core processors are based on Pentium M technology. Those processors are more advanced than Intel P6 architecture. This architecture is getting replaced by new Core 2 microarchitecture. In the Core family are two groups: the Duo (with two cores) and Solo (Duo with one disabled core) processors. The Solo line replaced Pentium M one-core processor.
September 2006 and January 4, 2008 mark a discontinuation of many Core branded CPUs.
Yonah.
Yonah is a company name for Intel's first generation of microprocessors for mobile computers. Sale Core Duo was started in 5 January 2006 with rest elements of Napa platform. It was the first Intel processor to be used in Apple Macintosh computers. Yonah does not have 64-bit function. Intel 64 technology is used in newer Intel's processor- Core 2 Duo.
Intel Core Duo has two cores,2 Mebibytes L2 cache for both cores, and an arbiter bus that controls L2 cache and FSB access. In future, newer Core Duo processors versions will be able switch off one core to save the energy.
Intel Core Solo uses same two-core die, as a Core Duo, but one core doesn't work. Only one core is active. In the past Intel was doing similar policy in case of 486 CPU.
Advantages and shortcomings.
Duo version of Intel Core (Yonah) has two cores, which give performance per watt almost as good as single-core processors. In computer machines operating with batteries, this translates to getting as much total work done per one battery charge like in old computers.
Core based processor- Intel Xeon Sossaman LV (low-voltage), for servers, also does not have Intel 64-bit function. Results of this fact was more serious- all new server system have support for x86-64, and Microsoft Exchange Server 2007 even requires a 64-bit processor to run.
On July 27, 2006, Intel released newer Core version- Core 2.

Geographer
A geographer is a scientist whose area of study is geography.
That is the study of Earth's physical environment and human habitat.
Geographers are historically known as people who make maps. Nowadays map making is the field of study of cartography, a subset of geography. The geographer studies not only the physical details of the environment. He looks at the influence of this physical environment as well. Therefore he looks at human and wildlife ecologies, weather and climate patterns, economics, and culture. He will concentrate on the influence space has for relationships between these elements.

Chakra
A chakra is an energy centre in the human body as taught in Indian yoga and some related cultures. Chakras are also believed in by some New Age adherents. Chakra means 'wheel' in Sanskrit.
A chakra is an area in the body connected with life energy. There are seven chakras in the body - each is an interface for the flow of life energy. A chakra vitalizes a physical body and is associated with interactions of a physical, mental nature. Current science is not able to detect or measure chakras.
The seven main chakras are described as being present in an ascending column from the base of the spine to the head. The chakras are usually connected with a certain color. Each chakra is also connected with some paryt of consciousness.

Scalp
The scalp is the anatomical area between the face and the neck.

Maltese people
The Maltese people, or Maltese, are a nation and ethnic group native to Malta, an island country made of a group of seven islands in the Mediterranean Sea.
History.
People have lived in Malta since around 5200 BC with the first people living there coming from Sicily. An important prehistoric Neolithic culture marked by Megalithic structures was on the islands, which were made a 1000 years before the Pyramids of Giza, which means they were very old. The Phoenicians in the Mediterranean took over Malta from about 1000 BC, using the islands to expand their sea explorations and trade in the Mediterranean, until the Carthaginians took over and also expanded in the Mediterranean, but these were also defeated by the Romans in 216 BC.
Malta was then ruled by Byzantine, a Greek group that took over almost all of the Mediterranean, from the 4th to 9th century. Sometime around this point, the Vandals, a German tribe, ruled the islands. The islands were at one point invaded by the Arabs in AD 870. They allowed the people to believe in Christianity, and did not have children with the population, so they did not change much on the island, but they showed them citrus fruits and cotton, and water-moving systems. They hardly had any effect on the island or its people while they were there, but one thing that they did effect was the language. The Maltese language gained a lot from this.
From the advent of the Normans in 1090 to 1530, Malta was part of the 'Kingdom of Sicily'. This means that from 1091 to 1530, when the Order of St. John came to Malta, the original Sicilian population that moved there from Sicily in the beginning got bigger.
The French under the rule of Napoleon took over Malta in 1798. The British helped the Maltese to stop the French control two years later. The people of Malta were very happy that the British did this, and wanted Britain to rule it. As part of the 'Treaty of Paris' (1814), Malta became a colony in the British Empire.
Malta became a separate country from everyone on 21 September 1964 (Independence Day). Under the 1964 rules, Malta originally kept Queen Elizabeth II as the Queen of Malta, with a Governor-General working on her behalf in Malta. On 13 December 1974 (Republic Day), it became a republic within the Commonwealth, with the President as head of state. Malta joined the European Union on 1 May 2004 and joined the Eurozone on 1 January 2008.
The origins debate.
Historians and Geneticists currenlty do not know where the Maltese people came from. The answer is difficult to find because of several things, such as Malta's invasions, with long parts in time where the population got smaller, before other people from the Mediterranean moved to Malta and married the Maltese. One unusual example of this is the exile to Malta of all of the male population from the town of Celano (Italy) in 1223, the stationing of a Norman and Sicilian garrison on Malta in 1240, the expulsion from Malta of Arabs (presumably, those who refused to convert to Christianity) commencing in 1245, the arrival of several hundred Catalan soldiers in 1283, the European repopulation of Malta that began in the 13th century,
the settlement in Malta of noble families from Sicily and Aragon between 1372 and 1450, the arrival of several thousand Greek and Rhodian sailors, soldiers and slaves with the Knights of St. John, the introduction of several thousand Sicilian labourers in 1551 and again in 1566, the emigration to Malta of some 891 Italian exiles during the Risorgimento in 1849, and the posting of some 22,000 British servicemen in Malta from 1807 to 1979.
"...the Labour government broke off relations with NATO and sought links with the Arab world. After 900 years of being linked to Europe, Malta began to look southward. Muslims, still remembered in folklore for savage pirate attacks, were redefined as blood brothers."
This latter development coincided with and reflected dramatic new (but short-lived) developments in Maltese foreign policy: Western media reported that Malta appeared to be turning its back on NATO, the United Kingdom, and Europe generally; Libya had loaned several million dollars to Malta to make up for the loss of rental income which followed the closure of British military bases in Malta; Malta and Libya had entered into a "Friendship and Cooperation Treaty", in response to repeated overtures by Gaddafi for a closer, more formal union between the two countries; and, for a brief period, Arabic had become a compulsory subject in Maltese secondary schools.
The Phoenician origins theory.
Some recent studies carried out by geneticists Spencer Wells and Pierre Zalloua of the American University of Beirut collected samples of Y-chromosomes from men living in the Middle East, North Africa, southern Spain, and Malta, places the Phoenicians are known to have settled and traded. According to the study, more than half (50 %) of the Y chromosome lineages that are seen in today's Maltese population could have come in with the Phoenicians. As to why there is such a significant genetic impact, Wells could only speculate, "but the results are consistent with a settlement of people from the Levant within the past 2,000 years, and that points to the Phoenicians."
The Phoenician background of the Maltese suggests possible tenuous cultural, religious, and linguistic links to Lebanese Maronites, (whom are also descended from Phoenicians revealed during National Geographic's Special), who speak a variety of Arabic, and are Christian.
The Sicilian or Calabrian theory.
"We are aware of conflicting conclusions published as an interview in the popular National Geographic magazine. Despite an intensive search we cannot find them reproduced in the mainstream scientific literature. We consider that data somewhat flawed, and furthermore, unsound. National Geographic is not a peer-reviewed academic journal and thus the weight of the evidence is poor compared to other peer-reviewed academic journals that are also in the public domain. One cannot be comfortable with data that have not passed the scrutiny of peer review..."
"[I]t seems to me that the simplest explanation that cannot be excluded by any of the scientific data thus far available is that Malta was indeed barely inhabited at the turn of the tenth century."
"Repopulation is likely to have occurred by a clan or clans (possibly of Arab or Arab-like speaking people) from neighbouring Sicily and Calabria. Possibly, they could have mixed with minute numbers of residual inhabitants, with a constant input of immigrants from neighbouring countries and later, even from afar. There seems to be little input from North Africa."

Perm (hairstyle)
A permanent wave, commonly called a perm, is the chemical treatment of hair to produce curls.
The first chemical treatment for curling hair that was suitable for use on people was invented in the year 1906 by the German hairdresser Karl Nessler (1872-1951). He used a mixture of cow urine and water. The first public demonstration took place on October 8, 1906, but Nessler had been working on the idea since 1896. Previously, wigs had been set with caustic chemicals to form curls, but these recipes were too harsh to use on human skin.

Audiophile
An audiophile is a person who cares about how good music sounds on a stereo or other high fidelity sound system. An audiophile is interested in how to improve the sound quality of sound recordings, such as vinyl records and Compact Discs, as well as the equipment used to listen to recordings such as CD players, amplifiers and loudspeakers.
Audiophiles are always looking for ways to improve their sound system. There are discussion forums, magazines and clubs for audiophiles to share their ideas.
Some audiophiles believe that differences should be able to be measured in a scientific way. This type of audiophile is called an "objectivist".
Other audiophiles believe that "what sounds better" or "more musical" may not be measurable. They rely mostly on their own ears and preferences. This type of audiophile is called a "subjectivist".
Audiophile is also used as an adjective in descriptions of audio equipment and recorded music, where it is intended to imply high quality.

Barbelo
Barbelo is a goddess in Gnosticsm. She is also called Thought, Providence, Forethought, or Foreknowledge. She is believed to be the first emanation of Bythos.
In the Apocryphon of John, a writing in the Nag Hammadi Library, Barbelo is described as "The first power, the glory, Barbelo, the perfect glory in the aions, the glory of the revelation."
"This is the first thought, his image; she became the womb of everything, for it is she who is prior to them all, the Mother-Father, the first man (Anthropos), the holy Spirit, the thrice-male, the thrice-powerful, the thrice-named androgynous one, and the eternal aeon among the invisible ones, and the first to come forth."
Relation to other systems of thought.
The Gnostic account of Barbelo is quite similar to Tantric thought. In Kashmir Shaivism, Shakti is similarly the second Tattva or first emanation of Shiva.

Perm
Perm (, pronounced:pʲɛrʲmʲ) is a city and administrative center of "Perm Krai", Russia. It is lies on the banks of the Kama River, at the foot of the Ural Mountains.
Perm is one of the largest cities in Russia, with 976,116 (2006 est.) inhabitants, down from 1,001,653 recorded in 2002 Census and 1,090,944 recorded in 1989 Census.
In geology, the Permian period takes its name from the region.
From 1940 until 1957 the city was named Molotov (), after Vyacheslav Molotov.
Modern city.
The city is a major administrative, industrial, scientific, and cultural center. The leading industries include machinery, defence, oil production (about 3% of Russian output), oil refining, chemical and petrochemical, timber and wood processing and the food industry.
There is one international airport in Perm Bolshoye Savino (Big Savino).
Perm is also served by the smaller Airport "Bakharevka".
Perm's public transit network includes streetcar (tram), bus, and trolleybus routes.

Bodhicitta
In Buddhist thought, bodhicitta is the motivation of a bodhisattva. The word "bodhicitta" combines the words for enlightenment "(Bodhi)" and mind "(Citta)". It is sometime translated as "mind of enlightenment".
Bodhicitta is taught to be the intent to become enlightened, not for oneself, but for the benefit of "all" beings.

Dakini
In Hinduism and Buddhism, a dakini is a female being like a goddess. They are mostly found in Tibetan Buddhism. The dakini inspires spiritual practice. A dakini is often depicted as beautiful and naked. The nakedness represents the freedom of the mind.
The Chinese and Tibetan terms for "dakini" literally mean "she who travels in the sky"; this is sometimes written poetically as "sky dancer". Their bodies are depicted curved in sinuous dance poses.
Dakinis are associated with energy. They are linked with the revelation of the path of transformation. They help people to change the energy of negative emotions, called poisons "(kleshas)", into enlightened awareness.
Appearance.
Images tend to show the dakini as a young, naked figure in a dancing posture, often holding a skull cup filled with menstrual blood or the elixir of life in one hand, and a curved knife in the other. She may wear a garland of human skulls, with a trident staff leaning against her shoulder. Her hair is usually wild and hanging down her back, and her face often wrathful in expression, as she dances on top of a corpse, which represents her complete mastery over ego and ignorance.
Events.
Tibetan Buddhists believe that a Dakini gave a black hat to the third Karmapa, Rangjung Dorje (1284 - 1339), when he was three years old. The Black Crown became the emblem of this Tibetan lineage known as the Karma Kagyu.

Dattatreya
Dattatreya is considered by some Hindus (in western India) to be God who is an incarnation of the Divine Trinity Brahma, Vishnu and Siva. The word Datta means "Given", Datta is called so because the divine trinity have "given" themselves in the form of a son to the sage couple Atri and Anasuya. He is the son of Atri, hence the name "Atreya."
In the Nath tradition, Dattatreya is seen as an Avatar or incarnation of the Lord Shiva and as the Adi-Guru (First Teacher) of the Adi-Nath sampradaya of the Nathas. Although Dattatreya was at first a "Lord of Yoga" with Tantric traits, he was adapted and assimilated into the more devotional cults; while still worshiped by millions of Hindus, he is approached more as a benevolent God than as a teacher of the highest essence of Indian thought.
Dattatreya as an historical figure.
Though the Dattatreya of the Natha tradition coexisted and intermingled with the Puranic, Brahmanical tradition of the Datta sampradaya, here we shall focus almost exclusively on the earlier Tantric manifestation of Datta. Shri Gurudev Mahendranath had no doubt that Dattatreya was an historical figure. He stated that Datta was born on Wednesday, the fourteenth day of the full moon in the month of Margasirsa, though he does not mention the year.
Dattatreya left home at an early age to wander naked in search of the Absolute. He seems to have spent most of his life wandering in the area between and including North Mysore, through the Maharashta, and into Gujarat as far as the Narmada River. He attained realization at a place not far from the town now known as Ganagapur. The original footprints of Datta are believed to be located on the lonely peak at Mount Girnar. The "Tripura-rahasya" refers to the disciple Parasurama finding Datta meditating on Gandhamadana mountain.
The "Tripura-rahasya (The Secret of [the Goddess] Tripura)" is believed to be an abbreviated version of the original "Datta Samhita" or "Dakshinamurti Samhita" traditionally ascribed to Dattatreya. This more lengthy work was summarized by Dattatreya's disciple Parasurama, whose disciple, Sumedha Haritayana, scribed the text. Thus, this text is sometimes referred to as the "Haritayana Samhita".
The "Tripura-rahasya" is divided into three parts. The first part, the "Mahatmya Khanda" or section on the goddess is concerned with the origin, mantra and yantra of the Goddess Tripura, also known as Lalita or Lalita Tripurasundari. The "Jnana Khanda" or section on knowledge elaborates on the themes of consciousness, manifestation, and liberation. Unfortunately, the last part, "Charya Khanda" or section on conduct, has been lost and some believe destroyed.
Another work, the "Avadhuta Gita (Song of the Free)" is a wonderful, compete compilation of the highest thought given to and recorded by two of Dattatreya's disciples, Swami and Kartika. Swami Vivekananda (1863-1902) held it in high esteem. Originally a work of seven chapters, a spurious and misogynistic eighth chapter may be a later attempt to append sexual morality to the Natha tradition by a conservative ascetic. Some of the ideas in this Gita are however common to both Shaivite and Buddhist Tantras.
The "Markandeya Purana" reports that Dattatreya, to free himself of all attachments, dove into a lake where he stayed for many years. By doing so, he also hoped to evade an assembly of Munis who remained on the banks of the lake awaiting his return. Datta emerged from the water naked in the company of a beautiful woman. The text relates that he made love with her (maithuna), drank liquor, and enjoyed singing and music. In spite of this, the Munis did not abandon him, and Dattatraya, accompanied by his shakti, continued to engage in these practices and was meditated on by those longing for moksha.
In the "Bhagavata Purana" Dattatreya enumerates a list of his twenty-four gurus: earth, air, sky / ether, water, fire, sun, moon, python, pigeons, sea, moth, bee, bull elephant, bear, deer, fish, osprey, a child, a maiden, a courtesan, a blacksmith, serpent, spider, and wasp. The image of the Natha ranged from that of a siddha living in the woods with animals, to that of a frightening, even demonic, being.
"Shri Dattatreya was a dropout of an earlier age than the period when Veda and Tantra merged to become one simple cult. It was men like Dattatreya who helped to make this possible. Three of his close disciples were kings, one an Asura and the other two both belonging to the warrior caste. Dattatreya himself was regarded as an avatar of Maheshwara (Shiva) but later was claimed by Vaishnavites as the avatar of Vishnu. Not such a sectarian claim as it appears; Hindus regard Shiva and Vishnu as the same or as manifestations of the Absolute taking form."
Indeed, the "Dattatreya Upanisad", which opens proclaiming Dattatreya's identity with Vishnu, ends with the mantra "Om Namah Shivaya", identifying Datta with Shiva. In the last portion of the third chapter, Mahesvara (Shiva) alone is said to pervade reality and shine in every heart of man. He alone is in front, behind, to the left, to the right, below, above, everywhere the center. Finally, Mahesvara is identified with Dattatreya, depicting the latter as an Avatara of Shiva.
Dattatreya as a devotional deity.
Dattatreya is usually depicted with three heads, symbolising Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva; past, present, and future; and the three states of consciousness: waking, dreaming, and dreamless sleep. He is portrayed sitting in meditation with his shakti beneath the "audumbara" (wish-fulfilling) tree. In front of him is a fire pit, and around him are four dogs. These are sometimes said to symbolise the four Vedas.

Gnosticism
Gnosticism comes from the which means knowledge.
Some religions and sects mostly in the few hundred years before and after Christ are said to be gnostic or practice gnosticism.
This is because these religions believe that there is a special, hidden knowledge that only a few people may have.
Beliefs.
Gnosticism says that humans are divine souls trapped in the ordinary physical (or "material") world. They say that the world was made by an imperfect spirit called the demiurge.
The demiurge is thought to be the same as the God of Abraham. The demiurge may be seen as evil, or sometimes just not perfect but doing the best it can.
The real God who is good is distant and not easy to know. In order to get free from the material world, a person has to get "gnosis". That is the special secret knowledge given only to a few special people.
Some Gnostic groups saw Jesus as sent by the supreme being to bring "gnosis" to the Earth.

Grigori Rasputin
Grigori Yefimovich Rasputin (January 10, 1869 - December 16, 1916), also known as the 'Mad Monk', was not a monk, but a Russian religious pilgrim. He was believed to have been a faith healer. He can was one of the more controversial people in 20th century history. He played a small but important part in the downfall of the Romanov dynasty. This led to the Bolshevik victory and the beginning of the Soviet Union.
Rasputin played a part in the lives of the Tsar Nicholas II, his wife, the Tsarina Alexandra and their only son, the Tsarevich Alexei.

Grimoire
Grimoire is an old name for a book of magic. The word is pronounced "grim-warr", which rhymes with "guitar".
The word is a mistaken was of saying "grammar". It probably started being used in a time when not many people could read. Then any book might be thought to contain instructions for magic.
In the religion of Wicca other forms of Neopaganism, such a book is sometimes called a "Book of Shadows".

Nvidia
The American NVIDIA Corporation is a multinational company (has branches in many countries), specialized in production of graphics processors technologies for computers and small mobile devices (for example: smartphones). The company, based in Santa Clara, California, is main company supplying electronic chips for motherboard chipsets, graphics processing units (GPUs), and game consoles. The NVIDIA is mostly famous for its product lines: GeForce, Quadro, and nForce (chipsets).
Company history.
The name of company "NVIDIA", is combination of two parts: n (usually used as a mathematical variable) and video (Latin: to "see").
NVIDIA was established in 1993 by Jen-Hsun Huang (presentCEO), Curtis Priem, and Chris Malachowsky.
In 2000 NVIDIA took over intellectual possession of 3dfx, one of the biggest GPU producers in 90s.
On December 14, 2005, NVIDIA took control over ULI (then suplied 30% Southbridge parts for chipsets to ATI), NVIDIA's competitor. In March 2006, NVIDIA bought company Hybrid Graphics
and on January 5, 2007, it announced that it had completed the acquisition of PortalPlayer, Inc.
In December 2006 NVIDIA, along with its main rival in the graphics industry AMD (which bought ATI), received subpoenas from the Justice Department regarding possible antitrust violations in the graphics-card industry.
Forbes magazine called NVIDIA "Company of the Year for 2007" for accomplishing company goals in last 5 years.

Hermeticism
Hermeticism is the study and practice of occult philosophy and magic. The name comes from the fact that the first books about Hermeticism are said to have been written by the god Hermes Trismegistus ("Thrice-Greatest Hermes"), who combines aspects of the Greek god Hermes and the Egyptian god Thoth.
Hermeticism is also connected with astrology and alchemy. These beliefs were strong in Europe during the Renaissance. The Hermetic Corpus was translated by Marsilio Ficino in 1463 and published in 1471. At this time, the Hermetic Corpus was thought to be older than both Plato and Pythagoras.
In 1614, Isaac Causabon showed that the texts were actually written sometime between 200 and 300 AD. This view was based on careful study of the way language was used in the original writings.
Hermeticism was revived in the 19th century in Western Europe. The most famous group involved in this revival was the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn.

Illuminati
The Illuminati Order or Bavarian Illuminati was a short-lived secret group based in Ingolstadt, Germany. It was started on May 1, 1776 by Adam Weishaupt and Baron Adolph von Knigge. The members were mostly Freemasons and former Freemasons.
At that time the state of Bavaria was under the Roman Catholic Church and the aristocracy. Therefore, in 1784, the Bavarian government banned the Illuminati as well as Freemasonry.

Simputer
The Simputer is a small, cheap device, similar to personal digital assistant (palmtop). The unique feature of this device is a smart-card interface which allows a single Simputer to be used by many users. User's private datas might be kept on a cheap smart-card. This device was constructed by Indian company- Simputer Trust. The name stands for "Simple computer".
History.
The Simputer project was invented during the organization of the Global Village, an International Seminar on Information Technology for Developing Countries. It was conducted in October 1998. The discussion was about big need for a low-cost mass access device which will bring local-language IT to the masses. During inventing a name for new established original device, the purpose was to find complex acronym to fit the name Simputer. Thus Simputer is a Simple, Inexpensive, Multi-lingual comPUTER. Later it was expanded to Simple, Inexpensive Multi-lingual People's compUTER. Now it is also called "computer for the masses".
Features.
It is architecturally similar to the Linux Advanced Radio Terminal and the Intel StrongARM reference platform. It has processor Intel StrongARM 200+ MHz, 64MB of RAM, 32MB Flash ROM and may use cheap smart-cards with capacity 8KB. It has also USB connectivity and software modem so might be connect to the internet. 320x240 LCD interface in Simputer is with a touch panel overlay on liquid-crystal display. Operating system runs on a version of the Linux Kernel (computer science). Type of the software used in Simputer is text-to-speech. This tool may use speakers and microphone because it has special jacks. It has also built-in Infrared Data Association (IrDA) port. The device is powered by 3 AAA sized NiMH batteries.
Licensees.
The Simputer Trust has licensed to manufacturers to produce devices based on the Simputer. These companies are: PicoPeta Simputers and Encore Technologies.
Future prospects.
The tool developed is very generic and has similarities to many other countries. It is ideally suited for developing and under developed countries like: India, Tajikistan, Mauritius, Mongolia, Ghana, Uzbekistan, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Thailand or Vietnam.

Stonewall UK
Stonewall UK is a gay rights organisation in the United Kingdom which was named after the Stonewall riots.
It was created in 1989 by Labour Party members who were trying to change section 28 of the Local Government Act. Many famous people, such as Sir Ian McKellen and Michael Cashman were among those who made it. Stonewall is in London. Stonewall Scotland has offices in Edinburgh and Glasgow and Stonewall Cymru is based in both Cardiff and Bangor in North Wales.
Stonewall showed ideas for change to the government. It did not start out as a membership organisation. Since Labour came into power in 1997, however, it has now become active in developing policy (political ideas) to protect the rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people.
Results.
In the last few years it was successful in parliamentary lobbying. Its previous director Angela Mason (1992 to 2002) was awarded an OBE "for services to homosexual rights". Under her direction, Stonewall persuaded parliament to change the 2002 Adoption and Children Bill so that lesbian and gay couples were treated the same as heterosexuals. Under its current Chief Executive, Ben Summerskill, it was closely involved in successful parliamentary campaigns to repeal Section 28 of the Local Government Act (2003); make attacks on gay people separate crimes (that is, "anti-gay hate crimes"), through the Criminal Justice Act 2003; introduce the Civil Partnership Act 2004 giving gay and lesbian couples "civil union" almost the same as a civil marriage; and introduce the "2007 Sexual Orientation Regulations" under the Equality Act 2006, to stop discrimination on grounds of sexual orientation.
Stonewall helps 300 big employers across Britain by giving advice and support to lesbian and gay staff. These companies include IBM, Credit Suisse, the Inland Revenue and the Royal Navy.
The "Education for All" campaign was started in 2005. Stonewall and 70 other organsiations help to stop homophobic bullying in British schools. Section 28 of the Local government Act made any sort of teaching about homosexuality difficult, and the Education for All campaign started after section 28 was repealed.
Criticism.
Grass-roots activists such as Peter Tatchell have accused Stonewall of allowing discrimination by holding regular meetings of celebrities and politicians. The meetings were supported by big businesses such as HSBC, even though HSBC is accused of dismissing someone because of their sexual orientation.
Stonewall supported the Civil Partnership bill. Many other groups did not, and they formed a group called the "Coalition for Marriage Equality", saying that the new Civil Partnership Bill made a separate yet equal system "not unlike apartheid". Many LGBT people who were not part of these groups liked the bill, and Stonewall got a lot of new members. Now Stonewall gets more money from its 10,000 individual supporters than it does money from its business supporters.
See also.
Gay Rights

James Branch Cabell
James Branch Cabell (1879 - 1958) was an American author of fantasy fiction. His name is pronounced "CAB-ble".
Life.
Cabell was born and lived most of his life in Richmond, Virginia. He spent the winters in Florida until the death of his first wife in 1949. He retired in Florida.
Cabell was born into a wealthy Virginian family. His father, Robert Gamble Cabell II (1847–1922), was a physician. His mother, Anne Harris (1859–1915), was the daughter of Col. and Mrs James R. Branch. Cabell's great-grandfather, William H. Cabell, was Governor of Virginia from 1805 to 1808. Cabell was the oldest of three boys. His brothers were Robert Gamble Cabell III (1881–1968) and John Lottier Cabell (1883–1946). His parents separated and were later divorced in 1907.
He went to the College of William and Mary in 1894 at the age of fifteen. He graduated in 1898. While an undergraduate, Cabell taught French and Greek at the college. Ellen Glasgow, a writer and close friend of Cabell said that he had a friendship with a professor at the college which some people thought was "too intimate". Because of this, Cabell had to leave the college. He was later allowed back and finished his degree.
Cabell worked from 1898 to 1900 as a newspaper reporter in New York City. He returned to Richmond in 1901. In Richmond, he worked several months for the "Richmond News".
Many things happened to Cabell in 1901. His first stories were accepted for publication. It was believed for a short time that Cabell murdered John Scott, a wealthy person in Richmond. There was a rumor that Scott was "involved" with Cabell's mother.
In 1902, seven of his stories appeared in national magazines. Over the ten years, he wrote many short stories and articles. These were published in well-known magazines including "Harper's Monthly Magazine" and the "Saturday Evening Post".
Between 1911 and 1913, he worked for his uncle in the office of the Branch coal mines in West Virginia. On November 8, 1913, he married Priscilla Bradley Shepherd. She was a widow with five children from an earlier marriage. In 1915, Priscilla gave birth to a son, Ballard Hartwell Cabell. Priscilla died in March of 1949. In June 1950, Cabell married Margaret Waller Freeman.
During his life, Cabell published fifty-two books. These included novels, genealogy, collections of short stories, poetry, and miscellanea. He was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1937. Today, the modern languages house and an endowed law professorship at the College of William and Mary are named for him.
Cabell died of a cerebral hemorrhage. He is buried in Hollywood Cemetery in Richmond.
In 1970, Virginia Commonwealth University in Richmond named its main campus library "James Branch Cabell Library". In the 1970s, Cabell's library and personal papers were moved from his home on Monument Avenue to the James Branch Cabell Library. The collection includes some 3,000 volumes, manuscripts, notebooks and scrapbooks, periodicals, letters (including conversations with noted writers such as H.L. Mencken, Ellen Glasgow, Sinclair Lewis and Theodore Dreiser), newspaper clippings, photographs, criticisms, printed material, publishers' agreements and statements of sales.
The VCU undergraduate literary journal at the university is named Poictesme after the fictional province in his book "Jurgen".
Works.
Cabell published about fifty books. Most of these are not well known. His eighth book, "Jurgen", (1919) was the most popular. The hero, Jurgen, goes on a journey through ever more fantastic places. He even goes to hell and heaven. Everywhere he goes, he seduces the local women, even the Devil's wife.
The book was seen as being bad by the New York Society for the Suppression of Vice. They tried to bring a prosecution for obscenity. The case went on for two years before Cabell and his publishers won. Many of the things in the book were double entendres. They had one meaning which was bad and also had a decent meaning. It appeared that what had actually offended the prosecution most was a joke about papal infallibility. Cabell took an author's revenge. The new edition of 1926 included a 'lost' section which was not in the earlier version. In it, the hero is put on trial by the Philistines. A large dung beetle is the chief prosecutor.
Other works include "Figures of Earth". This introduces Manuel the Redeemer. He took control of a realm by playing on others' expectations. His motto is "Mundus Vult Decipi". This means 'the world wishes to be deceived'. "The Silver Stallion" is a sequel. It deals with the adventures of the knights in Manuel's company after he left them.
Cabell is now forgotten by most people but his work affected later writers of fantasy fiction. Robert Heinlein's "Job, A comedy of Justice" has an appearance of the Slavic god Koschei (from "Jurgen"). Fritz Leiber's "Swords of Lankhmar" was also affected by Jurgen. Jack Vance's "Dying Earth" books show a similar style to Cabell's writing. Cugel the Clever in those books is very similar to Jurgen.

Gela
Gela is a city in the Italian region of Sicily. It is in the province of Caltanissetta in the south of Sicily. The city is at about 84km from the province's capital of Caltanissetta, on the Mediterranean Sea. The city has a larger population than the capital and is second largest in land area.
Gela is an important industrial city and port town. One important industry that is located here is that of petroleumrefinery. The city can be reached from other cities, like Syracuse and Caltanissetta, by train.

Kama Sutra
"Kamasutra" (Sanskrit: कामसुत्र), also known in Western countries as the "Kama Sutra", is an ancient Indian book on love. It was written by Mallanaga Vatsyayana. Part of the book deals with human sexual behavior.

Lu Sheng-yen
Lu Sheng-Yen (盧勝彥, Lú Shèngyàn) (27 June, 1945), is the founder and spiritual leader of the True Buddha School, which is a religious group with teachings taken from Taoism and Buddhism. He is called Master Lu by his followers. Within his sect, he is also known as "Living Buddha Lian Sheng" (蓮生活佛, "Liansheng Huófó"). He is worshipped by his followers as a "Living Buddha".
His organization says that over five million students have taken Buddhist refuge under Lu. There are also more than three hundred local chapters of the True Buddha School, including thirty major temples, such as the Ling Shen Ching Tze Temple in Redmond, Washington, where he lives now. Many of his followers are from Taiwan, Singapore, and Malaysia.
Lu is married to Lian Hsiang, who is also a vajra master. She is referred as "Grand Madam Lu". Lu and Lian Hsiang have two children.
Life.
Lu was born in Chiayi County, Taiwan in 1945. He was raised a Christian and attended a Protestant school. His post-secondary education was at Chung Cheng Institute of Technology. He graduated with a degree in Survey Engineering. In his early twenties he was both a survey engineer and a Sunday school Bible teacher.
Lu has written that he had a mystical experience in 1969. This lead him to seek out a total of twenty-one human gurus in Taoism, Sutra, and Tantra. In 1982, Lu moved to the United States, and lived in the state of Washington.
To date, Lu has written over 200 books in Chinese on various topics, including feng shui and poetry.
According to his website, he went into hiding in Tahiti for six years starting late 2000 and lived in Taichung, Taiwan. Today he lives in the state of Washington.
Teachings.
Lu teaches the Mahamudra way of attaining enlightenment. His teachings follow the traditional stages of the practice of the Four Preliminaries, followed by Guru Yoga, Deity Yoga, the Vajra Practices, and finally Highest Yoga Tantra. Lu has written that his spiritual gurus included the 16th Karmapa, Rangjung Rigpe Dorje and Tai Situ Rinpoche.
He describes the state of enlightenment using the allegory of Padmakumara, whom he identifies with Amitabha Buddha and his own enlightened self.
According to Noah Casey, Lu's teachings do not prohibit the consumption of meat and alcohol; however, "The consumption of alcohol is limited to quantities not resulting in intoxication, and the eating of meat is restricted to animals not butchered especially for the person consuming. Before consuming either of these, or any other nutritional substance, a special prayer is required. For meats, the spirit of the animal must be delivered." This is consistent with the Vajrayana traditions of Tibetan Buddhism.
Controversies.
Lu made headlines during an investigation by the Washington State Public Disclosure Commission into his cash donations to Chinese American politician Gary Locke, who Lu had hoped would run for President of the United States. Locke was cleared of any wrongdoing by the commission in 1998.
He was also sued in civil court by a former disciple, who called herself SHC, a 41-year-old Malaysian immigrant, over claims of sexual misconduct, after the King County, Washington prosecutor declined to file charges for lack of evidence. The case was dismissed by King County Superior Court Judge Kathleen Learned citing constitutional issues. In the case "S.H.C. v. Sheng-Yen Lu", the Superior Court of King County granted the Temple's motion for summary judgment, and the Court of Appeals later "affirm[ed] the trial court's grant of summary judgment dismissing all claims against the Temple."
Lu has been criticized by Tsering Phuri, the president of TIBETcenter, who said "People should not say, `I am a living Buddha'".

Australian Open
The tournament is played in January, during the Australian Summer. This means that many matches have to be stopped for a short time, because players feel dehydrated.
Before 1983, many of the best tennis players did not play at the tournament. This was because the Australian Open was far away and was not considered as important. In the 1980s more top players began entering the tournament and none of the top players have not played, unless because of injury, since 1995.
The winners in 2007 were Roger Federer and Serena Williams.

Adrian Willaert
Adrian Willaert (pronounce: AH-dree-ahn VIL-art), (born Flanders about 1490; died Venice, 7 December 1562) was a Flemish composer in the Renaissance period. He was one of the most important composers of his time. He went to Italy when he was young and spent the rest of his life there. He belonged to the group of composers who lived and worked in Venice at the time, and who were known as the “Venetian School”.
Life.
He may have been born in Bruges which is now in Belgium, although we are not sure. One of his students, Gioseffo Zarlino, who became a well-known music theorist, said that Willaert went to Paris first to study law, but then decided to study music. In Paris he met Jean Mouton, the main composer of the French royal chapel, and studied with him. Mouton taught him to write music in the style of Josquin, whose music was very polyphonic with the voices imitating one another a lot.
Sometime around 1515 Willaert first went to Rome. There is a story, which is probably true, that Willaert was surprised to find the Pope’s choir singing something he had composed. The choir thought it had been composed by Josquin, who was very famous by then. When the young Willaert told them that he himself was the composer, the choir did not believe the young man, and refused to sing it again.
In July 1515, Willaert worked for the Cardinal Ippolito I d'Este of Ferrara. Ippolito liked to travel, and he often took Willaert and other musicians with him to places such as Hungary, where he probably spent two years, from 1517 to 1519. When Ippolito died in 1520, Willaert worked for Duke Alfonso d'Este of Ferrara. In 1522 Willaert had a job at the court chapel of Duke Alfonso; he stayed there until 1525.
Willaert then got the most important musical job in the whole of Europe at that time: he became maestro di cappella (director of music) at the church of St. Mark's at Venice. The director who had been there before had not been very good, so Willaert made the music in that church really great again. He stayed in that job until his death. He was very famous and young composers came from all over Europe to study with him and learn how to be a composer.
Musical style and influence.
Willaert was one of the greatest composers of the Renaissance and the most important composer in Europe between the death of Josquin and the time of Palestrina.
He wrote music in lots of forms, especially church music and madrigals.

Sydney Harbour
Sydney Harbour (also called Port Jackson) is a natural harbour. It is on the East Coast of Australia in Sydney. Sydney Harbour is also the location of the famous Sydney Opera House and the Sydney Harbour Bridge.
History.
Before the arrival of European settlers, the area surrounding Sydney Harbour was home to a variety of aboriginal tribes, this included members of the Gadigal, Cammeraygal, Eora and Wanegal tribes. It is believed that the Gadigal people once lived in the area starting from the south side of Port Jackson (South Head, Watsons Bay), heading west in a semi circle cutting through Petersham. On the northern side of Sydney Harbour lived the Cammeraygal tribe. It was believed that the area on the southern side of the Parramatta River, just west of Petersham and through to Rose Hill, was owned by the Wanegal tribe. The Eora tribe lived on the southern side of Sydney Harbour, not far from where the First Fleet set up camp.
Lt James Cook was the first person to find Sydney Harbour, this was in 1770. Captain Cook did not go into the harbour, but sailed past the entrance (Sydney Heads) on his way north up the East Coast of Australia. This was shortly after he found and left Botany Bay (Kurnell Peninsula). Cook named it [Sydney Harbour] after Sir George Jackson.
European settlement started on January 26, 1788, when Captain Arthur Phillip and the First Fleet arrived from England. Phillip brought 732 convicts (prisoners) and a small group of soldiers to start a penal colony. They landed at a small inlet which they called Sydney Cove. This was named after Lord Sydney who was the British government's Home Secretary.
Islands.
There are lots of islands inside Sydney Harbour, this includes Shark Island, Clark Island, Fort Denison, Goat Island, Cockatoo Island, Spectacle Island, Snapper Island and Rodd Island. Some other former islands, including Bennelong Island, Garden Island and Berry Island have been connected to the mainland by bridge or by landfill.

List of Austin Powers characters
The "Austin Girls":.
Note: In Latin America Felicity's name was not translated (she keep the "Felicity Shagwell" name), the dub is only in Spain.

Vex
The Vex Robotics Design System is a robotic kit intended to introduce students as well as adults to the world of robotics.

340 Eduarda
340 Eduarda is a common Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Max Wolf on September 25, 1892 in Heidelberg.

Billy Ray Cyrus
Billy Ray Cyrus (born 25 August 1961) is a Grammy nominated American country singer and actor. He is is best known for his popular single "Achy Breaky Heart" (1992). From 2001 to 2004, he starred in the television series "Doc". It was a series about a rural doctor who moves from a ranch to a large city. As of 2006, he is in the Disney Channel television series, "Hannah Montana", which stars his daughter, Miley Cyrus.
Achy Breaky Heart.
"Achy Breaky Heart" is Billy Ray's first single and his biggest hit. It is a country song written by Don Von Tress in 1989. Originally the lyrics were "achin' breakin' heart" but were changed to "achy breaky heart" by Billy Ray Cyrus on his 1992 album "Some Gave All".

341 California
341 California is an asteroid in the Flora family in the Main Belt, that has a very high albedo.
It was found by Max Wolf on September 25, 1892 in Heidelberg.

342 Endymion
342 Endymion is a big Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Max Wolf on October 17, 1892 in Heidelberg.

How to Grow a Woman from the Ground
"How to Grow a Woman from the Ground" is a 2006 album by Chris Thile, who made the album with the How to Grow a Band, credited to Chris Thile. It was released on September 12, 2006. The album is named after a song on the album; a cover of a song by American singer Tom Brosseau.
The album got mostly good reviews from important music critics, with some critics saying that the album was “fantastic, eclectic”, and “genius”. The album got Thile a Grammy Award-nomination in 2007.
Early planning and creation.
For a side project away from his band Nickel Creek, Chris Thile knew he wanted to form a five-piece string band that featured mandolin, violin, banjo, acoustic guitar, and double bass. Thile also wanted the band to feature his friend and fiddle player Gabe Witcher, but didn’t know what kind of band he wanted it to be. At the Telluride Bluegrass Festival in Colorado, Thile met banjo player Noam Pikelny and later said that “every note he played was something I wish I’d played”. At that time, Thile decided that he wanted “put [his] stamp” on the normal bluegrass band. Thile wanted to find five people to make the five-piece band he planned. He had already found fiddle, banjo, and mandolin players, so he just had to find double bass and acoustic guitar players. The bass player Thile was looking for turned out to be Greg Garrison, a friend of Noam Pikelny. Before this, Pikelny had played with Garrison in the band Leftover Salmon. The guitar player Thile needed became Chris Eldridge, famous as a member of the Infamous Stringdusters. The five people met up in Nashville on one day in 2005 and decided to “do something musical together”. A few days later, the group met again “to drop a ton of money, drink too much wine, eat steaks, and [talk] about our failed relationships”. That night, they formed a bluegrass band.
A few months later, the group decided to record an album. The album was recorded in two days at "Sear Sound Recording Studios" in New York City. The album was not made digitally, but in the old-fashioned way: on tape. In an interview with the United States magazine "Guitar Player", Chris Thile talked about how "How to Grow a Woman from the Ground" was recorded: "How to Grow a Woman from the Ground" was produced by Thile, and the only musicians on the album was the band that Thile chose. The band was later named the "How to Grow a Band".
Musical style.
"How to Grow a Woman from the Ground" takes influence from several musical genres, “drawing equally from traditional bluegrass, progressive acoustic, and singer-songwriter traditions”. Bluegrass mandolin player Ronnie McCoury became the album’s official “bluegrass guru” to make sure that there was “someone who could make sure we didn’t do anything clichéd or trite”. When discussing the album’s musical style, Chris Thile said that “All in all, "How to Grow a Woman from the Ground" is a bluegrass record. There are definitely some musical things that are out of the ordinary, but it sounds like a bluegrass record to me.”

343 Ostara
343 Ostara is a common Main belt asteroid. It was found by Max Wolf on November 15, 1892 in Heidelberg.

344 Desiderata
344 Desiderata is a very big Main belt asteroid. It is classified as a C-type asteroid and is probably made of carbonaceous material.
It was found by Auguste Charlois on November 15, 1892 in Nice.

345 Tercidina
345 Tercidina is a big Main belt asteroid. It is classified as a C-type asteroid and is probably made of carbonaceous material.
It was found by Auguste Charlois on November 23, 1892 in Nice.

346 Hermentaria
346 Hermentaria is a very big Main belt asteroid. It is classified as an S-type asteroid.
It was found by Auguste Charlois on November 25, 1892 in Nice.

347 Pariana
347 Pariana is a big Main belt asteroid. It is classified as an M-type asteroid.
It was found by Auguste Charlois on November 28, 1892 in Nice.

348 May
348 May is a big Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Auguste Charlois on November 28, 1892 in Nice.

349 Dembowska
349 Dembowska is a big main belt asteroid with a very high albedo of 0.384. Of the asteroids with a diameter bigger than 75km, only 4 Vesta has a higher known albedo.
It is classified as an R-type asteroid and may have had some melting/differentiation.
Dembowska and 16 Psyche have orbits that repeat themselves almost exactly every five years in respect to their position to the Sun and Earth.
There was on occultation in 2006 and one on December 5, 2007.
It was found by Auguste Charlois on December 9, 1892 in Nice.

Yantra
Yantra literally means loom, instrument or machine. In actual practice, a yantra is a symbol which represents aspects of the divine, such as the Mother Goddess or Durga. It is made of interlocking geometric figures, circles, triangles and floral shapes that form a pattern. Though drawn in two dimensions, a yantra can represent a three dimensional sacred object. The yantra is primarily a meditation tool. Yantras function as revelatory symbols of cosmic truths.

Shri Yantra
The Shri Yantra or Sri Chakra of Tripura Sundari is a yantra or mandala formed by nine interlocking triangles surrounding a dot in the cetner called a bindu. Four of these triangles are orientated upright representing Shiva or the Masculine. Five of these triangles are inverted triangles represent Shakti or the Feminine. Because it is composed of nine triangles, it is also known as the "navayoni chakra".
Together the nine triangles are interlaced in such a way as to form 43 smaller triangles in a web symbolic of the entire cosmos or a womb symbolic of creation. Together they express Advaita-ism or non-duality. This is surrounded by a lotus of eight petals, a lotus of sixteen petals, and an earthsquare resembling a temple with four doors.

350 Ornamenta
350 Ornamenta is a very big Main belt asteroid. It is classified as a C-type asteroid and is probably made of carbonaceous material.
It was found by Auguste Charlois on December 14, 1892 in Nice, France.

351 Yrsa
351 Yrsa is a common Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Max Wolf on December 16, 1892 in Heidelberg.

352 Gisela
352 Gisela is an asteroid in the Flora family in the Main Belt that has a very high albedo.
It was found by Max Wolf on January 12, 1893 in Heidelberg.

353 Ruperto-Carola
353 Ruperto-Carola is a small Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Max Wolf on January 16, 1893 in Heidelberg.

354 Eleonora
354 Eleonora is a very big Main belt asteroid. It is classified as an S-type asteroid.
It was found by Auguste Charlois on January 17, 1893 in Nice.
During favorable oppositions, such as in 1968 and 2010, Eleonora can reach an apparent magnitude of +9.31.

355 Gabriella
355 Gabriella is a common Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Auguste Charlois on January 20, 1893 in Nice.

356 Liguria
356 Liguria is a very big Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Auguste Charlois on January 21, 1893 in Nice.

357 Ninina
357 Ninina is a very big Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Auguste Charlois on February 11, 1893 in Nice.

358 Apollonia
358 Apollonia is a big Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Auguste Charlois on March 8, 1893 in Nice.

359 Georgia
359 Georgia is a common Main belt asteroid. It is classified as an M-type asteroid.
It was found by Auguste Charlois on March 10, 1893 in Nice.

360 Carlova
360 Carlova is a very big Main belt asteroid. It is classified as a C-type asteroid and is probably made of carbonaceous material.
It was found by Auguste Charlois on March 11, 1893 in Nice.

Tulku
A tulku (also tülku, trulku) is a Tibetan Buddhist lama who has achieved the ability to consciously determine to be reborn, often many times, in order to continue their Bodhisattva vow. The most famous example is the lineage of Dalai Lamas, who are said to be reincarnations of the previous thirteen Dalai Lamas, beginning with Gendun Drup (1391 – 1474). It is held in the Vajrayana tradition that the oldest lineage of tulkus is that of the Karmapas (spiritual head of the Karma Kagyu lineage), which began with Düsum Khyenpa (1110-1193).
In addition to Tibetans and related peoples, Tibetan Buddhism is the traditional religion of the Mongols and their relatives. The Mongolian word for a tulku is "qubilγan", though such persons may also be called by the honorific title "qutuγtu" (Tib: phags-pa" / Skt: "ārya"), or "hutagt" in the standard Khalkha dialect.
A recent Chinese word for tulku is "huófó" (活佛), which literally means "living Buddha". Thus the term Living Buddha is used to mean "tulku".

Yeshe Tsogyal
Yeshe Tsogyel (, rhymes with "may say so well") is also known in the Nyingma tradition of Tibetan Buddhism as the Great Bliss Queen. She is both a woman and a female deity called a "dakini".
Among Tibetans she is seen as a Buddha who takes the form of an ordinary woman so as to be seen by the average person, "who, for the time being, do not see her Vajravarahi form as a fully perfected deity." In fact,
According to legend she was born in the same manner as the Buddha, a Sanskrit mantra sounding as her mother gave birth painlessly. She is considered a reincarnation of the Buddha's own mother. Her name ("Primordial ("ye") Wisdom ("shes") Queen ("rgyal mo") of the Lake ("tso")") derives from her birth causing a nearby lake to double in size.
As a young girl, she is said to have prayed for the happiness of all sentient beings. At the age of sixteen, she was initiated into Buddhism by Guru Padmasambhava. Although she was originally one of the Queen consorts of Trisong Detsen, he gave her to Padmasambhava and she became his main spiritual consort. After many years of study she became enlightened. Yeshey Tsogyal was the main person who wrote down and collected Padmasambhava's teachings. She also terma most of the hidden teachings called "termas".
As the wife of Tri-song-day-tsen and the consort of Padmasambhava, given to him at her request by the king, she also stands historically at the beginning of Buddhism's eclipse of Bön in Tibet. She is also considered a manifestation of Sarasvati and sometimes identified with the Bodhisattva Tara.

Urho Kekkonen
Urho Kaleva Kekkonen (September 3 1900 -- August 31 1986) was the President of Finland between 1956 and 1982. He was also Prime Minister of Finland before that.
Kekkonen was born in Pielavesi. He took part of the Finnish Civil War. He studied law and then worked in the Finnish secret police. He opposed the Communists and later fascists.
Kekkonen became the Interior Minister in 1937, and he then tried to ban the fascist party IKL.
After Second World War, in the year 1950 Kekkonen became the first time Prime Minister of Finland. He tried to keep good relations with the Soviet Union like president Juho Kusti Paasikivi.
Kekkonen was elected the President of Finland in 1956, after president Paasikivi. He tried to keep Finland neutral country, which means it was not part of any military alliance like NATO or Warsaw Pact in Cold War.
Urho Kekkonen led the underwriting of the Helsinki Accords of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe between European countries, United States and Soviet Union in 1975.
Kekkonen became sick in 1981 and gave up presidency.

J. P. Morgan
John Pierpont Morgan (April 17, 1837 – March 31, 1913) was an American banker, donater, and art collector who was skilled in managing and handling money. Because he was such a good banker, he became one of the richest men of his time and created the well-known bank, JPMorgan Chase, which is the one of the oldest banks in the world that still exists.
Childhood.
J.P. was brilliant, taking many classes in mathematics to prepare himself for jobs in commerce.
In 1852, Morgan was 15 years old, and sadly got sick with rheumatic fever. JP got better later on, but he was deformed from birth and his changed looks affecting the way people saw him. JP's character as strong and confident for his deformity to be a burden. He asserted the force of his character over the ugliness of his face. JP hated being around others and having his picture taken; all of his professional portraits were retouched.
Beginnings.
When JP was 20 years old, he became a banker in his dad’s London office and later went to Duncan, Sherman & Company in New York City. As time went on, he continued moving between companies while growing his business.
He did very good as a banker and partnered with many, many other companies. When he took over troubled businesses, he followed his own process of reorganizing them known as “Morganization”. He made sure he was always in charge of the business so his business would do well. He renamed his company to J.P Morgan & Company in 1895. It was one of the most powerful banks in the whole world.
Later on.
JP was a very busy man. He took control of the railroad companies and helped finance and reorganize railroads all over the US, working them to be the best they can be. He also later bought the Ley Land Line of Atlantic Steamships and other boat lines, which later included the White Star Line, who made the Titanic. JP also merged several steel companies to form the United States Steel Corporation. Morgan also financed manufacturing and mining businesses and controlled banks, insurance companies, and communications systems. JP became one of the richest men in the world while he helped the US economy and resources.
The Panic of 1893.
During the Panic of 1893, which was a big drop in the US economy because there was a shortage on the gold supply, US president Grover Cleveland asked Morgan to loan $65 million in gold. JP said it was okay and he saved the US treasury. JP also, by creating the US steel corporation, allowed the US to compete economically with the rest of the world.
Enemies.
Morgan’s enemies attacked him for his loan terms on gold that was lent to the US government during the 1895 crisis, for the way he solved the panic of 1907, for hurting the Hartfort RR company by causing money problems, and turning the US steel corporation into a monopoly (by trying to take control of the making of bridges, ships, RR cars, rails, wire, nails, and other markets.).
Legacy (what he is known for).
JP Morgan was a great American, forever changing its economy. He was one of the richest men in the world (if he wanted to, he and all his partner companies could have bought all the land owned by all of the 22 US states west of the Mississippi River at that time (worth about $22.245 billion)). He did this through horizontal integration, buying many companies and taking them over, usually becoming monopolies. Horizontal integration is when a company tries to sell a type of product in many markets.
The JP Morgan Company still runs today under the name of JPMorgan Chase owned by stockholders. Today, it is one of the oldest banks in the world and a leading bank in the world.

Albert Hofmann
Albert Hofmann (born January 11 1906 in Baden, Switzerland - died April 29 2008 in Burg im Leimental, Switzerland) was a Swiss scientist best known for having invented Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). Hofmann wrote more than 100 scientific articles and a number of books, including "LSD: My Problem Child" (1979).
Life.
Hofmann studied chemistry at the University of Zürich. His main interest was the chemistry of plants and animals, and he studied about the chemical structure of the common animal substance chitin. Hofmann worked at the pharmaceutical-chemical department of Sandoz Laboratories in Basel.
Five years after its first synthesis, he discovered by accident the psychedelic effects of LSD, after absorbing some through his fingertips on April 16 1943. Three days later, he deliberately consumed 250 micrograms of LSD, and experienced far more intense effects. This was followed by a series of self-experiments. He first wrote about these experiments on April 22 of the same year.
He became director of the natural products department at Sandoz and went on studying hallucinogenic substances found in Mexican mushrooms and other plants used by the aboriginal people. This led to the synthesis of psilocybin, the active agent of many magic mushrooms.
Hofmann called LSD "medicine for the soul".
He suffered a heart attack in his home on April 29, 2008, and died at the age of 102.

361 Bononia
361 Bononia is a very big Main belt asteroid. It is classified as a D-type asteroid and is probably made of organic rich silicates, carbon and anhydrous silicates.
It was found by Auguste Charlois on March 11, 1893 in Nice.

362 Havnia
362 Havnia is a common Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Auguste Charlois on March 12, 1893 in Nice.

363 Padua
363 Padua is probably a common Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Auguste Charlois on March 17, 1893 in Nice.

364 Isara
364 Isara is an asteroid in the Flora family in the Main Belt. It was found by Auguste Charlois on March 19, 1893 in Nice.

365 Corduba
365 Corduba is a very big Main belt asteroid. It is classified as a C-type asteroid and is probably made of carbonaceous material.
It was found by Auguste Charlois on March 21, 1893 in Nice.

Mahasiddha
A mahasiddha (Sanskrit: "maha" - great, "siddha" - achiever) is type of yogi important in Tantra. They are found in both Hinduism and Tibetan Buddhism. They are connected with unusual ways of thinking and with the highest levels of spiritual enlightenment. They are very different from arhats, the saints who gave up the world to achieve Buddhahood.
The Mahasiddhas are actual people who lived in the past who had magical powers because of their spiritual practice. A mahasiddha is a bodhisattva, someone who can enter "nirvana" whenever they want, but instead choose to stay in "samsara" to help others.
In both Hindu and Tibetan Buddhist traditions there are 84 Mahasiddhas. The lists are not all the same, but there are many Mahasiddhas who appear on most lists. In Tibetan Buddhist art, they are often shown in paintings together, for example around the border of a "thanka".
Important Mahasiddhas.
In Buddhist pictures and statues, Milarepa is shown with his right hand cupped against his ear. He does this to better listen to the teachings "(dharma)".

Red Hat sect
The newer Gelug school is known as the "Yellow Hat Sect".

Peter Shotton
Peter ("Pete") Shotton was a longtime friend of John Lennon, who founded The Beatles. He later wrote a memoir, "John Lennon "In My Life", that was later retitled "The Beatles, Lennon and Me".
Early life.
Shotton and Lennon met as boys, in their hometown of Woolton, England. Woolton is a suburb of Liverpool. The two fought at first, but soon became best friends. They went to school together, and often got into trouble together. They formed a "gang", with other boys who lived nearby.
During their teenage years, rock and roll became popular in England, as it did in America. Folk music and skiffle were also popular. Young people all over England formed skiffle bands, and played folk and rock songs. Lennon got a guitar from his mother. He and Shotton formed a band, the Quarry Men, with classmates from their school (named Quarry Bank), and other friends.
Shotton's role in the band was to play percussion on a washboard, and to sing harmony. While Lennon had genuine musical talent, Shotton did not become a skilled musician, and did not enjoy playing music. After Paul McCartney joined the Quarry Men, he and Lennon began to work together on music. McCartney was very talented, and Shotton felt out of place in the band. He waited a long time, before he finally told Lennon.
Lennon "fired" Shotton from the Quarry Men after they played at a party. He took the washboard away and broke it over Shotton's head. All the same, they were still friends, and spent time together. When they finished high school, Lennon went on to art college, and Shotton trained to become a police officer. The Quarry Men changed from playing skiffle to playing rock and roll. They also changed names a few times, before calling themselves the Beatles.
The Beatles.
When Lennon became famous with the Beatles, he invited Shotton to visit at different times. He and George Harrison, another band member, bought a supermarket with part of their royalties, and made Shotton its manager. Shotton married and had a son. He spent most of the week with his family, but would visit Lennon's home on weekends. Lennon counted on Shotton to be a real friend, who was not only around because Lennon was famous or rich. Shotton and Lennon's wife Cynthia got along well, and Shotton sometimes took Cynthia out for the evening, when Lennon needed to work on music.
Shotton also helped now and then with the Beatles's music. He sometimes helped brainstorm or critique ideas for songs, or played tambourine or other percussion instruments on their recordings. Later, when the Beatles started their own company, Apple Corps, Shotton became its first managing director.
Apple Corps was not a successful company, and it caused problems between the Beatles, and with the people who worked with them. The problems were not Shotton's fault, but he felt as much pressure and stress as anyone. He resigned his job at Apple. Lennon tried Shotton out as a personal assistant, but this did not go well. Lennon's relationship with Yoko Ono also caused problems between Lennon and Shotton.
Shotton decided it was best to part ways with Lennon, while their friendship was still strong. He went back to running his supermarket, and he and Lennon lost touch. After Lennon and Yoko Ono moved to America, Shotton visited them in New York City, and they enjoyed seeing each other again.
Later life.
John Lennon was murdered late in 1980. When Shotton heard the news, he drove to George Harrison's home, Friar Park, and spent the day with Harrison. Later he wrote his memoir.
Shotton gave up his supermarket, and began a chain of restaurants, Fatty Arbuckle's, which became a success. He later sold this business, and retired to live in Ireland. When former members of Lennon's Quarry Men re-formed in the 1990s as a nostalgia act, Shotton performed with them. He later sang "Imagine" at a tribute to Lennon and the Beatles in Woolton.

Gustatory system
The gustatory system is the sensory system for the sense of taste.
Function.
The human body can be stimulated by certain things. This stimuli is measured by sensory receptors and the energy is converted to something our brain can understand. There are receptors in our tongue which can measure four main things.
Salt.
This is the simplest receptor found in the mouth.
Sour.
Sour tastes are usually received from acidic compounds.
Bitter.
Bitter tastes are important, since poisons are usually bitter and therefore we need to know whether or not to spit a bitter food out. This is the most complicated receptor found in the mouth.
Sweet.
Food which has a lot of carbohydrates such as glucose are sweet.

Olfactory system
The olfactory system is the sensory system used for olfaction or the sense of smell.
Function.
In mammals, the olfactory system gets smells through the nose. When the smell is breathed in through the nose, it stimulates sensory receptors. These can tell if the smell is new or old.
Damage.
Damage to the olfactory system can happen through brain injury, cancer or toxic gases. The damage is usually measured by doctors giving the patient something to smell and having the patient try to guess what it is.

Bricostore
Bricostore is a type of French hypermarket. They sell do-it-yourself (DIY) goods.

Pharaoh's Island
Pharaoh's Island is an island in the River Thames, England.
Location.
The island is above Shepperton Lock. It can only be reached by boats.
History.
The island belongs to Admiral Nelson after he had fought in a battle on the Nile and had used it as a place to fish.

Ky Ebright
Carroll M. Ebright (March 20, 1894 - November 1979), sometimes known as Ky Ebright was a coach for the University of California, Berkeley crew team. He is the only man to coach three Olympic gold medal winning eight oared boats. Ky Ebright died in Berkeley, California at the age of 85.

Robert Johnson (musician)
Robert Johnson, born Robert Leroy Johnson (May 8, 1911 – August 16, 1938) is one of the most famous Delta blues musicians.
Early life.
He was born in Hazlehurst, Mississippi. He was the 11th child of his mother Julia Major Dodds, and 10th child of his father Charles Dodds. When he was born, his father had left his mother. He was brought up by a field worker named Noah Johnson. That is why he chose "Johnson" for his family name.
Early career.
He began playing guitar when he was a child. In February 1929 he married Virginia Travis and became serious about playing the guitar. His wife died in childbirth at the age of 16 in April 1930. Johnson began traveling up and down the Delta. Around 1936, one of his friends who helped many of the blues players, helped him join them.
His death happened on August 16, 1938, at the age of twenty-seven.
Songs.
Eleven grammophone records were made by Robert Johnson with Vocalion during his lifetime, and a twelfth record was made once he had died.

Ishman Bracey
Ishman Bracey (January 9, 1901 - February 12, 1970), was a blues singer and guitarist from Mississippi.
Early Life.
Bracey was born in Byram, Mississippi. He started playing at local dances and parties in about 1917. He also worked as a waterboy on the Illinois Central Railroad. His first recorded song was in Memphis in 1928. He played as lead guitar with Charlie McCoy on rhythm guitar.
Songs performed.
In the 1920s, Bracey hadn't yet started playing delta blues and each of his songs were different. However, he was one of the only Mississippi blues musicians to sing with a nasal voice. He often sang about skin creams and powders which would lighten dark skin.
Later life.
When he recorded in 1930, his voice had become deeper. This meant that he couldn't sing high enough for some of his songs and the songs had to be changed. He recorded after in 1931 for Paramount Records with a group called "The New Orleans Nehi Boys", which had a guitarist called Charles Taylor.
Songs.
Bracey has recorded 16 songs in all, the original copies of his 78-rpm records are some of the most valuable things in blues collecting history. "Trouble Hearted Blues" and "Left Alone Blues" are his best known songs.

Bundesfinanzhof
The Bundesfinanzhof or "Federal Finance Court" is one of the federal supreme courts of Germany. It is the final court of appeals for cases about tax and customs law. It hears cases from the "Finanzgerichte" (Finance Courts).
The "Federal Finance Court" was first created in 1918. It has its headquarters in Munich, Bavaria.

Hot Club de Paris
Hot Club de Paris are a band which came from Liverpool, United Kingdom. They are signed to the London-based Moshi Moshi Records, a record company, and released their debut album "Drop It 'Til It Pops" in October 2006. The band are currently writing their second album and plan to record it in October 2007 for release in 2008.
History.
The band formed in early 2004 after band members Matthew and Paul met in 2003 working at Chester racecourse. It's other members were playing in different bands in the Liverpool music scene including street punkers Down and Outs and new wave popsters Victor FME.
They both loved American punk rock bands (Minutemen, Firehose, SST Records bands etc) and they became interested in math rock and experimental indie bands which influenced their music a lot. They signed to Moshi Moshi Records in 2005, and have since toured around the world to support the release of their debut record.
They have been shown on a number of music-based TV shows in the UK and their record played airplay on a number of radio stations including BBC Radio1, BBC 6 Music and XFM, whose DJ John Kennedy has championed the band. Kennedy claimed that their debut album is 'one of the best of 2006'.
They have toured with a number of bands including Jamie T, Maxïmo Park and The Who.
They played at the 2007 SXSW music festival in Austin, TX. and have toured in the UK, Italy, Belgium, Ireland, Spain, France, Sweden, Iceland, Germany, Switzerland, America, Holland and India.
They are currently recording their second album in Chicago with Brian Deck. Brian Deck has previously produced Iron and Wine and Modest Mouse.
Compilation contributions.
Hot Club De Paris have released several tracks on compilation albums, including "Can You Hear Me Clearly?", on Moshi Moshi records, and a rare CDR release "Munkyfest v7.0", released by the organisers of the "Munkyfest" festival.

Willie Brown (musician)
Willie Brown (August 6, 1900 - December 30, 1952) was an American guitarist and singer. He played with Charley Patton, Son House, and Robert Johnson
Birth.
Brown was born in Clarksdale, Mississippi.
Music.
He was known to be shy and only wanting to accompany other musicians rather than play lead guitar. Robert Johnson called him "my friend boy Willie Brown".
Brown is heard playing on the Paramount label sessions of 1930. He played "M & O Blues" and "Future Blues". He also played songs with Son House and Charlie Patton. There are also rumours that he played with Luke Thomson and Thomas "Clubfoot" Coles. At least four other songs he recorded for Paramount have never been found.
Brown also played a song during the Great Depression for the Library of Congress called "Make Me a Pallet on the Floor".
Possible songs.
A song called "Rowdy blues" was thought to have Brown playing on rhythm guitar since he played another song ("Future Blues") on the same album ("Son House & The Great Delta Blues Singers").
Death.
He died in Tunica, Mississippi at the age of 52.

Sid Wilson
Sidney George "Sid" Wilson is an American musician and member of Slipknot. In Slipknot he is known as #0. He is known as the craziest member of Slipknot because he fights with other members. He also performs as DJ Starscream.
His injuries include breaking both of his ankles. He likes the TV show Transformers and takes his DJ name "Starscream" from one of it's characters. He also has tatoos of the characters. In Slipknot he wears a metallic style mask with lighting up eyes and moving eyebrows, mouth and antennas.

Mahamudra
Mahamudra (Sanskrit: "great seal") is an advanced form of meditation in Buddhism. It is practiced by the Kagyu, Gelug and Sakya schools of Tibetan Buddhism.
The Bön and Nyingma schools practice a different advanced form of meditation called Dzogchen.

Discount store
A discount store is a type of department store, which sell products at prices lower than those asked by traditional retail outlets. Most discount department stores offer wide assortments of goods; others specialize in such merchandise as jewelry, electronic equipment, or electrical appliances. Discount department stores are more popular in the United States than other countries.

Second Temple
The Second Temple (Hebrew: בית המקדש meaning 'Holy House') was the reconstructed Temple in Jerusalem which stood between 516 BCE and 70 CE. During this time, it was the center of Jewish worship. The Romans destroyed Jerusalem and its Second Temple on August 4th of 70 CE.

Temple in Jerusalem
The Temple in Jerusalem or Holy Temple (Hebrew: בית המקדש, transliterated "Bet HaMikdash" what means literally "The Holy House") lied on the Temple Mount (Har HaBayit) in the old city of Jerusalem. According to classical Jewish belief, it was the "footstool" of God's presence in the physical world.
The First Temple was built by king Solomon in seven years during the 10th century BCE and has been dated astronomically to 957 BCE. It was the center of ancient Judaism. This first Temple was destroyed by the Babylonians in 586 BCE. A new temple was build from 535 BCE to 516 BCE. That was destroyed by the Romans in 70 CE. All of the outer walls still stand, although the Temple itself has long since been destroyed.
The Islamic Dome of the Rock, has stood on the site of the Temple since the late 7th Century CE, and the al-Aqsa Mosque, from roughly the same period, also stands on the Temple courtyard.

Mean Girls
Mean Girls is a 2004 movie starring Lindsay Lohan. It was filmed in the United States.
Plot.
It's about a girl, Cady Heron, who used to home schooled in Africa but moves to the United States and has to go to a normal high school. On her first day at school, she hates it. She thinks it is a bit weird because she cannot go to the toilet when she wants, cannot write in green ink and has to stay in the same seat everytime she goes into a lesson. On the second day it becomes more successful as she makes new friends, Janice and Damian. When they skip a lesson, Janice and Damian give her a map of the school eating area. It is arranged into different sorts of people and their personalities. At lunch time Cady is on her way to sit with her new friends but is interrupted, then Regina, Gretchen and Karen ("The Plastics") ask her to sit with them and so she sits with them.
Soon, Cady joins the Plastics, and Janice devises a plan to shatter them. Cady convinces Regina to eat these bars that will make her gain weight instad of lose weight.
However, Cady gets too much into the Plastics, and throws a party at her parents' house without their permission. She tries to hook up with Regina's boyfriend, but he doesn't like her because she's just like a Plastic now. Janice tells Cady that she's just one of the Plastics now. Low grades in calculus class force Cady to rethink her plans. She joins the decathalon team.
Sequel.
A second film is currently being planned and developed by Paramount Pictures.

French Open
The French Open is one of the four Grand Slam tennis tournaments. It is played in Paris, France. The first competition was held in 1891.
The French Open is famous for being the only Grand Slam played on a clay court. On a clay court the ball bounces much slower and higher than on hard or grass courts. This makes it more difficult to win the point and rallies (the number of shots in a point) usually last longer. Players that excel on clay courts are called "Clay-court specialists".
The tournament is played in the summer, for two weeks in length. It starts near the end of May and finshes during the first few days of June.
Sometimes, the French Open is called the Roland Garros tournament. Roland Garros was a well-known aviator from World War I who had the main tennis court named after him.
The winners in 2007 were Rafael Nadal and Justine Henin.

Sam Chatmon
Sam Chatmon (January 10 1897 - February 2 1983), was a guitarist and singer.
Life and career.
Chatmon was born in Bolton, Mississippi.
Early life.
Chatmon had a very musical family, all of them lived in Mississippi. Two of Sam's brothers, fiddler Lonnie Chatmon and guitarist Bo Carter, performed with guitarist Walter Vinson as the Mississippi Sheiks. Chatmon himself was a member of the family's string band when he was young. He performed all the time for white audiences in the 1900s.
Instruments played.
Chatmon played the banjo, mandolin, harmonica and the guitar. He played at parties and on street corners in Mississippi for money and tips. In the 1930s he recorded songs with his brothers.
Later life.
Chatmon moved to Hollandale, Mississippi in the early 1940s and worked on plantations in Hollandale. He started playing again in 1960, playing mostly blues music. In the same year, he recorded songs for Arhoolie Records. He went on tours in the 1960s and 1970s and played for many festivals such as the Festival of American Folklife in Washington, D.C. in 1972, the Mariposa Fest in Toronto in 1974, and the New Orleans Jazz and Heritage Festival in 1976.

Medicine wheel
A medicine wheel is a stone structure built by the natives of North America for spiritual and ritual purposes.
They appear mostly in Alberta, Canada. They were built by laying out stones in a circular pattern. They often look like a wagon wheel laying flat. They could be large, reaching up to 75 feet across.
Medicine wheels are still used today in the Native American traditions. However, the meaning is usually not shared outside the tribe.

Stone structure
Stone structures, or "megaliths", have been built by men for thousands of years. Many of these structures were built around the same time (the 3rd millennium BC).

Megalith
A megalith is a large stone used to build a structure or monument, either alone or together with other stones. "Megalithic" means structures made of such large stones, put together without the use of mortar or cement.
The word "megalith" comes from the Ancient Greek ' "megas" meaning "great", and ' "lithos" meaning "stone". It has been used to describe stone structures built by people from many parts of the world living in many different times. Many megaliths were used to figure out the dates of the solstices and equinoxes.
These structures were built mainly in the Neolithic period. They continued to be built into the Bronze Age. Some were built even earlier in the Mesolithic period.

Moshi Moshi Records
Moshi Moshi Records is a small London-based independent record label that has released music by the bands such as The Rakes, Bloc Party, Hot Chip, Hot Club De Paris, Kate Nash, Junkboy, Architecture in Helsinki, Tilly and the Wall, Yeti, and its newest release is from a group called Au Revoir Simone. Mates Of State is the Moshi Moshi's 50th release.
It is named after the Japanese telephone greeting "Moshi moshi."

Joey Jordison
Nathan Jonas "Joey" Jordison (b. April 26, 1975) is an American musician. He is the drummer for the band Slipknot. In Slipknot, he is known as #1. He is also the guitarist for Murderdolls.

Richard Cromwell
Richard Cromwell (4 October 1626 – 12 July 1712) was the third son of Oliver Cromwell, and the second Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland, for little over eight months, from 3 September 1658 until 25 May 1659. Richard Cromwell's enemies called him "Tumbledown Dick" and "Queen Dick".
Richard Cromwell was not suited to ruling the country. He followed his father as ruler only because he was Oliver's oldest surviving son, and people expected one of Oliver's sons to follow him. After a short time, he gave up power and he knew that many of the people wanted King Charles II to return from Holland and rule the country. When it was agreed that Charles would return, Richard thought it would be best for him to leave Britain, and he went to live in France for a while. He changed his name to "John Clarke" and travelled around Europe, not returning home for twenty years. When he came back, he lived quietly outside London for the rest of his life.
Stories about Richard.
There are rumours that the nursery rhyme "Hickory Dickory Dock" is actually about Richard Cromwell's reign, since the mouse in the rhyme runs down when the clock strikes one and Cromwell only reigned for one year.

Non-renewable resources
A non-renewable resource is a natural resource is used up faster than it can be made by nature.
Fossil fuels (such as coal, petroleum and natural gas) and nuclear power are non-renewable resources.

Cipriano de Rore
Cipriano de Rore (born in Ronse, Flanders, 1515 or 1516; died Parma, September 1565) was a composer who lived in the Renaissance period. He was Flemish, but spent all his adult life in Italy. The name de Rore is a proper Flemish name, not a name that has been changed to look Italian. He was one of the most important composer of madrigals in the 16th century.
Life.
There is very little known about Rore's early life. He was born in a small town called Ronse (Renaix) in what is now Belgium. It is possible that he had music lessons in Antwerp. We think that he was taken to Italy by Margaret of Parma in 1533 as one of her servants. Margaret, who was an illegitimate daughter of Charles V, was very wealthy and she married into the Medici family. Rore probably continued to learn about music in Italy.
In his music publications de Rore is called a “disciple” of Adrian Willaert. We do not know whether this means that he had lessons from Willaert, or just that he learned to compose by studying Willaert’s music. His first book of madrigals was published in 1542, and then two books of motets were published.
In 1546 Rore went to Ferrara, where he was "maestro di cappella" (choirmaster) He wrote a great deal of music in Ferrara. He worked for the Duke Ercole II d'Este. He composed masses, motets, chansons, and lots of madrigals, some of which were about things that happened in the court at Ferrara. The duke awarded him an important honour. Rore also wrote music for Albrecht V of Bavaria who lived in Munich.
He left his job in Ferrara and went back to Flanders where he found his home town Ronse had been destroyed in a war. He went back to Ferrara, but could not get his old job back. After another visit to Flanders he returned to Italy and got a job in Parma, but the music in that town was not very good. For a short time he had a very important job of
"maestro di cappella" at St. Mark's. Adrian Willaert had just died. However, Rore only kept this job for a year, returning to Parma in 1564 and dying there the next year.
Works and influence.
Rore is best known for his Italian madrigals, but he also wrote a lot of church music, including masses and motets. He learned from studying the music of Josquin. His madrigals are based on the style of Willaert. He enjoyed writing thick counterpoint and making the voices imitate one another a lot. Most of the words he set were serious words, not lighthearted and amusing. He often used chromaticism. He developed his musical style a lot during his lifetime. His music was very important in the development of the Italian madrigal, and it led the way to the madrigals of Monteverdi.

Flemish (linguistics)
Flemish means belonging to Flanders, the north part of the country of Belgium. The Flemish language (called "Vlaams" in Flemish) is really the same as Dutch. However, several dialects of Dutch are spoken in Flanders and these are often called "Flemish".

1965 Yerevan Demonstrations
The 1965 Yerevan Demonstrations were a 24 hour mass protest in Yerevan, Armenian SSR on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the Armenian genocide. It is said that this event constitutes the first step in the struggle for the recognition of the 1915 genocide.
On April 24, 1965, for the first time for any such demonstration in the entire Soviet Union, one million protesters held a 24-hour demonstration in front of the Opera House, and demanded that the Soviet Union government officially recognize the Armenian Genocide committed by the Young Turks in the Ottoman Empire, and build a memorial in Armenia's capital city of Yerevan to perpetuate the memory of the victims of the Armenian Genocide.
Many committed intellectuals, such as Silva Kaputikyan, had made impassioned pleas to the authorities in Moscow. The memorial, on Tsitsernakaberd hill, was completed in 1967.
Following the example of this high profile demonstration, similar protests were made throughout the world, in whichever country the Armenian Diaspora exists. Since the day of the protests, Armenians to this day visit the memorial and make protests around the world to gain acceptance of the Armenian Genocide by Turkey.

366 Vincentina
366 Vincentina is a fairly big main belt asteroid.
Vincentina was found on March 21, 1893 by Auguste Charlois, and named after Vincenzo Cerulli, an Italian astronomer.

Armenian Revolutionary Army
The Armenian Revolutionary Army (ARA) was a paramilitary organization. Its last attack occurred in 1985.
The Lisbon Five.
5 Armenian gunmen (known as "Lisbon Five") attacked the Turkish embassy in Lisbon in 27 July, 1983. The first Armenian was killed by security guards at the start of the attack. The wife and the son of Osman Ozturk, the Turkish charge d'affaires, and a Portuguese policeman also died in the assault, 4 people were injured. Portugal's Interior Minister Eduardo Perella said the governemnt received intelligence information "that Armenian groups might attack Wednesday and beefed up security at diplomatic missions".
The Armenian Revolutionary Army claimed responsibility for attack.
In a message dropped in the mailbox of The Associated Press office in Lisbon, the group said: "We have decided to blow up this building and remain under the collapse. This is not suicide... but rather our sacrifice to the altar of freedom". The group said the attack had been carried out because "Turkey and its allies refused to acknowledge the genocide of Armenians".

367 Amicitia
367 Amicitia is a common Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Auguste Charlois on May 19, 1893 in Nice.
Amicitia is also Latin for Friendship.

368 Haidea
368 Haidea is a big Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Auguste Charlois on May 19, 1893 in Nice.

Thin film transistor liquid crystal display
A thin film transistor liquid crystal display (TFT-LCD)is a technology which is used in LCD monitor and television displays. TFT technology can be used to give one of the clearest pictures of any flat screen display and it uses much less electricity than older screens. TFT displays are very fragile because they are made as thin and light as possible but this means they need far less space than the older CRT displays.
TFT displays are also known as flatscreen, flat-panel, and liquid crystal display (LCD) but these types are not always TFTs.
TFT displays are made with a special chemical technology called chemical vapor deposition. With this special technology very thin glass can be coated with electrically conductive metal and still be transparent. Chemical vapor deposition makes the thinnest computer and television display screens possible.
Widescreen Displays (16:9) are becoming the most popular form of television and monitor displays. Standard format (4:3) was the most popular for a long time.
Resolution.
The number of pixels in a display screen is called the resolution.
The word resolution means the solution of a problem. Better resolution on a display screen describes how detailed a picture can be displayed. Each pixel is another detail on the screen. This is normally decribed as two numbers, (width) x (height).
Rendering.
Most display screens have hundreds of thousands of pixels. Each pixel has to be set to the right colour (most display screens are capable of 16 million colours in each pixel). To make a clear picture, the screen might need to make millions of calculations. Any group of pixels that change to the same colour can be changed with one calculation, making the calculations much smaller. For example, if the picture to display was just a white screen, the screens processor would only calculate the colour once and use the same calculation for the whole screen. Changing one pixel at a time would take many more calculations. If the same picture was shown many times on the screen, the processor would calculate the picture once and then repeat it in whatever position and in different sizes, if needed. The processor can make very complicated calculations, but in the end it does less work. This is called rendering technology. Rendering technology in the most modern displays is like making a mosaic.
A display with a resolution of 1600 x 1200 pixels has four times the number of pixels in an 800 x 600 resolution. Without rendering technology the 1600 x 1200 display would do four times as much work as an 800 x 600 display so rendering technology is very useful to make a bigger display with some of the same parts used to make a smaller display.
Response Time.
The response time is the length of time it takes between the processor receiving a signal from the computer or the televison station and displaying something on the screen. Today's displays have a very low response time (very fast). It is hard to see response times but they can affect a clear picture. A low response time is best for clear pictures when playing games and watching movies on the screen. For office work and internet browsing a fast response time is less important.
TFT response time is measured as the average time it takes to change the pixels from one shade of grey to another shade of grey.
Changing a pixel between colours takes more time than changing from black to white on a display screen. TFT is very fast for changing between colours which is more important for movies and games.
TN panels.
TN is an abbreviation for Twisted Nematic. This is a new kind of TFT technology. They offer higher resolutions (more pixels). TN panels have a lower response time (they react faster).

369 Aëria
369 Aëria is a big Main belt asteroid. It is classified as an M-type asteroid.
It was found by A. Borrelly on July 4, 1893 in Marseilles.

370 Modestia
370 Modestia is probably a common Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Auguste Charlois on July 14, 1893 in Nice.

371 Bohemia
371 Bohemia is a big Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Auguste Charlois on July 16, 1893 in Nice.

372 Palma
372 Palma is one of the biggest Main belt asteroids.
It was found by Auguste Charlois on August 19, 1893 in Nice.

373 Melusina
373 Melusina is a big Main belt asteroid. It is classified as a C-type asteroid and is probably made of carbonaceous material.
It was found by Auguste Charlois on September 15, 1893 in Nice.

374 Burgundia
374 Burgundia is a common Main belt asteroid. It is classified as an S-type asteroid.
It was found by Auguste Charlois on September 18, 1893 in Nice.
Burgundia was long thought to be a member of the now non-existent Ceres asteroid family, but was found to be an unrelated asteroid on the basis of being made up differently (A Cellino et al "Spectroscopic Properties of Asteroid Families", in "Asteroids III", University of Arizona Press p. 633-643 (2002)).

375 Ursula
375 Ursula is a very big Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Auguste Charlois on September 18, 1893 in Nice.

376 Geometria
376 Geometria is a common Main belt asteroid. It is classified as an S-type asteroid.
It was found by Auguste Charlois on September 18, 1893 in Nice.

377 Campania
377 Campania is a big Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Auguste Charlois on September 20, 1893 in Nice.

378 Holmia
378 Holmia is a common Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Auguste Charlois on December 6, 1893 in Nice.

Jenkem
Jenkem is an alleged drug that was supposedly invented in poor parts of Africa.
Appearence.
When it is ready to be used, it is a gas. It is created from feces left in a container to ferment for a long time
Effects.
When breathed in, Jenkem makes the person see crazy things. It is like a crazy dream, the person imagines things happening that are not really happening. The person may also hear sounds that are not relly there. This is called a hallucination. Jenkem is also used to make a person happy. Because it is made out of fermented waste (or old poop), it is also very stinky.
Dangers of using Jenkem.
Because Jenkem is human waste and is inhaled (huffing), the person can get a nasty infection because of the dirt and germs in the waste. It also leaves a nasty taste of poop in the mouth for days.

U.S. Open (tennis)
The tournament was first played in 1881 for men, and 1887 for women. In 2006, the U.S. Open became the first Grand Slam to use Hawk-Eye. Hawk-Eye is a machine that can give a virtual replay of the shot that has just been played - this is useful for seeing if the ball was in or out. When a player does not agree with the umpire, they can ask to use Hawk-Eye. As of 2007, the other three Grand Slams use this machine too.
The U.S. Open is the final Grand Slam of the year and is traditionally played over two weeks, from the end of August to the beginning of September.

Mobile device
Mobile device is an electric device which you can easily move. Mobile devices do not need electricity connection to work. Usually, it has special part to hold electricity to work without electric wire. A person using it, can change, send and take the data with connection by modem or cable. Mostly those devices are used to check e-mails, send e-mails, surfing in the internet or listening to music. More complicated mobile devices can plan days, run 3D computer games, and have almost all functions of desktop PC.

Tor (software)
The Onion Router or Tor is a software that keeps users anonymous on the Internet. It works by routing data through multiple Tor servers. The role of each server is to only route that data to another server. As a result, information transmitted in this way is difficult to trace.

Damage deposit
A damage deposit or deposit is a sum of money that is paid when one rents an item. It is paid to ensure the owner that it is returned in good condition. It is very common with rented accommodation. Tere it may also be called a tenancy deposit or in some places a tenancy bond.
The owner of the item (the landlord in the case of accommodation) will take a sum of money from the person(s) renting the item (the tenant). If the item is returned in good condition at the end of the tenancy the owner should return the deposit. If the item is returned with damage the cost of repairing that damage may be charged against the deposit, and part (or none) of the deposit will be returned.

379 Huenna
379 Huenna is a rather big Main belt asteroid. It is classified as a C-type asteroid and is probably made of carbonaceous material.
It was found by Auguste Charlois on January 8, 1894 in Nice. It is named after the Swedish island of Hven, the site of two observatories.
A moon, 7 km across and designated S/2003 (379) 1, was found on August 14, 2003 by Jean-Luc Margot using the Keck II adaptive optics telescope at Mauna Kea. The moon orbits 3400±11 km away in 80.8±0.36 d with an eccentricity of 0.334±0.075.

380 Fiducia
380 Fiducia is a big Main belt asteroid. It is classified as a C-type asteroid and is probably made of carbonaceous material.
It was found by Auguste Charlois on January 8, 1894 in Nice.

381 Myrrha
381 Myrrha is a very big Main belt asteroid. It is classified as a C-type asteroid and is probably made of carbon and oxygen.
It was found by Auguste Charlois on January 10, 1894 in Nice.
The occultation of Alhena (γ Geminorum) by Myrrha was seen in Japan and China on January 13, 1991, and the size and shape of Myrrha were clarified.

382 Dodona
382 Dodona is a big Main belt asteroid. It is classified as a M-type asteroid. It was found by Auguste Charlois on January 29, 1894 in Nice.

Lodging
Lodging or holiday accommodation is a type of accommodation. People who travel and stay away from home for more than a day need lodging mainly for sleeping. Other purposes are safety, shelter from cold and rain, and to have a place to store luggage and being able to take a shower.
They do that in a hotel, hostel or hostal, a private home (commercially, i.e. a bed and breakfast or guest house place, in a tent, caravan/camper (often on a campsite). In addition there are make-shift solutions.
Lodging may also refer to when cereal crops fall over, often due to wind or rain pressure, making grain harvest difficult.

Republic of Venice
The Most Serene Republic of Venice (, Venetian: "Republica de Venesia"), was an Italian state in a place of current Venice. It existed for one thousand one hundred years, from the late 7th century until the late 18th century (1797).

Mindroling Monastery
Mindroling Monastery is one of the six major monasteries of the Nyingma school in Tibet. It was founded by Rigzin Terdak Lingpa in 1676. Tendrak Lingpa's lineage is known as the "Nyo" lineage. "Mindroling" in Tibetan means "Place of Perfect Freedom". It is near Lhasa on the south side of the Tsangpo river.
Mindroling was damaged in 1718 by the Dzungar Mongols from East Turkistan.
It was built again during the life of the Seventh Dalai Lama, Kelzang Gyatso (1708-1757).
Mindroling Monastery has a university. Nyingma scholars and yogis from all over Tibet studied there. The students studied Buddhist scriptures, astronomy, Tibetan lunar calendar, calligraphy, rhetoric, and Traditional Tibetan medicine. Monks studied thirteen major "sutra" and "tantra" texts of the Nyingma. They also learned from found teachings called "terma". The head of the school was very important in Tibet.
At the time of the 1959 revolt against Chinese Communist rule in Central Tibet, there were around 300 monks at Mindroling. In the years after 1959, the monastery again was damaged, but not as badly as other monasteries such as Ganden. Now, the monastery is still being rebuilt.
In 1965, His Eminence Khochhen Rinpoche and a small group of monks started a new Mindroling monastery located near the hill town of Dehra Dun in Uttarakhand state, India. It now contains Ngagyur Nyingma College, one of the largest Buddhist institutes in India.

Royal Mail
Royal Mail is the postal service of the United Kingdom.

Body dysmorphic disorder
Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is a mental problem where people think they look different to how they really look. People are usually said to have BDD if they are extremely critical of their body, even though there may be nothing noticeably wrong with it. If there is something wrong with their body, it is usually so small that a person without BDD would not be unhappy about it at all.
Most people without BDD may not like some parts of their body, but people with BDD, believe that they are so ugly, even though they are not, that they find it difficult to talk or exist with other people, or live normally, scared that other people will be mean to them because of the way they look. People with BDD often do not look for help because they are afraid others will think they are just vain, or they may feel too embarrassed to talk to other people as they think they are so ugly.
BDD has obsessive and compulsive parts, so it is an Obsessive-compulsive disorder. People with BDD may look at themselves in the mirror too much, or some people with BDD may actually try not to look in the mirror. Both of these are possible for a person with BDD. They usually think about their body for more than one hour per day, and in bad cases, can stop talking to other people, and may stay at home. People with BDD often have very low self-confidence, because they believe that a person's value is linked to what they look like, and because they do not think that they are beautiful themselves, they do not think they have much value.
History.
Sigmund Freud had an important Russian person (Sergei Pankejeff) with him in the past, who would have been classified as having the disorder in modern times. Freud named him "The Wolf Man", to protect Pankejeff's identity. Pankejeff was so unhappy with his nose that he could not live a normal life.
Cause.
"The chemicals in the brain." If the amount of serotonin is too low, one of the brain's neurotransmitters which gives us 'mood' and 'pain', may help cause body dysmorphic disorder. Scientists can not explain this chemical problem in the brain, but it may be hereditary (passed down from parents to child).
"Obsessive-compulsive disorder." People with BDD also have OCD, where the person does things without wanting to. If people have had, or have a genetic link to OCD, the person may be more likely to have BDD.
"Generalized anxiety disorder." People with BDD may also have generalized anxiety disorder. This disorder is where the person worries about things a lot, which makes them have anxiety about things in their life, for example, about their body, as in BDD.
Development.
BDD usually develops in adolescence, a time when people usually worry about their appearance the most. However, many people with BDD suffer for years before they look for help. When they do look for help to Doctors, people with the problem often say they have other problems, for example, depression, social anxiety, or obsessive-compulsive disorder, but do not say their real problem is with the way they look. Most patients can not be convinced that the problem they have with their body is only 'imagined', and that they are seeing a 'changed' view of their, because people do not know much about BDD, compared to other mental problems, for example OCD or others.
Where on the body the 'imagined' problem can be.
Dr. Katharine Philips did research, with more than 500 people with BDD, on the percentage of patients unhappy with the most common parts of the body;
source: "The Broken Mirror", Katharine A Philips, Oxford University Press, 2005 ed, p56
However, people with BDD often are unhappy about more than one part of their body.
Numbers of people.
A German study has shown that 1-2% of the population has complete BDD, but a bigger percentage of people show some of the effects ("Psychological Medicine", vol 36, p 877).
The number of men and women with BDD is around the same, but there are slightly more women with it. However, the number of men and women who go to the doctor with it are the same.
Studies show that BDD is common non-clinical places and clinical places. Research was done on 200 people with DSM-IV BDD. These people were aged 12 and older. They were interviewed. The people with BDD were found from 'mental-health doctors', advertisements, their friends and family, and non-psychiatrist physicians. 53 of the 200 people were receiving medication, 33 were receiving psychotherapy, and 48 were receiving both medication and psychotherapy. How bad each person's BDD was, was assessed using the "Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale", modified for BDD. Symptoms were assessed with the Body Dysmorphic Disorder Examination. Both tests were made just for BDD. The results showed that BDD is in 0.7% - 1.1% of community samples and 2%-13% of non-clinical samples. 13% of psychiatric patients had BDD. Research also found that some of the patients who were firstly diagnosed with OCD, also had BDD. 53 patients with OCD and 53 patients with BDD were compared to each other in research. Clinical features, comorbidity, family history, and population features were compared between the two groups. 9 of the 62 subjects (14.5%) of those with OCD also had BDD.
In most examples, BDD is not found even when people have it. In research done on 17 patients with BDD, BDD was 'found' in only five patients, and none of the patients had a proper diagnosis of BDD even though they all in fact had BDD.
Problems caused by BDD.
BDD can cause only a few problems for some people. However, for other people, it can cause many problems.
Responsibilities.
It can make it very difficult to have a normal job or family life. People who have a job or a family to care for would definitely find life easier and better if they did not have BDD. The love partners of BDD people can also suffer, as they may sometimes lose their loved one to suicide. Friendship, romance, and family is very hard to hold for a person with BDD, as the unhappiness with the looks of the person takes over their life, so they often do not bother with the other aspects of life as much. Also, the BDD stops the person from making these 'bonds' with people, as they always feel scared about the way they look, and therefore find it difficult to be themself with other people.
Motivation.
People with BDD may often have little motivation for anything. This means that BDD people can appear to take a long time to get everything done. However, this is not exactly true, because BDD sufferers will often just stop what they were doing for a long time, so it is not just that they are slow, but find it difficult to concentrate on what they are doing. without being able to actually motivate themselves until it becomes completely necessary to get back up. This low amount of motivation can be in all parts of a person's life, for example, school, friends, love, family, or work.
However, when the person is trying to do things to the way they look, such as combing their hair, or choosing clothes, it is common for the person to have an extreme motivation. Therefore, people with BDD can sometimes not feel motivated for anything in their life, but when they are working on their looks, they will have an extreme motivation that is not normal either.
Suicide.
People with BDD have a very high suicide rate compared to all mental problems.
Phillips & Menard did a lot of research in 2006 about BDD suicides.
Some people say that there is a link between undiagnosed BDD and a higher than average suicide rate with people who had cosmetic surgery.
A similar mental problem, Gender identity disorder (GID), where the person doesn not like his, her, or its gender as a male or female etc, often has BDD-like feelings that are only at sexual features on their body, which disagree with the person's gender in their head. The fact that people with GID also have BDD features, means that people with GID have an estimated suicide attempt rate of 20%. The suicide attempt rate for patients with only BDD is 15%.
Vanity.
BDD is often wrongly thought of as a 'vanity' obsession, but it is actually the opposite, because people with BDD believe they are very ugly, even though people without BDD do not think they are. There is not usually actually anything wrong with the way the person with BDD looks, but to that person, there is. A person with BDD can spend hours looking in the mirror, but they are not being vain, as they do not think they are attractive. People with BDD usually realise that worrying about their looks so much is bad, but they can not help it.
Treatments.
Research found that talking as therapy, has not worked to stop BDD. However, Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) has been found to be more effective. In a study of 54 patients with BDD, some of them had Cognitive Behavior Therapy, and some had no treatment. BDD symptoms decreased a lot in those patients undergoing CBT. BDD was eliminated in 82% of cases at post treatment and 77% at follow-up. (8) Due to low levels of serotonin in the brain, another commonly used treatment is SSRI drugs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor). 74 subjects were enrolled in a placebo controlled study group to evaluate the efficiency of fluoxetine hydrochloride, a SSRI drug. Patients were randomized to receive 12-weeks of double-blind treatment with fluoxetine or the placebo. At the end of 12 weeks, 53% of patients responded to the fluoxetine.
Body Dysmorphic Disorder is a chronic disease that has symptoms that never subside. Instead, they get worse as time goes on. Without treatment, BDD could last a lifetime. In many cases, as illustrated in The Broken Mirror by Katharine Phillips, the social lives of many patients disintegrates because they are so preoccupied with their appearance.

Bed and breakfast
Bed & breakfast means a stay in a private home when travelling abroad.

James Cotton
James "Jimmy" Cotton (born July 1, 1935 in Tunica, Mississippi), is an American blues harmonica player, singer, and songwriter. He was an orphan.
Career.
Cotton first became interested in playing music when he heard Sonny Boy Williamson on the radio. He left his home to find Sonny Boy Williamson, and when he found him (in West Helena, Arkansas), Williamson took him in and raised him.
First band.
Cotton first began playing the blues harp in Williamson's band, called Howlin Wolf's. After one gig, Sonny Boy quit the band to live with his wife in Milwaukee. He left the band in Cotton's hands. Cotton said, "He just gave it to me. But I couldn't hold it together 'cause I was too young and crazy in those days an' everybody in the band was grown men, so much older than me."
Later career.
Cotton started working with the Muddy Waters Band in 1955. He performed songs like "I Got My Mojo Working" and "She's Nineteen Years Old". After leaving Muddy's band in 1966, Cotton toured with Janis Joplin. Alone, Cotton wrote classic songs like "Cotton Crop Blues", "Rocket 88" and "Hold Me In Your Arms". He formed the James Cotton Blues Band in 1967. They performed all of Cotton's classics and more.
Awards.
Cotton played harmonica on Muddy Water's Grammy Award winning 1977 album "Hard Again". James Cotton's band would also get nominated for two Grammy Awards. The first one was for his 1984 release, "Live From Chicago: Mr. Superharp Himself!". His second for "Take Me Back".

Accommodation (eye)
Accommodation is the process by which the eye increases optical power (the degree to which the lens converges or diverges light). This is necessary to produce a clear image (focus) on an object when it draws near the eye. The young human eye can change focus from distance to 7 cm from the eye in 350 milliseconds.

Focus (optics)
In geometrical optics, a focus (also called an image point) is the point where light rays that come from a point on the object converge (come together).
In reality the focus is never a point but a small spot called the "blur circle".
An image, or image point or region, is "in focus" if light from object points is converged almost as much as possible in the image, and "out of focus" if light is not well converged.

List of municipalities in Switzerland
The following is a list of the municipalities in Switzerland.

Vich, Switzerland
Vich is a municipality in Nyon in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.
Economy.
The Plainisphare record label is in Vich.
History.
Vich once had a paleolithic village (which are about 2.5 million years old) on it. There are also clues that it was lived on during the bronze age. There is also a Roman paved road running through it from Nyon to Orbe.
Control.
Vich was controlled by many people. It belonged to the lords of Besançon to Cossonay, Prangins and Savoy.
In 1536 the canton of Vaud was taken by the Bernese who kept it until 1798 when the canton was freed by the French revolutionary troops. In 1803, Vich joined the Swiss Confederation.

Ludiano
Ludiano is a municipality of the district Blenio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Lugaggia
Lugaggia is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Lugano
Lugano (Latin language: "Luganum") is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland

Lumino
Lumino is a municipality of the district Bellinzona in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Egyptian pyramids
The Pyramids of Egypt are among the largest structures ever built and are one of the most important examples of Ancient Egyptian civilization. Most were built during the Old and Middle Kingdom periods.
Construction dates.
The following table lays out the chronology of the construction of most of the major pyramids. Each pyramid is identified through the pharaoh who ordered it built, their approximate reign and its location.

Andy Murray
Andy Murray (born 15 May 1987 in Glasgow), is a Scottish tennis professional. He is currently ranked #4 in the world.

Old Kingdom of Egypt
The Old Kingdom is the name for Egypt during the 3rd millennium BC when the civilization of Egypt had its first peak. It was the first of three so-called "Kingdom" periods, which mark the high points of civilization in the lower Nile Valley (the others being Middle Kingdom and the New Kingdom).
Old Kingdom was the best by the Third Dynasty through to the Sixth Dynasty (2686 BC – 2134 BC). Many Egyptologists also include the Memphite Seventh and Eighth Dynasties in the Old Kingdom as a continuation of the administration centralized at Memphis. The Old Kingdom was followed by a period of disunity and relative cultural decline that is called the First Intermediate Period by Egyptologists.
The royal capital of Egypt during the Old Kingdom was at Memphis. The Old Kingdom is perhaps best known, however, for the large number of pyramids, which were build at this time as pharaonic burial places. For this reason, the Old Kingdom is often called "the Age of the Pyramids."

Memphis, Egypt
Memphis was the ancient capital of the first nome of Lower Egypt, and of the Old Kingdom of Egypt from its foundation until around 2200 BC and later for shorter periods during the New Kingdom. It was an administrative centre throughout ancient history.
Its ancient Egyptian name was Ineb Hedj ("The White Walls"). The name "Memphis" () is the Greek deformation of the Egyptian name of the pyramid of Pepi I (6th dynasty), which was Men-nefer, and became Menfe in Coptic. The modern cities and towns of Mit Rahina, Dahshur, Saqqara, Abusir, Abu Gorab, and Zawyet el'Aryan, south of Cairo, all lie within the administrative borders of historical Memphis ().
Memphis was also known in Ancient Egypt as Ankh Tawy ("That which binds the Two Lands") because of the strategic position of the city between Upper and Lower Egypt.
The ruins of Memphis are 20 km (12 miles) south of Cairo, on the west bank of the Nile.
In the Bible, Memphis is called Moph or Noph.

List of readability tests
This is a list of formula to measure textual difficulty.
Overview.
These are method of finding out how hard a piece of writing is (its textual difficulty).
Fog.
Uses affixes, Personal Pronouns,
Gunning Fog.
The Gunning fog, sometimes fog index, is a formula developed by Robert Gunning. It was first published in his book "The Technique of Clear Writing" in 1952. It became popular due to the easy which the score is calculated without a calculator.
The formula has been criticized since it weights, or uses, sentence length. The critics argue that texts created with the formula will use shorter sentences without using simpler words.
Spache.
The Spache method compares words in a text to a list of words which are familiar in everyday writing. The words that are not on the list are called "unfamiliar". The number of words per sentence are counted. This number and the percentage of unfamiliar words is put into a formula. The result is a reading age. Someone of this age should be able to read the text. It is designed to work on texts for children in primary education or grades from 1 to 7.
Formula.
The calculations are performed in two steps. The first step finds the Estimated Close Percentage. The second stop, calculation the actual grade.
SMOG.
The SMOG formula is a way of estimating the difficulty of writing. It was developed G. Harry McLaughlin in 1969 to make calculations as simple as possible. It has a high correlation 0.985 or 0.97% accuracy of the score to the actual grade at which students where able to fully understand the piece of writing.
Like Gunning-Fog the formula uses words which have 3 or more syllables as an indicator for hardness, these are said to be polysyllabic.
Formula.
McLaughlin has made directions for a version which could be done with just mental math.

Nome (Egypt)
A nome (from, “district”) was a administrative part of ancient Egypt.
The division of ancient Egypt into nomes happened before 3100 BC. These nomes originally existed as autonomous city-states, but later began to unify. According to ancient tradition, the ruler Menes completed the final unification..
The nomes remain in place for more than three millennia.
Lower Egypt, from the Old Kingdom capital Memphis to the Mediterranean Sea, had 20 nomes. The first was based around Memphis, Saqqara, and Giza, in the area occupied by modern-day Cairo. The nomes were numbered in a more or less orderly fashion south to north through the Nile delta. The numbering startef in the west and continued with the higher numbers in the east. Alexandria was in the Third Nome; Bubastis was in the Eighteenth.
Upper Egypt was divided into 22 nomes. The first of these was centered around Elephantine close to Egypt's border with Nubia at the First Cataract – the area of modern-day Aswan. From there the numbering progressed downriver in an orderly fashion along the narrow fertile strip of land that was the Nile valley. Waset (ancient Thebes or contemporary Luxor) was in the Fourth Nome, Amarna in the Fourteenth, and Meidum in the Twenty-First.
List of nomes.
The nomes are listed in separate tables for Upper and Lower Egypt
References.
Alan K. Bowman (1990). "Egypt After the Pharaohs". Oxford University Press.

Cataracts of the Nile
The cataracts of the Nile are shallow stretches between Aswan and Khartoum where the water's surface is broken by numerous small boulders and stones that lye on the river bed, as well as many small rocky islets.
The six first cataracts of the Nile were the main obstacles for boats sailing on the Nile in antiquity. Counted upstream (from north to south), the First Cataract is in modern Egypt; the rest are in Sudan.
The word cataract comes from the Greek kataraktes meaning "waterfall".
In ancient times, Upper Egypt extended from the Nile Delta to the first cataract, while further upstream, the land was controlled by the ancient Kush civilization, that would later take over Egypt.

Paul Gray
Paul Dedrick Gray is an American musician and bassist for Nu Metal band Slipknot. He was born in Los Angeles, California and moved to Slipknot's home town when he was just a baby.
He is the only member of Slipknot who is not from Des Moines, Iowa.

Smog
Smog is a type of air polutant; the word "smog" is a combination of smoke and fog. Classic smog results from large amounts of coal burning in an area and is caused by a mixture of smoke and sulfur dioxide.

Island Records
Island Records is a record label that was founded by British makers in Jamaica. It was based in England for many years, but is now owned by Universal Music Group of the United States, and is operated through The Island Def Jam Music Group.
Labels.
This list is probably incomplete, and some of the dates are uncertain.

Fiction Records
Fiction Records is a record label that was founded in 1978 by Chris Parry as a home for The Cure. Other notable acts to release on Fiction around this time were the Purple Hearts, Back To Zero, Associates and Eat. The label's first #1 record was "Wish" by The Cure in 1991, going #1 in the United Kingdom. The band left the record label in 2001, signing to Geffen at the end of the year.
After a period of several years, the label was then re-started in 2004 by Joe Munns, Paul Smernicki and Jim Chancellor as a Polydor imprint. The first release of this record label was a single by Snow Patrol.

Foals (band)
Foals are a dance-punk band from Oxford who play a mixture of Indie, techno and Math-Rock.. The band work with Transgressive Records.
TV Appearances.
In August 2007, the band appeared in a mini episode of "Skins", which aired on Myspace.
The band appeared on the 16th November 2007 episode of Later With Jools Holland playing their songs 'Balloons' and 'Red Socks Pugie'.
The band have also appeared on T-Mobile's Transmission on Channel 4 where they performed the song Hummer.

Polydor Records
Polydor Records is a record label currently based in the UK, and is a subsidiary of Universal Music Group.
Polydor UK.
Though Polydor's American branch is gone, in the United Kingdom, however, Polydor continues to sign chart-topping acts and remains one of the strongest imprints in the country — with artists such as Klaxons, Sophie Ellis-Bextor, Take That and Kaiser Chiefs. It also acts as the UK label for American-based acts under Interscope-Geffen-A&M like Eminem and Gwen Stefani.
In Spring 2006, Polydor launched Fascination Records, a music label dedicated to pop music. Both Girls Aloud and Sophie Ellis-Bextor transferred to the new label.

Fascination Records
Fascination Records is a Polydor sub-label that launched in spring 2006. The record label is managed by former TOTP Magazine editor Peter Loraine.
As part of Polydor Records UK, the label will concentrate on a small number of pop acts and will complement the re-activated Fiction rock imprint.

List of record labels
This is a list of notable record labels.

Laura Marling
Laura Marling (born 1990) is a folk-pop singer-songwriter from Reading, Berkshire, England.
Laura Marling has toured with a number of well-known indie artists in the UK including Jamie T, who personally invited her on tour with him last year after he attended her second-ever gig.
She performed at this summer's 02 Wireless Festival
and also performed at the first Underage Music Festival in August 2007 at Victoria Park, East London. She has also perfromed at Electric Gardens Music festival in Kent.
Her debut single came out on WayOutWest Records, with a new single coming out soon on Virgin Records.
She recently appeared on Later with Jools Holland where she performed the song "New Romantic". Marling's debut album "Alas I Cannot Swim" will be released on February 4, 2008. And new single Ghosts is out on January 15, 2008.

List of record labels starting with a number
This is a list of notable record labels starting with numbers.

Self-replication
Self-replication is any process by which a thing might make a copy of itself. Biological cells, in suitable environments, reproduce by cell division. During cell division, DNA is replicated and can be transmitted to offspring during reproduction.
Biological viruses can reproduce, but only by commandeering the reproductive machinery of cells through a process of infection. Computer viruses reproduce using the hardware and software already present on computers.
Memes reproduce using the human mind and culture as their reproductive machinery.

Josquin des Prez
Josquin des Prez (born near St Quentin some time between 1450 and 1455; died St Condé-sur-l’Escaut, 27 August 1521) was a French composer. He was one of the greatest composers of the Renaissance. He changed music from the sound of medieval compositions and developed the style which led to the great compositions of the 16th century Renaissance composers such as Ockeghem, Palestrina, Lassus and Byrd.
Early years.
Josquin was born yn 1440 and then had died in 1521.
The name Josquin was a common name in Northern France and Flanders at that time. It was the name of a Breton saint who had lived in that area in the 7th century. The name Des Prez started off as a nickname in the family, and gradually it became the family name. The name Josquin des Prez is spelt in several different ways in old documents. He is often simply called “Josquin”.
We know very little about his life. We know very little about what people thought about him during his life, although after his death many people admired his music. Even his birthplace is uncertain. We do not know where he got his musical training. He was described as a “pupil of Ockeghem”, but that may just mean that he studied Ockeghem’s music.
We know that he became a singer in the chapel of Aix-en-Provence, the chapel of the Duke of Anjou. After the duke’s death in 1480 he worked for King Louis XI of France until he, too, died in 1483. We do not know where he worked after that, but he had some music published, including six chansons. He probably worked for some time in Milan.
Italy.
In 1489 Josquin went to Rome and worked in the pope’s chapel. He stayed there at least until 1495, possibly later. There he wrote music for the chapel, including some motets. His music was becoming well-known in some parts of northern Italy. It was a time of war in Italy. Several times the king of France invaded parts of Italy. Josquin seems to have written several pieces for the French royal court, including some funeral music on the death of King Louis XII in 1515.
For a year (1503-1504) he was maestro di cappella in Ferrara. He may have left that job because of an outbreak of the plague. A few months after he left the famous composer Jacob Obrecht took over the job. Obrecht was only paid half the salary that Josquin had been given. Very soon afterwards, Obrecht died of the plague.
Later years in Northern France.
From 1504 until his death in 1521 Josquin was back in Northern France, where had the job of provost in Condé-sur-l’Escaut, which may possibly have been his birthplace. The church was a very important one, and it had an excellent choir.
Before he died Josquin paid a lot of tax to make sure that after his death his property did not go to the local lord of the manor but would be given to his church. After his death his house was sold, and the money was used for special church services to remember him. There was a statue of the Blessed Virgin Mary on the wall of his old house, and when church processions passed by they stopped in front of it and sang Josquin’s motets "Pater Noster" and "Ave Maria".
His Music.
His music is nearly all choir music. It consists mainly of church music: motets and masses, although he also wrote some secular (non-religious) music, including some chansons (French songs) and some instrumental music. One popular song is called "El Grillo ". It means “the cricket” and it describes the sound of a cricket singing in the grass.
Josquin was a master of polyphony. His name had become so famous that, after his death, many publishers printed music by other composers and pretended it was by Josquin so that more people would buy it. During recent years musicologists have studied many of these manuscripts very carefully and tried to decide which ones were really by Josquin.

Beppe Grillo
Giuseppe Piero Grillo, better known as Beppe Grillo (born July 21, 1948), is an Italian comedian and actor. He has worked in theatres and television.
Life.
Grillo was born in Savignone, a small town in the Province of Genoa, Liguria. Grillo became a comedian improvising a monologue at an audition. Two weeks later he was discovered by Italian television presenter Pippo Baudo. He participated in the variety show "Secondo Voi" for two years (1977-78). Later, in 1979, he was in "Luna Park" and "Fantastico".
In 1984 he participated to "Te la do io l'America" (four episodes) and "Te lo do io il Brasile" (6 episodes). On these shows, he spoke about his visits to the United States and Brazil and talked about their culture and lifestyle.
His popularity grew more and more. He became the protagonist of another show called "Grillometro" ("Grillometer"). Soon after this, his performances started to have more and more political satire. He often insulted politicians. In 1987 during the Saturday night television programme "Fantastico 7", he made comments about the Italian Socialist Party and its leader Bettino Craxi who had just taken a trip to China. Grillo said, "If the Chinese are all socialists, whom do they steal from?" The Italian Socialist Party did not like this because he was calling them thieves. After this episode, Grillo slowly was banned from the publicly owned television. Grillo not back on television until the political party was forced to disband several years later.
In 1993, Grillo was allowed on public television one more time. This show was watched by 16 million of Italians. This was the most viewers ever for Italian television.
His blog.
Grillo has a daily blog where he speaks about alternative energy, globalization, and technology. Versions of the blog are in English, Italian and Japanese. Posts in the Italian version will commonly get thousands of comments and replies from people. His blog is one of the 10 most viewed blogs. He often gets letters from important people who support his blog. These people include Antonio Di Pietro (Italian Minister Of Infrastructures), Fausto Bertinotti (President of the Italian Chamber of Deputies), Renzo Piano, and even Nobel Prize Winners (like Dario Fo, Joseph E. Stiglitz, Dalai Lama, Muhammad Yunus
Grillo commonly fights against corruption in his blog. He has used it to help create change in the Italian government. He wants any politician who have been found guilty of a crime to be removed from office.
Problems with justice.
In 1980 he was found guilty of manslaughter for a car accident in which he was the driver. Three passengers lost their lives.
Grillo never hesitates to name firms and people he believes are corrupt. He always supports his views with data and documents. This has caused him to be sued several times for libel by many people and organizations which he had exposed, such as Telecom Italia.
Critics.
Grillo is often criticized for his lifestyle. They do not think it is correct for him to own a motor yacht and a Ferrari when these things are against his ecological statements. Beppe Grillo said that he did own them, but that he had sold them since then. It is also said that he is just saying what is wrong about politicians based on the popular opinions of the people and does not give any other ways things should be done.

Tor
Tor is a part of land that is made of rock. It is created by weathering. It is mostly found near the hills.

Palladium (band)
Palladium is an English Pop Rock band formed in September 2006.
The four band members, Peter, Rufio, Fez and Rocky met each other during various tours on the session musician circuit.
They played their first gig together under the name, "The Peppernotes" at a Caribbean Restaurant dressed as Peter Pan in drag. Since then they have changed their name to Palladium and played alongside Amy Winehouse, Mika and The Thrills.
They were soon signed to Virgin Records, with the deal being signed whilst they were on tour in Japan.
Through their live shows Palladium have gained many fans, including Amy Winehouse, Mystery Jets and Get Cape, Wear Cape, Fly.
Their debut single "Happy Hour" was released on 23 July 2007.
They have just finished recording their debut album "The Way It's Not" with Tony Hoffer (The Kooks, Beck, Fratellis). It was announced that the album was due to be released on 28 January 2008. However, according to HMV and Amazon.co.uk it is now expected to be released on 17 March 2008.
They have been announced as main support for Mika's late 2007 UK tour.
Musical Style.
Palladium get ideas from a wide range of music. Pink Floyd, The Police, Toto, Fleetwood Mac, Stevie Wonder and Hall and Oates have all been mentioned by the band. They have also played at Godolphin and Latymer School in Hammersmith.

Meme
A meme (pronunciation:miːm), is a term for a theoretical unit of cultural information.
The theory behind the term is that culture develops analogously to plants and animals. The way in which a gene propagates from one organism to another as a unit of genetic information and of biological evolution would be analogous to the development of memes.
Biologist and evolutionary theorist Richard Dawkins coined the term "meme" in 1976. He gave as examples tunes, catch-phrases, beliefs, clothing fashions, ways of making pots, and the technology of building arches.
Further examples of memes.
The "Memetic Lexicon" lists meme-attributes compiled by Glenn Grant under a "share-alike" licence. The examples it offers may help to focus the concept. The Lexicon has circulated since the early 1990s, and evolved into its version 3.5 of its memeplex (Memelex) in 2004:. One should keep in mind that Glenn Grant has the background of a writer of fiction rather that of an authority on memetics: many of the terms in the lexicon he simply invented as an experiment in the spread of his own self-generated memes.

Analogy
Analogy in a more simple understanding is a similar structure to a given structure or the use of a similar example or model to explain something.
To be more precise one can say that it is both the cognitive process of transferring information from a particular subject (the analogue or source) to another particular subject (the target), and a linguistic expression corresponding to such a process.

Illegitimacy
Illegitimacy is a word that used to be used to describe someone whose parents were not married. Such a person was called illegitimate. The word "illegitimate" literally means “not legal” (against the law).
People’s attitude towards illegitimacy has varied a lot in different parts of the world. In the Western world, especially in countries which were very religious, it was thought to be very bad for parents to have a child if they were not married. It was thought to be a sin. Illegitimate children were often called bastards. In older times, such children were often brought up by other people, sometimes by relatives.
Today people’s attitude has changed a lot, and the laws have changed so that people born to unmarried parents are not discriminated against unfairly. In the United States, people are not described any longer as “illegitimate” but as “born out of wedlock” (“wedlock” means “marriage”). In the United Kingdom the idea of illegitimacy was stopped by law in 1991. Fathers now have a responsibility to their children, even if they were born out-of-wedlock.
Many religions still think that sex outside marriage is a sin, although they no longer say that the child lives in a state of sin.

383 Janina
383 Janina is a common Main belt asteroid. It is classified as a C-type asteroid and is probably made of primitive carbonaceous chondritic material.
It was found by Auguste Charlois on January 29, 1894 in Nice.

384 Burdigala
384 Burdigala is a common Main belt asteroid.
It was found by F. Courty on February 11, 1894 in Bordeaux. It was the first of the two asteroids he found. The other was 387 Aquitania. Burdigala is the Latin name of the city of Bordeaux.

Wimbledon Championships
The Wimbledon Championships is one of the four Grand Slam tennis tournaments. It is played in Wimbledon, a suburb of London in England, Great Britain. The Championships are unique because they are the only Grand Slam played on a grass court.
Wimbledon was first competed in 1877. It has always been played during the summer. It is played over two weeks, from late June to the beginning of July. The tournament is played after the French Open and before the U.S. Open.
The winners in 2008 were Rafael Nadal and Venus Williams.
Seedings.
In every tennis competition, players are given a seed to help decide their place in the draw. At Wimbledon, they use a player's performances (whether good or bad) on grass to help decide the seed. At other tennis competition, seedings are chosen based only on rankings.
Clothing.
The umpires (referees) and linesmen all have to wear special dark green and mauve clothing. The players have to wear all white.
Etiquette.
Female players always have their names announced with "Miss" or "Mrs"; this is unlike any other Grand Slam tournament. If Queen Elizabeth is in the audience, it is normal for players to bow to her.
Food.
People in the audience traditionally eat a dessert of strawberries & cream, and so it is synonymous with Wimbledon.

List of counties in Alabama
Image:Alabama counties map.png|thumb|right|350px|Alabama counties (clickable map)
poly 210 83 208 83 199 75 188 75 176 70 171 70 165 74 150 79 145 85 136 86 122 74 119 66 115 60 107 57 103 57 99 60 92 56 84 40 218 43 217 72 210 78 211 82 Lauderdale County, Alabama
poly 189 76 188 89 185 100 180 100 175 113 91 110 98 60 103 57 107 57 116 63 121 69 123 76 135 85 143 86 151 79 165 74 170 70 177 70 Colbert County, Alabama
poly 174 113 91 110 86 153 174 156 Franklin County, Alabama
poly 159 220 160 156 86 154 81 196 111 197 111 202 116 202 116 219 Marion County, Alabama
poly 115 284 71 282 81 196 111 197 111 202 116 202 116 283 116 284 Lamar County, Alabama
poly 130 284 71 282 60 370 83 370 87 366 87 363 96 364 97 361 101 363 103 363 103 360 111 357 113 357 115 351 130 346 Pickens County, Alabama
poly 148 369 147 367 130 367 130 346 115 351 113 357 103 360 102 362 100 364 97 361 96 363 93 364 92 362 88 363 83 370 85 373 85 377 81 376 81 378 82 380 79 381 83 392 86 393 82 396 84 399 87 398 92 402 98 402 98 407 92 407 95 416 90 419 93 422 100 420 99 428 96 430 98 436 116 429 120 432 126 433 129 436 127 436 126 435 122 434 121 437 124 440 124 445 126 447 127 444 131 445 132 447 134 447 133 442 135 442 135 437 139 440 143 438 142 433 135 434 132 430 139 429 140 430 142 427 137 427 135 417 131 418 131 415 133 413 131 408 125 410 125 407 132 403 131 395 134 387 139 385 139 381 145 378 143 374 147 372 Greene County, Alabama
poly 128 449 128 447 123 445 123 440 120 436 123 434 126 437 128 435 126 432 119 432 116 430 105 434 98 436 95 429 97 427 97 422 101 421 99 418 96 422 91 420 91 418 94 417 91 406 96 406 98 403 97 402 93 403 88 396 86 399 82 396 85 394 84 391 80 383 78 382 79 379 81 380 84 378 81 378 82 376 84 377 85 375 83 370 59 370 47 482 114 483 114 482 108 478 103 473 99 472 100 463 107 458 109 458 118 448 127 450 Sumter County, Alabama
poly 116 487 116 483 47 482 39 549 40 582 92 583 91 573 85 574 79 563 87 549 97 547 97 544 89 543 91 539 94 541 95 535 93 532 92 534 89 533 88 524 93 521 96 523 99 520 98 517 100 510 102 510 104 491 102 489 103 487 105 487 105 485 106 485 112 485 114 488 116 483 Choctaw County, Alabama
poly 92 583 39 582 42 678 56 678 57 673 100 674 104 669 108 671 111 671 110 665 113 660 109 657 106 656 106 654 110 654 110 648 109 646 114 647 119 640 119 635 114 625 118 618 112 612 107 611 98 605 101 605 101 602 97 602 93 599 94 596 92 590 94 588 Washington County, Alabama
poly 111 674 108 674 107 670 104 670 100 674 57 673 56 678 41 678 47 835 96 837 103 751 100 740 99 739 99 733 103 732 104 729 110 727 110 723 106 720 105 717 110 709 113 709 113 706 108 702 111 687 109 686 106 683 Mobile County, Alabama
poly 96 838 104 750 100 734 104 732 104 728 110 727 111 723 105 720 105 717 111 709 113 709 114 706 108 703 111 687 107 684 111 674 109 674 107 670 112 671 112 667 115 667 124 664 129 652 132 654 134 653 131 646 132 646 135 649 145 649 150 655 153 658 158 658 157 699 161 699 161 705 154 720 160 728 167 734 170 741 187 751 188 755 187 766 180 776 181 779 183 781 183 785 188 789 192 789 191 792 188 795 183 795 180 807 172 809 172 812 180 812 178 814 150 821 127 825 Baldwin County, Alabama
poly 285 699 158 699 157 658 165 661 176 655 277 656 277 667 286 667 Escambia County, Alabama
poly 257 563 174 563 175 565 172 566 172 584 165 584 165 608 157 614 165 620 164 628 160 632 156 631 155 628 145 633 142 638 142 643 140 643 138 638 134 645 135 649 144 649 150 656 158 659 167 662 176 656 184 656 186 652 194 646 196 641 212 624 216 625 221 612 225 594 237 588 237 582 244 582 258 575 Monroe County, Alabama
poly 172 562 158 562 158 555 150 555 151 535 95 535 95 540 88 540 88 544 95 545 92 549 87 549 80 565 84 574 89 572 92 577 93 590 93 593 94 600 99 604 112 612 116 617 115 625 120 634 119 641 116 646 108 655 110 666 117 667 128 654 133 655 135 649 135 643 138 638 141 643 142 637 154 628 160 631 166 620 158 613 166 609 166 584 172 584 Clarke County, Alabama
poly 178 484 172 485 172 455 144 455 143 448 133 448 130 446 128 444 128 449 119 448 112 457 106 459 100 463 99 472 102 472 110 478 115 483 116 487 111 484 103 488 103 508 99 520 96 523 92 522 89 524 91 535 93 533 95 536 151 536 151 532 158 533 159 513 173 513 174 491 180 491 Marengo County, Alabama
poly 188 371 146 369 143 375 143 381 138 386 131 390 132 402 124 409 132 409 134 413 130 417 131 418 135 417 135 427 142 426 141 430 135 431 136 434 143 434 141 437 138 442 131 449 144 449 144 455 173 455 172 427 179 427 181 398 187 398 Hale County, Alabama
poly 187 271 188 256 173 257 172 228 159 227 158 221 116 219 116 283 154 283 154 275 159 275 159 270 Fayette County, Alabama
poly 209 286 202 286 202 273 194 274 193 271 160 270 160 277 154 277 154 284 131 284 131 368 146 368 147 370 200 370 202 355 205 349 219 349 219 338 225 332 228 332 230 336 236 329 237 325 223 319 211 305 199 296 199 290 206 292 Tuscaloosa County, Alabama
poly 241 330 234 330 232 335 229 333 226 333 218 339 218 349 207 349 203 355 202 370 187 371 187 392 201 391 201 398 263 398 262 362 252 358 252 356 250 354 249 345 243 343 Bibb County, Alabama
poly 242 398 201 398 201 391 187 391 187 399 181 399 179 427 172 428 173 484 185 483 186 454 229 454 242 416 Perry County, Alabama
poly 256 426 244 426 242 417 230 454 187 455 187 484 178 484 180 491 184 492 221 527 258 527 257 499 273 499 263 489 269 485 267 482 272 477 258 444 Dallas County, Alabama
poly 266 539 265 527 220 527 195 501 182 490 174 491 172 512 157 513 158 532 150 534 152 555 158 554 158 563 257 562 257 540 Wilcox County, Alabama
poly 286 612 267 613 257 595 257 575 245 581 235 581 235 588 224 595 216 623 184 655 278 656 278 669 285 667 285 642 290 639 291 628 286 628 Conecuh County, Alabama
poly 359 699 358 626 349 625 344 612 328 625 328 613 286 613 288 628 291 628 292 638 286 644 288 699 Covington County, Alabama
poly 358 541 343 541 342 527 328 527 328 541 323 541 321 591 314 591 315 613 328 612 329 624 345 612 346 624 350 627 359 627 357 612 361 612 365 609 364 598 359 596 365 588 364 569 357 569 361 548 Crenshaw County, Alabama
poly 396 489 388 480 380 465 371 466 357 462 350 452 342 458 342 466 333 463 322 470 315 477 317 489 328 494 328 525 341 527 343 540 384 540 385 494 387 490 Montgomery County, Alabama
poly 322 541 258 541 258 595 267 613 316 614 314 592 322 592 Butler County, Alabama
poly 328 540 327 494 316 489 316 479 309 478 308 474 303 474 300 476 299 467 293 469 293 474 289 477 285 476 284 468 275 470 276 478 274 485 270 485 263 491 270 496 272 497 259 498 257 527 264 526 266 541 Lowndes County, Alabama
poly 326 419 285 419 284 428 257 427 259 444 258 445 271 475 269 485 277 479 275 471 284 469 286 478 295 474 294 468 298 468 299 477 305 474 311 478 316 478 327 467 Autauga County, Alabama
poly 312 367 307 367 298 359 263 359 262 398 243 398 242 425 284 427 284 419 325 419 326 412 332 412 321 400 322 395 319 392 317 392 312 378 315 373 Chilton County, Alabama
poly 317 281 313 281 312 286 308 286 301 294 291 294 269 315 248 328 243 330 242 343 249 343 250 355 261 363 261 360 299 360 307 367 311 367 315 353 320 349 314 342 334 322 333 314 337 312 331 308 331 288 318 288 Shelby County, Alabama
poly 307 245 295 245 279 232 262 232 242 244 238 262 218 273 218 281 200 292 201 295 211 305 225 321 238 329 246 330 263 316 268 316 268 311 277 311 290 295 299 295 312 281 308 278 307 270 312 262 Jefferson County, Alabama
poly 250 231 245 227 245 224 233 224 225 206 159 206 159 226 173 228 173 257 187 257 188 271 194 272 195 275 203 275 203 285 208 289 219 280 217 273 238 262 242 244 252 239 Walker County, Alabama
poly 231 157 160 156 160 206 229 207 Winston County, Alabama
poly 232 94 227 87 211 80 210 82 207 82 198 74 188 75 188 85 184 99 174 114 174 155 230 158 Lawrence County, Alabama
poly 275 44 218 42 218 73 208 79 211 82 217 83 234 97 245 101 255 110 270 117 274 117 Limestone County, Alabama
poly 276 44 275 116 277 115 286 111 289 111 291 115 295 116 299 111 305 112 310 125 314 129 323 128 329 121 337 123 340 109 333 102 333 86 336 83 337 70 334 64 339 58 339 53 341 53 345 54 348 52 340 44 Madison County, Alabama
poly 435 44 339 44 349 53 346 57 339 52 335 58 332 102 341 110 361 109 362 119 369 121 372 132 382 128 411 105 422 84 425 84 431 69 438 65 Jackson County, Alabama
poly 438 66 432 69 431 77 425 84 421 86 410 105 389 123 371 130 367 137 368 173 403 173 403 167 412 164 439 133 438 128 447 119 DeKalb County, Alabama
poly 463 212 447 119 439 128 440 133 412 164 403 168 404 188 411 184 418 211 Cherokee County, Alabama
poly 419 211 410 185 405 189 404 173 368 173 368 175 359 175 337 200 333 217 337 218 343 208 349 213 356 208 376 231 384 228 390 219 392 223 397 223 395 216 405 213 418 218 Etowah County, Alabama
poly 341 190 356 177 369 176 367 136 371 132 369 121 362 119 362 108 339 109 338 118 338 122 327 121 325 127 314 127 308 119 303 156 317 157 Marshall County, Alabama
poly 306 121 307 113 301 111 293 117 289 114 289 110 284 110 278 118 271 116 243 101 233 96 231 155 303 157 Morgan County, Alabama
poly 321 164 316 158 231 155 230 208 225 207 235 220 233 223 234 225 245 225 246 230 250 231 257 227 257 221 275 212 287 196 287 193 290 193 300 188 307 177 307 173 311 166 Cullman County, Alabama
poly 341 191 321 164 311 166 308 178 300 187 288 192 277 211 257 221 256 227 250 230 253 238 263 232 280 233 294 245 305 246 304 239 310 239 320 235 322 236 335 226 335 221 339 217 339 216 331 216 Blount County, Alabama
poly 375 231 373 228 370 228 367 222 361 222 358 213 356 208 347 213 344 209 339 216 336 225 325 237 318 236 304 241 304 246 307 245 311 257 306 276 312 282 318 282 319 289 331 289 332 306 342 294 343 286 346 286 348 291 351 289 359 281 352 275 359 268 360 262 354 258 358 255 361 259 364 259 363 254 366 254 376 246 378 244 374 240 St. Clair County, Alabama
poly 447 215 447 211 419 212 418 218 405 213 397 217 397 221 392 223 391 220 384 229 376 231 376 244 367 251 362 255 362 259 375 261 382 273 383 274 411 274 412 279 418 279 418 271 433 263 433 245 439 235 440 231 431 231 431 226 437 226 437 224 448 224 Calhoun County, Alabama
poly 465 212 450 213 448 215 446 224 438 224 438 228 432 225 433 231 440 232 438 239 432 243 433 263 421 272 418 279 410 279 401 289 399 294 413 294 416 288 479 290 Cleburne County, Alabama
poly 411 278 410 273 383 275 383 271 380 272 379 264 376 260 361 260 357 256 354 256 359 263 359 269 355 271 357 275 353 275 357 280 352 286 351 290 346 292 347 286 344 288 334 304 331 305 334 309 336 315 332 315 334 323 329 327 323 324 325 329 323 332 320 330 320 338 316 338 314 341 320 350 314 354 359 354 360 340 367 338 368 322 386 323 386 308 391 309 394 305 394 297 395 296 397 288 402 288 411 282 Talladega County, Alabama
poly 381 353 315 354 311 368 312 384 318 393 320 391 323 396 320 401 331 411 384 411 Coosa County, Alabama
poly 432 289 417 289 412 294 401 294 402 288 395 288 394 304 386 309 386 322 368 322 366 340 358 338 359 354 432 353 Clay County, Alabama
poly 477 289 431 289 431 352 489 352 Randolph County, Alabama
poly 381 354 439 353 441 412 436 418 428 418 426 422 425 438 413 438 412 452 401 454 399 450 399 426 396 421 400 412 383 410 Tallapoosa County, Alabama
poly 489 352 439 353 439 413 481 414 482 410 506 411 Chambers County, Alabama
poly 505 411 484 412 481 415 439 413 437 416 428 418 427 438 455 453 462 452 464 466 477 467 476 458 514 457 514 451 523 449 Lee County, Alabama
poly 400 411 327 412 326 467 330 464 340 468 342 464 339 461 347 453 357 462 376 467 385 462 400 460 402 456 399 453 399 429 396 422 Elmore County, Alabama
poly 463 452 456 453 432 441 432 439 411 438 414 452 401 454 401 460 387 461 381 465 386 479 390 481 396 489 399 484 402 487 403 496 463 496 Macon County, Alabama
poly 523 450 515 450 515 455 477 456 478 467 463 466 464 510 488 509 499 524 517 523 542 491 528 449 Russell County, Alabama
poly 519 523 499 524 488 509 464 509 465 531 453 531 451 533 441 533 430 558 432 570 430 574 427 575 422 597 467 597 467 582 495 582 496 577 506 570 506 550 514 543 Barbour County, Alabama
poly 365 597 414 597 415 666 358 667 358 613 364 612 Coffee County, Alabama
poly 432 554 414 553 414 540 401 540 398 527 392 524 385 527 386 539 358 541 361 551 357 569 365 569 363 589 359 597 422 597 427 576 430 574 432 570 Pike County, Alabama
poly 464 495 406 496 402 490 403 488 400 483 399 489 385 491 385 526 389 529 391 525 399 528 399 541 415 541 414 554 433 554 442 535 451 535 454 531 464 531 Bullock County, Alabama
rect 358 666 457 700 Geneva County, Alabama
poly 466 597 415 597 414 667 425 667 428 659 434 653 457 659 457 652 467 652 Dale County, Alabama
poly 506 568 496 575 496 582 466 583 469 646 514 646 522 615 520 592 Henry County, Alabama
poly 514 646 467 646 466 651 459 651 456 658 437 652 426 666 458 666 458 698 530 698 Houston County, Alabama
The U.S. state of Alabama has sixty-seven counties. The oldest is Washington County (created June 4, 1800) and the youngest is Houston County (created February 9, 1903).
Alabama was claimed by Spain, as Spanish Florida, and by England, as the Province of Carolina. The first permanent colony was made by the French on the banks of the Mobile River in 1702.
After the American Revolutionary War, West Florida south of the 31st parallel became a part of Spain while most of the rest was put in the Mississippi Territory. The territorial assembly established some of the earliest county divisions which have survived to the present. In 1817 the western part of the territory became the State of Mississippi and the remainder the Alabama Territory. The Alabama territorial legislature made some more counties.
Alabama became the 22nd state of the United States in 1819. The Alabama state legislature made more counties from former Indian lands as the Indian Removal Act took effect and settlers populated different areas of Alabama.
In 1820, Alabama had 29 counties. By 1830 there were 36, with Indians still occupying land in northeast and far western Alabama. By 1840, 49 counties had been created; 52 by 1850; 65 by 1870; and the present 67 counties by 1903.
According to 2006 U. S. Census estimates, the average population of Alabama's sixty-seven counties is 68,642, with Jefferson County has the most people (656,700), and Greene County (9,374) the least. The average land area is. The largest county is Baldwin () and the smallest is Etowah ().
The Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) code, which is used by the United States government to uniquely identify counties, is provided with each entry. (In this system, St. Clair County is alphabetized ahead of Shelby County.) The FIPS code links in the table point to U. S. Census "quick facts" pages for each county.

Legume
A legume is a type of dry fruit. Legumes can be a variety of fruits: peas and beans are types of legumes.
What legumes have in common.
Legumes grow from the carpel, the female reproductive part of a plant. The fruit of a legume is found inside a pod that can be split on both sides. However, there are some foods that grow inside pods that are not legumes.
Healthy?
Legumes contain many healthy nutrients, such as protein. They are good source of protein for vegetarians and vegans, people who do not eat meat. They also contain fibre, which promotes a healthy digestive system. However, they contain some nutrients which humans struggle to digest. It is recommended that a legume is soaked in a weak acid for about 10 hours before cooking, to destroy these nutrients. Some amino acids, such as methionine, are not present in legumes but are needed to help the body use protein. For this reason, legumes are often eaten with grain, which does contain methionine.
Use.
The USA uses legumes for a variety of reasons, and is the highest producer. It uses soybeans to feed cattle and make vegetable oil. Peanuts are a popular snack food in the USA and these are also a type of legume.

Bifocals
Bifocals are eyeglasses with lenses that are split between two different strengths. Usually the lower half of each lens is made to help the wearer read, while the upper one is to help the wearer see at a distance.

Lightning rod
A lightning rod or lightning conductor is a metal rod that is used to make lightning strike it, rather than something else. It is part of a lightning protection system. Such a system is made of many such rods. These rods are usually placed at high points of buildings and structures. In addition, paths are made the electricity can take from the rooftop to the ground.
History.
Lightning can damage structures made of most materials (masonry, wood, concrete and even steel). The huge currents involved can heat materials, and especially water to high temperatures. This will cause fire, loss of strength and explosions from superheated steam and air.
Europe.
The church tower was usually the highest structure or building in medieval European towns and villages. It was also the building very often hit by lightning. Early on, Christian churches tried to prevent the damage of lightning by prayers. Priests prayed,
Peter Ahlwardts ("Reasonable and Theological Considerations about Thunder and Lightning", 1745) said people who sought to protect themselves from lightning should go anywhere except in or around a church.
In Europe, the lightning rod was invented by a teologician and natural scientist Václav Prokop Diviš between 1750 and 1754. He is the inventor of the first grounded lightning rod, which he erected on 15th July 1754 in the garden of his home in Přímětice u Znojma. It consisted of 400 sharp metal spikes attached at the top of a 42m tall supporting pylon. The structure was fastened by three metal chains, conductively attached to the iron grounding cones buried in the packed down soil. He described his 'wheather machine' in the treatise 'Descriptio machinae meteorologicae'. The original idea was to continually sap the electricity out of the clouds an so actually "prevent" the lightning and the storms, only in case this failed, the machine should have also been able to directly attract the lighting and channel it to the ground. He proposed his machine to be used on church towers and ships. He was sending his observations regarding to the machine operation to Jan Antonín Scrinci, the physics professor at the Charles University in Prague, who published them in 'Prager Postzeitungen', 'Brünner Intelligenz-Zettel' and in 'Stuttgartisches Journal'. The machine is also mentioned by Leonhard Euler in 'Lettres à une Princesse d' Allemague'. In 1755 Diviš contacted the Emperor Ferdinand I of Austria, and asked him to let build more machines on several places for the welfare of the people. The emperor let the mathematicians in Vienna to judge the proposal, but they refused it. Abbé Marci, court mathematician and Diviš' friend commented it as: 'Blasphemant, quae ignorant' (condemning what they don't know). In 1756 the machine was damaged by wind and then rebuild, and then on 10. March 1760, angry villagers of Přímětice torn down the structure, blaming Diviš for drought which struck the region that year. Later in the year, after the summer during which the thunderstorms did a lot of damage to the fields and vineyards, the people besought him to rebuilt the machine, which he did in the precinct of Loucky monastery, and built another one on the top of the church tower in Přímětice.
United States.
In the United States, the pointed lightning rod conductor, often incorrectly referred to as the "lightning attractor," was invented by Benjamin Franklin as part of his groundbreaking explorations of electricity. Franklin thought that, with an iron rod sharpened to a point at the end,
"The electrical fire would, I think, be drawn out of a cloud silently, before it could come near enough to strike [...]."
Franklin speculated about lightning rods for several years before his reported kite experiment. This experiment, in fact, took place because he was tired of waiting for Christ Church in Philadelphia to be completed so he could place a lightning rod on top of it. There was some resistance from churches who felt that it was defying divine will to install these rods. Franklin countered that there is no religious objection to roofs on buildings to resist precipitation, so lightning, which he proved to be simply a giant electrical spark, should be no different. As an act of philanthropy, Franklin decided against patenting the invention.
In the 19th century the lightning rod became a symbol of American ingenuity and a decorative motif. Lightning rods were often embellished with ornamental glass balls (now prized by collectors). The ornamental appeal of these glass balls has also been incorporated into weather vanes.
Balls of solid glass occasionally were used in a method thought to prevent lightning strikes to ships. It is worth noting here not because it worked, which it didn't, but because it reveals a lot about pre-scientific thought. Glass objects do not conduct electricity well. They are seldom struck by lightning. Therefore, goes the theory, there must be something about glass that repels lightning. Hence the best method for preventing a lightning strike to a wooden ship was to bury a small solid glass ball in the tip of the highest mast. The random behavior of lightning ensured that the method gained a good bit of credence even after the development of the marine lightning rod soon after Franklin's initial work.
Nikola Tesla's was an improvement in lightning protectors. The patent was granted due to a fault in Franklin's original theory of operation; the pointed lightning rod actually ionizes the air around itself. This makes the air conductive, which in turn raises the probability of a strike. Many years after receiving his patent, in 1919 Dr. Tesla wrote an article for The Electrical Experimenter entitled "Famous Scientific Illusions", in which he explains the logic of Franklin's pointed lightning rod and discloses his improved method and apparatus.

Ashland, Alabama
Ashland is an American city in the state of Alabama. It is the county seat of Clay County. The city has a population of about 2,000 people. Ashland is the hometown of Alabama's 52nd governor Bob Riley.
Geography.
Ashland has an area of 7.2 miles. The city is Alabama's highest elevated county seat at 1130 feet.

Bob Riley
Robert Renfroe "Bob" Riley (b. October 3, 1944) is the 52nd and current Governor of the U.S. state of Alabama. He was first elected to office in 2002 and re-elected in 2006. Riley was born in Ashland. He has a wife, four children (one is dead), and seven grandchildren. He is a member of the Republican party.

385 Ilmatar
385 Ilmatar is a big Main Belt asteroid.
It was found by Max Wolf on March 1, 1894, in Heidelberg.

386 Siegena
386 Siegena is a very big Main belt asteroid. It is classified as a C-type asteroid and is probably made of primitive carbonaceous material.
It was found by Max Wolf on March 1, 1894 in Heidelberg.

387 Aquitania
387 Aquitania is a fairly big Main belt asteroid. It is classified as an S-type asteroid.
It was found by F. Courty on March 5, 1894 in Bordeaux. It was the second of the two asteroids he found. The first was 384 Burdigala.

388 Charybdis
388 Charybdis is a very big Main belt asteroid. It is classified as a C-type asteroid and is probably made of privitive carbonates.
It was found by Auguste Charlois on March 7, 1894 in Nice.
It is probably named after the monster, Charybdis, a monster in Greek mythology.

389 Industria
389 Industria is a big Main belt asteroid. It is classified as an S-type asteroid.
It was found by Auguste Charlois on March 8, 1894 in Nice.

390 Alma
390 Alma is a common medium sized Main belt asteroid.
It was the only asteroid Guillaume Bigourdan found. He found it on March 24, 1894 in Paris.

391 Ingeborg
391 Ingeborg is probably a common Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Max Wolf on November 1, 1894 in Heidelberg.

392 Wilhelmina
392 Wilhelmina is a big Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Max Wolf on November 4, 1894 in Heidelberg, Germany.

393 Lampetia
393 Lampetia is a fairly big Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Max Wolf on November 4, 1894 in Heidelberg.

394 Arduina
394 Arduina is a common Main belt asteroid.
It was found by A. Borrelly on November 19, 1894 in Marseilles.

395 Delia
395 Delia is a big Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Auguste Charlois on November 30, 1894 in Nice.

396 Aeolia
396 Aeolia is a common Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Auguste Charlois on December 1, 1894 in Nice.

397 Vienna
397 Vienna is a common Main belt asteroid. The Tholen spectral type is "S" and the SMASSII spectral type is "K".
It was found by Auguste Charlois on December 19, 1894 in Nice.

398 Admete
398 Admete is a common Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Auguste Charlois on December 28, 1894 in Nice.

Leon Czolgosz
Leon Czolgosz (January 1873 - October 29, 1901) was an assassin and an anarchist. Czolgosz shot President William McKinley on 6 September, 1901. The President died on 14 September 1901.
Czolgosz was found guilty in a very fast trial. He was executed in Illinois in Auburn prison on 29 October, 1901.

Federal district
The Federal district is the area around the national capital in some federal countries.
A federal district is made so that no state in the country can claim to be more important than the others because the national capital is inside the state, or to stop one state trying to have control over the national capital.
Countries with a federal district include
Belgium is not a federal country, so its capital (Brussels) is not a federal district, but is its own language region. To show that the French language and the Flemish language are equal Brussels is a special bilingual (two-languages) region.

399 Persephone
399 Persephone is a common Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Max Wolf on February 23, 1895 in Heidelberg.

400 Ducrosa
400 Ducrosa is a common Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Auguste Charlois on March 15, 1895 in Nice.

401 Ottilia
401 Ottilia is a big Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Max Wolf on March 16, 1895 in Heidelberg.

402 Chloë
402 Chloë is a big Main belt asteroid. It is classified as a K-type asteroid.
It was found by Auguste Charlois on March 21, 1895 in Nice.

403 Cyane
403 Cyane is a common Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Auguste Charlois on May 18, 1895 in Nice.

404 Arsinoë
404 Arsinoë is a big Main belt asteroid. It is classified as a C-type asteroid and is probably made of carbonaceous material.
It was found by Auguste Charlois on June 20, 1895 in Nice.

Baldwin County, Alabama
Baldwin County is a county in the U.S. state of Alabama.
It is named in honor of Abraham Baldwin, a member of the United States Senate from Georgia who never actually lived in Alabama. In 2000 the population was 140,415. The estimated 2005 population from the U.S. Census Bureau is 162,586. The county seat (capital city) is Bay Minette.
History.
Baldwin County was made on December 21, 1809 ten years before Alabama became a state. Before this, the county had been a part of the Mississippi Territory until 1817 when the area passed into the Alabama territory
The borders of the county has often changed, and many armies have invaded.
In the first days of Baldwin County, the town of McIntosh Bluff (now in Mobile County) on the Tombigbee River was the county seat. Then the county seat moved to the town of Blakeley in 1810, and then to the City of Daphne in 1868. In 1900, by an Act of the Legislature of Alabama said that the county seat should move to the City of Bay Minette. The City of Daphne was not happy about this move, because being the county seat meant more people visit the city and businesses can sell more. To move the county seat to Bay Minette, some men from Bay Minette pretended that there had been a murder. When the sheriff and his deputy left the City of Daphne to look for the murderer the men from Bay Minette went to the City of Daphne. These men got the records from the Baldwin County Courthouse and took them back to the City of Bay Minette. A New Deal mural in the Bay Minette post office is a painting of this story.
Baldwin County is close to the Gulf of Mexico. This is why it often has tropical weather systems which often are Hurricanes. Weather dameage can sometimes be very bad, and sometimes the county is made a "disaster area". For example in September 1979 due to damage from Hurricane Frederic, in July 1997 due to Hurricane Danny, in September 1998 from Hurricane Georges in September 2004 due to damage from Hurricane Ivan and again in August 2005 due to damage from Hurricane Katrina.
Geography.
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of. of it is land and is water. Baldwin County is the 12th largest county east of the Mississippi River.
Environment.
Two parts of Baldwin County have been called "Outstanding Alabama Water" by the Alabama Environmental Management Commission which oversees the Alabama Department of Environmental Management. As of April, 2007, only two other areas in Alabama have received what is the "highest environmental status" in the state. The areas are
Officials think that having very clean areas of water and sea will encourage tourists to vistit the county.
People.
The census in 2000, there were 200,100 people, 55,336 households, and 40,284 families living in the county. The population density was 88 people per square mile (34/km²).
The people in the county are 87.15% White, 10.29% Black or African American.
There were 55,336 households out of which 31.50% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.30% were married couples living together, 10.20% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.20% were non-families. 23.30% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.50% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.50 and the average family size was 2.94.
Education.
All public schools in Baldwin County are operated by Baldwin County Public Schools.

Wayne Rooney
Wayne Mark Rooney (born 24 October 1985 in Liverpool) is a football (soccer) player who plays for Manchester United and his country, England. He plays as a striker.
Everton.
Rooney grew up in Liverpool, where there are two big football clubs: Liverpool F.C. and Everton F.C. As a child, Wayne supported Everton and began playing football for them at the age of only 16, when he became the youngest Premiership scorer, scoring a winning goal against Arsenal F.C.. Rooney started playing fantastic football for Everton and was the top scorer at Euro 2004, a competition where he played for England. Soon, other clubs wanted to buy him. Newcastle United F.C. and Manchester United both made offers to Everton for him. It was Manchester United who signed him eventually, for £23m in the summer of 2004. Rooney was only 18 at the time, and the £23m paid for him is the highest amount ever paid for a teenager, in the world.
Manchester United.
Rooney has also won many personal awards, such as goal of the season and young player of the year. He has scored over 50 goals for Manchester United.
Personal.
Rooney's fiancee and girlfriend is Coleen McLoughlin. They live in Cheshire. Wayne likes listening to rappers Eminem and 50 Cent. He has said one of his heroes is boxer Mike Tyson. Wayne often appears in adverts for FIFA videogames and Coca-Cola.

Mobile County, Alabama
Mobile County is a county of the U.S. state of Alabama. It is named after a tribe of Indians, the "Maubila" tribe (. As of 2003 its population was 399,747. Its county seat is Mobile. The entire county is included in the Mobile metropolitan statistical area.
Government.
The county-wide government is a 3 member district county commission which represents both the unincorporated residents and the residents of other municipalities.
Geography.
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of, of which, of it is land and of it (25.00%) is water.
Demographics.
The census of 2000 said that there were 399,843 people, 150,179 households, and 106,777 families living in the county. The population density was 324 people per square mile (125/km²).
The racial makeup of the county was 63.07% White, 33.38% Black or African American.
Education.
All of the public schools in Mobile County are operated by the Mobile County Public School System.

Mike Cross
Mike Cross (born 1946) is an American singer and a guitar player.
Early life.
Cross was born in Maryville, Tennessee, he started playing guitar when he was at college at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
Style.
He plays acoustic blues and novelty songs. He also plays funny songs like "The Scotsman" and "The Drunkard," He describes himself as a "wandering hillbilly hippie folk singer."

Arthur Crudup
Arthur "Big Boy" Crudup (August 24, 1905 – March 28, 1976) was a delta blues singer and guitarist. He wrote songs that Elvis Presley later sang.
Early life.
Crudup was born in Forest, Mississippi and worked as a migrant worker until he and his family went back to Mississippi in 1926.
Early career.
Crudup sang gospel music and blues music. He played in a band called the Harmonizing Four in 1939. A record producer called Lester Melrose got him work with Bluebird label.
Later career.
Crudup stopped recording in the 1950s. His last Chicago recording was in 1951, he also recorded in 1952-54 for a radio station called WGST in Atlanta.. In the 1960s he started recording again with Fire Records and Delmark Records.
Later life.
In the mid 60s, Crudup went back to working as a farmer in Virginia, where he lived with his family: his three sons and several of his own siblings.
Death.
He died because of heart disease and diabetes. He died in the Nassawadox hospital in Northampton County, Virginia, also on the Eastern Shore in 1976.

David Honeyboy Edwards
David "Honeyboy" Edwards (born June 28, 1915) is an American blues guitarist and singer. Honeyboy is the last original Delta Blues guitarists still performing.
Early life.
Edwards was born in Shaw, Mississippi, United States. He was friends with Robert Johnson, and was with him when he died.
Later career.
Culture expert Alan Lomax recorded Edwards in 1942 for the first time. Honeyboy still plays concerts around the world, sometimes up to 100 concerts a year.
Author.
Edwards has also written a book, "The World Don't Owe Me Nothin'," which was published in 1997 by Chicago Review Press. The book is about his life from childhood to when he arrived in Chicago. It describes his journeys through the South in the early 1950s.
Awards.
His albums "White Windows", "The World Don't Owe Me Nothing", "Mississippi Delta Blues Man", and Henry Townsend were all nominated for the W. C. Handy Award.

Houston County, Alabama
Houston County is a county in the state of Alabama, United States
It is the newest county in Alabama, as it was only created on 9 February 1903. It is named after the former state Governor George Smith Houston.
The county seat is Dothan.
Economy.
Houston County is mostly agricultural. Peanuts, cotton and corn are the main things that are grown. Small grains, melons and vegetables are also grown a lot. Beef cattle, hogs and dairy cattle are the main animals farmed in the County.

Pompeii
Pompeii was a Roman city. In 79 AD, a volcano called Mount Vesuvius erupted and destroyed the city and its people.

Henry Sloan
Henry Sloan (born January 1870 - died ?) was an African American musician. He played the Delta Blues and is known for teaching Charlie Patton to play the blues, and moved to Chicago after World War I.
Early life.
David Evans says that Sloan was born in Mississippi in 1870. He moved to a Plantation near Indianola at between 1901 and 1904.
Career.
There is a rumour that Sloan was a hobo which was seen by musician W.C. Handy playing guitar at Tutwiler train station in 1903. Handy describes him as

Carnival of Blacks and Whites
The Carnival of Blacks and Whites ("Spanish: Carnaval de Negros y Blancos") is a carnival in the colombian city of Pasto. The carnival happens each year from January 4 to January 6. There are many tourists visiting this carnival.
There are four carnival days: the pre-carnival, the day of the Castañeda Family, the day of the blacks and the day of the whites. It is the oldest carnival in South America. It dates back to the times of the Spanish rule over Latin America.
Originally it commemorates the day in which the African slaves had a free day. Some historians say that in 1607, there was a slave rebellion in the Colombian town of "Remedios". It is said that when the news reached other places in Colombia, the African population went to the streets and danced, and blacked with coal all the white walls of the city.
Today the carnival is very impotant for tourism. People use costumes and masks.

Le Corbusier
Charles-Edouard Jeanneret-Gris (birth name), (October 6, 1887 – August 27, 1965), known by the popular name of Le Corbusier, was an architect and writer born in Switzerland. In the 1930s, he became a French citizen. He is famous for his theories about Modern Architecture. His plans included the improvement of housing for people in large cities. This was because many people lived in poverty at that time. Many of his designs have been built across the world.
He also liked to paint and was skilled at designing furniture.
Early life.
Le Corbusier grew up in La Chaux-de-Fonds, a small town in the north of Switzerland. In 1907, aged 19, he moved to the French city of Paris. He travelled across Europe, and learned a lot of new ideas. He learned to speak German and worked with famous architects, such as Peter Behrens.
The World War.
During World War I, Le Corbusier went back to Switzerland and became a teacher. Soon, he opened his own architectural business with his cousin, and they worked together until 1940. It was in 1918 that he met a painter, Amédée Ozenfant, who would become a great friend. They combined their ideas to create a new type of art called Purism.
Post-World War.
After the war, Le Corbusier concentrated on his art until 1922. After this, he began designing apartments that could be stacked on top of each other, to house people and meet their needs. This type of low-density housing was to deal with the problem of over-crowding in Paris. He said this transformation was needed, or a revolution could occur from the unhappy lower classes. He created a design for an ideal city (Ville Contemporaine) that was never built. It was a plan developed around a lot of skycrapers. He presented this plan to the French government, who refused it. This did raise their awareness of overcrowding in the city though.
1930s.
Le Corbusier began to dislike capitalism, and said that people's house size should depend on the size of their family, and not by how rich they were.
Later life.
Le Corbusier was not active in politics from 1942. Instead, he built "unités", smaller housing blocks around France. This is illustrated in the design below.
His name.
The name, Le Corbusier, is French. It is a different version of his grandmother's surname, Lecorbésier. The name translates in to English as "the crow like one". He chose this name in 1920.

Anna Karenina
"Anna Karenina" ("Анна Каренина"), also Anglicised as "Anna Karenin", is a novel by the Russian writer Leo Tolstoy.
Tolstoy considered this book his first true novel.

Anna Karenina (disambiguation)
"For Film, TV, radio, or theatrical adaptations of the novel see:"
"For the cruiseferry, see S "Anna Karenina""

Prada
Prada is a famous Italian fashion company (also known as a "fashion label" or "fashion house") with shops and products around the world.
History.
The company, originally named Prada Brothers, was started in 1913 by Mario Prada in Milan, Italy. In 1978, Mario gave his granddaughter Miuccia Prada the business, which still only sold leather goods at that time. Miuccia made the company bigger by giving it a more bohemian style.
Miu Miu is a second clothing, which is often simpler, and fits with the 'high' image of vintage items. After, Prada Sport 'Linea Rossa' was made.
Today, Prada is seen as one of the most important clothing designers in fashion.
Buying and Joining with other companies.
After many other fashion companies started to buy or join with many other fashion companies, Prada tried to do the same thing. It went into debt so that it could buy Fendi in the early 1990s. Fendi was not making much money, and needed help. Prada could not help Fendi, so it sold it to LVMH. Prada is still in debt after buying Fendi. In 1999, the company bought "Church's", an English company that makes quality shoes. More recently 45% of "Church's" has been sold to Equinox.
Other big buys by Prada in the 1990s were Helmut Lang and Jil Sander. However, by 2006, Prada had sold both. Jil Sander was sold to 'Change Capital Partners', which is run by Luc Vandevelde (the chairman of Carrefour). Helmut Lang is now owned by Japanese fashion company 'Link Theory'.
Products made with other companies.
In May 2007, Prada and mobile phone maker LG Electronics worked together to make the LG Prada (KE850) phone. The phones were sold for $800 each.
Architects.
Prada has paid for several famous architects, the most famous are Rem Koolhaas and Herzog & de Meuron, to make their shops around the world.
Prada Marfa.
In 2005, near the West Texas towns, Valentine and Marfa, two Scandinavian artists, Emily Milne and Zoe Brown, opened 'Prada Marfa', a sculpture of a Prada mini-boutique. The sculpture is on U.S. Highway 90 and is a long way from any other buildings. Prada helped pay for the building, which is 15 by 25-foot. The building does not actually sell clothes, but there are clothes in the window, as this is just for art.
Prada boutiques and megastore.
Prada has 9 small shops and 2 big stores in the USA

Cross section (geometry)
A cross section is what one gets if one cuts an object into slices.
In geometry the correct definition of "cross section" is: the intersection of a body in 2-dimensional space with a line, or of a body in 3-dimensional space with a plane.
A cross section, or section is also an orthographic projection of a 3-dimensional object from the position of a plane through the object. A floor plan is a section viewed from the top.

Space (physics)
In a simple understanding space is something that we all know and that is measured in the three dimensions: length, width and height.
In physics a definition of space is difficult, because it cannot be explained by something else, because there is nothing more fundamental known at present. Therefore the only definition that one uses is done by measurement. (The same is done with time and mass).
The standard space interval, called a standard meter or simply meter, is defined as the distance traveled by light in a vacuum during a time interval of exactly 1/299,792,458 of a second.
Before Einstein's work on relativistic physics, time and space were viewed as independent dimensions. Einstein's discoveries have shown that due to relativity of motion our space and time can be mathematically combined into one symmetric object — space-time.

Horace
Quintus Horatius Flaccus (December 8, 65 BC - November 27, 8 BC), known to English speakers as Horace, was a famous poet in the Roman Empire.
Life.
Horace was born in the small Italian town of Venosa. His father used to be a slave, but was known as a freedman because his master had freed him. They moved to Rome a short time later. Horace's father had a job taking items from the seller to the buyer. He received money from these sales. His father became more wealthy and was able to send Horace to the best schools in Rome. He was also able to send him to Athens (Greece) to study the Greek language and philosophy. Horace's native language was Latin. Horace was incredibly proud of his father, and said he felt no shame in being the son of a freedman.
In his early adult life, Julius Caesar, the Roman dictator, was killed. War was declared against the people who killed him. Horace joined the army. When the war was over, Horace returned to Italy to find that other people were living in his apartment. His father was also gone. Horace became very poor. Eventually, he found a job in the treasury. This involved sorting the country's money.
His friends, Lucius Varius Rufus and Virgil, who were also writers, introduced him to Maecenas. Maecenas was a close friend of Augustus, the emperor of Rome. Horace lived in Tivoli, an area of Rome. When he died, he gave the land he owned to Augustus, to increase the land the state owned. Today, other writers visit the land to remember him.
Quotes.
Horace wrote many famous quotes in his poems. These lines are still spoken today, by speakers of every language, in the original Latin.
Poetry.
Some of Horace's poems are difficult to translate because of their syntax, grammar and structure, which is sometimes very different to modern languages.
Horace is viewed by many people, including experts, to be one of the best Latin poets.

Space (disambiguation)
Space in simple understanding is an area or volume.

Physical body
In physics, a physical body (sometimes called simply a body or even an object) is a collection of masses, when you look at them as one object only.
For example, a cricket ball can be understood as an object but the ball also consists of many particles (pieces of matter).
A human's, animal's or vegetable's physical body is made up of organs and tissues and is a part of the total living being which in the human being may also include a psychological or spiritual component.

Ebisu
Ebisu (恵比須, 恵比寿, 夷, 戎), also known as Yebisu or Hiruko (蛭子) or Kotoshiro-nushi-no-kami (事代主神), is the Japanese god of fishermen, good luck and working men, and also the guardian of the health of children. He is one of the Seven Lucky Gods.
Origins as Hiruko.
Ebisu was first named "Hiruko", meaning "leech child". He was the first child of Izanagi and Izanami, born without bones (or, in some stories, without arms and legs) because of his mother's mistake in her marriage. Hiruko tried hard to survive but he was thrown to the sea in a boat made out of reeds. He was eventually washed ashore and was cared for by the Ainu people "Ebisu Saburo" (戎三郎).
Life Story.
The weak child overcame many problems, grew legs, and became the god Ebisu. He remains slightly crippled and deaf, but is still joyful (which is why he has the title, "The Laughing God"). He is often shown wearing a tall hat — the "Kazaori Eboshi" (風折烏帽子) — holding a fishing rod and a large sea bass.
In Popular Culture.
The brand name is named after Ebisu.

Dominican peso
The Dominican peso is the money of the Dominican Republic. Its official name is "Peso oro" and its symbol is "$" with RD in front of it ("RD$") to differentiate it from other "pesos" or "dollars". The ISO 4217 for the Dominican peso is DOP. Each peso is divided into 100 "centavos" (English, "cents").
History.
The first Dominican peso was introduced in 1844. It replaced the Haitian money. In 1905, the peso was replaced by United States currency. The peso oro was introduced in 1937, although the US dollar continued to be used alongside the peso oro until 1947.
Coins were introduced in 1937 in denominations of 1, 5, 10, 25 and 50 centavos. Since 1991, coins of denominations 1, 5, 10 and 25 pesos have been introduced. However, due to inflation, coins below 1 peso are now rarely found. Banknotes in use are 10, 20, 50, 100, 500, 1000 and 2000 pesos.

Proprioception
Proprioception is the sense that people have of knowing where the parts of their body are. It is also called kinesthtic sense.
Proprioception is used when a person touches the tip of their nose while keeping their eyes closed. Even though they cannot see their finger or their nose, they can sense how to touch them together.

Permutation
A permutation is a single way of arranging a group of objects. It is useful in mathematics.
A permutation can be changed into another permutation by simply switching two or more of the objects. For example, the way four people can sit in a car is a permutation. If some of them chose different seats, it would be a different permutation.

1 E6 m²
To help in showing the sizes of different geographic regions, areas between 1 km² (100 hectares) and 10 km² (1000 hectares) are listed below.

Lipid
A lipid is a type of molecule useful in biology. It is also oily or waxy. Fats are made from lipid molecules. Sources of lipid can be found in meat, cheese, butter and fish. Lipids are long chains of oxygen and hydrogen molecules. This means lipids are a hydrocarbon.

Group theory
Group theory is an advanced subject in mathematics. It is the study of mathematical objects called groups. It is very important in many areas of science, especially chemistry and physics.
Groups.
An important idea about a group is that when two elements are combined using the operation, the order of the elements matters. Switching the order of two combined elements gives a different result, except in special cases.

St. Vartan Cathedral
St. Vartan Cathedral is the first cathedral of the Armenian Apostolic Church to be constructed in North America. It is located in New York City on the corner of Second Avenue and Thirty-forth street and was built to resemble the St. Hripsime Church in Echmiadzin.

Margherita of Savoy
Margherita di Savoia or "Margaret of Savoy" (born November 20, 1851 in Turin, died January 4, 1926 in Bordighera), was an Italian queen of the Kingdom of Italy during the reign (1878-1900) of her husband, Humbert I.
Family.
She was a daughter of Ferdinand, Duke of Genoa and Elizabeth of Saxony. Her paternal grandparents were Charles Albert of Sardinia and Maria Theresa of Austria and Tuscany. Her maternal grandparents were John of Saxony and Princess Amalie Auguste of Bavaria.
Marriage and child.
She married her first cousin Humbert (Umberto) on April 21, 1868. On November 11, 1869, Margherita gave birth to Victor Emmanuel, Prince of Naples.
Life.
On January 9, 1878, Humbert succeeded as the new King of Italy. She became his Queen consort and remained by his side for the rest of his reign. Humbert was assassinated by anarchist Gaetano Bresci on July 29, 1900.
Margherita supported artists and writers,and the Red Cross, and founded cultural institutions, like the Società del Quartetto, and the Casa di Dante.
In 1889 the pizza "Margherita" was named after her. It is the colors of the Italian flag. Red sauce, green basil and white cheese.After the pizza,a Peak was named like the queen,and then,in 2007,the third highest mountain in Africa.
Politically she supported the Fascism.

Consonance and dissonance
In music, consonance and dissonance are words which are used to describe certain musical intervals or chords. The adjectives are consonant and dissonant.
A consonant interval or chord is one which sounds stable and pleasant. It could, for example, be the end of a piece of music. For example: C and E sound well together, or the chord C, E and G (a C major chord).
A dissonant interval or chord is one which sounds unstable. It may even sound harsh by itself. The notes seem to clash. It cannot be the end of the piece of music (if the music is a normal, traditional tonal piece). It sounds as if it wants to move on to a consonant interval (this is called "resolving" onto a consonant chord). The notes C and Fsharp together make a dissonant interval. The chord C - Dsharp - Fsharp is a dissonant interval: it is full of tension, and it sounds as if it wants to "resolve" onto C - E - G.
Scientifically a consonant interval is one in which the two notes vibrate at frequencies which have a simple mathematical relationship, e.g. in two notes which are an octave apart the higher note vibrates exactly twice as fast. If they are a fifth apart the top note vibrates 1 1/2 times as fast as the lower note. The more complicated mathematically the interval, the more dissonant it will sound.

405 Thia
405 Thia is a very big Main belt asteroid. It is classified as a C-type asteroid and is probably made of carbonaceous material.
It was found by Auguste Charlois on July 23, 1895 in Nice.

Carpe diem
Carpe diem is a famous phrase from one of the poems of Horace.
The poem in Latin and English.
The poem is originally from "Odes" 1.11. It is given in Latin and English below.
What it means.
Especially during the Baroque era, the phrase was important. In the 17th century there was the Thirty Years' war, which lasted roughly from 1618 to 1648. For the people of the time, death was present almost everywhere. To compensate for that there were the concepts of "Carpe diem" (There is little time left, use it as best you can), "Vanitas" (Vanity; things are not what they seem), and Memento mori (Remember you will die).
Better translation.
A better translation of the phrase would probably be "pluck the day" (as a fruit might be plucked from a tree).

Gustav Heinemann
Dr. Dr. Gustav Walter Heinemann (* 23 July 1899 in Schwelm; † 7 July 1976 in Essen) was a German politician. He was Interior Minister under Chancellor Konrad Adenauer. He resigned when Adenauer started getting ready to set up the German Army. He later resigned from the CDU and joined the SPD. He also served as Justice Minister before he was elected Federal President in 1969. He served for one term, and left office in 1974.

406 Erna
406 Erna is a common Main belt asteroid. It is classified as a P-type asteroid and is probably made of primitive carbonaceus chondritic materials.
It was found by Auguste Charlois on August 22, 1895 in Nice.

Schwelm
Schwelm is a town in the district of Ennepe-Ruhr Rural District the state of North Rhine-Westphalia.
Geography.
Schwelm is situated in the southeast of the "Ruhrgebiet", the Ruhr Area of Germany, between Westphalia and the "Bergisches Land". Schwelm is commonly known as the "Pforte Westfalens" ("Gate to Westphalia").
History.
The history of Schwelm goes back to the ninth century, where it is first mentioned as "Suelmiu". The city of Schwelm was officially established in 1496 and became seat of the Ennepe-Ruhr district in 1929. According to its area, Schwelm is the smallest town in North Rhine-Westphalia.
Points of interest.
Schwelm is home to the "Brauerei Schwelm", the Schwelm Brewery, one of the few remaining private breweries in Germany. It was started in 1830 by Haarmann & Kathagen, the brewery was one of the first worldwide to switch from wooden to metal barrels. The original office building of the brewery, the "Rietz'sche Haus" built in 1701, is still in use today.
The oldest piano manufacturer in the world is located in Schwelm. Since 1794, "Rud. Ibach Sohn" has been building pianos and, until 1904, organs in Schwelm.

Bundesarbeitsgericht
The Bundesarbeitsgericht or "Federal Labour Court" is the German federal supreme court of appeals for cases of labour law. This includes "individual" labour law (mostly about contracts of employment) and "collective" (more than one) labour law (e.g. cases about strikes and collective bargaining). The court hears cases from the "Landesarbeitsgerichte" (Superior State Labour Courts), which, in turn, are the courts of appeals against decisions of the "Arbeitsgerichte" (ordinary State Labour Courts).
The "Bundesarbeitsgericht" is in the city of Erfurt.

Bundessozialgericht
The Bundessozialgericht (German for "Federal Social Court") is the German federal supreme court of appeals for social security cases. The court hears cases about public health insurance, long-term care insurance, pension insurance and occupational accident insurance plans. These cases usually start in the "Sozialgerichte" ("Social Courts"), then the "Landessozialgerichte" ("Superior State Social Courts"), before the cases wind up at the "Bundessozialgericht".
The "Bundessozialgericht" is located in the city of Kassel.

Bundesverwaltungsgericht
The Bundesverwaltungsgericht or "Federal Administrative Court" is one of the five federal supreme courts of Germany. It is the federal court of appeals for generally all cases of administrative law, mainly arguments between people and the government.
It hears appeals from the "Oberverwaltungsgerichte", or Superior Administrative Courts, which, in turn, are the courts of appeals for decisions of the "Verwaltungsgerichte" (Administrative Courts).
Although cases about social security law are arguments between a person and the government, there are special courts for these matters. The Bundessozialgericht is federal court of appeals. Cases of tax and customs law are decided by the "Finanzgerichte" (Finance Courts), and lastly by the Bundesfinanzhof.
The "Bundesverwaltungsgericht" has its headquarters at the former "Reichsgericht" (Reich Court of Justice) building in Leipzig.

Santa María de Iquique School Massacre
The Santa María de Iquique school Massacre was on December 21 1907. At that time Chile's government was lead by Pedro Montt. Hundreds of workers died in the front of the school "Santa María de Iquique".
The workers had been walking from saltpetre mines of Tarapacá, striking to get better life conditions.
The strikers first went to San Lorenzo, and then to Iquique. They arrived in Iquique on December 16. They stayed peacefully in the school. Military forces arrived, and without provocation General Silva Renard give the order to shoot the people there in front of school. Hundreds of people were killed.

407 Arachne
407 Arachne is a big Main belt asteroid. It is classified as a C-type asteroid and is probably made of carbonaceous material.
It was found by Max Wolf on October 13, 1895 in Heidelberg.

Skype
Skype is a software program that uses the internet to make telephone calls. The software was created by the Swedish and Danish Niklas Zennström and Janus Friis. It is for Microsoft Windows (2000, XP, Vista and Windows Mobile), Mac OS X and Linux. By using VoIP to make the calls, it is very inexpensive to call another phone. It is free to call another Skype user. Every Skype users has a personal number which others users to can talk with them.
Security.
Skype has an encryption system for security. This system cannot be turned on or off. Skype provides an uncontrolled registration system for users. People can use the system safely without revealing their real-life identity to other users of the system, but there is no way to know that the person they communicate with is the one they say they are.

408 Fama
408 Fama is a common Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Max Wolf on October 13, 1895 in Heidelberg.

Wookieepedia
Wookieepedia (the "Star Wars" Wiki) is an online encyclopedia for information on the Star Wars fictional universe—including information of six films, as well as Expanded Universe. It is a more specialized and useful wiki for those who wish to go further than the basics in the Star Wars universe, and is almost entirely in-universe. The name Wookieepedia is a portmanteau of Wookiee and encyclopedia, being a pun on name of Wikipedia. Wookieepedia is hosted by Wikia.

Chianti
Chianti is a kind of red wine. It is producted in Tuscany in the famous area of "Chianti" inside the provinces of Arezzo, Florence, Pisa, Pistoia, Prato and Siena.

409 Aspasia
409 Aspasia is a very big Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Auguste Charlois on December 9, 1895 in Nice.

Maxïmo Park
Maxïmo Park (sometimes spelled Maximo Park) are an English indie rock band who formed in 2000.
History.
Maxïmo Park formed in in 2000 (with frontman Paul Smith coming from Billingham in Teesside). To Start off with, the four founding members played only a little amount small shows, with Archis Tiku on vocals, constantly switching the instruments he played. Almost about to split up, but instead they decided to look for somebody else to sing vocals. Singer Paul Smith was discovered by the then-girlfriend of drummer Tom English in a pub while he was singing along to a Stevie Wonder song. Having found someone with a stage presence, they started to write their first songs together, all despite the fact that the frontman never imagined himself as a frontman of a band. Paul Smith had never sung on stage before.
Around March 2004, a friend of the band's paid for 300 copies of a 7" red vinyl single "Graffiti" and later released a vinyl of their tracks ("The Coast Is Always Changing"/"The Night I Lost My Head") that they’d recorded in their house in Fenham. After some time of doing shows around their home town, Steve Beckett of the dance-electronic label Warp Records found one of these records and decided to sign Maxïmo Park to his record label.

Math Rock
Math rock is a guitar-based style of indie rock which has complex rhythms. This genre started in the late 1980s. A closely-related genre is post-rock, into which some of the same bands are classified. Post-rock is usually characterized by a stronger jazz influence.

410 Chloris
410 Chloris is a very big Main belt asteroid. It is classified as a C-type asteroid and is probably made of primitive carbonaceous material. The Chloris family of asteroids is named after it.
It was found by Auguste Charlois on January 7, 1896 in Nice.

Middle Kingdom of Egypt
The Middle Kingdom is the period in the history of ancient Egypt stretching from the establishment of the Eleventh Dynasty to the end of the Fourteenth Dynasty, roughly between 2030 BC and 1640 BC.
The period had two phases, the 11th Dynasty, which ruled from Thebes and the 12th and the following dynasties which were centred around el-Lisht. These two dynasties were originally considered to be the full extent of this unified kingdom, but historians now consider the 13th Dynasty to at least partially belong to the Middle Kingdom.

Thebes, Egypt
Thebes (, "Thēbai") was a city in Ancient Egypt about 800 km south of the Mediterranean, on the east bank of the river Nile (). It was the capital of "Waset," the fourth Upper Egyptian nome.

What Time Is It?
What Time Is It? is a song off the soundtrack of the 2007 movie High School Musical 2. It is about the kids who go to East High School leaving school for the summertime.

Politics of Germany
The Politics of Germany is based on a federal parliamentary democratic republic
The Federal Chancellor is the head of government, and of the majority group in the legislature (law making body) which is called the Bundestag.
Executive power is exercised by the government.
The power to make federal law is given to the government and the two parts of parliament, the Bundestag and Bundesrat.
From 1949 to 1990, the main political parties were the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) and the Christian Democratic Union (CDU), with its "sister party", the Christian Social Union of Bavaria (CSU).
After the reunification of Germany the Green Party and Alliance '90(Die Grünen) became more important and was in government between 1999 and 2005.
Other important political parties after reunification have been the PDS (Party of Democratic Socialism) which was based on East Germany's Socialist Unity Party of Germany. It joined with The Left Party (Die Linkspartei) of western Germany. In 2007 Die Linke and WASG joined together under the leadership of Oskar Lafontaine
Rights and the constitution.
The political system is set out in the 1949 constitution, the "Grundgesetz" (Basic Law), which stayed in effect after 1990's German reunification.
The constitution puts freedom and human rights first. It also splits powers both between the federal and state levels and between the legislative (law-making), executive (government), and judicial (courts) branches. The 1949 "Grundgesetz" was written to correct the problems with the Weimar Republic's constitution. The Weimar Republic collapsed in 1933 and was replaced by the dictatorship of the Third Reich.
The Federal Courts.
The courts of Germany are independent of the government and the lawmakers. Senior judges are appointed by the Bundestag for a fixed term.
Federal executive branch.
The "Bundeskanzler" (Federal Chancellor) heads the "Bundesregierung" (Federal Cabinet) and thus the executive branch of the federal government. He or she is chosen by and must report to the "Bundestag", Germany's parliament. Germany, like the United Kingdom, can thus be said to have a parliamentary system.
Konstruktives Misstrauensvotum.
The Chancellor cannot be removed from office during a 4-year term unless the "Bundestag" has agreed on a successor. This Constructive Vote of No Confidence () is stop what happened in the Weimar Republic. There the goivernment did not have a lot of support in the parliament. The small parties often joined together to vote against the government, but could never stay together and choose a new government.
Except in the periods 1969-72 and 1976-82, when the social democratic party of Chancellor Brandt and Schmidt came in second in the elections, the Chancellor has always been the candidate of the largest party. Usually the largest party is helped by one or smaller more parties to get a majority in the parliament. Between 1969-72 and 1976-82 the smaller parties decided not to help the largest party, but the second biggest party instead.
The Chancellor appoints a Vice-Chancellor (Vizekanzler), who is a member of his cabinet, usually the Foreign Minister. When there is a coalition government (which has, so far, always been the case, except for the period of 1957 to 1961), the Vice-Chancellor usually belongs to the smaller party of the coalition.
The Federal Cabinet.
The Chancellor is responsible for policy guidelines. This means he, or she, sets the broad ideas of what the government will do. To help carry out these ideas the Chancellor can change the make-up of the federal ministries whenever they want. For example, in the middle of January 2001, the Federal Ministry of Agriculture was renamed to Ministry of Consumer Protection, Food and Agriculture. This was to help fight the "Mad Cow Disease" BSE problem. At the same time some of the jobs ("competences") of the Ministry of Justice, the Ministry of Economy and the Ministry of Health were moved to the new Ministry of Consumer Protection.
Reporting to the cabinet is the Civil service of Germany.
The Federal President.
The duties of the "Bundespräsident" (Federal President) are mostly representative and ceremonial; The power of the executive is exercised by the Chancellor.
The President is elected every 5 years on May 23 by the Federal Assembly ("Bundesversammlung"). The Bundesversammlung only meets to elect the President. Its members are the entire "Bundestag" and an equal number of state delegates selected especially for this purpose in proportion to election results for the state parliaments.
In May 2004, Horst Köhler of the CDU was elected. The reason that the President is not directly elected by the people is to stop him from claiming to be more powerful than the government and the constitution, which happened in the Weimar Republic.
1) Although Mr. Köhler has been a member of the CDU the German Basic Law requests in Article 55 that the Federal President does not hold another office, practice a profession or hold a membership of any corporation. Accordingly every Federal President has let his party membership rest dormant and does not belong to a political party during his term of office.
Federal parliament.
Germany has a bicameral legislature, that means that the parliament has two houses. The "Bundestag" (Federal Diet) has at least 598 members, elected for a four year term. Half of the members (299) are elected in single-seat constituencies according to first-past-the-post. The other 299 members are chosen from statewide party lists.
The total percentage of constituency members and regional list members a party has should equal the percentage of votes that a party gets. This is called proportional representation.
Because Voters vote once for a constituency representative, and a second time for a party Germany is said to have mixed member proportional representation.
Sometimes a party already has more constituency seats in a "land" (state) than it should have to keep the percentage of votes and seats equal. The party does not lose seats. Instead it gets no land seats. This means that the Bundestag sometimes has more than 598 members. In the current parliament there are 16 overhang seats, giving a total of 614.
A party must get 5% of the national vote or win at least three constituency seats to be represented in the "Bundestag". This rule, often called the "five percent hurdle", was made to stop lots of small parties being in the Bundestag. Small parties were blamed for the problems of the Weimar Republic's Reichstag.
The first "Bundestag" elections were held in the Federal Republic of Germany ("West Germany") on August 14, 1949. Following reunification, elections for the first all-German "Bundestag" were held on December 2 1990. The last election was held on September 18 2005, the 16th Bundestag met on October 18 2005.
The "Bundesrat" (Federal Council) is the representation of the state governments at the federal level. The Bundesrat has 69 members who are delegates of the 16 "Bundesländer". Usually the 16 Ministers President are members, but they do not have to be. The "Länder" each have from three to six votes in the "Bundesrat", depending on population. "Bundesrat" members must vote as their state government tell them.
Powers of the legislature.
The legislature has powers of exclusive jurisdiction (it can make laws by itself) and concurrent jurisdiction with the "Länder" (the länder can also make laws). What laws and what type of laws are set out in the Basic Law.
The "Bundestag" does most law making.
The "Bundesrat" must concur (agree) to laws about money shared by the federal and state governments and those making more work for the states. Often this means that the "Bundesrat" often needs to agree to a law, because federal laws are often carried out by state or local agencies.
Since the political make-up of the "Bundesrat" is often different from that of the "Bundestag", the Bundesrat is often the place for opposition parties to put their point of view, rather than for the states to look after their interests, as the constitution intended.
To limit, members of the Bundestag and the Bundesrat form a Vermittlungsauschuss which is a joint committee to try to reach agreement when the two chambers can not agree on a certain piece of legislation.
Political parties and elections.
"More info: 16th German federal election, 2005"
The Federal Council is composed by representatives of the State governments.
Judicial branch.
Germany has had a court system that was free of government control for longer than it has had democracy.
This means that the courts have traditionally been strong, and almost all state actions are subject to judicial review (being looked at by the court).
Organisation.
There is the "ordinary" courts system that handles civil and criminal cases
There is also a system of specialist courts, that deall with certain areas of the law. These generally have a state court and state appeals court before coming to the federal supreme court for that area of law. The other federal supreme courts are
Unlike the United States, all courts are state courts, except for the top level supreme courts.
Bundesverfassungsgericht.
Germany also has another supreme court, the Bundesverfassungsgericht Federal Constitutional Court. The "Grundgesetz" says that every person may complain to the Federal Constitutional Court when his or her constitutional rights, especially the human rights, have been violated by the government or one of its agencies, and after he or she has gone through the ordinary court system.
The Bundesverfassungsgericht hears complaints about laws passed by the legislative branch, court decisions, or acts of the administration.
Usually only a small percentage of these constitutional complaints, called "(Verfassungsbeschwerden)" are successful. Evenso, the Court is often angers both the government and the law-makers. The judges even say that they do not care about the reactions of the government, the Bundestag, or public opinion or about the cost of one of the court's decisions. All that matters is the constitution.
The Bundesverfassungsgericht is very high popular with ordinary people, because it protects them from government wrong doing.
Only the Constitutional Court can handle some types of cases, including arguments between government bodies about their constitutional powers.
Only the Constitutional Court has the power to ban political parties for being unconstitutional. However so far the Constitutional court has only used this power twice, outlawing the KPD (Communist Party of Germany) and the SRP (Socialist Reich Party, a successor to the NSDAP) because both parties ideas went against the constitution.
"Red-Green" vs. Conservative-led coalitions.
In the 1998 election the SPD said they wanted to reduce high unemployment rates and said new people were needed in government after 16 years of Helmut Kohl's government.
Gerhard Schröder said he was a centrist "Third Way" candidate like Britain's Tony Blair and America's Bill Clinton.
The CDU/CSU said people should look at how well off they were because of Kohl's government, and that tje CDU/CSU had experience in foreign policy.
But the Kohl government was hurt at the polls by slower growth in the east in the prvious two years, which meant the gap between east and west wideded as the west got richer and the east did not.
The final seat count was enough to allow a "red-green" coalition of the SPD with The Greens ("Bündnis '90/Die Grünen"), bringing the Greens into a national government for the first time.
The first months of the new government had policy disputes between the moderate and traditional left wings of the SPD, and some voters got fed up. The first state election after the federal election was held in Hesse in February 1999. The CDU increased its vote by 3.5 %. The CDU became the largest party, and replaced a SPD/Green coalition with a CDU/FDP coalition. The result was seen in part as a referendum on the federal government's ideas for a new citizenship law, which would have made it easier forlong-time foreign residents to become German citizens, and also to keep their original citizenship as well.
In March 1999, SPD chairman and Minister of Finance Oskar Lafontaine, who represented a more traditional social democratic position, resigned from all offices after losing a party-internal power struggle against Schröder.
In state elections in 2000 and 2001, the respective SPD- or CDU-led coalition governments were re-elected into power.
The next election for the "Bundestag" was September 22 2002. Gerhard Schröder led the coalition of SPD and Greens to an 11 seat victory over the CDU/CSU headed by Edmund Stoiber (CSU). Two factors are generally cited that enabled Schröder to win the elections despite poor approval ratings a few months before: good handling of the 2002 European floods and firm opposition to the USA's 2003 invasion of Iraq.
The coalition treaty for the second red-green coalition was signed October 16, 2002. There were a lot of new ministers.
Conservative comeback.
In February 2003, elections took place in the states of Hesse and Lower Saxony, were won by the conservatives. In Hesse, the CDU minister president Roland Koch was re-elected, with his party CDU gaining enough seats to govern without the former coalition partner FDP.
In Lower Saxony, the former SPD minister president Sigmar Gabriel lost the elections, leading to an CDU/FDP-government headed by new minister president Christian Wulff (CDU).
The protest against the Iraq war changed this situation a bit, favouring SPD and Greens.
The latest election in the state of Bavaria led to a landslide victory of the conservatives, gaining not just the majority (as usual), but two thirds of parliamentary seats.
In April 2003, chancellor Schröder announced massive labour market reforms, called Agenda 2010. This included a shakeup of the system of German job offices (Arbeitsamt), cuts in unemployment benefits and subsidies for unemployed persons who start their own businesses. These changes are commonly known by the name of the chairman of the commission which conceived them as Hartz I - Hartz IV. Although these reforms have sparked massive protests they are now credited with being in part responsible for the economic upswing and the fall of unemployment figures in Germany in the years 2006/7.
The European elections on June 13, 2004 brought a staggering defeat for the Social Democrats, who polled only slightly more than 21 %, the lowest election result for the SPD in a nationwide election since the Second World War. Liberals, Greens, conservatives and the far left were the winners of the European election in Germany, because voters were disillusioned by high unemployment and cuts in social security, while the governing SPD party seems to be concerned with quarrels between its members and gave no clear direction. Many observers believe that this election marked the beginning of the end of the Schröder government.
Rise of the Right.
In September 2004, elections were held in the states of Saarland, Brandenburg and Saxony. In the Saarland, the governing CDU was able to remain in power and gained one additional seat in the parliament and the SPD lost seven seats, while the Liberals and Greens re-entered the state parliament. The far-right National Democratic Party, which had never got more than 1 or 2 % of the vote, received about 4%, although it failed to earn a seat in the state parliament (a party must obtain at least 5% of the vote to achieve state parliamentary representation).
Two weeks later, elections were held in the eastern states of Brandenburg and Saxony: once again, overall, the ruling parties lost votes and although they remained in power, the right to far-right parties made the big leaps. In Brandenburg, the Deutsche Volksunion (DVU) re-entered the state parliament after winning 6.1% of the vote. In Saxony, the NPD entered a non-competition agreement with the DVU and obtained 9.2% of the vote, thus winning seats in the state parliament. Due to their losses at the ballots, the ruling CDU of Saxony was forced to form a coalition with the SPD. The rise of the right to far-right worries the ruling political parties.
German federal election 2005.
On May 22 2005 as predicted the SPD was defeated in its former heartland, North Rhine-Westphalia. Half an hour after the election results, the SPD chairman Franz Müntefering announced that the chancellor would clear the way for premature federal elections by deliberately losing a vote of confidence.
This took everyone by surprise, especially because the SPD was below 25% in polls at the time. On the following Monday the CDU announced Angela Merkel as conservative candidate for chancellorship.
Whereas in May and June 2005 victory of the conservatives seemed highly likely, with some polls giving them an absolute majority, this changed shortly before the election at September 18, 2005, especially after the conservatives introduced Paul Kirchhof as potential minister of the treasury, and after a TV duel between Merkel and Schröder where many considered Schröder to have performed better.
New for the 2005 election was the alliance between the newly formed Electoral Alternative for Labour and Social Justice (WASG) and the PDS, planning to join into a common party (see Left Party.PDS). With the former SPD chairman Oskar Lafontaine for the WASG and Gregor Gysi for the PDS as prominent figures, this alliance soon found interest in the media and in the population. Polls in July saw them as high as 12 %.
After success in the state election for Saxony, the alliance between the far right parties National Democratic Party and Deutsche Volksunion (DVU), which planed to leapfrog the "five-percent hurdle" on a common party ticket was another media issue.
The election results of September 18 2005 were surprising. They were very different from the polls of the previous weeks. The conservatives lost votes compared to 2002, reaching only 35%, and failed to get a majority for a "black-yellow" government of CDU/CSU and liberal FDP. The FDP polled a 10 % of the votes, one of their best results ever. But the red-green coalition also failed to get a majority, with the SPD losing votes, but polling 34 % and the greens staying at 8 %. The left party alliance reached 8.7 % and entered the German Parliament, whereas the NPD only got 1.6 %.
The most likely outcome of coalition talks was a so-called "grand coalition" between the conservatives (CDU/CSU) and the social democrats (SPD), with the three smaller parties (liberals, greens and the left) in the opposition. Other possible coalitions include a "traffic light coalition" between SPD, FDP and Greens and a "Jamaica coalition" between CDU/CSU, FDP and Greens. Coalitions involving the Left Party were ruled out by all parties (including the Left Party itself), although the combination of one of the major parties and any two small parties would mathematically have a majority. Of these combinations, only a red-red-green coalition is politically even imaginable. Both Gerhard Schröder and Angela Merkel announced that they had won the election and should become next chancellor.
On October 10, talks were held between Franz Müntefering, the SPD chairman, Gerhard Schröder, Angela Merkel and Edmund Stoiber, the CSU chairman. In the afternoon it was announced that the CDU/CSU and SPD would begin formal coalition negotiations with the aim of a Grand Coalition with Angela Merkel as the next German chancellor.
Angela Merkel is the first woman, the first East German and the first scientist to be chancellor as well as the youngest German chancellor ever. On November 22 2005 Angela Merkel was sworn in by president Horst Köhler for the office of Bundeskanzlerin.

Musical notation
Music notation or musical notation is a way of writing down music so that anyone can play it. Many systems have been used in the past to write music. Today most musicians in the Western world write musical notes on a stave: five parallel lines with four spaces in between them. However, there are many others, some of which are in use today in different cultures.
Writing music down makes it possible for a composer who makes up (composes) a piece of music to let other people know how he wants his music to sound. That music can then be played or sung by anybody who can “read music”. If music is not written down, then people can only learn other people’s music by listening to it and trying to copy it. This is how folk music was traditionally learned.
Cuneiform.
The earliest kind of musical notation was written on tablets using a way of writing called cuneiform. Music from Nippur from about 2000 B.C. has been found which seems to give an approximate idea of how the music should be played. A tablet from 1250 B.C. has musical notation which shows the names of the strings of a lyre. They are the earliest records we have of written music.
Ancient Greece.
Musical notation from Ancient Greece showed the notes in more detail than the earlier cuneiform. It shows the pitch (how high or low the note is) and how long it lasts. It sometimes give an idea of the harmony. It was used from at least the 6th century BC until about the 4th century AD.
Early European musical notation.
When music started to be written down in Europe it was music for the Roman Catholic church. The monks who wrote it down used a system of dots and strokes called neumes. They gave an idea of how high or low the notes were, but did not show the length of the notes. They may have been used by people who knew the music already and just needed a reminder of when to go up and down.
People gradually realized that it was necessary to find a system which showed the exact pitch of the note. The first stave was just one single horizontal line. Gradually this increased to four lines. Guido d’Arezzo, an Italian Benedictine monk who lived in the 11th century developed this system which soon led to the way of writing music that we know. By the 16th century everybody was using the 5 line stave. A system of bars (measures) was used everywhere by the end of the 17th century. At first the bar lines where there to show which notes should be played or sung together. Gradually the system we know today was developed in which each bar lasted the same length of time, and has a particular number of beats (counts) for each bar. By the end of the 17th century this was used by most musicians in European classical music.
The modern system of musical notation.
Today we use a five-line staff. The pitch (high or low) is shown by where the note is put on the stave. There may also be sharps or flats in front of some of the notes. The music is read from left to right.
A staff of written music usually has a clef in front. This shows exactly which notes are to be played. Notes which are very high or low can be put on extra lines called ledger lines above or below the stave.
After the clef there is usually a key signature which shows the key of the piece: it shows which sharps or flats are to be used regularly.
After the key signature is the time signature. Bars (measures) divide the piece into regular groupings of beats, and the time signatures show these groupings.
Above the music there is usually a word, or words, to show the tempo (speed) At various places in the music there will be dynamic marks to show how loud or soft to play.
For vocal music, words are written underneath the notes.
When music is played by a large group of instruments such as an orchestra the music is written in a "score". This shows the music played by all the instruments, so there are many staves written underneath one another. The conductor will need to have a score, but the players will play from a “part” which has just the notes that they play. All the parts needed for a piece of music is called a “set of parts”.
Some other systems.
Instruments such as guitars often play from a chord chart or just the names of the chords (C7, Em etc) written underneath the music or under the words of a song.
A system called tonic sol-fa was used by amateur musicians a century ago. This showed the names of the notes of a scale (doh, ray, me etc).
Lute music in the Renaissance and Baroque periods used to be written in a system called tabulature. Some 20th century composers have also used tabulature.
Some modern composers such as John Cage have written music by making drawings called graphic notation.
Music can also be written in Braille for blind musicians.
Today computers are often used for making music. This has led to other forms of music notation which are used in different systems of software. The MIDI file format, stores information about the pitch, duration, speed, volume etc of notes and can be used to control a MIDI instrument.
There are other systems in use today for some non-Western music.

Musicology
Musicology means the study of music by a scholar. A scholar is an academic person, often a professor or lecturer at a university. Someone who studies musicology is a Musicologist.
Musicologists study all kinds of music. They study the history of music and learn about all the composers and how they developed their ideas and learned from one another. They can do this by studying music scores, or by looking for historical documents which tell us about musicians from the past. Musicologists may also study the philosophy of music (thinking about what music means).
They write articles in musical journals or books on music. This can help us to know and understand more about the music we play or listen to.

Group 0
Group 0 in the periodic table is the group where the noble gases are arranged. It is the last group in the table.
Characteristics.
All the elements in this group are not reactive. This means they don't do anything when they mix with other elements.

Armenian-Tatar massacres 1905-1907
The Armenian-Tatar massacres (also known as the Armenian Tatar War and the Armeno-Tatar War) refers to the inter-ethnic conflict between the Armenians and the Caucasian Tartars (modern Azeris) in the Caucasus in 1905—1907.
The massacres started during the Russian Revolution of 1905, and claimed hundreds of lives. The most violent clashes occurred in 1905 in February in Baku, in May in Nakhichevan, in August in Shusha and in November in Ganja.

411 Xanthe
411 Xanthe is a big Main belt asteroid.
History.
It was found by Auguste Charlois on January 7, 1896 in Nice.

C-pop
C-pop is short for Chinese popular music. Traditional Chinese: 中文流行音樂; simplified Chinese: 中文流行音乐. Most of today's C-pop artists are from Hong Kong, Taiwan and mainland China, as well as from other countries where Mandarin or Cantonese language is used, such as Singapore and Malaysia. However, Taiwanese music has some origins from the Japanese enka so Taiwanese pop is sometimes said to be a different genre from C-Pop.
The Four Heavenly Kings.
"The Four Heavenly Kings" of Cantonese pop are Leon Lai, Andy Lau, Aaron Kwok and Jacky Jeung.
In the early 1990s, many major Cantonese pop stars (such as Alan Tam, Leslie Cheung, Samuel Hui, Priscilla Chan and Joseph Koo) decided to retire because of the protests in China in 1989. Cantonese pop needed new talent to fill the gaps left by these retired stars, this led to the beginning of "the Four Heavenly Kings" or "四大天王" ("lit." Four Great Kings of Heaven): Jacky Jeung, Andy Lau, Aaron Kwok and Leon Lai. They were dominated the media in all forms, from magazines, TV, cinema to music.
Mandarin pop.
Mandarin pop () is a subgenre of C-pop. Also known as Mandopop and Mandapop, Mandarin pop songs are performed in Mandarin. Most Cantonese pop stars also expand their music career into the Mandarin pop scene.

Stefanie Sun
Stefanie Sun (a multi-award-winning C-Pop singer and songwriter. She was born on 23 July 1978. Stefanie has sold over 10 million copies in Asia. After her release of her tenth album, she is said to be the most popular Mandarin female singer in Asia and the most successful singer from Singapore.
Early life.
Stefanie Sun has an elder sister Sng Yee Kia and a younger sister Sng EeMei.
Stefanie wen to school at Saint Margaret's Secondary School, Raffles Girls' School and went on to attend Saint Andrew's Junior College. She later attended Nanyang Technological University, where she got a degree in Marketing. Her abilities were discovered by her music teacher at his music school.
Languages.
Among Mandarin-speakers, Stefanie is known by her Mandarin name, Sun Yan Zi. She speaks the Teochew dialect, and in Teochew her name is pronounced as "Sng Ee Tze," which is her official name. Most of her songs are sung in Mandarin, with several in English. Stefanie's ability to speak many dialects is shown in the songs she sings.
In the song "Cloudy Day" (called 天黑黑 in Chinese), she sings in both Mandarin and Min Nan (Taiwanese). "Cloudy Day" is an adaptation of a traditional Taiwanese folk song.
Her album START! contains 6 songs in English: "Venus", "That I Will Be Good", "Sometimes Love Just Ain't Enough", "Silent All These Years", and "Hey Jude"; and a song she wrote called "Someone".
Career.
Stefanie does most of her recording and performing in Taiwan, where most of her fans are. She also visits China, Hong Kong, Malaysia and Singapore, where many of her fans are.
Her first music album was released in June 2000, the self-titled YanZi, published by Warner Music. The album sold over 330,000 copies in Taiwan. Her next album, which was released in December of the same year was titled My Desired Happiness or 我要的幸福 in Chinese. My Desired Happiness sold over 380,000 copies in Taiwan. Both albums achieved great success – each album sold over 1,000,000 copies in mainland China.
Her third album was released in early 2001, titled Kite, which sold successfully with 300,000 copies in Taiwan and more than 950,000 in China.
In January 2002 she released START, which was titled 自選集 in China. START was a collection of songs and cover versions. START! sold over 250,000 copies in Taiwan alone in less than a month and overall 1,000,000 copies sold in mainland China.
In 2002 and 2003, Stefanie sang the official theme songs for Singapore's National Day Parade: We Will Get There (一起走到 in Chinese) and One United People (全心全意 in Chinese). One United People was included on the album Leave.
In early 2003, she released the album To Be Continued… which like her previous releases, was a success. It sold more than 250,000 copies in Taiwan and more than 1,000,000 in China. Only a few months later, she released her seventh album with six new songs mixed with fifteen of her old songs. By the end of 2003, Stefanie had sold over 7,000,000 copies in Asia with just seven albums.
In late 2003, she decided to take a one-year break from making music, because she wanted to find again her direction in her career. She returned in late 2004 with a new album titled Stefanie, which was meant to reflect her debut album (self-titled as well, but in Chinese). This was to symbolise her return with a fresh attitude. This album sold more than 2,300,000 copies in Asia; making it her most successful album. She also started her own company called Make Music.
A Perfect Day was released on 2005, almost one year later. Reviews of this new album were mixed, but Stefanie said that all she wanted was to make quality music, instead of releases that sell well but have a lower level of artistic quality. This album was not her highest-selling, but it had still managed to sell over 1,000,000 copies in Asia.
In 2006, Stefanie had 4 full-house concerts at the Hong Kong Coliseum. The performances were praised by the media as well as fans. Stefanie also returned to Singapore in a much-anticipated homecoming concert. However, at The Golden Melody Awards 2006 in Taiwan, while performing songs that were meant to be for male singers, she went off-key, due to having not enough sleep, jet lag, and not having enough time to practice. The media said she had shattered her image of a pop diva with great singing skills. Though she had been heavily criticized by the media, many think that she did not perform as bad, instead the media had over-emphasized on her singing that night.
Stefanie’s first album under the Capitol brand is entitled Against the Light or 逆光 in Chinese. It was released on 22 March 2007. Her decision to leave Warner after 9 albums was partly due to music executive Sam Chen, who now works at EMI. He had collaborated with Stefanie on 8 of her 9 albums.
On 26 February 2007, Stefanie returned from Cairo where she and her team were extorted by suspected local gangsters. Stefanie was in Egypt to shoot a PV for her new album. Two men disguised as government officials followed her and the crew and asked for money and even showing a handgun. The crew tried calling the police but the police didn’t believe them. The crew had to hand over a total of over 200,000 yuan in order to continue shooting.
Stefanie’s tenth album Against the Light, has been a major success in Asia. In Taiwan, it sold over 60,000 copies in the first 3 days it was released. In addition, over 500,000 copies were sold within a week in China. Stefanie was also the number one spot in the Taiwanese Music Charts for 4 weeks.
In 2007, Stefanie sang the offcial theme song for ASEAN's 40th anniversary celebrations: Rise.

Mudra
In Indian religions, a mudra (Sanskrit, literally "seal") is a gesture made with the hand or fingers. Along with "asanas" (body postures), they are used in yoga. Each mudra has a meaning. They are a central part of Hindu iconography. Mudras are also used in Buddhism. There are hand gestures in both Hindu and Buddhist iconography. An example would be the outward-facing open palm known as "Abhay" (without fear) mudra, a gesture meant to dispel fear.

Aaron Kwok
Aaron Kwok is a popular Hong Kong singer and movie actor. He is one of the "Four Heavenly Kings" of Cantopop. He has been dubbed "Hong Kong's Michael Jackson" for his onstage dancing.
Aaron Kwok is one of Hong Kong and Asia's most important pop stars. Over the last decade or so, Kwok has won over a hundred music awards. As a solo performer, he has played in over 200 concerts around the world.
Biography.
After graduating from secondary school, Kwok worked as a junior staff in King Fook Gold and Jewellery Co. Ltd., as his father, who owns a gold retail store wanted Kwok to gain experience in the business and eventually taking over the family business.
In 1984, Aaron Kwok joined a dancer training course at HK-TVB, where his talent for dancing was shown. There, Kwok performed in PVs and a variety of TV shows. In 1985, Kwok's outstanding performance in a pageant show was spotted. He was transferred to the acting department of the talent training course and became a TV actor, where he played a few roles in Chinese television drama shows.
In the early 1990s, a Taiwanese motorcycle CM gave him instant fame and he burst onto the music scene with his now-famous song Loving You Forever (called 對你愛不完 in the Chinese and original release) and the dance moves for the song. In the next few years, his popularity reached fever-pitch and he was soon ranked alongside the most popular artists of the time.
Over the years, Kwok has also taken part in other mediums such as CMs and acting, especially with director-cinematographer Andrew Lau. Kwok has also done extensive public service and charity work, which is why he was amongst the winners of the Ten Most Outstanding Young Persons Award 2003.
In 2004, a string of concert dates earned Kwok a Hong Kong Dance Award presented by the Hong Kong Dance Alliance. Due to this success, Kwok toured again in 2005, receiving much praise.
At the Taiwan's forty-second Golden Horse Awards ceremony on 13 November 2005, Kwok won Best Leading Actor award for his role in the movie "Divergence". It was Kwok's first Golden Horse nomination and beat veteran Hong Kong star Tony Leung to win the honour.
Aaron won the Best Actor Award again at the forty-third Golden Horse Awards on 24 November 2006 for his role in the movie "After This Our Exile". He became the second actor in the history of the Golden Horse Awards to win the Best Actor Award year after year. Jackie Chan first acchieved this back in the 1990s.

Styrene
Styrene is a certain organic chemical compound having the chemical formula C8H8. Its chemical structure is made up of a vinyl group bonded onto a benzene ring. This benzene ring makes styrene an aromatic compound. At room temperature and pressure, styrene is a clear, colorless liquid. Other names for styrene can be "styrol", "vinylbenzene", "phenylethene", or "phenylethylene".
Uses.
Styrene is used in the chemical industry as a monomer. This means many styrene molecules can bond together to make a larger molecule called polystyrene. Polystyrene is a kind of polymer often used as a plastic. This kind of chemical reaction is called polymerization.
Styrene can also bond with other kinds of monomers to make other kinds of polymers called "copolymers". For one example, styrene has been mixed with another monomer called 1,3-butadiene to make a copolymer which is a kind of synthetic rubber. For another example, styrene is mixed with acrylonitrile and 1,3-butadiene to make a copolymer plastic called ABS (Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene).
Production.
This kind of reaction is called dehydrogenation. Hydrogen is also made by this reaction.

412 Elisabetha
412 Elisabetha is a big Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Max Wolf on January 7, 1896 in Heidelberg.

Para Para Sakura
"Para Para Sakura" is a 2001 romance-comedy movie directed by Jingle Ma, starring Aaron Kwok and Cecilia Cheung. It was filmed and produced in Hong Kong. It runs for 107 minutes and is in the language Cantonese.
Plot Outline.
Kwok plays the role of Phillip Wong, a colour-blind dance instructor who holds a class devoted to the latest dance craze, the Japanese Para Para. While in Shanghai, Phillip meets Yee (Cheung), a spoiled rich girl who is running away from her up-coming arranged marriage. Soon, Yee begins using Phillip's dance studio as a sanctuary from her responsibilities, and an attraction begins to form between the two. However, Yee is called back to Japan to be married before long, and Phillip must use more than his dance skills and charisma to prevent her from taking her vows.
Cast and Credits.
Aaron Kwok --- Kam-Shing "Phillip" Wong
Cecilia Cheung --- Yuriko "Yee"
Ah Niu --- Henry Ko
Niu Tien --- Yamfeifei, Yuriko's Mother
Kazuhiko Nishimura --- Shunichi Kukukawa

413 Edburga
413 Edburga is a common Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Max Wolf on January 7, 1896 in Heidelberg.

414 Liriope
414 Liriope is a big Main belt asteroid. It is classified as a C-type asteroid and is probably made of carbonaceous material.
It was found by Auguste Charlois on January 16, 1896 in Nice.

JJ Lin
Wayne Lin, born on 27 March 1981, is more commonly known as JJ Lin. He is a Singaporean singer and songwriter of Chinese Fujian descent, and he came to musical prominence and success in the Greater China region and Taiwan, where he was awarded the "Best New Artist" award in the Taiwan Golden Melody Awards.
He has written songs for various artists, notably "Ji De (Remember)" for Taiwanese pop diva A-Mei and fellow labelmate A-do's "Fang Shou".
In Singapore, he was chosen to perform the remixed version of "Home", the theme song of the National Day Parade in 2004. His career and notability began to rise astronomically in Singapore particularly with the aid of his music being used in television shows produced by MediaCorp TV Channel 8, and his increased public appearances, such as being the guest performer in the finals of Channel U's Project SuperStar.
After winning the Gold award in the Best New Act category in the 2004 Singapore Hit Awards, he went on to sweep the 2005 edition with four awards to his name, including the Best Local Male Artiste, Best Composing Artiste, Best Male Vocalist and Best Local Music Composition awards, recognizing his talents both in the composition and performance aspects of his music. His latest album "Cao Cao" sold 2,000,000 copies in just 2 weeks.

415 Palatia
415 Palatia is a big Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Max Wolf on February 7, 1896 in Heidelberg.

416 Vaticana
416 Vaticana is a big Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Auguste Charlois on May 4, 1896 in Nice.

417 Suevia
417 Suevia is a common Main belt asteroid. It is classified as a K-type/S-type asteroid.
It was found by Max Wolf on May 6, 1896 in Heidelberg.

418 Alemannia
418 Alemannia is a common Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Max Wolf on September 7, 1896 in Heidelberg.

Zhang Li Yin
Li Yin Zhang (simplified Chinese: 张力尹; traditional Chinese: 張力尹; pinyin: Zhāng Lì Yǐn; Korean: 장리인), also known in Korea by her Korean name RiIn Jang, is the first and currently only Chinese solo singer to break into the Korean music industry. Li Yin has been nicknamed the "Chinese BoA". She speaks both Mandarin and Korean, and has released music in both Korea and China. She also speaks English language but has not yet released any records fully in English.
Biography.
Li Yin was born on 18 February 1989 in Sichuan, China. She grew up in a musical family, as both of her parents were professional violinists. As a child, her parents took her to their rock concerts and exposed her to a variety of music. At 3 years old, she began to learn the violin. Li Yin liked classical, American and European music so much that she says she never sang children's songs when she was a child.
As she grew older, Li Yin became more into pop music than rock music. She had to secretly listen to pop music because her parents were against it. When she was 12, she was accepted into a middle school founded by the Sichuan Music College after scoring the highest with her violin-playing, but she chose to become a singer instead. She was selected as one of the top-ten teenage singers in a national singing competition in Beijing. Eventually, her parents began to support her dream to become a singer.
Single: "Timeless" / "Y (Why...)".
Li Yin was discovered by SM Entertainment. She started training in 2003 at the age of 13 and for 3 years, she special singing and dance training under SM Entertainment. While doing so, she discovered her R&B talent.
Li Yin's debut was greatly anticipated not only in Korea, but the whole of Asia because of the promotion of her being "The Next BoA" and "The Chinese BoA." Before her official debut, it was already known that her song was a duet with popular TVXQ-member Xiah Junsu, which caused even more excitement and anticipation among the general public.
On 8 September 2006, Li Yin released her first single, "Timeless". On the first day of release, she ranked #2 on the online charts of SBS Inkigayo. The song was placed #1 on Daum's Music Video chart as well as hitting the highest search number on the famous Korean search engine Naver. The PV was ranked #1 on Melon's Video Chart for 30 days.
In early 2007, Li Yin promoted the second track of her debut single called "Y (Why...)", which is a power ballad. SM Entertainment also released a "Timeless" documentary version of her "Y (Why...)" PV. It featured her hardships while training, as well as many behind-the-scenes clips of her promotion of "Timeless", including never-before-seen footage of her and Xiah Junsu.
She also performed with boy-band TVXQ at their second Korean concert in Seoul, South Korea on 23 February 2007. She sang BoA's part in the song "Try-Angle", previously performed by BoA, TVXQ and The TRAX.
She also performed "Timeless" with Xiah Junsu at the Hallyu Expo in Korea on 8 March 2007. In July, along with Kangta, TVXQ, The Grace and Super Junior, she performed in Korea for the SMTown Summer Concert 2007.
Album: "星愿 - I WILL".
After a long year of absence without releasing any records, Zhang Li Yin announced during an interview early December 2007 that her long-awaited debut album will be released in February 2008. The album is titled "星愿 - I WILL" ("lit. Star Wish: I Will") and has been released in Korea, China, Japan, Singapore and Malaysia.

419 Aurelia
419 Aurelia is a very big Main belt asteroid. It is classified as an F-type asteroid.
It was found by Max Wolf on September 7, 1896 in Heidelberg.

420 Bertholda
420 Bertholda is a very big Main belt asteroid. It is classified as a P-type asteroid.
It was found by Max Wolf on September 7, 1896 in Heidelberg.

Nyingma
Nyingma is the name of one of the four major schools of Tibetan Buddhism. The Nyingma school is made up of several different lines that start with Padmasambhava, the legendary founder of Tibetan Buddhism. The word "Nyingma" means "ancient". Nyingma followers see themselves as holding the oldest teachings of Vajrayana. Some of these teachings come from the local Bön religion of Tibet.
Notable modern Nyingma teachers include Kyabje Dudjom Rinpoche (c. 1904-1987), Sogyal Rinpoche, Dilgo Khyentse Rinpoche, Khenpo Choga Rinpoche, filmmaker Khyentse Norbu (also known as Dzongsar Jamyang Khyentse Rinpoche), and Penor Rinpoche.

421 Zähringia
421 Zähringia is a small Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Max Wolf on September 7, 1896 in Heidelberg.

422 Berolina
422 Berolina is a common Main belt asteroid.
It was found by G. Witt on October 8, 1896 in Berlin. It was first of the two asteroids he found. The other was the famous asteroid 433 Eros.
Although it has an orbit similar to the Flora family asteroids, it appears to be an unrelated asteroid because it is not an S-type asteroid (see the).

423 Diotima
423 Diotima is a one of the largest Main belt asteroids. It is classified as a C-type asteroid and is probably made of primitive carbonaceous materials.
It was found by Auguste Charlois on December 7, 1896 in Nice, France.

424 Gratia
424 Gratia is a big Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Auguste Charlois on December 31, 1896 in Nice.

425 Cornelia
425 Cornelia is a big Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Auguste Charlois on December 28, 1896 in Nice.

426 Hippo
426 Hippo is a very big Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Auguste Charlois on August 25, 1897 in Nice.

427 Galene
427 Galene is a common Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Auguste Charlois on August 27, 1897 in Nice.

428 Monachia
428 Monachia is an asteroid orbiting in the Flora family in the Main Belt.
It was found by Walther Villiger on November 18, 1897 in Munich. It was the only asteroid he found.

429 Lotis
429 Lotis is a big Main belt asteroid. It is classified as a possible C-type asteroid and is likely made of primitive carbonaceous materials.
It was found by Auguste Charlois on November 23, 1897 in Nice.

430 Hybris
430 Hybris is a common Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Auguste Charlois on December 18, 1897 in Nice.

431 Nephele
431 Nephele is a big Main belt asteroid. It is classified as a C-type asteroid and is probably made of carbonaceous material.
It was found by Auguste Charlois on December 18, 1897 in Nice.

432 Pythia
432 Pythia is a common Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Auguste Charlois on December 18, 1897 in Nice.

433 Eros
433 Eros is the first found Near-Earth asteroid named after the Greek god of love, Eros (Greek Ἔρως). It is an S-type asteroid about 13 × 13 × 33 km in size, the second-biggest near-Earth asteroid (NEA) after 1036 Ganymed, belonging to the Amors. It is a Mars-crosser asteroid and was the first asteroid that was known to come within the orbit of Mars. Eros is one of the few NEAs with a maximum diameter higher than 10km. It is thought to be bigger than the impactor that created Chicxulub Crater in the Yucatán, which has been linked to the extinction of the dinosaurs.
On January 31, 2012, Eros is expected to pass Earth at 0.1787 astronomical units (16.6 million miles) with a visual magnitude of +8.1. But during rare oppositions, every 81 years, such as in 1975 and 2056, Eros can reach a magnitude of +7.1, which is brighter than Neptune and brighter than any main belt asteroid except 4 Vesta and, not usually, 2 Pallas and 7 Iris. Under this condition, the asteroid actually appears to stop, but unlike the normal condition for a body in heliocentric conjunction with the Earth, it never appears to be retrograde. Its synodic period of over 846 Earth days is among the biggest of any body in the Solar System.
Eros was visited by the NEAR Shoemaker probe, which orbited it, taking many pictures of its surface, and, on February 12 2001, at the end of its mission, landed on the asteroid's surface using its maneuvering jets.
Objects in an orbit like Eros can exist for only a few hundred million years before the orbit is perturbed by gravitational interactions. Simulations suggest that Eros may evolve into an Earth-crosser within 2 million years (Michel et al., 1996).
The adjectival form which is not used a lot of the name Eros is "Erotian".
Physical characteristics.
Surface gravity depends on the distance from a spot on the surface to the center of a body's mass. The Erotian surface gravity changes a lot, since Eros is not a sphere but a stretched peanut-shaped (or potato- or shoe-shaped) object. The daytime temperature on Eros hovers at about 100 °C and nighttime measurements at −150 °C. Eros's density is 2,400 kg/m3, about the same as the density of Earth's crust. It rotates once every 5.27 hours.
NEAR scientists have found that most of the bigger rocks strewn across Eros were blown off from a single crater in a meteorite collision approximately 1 billion years ago. This impact may also be responsible for the 40 percent of the Erotian surface that is devoid of craters smaller than 0.5 kilometers across. It was first thought that the debris thrown up by the collision filled in the smaller craters. An analysis of crater densities over the surface indicates that the areas with lower crater density are within 9 kilometers of the impact point. Some of the lower density areas were found on the opposite side of the asteroid but still within 9 kilometers.
History.
As one of the bigger Near Earth Asteroids (NEAs), Eros has played a significant role in history. It was found on the same night (13 August 1898) by Gustav Witt in Berlin and Auguste Charlois at Nice. Witt was taking a 2 hour exposure of beta Aquarius to secure astrometric
positions of asteroid 185 Eunike.
In 1975, Eros became the first asteroid to be detected by radar.
Eros was one of the first asteroids to be visited by a spacecraft, and the first to be orbited and soft-landed on. NASA spacecraft NEAR Shoemaker entered orbit around Eros in 2000, and came to rest on its surface in 2001.

Thelema
Thelema is the English spelling of the Greek noun: "will", from the verb "θέλω": to will, wish, purpose. Early Christian writings use the word to refer to the will of God, the human will, and even the will of God's opponent, the Devil.
Thelema is also a way of life first written about by François Rabelais (16th century) in his famous books of fiction, Gargantua and Pantagruel. The core of this way of life was summed up in the phrase "Do what thou wilt" ("fay çe que vouldras" in the original French). This idea was later put into practice in the mid 18th century by Sir Francis Dashwood at Medmenham.
This Thelemic Law of Rabelais was revived by Aleister Crowley in 1904 when Crowley wrote "The Book of the Law". This book contains both the word "Thelema" in Greek as well as the phrase "Do what thou wilt." From this, Crowley took Thelema as the name of his own religion. Thus Shri Gurudev Mahendranath wrote that Rabelais, Dashwood, and Crowley must share the honor of perpetuating Thelema.
Breadth of Thelemic thought.
Many followers of Thelema are learn and use other systems of spiritual thought, blending them according to their own will with Thelema. Most borrow freely from other traditions. For example, Nu and Had are thought to be the same as or similar to the Tao and Teh of Taoism, Shakti and Shiva of the Hindu Tantras, Shunyata and Bodhicitta of Buddhism, Ain Soph and Kether in the Qabalah. Like Crowley, other followers of Thelema make free use of the methods and practices of other traditions, including alchemy, astrology, qabalah, tantra, tarot, and yoga, according to their own wills.
Some groups say that they are true to Crowley's system (such as A∴A∴ and Ordo Templi Orientis). Some groups build upon his teachings, expanding upon and extending them. For example, the Fraternitas Saturni (Brotherhood of Saturn), founded in 1928 in Germany, accepts the Law of Thelema, but extends it with the phrase "Mitleidlose Liebe!" ("Compassionless love!"). The Thelema Society, also located in Germany, accepts Liber Legis and much of Crowley's work on magick, while also including the ideas of other thinkers, such as Friedrich Nietzsche, Charles S. Peirce, Martin Heidegger, and Niklas Luhmann. In America, the writings of Maggie Ingalls (Nema) have started a movement called Maat Magick, along with a group called the Horus-Maat Lodge, founded in 1979. This movement combines elements of Thelema with Nema's system based on the Egyptian goddess Ma'at. She wrote her own holy book titled "Liber Pennae Praenumbra." The HML aims to combine the current Aeon of Horus with the future Aeon of Ma'at in which mankind will achieve balance.
Thelema in comparative religion.
Thelema has been attracting more attention in recent years from scholars of religion, especially those interested in new religious movements, contemporary Gnosticisms and Hermeticisms. References at the end of this article supply a few such sources. Perhaps the most unusual attempt was made by bishop Federico Tolli, in his German book "Thelema — Im Spannungsfeld zwischen Christentum, Logentradition und New Aeon" For Tolli, Thelema is to be regarded as the dialectical consequence of Christianity. Christianity for Tolli exists as a community in Christ, whereas Tolli sees Thelema as a necessarily individualistic response to the world.
Taken from a 1938 theological dictionary (to the New Testament), the concept of 'salvation history' "(Heilsgeschichte)" has a great effect on Tolli's thought, and it is in this context that he discusses Crowleyan Thelema. Tolli regards Crowley's "Heilsgeschichte" as one in which the whole Universe (ergo the Will of God) is to combine (analogous to the Alchemical formula 'coagula'). "Love", in the form of combinatory attraction ("Love is the law, love under will"), is a universal principle — therefore akin to the concept of Natural religion. The main difference (for Tolli) is that in Christianity salvation of the entire Universe ("Ganzheit") cannot be made by 'solipsistic' man. The bishop sees Crowley as a failed – however talented – artist or "Mystagogie", but not as a "Satanist". The merit and contribution of bishop Tolli to Thelemic studies lies in the fact that it was he who first expresses that the genuine meaning and idea of Thelema does not necessarily contradict the teachings of Jesus, as Crowley himself affirms.

Svecchachara
Svecchachara is the Sanskrit equivalent of the Greek word Thelema, interpreted by Aleister Crowley as "Do What Thou Wilt."
In the first volume of the TWILIGHT YOGA, "Ecstasy, Equipoise, and Eternity", Shri Gurudev Mahendranath wrote,

Ole Nydahl
Ole Nydahl (born 19 March 1941 in Copenhagen, Denmark) is the founder and leader of Diamond Way Buddhism, an organisation in the Karma Kagyu school of Tibetan Buddhism. Since the 1970s he has travelled the world teaching and founding meditation centres.
Teachers.
Ole Nydahl’s first teacher was the Drukpa-Kagyu master Lopon Tsechu Rinpoche. In December 1969 Ole Nydahl and his late wife, Hannah Nydahl met the 16th Karmapa, Rangjung Rigpe Dorje, a renowned yogi and the head of the Karma Kagyu lineage. They were among the first Western students of the 16th Karmapa. Ole Nydahl is also a student of Shamar Rinpoche.
Bibliography.
Ole Nydahl has written several books in either English or German which have been translated into several European languages.

Tank (singer)
Tank (real name 呂建中 Lǚ Jiàn Zhōng, born February 6 1982) is a Taiwanese singer-songwriter. He is currently signed to HIM International Music, which also manages famous singers and groups like S.H.E, Fahrenheit and Power Station. Tank's first album, "Fighting 生存之道" was released on 23 February 2006.
Early Life.
Tank was born in Taitung, Taiwan. He is an aboriginal Taiwanese. Before releasing his debut album, Tank helped write songs for Vic Zhou and S.H.E, among many other famous C-Pop artists. By the age of 21, he was already well-known for composing more than 200 songs.
He bloomed into fame when two songs he composed, "三國戀" ("Romance of Three Kingdoms") and "給我你的愛" ("Give Me Your Love"), were used as theme songs for Taiwanese TV shows. Another song, titled as "千年淚", was used as an ending theme for the drama serial 天外飛仙. His second album "Keep Fighting!" ("延長比賽") was released on 19 January 2007. His single, "My Angel", was used for an ending theme of romantic-comedy series Hana Kimi.
Discorgaphy.
Tank is currently writing his third album. It is set to be released later in 2008

Mayday
Mayday (五月天 Wǔ Yuè Tiān) is one of the biggest alternative rock bands in the Taiwanese pop culture. Mayday sing songs mostly in Mandarin and sometimes in Taiwanese language.
Career.
Before Mayday's official debut in 1998, the band sung in local restaurants and clubs. Mayday became famous with their 1999 single "志明與春嬌". In the same year, on 28 August, they held a concert at the Chungshan Soccer Stadium, gaining fame in other countries such as Singapore, Hong Kong and Malaysia.
In 2001, they took a break from performing. In the August of 2003, Mayday was reunited and they held a reunion concert the Chungshan Soccer Stadium, the very place where they held their debut concert. 40,000 fans attended the concert, breaking Taiwan's record for the largest number of fans at a concert, a record previously held by pop star Michael Jackson.
Near the end of 2006, on 29 December, they released their 6th studio album, "Born to Love". They made a surprise announcement not long after the album's release, that they would not hold autograph sessions but instead, would hold concerts in Taiwan. The tickets were included in albums which the fans bought. They held ten concerts to let all the fans see them. On the night after the concert, despite saying that they will not hold any autograph sessions, they did - the sessions lasted for 11 hours from New Year's Eve to New Year's Day, making that autograph session to be the first of the year 2007.
Members.
Ashin is well-known for his unique vocals and his insightful lyrics. He has composed and written songs for other artists, such Fish Leong, Wang Lee Hom and Twins (band). In 2006, Ashin wrote a book titled "Happy.Birth.Day", a collection of "rock poems." Ashin also designs Mayday's concert shirts. In addition, he has also designed a perfume.
The leader of Mayday, Monster is in charge of daily operation of the band.
The first married member of Mayday, Stone is well-known for his love for his wife to whom he proposed to at their 2001 concert. He claims he would leave Mayday if his wife asked him to.
Masa is known for being outspoken. His is also well-known for his eccentric words and wit. He has also been romantically linked to Fish Leong.
He is the 4th drummer of Mayday. His birth name is Yan Ming, but he changed his name to Guan You because of a fortune-teller to be luckier. However, according to him, it does not seemed to have worked. He proposed to his girlfriend during a Mayday concert in Beijing in November 2005 and was married in June 2006. His daughter was born in October 2006. He became the first father among the five members of Mayday.

Der Dativ ist dem Genitiv sein Tod
"Der Dativ ist dem Genitv sein Tod" (German: "the dative case is the genitive case's death") is a book series written by Bastian Sick which deals with doubtful cases of grammar, orthography, and punctuation, and uninteresting and poor way of expressing in the German language playfully. Because of that, the writer wants to fight against unthinking habit and what he believes to be a change to a lower state of the language. The book came from a collection of Zwiebelfisch-collumns of Bastian Sick, which appear weekly in the Spiegel Online. At present, the second and third volumes are available. The volumes are from one time to another at the top of book sales lists.
In several states of Germany, writings from the books have been officially recognized as teaching documents after Sick's foreword was used in Saarland in August 2005.
"Eats, Shoots & Leaves" written by Lynne Truss is a book which in a similarly popular style discusses punctuation in English. In Sweden, a similar book, which is based on Lynne Truss' book, has come out, describing the interesting aspects of the Swedish pronunciation.

Made of Bricks
"Made of Bricks" is the first album by the British singer-songwriter, Kate Nash. It was released on 6 August, 2007 on Fiction Records and reached number one in the UK album charts.
The album was released five weeks earlier than first planned due to the popularity of the single "Foundations". In its opening week of sales the album sold over 56,000 copies, and was certified gold.
The album has now been certified Platinum in the UK for sales of over 300,000. It has sold over 450,000 copies worldwide.

Matinée (album)
"Matinée" is the first album from British singer-'songwriter Jack Peñate. It was released on October 8 2007 on XL Recordings.

Radio 1's Live Lounge
"Radio 1's Live Lounge" is an album of live tracks played on Jo Whiley's Radio 1 show. It contains both covers and the bands' own songs.

Sula Sgeir
Sula Sgeir is a small, uninhabited Scottish island in the North Atlantic. One of the most remote of the British Isles.The island looks, inhospitable to humans,(there is a surprising amount of vegetation, the Thrift being especially luxuriant and colourful in June) there is a ruined stone bothy called Taigh Beannaichte (Blessed House) on the east headland Sgeir an Teampall,the island is formed for most of part by small pieces of rocks,where often is hard to walk on the island.Sula Sgeir was declared a National Nature Reserve in 1956 for be an important place for birds.
The most famous part of island is the south of it,where near the wonderfull sea, there are caves,which can be epxlored.
Fauna.
There are some 5,000 breeding pairs of gannets on Sula Sgeir, which they share with other bird species such as Black-legged Kittiwakes, guillemots, puffins, fulmars.

434 Hungaria
434 Hungaria is a fairly small closer Main belt asteroid. It is classified as an E-type (high-albedo) asteroid. The Hungaria asteroids are named after this asteroid. The asteroids orbit the sun on the inside of the 1:4 Kirkwood gap, standing out of the core of the main belt.
It was found by Max Wolf on September 11, 1898 at the University of Heidelberg. It was named after an astronomical meeting which happened in Budapest also in 1898.
It is thought that there may be a genetic connection between 434 Hungaria and 3103 Eger and the aubrites.

Antiderivative
Antidifferentiation (or indefinite integration) is a part of mathematics. It is the opposite of differentiation. It is integrating with no limits. The answer is an equation.
It is written as formula_1
Simple integration.
To integrate formula_6
formula_13
formula_15
Integrating a bracket ("chain rule").
If you want to integrate a bracket like formula_21, we need to do it a different way. It is called the chain rule. It is like simple integration. It only works if the formula_3 in the bracket has a power of 1 (it is linear) like formula_3 or formula_24 (not formula_25 or formula_26).
To do formula_27
Examples.
formula_35
formula_36

Baucau
Baucau is a city in East Timor (Timor Leste). The city has a population of about 16,000 people. It is served by the Cakung Airport.

1 BC
Year 1 BC was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar.
__NOTOC__

435 Ella
435 Ella is a common Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Max Wolf and A. Schwassmann on September 11, 1898 in Heidelberg.

Data Protection Act
The Data Protection Act (DPA) is a set of rules written by the British government for people who use data about living people on computers or any sort of storage system, even paper records. Data means information like address, telephone number and e-mail address, as well as more personal information like job history and records of what someone did. The newest version of the DPA was released in 1998.
People who use the information are called data users. People who the data is about are called data subjects.

Nontrinitarianism
Nontrinitarism is a movement within Christianity. Nontrinitarians reject the idea of Trinity. That idea says that god is three different persons in one being.
There are several movements which can be classified as Nontrinitarian. Some of them were before the trinity was defined in the year 325 Nontrinitarianism was later renewed in the Gnosticism of the Cathars in the 11th through 13th centuries, in the Age of Enlightenment of the 18th century, and in Restorationism during the 19th century.
Modern-day versions are usually called Unitarianism.

436 Patricia
436 Patricia is a big Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Max Wolf and A. Schwassmann on September 13, 1898 in Heidelberg.

437 Rhodia
437 Rhodia is a common Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Auguste Charlois on July 16, 1898 in Nice.

438 Zeuxo
438 Zeuxo is a big Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Auguste Charlois on November 8, 1898 in Nice.

439 Ohio
439 Ohio is a big Main belt asteroid.
It was found by E. F. Coddington on October 13, 1898 at Mount Hamilton, California. It was first of the three asteroids he found.

Daegu
Daegu (also spelled Taegu, officially called Daegu Metropolitan City) is a city in South Korea. It is located about halfway between Seoul and Busan. Daegu is the fourth largest city in South Korea. The city has a population of about 2.4 million people.

440 Theodora
440 Theodora is a small Main belt asteroid.
It was found by E. F. Coddington on October 13, 1898 at Mount Hamilton. It was the second asteroid he found.

Interstate 10
Interstate(or I-10) is a long freeway which the west side ends at Los Angeles, and the other side ends at Jacksonville. In Texas, it is one of the routes which the speed limit is per hour.

Ranked list of Dominican Provinces
These are ranked lists of the Provinces of Dominican Republic. Population figures are from the 2002 census.

Miranda Cosgrove
Miranda Taylor Cosgrove (born 14 May 1993) is a American child actress and singer. She was born in Los Angeles, California. She first started her career in 1998. She is best known for her roles as Megan Parker in "Drake and Josh", Summer Hathaway in "School of Rock" and as Carly Shay in Nickelodeon's iCarly.

Old Believers
In the context of Russian Orthodox church history, the Old Believers () became separated after 1666 - 1667. They split from the hierarchy of the Russian Orthodox Church as a protest against church reforms introduced by Patriarch Nikon. Old Believers continue liturgical practices which the Russian Orthodox Church maintained before the implementation of these reforms.
Russian-speakers refer to the schism itself as "raskol" (раскол - etymologically indicating a "cleaving-apart").

Eighty-one
Eighty-one is a number. It comes between eighty and eighty-two, and is an odd number. It is also a square number.

Province of Florence
The Province of Florence (in Italian: "Provincia di Firenze") is a province in the Tuscany region of Italy. The province has an area of 3,514 sq. km and a population of 933,860 (2001) in 44 "comuni".
Much of the province is in the plain of the Arno river that became an urban centre around the city of Florence.
The city (in Italian "comune") of Florence is the capital of both the province and the region of Tuscany.

Province of Arezzo
Province of Arezzo (Italian: Provincia di Arezzo) is the eastern most province in the Tuscany region of Italy. The capital of province of Arezzo is the city of Arezzo.
The province has an area of 3,232 km², and a total population of 323,288 (2001) in 39 "comuni" (singular: "comune").

Province of Grosseto
Province of Grosseto (Italian: "Provincia di Grosseto") is a province in the Tuscany region of Italy. The capital of the province is the city of Grosseto. In the province, there is the The Natural Park of Maremma. It is in the famous area of Maremma.
The province has an area of 4,504 km² and a total population of 211,086 (2001). There are 28 "comuni" (singular: "comune") in the province

Old Catholic Church
The Old Catholic Church is a name for a group of Christian churches. Most of them are from German-speaking countries. Their beliefs are close to that of the Anglican Church.
Origins.
They split from the Roman Catholic Church in the 1870s. This was because the First Vatican Council had said the pope was infallible. The Council was from 1869 to 1870. The word Old Catholic was first used in 1853 for the See of Utrecht (who was not under the authority of the pope). Usually, these churches are part of the Union of Utrecht.

Province of Livorno
The Province of Livorno (Italian: "Provincia di Livorno") is a province in the Tuscany region of Italy. The capital of the province is the city of Livorno.
The province has an area of 1,218 km², and a total population of 326,444 (2001). There are 20 "comuni" (singular: "comune") in the province.

Province of Lucca
Province of Lucca (Italian: Provincia di Lucca) is a province in the Tuscany region of Italy. The capital of the province is the city of Lucca.
The province has an area of 1,773 km², and a total population of 372,244 (2001). There are 35 "comuni" (singular: "comune") in the province.

Province of Massa-Carrara
The Province of Massa-Carrara (Italian: "Provincia di Massa-Carrara") is a province in the Tuscany region of Italy. It is named after the two main cities in its territory: Carrara and Massa, its capital.
Economy.
The economy of the province is based on the production of the famous white Carrara marble.

Province of Pisa
The Province of Pisa () is a province in the Tuscany region of Italy. The capital of the province is the city of Pisa.
The province has an area of 2,448 km², and a total population of 394,101 (2005). There are 39 "comuni" in the province.
Pisa is well known for the famous Leaning Tower of Pisa,which is located in the city.

Wave-particle duality
Wave-particle duality is where waves can behave like particles, and particles can behave like waves. Albert Einstein and Louis de Broglie were scientists who studied it.
Particles as waves.
An electron has a wavelength called the "de Broglie wavelength". It can be calculated using the equation
formula_1
formula_2 is the de Broglie wavelength.
formula_3 is Planck's constant
formula_4 is the momentum of the particle.
This made the idea that electrons in atoms show a standing wave pattern.
Waves as particles.
The photoelectric effect shows that a light photon which has enough energy (a high enough frequency), can cause an electron to be released off a metals surface. Electrons in this case can be called photoelectrons.

Province of Pistoia
The Province of Pistoia (It. "Provincia di Pistoia") is a province in the Tuscany region of Italy.
Geography.
The capital of the province is the city of Pistoia. The province has an area of 965 km² and a total population of 268,503 (2001). There are 22 "communes" in the province.

Province of Prato
The Province of Prato (Italian: "Provincia di Prato") is a province in the Tuscany region of Italy. The capital of the province is the city of Prato. It was formed from part of the province of Florence in 1992.
The province has an area of 365 km² and a total population of 227,886 (2001). There are 7 comune (municipalities) in the province.

Saltpeter war
The War of the Pacific or saltpeter war grew out of a dispute between Chile and Bolivia over control of a part of the Atacama desert that lies between the 23rd and 26th parallels on the Pacific coast. The territory contained valuable mineral resources which were exploited by Chilean companies and British interests. The Bolivian government decided to increase taxes to take advantage of the increasing income of the region, which led to a commercial dispute.

Province of Siena
The Province of Siena (Italian: "Provincia di Siena")is a province in the Tuscany region of Italy. The capital of the province is the city of Siena.

Johannes Ockeghem
Johannes Ockeghem (born Saint-Ghislain, near Mons, Belgium about 1410; died Tours, France, 6 February 1497), was the most famous composer of the Franco-Flemish School (from around the area which is now Belgium) in the last half of the 15th century, and is often thought of as the most important composer between Dufay and Josquin des Prez. He was an excellent choirmaster and teacher. He spent most of his life working for the French royal court.
Life.
The name Ockeghem is found with many different spellings in old documents. He was almost certainly born in the town of Saint-Ghislain. His native language was probably French.
Like many composers in this period, he started to learn about music by singing in a church choir, quite possibly in Saint-Ghislain and then in Mons.
His first important job was working for Charles I, Duke of Bourbon in Moulins, (France). Then in 1451 he went to work for King Charles VII of France. By this time he was well-known as a singer and composer. He worked for the royal court for more than 50 years and was rewarded with promotions and honours. Charles VII gave him important jobs. After Charles VII’s death Louis XI became king. He reigned for a long time and Ockeghem was in favour with the king. He often travelled with the king, visiting places such as Cambrai and even as far as Spain. He met famous people including the composers Dufay and Binchois. He also had other jobs in Paris.
Louis XI died in 1483. We do not kinow much about where Ockeghem went after that, but he probably died in Tours because that is where he left his will.
Music and influence.
Ockeghem was not a composer who wrote lots of music, but it is hard to tell as some of it might have got lost. There are 14 masses that survive and other vocal works. His "Missa pro Defunctis" is the earliest surviving polyphonic Requiem. Ockeghem based many of his masses on well-known tunes in a way that is called “cantus firmus technique”. Sometimes he put the borrowed tunes in the lowest part (he sang bass himself). This was rather unusual.
Ockeghem’s music influenced Josquin des Prez and other composers from Flanders and the Netherlands.
When Ockeghem died Josquin Des Prez composed a motet called "La déploration de la mort de Johannes Ockeghem" in his honour. The music theorist Johannes Tinctoris described him as a great musician and one of the best singers he knew. Many younger composers used some of Ockeghem’s melodies as a base for their own compositions. In the Renaissance this kind of borrowing from the music ofc another composer was thought to be a great honour.

Group 6
Group 6 is the third last group in the periodic table. The elements in this group are Oxygen, Sulphur, Selenium, Tellurium and Polonium. The first 3 elements are non-metals and the last two are metals.

Magadino
Magadino is a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Maggia, Switzerland
Maggia is a municipality of the district Vallemaggia in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Historikerstreit
The Historikerstreit (Historians' dispute) was an intellectual and political controversy in West Germany about the way the Holocaust should be interpreted in history. It took place between 1986-1989, and pitted left-wing intellectuals against right-wing intellectuals. Its embers flared up again briefly in 2000 when one of the leading figures, Ernst Nolte, was awarded a literary prize. "Die Vergangenheit, die nicht vergehen will" proposed by Ernst Nolte, had to be rejected as inadequate due to their lack of sufficient empirical substance.

Jury
A jury is a group of people who decide whether a person is guilty or innocent of committing a crime. A jury may also be responsible for deciding a penalty for the person if he is found guilty. In the United States, juries are made up of regular people, and are part of the court system.

441 Bathilde
441 Bathilde is a big Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Auguste Charlois on December 8, 1898 in Nice.

442 Eichsfeldia
442 Eichsfeldia is a big Main belt asteroid. It is classified as a C-type asteroid and is probably made of primitive carbonaceous material.
It was found by Max Wolf and A. Schwassmann on February 15, 1899 in Heidelberg.
Although Eichsfeldia has an orbit similar to the Vesta family asteroids, it was found to be an unrelated asteroid because it has a different spectral type.

Pocahontas
Pocahontas (born around 1595 – buried on March 21, 1617) was an Native American woman who married an Englishman, John Rolfe, and became a celebrity in London right before she died. She was a daughter of Wahunsunacock (also known as Chief or Emperor Powhatan). He was the king of an area called the Tidewater region in Virginia (called Tenakomakah at the time) for a while. Her real names were Matoaka and Amonute. 'Pocahontas' was a childhood nickname referring to her playful nature. Some people think she saved John Smith's life. After her marriage she became officially Rebecca Rolfe. A movie was made about her in 1995 by Disney.

Develier
Develier is a municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

443 Photographica
443 Photographica is a common Main belt asteroid. It is classified as an S-type asteroid.
It was found by Max Wolf and A. Schwassmann on February 17, 1899 in Heidelberg.

Ederswiler
Ederswiler is a municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

444 Gyptis
444 Gyptis is a very big Main belt asteroid. It is classified as a C-type asteroid and is probably made of carbonaceous material.
It was found by J. Coggia on March 31, 1899 in Marseilles.

Glovelier
Glovelier is a municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

Mervelier
Mervelier is a municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

445 Edna
445 Edna is a big Main belt asteroid.
It was found by E. F. Coddington on October 2, 1899 at Mount Hamilton, California. It was the third and last asteroid he found.

446 Aeternitas
446 Aeternitas is a Main belt asteroid. It is classified as an A-type asteroid.
It was found by Max Wolf and A. Schwassmann on October 27, 1899 in Heidelberg.

447 Valentine
447 Valentine is a big Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Max Wolf and A. Schwassmann on October 27, 1899 in Heidelberg.

448 Natalie
448 Natalie is a common Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Max Wolf and A. Schwassmann on October 27, 1899 in Heidelberg.

449 Hamburga
449 Hamburga is a big Main belt asteroid. It is classified as a C-type asteroid and is probably made of carbonaceous material.
It was found by Max Wolf and A. Schwassmann on October 31, 1899 in Heidelberg.

450 Brigitta
450 Brigitta is a common Main belt asteroid.
It was found by Max Wolf and A. Schwassmann on October 10, 1899 in Heidelberg.

451 Patientia
451 Patientia is an asteroid found in the main belt and with a diameter of 225 km is one of the bigger asteroids in the main belt. It was found by Auguste Charlois on December 4, 1899. Its provisional name was 1899 EY.
Patientia orbits the Sun once every 5.34 years, with a perihelion of 2.824 AU.

452 Hamiltonia
452 Hamiltonia is an asteroid. It was found by James Edward Keeler on December 6 1899, but was then lost until 1987. Its provisional name was 1899 FD. The asteroid is named for Mount Hamilton, the site of Lick Observatory where Keeler was working when he found the asteroid.

453 Tea
453 Tea is an S-type asteroid in the Flora family in the Main Belt. Its diameter is about 21 km and it has an albedo of 0.183. Its rotation period is 6.4 hours.
In the 1980s Tea was considered as a target for the planned French "Vesta" spacecraft. The spacecraft was not built.
Tea was found by Auguste Charlois on February 22, 1900. Its provisional name was 1900 FA.

454 Mathesis
454 Mathesis is an asteroid. It was found by Friedrich Karl Arnold Schwassmann on March 28, 1900. Its provisional name was 1900 FC.

455 Bruchsalia
455 Bruchsalia is an asteroid. It was found by Max Wolf and Friedrich Karl Arnold Schwassmann on May 22, 1900. Its provisional name was 1900 FG.

456 Abnoba
456 Abnoba is an asteroid. It was found by Max Wolf and Friedrich Karl Arnold Schwassmann on June 4, 1900. Its provisional name was 1900 FH.

457 Alleghenia
457 Alleghenia is an asteroid. It was found by Max Wolf and Friedrich Karl Arnold Schwassmann on September 15, 1900. Its provisional name was 1900 FJ.
It is named in honor of the northside neighborhood of the city of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and its scientific and industrial heritage that created some of the best astronomy equipment of the early 20th century.

458 Hercynia
458 Hercynia is an asteroid. It was found by Max Wolf and Friedrich Karl Arnold Schwassmann on September 21, 1900. Its provisional name was 1900 FK.

459 Signe
459 Signe is an asteroid. It was found by Max Wolf on October 22, 1900. Its provisional name was 1900 FM.

460 Scania
460 Scania is an asteroid. It was found by Max Wolf on October 22, 1900. Its provisional name was 1900 FN.
Scania AB is also a dump truck.

461 Saskia
461 Saskia is an asteroid. It was found by Max Wolf on October 22, 1900. Its provisional name was 1900 FP.

462 Eriphyla
462 Eriphyla is an Main belt asteroid. It was found by Max Wolf on October 22, 1900. Its temporary name was 1900 FQ.

463 Lola
463 Lola is an asteroid. It was found by Max Wolf on October 31, 1900. Its provisional name was 1900 FS.

Prana
Prana is the vital air or breath of the human body in Hinduism. It is also the vital, life-sustaining force of both the individual body and the universe. Its was first written about in the Upanishads. Prana is in all living forms, but is not itself the soul.
In yoga, prana is divided into different type. There are said to be five pranas or vital currents. They are called prana, apana, vyana, udana and samana.

Sanga Monastery
Sanga Monastery is a small Buddhist monastery located in the vicinity of Lhasa, Tibet. Sanga Monastery was built in the ruins of the castle (or fort) Taktse (also Dagtse) Dzong (formerly Dechen Dzong) on the top of a hill. Dagtse Dzong overlooks the roads to Yerpa and Ganden Monastery to the east.
Sanga Monastery together with Ganden Monastery belong to the Geluk (Gelug-pa) order (also known as Yellow Hat Sect, lit. 'Virtuous'). The Yellow Hat Sect was started by Tsongkhapa (Tsong Khapa or Lobsang Drakpa, also known as Jé Rinpoché, 1357-1419. He was known as a writer and teacher.

Satguru
Satguru or Sadguru means "true guru". (Sanskrit सदगुरू sat=true), literally: true teacher. The title means that his students have faith that the guru can be trusted and will lead them to moksha, enlightenment or inner peace. It is based on a long line of Hindu understandings about the importance of the guru.
Ancient and traditional sources.
The Kularnava Tantra (XIV/65) states,
"It is very rare to find a Satguru who can give "Shaktipat" and rare to find a disciple worthy of receiving it. One gets such a Guru only as a result of past meritorious actions."
In the Upanishads, five signs of satguru (true guru) are mentioned.
In the presence of the satguru; Knowledge flourishes ("Gyana raksha"); Sorrow diminishes ("Dukha kshaya"); Joy wells up without any reason ("Sukha aavirbhava"); Abundance dawns ("Samriddhi"); All talents manifest ("Sarva samvardhan").
According to Satguru Sivaya Subramuniyaswami, a Hindu Satguru is always a "sannyasin", an unmarried renunciate.

Physicist
A Physicist is a scientist who studies Physics.

Western Roman Empire
The Western Roman Empire was the western half of the Roman Empire, from its division by Diocletian in 286; the other half of the Roman Empire became known as the Eastern Roman Empire, today widely known as the Byzantine Empire.
Rome ceased to be the capital from the time of the division. In 286, the capital of the Western Roman Empire became Mediolanum (modern Milan). In 402, the capital was again moved, this time to Ravenna.

Ravenna
Ravenna is a city and "comune" in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy. The city is inland, but is connected to the Adriatic Sea by a canal. Ravenna once was the seat of the Western Roman Empire and later the Ostrogothic kingdom. It is presently the capital of the province of Ravenna. At 652.89 km² (252.08 sq mi), Ravenna is the second-largest "comune" in land area in Italy, although it is only a little more than half the size of the largest, Rome.

Social democracy
Social democracy grew out of the differences between communism and socialism.
Communism and socialism were very similar until a group of socialists called democratic socialists began to reject the principles of communism. The democratic socialists did not agree with the way the communists used violence and revolution to gain control.
Communists began to aim more at government power, while socialists concentrated on fair distribution of products and equality for all classes.
Communists think that all means of production or any material necessary for life should be controlled by the government while socialists left some control in the private sector.

464 Megaira
464 Megaira is an asteroid. It was found by Max Wolf on January 9, 1901. Its provisional name was 1901 FV. It lies close to the Gefion family, but is not a member.

UEFA Cup
The UEFA Cup is a tournament for teams that did not make the UEFA Champions League. They qualify by being second best and not making the best competition.
The current cup holders are the Spanish team Sevilla F.C. They won by beating Espanyol three penalties to one (3-1) after 120 minutes did not separate the two teams. The two teams were tied at two goals to two goals(2-2).

Charlottenburg
Charlottenburg was an independent city to the west of Berlin until 1920. Then it was made part of Groß-Berlin (Greater Berlin) and turned into a borough.
As a part of the changes to the boroughs of Berlin in 2001 Charlottenburg was joined with Wilmersdorf to make the new borough of Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf. In 2004, the new borough's districts were rearranged. The former borough of Charlottenburg was divided into the localities of Westend, Charlottenburg-Nord and Charlottenburg. In addition to that, Charlottenburg features a number of popular kiezes.
Charlottenburg is best known for Charlottenburg Palace, the largest surviving royal palace in Berlin.
Charlottenburg celebrated its 300th anniversary in 2005.
Geography.
Charlottenburg is located along the river Spree within the Berlin-Warsaw glacial valley, west of the Tiergarten park. The "Straße des 17. Juni" (17th June Street), former "Charlottenburger Chaussee", which runs through the park, connects it with the historic centre of Berlin.
Charlottenburg palace.
In 1695, Sophia Charlotte of Hanover got the district of Lietzow from her husband Elector Frederick III, in exchange for her estates in Caputh and Langerwisch, near Potsdam.
Frederick had a summer residence built for his wife by the architect Johann Arnold Nering between 1695 and 1699. In 1701, Frederick became the first Prussian King (Frederick I of Prussia), and he made the building much bigger
Just after the death of Sophie Charlotte, the village near the palace was called 'Charlottenburg' and the palace itself "Schloss Charlottenburg", and the settlement was chartered as a town. The king was the town's mayor until Lietzow was incorporated into Charlottenburg in 1720.
Frederick's successor, Frederick William I of Prussia, rarely stayed at the palace. Frederick William even tried to end the town's privileges. It was not until 1740, at the coronation of his successor Frederick II (Frederick the Great), that the town's became important again. The eastern New Wing was built by Georg Wenzeslaus von Knobelsdorff between 1740 and 1747 as Frederick the Great's home. Later, Frederick II preferred the palace of Sanssouci, which he had partly designed himself.
When Frederick II died in 1786, his nephew Frederick William II succeeded him, and Charlottenburg became his favourite residence, as it was for his son and successor Frederick William III.
After the defeat of the Prussian army at Jena in 1806, Charlottenburg was occupied by the French. Napoleon occupied the palace, while his troops camped nearby.
Recreational and residential area.
In the late 18th century, Charlottenburg's development did not depend only on the crown. The town became a recreational area for the expanding city of Berlin. Its first real inn opened in the 1770s, in the street then called 'Berliner Straße' (now Otto-Suhr-Allee), and many other inns and beer gardens were to follow, popular for weekend parties especially.
Sights.
Beside the palace, Charlottenburg is also home to the Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church on the Breitscheidplatz, the fomer West-Berlin landmark, the Kurfürstendamm and the Zoo railway station as well as the Deutsche Oper Berlin, one of the three Berlin opera houses.

Magliaso
Magliaso is a municipality in the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Mairengo
Mairengo is a municipality of the district Leventina in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Malvaglia
Malvaglia is a municipality of the district Blenio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Manno
Manno is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Maroggia
Maroggia is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Massagno
Massagno is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Medeglia
Medeglia is a municipality of the district Bellinzona in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Melano
Melano is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Melide, Switzerland
Melide is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.
Melide is known world-wide for the famous Swissminiatur, a museum that shows famous buildings in Switzerland presented in miniature form.

Wilmersdorf
Wilmersdorf was a village near Berlin. In 1920 Wilmersdorf became a borough of Greater Berlin Groß Berlin. In 2001 it became a part of the new borough of Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf. The Kurfürstendamm runs through the area. The former borough of Wilmersdorf included the localities Halensee, Schmargendorf and Grunewald.

Able Label
The Able Label was an independent record label from Brisbane, Australia.
Grant McLennan & Robert Forster of The Go-Betweens
released their first two singles 'Lee Remick' & 'People Say' on it in 1978 and 1979. Later, it allowed other "Brisbane" groups, The Numbers (later to become The Riptides), The Apartments and the Four Gods to make their own records using the Able Label logo.

Goosebumps
"Goosebumps" is a collection of children's horror fiction books written by R. L. Stine.
The Goosebumps series sometimes contained too much violence, so some American libraries disagreed with having the books there; the novels were fifteenth on the American Library Association's list of most frequently challenged books from 1990 to 1999.
After the series, many different spinoffs were made, also written by Stine, including "Give Yourself Goosebumps" and "Goosebumps: Series 2000" which appeared in 1995 and 1998.
Two board games were created after the "Goosebumps" series, these were called "Terror in the Graveyard" and "Escape from Horrorland". a 1996 PC game was also produced, entitled "Goosebumps: Escape from Horrorland".
Front covers and most other Goosebumps-related art was done by artist Tim Jacobus, while the covers for the later "Give Yourself Goosebumps" series were digitally created by Craig White.

Azuli Records
Azuli Records is an independent record label, focusing on house music and other forms of electronic dance music. The label was founded by DJ Dave Piccioni in London, England in the early 1990s.
Releases include the Another Late Night DJ mix albums, and the "Choice" series.

Carluke
The town of Carluke is situated in the centre of the Scottish countryside in South Lanarkshire, Scotland, 5.4 miles North-West of Lanark and 5 miles South-East of Wishaw. Many people in Carluke are commuters, with a variety of small stores and supermarkets available at the centre of the town.
Notable Figures.
Three people who were born in the town have received the Victoria Cross. The inventor of "Slush Puppies" previously stayed on a street in Carluke. The famous ex-Motherwell striker Dougie Arnott currently likes in Carluke.

Marvel Universe
The Marvel Universe (MU) is a comic book fictional universe created by Marvel Comics. The MU is where most of the main stories published by Marvel Comics takes place. The MU is actually just one of an infinite number of different universes. Each one can be called a Marvel universe, but the term is commonly used for just one. This one is also called Earth-616 when looking at all the universes as a group. The other universes vary from very similar to the Earth-616 universe to completely different. This lets the writers create stories which have a large effect to the universe they take place in without affected the main universe used by all of the writers as a group.

Runaways (comics)
Runaways is a Marvel Comics comic book series created by Brian K. Vaughan and Adrian Alphona. The series is about a group of teenagers who try to make up for the evil done by their supervillain parents by becoming superheroes. They are commonly called "the Pride's kids" or "those kids in L.A." by other characters in the Marvel Universe. This is because the team does not have an official name and the most of Marvel's characters are in in New York.
In 2006, the series won the Harvey Award for best continuing/limited series.
In February 2007, series creators Vaughan and Alphona stopped making "Runaways" at issue #24 of the second series. In April 2007, long-time "Runaways" fan Joss Whedon (of "Buffy the Vampire Slayer", "Angel" and "Firefly" fame) will take over the series for 6 issues. Marvel has said that Terry Moore, creator of "Strangers in Paradise" will take over after Whedon leaves, with Humberto Ramos on art.
Overview.
"Runaways" was started in 2002 as part of Marvel Comics' "Tsunami" imprint. After Marvel cancelled the Tsunami imprint in January 2003, the series moved to the "Marvel Age" imprint. Because of this, the individual story arcs for "Runaways" are collected in small, manga-sized trade paperbacks. The hardcover collections are in normal sized books. In September 2004, the series ended at issue #18. Marvel started the series again in February 2005 and it has been published ever since.
The series is not usual in that it does not use the ideas of superhero names, uniforms, and team names. All the characters in the first series (except Alex) chose codenames, but they are used less and less throughout of vol. 1. In vol. 2, the codenames are mentioned once but never actually used. Molly is the only character who makes a costume but it is made from old bedsheets and clothes. She never wears the costume again after vol. 1 issue #8. During battle, the runaways mainly fight in their street clothes and call each other by their given names or nicknames. Also, the children never call themselves "The Runaways". Their team simply goes without a name. Other Marvel characters usually call the team "the Pride's kids" or "those kids in L.A." Vaughan even makes fun of common superhero sayings such as "Hulk smash!" or "Avengers assemble!" when Nico tells Victor that the team's rallying call is "Try not to die."

Kreuzberg
Kreuzberg, located south of Berlin-Mitte, was one of the best-known boroughs of Berlin, famous for its nightlife and its left-leaning electorate as well as its problems with crime the drug scene and a very high number of immigrants.
Kreuzberg consists of two different parts, the south-eastern 'SO 36' (or simply '36') part and the south-west 'SW 61' (or simply '61'). Until the Berlin Wall fell, these were the last two numbers of the postal codes for the two areas.
It was a separate borough from 1920, when it became a part of Groß-Berlin, until the borughs were changed in 2001. Then it was joined with Friedrichshain to form the new borough of Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg. Since these two localities are linked only by a single bridge over the Spree river, the Oberbaumbrücke, this joining seemed awkward to many residents. The two areas could not agree on where the new borough's town hall should be. Friedrichshain was chosen by tossing a five-Mark coin.
Summary.
Kreuzberg is known to many for numerous Turkish immigrants from eastern parts of Turkey, and the yearly May Day riots. This is because before the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, Kreuzberg was isolated. Its eastern parts were almost entirely surrounded by the Wall. This area consequently had cheap rents and lower-income families as well as squatters from the radical left. The western part of Kreuzberg also bordered onto the wall, and it was here where Checkpoint Charlie was.
History.
Kreuzberg got its name is from its highest point, the Kreuzberg (literally, "cross hill"). It is of above sea level.. The hill was a traditional place for weekend trips, and had a lot of small restaurants for the visitors. The hill got its name from a monument built in 1821 by Karl Friedrich Schinkel. It was to remember the wars against Napoleon I of France.
After 1860 industry began moving into Kreuzburg. There was also an "Exportviertel" (export quarter) along Ritterstraße which had a lot of many profitable small businesses, and the "press quarter" along Kochstraße was the home of most of Germany's large newspapers as well as the Ullstein, Scherl, and Mosse book publishers.
Both of these industrial quarters were almost entirely destroyed during World War II, with the bombings of a single night from February 3, 1945. To remember old tradition, the Axel Springer press company built its new headquarters at Kochstraße again, right next to the Berlin Wall.
After World War II, Kreuzberg's housing rents were regulated by law, which made investments unattractive. As a result, housing was of low quality, but cheap, which made the borough a prime target for immigrants coming to Germany (and Berlin).

Civil War (comics)
"Civil War" was a large comic book story created by Marvel Comics. The story was the main focus of a seven issue series that started in May 2006 and ended in February 2007. It involved every major Marvel character and a large number of minor ones. Nearly every main Marvel title during this time dealt with this story.
The story was about the United States dealing with an accident during a superhero battle that caused 613 deaths. To prevent this from happening again, the government created the Superhero Registration Act (SRA). This was a law that forced all people with superhuman powers to identify them self to the government. Many superheroes believed this was a good thing and that it would save lives. Others believed it was bad. They felt that if the government knew who they were, they would be in danger of others finding out. They believed that the SRA took away many of their freedoms. This caused the superheros to split into two groups. Those supporting the SRA were led by Iron Man. Those against it were led by Captain America.
Many people have compared the story of "Civil War" to that of the United States after 11 and the Patriot Act.

Brunstad Conference Center
Brunstad Conference Center (BCC) is a conference centre in Stokke, Vestfold in Norway. The centre is owned and managed by the Christian fellowship called "Den Kristelige menighet". They are often called "Smith's Friends". The Smith's friends bought the farm at Brunstad near Stokke in Melsomvik in 1956.
The center was used for their own conferences. In 2000 Smith's Friends, decided to let others use the building. The old meeting hall which seated 4,700 was replaced by a new meeting hall, with space for 6,800 people, and a tent camp with over 600 caravan spots was fixed and replaced with just as many cabins, which were rented by the members of the church.
Maintenance and development of Brunstad is still done by volunteers. During the building project and during arrangements, members are used as voluntary workers, or paid expenses. Money for the expansion project came for the most from the effort from the "A-lag" (A-team), where the church's youth from all over the world participate and do voluntarily work.
BCC is now a modern location for events and conferences. Brunstad has several restaurants, a cafeteria style restaurant, a large coffee bar, and a grocery store.
BCC got a lot of stories in the media in 2004 when BCC bought Østre Bolærne island from the Norwegian Military. After a lot of media attention, BCC agreed to cancel the sale, and the town of Vestfold Fylkeskommune became the new owner. Instead, BCC was able to buy property on Syningen in Hallingdal.
Events.
Every year one of the biggest shows at Brunstad Conference Center is the Arctic Equestrian Games, Norway's biggest horse show. It was first held in February, 2006.

465 Alekto
465 Alekto is an asteroid. It was found by Max Wolf on January 13, 1901. Its provisional name was 1901 FW.

466 Tisiphone
466 Tisiphone is an asteroid. It was found by Max Wolf and Luigi Carnera on January 17, 1901. Its provisional name was 1901 FX.

467 Laura
467 Laura is an asteroid. It was found by Max Wolf on January 9, 1901. Its provisional name was 1901 FY.

468 Lina
468 Lina is an asteroid. It was found by Max Wolf on January 18, 1901. Its provisional name was 1901 FZ.

Stig Claesson
John Stig Claesson (June 2, 1928 – January 4, 2008) was a Swedish writer and illustrator. He also was known by his signature Slas.
Biography.
Claesson was born on June 2, 1928 in Huddinge, south of Stockholm. He went to the Royal Swedish Academy of Arts between 1947 and 1952, when he began to illustrate Swedish classical books such as those written by Per Anders Fogelström.
Claesson was the father of actor Leif Claesson. Stig died on January 4, 2008 in Stockholm.

Dagens Nyheter
The Dagens Nyheter is a Swedish-language newspaper. It is written every day in Stockholm.

469 Argentina
469 Argentina is an asteroid. It was found by Luigi Carnera on February 20, 1901. Its provisional name was 1901 GE.

470 Kilia
470 Kilia is an asteroid. It was found by Luigi Carnera on April 21, 1901. Its provisional name was 1901 GJ.

Chihuahua
Chihuahua is a state in Mexico.

471 Papagena
471 Papagena is an asteroid. It was found by Max Wolf on June 7, 1901. Its provisional name was 1901 GN.
Papagena comes to a favorable near opposition apparent magnitude of better than magnitude 9.6 every five years. On September 30 2010 it will be magnitude 9.56 and will get brighter every five years until December 12 2035 when this late to be found asteroid will shine at magnitude 9.16.

472 Roma
472 Roma is an asteroid. It was found by Luigi Carnera on July 11, 1901. Its provisional name was 1901 GP.

473 Nolli
473 Nolli is a medium-sized asteroid. It was found by Max Wolf on February 13, 1901, but unusually it was lost for many decades, until it was seen again in 1987, 86 years later. Almost nothing is known about its characteristics.

474 Prudentia
474 Prudentia is an asteroid. It was found by Max Wolf on February 13, 1901. Its provisional name was 1901 GD.

475 Ocllo
475 Ocllo is an asteroid. It was found by DeLisle Stewart on August 14, 1901. Its provisional name was 1901 HN.

476 Hedwig
476 Hedwig is an asteroid. It was found by Luigi Carnera on August 17, 1901. Its provisional name was 1901 GQ.

477 Italia
477 Italia is an asteroid. It was found by Luigi Carnera on August 23, 1901. Its provisional name was 1901 GR.

478 Tergeste
478 Tergeste is a main belt asteroid orbiting the Sun. It was found by Luigi Carnera in 1901. Its provisional name was 1901 GU.

479 Caprera
479 Caprera is a minor planet orbiting the Sun. It was found by Luigi Carnera in 1901. Its provisional name was 1901 HJ.

480 Hansa
480 Hansa is a minor planet orbiting the Sun. The Hansa family of high-inclination asteroids is named after it.
It was found by Luigi Carnera in 1901. Its provisional name was 1901 GL.

481 Emita
481 Emita is a minor planet orbiting the Sun. It was found by Luigi Carnera in 1902. Its provisional name was 1902 HP.

Emergency medical services in the United Kingdom
Emergency medical services in the United Kingdom are provided by one of the four National Health Services through local ambulance services, known in England and Wales as trusts. Each service in England is based on one or more local authority areas, and so the country is divided across a number of ambulance services, in a similar way to the British Police.
In England there are twelve ambulance 'Trusts', with boundaries generally following those of the regional government offices. Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have one ambulance service each; the Scottish Ambulance Service (a Special Health Board), the Welsh Ambulance Service, and the Northern Ireland Ambulance Service.
Job of the Ambulance Services.
Ambulance trusts may also undertake non-urgent patient transport services on a commercial arrangement with their local hospital trusts, or in some cases on directly funded government contracts. The pateients do not pay for this service. The hospital does. In some place private firms do this job instead, but it can be a big source of money for the trusts.
England.
Before 1974 local councils used to run the ambulance service. Since then NHS regions and now ambulance trust have. On 1 July 2006 the number of ambulance trusts fell from 29 to 13.
Scotland.
The Scottish Ambulance Service is a Special Health Board funded directly by the Health Department of the Scottish Government. In 2006 the service answered over 520,000 emergency calls.
Scotland also has Britain's only publicly funded Air Ambulance service. It has two Eurocopter EC 135 Helicopters (based in Glasgow & Inverness) and two Beechcraft B200C King Air fixed-wing aircraft (based at Glasgow & Aberdeen).
Northern Ireland.
The Northern Ireland Ambulance Service (NIAS) is the ambulance service that serves the whole of Northern Ireland, and was set up in 1995.
As with other ambulance services in the United Kingdom, it does not charge its patients directly for its services, but is funded through general taxation.
To answer medical emergencies in Northern Ireland, NIAS has over 270. The Service employs approximately 1044 staff based across 32 stations & sub-stations, 4 Control Centres and a Regional Training Centre.
Wales.
The Welsh Ambulance Service NHS Trust (Welsh:"Ymddiriedolaeth GIG Gwasanaethau Ambiwlans Cymru") was set up on April 1, 1998 and has 2,500 staff providing ambulance and related services to the 2.9 million residents of Wales.
Private Ambulance Services.
Private ambulance services are becoming more common in the UK. They often providing medical cover at large events, either with, or instead of the voluntary sector providers. Some organisers use a private firm instead of a voluntary ambulance service because of wider availability during the week (sometimes difficult for a voluntary service to cover) or for a wider range of skills, such as provision of qualified Paramedics.
The most common use for private ambulances is for Patient Transport. Many trusts and hospitals choosing use a private company, instead of the NHS service. Private ambulances do not answer emergency (999) calls. Sometimes a private ambulance company is used as a follow-up, for stretcher transport or going non-life threatening calls. Recently, some companies have been contracted to provide additional emergency crews and vehicles to supplement the core NHS staff at busy times (such as New Year).
All ambulance companies and the NHS Ambulance trusts must follow the same laws, so a private ambulance must have the same equipment and the people working in it be as qualified as the same type of NHS ambulance.
Another type of private ambulance are those operated by undertakers, who generally favour black vans, with the words private ambulance written discreetly on the vehicle. They are used for taking bodies between hospital, embalmer and chapel of rest, rather than use a hearse.
Voluntary Ambulance Services.
The main voluntary ambulance providers are the British Red Cross and St. John Ambulance in England and Wales, and St Andrew's Ambulance Association in Scotland. The Order of Malta Ambulance Service can sometimes be found in Northern Ireland. These groups have been providing emergency medical cover in the UK for over 120 years, including active service in both World Wars. This is before any government organised service.
The main activity of the organisations apart from training and education, is providing ambulance cover at events, as an extension of their First aid contract.
Depending on their agreement, or agreements, with their local ambulance service trust (known as a Memorandum of Understanding or MOU), they may treat and transport certain categories of patient to hospital, although for more serious incidents, such as cardiac arrest it is likely that they would be expected to summon the assistance of the statutory ambulance service.
Both organisations also provide 'reserve' or 'support' cover to some, though not all, of the ambulance trusts (dependent on the local MOU), where ambulance crews from one of the organisations (who are usually volunteers, but in some instances may be paid staff) will attend 999, GP Urgent or PTS calls on behalf of the ambulance trust. In these cases the organisation is paid by the trust. This service is most often called on during major incidents, when there is a high level of staff absence or when there is an unusually high call volume, although in some areas, voluntary crews are regularly used to supplement full time trust cover.
Both organisations have also provided cover for the public when NHS ambulance trust staff have held strikes or walk outs.
Big White Taxi Service.
"Big White Taxi Service" is nickname sometimes used by NHS ambulance staff in the United Kingdom.
They use it because the 999 emergency number is often misused by people who do not need an emergency ambulance, but could go to their own local General Practitioner.

482 Petrina
482 Petrina is a minor planet orbiting the Sun. It was found by Max Wolf in 1902. Its provisional name was 1902 HT.

483 Seppina
483 Seppina is a minor planet orbiting the Sun. It was found by Max Wolf in 1902. Its provisional name was 1902 HU.

Public administration
Public Administration means government management, but today also non-governmental organizations that are not acting out of self-interest can be seen as public administrators..

European Space Agency
European Space Agency or ESA is an international organisation with 18 member countries. It explores the space. Its headquarters are in Paris, France.
The member countries of ESA are Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.

Management
Management means directing and controlling a group of one or more people or an organization to reach a goal. Management often means the deployment and manipulation of human resources, financial resources, technological resources, and natural resources. Management can also mean the person or people who manage, the managers.

Republic of Texas
The Republic of Texas was a sovereign state in North America between the United States and Mexico that existed from 1836 to 1845. The Republic was established in 1836 after it won independence from Mexico. The Republic ended in 1845 when Texas became the 28th state of the United States of America.

Nuremberg Military Tribunals
The Nuremberg Military Tribunals are the follow up trials of war criminals held by the United States of America in Nuremberg.
The trial of the 24 Major War Criminals held by the International Military Tribunal (IMT) in Nuremberg is at Nuremberg Trials
The IMT only held one trial before disagreements between the four wartime allies stopped the series of trials that were planned. The four countries occupying Germany carried on with trials of many people in their own zone of occupation. Twelve that were held by the United States are the most famous of these rials. They involved the some of the most important people to be prosecuted after the 24 Major War Criminals.

Anschluss
The Anschluss (or Anschluß) (; German: "connection") also known as the was the joining together of Austria and Germany in 1938.
After the First World War, when the empires of Austria Hungary and Germany were abolished, many hoped that a new country of all Germans would be created by joining Austria and Germany.
This was not allowed, but it was a hope of the Nazis.
Hitler's first moves.
Adolf Hitler met Austrian Chancellor Kurt Schuschnigg on 12 February 1938 in Berchtesgaden, Bavaria and ordered him to end the ban on political parties, reinstate full party freedom, release all imprisoned members of the Nazi party and let them take part in the government.
If Austria would not do this, Hitler threatened to send in his army.
So Schuschnigg did what Hitler demanded, and appointed Arthur Seyss-Inquart, a pro-Nazi lawyer, as Interior Minister and another Nazi, Edmund Glaise-Horstenau, as a Minister without Portfolio.
In January 1938 Schussnig had been told to fire the chief of staff of the Austrian Army, Alfred Jansa, from his position. Jansa and his staff had plans for defending Austria against a German attack. Hitler did not want this to happen.
Schuschnigg realised that his new ministers trying to take over from him. To get support Schuschnigg allowed socialists and communists legally to appear in public again. The parties had been banned on 12 February 1934 in the Austrian Civil War. The communists said they supported the Austrian government. The socialists wanted more promises from Schuschnigg before they were willing to side with him.
Referendum.
On 9 March Schuschnigg announced a plebiscite on the independence of Austria for 13 March.
To help his side to win, Schuschnigg set the minimum voting age at 24. Many of those who supported Nazism and union with Germany were young, so this move was to stop them from voting.
Hitler said that the plebiscite would be subject to major fraud and that Germany would not accept it. Also, the German Ministry of Propaganda issued press reports that riots had broken out in Austria and that large parts of the Austrian population were calling for German troops to restore order. Schuschnigg immediately said publicly that reports of riots were false.
Hitler sent an ultimatum to Schuschnigg on 11 March, saying that he must hand over all power to the Austrian Nazis or face an invasion.
Schuschnigg resigned as Chancellor that evening. He could not persuade France or Britain to help.
In the radio broadcast when he announced his resignation, he said that he accepted the changes and allowed the Nazis to take over the government in order to avoid bloodshed.
Meanwhile, Austrian President Wilhelm Miklas refused to appoint Artur Seyss-Inquart as Chancellor and asked other Austrian politicians instead. However, the Nazis were well organised. Within hours they managed to take control of many parts of Vienna, including the Ministry of Internal Affairs (controlling the Police). As Miklas continued to refuse to appoint a Nazi government and Seyss-Inquart still could not send a telegram in the name of the Austrian government demanding German troops to restore order, Hitler became furious. At about 10 PM, well after Hitler had signed and issued the order for the invasion, Göring and Hitler gave up on waiting and sent a forged telegram pretending to be a request by the Austrian Government for German troops to enter Austria. Around midnight, after nearly all critical offices and buildings had fallen into Nazi hands in Vienna and the main political party members of the old government had been arrested, Miklas finally appointed Seyss-Inquart Chancellor.
German troops march into Austria.
On the morning of 12 March, the 8th Army of the German Wehrmacht crossed the German-Austrian border. They were not stopped by the Austrian Army. Instead the German troops were greeted by cheering Austrians with Hitler salute, Nazi flags and flowers.
This is why the move into Austria without one single shot being fired is sometimes called the "Blumenkrieg" (war of flowers).
Hitler's car crossed the border in the afternoon at Braunau, his birthplace. In the evening, he arrived at Linz and was welcomed at the city hall. Goering, in a telephone call that evening, said: "There is unbelievable jubilation in Austria. We ourselves did not think that sympathies would be so intense."
On 2 April 1938 200,000 Austrians gathered on the Heldenplatz (Square of Heroes) to hear Hitler proclaim the Austrian Anschluss. Hitler later commented: "Certain foreign newspapers have said that we fell on Austria with brutal methods. I can only say: even in death they cannot stop lying. I have in the course of my political struggle won much love from my people, but when I crossed the former frontier (into Austria) there met me such a stream of love as I have never experienced. Not as tyrants have we come, but as liberators."
The Anschluss was given immediate effect by a law on 13 March, subject to ratification by a plebiscite. Austria became the province of Ostmark, and Seyss-Inquart was appointed Governor. The plebiscite was held on 10 April and officially recorded a support of 99.73% of the voters.
Most historians agree that the result was not fixed, but the voting process was neither free nor secret. Officials were present directly beside the voting booths and received the voting ballot by hand (in contrast to a secret vote where the voting ballot is inserted into a closed box). In some parts of Austria the referendum on the independence of Austria on 13 March was held despite the Wehrmacht's presence in Austria (it took up to 3 days to occupy every part of Austria). For instance, in the village of Innervillgraten a majority of 95% voted for Austria's independence.
Austria remained part of the Third Reich until the end of World War II when a preliminary Austrian Government declared the Anschluss "null und nichtig" (null and void) on April 27 1945. After the war, then allied-occupied Austria was recognized and treated as a separate country, but was not restored to sovereignty until the Austrian State Treaty and Austrian Declaration of Neutrality, both of 1955, largely due to the rapid development of the Cold War and disputes between the Soviet Union and its former allies over its foreign policy.

Nestorianism
Nestorianism is a movement within Christianity. The idea behind the doctrine was that there were two different persons of Jesus. One of them was the man Jesus, the other was the aspect of "son of God", or Logos. Perhaps the most prominent supporter of the idea was Nestorius, archbishop of Constantinople. Nestorius lived from about 380 to about 450 AD. The Council of Ephesus condemned this view in 431. This led to a split of the church, into the Assyrian Church of the East and the Byzantine Church.
For this reason, the Assyrian Church of the East is sometimes called "Nestorian". The church holds the view that Chist has two "essences" ("qnome") that are united in one person ("parsopa").
The only two churches that teach Nestorianism today are the Assyrian Church of the East, and the Church of the East & Abroad.

Daikokuten
In Japan, Daikokuten (大黒天), is one of the Seven Lucky Gods. Daikokuten came from the Indian god, Shiva. Daikoku wears Japanese robes and has a happy and smiling personality.
Location.
Daikoku's pictures are found in the temples of Tibet and China and the god enjoys an high position as a household god in Japan. Daikoku's connection with wealth and success started a strange ritual known as Fuku-nusubi. This ritual started with the belief that the person who stole figures of gods and goddesses was promised good luck, if they were not caught while stealing. Eventually, stealing divine figures became so common that the Toshi-no-ichi or the ‘year-end-market’ held in the Asakusa Kannon temple became the main place where the sale of these images was held.
Purpose.
Daikoku is considered to be the god of wealth or the household, mostly the kitchen. He is recognised from his wide face, smile, and a flat black hat. He is often shown holding a golden mallet and sitting on bales of rice.

Enzymes
bacon town

484 Pittsburghia
484 Pittsburghia is an asteroid that is in orbit around the sun 150 million miles from Earth. It is named in honor of the city of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and its scientific and industrial heritage that made some of the best astronomy equipment of the day.
It was found by Max Wolf in 1902. Its provisional name was 1902 HX.

Seesaw
A seesaw (also known as a teeter-totter) is a long, narrow board which is fixed in the middle, a little way above the ground. When one end of the seesaw goes up the other goes down.
Children often like to play on seesaws. Two children sit on the seesaw, one at each end. The child who is down pushes the ground with his feet so that he goes up and his friend goes down. Then the friend pushes up so the first child goes down. They continue to go back and forth until they are ready to stop playing on the seesaw.
It works best with two children who are about the same size, or else the heavy person will make his end stay down. On some seesaws there is room for two or three children on each end. There is a handle for each child to hold on to so that they do not fall off.
In mechanics (a kind of physics) anything that is balanced in the middle and goes up and down like a seesaw might be described as something that "seesaws".

485 Genua
485 Genua is a minor planet orbiting the Sun. It was found by Luigi Carnera in 1902. Its provisional name was 1902 HZ.

Playground swing
A swing is a hanging seat, usually found in a playground for children. Acrobats in a circus can also have swings which hang from the top of the tent. Sometimes garden chairs are made to swing gently.
The seat of a swing is attached to a chain or a rope. The child sits on the swing and kicks off from the ground with his feet. The swing then starts to swing to and fro. The child can make the swing go higher by pulling (as he goes forwards) and pushing (as he goes backwards) the rope and by making his legs straight as it goes up.
In children's playgrounds some swings are made for very young children. They have safety bars with holes for the legs. Their parents can push them to help the swing.
Usually the ground is made of a soft material so that they do not hurt themselves too much if they fall off, although this should not happen if they are being sensible. Sometimes several swings are hung from one long metal or wooden frame.
Many children have swings in their own gardens or back yards. A tyre (or tire) can be hung by a rope from the branch of a tree to make a swing.

Playground slide
Playground slides are slides for children to play on in playgrounds. The child climbs up a ladder or some stairs, then sits down at the top and slides all the way down. Some children like to slide down on their backs or on their stomachs. This can sometimes be dangerous on big slides.
Slides are made of metal or wood. They must have a smooth surface so that the child does not hurt himself. Sometimes, in amusement parks, there are giant slides called "helterskelters".
There are slides at swimming pools where people can slide down into the water with a splash. These are called "water slides" or "shutes".

486 Cremona
486 Cremona is a minor planet orbiting the Sun. It was found by Luigi Carnera in 1902. Its provisional name was 1902 JB.

Antipsychotic
Antipsychotic drugs are used in the treatment of depression and mood swings. They are mostly used to treat Schizophrenia.
History.
The main inventor of this drug was Andrew J. Smith whom at the time was 16 when he made it. He created this drug that has saved hundreds of people with scizophrenia.

Eve Online
EVE Online is a 2003 Space simulator science fiction MMORPG computer game. It was made by CCP Games. The game is very similar to the 1980s game ELITE. Players in EVE earn money called "InterStella Kredits" (ISK) to buy new spacecraft, skills or equipment. Several ways to earn ISK include mining, exploration, doing missions, trading, piracy, and bounty hunting (hunting criminals for money).
EVE is hosted on 1 server cluster. Unlike most MMORPG games, it is not split up based upon geographical location or how busy the servers are.

487 Venetia
487 Venetia is a minor planet orbiting the Sun. It was found by Luigi Carnera in 1902. Its provisional name was 1902 JL.

488 Kreusa
488 Kreusa is a minor planet orbiting the Sun. It was found by Max Wolf and Luigi Carnera in 1902. Its provisional name was 1902 JG.

489 Comacina
489 Comacina is a minor planet orbiting the Sun. It was found by Luigi Carnera in 1902. Its temporary name was 1902 JM.

Kintarō
Kintarō (金太郎, Kintarō? sometimes means "Golden Boy") is a folk (story) hero from Japanese folklore. A child born really strong. He was raised by a girl ogre in a mountain called Mount Ashigara. He became friendly with the animals and imaginary things of the mountain. Later, after catching the terror of the region around Mount Ooe, Shutendouji, he became a great follower of Minamoto no Yorimitsu under the new name Sakata no Kintoki (坂田公時, Sakata no Kintoki?).

490 Veritas
490 Veritas is a big asteroid, which may have been involved in one of the more huge asteroid-asteroid collisions of the past 100 million years.
At 115 and 125 km in diameter, Veritas and 92 Undina are the biggest of the 300-strong Veritas family of asteroids. David Nesvorný of the Southwest Research Institute in Boulder traced the orbits of these bodies back in time, and calculated that they formed in a collision of a body at least 150 km in diameter with a smaller asteroid some 8 million years ago. Veritas and Undina would have been the biggest pieces of that collision.
The thought Veritas collision would have been too far from Jupiter for the pieces to have been slung into a collision course with Earth. However, solar radiation would have caused the resulting dust to drift inward to Earth orbit over a time span consistent with the record of dust in the ocean sediment.
Today continuing collisions among Veritas-family asteroids are estimated to send five thousand tons of cosmic dust to Earth each year, 15% of the total.
It was found by Max Wolf in 1902. Its provisional name was 1902 JP.

491 Carina
491 Carina is a minor planet orbiting the Sun. It was found by Max Wolf in 1902. Its provisional name was 1902 JQ.

Cart
A cart is a vehicle with two wheels and usually pulled by one horse. Other animals such as ox, cattle or donkeys are sometimes used instead of a horse. A handcart is pulled or pushed by a person.
Carts have been used for over 4,000 years around the world. Today we use the shopping cart. Shopping carts first made their appearance in Oklahoma City in 1937.

492 Gismonda
492 Gismonda is a minor planet orbiting the Sun. It was found by Max Wolf in 1902. Its provisional name was 1902 JR.

493 Griseldis
493 Griseldis is a minor planet orbiting the Sun. It was found by Max Wolf in 1902. Its provisional name was 1902 JS.

Lanark grammar school
Lanark Grammar School is a medium sized secondary school in Lanark, South Lanarkshire which has over 1000 students.
Library.
The school library has lots of books on all the subjucts studied at the school. It also has a wide range of fiction books for junoirs and seniors. There are 15 computers in the library which can be used by any of the students who need to do work.

Johannes Vermeer
Johannes Vermeer or Jan Vermeer (baptised October 31 1632, died December 15 1675) was a Dutch Baroque painter. He spent his life in the town of Delft. Vermeer came from a Protestant family but he married a Catholic, named Catherina Bolnes, in April 1653. They had eleven children.
He mainly painted people in daily life. He painted people in detail and used rich colors. He kept the backgrounds simple. This contrast makes the viewer to concentrate on the main point.
He used perspective technique to draw lines from one dot on the canvas. He used this technique on his 17 paintings. Those paintings have a little dot which may be used for perspective.
Vermeer’s painted women often wear blue clothes. This color blue is made from a natural mineral called lapis lazuli.
There is no self portraits of Jan Vermeer. His face maybe in some other paintings, especially “The Art of Painting” (De Schilderkunst) and “The Procuress” (De Koppelaarste), but there is no proof that the man is Vermeer.

Arthur Seyß-Inquart
Dr Arthur Seyß-Inquart (born "Arthur Zajtich" on July 22, 1892 – October 16, 1946) was a prominent lawyer and later Nazi official in pre-Anschluß Austria, the Third Reich and in wartime Germany, Poland, and the Netherlands. Seyß-Inquart was executed at the Nuremberg Trials for crimes against humanity.
Life before the Anschluss.
Seyß-Inquart was born in 1892 in Stonařov ("Stannern"), Moravia, then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, to school principal Emil Zajtich and his wife Auguste Hyrenbach. The family moved to Vienna in 1907 where they changed the Czech Slavic name of "Zajtich" to the German "Seyß-Inquart". Seyß-Inquart later went to study law at the University of Vienna. At the beginning of World War I in August 1914 Seyß-Inquart enlisted with the Austrian Army and served in Russia, Romania and also Italy.
He was decorated for bravery on a number of occasions and while recovering from wounds in 1917 he completed his final examinations for his degree.
In 1911 Seyß-Inquart met Gertrud Maschka. The couple married in 1916 and had three children: Ingeborg Caroline Auguste Seyß-Inquart (born September 18, 1917), Richard Seyß-Inquart (born 1921) and Dorothea Seyß-Inquart (born 1928).
He went into law after the war and in 1921 set up his own practice. During the early years of the first Austrian republic he was close to the Vaterländische Front.
As a successful lawyer, he was asked to join the cabinet of Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss in 1933.
He became a State Councillor in 1937 under Kurt Schuschnigg. He was not a member of the Austrian National Socialist party at first. By 1938 Seyß-Inquart was the highest ranking politician in the Austrian National Socialists.
In February 1938, Seyß-Inquart was appointed Minister of the Interior by Schuschnigg, after Hitler had threatened Schuschnigg. On March 11 1938 Schuschnigg resigned as Austrian Chancellor and Seyß-Inquart was appointed to the position by Austrian President Wilhelm Miklas. Hitler's plan was to have Seyß-Inquart send a telegram asking for German help to stop riots. But President Miklas did not make Seyß-Inquart chancellor until after Hitler had ordered his army into Austria. On March 13 1938, Seyß-Inquart joined the National Socialist party.
Head of Ostmark and Southern Poland.
Hitler was going to leave Austria independent, but after the welcome the German troops got during thr Anschluß he decided to mark Austria a new part of the Third Reich, called "Ostmark". Seyß-Inquart wrote the law which made Austria a province of Germany and signed it into law on March 13.
Seyß-Inquart became "Reichsstatthalter" or Governor of named Ostmark. Ernst Kaltenbrunner was chief minister and Burckel as Commissioner for the Reunion of Austria (concerned with the "Jewish Question").
Seyß-Inquart was made an SS Gruppenführer, and in May 1939 he was made a Minister without portfolio in Hitler's government.
After the invasion of Poland, Seyß-Inquart became governor for Southern Poland, but before he started work there the General Government was created, and Seyß-Inquart became a deputy to the Governor General Hans Frank.
Reichskommissar in the Netherlands.
After Germany invaded the Low Countries Seyß-Inquart became Reichskommissar for the Occupied Netherlands in May 1940. His job was to organise civil administration, with creating close economic ties with Germany and defend the interests of the Reich.
He supported the Dutch National Socialist Party (NSB) and allowed them to create a paramilitary "Landwacht", as an auxiliary police force. Other political parties were banned in late 1941 and many former government officials were imprisoned at Sint-Michielsgestel. The administration of the country was largely controlled by Seyß-Inquart himself.
He introduced measures to combat 'terror' and when a widespread strike took place in Amsterdam, Arnhem and Hilversum in May 1943 special summary court-martial were used and a collective fine of 18 million guilders was imposed. Seyß-Inquart allowed the execution of around 800 people before liberation. Some people say it was not 800 people but over 1,500, including the execution of people under the so-called "Hostage Law", the death of political prisoners who were close to being liberated, the Putten incident, and the reprisal execution of 117 Dutchmen for the attack on SS and Police Leader Hanns Albin Rauter. From July 1944 most of Seyß-Inquart's powers were transferred to the military commander in the Netherlands and the Gestapo, but he was still an important and powerful person.
There were 2 small concentration camps in the Netherlands
There was also a "Jewish assembly camp" at Westerbork and a number of other camps controlled by the military, the police, the SS or Seyß-Inquart's administration. These included a "voluntary labour recruitment" camp at Ommen. In total around 530,000 Dutch civilians worked for the Germans, of whom 250,000 were sent to factories in Germany.
Seyss-Inquart was an anti-Semite: within a few months of his arrival in the Netherlands, he took sacked Jews from government, the press and leading positions in industry. Anti-Jewish measures intensified from 1941: approximately 140,000 Jews were registered, a ghetto was created in Amsterdam and a transit camp was set up at Westerbork. In February 1941, 600 Jews were sent to the Buchenwald and Mauthausen concentration camps. Later, the Dutch Jews were sent to Auschwitz. As Allied forces approached in September 1944 the remaining Jews at Westerbork were sent to Theresienstadt. Of 140,000 registered Dutch Jews, only 44,500 survived the war.
When Hitler committed suicide in April 1945, Seyß-Inquart became the Foreign Minister in Admiral Karl Dönitz's new German government.
The Nazi regime had tried a 'scorched earth' policy, and some docks and harbours were destroyed. Seyß-Inquart, agreed with Armaments Minister Albert Speer that destroying everything to stop things being used by the allies or a new government after the war was wrong. Seyß-Inquart also helped in the so called 'hunger winter' of 1945 to distribute food and allowed Allied airplanes to drop Swedish white bread for the hungry people of the occupied north of the country. He remained Reichskommissar until May 8, 1945, when, after a meeting with Karl Dönitz to confirm his blocking of the scorched earth orders, he was captured in Hamburg.
Nuremberg Trials.
At the Nuremberg Trials, Seyß-Inquart faced charges of conspiracy to commit crimes against peace; planning, starting and fighting wars of aggression; war crimes; and crimes against humanity.
His defence lawyer was Gustav Steinbauer. Seyß-Inquart was nonetheless found guilty of all charges except conspiracy. On hearing of his death sentence, Seyss-Inquart made it clear he accepted responsibility for excesses during the war, "Death by hanging...well, in view of the whole situation, I never expected anything different. It's all right". He was hanged on October 16, 1946, at the age of 54, together with nine other Nuremberg defendants. His last words were "I hope that this execution is the last act of the tragedy of the Second World War and that the lesson taken from this world war will be that peace and understanding should exist between peoples. I believe in Germany".

Women in Ancient Athens
Women in Ancient Athens were treated very differently than they are today. They were treated with no respect most of the time.
Birth.
Athenian parents didn't like to give birth to girls. Girls needed a dowry which was often worth a lot of money. Some families would expose baby girls, which means they left them outside to die. Rich families would usually keep girl babies.
Childhood.
A female child would be treated almost the same as any boy, until she was 6. Boys went to school, but girls had to stay at home and learn from their mothers. They would learn how to manage a household (cooking, cleaning, weaving, sewing, managing the household budget, and, if she was from a rich family, managing the slaves).
Even if they didn't learn to read at school, they often learnt at home. They also learned simple facts, like: mythology, religion and sometimes, musical instruments.
They hardly left their houses, only for religious duties.
Marriage.
Girls couldn't be citizens. They left their home at the age of 14 or 15 to get married, sometimes with a man who was much older than she was (about 16 years). Her marriage would be arranged by her father. On most occasions, the father would pick a rich husband for his daughter and for most girls, marriage was just living together.
The girl and her mother had no say in who she married, it was entirely the father's choice.
Before the marriage, a celebration called 'gamos' was held to show that the girl was being passed to her husband, from her father.
The girl would be washed and dressed by female relatives and friends. Then she would wear a crown, a white dress and carry a pomegranate or any other fruit with many seeds.
Life at Home.
A woman would spend all day in her home. If she left she would lose all her social status. She couldn't go out to buy things, to work, to see her family, etc. Slaves would be made to go outside and buy the supplies needed in the house, and her family would have to come and see her (but only the men). Most woman accepted this way of life as it was the way they had been brought up and it was how every other woman in Athens lived.
Quarters.
Women and men were separated in the house. They had different quarters. A man could go into the women's quarters whenever he wanted, but a woman needed permission to enter the man's quarters (which was rarely allowed).
Life Outside the Home.
Women very rarely left their homes.
Careers.
Women could only do some jobs;
Citizenship.
Women could not become citizens of Athens because the men thought the weren't important enough. This means they couldn't vote, they didn't have any say in what happened in Athens and they couldn't run for election.

Watership Down
"Watership Down" is a novel written by Richard Adams. It tells the story of rabbits and their adventures concerning their warren at a hill in the north of Hampshire, England known as Watership Down.
In this fantasy novel, rabbits of human intelligence are shown in their natural environment. They have a culture, a language, proverbs, poetry and mythology.
It was published in the United Kingdom by Rex Collings Ltd in 1972 and it has never since been out of print.
Story.
Fiver, a rabbit with a "sixth sense", living at Sandleford Warren, envisions his home being destroyed by a land developer. He convinces his brother, Hazel to talk to the Chief Rabbit, Threarah about evacuating from the Warren, however, the Chief Rabbit has no intention of leaving. Hazel, Fiver, and nine other rabbits then set off in search of a new home (at the time, merely off of the basis of Fiver's insistence that a utopia awaits them somewhere far away). They travel through forests, fields, over rivers, and roads filled with hrududu's (cars) before exhaustion and unrest force them to stop at a hill occupied by a warren headed by a rabbit named Cowslip. After much debate, the rabbits tentatively agree to stay at Cowslips warren. The warren however, unnerves them (especially Fiver) due to their strange customs. They soon find out that the cultural decay that the rabbits are experiencing is due to the fact that they are merely being fed and taken care of by a farmer so that he kill them off, one by one, for his own purposes. After leaving Cowslip's warren (in which, Bigwig, a former Sandleford rabbit, is almost killed), they travel tirelessly until they arrive at the site of Watership Down, a high hill that is far from man and blessed with good food and safety.
After a day or two at their utopian land that Fiver had previously promised them, Hazel, now the unofficial Chief Rabbit of Watership Down Warren, realizes that there are no does among them, and so they cannot reproduce or dig efficiently (does are always the primary diggers of burrows in a warren). Soon after, Hazel, to the initial shock of his companions, rescues a great gull named Kehaar, who has been injured by a run in with a cat. After nursing Kehaar back to health, he agrees to help the rabbits for the time being (since he has missed mating season at "Big Water" [the Atlantic ocean]) in return for their kindness toward him. After being asked by Hazel to perform a reconnoitering of the area, Kehaar locates Efrafa, a large warren to the South of their position. After hearing, to his pleasure that Efrafa is large and overcrowded, he sends an embassy of four rabbits to Efrafa to ask if they could bring back some does to their warren. However, to the Watership rabbits' shock, they discover that Efrafa is a near dictatorship, headed by the malevolent General Woundwort. Efrafa, being a large warren with still too many rabbits, is tightly controlled by the General and his massive military. Each rabbit is told when are where they are allowed to eat, sleep, etc. Any attempt to expand the burrow is painfully slow, since Efrafa must be concealed from every threat. Nothing happens without the Generals consent, including departure from the warren. The four rabbits barely escape with their lives, after playing a trick on an Efrafan Captain, and can hardly make it back to Watership. At the same time that the embassy is undergoing their dealings with Efrafa, Hazel leads a small party to investigate Kehaar's report that there is a farm with a few hutch rabbits, including does. After multiple dangerous raids, the Watership rabbits break a few hutch rabbits out of the farm, but Hazel is shot in the process. However, thanks to another one of Fiver's visions, Hazel is found and returned to health after being on the brink of death. Now returned from Efrafa and having reported on the state of Efrafa, the barely recovered Hazel decides to stage a break out from Efrafa (a daunting proposal). The entire party of Watership rabbits travel painstakingly and tediously (to avoid detection by Efrafan wide patrols) to the outskirts of Efrafa. Under the guise of a wandering loner, Thlayli (Bigwig) infiltrates Efrafa as an officer of their Owsla (a warren's Owsla is somewhat like it's military/police force). Secretly, however, Thlayli is utilizing a growing unrest and resistance movement in warren to help with the break out. He meets does Hyzenthlay and Thethunninnang who tell him that, if he has a working plan, they will attempt the escape with him. After narrowly avoiding a conflict with General Woundwort, Bigwig and the does break out of Efrafa in the midst of a great storm and with the invaluable communication and military benefits provided by Kehaar. Of course this break out does not go unnoticed, and soon the General himself and his small entourage catch up the fugitives, including Blackavar, a rabbit who had previously tried to escape Efrafa and was punished for doing so. The party escapes only because Kehaar attacks Woundwort. Nevertheless, Woundwort runs down the rabbits near a stream. The rabbits however, escape on a small boat. After disembarking the boat (with many problems) they slowly make their way back to Watership, after experiencing two casualties (both does).
The rabbits rejoice at their success, but it is to be short lived, for General Woundwort and a small strike team have stealthily approached the warren, only detected because a befreinded mouse warns them. The General then attacks the warren in the night as the Watership Rabbits head to their deepest burrows, blocking off the tunnels in an attempt to hold off the Efrafans. While in a burrow, Fiver becomes possessed with unworldly wisdom and thoughts that embody themselves in a frightening form. He is presumed dead. Meanwhile, Hazel, presumably because he has a little bit of "Fiver blood" has a vision of how to stop the Efrafans. After instructing Thylayli to remain where he is with other rabbits to fight off any attempt they could, he takes Blackberry and Dandelion out of the burrow. Hazels plan is to use the dog at the nearby Nuthanger farm to defeat the Efrafans. Meanwhile Bigwig is locked in stalemated combat with the frightful General Woundwort. Hazels plan succeeds, though he is wounded in the process. Woundwort disappears, not killed, but never to be seen again. Captain Campion and the remainder of his force limp back to Efrafa, where Campion becomes head. In the aftermath, Hazel lives a long life as Chief Rabbit of Watership, while his warren prospers peacefully.

Richard Adams
Richard George Adams (born May 9, 1920) is an author who is best known as the writer of three novels with animals as characters. He wrote "Watership Down", "Shardik" and "The Plague Dogs".

Mergoscia
Mergoscia is a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. The village is found above Lago di Vogorno in the Verzasca valley.

Meride
Meride is a municipality of the district Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Mezzovico-Vira
Mezzovico-Vira is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Miglieglia
Miglieglia is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Minusio
Minusio is a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Moleno
Moleno is a municipality of the district Bellinzona in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Monte Carasso
Monte Carasso is a municipality of the district Bellinzona in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.
The Swiss Heritage Society chose Monte Carasso for the 1993 Wakker Prize.

Exposure (Athens)
Exposure was a widely used method of getting rid of babies that parents didn't want. Babies would be left outside, often in a pot or a vase, to die. It was practiced in Ancient times.
Ancient Athens.
Women had no say in whether their babies were exposed. The fathers were the only ones who had a say.

Mark Ronson
Mark Daniel Ronson (born 4 September 1975) is a music producer from London, England. Ronson has released two albums. His first, released in 2003, was mainly hip hop music. His second, in 2007, featured British singers and musicians performing many different genres and styles.
Early life.
Ronson's mother, Ann, is a writer, and his father used to work in the music industry. He has two twin sisters, Charlotte and Samantha. Samantha is also a musical artist. Ronson's family are ethnically Jewish.
Ronson became interested in hip hop when he moved to New York City, aged 8. He went New York University, and became a popular DJ in New York during the 1990s.
Albums.
Ronson's first album was called "Here Comes the Fuzz", a hip hop album featuring artists such as Ghostface Killah. It was released in 2003. It reached #70 in the music charts.
His second album, "Version", was more successful. It sold more, and was nominated for a number of awards. It featured lead vocals by the likes of Amy Winehouse, Lily Allen, Robbie Williams, and others famous British singers too. The artists performed cover songs, (which means the songs were new 'versions' of old songs - the word "version" was originally used in this context by the Reggae scene) but what made this second album stand out was the return to the use of professional arrangers and a full brass section. At a time when other producers such as Timbaland had made a name for themselves by producing simple stripped down backing beats, the sound was a complete change of direction. The brass section that Ronson used was the Dap-Kings who usually performed with Sharon Jones. It reached #2 in the British charts.

Shardik
"Shardik" is a fantasy novel written by Richard Adams in 1974.
Plot.
"Shardik" takes place in an imaginary region called the Beklan Empire. A lonely hunter, Kelderek, pursues Shardik, a giant bear. Both of them become unwillingly drawn into the politics of the entire empire. The story's key themes include the personal struggles of sin and atonement, the strength and potential of children, and the responsibility of adults to protect and nurture children in hope of a better future.

Warsaw Uprising (1794)
The Warsaw uprising of 1794 (which is also called "Warsaw Insurrection") was a group Polish people who lived in Warsaw. With help from by the Army of Poland, the Polish people tried to stop Russia controlling the biggest city in Poland. It started on April 17, 1794, which was soon after Tadeusz Kościuszko's victory at an important battle.
Although the Russian army had lots more poeple and better weapons, and killed lots of Polish people, Russian soldiers started to lose a lot of land and suffered from lots of deaths.
The Polish people had been preparing to fight in the uprising since the spring of 1793. They managed to become very poular: they formed an army with lots of volunteers, who were led by Jan Kiliński, who was a good shoemaker. Apart from this army, the most famous group to take part in the giving the Polish people freedom contained Poles who had been forced to join the Russian army in the past. A person who watched fighting was Jan Piotr Norblin, who was born in France and drew pictures of the uprising.

Vaisravana
Vaiśravaṇa (Sanskrit वैश्रवण) or Vessavaṇa (Pāli वेस्सवण) is the name of the chief of the Four Heavenly Kings and an important person in Buddhism.
Name.
The name Vaiśravaṇa comes from the Sankrit viśravaṇa which means "Great Fame".
Vaiśravaṇa is also known as Kubera in Sanskrit or Kuvera in Pāli.
Character.
The character of Vaiśravaṇa is set up on the Hindu god Kubera, but although the Buddhist and Hindu deities share some characteristics, both of them have different functions and myths.
He is often shown with a yellow face. He carries an umbrella as a sign of his power. He is also sometimes shown with a mongoose, often shown spitting out jewels. The mongoose is the enemy of the snake, which is a symbol of greed or hatred; the spitting out of jewels shows generosity.
Vaiśravaṇa in Theravāda tradition.
In the Pāli writings of the Theravāda Buddhist tradition, Vaiśravaṇa is called Vessavaṇa. Vessavaṇa is one of the Four Great Kings, each one of which rules over a direction. Vessavaṇa's direction is the northern quarter of the world.
Vessavaṇa has the name "Kuvera" from a name he had from a past life as a rich mill-owner, who gave all the money he got from one of his seven mills to charity, and gave aid to the poor for 20,000 years.
As with all the Buddhist deities, Vessavaṇa is properly the name of a person who has the god inside him rather than a permanent individual. Each Vessavaṇa is a human, and when he dies, he will be replaced by a new Vessavaṇa. Like other beings of the Cātummahārājika world, his lifespan is 90,000 years, but other sources say nine million years.
When the Buddha was born, Vessavaṇa became his follower. He often brought the Buddha and his followers messages from the gods and other humans, and protected them.
Vaiśravaṇa in Japan.
In Japan, Bishamonten (毘沙門天), or just Bishamon (毘沙門) is thought of as a god of war or warriors who wears armor, and a punisher of people who do evil things, a view that is very strange when compared with the more peaceful Buddhist king described above. Bishamon is shown holding a spear in one hand and a small pagoda in the other hand. The Pagoda symbolises the divine treasure house, which holds things that he guards and gives away. In Japanese folklore, he is one of the Japanese Seven Lucky Gods.
Vaiśravaṇa in Tibet.
In Tibet, Vaiśravaṇa is known to be a worldly protector of the Dharma. He is also known as the King of the North. As guardian of the north, he is often shown on temple wall paintings outside the main door. He is also a god of wealth. Vaiśravaṇa is sometimes shown carrying a citron, the fruit of the "jambhara" tree. The fruit helps pick him out from depictions of Kuvera.

Fugazi
Fugazi were an American alternative rock band that became active in 1987.
History.
Singer and songwriter Ian MacKaye had been in two bands before he joined Fugazi. These bands were Embrace, a band that existed from 1985-86, and the more well-known Minor Threat. Guy Picciotto, who played guitar, was in famous punk/emo band Rites of Spring from 1984-86. Brendan Canty, who played drums, was also in Rites of Spring. For Joe Lally, it was his first major band.
Style of music.
Fugazi are known for their aggressive, "chunky" music. It is difficult to call them one genre of music, as they play many different musical styles. The band wanted to sound different to other bands they knew and had been in. MacKaye and Picciotto also have different styles of singing and songwriting. MacKaye prefers songs that people can sing along to, whereas Picciotto prefers more complex songs.
The members of Fugazi did not use illegal drugs, drink alcohol, or have casual sex. This was called being "straight edge". The term "straight edge" was invented by Minor Threat, MacKaye's previous band.
Today.
Fugazi have not officially split up. However, they have not played since late 2002. This is because some of the band members have settled down with their families.

Benzaiten
Benzaiten (弁才天, 弁財天) is the Japanese name of the goddess Saraswati. Worship of Benzaiten arrived in Japan in the 6th to 8th centuries, mainly through the Chinese translations of the "Sutra of Golden Light ".
Her Sanskrit name is "Sarasvatî Devî", which means "flowing water", this is why Benzaiten is the goddess of everything that flows: water, words, speech, and music. The characters used to write her name showed her as the goddess of eloquence. Because of the Sutra of Golden Light, in Japan she became a protector, of the people. Lastly, she became one of the Seven Lucky Gods.
In the Rig-Veda (6.61.7) Sarasvati killed the three-headed snake, also known as Vritra. This is probably one of the sources of Sarasvati/Benzaiten's close link with snakes and dragons in Japan. She has a shrine on the Island of Enoshima in Sagami Bay, about 50 kilometers south of Tokyo; and a five-headed dragon and her are the main people in the Enoshima Engi, a history of the shrines on Enoshima written by the Japanese Buddhist monk Kokei (皇慶). According to Kokei, Benzaiten is the third daughter of the dragon-king of Munetsuchi (無熱池; literally "lake without heat"), the lake which is at the center of the world in an ancient Buddhist view.

Purchasing Power Parity
There are two ways to measure GDP (total income of a country) of different countries and compare them. One way, called GDP at exchange rate, is when the currencies of all countries are converted into USD (United States Dollar). The second way is GDP (PPP) or GDP at Purchasing Power Parity (PPP).
Uses.
Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) is measured by finding the values (in USD) of a basket of consumer goods that are present in each country (such as orange juice, pencils, etc). If that basket costs $100 in the US and $200 in England, than purchasing power parity exchange rate is 1:2.
Differences.
What sets GDP (PPP) apart from other economic indicators, such as GDP per capita, nominal GDP, and real GDP, is that GDP (PPP) takes the costs of living into account. This explains why GDP (PPP) is used to measure the quality of life in a country. However, when measuring a country's economic power (i.e. what it can buy on the world market) use GDP at exchange rate.
Examples.
For example, suppose that Japan has a higher GDP per capita, ($18) than the US ($16). That means that Japanese on average make $2 more than normal Americans. However, they are not necessarily richer. Suppose that one gallon of orange juice costs $6 in Japan and only $2 in the US. The Japanese can only buy 3 gallons while the Americans can buy 8 gallons. Therefore, in terms of orange juice, the Americans are richer. The US has a GDP (PPP) of $14 while Japan has a GDP (PPP) of $12. The GDP exchange rate is 14:12 or 7:6.
Daily life.
Now apply this to daily life. The orange juice represents the previously mentioned "basket of goods" which represents the cost of living in a country. Therefore, even if a country has a higher GDP per capita (individual income), that country's people may still live poorer if the cost of living is more expensive.

GDP per capita
GDP per capita is the GDP (total income) of a country, divided by its population. It shows how much money people earn on average.

Warren (domestic)
A domestic warren is a fake, enclosed establishment of animal husbandry that is used for the raising of domestic rabbits for meat and fur.
There was a clear distinction between free warren and domestic warren. But today that is nearly gone. One even speaks of a "prairie dog warren".

494 Virtus
494 Virtus is a minor planet orbiting the Sun. It was found by Max Wolf in 1902. Its provisional name was 1902 JV.

495 Eulalia
495 Eulalia is a minor planet orbiting the Sun. It was found by Max Wolf in 1902. Its provisional name was 1902 KG.

Burrow
A burrow is a hole or tunnel that was dug into the ground by an animal to create a space that can be used for living or short time shelter. The burrowing way of life is quite popular among the animals.
Many animals construct or use burrows in many different types. Mammals are perhaps most well-known for burrowing, especially Insectivora like the voracious mole, and rodents like the fertile gopher and groundhog. The rabbit, a member of the family Lagomorpha, is a well-known burrower. There are estimations that a single groundhog burrow occupies a full cubic meter, displacing 320 kilograms of dirt. Even Carnivora like the meerkat and Marsupials like the kangaroo mouse are burrowers.
Burrows can be constructed into a wide variety of substrates. Kangaroo mice construct burrows in fine sand. Termites construct burrows in wood. Some sea urchins and clams can burrow into rock. Burrows can also range in complexity from a simple tube a few centimeters long to a complex network of interconnecting tunnels and chambers hundreds or thousands of meters in total length, such as a well-developed rabbit warren.

Burrow (disambiguation)
A burrow is a hole made by an animal.

496 Gryphia
496 Gryphia is an S-type asteroid in the Flora family in the Main Belt. Its diameter is about 15 km and it has an albedo of 0.168.
It was found by Max Wolf in 1902. Its provisional name was 1902 KH.

497 Iva
497 Iva is a main-belt asteroid orbiting the Sun, not to be confused with 1627 Ivar.
It was found by Raymond Smith Dugan in 1902. Its provisional name was 1902 KJ.

498 Tokio
498 Tokio is a minor planet orbiting the Sun.
Tokio was found by Shin Hirayama in Tokyo on March 6, 1900. However, he was not able to see where its orbit was. After it was refound by Auguste Charlois on December 2, 1902, Charlois gave Hirayama the honor of naming it. Hirayama chose to name it Tokio after the city by the same name ("Tokio" is an older romanization).
The size of Tokio is 85 km x 60 km (found out by the occultation in Japan on February 18, 2004). Its provisional name was 1902 KU.

Sogyal Rinpoche
Sogyal Rinpoche is a Tibetan Dzogchen Lama of the Nyingma tradition. He has been teaching for over 30 years. He travels widely in Europe, America, Australia and Asia.
He is the founder and spiritual leader of Rigpa, which is an international network of over 100 Buddhist centres and groups in 23 countries around the world. He is also the author of the best-selling book "The Tibetan Book of Living and Dying", which has been printed in 30 languages and 56 countries.
Rinpoche often speaks at major conferences in all areas of society, including medicine and healing, universities and educational institutions, interfaith dialogue, movements for peace and non-violence, the world of business and leadership, and the field of serving the dying and hospice care.
Early life.
Sogyal Rinpoche was born around 1950 in the region of Kham in Eastern Tibet. Jamyang Khyentse Chökyi Lodrö says that he is the reincarnation of Tertön Sogyal, a teacher to the Thirteenth Dalai Lama. Jamyang Khyentse raised him as a son and made sure he got good training.
When things got bad in Kham, Khyentse Rinpoche and his young student went to Central Tibet and Lhasa. In 1955, they met Tenzin Gyatso, His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama. They then went to India. They settled in Gangtok at the invitation of the king of Sikkim.
Education.
Rinpoche went to Catholic School in Kalimpong. Then he went to study at a university in Delhi before coming to the West. In 1971, he was granted a place to study comparative religion at Trinity College, Cambridge as a visiting scholar. He continued to study with many masters of all schools of Tibetan Buddhism, especially His Holiness Dudjom Rinpoche and His Holiness Dilgo Khyentse Rinpoche.
Teaching career.
Rinpoche soon began teaching in Paris. He often translated for His Holiness Dudjom Rinpoche. He also went with Dudjom Rinpoche to the United States in 1976.
In the summer of 1977, he started a centre in London, which he called Dzogchen Orgyen Chöling. Many great masters taught there: Dudjom Rinpoche, His Holiness Sakya Trizin, Gyalwang Karmapa, Tulku Urgyen Rinpoche and others.
In 1979, Sogyal Rinpoche chose the name Rigpa for his work. It means "the innermost, essential nature of mind".
Criticism.
In 1994, a $10 million civil lawsuit was filed against Sogyal Rinpoche. It was alleged that over a period of many years, Rinpoche had used his position as a spiritual leader to induce some of his female students to have intercourse with him. The complaint included counts of intentional infliction of emotional distress as well as one count of assault and battery. In December 1995, the issue was settled out of court through mediation.
Lamas of the Nyingma school are not required to take vows of celibacy, and Sogyal Rinpoche does not claim to be a celibate monk. The central role model of the Nyingma school, its founder Padmasambhava, had five tantric consorts who were also his students. While there is a precept against sexual misconduct in Buddhism, with respect to a non-monastic lama this precept is rather limited in scope and would apply only if the female is not free but rather under the protection of her father, mother, husband, king or herself bound by a vow of celibacy.

Soma
Soma is a drink used in ancient India, in the (Vedic) culture. It is written of in the Vedas, in which there are many hymns praising it.
It was probably a juice made from a hallucinogenic mountain plant. In the Vedas, Soma is both the sacred drink and also a god (deva). It is not know for sure what Soma actually was.
Soma is like the Greek drink, ambrosia. It is also called amrita. It is what the gods drink, and what made them gods. Indra and Agni are known for drinking a lot of Soma. Mortals also drink it, giving then visions that are thought to be divine. The "Rig-Veda" ("8.48") states, "We have drunk the Soma; we have become immortal; we have gone to the light; we have found the gods." The Ninth Mandala of the "Rig Veda" is known as the Soma Mandala. It is mostly hymns to Soma.

499 Venusia
499 Venusia is a minor planet orbiting the Sun. It was found by Max Wolf in 1902. Its provisional name was 1902 KX.

Tokyo Juliet
Tokyo Juliet (or 東方茱麗葉 in Chinese) is a 2006 Taiwanese dramatic television series. It stars Ariel Lin and Wu Zun of the band Fahrenheit. The series is based on the manga of the same name by Miyuki Kitagawa.

500 Selinur
500 Selinur is a minor planet orbiting the Sun. It was found by Max Wolf in 1903. Its provisional name was 1903 LA.

Left Hand Path
"Left Hand Path" is a term used in occultism for one kind of spiritual path. It is the opposite of the "Right Hand Path", which is what most people think of when they think of religion or spirituality.
The use of this term in occultism came from a term used in Hindu Tantra, "Vama marga" in Sanskrit. This ancient form of tantra used the breaking of rules (taboos) as part of the practice. Rules about diet and sex were broken on purpose. For example, rules against eating meat and drinking alcohol might be broken. Such a practice might require eating meat and drinking alcohol while having sex in a graveyard or cremation ground.
People who follow the Left Hand Path in the West are not interested in giving up pleasure or the world in order to be spiritual. They are not interested in worshiping God or following rules made up by others. They seek to gain power and freedom by breaking through taboos, fears and restrictions.
Many people link this term with Satanism and black magic, but they are not the same. The Left Hand Path is sometimes described as "amoral".

Wu Zun
"This is a Chinese name. The surname is Wu (吳)"
Wu Zun (traditional Chinese: 吳尊; simplified Chinese: 吴尊; pinyin: Wú Zūn) is a Brunei-born actor and singer. He is the only non-Taiwanese member of the boy band Fahrenheit. He is also known for his roles in the Taiwanese TV shows Hanazakarino Kimitachihe and Tokyo Juliet.
Biography.
Born Goh Kiat Chun (traditional Chinese: 吳吉俊; Pinyin: "Wú Jí Jùn") in Brunei on 10 October 1979, Wu studied at the Chung Hwa Middle School in Bandar Seri Begawan. He later graduated from the RMIT University in Melbourne with a Bachelor's degree in Business Administration. Wu also played basketball for Brunei's national team. Before joining Fahrenheit (band), he was a model for "伊林 Yi Lin" in Taiwan and for "Diva Models" in Singapore. He manages a gym club called in Brunei.
Fahrenheit.
Wu was the last and oldest member to join Fahrenheit (band). He is the bass vocalist of the group. He also plays the drums. His personality is represented by a cool Autumn at 59 degrees on the Fahrenheit scale. He also represented by the word "Mysterious" (traditional Chinese: 神; Pinyin: shén).

501 Urhixidur
501 Urhixidur is a fairly big (ranked 372 by IRAS) main belt asteroid. It was found by Dr. Maximilian Franz Joseph Cornelius Wolf (1863-1932), at the Königstuhl Observatory in Heidelberg, Germany on January 18, 1903. It is named after a character in Friedrich Theodor Vischer's then-bestseller satirical novel "Auch Einer". Its provisional name was 1903 LB.

Vamachara
Vamachara or Vama marga (Left-Hand Path) are technical terms used for practices in tantra that are considered to be outside the usual Hindu social norms. The term Dakshinachara (Right-Hand Path) is used to refer to Tantric sects that stay within these social norms.

Magick
Magick is an old way to spell the word "magic". This spelling was used by Aleister Crowley for occult magic. He wanted to make it clear that he did not mean stage magic.
Crowley defined magick as "the science and art of causing change to occur in conformity with the will." By this, he included ordinary acts of will as well as acts of ritual magic.

Dolmen
A dolmen (also known as cromlech, anta, Hünengrab, Hunebed, quoit, and portal dolmen) is a type of single-chamber megalithic tomb. It usually consists of three or more upright stones (megaliths) supporting a large flat horizontal capstone (table).
Most date from the early Neolithic period (4000 BC to 3000 BC). Dolmens were usually covered with earth or smaller stones to form a barrow, though in many cases that covering has weathered away, leaving only the stone "skeleton" of the burial mound intact.

Sichuan
Sichuan (Chinese: 四川; pinyin: Sì Chuān) is a province in western China with its capital at Chengdu. It is also informally called 蜀 Shǔ. Its Governor is Jiang Ju Feng and its CPC Ctte Secretary is Liu Qi Bao. With a population of 87,250,000 (2006), Sichuan is the third most populated administrative division of China. Sichuan used to be the province with the most people in China before Chongqing was separated from it, making Henan the most populous. However, when including migrants, Guangdong has more people than Henan.
Name.
The name 四川 Sì Chuān, is an abbreviation of 四川路 Sì Chuān Lù (translated as "Four circuits (subdivisions) of rivers"), which is itself shortened from 川峡四路 Chuān Xiá Sì Lù (translated as "Four circuits of rivers and gorges").
People.
Most people living in Sichuan are Han. There are also Tibetans, Yi people, Qiang and Naxi in the western side.
Culture.
The Li Bai Memorial (located at his birthplace, Zhongba Town of northern Jiangyou County) is a museum in memory of the Chinese poet of the Tang Dynasty, Li Bai. It was prepared in 1962 on the occasion of 1,200th anniversary of his death, completed in 1981 and opened to the public in October of 1982. The memorial is built in the style of the classic garden of the Tang Dynasty.
Music.
Sichuan has a long history of folk and classical music. Sichuan opera is an ancient tradition that very is well-known. The Sichuan lantern drama is popular in Sichuan. The Sichuan Conservatory of Music in Chengdu is one of the oldest of musical education in China, having been established in 1939.
There is also religious music in Sichuan, played by Daoist priests in their temples.
Traditional Sichuan folk music is usually played with instruments such as the bamboo flute, pan and cymbals, gong and horn.
Food.
Sichuan cuisine has an international reputation for being hot and numbing ("麻辣" in Chinese), because of the common ingredient of the Sichuan peppercorn (called "花椒" in Chiense).
Some well-known Sichuan dishes include Kung Pao chicken (宮保雞丁 Gōng Bǎo Jī Dīng) and Twice Cooked Pork (回鍋肉 Huí Guō Ròu).
Language.
Most dialects of the Chinese language spoken in Sichuan, including the Chengdu dialect, are similar to the dialects of neighbouring provinces Yunnan, Guizhou and Chongqing Municipality.

Twice Cooked Pork
Twice-Cooked Pork (回锅肉, pinyin: Húi Gūo Ròu) "literally: "meat that has been returned to the wok" is probably the best-known Sichuan-style Chinese dish. Twice-Cooked Pork is cooked by boiling pork rib steak chunks in hot water with slices of ginger and salt first, then after being cut into thin slices, the pork is put back into a wok and shallow-fried in hot oil. The most common vegetables to eat with Twice-Cooked Pork are cabbage and peppers.
Legend.
Twice-Cooked Pork is said to have started in the Qing Dynasty, while the Qianlong Emperor toured Sichuan. Qianlong wanted a feast at every stop that he made, and, when he arrived at one particular village, the villagers were very worried. The crops had not been harvesting well that year and there may not have been enough to host the emperor. They were worried that the emperor would do bad things to them if they did not give him a feast, so they quickly put the food they had not yet eaten back into the pot, cooked it again (thus "twice-cooking" them) and served the food to the emperor. To their surprise, the emperor enjoyed it, and so the "Twice Cooked Pork" became a famous Sichuan cuisine.

Joseph (name)
Joseph is a name from Hebrew language, written as יוֹסֵף. This is pronounced in standard Hebrew as Yosef, and in Tiberian Hebrew and Aramaic as Yôsēp̄. In Arabic the name is spelled يوسف or Yūsuf. The name can be translated from Hebrew as "the lord will increase." The name Joseph is used mostly in English and French-speaking countries. Some shortened versions and nicknames of Joseph include Joe, Joey and Jo.

John Dee
John Dee (July 13, 1527–1609) was a noted English mathematician, astronomer, astrologer, geographer, occultist, and consultant to Queen Elizabeth I. He also studied to alchemy, divination, and Hermetic philosophy.
Dee lived during a time when people were just learning the difference between science and magic. He was one of the most learned men of his time. He lectured to crowded halls at the University of Paris when still in his early twenties. Dee was an expert in mathematics, astronomy and navigation. He trained many of those who would go on voyages of discovery for England. In fact, he coined the term "British Empire".
At the same time, he was very interested in magic and Hermetic philosophy. He spent the last third of his life studying mostly these subjects. During his time, these subjects were not thought to be opposed to science. They were thought to be part of science.
He wrote "Monas Hieroglyphica" ("The Heiroglyphic Monad") in 1564 (about Kabbala and alchemy). He also wrote the preface to the first English translation of Euclid's works.
Early years.
Dee was born in London in a Welsh family. The last name Dee cames from the Welsh word "du", meaning "black". He graduated from St. John's College, Cambridge when he was eighteen. He was a founding fellow of Trinity College. He lectured briefly at Cambridge. Then he left England to study in continental Europe and lecture in Paris and Louvain. He returned to England in the 1540s.
In 1555, he was arrested and charged with practicing black magic for having cast horoscopes of Queen Mary and Princess Elizabeth; the charges were expanded to treason against Mary. Dee appeared in the Star Chamber and cleared himself. When he was released, he became a scientific advisor to Elizabeth I, even deciding on the best date for her to be crowned in 1558.
He traveled Europe with money from Elizabeth I. He was possibly acting as a spy for her. He became a close associate of many Elizabethan explorers and entrepreneurs such as Sir Humphrey Gilbert.
In 1564, Dee wrote the Hermetic work "Monas Hieroglyphica" ("The Hieroglyphic Monad") about a symbol of his own design which stood for the mystical unity of all creation. This work was highly valued by many people of Dee's time. However there was a secret about it which has been lost. This makes the book hard to understand today.
He published a "Mathematical Preface" to Henry Billingsley's English translation of Euclid's "Elements" in 1570. He wrote about how important mathematics was for the other arts and sciences. Because this book was written for the public, it was Dee's most popular work.
Later life.
Dee was not satisfied with his knowledge. In the early 1580s, he started to use supernatural ways to get more knowledge. He wanted to get knowledge from the angels.
He met Edward Kelly in 1582 and Kelly became his companion. Kelly was a convicted forger. Kelly helped Dee to get visions from angels using a crystal ball. The angels gave them a language called Enochian and dictated several books through Kelly. Dee's crystal ball ended up in the British Museum. It went unnoticed for many years in the mineral collection. Most of the still existing papers of Dee are also in the British Museum.
Final years.
In 1583, while Dee was away in Europe, his home and library at Mortlake were destroyed by a mob. Later, Dee came to believe that many of his books had been stolen by former friends and associates. He asked Queen Elizabeth for help. She made him Warden of Christ's College, Manchester, in 1592. He remained in this position until 1604.
When Elizabeth I died in 1603, so did Dee's influence: he was forced to retire to his home at Mortlake where he died in poverty.
Publication of Enochian writings.
About ten years after his death, the antiquarian Robert Cotton found some of Dee writings, mostly records of Dee's communications with angels. Cotton's son gave these writings to the scholar Méric Casaubon, who published them in 1659 as "A True & Faithful Relation of What passed for many Yeers between Dr. John Dee (A Mathematician of Great Fame in Q. Eliz. and King James their Reignes) and some spirits."
This was the public had heard about Dee's spiritual conferences. The book was extremely popular and sold quickly. Because Casaubon wrote in his introduction that Dee was really dealing with evil spirits when he believed he was communicating with angels, Dee was thought of as deluded for some time.
Personal life.
Dee was married three times and had eight children. His eldest son was Arthur Dee. He was also an alchemist and Hermetic writer.

Burrow (Shropshire)
Burrow is a hill in Shropshire with an Iron Age hill fort at the top that is known as Burrow Camp. The nearest villages are Hopesay and Aston-on-Clun. It was possibly very important during the Iron Age as it has two natural springs.

Roy Keane
Roy Maurice Keane (born 10 August 1971 in Mayfield, Cork City, Ireland) was an Irish footballer. He is the manager of English Premier League club Sunderland now.

Marilyn (hill)
A Marilyn is a mountain or hill in the British Isles (including Ireland) with a relative height of at least 150 metres (492 ft). The name was coined as an ironic contrast to the designation Munro, that is used of a Scottish mountain with a height of more than 3,000 feet, which is homophonous with (Marilyn) Monroe.
There are currently 1554 Marilyns identified in Great Britain and surrounding islands: 1214 in Scotland, 179 in England 156 in Wales and 5 on the Isle of Man.
Many of the largest hills are Marilyns, including Ben Nevis, Scafell Pike and Snowdon. On the other hand, many large hills, including some Munros, and other well-known hills are not Marilyns because they do not meet the relative height criterion.

Munro
A Munro is a Scottish mountain with a height over 3,000 feet (914.4 metres). They are named after Sir Hugh Munro (1856–1919), who produced the first attempt at a catalogue of such hills, known as "Munro's Tables", in 1891.
Munro did not set any measure of relative height by which a peak qualified as a separate mountain, and much debate has since taken place over how distinct two hills must be if they are to be considered as two separate Munros.
Despite their modest height, walking and climbing in the Scottish mountains may be made dangerous by their latitude and exposure to Atlantic weather systems. Even in summer, conditions can be very bad; thick fog, strong winds, driving rain and freezing summit temperatures are not unusual.
Winter ascents of certain Munros are widely accepted to provide among the most challenging ice climbs in Europe. Sadly, some walkers are unprepared for the often extreme weather conditions on the exposed tops and many fatalities are recorded every year, often resulting from slips on wet rock or ice.

Topographic prominence
In topography, prominence, also known as autonomous height, relative height or shoulder drop (in America) or prime factor (in Europe), is a concept that is used in the categorization of hills and mountains, also known as peaks. It is a measure of the independent stature of a summit.
The prominence of a peak is the height of the peak’s summit above the lowest contour line encircling it and no higher summit.

Jamaica coalition
A Jamaica coalition was the name given to a possible coalition government of Germany.
The government would have been formed by the CDU/CSU, the FDP and The Greens.
Their party colours are black, yellow and green, the same colours as the flag of Jamaica.
A Jamaica coalition was most talked about after the 1995 election in Germany when the CDU/CSU only had a few more seats that the SPD, and needed more seats the its usual partner the FDP had in order to have a majority.

502 Sigune
502 Sigune is a minor planet orbiting the Sun. It was found by Max Wolf in 1903. Its provisional name was 1903 LC.

Rainbow body
The rainbow body in Buddhism is a body that is made of light, not flesh. The term is mostly used in the part of Tibetan Buddhism called Dzogchen.
According to Dzogchen, the rainbow body is a sign of complete mastery of the Dzogchen view. Tenzin Wangyal Rinpoche states: “The realised Dzogchen practitioner, no longer deluded by apparent substantiality or dualism such as mind and matter, releases the energy of the elements that compose the physical body at the time of death”.
Padmasambhava, who was the founder of Buddhism in Tibet, is often shown with the rainbow body on paintings known as thankas.

Robert Anton Wilson
Dr Robert Anton Wilson (January 18, 1932 – January 11, 2007) was a futurist thinker, libertarian, and writer. He held a Ph.D in Psychology. At one time he was a writer for Playboy magazine.
Works.
Wilson was the author of the "Schrödinger's Cat" trilogy (1979). He also co-wrote (with Robert Shea) the "Illuminatus!" trilogy (1975), which took a humorous look at the American fear of conspiracies. These books mix true facts with fiction.
In "The Cosmic Trigger" (1976), he introduced Discordianism, Sufism, futurism, the Illuminati and other unusual subjects to the general public. He also worked with Timothy Leary to promote futurist ideas of space migration, life extension, and intelligence enhancement.
Other fiction books by Wilson include "The Earth Will Shake" (1982) and "Reality Is What You Can Get Away With" (1996). His non-fiction books include "Quantum Psychology", "The New Inquisition" (1994), and other volumes of "The Cosmic Trigger." He and Miriam Joan Hill co-wrote "Everything Is Under Control: Conspiracies, Cults, and Cover-Ups" (1998), an encyclopedia of conspiracy theories.

Tara (Buddhism)
Tārā or Ārya Tārā, also known as Jetsun Dolma in Tibetan, is a female Buddha linked with Buddhist tantra practice in Tibetan Buddhism. She is called the "mother of liberation". She stands for success in work and achievements.
Tārā is a tantric deity whose practice is used by followers of the Tibetan branch of Vajrayana Buddhism to develop their inner qualities and understand outer, inner and secret teachings about compassion and emptiness. Tārā is not found in the Japanese branch of Vajrayana Buddhism, Shingon.
There is more than one form of "Tārā". They have to do with different forms of the same quality. Bodhisattvas are often considered metaphors for Buddhist virtues.
In some schools of Buddhism there are twenty-one Tārās. A practice text with the title "In Praise of the 21 Tārās" is recited during the morning in all four sects of Tibetan Buddhism.
The main Tārā chant or mantra is "Oṃ tāre tuttāre ture svāhā". This Sanskrit mantra is pronounced by Tibetans and Buddhists who follow the Tibetan traditions as "Oṃ tāre tu tāre ture soha".

Tara (Devi)
In Hinduism, the Goddess Tara (Sanskrit: Tāra, Devanagari: तार) meaning "star" is the second of the ten Mahavidyas or "Great Wisdom(Goddesse)s", Tantric manifestations of Mahadevi, Kali or Parvati. As the star is seen as a beautiful but perpetually self-combusting thing, so Tara is seen at core as the hunger that propels all life.
In the Hindu epic The Ramayana, Tara is the name of Vali's queen. Vali is the monkey king who is killed by Rama, at the behest of his brother Sugriva.

Theremin
The theremin (originally pronounced but often anglicized as), (also thereminvox or aetherphone) is one of the earliest fully electronic musical instruments. It was invented by Russian inventor Léon Theremin in 1919. It was the first musical instrument designed to be played without being touched. The control section has two metal antennas to sense the positions of the player's hands. One hand controls the pitch. The other hand controls the volume. To play the theremin, the player moves his hands around the two metal antennas. The electric signals from the theremin are amplified and sent to a loudspeaker.
The theremin is widely associated with "alien," surreal, and eerie-sounding portamento, glissando, tremolo, and vibrato sounds, due to its use in film soundtracks such as "Spellbound", "The Lost Weekend", "Ed Wood", "Mars Attacks!" and "The Day the Earth Stood Still". Theremins are also used in art music (especially avant-garde and 20th century "new music") and in popular music genres such as rock and pop.

Terpsitone
The terpsitone was an electronic musical instrument invented by Léon Theremin. It consisted of a platform fitted with antennas, through and around which a dancer would control the musical performance. By most accounts, the instrument was nearly impossible to play.
Theremin only built three of these instruments. Only the last one, made by Theremin in 1978 for his niece Lydia Kavina, still exists today.

Fukurokuju
In Japan, Fukurokuju (福禄寿) (From Japanese "fuku", which means "happiness"; "roku", which means "richness"; and "ju", which means "long life") is one of the Seven Lucky Gods. He looks a lot like the Chinese star god Shou. Some people think that before becoming a god, he was a Chinese hermit and a reincarnation of a Taoist god.
Usually shown as being bald, with long whiskers, people say he is a living form of the Southern Polestar. In many pictures, Fukurokuju has a strangely high forehead. He stands with a crane and a turtle, which are symbols of long life. He is also sometimes with a black deer (ancient legends say a deer turns black if it is over 2000 years old).
He is the only member of the Seven Lucky Gods with the ability to revive the dead.

Léon Theremin
Léon Theremin (born Lev Sergeyevich Termen,) (August 15 1896 – November 3 1993) was a Russian inventor. He is most famous for his invention of the theremin, one of the first electronic musical instruments.
Léon Theremin was born in Saint Petersburg - renamed Leningrad from 1924 until 1991 - and his family had French ancestry.
Early inventions.
He invented the theremin (also called the "thereminvox") in 1919, when his country was in the midst of the Russian Civil War. Theremin also invented the first electronic burglar alarm, which he called a "radio watchman".
Move to the United States.
Theremin moved to the United States, arriving December 30, 1927 with his first wife, Katia Constantinova. He performed the theremin with the New York Philharmonic in 1928. He patented his invention in the United States in 1928 and subsequently granted commercial production rights to RCA. Theremin set up a laboratory in New York in the 1930s, where he developed the theremin and experimented with other electronic musical instruments and other inventions.
Theremin was interested in a role for the theremin in dance music. He developed performance locations that could automatically react to dancers' movements with varied patterns of sound and light. He worked with the American Negro Ballet. After the Soviet consulate had apparently demanded he divorce Katia, the inventor fell in love with and married the young prima ballerina Lavinia Williams. His marriage to the African-American dancer caused shock and disapproval in his social circles, but the couple remained together.
Return to the Soviet Union.
Theremin abruptly returned to the Soviet Union in 1938. At the time, the reasons for his return were not clear. Some claimed that he was simply homesick, while others believed that he had been kidnapped by Soviet officials. Beryl Campbell, one of Theremin's dancers, said his wife Lavinia "called to say that he had been kidnapped from his studio" and that "some Russians had come in" and that she felt that he was going to be spirited out of the country.
Theremin was put to work in a secret research and development laboratories in the Soviet Gulag labor camp system. Theremin created the "Buran" eavesdropping system which recorded conversations in French and American embassies by measuring the window glass vibrations using a low power infrared beam from a distance. Lavrentiy Beria, head of the KGB then used Buran to spy on US, British and French embassies.
In 1945 Theremin invented the first covert listening device (or "bug") for spying. Theremin's device was embedded in a carved wooden plaque of the Great Seal of the United States. On August 4, 1945, Soviet school children presented the bugged carving to U.S. Ambassador Averell Harriman, as a "gesture of friendship" to the USSR's World War II ally. It hung in the ambassador’s Moscow office until 1952, when the bug was discovered by a British radio operator who heard conversations on an open radio channel. The CIA found the device in the Great Seal carving. Peter Wright, a scientist and former MI5 counterintelligence officer, eventually figured out how it worked.
Later life.
After his release from the labor camp in 1947, Theremin volunteered to remain working with the KGB until 1966. By 1947 Theremin had remarried, to Maria, and they had two children: Lena and Natalia.
After working for the KGB, Theremin worked at the Moscow Conservatory of Music for 10 years where he taught and built Theremins, electronic cellos and some Terpsitones. There he was discovered by a visiting New York Times correspondent, but when an article by Christopher Walker appeared, according to Lydia, the Vice President of the conservatory said "The people don't need electronic music. Electricity is for killing traitors in the electric chair", fired Theremin, closed his laboratory and had his instruments destroyed.
In the 1970s, Léon Theremin began training his nine-year-old niece Lydia Kavina on the theremin. Kavina was to be Theremin's last protégé. Today, Kavina is considered one of the most advanced and famous thereminists in the world.
After 51 years in the Soviet Union Léon Theremin started travelling, first visiting France in June 1989 and then the United States in 1991, each time accompanied by his daughter Natalia, where he was reunited with Clara Rockmore who performed a number of concerts at this time. He also made a demonstration concert at the Royal Conservatory of The Hague in early 1993 before dying in Moscow in 1993 at the age of 97.
Documentary film.
Léon Theremin is the subject of the documentary film, ', written, directed, and produced by Steven M. Martin. The documentary was a winner at the Sundance Film Festival in 1994. The film features legendary thereminists Clara Rockmore and Lydia Kavina as well as electronic instrument pioneer Robert Moog, Nicolas Slonimsky, The Beach Boys founder Brian Wilson, and Theremin himself.

Chappelle's Show
"Chappelle's Show" was an American comedy television series starring comedian Dave Chappelle. The show was created by Chappelle and Neal Brennan. The first episode aired on January 22, 2003 on Comedy Central. The show ran for two complete seasons plus three "lost episodes".

East Azarbaijan
East Azarbaijan or East Azerbaijan (Persian: آذربایجان شرقی, "Āzarbāijān-e Sharqi"; Azeri: "Şərqi Azərbaycan") is one of the 30 provinces of Iran. It is in the northwest of the country. It has borders with Armenia and the Republic of Azerbaijan, and the provinces of Ardabil, West Azarbaijan, and Zanjan. Its capital is Tabriz.

Clothing in Ancient Greece
Clothing in Ancient Greece was usually made out of big rectangular pieces of cloth. The cloth was sewn very little, or not at all. The cloth was then put around the body and held in place by belts, fibulae, or other fastenings. The cloth was made from linen or wool.
Peplos.
The peplos (plural: "peploi") was a dress worn by Ancient Greek women. The peplos was a large square piece of cloth. The cloth was then folded over to create a double layer, called "apoptygma", in the upper part of the body. The cloth is then folded around the body, and fastened over each shoulder.
The "ionic" or "laconic peplos" was open on the side of the body, while the "doric peplos" was sewn shut like a tube. The peplos was worn in such a way that the opening was on the right side of the body. Usually a belt was worn over the peplos; the belt could be worn over or under the "apoptygma".
In Greece the peplos was mostly worn before the 5th century BC.
Chiton.
The chiton was made from a large square piece of cloth. It was worn by both women and men.
The "doric chiton" was very simple. It was made with a large piece of cloth (usually wool). The cloth was folded and put around the body. It was fastened on the shoulders using brooches and then allowed to fall into folds. A belt, often called a girdle, was worn around the waist to hold the dress in place.
The "ionic chiton" was sewn closed like a tube. The material, usually linen, was folded and sewn with holes left for the head and arms. A belt was also worn on the Ionic style to keep it in position and to make it fall into folds from the waist down.
Himation.
The himation (plural: "himatia") was a big cloth that was used as a cloak. It was worn by both women and men. The himation was usually put from the back over the left shoulder; the other part of the himation was put under the right arm, and then around the front of the body. The himation was so long that it went down to the knees, or it could also be longer.
The himation was usually made from a heavier cloth, so that it was used as a cloak against cold weather.
Chlamys.
The chlamys (plural: "chlamydes") was a usually shorter cloak. It was a piece of cloth put over the left shoulder, and fastened over the right shoulder. The chlamys was typically worn by men or soldiers.
Female clothing.
Women in Ancient Greece wore long dresses and cloaks. They wore the peplos and chiton, and the himation.
Cosmetics and make-up.
Cosmetics and make-up were used in Ancient Greece. White lead was used to whiten the skin; white skin for women was seen as a sign of beauty. Juice made from alkanet roots was used to give the cheeks a rosy colour (like rouge). Eye shadow (probably made from ashes) was popular. Lipstick was also used. Perfumes were also important.
Male clothing.
Men's clothing was even simpler than women's (if anything). The most important piece of clothing was a shorter version of the chiton, which was also belted at the waist. The top shoulder was often left bare if the man was exercising or doing hard work. The himation was also used, especially on long journeys. Very occasionally, a long robe was worn with the right shoulder left bare.
Shoes.
At home people went barefoot, but in the streets or when travelling they wore leather sandals. These were very simple and usually made to measure - the man or woman went to the cobbler's shop and places his foot on a piece of leather, and the sole was cut out round the foot. The sole was attached to the foot by leather thongs tied across the instep and round the ankle.

West Azarbaijan
آذربایجان غربی "Āzarbāijān-e Gharbī"; Kurdish: "Azerbaycanî Rojawa"; Azeri: "Qərbi Azərbaycan") is one of the 30 provinces of Iran.
The province of West Azarbaijan covers an area of 39,487 km² (or 43,660 km² including Lake Urmia). The capital city of the province is Urmia.

503 Evelyn
503 Evelyn is a minor planet orbiting the Sun. It was found by Raymond Smith Dugan in 1903. Its provisional name was 1903 LF.

504 Cora
504 Cora is a minor planet orbiting the Sun. It was found by Solon Irving Bailey in 1902. Its provisional name was 1902 LK.

Yulia Tymoshenko
Yulia Volodymyrivna Tymoshenko () (born on November 27, 1960) is a Ukrainian politician and current Prime Minister of Ukraine. She is serving her second term. Her first term was from January 24 to September 8, 2005. She was relected on December 18, 2007. She is leader of the political party the Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc. When Viktor Yushchenko lost the 2004 Ukrainian presidential election and his followers argued that the election had been corrupted she was his main ally and one of the leaders of "The Orange Revolution". She leads a two party government with her own political party and the political party of Viktor Yushchenko (the current the President of Ukraine).
Tymoshenko's first name is sometimes spelled Yuliya, Yulia, Iulia, or Julia.

505 Cava
505 Cava is a minor planet orbiting the Sun. It was found by R. H. Frost in 1902. Its provisional name was 1902 LL.

Samara Morgan
Samara Morgan is a fictional character from the movie "The Ring". In "The Ring", she is played by Daviegh Chase, and in "The Ring Two", she is played by Kelly Stables.
Origin.
Her true origin is found out in "The Ring Two". Anna Morgan is not Samara's birth mother. Evelyn (just Evelyn) birthed her when she was 16. When Rachel visited her, she was 42. Samara told her is a baby to kill her. So Evelyn tried to kill her. But the FBI stopped her. Ever since, she's been mentalized in a hospital. So Samara had to be put up for adoption. That brings us to Anna Morgan (a woman seen in the cursed video). She and her husband tried to get pregnant, but they never could. So they adopted her. Samara still sent weird things to her mind. Both of them were mentalized.
So she got rid of her. She suffocated her with a trash bag. Then she hit her in the head with a rock. But it only made Samara weak. So she threw her into the well.
The tape.
Samara then made a tape. It started with a cabin being built over the well after she was killed. Once, a group of teenagers were staying there and made a tape of their adventures. But Samara took advantage of it. Instead, there is black, gore scary pictures. After it ends, the closest phone will ring. A voice comes on. It says "Seven days" before hanging up. Then a curse is cast. The viewer has a week to break the curse. The only way is to make a copy of the tape and showing it to someone else. That will keep the cycle going.

506 Marion
506 Marion is a minor planet orbiting the Sun. It was found by Raymond Smith Dugan in 1903. Its provisional name was 1903 LN.

The Ring (2002 movie)
"The Ring" is a 2002 scary movie. It starred people like Naomi Watts and Daviegh Chase. It's about a woman who watches a tape, and a curse is put on her. She then only has one week to find out a little girl's origin, and find out how to break the curse. But a few days later, her son watches the tape. Now she has to take care of herself and her son from being killed in a week.

Naomi Watts
Naomi Watts (born September 28, 1968) is an English-Australian actress. She played Rachel Keller in the scary movie The Ring and Ann Darrow in the 2005 remake of King Kong.

Daveigh Chase
Daveigh Elizabeth Chase (born July 24, 1990) is an American actress and singer. She is most well know for her voice acting as Lilo in the movie "Lilo & Stitch" and the series ".
Personal life.
She was born Daveigh Elizabeth Chase-Schwallier in Las Vegas, Nevada. She is the daughter of John Schwallier and Cathy Chase. Her name is pronounced "Duh-Vay". She lived in Albany, Oregon, before moving to Los Angeles to become an actress. She still spends much of her time in Albany. Chases's interests include bodyboarding, riding horses, dancing, reading, and writing song lyrics. She now has a younger sister, Rose.
Career.
Chase wanted to perform from a very early age. She began singing and dancing in her hometown at events and shows. One of the things that made her want to perform was watching videos of "Barney & Friends" when she was four years old. "I wanted to be like them, the kids on the video," she later said. Her father then entered her in a Little Miss AmericaPageant where Chase won the national vocal competition. After this, Chase was then signed by an agent who worked mainly in commercials. At the age of 7, she was in a Campbells Soup advertisement. In 1998, she got a starring role as a child member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons) in a musical theater production called "Utah!".
Movie roles.
Chase's first movie role came in 1998 when she did the lead role as the voice of a Hawaiian girl, Lilo Pelekai, in the Disney animated movie, "Lilo & Stitch". Chase won an Annie Award for this in 2003. She went on to star in the Disney Channel television series based on the movie. In 2001, Chase did the role as the voice of the lead character, Chihiro Ogino, a 6 year old Japanese girl, in the American version of the animated Japanese movie, "Spirited Away". The movie won the 2002 Best Animated Feature Oscar.
In 2002, Chase played Samara Morgan in "The Ring". Chase was awarded the 2003 Best Villain award at the MTV Movie Awards. She beat out Mike Myers, Colin Farrell, Willem Dafoe and Daniel Day-Lewis. In the sequel to "The Ring", "The Ring Two" (2005), Chase was listed as playing Samara Morgan again. This was because they used parts of the first movie. Kelly Stables did all of the new scenes for Samara.
Other work.
Chase's main other major movie and television credits between 2000-2005 were "Donnie Darko" (2001) as Donnie's younger sister, Samantha, and "Oliver Beene" (2003-2004), as Oliver's friend Joyce. Other credits include, "The Rats" (2002), "Carolina" (2003), "R.L. Stine's Haunted Lighthouse" (2003) in which she plays a flying ghost called Annabel, and "Beethoven's 5th" (2003). She also made guest appearances in "Touched By An Angel", "Charmed", "ER", "Family Law", and "The Practice".
In 2007, Chase was in the HBO drama series "Big Love". The series is about an FLDS polygamist, played by Bill Paxton, and his relationship with his 3 wives. Chase plays Rhonda Volmer, a girl who was going to be a child wife of a prophet, Roman Grant, who is played by Harry Dean Stanton. While making a second season of "Big Love", Chase also worked on a new animation series called "Betsy's Kindergarten Adventures". "Leroy & Stitch" (2006), a sequel to "Lilo & Stitch", has also been released.
Singing.
In 1999, she joined a small band as lead singer. The band has been the opening act for Reba McEntire. She was picked by Steven Spielberg to sing "God Bless America" in "A.I.". This part was removed from the final version of the movie. She also sang "Holly Jolly Christmas" for the "School's Out! Christmas" album and "Tossin & Turnin" in the "Oliver Beene" episode "Oliver & Others". She also sings in many scenes in "Big Love".

507 Laodica
507 Laodica is a minor planet orbiting the Sun. It was found by Raymond Smith Dugan in 1903. Its provisional name was 1903 LO.

508 Princetonia
508 Princetonia is a minor planet orbiting the Sun. It was found by Raymond Smith Dugan in 1903. Its provisional name was 1903 LQ.

509 Iolanda
509 Iolanda is a minor planet orbiting the Sun. It was found by Max Wolf in 1903. Its provisional name was 1903 LR.

510 Mabella
510 Mabella is a minor planet orbiting the Sun. It was found by Raymond Smith Dugan in 1903. Its provisional name was 1903 LT.

Eurofighter Typhoon
The Eurofighter Typhoon is a jet fighter aircraft made by EADS, BAE Systems and Alenia Aeronautica with Eurofighter GmbH. It first flew in 1994 and was introduced in 2003. It uses canards, which makes it agile. It uses a delta wing. It is called the "Eurofighter" because it was made by European countries, Italy, the United Kingdom, Germany, and Spain.
What the Typhoon is like.
The Typhoon is 10.95 meters (35.916 feet) wide, 14.96 meters (49.0688 feet) long, and 5.28 meters (17.3184) tall. It is 9,750 kilograms (21,494.9 pounds) with nothing in it, and can weigh up to 21,000 kilograms (46,296.6) with things in it. It is powered by 2 EJ200 engines, which can each make 20,000 pounds (9,072 kilograms) of thrust. It can go 2,125 kilometers per hour (1,319.62). It carries a 27mm Mauser cannon, and several missiles and or bombs.
The Typhoon's users.
The countries that designed the Typhoon use it, but has also been ordered by Austria and Saudi Arabia.

511 Davida
511 Davida is a big main belt asteroid. It was found by R. S. Dugan in 1903. It is thought to be the sixth most massive asteroid after Ceres, Vesta, Pallas, Hygiea, and Interamnia, averaging some 326 km in diameter and taking up an estimated 1.3% of the total mass of the asteroid belt. It is a C-type asteroid, which means that it is dark in colouring and is made of carbonates.
Davida is one of the few main belt asteroids whose shape has been seen by ground-based visual observation. In 2002, astronomers at the Keck Observatory used the Keck II telescope, which is fitted with adaptive optics, to take pictures of Davida. The image showed a stretched object with at least two flat facets. Its rotation period is about 5 hours.
Davida is named after David Peck Todd, an astronomy professor at Amherst College.

512 Taurinensis
512 Taurinensis is a minor planet orbiting the Sun. It is an S-type asteroid, with a rotation period of 5.59 hours.
It was found by Max Wolf in 1903. Its provisional name was 1903 LV.

513 Centesima
513 Centesima is a minor planet orbiting the Sun. It was found by Max Wolf in 1903. Its provisional name was 1903 LY.

514 Armida
514 Armida is a minor planet orbiting the Sun. It was found by Max Wolf in 1903. Its provisional name was 1903 MB.

Courts of Germany
The judiciary, that is, the judges and Courts of Germany are independent. The are not controlled by the Federal Government or the State Governments. There are laws which say what sort of cases the courts can hear and pass judgment on, and what sort of sentence a court can pass. But no law or minister can say that a person is guilty. Only the courts can do this.
Protection.
Courts give protection to ordinary people from bad governments, they are also protected from bad governments themselves.
Protection of people by the courts.
Germany has had free courts for longer than it has been a democracy, although under the Nazis many judges ignored the law and did what the Nazi Party wanted. This is why they were tried at the Nuremberg Judges Trial
Germany is a "Rechtsstaat". That means it is a government based on law. All citizens are guaranteed to be equal, and government decisions can be challenged in court.
No law or minister can say that a person, or group of people is guilty.
Protection of courts from the government.
Federal law sets out the structure of the judiciary. Running courts is up to the Länder. The Länder ("States of Germany") are run the lower levels of the court system; only the highest courts are paid for by the federal government.
This federal-Land split means that the Federation (that is, the Federal Government) can make sure laws are enforced equally throughout the country, because it says what courts must be set up. The Länder administer the courts, and this stops the federal government from being able to order the courts to do things, or to appoint the judges. This helps keep the courts independent.
Legal system.
Germany has a system of Roman law. This is different from the United States and England which use the common law.
In a common law system courts rely on "precedents" (what was decided in similar cases earlier). In Germany, courts look to a comprehensive system of legal codes. The codes set out legal principles or basic ideas, and have to decide each case by comparing the facts of the case to those principles, not to what another judges decided earlier.
Training judges.
Because the legal codes are very important and complicated, judges must be very well trained.
Judges are not chosen from practising lawyers, as in the UK and USA. Instead being a judge is a separate career
At the end of their legal education at university, all law students must pass a state examination before they can continue on to an apprenticeship that provides them with broad training in the legal profession over two years. They then must pass a second state examination that qualifies them to practice law. After the second exam a person must choose either to be a lawyer or to be a judge.
Those who choose to be a judge start working at courts immediately. However they are on "probation" (a temporary training period) for up to four years before being appointed as judges for lifetime.
The Court System.
Germany has three types of courts.
Specialised Courts.
Specialized courts deal with administrative, labour, social, fiscal, and patent law.
The is a Federal Patents Court in Munich adjudicates disputes relating to industrial property rights. Patents are a federal issue, so now state courts have been set up.
Constitutional Courts.
Except for Schleswig-Holstein, each Land has a state constitutional court. These courts are administratively and financially independent from any other government body. For instance, a Land constitutional court can write its own budget and hire or fire employees.
These courts here cases where the constitution and the rights it gives are in question.
For example a criminal case might be appealled from the Bundesgerichtshof if a persons human rights are involved.
The Federal Constitutional Court, the "Bundesverfassungsgericht", can check that the way other courts look at the law to make sure they do not forget these basic rights. Sometimes the Federal Constitutional Court has overturned the decisions of other federal courts.
The "Bundesverfassungsgericht" protects people's rights under the constitution in another way. It is the only court that can ban a political party, if it is acting or says it will act against the constitution

Flag of Denmark
The Flag of Denmark, the "Dannebrog" is red with a white Scandinavian cross. It is the oldest flag in the entire world.
The flag is supposed to have fallen from the sky during a battle in 1219 in Estonia. The Danes were about to loose the battle when this sign from above gave the warriors new energy, and made them win.
In reality the Dannebrog of 1219 was most likely a crusade banner - the war in 1219 was a crusade against the Estonians, who were not Christians.
The battle took place in the 15th of June, and every year the flags birthday is celebrated in this day.
In some countries the flag is a symbol of the state. In Denmark the Dannebrog is very much a symbol of the people, and the flag is used for all kinds off private celebrations - such as birthdays, weddings and christmas. For Danes the Dannebrog is a sign of happiness.

Danish krone
The Danish krone is the money used in Denmark. 100 "øre" is 1 "krone".

Coat of Arms of Denmark
The coat of arms of Denmark consists of three crowned blue lions with nine red hearts, all in a golden shield.
The seal of King Canute VI of Denmark is the oldest known example of the coat of arms of Denmark. It is from around 1190. The coat of arms used today was designed in 1819 and adopted by king Frederik VI.
Until around 1960 Denmark had a small and a large coat of arms and both were used by the government. The large coat of arms changed status and became the royal coat of arms - that is the coat of arms for the king.
The large coat of arms comprise symbols representing all parts of the Danish kingdom - or to be precise: all that used to be a part of the Kingdom of Denmark. In the coat of arms shown to the left the upper left part of the shield (the three lions) represents Denmark. In the lower part the three crowns (only two are visible) represents Sweden. The polar bear represents Greenland and the ram represents the Faroe Islands. The two lions in the upper right side represents the principality of Slesvig and all the other symbols represents principalities in Germany and parts of present day Sweden that used to be ruled by the Danish king.
In 1972 when King Frederik IX died and Margrethe II became queen the large coat of arms was redesigned, and today it only comprises symbols representing the current parts of the Danish Kingdom.

Monteggio
Monteggio is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Morbio Superiore
Morbio Superiore is a municipality in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland in the hills above Chiasso.

Der er et yndigt land
"Der er et yndigt land" ("There is a Lovely Country") is the national anthem of Denmark.

Morcote
Morcote is a municipality of the district Lugano in the Swiss canton of Ticino.

Mosogno
Mosogno is a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Muggio
Muggio is a municipality of the district Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Muralto
Muralto is a municipality of the district Locarno, in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Muzzano, Switzerland
Muzzano is a municipality of the district Lugano, in the canton of Ticino, Switzerland. Lago di Muzzano is named after the village.

Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc
The Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc () is a Ukrainian electoral alliance led by the politician Yulia Tymoshenko, current Prime Minister of Ukraine.
The alliance is especially popular in the west en center of Ukraine but is also the only "Orange party" (Yulia Tymoshenko was an important player in the Orange Revolution) winning votes in the east en south of Ukraine where the Orange Revolution wasn't popular.

Robert Indiana
Robert Indiana (born as Robert Clark in New Castle, Indiana on September 13, 1928) is an American artist. He is known for being a part of the pop art movement.
Indiana moved to New York City in 1954 and joined the pop art movement. Indiana's work often has bold, simple, iconic images, especially numbers and short words like "EAT", "HUG", and "LOVE". His sculpture in the lobby of Taipei 101, called "1-0" (2002, aluminum), uses multicolored numbers.
After the September 11, 2001 attacks, Indiana made a series of "Peace Paintings", which were shown in New York in 2004.
LOVE.
Indiana's best known image is the word "love" in upper-case letters, arranged in a square with a tilted letter "O". This image was first created for a Christmas card for the Museum of Modern Art in 1964. It was put on an eight-cent US Postal Service postage stamp in 1973, the first of their regular series of "love stamps."
An Indiana sculpture showing the Hebrew word for love "(ahava)" is displayed at The Israel Museum in Jerusalem, Israel.

Tom and Jerry in Fists of Furry
Tom and Jerry in Fists of Furry is a fighting video game for the Nintendo 64 and PC based on classic cartoon series Tom & Jerry. It was released in 2000

515 Athalia
515 Athalia is a minor planet orbiting the Sun. It was found by Max Wolf in 1903. Its provisional name was 1903 ME.

Noam Chomsky
Avram Noam Chomsky (born December 7, 1928) is an American linguist, philosopher, political activist, author, and lecturer. He is an Institute Professor and professor emeritus of linguistics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Chomsky created the theory of generative grammar. This is one of the most important contributions to the field of linguistics made in the 20th century. He also helped start the cognitive revolution in psychology through his review of B. F. Skinner's "Verbal Behavior". He challenged the behaviorist way of looking at behavior and language. This was the main approach used in the 1950s. His natural approach to the study of language also changed the philosophy of language and mind. He also invented the Chomsky hierarchy, a way of looking at formal languages in terms of their power to explain language.
According to the Arts and Humanities Citation Index in 1992, Chomsky was cited as a source more often than any other living scholar during the 1980–1992 time period. He was the eighth-most cited scholar in any time period.
In the 1960s he criticized the Vietnam War. Because of that, Chomsky became more widely known for his media criticism and politics. He is a key intellectual figure within the left wing of United States politics. Chomsky is widely known for his political activism, and for his criticism of the foreign policy of the United States and other governments.

Neggio
Neggio is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Novaggio
Novaggio is a municipality of the district Lugano, in the canton of Ticino, Switzerland.

Novazzano
Novazzano is a municipality of the district Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Olivone
Olivone was a municipality of the district Blenio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.
In 2005, the people in charge of the cantons said that Olivone would merge with 4 other villages to become a new municipality.

Onsernone
Onsernone is a municipality of the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

516 Amherstia
516 Amherstia was the 8th asteroid found by Raymond Smith Dugan, was found in 1903 and was named after Amherst College, his alma mater. Amherstia is a big M-type asteroid, with an estimated diameter of 73 km. It follows an eccentric orbit between Jupiter and Mars, with an orbital period of 4.39 years. Its provisional name was 1903 MG.

Barrack
A barrack is a military building where soldiers live and sleep. Sometimes, they are made stronger with sandbags or barbed wire fences, and sometimes they are built underground. They have been in use for many years by many different countries in many different wars.

517 Edith
517 Edith is a minor planet orbiting the Sun. It was found by Raymond Smith Dugan in 1903. Its provisional name was 1903 MH.

518 Halawe
518 Halawe is a minor planet orbiting the Sun. It is named after the middle-eastern confectionery Halva. It was found by Raymond Smith Dugan in 1903. Its provisional name was 1903 MO.

519 Sylvania
519 Sylvania is a minor planet orbiting the Sun. It was found by Raymond Smith Dugan in 1903. Its provisional name was 1903 MP.

520 Franziska
520 Franziska is a minor planet orbiting the Sun. It was found by Max Wolf and Paul Götz in 1903. Its provisional name was 1903 MV.

Jacob Obrecht
Jacob Obrecht (born Ghent, 1457 or 1458; died late July, 1505) was a composer from the south Netherlands. He was one of the greatest composers of his time. He is best known for his church music, including many masses as well as motets and songs.
His life.
Obrecht’s father was a trumpeter. His mother died when he was about 2 years old and his father remarried. We know nothing about Obrecht’s musical education. He may have learned to play the trumpet like his father, who worked for the Burgundian court. Perhaps his father introduced him to people at the court, such as the famous composer Antoine Busnois. He certainly must have known Busnois’ music.
From 1480-1484 he was a choirmaster at Bergen-op-Zoom. Then he got a very good job as choirmaster at Cambrai Cathedral. However, a year later he took another job in Bruges. He wrote a lot of church music during his years in Bruges. He travelled to Italy and went to the town of Ferrara where a lot of famous musicians worked. He stayed there for several months. This may have been the reason why he then lost his job in Bruges. His next job was in Antwerp where he worked from 1492 to 1498. He then got his old job back in Bruges. From 1501 to 1503 he once again worked at Antwerp where he was choirmaster at the church of Our Lady. In 1504 he got the job of maestro di cappella at Ferrara, but the following year he died of the plague.
His reputation.
Obrecht composed extremely quickly. He is supposed to have written one of his masses in one night. This was different to Josquin des Prez who spent a long time composing his pieces and making changes to them before he let anyone have copies. Obrecht was influenced by the music of Busnois and Ockeghem. Obrecht himself was a big influence on Josquin, even though Josquin was older than Obrecht.
In recent years musicologists have studied Obrecht’s music a lot and made many discoveries, including the correct dates for many of his works.

Antoine Busnois
Antoine Busnois (pronounce "AN-twun bew-NWAH") (also spelt Busnoys) (born about 1430; died 6 November 1492) was a French composer and poet of the early Renaissance Burgundian School. He wrote church music, such as motets, as well as secular (non-religious) chansons. He was the most important composer of the late Burgundian school after the death of Guillaume Dufay.
Life.
We do not know where Busnois was born. It might have been in the tiny village of Busnes in the Artois district. Maybe he took his name from the village.
Nothing is known about his musical education. We know that he got into trouble in 1461 because he was said to be in a group of people who beat up a priest on five occasions. At that time he was a chaplain in Tours cathedral. While the attack was being investigated he went to mass. This led to him being excommunicated, but later the pope pardoned him.
In 1465 he moved from the cathedral to the collegiate church of St. Martin, also in Tours, where he became a subdeacon. Johannes Ockeghem was treasurer there, and the two composers seem to have known each other well. Later in 1465 Busnois moved to Poitiers, where he not only became "maîtrise" (master of the choirboys), but managed to get lots of good singers from the region. By this time he was famous as a singing teacher and composer. However he left the job for some reason in 1466 and then moved to Burgundy.
By 1467 Busnois was a composer at the court of Burgundy. Soon Charles the Bold was on the throne. Charles fought many wars, and sometimes took Busnois and other musicians on his military journeys. In 1477 Charles was killed at the Battle of Nancy. Busnois continued to work for the Burgundian court until 1482. Nothing is known about what he did after that. He died in 1492.
His music.
He was very well known as a composer and his music was sung in many parts of Europe.
He was the probably the best-known musician in Europe between the time of Guillaume Dufay and Johannes Ockeghem.
Busnois wrote sacred and secular music. It is likely that a lot of his music is now lost. Two of his masses and eight motets have survived. The style of his music is somewhere between the simple homophonic music of Dufay and Binchois, and the more elaborate imitation of Josquin..
Busnois may have been the composer of the famous tune "L'homme armé", one of the most popular tunes of the Renaissance. The tune was often used as a cantus firmus for mass composition. He may have been the very first composer to write a mass based on "L'homme armé". This mass was a big influence on many composers.
Busnois is remembered today for many of his chansons (French secular songs). Some of the tunes were used by later composers in their masses.

Assassin's Creed
"Assassin's Creed" is a video game published by Ubisoft for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 consoles. It was released in November 2007. A PC version of the game will be released in 2008.

Confirmation
A Confirmation is when a statement or a promise is made sure and agreed with once again before it is published to the public. For example, a legal document can be checked again by the government to confirm it to the public.

521 Brixia
521 Brixia is a minor planet orbiting the Sun. It was found by Raymond Smith Dugan in 1904. Its provisional name was 1904 NB.

The Undertaker
Mark William Calaway (born March 24, 1965) is an American professional wrestler. He is most well known by the name The Undertaker. He is currently working for World Wrestling Entertainment, where he is a former two-time World Heavyweight Champion and four-time WWE Champion.
Calaway was born in Houston, Texas. He began working for the WWE at the Survivour Series pay-per-view in 1990 on Ted DiBiase's team. His team won the match, though The Undertaker was eliminated by count-out. Calaway did not lose a match that entire year. He also won the WWF Championship. Soon after, he lost his first match against Hulk Hogan for the championship.
Calaway has won each of the 16 matches he has had at WrestleMania. He has beaten some of the best wrestlers, for example Triple H, Batista and Randy Orton. He is famous for "Hell in a Cell" matches against Shawn Michaels and Mick Foley. Calaway still wrestles today.
He is one of the two wrestlers that performed on the very first episode of "WWF Monday Night RAW" that is still part of the company, the other being Shawn Michaels.

Sinologist
Sinologist is a person that study China, but he/she is not Chinese. "Sino-" etimologically greek "Σίνα", China, and -logy from "-λογία", "treatise", "study", "science".

Patriarch
A Patriarch was the head of an extended family, originally.
Today, the word is mostly taken to have a meaning within Christianity. There, the word is used to refer to the highest-ranking Bishops of the respective churches, that is the Oriental Orthodox Church, the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Roman Catholic Church and the Assyrian Church of the East

Intellectual
An intellectual is one who tries to use his or her intellect to work, study, reflect, speculate, or ask and answer questions about a wide variety of different ideas. The "intelligentsia" includes the social class encompassing intellectuals and artists and school teachers.

522 Helga
522 Helga is a minor planet orbiting the Sun. It was found by Max Wolf in 1904. Its provisional name was 1904 NC.

523 Ada
523 Ada is a minor planet orbiting the Sun. It was found by Raymond Smith Dugan in 1904. Its temporary name was 1904 ND.

List of The Simpsons episodes
This is an episode list for the Fox cartoon series "The Simpsons". The series was first on TV on December 17, 1989 and has had 18 full seasons. The 19th season is currently being shown and further seasons are possible.
As of January 6, 2008, 410 episodes of "The Simpsons" have been shown.
The list is ordered by the episodes' first air dates. It does not include "The Tracey Ullman Show" shorts or "The Simpsons Movie". For a list of Simpson related television advertisements and music videos, see List of The Simpsons media.

524 Fidelio
524 Fidelio is a big minor planet with a diameter of 71 km, orbiting the Sun near the center of the main asteroid belt. Fidelio is made of both metals and carbon (Spectral class XC).
It was found by Max Wolf in 1904. Its provisional name was 1904 NN.

Robosexuality
Robosexuality is where a person is sexually attracted to machines such as robots. Robosexuality is a combining of "robot" and "sexual".
Possible coinciding sexualities.
A robosexual can be heterosexual, homosexual, bisexual, or pansexual. This is because the robot may have sexual features. Many robots in the world do not show male or female qualities, so a pansexual-robosexual would feel attracted to these, if the robot appeared human. If a person is attracted to a robot that does not appear human it is called paraphilia.
Robosexuality in the East.
Roughly 50% of all the robots in the world are in Asia, 32% in Europe, and 16% in North America, 1% in Australasia and 1% in Africa.
40% of all robots in the world are found in Japan.
In Japan and South Korea, ideas of future robots have been mainly positive. The number of robots in Japan means more people in Japan are likely to have a love of gadgets. Manga and anime series in both countries often show love or sex between robots and humans. This would mean more robosexuality.
Japanese religious beliefs allow the idea that robots have souls. This also make the idea of love between humans and robots more acceptable or ordinary.
Robosexuality in the West.
In the west robots and other machines are not given any human feelings or a soul as in Japan. Therefore the idea of physical sexuality is less accepted. Western societies are more likely to be against, or even fear the development of robots. This is because a lot of films and books show robots as replacing humans instead of helping them. Also, the religious beliefs in this area of the world (Christian, Islam, and Judaism) show robots to be wrong, because they are doing God's part in creating, which they say only God should do.
'RealDoll' is a lifesize sex-doll sold in America, that can be sold with robotic implants. People who feel sexually attracted, or have sex with these, are robosexual. However, one important thing to notice is that this American machine does not move and think by itself, unlike their Japanese and South Korean counterparts.

Rye
Rye is a type of grass, usually grown as a grain or forage crop (meaning that it is fed to animals). It is a member of the wheat family of plants and is similar to wheat and barley. It is used to make flour, food for animals, and many types of alcoholic drinks.
History.
Rye has not always been a plant humans can use. It was originally a wild plant. There are several wild plants in Turkey that are similar to rye.
Since the Middle Ages, rye has been used widely in Central and Eastern Europe. In these parts of the world, it is still one of the main ingredients in making bread. However, the number of people and businesses using rye is becoming lower. Rye is usually sold to buyers near to where it is grown.
Science.
Rye can be planted to feed animals or can be harvested for hay (dry grass). Rye is a strong plant that can survive in soil with a high or low pH. This means it can survive even if the soil is very acidic or alkaline. Other plants may struggle to survive in these pH levels.

List of environment topics
This is a list of topics about the natural environment.

Highly sensitive person
A highly sensitive person (HSP) is a person who is very easily affected by things. They are said to have a 'high sensitivity' (or "innate sensitiveness" as Carl Gustav Jung originally called it).
According to Elaine N. Aron and colleagues as well as other researchers, highly sensitive people, which would represent about a fifth of the population, process sensory data much more deeply and thoroughly due to a biological difference in their nervous systems. This is a specific trait with key consequences that in the past has often been confused with innate shyness, inhibitedness, innate fearfulness, introversion, and so on. The existence of the trait of innate sensitivity was demonstrated using a test that was shown to have both internal and external validity. Although the term is primarily used to describe humans, the trait is present in nearly all higher animals.

Pixies
The Pixies are an American alternative rock band that have been active from 1986-1993, and 2004 to the present.
History.
The Pixies' band members came together during the mid-1980s. Joey Santiago and Frank Black met at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, where they were students. Santiago introduced Black to new music, such as David Bowie.
In 1985, they decided to create a band. Kim Deal joined on bass guitar after answering an advertisement in a Boston newspaper. The band's musical style was influenced by bands such as Hüsker Dü. David Lovering, the drummer and a friend of Deal, joined in late 1985.
Success.
The band released their first album, "Come on Pilgrim", in 1987. The released one album every year from 1987-1991. Although they were not very successful in the USA, they were popular for alternative rock fans in Europe. In 1988, they recorded a session with British radio DJ John Peel because he felt they were a good band.
The band had many problems, with band members disagreeing on certain issues. In 1989, the band nearly asked Kim Deal to leave because of her laziness. She was also trying to take more control as a songwriter. These problems got worse and in 1993, they split up.
The Pixies influenced many bands that were more successful, such as Nirvana and OK Go.
Reunion.
They re-united and went on a tour in 2004-2005. However, they have yet to release a new album.
Musical style.
The lyrics to the Pixies' songs are well-known for being unusual. The band are also well-known for combining loud music with more quiet melodies, and for combining pop with rock.

Dance-Punk
Dance-punk (also known as disco-punk or punk-funk) is a music genre. Groups, such as !!! and The Rapture are commonly classified under this genre.There has since been a crystallization of musical forms within dance-punk, with Q and Not U exploring aspects of dance-punk, along with post-hardcore and other musical styles.
The Dance-punk genre is somewhat of a resurgence of New York's underground scene circa 1978-1982. The influence of bands like Talking Heads, Liquid Liquid, ESG, and Blondie can be heard throughout genre.

LG Prada
The LG KE850, also named The LG Prada Phone, is a mobile phone manufactured by LG Electronics and designed by Prada. It was first announced on 12 December 2006. An official press release showing an image of the device appeared on 18 January 2007.
Prices in Countries it is sold.
Prices are expected to start from 600 Euros.
iPhone copying LG Prada.
“We think that Apple copied the LG Prada phone after it was shown in the iF Design Award and won the prize in September 2006.”
LG later claimed that Apple stole both the ideas and concept of the Prada phone. A lawsuit by LG had been rumored prior to this announcement; however, LG has remained silent on whether or not they will file a lawsuit.

525 Adelaide
525 Adelaide is an S-type asteroid in the Flora family in the Main Belt.
The object A904 EB found March 14, 1904 by Max Wolf was named 525 Adelaide and was lost after. Later, the object 1930 TA found October 3, 1930 by Sylvain Arend was named 1171 Rusthawelia. In those pre-computer days, it was not realized until 1958 that these were one and the same object. The name Rusthawelia was kept (and finding the asteroid credited to Arend); the name 525 Adelaide was used again for the object 1908 EKa found October 21, 1908 by Joel Hastings Metcalf.

Cloverfield
"Cloverfield" is a 2008 movie about a giant monster that attacks New York City. The movie was filmed to look like it was done by a personal camera. It is produced by J. J. Abrams and directed by Matt Reeves. In Tokyo, Japan, a giant monster that attacked Tokyo, and the police came to the middle of the city.

Tilly and the Wall
Tilly and the Wall is an indie pop group from Omaha, Nebraska. Their name came from a children's book called "Tillie and the Wall", written by Leo Lionni. They are noted for having a tap dancer, Jamie Pressnall, instead of a drummer.

Origlio
Origlio is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. Lago di Origlio is found in this municipality.

Orselina
Orselina is a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Osco
Osco is a municipality of the district Leventina in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Osogna
Osogna is a municipality of the district Riviera in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Palagnedra
Palagnedra is a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. Lago di Palagnedra is found below the village.

Lago di Palagnedra
Lago di Palagnedra is a lake at Palagnedra, Ticino, Switzerland. The lake has a volume of 4.26 million m³ and a surface area of 0.25 km².

Moulin Rouge!
"Moulin Rouge!" is a 2001 Academy Award-winning musical movie directed by Baz Luhrmann. It stars Nicole Kidman and Ewan McGregor. The movie is set in Paris, France in the 1890s. It tells the story of a young British writer called Christian, who falls in love with an actress called Satine, the leading lady of the famous nightclub, the Moulin Rouge.
"Moulin Rouge!" was mostly shot at Fox Studios in Sydney, Australia. It was nominated for eight Oscars. It won two; for art direction and costume design. In 2006 it was ranked #25 on the American Film Institute's list of best musicals.
The "Moulin Rouge".
The "Moulin Rouge" is a famous nightclub with a cabaret (or dance show). The name "Moulin Rouge" means "Red Windmill". In the late 1800s there was a real windmill where the nightclub stands near Montmartre in Paris. Now there is a large model of a windmill on the roof of the building. Since the 1889 this nightclub has been famous for its dancing, in particular for the "can-can", a very lively dance in which the dancers, wearing long frilly skirts, kick there legs very high and show their underwear. (In the 1890s, women wore long dresses, to their ankles.) Even though this entertainment was not thought of as very polite, it was very popular and the "can-can" became a symbol of Paris. The "Moulin Rouge" is still very popular
Bohemians.
The word Bohemian was first used in Paris to mean a Gypsy because many people thought that Gypsies came from Bohemia. The word was then used for poor artists and writers, who often travelled to Paris from other towns and tried to earn money by their painting or writing. Paris was a famous town for both painters and writers to gather, to learn from each other and to enjoy the life of the city. Many of them lived at Montmartre, not far from the "Moulin Rouge". One of the most famous painters to live in Montmartre was Henri Toulouse-Lautrec. He loved to paint the can-can dancers and prostitutes. He did many posters to advertise the nightclubs. The posters are now famous works of art.
"La boheme".
"La bohème" means "the Bohemian". It is the name of a famous opera written by Giacomo Puccini. It is about a young man who lives in a group of poor artists and writers, and who meets and falls in love with a beautiful girl. The opera is very well known and Baz Luhrmann deliberately used parts of the story in his movie. The plot of the movie is very much like another opera called "La traviata" written by Giuseppe Verdi. It is also thought that Luhrmann may have got the idea to make "Moulin Rouge!" after watching "Dil Se". This movie was made in 1998 and directed by Mani Ratnam. It is a love story set in India.
Other movies.
There have been four previous movies called "Moulin Rouge". The earliest was a silent movie made in 1928. The latest was made in 1956 and was about the life of the painter, Toulouse-Lautrec. Baz Luhrmann used Toulouse-Lautrec as an important character in his movie.
Idea.
Baz Luhrmann had directed another movie in which a love story is set against a background of dance, costumes and colourful scenes. This is "Strictly Ballroom" made in 1992. In "Moulin Rouge!", he chose the colourful life of Paris in a time often called "the Naughty Nineties" as a background. But Lurhmann's plan was not to make a movie about history. He wanted to make a movie that the people of today would enjoy, jjust as much as the people of Paris had enjoyed the can-can in the 1890s. So Luhrmann did not use the music, dance-styles and lighting of the 1890s. He used popular modern music that young people already knew, and he used modern lighting, special effects and cosume ideas to create a movie that young people would think was very entertaining.
Production.
Kate Winslet, Charlize Theron, Renee Zellweger, and Catherine Zeta-Jones were all thought of for the part of Satine. Courtney Love was almost cast in the role, but lost out to Kidman at the last minute because Luhrmann felt that Love would not fit into the movie well. Heath Ledger, Hugh Jackman, and Russell Crowe were all considered for the part of Christian.
Production on the movie began in November 1999 and was finished in May 2000, with a budget of just over $50 million. Nicole Kidman reportedly wasn't interested in doing the musical until she heard Baz Luhrmann would be directing it. Movieing generally went smoothly, with the only major problem being when Nicole Kidman injured her knee while filming one of the more complicated dance sequences. The production also overran in its shooting schedule and had to be out of the Fox Studios in Sydney to make way for ' (in which Ewan McGregor also starred). This meant some parts had to be filmed in Madrid, Spain.
Plot summary.
The movie is set in the year 1900. Christian (played by Ewan McGregor) is a British writer who came to the village of Montmartre in Paris in 1899, when the Bohemian movement was at its most popular. He sits in a flat looking down on the closed-down theatre called the Moulin Rouge while writing on a typewriter. The story he is writing is about the woman he loved, Satine (played by Nicole Kidman).
In 1899, Christian arrives in Paris, and makes friends with a group of Bohemians who visit the Moulin Rouge regularly. They are trying to produce a musical called "Spectacular Spectacular", which the owner of the Moulin Rouge, Harold Zidler (played by Jim Broadbent), plans to show at the cabaret. The Bohemians' leader, Toulouse-Lautrec (played by John Leguizamo), is pleased with Christian's talent at writing and insists that he write their musical, "Spectacular Spectacular". Once they find out that Christian is an amazing writer, they come up with an complicated plan of presenting Christian to Satine, who is a beautiful courtesan, in the hopes that she will be impressed with him and persuade Zidler to hire Christian as the writer of the musical.
Satine understands what her work involves, although she hopes of leaving the Moulin Rouge to become a "real" actress. Through a series of misunderstandings, she mistakes Christian for the rich and powerful Duke who will invest in the musical, "Spectacular Spectacular". She is enchanted by his poetry. She declares that she has fallen in love with him, but is shocked to realize he's actually a poor Bohemian poet.
After a bit, the real Duke (played by Richard Roburgh) finds Christian and Satine together. They manage to trick him into believing that they were working on the musical, "Spectacular Spectacular". The main cast arrive and improvise the plot of the show on the spot: a beautiful Indian courtesan has her kingdom invaded by an "evil maharaja". She sets out to seduce him to save her kingdom, but accidentally seduces and then falls in love with a penniless sitar player. The two must hide their love and avoid the maharaja, though it is implied that one of them may die at the end of the story. (It is soon realized that the theme of their play foreshadows what happens in the movie's plot.) The Duke agrees to support the show. But, he quickly shows that he is a violently jealous man who will shut down the Moulin Rouge if he does not get Satine to himself. Nevertheless, he accepts that Satine will be busy with rehearsals and in close contact with Christian, the writer of the musical.
Christian and Satine fall in love, while Zidler struggles to keep the Duke interested in the musical "Spectacular Spectacular" even though Satine has not yet slept with him. Harold Zidler also discovers that Satine is dying of a disease called tuberculosis, but does not tell anyone because of his motto, "The show must go on". Meanwhile, Christian continues to work on the play, in which the courtesan and the penniless sitar player end up together. The Duke, however, does not appreciate the ending and tells the cast that the courtesan must end up with the maharaja. To convince the Duke to change his mind, Satine finally agrees to spend the night with him. Christian is overcome with jealousy while Satine has dinner with the Duke, who offers her everything she has dreamt of. However, when Satine spots Christian on the street below, she refuses the Duke's offer, and he tries to rape her. After she escapes, Satine and Christian plan to run away.
By now, the Duke has realized Satine's tricks, and tells Zidler that, if the "maharaja" does not get his "courtesan", he will have the "penniless sitar player" killed. Nonetheless, Zidler must inform Satine of her final condition before she agrees to give up on the escape plan. She goes to Christian and lies to him, convincing him that her love was an act in the hopes that this will make him want to leave Paris and therefore save his life.
As the show opens, Satine performs tiredly, knowing that her life is almost up. Christian, refusing to give up on Satine, confronts her backstage. When she tries to force him off again, he takes the place of the show's hero, throwing money at her feet to "pay his whore", and storming off the stage. Satine confesses her love for him in the form of his secret song, and Christian and Satine get back together in full view of the audience and the Duke. The Duke attempts to shoot Christian, but Zidler forces him off. The audience applauds what they think is a good drama, but backstage, Satine is overcome by her illness and dies in Christian's arms. As her final wish, she asks Christian to tell their story.
A year later, still in his flat overlooking the empty red windmill, Christian finally types the last page of his work, ending it with the couplet, "The greatest thing you will ever learn, is just to love, and be loved in return."
Soundtrack.
The following is a list of some of the songs featured in the movie along with the artist that popularized them.
Two soundtrack albums were released, with the second coming after the huge success of the first one. The first volume featured the smash hit single "Lady Marmalade", performed by Christina Aguilera, Lil’ Kim, Mýa and Pink. The first soundtrack, "Moulin Rouge! Music From Baz Luhrmann's Film", was released in May 2001, with the second "Moulin Rouge! Music From Baz Luhrmann's Film, Vol. 2" following in 2002.

Paradiso, Switzerland
Paradiso is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Lago d'Origlio
Lago d'Origlio is a lake in the municipality of Origlio, in Ticino, Switzerland.

Personico
Personico is a municipality of the district Leventina in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Pianezzo
Pianezzo is a municipality of the district Bellinzona in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Piazzogna
Piazzogna is a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Pollegio
Pollegio is a municipality of the district Leventina in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Ponte Capriasca
Ponte Capriasca is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Ponte Tresa
Ponte Tresa is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. With an area of 0.28 km², Ponte Tresa is the smallest municipality in Switzerland.

Porza
Porza is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Prato (Leventina)
Prato Leventina (Prato) is a municipality of the district Leventina in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

526 Jena
526 Jena is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found in Heidelberg by the German astronomer Max Wolf on March 14, 1904 and named after the city of Jena. Its provisional name was 1904 NQ.

527 Euryanthe
527 Euryanthe is a minor planet orbiting the Sun. It was found in 1904 by Max Wolf and named after the heroine of an opera by the German composer Carl Maria von Weber. Its provisional name was 1904 NR.

528 Rezia
528 Rezia is a minor planet orbiting the Sun. It was found by Max Wolf in 1904. Its provisional name was 1904 NS.

Pali
Pali is an old language. It used to be spoken in India, and is similar to Sanskrit. Pali is used in religious services by Theravada Buddhists. The Theravada holy texts, called the Pali Canon, are written in Pali. Pali is usually called a dead language.

529 Preziosa
529 Preziosa is a minor planet orbiting the Sun. It was found by Max Wolf in 1904. Its provisional name was 1904 NT.

530 Turandot
530 Turandot is a minor planet orbiting the Sun. It was found by Max Wolf in 1904. Its provisional name was 1904 NV.

Han Chinese
Han Chinese (also called Han'") (simplified Chinese: 汉族; traditional Chinese: 漢族; pinyin: hàn zú) is an ethnic group from China. 90% of the people living in China and more than 97% of the people in Taiwan are Han. Out of the entire human population in the world, 19% are Han. Han Zu in Chinese means "Han ethnic group." Another name for Han Zu can be Han Ren, which means "Han people," which is written as 汉人 in simplified Chinese or 漢人 in traditional Chinese.
The Name.
The name "Han" comes from the Han Dynasty that united China as one country. During the Han Dynasty, many tribes felt that they belonged to the same ethnic group. Also, the Han Dynasty is said to be the high point in Chinese civilization. During the Han Dynasty, China was able to increase its power and influences to other parts of Asia.
There are some slangs and different names for Han amongst some Han people, esppecially in southerm China and in Vietnam. In languages like Cantonese, Hakka and Min Nan, the word "Táng Rén" is also used. "Táng Rén" is written as "唐人" and it literally means "the people of Tang." It is pronounced "Tong Yan" in Cantonese. "唐人" comes from another Chinese dynasty, the Tang Dynasty. The Tang Dynasty is also another peak point of the Chinese civilization. Within English-speaking Han communities, the word "Chinatown" in Chinese is "Táng Rén Jiē" which means "street of the Tang people."
Another phrase used by the Han people, especially overseas Chinese, is "Hua Ren" (simplified Chinese: 华人; traditional Chinese: 華人; pinyin: huá rén). It comes from "Zhong Hua" (simplified Chinese: 中华; traditional Chinese: 中華; pinyin: zhōng huá), a poetic name for China. The translation of this is "ethnic Chinese".
Culture.
Han China is one of the world's oldest civilizations. Chinese culture dates back thousands of years. Some Han people believe they share common ancestors, distantly related to the Yellow Emperor and Yan Emperor, who existed thousands of years ago. Hence, some people of Han call themselves "Descendants of the Yan Emperor" or "Descendants of the Yellow Emperor."
Throughout the history of China, Chinese culture has been influenced by Confucianism. Confucianism was the official philosophy throughout most of Imperial China's history, and becoming a professional of Confucian texts was needed to be part of the imperial bureaucracy.

Motorola RAZR V3
Motorola RAZR V3 (said "Razer", IPA://) is a thin clamshell cellular camera phone designed and made by Motorola. The phone was originally a fashion phone, but has now grown to many different versions in many different designs, when in 2005 the phone went into the main market and was sold at a medium price. On May 15, 2007, Motorola showed the new RAZR 2, with a bigger screen, easier to use, and Linux, with a high price of $600 with service agreement and $800 without. In 2005, "PC World" put the RAZR at #12 in "The 50 Greatest Gadgets of the Past 50 Years".
Silver version (The first version of the phone).
New Zealand
and many other networks in other countries.
Black version.
A black version was produced for the 77th Academy Awards gift bags, and was released in early May 2005.
Pink version.
It is also sold in all Movistar-serviced countries and Claro (Telcel).
Blue version.
As of July 2006, Australian Telecommunications giant Telstra is offering the V3x Blue (as well as Pink) version for $0 upfront on a $20 plan.
The dark blue version available from Tesco in the UK is a V3r with no memory slot or iTunes, (and more difficult to unlock).
Tattoo version.
At October 30, 2006, the phone was sold with a tattoo design on it on T-Mobile in USA. The tattoo designs were made by Ami James from the TLC reality television show, Miami Ink.
V3i.
After the "RAZR V3", Motorola sold the RAZR V3i. This newer version of the phone improved some of the things that were bad about the original phone, for example, it had a better (1.23 megapixel) camera with 8x digital zoom, better screens, and allowed people to use memory cards in them. The V3i software is very similar to the Motorola V635.
The V3i can has iTunes music player, which has a 50 or 100 song limit on the phone, depending on where the phone was made.
Networks.
The Motorola RAZR V3i was on most networks in the world in 2005–2006. In the U.S. the phone was released through Cingular Wireless on September 6, 2006, with a new activation price of $299.
Dolce & Gabbana Gold version.
At December 8, 2005 Motorola worked with Dolce & Gabbana, the Italian fashion company, to produce a special version of the RAZR V3i, the "Motorola RAZR V3i Dolce & Gabbana". The phone was gold in color. Only 1,000 of the original limited version phones were made and sold.
On June 1, 2006, Motorola and Dolce & Gabbana started selling the RAZR V3i Dolce & Gabbana again. This version had a D&G leather holder, Bluetooth headphone, and FM earphones. It was sold at all big Motorola shops and some D&G shops.
(PRODUCT)RED Red version.
A red version was sold for the (PRODUCT)RED charity. A percentage of the profit went to the charity to help fight AIDS in Africa.
V3r & V3t.
The RAZR V3r and RAZR V3t are different versions the RAZR V3i. Instead of having iTunes, they have Motorola's Digital Audio Player (DAP) music player, which has no song limit, but takes longer to load, and uses more battery. However, it takes considerably longer time to load and uses the V3's battery at a much faster rate than iTunes does.

Babi Yar
Babi Yar is a ravine near Kiev in Ukraine.
On 28 September 1941, members of "Einsatzgruppe C" (mobile killing unit C), and other SS and German police units and Ukrainian auxiliaries, murdered more than half of the Jewish population of Kiev at Babi Yar, which is northwest of the city.
This was one of the largest mass murders at one place during World War II.
The Einsatzgruppe wrote to headquarters that 33,771 Jews were massacred in two days.

Clea DuVall
Clea Helen D'Etienne DuVall (born September 25, 1977) is an American film and television actress. She has been in the films "But I'm a Cheerleader" (1999), "Girl, Interrupted" (1999), "21 Grams" (2003) and "Zodiac" (2007). She is also in the television program "Carnivàle".

Ewan McGregor
Ewan Gordon McGregor (born March 31 1971; is a Scottish actor who has had a lot of success in both mainstream and indie films. He is ranked #36 in Empire magazine's "The Top 100 Movie Stars of All Time" list. He is perhaps best known for playing the lead role in Danny Boyle's "Trainspotting", his portrayal of Obi-Wan Kenobi in the prequel trilogy of "Star Wars", and his motorcycle adventures with friend Charley Boorman.

Patriarch Bartholomew I of Constantinople
Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew I (Greek: Οικουμενικός Πατριάρχης Βαρθολομαίος Α, Turkish: Patrik I. Bartholomeos) (born 29 February 1940) is the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, and thus "first among equals" in the Eastern Orthodox Communion, since 2 November 1991. He is thus the spiritual leader of 300 million Orthodox Christians around the world.

Taxi Driver (movie)
"Taxi Driver" is a 1976 movie directed by Martin Scorsese. It stars Robert De Niro as a lonely taxi driver called Travis Bickle and Jodie Foster as a young girl called Iris who is a prostitute.
In the movie, Travis is a marine who fought in the Vietnam War. When he comes back to America, he is lonely and depressed, and starts getting violent. He starts working as a taxi driver and tried to date a woman called Betsy. One night a girl called Iris gets into his taxi and asks for his help. She is a child prostitute and wants to run away from her pimp. Travis then buys a lot of guns, and goes to kill Betsy's pimp. He kills a lot of people, including her pimp, and then gets shot. In the end, he is driving his cab and it isn't clear whether he is only dreaming about it or he really survived.

Patriarch Alexius II
Patriarch Alexius II (February 23, 1929 - December 5, 2008) was the 15th Patriarch of Moscow and the primate of the Russian Orthodox Church.

Romeo + Juliet
"William Shakespeare's Romeo + Juliet" is an Academy Award nominated 1996 American movie adaptation of William Shakespeare's romantic tragedy "Romeo and Juliet". It was directed by Australian Baz Luhrmann and stars Leonardo DiCaprio and Claire Danes in the title roles.
The movie is a very exciting & modern version of Shakespeare's play designed to appeal to a younger modern audience. The fighting families (the Montagues and the Capulets) are represented as competing business empires, swords are replaced by guns etc. Despite the adaptation, the movie retains Shakespeare's original dialogue, though edited for modern cinema audiences.
Response.
Critics gave the movie good reviews. On the review given by Rotten Tomatoes, 74% of critics gave the movie positive reviews, based on 38 reviews. Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" disliked the movie, giving it 2 stars and said "This production was a very bad idea. I have never seen anything remotely approaching the mess that the new punk version of Romeo & Juliet makes of Shakespeare's tragedy." Ebert wrote that Pete Postlethwaite and Miriam Margolyes were "the only actors in the film who seem completely at home" and said "In one grand but doomed gesture, writer-director Baz Luhrmann has made a film that (a) will dismay any lover of Shakespeare, and (b) bore anyone lured into the theater by promise of gang wars, MTV-style."
The movie won several awards. At the Berlin International Film Festival in 1997, Leonardo DiCaprio won the Silver Bear Award for Best Actor and director Baz Luhrmann won the Alfred Bauer Award. Luhrmann was also nominated for the Golden Bear Award for Best Picture.

Paul Rudd
Paul Stephen Rudd (born April 6, 1969) is an American movie, television, and stage actor.

Epithelium
Epithelium is one of the four main types of tissue in the body of animals. It is made up of one or more layers of cells. Epithelium is found on the surface of organs and many other parts of the body. The main functions of epithelium is moving fluids into or out of an organ or body part. It can also help protect organs and sense things. There are many different types of epithelium that do different things in the body.The essentials of the epithelium can be informed by the same features that the lungs work like. It also helps in the excretory system.

Tibetan Buddhism
Tibetan Buddhism is the body of religious Buddhist teachings from Tibet. The form of Buddhism taught in Tibet is mostly of the type called Vajrayana. However, Tibetan Buddhism also has teachings from the earlier forms of Buddhism called Theravada and Mahayana.
Buddhism first came from India into Tibet in 173 CE during the reign of Lha Thothori Nyantsen. However, Buddhism did not grow strong until much later.
In the 8th century, an Indian teacher called Padmasambhava brought Buddhism to Tibet again while Trisong Detsen was king of Tibet. Padmasambhava (more commonly known as "Guru Rinpoche") merged Buddhism with the local Bön religion to create Tibetan Buddhism. He also wrote a number of important texts.
Padmasambhava started the Nyingma school. All other schools of Tibetan Buddhism come from this school, which is also known as the "ancient school".
Tibetan Buddhism had a strong effect on the peoples of Central Asia in the 11th century CE, especially in Mongolia and Manchuria. It was made the official state religion by the Mongol Yuan dynasty and the Manchu Qing dynasty that ruled China.
Since the annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China in 1959, Tibetan Buddhism has spread to many Western countries.
In the past, Tibetan Buddhism was also called "Lamaism" by some people. This is now thought to be based on a misunderstanding of the practice of guru yoga ('guru' is the Sanskrit equivalent of the Tibetan word 'lama' which means 'spiritual teacher') in Tibetan.
Teachings of Tibetan Buddhism.
Some of the teachings of Tibetan Buddhism are Mahamudra, the Six Yogas of Naropa, and Dzogchen.

Berlinale
The Berlinale, or "Berlin International Film Festival", is the world's leading film festivals held in Berlin, Germany.
The Berlinale was first held in 1951, and since 1978 has been held every February. More than 200000 tickets are sold and around 400000 admissions it is the biggest publicly-attended film festival worldwide. Since 2001 the director of the festival has been is Dieter Kosslick.
The European Film Market (EFM), a film trade fair, is held at the same time as the Berlinale. It is also one of the most important events for the international film industry.
Judging.
An international jury makes sure films from all over the world are chosen for the Berlinale.
Around twenty films competing for the awards called the Golden and Silver Bears.
The 58th Berlin International Film Festival will be held 07 to 17 February 2008.

531 Zerlina
531 Zerlina is a minor planet orbiting the Sun. It was found by Max Wolf in 1904. Its provisional name was 1904 NW.

Tokio Hotel
Tokio Hotel is a German pop-rock band. The band started in 2001, with the name Devilish. The members of the band all came from Magdeburg in Germany. The youngest, the Kaulitz twins, were born 2 months before the Berlin Wall fell.
Members.
Tom and Bill Kaulitz are identical twins. Tom is only 10 minutes older than Bill. Their parents divorced when they were 7 years of age. Their mother is a free-lance tailor, and their step-father is in a band, and he owns a music school called "Rock's Cool".

Music genre
Music genres divide different kinds of music into groups.

Toy Fox Terrier
The Toy Fox Terrier (also known as American Toy Terrier, Amertoy) is a small terrier breed of dogs. They are related to the Fox Terrier, but are considered a separate breed.

New York Mets
The New York Mets are a baseball team who play in New York City, New York in Shea Stadium. The team started in 1962. The Mets won the World Series in the years 1969 and 1986. They play in the Flushing Queens area of NYC. Their colors are blue and orange.

Bond market
The bond market (also known as the debt, credit, or fixed income market) is a financial market where people buy and sell debt securities, usually in the form of bonds. In 2006 the size of the international bond market was about $45 trillion. The size of the outstanding U.S. bond market debt was $25.2 trillion.

Security
Security means that one is protected against danger or loss. In the general sense, security is a concept similar to safety. The nuance between the two is an added emphasis on being protected from dangers that originate from outside.

Security (disambiguation)
Security is the sense of protection from hostile action.

Preonzo
Preonzo is a municipality of the district Bellinzona in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Pura, Switzerland
Pura is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

532 Herculina
532 Herculina "(herr'-kew-lye'-nə,") is a very big asteroid, with a diameter of around 225 km.
Discovery.
It was found on April 20th, 1904, by Max Wolf in Heidelberg, and initially catalogued as 1904 NY. Where its name came from is not known; it may be named after the mythical Hercules, or after an unknown woman of that name. Most of the asteroids found by Wolf around this date were named for characters in operas, but if this name was also drawn from such a source, no explanation has been recorded.
Physical characteristics.
Herculina is one of the twenty or so biggest members of the main asteroid belt.
It has often been noted for its complex lightcurves, which made finding its shape and rotation somewhat hard. A set of 1982 speckle inferometry observations led to a simple preliminary model of Herculina as a three-axis object, perhaps 260 by 220 by 215 km. 1985 analysis of this data concluded there was a nonspherical shape with one bright spot, whilst a 1987 photometric astrometry study concluded the object was spherical with two dark spots (and rotated around a completely different pole), which was in turn negated by a 1988 thermal study which showed the object could not be spherical. By the late 1980s, the generally accepted model was a three-axis object with major albedo or topographical features.
Recent (2002) modelling of photometric data shows that Herculina is not spherical, but a blocky shape not unlike a battered cuboid - or, as the analysis described it, it "resembles a toaster". This analysis indicates the presence of many big craters, similar to 253 Mathilde, but no major changes in albedo. The approximate ratios of the axes were suggested as 1:1.1:1.3, broadly consistent with earlier models if a bit more stretched.
Moons.
Following anomalous sightings during an occultation of the star SAO 1220774 in 1978, Herculina became the first asteroid to be "confirmed" to have an asteroid moon, with the parent asteroid estimated at a 216km diameter and a moon of about 45km orbiting at a distance of around 1,000 km. However, careful studying in 1993, using the Hubble Space Telescope, could not locate a moon.

Duroplast
Duroplast is a resin plastic made up mixing formica and bakelite reinforced with fibres (either cotton or wool) or glass fibres.
Uses.
Duroplast was used by Eastern European automobile manufacturer VEB Sachsenring Automobilwerke Zwickau to produce the body of the popular Trabant motor car, toilet seats, and parts for the BMW X3.
Duroplast was first used in the body of the IFA F8 and later also the AWZ P70 or Zwickau P70 and later used in the body of the Trabant. Apart from the use in cars duroplast was also used to make suitcases.
Properties.
Duroplast is light, flexible, and strong. It was also made of recycled material, cotton waste from Russia and phenol resins from the East German dye industry making the Trabant the first car with a body made of recycled material. Because it can be made in a press similar to shaping steel, it's easy to produced.
Critics.
Duroplast cannot be completely recycled, and burning it produces toxic fumes, so disposing of the bodies of old Trabants is a problem. There are stories of pigs,sheep or other domestic farm animals consuming duroplast.
A Berlin biotechnology company claims that it has developed a solution to the duroplast problem: a bacterium that will eat a Trabant in 20 days and leave only compost.
In the last years the Duroplast was smashed and put cement blocks for pavement construction.

Will & Grace
"Will & Grace" is an Emmy winning comedy television show. The show featured four best friends, Will Truman (Eric McCormack), Grace Adler (Debra Messing), Jack McFarland (Sean Hayes) and Karen Walker (Megan Mullally). It was first aired in series beginning 1998 and series finale aired in 2006. It ran for 8 Seasons for a total of 194 episodes.

Ken Akamatsu
Ken Akamatsu (Kanakawa, 5 July 1968) is a Japanese manga writer and artist. After not passing the test to go to Tokyo University, Akamatsu choose to be illustrator. He became well known as an illustrator shown in "Comiket". Comiket is the largest comic convention in Japan. Akamatsu has created the illustred works "A Kid's Game for One Summer", "A.I. Love You" and "Always my Santa". In October 1998, his most famous work, "Love Hina" began being shown in Weekly Shonen Magazine. The series has been made into a book form that has sold over 6 million copies in Japan. Akamatsu received the Kodansha Manga Award for shōnen in 2001 for this series.
After finishing "Love Hina" in 2001, Akamatsu began to illustrate another manga, '. Both "Negima!" and "Love Hina" have been made into anime series.

Will Truman
William "Will" Truman is a character from Will & Grace. He was played by Eric McCormack Will lived into the hotel with his Jewish friend, Grace Adler lived next door with Jack McFarland.

Grace Adler
Grace Elizabeth Adler is a character from Will & Grace played by Debra Messing. She was married with doctor, Dr. Leo Markus and lived with Will and friends with Jack and Karen.

Karen Walker
Karen Delaney St. Croix Popeil Finster Walker or Karen Delaney was played by Megan Mullally character from Will & Grace. Karen broke up with Stanley and married with Beverley. She was a friend with gay actor and dancer, Jack McFarland. Karen appears with Megan Mullally into The Megan Mullally Show.

Jack McFarland
Jack McFarland is a character from Will & Grace was played by Sean Hayes.

533 Sara
533 Sara is a minor planet orbiting the Sun. It was found by Raymond Smith Dugan in 1904. Its provisional name was 1904 NZ.

534 Nassovia
534 Nassovia is a minor planet orbiting the Sun. It was found by Raymond Smith Dugan in 1904. Its provisional name was 1904 OA.

535 Montague
535 Montague is a minor planet orbiting the Sun. It was found by Raymond Smith Dugan in 1904. Its provisional name was 1904 OC.

Pacific hurricane
A Pacific hurricane is a tropical cyclone that forms in the northeastern part of the Pacific Ocean. For organizational purposes, the Pacific Ocean is divided into three parts: the eastern, (North America to 140°W), central (140°W to the International Date Line), and western (west of the Date Line). A Pacific hurricane, then, is a tropical cyclone in the northern Pacific Ocean east of the Date Line. Tropical cyclones that form in the western north Pacific are called typhoons. This separation between the two basins is convenient, however, as tropical cyclones rarely form in the central north Pacific and few ever cross the dateline.

Plain English Campaign
"Plain English Campaign" Limited is a company based in the United Kingdom. It works to promote plain language.

Kilakarai
Kilakarai (aka Keelakarai, Tamil - கீழக்கரை) is a panchayat town in Ramanathapuram district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu.

Bart Simpson
Bart Simpson is a fictional character in "The Simpsons". At the age of ten, he is the oldest child of Marge and Homer Simpson. He is the brother of Lisa and Maggie. Bart is someone who does not like school. At the time when the Simpsons was launched T-shirts were released that had a picture of Bart saying "Underachiever. And proud of it". Barts voice is performed by Nancy Cartwright.
He likes to ride on a skateboard and make prank phone calls to Moe Syszlak.
School.
Bart goes to Springfield Elementary along with his 8-year-old sister Lisa. Bart often gets grade Fs in school. Whereas Lisa gets A grades. At Springfield Elementary Barts best friend is Milhouse van Houten. Bart has received dentention multiple times, and during the start of the show he is seen writing things repeatedly on a blackboard as a form of punishment.

536 Merapi
536 Merapi is a minor planet orbiting the Sun. It was found by George Henry Peters in 1904. Its provisional name was 1904 OF.

537 Pauly
537 Pauly is a minor planet orbiting the Sun. It was found by Auguste Charlois in 1904. Its provisional name was 1904 OG.

Vajrayana
Vajrayana (Sanskrit: lit. "The Adamantine Vehicle" or "The Diamond Vehicle") is a school of Buddhism first practiced in India. From India it spread to Tibet, Mongolia and Bhutan. Since the annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China in 1959, the Tibetan form of Vajrayana has spread to many Western countries and has gained great popularity.
Vajrayana is a third and separate major school of Buddhism, the other two being Theravada and Mahayana. Vajrayana Buddhism comes from Mahayana Buddhism. Tibetan Vajrayana Buddhism has its own texts in the Tibetan and Sanskrit languages. It also contains the older Mahayana texts in Sanskrit and Theravada texts in the Pali language.
Vajrayana is sometimes known as Tantric Buddhism in the west. Tantric practice is one kind of Vajrayana Buddhism, but there are also other forms.
Vajrayana was developed in Northern India around the 7th century. It has its main philosophical roots in Madhyamika of Nagarjuna, Chandrakirti and Vijnanavada (also known as Yogachara), Chittamatra of Asanga, and Vasubhandu. The most famous teacher of Vajrayana was Guru Padmasambhava, who founded the first school of Tibetan Buddhism called the "Nyingma" school.
Features of Vajrayana.
Followers are introduced to these practices through initiation which is also called empowerment.
Tibetan Vajrayana.
There are four main schools of Tibetan Buddhism: Nyingma, Sakya, Kagyu, and Geluk. All four schools identify themselves as belonging to the Mahayana or "Great Vehicle" tradition, which is the most popular form of Buddhism in China, Korea and Japan.
Levels of practice.
The "new" schools (Sakya, Kagyu, and Geluk) divide the teachings into only four levels. The first three are the same as in the Nyingma school. The last level is simply called Anuttarayogatantra ("Highest Yoga Tantra"). These Highest Yoga Tantras are divided into "mother", "father" and "non-dual" tantras. The new schools use a practice called Mahamudra in place of Dzogchen.

Alpha (letter)
Alpha (uppercase/lowercase Α α), is the letter of the Greek alphabet, used to stand for the "a" sound in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 1. Letters that came from it are the Roman A and Cyrillic А.
Alpha is often used in physics and chemistry as a symbol or in the names of things, for example alpha particles (which are two protons and two neutrons bound together into a particle the same as a helium nucleus). The symbol is also used a lot in mathematics in algebra, for example naming angles.

Beta (letter)
Beta (uppercase/lowercase Β β), is a letter of the Greek alphabet, used to represent the [b] sound in Ancient Greek and [v] in Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 2. Letters that came from it include the Roman B and Cyrillic Б.
The sounds [b] and [v] resemble each other a lot. In the Ancient Greek the "b" sound became "v" around 200 BC. Therefore the letter B means the "v" sound in the Cyrillic alphabet, and a new letter, Б, was made for [b].

Readability test
A Readability test is a way to measure a text for how easy it is to read. There are different kinds of readability tests. They look at different things in a text, like how long the words are or how long the sentences are. A test uses a mathematical formula to find a number which says how easy it is to read the text. If two different tests look at the same things about a text, one test can use a different formula than the other test.

Gamma
Gamma (uppercase/lowercase Γ γ), is the letter of the Greek alphabet, used to represent the "g" sound in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 3. Letters that came from it include the Roman G and Cyrillic Г.

Epsilon
Epsilon (uppercase/lowercase Ε ε), is the letter of the Greek alphabet, used to represent the "e" sound in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 5. Letters that came from it include the Roman E and Cyrillic Е.

Digamma
Digamma (uppercase/lowercase Ϝ ϝ), is the letter of the Greek alphabet, used to represent the "w" sound in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 6. Letters that came from it include the Roman W and Cyrillic В.

Tom Kaulitz
Tom Kaulitz (born September 1, 1989) is Tokio Hotel's guitarist.
He is ten minutes older than his identical twin brother Bill Kaulitz. He is from Magdeburg in Germany. He moved from there to his studio flat in Hamburg with his brother, Bill. They have relocated to Berlin. He has a unique style from his brother, but yet they are still alike. He owns a ton of hats (more than 50+) and is custom made. His favorite guitar is Gibson.

Stigma (letter)
Stigma (uppercase/lowercase Ϛ ϛ), is the letter of the Greek alphabet, used to represent the "st" sound in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 6. Letters that came from it include the Roman S and Cyrillic С.

Zeta
Zeta (uppercase/lowercase Ζ ζ), is the letter of the Greek alphabet, used to represent the "z" sound in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 7. Letters that came from it include the Roman Z and Cyrillic З.

Eta (letter)
Eta (uppercase/lowercase Η η), is the letter of the Greek alphabet, used to represent the "e" sound in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 8. Letters that came from it include the Roman Ɛ and Cyrillic Є.

Heta (letter)
Heta (uppercase/lowercase Ͱ ͱ) is the letter of the Greek alphabet used to represent the "h" sound in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 8. Letters that came from it include the Roman Ⱶ and Cyrillic Ҩ.

Theta
Theta (uppercase/lowercase Θ θ), is the letter of the Greek alphabet, used to represent the "th" sound in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 9. Letters that came from it include the Roman Þ and Cyrillic Ћ.

Iota
Iota (uppercase/lowercase Ι ι), is the letter of the Greek alphabet, used to represent the "ee" sound in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 10. Letters that came from it include the Roman I and Cyrillic І.

Lambda
Lambda (uppercase/lowercase Λ λ), is the letter of the Greek alphabet, used to represent the "l" sound in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 30. Letters that came from it include the Roman L and Cyrillic Л. It is used as shorthand as a symbol for wavelength in the Electromagnetic spectrum.

Mu (letter)
Mu (uppercase/lowercase Μ μ), is the letter of the Greek alphabet, used to represent the "m" sound in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 40. Letters that came from it include the Roman M and Cyrillic М.

Coat of Arms of Haiti
The first coat of arms of Haiti was created in 1807, and has appeared in its current form since 19816.
It has a palm, with several flags at its sides, and two cannons on a green lawn. On the lawn there are several objects, such as musical instruments (a snare drum and bugles), guns, and ship anchors. Above the palm tree, there is a Phrygian cap placed as a symbol of freedom.
The ribbon on the bottom displays the national motto: "L'Union Fait La Force" (French for "Union Makes Strength").

Nu (letter)
Nu (uppercase/lowercase Ν ν), is the letter of the Greek alphabet, used to represent the "n" sound in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 50. Letters that came from it include the Roman N and Cyrillic Н.

Flag of Haiti
The flag of Haiti was adopted on February 25, 1986. The flag has two horizontal bands of equal height; the top stripe is blue and the bottom is red. In the center there is a white rectangle with the Coat of Arms of Haiti which consists of a palm tree with several flags at its sides. There are two cannons on either side of the palm tree. The civil flag and the ensign (the one used by commercial ships) do not have a coat of arms.
The Haitian flag was created by the revolutionary Jean-Jacques Dessalines in 1803 from the French flag (the "Tricolore"); he eliminated the white stripe and left only the blue and red stripes in the new flag.
From May 25 1964 to February 25 1986, during the dictatorship of Francois and Jean-Claude Duvalier, the country had a different flag, in red and black, and divided vertically, not horizontally.

Xi
Xi (uppercase/lowercase Ξ ξ), is the 14th letter of the Greek alphabet, used to represent the "x" sound in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 60. Letters that came from it include the Roman X and Cyrillic Ѯ.

Omicron
Omicron (uppercase/lowercase Ο ο), is the letter of the Greek alphabet, used to represent the "o" sound in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 70. Letters that came from it include the Roman O and Cyrillic О.

Pi (letter)
Pi (uppercase/lowercase Π π), is the letter of the Greek alphabet, used to represent the "p" sound in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 80. Letters that came from it include the Roman P and Cyrillic П.

San (letter)
San (uppercase/lowercase Ϻ ϻ), is the letter of the Greek alphabet, used to represent the "s" sound in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 90. Letters that came from it include the Roman S and Cyrillic С.

Sho (letter)
Sho (uppercase/lowercase Ϸ ϸ), is the letter of the Greek alphabet, used to represent the "sh" sound in Bactrian.

Qoppa
Qoppa (Ϙ or ϟ) was a letter of the Greek alphabet. It is no longer used in normal writing today. It stood for the sound "[q]" (similar to [k]) in Ancient Greek. In the order of the letters in the alphabet, it came between Pi and Rho, just like in the Latin alphabet the letter Q comes between P and R. Like all Greek letters, it could also be used to write a number, and then it stood for the number 90. People still sometimes use it in this way, even though they don't use it as a letter to write words.
The letter qoppa at first looked like a circle with a small bar under it. Later it was written more like a pointed S.
The letter Q in the Latin alphabet and the letter Ҁ in the Cyrillic alphabet come from Qoppa.

Rho (letter)
Rho (uppercase/lowercase Ρ ρ), is the letter of the Greek alphabet, used to represent the "r" sound in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 100. Letters that came from it include the Roman R and Cyrillic Р.

Sigma (letter)
Sigma (uppercase/lowercase Σ σ ς), is the letter of the Greek alphabet, used to represent the "s" sound in Ancient and Modern Greece. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 200. Letters that came from it include the Roman S and Cyrillic С.

Tau (letter)
Tau (uppercase/lowercase Τ τ), is the letter of the Greek alphabet, used to represent the "t" sound in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 300. Letters that came from it include the Roman T and Cyrillic Т.

Upsilon
Upsilon (uppercase/lowercase Υ υ), is the 20th letter of the Greek alphabet, used to represent the "u" sound in Ancient Greek and "ee" in Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 400. Letters that came from it include the Roman U and Cyrillic У.

Phi (letter)
Phi (uppercase/lowercase Φ φ), is the letter of the Greek alphabet, used to represent the "ph" sound in Ancient. This sound became the same as "f" around 300 BC, and in Modern Greek the letter denotes the "f" sound. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 500. Letters that came from it include the Roman F and Cyrillic Ф. In English, φ is pronounced like "f" but translitterated (re-written) as "ph" in words which originate in Ancient Greek. In those words which originate in Modern Greek, such as feta cheese, φ is translitterated as "f".

Chi (letter)
Chi (uppercase/lowercase Χ χ), is the letter of the Greek alphabet, used to represent the "ch" sound (as in Scottish "loch" or German "Bauch") in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 600. Letters that came from it include the Roman H and Cyrillic Х.

Psi (letter)
Psi (uppercase/lowercase Ψ ψ), is the letter of the Greek alphabet, used to represent the "ps" sound in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 700. Letters that came from it include the Roman P and Cyrillic Ѱ.

Omega
Omega (uppercase/lowercase Ω ω), is the letter of the Greek alphabet, used to represent the "o" sound in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 800. The old Cyrillic letter Ѡ comes from this letter.

Sampi
Sampi (uppercase/lowercase Ͳ ͳ), is the letter of the Greek alphabet, used to represent the "s" sound in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 900. Letters that came from it include the Roman Ʃ and Cyrillic Һ.

Alliteracy
The problem of alliteracy is the state of being able to read but being uninterested in doing so. Teachers and school librarians are trying to deal with this problem.

L'Anse-aux-Meadows
L'anse aux Meadows is a historical settlement on the island of Newfoundland. It was settled by Vikings from Norway. The remains of the settlement were declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1978.

The Wealth of Nations
"An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations" is better known simply as "The Wealth of Nations". It was written by Adam Smith in 1776. It looks at division of work, pursuit of self interest, and freedom of trade.

La Dessalinienne
"La Dessalinienne" (The Dessalines Song) is the national anthem of Haiti, honoring Jean-Jacques Dessalines. The lyrics (words of the song) were written by Justin Lhérisson and its music composed by Nicolas Geffrard; it was adopted in 1904.

Ai XIn Jue Luo YuHuan
Aixinjueluo Yuhuan () (October 1929 – 23 June 2003) was a recent Chinese traditional artist in both traditional Chinese paintings and traditional Chinese music. He is also one of the few descendants of the royal family of the Qing Dynasty. He is the great-great grandson of the Daoguang Emperor. He was born in the Prince Gong Mansion in Beijing, China.
Art career.
In 1957, he joined the China Artists' Association, and in 1981 he was added into The Chinese Great Artists' Dictionary. He has won many art prizes in China dealing with Chinese traditional art, his pieces are mostly landscapes, people, and close-up flowers and bamboo.
Early art career.
YuHuan was an only son of Aixinjueluo Pu Shu Ming who has lived in the Prince Gong Mansion for some time after the Qing Dynasty was overruled. Good links to his uncle Pu Xin-Yu, who was a famous traditional artist of China, provided him with art lessons which set his appetite for painting Chinesetraditional art. In Junior High School, he has already started publishing his own comics on the newspapers, he became more and more interested in the arts, he eventually applied and was accepted by the Arts Department of the Beijing Normal University. The art he was taught at the Beijing Normal University was Western art although he was used to Chinese paintings.
Music career.
Artist YuHuan was also a sanxian musician, his lessons with traditional Chinese instruments started when he was a child, and still living in the Prince Gong Mansion. At his death, he had already mastered many difficult pieces and he played until his late 60s.
The Song of Qing Dynasty.
At the age of eight, he started to learn the sanxian, a 500-year-old Chinese three-string, plucked instrument. The song he learned was a song from the Qing Dynasty(the dynasty of his great-great grandfather), it consisted of 13 pieces, with each piece about 20-45 minutes long. He did not learn all of the pieces of the song because his tutor only knew 13 of them (there were more that his tutor didn't know); even so, it took him 2 years to master it, with courses of one 2-hour lesson per week. He had already passed on the song to a lecturer in the Central Conservatoire of Music in Beijing, his student also took two years to master it.
Influences.
The leaders of many countries and foreign ministers have met with Yuhuan and either bought or received his paintings as donations or presents, the countries include: Hungary, Germany, the USA, Canada, Japan, and many more. He has also lectured in many universities Japan, Singapore and Indonesia. Galleries and exhibitions of his work were also presented to and hosted at many of the above countries.
Family.
Mr. Aixinjueluo has three successful sons, whose names are Aixinjueluo Hengyue(writer), Aixinjuelo Hengkai(artist), and Aixinjueluo Hengjun(IT specialist).

New Castle, Indiana
New Castle is a city in Henry County, Indiana, 44 miles (71 km) east of Indianapolis, on the Big Blue River. In 1900, 3,406 people lived in the town; in 1910, 9,446; in 1920, 14,458; and in 1940, 16,620. The population was 17,780 in 2000. The city is the county seat of Henry County. New Castle is home to New Castle Fieldhouse, the largest high school gymnasium in the world.

Pop art
Pop art is a type of art that was popular in the 1960s and 1950s. Some pop artists include Andy Warhol, Robert Indiana and Roy Lichtenstein.
Pop art is a visual art movement that appeared in the mid 1950s in Britain and in parallel in the late 1950s in the United States and which rose in the 60's to the dominate artistic art of expression. Pop art is one of the major art movements of the twentieth century. Characterized by themes and techniques drawn from popular mass culture, such as advertising and comic books, pop art is widely interpreted as either a reaction to the then-dominant ideas of abstract expressionism or an expansion upon them. Pop art, like pop music, aimed to employ images of popular as opposed to elitist culture in art, emphasizing the banal or kitschy elements of any given culture. It has also been defined by the artists' use of mechanical means of reproduction or rendering techniques that downplay the expressive hand of the artist. Pop art at times targeted a broad audience and often claimed to do so.
The motives are out of the everyday culture, the world of consume, the mass media and out of the advertisement. The artists often name pop art „ anti-art“, which turns to trivialities. The pop artists ask for absolute reality, that means, all the elements have to be clean and clear objects. The most forms were bordered with black lines as in comic books. The objects are often plane like at poster, so demonstrated without deepness. The colours are always clear, mostly used are achromatic and primitive colours. Banal objects of the everyday life get isolated and were modified alone or processed in collages. Pop art is a connection between reality and art, handled with abstract means. Some of their catchwords are: popular, consumable, cheap, funny and outstanding.
Much of pop art is considered very academic, as the unconventional organizational practices used often make it difficult for some to understand. Pop art and minimalism are considered to be the last modern art movements and so the precursors to postmodern art, or some of the earliest examples of postmodern art themselves.

Museum of Modern Art
The Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) is a modern art museum in New York, New York, United States, on 53rd Street between Fifth and Sixth Avenues. It has been called the most important museum of modern art in the world. Some of the artists featured at the museum include Jackson Pollack, Vincent van Gogh, Andy Warhol, and Robert Indiana.

538 Friederike
538 Friederike is a minor planet orbiting the Sun. It was found by Paul Götz in 1904. Its provisional name was 1904 OK.

539 Pamina
539 Pamina is a minor planet orbiting the Sun. It was found by Max Wolf in 1904. Its provisional name was 1904 OL.

Rankine scale
The Rankine scale is a thermodynamic (absolute) temperature scale. It is based around absolute zero. Rankine is similar to the Kelvin scale in that it starts at absolute zero and 0°R is the same as 0°K but is different as a change of 1°R is the same as a change of 1°F (Fahrenheit) and not 1°C (Celsius).
The Kelvin and Rankine temperature scales are defined so that absolute zero is 0 kelvins (K) or 0 degrees Rankine (°R). The Celsius and Fahrenheit scales are defined so that absolute zero is −273.15 °C or −459.67 °F.
The Rankine scale was originally used in the United States.

Timpani/VGA stub
Timpani (sometimes called kettle drums) are drums made out of large bowls that are usually made of copper, over each of which is stretched a skin-like material, to make what is known as the "drumhead".
"Timpani" is an Italian word. It is the plural of the word "timpano". However, "timpano" is rarely used in informal English. More often, a timpano is referred to as a "drum", a "timpani", or simply a "timp". Someone who plays a timpani is called a "timpanist".
Timpani are different from other drums because each one makes a certain musical note when it is hit with a special drumstick called a "timpani mallet". Other drums that are used in orchestras and bands make a sound rather than a note, and are not tuned. A player normally sits with a group of two, three or four timpani around him, which is why the name timpani is in the plural.

540 Rosamunde
540 Rosamunde is an S-type asteroid in the Flora family in the Main Belt. Its diameter is about 19 km and it has an albedo of 0.243. Its rotation period is 9.336 hours.
It was found by Max Wolf in 1904. Its provisional name was 1904 ON.

High fidelity
High fidelity or hi-fi is a way of describing a quality home music system. "High fidelity" means that the reproduction of sound is as close to the original as possible. Hi-fi systems are built to make as little noise and distortion as possible. People who like hi-fi are called audiophiles. In the 2000s, the term "high-end audio" for expensive high quality home audio electronics has largely replaced the term "hi-fi".
History.
In the 1930s and 1940s, vacuum tubes were used to make radios and electronic amplifiers. Radio was becoming popular, and microphones, amplifiers and loudspeakers began to be made commercially. The manufacturers began to compete to produce the best product. A lot of this work was done at Bell Laboratories and commercialized by Western Electric.
Then the microgroove record was invented. This was a kind of vinyl record with lower surface noise and better sound. The term "high fidelity" began to be used by audio manufacturers as a marketing term to describe records and equipment which were intended to provide faithful sound reproduction. In the 1950s, "hi-fi" became a generic term, replacing "phonograph" and "record player". Rather than playing a record "on the phonograph," people would play it "on the hi-fi".
In the late 1950s and early 1960s, Westrex invented the single-groove stereophonic record. This led to the next wave of home audio improvement. The word "stereo" replaced the word "hi-fi." Records were now played on "a stereo."
Audiophiles paid attention to technical characteristics, bought individual components (separate preamplifiers, amplifiers), and even built their own equipment. "High fidelity" continued and continues to refer to the goal of highly accurate sound reproduction, and to the technological resources available for approaching that goal.

Derby, Derbyshire
Derby is a city in, and the county town of, Derbyshire in England. It is on the River Derwent.
In the 2001 census, the population of the borough was 233,700.

Stereo
Stereophonic sound, also simply called stereo, is the reproduction of sound using two or more audio loudspeakers. This creates a pleasant and natural sound heard from various directions, as in natural hearing.
The word "stereophonic" — comes from Greek "stereos" = "solid" and "phōnē" = "sound". It was coined by Western Electric.
In popular usage, stereo usually means 2-channel sound recording and sound reproduction using data two speakers. The electronic device for playing back stereo sound is often called "a stereo".

Ely, Cambridgeshire
Ely (; IPA, rhyming with "freely") is a cathedral city in the East Cambridgeshire district of Cambridgeshire in the east of England and north north-east of Cambridge.
Ely has been called a city for a long time because it has a city. But the Royal Charter making it a city was only issued in 1974. Ely's population was 15,102 in 2001. This means Ely is the third smallest city in England. Only after Wells in Somerset and the City of London) are smaller.
The University of Cambridge rowing team has a boathouse on the bank of the river and train there for the annual Boat Race against the University of Oxford.
The 1944 Boat Race was raced on the River Great Ouse near Ely, the only time it has not been held on the River Thames. The race was won by Oxford despite Cambridge being ahead early in the contest.

Tube sound
Tube sound (or valve sound) is the sound produced by a vacuum tube-based audio amplifier. All amplifiers distort to some degree; some audiophiles prefer the sound produced by tube-based amplifiers. The reasons for the difference in sound between tube and solid state electronic devices is a continuing debate among audiophiles.

Gamma (disambiguation)
Science and Mathematics.
The Greek letter gamma is used in both science and mathematics very often.

Iota (disambiguation)
Iota is the ninth letter of the Greek alphabet.

Omega (disambiguation)
Omega is the last letter in the Greek alphabet. See that article for more uses of the upper case (Ω) or lower case (ω) letter as a symbol.

Pi (disambiguation)
Pi, or π, is the mathematical constant equal to a circle's circumference divided by its diameter.

Sound recording
Sound recording is the electrical or mechanical inscription and re-creation of sound waves, usually used for the voice or for music.
Methods and media for sound recording are varied and have undergone significant changes between the first time sound was actually recorded for later playback until now.
The two main classes of sound recording technology are analog recording and digital recording.
Analog cylinder.
The first devices for recording sound were mechanical in nature. Invented by Thomas Alva Edison in 1877, the phonograph was a device with a cylinder on which a stylus drew grooves. The vertical vibrations of the needle corresponded to air pressure vibrations. The cylinder was covered with a soft material such as tinfoil, lead, wax or amberol. The recording could be played back by tracing a needle through the groove and amplifying the resulting vibrations. A disadvantage of the phonograph was the difficulty of reproducing the cylinders in mass production.
Analog disk.
This changed with the advent of the gramophone (what is known as the "phonograph" in American English), circa 1888. The gramophone works in much the same way as the phonograph, but instead of a cylinder record, the grooves are imprinted on a disk record. Reproduction of these disks was relatively simple by pressing a master image on a plate of shellac. The speed at with the disks were spun around were 78 rotations per minute (rpm). Later innovations allowed lower rotations: 45 and 33 rpm, and the material was changed to vinyl.
Tape.
In the late 1930's the tape recorder followed as the next step in the evolution of sound recording. This type of recording device uses a magnetic tape as recording medium. The tape is magnetized as it moves with a constant speed past a recording head. A tape allows multiple tracks in parallel to each other. This allowed for stereo sound (2 tracks), and quadrophonic sound (4 tracks). In a professional setting today, such as a studio, audio engineers may use 24 tracks or more for their recordings, one (or more) tracks for every instrument played.
The evolution of the tape recording systems shows the evolution from analog to digital audio technology. The compact cassette contains 2 analog tracks per side. To improve the sound quality of the recording, tape recorders could use Dolby technology to boost the resolution of bass signals. Digital tape recorders were also available: Digital Audio Tape (DAT) recorded the raw audio sampled at 48 kHz with a resolution of 16 bits. DAT is still used in studios. A failed digital tape recording system is the Digital Compact Cassette (DCC).
Compact Disc.
In the consumer market, tapes and gramophones were largely displaced by the compact disc (CD) and a lesser extent the minidisc. These recording media are fully digital and require complex electronics to play back.
Techniques.
The earliest methods of recording sound involved the live recording of the performance directly to the recording medium. This was an entirely mechanical process, often called "acoustical recording". The sound of the performers was captured by a diaphragm with the cutting needle connect to it. The needle made the grooves in the recording medium.
To make this process as efficient as possible the diaphragm was located at the apex of a cone and the performer(s) would crowd around the other end. If a performer was too loud then they would need to move back from the mouth of the cone to avoid drowning out the other performers. As a result of this, in early Jazz recordings a block of wood was used in place of the bass drum.
The advent of electrical recording made it possible to use microphones to capture the sound of the performance. The leading record labels switched to the electric microphone process in 1925, and most other record companies followed their lead by the end of the decade. Electrical recording increased the flexibity and sound quality. However once the performance was still cut to to the recording medium, so if a mistake was made the recording was useless.
Electrical recording made it possible to record one part to disc and then play that back while playing another part, recording both parts to a second disc. This is called "over-dubbing". The first commercially issued records using over-dubbing were released by the Victor Talking Machine Company in the late 1920s. However overdubbing was of limited use until the advent of analogue audio tape. Use of tape overdubbing was pioneered by Les Paul and is called 'sound on sound' recording. In this way performances could be built up over time.
The analogue tape recorder made it possible to erase or record over a previous recording so that mistakes could be fixed. Another advantage of recording on tape is the ability to cut the tape and join it back together. This allows the recording to be edited. Pieces of the recording can be removed, or rearranged. See Audio editing
The advent of electronic instruments (especially keyboards and synthesisers), effects and other instruments has led to the importance of MIDI in recording. For example, using MIDI timecode, it is possible to have different equipment 'trigger' without direct human intervention at the time of recording.
In more recent times, computers (digital audio workstation) have found an increasing role in the recording studio, as their use eases the tasks of cutting and looping, as well as allowing for instantaneous changes, such as duplication of parts, the addition of affects and the rearranging of parts of the recording.

Theta (disambiguation)
Theta is the eighth Greek letter, written "Θ" (uppercase) or "θ" (lowercase).

Storage area network
A Storage area network (SAN) is a solution from computing. This means that storage (like hard disks or tape libraries) are attached to the local system. Storage Area Networks appear like they were local to the operating system, but they are remote. The contrast to this is Network Attached Storage. Network Attached Storage means attaching a computer with the storage to the network.
As of 2007, attaching storage directly to the network and making it appear local is still quite uncommon outside large companies. It is therefore rather expensive to do.

Rings of Saturn
The rings of Saturn is the name of the rings around the planet
Saturn. They consist of countless small particles, ranging in size from microscopic to the size of a bus (or bigger) that form clumps that in turn move around Saturn. The particles in the rings are made almost entirely of water ice, with just a small amount of dust and other chemicals.

Network-attached storage
Network attached storage (or NAS) is a solution from computing. It means that storage (like a number of hard disks) is put on a computer network. Different users can then access this using different protocols. Today, boxes that already can do this are available rather cheaply. Also, such boxes can be built easily using a small or old computer with an operating system like Linux.
The different clients can then access the data using different protocols, like SMB or NFS. NAS is easier to do than a Storage area network.

Republic of Lakotah
A group of Native Americans decided to call the place where they live the Republic of Lakotah. This group is called the "Lakotah Freedom Delegation". They believe the Republic of Lakotah should be treated as a separate country, but at the moment, no other country in the world agrees that it is.
Background.
When white people first came to North America from Europe, the Lakotah people, who are a native tribe, had already been living there for thousands of years. The Lakotah legally had nothing to do with the USA until they made treaties (agreements) with each other in the 1800s.
Since then, the Lakotah people have lived inside the borders of the USA. On December 17, 2007, the Lakotah Freedom Delegation said that Lakotah should become a separate country again, as it was before they made treaties with the USA.
They drew up borders, which includes bits of North and South Dakota, Nebraska, Wyoming and Montana. At the moment, most people consider these regions still to belong to the USA.
Reasons for wanting independence.
In December 2007, the group traveled to Washington, D.C. and spoke to the government. They announced that the Lakotah were withdrawing from the treaties they had with the USA. They said the USA hadn't been following the treaties and this had been causing problems on Lakotah land.
For example, the USA and the Lakotah made an agreement called the Treaty of Fort Laramie, which meant the Lakotah could keep the Black Hills. The Black Hills is a very sacred and special place for the Lakotah. But the USA broke the agreement and invaded the Black Hills when they found out that gold was buried there. Now the Black Hills is home to the famous mountain carvings of Mount Rushmore.
The group says that the Republic of Lakotah is not a new country, but a country that has just been revived. But some members of the Lakotah tribe complain that they were not told about the plans. Many of the leaders of the Lakotah tribe weren't asked beforehand. Traditionally, a vote needs to be held if a treaty is going to be changed, and 75% of Lakotah males need to vote in favor of the change. But a vote wasn't held when the plans for the Republic of Lakotah were being made.
The group argues that Lakotah is allowed to be its own country, by law. They use the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, Article Six of the United States Constitution and the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples to back up their plans.
The Lakotah Freedom Delegation say they might follow the example of the Philippines or the Marshall Islands, countries which used to belong to the United States but then achieved independence.
Government.
Anyone is allowed to be a citizen of the Republic of Lakotah as long as they give up their citizenship of the United States. The group plans to make its own passports and driving licenses.
The government will be run in the traditional Lakotah way. The elderly people, who receive a lot of respect in Lakotah tradition, will choose leaders to run the country.
At the moment, supporters of the Lakotah Freedom Delegation are arguing over the name of the country. Some people like the name "Republic of Lakotah", but others prefer "Lakotah Oyate". "Oyate" is the Lakotah word meaning "nation".
The government plans to use solar energy and wind power to make electricity, because these methods don't hurt the environment.
Support.
A place does not exist as a country until other countries in the world recognise its borders or its government, and treat it as a separate country. The Lakotah Freedom Delegation has contacted the embassies of Venezuela, Bolivia, Chile and South Africa, asking to be recognised as an independent country. The group has also mentioned Russia, Finland and Iceland, and said that Ireland and East Timor are interested in the plans. But at the moment, no other country in the world is treating Lakotah as a separate country.
The US government is unlikely to support the Republic of Lakotah because it means the USA will lose some land. They've said that the group's plans don't mean anything.

Chanson
"Chanson" is the French word for "song". The word is often used in music to mean any song with French words, but it is more often used when talking about songs in which lyrics have been set to music by French classical composers.
Very often "chansons" refers to the French songs that were sung in the late Middle Ages and Renaissance. People who sang these chansons were called "chansonniers". They had various forms, including ballade, rondeau and virelai. Some composers at the time liked to set popular poetry to music. The earliest chansons were for two, three or four voices, many of them being for three voices. By the 16th century most were for four voices. Sometimes, the singers were accompanied by instruments.
Early chansons.
The first important composer of chansons was the medieval composer Guillaume de Machaut. In the Renaissance Guillaume Dufay and Gilles Binchois wrote many simple chansons. Later Johannes Ockeghem and Josquin des Prez composed chansons which had lots of imitation between the voices. Clément Janequin wrote more simple, homophonic chansons. He worked in the area around Paris. Later composers such as Orlando de Lassus were influenced by the Italian madrigal. The style of music started to be used in music for instruments.
The first book of sheet music printed from movable type was "Harmonice Musices Odhecaton", a collection of 96 chansons by many composers, published in Venice in 1501.
Later chansons.
During the 16th century French songs started to be composed with lute or keyboard accompaniment. In the 19th century many composers wrote songs with piano accompaniment. These chansons were often called mélodies.
Popular Chanson.
In France today "chanson" often refers to the work of more popular singers such as Georges Brassens, Jacques Brel, Édith Piaf, Camille, Olivia Ruiz.

A-type asteroid
A-type asteroids are fairly uncommon closer asteroids that have a strong, broad 1 µm olivine feature and a very reddish spectrum shortwards of 0.7 µm. They are thought to come from the completely differentiated mantle of an asteroid.
A-type asteroids are so rare that as of 2005 only 17 had been found.

C-type asteroid
C-type asteroids are asteroids made of carbonates. They are the most common variety taking up around 75% of known asteroids, and an even higher percentage in the farther part of the belt beyond 2.7 AU, which is dominated by this asteroid type. The amount of C-types may actually be higher than this, because C-types are much darker than most other asteroid types except D-types and others common only at the extreme farther edge of the Main Belt.
Characteristics.
This type of asteroid has very similar spectra to carbonaceous chondrite meteorites (types CI and CM), whose chemical make-up is about the same as the Sun and the primitive solar nebula, except that they do not contain hydrogen, helium and other volatiles. Hydrated (water-containing) minerals are present.
C-type asteroids are very dark with albedos usually in the 0.03 to 0.10 range. Consequently, whereas a number of S-types can normally be viewed with binoculars at opposition, even the biggest C-types require a small telescope. The potentially brightest C-type asteroid is 324 Bamberga, but that object's very high eccentricity means it rarely reaches its maximum magnitude.
Their spectra contain moderately strong ultraviolet absorption at wavelengths below about 0.4 μm to 0.5 μm, while at longer wavelengths they are very featureless but slightly reddish. The so-called "water" absorption feature around 3 μm, which can be a sign of water content in minerals is also present.
The biggest unequivocally C-type asteroid is 10 Hygiea, although the SMASS classification places the biggest asteroid 1 Ceres, here as well, because that scheme lacks a G-type.

Marcus Aemilius Lepidus
Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (Born around 90 BC, died 13 BC) was a Roman politician. He was one of the closest men of Julius Caesar and served as pontifex maximus after his death. Together with Octavian and Mark Antony he formed the Second Triumvirate. There, he had little influence though. After a revolt in Sicily, he was stripped of all his powers, except Pontifex Maximus. He died peacefully in exile in Circeii in Italy in the year 13 BC.

Chicago (disambiguation)
Chicago, Illinois is the third largest city in the United States of America.

Detention (school)
Detention is a punishment that is used in most schools. It usually means the person being kept in a classroom during lunchtime, breaks, or after school. Some schools have a special room for detention, but others keep the children in a classroom.

Lacrosse
Lacrosse, invented by the Native Americans, is a popular team sport in North America and a national summer sport for Canada. It involves the use of "nets," or heads as they are called which consist of a wooden or metal shaft with a net on the end. Hockey is derived from this sport.

Steve Reich
Steve Reich (Born October 3, 1936) is an American composer of music in the style of minimalism. He is known for his music made with tape recordings, and instrumental music with a steady beat (Such as Music for 18 Musicians).

Heath Ledger
Heathcliff Andrew Ledger (April 4, 1979–January 22, 2008) was an Academy Award-nominated Australian actor. After appearing on television during the 1990s, Ledger began working in Hollywood movies. He starred in many movies, including "The Patriot", "Monster's Ball", and "Brokeback Mountain". He played The Joker in the "The Dark Knight". Ledger died in New York City on January 22, 2008. However, the final film he was in, The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus, will come out in 2009.
Early life and family.
Heath Ledger was born in Perth, Western Australia. Ledger's mother is descended from the Clan Campbell of Scotland. Heath (Heathcliff) and his sister Katherine were named after the two main characters in Emily Brontë's "Wuthering Heights". Ledger attended Guildford Grammar School, where he had his first acting experiences. He starred in a school production as Peter Pan at age 10.
Early career.
At sixteen, Ledger graduated school early to become an actor with girlfriend Jenna Sorrell. With his best friend, Trevor DiCarlo, Ledger drove across Australia to Sydney. He returned to Perth for the television series "Sweat" (1996). In this series, he played a gay cyclist.
In 1996, Heath Ledger was involved in the short lived Fox Broadcasting Company fantasy-drama "Roar". In 1999, Ledger starred in the teen comedy "10 Things I Hate About You". He also had the lead role in the Australian movie "Two Hands", directed by Gregor Jordan.
2000–2008.
From 2000 to 2005 he starred in "The Patriot", "Monster's Ball", "A Knight's Tale", "The Four Feathers", "Ned Kelly", "The Order", and "The Brothers Grimm". In 2001, he won a ShoWest Award for the "Male Star of Tomorrow" for on his work in "The Patriot" and "A Knight's Tale". In 2003, he was named one of Australian GQ's "Men of the Year" for acting.
Ledger received "Best Actor of 2005" awards from both the New York Film Critics Circle and the San Francisco Film Critics Circle for his acting in "Brokeback Mountain". In this movie he plays Wyoming ranchhand Ennis Del Mar, who is in love with rodeorider Jack Twist, played by Jake Gyllenhaal. He also received a nomination for Golden Globe "Best Actor in a Drama" and a nomination for Academy Award for Best Actor for this acting.
Also in 2005, Ledger played a version of Giacomo Casanova in "Casanova". The movie was a romantic comedy. It co-starred Sienna Miller.
In 2006, Ledger was asked to join the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. In 2007, he was one of six actors to play different sides of singer Bob Dylan in the movie "I'm Not There".
Ledger played comic book villain The Joker in "The Dark Knight". This is the sequel to the 2005 movie "Batman Begins". The movie was released on July 18, 2008.
Music.
Ledger started a record company with singer Ben Harper. In 2006, Ledger directed three music videos: "Cause an Effect" and "Seduction Is Evil (She's Hot)" for Australian hip-hop artist N'fa, as well as "Morning Yearning" for Ben Harper.
Press reception.
Ledger had problems with paparazzi photographers. It is said that he spat at and assaulted a photographer in Sydney in 2004. A relative of his also is said to have spat on a photographer in 2005. Ledger said this was not true.
Ledger caused problems after he was quoted in January 2006 in Australia's "Herald Sun" as saying that West Virginia had banned "Brokeback Mountain" (which it had not). He also said the state had lynchings as recently as the 1980s. These statements have been said to not be true by historians, who said that the last non-legal public hanging in West Virginia happened in 1931.
Personal life.
From August 2002 to April 2004, Ledger had a relationship with actress Naomi Watts. They met during the filming of "Ned Kelly". Before that, he had dated actresses Lisa Zane and Heather Graham.
Ledger was engaged to actress Michelle Williams, whom he met while filming "Brokeback Mountain". Their daughter, Matilda Rose, was born on October 28, 2005 in New York City.
In August 2007, "Us Weekly" said that Ledger and Williams ended their relationship. Neither Ledger nor Williams said the rumor was true at that time. In September, 2007, Williams' father, Larry, told the "Sydney Daily Telegraph" that Ledger and Williams had separated.
Death.
Ledger was found dead in his apartment in the SoHo neighborhood of New York City on January 22, 2008. Ledger's body was found by a housekeeper and a massage therapist, who entered the bedroom to find him face down on the floor with sleeping pills on a nearby table. Police said that there were "no obvious signs" of suicide. They also did not think his death was caused by someone else.
Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd released a statement saying, "It was with great sadness that I have learned of the passing of Heath Ledger... It is tragic that we have lost one of our nation's finest actors in the prime of his life."

Exposure (photography)
In photography, exposure is used to mean two things. Photograhic films or sensors have a certain senitivity. That means that a certain amount of light needs to be able to reach the film or sensor, before the image is correctly exposed. An exposure can also refer to a photo exposed that way.

Metropolitan Borough of Bury
The Metropolitan Borough of Bury is one of the ten Metropolitan boroughs in the metropolitan county of Greater Manchester.
It was set up in 1974 from the county borough of Bury and the boroughs of Prestwich and Radcliffe, along with the urban districts of Tottington and Whitefield, and part of the urban district of Ramsbottom.
The metropolitan borough, has an area of.

Politics of present-day nations and states
Countries with articles using the Politics portal template format

Metic
In Ancient Greece, a metic (Greek: "metoikos") was a foreigner living in a Greek city-state ("polis"). The metic did not have the same citizen rights as a citizen who was born in the state he was living in.
The term 'metic' was especially used in ancient Athens in the 4th and 5th centuries BC. A notable metic was Aristotle, who was born in Stageira but lived in Athens for a long time.

Democracy in Athens
Democracy in Ancient Athens was very different from modern democracy.
Qualification for Citizenship in Athens.
To be classed as a citizen in fifth century Athens you had to be male, born from two Athenian parents and over eighteen years old. Women, slaves, metics and children were not allowed to become citizens.
Citizens could be involved in the running of Athens and could be elected for important positions (see The Boule (Council of 500)).
Democracy in Action.
Athens had a direct democracy. This meant that each citizen had an equal say and opportunity in the governing of Athens. All of the citizens of Athens would meet on a hillside (the Pynx) 40 times a year to discuss how to run the city better.
All democratic countries now have an indirect democracy. This means we elect members of parliament to make decisions concerning government. There are now too many people in different countries for them to meet on a hillside, and many people are too busy to be able to go 40 times a year.
The Ecclesia (Assembly of Men).
All citizens could attend forty meetings a year. Meetings were held on a hillside called the Pynx. People would stand on a raised platform called the bema to speak. Speakers wore a garland whilst speaking. Any citizen could speak.
All decisions concerning the running of Athens were decided here - taxes, war, policy, etc. Any decisions were made by a show of hands.
A black pig would be sacrificed to the gods at the start of the meeting to make sure the meeting went well.
The Boule (Council of 500).
Cleisthenes, a democratic reformer, divided Attica into ten tribes in 510BC. The Boule was made up of 50 male Athenian citizens from each of the ten tribes (all over 30 years old). This meant that 500 men were elected, but only 50 served at any one time.

Gucci
Gucci, is an Italian fashion house (fashion design company).
It was started by Guccio Gucci (b.1881–d.1953) in Florence in 1921. Gucci is seen as one of the most famous, successful, and easily recognizable fashion brands in the world. Gucci is now owned by the French conglomerate company, Pinault-Printemps-Redoute (PPR).
BusinessWeek magazine says that Gucci made more than US$7 billion in 2006, and was 46th in the magazine's yearly "Top 100 Brands". For this reason Gucci is the second biggest selling fashion brand after LVMH. Most importantly Gucci is the biggest selling Italian brand in the world. Gucci has about 425 shops in the world and it sells its products to other shops by franchisees and department stores.
History of Gucci.
Gucci was started in 1906 by Guccio Gucci. In 1938, Gucci grew bigger, and a small shop opened in Rome. Guccio Gucci designed many of the company's famous clothes. In 1947, Gucci made the bamboo-handle handbag, which is still used. In the 1950s, Gucci also made the striped webbing (a type of material), and the suede and metal moccasin shoes.
Guccio Gucci's wife, Aida Calvelli had a large family, with six children, but only their sons (Vasco, Aldo, Ugo, and Rodolfo), not their daughters help lead the company. After Guccio's death in 1953, Aldo helped lead the company to being a major fashion shop in more than one country, opening the company’s first small shops in London, Paris, and New York. Even in Gucci’s younger years, the family was well-known for its arguments. Arguments about inheritances, stock holdings, and day-to-day operations of the shops often divided the family, and caused alliances to be made. Gucci grew in other countries. Gucci decided to grow a lot in East Asia in the late 1960s, opening shops in Hong Kong (China), Tokyo (Japan), and Korea. At that time, the company also made its famous GG logo (Guccio Gucci's initials), and the Flora silk scarf (worn most by Hollywood actress Grace Kelly), and the "Jackie O shoulder" bag, which was made famous by Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, the widow of U.S. President John F. Kennedy.
Gucci stayed as one of the biggest luxury clothes companies in the world, until the late 1970s, when some bad business decisions and family arguments almost made the company bankrupt. At the time, the brothers 'Aldo' and 'Rodolfo' controlled equal 50% shares of the company, but contributed less to the company than Guccio Gucci and all his sons did. In 1979, 'Aldo' made the 'Gucci Accessories Collection', or 'GAC', which was meant to increase sales for the Gucci Parfums sector, which his sons controlled. GAC sold small accessories, such as cosmetic bags, lighters, and pens, which were cheaper than the other items in the company’s accessories catalogue. Aldo relegated control of Parfums to his son Roberto in an effort to weaken Rodolfo’s control of the overall operations of the company.
Aldo Gucci grew into new markets, such as an agreement with American Motors Corporation (AMC), so that in 1972 AMC Hornet small "Sportabout" car became one of the first American cars to give a special luxury made by a famous fashion designer. The Gucci cars had striped green, red, and buff material inside, as well as the Gucci's logos and outside color selections.
The "Gucci Accessories Collection" was popular, but it brought the Gucci strength down. After a few years, the "Parfums section" started to sell better than the "Accessories section". The newly-made wholesaling business brought the once-exclusive brand to over a thousand stores in the United States alone with the GAC line, deteriorating the brand’s standing with fashionable customers. "In the 1960s and 1970s," writes Vanity Fair editor Graydon Carter, "Gucci had been at the pinnacle of chic, thanks to icons such as Audrey Hepburn, Grace Kelly, and Jacqueline Onassis. But by the 1980s, Gucci had lost its appeal, becoming a tacky airport brand."

Ghoul
A ghoul is a monster from ancient Arabian folklore. Ghouls live in burial grounds and other uninhabited places. The English word comes from the Arabic name for the creature: الغول "ghūl", which literally means "demon". The "ghul" is a devilish type of jinn believed to be sired by Iblis.
The female form is given as "ghouleh" in Muhawi and Kanaana (see ref below). The plural is "ghilan".
"Ghul" is also the name for shapeshifting demon that lives in the desert. The demon can take the form of an animal, especially a hyena. It lures unwary travellers into the desert. It will then kill and eat them. The creature also preys on young children, robs graves, and eats the dead. Because of this habit, the word "ghoul" is sometimes used to refer to an ordinary human such as a grave robber, or to anyone who likes the macabre.
The star Algol takes its name from this creature.
In Iran.
In Iranian mythologies, Ghouls are creatures very similar humans, but larger. Usually they are less intelligent and not necessarily evil.
Most Persian speakers use Ghul to describe large people (figuratively "giants"). This may or may not be considered an insult, depending on the situation.
How ghouls are shown.
Ghouls and ghoul-like creatures have been portrayed in different ways in fiction, including a series of dark fantasy, short stories by Brian McNaughton, a Michael Slade novel, "Ghoul", Larry Niven's "Ringworld" series, J.K. Rowling's Harry Potter series, "The Chronicles of Narnia", the works of Caitlín R. Kiernan, Laurell K. Hamilton's Anita Blake series, and Jim Butcher's The Dresden Files.
Literature.
Morlocks are a fictional species of cannibalistic ghouls, created by H. G. Wells for his 1895 novel, "The Time Machine". The Morlocks, as well as another supposed offshoot of humans, the Eloi, exist in the future world in the year 802,701 A.D. in "The Time Machine".
Bram Stoker's 1897 novel "Dracula" has a character that acts much like a ghoul. The character is named Renfield. Under the vampire's influence, Renfield becomes his willing slave. He develops a craving to eat living creatures in the hope of obtaining their life-force for himself. After being confined to an asylum, he considers eating a human hospital orderly, but finds he can only capture and consume flies, spiders, and the occasional bird.
In the fiction of H. P. Lovecraft, a ghoul is a member of a nocturnal race that lives underground. Some ghouls were once human, but a diet of human corpses, and perhaps the tutelage of proper ghouls, changed them into horrific bestial humanoids. In the short story "Pickman's Model" (1927), the first of Lovecraft's ghoul stories, they are unutterably terrible monsters; however, in his earlier novella "The Dream-Quest of Unknown Kadath" (1926), the ghouls are somewhat less disturbing, even comical at times, and both helpful and loyal to the protagonist. Richard Upton Pickman, a noteworthy Boston painter who disappeared mysteriously in "Pickman's Model", appears as a ghoul himself in "Dream-Quest". Similar themes appear in "The Lurking Fear" (1922) and "The Rats in the Walls" (1924). Both of stories claim there are subterranean clans of degenerate, cannibals or carrion-eating humans.
In modern and contemporary fiction, ghouls are often confused with other types of undead, usually the mindless varieties of zombies. Although modern fiction (post-1954), particularly 1954's "I Am Legend", suggests that the latter beings share cannibalistic habits with ghouls, it is nonetheless generally believed that vampires and zombies prefer live prey.
In Frank Herbert's Dune series, a "Ghola" is a deceased person who has been brought back to life, via a secret, almost illegal Tleilaxu technology. Traditionally, the "Ghola" is stripped of memories from his or her past life and taught new skills. "Ghola" are often sold to nobles by the Tleilaxu as servants and retainers. Given their highly superstitious nature, Fremen are distrustful of ghola, despite the potential usefulness of the living dead. The ambiguity as to whether or not latent memories of the "old self" are still present in the ghola's mind is a long-drawn debate throughout the story. It has been suggested that the term "ghola" originates in Arabic, as do other terms in the Dune series.
Movies and television.
Although many screenplays have featured ghouls, the first major motion picture of this theme was the 1933 British film entitled "The Ghoul". The actor Boris Karloff plays a dying Egyptologist who possesses an occult gem, known as The Eternal Light, which he believes will grant immortality if he is buried with it, and thereby able to present it to Anubis in the afterlife. Of course, his bickering covetous heirs and associates would rather keep the jewel for themselves. Karloff vows to rise from his grave and avenge himself against anyone who meddles with his plan, and he keeps this promise when one of his colleagues steals The Eternal Light after his death.
In 1968, George A. Romero's film "Night of the Living Dead" combined reanimated corpses (zombies) with cannibalistic monsters (ghouls). With this, it created new film monsters more terrifying than either of the two alone. The term "ghoul" was the one actually used in the film. The term zombies came later, after the film was released. Romero had never thought of them that way; he said he thought of the Caribbean creatures, when he heard the term "zombies".
The 1976 Turkish film 'Milk Brothers' (original story by H. Rahmi Gurpinar's 'Ghoul') is a Turkish comedy. Here, a ghoul is a monster with extra power. Ghoul is a monster that was used to frighten little children in the old times, so here the ghoul is used to frighten not only little children, but as well big people.
The 1975 British film "The Ghoul" (unrelated to the Karloff film) stars Peter Cushing as a defrocked missionary whose son has developed a taste for human flesh while traveling in India. As the son's mind and body degenerate, Cushing has several young people dispatched and prepared as food for his offspring, whom he keeps locked up in the attic.
The 1975 anthology film "The Monster Club" featured a segment about a village of ghouls stumbled upon by an unwary traveller (Stuart Whitman), who temporarily escapes the creatures with the help of one half-human girl, but he is recaptured when it turns out that the ghouls have representatives inhabiting our normal human world.
In the anime and manga series "Hellsing", ghouls are zombie-like creatures that are created when a "chipped" (technological) vampire drains a victim to death, or, in the Manga, where a vampire drains the blood of someone who is not a virgin. If fatally wounded, they instantly crumble to dust. They are under the control of the vampire who bites them, eat human flesh, and are intelligent enough to use firearms. It is not rare to see a vampire make a small army of Ghouls for attack or defense.
"The Ghoul" is the stage name of Cleveland-area horror television host Ron Sweed.
The Batman comics-based franchise, including the 2005 movie, "Batman Begins", has an antagonist named, Rā's al-Ghūl, whose name derives from the original Arabic name for the star Algol in the constellation Perseus meaning "the monster's (i.e. Medusa's) head".

Most Haunted
"Most Haunted" is a British paranormal television program based on investigating possible paranormal activity. It is shown on the satellite and cable channels Living, Living2 and Virgin 1 (Formerly Ftn), mainly for the UK market. It is also shown in the United States on the Travel Channel and on the W Channel in Australia. It is made by Antix Productions, and is led by Yvette Fielding and her husband Karl Beattie.
The show will start their 10th series on February 19, 2008.
Production.
The team travel around the UK, and also Ireland, the Netherlands and the United States, investigating possible paranormal 'hotspots' for 24 hours.
The Most Haunted team.
Most Haunted has a main presenter, a psychic medium and a parapsychologist. The parapsychologist's role is to be the skeptic, and to give possible scientifical suggestions for the paranormal activity that happens during the night. These are supported by some of the production crew, who appear in the show and generally have some involvement with many parts of the investigation as they are performing their normal crew role. Most of these on-screen crew members also take part in séances.
The show has also featured guest mediums. So far these have been Ian Lawman, Ian Shillito, Gordon Smith, Uri Geller and Kevin Wade. Some episodes have also included at least one celebrity. So far celebrities have included Vic Reeves, Nancy Sorrell, Gaby Roslin, Scott Mills, Mark Chapman, Simon Gregson, Sue Cleaver, Carol Thatcher, Paul O'Grady and Lee Ryan.
Former team members.
The following is a list of former team and crew members who have given a lot of their time to the show.
Controversy.
Many times, former "psychic medium" Derek Acorah was possessed by a spirit, sometimes evil or sometimes "lost and confused". One such case that exposed Acorah was at Bodmin Gaol, Cornwall. Before the filming, Acorah had been fed misinformation about a non-existent ghost of Kreed Kafer by the show parapsychologist Dr. Ciaran O' Keeffe. During the investigation, which was later broadcast, he presented the information as fact and even behaved as though being possessed by the fictional ghost. O'Keeffe later revealed Kreed Kafer is an anagram of 'Derek Faker' in a national newspaper. Even though O' Keeffe exposed Acorah, the paper also claimed that O' Keeffe had exposed the rest of the Most Haunted team. O'Keeffe later reported that he had been grossly misquoted and misrepresented in the article, and produced a response outlining his version of the show based on his observations and findings, saying he had exposed Derek Acorah and NOT Most Haunted. The show's presenter and executive producer, Yvette Fielding said in an interview that she believes it was a fake possession.
Although not mentioned by O'Keeffe, the Mirror article also brought into question unedited footage which appeared to show Fielding and Karl Beattie faking 'paranormal' occurrences such as ghostly bumps and knocks. Fielding denied the claims. Thus far none of this footage has come to light, leading to the belief that the Mirror's claims were false. Videos purporting to show the team faking paranormal activity have often popped up on the web but are conclusively show nothing damning.
Further controversy centred on Derek Acorah again in the West Country, this time in Devon. On the first night filming "Terror in Torbay", Acorah mentioned a woman incarcerated by her jealous sister in the cellar of Lupton House, even coming up with the names Margaret and Eleanor. In this case, the facts were right, but the location was wrong. This is the well-known legend of Berry Pomeroy Castle which was to be the last night's location. On the final night, at Berry Pomeroy, Fielding reminded Acorah that he had mentioned the incarcerated sister two nights prior. Acorah glossed over his mistake and changed the subject.

List of Most Haunted episodes
"Most Haunted" is a British television programme based on a group of paranormal investigators (people who investigate things) going and doing paranormal investigations of places. The following is a list of episodes and locations for the series since it began in 2002.
Series 1 (2002).
Note: Most of these episodes were only 30 minutes long, however, some have been made the full hour and titled 'Most Haunted Unseen'. Footage added has a note that says that it is not part of the original broadcast. The first episode to be produced, and the last to appear in the series was "Michelham Priory". In Series 8, the team revisited this location to mark the 100th episode.
Series 4 (2004).
Note: Phil Whyman left at the end of the 4th Series.
Series 6 (2005).
Note: David Wells became a medium on this show in this series alongside the long-time favorite, Derek Acorah. This was the last series that Derek Acorah would be the medium in and he didn't appear in the final episode at Sinai House. The original run for Series 6 was only to be 18 episodes, with the last 11 as Series 7, but due to the leaving of Acorah, the series was made longer.
Series 8 (2006).
Note: The last 3 episodes were meant to be from Series 7, but were made part of the eighth series. They are known as the "lost episodes" and had more guest showings from Medium Gordon Smith. Also appearing were Ian Lawman, Ian Shillito and Kevin Wade. Richard Felix departed the programme after Series 8 because their producers dropped his role from the show.
Series 9 (2007).
Note: The series became known as New Most Haunted after Episode 4 in the television listings on screen, with the word 'New' covering the corner of the logo for the show.

Yvette Fielding
Yvette Fielding (born 23 September 1968, Stockport, England) is an English television presenter. She is the presenter of the shows "Most Haunted", "Most Haunted Live!" and "Ghosthunting with...". She is also the executive producer of the shows.
Yvette was educated at Pownall Green Primary School and Bramhall High School in Bramhall, Stockport, in Greater Manchester and Poynton. She also attended Hillcrest Grammar School, Davenport.
Fielding presented the children's television show, "Blue Peter" from 1987 to 1992, and was the youngest ever person to do so; she was only 18 years old when she started. Previously, she had acted in the children's television comedy series "Seaview".
Since leaving "Blue Peter", Fielding has worked on television shows such as "What's Up Doc?", "Heaven and Earth", "The General" and "City Hospital", and also had acting roles in "Last of the Summer Wine" (making an appearance in the series while making a "Blue Peter" report on the show) and "Juliet Bravo". She also appeared as a regular alongside Fred Dineage and Toyah Willcox on a property-pricing based game-show called "Under Offer" made for Meridian Television.
She is to appear in a guest-role in the popular BBC drama "Holby City" in 2007 and appeared in the ITV2 reality television programme "Deadline", finishing second.
Since 2002, Yvette Fielding and her husband Karl Beattie have both made "Most Haunted" for the British TV channel Living through their production company, "Antix." Viewers can see Fielding at many possible haunted locations around Britain, in the hopes for paranormal activity that could be caught on film.
Fielding and her husband have a daughter, Mary.
Eccentric British pop duo, Astrojade, started their musical career with a song titled "Yvette Fielding" as a homage to her and "Most Haunted".
She likes cars and has 3 Aston Martins, a Land Rover and a Range Rover.

Anarchopedia
Anarchopedia is an online encyclopedia. The encyclopedia started in September of 2004. People can create accounts, log in using their accounts and create new articles. Anarchopedia called itself "the first anarchist wiki encyclopedia".
The project of "Anarchopedia"is present in about 30 different languages like English, Italian, Spanish, German and Swedish.

ASUS Eee PC
The ASUS Eee PC is a very small laptop made by ASUS and Intel. It is designed to have a light weight and low price. It runs Linux as its operating system.
The name "Eee" (pronounced as the letter "e", IPA /iː/) comes from "the three Es," ASUS used in their advertisements for the device: "Easy to learn, Easy to work, Easy to play".

Tutsan
Tutsan () is a deciduous bushy Eurasian shrub with golden yellow flowers and fruits are red berries which turn black when fully ripe and are eaten and spread by birds. Its scientific name is "Hypericum androsaemum" L., and like as its congeneric species H. perforatum has medical properties

Telluride Bluegrass Festival
The Telluride Bluegrass Festival is an annual music festival held in Telluride, a town in the state of Colorado. The festival is put on by. The festival mainly focuses on bluegrass music. It has had artists in the past such as Nickel Creek, Bela Fleck, and Chris Thile.

List of current champions in WWE
The following is a list of all current champions in World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), as of. There are seven active singles championships: the WWE Championship, World Heavyweight Championship, ECW Championship, Intercontinental Championship, United States Championship, Women's Championship and Divas Championship; as well as two tag team championships: the World and WWE Tag Team Championships. There are eleven wrestlers that hold these championships on the company's three brands: Raw, SmackDown, and ECW. The list includes the number of times the wrestler has held the title, the date and location of the win, and a description of the winning bout.
At the top of WWE's championship hierarchy, Jeff Hardy is the current holder of the WWE Championship on SmackDown, he is the newest world champion in WWE, Matt Hardy is representing ECW with the ECW Championship, and on Raw the World Heavyweight Champion is John Cena.
Other champions in WWE include World Tag Team champions John Morrison and The Miz (both in their first individual and team reigns), they won the title at a house show in Hamilton, Ontario, this is rare for a title to switch hands at a house show and stay switched at the end of the show, Shelton Benjamin is currently the U.S. Champion, William Regal is the Intercontinental Champion, he is the newest champion in the WWE. The tag team of Primo Colon and Carlito represent SmackDown's tag champions, they are real-life brothers, having won the WWE Tag Team Championship on August 21, 2008, they are in their first reign as as team, they're also in their first individual reigns. Beth Phoenix is the current Women's Champion and is in her second reign, she won the title on August 17, 2008. The newest championship, the WWE Divas Championship, is held by Michelle McCool who won the title at the 2008 edition of "The Great American Bash" on July 20, 2008.

Non-governmental organizations
A non-governmental organization (NGO) is an organization which is created by private persons or organizations which are not part of the government.

Complutense University of Madrid
The Complutense University of Madrid (, UCM) is one of the oldest universities in the world and the top public university in Spain. It is located on a sprawling campus that occupies the entirety of the Ciudad Universitaria district of Madrid, with annexes in the district of Somosaguas in the neighbouring city of Pozuelo de Alarcón.
According to the annual university rankings conducted by "El Mundo", the Complutense University ranks as the top public university in Spain.

Hydro power
Hydro power is the power of moving water to control certain machines. Not many people use this power.It is a kind of renewable power.

Opera
"See Opera (Internet Suite) for the web browser."
Opera is a drama set to music. An opera is like a play in which everything is sung instead of spoken. Operas are usually performed in opera houses. The singers who sing and act out the story are on the stage, and the orchestra are in front of the stage but lower down, in the orchestra pit, so that the audience can see the stage.
Musical numbers of an opera.
An opera is normally divided into two, three, four or even five acts. In older operas the music was mostly recitative and arias. During the recitative things would happen in the story. The aria was a song for a solo singer, a setting of a lyric. As well as recitative and aria there would be choruses. The chorus were a group of singers who sing in the crowd scenes. The opera would start with an overture for the orchestra. The overture would usually include tunes that are going to be heard later in the opera.
In operas from the 19th century onwards there is often little or no difference between recitative and aria. Composers like Wagner wanted to get away from operas which had lots of separate arias in which the singers showed off, with the audience clapping loudly after each one. He wanted continuous music so that the mood would not be broken.
Sometimes operas have a lot of dancing in them. French opera especially would often have one act which was full of dances.
Types of opera.
Not all operas have music all the time.
Grand opera is opera which is all set to music.
Opéra buffe (French) or Opera buffa (Italian) is comic opera. The story is very light-hearted and funny.
Opéra comique is a French term for opera which has some spoken words. Surprisingly it does not mean a “comic” opera. It usually means an opera which has a happy ending.
Singspiel is a German term for a type of opera with lots of magic and fantasy in the story. There were spoken words between the songs. Mozart’s "Magic Flute" is an example.
Operetta is a short opera which is light-hearted and usually has some spoken words.
The singers.
Opera singers have to have powerful voices as well as a good technique. Most opera houses are very big, and the singers need to be heard at the back. They also need to be good at acting. They need to be able to learn their music quickly and to sing from memory. It is a help to be good at languages because operas are often in Italian, German, French, English or Russian etc. Some opera companies, like the English National Opera, sing their operas in English. Others, like the Royal Opera House, sing operas in whatever language they were composed in. Translations are printed on a screen above the front of the stage ("surtitles") so that the audience can understand what is being sung.
Although singers train to get a wide range (good top and bottom notes) they cannot be expected to sing any role in their voice range. For example: some sopranos may have big, dramatic voices, suitable for parts like Tosca in Puccini’s opera "Tosca". Some may have a very light and high voice, called “coloratura”, suitable for parts like the Queen of the Night in Mozart’s "Magic Flute". Some may have a medium range, called mezzo-soprano, suitable for parts like Carmen in Bizet’s opera "Carmen".
Very often in opera the heroine is a soprano and the hero is a tenor. Basses may often have the part of a powerful king, or he may be the bad guy.
Operatic conventions.
In the 18th century there was a famous man called Dr Johnson who said that opera was an “exotic and irrational entertainment”. By “exotic” he meant that it came from a foreign country (which in those days was true: all opera at the time came from Italy). By “irrational” he meant that the things which happened in the stories were strange and not like real life. A play can be like real life, but an opera is being sung, so things are not going to happen like they normally do in real life. A singer might be singing “I must go, I must go!” and he may stand on the stage and sing this for several minutes before at last he goes! A singer may be pretending to die, and will sing a beautiful song before he/she finally dies. These things are “conventions”, which means that they are a kind of habit we have to accept when watching and listening to opera. Another convention of earlier operas was to have the part of young men sung by women. This is sometimes called a breeches role or trouser role. They are often small parts such as page boys, or teenagers who flirt with older women, such as the part of Cherubino in Mozart’s " The Marriage of Figaro" or Oktavian in Richard Strauss’s "Der Rosenkavalier". It should be remembered that in the 18th century it was usual for the main female part to be sung by a man who was a castrato. That seems a very strange (and cruel) convention to us now.
There are lots of famous operas, and the best ones have some of the greatest music ever written. The music could not have been written like that if it had not been written for opera. For example: Mozart is very clever at writing music where maybe six people are all singing different things at once because they all have different ideas about the situation in the story.
Baroque opera (1600-1750).
The first opera ever written was performed in 1597 in Florence in Italy. It was called "Dafne" and the composer was Jacopo Peri. This opera is now lost, but three years later, in 1600, he worked together with another composer called Giulio Caccini to write an opera called "Euridice". The music for this still exists. It was nearly all recitative. This kind of writing was new, but if opera was to tell a story it was important to have a solo voice singing words that could be heard. They were trying to produce something like an ancient Greek tragedy. It was performed at a kind of club, called “camerata”, for intellectual (clever) people to a small audience. It was not great music, but the amazing thing was that there was a composer of genius around. His name was Claudio Monteverdi, and only seven years later, in 1607, he wrote the first really good opera: "Orfeo", which was produced in Mantua. Monteverdi must have realized that opera had the possibilities of putting poetry, music, scenery and acting all together. He took the kind of songs that were popular at the time and joined them with speaking or recitative. Later in life he joined these so that the music flowed more dramatically.
In 1637 the first public opera house was opened in Venice. Soon lots of theatres in Italy started to produce operas. The stories were usually about ancient times, like the Roman Empire or Greek myths. They started to put in comic (funny) bits to make people laugh. Soon there was opera in Paris, Vienna, Hamburg and in the small courts of Germany which in those days was lots of little countries, each with their own prince who ruled and who kept musicians at court. The composers who are best remembered today include Jean-Baptiste Lully (1632-1687) who was an Italian who moved to France and wrote operas for the French king, and George Frideric Handel (1685-1759) who was a German who moved to England and wrote operas for the opera houses in London. In Italy there were composers like Francesco Cavalli (1602-1676) who had been a choirboy in Monteverdi’s church choir in Venice, and Alessandro Scarlatti 1660-1725 who lived in Naples.
During this period, known as the Baroque period, the opera was an entertainment for the upper classes who went to the opera to be seen in public. Opera was a social occasion where you could meet people and talk, even during the music. Both the singers and the audience behaved in ways that we would think were bad manners.
Classical opera (late 18th century).
Christoph Willibald Gluck was a composer who tried to make people take opera more seriously. In 1762 he wrote an opera called "Orfeo" which was performed in Vienna. It had lots of choruses and ballet numbers, like French opera, but the words were in Italian and the music really concentrated on the story rather than being just a display for clever singers to show off. Some of its music is very famous today, e.g. the "Dance of the Blessed Spirits" which is played on a flute, and Orfeo’s aria "Che faró senza Euridice?" ("What shall I do without Euridice?").
Mozart learned from Gluck’s ideas about opera. This can be seen in his opera "Idomeneo" which is about a Greek story. Other Italian operas by Mozart include: "Don Giovanni", "Le Nozze di Figaro" and "Cosi fan tutte". He also wrote operas in German: "The Abduction from the Serail" and "The Magic Flute". These are Singspiel: operas which tell magic and fantasy stories.
Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827) only wrote one opera: "Fidelio". It is a story of a woman who rescues her lover from prison. Rescue operas were popular in France, but this one is in German. It is a serious opera about how a woman can save a man by being true and faithful.
Romantic opera (19th century).
In the 19th century Richard Wagner (1813-1883) continued Gluck’s ideas. Wagner had very personal ideas about how his operas should be performed, and he liked to train the singers himself. He wanted them to take the drama of his operas seriously instead of treating the music as a way of showing off their voices. He always wrote the libretti (words for the opera) himself, and they were always in German. They are mostly about serious subjects from German folklore and myths, although he did write one comic opera: "The Mastersingers of Nürnberg". Wagner used “leitmotifs” which means that there are tunes which are used for particular characters or ideas in the opera. This allows the music to develop with the story, and can be used in interesting ways. For example: when Sigmund (in the opera "Die Walküre") says that he does not know who his father is, we hear his father’s tune in the orchestra! The audience, of course, know (this is called: dramatic irony).
In Italy Gioachino Rossini (1792-1868) wrote lots of operas. There was no difference in style between his comic and his serious operas. Often the same overture was used for both. He wrote exactly all the notes that the singers were to sing, he did not want to leave it to them to improvise their own ornamental notes. Everything was carefully thought out. Musicians are not sure whether to call him a Classical or Romantic composer. Composers like Vincenzo Bellini (1801-1835) and Gaetano Donizetti (1797-1848) are definitely Romantic. They had the ability to write lovely lyrical tunes. The most famous Italian opera composer of the 19th century was Giuseppe Verdi (1813-1901). His music is not always continuous like Wagner’s. Sometimes it stopped for the audience to applaud. Verdi had a wonderful sense of drama, and could write beautiful melodies which captured people’s hearts. He loved Shakespeare, and based several of his operas on Shakespeare plays: "Otello", "Macbeth" and "Falstaff".
The 19th century was the time when Nationalism was important. Composers were writing music typical of their own countries. Wagner, as we have seen, took German myths for his opera stories. In Spain they had their own kind of opera called “zarzuela”. In Russia Mikhail Glinka (1804-1857) wrote "Ruslan and Lyudmila" which was based on a Russian fairy tale. Other Russian composers include Alexander Borodin who wrote "Prince Igor", and Modest Mussorgsky (1839-1881) who wrote "Boris Godunov". Both these operas are about stories from Russian history. Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov (1844-1908) wrote a fairy tale opera "Sadko", and Pyotr Tchaikovsky (1840-1893) used some very Russian tunes in "Eugene Onegin" and "The Queen of Spades".
Czech composers wrote national operas. The most famous Czech opera composers were Antonín Dvořák (1841-1904), Bedřich Smetana (1824-1884) and Leoš Janáček (1854-1928). In France the most famous composer was Charles Gounod (1818-1893) who wrote an opera called "Faust".
Opera in the 20th century.
In the 20th century composers had many different styles of composing. This was true of all kinds of music, including opera. Richard Strauss (1864-1949) was really a Romantic, although almost all his operas were written in the 20th century. His harmonies show that he had studied Wagner’s operas. "Der Rosenkavalier" (1909) has lots of romantic tunes, although it is a story about Vienna in the Classical period. In Italy composers like Giacomo Puccini (1858-1924) wrote operas in the verismo style. This meant operas with stories that felt like real life. The characters in the stories were usually from the lower classes.
Alban Berg (1885-1935) also wrote operas about poor or simple people. He wrote an opera called "Wozzeck" which is the tragedy of a man who is too simple to understand that people are being unkind to him and using him. Berg’s music is often built on the twelve tone series which he had learned from Schoenberg. Stravinsky’s (1882-1971) "The Rake's Progress" is in yet another style called Neo-classical because the music is made to sound a bit like music of the Classical Period. In England Britten wrote many great operas like "Peter Grimes" and "Billy Budd". Most of them are about unfortunate people who want to be part of society but are not accepted.
More recent composers who wrote operas include the Hungarian Győrgy Ligeti (1923-2006), the Polish Krzysztof Penderecki (b.1933), the English Sir Harrison Birtwistle and the Americans Philip Glass (b.1937) and John Adams (b.1947).

West Sussex
In 1974 the old county of Sussex was split into East Sussex and West Sussex.
Unlike many of the changes made by the Local Government Act 1972, the new counties are popular with the local people.

Avon (county)
Avon was a county in South west England. It was not popular, and was broken up between parts of Somerset, Bristol and Gloucestershire

Hereford and Worcester
Hereford and Worcester was a county in England set up after 1974. It was not popular because Hereford and Worcester used to be two separate counties.
In 1997, the county was split up in Hereford and Worcester again

Humberside
Humberside was a non-metropolitan county of England. It was set up in 1974.
It was not popular, because the north and south banks of the Humber used to be in different counties, and there were no links between the two.
Even the building of the Humber Bridge, the longest bridge in Europe at the time, did not encourage the two sides of the river to mix.

Dave Farrell
David Michael Farrell (born February 8, 1977), also known as Phoenix, is Linkin Park’s bassist and backup vocalist.
Biography.
Farrell was born in Plymouth, Massachusetts, but when he was five he moved to Mission Viejo, California where he attended Mission Viejo High School. He graduated in 1999 at the University of California, Los Angeles. He can play bass guitar, electric guitar, cello and violin.
Farrell was a member of a Christian punk/ska band called Tasty Snax. While he was at the college, he shared the room with his friend Brad Delson, and they practiced together.
Unfortunately, he had to go in tour with the Tasty Snax so he couldn’t play with Delson and his band. Then, Farrell left his band to play bass with Linkin Park. Farrell's fellow band mate Mark Fiore became Linkin Park's videographer.
Personal life.
He has been married to Linsey Farrell since December 28, 2002, and, in 2007, he became a father. He has two brothers, the older is called Joe, and the younger is called Tyler.

Audi
Audi AG is a German automobile manufacturer with headquarters in Ingolstadt, Bavaria, and has been an almost wholly owned (99.7%) subsidiary of the Volkswagen Group since 1964.

Armani
Armani, is an Italian fashion house (fashion designer company). It started in Milan in 1975 by Giorgio Armani and Sergio Galeotti, with $10,000. The company designs and makes several different types of things, including fashion accessories, clothing, cosmetics, fragrances, home decorations, jewelry, glasses, and watches.
Armani Collezioni.
"Armani Collezioni" is a high-class label from fashion designer Giorgio Armani. The label is more expensive than the "Armani Exchange", "Armani Jeans" and "Emporio Armani" labels but less expensive than the "Giorgio Armani" label(sometimes named the "Armani black label") and "Armani Privé".
The label is usually for older buyers who do not want new designs, but has older high quality clothes.
It replaced the "Giorgio Armni Le Collezioni" line. As well as being sold as the only product in some small shops, it is also sold in expensive department stores such as Harrods, Harvey Nichols, David Jones, Nordstrom and Neiman Marcus.
Emporio Armani.
"Emporio Armani" is an Armani label that is for younger adults. The label is the third cheapest Armani label and can be bought at its 13 American small shops and more than 140 small shops in total in the world, making it the largest sold Armani label. Products by this label include quick and easy to wear clothes, sunglasses, perfume, accessories and watches. The line is considered a "bridge line" as it features higher-end products than "Armani Exchange" or "Armani Jeans" but is not as expensive as the exclusive "Armani Collezioni" or "Giorgio Armani" ('black label') lines. "Emporio Armani" is sold in small shops that only sell "Emporio Armani", and also in expensive department stores, and through their online shops.
Armani Exchange.
"Armani Exchange" (often "A|X") was made in 1991. It is for younger buyers, often in their older teenage years. It uses city fashion, quick and easy to wear clothes, especially T-shirts, jeans, polos, and sports coats. Armani Exchange is the cheapest of all the Armani labels and is mainly sold in the USA.
The label has 69 shops and 6 outlets in the United States and over 50 shops in other countries. The UK's first shops opened at Bluewater in Kent, "The Trafford Centre" in Manchester and in the Metquater inLiverpool.
Size.
At the end of 2005, sales were $1.69 billion.
Today, the company has 4,700 workers and 13 factories in the world. It has nearly 300 shops in the world, which are in 36 different countries. The company has started a very high-class collection named Armani Privé, which can be seen in the "Haute Couture fashion week" in Paris.
Armani Hotels.
Armani agreed in 2004 with Emaar Properties to make some expensive hotels in some big cities, such as London, Paris, New York, Tokyo, Shanghai, Dubai and Milan. The company already has many cafes in the world, as well as a bar, a restaurant and a nightclub.
Emaar Hotels agreed to build and operate at least seven expensive hotels and three holiday resorts under the "Armani" name. Armani would design the inside of the buildings and the style of the hotels. The first hotel in Dubai is thought to be ready in early 2008.
The bottom 37 floors of the Burj Dubai skyscraper in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, will have the world's first Armani Hotel, and Giorgio Armani is also designing the inside of the skyscraper.

List of Linux distributions
Debian-based.
Debian is a distribution that accepts just free software. It is supported on many hardware platforms.
Knoppix-based.
Knoppix is itself based on Debian.
Ubuntu-based.
Ubuntu is based on Debian.
Gentoo-based.
Gentoo is a distribution designed to have highly optimized and frequently updated software.
RPM-based.
Red Hat Linux and SUSE Linux were the original major distributions that used the RPM file format, which is today used in several package management systems. Both of these later divided into commercial and community-supported distributions.
Slackware-based.
Slackware is known as a highly customizable distribution,generally considered a distribution for expert users.
SLAX-Based.
SLAX's distributions are know for be really good in branch of quality.
Others.
The following distributions either use another packaging system, do not use any, or are simply not categorized.

Giorgio Armani
Giorgio Armani (born in 11 July 1934) is an Italian fashion designer. He is mainly famous for designing men's clothes. He made his company, Armani, in 1974, and in 2001 was said to be the most successful designer to come from Italy, with a yearly turnover of $1.691 billion, and having $4.1 billion.

Calenzano
Calenzano is a "comune" (municipality) in the province of Florence in the Italian region Tuscany. It is located about 11 km northwest of Florence. Calenano has an area of 76.9 km² and a population of 15,557 inhabitants.
Calenzano borders the following municipalities: Barberino di Mugello, Campi Bisenzio, Prato, San Piero a Sieve, Sesto Fiorentino, Vaglia, Vaiano.
Connection.
Calenzano has a station on the regional railway connecting it to Prato, Florence, Pistoia and Lucca. It can be reached by road from the highway "A1". Buses connect Calenzano to Prato, Florence, Campi Bisenzio and Barberino di Mugello.

Silk tree
Silk tree Albizia julibrissin is a species of genus "Albizia" from southeast and east Asia, from east Iran to China and Korea.
This Genus honoring italian noble Filippo del Albizzi, who introduce it in Europe at middle XVIII century, sometimes incorrectly named "Albizzia". The specific name "julibrissin" is a corruption of farsi "Gul-i Abrisham" (گل ابریشم) meaning silktree, by its flowers ("Gul" گل is "flower" and "Abrisham" ابریشم means "silk").

Corbin Bleu
"Corbin Bleu" (born 1989) is an American actor and singer. He appears as Chad in High School Musical and High School Musical 2. He was a guest star as one of Miley's friends, Johnny Collins, in Hannah Montana and as Spencer in Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide. He also works in Disney Channel's original movie, "Jump in" working with Keke Palmer (Akeelah and the Bee).

Lucas Grabeel
Lucas Grabeel (born November 23, 1984) is an American actor, singer and songwriter. He works in Disney Channel's original movies, "High School Musical" and "High School Musical 2" plays Ryan Evans (Sharpay's brother).

Micrometre
A micrometre (the American spelling is micrometer; symbol is µm) is a unit of length in the SI measurement system. It can also be called a micron. It is one millionth of a metre.
A micrometre is often used as a measurement for cells like bacteria.

541 Deborah
541 Deborah is a minor planet orbiting the Sun. It was found by Max Wolf on August 4, 1904. Its provisional name was 1904 OO.

542 Susanna
542 Susanna is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Paul Götz and August Kopff in 1904. Its provisional name was 1904 OQ.

543 Charlotte
543 Charlotte is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Paul Götz in 1904. Its provisional name was 1904 OT.

Trochenbrod
Trochenbrod or Trochinbrod in Russian () was a Jewish shtetl (village) with an area 1,728 acres once located in what is now western Ukraine, about 30 kilometers northeast of Lutsk. It used to be a part of Poland. It was also known as Sofievka or Zofiówka in Polish, named after Sofia, a Russian princess who donated land for the Jewish settlement.
History.
Trochenbrod was founded in 1835, at first a farming colony which grew into a small town. The population grew from around 1,200 (235 families) in 1889 to 1,580 in 1897.
During the Polish-Soviet War, the town was captured by Poland. By 1938 the town's population, which was only Jewish, had grown to at least 3,000. Most of the people worked in farming, dairy farming, or tanning.
There were seven synagogues in Trochenbrod. In 1940, the town, along with the rest of Western Ukraine, became part of the Soviet Union (see Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact). The rabbi at this time was Rabbi Gershon Weissmann. The Communists exiled him to Siberia after accusing him of being involved in underground salt trading.
When the Nazis later occupied Ukraine, they created a ghetto at Trochenbrod, bringing in Jews from nearby villages and towns. The Jews in the Trochenbrod ghetto were killed by the Nazis in August and September 1942. Most of the Jews of Trochenbrod as well as of the neighbouring village Lozisht were killed, as were the other Jews of Volhynia. The local Ukrainian police force helped to round up the Jews. No more than 200 Jews from the Trochenbrod ghetto and nearby areas lived through this killing. The village itself was burned. Now only fields and a forest can be found there.
A few of the people escaped the execution and destruction. At the end of the war, the number of people left was between 33 and 40; most were found in the area near Lutzk.
Trochenbrod in fiction.
A fictional version of the shtetl, "Trachimbrod", was featured in the 2002 novel "Everything Is Illuminated" by Jonathan Safran Foer as well as in the 2005 film based on the novel.
Safran Foer's story describes fictional events in the village between 1791, the year in which the shtetl was first named, and 1941, when it was destroyed in the war. The main character of the book (who goes by the author's name and also by the name "The Hero") comes to Ukraine to look for a woman named Augustine, who saved his grandfather in the war.

Judith
Judith is a Christian women's given name, which comes from Hebrew word Yəhûḏîṯ, meaning either "praised one" or "a woman from Judea". The name's popularity goes back to the story told below.
History.
In first half of the I millennium BC, an Assyrian king, Nebuchadnezzar, wanted to conquer Israel. An Israeli woman, called Judith, went to Nabuchodonozor's general, Holofernes, and offered that she will have sex with him. Holofernes used to drink wine before sex. When he was drunk, Judith cut off his head and saved Israel.

544 Jetta
544 Jetta is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It is thought to be 12 km in diameter. It was found by Paul Götz in 1904. Its provisional name was 1904 OU.

545 Messalina
545 Messalina is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Paul Götz in 1904. Its provisional name was 1904 OY.

546 Herodias
546 Herodias is a C-type asteroid orbiting in the Main belt near the Eunomia family. However, it is not a family member but an unrelated asteroid in the area because what it's made of is inconsistent with membership. Its diameter is about 66 km, its albedo around 0.053, and its rotation period is 10.4 hours.
It was found by Paul Götz in 1904. Its provisional name was 1904 PA.

547 Praxedis
547 Praxedis is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Paul Götz in 1904. Its provisional name was 1904 PB.

548 Kressida
548 Kressida is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Paul Götz in 1904. Its provisional name was 1904 PC.
The planet Uranus has a moon named Cressida.

Quinto, Switzerland
Quinto is a municipality of the district Leventina in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Rancate
Rancate is a municipality of the district Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Riva San Vitale
Riva San Vitale is a municipality of the district Mendrisioin the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Rivera (disambiguation)
Rivera is a surname of Spanish beginnings that was the old spelling of "ribera", the Spanish word for “riverbank”.

Rivera, Switzerland
Rivera is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Ronco sopra Ascona
Ronco sopra Ascona is a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Rovio
Rovio is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

San Nazzaro, Switzerland
San Nazzaro is a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Sant'Abbondio
Sant`Abbondio is a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Sant'Antonino
Sant'Antonino is a municipality of the district Bellinzona in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.
Sant'Antonino is not to be confused with the municipality of Sant'Antonio in the same district.

Sant'Antonio
Sant'Antonio is a municipality of the district Bellinzona in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.
This municipality is not to be confused with the municipality of Sant'Antonino of the same district.

Savosa
Savosa is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Sementina
Sementina is a municipality of the district Bellinzona in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Semione
Semione is a municipality of the district Blenio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Sessa
Sessa is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Sigirino
Sigirino is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Sobrio
Sobrio is a municipality of the district Leventina in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Sonogno
Sonogno is a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. It can be found in Valle Verzasca.

Sonvico
Sonvico is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Sorengo
Sorengo is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. Lago di Muzzano can be found in this municipality.

Lago di Muzzano
Lago di Muzzano is a lake in Ticino, Switzerland. It can be found in the municipalities of Sorengo, Muzzano and Collina d'Oro. Its surface area is 0.23 km². It flows into Lake Lugano.

Nidfurn
Nidfurn is a village and former municipality in the canton of Glarus, Switzerland.
It used to be its own municipality, until it was put together with 2 other municipalities to form Haslen.

Leuggelbach
Leuggelbach is a village in the canton of Glarus, Switzerland.
It used to be its own municipality, until it was put together with 2 other municipalities to form the new municipality, Haslen.

Agra, Switzerland
Agra is a village in the canton of Ticino, Switzerland.
This former municipality was put together with two other villages to form the new municipality of Collina d'Oro.

Gentilino
Gentilino is a village in the canton of Ticino, Switzerland.
The former municipality was put together with two other villages to form the new municipality of Collina d'Oro.

Munro (disambiguation)
A Munro is any Scottish mountain with a height over 3,000 feet (914.4 metres).

Miranda (Shakespeare)
In Shakespeare's play "The Tempest", Miranda is the beautiful daughter of the old Duke Prospero.
Miranda is a naive 15 year old girl.She and her Father were cast away by her uncle Antonio who wanted the throne and has been on a deserted island since she was 3. Her father Prospero sends Ariel, his spirit servant, to fetch Ferdinand and arranges things so that the two will come to love one another.

Homograph
A homograph is one of a group of words that have the same spelling but have different meanings. They can also have different pronunciations.

Orlande de Lassus
Orlande de Lassus (whose name is also spelt Orlandus Lassus, Orlando di Lasso, Roland de Lassus, or Roland Delattre) (born Mons, Hainaut, probably in 1532; died Munich, 14 June, 1594) was a Franco-Flemish composer who lived in the last part of the Renaissance. Lassus and Palestrina are the most two most famous composers of that time who were writing church music in a polyphonic style.
Life.
He was born in Mons in the province of Hainaut in the Low Countries which is mostly what is today the south part of the Netherlands and Belgium. We know very little about his childhood. There is a story that, when he was a choirboy, he was abducted three times by another church who wanted him to sing in their choir because he had a beautiful voice. There is no proof that this story is true.. At the age of twelve he left his country and went to Mantua, Sicily, and later to Milan in Italy and then to Naples where he worked until the early 1550s. Next he moved to Rome, where he worked for the Grand Duke of Tuscany, who had a large household there. In 1553, he became "maestro di cappella" of the Basilica di San Giovanni in Laterano in Rome. This was an excellent job for a man who was only 21 years old. However, he only stayed there a year. Later, in 1555, Palestrina took that job. Lassus left Rome to go home to the Low Countries to see his parents who were ill, but by the time he got home they were both dead.
We are not sure what he did between then and 1554. He may have gone to France and England. In 1555 he returned to the Low Countries and had some of his first works published in Antwerp. In 1556 he joined the court of Duke Albert V of Bavaria who was very keen on music and was trying to make music in his country as good as the music in Italy. Lassus was one of several Netherlanders to work there, and by far the most famous. He seems to have been happy in Munich and he stayed there. In 1558 he married the daughter of a maid of honour of the Duchess; they had two sons who both became composers. By 1563 Lassus had been made "maestro di cappella". He stayed there for the rest of his life, although several other kings and aristocrats offered him jobs in other places. He had many honours, including being knighted by the Pope.
In 1590 his health started to be bad. In 1594 his employer decided it was costing him too much to employ Lassus, so he wrote a letter to him to say that he was dismissed (that he no longer had a job). Lassus never saw the letter, because that very same day he died.
His music.
Lassus composed a lot of church music. He had to compose masses for the morning and evening services. Many of these are parody masses, which means they were based on tunes from other compositions. Others were influenced by composers from Venice.
He wrote many motets which were probably sung at services as well. In some of these motets he shows a sense of humour. For example, one of his motets makes fun about bad singers: the music stops and starts and stutters. It was a kind of musical joke. Sometimes he had to write music for special occasions. He had visited Italy several times and learned the Italian way of writing polyphonic music.
Lassus also wrote many songs in French (chansons) as well as German (Lieder). He also wrote madrigals. He even wrote drinking songs.
He never wrote anything that was strictly instrumental music.

Mons
Mons is a town in Belgium. It is in the Walloon part of Belgium where French is spoken. In Flemish it is called "Bergen" (The French word "Mons" and the Flemish word "Bergen" both mean "Mountains").
In 2007 its population was 91196.
It is located at 50° 27 North, 03° 56 East.

Hainaut (province)
Hainaut (pronunciation similar to "I know") is a province in Belgium. It is in the French speaking part of Belgium. The Flemish name for it is "Henegouwen". Its capital is Mons. It has an area of 3,800 km² which is divided into seven administrative districts (French: "arrondissements") which have 69 municipalities.

549 Jessonda
549 Jessonda is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Max Wolf in 1904. Its provisional name was 1904 PK.

550 Senta
550 Senta is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Max Wolf in 1904. Its provisional name was 1904 PL.

551 Ortrud
551 Ortrud is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Max Wolf in 1904. Its provisional name was 1904 PM.

552 Sigelinde
552 Sigelinde is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Max Wolf in 1904. Its provisional name was 1904 PO.

553 Kundry
553 Kundry is an S-type asteroid in the Flora family in the Main Belt. Its rotation period is 12.605 hours.
It was found by Max Wolf in 1904. Its provisional name was 1904 PP.

554 Peraga
554 Peraga is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Paul Götz in 1905. Its provisional name was 1905 PS.

555 Norma
555 Norma is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Max Wolf in 1905. Its provisional name was 1905 PT.

Kannur
Kannur is a district in the Kerala state of India. The nearest districts are Kasargode, Calicut, and Wayanad.

New Kingdom
The New Kingdom, also called the Egyptian Empire, is the period in ancient Egyptian history between (1570–1070 BC). It was the period when Egypt was richer and more powerful than in all other periods of its history.
Egypt expanded far south into Nubia and held wide territories in the Near East. Egyptian armies fought Hittite armies for control of modern-day Syria and Egyptian territory reached its maximum extent.
Important Pharaohs.
The Eighteenth Dynasty contained some of Egypt's most famous Pharaohs including Akhenaten and Tutankhamun. Queen Hatshepsut concentrated on expanding Egypt's external trade and sent a commercial expedition to the land of Punt. Thutmose III ("the Napoleon of Egypt") expanded Egypt's army and created the largest empire Egypt had ever seen.
One of the best-known 18th Dynasty pharaohs is Amenhotep IV, who changed his name to Akhenaten in honor of the Aten and whose exclusive worship of the Aten is often interpreted as history's first instance of monotheism (and was argued in Sigmund Freud's "Moses and Monotheism" to have been the ultimate origin of Jewish monotheism).
Ramses II ("the Great") of the 19th Dynasty tried to get back territories in the Levant that had been held by the 18th Dynasty. In the Battle of Kadesh, where he led Egyptian armies against those of the Hittite king Muwatalli II. He was caught the first recorded military ambush, but could win the battle nevertheless.

Moral Code of the Builder of Communism
The Moral Code of the Builder of Communism was a set of twelve rules. It was made in the Soviet Union by the Communist Party of the USSR.
Every member of the party, and every Komsomol member was supposed to follow these rules.
The Moral Code was made at the 22nd Congress of the CPSU in 1961, as part of the new Party Programme.
The very first moral principle was "Devotion to the cause of communism".
Many people try to compare these rules to the Ten Commandments. The two texts have very little in common though. Russian language books of the time sometimes say that these are founded on the Bible. One of the passages of the Bible cited is "he who does not work, neither shall he eat" (2 Thessalonians 3:10). This text was also used in the Soviet Constitution of 1936.
The rules were thought more as "guidelines". In contrast, the Ten Commandments were made to be rules of conduct, and perhaps even laws. For example, "You shall not commit adultery" of Moses loosely corresponds to "Mutual respect in a family, concern about the upbringing of children" of the Code.
The Code also is about what a person should do as a commitment to the society he or she lives in. It does not speak of personal virtue. For example, the "Do not steal" may be loosely matched to "Concern of everyone about the preservation and multiplication of the common wealth".
Four of the rules, making up one-third of the Code, are of a political character.
The Code contained a number of popular Soviet cliches; in fact it was intentionally formulated to contain catch phrases, either invented by Soviet ideologists, or borrowed. (An example is 'One for all, and all for one' ("каждый за всех, все за одного") which was borrowed from "The Three Musketeers" by Alexandre Dumas, père.)

Wario
Wario is a character from Nintendos popular video game series Mario.

Iconoclasm
Iconoclasm is a a word. It is used to describe when symbols of a culture (like icons or monuments) are destroyed by people of that same culture. This is usually done for religious or political motives. Often, it occurs together with major political or religious changes. It is generally different from the destruction by one culture of the images of another, for example by the Spanish in their American conquests. The term does not generally include the specific destruction of images of a ruler after his death or overthrow ("damnatio memoriae"), for example Akhenaten in Ancient Egypt.
People who engage in or support iconoclasm are called iconoclasts. This word is also used for people who are against established dogmata or conventions. Similarly, people who revere or venerate religious images are called idolators. In a Byzantine context they are known as iconodules, or iconophiles.
Iconoclasm may be carried out by people of a different religion, but is often the result of sectarian disputes between factions of the same religion. The two Byzantine outbreaks during the 8th and 9th centuries were unusual because the use of images was the main issue in the dispute, rather than a by-product of wider concerns. In Christianity, iconoclasm has generally been motivated by a literal interpretation of the Ten Commandments, which forbid the making and worshipping of "graven images" of God.

United Church of God
The United Church of God is a movement in Christianity. It emerged from the Worldwide Church of God in 1986. It does not believe in the Trinity.

Jewish-Roman wars
The Jewish-Roman wars is the name given to a number of revolts of Jews in the Iudaea provive of the Roman Empire. These were directed against the Roman rule.

Triple-Zero
Triple-Zero (often referred to as “Triple-O or O-O-O) is the national hotline in Australia if someone has a emergency that is putting themselves at danger of being killed. This hotline can connect people to the fire station, the ambulance or the police. In areas where there is no mobile phone service, 112 can be dialled, with the person being asked for their location by the call taker.
Any use of Triple-Zero or 112 for any non-emergency calls are against the law.
History.
Before 1961, Australia did not have a national number for emergency services; Each of the different emergency branches (police, fire department, etc.) each had their own number. In 1961, the Postmaster General (PMG) introduced the 000 number in most of the major Australian cities and by the end of the 1980s it had become nation-wide. The number 000 was chosen for several reasons, one of which was that it was easy to dial in darkness because the number zero was next to the light on most Australian telephones.
Possible Uses.
A person might dial Triple-Zero if -
Procedure.
When Triple-Zero is dialled, a person from the national telecom service, Telstra, asks the caller “Emergency, Police, Ambulance or Fire?”. The person will then connect the caller to the required service. The service will ask the person what the problem is, and dispatch the unit.
Ambulance Problems.
In Queensland, people have rung up the triple-zero phone number requesting the ambulance service, for such little issues such as a blood finger. The ambulance will then come to the house, and give first aid for the bleeding. However, in Queensland, if the person wishes to go the hospital to have the issue fixed, the driver is required by law to take them there. Once the person arrives at the hospital, the person actually goes and visit’s a ill relative, or walks to the local shops. The Queensland Ambulance Service has said there would be a law introduced that would make people pay a AUD$400 fine for doing this many times.

Districts of Germany
German districts () are administrative units used in Germany for local government.
The districts are in between the (German states) and the local / municipal levels (). They are not to be confused with the larger.
Their equivalent in other nations is the county or arrondissement.
Types of districts.
Most of the districts are rural districts (). There are 301 "Landkreise".
Cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants (and smaller towns in some states) are not usually part of a district, but do the work of a district themselves. These are known as urban districts (or "Stadtkreise") The equivalent in the United Kingdom is a unitary authority, they do the work of a town and a county. There are 112 of these Kreisfreie Städte.
This makes a total of 413 districts.
In North Rhine-Westphalia, there are some cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants which are not urban districts, for example Iserlohn, Recklinghausen, Siegen, Paderborn, Bergisch Gladbach, Witten and Neuss. These cities belong to a district, but still do so the districts jobs themselves, as though they were independent.
Responsibilities.
All these tasks are carried out by local (municipal) authorities operating together. Urban districts have these responsibilities and also those of the municipalities.
District council.
The district council, the, is the legislative body of the district and is responsible for local self-administration. The parliament is elected every five years, except in Bavaria where it is elected every six years.
District administration.
The person in charge of the district's government is the or. In parts of northern Germany, this is also the name of the district administration, in southern Germany it is known as.

List of German urban districts
This is a list of urban districts in Germany'".
Germany is divided into 429 districts. 313 are rural districts ("Landkreise", see List of German rural districts) and 116 urban districts ("Kreisfreie Städte" / "Stadtkreise") which are listed below.
They are the equivalent of an independent city in the United States or unitary authority in the United Kingdom.
Lower Saxony.
¹ "following the "Göttingen Law" of January 1 1964, the town of Göttingen is incorporated into the district ("Landkreis") of Göttingen, but the rules on urban districts still apply, as long as no other rules exist."
² "following the "Law on the region of Hannover", Hannover counts since November 1 2001 as an urban district as long as no other rules apply."
Saarland.
There are no longer any urban districts. The town of Saarbrücken used to be an urban district but became incorporated into the Saarbrücken Town Federation on January 1 1974.
Saxony.
1The urban districts of Görlitz, Hoyerswerda, Plauen und Zwickau will lose their status as „kreisfreie Stadt“ probably on 1st July 2008 in a reform of Saxony's districts.

List of German rural districts
Germany is divided into 429 administrative districts. There are 313 rural districts ("Landkreise"), listed here, and 116 urban districts ("Kreisfreie Städte" / "Stadtkreise") listed in List of German urban districts).
In some cases the government of the rural district is not based in the district, but in an independent city nearby.
1 "Seat of the district's administration, but not part of the district (being an urban district)"

Mary I of Scotland
Mary I of Scotland, usually known as Mary, Queen of Scots (8 December 1542 – 8 February 1587), was Queen of Scots from 14 December 1542 until 24 July 1567, when she was forced to give up her kingdom.
Mary was the daughter of King James V of Scotland, who died just after she was born. She was crowned Queen when she was only 6 days old. She married three times. Her first husband was King Francis II of France. They were both young when they were married, and they had no children. Francis died from an abscess on his brain, leaving Mary a widow.
When Mary returned to Scotland after spending her youth in France, she found that she was not popular in her kingdom. She had been brought up as a Catholic, but many people in Scotland had become Protestant. It was difficult for Mary to avoid siding with either the Catholics or the Protestants. As Mary was now free to marry again, there were lots of noblemen who wanted to become her husband. For her second husband, she chose an English lord named Henry Darnley, who was of royal blood. Darnley was good-looking and charming, but he was often very childish, and he was jealous of Mary's secretary, an Italian named David Rizzio.
Mary became pregnant. While she was expecting the baby, Darnley and his friends got drunk one night and decided to kill David Rizzio. They came into Mary's private rooms while she was talking with Rizzio and they stabbed him to death. Darnley got away with the murder because he was the queen's husband, but Mary never forgave him for murdering her friend Rizzio. When her baby was born, it was a boy, who would later become King James VI of Scotland.
A powerful Scottish nobleman, the Earl of Bothwell, was loyal to Mary and hated Darnley. He arranged for Darnley to be killed. He tried to make it look as though Darnley had been killed in a fire at his house, but everyone knew that Bothwell was behind the murder, and some people believed that Mary had also been part of the plot to kill her husband. Mary then agreed to marry the Earl of Bothwell. This was not a wise move, because Bothwell had many enemies. Mary's enemies forced her off the throne and made her young son king in her place. Mary was put in prison, but she escaped and crossed the border into England, which was ruled by her cousin, Queen Elizabeth I of England.
Mary hoped that Elizabeth would help her to get her throne back, but Elizabeth did not. She kept Mary a prisoner for many years. Mary was eventually accused of making plans to murder Elizabeth, and so she was executed.

List of administrative divisions of Germany
This is a list of the administrative divisions of Germany. It includes the "Landkreise" as well as the "kreisfreie Städte". The list is sorted alphabetically, by state.

Jack Peñate
Jack Fabian Peñate (born 2 September 1984, Blackheath, London) is a British singer-songwriter and musician, of English and Spanish heratige, he is signed to XL Recordings, the record label. Well known for his soulful ska fuelled songs and eccentric dancing whilst on stage, his live performance has received some very high praise. He attended Alleyn's School and spent one year at University College London studying Classics before leaving to start his musical career. He performs with friends and band members Joel Porter (bass) and Alex Robins (drums).

Guillaume Dufay
Guillaume Dufay (pronounce "GHEE-oam Doo-FYE", sometimes spelt Du Fay) (born Beersel? 5 August 1397?; died Cambrai, 27 November 1474) was a Franco-Flemish composer and music theorist of the early Renaissance. He was the most important composer of his time. He belonged to the group of composers known as the Burgundian School. He had more influence on music in Europe than any other composer of the 15th century.
Life.
From what it says in his will it seems likely that he was born in Beersel which is near Brussels in what, today, is Belgium. He was the illegitimate child of an unknown priest and a woman called Marie Du Fayt. When he was small, Dufay moved with his mother to Cambrai where they stayed with a relative who was a canon of the cathedral there. Dufay soon showed musical talent, and he was given a musical education at the cathedral. He sang in the choir there. When he was only 16 he was given a benefice as chaplain near Cambrai. He travelled to Konstanz for a meeting.
From November 1418 to 1420 he was a subdeacon at Cambrai Cathedral. In 1420 he left Cambrai again, and worked in Rimini in Italy at the house of a rich family. In 1424 he returned to Cambrai because the relative in whose house his mother was staying was ill. After the relative died he went back to Italy. He worked in Bologna for a Cardinal. He became a deacon and then a priest.
When the Cardinal was made to leave Bologna in 1428 Dufay went to Rome to work for the pope. He became a member of the Papal Choir. In 1434 he was made "maistre de chappelle" in Savoy. He seems to have left Rome when the papal choir had money problems. Yet in 1435 he was again in the service of the papal chapel, but this time it was in Florence. In 1436 Dufay composed the festive motet "Nuper rosarum flores", one of his most famous compositions, which was sung at the dedication of Brunelleschi's dome of the cathedral in Florence.
During this period Dufay also began his long association with the d'Este family in Ferrara, some of the most important musical patrons of the Renaissance. He may have got to know them during his first stay in Italy. Rimini was not far from Ferrara, and he spent time in both towns where he got financial support.
At this time the arguments between the Pope and the Council of Basel continued. Dufay thought he might find himself without a job, so he went back to Cambrai. In order to be a canon at Cambrai, he needed a law degree, which he got in 1437; he may have studied at Turin University in 1436. One of the first documents mentioning him in Cambrai is dated December 27, 1440, when he was given 36 lots of wine for the feast of St. John the Evangelist. We do not know how long he took to drink it.
Dufay stayed in Cambrai during the 1440s. At the same time he was also in the service of the Duke of Burgundy. While in Cambrai he worked with Nicolas Grenon on completely renewing the cathedral collection of music. This meant that he had to write a big collection of polyphonic music for services. He also worked in the administration of the cathedral. In 1444 his mother died, and was buried in the cathedral; and in 1445 Dufay moved into the house of the person who had been canon just before. He kept this home for the rest of his life, although he did spend six more years in Italy where he wrote many of his compositions. When he returned again to Cambrai he was made canon of the cathedral. He was the most famous composer in Europe by that time. He often composed music for the court of Burgundy, and he met many younger composers who were becoming famous, such as Busnois, Ockeghem, Tinctoris, and Loyset Compère. During this period Dufay probably wrote his mass based on the song "L'homme armé", as well as the chanson based on the same song. Maybe he wrote this when Philip the Good called for a new crusade against the Turks, who had recently captured Constantinople. He also wrote a Requiem mass around 1460, which is lost.
After an illness of several weeks, Dufay died on November 27, 1474. He had asked for his motet "Ave regina celorum" to be sung for him as he died, with pleas for mercy to be read between some of the movements, but there was not enough time for this to be arranged, so it was sung at his funeral instead. Dufay was buried in the chapel of St. Etienne in the cathedral of Cambrai; his portrait was carved onto his tombstone. In later years the cathedral was destroyed, and the tombstone was lost, but it was found in 1859 (it was being used to cover a well), and is now in a museum in Lille.
Music and influence.
Dufay’s music was performed all over Europe. People who wanted to perform his music had to write it out by hand. There was no music printing in those days.
Dufay wrote church music including masses, motets, Magnificats, hymns, simple chant settings and antiphons. His secular (non-religious) music includes rondeaux, ballades, virelais and a few other kinds of chanson. His style of composition laid the foundation for the next generations of Renaissance composers. Some of his techniques were old-fashioned. He used isorhythms in his motets, which had been popular in medieval music. He used a way of harmonizing chants which became known as fauxbourdon. He was popular because he was skilled at writing melodies which were beautiful to sing.

Upper Egypt
Upper Egypt is a narrow strip of land on both sides of the Nile that extends from modern-day Aswan to the area south of modern-day Cairo. The northern part of Upper Egypt, between El-Aiyat and Asyut is sometimes called Middle Egypt.
Upper Egypt was known as "Ta Shemau" which means "the land of reeds." It was divided into twenty-two districts called nomes. The first nome was roughly where modern Aswan is and the twenty-second was at modern Atfih (Aphroditopolis), just to the south of Cairo.
For most of pharaonic Egypt's history Thebes was the administrative centre of Upper Egypt.
Upper Egypt was represented by the tall White Crown "Hedjet", and its symbol was the flowering lotus.

Brandenburg an der Havel
Brandenburg an der Havel is a town in the state of Brandenburg, Germany. It is on the banks of the Havel river. Population: 74,129 (December 31, 2005).
The town of Brandenburg is less known than the state of Brandenburg: But the state is named after the town, and so is the medieval Bishopric of Brandenburg, the Margravate of Brandenburg. Today it is a small town compared to nearby Berlin, but once it was the start of the countries of Brandenburg and Prussia.
History.
Brandenburg was only on western bank of the Havel until 1196. But even after that year the parts on either side of the river were regarded as two different towns (Old and New Brandenburg) for centuries.
In 1314 the two towns joined the Hanseatic League. In the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) the towns were robbed and destroyed. Potsdam became the new capital, and the Royal Court left the town of Brandenburg. In 1715 the two halves of the town were merged to form a single town.
The concentration camp Brandenburg-Görden was in Görden, a suburb of Brandenburg, during the years of Nazi Germany.
After the fall of the Berlin Wall the population dropped from over 100,000 in 1989 down to roughly 75,000 in 2005 through emigration. The migration mainly affects the young people and thus the future of the city is uncertain.

Earl Hooker
Earl Hooker (born January 15, 1929 in Clarksdale, Mississippi; died April 21, 1970 in Chicago, Illinois) was an American blues guitarist.
Early life.
Earl Hooker was born Earl Zebedee Hooker in Clarksdale, Mississippi. He taught himself to play guitar around the age of 10 and began going to the Lyon & Healy Music School in 1941 soon after.
Teen life.
While a teen, Hooker played on Chicago street corners, sometimes with Bo Diddley. He also became friends with slide guitarist Robert Nighthawk, which led to Hooker playing slide guitar and some performances with Nighthawk's group outside of Chicago.
First band.
In 1949, Hooker moved to Memphis, joined Ike Turner's band, and played in the South.
Hooker made his first recordings mainly 78 rpm and 45 rpm records in 1952 and 1953 for small labels Rockin', King, and Sun. Hooker spent most of the '60s playing in Chicago clubs with his band.
First album.
In 1969 he recorded an album, "Hooker 'n Steve", with organist Steve “Mr. Blues” Miller for Arhoolie Records. Hooker also played slide guitar on the 1962 Muddy Waters recording "You Shook Me". The 1970 album "Sweet Black Angel", co-producer Ike Turner contain songs "I Feel Good", "Drivin' Wheel", "Country and Western", "Boogie", Don't Blot! "Shuffle", "Catfish Blues", "Crosscut Saw", "Sweet Home Chicago", "Mood", and "Funky Blues".
Death.
Earl Hooker died at the age of 41 from tuberculosis. He is buried in the Restvale Cemetery in Alsip, Illinois. His story was told in a 2001 book by author Sebastian Danchin titled "Earl Hooker, Blues Master".

556 Phyllis
556 Phyllis is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Paul Götz in 1905. Its provisional name was 1905 PW.

Roma people
The Roma people are a nomadic ethnic group found mainly in Eurasia, but also in the rest of the world. They are sometimes called gypsies. The Council of Europe uses the word "Roma" in all official communications.
This is to stop the use of insulting or bad names and to be given proper respect to the use of the name Roma, which is what the people call themselves.
The 18th century theory on the Indian origins of the Roma, is based on the similarities between Romani and languages spoken in the Indian subcontinent and is supported by genetic evidence. However the lack of close relationship to any specific language or dialect has left unresolved the question of the original ethnic composition
of the proto-Roma, with both single and diverse origins proposed by linguists.
the Roma of East European extraction; the Sinti in Germany and Manouches in France and Catalonia; the Kaló in Spain, Ciganos in Portugal and Gitans of southern France; and the Romanichals of Britain.
The Roma language is recognised by many countries of Europe under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages.

Scrubland
Scrubland is plant community with scrub vegetation. "Scrub" means low shrubs, mixed with grasses, herbs, and geophytes. Scrublands are sometimes known as heathlands. Scrublands may develop naturally or as result of human activity. They may be the mature vegetation type in a particular region and remain stable over time, or a transitional community that occurs temporarily as the result of a disturbance, such as a major fire.

Lower Egypt
Lower Egypt is the fertile Nile Delta region, which stretches from the area between El-Aiyat and Zawyet Dahshur, south of modern-day Cairo, and the Mediterranean Sea.
Lower Egypt was known as "Ta-Mehu" which means "land of papyrus." It was divided into twenty districts called nomes. Lower Egypt was mostly undeveloped scrubland, undeveloped for human life and filled with all types of plant life such as grasses and herbs.
The climate in Lower Egypt is milder than that of Upper Egypt. Temperatures are less extreme and ther is more rainfall.
The capital of Lower Egypt was Buto. Its patron goddess was the cobra goddess Wadjet. Lower Egypt was represented by the Low Red Crown "Deshret", and its symbol was the papyrus.

Evelyn Barbirolli
Evelyn Barbirolli (born Wallingford-on-Thames, Berkshire, 24 January 1911; died 25 January 2008) was a famous oboist. She was an honorary member of the Royal Philharmonic Society. Only 116 people have ever been made honorary members. She was the wife of the conductor Sir John Barbirolli. She was born Evelyn Rothwell, and was always known by that name until after the death of her husband, John Barbirolli, when she changed her professional name to “Evelyn Barbirolli”. She became famous at a time when there were very few women in orchestras.
Early years.
Evelyn Rothwell’s father was a tea dealer in the City of London. Her mother was related to Charles Reade, a 19th century novelist. She started to learn the oboe at her school, Downe House, near Newbury. Her father did not want her to study music, but in the end she was allowed to go to the Royal College of Music. She studied the oboe there, and the piano as a second instrument. She also played the cello and timpani. She was a student there at the same time as Benjamin Britten, who sometimes asked her to play some of the oboe music he had just written.
Evelyn started her professional career as an oboist in the Drury Lane orchestra. She soon got a job with the Royal Opera House touring company whose conductor was John Barbirolli. Barbirolli was married, but his marriage did not last long.
Barbirolli was then made conductor of the Scottish Orchestra (now called the Royal Scottish National Orchestra). He gave Evelyn the job of first oboe in this orchestra. He made an arrangement of a concerto by Handel for her to play. She played several other concertos with him conducting, and they made several recordings. Vaughan Williams was very pleased with their recording of his oboe concerto. Several composers wrote music especially for her. Henry Wood made her first oboist in the New Queen’s Hall Orchestra.
Years of marriage.
Evelyn married Barbirolli in 1939, after he had divorced his first wife. By this time Barbirolli was conductor of the New York Philharmonic. He had taken this job after Toscanini had left. Barbirolli and his new wife lived in New York until 1943 when they returned to England so that Barbirolli could be the conductor of the Hallé Orchestra in Manchester. Sometimes she played in the orchestra, but not very often because she thought people might say that it was because her husband was the conductor. When the Hallé Orchestra went to Austria in 1948 she played Mozart’s oboe concerto with them. People at that time only knew this work in an arrangement for the flute.
In Manchester Evelyn helped her husband by being his secretary. She drove him everywhere, and was always by his side at rehearsals to help him. As Barbirolli gradually became ill she spent nearly all her time with him instead of playing the oboe. She travelled with him to America when he became conductor of the Houston Symphony Orchestra. Barbirolli kept working hard although he was not well. During his last years they had financial problems when Barbirolli’s manager caused them to lose a lot of money.
After Barbirolli’s death.
After Barbirolli’s death in 1970 she started to play her oboe again. She taught at the Royal Academy of Music, and was always known as “Lady Barbirolli” (or “Lady B”). She often adjudicated at music competitions. Her pupils respected her for her honesty and kindness. She wrote a book about "Oboe Technique" and the "Oboist’s Companion", a book in 3 volumes. She also wrote an autobiography called "Living with Glorious John". She was made an OBE in 1984. She died the day after her 97th birthday.
References.
Obituary: The Daily Telegraph, 26 January 2008.

List of cities in Germany with more than 100,000 inhabitants
This is a list of cities in Germany with more than 100,000 inhabitants.
The following table lists all towns in Germany that currently have a population greater than 100,000. The federal capital is shown in yellow, state capitals (except Schwerin, which does not meet the list rules because it is too small) in light blue.
__NOTOC__
See also.
List of cities in Germany

Regierungsbezirk
A "Regierungsbezirk" is a government region of Germany in some federal states ("Bundesländer").
"Regierungsbezirke" are divided into districts ("Kreise"), either "Landkreise" or urban districts: cities which constitute a district in their own right ("kreisfreie Städte"). The "Regierungsbezirk" is governed by a "Bezirksregierung" and led by a "Regierungspräsident".
History.
The first "Regierungsbezirke" were created by the Kingdom of Prussia in 1808/16, which divided its provinces into 25 "Regierungsbezirke". The "Regierungsbezirke" of North Rhine-Westphalia are in direct continuation of those created in 1815. Other states of the German Empire created similar entities, named "Kreishauptmannschaft" (in Saxony) or "Kreis" (in Bavaria and Württemberg) (not to be confused with the "Kreis" or "Landkreis" today). During the Third Reich, the Nazi government unified the naming; since then all these entities are called "Regierungsbezirk".
On January 1 2000 Rhineland-Palatinate disbanded its three "Regierungsbezirke" Koblenz, Rheinhessen-Pfalz and Trier - the employees and assets of the three "Bezirksregierungen" were converted into three public authorities responsible for the whole state, each covering a part of the former responsibilities of the "Bezirksregierung".
On January 1, 2004, Saxony-Anhalt disbanded its three "Regierungsbezirke": Dessau, Halle and Magdeburg. The responsibilities are now covered by a "Landesverwaltungsamt" with three offices at the former seats of the "Bezirksregierungen".
On January 1, 2005, Lower Saxony disbanded its four "Regierungsbezirke": Braunschweig, Hanover, Lüneburg, and Weser-Ems.
In 2005, North Rhine-Westphalia planned to abolish its five "Regierungsbezirke" and create three self-government entities. The old, "Prussian-style", Regierungsbezirk had no self-government organs.

Joschka Fischer
Joseph Martin "Joschka" Fischer (born April 12 1948) was German foreign minister and Vice Chancellor in the government of Gerhard Schröder from 1998 to 2005. He was a leading figure in the German Green Party and according to opinion polls, he was the most popular politician in Germany for most of the government's duration. He left office on 22 November, 2005.
Early life.
Fischer was born in Gerabronn in Baden-Württemberg. His parents were Germans from Hungary. His nickname Joschka is from "Jóska", which is the Hungarian nickname for Joseph (). Fischer dropped out of high school in 1965, and started working for a photographer which he quit in 1966.
In 1967 he became active in the German student movement and Left-wing politics. Working in a left-wing bookstore in Frankfurt was when he started going to leftist university events as a guest student. He studied the works of Marx, Mao and Hegel and became a member of the militant group "Revolutionary Combat" ().
Fischer took part in some street battles when the anarchist "Putzgruppe" attacked the police and hurt some officers a lot. (In German the word "Putz" can mean a cleaner, but in "Putz-group" it is an acronym. That means the letters stand for other words. "Proletarische Union für Terror und Z'"erstörung", i.e. "The Workers Union for Terror and Destruction"). Photos of one battle in March 1973 show Fischer clubbing policeman Rainer Marx.
In the German Autumn () of 1977, there were a lot of terrorist attacks by the Red Army Faction (RAF). Fischer says that these attacks, especially the kidnapping and murder of Hanns-Martin Schleyer, made him give up violence as a way to get political change.
Instead, he became involved in the new social movements and later in the newly-founded German Green Party, mainly in the state of Hesse.
In May 1981 the Minister of Economics of the state of Hesse, Heinz-Herbert Karry, was murdered. The gun that killed the minister was stolen from an American army base in 1973, and Fischer's car was used in the robbery.
As Foreign Minister, Fischer apologised for the violence of his "Putzgruppe" days,
Green politician.
From 1983 to 1985, Fischer was a member of the Bundestag for the Green party. In 1985, he became Minister for the Environment in Hesse in the first Social Democrat-Green coalition (1985-1987). Fischer caused a stir when he arrived to take his oath of office ceremony wearing trainers. These trainers are now on display in a museum in Bonn.
Fischer was again Environment Minister in Hessen from 1991 to 1994, and, later on, became co-chairman of the Greens parliamentary party in the Bundestag. During his years in opposition, Fischer was respected for his speeches. For a large part of the 1990s, with the SPD was not very popular, and Fischers friends often called him "real" Leader of the Opposition.
Foreign Minister.
In September 1998 the Social Democrats, led by Gerhard Schröder, beat the Christian Democrat government of Helmut Kohl. With the SPD's 42% and the Greens' 7%, a coalition government could be formed. After several weeks of talks between Social Democrats and Greens, the new government took power on 27 October 1998. Fischer became Minister of Foreign Affairs.
In 1999 Fischer supported German participation in the Kosovo War. This was very extremely controversial within the largely pacifist Green Party, because it meant that, for the first time since World War II, German soldiers would actively go into combat. He justified this war with allegations that Serbia was planning to commit genocide against the Kosovo Albanians.
Fischer was also in favour of stationing German troops in Afghanistan, but he advised Schröder not to join the war in Iraq. He is known as a good friend of Kofi Annan. By 2005 he was the second longest-serving foreign minister in German postwar history (after Hans-Dietrich Genscher).
In 2005 Fischer was accused by critics of carelessly relaxing controls on visa regulations for Ukraine, thus allowing many illegal immigrants to enter Germany with fake identities. A parliamentary committee was established to examine the case, and unlike in other such committee hearings, Fischer's statement (and that of other top officials) was shown live on public TV. Fischer's appearance before the committee took twelve hours. (See German Visa Affair 2005).
After the defeat of the coalition government in the 2005 election, Fischer announced that he would retire to the backbench. "After 20 years of power, now I want my freedom back", he was quoted as saying. On 13 October 2005, it was announced that Frank-Walter Steinmeier (SPD) would succeed Fischer as Foreign Minister.
Life after politics.
Since the beginning of September 2006 Joschka Fischer has been a senior fellow at the Liechtenstein Institute on Self-Determination at Princeton University, a visiting professor at Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs at Princeton University. He has also spoken at other American universities, notably Brandeis University, on various topic in foreign affairs and international relations.
Private life.
Fischer has often been the most popular German politician, even among supporters of other parties. T
Until 1996, Fischer had been an outspoken lover of good wines and food. He often bet cases of expensive wine with other politicians on the outcome of elections. Fischer had also been overweight. Within a short time he lose a lot of weight. Fischer said that this was due to his giving up alcohol completely and changing his diet. He had also been doing fitness training and even running marathons. He cashed in on his weight loss by writing the book "My long race towards myself" about his experience, which became an immediate bestseller. Recently he has been putting on weight again.
Fischer has been married five times: his first four marriages, to Edeltraud Fischer (1967-1984), Inge Vogel (1984-1987), Claudia Bohm (1987-1999), and Nicola Leske (1999-2003), all ended in divorce. In October 2005 he married (in Rome) Minu Barati, who was his common-law wife for 2 years. With Inge, his second wife, he has two children: David and Lara. In April 2005 Fischer became a grandfather for the first time.
Further reading.
The following sources reflect the views of U.S. adversaries of Fischer and his policies, especially Germany's decision not to participate in the 2003 U.S.-led invasion of Iraq.
Other websites.
Joschka Fischer writes a monthly commentary series, "The Rebel Realist", for Project Syndicate, a non-profit association of newspapers around the world.

557 Violetta
557 Violetta is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Max Wolf in 1905. Its provisional name was 1905 PY.

Flora family
The Flora family of asteroids is a big group of S-type asteroids in the closer part of the main belt, whose origin and properties are not well understood right now. About 4-5% of all main belt asteroids belong to this family.
Because of its poorly defined edges, and the location of Flora itself near the edge, this asteroid group has also sometimes been called the Ariadne family, when Flora did not make it into the group during an analysis (e.g. the WAM analysis by Zappala 1995).
Characteristics.
The biggest member is 8 Flora, which mesures 140 km in diameter, and takes up about 80% of the total family mass. Nevertheless, the parent body was almost for sure destroyed by the impact/s that made the family, and Flora is probably a gravitational aggregate of most of the pieces. 43 Ariadne makes up much of the remaining mass (about a further 9%, with the remaining family members being fairly small, below 30 km in diameter.
Unrelated asteroids.
Because of the high background density of asteroids in this part of space, one might expect that a great number of asteroids unrelated to the collision that made the family would be present. However, few have been found. This is because unrelated asteroids are hard to distinguish from family members because the family is of the same spectral type (S) that dominates the closer main belt overall. The few unrelated asteroids that have been found are all small (Florczak et al 1998, and also by inspection of the for non S-type members.) They include 298 Baptistina, 422 Berolina, 2093 Genichesk, 2259 Sofievka (the biggest, with a 21 km diameter), 2952 Liliputia, 3533 Toyota, 3850 Peltier, 3875 Staehle, 4278 Harvey, 4396 Gressmann, and 4750 Mukai.

558 Carmen
558 Carmen is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Max Wolf in 1905. Its provisional name was 1905 QB.

559 Nanon
559 Nanon is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Max Wolf in 1905. Its provisional name was 1905 QD.

Tseax River Cone
The Tseax River Cone (also known as Aiyansh Volcano) is a cinder cone in British Columbia, Canada. The volcano and the area aroudn it are protected as a provincial park called the Nisga'a Memorial Lava Beds Provincial Park.
In the 18th century it caused the death of about 2000 people.

Mike Dirnt
Mike Dirnt (born Michael Ryan Pritchard on May 4, 1972, in Rodeo, California) is the bass guitar player from the punk rock band Green Day, he also sings back up vocals.
Personal life.
Mike was adopted. His adoptive parents divorced when he was 7, and both are now remarried. Mike owns a restaurant in California called "Rudy's Can't Fail". Mike married his long time girlfriend Anastasia in 1996 and their daughter, Estella-Desiree was born in April 1997. Mike loves his daughter very much, and his nickname for her is "Hero". Today, Mike and Anastasia are separated, but still remain very good friends. He recently was remarried in 2004, however his wife left him because he spending too much time in the studio recording American Idiot. Mike is currently dating, and he resides in Oakland, California.

Tré Cool
Tré Cool (born Frank Edwin Wright III December 9 1972, in Frankfurt, Germany) is a German born American drummer for the punk band Green Day.
Appearance.
He has brown hair and blue eyes.
Personal life.
He has two children, Ramona, born January 1995 to ex-wife, Lisea Lyons; Frankito ("Little Frank"), born 2001 to Claudia. Tré grew up with his father and 2 siblings. He now lives in Oakland, California with his ex-wife, Claudia, and son, Frankito.

Plain White T's
Plain White T's are an alternative rock band from Chicago. Their latest release, "Every Second Counts" (2006), was the first Plain White T's album to reach the mainstream. When the album came out, one song, "Hey There Delilah", an acoustic love song, was played on many radio stations daily. Another famous song of theirs is "Our Time Now".
Formation.
The singer of the band, Tom Higgenson, first wanted to be a drummer. He was in many bands during his High School. However, when Plain White T's were made, he decided to become a singer and a songwriter. Bassist, Ken Fletcher, and[drummer, Dave Tirio, joined the band began performing in Downers Grove, Illinois.
Early Career, 1999- 2001.
They started out by playing other people's songs, but in the summer of 1999 the band was beginning to become known by record labels like Atlantic Recordings. In 2000 they released their first album, "Come On Over". They toured around Chicago to try and make the album sell more and to get more fans.
Stop era 2001-2004.
At the end of 2001, Plain White T's left Atlantic Recordings and signed to Fearless Records. They began recording for their next album, called "Stop". They chose in Downers Grove, Illinois and Santa Barbara, California. The album took four months to record, being finished in April 2001. The album was shown around Plain White T's home town before being released finally on August 20th 2002, a whole twenty months after it was started.
In October, the band went on their first big tour. The tour resulted in the band ending up stopping being friends, this was solved with new members, with Dave switching from drums to guitar, Steve being replaced by Tim Lopez, Ken being replaced by Mike Retondo and De'Mar Hamilton taking up drums.
All That We Needed era 2004-2006.
The band went into the studio to record their next album, called "All That We Needed",in May 2004. After recording the album, they toured the US by]. During this tour, they released their first single, "All That We Needed". They then promoted the album internationally, gathering a growing fanbase, before heading back for the 2005 Take Action Tour.
During the "Take Action Tour '05", Plain White T's recorded their first music video along with a single which they hoped would be more famous than "All That We Needed", sadly the song never became famous.
Every Second Counts era 2006-present.
In 2006 they signed to another new label, Hollywood Records, and then began recording a new album. Shortly before the release of the album, the single "Hate (I Really Don't Like You)" was released, it was the first single by them to achieve noticeable success.
Plain White T's started touring in Winter and Autumn of 2006. By this time they were starting to get noticed in the music industry at last. Although they were beginning to get noticed in the minor US rock industry, internationally Plain White Ts were not doing so well, by this point, they hadn't even sold 100,000 copies of any album anywhere outside of the US. Hollywood Records thought that re-releasing "Hey There Delilah" would make the band famous.
Breakthrough: "Hey There Delilah".
"Hey There Delilah" is an acoustic song, first released as a single in May 2006 as chasing cars, and was the last track in the band's first album, "All That We Needed". One year later, in 2007, the song became the band's first mainstream hit. On 11 July 2007, the song reached number one for sales in the Billboard Hot 100. One month later, the song became a hit single all over the world. "Hey There Delilah" reached number two in the UK Singles Chart and Ireland Singles Chart, number four in the Australian chart and number six in the United World Chart. Its popularity made it to #1 in other countries like Germany and Canada.

Suharto
Suharto (February 20, 1921 - January 27, 2008) was an Indonesian military and political leader. He was a military officer in the Indonesian National Revolution. He is better known as the second President of Indonesia. He held the office for a long time, from 1967 to 1998.
Suharto seized power from his predecessor, the first president of Indonesia Sukarno. For this, he used some force, but also took some political maneuvers. At the time, there was instability and unrest inside and outside of Indonesia. This helped him come to power. He took three decades to change the regime to work along militarist lines, with a strong central government. His movement was known as "Orde Baru". As he took an anti-communist position which he could defend, several Western governments supported him both in economic and political matters. This was during an era that is known as Cold War. For most of his three-decade rule, Indonesia experienced significant economic growth and industrialization. His rule, however, led to political purges and the deaths of millions of suspected Indonesian communists and Chinese-Indonesians. He also made some laws against communist parties and ethnic Chinese.
His New Order administration's authoritarian and increasingly corrupt practices led to much discontent in the 1990s. Suharto's almost unquestioned authority over Indonesian affairs slipped dramatically when the Asian financial crisis lowered Indonesians' standard of living. People inside the military and other institutions no longer supported him. There were some problems inside the country during the early 1990s. Suharto became more and more isolated, in a political way. After mass demonstrations in 1998, Suharto was forced to resign. Suharto had been the face of Indonesia for over 30 years. After retiring, he lived in seclusion. There were people who wanted to try him for genocide. This failed however, because he had a very bad health. His legacy remains hotly debated and contested both in Indonesia and abroad.
Like many Javanese, Suharto has only one name. In contexts where his religion is being discussed he is sometimes called Haji or el-Haj Mohammed Suharto, but this Islamic title is not part of his formal name or generally used. The spelling "Suharto" has been official in Indonesia since 1947 but the older spelling Soeharto is still frequently used.

IG Farben
IG Farben (short for Interessen-Gemeinschaft Farbenindustrie
AG), was a German conglomerate of companies formed in 1925- including BASF, AGFA and Hoechst- and even earlier during World War I. "Farben" is German for "paints", "dyes", or "colors", and initially many of these companies produced dyes, but soon began to embrace more advanced chemistry. The founding of IG Farben was a reaction to Germany's defeat in World War I. IG Farben held a near total monopoly on chemical production, later during the Nazi regime, including manufacturing Zyklon B.

Sukarno
Sukarno (June 6, 1901 – June 21, 1970) was the first President of Indonesia. He helped the country win its independence from the Netherlands. He was President from 1945 to 1967, presiding with mixed success over the country's turbulent transition to independence. Sukarno was forced to resign by one of his generals, Suharto. Suharto formally became President in March 1967.
The spelling "Sukarno" has been official in Indonesia since 1947. The older spelling Soekarno is still frequently used, mainly because he signed his signature in the old spelling. Official Indonesian presidential decrees from the period 1947-1968, however, printed his name using the 1947 spelling.
Indonesians also remember him as "Bung" Karno or "Pak" Karno. Like many Javanese people, he had one name; in religious contexts, he was occasionally referred to as 'Achmad Sukarno'.

Cybele asteroid
The Cybele asteroids are a group of asteroids in the asteroid belt with an orbital radius usually between 3.27 AU and 3.7 AU, with an orbital eccentricity less than 0.3, and an inclination less than 25°.

Mettembert
Mettembert is a municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

Montsevelier
Montsevelier is a municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

Movelier
Movelier is a municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

Pleigne
Pleigne is a municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

Rebeuvelier
Rebeuvelier is a municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

Rossemaison
Rossemaison is a municipality of the district of Delémont of the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

Saulcy
Saulcy is a municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

Soulce
Soulce is a municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

Soyhières
Soyhières is a municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

Screamo
Screamo is musical genre usually classified as a sound, which came from emo and hardcore punk, in the 1990's. This kind of music uses vocalists, people who scream a lot, instead of singers like most other bands use.
Screamo bands include ampere, circle takes the square and sometimes underoath is considered screamo.
The term is also used for bands that use some screaming, but have plenty of normal singing in the music, usually more singing than screaming. Examples of that include Silverstein, Hawthorne heights and The used
While many types of Music scream, screamo usually has a certain kind of screaming. For example, even rock'n roll had some.

Comcast
Comcast Corporation is the biggest cable television company, the second biggest Internet service provider and the fourth biggest telephone company in the United States.
In 2007, Comcast was accused of bandwidth throttling by its customers. The FCC has launched an investigation regarding the situation.

List of victims of Nazism
Millions of people were arrested, tortured or murdered by the Nazis. This is a list of victims of Nazism who were famous for some reason.
This list includes people from public life who, owing to their origins, their political or religious convictions, or their sexual orientation, lost their lives as a result of Nazism. This list includes those whose deaths were part of The Holocaust as well as people who died in other ways at the hands of the Nazis during World War II. People who died in concentration camps are listed alongside those who were murdered by the National Socialists or those who chose suicide for political motives or to avoid being murdered.
This list is sorted by occupation and within by nationality.
Music.
"See also: List of composers influenced by the Holocaust"

Volcanology
In geology, volcanology (also spelled vulcanology) is the study of volcanoes, lava, magma, and other related geology. The term "volcanology" comes from the Latin word "vulcan", the Roman god of fire. Volcanology is a sub-field of geology.
A volcanologist is a person who studies volcanoes and their eruptions. Volcanologists visit volcanoes often, especially ones that are active, to look at volcanic eruptions, collect material from the eruptions, such as ash or pumice, rock and lava samples.

Birmingham Small Arms Company
The Birmingham Small Arms Company (BSA) was a British company that started making guns in the 19th century. After World War I, the company started making motorcycles. At one time, It was the most popular maker of motorcycles in the world. Over half a million of the company's most popular model, the Bantam, were sold. The company went out of business in the 1970s. It has started again as a gun making company.

BSA Bantam
The BSA Bantam is a small two-stroke motorcycle that was made by the Birmingham Small Arms company from 1949 to 1972.
History.
The bike originally came from a German design, the DKW RT 125, from before World War II. There were more than 8 different versions of the bike, from the D1 to the B175, these bikes has engines that range from 125cc to 175cc

Caló
Caló or Spanish Romani is a dialect spoken by the Gitans or Zincarli (also "calés", "dark ones") that came from Spain. Caló uses Romani vocabulary with Spanish grammar,
as Spanish Roma lost the full use of their ancestral language. The language is mainly used for private talking between Roma people but some words have become widely known in Spanish culture. This is because of the words being used in flamencos

Industrialization
Industrialization (or Industrialisation, also called Industrial Revolution) is a process that happens in some societies. It is a kind of change that happens.
It is part of a modernization process. Using better techology, it becomes possible to produce more goods in a shorter amount of time. A single person can produce more things. They will also do more specialized things. Before industrialization, a shoemaker produced the whole shoe. He worked on one pair of shoes, finished that, and then did the next pair of shoes. With industrialization, there are many people involved in making shoes. An individual shoemaker has a smaller task, however. There is one person that cuts the sole of the shoe. Another person stitches it on. In short there is division of labour.
Industrialization started in England in the late 18th and early 19th century. There were several base techologies involved.
The industrial revolution also had drawbacks. A new social class emerged. These people were very poor, all they had was their labour they could sell to work in a factory. There were also other problems: child labour was common.

The Falling Man
The Falling Man is the title of a story about a photograph taken by Richard Drew at 9:41:15 a.m., on September 11, 2001. The story was written by Tom Junod and appeared in the September 2003 issue of Esquire magazine. It is about the World Trade Center during the September 11, 2001 attacks in New York City.

Avon
United States.
There are also several Avon Townships.

560 Delila
560 Delila is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Max Wolf in 1905. Its provisional name was 1905 QF.

561 Ingwelde
561 Ingwelde is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Max Wolf in 1905. Its provisional name was 1905 QG.

562 Salome
562 Salome is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Max Wolf in 1905. Its provisional name was 1905 QH.

AboutUs.org
AboutUs.org is a wiki Internet domain directory. It lists websites along with information about their content. As a wiki, AboutUs allows Internet users to add entries or modify information.

Wasi Muhammad Qureshi
Wasi Muhammad Qureshi (2 October, 1957) is the president of International Spiritual Movement Anjuman Serfaroshan-e-Islam. He was appointed by Riaz Ahmed Gohar Shahi the founder of International Spiritual Movement Anjuman Serfaroshan-e-Islam in 1996 being president of International Spiritual Movement Anjuman Serfaroshan-e-Islam. He succeeded Muhammad Arif Memon (Late), who remained as party president for more than a decade.
Wasi has done Masters in Islamic Studies from Sindh University Jamshoro. Wasi is one of those first-five follwers of Gohar Shahi, who were first to join Gohar Shahi and known as founding members of International Spiritual Movement Anjuman Serfaroshan-e-Islam.

Nile Delta
The Nile Delta (Arabic: دلتا النيل) is the delta formed in Northern Egypt (Lower Egypt) where the Nile River spreads out and drains into the Mediterranean Sea. It is one of the world's largest river deltas—from Alexandria in the west to Port Said in the east, it covers some 240 km of Mediterranean coastline—and is a rich agricultural region. From north to south the delta is approximately 160 km in length. The Delta begins slightly down-river from Cairo.
Shape and composition.
The Nile is considered to be an "arcuate" delta (arc-shaped), and resembles a triangle or lotus flower when seen from above.
Climate.
The Nile Delta has a Mediterranean climate, characterized by little rainfall. Only 100 to 200 mm of rain falls on the delta area during an average year, and most of this falls in the winter months. The delta experiences its hottest temperatures in July and August, averaging 30°C, with a maximum of around 48°C. Winter temperatures are normally in the range of 5° to 10°C. The Nile Delta region becomes quite humid during the summer months.
The Nile Delta is eroding at a rate of 50km per year, and it has been predicted that this Delta will have vanished by the year 2550AD
References.
1. p87 in W. Hayes, 'Most Ancient Egypt', JNES, 23 (1964), 73-114.

Lotus position
The lotus position (Sanskrit: "Padmasanam") is a cross-legged sitting position which is common in meditative practices of Hinduism. It is a part of the Hindu Yoga tradition. The position is said to resemble a lotus plant and to encourage proper breathing and to be helpful for physical stability.

Polypropylene
Polypropylene is a type of plastic.

Millau Viaduct
Millau Viaduct is a large bridge in Millau, France, in the Département of Aveyron.
Before the bridge was constructed, traffic had to descend into the Tarn River valley and pass along the national route N9 near the town of Millau, causing heavy congestion at the beginning and end of the July and August vacation season. The bridge now traverses the Tarn valley above its lowest point, linking the Causse du Larzac to the Causse Rouge, and is inside the perimeter of the Grands Causses regional natural park.
The bridge forms the last link of the A75 autoroute, (la Méridienne) from Clermont-Ferrand to Pézenas (to be extended to Béziers by 2010). The A75, with the A10 and A71, provides a continuous high-speed route south from Paris through Clermont-Ferrand to the Languedoc region and through to Spain, considerably reducing the cost of vehicle traffic traveling along this route. Many tourists heading to southern France and Spain follow this route because it is direct and without tolls for the 340 km between Clermont-Ferrand and Pézenas, except for the bridge itself.

Shemale
Shemale (also called she-male) is a person who appears to be female, and having both breasts and male sex organ. Some shemales work in the adult movie industry, or in the sex industry

563 Suleika
563 Suleika is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. Previously designated as 1905 QK, it was found by Paul Götz on April 6, 1905 from Heidelberg, Germany.

564 Dudu
564 Dudu is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Paul Götz in 1905. Its provisional name was 1905 QM.

565 Marbachia
565 Marbachia is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Max Wolf in 1905. Its provisional name was 1905 QN.

Kaiser Wilhelm Gedächtniskirche
The Kaiser Wilhelm Gedächtniskirche or "The Protestant Emperor William Memorial Church" is a ruined church in Berlin.
It is on the Breitscheidplatz, at the end of the Kurfürstendamm.
The old church was built between 1891 and 1895 according to plans by Franz Schwechten.
Emperor Wilhelm II ordered the building of the church to honour his grandfather Wilhelm I. The neo-romanesque style is a reminder of the many Romanesque churches in the Rhineland like Bonn Minster.
Mosaics inside the church showed the life and work of Emperor Wilhelm I. During World War II, the church was destroyed during a British RAF bombing raid in 1943. The only remainder of the old building is the ruin of the belfry, which is also called ("the hollow tooth").
After the war, from 1951 to 1961, a new church was built right next to the site of the old one. the new church was designed by Egon Eiermann.
The new church has a cross made of nails from the old Coventry Cathedral, destroyed by German Luftwaffe bomb attacks in in what was called the Coventry "Blitz". It was consecrated on May 25 1962, the same day as the new Coventry Cathedral. Both churches were built next to the ruins of the old building, which were kept as reminders of the horrors of war.
As well as the Coventry cross, the "Gedächtniskirche" has a cross of the Russian Orthodox Church and a designc known as the Stalingrad Madonna by Lieutenant Kurt Reuber, created in December 1942 in Stalingrad (now Volgograd), as symbols of peace between the three countries that were once at war.
In December 2007, Charles Jeffrey Gray, a former British pilot who carried out World War II bombing raids over Germany, joined a campaign to rescue the Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church from decay. After reading about the condition of the Church, Gray contacted Wolfgang Kuhla, the chairman of the church's advisory board, asking for its tower be restored. A fund was launched to help raise the costs of its repair.

Catherine Zeta-Jones
Catherine Zeta-Jones (born September 25, 1969) is an Academy Award-winning Welsh actress living in the United States. She started acting at in theatre when she was young. After this, she has many small role British and American television and movies. She became a famous actor once she start acting in Hollywood movies such as The Phantom, The Mask of Zorro, and Entrapment in the late 1990s.
She won Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for acting as Velma Kelly in 2002 movie Chicago. She is the first and only Welsh actress to win that award. Zeta-Jones is married to Michael Douglas, with whom she shares a birthday. They have two children - Dylan (named after Dylan Thomas) and Carys.

John Bodkin Adams
John Bodkin Adams (January 21, 1899 – July 4, 1983) was a British doctor, fraudster and suspected serial killer.
Early years.
Adams was born in Randalstown in what is now Northern Ireland. His parents were from a very strict Christian sect called the Plymouth Brethren - and they believed that what ever they did in life, they would go to heaven anyway. He had one brother, William, born in 1903. His father died in 1914 and Adams was brought up by his mother. The family moved to Belfast but in 1918 William died from flu. Adams studied medicine at university.
Job.
Adams worked for one year in a hospital in Bristol. He then moved to Eastbourne, England where he became a general practitioner. He cared for a lot of old female patients and many of them were very rich. 132 left him money or gifts when they died. Rumours started that Adams was killing them with heroin and morphine and the police decided to investigate. Many of the possible victims had been cremated (burnt), so there were few bodies for the police to analyse.
Trial.
Adams was arrested and tried for the murder of one patient in 1957, but found not guilty. Another charge was withdrawn - an event the judge later criticised. The trial was reported in newspapers around the world and was described at the time as "one of the greatest murder trials of all time".
Claims of unfairness.
Some have claimed that the trial was not held fairly. Police files show that the prosecution gave secret records to the defence to help them defend Adams. Evidence (some notebooks written by the patient's nurses) was lost by the prosecution and then found later by the defence. When it was produced during the trial, the prosecution pretended that it had never seen it. Also, the case that was chosen (Mrs Morrell) was probably one of the least likely to succeed.
One historian claims that the government didn't want Adams to be convicted, because he would then have been hanged. If this had happened, many doctors would have refused to treat government (NHS) patients and the government would have become very unpopular.
Other crimes.
Adams was later found guilty of 13 other crimes - prescription fraud, lying on cremation forms, obstructing a police search and failing to keep a register of the dangerous drugs he used.
He had his license to be a doctor taken away in 1957 but it was given back in 1961. He was banned from prescribing dangerous drugs for life.
Scotland Yard's files on the case were meant to be secret until 2033, but special permission was given in 2003 to open them.
Opinions.
Even though he was found not guilty, most experts now consider him to have been a serial killer. The judge in his trial later wrote a book in which he said Adams was probably guilty. The police thought that Adams killed 163 of his patients.

Alex Andrew Kelly
Alexander Andrew Kelly (born May 8 1967) is an Irish-American from Darien, Connecticut, who was convicted of rape in 1997. He was born the middle of three children, having both an older and a younger brother.
Crimes.
Alex Kelly was charged with having committed two rapes in Darien, Connecticut, in 1986. Before his trial was due to begin in 1987, Kelly fled the United States and spent the next seven years on the run, mostly in Europe.In 1995, Kelly surrendered to authorities in Switzerland and was extradited to the United States in order to stand trial on rape and kidnapping charges. Kelly faced two trials in 1997. After the first was declared a mistrial, the second resulted in his conviction for the first rape and a sentence of 16 years in prison.
Release.
In 2005, after having served eight years of his 16-year sentence, Kelly appeared before a Connecticut parole board; his bid for release was rejected. On November 23, 2007, Kelly was released from prison on "good behavior". He is now required to serve 10 years probation, perform 200 hours of community service, pay a $10,000 fine, and register with the Connecticut Sex Offender Registry. While in prison, Kelly claims that he earned a bachelors degree in economics and third-world development.

Dr. Phil (TV series)
"Dr. Phil" is an American talk show hosted by Dr. Phil McGraw. It debuted on September 16, 2002, after McGraw had success with the "Tuesdays With Dr. Phil" segment on "The Oprah Winfrey Show". On both shows McGraw offers advice in the form of "life strategies" from his experience as a clinical psychologist.
The show is in syndication throughout the United States and Canada, as well as a number of other countries. Also, the show's syndication contracts specifically state that if "Dr. Phil" is on another station, it cannot air at the same time as "Oprah".
The sixth season premiered on September 10, 2007.
It was announced on August 3, 2005 that Dr. Phil had been renewed through at least 2012-2013, lasting through the 11th season.
In 2007, Dr. Phil was nominated for a Daytime Emmy Award for "Outstanding Talk Show Host".

Phil McGraw
Phillip Calvin McGraw (born September 1, 1950), best known as Dr. Phil, is an American television personality, psychologist and author who is the host of the psychology themed television show "Dr Phil show". He became a celebrity after appearances on "The Oprah Winfrey Show".
Early life.
McGraw was born in Vinita, Oklahoma. He is the son of Jerry Stevens and Joe McGraw. He grew up with two older sisters, Deana and Donna, and younger sister, Brenda. They lived in the oilfields of North Texas. His father was an equipment supplier there. During McGraw's childhood, his family moved so his father could become a psychologist. McGraw attended Shawnee Mission North High School in Mission, Kansas. In 1968, he was awarded a football scholarship to the University of Tulsa. He played middle linebacker. His coach was Glenn Dobbs. Glenn Dobbs is the father of Gary Dobbs. Gary Dobbs went into business with McGraw. On November 23, 1968, McGraw's team lost to the University of Houston 100-6. This is one of the most badly played games in college football history.
After that season, McGraw moved to Midwestern State University in Wichita Falls, Texas. He graduated in 1975 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in psychology. He next got a Master's degree in experimental psychology in 1976. He then got a Ph.D in clinical psychology in 1979 at the University of North Texas. At the University of North Texas, his dissertation was titled "Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Psychological Intervention."

Miss USA
The Miss USA pageant is a beauty contest that has been held every year since 1952, with winners competing in the Miss Universe pageant. The Miss Universe Organization operates both pageants, as well as Miss Teen USA.
The reigning Miss USA is Rachel Smith, formerly Miss Tennessee USA, who was crowned on March 23, 2007, in Los Angeles by Tara Elizabeth Conner, Miss USA 2006.

Team Rocket
Team rocket is a gang of thieves in the TV series Pokémon. They steal legendary Pokémon for their boss Giovani from other Pokémon trainers. The gang is made up of Jessie James and Meowth (a Pokémon).
Jessie and James.
In many cases of the series either in the game or anime, Jessie could be seen as the typical Team Rocket Female and James could be seen as the regular Team Rocket Male; in the Anime Jessie and James follow the Laws of their organization but they dislike the way it's done (I.E. the outfits and the motto) so they change it to suit what they like best.
Butch: Green haired Male Female Agent whom is top ranked, he follows Cassidy and assists her in what ever job they have to do. Butch is also the rival of James and as a recurring joke, many character forget his name calling him something like "Botch" or "Biff", to which he gets extremely upset over.
Cassidy: Yellow haired Female Agent whom is top ranked, she is the unofficial leader of the two and for the most part is the rival of Jessie.

The Wife of Bath's Prologue and Tale
"The Wife of Bath's Prologue and Tale" is a story from the well known book "The Canterbury Tales". It is about a knight who sets on a quest to find the object that women most desire. The story has been changed into many plays.
The story begins when a man rapes a young lady. He is sentenced to death by the King, but the Queen asks for mercy. She gives the knight a year and a day to find out what women really want. The man hunts the entire year, and gets many different answers, from the different women he asks.
After a year passed he was on his way to back the castle to tell the queen his answer when he saw many young women. They disappeared and left one old lady. The old lady gives him the answer but in return wants to marry him. The man is forced to marry the old woman after she gives him the correct answer, which was POWER. On their honey moon he hides from her and she gives him the choice of her old ugly self, who would never cheat on him or a pretty women that might cheat on him. He gives her the "power" to make the decision on her own, and in return she turns herself into a pretty, and faithful young woman he had truly wanted.

566 Stereoskopia
566 Stereoskopia is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Paul Götz in 1905. Its provisional name was 1905 QO.

Azureus
"Azureus Vuze" (often just Azureus) is a Java-based BitTorrent used for file sharing. The program's logo is the Blue Poison Dart Frog (Dendrobates azureus). The Azureus name was given to the project by co-creator Tyler Pitchford, who uses the Latin names of poison dart frogs as "nickname" for his development projects.
Azureus was first released in June 2003 at SourceForge.net. It is now one of the most popular BitTorrent clients
License.
Since version 2.5.0.4, Azureus was distributed under the GNU General Public License (GPL).

Stabio
Stabio is a municipality of the district Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Tegna
Tegna is a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Justin Tsin
Justin Tsin is a child author. He was born on October 20, 1999. He lives in San Jose, California, with his parents. Some of his family lives in the Bay Area, but most of his extended family is in Hong Kong, China. Justin speaks English, Mandarin, and Cantonese.
Books written.
He wrote the book "What Would you Imagine".

Tenero-Contra
Tenero-Contra is a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Torre, Switzerland
Torre was a municipality of the district Blenio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.
It came together with 3 other villages to become the new municipality Blenio.

Girolamo Savonarola
Girolamo Savonarola (September 21, 1452 – May 23, 1498),was an Italian Dominican priest and leader of Florence from 1494 until his execution in 1498. Savonarola is famous for burning books,and for the destruction of what he considered immoral art. Savonarola was the first and the only leader that controlled Florence without violence. Savonarola was a priest but he preached against the moral corruption of the clergy and the Church of Rome. His main enemy was Pope Alexander VI. He is sometimes seen as a precursor of Martin Luther and the Protestant Reformation,however he remained a devout Roman Catholic.
In the twentieth century, a movement for the canonization of "Frà Savonarola" began to develop within the Roman Catholic Church, particularly among Dominicans, with many judging his excommunication and execution to have been unjust. His potential beatification and canonization is opposed by many Jesuits, who consider Savonarola's (secular) conflict with the papacy to have been an intolerable crime.
Early years.
Savonarola was born in Ferrara, the capital of an independent Duchy.
In his youth he began studied the Bible. After the youth Savonarola studied at the University of Ferrara. His hate against morally corrupt clergy was initially manifested in two poems,the firstpoem on the destruction of the world entitled "De Ruina Mundi" ("On the Downfall of the World"), written at the age of 20,and the second poem "De Ruina Ecclesiae" ("On the Downfall of the Church") in 1475,where he spoke about Roman Curia as 'a false, proud whore'.
Florence.
Savonarola became a Dominican friar in 1475, during the Italian Renaissance, and entered the convent of San Domenico in Bologna. He studied intensly theologic studies, and in 1479 transferred to the convent of Santa Maria degli Angeli. Finally in 1482 the Order took him to Florence, the ‘city of his destiny’. After five years,he returned to Bologna where he became 'master of studies’.
Savonarola returned to Florence in 1490 where he began to preach passionately about the Last Days, with visions and prophetic announcements of direct communications with God and the saints. Savonarola,helped by disaster gave a big credibily,the message were about the losing power of the Medici's family.
Savonarola never tried to make war on the Church of Rome, he just wanted to correct the transgressions of worldly popes.
After Charles VIII of France invaded Florence in 1494, the ruling Medici were overthrown and Savonarola emerged as the new leader of the city, combining in himself the role of secular leader and priest. He set up a rather modern democratic republic in Florence,Savonarola make Florence a city devoted to God,as a good “Christian and religious Republic,” one of its first acts was to make sodomy, previously punishable by fine, into a capital offence. In the city after him homosexuality was previously tolerated in the city, and many homosexuals were important people in Florence.
In 1497, he and his followers went in Piazza della Signoria,and began to burn: mirrors, cosmetics, lewd pictures, pagan books, gaming tables, and musical instruments, fine dresses, women’s hats, and the works of immoral and ancient poets, and burnt them all in a large piles.Savonarola burn paintings same by famous artists as Sandro Botticelli and Michelangelo Buonarroti.
The Fall.
Florence soon became tired of Savonarola because of the city was continuely in misery, where God did not seem to intervene, and the Last Days announced from Savonarola,weren't never came.
During his Ascension Day sermon on May 4, 1497, bands of youths rioted, and the riot became a revolt: dancing and singing and taverns reopened.
Excommunication and execution.
On May 13, 1497, the r "Father" Savonarola was excommunicated by Pope Alexander VI, and in 1498, Alexander demanded his arrest and execution. On April 8, a troop of soldiers attacked the Convent of San Marco; and in a bloodybath, where Savonarola’s guards and religious supporters were killed, he surrendered. Savonarola during the next few weeks was tortured for to take a confession, Pope put on him, crimes of heresy, corruption and others crimes against the Church.
On the day of his execution he was taken out to the Piazza della Signoria with Fra Silvestro and Fra Domenico da Pescia, two religiouses two friends of Savonarola. the three were ritually stripped of their clerical vestments, degraded as "heretics and schismatics".The three were put on three crosses,and burned alive.Savonarola died in the same place where the "Bonfire of the Vanities" destroyed by his hands what he considerated immoral art.
Niccolò Machiavelli, author of "The Prince", also witnessed and wrote about the execution. The Medici after regained control of Florence.

Crepe myrtle
The common crepe mirtle was introduced in South Carolina by Andre Michaux.
This multistemmed shrub with crepe-like texture petals, and diverse colors is resistant to frosts.
The genus is dedicated to Magnus von Lagerstroem, who supplied Linnaeus plant he collected.

Torricella-Taverne
Torricella-Taverne is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Tremona
Tremona is a municipality of the district Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Valcolla
Valcolla is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Vergeletto
Vergeletto is a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.
History.
Since 1803, the municipality of Vergeletto also contained the current municipality of Gresso. Both municipalities were moved away from each other in 1882.
Coat of arms.
The coat of arms of the municipality are taken from the Garbani, or Garban family for its French and Northern American branch, starting from the village, who are people who sell things or people of power.

Vernate, Switzerland
Vernate is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Verscio
Verscio is a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Vezia
Vezia is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Vico Morcote
Vico Morcote is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Villa Luganese
Villa Luganese is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Vira (Gambarogno)
Vira is a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Vogorno
Vogorno is a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. The village can be found above Lago di Vogorno. There is an old church with frescos from about 1400 in the village.

Lago di Vogorno
Lago di Vogorno is a lake near Tenero, in Ticino, Switzerland. The reservoir on the Verzasca river is made by the Verzasca Dam, built 1961-1965. The water surface area is 1.68 km2

Alt St. Johann
Alt St. Johann is a municipality of the Toggenburg in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland.

567 Eleutheria
567 Eleutheria is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Paul Götz in 1905. Its provisional name was 1905 QP.

568 Cheruskia
568 Cheruskia is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Paul Götz in 1905. Its temporary name was 1905 QS.

569 Misa
569 Misa is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Johann Palisa in 1905. Its provisional name was 1905 QT.

Mika Pohjola
Mika Pohjola (December 1, 1971 Helsinki, Finland –) is a jazz pianist and composer. He lives in New York City.
Biography.
Mika Pohjola lived in Vantaa, Finland, outside Helsinki until 1987. He started studying piano and music theory with his father, Heikki Pohjola in 1979. In 1982, he started singing in the Helsinki cathedral boy choir, Cantores Minores. He then studied classical piano, music theory and counterpoint at the Vantaa Music Institute. After completing his classical studies, Pohjola moved to Stockholm, Sweden to study jazz music. He met Alvaro Is Rojas while studying at the Södra Latin Gymnasium. Is Rojas taught him piano improvisation and jazz ear-training for five years. Pohjola received a Master's Degree in Jazz Education at the Royal Swedish College of Music in 1992.
Encouraged by Alvaro Is Rojas, Pohjola moved to Boston, Massachusetts to study at Berklee College of Music. His teachers included Herb Pomeroy, Gary Burton, Phil Wilson, Ed Bedner and Hal Crook. Pohjola also met many new music collaborators, such as Johanna Grüssner, Matt Penman, Roberto Dani, Fernando Huergo, Sophie Dunér and Yusuke Yamamoto. Pohjola graduated from Berklee with honors in 1994. That same year he recorded his first album, "Myths and Beliefs" (GM Recordings) produced by Gunther Schuller.
In 1995, Pohjola moved to New York City and became a part of the downtown jazz scene. He briefly studied with pianist Sal Mosca. Pohjola performed at New York clubs such as the Blue Note, Birdland, the Five Spot, Smalls, The Jazz Standard and Visiones. His many bands featured saxophonists Chris Cheek, Mark Turner and Miguel Zenón, guitarist Ben Monder, bassists Matt Penman, Johannes Weidenmüller and Fernando Huergo, drummers Roberto Dani, Marlon Browden, Darren Beckett, Matt Wilson and Mark Ferber. In the 1990s, Pohjola often toured Europe, and performed in his native Finland, Sweden, Denmark, The United Kingdom, Germany and Italy. Pohjola was also invited to play in Ukraine in 1999, 2001 and 2002. In 2002 to 2005 Pohjola spent much time in his own recording studio, documenting ambitious arrangements of Scandinavian traditional and popular music. He released the catalogue of the original Moomin music on "Moomin Voices" (2003 in Swedish; 2005 in Finnish). His main collaborators included vocalists Theo Bleckmann, Rigmor Gustafsson, Lisa Werlinder, Sanni Orasmaa and Eeppi Ursin; and instrumentalists Alan Ferber, David Ambrosio, Christof Knoche, Laura Arpiainen and Ayumi Takeshima. He also recorded Scandinavian Christmas music on "Scandinavian Yuletide Voices" (2005), and a tribute to the Finnish legendary tango composer, Toivo Kärki on the album, "Leivonen lumimyrskyssä (A Lark in a Snowstorm)" (2006).
Pohjola has since 1995 been a jazz piano principal at the Nilsiä Music Camp in Finland. Additionally, he has been a guest lecturer at many conservatories in Scandinavia. In 2006 Pohjola was invited as a lecturer to Berklee College of Music as a major visiting artist.
Pohjola plays chacarera and jazz compositions with Argentinean bassist and composer Fernando Huergo. Pohjola also leads several groups in Finland, such as the popular Moomin Voices (in Finnish Muumilauluja-bändi) which often performs at children's events and festivals.

Zug
Zug is a small town at the northeastern corner of Lake Zug.

BitTorrent
BitTorrent is a peer-to-peer program developed by Bram Cohen and BitTorrent, Inc. used for uploading and downloading files under the BitTorrent protocol. The protocol "fields" called Tracker for hosting files, after with BitTorrent users "Seeds" give files,and "leechers" users take the files. BitTorrent was the first client written for the protocol.
Since version 6.0, the BitTorrent client is a rebranded version of µTorrent. As a result, its source is closed.
Before the version 6.0, BitTorrent was written in Python, and was free software. The source code for versions 4.x and 5.x are released under the BitTorrent Open Source License, a modified version of the Jabber Open Source License. Versions up to and including 3.4.2 were distributed under the MIT license.

List of BitTorrent clients
A BitTorrent client is a program that downloads files using the BitTorrent protocol.

Bali Nine
The Bali Nine is the name given to nine Australian citizens arrested on April 17, 2005, in Denpasar on the island of Bali, Indonesia. They had tried to smuggle 8.3 kg of heroin valued at about AUD 4 million from Indonesia to Australia. Andrew Chan, Si Yi Chen, Michael Czugaj, Renae Lawrence, Tach Duc Thanh Nguyen, Matthew Norman, Scott Rush, Martin Stephens and Myuran Sukumaran, all aged between 18 and 28 at the time of their arrests faced the death penalty if convicted. In the end, five of the Bali Nine received death sentences and rest got 20 years and life sentences. Renae Lawrence is currently serving her 20 year sentence in Kerobokan Prison along with fellow Australian Schapelle Corby.

570 Kythera
570 Kythera is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Max Wolf in 1905. Its provisional name was 1905 QX.

571 Dulcinea
571 Dulcinea is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It is an R-type asteroid. It was found by Paul Götz in 1905. Its provisional name was 1905 QZ.

572 Rebekka
572 Rebekka is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Paul Götz in 1905. Its provisional name was 1905 RB.

573 Recha
573 Recha is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Max Wolf in 1905. Its provisional name was 1905 RC.

574 Reginhild
574 Reginhild is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Max Wolf in 1905. Its provisional name was 1905 RD.

Eunuch
A eunuch is a castrated man. His genitals are removed. This can be cutting off the testicles or removing the penis and the testicles.
Over the millennia since, eunuchs had a lot of different functions in different cultures such as domestics, treble singers, religious specialists, government officials, military commanders, and guardians of women or harem servants.

Antares Telescope
The ANTARES Experiment is a telescope that is built at the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea. But it is not a normal telescope that uses light to see distant objects. Instead, it uses neutrinos, very small and light particles that can fly through the earth.
Functions.
To detect these neutrinos, it uses 900 light sensors attached to 12 strings that float in the sea. The strings are fixed on the sea floor by an anchor and held straight by a buoy floating in the sea. Althogh the neutrinos are invisible, they can create a different particle, a muon, in water, which then gives off light by the Cherenkov effect because it travels faster than light in water.
The sensors are so sensitive that they need only very little light and can even detect single photons. This is necessary because the muons produce only very little light.
Location.
The detector is located in the Mediterranean, about 40 kilometres off Toulon in southern France. There the sea is 2500 metres deep. It is built by a group of physicists from 12 european countries. Currently, 10 strings are running. The last two strings will be installed in May 2008.
Trivia.
It is the largest neutrino detector in the Northern hemisphere. Two similar detectors are located in the ice of the South Pole (AMANDA and IceCube).

Čerenkov radiation
The Cherenkov effect is an effect in physics discovered by Pavel Alekseyevich Čerenkov.
Theory.
Whenever a particle with an electric charge moves faster than light in a medium, it sends out photons (light particles) and thereby loses energy.
Explanation.
Because nothing can move faster than light in vacuum, there is no Cherenkov light in vacuum. But, for example, in water, light moves only with 75% of the speed in vacuum. Here particles with very high energy can move faster and create Cherenkov light.
Because the Cherenkov effect is strongest for light with short wavelenghts, Cherenkov light often appears blue.

List of German towns
Complete list of 2,073 cities in Germany (as of September 1, 2005)
Only municipalities with independent administration and that have the "Stadtrecht" (city rights) are included.

Foot-pound force
The foot-pound force (symbol: ft·lbf), or simply foot-pound (symbol: ft·lb), is a unit of energy and also a unit of torque. By definition it is one foot times one pound-force.
Unit of energy.
As a unit of energy, one foot-pound is energy it takes to push with one pound-force for one a distance of foot.
Unit of torque.
As a unit of torque, one foot-pound is the torque created by one pound force acting at a perpendicular distance of one foot from a pivot point.

Aeschlen bei Oberdiessbach
Aeschlen bei Oberdiessbach (also known as Aeschlen) is a municipality of the district Konolfingen in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

Büren (district)
The district of Büren is a district of the Swiss canton of Bern. Its capital is Büren an der Aare.

Budai
Budai (Chinese:布袋) or Budai Luohan, pronounced Hotei in Japanese, also known as the "Laughing Buddha", is the person who might be the next Buddha after Gautama Buddha.
He has become incorporated into Buddhist, Taoist and Shinto culture and is based on a Chinese monk. He is in many temples, restaurants, and businesses. Budai has become a god of happiness and plenty, when taken in by Taoism and Buddhism. In Japan, Hotei is one of the Seven Lucky Gods ("Shichi Fukujin"). He is almost always shown smiling or laughing, hence his nickname in Chinese, the "Laughing Buddha" (Chinese:笑佛).
As Angida Arhat.
Budai comes from the time of Sakyamuni Buddha, where there was a monk named "Angida", whose name also meant "calico bag".. In the legend, Angida was an Indian snake catcher who caught poisonous snakes to stop them from biting people. Budai and Angida look similar, they both are plump, seen laughing and carrying a bag.
Description.
Budai is almost always shown carrying a sack, which never empties, and is filled with many precious things, including rice plants (which show wealth), sweets for children, food, and the sadness of the world. His duty is protector of the weak, the poor and children.
In Chinese Buddhist temples, Budai's statue is put in the front part of the entrance hall. He is shown as a stout, smiling or laughing man in robes with a largely shown stomach, which shows happiness, good luck, and plenty.
Some statues show small children at his feet. Another item that is usually seen in Budai statues, is a begging bowl; to show that he is a Buddhist. All of these images show Budai as a wandering monk who goes around and takes the sadness from people. Because he represents richness and happiness, statues are often found in homes and businesses in China and Japan.
Chán Buddhism.
The main story that concerns Budai in Chan is a short koan. In it, Budai travels, giving candy to poor children, only asking a penny from people he meets. One day a monk walks up to him and asks, "What is the meaning of Chan?" Budai drops his bag. "How does one get to Chan?" he continued. Budai then picks up his bag and walks away.
Phra Sangkadchai/ Phra Sangkachai.
In Thailand Budai is sometimes confused with another monk very respected in Thailand, Phra Sangkadchai or Sangkachai (Thai: พระสังกัจจายน์). "Phra Sangkadchai", a Thai spelling of Mahakaccayanathera (Thai: มหากัจจายนเถระ), was a Buddhist in Pali in the time of the Lord Buddha. Lord Buddha praised "Phra Sangkadchai" for his excellence in explaining complicated dharma (or dhamma) in an easily and understandable way.
1. Phra Sangkadchai has a bit of hair on his head while Budai is bald.
2. Phra Sangkadchai wears the robes in Theravadin Buddhist fashion with the robes folded across one shoulder, leaving the other uncovered. Budai wears the robes in Chinese style, covering both arms but leaving the front part of the upper body uncovered.
Folklore.
One belief surrounding the figure of Budai in popular folklore is that if a person rubs his belly, it brings wealth, good luck, and prosperity. This belief however is not part of any Buddhist ritual, but more of a Chinese practice. He is often admired for his happiness, plenitude, and wisdom of contentment.

Juroujin
In Japan, Juroujin (寿老人), also known as Gama, is one of the Seven Lucky Gods, according to Taoist beliefs. He is the God of long life.
He has a staff and a fan. He is shown as an old man with a long beard, and a scroll is tied to the staff, which which has the lifespan of all living things written on it. The deer, the crane and the tortoise, symbols of long life, sometimes follow him.

Source code
In computer programming, source code is a text file version of a program that contains instructions to be understood by humans and a compiler program or a shell. There are many different computer programming languages, some produce machine code and are called compilers, others are called interpreters and directly run code without creating code.
Example of C source code.
When compiled by a C compiler and executed, this will print "Hello world!" on the computer screen and then exit.

Legendary Pokémon
In each "Pokémon" video game, there are a number of legendary Pokémon. Characters in the game often believe that the said Pokémon does not exist or claim that very few people have seen them. They are often found in places hard to get to. They can only be caught once.

Gilles Binchois
Gilles Binchois (probably born in Mons about 1400; died Soignies, 20 September,1460), was a Franco-Flemish composer. His name is spelt in various ways: “Binchoys”, “Binch” or “Binche” or “Gilles de Bins”. He is one of the earliest composers of the group known as the Burgundian School. His style of composition had a very important influence on music at the Burgundian court. Together with Guillaume Dufay and John Dunstaple he belongs to the greatest of 15th century composers.
Life.
He was probably born in Mons in what is now Belgium. His father, a councillor to Duke Guillaume IV of Hainault, had a job in a church in Mons. Nothing is known about Gilles until 1419, when he became organist at the church of Ste. Waudru in Mons. In 1423 went to live in Lille. He may have worked as a soldier.
Sometime near the end of the 1420s he joined the court chapel of Burgundy. He sang with the choir there. He spent many years working at the Burgundian court. He was not allowed much time to be away, so he did not travel much. We know that he went to Mons in 1449 on which occasion he met Guillaume Dufay. When he retired he went to live in Soignes. He had a good pension.
Music and influence.
Binchois wrote beautiful melodies which were much simpler than a lot of the music of the Middle Ages. They are easy to sing and remember. Many later composers used melodies by Binchois as a basis for their own masses. Most of his secular songs are rondeaux, which became the most common song form during the century. Binchois did not often write in strophic form. He preferred to write music which did not follow the rhyming rhythm of the verse.

Ekans
Ekans is a character in the anime and video game series called Pokémon. It is a type of snake. Ekans evolves into Arbok.
Name.
Its name is special. If you read it backwards, you will see it says "snake". Arbok's name is the same as this except it says "kobra" backwards.

Charmeleon
Charmeleon is a character in the anime and video game series called Pokémon. It is a fire-type Pokémon that evolves from Charmander. It evolves into Charizard. All three of these Pokémon are considered to be lizards.

Squirtle
Squirtle is a character in the series, Pokémon, which has a TV show, games, and more. It is one of the three starter pokémon. It is a water-type Pokémon. Squirtle comes with the ability Torrent, which increases the power of Water-type attacks by 50% once the Pokémon has less than one-third of its maximum HP.
Squirtle evolves via level, into Wartortle starting at Level 16, then into Blastoise starting at Level 36.

John Dunstaple
John Dunstaple or Dunstable (born about 1390; died 24 December 1453) was an English composer who lived in the last part of the medieval era and the early part of the Renaissance. He was one of the most famous composers in the early 15th century. He had a lot of influence on music in England as well as on the continent. He helped to develop the style of the Burgundian School.
The spelling "Dunstaple" is more often used today because in documents from his time this is the spelling that is more common, although some documents spelt his name "Dunstable".
Life.
Dunstaple was probably born in Dunstable, Bedfordshire around 1390. We know very little about his life. He was well educated and he worked for the Duke of Bedford who was the fourth son of Henry IV and brother of Henry V. He may have spent some time in France because the duke was Regent of France from 1423 to 1429, and then Governor of Normandy from 1429 to his death in 1435. Dunstaple owned property in Normandy, and also in Cambridgeshire, Essex and London, according to tax records of 1436. He also worked for the Duke of Gloucester.
Many composers at that time were priests, but Dunstaple was not, although he had connections with St Albans Abbey. He was probably married.
During his life he was not just known as a composer but also as an astronomer, astrologer, and mathematician.
He died on Christmas Eve 1453, and was buried in the church of St Stephen Walbrook in London which was later destroyed in the Great Fire of 1666.
Music and influence.
We hardly have any original manuscripts of Dunstaple’s music. England was a very musical country at the time, but almost all that music was destroyed between 1536 and 1540 during the Dissolution of the Monasteries when Henry VIII was ruling. Most of Dunstaple’s works which survive were works which were found on the continent, mostly in north Italy. This shows that he must have been famous throughout Europe. He influenced Dufay and Binchois. The Flemish composer and music theorist Tinctoris wrote in 1476 that he was the most important musician of new music which had started in England.
Dunstaple was one of the first to compose masses using one melody as "cantus firmus." He wrote many carols, but we do not know which ones are by him because he did not sign his name to them. He wrote secular music, but it has been lost.

Equals sign
The equal sign, equals sign, or "=" is a mathematical symbol used to indicate equality. It looks like two parallel horizontal lines. The equals sign is placed between the things stated to be exactly equal or the same. Computers display the equals sign with the Unicode or ASCII character 003D (in hexadecimal).
Similar symbols.
The symbol used to say items are approximately equal is "≈" (wavy lines), and the symbol used to say when items are not equal is "≠" (slashed equal sign).

Crimean War
The Crimean War (1853–1866), also called the Eastern War (), was a war fought between Russia and France, the United Kingdom, the Kingdom of Sardinia and the Ottoman Empire on the other side. Most of the fighting happened in the Crimean Peninsula, with other fighting in western Turkey, and around the Baltic Sea.
The Crimean War is sometimes called the fist "modern" war, since the weaponry and tactics used had never been seen before and affected all other wars after it.
Differences.
The Crimean War was a very important point in the history of warfare. It was not only different in the weapons it used, it was also the first war related to by press, by photography and journalists. Another very important factor was that it was the first war with real field hospitals, started by Florence Nightingale. A defeat by Russia in the war caused increased development of weaponry and the emancipation (breaking down serfdom) in 1861.

Homophobia
Homophobia is the fear or poor treatment of homosexuals. There are events to stop homophobia, like the "gay pride parades" and "International Day Against Homophobia". In some places, it is illegal to treat homosexuals badly, and it is a hate crime to hurt them.

Tickle
To tickle is to lightly scratch, touch, or rub someone or something to make them laugh. Some think it causes pleasure and happiness. Other people hate it.

English Springer Spaniel
The English Springer Spaniel is a dog breed used to help hunters get their animals. It is one of many spaniel breeds. They can be brown and white, black and white, or have tan spots.

Ottawa Hills, Ohio
Ottawa Hills is a village in Ohio, United States. 4,564 people lived there in 2000. The village is a wealthy suburb of Toledo. They have a police and fire department. The high school is the second best public school in Ohio. Ottawa Hills is 13th out of 1065 places in Ohio by average income.

Congo River
The Congo River (also known as Zaire River) is the largest river in Western Central Africa. Its overall length of 4,700 km (2,922 miles) makes it the second longest in Africa (after the Nile). The river and its tributaries flow through the second largest rain forest area in the world, second only to the Amazon Rainforest in South America. The river also has the second-largest flow in the world, behind the Amazon, and the second-largest watershed of any river, again trailing the Amazon; its watershed is a little larger than that of the Mississippi River. Because large parts of the river basin sit above and below the equator, its flow is very good, as there is always at least one river having a rainy season.
The Congo gets its name from the old Kingdom of Kongo which made their home in the lands at the mouth of the river. The Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Republic of the Congo, both countries sitting along the river's banks, are named after it. From 1971 to 1997, the government of then-Zaire called it the Zaire River.
The sources of the Congo are in the highlands and mountains of the East African Rift, as well as Lake Tanganyika and Lake Mweru, which feed the Lualaba River. This then becomes the Congo below Boyoma Falls. The Chambeshi River in Zambia is usually taken as the source of the Congo because of the accepted practice worldwide of using the longest tributary, as with the Nile River.
The Congo flows mostly west from Kisangani just below the falls, then slowly bends southwest, passing by Mbandaka, joining with the Ubangi River, and running into the Pool Malebo (Stanley Pool). Kinshasa (formerly Léopoldville) and Brazzaville are on opposite sides of the river at the Pool, where the river narrows and falls through a few cataracts in deep canyons (collectively known as the Livingstone Falls), running by Matadi and Boma, and into the sea at the small town of Muanda.
History of exploration.
The mouth of the Congo was visited by Europeans in 1482, by the Portuguese Diogo Cão, and in 1816, by a British exploration under James Kingston Tuckey that went up the river as far as Isangila. Henry Morton Stanley was the first European to travel along the whole river.
Economic importance.
Although the Livingstone Falls stop water coming in from the sea, almost all of the Congo is navigable in parts, especially between Kinshasa and Kisangani. Railways now cross the three major falls, and much of the trade of central Africa passes along the river, including copper, palm oil, sugar, coffee, and cotton. The river can also be valuable for hydroelectric power, and the Inga Dams below Pool Malebo are some of the first dams built.
In February of 2005, South Africa's power company owned by the state, Eskom, said that they had a proposal to increase the holding amount of the Inga a lot through improvements and the building of a new hydroelectric dam. The project would bring the highest output of the dam to 40 GW, twice that of China's Three Gorges Dam.
Geological history.
In the Mesozoic period before the continental drift opened the South Atlantic Ocean, the Congo was the upper part of a river about 12,000 km (7,500 miles) long that flowed west across the parts of Gondwanaland, now called Africa and South America.
Literature.
Though it isn't easily known, it was the location of a book by Joseph Conrad

Breast reduction
Breast reduction is a plastic surgery to make human breasts smaller. The doctor takes out fat, skin, and glands. It is done on women most of the time, but men can also get it. In 2005, more than 113,000 women had breast reductions.

Bachelor of Arts
Bachelor of Arts is a college degree. It takes three years to get it in Australia, Austria, Denmark, Estonia, England, Wales, Northern Ireland, Germany, Iceland, India, Israel, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Quebec, Pakistan, Singapore, South Africa, and Switzerland. It takes four years in the Canada, Republic of Ireland, Scotland, Japan, and the United States.

575 Renate
575 Renate is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Max Wolf in 1905. Its provisional name was 1905 RE.

576 Emanuela
576 Emanuela is an asteroid orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Paul Götz in 1905. Its provisional name was 1905 RF.

577 Rhea
577 Rhea is a minor planet orbiting the sun in the asteroid belt. It is named after Rhea, one of the Titans in Greek mythology.
It was found by Max Wolf in 1905. Its provisional name was 1905 RH.
It should not be confused with Saturn's moon Rhea.

578 Happelia
578 Happelia is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Max Wolf in 1905. Its provisional name was 1905 RZ.

579 Sidonia
579 Sidonia is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by August Kopff in 1905. Its provisional name was 1905 SD.

580 Selene
580 Selene is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. The name Selene is that of an ancient Greek goddess of the Moon.
It was found by Max Wolf in 1905. Its provisional name was 1905 SE.
This body orbits the Sun about half way between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. The orbital eccentricity is a bit lower than that of Mars. Based on its light curve, Selene has an estimated rotation period of 0.3947±0.0004 days, or just under 9.5 hours. During each rotation, the apparent magnitude varies by 0.27. The diameter of this asteroid is about 46 km. (Some sources list a diameter of up to 56 km.) The albedo is about 7%, comparable to that of the Earth's Moon.

Izanami
Izanami is a goddess of both creation and death in Japanese mythology.

Computer architecture
In computer engineering, computer architecture is the conceptual design and fundamental operational structure of a computer system. It is the technical drawings and functional description of all design requirements (especially speeds and interconnections), it is how to design and implementation various parts of a computer — focusing largely on the way by which the central processing unit (CPU) operates internally and how it access addresses in memory.
It can be defined as the science and art of selecting and interconnecting hardware components to create computers that meet functional, performance and cost goals.
Once both ISA and microarchitecture has been specified, the actual computing system needs to be designed into hardware. This design process is called "implementation". Implementation is usually a hardware engineering design process.
For CPUs, the entire implementation process is often called CPU design; it can also be a family of related CPU designs, such as RISC and CISC.

Mary Harrison McKee
Mary Scott Harrison McKee (April 3, 1858 – October 28, 1930) was the first lady to her father, President Benjamin Harrison. She became first lady when her mother, Caroline Harrison, became sick and died. She was born in Indianapolis, Indiana on April 3, 1858.

Zella-Mehlis
Zella-Mehlis is a town in the Schmalkalden Meinigen district, in Thuringia, Germany. It is situated in the Thuringian Forest, north of Suhl, and east of Meiningen.

Port Said
Port Said (Arabic بورسعيد,
is an Egyptian city near the Suez Canal, with a population of about 500,000.
Port Said has fishing and industries, like chemicals, processed food, and cigarettes. Port Said is also an important harbour both for exports of Egyptian products like cotton and rice, but also a fuelling station for ships that pass through the Suez Canal.

Food processing
Food processing means the ways that are used to change raw ingredients into food so that they can be eaten by humans or animals. The food processing industry uses these processes. Food processing often takes clean, harvested or slaughtered and butchered components and uses these to produce attractive and marketable food products. Similar process are used to produce animal feed.

Sixty
Sixty is a number. It comes after fifty-nine, but before sixty-one and is an even number.
It is divisible by 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 12, 15, 20, and 30.

Seventy-two
Seventy-two is a number. It comes after seventy-one, but before seventy-three.

CN Tower
The CN Tower is a communications and tourist tower in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is tall. It became taller than the Ostankino Tower in Moscow while it was still being built in 1975, becoming the tallest free-standing structure on land in the world. On September 12, 2007, after holding the record for 32 years, the CN tower passed in height by the still-under-construction Burj Dubai. It is an important icon of Toronto and has more than two million visitors every year.
Construction of the tower started on February 6, 1973. It opened to the public for the first time on June 26, 1976.
Name.
The "CN" in the tower's name came from the "Canadian National" Railway, the railway company that built the tower. In 1995, the railway sold the tower to the Canada Lands Company (CLC). Local residents wanted to keep the name "CN Tower", though, so the abbreviation is now a shortened form of Canada's National Tower instead of the original Canadian National Tower. Neither of these names are commonly used, though; the tower is usually called the CN Tower.

Freiburg im Breisgau
Freiburg is a city in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Its full name is "Freiburg im Breisgau".
Freiburg is on the western edge of the southern Black Forest ().
Twin cities.
Iranian president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's, controversial comments, which included questioning the size of the Holocaust, have sparked questions about Freiburg's partnership with Isfahan. After the comments Freiburg's mayor postponed a trip to Isfahan, but most people involved, especially those in the The Greens party, were opposed to cancelling the partnership.

Baden-Baden
Baden-Baden is a town in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is located on the western foothills of the Black Forest, on the banks of the Oos River, in the region of Karlsruhe.
History.
The springs of Baden-Baden were known to the Romans, and the foundation of the town is referred to the emperor Hadrian by an inscription of somewhat doubtful authenticity. The name of Aurelia Aquensis was given to it in honour of Aurelius Severus, in whose reign it would seem to have been well known. Fragments of its ancient sculptures are still to be seen, and in 1847 remains of Roman vapour baths, well preserved, were discovered just below the New Castle.
In 1931, the town of Baden-Baden was officially given its double name (a short form for "Baden in Baden", i.e. Baden in the state of Baden). In both World Wars, the town escaped destruction. After World War II, Baden-Baden became the headquarters of the French forces in Germany and the site of a displaced persons camp.
From September 23 to September 28 1981, the XIth Olympic Congress took place in the "Kurhaus" in Baden-Baden.
The Baden Airpark is located 15 km west of Baden-Baden.
The Russian writer Dostoevsky wrote "The Gambler" while gambling at the famous Baden-Baden Casino.

Coburg
Coburg is a town located on the Itz River in Bavaria, Germany. Its 2005 population was 42,015. It joined with Bavaria by popular vote in 1920. Before 1918, it was the larger of the two capital cities in the united duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.
Coburg's Coat of Arms honoring the city's patron Saint Maurice was granted in 1493.
History.
Coburg lies about 90 km south of Erfurt and about 100 km north of Nuremberg. Coburg was first mentioned in a document dated 1056, although there was a settlement at the site that before then called Trufalistat. Following several changes of noble owners, it came into the hands of the House of Wettin in 1353 when Friedrich III, the Strong, married Katherina von Henneberg. In 1596, it became the capital of one of the new Duchy of Saxe-Coburg under the leadership of Duke Johann Casimirs (ruled 1596-1633).
Due to the royal connections among the royal houses of Europe, Coburg was the site of many royal Ducal weddings and visits. Britain's Queen Victoria made 6 visits to Coburg during her 64 year reign. In 1896 one ceremony brought together Queen Victoria, her son Edward (future Edward VII), her second son Alfred (Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha), her daughter the German dowager Empress Friedrich (Victoria), and many of her grandchildren, such as Tsar Nicholas and Alexandra of Russia, Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany, and the future King George V of Great Britain.
In 1920, two years after the abdication of the last duke, the locals voted to join Bavaria. Thus whilst the other Saxon-Thuringian principalities were later incorporated into the German Democratic Republic after World War II, Coburg became part of West Germany As a result, the town spent the Cold War years lying right next to the Iron Curtain, surrounded by East German territory on three sides.
Religion.
Most residents of Coburg are members of the Evangelical Church (Lutheranism). Other Christian communities are Baptists, Seventh-day Adventists, the ICF Movement, Jehovah's Witnesses, Catholics, Old Catholics and the New Apostolic Church, as well as The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. There are also three communities of Muslims. Coburg had a large Jewish community until the 1940s. Jews have lived there since the 14th century. The old synagogue was a former church. Today it is used by Old Catholics. Coburg became Protestant after the Reformation. All Catholics were persecuted. A new Catholic community was founded in the 19th century.
Districts.
Over two thirds of Coburg's population live in Coburg City.
Famous people.
Amongst the associated royalty, one individual's 20th century association with Coburg proved especially tragic. This was that of the British Royal Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha who was arrested and tried as a Nazi.
Besides various royalty, other famous individuals associated with Coburg include Hans Berger (graduated), William Frishmuth (born), and Eduard Study (born).
In 1530, Martin Luther stayed in the "Veste Coburg" to follow negotiations at the Imperial Diet in Augsburg. He also preached at St. Moriz church.
In 1887, Johann Strauss, the "Waltz King", left Vienna when the Roman Catholic Church would not let him divorce his 2nd wife. He moved to Lutheran Saxe-Coburg-Gotha with his future 3rd wife Adele, where he lived the last 13 years of his life in Coburg. He was however buried in Vienna.
In 1922, Adolf Hitler led several hundred stormtroopers in a march through the city, fighting pitched street battles with leftists. During the Nazi era, the Coburg Badge was one of the most prestigious party medals.
Hans Morgenthau, founder of International Relations as a field of study, was born here.
The US National Hot Dog and Sausage Council asserts that Frankfurt am Main is traditionally credited with originating the Frankfurter. According to the Council, this claim is disputed and that the hot dog was created in the late 1600s by Johann Georghehner, a butcher, living in Coburg. Coburg was the first German town to elect a Nazi Mayor.

Görlitz
Görlitz (, "Zhorjelc",) is a town in Germany on the river Lusatian Neisse, in the "Bundesland" ("Federal State") of Saxony, opposite the Polish town of Zgorzelec. Zgorzelec was a part of Görlitz until 1945.
Historically Görlitz has belonged at times to the regions of Lusatia and Silesia. Today it is the easternmost city in Germany.
History.
When Nazi Germany lost the war, German troops blew up all bridges crossing the Lusatian Neisse. The redrawing of boundaries in 1945 – in particular the relocation of the German-Polish border to the Oder-Neisse line – divided the town, the right bank becoming part of Poland, and named Zgorzelec in 1948, while the main portion became part of the German state of Saxony. When the East German states were dissolved in 1952, Görlitz became part of the Dresden Bezirk (region), but the states were restored upon German reunification in 1990.
Today Görlitz and Zgorzelec, two towns on opposite banks of the river, have friendly relations. Two bridges have been rebuilt, a bus line connects the German and Polish parts of the town, and there is a common urban management, with annual common sessions of both town councils.
On June 27, 1994, the town was became a Roman Catholic diocese.
Görlitz is the hometown of current German football players Michael Ballack and Jens Jeremies.
In 2006 Görlitz/Zgorzelec was a candidate for European City of Culture 2010. It was hoped that the jury could be convinced by the concept of a Polish-German Cooperation but Essen got the award, with Görlitz achieving the second place. The Campaign was renamed City of Culture to intensify German-Polish relationship and to attract tourists from all over the world.
In Fiction.
The dramatic courtroom scene, at the conclusion of John le Carré famous Cold War spy novel "The Spy Who Came in from the Cold", takes place in a secret Socialist Unity Party of Germany installation near Görlitz, in the middle 1960s.

Pewter City Gym
Pewter City Gym is a gym in the Pokémon TV series and video games.
Pokémon.
Brock is the gym leader here. He uses rock-type Pokémon.

Visual spectrum
The visible spectrum (or sometimes called the optical spectrum) is the part of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to the human eye. Electromagnetic radiation in this range of wavelengths is called visible light or simply light.
A typical human eye will react to wavelengths in air from about 380 to 750 nm.
The familiar colors of the rainbow in the spectrum include all those colors that can be produced by visible light of a single wavelength only, the "pure spectral" or "monochromatic" colors.
But there are no clear boundaries between one color and the next.
Color display spectrum.
Color displays (e.g., computer monitors or televisions) mix red, green, and blue color to approximate the color spectrum. In the illustration, the narrow red, green and blue bars show the relative mixture of these three colors used to produce the color directly above.

Lugia
Lugia is a fictional Pokémon species from the "Pokémon" anime and video game series. It is a legendary Pokémon that first appeared in the film "Pokémon 2000" and since then has appeared in many "Pokémon" video games, starting with "Pokémon Gold and Silver".

Ho-oh
Ho-oh is a character in the Pokémon TV series and video games.
He looks similar to a giant chicken, and is coloured orange, white, red, yellow and green. He makes his first appearance in Pokemon Gold and Silver version(s). In Gold version, he is caught at level 40, and in silver, level 70. He is a Fire/Flying Pokemon, which makes him vunreable to 'Lugia', a Pokemon that has some water moves, who is the other main legendary pokemon in Gold/Silver.
'Ho-oh' can only be caught once the 'Rainbow feather' has been obtained.

Aach, Baden-Württemberg
Aach is a small town in the German state of Baden-Württemberg. Being situated close to Lake Constance and the Swiss border, it is mostly known for the Aachtopf — Germany's biggest natural spring in terms of production.
Aach has a city council with twelve seats. The last elections in 2004 brought three seats for the CDU, three seats for the SPD and four seats for independent voters' associations. Aach's mayor is Severin Graf (CDU).

Aach, Rhineland-Palatinate
Aach is a municipality in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate. It is part of Trier-Land, a "Verbandsgemeinde".
Aach has a council with sixteen seats. The last elections in 2004 brought the CDU twelve seats, the other four went to the free voters' association (FWG Aach e. V.) In the same elections Mayor Josef Klein (CDU) was voted into office with nearly 74% of the votes.
Geography.
Aach lies about 6 km north of the center of Trier. It is situated in the southern Eifel mountains.

Zapdos
Zapdos is a character from the Pokémon TV series and video games. It is the legendary bird of lightning. Together with Articuno, Moltres, Lugia and Ho-oh, they make up the five legendary birds.

Moltres
Moltres is a character from the Pokémon TV series and video games. It is the legendary bird of fire. Together with Articuno, Zapdos, Lugia and Ho-oh, they make up the five legendary birds.

Joachimsthal, Brandenburg
Joachimsthal is a town in the district of Barnim, in Brandenburg, Germany. It is northwest of Eberswalde, and northeast of Berlin-Mitte.

Pieter Brueghel the Elder
Pieter Brueghel the Elder (c. 1525 – September 9, 1569) was a Dutch or Flemish Renaissance painter and printmaker. He is known for his landscapes and peasant scenes. He is nicknamed 'Peasant Bruegel' to distinguish him from other members of the Brueghel family. But he is the most famous of them and therefore in most of the cases when someone speaks of "Brueghel" he thinks of him. From 1559 he dropped the 'h' from his name and started signing his paintings as Bruegel.
Life.
There are records that he was born in Breda, Netherlands, but it is uncertain whether the Dutch town of Breda or the Belgian town of Bree, called Breda in Latin, is meant. He was the son of a peasant living in the village of Breughel. He was an apprentice of Pieter Coecke van Aelst and he married his daughter Mayken.
Style.
In Bruegel's later years he painted in a simpler style than the Italian art in his time. The most obvious influence on his art is the older Dutch master Hieronymus Bosch.
Themes.
Bruegel specialized in landscapes populated by peasants. He is often credited as being the first Western painter to paint landscapes for their own sake.
He showed the rituals of village life—including agriculture, hunts, meals, festivals, dances, and games. These show the folk culture of 16th century life.

Bad Tölz
Bad Tölz is a town in Bavaria, Germany, and capital of the district of Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen.
In 1937 a SS-Junkerschule (SS Officer Candidate School) was established at Bad Tölz which operated until the end of World War II in 1945. As well, a subcamp of the Dachau concentration camp was located in the town. It provided labour for the SS-Junkerschule and the Zentralbauleitung (Central Administration Building). The former SS-Junkerschule was the base of the U.S. Army's 1st Battalion, 10th Special Forces Group until 1991.
Bad Tölz is known for its spas, historic medieval town, and spectacular views of the alps. On the western bank of the Isar River lies the Kurverwaltung, or modern spa, whose iodine-rich waters are known for their soothing and healing powers. Another major attraction is Stadtpfarrkirche, a church built in 1466, which is an excellent example of German late-Gothic architecture.
Geography.
Bad Tölz sits on the Isar River, 670 metres above sea level. It has an area of

Chris Brown (entertainer)
Christopher Maurice Brown (born May 5, 1989), is an American pop and R&B singer, dancer, and actor.

Bernau bei Berlin
Bernau bei Berlin (English "Bernau near Berlin") is a German city in the Barnim district. The city is located about northeast of Berlin.
In 1842 a railway line was opened. One of the first electrical suburban railway lines in the world has been opened in 1924. This line of the Berlin S-Bahn connected Bernau with station Stettiner Bahnhof (today Berlin Nordbahnhof) in Berlin. The Allgemeiner Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund (ADGB) ("General German Confederation of Trade Unions") opened its school in 1930. The Waldsiedlung (engl. residential area in the wood) is a district of the city where the political leaders of the GDR lived isolated from the people.

Bad Reichenhall
Bad Reichenhall is a spa town, and capital of the Berchtesgadener Land district in Upper Bavaria, Germany.
It is located near Salzburg, and encircled by the Chiemgauer Alps (including Mount Staufen and Mount Zwiesel.
Bad Reichenhall is a traditional center of salt production, obtained by evaporating water saturated with salt from brine ponds.
The town was the site of a disaster on January 2, 2006, when the roof of the town's ice rink collapsed under snow, killing 15 and injuring 34 others.
Ice rink disaster.
Fifteen people, twelve of them children, died in the collapse of the Bad Reichenhall Ice Rink on 2 January 2006. Thirty-four people were injured in the accident.

Demmin
Demmin () is a town in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany. It is the capital of the Demmin Rural District.
World War II.
German troops destroyed the bridges over the Peene while retreating from Demmin during World War II. This way, the advance of the Soviet Red Army was slowed down when they arrived in Demmin on April 30, 1945. During that night and the following morning, Demmin was handed over to the Red Army largely without fighting, similar to other cities like Greifswald.
Although there were only a few pockets of resistance, nearly 900 people committed mass suicides in fear of the Red Army. Coroner lists show that most drowned in the nearby River Tollense and River Peene, where others poisoned themselves. This was fuelled by atrocities and rapes committed by Red Army soldiers until the city commander had the access to the rivers blocked on May 3.

Red Army
The Red Army was the name of the army of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. It was the name used mainly during World War II.
People who hated communists used the name Red Army to describe any left wing group which they said was trying to promote communism and was paid for by the USSR.

Nienburg, Lower Saxony
Nienburg is a town and capital of the district Nienburg, in Lower Saxony, Germany.
Geographical location.
Nienburg is situated on the river Weser, approx. 55 km southeast of Bremen, and 45 km northwest of Hanover. Nienburg is the largest town in the.

Querfurt
Querfurt a town in Saalekreis district (Kreis) in the south of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany, situated in a fertile country on the Querne, west from Merseburg, on a branch line from Oberroblingen. Pop. 12,935 (2005).

Saab 35 Draken
The Saab 35 Draken ("kite" or "dragon") is a fighter aircraft made by Saab. It first flew in 1955 and was introduced in 1960. It was made to replace the Saab 29 Tunnan. The Draken used a delta wing, which gave it speed. In fact, it was Sweden's first aircraft to go twice the speed of sound.
What the Draken is like.
The Draken is 50 feet, 4 inches (15.35 meters) long, 30 feet, 10 inches (9.42 meters) wide, and 12 feet, 0 inches (03.89 meters) tall. It weighs 18,188 pounds (8,250 kilograms) empty and can weigh up to 27,050 pounds (12,270 kilograms) with things in it. It is powered by a Volvo Flygmotor RM 6C jet engine. It carries 2 30mm cannon and can carry AIM-9 Sidewinder missiles.

Departments of Haiti
Haiti is divided into 10 departments (French, "départements"). When Haiti was the French colony of "Saint-Domingue", there were three provinces: North, South and West. Under Toussaint L'Ouverture, the provinces were converted into departments.
The departments are further divided into 41 "arrondissements", and 133 "communes".

581 Tauntonia
581 Tauntonia is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Joel Metcalf in 1905. Its provisional name was 1905 SH.

Turquoise
Turquoise is an opaque, blueish-green mineral. It is not common and can be valuable in finer grades. It has been prized as a gem and ornamental stone for thousands of years because of its interesting coloring.

582 Olympia
582 Olympia is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by August Kopff in 1906. Its provisional name was 1906 SO.

Yotsuya Kaidan
Yotsuya Kaidan is one of the most famous Japanese ghoststory of all time. It was written in 1825 by Tsuruya Nanboku IV. The story is a tale of betrayal, murder and ghostly revenge. It continues to be an influence on Japanese horror today.
Its original title was Tōkaidō Yotsuya Kaidan.

Albrecht Dürer
Albrecht Dürer (May 21, 1471 – April 6, 1528) was a German painter, engraver and mathematician.
He was born and died in Nuremberg, Germany and is best known as a maker of old master prints. His prints were often in a series, so that there is a group of different prints about a subject. The most famous series are the "Apocalypse" (1498) and his two series on the passion of Christ, the "Great Passion" (1498–1510) and the "Little Passion" (1510–1511).
Dürer's best known individual engravings (that is, ones that are not part of a series) include ' (1513), ' (1514) and "Melencolia I" (1514). His most iconic images are his woodcuts of the ' (1497–1498) from the "Apocalypse" series, the "Rhinoceros", and numerous self-portraits in oils. Dürer possibly did not cut his own woodblocks but may have employed a skilled carver who followed his drawings faithfully. He painted a number of religious works in oils and made many brilliant watercolours and drawings, which through modern reproductions are now perhaps his best known works.
Dürer's prints made him famous across Europe before he was 30, and many people say he is the greatest artist of the Renaissance in Northern Europe.
Early life.
Dürer was born on May 21, 1471, third child and second son of his parents, who had between fourteen and eighteen children. His father was a successful goldsmith from Ajtós, near Gyula in Hungary.
Dürer's godfather was Anton Koberger, who left goldsmithing to become a printer and publisher in the year Dürer was born. He quickly became the most successful publisher in Germany, and owned twenty-four printing-presses and had many offices in Germany and abroad. His most famous publication was the "Nuremberg Chronicle," published in 1493 in German and Latin. It had 1,809 woodcut pictures by the Wolgemut workshop. Dürer may well have worked on some of these, as the work on the project began while he was with Wolgemut.
Dürer hadstarted to learn goldsmithing and drawing from his father. His father wanted him to continue his training as a goldsmith, but he was so good at drawing that he started as an apprentice to Michael Wolgemut at the age of fifteen in 1486. A self-portrait, a drawing in silverpoint, is dated 1484 (Albertina, Vienna). Wolgemut was the leading artist in Nuremberg at the time, and had a large workshop making different types of works of art, in particular woodcuts for books. Nuremberg was a rich city, a centre for publishing and many luxury trades. It had strong links with Italy, especially Venice, a relatively short distance across the Alps.
Wanderjahre and marriage.
.After completing his term of apprenticeship in 1489, Dürer followed the common German custom of taking a "wanderjahre" — in effect a gap year. Dürer was away nearly four years, travelling through Germany, Switzerland, and probably, the Netherlands. Dürer wanted to meet Martin Schongauer, the best engraver of Northern Europe, but Schongauer died shortly before Dürer's arrival. He stayed at the house of Schongauer's brother, and got some pictures that Schongauer owned.
His first painted self-portrait is now in the Louvre. It was painted in Strasbourg, probably so that Dürer could send it back to his fiancée in Nuremberg.. In fact, very soon after he got back to Nuremberg, on July 7, 1494 Dürer was married to Agnes Frey. She was the daughter of a well known brass worker (and amateur harpist) in the city. He was 23, and the marriage was arranged while Dürer was away travelling. his absence. They had no children, and most people think that they did not marry for love, but because it was good to link the two families. Also, a single man could not set up in business for himself in Nuremberg. Dürer painted some portraits of his wife, but experts say that they "lack warmth". The experts think that if Dürer loved his wife he would have taken more time over those pictures to make her look more beautiful and friendly.
First Visit to Italy.
Within three months Dürer left for Italy. The start of plague in Nuremberg was one reason for his leaving.
In Italy, he went to Venice where artists were working in a more modern style. Dürer wrote that Giovanni Bellini was the oldest and still the best of the artists in Venice.
Return to Nuremberg.
On his return to Nuremberg in 1495, Dürer opened his own workshop. He started to use what he learned in Italy more and more, so his work was quite different from the other artists in Nuremberg who used only the traditional German style.
Dürer's father died in 1502 and his mother died in 1513.
Dürer probably did not cut any of the woodblocks himself. This was a job for experts. But he had designed and cut woodblocks for woodcut as part of his training in Wolgemut's studio, and he had seen many carved and painted altarpieces made in the studio. This means he knew what could be made into a woodblock print, and how to work with the expert block cutters. Dürer either drew his design directly onto the woodblock itself, or glued a paper drawing to the block. Either way his drawing was destroyed when the block was cut.
His famous series of sixteen great designs for the "Apocalypse" are dated 1498. He made the first seven scenes of the "Great Passion" in the same year, and a little later, a series of eleven on the Holy Family and saints. Around 1503–1505 he produced the first seventeen of a set illustrating the life of the Virgin, which he did not finish for some years. Neither these, nor the "Great Passion," were published as sets until several years later, but prints were sold individually in considerable numbers.
The Venetian artist Jacopo de' Barbari, whom Dürer had met in Venice, visited Nuremberg in 1500, and Dürer said that he learned much about the new developments in perspective, anatomy, and Body proportions from him. de'Barbari did not want to tell Dürer everything he knew, so Dürer began his own studies, and he kept studying for the rest of his life. This is a series of drawings show Dürer's experiments in human proportion, before he made his famous engraving of "Adam and Eve" (1504). This is the only existing engraving signed with his full name.
Dürer made large numbers of other practice drawings, especially for his paintings and engravings, and many survive, most famously the "Praying Hands" (1508 Albertina, Vienna). He also continued to make images in watercolour and bodycolour (usually combined), including a number of very beautiful still lives of meadow sections or animals, including his "Hare" (1502, Albertina, Vienna).
Second visit to Italy.
In early 1506, he returned to Venice and stayed there until the spring of 1507. By this time Dürer's engravings were very popular and were being copied. In Venice he was given a valuable commission from the emigrant German community for the church of San Bartolomeo. This was the altar-piece known as the "Adoration of the Virgin" or the "Feast of Rose Garlands". It includes portraits of members of Venice's German community, but shows a strong Italian influence. Later, the Emperor Rudolf II took it to Prague. Other paintings Dürer made in Venice include, "The Virgin and Child with the Goldfinch", "Christ disputing with the Doctors" (supposedly produced in just five days), and a number of smaller works.
Nuremberg and the masterworks.
Dürer was admired by the Venetians, but he was back in Nuremberg by mid-1507. He stayed in Germany until 1520. His reputation had spread throughout Europe. He was on friendly terms with most of the major artists of Europe, and exchanged drawings with Raphael.
The years between and his journey to the Netherlands are divided according to the type of work he made. During the first five years, 1507–1511, after his return from Venice Dürer mostly painted. He made his four best paintings, "Adam and Eve" (1507), "Virgin with the Iris" (1508), the altarpiece the "Assumption of the Virgin" (1509), and the "Adoration of the Trinity by all the Saints" (1511). During this period he also completed the two woodcut series, the "Great Passion" and the "Life of the Virgin".
He complained that painting did not make enough money, so from 1511 to 1514 he concentrated on printmaking. The famous works he made in this period were the thirty-seven woodcuts for the "Little Passion", published first in 1511, and a set of fifteen small engravings on the same theme in 1512. In 1513 and 1514 he created his three most famous engravings, "The Knight, Death, and the Devil" (or simply, "The Knight", as he called it, 1513), "Melencolia I", and "St. Jerome in his Study" (both 1514).
'Melencolia I' has a magic square which is believed to be the first seen in European art. The two numbers in the middle of the bottom row give the date of the engraving, 1514.
In 1515, he created his woodcut of the "Rhinoceros". The rhinoceros was in Lisbon, but Durer never saw it. He made it from a sketch and description from another artist. It was not very lifelike, but still being used in some German school science text-books early last century.. The rhinoceros was from an extinct Indian species).
Up to 1520 he produced a wide range of works, including portraits in tempera on linen, experiments in etching on plates of iron, and parts of the "Triumphal Arch" and the "Triumphs of Maximilian" which were huge woodcut projects ordered by Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor.
Journey to the Netherlands and beyond.
In the summer of 1520 Dürer made his fourth and last major journey.
He wanted to renew the Imperial pension Maximilian had given him. Maximilian had died in 1519, so the city of Nuremberg stopped paying it. Dürer also needed new patrons following the death of Maximilian, and to avoid an outbreak of sickness in Nuremberg.
He took his wife and her maid and left Nuremberg for the Netherlands in July 1520, to be at the coronation of the new emperor, Charles V. He travelled by the Rhine to Cologne, and then to Antwerp, where he made many drawings in silverpoint, chalk, and charcoal.
Dürer went to Aachen for the coronation, but also made trips to Cologne, Nijmegen, 's-Hertogenbosch, Brussels, Bruges, Ghent, and Zeeland. In Brussels he saw "the things which have been sent to the king from the golden land" — the Aztec treasure that Hernán Cortés had sent home to Holy Roman Emperor Charles V following the fall of Mexico. Dürer wrote that this treasure trove "was much more beautiful to me than miracles. These things are so precious that they have been valued at 100,000 florins". Dürer appears to have been collecting for his own cabinet of curiosities, and he sent back to Nuremberg various animal horns, a piece of coral, some large fish fins, and a wooden weapon from the East Indies.
Dürer took many prints with him. He wrote in his diary to whom he gave, exchanged, or sold them, and for how much. This is some of the few times the price of prints was recorded, so historians think it very important to show the values of prints compared to paintings at that time. Dürer returned home in July 1521. He had an unknown illness which stayed with him for the rest of his life, and slowed his rate of work.
Final years in Nuremberg.
Back in Nuremberg, Dürer started work on a series of religious pictures. There are many practice sketches and "studies" (practice paintings for a bigger painting) but no big paintings from this time. This was partly because of his illness, but more because of the time he spent preparing to write books about geometry and perspective, the proportions of men and horses, and fortification.
His writings show that Dürer was highly sympathetic to Martin Luther, and he may have been influential in the City Council declaring for Luther in 1525. However, he died before religious divisions had hardened into different "Catholic" and "Protestant"churches. Dürer probably thought of himself as a reform-minded Catholic.
Dürer died in Nuremberg at the age of 56. He left money and goods worth 6,874 florins - a considerable sum. His workshop was a part of his large house. His widow lived there until her death in 1537. The house is now a museum.

583 Klotilde
583 Klotilde is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Johann Palisa in 1905. Its provisional name was 1905 SP.

584 Semiramis
584 Semiramis is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by August Kopff in 1906. Its provisional name was 1906 SY.

El Greco
El Greco ("The Greek", 1541 – April 7, 1614) was a painter, sculptor, and architect of the Spanish Renaissance. He usually signed his paintings in Greek letters with his full name, Doménicos Theotokópoulos (), showing his Greek origin.
El Greco was born in Crete, which was the center of Post-Byzantine art at that time. He trained and became a master of that kind of art before travelling at 26 to Venice, as other Greek artists had done. In 1570, he moved to Rome and opened a workshop and made a series of works. While he was in Italy, El Greco added elements of Mannerism and of the Venetian Renaissance to his style. In 1577, at the age of 36, he moved to Toledo, Spain, where he lived and worked until his death in 1614. In Toledo, El Greco painted his best-known paintings.
El Greco's dramatic and expressionist style puzzled other painters at the time, but came to be appreciated in the 20th century. El Greco is considered to have influenced both the Expressionism and Cubism styles. His personality and works inspired poets and writers like Rainer Maria Rilke and Nikos Kazantzakis. Many modern scholars think that El Greco belongs to no conventional school. He is best known for long figures and often fantastic or dramatic coloring, combining Byzantine traditions with Western painting traditions. His paintings generally have very bright parts contrasting with very dark parts.

George Byron
George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron (22 January 1788–19 April 1824), is commonly known as Lord Byron. He was an English poet and a leading figure in Romanticism. He was regarded as one of the greatest European poets and still many people read his works. Among his best-known works are the narrative poems "Childe Harold's Pilgrimage" and "Don Juan".
Lord Byron is also famous for the way he lived his life: extravagant living, many love affairs, debts, separation and for his fight against the Turks in the Greek War of Independence which lead to his death from a fever in Messolonghi in Greece. There were rumours that he was homosexual (which was against the law, at that time) and that he was guilty of incest. Lady Caroline Lamb, who was his lover for a time, said that he was "mad, bad, and dangerous to know."
His daughter Ada Lovelace is famous because she collaborated with Charles Babbage on the "analytical engine", a predecessor to modern computers.

Greek War of Independence
The Greek War of Independence (1821–1829), also commonly known as the Greek Revolution, was a successful war by the Greeks who won independence for Greece from the Ottoman Empire. After a long and bloody struggle, and with the aid of the United Kingdom, France and Russia, independence was finally granted by the Treaty of Constantinople in July 1832. The Greeks were thus the first of the Ottoman Empire's subject peoples who were accepted as an independent sovereign power.

Ronald Sinclair
Ronald Sinclair (January 21, 1924 - November 22, 1992), born Richard Arthur Hould and sometimes called Ra Hould or Ron Sinclair, was a child actor from New Zealand, who became a film editor.
Career.
Sinclair was a child actor turned film editor who was still considered a star in his home country of New Zealand, long after his Hollywood career ended. He appeared in films like "The Light That Failed", "Tower of London", "That Hamilton Woman" and "Desperate Journey". He also appeared in a series of children's adventure films featuring the "Five Little Peppers".
From 1955 on, Sinclair worked together with director Roger Corman. Together they edited films like "Swamp Women", "Day the World Ended", "The Intruder", "The Raven" and "The Trip".

Affoltern im Emmental
Affoltern im Emmental is a municipality of the district Trachselwald in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

Albligen
Albligen (also known in French as Albenon) is a municipality of the district Schwarzenburg in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

Alchenstorf
Alchenstorf is a municipality of the district Burgdorf in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

Allmendingen bei Bern
Allmendingen bei Bern is a municipality of the district Konolfingen in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

Amsoldingen
Amsoldingen is a municipality of the district Thun in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

John Maynard Keynes
John Maynard Keynes, 1st Baron Keynes, CB (5 June 1883–21 April 1946) was a British economist whose ideas, called Keynesian economics, had a big impact on modern economic and political theory as well as on many governments' tax and economic policies. He said governments should use tax and banking measures to stop the effects of economic recessions, depressions and booms. He is one of the fathers of modern theoretical macroeconomics.
Personal and marital life.
Born at 7 Melville Road, Cambridge, John Maynard Keynes was the son of John Neville Keynes, an economics lecturer at Cambridge University, and Florence Ada Brown, a successful author and a social reformer. His younger brother Geoffrey Keynes (1887–1982) was a surgeon and bibliophile and his younger sister Margaret (1890–1974) married the Nobel-prize-winning physiologist Archibald Hill.
Keynes' early romantic and sexual relationships were almost all with men. One of his great loves was the artist Duncan Grant, whom he met in 1908, and he was also involved with the writer Lytton Strachey. Keynes appeared to turn away from homosexual relationships around the time of the first World War. In 1918, he met Lydia Lopokova, a well-known Russian ballerina, and they married in 1925.
Keynes was a successful investor, building up a big fortune. He nearly lost all of his money after the Stock Market Crash of 1929, but he soon got back his fortune. He enjoyed collecting books: for example, he collected and protected many of Isaac Newton's papers.
Bertrand Russell said Keynes was the most intelligent person he had ever known, commenting, "Every time I argued with Keynes, I felt that I took my life in my hands, and I seldom emerged without feeling something of a fool."
Keynes went to King’s College, Cambridge, in 1902, to study mathematics, but moved to economics, which he studied at Cambridge under A.C. Pigou and Alfred Marshall. Marshall is believed to have prompted Keynes's shift in interest from mathematics and classics to economics. Keynes received his B.A. in 1905 and his M.A. in 1908
Career.
Keynes accepted a lectureship at Cambridge in economics funded personally by Alfred Marshall. Soon he was appointed to the Royal Commission on Indian Currency and Finance, where he was able to put economic theory into practice.
During World War I he worked for the Adviser to the Chancellor of the Exchequer and to the Treasury on Financial and Economic Questions.
Keynes also attended the Conference on the Versailles Treaty to end World War I. He wrote "The Economic Consequences of the Peace" in 1919, and "A Revision of the Treaty" in 1922. In his books he said that the reparations which Germany was being made to pay would ruin the German economy and would lead to further fighting in Europe. These predictions were shown to be true when the German economy suffered in the hyperinflation of 1923. Only a fraction of reparations were ever paid.
Keynes's "magnum opus" (latin for "Great Work", meaning his most famous book) was the "General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money", was published in 1936. The ideas in that book were very different from classical economics.
Historians agree that Keynes influenced U.S. president Roosevelt's New Deal, but disagree as to what extent. Spending more the government earned in taxes (called "deficit spending") was used in the New Deal from 1938. But the idea had been agreed to by President Herbert Hoover. Few senior economists in the U.S. agreed with Keynes in the 1930s. With time, however, his ideas became more widely accepted.
In 1942, Keynes was raised to the House of Lords as Baron Keynes, of Tilton in the County of Sussex, where he sat as a Liberal member.
During World War II, Keynes argued in "How to Pay for the War" that the war effort should be largely financed by higher taxation, rather than deficit spending, in order to avoid inflation.
Death.
Keynes died of myocardial infarction (heart attack) at his holiday home in Tilton, East Sussex. His heart problems were made worse by the strain of working on post-war international financial problems. He died soon after he arranged a guarantee of an Anglo-American loan to Great Britain. Keynes' father, John Neville Keynes (1852–1949) outlived his son by three years. Keynes's brother Sir Geoffrey Keynes (1887–1982) was a distinguished surgeon, scholar and bibliophile. His nephews include Richard Keynes (born 1919) a physiologist; and Quentin Keynes (1921–2003) an adventurer and bibliophile.

American robin
The American Robin ("Turdus migratorius") is a migratory songbird of the thrush family, "Turdidae". It is called a "robin" because it has an orange-red breast similar to that of the European Robin ("Erithacus rubecula"), although it is not related to it. The American Robin can be found all over North America. It lives from Florida to central Mexico and along the Pacific Coast during the winter. It has seven subspecies, but only "T. m. confinus" in the southwest has a particularly special coloring pattern, with pale gray-brown underparts. It is the state bird of Connecticut, Michigan, and Wisconsin.
The American Robin is most active during the day and groups together in large flocks at night. It eats invertebrates (such as beetle, grubs and caterpillars), fruits and berries. In spring it is one of the first bird species to lay eggs. It begins to breed shortly after returning to North America after spending the winter in the south. Its nest is made of long grass, small pieces of trees, paper, and feathers. The nest is covered with mud and often made soft with grass or other soft materials. It is one of the first birds to sing at dawn. Its song is made up of several small groups of sounds that are repeated.
The adult Robin is hunted by hawks, cats, and larger snakes. Sometimes the Brown-headed Cowbird lays its eggs in the robin's nest (this is called Brood parasitism), but the Robin usually rejects the cowbird eggs.

New Age music
New Age music is a type of music which is often related to New Age belief. It is usually soft and instrumental; it means, only few New Age music pieces have a singer. New Age music is good for resting, thinking and meditation.
One of the first people in this genre was Stephen Halpern. He created music to be used for meditation. He couldn't find a record company for his works, so he published them himself and sold them in New Age stores. His music is very relaxing and has a slow rhythm.
Some of the famous artists who work in this field are Yanni, Kitaro, Vangelis, Enya and George Winston.

Write Once Read Many
Write Once Read Many (times) or WORM is a classification of computer storage media. It is used to describe media that can only be written once. After they are written, they can only be read.

Charles-Marie Widor
Charles-Marie Widor (born Lyons, 21 February, 1844; died Paris, 12 March, 1937) was a French organist and composer. He was one of the greatest organists of his time and he had many pupils who learned a lot from him and became famous. Widor is best known for his organ works which he called “symphonies”. The "Toccata" from his "Symphony no 5" is one of the best known of all organ pieces, often played at the end of wedding ceremonies.

Marcel Dupré
Marcel Dupré (born Rouen, Normandy, 3 May 1886; died Meudon, Paris, 30 May 1971), was a French organist, composer, and teacher. He became famous all over the world for his organ playing, and he composed a lot of organ music, most of which is very difficult indeed to play.
Biography.
Marcel Dupré was born in Rouen (Normandy, France). His family were musical. His father Albert Dupré was organist at the gothic abbey of St Ouen in Rouen. The young Marcel was a child prodigy. He entered the Paris Conservatoire in 1904, where he studied the piano and organ. His organ teachers were the most famous organists in France: Alexandre Guilmant and Louis Vierne, and also Charles-Marie Widor who taught him how to compose. In 1914, Dupré won the Grand Prix de Rome for his cantata, "Psyché". However, he did not have to spend time in Rome because he had already composed so much music. In 1926, he became professor of organ performance and improvisation at the Paris Conservatoire, and stayed in that job until 1954.
Dupré became famous for performing more than 2,000 organ recitals in Europe, the United States, Canada and Australia. In 1920 he gave a series of concerts in the Paris Conservatoire in which he played all the organ works by Johann Sebastian Bach from memory. He soon became world famous.
In 1934 Charles-Marie Widor retired as organist at St. Sulpice in Paris, and Dupré took over the job, which he kept until his death in 1971.
From 1947-1954, he was director of the American Conservatory, which was in the Louis XV wing of the Château de Fontainebleau near Paris. In 1954, Dupré took over from Claude Delvincourt as director of the Paris Conservatoire, where he stayed until 1956. He died in 1971 in Meudon (near Paris) at the age of 85.
His playing.
When Dupré gave organ recitals he often played his own compositions as well as those of other composers, especially Bach. Like Widor and Vierne he composed some long works in several movements which he called “Symphonies” (the French spelling of “symphony”). When he played in church services he played in a more serious style. He would start by playing composed music which was suitable for the time of year. Then he would improvise, playing complicated fugues, trio sonatas and chorale improvisations. He was so good at improvising that many people thought he had composed the music beforehand.
When playing in concerts he was often given a tune, and then he would immediately make up a whole “symphonie” from that tune. In 1906, when he was still a student, he played for a wedding and two services when the famous Widor was going to be absent. Dupré asked Widor what music he should play. Widor told him to improvise something. Dupré waited for Widor to go out of the church before he started practising, but Widor crept back in and listened to him. He realized that Dupré would manage very well.
His teaching.
Dupré was famous as an organ teacher. He taught two generations of well-known organists including Jehan Alain, Marie-Claire Alain, Pierre Cochereau, Jeanne Demessieux,Jean Guillou, Jean Langlais, and Olivier Messiaen.
His compositions.
Dupré composed a large amount of organ music. When he was a boy he got to know Aristide Cavaillé-Coll, the most famous organ builder in France. Cavaillé-Coll had built the organ that Dupré’s father played, so he was used to the sound of modern French organs. Most of Dupré's music for the organ is difficult to play. Some of his best-known organ music was written early in his life. These include the "Three Preludes and Fugues", Op. 7 (1914). Even the famous Widor thought that the Prelude of the third piece was impossible to play. However, Dupré could play it, and many organists after him learned to play it, too.
Some other very famous works of his include the "Symphonie-Passion", the "Esquisses" and "Évocation", and the "Cortège et Litanie".
As well as composing lots of music, Dupré prepared study editions of the organ works of Bach, Handel, Mozart, Liszt, Mendelssohn, Schumann, César Franck, and Alexander Glazunov. He also wrote music for people who were learning to play the organ, and books on how to improvise on the organ.
References.
“Marcel Dupré at Saint-Sulpice” – Gerard Brooks: Organist’s Review Aug 1986 p.161-166

Paul Hindemith
Paul Hindemith (pronounce: POWL HIN-de-mit), (born Hanau nr. Frankfurt am Main, 16 November 1895; died Frankfurt am Main, 28 December 1963) was a German composer, violist, teacher, music theorist and conductor. He was the most important and influential German composer during the years between the two World Wars. His style was influenced by Schoenberg and Expressionism, and gradually it became more neo-classical. He was also famous as a viola player and composed a concerto for viola and orchestra.

Louis Vierne
Louis Vierne (born Poitiers, 8 October 1870; died Paris, 2 June 1937) was a famous French organist and composer. He was blind from birth. He wrote a lot of organ music, including six large works called symphonies, "24 Fantasy Pieces" (which includes his famous "Carillon de Westminster"), and "24 Pieces In Free Style", which can be played on the organ or harmonium.

Jehan Alain
Jehan Alain (born Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Paris, 3 February, 1911; died near Saumur, 20 June 1940) was a French organist and composer. He learned to play the organ at home on an organ that his father had built. In his short life he composed many works. His most famous organ pieces are "Trois Danses" (Three Dances) and a brilliant piece called "Litanies".
Alain was killed fighting in the World War II.
His youngest sister, Marie-Claire Alain, is an internationally-famous organist and has made several complete recordings of her brother's organ works.

Shame
Shame is an emotion. Shame is rooted in a social or cultural environment. Some people feel shame when some of the rules (that are accepted by the respective society) have been broken. A person can feel ashamed because he or she has thought or done something no one else knows about. Children are often told to be ashamed of something, because they sometimes have trouble telling cause and effect apart. When they grow up, they can better tell the two apart. At that stage, the feeling of guilt becomes stronger.

Moulin Rouge
Moulin Rouge (Translates from French to English as "Red Windmill") is a traditional cabaret and nightclub which began in 1889. It is situated near to the French quarter of Montmartre in the red-light district of Paris called Pigalle on Boulevard de Clichy in the 18th "arrondissement". It can be recognized by the large red windmill it has on its roof.
The Moulin Rouge is where the famous French dance, the Can-can was first performed. It is also famous because many artists and writers have often gone there. Henri Toulouse-Lautrec designed many posters for the cabaret. Because of this, the management set aside a table where he could have a meal and watch the show every night.
Several movies have been made about the Moulin Rouge. The latest is "Moulin Rouge!" directed by Baz Luhrmann.

Henri Matisse
Henri Matisse (December 31, 1869 – November 3, 1954) was an artist from France. He used a lot of colour and made drawings, sculptures, and paintings. Matisse is one of the biggest artists of the 20th century.

AFI's 100 Years of Musicals
Part of the AFI 100 Years... series, AFI's 100 Years of Musicals is a list of the top musicals in American cinema. The list was unveiled by the American Film Institute at the Hollywood Bowl on September 3, 2006. Unlike most of the previous lists, it only includes 25 winners and was not presented in a televised program.

Abu Nuwas
Abu-Nuwas al-Hasan ben Hani al-Hakami (750–810), or Abū-Nuwās, was a great Arabic poet. He was born in Persia. He is in "The Book of One Thousand and One Nights".

Montmartre
Montmartre is a hill 130 metres high and is also the name of the district which surrounds the hill. It is situated in the north of Paris and primarily known as a nightclub and Red-light district.
Many artists had studios or worked around the community of Montmartre such as Salvador Dalí, Claude Monet, Pablo Picasso and Vincent van Gogh.
Name origin.
Montmartre means 'mountain of the martyr'; it owes its name to the martyrdom of Saint Denis, who was decapitated on the hill around 250 AD. Saint Denis was the Bishop of Paris and is the patron saint of France.
The hill's religious symbolism is thought to be even older, as it has been suggested as a likely druidic holy place because it is the highest point in the area.

Arnaut Danièl
Arnaut Danièl wrote and performed music and poetry in the 13th century. He was Occitan. He has been called the best poet who ever lived.

Cabaret
Cabaret is a form of entertainment featuring comedy, song, dance, and theatre, caberets are mainly performed in a restaurant or nightclub with a stage for performances and the audience sitting at tables (often dining or drinking) watching the performance. The venue itself can also be called a "cabaret."
The term is a French word for the taprooms or cafés where this form of entertainment was born, as a more artistic type of café-chantant. It is derived from Middle Dutch "cabret", through Old North French "camberette", from Late Latin "camera". It essentially means "small room."
Cabaret also refers to a Mediterranean-style brothel — a bar with tables and women who talk to, arouse and entertain the clients. Traditionally these establishments can also feature some form of stage entertainment: often singers & dancers — the bawdiness of which varies with the quality of the establishment. It is the classier, more sophisticated cabaret that eventually engendered the type of establishment and art form that is the subject of the remainder of this article.

Fox Studios Australia
Fox Studios Australia is a major movie studio located in Sydney, Australia. Since opening in May 1998, the studio has been involved in the production of a number of successful movies, including "The Matrix", "Moulin Rouge!", "Mission Impossible II", "Star Wars Episode II", "Star Wars Episode III" and "Superman Returns".

Thomas Aquinas
Thomas Aquinas, (1225 – 7 March 1274) was an Catholic priest from Italy. He studied philosophy and theology. Catholics think Aquinas is the best teacher if one wants to be a priest. His most famous books are "Summa Theologica" and the "Summa Contra Gentiles". Aquinas is one of the 33 Doctor of the Church, and many schools are named after him.

Craig Pearce
Craig Pearce is an Australian actor and screenwriter. He co-wrote the play "Strictly Ballroom" and the screenplay of the movie version with Baz Luhrmann. He also wrote the screenplay for the 1996 movie "Romeo + Juliet" and co-wrote the 2001 movie "Moulin Rouge!", also with Baz Luhrmann.

Donald McAlpine
Donald McAlpine is an Australian cinematographer. He was born in 1934 in New South Wales, Australia. He has been involved in over fifty movies. His more recent work has been seen in Baz Luhrmann's hit musical "Moulin Rouge!" (2001), for which he earned an "Academy Award" nomination, Adam Sandler's "Anger Management" (2003), Universal Pictures' "Peter Pan" (2003) and the Walt Disney/Walden Media-produced ' (2005).

Herbert Howells
Herbert Howells (born Lydney, Gloucestershire, 17 October 1892; died London, 23 February 1983) was an English composer, organist, and teacher. He wrote a lot of church music for the Anglican church, including several Service settings of the Magnificat and Nunc dimittis. He taught for many years at the Royal College of Music.
One of his best known works is the "Hymnus Paradisi", a large, sacred work for choir. His organ works include 2 sets of 3 "Psalm-Preludes" and a piece called "Master Tallis’s Testament".
He received many honours including CBE and CH

Jill Bilcock
Jill Bilcock (b. 1948, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia) is a film editor. She is a graduate of the Swinbourne College of Technology. Bilcock won the 2002 Eddie Award (best edited comedy or musical movie) for "Moulin Rouge!". She also was nominated for the Academy Award for Film Editing for that movie. Bilcock has been nominated four times for the BAFTA Award for Best Editing. Three of these nominations were for the first three movies directed by Baz Luhrmann ("Moulin Rouge!" - 2002, "Romeo + Juliet" - 1996, and "Strictly Ballroom" - 1992). The fourth BAFTA nomination was for "Elizabeth" (1998).

Ville Mönkkönen
Ville Mönkkönen, born in 1983, is a Finnish painter and PC game programmer. At this time, he is working on his next game, "Cormoon".
Ville's games have settings that range from fantasy to sci-fi, and they all include art created by himself. Some of this art is on his art gallery. A unique trait Ville has is how he will talk with fans of his games. He checks all of the game ideas written to him on his website's forums. "Notrium", his newest game, is at version 1.341, and has a number of modification files free for download. Ville's first two games were released in Finnish, and the rest in English, though versions of the Finnish ones have been translated into English and can be downloaded at the popular independent game site, Caiman.

Jim Broadbent
James Broadbent (born May 24, 1949) is an Academy Award-, Golden Globe- and BAFTA-winning English theatre, movie and television actor.

John Leguizamo
John Leguizamo (born July 22, 1964) is an Emmy Award-winning and Golden Globe-nominated Colombian/Puerto Rican American comedian, actor and producer.

Nut (fruit)
A nut is a very dry seed or fruit of some plants. A lot of seeds are called "nuts", but only some are really nuts. They are an important part of human and animal diets. Nuts mostly have one seed, but sometimes they have two. The wall is very hard.
Types of nuts.
Types of nuts include the oak, walnut, hickory, pecan, chestnut, stone-oak, birch, and hazelnut. The peanut, coconut, almond, macadamia, pistachio, and cashew are not nuts.

Richard Roxburgh
Richard Roxburgh (born January 1, 1962) is an Australian actor. He has starred in many Australian movies and has appeared in supporting roles in a number of Hollywood productions. Roxburgh normally plays the role of villains.

Speed of sound
The speed of sound is per hour or per second in dry air. Sound moves faster through water and solids than air.

Notrium
"Notrium" is a freeware video game for the PC. It is at version 1.341. "Notrium" was developed by independent Finnish programmer Ville Mönkkönen. It is the seventh game that Ville has made, but it is only the fifth game to be made in English. Released in 2003, it won second place in the 'Adventure Game of the Year' contest on.
Location.
The game takes place on the invented planet Notrium. The game world is split up into squares, each of which has its own climate, land, and goals. The player can move between squares to reach the other areas, though some of the areas can only be reached by using vehicles or teleportation. There are climates such as jungle, desert, and tundra. All area squares can are changed by a day-night cycle, except for levels that are set indoors.
The game's graphics are all randomly generated (put together) at the start of the game, except in special game areas. This random generation changes where items and plants are, though most items and scenery will stay in their environment square. Environment squares do not change when the game is started. For example, a tree in the Jungle zone will be put in a different place each time a new game is begun, but the player character will still start in the same place as always.
Story.
The plot of the game is that a team of four, an Alien, a Human, an Android (a robot), and a Psionic creature, have left Earth in a spacecraft, because Earth was going to be destroyed. After the player has chosen the character he/she wants to control, the game begins. The spacecraft is shot at by missiles from the planet Notrium, which is close by. The player's character gets into an escape pod and crashes on the planet's surface. From there, the player must find a way to survive, as well as a way to escape.
Journal entries, which are different for each character, appear every game day for two game weeks. These entries tell about what happened to the characters while they were on the spacecraft. For example, the journal of the Human tells that he was the captain of the ship; while the journal of the Android shows that he was the ship's mechanic. Other happenings can be discovered by going to special places in the game, or finishing a goal.
"Notrium" has more than one ending to the game. Different characters can get different endings. Some endings can only be won by one character, while other endings can be won by other characters as well.
Gameplay.
A person plays "Notrium" looking from a top-down view. The player may move in all directions while facing in a different one, similar to the way a first-person shooter is controlled, and similar to the freeware PC shooter game "Crimsonland".
During the game, the player can find items and objects, such as plants, weapons, and machines. Most important items, like a force field to protect the character, are not found in one piece. The player can build them out of two or three other parts.
Gameplay is about collecting parts to build, defending from enemies, and then winning one of the game's endings. Depending on the character the player has picked, the game is played in a different way. The fast-moving Alien starts with a very strong attack and gets more attacks over time, but it can't use any weapons. The Human starts with a very weak attack, but he can make many weapons and armor to get more powerful.
The game also has weather. If "Notrium" is played on a setting harder than 'easy', the character will be changed by the weather. Standing near a fire will make the player more hot, and standing under a tree will make the player less hot. In some areas of the game, there is dangerous weather, like sandstorms, blizzards, or acid rain.
Mods.
"Notrium" was made to be easy to mod (change), and a about how to change is is on Ville's website.
When the player starts a new game after getting a new mod, he or she can choose what mod they want to play.
Mods can make many changes, such as putting new items or goals into the game, changing or making new environment squares. Mods can even make a new character that the player can choose, such as in the 'Werivar' mod.

Phase (matter)
A phase is a set of states with the same make-up and properties, like density. A gas, liquid, solid, and plasma are types of phases.

Sigfrid Karg-Elert
Sigfrid Karg-Elert (born Oberndorf am Neckar, 21 November 1877; died Leipzig, 9 April 1933) was a German composer. He wrote in a late Romantic style. He is mainly remembered for his music for organ and harmonium, his favourite instrument. He wrote a set of 66 Chorale improvisations for organ, the best known of which is called "Nun danket alle Gott" ("Now thank we all our God").

Louis-Claude Daquin
Louis-Claude Daquin (born Paris, 4 July 1694; died Paris 15 June 1772) was a French composer of Jewish birth. He was writing in the last part of the Baroque period and the early part of the Classical music period. He was a virtuoso organist and harpsichordist. He wrote a lot of excellent music for organ and for harpsichord. His most popular piece is called "Le Coucou" ("The Cuckoo").

John Bull (composer)
John Bull (born 1562 or 1563; died March 15, 1628) was an English composer, musician, and organ builder. He was famous for playing the harpsichord and organ. Most of his compositions were written for keyboard instruments. He became a Gentleman, and then organist, at the Chapel Royal. He was also known for getting into trouble for adultery. He went to Europe and may have worked as a spy. He died in Antwerp.
Together with Sweelinck and William Byrd he was one of the great composers of keyboard music in the early 17th century. Many of his works are in the collection called the "Fitzwilliam Virginal Book".

Poliomyelitis
Poliomyelitis or polio is a serious virus that causes a disease. It is spread from person to person. Most of the time, polio has no symptoms unless it goes into the blood. It is uncommon for it to enter the brain or spinal cord. If this does happen, it can cause one to become paralyzed. Vaccines from World Health Organization, UNICEF, and Rotary International could stop the disease all over the world.

Dystopia
A Dystopia is the opposite of a Utopia, and can mean a Utopia that has become corrupt. This can be seen in George Orwell's book "1984". A dystopia often has many problems, such as poverty, pollution, or a cruel ruler.
A dystopia is different from an anti-utopia. An anti-utopia is a place that is supposed to be a beautiful and perfect utopia, but where something has happened to ruin it.

Centre Department
Centre is one of the ten departments (French: "départments", singular "départment") of Haiti. It is located in the center of the country, along the border with the Dominican Republic. It is the only department of Haiti that does not border the sea.
It has an area of 3,675 km² and a population of 564,200 (2002). Its capital is Hinche. It is bordered to the northeast by the Nord-Est Department, to the northwest by the Nord Department, to the west by the Artibonite Department and to the south by the Ouest Department. It borders the Dominican Republic to the east.
Lake Peligre, the second largest lake in Haiti, is in this department; it is an artificial lake created with the construction of the Peligre Dam on the Artibonite river.

Burj Dubai
Burj Dubai or "Dubai Tower" is a very tall (160 stories high) skyscraper being built in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. It will be done by the end of 2008 and opens in September 2009. It will be the tallest structure made by humans in the world. Adrian Smith designed the tower. He worked with Skidmore, Owings and Merrill (SOM) until 2006. It is being built by Samsung Engineering & Construction, Besix, and Arabtec. US $4.1 billion is being spent on the tower.

Aswan Dam
The Aswan Dam or Aswan Low Dam is a dam on the Nile River. Without the dam, the river would flood every summer. It was built to protect farms, make energy, and save water. It also helps the fishing around Lake Nasser.
History.
The dam was built in 1124. It was designed by William Willcocks. When it was first made, it was long and high. It was too short, so it was built higher two times: in 1912 and 1933. The dam was still too short. Instead of making if taller a third time, another dam (the Aswan High Dam) was built up the river in 1952.

Billboard (magazine)
"Billboard" is an American magazine that lists the top albums and singles of the week. It is most famous for the "Billboard" charts.

Tom Brosseau
Thomas Anderson "Tom" Brosseau (born November 3, 1976) is an American singer-songwriter and guitarist.
Life.
He was born and grew up in Grand Forks, North Dakota. His song "How to Grow a Woman from the Ground" was covered by Chris Thile, who released a 2006 album of the same name.
Right now, Brosseau is touring the United States playing his new album, "Cavalier".

The Strokes
The Strokes are an American band formed in 1998. They became famous in the early 2000s as a leading group in the garage rock revival. After their first album "Is This It" in 2001, many critics called the group as the "saviors of rock." "NME" made "Is This It" their Album of the Year. Since then, the band has kept many fans, especially in the US, UK and Australia.

Henry Head Battery
The Henry Head bunker is found on the La Perouse side of the inlet to Botany Bay near the edge of a cliff that drops down into the ocean on Henry Head, La Perouse, New South Wales, Australia.
History.
This fort and bunker building was built in-between 1892 - 1895 with a large disappearing gun emplacement (a special hole in the ground that the cannon shoots from and then disappears in), the fort was used until 1910, upon which the fort became useless.
The fort that had 2 six inch gun emplacements and special lookout positions was reused during World War II to protect the entrance to Botany Bay. The underground bunker and tunnels inside the fort had vaulted weapons storage rooms with double walls and ceilings. The doubling up of walls and ceilings was a special way of stoppng the walls from collapsing if the fort suffered a direct hit from a missile (rocket) fired from the bad guy’s ship (enemy ship from another country). The battery is currently not in use.

Georges Head Battery
The Georges Head Fort is located on the Georges Head, in the suburb of Mosman in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. The Georges Head fort is one of many forts that were built on Sydney Harbour meant to defend the colony of New South Wales, just encase another country tried to invade our country Australia. The fort became the boss of all other forts in the 1890s organizing all of Sydney's harbour forts.
History.
The area where the fort now stands was once home to Aborigines that lived in the area for thousands of years and long before Europeans visited and decided to stay.
Georges Head fort was built in 1871 after the British Army decided to leave Australia in 1870. When they left the responsibility for protecting Sydney and Sydney Harbour was now in the hands of rich colonies like New South Wales and Victoria who now had to organise its own defences.
Georges Head was near the entrance to Sydney Harbour and was meant to attack baddies (foreign ships that are not friendlies) before they could get into the harbour. The fort was on a very good spot and was positioned high above sea level with clear views to the entrance of Port Jackson (Sydney Harbour/Sydney Heads). Other forts were also on Middle Head, South Head, Shark Point and Bradleys Head, but none were ever used for fighting ships or troops from other countrys.
Georges Head was armed with four 80 pounder cannons and two 68 pounder cannons. These cannons were 'muzzle-loading', which meant the cannon balls or bullets along with the explosive charge (T.N.T dynamite) were loaded into the front of the cannons barrel. It took three months and 250 soldiers to roll the gun barrels all the way from North Sydney to the forts. They came along a dirt road which later became Military Road. Once they were put in place, the cannons had been placed so close together that it created the risk of one cannon firing upon another. Also, the cannons and the men could be seen from ships in the harbour. In 1877 large mounds of earth were placed between the pits to make sure the guns neither could fire upon each other and to help protect the gun crew from enemy fire. When construction of the fort was finalised, there were a total of 41 gun emplacements around Sydney Harbour.
The planning of defence was planned using telescopes and plotters sitting in the middle of the second gun pit. From the telephone exchange, the Port Jackson District Commandant could talk with all the other forts around the harbour. Telephone wires ran through tunnels, down the cliff and under the harbour to forts on the other side.
Georges Head was later chosen as the best place to spy and fire mines which were laid underwater. In 1888 Georges Head battery was upgraded for the latest in harbour defences in the form of submarine bombs. Minefields were laid across the main shipping channels of Port Jackson from 1876 to 1922 and a base was built at Chowder Bay for the submarine miners. From Georges Head, miners watched for ships entering the harbour. Their job was to explode the mine closest to an approaching enemy ship. Each underwater mine was attached to an electric cable that ran up the cliff to the firing post.
The work of the submarine miner was secretive, technical and dangerous. During a demonstration in 1891, a crowd of several thousand watched as a terrible accident killed four miners and injured another eight.

Virgin Records
Virgin Records is a British record label. It was started by Richard Branson, Simon Draper, and Nik Powell in 1972. They sold it to Thorn EMI. In 2006, they came together with Capitol Records to become Capitol Music Group.

Death Cab for Cutie
Death Cab for Cutie (Death Cab or DCFC) is an American indie band. In 1997, they started to play in Bellingham, Washington.

Dave Matthews Band
Dave Matthews Band (DMB) is a band from the United States. In 1991, Dave Matthews started the band in Charlottesville, Virginia. The other band members are LeRoi Moore, Stefan Lessard, Boyd Tinsley, and Carter Beauford. Since 1998, they usually performed with Butch Taylor, too. Rashawn Ross also performed with the band from 2006-2007. Dave Matthews Band has written 235 songs (included cover songs). They have sold over 31 million albums in the United States, and are one of the Top 100 Highest Selling Music Acts of all time.

585 Bilkis
585 Bilkis is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by August Kopff in 1906. Its provisional name was 1906 TA.

Fuzûlî
Fużūlī (فضولی) was the pen name of the poet Muhammad bin Suleyman (محمد بن سليمان) (c. 1483 – 1556). He is one of the greatest contributors to the Dîvân tradition of Turkish literature,
Fuzûlî wrote his collected poems (dîvân) in three different languages: Azerbaijani Turkish, Persian, and Arabic. Although his Turkish works are written in Azerbaijani, he knew both the Ottoman and the Chagatai Turkish literary traditions as well. He was also very able in mathematics and astronomy.
Life.
Fuzûlî was born around 1483 in what is now Iraq; he was probably born in either Karbalā’ or an-Najaf. Fuzûlî's ancestors had been of nomadic origin, but his family had long since settled in towns.
Fuzûlî was educated by his father—who was a mufti in the city of Al Hillah — and then by a teacher named Rahmetullah. It was during this time that he learned the Persian and Arabic languages in addition to his native Azerbaijani.
One of the few things that is known of Fuzûlî's life during this time is how he arrived at his pen name. In the introduction to his collected Persian poems, he says: "In the early days when I was just beginning to write poetry, every few days I would set my heart on a particular pen name and then after a time change it for another because someone showed up who shared the same name". Eventually, he decided upon the Arabic word "fuzûlî"—which literally means "impertinent, improper, unnecessary"—because he "knew that this title would not be acceptable to anyone else". Despite the name's pejorative meaning, however, it contains a double meaning—what is called "tevriyye" (توريه) in Ottoman Divan poetry — as Fuzûlî himself explains: "I was possessed of all the arts and sciences and found a pen name that also implies this sense since in the dictionary "fuzûl" (ﻓﻀﻮل) is given as a plural of "fazl" (ﻓﻀﻞ; 'learning') and has the same rhythm as "‘ulûm" (ﻋﻠﻮم; 'sciences') and "fünûn" (ﻓﻨﻮن; 'arts')".
The loss of his stipend meant that Fuzûlî never became secure. He died during a plague outbreak in 1556, in Karbalā’, either of the plague itself or of cholera.

Suleiman the Magnificent
Suleiman I (سليمان "Sulaymān", Süleyman; almost always "Kanuni Sultan Süleyman" in Turkish) (November 6, 1494 – September 5/6, 1566), was the tenth Sultan of the Ottoman Empire. He reigned from 1520 to 1566. That was longer than any other Ottoman sultan did. He is known in the West as Suleiman the Magnificent and in the Islamic world, as the Lawgiver (in Turkish "Kanuni";, "al‐Qānūnī"), because he reconstructed the Ottoman legal system.

Kālidāsa
Kālidās (Devanāgarī: कालिदास), was the author of "Meghadoot", "Shākuntal", and other works in Sanskrit. He has a similar place in Sanskrit as a poet and a dramatist, as Shakespeare in English.
Kālidās's plays and poetry are based on Hindu mythology and philosophy. He is a master of imagination.
Life.
There is very little that one knows about the life of Kālidās pretty sure. It is not clear where he lived and the time range when he might have lived lasts from 130 BC to 600 CE.
Kālidās did not mention in his works any king as his patron.
Plays.
Kālidās wrote three plays: "Mālawikāgnimitra" ("Mālavikā and Agnimitra"), "Abhijñānashākuntala" ("The Recognition of Shakuntala"), and "Vikramorwasheeya" ("Pertaining to Vikram and Urwashi"). Abhijñānashākuntala, that is regarded as a masterpiece was the first to be translated into English and German.
"Mālawikāgnimitra" tells the story of King Agnimitra, who falls in love with the picture of an exiled servant girl named Mālavikā. When the queen discovers her husband's passion for a servant girl, she becomes very angry and orders that this girl is sent to prison; but it turns out that the girl is a princess, therefore the affair is accepted in the end.
"Abhijñānashākuntala" tells the story of a king, "Dushyanta", who meets in the forests "Shakuntalā", the adopted daughter of a wise man who lives with him in a cottage in the forests.
Dushyanta and Shakuntalā fall in love with each other and get married. Dushyanta stays with Shakuntalā in the forests for while until he gets called back to his court for some pressing matter. After many difficulties there follows a happy end.
"Vikramōrwasheeya" is more mystical than the above two plays.
Poetry.
Kālidās wrote two very good epic poems, "Raghuvamsha" ("Dynasty of Raghu") and "Kumārasambhawa" ("Birth of Kumar Kartikeya"), and the lyrical "Meghadoota" ("Cloud Messenger") and "Rutusamhāra" ("The Exposition on the Seasons").

Water organ
The water organ or hydraulic organ is a kind of pipe organ. As in the pipe organ, the sound is made by air blowing through the pipes, but power to make the air blow does not come from bellows or from electricity as in the modern organ, but from water, for example from a waterfall.
A hydraulis is an early type of pipe organ that was powered by water. It was invented in the 3rd century B.C., probably by the Hellenistic scientist Ctesibius of Alexandria. It was the world's first keyboard instrument. Many centuries later it developed into the modern pipe organ.
The water organ works by having water and air arriving together in the camera aeolis (wind chamber). Here, water and air separate and the compressed air is driven into a wind-trunk on top of the camera aeolis, to blow the organ pipes. Two perforated ‘splash plates’ or ‘diaphragms’ stop the water spray from getting into the organ pipes.
The water, having been separated from the air, leaves the camera aeolis at the same speed as it enters. It then drives a water wheel, which in turn drives the musical cylinder and the movements attached. To start the organ, the tap above the entry pipe is turned on and, given a continuous flow of water, the organ plays until the tap is closed again.
During the Renaissance many Italian gardens had water organs. The most famous water organ of the 16th century was at the Villa d'Este in Tivoli. It was about 6 metres high and was powered by a beautiful waterfall. It could play three pieces automatically, but there was also a keyboard.

Pizza Hut
Pizza Hut is a pizza restaurant, or pizza parlor. Pizza Hut also serves salads and bread sticks. It was founded in 1958.
History.
Pizza Hut was founded in 1958 in Wichita, Kansas, by Dan and Frank Carvey. The first Pizza Hut location was at a busy intersection in Wichita.

Intersection
An intersection is where two or more roads come together. Intersections are also known as "junctions".
Kinds of intersections.
There are two major types of intersections.

586 Thekla
586 Thekla is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Max Wolf in 1906. Its provisional name was 1906 TC.

Chrysalis
A chrysalis is the pupa of a butterfly. The word "chrysalis" comes from the Greek language word for gold because butterflies often have a brighter pupa than other insects.

Artibonite Department
Artibonite is one of the ten departments (French: "départments", singular "départment") of Haiti. It is named Artibonite because the Artibonite river flows across the department from east to west.
With an area of 4,984 km², it is largest department of Haiti. It has a population of 1,168,800 (2002). The main cities are Gonaïves (the capital) and Saint-Marc.
It is bordered to the northwest by the Nord-Ouest Department, to the north and northeast by the Nord Department, to the east by the Centre Department and to the south by the Ouest Department. The Gulf of Gonâve is to the west.
Most of the rice of Haiti is grown in the Artibonite department.
The independence of Haiti was proclaimed in the "Place d'Armes" of Gonaïves on 1 January 1804 by Jean Jacques Dessalines.

Bohemianism
The word Bohemian was first used in Paris to mean a Gypsy because many people thought that Gypsies came from Bohemia. The word was then used in the late 19th century (1800s) for poor painters, writers, musicians and actora who often travelled to Paris from other towns and tried to earn money. Paris was a famous town for painters, writers tand musicians to gather, to learn from each other and to enjoy the life of the city. Many of them lived at Montmartre, not far from the "Moulin Rouge". One of the most famous painters to live in Montmartre was Henri Toulouse-Lautrec. He loved to paint the can-can dancers and prostitutes. He did many posters to advertise the nightclubs. The posters are now famous works of art.
In the 20th century the word "Bohemian" spread to other countries and was used to describe the lives of many different artists of different sorts. The sort of behaviour that was thought of as "Bohemian" included whether a person had a regular job, how they dressed, their political views, their religious views, their sexual behaviour and the entertainment they liked.
People who were called "Bohemians" were often very poor, because they tried to live by painting, acting or writing. It was hard to make a living. They generally wore old or second-hand clothing, and could not afford a good hair-cut. They often shared the room in the roof of a house, which was cheap, because it was cold in winter, hot in summer and often had birds living there as well. In some ways the life of a bohemian artist was difficult, but it gave people freedom to express themselves, that was often not found in more conservative society, where everyone worried about what other people thought of them, and cared a lot about things like clothes and houses. Sometimes students from richer families would come to live a "Bohemian life style", so that they could feel the same freedom to express themselves.
During the 20th century, many cities apart from Paris have areas where people have lived Bohemian lifestyles. One of the problems is that these areas often become fashionable for rich people. This soon drives away the poor artists and students, because they can no longer afford the rent.

Henry Willis
Henry Willis (born: 27 April 1821, London - died: 11 February 1901, London) was a British builder of pipe organs. He built a very large number of organs, many of them for big cathedrals and concert halls in Britain, such as St. Paul's Cathedral, Truro Cathedral, and the Royal Albert Hall. He also built an organ for Queen Victoria at Windsor Castle. Many of the organs that he built are in other parts of the world, especially in countries that belonged to the British Empire.
Many organists who gave organ recitals liked Henry Willis’s organs because they had lots of different sounds which helped to make the organ sound like an orchestra. He made organs for churches where the architects were getting rid of the central screen so that the organ could be heard better in the main part of the church (the nave). He used ideas that had been created by the French organ builder Cavaillé –Coll and by Barker. He made several inventions himself, including the thumb piston, which made it possible for an organist to change the combination of stops without taking his hands off the keyboard.
Four generations of the Willis family continued the family tradition of organ building until 1997 when Henry Willis the fourth retired and the new Managing Director of the firm was not a member of the Willis family. The Company, founded in 1845, Henry Willis & Sons, Ltd. still makes organs in Liverpool.

Drug addiction
A drug addiction is a form of craving, or strong want of something, that is impossible to control. In this case, it is a craving for drugs.

Aristide Cavaillé-Coll
Aristide Cavaillé-Coll (born Montpellier, 4 February 1811; died Paris, 13 October 1899) was a French organ builder. Most organists think of him as the greatest organ builder of the 19th century. He invented many new things and his organs changed the way that organ composers could write for the instrument. César Franck, in particular, was strongly influenced by the new type of organ that he was building.
Cavaillé-Coll grouped the stops of the organ into different families so that it was similar to the families of instruments in an orchestra. He made the lowest of the three manuals (keyboards) the most important one. It was called the “Great” (French: “Grande Orgue”). The other manuals could be “coupled” to the Great. He made changes to the English swell box and divided the windchests on which the pipes were resting. It made it possible to have louder reed stops because of the higher wind pressure.

Gottfried Silbermann
Gottfried Silbermann (born Kleinbobritzsch, 14 January 1683; died Dresden, 4 August 1753) was a very important German builder of keyboard instruments. He built harpsichords, clavichords, organs, and pianos. His organs were some of the best instruments in the south of Germany, some of them still exist. He had different ideas about organ building from Arp Schnitger who was an organ builder in the north of Germany. Silbermann also built some of the earliest pianos.

Gulf of Gonâve
Gulf of Gonâve (French, "Golfe de la Gonâve") is a large gulf along the western coast of Haiti, at. Port-au-Prince, capital city of Haiti, is located on the coast of the gulf. Other cities on the gulf coast include Gonaïves, Saint-Marc, Miragoâne, and Jérémie.
Several islands are located in the gulf; the largest is Gonâve Island, followed by the much smaller Cayemites. The Artibonite River flows into this gulf.
Gonâve Island splits the gulf in two channels (a channel is a narrow part of the sea): the "Saint-Marc Channel" to the north and the "Gonâve Channel" to the south.

Arp Schnitger
Arp Schnitger (born Oldenburg, 2 July? 1648; buried in Neuenfelde, near Hamburg, 28 July 1719) was a very important German builder of pipe organs. He mostly worked in Northern Europe, especially the Netherlands and Germany, where a number of his instruments survive to the present day. His organs are different from those of Gottfried Silbermann who worked in south Germany. Arp Schnitger had great influence on later organ builders, in particular in the 20th century when people wanted a change from the Romantic 19th century organs and tried to make instruments that sounded like they had done in the Baroque period.

Hello Kitty
Hello Kitty is a Japanese character of a cat. It was made in 1974 by a Japanese design company called Sanrio. The cartoon cat has a very large head with a red bow between her ears. She has no mouth. She looks half-Japanese and half-English. She has become extremely famous all over the world.
Sanrio said that she was not given a mouth because she speaks from the heart instead of speaking one particular language. Children all over the world can feel that she is part of them.
Hello Kitty became very popular with young schoolgirls during the 1980s. In the 1990s the firm made more products with the picture of the cat which would appeal to teenagers and young women. In this way they tried to keep her popular with the same girls as they grew up.
Hello Kitty has become very successful everywhere. Her picture is on 50.000 products which are sold in 60 countries. She lives in cyberspace on the Sanriotown website. Her birthday is 1 November and she lives in London with her parents and twin sister Mimmy. She likes travelling, music, reading and eating cookies baked by her sister. Too bad she isn't real.
Sanrio’s theme park Puroland opened in 1990. Today it is visited by more than 1.5 million visitors each year.
Hello Kitty has been an animated character, e.g. in “Hello Kitty’s Furry Tale Theatre”, shown on United States television during 1987 and 1991.
Famous stars such as Mariah Carey and Britney Spears were photographed with products which had her picture.
Hello Kitty has become so popular because she is soft, round and very simple. She looks cute: what the Japanese call “kawaii”.

Herman's Hermits
Herman's Hermits were a rock band from England. They were part of the "British Invasion" of bands during the 1960s, and were most popular in that decade. Their business manager was an American named Allen Klein, who also worked for Donovan, The Animals, and later The Rolling Stones and The Beatles.
None of the members was really named Herman. Lead singer Peter Noone (pronounced "noon") was nicknamed Herman, because his bandmates thought he looked like Sherman, from "The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show". Noone was an actor before he became a singer. The other band members were Derek "Lek" Leckenby (guitar), Keith Hopwood (guitar, keyboards), Karl Green (bass guitar) and Barry Whitwam (drums). The band began as amateurs, playing at parties for friends, but turned professional as they improved. They made records, appeared on television, and also made movies.
The Hermits's hit records included "I'm Into Something Good", "Can't You Hear My Heartbeat?", "There's A Kind Of Hush (All Over The World)", "I'm Henry VIII, I Am", "Listen People", and cover versions of "Silhouettes", "Sea Cruise", and "The End Of The World". "Hold On" was the title song of their first movie. "Mrs. Brown, You've Got A Lovely Daughter" was a hit song first, that was later fitted to a movie storyline.
Herman's Hermits stopped having hits as music trends changed, but their old songs were well loved. They are still played today. The band members went on to other careers in the 1970s. Peter Noone went back to acting, but still appeared as a singer.
In the 1980s, Leckenby and Whitwam formed a new band, to tour under the old name. The singer sounded like Noone, and many fans did not know the difference. Other original members also sometimes rejoined. During the 1990s, Noone took over the name for his band, that appeared with him at oldies concerts.

Grand'Anse Department
Grand'Anse is one of the ten departments (French: "départments", singular "départment") of Haiti. It used to be part of the Sud Department.
The department was split in 2003, with the creation of a new department of Nippes from the Miragoâne and l'Anse-à-Veau "arrondissements".
Before the split, it had an area of 3,310 km² and a population of 733,200 (2002). Its capital is Jérémie. It is bordered to the south by the Sud Department, to the east by the Nippes Department, to the west by the Jamaica Channel (Caribbean Sea) and to the north by the Gulf of Gonâve.

Nippes Department
Nippes is one of the ten departments (French: "départments", singular "départment") of Haiti.
It is the newest department, with land of the eastern Grand'Anse Department in 2003. The capital of the department is Miragoâne.
It has and estimated population of 266,379 (2003). It is bordered to the south by the Sud Department, to the east by the Ouest Department, to the west by the Grand'Anse Department and to the north by the Gulf of Gonâve.

Lara Veronin
Lara Veronin is a Russian-Taiwanese-American singer born on 2 May 1988. She is famous for being the lead vocalist of the C-Pop band Nan Quan Mama. The band's first album "Treasure Map" and second album "Nan Quan Mama, Version 2" both peaked at #4 on the Taiwanese Album Charts. She has also appeared as a featured voicalist on Jay Chou's sixth album "November's Chopin" on the track "Coral Sea".
Biography.
Veronin was born and raised in Monterey Park, California, America and moved to Taiwan in her teens. Her father is a Russian American, and her mother a Taiwanese. She speaks fluent English and Mandarin as shown in her songs, but says she is unable to speak Russian.
Reportedly, Veronin's talent was discovered when she met C-pop singer Jay Chou at a restaurant where she was working. He was interested in her voice and recruited her for his band, Nan Quan Mama. Her role as the lead singer of Nan Quan Mama gave her instant fame.
She gained greater recognition as her songs "靠近一點點 Kao Jin Yi Dian Dian" and "Say You Love Me" were chosen to be theme songs for It Started With A Kiss, a Chinese romantic comedy television series in 2005.
In 2006, Veronin was cast in the television series "Engagement for Love", co-starring Alex To and Ambrose Hsu.
As of now, Veronin is studying in college in Taipei while continuing her music career.
Style.
Her musical style is often disputed (argued about). This is because most of her songs when she performes solo are in the alternative or pop-rock genre, but when she performs as a vocalist in the band Nan Quan Mama, she often sings blues- and soul-influenced dance music.

587 Hypsipyle
587 Hypsipyle is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Max Wolf in 1906. Its provisional name was 1906 TF.

Super Girl
"Super Girl" (; "lit. Super Female Voice") is an annual national singing contest in People's Republic of China for female competitors. The official name is "The Mengniu Yoghurt Super Girl Contest", after the company that sponsored the show. It is now one the most popular entertainment shows in China. However, after the third season, the show was banned by the Chinese government.The show was the feature of a 2007 documentary titled Super, Girls!, produced and directed by independent Chinese filmmaker Jian Yi on the 2006 Super Voice Girls contest, released at the Cambridge Film Festival. An ARTiSIMPLE Studio production, "Super, Girls!" is the only independent feature-length documentary ever made about the "Super Girls."
Outline.
The competition was open to any female regardless of age, origin or appearance. The audition sessions had females ranging from 4 to 89 years old. The 2005 season of the contest attracted more than 120,000 applicants during the preliminary selection rounds, held in the provinces Hunan, Sichuan, Guangdong, Henan and Zhejiang. Many applicants travelled long distances to take part in the competition. Each contestant was allowed 30 seconds to perform to judges and find out if they were selected for the preliminary regional rounds. To prevent another overwhelming audition season, the minimum age of 18 was later set during the 2006 season.
Following the selection of contestants in the five regions, the competition began with the preliminary rounds. Preliminaries were held in each of the five locations where auditions were located. Vviewers were able to watch each of the preliminaries and vote for their favorite singers. Voting was conducted by telephone and SMS.
The regional preliminaries are followed by a weekly broadcast single-elimination (knockout) tournament held in Changsha, Hunan. The least voted two face-off subsequently in a "PK." The term "PK" comes from "Player Kill," a reference to kill-or-be-killed online games. The singer with the least number of votes is then eliminated. The last event is contested between the final 3.
Judges for the competition were selected from different backgrounds in society. "Audience judges" were selected in addition to several professional judges.
History.
The original version of the show was known as "Super Boy" and aired in 2003 on Hunan Entertainment Channel, a local broadcaster based in Changsha, Hunan. The show was a success and the counterpart "Super Girl" aired at the beginning of 2004 and became the most viewed show in Hunan. However, the programme's impact was limited as the channel does not broadcast outside the province.
On 6 May 2004, "Super Girl" was introduced to a national audience by its producer Liao Ke through Hunan Satellite Television. In addition to broadcasting the original episodes created by Hunan Entertainment Channel, the network also developed this show in other 3 cities: Wuhan in Hubei, Nanjing in Jiangsu and Chengdu in Sichuan. This show attracted an average of 10,000 contestants in each city and received nationwide attention.
Hunan Satellite Television introduced a second season of "Super Girl" on 19 March 2005. The preliminary rounds were filmed in five cities: Changsha in Hunan Province, Guangzhou in Guangdong Province, Zhengzhou in Henan Province, Hangzhou in Zhejiang Province, and Chengdu in Sichuan Province. By the middle of the season, the competition captivated a nationwide audience and became one of the most watched television entertainment shows in China with tens of millions of viewers.
Cultural impact.
The final episode of the 2005 season was one of the most popular shows in Chinese broadcast history, drawing more than 400,000,000 viewers, more than CCTV's New Year's Gala earlier that year. The final peaked at 280,000,000 viewers at a given time, higher than the 12,000,000-viewer figure for the finals of "Pop Idol". Despite the show being condemned by CCTV as being "vulgar and manipulative", season 3 of the show was launched and finished in early October 2006.
On 18 January 2006, China National Philatelic Corporation released a postage stamp issue featuring 2005 winner Li Yu Chun. The set was shortly earlier than Li's twenty-second birthday in her commemoration.
Some who were not chosen as winners have also been able to enter the recording industry through other means. Ji Min Jia, who ranked fifth overall in the 2005 contest, worked in Los Angeles in 2006 to help with production of the title song for Japanese anime series "The Galaxy Railways". On 15 March 2007, Japanese recording group Hello! Project announced Li Chun, one of the top 50 contestants in the 2006 Changsha regional, as one of two new members of Chinese ancestry of its pop group Morning Musume.
The contest has also inspired television producers to create other talent search shows.
Democratic expression.
One of the main factors contributing to the show's popularity was that viewers are able to participate in the judging process by sending SMSs with their mobile phones to vote for their favorite contestants. During the 2005 regional contest in Chengdu alone, 307,071 message votes were cast for the top three contestants, each vote costing ¥0.5 to ¥3.
Over 800,000,000 text messages were sent during the third season of "Super Girl", and fan clubs began to appear throughout the country. After the large response to the ability to vote, the Chinese government banned the show from continuing to a fourth season. The show was the feature of a 2007 documentary titled "Super, Girls!", produced and directed by independent Chinese filmmaker Jian Yi on the 2006 Super Voice Girls contest, released at the Cambridge Film Festival. An ARTiSIMPLE Studio production, "Super, Girls!" is the only independent feature-length documentary ever made about the "Super Girls."
While some culture and media experts praised "Super Girl" in blazing "a trail for cultural democracy" and breaking elitism in China's entertainment industry, others stated that "the show represented a superficiality in society, propelled by behind-the-scenes manipulation and state-of-the-art pomp and circumstance".
Economic impact.
Mengniu reportedly paid ¥14,000,000 to Hunan Television for rights to sponsor the show's broadcast outside Hunan province beginning with the 2005 season. The 2005 contest was estimated to have drawn in a total of ¥766,000,000. Indirect business impact of the competition was estimated at several billion yuan.
Television advertisement slots cost an average of ¥33,400 for 15 seconds in 2006, compared to the average of ¥28,000 in 2005. Advertising sales were expected to reach ¥200,000,000, nearly double that of the previous year.
2004 season.
The first season of "Super Girl" aired from 6 May to 22 September 2004. Although the winners of the competition were not promised recording contracts, the top three winners signed such deals.
2005 season.
The second season of "Super Girl" aired from 19 March to 26 August in 2005. There was much controversy about the Li Yu Chun being the season's grand champion as she had the most votes even though she had "the weakest voice among the top finalists". Despite the heavy criticism that arose during the competition season, the three 2005 finalists have been considered the most successful singers from the entire show.
2006.
The third season of aired from 2 April to 30 September 2006. Shang Wen Jie's selection as grand champion over Tan Wei Wei, who is a professional vocalist from Sichuan Conservatory of Music, raised questions at each candidate's public appeal. Speculations arose that Shang, who appeared to be a copycat of Li Yu Chun's image, was voted grand champion due to the appeal of her Cinderella story.

Voluntary (music)
In music a voluntary is a piece of music, usually for organ, which is played as part of a church service. The music that an organist plays before and after a service is always called a voluntary.
The word “voluntary” can be used for the title of a piece of music. The title was often used by English composers in the late Renaissance or Baroque periods for a piece of organ music that was free in style, i.e. it did not have to be composed in a strict form such as sonata form or a fugue. It was meant to sound as if it was being improvised (the word voluntary in general means “free”, i.e. not “forced to do something”).
Composers such as Orlando Gibbons, John Blow and Henry Purcell wrote voluntaries, although sometimes they preferred to use other titles such as "fancy" (an English form of the Italian word "fantasia"), or even "fugue". However, these "fugues" were not composed in the proper fugue style: they just started off with imitation as in a fugue, but continued in a freer style.
Some voluntaries were called "double voluntaries". These were pieces written for organs with two manuals (keyboards). The pieces contrasted a loud manual with a soft one.
Some voluntaries were known as "trumpet voluntaries". These were voluntaries which had a tune which was played (with the right hand) on a stop called a “trumpet” or a “cornet”. Two very famous trumpet voluntaries, often played at weddings, are the trumpet voluntary by Henry Purcell and the one by Jeremiah Clarke (which people used to think was composed by Purcell). In the 18th century the composer John Stanley wrote many trumpet voluntaries.

Aalen
Aalen (pronounced) is a town in the German state of Baden-Württemberg. It is the capital of the Ostalbkreis district, and its largest town.

Bad Wörishofen
Bad Wörishofen is a spa town in the district Unterallgäu, Bavaria Germany. It is known for the water-cure of Sebastian Kneipp (* 1821, † 1897), a catholic priest, who was living there for 42 years. Many hotels and boarding-houses are in the town where guests can be treated using Kneipp's methods.
There is a new spa complex out of town, called Therme Bad Wörishofen.
Cult film director Rainer Werner Fassbinder was a native of Bad Wörishofen.

Bürgermeister
The German word Burgermeister often spelled in english as "Burgomaster" or "Burgomeister" means "master of the citizens".
A Burgermeister is chairman of the executive council (or cabinet) in many towns and cities in Germany. The title is usually translated into English as "Mayor".
Municipal government.
"Ober-" is put in front of many title to show that it is higher than another, especially in military.

Area codes in Germany
Area codes in Germany () for telephones have two to five digits, not counting the first zero. The first or "leading" zero must be dialled when calling from inside Germany and not when calling from outside Germany. The area code is not needed when dialling another telephone in the same area, unless one of the telephones is a mobile phone. Usually shorter area codes are used by larger cities, and longer area codes to smaller towns.
(0)1 are special numbers such as mobile phones (015, 016, 017), shared cost service (0180), televoting numbers (013) and 010 for dial-around services. The OLD codes 0130 for free phone numbers and 0190 for premium-rate numbers are now moved to 0800 and 0900 to meet international standards.

German car number plates
German car number plates ("Kfz-Kennzeichen") show the place where the car carrying them is registered. When a person changes their main home in Germany, or buys a new car, they must buy new number plates.
Number plates can be bought which are valid all year round or between 2 to 11 months within any 12 months. This allows changing between summer and winter cars, such as a convertible and a sedan/saloon without having the time and money wasted for de- and re-registering.
Format.
The present number plate format, used since 1994, uses black print on a white background and first provides information about the country where the car is registered within the European Union. German licence plates show a "D" (for "Deutschland"="Germany") on the blue strip on the left, which shows the European Union's flag, 12 golden stars in a circle on blue ground.
After that, there are between one and three letters for the city or region where the car is registered, such as B for Berlin. These units usually coincide with the German districts, in few cases an urban district and the surrounding district share the same letter code. Usually if an urban district and a rural district share the code, the number of the following letters is different. For example, the urban district (Straubing) SR has one letter after the code (SR - A 123). The surrounding district Straubing-Bogen has two letters (SR - AB 123) after the code. It depends on the number of registered cars (or citizens) whether the City or the district has two letters, because there are more possibilities with two letters, so the part with more citizens usually has two letters. For example, the urban district Regensburg has more citizens than the rural district Regensburg, so the city has two letters after the code R.
This is only a rule of thumb, there are a number of exceptions e.g. Germany's second largest city Hamburg (HH, Hansestadt Hamburg, because of its historical membership in the Hanseatic League) or the west German district Ammerland (WST, Westerstede is the capital of the district).
The reason for this scheme is however not to display size or location, but simply to have enough combinations available within the maximum length of eight characters per plate.
After the location name there are the emission test and vehicle safety test stickers (see below), followed by one or two usually random letters and one to four usually random numbers. The total quantity of letters and numbers on the plate is never higher than eight. One letter with low numbers are normally reserved for motorcycle use since the plate space of these vehicles is smaller.
Prohibited combinations.
Various combinations that could be considered politically unacceptable—mainly due to implications relating to Nazi Germany—are disallowed or otherwise avoided. The district Sächsische Schweiz uses the name of its main town, Pirna, in its code "PIR", to avoid the use of "SS", the name of the nazi group; similarly "SA" is also unused. This is why cars for the government and parliament in Saxony-Anhalt are registered with LSA (Land Sachsen A'"nhalt). In 2004 in Nuremberg, a car owner was refused a number plate beginning N-PD because of the connection to the political party, the NPD.
Banned combinations include the Nazi abbreviations HJ ("Hitlerjugend", Hitler Youth), NS ("Nationalsozialismus", National Socialism), SA ("Sturmabteilung"), SS ("Schutzstaffel") and KZ ("Konzentrationslager", concentration camp). Some registration offices have overlooked this rule by mistake, however; there are a few cars registered carrying prohibited codes, such as "B-SS 12". Some counties also allow these combinations if they are the initials of the owner (e.g., Norbert Schmidt might be able to get XX-NS 1234), but in this case, if the car is sold and re-registered in the same county by the new owner, the number can be changed (otherwise the number stays with the car until it registered in a different area).
Special codes.
The German Federal President's license plate is 0-1, the Chancellor's 0-2, the Foreign Secretary's 0-3. The plate of the President of the Bundestag is an exception: it shows 1-1. This is to show that the Bundestag's President is not part of the government but still ranks higher in importance than the Chancellor. These vehicles are tax-exempt and need not to be insured since the German government acts as insurer.

588 Achilles
588 Achilles is an asteroid found on February 22, 1906 by the German astronomer Max Wolf. It was the first of the Trojan asteroids to be found, and is named after Achilles, the fictional hero from the Iliad. It orbits in the L4 Lagrangian point of the Sun-Jupiter system. After a few such asteroids were found, the rule was made that the L4 point was the "Greek camp", while the L5 point was the "Trojan camp", though not before each camp had acquired a "spy" (624 Hektor in the Greek camp and 617 Patroclus in the Trojan camp).

589 Croatia
589 Croatia is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by August Kopff in 1906. Its provisional name was 1906 TM.

Mwai Kibaki
Mwai Kibaki (born November 15, 1931) is currently the president of Kenya. He is the first President of Kenya to belong to a party other than KANU. Since he became President he has done many good things. Kenya has seen economic growth spurts of up 6%. He however has had many complaints from people who think the changes that were needed are slow to come. Many Kenyans living in diaspora have began to return to Kenya as the promise of the future has created a plenty of high paying jobs that are appealing to foreign educated Kenyans.
In 2007, several people got angry at him. They thought that he changed the election results so that he would win. They started to destroy houses and property.

Socialist International
The Socialist International is a worldwide group of social democratic and the labour political parties.
History.
Its name is from the Second International, which was formed in 1889 and dissolved on the eve of World War I in 1914.
Some of the Second International's most famous actions were its 1889 declaration of 1 May as International Labour Day and its 1910 declaration of 8 March as International Women's Day. The Second International was split by the outbreak of World War I. A small part carried on as the International Socialist Commission. The International re-formed in 1923 (as the Labour and Socialist International), and was re organised again, in its present form, after World War II. Many social democratic and socialist parties had been suppressed in Nazi-occupied Europe).
Since World War II, the SI helped social democratic parties to re-start themselves when dictatorship gave way to democracy in Portugal (1974) and Spain (1975).
Until its 1976 Geneva Congress, the Socialist International had few members outside Europe and no formal involvement with Latin America. In the 1980s, most SI parties gave their backing to the Nicaraguan Sandinistas (FSLN), whose left-wing government had incited hatred from the United States. Since then, the SI has admitted as member-parties not only the FSLN but also the centre-left Puerto Rican Independence Party, as well as the ex-Communist parties such as the Italian Democrats of the Left (Democratici di Sinistra (DS)) and the Front for the Liberation of Mozambique (FRELIMO).
The Party of European Socialists, a European political party active in the European Parliament, is an associated organisation of the Socialist International.
Presidents.
In 2006, George Papandreou, leader of the Panhellenic Socialist Movement, became the president of the Socialist International.

ISO 3166-1 alpha-3
ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 codes are three-letter country codes in the ISO 3166-1 standard to represent countries and dependent territories. They are published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) as part of its ISO 3166 standard. They were first included as part of the ISO 3166 standard in its first edition in 1974.
They are used in ISO/IEC 7501-1 for machine-readable passports.
User-assigned code elements===.
The following alpha-3 codes can be user-assigned: from AAA to AAZ, from QMA to QZZ, from XAA to XZZ, and from ZZA to ZZZ. These code elements are at the disposal of users who need to add further names of countries, territories or other geographical entities to their in-house application of ISO 3166-1, and the ISO 3166/MA will never use them in the updating process of the standard.
Reserved code elements===.
Reserved code elements are codes which, while not ISO 3166-1 codes, are in use for some applications in conjunction with the ISO 3166 codes. The ISO 3166/MA therefore reserves them, so that they are not used for new official ISO 3166 codes, thereby creating conflicts between the standard and those applications.

Bellows
A bellows is something that blows air into a small opening in order to make something work. The bellows will have a kind of sack which has air in it. When the sack is squeezed the air is pushed out. Bellows can be quite small and operated by hand, for example for stoking a fire in an open fire place. They can also be very large, such as bellows that produce air for a large pipe organ to be played. Such bellows used to be pumped by hand (sometimes by several people), but nowadays electricity is used.
Bellows are used by blacksmiths or metalworkers for smelting and welding. They are also used in small musical instruments such as bagpipes, accordions and concertinas. The harmonium has bellows which the player operates by pumping with the his feet.

1999 Chi-Chi earthquake
Chi-Chi earthquake, also known as the 921 earthquake, was an earthquake in central Taiwan. The earthquake happened on September 21, 1999 at 1:47 am local time (September 20 17:47 GMT). It measured 7.3 on the Richter scale. The epicentre of the earthquake was at in Chichi Township in Nantou County, about 12.5 km west of the Sun Moon Lake. The depth of the epicenter was 7.0 km.
Damages.
The earthquake continued to shake Taiwan throughout the night. People tell stories about a house that was not destroyed but moved by the earthquake from one county to another. The story says that because of this, the owners of the house had to change their address.
Chelungpu fault.
The epicenter of the earthquake was Chichi Township. The 921 Earthquake happened along the Chelungpu fault line in western part of the island of Taiwan. The fault is located along the foothills of the Central Mountains in Nantou and Taichung counties. Some sections of land near the fault were changed in elevation by as much as 7 meters (23 feet). Near the northern end of the fault line, a 7-meter tall waterfall was created by the earthquake. In the middle-western part of the island, bridges were destroyed. This stopped traffic for weeks.
In Wufeng, a village in southern Taichung County, the damage was very bad. The village's Guangfu High School was located on the fault line. It was badly damaged by the quake. Today the high school is the site of the National Museum of Natural Science's 921 Earthquake Museum of Taiwan.

Visibility
"Visibility" is a word used in meteorology. It is used to talk about how far a normal person can see depending on the weather. If there is low visibility, such as in a blizzard, a person will not be able to see far. If there is high visibility, such as on a bright, sunny day, a person will be able to see a long way.
Visibility less than is often called zero. When it is this low, roads may be closed, or lights and signs are turned on to warn drivers. These are put in areas that often have very low visibility. Warning lights help stop accidents. Automobile crashes with many cars happen often in places like this if the warning lights and signs are not put up.
An advisory is put out by meteorologists to warn of low visibility, such as a dense fog advisory from the U.S. National Weather Service. These tell drivers to not travel until the fog leaves. Airport travel sometimes is delayed, or slowed down, by low visibility.

Lothar Bisky
Lothar Bisky (born August 17, 1941 in Rummelsburg, Germany, now Miastko, Poland) was the chairman of the Left Party.PDS, a socialist political party with its base in the east of Germany. In June 2007 he became of the leaders of The Left, formed by a merger of Left Party.PDS and Labour and Social Justice – The Electoral Alternative.
As a child he was very poor, so when he was 18 he moved from northern West Germany to GDR. He was allowed to join the Socialist Unity Party in 1963, but did not became a leader of the party until just after the fall of communism and the old "hardliners" were throwm out of the party.
He was rector of the University of Film and Television (Potsdam-Babelsberg) from 1986 to 1990. In 1991 he became a member of the board of directors of regional television channel ORB (now part of RBB.)
In 1990 he was a member of the Volkskammer and since 1990 he has been a member of the state parliament in Brandenburg.
He was chairman of the PDS from 1993 until his resignation in 2000. He was re-elected chairman in 2003. Bisky is seen to be on the moderate, social democratic wing of the party and he is a long-time close ally of the party's most prominent figure, Gregor Gysi.
The party returned strongly to the Bundestag in the 2005 election. Bisky, one of 54 Left MPs, was going to become one of the six vice presidents of the Bundestag. When the new Bundestag met on October 18, however, he failed three times to be elected. Some MPs explained this with allegations (denied by Bisky) that he was an informant of the Stasi. Later, he failed a fourth time, and gave up his bid to be elected.
Lothar Bisky is married and the father of three sons. The oldest son, Jens Bisky, is a journalist and writer and the second-oldest, Norbert Bisky, is a painter.

Louis-Nicolas Clérambault
Louis-Nicolas Clérambault (born Paris, 19 December 1676; died Paris, 26 October 1749) was a French organist and composer.
Clérambault (pronounce “CLAY-ram-bow”) came from a musical family. He learned to play the violin and harpsichord when he was young, and also learned the organ, composition and singing. He became the organist at the church of the Grands-Augustins and then at Saint-Sulpice. He worked for Madame de Maintenon who arranged concerts for King Louis XIV. He also had a job at the royal house of Saint-Cyr, which was a school for young girls from the poor nobility. He directed the music there, played the organ and trained the choir.
Clérambault was the first important French composer of cantatas. They were often about Greek and Roman myths. He also composed for the organ, harpsichord and violin. He was thought of as France’s greatest organist. Two of his sons took over jobs held by their father after his death.

Blizzard
A blizzard is a large winter storm. It brings low temperatures, strong winds, and a lot of blowing snow. Blizzards start when a high pressure system touches as low pressure system. The word "blizzard" is sometimes used incorrectly by news media to talk about big winter storms, even if the storm is not a blizzard.
Geography.
Some areas are more likely to be hit by blizzards than others, but a blizzard can occur in any place where snow falls. In North America, blizzards happen often in the northern-east states, and in the provinces of Canada. In this region, blizzards can happen more than twice each winter. They also occur often in the mountain ranges of western North America. Because these regions have low populations, blizzards sometimes are not reported.
Definition.
There are many different ways to define the word "blizzard". In order to be called as a blizzard, a storm needs falling or blowing snow, strong winds, and cold or quickly dropping temperatures.
Environment Canada says that a winter storm must have winds of or more, falling or blowing snow, visibility, or range of sight, less than, and a wind chill of less than. All of this has to last for 4 hours or more before the storm can be truthfully called a blizzard.
In the United States, the National Weather Service says that a blizzard has winds, blowing snow, and visibility less than ¼ mile, lasting for at least 3 hours.
When a blizzard is happening, but no new snow is falling, meteorologists call this a ground blizzard because all the snow is on the ground and is being blown by high winds. Ground blizzards happen on flat land, where there is a lot of powdery snow to be blown around.
The word "blizzard" might have been invented when a German settler talked about a storm to an Estherville, Iowa, newspaper reporter in Marshall, a small town in southwestern Minnesota.
Whiteouts.
A very dangerous type of blizzard is a whiteout. In a whiteout, downdrafts and snowfall are so think that people cannot tell the ground and sky apart. People caught in a whiteout lose their sense of direction very fast. This is a large danger to pilots when they are flying airplanes, because they cannot tell how close they are to the ground, and may crash.
Famous U.S. blizzards.
The Great Blizzard of 1888 was very damaging for the Northeastern United States. In that blizzard, 400 people died, 200 ships sunk, and snowdrifts were 10 or 15 feet high. In the Great Plains, states were hit by the Schoolhouse Blizzard that trapped children in schools and killed 235 people.
In 1880–1881 there was a winter that people in the Dakotas called the "Hard Winter". The author Laura Ingalls Wilder wrote her book "The Long Winter" about that winter's story. It talks about one blizzard after another, and how it changed Laura's family and everybody around her. The book is almost all true. Her story of two men from the town of DeSmet, South Dakota, going after some wheat stored some miles south of DeSmet in February 1881 is true, and Ingalls later married one of the men, Almanzo Wilder). If the two men had not found and brought back the wheat, the people would have starved. The snow and ice thawed in April, and the railroads could start again. The train picture above was photographed on March 29, 1881, not far from DeSmet.
34 people died during a 3-day spring blizzard on March 1920 in North Dakota. One of the people who died was Hazel Miner, a teenage girl who died of freezing to death when she got lost on her way home from her one-room-school.
The Armistice Day Blizzard in 1940 surprised many people with how fast the temperature became less. It was in the morning, but by noon, it was snowing. Some of the people froze to death in the snow. 154 people died in the Armistice Day Blizzard.
105 years after the Great Blizzard of 1888, a giant blizzard, named the Storm of the Century, hit the U.S in 1993. It dropped snow on 26 states and reached as far north as Canada and as far south as Mexico. In many southern U.S. areas, such as parts of Alabama, more snow fell in this storm than ever fell in an entire winter. Highways and airports closed across the U.S. The blizzard also made 15 tornadoes in Florida. When the storm was over, 270 people died and 48 were reported missing.

Nord Department
Nord (English: "North") is one of the ten departments (French: "départments", singular "départment") of Haiti. It has an area of 2,106 km² and a population of 872,200 (2002).
After the Haitian Revolution, the country was divided into only three departments: Nord, Ouest and Sud. The Nord-Est and Nord-Ouest departments were part of the Nord department.
Its capital and largest city is Cap-Haïtien, founded in 1670 by Bertrand d'Orgeron and the old capital city of "Saint-Domingue". It had the nickname of "Paris of Saint-Domingue".
It is bordered to the northwest by the Nord-Ouest Department, to the east by the Nord-Est Department, to the southeast by the Centre Department and to the west by the Artibonite Department. The Atlantic Ocean is to the north.

Apache HTTP Server
Apache HTTP Server, also called Apache, is a web server notable for helping the growth of the World Wide Web.

Nord-Est Department
Nord-Est (English: "North-East") is one of the ten departments (French: "départments", singular "départment") of Haiti. It is located in the northeastern corner of the country, along the border with the Dominican Republic.
It has an area of 1,805 km² and a population of 283,800 (2002). Its capital is Fort-Liberté. It is bordered to the north by the Atlantic Ocean, to the west by the Nord Department and to the south by the Centre Department. It borders the Dominican Republic to the east.
After the Haitian Revolution, the country was divided into only three departments: Nord, Ouest and Sud. The Nord-Est department was part of the Nord department.

Samuel Wesley
Samuel Wesley (born Bristol, 24 February 1766; died London, 11 October 1837) was an English organist and composer
Samuel Wesley was the son of Methodist hymn-writer Charles Wesley, the grandson of the poet Samuel Wesley and the nephew of John Wesley, the founder of the Methodist church. His illegitimate son Samuel Sebastian Wesley was the greatest English composer of church music of the 19th century.
Samuel played the violin as well as the organ, and worked as a conductor as well as a music lecturer. He lived at a time when most English composers were writing sentimental music which was not very important. Wesley was one of the best composers of his time.

Nord-Ouest Department
Nord-Ouest (English: "North-West") is one of the ten departments (French: "départments", singular "départment") of Haiti. It is located in the northwestern part of the country.
It has an area of 2,176 km² and a population of 488,500 (2002). Its capital is Port-de-Paix. The Tortuga Island is part of this department. It is a very dry region, except for the Tortuga Island and the area around Port-de-Paix.
The department is bordered to the north by the Atlantic Ocean, to the east by the Nord Department and to the south by the Artibonite Department and the Gulf of Gonâve. To the east is the Windward Passage that separates the islands of Hispaniola and Cuba. On clear nights, it is possible to see the Guantánamo Province of Cuba.
After the Haitian Revolution, the country was divided into only three departments: Nord, Ouest and Sud. The Nord-West department was part of the Nord department.

Apache
Apache is a name for a couple of some culturally related groups of Native Americans in the United States. They hunted deer and lots of other animals. They also ate berries and lots of fruit.

Samuel Sebastian Wesley
Samuel Sebastian Wesley (born London, 14 August 1810; died 19 April 1876) was an English organist and composer. He was the greatest English composer of church music of his day.
He was born in London, the illegitimate son of the composer Samuel Wesley and his partner Sarah Suter. After singing in the choir of the Chapel Royal as a boy, he, become organist of Hereford Cathedral in 1832. He moved to Exeter Cathedral three years later, and then had jobs at Leeds Parish Church, Winchester Cathedral and Gloucester Cathedral.
His music was almost all composed for the Church of England. He wrote many anthems, including "Thou wilt keep him in perfect peace", "Blessed be the God and Father", "The Wilderness" and "Ascribe unto the Lord". They are verse anthems (anthem which contrast sections for the full choir with sections for a few soloists).
The popular short anthem "Lead me Lord" is part of "Praise the Lord, O my soul".

Quickborn (Kreis Pinneberg)
Quickborn is a town in the district of Pinneberg, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. It is situated approx. 17 km east of Elmshorn, and 20 km north of Hamburg.
Quickborn is twinned with Uckfield, East Sussex.

Quickborn, Dithmarschen
Quickborn is a municipality in the district of Dithmarschen, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.

Iguana
Iguana is a type of lizard that lives in tropical areas of Central and South America and the Caribbean. They were first described by Austrian naturalist Josephus Nicolaus Laurenti in 1768. There are two different species of lizard: the Green Iguana and the Lesser Antillean Iguana.
What they look like.
The two species of lizard both have a dewlap, a row of spines running down their back to their tail, and a third eye on their head. This eye is known as the Parietal eye, which looks just like a pale scale on the top of their head. Behind their neck are small scales which look like spikes, and are called tuberculate scales. They also have a large round scale on their cheek called a subtympanic shield.
Senses.
Iguanas have excellent vision and can see long distances, shapes, shadows, color and movement. An iguana uses its eyes to navigate through trees and forests, as well as for finding food. They also use their eyes to communicate with members of the same species. An iguana's ear is called a tympanum. It is the iguana's ear drum and is found right above the subtympanic shield and behind the eye. This is a very thin, delicate part of the iguana, and is very important to its hearing.

La bohème
"La bohème" is an opera by Giacomo Puccini. The title, which is French, is pronounced “La bo-EM”. The title refers to Mimi, the main female character in the story. She is a bohemian, which means: someone who was poor and goes to Paris to try to earn a living (it has nothing to do with Bohemia, part of the present-day Czech Republic).
Although the title is French, the opera is sung in Italian. The words (libretto) were written by Luigi Illica and Giuseppe Giacosa, who based it on a story called "Scènes de la vie de Bohème" "(Scenes of bohemian life)" by Henri Murger.
"La bohème" was first performed in Turin on February 1, 1896 at the Teatro Regio (now the Teatro Regio Torino). The conductor was Arturo Toscanini, a young man at that time. Fifty years later, in 1946, Toscanini conducted a performance of it on U.S. radio, and this performance was put on to records and later on to compact disc. It is the only recording of a Puccini opera by its original conductor.
The composer Ruggero Leoncavallo also composed an opera called "La bohème". Although it is based on the same story the libretto is different. It is hardly ever performed, but Puccini’s opera is one of the most famous of all operas.
Act 1.
"In the four bohemians' attic room"
Act 1 takes place in Paris around 1830. A group of bohemians live in a room in an attic. Marcello is painting while Rodolfo gazes out of the window. They are so poor and so cold that they burn a drama that Rodolfo has written. Colline, the philosopher, comes in shivering and cross because he had not been able to pawn some books. Schaunard, the musician of the group, arrives with food, firewood, wine, cigars, and money. He tells his friends that he has got these things because he has a job with an English gentleman. The others hardly listen as they are so hungry that they try quickly to eat the food. Schaunard interrupts them, taking the meal away, and saying that they will all celebrate his luck by having dinner at Cafe Momus instead.
While they drink, Benoit, the landlord, arrives to collect the rent. They give him lots of wine so that he becomes drunk and starts to tell the people his adventures about love. He then says that he is married, but the others throw him out of the room. The money that should have been used for paying the rent is divided among the group so that they can have a good time
The other Bohemians go out, but Rodolfo stays alone for a moment in order to finish a newspaper article, promising to join his friends soon. There is a knock at the door, and Mimì, a seamstress who lives in a flat below, enters. Her candle has blown out, and she has no matches; she asks Rodolfo to light it. She thanks him, but returns a few seconds later, saying she has lost her key. Both candles go out. It is dark, and the couple try to feel their way about. Rodolfo wants to spend time with Mimi. He finds the key, but does not tell her and puts it in his pocket. In two very famous arias (Rodolfo's "Che gelida manina — What a cold little hand" and Mimi's "Sì, mi chiamano Mimì — Yes, they call me Mimì"), they tell each other about their different backgrounds. Rodolfo’s friends call for him to come. He would prefer to stay there with Mimì but she decides they should both go together. They go out singing about their love for one another.
Act 2.
In the part of Paris called the "Quartier Latin - (Latin Quarter)" a crowd has gathered. Street sellers are selling things. The friends are happy. Rodolfo buys Mimi a bonnet. The friends go into a café.
As the men and Mimi dine at the café, Musetta, who used to be Marcello's sweetheart, arrives with Alcindoro, an old, rich minister. She talks to him as if he is a little dog. She is tired of him. She sings a naught song ("Quando me'n vo — When I go along"), hoping that Marcello will be interested in her again. Soon Marcello becomes jealous. with jealousy. To be rid of Alcindoro for a bit, she pretends to have a tight shoe and sends him with it to the shoemaker. As the group sings, Musetta and Marcello fall into each other's arms.
The friends have to pay for the meal, but they have not got enough money. Musetta gets the bill to be paid by Alcindoro. The sound of soldiers is heard, and, picking up Musetta, Marcello and Colline carry her out on their shoulders while everyone claps. When all have gone, Alcindoro arrives with the repaired shoe. He looks for Musetta. The waiter hands him the bill. He is horrified by how much he has to pay, and sinks into a chair.
Act 3.
At the toll gate, peddlers pass through and enter the city. Amongst them is Mimì. She has a terrible cough. She tries to find Marcello, who lives in a little tavern nearby where he paints signs for the innkeeper. She tells him of her hard life with Rodolfo, who has left her that night. Marcello tells her that Rodolfo is asleep inside, but he wakes up and comes out looking for Marcello. Mimì hides and hears Rodolfo telling Marcello why he left Mimi. At first he says Mimi does not love him seriously, but then he tells the truth: he left her because she seems to be dying of a terrible illness: (tuberculosis, which was called "consumption" in the 19th century). Rodolfo is poor and can do little to help Mimi. He hopes that a rich man may fall in love with her and pay for her to have medical treatment. Out of kindness towards Mimì, Marcello tries to stop Rodolfo telling him all this, but she has already heard everything. She has to cough, and Rodolfo realizes she is there. They sing of their lost love, and agree that they should separate, but they love one another so much and agree to stay together until the spring. In contrast to this loving couple, Marcello and Musetta now quarrel.
Act 4.
Back in the attic Marcello and Rodolfo are both sad at losing their loved ones. Schaunard and Colline arrive with a tiny bit of food. They pretend they are having a big feast, and they all dance. Musetta arrives with news: Mimi, who had found a rich gentleman, has now left him and is wandering in the streets feeling very ill and weak. Musetta has brought Mimi back with her to the attic room. Mimi is helped into a chair. Musetta and Marcello leave to sell Musetta's earrings in order to buy medicine, and Colline leaves to pawn his overcoat. Schaunard leaves quietly to give Mimi and Rodolfo time together. Left alone, they remember their past happiness. They remember their first meeting. Rodolfo gives her the pink bonnet he bought her, which he has kept as a souvenir of their love. The others return, with a gift of a muff to warm Mimi's hands and some medicine, and tell Rodolfo that a doctor has been called, but it is too late. As Musetta prays, Mimi dies. Rodolfo collapses in tears.
Movie.
In 1926, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) made a movie based on the opera.

La traviata
"La traviata" is an opera in three acts and is written by Giuseppe Verdi. It is based on a novel called "La dame aux Camélias" by Alexandre Dumas, fils, published in 1848. It was first performed at the Teatro la Fenice in Venice, on March 6, 1853. The title "La traviata" means literally "The Woman Who Strayed", or perhaps more figuratively, "The Fallen One". Piave and Verdi wanted to follow Dumas in giving the opera a contemporary setting, but the authorities at La Fenice insisted that it be set in the past. It was some years before the composer's and librettist's original wishes were carried out.

Dil Se
"Dil Se" (Hindi: दिल से, Urdu: دل سے, translation: "From the Heart)" is a 1998 Hindi movie. It was Film directordirected by Mani Ratnam. The movie was also released in Tamil as Uyire and in Telugu as Prema Tho. It stars Shahrukh Khan, Manisha Koirala, and Preity Zinta. Mani Ratnam also wrote the screenplay for the movie. It was produced by Mani Ratnam and Ram Gopal Varma along with Shekar Kapur.
The movie was shot in "Maqbuza Kashmir", Assam, Delhi and other parts of India and Bhutan over a period of 55 days. Its cinematography won a National Film Award for cinematographer Santosh Sivan. The movie score and soundtrack were composed by A. R. Rahman. A. R. Rahman received a Filmfare Award for the music. The movie became the first Indian movie to reach the Top 10 in the UK Box Office Charts, when released in 1998.
Awards.
1999 Berlin International Film Festival (Germany)
1999 National Film Awards (India)
1999 Filmfare Awards (India)
Soundtrack.
The soundtrack features 5 songs composed by A. R. Rahman, with lyrics by Gulzar.

Mani Ratnam
Mani Ratnam () (born June 2, 1956) is a Tamil Indian film director, writer and producer.
Non-Director.
Mani Ratnam established Madras Talkies for film production during the shoot of "Iruvar". Mani Ratnam had earlier produced "Thiruda Thiruda" under his personal name. All movies directed by Mani Ratnam subsequent to "Iruvar" have been produced through "Madras Talkies". Apart from production, Mani Ratnam also has written story and screenplay for movies directed by others.

Chris Fehn
Christopher Michael Fehn (born February 24, 1972) is an American musician and Percussionist for the band Slipknot. In Slipknot he is known as #3. He is the joker in Slipknot. He wears a Fetish type mask with a long Pinocchio style nose. He is a big fan of sports and a good Golfer.

Brian Jacques
Brian Jacques (born June 15, 1939) is an English author. He is best known for his "Redwall" series of books, as well as the "Tribes of Redwall" and "Castaways of the Flying Dutchman" series. He also wrote two books of short stories called, "The Ribbajack & Other Curious Yarns" and "Seven Strange and Ghostly Tales".

Cave Story
is a freeware video game released in 2004 for PC. It was thought of and created over five years by Daisuke Amaya, known by his pseudonym, or art name, Pixel. The game is an action-adventure game, and is similar to the "Castlevania" and "Metroid" games. It was first made in Japanese, and was translated to English by the fan translating group, Aeon Genesis.

Courtney Love
Courtney Michelle Love (born Courtney Michelle Harrison on July 9, 1964) is an American rock musician and Golden Globe-nominated actress. Love is best known as lead singer, songwriter and lyricist for the now-defunct alternative rock band Hole and for her two-year marriage to late Nirvana front man Kurt Cobain. "Rolling Stone" has called Love "the most controversial woman in the history of rock".

Ouest Department
Ouest (English: "West") is one of the ten departments (French: "départments", singular "départment") of Haiti. Its capital is Port-au-Prince which is also the capital of the country and its largest city.
With an area of 4,827 km², it is the second largest department in Haiti after the Artibonite Department. It has a population of 2,943,200 (2002). The Gonâve Island (French, "Île de la Gonâve") is part of this department.
It is bordered to the northwest by the Artibonite Department, to the northeast by the Centre Department. The Gulf of Gonâve is to the west (and to the north of the southern part of the department). It borders the Dominican Republic to the east.

Sud Department
Sud (English: "South") is one of the ten departments (French: "départments", singular "départment") of Haiti. Its capital is Les Cayes.
It has an area of 2,794 km² and a population of 745,000.
It is bordered to the north by the Grand'Anse and Nippes departments, to the east by the Sud-Est Department and by the Caribbean Sea to the west and south.

Sud-Est Department
Sud-Est (English: "South-East") is one of the ten departments (French: "départments", singular "départment") of Haiti. Its capital is Jacmel.
It has an area of 2,023 km² and a population of 518,200. It was part of the Sud Department.
It is bordered to the north by the Ouest Department, to the west by the Sud Department and to the south the Caribbean Sea. It borders the Dominican Republic to the east.

Earth Angel
Earth Angel is the name of a 1950s love song by the Penguins. It reached number 1 on the billboard charts in 1954.

Xanten
Xanten () is a historic town in the Wesel district of the North Rhine-Westphalia state of Germany. Xanten is known for the Archaeological Park as well as its mediaeval picturesque city centre with Xanten Cathedral and visited by approximately 800.000 tourists a year.
Xanten is the only German town whose name begins with "X".

John Lee Hooker
John Lee Hooker (August 22, 1917 – June 21, 2001) was an American blues singer, guitarist, and songwriter born in Coahoma County near Clarksdale, Mississippi.
Early life.
Hooker was born on August 22, 1917 in Coahoma County near Clarksdale, Mississippi.
Later life.
All through the 1930s, Hooker lived in Memphis where he worked on Beale Street and sometimes performed at house parties. In 1948, he started working at Ford Motor Company.
Career.
Hooker's early solo songs were recorded by Bernie Besman. John Lee Hooker rarely played on a standard beat, changing tempos to fit the songs. This made it nearly impossible to add backing tracks.
Pop culture.
Hooker appeared and sang in the 1980 movie "The Blues Brothers". He recorded over 100 albums.
In 1989, he played with Keith Richards, Carlos Santana and Bonnie Raitt to record "The Healer" and won a Grammy Award. Hooker recorded lots of songs with Van Morrison, including "Never Get Out of These Blues Alive", "The Healing Game" and "I Cover the Waterfront".
Death.
He fell ill just before a tour of Europe in 2001 and died soon afterwards at the age of 83. The last song Hooker recorded before his death, is "Ali D'Oro".

Son House
Eddie James "Son" House, Jr. (March 21, 1902 – October 19, 1988) was an American blues singer and guitarist.
Notes.
See http://bluesnet.hub.org/son.house/interview.html for further information relating to House's age.

John Hurt
"Mississippi" John Smith Hurt (July 2, 1892, Teoc, Mississippi - November 2, 1966, Grenada, Mississippi) was an American blues singer and guitarist.
Discography.
"Mississippi John Hurt 1928 Sessions" (Yazoo 1065, Yazoo Records)
"Worried Blues" (Piedmont PLP 13161, Piedmont Records)
"Mississippi John Hurt Today" (VSD-79220, Vanguard Records)
"Mississippi John Hurt Last Sessions" (VSD-79327, Vanguard Records)
"The Best of Mississippi John Hurt" (VSD-19/20, Vanguard Records)
Recorded live at Oberlin College April 15, 1966
"The Candy Man" (QS 5042, Quicksilver Records)
"Volume One of a Legacy" (CLPS 1068, Piedmont Records)
"Folk Songs and Blues" (PLP 13757, Piedmont Records)

Biopsy
A biopsy is a test in medicine where doctors remove cells and look at them closely under a microscope or do chemical analysis to see whether there is an illness.

Jake Gyllenhaal
Jacob Benjamin Gyllenhaal (born December 19 1980) is an Academy Award-nominated American actor. He is the son of director Stephen Gyllenhaal and screenwriter Naomi Foner, Gyllenhaal began acting at 11 years old. He has appeared in diverse roles since his first lead role in 1999's "October Sky", followed by the 2001 cult hit "Donnie Darko", in which he played a psychologically troubled teen and onscreen brother to his real-life sister, actress Maggie Gyllenhaal. In the 2004 blockbuster "The Day After Tomorrow" he portrayed a student caught in a cataclysmic global cooling event, alongside Dennis Quaid as his father. He then played against type as a frustrated Marine in "Jarhead" (2005). The same year, he won critical acclaim portraying a role that entered popular shorthand as a "gay cowboy" in the controversial but highly lauded film "Brokeback Mountain".

Achern
Achern () is a city in Western Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is located approximately 18 km southwest of Baden-Baden and 19 km northeast of Offenburg. Achern is the fourth largest city in the county of Ortenau (Ortenaukreis), after Offenburg, Black Forest and Kehl.

Adelsheim
Adelsheim is a small town in northern Baden-Württemberg, about 30 km north of Heilbronn. The state-recognized resort of Adelsheim in the Neckar-Odenwald-Kreis is 1,200-year years old.

Aichtal
Aichtal is a town in the district of Esslingen, in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is located 18 km south of Stuttgart.

Albstadt
Albstadt is a city in the district of Zollernalbkreis in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is located on the Swabian Alb mountains, about halfway between Stuttgart and Lake Constance. Albstadt is the largest city in the district.

Alpirsbach
Alpirsbach is a town in the district of Freudenstadt, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is situated in the Black Forest on the Kinzig river, 13 km south of Freudenstadt.
Alpirsbach is twinned with the French commune of Neuville-sur-Saône.

Altensteig
Altensteig is a town in the district of Calw of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is in the eastern Black Forest, 18 km southwest of Calw, and 19 km northeast of Freudenstadt.

Asperg
Asperg is a town in the district of Ludwigsburg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is situated 15 km north of Stuttgart, and 4 km west of Ludwigsburg. The Hohenasperg fortress is situated in Asperg.

Aulendorf
Aulendorf is a town in the district of Ravensburg, in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is situated 20 km southwest of Biberach an der Riß, and 19 km north of Ravensburg.

Hannah Montana
"Hannah Montana" is a 2006 Disney Channel television series. The series stars Miley Cyrus as Miley Stewart. Miley is a normal girl who is also a popstar named Hannah Montana. No one except her family and two closest friends know Miley and Hannah Montana are the same person. Her father, Robby Ray Stewart, is actually her real father, Billy Ray Cyrus. The series also stars Emily Osment as her best friend, Lilly Truscott, Mitchel Musso as Oliver Oken and Jason Earles as Miley's older brother, Jackson Stewart. In 2007 it was nominated for an Emmy award
The Hannah Montana Movie.
Many of the cast have said that there will be a "Hannah Montana Movie". Like the series Lizzie McGuire, the film will be released in cinemas and not be shown on television. Filming should take place sometime in spring 2008, and should be released in late 2008 or early 2009. Oprah Winfrey said on her television show on November 21, 2007 that a film was being made.
Hannah Montana & Miley Cyrus: Best of Both Worlds Concert.
"Hannah Montana & Miley Cyrus: Best of Both Worlds Concert" is a musical film from Walt Disney Pictures shown in Disney Digital 3D using 3D glasses. The film was planned to only be in cinemas for one week, February 1-7, 2008 in the US and Canada, but the showings were extended. On it's first weekend, February 1-3, 2008, the movie made $29 million. Ticket prices were as high as $15, at least 50% higher than most movie tickets in 2008.

Ruby
Ruby is a type of precious stone. It is often associated with emerald, sapphire and topaz. It is usually red, but can sometimes be other colours.

Scramjet
Scramjet is an jet engine. It pushes mixed air and gas out of the back of the jet. Scientists think that scramjet will work as 15 times the speed of sound (mach 15).

Pulse jet engine
A pulse jet engine is a very simple form of the internal combustion engine where the combustion happens in pulses. The propulsive effort is a jet that is a reaction to the backward flow of hot gasses.

Stronger (Kanye West song)
"Stronger" is a 2007 song by Kanye West.

590 Tomyris
590 Tomyris is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Max Wolf in 1906. Its provisional name was 1906 TO.

591 Irmgard
591 Irmgard is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by August Kopff in 1906. Its provisional name was 1906 TP.

592 Bathseba
592 Bathseba is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Max Wolf in 1906. Its provisional name was 1906 TS.

Good Eats
Good Eats is an American TV series shown by Food Network. It was created and is hosted by Alton Brown. It was started in 1999. In Good Eats, Brown looks at the science behind the cooking, the history of various foods, and the best things of many kinds of cooking equipment.

Fame (David Bowie song)
Fame is a song by David Bowie. It was written by David Bowie and John Lennon of The Beatles. The song combined funk and rock music. The song was released August 18, 1975. It was on Bowie's "Young Americans" album. The song reached the number 1 position on the US Billboard Top 100 in September 1975.

Chiyoda
Chiyoda（Japanese:千代田区　ちよだく）is one of the 23 special wards of Tokyo. The ward has population of 45,543 people. The Imperial Palace, Diet of Japan, Supreme Court of Japan and home of the Prime Minister of Japan are all in Chiyoda. It is the political center of Tokyo.
Location.
Chiyoda is located in the center of Tokyo. It is near Tokyo Bay. The ward has an area of. The Imperial Palace covers about 12 percent of this area.

Pianola
The pianola (pronounce: "pee-ah-NO-la"), also called the player piano, is a piano which has a pneumatic mechanism so that it can play by itself. Inside the piano are paper rolls which have holes punched in. When the pianola plays itself the keys of the piano can be seen "playing themselves".
The pianola was developed around the 1880s. It was fitted with interactive control levers so that the player ("player pianist" or "pianolist") could play in the way he wanted. The pianola made it possible for the player to sound as if he was playing very difficult music that he was not capable of playing. At the same time he could control the performance.
The pianola became popular in the late 19th and early 20th century as mass-produced pianos became popular in people's homes and more and more people bought sheet music. By the 1920s it started to become less popular again as the gramophone had been invented.

Sewing machine
A sewing machine is used to stitch fabric together with thread. Sewing machines were an invention of the industrial revolution that made it possible to sew faster than people could sew by hand. Some sewing machines are also used for embroidery.

Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck
Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck (born Deventer, Netherlands in 1562; died 16 October 1621) was a Dutch composer and organist. Sweelinck (pronounce: SVAY-link) lived at the end of the Renaissance and beginning of the Baroque periods. He was one of the greatest organists and composers of his day. He was the organist at the Oude Kerk (“Old Church”) in Amsterdam for 44 years. Many musicians travelled a long way to Amsterdam to hear him improvise at the organ. He composed music for the organ and harpsichord as well as vocal music.

Hundred Years' War
The Hundred Years' War was fought between France and England during the late Middle Ages. It lasted 116 years from 1337 to 1453. The war started because Charles IV of France died in 1328 without a son and Edward III of England believed he had the right to inherit the crown of France through his mother. The French did not want a foreign king, so Philip VI of France said he ought to be king because women could not transmit the right to rule to their sons. The two countries went to war because of this disagreement.
At the beginning of the war France was a much stronger country. France had about 17 million people while England had only about 4 million people. France had an alliance with Scotland against England, and England tried to ally with parts of the Low Countries. The English won a great victory at sea in the Battle of Sluys in 1340 that prevented France from invading England. After that the war was fought almost totally in France. England won again at the Battle of Crécy in 1346 because of the longbow.
From 1348 to 1356 there was very little fighting because of the Black Death. Then Edward, the Black Prince of Wales won the Battle of Poitiers for England. King John II of France was captured during the battle. The English invaded France again but were not able to take any more cities. A truce gave England about one-fourth of France.
The new king Charles V of France was more successful with Bertrand du Guesclin as his best knight. The Black Prince was busy at another war and Edward III was too old to lead an army again. So France allied with Castile against England and Portugal. France won back many French towns from the English during this time. A peace followed from 1389-1415.
Then the most famous part of the war began. Henry V of England invaded France and won the Battle of Agincourt with many longbow men. King Charles VI of France was insane and unable to rule, and nearly all his sons died very young. The queen of France Isabeau of Bavaria married one of her daughters to Henry V and signed the Treaty of Troyes to make Henry V the next king of France. Both Henry V and Charles VI died at almost the same time. So the English believed Henry VI of England was the new king of France and many French people agreed. Charles VI's last son Charles VII of France said he ought to be the new king, but many people said he did not deserve to be king because somebody else had probably been his father.
The English continued to capture land in France until Joan of Arc led the army to success at the Siege of Orleans and the Battle of Patay in 1429. She regained many cities and brought Charles VII to his coronation, but she did not recover Paris. Her enemies captured and killed her. After her death the French continued to take back territory, although more slowly. France had a diplomatic win in 1435 with the Treaty of Arras. The war ended in 1453.

Isabeau of Bavaria
Isabeau of Bavaria (c. 1371 – September 24, 1435) was queen of France and wife of Charles VI of France. She married on July 17, 1385 and played an important role in running the country when her husband developed insanity. She was very unpopular and the country was losing the Hundred Years' War during this time.

Cockroach
The cockroach is a type of insect that has many species and is often considered a pest to humans. About 30 species invade human homes, less than 1% of total cockroach species. Cockroaches have existed a very long time. The earliest cockroach fossils are 354–295 million years old. Most cockroaches are omnivores.
Cockroaches grow to maturity in 3-4 months and can live up to 1 year. A female German cockroach can produce 8 egg cases in her lifetime and each egg case may contain 30-40 eggs.

Anti-Armenianism
Anti-Armenianism is hostility toward or prejudice against Armenian people, Armenian culture and the Republic of Armenia, which can range in expression from individual hatred to institutionalized persecution. Several organizations have stated that difficulties currently experienced by the Armenian minority in Turkey are a result of an anti-Armenian attitude by the Turkish government as well as by ultra-nationalist groups such as the Grey Wolves.
Modern anti-Armenianism often seems to lacks a racial and cultural basis and appears to be based more on geopolitics and history, in addition to diplomatic and strategic interests, involving the modern states of Turkey and Azerbaijan. The controversy and emotions surrounding the Armenian Genocide and Nagorno-Karabakh are two examples of intense anti-Armenianism in both countries. Modern Anti-Armenianism is usually associated with either extreme opposition to the actions or existence of the Armenian Republic, and belief in an Armenian conspiracy.
Anti-Armenianism by individuals.
For several months in 1994, Ahmet Coşar going by the alias of Serdar Argic posted thousands of messages, claiming that the Armenian Genocide didn't happen or that Armenians massacred Turks, on Usenet newsgroup threads mentioning the word Turkey. Samuel Weems published the book "Armenia: The Secrets of a "Christian" Terrorist State" where he has made such claims as the "number one export of Armenia is terrorism" and that there was no Armenian Genocide. American historian Justin McCarthy is known for his controversial support of Turkey's denial of the Armenian Genocide. Azeri cartoonist "Kerim Kerimov Mammadhan" has produced around 4500 Anti-Armenian cartoons, most of which depict crude caricatures of Armenians. His cartoons are often included with the phrase “Terrorism, narkomania, and armenism are the same disease”. His works also often mocks the Armenian Genocide and its recognition by foreign countries, especially countries in Europe. Murad Gumen is another individual who espouses anti-Armenian rhetoric in his website "Tall Armenian Tale". Barbaros Agri uses the social networking site Facebook to advocate anti-Armenianism by being the creator of "The Biggest Lie Ever Told: The Armenian Genocide". The cause has 90000 plus members.

Istanbul pogrom
The Istanbul Pogrom was a pogrom directed primarily against the Istanbul's Greek minority on September 6 and 7, 1955. Jews and Armenians living in the city and their businesses were also targeted in the pogrom, which was, according to some circles, orchestrated by the Turkish government.
A Turkish mob, most of which was trucked into the city in advance, assaulted Istanbul’s Greek community for nine hours. Although the orchestrators of the pogrom did not explicitly call for Greeks to be killed, between 13 and 16 Greeks (including two Orthodox clerics) and at least one Armenian died during or after the pogrom as a result of beatings and arsons.
Thirty-two Greeks were severely wounded. In addition, dozens of Greek women were raped, and a number of men were forcibly circumcised by the mob. 4,348 Greek-owned businesses, 110 hotels, 27 pharmacies, 23 schools, 21 factories, 73 churches and over a thousand Greek-owned homes were badly damaged or destroyed.
Estimates of the economic cost of the damage vary from Turkish government's estimate of 24.8 million US$), the British diplomat estimates of 100 million GBP (about 200 million US$), the World Council of Churches’ estimate of 150 million USD, and the Greek government's estimate of 500 million US$.
The pogrom greatly accelerated emigration of ethnic Greeks from the Istanbul region, reducing the 200,000-strong Greek minority in 1924 to just over 5,000 in 2005.

Murad Gumen
Murad Gumen is a Turkish American cartoonist, and animator. He is known for his work on both Disney and Warner Bros. cartoons. He is also a filmmaker known for productions such as Renald Rap's "Rambling With Renald Rap".

Gossip Girl
"Gossip Girl" is an American television teen drama based on the popular novel series of the same name written by Cecily von Ziegesar. "Gossip Girl" revolves around the lives of socialite young adults growing up on New York's Upper East Side who attend private schools while dealing with sex, drugs, and other teenage issues.

Lene Alexandra
Lene Alexandra Øien (born October 29, 1981 in Trøgstad, Norway) is a Norwegian singer and model for FHM magazine, as well as for Norwegian lad's mags Lek and Cats. She began her musical career in 2007 at age 25 when she released her first single entitled "My Boobs Are OK.

Backnang
Backnang is a town in Germany, in the Bundesland of Baden-Württemberg (formerly the kingdom of Württemberg), northeast of Stuttgart. Its population has grown over the past century or so, from 7,650 (1900) to 35,761 (2005).

Bad Buchau
Bad Buchau is a small town in the district of Biberach, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. About 4,000 people live there.
Location.
It is near Lake Federsee, which is separated from the town by a wide reed belt.

Bad Dürrheim
Bad Dürrheim is a town in the district of Schwarzwald-Baar, in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is north of Donaueschingen, and southeast of Villingen.

Eevee
Eevee is a character in the TV series Pokémon and the Pokémon games. It can evolve into 5 different Pokémon using a different stone for each of them.

Bad Friedrichshall
Bad Friedrichshall is a small town with about 18.000 inhabitants. It is in the district of Heilbronn, Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
Bad Friedrichshall is at the "confluence" (place where two rivers join) of the Neckar and the Kocher, north of Heilbronn.
Bad Friedrichshall is famous for its salt-mine.

List of postal codes in Germany
Postal codes in Germany, (PLZ) (plural Postleitzahlen, have five numbers. The first two show the wide area, the three other show the postal district.
The present system was introduced on 1 July 1993. Before reunification, both the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) and the German Democratic Republic (DDR) used four-digit codes.
There was a temporary system after reunification. Between 1989 and 1993 postal codes in the west started with "W", eg "W-1000 Berlin 30" (postal districts in western cities were separate from the postal code) and those in the east with "O" (for "Ost"), eg: "O-1234 Berlin".
Companies that posted a lot of letters, have their own postal codes, separate from those used for postal districts or PO Box number ranges.
Postal regions do not always follow state borders. This is because sometimes it is easier to deliver mail to a place on the border from the other state.
04000-04999.
The rest under 04931 are outside Brandenburg
21000-21999.
Codes 21450-21499 are in Schleswig Holstein
37000-37999.
Some codes in this range are in Thuringia.
07000-07999.
The rest of the 07s are in Saxony
57000-57999.
The rest are in North Rhine-Westphalia
66000-66999.
Others beginning with 65 are in Hesse

Blizzard Entertainment
Blizzard Entertainment is an American video game maker and publisher. The company is in Irvine, California. The company makes the Diablo, Starcraft and Warcraft games. The next and most waited games are the World of Warcraft: Wrath of the Lich King expansion pack; Starcraft 2 and Diablo 3

9-9-9
9-9-9 or 999 (said nine-nine-nine) is the emergency telephone number for the emergency services in the United Kingdom and Ireland.
The police, fire & rescue, ambulance/paramedics, mountain rescue, coast guard and cave rescue can be reached by calling 9-9-9.
999 is also the emergency medical number in Poland.
1-1-2 can also be used to call these services. 1-1-2 is the European Union-wide emergency number, and the number used by all GSM mobile telephones throughout the world.

Bad Herrenalb
Bad Herrenalb is a small town in the district of Calw, in Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
Bad Herrenalb is in the northern Black Forest, east of Baden-Baden, and southwest of Pforzheim.

Bad Krozingen
Bad Krozingen is a spa town in the district Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald, in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is southwest of Freiburg.

593 Titania
593 Titania is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by August Kopff in 1906. Its provisional name was 1906 TT.
Titania is also the name of a moon of Uranus.

The Blue Man Group
The Blue Man Group is a band that was made in the 1980s. The members paint themselves in blue, wear black clothes and wear caps that make their heads look bald. The band plays rock music and is very entertaining, humorous, and families of all ages can enjoy their shows. Also, they have appeared in several commercials.

Shane McMahon
Shane Brandon McMahon (born January 15, 1970) is the son of the Chairman of World Wrestling Entertainment, Vince McMahon. Shane works for the company as it's "Executive Vice President of Global Media". While working for the company, he sometimes competes as a wrestler.

Plateau
A plateau is an area of raised land that is flat on top. The biggest, tallest plateau in the world is the Tibetan Plateau. A plateau with a lot of erosion is called a dissected plateau. A plateau that is also a volcano is called a volcanic plateau. Some plateaus are under the ocean, like the Seychelles plateau or the Ontong Java Plateau. Plateaus are often by themselves with no other plateaus around, sometimes standing on top of mountains.

Cervical cancer
Cervical cancer is cancer of the cervix or cervical area that can result in death. One sign of the cancer is bleeding from the vagina. Sometimes, there are no symptoms until the cancer is very far along. For this reason, pap smears have become common. They have made the cervical cancer rate drop 50 percent.
To treat the cancer, one can get surgery in the beginning and chemotherapy and radiotherapy if the cancer is far along. Most types of cervical cancer can be prevented by a vaccine. It prevents the types of HPV that cause 70% of cervical cancer. Experts say that women get the vaccine and normal pap smears.

Widow
A widow is a woman whose spouse has died. A widower is a man whose spouse has died.

Broccoli
Broccoli is a plant. It is a lot like cabbage. Broccoli has green flower heads and a stalk. It is a vegetable.

WWE Armageddon
WWE Armageddon is a Pay-per-view event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment since 1999.

Hannah Murray
Hannah Murray (born July, 1989) is an English actress. She is best known for playing the role of Cassie, a gentle, 'spacey' teen girl with an apparent eating disorder and unstated mental illness in E4's Drama/Comedy, "Skins".
She currently attends North Bristol post 16 centre studying German.

Larissa Wilson
Larissa Wilson (born 5 May 1989) is an English actress.
She is currently appearing as Jal Fazer in "Skins". She attended John Cabot Academy in Kingswood, Bristol, left last year.

University of Toledo
The University of Toledo is a public university in Toledo, Ohio.

April Pearson
April Janet Pearson (born 23 January 1989 in Bristol) is an English actress.
Background.
In early 2007, Pearson appeared in the first series of "Skins" on E4 as Michelle Richardson. She also appeared in "Casualty" in 1998.
April currently lives in Bristol in the United Kingdom. She was headgirl at Colston's Girls' School.

Pio Baroja
Pío Baroja y Nessi (December 28 1872, San Sebastián–October 30 1956, Madrid) was a Spanish writer. He was one of the main novelists of the Generation of '98. He was a member of an well known family. One of his relatives was a painter and engraver. His nephew Julio Caro Baroja was a well known anthropologist.

Cassie (Skins character)
Cassandra "Cassie" is a fictional character in the television series "Skins". She is played by Hannah Murray.
Characterisation.
Cassie is shown as a very complicated character. She appears to suffer from anorexia nervosa, bulimia, self harm, drug addiction and low self esteem. Her entire self worth is dependent on her weight, in one episode saying "I didn't eat for three days... so I could be lovely." In the pilot, "Tony" she displays obsessive-compulsive tendencies in her need to sort food and also described as having "an interesting relationship with food."
Despite all of her "problems", she is a very compassionate, loving person. In her Myspace-style "about me" section of the "Skins" website she goes into detail in describing how much she loves her baby brother Reuben. She will even react positively to bad news so as not to offend. Like her close friend Jal Fazer, she is highly intelligent, sharing her understanding of Pythagorean triples.

The Puppy Bowl
The Puppy Bowl is a show on Animal Planet that airs once each year before the Super Bowl. Puppies play with football-themed dog toys on a miniature, or very small, football field.

Animal Planet
"Animal Planet" is a television channel that is mainly about human and animal relationships.

Amberg
Amberg is a town in Bavaria, Germany. It is in the Oberpfalz ("Upper Palatinate"), roughly half way between Regensburg and Bayreuth. Population: 44,200 (2001).

The Killers (band)
The Killers are an American rock band from Las Vegas, Nevada. They are most famous for their songs "Somebody Told Me," "Mr. Brightside," "When You Were Young," "All These Things That I've Done" and "Human". The Killers were formed in 2002 and are made up of Brandon Flowers, who sings (vocals and plays keyboards; Dave Keuning on the guitar and vocals; Mark Stoermer on (bass guitar and vocals); and Ronnie Vannucci Jr., who plays (drums and percussion). They released their first album, "Hot Fuss", in 2004. Their second album, "Sam's Town", was released in October 2006. The album "Sawdust", was released on November 12, 2007, and "Day & Age" was released in November 2008. Their first two albums have sold more than 10 million copies.

Sufjan Stevens
Sufjan Stevens () (born July 1, 1975) is an American singer-songwriter and musician from Petoskey, Michigan.
Some people think he is part of the folk revival in indie pop, but he gets ideas from many things. His music is similar to electronica and the minimalism of Steve Reich. Stevens says that he has plans to make a concept album for each of the 50 U.S. states. He began with "Michigan" (2003) and "Illinois" (2005).
Stevens was born in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Petoskey. He went to Harbor Light Christian School as well as the Interlochen Arts Academy. He also learned at Hope College in Holland, Michigan.
Sufjan is an Arabic name that famously belonged to Abu Sufyan, a man from early Islamic history. The name was given to Stevens by the person who founded Subud, a spiritual community. Stevens said in an interview, "It sounds like a> kind of grew up in this strange kind of cultish environment, and I don't mean that word in a demeaning way. I think we probably come from similar backgrounds. There's a little bit of that in my history."
Stevens is a multi-instrumentalist, a person who can play many musical instruments. He is well known for his use of the banjo, but also plays guitar, piano, drums, and several other instruments, often playing all of these on his albums by using multitrack recording. When he was school, he learned the oboe and English horn, which he also plays on his albums. He is one of the few musicians in pop music to use these instruments. A lot of instruments are played in unison to give his songs a "symphony-like" sound. Strings and horns are used very often in many of his songs.
Stevens lives in the Brooklyn parth of New York City in the neighborhood Kensington where he makes up the Asthmatic Kitty Records staff of the Brooklyn office. His brother Marzuki Stevens is a marathon runner.

Greifswald
Greifswald is officially known as "Universitäts- und Hansestadt Greifswald", which means "University and Hanseatic Town of Greifswald".(from German "Greif", "griffin", and "Wald", "forest") is a town in northeastern Germany.
The town is on the Baltic Sea, about to the north of Berlin in the state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. The population is roughly 55,000, including about 11,500 students and some 5,000 employees of the University of Greifswald.

Neubrandenburg
Neubrandenburg ("New Brandenburg",) is a city in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. It is in the southeastern part of the state, at the shore of a lake called the "Tollensesee".

Stal Mielec
Stal Mielec is a Polish football club from Mielec. They play in Polish fourth league. The club was started April 10, 1939. Their home stadium is Stadion Stali Mielec. Their colours are white and blue.
Stal Mielec has won "I liga" (Polish first league) 2 times (in 1973 and 1976) and played in quarterfinals of UEFA Cup in 1976. They were one of the best teams of Poland in 1970s.
Famous players are Grzegorz Lato, Henryk Kasperczak, Andrzej Szarmach, Jan Domarski, all of them played in 1970s.

Britpop
Britpop is a type of alternative rock that started in the United Kingdom. Britpop came out of the British independent music scene of the 1990s and affected, or changed, by British guitar pop music of the 1960s and 1970s. This kind of music began as a reaction against some trends, or styles, in the late 1980s and early 1990s, such as grunge from the United States. After American grunge bands such as Nirvana came to Britain, many British bands acted as opposites to the American bands, and wrote about only British topics and concerns.
Britpop bands did not have one type of sound, but the media called them first a 'scene', or short-lasting trend. Later, the media called them a national importance. Blur, Oasis and Pulp have been called the most important bands.. Some bands were able to become popular overseas, but Britpop was mostly gone by the end of the decade.

594 Mireille
594 Mireille is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Max Wolf in 1906. Its provisional name was 1906 TW.

List of red-light districts
A list of red-light districts.
Florida.
Many parts of Florida have red-light districts, including most of the larger cities such as

Red-light district
A red-light district is a place where prostitution is legal or seen with tolerance. In the world there are many red-light districts, the most famous probably being the red-light district in Amsterdam. In the red-light district prostitutes are often helped and protected, and every month doctors visit them. Condoms are given to the prostitute so they don't catch any diseases. In some red-light districts prostitutes pay taxes, as in the red-light district of Amsterdam. In others places prostitutes don't pay taxes, because they are there illegaly and often put on the street with violence. In some part of Africa there are villages of prostitutes, where they live and work, because aren't accepted by the people of other villages.
See also.
List of red-light districts

Panic at the Disco
Panic at the Disco (also known as Panic! at the Disco before, and also shortened to Panic!, P!ATD, P!@tD, or PATD) is a rock band from Las Vegas, Nevada, USA. Their music comes from a mix of pop, electronica, dance, and rock, along with many other types of music.

Pretty. Odd.
"Pretty. Odd." is the second music album from the rock band Panic at the Disco. It is to be released on March 25, 2008.
Production and marketing.
Panic at the Disco began to creating their new album after their first album, "A Fever You Can't Sweat Out". While on tour for about two years, with they had no new songs to perform. In January 2007 the band went into "hibernation" in a cabin (just outside the strip), as they began writing new songs for the next six months hoping for a second album to be released during fall 2007. On July 7, 2007 they played the song "It's True Love" live during their first performance since going into writing. Later that night howeve, the band decided that they didn't like the music had written and scrapped all the songs they had written (which was about 3/4 of an album, as they were almost done recording).
A month later Panic announced two newly written songs, the first named "Middle of Summer" (later changed to "When the Day Met the Night"), and "Nine in the Afternoon". In December, a part of "Nine in the Afternoon" was played on an episode of the television show "Heroes". Panic then began viral marketing, building puzzles on their official website. For about two weeks the puzzle gave snippets from an unknown song, along with the caption "YOU DONT HAVE TO WORRY...". On January 1, 2008, the snippets finally were revealed to be part of a new song entitled "We're So Starving". A rough version of this song was then released for listening on their official MySpace page, but was later pulled with the release of "Nine in the Afternoon". A review from NME magazine was published on the internet with descriptions of each song. These reviews show the big different direction that Panic have taken with their new album.
The band announced the title of the new album, "Pretty. Odd.", through their website on January 9, and dropped the "!" from their band name at the same time. The band explained by saying "We've just traded the exclamation point for a few periods." They announced the next day that they would be headlining the Honda Civic Tour in support of the album. The band then began a second puzzle on January 17, challenging fans to find puzzle pieces scattered throughout Panic-related websites, in order to reveal the album cover. The cover was officially revealed on January 22. Four days later, a new scavenger hunt was hidden on the official site, showing the tracklist of the album and offering a prize to the first three people who could find all 15 song titles for the new album. This was completed later that day.
On January 28 the winners were revealed. That very same day, the band posted the final version of "Nine in the Afternoon" on their MySpace page. The band also revealed on their official site they were releasing a Deluxe Edition of "Pretty. Odd." along with a version with a different artwork.
iTunes made the Deluxe Edition and Standard Edition of the album available for pre-order on January 29, 2008.

595 Polyxena
595 Polyxena is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by August Kopff in 1906. Its provisional name was 1906 TZ.

Nine in the Afternoon
"Nine in the Afternoon" is the first single from the second album by Panic at the Disco, "Pretty. Odd." The music video was filmed on December 20 and December 21. It was the first song written after the band decided to erase several worth of an album they had been planning on releasing in the fall of 2007. Panic at the Disco's first performance of "Nine in the Afternoon" was at Virgin Festival 2007.

596 Scheila
596 Scheila is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by August Kopff in 1906. Its provisional name was 1906 UA.

A Fever You Can't Sweat Out
"A Fever You Can't Sweat Out" is the first album made by the rock band, Panic at the Disco. It was released on September 27 2005 by Fueled by Ramen.
The album is split in two, with tracks 1 through 7 being played by electronic instruments such as synthesizers and drum machines and tracks 9 through 13 using traditional instruments such as the accordion and organ. Track 8 (Intermission) acts as a link between the two parts, starting with techno-style dance beats before switching to the piano. On the vinyl record version of the album, side A holds songs 1-8 while side B holds songs 9-13, further showing the split in the album.
The album mostly deals with social problems that the band shows on through various songs. Topics such as sanctity of marriage, adultery, alcoholism, prostitution, and religion are seen throughout the album. Guitarist Ryan Ross also relates two of the songs to living with an alcoholic father. The album has sold more than 1.6 million copies in the U.S. alone.

Brendon Urie
Brendon Boyd Urie (b. April 12, 1987 in Las Vegas, Nevada) is the lead singer of the rock band Panic at the Disco. He also plays keyboard, accordion, piano, organ, bass, guitar, cello and drums.

597 Bandusia
597 Bandusia is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Max Wolf in 1906. Its provisional name was 1906 UB.

Ryan Ross
George Ryan Ross III (b. August 30, 1986 in Summerlin, Nevada) is the lead guitarist, song writer, and back-up vocalist for the rock band Panic at the Disco.

Brent Wilson
Brent Wilson is the former bassist for the rock band, Panic at the Disco. He was replaced by, Jon Walker on May 17, 2006.

I Write Sins Not Tragedies
"I Write Sins Not Tragedies" is the second single by the rock band Panic at the Disco, from their first album "A Fever You Can't Sweat Out" (2005). It was released on April 27, 2006 on both compact disc and 7 inch vinyl. The song was written by Ryan Ross.

Aesculus glabra
"Aesculus glabra" or Ohio buckeye is a type of tree. It is a medium-sized deciduous tree that grows to be to tall. It lives in several states in eastern North America: Pennsylvania, Ohio, Nebraska, Texas, and Georgia. It also grows in the far southwest of Ontario.
The leaves are have 5 or 7 leaflets, to big. The tree grows yellow flowers in spring. The fruit is a small shell. The shell has 1-3 nuts inside of it. These nuts are called buckeyes. The buckeye got its name when Native Americans thought it looked like the eye of a buck (a male deer). Buckeyes have acid in them, and they cannot be eaten by humans.
The Ohio buckeye is the state tree of Ohio. It is also the nickname of the The Ohio State University mascot or any person who went or goes to the school.

But It's Better If You Do
"But It's Better If You Do" is the third single by Panic at the Disco, from their album "A Fever You Can't Sweat Out" (2005).
Song information.
Written by Ryan Ross and released on May 4, 2006 as a CD single, "But It's Better If You Do" is the third single to be released by Panic at the Disco, and the second with an accompanying video.
"It's a song about being in a strip club but not actually liking being in there. So I wanted it to be about the sort of complex inner-monologue," he said. "It's not completely fiction, though. It's based on a scenario when I was going through a breakup with a girl, and I was in one of these clubs but wishing I didn't have to be. Because in reality, I don't like strip clubs. I think they're kinda ecch," says Ryan Ross. Ross went on to say, "When I wrote it, I never thought about it being played in strip clubs. But I guess it would be kind of a change from what they usually play in there," he said. "It would be a surreal experience, for sure. I think the tempo is too fast, though. So maybe someone would have to do a chopped and screwed version or something."
Title.
The title is a quote from the movie "Closer". In the movie, the character portrayed by Natalie Portman says, "lying is the most fun a girl can have without taking her clothes off... but it's better if you do". "Lying Is the Most Fun a Girl Can Have Without Taking Her Clothes Off" is also the title of another song by Panic at the Disco.
Music video.
At the beginning of the song's music video, the song playing in the background is "Intermission", the song preceding "But It's Better If You Do" on the "A Fever You Can't Sweat Out" CD.
The music video starts with a black-and-white introduction of the band's lead singer, Brendon Urie, arguing with his wife. She is worried about him always singing at "illegal strip clubs"; he says he doesn't go to "illegal strip joints", but he goes anyway. The music video continues with the song in the overview of the strip joint. Urie plays onstage with the other members of the band and a Las Vegas showgirls dance group. Urie sees a woman who seems to be unusually interested in him. They retreat to a private room. The two begin to kiss, and Urie removes his mask. The woman likewise removes her mask to reveal that she was in fact his wife. A quick slap to Urie's face and his wife turns to leave. As she gains headway, however, the police bust into the club and arrest her. Urie fights with the chief, but is also arrested. They both are put into a police car, smile in an evil way at one and another, and the scene ends.
The video for "But It's Better If You Do" debuted on "Total Request Live" daily countdown on June 29, 2006 at #8.
Track listing.
UK 7" Poster Bag - May 2006
UK 7" Colored Vinyl - May 2006
Chart performance.
Following release in the USA, the single reached number 4 on Billboard's Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart, before dropping to number 8 on the chart dated September 23, 2006. It peaked at number 81 on the Pop 100 chart, and number 74 on the Billboard Hot Digital Songs chart.

Lying Is the Most Fun a Girl Can Have Without Taking Her Clothes Off
"Lying Is the Most Fun a Girl Can Have Without Taking Her Clothes Off" is the fourth single by the rock band Panic at the Disco, from their album, "A Fever You Can't Sweat Out". It was released on August 7, 2006 as the fourth single, but is the third advertised single ("The Only Difference Between Martyrdom and Suicide Is Press Coverage" was not commercially released as a single).
Music video.
The music video was filmed on June 19, 2006 in Los Angeles, California. The video was shown on MTV2 on July 14, 2006. It features people with fish tanks on their heads. The video only shows the band in one scene (the paramedics are the band members), because the band felt that their looks were distracting from their music.
The music video starts out with a woman walking on a sidewalk. For some reason, she has a fishtank on her head and all the people around her also have a fishtank. She quickly runs into a puddle and follows it to find a fish flapping around. She places it into her tank and stares at it. Then the woman heads over to a group of people to discover them gathered around a man who's tank broke and he is dying now. The woman has flashbacks to show that the man is her husband. She then attempts suicide by pouring out her own tank and collapsing. The band arrives in two ambulances (labeled Receiving Hospital) and takes them away in bathtubs. The band then carries the two across a beach and throws them into the ocean. There the woman holds the man.

Jon Walker
Jonathan Jacob Walker (b. September 17, 1985 in Chicago) is the bassist for the Las Vegas based rock band Panic at the Disco, replacing former bass player Brent Wilson.

Spencer Smith
Spencer James Smith V (born September 2, 1987 in Summerlin, Nevada) is the drummer for the rock band Panic at the Disco. Spencer is one of the original members of the band. He is the youngest member of the band now that Brent Wilson is no longer a member. He founded the band along with Ryan Ross, who he grew up with.

Live Session EP
"Live Session EP" is an EP released by the rock band Panic at the Disco on June 13, 2006. It is available only as a digital download from the iTunes Store. It has a more acoustic feel to the songs.

The Only Difference Between Martyrdom and Suicide Is Press Coverage
"The Only Difference Between Martyrdom and Suicide Is Press Coverage", also shortened to "The Only Difference" for radio plays and ease, is a song written by Ryan Ross for Panic at the Disco's debut, "A Fever You Can't Sweat Out". It was released as a radio only single.

Build God, Then We'll Talk
"Build God, Then We'll Talk" is the fifth and last official single, written by Ryan Ross, from Panic at the Disco's 2005 album, "A Fever You Can't Sweat Out", including the radio-only single "The Only Difference Between Martyrdom and Suicide Is Press Coverage".
Song information.
The song is the last song on Panic at the Disco's début album "A Fever You Can't Sweat Out".
The bridge melody of "Build God, Then We'll Talk" is a derivative of the melody of the chorus of "My Favorite Things" from "The Sound of Music". The lyrics in the bridge also directly satirize the lyrics of "My Favorite Things".
The song depicts the story of a young attractive lawyer who engages in intercourse with a prostitute. What the lawyer does not know is that this particular prostitute has struck a deal with the police. When the police arrive at the motel later, the prostitute is surprised and drops her purse, which holds illegal drugs. In exchange for not arresting her, the constable sleeps with her instead. The chorus' line, "what a wonderful caricature of intimacy," teases the falseness in many relationships, and particularly all the lies and double crossings in the song's relationships.
Music video.
The video shows the story of a "pornomime" and a girl who falls in love after she watches one of his performances. Their relationship is a fake one. Both "relationships" includes a fake feeling of confidence and are really useless in meaning.
The mime and his girlfriend both walk in on each other having affairs (pretended, of course), again showing the emptiness of their fake relationships. They are not making love to real people — it is a false impression. The video is the first from the band to be web-exclusive, mostly because they felt it was too offensive for television, but it has aired on MTV2 in the UK and is available on Music Choice On-demand.
The band does not appear in this video.

598 Octavia
598 Octavia is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Max Wolf in 1906. Its provisional name was 1906 UC.

599 Luisa
599 Luisa is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Joel Metcalf in 1906. Its provisional name was 1906 UJ.

Fueled by Ramen
Fueled by Ramen is an independent record label started by John Janick and Vinnie Fiorello (drummer and song writer of Less Than Jake) in August of 1996 in Gainesville, Florida.

Decaydance Records
Decaydance Records is the vanity label of Pete Wentz, Patrick Stump (of Fall Out Boy) and Travis McCoy (of Gym Class Heroes). It is an impression of the Fueled by Ramen record label. It uses the Pete Wentz's trademark 'Bartskull' as its logo.

RIAA certification
In the United States, the Recording Industry Association of America awards certification based on the number of albums and singles sold through retail and other secondary stores.

Sound Tribe Sector Nine
"Sound Tribe Sector Nine" is a United States band from Santa Cruz, California. The band's name is commonly abbreviated as just STS9 or Sound Tribe.

600 Musa
600 Musa is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Joel Metcalf in 1906. Its provisional name was 1906 UM.

Stralsund
Stralsund is a city in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany, situated at the southern coast of the Strelasund (a sound of the Baltic Sea separating the island of Rügen from the mainland).
In 1293 Stralsund became a member of the Hanseatic League.
From 1949 until German Reunification in 1990, Stralsund was part of the German Democratic Republic.

601 Nerthus
601 Nerthus is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was named after Nerthus, a Germanic fertility goddess.
It was found by Max Wolf in 1906. Its provisional name was 1906 UN.

Hyper engine
The hyper engine was a possible aircraft engine model that could produce 1 horsepower per cubic inch of engine displacement. The term hyper engine was used only in the United States, where the Army Air Corps gave people money to make a hyper engine that had an area of 1,300 cubic inches. This happened in the 1930s. They thought that this would better help with streamlining and to help get a better range. Unfortunately, none of these designs ever made it past the production stage.

Autofeather
Autofeather is a feature of the engines on turboprop or piston engine aircraft. When the power being made by the engine falls to the point where it is not helping add to the thrust, the propeller will go into a feathered mode to help lower the amount of drag.
An automatic feathering system was first brought out into the open on the Martin 4-0-4 aircraft, which was a piston engine airplane. The system was made to automatically feather an engine that failed during takeoff or the initial climb of the plane to its cruising altitude.

Argus As 014
The Argus As 014 was a pulse jet engine used on the German V-1 flying bomber of World War II. This was meant to be a simple model that would have been easy to make a lot of for not very much money. The engine was made from a sheet of steel that was rolled into a tube. A shutter was placed at one of the ends of the tube, along with a fuel valve and an igniter (something that lights things on fire).
It was thought that this could become a good power source for some last ditch German fighters during the last few days of World War II.

List of aircraft engines
Piston engines.
Two- and four-stroke rotary, radial, inline.
Q to V.
see Le Rhône

Inductor
An inductor is an electrical device used in electrical circuits because of magnetic charge.
An inductor is usually made from a coil of conducting material, like copper wire, that is then wrapped around a core made from either air or a magnetic metal. If you use a more magnetic material as the core, you can get the magnetic field around the inductor to be pushed in towards the inductor, giving it better inductance. Small inductors can also be put onto integrated circuits using the same ways that are used to make transistors. Aluminum is usually used as the conducting material in this case.
How inductors work.
While a capacitor doesn't like changes in voltage, an inductor doesn't like changes in current.
How inductors are used.
Inductors are used often in analog circuits. Two or more inductors that have coupled magnetic flux make a transformer. Transformers are used in every power grid around the world. Inductors are also used in electrical transmission systems, where they are used to lower the amount of voltage an electrical device gives off or lower the fault current.
Because inductors are heavier than other electrical components, people have been using them in electrical equipment less often.

602 Marianna
602 Marianna is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Joel Metcalf in 1906. Its provisional name was 1906 TE.

Charles IV of France
Charles IV (18/19 June 1294 – 1 February 1328), was the King of France and Navarre (as Charles I) and Count of Champagne from 1322 to his death. Charles IV the last French king of the old Capetian line. He was crowned King of France in 1322 at the cathedral in Reims.
During his six years as king Charles IV raised taxes and took away land from people he did not like. In 1323 he made the Jews leave France because people thought they made secret plans with lepers and Muslims, although they did not really do those things.
Charles died without a son so there were questions about who would be the next king. He had two daughters, but the Salic law said daughters could not rule.

Philip VI of France
Philip VI (1293 – 22 August 1350), called "the Fortunate" was King of France from 1328 to his death. He was also Count of Anjou, Maine, and Valois from 1325 to 1328. He was the first king from the House of Valois part of the Capetian dynasty.

Financial endowment
A financial endowment is money given to something to be saved in an investment. This is done so that the money will make a bigger difference when it is saved up over time.

603 Timandra
603 Timandra is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Joel Metcalf in 1906. Its provisional name was 1906 TJ.

604 Tekmessa
604 Tekmessa is a small planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Joel Metcalf in 1906. Its temporary name was 1906 TK.

605 Juvisia
605 Juvisia is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Max Wolf in 1906. Its provisional name was 1906 UU.

Lisa Simpson
Lisa Marie Simpson is a character in the animated television series "The Simpsons". The person who does the voice for the character is Yeardley Smith. Matt Groening, the creator of the series, named her after his sister. She is the oldest daughter and middle child of Homer and Marge Simpson, and the sister of Bart and Maggie.
Lisa is a very intelligent 8 year old girl. She is one of the most intelligent characters on the series, with an I.Q. of either 156 or 159. She also plays the saxophone.
Despite her cleverness Lisa has typical childhood issues. In the episode "Lost Our Lisa" she gets lost after riding the bus alone.

Farida Mammadova
Farida Mammadova (born 8 August 1936, Ali Bayramli) is an Azerbaijani historian who specialises in the history of ancient Caucasian Albania.
She is the author of numerous research papers, articles and books on Azerbaijani ancient and medieval history. She lectures at the Baku State University, Azerbaijan Pedagogical University, and is the head of the Department of Humanities in the Western University in Baku. Farida Mammadova works at the Institute of History of the National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan. In her research, she is known to be a disciple of the late Azerbaijani historian Ziya Bunyadov.
Her theories were criticized by foreign authors for the misinterpretation of historical sources and revisionism..
According to Thomas de Waal, Mammadova "have grasped the Albanian theory to supersede completely Armenians from Caucasus. She has placed the Caucasian Albania in territory of present Republic Armenia: all the territories, churches and monasteries in Republic Armenia have appeared Albanian". He describes Mammadova's theories as "an improved version of what became a very rough tool in Azerbaijan".
And, it is known, that on whole planet exactly the Armenian people is distinguished by the absence of spiritual and other human values.
In the world there are only two nations that have national identity, but have not statehood. They are Jews and Armenians. The difference is that Jews have created their state on their historical homeland, and Armenians have created their state not on their historical native land.

Ibadi
Al-Ibādhiyyah (Arabic الاباضية) is a form of Islam. It is different from the Shi'a and Sunni denominations. It is the dominant form of Islam in only one Muslim country, Oman. There are also Ibadis in Algeria as well as Libya. It is probably one of the earliest schools, founded less than 50 years after the death of the prophet Muhammad. The sect developed out of the seventh-century Islamic sect known as the Khawarij or Kharijites. Ibadis do not consider themselves to be Kharijite.
The name is from ˤAbdullāh ibn-Ibāḍ at-Tamīmī. Followers of this sect, however, claim its true founder was Jabir ibn Zaid al-'Azdi from Nizwa, Oman.
How Ibadis are different.
Unlike the Kharijites, Ibāḍī have abandoned the practice of assassination of mainstream Muslims.
Ibāḍīs agree with Sunnis in approving of Abū Bakr and Umar ibn al-Khattab, whom they regard as the two rightly-guided Caliphs. They think Uthman ibn Affan has introduced "bidˤa" "innovations" into Islām. They approve of the revolt which overthrew him. They also approve of the first part of ˤAlī's caliphate, and, like Shi'as, disapprove of ˤĀ'isha's rebellion against him and also disapprove of Muˤāwiyya's revolt. However, they regard ˤAlī's acceptance of arbitration at the Battle of Siffin against Muˤāwiyya's rebels as un-Islamic and as rendering him unfit for the Imamate, and they condemn ˤAlī for killing the early Kharijites of "an-Nahr" in the Battle of Nahrawan.
Main differences to Sunni Islam.
In their belief, the fifth legitimate Caliph was Abdullah ibn Wahb al-Rasibi. All Caliphs from Muˤāwiyya onwards are regarded as tyrants except Umar ibn Abdul Aziz, on whom opinions differ. However, various later Ibāḍī leaders are recognized as true imāms, including Abdullah ibn Yahya al-Kindi of South Arabia and the imāms of the Rustamid dynasty in North Africa.
Ibāḍī Muslims are also found in Jabal Nafusa in Libya, Mzab in Algeria, East Africa (particularly Zanzibar) and Djerba Island in Tunisia]. The early medieval Rustamid dynasty in Algeria was Ibāḍī, and refugees from its capital Tahert founded the North African Ibāḍī communities which exist today.

German Workers Party
The or German Workers' Party ("DAP"), was a political party in Germany just after World War I. It did not last for very long, and became the Nazi Party, acronym "NSDAP").
Origins.
Eight days before elections in Bavaria, the DAP was founded in Munich in the "Café Gasteig" on 5 January 1919 by Anton Drexler and Michael Lotter. The DAP grew out of the "Free Worker's Committee for a Good Peace" () which Drexler had also started.
Most of the DAP's first members were friends of Drexler's from the Munich rail depot. Drexler wanted a party that was nationalist and aimed at ordinary people. Most other nationalist parties were middle class parties. The first membership was about forty people.
On 24 March 1919, Karl Harrer (a sports journalist and member of the Thule Society) joined the DAP to try to get more control over the DAP for the Thule Society. There were still not many members, and meetings were often held in local pubs
Adolf Hitler joins the DAP.
When Adolf Hitler was still a corporal in the German army, he was ordered to spy on the DAP during one of its meetings at the "Sterneckerbräu" on 12 September 1919.
Hitler was very good at making speeches, so Anton Drexler asked him to join the party. Hitler thought about this, and then joined near the end of September 1919. There were no membership numbers or cards when Hitler joined the party. In January 1920 the DAP began to give membership cards and numbers. They started at number 500 to make the party look bigger. Hitler got number 555, but he was also committee member number 7. Later Hitler said he was party member number 7, to make it look like he was a founder member of the DAP).
From DAP to NSDAP.
The small number of party members were quick to believe in Hitler's ideas.
To try to make the party more popular the DAP changed its name on February 24 1920 to the National Socialist German Workers' Party. The name was borrowed from a different Austrian party active at the time (Deutsche Nationalsozialistische Arbeiterpartei). At first Hitler wanted the new name to be the "Social Revolutionary Party"; but Rudolf Jung persuaded Hitler to use NSDAP.

Cary, North Carolina
Cary is the second largest city in Wake County, North Carolina, United States. As of January 1, 2008, Cary had a population of 127,640. According to CNN, Cary is the 8th fastest growing city in the United States.
History.
Cary began in 1750 as a settlement called Bradford's Ordinary. About 100 years later, the North Carolina Railroad was built between New Bern and Hillsborough and the railroad went through the settlement. Allison Francis Page, a farmer and lumberman, and his wife, Catherine Raboteau Page bought 300 acres (1.2 km²) of land surrounding the railroad in 1854 and named it Cary. Page made the first streets in Cary and built a sawmill, a store and a post office. In 1868, he built a hotel for railroad passengers coming through Cary. Cary officially became a town on April 6, 1871, and Page became the first mayor.
Education.
There are many schools in Cary. The public schools are run by the Wake County Public School System. There are also many private schools, both religious and non-religious. Private schooling and home schooling are popular among many Cary residents.
Transportation.
The Town of Cary operates a local bus system called. Cary also has an Amtrak station and is just a few miles away from the Raleigh-Durham International Airport. Cary has many bike trails and many neighborhoods have sidewalks, so it is a good place to walk or ride a bike.

Cary nc
Cary, North Carolina

Sultan Ahmed Mosque
The Sultan Ahmed Mosque is a mosque in Istanbul, Turkey. It is also known as the Blue Mosque, but that name can also refer to other mosques. It was built between 1609 and 1616, when Ahmed I ruled the Ottoman Empire. Like with many other mosques, the founder of the mosque is buried in it. There is also a madrasah and a hospice associated with the mosque. Today it is one of the greatest tourist attractions in Istanbul.

Shah Mosque
Shah Mosque (Persian: ﻣﺴﺠﺪ ﺷﺎﻩ, Masjed-e Shāh) is a mosque in Isfahan ("Eşfahān"), Iran. It is on the south side of Naghsh-i Jahan Square. It has been renamed to Imam Mosque after the Islamic Revolution.
Built during the Safavids period, it is an excellent example of the Islamic architecture of Iran. Many people see it as the masterpiece of Persian Architecture. The Imam Mosque of Esfahan is one of the everlasting masterpieces of architecture in Iran and all over the world. It is registered along with the Naghsh-i Jahan Square as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Its construction began in 1611. Its splendor is mainly due to the beauty of its seven-color mosaic tiles and calligraphic inscriptions.
Measurements.
The port of the mosque measures 27 meters high. There are two minarets 42 meters tall on top of it.
The Mosque it is surrounded with four iwans and arcades. All the walls are ornamented with seven-color mosaic tile. The most magnificent iwan of the mosque is the one facing the Qibla. It is 33 meters high. Behind it is a space which is roofed with the largest dome in the city at 52 meters height. The dome is double layered.
The acoustic properties and reflections at the central point under the dome is an amusing interest for many visitors. There are two seminaries at the southwest and southeast sections of the mosque.
Architects.
The mosque is one of the treasures featured on "Around the World in 80 Treasures" presented by the architecture historian Dan Cruickshank.

Löbau-Zittau Rural District
Löbau-Zittau (Sorbian: "Wokrjes Lubij-Žitawa") is a "Kreis" (district) in the east of the Free State of Saxony, Germany. It is on the borders of Germany and Poland (to the east) and the Czech Republic (to the south).
History.
The district was formed in 1994 by merging the two previous districts Löbau and Zittau. Th district will change again in 2008, when the independent city ("Kreisfreiestadt") of Görlitz is merged with the district.

Apex, North Carolina
Apex is a town in the U.S. State of North Carolina. It is part of Wake County.

Niederschlesischer Oberlausitzkreis Rural District
The Niederschlesischer Oberlausitzkreis () is the easternmost "Kreis" (district) of the Free State of Saxony and Germany. The urban district Görlitz is in the east, at the boundary to Poland. In July 2008 Görlitz will stop being an independent city, and become part of the districts of Niederschlesischer Oberlausitzkreis and Löbau-Zittau
History.
The district was not part of Saxony before World War II. It was a part of German Silesia. When most of Silesia was givento Poland after the war, the part of Silesia on the west bank of the Rive Neisse was made part of Saxony.
The Niederschlesischer Oberlausitz district was formed in 1994 by joining the previous districts Niesky and Weißwasser, and most part of the district Görlitz.
Twin towns.
The district is twinned with

Luís de Camões
Luís Vaz de Camões (c. 1524 – June 10, 1580) was Portugal's greatest poet. He has been compared to Homer, Virgil, and Dante. He wrote lyrical poetry (in Portuguese and in Spanish) and drama but is best remembered for his epic work "Os Lusíadas". (His philosophical work "The Parnasum of Luís Vaz" was lost, stolen with part of "Os Lusíadas" by envious enemies while he was staying at Mozambique.)
Biography.
The definitive biography is "Life of Camões", by John Adamson, published by Longman in 1820.

Kamenz Rural District
Kamenz (Sorbian Kamjenc) is a Landkreis (rural district) in the north-east of the Free State of Saxony, Germany. The independent city Hoyerswerda is completely surrounded by the district. They will be a reorganisation of districts in Saxony in July 2008, and Hoyerswerda will become a part of Landkreis Kamenz instead of having a separate government
History.
The district was formed in 1994 from the previous Kamenz district, the northern parts of the Dresden-Land district, around Radeberg, and the Hoyerswerda district, except the town of Hoyerswerda, which became a district-free city. From 1994 to 1996 it was called "Westlausitz - Dresdner Land", but then renamed to "Kamenz" again.
Partnerships.
Since December 14, 1990 the district has been a twin town of the district Alzey-Worms in Rhineland-Palatinate.

Emerald Isle, North Carolina
Emerald Isle is a small town on the coast of North Carolina, United States. Emerald Isle is a beach town. About 50,000 people come every summer. Emerald Isle became a town in 1953.

Theobromine
Theobromine is a chemical substance, also known as xantheose It is an alkaloid. It occurs in the cacao plant. Chemically, it is very similar to caffeine. Because the cacao plant is used to make chocolate it also occurs in chocolate. Despite its name, there is no bromine in it — "theobromine" comes from "Theobroma", the name of the genus of the cacao tree, (which itself is made up of the Greek roots "theo" ("God") and "brosi" ("food"), meaning "food of the gods") with the suffix "-ine" given to alkaloids and other basic nitrogen-containing compounds.
Theobromine is a water insoluble, crystalline, bitter powder. It colour is listed as either white or colourless. It has a similar, but lesser, effect to caffeine, making it a lesser homologue. Theobromine is an isomer of theophylline as well as paraxanthine. Theobromine is categorized as a dimethyl xanthine, which means it is a xanthine with two methyl groups.
Theobromine was first isolated from the seeds of the cacao tree in 1878 and then shortly afterwards was synthesized from xanthine by Hermann Emil Fischer.

Black tea
Black tea is a kind of tea. Often, it is stronger in taste than the other varieties of tea, like green tea. It also contains more caffeine. In some parts of the world, such as China, it is called "Red tea". This is probably a better description of the colour of the drink. Because it can be kept longer, it has been traded a lot. It is generally the preferred form of tea in the West.

Bautzen Rural District
Bautzen (Upper Sorbian "Wokrjes Budyšin") is a district in the Free State of Saxony in Germany.
The district was created in 1994 by joining the former districts of Bautzen and Bischofswerda. The independent city of Hoyerswerda will become a part of the district in 2008

Gyrobus
A gyrobus is a special bus which doesn't use a normal engine. It has a big wheel of steel or other materials (weighing about one ton). This big wheel moves the wheels of the bus. At special stations, electric engines accelerate the wheel so the bus can still drive. There are not many buses of this kind because they are very expensive.

Decaffeination
Decaffeination is a process. It tries to remove most caffeine from things that contain it. Examples for plants that have caffeine in them are coffee beans, mate, tea leaves and cocoa. Soft drinks that do not have caffeine in them are sometimes called decaffeinated. While the caffeine is removed from some of them, it is simply not added to others, like Coca Cola.
There are different processes to remove the caffeine.
Drinks that were produced from plants that had their caffeine removed are not free of caffeine; they still contain a little. It is simply not possible to remove all caffeine.

Dresden Government Region
Dresden is one of the three Regierungsbezirke of the Free State of Saxony, Germany, located in the south-east of the state.
Saxony is divided in urban and rural districts like all German states, but the districts are grouped into government regions (regierungsbezirke) as well

Holly Springs, North Carolina
Holly Springs is a small town in North Carolina, United States. It is called the "Fastest growing town in the Carolinas" because so many people are moving there. In 2006, there were 17,425 people in Holly Springs.

Gaustadt
Gaustadt is a district of Bamberg. In Gaustadt there is a brewery called Brauerei Kaiserdom (Brewery Kaiserdom).
History.
6,500 people live there. Since 1972, Gaustadt isn't an own community.

Super Tuesday
In the United States, Super Tuesday commonly refers to the Tuesday in early February or March of a presidential election year when the greatest number of states hold primary elections to select delegates to national conventions at which each party's presidential candidates are officially nominated. More delegates can be won on Super Tuesday than on any other single day of the primary calendar, and accordingly, candidates seeking the presidency traditionally must do well on this day to secure their party's nomination. In 2008, Super Tuesday was February 5; 24 states held primaries or caucuses on this date, with 52 percent of all pledged Democratic Party delegates and 41 percent of the total Republican Party delegates at stake.

Brauerei Kaiserdom
The Brauerei Kaiserom (English: Brewery Kaiserdom) is a brewery in Gaustadt, a quarter of Bamberg, Germany.
History.
The brewery was founded in 1718 by Georg Morg. Since 1910 it has been managed by family Wörner. In 1953 they brewed 0,6 million litres. The production today is about 20-30 million litres. It is the biggest brewery in Bamberg.
Products.
They also make some soft drinks.

Cleveland (disambiguation)
Cleveland is the name of a number of places around the world, and also some people.

Freiberg Rural District
Freiberg is a rural district in the Free State of Saxony, in the country of Germany.
History.
The district was established in 1994 by joining the former districts of Freiberg, Brand-Erbisdorf and Flöha.

Mulda
Mulda is a municipality of the Freiberg Rural District, in Saxony, Germany.

Dorfchemnitz
Dorfchemnitz is a municipality of the Freiberg Rural District, in Saxony, Germany.

Jodie Marsh
Jodie Louisa Marsh, (born 23 December 1978) is an English glamour model and TV-personality. She has appeared topless in many tabloid newspapers and has appeared on her own reality TV show, Totally Jodie Marsh.

Frankenstein, Saxony
Frankenstein is a municipality in the Freiberg Rural District, in Saxony, Germany.
About 1200 people live in the village.

Trashware
Trashware is a computer system that was built using hardware from many other computer. Trashware computers will often use free software such as Linux operating system. These computers are mainly built for people who cannot normally afford a computer. Trashware is different from retrocomputing.

Yearbook
A yearbook is a book that students get when they graduate from school (usually at high school or college).
Compilation.
Yearbooks are generally put together by a student committee, which may or may not be advised by members of the faculty and staff. The committee usually has one or more editors who are responsible for collecting and putting together all of the information to be put into the book, also deciding the layout and giving of space for each contributor.
Distribution.
Often, yearbooks are distributed at the end of a school year to allow members to get the books and signatures/personal messages from classmates. In the US, those that distribute at this time may publish a supplemental insert with photographs from spring sports and milestone events (such as prom and graduation), as well as other important events. Many schools at which yearbooks are distributed at or before the end of a school year have a tradition of having students sign and leave notes on each others yearbooks.
Some schools distribute yearbooks before the end of the school year – such as during July, at Homecoming (US) in October or another designated time in order to include year-end activities. In some cases, yearbooks are mailed to the parents' homes of graduated seniors.

Mario Gómez
Mario Gomez (born July 2, 1985) is a German footballer. His team is the VfB Stuttgart. Since 2007 he has played in the German national football team, he has played 13 matches and scored six goals.

Tim Borowski
Tim Borowski (born May 2, 1980 in Neubrandenburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany) is a German footballer. His team at the moment is FC Bayern Munich. Befor his change in 2008 he has played for SV Werder Bremen. A member of the German national football team since 2002, he has played 33 matches and scored 2 goals.

Marcell Jansen
Marcell Jansen (born November 4, 1985 in Mönchengladbach) is a German footballer. He plays for the FC Bayern Munich. For the German national football team, he has played in 26 matches and scored 1 goal.

Arne Friedrich
Arne Friedrich (born May 29, 1979) is a German footballer. His team at the moment is Hertha BSC Berlin. In the German national football team he made 60 matches and no goals.

Oliver Neuville
Oliver Neuville (born May 1, 1973) is a German footballer. At the moment he playes for Borussia Mönchengladbach. For the German national football team he has played 69 matches and scored 10 goals.

Thomas Hitzlsperger
Thomas Hitzlsberger (born April 5, 1982) is a German footballer from the VfB Stuttgart. For the German national football team he played 37 matches and scored 5 goals.

Mike Hanke
Mike Hanke (born November 5, 1983) is a German footballer. His team at the moment is Hannover 96. In the German national football team he made 12 matches and 1 goal.

Gerald Asamoah
Gerald Asamoah (born October 5, 1978) is a German footballer. His team at the moment is FC Schalke 04. While playing for the German national football team, he made 43 matches and 6 goals.

Clemens Fritz
Clemens Fritz (born December 7, 1980) is a German footballer. His team at the moment is SV Werder Bremen. While playing for the German national football team, he played in 18 matches and scored 2 goals.

Simon Rolfes
Simon Rolfes (born January 21, 1982) is a German footballer. His team at the moment is Bayer 04 Leverkusen. In the german national football team he made 12 matches and no goals.

Paul Freier
Paul Freier (born July 26, 1979) is a German footballer. He plays for Bayer 04 Leverkusen at the moment. In the German national football team he played nineteen matches and scored one goal.

Jan Schlaudraff
Jan Schlaudraff (born July 18, 1983) is a German footballer. His team at the moment is FC Bayern Munich. He has played 3 matches for the German national football team but scored no goals.
In July 2008 he has moved to Hannover 96.

Riesa-Großenhain Rural District
Riesa-Großenhain is a district in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. The district was created in 1994 by joining the two previous districts Riesa and Großenhain.

House of Valois
The House of Valois was a younger branch of the Capetian dynasty that ruled France in the late Middle Ages and the Renaissance from 1328 to 1529. The kings of the House of Valois were descended from Charles of Valois who was the third son of Philip III of France. They claimed the Salic law put them ahead of Edward III of England to rule France. Edward III of England thought he had gotten the right to the French crown through his mother. The two countries fought the Hundred Years' War because of that disagreement.

Salic law
The Salic law was a set of laws established by King Clovis I for the Salian Franks during the sixth century. It stayed important in parts of western Europe for a long time because Charlemagne based his laws on the Salic law. One part of Salic law that stayed very important was inheritance for kings. The Salic law said that land goes to sons and not daughters.

606 Brangäne
606 Brangäne is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by August Kopff in 1906. Its provisional name was 1906 VB.

Alizée
Alizée Jacotey (born August 21, 1984) is a French singer. Born in Ajaccio, Corsica, she goes by the stage name Alizée — the feminine form of "alizé" meaning "trade wind". She was discovered by Mylène Farmer, following her winning performance in the talent show, "Graines de Star", in 1999. While working with Mylène Farmer and Laurent Boutonnat, Alizée came up with two albums — both of which were hits inside and outside of France.

607 Jenny
607 Jenny is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by August Kopff in 1906. Its provisional name was 1906 VC.

608 Adolfine
608 Adolfine is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by August Kopff in 1906. Its temporary name was 1906 VD.

609 Fulvia
609 Fulvia is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Max Wolf in 1906. Its provisional name was 1906 VF.

610 Valeska
610 Valeska is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Max Wolf in 1906. Its provisional name was 1906 VK.

The Scarlet Letter
"The Scarlet Letter" is a book by Nathaniel Hawthorne. It was first published on March 16, 1850. It is about a woman called Hester who commits adultery with a preacher. It is a very popular book and many movies have been made about it.

Uetersen
Uetersen () is a small city in the district of Pinneberg, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. It is situated approx. 7 km (4 miles) south of Elmshorn, and 30 km (18 miles) northwest of Hamburg.
Mathias Rust took off from Uetersen for his historic flight in 1987.

New York City Subway
The New York City Subway is a rapid transit system that is in New York City, United States. It is one of the biggest rapid transit systems in the world, with 468 stations. It has 229 miles (or 369 km) of routes on 656 miles (or 1056 km) of track. The New York City Subway never closes; the trains are always working.
The first trains started working on October 9 1863 and the first underground trains started working on October 27 1904. The IRT main line, which is considered to be the first New York City "subway" line, opened in 1904; however, the Ninth Avenue Line, a predecessor elevated railroad line, operated its first trial run on July 3, 1868. and the West End Line railroad opened in 1863. A small portion of the latter line's original right-of-way is still in daily use near Coney Island.
Subway stations.
There are subway stations in Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens, and The Bronx. About 40% of the tracks are above ground and the other 60% are below ground. Every day people take about 5,076,000 rides on the subway.
Fares.
The subway started using MetroCards in 1994. Riders can buy MetroCards from the station booth or from vending machines that are in the stations.
SmartLink cards are another kind of card that riders can use to pay for rides on the subway. These cards will replace the MetroCards one day.
Safety.
Riders are not allowed to take pictures with cameras that flash or with cameras that are on tripods.
Subway police can search riders to make sure they do not have weapons or other items that could be used to hurt other people.
When riders get hurt, usually it is because they slip when they are getting in the train. This is because there is a small gap between the train and the platform. In recent times, workers have made the gaps smaller to prevent people from slipping.

Fundamentalism
Fundamentalism is a term that can have different meanings. Originally it was used to describe some people in the Protestant community in the United States in the early 20th century. These people had a set of well defined ("fundamental") values. These values were in opposition to more modern ideas. The group also said it was important to stick to what faith (the Bible) told them.
Today, the term is used more generally. It is now used to describe groups of people who will stick to their (mostly moral, and religious) values even though these values may be criticised by many people. These values may also be unpopular. Modern-day fundamentalists want to go back to the roots of certain ideological or religious positions. Very often, they are prepared to use force, if that is necessary.

Agostino Carracci
Agostino Carracci (sometimes also spelled Agostino Caracci, August 16, 1557 - March 22, 1602) was an Italian painter and printmaker. His brother Annibale and cousin of Lodovico Carracci were more famous than he was.
He thought nature was an ideal. He founded a school that was competing with that of Caravaggio. Together with his brothers, he founded the Accademia degli Incamminati. The academia helped painters of the School of Bologna to become famous.

Vogtlandkreis Rural District
The Vogtlandkreis is a "Landkreis" (rural district) in the southwest of the Free State of Saxony, Germany, at the borders to Thuringia, Bavaria, and the Czech Republic. The urban district of Plauen is in the middle of the district. Plauen will became a part of the landkreis when local government is reorganised in Saxony in July 2008.
Famous people.
The first German cosmonaut, Sigmund Jähn was born in the Vogtland. His hometown, the small municipality "Morgenröthe-Rautenkranz" (in the Verwaltungsverband Waldgebiet Vogtland) in the south-west of the district houses a small space exhibition.

Zwickauer Land Rural District
Zwickauer Land is a Landkreis (rural district) in the south-west of the Free State of Saxony, Germany. The independent city of Zwickau is in the middle of the district. It is nearly completely surrounded by the district. In July 2008, the city will lose its right to administer itself, and become a city under the control of the district government.
The rural district was created on 1 August 1994. Its capital is Werdau. On January 1, 1999, the district was reorganised. Cainsdorf, Mosel, Oberrothenbach and Schlunzig were made a part of to Zwickau even though the people living in those towns wanted to stay independent.
Geography.
The district is located in the Ore Mountains ("Erzgebirge"), with the main rivers being the "Zwickauer Mulde" and the "Pleiße".

Chemnitzer Land Rural District
Chemnitzer Land is a district in the Free State of Saxony, Germany.
The district has a very big population because the East German government tried to make the area very industrial.
The district was created in 1994 by joining the old districts of Glauchau and Hohenstein-Ernstthal. In 2008, part of city of Zwickau will become part of the district. The rest of the city will become part of Zwickauer Land.

611 Valeria
611 Valeria is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Joel Metcalf in 1906. Its provisional name was 1906 VL.

Meißen Rural District
Meißen is a district ("Kreis") in the Free State of Saxony, Germany.

Sächsische Schweiz Rural District
The Sächsische Schweiz ("Saxon Switzerland") is a rural district ("Landkreis") in the south of the Free State of Saxony, Germany. It borders the Czech Republic. Vehicles registered in the district have PIR, for the city of Pirna. This is because the districts own abbreviation would be "SS", and this is not used because it is the same as the Nazi SS, the "Schutzstaffel"
History.
The district was created in 1994 when the two districts Sebnitz and Pirna were merged.
Geography.
The district is named after the landscape - the "Saxon Switzerland" - as it is the most mountainous region of Saxony.

Weißeritzkreis Rural District
The Weißeritzkreis is a district ("Kreis") in the south of the Free State of Saxony, Germany. It borders the Czech Republic. The district was created in 1994 when the two districts Dippoldiswalde and Freital were merged.
During the flooding in August 2002 the river Weißeritz had to drain many times the normal amount of water, and a lot of buildings in the river valley - houses, streets and bridges were destroyed

Sächsische Schweiz (tourism)
Sächsische Schweiz means "Saxon Switzerland" in english. It is a mountainous climbing area and national park near Dresden in Saxony, Germany. Part of the area is in the Czech Republic. It is called the Bohemian Switzerland in the Czech Republic.
Sächsische Schweiz has some 1,000 climbing peaks, as well as several hollows. The area is popular with Dresden locals and international climbers.
The administrative district for the area is Sächsische Schweiz Rural District.
History.
Sächsische Schweiz area has a number of fortresses built to protect trade routes; remaining fortresses include Festung Königstein and Castle Hohnstein. Hardly anything is left of other castles and fortresses.
The area became popular with tourists during the 19th century. Romantic artists were inspired by the beauty of wilderness, like the painter Ludwig Richter or the composer Carl Maria von Weber, who set his famous opera Der Freischütz with its Wolfsschlucht ("wolf's gorge") scene near the city of Rathen.
Rock Climbing.
Saxon Switzerland is characterized by its sandstone rocks which draw many rock climbers. At the beginning of the 20th century the 'Saxon Rules' for rock climbing were made, the first ever of their kind worldwide.
See also.
Saxon Switzerland National Park
Elbe Sandstone Mountains

Epic of Gilgamesh
The "Epic of Gilgamesh" is an epic poem from ancient Mesopotamia and is one of the earliest works of literary fiction ever known.
The most complete version that exists today was preserved on twelve clay tablets in the library collection of the 7th century BCE Assyrian king Ashurbanipal.
Scholars think that already very early a series of Sumerian legends and poems about the mythological hero-king Gilgamesh existed and that they were gathered into a longer Akkadian poem some time before the 7th century BCE.
The essential story is about the relationship between Gilgamesh, a king who has become distracted and disheartened by his rule, and a friend, Enkidu, who is half-wild and who undertakes dangerous quests with Gilgamesh. Much of the epic focuses on Gilgamesh's thoughts of loss following Enkidu's death, and is often credited by historians as being one of the first literary works with high emphasis on immortality.
The epic is widely read in translation, and the hero, Gilgamesh, has become an icon of popular culture.
History.
Gilgamesh's supposed historical reign is believed to lie within the period 2700 to 2500 BC, 200-400 years before the earliest known written stories.
Some aspects of the Gilgamesh flood myth seem to be related to the story of Noah's ark in the Bible; see deluge.

Sorbian language
The Sorbian languages are a Slavic branch of the Indo-European languages.
They are the native languages of the Sorbs, a Slavic minority in eastern Germany. Historically the language has also been known as Wendish or Lusatian.
There are two languages: Upper Sorbian ("hornjoserbsce"), spoken by about 40,000 people in Saxony, and Lower Sorbian ("dolnoserbski") spoken by about 10,000 people in Brandenburg.
The area where the two languages are spoken is known as Lusatia ("Łužica" in Upper Sorbian, "Łužyca" in Lower Sorbian, or "Lausitz" in German).
In Germany, Upper and Lower Sorbian are officially recognized and protected as minority languages by the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In the home areas of the Sorbs, both languages are officially equal to German.
The city of Bautzen in Upper Lusatia is the centre of Upper Sorbian culture. Bilingual signs can be seen around the city, including the name of the city, "Bautzen/"Budyšin".
The city of Cottbus ("Chóśebuz") is considered the cultural centre of Lower Sorbian. Cottbuss also has bilingual signs.
Sorbian is also spoken in the small Sorbian (“Wendish”) settlement of Serbin in Lee County, Texas. Until recently newspapers were published in Sorbian there. The local dialect has been heavily influenced by surrounding speakers of German and English.
American and Australian communities often prefer to call themselves “Wends” or “Wendish,”. They think that “Sorb” and “Sorbian” are bad words.

Bautzen
Bautzen, Upper Sorbian: Budyšin Lower Sorbian: "Budyšyn";) is a city in eastern Saxony, Germany, and capital of the Bautzen Rural District. It is located on the Spree River.
In 2005, its population was 42,189. Asteroid "11580 Bautzen" is named in honour of the city.
Bautzen is historical capital of Upper Lusatia, and it is the most important cultural centre of the Sorbs, a Slavic minority.
During World War II and the Nazi era, there was a subcamp of the Groß-Rosen concentration camp in Bautzen. Ernst Thälmann was imprisoned there before being deported to Buchenwald.
After the war Bautzen was well known in the German Democratic Republic because of its prison. Bautzen I was used as an official prison, Bautzen II was a secret prison for prisoners of conscience (people arrested for their political beliefs, not because of an ordinary crime). Bautzen I is still used as a prison, and Bautzen II has been a memorial since 1993.
In 2002 the city commemorated its thousandth birthday.

Jim Root
James "Jim" Root (born October 7, 1971) is an American musician. He is the guitarist for both Slipknot and Stone Sour. In Slipknot he is named #4. he is the tallest member of the band at 6 foot 6. Jim wears a court jester's mask with a zip-up mouth. Over time he has sweated, snotted and puked in it so much that it makes everywhere it goes smell bad. Jim enjoys Fishing and playing Video games.

Ghetto
'Ghetto' derive from "getto", the Italian term for casting. Originally the word "ghetto" meant the Jewish quarter of an European town. The term "ghetto" is now commonly used to refer to any poverty-stricken urban area with a concentration of minority groups.

Extreme Championship Wrestling (WWE)
Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) is a professional wrestling brand of World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), based on the independent Extreme Championship Wrestling promotion that lasted from 1992 to 2001. It started on June 13, 2006 with a weekly television series. The ECW brand is one of WWE's three brands, the other two being RAW and SmackDown!.
ECW can be seen on Sci Fi Channel in the United States, X-Treme Sports and Global in Canada, Sky Sports 3 in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland, Sky Italia in Italy, Premiere in Germany, in Finland on MTV3 MAX, FX Latin America in Latin America, Ten Sports in India, Astro in Malaysia, Solar Sports in the Philippines, FOX8 in Australia, The BOX in New Zealand, e.tv in South Africa, SIC Radical in Portugal and AFN Xtra and in Saudi Arabia and Middle East on Showtime Arabia ShowSports 4.
Original format.
WWE got Extreme Championship Wrestling and its video library in 2003 and later began reintroducing ECW through a series of DVDs and books. The big popularity of ECW merchandise prompted WWE to organize ECW One Night Stand, an ECW reunion pay-per-view in 2005. The financial and critical success of the event encourages WWE to start a second One Night Stand the next year. With rejuvenated interest in the ECW product, WWE began exploring the possibility of reviving the promotion full time. On May 26, 2006, WWE announced the launch of ECW as a stand-alone brand, congruous to Raw and SmackDown!, with its own show on the Sci Fi Channel. Despite initial concerns that professional wrestling would not be accepted by the Sci Fi Channel's demographic, network President Bonnie Hammer said that she believed ECW would fit the channel's theme of "stretching the imagination". Sci Fi Channel is owned by NBC Universal, parent company of USA Network and exclusive cable broadcaster of WWE programming.
The ECW brand initially tryed to differentiate itself from WWE's other brands. The hard cameras were placed in a different location and the ring mat had an ECW logo on it. The male performers were also referred to as "Extremists" as opposed to Superstars, and female performers were called "Vixens" instead of Divas. It also had the first ECW talent. Later however, changes were made to differentiate it from the original ECW promotion, including changing the original promotion's rules where weapons were legal in all matches and there were rarely any count outs or disqualifications. WWE now classifies such matches as having "Extreme Rules", and are only fought when specified. The only pay-per-view event hosted exclusively by the ECW brand since its launch was December to Dismember in December 2006. On March 14 2007, before another one could be scheduled, WWE announced that all future pay-per-views would feature all three brands.
Former ECW owner Paul Heyman served as the on air "ECW Representative". According to an interview in the UK newspaper The Sun, Heyman wrote the brand's weekly scripts and gave them to writers for possible changes, and then Vince McMahon for final approval. After the December to Dismember 2006 Heyman was relieved from both his on and off air duties with World Wrestling Entertainment. After Heyman left, there was no ECW authority figure until August 14 2007, when Armando Estrada was announced as the General Manager.
ECW on Sci Fi.
ECW's weekly series was first given a thirteen episode run as a "summer series" on the Sci Fi Channel. The first episode got a 2.79 rating, making it the highest rated show on cable in its time slot. Because of its good ratings it was given an extended run through the end of 2007. On October 23 2007, the network renewed the series through 2008.
While the show started out a ratings success, it began drawing criticism from fans of the original ECW early on. This was most evident by the negative crowd reaction "old school" fans gave the main event of Batista vs. the Big Show at the August 1 2006 show from Hammerstein Ballroom.
On October 16 2007 a "talent exchange" was started between the SmackDown! and ECW brands, allowing their respective talent to appear on either brand.
Online presence.
At ECW's launch, WWE.com introduced Hardcore Hangover, a video feature which allowed fans only in the United States to stream or download video footage from the weekly show. On October 16, 2007 it was replaced by a new feature which made full episodes of the show available for streaming on WWE.com the day after they were shown. After making a list of names from fans and conducting an online poll, the feature was named ECW X-Stream on October 31 2007.
Production.
ECW brand shows are held in big arenas as a part of the SmackDown! brand's Tuesday taping schedule. This is in sharp contrast to the first Extreme Championship Wrestling which ran most of its events in smaller venues. The show usually airs live on Tuesdays directly before — when touring the west coast — or after "SmackDown!" has taped, though it has been recorded and placed on a broadcast delay until later in the night depending on what circumstances dictate.
ECW's initial theme song was "Bodies" by Drowning Pool, which had been used by WWE for Extreme Championship Wrestling since before the brand was established. Since then the theme song has changed between a number of different songs before settling on "Don't Question My Heart", sung by Kyle Morrison of the band Shattersphere. A remix of "Don't Question My Heart" by Saliva featuring Brent Smith is now used.
Starting with the January 22 2008 version, "ECW" began broadcasting in HD, along with a new HD set, which is shared among all three WWE brands.
General Managers.
2 Announced by Jonathan Coachman as an order from Mr. McMahon.
3 Ordered by the WWE Board of Directors.

YHWH
For Jewish people YHWH is the most holy name of God, as written in the ancient Hebrew language. The language has no vowels, so the pronunciation is disputed, but most academics agree that "Yahweh" would be the equivalent in modern English.
It has also been pronounced as "Jehovah". This is because Hebrew pointing, or vowel symbols, are often put underneath the YHWH, making יְהֹוָה.
Traditionally, religious Jews do not say this name aloud, as it is believed to be too sacred to be spoken, but often use substitutes when referring to the name of the their God, e.g., HaShem ("The Name") or Shem HaMeforash (“the unspeakable Name.”)
Today, all three Abrahamic religions (Judaism, Christianity and Islam) say that there is only one god, and so YHWH is frequently referred to as just "God", or "Allah" (which is the Arabic word for god). However, the Jewish Tanakh (also known by Christians as the Old testament), is not clear on this point, and refers to other gods in several places - most notably in the versions of the Commandments given at either Mount Sinai or Mount Horeb, and detailed in Exodus and Deuteronomy, both of which refer to other gods.
Sometimes the four letters are called the "Tetragrammaton", which is Greek for "four letters"
These four letters are usually JHWH in German, French and Dutch, and either YHWH, YHVH, JHWH or JHVH in English. In some English language bibles, it is written in all capital letters as "LORD," as in Jewish tradition. Others, such as the Jerusalem Bible use "Yahweh".
Jehovah and Yahweh are the most common English pronunciations of the Tetragrammaton. The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume 8, 1910 edition, page 329, states: “Jehovah, the proper name of God in the Old Testament."

Oriana Fallaci
Oriana Fallaci (29 June 1929 - 15 September 2006) was an Italian journalist, author, and political interviewer. A young partisan during World War II, she had a long and successful journalistic career. Knows
She has interviewed many internationally known leaders and celebrities such as the Dalai Lama, Henry Kissinger, the Shah of Iran, Ayatollah Khomeini, Willy Brandt, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, Walter Cronkite, Omar Khadafi, Federico Fellini, Sammy Davis Jr, Nguyen Cao Ky, Yasir Arafat, Indira Gandhi, Alexandros Panagoulis, Archbishop Makarios III, Golda Meir, Nguyen Van Thieu, Haile Selassie and Sean Connery.
After retirement, she returned to writing a series of articles and books critical of Islam and Arabs and for few people the articles were speaking about racism and Islamophobia. Oriana Fallaci hated Mexicans and Muslims, for their ideas and for the role of the muslim women in Islamic society.
Life and career.
Fallaci was born in Florence, Italy. During World War II, she joined the resistance in the democratic armed group "Giustizia e Libertà". Her father Edoardo Fallaci, was a famous antifascist political activist, in Florence.
Fallaci began her journalistic career in her teens, becoming a special correspondent for the Italian paper "Il mattino dell'Italia centrale" in 1946. Since 1967 she worked as a war correspondent, in Vietnam, for the Indo-Pakistani War, in the Middle East and in South America. For many years, Fallaci was a special correspondent for the political magazine "L'Europeo" and wrote for a number of leading newspapers and "Epoca" magazine. During the 1968 Tlatelolco massacre prior to the 1968 Summer Olympics, Fallaci was shot three times, dragged down stairs by her hair, and left for dead by Mexican forces. The demonstrations by immigrants in the United States these past few months "disgust" her, especially when protesters displayed the Mexican flag. "I don't love the Mexicans," Fallaci said, invoking her nasty treatment at the hands of Mexican police in 1968. "If you hold a gun and say, 'Choose who is worse between the Muslims and the Mexicans,' I have a moment of hesitation. Then I choose the Muslims, because they have broken my balls."
In the late 1970s, she had an affair with the subject of one of her interviews, Alexandros Panagoulis, who was a big rebel in the Greek resistance against the 1967 dictatorship, having been captured, heavily tortured and imprisoned for his (unsuccessful) assassination attempt against dictator and ex-Colonel Georgios Papadopoulos. In 1972 she interviewed Henry Kissinger.
Fallaci has twice received the St. Vincent Prize for journalism, as well as the Bancarella Prize (1971) for "Nothing, and So Be It"; Viareggio Prize (1979), for "Un uomo: Romanzo"; and Prix Antibes, 1993, for "Inshallah". She received a D.Litt. from Columbia College (Chicago). She has lectured at the University of Chicago, Yale University, Harvard University, and Columbia University. Fallaci’s writings have been translated into 21 languages including English, Spanish, French, Dutch, German, Greek, Swedish, Polish, Croatian and Slovenian.
Fallaci, smoked always during her life, died on September 15, 2006 where she was born, in Florence, from breast cancer.

612 Veronika
612 Veronika is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by August Kopff in 1906. Its provisional name was 1906 VN.

Solange Knowles
Solange Piaget Knowles-Smith (born Solange Piaget Knowles, 1986) is an American actress and younger sister of Beyonce Knowles. She is famous for acting in her sister's music video for B'Day and in '.
Life.
She married a man called Daniel Smith at age 17, birthing his child at 18 and then divorced
him. She now lives with her son and family. Her hometown is Houston, Texas. She also had a musical career started at age 14 and has been acting since 2003. She is now an entreupreneur promoting "Baby Jamz". She is of African American (from her father) and Louisiana Creole (from her mother) descent.

613 Ginevra
613 Ginevra is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by August Kopff in 1906. Its provisional name was 1906 VP.

614 Pia
614 Pia is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by August Kopff in 1906. Its provisional name was 1906 VQ.

Jessie Redmon Fauset
Jessie Redmon Fauset (April 27, 1882 – April 30, 1961) was an American editor, poet, essayist and novelist. She wrote more books than any other African-American female novelist of the Harlem Renaissance.
Her life and work.
Fauset was born in Fredericksville, New Jersey, in Camden County. She was the daughter of Anna Seamon and Redmon Fauset, a Presbyterian minister. Her mother, Annie, died when she was still a little girl.
Fauset attended Philadelphia High School for girls. She was the only African-American student to graduate. After high school Fauset graduated from Cornell University in 1905. She was also the first African-American woman to be honoured by being made a member of the "Phi Beta Kappa" Society which encourages talented undergraduate students. In 1912, when she was only 16 years old she started work at the NAACP's journal, "The Crisis". The NAACP is the "National Association for the Advancement of Colored People", an organization that was begun in 1902 to help African-Americans, and is now one of the oldest civil rights organizations in America. From 1919 to 1926 Fauset was the literary editor of "The Crisis". She wrote 77 published works of which 58 were first published in the journal.
She is the author of four novels," There Is Confusion " (1924), "Plum Bun" (1928), "The Chinaberry Tree: A Novel of American Life" (1931), and "Comedy, American Style" (1933). She was made an honorary member of the women's society for academics whose work has really helped other people, "Delta Sigma Theta".
Fauset worked as a school teacher for many years. She stopped teaching in 1944. She died in 1961 from heart failure.
References.
Kevin De Ornellas has written five articles about Fauset in "Writing African American Women: An Encyclopedia of Literature by and about Women of Color" (Greenwood Press, 2006), edited by Elizabeth Ann Beaulieu. One article is a biography; the other four pieces analyze her four novels.)

Ruins
Ruins are the parts of buildings that are left after they have been destroyed and cannot be properly used any more. Many ruins are ancient and famous like the ruins of the forum of Ancient Rome, or the ruins of Tintagel Castle on the coast of Cornwall. Ruins can be caused by wars or by natural disasters such as earthquakes, fires and volcanos. Sometimes people leave a house or a village to stand empty, and move somewhere else. When this happens, the house or village slowly becomes a ruin.
Studying ruins.
Historic ruins are often a good place for archaeologists to search for evidence of the way people used to live. Often the ruins have all sorts of interesting things buried in them. Archaeologists call the things that they find "artefacts". Artefacts might include beautiful artworks, jewellry and gold coins but usually they are ordinary things like cooking pots, mugs, spoons, hair combs, pipes, old shoes, broken toys and rats' nests. Historians use the evidence found by the archaeologists to write about the place and what might have happened there.
Other people who find ruins very interesting are artists. Many artists have drawn or painted pictures of ruined buildings. In the 18th and 19th centuries, pictures of ruins became very popular.

Annaberg Rural District
Annaberg is a district in the Free State of Saxony, Germany.
History.
The district of Annaberg was established in 1874. The capital city was formed in 1945 when the towns of Annaberg and Buchholz were joined to form Annaberg-Buchholz.

615 Roswitha
615 Roswitha is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by August Kopff in 1906. Its provisional name was 1906 VR.

Golden age
Golden Age is an expression (or term) that people use when they are talking or writing about a time that is past, when everything seemed to be good.
There are several ways that the term can be used.

616 Elly
616 Elly is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by August Kopff in 1906. Its provisional name was 1906 VT.

617 Patroclus
617 Patroclus "(pə-troe'-kləs,") is a binary minor planet made up of two similarly-sized objects orbiting their common centre of gravity. It is a Trojan, sharing an orbit with Jupiter. It was found in 1907 by August Kopff, and was the second Trojan asteroid to be found. Recent evidence suggests that the objects are icy comets, rather than rocky asteroids.
Orbit.
Patroclus orbits in Jupiter's trailing Lagrangian point, L5, in an orbit called the 'Trojan node' after one of the sides in the legendary Trojan War (the other node is called the 'Greek node'). Patroclus is the only object in the Trojan camp to be named after a Greek character; the naming rules for the Trojan asteroids were not made until after Patroclus was named (similarly, the asteroid Hektor is the only Trojan character to appear in the Greek camp).
Binary.
In 2001, it was found that Patroclus is a binary object, made up of two asteroids which are almost the same size. In February, 2006, a team of astronomers led by Franck Marchis measured accurately the orbit of the system using the Keck Laser guide star adaptive optics system. They thought that the two asteroids orbit around their center of mass in 4.283±0.004 d at a distance of 680±20 km, describing a close to circular orbit. Putting together their sightings with thermal measurements taken in November 2000, the team thought what the size of the asteroids of the system could be. The slightly bigger asteroids, which measures 122 km in diameter, continues to have the name Patroclus. The smaller asteroid, measuring 112 km, is now named Menoetius (full name (617) Patroclus I Menoetius), after the legendary Patroclus's father. Its provisional designation was S/2001 (617) 1.
What they are made of.
Because of the density of the asteroids (0.8 g/cm³) is less than water and about one third that of rock, the team of researchers led by F. Marchis suggest that the Patroclus system, previously thought to be a pair of rocky asteroids, is more similar to a comet in make up. It is thought that many Trojan asteroids are in fact small planetesimals captured in the Lagrange point of Jupiter-Sun system during the farther migration of the giant planets, 3.9 billion years ago. This scenario was suggested by A. Morbidelli and colleagues in a series of articles published in May 2005 in "Nature" journal.

Aue-Schwarzenberg Rural District
Aue-Schwarzenberg is a rural district in the Free State of Saxony, in the country of Germany.
History.
The districts of Aue and Schwarzenberg were formed in 1873. In 1994 both districts were joined together in order to form a new district, which was called "Westerzgebirgskreis" (the Western Ore Mountains District). It was renamed Aue-Schwarzenberg in 1995.
Geography.
The district is located in the western part of the Erzgebirge (ore) Mountains. The tops of these mountains are also the German-Czech border. The highest peak in the district is the Auersberg, second highest mountain in Saxony.

Delitzsch Rural District
Delitzsch is a rural district in the Free State of Saxony, Germany.
History.
After the Congress of Vienna in 1815 Saxony had to give a lot of its land to Prussia, including the region of Delitzsch. The Prussian government made the district of Delitzsch.
Prussia was dissolved after the end of the Nazi era. Delitzsch was made a part of the new state of Saxony-Anhalt. In 1953 the East German government dissolved the states. After the German reunification in 1990, the states were made again, but now Delitzsch and Eilenburg (two districts made of the former Delitzsch district) were given to Saxony instead of Saxony-Anhalt. The two districts were joined in 1994 and gave the district in its present borders.
Geography.
The district is in the triangle between the big cities of Leipzig, Halle and Bitterfeld. It is mostly countryside, and used for farming. The Mulde River runs through the east part of the district. On the eastern banks there is the Düben Heath ("Dübener Heide") nature park.

Sweeney Todd, the Demon Barber of Fleet Street
"Sweeney Todd, the Demon Barber of Fleet Street" is a Tony Award-winning musical with a book by Hugh Wheeler and music and lyrics by Stephen Sondheim. The musical is based on the 19th century legend of Sweeney Todd and is similar to the 1973 play "The String of Pearls", by Christopher Bond.
"Sweeney Todd" opened on Broadway at the Uris Theatre on March 1 1979. It was directed by Harold Prince with musical staging by Larry Fuller, and starred Len Cariou as Sweeney Todd and Angela Lansbury as Mrs. Lovett. The musical played 557 times. The story is about Sweeney Todd, who was first named Benjamin Barker. Todd comes back from the penal colonies in Australia, where he was for fifteen years. When he learns from the pie-maker Mrs. Lovett that his wife poisoned herself after being raped by Judge Turpin, and the Judge is also keeping his daughter, Todd decides to take revenge. Sweeney and Mrs Lovett become partners in a plan that ends in murder, business for Lovett's pie shop, and tragedy.

WayOutWest Records
WayOutWest also manage a number of bands and solo artists, such as the Cascade Mountain Boys.

McFly (band)
McFly is a British pop rock band who first became famous in 2004. They are the youngest band to have an album debut, or be released, at number one on the charts. The band was started by Tom Fletcher (born 17 July 1985) and also has Danny Jones (born 12 March 1986), Dougie Poynter (born 30 November 1987), and Harry Judd (born 23 December 1985). They are signed to the Island Records label and are managed by Prestige Management.
By October 2007, McFly had thirteen top ten singles. Seven of these songs reached number one in the UK Singles Chart and two number one albums: their first album, "Room on the 3rd Floor", and their second, "Wonderland". Their third album, "Motion in the Ocean", was released on 6 November 2006 and charted at number six. The band released their "All The Greatest Hits" compilation album on November 5, 2007, which charted at number three.

The Maccabees
The Maccabees are a English indie band based in Brighton. They first came from south London.
Name.
The band thought of the name 'The Maccabees' by opening the Bible to a random page.. Even though the name has religious meaning, lead singer Orlando Weeks said that none of the band are religious in an interview on Steve Lamacq's BBC Radio 1 show.
History.
The Maccabees' debut single, 'X-Ray', was released on the Promise record label on 28 November 2005. It was played a little in the evenings on London radio station Xfm London. The band got very attentiong until six months later, when they released their second single, 'Latchmere'. The song was about the wave machine at the band's local Latchmere Leisure Centre in Battersea, south London. It was released on Fierce Panda Records in April 2006. This song was talked about by Radio 1 DJ Steve Lamacqu and was played on MTV2. The video, directed by Hugh Frost and Samuel Bebbington, also became a hit after it was put on YouTube.
In mid-2006, the music magazine NME wrote favourable things about the band, such as a review of their show at Cafe dé Paris in London. The magazine called the band "the best new band in Britain".
In November 2006 the band toured, or traveled and played, with Fields, ¡Forward, Russia!, and Wolfmother as part of the MTV Two "Brand Spanking New Music" tour. Drummer Robert Dylan Thomas broke his wrist just before the band were due to begin touring, and was replaced by drummer Elliott Andrews. Elliot toured with the band until early 2007, and now plays drums for Kate Nash.
The band are currently signed to Fiction Records, and released their debut album 'Colour It In' in May 2007. Because the album had been leaked, or accidentally put, on the internet, 'Colour It In' became available to download exclusively from iTunes on 17 April before its release on 14 May. The song First Love was the Maccabees' first to chart in the UK top 40. It was followed by 'About Your Dress', which charted at #33. Their was released to positive reviews, and charted at #24. They toured the USA with fellow Indie group Bloc Party. A UK tour happened in October 2007, ending in a show at the Roundhouse venue in London, where all the tickets were sold.
During late 2007, Samsung used the song Toothpaste Kisses in advertising for its SGH-G800 mobile phone.
The band is currently writing music for another album.
Band members.
The band worked together to write the lyrics.
Orlando makes the band's artwork. Guitarist Felix White was once in a band called 'Jack's Basement'with close friend and current solo artist Jack Peñate, but he is not anymore. Felix and Hugo White are brothers, along with Will White, who is the lead singer and guitarist with another band, Talk Taxis.

Amy Diamond
Amy Linnéa Deasismont, known as Amy Diamond, (born on April 15, 1992 in Norrköping) is a Swedish singer. At the young age of 16, she already has had a number of hits worldwide. On February 9, 2008, Diamond performed an entry in the Swedish Melodifestivalen in hopes of representing the Nordic country at Eurovision Song Contest in Belgrade, Serbia. She later didnt win the finale but her entry became a hit in Sweden.

Marija Šerifović
Marija Šerifović (born November 14,1984) is a singer who won the Eurovision Song Contest in 2007 with the ballad Molitva, which was sung in Serbian. She was born in Kragujevac, Serbia.

Bo'az Ma'uda
Boaz Mauda, born November 1, 1987 in Elyakim, Israel, is a singer and Pop Idol winner.

Rebeka Dremelj
Rebeka Dremelj, born July 25,1980 in Brežice, Slovenia is a singer and a upcoming Eurovision Song Contest 2008 contestant.

Chemnitz Government Region
Chemnitz is one of the three Regierungsbezirke of the Free State of Saxony, Germany, found in the south-west of the state.

InSuggest
inSuggest is a World Wide Web service, which gives suggestions based on users' taste and interest.
inSuggest has two different alternatives, Image inSuggest and Web inSuggest
It is a Web 2.0 service. When users make their searches better, they are also making inSuggest.

Prescription
A prescription is a form given by a doctor to a patient in order to get special medicine, often very strong, that cannot be bought normally from a pharmacy.

Harold Shipman
Harold Shipman (January 14, 1946 – January 13, 2004) was a British general practitioner (a type of doctor) and serial killer. He is thought to have killed up to 250 of his patients.
Crimes.
He was put on trial and found guilty of 15 murders, and an investigation identified another 235 suspicious deaths. His favourite way of killing was using morphine. Most of the patients he killed were old women.
Death.
While he was in prison, he committed suicide.

Clinic
A clinic is a medical facility that gives health care for patients in an area. It is different from a hospital, because people do not stay in a clinic for a long time. Some clinics can become as large as hospitals, but still have the name Clinic. Small clinics are run by one or more general practitioners or practice managers. Physiotherapy clinics are run by physiotherapists, psychology clinics run by clinical psychologists, and so on for each type of health care. Some clinics are operated, or run, by employers. Other clinics are owned by people who do not have medical education, like in China.
Some clinics are a place for people with injuries or illness to come and be seen by triage nurse or other health worker. In these clinics, the injury or illness may not be large or dangerous enough to warrant a visit to an emergency room, but the person can be moved to one if they need to be. These clinics sometimes can use equipment such as X-ray machines. Doctors at these clinics can send patients to specialists, a doctor who is very good at one kind of medicine.
Where the word came from.
The word "clinic" comes from the Greek word "klinein", which means to put something at an angle, or to lie down. Latin has the word "clinicus", which is a lot like the word we use today. An early meaning of the word clinic was, 'one who gets baptism on a sick bed'.

Döbeln Rural District
Döbeln is a district in the Free State of Saxony, Germany.
History.
The region was originally populated by Sorbian peoples.
The present borders of the district were made in 1952, when the government of East Germany formed the new districts. Döbeln is one of the few districts which have not been changed after the German reunification.
Geography.
The district is on the banks of the Freiberger Mulde in the triangle between the cities of Dresden, Leipzig and Chemnitz.

Leipzig Government Region
Leipzig is one of the three Regierungsbezirke of the Free State of Saxony, Germany, located in the north-west of the country.

Fra Angelico
Fra Angelico (c. 1385 – February 18, 1455), was an Italian Early Renaissance painter. Giorgio Vasari, who wrote the "Lives of the Artists" said he had "a rare and perfect talent".
Fra Angelico has been known by many different names. When he was born, he was called Guido di Pietro. People who knew him when he was older called him Fra Giovanni da Fiesole (Brother John from Fiesole). When Giorgio Vasari wrote about him in "Lives of the Artists", in the 1500s, he was already known as Fra Giovanni Angelico (Brother Giovanni who is like an Angel).
The Italians usually call him il Beato Angelico (the Blessed Angelico). He has been called this for a long time, because he was thought to be blessed by God who gave him the talent of painting, and also because he was such a good and holy man. The name "Blessed Angelico" has now been made official, because in 1982 Pope John Paul II "conferred beatification" which means that he is now on the way to being made a saint.
Vasari says about him: "It is impossible to think of enough good things to say about this holy father, who was so humble and modest in everything that he did and said, and whose pictures were painted with such cleverness and holy faith."
Early life, circa 1385 – 1436.
Fra Angelico was born in Mugello near Fiesole in Tuscany, Italy probably about 1385-87 and died in Rome in 1455. Nothing is known about his parents. He was baptized Guido or Guidolino.
In 1407, he joined the Dominican Order at Fiesole. In 1423, when he became officially a friar, he changed his name from Guido to Fra Giovanni (Brother John). (People who are accepted into a holy order, usually take a new name.) Like the other "brothers" (friars) of the Dominican Order, he wore a white robe and a black cloak, and shaved part of his head.
Fra Angelico had a brother called Benedetto who was also a Dominican friar. Fra Benedetto painted illuminated manuscripts. Fra Angelico possibly learnt to paint manuscripts as well. The convent of San Marco in Florence has several manuscript books that he is thought to have painted. He was very busy with other work at the convents where he lived, but he still found time to paint pictures, which very soon became famous. In January and February of 1418, he was paid for paintings that he did in the church of Santo Stefano del Ponte.
Between 1418 and 1436, Fra Angelico painted an altarpiece for the church in Fiesole, which has been damaged. The top part of the altarpiece is in the National Gallery, London. It shows Christ in Glory, surrounded by more than 250 figures, and is a large and magnificent piece of work.
San Marco, Florence, 1436 – 1445.
In 1436, a new Dominican Convent of San Marco was built in Florence. Fra Angelico was one of the friars from Fiesole who moved to Florence. This was an important move for Fra Angelico because Florence already had a great number of artists from whom he could learn. It also had a very wealthy "patron of the arts" called Cosimo de' Medici who loved to buy works of art for himself and his favourite churches. Cosimo also liked to pray a lot, so, even though he was having a palace built for himself, he had a cell (a small plain room) with the friars at the convent where he could have some quiet time.
Cosimo was so delighted when he saw how Fra Angelico could paint that he encouraged him to paint lots of beautiful pictures for the convent. All the cells for the friars were built upstairs around the sides of a square courtyard with a garden in the middle (called a cloister). On the wall at the top of the stairs, Fra Angelico painted a fresco of the Angel Gabriel announcing the birth of Jesus to the Blessed Virgin Mary. This is one of his most famous pictures. Then, in every friar's cell, he did a beautiful picture with a round top, on the wall beside the window.
In 1439, he finished one of his most famous works, which is the altarpiece for San Marco's Church, which is where the friars worship. It shows the Madonna and Child on a throne, surrounded by saints from different dates, who are all grouped together as if they were standing in a room in Heaven, talking about holy things. This type of painting called a "Sacred Conversation" later became very popular, but this is one of the first ones.
The Vatican, 1445 – 1455.
In 1445, Pope Eugenius IV sent a message for Fra Angelico to come to Rome to paint the frescoes of the Chapel of the Holy Sacrament at St Peter's. Unfortunately, the chapel was later demolished. Vasari says that one of the popes (it might have been Eugenius or Pope Nichoas V) asked Fra Angelico if he would like the very important job of Archbishop of Florence. But Fra Angelico did not want such a high job and he suggested the name of another friar for the position. In 1447 Fra Angelico went to the city of Orvieto with his pupil, Benozzo Gozzoli, to paint some pictures for the Cathedral there. One of his other pupils was called Zanobi Strozzi, but he did not become as famous as Benozzo.
From 1447 to 1449, Fra Angelico was back at the Vatican, where Pope Nicholas V had built a small chapel where he could pray privately. The pictures that Fra Angelico and his pupils painted there are the lives of two young saints St. Stephen and St. Lawrence, who were both "martyrs" (they were killed because of their Christian faith). The small chapel, with its bright colours and gold leaf decorations is like a jewel box. From 1449 until 1452, Fra Angelico was back at his old convent of Fiesole, where he was the Prior (the head man). Fra Angelico's pupils were probably left in Rome to finish the work on the chapel.
Death and beatification.
In 1455, Fra Angelico went back to Rome, probably to look at the work in Pope Nicholas' Chapel. He died at the Dominican Convent and was buried in the church of Santa Maria sopra Minerva. Pope John Paul II beatified Fra Angelico on October 3, 1982, making him "officially" known as the "Blessed Angelico". In 1984 the pope made him the patron of Catholic artists.
Fra Angelico never wanted to be important, and even though he was so talented he never put himself above other people. He thought his most important job was caring for others. He always prayed before he picked up his brushes to paint, and he never made any changes to his pictures later, because he believed that the Holy Spirit was guiding him. He painted a great number of scenes of the Crucifixion and he would always cry while he was painting them.
About Fra Angelico's paintings.
Fra Angelico was working at a time when the style of painting was in a state of change. The changes had begun a hundred years before his time with the works of Giotto. Fra Angelico would have seen the famous pictures of the "Life of Saint Francis" that Giotto did for the church of Santa Croce in Florence. In Giotto's paintings the figures look more real and solid and lifelike than in the pictures of other painters of the 1300s. Giotto was also very good at painting the emotions on peoples faces and the actions that showed how they were feeling. His work was a big influence on every artist who saw it.
At the same time, rich patrons like Cosimo de Medici liked to show off their wealth. They often did this by ordering paintings that had lots of bright colour and real gold backgrounds. The red colour called "vermilion" was one of the most expensive. But the most expensive colour was a beautiful blue made by grinding up a semi-precious stone called Lapis lazuli. This type of painting is called "International Gothic". Some artists of Fra Angelico's day were expert at doing paintings that would make very rich people happy. But other painters, like Masaccio were followers of Giotto and painted in a very plain way.
Fra Angelico was able to paint in both ways. If the Pope or a rich family wanted an altarpiece or a fresco that had gold and expensive bright colours, then Fra Angelico could do it. But his most famous paintings have no gold and no bright colours. They are the simple gentle paintings of the life of Jesus that he did for the friars in their cells at San Marcos.
Gallery.
This gallery shows stories from the life of Jesus. The square paintings are in tempera. They are all parts of a big altarpiece and are about 25 cm wide. The "tondo" (round painting) is a small altarpiece about 1.4 metres wide. All the paintings with arched tops are frescos and were painted for the Dominican brothers.

618 Elfriede
618 Elfriede is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by K. Lohnert in 1906. Its provisional name was 1906 VZ.

Milwaukee Brewers
The Milwaukee Brewers are a Major League Baseball team in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. They play in the Central Division of the National League.
The team first played in Seattle, Washington for one season before changing names and moving to Milwaukee. The Brewers played in the American League from 1969 to 1997 and they won the American League championship in 1982. They started playing in the National League in 1998.
The name of the stadium where they play baseball is Miller Park, which was built in 2001. (Before Miller Park was built, the team played in Milwaukee County Stadium.) The team is named "Brewers" because Milwaukee, the city where the team plays, is famous for making beer.

619 Triberga
619 Triberga is a main belt asteroid.
Triberga has an orbit that repeats itself almost exactly every four years in respect to the position of the Sun and Earth. This fact has helped find out the mass of the moon.
Since it has an absolute magnitude of 9.9, it is about 43km in diameter. It has an opposition apparent magnitude of 13.5.
It was found by August Kopff in 1906. Its provisional name was 1906 WC.

620 Drakonia
620 Drakonia is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Joel Metcalf in 1906. Its provisional name was 1906 WE.

Giorgio Vasari
Giorgio Vasari, (1511-1574), was an Italian painter, architect and writer. He is most famous for his book "The Lives of the Great Architects, Painters and Sculptors of Italy", which is usually known as "Vasari's Lives". Although some other writers had written about art, this book, which was published in 1550 makes Vasari the first Art Historian.
Vasari's life.
Vasari was born in 1511 to a wealthy family in the city of Arezzo in Tuscany. When he was 13 he was sent to Florence to study at the workshops of the well-known artists Andrea del Sarto. Florence is so famous for the arts that students like Vasari have been going there to learn painting and sculpture, ever since Giotto in the 1200s. The two most famous artists in the world, Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo were both alive when Vasari was a boy and had both studied in Florence. Vasari had the good luck to meet Michelangelo, who was like a great hero to Vasari.
Vasari learnt well, and became one of the favourite artists of the Grand Duke Cosimo I of the Medici family who ruled Florence at that time. He did all sorts of important jobs for them. One of the most important buildings in the city was the Palazzo Vecchio (the "Old Palace") which was really a Medieval fortress, where the town council had always met. Vasari got the job of decorating the walls of the enormous meeting room with painted frescos.
Vasari was very good at directing important artistic jobs, but he was not really as good a painter as he was architect. One of his most important architectural jobs was to begin the building of the Uffizi (Offices) in Florence. These are two long buildings that face each other across a long narrow courtyard with one end opening on the town square, and the other end opening onto the Arno River. At the end where the river is, Vasari designed a beautiful "loggia" which is a sort of two-storey veranda that joins the two buildings. It makes the narrow courtyard and the view of the river look like a stage set where wonderful things might happen. The Uffizi is now one of the most famous art galleries in the world.
Vasari had another important job for the Medici family. Eleanor, the wife of Duke Cosimo I, had bought a house. It was by far the biggest house in the city, and was across the river from the Uffizi. The Medici family wasn't always popular. The previous duke, Alessandro, had been murdered. So to keep the family safe, they needed an escape route from the Palazzo Vecchio to the Pitti Palace on the other side of the river. Vasari was expected to design it. The escape route is named after its designer. It is called the "Vasari Corridor".
The corridor begins at the Palazzo Vecchio and runs along the top floor of the Uffizi and across the loggia near the river, then it runs on top of arches along the street by the riverbank, above a nice covered walkway at street-level where nowadays people can buy souvenirs. The Vasari Corridor then gets to a bridge, the Ponte Vecchio. It is the oldest, most famous bridge in the city, and on both sides it had rows of shops and houses. But the Medici didn't mind that! They just had anything that was in the way pulled down. When the Corridor gets to the other side of the river, it makes some twists and turns. Some buildings were knocked down to make way, but the Mannelli family who lived in a large tower were not so obliging and so the corridor is made to go around its walls. Eventually it gets to the Pitti Palace, which is an enormous building of brown stone, with big carved lions' heads beneath all the windows. Vasari built other buildings that are more beautiful, but the Vasari Corridor is probably his most famous.
"Vasari's Lives".
Vasari's masterpiece is his book, "The Lives of the Great Architects, Painters and Sculptors of Italy", first published in 1550. It is a book of biography. It tells the stories of the lives of Italian artists from Giotto who lived around 1300 to Michelangelo who was still alive when Vasari was writing his book. For some of the artists, very little is known about them except the stories that Vasari heard and wrote in his book. Even though nowadays it is known that Vasari sometimes made mistakes, he gives a wonderful picture of the characters of the artists, and tells all sorts of amusing stories.
Vasari does not just tell the stories of the artists' lives. He also describes their artworks in great detail. It is because of Vasari that art historians know of many important artworks that have been lost. It is because of Vasari that we know that the Mona Lisa once had eyebrows. Vasari writes about the artworks as a history. He believed that the Gothic art of the Middle Ages was not as good as the art of Florence in the 15th century (1400s) and that Michelangelo, who painted in the early 16th century (1500s) was the greatest artist since the days of Ancient Greece. He believed that the change towards the great art of the Renaissance began with Giotto around 1300. Vasari puts all these ideas into his book and shows how one artist learnt from each other, and how the changes in art came about. "Vasari's Lives" is the first art history book that was ever written.

Dziecinów (Otwock County)
Dziecinów is a village in Poland in Masovia voivodship. It has about 704 inhabitants and an area of 6 km2.

621 Werdandi
621 Werdandi is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by August Kopff in 1906. Its provisional name was 1906 WJ.

622 Esther
622 Esther is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Joel Metcalf in 1906. Its provisional name was 1906 WP.

623 Chimaera
623 Chimaera is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by K. Lohnert in 1907. Its temporary name was 1907 XJ.

Leipziger Land Rural District
Leipziger Land is a district in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. It is southwest of the city of Leipzig. Leipzig City has its own government.
History.
The district was formed in 1994 by joining the old districts of Leipzig, Borna and Geithain.
The area south of Leipzig City is a big lignite mining area. It will be turned lakeland in the near future. The lignite made the Leipzig area the biggest industrial part of East Germany.

Muldentalkreis Rural District
The Muldentalkreis is a district in the Free State of Saxony, Germany.
The district was formed in 1994 when the two old districts of Grimma and Wurzen were joined together. A few municipalities from other districts around Bad Lausick were added as well.
Geography.
The district is named after its major river, the "Mulde" - the name means. The Mulde is starts in the south of the district where two smaller rivers, the "Freiberger Mulde" and the "Zwickauer Mulde" join.

Torgau-Oschatz Rural District
Torgau-Oschatz is a rural district ("Landkreis") in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. The district was created in 1994 by joining the two districts Oschatz and Torgau, and 6 municipalities from the former district Eilenburg.

Geneva
There are many places called Geneva, including

Geneva (disambiguation)
Geneva is a city in Switzerland.

Amt (political division)
In Germany, an Amt, or Samtgemeinde, or Verbandsgemeinde, or Verwaltungsgemeinschaft is a collection of towns or municipalities in a rural district. The name used depends on which state the district is in.
The Amt joins together several small villages to help with land-use plans, sanitation, the cemetery and fire brigade services or other services that one village is too small to provide for itself.
Larger towns, usually called "free towns", can carry out these services for themselves, and are not part of an "amt"

Mittlerer Erzgebirgskreis Rural District
The Mittlerer Erzgebirgskreis is a district in the Free State of Saxony, Germany.
History.
The district was formed in 1994 by joining the two previous districts Marienberg and Zschopau.
Geography.
The district is located in the Erzgebirge mountains. The highest point is the high "Hirtstein", the lowest point, is in Witzschdorf. 40% of the district is covered by forests.

Stollberg Rural District
Stollberg Rural District is a district in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. Chemnitzer Land.
History.
It was first created in 1910. In 1950 the district was dissolved. In 1952 it was set up again. In the big reform of 1994 the Stollberg Rural District got bigger, because some smaller towns and villages from the city of Zwönitz and districts of Chemnitz and Aue, were transferred to Stollberg.
Stollberg Rural District is on the northwestern slope of the Erzgebirge Mountains.
Partnerships.
Since 1990 the district has a partnership with the district Fürth in Bavaria.

Stollberg
Stollberg is a town in the Free State of Saxony, and capital of the Stollberg Rural District. It is situated east of Zwickau, and southwest of Chemnitz.

Mittweida Rural District
Mittweida () is a district in the Free State of Saxony, Germany.
History.
In 1994 the district was created, when the previous districts Hainichen, Rochlitz and part of the district of Chemnitz were joined.

Mittweida
Mittweida () is a town in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. It is the, capital of the Landkreis Mittweida.
History.
The town was started in the 13th century, and is now one of the biggest textile producing centres in Saxony.
Mittweida University has about 5000 students. It was started in the late 19th century, mong its students were August Horch, Walter Bruch, Jørgen Skafte Rasmussen, and Gerhard Neumann.
During World War II, a subcamp of Flossenburg concentration camp was located here.

Zürich (canton)
The canton of Zürich has a population of about 1.2 million people. The canton is located in the northeast of Switzerland and the city of Zürich is its capital. The official language is German, but people speak the local Swiss German dialect called "Züritüütsch". English writers often write the name of the Canton of Zürich as Canton of Zurich.

Affoltern (district)
Affoltern is one of the twelve districts of the German-speaking canton of Zürich, Switzerland. Its capital is Affoltern am Albis.

Andelfingen (district)
Andelfingen is one of the twelve districts of the German-speaking canton of Zürich, Switzerland.

Bülach (district)
Bülach is one of 12 districts of the Canton of Zürich in Switzerland, with about 117,000 inhabitants make it the third largest in the canton.

Dielsdorf (district)
Dielsdorf is a district in the northwestern part of the Swiss canton of Zürich.

Dietikon (district)
Dietikon is a district of the Swiss canton of Zürich. The capital city is Dietikon.

Hinwil (district)
Hinwil is one of the twelve districts of the German-speaking canton of Zurich, Switzerland. The capital is the city of Hinwil.

Horgen (district)
Horgen is a district of the Swiss canton of Zürich. Its capital is Horgen.

Meilen (district)
Meilen is one of the twelve districts of the German-speaking canton of Zurich, Switzerland.

Freiberg, Saxony
Freiberg (i.e. "free mountain") is a city in the Free State of Saxony, Germany, capital of the Freiberg Rural District.
The city was founded in 1186, and has been a centre of the mining industry in the Erzgebirke Mountains for centuries.
In 1944 the Flossenburg concentration camp built a subcamp built outside the city of Freiberg. It housed over 500 female survivors of other camps, including Auschwitz Birkenau. Altogether 50 or so SS women worked in this camp until its evacuation in April 1945. The female survivors later reached the Mauthausen concentration camp in Austria.

Pfäffikon (district)
Pfäffikon is one of the twelve districts of the German-speaking canton of Zürich, Switzerland. Its capital is the town of Pfäffikon.

Uster (district)
Uster is one of the twelve districts of the canton of Zürich, Switzerland. Its capital is the city of Uster.

Winterthur (district)
Winterthur is one of the twelve districts of the German-speaking canton of Zürich, Switzerland. Its capital is the city of Winterthur.

Adlikon bei Andelfingen
Adlikon bei Andelfingen is a municipality of the district Andelfingen in the canton of Zürich in Switzerland.

My story
"My Story" is a series of books by many different writers. Each book is a diary of a fictional girl who lived through a famous time in history.
About the books.
Sometimes, the main character from one book is the mother of the main character from another book. For example, Tilly Middleton from "Bloody Tower" is the mother of Kitty Lumsden from "The Queen's Spies".
At the end of each book, there is some information about the time in history the book was about. Sometimes there is a timeline, or a fictional biography of the main character.

Yair Auron
Yair Auron (born April 30, 1945) is an Israeli historian, scholar and expert specializing on Holocaust and Genocide studies, racism and contemporary Jewry. Since 2005 he is the head of the Department of Sociology, Political Science and Communication, The Open University of Israel, Associate Professor.
Biography.
From 1974 to 1976 Auron worked as the Director of the Education Department, Yad Vashem, Jerusalem, in 1980's he was a researcher of the Center for Jewish Education, Hebrew University and Academic director of European Section, The Israel Diaspora Institute, Tel-Aviv University. In 1996-1999 he was a Senior Lecturer in College of Yezreel, Head of the Division of Cultural Studies.

Gniezno
Gniezno (pronounced) is a town in central-western Poland, some 50 km east of Poznań, inhabited by about 70,000 people. Situated in the Greater Poland Voivodeship. It is the administrative capital of the Gniezno County (powiat).
Gniezno is a cradle of the Polish state and until 1038 was capital of Poland. In the 1000 here took place Gniezno Congress, meeting beetwen duke Boleslaus I the Brave and Otto III, the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. In Gniezno Cathedral until 14th century took place royal coronations. Patron of Gniezno is saint Adalbert of Prague.

Gravitation
Gravitation is the theory that all objects that have mass try to move toward each other. In everyday life, gravitation is commonly thought of as the force that gives objects weight. Gravitation keeps the Earth and the other planets in their orbits around the Sun. It keeps the Moon in its orbit around the Earth. It causes tides, convection and many other things that happen. Gravitation is also the reason that the Earth, the Sun, and most other objects in space exist. Without it, matter would not have come together into these big masses. Without gravitation, life as we know it would not exist.
Physics describes gravitation using the theory of general relativity. Newton's law of universal gravitation is very similar to the theory of relativity but much more simple.
The term "gravity" is often used to mean "gravitation". In science, the terms "gravitation" and "gravity" are used differently. "Gravitation" is the theory about the attraction. "Gravity" is the force that pulls objects towards each other.
Galileo.
In the late 17th century, Galileo did a famous experiment about gravity where he dropped balls from the Tower of Pisa. He later rolled balls down inclines. With these experiments, Galileo showed that gravitation accelerates all objects at the same rate regardless of weight.
Newton.
In 1687, English mathematician Sir Isaac Newton wrote the book "Principia". In this book, he wrote about the inverse-square law of gravitation. Newton said that the closer two objects are to each other, the more gravity will affect them. His theory about gravitation was used to predict the existence of the planet Neptune based on changes in the orbit of Uranus.
His theory was later used to predict the existence of another planet closer to the Sun than Mercury. When this was done, it was learned that his theory was not entirely correct. These mistakes in his theory were corrected by Albert Einstein's theory of General Relativity. Newton's theory is still commonly used for many things because it is much more simple to work with than the theory of General Relativity and is usually accurate enough for many uses.
General Relativity.
In general relativity, the effects of gravitation are caused by spacetime curvature instead of a force. The starting point for general relativity is the equivalence principle, which equates free fall with inertial motion.
In the 1910s, Albert Einstein thought that spacetime is curved by matter, and that free-falling objects are moving along locally straight paths in curved spacetime.
Earth's gravity.
Every moving planet (including the Earth) has its own gravitational field. This field puts out an attractive force on all objects. Assuming a perfectly round planet, the strength of this field at any location is proportional to the mass of the planet and inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the center planet's mass. It increases as the planets mass increases, but decreases as the location is moved to a greater distance from the center of the planet
The Earth's gravity field is measured as 9.82 m/s2 without anything acting on it. This means that an object dropped on the surface of the Earth will increase its speed by 9.82 meters every second it falls until it hits the ground.
Gravity and astronomy.
Newton's law of gravity was used to learn information about the planets in our solar system, the mass of the Sun, the distance to stars, quasars and even the theory of dark matter. Although we have not traveled to all the planets nor to the Sun, we know their masses. These masses are gotten by using the laws of gravity on certain things with the orbit. In space, an object keeps its orbit because of the force of gravity acting upon it. Planets orbit stars, stars orbit galactic centers, galaxies orbit a center of mass in clusters, and clusters orbit in superclusters. The force of gravity is proportional to the mass of an object and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the objects.
Gravitational radiation.
In general relativity, gravitational radiation is made at times where the curvature of spacetime is moving in waves, such as is the case with co-orbiting objects. The gravitational radiation put out by the solar system is too small to measure. However, gravitational radiation has been indirectly seen as an energy loss over time in binary pulsar systems such as PSR 1913+16. It is believed that neutron star mergers and black hole creation may create measurable amounts of gravitational radiation.

Birmingham to Peterborough Line
On other tracks (Ely to Peterborough, Breckland and West Anglia) the trains keep going after Peterborough, through March and Ely to Thetford and Norwich or Wendens Ambo (Audley End) and Stansted Airport. Many of them run to Stansted. Services for Norwich come back out of Ely.
Other services using part of the Birmingham to Peterborough Line include Birmingham to Leicester local (close by) trains. The tracks also have a lot of cargo on the trains, being one of the big train tracks to Birmingham Freightliner Terminal (on the site of Birmingham Lawley Street railway station).

From the Mixed-Up Files of Mrs. Basil E. Frankweiler
"From the Mixed-Up Files of Mrs. Basil E. Frankweiler" is a novel by E. L. Konigsburg that won the Newbery Medal for excellence in American children's literature in 1968.
Story.
This book tells the story of Claudia Kincaid, an 11-year-old girl who feels unappreciated by her parents. She decides to run away from home just long enough to show her family what they would be missing without her. Unfortunately, she doesn't enjoy hardship or discomfort, so running away has lots of problems. To solve this problem, Claudia decides to stay at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. She tells her younger brother Jamie to accompany her: he's quiet, but most importantly, he has a secret stash of cash he's gotten by cheating at card games with his best friend, Bruce.
Much of the first part of the novel details how Claudia and Jamie settle in at the museum: blending in with school groups on field trips during the day to get a free presentation, hiding in the restroom at closing time to stay there, and emerging at night to bathe in the fountain and sleep on antique beds. During their stay, they become fascinated with the newest exhibit: a beautiful statue of an angel, thought to have been crafted by Michelangelo. Their time and money are spent trying to find the secret of the statue, hidden somewhere in the unorganized files of the statue's old owner, Mrs. Basil E. Frankweiler, who lives in Farmington, Connecticut.
She says you can know the secret only if you can find the truth from her mixed up files. They find the truth under the file "Bologna". They go home, and by their choice, Jamie and Claudia turn out to be the grandchildren of Mrs Frankweiler's lawyer, Saxonberg.
In other media.
This novel was made into a movie in 1973, starring Ingrid Bergman in the title role. It later became a made-for-TV film in 1995, starring Lauren Bacall in the title role.
In the television series "The Simpsons", the plot was mimicked in the episodes "Smart and Smarter," in which Lisa hides in a local science museum in embarrassment at finding her baby sister is smarter than she, and the episode "Last Tap Dance in Springfield" features Bart and Milhouse hiding out in the shopping mall for one week while on a camping trip. The movie "The Royal Tenenbaums" has a scence in which characters Margot and Richie hide in a museum; in the film's DVD commentary, Wes Anderson states that this was an homage to the novel. There is also a reference to the book in "The Office (US TV series)", when Jim Halpert mentions it to a co-worker Kevin's daughter, Abby, and asks her where she'd rather live: the Met, or the aquarium.

Citizenship of the European Union
Citizenship of the European Union was started by the Maastricht Treaty signed in 1992. It is extra to being a citizen of one of the member countries of the European Union, and gives extra rights to nationals of European Union Member States.
History.
Before the Maastricht Treaty (1992), the European Communities treaties allowed workers, and their families, to travel and live in any member country. This idea started when the European Coal and Steel Community was set up by the Treaty of Paris in 1951. This allowed workers in the coal and steel industries to move to another country for work. In 1957, the European Economic Community was set up by the Treaty of Rome. That treaty allowed all workers to move freely.
The European Court of Justice took a wider idea of freedom of movement. The Court said people should be allowed to move to another country to get a better life style, not just to earn more money by working.. The law made by the European Court, the reason the reason a worker wanted to move abroad does not moatter, they could start part-time and full-time work, and get extra help from the new country.
Other decisions of the ECJ allowed any citizen of a member country live anywhere in the EU. and be treated the same as a citizen of the new country..
Start of EU Citizenship.
The idea of EU citizenship was started by the Maastricht Treaty, and was extended by the Treaty of Amsterdam. The Treaty of Amsterdam said that union citizenship will not replace national citizenship, but only be extra it.
Who is an EU citizen?
Article 17 (1) of the amended EC Treaty states that Citizenship of the Union is hereby established. Every person holding the nationality of a Member State shall be a citizen of the Union. Citizenship of the Union shall complement and not replace national citizenship.
Specific rights.
Citizens of new countries which join the EU can have some of the rights limited for up to seven years after they join.

Messiah (Handel)
Messiah is an oratorio by George Frideric Handel. It is Handel’s most famous work, and in England, the most often performed of any big choral work. The title Messiah means “the anointed one” and is the name given to Jesus Christ in the Christian teaching.
Background to its composition.
George Frideric Handel was born in Germany. When he was a young man he came to England and he liked it so much that he soon visited England again and stayed there for the rest of his life, becoming a naturalised Englishman.
The main reason why Handel liked England at that time was because the people liked his music and gave him support. At this time Handel was known as a composer of operas. For about 20 years Handel spent most of his time working on operas: composing them, organising performances and looking for opera singers to sing his works.
By the late 1730’s, however, people’s tastes started to change and opera was not so popular. Handel changed to writing oratorios. He almost invented the oratorio as we know it. His oratorios are based on the English tradition of the Masque, which was something between a play and an opera. However, oratorios were about stories from the Old Testament. Instead of ancient Gods or Roman emperors (which is what operas were about at that time) he used dramatic stories from the Bible. Among many great oratorios that he wrote, "Messiah" is his most famous one. However, it is different from his other oratorios in some ways.
Handel composes the Messiah.
The words of "Messiah" were written by a librettist Charles Jennens. He chose several passages from the Bible and made a libretto, which he sent to Handel in 1741 (although people today often call the work “The Messiah”, both Handel and Jennens call it “Messiah” without the word “the”). Handel immediately realized that a great work of music could be made from Jennens’ libretto. He thought that Jennens was a very clever person, and in his letters to him he calls the work “Your Oratorio "Messiah"”. Handel sat down in the front room of his house in Brook Street, London, and wrote the whole oratorio in twenty four days. It is a long work, lasting over two hours, and when one thinks that Handel had to write out all the parts for the choir and orchestra, he must have worked unbelievably hard. When he had finished the work, he put it in a drawer for seven weeks. Perhaps he thought it would never be played in London, because at that time the London audiences did not seem to like him.
Handel goes to Dublin.
Just at that time he got an invitation to go to Dublin. He was asked to give a concert to get money for charity. The main charity for which money was being raised was the debtor’s prison. In those days people who ran into debt (meaning that they owed lots of people money but had no money to pay them) were sent to prison. There they were fed by charity (people who fed them out of kindness). If no one fed them they just starved to death. Handel had nearly been sent to a debtor’s prison himself a few years earlier.
He went to Dublin as soon as he could, and he was there by November. On 23 December he performed his oratorio "L’Allegro". Unlike the London audiences, people in Dublin loved it. This was followed by "Alexander’s Feast", "Imeneo" and, in April, "Messiah". He was a very great success in Dublin, and he stayed there until August, when he returned to London, where his jealous enemies were waiting for him.
The writer Alexander Pope helped people to change their minds and listen to Handel’s new music. He had just published volume 4 of "Dunciad". In this work he said how wonderful Handel’s choruses were. When he heard "Messiah" he must have known that he had written the truth.
The music.
"Messiah" tells the story of Christ. It is divided into three parts. Part One tells of the coming and the birth of Christ. Part Two is about his being put to death on the cross, and his Ascension into Heaven, and Part Three has some thoughts about Christ, with words from the books of Job and Corinthians Book One. Handel usually performed his oratorios in theatres, not in churches, and his audience went as a change from going to the opera. They did not go for religious worship.
Handel’s oratorios are normally dramatic, with the four solo singers (soprano, alto, tenor and bass) each taking the part of a character from the Bible. "Messiah" is different. The soloists sing about the story of Christ. The great choruses, where the choir sings, praise the Lord in the wonderful music. Some of the music is homophonic (e.g. the "Hallelujah" chorus), some of the choruses are dramatic dialogues (e.g. "Lift up your heads"), or they are a fugue ("He trusted in God" and "Amen"), or they describe things dramatically ("All we like sheep").
The Hallelujah Chorus.
The most famous of all the movements in The Messiah is the one popularly known as the "Hallelujah Chorus", because most of it is sung to the word “Hallelujah”. It comes at the end of the Part Two of the oratorio.
There is a famous story about King George II
who went to a performance of "Messiah". When it came to the "Hallelujah Chorus" he stood up. Whenever the king stood up, everyone in his presence had to stand up, so the whole audience stood. No one is really sure whether the king stood up because he liked the music or for some other reason, but it has become tradition for the audience to stand up when the "Hallelujah Chorus" is sung.

Major General John Murray
"Major General" John Joseph Murray DSO & Bar, MC (born 26 April 1892 in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, died 8 September 1951 in Sydney, New South Wales) was an Australian Army Officer and businessman with a special role in both world wars. During World War I, he was "mentioned in despatches" and got got medals while fighting on the Western Front in France. In World War II and he was made commander of the 20th Brigade that helped beat Erwin Rommell's "Afrika Korps" in "Libya".
Early Life.
Murray was born on born 26 April 1892 in Sydney, New South Wales. His father was working man from Ireland. His father was also called John Murray and his mother was called Margaret.
When he left the local Catholic school John Murray started training as a salesman for Sydney firm Anthony Hordern & Sons in 1910. He then joined the Australian Citizens Military Forces where he served two years before joining the 33rd Regiment in 1913.
World War I.
John Murray was already in the Australian Army when World War I started on 28 July 1914. He was quickly (fast) made a Second Lieutenant on 6 March 1915. When he started being Second Lieutenant, Murray was moved to the Australian Imperial Force, and went by ship to Egypt. After being posted to the 1st Battalion at first, in March, 1916 he was moved to the 53rd Battalion, which was part of the 5th Division, when the Australian Imperial Force was helped by new soldiers from Australia. The 5th Division was soon moved from Egypt to France where they were put into the hard fighting of the Western Front.
By 19 July 1916 Murray's 53rd Battalion were in the first fighting by the Australian Imperial Force on the Western Front. It was the Battle of Fromelles. 5,533 Australian soldiers were killed, wounded or taken prisoner, because the fighting plan went wrong. The Australian War Memorial sayss the fighting was "the worst 24 hours in Australia's entire history"
John Murray became a Major in June 1917 and was soon known for his very good leadership and very brave "night raiding" (crossing at night into enemy trenches). In September 1918 during the very hard fighting of the Second Battle of the Somme, Murray's good leadership was mentioned again, and after fights near Peronne, he was awarded the Distinguished Service Order.
Murray was still fighting on the Western Front when peace started 11 November 1918. Having been awarded the Military Cross and Distinguished Service Order, and also having twice being told of in dispatches he went back home to Australia in May, 1919.
Between the Wars.
By 25 August 1919 the all of the men in the Australian Imperial Force had been sent home. Murray was happy to go back to his job at Anthony Hordern & Sons in Sydney, but he did not want to stop being a soldier, and he joined the Australian Citizens Military Forces.
On 4 January 1923 John Murray married Mary Madeline Cannon at St. Mary's Cathedral, Sydney, and soon after became the manager of the delivery department at Anthony Hordern & Sons.
By 1925 Murray became a of Lieutenant-Colonel. From 1934 to 1938 Murray was the Commanding Officer of the Australian Army Service Corps, 1st Division.
World War II.
With war coming again, John Murray was given the command of the 9th Infantry brigade, and they got ready to move for war in February, 1940. He was chosen for the Second Australian Imperial Force in April 1940 and was given command of the 20th Brigade which went by ship to the Middle East in October 1940 to begin training in Palestine.
Tobruk.
Murrays brigade was made a part of the 9th Division. Even though the troops were not ready to fight, the 9th Division was sent to Libya to help the 6th Division win Tobruk.
On 4 April 1941, the "Afrika Korps" starting fighting Murray's 20th Brigade. The Australians slowed down Rommell's forces, but there were so many Germans they could not be forced back. Murray and his troops moved into Tobruk itself. For his leadership, John Murray was granted a "bar" to his Distinguished Service Order (the bar is given instead of a second medal).
Murray's knowledge of Trench warfare and night-raiding was very helpful to the defenders during the Siege of Tobruk. In November 1941, Murray was mentioned in dispatches for the third time in his career for his excellent resistance to Rommell.
Battle for Australia.
Murray returned to Australia in January 1942, just as the Japan was fighting south towards New Guinea. Instead of the recruiting job he expected, Murray was put in charge of the Newcastle Covering Force, and immediately promoted him to temporary Major-General.
The Newcastle Covering Force was soon re-named the 10th Division and Murray was sent to Western Australia in August 1942 to lead the 4th Division which was then moved to North Queensland due to fears of Japanese invasion during April and May 1943.In October 1944, he was made General of the Rear Echelon at Mareeba, before commanding the Northern Territory Force from March, 1945 until January, 1946, when he retired.
Post War.
John Murray was made Australian trade commissioner to New Zealand from 1946 until 1949 and then the same role for "Ceylon" in 1949.
General John Murray died on 8 September 1951 at the Military Hospital, Concord, Sydney. He received a funeral with full military honours, and was buried in French's Forest Cemetery. His wife, three sons and two daughters survived him.

Dippoldiswalde
Dippoldiswalde is a town in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. It is the capital city of the Weißeritzkreis district. It is situated east of Freiberg, and south of Dresden.
The town is situated on the Weisseritz railway, a narrow gauge railway powered by steam locomotives.

Großenhain
Großenhain is the capital of the Riesa-Großenhain Rural District, Saxony, Germany.
History.
Großenhain was originally a Sorbian settlement. It was first mentioned in 1205.
Geography.
Großenhain is located on the river Röder, 30 km northwest of Dresden, and 17 km east of Riesa.
It is also situated on Via Regia from Görlitz to Santiago de Compostela.

Meißen
Meißen (Sorbian: "Mišno") is a town of about 30,000 near Dresden on both banks of the Elbe in the Free State of Saxony, in eastern Germany. Meißen is the home of Meißen porcelain. Meißen is the capital city of Meißen Rural District
During World War II, a subcamp of Flossenburg concentration camp was in Meißen.
Porcelain.
Meißen is famous for the manufacture of porcelain. This is because there are big local deposits of china clay (kaolin) and potter's clay (potter's earth). Meißen porcelain was the first high quality porcelain to be produced outside of China.
The first European porcelain was made in Meißen in 1710, when the Royal Porcelain Factory was opened in the Albrechtsburg. In 1861, it was moved to the Triebisch valley of Meißen, where the Meißen porcelain factory can still be found today.

The Best Damn Thing (album)
"The Best Damn Thing" is an album and hit song by musical artist Avril Lavigne. It was produced in 2007, and is her most recent release.

The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants
"The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants" is a series of book by Ann Brashares. It is about a group of girls named Bridget (the leader), Lena Kigales (the shy and beautiful), Carmen (the dramatic one), and Tibby (the rebellious girl). These girls find a pair of pants that fit all four of them, though one girl is fat, one girl is short and one girl is super thin. There are 4 books in the series. It was made into a film in 2005.

Complicated
"Complicated" was the first and perhaps the most popular song sung by Avril Lavigne. It was released in 2002. It was on her album "Let Go". Other songs on the same CD single are "I Don't Give" and additional "Why" on maxi-cds.
It was at one point #1 in the charts in Canada, UK, Australia and the US. She was 17 when she sang it and she and her band wrote it together.

Navel piercing
A navel piercing is type of piercing to the bellybutton. It is the second most popular piercing, next to ear piercing. It is considered a form of body art. Ther can be multiple piercings and it is possible to change rings, depending on how you pierce it.

Flag of Brazil
The Brazilian Flag is the flag of Brazil. It is the flag that has gone through the most changes and the current flag was made and used in May of 1992, and still use it today.
Flag.
It has gone through changes many times, changes including stars, colour and other things.

From the Mixed-Up Files of Mrs. Basil E. Frankweiler (1995 movie)
"From the Mixed-Up Files of Mrs. Basil E. Frankweiler" is a 1995 television movie based on E.L. Konigsburg's novel "From the Mixed-Up Files of Mrs. Basil E. Frankweiler". The story is about a girl and her brother who run away from home to live in the New York Metropolitan Museum of Art and find what they think is a lost treasure. The children, Claudia and Jamie, are amazed with the treasure and won't leave without knowing what its secret is. Lauren Bacall stars in the title role.
Before this movie, the book was made into a 1973 feature movie starring Ingrid Bergman, later released on home video as "The Hideaways".

624 Hektor
624 Hektor is the biggest of the Jovian Trojan asteroids. It was found in 1907 by August Kopff.
Hektor is a D-type asteroid, dark and reddish in colour. It lies in Jupiter's leading Lagrangian point, L4, called the 'Greek' node after one of the two sides in the legendary Trojan War. Ironically, Hektor is named after the Trojan hero Hektor, and is thus one of two Trojan asteroids that is "misplaced" in the wrong camp (the other being 617 Patroclus in the Trojan node).
Hektor is one of the most stretched bodies of its size in the solar system, being 370 × 200 km. It is thought that Hektor might be a contact binary (two asteroids joined by gravitational attraction) like 216 Kleopatra. Hubble Space Telescope sightings of Hektor in 1993 did not show an obvious stretched shape because of a limited angular resolution. On July 17 2006, the Keck-10m II telescope and its Laser guide star Adaptive Optics (AO) system indicated a stretched shape for Hektor. Additionally, since this AO system provides an excellent and stable correction (angular resolution of 0.060 arcsec in K band), a 15-km moon at 1000 km from Hektor was found. The moon's provisional designation is S/2006 (624) 1. Hektor is, so far, the only known binary trojan asteroid in the L4 point and the first Trojan with a moon. 617 Patroclus, another big Trojan asteroid located in the L5, is made of two same-sized asteroids.

Golden Horse Film Festival and Awards
The Golden Horse Film Festival and Awards or simply Golden Horse, also known as 臺北金馬影展 in the People's Republic of China, is a film festival and awards ceremony held annually in Taiwan. The ceremony usually takes place in November or December in Taipei.
The awards, contested by submitted Taiwan, Hong Kong, mainland China movies and from elsewhere, are generally held to be the most prestigious for Chinese language movies outside the People's Republic of China. The awards ceremony is held after the month-long film festival, which showcases some of the nominated movies for the awards.
Winners are selected by a jury of judges during the week before the ceremony is held. Winners are awarded with a golden horse statuette.
Under current rules and regulations, every movie made primarily in any dialect of Chinese language is eligible for competition. Since 1996, almost any artist or movie from the mainland China were allowed enter the awards.

The Golden Melody Awards
The Golden Melody Awards () or sometimes shorted to just Golden Melody are music awards annually presented in Taiwan..
Golden Melody began in 1990.

Ella Koon
Ella Koon, real name Ianna Koon, is a Chinese singer, actress and model. She was born in Tahiti, French Polynesia, and was raised in Hong Kong, where she is currently based.
She speaks Cantonese, English, French and Mandarin languages.
Early career.
After finishing high school in Birmingham, England, she began her career as a model in 2000. She debuted into the film industry in the romance movie "I Do".
Later career.
In 2004, she started her singing career and released her debut "Original (album)". In early 2005, She participated in the TVB show "Hotel Situation". Her second album "Ellacadabra" was released in late 2005. In mid-2005, Koon starred in the TVB's series "Revolving Doors of Vengeance (酒店風雲)", making her a well-known actress as well. She also starred in "Survivor's Law II" in 2007.

Survivor's Law II
"Survivor's Law II" is a Chinese TV drama series. It aired in Hong Kong starting 24 December 2007 and ending 18 January 2008. It is the sequel to the 2003 series "Survivor's Law". However, three members of the original cast did not appear in this sequel due.
Plot synopsis.
MK Sun (real name Sun Man Kwan) was a teenager who once stopped a drug smuggler, but then was wrongly accused of being the one taking drugs. Despite his background, he hired a famous lawyer to help him and not surprisingly, he won. The lawyer, named Brandon, became his idol, and MK Sun grew up to be a lawyer.
Years later, MK was trying to get a job in his idol's company, T&B. He beats Brandon's wife, Brenda in a case, and started working there. There he meets a stubborn, rich, and spoiled girl named Lily, who only cares about her self and appearnace. They became enemies because of each others' backgrounds and attitudes.
MK then meets Vincent. Vincent thought of MK as ghetto, but soon realizes he was wrong. After having a fight with him in soccer, Vincent punched the umpire but MK Sun took the blame. Soon, they become friends.
After splitting with his former girlfriend Jessica, Vincent falls in love with a coffee shop girl called Choi Yuk. Vincent had his license for being a lawyer taken away for three years and couldn't get his license back yet. After getting a chance to work again and start a new refreshing career, he started only caring for himself. He was so determined that he went against Choi Yuk and her family, and even MK. Choi Yuk thought he betrayed them and only cared about himself so she ended the relationship.
After a while, Lily and MK start to have feelings for each other and eventually get married in court.
Soon, Choi Yuk gets into hospital after taking a beating in the head by someone and falling into a coma, and gives birth to a baby boy Jophy. Vincent then gets hit in the head when Choi Yuk wakes up and loses his memory. However, to prevent Choi Yuk from despairing too much from not remembering her and Jophy, he proposes and they get married.
Vincent never regains his memory and ends up working in the shop with Choi Yuk. MK and Lily share a sweet and playful relationship.

Ellacadabra
"Ellacadabra" is the second album and first compilation album by Chinese pop-rock singer Ella Koon under the record label Boombeat. First realeased on 22 December 2005 in China, this album includes 6 new songs, 4 songs from Ella's previous album "Original" and 1 remix of the song "地平線" which was featured on "Original". The songs were written by composers such as Paul Wong and Eric Kwok and were recorded in Hong Kong.
The album comes with a DVD, which includes a video titled "From London to Paris" as well as 4 PVs of her singles: "完成大我", "暗戀航空", "甚麼甚麼" and "捉迷藏".

Younha
Younha (고윤하; Hanja: 高允河 Go Yoon Ha Japanese: ユンナ Yunna), born 29 April 1988 in Seoul, Korea, is a Korean pop singer.
Younha made her debut at the age of sixteen. Nicknamed the "Oricon comet" for her success in Japan, she has currently released eight singles and one album in that country with varying degrees of success. Also, many of her songs have been featured in TV shows.
Younha is signed to Epic Records, a sub-company of Sony Music Japan. Her Korean agency is Stam Entertainment.
Early life.
Born in South Korea to musical parents, Younha began to play the piano at the age of 4. She developed an interest in Japanese drama shows and began to teach herself Japanese. Before long, she was skilled enough to translate to her school friends what happened on recent Japanese TV episodes. What began as an interest in Japanese dramas developed into an interest in Japanese music. At the recommendation of an older student in her school's broadcasting club, she listened to such artists such as Utada Hikaru and Misia. Younha began to dream about debuting as a singer alongside her favorite artists.
ゆびきり(Yubikiri) Era.
In order to seek her dreams, she began to try out in auditions within Korea. She claimed that she went through as many as 20 auditions. She also commented in her interview that certain companies refused to sign her to their labels because they believed she was not "pretty" enough, although she sang very well. Her mother also discouraged her dream and even locked her bedroom door to prevent Younha from leaving the house. Younha, however, climbed out the window and made it to the audition. At one audition, she made an overwhelming impression and signed a contract with a Korean company. Soon after, Younha's voice was heard by a company in Japan. In order to make her childhood dream of debuting in Japan come true, Younha underwent recording while going back and forth between Korea and Japan. Quickly, Younha's Japanese skills advanced so much that she surprised even the staff around her.
After a TV drama producer heard her demo tape, her song "Yubikiri" was chosen as the insert song for the Fuji TV Monday drama show "Tokyo Wankei ~Destiny of Love~". In October of that same year, she debuted with her official first single "Yubikiri".
Houkiboshi to Go! Younha Era.
Younha's second single "Houkiboshi" was used as an ending song for the popular anime show "BLEACH". It became a hit - debuting on the Oricon chart at #18, it peaked at #12 and propelled Younha into the limelight. With this single, she became only the second Korean, after BoA, to have broken the Oricon chart's top 20. Between "Touch / Yume no Tsuzuki" and "Houki Boshi", she released "Motto Futari de". It flopped massively, only reaching #117 on the Oricon Charts possibly due to a lack of promotion. Her later single, "Touch / Yume no Tsuzuki", first charted at the #15, with the tie-in and went as high as #11. After releasing five singles, Younha released her first album entitled "Go! Younha". It reached the #10 spot on the Oricon weekly charts.
Tewo Tsunaide to Hakanaku Tsuyoku Era.
"My Lover" was a re-cut single from Go! Younha, her debut album, and was re-cut because it was the theme to the "Bleach GC: Tasogare Ni Mamieru Shini Kami". It was limited to 70,000 copies and flopped, selling only about 2,000 copies, ranking at #58. Because of the limited print, however, it has become extremely valuable and rare to the fans. Younha was also chosen to sing the ending theme to the anime "Jyu Oh Sei". "Tewo Tsunaide" only did slightly better than "My Lover", peaking at #50.
Younha began to compose her own music. The song "Kaerimichi" released on "My Lover" is the first song released for which she wrote the lyrics and composed the music for. In addition, she composed the music for the song "homegirl", the B-side released on "Te wo Tsunaide".
"Imaga Daisuki" was released, with more live performances than "Te wo Tsunaide", and a tie-in. It seemed that Younha has a bigger budget on this single. It did significantly worse, as her second worst ranking single, at #71. "Imaga Daisuki" was also used as an opening song for the animation Jang Geum's Dream while the b-track "Inori" was used for the animation's ending song.
Younha released a digital Korean single titled "Audition". The single includes "Audition (Time 2 Rock)" and "Waiting (기다리다)". Although it was released as a digital single, very limited hard copies of the single were available as well. Many performances for this song were shown on Korean TV, unusual for Younha as her last appearance on TV was with her single "Touch." Much promotion occurred for this single and it helped for a long charting life for "Audition", lasting well over 3 months in all the Korean charts. She stayed in Korea during this release, as well as January.
Younha was once again chosen to be an anime theme singer for "Kiba". The song "Hakanaku Tsuyoku" was used as the second opening for the show. The single was released on 17 January 2007. This single, unlike her other singles, has only 3 tracks. Surprisingly, this single appeared on the Top 20 Daily Charts for exactly one day, at #16. The Weekly rank was at an above-average #36, but sales were only slightly better. This single did not have a PV because Younha was in Korea during the month before and most likely January as well.
고백하기 좋은 날 (The Perfect Day to Say I Love You) Era.
Exactly two months after "Hakanaku Tsuyoku", Younha went back to her home country to release her first Korean Album entitled "고백하기 좋은 날" (Go Baek Ha Gi Jo Eun Nal, translated "The Perfect Day to Say I Love You" or literally translated "Good Day to Confess"). She recorded a MV for the third track "비밀번호 486" (Bi Mil Bun Ho 486, translated "Password 486") which stars fellow Stam artist Yoon Ji Hoo. The video featured many image changes for Younha which include her first ever kiss. The album also features a collaboration with Wheesung.
With the single welcomed well into the market, Younha proceeded to release her Korean debut album. The album received excellent success, peaking at #1 on the charts. The first song to be promoted from the album was 비밀번호 486 (Bi Mil Bun Ho 486, translated "Password 486"). She won the SBS Inkigayo Mutizen award twice for Secret Number 486. This song was also well received by the Korean audience. The second song to be promoted from this album was 연애조건 (Yeonae Jogeon, translated "Love Condition").
On July 14th 2007, Younha appeared on the Korean GomTV MSL Grand Finals (Starcraft tournament) and played in the opening ceremony.
Younha has also been picked as publicity envoy for the anti-corruption Clean Wave Campaign for her pure and clean image.
At the 2007 MKMF held on November 17th 2007, Younha won the Best New Solo Artist award.
Younha Vol. 1.5 Album.
With Younha's success rising, she released a new version of Go! Younha, all re-recorded in Korean. The album, with tracklist changes, is now called 혜성 (Comet), and was released on October 23.
2008: Return To Japan and Future Plans for 2008.
On January 18th, Younha left Korea to continue her music career in Japan. She is expecting to release a new Japanese Album/Music Video DVD, "SONGS-Teen's Collection. " This Collection is expected to include all of her music videos so far, plus a 32 page photobook, in the limited edition of the disk. The release date of this album is March 26th, and on-line Music Shops already have started getting pre-orders. For information about pre-ordering, contact http://www.jkm.co.kr or http://www.leesmusic.co.kr/ (both Korean)
Collaborations.
Younha sang the song "Boku wa Koko ni Iru" on the tribute album to Masayoshi Yamazaki, "One More Time, One More Track". (12.21.05)
Younha was selected as one of 14 female artists to perform in the omnibus album "14 Princess ~Princess Princess Children~", a collection of the most famous songs by the top girls band Princess Princess of late 80's and early 90's. Younha performed the song "Diamonds", which was the number 1 seller of the year 1989 in Japan. (03.08.06)
Discography.
This is the discography of pop artist Younha.

Benedictine
The word Benedictine usually refers to a follower of the Order of Saint Benedict. These people usually lead a life in an abbey, they follow the rule of Benedict of Nursia. Benedict lived in the 6th century. He made some rules, called the Rule of St Benedict these people follow. The rules can be summed up by "pax" ("peace") and "ora et labora" ("pray and work").
Most Benedictines see themselves as part of the Catholic Church, some can also be found in the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Anglican Church. Officially, the order is known as "Ordo Sancti Benedicti" ("OSB").

Franciscan
The word Franciscan is used to refer to a follower of one of the religious orders that follow the Rule of St Francis. St Francis lived in the 13th century. They usually lead simple lives without much money. Today, there are three main branches of these orders. They mostly see themselves as part of the Roman Catholic or Anglican Church. There are also small communities in the Old Catholic and Protestant Church.

Cistercian
The term Cistercian is used to refer to a follower of Roman Catholic religious order. Officially the order is called "Ordo Cisterciensis" ("OCist"), or "Sacer Ordo Cisterciensis"("SOC"). These people follow the same rules as the Benedictines, that is to say those of St Benedict. Over time, the Benedictines made some changes to the rules and the way of life.
The Cistercians reject these. They went back to what St Benedict had taught. Sometimes their rules were more strict than those St Benedict had given. They also went back to manual labour, especially work in the fields. Because of this, the Cistercians helped spread technologies around Medieval Europe.
In 1882 certain monasteries formed a new order, called the Trappists. With the time, they split completely from the Cistercians.

Langston Hughes
Langston Hughes (1902 – May 22, 1967) was a famous American poet, novelist, playwright and short story writer. Hughes was one of the writers and artists whose work was called the Harlem Renaissance.
Hughes grew up as a poor boy from Missouri, the descendant of African people who had been taken to America as slaves. At that time, the term used for African-Americans was "Negro" which means a person with black skin. Most "Negroes" did not remember or think about their link with the people of Africa, even though it was a big influence on their culture and, in particular, their music. Hughes was unusual for his time, because he went back to West Africa to understand more about his own culture. Through his poetry, plays and stories, Hughes helped other black Americans to see themselves as part of a much bigger group of people, so that now the term "African-American" is used with pride.
Hughes became a famous writer, but all his life he remembered how he started out, and he helped and encouraged many other struggling writers.
Childhood.
Langston Hughes was born on February 1, 1902 in Joplin, Missouri. His parents were James Nathaniel Hughes and Carrie Langston Hughes who was a teacher. Langston's father, James Hughes, was so upset about the racism towards African-Americans that he left his family and moved to Mexico. Young Langston was cared for by his grandmother, in Lawrence, Kansas while his mother worked to support the family. Langston's Grandmother was a great story teller. She told stories that made him feel proud to be an African-American.
After his grandmother died Hughes went to live with some family friends for a time, and then, as a teenager went to live in Lincoln, Illinois, with his mother, who had remarrried. He was often left alone because his mom was at work. Even though his childhood was difficult and had lots of changes, he was able to use these things in the poetry that he started to write while he was at school. He never forgot the stories of his grandmother and tried to help other African-Americans when they were having problems. These were the people that he later wrote about in his own stories.
When Hughes went to school in Lincoln, there were only two African-American children in the class. The teacher talked to them about poetry. She said that what a poem needed most was rhythm. Langston later said that he had rhythm in his blood because, "as everyone knows", "all" African-Americans have rhythm. The children made him the "class poet".
At high school in Cleveland, Ohio, Langston learned to love reading. He loved the poetry of the American poets Paul Laurence Dunbar and Carl Sandburg. He wrote articles for the school newspaper, he edited the school yearbook and he wrote his first short stories and plays.
Hughes' father and Columbia University.
When Langston Hughes was 17 he went to spend some time with his father in Mexico. He was so unhappy while he was there that he thought about committing suicide. Hughes could not understand how his father felt. He said: "I had been thinking about my father and his strange dislike of his own people. I didn't understand it, because I was a Negro, and I liked Negroes very much!"
When he finished high school in Lincoln in 1920, he went back to Mexico, to ask his father to pay for him to go to university. Hughes' father was a lawyer and a wealthy landowner. He could afford to send his son to university but he made difficulties about it. He said that Hughes could only go to university if he went overseas and studied engineering. Hughes wanted to go to university in the US. After a time, they made an agreement that he should go to Columbia University but study engineering, not an arts degree. He went to Columbia in 1921 but left in 1922, partly because of the racism in the university.
Adult life.
Until 1926 Hughes did many different types of work. In 1923 he went as a crewman on the ship "S.S.Malone" and went to West Africa and Europe. He left the ship and stayed for a short time in Paris where he joined several other African-Americans who were living there. In November 1924, Hughes returned to the U.S. to live with his mother in Washington, D.C.. In 1925 he got a job as an assistant to Carter G. Woodson who worked with the "Association for the Study of African American Life and History". Hughes didn't enjoy his work because he didn't have enough time to write, so he left and got a job as a "busboy", wiping tables and washing dishes at a hotel. Hughes is sometimes called "The Busboy Poet". Meanwhile, some of his poems were published in magazines and were being collected together for his first book of poetry. While he was working at the hotel he met the poet Vachel Lindsay, who helped to make Hughes known as a new African-American poet.
In 1926 Hughes began studying at Lincoln University, Pennsylvania. He had help from patrons, Amy Spingarn, who gave him $300 and "Godmother" Charlotte Osgood Mason. Hughes graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in 1929 and became a Doctor of Letters in 1943. He was also given an honorary doctorate by Howard University. For the rest of his life, except when he travelled to the Caribbean or West Indies, Hughes lived in Harlem, New York.
Langston Hughes sometimes went out with women, but he never married. People who have studied his life and poetry are sure that he was homosexual. In the 1930s it was harder to be open about being gay than it is nowadays. His poetry has lots of symbols which are used by other homosexual writers. Hughes thought that men who had very dark skin were particularly beautiful. It seems from his poetry that he was in love with an African-American man. He also wrote a story which might tell of his own experience. "Blessed Assurance" is the story of a father's anger because his son is "queer" and acts like a girl.
Hughes' life and work were an important part of the Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s, alongside those Zora Neale Hurston, Wallace Thurman, Countee Cullen, Richard Bruce Nugent, and Aaron Douglas, who together started a magazine "Fire!! Devoted to Younger Negro Artists". Hughes and these friends did not always agree with the ideas of some of the other African-American writers who were also part of the "Harlem Renaissance" because they thought their ideas were Middle class and that they treated others who had darker skin, less education and less money with discrimination. All his life, Hughes never forgot the lessons that he learned about poor and uneducated African-Americans in the stories that his grandmother told.
In 1960, the "NAACP" awarded Hughes the "Spingarn Medal" for "distinguished achievements by an African American". Hughes became a member of the "National Institute of Arts and Letters" in 1961. In 1973, an award was named after him, the "Langston Hughes Medal", awarded by the City College of New York.
Hughes became a famous American poet, but he was always ready to help other people, particularly young black writers. He was worried that many young writers hated themselves, and expressed these feelings to the world. He tried to help people feel pride, and not worry about the prejudice of other people. He also tried to help young African-Americans not to express hatred and prejudice towards white Americans.
Death.
On May 22, 1967, Hughes died at the age of 65 after having surgery for cancer. His ashes are buried under the floor of the "Langston Hughes Auditorium" in the "Arthur Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture" in Harlem. Over his ashes is a circle with a beautiful African design called "Rivers". At the centre of the design are words from a poem by Hughes: "My soul has grown deep like the rivers".

Geographic coordinate system
Image:WorldMapLongLat-eq-circles-tropics-non.png|thumb|440px|Map of Earth showing lines of latitude (horizontally) and longitude (vertically), Eckert VI projection;
A Geographical Coordinate System is a Coordinate system. This means that every place can be specified by a set of three numbers, called coordinates.
A full circle can be divided into 360 degrees (or 360°); this was first done by the Babylonians; Ancient Greeks, like Ptolemy later extended the theory.
Today, degrees are divided further. There are minutes, and seconds; 1 minute (or 1') in this context is 1/60 of a degree; 1 second (or 1") is 1/60 of a minute.
The first concept needed is called "latitude" (Lat, or the Greek symbol "phi", formula_1). For it, the Earth is cut up into 180 circles, from the Equator. The poles are at 90°, the North Pole is at 90° N(orth), the South Pole is at 90° S(outh). Places with the same latitude are on a circle, around the Earth.
The other concept is called "longitude" (Long, or the Greek symbol "lambda", formula_2), sometimes referred to as "meridian". The 0° longitude line (or zero meridian) goes through the Royal Observatory in Greenwich. Greenwich is a part of London. Then lines are drawn in a similar way; the opposite (or "antipodal") meridian of Greenwich is considered both 180°W(est), and 180°E(ast).
The third number is the height, altitude, or depth. This is given with respect to some fixed (usually easily calculable point). One of these is called Mean Sea Level.

Altmarkkreis Salzwedel
Altmarkkreis Salzwedel is a district in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany.
History.
The old Altmark region, included parts of the neighbouring district of Stendal. In the 10th century it was the eastern border of the Holy Roman Empire.
In the Late Middle Ages many towns were members of the Hanseatic League.
The modern district was established in 1994 by joining the former districts of Gardelegen, Klötze, Salzwedel and part of Osterburg.

Sankt Pauli
Sankt Pauli (or St. Pauli) is a district of Hamburg. About 27.000 people live in St. Pauli. St. Pauli is a district where many people go to have fun. There are theatres, cinemas, and a red-light district in St. Pauli. This quarter is called Kietz. There, there are no closing times imposed for shops and restaurants. Most of St. Pauli is different, though.

Anhalt-Bitterfeld
Anhalt-Bitterfeld is a district in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Its capital is Köthen, Saxony-Anhalt.
History.
This district was established by merging the former districts of Bitterfeld, Köthen and a large part of Anhalt-Zerbst as part of the Saxony-Anhalt border reforms of 2007.

Reeperbahn
The Reeperbahn is the central street in the district St.Pauli in Hamburg. Parts of it are considered to be a red-light district, but there are also theatres and cinemas near it.

Börde Rural District
Börde is a district in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany.
History.
The district was formed in the 2007 boundary changes by joining the old districts of Ohrekreis and Bördekreis.
Towns and municipalities.
Verwaltungsgemeinschaften with municipalities

Scale (zoology)
In zoology (the study of animals), a scale is a small, hard plate that grows out of an animal's skin to give it protection. Fish and reptiles have scales. In animals such as butterflies and moths, scales are plates on the surface of the insect wing. They are often beautifully coloured.

Weighing scale
Scales are used to measure the weight of an item. To use a scale, the item which needs to be weighed is put on one side of the scale. Then, weigh stones are put on the other side. Once the scale balances (that is the indicator between the two scales is in the middle), the correct weight was chosen.
There are also modern scales, where the item is simply put on the scale. Its weight can then be read from an electronic or analogue display.

Burgenlandkreis
Burgenlandkreis is a district in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. It was formed by joining the old districts of Burgenlandkreis and Weißenfels as part of the boundary changes of 2007.
On 16 July 2007 the district parliament decided to change the name back to Burgenlandkreis from 1 August 2007.

Harz Rural District
Harz is a rural district in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany.
History.
The district was made by joining the old districts of Halberstadt, Wernigerode and Quedlinburg as well as the city of Falkenstein (from the district of Aschersleben-Staßfurt). This was part of the reform of all districts in 2007

Jerichower Land
Jerichower Land is a district ("Kreis") in the north-east of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany.
History.
After World War II the old Prussian districts of Jerichow were changed. Some areas were given to the neighbouring districts of Havelberg, Rathenow, Brandenburg, Loburg and Zerbst. The two districts were also renamed after their chief town. Jerichow became Burg, and Jerichow II became Genthin. In 1952 the district of Burg was split into two parts, Loburg and Burg.
In 1994 the two districts of Burg and Loburg were merged, and took the old name of Jerichow. In 2007, 6 municipalities from the former district of Anhalt-Zerbst (Hobeck, Lohburg, Lübs, Prödel, Rosian and Schweinitz) were added to Jerichower Land.
The name is from a group of tribes of early Slavic. The name is not connected with how the. city of Jericho.

Mansfeld-Südharz Rural District
Mansfeld-Südharz is a district in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany.
History.
The district was made by joining the old districts of Sangerhausen and Mansfelder Land as part of the boundary changes of 2007

Saalekreis
Saalekreis is a district in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany.
History.
The district was established by merging the former districts of Merseburg-Querfurt and Saalkreis as part of the boundary changes of 2007.

Salzlandkreis
Salzland is a district in the middle of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany..
History.
The district was made by joining the old districts of Bernburg, Schönebeck and Aschersleben-Staßfurt (except the town Falkenstein) as part of the boundary changes of 2007

Stendal Rural District
Stendal () is a district ("Kreis") in the north-east of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. It was formed in 1994 by joining the old district of Stendal with the districts Osterburg and Havelberg.
Partnerships.
The districts has twin town agreements with
, Vårgårda

Wittenberg Rural District
Wittenberg is a district ("Kreis") in the east of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany.
History.
In 1994 the district was merged with the district of Jessen and a small part of the district of Gräfenhainichen. In 2007, 27 municipalities from the former district Anhalt-Zerbst were added to the district of Wittenberg.
Towns and municipalities.
Population figures are as at 30 June 2005.
After the resolution of 6 October 2005, as part of municipal reform, the 27 towns and communities of the Verwaltungsgemeinschaften of Coswig and Wörlitzer Winkel, formerly in the Anhalt-Zerbst district, were assigned to Wittenberg district on 1 July 2007.

STS-122
STS-122 is the name of the 121st flight of the Space Shuttle, taking seven people into outer space to visit the International Space Station. The flight is being made to deliver a new room to the space station, called "Columbus". It is being made by the Space Shuttle called "Atlantis". The flight started at 19:45 GMT, on 7 February 2008, from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida. The flight will ended 20 February, at 14:07 GMT, when the Shuttle went back to the Kennedy Space Center.
Crew.
Seven people are aboard the Space Shuttle. They are; Stephen Frick, who is the Commander, the man in charge of the Space Shuttle, Alan G. Poindexter, who is the Pilot, the man who flys the Shuttle, Leland D. Melvin, Rex J. Walheim, Hans Schlegel and Stanley G. Love, who are there to fit the "Columbus" onto the space station. Léopold Eyharts is also on board. He will live on the Space Station for a month, after the Shuttle leaves. Daniel M. Tani, who is on the space station will come home aboard the Shuttle.
Launch.
The flight was originally scheduled to launch, or start, on 6 December 2007. A problem with a part of the fuel tank used to work out how much fuel was left went wrong, which meant the start of the flight had to be delayed. After the same part went wrong in an attempt to start the flight on 9 December, the start of the flight was moved to January 2008, and later to February. The flight started on 7 February 2008. Some people at NASA were worried that bad weather might stop the launch, but the bad weather cleared up in time for a good launch.
Mission.
The people aboard STS-122 had several jobs to do. The main job was to add the new room, or module, "Columbus", to the space station. To do this, a robot arm, called a Remote Manipulator System, or RMS, will be used to lift "Columbus" out of the Space Shuttle, and move it over to a gap in the side of the space station. Two of the crew will then go outside, and fit parts to the module. "Columbus" will be used for scientific research.

Silverwing (novel)
"Silverwing" is a best-selling novel, written by Kenneth Oppel, published in 1997 by Simon & Schuster It tells the story of a group of silverwing bats. The tone and artistic honour of this series of bestsellers has been compared to the classic animal novel "Watership Down". Silverwing is the second installment of the Silverwing series, following the prequel Darkwing.
The first book has been made into a successful 13 episode, animated television mini-series, shown on the Canadian cable channel Teletoon and currently being shown on Toon Disney's Jetix. These episodes have also been strung together to make 3 movies. The whole series is now available on DVD.
Story.
The main character is a runt named Shade. The novel and its sequel, "Sunwing", tell the story of the hard time of Shade and his friends to find his father and free his "fellow bats" from an ancient and unjust punishment. The second sequel, "Firewing", describes the adventures of Shade's child.
The bats' punishment came about long ago when a great war was fought between the birds and the land animals. The bats, sharing aspects of both, declared themselves neutral. As a result, the bats were only allowed to come out at night, never to see the sun again without suffering terrible penalties (the backstory is inspired by one of Aesop's fables). Shade sets the main plot of the novel in motion when he breaks that law, and starts a chain of events that leads to the destruction of his group's home, forcing their premature migration, and his separation from them.
When he's separated from his group he is found by a Brightwing bat named Marina, and soon the two are in a city where pigeons are very angry with the two bats. They are soon being beaten by the pigeons. The reason is that "two giant cannibal bats" have killed a few pigeons, and Shade and Marina are being held responsible for the killings.
While the two small bats escape, the scene changes to the two giant bats ("Vampyrum spectrum", the False Vampire Bat) on the night they escape. Their names are Goth and Throbb, two carnivorous bats who have only been chasing mice for a while. They escape from the humans who trapped them.
Soon after escaping Shade meets with a bat named Zephyr (who reveals to him that his father is still alive) and is attacked by an owl (who is also chasing him after the death of the pigeons). Goth defends him by attacking and eating the owl, and introduces himself and where he's going. It turns out he needs Shade's help to find his jungle. Shade suggests that he can find his group first and they can help Goth in his search for his homeland. Marina believes that Goth and Throbb shouldn't be trusted, but Shade trusts them since they saved them from the owl.
Soon Shade realizes the truth when he sees Throbb eating a Brightwing. Shade runs off but runs into Marina, whom he feared had been killed. They soon escape after Goth and Throbb are shot by darts from a human flying machine, which is actually an airplane. Shade saw the dart hit Goth in the chest. Yet he is not sure whether the dart hit Throbb.
Soon after they meet with Goth and Throbb again, but escape into the sewer where they meet the rat twins, Romulus and Remus. They are treated as spies by Prince Remus, and as punishment are sent to be eaten by Remus's crazy brother Romulus (who considers himself half bat because of the skin webbing between his legs and arms)but he turns out to be not crazy after all (he only pretends to be crazy to avoid being killed by his brother Remus, as the elder brother Romulus is the rightful Prince) frees them in the end.
They are soon captured by Goth and Throbb, and Goth explains about his god, Cama Zotz, saying that the said Zotz has greater power than Shade's Nocturna. When Shade half-believes Goth's story, he soon gives the impression of deciding to go with Goth to the jungle to grow big and strong and have Goth kill his family because he was always mistreated, and never cared for, or so he says. He is given a bat to eat but fakes it first then is forced to eat it by the threat to Marina. This disgusting act gives him the opportunity to drug Goth and Throbb with a soporific herb. While the False Vampires sleep, Shade and Marina escape. They are chased by owls, then by Goth and Throbb. During the fight Throbb gets hit by lightning and bursts into flames. Goth survives, but only by a scant margin.
After they leave, however, Goth moves again, and kills a bird near him. The last moments the bird saw was a set of double rowed teeth. Although weak he tries to fly; once he does, he soon vows revenge against Shade.
Shade and Marina meet up with Shade's group, telling stories of what had happened to them. They decide to find Shade's father, Cassiel, and Chinook volunteers to help. They plan to go after hibernating, but Shade wishes to go now. It ends with Shade starting to fall asleep, with Ariel and Marina roosting beside him.
Characters.
Shade Silverwing is the protagonist of the series. He is a runt Silverwing, and often made fun of by his peers, who take pride in their size and strength. While Shade's strength may be lower than the other bats', he is a master of the sound, often making illusions or moving materials with echoes.
Marina Brightwing is Shade's newfound friend. When Shade had been blown away by the storm, she met him. She is a lot bigger than Shade, and doesn't fail to remind him of it.
Chinook is Shade's competitor and the biggest and strongest newborn of the group. All the bats like him, and he said he caught two tiger moths which are known by all the others in the group to be an extraordinary achievement by such a young bat. Shade loathes him for his airs and size. Shade and Chinook become friends later in the story. His parents are Plato and Isis.
Frieda is an older bat of the Silverwing group. She is wise in many ways, and makes good decisions. Frieda has a silver band on her forearm. She was a big contributor to the rebellion against the owls fifteen years previous.
Ariel is Shade's mother. She had protected Shade from the wrath of the rest of the group. She had lost her mate, Cassiel, before Shade was born.
Goth is a sly and smooth-talking cannibal bat, half responsible for the killing of many pigeons. He is a prince in his own group, and worships Cama Zotz, the brother of Nocturna, whom the Silverwings and other bats like them believe in. Goth comes from the jungle, and had been captured by humans.
Throbb is another one of the cannibal bats. Unlike Goth, he is a coward and according to Goth he feeds on carcasses already killed by other cannibal bats in the jungle.

Drive-through
A drive-thru (or drive-through) is for quick service, generally at restaurants. There are also drive-thrus at other places, such as banks or coffee shops.

Space Shuttle Columbia
The Space Shuttle "Columbia" was a spacecraft used by NASA to fly into outer space. It was the first Space Shuttle to fly into space, on 12 April 1981. It crashed just before landing on 1 February 2003, killing all seven people who were on it at the time. The shuttle flew a total of 28 missions.

MADtv
MADtv is television show aired on late night FOX. It is a comedic show where they perform sketches, improv and songs. It is rated TV-14 due to profane language and sexual substances. It has been on air for several years now. It shows at 23:00/22:00 central.

Atlas V
Atlas V is a type of rocket used by a company called United Launch Alliance to place satellites into orbit. It is 58.3 metres tall, and 3.81 metres wide. It has flown 12 times, since its first flight on 21 August 2002. Unlike the Space Shuttle, Atlas V is only used once, with a new rocket being built for each flight.
Types.
There are many types of Atlas V, which can be changed for different spacecraft. The type of rocket is denoted by three numbers following the rocket's name. The first of these is either a four or a five, and is the width of the part of the rocket known as the fairing, where the satellite is stored. The second can be anything between zero and five, and gives the number of booster rockets used to increase the load the rocket can carry. The third is either a one or a two, and denotes the number of engines on the upper stage. For example, the Atlas V 401 has a four metre fairing, no booster rockets, and one engine on the upper stage, an Atlas V 552 has a five metre fairing, five boosters, and two engines on the upper stage.

Barnim
Barnim is a district in Brandenburg, Germany.
History.
The district was made in 1993 by joining the old districts of Bernau and Eberswalde.
The district is in the same place as the area of forest where noblemen started hunting in the 13 ury, but is smaller than the old region.

Dahme-Spreewald
Dahme-Spreewald is a district in Brandenburg, Germany.
History.
The Spreewald region has always been a centre of Sorbian culture.
When the state of Brandenburg was newly founded in 1990, the districts of Lübben, Luckau and Königs Wusterhausen were formed. In 1993 the three districts were merged.

Elbe-Elster
Elbe-Elster is a "Kreis" (district) in the southern part of Brandenburg, Germany.
History.
The district was established in 1993 by merging the former districts ("Kreise") of Finsterwalde, Bad Liebenwerda and Herzberg.
Geography.
The district is named after two rivers: The Elbe river forms the western border with Saxony. The Schwarze Elster ("Black Elster") is a tributary of the Elbe and runs through the district. The district is part of the Lusatia region. The fens along the Black Elster are a habitat of several rare animals, like kingfishers, beavers and otters.

Jennifer Hudson
Jennifer Kate Hudson (born September 12, 1981) is an Academy Award-winning American actress and singer.
She gained fame on "American Idol". She is the most successful American Idol contestant who did not win, as she only came to fame in 2006 yet already has won numerous awards. She went on to star as Effie White in the 2006 motion picture musical "Dreamgirls" and on awards including an Oscar, a Golden Globe, a BAFTA, and a SAG Award. She is native to Chicago, Illinois. She is often called the new generation Aretha Franklin due to her deep ranges in singing and maintaining those ranges for so long.

Heinrich Sutermeister
Heinrich Sutermeister (born Feuerthalen, 12 August, 1910 – died Vaux-sur-Morges, 16 March, 1995) was a Swiss composer.
When he was young he was a student at the main music school in Munich, Germany, where the famous German composer Carl Orff was his teacher. Orff strongly influenced his music. Later he returned to Switzerland, where he lived as a composer.
His most important works are "Romeo und Julia" and "Die Schwarze Witwe (The Black Widow)". "Romeo und Julia" has been played the first time in Dresden in 1940, under the famous conductor Karl Böhm. During the following years Sutermeister made operas for the radio and television.

Joseph Fourier
Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier (March 21, 1768 - May 16, 1830) was a French mathematician and physicist who is best known for starting the investigation of Fourier series and their use to problems of heat flow. Fourier was born at Auxerre as the son of a tailor. He lost both his parents at the age of 9. He then went on to study at the convent of st. Mark.

File server
A file server is a computer joined to a web network or to a home network, and that can host many files in the hard disk.
Characteristics.
The file server can be a normal computer, or a Network Attached Storage, which is a special computer created to only be a file server. Often people recycle their old computer and they modify it to become a file server which can host photos, songs, films, and backups. Sometimes web servers that are "hand made" are used as a media center, people host files in the file server and when they want they can see it.

Adliswil
Adliswil is a municipality of the district Horgen in the canton of Zürich in Switzerland.

Aesch, Zürich
Aesch is a municipality of the district Dietikon in the canton of Zürich in Switzerland.

Aeugst am Albis
Aeugst am Albis is a municipality of the district Affoltern in the canton of Zürich in Switzerland.

Affoltern am Albis
Affoltern am Albis is a municipality of the district Affoltern in the canton of Zürich in Switzerland.

625 Xenia
625 Xenia is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by August Kopff in 1907. Its provisional name was 1907 XN.

Gino Severini
Gino Severini (April 7 1883 – February 26 1966), was an Italian painter. He was a founding member of the Futurist movement.
As a young man, he was introduced to Impressionism. This is a type of painting that was popular in the late 1800s. In the early 1900s, he became interested in Cubism. In the 1920s, he started to paint more traditionally and painted a few murals in Switzerland. In the 1940s, he started painting more abstractly again. He died in 1966 in Paris.

Impressionism
Impressionism was a style of art that started in the 1800s. The features of this style are: large, visible brushstrokes; plain, everyday objects and places; movement; strange angles; and a focus on the changing angles of light. Many Impressionist artists preferred to paint outdoors. Some of the most famous Impressionist artists were Claude Monet, Auguste Renoir, Paul Cezanne, and Camille Pissarro. Paris was the center of Impressionism, and artists who wanted to paint in this style lived or moved there.
The word Impressionism can mean any painting done in this style, but people most often use it to talk about these artists and that time period.

New York Jets
The New York Jets are an American football team. They are a part of the National Football League (NFL). Even though they are called the New York Jets they play in New Jersey. They hail from the same stadium as the New York Giants. They have many fans in New York and New Jersey. The New York Jets started playing in 1960. They have only won one championship.

List of Municipalities in Ontario
This is a list of cities in Ontario. Cities are listed by the number of people living in them and by order of letters (A-Z).
999 or less.
"Please Note": All the populations shown on this page are city propers (where the city hall is), metropolitan area populations (if any) are higher than the populations shown on this page.

Ouida
Ouida was the pen name of the English writer Maria Louise Ramé (although she preferred to be known as Marie Louise de la Ramée). Ramé was born in Bury St. Edmunds, England, to a French father and an English mother. Her pen name came from the way she pronounced her name when she was a child.

Théodore Géricault
Théodore Géricault (September 26, 1791 – January 26, 1824) was an important French painter, known for "The Raft of the Medusa" and other paintings. He was one of the people who started the Romantic movement.
Born in Rouen, France, Géricault was schooled in English sporting art by Carle Vernet and in classical figure composition by Pierre-Narcisse Guérin, who saw that he had talent.
His first big work, The Charging Chasseur, shown at the Paris Salon in 1812, showed the influence of the style of Rubens and an interest in contemporary topics.

Giada De Laurentiis
Giada Pamela De Laurentiis is an Italian-American chef and host for Food Network TV shows. She was born on August 22, 1970.

Brampton, Ontario
Brampton is a city in Ontario, Canada. It has a population of 433,806 people. The city is located northwest of Mississauga.

626 Notburga
626 Notburga is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by August Kopff in 1907. Its provisional name was 1907 XO.

627 Charis
627 Charis is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by August Kopff in 1907. Its provisional name was 1907 XS.

628 Christine
628 Christine is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by August Kopff in 1907. Its temporary name was 1907 XT.

629 Bernardina
629 Bernardina is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by August Kopff in 1907. Its provisional name was 1907 XU.

Space Shuttle Challenger
Space Shuttle "Challenger" was a spaceship used by NASA to fly into outer space. The shuttle broke up 73 seconds after take-off on 28 January 1986 See [Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster]. All seven people who were on it at the time were killed. The crash happened because a rubber tube called an o-ring did not expand to fill a gap in one of the booster rockets, due to cold weather.

New Horizons
New Horizons is a spacecraft flying to the dwarf planet Pluto. Its flight will take eight years. The flight started on 19 January 2006, with help from an Atlas V rocket. It is the first spacecraft to go to Pluto. New Horizons is owned by NASA.

Simlish
Simlish is a made-up language spoken on the console game "The Sims" and "The Sims 2". It is made up of nonsense words that have no meaning. Simlish is spoken by Sims, the characters in "The Sims" and "The Sims 2".
Sentences in Simlish.
All of these phrases are from "The Sims", "not" "The Sims 2".
Written Simlish.
Written Simlish is only seen on "The Sims 2", and even then it is not seen often. It looks similar to Zodiac symbols taken from the Wingdings font on a computer. Text like the names of Sims, hints and tips and on-screen messages are all in the selected language (i.e. English, French, Spanish), and are usually written in the Comic Sans MS font.

Antonio Tejero
Antonio Tejero Molina (born Alhaurín el Grande, Malaga Spain, 1932) was a Lieutenant Colonel in the Civil Guard ().
On 23 February 1981, he stormed into the parliament building with fellow military and Civil Guard officers, and held the Spanish government hostage During that time, Spain was going from dictatorship to democracy. Tejero did not want democracy and wanted Spain to stay in the dictatorship.
His coup failed thanks to King Juan Carlos I. Tejero thought the King would support him because the King had been trained by Spain's old dictator, Francisco Franco. Instead King Juan Carlos I went on television dressed in his uniform as commander-in-chief of the Spanish Army and said the coup was wrong. The coup soon stopped, and Spanish television had pictures of the coup leaders trying to escape by climbing out of the windows of the parliament building

Conanthera
Conanthera is a genus of 3-4 species of small Chilean bulbous plants with small panicles of blue, purple or white and purple flowers. The plant reproduces by offsets or seed.

Fátima, Portugal
Fátima () is a city in Portugal. It is famous for the religious visions that took place there in 1917. The town itself has a population of 10,302 (2001). It is in the municipality of Ourém, in the Centro Region and sub region of Medio Tejo. It is in district of Santarém and is included in the urban agglomeration of Leiria, in central Portugal, south of Porto and north of Lisbon.

Bodyguard
A Bodyguard is a security guard who physically protects a person against injury. Very often, important people, like heads of state, actors, and powerful or wealthy people have bodyguards.

Mehmet Ali Ağca
Mehmet Ali Ağca (born January 9, 1958) is a Turkish assassin. He is known for shooting and wounding Pope John Paul II on May 13, 1981. For his assassination attempt, he served 19 years in prison in Italy. He was then deported to Turkey, where he is serving another life sentence for the murder of Abdi İpekçi, a left-wing journalist, he killed in 1979. Ağca has described himself as a mercenary with no political orientation. He was a member of the Turkish ultra-nationalist Grey Wolves organization.

Bayonet
A bayonet (from French "baïonnette") is a knife- or dagger-shaped weapon. It is designed to be attached to a rifle barrel or similar weapon. This will turn the gun into a spear. It is a close-combat or last-resort weapon.

Marcel Lefebvre
Marcel-François Lefebvre (November 29 1905 – March 25 1991), better known as Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre, was a French Roman Catholic bishop. For a long time, he worked as a missionary in Africa with the Holy Ghost Fathers. After returning, he started to be against the changes within the Church. These changes were introduced after the Second Vatican Council.
In 1970, Lefebvre founded the Society of St. Pius X (SSPX), which is still the world's largest Traditionalist Catholic priestly society. In 1988, Lefebvre made four new bishops to continue his work with the SSPX. He took this step against the orders of Pope John Paul II. Because of this, the Holy See announced the following day that he had been excommunicated from the Catholic Church. Those who supported Lefebvre think, this declaration was not valid.

Second Vatican Council
The Second Ecumenical Council of the Vatican, or Vatican II, was the twenty-first Ecumenical Council of the Roman Catholic Church. Pope John XXIII started it in 1962. It lasted until 1965, when Pope Paul VI ended it. Four future popes took part in the council's opening session: Cardinal Giovanni Battista Montini, who on succeeding Pope John XXIII took the name of Paul VI; Bishop Albino Luciani, the future Pope John Paul I; Bishop Karol Wojtyła, who became Pope John Paul II. Father Joseph Ratzinger, who was only 35 at the time, was there as a theological consultant. More than forty years later, he became the current Pope Benedict XVI.
Different things were discussed. These aimed at modernising the church, and opening a dialogue with other religions. Many people see these meetings as the most important event in the Catholic Church in the 20th century.

Veronica Guerin
Veronica Guerin (July 5, 1958 - June 26, 1996) was an Irish journalist who was murdered in 1996 by Irish drug dealers. Her death made many Irish people angry, which brought down most drug dealers on the island. The criminal John Gilligan was later convicted of her murder and sentenced to 28 years in prison, though Gilligan said in High Court that it was his friend John Traynor who murdered Guerin.

Umayyad Mosque
The Grand Mosque of Damascus, also known as the "Ummayad Mosque (Arabic: جامع بني أمية الكبير, transl. "Ğām' Banī 'Umayyah al-Kabīr"), is one of the largest and oldest mosques in the world.It is in one of the holiest sites in the old city of Damascus. It is laso very important because of its architecture.
The mosque holds a shrine which is said to contain the head of John the Baptist (Yahya), honored as a prophet by Muslims and Christians alike. The head was supposedly found during the excavations for the building of the mosque. The tomb of Saladin stands in a small garden adjoining the north wall of the mosque.
In 2001 Pope John Paul II visited the mosque, primarily to visit the relics of John the Baptist. It was the first time a pope paid a visit to a mosque.

Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria
The Orthodox Church of Alexandria (Greek:) is one of the Eastern Orthodox Churches.
It is sometimes called the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria to distinguish it from the Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria. In Egypt, members of the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate were also known as Melkite, because they remained in communion with the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople after the schism that followed the Council of Chalcedon in 451.

Lourdes
Lourdes (Occitan name "Lorda") is a town and commune in the southwest of the Hautes-Pyrénées department. It is in the first Pyrenean foothills, in southwestern France.
It is overlooked from the south by the Pyrenean peaks of Aneto, Montaigu, and Vignemale (3,298m), while around the town there are three summits reaching up to 1,000 m, which are known as the Béout, the Petit Jer and the Grand Jer.
Lourdes was originally a small unremarkable market town lying in the foothills of the Pyrenees. At that time the most prominent feature was the fortified castle which rises up from the centre of the town on a rock. Following the claims that there were apparitions of Our Lady of Lourdes to Bernadette Soubirous in 1858, Lourdes has developed into a major place of Christian pilgrimage.
Today Lourdes has a population of around 15,000 inhabitants but is able to take in some 5,000,000 pilgrims and tourists every season. Lourdes has the second greatest number of hotels in France after Paris with about 270 establishments.
It is the joint seat of the diocese of Tarbes-et-Lourdes.

Palindromic prime
A palindromical prime number is a prime number that reads the same when reversed.
2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 101, 131, 151, 181, 191, 313, 353, 373, 383, 727, 757, 787, 797, 919, 929, 10301, 10501, 10601, 11311, 11411, 12421, 12721, 12821, 13331, 13831, 13931, 14341, 14741, 15451, 15551, 16061, 16361, 16561, 16661, 17471, 17971, 18181, 18481, 19391, 19891, 19991

Shrine
A shrine was a container, usually made of gold or silver and was used to keep relics in.
Modern meaning.
Today a shrine can mean a holy or sacred place with something important inside it, such as the tomb of a religious person.
Shrines are built in the surroundings of grave of pious men. These are built to show respect and love for the one who died. People visit the shrines to pray for themselves and also for the dead.
Shrines are common in Muslim countries. However other countries also have shrines; in Japan, Shinto 'Jinja' are called shrines in English.

Embargo
An embargo is when a government starts a trade blockade on a country or a certain part of a country. This is usually because of a political problem inside the country.
Uses.
An embargo stops trade between countries. This means that the countries in question will get poorer and hopefully any problem within the country will stop.

Supreme Governor of the Church of England
The Supreme Governor of the Church of England is a title which British Kings have to show their leadership over the Church of England.

Havelland
Havelland is a district in Brandenburg, Germany.
History.
The district was established in 1993 by joining the old districts of Nauen and Rathenow.
Havelland is the name for the regions on the banks of the Havel river between the city of Berlin and the Elbe river. This region also includes the cities of Brandenburg and Potsdam, that are not part of the district. The Havelland district mainly consists of the areas north of the Havel river.

Knock, County Mayo
Knock ("An Cnoc" in Irish, meaning "The Hill" – but now more generally known in Irish as "Cnoc Mhuire", "Hill of (the Virgin) Mary") is a small town in County Mayo in Ireland. Knock's notability comes from the Apparition of 1879. At 8.00PM on 21 August 1879, it was reported that the Virgin Mary, together with St Joseph and St John the Evangelist, appeared to local people.
In the 20th century it became one of Europe's major Roman Catholic Marian shrines, alongside Lourdes and Fatima. One and a half million pilgrims visit Knock Shrine annually. It was visited by Pope John Paul II, a supporter of devotion to the Virgin Mary, in 1979 to commemorate the centenary of the apparition.

Licheń Stary
Licheń Stary is a village. 1200 people live there. It is on the Lichen Lake in the Greater Poland Voivodship, 15 km north of Konin, Poland. It is often referred to as simply Licheń. Legends trace the name to the ancient Slavic pagan deity Licho, whose sanctuary was allegedly located nearby.
It is the home of the famed Sanctuary of Our Lady of Licheń hosting Our Lady of Sorrows, Queen of Poland.

Märkisch-Oderland
Märkisch-Oderland is a "Kreis" (district) in the eastern part of Brandenburg, Germany.
Geography.
Much of the district is mainly agricultural land,but there is a swampy area along the Oder called the "Oderbruch". The Oderbruch is aabout in length and in width. It was partially drained in the 18th century, and people started to live in the new area.
History.
The districts of Lebus and Oberbarnim were both created in 1816. In 1952 the districts were split into three parts, the districts Bad Freienwalde, Seelow and Strausberg. In 1993 the three parts were joined together to form the current district.

Oberhavel
Oberhavel is a "Kreis" (district) in the northern part of Brandenburg, Germany.
The district was formed on 6 December 1993 by joining the old districts of Gransee and Oranienburg.

Oberspreewald-Lausitz
Oberspreewald-Lausitz is a "Kreis" (district) in the southern part of Brandenburg, Germany.
Geography.
The Spree river runs through the district; along its banks there is the Spreewald, a wooded area and home of several rare animals. The district is part of the historic region of Lusatia.
History.
The district was made in 1993 by joining the old districts Calau and Senftenberg and small part of the district Bad Liebenwerda.

Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Alexandria
The Eastern Orthodox Pope and Patriarch of Alexandria and all Africa is the head of the Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria. This has been Patriarch Theodore II of Alexandria since 2004.

Oder-Spree
Oder-Spree is a "Kreis" (district) in the eastern part of Brandenburg, Germany.
The district is named after the two major rivers in the district - the Spree, and the Oder river which is the eastern border.
History.
The district was created in 1993 by joining the districts of Eisenhüttenstadt, Beeskow and Fürstenwalde, and the independent city Eisenhüttenstadt.

Cockburn Island, Ontario
Cockburn Island is an island in the Canadian province of Ontario, found in the Manitoulin District. It has the least number of people living in it while still being a municipality of Canada. It had a population of 2 people in 2006. There is an Indian reservation, or place where Indians live, on Cockburn Island.

Ostprignitz-Ruppin
Ostprignitz-Ruppin is a "Kreis" (district) in the northwestern part of Brandenburg, Germany.
The modern district was made in 1993 by joining the old districts Kyritz, Neuruppin and Wittstock. The district roughly covers the same territory as the two historic districts Ostprignitz and Ruppin.

Thomas Morley
Thomas Morley (born Norwich?, 1557 or 1558; died London, October 1602) was an English composer, music theorist and organist. He was the most important English composer of madrigals. He studied the madrigals by Italian composers and created the tradition of the English madrigal, a tradition that became extremely popular, but which only lasted about 30 years.
Life.
Morley’s father was a brewer who lived in Norwich, so it is likely that Morley was born there. He may have been a choirboy in Norwich Cathedral. We know that in 1583 he got the job of organist there. In a book he published later in his life he said that William Byrd was his master. If this means that he had lessons from Byrd he must have travelled away from Norwich. In 1588 he got a degree from Oxford, and soon afterwards he became an organist at St. Paul's Cathedral in London.
In 1588 Nicholas Yonge published a book called "Musica transalpina". It was a collection of Italian madrigals with words translated into English. Soon after this Morley started to publish his own madrigals. In 1592 he became a Gentleman of the Chapel Royal.
In London Morley lived near Shakespeare. We do not know whether the two men worked together, but Morley did set Shakespeare’s words "It was a lover and his lass" from "As You Like It". We do not know whether it was ever used in a performance of Shakespeare's play. It is quite possible, because Morley was well-known.
From 1593 onwards Morley published a great deal of music and also made a lot of money out of music publishing, both of his own and other composers’ music.
It is thought that Morley died in October 1602.
His music.
Morley wrote sacred music as well as madrigals. His church music is strongly influenced by William Byrd.
His madrigals are his most important works. They are often very lively and have tunes that are easy to sing. One of his best known madrigals is called "Now is the Month of Maying". He started by using the Italian style and changed it to make it sound English. The madrigals of Thomas Weelkes and John Wilbye are usually more serious.
As well as madrigals, Morley wrote music for instruments, including keyboard music. Some of his pieces are in the famous collection called "Fitzwilliam Virginal Book"). He also wrote music for the typically English combination of two viols, flute, lute, cittern and bandora.
Morley wrote a book about music theory called "Plaine and Easie Introduction to Practicall Musicke". It was published in 1597 and was read by many people for two centuries after his death. It tells us a lot about how music was performed in Morley’s time.

Hans Sebald Beham
Hans Sebald Beham (1500 – 1550) was a German printmaker who did his best work as an engraver. He also designed woodcuts, painted and worked as a miniaturist. He is one of the most important of the "Little Masters", a group of German artists making old master prints in the generation after Albrecht Dürer.
Life.
Beham was born in Nuremberg in 1500 into a family of artists. In 1525, he and his brother were banished from Nuremberg because they were thought to have not accepted the Churches ideas (heresy) and blasphemy. They came back to the city in 3 months, but Beham was banished again in 1528 for publishing a book which was plagiarised from an unpublished manuscript by Albrecht Dürer.
From 1532 he lived mostly in Frankfurt until he died in 1550.
Most people know him as "Sebald Beham". However, he signed some of his prints before 1532 with "HSP". After he moved to Frankfurt, he signed his prints with "HSB".
Work.
Beham made about 252 engravings, 18 etchings and 1500 woodcuts. He worked on small, very detailed engravings (sometimes as small as a postage stamp). This makes him part of the German printmaking school called the "Little Masters", since their works were so small. He created and published his works himself, but his larger works were mostly commissioned work to be sold.
He also made prints to be used as cards, wallpaper, coats of arms, designs for other artists and designs for stained or painted glass. He also painted a table top (now in the Louvre) for Cardinal Albrecht, Archbishop of Mainz.
Beham mostly engraved pictures of peasants and scenes from myths or history, sometimes with erotic scenes as well. Since he was working at the same time as Dürer, the most recognised artist at the time, one of his early woodcuts, "Head of Christ", was thought to have been done by Dürer. Beham also worked with his brother Barthel, and shared ideas with him. Later, he re-drew some of Dürer's works like gus Melancholia of 1539.
Books.
After publishing a book about drawing horses, for which he was exiled, he wrote a book on drawing the human figure. His book was mostly just a simplified book of Dürer's own books, but his book was easier to use and cheaper than Dürer's books, so artists prefered to buy his.

Potsdam-Mittelmark
Potsdam-Mittelmark is a "Kreis" (district) in the western part of Brandenburg, Germany.
The district was created in 1993 by joining the old districts Belzig, Brandenburg-Land and Potsdam-Land.

Skinny jeans
Skinny Jeans are a style of denim jeans that have straight legs and tend to crumple around the ankles. They are called "skinny jeans" because they give you a thin figure. This style was started in the 1980's to make a retro-punk look. This style came to life again in late 2006 by Avril Lavigne in one of her music videos. They are usually used for a gothic-punk look or retro.

John Wilbye
John Wilbye (pronounce: “WIL-bee”), (born Diss, Norfolk, baptised 7 March 1574; died Colchester, between September and November 1638), was an English composer who was famous for his madrigals.
Wilbye was the son of a tanner. He was supported financially by a rich family called Kytson. The Kytsons were very musical and had lots of musical instruments and sheet music in their house. It is thought that he went with Elizabeth Cornwallis to Hengrave Hall near Bury St. Edmunds in around 1594 when she married Sir Thomas Kytson the Younger. When Elizabeth died, Wilbye moved to Colchester where he lived with Elizabeth’s youngest daughter with whom he had a long friendship. When Wilbye died he was quite rich.
His music.
A book of madrigals by him appeared in 1598 and a second in 1608. It is often called the finest book of English madrigals. There were a total of 64 madrigals in these two books.
Wilbye was influenced by Morley’s madrigals, and also learned directly from the madrigals of Italian composers such as Alfonso Ferrabosco. He wrote many madrigals which have become extremely popular, including "Weep, weep o mine eyes" and "Draw on, sweet night". He was very good at making his music match the meaning of the words. He often used a mixture of major and minor modes.

Prignitz
Prignitz () is a "Kreis" (district) in the northwestern part of Brandenburg, Germany.
The present district was formed in 1993 by joining the old districts of Pritzwalk and Perleberg and some municipalities from the district of Kyritz. The westernmost part of the district was a part of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, and changed to be part of Brandenburg on August 1, 1992.

Spree-Neiße
Spree-Neiße is a "Kreis" (district) in the southern part of Brandenburg, Germany.
The district-free city of Cottbus is completely surrounded by the district. To the east is Poland.
The district was started in 1993 by joining the old districts Cottbus-Land, Forst, Guben and Spremberg.

Kharijite
"Kharijites" were a movement during the early years of Islam. This movement has no followers today. At first they accepted the rule of Ali, but rejected him to later support the view that Abu Bakr, and his successors were the rightful Caliphs. The only group of Kharijites that still exists are the Ibadi. The Ibadi do not consider themselves to be Kharijite. Most Ibadis live in Oman. Smaller numbers live in Algeria, Tunisia, Libya and Zanzibar.
Sometimes, the term "Kharijite" (or "Neo-Kharijite") is also used for some islamic terrorist groups. Examples of such groups are the Groupe islamique armé in Algeria, or the Takfir wal-Hijra in Egypt.

Thomas Weelkes
Thomas Weelkes (baptised in Elsted, Sussex, 25 October 1576; died London, buried 1 December 1623) was an English composer and organist. He is one of the greatest composers of madrigals of his time as well as great composer of church music.
Life.
Thomas Weelkes was baptised in the little village church of Elsted in Sussex on 25 October, 1576. His father may have been the rector at that church. We know nothing about Weelkes’s childhood.
We know that in 1597 he published his first volume of madrigals, and that he was a young man then. After working for a short time at the house of Edward Darcye, he got the job of organist at Winchester College. He was paid 13s 4d (almost 67p in modern money) per quarter (i.e. every three months), but was given food and somewhere to live. He stayed there for two or three years.
During his time in Winchester Weelkes composed two more volumes of madrigals, published in 1598 and 1600. He got his B. Mus. Degree from New College, Oxford in 1602, and moved to Chichester to take up the job of organist and choir master at the Cathedral.. He was also a lay clerk at the Cathedral, and was paid £15 2s 4d (£15.11 in modern money) in addition to having food and lodgings. The next year he married Elizabeth Sandham, who came from a rich family. They had three children.
Weelkes' fourth and final volume of madrigals, published in 1608, has a title page where he says that he was a Gentleman of the Chapel Royal. However, his name does not appear in the records at the Chapel Royal, so it is likely that he was only there for a short time until someone else was found for the job.
In later years Weelkes got into trouble with the Chichester Cathedral authorities because of his heavy drinking and bad behaviour. In 1609 he was in trouble because he was absent from work. In 1616 he was in trouble again for swearing. In the end he lost his job because he was drunk at the organ and used bad language during the service. However, he got his job back, but his behaviour was still bad.
Thomas Weelkes died in London in 1623, a year after his wife died. He was buried in St Bride’s Church, Fleet Street, London. In Chichester Cathedral there is a memorial stone to him.
Music.
Thomas Weelkes is best known for his vocal music, especially his madrigals and church music. Weelkes wrote more Anglican services than any other important composer of the time, mostly for evensong. Many of his anthems are verse anthems, which would have suited the small choir he was writing for at Chichester Cathedral.
Weelkes was friends with the madrigalist Thomas Morley. When Morley died in 1602, Weelkes wrote an anthem called "A Remembrance of my Friend Thomas Morley", (also known as "Death hath Deprived Me".) Weelkes’s madrigals are very chromatic and use counterpoint and unusual rhythms.

Teltow-Fläming
Teltow-Fläming is a "Kreis" (district) in the southwestern part of Brandenburg, Germany. The district was made in December 1993 by joining the old districts of Luckenwalde, Jüterbog and Zossen, but also including small parts from other former districts such as Luckau.
"Fläming-Skate" is a 160km long route specially for inline skating, the only such route in Germany.
Curiously, the town of Teltow is not a part of the district Teltow-Fläming, just as the town of Dahme is not a part of the district of Dahme-Spreewald.

Uckermark
Uckermark is a "Kreis" (district) in the northeastern part of Brandenburg, Germany. The district has the biggest area of any district in Germany.
The current district Uckermark was made in 1993 by joining the old districts of Angermünde, Prenzlau and Templin, as well as the previously district-free city of Schwedt.

630 Euphemia
630 Euphemia is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by August Kopff in 1907. Its provisional name was 1907 XW.

Black Knight
A black knight is a soldier or knight who either is not in service to a certain liege or does not want his liege, or himself, to be known and so does not have any heraldic standards or has painted them over with black paint. A good and well equipped soldier without a certain fealty was a wild card, or someone who you didn't know what would happen, and a group of them could be a big problem for kings. Usually, a black knight is given a bad light, as a solider who has covered up his standards to not be found out where they came from.
In made up stories, black knights are usually evil knights that are good at fighting and usually work alone. A good example of this would be the Arthurian legend of the black knight.

Black Knight (disambiguation)
A Black Knight is a knight who doesn't serve a lord.

Paladin
A paladin or paladine was a person with a lot of power in many countries during the medieval and in early modern Europe.
The word paladin was first used in Ancient Rome for a chamberlain of the Emperor, and also for the imperial palace guard, called the Scholae Palatinae by Constantine. In the early Middle Ages, the meaning changed and the word was used for one of the highest officials of the Catholic Church in the pope's service and also for one of the big nobles of the Holy Roman Empire, who was then named Count Palatine. The word paladin was also used in 19th century Hungary and in the German Empire and United Kingdom during the early 20th century.
In medieval literature, the paladins or Twelve Peers were known in the Matter of France as the retainers of Charlemagne. Because of the way that this word was used in books, paladin was then known to be a knight with honor.
Ancient Rome.
The paladins of the imperial guard were named after the Scholae Palatinae.
In the beginning, the word paladin was applied to the Chamberlains and to some soldiers guarding the palace of the Roman emperor. In Constantine's time, the word was also used for the best infantry of the army, the Praetorian Guard, that might guard the Roman Emperor during wars.
Holy Roman Empire.
After the Middle Ages, the word palatine was put onto many different people of power across Europe. The most important of these was the "comes palatinus", the count palatine, who in Merovingian and Carolingian times, was an official of the lords' household and court of law.
During the 800s, Carolingean rule came to an end and the title of Holy Roman emperor with it. About a century later, the title was made alive again by Otto I, though the new empire was now centered in Germany rather than France. The term palatine is found again under Charles IV, but they were less powerful than the previous palatines.
Modern usage.
In the early days of England, the word "palatinate", or county palatine, was also used in counties of lords who could use powers normally used by the crown.
In Britain and Germany, paladin was an official rank and was a very good title for one in the service of the emperors. It was a Knight with additional honours, they were allowed to use powers normally used by the crown.
Present day.
The word "paladin" is still used to describe a good, heroic person, or a defender of a good cause.
Some role playing games now use paladins as a character class that you can choose when starting a new game.

IC50
The IC50 is a measure of how effective a drug is. It indicates how much of a particular drug or other substance is needed to inhibit a given biological process (or component of a process, i.e. an enzyme, cell, cell receptor or microorganism) by half. In other words, it is the half maximal (50%) inhibitory concentration (IC) of a substance (50% IC, or IC50). It is commonly used as a measure of antagonist drug potency in pharmacological research. Sometimes, it is also converted to the pIC50 scale (-log IC50), in which higher values indicate exponentially greater potency. According to the FDA, IC50 represents the concentration of a drug that is required for 50% inhibition "in vitro".
It is comparable to an EC50 for agonist drugs. EC50 also represents the plasma concentration required for obtaining 50% of a maximum effect "in vivo".

631 Philippina
631 Philippina is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by August Kopff in 1907. Its provisional name was 1907 YJ.

Komitas Vartapet
Soghomon Gevorki Soghomonyan - Komitas Vardapet ("Կոմիտաս Վարդապետ" in Armenian), by Western Armenian transliteration also "Gomidas Vartabed" (1869 in Kütahya, Ottoman Empire - 1935, Paris, France), was an Armenian priest, composer, choir leader, singer, music ethnologist, music pedagogue and musicologist, known as the founder of modern Armenian classical music.
He was born into a family whose members were deeply involved in music and were monolingual in Turkish. His mother died when he was one and ten years later his father also died. In 1895 he became a priest and obtained the title Vardapet (or Vartabed), meaning a "priest" or a "church scholar".
He established and conducted the monastery choir till 1896 when he went to Berlin, enrolled the Kaiser Friedrich Wilhelm University and studied music at the private conservatory of Prof. Richard Schmidt. In 1899 he acquired the title "doctor of musicology" and returned to Echmiadzin. He traveled extensively around the country, listening and recording details about Armenian folk songs and dances performed in various villages. This way he collected and published some 3000 songs, many of them adapted to choir singing.
His major work is Badarak (Divine Liturgy), still used today as one of the two most popular musical settings of the Armenian Church liturgy.
He was the first non-European to be admitted into the International Music Society of which he was a co-founder.
On April 24, 1915, said to be the day when Armenian Genocide officially began, he was arrested and put to train the next day together with 180 other Armenian notables and sent to the city of Çankırı in northern Central Anatolia, at a distance of some 300 miles. His good friend, Turkish nationalist poet Emin Yurdakul, the authoress Halide Edip, and the U.S. ambassador Henry Morgenthau intervened with the government and, by special orders from Talat Pasha, Komitas was dispatched back to the capital. As of autumn 1916, he was taken to a Turkish military hospital and he moved to Paris in 1919 where he died in a psychiatric clinic "Villejuif" in 1935. Next year his ashes were transferred to Yerevan and buried in the Pantheon.
The Yerevan State Musical Conservatory is named after Komitas. There also exists a worldwide renowned string quartet named after Komitas.

632 Pyrrha
632 Pyrrha is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by August Kopff in 1907. Its provisional name was 1907 YX.

633 Zelima
633 Zelima is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by August Kopff in 1907. Its provisional name was 1907 ZM.

Oberägeri
Oberägeri is a municipality in the canton of Zug in Switzerland.
It can be found on a plain on the northern shore of the Ägerisee.

Unterägeri
Unterägeri is a municipality in the canton of Zug in Switzerland.

Menzingen
Menzingen is a municipality in the canton of Zug in Switzerland.

Baar, Switzerland
Baar is a municipality in the canton of Zug in Switzerland.

Cham, Switzerland
Cham is a municipality in the canton of Zug in Switzerland.

Hünenberg
Hünenberg is a municipality in the canton of Zug in Switzerland.

Steinhausen, Switzerland
Steinhausen is a municipality in the canton of Zug in Switzerland.

634 Ute
634 Ute is a minor planet orbiting the sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by August Kopff in 1907. Its provisional name was 1907 ZN.

Risch-Rotkreuz
Risch-Rotkreuz is a municipality in the canton of Zug in Switzerland. Risch-Rotkreuz is well known because of the headquater of Roche Diagnostics, two nice castles, "Buonas" and "Freudenberg", the one of the most important train station in Switzerland, and of the Swiss Guard.

Walchwil
Walchwil is a municipality in the canton of Zug in Switzerland.

Neuheim
Neuheim is a municipality in the canton of Zug in Switzerland.

635 Vundtia
635 Vundtia is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by K. Lohnert in 1907. Its provisional name was 1907 ZS.

Women's Rights
Women's Rights is a movement and action of feminism, where women believe they rightfully deserve what men have. Women's Rights have fought things such as letting women vote and do mens' jobs such as doing construction work. Although women and men can both stand for this movement, mainly women stand for it. Movements such as impeaching and so on have created rights for women.

Solothurn (canton)
Solothurn is a canton of Switzerland. It can be found in the northwest of Switzerland. The capital is Solothurn.

Pickup truck
A pickup truck is a type of automobile that can move things. The back of the truck is open, like other types of trucks. It is very powerful for its small size. Pickup trucks have different shapes, sizes, and uses.

Kennedy Space Center
The Kennedy Space Center is on Cape Canaveral in Florida, USA. It is the place where NASA rockets are launched and Space Shuttles take off and land.

636 Erika
636 Erika is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Joel Metcalf in 1907. Its provisional name was 1907 XP.

Bradleys Head Fortification Complex
The Bradleys Head Fort is located not to far from Toronga Park Zoo. This fort was part of Sydney Harbour’s protection plan. It [the fort] remembers a time when the colony of New South Wales became more aware of its isolation and wealth. The fort can be found on Bradleys Head Road, Mosman, New South Wales, Australia.
History.
They first started work to build the fort in 1840-42. It had a gun pit (special place for the cannon to sit and fire from) and firing wall (pictured in intro) that was built out of large blocks of sandstone and carved partly from the original rock that was already there. The first part of the building process around this time was done under the watchful eye of Major George Barney, a Commanding Royal Engineer who used hired workers provided by Governor Gipps.
In 1871 the fort got an extra barracks. The barracks were made from large sandstone blocks and carved out of the rock on the headland. This addition was the work of James Barnet, a colonial architect. This most recent add on had three gun pits and had connecting walkways for the people in the army that worked there. The upgrade of 1871 was complementary to some of the larger fortifications being constructed during the same period.
The site is now part of the Sydney Harbour Federation Trust.

637 Chrysothemis
637 Chrysothemis is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Joel Metcalf in 1907. Its temporary name was 1907 YE.

638 Moira
638 Moira is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Joel Metcalf in 1907. Its provisional name was 1907 ZQ.

639 Latona
639 Latona is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by K. Lohnert in 1907. Its provisional name was 1907 ZT.

Arnsberg Government Region
Arnsberg is one of the five Regierungsbezirke of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, located in the south-east of the country. It covers the Sauerland hills as well as the east part of the Ruhr area.

Altdorf, Schaffhausen
Altdorf is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in northern Switzerland.

Bargen, Schaffhausen
Bargen is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland.

Undervelier
Undervelier is a municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

Schaffhausen (canton)
Schaffhausen is a canton of Switzerland. The capital city of the canton is Schaffhausen.
Geography.
The canton of Schaffhausen is the canton of Switzerland farthest north, located to the north of Zurich.
The Rhine Falls are the biggest waterfalls in Europe and lie on the border of the canton of Schaffhausen, the canton of Zurich and Germany.

Vellerat
Vellerat is a municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

Vermes, Switzerland
Vermes is a municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

Rhine Falls
The Rhine Falls, called the Rheinfall in Switzerland, are the biggest waterfalls of Europe.
They can be found in the High Rhine in the upper parts of the river Rhine, in the municipalities of Neuhausen am Rheinfall and Laufen-Uhwiesen, near the town of Schaffhausen in the north part of Switzerland and close to the German border. They are 150 meters (450 ft) wide and 23 meters (75 ft) tall.
The Rhine Falls were made in the last ice age about 14,000 to 17,000 years ago.

Beggingen
Beggingen is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland.

Beringen, Switzerland
Beringen is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland.

Bibern, Schaffhausen
Bibern is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland.

Vicques, Switzerland
Vicques is a municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

Le Bémont
Le Bémont is a municipality of the district of Franches-Montagnes in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

Raisin bread
Raisin bread is bread that has raisins in it. Most people think of it as sweet bread, and it sometimes has cinnamon in it. It can be eaten as toast or as a dessert. Raisin bread is usually sold pre-sliced and often eaten in Northern Europe and the United States. Raisin bread is usually brown in color. It has taste on it's own, and it is usually dryer than normal bread.

Robert Dyas
Robert Dyas is a large United Kingdom company. They sell goods that people can use in their homes and gardens. The company has over 100 stores in Greater London and South East England.
History.
The company was established in 1872. It was taken over in 2004 by Change Capital, headed by former Marks and Spencer chairman Luc Vandevelde and former M&S CEO and head of B&Q Roger Holmes.

Buch, Schaffhausen
Buch is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland.

Buchberg
Buchberg is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland.

Cologne Government Region
Cologne Government Region is one of the five governmental districts of the German Federal State of North Rhine-Westphalia. It is located in the south-west of that state and covers the hills of the Eifel as well as the Bergisches Land.
It was made in 1815, when Prussia reorganised its districts.

Büttenhardt
Büttenhardt is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland.

Dörflingen
Dörflingen is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland.

Gächlingen
Gächlingen is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland.

Guntmadingen
Guntmadingen is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland.

Hallau
Hallau is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland.

Hemishofen
Hemishofen is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland.

Hemmental
Hemmental is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland.

Hofen, Switzerland
Hofen is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland. It is on the border with Baden-Württemberg in Germany.

Lohn, Schaffhausen
Lohn is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland.

Löhningen
Löhningen is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland.

Detmold Government Region
Detmold () is one of the five Regierungsbezirke of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, located in the north-east of the state.
The Regierungsbezirk was created in 1947 when the old state of Lippe was put into North Rhine-Westphalia and joined to the old "Regierungsbezirk Minden". Regierungsbezirk Minden was one of the original Regierungsbezirke, formed in 1815.

Merishausen
Merishausen is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland.

Neuhausen am Rheinfall
Neuhausen am Rheinfall is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland.
The municipality is known for the Rhine Falls, Europe's largest waterfall.

Neunkirch
Neunkirch is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland.

Oberhallau
Oberhallau is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland.

Opfertshofen
Opfertshofen is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland.

Ramsen
Ramsen is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in northern Switzerland.

Rüdlingen
Rüdlingen is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland.

Düsseldorf Government Region
Düsseldorf is one of the five Regierungsbezirke of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, located in the north-west of the country. It covers the western part of the Ruhr Area. It is the most populated of all German administrative areas of the kind.
It was formed in 1815 when Prussia first made districts.

Schleitheim
Schleitheim is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland.

Siblingen
Siblingen is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland.

Stein am Rhein
Stein am Rhein is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland.

Stetten, Schaffhausen
Stetten is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland.

Thayngen
Thayngen is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland.

Trasadingen
Trasadingen is a municipality of the canton Schaffhausen in Switzerland.

Wilchingen
Wilchingen is a municipality of the canton Schaffhausen in Switzerland. Osterfingen was added to this municipality in 2005.

112 (band)
112 ("one-twelve") is an American R&B quartet that came from Atlanta, Georgia.

Bucheggberg (district)
Bucheggberg is one of the 10 districts of the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland, found in the southwest of the canton.

Dorneck (district)
Dorneck is one of the 10 districts of the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland, found in the north of the canton.

Gäu (district)
Gäu is one of the 10 districts of the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland, found in the center of the canton.

Gösgen (district)
Gösgen is one of the 10 districts of the canton of Solothurn, Switzerland, found in the northeast of the canton.

Snap!
Snap! is an electronic music grup created by German producers Michael Münzing and Luca Anzilotti.

Boney M.
Boney M. is a pop and disco created by West German record producer Frank Farian. They have succes in the 1970s.
Singles.
Singles chart peaking in various countries. Includes U.S. Hot Dance Club Play chart entries.

Münster Government Region
Münster is one of the five "Regierungsbezirke" of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, located in the north of the state.
The "Regierungsbezirk" was made in 1815. This means it is oneof the original 25 "Regierungsbezirke" made to help govern Prussia.
The last time the boundaries of the region were changed was 1975. This was when the number of districts was changed from 10 to 5, and the number of district-free cities (urban districts) from six to three.

Caffè Nero
Caffè Nero (Italian for "black coffee") or Caffè Nero Group Plc is a British coffee shop chain. It was established in 1997 and runs more than 330 shops nationwide.

Costa Coffee
Costa Coffee is a coffee house company in the United Kingdom. It is in Watford George and Emily and Anna love it! It has many comfortable chairs in it, and their are Big Issue Sellers nearby.
History.
It was started in 1971 by Italian brothers, Vilas Costa, supplying roasted coffee to caterers and specialist Italian coffee shops.
In 1995, the company was acquired by, and now belongs to Whitbread franchise.

Yves Ternon
Yves Ternon (born in 1932 in France) is a French historian specializing on historical research of the Jewish Holocaust and the Armenian Genocide. Doctor of history of University Paris IV Sorbonne. He is also an active member of "Doctors Without Borders" organization.

Israel Charny
Dr. Israel W. Charny is a world renowned genocide expert, he is the editor of the distinguished two-volume Encyclopedia of Genocide. He is executive director of the Institute on the Holocaust and Genocide in Jerusalem.
An affiliate of the Institute for the Study of Genocide, the International Association of Genocide Scholars was founded in 1994 by Israel Charny and other historians..
He has been devoted to the study of the Holocaust and genocide since the mid 1960s. His first publication on the subject which appeared in Jewish Education in 1968 was "Teaching the Violence of the Holocaust: A Challenge to Educating Potential Future Oppressors and Victims for Nonviolence."

Vahakn Dadrian
Professor Vahakn N. Dadrian, currently the director of Genocide Research at "Zoryan Institute", is researcher and historian of the Armenian Genocide.
Biography.
Dadrian first studied mathematics at the University of Berlin, after which he decided to switch to a completely different field, and studied history at the University of Vienna, and later, international law at the University of Zürich. He completed his Ph.D. in sociology from the University of Chicago.
Dadrian is a Professor of Sociology, and an internationally renowned expert on the Armenian genocide.
The particularity of Dadrian's research is that by mastering many languages, including German, English, French, Turkish, Ottoman Turkish and Armenian.

David Selby
David Lynn Selby (born February 5, 1941 in Morgantown, West Virginia) is an American actor, mostly in movies, soap operas and on television.
Biography.
The son of Clyde Ira Selby and Sarah E. McIntyre Selby, he went to West Virginia University in the town of his birth, getting him a Bachelor of Science and a Master's degrees in theater, and after that, by a Ph.D. from Southern Illinois University.
Awards.
In 1998, the West Virgina University gave Selby its first Life Achievement Award from the College of Creative Arts.

Ovid
Publius Ovidius Naso. better known as Ovid in the English-speaking world, was an Ancient Roman poet. He was born on March 20, 43 BC in Sulmona, then called "Sulmo". People today do not know when he died. It was probably either 17 AD or 18 AD. He died in Tomis, which is modern-day Constanţa in Romania.
With Virgil and Horace he is considered among the three great poets of Latin literature. Ovid usually wrote in verses.

Lebern (district)
Lebern is one of the 10 districts of the canton of Solothurn, Switzerland, found in the west of the canton.

Olten (district)
Olten is one of the 10 districts of the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland, found by the city of Olten.

Thal (district)
Thal is one of the 10 districts of the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland, found in the center of the canton.

Thierstein (district)
Thierstein is one of the 10 districts of the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland, found in the north of the canton.

Wasseramt (district)
Wasseramt is one of the 10 districts of the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland, found in the south of the canton.

Waterboarding
Waterboarding is a procedure that has been used to make people confess. It has been in used for a long time. Today, many people see it as a form of torture.
The victim is tied onto a table or wooden board. The questioner has a helper, whose job it is to pour water on the victim's nose and mouth through a towel or cloth, to make it difficult for him to breathe. If and when the victim is supplying answers that the questioner deems acceptable, the victim (ideally) is permitted to breathe.

Aedermannsdorf
Aedermannsdorf is a municipality of the district of district Thal in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

Aeschi
Aeschi is a municipality of the district of Wasseramt in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland. Burgäschisee is a lake in the forest on the border with Seeberg.

Burgäschisee
Burgäschisee is a lake by Aeschi in Switzerland, on the border of the cantons of Berne and Solothurn. The lake has a surface area of 21 ha and is 36 meters deep at its deepest point.

Aetigkofen
Aetigkofen is a municipality in the district Bucheggberg in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

Aetingen
Aetingen is a municipality in the district Bucheggberg in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

Balm bei Günsberg
Balm bei Günsberg is a municipality in the district Lebern in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

Balsthal
Balsthal is a municipality in the district Thal in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

Beinwil, Solothurn
Beinwil is a municipality in the district Thierstein in Canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

Bellach
Bellach is a municipality in the district Lebern in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

Bettlach, Switzerland
Bettlach is a municipality in the district Lebern in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

Biberist
Biberist is a municipality in the district Wasseramt in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

Biezwil
Biezwil is a municipality in the district Bucheggberg, in the canton of Solothurn, Switzerland.

Bolken
Bolken is a municipality in the district Wasseramt in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

Boningen
Boningen is a municipality in the district Olten in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

Thousand Islands Bridge
The Thousand Islands Bridge is an international bridge that goes over the Saint Lawrence River. It connects the north part of New York in the United States with south east part of Ontario in Canada. It was made in 1937. Builders added parts in 1959. The bridge goes over the edge that Canada and United States share in the middle of the Thousand Islands area. It gets its name from the name of the area. The bridge is governed by the Thousand Island Bridge Authority, an agency that works around the world.
The bridge is actually not a one bridge. It is really a lot of bridges that go across parts of the St. Lawrence River, eventually connecting both sides. The south end of the bridge connects with Interstate 81, am interstate. The north side of the bridge connects to Highway 137, a highway in Ontario. There is also an intersection with the Thousand Islands Parkway, a mini highway on the Ontario side.
Thousand Island Bridge Authority is doing a study to find out when the bridge will get to its working limits and how to make no waiting time on the bridge.
The international border is actually between Wellesley Island in the United States and Hill Island in Canada.

Siege of Orleans
The Siege of Orleans (1428 – 1429) was an important event in the Hundred Years' War between France and England. This Joan of Arc's first success and the first big success for the French since the Battle of Agincourt in 1415.
The city of Orleans was at an important place on the river Loire. The English controlled large parts of France when they started the siege, and Orleans was the last thing stopping them from attacking the rest of France. There was not much south of the river to defend the people who served Charles VII of France, so the English came close to joining their northern lands in France with the land they controlled at Aquitaine.
The siege started on October 12, 1428 and its only major action until Joan of Arc arrived was the Battle of the Herrings. She initiated several attacks that ended the siege on May 8, 1429 - nine days after her arrival.

Battle of Agincourt
The Battle of Agincourt was fought on 15 October 1415 and was a major win for England against France in the Hundred Years' War. Henry V of England led the English army and Constable Charles d'Albret led the French. The longbow was an important weapon for winning this battle.
The French knights were killed. Many historians believe it was the mud on the field.

Charles V of France
Charles V (21 January 1338 – 16 September 1380), called the Wise, was King of France from 1364 to his death and a member of the House of Valois. His reign marked a high point for France during the Hundred Years' War. His armies recovered large parts of the territory that had been given to England at the Treaty of Brétigny.

Émile Zola
Émile Zola () (2 April, 1840 – 29 September, 1902) was a major French writer and the most important naturalist writer. He worked toward political liberalization of France.

Capetian dynasty
The Capetian Dynasty includes any of the direct descendants of Hugh Capet of France. King Juan Carlos of Spain and the grand duke of Luxembourg are members of this family, both through the Bourbon branch of the dynasty.
The "direct Capetians" ruled France from the years 987 - 1328. After that the junior House of Valois ruled France until 1589, and the House of Bourbon ruled until the revolution of 1792.

Charles the Bald
Charles the Bald (13 June 823 - 6 October 877) was King "Charles II" of France (843-877) and also "Charles II" of the Holy Roman Empire (875-877) and King of West Francia (840-877).

Louis the Stammerer
Louis the Stammerer (November 1, 846 — April 10, 879;), was the oldest son of Charles the Bald and Ermentrude of Orléans. He became King of France after his father in France in 877. Unlike his father, he never became Holy Roman Emperor.
Louis the Stammerer married twice. With his first wife Ansgarde of Burgundy he had two sons: Louis III of France (born in 863) and Carloman, King of the West Franks (born in 866). Both of them became kings of France. They also had two daughters: Hildegarde (born in 864) and Gisela (865–884). With his second wife, Adelaide of Paris, he had one daughter, Ermentrude (875–914) — who was the mother of Cunigunde, wife of the Count Palatine Wigerich of Bidgau; they were the ancestors of the House of Luxemburg —, and a posthumous son, Charles the Simple, who also became a king of France.

Gabdulla Tukay
Gabdulla Tukay (April 26, 1886 - April 15, 1913) was a Tatar poet, a classic of the Tatar literature, a critic and a publicist. Tukay was the founder of the modern Tatar literature and the modern Tatar literary language.

Metropolis (movie)
"Metropolis" is a silent science fiction movie created by the famed Austrian-German director Fritz Lang. It was produced in Germany in the Babelsberg Studios and released in 1927 during the height of the Weimar Republic. It was the most expensive silent movie of the time, costing approximately 7 million Reichsmark (equivalent to around $200 million in 2005) to make.
The screenplay was written in 1924 by Lang and his wife, Thea von Harbou, and novelized by von Harbou in 1926. It is set in a futuristic urban dystopia and examines a common science fiction theme of the day: the social crisis between workers and owners in capitalism.
Plot.
The movie is set in the year 2026, in the extraordinary Gothic skyscapers of a corporate city-state, the Metropolis of the title. Society has been divided into two rigid groups - one of planners or thinkers, who live high above the earth in luxury, and another of workers who live underground toiling to sustain the lives of the privileged. The city is run by Johhan 'Joh' Fredersen (Alfred Abel).
One of the workers, the beautiful Maria (Brigitte Helm), takes up the cause of the workers. The son of Frederson, Freder (Gustav Fröhlich), becomes infatuated with Maria, descends into the working underworld and, shocked at the working conditions, joins her cause. To counter the threat of worker dissatisfaction his father has The Robot built by the scientist Rotwang (Rudolf Klein-Rogge). The Robot is given Maria's appearance and is directed by Joh to spread disorder and so allow the workers to be crushed.
The movie climaxes with an attack on the upper world, foreshadowing the "destruction of the enemy in the citadel" ending still seen in movies. But through the intervention of Freder, Joh and the worker's leader are persuaded to reconcile their differences and work together - an anti-Communist gesture.
Background/production.
The movie features special effects and set design that still impress modern audiences with their visual impact - glorious expressionist design and geometric forms. The effects expert was Eugen Schüfftan who did sterling work on the enormous set.
According to Lang his inspiration for the settings of the Metropolis came during a trip to Manhattan, New York, New York, USA.
Release.
On January 10, 1927 the movie premiered in Berlin and a badly-edited version was released in the United States in March of that year. Following the bankruptcy of the moviemakers, the American print seems to be the only extant copy.
Restorations.
Several restored versions (all of them missing footage) were released in the 1980s and 1990s, running for around 90 minutes. A 147 minutes, digitally restored version was released in 2002 by the F.W. Murnau Foundation. It is believed that the original movie was over 210 minutes.

Mathematical proof
A mathematical proof is a way to show that a math theorem is true. One must show that the theory is true in all cases.
Examples.
Prove that x = -b ± (√b² - 4ac) / 2a from ax²+bx+c=0
The quadratic equation is now in a form in which completing the square can be done.
To "complete the square" is to find some number "k" so that
for another number "y". In order for these equations to be true,
Adding this number to equation (1) makes
The left side is now a perfect square because
The right side can be written as a single fraction, with common denominator 4"a"2. This gives
Taking the square root of both sides gives

The Wicker Man
"The Wicker Man" is a classic cult 1973 British movie. The movie was filmed in Scotland. It combined thriller, existential horror and musical genres. The movie was directed by Robin Hardy and written by Anthony Shaffer. The movie stars Edward Woodward, Christopher Lee, Diane Cilento, Ingrid Pitt and Britt Ekland. Paul Giovanni composed the soundtrack.
"The Wicker Man" is generally very highly regarded by critics. Movie magazine "Cinefantastique" described it as "The "Citizen Kane" of Horror Movies", and in 2004 the magazine "Total Film" named "The Wicker Man" the sixth greatest British movie of all time. It also won the 1978 Saturn Award for Best Horror Film. A scene from this movie was #45 on Bravo's "100 Scariest Movie Moments".

640 Brambilla
640 Brambilla is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by August Kopff in 1907. Its provisional name was 1907 ZW.

Ushuaia
Ushuaia is the city capital of the Argentine province of Tierra del Fuego. It's usually called as "the world's southernmost city". The climate is cool and wet. An average of 64,000 people are living there.

Puerto Iguazú
Puerto Iguazú is a city in the province of Misiones, Argentina. The city is near the Iguazu Falls. More than 32,000 people live in Puerto Iguazú.

La Plata
La Plata is a capital city of the Buenos Aires province, Argentina.
Population.
It has a population of over 600,000 inhabitants.

Mendoza
Mendoza is the capital city of the Mendoza Province in Argentina. It is the 4th largest city in Argentina.
Population.
It has about 111,000 inhabitants, with another 848,660 more inhabitants in the city area.

Córdoba Province, Argentina
Córdoba is a Province of Argentina.
The city of Córdoba is its capital.
Population.
Córdoba has a population of 3,066,801 inhabitants (2001).

Cristina Fernández de Kirchner
Cristina Elisabet Fernández de Kirchner (February 19, 1953), also called Cristina Fernàndez or Cristina Kirchner, is the current President of Argentina. She was born in La Plata, Buenos Aires Province.She is a lawyer and she is married to the former argenitian president Néstor Kirchner.
She was elected President in October 2007

Río Cuarto
Río Cuarto is a city located in the center of Argentina.
It has a population of over 144,000 inhabitants, making it Córdoba Province's second largest city.

Salta City
Salta is a city located in the norte of Argentina.
It is the capital of Salta Province. It has a population of over 464,678 inhabitants.

List of Argentine football teams
This is a list of Argentine football teams.

C.A. River Plate
Club Atlético River Plate is one of the most important football teams in Argentina.
It plays at the Estadio Monumental Antonio Vespucio Liberti, Buenos Aires

Flag of Argentina
The national flag of Argentina was created in 1812 by Manuel Belgrano.
Appearence.
It has three horizontal bands in light blue, white and light blue; and a yellow sun in the center.

José de San Martín
José de San Martín (1778 - 1850) was an Argentine military commander.
He was born in Yapeyú, Corrientes, Argentina.
He liberated Argentina, Peru and Chile from Spain.
In 1817, he crossed the Andes from Mendoza to Chile
Together with Simón Bolívar, San Martín is called as one of the Liberators of South America.

Tandil
Tandil is a city of the Buenos Aires Province, Argentina.
Location.
The city is about 330 km from La Plata and Bahía Blanca, 160 km from Mar del Plata, and 360 km from Buenos Aires
Population.
Its population is about 110,000 inhabitants.

Bahía Blanca
Bahía Blanca is a city of the Buenos Aires Province, Argentina.
History.
The city was founded in 1828, it has a population is about 275,000 inhabitants.
Location.
It is in the coast of the Atlantic Ocean.

Bariloche
San Carlos de Bariloche is a city of Argentina in the Río Negro Province.
Location.
The city is located on the Andes, 1570 km south-east of Buenos Aires.
Population.
Barilloche has a population of 93.101 inhabitants. It's the largest city in Río Negro.

Reservoir Dogs
"Reservoir Dogs" is a 1992 movie. The movie was written and directed by Quentin Tarantino and starred Harvey Keitel, Tim Roth, Michael Madsen, Chris Penn, and Steve Buscemi. It is the first movie directed by Tarantino. The movie was released on October 23, 1992. The title, and promo shots associated with the movie, was a take on the violent Sam Peckinpah movie, Straw Dogs. Although Reservoir Dogs failed at the theatre it found new life after being released on VHS and DVD, quickly becoming a cult classic.

Aconcagua
Aconcagua is the highest mountain in America. The altitude is 6,962m.
Location.
It is the Andes, in the Argentine province of Mendoza

Bad Doberan Rural District
Bad Doberan is a district in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany.
In the Middle Ages the region was made rich because Hanseatic city of Rostock was close. Today the city of Rostock is surrounded by the district, but not a part of it.
In 1793 the bathing resort of Heiligendamm (today a borough of Bad Doberan) was started, and the region became a summer residence for the dukes of Mecklenburg-Schwerin.
In 1952 the districts of Bad Doberan and Rostock-Land were made. They were joined in 1994 to make the present district.

Demmin Rural District
Demmin () is a district in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany.
The district was made in 1994 by joining the old districts of Demmin, Altentreptow and Malchin.

641 Agnes
641 Agnes is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Max Wolf in 1907. Its temporary name was 1907 ZX.

Güstrow Rural District
Güstrow () is a district in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany.
History.
From 1621 to 1695 the present-day district was the small duchy of Mecklenburg-Güstrow. Afterwards large parts belonged to the duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, and a small part to the duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (see Mecklenburg).
The district of Güstrow was made in 1994 by joining the old districts of Güstrow, Teterow and Bützow.

Ludwigslust Rural District
Ludwigslust is a "Kreis" (district) in the southwest of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany.
The district is mostly between the Elbe river and the city of Schwerin. It is the largest district of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, but not many people live there.
History.
After the German reunification the two districts of Hagenow and Ludwigslust were made. In 1994 both districts with the two Ämter of Rastow and Stralendorf from the district Schwerin-Land were joined to make |100pxtoday's district of Ludwigslust.

Mecklenburg-Strelitz Rural District
Mecklenburg-Strelitz is a "Kreis" (district) in the southern part of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany. The district-free city (urban district) of Neubrandenburg is nearly completely surrounded by Mecklenburg-Strelitz district.
The capital of the duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz was the town of Strelitz. In 1712 a fire completely destroyed the town. The duke decided to build a new town on the shores of a small lake called the Zierker See. This town became Neustrelitz, or in English "New Strelitz".
The district was created by joining the three old districts Neubrandenburg, Neustrelitz and Strasburg in 1994.

Alec Guinness
Sir Alec Guinness CH, CBE (April 2, 1914, London, England - August 5, 2000, Sussex, England) was an Academy Award winning English actor. He is well known for the role of Obi-Wan Kenobi, a "Jedi master", in the Star Wars movie series (Episodes IV, V, and VI), a role that he was embarrassed with. He won an Academy Award for "Best Actor in a Leading Role". He got this award for acting in the movie "The Bridge on the River Kwai" (1957). Guinness also received a Golden Globe Award and a BAFTA Award for that movie. He has also received a Tony Award. Guinness died from liver cancer in 2000.

Müritz Rural District
Müritz is a "Kreis" (district) in the southern part of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany. It is named after the lake Müritz. Lake Müritz is the largest Lake in Germany. Lake Constance is larger, but part of it is in Switzerland and another part in Austria.
History.
The district was created on June 12, 1994 by joining the old districts of Röbel and Waren, and a few municipalities from the districts Malchin and Neustrelitz.

Nordvorpommern
Nordvorpommern ("North Western Pomerania") is a "Kreis" (district) in the northern part of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. It is on the coast of the Baltic Sea, and it surrounds the coastal city of Stralsund.
Geography.
On the coast is a long peninsula, called the Darß. Between the Darß and the mainland there is a very shallow lagoon. the lagoon and the peninsula are part of the Western Pomerania Lagoon Area National Park.
History.
Until 1819 the area was controlled by Sweden. Then it became a part of Prussia. The modern district was made in 1994 by joining nthe three old districts of Grimmen, Ribnitz-Damgarten and Stralsund.

Nordwestmecklenburg
Nordwestmecklenburg ("Northwestern Mecklenburg") is a "Kreis" (district) in the north-western part of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. It is situated on the coast of the Baltic Sea and border on Schleswig-Holstein.The district-free city Wismar north of the district is nearly surrounded by it.
The district was madein 1994 by joining the old districts Gadebusch, Grevesmühlen and Wismar, and also smaller parts of the districts Sternberg and Schwerin-Land.

Ostvorpommern
Ostvorpommern is a "Kreis" (district) in the eastern part of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. The Hanseatic city of Greifswald is surrounded by the district, but does not belong to it.
History.
The district was created on June 12 1994 by joining the old districts of Anklam, Greifswald and Wolgast.

Parchim Rural District
Parchim is a "Kreis" (district) in the southwestern part of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany.
Geography.
Most of the district is now used for farming, but in the easternmost part there are several lakes, the largest of them being the Plauer See (39 km²). The Plauer See marks the western end of the Müritz lakeland.
History.
Until 1994 the present-day district was divided into the three districts of Parchim, Sternberg and Lübz.

Francis Colburn Adams
Francis Colburn Adams was an American writer, who used to live in Charleston, South Carolina. He wrote under many fake names.

Calvin Baker
Calvin Baker is an American writer. He was born in Chicago and he graduated from Amherst College in Amherst. He is living in New York.

Annie Payson Call
Annie Payson Call (1853-1940) was an American writer. She wrote a few books and published articles in the The Ladies' Home Journal. She liked to write about mental health issues.
Books written.
Source: New General Catalog of Old Books and Authors

Variety show
A variety show is a television show that features a variety of performing acts. These may include actors, musicians and singers, acrobats, comedians, and other kinds of performers. Similar shows appeared earlier on radio, and were a newer kind of vaudeville.
Ed Sullivan hosted a long-running variety show on CBS, from the 1940s to the early 1970s. The Smothers Brothers hosted a comedy/variety show in the late 1960s. Other performers hosted successful variety shows through the years.
Variety shows were a good "breaking ground" for new acts, in the early years of television. They were also useful to established performers, to give them steady work and regular exposure to audiences.
Interest in the format lessened in the United States during the 1970s. Dolly Parton tried to start a new variety show in the 1980s, but it did not last. Performance competition shows, like "The Gong Show", "Star Search", and today "American Idol" became the new breaking ground for performers.
The variety show format is still sometimes imitated by ensemble comedy programs. Television talk shows carry much of the spirit of variety shows, in offering a variety of entertainers to appear.

Steve Jablonsky
Steve Jablonsky (born on October 9, 1970) is an American music composer for movies, television and video games.
Jablonsky has composed the soundtracks to the movies "The Texas Chainsaw Massacre" (2003), "Steamboy" (2004), "The Island" (2005), "Transformers" (2007) and "D-War" (2007). He also helped compose some of the music to the video game ', and composed the theme music for the BBC's "Seven Wonders of the Industrial World" in 2003. He continues to write music for the television series "Desperate Housewives" (2004-current) since the fourth episode.
Jablonsky works in Hans Zimmer's studio Remote Control Productions (formerly known as Media Ventures).

Breitenbach, Switzerland
Breitenbach is a municipality in the district of Thierstein in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

Brunnenthal, Switzerland
Brunnenthal is a municipality in the district of Bucheggberg, in the canton of Solothurn, Switzerland.

Brügglen
Brügglen is a municipality in the district of Bucheggberg, in the canton of Solothurn, Switzerland.

Rügen Rural District
Rügen is a "Kreis" (district) in the northeastern part of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany.
Rügen districts is two large islands, Rügen and Hiddensee, and some small islands like Ummanz and Vilm. It is thus the only district of Germany which is not on the mainland.

Bärschwil
Bärschwil is a municipality in the district of Thierstein in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

Uecker-Randow
Uecker-Randow is a "Kreis" (district) in the eastern part of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany.
The district was created on June 12 1994 by joining the old districts of Pasewalk, Ueckermünde and part of the district Strasburg.

Siegessäule
The or "Victory Column" is a famous sight in Berlin.
It was designed after 1864 to remember Prussia winning the Danish-Prussian war. By the time it was finished on 2 September 1873 Prussia had also beat Austria in the Austro-Prussian War (1866) and France in the Franco-Prussian War (1870/1871). A bronze sculpture of Victoria was added. "Victoria" was high and weighed 35 tonnes. Berliners like to give nicknames to famous buildings. They call the statue "Goldelse", meaning something like "Golden Lizzy". She also has the nickname of "Chick on a Stick".
The column was built in the Königsplatz, now the Platz der Republik, in front of the Reichstag building. It had three blocks of sandstone decorated by cannons taken from the enemies in the three wars. In 1938 the column was moved to its present location, and a fourth ring, decorated with golden garlands was added.
These reliefs were taken away in 1945. The French occupying army did not want to remind Germans about old victories. French president François Mitterrand returned the reliefs in time for Berlin's 750th anniversary of Berlin.
The monument is now on the "Großer Stern" (Great Star). Many roads meet here, so there are four tunnels under the roads to the monument, and it is possible to climb the steps inside the column and look out over Berlin. If the Nazis had not moved the column it would probably have been destroyed in World War II.
The column is in Wim Wenders' film "Wings of Desire". In the film it is the place where angels meet. The golden statue on the column was in the music video to U2's "Stay (Faraway, So Close!)" and inspired Paul van Dyk's 1998 trance music hit, "For an Angel".
"El Ángel" in Mexico City looks a lot like the Berlin victory column.
The Victory Column is open every day: April-October 9.30am-6.30pm November-March 9.30am-5.30pm.

Ennepe-Ruhr Rural District
The Ennepe-Ruhr-Kreis is a district in the middle of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
The old district was changed in 1970 and 1975. It now includes the city of Witten.
The district got its name because it is in the valleys of the rivers Ruhr and Ennepe.

Gevelsberg
Gevelsberg is a town in the district of Ennepe-Ruhr Rural District the state of North Rhine-Westphalia.
Geography.
Schwelm is situated in the southeast of the "Ruhrgebiet", the Ruhr Area of Germany.

Physical education class
Physical Education is a physical subject, that is taught in school. Students do many different sports and activities that strain the body. Many types of fitness are involved. If a person takes it for a long enough time, they will get very fit and strong.
Physical Education- is a course that utilizes learning in the cognitive, affective and psychomotor domains in a play or movement exploration setting.

Islam Karimov
Islam Abduganievitj Karimov born january 30, 1938 in Samarkand is the current president of Uzbekistan. He is considered a dictator and has many time violated human rights in hes country.

Weekly Shonen Jump
Weekly Shonen Jump is a Teen, manga magazine made by Shueisha. The magazine is also heard as "Shonen Jump", "Weekly Jump", or easily "Jump". The manga from the magazine are made into Jump Comics.
International Magazines.
These books are every month; the Japanese magazine is every 7 days.
"SHONEN JUMP".
The printer of magazines, Shueisha joined the printer of manga VIZ Media, LLC. (before heard as Viz Communications, LLC.) to print a monthly work of Weekly Shonen Jump. The first print was made in 2003 with picture of Goku on the front. The English words in the magazine used circumflexes besides macrons. Not all the time the magazine does this.
"BANZAI!".
The Weekly Jump magazine is printed as the magazine BANZAI! in Germany. The printer of magazines, Carlsen Verlag created the printed book. The first issue was in 2001 and stopped going in 2005. The printed book put the series Hakuchi One, I"s, Shaman King, Nekomajin, DNA2, Sand Land, Dr. Slump, Halloweens, and Hunter x Hunter. Two book labels were made for the manga called Best of "BANZAI!" and "BANZAI! präsentiert" (BANZAI! presents).
Swedish "Shonen Jump".
The Swedish printed version was made by Bonnier Carlsen. The printed book only appeared in 2007 and put the manga Yu-Gi-Oh!, Naruto, and Shaman King in it. The manga Bleach was printed in it after the other manga. The book also had short manga like Sand Land; and made people learn how to create manga.
Norwegian "Shonen Jump".
The Norwegian printed book was made by Shibsted. The book was printed through 2005-2007. The magazine put series like Rurouni Kenshin, Yu-Gi-Oh!, and Shaman King. The comics Shaman King and Naruto are going to be printed in books. Two labels were made for the manga called "En Bok Fra Shonen Jump" (A Book From Shonen Jump) and "Dragon Ball Ekstra" (Dragon Ball Extra).

Church music
Church music is music that is intended to be part of Christian worship in churches, chapels, cathedrals or anywhere Christians meet to worship. Church music is sacred (religious) music, but not all religious music is church music. Some music may be inspired by religion, but it may not be church music. For example, some songs are about religion, but they may not be church music. Although it uses the words of the Requiem mass, Verdi’s "Requiem", was composed for performance in a concert hall. Britten’s "War Requiem" was written for performance in a cathedral, but it was not meant to be part of a service of worship, so it would not usually be thought of as “church music”.
Church music has varied enormously during the history of Christianity as different churches kept changing their ideas about what part music should have in religious worship. Most church music is based on singing. Music written for church choirs mostly used the words of the liturgy (the words used in services). The organ is the most important musical instrument in church music, although from time to time many other instruments have been used as well.
During many periods in history composers writing for the church used traditional music rather than the newest fashions. This was particularly the case in the early 17th century when composers such as Claudio Monteverdi often wrote in two different styles: the old style for church music (which, at the time, they called “stilo antico”) and the new style for secular (non-religious) music (which they called “stilo moderno”).
Music in the early history of the church.
During the early history of Christian worship the churches were spread through many countries in the Roman Empire. The musical traditions that already existed in these countries were used, so there was great variety. Musical instruments were associated with the devil and with dancing, and so they were thought to be wicked and were not allowed in churches. The only music that was allowed in churches was singing. In the 4th century Bishop Ambrosius of Milan introduced the antiphon and encouraged newly composed hymns. Psalms were an important part of the early Christian worship. Responsorial psalms were psalms which were sung by one person (who may have been called a “reader”), and the congregation may have responded at the end of a verse with something simple such as “Alleluia”. Gradually “antiphonal psalmody” was developed. This meant that the choir stands on opposite sides facing one another and they sing the verses of the psalm alternately (first one side has a turn, then the other). Antiphonal psalm singing can still be heard today in Anglican cathedrals.
The kind of music heard in the Catholic church was known as chant or plainchant, often known as “Gregorian chant” (after St Gregory the Great, who was Pope from 590-604). The text (the words that were sung) were the standard words of the liturgy. The words of the Mass were set to music by many composers. Music for the dead was called Requiem Mass. There was also music for Vespers and the Compline. Until the 16th century the organ was only used to accompany the singing. In the Renaissance period many great composers such as Giovanni da Palestrina and Orlande de Lassus wrote polyphonic music for the Catholic church. They often wrote motets: short pieces based on texts which were not part of the liturgy.
During the period called Reformation some Protestant groups broke away from the Catholic Church. From this time on Catholic and Protestant music developed in different ways.
Protestant Church Music.
Martin Luther started the Protestant movement in Germany. In the Lutheran church the chorale was the most important part of the musical worship. Luther himself composed many chorale tunes. These are like hymns. The great Johann Sebastian Bach based much of his organ music on the chorale (these pieces are called Chorale Preludes). The choir often sang a motet. Sometimes these choir pieces became very long and turned into cantatas. The words were not from the liturgy but made up by poets or taken from the Bible. Bach wrote about 200 cantatas for the church. He also wrote two great passions which tell the story of Jesus dying on the cross. Other composers who have contributed to Protestant church music in Europe include Heinrich Schütz, Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck, Dietrich Buxtehude, Johann Pachelbel, and Felix Mendelssohn-Bartholdy.
Catholic Church Music.
Music for the Catholic church includes instrumental music such as “church cantatas”. Arcangelo Corelli and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart wrote many examples of these. Mozart also wrote several masses. Great Italian composers of the 16th and 17th centuries who wrote church music include Giovanni Gabrieli and Claudio Monteverdi. In the 19th century Rheinberger and Max Reger wrote music in the Romantic style. French composers of this time wrote in a style which was similar to secular music.
Church Music in England.
When King Henry VIII broke away from the Catholic Church he founded his own church, known as the Anglican church. Many great composers wrote music for the Anglican service. Their music for choirs was mostly service settings and anthems. They also wrote many hymn tunes. Important composers include William Byrd (who also wrote Catholic church music) and Thomas Tallis in the Renaissance, Orlando Gibbons and Henry Purcell in the Baroque period, and in later periods Samuel Sebastian Wesley, Charles Stanford, Ralph Vaughan Williams, Edward Bairstow, William Mathias and John Rutter.
Church Music in the United States.
Church music in American churches developed, at first, in a similar way to European music. The Book of Common Prayer was the basis of American worship. Both Puritans and Baptists thought that congregational singing was important. In the 18th century Singing Masters from Singing Schools in the north eastern states used to travel around to try to teach people in church to sing properly. The most famous of these singing masters was William Billings. Because most people could not read, a system called Lined-out Hymnody developed, in which the priest sang a line and the congregation copied him. Later in the century, during the “First Great Awakening”, the hymn tunes of English composers such as Isaac Watts and Charles Wesley became popular.
In the 19th century people from different churches met at Camp Meetings. These were led by Evangelists. The songs reflect the belief that sinners can be saved by repenting. The music of black people and of folk music became important influences. Songs became tuneful and often had refrains. In the middle of the century Sunday Schools for children became extremely popular and many songs were written for them. Gospel songs and negro spirituals also became very widely used and influenced the development of church music in America.
Church Music in the Orthodox Church.
Church music in the Orthodox Church in East European countries is always sung. It is based on the Byzantine musical tradition.

Independencia Province
Independencia (English: "Independence") is a Dominican province, located in the western part of the country, on the border with Haiti. Its capital city is Jimaní.
It was created on 29 December 1948 but to start on 1 January 1950. It was part of the Bahoruco province before being elevated to the category of province. Its name remembers the national independence from Haiti on 27 February 1844.
Location.
Independencia is bordered to the north by the Elías Piña and Bahoruco provinces, to the east by Barahona and to the south by the Pedernales province. To the west Independencia borders the Republic of Haiti.
Municipalities.
Independencia has a total area of 2,006.44 km². It has 4.1% of the area of the Dominican Republic and it is ranked as the 8th (out of 31 plus the National District) largest province.
There are six municipalities and six municipal districts in the province.
Population.
In 2002 (last national census), there were 50,833 people living in the Independencia province, and 31,729 (62.42%) living in towns and cities. The population density was 25.3 persons/km², the second lowest in the country; only Pedernales has a lower population density.
The largest city is Duvergé, with a population (in 2002) of 17,320 inhabitants. It is the only province in the Dominican Republic where the capital city is not the largest city of the province; Jimaní has a population of 11,414.
Geography.
The Sierra de Bahoruco is found in the southern part of the province, and the Sierra de Neiba runs across the northwestern part of the province, on the border with the Elías Piña province. The rest of the province is part of the "Hoya de Enriquillo" (or "Neiba Valley"). In this valley is the "Lake Enriquillo", and about half of its area is part of the Independencia province.
There are few permanent rivers, with water all the time. The longest river is the Las Damas river (24 km), which flows from Sierra de Bahoruco to the Lake Enriquillo.
The climate of the province is a tropical climate, very hot and dry in the valley, but it is cooler on the mountains.
Economy.
As in all border provinces in the Dominican Republic, there is little economic development. The trade with Haiti is important in Jimaní, which is not far from Port-au-Prince. On the Sierra de Neiba, coffee and beans are important products.

Psychedelic music
Psychedelic music is a word talking about many different music styles and genres, such as psychedelic rock, psychedelic folk, psychedelic pop, psychedelic soul, psychedelic ambient, psychedelic trance, psychedelic techno, and others. Many people use the words acid rock to talk about psychedelic rock. Psychedelic music can happen in almost every kind of music, even classical Western art music.

642 Clara
642 Clara is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Max Wolf in 1907. Its temporary name was 1907 ZY.

Paraná, Argentina
Paraná is the capital city of the Entre Ríos Province, Argentina.
Between 1854 and 1861 it was the capital of Argentina
Location.
The city is on the coast of the Paraná River about 470 km from Buenos Aires.
Population.
Its population is about 237,968 inhabitants.

Chubut Province
Chubut is a Province of Argentina, located in the region called Patagonia.
The province borders Río Negro in the north, Santa Cruz in the south, and Chile to the west.
Population.
Chubut has a population of 455,607 people (2001).

Comodoro Rivadavia
Comodoro Rivadavia is the largest city of the Chubut Province, Argentina.
Location.
The city is on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean about 1.733 km from Buenos Aires.
Population.
Its population is about 135,632 inhabitants.

San Miguel de Tucumán
San Miguel de Tucumán is the capital city of the Tucumán Province, Argentina.
Location.
The city is on the north-west of Argentina, about 1.193 km from Buenos Aires.
Population.
Its population is about 527.607 inhabitants.

Club Penguin
Club Penguin is an online social children's game. Players can make a penguin to be, choose a color for the penguin, and play games to earn money. Players' penguins can buy a pet called a 'puffle', which can be fed and played with. Some things aren't available to all penguins, like buying clothes. This is because a player must pay to be a complete member for their penguin to wear clothes, buy an upgrade for their igloo, and decorate it. However, to be a complete member you must pay a certain amount of real money to the company. Being a regular member does not cost anything. The complete membership can last for 1 month, 6 months, or even a year depending on how much you pay.

Wikio
Wikio is a European search engine developed by Kelkoo. It was sold to Yahoo! soon after.

Sky News
Sky News is a news broadcasting station in the United Kingdom. It has won #1 News award of the year. This channel is only available to Sky TV.

IZarc
IZArc is a file archiver for Microsoft Windows developed by Bulgarian programmer Ivan Zahariev. The program is freeware, but not open source. IZarc can open the most commonly used archive formats, like zip, rar, gzip, tar.gz, bzip2, and 7z, and others many less common formats (48 in total). IZarc has an integration in Windows Explorer and has an Virus Scan feature. IZarc can also do CD image conversions.
Formats.
IZArc (as of version 3.81) can support and open the following file formats: 7-Zip, A, ACE, ARC, ARJ, B64, BH,
BIN, BZ2, BZA, C2D, CAB, CDI, CPIO, DEB, ENC, GCA, GZ, GZA, HA, IMG, ISO, IZE, JAR, LHA, LIB, LZH, MBF, MDF,
MIM, NRG, PAK, PDI, PK3, RAR, RPM, TAR, TAZ, TBZ, TGZ, TZ, UUE, WAR, XXE, YZ1, Z, ZIP, ZOO.
Problems.
Many IZArc users had problem with "7-Zip" format in the encryption and parameter modification. IZArc does not support ISO editing and doesn't support Unicode.
Portable version.
IZArc is also available as a portable application called IZArc2Go. It includes all features and functions of the permanently installed version, except explorer "shell-menu" and the ability to associate file types with it.
Awards.
It has been awarded by several well-known download sites, such as FileTransit, SnapFiles, SoftNews, Softpedia, WebAttack, because is a software user friendly and can open many formats.

Digital divide
Digital Divide is the name of the gap, in a branch of technology, between parts of the world where technologies as internet, mobile phones, computers, wi-fi there are, and the parts of the world where there aren't.
Problems.
Digital Divide can born for many problems like socioeconomic problems (few people are rich and lots are poor), racial problems (there is a majority or a minority that control the other), or geographical problems (in the cities there are technologies but there aren't in rural areas).
Examples in culture.
An example of Digital Divide we can see if we think about countries as Canada, the United States, Japan, South Korea, Western Europe and North Europe and Australasia,where there are big internet connection developments, or where technologies are cheaps, and after we think about Latin America, Africa, and Southeast Asia,where there are many social problems and where technologies has a long way before to get interest in those countries, for problems as, price of technology, and sometimes because there isn't resources for help it. The Digital Divide is a big problem for the world, because it help others problems, and probability the richer part of the world will be always more richest, and the poor part, always more poorest.
Inner conflict.
In some parts of world there is a large Digital divide. Sometimes it is just in half of a country, or just a region, for example Africa. There are big cities were technologies are really cheap and there are lots of villages and rural communities where there is no technology. In this case the Digital Divide creates others problems. Because a part of the country is rich and another part is poor there are often problems with trading and connections.
Opposition.
Many rich countries (for example, Canada, United States, Japan, Italy, France, United Kingdom) send old computers or make charity projects by no-profit associations or communities or projects for the school in poor countries, as One Laptop Per Child, for to fight the digital divide and for making a culture about internet and about others technologies.

Adobe Dreamweaver
Dreamweaver is a computer program that is used to make web pages. It was created by Macromedia. Macromedia is now owned by Adobe Systems. It can be used on either Windows computers or Macintosh computers. It can be used to make CSS, JavaScript, and other web technologies.

Michael Morpurgo
Michael Andrew Bridge Morpurgo OBE (born 5 October 1943) is a British writer. Michael Morpurgo grew up in London during a war there. He was a teacher, but the book "Poetry in the Making" by Ted Hughes, made him decide to write instead of teaching. He is the author of over one hundred books, mostly for children, many of which have given many prizes and awards.
Five of his books have been made into films. "My Friend Walter" (1988) and "Out of the Ashes" (2001) have both been made into television.

Aachen Rural District
The district of Aachen ("Kreis Aachen") is a Kreis (district) in the west of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. The city of Aachen is not part of the district.
History.
The modern district was made in 1975 by joining the old districts of Aachen and Monschau, and some parts of the districts of Düren, Jülich and Schleiden as well as the Selfkant district.
Coat of arms.
The top of the coat of arms shows the black lion, the sign of Jülich, as the district contains mostly former parts of the duchy of Jülich. In the bottom the swan on a deer antler is the sign of the city of Burtscheid, which was the capital of the district until it was incorporated into the city of Aachen.

643 Scheherezade
643 Scheherezade is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by August Kopff in 1907. Its provisional name was 1907 ZZ.

Borken Rural District
Borken is a "Landkreis" (rural district, or county) in the northwestern part of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
In 1975 the district was made by joining the old district of Ahaus, the city of Bocholt and small parts of the districts of Rees, Recklinghausen and Coesfeld.

Coesfeld Rural District
Coesfeld () is a "Kreis" (district) in the northwestern part of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, west of the city of Münster.

Düren Rural District
Düren is a Kreis (district) in the west of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
History.
The district was created in 1972 by joining the old districts of Jülich and Düren. Both districts date back to 1816 when the new Prussian province of Rhineland was created.

Euskirchen Rural District
Euskirchen is a Kreis (district) in the south-west of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
History.
In 1827 a small district around the city of Euskirchen was made. In 1932 the district of Rheinbach was split up. Euskirchen district got the southern part of Rheinbach. In 1972 the Euskirchen district grew again because the district of Schleiden wa sput into Euskirchen rural district.

Gütersloh Rural District
Gütersloh () is a Kreis (district) in the north-east of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
History.
"Kreis Gütersloh" was made in 1973 when all of the districts in North Rhine-Westphalia, where changed. The old districts of Halle and Wiedenbrück were joined, and parts of the districts of Bielefeld, Paderborn, Beckum and Warendorf were added to the new district.

Heinsberg Rural District
Heinsberg is a Kreis (district) in the west of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
History.
The area became Prussian in 1815. To help govern its new land Prussia made three districts Heinsberg, Erkelenz and Geilenkirchen in 1816. In 1932 the districts of Heinsberg and Geilenkirchen were joined, and in 1972 the Erkelenz district was joined to the others as well. In 1975 the municipality of Niederkrüchten was moved to the district Viersen. That was the last change to the district's size

Decibel
A decibel or dB measures power or intensity. Most often, it is used to say how loud a sound is. At the moment, the decibel is not an SI unit.

Alfredo Panzini
Alfredo Panzini (December 31,1863-April 10,1939) was an Italian novelist, or book writer. He was born in Senigallia, Italy. Panzini was the student of Giosuè Carducci at the University of Bologna. Panzini worked as a secondary school teacher before becoming a writer.

Bättwil
Bättwil is a municipality in the district Dorneck in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

Büren, Solothurn
Büren is a municipality in the district Dorneck in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

Büsserach
Büsserach is a municipality in the district Thierstein in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

Deitingen
Deitingen is a municipality in the district Wasseramt in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

Derendingen, Switzerland
Derendingen is a municipality in the district Wasseramt in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

Kochan
Kochan is a village in southwestern Bulgaria. It has rich history, dating back to the 8th century BC. The village also has rich culture and beautiful nature. The population is almost completely Muslim.

Dornach
Dornach is a municipality in the district Dorneck in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.
The Battle of Dornach was fought here.

Dulliken
Dulliken is a municipality in the district Olten in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

Däniken, Solothurn
Däniken is a municipality in the district Olten in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.
On the bottom from Däniken is also an nuclear power plant. His name is Gösgen. Däniken has a lot of industry.
The village is in half. At upstairs is for the rich and downstairs is for the not so rich.

Egerkingen
Egerkingen is a municipality in the district Gäu in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

Eppenberg-Wöschnau
Eppenberg-Wöschnau is a municipality in the district Olten in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

Erlinsbach, Solothurn
Erlinsbach is a municipality in the district Gösgen in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

Erschwil
Erschwil is a municipality in the district Thierstein in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

Etziken
Etziken is a municipality in the district Wasseramt in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

Fehren
Fehren is a municipality in the district Thierstein in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

Flumenthal
Flumenthal is a municipality in the district Lebern in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

Fulenbach
Fulenbach is a municipality in the district Olten in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

Gempen
Gempen is a municipality in the district Dorneck in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

General Educational Development
General Educational Development (commonly shortened to GED) is an optional test that can be taken instead of finishing high school in the United States and Canada.

Górnik Zabrze
Górnik Zabrze is one of the most successful Polish football clubs, based in Zabrze, Poland. They started in 1948. The word "górnik" means "miner". In 2006, the club was bought by the German financial and investments company, Allianz.
They have won polish football league 14 times and the polish cup 6 times. They play at the Ernest Pohl Stadium in Zabrze.

Gerlafingen
Gerlafingen is a municipality in the district Wasseramt in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

Grenchen
Grenchen is a municipality in the district Lebern in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.
With a population of around 16,000 people, it is one of the largest municipalities in the canton of Solothurn.
History.
In the year 1000, a castle was built in Grenchen and was lived in for a few hundred years, but the name Grenchen was not first used until 1131. Its name comes from the Gallo-Romanic word "graneca", which means "by the grainery".

Gretzenbach
Gretzenbach is a municipality in the district Olten in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

Herford Rural District
Herford () is a "Kreis" (district) in the northeastern part of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

Grindel, Switzerland
Grindel is a municipality in the district Thierstein in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

Gunzgen
Gunzgen is a municipality in the district Olten in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

Hochsauerland Rural District
Hochsauerland is a Landkreis (rural district, or county) in the east of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
History.
The district was established in 1975 in the reorganization of the districts in North Rhine-Westphalia by joining the old districts Arnsberg, Brilon and Meschede.

Höxter Rural District
Höxter () is a Kreis (district) in the east of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
History.
In 1816 the new Prussian government created three districts in the area, Höxter, Brakel and Warburg. In 1832 Höxter and Brakel were joined together as Höxter.
The present district was created in 1975 when the former districts Warburg and Höxter were merged. At the same time the municipalities in the district were joined to form the ten cities that exist today.

Kleve Rural District
Kleve Rural District or Kreis Kleve local-government district in northwestern North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
The district was created in 1975 when the former districts of Kleve and Geldern were joined with the towns of Emmerich and Rees from Rees District and the municipality of Rheurdt from Moers District.

Duck Hunt
"Duck Hunt" is a video game for the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) game system. The game was made by Nintendo, and was released in 1984 in Japan. In "Duck Hunt", players use the NES Zapper to shoot ducks on screen to get points. The ducks come onto the screen one or two at a time, and the player is given three shots to shoot them down.
"Duck Hunt" was one of the two first Pack-in games for the NES. The game did not get many reviews, but many gamers enjoyed playing it, and many people said it was a good game. Before Nintendo made the game, it also made a "Duck Hunt" game about the Laser Clay Shooting System released in 1976.
Gameplay.
In "Duck Hunt", players use the Nintendo Zapper Light Gun that must be plugged into their NES consoles. Then they try to shoot down ducks or clay pigeons. "Duck Hunt" was also released as an arcade game in 1984, and was also in the PlayChoice-10 arcade console.
The game has three modes: one-duck mode, with only one duck on the screen; two-duck mode, with two on the screen; and a third mode called "clay pigeon shooting". The clay pigeons are much smaller than the ducks and are harder to hit. Players need faster reaction time when playing this mode than when shooting ducks. In "Vs. Duck Hunt", Clay Shooting mode is the second mode after two-duck mode, because the arcade "Duck Hunt" games never had a one-duck mode.
During the game, there is a dog that laughs at the player if no duck is hit. If the player hits a duck, the dog will congratulate them. A popular urban legend is that players have found a way to shoot the dog. This cannot happen in "Duck Hunt", but it can happen in a bonus round of the arcade game "Vs. Duck Hunt".
"Duck Hunt" does not have a way for more than one person to shoot ducks, but a second player may plug in a NES controller in the other controller port and control the duck that appears. This only can happen in one-duck mode, and can not be done with the clay pigeons.
Development.
Nobody knows much about the developement of "Duck Hunt", but Nintendo Research & Development 1 made the game. They also created the Light Gun used in "Duck Hunt". Work on the game was led by Takehiro Izushi, and was produced by Gunpei Yokoi.
Packaging.
"Duck Hunt" has been placed in several cartridges with more than one game. In the Action Set cartridge of the NES in the 1980s, "Duck Hunt" came with "Super Mario Bros.". If a player bought the NES system with the Power Pad, then "Duck Hunt" came on a 3-in-1 cartridge that also had "World Class Track Meet" and "Super Mario Bros".
Audio.
The music was composed, or written, by Koji Kondo and Hirokazu "Hip" Tanaka. Both men made music for other Nintendo games at the time, such as Metroid. Some people have called the sound effects, "pretty much what you'd expect for a game from the early 1980s - that is, awful by today's standards...", but the game's music was played on the Video Games Live concert tour.
Reception.
Because it was made in the 1980's, "Duck Hunt" did not get very many reviews. Most critics have not reviewed "Duck Hunt". All Game Guide called the game an "attractive but repetitive target shooter" and "utterly mindless... the game is fun for a short time, but gets old after a few rounds of play." Video Game Critic, another website, gave the game a review in 2004, scoring the game a "D". It said, "there's really not much substance to it... overall Duck Hunt is pretty lame, and only worth playing for a trip down memory lane." Video game players say that they like the game. IGN users gave it an 8.7 out of 10, and the Gamespot users gave the Mario-Duck Hunt cartridge a 9.1 out of 10. It was rated the 155th best game made on a Nintendo System in Nintendo Powers Top 200 Games list.
"Duck Hunt", and the characters in it, have been in other video games since the game first came out in the 1980s. The dog in "Duck Hunt" has appeared in "Barker Bill's Trick Shooting" and can be shot in the "Balloon Saloon" game. In "Super Smash Bros. Melee", a trophy shows the ducks from "Duck Hunt". Also, games in the "WarioWare, Inc." series have games about "Duck Hunt". Level 19 in Tetris DS is also about "Duck Hunt"
Wii Play.
One of the games in "Wii Play" for the Wii console is Shooting, a game that is similar to "Duck Hunt". The game replaces the light gun used in the NES game with the Wii controller, and it has a targeting reticle that "Duck Hunt" did not have. The new game also has different things to shoot, such as UFOs and targets, and has a two player mode.

Pack-in game
Pack-in games are video games that come with a game system. They are often in the same box as the game system, which is why they are called pack-in games. Pack-in games are used to help show players how to use the system the game came with, such as the game Wii Sports for the Wii system. It is made to show people how to play Wii.

Lippe Rural District
Lippe () is a "Kreis" (district) in the east of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
The district of Lippe is named after the Lords of Lippe and their Principality of Lippe. It was a state within the Holy Roman Empire and today is a district of North Rhine-Westphalia.
History.
The last prince of Lippe was forced to abdicate in 1918 after the end of World War I when Germany became a republic, his country became a "Freistaat" (Free State) in the German republic. In 1932 the state was divided into two districts, Detmold and Lemgo.
In 1973 the two districts Lemgo and Detmold were merged to the district Lippe.
Cuisine.
The most famous dish served in Lippe is the Pickert. In the past it was known as a meal for poor people. The main ingredients are potatoes, flour and raisins.

Hybrid Theory
"Hybrid Theory" is the first studio album by Linkin Park. It was released on March 25, 2001.
Before release.
Before Linkin Park was known as "Linkin Park," they were known as Xero. After Mark Wakefield left Xero, Chester Bennington joined, and their name was changed to "Hybrid Theory." They produced a demo tape with nine songs and sent it to several record companies, but they all refused to sponsor Linkin Park. Eventually, they were signed by Warner Bros. Records in 2000.
About the songs.
Most of the songs on "Hybrid Theory" came from early versions of them that Xero recorded with Mark Wakefield.
The songs were mostly about Chester Bennington's problems as a child, such as child abuse, social isolation, the divorce of his parents, and drug abuse. Bennington and Mike Shinoda have said that the songs turned into songs about "everyday emotions that you talk about and think about."
In 2002, all of the songs were remixed for Linkin Park's second album, "Reanimation".
List of songs.
Four of the songs from "Hybrid Theory" were released as singles: "One Step Closer," "Crawling," "Papercut," and "In the End." They were all very popular and appeared on charts. "Runaway" was not a single, but it also appeared on charts.
Critics' opinions of "Hybrid Theory".
Critics had mixed opinions of "Hybrid Theory". The magazines "Rolling Stone", "PopMatters", "The Village Voice" and "Sputnikmusic" liked the album. Robert Christgau from "The Village Voice" enjoyed listening to "Papercut" and "Points of Authority."
However, "Allmusic" and "NME" did not like the album. They thought it was a generic rock and heavy metal album, and not very creative.

Hybrid Theory EP
"Hybrid Theory EP" is an EP by the American nu metal/alternative rock band Linkin Park that was recorded and released in 1999. At this time, Linkin Park were called "Hybrid Theory", making this EP a self-titled album, or an album named after the band.
It was Linkin Park's first record. Before it, in 1997, the band only made a demo tape called "Xero". The band changed its name later in 1999, after Chester Bennington replaced Mark Wakefield as the lead singer.
About the EP.
Only one thousand were made, and the EP was sent to different record labels, such as Warner Bros. Records. The rest of the copies of the EP were sent to the first members of Linkin Park's fan club.
On November 19, 2001, Linkin Park Underground, Linkin Park's fan club, was made. The first fan club package that was sent to members had a new edition of "Hybrid Theory EP", with a note from the band. The first 500 copies of the CD were signed by all 6 members of the band.
The only ways to get the EP are to buy it from eBay, or win a contest in the Linkin Park Underground when the EP is awarded as a contest prize. But the prizes awarded by the LPU are the original EP.

San José de Ocoa Province
San José de Ocoa is a Dominican province; it is located on the southern side of the Cordillera Central. Its capital city has the same name, San José de Ocoa.
It was created on 6 September 2000 but to start on 1 January 2001. It was a municipality of the Peravia province before being elevated to the category of province.
Location.
San José de Ocoa is bordered to the north by the Monseñor Nouel and La Vega provinces, to the east by San Cristóbal, to the south by the Peravia, and to the west by Azua.
Origin of name.
The province is named after its capital city, San José de Ocoa. "Ocoa" is the name of the river that crosses the province; it is a Taíno word that means "a place with many mountains".
History.
Bartolomé de Las Casas was the first person that wrote about the region when he said that "Maniey" (now, "Maniel") was a Taíno province. Maniey or Maniel meant "a place where there are peanuts"; mani (Spanish, "maní") is the Taíno word for peanut. Peter Martyr d'Anghiera did not write about the "Maniey" but he wrote about a lake in the region of Rancho Arriba; there is not lake (or lakes) there anymore, only a swamp.
For a long time, the region was visited only by "monteros" (men that hunted wild cows and pigs. Then some "maroons" (runaway slaves) came to live here, in the high mountains of the region. One settlement was called "Maniel"; since then, Maniel meant in Hispaniola a place where maroons live and not only the name of the region.
The first settlement by maroons in the region is from beginnings of the 16th century and was called Maniel Viejo de Ocoa. This settlement lasted until 1666 or 1667 because many people died from smallpox and measles that affected the island in those years. There was also a military action in the region to capture maroons.
The second settlement was during the first years of the 19th century (around 1802), and it is known as Maniel de los Lorenzos ("Lorenzos' Maniel") because the last name ("Lorenzo") of its founders. It was founded at El Canal, north of the city of San José de Ocoa.
Very soon some families from Baní, on the south, began to move to the region and made their houses in the place where is the city of San José de Ocoa.
On December 1858, San José de Ocoa was made a municipality of the old province of Santo Domingo; in 1895, it was changed to a municipality of the Azua province. With the creation of the Peravia, San José de Ocoa was a municipality of that new province. Then, on 6 September 2000, San José de Ocoa was made a new province.
During the Independence War (1844), there was two important battles in the region: the battles of El Memiso and El Pinar, where the Dominican soldiers won those two fights and the Haitians soldier could not go to Santo Domingo and had to go back to Haiti.
Municipalities.
San José de Ocoa has a total area of 855.40 km². It has 1.8% of the area of the Dominican Republic and it is ranked as the 25th (out of 31 plus the National District) largest province.
There are three municipalities and four municipal districts in the province.
Population.
In 2002 (last national census), there were 62,368 people living in the San José de Ocoa province, and 32,920 (52.78%) living in towns and cities. The population density was 72.9 persons/km².
Economy.
The main economic activity of the province is agriculture; the main products are coffee, beans and potato. Other vegetables, as cabbage and carrot are also grown as well as some tropical fruits (avocado and mango.

Compilation album
A compilation album is an album of songs, made by different recording artists, or by one group or artist at different times. Some compilations are "greatest hits" albums, that feature the biggest hit records of a given year, or a certain genre of music, or artists from the same era or location. Others are called "best-ofs" or "anthology" albums, and have the same kind of themes. Some compilations include only the biggest record chart hits, while others may include B-sides, hard-to-find songs, or songs that were unreleased earlier.

644 Cosima
644 Cosima is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by August Kopff in 1907. Its provisional name was 1907 AA.

645 Agrippina
645 Agrippina is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Joel Metcalf in 1907. Its temporary name was 1907 AG.

646 Kastalia
646 Kastalia is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. There is also a near-Earth asteroid named 4769 Castalia.
It was found by August Kopff in 1907. Its provisional name was 1907 AC.

The Land Before Time
"The Land Before Time" is a movie series that was started in 1988 by a Don Bluth movie with the same name. So far, the series has 13 movies and a television series.
Despite rumors, it is unknown whether a fourteenth will be made.
Main Characters.
There are five main characters, collectively known as the "Gang of Five:"
Littlefoot: The leader of the gang, Littlefoot is a "longneck," the in-universe name for Apatosaurus. He is brave, and good at making decisions. He lives with his grandparents in the Great Valley.
Cera: Cera is a "threehorn," also known as a Triceratops. She is stubborn and does not trust easily. She is the most aggressive of the group. She lives with her father for most of the movies, but gains a new mother and younger sister in the 12th movie.
Ducky: Ducky has been called a "Swimmer," "Big Mouth," and "Duckfoot" on screen, so it is not known for sure what kind of dinosaur Ducky is. She looks most like a Saurolophus, but she is called a Parasoralophus on the Land Before Time Website. She is the nicest of the group, and trusts others easily. She lives with her mother and father (though her father is not often seen) and is one of thirteen twins. She also has her adopted brother Spike.
Petrie: A "flyer," or a pteranodon, Petrie gets scared very easily and is too trusting, but he is loyal and can be brave at important times. He lives with his mother and brothers.
Spike:Spike is the youngest of the group. He is a "Spiketail," which is a Stegosaurus. Spike does not talk, though it was shown in the 4th movie that he can when he wants to. He enjoys eating and lets Ducky sit on his back if she needs to. Ducky is his older sister, since she adopted him during the first movie. He lives with Ducky's family.
Also of note is a "Sharptooth" named Chomper, who was born in the 2nd movie and was so popular with fans that he returned in the 5th movie and the TV series. He is friends with all the main characters, despite his natural instincts telling him to eat them.
TV Series.
After the success of the movie series, a television series was made. It aired in Canada, Britain, and the United States of America, and had 26 episoodes. It brought back Chomper as a main character, and introduced a new friend, an Oviraptor named Ruby, who helps the other dinosaurs learn lessons and solve problems.

BSC Young Boys
BSC Young Boys (official Berner Sport Club Young Boys) is a Swiss football football club of the Swiss capital, Berne. The BSC Young Boys played since 2005 in the Stade de Suisse, where in former times the “legendary” Wankdorf stadium stood.
History.
The FC Young Boys club was founded on 14 March 1898, taking its name in contrast to the existing club "Old Boys Basel". The club played its first game, against FC Viktoria on the following 17 June. It won the Swiss Championship three years in succession, in 1909, 1910, and 1911.
Current squad.
"As of 10 December, 2007"

South India
South India is the area in the south part of India. It contains four states. They are Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu. It also contains two union territories namely, Lakshadweep and Pondicherry. South India is distinguished by language as the home of the Dravidians, while some non-Dravidian communities (such as the Konkanis) live in South India.
South India is bordered by the Arabian Sea in the west, Indian Ocean in the south and the Bay of Bengal in the east. There are two important mountain ranges. They are Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats. The Tungabhadra and Kaveri rivers are important non-perennial sources of water. People who llive in South India are referred to as "South Indians". Many of the South Indians are Dravidians and they speak one of four Dravidian languages — Kannada, Malayalam, Tamil or Telugu. In the past, it was ruled by many kingdoms who ruled over parts of South India. Because these kingdoms also ruled southern and southeastern Asia, the history and cultures of modern nation-states such as Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore also have South Indian culture. This region was later ruled by Britain and gradually incorporated into the British Empire.
The growth of economy of South Indian states are higher than national average growth over the past three decades. South Indian states have fared better than those of North India in some socio-economic metrices, economic disparity, illiteracy and poverty continue to affect the region much like the rest of the country. Agriculture is the single largest contributor to the regional net domestic product, while Information technology (IT) is also growing fast. Literary and architectural styles, evolved over two thousand years, differ from other parts of the country. Politics in southern India is dominated by smaller regional political parties rather than by national political parties.
History.
Carbon dating on ash mounds associated with neolithic cultures in South India date back to 8000 BCE. Artefacts such as ground stone axes, and minor copper objects have been found in the region. Towards the beginning of 1000 BCE, iron technology spread through the region; however, there does not appear to be a fully developed Bronze Age preceding the Iron Age in South India. South India was a crossroads of the ancient world, linking the Mediterranean and the Far East. The southern coastline from Karwar to Kodungallur was the most important trading shore in the Indian subcontinent resulting in intermingling between locals and traders. The South Indian coast of Malabar and the Tamil people of the Sangam age traded with the Graeco-Roman world. They were in contact with the Phoenicians, Romans, Greeks, Arabs, Syrians, Jews, and Chinese.
There were several significant rulers and dynasties in south Indian history. Dynasties such as the Satavahanas of Amaravati, Kadambas of Banavasi, Western Ganga Dynasty, Chalukya dynasty of Badami, Western Chalukyas, Eastern Chalukya, Cheras, Cholas, Hoysalas, Kakatiya dynasty, Pallavas, Pandyas, and Rashtrakutas of Manyaketha have ruled over South India. The late medieval period saw the rise of Muslim power in South India. The defeat of the Kakatiya dynasty of Warangal by Tughlaq forces of the Delhi Sultanate in 1323 CE heralded a new chapter in South Indian history. The struggle of the period was between the Bahmani Sultanate based in Gulbarga (and later, Bidar) and the Vijayanagara Empire with its capital in Vijayanagara in modern Hampi.
With the fall of Vijayanagara and the break-up of the Bahmani sultanate, the Qutb Shahi dynasty of Golconda and Hyderabad became the dominant power in the region. Qutb Shahi dominance of the region continued until the middle of the seventeenth century, when the Mughals under Aurangzeb made determined inroads into the Deccan. Following Aurangzeb’s death, Mughal power weakened, and South Indian rulers gained autonomy from Delhi. The Wodeyar kingdom of Mysore, the Asaf Jahis of Hyderabad, and Marathas all gained power.
In the middle of the eighteenth century, the French and the British initiated a protracted struggle for military control of South India. Shifting alliances between the two European powers and the local powers marked the period with mercenary armies being employed by all sides causing general anarchy in South India. As the British consolidated power over much of India in the late 1850s, they allowed the French to retain their possessions over Pondicherry. The four Anglo-Mysore wars and the three Anglo-Maratha wars saw Mysore, Pune and Hyderabad allying themselves with the British or the French. South India during the British colonial rule was divided into the Madras Presidency and Hyderabad, Mysore, Thiruvithamcoore (also known as Travancore), Kochi (also known as Cochin or "Perumpadapu Swaroopam"), Vizianagaram and a number of other minor princely states. British Residents were stationed in the capitals of the important states to supervise and report on the activities of the rulers.
The "States Reorganisation Act" (1956) created new states (Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala) and reorganised modern-day Tamil Nadu along linguistic lines. Additionally, the enclaves of French India, which were ceded to India in the 1950s, were constituted into the union territory of Pondicherry.
Geography.
South India is a peninsula in the shape of a vast inverted triangle, bounded on the west by the Arabian Sea, on the east by the Bay of Bengal and on the north by the Vindhya and Satpura ranges. The Narmada flows westwards in the depression between the Vindhya and Satpura ranges. The Satpura ranges define the northern spur of the Deccan plateau. The Western Ghats, along the western coast, mark another boundary of the plateau. The narrow strip of verdant land between the Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea is the Konkan region. The Western Ghats continue south, forming the Malnad (Canara) region along the Karnataka coast, and terminate at the Nilgiri mountains, an inward (easterly) extension of the Western Ghats. The Nilgiris run in a crescent approximately along the borders of Tamil Nadu with northern Kerala and Karnataka, encompassing the Palakkad and Wayanad hills, and the Satyamangalam ranges, and extending on to the relatively low-lying hills of the Eastern Ghats, on the western portion of the Tamil Nadu - Andhra Pradesh border. The Tirupati and Annamalai hills form part of this range. The low lying coral islands of Lakshadweep are off the south-western coast of India. Sri Lanka lies off the south-eastern coast, separated from India by the Palk Strait and the chain of low sandbars and islands known as Rama's Bridge. The Andaman and Nicobar islands lie far off the eastern coast of India, near the Tenasserim coast of Burma. The southernmost tip of mainland India is at Kanyakumari (Cape Comorin) on the Indian Ocean.
The Deccan plateau is the vast elevated region bound by the C-shape defined by all these mountain ranges. No major elevations border the plateau to the east, and it slopes gently from the Western Ghats to the eastern coast. The plateau is watered by the east flowing Godavari and Krishna rivers. The other major rivers of the Deccan plateau are the Pennar and the Tungabhadra, a major tributary of the Krishna. The three major river deltas of South India, the Kaveri, the Godavari and the Krishna, are located along the Bay of Bengal. These areas constitute the "rice bowls" of South India.
The region has a very tropical climate with the monsoons playing a major part. The South - West Monsoon accounts for most of the rainfall in the region and much of it falls from about June to October. The south-west monsoon starts from Kerala during June and moves up towards the northern parts of India. Tamil Nadu and southeast Andhra Pradesh receive rains from the North - East Monsoon from about November to February.
Much of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka has a distinct dry season from about October - May when there is not much rainfall. This region also experiences cooler nights from October to March while the days are pleasantly warm. In the northern parts of the region temperatures can fall below 10 degrees Celsius on occasions at night during this time. Days are very hot from March to June when temps can go over 40 degrees. The southern coastal region has an average minimum temperature of 20 degrees and maximum of 35 degrees.
Flora and fauna.
There is a wide diversity of plants and animals in South India, resulting from its varied climates and geography. Deciduous forests are found along the Western Ghats while tropical dry forests and scrub lands Deccan thorn scrub forests are common in the interior Deccan plateau. The southern Western Ghats have high altitude rain forests called the South Western Ghats montane rain forests. The Malabar Coast moist forests are found on the coastal plains. The Western Ghats itself is a biodiversity hotspot.
Some of India's famous protected areas are found in South India. These include Project Tiger reserves Periyar National Park, Kalakad - Mundanthurai and Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve. Important ecological regions of South India are the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, located at the conjunction of the borders of Karnataka, Kerela and Tamilnadu in the Nilgiri Hills including Mudumalai National Park, Bandipur National Park, Nagarhole National Park Silent Valley National Park, Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary and Nugu Wildlife Sanctuary and the Anamalai Hills including the Eravikulam National Park, Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary, Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary and the adjacentThe Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park of the Western Ghats. Important bird sanctuaries including Ranganathittu Bird Sanctuary, Kumarakom Bird Sanctuary, Neelapattu Sanctuary and Pulicat Sanctuary are home to numerous migratory and local birds. Other protected ecological sites include the backwaters like the Pulicut Lake in Andhra Pradesh, Pitchavarum in Tamil Nadu and the famed backwaters of Kerala formed by the Vembanad Lake, the Ashtamudi Lake and the Kayamkulam Lake.
Banana, "Musaparadisiaca" and "Moringa oleifera" are found extensively in Lakshadweep while coconut plantations provide economic support to the islands. Lashadweep has been declared a bird sanctuary by the Wildlife Institute of India. Crabs, chiefly hermit crabs, parrot fish and butterfly fish are also found on the islands.
Subdivisions.
Madras State was renamed "Tamil Nadu" in 1968, while Mysore State was renamed "Karnataka" in 1973.
Each subregion is further divided into districts; the region of South India has over 100 districts. Each state is headed by a Governor, who is a direct appointee of the President of India, while the Chief Minister is the elected head of the state government and represents the states ruling party or coalition (the role of the Governor is largely ceremonial).
Demographics.
The estimated population of South India is 233 million. The largest linguistic groups in South India include the Telugus, Tamils, Kannadigas, Malayalis, Tulus, Kodavas and Konkanis. About 83% of South Indians follow Hinduism. Islam has the second-highest number of followers in the region, with 11%, while 5% follow Christianity.
The average literacy rate of South India is approximately 73%, considerably higher than the Indian national average of 60%. Kerala leads the nation with a literacy rate of 91%. The sex ratio in South India is fairly equable at 997; Kerala is the only state in India with a favourable sex ratio. The population density of the region is approximately 463. Scheduled Castes and Tribes form 18% of the population of the region. Agriculture is the major employer in the region — 47.5% of the population is involved in agrarian activities. About 60% of the population lives in permanent housing structures. 47.8% of South India has access to tap water. Wells and springs are other major forms of water supply.
The languages of South India are the Dravidian represented by Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, and Malayalam besides Gondi and other minor dialects, and the Austro-Asiatic by the Munda languages. South India's predominant language family is Dravidian, a family of approximately seventy-three languages spoken in South Asia. The languages of the Dravidian family Tamil, Malayalam, Kannada and Telugu have been influenced by Sanskrit to varying degrees and the converse is true as well. The States Reorganisation Act of 1956 divided states in India along linguistic lines and led to the creation of separate states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu in areas where Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam and Tamil respectively were dominant.
In the 2001 Census, Telugu had the third largest base of native speakers in India (74 million), after Hindi and Bengali. Tamil was accorded the status of classical language by the Government of India in 2002 and had about 60 million native speakers. Kannada had 38 million, while Malayalam had 33 million native speakers. Each of these languages is listed as an "official language" of India, per the "Official Languages Act" (1963).
Urdu is spoken by over half of the 25 million Muslims in South India. South Indian Muslims in some regions of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka speak a dialect of Urdu called Dakhni, while some in the Dakshina Kannada region of Karnataka and regions in Kerala speak "Beary bashe". Both Dakhni and "Beary bashe" are influenced by other South Indian languages. Tulu, a Dravidian language prevalent in coastal Kerala and Karnataka, is spoken by about 1.5 million people in the region, while Konkani, an Indo-Aryan language is spoken by over half a million people in the region. In coastal Karnataka and Kerala, Konkani and Tulu draw heavy influences from Kannada and Malayalam respectively. English is also widely spoken universal language of South India.
Economy.
India's economy after independence in 1947 conformed to a socialist framework, with strict governmental control over private sector participation, foreign trade and foreign direct investment (FDI). Through 1960-1990, South Indian economies experienced mixed economic growth. In the 1960s, Karnataka and Kerala achieved above average economic growth, while Andhra Pradesh's economy declined during this period. Similarly, Kerala experienced economic decline in the 1970s while the economies of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu consistently exceeded national average growth rates after 1970. Karnataka experienced the highest positive differential in economic growth after the liberalisation of the Indian economy in 1991, while Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka were noted by some to be more reform-oriented in terms of economic policy when compared to other Indian states.
Over 48% of South India's population is engaged in agriculture, which is largely dependent on seasonal monsoons Some of the main crops cultivated in South India include paddy, sorghum, pearl millet, pulses, sugarcane, cotton, chilli, and ragi. Areca, coffee, tea, vanilla, rubber, pepper, tapioca, and cardamom are cultivated on the hills, while coconut grows in abundance in coastal areas. Andhra Pradesh is the largest producer of rice in India, while Karnataka produces 70% of India's coffee. Frequent droughts in northern Karnataka, Rayalaseema and Telangana have left farmers debt-ridden, forcing them to sell their livestock and sometimes even to commit suicide. The region also suffers from water scarcity, especially during summer. Since the liberalisation of the Indian economy, South India has seen a decrease in revenue from agriculture and agriculture related services.
Traditionally, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka have been home to large, public sector industries (referred to as Public Sector Undertakings, or PSUs), with both states posting above average growth rates in this sector following economic liberalisation. Chennai accounts for about 35% of India's overall automotive components while the registered headquarters of 42% of all Central PSUs in South India are located in Karnataka. Additionally, the growth of information technology (IT) hubs in the region have spurred economic growth and attracted foreign investments and job seekers from other parts of the country. Bangalore, the "Silicon Valley of India", is India's IT hub, and is home to over 200 software companies. In fiscal 2006-2007, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka attracted the third and fourth highest total FDI approvals in India, respectively, totalling to over Software exports from South India grossed over in fiscal 2005-06. Though Kerala lags behind many of the Indian states in terms of industrialisation, it ranks first in the country in terms of quality of life.
Politics.
Politics in South India is dominated by a mix of regional parties and larger national political parties like the Congress (INC), the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and the Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI(M)). With the exclusion of Karnataka, each state has at least two parties dominating politics in that state.
Pre-independence politics in the Madras Presidency was dominated by the Justice Party and the INC. Periyar Ramasami who started the Periyar movement was elected leader of the Justice party in 1938 and in 1944 renamed it to Dravidar Kazhagam, with its initial aim being the secession of "Dravida Nadu" from the rest of India on independence. Following independence, Periyar strongly believed that the party should not participate in elections in the newly created India, something his closest followers disagreed with. In 1948, C. N. Annadurai, a follower of Periyar and a Joint Secretary of Dravidar Kazhagam parted ways with Periyar to form the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam political party.INC's political influence over Tamil Nadu gave way to the rise of the DMK which formed its first government in 1968 and again in 1978. The following year, a split in the DMK resulted in the formation of the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK), lead by M. G. Ramachandran. Together, the AIADMK and the DMK currently command a 60% share in Tamil Nadu state elections.
The imposition of Hindi on non-Hindi speaking areas of India has often been a contentious issue in Tamil Nadu. In January-February 1965, large scale anti-Hindi agitations, a cause championed by the DMK, occurred in Tamil Nadu.
In 1982, the establishment of the Telugu Desam Party in Andhra Pradesh by former Telugu actor Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao (NTR) broke the dominance of the INC in Andhra Pradesh politics. NTR successfully challenged the INC's supremacy in the state and his party was voted into power a total of four times. In 1996, a year after winning the state assembly election by a landslide, a dispute between NTR, his wife Lakshmi Parvati and his immediate family resulted in a split in the TDP. Concerned over undue influence over NTR and his policies, the bulk of the party favoured the family under the leadership of NTR's son-in-law, N Chandrababu Naidu, who later became Chief Minister of the state. Naidu was regarded as a visionary who promoted the growth of information technology in the state.
The Janata Dal has been far more successful in Karnataka than it has been in national politics. National political parties such as the BJP and INC have experienced more comparative success in Karnataka than they have in other states of South India. Karnataka's political environment is dominated by two rival caste groups — the Vokkaligas and the Lingayats. Ramakrishna Hegde played an integral part in the ascent of the Janata Dal into the national foray in the late 1980s. However, it was his political rival H. D. Deve Gowda, then the Chief Minister of Karnataka, who later went on to become the Prime Minister of India.
Kerala hosts two major political alliances: the United Democratic Front (UDF, led by the Indian National Congress) and the Left Democratic Front (LDF, led by the Communist Party of India (Marxist)). Kerala numbers among India's most left-wing states. An interesting phenomenon of Kerala politics is the alternate election of Congress and the Communists to power.
Culture and heritage.
According to some experts, the "weltanschauung" of South Indians is essentially the celebration of the eternal universe through the celebration of the beauty of the body, and motherhood, which is exemplified through their dance, clothing, and sculptures. South Indian women traditionally wear the Saree while the men wear a type of sarong, which could be either a white "pancha" or a colourful "lungi" with typical batik patterns.
Rice is the staple diet, while fish is an integral component of coastal South Indian meals. Coconut is an important ingredient in Kerala whereas Andhra Pradesh cuisine is characterized by pickles and spicy curries. Hyderabadi cuisine a legacy of the past, is popular for its Biryani. Dosa, Idli, Uttapam are popular throughout the region. There are large coffee estates in southern Karnataka and parts of Kerala and Tamil Nadu.
The music of South India is known as Carnatic music, which includes rhythmic and structured music by composers like Purandara Dasa, Kanaka Dasa, Tyagaraja, Annamacharya, Muthuswami Dikshitar, Shyama Shastri, Subbaraya Shastri, Mysore Vasudevachar and Swathi Thirunal. The contemporary singer Dr. K. J. Yesudas is a cultural ambassador of Carnatic music. The motion picture industry has emerged as an important platform in South India, over the years portraying the cultural changes, trends, aspirations and developments experienced by its people. Some movie classics like Nammukku paarkkaan munthiri thoppukal (1986) by Padmarajan, Adi Shankara (1984) by director G V Iyer, and Perumthachan (1990) by Ajayan have gained worldwide acclaim. South India is home to several distinct dance forms — the Koodiyattam, Bharatanatyam, Kuchipudi, Kathakali, Yakshagana, Theyyam, Ottamthullal, Oppana, Kerala Natanam and Mohiniaattam.
South India has an independent literary tradition going back over 2000 years. The first known literature of South India are the poetic Sangams, which were written in Tamil between 2000 to 1500 years ago. The 850 CE Kannada classic "Kavirajamarga" written by King Amoghavarsha I makes references to Kannada literature of King Durvinita in the early sixth century CE. Tamil Buddhist commentators of the tenth century CE "Nemrinatham" make references to Kannada literature of the fourth century CE. Distinct Malayalam and Telugu literary traditions developed in the following centuries.
South India has two distinct styles of rock architecture, the "pure dravida" style of Tamil Nadu and the "Vesara" style (also called "Karnata dravida" style) present in Karnataka. The inspirational temple sculptures of Hampi, Badami, Bhattiprolu, Pattadakal, Aihole, Belur, Halebidu, Lakkundi, Shravanabelagola, Mahabalipuram, Tanjore, Madurai and the mural paintings of Travancore and Lepakshi temples, also stand as a testament to South Indian culture. The paintings of Raja Ravi Varma are considered classic renditions of many a scenes of South Indian life and mythology.Murudeshwara, a town in Uttar Kannada district is known for the world's tallest Shiva statue.
The main spiritual traditions of South India include both Shaivite and Vaishnavite branches of Hinduism, although Buddhist and Jain philosophies had been influential several centuries earlier. Shravanabelagola in Karnataka is a popular pilgrimage center for Jains. Ayyavazhi is spread significantly across South India. Its followers are more densely populated in South Tamil Nadu and Kerala. There is a large Muslim community in South India, particularly in the Malabar coast, which can trace its roots to the ancient maritime trade between Kerala and Omanis and other Arabs. Christianity has flourished in coastal South India from the times of St. Thomas the Apostle who is believed to have come to Kerala and established the Syrian Christian tradition today called as Saint Thomas Christians or Nasranis. Kerala is also home to one of the oldest Jewish communities in the world who are supposed to have arrived in the Malabar coast during the time of King Solomon. The oldest surviving Jewish synagogue in the Commonwealth of Nations is the Paradesi Synagogue in Kochi, Kerala.

Adobe Systems
Adobe is an American software company. Usually all of the programs they make are for creative uses, such as Adobe Flash, Adobe Dreamweaver and Adobe Photoshop. All Adobe products on their website are allowed to be downloaded, but for a limited time only.

647 Adelgunde
647 Adelgunde is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by August Kopff in 1907. Its temporary name was 1907 AD.

648 Pippa
648 Pippa is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by August Kopff in 1907. Its provisional name was 1907 AE.

649 Josefa
649 Josefa is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by August Kopff in 1907. Its provisional name was 1907 AF.

650 Amalasuntha
650 Amalasuntha is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by August Kopff in 1907. Its provisional name was 1907 AM.

George Bush
There have been two different presidents of the United States that are both named George Bush.

Märkischer Rural District
The Märkischer Kreis is a district ("Kreis") in central North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
The district was created in 1975 as part of the reorganisation of North Rhine-Westphalian districts.
Twinning.
The district is twinned with
Politics and administration.
The district is led by a "Landrat". The headquarters of the government of the county are in Lüdenscheid, but there are county halls with parts of the administration in Iserlohn and Altena, too. The police headquarters of the county are in Iserlohn.
The county council meets in the county hall in Iserlohn. Its last election was on September 26 2004.

Mettmann Rural District
Mettmann is a Kreis (district) in the middle of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
In the district is the valley of the small river "Düssel", the "Neanderthal", where the fossils of the human species Neanderthals were first found.

Minden-Lübbecke Rural District
Minden-Lübbecke is a "Kreis" (district) in the northeastern part of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. The modern district was formed in 1973 when the two districts of Minden and Lübbecke were merged.

Oberbergischer Rural District
The Oberbergische Kreis is a Landkreis (rural district) in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
"Oberbergische" means "Upper Bergian", meaning it is the part of the mediaeval county of Berg which is up river. The other part of the county, lower down the river Wupper was called Niederbergisch or Lower Berg.
The districts in North Rhine Westphalia were changed between 1969/75. That is when the district coulod its currect size.

Olpe Rural District
Olpe is a Kreis (district) in the south-east of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
History.
The district was created in 1817 as "Bilsteiner Kreis", in 1819 the capital was moved to Olpe. During the reorganization of the districts in 1969 several of the municipalities in the district were joined together to become cities, but the district itself was only changed a little bit. Even in the second reorganization 1974 it stayed nearly in the same borders as in 1817.

Paderborn Rural District
Paderborn () is a Kreis (district) in the east of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
History.
Paderborn became a part of Prussia in 1802. After the Napoleonic wars when Prussia created the province Westphalia it split Paderborn into two districts - Paderborn and Büren. In 1975 these two districts were joined together again to make the current Paderborn district.

Recklinghausen Rural District
Recklinghausen () is a "Kreis" (district) in the middle of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

Rheinisch-Bergische Rural District
The Rheinisch-Bergische Kreis is a Kreis (district) in the middle of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

Rhein Erft Rural District
The Rhein-Erft-Kreis is a district in the west of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
History.
The district in its current borders was created in 1975, when the previous rural districts of Bergheim and Cologne were merged. On November 1, 2003 the district was renamed from "Erftkreis" to "Rhein-Erft-Kreis".
Geography.
The main river in the district is the Erft, which also gave it the name. The Erft flows through the foothills of the Eifel, on the left side of the Rhine river.

Rhein-Kreis Neuss Rural District
Neuss is a Kreis (district) in the west of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
History.
In 1975 the urban district of Neuss lost its independent status and was merged into the Grevenbroich district, which was renamed to "Kreis Neuss". On May 26 2003 it changed its name, and is now officially called "Rhein-Kreis Neuss".

The Gong Show
"The Gong Show" is an American television game show, that was produced in the late 1970s and early 1980s. It was created and hosted by Chuck Barris. The show's name came from a gong used to shorten performances that were not liked. The gong was sounded by celebrity judges, who rated the performers.
Beginning.
In the mid-1970s, Barris hoped to make a new kind of game show, based on the old "amateur hour" contest shows. He held auditions to find talented acts to appear. Nearly all the performers who came to the auditions were ordinary people, who had one or two skills, or thought they had special talent. Many of the performances were "party pieces", that people did to amuse others. Others were more serious, and tried hard to perform well.
Most of the acts made Barris and his staff laugh. They thought their idea for a show would not work, because of the strange and funny perforamces. Barris then realized that audiences might want to watch them for amusement. He and his staff began to look for funny and unusual acts. The show debuted in 1976, and became a hit.
Two hit shows.
Two versions of "The Gong Show" aired at first: A nighttime version, hosted by radio announcer Gary Owens, and a daytime version, hosted by Barris himself. Barris later took over the nighttime version also. Each version worked the same, but featured different judges and performers. A live band played music for the performances. Live audiences attended each show, and cheered on the acts they liked. When they did not like an act, they would call on the judges to "Gong 'em!" If a judge sounded the gong, the act had to stop, and lost their chance for a prize. The performer who rated highest with the judges won a cash prize. (The "prize" was mostly for show; all the performers were paid the same, whether they won or not.)
Celebrities.
Many celebrities served as judges on the show, including Jaye P. Morgan and Jamie Farr. One well-known comedian, Murray Langston, performed on the show with a paper bag over his head. He called himself the "Unknown Comic", and told simple jokes when he appeared onstage. Langston won his round, and was invited back to appear other times. Many people wondered who the Unknown Comic really was. Langston later admitted he had appeared on the show just for some quick cash, because he needed money. He hid his identity so his performance would not hurt his comedy career, since he was already well-known.
No real stars were made by "Gong Show" appearances, but thousands of people got a chance to perform on national television, and others got the chance to watch. One popular member of the show's cast was "Gene, Gene, the Dancing Machine", who would dance in front of the show's band between acts. Barris himself was also well-liked by the audience. He treated all the performers on the show kindly and seriously, and hosted the show like it was a party.
Many of the acts who auditioned for "The Gong Show" were not suitable for television, or for times when children or families might watch. Some of these acts appeared in a movie, which was released in 1980.
The end.
In time, new and unusual acts became hard to find, as more people performed on "The Gong Show". The television audience also lost interest. Barris was tired from working on the show. "The Gong Show" was cancelled by 1982. Reruns came later, but they also stopped with time.
Today, "The Gong Show" is remembered fondly by the people who watched it. Amateur talent contests still sometimes feature a gong, for when an act does not go over well. (They are rarely used.)
Barris wrote a memoir, titled "Confessions of a Dangerous Mind", that talked about his time on the show.

Rhein-Sieg Rural District
The Rhein-Sieg-Kreis is a Kreis (district) in the south of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It nearly completely surrounds the city of Bonn.
History.
The district as known today was created in 1969, during the reorganization of the districts in North Rhine-Westphalia, by merging Sieg District with the RuralDistrict of Bonn.

Provinces of Peru
The table below shows all provinces of Peru. It lists their capitals and the region in which they are located. The UBIGEO code identifies each province. Capitals in bold are also a regional capital. Provinces in which the regions capital is located all have an UBIGEO code ending in codice_1.

Gänsbrunnen
Gänsbrunnen is a municipality in the district Thal in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

Günsberg
Günsberg is a municipality in the district Lebern in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

Halten
Halten is a municipality in the district Wasseramt in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

Herbetswil
Herbetswil is a municipality in the district Thal in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

Hochwald, Switzerland
Hochwald is a municipality in the district Dorneck in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland. The name means "high forest".

Chuck Barris
Chuck Barris (born Charles Hirsch Barris on June 3, 1929) is an American, best known as the creator of many popular television game shows. Some of his most famous shows were "The Dating Game", "The Newlywed Game" and "The Gong Show". These shows appeared on American television from the mid-1960s until the early 1980s.
Early in his career, Barris tried songwriting. One of his songs, "Palisades Park", was a hit record for Freddy Cannon, a popular singer.
After "The Gong Show" went off the air, Barris kept a lower profile, but still worked in television. In the 1980s, he published a memoir, "Confessions of a Dangerous Mind". Barris claimed in the book to have been a CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) agent and assassin, who regretted his earlier life. He also regretted making "puerile" television shows, that catered to poor taste. It was republished in the 1990s.
Many people believe "Confessions" does not tell a true story. Others are not sure if it is fact or fiction. Some, including celebrities who knew Barris, do not know or care, and enjoy his stories as entertainment. The CIA itself denies Barris ever worked for them.
George Clooney made "Confessions" into a movie, starring Sam Rockwell, Drew Barrymore and Julia Roberts.

Chachapoyas Province
Chachapoyas is a province of Amazonas Region, Peru.

Cusco Province
Cusco Province is the smallest of thirteen provinces in the Cusco Region in southern Peru.

Hofstetten-Flüh
Hofstetten-Flüh is a municipality in the district Dorneck in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

Hubersdorf
Hubersdorf is a municipality in the district Lebern in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

Hägendorf
Hägendorf is a municipality in the district Olten in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

Härkingen
Härkingen is a municipality in the district Gäu in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

Kappel, Switzerland
Kappel is a municipality in the district Olten in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

Kestenholz
Kestenholz is a municipality in the district Gäu in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

Star Search
"Star Search" is an American television game show, hosted by Ed McMahon. It began in the 1980s, and new versions appeared in the 1990s and 2000s.
"Star Search" is a talent competition, where performers compete for prizes, including contract offers from different companies. Musical performers, dancers, models, comedians, and other kinds of talented people appear. Winners are chosen by celebrity judges, and also audience votes.
Some of the celebrities to win "Star Search" competitions include singers Tiffany and Christina Aguilera, and comedienne Rosie O'Donnell.

Kleinlützel
Kleinlützel is a municipality in the district Thierstein in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

Kriegstetten
Kriegstetten is a municipality in the district Wasseramt in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

Siegen-Wittgenstein Rural District
Siegen-Wittgenstein is a landkreis (rural district or county) in the southeast of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
History.
In 1816 – 17 the two districts of Siegen and Wittgenstein were made as parts of the Prussian province of Westphalia. In 1974 the two districts were merged, and in 1984 the district changed its name to Siegen-Wittgenstein.
Coat of arms.
On the coat of arms, the two upper sections show, to the right, the arms of the Dukes of Nassau, who founded Siegen, and to the left, those of the Counts of Sayn-Wittgenstein. At the bottom a miner's lamp and a coppicing hook are pictured, to remember the mining and charcoal-burning history of the district.

Soest Rural District
Soest () is a Kreis (district) in the middle of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

Steinfurt Rural District
Steinfurt is a "Kreis" (district) in the northern part of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
The ares became a part of the Prussian province of Westphalia in 1815. The new government in 1816 created the districts Steinfurt and Tecklenburg.
In 1975 the two old districts were joined together and Greven and Saerbeck from the former district Münster added to make the current district.

Unna Rural District
The Unna () district is a Kreis (district) in central North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
History.
The area was known as Hamm for a long time. In 1901 the town of Hamm itself became a separate urban district, but government of Hamm Rural District stayed in the city until 1929. In that year the administration was moved to Unna, when the district name also changed to Unna.
By 1975, the towns of Lünen, Schwerte, Selm and Werne had joined the district.

Viersen Rural District
Viersen is a Kreis (district) in the west of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
History.
In 1816, the new Prussian government created the district of "Kempen". In 1929 the district was made a lot bigger and renamed "Kempen-Krefeld".
In 1975 the district again changed its borders and was renamed to "Viersen" even though Kempen remained the capital. Viersen city replace Kempen as the capital in 1984.
Since 1983 the district has had been twinned with Cambridgeshire in England.
Cities and municipalities.
based on data from: 31. December 2005</small»

Windows Update
Windows Update is a feature found in Microsoft Windows (after Windows 98) that lets the user update their copy of windows. The windows update website can only be used with Internet Explorer.
It also allows updates to the definitions file of Windows Defender and to the Junk Mail filter in Windows Mail
Microsoft Update.
Microsoft Update is a feature in Windows Update that provides updates not only for windows, but also other Microsoft software (such as Microsoft Office).
History.
Windows Update first became part of windows with the launch of Windows 98. Since then the Windows Update site has gone through many updates.
With the release of Windows ME a feature called Automatic Updates was added; this meant updates could be installed in the background.
In Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008 instead of using a Windows Update website you now use a application to receive your updates in windows.

Warendorf Rural District
Warendorf is a "Kreis" (district) in the northern part of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
History.
In medieval times the region was part of the Prince-Bishopric of Münster. When it became part of the Prussian Province of Westphalia, the new government in 1816 created the districts of Warendorf and Beckum. In 1975 these two districts were joined to form today's district.
Geography.
The district is located east of the city of Münster. The Ems river runs through the district from east to west. The Lippe River forms part of the southern border of the district.

Windows Defender
Windows Defender, which used to be called Microsoft AntiSpyware, is a application made by Microsoft.
Information.
Windows Defende was released on October 24, 2006.
Windows Defender prevents, removes and quarantine's spyware in Microsoft Windows.
It is included in Windows Vista and can be downloaded for free if you own Windows XP or Windows Server 2003.

Wesel Rural District
Wesel () is a "Kreis" (district) in the northwestern part of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
History.
The district was created in 1975 by merging old districts of Dinslaken, Moers and Rees, which were all created in 1816 when the area became part of Prussia.
Geography.
The main river through the district is the River Rhine.

Fearow
Fearow is a pokémon and is the evolved form of Spearow.
Appearence.
It has a long beak and big wings. It is covered in brown feathers apart from its head which has pink feathers.

Xi'an
Xi'an is a city in China and the capital of the Shaanxi Province. It has a population of 2,670,000 in the city proper. The metro area has 6 million people.
History.
In past China it was the capital of 13 dynasties, including the Zhou dynasty, the [Qin dynasty], the Han dynasty, the Sui dynasty, and the Tang dynasty. It was the eastern end of the Silk Road and was where the terracota army was found inside the tomb of emperor Qin Shi Haung.
Xi'an is regared as one of the most oldest capitals in the world history together with the other three Athens, Rome and Cairo.
Name.
Xi'an was called Chang'an in ancient times. In Classical Chinese it literally means "Perpetual Peace". But from 9 AD-23 AD, during the Xin dynasty, it was renamed "Constant Peace" (it is said the same way). By the time of the Ming Dynasty it had been named Xi'an (which means "Western Peace"). It was named Xi'an because was in the western part of the Ming Empire.

Pichu
Pichu is the pre-evolved form of Pikachu in the "Pokémon" series. It is a small yellow electric mouse, but doesn't have as much power as a Pikachu. Being an electric Pokemon it is good against flying Pokemon such as Spearow and Fearow, but it is not good against rock type Pokemon such as Geodude and Onix.

Spearow
Spearow is a bird Pokémon. It has a hooked beak and sharp talons (claws on its feet). It evolves (changes its type) into Fearow, a stronger and bigger Spearow. Spearow is shown in many Pokemon episodes, the first of which is the episode where a group of Spearow attack Ash.

Geodude
Geodude is a rock-type Pokémon. It has a body that is basically a rock with arms. It evolves into Graveler. The Gym leader of Pewter City, Brock, uses a geodude as well as an Onix. The best thing to use to beat a Geodude would would be a grass type Pokemon such as Bulbasaur or Bellsprout.
Geodude can involve into Graveler and then into Golem.

Onix
Onix is a rock snake Pokémon. Its body is made up of a chain of rocks. Onix evolves into Steelix which is a steel/rock Pokémon.
Description.
It uses attacks like "Rock Throw" and "Bind" to beat its enemies. Onix is a strong Pokémon with a high defence, but is weak against fighting Pokémon like Mankey. It is Brock's best Pokémon.

Mankey
Mankey is a pig monkey. It is a fighting type Pokémon and is known to be incredibly aggressive. Mankey has advantages over normal, ice and rock Pokémon but can be easily schooled by Poison, Flying, Psychic, and Ghost Pokémon. At level 28, Mankey evolves into Primape which is an even bigger pig monkey who is even more aggressive.

Arthritis
Arthritis is a group of diseases that involves damaged body joints.
Forms of diseases.
The most common of these diseases is Osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis is caused by cartilage between the bones wearing down so that the bones rub against causing severe pain in the affected area. Other forms of arthritis include; Rheumatoid arthritis (which causes the body’s immune system to attack the bones), psoriatic arthritis and septic arthritis (when an area is invaded by bacteria).

Primeape
Primeape is a big monkey Pokemon that is the evolved form of Mankey. It is a fighting Pokemon so is not very strong against Pokemon Like Hypno, Alakazam or Mewtwo (Psychic Pokemon)

Mental calculation
Mental Calculation or Mental Math is a very old mathematical tool. It is doing math without using any objects or writing anything, instead doing it "in your head" as English-speakers say. Mental Math uses a lot of shortcuts. You can see that 2+2 is 4. But most people need a shortcut to see that 20% of 60 is 12. To get 20 percent of a number you can divide it by 5 (60/5=12).

Richmond, Kentucky
Richmond, Kentucky is a city in North-central Kentucky. It is a little south of Lexington, Kentucky and is the county seat of Madison County. Eastern Kentucky University is in Richmond. It had 27,152 people in 2000 and an area of 19.3 square miles (49.5 square kilometers). It has an elevation of 948 feet (289 meters) and a density of 1,420.4/square mile (548.4/square kilometer). It is the sixth largest city in Kentucky when listed by the number of people.

Caligula
Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus, better known by his nickname, Caligula, was the third Roman Emperor from 37 AD to when he died in 41 AD. He was born in 12 AD and was assassinated by members of his bodyguard and the Roman Senate. He was popular with the Roman public in his time but most historians now consider him insane and a tyrant. He was a member of the Julio-Claudian dynasty founded by Augustus.

Silver (color)
"This is about the color. The article about the metal is here."
Silver is the color of the metal silver. It is a grayish-white color.
Meaning of silver.
Like the color gold, silver represents wealth because the metal silver is valuable.
Silver represents "accomplishment", as when an athlete wins a "Silver Medal" (second place) at the Olympics.

Pyromania
Pyromania is an obsession with fire and explosives. Pyromaniacs frequently set fire to things and get great pleasure from seeing things burn. Pyromaniacs are often convicted of arson as their lust for fire causes them to burn down local buildings.

Oscar de la Hoya
Oscar de la Hoya (born July 19, 1973), also known as the "Golden Boy", was a Mexican American boxer. He won a gold medal for the United States at the 1992 Summer Olympics.

San Salvador Island
San Salvador Island, also known as Watling Island, is an island in the Bahamas, that is said to have been found by Christopher Columbus during his first trip to the New World. It has a population of about 1,000 people, and it is a very good tourist spot.

Jane Roberts
Jane Roberts (May 8, 1929 – September 5, 1984) was an American author, psychic and trance medium who "channeled" a spirit named Seth. The publication of the Seth books established her as an important person in the world of the paranormal. She wrote short stories, novels and children's books.

Pound (currency)
The pound is the currency used by Cyprus, Egypt, Falkland Islands, Gibraltar, Guernsey, Jersey, and the United Kingdom where it is called Pound sterling.

Attraction
In general, an attraction is when two things are drawn to one another.

Alb-Donau-Kreis
Alb-Donau is a rural district or county (Landkreis) in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. I
History.
The history of the region is linked with the history of Ulm and the Swabian Alb.
The district of Alb-Donau was established in 1973 by joining the former districts of Ulm and Ehingen.
Geography.
The city of Ulm is surrounded by the district. The government of the county is in Ulm, even though Ulm is not a part of the districztIt is the administrative seat of the Alb-Donau district, although it is not part of the district.
The district is named after the Danube River (German "Donau") and the Swabian Alb ("Schwäbische Alb") mountains. The Danube enters the district in the southwest, runs through the southern parts of the district and leaves eastwards to Ulm. North of the Danube banks the hills of the Swabian Alb rise. The hill chain extends from southwest to northeast parallel to the course of the Danube River and is continued on either side of the district. An affluent of the Danube, the Iller River, forms the southeastern border of the Alb-Donau district, before it meets the Danube in Ulm.

Freddy Cannon
Freddy "Boom Boom" Cannon (born December 4, 1940 in Massachusetts) is an American singer. He was most famous in the early 1960s. His hit records include "Abigail Beecher", "Tallahassee Lassie", and "Way Down Yonder In New Orleans".
One of Cannon's hits, "Palisades Park", was written by Chuck Barris, who later created "The Dating Game" and "The Gong Show". Cannon also appeared in the movies "Just for Fun" and "Village of the Giants".

Hudson Bay
The Hudson Bay is a bay that goes into East-central Canada. It is the fourth largest sea in the world with an area of 316,000 square miles (819,000 square kilometres). The northern and western shores belong to Nunavut, the southern shore is split between Manitoba and Ontario, and the eastern shore belongs to Quebec. It is connected with the Atlantic Ocean through the Hudson Strait, which is in the northeast of the bay, and with the Arctic Ocean through the Foxe Channel in the north part of the bay.
It was named for the English explorer Henry Hudson, who, in 1610 on the ship "Discovery", found the bay and clamed it for England.

La fanciulla del West
La fanciulla del West, meaning "The Girl of the Golden West", is an opera by Puccini. The opera is three acts long. It was based on the play "The Girl of the Golden West" by David Belasco. The first showing of the opera was at the Metropolitan Opera, New York, in 1910.

651 Antikleia
651 Antikleia is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by August Kopff in 1907. Its provisional name was 1907 AN.

Kora (instrument)
The kora is a 21-string harp-lute used mostly by peoples in West Africa.

Gao Region
The Gao Region is located in eastern Mali. The region's capital city is Gao.

652 Jubilatrix
652 Jubilatrix is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Johann Palisa in 1907. Its provisional name was 1907 AU.

Kayes Region
The Kayes Region is located in eastern Mali.

Kidal Region
The Kidal Region is a region located in Mali.

Koulikoro Region
The Koulikoro Region is a region located in Mali.

Mopti Region
The Mopti Region is a region located in Mali.

Ségou Region
The Segou Region is a region located in Mali.

Sikasso Region
The Sikasso Region is a region located in Mali.

Tombouctou Region
The Tombouctou Region is a region located in Mali. It is world-famous under the spelling Timbuktu.

653 Berenike
653 Berenike is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It is named after Berenice II of Egypt, after whom the constellation Coma Berenices is also named.
It was found by Joel Metcalf in 1907. Its provisional name was 1907 BK.

654 Zelinda
654 Zelinda is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by August Kopff in 1908. Its provisional name was 1908 BM.

Toni Morrison
Toni Morrison (born February 18, 1931 in Ohio) is an African-American author who is the second child in her working-class. She normally writes about racial discrimination (racism, or the dislike of blacks mainly). She has won awards for writing some books and she has changed African history. She is perhaps the most successful mainly story-writing African woman in the world.she was famous and she was a good writer and she got her good writing by her person she looked up to tand that was B.W.Jones and A.I.Vinson and her first novel is the bluest eyes is the story of a girl ruined by a racist society and its violenceand she had a son named slade who she wrote this book withdreaming emmett.

Bret Michaels
Bret Michael Sychak, also known as Bret Michaels, (born March 15, 1963 in Butler, Pennsylvania), is the lead singer of the glam metal band Poison. He currently stars on VH1's reality television program Rock of Love2.

Jacques Arcadelt
Jacques Arcadelt (also called Jacob Arcadelt) (born probably in Liège, 1504 or 1505; died Paris, 14 October 1568) was a Franco-Flemish composer in the Renaissance period. He was an extremely popular composer of madrigals and chansons.
We know hardly anything about his early life, but we know he was living in Rome by 1539 whe was made a member of the Julian Chapel. Soon he joined the Sistine Chapel, where he had the job of "magister puerorum" (director of the boys choir), and later he became choirmaster. In the same year he published four of his total of six books of madrigals for four voices. Probably around 1553 he moved to France, where he spent the rest of his life. He wrote a very large number of chansons (French songs). He also wrote some masses.
Arcadelt's music became extremely popular because it was quite simple and easy to sing with beautiful melodies that people could remember. One very famous madrigal is called "Il bianco e dolce cigno" ("The white and gentle swan"). The style of Arcadelt’s music influenced the next generation of madrigal composers.

Adela Florence Nicolson
Adela Florence Nicolson (née Cory) (9 April 1865 - 4 October 1904) was an English poet. She wrote under the pseudonym Laurence Hope.

The Sarah Jane Adventures
"The Sarah Jane Adventures" is a 2007 science fiction television series. It is a spin off from the British cult series "Doctor Who".
The series stars Elisabeth Sladen as the journalist Sarah Jane Smith, who was a companion of the Third and Fourth Doctor in the classic "Doctor Who" series. Sladen played the original part of Sarah Jane from 1973 until 1976. Sarah Jane was considered the most popular companion of the Doctor and appeared in the new series episode "School Reunion" along with her robot dog, K-9.
Unlike the other spin off of "Doctor Who", "Torchwood", the target audience for "The Sarah Jane Adventures" is children as it is shown on CBBC.

655 Briseïs
655 Briseïs is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Joel Metcalf in 1907. Its provisional name was 1907 BF.

656 Beagle
656 Beagle is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by August Kopff in 1908. Its first name was 1908 BU.

Dailymotion
Dailymotion is the world's largest independent video sharing website. It is based in Paris, France. Dailymotion was started March 15, 2005 by Benjamin Bejbaum and Olivier Poitrey.

Francesca Lia Block
Francesca Lia Block (born January 3, 1962 in Los Angeles, California) is the writer of many books for teenagers. She is best known for the Weetzie Bat series of books. Block wrote her first book, "Weetzie Bat", while she wasa student at UC Berkeley. Harper Collins published it in 1989. She is known for her use of imagery, or ability to paint pictures with words. This is best seen in describing the city of Los Angeles.
Block was born in Los Angeles to a poet and a painter. The creativity they gave Francesca was a big influence on what she wrote. Another influence was her love of Greek mythology and fairy tales when she was a child.
Block belongs to the Authors Guild, Authors League of America, and the Writers Guild of America.

Benito Pérez Galdós
Benito Pérez Galdós (May 10, 1843 – January 4, 1920) was a Spanish realist novelist. Considered by many second only to Cervantes in stature, Pérez Galdós was the greatest Spanish realist novelist. Born in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, he moved to Madrid at the age of 20 where he spent most of his adult life. Within Spain his most popular works are the earlier works: the "Episodios nacionales" (46 volumes). Outside Spain his "Novelas españolas contemporáneas" are more popular.

Ponyta
Ponyta is a Pokémon much like a pony.
Characteristics.
It has fire coming out of its legs and head. Its main attacks are "stomp" and take down. It evolves into Rapidash, a large fiery horse.

Rapidash
Rapidash is a type of Pokémon. It is a large fiery horse that uses attacks like fire spin to beat all challengers.
The Gym Leader of Cinnabar Island, Blaine uses a Rapidash as well as a Arcanine and a Ninetales. Rapidash can be a hard Pokemon to beat but it is weak against water Pokemon, for example, Staryu or Poliwag.

Candomblé
Candomblé is an African-inspired or Afro-Brazilian religion, practiced chiefly in Brazil. The religion originated in the city of Salvador, the capital of Bahia.

Merzig-Wadern District
Merzig-Wadern is a "Kreis" (district) in the northeast of the Saarland, Germany.
History.
The district was created in 1816 when the area became the property of Prussia. After World War I the Saar area was under special government of the League of Nations, which did split the district into two parts. The area around Wadern stayed Prussian, while the Merzig area became part of the Saargebeit area. In 1935 the Saar area rejoined Germany, however it took till after the World War II that the two district parts were reunited in 1946.
Geography.
The Saar River flows through the district, the Moselle River forms the boundary in the west to Luxembourg.

SK Rapid Wien
SK Rapid Wien is a well-known Austrian Football Club. Rapid Wien was founded in 1898 and is one of the top Clubs in Austria. The Club is playing in Vienna.

Neunkirchen District
Neunkirchen is a Kreis (district) in the middle of the Saarland, Germany.
History.
In 1974 the districts of Saarland were reorganized. The capital of the district was moved to Neunkirchen. The name of the district was changed to Neunkirchen as well. Neunkirchen city had first tried to become cspital of the district in 1866. Some parts of the administration remained in Ottweiler.

Afro-Brazilian religion
Afro-Brazilian religions are all religions that originated in African traditional religions, which were brought to Brazil by slaves.

Qin Shi Huang
Qin Shi Huang, also known as Qin Shi Huangdi was the first emperor to unite, or bring together, all of China. He lived from 259 BC - September 10, 210 BC. He was king of the Chinese State of Qin from 247 BC - 221 BC (that was officially under the rule of the Zhou Dynasty). He founded the short-lived Qin Dynasty, which was the first Chinese kingdom. Its official name was the State of Qin and his official title was "The First Emperor of the State of Qin".
He introduced, or brought in, legalism. He and his advisor (or helper) Li Si started a lot of reforms at bringing China together politically. They had a lot of huge projects, including the Great Wall of China, a city-sized mausoleum guarded by a life-sized Terracotta army, and a system of roads that went all over the nation. He outlawed Confucianism. He burned the scholars alive and destroyed the books.
Despite his cruel rule as emperor, Qin Shi Huang is still seen as an important person in Chinese history because his unification, or bringing together, of China lasted for over two millienia, or 2,000 years.

Saarbrücken District
The Regionalverband Saarbrücken is a "Kommunalverband besonderer Art", that is, it is a special mix of a rural district and a district free city. It is located in the south of the Saarland, Germany.
History.
The district Saarbrücken was originally created in 1816.
In 1974 the district and the district-free city Saarbrücken were merged, and the was named "Stadtverband Saarbrücken". Although it's not a district like others, most of its administrative tasks are same as those of a district.
Geography.
The Saar River flows through the district, through the city Saarbrücken in the centre of the district.

Sinaloa
Sinaloa is a northwestern Mexican state. It is bordered by Sonora to the north, Chihuahua to the northeast, Durango to the east, and Nayarit to the south. To the west lays the Pacific Ocean and the Gulf of California, also known as the Sea of Cortez.

Saarlouis District
Saarlouis is a Kreis (district) in the middle of the Saarland, Germany.
History.
The district was part of the Holy Roman Empire. After the Napoleonic wars the area went to Prussia, which in 1816 created the district as part of its Rhineland province. From 1936-1945 it was called "Saarlautern", when the Nazi government tried to exchange the French name for a German one.
Geography.
The main river in the district is the Saar.

Saarpfalz District
Saarpfalz ("Saar-Palatinate") is a Kreis (district) in the south-east of the Saarland, Germany. Neighboring districts are (from west clockwise) Saarbrücken, Neunkirchen, Kusel, Südwestpfalz, district-free Zweibrücken, and the French "département" Moselle.
History.
When after World War I the Saar area went under special government of the League of Nations, the Palatinate area, then part of Bavaria, was split in two parts. The part which went into the Saar became commonly know as Saarpfalz, and was administrated by the two "Bezirksamt" St. Ingbert and Homburg. The district Saarpfalz was created in 1974 when the two districts Saint Ingbert and Homburg were joined. Since 1997 the district has partnership with the Henrico County, Virginia.

Sankt Wendel District
Sankt Wendel is a Kreis (district) in the north of the Saarland, Germany. Neighboring districts are Trier-Saarburg, Birkenfeld, Kusel, Neunkirchen, Saarlouis, Merzig-Wadern.
History.
The district was created in 1834 when Prussia bought the Lichtenfeld area from Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. After World War I the Saar area came under special rulership of the League of Nations, and the Sankt Wendel district was split into two parts. The northern part, the "Restkreis Sankt Wendel", was merged into the district Birkenfeld, the southern part stayed in the Saarland in its smaller size.
Geography.
The district is located in the "Saar-Hunsrück" natural area, a hilly area with elevations between 200 and 600 meters.
The main river in the district is the Nahe. The "Bostalsee" is the biggest tourist lake in the south-west of Germany, covering an area of about 1.2 km².

Respiratory system
The respiratory system is the system of organs in a human or any breathing organism has. It is usually made up of lungs or gills, a trachea (or windpipe), and a mouth or nose.
problems in the respiratory may result in asthma and other complications

Internal combustion engine
An Internal combustion engine is an engine that combustion, or the burning of the fuel, occurs on the inside. Most road vehicles use the internal combustion engine today, and most of those use the four-stroke engine. Another type of internal combustion engine is the Wankel engine.

Mass media
Mass media is media, or books, television, internet, etc., that reaches a lot of people. Mass media includes national newspapers (such as the Wall Street Journal), books, Wikipedia, television, and recordings in telephones.

Electronic organ
Some electronic organs (digital organs) are made to look and sound like pipe organs. They can be used in churches and other buildings. They have some advantages over real pipe organs: they can be moved about easily, they do not go out of tune, they do not take up a lot of room (only the console and some loudspeakers are needed), and they are cheaper. They also have many computerised features which can be useful. The problems are that many people think they do not sound as good as pipe organs, and many organists think they do not feel as good to play as a traditional, mechanical pipe-organ.
The other kind of electronic organ is the one found in many homes today. It is based on the Hammond-type organ. The pedals are straight. It is used for jazz or popular music. Many have lots of different tone generators and synthesis modules which can imitate hundreds of instruments.
See also.
Pipe organ

Kublai Khan
Kublai Khan was a great Mongol khan who brought the empire to its greatest height. He finished the invasion of China and founded the Yuan Dynasty. He lived during the 13th century, or the 1200s AD.

Bertrand du Guesclin
Bertrand du Guesclin (c. 1320 – 13 July 1380), was a French knight from Brittany who fought in the Hundred Years' War. He was Constable of France from 1370 to his death. He was important to the French successes in the war under Charles V of France.

Battle of Sluys
The Battle of Sluys (1340) was an important battle of the Hundred Years' War. The English destroyed most of the French fleet and made it impossible for France to invade England. Nearly all the fighting afterward took place on land in France.

Battle of Poitiers (1356)
The Battle of Poitiers (1356) was one of the three most important victories for England over France in the Hundred Years' War. Edward, the Black Prince led the English who captured King John II of France during the battle.

Guitar Hero (series)
"Guitar Hero" is a popular series of music video games that allows players pretend they are a rock star by playing a controller shaped like a guitar. The player has to play rock songs from the 1960s to present. There are five games in the series, and the most recent one, ', has been released for cell phones under the name "Guitar Hero III Mobile". "Guitar Hero" games can be played on most game consoles (which is the device it is played on, like the Xbox 360 or the PlayStation 3). Many people around the world play this popular game.

Horse racing
Horse racing is a sport in which a race is held between racehorses, horses bred for racing. Racehorses are most often thoroughbreds. The Kentucky Derby is a major horserace that is held at Churchill Downs in Louisville, Kentucky every year. The Kentucky Derby is part of the Triple Crown, which includes two other races.

Treaty of Troyes
The Treaty of Troyes (1420) tried to change the change the inheritance rule for the kings of France, but did not succeed at doing that. This treaty said that Henry V of England and his sons would become kings of France after the death of Charles VI of France. The treaty tried to disinherit the future Charles VII of France. The treaty did not work because Henry V and Charles VI died two months apart and Joan of Arc recaptured land for Charles VII.

Kentucky Derby
The Kentucky Derby is a horse race for three-year-old thoroughbreds held every year at the Churchill Downs in Louisville, Kentucky on the first Saturday in May. It is 1.25 miles long.

Charles VII of France
Charles VII of France (22 February 1403 – 22 July 1461), was King of France from 1422 to his death. He was not crowned as king until 1429 because England controlled large parts of France. Joan of Arc took back land for him, but she died very young. The Hundred Years' War ended with France winning while Charles VII was king.

Madison Square Garden
The Madison Square Garden is a indoor arena in New York City.

Kodak Theatre
The Kodak Theatre is a indoor theatre in Hollywood. The theatre has been the home of the annual Academy Awards since 2002.

Luis Aragonés
Luis Aragonés (born July 28,1938) was a Spanish football player and football coach since 1974. He played in Real Oviedo, Real Betis, and Atlético de Madrid. He also was the managed of Real Oviedo, Real Betis and Atlético de Madrid. Also was the coach of FC Barcelona, Valencia CF, Sevilla FC, RCD ESpanyol and RCD Mallorca. In the actuality is the Spain National football team.He is a coach of Fenerbahçe team any more

Charles VI of France
Charles VI of France (3 December 1368 – 21 October 1422), was King of France from 1380 until his death. He was not a successful king.
Often he was not able to rule the country because of mental illness and his wife Queen Isabeau of Bavaria ruled with the help of his brother Louis I de Valois, Duke of Orléans. This made his cousin John the Fearless of Burgundy very angry, so John the Fearless had Louis I assassinated. A few years after that, Henry V of England invaded and won the Battle of Agincourt.

657 Gunlöd
657 Gunlöd is a C-type asteroid orbiting in the Main belt near the Eunomia family. However, it is not a family member but an unrelated asteroid in the area because it is made up differently than the members. Its diameter is about 43 km, its albedo around 0.042, and its rotation period is 15.7 hours.
It was found by August Kopff in 1908. Its provisional name was 1908 BV.

Küttigkofen
Küttigkofen is a municipality in the district Bucheggberg, in the canton of Solothurn, Switzerland.

Langendorf, Switzerland
Langendorf is a municipality in the district Lebern in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

Laupersdorf
Laupersdorf is a municipality in the district Thal in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

Lohn-Ammannsegg
Lohn-Ammannsegg is a municipality in the district Wasseramt in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland. It is the combination of 2 municipalities: Lohn and Ammannsegg.

658 Asteria
658 Asteria is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by August Kopff in 1908. Its provisional name was 1908 BW.

List of tallest buildings in the world
This is a list of the 200 tallest buildings in the world.

The Harbourfront Landmark
The Harbourfront Landmark is a skyscraper in Hong Kong, China. It is 233 meters (763 feet) tall and has 70 floors. It was built in 2001 and is one of the tallest buildings in the world

Shimao International Plaza
Shimao International Plaza is a skyscraper in Shanghai, China. It is 333 meters (1093 feet) tall and has 60 floors. It was built in 2006 and is one of the tallest buildings in the world

Mieszko I of Poland
Mieszko I (c. 935 – May 25, 992) was a duke of the Polans and the first historical ruler of Poland.

OneRepublic
OneRepublic is an American pop rock band that formed in Colorado. The band has become popular after the release of their hit single, "Apologize". The remix was listed on Timbaland's "Shock Value" and "Dreaming Out Loud".
Early career.
Since the summer of 2006, OneRepublic has usually been ranked as one of the top musical acts on MySpace, because of a lot of exposure within the online community. They were started by songwriter and record producer Ryan Tedder and his high school friend Zach Filkins in Colorado Springs. The group became official in 2003 with Tedder, Filkins, Drew Brown, Eddie Fisher, and Tim Myers in Los Angeles. After signing a deal with Columbia Records they entered the studio in the summer of 2005 with producer Greg Wells with two songs produced by lead singer Ryan Tedder. After a brief stint on Columbia, they moved to Interscope Records/Mosley Music Group. Tim Myers left the group in 2007 and Brent Kutzle replaced him.
2007: "Apologize" and the debut album.
OneRepublic's song "Apologize" was listed on Timbaland's 2007 release "Shock Value". The song was released as the single in its original form on the band's debut album Dreaming Out Loud. In addition the single is almost double platinum (marking two million copies sold in the U.S.) It peaked at number three on the U.K. Official Top 40 Week on November 11, 2007.
The band performed "Apologize" live on Fox's "So You Think You Can Dance" on August 2, 2007. In October 2007, they performed "Apologize" on an episode of "One Life to Live", along with Timbaland. It was also played at the end of the television show "Cold Case" episode "Sabotage".
The follow up single to "Apologize" is "Stop and Stare" as announced on their MySpace page. In 2007, the group went on tour with various opening acts. In 2008, they announced a tour with The Daylights, Maroon 5, Brandi Carlile, and Ry Cuming.

The Trump Building
The Trump Building is a skyscraper in New York City, United States. It is 283 meters (927 feet) tall and has 70 floors. It was built in 1930 and is one of the tallest buildings in the world.
The Trump Building was the tallest building in the world from April to May 1930. Before it was built, the tallest building in the world was the Woolworth Building. The Chrysler Building became the tallest a few months later.
At first it was named the Bank of the Manhattan Company Building, but when the name of the bank changed the building was named for its address of
40 Wall Street. When Donald Trump bought the building in 1995 he changed it to the name is has now.

Ryan Tedder
Ryan Benjamin Tedder (born January 7, 1979) is an American singer, and Grammy nominated songwriter and record producer born in Tulsa, Oklahoma. He has written and produced for various musicians but, as of 2007, he is best known as the front man for the "MySpace US rock phenomenon", OneRepublic.

Brent Kutzle
Brent Kutzle (born 1985) is an American musician, born in Newport Beach, California. He has written and performed for various musicians both underground music (Vermeer, Augustine, This Allure, Vanessa Jourdan, Venus Infers, Jessica Dobson, and Torrent) and mainstream. Brent is best known for playing the bass guitar and cello for OneRepublic (Interscope Records). When he was 13, he attended McGarvin Intermediate School located in Westminster, California. He also attended La Quinta High School in Westminster, California, California Baptist University in Riverside and Vanguard University in Costa Mesa.

Pop rock
Pop rock is a subgenre of pop music and rock music that uses catchy pop style, with light lyrics over top of guitar-based songs.

Dreaming Out Loud (OneRepublic album)
"Dreaming Out Loud" is the debut album by OneRepublic, produced by Greg Wells with two songs produced by Ryan Tedder. OneRepublic has been the number one band on MySpace for over a year, and has been in MySpace Music's Top Artists since early 2006, with over 24 million total song plays and counting. The album was released in the US on November 20, 2007, although the entire album had been leaked on to the internet months before.

Shock Value (Timbaland album)
"Shock Value" is the second studio album by record producer Timbaland.

Apologize (song)
"Apologize" is a song released by OneRepublic found on their debut album "Dreaming Out Loud". The song has charted well around the world, reaching number one in Australia, Austria, Germany, New Zealand, Sweden, Turkey, The Netherlands and the United World Chart. The song has reached the U.S. and UK Top 5 and has spent thirteen weeks at number one in Canada. It was ranked 15th in the Year End Chart of the United World Chart.

Stop and Stare
"Stop and Stare" is the second single by pop rock band OneRepublic, produced by Greg Wells, from their debut album "Dreaming Out Loud". "Stop and Stare" was released to US radio on November 27, 2007.

Say (All I Need)
"Say (All I Need)" is a song by pop rock band OneRepublic from their debut album "Dreaming Out Loud". Although the song has not yet been planned for single release, it got a lot of high digital download sales after the album's release, and charted, meaning it may be the third single from the album.

Mosley Music Group
Mosley Music Group is a record label created by record producer Tim "Timbaland" Mosley.

Interscope Records
Interscope Records is an American record label. It is owned by Universal Music Group.

Mercy (song)
"Mercy" is a song by pop rock band OneRepublic, from their debut album, "Dreaming Out Loud". The song helped gain the band's popularity on MySpace, and was voted as one of the best songs on MySpace. It is a possible future single from the album. It is to be released in the autumn of 2008 promoting their tour of the UK.

Greg Wells
Greg Wells is a musician and Grammy-nominated record producer from Peterborough, Ontario, Canada, who now lives and works in Los Angeles.

The Daylights
The Daylights is a pop rock band from Los Angeles, California that formed in 2004. The trio is fronted by brothers Ran Jackson and Ricky Jackson, with Svend Lerche on Drums.

Los Angeles County
Los Angeles County is a county in California and is by far the most populous county in the United States. Figures from the U.S. Census Bureau give an estimated 2006 population of 9,948,081 residents, while the California State government's population bureau lists a January 1 2007 estimate of 10,331,939. The county seat is the City of Los Angeles.

Lead guitar
Lead guitar means the use of a guitar to perform melody lines, instrumental fills, and soloes within a song structure.
In rock and metal bands, the lead guitarist is usually supported by a second guitarist who plays rhythm guitar (chords and riffs). In some rock or metal bands with two guitarists, the two performers may perform as a "guitar tandem", and trade off the lead guitar and rhythm guitar roles.

Brandi Carlile
Brandi Carlile (b. June 1, 1981) is an American singer and songwriter. Carlile's music has been categorized in several genres, including pop, rock, country, indie and folk.

Coburg Rural District
Coburg is a rural district in Upper Franconia in north Bavaria, Germany.
History.
The history of the district is largely influenced by the city of Coburg. From 1826 to 1918, the region was part of the small duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. After World War I, the Coburg portion of this state decided to join Bavaria. The present district is identical to that portion, but excludes the city of Coburg and the exclave of Königsberg, which is part of Haßberge district. The city of Neustadt was a district-free city until 1972 and was then made part of the district.
Geography.
The district is located in the hilly country between the Thuringian Slate Mountains and the Main valley.

Prophets of Islam
Prophets of Islam are male human beings who are regarded by Muslims to be prophets chosen by God. All prophets preached the same message.
Other prophets.
Muslims believe in other prophets other than those mentioned by name in the Qur'an as there are many verses in the Qur'an which speak about it.

Bert Trautmann
Bernhard "Bert" Carl Trautmann OBE (born October 22, 1923) is a former German football player. He played from 1949 to 1964 for Manchester City as the keeper. Trautmann is in Germany nearly unknown and had never played in the national team of his country. But in Manchester, he's until today one of the most popular player.
Bert Trautmann was born at October 22 in 1923. He began playing football at age 10, when he was 18 he had to go to do his military service for the German Nazi-Regime. The paratrooper was first imprisoned by the Sowiet, later by the British army. He did not left the island after his shank and became a profesional football player.
After some years he went to Manchester City. In the first time, the fans hate the "Nazi boy". But after the 1956 FA Cup final, the fans accept Trautmann as a good player for their team. At the 75th minute of this game, Trautmann was hit by a player from Birmingham. The crash broke his neck, but Trautmann finished the game. Today it's often called a medical miracle that Trautmann did not die at this day.
Just a few days after the game his five years old son died in a car crash. In 1950 he had married the first time, in 1990 again. In the year 2004 he was honored by Queen Elizabeth II.

Colbie Caillat
Colbie Caillat is an American pop music singer and songwriter. She was born in Newbury Park, California on May 28, 1985. She currently lives in Malibu, California.

659 Nestor
659 Nestor is a Jupiter trojan asteroid orbiting the Sun. Along with the other Jupter trojans in the Greek Camp, it orbits in the same orbit as Jupiter, about 60 degrees ahead of the planet.
It was seen on 30th June 2006 when it occulted TYC 6854-00630. The length of time the occultation lasted (9.52 seconds) equates to a size of at least 109km diameter.
It was found by Max Wolf in 1908. Its provisional name was 1908 CS.

Trumpet vine
Trumpet vine or trumpet-creeper is a large vine, notable by its showy flowers. "Campsis radicans" (L.)Seem. ex Bureau is native of southeastern US.

David (disambiguation)
David (name) is a common given name and surname.
David, King of Israel (c. 1011 – 971 BC) is a major character in the Bible and the Koran.

Antlia
Antlia is a constellation, or group of stars in the sky that form a picture. It looks like an air or vacuum pump. Its stars are so faint that before astronomers had powerful electronic telescopes, nobody had given it a name. People who live in the northern parts of the world can see it in latitudes to 66 degrees north and people who live in the southern parts of the world can see it 50 degrees south from January through March.

Stone Temple Pilots
Stone Temple Pilots (often called STP) is an American rock band that played in the 1990s and early 2000s. They broke up in 2003 but reformed in 2008. The band has Scott Weiland (vocals), brothers Robert (bass guitar, vocals) and Dean DeLeo (guitar), and Eric Kretz (drums, percussion). The band's five albums have sold more than 17.5 million in the United States alone and more than 30 million albums worldwide. The band had fifteen top ten singles, or songs sold on their own, on the Billboard rock charts, including six #1's, and one #1 album on the pop charts (1994's "Purple"). In 1994, the band won a Grammy for "Best Hard Rock Performance" for their song "Plush". Stone Temple Pilots were also ranked at #40 by VH1 on the 100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock list.
The band released the greatest-hits album "Thank You" in 2003. The band then fell apart. Since the band's end, Weiland moved on to become the frontman of Velvet Revolver with former members of Guns N' Roses. The DeLeo brothers started the band Army of Anyone with Richard Patrick from the band Filter. Army of Anyone released its first album in 2006, which was also called "Army of Anyone". Kretz started Bomb Shelter Studios in Los Angeles.
In 2008, Stone Temple Pilots reformed. They went on a concert tour that began on May 1 and ended on October 30. In a short time, they will return to the studio to record a seventh album.
History.
Scott Weiland and Robert DeLeo met during a concert. They formed a band with two of Scott's friends from Edison High School, Corey Hicock (guitar) and David Allen (drums). They then named their band "Mighty Joe Young" and recorded a demo tape that was completed around 1990. During the recording, they got a call from their lawyer who told them that there was a blues man who had already claimed the name Mighty Joe Young. They changed the band's name to Shirley Temple's Pussy and performed under this name for a short time, but then changed the name again due to record label pressure. They decided to use the initials STP and soon used the name Stone Temple Pilots in 1992.

Urinal deodorizer block
Urinal deodorizer blocks are the small disinfectant blocks found in urinals. There are many other words for them, such as: "piss biscuit", "urinal cake", "urinal mint", or "urinal puck".
The blocks are used to kill germs and take away the bad smell of urinals in public bathrooms. They are put over the urinal drain and evaporate very slowly. Because they do not dissolve or break apart in water, they do not take away the smell of the flushing water or urine. Different blocks are made with different chemicals, like paradichlorobenzene or naphthalene. The block is something scented to smell like different things, such as cherries.

New York Philharmonic
The New York Philharmonic is the oldest symphony orchestra in the United States which still exists, and one of the most famous orchestras of the world. It performs most of its concerts at the Avery Fisher Hall in New York.
The orchestra started in 1842. At that time it was called the Philharmonic Society. At its first concert the orchestra played a very long programme which included Beethoven’s "Symphony No. 5" conducted by Ureli Corelli Hill. The musicians worked as a cooperative or "communistic" society. This meant that the musicians themselves made up the rules about how the orchestra should be run: who would become a member, which music would be performed, and who would conduct. At the end of each season they divided any money the orchestra had earned amongst themselves.
Beethoven's ninth and a new home, 1846.
The orchestra were a great success, but they needed a new concert hall. They gave a fund-raising concert which included Beethoven's "Symphony No. 9". It was the first time it had ever been played in America. The concert took place in Castle Garden on the southern tip of Manhattan. There were about 400 performers in the orchestra and choir. The words that the choir sings were translated into English. It was the first time this work had been sung in English anywhere in the world. However, the tickets cost a lot of money: US$2.00 each, so not so many people came. It was some time before the orchestra got their concert hall. Many people thought Beethoven's 9th symphony was a strange piece of music because the choir only sing in the last movement which is called "Ode to Joy". In 1865 Theodore Eisfeld conducted the Orchestra’s memorial concert for the recently assassinated Abraham Lincoln, but the last movement was not performed because it was thought that the "Ode to Joy" was not suitable for the sad occasion.
Competition from another orchestra, 1878.
Leopold Damrosch, who had been Franz Liszt's concertmaster at Weimar, was the orchestra’s conductor for the 1876-1877 season. But the public did not like him, so he started his own orchestra: the Symphony Society of New York. When he died in 1885, his 23-year-old son Walter Johannes Damrosch took over and continued the competition with the old Philharmonic. It was Walter who would make the rich Scotsman Andrew Carnegie realize that New York needed a really good concert hall and on May 5, 1891 both Walter and the Russian composer Tchaikovsky conducted at the first concert of the city's new Music Hall. A few years later this new hall was renamed Carnegie Hall after the man who gave the money for it to be built.
Theodore Thomas began conducting the Philharmonic in 1877 and made it a very good orchestra. In 1891 Thomas left New York to found the Chicago Symphony Orchestra.
Anton Seidl conducted the orchestra until 1898. Seidl had worked as Wagner's assistant and was famous for conducting Wagner’s music. He gave the first performance of Antonín Dvořák's Ninth Symphony "From the New World." Many people were sad when Seidl suddenly died in 1898 from food poisoning at the age of 47. Twelve thousand people applied for tickets to his funeral at the Metropolitan Opera House at 39th Street and Broadway and the streets were jammed with people and traffic.
New management, 1909.
In 1909 the orchestra was organized differently. Instead of a cooperative, they were run by a small group of people called guarantors. They persuaded Gustav Mahler to be principal conductor. Instead of 18 concerts a season they gave 54, which included a tour of New England. Mahler was used to conducting opera, but now he could conduct symphonies, and he introduced audiences to his own compositions. During his time the orchestra were given regular salaries for the first time.
Between 1911 and 1920, the Philharmonic's conductor was Josef Stransky, who led every single one of the orchestra's concerts during this period.
Mergers and outreach, 1921.
When the Philharmonic joined together with the National Symphony in 1921, they had the Dutch conductor Willem Mengelberg. He stayed there for nine years, although other conductors, including Bruno Walter, Wilhelm Furtwängler, Igor Stravinsky, and Arturo Toscanini, led about half the concerts. They started to have an outdoor symphony series, playing low-priced summer concerts at Lewisohn Stadium in upper Manhattan. In 1920 the orchestra hired Henry Hadley as "associate conductor" to perform concerts which included works by American composers.
In 1924, the Young People's Concerts were started, and soon grew to 15 concerts per season by the end of the 1920s. They started to make recordings. In 1928 they joined together with another orchestra, the New York Symphony Society. Toscanini conducted the newly organized orchestra, and continued until 1936.
The War years, 1940.
The English conductor John Barbirolli and the Pole Artur Rodzinski, were joint replacements for Toscanini in 1936. The next year Barbirolli was made the main conductor, a post he held until the spring of 1941. In 1943, Rodzinski became conductor. He had also been conducting on the Sunday afternoon radio broadcast when CBS listeners around the country heard the announcer break in on Arthur Rubinstein's performance of Brahms's Second Piano Concerto to tell them about the attack on Pearl Harbor.
Artur Rodzinski, Bruno Walter, and Sir Thomas Beecham made a series of recordings with the Philharmonic for Columbia Records during the 1940s.
The Telegenic Age, 1950.
Leopold Stokowski and Dimitri Mitropoulos were the orchestra’s two conductors in 1949, with Mitropoulos becoming conductor in 1951. Mitropoulos often conducted new music and music that was not well known. In 1957, Mitropoulos and Leonard Bernstein served together as Principal Conductors until, in the course of the season, Bernstein was made conductor, becoming the first American-born-and-trained conductor of the Philharmonic.
Leonard Bernstein was Music Director for 11 seasons. Many new things happened during this time. Two television series were started on CBS: the "Young People's Concerts" and "Leonard Bernstein and the New York Philharmonic." The first of these started in 1958. It was a new idea and it won every award for educational television. Bernstein continued the orchestra's recordings with Columbia Records until he retired as music director in 1969. He got lots of composers, especially American composers such as Aaron Copland, to write new works for the orchestra.
In 1971 Pierre Boulez became the first Frenchman to have the job of conductor of the Philharmonic. Boulez had new ideas about music to be performed. He was a composer himself and often performed modern music.
Ambassadors abroad.
Zubin Mehta became conductor in 1978. He, too, conducted a lot of new music.
Kurt Masur, who had often been conducting the Philharmonic since 1981, became conductor in 1991. During his time he included a series of free Memorial Day Concerts at the Cathedral of St. John the Divine and annual concert tours abroad that included the orchestra's first trip to mainland China. His stayed until 2002, and was then given the honorary title “Music Director Emeritus of the Philharmonic”.
On 26 February 2008 the Philharmonic gave a concert in Pyongyang in North Korea. It was the first time since the end of the Korean War in 1953 that there had been an important cultural visit from the United States to North Korea.
A third century, 2000.
In September 2002, 60 years after conducting the Orchestra at the age of twelve at Lewisohn Stadium, Lorin Maazel became conductor of the Philharmonic. In his first subscription week he conducted the first ever performance of John Adams' "On the Transmigration of Souls". This work had been composed in memory of those who lost their lives on September 11, 2001. He performed new music as well as music of the well-known composers. He will stay with the orchestra until the end of the 2008-2009 season.

Cyrtodactylus phongnhakebangensis
"Cyrtodactylus phongnhakebangensis" (Vietnamese: Thằn lằn Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng) is a type of gecko native to Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park, Quang Binh province, Bac Trung Bo, Vietnam. It was found and described by a group of 3 German scientists and a Vietnamese scientist in 2002.

Philip II of Macedon
Philip II was a king of Macedon. He ruled from 359 BC - 336 BC. He was the father of the emperor Alexander the Great, who was born in 356 BC. He united all of Greece. He would either bring a city-state into his empire with his military or he would talk/bribe the leaders into joining his empire. It was under his reign in 338 BC at Chaerona against Athens that Alexander first showed his military genius.

Lake Enriquillo
Lake Enriquillo is a lake in western Dominican Republic, near the border with Haiti. Its Taíno name was "Hagueygagon" but, in colonial times, it had the name "Jaragua Lake".
It is located in the "Hoya de Enriquillo" valley, a long valley between the "Sierra de Neiba", to the north, and the "Sierra de Bahoruco", to the south.
The lake has an area of 265 km², and its surface is around 44 meters below sea level, the lowest point in the Caribbean. There are three small islands in the lake: Isla Cabritos, Barbarita, and La Islita.
Only small rivers flow into the lake. The rivers that flow from the Sierra de Neiba always have water. Those rivers that flow from the Sierra de Bahoruco sometimes do not have water.
It is a salt water lake with a higher concentration of salt than the sea water because the rivers that flow into the lake are small and the evaporation of its water is high.
Many water birds visit the lake to feed, including flamingos. There are also American crocodiles and some fishes as tilapia. Because it is an arid region, the vegetation around the lake is poor with cacti and small shrubs.
The lake is part of the "Lago Enriquillo e Isla Cabritos National Park" and of the "Jaragua - Bahoruco - Enriquillo Biosphere Reserve".

Nebuchadrezzar II
Nebuchadnezzar II was a king of the Neo-Babylonian Empire. He lived in Babylon. He is most famous for capturing the city of Jerusalem and building the Hanging Gardens. The Bible says he was driven insane for seven years and thought he was an animal and later became a Jew.

660 Crescentia
660 Crescentia is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Joel Metcalf in 1908. Its provisional name was 1908 CC.

Orthopedic cast
Orthopedic casts are casts made of plaster that cover a limb to hold a broken bone in place while it heals. Doctors use casts of fiberglass currently. In early times, people often used splints to help heal broken bones. It is thought that orthopedic casts came about from splints.

Battle of Patay
The Battle of Patay (18 June 1429) was an important battle in the Hundred Years' War between the French and the English in north-central France. The French won and the English lost badly. Many men in the English longbow corps died many English leaders of the battle were killed or taken prisoner. This battle changed the course of the war and made the French more powerful. Joan of Arc gets credit for the victory, but most of the fighting happened when the very first men reached the field, before most of the army had arrived.

Battletoads
Battletoads is a fighting video game by Rare Ltd. where the players play as toads that fight.
Gameplay.
The game offers gameplay changes as the player battles with toads, fights with frogs or attack other amphibians.

Battle of Crécy
The Battle of Crécy happened on 26 August, 1346 near Crécy in northern France, and was one of the most important battles of the Hundred Years' War. The English won against the French. New tactics and weapons make this an important battle in the history of warfare because the English used longbows to win against French knights. Before this battle during the Middle Ages, knights had been the most important part of an army. Because of this change some historians call this battle the beginning of the end of chivalry.

102 (number)
102 is a number. It comes after 101 and before 103.

661 Cloelia
661 Cloelia is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Joel Metcalf in 1908. Its temporary name was 1908 CL.

662 Newtonia
662 Newtonia is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Joel Metcalf in 1908. Its provisional name was 1908 CW.

663 Gerlinde
663 Gerlinde is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by August Kopff in 1908. Its provisional name was 1908 DG.

Coffea
"Coffea" (coffee) is a genus of ten species of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. They are shrubs or small trees, native to subtropical Africa and southern Asia. Seeds of this plant are the source of the beverage coffee. The seeds are called "beans" in the trade. Coffee beans are widely cultivated in tropical countries in plantations for both local consumption and export to temperate countries. Coffee is one of the world's major commodity crops and is the major export product of some countries.

Arthur Schlesinger Jr
Arthur Meier Schlesinger, Jr., born Arthur Bancroft Schlesinger (October 15 1917 – February 28 2007), was a American historian and social critic. He was awarded the Pulitzer Prize. His work explored the liberalism of American political leaders, especially that of Franklin D. Roosevelt, John F. Kennedy, and Robert F. Kennedy. He served as Special Assistant and Court Historian to the President in John F. Kennedy's administration. He wrote a lot about the Kennedy administration. These writings have the title "A Thousand Days".
When the United States thought about invading Cuba at the Bay of Pigs, he was one of only two people who opposed the invasion. The other was William Fulbright. Shlesinger sat silent, except for a private memorandum to the president. He did this, because he did not want to undermine the President's desire for a unanimous decision.
When it had become clear the invasion had failed, Schlesinger later wrote:"In the months after the Bay of Pigs, I bitterly reproached myself for having kept so silent during those crucial discussions in the cabinet room... I can only explain my failure to do more than raise a few timid questions by reporting that one's impulse to blow the whistle on this nonsense was simply undone by the circumstances of the discussion."
Schlesinger contributed many things to liberal theory. He was mostly for the kind of liberalism Kennedy did. He was admired for his wit, scholarship, and devotion to delineating the history and nature of liberalism. Since 1990 he had been a critic of multiculturalism.
He popularized the term "imperial presidency" during the Nixon administration by writing the book "The Imperial Presidency".

Vu Quang National Park
Vu Quang National Park is a national park in Ha Tinh Province, Bac Trung Bo, Vietnam. Saola and "Muntiacus vuquangensis" are a species found in this park. Vu Quang National park has a high mountainous topography, which is separated from the surrounding. It has a tropical climate that is a good condition for the growth of animals and plants. This is a precinct virgin forest that is remained in Vietnam and is a value ecology for economy, scientific and landscape.

Bae Yong Joon
Bae Young Joon is a famous actor from Seoul. He became popular in Japan on the hit Korean drama, "A Winter Tale". He was born on August 29, 1972.
He is generally thought to be handsome. He stars in another Korean history drama,"Tae Wang Sa Shin Gi", which is popular in both Korea and Japan.

Urban districts of Germany
In Germany an Urban District, () is a large town or city that is responsible for its own local government.
It is not part of a rural district, or county, ()
In some states there is another level of government, the Regierungsbezirk or governmental district. Several urban and rural districts are joined together to make a regierungsbezirk, which does some of their jobs, especially things land land-use planning which can affect several districts.

Tel Meggido
Megiddo () is a hill in Israel. It is near the modern settlement of Megiddo, known for theological, historical and geographical reasons.
In ancient times, Megiddo was an important city state. It is also known alternatively as Tel Megiddo (Hebrew) and Tell al-Mutesellim (Arabic). According to some interpretations of the Christian Bible, this place will be the venue for Armageddon (that derives from the name's place in Hebrew) or the final battle between the forces of light led by Jesus Christ and the forces of darkness led by Satan or the Anti-Christ after the End of Days.
Megiddo is a "tel" (hill or mound) made of 26 layers of the ruins of ancient cities in a strategic location at the head of a pass through the Carmel Ridge, which overlooks the Valley of Jezreel from the west.

Neo-Babylonian Empire
The term Neo-Babylonian Empire (also known as Chaldea) is talking about the Babylonia era during the 11th, or Chaldean, dynasty.
History.
It was ruled by this dynasty between 626 BC when Nabopolassar rebelled against Assyria till 539 BC when Cyrus the Great captured the city of Babylon. The king Nebuchadnezzar II ruled this kingdom from 605 BC - 562 BC. Chaldea started out as referring to the southern part of Babylonia until a Chaldean became the king of Babylon.

CornerShot
CornerShot is a special-use weapon that can fire around corners. It was first made in the early 2000's for SWAT teams and special forces in situations usually involving terrorists and hostages.
Overview.
Its designers, or the people who made it, were two former, or not anymore, Israeli Army senior officers Amos Golan, with money invested by American investors. It has several different types. The types made so far are the Standard, the 40 mm grenade launcher, the APR, and an Anti-tank version. It works because its many parts are either on the front or the back end, which are linked by a steel hinge. It is manufactured by Corner Shot Holdings, LLC, a company in Miami with offices in Israel. Units have been sold in 15 countries. The CornerShot was recently evaluated by the UK Ministry of Defence.
Forms and variations.
The CornerShot is available in several different types. A standard pistol version is available, along with a 40 mm grenade launcher. Because they are fitted with really good digital cameras, any type can also be used as a tool to spy with. All the models come with the same camera and 2.5 in. color LCD screen, providing video and sighting system with transmission capability. The flashlight and camera let it work in either day or night. A variety, or group of different types, of cameras, as well as a folding stock, are available, and an accessory rail is standard.
Standard.
The standard CornerShot can put a normal semi-automatic pistol in the front part of the weapon, with a remote linkage to the trigger mechanism in the rear part, it has a trigger pull of 21 newtons (4.7 lbf). It is 820 millimetres (32.67 in) long, with a weight of 3.86 kilograms (8.5 lb).
40 mm grenade launcher.
The 40 mm Grenade Launcher is a breech-loading, single shot grenade launcher. Manually operated, or it can only fire one at a time, it fires all 40 mm grenades, less-deadly and non-deadly ammunition (or what a gun fires), and tear/irritant gas capsules (the container in a liquid or gas is stored); spent ammunition is ejected for easier reloading. The same system is available in 37 mm size for police. The 40 mm model has a rifling of 1:1.224, is 900 mm long, and weighs 4.4 kg (9.5 lb). The muzzle velocity, or velocity when it comes out of the gun is 74.7 m/s (M-406 grenade). Its range for normal fire, single target is 150 meters; and for area coverage, with fragmentation munitions, or ammunition that blows apart when it hits its target, is 350 meters.
Assault Pistol Rifle (or APR).
The Assault Pistol Rifle mounts an assault pistol in the front part of the weapon to allow the use of rifle bullets. It fires 5.56 mm ammunition. The APR pistol can be removed from the CornerShot frame.
CornerShot Panzerfaust (or CSP).
First shown at the Eurosatory 2004 military trade show in Paris, based on the system for use against armored vehicles is designed to fire Panzerfaust anti-tank rockets. It can turn 90 degrees instead of the standard 60 degrees.
How it works.
In the standard version a pistol is mounted in the front end of the weapon, which bends horizontally (like a door does) at a mid-gun sixty-degree hinge. There is a digital camera and a flashlight attached to the barrel in the bayonet position. On the butt side of the hinge are the trigger, camera screen (which is on a horizontal hinge just like the mid-gun hinge but it is off of the left side of the gun), and controls for the camera and light.
Similar weapons.
The Krummlauf was a bent barrel designed for the Sturmgewehr 44, which was used by the Germans in World War II. It allowed for looking and firing around corners with its 30 degree barrel and a periscope-style sight.

Local government of Germany
There are five levels of government in Germany. The local government means the lowest two levels. The levels are all legally independent political levels. This means that each level has a job to do in running the country, and is recognised in the German constitution, the Grundgesetz. The levels can only be reorganised if they agree and if it does not give too much power to a higher level.
Some states have "regierungsbezirke" which are a group of counties and cities in an area to help run certain tasks across the area.
Other states have "Amt" which is a collection of municipalities in a district usually because the municipalities themselves are too small to run many services
Regierungsbezirke and Ämte are not guaranteed by the constitution, they are a way of helping the various levels of government to do their job.
"Subsidiarity".
The idea of subsidiarity means that government jobs should be done by the lowest possible level.
There are two types of tasks (jobs) for a municipality. "Voluntary" which a town or municipality can do if it wants, and "mandatory" or things which must be done because of a federal or state law.
Setting up a theatre, a museum, a sports field or a meeting hall is a voluntary task. If the municipality can afford to set these things up, the "Land" cannot stop them. Also the "Land" cannot order the municiaplity to set these things up.
The mandatory self-government tasks are things which a municipality must do itself, or must arrange to be done on its behalf. For example one of the most important jobs of any local council is to providing the citizens with water, electricity, district heating, gas as well as wastewater services and waste removal.
A council could run its own waterworks or join with others to share a larger facility. Modern electricity supply means that a council does not have to run their own power station anymore. But they must help private companies get the electricity supply to local houses and factories.
Transferred tasks.
Although the Federation or state might have the right to control some things, the idea of subsidiarity means that they are "administered" (carried out) at the lowest possible level. For example marriage ceremonies and issuing birth and death certificates are arranged by the town registrar, the Federation and the Land arrange legal and expert supervision so that the task is done properly and is the same across Germany.
Running local government.
Who runs the town or district government depends on where in Germany the town is.
Magistrat system.
The town council, or town council meeting is responsible for all jobs not given to the "magistrat". The magistrat is the executive responsible for administering services. It is chosen by the town council, and can have both professional and honorary members. The mayor is head of the magistrat, but not of the town council meeting. The mayor is chosen separately by the people not the council. the system is only used in Hesse. It is the oldest system, and the only system where a group of elected people are responsible for the administration, instead of just one, the mayor.
Mayoral system.
The mayor is head of the council and the administration.
North German system.
Power is split between the Mayor and the town clerk. The Mayor has some functions, but day to day administration is done by the professional town clerk.
South German system.
Used in Bavaria and the old eastern länder. The mayor is elected by the people, and he heads the council and the town government. The council is responsible for nearly all decisions. Some deision are taken by the mayor. The council can give some its tasks to the mayor, but in that case they cannot change the mayor's decision.
See Also.
Urban districts of Germany
Rural Districts of Germany

Aguascalientes
Aguascalientes is a state in Mexico that is in the center of the country. Its state capital is the city of Aguascalientes. The state's name means "hot waters" in Spanish. People gave it this name because there are many hot springs in the area. The adjective for Aguascalientes is " hidrocálido", because "hidro" means water and "cálido" means hot.

Vicksburg, Mississippi
Vicksburg, Mississippi is a city in the US state of Mississippi. It is a riverport on the east bank of the Mississippi River. It is most famous for the American Civil War battle fought there, in which the Union won. It is the county seat of Warren Country, Mississippi. The July 2006 estimate, (a guess based on some information) of the population (the number of people living there) was 25,740.

664 Judith
664 Judith is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by August Kopff in 1908. Its provisional name was 1908 DH.

Chrysler Building
The Chrysler Building is a skyscraper in New York City, United States. It is 319 meters (1046 feet) tall and has 77 floors. It was built in 1931 and is one of the tallest buildings in the world.
The Chrysler Building was the tallest building in the world from 1930 to 1931. Before it was built, the tallest building in the world was The Trump Building. The Empire State Building became the tallest one year later. The Chrysler Building is still the tallest brick building in the world.
The Chrysler Building was also the tallest structure in the world from 1930 to 1931. Before it was built, the tallest structure in the world was Eiffel Tower. The Empire State Building became the tallest one year later.

Mendelian inheritance
Mendelian inheritance is a set of rules about genetic inheritance. These rules were discovered by Gregor Mendel and are now named after him.
Law of Segregation.
The Law of Segregation, also known as Mendel's First Law,has three parts.
N.B It is often misconstrued that the gene itself is dominant, recessive, codominant, or incompletely dominant. It is, however, the "trait" or gene product that the allele encodes that is dominant, etc.
Law of Independent assortment.
The Law of Independent Assortment, also known as "Inheritance Law" or Mendel's Second Law, states that the inheritance pattern of one trait will not affect the inheritance pattern of another. While his experiments with mixing one trait always resulted in a 3:1 ratio (Fig. 1) between dominant and recessive phenotypes, his experiments with mixing two traits (dihybrid cross) showed 9:3:3:1 ratios (Fig. 2). But the 9:3:3:1 table shows that each of the two genes are independently inherited with a 3:1 ratio. Mendel concluded that different traits are inherited independently of each other, so that there is no relation, for example, between a cat's color and tail length. This is actually only true for genes that are not linked to each other.
Independent assortment occurs during meiosis I in eukaryotic organisms, specifically anaphase I of "meiosis", to produce a gamete with a mixture of the organism's maternal and paternal chromosomes. Along with chromosomal crossover, this process aids in increasing genetic diversity by producing novel genetic combinations.
Of the 46 chromosomes in a normal diploid human cell, half are maternally-derived (from the mother's egg) and half are paternally-derived (from the father's sperm). This occurs as sexual reproduction involves the fusion of two haploid gametes (the egg and sperm) to produce a new organism having the full complement of chromosomes. During gametogenesis - the production of new gametes by an adult - the normal complement of 46 chromosomes needs to be halved to 23 to ensure that the resulting haploid gamete can join with another gamete to produce a diploid organism. An error in the number of chromosomes, such as those caused by a diploid gamete joining with a haploid gamete, is termed aneuploidy.
In independent assortment, the chromosomes that end up in a newly-formed gamete are randomly sorted from all possible combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes. Because gametes end up with a random mix instead of a pre-defined "set" from either parent, gametes are considered independently assorted. In short, a gamete can end up with any combination of paternal or maternal chromosomes. Any of the possible combinations of gametes formed from maternal and paternal chromosomes will occur with equal frequency. For human gametes, with 23 pairs of chromosomes, the number of possibilities is 2^23 or 8,388,608 possible combinations. The gametes will normally end up with 23 chromosomes, but the origin of any particular one will be randomly selected from paternal or maternal chromosomes. This contributes to the genetic variability of progeny.

Altenburger Land Rural District
Altenburger Land is a rural district in Thuringia, Germany.
History.
The city of Altenburg and the surrounding land were the tiny duchy of Saxe-Altenburg from 1826 to 1918; afterwards it was a state within the Weimar Republic for a short time, before it was dissolved in 1922 in order to join the state of Thuringia.
The district in its present borders was started in 1922 as "Altenburg". In 1952 districts was split in two, called Altenburg and Schmölln. They were joined up again in 1994, but called "Altenburger Land".
Altenburger Land is the easternmost district of Thuringia. It is a mainly agricultural region.

WhatPulse
WhatPulse is a key counting program which monitors the number of keystrokes, mouse clicks and can now measure the distance your mouse has traveled.
The program is not a keylogger as it does not record the keys that the user press, just the amount of times keys are pressed.
It can also display the speed the user types by calculating the average of how much they have typed over a period of time.
A Pulse.
A user sends a "Pulse" to the WhatPulse server which contains how much a user has typed and clicked since the last "Pulse".
WhatPulse also allows a user to automatically "Pulse" at a certain amount of keystrokes, mouse clicks, distance or at a certain time since the last "Pulse".

Tennessee River
The Tennessee River is a tributary, or a river that flows into, the Ohio River. Its path makes a cresent. It starts in eastern Tennessee before entering Alabama. After entering Alabama it goes north and for a few miles, forms the boundary between Alabama and Mississippi. Then it flows through Tennessee and Kentucky, where it joins with the Ohio River at the city of Paducah. The watershed for the Tennessee River includes parts of the states of Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, North Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi.

Woolworth Building
The Woolworth Building is a skyscraper in New York City, United States. It is 241 meters (792 feet) tall and has 57 floors. It was built in 1913 and is one of the tallest buildings in the world.
The Woolworth Building was the tallest building in the world from 1913 to 1930. Before it was built, the tallest building in the world was the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Tower. The Bank of the Manhattan Company Building (now named The Trump Building) became the tallest twenty-seven years later.

Keystroke logging
A keylogger is a piece of spyware which records the infected computers keystrokes.
Mainly used to obtain passwords and credit card details.

Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Tower
The Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Tower (also called the Met Life Tower) is a skyscraper in New York City, United States. It is 213 meters (700 feet) tall and has 50 floors. It was built in 1909.
The Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Tower was the tallest building in the world from 1909 to 1913. Before it was built, the tallest building in the world was the Singer Building. The Woolworth Building became the tallest four years later.

KLM
KLM is an airline that is a part of Air France-KLM. Its based in Amsterdam, Netherlands. It has flights that stay in Netherlands and other flights that go world-wide. KLM goes to 90 different places and its main airport is Amsterdam Schipol Airport. Before KLM combined with Air France, KLM was Netherland's main airline. KLM is the world's oldest airline with its original name. In March 2007, KLM had 30,118 people working for it.

Kentucky River
The Kentucky River is a river in the state of Kentucky. It is a tributary of, or flows into, the Ohio River and is 259 miles long. The city of Frankfort is located on the Kentucky River. It is formed at Beattyville, Kentucky, which is in Lee County, which is where the North and South Forks come together.

Singer Building
The Singer Building was a skyscraper in New York City, United States. It was 213 meters (700 feet) tall and has 50 floors. It was built in 1908 and torn down in 1968 to make room for the U.S. Steel Building (now One Liberty Plaza). The Singer Building was the tallest building ever demolished by a company.
The Singer Building was the tallest building in the world from 1908 to 1909. Before it was built, the tallest building in the world was Philadelphia City Hall. The Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Tower became the tallest one year later.

Maurizio Giuliano
Maurizio Giuliano (born 1975) is a person from Italy and England, who travels a lot and wrote books and in newspapers. In 2004 he was in Guinness Book of World Records as youngest person who been to all countries in world. In 2006/2007 he worked for UN.
Education.
Maurizio Giuliano was born on 24 February 1975 in Milan, Italy, with a lawyer as a father and a housewife as a mother. He lived among other countries in Cuba, Chile, and Indonesia. As of 2004, he knew eight languages according to one source, while another source specified that he "spoke" five and had a "passion" for two more.
He went to school in Milan and Manchester, and then studied at the University of Oxford in 1996
and University of Cambridge in 1997,
At Oxford, he studied at University College
to know about Oxford's inter-disciplinary course in "Philosophy, Politics, and Economics" (PPE), especially Latin America and eastern Europe.
As of 1998, he was a research fellow at the Centre for Social Studies (CESOC) in Santiago, Chile.
Study on Cuba.
He wrote two books and some articles on Cuban politics, especially on the US embargo, which he thinks (in the book "La Transición Cubana y el "Bloqueo" Norteamericano" and other works) is not good.
In an article published in the British academic journal "Democratization" in 1998, he focused in particular on how the US embargo against Cuba helps create "empathy" by third parties towards Cuba, which is then domestically perceived as support towards Cuba's regime. He argued, hence, that the US Government - in addition to the embargo's direct influence on supporting Cuba's regime - indirectly inhibits potentially constructive pressures towards change, insofar as third countries, foreign non-governmental organizations and prominent individuals lend support to Cuba's resistance to the US embargo, and this offsets external pressures to democratize, thereby allowing the Cuban regime to convert such "empathy" into a source of legitimacy at home.
His scholarly work on internal Cuban politics, notably on the 1996 purge of Havana's Centre for American Studies (CEA) (contained in the book "El Caso CEA" published in 1998), has been the object of academic reviews, as it exposed the internal conflicts between Cuba's political apparatus and the country's intelligentsia, previously unknown.
According to some reviews, the book, a work of investigative journalism complemented by academic analysis, dealt a strong blow to hard-liners within the regime,
by exposing for the first time the internal conflicts between Cuba's apparatus and its intelligentsia.
In 2001, Cuban exiled scholars Alberto Álvarez and Gerardo González, who were among those purged from the CEA, wrote the book "¿ Intelectuales vs. Revolución ? El caso del Centro de Estudios sobre América", which strongly built upon Giuliano's book to offer further insights on relations between Cuba's political apparatus and the country's intellectuals.
Journalism.
Besides work on Cuba, other countries Giuliano covered in his journalistic work include East Timor and Myanmar (formerly known as Burma).
In 2000, he visited North Korea and published an essay about his visit, essentially describing his tour around the country as a "mise en scéne" by the North Korean authorities.
In his journalistic work, he reportedly ran into problems with the authorities of at least two countries. In 1998, he was denied entry to Myanmar after making contact with the National League for Democracy and taking photos of its leader Aung San Suu Kyi. While on 30 October 2002, he was reportedly detained and manhandled by Israeli authorities while crossing the Allenby Bridge.
Giuliano's writings have also included lighter topics. During his time in Kabul, for example, he wrote restaurant reviews for a local English-language magazine.
Political advocacy.
In the early 2000s, Giuliano was a consultant for the Italian Senate's Committee on Human Rights. At that time, at least some his writings were also intended to influence the positions of the Italian Government on certain human rights issues, as was the case with material that he wrote on North Korea.
Development career.
In 2004, Giuliano worked for the International Organization for Migration in the elections for Afghan refugees in Pakistan,
and in 2005 worked in Afghanistan for the United Nations Development Programme.
In both cases, he was working in the field of communications with the media.
Between 2006 and 2008, he served with the United Nations, again in the field of media relations, in Central African Republic,
and Cameroon following the refugee crisis caused by the battle of N'Djamena of February 2008.
Travel.
According to the Guinness Book, through his work, he had travelled to every single sovereign country in the world (which totalled 193 according to the Guinness Book) by 20 February 2004, aged 28 years and 361 days. He claimed that he had visited a total of up to 238 territories (including the 193 sovereign countries recognized by Guinness), and stated that the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) had been the hardest country to get into, after numerous attempts and long waits to get a visa.
He started travelling at age 14, and believes that, as of 2004, he had travelled at least two million miles, including on the Trans-Siberian Railway and through 11 "round-the-world" air journeys. Some of his earliest journeys were to Albania and Sierra Leone in 1991, aged 16, and to Mongolia in 1992 on the occasion of the national festivities Naadam. Most of his later travels were related to his journalistic work.
On 20 February 2004, he visited Suriname, thereby completing his visit to all sovereign nations of the world. He held a press conference there on 24 February, where he stated that he had chosen Suriname to complete his record, as the country had always fascinated him due to its richness and variety in cultures and ethnicities.
He then travelled from Suriname to London, with 42 passports (of which 30 Italian and 12 British) filled with immigration stamps, in order to prove his record with Guinness World Records.
He claimed that most of his travels were unrelated to the record, and that only since 2001, on the suggestion of friends, he had the Guinness Record in mind when planning his travels. In explaining his record, however, he stated that he might have an "addiction to crossing borders".

Aang
Aang is a fictional character in Nickelodeon's animated television series ', created by Michael Dante DiMartino and Bryan Konietzko, and voiced by Zach Tyler Eisen. Aang—the show's main protagonist (character); has been in all episodes of "Avatar: The Last Airbender", except for one episode called "Zuko Alone". Aang was also in the pilot episode, but the episode was never shown on television. Aang has been in other media, such as trading cards, video games, T-shirts, and web comics.
In the show, Aang is the last surviving Airbender and a monk of the Air Nomads, the only race of people with the ability to use and bend the air around them. He is also a supercentenarian at the age of 112. He was in suspended animation for one century, making his biological age twelve. It the second episode, Aang was shown to be the current incarnation of the Avatar, the spirit of the planet as a human. As the Avatar, Aang controls the elements and is tasked with keeping the Four Nations in peace. The show follows Aang's journeys to complete this task.

Batuque (religion)
Batuque is an African-inspired or Afro-Brazilian religion, practiced mainly in Brazil. The religion started in the city of Porto Alegre, the capital of Rio Grande do Sul.

Macumba
Macumba is one of the Afro-Brazilian religion that mixes Umbanda, Quimbanda, Candomblé and other religions, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Umbanda
Umbanda is one of the Afro-Brazilian religion that mixes Umbanda, Candomblé and other religions in Brazil.

Jak and Daxter (series)
"Jak and Daxter" is a series of video games, developed by the company Naughty Dog. It is named after the two heroes of the games. Right now, five games are in the series.
Where the games happen.
All of the "Jak and Daxter" games happen on a planet that is similar to Earth, where many creatures who look like humans with long ears live. A long time ago, beings called "Precursors" lived on the planet, but disappeared, and the people use the machines the Precursors left behind. Outside of cities and villages, there are many wild and dangerous animals.
A substance called "Eco" is also used by the people. It can be found as gas, liquid, or even solid crystals. There are several different kinds of Eco, and all the different Ecos can do special things. Green Eco can heal injuries or damage, and Blue Eco can make things move faster. There is also Dark Eco, a dangerous kind of Eco which can kill or mutate. In the first "Jak and Daxter" game, ', the character Daxter falls into a pit full of Dark Eco and turns into an "Ottsel", a fictional, or not real, cross between an otter and a weasel.
Gameplay.
When Naughty Dog first told people about "Jak and Daxter", people were very excited, because Naughty Dog had made the famous "Crash Bandicoot" series. "Jak and Daxter: The Precursor Legacy" was one of the first video games to use something called streaming, which means that the game loads while it is being played, so there are no loading screens. It was also very similar to the games "Super Mario 64" and "Banjo-Kazooie", because players need to jump, explore, and collect a special kind of object to win the game.
After "The Precursor Legacy", the "Jak and Daxter" games started to be about other things, not just jumping and finding things. "Jak II", the second game, gives the player guns to shoot and vehicles to drive. This is like in the "Grand Theft Auto" video games.
The first three games of the "Jak" series; "Precursor Legacy", "Jak II", and "Jak 3"; are still mainly about platforming. The player controls the character Jak or the character Daxter in jumping puzzles to get to a goal. The character can only get hit by wild animals or monsters only a few times before dying and having to start the goal over, but the character can get life back by touching Green Eco. In "Jak 3", the player can get armor that lets Jak be hit more before dying.
The player can also use attacks or guns to kill the monsters before Jak or Daxter is hit and hurt.

Chevrolet Geo
Geo was a brand of economy cars sold by Chevrolet dealerships. Geo was founded in 1989 to attract practical teenage car buyers. Geo was cancelled in 1997. The Geo models were the Metro, Prizm, Storm, Tracker, and Spectrum. The Prizm was made by Toyota, while the Metro and Tracker were made by Suzuki, and the Storm and Spectrum were made by Isuzu. In 1998, all Geos were renamed as Chevrolet cars.

Geo/Chevrolet Prizm
The Geo Prizm was a small car sold by Chevrolet from 1990 to 1997. It was a Toyota Corolla with the Geo name on it. The Prizm was made by Toyota in California with an agreement with Chevy. The Prizm and the Corolla shared the same parts and engines. In 1998, the name of the car was changed to Chevrolet Prizm.

Pontiac Vibe
The Pontiac Vibe is a small SUV made by General Motors with Toyota in California. The Vibe has the same engine and parts as the Toyota Matrix and Toyota Corolla. The Vibe and Matrix are made in different factories. The Vibe was sold in Japan by Toyota as the Voltz from 2002 to 2004. Pontiac has sold the Vibe since 2002.

Geo Metro
The Geo Metro was a small car sold by Chevrolet from 1989 to 2001. The Metro was made by Suzuki in Canada and sold at Chevrolet dealerships. The other names for this car were the Chevrolet Sprint, Suzuki Swift, and Pontiac Firefly. The Metro was replaced by the Chevrolet Aveo. It had the best fuel economy of any gasoline vehicle in the US, with 44 MPG.

One Liberty Plaza
One Liberty Plaza is a skyscraper in New York City, United States. It is 226 meters (743 feet) tall and has 54 floors. It was built in 1973.
At first it was named the U.S. Steel Building, but later the name was changed to One Liberty Plaza.
The Singer Building, built in 1908 and once the tallest building in the world, was torn down in 1968 to make room for One Liberty Plaza.

665 Sabine
665 Sabine is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by W. Lorenz in 1908. Its provisional name was 1908 DK.

666 Desdemona
666 Desdemona is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by August Kopff in 1908. Its provisional name was 1908 DM.
It may often be confused with Desdemona, a moon of the planet Uranus.

667 Denise
667 Denise is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by August Kopff in 1908. Its provisional name was 1908 DN.

Malware
Malware is a type of software that can harm computers, such as viruses and spyware.

Matrixism
Matrixism or The path of the One is a new religion based on the motion picture "The Matrix". It was started by a group of people in the year 2004.By the year 2005 Matrixism had over 300 membersand it was seen in books and newspapers. There are now 16,000 members of Matrixism.
Matrixism is a syncretic religion (a religion that joins together all religions). The words "the matrix" are seen in a Baha'i book from the year 1912 named "The Promulgation (starting) of Universal (complete international) Peace". Matrixism uses this fact to make a connection to the history of world religion but the three "Matrix" motion pictures are Matrixism's Bible (prime book).
Matrixism has four beliefs called "The Four Tenets (rules) of Matrixism". The four rules are; 1) Belief in the prophecy of the One. 2) Use of psychedelics (mind expansion medicine) as sacrament. 3) Seeing the relative nature of the world. 4) Acting by the rules of one of the world's religion's. For Matrixism April 19th is a holiday (special day) named Bicycle Day. November 22nd is another holiday for Matrixism named the Day of Remembrance and Reflection. Aldous Huxley, John F. Kennedy and C.S. Lewis all died on this day in 1963.
The sign for Matrixism is, 赤, the Japanese character or letter for the word "red". This sign was used in the computer game "Enter the Matrix". The color is a reference to the "red pill", from the motion picture "The Matrix", which is representative of being able to see that which is true.

Boston Celtics
The Boston Celtics are a professional basketball club. They play in Boston, Massachusetts. They are a part of the National Basketball Association (NBA) and play in the Atlantic Division.
History.
The Celtics were one of the first NBA teams. Since their start in 1946, they have been one of the most successful teams, winning seventeen NBA Championships.
The Celtics play their home games in TD Banknorth Garden.

Bastia
Bastia is a town and commune of northern Corsica, in France. It is the capital (in french "préfecture") of the Haute-Corse "département" and has a population of approximately 40,000 inhabitants. Bastia is also an important Corsican port and is famous for its wines.In the city there is a rate of unemployments very high, 20% in 2004.
Geography.
Bastia is situated in the northeast of Corsica, at the base of Cap Corse, Bastia is the main port of the island and its principal commercial town. Often in Bastia there is the wind, sometimes really violent with many The wind in Bastia is frequent and violent, with many rainfall everyyear.
History.
Before the occupation of Corsica by the Genoese, Cardo was a large city. Around the city were little villages where the fishermen of Cardo lived. This little port was called Porto Cardo, which means "the port of Cardo."
The Genoese felt the need to defense the city from the sea storms and began to construct walls and builings, in the time of governor Leonello Lomellini, in 1380, a "bastiglia", also known as a citadel.
With time, the "bastiglia" (Bastia) became more prosperous and important than Cardo.
Bastia was the capital of Corsica until 1791.
Sport.
The official football team of Basti is the Sporting Club de Bastia.

Alchevsk
Alchevsk (,) is a town in the Luhansk Oblast of south-eastern Ukraine.
Alchevsk is one of the largest industrial centers in the Donbas, and comprises a quarter of the entire oblast's production. The city economy depends on OJSC "Alchevsk Iron & Steel Works" and "Alchevsk Coke-Chemical Plant" companies.
The city was known as "Voroshilovsk" () from 1931 to 1961, and then Kommunarsk () until 1992.

Kommunarsk
Kommunarsk (,) is the railway station in the city of Alchevsk (Ukraine).
Also Kommunarsk is one of old names of Alchevsk.

668 Dora
668 Dora is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by August Kopff in 1908. Its provisional name was 1908 DO.

Shche ne vmerla Ukrainy i slava i volya
"Shche ne vmerla Ukrainy i slava i volya" (, or "Ukraine's glory has not perished" - literally "Has not died Ukraine's...") is the national anthem of Ukraine.
The lyrics to Ukraine's national anthem are somewhat similar to those of the Polish, Yugoslavian and Israeli anthems.

669 Kypria
669 Kypria is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by August Kopff in 1908. Its provisional name was 1908 DQ.

670 Ottegebe
670 Ottegebe is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by August Kopff in 1908. Its provisional name was 1908 DR.

Toad (Nintendo)
Toad Kinopio is a fictional character in Nintendo's Super Mario Bros. series of video games. In the game series, Toad is Princess Peach's attendant. He is also a friend of Mario and Luigi. Toad first appeared in "Super Mario Bros. 2", where he was a playable character. He also appeared in Mario Kart, in Super Mario 64, Super Mario Galaxy and many other games. On the television series based on the games, Toad gave Mario information and sometimes Power Stars. He was a recurring member in the Super Mario Super Show. On that series, he would help his friends whenever they needed it. The character on the show was voiced by John Stocker.
Toad's looks like a small man with a mushroom-like hat. He also wears a vest and shoes.

Itanagar
Itanagar is the capital of the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh.

Redwall
Redwall is a series of books written by Brian Jacques. The first book was written in 1986, and the characters are all small types of animals, including mice, rats, moles, otters, stoats, and weasels. The story centers around an abbey called Redwall, and the animals that live there. Redwall has been made into a Television series, and an opera in 1996.
Books.
There are nineteen books right now, and a twentieth that will come out soon.

Lommiswil
Lommiswil is a municipality in the district Lebern in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

Lostorf
Lostorf is a municipality in the district Gösgen in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

Luterbach
Luterbach is a municipality in the district Wasseramt in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

Lüsslingen
Lüsslingen is a municipality in the district Bucheggberg, in the canton of Solothurn, Switzerland.

Matzendorf
Matzendorf is a municipality in the district Thal in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

Redwall (novel)
"Redwall" is a fantasy book written by Brian Jacques in 1986. It was illustrated by Gary Chalk, and was translated into nine different languages. Redwall is the first book in the Redwall series.

Mossflower
"Mossflower" is a fantasy book that was written in 1988 by Brian Jacques. It is the second book in the Redwall series, and was translated into eight different languages besides English.

LeToya Luckett
LeToya Nicole Luckett (born March 11 1981), known professionally as LeToya, is an American R&B singer, actress and songwriter. She is a former member of the R&B female group, Destiny's Child with whom she won two Grammy Awards, but when the group was successfuly prompted in the world she was forced to leave.
When interviewed by MTV News, Luckett said that her and LaTavia Roberson created a new group called Anjel. Auditions were made, then Naty Quinones and Tiffany Beaudoin were selected as members. The group recorded demo songs. Their production company which handled the group fell through, and the members of Anjel went on to pursue solo projects.
In 2004, Capitol Records signed Luckett, then she started her solo career. Her solo debut album, "LeToya", topped the U.S. "Billboard" 200 albums chart in July 2006 and was certified platinum by the RIAA in December 2006, the album spawned five singles, two were released with promotional purpose, to see the audience reaction towards her, but "Torn" would be her most notable song, it achieved records on BET's top ten countdown show "106 & Park". She was also named "One of the Best New Artists of 2006" by AOL and the "Top Songwriter of 2006" by ASCAP. Luckett's second album, "Lady Love", is scheduled for a Spring 2008 release. She is now on road with the stage play tour "Rumors".

Annie Oliv
Annie Oliv, born 1988 in Jönköping, Sweden, ïs a beauty queen, cello player and personal assistant to a disabled person.
On September 8, 2007, Oliv won the Miss Sweden World title and later represented her country at Miss World 2007. She placed 4th in the competition, winning the title Miss World Europe 2007. Annie Oliv will play cello during Melodifestivalen 2008 in Mickey Huskics entry in semifinal number three on February 23.

Musical film
The musical movie is a movie genre in which several songs sung by the characters are linked into the story line. The songs are used to advance the plot or develop the movie's characters.
The musical movie was a natural development of the stage musical. Typically, the biggest difference between movie and stage musicals is the use of expensive and impressive background scenery which would not be in a theater. Musical movies usually contain elements similar of theater; performers often treat their song and dance numbers as if there is a live audience watching.

Julie Taymor
Julie Taymor (born December 15, 1952) is an American director of Broadway theatre and movies. Taymor's work has received lots of praise from critics. She has won two Tony Awards out of four nominations, an Emmy Award, and an Academy Award nomination for her work, known for its visual flair and colorful costuming choices. She lives in New York City with her partner Elliot Goldenthal, who she has been with for over 20 years.

Evan Rachel Wood
Evan Rachel Wood (born September 7, 1987) is an American movie, television, theater actress and singer. She began acting in the late 1990s, appearing in several television roles, including "American Gothic" and "Once and Again". Wood's first role as a leading movie actress was in 2002's "Little Secrets", and she became well known after changing to a more adult-orientated Golden Globe-nominated role in the critically acclaimed "Thirteen" (2003).
Wood continued acting in mostly independent films, including "Pretty Persuasion" (2005), "Down in the Valley" (2006), and in the big studio production "Across the Universe" (2007). Critics have praised Wood's acting, such as "The Guardian" newspaper describing her as being "wise beyond her years" and as "one of the best actresses of her generation". Her personal relationship with singer Marilyn Manson has received media coverage.

Jim Sturgess
James Sturgess (born 1981) is a British actor. Although previously active in television and radio, he has recently appeared in a movie. He is perhaps most famous for playing Jude in "Across the Universe" and the younger Charlie in "The Quest" series of TV movies.
Sturgess was born in London. He is a former member of the National Youth Music Theatre (1993-95) and studied at the University of Salford's School of Media, Music and Performance.
Sturgess is currently working on the movie "Man on the Run" in which he plays Martin McGartland, the author of the book on which the movie is based.
He has also0 been by Julie Taymor who directed him in "Across the Universe", to star in her Broadway musical adaptation of the "Spider Man" comics.

Joe Anderson
Joe Anderson (born 1981) is a British actor.
He attended Richmond upon Thames College and later the Webber Douglas Academy of Dramatic Art in London. Both his parents work in the film industry, and Anderson himself has acted professionally since childhood. His skills include photography, guitar and gymnastics.
Anderson has worked in movie, television and on the stage at the Chichester Festival Theatre. He appeared in "Copying Beethoven", playing Ludwig van Beethoven's nephew. He also appeared in "Across the Universe" as Max, an American teenager drafted into the Vietnam War. Anderson is also starring as Joy Division bass player Peter Hook in Anton Corbijn's 2007 movie "Control".

Dana Fuchs
Dana Fuchs is an American singer, songwriter, actress and voice over talent.
The youngest of six musical children, Fuchs was born and raised in Wildwood, Florida, a small rural town, daughter of Sandy and Don Fuchs. At the age of twelve she joined the First Baptist Gospel Choir and began singing in public. At sixteen she became the lead singer of a popular local band at a roadside Holiday Inn. She moved to New York City at nineteen and began working with Jon Diamond, a guitarist who had toured with Joan Osborne and W.C. Handy Award winner Debbie Davies. They formed the Dana Fuchs Band. The band was a feature act at a number of clubs, performing with people like John Popper, James Cotton, and Taj Mahal.
Fuchs plays Sadie in the Julie Taymor film "Across the Universe". She also played the singing Janis Joplin in the Eric Nederlander production of Randall Myler's off Broadway musical "Love, Janis".

Martin Luther McCoy
Martin Luther McCoy is an American musician and actor. He worked with The Roots a lot and appears as one of the six lead characters in the 2007 Beatles musical "Across the Universe" in the role of "JoJo".
McCoy goes by the stage name of "Martin Luther" in his music career. For his acting work he is known under his full name.
Martin Luther released his first solo album The Calling in 1999 and followed it with an independent release of his second album Rebel Soul Music in 2004 on his own label Rebel Soul Records; his next release "Serial Thriller" is due for release in early 2008.

T. V. Carpio
Teresa Victoria Carpio, more commonly known as T. V. Carpio, is a Chinese / Filipina singer, songwriter and actress. She is the daughter of Asian singing star Teresa Carpio, with whom she has performed on stage as a backup singer.
Carpio played Prudence in the 2007 musical film "Across the Universe". She has also appeared on television, including a TV movie and episodes of "The Jury" and "Law & Order". She made her Broadway debut in "Rent" as Alexi Darling and others, appearing from December 2006 until April 2007.

Joe Cocker
Joe Cocker OBE (born 20 May 1944) is an English rock/blues singer who came to popularity in the 1960s, and is most known for his gritty voice and his cover versions of popular songs, particularly those of The Beatles.

Elliot Goldenthal
Elliot Goldenthal (born May 2 1954 in Brooklyn, New York City) is a well known American composer of modern classical music. He was a student of Aaron Copland and John Corigliano, and is best known for his ability to blend various musical styles and techniques in original and inventive ways.

Jennifer Todd
Jennifer Todd (born 1969, California) is an American film producer. She and her sister, Suzanne, run a production company called "Team Todd".
Their credits include the three Austin Powers films, "Boiler Room", "Prime", "Must Love Dogs", and "Memento" for which she won an Independent Spirit Award for best film.
Team Todd's upcoming films include "Across the Universe", starring Evan Rachel Wood and Jim Sturgess, and directed by Julie Taymor, and "The Accidental Husband", directed by Griffin Dunne and starring Uma Thurman, Colin Firth and Jeffrey Dean Morgan.

Corte
Corte (Corsican "Corti") in is a city (a "commune" in french) in the Haute-Corse "département" in central area of Corsica, in France. It is the fourth-largest city in Corsica (after Ajaccio, Bastia, and Porto-Vecchio), with a population of 6,329 inhabitants in 1999. Corte was the capital of the Corsican independent state during the period of Pasquale Paoli.
Roads.
Corte is connected to Ajaccio, Bastia and Calvi by the Corsican railway.
University.
Corte has become a major University town in Corsica since the Pasquale Paoli University opened 1980.

Sartène
Sartène (Corsican: "Sartè"), is a town (a "commune" in french) of Southern Corsica, in the Corse-du-Sud "département", in France. The city is famous since medieval times for granite buildings in 16th century. One of the main incidents in the town's history was an attack by pirates from Algiers in 1583, after which 400 people were taken away. These attacks continued into the 18th century.
The town is centred around the Place de la Liberation (previously the Place Porta), at the edge of which is the church of Sainte Marie. The town allows good views across the valley. Sartene wine is well known amongst wine buffs as being a good drop.
Sartene has given its name to one of the southern-Corsican dialects that are most like the Sardinian language.

Saint-Florent, Haute-Corse
Saint-Florent (Corsican "San Fiurenzu") is a commune in Haute-Corse, Corsica, France. It is a fishing port located near the gulf of the same name (Saint-Florent Gulf).
Today, it is a popular summer vacation spot for many tourists for one of the most beautiful beaches on the Mediterranean coast, Saleccia.
Climate.
Saint-Florent has a typically Mediterranean climate - mild winters with temperatures rarely under zero, warm, dry summers with temperatures at around 35°C in July and August.
History.
Saint-Florent was created by the Genoese in the 16th century as a base for to fight the Corsican patriots in their villages. The colonial state and imperialist France later used it for getting troops of mercenaries and colonists during August 1764. After the defeat at Ponte Novu Bridge, the army of Pasquale Paoli, helped by Horatio Nelson, reconquered Saint-Florent in 1793 during the brief Anglo-Corsican rule.
Important places.
The Genoise citadel constructed in 1440.

Calvi, Haute-Corse
Calvi is a small town and commune of the Haute-Corse, in France. It is located on the northwest coast of the island of Corsica, 95 km from Bastia and 24 km from L'Île-Rousse. The town has a population of 5,177 inhabitants (1999), and is the fifth-largest commune in Corsica.There is one legend that Christopher Columbus was from Calvi, which at the time was part of the Genoese empire. The 2nd Foreign Parachute Regiment of the French Foreign Legion is based in Calvi.
The economy of Calvi is mainly based on tourism, which started in 1950.

L'Île-Rousse
L'Île-Rousse ("Isula Rossa" in Corsican) is a commune in the Haute-Corse' of Corsica, France. It has a permanent population of around 2,500.
It was founded in 1758 by Pasquale Paolifor to create a port that would not be in the hands of the Genoese like Calvi.

Carbon footprint
The Carbon Footprint relates to the amount of carbon emissions human activity is leaving on the Earth.
Origin.
The use of carbon based resources is usually applied to the pollution caused by using fossil fuels. Burning fossil fuel (oil, gas, coal) to release energy produces carbon emissions. This also results in the greenhouse effect.
The Media.
It has become an expression often used by media to do with sustainability. Single people and businesses are often asked to consider the amount of carbon their particular use of resources is producing and how this affects the environmental concern and the likely link to global warming. This is often applied to travel and in particular oil use in air transport and automotive transport.

Louisiana Purchase
The Louisiana Purchase was a purchase made by U.S. President Thomas Jefferson in 1803. He bought the Louisiana territory from France, which was being led by Napoleon Bonaparte at the time, for $15,000,000 USD. At first the men sent to France were allowed to spend up to $10,000,000 USD in order to buy New Orleans and, if possible, the west bank of the Mississippi River. But then the French government said that for five million more dollars they would sell all of the Louisiana territory. Thomas Jefferson approved the deal and used his constitutional power to sign treaties to buy the land. Napoleon sold the land because he was desperate for money and he was afraid of losing his North American territories to the British.
The purchase added 827,000 square miles and doubled the size of the U.S.. This included all of the states of Oklahoma, Nebraska, Kansas, Iowa, Missouri, and part of the states of Louisiana, Texas, Minnesota, Colorado, New Mexico, Wyoming, Montana, North Dakota, and South Dakota. It also included a small piece of land is now part of Canada. The city of St. Louis was in the territory, also.
The Louisiana Purchase is important because it gave the U.S. control of the Mississippi River and the port city of New Orleans, both of which were used by farmers to ship their crops and get paid. It also got rid of one country that might try to harm the new nation because France sold all of their North American territory.
The Lewis and Clark expedition explored the Louisiana Purchase and the Oregon Territory. They started from St. Louis. Their route traced the Missouri River.

Mattimeo
"Mattimeo" is a fantasy book written by Brian Jacques in 1989. It is the third book in the Redwall series. It was also translated into six different languages.

Mariel of Redwall
"Mariel of Redwall" is a fantasy book, written by Brian Jacques in 1991. It is the fourth book in the Redwall series. "Mariel of Redwall" has also been translated to seven different languages.

Salamandastron
"Salamandastron" is a fantasy book, written by Brian Jacques in 1992. It is the fifth book in the Redwall series, and has been translated into four different languages.

Martin the Warrior
"Martin the Warrior" is a fantasy book written by Brian Jacques in 1993. It is the sixth book in the Redwall series, and has been translated into nine different languages.

671 Carnegia
671 Carnegia is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Johann Palisa in 1908. Its provisional name was 1908 DV.

Zionism
Zionism is the belief that there should be a Jewish country in Israel.

The Bellmaker
"The Bellmaker" is a fantasy book written by Brian Jacques in 1994. It is the seventh book in the Redwall series. The Bellmaker has been translated into six different languages, including Finnish, French, German, Italian, Swedish, and Russian.

Outcast of Redwall
"Outcast of Redwall" is a fantasy book written by Brian Jacques in 1995. It is the eighth book in the Redwall series. "Outcast of Redwall" has been translated into six different languages, including Finnish, French, German, Italian, Swedish, and Russian.

The Pearls of Lutra
"The Pearls of Lutra" is a fantasy book written by Brian Jacques in 1996. It is the ninth book in the Redwall series. The American edition of the novel was titled "Pearls of Lutra". The Pearls of Lutra has been translated into six different languages, including Finnish, French, German, Italian, Swedish, and Russian.

The Long Patrol
"The Long Patrol" is a fantasy book written by Brian Jacques in 1997. It is the tenth book in the Redwall series. "The Long Patrol" has been translated into four different languages including Finnish, French, Italian, and Swedish.

672 Astarte
672 Astarte is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by August Kopff in 1908. Its provisional name was 1908 DY.

673 Edda
673 Edda is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Joel Metcalf in 1908. Its temporary name was 1908 EA.

674 Rachele
674 Rachele is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by W. Lorenz in 1908. Its provisional name was 1908 EP.

675 Ludmilla
675 Ludmilla is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Joel Metcalf in 1908. Its provisional name was 1908 DU.

Shinshūshin, Nagano
Shinshushinmachi is a town in Nagano, Japan. It is south of Nagano City. It is famous for mutton, beautiful fireworks on August 15th, wasabi, soba, canoe polo, the Sai River, apples, and the fossil museum.

Rubén Darío
Félix Rubén García Sarmiento (January 18, 1867 – February 6, 1916) was a Nicaraguan journalist, diplomat, and poet who wrote under the pseudonym of Rubén Darío and is also known as The Father of Modernism.

Gabriel García Márquez
Gabriel José de la Concordia García Márquez, also known as Gabo (born March 6, 1927 in Aracataca, Colombia) is a Colombian novelist, short-story writer, and journalist. He won the Nobel Prize in 1982.
Nobel Prize.
In 1982 he received the Nobel Prize in Literature "for his novels and short stories, in which the fantastic and the realistic are combined in a richly composed world of imagination, reflecting a continent's life and conflicts".
Recent Work.
In 2002, he published the memoir "Vivir para contarla", the first of a projected three-volume autobiography.
Film.
A number of films have been made of García Márquez's work.
References.
Fernández Leal Augusto, "La vida de Máquez"

Come on Over
"Come On Over" is the first album released by Plain White T's.

Stop (album)
"Stop" is the second album released by the band Plain White T's. It was the first plain White T's album to be released on Fearless Records. The album as released August 20, 2002.

Angus cattle
The Angus cattle is a Scottish breed of black hornless cattle.

Aberfan
Aberfan is a village in South Wales where, in 1966, a slag-heap fell down, killing 28 adults and 116 children.

Porto-Vecchio
Porto-Vecchio ("Porti Vechju" in Corsu) is a town and commune of the Corse-du-Sud department, on the island of Corsica, in France.Porto-Vecchio is the third largest town in Corsica after Bastia and Ajaccio.Porto-Vecchio is also a tourism city, tourists come from many countries around the world, in particular from Italy, Germany or the Netherlands. Porto-Vecchio has 10.000 inhabitans, that become 40.000 in the summer.
History and Politics.
The town of Porto-Vecchio is also called the "city of salt", because this one was built on salt-water marshes which were drained in order to develop itself.
Food.
Corsican gastronomy is rich and varied. Many of food are seasonal like clementines or citrus. Corsica is the only region of France producing this variety of oranges, around 25,000 tonnes per year and 40% of this production comes from Porto-Vecchio or its area. This fruit is very famous for its freshness and the vitamins which it brings. Another fruit very significant in Corsica and in particular in Porto-Vecchio is the chestnut because they are used in many Corsican dishes, for example, it is used to make bread or crepe. A typically Corsican dish is the pig that is cooked in a lot of version, and that has famous part really good, like: "coppa", "lonzu" or "prizuttu", which one is similar to a parma ham but the most famous is "figatelli", which is smoked. The most typical cheese is called "brocciu".

Bonifacio
Bonifacio ("Bunifaziu" in Corsican) is a town and commune near the southern tip of the island of Corsica, in the "département" of Corse-du-Sud, France. Its inhabitants are called "Bonifaciens" and the city was founded as a fortress and named after Boniface II of Tuscany in 828. Bonifacio is split into two sections. The "vieille ville" (old town), or "la Haute Ville" (the Upper city).
Geography.
Bonifacio is located directly on the Mediterranean Sea, separated from Sardinia by the Strait of Bonifacio. The commune includes the Lavezzi Islands.

Aleria
Aléria (Greek and Roman Alalia) is a commune in the Haute-Corse "département" of France, on the island of Corsica. It includes the easternmost point in Metropolitan France.
Archaeology.
Since 1950 the necropolis of Casabianda's is excavated and have revealed grave goods, from the Late Archaic period forwards, that include the finest works of art, in jewels, weapons, metalwares, bronze and ceramic plates and dishes in particular, Attic cups, and rhytons.
Medieval and modern history.
As Latin Alalia, it was the capital of the Roman province of Corsica.

Treptower Tollensewinkel
Treptower Tollensewinkel is an "Amt" in the district of Demmin, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. The seat (capital city) of the "Amt" is in Altentreptow.

Tollense
The Tollense () is a river in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania in northeastern Germany, right tributary of the Peene. The river starts as the outflow of the lake Tollensesee in Neubrandenburg. The Tollense is 68 km long and empties into the river Peene in Demmin.

All That We Needed
"All That We Needed" is the third album released by the band Plain White T's. The album was released January 25, 2005.

Every Second Counts
Every Second Counts is the fourth album released by Plain White T's. The album peaked at #10 on Billboard 200 on July 29, 2007. The album was released on September 12, 2006

676 Melitta
676 Melitta is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Philibert Melotte in 1909. Its provisional name was 1909 FN.

Fritz Reuter
Fritz Reuter (November 7, 1810–July 12, 1874) was a German novelist. He was born at Stavenhagen in Mecklenburg-Schwerin.
In 1831, Reuter started to study at the University of Rostock, and in 1832 went to the University of Jena. At Jena he joined a "Burschenschaft" (political students' club). In 1833 he was arrested in Berlin by the Prussian government. He had only been only wearing the club's colours, but he was condemned to death for high treason. King King Frederick William III of Prussia changed this to imprisonment for thirty years. In 1838 he was sent to a prison in Mecklenburg-Schwerin, and he spent two years in the fortress of Dömitz. Reuter was set free in 1840, when Frederick William IV became king of Prussia.
After his release from prison, Reuter started studying law again at the University of Heidelberg but had to leave and go back to Stavenhagen and help to run his father's farm. When his father died, he gave up farming, and in 1850 became a private teacher in the little town of Treptow in Pomerania. Here he married Luise Kunze, the daughter of a Mecklenburg pastor.
Reuter's first book was written in Low German. It was published in 1853. Three years later Reuter decided to give up teaching to become a writer, so he left Treptow and moved to Neubrandenburg.
"Ut de Franzosentid" and "Ut mine Stromtid" are Reuter's best books. In them he describes the men and women he knew in the villages and farmhouses of Mecklenburg. "Ut de Franzosentid" is set at the time of the fight against Napoleon. "Ut mine Stromtid" describes the revolutionary movement of 1848.
In 1863 Reuter moved from Neubrandenburg to Eisenach and here he died on 12 July 1874. In the books he wrote at Eisenach were not as good as his earlier writings.
Further reading.
A complete bibliography of Fritz Reuter can be found in the "Niederdeutsches Jahrbuch" for 1896 and 1902.

677 Aaltje
677 Aaltje is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by August Kopff in 1909. Its temporary name was 1909 FR.
It is named after the Dutch singer Aaltje Noordewier-Reddingius.

Marlfox
"Marlfox" is a fantasy book written by Brian Jacques in 1998. It is the eleventh book in the Redwall series. Marlfox has been translated into two different languages other than English, including French and Italian.

The Legend of Luke
"The Legend of Luke" is a fantasy book written by Brian Jacques in 1999. It is the twelfth book in the Redwall series, and has been translated into two languages including French and Italian. It was also a New York Time's Bestseller.

Lord Brocktree
"Lord Brocktree" is a fantasy book written by Brian Jacques in 2000. It is the thirteenth book in the Redwall series. Lord Brocktree was also translated into French.

The Taggerung
"The Taggerung" is a fantasy book written by Brian Jacques in 2001. It is the fourteenth book in the Redwall series. The title of the American book was "Taggerung". It was also translated into French.

Triss
"Triss" is a fantasy book written by Brian Jacques in 2002. It is the fifteenth book in the Redwall series. It was also translated into French.

Loamhedge
"Loamhedge" is a fantasy book written by Brian Jacques in 2003. It is the sixteenth book in the Redwall series, and it was translated into French and Russian.

Rakkety Tam
"Rakkety Tam" is a fantasy book written by Brian Jacques in 2004. It is the seventeenth book in the Redwall series, and it was also translated into French. It is very violent and not used for children so do not read this book if your a child!!

High Rhulain
"High Rhulain" is a fantasy book written by Brian Jacques in 2005. It is the eighteenth book in the Redwall series, and was also translated into French.

Eulalia (novel)
Eulalia is the nineteenth book in the Redwall novel series, and was written by Brian Jacques in 2007.

Li Bai
Li Bai or Li Po (李白 Lǐ Bái / Lǐ Bó) (701-762) was a Chinese poet.
His fellow poet Du Fu counted him to the group of Chinese scholars that he called the "Eight Immortals of the Wine Cup" in a poem. Li Bai is often regarded, along with Du Fu, as one of the two greatest poets in China's literary history. Today we know about 1,100 of his poems.
The first translations in a Western language were published in 1862 by Marquis d'Hervey de Saint-Denys in his "Poésies de l'Époque des Thang". The English-speaking world was introduced to Li Bai's works by a Herbert Allen Giles publication "History of Chinese Literature" (1901) and through the liberal, but poetically influential, translations of Japanese versions of his poems made by Ezra Pound.
Li Bai is best known for the extravagant imagination and striking Taoist images in his poetry,and for his great love for liquor. He spent much of his life travelling. People tell the story that he fell from his boat when he tried to embrace the reflection of the moon, and therefore drowned in the Yangtze River.
Influence.
Li Bai is influential in the West partly due to Ezra Pound's versions of some of his poems in the collection "Cathay", such as A Letter".
A crater on the planet Mercury has been named after him.

Naguib Mahfouz
Naguib Mahfouz (,) (December 11, 1911 – August 30, 2006) was an Egyptian novelist who won the 1988 Nobel Prize for Literature and who managed to modernize Arabic literature. He is one of the few writers of Arabic literature, who explored themes of existentialism.
Biography.
Mahfouz was born in the Gamaliya quarter of Cairo and was named after Professor Naguib Pasha Mahfouz (1882-1974), the renowned Coptic physician who delivered him. In his childhood Mahfouz read extensively. His mother often took him to museums and Egyptian history later became a major theme in many of his books.
The Egyptian Revolution of 1919 had a strong effect on Mahfouz, although he was at the time only seven years old. From the window he often saw English soldiers firing at the demonstrators, men and women. "You could say," he later noted, "that the one thing which most shook the security of my childhood was the 1919 revolution."
Before the Nobel Prize only a few of his novels had appeared in the West.
Because of his outspoken support for Sadat's Camp David peace treaty with Israel, his books were banned in many Arab countries until after he won the Nobel prize.
Like many Egyptian writers and intellectuals, Mahfouz was on a "death list" by Islamic fundamentalists. He defended Salman Rushdie after the Iranian spiritual leader Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini condemned him to death, but later he criticized Rushdie's Satanic Verses as "insulting" to Islam.
Before his death, Mahfouz was the oldest living Nobel Literature laureate and the third oldest of all time, only Bertrand Russell and Halldor Laxness were older. At the time of his death, he was the only Arabic-language writer to have won the Nobel Prize for Literature.

Marcel Proust
Valentin Louis Georges Eugène Marcel Proust (French pronounced: maʁsɛl pʁust) (July 10, 1871 – November 18, 1922) was a French novelist, essayist and critic, best known as the author of "À la recherche du temps perdu" (in English, "In Search of Lost Time", a monumental work of twentieth-century fiction published in seven parts from 1913 to 1927.

Ashoka the Great
Asoka means "He who is the beloved of the Gods and who regards everyone amiably".
He was a king of India and, after ending a war with 100,000 casualties, decided to convert to Buddhism and lead with peace, not war.

Puritanism
A Puritan used to be any person seeking "purity" through worship and doctrine. However, the term is now used to describe those wanting to leave the Church of England for reasons they say are not found in the Bible. Most Puritans only wanted to change certain things in the church rather than leave.
Puritans were strict Calvinists. They thought that everything that was not explicitly allowed in the Bible is forbidden. Nature made humans immoral, so only a very small number of people could be saved. Puritans, therefore, believed it was very important to apply the rules to all parts of life, and to keep a pure (ethical) mind.
Important works were John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's progress. Very often, hell was the subject of sermons. A well-known sermon is "Sinners in the hands of an angry god" by Jonathan Edwards.
The most famous puritan,ever, was Malvolio Ogbuneke (NBT), the star of twlefth night. The name Malvolio means delicious.
Malvolio's brother, Enyi stopped being a puritian and went on to play American Football for the Miami Dolphins

Devario quangbinhensis
Devario quangbinhensis or Chela quangbinhensis is a species of fish. It can grow to 8.5 cm.
Location.
It is found in Asia from the Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park, Quang Binh province, Bac Trung Bo, Vietnam in particular.

Da Nhay Beach
Da Nhay Beach is a beach on the shore of South China Sea. Da Nhay in Vietnamese means "the rocks that jump". The beach was called this because of the geographical appearance of it; it has thousands rock reaching the sea and surrounding small fine sand beaches.
Location.
It is found about 40 km north of Dong Hoi city, Quang Binh Province, Vietnam.

Nhat Le Beach
Nhat Le Beach is a beach in Dong Hoi city, the capital of Quang Binh Province.
Appearence.
The sand there is fine and white with clean water. The beach is located on the mouth of Nhat Le River emptying into South China Sea. There is a four-star resort at the opposite bank of the river and another under construction.

Nhat Le River
The Nhật Lệ River is a river in Dong Hoi City, Quang Binh Province, Vietnam.
Appearance.
The Nhat Le River is 152 km long and splits up into other rivers such as the Kien Giang River, which is 58 km in length, and the Long Dai River, which is is 77 km long.

Varanasi
Varanasi (Sanskrit: वाराणसी "Vārāṇasī",Telugu: వారణాసి, [ʋaːɾaːɳəsiː), also commonly known as Benares and Kashi, is a city situated on the banks of the river Ganga (Ganges) in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh regarded holy by Hindus, Buddhists and Jains, and is one of the oldest continually inhabited cities in the world along with Damascus.

Munshi Premchand
Munshi Premchand (July 31, 1880 - October 8, 1936) was one of the greatest writers of modern Hindi and Urdu literature.
Biography.
Premchand (Hindi: प्रेमचंद, Urdu: پریمچںد), whose original name was "Dhanpat Rai Srivastava", was born on 31 July 1880, in village "Lamahi" near Varanasi, where his father was a clerk in the post office. Premchand's parents died young - his mother when he was seven and his father while he was fourteen and still a student. Premchand was left responsible for his step-mother and step-siblings.
Early in life, Premchand faced immense poverty. He earned five rupees a month tutoring a lawyer's child. He was married at the early age of fifteen but that marriage failed, later he married again, to Shivrani Devi, a balavidhava, (child widow), and had several children, she supported him through life struggles.
Premchand passed his matriculation exam with great effort in 1898, and in 1899 he took up school-teaching job, with a monthly salary of eighteen rupees. In 1919 he passed his B.A. with English, Persian and History.
Later, Premchand worked as the deputy sub-inspector of schools.
Premchand lived a life of financial struggle. Once he took a loan of two-and-a-half rupees to buy some clothes. He had to struggle for three years to pay it back.
When asked why he doesn't write anything about himself, he answered: "What greatness do I have that I have to tell anyone about? I live just like millions of people in this country; I am ordinary. My life is also ordinary. I am a poor school teacher suffering family travails. During my whole lifetime, I have been grinding away with the hope that I could become free of my sufferings. But I have not been able to free myself from suffering. What is so special about this life that needs to be told to anybody?".
During his last years,he became terribly ill. The money his wife used to give for his treatment was used in running his press "The Saraswati". He was also writing a book "Mangalsutra" which would never be completed. All this had serious impact on his health leading to his early death on 8th October 1936, at the age of 56.
Writing style.
The main characteristic of Premchand's writings is his interesting story-telling and use of simple language. His novels describe the problems of the rural peasant classes. He avoided the use of highly Sanskritized Hindi (as was the common practice among Hindi writers), but rather he used the dialect of the common people.
Literary works.
Premchand has written about 300 short stories, several novels as well as many essays and letters. He has also written some plays. He also did some translations. Many of Premchand's stories have been translated into English and Russian.
"Godaan" (The Gift of a Cow), his last novel, is considered the finest Hindi novel of all times. The heroe, Hori, a poor peasant, desperately longs for a cow, a symbol of wealth and prestige in rural India. Hori gets a cow but pays with his life for it. After his death, the village priests demand a cow from his widow to bring his soul to peace.
In "Kafan" (Shroud), a poor man collects money for the funeral rites of his dead wife, but spends it on food and drink.
Films based on Premchand's work.
Satyajit Ray filmed two of Premchand's works — "Sadgati" and "Shatranj Ke Khiladi". "Sadgati" (Salvation) is a short story about poor Dukhi, who gets exhausted to death while he hews wood for more or less nothing. "Shatranj ke Khiladi" (The Chess Players) tells the story of chess players who are so concentrated on a game that they forget their responsibilities in the midst of a crisis.

Dependent territory
A Dependent territory is a territory that belongs to another state or nation. As an example, Greenland is a dependent territory of Denmark, Saint Helena is a dependent territory of the United Kingdom, and Pakistan-administered Kashmir is a disputed and dependent territory of Pakistan.

Pidgin
A Pidgin is a simplified language. Usually pidgins develop because two groups of people who do not have a language in common need to talk to each other. Pidgins usually have low prestige with respect to other languages.
Not all simplified or "broken" forms of language are pidgins. Pidgins have their own norms of usage which must be learned to speak the pidgin well.

Eiterfeld
Eiterfeld is a village in Germany in the east of Hesse. It can be found 25 km north of the town of Fulda and 15 km south of the town of Bad Hersfeld.

SOCKS
SOCKS is an Internet protocol that allows a client computer to connect to a server using the services of a network firewall. SOCKS is an abbreviation for "SOCKetS".

Squid cache
Squid cache, or simply Squid, is a type of proxy server. They have many different uses, including making web servers faster. It is mostly used in HTTP and FTP protocols, but it has some support for some other types of protocols, like SSL, TLS, and HTTPS. It has been made over several years by people in the University of California in San Diego. It was made to be run on Linux-type computers, but with the use of Cygwin, it can also run completely on Windows computers. It is licensed under the GNU General Public License.

Corsican language
Corsican ("Corsu" or "Lingua Corsa") is a Romance language spoken on the island of Corsica (France), together with French, which is the official language. A language like Corsican is also spoken to some cities in Italy,as: Sassari and in the Gallura area of Sardinia. Corsican is similar too the dialects in middle of Italy, particullary in Tuscany. The Corsican is spoken by almost 35% of people in Corsica.
According to its UNESCO classification, the Corsican language is currently in danger of becoming extinct. Few years ago, french ministers has been discussed as part of projects for the increased autonomy of the region of Corsica from France. The language is separated in two dialects, "Northern Corsican", spoken in the Bastia and Corte area, and "Southern Corsican", spoken around Sartene and Porto-Vecchio. The dialect of Ajaccio has been described as in transition. The dialects spoken at Calvi and Bonifacio are like the Genoa dialect, also known as Ligurian.
In the Sardinian region of Gallura, including the town of Tempio Pausania, and on the island of La Maddalena "Gallurese" is spoken. The Corsican language is very important for the Corsican culture, becaue is really rich in proverbs.

PMMP
PMMP is a Finnish pop rock band. The band has two singers: Paula Vesala and Mira Luoti and three musicians Mikko Virta, Juho Vehmanen and Heikki Kytölä. The band writes their own songs with Jori Sjöroos. PMMP became popular in Finland in 2003, with the song "Rusketusraidat". Their biggest hit is a song called "Oo siellä jossain mun".
In November 2007, PMMP released their fourth album "Puuhevonen" which has songs for children.

Louis III of France
Louis III of France (born 863–865, died 5 August 882), king of Western Francia, was the second son of King Louis the Stammerer and Ansgarde. He and his brother Carloman, both became king together and ruled together after his father's death in 879.
Louis won an important battle against the Viking pirates at the Battle of Saucourt-en-Vimeu, in 881. He died in August 882 at Saint Denis after falling from his horse. Because he had no children, his brother Carloman became the sole king.

Christopher Paolini
Christopher Paolini (born November 17, 1983 in Southern California) is an American writer. He is best known as the writer of the Inheritance cycle, which has the books "Eragon", "Eldest", "Brisingr", and the fourth book. He lives in Paradise Valley, Montana.
Christopher Paolini is famous for publishing his book, Eragon when he was only seventeen years old. He began writing the book when he was fifteen.

Carloman II of France
Carloman II of France (c. 866 – 12 December 884), king of Western Francia, was the youngest son of King Louis the Stammerer and Ansgarde. He and his brother Louis III of France shared the kingship when their father died in 879. Carloman became sole king in 882 when his brother died.
Carloman had problems with Viking raiders during his reign. He died while hunting on December 12, 884.

Eldest
"Eldest" is the second book in the "Inheritance Cycle" written by Christopher Paolini in 2005. It comes after "Eragon", and was first published in hardcover on August 23 2005, and was released in paperback in September of 2006.

Charles the Fat
Charles the Fat (13 June 839 – 13 January 888) was the King of Alemannia from 876, King of Italy from 879, Holy Roman Emperor (as Charles III) from 881, King of East Francia from 882, and King of West Francia from 884. He was lost control of East Francia, Lotharingia, and possibly Italy in 887. He died a few weeks later in January 888.

Odo of France
Odo of France (c. 860 – January 1, 898) was a king of the Franks (888 - 898). He was a son of Robert the Strong, count of Anjou, and is sometimes called duke of France and also as count of Paris. His family is known as the Robertians. Odo made Paris his capital and that was important to making the start of modern France.

678 Fredegundis
678 Fredegundis is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by W. Lorenz in 1909. Its provisional name was 1909 FS.

Philadelphia City Hall
The Philadelphia City Hall is a city hall in Philadelphia, United States. It is 167 meters (548 feet) tall and has 9 floors. It was built in 1901.
Philadelphia City Hall was the tallest building in the world from 1901 to 1908. Before it was built, the tallest building in the world was Philadelphia City Hall. The Singer Building became the tallest seven year later.

679 Pax
679 Pax is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by August Kopff in 1909. Its provisional name was 1909 FY.

Virtual Magic Kingdom
Virtual Magic Kingdom was an online game community run by Disney. It was made to be an online version of the Magic Kingdom in Disney World which is in Florida. The game opened in 2005 and closed in 2008.

Treaty of Verdun
The Treaty of Verdun (843) happened several generations after Charlemagne and divided his empire into three parts. When Charlemagne's grandson Louis the Pious died in 840, his oldest son Lothair I said that he ruled his younger brothers and their lands. But his brothers Louis the German and Charles the Bald won the Battle of Fontenay (841).
Division of the empire.
Each of the brothers already had one kingdom - Lothair in Italy, Louis the German in Bavaria, and Charles the Bald in Aquitaine.

Jousting
Jousting was a sport for rich people in Europe during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. It was fought by knights on horses using different weapons such as lances, battle axes, daggers, and swords. The knights wore armor and fought in tournaments.

Quang Binh Province
Quang Binh (in Vietnamese: "Quảng Bình";; Hán Tự: 廣平) is a province in the North Central Coast of Vietnam.
The province has the World Heritage Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park. The province is the place of birth of several famous Vietnamese persons, including general Vo Nguyen Giap, the family of former South Vietnamese president Ngo Dinh Diem, poet Han Mac Tu, and writer Bao Ninh. During the Vietnam War, this province was severely devastated by bombing by U.S. B-52s.

GI (military)
GI or G.I. is a term used to describe a member of the United States armed forces or an item of their equipment. The term is often thought to be an initialism of "Government Issue" but the origin of the term is in fact "galvanized iron" after the letters "GI" that used for equipment such as metal trash cans made from it in U.S. Army inventories and supply records.

Hồ Ngọc Hà
Hồ Ngọc Hà (born 25 November, 1984) is a Vietnamese singer, model and actress. She became famous when she won 1st prize of super model contest of Vietnam in 2003 and 2004, then she turned to act as singer.
Biography.
Hồ Ngọc Hà was born in Đồng Hới city, Quảng Bình province to a banking family. Her grand-father was a French. She studied piano at Millitary College of Arts. She is now living in Ho Chi Minh City.

Max Wolf
Maximilian Franz Joseph Cornelius Wolf (June 21, 1863 – October 3, 1932) was a German astronomer. He was born in Heidelberg, Germany.

680 Genoveva
680 Genoveva is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by August Kopff in 1909. Its provisional name was 1909 GW.

681 Gorgo
681 Gorgo is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by August Kopff in 1909. Its provisional name was 1909 GZ.

Steeping
One example is the steeping of corn, part of the milling process. As described by the US Corn Refiners Association, harvested kernels of corn are cleaned and then steeped in water at a temperature of 50 degrees for 30 to 40 hours. In the process their moisture content rises from 15% to 45% and their volume more than doubles. The gluten bonds in the corn are weakened and starch is released.
The corn is then ground to break free the germ and other components, and the water used (steepwater), which has absorbed various nutrients, is recycled for use in animal feeds.

Gluten
Gluten is a composite of the proteins "gliadin" and "glutenin". These are, together with starch, in the endosperms of some grass-related grains, such as wheat, rye, and barley. Gliadin and glutenin make up for about 80% of the protein contained in wheat seed. As they are insoluble in water, they can be got by washing away the associated starch. Worldwide, gluten is an important source of nutritional protein, in foods that are prepared directly from foods containing it, and as an additive to foods otherwise low in protein.

Octal numeral system
The octal numeral system is a base 8 numeral system. It uses the numerals 0 through 7. The system is similar to binary (base 2) and hexadecimal (base 16). Octal numerals are written using the letter "o" before the numeral, for example, o04 or o1242.
At one time, the octal system was used mainly for work with computers. It provided an easier way to work with binary numbers. As computers changed from using 24 bit systems to 32 and 64 bit systems, hexadecimal replaced octal for most uses. Certain groups, for example, Native Americans using the Yuki language in California and the Pamean languages in Mexico also use octal numbering system. They do this because when they count, they use the spaces between their fingers instead of counting the actual fingers.
Octal and binary.
The octal numeral system uses a three bit binary coding. Each digit in an octal numeral is the same as three digits in a binary numeral. The grouping of the binary digits is done from right to left. The first three binary digits from the right are grouped into the last part of the octal numeral then the next three digits form the next to the last part of the numeral.
Octal and decimal.
In the Decimal system (base 10), each digit in Octal is equal to that digit multiplied by the exponent of 8 that is equal to its location minus one.
Octal and hexadecimal.
Octal is similar to hexadecimal because they are both easily converted to binary. Where Octal is equal to three digit binary, hexadecimal is equal to four digit binary. Where octal numerals start with the letter "o", hexadecimal numeral end with the letter "h". The easiest way to convert from one to the other is to convert to binary and then to the other system.

Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae is a family of flowering plants, variously called the madder, bedstraw, or coffee family. There are about 600 genera and more than 10,000 species in Rubiaceae.
There are three subfamilies: "Rubioideae", "Cinchonoideae" and "Ixoroideae".

Gentianales
Gentianales are an order of flowering plants.
Under the APG definition some well-known members of Gentianales are coffee, gardenias, and frangipani.

Danish Centre of Urban History
The Danish Centre of Urban History (in Danish, "Dansk Center for Byhistorie") is a research and communication center for the history of Danish cities. The centre was founded in 2001 by The Institute of History and Area Studies at Aarhus University and The Old Town, National Open Air Museum of Urban History and Culture. The Centre has two book series called "Danish Urban Studies" and "Writings on Danish Urban History". These series have books and articles about Danish urban history from medieval ages until today. The centre provides Danish urban history to a wider audience on the internet through a website called The Digital City Gate. This site gives access to databases and presentations of Danish urban history. It mainly focuses on the period from 1600 to 1900.

Gardenia
"Gardenia" is a genus of about 250 species of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. Gardenia can be found in the tropical and subtropical regions of Africa, southern Asia, Australasia and Oceania.
The genus was named by Carl Linnaeus after "Dr Alexander Garden" (1730-1791), Scottish-born American naturalist.
They are evergreen shrubs and small trees growing to 1-15 m tall. The leaves are opposite or in whorls of three or four, 5-50 cm long and 3-25 cm broad, dark green and glossy with a leathery texture. The flowers are solitary or in small clusters, white or pale yellow. Flowering is from about mid-spring to mid-summer and many species are strongly scented.
Cultivation and uses.
Gardenia plants are prized for the strong sweet scent of their flowers, which can be very large in some species.
Gardenias have a reputation for being difficult to grow. Because they originated in warm humid tropical areas, they demand high humidity.

Frangipani
"Plumeria" (common name Frangipani) is a small genus of 7-8 species that grow in tropical and subtropical Americas. The genus consists of mainly deciduous shrubs and trees. "P. rubra" (Common Frangipani, Red Frangipani), that grows in Mexico, Central America, and Venezuela, produces flowers ranging from yellow to pink. From Mexico and Central America, "Plumeria" has spread to all tropical areas of the world, especially Hawaii, where it grows so abundantly that many people think that it is native there.
Plant.
"Plumeria" is related to the Oleander, "Nerium oleander", and both possess poisonous, milky sap, rather similar to that of "Euphorbia".

Religious conversion
Religious conversion is the adoption of a new religious identity, or a change from one religious identity to another. "Conversion" can take place not only from one religion to another, but also between different denominations, within the same faith, when this involves a felt change of identity rather than other reasons such as convenience.

Min Nan
Min Nan, Minnan, or Min-nan, is the name for a few dialects of Chinese spoken in southern China, around Guangdong. Min Nan is spoken in the southern part of Fujian province. It is also spoken in two southern counties of the Zhejiang province. Other areas that it is spoken in can be: the Zhoushan archipelago off Ningbo in Zhejiang, and in the eastern part of Guangdong province.

Radical (Chinese character)
A radical (from Latin "radix", meaning "root") is the portion bearing the meaning of an inflected European word in Chinese. Early Western sinologists borrowed this term to refer to the semantic component of a Chinese character (Hanzi). Later, the term was also borrowed for a "second" meaning, the 部首 (Pinyin: "bùshǒu", Japanese "bushu", Korean "busu"). This literally means "section header". It refers to the place where a character is listed in the dictionary.
For example, in the character 媽 "mā" or “mother” (shown right), the left part 女 (pronounced nǚ in Mandarin Chinese) happens to be the semantic component and also the section header under which dictionaries list the graph. However, not all section headers function in a particular character as the semantic component; some are based on phonetics, while others are merely chosen for convenience, and play neither a semantic nor a phonetic role. These two meanings of “radical” are not synonymous, though they may coincide in a particular example, causing a great deal of confusion. (For clarity, both semantic component and section header terms are used here.)
The equivalents in cuneiform and Egyptian hieroglyphics are called determinatives.
Chinese character components, whether semantic or phonetic in role, are the building blocks for all Chinese Hanzi as well as in the derived forms of Japanese Kanji, Korean Hanja, and Vietnamese Chữ nôm and Chữ nho.
Since the Kangxi dictionary of 1716 was indexed using the 214
"Zìhuì" section headers, the standard list thereof has remained unchanged. Section headers are foundationally important for the organisation and use of Hanzi, Kanji, and Hanja dictionaries.

Gladwyn Jebb
Hubert Miles Gladwyn Jebb, 1st Baron Gladwyn, GCMG, GCVO, CB, known as Gladwyn Jebb (April 25, 1900 – October 24, 1996), was a prominent British civil servant, diplomat and politician as well as the first Acting Secretary-General of the United Nations.
Acting UN Secretary-General.
After World War II, he served as Executive Secretary of the Preparatory Commission of the United Nations in August 1945. He was appointed Acting United Nations Secretary-General from October 1945 to February 1946 until the appointment of the first Secretary-General Trygve Lie.
Ambassador.
Returning to London, Jebb was Deputy to the Foreign Secretary Ernest Bevin at the Conference of Foreign Ministers before serving as the Foreign Office's United Nations Adviser (1946-47). He represented the United Kingdom at the Brussels Treaty Permanent Commission with personal rank of Ambassador. He became the United Kingdom's Ambassador to the United Nations from 1950-1954 and to Paris from 1954-1960.
Political career.
In 1960 Jebb was made a hereditary peer and as Baron Gladwyn became involved in politics as a member of the Liberal Party. He was Deputy Leader of the Liberals in the House of Lords 1965-1988 and spokesman on foreign affairs and defence. An supporter of the European Union, he served as a Member of the European Parliament 1973-1976 where he was also the Vice-President of the Parliament's Political Committee. He tried to be elected to the European Parliament in 1979.
When asked why he had joined the Liberal party in the early 1960s, he replied that the Liberals were a party without a general and that he was a general without a party. Like many Liberals, he passionately believed that education was the key to social reform.
Death.
He died in 1996, and is buried at St. Andrew's, Bramfield in the county of Suffolk.
Lady Gladwyn.
Jebb's wife, Cynthia, Lady Gladwyn, was a noted diarist of their times in Paris and a hostess of Liberal and London politics. She was the great-grand daughter of Isambard Kingdom Brunel.

Trygve Lie
Trygve Halvdan Lie () (July 16, 1896 – December 30, 1968) was a Norwegian politician. From 1946 to 1952 he was the first elected Secretary-General of the United Nations.
Lie was born in Oslo (then Kristiania) on 16 July 1896. He joined the Labour Party in 1911 and was named as the party's national secretary soon after getting his law degree from the University of Oslo in 1919. He married Hjørdis Jørgensen in 1921; the couple had three daughters, Sissel, Guri, and Mette.
Later he was elected to the Storting (Norway's Parliament). He was appointed Minister of Justice when a Labour Party government was formed by Johan Nygaardsvold in 1935. Lie was later named Minister of Trade and Industries and Minister of Supply and Shipping.
In 1940, when Norway was invaded by Germany, Lie ordered all Norwegian ships to sail to Allied ports. Lie was named as Foreign Minister of the Norwegian government-in-exile.
Lie led the Norwegian "delegation" (group) to the United Nations conference in San Francisco in 1946 and was a leader in drafting the rules to set up the United Nations Security Council. He was the leader of the Norwegian delegation to the United Nations general assembly in 1946. On February 1, 1946, he was elected as the first United Nations Secretary-General as a result of a compromise between the major powers, having only missed being elected President of the first General Assembly by a small margin. He gets much of the credit for securing the current site for the United Nations headquarters from John D. Rockefeller, Jr., and establishing the offices there.
As Secretary General, Lie supported the foundation of Israel and Indonesia. He worked for the withdrawal of Soviet forces in Iran and a stop to fighting in Kashmir. He attracted the anger of the Soviet Union when he helped gather support for the defence of South Korea after it was invaded in 1950 and later worked to end the Soviet boycott of UN meetings, though his involvement has only little to do with the eventual return of the Soviet Union to the UN. He was opposed to Spain's entry into the United Nations because of his opposition to the Franco government. He also sought to have the People's Republic of China recognized by the United Nations after the Nationalist government was exiled to Taiwan, arguing that the People's Republic was the only government which could fulfill the membership obligations in full. This did not happen until the 1970s.
He has been criticized for his failures to facilitate negotiation in the Berlin Blockade, as well as his failure to bring about a more swift end to the Korean War. His critics argue that he was under the influence of a select few in the UN Secretariat. He has also been criticized for his arrogance and stubbornness.
Over objections from the Soviet Union, his term of office was extended by the General Assembly 46 - 5 in 1950. This was the result of a Security Council impasse, in which the US refused to accept any candidate but Lie, and the Soviet Union's absolute refusal to accept him again, due to his involvement in the Korean War. The Soviet Union refused to acknowledge him as secretary general in his second term, and after having been accused by Joseph McCarthy of hiring "disloyal" Americans (an allegation which he attributed to the rapid hiring of civil servants necessary after the creation of the organization), Lie resigned on November 10, 1952.
Lie remained active in Norwegian politics after his resignation from the UN. He was the Governor of Oslo and Akershus, Chairman of the Board of Energy, Minister of the Interior, and Minister of Trade.
Lie died on December 30, 1968 of a heart attack. He was 72 years old.

Nuclear force
Nuclear force is the force between nucleons. It is the force that pulls protons and neutrons into atoms. It is very hard to break the bond, or tie, between protons and neutrons in an atom, because nuclear force holds them together. When the bond is broken, this is called nuclear fission.

U Thant
U Thant 22 January 1909 – 25 November 1974) was a Burmese diplomat and the third Secretary-General of the United Nations, from 1961 to 1971. He was chosen after his predecessor Dag Hammarskjöld was killed in a plane crash in September 1961.
"U" is a word in Burmese, roughly equal to "Mister." "Thant" was his only name. In Burmese he was known as Pantanaw U Thant. His home town is Pantanaw, so this means "Mr Thant of Pantanaw"
Civil servant.
When U Nu became the Prime Minister of the newly independent Burma, he asked Thant to join him in Rangoon and appointed him as Director of Broadcasting in 1948. In the following year he was appointed Secretary to the Government of Burma in the Ministry of Information. From 1951 to 1957, Thant was Secretary to the Prime Minister. He also took part in a number of international conferences and was the secretary of the first Asian-African summit in 1955 at Bandung, Indonesia which gave birth to the Non-Aligned Movement.
From 1957 to 1961, he was Burma's Permanent Representative (Ambassador) to the United Nations, and became actively involved in negotiations over Algerian independence. In 1960 the Burmese government awarded him the title "Maha Thray Sithu" as a commander in the Pyidaungsu Sithu Thingaha Order (similar to an order of knights).
UN Secretary General.
Thant began serving as Acting Secretary-General from November 3 1961, when he was unanimously appointed by the General Assembly, on the recommendation of the Security Council, to fill the unexpired term of Dag Hammarskjöld. He was then unanimously appointed Secretary-General by the General Assembly on November 30 1962 for a term of office ending on November 3 1966. During this first term he was widely credited for his role in defusing the Cuban Missile Crisis and for ending the civil war in the Congo.
U Thant was appointed to a second term as Secretary-General of the United Nations by the General Assembly on December 2 1966 on the unanimous recommendation of the Security Council. His term of office continued until December 31 1971, when he retired. During his time in office, he oversaw the entry into the UN of dozens of new Asian and African states and was a firm opponent of apartheid in South Africa. He also established many of the UN's development and environmental agencies, funds and programmes, including the UN Development Programme (UNDP), the UN University, UNCTAD, UNITAR and the UN Environmental Programme.
He had also led many successful though now largely forgotten peace making efforts, for example in Yemen in 1962 and Bahrain in 1968. In each case, war would have provoked a wider regional conflict, and it was Thant's quiet mediation which prevented war.
Unlike his two predecessors, Thant retired after ten years on speaking terms with all the big powers. In 1961 when he was first appointed, the Soviet Union had tried to insist on a "troika" formula of three Secretaries-General, one representing each Cold War bloc, something which would have maintained equality in the United Nations between the superpowers. By 1966, when Thant was reappointed, all the big powers, in a unanimous vote of the Security Council, affirmed the importance of the Secretary-Generalship and his good offices, a clear tribute to Thant's work.
The Six Day War between Arab countries and Israel, the Prague Spring and subsequent Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia, and the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 leading to the birth of Bangladesh all took place during his time as Secretary-General.
He was widely criticized in the US and Israel for agreeing to pull UN troops out of the Sinai in 1967 in response to a request from Egyptian President Nasser. U Thant tried to persuade Nasser not to go to war with Israel by flying to Cairo in a last minute peace effort.
His once good relationship with the US government deteriorated rapidly when he publicly criticized American conduct of the Vietnam War. His secret attempts at direct peace talks between Washington and Hanoi were eventually rejected by the Johnson Administration.
Thant followed unidentified flying object reports with some interest; in 1967, he arranged for American atmospheric physicist Dr. James E. McDonald to speak before the UN's Outer Space Affairs Group regarding UFOs.
On January 23 1971 U Thant categorically announced that he would "under no circumstances" be available for a third term as Secretary-General. For many weeks, the UN Security Council was deadlocked over the search for a successor before finally settling on Kurt Waldheim to succeed U Thant as Secretary-General on December 21, 1971 — Waldheim's 53rd birthday — and just ten days before U Thant's second term was to have ended.
In his farewell address to the United Nations General Assembly Secretary-General U Thant stated that he felt a 'great sense of relief bordering on liberation' on relinquishing the 'burdens of office'. In an editorial published around December 27, 1971 praising U Thant, "The New York Times" stated that "the wise counsel of this dedicated man of peace will still be needed after his retirement". The editorial was entitled "The Liberation of U Thant".
Death.
U Thant died of lung cancer in New York on November 25 1974. By this time Burma was ruled by a military junta which refused him any honors. The then Burmese President Ne Win was envious of U Thant's international stature and the respect that was accorded him by the Burmese populace. Ne Win also resented U Thant's close links with the democratic government of U Nu which Ne Win had overthrown in a coup d'etat on March 2 1962. Ne Win ordered that U Thant be buried without any official involvement or ceremony.
From the United Nations headquarters in New York, U Thant's body was flown back to Rangoon but no guard of honour or high ranking officials were on hand at the airport when the coffin arrived.
On the day of U Thant's funeral on December 5 1974, tens of thousands of people lined the streets of Rangoon to pay their last respects to their distinguished countryman whose coffin was displayed at Rangoon's Kyaikasan race course for a few hours before the scheduled burial.
The coffin of U Thant was then snatched by a group of students just before it was scheduled to leave for burial in an ordinary Rangoon cemetery. The student demonstrators buried U Thant on the former grounds of the Rangoon University Students Union (RUSU), which Ne Win had dynamited and destroyed on July 8 1962.
During the period of December 5 through December 11 1974, the student demonstrators also built a temporary mausoleum for U Thant on the grounds of the RUSU and gave anti-government speeches. In the early morning hours of December 11, 1974, government troops stormed the campus, killed some of the students guarding the make-shift mausoleum, removed U Thant's coffin, and reburied it at the foot of the Shwedagon Pagoda, where it has continued to lie.
Upon hearing of the storming of the Rangoon University campus and the forcible removal of U Thant's coffin, many people rioted in the streets of Rangoon. Martial law was declared in Rangoon and the surrounding metropolitan areas. What has come to be known as the U Thant crisis — the student-led protests over the shabby treatment by the Ne Win government of U Thant — was crushed by the Burmese government.
In 1978, U Thant's memoirs "View from the UN" was published, by the American publishing house Doubleday.

Shota Rustaveli
Shota Rustaveli was a Georgian poet of the 12th century, and the greatest classic of Georgian secular literature. He is the author of "The Knight in the Panther's Skin" ("Vepkhistqaosani" in Georgian), the Georgian national epic poem.
His work.
"The Knight in the Panther's Skin" (the actual name is Vepkhistkaosani, which means The wearer of Tiger's Skin) has been translated into many languages. It was first printed in 1712, in Tbilisi (capital of Georgia).

Supreme Commander
"Supreme Commander" is a real-time strategy computer game. It was made by Chris Taylor and his game company, Gas Powered Games. Many people think of the game as a spiritual successor to a game Taylor made in 1997, called "Total Annihilation". The game was first talked about in the August 2005 issue of "PC Gamer" magazine, and was released on February 16, 2007 in Europe and February 20, 2007 in North America. "Supreme Commander" has an expansion pack called "Forged Alliance.

Forcalquier
Forcalquier is a city in the south of France.

Sirenia (band)
Sirenia is a gothic metal band from Stavanger, Norway, founded in early 2001. Sirenia play a mix of gothic metal, symphonic metal, extreme metal and death metal sounds. The vocals are two male, one hard voice, from death metal, and a clean male singer. The female voice is used in moments with melody or chorus. The band uses melodic instrumentals, synthesizers, and distorted guitars with female vocals, and a choir, and violins, for the male voices. Lyrics spoke about human existence, emotion, and mental states.
The band has changed tree female voices, first the french Fabienne Gondamin for the recording of "At Sixes and Sevens", then Henriette Bordvikwhich the band recorded two albums ("An Elixir For Existence" and plus one EP "Sirenian Shores",and after Monika Pedersen for recording "Nine Destinies and a Downfall" in 2007.
The lyrics, are written by Morten Veland.

Javier Pérez de Cuéllar
Javier Pérez de Cuéllar Guerra (born January 19, 1920 in Lima) is a Peruvian diplomat who was the fifth Secretary-General of the United Nations from January 1 1982 to December 31 1991. He studied in Colegio San Agustín of Lima, and then at Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú.
In 1995, he ran unsuccessfully against Alberto Fujimori for President of Peru. He was President of the Council of Ministers, as well as Minister of Foreign Affairs from November 2000 until July 2001, during the turbulent period following Fujimori's resignation over corruption charges. In September 2004, he stepped down from his position as Peru's Ambassador to France. When Kurt Waldheim died in June 2007, he became the oldest living former Secretary General of the United Nations.
Diplomatic career.
Pérez de Cuéllar joined the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1940 and the diplomatic service in 1944, serving subsequently as Secretary at Peru's embassies in France, where he met and married his first wife, the former Yvette Roberts; the United Kingdom, Bolivia, and Brazil. He later served as ambassador to Switzerland, the Soviet Union, (concurrently in Poland), and Venezuela. From his first marriage, Mr. Perez de Cuellar has a son, (Francisco, b. Paris), and a daughter, Agueda Cristina (b. London).
He was a junior member of the Peruvian delegation to the General Assembly at its first session - held in London in 1946-, and a member of the delegations to the 25th through 30th sessions of the Assembly. In 1971, he was appointed permanent representative of Peru to the United Nations, and he led his country's delegation to all sessions of the Assembly from then until 1975.
In 1973 and 1974, he represented his country in the Security Council, serving as its President at the time of the events in Cyprus in July 1974. On 18 September 1975, he was appointed Special Representative of the Secretary-General in Cyprus – a post he held until December 1977-, when he rejoined the Peruvian Foreign Service. During his time in Cyprus, Mr. Perez de Cuellar married his current wife, the former Marcela Temple Seminario.
United Nations Secretary-General.
On December 31 1981, Pérez de Cuéllar followed Kurt Waldheim as Secretary-General and was re-elected for a second term in October 1986. During his two terms, he led mediations between Britain and Argentina in the aftermath of the Falklands War and promoted the efforts of the Contadora Group to bring peace and stability to Central America. He also interceded in the negotiations for the independence of Namibia, the conflict in Western Sahara between Morocco and the Polisario Front, and the Cyprus issue.
Shortly before the end of his second term, he was unofficially requested by members of the Security Council to run for a third term of two years,to give time for a successor to be found.

Boutros Boutros-Ghali
Boutros Boutros-Ghali (Arabic: بطرس بطرس غالي, Coptic: Bουτρος Βουτρος-Γαλι) (born November 14, 1922) is an Egyptian diplomat who was the sixth Secretary-General of the United Nations from January 1992 to December 1996.
Egyptian political career.
He had long been closely associated with the ruling party in Egypt. His political career took off during the days of former president Anwar El-Sadat. He was a member of the Central Committee of the Arab Socialist Union (1974-77). He had served as Egypt's Minister of State for Foreign Affairs from 1977 until early 1991. He then became Deputy Minister for Foreign Affairs for several months before moving to the UN. As Minister of State for Foreign Affairs, he played a part in the peace agreements between Egyptian President Anwar Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin.
UN career.
Elected to the top post of the UN in 1991, Boutros-Ghali's term in office remains controversial. He was criticised for the UN's failure to act during the 1994 Rwandan Genocide, which officially left about 937,000 people dead, and he appeared unable to muster support in the UN for intervention in the continuing Angolan Civil War. One of the hardest periods for his office during his term was dealing with the crisis of the Yugoslav wars after the disintegration of former Yugoslavia. His reputation thus became entangled in the larger controversies over the effectiveness of the UN and the role of the United States in the UN. For his detractors, he came to symbolise the UN's alleged inaction in the face of humanitarian crises.
Second term.
In 1996, ten Security Council members, led by African members Egypt, Guinea-Bissau and Botswana, sponsored a resolution backing Boutros-Ghali for a second five-year term, until the year 2001. However, the United States vetoed a second term for Boutros-Ghali. In addition to the United States, the United Kingdom, Poland, South Korea, and Italy did not sponsor this resolution, although all four of those nations voted in support of Boutros-Ghali after the US had firmly declared its intention to veto. Although not the first vetoed (China vetoed the third term of Kurt Waldheim in 1981), Boutros-Ghali was the first and only UN secretary-general not to be elected to a second term in office. He was succeeded at the UN by Kofi Annan.
US counter-terrorism czar Richard Clarke, Michael Sheehan, and Jamie Rubin participated in what they called "Operation Orient Express." From page 201 of Clarke's book Against All Enemies: "Albright and I and a handful of others (Michael Sheehan, Jamie Rubin) had entered into a pact together in 1996 to oust Boutros-Ghali as Secretary General of the United Nations, a secret plan we had called Operation Orient Express, reflecting our hope that many nations would join us in doing in the UN head. In the end, the US had to do it alone (with its UN veto) and Sheehan and I had to prevent the President from giving in to pressure from world leaders and extending Boutros-Ghali's tenure, often by our racing to the Oval Office when we were alerted that a head of state was telephoning the President. In the end Clinton was impressed that we had managed not only to oust Boutros-Ghali but to have Kofi Annan selected to replace him. (Clinton told Sheehan and me, 'Get me a crow, I should eat a crow, because I said you would never pull it off.')"
Later life.
From 1997 to 2002 Boutros-Ghali was Secretary-General of La Francophonie, an organisation of French-speaking nations. From 2003 to 2006, he served as the Chairman of the Board of the South Centre, intergovernmental research organisation of developing countries. He is currently President of the Curatorium Administrative Council at the Hague Academy of International Law. In 2003 Boutros-Ghali was appointed as The Director of the Egyptian National Council of Human Rights, he is still holding this position till today.
Since April 2007 Boutros-Ghali has supported the Campaign for the Establishment of a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly and was one of the initial signatories of the Campaign's appeal. In a to the Campaign, he stressed the necessity to establish democratic participation of citizens at the global level.

Josè Saramago
José de Sousa Saramago, (pronounced|ʒuˈzɛ sɐɾɐˈmagu; born November 16, 1922) is a Portuguese writer, playwright and journalist.
Saramago was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature in 1998. He lives on Lanzarote in the Canary Islands, Spain.
Biography.
Saramago was born into a family of landless peasants in Azinhaga, Portugal, a small village in the province of Ribatejo some hundred kilometers north-east of Lisbon.
Saramago married Ilda Reis in 1944. Their only child, Violante, was born in 1947. Since 1988, Saramago has been married to the Spanish journalist Pilar del Río, who is the official translator of his books into Spanish.
José Saramago was in his mid-fifties before he had international success; his novel "Baltasar and Blimunda" brought him an international readership. This novel won the Portuguese PEN Club Award.
Saramago has been a member of the Portuguese Communist Party since 1969, as well as an atheist and self-described pessimist. His views have aroused considerable controversy in Portugal, especially after the publication of "The Gospel According to Jesus Christ".
Themes.
Saramago uses for his works fantastic scenarios. In his 1986 novel, "The Stone Raft", the Iberian Peninsula breaks off from the rest of Europe and sails about the Atlantic Ocean. In his 1995 novel, "Blindness", an entire country is stricken with a mysterious plague called “white blindness”.

Upasni Maharaj
Upasni Maharaj (May 15, 1870 – December 24, 1941) was a Hindu guru who lived in a small village called Sakori in Maharashtra, India. Upasni had been a yogi and after coming to the famous Indian saint Sai Baba of Shirdi, and staying in his care for three years, he is said to have become a sadguru. Upasni is most famous as the guru of Indian spiritual teacher Meher Baba. There are still disciples of Upasni Maharaj today who live in Sakori and take care of his temple there.

Finntroll
Finntroll is a folk metal band from Finland. They mix elements of extreme metal with Finnish polka, called "humppa". Finntroll's lyrics are in Swedish, one of Finland's two national languages, because they say "Swedish just sounds damn trollish". Finntroll means "Troll from Finland" or "a spotty troll".
History.
Finntroll was founded in 1997, by Teemus Raimoranta. One year later they recorded their first demo, "Rivfader". After the demo Samu Ruotsalainen (drums),Samuli Ponsimaa (guitar), Henri Sorvali (keyboard) and Sami Uusitalo joined the band. The record company Spinefarm got interested in the band and then their first album "Midnattens Widunder" was recorded.
In 2001 the album "Jaktens Tid" (English: "The time of the Hunt") was released. As they became more and more popular, Century Media started to promote Finntroll. That summer Finntroll played their first open air festivals in Finland. The year after the release of the album "Jaktens Tid" the band couldn't go on tour, because their singer had a tumor in his vocal cords. That is why he stopped singing in the band after the album "Visor om Slutet" (English: "Songs about the End"). This album was recorded in January 2003, in a forest cabin near Helsinki. Shortly before the release of "Visor om Slutet" Raimoranta died, because he fell of a bridge in Helsinki. He had drunk too much alcohol. Finntroll went on tour to Europe anyway, together with the band Katatonia. The guitarist Mikael Karlbom replaced Raimoranta. In 2004, the band released an EP, "Trollhammaren" (English: "The Troll Hammer"), and an album called "Nattfödd" (English: "Nightborn").
On January 29th, 2006, Tapio Wilska, vocalist of the band since 2003, left the band.
A new album, called Ur Jordens Djup (English: "From the Depths of the Earth"), was released March, 2007. This album had more epic keyboard riffs to make it sound more like polka.

Crucified Barbara
Crucified Barbara are a Swedish all-female band, formed in Stockholm in 1998.
Their music can be described as a mix between heavy metal and rock'n'roll.
History.
Crucified Barbara started out in 1998 as a punk rock band, but they speedily changed their style to heavy metal. They signed in 2003 with GMR music group of Stockholm. Recordings took place in Kristianopel, Sweden at Pama Studios/Blakk Records with producer-engineer Mankan Sedenberg during the spring of 2004. The single, for the debut album In Distortion We Trust, was 'Losing The Game'. It was released on December 8 2005 and went straight to no. 8 on the Swedish Hitlist. The video was recorded and produced by M Industries. The debut album was released in Sweden on January 19th and is sold with a big interest in United States, United Kingdom and in half Europe.
Singles.
In 2006 the band worked too in part of the Motörhead tribute album, called "St Valentines Day Massacre".
Tours.
In November 2006, they supported Motörhead along with Clutch.

John Mayer
John Clayton Mayer (surname pronunciation:) (born October 16, 1977) is an American guitarist and singer-songwriter. From Connecticut, he went to the Berklee College of Music, before moving to Atlanta, Georgia, in 1998. His first two albums, "Room for Squares" and "Heavier Things", were successful and were made multi-platinum by the RIAA. In 2003, he won a Grammy Award for his song "Your Body Is a Wonderland".

682 Hagar
682 Hagar is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the Eunomia family area. Its spectral features are unknown. It was found by August Kopff in 1909. Its provisional name was 1909 HA.

683 Lanzia
683 Lanzia is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt.
It is named after Heinrich Lanz, the German industrialist who provided the funds for the establishment of the Heidelberg Academy of Sciences.
It was found by Max Wolf in 1909. Its provisional name was 1909 HC.

Burg Fürsteneck
Burg Fürsteneck is a castle, situated in the middle of Germany between the towns of Fulda and Bad Hersfeld. It belongs to the commune of Eiterfeld. The castle lies at an altitude of 406 meters on a small plateau.
History.
Burg Fürsteneck belonged to the monastery of Fulda. It was first mentioned in 1309, but it might have been built one or two hundred years before. Since 1802 it became the property of the German state of Hesse. The castle Burg Fürsteneck is preserved completely in a good condition.
Akademie Burg Fürsteneck.
Since 1952 Burg Fürsteneck became an academy for vocational and cultural education. It was rebuilded by the architect Otto Bartning. Each year about 4000 participants take part in one of more than 175 courses, with 15.000 overnight stays.

684 Hildburg
684 Hildburg is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by August Kopff in 1909. Its provisional name was 1909 HD.

685 Hermia
685 Hermia is an S-type asteroid in the Flora family in the Main Belt. Its diameter is about 11 km and it has an albedo of 0.281.
It was found by W. Lorenz in 1909. Its provisional name was 1909 HE.

Rural Districts of Germany
In Germany a Rural District, () is a level of local government about the same as a county in the United Kingdom.
Urban districts are large towns or cities which handle their own local government. Rural districts provide services for the smaller towns and villages in an area. In some states the towns and villages in a district are joined into ämter (although "amt" is not always the name used). This is because the towns and villages in the area are too small to provide the local services (for example fire brigade or cemeteries). If the "Amt" system is used towns or settlements might be "amtfrei" that is, not part of an amt because the town can handle its own local affairs.
In some states there is another level of government, the Regierungsbezirk or governmental district. Several urban and rural districts are joined together to make a regierungsbezirk, which does some of their jobs, especially things like land-use planning which can affect several districts.

Margate
Margate is a town in Thanet, Kent, Southeast England.

Henry I
Many different people were named Henry I, including

Robert I of France
Robert I (after September 866 – June 15, 923), king of West Francia (922 – 923), was the younger son of Robert the Strong, count of Anjou, and the brother of Odo of France. Robert I was at the Siege of Paris in 885. Robert had the title of "Dux Francorum". He did not call himself king of West Francia when his brother died in 898. Instead he served the Carolingian king, Charles the Simple and defended northern Francia from the attacks of the Norsemen.

Rudolph of France
Rudolph (also Radulf, Ralph, or Raoul) (died 15 January 936) was the duke of Burgundy between 921 and 923 and King of France from July 13, 923 until his death. He married Emma of France, daughter of Robert I of France and Béatrice of Vermandois. The nobles elected him King of France after his father-in-law died.

Louis IV of France
Louis IV (920 – September 10, 954), was king of France from 936 to 954. He was a member of the Carolingian dynasty and was son of Charles III and Eadgifu of England.

Ratchet & Clank (video game)
"Ratchet & Clank" is a platforming and shooting game for the PlayStation 2. It was made by Insomniac Games and published by Sony. It was released on November 7, 2002 in North America, November 8, 2002 in Europe, and December 3rd, 2002 in Japan. It is the first game in the Ratchet & Clank series.
The game is about the character Ratchet, a made-up animal called a Lombax, and his robot friend Clank. Ratchet and Clank travel around the galaxy to defeat an evil alien named Chairman Drek, who is trying to destroy planets. The player is able to use many weapons and machines to attack enemies and solve puzzles.

Snow Patrol
Snow Patrol is an alternative rock band from Scotland and Northern Ireland. They are based in Glasgow and are signed to Polydor Records. Snow Patrol was started as an indie rock band, but began to play more alternative rock and pop songs. The band has released five albums, "Songs for Polarbears", "Final Straw", "When It's All Over We Still Have To Clear Up", "Eyes Open" and "A Hundred Million Suns". "Eyes Open" won the award for Best Irish Album at the National Irish Music Awards.

686 Gersuind
686 Gersuind is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by August Kopff in 1909. Its provisional name was 1909 HF.

687 Tinette
687 Tinette is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Johann Palisa in 1909. Its provisional name was 1909 HG.

688 Melanie
688 Melanie is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Johann Palisa in 1909. Its provisional name was 1909 HH.

689 Zita
689 Zita is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Johann Palisa in 1909. Its provisional name was 1909 HJ.

690 Wratislavia
690 Wratislavia is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Joel Metcalf in 1909. Its provisional name was 1909 HZ.

691 Lehigh
691 Lehigh is a minor planet orbiting the Sun. It is named "Lehigh" after Lehigh University, where its orbit was calculated in the Masters Thesis of Joseph B. Reynolds, following Metcalf's sightings.
It was found by Joel Metcalf in 1909. Its provisional name was 1909 JG.

Pollyanna
Pollyanna is a book for children written by Eleanor Hodgman Porter. It was published in 1913.
Story.
A girl called Pollyanna is an orphan (her parents are dead). She goes to live with her Aunt Polly (who did not marry) in Beldingsville, Vermont. Pollyanna is happy all the time, and makes other people happy. She plays a game called the "glad game", where you find something to be happy about even when you are sad. Soon, everyone in the village is happy. But then Pollyanna is hit by a car and she is sad because she cannot walk. She has to learn to be happy again, and then she gets better because a doctor makes her well again. Aunt Polly and the doctor marry.
Notes.
If someone is called "Pollyanna", it means they are always happy like Pollyanna is. The "Pollyanna principle" means people say yes to positive statements (For example, instead of "What do you think of green?", you can say "Don't you agree that green is a nice colour?").
Other websites.
On this website, you can read the whole book.

Middle Chinese
Middle Chinese (), or "Ancient Chinese" as used by linguist Bernhard Karlgren is a name given to an older version of the Chinese language. People spoke it during Southern and Northern Dynasties and the Sui, Tang, and Song dynasties (6th century - 10th century). The term "Middle Chinese", in contrast to Old Chinese and Modern Chinese, is usually used for historical Chinese phonology, which wantsto reconstruct the pronunciation of Chinese used during these times.
Middle Chinese can be divided further. There was an early period and a later period. These can be told apart by the proounciacion of certain sounds that changed.

Uyghur people
The Uyghur (also spelled Uygur, Uighur, Uigur; Uyghur: ئۇيغۇر;) are a Turkic people of Central Asia. Today Uyghurs live primarily in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (also known by its controversial name East Turkistan or Uyghurstan).
There are Uyghur diasporic communities in Pakistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Uzbekistan, Germany, United Kingdom and Turkey and a smaller one in Taoyuan County of Hunan province in south-central China. Uyghur neighborhoods can be found in major Chinese cities like Beijing and Shanghai. There are small but very active Uyghur communities in the United States, mainly in Los Angeles, San Francisco, New York and Washington, DC, as well as Toronto and Vancouver in Canada.

Chopstick rest
A is a piece of tableware. It is used to keep chopsticks away from the table and also to prevent used chopsticks from comping in contact with or rolling off tables. Chopstick rests are made in various shapes from clay, wood, glass, or precious stone such as jade. Some people prepare them from bags of half-split disposable chopsticks in origami manner.
In Japan, chopstick rests are usually used at formal dinners and placed on the front-left side of the dishes. The chopsticks are placed parallel to the table edge with the points toward the left.

Grindelwald
Grindelwald is a municipality in the district Interlaken in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. It is at the base of the railway to the Jungfraujoch.

692 Hippodamia
692 Hippodamia is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Max Wolf and August Kopff in 1901. Its provisional name was 1901 HD.

693 Zerbinetta
693 Zerbinetta is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by August Kopff in 1909. Its provisional name was 1909 HN.

694 Ekard
694 Ekard is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Joel Metcalf in 1909. Its provisional name was 1909 JA.

695 Bella
695 Bella is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Joel Metcalf in 1909. Its provisional name was 1909 JB.

Solvation
Solvation, commonly called dissolution, is the process of attraction and association of molecules of a solvent with molecules or ions of a solute.

696 Leonora
696 Leonora is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Joel Metcalf in 1910. Its provisional name was 1910 JJ.

697 Galilea
697 Galilea is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the Main belt asteroid. It was first named Montauk, and was renamed to Galilea on October 1 1946.
It was found by Joseph Helffrich in 1910. Its provisional name was 1910 JO.

698 Ernestina
698 Ernestina is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Joseph Helffrich in 1910. Its provisional name was 1910 JX.

699 Hela
699 Hela is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Joseph Helffrich in 1910. Its provisional name was 1910 KD.

UNMIK
UNMIK is the short form of the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo.

700 Auravictrix
700 Auravictrix is an asteroid in the Flora family in the Main Belt. Its diameter is about 15 km and it has an albedo of 0.246. Its rotation period is 6.075 hours.
It was found by Joseph Helffrich in 1910. Its provisional name was 1910 KE.

Mecklenburg-Strelitz Duchy
Mecklenburg-Strelitz was a duchy and later grand duchy in northern Germany. It was about the same as the modern rural district of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. The duchy also had three exclaves near the town of Fürstenberg and the area around Ratzeburg in modern Schleswig-Holstein.
History.
The Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz was set up in 1701. The capital was Neustrelitz. In 1808, the duchy joined the Confederation of the Rhine. The Congress of Vienna made it a grand duchy and member of the German Confederation. Mecklenburg-Strelitz joined the North German Confederation in 1867, and became a part of the German Empire in 1871. On January 1 1934 it was joined with the neighbouring state of Mecklenburg-Schwerin to form the State of Mecklenburg (today part of the Bundesland Mecklenburg-Vorpommern).
The US county Mecklenburg (Charlotte, North Carolina) is named after Mecklenburg-Strelitz and Strelitz-born Princess Charlotte (queen consort of King George III of the United Kingdom). The flower "Strelitzia" ("Bird of Paradise") also is in honor of her home country. Queen Luise of Prussia also was a born princess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz.

701 Oriola
701 Oriola is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Joseph Helffrich in 1910. Its provisional name was 1910 KN.

Household Cavalry
The British Household Cavalry, is a army corps (pronounced "core") of two regiments of soldiers. Cavalry regiments, until the end of World War I, were always "mounted" on horses. Nowadays "cavalry regiments" are mounted on tanks. The British Household Cavalry is unusual because they are also still mounted on horses. The reason for this is that they are part of the "Household Division". In Britain the "Household Division" has the special duty of guarding the monarch and the royal household. The term "Household Division" is used in all Commonwealth countries.
In many other countries there are similar highly-trained army corps which guard the head of state and have ceremonial duties as well as regular military service. Regiments of this sort can be found in Australia, Brunei, Belgium, Canada, Denmark and many other countries. But when speaking in English of the "Household Cavalry", the term generally refers to the "British Household Cavalry".

Pica (disorder)
Pica is an eating disorder where a person wants to eat things that are not normal to eat, for example nails, rocks or feces. A person with Pica may also have a strong want to eat unusual things that are normally considered food but not in the normal way, for example, uncooked potatoes, flour or starch.

Camillo Berneri
Camillo Berneri (also known as Camillo da Lodi; 1877, Lodi—May 5 1937, Barcelona) was an Italian professor of philosophy, anarchist militant, propagandist and theorist.
Berneri, a World War I veteran, University of Florence professor of humanities, and a member of the Unione Anarchica Italiana, fought always Fascists, and he started to fight fascism until1926, when he was forced to escape from Italy and he went in France, then Switzerland, Germany, Belgium, Luxembourg, and finally the Netherlands. In all these countries, Berneri was frequently placed under arrest, and then often expelled, because he was an anarchist. When he was in these countries he wrote lot of anti-clerical and anti-fascist articles.
With Carlo Rosselli, Berneri organized the first troop (column) of Italian volunteers to fight in the Spanish Civil War against Francisco Franco.After months he became highly critical of the involvement of Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT) members in the Popular Front government, and he sent a letter to Federica Montseny (Anarchist minister for Healt in the government against fascism).
During the Barcelona May Days, as troop of Communist Party of Spain members (apparently under orders from Joseph Stalin) searched and than murdered him. His body, riddled with bullets, was found during the night, near the headquarters of the Generalitat de Catalunya.
He was married to Giovanna Berneri, and was father of Marie-Louise Berneri and Giliane Berneri, the childrens were anarchists as the father Camillo.

Scenario
In context with theatre and movies a scenario (from Italian, "that which is pinned to the scenery") is a description of an event or series of actions and events. In the "Commedia dell'arte" it was an outline of entrances, exits, and action describing the story of a play that was literally pinned to the back of the scenery.
Surviving scenari from the Renaissance contain little other than character names, brief descriptions of action, and references to specific lazzi with no further explanation. It is believed that a scenario forms the basis of a fully improvisational performance though it is also likely that they were simple reminders of the plot for those members of the cast who were literate.
In the creation of an opera or ballet, a scenario is often developed initially to indicate how the original source, if any, is to be adapted. This sketch can be helpful in "pitching" the idea to a prospective producer, director, or composer.
In policy planning and, generally, when organizations wish to test strategies against uncertain future developments, a scenario is also an account or synopsis of a projected course of action, events or situations. Scenarios are widely used by organizations of all types to understand different ways that future events might unfold.

Wu Cheng'en
Wu Cheng'en (, ca. 1500–1582), courtesy name Ruzhong (汝忠), was a Chinese novelist and poet of the Ming Dynasty. He was born in "Huainan, Jiangsu". He studied in ancient Nanjing University for more than 10 years.
His most famous novel is "Journey to the West" in which a monk encounters the "Flaming Mountains". The novel has been enjoyed by many generations of Chinese and is the most popular Chinese classic folk novel. The most famous English translation of the novel is by Arthur Waley and entitled "Monkey".

Nanjing
(Chinese: 南京; Romanizations: Nánjīng (Pinyin), Nan-ching (Wade-Giles), "Nanking" is the capital of China's Jiangsu Province, and a city with a prominent place in Chinese history and culture. Nanjing was the capital of China during several historical periods, including the former capital city of Republic of China, and is listed as one of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China. Nanjing is also one of the fifteen sub-provincial cities in the People's Republic of China's administrative structure. It has autonomy for jurisdiction and economy only slightly less than that of a province.
It lies in the downstream Yangtze River drainage basin and Yangtze River Delta. With an urban population of over five million, it is also the second largest commercial center in the East China region, behind only Shanghai.

Arthur Waley
Arthur David Waley (August 19, 1889 – June 27, 1966) was a famous English Orientalist and Sinologist.
Life.
Waley was born in Tunbridge Wells, Kent England, as Arthur David Schloss. He changed his surname to the maiden name of his grandmother, Waley, in 1914, because he was a Jew. He was appointed Assistant Keeper of Oriental Prints and Manuscripts at the British Museum in 1913. During this time he taught himself Chinese and Japanese. In 1929 he left to concentrate himself fully to his literary and cultural interests.

Oriental studies
Oriental studies include Near Eastern and Far Eastern societies and cultures, languages, and peoples and their histories; in recent years the term Asian studies has mostly replaced the older term. European study of the region had primarily religious origins, which has remained an important motivation until recent times.

Lev Chernyi
Lev Chernyi (18??-1921) was a Russian anarchist poet who was imprisoned in Siberia under the Russian Czarist regime for his revolutionary activities.
Articles.
In 1907, he published a book entitled "Associational Anarchism", in which he speak about the "free association of independent individuals.". Chernyi was greatly influenced by individualist-anarchist Max Stirner.
On his return from Siberia in 1917 he enjoyed great popularity among Moscow workers. He was also Secretary of the Moscow Federation of Anarchist Groups, which was formed in March, 1917.
In the spring of 1918, in reaction to the growing repression of all opposition and free expression, the anarchist groups within the Moscow Federation formed armed gangs, the Black Guards, and Lev Chernyi played an active part in these.
On the night of April 11, 1918 the Cheka, the secret police, attacked the building of the Moscow Federation, and the Black Guards offered armed resistance. About forty anarchists were killed or striked and about five hundred were imprisoned.
In 1919 Chernyi joined a group called the Underground Anarchists, who published two numbers of a broadsheet which denounced the Communist dictatorship as the biggest tyranny in human history. On September 25, 1919, a little group of social revolutionaries and anarchists bombed the headquarters of the "Moscow Committee" of the Communist Party in protest at the growing repression. Twelve Communists were killed and forty-five others were mutilated.
The death.
August, 1921, the Moscow "Izvestia" published an official report announcing that ten "anarchist bandits" had been shot without hearing or trial. Among the dead was Lev Chernyi although Paul Avrich indicates in two of his books on the Russian anarchists that Chernyi was executed in September of that year, not August. Although he was not involved in the bombing of the Moscow Communist headquarters, he was, because of his association with the Underground Anarchists, a likely candidate for a frame-up. The Communists refused to turn over his body to his family for burial, and there were persistent rumors that he had in fact died of torture.

702 Alauda
702 Alauda is a big minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Joseph Helffrich in 1910. Its provisional name was 1910 KQ.

Luigi Fabbri
Luigi Fabbri (1877 – 1935), was an Italian anarchist, writer, agitator and propagandist who was charged with defeatism during the World War I. He was the father of Luce Fabbri.
Life and death.
Born in Fabriano (Ancona), Italy in 1877, Fabbri was first sentenced for anarchist activities at the age of 16 in Ancona, and spent many years in and out of Italian prisons. Fabbri was a long time supporter of to the anarchist press in Europe and later South America, including co-editing, with Errico Malatesta, the paper "L'Agitazione". He helped edit the paper "Università popolare" in Milan.Fabbri was a delegate to the International Anarchist Congress held in Amsterdam in 1907. He died in Montevideo, Uruguay in 1935.

Francisco Ferrer y Guardia
Francesc Ferrer y Guàrdia (January 10 1859 - October 12 1909), (known as Francisco Ferrer i Guardia in Englishpr shortly Francisco Ferrer'"), was a Spanish Catalan "free-thinker" and anarchist.
He was born in Alella (a small town near Barcelona). A supporter Spanish republican leader Ruiz Zorilla, Ferrer was exiled to Paris with his wife and children in 1885. Divorcing in 1899, he remarried a wealthy Parisian teacher time after.
In 1901 he returned to Spain and opened la Escuela Moderna ("The Modern School") to teach middle-class children (then) radical social values, the school was free and without needing to pay money for to study. In 1906 he was arrested and accused of helpo with Mateu Morral's attack on King Alphonso XIII and released a year later. His school failed and closed while he was incarcerated.
Early in the summer of 1908, after his release from jail, he wrote the story of the Modern School. The book was called "The Origins and Ideals of the Modern School" and was translated into English by Joseph McCabe and published by the Knickerbocker Press in 1913.
When the martial law was reused in 1909 during the Tragic Week, he was arrested and executed without any proof by firing squad at Montjuich Fortress in Barcelona on October 13.
After his execution, numerous supporters of Ferrer's ideas in the United States formed what were called Modern Schools, or Ferrer Schools. The first and most important Modern School was formed in New York City in 1911, and then later a community was founded around a school, known as Ferrer Colony and Modern School.

Gaetano Bresci
Gaetano Bresci (November 11 1869 - May 22 1901), was an Italian American anarchist who killed Italian King Umberto I. He is still considered a hero by many anarchists and republicans.
Life.
Bresci was born in Tuscany, and he went from Italy to the United States, he lived for many time Paterson, New Jersey, where there was a large Italian-American community. He was one of the founders of "La Questione Sociale", the Italian language anarchist paper published in Paterson.
In 1898, the high bread prices led to demonstrations all over Italy. In Milan, an unarmed group of workers, women, childrens marched together for protesting, near the palace, which was surrounded by a strong military force under command of General Fiorenzo Bava-Beccaris. The people ignored the order to stop, so the General gave the signal of fire with rifles and cannons, resulting in a massacre of innocent people. Ninety people died, one of whom was Bresci's sister.
Umberto I's killing.
King Humbert later decorated Bava-Beccaris, and the king after said thanks to him,for "the defense of the royal house",the king didn't do anything for the innocent people died, he decorated the murtder, this is the reason that made Bresci determined to kill the king.Bresci had his loan to the paper returned (without telling his comrades why), and with the money he went to Italy. In Monza, where the king was visiting on July 29, 1900, he shot him three times.
Bresci was captured and put on trial, where he was defended by the anarchist lawyer Francesco Saverio Merlino. He was sentenced in Milan on August 29, 1900, to life imprisonment on the jail of Santo Stefano Island near Ventotene, where lot of other anarchists had also been sent over the years. Less than a year later he was found dead in prison. It is not clear whether he committed suicide, as officially announced, or whether he was murdered by his guards.

Songs for Polarbears
"Songs for Polarbears" is the debut album by the alternative rock group Snow Patrol. It was released on August 31 1998. Gary Lightbody wrote all of the lyrics, and helped Mark McClelland and Jonny Quinn write the music. The name of the album is a reference to how Snow Patrol was once called 'Polar Bear', but changed their name.
"Songs for Polarbears" was re-released in 2006.

San José de Ocoa (city)
The Dominican city of San José de Ocoa is the head municipality of the San José de Ocoa province, on the southern part of the country and close to the River Ocoa. Its old name was "El Maniel".
Population.
The municipality had, in 2002, a total population of 34,478: 17,663 men and 16,815 women. The urban population was 61.56% of the total population. In this numbers are included the population of the municipal districts El Naranjal, El Pinar and Nizao-Las Auyamas.
Economy.
The main economic activity of the province is agriculture; the main products are coffee, beans and potato. Other vegetable, as cabbage and carrot are also grown as well as some tropical fruits (avocado and mango).

Starfighter Pilot
"Starfighter Pilot" was the debut, or first, EP from the alternative rock band Snow Patrol, and was finished in 1997. It was released on the Electric Honey record label. The song "Starfighter Pilot" was also put on the band's first full-length album, "Songs for Polarbears".

When It's All Over We Still Have To Clear Up
"When It's All Over We Still Have to Clear Up" is the second full-length album by the Alternative rock band Snow Patrol. It was released on March 5, 2001. Gary Lightbody wrote all of the lyrics, and wrote the music with Mark McClelland and Jonny Quinn.
When the album first was released, it was not bought enough to get its name onto the top 200 albums chart. After the next album, "Final Straw", became popular, people began buying "When It's All Over We Still Have To Clear Up", and it went onto the chart.

Final Straw
"Final Straw" is the third full-length album by the alternative rock band Snow Patrol. It was released in the United Kingdom in 2003 and in the United States in 2004, under Polydor Records. Gary Lightbody wrote all of the lyrics, and wrote the music with Nathan Connolly, Mark McClelland and Jonny Quinn. The album was the first by Snow Patrol to become popular outside Northern Ireland and Scotland. "Final Straw" was re-released in the UK in 2004 with two extra tracks, and then was able to be bought in the U.S. without the bonus tracks.

Live and Acoustic at Park Ave.
"Live and Acoustic at Park Ave." is the second EP by alternative rock band Snow Patrol. It was released in 2005. All of the songs are played live and are taken from one performance.

Eyes Open
"Eyes Open" is the fourth full-length album by the alternative rock band Snow Patrol. It was released May 1, 2006 internationally, and May 92006 in the United States. The "Special Edition" of the album has a bonus DVD with music videos of "You're All I Have". "Eyes Open was the best-selling album in the UK in 2006, and sold more than one and a half million copies.
History.
The album reached #1 in its 11th week on the New Zealand chart and reached 2x Platinum there for shipping over 30,000 units. In the UK, the album became 5x Platinum by the British Phonographic Industry. It has also reached #1 in the ARIA Albums Chart, and became 3x Platinum on January 8, 2007 (210,000+ units shipped). On November 26, 2006, it became the best-selling album of the year in the UK.
Track listing.
The untitled track is a recording of background noise and one of Jacknife Lee's young children talking.

Epimetheus
Epimetheus is a titan in Greek mythology, and is the brother of Prometheus, a Greek titan who gave all of the creatures something to protect themselves from the elements. By the time he came to the humans, he had run out of feathers and fur to give. He went to his brother, and he gave humans fire.
Epimetheus literally means "thinks after" and Prometheus means "thinks before".

Wrestling
Wrestling is a fight between two people without weapons, in which each person tries to beat their opponent. Wrestlers use clinching, holding, locking, and leverage. It resembles ritual fighting as it avoids things that will likely lead to serious injury. It is similar to military hand-to-hand combat or self-defence systems.
There are 3 main types of Wrestling. Freestyle, Greco-Roman, and Folkstyle. Folkstyle is mainly used in the U.S.

Diode
A diode is an electronic component with two electrodes which a signal can flow between (but thermionic diodes can have one or two more electrodes).
The most common function of a diode is to allow an electric current to flow in one direction and to block it in the opposite direction.
Today, the most common diodes are made from semiconductor materials such as silicon or germanium.
There are many kinds of diode. For example, Schottky Diode, LED(Light Emitting Diode, Photo Diode, Laser Diode, Varactor Diode, Current Regulator Diode, PIN Diode, Tunnel Diode, Step Recovery Diode, IMPATT Diode, etc.
Introduction.
In the following text you can read about construction, function, Influence of temperature and types of Diodes
Construction.
Mostly the material of Diodes is silicon, germanium or gallium arsenide. In a Diode are two different kinds of polarisations. There are the n-side and the p-side. In the n-side is given phosphor or arsenic into the silicon. The phosphor has got more electrons than the silicon and so the n-side gets a negative polarisation. In the p-side is given boron into the silicon. The boron has got less electrons than the silicon and so the p-side gets a positive polarisation. At the p-side exists positive holes.
Positive voltage at p-side.
If you give positive voltage to the p-side and negative voltage to the n-side, the electrons from the n-side wants to go to the positive voltage at the p-side and the holes of the p-side wants to go to the negative voltage at the n-side. In fact of this, current flow is able to exist. This is called breakdown. The breakdown voltage of a silicon Diode is at about 0.7V. A germanium Diode needs a breakdown voltage at about 0.3V.
Negative voltage at p-side.
If you give negative voltage to the p-side and positive voltage to the n-side, the electrons of the n-side go to the negative voltage at the n-side. The holes of the p-side do to the positive voltage at the p-side. So there won´t be a current flow between p- and n-side. If you give to much voltage to the Diode in negative direction, the Diode will be destroyed.
Influence of temperature.
When the temperature increases, the voltage, when the breakdown happens, will go down.
The standard rectifier diode.
The standard rectifier diode is the actual original diode. It has different requirements. It should have high current densities in the forward area, and a high barrier permissible temperature. It should also have a minimum passing-voltage and a high cut-off-frequency. You should also have a high blocking voltage, whereby the blocking flows should remain low.
Their applications are the whole modern analog and digital electronics. Especially it becomes straightening of changing and turning tension, and to limit power supply voltage used. The Diode is often needed for measurement and drive.
The Z-diode.
The Z-diode (Zener diode) operates in the direction lock and so the direction of their work area is located in the 3rd Quadrant. In working towards the passage it is like a normal diode. The name comes from Zenereffekt, the man with the name Zener discovered. The term Z-diode is only a shortcut. A Z-diode can vary how high it is doped and then has different properties breakthrough. With a high allocation to the diode it has a low and a small space charge zone. Is it high, it works with Zener \ tunneleffect. At low doping, it has a large breakdown voltage and space charge zone and works with the avalanche effect. For medium-doping is the breakdown voltage 5-8 volts and there are two effects.
Z-diodes are best suited to stabilize voltage for circuits with low power consumption. But the limitation of voltage spikes is a possibility to use it. With appropriate Zener voltage they can be used as donors in nominal value of measuring and control technology, or where reference voltages are required. It can also be used as a protective diode.
Top diode and Junction diode.
Top diodes are actually the exact opposite of junction diodes. They have a small barrier layer capacity and are also in high-frequency applications up to several GHz. But they must ensure only at low currents and voltages to operate. As a particular example the gold wire germanium diode is mentioned.
Junction diodes have a p-n-transition over a large area and are often made of silicon. They are designed for high currents and voltages. Because they have a pretty big barrier layer capacity, they are not suitable for high frequency applications. A specific example of the application is called the power diode.
The Capacity diode.
The capacity diode is a semiconductor diode barrier in the direction of running, so does the barrier layer or space charge zone on pn-transition as a capacity. If the voltage on the diode is changing, than the capacity of the barrier will change, too. Then you look at the capacity diode you see the barrier layer capacity is especially great. Because of the capacity variation can be set 3 different p-n-transitions. With a 1:3 ratio, it is a linear transition, in an abrupt 1:6 and 1:30 a hyper-abrupt p-n-transition.
They are used as a substitute for rotary capacitors for the swing vote in the district of radios and televisions, and they will also find use in circuits for the generation of frequency modulation.
Step-Recovery-Diode.
The symbol of this diode is the usual symbol of a diode with a kind of snag.
It is especially used in circuits with high frequencies up to GHz.
The idea is, to work with the current that flows after the polarity was reversed. It has also an intrinsic layer between the p- and the n-layer. After the polarization has changed, there develops a layer without carriers. That means, there is a layer that is almost not conducting. So you can achieve a high slew rate.
This diode is used with high gigahertz-frequencies.
pin-Diode.
This diode has no special symbol.
The construction of this diode is, that there´s not only a pn-junction, but also an intrinsic layer between the n- and the p-layer. This means, this layer is nearly nonconducting. If it´s forward biased, especially at lower frequencies, it has almost the same characteristics as a usual standard diode. But if it runs in reverse direction, there develops two space charge regions with different extensions. Because of this broad space charge region in the i-zone, the i-zone becomes very conductive.
The pin-diode is useful for a high block voltage. It´s a quite fast diode and also used at very high frequencies.
Schottky-Diode.
The symbol if this diode is the usual symbol with a ‘S’ at the peak.
It consists of a pn-junction with a metal layer, which is oxidized on the n-doped silicon.
This metal can be e.g. aluminum or nickel.
In forward direction, the threshold voltage is about 0.3 volt. This is about half of the threshold voltage of a usual diode.
The function of this diode is that no minority carriers are injected.
So, there´s no diffusion capacitance, because there are no carriers, that could diffuse.
This explains why this diode is a very fast one. So it is always used, when speed plays a role.
The advantage of this diode is, that it is faster, but has otherwise no restrictions and works like a usual diode.
The only disadvantage is, it isn´t appropriate in reverse direction.
Tunnel Diode.
In the symbol of the tunnel diode there´s a kind of additional square bracket at the end of the usual symbol.
A tunnel diode consists of a high doped pn-junction. That means both, the n- and the p-layer are high doped. Because of this high doping, there is only a very narrow gap, where the electrons are able to pass through. This so called tunnel-effect appears in both directions.
After a certain amount of electrons have passed, the current through the gap decreases, until the normal current through the diode at the threshold voltage begins.
This causes an area of a negative differential resistance.
This diods are used to deal with really high frequencies (100 GHz) and are of course mostly used in the area of the negative differential resistance.
Backwarddiode.
The symbol has at the end of the diode a sign that looks like a big I.
This diode has a construction that is similar to the tunnel diode, but the n- and the p-layer aren´t doped as high.
It works with small negative voltages, because it has no threshold voltage in the third quadrant. The current increases immediately, there.
From this reason, this diode works in most times in this area.
Summary.
Diodes are used in almost every electrical function. There are so much different types of it. In fact of this, you can see, they are very important to us.

Power trio
The power trio is a popular type of a rock and roll band format since the 1960s. The usual power trio has three people playing the guitar, bass, and drums. It does not include the rhythm guitar or keyboard often included in other rock music. In more recent years, the term has come to mean any type of a three-person band.

703 Noëmi
703 Noëmi is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt.
Introduction.
It is an asteroid found by Johann Palisa on October 3, 1910 and its diameter is thought to be about 13 km. Its provisional name was 1910 KT. It was named for Baroness Valentine Noémi von Rothschild (1886-1969) to celebrate her engagement to astronomy benefactor Baron Sigismund von Springer (1873-1927).

Gillian Welch
Gillian Howard Welch (born October 2 1967 in New York City) is a United States singer-songwriter whose musical style combines bluegrass, country, and folk into a style she calls "American Primitive".

David Rawlings
David Todd Rawlings is a United States guitarist. He is best known as the musical partner of bluegrass singer-songwriter Gillian Welch. Rawlings has also been a record producer, producing albums such as those by Welch and other artists like Old Crow Medicine Show.

Meitnerium
Meitnerium is a chemical element in the periodic table. Its atomic number is 109. It is not found on earth naturally, but has to be made in a science laboratory. Its half life, or the amount of time it takes for half of the element to go away is a little over one second. Meitnerium was first made in 1982 by a German scientist named Peter Armbruster. The two letter abbreviation is Mt and is a solid. Nobody knows the look of meitnerium but scientists think it is a white or grey color.

4-1-1
4-1-1 is a telephone number in the United States and Canada. 411 is called to get help or information on something, for example what the address of a building is, or the telephone number of a company.

The Convent (Gibraltar)
The Convent has been the home of the Governor of Gibraltar since 1728. It is said to be haunted by the ghost of a nun.

Pitcairn Islands
The Pitcairn Islands are four islands in the Pacific Ocean. It is an overseas territory of the United Kingdom with only 50 inhabitants. The inhabitants are well-known for being descendants of the "Bounty" mutineers..

Pomp and Circumstance
"Pomp And Circumstance" was written by Sir Edward Elgar and became one of his most famous pieces. The tune for the British patriotic song "Land of Hope and Glory" is taken from "Pomp and Circumstance".

704 Interamnia
704 Interamnia is a very big asteroid, and its diameter is thought to be 350 kilometres. Its mean distance from the Sun is 3.067 (AU). It was found on October 2, 1910 by Vincenzo Cerulli, and named after the Latin name for Teramo, Italy, where Cerulli worked. It is the fifth most heaviest asteroid after Ceres, Vesta, Pallas and Hygiea with a mass thought to be 2.0% of the mass of the whole asteroid belt.
Characteristics.
Although the biggest asteroid apart from the "big four", Interamnia is not studied a lot.
It is easily the biggest of the F-type asteroids, but there exist very few details of what the inside is made of or shape and no lightcurve analysis has yet been done to find out the ecliptic coordinates of Interamnia's poles (and hence its axial tilt). Its apparently high bulk density (though subject to much error) suggests a very solid body entirely without internal porosity or traces of water. This also strongly suggests that Interamnia is big enough to have fully withstood all the collisions that have happened in the asteroid belt since the Solar System was made.
Its very dark surface and fairly far distance form the Sun means Interamnia can never be seen with 10x50 binoculars. At most oppositions its magnitude is around +11.0, which is less than the "minimum" brightness of Vesta, Ceres or Pallas. Even at a near-perihelion opposition its magnitude is only around +9.9, which is over four magnitudes lower than Vesta.
Its orbit is a bit more eccentric that that of Hygiea (15% versus 12%) but is different because Hygiea's orbit is much more inclined and takes a bit shorter to complete one orbit. Another difference is that Interamnia's perihelion is at the other side of the perihelia of the "big four", so that at Interamnia at perihelion is actually closer to the Sun than Ceres and Pallas are at the same longitude. It is unlikely to collide with Pallas because their nodes are located too far apart, whilst although its nodes are located on the opposite side from those of Ceres, it is generally clear of Ceres when both cross the same orbital plane and a collision is again unlikely.

River Ocoa
The River Ocoa is a river in the southern side of the Cordillera Central, Dominican Republic. It is 68 km long and flows through mountains except near its end in the Caribbean Sea.
Name.
Ocoa is a Taíno word that means "a place with mountains"; "coa" meant "place" and "o" meant, in some cases, "mountain".
Course.
The source of the Ocoa is at the La Chorreosa mountain (also known as La Chorriosa), on the eastern side of Valle Nuevo (Cordillera Central). It flows through the San José de Ocoa province and then form part of the limits between the Azua and Peravia provinces.
It ends at the eastern side of Ocoa Bay, on the Caribbean Sea.
The city of San José de Ocoa is the most important city near the river. Other towns are Las Carreras, Sabana Buey and Villa Fundación, in the Peravia province, and Palmar de Ocoa in the Azua province, near its mouth. The water of the river is used for irrigation in those towns; it is not used for the houses because it has too much solid materials because mountains have very few trees.
The most important tributaries are Banilejo, Canal and Arroyo Parra, all in the higher part of the river. There is not any important tributary in the lower part.
In history.
In the 16th century, sugar cane was grown near the mouth of the river to produce sugar.
On April 1849, there was an important battle (the "Battle of Las Carreras") here during the Dominican-Haitian War; the fight was on the western side of the river in Las Carreras, a place at about 20 km from the mouth. The Dominican army won the battle against the Haitian army.

Louise Michel
Louise Michel (1830-1905) was a french anarchist, school teacher and medical worker. She sometimes used the pseudonym "Clémence" and was also known as "the red virgin of Montmartre".
Life.
Louise Michel was born at the Château of Vroncourt (Haute-Marne) on 29 May 1830, the daughter of Marianne Michel, and of Etienne Charles Demahis. She was brought up by her father's parents, and received a libertaria education. After her grandfather's death in 1850 she was trained to teach, but after few times she saw that Napoleon III prevented her from serving in a state school. She became violently anti-Bonapartist, and is said to have thought about the assassination of Napoleon III. She became anarchist in 1866 to a school in the Montmartre quarter of Paris, where she saw that his destiny was to work for charity and follow the revolution.
Paris.
She was active during the Paris Commune as an ambulance woman, she helped mutilated or injured on the barricades. During the Siege of Paris she was in resistance against the Prussians. On the establishment of the Commune, she joined the National Guard. She offered to shoot Thiers, and suggested the destruction of Paris for its surrender.
She was with the Communards who made their last stand in the cemetery of Montmartre, and was closely allied with Théophile Ferré, who was executed in November 1871. Michel dedicated a moving farewell poem to Ferré, "l’œillet rouge" ("The Red Carnation"). It is without a doubt that upon learning of this loss, Victor Hugo dedicated his poem to Michel, "Viro Major". This ardent attachment was perhaps one of the sources of the exaltation which marked her career, and gave many handles to her enemies. After December 1871, she was making propaganda, for help poor people,trying to destroy the government, and supporting people to arm themselves, and herself using weapons and wearing a military uniform. She never renounced the Commune, and few times later the judges to sentence her to death. She spent twenty months in prison and was sentenced to deportation.
Deportation.
She was pun onto the ship "Virginie" on the 8th of August, 1873, to be deported to New Caledonia where she arrived 4 months later. On board, she met Henri Rochefort, a famous polemist, who became her friend until her death. She also met Nathalie Lemel, another figure active in the commune. Louise rest in New Caledonia for seven years, refusing special treatment reserved for women. After in 1878 she was a leader in a revolt. The following year, she received authorisation to become a teacher in Noumea for the children of the deported—among them many Kabyles (Kabyles du Pacifique) from Cheikh Mokrani's rebellion (1871)—and later in schools for girls.
Return to France.
Michel returned to Paris in 1880 after amnesty was granted to the Communards. Her revolutionary never died and she controlled freely a libertarian school.She travelled everywhere in France, supporting revolution, and in 1883 she led a Paris mob which pillaged a baker's shop. For this she was condemned to six years imprisonment, but was released in 1886, at the same time as Kropotkin and other prominent anarchists. After a short period of freedom she was again arrested for speaking bad about the social system.
She was soon free again, but, hearing that her enemies hoped to put her in a lunatic asylum, she went to England in 1890. She returned to France in 1895, taking part in the revolt made by the Dreyfuss affair in 1898.Few months ago she was constantly followed by the police, until she died in "Room 11", in the Hotel Oasis, Marseilles on January 10, 1905.
The women in the social.
Michel became highly admired by French workers and revolutionaries, particularly for her association with the Paris Commune. From after her death until 1916, a demonstration was held every year at her tomb at Levallois-Perret.Frequently, the language used to describe her is that reserved for saints and heretics; she is often referred to as "Bonne Louise" (Good Louise) or the "Vierge rouge" (red Virgin). She was always respected same in periods when women were without right.
The Metrò.
On May 1, 1946, the Parisian "métro" station "Vallier" was renamed Louise Michel, see: Louise Michel (Paris Metro).

Louise Michel (Paris Metro)
Louise Michel is a station of the Paris Métro, serving Line 3. It is located in the commune of Levallois-Perret northwest of the French capital, Paris.
History.
Before 1946, this station was named "Vallier" after a mountain (2839m)in the Pyrenees near the Val d'Aran.
The station was renamed on May 1, 1946 to "Louise Michel", in honour of the French anarchist and communarde.

Louise Michel Battalions
Two battalions (made up by troops volunteers)of French-speaking people in the International Brigades of the Spanish Civil War against fascism, were named after Louise Michel, a heroine of the 1871 Paris Commune.

Catholic Encyclopedia
The Catholic Encyclopedia, or the Old Catholic Encyclopedia, is an English language encyclopedia. It was published by The Encyclopedia Press. The first volume appeared in March 1907. It was completed in April 1914.
The encyclopedia was designed for the Roman Catholic Church. It does not include information which has nothing to do with the Church. It explains matters from the point of view of the official Catholic doctrine, as it was during the time of Pope Pius X. It tells the accomplishments of Catholics and some others in nearly all intellectual and professional pursuits. These include artists, educators, poets and scientists.

Stanley, Falkland Islands
Stanley (also known as Port Stanley) is the capital city of the Falkland Islands. It is found on the island of East Falkland and has a population of 2,000.

Numismatics
Numismatics is the study and collecting of coins and the history behind the coins.

Philately
Philately is the study and collection of postage stamps.

Charles of Valois
Charles of Valois (March 12, 1270–December 16, 1325) started the House of Valois as the first Count of Valois. He was the third son of Philip III of France and Isabella of Aragon. His mother was a daughter of James I of Aragon and Yolande of Hungary. He was part the Capetian dynasty.

David Cameron
David William Donald Cameron (born 9 October, 1966) is the Leader of the Conservative Party and also Leader of the Opposition in the United Kingdom.
He is the Conservative MP for the Witney UK Constituency.

House of Bourbon
The House of Bourbon is an important royal house of Europe. Kings from the House of Bourbon ruled France from 1589 - 1792. This is a younger branch of the Capetian dynasty. Members of the House of Bourbon also ruled Naples, Sicily, and Parma in the past. Now, Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg and King Juan Carlos I of Spain are both part of the House of Bourbon.

Camelot
In the legends of King Arthur, Camelot is Arthur's castle. In fiction about the Middle Ages, Arthur rules England from Camelot and holds feasts at his round table. The round table which has no legs or head symbolized the idea of a good king because every knight who sat at it had an equal place.

University of Hawaii
The University of Hawaii is a group of public colleges and universities in Hawaii. There are three universities, seven community colleges, an employment training center, four education centers and some research laboratories.

Cowlitz River
Cowlitz River is a river in the state of Washington in the United States. The river is a tributary of the larger Columbia River. There are several mountains near the river including Mount St. Helens, Mount Rainier, and Mount Adams.

Alexandre Dumas
Alexandre Dumas can mean one of two people
In French, "père" means father and "fils" means son.

Leonidas I
Leonidas was a king of Sparta. He was the 17th of the Agiad family of kings. His father was Anaxandridas II, who was thought to be a descendant of Heracles. He took the throne probably in 489 or 488 BC. His queen was Gorgo. Leonidas’ name is now very well known because of the battle of Thermopylae.
Invasion of Persia.
In 480 BC the Persians with their king Xerxes invaded Greece. When the united Greek forces invited the Spartans to join the rest of the army against the Persians, the Spartans went to the Oracle at Delphi. The Oracle gave a prophecy: either Sparta would fall or the Spartans would lose a king.
Fighting back.
In August 480 BC, Leonidas went to Thermopylae with 300 of his personal bodyguards. Other Greek forces joined him there and formed an army of 4,200 soldiers. This army would try to hold the pass of Thermopylae against the great army of Xerxes I, who was the king of Persia.
After the battle.
Only 2 Spartans survived. One was Kirtanian, who was injured and was sent behind the lines. The other one was Pantites, who was sent by Leonidas to raise support in Thessaly, but returned to Thermopylae only after the battle was finished. At the end, he hanged himself because he was called a coward.

Shrapnel
Shrapnel is small chunks of broken objects, such as concrete and metal, that is around an explosive, usually as part of a container. When the explosive goes off, the shrapnel flies out in all directions with a similar effect to a bullet. Nail bombs work like this.

Nail bomb
A nail bomb is a weapon that is made of a bag of nails with an bomb inside. When the bomb goes off, the nails fly out in all directions, like a bullet.

Introduced species
An introduced species is an organism that is not native to a given place. It has brought there by human activities. This can cause problems because introduced species can damage the ecosystem they are introduced into. This damage can be to other animals, plants and also human activity.

Bunker
A bunker is a military building for defense. They are usually built below ground. Blockhouses are like bunkers, but are built above ground. Bunkers were of big importance during World War I and World War II. Bunkers were built during the Cold War for important political people and for the general public because of the scare of a nuclear war.
Trench.
A trench is a small building made of concrete that is dug into the ground partway. These are usually parts of a big system of trenches. These kinds of bunkers give people fighting better protection than an open trench. They also give top protection against air attack (grenades, mortar fire and shells). They also provide shelter against the weather.
Pillbox.
A pillbox is a small building made of concrete that also has small windows that people can shoot guns out of. The name came from the fact that they look like the boxes that pills came in.
Pillboxes were used a lot during World War I when defense in depth was being used. Pillboxes are most often found camouflaged so that they are harder to spot. They can also be part of a trench system, where the pillbox is a firing step that has been built to take grenade blasts and smaller mortar fire. Pillboxes were also built to help protect strategic structures such as bridges or jetties.
Industrial.
Industrial bunkers are built like regular bunkers and they can be mining sites, food storage areas, dumps for materials, data storage, and sometimes places that people live in. They were built by nations during World War II to help protect the important industries from getting bombed. Many mines in France and Germany were made into bunkers by both the Germans and the French in both World War I and World War II.
Famous bunkers.
Famous bunkers include the World War II V-weapon buildings in Germany (e.g., Mittelwerk, La Coupole, and Éperlecques) and the Cold War buildings in the United States (Cheyenne Mountain, Site R, and The Greenbrier) and Canada (Diefenbunker).

Over harvesting
Over harvesting is an extreme use of some important areas like wetlands and damaging them without knowing that these areas could help many people. Most of wetlands that people destroy by overusing them could make drinking water for those people who do not have fresh water.

Habitat fragmentation
Habitat fragmentation happens when large habitats are divided into smaller ones, separating all the species that lived there and depended on each other.
Causes.
Habitat fragmentation is not good because it involves some amount of habitat destruction. Plants and other organisms in these areas are destroyed and mobile animals escape from those places to find another habitat causing an excessive crowding and possible competitions among different animals.

CECIL
Cecil was a rock band from Liverpool, England.
Formation.
Cecil formed in Liverpool in 1993. The members were Ste Williams (vocals), Patrick Harrison (guitar), Ally Lambert (drums), Anthony Hughes (guitar), and Jay Bennett (bass).
First concert.
The band took part in a "Battle of the Bands". It was sponsored by Liverpool Echo. The band signed a manangement contract with Raymond Coffer. They later sign with the record label Parlophone (EMI). They released their first single "No Excuses" with Parlophone in October 1995.
Tours.
The band spent the end of 1995 and most of 1996 playing concerts in much of the United Kingdom. They played with such bands as The Levellers, Skunk Anansie, and Paw. They also played in music festivals at Donnington and T in the Park. During this time, they released their second single "My Neck".
First album.
In 1996, their first album "Bombar Diddlah" was getting good reviews. It was produced by Barrett Jones of Foo Fighters.
Later history.
Cecil spent most of 1997 writing songs, touring with the band Mansun and making their music sound even better. The changes could be heard in the sound of Ste Williams' vocals. By the end of 1997, their new sound could be heard in their new release "Red Wine At Dead Time". They released a second album in 1998 but it did not sell well. The band broke up in 1998.

Christopher Marlowe
Christopher "Kit" Marlowe (1564–30 May 1593) was a major dramatist, poet, and translator of English Renaissance drama. Many people believe he is the best Elizabethan tragedian before William Shakespeare.
Marlowe was the son of a shoemaker in Canterbury. His intelligence won him scholarships, to King's School in Canterbury at age 15, and two years later to the University of Cambridge. Marlowe was well-educated; he earned a bachelor's degree in 1584 and a master's degree in 1587.
Marlowe's plays were both very popular and very controversial, in his own era and later too. His plays deal with disturbing subjects like devil worship ("Doctor Faustus"), homosexuality ("Edward II"), and anti-Semitism ("The Jew of Malta").
In addition to seven plays, Marlowe wrote one long poem, "Hero and Leander", and one famous shorter poem, "The Passionate Shepherd to His Love."
Marlowe's death was also highly controversial. He was killed in a tavern brawl, stabbed in the head. Yet there is some historical evidence that he was a secret agent. Marlowe also was, or sometimes claimed to be, an athiest, at a time when atheism was a crime that could be punished by death. Some people have wondered if his death was actually connected with these other issues.
Uncertainty about Marlowe's death has lead some people to believe that Marlowe faked his death and continued to write plays using the name "William Shakespeare." This is called the "Marlovian theory."

Bass clarinet
The bass clarinet is a type of clarinet, and is a woodwind single-reed instrument. It usually has a B-flat pitch, but it plays an octave lower than the soprano, or high-pitched, clarinet. There are some bass clarinets that have an A or C pitch, but there are not very many of these.

Cornett
The cornett is a brass instrument from the Medieval, Renaissance, and Baroque times. It is also called a zink, cornetto, or by it's Italian name, "cornetto curvo". It is different from a cornet.

Baoruco Province
Baoruco, also written Bahoruco (but the "h" is not pronounced), is a Dominican province, located in the western part of the country, in the "Hoya de Enriquillo" valley. Its capital city is Neiba (or Neyba).
It was created on 1943. It was part of the Barahona province before being elevated to the category of province. It was called Baoruco because the northern side of the Sierra de Bahoruco was part of the province; with the creation of the Independencia Province, that part went to the new province but the name was not changed.
Location.
Baoruco is bordered to the north by the San Juan province, to the east by the Azua and Barahona provinces, and to the south and west by the Independencia province.
Municipalities.
Baoruco has a total area of 1,282.23 km². It has 2.6% of the area of the Dominican Republic and it is ranked as the 17th (out of 31 plus the National District) largest province.
There are five municipalities and nine municipal districts in the province.
Population.
In 2002 (last national census), there were 91,480 people living in the Baoruco province, and 49,530 (54.1%) living in towns and cities. The population density was 71.3 persons/km².
The largest city of the province is Neiba, its head municipality or capital, with a population (in 2002) of 25,420 inhabitants.
Geography.
The Baoruco province is located in the "Hoya de Enriquillo" valley, a very dry valley with some parts below sea level; its capital, Neiba, has an elevation of 10 m below sea level. In this valley is the "Lake Enriquillo", and the northeastern part of the lake belongs to the Baoruco province.
The Sierra de Neiba runs across the northern part of the province, on the border with the San Juan province.
The most important river in the province is the Yaque del Sur River, one of the longest in the country; it forms the eastern limit of the province and its water is used for irrigation.
The climate of the province is a tropical climate, very hot and dry in the valley, but it is cooler on the mountains.
Economy.
The main economic activity of the province is agriculture and the main products are plantain in Tamayo, grape in Neiba and Los Ríos. On the Sierra de Neiba, coffee and beans are important products.

Snorri Sturluson
Snorri Sturluson (1178 – September 23, 1241) was an Icelandic historian, poet and politician. He was three-time elected lawspeaker at the Icelandic parliament, the Althing. He was the author of the "Prose Edda" or "Younger Edda" and the "Heimskringla", a history of the Norwegian kings that begins with legendary material and moves through to early medieval Scandinavian history.

Heimskringla
"Heimskringla" is the best known of the old Norse kings' sagas. It was written in Old Norse in Iceland by the poet and historian Snorri Sturluson (1179 – 1242) ca. 1230. The name "Heimskringla" was first used in the 17th century, it comes from the first two words of one of the manuscripts ("kringla heimsins" - "the circle of the world").
Heimskringla is a collection of tales about the Norwegian kings, beginning with the legendary Swedish dynasty of the Ynglingas, followed by accounts of historical Norwegian rulers from Harald Fairhair of the 9th century up to 1177.

County Mayo
County Mayo is a county in the province of Connacht, in Ireland. Castlebar and Ballina are the two towns with the most people living in them in the county. The highest point in Mayo and Connacht is Mweelrea.

Crash Bandicoot (series)
"Crash Bandicoot" is a series of platform video games developed by Radical Entertainment and published by Sierra Entertainment. The "Crash Bandicoot" games were first made by the video game company Naughty Dog. Since then, the series has been given to many different companies before it was kept at Radical Entertainment. The games happen in the fictional Wumpa Islands in the south of Australia. There were 15 "Crash Bandicoot" games in 2007, which have sold 40 million copies.
The main character in the Crash Bandicoot games, is also called "Crash Bandicoot".
Naughty Dog games.
Crash Bandicoot was created by Naughty Dog in 1996. It out in a platform game called "Crash Bandicoot", where Crash has to save his girlfriend Tawna from the evil doctor Neo Cortex.
After "Crash Bandicoot", Naughty Dog made a sequel (another videogame), ', where Crash saves the world from Cortex for a second time.
In the third game of the series, ', Crash again defeats Cortex and his friend Uka Uka, who tries to conquer the world with the help of Nefarious Tropy and his time machine.
The fourth and last game made by Naughty Dog with Crash and company was "Crash Team Racing", a racing game where Nitrous Oxide, an alien, challenged the Earth inhabitants to a cart race.
Games after Naughty Dog.
After Naughty Dog, other companies made many more games in the "Crash bandicoot" series, and not only for Playstation.

Copt
A copt is an original Egyptian Christian. Today, more than 95% of the Copts belong to the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria.

Pectus excavatum
Pectus excavatum is a medical problem. The sternum (middle of the chest) is pushed into the chest. This makes the chest look sunken in. It is also called a "chest bowl" and a "dent".
Causes.
Doctors do not know why some people have the dent. They think it might be caused by a bad gene from the parent. It is also linked to syndromes (illnesses) that effect other parts of the body.
Numbers.
Pectus excavatum happens in about 1 in every 150 children.
Nuss Procedure.
The Nuss Prodcedure was created by Doctor Nuss from Norfolk in Virginia. A metal bar is put into the chest; the bar holds the chest up.
Suction Cup.
A vacuum bell, also called a suction cup, can be used to fix pectus excavatum. The cup is placed on the chest and all the air is removed, this pulls up the chest.
Ravitch.
The Ravitch technique is from the 1950s. It involves cutting out part of the chest, placing a bar in the chest, and having the bone grow back. Most doctors do not use the Ravitch because it causes much blood loss.

Mark the Evangelist
Mark the Evangelist (מרקוס, Greek: Μάρκος) is believed to be the writer of the Gospel of Mark; the Copts think Mark brought Christianity to Egypt.

Analects
The Analects were a book put together by the students of Confucius. It talked about his ideas about family and government and war.

Central Park
Central Park is a large public park in the borough of Manhattan in New York City. Central Park has about twenty-five million visitors every year. It is the most visited city park in the United States. The park has been shown in many movies and television programs.

Mae Jemison
Astronaut Mae Carol Jemison MD (born 17 October 1956) became the first African-American woman to enter space when she served on the crew of the Space Shuttle Endeavor in September 1992. Jemison graduated high school at the age of 16. She studied at Stanford University on a scholarship where she got a B.S. degree in chemical engineering. After graduating from medical school (Cornell University, 1981), Jemison joined the Peace Corps. She served as its area medical officer from 1983 to 1985 in the West African countries of Sierra Leone and Liberia. After serving in NASA from 1987 to 1993, Jemison founded The Jemison Group, Inc., which developed ALAFIYA, a satellite-based telecommunications systems. This system was to be used to improve healthcare delivery in developing nations. She also was a professor in the Environmental Studies Program at Dartmouth College, where she directed the Jemison Institute for Advancing Technology in Developing Countries.

705 Erminia
705 Erminia is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. Its name comes from the comic opera "Erminie".
It was found by Emil Ernst in 1910. Its provisional name was 1910 KV.

706 Hirundo
706 Hirundo is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Joseph Helffrich in 1910. Its provisional name was 1910 KX.

707 Steïna
707 Steïna is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Max Wolf in 1910. Its provisional name was 1910 LD.

708 Raphaela
708 Raphaela is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Joseph Helffrich in 1911. Its provisional name was 1911 LJ.

709 Fringilla
709 Fringilla is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Joseph Helffrich in 1911. Its provisional name was 1911 LK.

710 Gertrud
710 Gertrud is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Johann Palisa in 1911. Its provisional name was 1911 LM.

711 Marmulla
711 Marmulla is an asteroid in the Flora family in the Main Belt. Its name comes from the Old High German word "marmul", which means 'marble'.
It was found by Johann Palisa in 1911. Its provisional name was 1911 LN.

Club (disambiguation)
A club can be many things.

712 Boliviana
712 Boliviana is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Max Wolf in 1911. Its provisional name was 1911 LO.

713 Luscinia
713 Luscinia is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Joseph Helffrich in 1911. Its provisional name was 1911 LS.

714 Ulula
714 Ulula is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Joseph Helffrich in 1911. Its provisional name was 1911 LW.

715 Transvaalia
715 Transvaalia is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt.
The object 1911 LX found on April 22, 1911 by H. E. Wood was named 715 Transvaalia. On April 23, 1920, the object 1920 GZ was found and named 933 Susi. In 1928 it was realized that these were one and the same object. The name Transvaalia was kept, and the name and number 933 Susi was used again for the object 1927 CH found on February 10, 1927 by Karl Reinmuth.

716 Berkeley
716 Berkeley is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Johann Palisa in 1911. Its provisional name was 1911 MD.

717 Wisibada
717 Wisibada is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Franz Kaiser in 1911. Its provisional name was 1911 MJ.

718 Erida
718 Erida is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Johann Palisa in 1911. Its provisional name was 1911 MS.

Ethylene
Ethylene or ethene is a chemical compound with two carbon atoms and four hydrogen atoms in each molecule. These molecules are put together with a double bond that makes it a hydrocarbon. It is very important in industry and has even been used in biology as a hormone. It is also the most made chemical. About 75 million tons of it have been made each year since 2005.
History.
Since 1795, ethylene was called an "olefiant gas", or "oil making gas". This was because it came together with chlorine to make the "oil of the Dutch chemists".
In 1866, the German chemist August Wilhelm von Hofmann came up with a system for naming hydrocarbons. The suffixes -ane, -ene, -ine, -one, and -une were used to call the hydrocarbons with 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 fewer hydrogen atoms than the alkane it came from. Because of this system, ethylene became ethene.
In 1979, the IUPAC decided that ethylene would stay ethylene.
How it is made.
There are other systems in an ethylene plant. The systems listed above were the most important systems in an ethylene plant.
Since making ethylene uses a lot of energy, the people making the ethylene try very hard to keep the heat from the gasses from leaving the furnaces.

Skol
Skol is a brand of beer made by the Danish company Carlsberg Group. Skol was first brewed in 1959 for European customers. The beer's name comes from the Swedish word "skål" which means "to your health", a common toast (a word or phrase said before drinking). Skol is available in a few different flavors.
Skol was started in 1964 in Europe. It became available in Brazil in 1967. In 1979, it was one of the first beers to be sold in aluminum cans. As of 2004, Skol was available in more than 20 countries.
In 2000, the first annual Skol Beats music festival was held in São Paulo, Brazil. The type of music featured at Skol Beats is electronic, including trance, techno, electro, drum and bass, house, and breakbeat. Skol's new "Beats" beer was revealed at the 2000 festival. Beats has a different flavor and alcohol content than the original Skol. It is marketed as the beer for people that like parties and excitement.
In October of 2006, the new Skol Lemon was released. Response to Skol Lemon has been divided. Some people really like it and others do not.

Archbishopric of Salzburg
The Archbishopric of Salzburg was a state of the Holy Roman Empire Archbishop of Salzburg as a Prince-Bishop. This means the archbishop had his ecclesiatical (church) powers and also the powers of an he Archbishopric was about the same size as the modern state of Salzburg in Austria.
The most famous Archbishop was probably the last to rule as a prince. He was Hieronymus von Colloredo, who was an early patron of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.
Abbot-Bishopric (4th century–c. 482).
In 450 a book was written about the live of St Severinus of Noricum. The book said that Salzburg had two churches and a monastery. St. Maxius is the only abbot-bishop known by name. Soon after Maxius was martyred, Salzburg was destroyed soon after in about 482.
Bishopric (c. 543/698–798).
St. Rupert later went back to Salzburg to set up the churches again. He saw the ruins of Salzburg overgrown with brambles, but no one knows whether he arrived about 543 during the time of Theodo I or in about 698 when Bavaria was conquered by the Franks.
It was not until after 700 that Christian civilisation started to grow again in the region. The cathedral monastery was named in honour of St. Peter and Rupert's niece Ehrentrudis founded the nunnery at Nonnberg
Early Archbishopric (798–1060).
Arno, Archbishop of Salzburg enjoyed the respect of the Frankish king Charlemagne. Charlemagne asked him to make the land between the Danube, the Raab, and Drave Rivers Christian. This area ad recently been taken from the Avars. Monasteries were founded and all of Carinthia was slowly Christianised.
While Arno was in Rome attending to some of Charlemagne's business in 798, Pope Leo III appointed him Archbishop over the other bishops in Bavaria (Freising, Passau, Regensburg, and Säben). When the dispute over the church's border between Salzburg and Aquileia broke out, Charlemagne declared the River Drave to be the border. Arno also began the copying of 150 volumes from the court of Charlemagne. This was the start of the first library in Austria.
Investiture Era (1060–1213).
The first archbishop of the era was Gebhard, who during the Investiture Controversy remained on the side of the Pope. Because of this, Gebhard was exiled for nine years, but was allowed to return shortly before his death and was buried in Admont. His successor Thimo was imprisoned for five years, and suffered a horrible death in 1102. After King Henry IV abdicated and Conrad I of Abensberg was elected Archbishop. Conrad lived in exile until the Calistine Concordat of 1122.
The Archbishops again took the side of the Pope during the arguments between the Pope and the Hohenstaufens. Archbishop Eberard I of Hilpolstein-Biburg was allowed to reign in peace, but his successor Conrad II of Austria made the Emperor's angry and died in 1168 in Admont trying to hide from the Emperor. Conrad III of Wittelsbach was appointed the Archbishop of Salzburg in 1177 at the Diet of Venice, after the supporters of both Pope and Emperor were deposed.
Prince-Bishopric (1213–1803).
Archbishop Eberard II of Truchsess was made a prince of the Empire in 1213, and created three new sees: Chiemsee (1216), Seckau (1218) and Lavant (1225). Eberard was excommunicated in 1245 after refusing to publish a decree deposing the emperor. Eberard died suddenly the next year. During the German Interregnum, Salzburg also suffered confusion. Philip of Carinthia was made ruler of Salzburg, but refused to become a priest. This meant he could not be Archbishop, so he was deposed (sacked) by Ulrich, Bishop of Seckau.
King Rudolph I of Habsburg quarrelled with the archbishops. The arguments wer started by Abbot Henry of Admont After Henry died the archbishops and the Habsburgs made peace in 1297. The people and archbishops of Salzburgs remained loyal to the Habsburgs in their struggles against the Wittelsbachs. When the Black Death reached Salzburg in 1347, the Jews were accused of poisoning the wells and suffered severe persecution. The Jews were expelled from Salzburg in 1404. Later, the Jews were allowed to return but were forced to wear pointed hats. Although the Renaissance was a time when new paintings, sculptures and music was being made across Europe, this did not happen in Salzburg because the archbishops were not got rulers, and because of poor conditions in the empire during the reign of Frederick IV.
Conditions were at their worst during the reign of Bernard II of Rohr. The country was in depression, local authorities were raising their own taxes and the Turks were attackingthe archdiocese. In 1473, he summoned the first provincial diet (parliament) in the history of the archbishopric, and eventually abdicated. It was only Leonard of Keutschach (reigned 1495–1519) who changedthe situation. He had all the burgermeisters and town councillors (who were charging unfair taxes) arrested at the same time and imprisoned in the castle. His last years were spent in bitter struggle against Matthäus Lang of Wellenburg, Bishop of Gurk, who succeeded him in 1519.
Archbishop Paris of Lodron led Salzburg to peace and prosperity during the Thirty Years' War in which the rest of Germany was thoroughly devastated. During the reign of Leopold Anthony of Firmian, Protestants emerged more vigorously than before. He invited the Jesuits to Salzburg and asked for help from the emperor, and finally ordered the Protestants to recant or emigrate - about 30,000 people left and settled in Württemberg, Hanover and East Prussia, and a few settled in Georgia in the United States of America. The last Prince-Archbishop, Hieronymus of Colloredo, is probably the most well-known for his patronage of Mozart. His reforms of the church and education alienated himself from the people.
Modern Archbishopric (1803–"present").
In 1803, Salzburg was secularised (stopped being control by the church) as the Electorate of Salzburg. The former Grand Duke Ferdinand III of Tuscany (brother of Emperor Francis II) was made elector. In 1805 Salzburg became a part of Austria, and in 1809, a part of Bavaria. The Bavarians closed the University of Salzburg, banned monasteries from accepting novices (new monks for training), and banned pilgrimages and processions. The Congress of Vienna returned Salzburg to the Austrians in 1814.

Chinrest
A chinrest is a part on a violin. It helps to hold the violin against the player's shoulder. A chinrest is usually made of wood. It is usually not glued on. Instead, metal clasps are used. These clasps are put against the side of the violin. They are held on by the tension of the screws in them. Older violins do not often have chinrests.

Rheinfelden, Baden-Württemberg
Rheinfelden is a town in Germany that was started in 1922. The name means the fields of the Rhine, like Rheinfelden in Switzerland.

Stone circle
A Stone circle is an ancient monument. It is made of several standing stones, usually Menhirs that are arranged in a certain way. Very often those stones form circles or ellipses. The number of stones can vary between four and 60. Very often, burial sites are located in the circle, or nearby.
Most likely stone circles were used for rituals. They might also have been used at calendars; some stone circles are arranged so that certain sotnes are lit on special dates, like the summer solstice.

Standing stone
Standing stones are stones that are set into the ground vertically. There may be single standing stones, or there may be groups of them. They can be found all over the world. It is hard to date them, or to see their purpose.
Pottery that has been found near some of these stones allows to connect some of them in Europe to the Beaker culture.

Feldspar
Feldspar is the name of a group of rock-forming minerals that make up as much as 60% of the Earth's crust.
Feldspar forms crystals from magma in both intrusive and extrusive rocks, and they can also happen as compact minerals, as veins, and are also present in many types of metamorphic rock. Rock formed entirely of plagioclase feldspar is known as anorthosite. Feldspar is also found in many types of sedimentary rock.
Feldspar is typically reddish or pale pink in color, and has a hardness of 6 on the Mohs scale.

719 Albert
719 Albert is an Amor asteroid, the second one found after 433 Eros. It is also a Mars-crosser asteroid.
It was found by Johann Palisa in 1911, but then was lost and not found again until 2000, using data from the Spacewatch asteroid survey project. When the asteroid was found again, it was designated 2000 JW8. By 2000, Albert was the last "lost" asteroid among the numbered asteroids (69230 Hermes was not numbered until 2003). The second last "lost" numbered asteroid, 878 Mildred, had been found again in 1991.
Palisa named the asteroid in memory of a major benefactor, Albert Salomon von Rothschild, who had died some months before.

Felisburgo
Felisburgo is a Brazilian municipality that can be found in the state of Minas Gerais.

Brazos Country, Texas
Brazos Country is a city in Austin County, Texas. It had a population was 289 people in 2006.

Arthur Rimbaud
Jean Nicolas Arthur Rimbaud (October 20, 1854 – November 10, 1891) was a French poet, born in Charleville. He wrote his best works when he was 15-18 years old. He was pretty restless; he moved around a lot while he was still alive. He died early of cancer.

Elisée Reclus
Élisée Reclus (March 15 1830–July 4 1905), also known as Jean Jacques Élisée Reclus, was a French geographer and anarchist.
Biography.
He was born at Sainte-Foy-la-Grande (Gironde). He was the second son of a Protestant priest, who had a family of fourteen children.His education, begun in Rhenish Prussia, was continued in the Protestant college of Montauban, and completed at the university of Berlin, where he followed a long course of geography under Karl Ritter.
After 1851, he spent the next six years (1852–1857) visiting the British Isles, the United States, Central America, and Colombia. On his return to Paris he contributed to the "Revue des deux mondes", the "Tour du monde" and other papers, with a large number of articles about geography.
In 1867–1868 he published "La Terre; description des phénomènes de la vie du globe", in two volumes.During the 1870 siege of Paris, he was in the National Guard, while as a member of the Association Nationale des Travailleurs he published in the "Cri du Peuple" an article against the government of Versailles in support of the Paris Commune of 1871.Continuing to serve in the National Guard, now in open revolt, he was taken prisoner on April 5, and on November 16 sentenced to transportation for life; but, after changed in an ban as an exile.
Reclus also visited Italy, and Switzerland, where he wrote many articles about geography.
In 1882 Reclus initiated the Anti-Marriage Movement. After this was followed by government prosecutions, instituted in the High Court of Lyon, against the anarchists, members of the International Association, of which Reclus and the other anarchist Kropotkin were designated as the two "leaders" of organization. Piotr Kropotkin was arrested and condemned to five years’ imprisonment, but Reclus, being resident in Switzerland, escaped.
After 1892 he taught in university of Brussels, and contributed in many journals about science and geography.
Reclus died at Torhout, near Bruges.

Şimon River
The Şimon River is a tributary of the Turcu River in Romania. It starts between the joining of the Gaura and Guţan rivers.

Skjaldbreiður
Skjaldbreiður(Shock-a-bor-ido) is a volcano in Iceland. It is 1,060 metres tall, and its crater measures roughly 300 metres in diameter. Skjaldbreiður translated in english means broad shield and is the name for shield volcano.

Michael Emerson
Michael Emerson (born September 7, 1954) is an American theatre, television, and movie actor. He won an "Outstanding Guest Actor" Emmy in 2001 for a part on "The Practice", but is currently most famous for playing Zep Hindle in the 2004 film "Saw" and Ben Linus in the television series "Lost".
Early life.
Emerson was born in Cedar Rapids, Iowa and grew up in the nearby town of Toledo, Iowa. He studied theater and art at Drake University in Des Moines, Iowa, and graduated in 1976. He then moved to New York City. He had trouble finding work as an actor so he took retail jobs and worked as a freelance illustrator. In 1986, he moved with his first wife to Jacksonville, Florida. In Jacksonville, between 1986 to 1993, he was in local productions, and worked as a teacher and director.
Career.
Emerson thought about not being an actor and being a teacher instead, because it is a more stable job. He decided to go back to school and get a Master of Fine Arts. He thought it might help him meet theatre professionals and directors.
Emerson's first big role was in 1997. He starred as Oscar Wilde in Moises Kaufman's play, "Gross Indecency: The Trials of Oscar Wilde," and then was in many other plays. In 1998, he acted with Uma Thurman in the off-Broadway production of "The Misanthrope". In 1999, he played the part of Willie Oban in "The Iceman Cometh" with Kevin Spacey. He co-starred with Kate Burton in both "Give Me Your Answer, Do!" and "Hedda Gabler".
In movies and television, Emerson played somewhat dangerous, damaged characters. He played the roles so that the character would seem mysterious. In 2001, he won an Emmy Award as "Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series", for playing the (fictional) confessed serial killer William Hinks in several episodes of "The Practice".
One of Emerson's most well-known works was in 2004, as the character Zep Hindle in the horror movie "Saw". In 2006, Emerson began guest-starring on the television series "Lost" as Henry Gale/Ben Linus. He was originally planned to be in a small number of episodes, but he returned for season 3 as a main cast member. In 2007, he was nominated for another Emmy Award for his work on the series.

Battle of Chantilly
The Battle of Chantilly happened on September 1, 1862, in Fairfax County, Virginia. It was the last battle of the Northern Virginia Campaign during the American Civil War.

Jörg Haider
Jörg Haider (26 January 1950 - October 11, 2008) was an Austrian politician that was often called to be off right-populism("rechtspopulist"). He was born in Bad Goisern, Upper Austria, and died near Klagenfurt, Austria.
At the age of 29 he became the youngest member of the Austrian parliament and in 1989 the Governor of Carinthia for the first time.
Haider lead the Freedom Party to great success so that in 1999 the party reached the second most votes with 27% behind the SPÖ with 33% and could form a coalition with the Austrian People's Party ÖVP (having for the first time only the third most votes) making Wolfgang Schüssel Chancellor of Austria.
Jörg Haider passed his leading position to other party members so that a coalition could take place and returned to Carinthia to work as Governor again.
In 2004 Haider was re-elected as Governor of Carinthia. One year later the leading members of the FPÖ as well as there party members in the government together with Jörg Haider (as there new head) founded a new Party, the BZÖ. In 2006 the BZÖ party reached the 4% (that time lead under P. Westenthaler) in the Austrian elections and so became part of the Parliament with 7 representatives.
For the snap elections in September 2008 he was voted unanimity in his party for the leading position and ran as candidate again for the elections like back in the nineties. Surprisingly the party gained 10.7% and therefore could rise its seats 3 times now having 21 representatives under the lead of Jörg Haider. However Haider promised before the votes toke place too remain Governor as he would have only changed as of becoming Chancellor. There were possibilities to build a government with Jörg Haider as chancellor (Haider already achieved to form a coalition where the ÖVP under Schüssel with the 3rd most votes got the Chancellor) or at least the BZÖ represented in the government.
For this a cooperation of BZÖ with FPÖ and ÖVP (possibly resulting in a fusion of BZÖ with Haiders Ex-Party FPÖ) was necessary, however Haider never got into this position.
On October 11, 2008 Haider died in a traffic accident near the town of Klagenfurt. He was returning home after an event that had taken place earlier. Many people living in Carinthia in reaction to his death, left public offerings as flowers, candles, cards and personal messages, austrian singer and intendant Harald Serafin called the tragic death even an "Austro-Lady-Diana-Story".

Egyptian Museum
Egyptian Museum, in Cairo, Egypt, has a large collection of ancient Egyptian antiquities in the world. It has 120,000 items. The museum's Royal Mummy Room, shows some mummies of New Kingdom kings and queens.
Another large museum of Egyptian antiquities is Egyptian Museum of Turin, which is the only museum other than the Cairo Museum that is dedicated solely to Egyptian art and culture.

720 Bohlinia
720 Bohlinia is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Franz Kaiser in 1911. Its provisional name was 1911 MW.

721 Tabora
721 Tabora is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Franz Kaiser in 1911. Its provisional name was 1911 MZ.

Yagan
Yagan (c. 1795–11 July 1833) was a Noongar warrior who played an important part in early indigenous Australian resistance to European settlement and rule in the area of Perth, Western Australia. He led a series of attacks in which white settlers were killed. A reward was offered if he was captured dead or alive, and he was shot dead by a young settler. Yagan's death has passed into Western Australian folklore as a symbol of the unjust and sometimes brutal treatment of the indigenous peoples of Australia by colonial settlers.
His head was sent to London as a curiosity, only to stay in storage until 1964, when it was buried in an unmarked grave. It was uncovered in 1993 and then sent back to Australia. It still remains a source of controversy and the head remains unburied.

Osaka University
Osaka University is a national university of Japan. It was started in 1869. It is located in Osaka. It has 11 departments.

Daytona 500
The Daytona 500 is an auto race held in Daytona Beach, Florida. It is opening event at the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series.

Beat-em up games
Beat-em up games are video games where the player beats up bad guys while walking through levels. Sometimes the player have to beat up certain bad guys to progress through the game. Most of the time, these games have level bosses which are usually at the end of the level. Examples of "beat-em up" games are arcade games like Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles and The Simpsons. Super Smash Bros. Brawl also has a "beat-em up" part in the game where the player fights bad guys from the Subspace Emissary and fight other characters as well in order to beat the levels.

Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky
Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky () is a city in Russia. Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky is the administrative, industrial and cultural center of Kamchatka Krai. Population: 198,028 (2002).
The city lies on the Pacific coast of the Kamchatka Peninsula.
It was founded by Vitus Bering in 1740 and was named after ships the "St. Peter" and the "St. Paul".
Institute of volcanology and seismology of Far East Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences is located in the city.
Climate is mild. Annual average temperature is +2,4 °C.

722 Frieda
722 Frieda is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Johann Palisa in 1911. Its provisional name was 1911 NA.

Perspective (graphical)
Basic concept.
Perspective works by representing the light that passes from a scene through an imaginary rectangle (the painting), to the viewer's eye. It is similar to a viewer looking through a window and painting what is seen directly onto the windowpane. If viewed from the same spot as the windowpane was painted, the painted image would be identical to what was seen through the unpainted window. Each painted object in the scene is a flat, scaled down version of the object on the other side of the window.

723 Hammonia
723 Hammonia is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Johann Palisa in 1911. Its provisional name was 1911 NB.

724 Hapag
724 Hapag is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Johann Palisa in 1911. Its provisional name was 1911 NC.

Graphic arts
Graphic arts is a term that was used for the art of printmaking and drawing. Today it means the skills of a graphic designer or print technician. Graphic arts as a trade can be traced back to the first instances of the stamped image or word.
Traditional Meaning.
Graphic art is an artistic process of creating a design where one uses a medium (like rubber or plexiglas) and transfers the image to a material (like paper).

725 Amanda
725 Amanda is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Johann Palisa in 1911. Its provisional name was 1911 ND.

726 Joëlla
726 Joëlla is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found on November 22, 1911, by Joel Hastings Metcalf, in Winchester, Massachusetts, in the United States. Its provisional name was 1911 NM.

727 Nipponia
727 Nipponia is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt.
Nipponia was first found by Shin Hirayama in Tokyo on March 6, 1900. However, he was not able to find its orbit. After it was found again by A. Massinger on February 11, 1912, Massinger gave the honor of naming it to Hirayama, who chose the name "Nipponia", from a Latinization of "Nippon" (Japan in Japanese).

Cylinder (engine)
A cylinder is the central working part of an engine, the space in which a piston travels. Mostly several cylinders are arranged side by side in an "engine block".

Stanley, Iowa
Stanley is a city in the Buchanan and Fayette counties in the U.S. state of Iowa. There were 128 people living in Stanley as of the year 2000. The city has an area of 0.2 square miles, thanks to the United States Census Bureau.

Les Bois
Les Bois is a municipality in the district of Franches-Montagnes in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

Les Breuleux
Les Breuleux is a municipality in the district of Franches-Montagnes in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

La Chaux-des-Breuleux
La Chaux-des-Breuleux is a municipality in the district of Franches-Montagnes in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

Abrams, Wisconsin
Abrams is a town in Oconto County, Wisconsin, United States. There were 1,757 people living in Abrams as of the 2000 Census.
The town has an area of 37.6 square miles, thanks to the United States Census Bureau.

Les Enfers
Les Enfers is a municipality in the district of Franches-Montagnes in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

Ackley, Wisconsin
Ackley is a town in Langlade County, Wisconsin, United States. There were 510 people living in Ackley as of the 2000 Census. The town came into being on March 4, 1879.
The town has an area of 70.9 square miles, thanks to the United States Census Bureau.

Epauvillers
Epauvillers is a municipality in the district of Franches-Montagnes in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

Eichsfeld Rural District
Eichsfeld is a rural district in Thuringia, Germany, and is part of the historical region of Eichsfeld.
History.
In medieval times the district of Eichsfeld was much largaer than the persent rural district and was owned by the Archbishops of Mainz.
Eichsfeld was the only part of Thuringia not to accept the Protestant Reformation, mostly because of the efforts of the Archbishop of Mainz.
In 1801 the clerical states were dissolved, and Prussia took over.
The present district was established in 1994 by merging the former districts of Worbis and Heiligenstadt.

Gotha Rural District
Gotha is a Kreis (rural district) in the middle of Thuringia, Germany.
History.
The district was made on October 1, 1922, when the newly created state of Thuringia was divided into 15 rural districts () and 9 district free cities ().
Partnerships.
Since 1990 the district has a partnership with Main-Kinzig Rural District in Hesse, Germany.

Schwabhausen, Thuringia
Schwabhausen is a municipality in Gotha Rural District, Thuringia. It is not part of any verwaltungsgemeinschaft.

Adams, Adams County, Wisconsin
Adams is a town in Adams County in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. There were 1,267 people living in Adams as of the 2000 Census. The City of Adams can be found inside of the town. The town has an area of 50.6 square miles, thanks to the United States Census Bureau.

Adams, Green County, Wisconsin
Adams is a town in Green County, Wisconsin, United States. There were 464 people living in Adams as of the 2000 Census. The town has an area of 36.2 square miles, thanks to the United States Census Bureau.

Adams, Jackson County, Wisconsin
Adams is a town in Jackson County, Wisconsin, United States. There were 1,208 people living in Adams as of the 2000 Census. The town has an area of 37.0 square miles, thanks to the United States Census Bureau.

Addison, Wisconsin
Addison is a town in Washington County, Wisconsin, United States. There were 3,341 people living in Addison as of the 2000 Census. The town has an area of 36.2 square miles, thanks to the United States Census Bureau.

Into the Wild (Warriors)
"Into the Wild" is the first book in the "Warriors" series. It was written by Kate Cary and Cherith Baldry under the pen name of Erin Hunter. This book was written by Kate Cary.

Critical density
Critical density is the value at which the Universe is at balance, and expansion is stopped. This value is estimated as (1-3) * 10^-26 kg/m^3.
This is related to the cosmic density parameter in many ways; this term describes the ratio of the actual density value of the Universe to the critical density value. If the ratio is one, then the Universe is at balance, and the Universe is flat. If the ratio is greater than one, then the actual density of the Universe is greater than the critical density, and thus the Universe will eventually become closed. If the ratio is less than one, then the actual density is less than the critical density, and the Universe is open.

Non-Euclidean geometry
Non-Euclidean geometry is a type of geometry. It is not based off the "postulates" (assumptions) that Euclidean geometry is based off.
Origin.
It is called "Non-Euclidean" because it is different from Euclidean geometry, which was made by a man named Euclid.

Miranda de Ebro
Miranda de Ebro is a city in Spain. It is the second biggest city in Burgos province, in the region of Castile and Leon. It is an important industrial center, with a population of 39,589 people (2009).
The river which runs through the city is the Ebro.

Julia Fischer
Julia Fischer (born June 15, 1983) is a German violinist. By training she is also a professional pianist, but she rarely appears as such in public.
Biography.
Julia Fischer, born in Munich, Germany, is of German-Slovakian parentage. Her mother came from the German minority in Slovakia and immigrated from Košice in Slovakia to the Federal Republic of Germany in 1972. Her German father moved in the same year from Eastern Saxony to West Germany.
In fall 2004 the label PentaTone released Julia Fischer's first CD: Russian violin concertos with Yakov Kreizberg and the Russian National Orchestra.
Julia Fischer began her studies before her fourth birthday, when she received her first violin lesson from Helge Thelen; a few months later she started studying the piano with her mother Viera Fischer. Fischer said, "my mother's a pianist and I wanted to play the piano as well, but as my elder brother also played the piano, she thought it would be nice to have another instrument in the family. I agreed to try out the violin and stayed with it." She began her formal violin education at the Leopold Mozart Conservatory in Augsburg. At the age of nine Julia Fischer went to the Munich Academy of Music.
Among the most prestigious competitions that Julia Fischer has won are the International Yehudi Menuhin Violin Competition under Lord Yehudi Menuhin's supervision, where she won both the first prize and the special prize for best Bach solo work performance in 1995 and the Eighth Eurovision Competition for Young Instrumentalists in 1996, which was broadcast in 22 countries from Lisbon. In 1997 Julia Fischer was awarded the “Prix d‘Espoir” by the Foundation of European Industry. She recently had the opportunity to play Mozart's own violin in the room in which he was born at Salzburg to honor his 250th birthday.
Her repertoire (from Bach to Penderecki, from Vivaldi to Shostakovitch), contains over 40 works with orchestra and about 60 works of chamber music.
Instrument.
Currently she plays on a Guadagnini 1750 which she purchased in summer 2004.
For four years since 2000, she had been using a Stradivarius, the 1716 Booth, on a loan from Nippon Music Foundation. Before the Strad, she had a Guarneri del Gesù and a Gagliano. She uses two bows, one a copy of the Heifetz Tourte by the Viennese maker Thomas Gerbeth, the other a French bow when she needs to rehair the Tourte.
Prizes and honors.
Julia Fischer has won five prizes for her violin playing and three prizes for her piano playing a.o. at "Jugend musiziert". She won all eight competitions she entered.
Family.
Mother: Viera Fischer, maiden name Krenková, born in Nové Zámky Slovakia, pianist
Father: Frank-Michael Fischer, a university-educated mathematician

Interstate H-1
Interstate H-1 (abbreviated H-1) is the busiest interstate highway in Hawaii, United States, located on the island of O‘ahu. Despite the number, this is an east-west highway—the 'H'-series (for Hawaii) numbering reflects the order in which routes were funded and built. H-1 goes from Route 93 (Farrington Highway) in Kapolei to Route 72 (Kalanianaole Highway) in Kāhala. East of Middle Street in Honolulu (exit 19A), H-1 is also known as the Lunalilo Freeway and is sometimes signed as such at older signs in central Honolulu. West of Middle Street, H-1 is also known as the Queen Liliʻuokalani Freeway; this name is shown on some roadmaps. It is the westernmost interstate highway in the United States.

Interstate H-2
Interstate H-2 (abbreviated H-2) is an intrastate interstate highway located on the island of O‘ahu in Hawai‘i, USA. H-2 is also known as the Veterans Memorial Freeway. Despite the number, this is a north-south interstate—the 'H'-series (for Hawaii) numbering reflects the order in which routes were funded and built. Its southern terminus is at Interstate H-1 in Pearl City, and its northern terminus is at Wilikina Drive (Route 99) in Wahiawā near Schofield Barracks and Wheeler Army Airfield.

Syriacs
Syriacs are an ethnic group whose origins remain in what is today Iraq, Iran, Turkey and Syria, but who have gone to the Caucasus, North America and Western Europe during the past century. Hundreds of thousands more live in Syriac diaspora and Iraqi refugee communities in Europe, the former Soviet Union, the United States, Australia, New Zealand, Syria, Jordan, and Lebanon.

Interstate H-3
Interstate H-3 is a highway in the American state of Hawaii. It begins at the Halawa Interchange with Interstates H-1 and H-201. The highway then runs along a viaduct through Halawa Valley for about 6 miles. It then goes through the Tetsuo Harano Tunnels through the Koolau Mountains. Once on the eastern end of the tunnel, the highway follows a viaduct built along the side of Haiku Valley until the Kaneohe Interchange with state route 63 (Likelike Highway) which leads into the town of Kaneohe. The highway then continues to the Halekou Interchange with state route 83 (Kamehameha Highway). Four miles further, it reaches the main gate of Marine Corps Base Hawaii.

Mike Shinoda
Michael Kenji Shinoda is a Japanese American musician, record producer, and artist from Agoura Hills, California. He is famous for being the rapper, keyboard and piano player, vocalist and rhythm guitarist of Linkin Park, and his side project, Fort Minor. He also gives artwork, production and mixing for both groups.

Toyota Corolla
The Toyota Corolla is a small car made by Toyota since 1966.
Sales.
It was first sold in America in 1968. The Corolla is made in many countries all around the world including the United States. The Corolla was once sold by Chevrolet in the United States as the Nova and Geo Prizm in the 1980s and 1990s. The Corolla is Toyota's best selling car besides the Hi-Lux pickup truck and the bigger Toyota Camry.

Toyota Hi-Lux
The Toyota Hi-Lux is a compact pickup truck sold by Toyota. Toyota has been building the Hi-Lux since 1935.
Sales.
It was first called the "Stout" in the United States. The name was changed to Hi-Lux in 1969. In 1976, Toyota stopped calling it the Hi-Lux in the United States and sold them as "Toyota Pickups". The pickup was changed in 1995 for North America. Toyota sells it as the Toyota Tacoma. The Tacoma is a North American version of the Hi-Lux. It has some changes for the United States. The Toyota Hi-Lux is the best selling compact pickup truck and are known to never break down on the road.

Suzuki
Suzuki is a Japanese company that makes cars and motorcycles. It has a factory in Canada that is joined by General Motors that makes the Chevrolet Equinox.

Fairtrade
Fairtrade certification (often just Fairtrade or Fair Trade Certified™ in the United States) is a system which gives a certificate to some products. These products must follow rules about fairness to workers and the environment.
The FLO International system gives certificates to many different products, including bananas, honey, oranges, cocoa, cotton, dried and fresh fruits and vegetables, juices, nuts and oil seeds, quinoa, rice, spices, sugar, tea and wine.

Storyline
A storyline is basically what a story is about. It can be found in books, movies, television programs and even video games. It can be either true or not true, but it must have a beginning, middle and end to be classified as something with a storyline.

728 Leonisis
728 Leonisis is an asteroid of the Flora family, found by Johann Palisa in 1912 in Vienna. Its provisional name was 1912 NU.
Astronomers are not sure what its spectral class is. It has been previously placed in the rare A and L classes. These are generally "stony" spectra, but with significant differences from the usual S-type. The unusual spectrum brings Leonisis' membership in the Flora family into doubt.

729 Watsonia
729 Watsonia is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was named after the Canadian-American astronomer James C. Watson.
It was found by Joel Metcalf in 1912. Its provisional name was 1912 OD.

730 Athanasia
730 Athanasia is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Johann Palisa in 1912. Its provisional name was 1912 OK.

David C. Jewitt
David C. Jewitt is a Professor of astronomy at the University of Hawaii Institute for Astronomy. He was born in 1958 in England, and graduated from the University of London in 1979.

Mains hum
Mains hum is a signal at a nominal 50 or 60 Hz, depending on local alternating current frequency, and usually some harmonic content. The changing magnetic flux caused by the mains current links with the windings of the pickup, inducing a voltage by transformer action.

Epiquerez
Epiquerez is a municipality in the district of Franches-Montagnes in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

Les Genevez
Les Genevez is a municipality in the district of Franches-Montagnes in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

Goumois
Goumois is a municipality in the district of Franches-Montagnes in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

Lajoux
Lajoux is a municipality in the district of Franches-Montagnes in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

Greiz Rural District
Greiz is a Landkreis (rural district) in the east of Thuringia, Germany.
History.
Historically the area of the district was part of the "Vogtland", named after the title "Vogt" given to the local rulers in the 13th century. Only two lines of the "Reuß" family survived from that time, with one principality based in Greiz, and the other in Gera and Schleiz. In 1919 both were merged into the "Volksstaat Reuß" (People's State of Reuss), which then became part of Thuringia in 1920.
A subcamp of the Buchenwald concentration camp was located at Elster during World War II. The SS made inmates dig tunnels and lay railway tracks for the Schwalbe V project.
The district in its current form was created on July 1, 1994, when the districts Gera-Land, Zeulenroda and the previous district Greiz were merged.

Montfaucon, Switzerland
Montfaucon is a municipality in the district of Franches-Montagnes in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

Montfavergier
Montfavergier is a municipality in the district of Franches-Montagnes in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

Muriaux
Muriaux is a municipality in the district of Franches-Montagnes in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

Le Noirmont
Le Noirmont is a municipality in the district of Franches-Montagnes in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

Le Peuchapatte
Le Peuchapatte is a municipality in the district of Franches-Montagnes in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

Les Pommerats
Les Pommerats is a municipality in the district of Franches-Montagnes in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

Saignelégier
Saignelégier is a municipality in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. It is the seat of the district of Franches-Montagnes.
The bog and nature preserve around étang de la Gruère is found in the municipality.

Saint-Brais
Saint-Brais is a municipality in the district of Franches-Montagnes in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

Soubey
Soubey is a municipality in the district of Franches-Montagnes in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

Hildburghausen Rural District
Hildburghausen is a district in Thuringia, Germany. It covers most of the same territory as the old Ernestine duchy of Saxe-Hildburghausen.

Ilm-Kreis Rural District
Ilm-Kreis is a district in Thuringia, Germany.
History.
In medieval times the territory was ruled by the counts of Henneberg and the princes of Schwarzburg, two local dynasties. While Ilmenau was ruled by Henneberg, Arnstadt belonged to Schwarzburg. When the Henneberg family became extinct in 1583, Ilmenau was acquired by Saxony. The principality of Schwarzburg was split up between family members into several tiny states. One of those states (Schwarzburg-Arnstadt) was based in Arnstadt; it was founded in 1574 and existed until 1716, when it became part of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen. It became part of Thuringia when the Freestate of Thuringia was founded in 1920.
The district was founded in 1920 (under the name Arnstadt); it was divided in 1952 into the districts of Arnstadt and Ilmenau, but joined together again in 1994.

Adrian, Wisconsin
Adrian is a town in Monroe County, Wisconsin, United States. There were 682 people living in Adrian as of the 2000 Census. The town has an area of 35.3 square miles, says the United States Census Bureau.

Agenda, Wisconsin
Agenda is a town in Ashland County in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. There were 513 people living in Agenda as of the 2000 Census. The town has an area of 89.5 square miles, says the United States Census Bureau.

Wizard's First Rule
"Wizard's First Rule" is a book written by Terry Goodkind. It is the first book in the epic fantasy series called The Sword of Truth. It is published by Tor Books on August 15, 1994 as a hardcover book, meaning the book was made with a hard cover. The paperback book was released on July 15, 1997. A special version of the book was released on June 23, 2001. It featured art on the cover by Keith Parkinson. This special version was also a paperback version of the book.
Plot summary.
The main character in "Wizard’s First Rule" is Richard Cypher. Richard is a woods guide who lives in the area of the world called Westland. Westland is the only part of the world that contains no magic. Westland is set apart from the other lands of the world by a very evil magic boundary. The boundary stops anyone from coming through into the Westland from the Midlands. As a woods guide, Richard leads important political people through the woods to wherever they need to go in Westland. Richard has a brother called Michael Cypher. He is the First Coucilor of Westland.
Richard's father, George Cypher, was mysteriously killed in the beginning of the book. Because of this, Richard entered a state of sadness. When Richard finds out about an interesting vine left in a jar for him by his dead father, Richard decides to go into the forest to try to find the vine. This leads him to help a traveller escape from 4 men that are chasing her through the forest. The traveller is called Kahlan Amnell, and the people she is running from are called a quad.
Richard saves Kahlan from the quad. After saving Kahlan, Richard learns that he had just helped someone who had come through the boundary. Before then, it was not heard of for someone to come through the boundary. Richard finds out that Kahlan is looking for the First Wizard. Richard feels that she is in need of help. Because of this, Richard takes Kahlan to his best friend, Zedd.
When he goes to visit his friend, Richard learns that his friend, Zedd, has kept many secrets from him. Richard finds out that Zedd is really the wizard that Kahlan has been looking for.
Kahlan tells Zedd about some of the events that are taking place in the Midlands. Darken Rahl, who is the villian in the book, is leading an army against the Midlands. After hearing of these events, Zedd decides that Richard is the true Seeker. In doing so, Zedd gives Richard the Sword of Truth. Zedd then decided that they need to cross the boundary to stop Darken Rahl from conquering the world using the magic of the boxes of Orden.
Richard finds out that the boxes of Orden hold the power of life and death. He also finds out that Darken Rahl needs 3 boxes and needs to open them in the correct order using the information written in the Book of Counted Shadows. Richard was taught the Book of Counted Shadows as a little boy by his father.
Richard then finds a way through the boundary thanks to his friend, Chase. Chase is a boundary warden. Boundary wardens are officials who keep people from getting too close to the boundary. Chase tells Richard that there is a pass through the boundary. Chase leads them to the pass.
Along the way to the pass, Richard and his friends are attacked by underworld creatures. This encounter leaves both Zedd and Chase in a state of sleep. Soon after this event takes place, Richard and Kahlan reach the home of Adie. Adie is a bone sorcereress, and is the only one who can tell Richard and Kahlan how to get through the boundary. They leave Zedd and Chase in Adie's care, and cross through the boundary.
After they cross into the Midlands, Richard finds out that the Mud People are the only people who knows where the box of Orden is that they need to stop Darken Rahl from taking over the world. After teaching the Mud People how to make roofs that don't leak, they give Ricahrd the information he needs.
The book then follows Zedd, Kahlan, Richard, and Chase, as they try to keep the box of Orden from Darken Rahl, who is trying to take over the world.
Wizard's First Rule.
People will believe a lie either because they want to believe it's true or because they are afraid it might be true.
This rule was a big part of the story and it was also the way that Richard ends up killing Darken Rahl at the end of the book.

Dietary fiber
Dietary fiber is the part of food from plants that cannot be digested. Dietary fiber helps to absorb water or remove waste from the body. Dietary fiber has many parts that plants have, and is eaten in plant foods.
Dietary Fiber is grouped if it is soluble or not. Soluble means if it helps to absorb water or not. If it is insoluble, it helps remove wastes from the body.

Henry Ian Cusick
Henry Ian Cusick (born April 17, 1967) is an Emmy-nominated Scottish-Peruvian actor of stage, television, and movies.
Early life.
Henry Ian Cusick Chavez was born in Trujillo, Peru to a Peruvian mother and a Scottish father. He lived in Trinidad and Tobago for 10 years. He went to high school there at Presentation College. He can speak both English and Spanish. Cusick spent six months at the Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama in Glasgow and then joined the Citizens' Theatre.
Career.
Cusick's first leading roles at the Citizens' Theatre were Dorian Gray in "The Picture of Dorian Gray" with Rupert Everett, Hamlet in "The Marovitz Hamlet" with Helen Baxendale, and Horner in "The Country Wife".
His performances as Torquato Tasso in the Edinburgh International Festival production of "Torquato Tasso", and Creon in the Citizens' Theatre production of "Oedipus" earned him a special commendation for the Ian Charleson Award 1995 for "Outstanding Performance by a Young Actor in a Classical Theatre Role". He was nominated for an Emmy for his guest role as Desmond Hume on the television series "Lost". He has since joined the main cast of "Lost" in season 2. He has also been in two episodes of season 5 of "24".

Bo Pelini
Mark "Bo" Pelini (born December 13, 1967) is the head football coach at the University of Nebraska–Lincoln. Before that, he was the defensive coordinator for the LSU Tigers. On December 2, 2007, one day after coaching in the 2007 SEC Championship Game, Pelini was named as head coach at Nebraska by athletic director Tom Osborne.

Super Smash Bros. (series)
"Super Smash Bros.", sometimes called "SSB", is a series of fighting video games made by Nintendo. There are three games in the series. All of the characters are from other Nintendo games, but in "Super Smash Bros. Brawl", there are two characters that are not from Nintendo.
"SSB" started in 1999, when "Super Smash Bros." was released for the Nintendo 64. In 2001, "Super Smash Bros. Melee" was made for the Nintendo GameCube. The third game, "Super Smash Bros. Brawl", came out in stores in 2008 for the Nintendo Wii. "Brawl" came out on July 26, 2008 in Australia and it came out in Europe the day after. It came out in North America on March 9, 2008.

John Heartfield
John Heartfield (June 19, 1891–April 26, 1968) is the english version of the name of the German photomontage artist Helmut Herzfeld. He started to call himself "Heartfield" in 1916, to criticize the rabid nationalism and anti-British sentiment in Germany during World War I.
Career.
In 1918, Heartfield began at the Berlin Dada scene, and the Communist Party of Germany. He was thrown out of the Reichswehr film service because he supported the strike after the assassination of Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg. With George Grosz, he founded "Die Pleite", a satirical magazine. Heartfield started to work for two communist publications: the daily Die Rote Fahne ("The Red Flag")and the weekly Arbeiter-Illustrierte-Zeitung (AIZ)("Workers' Illustrated Newspaper"). AIZ published Heartfield's most famous work
In 1933, after the National Socialists came to power in Germany, Heartfield moved to Czechoslovakia, where he continued his photomontage work for the "AIZ" (which was published in exile); in 1938, the Nazis were preparing to invade Czechoslovakia, so he moved to England, and lived in Hampstead, London. After World War II he settled in East Germany, after 1954 he lived in East Berlin and worked closely with theatre directors such as Benno Besson and Wolfgang Langhoff at Berliner Ensemble and Deutsches Theater.
In 2005, Tate Britain held an exhibition of his photomontage pieces.
Works.
His photomontages satirising Adolf Hitler and the Nazis often used Nazi symbols such as the swastika to change their propaganda message.
One of his more famous pieces, made in 1935 entitled "Hurrah, die Butter ist Alle!" () was published on the frontpage of the "AIZ" in 1935. The photomontage shows a family at a kitchen table, where a nearby portrait of Hitler hangs and the wallpaper is covered with swastikas. The family — mother, father, old woman, young man, baby, and dog — are trying to eat pieces of metal, such as chains, bicycle handlebars, and rifles. Below, the title is written in large letters, in addition to a quote by Hermann Goering during food shortage. Translated, the quote reads: "Iron has always made a nation strong, butter and lard have only made the people fat". The picture makes fun of a speech Goering made, the quote is shortened to "Guns before butter"
Modern culture.
"Hurrah, die Butter ist Alle!" served as the inspiration behind the song "Metal Postcard (Mittageisen)" by Siouxsie & the Banshees; the song was re-recorded in German and released as a single with Heartfield's work as the cover art.
The Heartfield piece "The Hand has 5 Fingers"with its original text: "5 fingers make a hand! With these 5 grab the enemy!", was referenced by alternative metal band System of a Down. A text printed on the back of the album "System of a Down" reads: "The hand has five fingers, capable and powerful, with the ability to destroy as well as create".

Solenoid
A solenoid is a 3 dimensional structure of wire. When this wire is wrapped around a metallic block, it has some special magnetic properties. When an electric current is passed thorugh it, it turns into an electromagnet that can be switched on or off.
This principle is used to create valves, among other things.

731 Sorga
731 Sorga is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by A. Massinger in 1912. Its provisional name was 1912 OQ.

732 Tjilaki
732 Tjilaki is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by A. Massinger in 1912. Its provisional name was 1912 OR.

733 Mocia
733 Mocia is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. A possible occultation was seen by Oscar Canales Moreno on October 1, 2001.
It was found by Max Wolf in 1912. Its provisional name was 1912 PF.

734 Benda
734 Benda is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Johann Palisa in 1912. Its provisional name was 1912 PH.

Kyffhäuserkreis Rural District
Kyffhäuserkreis is a rural district in the northern part of Thuringia, Germany.
History.
In the 12th century there was a castle on the Kyffhäuser mountains, which was built during the reign of emperor Frederick I. According to the local legend, the emperor did not die, but instead went to sleep in this castle.
From 1579 on the region belonged to Saxony, but after 1815 it was divided between the Prussian Province of Saxony and Schwarzburg-Sondershausen.
In 1952 the two districts of Artern and Sondershausen were set up by the East German government. These districts were merged in 1994, with only a few municipalities joining other districts.
Partnerships.
The district has a partnership with the district Ahrweiler in Rhineland-Palatinate, which was actually established with the district Artern in 1990.
Geography.
The district is named after the "Kyffhäuser" mountains. The main river is the Unstrut, which flows through the east of the district.

735 Marghanna
735 Marghanna is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by H. Vogt in 1912. Its provisional name was 1912 PY.

Nordhausen Rural District
Nordhausen is the northernmeost "Landkreis" (rural district) of Thuringia, Germany.
History.
The district was created in 1815, when the Prussian province Saxony was created. There were many changes to the boundaries up to 1952, when some municipalities were brought into the district and others left.

Saale-Holzland Rural District
Saale-Holzland-Kreis is a "landkreis" (rural district, or county) in the east of Thuringia, Germany.
History.
The district was set up in 1994 by joining the old districts of Eisenberg, Jena and Stadtroda. When the district of Stadt rod) was first set up in 1922 it already covered nearly the area of the current district. In 1952 the East German government abolished the federal states ("Bundesländer"), and also split the district into the three parts, which were put together again in 1994.

Saale-Orla Rural District
Saale-Orla is a "landkreis" (rural district) in the east of Thuringia, Germany.
History.
The district was created in 1994 by joining the old districts of Lobenstein, Pößneck and Schleiz.

Saalfeld-Rudolstadt Rural District
Saalfeld-Rudolstadt is a "Landkreis" (district) in the south of Thuringia, Germany.
History.
The district dates back to the "Landratsamt" Saalfeld, which was created in 1868, and in 1922 it was converted into the "Landkreis". Also in 1922 the district Rudolstadt was created. Both districts were merged in the local government changes of 1994.

Schmalkalden-Meiningen Rural District
Schmalkalden-Meiningen is a "Landkreis" (rural district) in the west of Thuringia, Germany.
History.
The district was created in 1994 by joining the old districts of Schmalkalden, Meiningen and part of Suhl-Land.
Partnerships.
The district has a partnership with the Vogelsbergkreis in Hesse, as well as with the Komitat Pest in Hungary.

Sömmerda Rural District
Sömmerda is a "Landkreis" (rural district) in the north of Thuringia, Germany.
History.
The district Sömmerda was created in 1952. In 1994 the districts of Thuringia were reorganized, and the district Sömmerda was made a lot bigger by adding municipalities from the old districts Artern and Erfurt-Land.

Ahnapee, Wisconsin
Ahnapee is a town in Kewaunee County, Wisconsin, United States. There were 977 people living in Ahanpee as of the 2000 Census. The town has an area of 31.2 square miles, says the United States Census Bureau.

Electronvolt
The electronvolt, symbol eV, is used to measure energy. It is defined as the amount of energy a single electron has after being accelerated by 1 volt of electricity. Joules are used most often to measure energy, but it is sometimes useful to use electronvolts for very small amounts of energy. To convert joules into electronvolts, divide joules by the charge of an electron, which is about 1.602,
E.g. 5 J = 5/1.602 eV = 3.125 eV.
The electronvolt is often used in atomic, nuclear and particle physics.

Meltingen
Meltingen is a municipality in the district Thierstein in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

Messen
Messen is a municipality in the district Bucheggberg, in the canton of Solothurn, Switzerland.

Metzerlen-Mariastein
Metzerlen-Mariastein is a municipality in the district Dorneck in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

Mühledorf, Solothurn
Mühledorf is a municipality in the district Bucheggberg, in the canton of Solothurn, Switzerland.

Kolding
Kolding is a Danish seaport found at the head of Kolding Fjord in Region Syddanmark ("Region of Southern Denmark"). Kolding is a transportation, commercial, and manufacturing centre, and has many industrial companies.
With a population of 86,000 inhabitants, Kolding is the seventh largest in Denmark.
1658.
In the Battle of Kolding on December 25, 1658, the alliance of Polish and Danish forces under hetman Stefan Czarniecki defeated the Swedish forces of Charles X Gustav of Sweden.
1849.
A battle between German and Danish troops in the town on April 23 1849 during the First War of Schleswig.
The fireworks accident in Seest.
On November 3, 2004, N. P. Johnsen's Fireworksfactory in Seest exploded. One firefighter died, 85 people were injured, and around 2000 people were evacuated during this accident in Kolding.
Sister cities.
the following towns. cities are sisters of Kolding

Drammen
Drammen is a city and municipality in the county of Buskerud, Norway.
Drammen was established as a municipality January 1, 1838 (see formannskapsdistrikt). The rural municipality of Skoger was merged with Drammen January 1, 1964. (And then transferred from the county of Vestfold to the county of Buskerud.)
Drammen is one of the larger cities in Norway, and lies about 47 km from the capital of Norway, Oslo. The city centre lies at the end of a valley, on both sides of the river Drammenselva, and where the river meets the Drammensfjord. Drammen is also the main city for car and fruit import in Norway.
The name.
The Norse form of the name was "Drafn", and this was originally the name of the inner part of Drammensfjord. The fjord is, however, probably named after the river Dramselva (Norse "Dröfn").

Prosecution
In legal matters, the prosecution is the person or people (lawyers or barristers) who argue in a court case that another person or people (the defendant/s) has committed a crime.

Sonneberg Rural District
Sonneberg is a "Landkreis" (rural district) in the south of Thuringia, Germany.
History.
The district was created in 1868 when districts were created in Saxe-Meiningen. In 1952 part of the district was incorporated into the newly created district Neuhaus am Rennweg. This district was dissolved again in 1994 and the district Sonneberg did regain its old size.

Unstrut-Hainich Rural District
Unstrut-Hainich is a "Landkreis" (district) in the north of Thuringia, Germany.
History.
The district was set up on July 1, 1994 by joining the two previous districts of Mühlhausen and Bad Langensalza.
Partnerships.
The district has a partnership with the Wetteraukreis in Hesse dating back to the German reunification of 1990. The district also has a partnership with the Lithuanian districts of Ukmerge and Raseiniai.
Geography.
The district is named after the river Unstrut and a hill chain, the Hainich. The Hainich became the 13th national park of Germany in 1997.

Cecil
Cecil is a prototype-based programming language.

Wartburgkreis Rural District
Wartburgkreis is a "Landkreis" (rural district) in the west of Thuringia, Germany. The city of Eisenach is nearly completely surrounded by Wartburgbreis.
History.
The district was set up in 1994 by joining the old districts of Eisenach and Bad Salzungen, and a few municipalities from the district Bad Langensalza. The city of Eisenach left the district in 1998 and became a district-free city.
The district is named after the Wartburg, a castle near Eisenach most famous as Martin Luther's refuge in 1521.

Weimarer Land Rural District
Weimarer Land is a "Landkreis" (rural district) in the east of Thuringia, Germany. The district-free city of Weimar is completely enclosed by the district.
History.
The district dates back to the "Großkreis Weimar", which was created in 1922 after the federal state Thuringia was established. The two cities Weimar and Apolda were not part of the district. In 1952 the district was split into two parts - Weimar and Apolda. In 1994 the two parts were merged again, however not completely covering the territory as before 1952.

Congress of Arras
The Congress of Arras was a political collection of people created in Arras in 1435 between England, France, and Burgundy.
The Treaty of Arras (1435) was an important diplomatic win for France late in the Hundred Years' War. Philip the Good, duke of Burgundy made peace with Charles VII of France. This hurt England because Philip the Good had helped them for 16 years.

Appanage
Appanage is important to the history of France during the Middle Ages. The law said that when a king dies, his oldest son becomes the next king. Kings who wanted to give a younger son some land too sometimes created an appanage. Appanage was one way to keep a civil war from happening, if two or more sons wanted to fight each other to be the next king.
The younger son controlled the appanage as a duke and ruled almost like a king, except he could not sell the land. The ruler of an appanage could give it to his sons and grandsons, but eventually that part of the family would run out of sons and the land would go back to the king.

736 Harvard
736 Harvard is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Joel Metcalf in 1912. Its provisional name was 1912 PZ.

737 Arequipa
737 Arequipa is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Joel Metcalf in 1912. Its provisional name was 1912 QB.

Scripps Ranch, San Diego, California
Scripps Ranch is a suburb of San Diego, California. It is home to the EW Scripps mansion.

New Statesman
The "New Statesman" is a British left-wing political magazine that is published weekly in London.
History.
The "New Statesman" was founded in 1913 with the support of George Bernard Shaw and other prominent members of the Fabian Society.
In 1930 the "Statesman" merged with the Liberal weekly the " Nation", and changed its name to the "New Statesman and Nation", which it remained until 1964. The chairman of the "Nations board was the economist John Maynard Keynes, who came to be an important influence on the paper.
During the 1930s, the "Statesman" moved to the left politically. It became strongly anti-fascist and was generally critical of the government policy of appeasement of Mussolini and Hitler.

Left-wing
In politics, left-wing means an attitude that sees social equality as very important. In general, the left-wing people are for a society built on solidarity.
What a person means by left-wing depends on where the person lives.
Those people in Western Europe who believe in Marxism-Leninism are often called the "Far-Left".

Bourgeoisie
Bourgeoisie means a social class of people who are in the upper or merchant class. Their status or power comes from employment, education, and wealth and not from aristocratic origin.
The term is widely used in many non-English speaking countries as an approximate equivalent of middle class.
Bourgeoisie is a French word that was borrowed directly into English in the sense that is explained above.
The French word "bourgeois" comes from the Old French word "burgeis", meaning "an inhabitant of a town" (cf. Middle English "burgeis", Middle Dutch "burgher" and German "Bürger"). The Old French word "burgeis" comes from "bourg", meaning a market town or medieval village, itself derived from Late Latin "burgus", meaning "fortress"

César Award
The César Awards, are the best-known movie awards in France. The "Académie des Arts et Techniques du Cinema" gives this award every year, from 1975.

Social status
In sociology or anthropology, social status is the honor or prestige of one's position in society. One can earn social status by own achievements, which is known as achieved status, or one can be placed in the system by one's inherited position, which is called ascribed status.

738 Alagasta
738 Alagasta is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Franz Kaiser in 1913. Its temporary name was 1913 QO.

Bergstraße Rural District
Kreis Bergstraße is a "Landkreis" (rural district) in the south of Hesse, Germany.
History.
The district was created in 1938, when the two former old districts of Bensheim and Heppenheim were joined.
Geography.
The district is located in the Odenwald mountains, with the 517m high Melibokus as the highest elevation. The "Bergstraße" is a tourist route which leads from Darmstadt to Wiesloch; the northern part of this route goes through the district and gave it its name.

Social class
Social class refers to the hierarchical distinctions between individuals or groups in societies or cultures.
Not all societies have social classes. Scientist have found no proof for hierarchical power structures during Stone Age.

Mümliswil-Ramiswil
Mümliswil-Ramiswil is a municipality in the district Thal in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

Nennigkofen
Nennigkofen is a municipality in the district Bucheggberg, in the canton of Solothurn, Switzerland.

Neuendorf, Switzerland
Neuendorf is a municipality in the district Gäu in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

Niederbuchsiten
Niederbuchsiten is a municipality in the district Gäu in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

Barahona Province
Barahona is a Dominican province; it is located in the southwestern part of the country. Its capital city is Santa Cruz de Barahona.
It was created as a Maritime District (a special administrative category that has been abandoned) on 12 September 1881. The 1907 Dominican Constitution changed its status to province.
Location.
Barahona is bordered to the northwest by the province of Baoruco, to the northeast by Azua, to the west by the Independencia province. The Pedernales province is to the southwest and south of Barahona and the Caribbean Sea is to the east.
Origin of name.
The province takes the name from its capital city, Santa Cruz de Barahona. Barahona is a Spanish last name, and it seems that a Spanish colonist with that name lived in the region.
History.
The province was part of the old Azua. It was created as a Maritime District (a special administrative category that has been abandoned) on 12 September, 1881 with the municipalities of Santa Cruz de Barahona, Cabral, Duvergé, Enriquillo and Neiba. The 1907 Dominican Constitution change its status to province.
Two new provinces were created from the original province of Barahona. The Baoruco Province was created in 1943 and then the Pedernales Province in 1957.
Municipalities.
Barahona has a total area of 1,739.38 km². It has 3.6% of the area of the Dominican Republic and it is ranked as the 12th (out of 31 plus the National District) largest province.
There are 11 municipalities and 11 municipal districts in the province.
Population.
In 2002 (last national census), there were 179,239 people living in the Barahona province, and 134,714 (75.16%) living in towns and cities. The population density was 103 persons/km².
Geography.
There are two important regions in the province: the valley of the Yaque del Sur River, in the north of the province, and the "Sierra de Bahoruco" ("Bahoruco mountain range"). Because the Sierra de Bahoruco gets to the coast, most of the population lives on the coast or near the Yaque del Sur river.
The eastern part of Sierra de Neiba is in the province and the Sierra Martín García is the limit with the Azua Province, in the northeast.
The valley of the Yaque del Sur River is an important farming centre in the southwest because people here uses the water of the river to grow different crops, mainly plantain and sugar cane. The Rincón lake is in this valley; fishing is an important activity in this lake.
The Sierra de Bahoruco is in the rest of the province (south, center and west); the part of the Sierra de Bahoruco that is in the province of Barahona is called "Bahoruco Oriental" (Eastern Bahoruco) because it is different from the rest of the mountain range. While pines are common in the Sierra de Bahoruco, they are not common in Eastern Bahoruco where there are rainforests because those mountains, and the province, have the Caribbean Sea to the east and winds bring a lot of water that falls on the mountains.
The highest mountain in Eastern Bahoruco is Pie de Palo (1,603 m). Other high mountains are Trocha de Pey (1,476 m), La Torre (1,455 m) and Loma Remigio (1,287 m).
The most important river of the province is Yaque del Sur. Other rivers are Nizaíto (23 km long) and Bahoruco (14 km). The San Rafael river is only 3 km long but is visited by many persons during summer and part of its water is taken to the city of Barahona.
Economy.
The main economic activity of the province is agriculture; the main products are coffee in the mountains and plantain and sugar cane in the valley of the Yaque del Sur river.
Other important economic activities are industry (sugar and textiles) in Santa Cruz de Barahona and fishing along the Caribbean coast.

Black bread mold
Black bread mold, also called "Rhizopus stolonifer", is a very common type of mold. It grows and reproduces the same way that most molds do. The mold makes spores inside a part of the mold called a "sporangia". When the spores are ready to leave and spread more mold, the sporangia breaks open and lets the spores float out.
The spores land on a place where they can turn into a new mold, and begin to grow. They very quickly start making "hyphae", small tendrils that look like roots. Hyphae are not roots, but part of the mycelium. The mycelium is the main part of the mold, and grows inside what the mold is on. Black bread mold grows very fast when the temperature is hotter than 15 degrees Celsius and cooler than 20 degrees Celsius.
Another kind of black bread mold is "Rhizopus stolonifer". This kind can only make spores if its hyphae touch the hyphae of a different "Rhizopus" mycelium. When they touch, they make round balls called "zygospores". After some time, the zygospore makes another sporangia, which then makes spores.
There are three kinds of black bread mold: "R. stolonifer" makes straight, tall sporangia. The sporangia of "R. lyococcos" are curved. The "Rhizopus sexualis" makes sporangia without having to touch a different mycelium.
Where it grows.
All three kinds of black bread mold are found in all countries of the world. It is often found growing on bread and on soft fruits such as bananas and grapes. Because the mold spores are in the air a lot, the mold can grown very quickly.

Dentistry
Dentistry is a kind of doctor's job. It is about helping people take care of their teeth, and about fixing teeth. A doctor who practices, or does dentistry, is called a "dentist".
Dentists will do all kinds of things. Dental hygienists help people keep their teeth clean. Dental surgeons will perform surgery to fix large or dangerous problems with people's teeth.
There are also doctors called orthodontists, who can move peoples teeth using braces.

Toyota Tundra
The Toyota Tundra is a full-size pickup truck. It is sold by Toyota in the United States. The Tundra was first sold in 2000. The truck is bigger than the Toyota Tacoma. There are four different versions of the Tundra. These are the original, "base", version and the "SR5", "Grade", and "CrewMax" versions. The Tundra is made in San Antonio, Texas. The design of the truck was changed for 2007. The Tundra was a replacement for the Toyota T100 pickup, a bigger version of the Toyota Hi-Lux.

Toyota Celica
The Toyota Celica was a small sports car made by Toyota. Toyota stopped selling the Celica in 2005 because of low sales and it was replaced by the Scion tC. The first Celicas were made in 1970 to take away the Toyota 2000GT.

Toyota 4Runner
The Toyota 4Runner is a Sports utility vehicle made by Toyota. Toyota makes the 4Runner in Tahara, Japan as well as the Hino factory. The 4Runner was first sold in 1984 as a camper version of the Toyota Hi-Lux, sharing the same parts and engines. The 4Runner got a bigger V6 engine in 1988. Toyota has redesigned the 4Runner in many years of its life. The 4Runner was sold as a 2-door model alongside the 4-door until 1992. The 4Runner's competition comes from the Nissan Pathfinder, Jeep Grand Cherokee, and Chevrolet Blazer. The 4Runner was a compact SUV until 1996.

Rhythmic gymnastics
Rhythmic gymnastics is sub-sport to artistic gymnastics, a cross between ballet and artistic gymnastics. It requires catching things in between leaps, and sometimes people must make it fall between their legs or on their back. Gymnasts utilize things such as ribbons, balls, hoops, clubs and ropes. The gymnast must be more flexible than a artistic gymnast. It became an Olympic sport in 1984, and it came about in Northern Europe in the 19th century. There are training centers across the world.

Wealth
Wealth often means that much money is available. But there are several other aspects that can be more important. If one thinks of single persons one will look at their personal property like land and livestock. Looking at countries one thinks of GDP per capita and of natural capital.
The original meaning of the old English word for "weal", where wealth comes from, was "well-being" or welfare. (It was an adjective.)

Professional certification
Professional certification, trade certification, or professional designation, often called simply "certification" or "qualification", is a certification a person gets to assure that he/she is qualified to perform a job or task.
Certifications are very common in aviation, construction, technology and other industrial sectors, as well as health care and finance.

Darmstadt Government Region
Darmstadt is one of the three Regierungsbezirk of Hesse, Germany, located in the south of the state.

Nebula
A nebula (one nebula, several nebulae or nebulæ) is an interstellar cloud of dust.
Origin.
A nebula is usually made up of hydrogen gas and plasma. It is the first stage of a star's cycle.

Database schema
A Database schema (pronounced "skee-ma") is the structure of a database system.

Ernst Haeckel
Ernst Heinrich Philipp August Haeckel (February 16, 1834 — August 9, 1919),
also written von Haeckel, was an important German biologist, naturalist, philosopher, physician, professor and artist.
Ernst Haeckel discovered, described and named thousands of new species.
Haeckel promoted Charles Darwin's work in Germany.

Lunar eclipse
A Lunar eclipse is an astronomical phenomenon. It occurs when the moon passes through the shadow of the Earth. Lunar eclipses occur about twice a year, much more often than solar eclipses. They also last longer than solar eclipses
During a lunar eclipse, the Moon appears a reddish-brown color. You would probably think that the moon would be completely black because of Earth's shadow, but the reddish-brown color is due to the fact that the Sun's light reflects off Earth, and is barely visible on the Moon.
Like solar eclipses, there are different types of lunar eclipses. There are total eclipses, where all of the moon appears reddish-brown, and partial ones, where only part of the moon appears reddish-brown.
Lunar eclipses don't happen every month due to the fact that the Moon's orbit is tilted.

Max Weber
Maximilian Carl Emil Weber (pronounced: maks ˈveːbɐ) (21 April 1864 – 14 June 1920) was a German political economist and sociologist who was considered one of the founders of the modern study of sociology and public administration. He began his career at the University of Berlin, and later worked at Freiburg University, University of Heidelberg, University of Vienna and University of Munich. He had influence on German politics of his time, because he was an advisor to Germany's negotiators at the Treaty of Versailles and to the commission that drafted the Weimar Constitution.
Weber is known for his work in the sociology of religion. His most famous work is his essay "The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism".

Weimar Constitution
The Constitution of the German Reich (German: "Die Verfassung des Deutschen Reiches"), usually known as the Weimar Constitution ("Weimarer Verfassung") was the constitution that governed the Weimar Republic (1919-1933). The constitution technically remained in effect during the Third Reich from 1933 to 1945.
The German state's official name was "Deutsches Reich" until the adoption of the 1949 constitution.
Origin.
Following the end of World War I, a German National Assembly gathered in the town of Weimar, in the state of Thuringia, in January 1919 to write a constitution for the "Reich". The nation was to be a democratic federal republic, governed by a president and parliament.
The constitution was drafted by the lawyer and liberal politician "Hugo Preuss", who was then state secretary in the Ministry of the Interior, and later became Minister of the Interior.

Guitar Hero III Mobile
"Guitar Hero III Mobile" is a music video game for mobile phones. It was made by MachineWorks Northwest LLC and sold by Hands-On Mobile. It is the newest game in the "Guitar Hero" series, and was released on December 20, 2007 in North America for people using Verizon Wireless.
Making the game.
"Guitar Hero III Mobile" was programmed by Robinson Technologies (shortened to RTSoft), with help from MachineWorks Northwest LLC. The graphics for the game were made by Anthem Game Group.
Gameplay.
Playing "Guitar Hero III Mobile" is similar to playing other games in the "Guitar Hero" series. "Mobile" uses 3 frets instead of 5. Each column of numbered keys on a phone's keypad is a fret. The numbered keys used are "1", "4", and "7", for green notes "2", "5", and "8" for red notes, and "3", "6", and "9" for yellow notes. Once the note(s) reach the bottom, the player must play the note(s) by pressing or holding down the number key(s) in order to score points. Players can turn on Star Power to get more points by the "*" (star) button on the keypad or the "OK" button in the center of the directional pad.
Soundtrack.
"Guitar Hero III Mobile" has 15 songs to play from "Guitar Hero II" and '. Every month, more songs can be downloaded.

Polymath
A polymath (Greek "polymathēs", πολυμαθής, "having learned much") is a person with encyclopedic, broad, or varied knowledge or learning.
It means that the person knows a lot about many different things, not just one thing.
"Renaissance Man" and "Homo Universalis" are related terms to describe a person who is well educated, or who excels, in a wide variety of subjects or fields.
Three examples of "Renaissance Men" and "universal geniuses", so to say "polymaths" in the strictest interpretation of the word are listed here. The list includes the "Hakeem" of the Islamic Golden Age (also known as the "Islamic Renaissance"), who are considered equivalent to the Renaissance Men of the European Renaissance era.

Avicenna
(ابو علی الحسین ابن عبدالله ابن سینا); c. 980 in Bukhara, Khorasan – 1037 in Hamedan), also known as Ibn Seena and commonly known in English by his Latinized name Avicenna (Greek '), was a Persian Muslim polymath and the most important physician and Islamic philosopher of his time. He was also an astronomer, chemist, Hafiz, logician, mathematician, poet, psychologist, scientist, Sheikh, soldier, statesman and theologian.
Ibn Sīnā wrote almost 450 treatises on a wide range of subjects, of which around 240 have survived. In particular, 150 of his surviving treatises concentrate on philosophy and 40 of them concentrate on medicine.

Hafiz (Qur'an)
Hafith or Hafiz (Arabic: حافظ قرآن or حافظ, plural "huffaz"), literally meaning 'guardian', is a term used by Muslims for people who have learnt completely the Qur'an by heart.
Overview.
The prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم) lived in the 7th century CE, in Arabia. In those times, many people were not literate. The Arabs preserved their histories, genealogies, and poetry by memory alone. When the Holy Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم) proclaimed the verses later collected as the Qur'an, his followers naturally learnt the words by heart.

Alina Kabaeva
Alina Maratovna Kabaeva (, born May 14, 1983, Tashkent, Uzbekistan) is a Russian former-rhythmic gymnast since 14, and stopped when she was 20. She won several medals at World Championships, two Olympic medals (one bronze, one silver) and she came up with some of the flexibility-required postures in the sport. She was trained by Irina Alexandrova Viner. Now she works for State Duma.

Seikan Tunnel
Seikan Tunnel（Ja:青函トンネル）is a railway tunnel in Japan. It connects Hokkaido to Aomori. This is the longest tunnel in the world. The tunnel is 53.85 km (33.49 miles) long. 23.3 km (14.5 mile) of the tunnel is underwater. There are two stations in a tunnel.
These stations are used in case of emergency.

Punch Brothers
Punch Brothers is an American bluegrass band. It's members include Chris Thile (mandolin), Gabe Witcher (fiddle), Chris Eldridge (guitar), Greg Garrison (bass), and Noam Pikelny (banjo). They have made one album, "Punch", which was released on February 26, 2008 on Nonesuch Records.

Mike Marshall
Mike Marshall is an American mandolinist. Over the years, he has worked with artists such as Chris Thile and David Grisman.

Edgar Meyer
Edgar Meyer is an American Grammy Award-winning double bassist. Over the years, he has worked with classical and bluegrass artists such as Joshua Bell, Yo-Yo Ma, Béla Fleck, Sam Bush, James Taylor, Jerry Douglas, Mike Marshall, Mark O'Connor, Alison Krauss, the members of Nickel Creek, and Mary Chapin Carpenter.

Jerry Douglas
Jerry Douglas is an American Grammy Award-winning dobro player. Over the years, he has worked with various artists such as Ray Charles, Peter Rowan, Béla Fleck, Emmylou Harris, Phish, Chris Thile, Dolly Parton, Paul Simon, Ricky Skaggs, Bill Frisell, John Fogerty, Nanci Griffith, Tony Rice and James Taylor.

2-1-1
2-1-1 is a special telephone number in the United States and Canada. It was made to be easy to remember. Calling the number lets people get information quickly about health organizations. It can also be called in an emergency.
History.
New York Telephone (now part of Verizon) used the 2-1-1 number for many years. It was an automatic, meaning it worked by itself, number for phone numbers that were dialed wrongly. 2-1-1 was used this way from the 1970's through the early 2000's.
The city of Atlanta started a new way of using 2-1-1 in 1997. This new way of using it was similar to how it is used now. After Atlanta, many other cities and states started to use it as a special number to call in an emergency. 5-1-1 is also used for this.

3-1-1
3-1-1 is a special telephonenumber used for non-emergency call to municipal services. It is used in several cities in Canada and the United States. 3-1-1 was created to receive many of the calls which commonly were made to 9-1-1 which were common questions and not emergencies.
United States.
3-1-1 is available in several major American cities, including: Akron, Albuquerque, Austin, Baltimore, Charlotte, Chattanooga, Chicago, Columbus, Dallas, Denver, Detroit, Hartford, Houston, Kansas City, Las Vegas, Little Rock, Los Angeles, Miami, Milwaukee, Minneapolis, Mobile, Nashville, New York City, Rochester, Orlando, Pittsburgh, San Antonio, San Francisco, San Jose, Somerville, and Washington, D.C..
Canada.
Other Canadian municipalities are expected to use 3-1-1 in the near future. These include Edmonton, Winnipeg and Toronto.

Oleander
Oleander, "Nerium oleander", is a poisonous shrub. It is commonly used in gardens because of its pink colored flowers, "Nerium oleander" is native to northern Africa, the eastern Mediterranean basin and southeast Asia. Oleander prefers dry, warm climates and may naturalize in such areas. Recently, scientific studies on cardenolide oleandrin show that it may be used to prevent mutagenesis

Aon Center (Chicago)
Aon Center is a skyscraper in Chicago, United States. It is 346 meters (1,136 feet) tall and has 83 floors. It was built in 1973 and is one of the tallest buildings in the world
At first it was named the Standard Oil Building, but when the name of the company changed in 1985 it became the Amoco Building. The building was sold and became the Aon Center in 1999.

Aon Center
The Aon Center is the name of two buildings.

739 Mandeville
739 Mandeville is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Joel Metcalf in 1913. Its provisional name was 1913 QR.

740 Cantabia
740 Cantabia is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Joel Metcalf in 1913. Its provisional name was 1913 QS.

John Hancock Center
John Hancock Center is a skyscraper in Chicago, United States. It is 344 meters (1,127 feet) tall and has 100 floors. It was built in 1969 and is one of the tallest buildings in the world

AT&T Corporate Center
AT&T Corporate Center is a skyscraper in Chicago, United States. It is 307 meters (1,007 feet) tall and has 60 floors. It was built in 1989 and is one of the tallest buildings in the world

Two Prudential Plaza
Two Prudential Plaza is a skyscraper in Chicago, United States. It is 303 meters (995 feet) tall and has 64 floors. It was built in 1990 and is one of the tallest buildings in the world

Noam Pikelny
Noam Pikelny is a United States banjo player and singer-songwriter, famous as a member of Leftover Salmon and Punch Brothers.

Gabe Witcher
Gabe Witcher is a United States fiddle player and singer-songwriter, famous as a member of Punch Brothers. Witcher has also toured with artists such as Jerry Douglas.

311 South Wacker Drive
311 South Wacker Drive is a skyscraper in Chicago, United States. It is 293 meters (961 feet) tall and has 65 floors. It was built in 1990 and is one of the tallest buildings in the world

900 North Michigan
900 North Michigan is a skyscraper in Chicago, United States. It is 265 meters (871 feet) tall and has 66 floors. It was built in 1989 and is one of the tallest buildings in the world

Bryan Sutton
Bryan Sutton is a United States guitarist. He has performed or recorded with artists such as Ricky Skaggs, Dixie Chicks, Jerry Douglas, Sam Bush, Béla Fleck, Hot Rize, Chris Thile, Tony Rice.

Water Tower Place
Water Tower Place is a skyscraper in Chicago, United States. It is 262 meters (859 feet) tall and has 74 floors. It was built in 1976 and is one of the tallest buildings in the world

Chase Tower
Chase Tower is the name of two buildings.

Park Tower
Park Tower is a skyscraper in Chicago, United States. It is 257 meters (844 feet) tall and has 67 floors. It was built in 2000 and is one of the tallest buildings in the world

Toltec
Toltec is used by historians in different ways. It is either used to refer to certain people that lived in what is Mexico today, before Christopher Columbus came there. Some scholars also use the word to refer to the people that later developed into the Aztec civilisation. These people are only known from Aztec stories. It is not known if they actually formed one people or not.

Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari
Abi Ja'far Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari (838-923 أبي جعفر محمد بن جرير الطبري) was one of the earliest, most important and famous Persian historians and explainers of the Qur'an, most famous for his "Tarikh al-Tabari" ("History of the Prophets and Kings") and "Tafsir al-Tabari".
Name.
Tabari (Persian: طبری), Abu Jafar Muhammad ibn Jarir at-Tabari, His name means "father of Jafar, named after the Prophet Muhammad, son of Jarir, from the province of Tabaristan".
Biography.
He was born in Amol, Tabaristan some twenty kilometres south of the Caspian Sea) in the winter of 838-9. He was precocious He left home to study in A.H. 236 (850-1) when he was twelve. He retained close ties to his home town. He did return at least twice, the last time in A.H. 290 (903) when his outspokenness caused some uneasiness and led to his quick departure.

Basilica
A basilica is a large, important church. The word can also be used for an Ancient Roman building that was used for law and meetings. The word "basilica" is Latin which was taken from the Greek "Basiliké Stoà".
Ancient Rome.
A Roman basilica was a large hall built for meetings, business and law. A Roman basilica usually had the doors at the long sides of the building. At each end was a semi-circular part where the judges sat. The building usually had two rows of columns, which made a high central part and a lower aisle on either side. The light came in from windows above the columns. As the Roman Empire spread, every city had a basilica.
Early Christian basilicas.
Early in the 4th century AD (300s), the Roman Emperor Constantine made Christianity the legal religion of the Roman Empire. The Christians who had been worshipping secretly in private houses now wanted to build churches. They didn't want the churches to look the same as Roman Temples. They built them to look more like Roman Basilicas. A basilica was a good plan for a Christian church because lots of people could fit inside, and the aisles were useful for people to move around. The semi-circular part at one end, the "apse", was just right to put the altar. Christian basilicas usually have the door at one end, rather than at the side. In front of the door there was often a courtyard called an "atrium". Most of these atriums have gone, but churches often have a town square or a market place in front of them.
Some of the oldest Early Christian basilicas were four that were begun in Rome by the Emperor Constantine. Three of them are still standing, but they have had many changes in the last 1,700 years. These are the basilicas of "Santa Maria Maggiore", "St. John Lateran" and "St. Paul's outside the Walls". The fourth basilica was Old St. Peter's" which was replaced in the 16th and 17th centuries by the present St. Peter's Basilica. Other Early Christian Basilicas were built in Greece and the Holy Land.
Present-day basilicas.
Some basilicas are called "Ancient Basilicas". These have been called basilicas since Early Christian or Medieval times. It is their traditional name. Ancient Basilicas include "the Church of the Holy Sepulchre" in Jerusalem, "the Basilica of San Vitale" in Ravenna and "the Basilica of San Lorenzo" in Rome. The four other "ancient basilicas" of Rome are called the "Major Basilicas". Each "Major Basilica" has a throne for the pope and an altar that is specially for the pope to celebrate mass. No-one else can use that altar without the pope's permission. All the other basilicas are called "Minor Basilicas".
Nowadays, for a church to be called a "Minor Basilica", it has to be given some special privileges or rights by the pope in a document callled a "Papal Brief". When a church has been made a basilica, the clergy then carry some special symbols when they are in procession. There are more than 1,400 basilicas in the world.
Ancient basilicas.
Many churches are given the name "basilica" to show that they are special in some way. There are a very few ancient basilicas that were built on a place that was associated with Jesus. They are thought of as some of the holiest Christian sites in the world. These include "the Basilica of the Annunciation" in Nazareth, "the Basilica of All Nations" where Jesus prayed on the Mount of Olives and "the Basilica of the Holy Sepulchre" in Jerusalem. "The Basilica of the Holy Sepulchre" is very unusual because the church is shared by the Catholic and Orthodox Churches.
Martyrs.
Other ancient basilicas are places where a saint was martyred (put to death). One of these is "the Basilica of Saint Stephen", the first Christian Martyr, which is also in Jerusalem. There are many ancient basilicas which were built on the place where a saint was buried. In Rome there are many basilicas like this, because Rome was a very big city, with many Christian people. The Emperors thought Christianity was dangerous to them, because Christians put the rules of Jesus before the law of the Emperor. Many Christians were martyred. When Christianity became legal, churches were built over the graves of martyrs. These churches often became known as basilicas, because they were in the shape of a Roman basilica. Basilicas built over tombs of martyrs include "Sant'Agnese outside the Walls", "San Lorenzo outside the Walls", and "St. Paul's outside the Walls". The words "outside the walls" mean that the burial place of the saint was outside the walls of the city.
Relics.
Some basilicas are famous because they have the "relics" (or bones or perhaps a body part) of a saint who did not die there and was not buried there. This can often mean that the body was stolen from the original place, because the people thought that owning a saint's body would bring good luck. In some ways this was true. If a church owned the body of an important saint, then many people would come on pilgrimage and would give money and gifts to the church. Basilicas that have stolen bodies include "St. Mark's", Venice, "St. Nicholas of Bari", also in Italy, and "the Basilica of St. Mary Magdalene" in Vezelay, France. Not all relics are bodies. Basilicas may also hold a famous object like a piece of the True Cross, or the belt worn by the Virgin Mary. People often ask whether all these precious relics are real. The Roman Catholic Church does not get into arguments about trying to prove whether the pieces of the Cross, the body parts and other things are real. Sometimes the relic is known to be real. Sometimes there is no way to prove it, either way.
Saints.
Other basilicas are churches that were built by a famous saint, were used by a famous saint, or were built to honour the saint, who did not die as a martyr but lived a very holy life. Two of the most famous basilicas of this sort are "the Basilica of St. Francis of Assisi" and "the Basilica of St. Anthony of Padua". Many thousands of pilgrims go to these churches every day to remember two saints who were gentle, humble and taught people to live better lives.
Signs and Miracles=== .
Some basilicas are built because a miracle or special sign took place. The sign might be a vision. "The Basilica of Lourdes" in France is built at the place where a girl who is now called St. Bernadette had a vision of the Virgin Mary. The basilica at Lourdes is one of the most important pilgrimage places in France. Sometimes the sign is not so strange as a vision. In the Philippines, "the Basilica del Santo Niño" was built at the place where a partly burnt box was found in 1565. It contained a little statue of the Christ Child and had been left behind by some Spanish or Portuguese explorers many years earlier. "Santo Niño" means "Holy Child" in Spanish.
Major basilicas.
The four great Basilicas of Rome, as well as having a seat and an altar for the pope, have a "Holy Door" which is only opened for special occasions such as a Jubilee Year.

Middle-earth locations
This article is about the fictional locations, landscapes, mountains, rivers etc. from J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth universe.
Beleriand.
Beleriand was a large region in northwestern Middle-earth until the end of the First Age. Beleriand lies between the sea in the west and south, and the Blue Mountains in the east.
At the end of the First Age, Beleriand is destroyed and covered by the sea.
Eriador.
Eriador is a large region in Middle-earth. Is lies between the Blue Mountains in the west, the Misty Mountains in the east, the Ice-bay of Forochel in the north, and the rivers Glanduin and Greyflood in the south.
In the earlier part of the Third Age much of Eriador was part of the kingdom of Arnor. Apart from Arnor, other settlements in Eriador of the Third Age were Rivendell, Breeland and the Shire.
Rhovanion.
Rhovanion or Wilderland is a large region in Middle-earth. It lies east of the Misty Mountains and south of the Grey Mountains and the Iron Hills. The river Anduin flows through it from the Grey Mountains to the Emyn Muil. A big part of Rhovanion is covered by the forest of Mirkwood.
Rhûn.
Rhûn is a large region in Middle-earth. It is the lands east of Rhovanion, and around the Sea of Rhûn.
Harad.
Harad or Haradwaith is the name for the lands south of Gondor and Mordor. The coasts of Harad were settled by the "Black Númenóreans". The peoples living in Harad were often influenced by Sauron and made war with the western realms. In the Fourth Age the Reunited Kingdom of Arnor and Gondor made peace with Harad. In Harad also lived the elephant-like "mûmakil" (or oliphaunts).
Ered Luin.
The Ered Luin (Sindarin: Blue Mountains), also known as Ered Lindon, are a mountain range in the far west of Eriador. Until the end of the First Age, the Ered Luin separated Beleriand and Eriador. In the middle of the mountain range is a gap, creating the Gulf of Lhûn/Lune, where the Grey Havens lie.
Ered Mithrin.
The Ered Mithrin (Sindarin: Grey Mountains) is mountain range to the north of Rhovanion. At the western end of the Grey Mountains is Mount Gundabad of the Misty Mountains, east of it lie the Iron Hills.
Ered Nimrais.
The Ered Nimrais (Sindarin: "Whitehorn Mountains") or White Mountains are a mountain range, which lies between Gondor in the south and Rohan in the north. In its western part the White Mountains are separated from the Misty Mountains by the "Gap of Rohan", near which lies the valley of Helm's Deep. Through the Mountains ran the "Paths of the Dead". The easternmost end of the White Mountains is the mountain Mindolluin, on which lies the city of Minas Tirith.
Misty Mountains.
The Misty Mountains (or Sindarin Hithaeglir) are a great mountain range, between Eriador in the west and Rhovanion in the east. At the southern end of the Misty Mountains lies Isengard, at the northern end Mount Gundabad. Under the Misty Mountains lies the old dwarven city Khazad-dûm.
Mount Doom.
Mount Doom (Sindarin: Amon Amarth) or Orodruin (Sindarin: "fiery mountain") is a volcano in northeastern Mordor. Inside the volcano are the Sammath Naur (or Cracks of Doom) where Sauron made the One Ring, and which is the only place where the Ring can be destroyed.
Weathertop.
Weathertop (Sindarin Amon Sûl, "Hill of Wind") is a hill in Eriador; it is the southernmost and highest summit of the Weather Hills. The Weather Hills lie next to the Great East Road, about halfway between the Shire and Rivendell.
On Weathertop was the Tower of Amon Sûl, a watch-tower built by the kingdom of Arnor. Oneof the "palantíri" was kept in the Tower. In T.A. 1409 the Tower was destroyed, and only ruins were left. In October T.A. 3018, Aragorn and the hobbits camped on Weathertop and were attacked by the Ringwraiths; Frodo Baggins was wounded by a Morgul-blade.
Anduin.
The Anduin is the largest river in Middle-earth. It comes out of the Grey Mountains and flows through Rhovanion and the Emyn Muil. There it goes through the rapids of Sarn Gebir and over the Falls of Rauros. After that it flows between the White Mountains and the Mountains of Shadow. It flows into the sea in a broad river delta.
Bruinen.
Bruinen or Loudwater was a river in Eriador. It began in the Misty Mountains, and flowed south, through the valley of Rivendell, and into the river Mitheithel.
Baranduin.
The Baranduin or Brandywine River is a river in Eriador. It begins out of Lake Evendim in northern Eriador, and flows south. It flows through the Shire, and at last into the sea.
Arnor.
Arnor was a human realm in Eriador. It was founded by Elendil and his people, who survived the Fall of Númenor towards the end of the Second Age. The peoples living in Arnor were the descendants of the Númenorean survivors, and the indigenous human peoples who had lived there before. The capital of Arnor was the city Annúminas on the shores of Lake Evendim in northern Eriador. Elendil became the first King of Arnor; after his death, his older son Isildur became King.
After the death of the tenth king, Eärendur, in T.A. 861, his three sons split Arnor into three new lands, one for each of them: Arthedain in the west, Cardolan in the south, and Rhudaur in the north. With time, all three countries were destroyed in wars against the northern land Angmar.
After the War of the Ring, the land again became part of the Reunited Kingdom of Arnor and Gondor, ruled by King Elessar Telcontar and his descentants.
Breeland.
Breeland is a small region in Eriador, which lies around the Breehill. It has four villages: Bree (the biggest), Archet, Combe and Staddle. The peoples living in the villages of Breeland are Men and Hobbits; it is the only place where both people live together. The only other place inhabited by Hobbits is the Shire.
Bree lies at the meeting point of two large roads, the Great East Road and the North-South Road, which made it an important centre of trade and travel.
Esgaroth.
Esgaroth or Lake-town or is a town in the northeast of Rhovanion. It is built at the Long Lake, south of the Lonely Mountain and east of Mirkwood. It was destroyed by the dragon Smaug, but was rebuilt.
Erebor.
The Lonely Mountain or Sindarin Erebor is a mountain in the northeast of Rhovanion. When the dwarves had to leave their ancient home Khazad-dûm, it became the new home of Durin's folk. They were led by Thráin I, who became "King under the Mountain". Later Erebor was attacked by the dragon Smaug, and the dwarves had to flee again. In the story told in "The Hobbit", the dragon Smaug is killed and the dwarves again return to the Lonely Mountain. Dáin II Ironfoot becomes new King under the Mountain.
Gondor.
Gondor was a human realm in southeastern Middle-earth. It was founded by the brothers Isildur and Anárion and their people, who had survived the Fall of Númenor towards the end of the Second Age.
In the later part of the Third Age, Gondor was between the sea in the south, the Mountains of Shadow in the east, and the White Mountains in the north; in earlier times the land of Gondor reached further north. The city Osgiliath, built over the river Anduin, became the capital of Gondor. Isildur also founded the city Minas Ithil east of the Anduin, and his brother Anárion founded the city Minas Anor west of the Anduin on the mountain Mindolluin.
Gondor had several regions. Ithilien lies in the east, between the river Anduin in the west and the Mountains of Shadow in the east. Anórien was a small land north of the White Mountains, between the river Anduin in the east and Rohan in the west. Calenardhon was the land north of the White Mountains, which later became Rohan in the 26th century T.A. Enedwaith was northwest of the White Mountains, which was mostly abandoned in the later part of the Third Age. Between the coast and the White Mountains were several regions, from the west to the Anduin in the east. Near the seashore in the south were the regions Anfalas, Belfalas, Dor-en-Ernil, Lebennin, and Lossarnach. Along the Mountains in the north were the Morthond Vale, Lamedon, and the Ringló Vale. Southeast of the Anduin was the region South Gondor.
After the "War of the Last Alliance of Elves and Men" against Sauron, Isildur left to rule the northern kingdom Arnor, while the son of Anárion stayed to rule Gondor.
In the 15th century there was a great civil war, the city Osgiliath was destroyed, and Minas Anor became the new capital.
During the time of the rule of King Eärnur, the Ringwraiths captured Minas Ithil, and it was renamed Minas Morgul. Minas Anor was renamed Minas Tirith ("Tower of Guard"). Both cities were in a constant state of war, much of the action taking place around or in the former capital of Osgiliath. During the War of the Ring, Gondorian-controlled Western Osgiliath fell to Mordor, allowing Sauron to attack Minas Tirith. The Orcs attacked the city, but the coming of the Rohirrim forced them to stop, allowing the defenders to charge the enemy. The Battle of the Pelennor Fields was won by the Men of Gondor and Rohan.
The last King, Eärnur, disappeared in 2050 of the Third Age. After this Gondor was ruled by the "Stewards of Gondor" instead of a king until the end of the Third Age.
After the War of the Ring, the land became part of the Reunited Kingdom of Arnor and Gondor, ruled by King Elessar Telcontar and his descentants.
Great East Road.
The Great East Road is an ancient Dwarven road, which ran from western Beleriand, over the Ered Luin, through the Shire, to the Misty Mountains, and to the dwarven lands in the east.
Helm's Deep.
Helm's Deep was a deep valley on the north side of the western part of the White Mountains, south to the "Gap of Rohan". The valley was blocked by a natural series of hills called Helm's Dike. Behind this lay a fortress: the Hornburg. At the end of the valley lies the entrance to the Glittering Caves.
Isengard.
Isengard is a fortress at the southern end of the Misty Mountains. It is a small valley inside a ring-shaped wall, the Ring of Isengard, and in its middle is a tall black tower, Orthanc.
It belonged to Gondor, but in the 28th century it was given to Saruman. In the War of the Ring the Ents destroyed the ring-wall. After the War, the tower Orthanc was given back to King Elessar and the Reunited Kingdom.
Khazad-dûm.
Khazad-dûm was the ancient home of the Dwarves under the Misty Mountains. It was a great underground city and mines. It was the only place in Middle-earth where the precious metal "mithril" could be found, which made the dwarves very rich.
Khazad-dûm was founded by Durin the Deathless early in the First Age, long before the rise of the Sun and Moon.
In the Third Age the dwarves woke a Balrog deep in the mines of Khazad-dûm. The Balrog killed King Durin VI and many Dwarves, and the surviving Dwarves had to flee and left for other places. Khazad-dûm got a new name, Moria, which is Sindarin for "dark pit".
Lothlórien.
Lothlórien was an elven realm, between the Misty Mountains and the Anduin. It lay on the land between the rivers Anduin and Silverlode, close to the dwarven realm Khazad-dûm. Lothlórien was founded in the Second Age, and Amdír became the first King. The elves of Lothlórien fought in the War of the Last Alliance of Elves and Men against Sauron. In the war Amdír was killed, and his son Amroth became king after him, but Amroth later left Lothlórien. Since then until the end of the Third Age it was ruled by Lord Celeborn and Lady Galadriel. Caras Galadhon was the main city of Lothlórien. Other names of Lothlórien are the shortened form Lórien, and the names Laurelindórenan, Dwimordene (Rohirric), or The Golden Wood.
Mordor.
Mordor (Sindarin: "Black Land" and Quenya: "Land of Shadow") is a land in the southeastern part of Middle-earth, east of the Anduin. It is the land of Sauron in the Second and Third Age.
Mordor is surrounded by mountain ranges: the Ered Lithui (Sindarin: "Mountains of Ash") in the north, the Ephel Dúath (Sindarin: Mountains of Shadow) in the west and another mountain range in the south. At the foothills of the Ered Lithui in northwestern Mordor was Sauron's main fortress Barad-dûr. Southwest of Barad-dûr lay the volcano Mount Doom.
Great parts of Mordor are a wasteland. The southern part of Mordor, around the Sea of Núrnen was more fertile and used as farmland, to produce food for Sauron's armies.
North-South Road.
The North-South Road is a long road runnig from the realm of Arnor in the north to Gondor in the south. The road began in the city Fornost Erain, the capital of Arthedain, crossed the Great East Road at Bree, and ran further to the southern end of the Misty Mountains. There the road turned east, towards the cities Minas Tirith, to Osgiliath, and endend at Minas Ithil.
A part of the road south of Bree is also known as the Greenway.
Rivendell.
Rivendell (Sindarin: Imladris) was an elven city in eastern Eriador. It was founded in the Second Age by Elrond, who ruled it until the end of the Third Age.
Rohan.
Rohan or the Riddermark (or short The Mark) was a human realm in southeastern Middle-earth, north of Gondor. Rohan lay north of the White Mountains, southeast of Isengard and southwest of the Emyn Muil. Originally it was a part of Gondor, and named Calenardhon.
But because of the plague in 1636 T.A. and the later wars, Calenardhon was mostly empty and very few people lived there. In 2509 T.A. the Rohirrim came south from the north, to help Gondor fight against a combined invasion of Men from the north-east and Orcs from Mordor. The Rohirrim helped Gondor win the "Battle of the Field of Celebrant" and the war. As a reward, Steward Cirion of Gondor gave the land Calenardhon to the Rohirrim. The King of the Rohirrim, Eorl the Young, swore the "Oath of Eorl": that Rohan would come and help Gondor, if it needed help in its wars. Afterwards, the people of the Rohirrim moved into their new land, which they named the "Riddermark" or just "The Mark". Gondor called the land "Rohan" (Sindarin: "Land of the Horse-lords").
The Shire.
The Shire is a land in Eriador. It is settled by Hobbits. Its name in Westron was Sûza "Shire" or Sûzat "The Shire". Its name in Sindarin was i Drann.
The Shire was settled by the Hobbits in the 24th century of the Third Age. It is divided into four "Farthings": the North-, West-, South- and Eastfarthing. The leaders of the Shire were "the Mayor" of Michel Delving, "the Thain" from Tuckborough and "the Master of Buckland".
Númenor.
Númenor was a huge star-shaped island west of Middle-earth in the Second Age. At the beginning of the Age it was given to the human peoples who had helped the elves in the wars against Morgoth. In the middle of the island was the mountain Meneltarma, which was a holy place for the Númenoreans. Númenor was divided into six regions, one in each "star-arm" and one in the middle. The regions were Forostar ("Northlands"), Andustar ("Westlands"), Hyarnustar ("Southwestlands"), Hyarrostar ("Southeastlands"), Orrostar ("Eastlands"), and the central region Mittalmar ("Inlands").
In eastern Mittalmar was the region Arandor ("Kingsland"), with the capital city Armenelos, and the haven Rómenna.
Their first king was Elros Tar-Minyatur, brother of Elrond. Númenor became the most powerful nation of Men. But later many Númenoreans, including their kings, became power-hungry and became enemies of the elves. Towards the end of the Second Age, when it was ruled by King Ar-Pharazôn the Golden, Númenor was destroyed and sank in the sea, similar to the legendary Atlantis. Only a group of Númenoreans led by Elendil, the "Elendili" ("Elf-friends") or "the Faithful", could escape the destruction of Númenor and came to Middle-earth, where they founded the realms Arnor and Gondor. The "Akallabêth" is the story of Númenor's history and downfall.
Some of the many names of Númenor were "Westernesse", "Númenórë" (Quenya, the long form of "Númenor") and "Anadûnê" (Adûnaic), both meaning "West-land"; "Andor" (Quenya) and "Yôzâyan" (Adûnaic), which both mean "the Land of the Gift". Later it was also called "Atalantë" (Quenya) and "Akallabêth" (Adûnaic), both meaning "the Downfallen".

Anjali Das
Anjali Das (Bengali: অঞ্জলি দাশ, born in Bagerhat, Khulna in 1957) is an Indian poet. She writes using the Bengali language.

Parliamentary system
A parliamentary system of government means that the executive branch of government must have the direct or indirect support of the parliament. This support is usually shown by a vote of confidence. The relationship between the executive and the legislature in a parliamentary system is called responsible government.
The separation of powers between the executive and law making branches, is not as obvious as it is in a presidential system, so there are different ways of balancing powers between the three branches which govern the country (the executive (or ministers), the law makers and the judges).
Parliamentary systems usually have a "head of government" and a "head of state". The head of government is the prime minister, and the head of state often being an elected (either popularly or through parliament) president or hereditary monarch.

Political asylum
Someone may ask for a political asylum when it is frightened to live in his own country. He then will go to another country. If he is allowed to live in the new country this is called "political asylum".
The political asylum is one of the human rights, and a rules of international law. All countries who have agreed to the "United Nations Conventions Relating to the Status of Refugees" must let people, who do qualify, come into their country.
People who are given political asylum are called refugees. They are often confused with "economic refugees". Economic refugees are people who move from a poor country to a richer one so that they may work and make more money, often to send back to their families. Economic refugees are often an easy target for some politicians and newspapers who say that economic refugees take jobs from people who live in the host country. These politicians and newspapers do not show that there is a difference between economic refugees, who "want" live in another country to make money, and political refugees who "must" live in another country to be safer.

Neuendorf-Sachsenbande
Neuendorf-Sachsenbande is a municipality in Wilstermarsch, in the district of Steinburg, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. The municipality has an area of. On 31 December 2006, the population was 493. The town is has the lowest point in Germany, which is below sea level.
History.
The town was made on April 15, 2003, when the municipalities of "Neuendorf bei Wilster", "Sachsenbande", and "Bredensee" were all joined together.

Gießen Government Region
Gießen is one of the three Regierungsbezirke of Hesse, Germany. It is in the middle of the state.

Cecilia Cheung
Cecilia Cheung is a Hong Kong-born Australian actress and C-pop singer. She is wife of Nicholas Tse and daughter-in-law of Patrick Tse and Deborah Lee. She and Nicholas have a son Lucas.
Biography.
Cheung was born in Hong Kong to a Chinese father and a Chinese-British mother. Her parents divorced when she was just a child, after which she was sent to Australia to live with her aunt. Cheung has an elder half-sister, two younger brothers and a younger half-brother from her father's side of the family.
In 1998, while helping a hair stylist friend at a catwalk show, she was offered to appear in a TV CM advertising lemon tea. Later, Cheung made her movie debut as a young nightclub hostess in Stephen Chow's "King of Comedy" in 1999, followed soon after by "Fly Me to Polaris". Her role in "Fly Me to Polaris" got her the award for Best Newcomer at the Hong Kong Film Awards. In the same year, Cheung launched her singing career with her first C-pop album "Any Weather".
For Derek Yee's romance-drama "Lost in Time (movie)" (2003), Cheung won the Best Actress award at the Hong Kong Film Awards. She played a young woman who lost her fiancé in a traffic accident which left her as a grieving single mother struggling to make ends meet.
Cheung has been linked to Hong Kong singer-actor Edison Chen and has also dated another Hong Kong singer-actor Daniel Chan. She then dated Nicholas Tse in early 2002, but they split up late that year. Later she was rumored to have dated a younger Lu Siyuan before the relationship ended in 2003. Cheung suffered serious depression and eating disorder after the break up.
Cheung and Tse were first reported to be "getting back together" in early 2006 and on July 31 that year, Tse officially admitted dating Cheung in an interview with Commercial Radio Hong Kong 881/903. In September the same year, Tse showed off his wedding ring at the Hong Kong International Airport, announcing he and Cheung had been married in a secret wedding ceremony in the Philippines.
On 8 January 2007 episode of TVB's "Entertainment Scoop (東張西望)", Cheung was publicly confirmed by Nicholas' father, Patrick Tse to be approximately three months pregnant with the couple's first child. A March episode of "Entertainment Scoop (東張西望)" said that their child is due in August. It is confirmed by Nicholas Tse that she is expecting a baby boy.
On 2 August, it was reported that Cheung and Tse were both in the maternity ward awaiting for their child to be born. However no specific photo was enclosed with such report. The very next day, Cecilia gave birth to a baby boy named Lucas.
2008 Edison Chen Photo scandal.
In January and February 2008 many explicit photos were found online involving Cecilia Cheung and Edison Chen. The scandal also involved Gillian Chung and Bobo Chan.

Gießen Rural District
Gießen () is a "Kreis" (district) in the middle of Hesse, Germany.

Marburg-Biedenkopf Rural District
Marburg-Biedenkopf is a "Landkreis" (district) in the west of Hesse, Germany.
History.
The district was created in 1974 when the districts Marburg, Biedenkopf and the former urban district of Marburg were merged. The urban district is now a "town with special status" inside the district.
The district has partnerships with Huntingdonshire in the United Kingdom, the borough of Charlottenburg in Berlin, and the district of Kościerzyna in Poland.
Geography.
The main river in the district is the Lahn.

Lahn-Dill-Kreis Rural District
Lahn-Dill is a "Kreis" (district) in the west of Hesse, Germany.
History.
In 1977 the district Gießen was merged with the districts Wetzlar and Dillkreis to the new Lahn-Dill-Kreis. However this big district wasn't popular, so in 1979 Giessen was split from it.
Geography.
The main rivers of the district are the Lahn and the Dill, which also gave it the name.

Vogelsbergkreis Rural District
The Vogelsbergkreis is a "Kreis" (district) in the middle of Hesse, Germany.
History.
The district was created in 1972 by merging the former districts Alsfeld and Lauterbach.
Geography.
The main feature of the district is the Vogelsberg, an extinct volcano, last active 7 million years ago.

5-1-1
5-1-1 is a special telephone number in the United States and some parts of Canada. It is made to be easy to remember. People can dial the number on a landline phone or on a mobile phone to get information about traffic and travel.
History.
In March 2001, there were more than three hundred phone numbers about traffic and travel. This was confusing to many people, because so many numbers existed, or were there, for the same thing. To fix this, the United States Department of Transportation (called the USDOT) asked the Federal Communications Commission (called the FCC) for a special N11 code. On July 21, 2000, the FCC made 5-1-1 the national telephone number for travel information.

6-1-1
6-1-1 is a special telephone number in the United States and Canada. It is the number to call for phone service customers when there is a problem with phones in an area, or when a payphone is not working properly. Many mobile phone service providers use 6-1-1 as a customer service number.
The Federal Communications Commission did not officially decide that the 6-1-1 number should be used for this. They decided to let it stay because it had already been accepted, or chosen, by the North America Numbering Plan.

Fulda
Fulda () is a city in Hesse, Germany; it is located on the Fulda River and is the administrative seat of the Fulda district ("Kreis").
Early Middle Ages.
The Benedictine monastery of Fulda was founded in 744 by Saint Sturm, a disciple of Saint Boniface, when Boniface was reorganising the church in Germany.
﻿From its foundation, the abbey Fulda and its territory was subject only to the German emperor, not to the control of the local lords. Fulda was made a bishopric in 1752 and the prince-abbots were given the additional title of prince-bishop. The prince-abbots (and later prince-bishops) ruled Fulda and the surrounding region until the bishopric was forcibly dissolved by Napoleon in 1802.
From 1764 until 1789 Fulda had a porcelain factory. Because of its quality and rarity, it is much prized by collectors. The factory was begun under Prince-Bishop, Prince-Abbot Heinrich von Bibra and closed down shortly after his death by his successor, Prince-Bishop, Prince-Abbot Adalbert von Harstall.

Fulda Rural District
Fulda () is a "Kreis" (district) in the north-east of Hesse, Germany.
History.
The district was created in 1821, when the duchy of Fulda became a province of Hesse, and was split into four districts. The last change to the district was in 1975, when the Hünfeld district was added to the district.

Kassel Government Region
Kassel is one of the three Regierungsbezirke of Hesse, Germany, located in the north of the country. It was created in 1866 when Prussia took over the area to form the new province Hesse-Nassau. Altogether it consists of 138 municipalities.

Kassel Rural District
Kassel is a "Landkreis" (Rural District) in the north of Hesse, Germany. The district-free city Kassel is nearly completely surrounded by the district.
History.
1972 the previous districts of Kassel, Hofgeismar and Wolfhagen were joined to form the newly established district of Kassel.

Transvaal
The Transvaal (lit. "beyond the Vaal [pale river]") is the name of an area of northern South Africa. At the start, it made up a great part of the independent Boer South African Republic. After the Anglo-Boer War of 1899-1902 it became the Transvaal Colony. It is one of the original provinces of the Union of South Africa from 1910 until 1994 with capital in Pretoria. The province no longer exists, and its territory now forms the provinces of Gauteng, Limpopo and Mpumalanga and part of the North West Province. Even though it no longer exists as an administrative unit, the Transvaal is still a commonly used geographical term and retains its historical meaning.

Chishima Islands
The Chishima Islands(Ja: 千島列島 Ru: Kuril Islands）are a group of islands (archipelago) between Russia and Japan. The northern islands are a part of Russia and the southern islands are a part of Japan. Both countries say that they own four of the islands in the middle of the group.
Japan is asking for return of Etorofu, Kunashiri, Shikotan and Habomai shoto. They say that these islands are being illegally held by Russia. Several political parties in Japan are asking for return of all Chishima Islands. Russia has said that it would return Shikotan and Habomai shoto in 1956 but Japan did not agree to this agreement because it would mean the United States would keep the island of Okinawa.
Little Kuril.
Japan does not say these are a part of the Chishima Islands
See also.
Chishima Islands dispute

Botnet
A Botnet (short for robot network) is a word which is sometimes used by Computer scientists. Botnets are made up of many software agents. Each software agent is controlled remotely.
Such networks are often used to send E-Mail Spam, but they can also be used to attack (and bring down) a computer through Denial of Service attacks, amongst others.

741 Botolphia
741 Botolphia is a minor planet orbiting the Sun, found by Joel Hastings Metcalf on February 10, 1913 from Winchester. It is named after Saint Botolph, the semi-legendary founder of a 7th century monastery that would become the town of Boston, Lincolnshire, England.

742 Edisona
742 Edisona is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Franz Kaiser in 1913. Its provisional name was 1913 QU.

Baroque (band)
Baroque was a visual rock band. Although all members of Baroque were men, they dressed up when they performed in concert. At their concerts, their received much criticism and so the band broke up.

Luna Lovegood
Luna Lovegood is a fictional character in the Harry Potter series, written by J. K. Rowling. She's Ravenclaw and her first appearance in the movies and the books is in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix.
He's daughter of Xenophilius Lovegood, and live next to the Weasley's house, in a black tower.

Michael Bloomberg
Michael Bloomberg (born February 14, 1942) is an American businessman and politician. He is the current mayor of New York City.

Umpire
An umpire is someone who makes sure all of the rules are followed and that no one cheats games such as Major League Baseball, tennis, and cricket.
Umpires officiates the game, including beginning and ending the game, enforcing the rules of the game and the grounds, making judgment calls on plays, and meeting out discipline.

Linda Lingle
Linda Lingle (born Linda Cutter on June 4, 1953) is the current governor of Hawaii. She is a republican.

743 Eugenisis
743 Eugenisis is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Franz Kaiser in 1913. Its provisional name was 1913 QV.

Gackt
Gackt M.S. Camui (real name 神威 楽斗 Kamui Gakuto) is a Japanese musician, songwriter and actor. The "M.S." stands for Mobile Suite, a reference to "Gundam". Usually referred to by his stage name Gackt, he is best known for his work with Malice Mizer and his following career as a solo artist. Besides Japanese language, he has performed in English, Korean, Cantonese and Mandarin.
Early life.
Gackt was born in Okinawa, Japan on 4 July. Although he claims to be born in the year 1540, there has been speculation that he was born in 1973. As the second of three children, with an older sister and a younger brother. His father and mother were music teachers who played various instruments with his father primarily playing the trumpet. According to his autobiography, he was a mischievous child and enjoyed taking risks; at age seven he nearly drowned while swimming off the coast of Okinawa. After this near-death experience, he claimed to have the ability to see and speak with the deceased, a notion which was dismissed by his parents. At the age of ten, Gackt was hospitalized with a gastrointestinal tract and had to remain at the hospital for a prolonged time. He made the acquaintance of several terminally ill children, some of whom died during his stay.
Gackt's musical education began at age three, when his parents initiated his classical piano education, of which he grew tired four years later. It would take another four years until his parents allowed him to quit. Competition with a friend lead to Gackt taking back up the piano, and he was later encouraged to learn other various instruments, especially those used in a rock band, throughout the rest of his time in school.
Malice Mizer.
In 1995, Gackt joined Malice Mizer as the group's vocalist, lyricist and pianist. Fan base and record sales grew substantially over the following years. Malice Mizer released two albums with Gackt ("Voyage ~Sans Retour~" and "Merveilles") along with seven singles. According to Gackt, when he began taking on more roles in the band, he was asked to leave the group. However, the other members of the band say that this is not true and that Gackt simply "disappeared" after waiting for him once their break was over.
Solo career.
Gackt began his solo career on 12 May 1999 with the release "Mizerable". Several albums, singles and videos have since followed. He has also done voice acting and motion capturing and co-wrote and co-starred in the 2003 movie "Moon Child", which also stars Hyde (vocalist of L'Arc~en~Ciel) and Wang Lee Hom (Taiwanese-American actor-singer). Also in 2003, Gackt published his autobiography titled "Jihaku" and for Caparison Guitars, he has designed two guitars, named "Marcury" and "Venus".
Since 7 January 2007, Gackt has been playing the warlord Uesugi Kenshin in the TV drama "Fūrinkazan" Gackt's most recent solo release is the single "Returner ~Yami no Shuuen~", released on June 20, 2007, which was the first in the artist's career (both solo and in a band) to reach the number one spot on the Japanese Oricon charts.. Gackt was also the voice actor for Malthazar in the Japanese release of the film "Arthur and the Minimoys".
On 19 December, Gackt released an album titled "0079-0088" containing 8 tracks, which had either previously been used on the soundtracks of the "Mobile Suit Zeta Gundam" movies or were covers of earlier songs from the "Gundam" franchise. It was created as a tribute to the creator of "Gundam", Yoshiyuki Tomino, for his birthday.
Skin.
On 25 May 2007, the formation of the supergroup Skin was announced, which also consists of Miyavi, Sugizo and Yoshiki. The group gave its debut performance at the Anime Expo convention in Long Beach, California on 29 June 2007 and plans to release an album. According to a recent blog post by Miyavi, the band has already started recording.

Cebuano
Cebuano is a type of language spoken in the Philippines. About 20,000,000 people speak this language.
Cebuano is a member of the Visayan language family.

744 Aguntina
744 Aguntina is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by J. Rheden in 1913. Its temporary name was 1913 QW.

745 Mauritia
745 Mauritia is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Franz Kaiser in 1913. Its provisional name was 1913 QX.

746 Marlu
746 Marlu is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Franz Kaiser in 1913. Its provisional name was 1913 QY.

747 Winchester
747 Winchester is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt, named after the town in which it was found. It was found by Joel Metcalf in 1913. Its provisional name was 1913 QZ.

Unna
Unna is a town in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is located on the route of an ancient salt-trading route, the Hellweg road.

748 Simeïsa
748 Simeïsa is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Grigory Neujmin in 1913. Its provisional name was 1913 RD.

749 Malzovia
749 Malzovia is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Sergei Beljavskij in 1913. Its provisional name was 1913 RF.

Max Weber (politician)
Max Weber (August 2, 1897 - December 2, 1974) was a Swiss politician.
He was elected to the Swiss Federal Council on December 13, 1951 and handed over office on January 31, 1954. He was member of the Social Democratic Party. During his time in office he held the Department of Finance.

Max Weber (general)
Max Weber (27 August 1824 – 15 June 1901) was a military officer in the armies of Germany and later the United States, most known for serving as a brigadier general in the Union army during the American Civil War.

Oconto County, Wisconsin
Oconto County is a county in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. There were 35,634 people living in Oconto county as of the year 2000. The county seat is Oconto.
Geography.
The county has an area of 1,149 square miles, says the United States Census Bureau.

Niedergösgen
Niedergösgen is a municipality in the district Gösgen in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

Niederwil, Solothurn
Niederwil is a municipality in the district of Lebern in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

Nunningen
Nunningen is a municipality in the district of Thierstein in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

Oberbuchsiten
Oberbuchsiten is a municipality in the district of Gäu in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

Oberdorf, Solothurn
Oberdorf is a municipality in the district of Lebern in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

Obergerlafingen
Obergerlafingen is a municipality in the district Wasseramt in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

Isengard (Norwegian band)
Isengard was the side project of Darkthrone's drummer and poet Fenriz.

Bunker (disambiguation)
A bunker is a defensive military building.

Tom DeLonge
Thomas Matthew DeLonge, Jr. (born December 13, 1975) is an American musician. He was the guitarist of Pop-punk band Blink-182, until their break up in 2005. He also took a part in a project called Box Car Racer. He is currently playing in Angels & Airwaves, his new band.

United States Geological Survey
The United States Geological Survey (USGS) is a science-related agency of the United States government. The agency is a part of the United States Department of the Interior.

Pyroclastic flow
A pyroclastic flow is a common result of volcanic eruptions. The flows are currents of hot gas, or "tefra", during an eruption that sometimes causes rock falls.

Mudflow
A mudflow (commonly known as mudslides) occurs when mud travels down a slope very fast. They happen during rain seasons and volcanic eruptions.

Stuart Duncan
Stuart Duncan (born April 14, 1964) is an American fiddle, banjo, mandolin, and guitar player. In his career, Duncan has recorded with artists such as Dolly Parton, Barbra Streisand, George Strait, Reba McEntire, Bela Fleck, Jerry Douglas, and Chris Thile.

750 Oskar
750 Oskar is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Johann Palisa in 1913. Its provisional name was 1913 RG.

751 Faïna
751 Faïna is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Grigory Neujmin in 1913. Its provisional name was 1913 RK.

Class (programming)
A class is a part of a computer program that a programmer creates to represent a thing in a way that a computer can understand. A class is written in a programming language and a programming language that can be used to write classes is called an Object-oriented programming language. Classes have fields, which represent a quality the thing has, and classes have methods, which represent what a thing can do.
For example, a class could be a car, which could have a color field, four tire fields, and a drive method.
Another, related class could be a truck, which would have similar fields, but not be exactly the same as a car.
Both a car and a truck could be a kind a third class which could be called a vehicle class. In this way, the programmer could create the parts of the program that are the same for both the car and the truck in programming the vehicle class, yet the programmer would be free to program how a car is different from a truck without duplicating all of the programming.
In this example, there are three classes: 1) a class called "car", 2) a class called "pick-up truck", and 3) a class called "vehicle". These classes would be used to make (computer science) object. Although there is only one class called "car", there could be many objects that are created from the class called "car". And, although there is only one class that is called "truck", many objects of type truck could be created from this class. The class, vehicle, is actually general and there would probably not be any objects that were only of the class "vehicle". But a car would be a kind of vehicle and a truck would also be a kind of vehicle. So, you could say that both cars and trucks are from the same class, vehicle.

Loggerhead Sea Turtle
The Loggerhead Sea Turtle, or "Loggerhead", is a type of turtle that lives in the sea. It is from the animal family Cheloniidae. Its other (scientific) name is "Caretta caretta". This name comes from the French word "caret" which means "sea turtle".
Loggerheads live in the seas around the world. Most of the beaches where Loggerheads lay eggs are found on the coasts of the United States in North America (mostly in Florida), Oman in Asia, and Australia in the Pacific Ocean. Some Loggerheads also live near other countries like Chile, Greece, and Indonesia.
How they live.
Loggerheads eat fish, squid, jellyfish, crabs, and other small sea animals. Loggerheads mate while they are moving in the seas mostly from March to June every 2 or 3 years. When they are ready to lay eggs female Loggerheads always come back to the same beach where they came out of their eggs as babies. Most loggerheads lay eggs in June and July. Most lay between 100 and 126 eggs. The eggs look much like ping-pong balls.
When they come out of the eggs baby Loggerheads are called "hatchlings". They are usually come out at night so that other animals, like birds and crabs, do not eat them. The hatchlings follow light from the morning sun to the sea. They swim out to parts of the ocean that have seaweed (plants that grow in the sea) to hide from other animals while they grow.
Most Loggerheads move to warm waters during months that are colder but some hibernate, or sleep for long times, when it is cold. When they are hibernating they can stay under the water for up to seven hours before coming up for air.
Loggerheads live 30 to 50 years or more.
Protecting them from people.
In the past Loggerhead Sea Turtles were hunted by people for meat and for their eggs. Also their fat and shells were used to make medicines, combs, and other things. The number of Loggerheads today is small and so governments in many countries have laws that do not allow them to be hunted anymore.
The main danger for Loggerheads now is the nets used by fishermen which can accidentally kill the turtles. They are also killed by boats, fishing hooks, and other dangers from people.
Today many organizations send people to find Loggerhead nests and protect the eggs. They count many turtles come out of the eggs and take care of any that are sick. These people do not try to help hatchlings that are not sick go to the ocean. The exercise that the hatchlings get from walking to the sea is an important part of their development.

Islamic Golden Age
The Islamic Golden Age, also sometimes known as the Islamic Renaissance, lasted from the 8th century to the 13th century. Some scholars think one should count even the 15th and the 16th centuries to this period.
This period was called "Golden Age", because engineers, scholars and traders in the Islamic world did much for the arts, agriculture, economics, industry, law, literature, navigation, philosophy, sciences, and technology in this time. They built upon earlier traditions and added inventions and innovations of their own. Howard R. Turner writes: "Muslim artists and scientists, princes and laborers together created a unique culture that has directly and indirectly influenced societies on every continent."

Gian Lorenzo Bernini
Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini (1598-1680) (known as Gianlorenzo Bernini) was one of the greatest artists of the Italian Baroque period. He was famous both for his sculpture and his architecture. From 1527, he worked for Pope Urban XIII and then for Pope Alexander VII at St. Peter's Basilica where he designed the famous "piazza" (place) in front of the basilica and many of the most splendid things that are inside.
Bernini's life and work.
Bernini was born in Naples, Italy. He was the son of Pietro Bernini (1562-1629) who was a well known sculptor. When he was about 7 years old, his father took him to Rome.
As a boy and as a young man living in Rome, he saw the works of many famous artists. He saw the famous fresco paintings on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel by Michelangelo, one of the most famous artists of the 1500s. The paintings told the Bible story of Creation. He saw the huge dome of St. Peter's Basilica which Michelangelo designed and the new extension to the building that was being built by Carlo Maderna.
One artist who Bernini knew well was Annibale Carracci who painted scenes on the ceilings of rooms for the pope. The scenes told stories, often Ancient Roman legends. Carracci took Bernini into St. Peter's Basilica. Bernini fell on his knees and decided at that moment that he wanted to make something beautiful and splendid to honour Saint Peter.
Another artist whose work Bernini saw was Caravaggio. Caravaggio's paintings were nothing like Carracci's. Carracci's pictures were bright, lively and colourful. Caravaggio's pictures were dark, sad and often frightening. But looking into Caravaggio's paintings was like looking at something that was really happening while you were watching. The people in Caravaggio's paintings looked as if they could breathe, speak and feel pain.
By the time he was 20, Bernini was a sculptor, carving statues out of marble. He had learnt a lot, not just how to carve marble, which he learnt from his father, but how to make figures that told stories like Carracci's and Michelangelo's and seemed to be alive, like Caravaggio's. An important man in the Roman Catholic Church, Cardinal Scipione Borghese, saw his work and became his patron, paying Bernini to make many beautiful sculptures for him and his family. Soon the cardinal's uncle got to hear about Bernini. He was Pope Urban XIII, the most powerful man in Italy. He asked Bernini to work for him at St. Peter's Basilica. Bernini spent 40 years of his life there, all the time except for a trip to France and shorter visits to other cities.
Bernini's sculpture.
Most sculptures of that time were just of one figure. But Bernini had seen Michelangelo's famous sculpture of the "Pieta" which showed the Virgin Mary grieving over the body of her dead son, Jesus. Bernini made figures that were in groups and told stories. One of his famous groups comes from Roman Mythology. It shows the god, Apollo chasing a beautiful wood nymph (a sort of fairy) that he had fallen in love with. But her father had magic powers and suddenly turned his daughter into a tree. Bernini sculptured the very moment when her toes are turning into roots, her legs are becoming the trunk, and leaves are sprouting out of her hands and long hair. She has her mouth open and a look of horror on her face. No-one had ever tried to carve anything like that in marble before. The thing that is so amazing about Bernini's sculpture is that he has made the flesh, the wood, the leaves and the hair all look so real, even though they are all carved in white stone.
Bernini's most famous sculpture is "St. Theresa in Ecstasy". It tells the story of a saint who had a vision of an angel. Her vision was so beautiful that she fainted. Bernini has sculptured the vision, with St. Theresa lying on a cloud with the laughing angel in front of her. Their robes are blowing around, and it is hard to believe that the whole scene, which is set against a wall, is not really floating. Bernini did not just design the statues. He also designed the walls of the chapel around it, which is like a stage-set, made of beautifully patterned marble. Against another wall, he carved a balcony and several white marble people looking at the scene. They are members of the family that paid for the chapel.
The city of Rome has lots of squares with fountains in them. Pope Alexander wanted to make the city more beautiful, so during his time, more fountains were made. One of the biggest squares in Rome was the Piazza Navona. On one side of the piazza was the church of St. Agnes, built by Borromini. Bernini thought it was an ugly building. He was asked to make the "Fountain of the Rivers" in the square, right outside the church. It has four figures who are symbols of four rivers. Bernini carved one of river-figures looking up at the church and throwing his hands in the air in shock at its ugliness. Borromini was very upset with Bernini's joke, which has been there now for more than 300 years.
Baldacchino and niches.
Bernini's first work at St. Peter's was to design the "baldacchino" which is like a tent or "pavilion" above the High Altar. This amazing thing is 30 metres (98 ft) tall and is probably the largest piece of bronze in the world. It stands underneath Michelangelo's dome and has four huge bronze twisted columns decorated with olive leaves and bees, because bees were the symbol of Pope Urban. Pope Urban had a niece that he loved very much and he got Bernini to put her face and the face of her new-born baby boy on the columns as well.
Holding up the dome of the Basilica were four enormous stone pillars (piers). Bernini had a great idea for the big piers. He had four hollow "niches" carved into them where four huge statues could stand. This sent some people into a panic because they thought the dome would fall down, but it didn't.
The basilica owns some precious relics: a piece of the True Cross of Jesus, a veil that a woman wiped the face of Jesus with, while he was carrying the cross, the spear that was used to pierce Jesus side, and the bones of St. Andrew, the brother of St. Peter. No-one knows for sure whether these things are real or not, but for hundreds of years they have been precious. Bernini's plan was the make four marble statues of the four Holy people: St. Helena who found the cross, St. Longinus who was the soldier with the spear, St Veronica who wiped Jesus' face and St. Andrew. Even though the design is Bernini's, the statues, which are all 5 metres high, were made by four different sculptors. Only St. Longinus is the work of Bernini.
The chair of St. Peter.
Bernini's next job was to make a special throne out of bronze, to hold an ancient wood and ivory throne that had been at the basilica for more than 500 years. It is called the "Cattedra Petri" or "throne of St. Peter". The bronze throne, with the old wooden throne inside it, is held up high at the end of the basilica, by four important saints who are called "Doctors of the Church" because they were all great writers and teachers. The statues are made of bronze. They are Saints Ambrose and Augustine for the Church of Rome and Saints Athanasius and John Chrysostum for the Orthodox Church. Above the chair is a window which is made not from glass but thin translucent stone called alabaster. The the Dove of the Holy Spirit is in the middle of the window with rays of light spreading out into the basilica through a sculpture of golden clouds and angels. Bernini designed this to look like a window into Heaven. There was a great celebration when the chair was put in place on January 16, 1666.
St. Peter's Piazza.
To the west of the basilica is the "Piazza di San Pietro" (St. Peter's Place). The piazza was designed by Bernini and built between 1656 and 1667. It was not an easy job because the designer had lots of things to think about. Firstly, many people complained that Maderna's "facade" on St. Peter's looked too wide, so Bernini wanted to make it look narrower, not wider. Secondly, in the old square left over from the Old St. Peter's, Pope Sixtus V had a monument set up. This monument was a precious Ancient Egyptian "obelisk" (which is like a tall column, but with four flat sides). From its base to the top of the cross (that the pope had put on top) it was 40 metres (131 ft) high, and had been brought to Roman in ancient times. The obelisk really should be at the centre of the new square, but it wasn't in quite the right place, and was very difficult to move without breaking. The third problem was that Maderna had built a fountain to one side of the obelisk, and Bernini needed to make another fountain to match it, otherwise the design would look unbalanced.
Bernini solved the problem by making two areas, instead of one huge one. The first area is an almost-square area right in front of the facade. It is cleverly designed with sloping sides that make the building look taller and not so wide. The second part of the piazza is oval. It has the obelisk at the centre with two fountains on either side at the widest part. The two parts of the piazza are surrounded by a "colonnade" (covered walk-way) which is carried on tall columns. All around are large statues of saints which seem to look down on the thousands of visitors that come to the square every day. The colonnade is in two great arcs that seem to stretch out like loving arms, welcoming people to the Basilica. In recent times some buildings were demolished, making another square, to match the one near the piazza. It is a good place for vans to park and can be seen in the photo.
The famous architectural historian, Sir Banister Fletcher, said that no other city in the world had given such a wonderful view to people visiting their main church. He said that no other architect except Bernini could have imagined such a noble design. He said it is the greatest entrance to the greatest Christian church in the whole world.
The Chapel of the Sacrament.
Bernini's last work for St. Peter's, 1676, was to decorate of the Chapel of the Sacrament. He designed a miniature temple just like the one that was built over the place where St. Peter died. He made it bronze covered with fine gold. On either side is an angel, one gazing in adoration and the other looking towards the viewer in welcome. Bernini died in 1680 aged 81, after working for St. Peter's for 40 years of his life.

Auguste Charlois
Auguste Honoré Charlois (26 November 1864 – 26 March 1910) was a French astronomer who discovered 99 asteroids while working in Nice.
He first discovered the asteroid 267 Tirza in 1887.

HCard
hCard, short for HTML vCard, is a format for publishing the contact information of people, companies, organizations, and places, in XHTML, Atom, RSS, or raw XML.

Ellen Axson Wilson
Ellen Louise Axson Wilson (May 15, 1860 – August 6, 1914), the first wife of Woodrow Wilson, was First Lady of the United States from 1913 until her death in 1914.
She was born in Savannah, Georgia and grew up in Rome, Georgia.

752 Sulamitis
752 Sulamitis is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Grigory Neujmin in 1913. Its provisional name was 1913 RL.

753 Tiflis
753 Tiflis is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Grigory Neujmin in 1913. Its provisional name was 1913 RM.

754 Malabar
754 Malabar is a minor planet orbiting the Sun. It was found in 1906 by August Kopff. Its provisional name was 1906 UT.

755 Quintilla
755 Quintilla is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Joel Metcalf in 1908. Its provisional name was 1908 CZ.

756 Lilliana
756 Lilliana is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Joel Metcalf in 1908. Its provisional name was 1908 DC.

Federation Cynologique Internationale
The Fédération Cynologique Internationale is the "World Canine (dog) Organisation".
It has 84 members and contract partners (one member per country) that each issue their own "pedigrees" (rules about how each type of dog should look) and train their own judges. The FCI makes sure that the pedigrees and judges are of one FCI member are recognised by all other FCI members.

Robertstown
Robertstown is a village in County Kildare, Ireland. It is near to many famous vilages such as Allenwood.

Hermanas Mirabal Province
Hermanas Mirabal (known previously as Salcedo province) is a Dominican province, located in the north-central part of the country. Its capital city is Salcedo.
It was created on 1952 with the name Province Salcedo. In November 2007, its name was changed to Hermanas Mirabal. It was a municipality of the Espaillat province before being elevated to the category of province.
Location.
The Hermanas Mirabal province is bordered to the north and the west by the province of Espaillat, to the east by the Duarte province and to the south by La Vega.
Origin of name.
"Hermanas Mirabal" ("Mirabal Sisters") were three sisters (Patria, Minerva and María Teresa Mirabal) that lived in Ojo de Agua, a small town in this province, and that were killed on 25 November 1960 by people of the dictator Rafael Trujillo. That day, 25 November, is now know as the "International Day of Non Violence Against Women".
Municipalities.
The Hermanas Mirabal province has a total area of 440.43 km². It has only 0.9% of the area of the Dominican Republic and it is ranked as the 31th (out of 31 plus the National District) province in size; only the National District is smaller.
There are three municipalities and two municipal districts in the province.
Population.
In 2002 (last national census), there were 96,356 people living in the Hermanas Mirabal province, and just 23,126 (24.0%) living in towns and cities. The population density was 219 persons/km², one of the highest in the country.
Economy.
The main economic activity of the province is agriculture and the main products are plantain, cassava, coffee and cacao.

American Communications Corp
American Communications Corp is a cabling company based out of San Diego, California. ACC provides cabling, telephone systems, network hardware and internet services to business customers.

Breckerfeld
Breckerfeld is a town in the district of Ennepe-Ruhr-Kreis, in North Rhine-Westphalia, (Germany). It is located in the southeastern part of the Ruhr area in northern Sauerland.

Paul Raud
Paul Raud (October 22, 1865 - November 22, 1930) was an Estonian painter. He had twin brother, Kristijan Raud, who was also painter. Paul Raud studied in Düsseldorfi art academy.

Ibn al-Haytham
Ibn al-Haytham or Alhacen (965 – 1039) (Alhazen) was a pioneer of modern optics, and some have also described him as a "pioneer of the modern scientific method" and "first scientist". He discovered the first law of motion, and laid the foundations for telescopic astronomy.
He was an Arab or Persian Muslim polymath who made important contributions to the principles of optics, as well as to anatomy, engineering, mathematics, medicine, ophthalmology, philosophy, physics, psychology, Muslim theology, visual perception. He is sometimes called al-Basri (Arabic: البصري), after his birthplace in the city of Basra in Iraq (Mesopotamia).

Weather balloon
A weather or sounding balloon is a balloon (specifically a type of high altitude balloon) which carries instruments in the sky to send back information on atmospheric pressure, temperature, and humidity by means of a small measuring tool called a radiosonde. To get wind data, they can be tracked by radar, radio direction finding, or navigation systems (such as the satellite based Global Positioning System).

Einsatzgruppen
Einsatzgruppen der Sicherheitspolizei were a paramilitary group active before and during World War II.

Xenophilius Lovegood
Xenophilius Lovegood is a fictional character of the Harry Potter series. He is the father of Luna Lovegood (friend of Harry on the story), and the writer of the "The Quibbler", a sensacionalist magazine that he write the things who just him believe.

Bartolomé de Las Casas
Bartolomé de Las Casas (1484 – 1566), known as the "Apostle of the Indies", was a 16th century Spanish priest and writer, and the first Bishop of Chiapas, Mexico.
Biography.
Bartolome de Las Casas was born in Seville, Spain in 1484. He was present when Christopher Columbus got to Seville in 1493 after the first voyage to the Americas. His father, Pedro de las Casas, and his uncle went to the Americas in the second voyage of Columbus that left in November 1493.
With his father, he went to the Caribbean island of Hispaniola in 1502 together with Nicolás de Ovando, the new governor of the island. In 1506 he went to Rome, Italy, where he became a Catholic priest.
He went back to Hispaniola in 1508 and moved to La Concepción de La Vega, in the Cibao valley, and got an encomienda (land with the indigenous people living there). Then he went in 1513 to Cuba and the governor Diego Velázquez gave him an "encomienda". But soon Las Casas began to understand that the native people (Taínos in Cuba and Hispaniola) were treated as slaves in a very bad way, and he began to defend the native people.
In 1515 he went to Hispaniola, and from there to Spain to defend the native people of the Americas. From 1517 to 1523, and with the title "Protector of the Indians", he tried to develop a model settlement in northern Venezuela to protect the native people but the experiment failed. From there, he went to Hispaniola, joining the Dominican Order (an order of Catholic priests) in 1523.
He stayed in the city of Santo Domingo until 1927 when he was sent to Puerto Plata, on the northern coast, to found a new religious community and where he began to write to write his "History of the Indies".
He became Bishop of Chiapas, Mexico, from 1544 to 1547. He went to Spain and he stayed here until he died in 17 July 1566 in Madrid.

São José, Santa Catarina
São José it´s a city of the Santa Catarina state, in Brazil. The biggest city in Santa Catarina is Joinville.

Balneário Camboriú
Balneário Camboriú is a city of the Santa Catarina state, in Brazil. The biggest city in Santa Catarina is Joinville.

Blumenau
Blumenau is a city of the Santa Catarina state, in Brazil. The biggest city in Santa Catarina is Joinville.

Brusque, Brazil
Brusque is a city of the Santa Catarina state, in Brazil. The biggest city in Santa Catarina is Joinville.

Chapecó
Chapecó is a city of the Santa Catarina state, in Brazil. The biggest city in Santa Catarina is Joinville.

Criciúma
Criciúma is a city of the Santa Catarina state, in Brazil. The biggest city in Santa Catarina is Joinville.

Itajaí
Itajaí is a city of the Santa Catarina state, in Brazil. The biggest city in Santa Catarina is Joinville. The city was started on June 15, 1860. People started living in Itajai as early as the year 1658.
Geography.
Itajaí can be found on the northern coast of the state, on the banks of the river Rio Itajaí-Açu. The name of the river is where the name for the city came from. Itajaí has the cities Balneário Camboriú, Camboriú, Brusque, Gaspar, Ilhota and Navegantes next to it. Itajaí is found on the base Baixo Vale do Itajaí. It is next to the Atlantic Ocean. Itajai is pretty much built on a plain. Highway BR-101 is the main highway that passes by the city, and highways SC-100, SC-486, SC-470, and BR-470, connect Itajaí to the rest of the state.

Jaraguá do Sul
Jaraguá do Sul is a city of the Santa Catarina state, in Brazil. The biggest city in Santa Catarina is Joinville.

Joaçaba
Joaçaba is a city of the Santa Catarina state, in Brazil. The biggest city in Santa Catarina is Joinville.

Joinville
Joinville is a city of the Santa Catarina state, in Brazil. It is the biggest city in Santa Catarina and has about 500,000 inhabitants.

Lages
Lages is a city of the Santa Catarina state, in Brazil. The biggest city in Santa Catarina is Joinville.

Togepi
Togepi is a pokémon that was found in Grandfather Canyon by Misty, Ash, and Brock.
it is known later in the tv show that psych duck was accidently summoned and failed to protect the team so our togepi destroyed the enemy.

Berwick-upon-Tweed
Berwick-upon-Tweed is a town in Northumberland, United Kingdom. It is the most northerly town in England, and is just 2.5 miles from Scotland. It has around 11,665 people in it.
Often Berwick was captured by Scottish armies, and made a part of Scotland, only later to be taken back by the English army. Many people who live in Berwick, or who visit Berwick because it is their local large market town are Scottish.This also used to be a very large port.It was an important comercial town that used to be marked in bold on the maps.

Martin van Heemskerck
Marten Jacobszoon Heemskerck van Veen or "Maarten van Heemskerck" (1498, Heemskerck – October 1, 1574, Haarlem), was one of the best known Dutch portrait and religious painters of the 16th century (1500s). He became famous for a series of coloured prints of the Seven Wonders of the World.
Marten van Heemskerck was born in the town of Heemskerck, near Haarlem in Holland. His father was a farmer. Marten was apprenticed to two painters in Haarlem, but was called home by his father to help with the farm work. Marten ran away from home, and in a single day travelled 50 miles to the town of Delft. He found another master to teach him painting, but soon left him as well. He then went to Haarlem where from 1527-29 he worked with a painter called Jan van Scorel.
One of the artists who influenced Marten van Heemskerck at this time was Jan Mabuse who had travelled to Italy and had seen the paintings of famous artists from Florence and Venice. Marten began to copy the style of Mabuse's paintings. In 1532 he went to Italy and spent several years going from town to town, looking at the artworks and making drawings of what he saw.
The city that was to have the most influence on Marten van Heemskerck was Rome. He was very interested in the ruins left from the time of the Ancient Romans. He made many drawings of the ruined buildings and other things that he saw. His sketchbooks, which are now in a museum in Berlin are very important evidence for showing what Rome was like in the 1500s. One important building that he drew was St. Peter's Basilica which had been begun, but never completed.
The most famous artist who was alive at this time was Michelangelo. He was mainly a sculptor but he had spent five years painting the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. Like everybody else, Marten van Heemskerck thought it was amazing. He was so influenced by the figures that Michelangelo had painted that he designed a series of pictures called "Twelve Panels showing Strong Men from Mythology and Biblical History". Like the series of the "Seven Wonders of the Ancient World" they are well known as prints made from "engravings" (they are printed from a metal plate with the design cut into it).
When van Heemskerck was in Rome in 1536, he got work as a "scene-painter". This is like a person who paints the scenery in a theatre. Charles V had coming to Rome and was going to have a "triumphal procession". The streets of the city were decorated with archways for the emperor to pass under. Van Heemskerck worked with Antonio da San Gallo, Battista Franco and Francesco Salviati. The writer Giorgio Vasari saw some battle scenes that he painted and wrote that they were well composed and boldly painted.
He returned to the Netherlands and lived at Haarlem where he settled down and married twice. After that, he only left Haarlem for a short time, in 1572, to go to Amsterdam because the Spanish had invaded Haarlem. In 1540 became president of his Guild of Painters. He became a wealthy and well-known painter. When he died, he left some money in his will to be paid to a bridal couple who would get married on his tomb. This custom was believed to bring peace to the dead person. He also left some land to help an orphanage in the city.
Many works by Marten van Heemskerck can still be seen. They include "Adam and Eve", "St. Luke painting the Madonna and Child" and a painting of Jesus in the museum in Ghent, Belgium. These pictures were done before he went to Italy. In the 1550's he painted several altarpieces which can be seen in the museums of Delft, Haarlem and Brussels, as well as lives of St. Bernard and St. Benedict.

Instrumental
An instrumental is music that has no words or people singing. The music is made only by musical instruments, or by makings sounds using other things, like bins.
Some types of music like Jazz and classical music have a lot of instrumentals, whereas most other types of popular music don't.

Currywurst
Currywurst is a German dish. It is a of hot pork sausage (), sliced and covered in a "curry sauce" (usually ketchup or tomato paste blended with curry) and generous amounts of curry powder.
Currywurst is often sold as a take-away food, Schnell-Imbisse, at diners or "greasy spoons," on children's menus in restaurants, or as a street food.
Berlin legend says that Herta Heuwer, from Königsberg, invented the currywurst sauce by experimenting at her stall in Berlin-Charlottenburg in 1949
People from the Ruhr-area say that the sauce was accidentally invented by a sausage stall owner in Essen, who dropped a can with curry powder into some ketchup.
Early in his career German pop singer Herbert Grönemeyer, raised in Bochum, wrote a song, in the Ruhr dialect, to currywurst.
Although Berlin claims currywurst as its invention and "national dish", all over Germany, there are more than 20 different types of currywurst.

7-1-1
7-1-1 is a telephone number in Canada and the United States. It is used by the Telecommunications Relay Service to let people who are deaf and people who can hear communicate with each other. The 7-1-1 number lets these people talk through an operator, by turning the words into something that can be read on a telecommunications device for the deaf (TDD).

Johann Palisa
Johann Palisa (December 6 1848–May 2 1925) was an Austrian astronomer, born in Troppau in Austrian Silesia (now in the Czech Republic).
He was a good finder of asteroids, finding 122 in all, from 136 Austria in 1874 to 1073 Gellivara in 1923. Some of the notable asteroids he found include 153 Hilda, 216 Kleopatra, 243 Ida, 253 Mathilde, 324 Bamberga, and the Amor asteroid 719 Albert.
The asteroid 914 Palisana and the Palisa crater on the Moon were named in his honour.
Early work.
From 1866 to 1870, Palisa studied mathematics and astronomy at the University of Vienna; however, he did not graduate until 1884. Despite this, by 1870 he was an assistant at the University's observatory, and a year later gained a position at the observatory in Geneva. A few years later, in 1872, at the age of 24, Palisa became the leader of the Austrian Naval Observatory in Pola. While at Pola, he found his first asteroid, 136 Austria, on March 18, 1874. Along with this, he found twenty-seven minor planets and one comet. During his stay in Pola he used a small six-inch refractor telescope to aid in his research.

Vulgate
The Vulgate (lat. "Vulgata") is a version of the Bible. It was written in Latin in the 5th century.

M.C. Hammer
MC Hammer (born Stanley Kirk Burrell on March 30, 1962) is an American rapper. He was popular in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Hammer is known for becoming very rich and well known in a short period of time. His fame and money did not last long though. He lost it all in a very short period. Hammer was also known for the pants he wore. Hammer Pants became a fashion trend while he was popular. He became a preacher in the 1990s. Hammer now works as a television host and CEO.

Nuclear power plant
A nuclear power plant is a place where people make electricity using heat from nuclear reactions. A nuclear power plant has a place where the nuclear reaction happens called a reactor. The plant also has machines which remove heat from the reactor and make electricity. Electricity made by nuclear power plants is called nuclear power.
Nuclear power plants use uranium as fuel. When the reactor is on, uranium atoms inside the reactor split into two atoms. When uranium atoms split, they give off a large amount of heat. This splitting of atoms is called fission. Only atoms of uranium and plutonium can fission. Today, fission only happens in nuclear reactors. In nuclear reactors, fission only happens when the reactors parts are arranged properly. Nuclear power plants turn their reactors off to replace old fuel with new fuel.
Uranium atoms are slightly radioactive. The atoms produced when uranium breaks apart are strongly radioactive. These atoms are called fission products. Strontium-90 and cesium-137 are fission products. Old fuel from nuclear power plants is called high level nuclear waste.
Nuclear power plants can be dangerous to live near. If a nuclear power plant has an accident, it can give off radiatioactive smoke. Some famous accidents at nuclear power plants were the Chernobyl accident at Chernobyl in Ukraine, the Three Mile Island accident at Three Mile Island in the United States, and the Windscale fire in Britain.

Charing Cross Hospital
Charing Cross Hospital is a hospital in London, England.
It was originally built in Central London but it was moved after World War II. It reopened on Fulham Palace Road in 1973. The hospital was designed and built by Decimus Burton. It was built much bigger and more modern than others at the time. Today it is still in use. It is also a teaching hospital for students. It has 15 floors.

8-1-1
8-1-1 was a telephone number in the United States and Canada. In 2007, it was put together with 6-1-1. In Canada, it is now the number to call for health questions that are not emergencies. 8-1-1 was a direct line to the business office of the telephone company giving service on the line. Once a person has called, they could do different things, such as pay their phone bill, talk to Customer Service, or get another phone line.

American Airlines Flight 11
American Airlines Flight 11 was the first hijacked airplane of the September 11, 2001 attacks. It crashed into the North Tower of the World Trade Center. The American Airlines airplane was a Boeing 767. It was scheduled to fly from Logan International Airport in Boston to Los Angeles International Airport. Fifteen minutes after takeoff, the hijackers forced their way into the cockpit. One of the hijackers was a trained pilot. He took the controls of the aircraft and flew it into the North Tower.
All 92 people on the airplane died in the crash—11 crew members and 81 passengers, 5 of them were hijackers. The time of the crash was 08:46 Eastern Daylight Time. Many people in the street saw the crash. It was also recorded on movie by French moviemakers. The crash, and the fire that started right after the crash, made the North Tower collapse. The attack killed and hurt thousands of people.
Flight.
The American Airlines Flight 11 aircraft was a Boeing 767. Even though it could carry 158 passengers, the September 11 flight carried only 81 passengers and 11 crew members. Flying the aircraft was pilot John Ogonowski and first officer Thomas McGuinness. The flight attendants were Barbara Arestegui, Jeffrey Collman, Sara Low, Karen Martin, Kathleen Nicosia, Betty Ong, Jean Roger, Dianne Snyder and Madeline Sweeney.
Boarding.
Mohamed Atta, a member of terrorist organization al-Qaeda and leader of the attacks, and another hijacker, Abdulaziz al-Omari, flew together from Portland, Maine to Boston early on September 11, 2001. Both hijackers had first class tickets for a flight to Los Angeles, California. Three other hijackers, Waleed al-Shehri, Wail al-Shehri and Satam al-Suqami arrived at Logan International Airport by car. All five checked in and by 07:40, were aboard the aircraft which was supposed to leave at 07:45.
Mohamed Atta sat in business class with Abdulaziz al-Omari and Suqami. Waleed al-Shehri and Wail al-Shehri sat in first class. The aircraft taxied away from Gate 26 and departed Logan International Airport at 07:59 from runway 4R after a 14-minute delay.
Hijacking.
It is thought that the hijacking started at 08:14. This was when the pilot and first officer stopped talking with air traffic control at Boston. Two minutes later, the aircraft stopped flying along the route it was supposed to. No more radio replies came from the aircraft and the system in the aircraft used to avoid collisions with other aircraft was also switched off. Flight attendants Ong and Sweeney contacted American Airlines with AT&T airphones during the hijack. They said the hijackers had hurt two of the other attendants and killed an Israeli passenger. During the long four-minute call, Ong told the airline which seats the hijackers were sitting in and said no-one could get into the cockpit.
At 08:23:38, Atta tried to talk to the passengers from the cockpit but he pressed the wrong button and sent the message to air traffic control. He said that "[They] have some planes, just stay quiet and you'll be okay. We are returning to the airport." A minute later he said, "Nobody move. Everything will be okay. If you try to make any moves, you'll endanger yourself and the airplane. Just stay quiet." Air traffic control realized the aircraft had been hijacked and they called the Federal Aviation Administration. Soon after, Atta announced "Nobody move please, we are going back to the airport, don't try to make any stupid moves." Five minutes later Boston Air Traffic Control called North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD). NORAD ordered two F-15 fighter aircraft to catch the flight, but it was too late—AA 11 had already made its last turn towards Manhattan and crashed into the North Tower of the World Trade Center more than six minutes before the fighter aircraft had taken off.
Crash.
At 08:46:40, the hijackers crashed Flight 11 into the northern side of the North Tower (Tower 1) of the World Trade Center. The aircraft, traveling at about and carrying about 10,000 U.S. gallons of flammable fuel, hit between the 93rd and 99th floors of the North Tower. In all, 92 people on board were killed.
Because the North Tower was so damaged, people could not escape from above where the aircraft had crashed. All stairs and elevators from the 92nd floor and up were blocked, trapping 1,344 people. Hundreds were killed right away by the impact. The rest either were trapped and died from the fire and smoke or the collapse of the tower. Some died after they jumped from the building. More than one elevator shaft carried burning fuel downward, exploding on the way down.
Jules Naudet, a French cameraman filmed the crash. A webcam set up at an art exhibition in Brooklyn to take pictures of Lower Manhattan every four seconds also filmed Flight 11 crashing into the North Tower.
News organizations first reported an explosion at the World Trade Center. CNN interrupted a commercial at 08:49 with the headline that read "World Trade Center Disaster." President George W. Bush was arriving at an elementary school in Sarasota, Florida when he was told about the crash. The president said, "This is pilot error. It's unbelievable that somebody would do this. The guy must have had a heart attack." The first news reports believed that the crash had been an accident until Flight 175 crashed into the South Tower at 09:03.
After the crash.
After the crash, the North Tower burned and collapsed. Although the crash caused much damage, the fire caused by jet fuel was blamed for the structural failure of the tower. Hundreds of rescue workers also died when the tower collapsed.
Rescue workers at the site started to find remains of bodies from the victims of Flight 11 soon after the attack. Some workers found bodies strapped to airplane seats. Other workers discovered the body of a flight attendant with her hands tied up. That meant that the hijackers may have used handcuffs. Within a year, remains of the 33 victims that had been on Flight 11 had been identified. They identified two other Flight 11 victims, lead flight attendant Karen Martin and another person, after body remains were discovered near Ground Zero in 2006. In April 2007, examiners using newer DNA technology identified another Flight 11 victim. The remains of two hijackers, who could have been from Flight 11, were also identified and removed from Memorial Park in Manhattan. The remains of the other hijackers have not been identified and are buried with other unidentified remains at Memorial Park.
In a video recording found months later in Afghanistan, al-Qaeda's leader, Osama bin Laden, seemed to say he planned the attack. He said he believed part of towers would collapse. The flight recorders, or tapes that record useful flight data, for Flight 11 and Flight 175 were never found.
After the attacks, the flight number for flights on the same route at the same takeoff time was changed to American Airlines Flight 25, and a Boeing 757 was used instead of a Boeing 767. An American flag was flown on the jet bridge from which Flight 11 departed from Logan Airport.

Sonic the Hedgehog 2
"Sonic the Hedgehog 2", also called "Sonic 2", is the sequel to "Sonic the Hedgehog". It was made in 1992.

United Airlines Flight 175
United Airlines Flight 175 was the second hijacked airplane of the September 11, 2001 attacks that crashed into the South Tower of the World Trade Center. The plane was a Boeing 767. 56 people (including 5 hijackers) and 9 crew members died in the crash. The time of the crash was 9:03 Eastern Daylight Time. Unlike American Airlines Flight 11, which crashed into the North tower 17 minutes earlier, Flight 175 was seen on television because of the media attention drawn to the scene from the crash of Flight 11.

Jimmy Page
James Patrick "Jimmy" Page, OBE (born 9 January 1944) is an English guitarist, composer and record producer, most famous for his work in the rock band Led Zeppelin.

John Paul Jones (musician)
John Paul Jones (born John Baldwin on January 3, 1946 in Sidcup, Kent) is an English musician and record producer, and was known for being the bassist, the keyboardist and the mandolin player for rock band Led Zeppelin.

Robert Plant
Robert Anthony Plant (born August 20, 1948, West Bromwich, West Midlands, England), is an English rock singer and musician, and was known for being the bassist, the lead vocalist for rock band Led Zeppelin. In 2007, he recorded an album with bluegrass fiddler Alison Krauss, and will tour with her in 2008.

John Bonham
John Henry "Bonzo" Bonham (May 31 1948–September 25, 1980) was an English rock drummer, and was known for being a member of London hard rock band Led Zeppelin.
John Bonhams career started when he joined the Band of Joy in 1967 with singer Robert Plant later to be part of Led Zeppelin. After enjoyong some modest success the band broke up as did the Yardbirds. Soon After this lead guitarist for the Yardbirds, Jimmy Page decided to start a band known as the new Yardbirds that would feature Robert Plant on vocals, John Paul Jones on Bass and Keyboards, John Henry Bonham on Drums and Jimmy playing Guitar.
Soon after some small gigs throughout England the bband came out with their first album creatively named "Led Zeppelin I." John Bonhams talents can be seen on such songs as Goood Times, Bad Times, when Bonzo shows of his amazing single bass drum skip throughout the song. Soon after this the band left for a tour of America on Boxing Day(Dec. 26 1969). After a somewhat succsesful tour Zeppelin came out with their second album showing off just how creative they were by naming it "Led Zeppelin II." This albums Bonzo highlight comes in the form of Moby Dick a drums solo lead up to by some great page solo's. Throughout the solo Bonzo shows off his amazing talents by playing hand drums and continuing to use his godly right foot.
By this time Led Zeppelin was begining to become more and more well known and with the release of their third album (which was a suprise because it was named "Led Zeppelin III") they had become one of the biggest bands in the world. Bonzo's song on this album was Out On The Tiles and it was written by Bonzo. Listening to this song you can truly get a feel for Bonham's drumming prowess.
Bit by bit Zeppelins and Bonhams careers took off and they came out with such albums as Led Zeppelin IV (was originally un-named), Houses of the Holy and Physical Grafiti. During this time Zeppelin was touring non-stop and Bonzo was amazing audiences around the world with Moby dick. In the studio he was renowned for such works as "Four Sticks", "The Ocean", and "In My Time Of Dying".
Soon after Physical Grafiti they came to a halt because of a car crash involving Robert Plant. In this time off besides spending time with his family and tinkering with cars Bonham worked on their next album, "Presence".

Quack
Quack is the sound a duck makes.
Quack is also the name for someone who is a phony. One way that people use this word is a "quack doctor". A quack doctor sells people bad medicine that doesn't make people feel better.

Hoof
A hoof is the foot of certain animals known as ungulates (such as deer, cows, pigs, sheep, and giraffes). These animals walk on their toes. The toes have a hard cover made out of the same material as fingernails. This is called keratin.

757 Portlandia
757 Portlandia is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Joel Metcalf in 1908. Its provisional name was 1908 EJ.

Jyutping
Jyutping is a new Cantonese romanization system for Standard Cantonese. It was developed by the Linguistic Society of Hong Kong (LSHK) in 1993.

S-type asteroid
An S-type asteroid is an asteroid that is mainly "silicaceous", or made of a lot of silicon. This is why it is called an "S-type". About 17% of all asteroids are this type of asteroid, meaning that they are the second most common after C-type asteroids.
S-type asteroids are the most common asteroid in the inner main belt, but become very rare further out in space. The biggest asteroid of this type is 15 Eunomia.

List of World Wrestling Entertainment alumni
1990s.
! Release date || Real Name || Ring Name(s) || Notes || Reference

Yelle
Yelle (born Julie Budet, January 17, 1983) is a French singer from the town of Saint-Brieuc, Bretagne. She became famous from MySpace.com when she uploaded a song called "Short Dick Cuizi". With her producer who is also a close friend called GrandMarnier, Yelle has recorded her first album called "POP-UP", after her hit single "Je Veux Te Voir". She was also featured on Fatal Bazooka's song "Parle à ma main" in 2007. As of October 2007, she is opening for Mika during his European tour. In February 2008, she performed the song "A cause des Garçons" on the BBCThree programme "Lily Allen and Friends". The programme said that this was her first appearance on UK television.

River Ozama
The River Ozama is a river in the eastern part of the "Llano Costero del Caribe" (in English, "Caribbean Coastal Plain"). Its overall length of 148 km makes it the fourth longest river in the Dominican Republic, and its watershed (2,685 km²) is the fourth largest of the country.
Because large parts of the watershed is found in region where rainfalls are frequent, without a dry period, its flow is always very good.
Name.
Ozama is a Taíno word. Bartolomé de Las Casas always wrote "Hozama". When he wrote, the "H" represented the letter "J" and was pronounced (similar to the English "H" in house, home). There are several words in the Dominican Republic with that H: Haina-Jaina, Haití-Jaití.
Writers of the 16th century wrote Hosama and Osama. But later the H disappeared completely.
Course.
The sources of the Ozama are in the Loma Siete Cabezas mountain (in English, "Seven Heads Mountain"), the highest mountain of the Sierra de Yamasá mountain range. It flows east through the Monte Plata province and then slowly bends southeast, forming part of the limits between the Santo Domingo and Monte Plata provinces.
Near the municipality of San Luis, it is joined by the River Yabacao and then turns to the southwest. In the city of Santo Domingo, the river flows to the south and into the Caribbean Sea.
The most important tributaries are Yabacao, Isabela and Savita (or Sabita).
Cities.
The "Greater Santo Domingo", that includes Santo Domingo and parts of Santo Domingo Este and Santo Domingo Norte, is the most important city on the river banks. The river divides the old city of Santo Domingo in three sections; before 2001, all three sections were part of Santo Domingo but now only the western part is part of the city. The eastern section is the city of Santo Domingo Este and the northern section is part of Santo Domingo Norte.
Environment and usage.
The River Ozama flows through a region where rainfalls are frequent and, for that reason, its water is not needed for irrigation. There are too much solid materials in the water and it cannot be used for the houses.
Water from the Caribbean Sea gets into the river for several kilometres because the riverbed is below sea level. There were mangroves (plants that can live in water with a hight salinity), and there are still some near La Victoria, on the banks of the river near the mouth because of the salinity of its water.
Water quality in the River Ozama has been severely affected by industrialisation, ships, and the large population that lives around its banks close to the mouth.
The river is not deep enough for big ships except close to the mouth. When the country was a Spanish colony, and some years after the Independence, flat boats were used to move around the region.
In history.
The city of Santo Domingo was founded in the 16th century on the left side of the mouth but soon it was moved to the right side and became the capital city of the Spanish colony.
Sugarcane was grown to produce sugar in lands around the River Ozama and its tributary Isabela. The river was used to take the sugar to the port of Santo Domingo.
In the 19th and 20th centuries, sugar cane was the most important crop grown close to the River Ozama. Cattle is also important in the region because grasses are abundant.
For the second half of the 20th century, Santo Domingo became the most important port of the country; the port was near the mouth of the River Ozama. But now the port is used mainly for tourist ships.
In art.
The River Ozama has been used in art, mainly in poetry, as a symbol of the country. Many poets wrote poems about the river when they were out of the country because of political reasons; they sang to the river to represent the return to their country. José Joaquín Puello, a Dominican poet of the 19th century, wrote several poems where the name is used to represent the country; two of them are "Ecos del destierro" ("Distant sounds from the exile") and "La vuelta al hogar" ("Back to home").

Nipple
The nipple is a special gland. Female mammals (and women) use nipples for breastfeeding. The breast in male and female mammals is made the same way. The production of milk for breastfeeding is controlled by hormones. This means that men cannot use ther breasts to produce milk (unless they have a problem with their hormones).

American Airlines Flight 77
American Airlines Flight 77 was an airplane that was hijacked by terrorists and was crashed into The Pentagon. The crash was a part of the September 11, 2001 attacks on the United States of America. 58 people (including 5 hijackers) and 6 crew members died in the crash. The plane was a Boeing 757, and the time of the crash was 9:37 am Eastern Daylight Time.
Theories.
Some think that a Boeing 757 did not crash into The Pentagon, because the hole in the building from the crash was only 75 feet wide, while the wingspan of a Boeing 757 (the length from the end of one wing to the other) is 124 feet.

Sonic the Hedgehog (video game)
"Sonic the Hedgehog", sometimes called "Sonic", is the first game in the Sonic the Hedgehog Video game series. It was made by Sonic Team and published by Sega for the Sega Genesis in 1991. It has many sequels and spin-offs.

Tekken
"Tekken" is a fighting video game series. The first game in the series was released in 1995. The series is made by a Japanese gaming company, Namco.
Tekken.
A worldwide martial arts tournament is nearing its final, with a large purse of prize money to the fighter who can defeat Heihachi Mishima in the final round of competition. The contest is sponsored by the giant financial group, the Mishima Zaibatsu. There are eight fighters that remain after winning matches all over the world. The winner of the tournament will receive The King of the Iron Fist title. Only one will have a chance at defeating Heihachi and taking home the prize money and fame. The player is initially able to select one of those eight fighters at the start of the game, each one having their own personal reasons for entering the tournament aside from the prize money.
Kazuya Mishima is the main character. Heihachi's biological son, he was thrown into a ravine by his tyrannical father when he was five years old. Heihachi, believing his son was too weak to ever inherit his conglomerate, decided that if he were truly strong enough, he would be able to survive the fall and climb back up. Kazuya barely survived a fall that left him with the scar prominently visible on his chest. Fueled by hatred for his father, he enters the tournament to exact his revenge.

Tekken 2
"Tekken 2" is a fighting video game made by Namco. It was released in 1996.
Story.
A worldwide martial arts tournament was nearing its finale. A large purse of prize money which was to be awarded to the fighter who could defeat Heihachi Mishima in the final round provided incentive for warriors from all over the globe.
Financed and sponsored by the giant financial group, the Mishima Zaibatsu, the first Tekken tournament began with eight fighters, all of whom had emerged victorious from various matches held all over the world, all brought together by different motives, all possessing the skill and power to crumble mountains.
Many battles were fought. But only one lone warrior emerged with the right to challenge Heihachi Mishima for the "King of Iron Fist" title. This warrior was Kazuya Mishima, Heihachi's cold-blooded son. Bearing the scar given to him by Heihachi, he enters into vicious combat with his father on the same field where Heihachi last struck down his own son and dropped him into a trench at age five.
After a grueling battle which raged on for hours, Kazuya emerged victorious by utilizing the power granted to him by the supernatural entity known as Devil.
As Heihachi's broken body lay on the ground, Kazuya dropped to his knee and lifted his father into his arms. Kazuya walked slowly to the edge of the same cliff from where his father had thrown him from, as a child. He stared out over the landscape, and let go of his father's body. As Heihachi's body plummeted, Kazuya's smile gleamed in the sunlight...
Two years have passed. The Mishima Zaibatsu under Kazuya's leadership has become even more powerful with its tendrils reaching to all corners of the world. Soon after his father's apparent death, Kazuya disappears into the shadows. However, rumors of his immense power, and a dark side, slowly begin to spread throughout the world.
Two years after the end of the first Tekken, a message is relayed from the Mishima Zaibatsu fortress to news agencies all over the world announcing a second tournament with a prize a thousand times that of the first.
Like his son before him, Heihachi survived his fall into the ravine thanks to his supernatural endurance. He retreated to the hills to meditate in order to rekindle and enhance his fighting ability. He enters the King of Iron Fist Tournament 2 to reclaim his conglomerate and dispose of Kazuya once and for all. The roles of primary protagonist and antagonist from the first game (Kazuya and Heihachi respectively) were reversed for Tekken 2, with Kazuya being the selected character's ultimate opponent (with the exception of Kazuya himself). Like the first Tekken game, there is a canonical ending, which is Heihachi's ending. Heihachi flies in a helicopter with an unconscious Kazuya, towards a volcano. Heihachi tosses Kazuya in the volcano and flees as it erupts

Alicia Keys
Alicia Keys (born Alicia Augello Cook on January 25 1981) is an American pop, R&B, soul, and neo soul singer-songwriter, pianist, record producer, actress, music video director, philanthropist, and author who has sold over forty-one million albums and singles worldwide as of 2007, and has won numerous awards, including eleven Grammy Awards, eleven Billboard Music Awards, three American Music Awards, and fourteen NAACP Image Awards.

758 Mancunia
758 Mancunia is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Harry Wood in 1912. Its provisional name was 1912 PE.

Zlata's Diary
"Zlata's Diary" was a diary made by Bosnian & Herzegovina's Zlata Filipovic. It was a period between 1991-1993 and her telling about her current life, mostly about the war that erupted in her vicinities of Sarajevo. Her entries were always, "Dear Mimmy" and she'd end with, "Your Zlata". She even wrote in her diary that her diary had been published, but re-published after she added facts succeeding facts about her diary publishing. She was called Bosnia & Herzegovina's Anne Frank.

Anna Bessonova
Anna Bessonova (born July 29, 1984 Kiev, Ukraine) is a Ukrainian,2 time Olympic Bronze medalist rhythmic gymnast. She is daughter to Volodymyr Bessonov and Viktoria Serkyh-Bessonova. She began training for rhythmic gymnastics at the age of three. She has won a gold medal in the 2007 Patras Rhythmic Gymnastics World Championships. She takes interest to modeling and may pursue a career in it. She is coached by Irina Deriugina and Albina Deriugina at Deriugin's School of Rhythmic Gymnastics.

List of counties in North Carolina
The U.S. state of North Carolina is divided up into 100 counties.

Emmanuel College, Melbourne
Emmanuel College is a chain of Roman Catholic secondary colleges associated with the Marianists. It currently has two campuses, namely the St. Paul's Campus and the Notre Dame Campus, each located in Altona North and Point Cook respectively.
Establishment.
Emmanuel College began as 'St. Paul's College' which was first established in 1965, under the auspices of the American Order of the Society of Marianists. The order had been invited to establish this Catholic Secondary Boys' College by the then Archbishop of Melbourne, Dr. Daniel Mannix. The college's colours were then Red, White and Blue and its motto was "Ecce Mater Tua" (Latin:"Behold Thy Mother").
Original Building Construction.
In the early 1960s, the local parish priests purchased a large, 8 hectare, undeveloped block in Altona North. Through the labour of the parents of the school's initial students, the austere block was transformed into an attractive property. The College's primary edifice, the three-storey Jubilee Building, was completed in 1969. The Chaminade Library was established in 1971. The Generous Art/Craft/Science Lab and the senior classroom building was opened in 1979. The administrative complex and gymnasium were established in 1982 and the Jubille Building was extensively renovated in 1998. In 2004, with the assistance of a Commonwealth Government grant, work commenced on enlarging the library complex and the building of two new computer labs. These developments were completed in 2005 and the College has not undergone any significant renovations since.
Transition To Emmanuel College.
In 2006, the plans for Emmanuel College and the future of the school initiated. In 2007, the college commenced the building of its second campus in Point Cook. 2008 saw the full transition from 'St. Paul's College' to 'Emmanuel College: St. Paul's Campus' including a new uniform, emblem, bag and diary to match the new branding. The previous college motto had also changed to "Life To The Full", which comes from the Gospel according to John: "I have come that they may have life and have it to the full" (John 10:10). The college commenced its education at the new coeducational campus (the building of which had finished being constructed at this stage) named the 'Notre Dame Campus'. The new campus started it's tuition with year 7 education, and will eventually expand to year 7-12 education as the years progress by 2013.
Head Master.
Since 1997, the incumbent principal has been Mr. Christopher Stock (BSc DipEd MEd B.Theol) at the St. Paul's Campus. In 2008 when the transition to Emmanuel College was complete, he became the principal of Emmanuel College, and thus being the principal of two schools; the St. Paul's Campus and the Notre Dame Campus.
Victorian Certificate of Education (VCE).
Emmanuel College has offered the VCE program at the St. Paul's Campus since its implementation in 1990.
The VCE program will be implemented in 2012 at the Notre Dame Campus when it commences it's year 11 education.

Basra
Basra (البصرة; Al Baṣrah) is the third largest city of Iraq with a population of about 2,600,000 (2003). It is the country's main port. Baṣra played an important role in early Islamic history, and it was the first city built in Islam 14 A.H (after Hijra)
Overview.
The city lies at the Shatt al-Arab waterway near the Persian Gulf, from the Persian Gulf and from Baghdad, Iraq's capital and largest city.

Hijra (Islam)
Hijra (هِجْرَة), or withdrawal, is the word that is used for the movement of Mohammad and most of his followers from Mecca to Medina in 622. The Hijra was also the beginning of the Muslim calendar(Common Era). Alternate spellings of this Arabic word in the Latin alphabet are Hijrah, or Hegira in Latin.
Chronology of the Hijra.
The Muslim dates are in the Islamic calendar extended back in time. The Western dates are in the Julian calendar. The Hijra is celebrated annually on 8 Rabi' I, about 66 days after 1 Muharram, the first day of the Muslim year. Many writers confuse the first day of the year of the Hijra with the Hijra itself, erroneously stating that the Hijra occurred on 1 Muharram AH 1 or 16 July 622.

The Nanny
"The Nanny" is an American comedy starring Fran Drescher. It first showed in 1993 and ended in 1999.
Story.
The series is about a woman named Fran Fine who gets fired from her job and decides to do her job (selling perfume) on her own. She knocks on a door and a man named Niles opens the door and thinks Fran is the nanny. Niles calls Maxwell Sheffield (the person he works for since he's a butler) and says that the nanny has arrived. Maxwell wants to see her resume so she writes one with lipstick and then she becomes the nanny. In one episode, Fran and Maxwell end up getting married.

List of The Nanny episodes
This is a list of the episodes of the CBS television sitcom "The Nanny". There are 146 episodes in this series.

Wake County, North Carolina
Wake County is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina. As of 2007, the population was 823,345. Wake County has more people than any other county in North Carolina except Mecklenburg County. The county seat is Raleigh, which is also the state capital. Wake County is the 9th fastest growing county in the United States.
Colleges and Universities.
Wake County has seven colleges and universities. They are: Meredith College, North Carolina State University, Peace College, Saint Augustine's College, Shaw University, Southeastern Baptist Theological Seminary and Wake Technical Community College.
Public and Private Schools.
The Wake County Public School System runs the public schools in Wake County. The school system has over 134,000 students. There are 20 high schools, 30 middle schools, 93 elementary schools and 8 specialized schools. There are also nine charter schools and 31 private schools in the county.
Transportation.
Raleigh-Durham International Airport is in Wake County. Interstate 40 is a major interstate and part of it goes through the county. Several local bus services have routes throughout Wake County. Wake County also has two Amtrak stations, one in Raleigh and one in Cary.
State parks.
Wake County has three state parks: Falls Lake State Recreation Area, William B. Umstead State Park, and the Jordan Lake State Recreation Area. Falls Lake Park is in northern Wake County and contains the 12,000 acre Falls Lake and 26,000 acres of woods. Umstead Park is between Raleigh and Cary. It has 5,579 acres of woods. Part of Jordan Lake Park, is in Wake County near Apex, and it has the 13,940 acre Jordan Lake and 46,768 acres of woods. This park has bald eagles.
County parks and recreation centers.
There are 152 city parks, public swimming pools and public tennis courts in Wake County. There are 53 community centers. Fifteen miles of the American Tobacco Trail is in the county. People can use the trail to walk, jog, and ride bikes or horses.
Hospitals.
Wake County has three main hospitals, Rex Hospital, WakeMed, and Duke Raleigh Hospital. WakeMed also has many smaller hospitals throughout the county

759 Vinifera
759 Vinifera is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Franz Kaiser in 1913. Its provisional name was 1913 SJ.

760 Massinga
760 Massinga is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Franz Kaiser in 1913. Its provisional name was 1913 SL.

Alison Moyet
Alison Moyet (born Genevieve Alison Jane Moyet on 18 June 1961), is an English pop singer-songwriter noted for her bluesy voice.
Early life and career.
Alison Moyet was born in Billericay, Essex, England. Her father was French, and her mother was English. She grew up in Basildon, where she attended school. She left school age 16 and trained as a piano tuner. She was involved in a number of punk rock, pub rock and blues bands in the South East Essex area during the late 1970s and early 1980s, including The Vandals and the Screamin' Ab Dabs, The Vicars and The Little Roosters.
Yazoo.
Moyet's pop career began in 1981 when she formed the electropop group Yazoo with former Depeche Mode member Vince Clarke. Yazoo had several hits, including "Only You", "Don't Go", "Situation" and "Nobody's Diary", and recorded two albums, 'Upstairs at Eric's' and 'You and Me Both'.
In 1983 Moyet and Clarke decided to quit Yazoo. Clarke formed The Assembly and later Erasure, and Moyet started a solo career. Moyet will be reuniting with Clarke as Yazoo for of live tour during 2008.

Durham County, North Carolina
Durham County is a county located in the U.S. state of North Carolina. Its county seat is Durham.
History.
The county was made on April 17, 1881, from parts of Orange County and Wake County. In 1911 parts of Cedar Fork Township in Wake County were transferred to Durham County and became Carr Township.
Government.
Durham County is part of the regional Triangle J Council of Governments.
Cities and Towns.
The only incorporated city in Durham County is the City of Durham. But, parts of the Town of Chapel Hill in Orange County are also in Durham County.

761 Brendelia
761 Brendelia is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Franz Kaiser in 1913. Its provisional name was 1913 SO.

Nash County, North Carolina
Nash County is a county located in the U.S. state of North Carolina. As of 2000, the population was 87,420. Its county seat is Nashville.
History.
The county was made in 1777 from Edgecombe County. It was named for Brigadier General Francis Nash, who had been wounded that year at the Battle of Germantown.
In 1855 parts of Nash County, Edgecombe County, Johnston County, and Wayne County were combined to make Wilson County.
Government.
Nash County is part of the regional Upper Coastal Plain Council of Governments.

Granville County, North Carolina
Granville County is a county located in the U.S. state of North Carolina. As of 2000, the population was 48,498. Its county seat is Oxford.
History.
The county was made in 1746 from Edgecombe County.
In 1752 parts of Granville County, Bladen County, and Johnston County were combined to form Orange County. In 1764 the eastern part of Granville County became Bute County. And in 1881 parts of Granville County, Franklin County, and Warren County were combined to form Vance County.
Government.
Granville County is part of the Kerr-Tar Regional Council of Governments.

Franklin County, North Carolina
Franklin County is a county located in the U.S. state of North Carolina. As of 2000, the population was 47,260. Its county seat is Louisburg.
History.
The county was made in 1779 from the southern half of Bute County. It was named for Benjamin Franklin.
In 1881, parts of Franklin County, Granville County, and Warren County were combined to form Vance County.
Law and government.
Franklin County is a member of the Kerr-Tar Regional Council of Governments.
Education.
The Methodist Louisburg College and a campus of Vance-Granville Community College are in Franklin County.

Shoulder rest
A shoulder rest is something which is used by people who play the violin or the viola. It may be made of wood, aluminium, carbon fiber or plastic. Usually, the shoulder rest attaches to the edge of the violin with "feet" padded with rubber tubing or made of soft plastic.
The purpose of a shoulder rest is to help the player to be comfortable holding the violin, which is held between the chin and the shoulder. Not all players use a shoulder rest. Many violinists prefer just to put a piece of cloth or some other form of padding on their shoulder. Whether a player uses a shoulder rest may depend on whether he or she has a long neck, and whether he is wearing clothes made with thick or thin material. It is important that the player can shift his left hand easily and freely to play in the higher positions without being afraid that he will drop the instrument, and without feeling the need to squeeze the instrument between his chin and shoulder as this will make the muscles in his neck very tight.
The shoulder rest must not be confused with the chinrest, which is the bit on which the player rests his chin.

Johnston County, North Carolina
Johnston County is a county located in the U.S. state of North Carolina. In 2000, the population was 121,965. In 2006, population was 152,143. Its county seat is Smithfield.
History.
The county was made in 1746 from Craven County. It was named for Gabriel Johnston, who used to be the governor of North Carolina.
In 1752 parts of Johnston County, Bladen County, and Granville County were combined to form Orange County. In 1758 the eastern part of Johnston County became Dobbs County. In 1770 parts of Johnston County, Cumberland County, and Orange County were combined to form Wake County. And in 1855 parts of Johnston County, Edgecombe County, Nash County, and Wayne County were combined to form Wilson County.
Government.
Johnston County is a member of the regional Triangle J Council of Governments.

The Quibbler
"The Quibbler" is a fictional magazine of the Harry Potter world.
"The Quibbler" is written by Xenophilius Lovegood, father of Luna Lovegood. The magazine are sensationalist and contains the strange opinions of Xenophilius.
For most of "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows", "The Quibbler" writes positive views on Harry, and tells people to support him. However, after Luna is taken by the "Death Eaters" (supporters of Voldemort), Xenophilius turns against Harry and begins posting wanted signs for him in "The Quibbler". When Harry visits him for information on the deathly hallows, Xenophilius turns him in to the Death Eaters. Harry narrowly escapes.

Camera obscura
The camera obscura (Lat. "dark chamber") was an optical device that helped the invention of photography. In English, today's photographic devices are still known as "cameras".
The principle of the camera obscura can be demonstrated with a rudimentary type, just a box (which may be room-size) with a hole in one side, (see pinhole camera for construction details). Light from only one part of a scene will pass through the hole and strike a specific part of the back wall. (The projection can be made on paper on which an artist can copy the image.)
With this simple do-it-yourself apparatus, the image is always upside-down. By using mirrors, as in the 18th century overhead version, it is also possible to project an up-side-up image.
As a pinhole is made smaller, the image gets sharper, but the light-sensitivity decreases.
Discovery and origins.
The first mention and discovery of the principles behind the pinhole camera, a precursor to the camera obscura, belong to Mozi (470 BC to 390 BC), a Chinese philosopher and founder of Mohism. Further down the line, Aristotle (384 to 322 BC) understood the optical principle of the pinhole camera. He viewed the crescent shape of a partially eclipsed sun projected on the ground through the holes in a sieve, and the gaps between leaves of a plane tree.
The first camera obscura was later built by an Iraqi scientist named Abu Ali Al-Hasan Ibn al-Haytham, born in Basra (965-1039 AD), known in the West as "Alhacen" or "Alhazen", who carried out practical experiments on optics in his "Book of Optics". In his various experiments, Ibn Al-Haitham used the term “"Al-Bayt al-Muthlim"”(Arabic: البيت المظلم), translated in English as dark room. In the experiment he undertook, in order to establish that light travels in time and with speed, he says: “If "the hole was covered with a curtain and the curtain was taken off, the light traveling from the hole to the opposite wall will consume time.”" He reiterated the same experience when he established that light travels in straight lines. The most revealing experiment which indeed introduced the camera obscura was in his studies of the half-moon shape of the sun’s image during eclipses which he observed on the wall opposite a small hole made in the window shutters. In his famous essay "On the form of the Eclipse" ("Maqalah-fi-Surat-al-Kosuf") (Arabic: مقالة في صورةالكسوف) he commented on his observation "The "image of the sun at the time of the eclipse, unless it is total, demonstrates that when its light passes through a narrow, round hole and is cast on a plane opposite to the hole it takes on the form of a moon-sickle"”.
In his experiment of the sun light he extended his observation of the penetration of light through the pinhole to conclude that when the sun light reaches and penetrates the hole it makes a conic shape at the points meeting at the pinhole, forming later another conic shape reverse to the first one on the opposite wall in the dark room. This happens when sun light diverges from point “ﺍ” until it reaches an aperture “ﺏﺤ” and is projected through it onto a screen at the luminous spot “ﺩﻫ”. Since the distance between the aperture and the screen is insignificant in comparison to the distance between the aperture and the sun, the divergence of sunlight after going through the aperture should be insignificant. In other words, “ﺏﺤ” should be about equal to “ﺩﻫ”. However, it is observed to be much greater “ﻙﻁ” when the paths of the rays which form the extremities of “ﻙﻁ” are retraced in the reverse direction, it is found that they meet at a point outside the aperture and then diverge again toward the sun as illustrated in figure 1. This was indeed the first accurate description of the Camera Obscura phenomenon.
In camera terms, the light converges into the room through the hole transmitting with it the object(s) facing it. The object will appear in full colour but upside down on the projecting screen/wall opposite the hole inside the dark room. The explanation is that light travels in a straight line and when some of the rays reflected from a bright subject pass through the small hole in thin material they do not scatter but cross and reform as an upside down image on a flat white surface held parallel to the hole. Ib Al-Haitham established that the smaller the hole is, the clearer the picture is.
Although both the pinhole camera and camera obscura is credited to Ibn al-Haytham, the camera obscura was first described by Aristotle, who was the first to describe how an image is formed on the eye, using the camera obscura as an analogy. Alhazen states (in the Latin translation), and with respect to the camera obscura, "Et nos non inventimus ita", we did not invent this.
Tourist attractions.
There is also a portable example which tour around England and the world.

Camera obscura (disambiguation)
Camera obscura means "darkened chamber" to describe early devices for projecting an image on a screen, by use of a lens or a pinhole.

Pinhole camera
A pinhole camera is a camera without a conventional glass lens. An extremely small hole in a very thin material can focus light when all rays from a scene go through a single point. In order to produce a reasonably clear image, the aperture has to be about a hundred times smaller than the distance to the screen, or less. The shutter of a pinhole camera usually consists of a hand operated flap of some light-proof material to cover and uncover the pinhole.
A common use of a pinhole camera is to capture the movement of sunlight over a long period of time. This type of photography is called Solargraphy.
Pinhole cameras require much longer exposure times than conventional cameras because of the small aperture; typical exposure times can range from 5 seconds to hours or days.
The image may be projected on a translucent screen for real-time viewing (popular for viewing solar eclipses; see also camera obscura).
Invention of pinhole camera.
Very early in history (as far back as 500 B.C.), Greeks such as Aristotle and Euclid wrote on naturally-occurring rudimentary pinhole cameras, for example light may travel through the slits of wicker baskets and the crossing of leaves The ancient Greeks, however, believed that our eye emitted rays which enabled us to see. What enabled a much better understanding of the pinhole camera was the discovery that light enters the eye rather than leaving it. It was the 10th-century Muslim mathematician, astronomer and physicist Ibn al-Haytham who published this idea.

Shutter (photography)
In photography a shutter is the part of a camera that opens for a controlled period of time to let light in during taking a picture.
A shutter can also be used to allow pulses of light to pass outwards, as in a movie projector or signal lamp.
Camera shutters.
Shutters immediately behind the lens were used in some cameras with limited lens interchangeability. Shutters in front of the lens were used in the early days of photography.

Movie projector
A movie projector is a device for displaying moving pictures by projecting them on a projection screen. Most of the optical and mechanical elements, except for the illumination and sound devices, are present in movie cameras.

List of craters on Puck
The following lists all of the craters on Puck. Puck is a moon of Uranus. Craters on Puck are named after spirits from European mythology.

List of craters on Umbriel
The following is list of craters on Umbriel. Craters on Umbriel are named after many different demons from various mythologies.

Indigofera
"Indigofera" is a big genus of about 700 species of flowering plants. They mostly grown tropical areas of the world.

Claudette Colbert
Claudette Colbert (IPA:) (September 13, 1903 - July 30, 1996) was a French-born American actress who won an Academy Award for "It Happened One Night".
With her heart-shaped face, lively wide eyes, charm, aristocratic manner, and flair for light comedy as well as emotional drama, Colbert was known for a versatility that led to her becoming one of the biggest box-office stars of her time. In 1999, she was ranked as the 12# greatest female star of all time by the American Film Institute in their list AFI's 100 Years... 100 Stars. As she said to an interviewer, "Audiences always sound like they're glad to see me, and I'm damned glad to see them."
Early life.
Born Emilie Claudette "Lily" Chauchoin in Saint-Mandé, Seine, France (now Saint-Mandé, Val-de-Marne, Île-de-France, France), September 13, 1903, to Georges Cauchoin and his wife, the former Jeanne Loew, her family emigrated to the United States and settled in New York City. She had one brother, Charles, who used the surname Wendling and went on to become his sister's agent.
She began acting in high school and a few years later in 1923 appeared on the Broadway stage in a bit part. Hooked, she gave up on her plans to be a fashion designer to instead pursue a career in acting. She made her first motion picture appearance in 1927, in "For the Love of Mike", a silent film shot on location in Paramount Studios in New York, New York facilities. However, talking films were taking over and two years later, Colbert appeared in her first talking film, "The Hole in the Wall", co-starring another newcomer, Edward G. Robinson.
Career.
In 1930 Colbert went out on with the DUMB Paramount Pictures, who were looking for stage actors who could handle dialog in the new "talkies" medium. Colbert's elegant, musical voice was one of her best assets. Some of her early hit films were "Manslaughter" (1930) and "Honor Among Lovers" (1931), both with Fredric March, "The Smiling Lieutenant" (1931), with Maurice Chevalier and Miriam Hopkins, and "Torch Singer" (1933), with Ricardo Cortez and David Manners.
Colbert's career got a huge boost when Cecil B. DeMille cast her as the Roman empress Poppaea in his historical epic "The Sign of the Cross" (1932), opposite Fredric March and Charles Laughton (as Nero). In one of the most memorable scenes in movie history, Claudette bathes nude in a marble pool filled with asses' milk.
She worked again for DeMille and was dazzling as his "Cleopatra" (1934), opposite Warren William and Henry Wilcoxon. In 1934 she won an Academy Award for Best Actress for her role opposite Clark Gable in the Frank Capra classic screwball comedy "It Happened One Night", a movie she initially described as the "worst picture in the world". Her performance, however, proved to Hollywood that she was an expert comedienne. She initially balked at pulling up her skirt to entice a passing car to give her and Gable a ride in one famous scene, complaining that it was unladylike. However, upon seeing the chorus girl who was brought in as her body double, an outraged Colbert told the director, "Get her out of here. I'll do it. That's not my leg!" Colbert then starred in the original "Imitation of Life" (1934), opposite Warren William and Louise Beavers.
Claudette spent the rest of the 1930s deftly alternating between romantic comedies and dramas, and found success in both: "Private Worlds" (1935), with Charles Boyer; "She Married Her Boss" (1935), with Melvyn Douglas; "The Gilded Lily" (1935) and "The Bride Comes Home" (1935), both with Fred MacMurray; "Under Two Flags" (1936), with Ronald Colman; "Tovarich" (1937), again with Boyer; "Bluebeard's Eighth Wife" (1938), with Gary Cooper; "Zaza" (1939), with Herbert Marshall; "Midnight" (1939), with Don Ameche; "It's a Wonderful World" (1939), with James Stewart; and "Drums Along the Mohawk" (1939), with Henry Fonda.
In addition to Capra and DeMille, Colbert was working with the top directors in the industry: Dorothy Arzner, Ernst Lubitsch, Preston Sturges, Frank Lloyd, John M. Stahl, Wesley Ruggles, Gregory La Cava, Anatole Litvak, George Cukor, Mitchell Leisen, and John Ford.
Colbert was a stickler for perfection regarding the way she appeared on screen. She believed that her face was difficult to light and photograph, and was obsessed with not showing her "bad" side, the right, to the camera, because of a small bump that resulted from a childhood broken nose.
From 1936 to 1944, she starred in numerous programs of Cecil B. DeMille's "Lux Radio Theater", which was one of the most popular dramatic radio shows at the time. In 1952, she returned to work in her native France where she stayed until 1955.
After making two more Hollywood films, she went back to Broadway in 1958 doing "The Marriage Go-Round" with Charles Boyer, earning a 1959 Tony Award nomination for her work. Also for her Chicago theatre work, in 1980 she won the Sarah Siddons Award. In 1984 she appeared with Rex Harrison in Frederick Lonsdale's "Aren't We All" at the Haymarket Theatre, London, and also the Brooks Atkinson Theatre on Broadway, presented by Douglas Urbanski. Ms. Colbert's last film was "Parrish" in 1961. She acted in numerous Broadway plays for the next twenty years. In 1987, she did a television mini-series titled "The Two Mrs. Grenvilles" and was nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Mini-series or a Special. In 1988, she won the Golden Globe Award for Best Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role in a Series, Mini-Series or Motion Picture made for TV. In 1989 she received the Kennedy Center Honors.
During her long and successful career, Claudette Colbert played in sixty-five films. For her contribution to the motion picture industry, she was honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6812 Hollywood Blvd.
Personal life.
Colbert married twice. Her first husband was Norman Foster, an actor and later a director, whom she married in 1928 and divorced in Mexico in 1935. According to the account of the divorce in the "New York Times", published on 31 August 1935, "Some secrecy surrounded the proceedings, for while Mr. Feldman [Colbert's agent] apparently was at liberty to tell of the divorce being granted, he said he could not tell where in Mexico it was obtained." The report further stated that "The Fosters created something of a sensation when they disclosed that they were trying to remain happily married while living in separate homes. But even this experiment apparently failed." Four months after her divorce, on 24 December 1935, Colbert married Dr. Joel J. Pressman, a throat specialist, who died in 1968; her former husband went on to marry the actress Sally Blane, a sister of Loretta Young.
When she retired from motion pictures, Colbert and her husband moved to Palm Springs where she operated a store for a time before moving to Barbados. The idea of moving to Barbados came to her following a visit to Noel Coward's house in Jamaica. At her home there, called Bellerive, she spent her later years as a hostess to the world's powerful and famous. Ronald Reagan was one of her guests during his presidency, as were Lillian Helman, Kirk Douglas, Jack Benny, Rex Harrison, and Slim Keith. She had a small guest house built on the property for the honeymoon of Frank Sinatra and Mia Farrow.
Colbert died at her home in Barbados, following series of small strokes during the last two years of her life at the age of 92, and she was interred there in the Parish of St. Peter Cemetery along with her mother and husband. A requiem mass was held at St. Vincent Ferrer church in New York City later.
According to an article published in the 10 August 1996 issue of the "Cincinnati Post", the childless Colbert left most of her estate, estimated at $3.5 million and including her Manhattan apartment and her home in Barbados, to a friend, Helen O'Hagan (1931—), a retired director of corporate relations at Saks Fifth Avenue, whom Colbert had met in 1961 on the set of "Parrish", the actress's last film.Bellerive was later bought by David Geffen.
After Colbert's death, rumors about the actress's purported lesbian relationships, including supposed affairs with Marlene Dietrich and Greta Garbo, began to circulate in the international media. In response, Colbert's friend Helen O'Hagan told the "New York Daily News" that the actress barely knew Dietrich or Garbo and that Colbert was "a man's lady". The purported Colbert-Dietrich relationship also was explored in the 2001 book "Behind the Screen: How Gays and Lesbians Shaped Hollywood, 1910-1969" by William J. Mann, a film historian.

Yekaterinburg
Yekaterinburg is a big city in Russia, with a population of 1,293,537 people. The city was started in 1721 by Vasily Tatischev and named after Saint Catherine.
Twin cities.
Yekaterinburg is a sister city of

Collingwood, Victoria
Collingwood is a suburb in Melbourne, Australia. It was named after Baron Cuthbert Collingwood (1748 - 1810), an admiral of the Royal Navy.
Sport.
The Collingwood Football Club was originally based in Collingwood, but has since moved to the Lexus Centre.

762 Pulcova
762 Pulcova is a main belt asteroid. It was found by Grigoriy N. Neujmin in 1913, and its provisional name was 1913 SQ. It is named after Pulkovo Observatory, near Saint Petersburg. Pulcova is 137 km in diameter, and is a C-type asteroid, which means that it is dark in colouring and is made of carbonates. Its density appears to be unusually low, which means that it may be a loosely-packed rubble pile, not a solid object.
In 2000, astronomers at the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope on Mauna Kea, Hawaii, found a small, 15 km moon orbiting Pulcova at a distance of 800 km. It was one of the first asteroid moons to be seen.

George M. Dallas
George Mifflin Dallas (July 10, 1792 – December 31, 1864) was a Senator for the United States from Pennsylvania and later served under James K. Polk as the eleventh Vice President of the United States.
Dallas was born in Philadelphia and graduated from the College of New Jersey (now the Princeton University) in 1810.

William R. King
William Rufus deVane King (April 7, 1786 – April 18, 1853) was a U.S. Representative from North Carolina, a Senator from Alabama, and the thirteenth Vice President of the United States. Excluding John Tyler and Andrew Johnson — both of whom ascended to the Presidency — he was the shortest-serving person to occupy that office (45 days, "see List of U.S. Vice Presidents by time in office").

Harnett County, North Carolina
Harnett County is a county located in the state of North Carolina, United States. In 2000, the population was 91,025. Its county seat is Lillington.
History.
The county was made in 1855 from Cumberland County. It was named for Cornelius Harnett.
Government.
Harnett County is a member of the Mid-Carolina Council of Governments.

Chatham County, North Carolina
Chatham County is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina. In 2000, the population was 49,329. Now the population is more than 60,000. Its county seat is Pittsboro.
History.
The county was made in 1771 from Orange County.
In 1907 parts of Chatham County and Moore County were combined to form Lee County.
Government.
Chatham County is part of the regional Triangle J Council of Governments.
Schools.
Chatham County has its own public school system for grades kindergarten to 12. Central Carolina Community College also has two campuses in the county.
Coal Mines.
Chatham County has the only coal mines in North Carolina. Coal mining used to be very important to the county, but in the 1920s a bad accident in one of the mines killed many workers. By the 1940s all the mines had closed. Some people have tried to open the mines back up, but the mines are too dangerous. Right now none of the mines are open.
New Houses.
Many builders are building new houses in Chatham County right now. Some people in the county do not like this beacause they do not want Chatham County to have a lot of people. A lot of people want to live in Chatham County because they do not have to pay as much tax as people in other North Carolina counties do. But other people think it is good that a lot of people want to live in the county because then the county will make more money from taxes.

Carteret County, North Carolina
Carteret County is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina. In 2000, the population was 59,383. Its county seat is Beaufort. Most of the county is part of the Crystal Coast.
Government.
Carteret County is part of the Eastern Carolina Council of Governments.
Schools.
The county has its own public school system called Carteret County Schools.

Doctor (Doctor Who)
The Doctor is the central character in the long-running BBC science fiction television series "Doctor Who".
He is an alien, a "Time Lord" from the planet Gallifrey. The Doctor travels in his space-time-ship TARDIS, with which he can go anywhere in time and space. Because the TARDIS' "chameleon circuit" is broken, it looks like an old British police-box permanently. The Doctor often takes other people with him, who are usually called "companions" or "assistants". They are most often human; the most recent companion was Donna Noble.
Biography.
The Doctor did not want to stay on Gallifrey any longer, so he "borrowed" an old Type 40 TARDIS. In the TARDIS he and his granddaughter Susan Foreman left their home planet Gallifrey. They stayed for a time on Earth in the 1960s, where Susan also went to school. Her teachers, Barbara Wright and Ian Chesterton, discovered the TARDIS. They traveled for a while with the Doctor, and returned to Earth two years later. After them the Doctor often took other people with him on his travels.
Anatomy and Regeneration.
As a Gallifreyan the Doctor looks like a human on the surface, but there are differences. One well-known difference is that he has two hearts. As a Time Lord the Doctor can also "regenerate", if his body is badly hurt and he dies. During the "regeneration", the body is healed and renewed, which includes a different appearance and personality. The regenerated person is the same person, with the same memories and basic personality traits; but the person also looks different and a changed personality. Because of this the Doctor could be played by different actors. This made it possible for the series to be filmed over a time of forty years without having to actually "change" the character.
Incarnations and Actors of the Doctor.
Up until now, the Doctor has regenerated nine times, and each "incarnation" was played by a different actor.

Roger Penrose
Sir Roger Penrose, OM, FRS (born 8 August 1931) is an English mathematical physicist and Emeritus Rouse Ball Professor of Mathematics at the Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford and Emeritus Fellow of Wadham College. He is renowned for his work in mathematical physics, in particular his contributions to general relativity and cosmology. He is also a recreational mathematician and philosopher. Roger Penrose is the son of scientist Lionel S. Penrose and Margaret Leathes, and the brother of mathematician Oliver Penrose and correspondence chess grandmaster Jonathan Penrose. He was born in Colchester, Essex, England.

Arthur (TV series)
"Arthur" is a Canadian/American children's television series, based on a series of books written by Marc Brown. The series has had 150 episodes made between 1996 and the beginning half of 2008. The twelfth season is reportedly under production. The show is about a human-like aardvark named Arthur Read. The show is focused on his life, and deals with normal childhood problems.

Langur
A langur is a type of monkey found in southeast Asia. It is commonly called the Leaf Monkey. Generally they live in small groups of between 2 and 10 individuals. They mainly eat leaves, as well as some fruit, and they spend most of their time in trees.

WWE Raw
"WWE Raw", known as "WWE RAW", is the Monday night professional wrestling television program for World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) and is the main broadcast of the Raw brand. "WWE Raw" is usually seen as WWE's flagship program over its sister programs, "SmackDown!" and "ECW", due to its longer history and the way it is promoted.
Original format.
Starting as "WWF Monday Night Raw", the program first started on January 11, 1993 on the USA Network for one hour. The original "Raw" broke new ground in televised professional wrestling. Traditionally, wrestling shows were taped on sound stages with small viewers or at big arena shows. The "Raw" formula was very different than that of its predecessor, "Prime Time Wrestling". Instead of taped matches, with studio voice overs and taped chat, "Raw" was a show shot to a live viewers, with angles as they happened. The first episode had Yokozuna winning against Koko B. Ware, The Steiner Brothers winning against The Executioners, WWF Intercontinental Champion Shawn Michaels winning against Max Moon and The Undertaker winning against Damien Demento. The show also featured an interview with Razor Ramon.
"Raw" came from the Grand Ballroom at Manhattan Center Studios, a small New York City theater and played live each week. The combination of an intimate venue and live action proved highly successful. However, the weekly live schedule proved to be a financial drain on the WWF, and taped shows began airing every other week. From early 1994 to September 1999, "Raw" was shown live on one Monday and then the next day (Tuesday) next Monday's "Raw" was taped. This meant that "Raw" was live one week and taped the next.
The storylines and characters during the early years of "Raw" still had a healthy dose of the old Federation "gimmick-heavy" style. For example, there were moments such as Irwin R. Schyster tearing up Tatanka's headdress, the different "Undertaker sightings" (during the Undertaker vs. Undertaker storyline, leading up to SummerSlam 1994); and characters like Duke "The Dumpster" Droese, Doink the Clown, or Thurman "Sparky" Plugg.
"Raw" was also one of a kind, in which they covered the unexpected, exciting moments, a prelude to the "Attitude Era", in which it coined "Raw" as "Uncut, Uncensored, Uncooked." Some of those moments are Razor Ramon losing a match unexpectedly to Sean "The 1-2-3 Kid" Waltman, who was later known as X-Pac, Marty Jannetty beating Shawn Michaels to win the WWF Intercontinental Championship, and "Raw" was the first WWF television program of any kind to show footage of Lex Luger bodyslamming Yokozuna at the "USS Intrepid".
The first hosts of "Raw" were Vince McMahon, Rob Bartlett and "Macho Man" Randy Savage. Sean Mooney conducted the interviews and Bobby "The Brain" Heenan also helped contribute. In March 1993, Rob Bartlett was dropped from the broadcasting team and was replaced by Bobby Heenan. Then on December 6, 1993, Gorilla Monsoon kicked Bobby Heenan out of the WWF forever. In reality, this was a storyline between Monsoon and his close friend Heenan, who decided to leave the World Wrestling Federation in order to lighten his travel schedule and because he didn't want to take a 50% paycut. After about a year, "Raw" moved out of the Manhattan Center and traveled to various regular Federation venues in the United States.
The Monday Night Wars.
In 1995, World Championship Wrestling (WCW) began showing its new wrestling show, "Monday Nitro", live each week on TNT. "Raw" and "Nitro" went head-to-head for the first time on September 11 1995. Due to "Raws taping schedule on several occasions, WCW Vice President Eric Bischoff, who was also an on-air personality, would often give away the results of WWF's taped "Raw" shows on the live WCW show. Some fans also looked at "Raw" taping results on the steadily-growing Internet; as a result, this caused the ratings of the taped "Raw" episodes to be lower.
"WWF Raw" had a live broadcast every other week to save costs, until September 1999, when ratings and pay-per-view buy rate grown, allowing them to justify doing a weekly live show.
At the start of the ratings war in 1995 through to mid-1996, "Raw" and "Nitro" exchanged victories over each over in a closely contested rivalry. Beginning in mid-1996, however, thanks primarily to the nWo angle, "Monday Nitro" started a ratings win-streak that lasted for eighty-three continuous weeks, ending on April 13 1998.
Raw is War.
On February 3, 1997, "Monday Night Raw" went to a two hour format, as the Attitude Era was starting to come in full stream in the WWF. In an attempt to break the momentum of what had turned into ratings domination by WCW's competing "Monday Nitro", Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) was brought in as Jerry Lawler "challenged" ECW on February 17, 1997. In an episode where "Raw" returned to the Manhattan Center, the "challenge" answered on the following week's show with Taz, Mikey Whipwreck, Sabu, Tommy Dreamer, D-Von Dudley, and the Sandman. ECW owner Paul Heyman did a call-in interview on "Raw" the week after that.
During 1997, there were more and more controversial elements in "Raw" and WWF programming such as the Nation of Domination, and the D-Generation X "racial graffiti" storyline designed to "implicate Bret Hart's 'the Hart Foundation'", and the "XXX Files" series.
On March 10, 1997, "Monday Night Raw" officially became "Raw is War". The March 17, 1997 episode featured a heated Bret Hart/Vince McMahon ringside altercation (that unknowingly foreshadowed events in November) with profanity normally unheard on TV. Brian Pillman did a series of "XXX Files" segments with Terri Runnels, which further "pushed the envelope". These segments ended prematurely with the September 29, 1997 episode of "Raw", after the death of Pillman on October 5, 1997 due to hereditary heart problems.
After WrestleMania XIV in March 1998, the WWF regained the lead in the Monday Night Wars with its new "WWF Attitude" brand, led in particular by rising stars Steve Austin, The Rock and Mankind. The classic feud between the villainous WWF Chairman Vince McMahon (who was re-imagined and re-branded from the color commentator into the evil company chairman character Mr. McMahon after the real-life Montreal Screwjob incident) and fan favorite Steve Austin (who had been released by Bischoff in the summer of 1995 for not being marketable) caught the imaginations of fans. The April 13, 1998 episode of "Raw", headlined by a match between Austin and McMahon, marked the first time that WCW had lost the head-to-head Monday night ratings battle in the 84 weeks since 1996.
While "Raw" was taking a new approach to programming, "Nitro" would start making lackluster shows with the same storylines. Older stars such as Hogan and Nash frequented the main events, while younger talent such as Chris Jericho, Chris Benoit and Eddie Guerrero were not given opportunities to advance, and the only newcomer elevated to main-event status at this time was Bill Goldberg.
Meanwhile, on "Raw", fans were immersed in the feud between WWF owner Vince McMahon and "Stone Cold" Steve Austin. New talent such as Triple H and his D-Generation X faction, Mankind and The Rock were elevated to main event status on the WWF's program. Superstars such as Kane, Val Venis, Goldust, etc. were coming through the ranks and exposing the WWF as the place where new talent comes through unlike the WCW counterpart. Things were so heated between the two programs that, when both shows were in the same area on the same night ("Raw" in Hampton, Virginia, "Nitro" in Norfolk), D-X was sent to film a "war" segment at the Norfolk Scope where they berated WCW and interviewed fans on camera who stated that they received their "Nitro" tickets for free (presumably in an attempt by WCW to pack the arena as full as possible due to low ticket sales).
On January 4, 1999. Mick Foley, who had wrestled for WCW in the early 1990s as Cactus Jack, won the WWF Title as Mankind on "Raw". On orders from Bischoff, "Nitro" announcer Tony Schiavone gave away this previously taped result on the live "Nitro", and then sarcastically added "that'll sure put some butts in the seats"; over 600,000 viewers changed channels to watch "Raw". This was also the night that "Nitro" aired a WCW World Championship match in which Kevin Nash blatantly laid down for Hulk Hogan after Hogan poked him in the chest. The next week, and for months after, many fans in the "Raw" audience brought signs which read, "Mick Foley put my ass in this seat!"
The end of the Wars.
A new television contract with Viacom led to a WWF change in the broadcast. On September 25 2000, "Raw" moved from the USA Network to TNN (which later became Spike TV).
WCW's sharp decrease in revenue and ratings led to Time Warner's sale of the company to the WWF in 2001. The last version of "Nitro" was shown on March 26 2001. The show began with Vince McMahon making a short statement about his recent purchase of WCW and ended with a simulcast on "Raw" on TNN with an appearance by Vince's son Shane McMahon on "Nitro". Shane interrupted his father's gloating over the WCW purchase to explain that Shane was the one who actually owned WCW, setting up what become the WWF's "Invasion" storyline.
The "Raw is War" logo and name were retired in September 2001, following the September 11, 2001 attacks and sensitivity over the word "war". It also symbolized that professional wrestling's "Monday Night Wars" were over.
Brand Extension.
In early to mid-2002, WWE had a process they called the "Brand Extension". WWE divided itself into two "de facto" wrestling promotions with separate rosters, storylines and authority figures. Raw and SmackDown! would host each division, give its name to the division and essentially compete against each other. The split was a result of WWF purchasing their two biggest competitors, WCW and ECW. The brand extension was publicly announced during a telecast of "WWF Raw" on March 25 2002, and became official the next day.
Wrestlers now would become show-exclusive, wrestling for their specific show only. At the time this excluded the WWE Undisputed Championship and WWE Women's Championship, as those WWE titles would be defended on both shows. In August 2002, WWE Undisputed Champion Brock Lesnar didn't want to defend the title on "Raw", in effect causing his title to become exclusive to "SmackDown!" The following week on Raw, General Manager Eric Bischoff awarded a newly instated World Heavyweight Championship to Raw's designated #1 contender, Triple H. Due to the fact that since the WWE Undisputed Championship was now SmackDown! exclusive it was no longer seen as "undisputed". Following this, the WWE Women's Championship soon became Raw-exclusive as well. As a result of the Brand Extension, an annual "draft lottery" was instituted to exchange members of each roster and generally refresh the lineups.
"WWE Raw" said they have earned the distinction of having the most original episodes of any fictional weekly program on August 2, 2005 when it broadcasted the 636th episode. It was said to have took the place of "Gunsmoke", which held that distinction. However, under the criteria WWE used to make this claim, the actual record would be held by the show "Georgia Championship Wrestling", which ran continuously on Saturday evenings on TBS between 1972 and 1984.
Return to USA Network.
On March 10 2005, Viacom and WWE decided not to go on with the agreement with Spike TV, making it so "Raw" and other WWE programs on the network would cease when their deal expired in September 2005. On April 4 2005, WWE announced a 3-year deal with NBC Universal to bring "Raw" back to its old home, the USA Network, with 2 yearly specials on NBC and a Spanish "Raw" on Telemundo. On the same week as "Raws restart on USA, Spike TV scheduled Ultimate Fighting Championship's live "Ultimate Fight Night" in "Raws old timeslot in a try to go head-to-head with "Raw".
The show's first night back on USA was billed as the "WWE Homecoming" and featured the return of former WWE Champions such as Hulk Hogan, Steve Austin, Mick Foley, Triple H and Vince McMahon along with cameos from legends such as Roddy Piper, Jimmy Hart, Jimmy Snuka and Harley Race. WWE Homecoming was three hours long — the longest an episode of "Raw" has ever run in its 12-year history. USA also showed "Raw Exposed", an hour of the best moments of "Raw" during its previous run on USA. WWE announced that "Raw" got its highest ratings in three years, gaining close to six million viewers.
The following week, Vince McMahon fired Jim Ross for not helping after Steve Austin gave him and his entire family the Stone Cold Stunner. Jonathan Coachman, the second analyst at the table, took over Ross's duties as play-by-play for two weeks until former ECW announcer Joey Styles was hired.
2006.
On the May 1, 2006 version of "Raw", Joey Styles said he was quitting (kayfabe). His vacating of the announcer position set the stage for Jim Ross to return to Raw's commentary booth, thus ending the storyline where Ross got fired by Linda McMahon. This freed Styles to become a commentator for the ECW brand when it launched in June.
In Canada, after an 11 year run on TSN, "Raw" moved to rival sports broadcaster The Score after it was announced that TSN would be carrying "Monday Night Football for the 2006 season. This also meant that Canadian viewers would be watching via tape-delay, as The Score did not broadcast "Raw" live at first, but in 2007, started airing the show live.
During the September 25, 2006 episode of "Raw" in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, the opening of "Raw" suffered a blackout. Spotlights were the only lights running in the house. Power in the presentation was later back. Another similar moment happened back on May 26 1996 in Florence, South Carolina for WWF, when a major thunderstorm hit the Florence Civic Center causing major chaos for the PPV. That Tuesday, Beware of Dog, returned to North Charleston, South Carolina to finish out three matches that were not shown because of the lost power feed.
On October 9, 2006, "Raw" held a three hour season start called the "Raw Family Reunion", where the Raw brand had a new logo and theme song, Papa Roach's "...To Be Loved". The episode also featured talent from the SmackDown! and ECW brands. Later that month, on October 23 "Raw" aired its 700th episode, making it the longest running weekly entertainment show, without a hiatus, in television history.
2007.
On June 25, 2007, "Raw" was scheduled in Corpus Christi, Texas to be a three-hour special memorial show for the (kayfabe) death of the Mr. McMahon character after he had been presumed dead in a limo explosion. The event was canceled due to the real death of Chris Benoit and his family earlier that day, with a three-hour Chris Benoit memorial show being shown instead. This was the first time that "Raw" had been shown with no viewers and had Vince McMahon breaking kayfabe to address the viewers at home. The show had extracts from the DVD, showing some of Benoit's most memorable matches, along with comments from some of Benoit's colleagues. However, when the facts of Benoit's death came to light, WWE pulled this episode from international markets which aired "Raw" on a tape delay basis. Several channels announced the episode was being withheld for legal reasons. A substitute "Raw", hosted by Todd Grisham from WWE Studios, was created featuring recaps of big-time championship changes of the past year. The episode started with a message from Vince McMahon which originally aired on the June 26 edition of "ECW".
On December 10 2007 "Raw" celebrated its 15th anniversary in a three-hour spectacular on the USA Network with the returns of Stone Cold Steve Austin, Rob Van Dam, The Godfather, Steve Blackman, Howard Finkel, Ted DiBiase, Eric Bischoff, Marty Jannetty, Gangrel, Trish Stratus, Lita, Sunny, Hulk Hogan and Mick Foley (as Mankind) among others. Along with several reunions of former tag teams and also included a 15-man "15 Years of Raw" battle royal. The RAW XV: 15th Anniversary DVD was also sold that had the best moments in Raw history.
2008.
In April 2008 as part of the United States presidential election, candidates Barack Obama, John McCain and Hillary Rodham Clinton presented special messages on W.W.E. Raw. The show was watched by an estimated 4.97 million viewers, of which there were 1.45 million viewers who were men aged 18 to 34: an important group of voters the candidates were trying to talk to.
Production.
As of 2008, "Raw" is shown live on Monday evenings on the USA Network (in the USA), The Score in Canada and on Sky Sports 3 in Great Britain, though it is sometimes taped and placed on a broadcast delay depending on what circumstances dictate. The theme song for the Raw brand is "...To Be Loved" by Papa Roach, which has been used for the Raw brand since October 9 2006.
Since March 10 1997, broadcasts of "Raw" were split into two hours and given hourly names for television ratings purposes, with the first hour being referred to as "Raw is War" and the second as "War Zone" by the show's on-screen graphics. However, as of October 1 2001, the first hour has been referred to as "Raw" and the second as "Raw Zone" by the show's on-screen graphics.
On January 7 2008, WWE said that all 3 brands (RAW, SmackDown!, and ECW) would be broadcast in HD, codenamed "WWE HD" starting with RAW on January 21. WWE invested about $20 million dollars on new recording and broadcasting equipment to prepare for the move, as well as new pyrotechnics and lighting. The move replaced the RAW, SmackDown!, and ECW sets with a new state of the art set shared by all brands.
Broadcasting notes.
The show currently starts live on USA Network (and on tape delay Wednesdays on mun2, and Sundays on Telemundo (in Spanish)) in the United States, and in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland on Sky Sports 3. It also currently broadcasts on tape delay in Canada on The Score and Global Quebec, in Australia on FOX8, in Portugal on SIC Radical,in Italy on Sky Italia in Finland on MTV3 MAX, in Malaysia on Astro Super Sport, in New Zealand on The Box, in Greece on Supersport 3, in India and Pakistan on Ten Sports, in the Philippines on Jack TV and ABC, in Chile on Chilevisión, in Mexico on 52MX, in Bulgaria on GTV, in Panama on RPC Canal 4, in Peru on ATV, in Saudi Arabia and Middle east on ART SPORT, in Romania on TV Sport, in Serbia on FOX Televizija, in South Korea on XTM, in Spain on Cuatro TV, in France on NT1 and RTL9, in Brazil on SBT, in Argentina on Canal 9 (Argentina) and on AFN Xtra. "Raw" is also currently being aired on Etv in South Africa. It airs on "Canal VTV" in El Salvador and on "Premiere" in Germany and in Honduras on "Canal 5". Sometimes, "Raw" is started on same-day tape delay when WWE is on an overseas tours.
General Managers.
! General Manager
1 This was a reward from Mr. McMahon to Bischoff for his refereeing job at Cyber Sunday.
2 On May 29 2006, Mr. McMahon made Jonathan Coachman his Executive Assistant. Upon doing so McMahon stated "No one could replace me as GM", in essence giving Coachman GM powers under a new title. Was officially named Interim GM by the McMahon family following Vince McMahon's limo incident.
3 On August 6 2007, Mr. McMahon announced that an over the top rope battle royal featuring other participants from the Raw roster would determine a new GM for Raw. William Regal won the battle royal. becoming the new GM, and Jonathan Coachman became his assistant.
A.M. Raw.
"WWE A.M. Raw" is a Saturday night (Sunday morning) show that is shown on the USA Network at 2 a.m. ET. It has segments from the latest episode of "Raw" with a ticker along the bottom section of the screen that provides information about WWE, including trivia and live event news.
"A.M. Raw" started debuted at its current time of 9 a.m. on Saturday morning. For a short period, however, it was moved to Sunday mornings at 2 a.m., until November 11 2006. It was returned to its current Saturday morning timeslot while also continuing to air at 2 a.m.. However, it did gather higher ratings in the Sunday morning timeslot than it had with its previous Saturday 9 a.m. timeslot.

Doctor Who companions
The companions or assistants of the Doctor of the "Doctor Who" television series.
The Doctor is an alien, a "Time Lord" from the planet Gallifrey. He travels in his space-time-ship TARDIS, with which he can go anywhere in time and space. The Doctor usually takes other people with him, who are usually called "companions" or "assistants". The Doctor and his companions travel through space and time, have a lot of adventures, and often save many people.
The character of the companion was there so that the people watching the series could identify and feel close to a character. The companions were often present-time humans, so people could feel close to them, and they knew as much as the viewers. Because of this, the Doctor could explain things to his companions, and at the same time to the viewers.
Almost all the Doctor's companions have been human, or human-looking aliens. Two companions were robots.
Companions are named under the Doctors they travelled with, and sorted by first appearance.
Susan Foreman.
Susan Foreman (Carole Ann Ford) was the Doctor's granddaughter. She travelled with him from the beginning. In "The Dalek Invasion of Earth", Susan stays in 22nd century London.
Barbara Wright.
Barbara Wright (Jacqueline Hill) is one of the first companions of the Doctor. Barbara is a history teacher at the Coal Hill School, working with science teacher Ian Chesterton.
In "An Unearthly Child", set in 1963, Susan Foreman, the granddaughter of the Doctor, is one of their students. Susan is unusually intelligent and knows very much of science and history. Because Susan seems very strange, Barbara and Ian follow the "unearthly child" home to the TARDIS, where they meet the Doctor. With him they begin to travel through space and time.
In "The Chase", after two years of travelling with the Doctor, Barbara and Ian use a Dalek time machine to return to London.
Ian Chesterton.
Ian Chesterton (William Russell) is one of the first companions of the Doctor. Ian is a science teacher at the Coal Hill School, working with history teacher Barbara Wright.
In "An Unearthly Child", set in 1963, Susan Foreman, the granddaughter of the Doctor, is one of their students. Susan is unusually intelligent and knows very much of science and history. Because Susan seems very strange, Barbara and Ian follow the "unearthly child" home to the TARDIS, where they meet the Doctor. With him they begin to travel through space and time.
In "The Chase", after two years of travelling with the Doctor, Barbara and Ian use a Dalek time machine to return to London.
Vicki.
Vicki (Maureen O'Brien) was a companion of the First Doctor. She first appeared in "The Rescue". Vicki was a survivor of a spaceship crash in the 25th century. In "The Myth Makers", Vicki fell in love with a warrior from ancient Troy, and decided to stay with him.
Steven Taylor.
Steven Taylor (Peter Purves) was a companion of the First Doctor. He first appeared in "The Chase", where he had crash-landed his spaceship on the planet two years before. In "The Savages", Steven stays behind to help the local people.
Katarina.
Katarina (Adrienne Hill) was a companion of the First Doctor. She was a handmaiden of Cassandra in ancient Troy, and appeared first in "The Myth Makers". During "The Daleks' Master Plan", Katarina is captured by the prisoner Kirksen. She opens the airlock in which she and her captor are, which kills them both.
Sara Kingdom.
Sara Kingdom (Jean Marsh) appeared in the "The Daleks' Master Plan". She is sometimes counted as a companion of the First Doctor, but sometimes not.
Dodo Chaplet.
Dorothea "Dodo" Chaplet (Jackie Lane) was a companion of the First Doctor. She appeared first at the end of "The Massacre of St Bartholomew's Eve". In "The War Machines", Dodo decides to stay in 1966 London.
Polly.
Polly (Anneke Wills) was a companion of the First and Second Doctor. She, together with Ben Jackson, appeared first in "The War Machines". In "The Faceless Ones" they return to 1966 London, and Polly and Ben decide to stay.
Ben Jackson.
Ben Jackson (Michael Craze) was a companion of the First and Second Doctor. He, together with Polly, appeared first in "The War Machines". In "The Faceless Ones" they return to 1966 London, and Polly and Ben decide to stay.
Jamie McCrimmon.
James Robert McCrimmon, or simply Jamie, (Frazer Hines) was a companion of the Second Doctor. Jamie was from 18th century Scotland. Jamie first appears in "The Highlanders", where he meets the Doctor, Ben and Polly after the Battle of Culloden in 1746. At the end of "The War Games", the Time Lords take Jamie's and Zoe's memories away, and send each of them back to their original time and place.
Victoria Waterfield.
Victoria Waterfield (Deborah Watling) was a companion of the Second Doctor. She is from Victorian England in 1866, and she is the daughter of scientist Edward Waterfield (played by John Bailey). She first appears in "The Evil of the Daleks". In "Fury from the Deep", Victoria leaves the Doctor and Jamie, and stays with a family named Harris in the 20th century.
Zoe Heriot.
Zoe Heriot (Wendy Padbury) was a companion of the Second Doctor. She first appears in "The Wheel in Space", on a space station in the 21st century. At the end of "The War Games", the Time Lords take Zoe's and Jamie's memories away, and send each of them back to their original time and place.
Liz Shaw.
Liz Shaw (Caroline John) was a companion of the Third Doctor. She was a scientist and civilian member of UNIT. She first appeared in "Spearhead from Space", where she became a member of UNIT and met the newly regenerated Doctor. In "Inferno" Liz decided to leave the Doctor and UNIT, and go back to the University of Cambridge.
Jo Grant.
Jo Grant (Katy Manning) was a companion of the Third Doctor. She first appears in "Terror of the Autons" as a replacement assistant for the Doctor. In "The Green Death", Jo falls in love with the scientist Professor Clifford Jones. She decides to marry Jones, and goes with him to the Amazon Rainforest.
Harry Sullivan.
Harry Sullivan (Ian Marter) was a companion of the Fourth Doctor. Harry is a doctor in the Royal Navy, and works as a medical officer for the United Nations Intelligence Taskforce. In "Terror of the Zygons", Harry leaves the Doctor and returns to London. Harry appears again once in "The Android Invasion".
Leela.
Leela (Louise Jameson) was a companion of the Fourth Doctor. She first appeared in "The Face of Evil". Leela was a warrior of the savage Sevateem tribe. The Sevateem tribe were the descendants of the crew of an Earth ship, that crash landed on an unnamed planet in the far future. In "The Invasion of Time", Leela falls in love with Andred, a Gallifreyan. Leela chooses to stay with Andred on the Doctor's home planet Gallifrey. K-9 Mark I stays with her.
K-9.
K-9 (voiced by John Leeson) was a robot dog and a companion of the Fourth Doctor. There have been several models: K-9 Mark I-IV.
The original K-9 Mark I was given to the Doctor, but later stayed with the Doctor's companion Leela on Gallifrey.
K-9 Mark III and Mark IV were presents of the Doctor to Sarah Jane Smith.
Adric.
Adric (Matthew Waterhouse) was a companion of the Fourth and Fifth Doctor. He was from the planet Alzarius in the parallel universe E-Space, but came with the Doctor to our universe. Adric dies in "Earthshock", when the spaceship he is on crashes into prehistoric Earth.
Tegan Jovanka.
Tegan Jovanka (Janet Fielding) was a companion of the Fourth and Fifth Doctor. Tegan was an Australian stewardess.
Nyssa of Traken.
Nyssa of Traken (Sarah Sutton) was a companion of the Fourth and Fifth Doctor. Nyssa was an alien from the planet Traken.
Vislor Turlough.
Vislor Turlough (Mark Strickson) was a companion of the Fifth Doctor. Turlough was an alien from the planet Trion. After a civil war he had been exiled to Earth, to the Brendon Public School. In "Mawdryn Undead" he met the Doctor and joined him. In "Planet of Fire", Turlough left and returned to his home planet Trion.
Kamelion.
Kamelion (voiced by Gerald Flood) was a shape-changing android and a companion of the Fifth Doctor. He first appears in "The King's Demons", where he is controlled by the Master. The Doctor frees him an takes Kamelion with him. In "Planet of Fire", Kamelion is destroyed.
Peri Brown.
Peri Brown (Nicola Bryant) was a companion of the Fifth and Sixth Doctor. She first appears in "Planet of Fire", after which she travels with the Doctor. After the Doctor regenerates, Peri stays and travels with the Sixth Doctor.
Melanie Bush.
Melanie "Mel" Bush (Bonnie Langford) was a companion of the Sixth and Seventh Doctor. She was a computer programmer from the 20th century England. Mel leaves the Doctor at the end of "Dragonfire", to stay on Iceworld with Sabalom Glitz.
Ace.
Ace, real name Dorothy, (Sophie Aldred) was a companion of the Seventh Doctor. She first appears in "Dragonfire", on the planet Iceworld, although Ace was from 20th century Earth. At the end of this story, Melanie Bush leaves the Doctor, who invites Ace to come with him. Ace stays the Doctor's companion until the first end of the series in 1989.
Grace Holloway.
Dr. Grace Holloway (Daphne Ashbrook) was the Doctor's companion in the 1996 television movie "Doctor Who". Grace is a cardiologist from 1999 San Francisco. She accidentally kills the Seventh Doctor during an operation. Grace helps the Eighth Doctor fight the Master. In the end of the film, the Eighth Doctor invites Grace to travel with him, but she says that she will stay on Earth.
Adam Mitchell.
Adam Mitchell (Bruno Langley) was the Doctor's companion for only two episodes.
In 2012, Adam was a young English researcher, employed by the American billionaire Henry van Statten. In the episode "Dalek" he was at van Statten's base, and at the end he went with the Doctor in the TARDIS. In "The Long Game" he is travelling with the Doctor and Rose, but Adam behaves badly. At the end of the episode, the Doctor takes Adam home.
Mickey Smith.
Mickey Smith (Noel Clarke) was Rose Tyler's boyfriend. He helped Rose and the Ninth Doctor several times. Later he travelled with the Tenth Doctor and Rose. At the end of "The Age of Steel", Mickey decided to stay in the parallel world to help fight the Cybermen. In "Journey's End", Mickey returned to this world, and at the end decided to stay here again.
Astrid Peth.
Astrid Peth (Kylie Minogue) was the Doctor's companion during the 2007 Christmas special "Voyage of the Damned". She is from the planet Sto. Astrid is a waitress on the starship "Titanic". Astrid helps the Doctor, but is killed while she saves him. After saving the "Titanic", the Doctor realises that Astrid was still wearing a teleporter bracelet when she died. He tries to bring her back to life, but it does not work not fully: Astrid now is a ghost-like energy being. In the end, the Doctor sends Astrid away to fly through the universe.

Moomba
The Moomba Waterfest is a yearly festival in Melbourne, Australia. It takes place over the Labor Day weekend.

Ludwig Wittgenstein
Ludwig Josef Johann Wittgenstein (in German) (April 26, 1889 – April 29, 1951) was an Austrian philosopher. He worked primarily in the foundations of logic, the philosophy of mathematics, the philosophy of mind, and the philosophy of language. He is regarded as one of the most important philosophers of the twentieth century.
Before his death at the age of 62, the only book Wittgenstein had published was the "Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus". His second book "Philosophical Investigations" was published shortly after he died. Both of these works are regarded as very important for analytic philosophy.
Life.
Ludwig Wittgenstein was born in Vienna on April 26, 1889, to Karl and Leopoldine Wittgenstein. He was the youngest of eight children and was born into one of the most prominent and wealthy families in the Austro-Hungarian empire. His father's parents, Hermann Christian and Fanny Wittgenstein, were born into Jewish families but later converted to Protestantism, and after they moved from Saxony to Vienna in the 1850s, assimilated themselves into the Viennese Protestant professional classes. Ludwig's father, Karl Wittgenstein, became an industrialist and went on to make a fortune in iron and steel. Ludwig's mother Leopoldine, born Kalmus, was an aunt of the Nobel Prize laureate Friedrich von Hayek. Despite Karl's Protestantism, and the fact that Leopoldine's father was Jewish, the Wittgenstein children were baptized as Roman Catholics — the faith of their maternal grandmother — and Ludwig was given a Roman Catholic burial upon his death.
Wittgenstein began studying mechanical engineering. During his research he became interested in the foundations of mathematics, particularly after reading Bertrand Russell's "Principles of Mathematics" and Gottlob Frege's "Grundgesetze". In 1911 Wittgenstein visited Frege and Russell and discussed philosophy with them at great length. He made a great impression on Russell and started to work on the foundations of logic and mathematical logic. Russell saw Wittgenstein as a successor who would carry on his work.
The "Tractatus".
During the First World War Wittgenstein served in the army and developed his logic. He included ethical aspects. In the summer of 1918 he learnt that his friend David Pinsent had been killed in an airplane accident. Wittgenstein became depressed and thought of suicide. He went to stay with his uncle Paul where he was able to complete the "Tractatus". No publisher accepted it, but Russell recognized it as a work of great philosophical importance and wrote an introduction, to the book. Wittgenstein did not like it because he thought that Russel had not understood the book. In the end Wilhelm Ostwald's journal "Annalen der Naturphilosophie" printed a German edition in 1921, and Routledge's Kegan Paul printed a bilingual edition with Russell's introduction in 1922.
The years after the "Tractatus".
Since Wittgenstein thought that the "Tractatus" had solved all the problems of philosophy, he left philosophy and returned to Austria to train as a primary school teacher. Wittgenstein had unrealistic expectations of the rural children he taught, and had little patience with those children who had no gift for mathematics. But he had good results with children that were interested, especially boys. His severe disciplinary methods led to disagreement with some of his students' parents, and eventually he resigned his position and returned to Vienna, feeling that he had failed as a school teacher.
After abandoning his work as a school teacher, Wittgenstein worked as a gardener's assistant in a monastery near Vienna and then he worked with the architect, Paul Engelmann. This intellectual work did much to restore Wittgenstein's spirits.
Toward the end of this work, Wittgenstein was contacted by Moritz Schlick, one of the leading figures of the newly formed Vienna Circle. This contact stimulated Wittgenstein intellectually and revived his interest in philosophy.
Return to Cambridge.
In 1929 he decided to return to Cambridge. He was met at the railway station by a crowd of England's greatest intellectuals. He found out to his horror that he was one of the most famous philosophers in the world now.
In 1939 Wittgenstein was appointed to the chair in Philosophy at Cambridge.
During World War II he left Cambridge and volunteered as a hospital porter in Guy's Hospital in London and as a laboratory assistant in Newcastle upon Tyne's Royal Victoria Infirmary.
Final years.
Wittgenstein resigned his position at Cambridge in 1947 to concentrate on his writing. When in 1949 one found out that he cancer, he had written most of the material that would be published after his death as "Philosophische Untersuchungen" ("Philosophical Investigations"), which might be his most important work.

John C. Breckinridge
John Cabell Breckinridge (January 16, 1821 – May 17, 1875) was a lawyer, Representative, Senator for the United States and the Vice President of the United States. He was also a Southern Democratic candidate for President in 1860, a American Civil War general for the Confederates, and the last Confederate Secretary of War. Breckinridge is the youngest vice president in U.S. history, starting at age 36. He was the Confederate commander at the Battle of New Market.

Michael Dante DiMartino
Michael Dante DiMartino is an American animation director, most known as the co-creator, executive producer, and story editor of the TV series ' on Nickelodeon.

Ancient Athens
Ancient Athens is the name for the city of Athens in about the 5th century BC. It was one of the most powerful cities in ancient times.

Barbara Meier
Barbara Meier (born July 25, 1986 in Amberg, Germany) is a model. She is the winner of the second cycle (season) of "Germany's Next Topmodel", presented by Heidi Klum.
Biography.
Meier was born in Amberg. Before "GNTM" she studied mathematics.
While shopping at a mall, she was invited by a model scout to a casting for "GNTM". Out of 16,421 girls in the casting, she was chosen among 14 other girls to be on the TV show.
During the show she won a role alongside Heidi Klum in a TV commercial for McDonald's.
In the last episode (the finale), she won the show and became "Germany's Next Topmodel".
After "Germany's Next Topmodel" Meier was in many magazines around the world such as "Vogue" (Taiwan), "Madame Figaro" (Russia) and "L'Officiel" (France) and worked for many brands such as "Pantene".
In her private life, Meier is in a steady relationship since 2003.

Bryan Konietzko
Bryan Konietzko is the co-creator and executive producer of the animated series '. He has also worked as a character designer for the animated series "Family Guy". He was a storyboard artist and art director for the Nickelodeon animated series "Invader Zim".

Hannibal Hamlin
Hannibal Hamlin (August 27, 1809–July 4, 1891) was a politician from Maine. Hamlin served as a lawmaker in Maine, Governor of Maine, in the U.S. House of Representatives, and in the U.S. Senate. He began his career as a Democrat but later became a Republican. He was the first Republican to serve as Vice President of the United States, elected as Abraham Lincoln's Vice President in the 1860 presidential election.
Early life.
Hamlin was born in Paris, Maine. He was a descendant of James Hamlin who had lived in the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1639. He attended the area's schools, and later managed his father's farm. For the next few years he worked at several jobs. He studied law. He lived in Hampden, where he practiced law until 1848, when he moved away.

Busan subway
Busan Subway(한글:부산 지하철) is a subway system in Busan, South Korea.

Tsing Hua University
Tsing Hua University or THU (simplified Chinese: 清华大学; traditional Chinese: 清華大學; pinyin: Qīng Huá Dà Xué), is a university in Beijing, People's Republic of China. It is regarded as one of the best and most selective universities in China. It was established in 1911 as a school for Chinese graduates wanting to go further with their studies at universities in other countries, expecially America and the UK.
History.
Tsing Hua University was opened in Beijing, China in 1911 on the site of a former royal garden belonging to a prince. It was first a "preparatory school", a school for preparation, for students to be later sent by the government to study in America. The people who graduated were transferred directly to American schools as juniors upon graduation.
In 1925, the school established its College Department and started its research institute on Chinese Study. In 1928, the name officially changed to National Tsing Hua University (NTHU).
During the Second World War in 1937, Tsing Hua University, along with Peking University and Nankai University, merged to form Chang Sha Temporary University in Chang Sha, which later became National Southwestern Associated University in Kunming of Yunnan province. After the war, Tsing Hua moved back to Beijing and resumed its operation.
The communist victory at the end of the Chinese Civil War in 1949 led to the creation of the People's Republic of China (PRC), so the university's President Mei Yi Qi and some professors went to Taiwan where they established the National Tsing Hua Institute of Nuclear Technology in 1955, which later became National Tsing Hua University.
In 1952, the communist government regrouped the country's higher education institutions in an attempt to build a Soviet style system, with individual institutions tending to specialise in a certain field of study. TsingHua University was disassembled, losing its law school, school of agriculture, school of sciences and humanities, and became a polytechnic engineering university. Even so, the University remained in the top tier schools in China (Many Chinese scholars regards that its only rival is Peking Unviersity). In many years following this regroup, the school was often referred to as the "MIT of China". But since the 1980s, the university began to incorporate a multidisciplinary system. As a result, a lot of schools were built and rebuilt. These included the School of Science, School of Economics and Management, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, School of Law, School of Public Administration, and the School of Art. Only two colleges charge tuition to its graduate students; the law school and the Academy of Arts and Design.
During the Cultural Revolution from 1966 to 1976, the university became a battlefield between different sects of Mao's Red Guards (China) and a stronghold of the radicals. It did not resume its normal operation until 1977 when the Cultural Revolution was officially put to an end.
Since 1977, the university has enjoyed rich government funding and policy support which greatly improved its facilities. Since 1978, it has flourished with the re-establishment of the departments in sciences, economics and management, and the humanities. Its graduate school has been recognized nationally, ranking first in the National Evaluation of Graduate Schools. The School of Continuing Education makes the best use of modern information technologies, as well as the advanced educational resources at Tsing Hua.
Present.
Most Chinese university rankings place TsingHua first in China. It attracts the most talented students of the nation and enjoys the best engineering and applied sciences programs in China, occupying a position similar to MIT, Stanford, and Princeton in the US. Peking Union Medical College of Tsinghua University is likewise regarded as the best medical school in the country. Tsinghua's longtime rival Peking University is better known for natural sciences, social sciences, law, and liberal arts, somewhat similar to the Ivy League schools of Yale, Harvard, and the University of Pennsylvania.
Admission to Tsinghua is highly competitive. The majority of selected students are national scholars and among the brightest high school graduates in the country. Many of China's top scientists, engineers, politicians and business leaders are among Tsinghua alumni. The current Chinese president, Hu Jintao, is a former Tsinghua student who graduated with a degree in hydraulic engineering in 1964.
There are voices of criticism that nowadays, the university's top graduates are more likely to enroll at prestigious US university and research institutions.
As of 2003, Tsinghua University had 12 colleges and 48 departments, 41 research institutes, 35 research centers, and 167 laboratories, including 15 national key laboratories. In September 2006, Peking Union Medical College was renamed to Peking Union Medical College, Tsinghua University. The university offers 51 bachelor's degree programs, 139 master's degree programs and 107 Ph.D. programs. Recently, Tsinghua has become the first Chinese university to offer a Master of Laws program in American law, through a cooperative venture with the Temple University Beasley School of Law. The university is a member of LAOTSE, an international network of leading universities in Europe and Asia. Each year, the University celebrates the Intellectual Property Summer Institute in cooperation with Franklin Pierce Law Center of Concord, New Hampshire.
On April 12, 2007, Tsinghua University's School of Economics and Management became the first business school in the Chinese mainland to earn AACSB accreditation. Former Premier Zhu Rongji was the founding dean of the school.
The University's Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology is on a separate campus in a northern suburb of Beijing.
Tsinghua is the Chinese university where former United States Vice President Al Gore lectured at in his documentary, An Inconvenient Truth. Viewers can see the university lecture hall, with its well-known purple seats.
Campus.
The campus of Tsinghua University is located in northwest Beijing, in the Haidian district which was designated for universities.
It is located on the former site of Qing Dynasty royal gardens and retains some Chinese-style landscaping as well as some traditional buildings, but many of its buildings are Western-style reflecting the American influence in its history. It is known throughout China for having one of the most beautiful campuses.
The university's architect T. Chuang, a 1914 graduate of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, modeled his designs for the quadrangle and auditorium of Tsinghua on the Illinois campus, specifically imitating Foellinger Auditorium, located on the quad at the University of Illinois.
Tsinghua Alma Mater.
In 1923, another version of the school alma mater with lyrics in Chinese (by Prof. Wang Luan Xiang, a Chinese language professor of Tsinghua) was composed by Mrs. Zhang Hui Zhen and was well received by the students and faculty. The song was then adopted as the school's official Alma Mater.
Anniversary and Homecoming.
The last Sunday of April is Tsinghua's anniversary and Homecoming ("Xiao-Qing") Day.
Tsinghua Fight Song.
Fight for the victory, Rha, Rha, Rha!
The school cheer goes: Ri-ri-ri, Rah-rah-rah! Tsinghua, Tsinghua, Tsinghua ! Rah-rah-rah!
Global Partnership.
Tsinghua University has signed agreements with ACCA (Association of Chartered Certified Accountants), the renowned international accountancy body that offers Chartered Certified Accountant qualification worldwide, to train the new generation of professional accountants in China. Under the agreement, Tsinghua will develop the programme that under ACCA's syllabus for enabling China's young accounting students to join the ACCA professional exam scheme at a higher level. Tsinghua will also recognise the Oxford Brookes University BSc Applied Accounting degree, which has been successfully developed in conjunction with ACCA and which enables students who have completed two parts of the ACCA qualification to apply for the Oxford Brookes degree.(Please click:)

THU
Thu is most often an abbreviation for Thursday.

Yui Horie
Yui Horie (堀江 由衣 Horie Yui), born on 20 September 1976, is a popular Japanese singer and voice actress. Horie's real name is Yoshiko (堀江 由子 Horie Yoshiko), and she is sometimes nicknamed "Ho'chan ほっちゃん Hocchan)" by her Japanese fans.
She also hosts a radio show called Yui's Angel Eggs (or 堀江由衣の天使のたまご Horie Yui No Tenshi No Tamago in Japanese) which airs every Monday morning at 0.30 am (local Tokyo time). She is the founding member of the band Aice5. She is also a member of the band Kurobara Hozonkai under the nickname YUI-EL. Her blood type is B and her hobbies include shoulder massage, reading and food.
Biography.
Horie was born in Tokyo, Japan. As a child, she was a huge fan of the animated series "Dirty Pair" and stated that the series was her first inspiration to become a voice artist.
She debuted in 1997 in a video game Voice Fantasia and for several years had minor roles in various animations. She landed her first leading role as Haruka in Kurogane Communication. The turning point in her career wasn't till the year 2000, when she won the role of Naru in "Love Hina" and the role of Honda Touru in "Fruits Basket". She released her first music album titled Mizutamari ni Utsuru Sekai in 2000.
Yui formed a band called Yamato Nadeshiko with Tamura Yukari in 2001. They released two singles, "もうひとりの私" and "Merry Merrily". "Merry Merrily" was an insert song in the Love Hina Christmas Special.
In October, 2005 she founded Aice5, a J-pop supergroup made up of 4 other voice actors, to help launch their careers. Aice5 officially ended on 20 September 2007.
She has collaborated with a few other artists, such as UNSCANDAL in 2005 and 黒薔薇保存会 in 2007.
She was employed by Arts Vision until mid 2007 due to a scandal within the agency's top management. She left to become a freelance actress with no links to any talent management firm.

Subsurface structuremap
A subsurface structuremap is a type of subsurface map whose contours represent the elevation of a particular formation, reservoir or geologic marker in space, such that folds, faults and other geologic structures are clearly displayed. Its appearance is similar to that of a topographic map, but a topographic map displays elevations of the Earth's surface and a structure map displays the elevation of a particular rock layer, generally beneath the surface.

Cave painting
Cave paintings are paintings on cave walls and ceilings. Usually these paintings were made in Prehistoric times. Most cave paintings date from 10.000 to 20.000 years ago. The oldest are from about 32.000 years ago, but scientists still disagree if this dating is correct.
It is not know why these paintings were made. Most people think they may have had a function for rituals. They may also have been a way to transit information; to tell other people about something. Most paintings are in caves that are difficult to access. These caves usually also do not show signs that people lived there all year round.
Today, there are about 350 caves known which have paintings in them. A great number is located in France and Spain. The best known are probably the caves of Altamira (in Spain), Lascaux (in France), or Creswell Crags in England. Sometimes, paintings were also done on cliff faces. Fever of those have survived though, because of erosion. One such example are the rock paintings of Astuvansalmi (in Finland).
Most often, animals or hunting scenes were painted. Sometimes hands are there too. Rarely, there are also more abstract patterns; these are usually called finger fluntings.
The paintings were drawn with red and yellow ochre, hematite, manganese oxide and charcoal. Sometimes the silhouette of the animal was put into the rock first.

Radiocarbon dating
For this it uses the radioactive isotope carbon-14. It is also known as C-14 method because of this. The half life of C14 is about 5,730 years. This makes it possible to tell the age of things that contain carbon, to about 60,000 years old; Dates obtained that way are usually written as "before present" (Present is 1950). It is not possible to tell the age exactly,

Passage tomb
A Passage tomb or passage grave is a tomb which can be reached through a (usually low) passage. Most of these tombs were constructed during prehistoric times. Most often, large stones, called Megaliths were used to construct them. These kinds of tombs can be found in large numbers in Ireland and Scotland.

Hallstatt culture
The Hallstatt era is named after the city Hallstatt in Austria, where the first artifacts were found. It lasted from about 1200 BC to about 275 BC. There were different periods, which today are mainly told apart by the kinds of brooches used. These brooches changed rather rapidly, and permit a good estimate. Hallstatt culture sites have been found in the east of France, in Switzerland, in the south of Germany, in Austria, in Slovenia and Croatia, northwestern Hungary, southwestern Slovakia and southern Moravia.
In this time, the social structure developed into a hierarchy. This can be documented by various things that were added to gaves, for example at Magdalenenberg. In the Bronze Age, people used to live in big settlements. As iron became available, trade routes changed. A new upper class could establish itself. Unlike before, these upper class people liked to live in big houses in the countryside, as a demonstration of their power. Funerary cults also changed, from cremation burials, to burials with sarcophagi. The new upper class used their wealth for import goods, mostly from the Mediterranean.

La Tène culture
The Celts basically lived in clans. These were led by leaders, the Druids and Bards. Women were much better off than with the Romans, they were factually equal to men. There was Polygyny and Polyandry (A man could have several women, a woman could have several men).

Ringfort
A Ring fort is a fortified settlement. Ring forts were made to protect villages, mostly in the Middle Ages. In Ireland where many such forts can be found, they are also known as "ráth, caiseal, cathair" and "dún" in the early Irish sources.
A "ráth" (anglicised rath), was made of earth, "caiseal" (northwestern Ireland, anglicised cashel) and "cathair" (southwestern Ireland) were built of stone. A "dun" is a more prestigious site, the seat of some kind of ruler, the term is applied to promontory forts as well.

Beowulf
"Beowulf" is an Old English heroic epic poem. It is not known who wrote it, but it was originally written down between the 8th and the 11th century. The only copy of "Beowulf" that still exists is from about 1010. "Beowulf" is 3183 lines long.
The protagonist of the poem is Beowulf. The poem is named after him. In the poem, Beowulf fights three monsters: Grendel and Grendel's mother, and later in his life an unnamed dragon.
Story.
Hrothgar, a Danish king, has built a big mead hall, which is called Heorot. Hrothgar and his people live a good life and celebrate in Heorot. But then they are attacked by Grendel, who comes to Heorot every night and kills some of Hrothgar's people.
Beowulf is a Geatic warrior from Geatland (modern southern Sweden). He hears of Hrothgar's troubles with Grendel. Beowulf and his men leave Geatland to help King Hrothgar.
Beowulf and his men stay the night in Heorot. When Grendel comes to kill them, Beowulf fights him. Beowulf tears Grendel's arm off from his body and sticks it on the wall as a trophy. Grendel runs to his home in the marshes, where he dies. Everyone is happy that Grendel is killed and celebrates.
But the next night, Grendel's mother comes to Heorot and kills many people for revenge and grabs grendels arm. Beowulf then goes to the marshes where Grendel and his mother lived. Beowulf fights Grendel's mother and kills her.
Beowulf goes back home to Geatland, and sometime later becomes a king. Later in his life, he fights a dragon. Beowulf, helped by the young man Wiglaf, can kill the dragon. But Beowulf is wounded in the final battle and dies. After his death, Beowulf is is buried in a barrow in Geatland.
Adaptions.
The story of "Beowulf" has often been told in many books, theater plays, and films. Sometimes the full story is told, sometimes just parts of the story. Sometimes the story is changed from the original story of "Beowulf", and sometimes they just take ideas or themes from the story.

Stigma (anatomy)
A stigma is a part of a flower that gets pollen from pollinators such as bees. The stigma is part of the female reproductive part of a flower, the pistil. The sitigma is on top of the style. The stigma can be either hairy or sticky, both to trap pollen. When the pollen lands on the stigma, the pollen will grow a pollen tube down the style, and into the ovary of the pistil.

Empress Dowager Cixi
Empress Dowager Cixi1 (慈禧太后 Tz'u-Hsi T'ai-hou) (November 29 1835 – November 15 1908), popularly known in China as the West Dowager Empress (Chinese: 西太后), was from the Manchu Yehe Nara Clan. She was a powerful and charismatic figure who became the "de facto" ruler of the Manchu Qing Dynasty and ruled over China for 47 years from 1861 to her death in 1908. Though her exact origins are unclear it is very likely that she came from an ordinary Manchu family. She was chosen by the Xianfeng Emperor as a concubine, and so she gained almost total control over the court when the rule of her son the Tongzhi Emperor started. He and her nephew the Guangxu Emperor attempted unsuccessfully to rule in their own right. She was largely conservative during her rule, and many historians consider her reign despotism, and think that she might be responsible for the fall of the Qing Dynasty, and therefore Imperial China, as a result of Cixi's rule.

Human trafficking
Human trafficking (or Trafficking in human beings) is a way to exploit people. People are sold, bought, and traded much like slaves. It is estimated to be a $5 to $9 billion-a-year industry. Trafficking victims typically are recruited by using force or because they are deceived, or fraud is used,power is abused, or they are simply abducted. Threats, violence, and economic problems can often make a victim consent to exploitation.
Exploitation includes forcing people into prostitution or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labour or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs. For children exploitation may also include forced prostitution, illegal international adoption, trafficking for early marriage, or recruitment as child soldiers, beggars, for sports (such as child camel jockeys or football players), or for religious cults.

Controversy
A Controversy is when people have a problem related to opinions. There are several groups of people who have different opinions, and who cannot agree. Examples for controversial topics are the question if abortion should be legal, or whether the research on stem cells should be permitted.

Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund
Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund is a confederation of german trade unions. It was a national trade union center of Germany.
The DGB hat 8 german trade unions with more than 7 million people (31.12.2004). It was founded in Munich in 12 October 1949.

I'm Like a Lawyer with the Way I'm Always Trying to Get You off (Me & You)
I'm Like a Lawyer with the Way I'm Always Trying to Get You off (Me & You) (shortened to “I’m Like A Lawyer... (Me and You)”) is the fourth song off the album Infinity On High by Fall Out Boy. It was released in late 2007. It was not as good as the songs before it, The Take Over, The Breaks Over, Thnks Fr Th Mmrs and This Aint A Scene, It’s A Arms Race..

The Best Damn Thing (song)
"The Best Damn Thing" is the fourth single off the album The Best Damn Thing by Avril Lavigne. The video clip has been released in April 2008, but the song has not yet been released.

Vereinte Dienstleistungsgewerkschaft
ver.di is a large German trade union. It is the largest trade union in the world, with 2.6 million members. "ver.di" is an abbreviation for Vereinte Dienstleistungsgewerkschaft'", which means "United Services Union."
In 2001 ver.di was formed when the Deutsche Angestellten Gewerkschaft (DAG) ("German Salaried Employees") merged with four unions of the Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund (DGB) (DPG, HBV, ÖTV, IG Medien).

Deutscher Beamtenbund
Deutscher Beamtenbund (dbb) ("Civil Service Federation") is a national trade union center of Germany.
The DBB was started in 1918 and organizes workers of public administration.
DBB has a membership of 1,250,000 members. President is Peter Heesen

Gewerkschaft Deutscher Lokomotivführer
Gewerkschaft Deutscher Lokomotivführer (GDL) () is a trade union of Germany. Its president is Manfred Schell.
The GDL has a membership of 34,000. Most members live in the old East Germany.
GDL is a member of the Deutscher Beamtenbund (dbb).

TRANSNET Gewerkschaft
TRANSNET, which stands for Transport, Service, and Networks, is a trade union in Germany. It represents 283,000 workers, and is one of eight industrial affiliations of the Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund (DGB). President is Norbert Hansen.

Can-can
The can-can (also spelled "cancan" or "Can Can") is a music hall dance, performed by a chorus line of female dancers who wear costumes with long skirts, petticoats, and black stockings, like the fashions of the 1890s.
The Galop from Jacques Offenbach's "Orpheus in the Underworld" is the tune most often played with the can-can (and a more evolved one).

Jacques Offenbach
Jacques Offenbach (20 June 1819, in Cologne – 5 October 1880, in Paris) was a French composer and cellist of the Romantic era. He is seen as one of the originators of the operetta form. Of German-Jewish descent, he was one of the most influential composers of popular music in Europe in the 19th century. Many of his works are still played today.
Offenbach's many operettas, such as "Orpheus in the Underworld", and "La belle Hélène", were extremely popular both in France and elsewhere in the 1850s and 1860s. They combined political and cultural satire with witty grand opera parodies. His popularity in France declined in the 1870s after the fall of the Second Empire. He fled France, but during the last years of his life, his popularity came back. Several of his operettas are still performed. While his name remains most closely associated with the French operetta and the Second Empire, it is Offenbach's one fully operatic masterpiece, "Les contes d'Hoffmann" ("The Tales of Hoffmann"), composed at the end of his career, that has become the most familiar of Offenbach's works in major opera houses.

Shane MacDougall
Shane MacDougall is a Canadian stand-up comedian, former columnist, television writer, and documentarian. Best known for his 1999 challenge to Queen Elizabeth II to a kickboxing match or math test for the monarchy of Canada, the challenge resulted in him receiving death threats but also brought much media attention to the burgeoning Canadian republican movement.
He is also known for The Dark Show, which in the late 1990's was Canada's longest running independent comedy show. Held at Toronto's famous Rivoli club, The Dark Show featured some of Canada's top comedians doing material on topics from school shootings to date rape, and also generated protests from some citizens.
For two years Shane was a comedy reporter and humorist for eye Weekly in Toronto, then in 2000 moved to New York City where he worked as a writer for various MTV shows.
In 2005, MacDougall completed filming on a documentary entitled "Wiener Takes All", which followed the competitive dachshund racing circuit. The documentary is currently traveling the festival circuit, and has screened at, or is scheduled to screen at such venues as the San Francisco Documentary Film Festival, the 27th Atlantic Film Festival, BendFilm, the Laguna Beach Film Society/Museum of Art, and the Oklahoma City Museum of Art.

Henri Toulouse-Lautrec
Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, (24 November 1864 – 9 September 1901) was a French painter of the Post-Impressionist period. He was born into a noble family, but lived for most of his life among the actors, dancers and prostitutes of Paris. He is famous for painting the lives of these people, the entertainment of Paris, and many portraits.
He was expert at drawing and also made many printed posters to advertise entertainments.
Youth.
Henri Marie Raymond de Toulouse-Lautrec Monfa was born in Albi in the Midi-Pyrénées Region of France. He was the oldest child of Count Alphonse and Countess Adèle de Toulouse-Lautrec. His mother and father were cousins. This is thought to have been a reason for his weakness and bad health. His younger brother was born on 28 August 1867, but died the following year.
Henri had two accidents when he was 13 and 14. He fractured (broke) the thigh bones of both his legs. They took a long time to heal, and never grew again. No-one knows exactly what caused this problem. As an adult he had a man-sized body but child-sized legs and was 1.54 m (5 ft 1 in) tall,
Paris.
As a young man Toulouse-Lautrec was not able to do many of the things that other men of his age liked doing. He had been good at drawing from the time he was a child. He spent his time drawing and painting instead of joining in sports and hunting. He travelled to Paris where he met other artists as well as writers, actors and dancers. The "night life" (entertainment) of Paris had so many colourful scenes and people to paint. His paintings are famous for showing the scenes of modern life in a way they had never been shown before.
Toulouse-Lautrec lived in Montemartre, a part of Paris that was famous for its "bohemian" people: artists, poets, philosophers and poor students. He was called "the soul of Montmartre". He often visited the nightclubs such as the Moulin Rouge. He also spent a lot of time at the brothels in that area, and lived for a time at the brothel at des Moulins where he was a good friend to many of the women there.
Toulouse-Lautrec painted scenes of the lives of these people, which were very shocking to some people in the polite society of Paris. As well as showing the dancing, singing, acting and circus performances that many people enjoyed, he also showed people in bed together, the sad faces of people who were addicts and the half-naked prostitutes lined up for STD medical examination. Many of his pictures were of women in same-sex relationships.
He painted the singer Yvette Guilbert, the dancer Jane Avril and the dancer Louise Weber, who was known as "La Goulue" ("The Greedy-Guts") and who created the leg-kicking dance called the "Can-Can", which is still danced at the "Moulin Rouge" to this day. Toulouse-Lautrec gave painting lessons to Suzanne Valadon, who was one of his models and may have also been his girlfirend.
Death.
Henri Toulouse-Lautrec was an alcoholic for most of his adult life. He was put into a psychiatric hospital shortly before his death. He died from problems cause by addiction and STD at his family's home in Malromé. He was nearly 37 years old. He is buried in Verdelais, Gironde, a few kilometres from his birthplace.
Throughout his working life of less than 20 years, Toulouse-Lautrec created 737 canvases, 275 watercolors, 363 prints and posters and 5,084 drawings. He also made some ceramics and stained glass
After Toulouse-Lautrec's death, his mother, the Countess Adèle Toulouse-Lautrec, and his art-dealer Maurice Joyant made his art famous. His mother gave money for a museum of his works to be built in Albi, his birthplace. His paintings have sold for as much as US$14.5 million.

763 Cupido
763 Cupido is an asteroid in the Flora family in the Main Belt. It was found by Franz Kaiser in 1913. Its provisional name was 1913 ST.
Cupido should not be confused with Uranus' moon Cupid.

Midwife
A midwife is a person, typically a woman, who has been trained to assist women during childbirth.

764 Gedania
764 Gedania is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Franz Kaiser in 1913. Its provisional name was 1913 SU.

765 Mattiaca
765 Mattiaca is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Franz Kaiser in 1913. Its provisional name was 1913 SV.

Alleghany County, North Carolina
Alleghany County is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina. In 2000, the population was 10,677. Its county seat is Sparta.
History.
The county was made in 1859 from the eastern part of Ashe County, North Carolina.
Government.
Alleghany County is part of the High Country Council of Governments.
Weather.
Since it is in the mountains, Alleghany County has cooler summers than most other places in North Carolina. The temperature usually does not go above 85°F in the summer. But in the winter the temperature is colder than most places in North Carolina.

766 Moguntia
766 Moguntia is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Franz Kaiser in 1913. Its provisional name was 1913 SW.

767 Bondia
767 Bondia is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Joel Metcalf in 1913. Its provisional name was 1913 SX.

768 Struveana
768 Struveana is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Grigory Neujmin in 1913. Its provisional name was 1913 SZ.

Sparta, North Carolina
Sparta is a town in Alleghany County, North Carolina, United States. The population was 1,817 people as of the year 2000. It is the county seat of Alleghany County.
Teapot Museum.
The Sparta Teapot Museum is being built right now and should be finished by the summer of 2008.

769 Tatjana
769 Tatjana is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Grigory Neujmin in 1913. Its provisional name was 1913 TA.

770 Bali
770 Bali is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by A. Massinger in 1913. Its provisional name was 1913 TE.

771 Libera
771 Libera is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by J. Rheden in 1913. Its provisional name was 1913 TO.

Anson County, North Carolina
Anson County is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina. In 2000, the population was 25,275. Its county seat is Wadesboro.
History.
The county was made in 1750 from Bladen County.
In 1753, the northern part of Anson County became Rowan County. In 1762 the western part of the county became Mecklenburg County. In 1779 the northern part of the county became Montgomery County, and the part east of the Pee Dee River became Richmond County. And in 1842 the western part of Anson County was combined with the southeastern part of Mecklenburg County to make Union County.
In 1985 most of the movie The Color Purple (film), starring Oprah Winfrey and Whoopi Goldberg along with Danny Glover, was filmed in Anson county.
Government.
Anson County is part of the Centralina Council of Governments.
Cities and Towns.
These cities and towns are in Anson County

772 Tanete
772 Tanete is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by A. Massinger in 1913. Its provisional name was 1913 TR.

773 Irmintraud
773 Irmintraud is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Franz Kaiser in 1913. Its provisional name was 1913 TV.

Wadesboro, North Carolina
Wadesboro is a town in Anson County, North Carolina, United States. The population was 3,552 people as of the year 2000. It is the county seat of Anson County.

Alexander County, North Carolina
Alexander County is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina. In 2000, the population was 33,603. Its county seat is Taylorsville.
Government.
Alexander County is part of the Western Piedmont Council of Governments.

Ashe County, North Carolina
Ashe County is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina. In 2000, the population was 24,384. Its county seat is Jefferson.
History.
Native Americans used to live in Ashe County. Pieces of broken pottery, arrowheads, and other Native American things have been found in the county.
In 1849, the southwestern part of Ashe County was combined with parts of Caldwell County, Wilkes County, and Yancey County to make Watauga County. In 1859, the eastern part of Ashe County became Alleghany County.

Long March
The Long March is the name of the retreat of the Mao Zedong and the Communists in 1935. The communists went to their stronghold away from Chiang Kai-shek and the Nationalists. Here they were able to join together and start fighting again to beat the Nationalists.

Avery County, North Carolina
Avery County is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina. In 2000, the population was 17,167. Its county seat is Newland. It is known for growing Fraser Fir Christmas Trees. Avery County is part of the High Council of Governments.
History.
The county was made in 1911 from parts of Caldwell County, Mitchell County, and Watauga County. Avery County was the last county made in North Carolina.

Ronnie Minder
Ronnie Minder (12 December 1978 in Thun) is a global Swiss songwriter, producer and composer.

Hersfeld-Rotenburg Rural District
Hersfeld-Rotenburg is a "Kreis" (district) in the east of Hesse, Germany.
History.
In 1821 districts were created in Hesse, including the districts Hersfeld and Rotenburg, which stayed nearly unchanged after Hesse-Kassel was taken over by Prussia. In 1972 both districts were joined into one.

Rings of Rhea
The Saturnian moon Rhea may have a thin ring system with three narrow bands in a disk of solid particles. These would be the first rings seen around a moon. The discovery was announced in the journal "Science" on March 6 2008.
In November of 2005 the "Cassini" orbiter found that Saturn's magnetosphere near Rhea didn't have energetic electrons. According to the discovery team, this is best explained by assuming they were absorbed by solid material in the form of an equatorial disk having denser rings or arcs, with particles perhaps many decimeters to about a meter in diameter.
Detection.
"Voyager" 1 saw an area without as many energetic electrons trapped in Saturn's magnetic field downstream from Rhea in 1980. These measurements, which were never explained, were made at a farther distance than the "Cassini" data.
On November 26 2005, "Cassini" made the one targeted Rhea flyby of its primary mission. It passed within 500 km of Rhea's surface, downstream of Saturn's magnetic field, and saw the resulting plasma wake as it had with other moons, such as Dione and Tethys. In those cases, there was a cutoff of energetic electrons as "Cassini" crossed into the moons' plasma shadows (the regions where the moons themselves blocked the magnetospheric plasma from reaching "Cassini)." However, in the case of Rhea, the electron plasma started to drop off at eight times that distance, and decreased gradually until the expected sharp drop off as "Cassini" entered Rhea's plasma shadow. The extended distance corresponds to Rhea's Hill sphere, the distance of 7.7 times Rhea's radius inside of which orbits are dominated by Rhea's rather than Saturn's gravity. When "Cassini" emerged from Rhea's plasma shadow, the reverse pattern occurred: A sharp surge in energetic electrons, then a gradual increase out to Rhea's Hill-sphere radius.
These readings are similar to those of Enceladus, where water coming out from its south pole absorbs the electron plasma. However, in the case of Rhea, the absorption pattern is symmetrical.
In addition, the Magnetospheric Imaging Instrument (MIMI) saw that this gentle gradient was punctuated by three sharp drops in plasma flow on each side of the moon, a pattern that was also nearly symmetric.
In August 2007, "Cassini" passed through Rhea's plasma shadow again, but further downstream. Its readings were similar to those of "Voyager" 1.
There are no images or direct sightings of the material thought to be absorbing the plasma, but the likely candidates would be difficult to detect directly. Further sightings are planned for "Cassinis first mission extension, with a targeted flyby scheduled for March 2 2010.
Interpretation.
"Cassinis flyby path makes interpretation of the magnetic readings difficult.
An analysis of the electron data indicates that this obstacle is most likely in the form of a low optical depth disk of material near Rhea’s equatorial plane and that the disk contains solid bodies up to ~1 m in size.
The simplest explanation for the symmetrical punctuations in plasma flow are "extended arcs or rings of material" orbiting Rhea in its equatorial plane. These symmetric dips bear some similarity to the way by which the Rings of Uranus were found in 1977.
However, not all scientists are convinced that the seen signatures are caused by a ring system. No rings have been seen in images, which puts a very low limit at least on tiny dust-sized particles. Furthermore, a ring made of boulders would be expected to generate dust that would likely have been seen in the images.
History.
Simulations suggest that solid bodies can stably orbit Rhea near its equatorial plane over astronomical timescales. They may not be stable around Dione and Tethys because those moons are so much closer to Saturn, and therefore have much smaller Hill spheres, or around Titan because of drag from its dense atmosphere.
Many suggestions have been made for the possible origin of rings. An impact could have brought material into orbit; this could have happened as recently as 70 million years ago. A small body could have been disrupted when caught in orbit about Rhea. In either case, the debris would eventually have settled into circular equatorial orbits. Given their long-term orbital stability, however, it is possible that they survive from the formation of Rhea itself.
For different rings to exist, something must separate them. Suggestions include moonlets or clumps of material within the disk, similar to those seen within Saturn's A ring.

Werra-Meißner-Kreis Rural District
Werra-Meißner is a "Kreis" (district) in the north of Hesse, Germany.
History.
The district was created in 1974 by merging the two district Eschwege and Witzenhausen, which both existed with only slight modifications since 1821.
Geography.
The main river in the district is the Werra. The "Hohe Meißner" with is the highest of the "Meißner" mountains. The river and the mountain gave the district its name.
The Hohe Meißner was also home to USA military forces up to the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989. Soldiers of the Special Forces guarded the eavesdropping listening post situated on the hilltop.

Waldeck-Frankenberg Rural District
Waldeck-Frankenberg is a "Kreis" (district) in the north of Hesse, Germany.
History.
The district was created in 1972 by merging the two districts Frankenberg and Waldeck. Most of the area of the district was previously part of the old principality of Waldeck.

Schwalm-Eder-Kreis Rural District
Schwalm-Eder is a "Kreis" (district) in the north of Hesse, Germany.
Partnerships.
The district has partnerships with
Geography.
The two rivers Schwalm and Eder gave the district its name.

Velvet Revolver
Velvet Revolver, (abbreviated to VR), is a Grammy Award-winning rock supergroup. The members of the band are Slash (guitarist), Duff McKagan (bassist, backing vocals), Matt Sorum (drums) of Guns N' Roses, Scott Weiland (lead vocals) of Stone Temple Pilots and Dave Kushner (guitarist) of Wasted Youth. It was made in 2002 after the breakup of the Stone Temple Pilots in 2003. The band got success with their first album "Contraband" and released their second album "Libertad" in 2007.

Manchu
The Manchu people are a Tungusic people who came from Manchuria (today's Northeastern China). During their rise in the seventeenth century they conquered the Ming Dynasty and founded the Qing Dynasty, which ruled China until the Xinhai Revolution in 1911, which established a republican government in its place.
The Manchu have largely been assimilated with the Han Chinese.

Kristanna Loken
Kristanna Sommer Loken or Kristanna Sommer Løken (born October 8,1979) is an American actress known for her work in both film and television, and a former fashion model. She is perhaps known as T-X from the movie Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines (2003) and Rayne from the movie Bloodrayne (2006).

Geneva City
Geneva (,,) is the second biggest city in Switzerland. Only Zürich is bigger. Geneva is the most biggest city in Romandy (the French-speaking part of Switzerland).
It is situated where the Rhône River leaves Lake Geneva (French "Lac Léman") and is the capital of the Republic and Canton of Geneva.
There are many international organizations in Geneva, including the headquarters of many of the agencies of the United Nations and of the Red Cross. A 2007 survey found Geneva to have the second highest quality of living in the world (narrowly outranked by Zürich).
Internationally, Geneva is strongly associated with the Geneva Conventions.
History.
"Geneva" was first written about as a border town, set up to protect the Roman Empire against the fortified against the Helvetii. The Romans took the city in 120 B.C. In A.D. 443 it was taken by Burgundy, and with the latter fell to the Franks in 534. In 888 the town was part of the new Kingdom of Burgundy, and with it was taken over in 1033 by the German Emperor.
From 1154 the bishops of Geneva had the status of prince of the Holy Roman Empire since 1154, but the counts of Geneva and later the counts of Savoy were "guardians", always ready to take over from the bishops. In 1290 the counts of Savoy got the right to appoint a deputy ruler (vice-dominus) of the diocese, the title of Vidame of Geneva was granted to the family of count François de Candie of Chambery-Le-Vieux a Chatellaine of the Savoy. The vidame had some powers in the town.
In 1387 Bishop Adhémar Fabry granted the town its great charter, the basis of its communal self-government, which every bishop on his accession was expected to confirm. The last Count of Geneva died in 1394, and the House of Savoy took over their land. In 1416 the counts became dukes, and kept trying to bring the city of Geneva under their control, often by making members of their own family to Bishops of Geneva. The city protected itself by joining the Swiss Federation ("Eidgenossenschaft"), uniting itself in 1426 with Berne and Fribourg.
In the Protestant Reformation Bern favoured the new protestant teaching and demanded liberty of preaching for the Reformers Guillaume Farel and Antoine Froment, but Catholic Fribourg renounced in its union with Geneva in 1511. Later the Protestant leader John Calvin was based in Geneva from 1536 to his death in 1564.
At the Congress of Vienna (1814-15) the territory of Geneva was enlarged to cover 15 Savoyard and 6 French parishes, with more than 16,000 Catholics; at the same time it became a part of the Swiss Confederation. The treaty said that Catholic religion was to be protected, and that no changes were to be made without agreement with the Holy See. Later, Pope Pius VII made the cities of Geneva and Lausanne a new diocese of and part of Geneva diocese that was in France part of the French diocese of Annecy.
The protestant and Old Catholic churches got money from the city taxes, but the Roman Catholics did not. On 30 June, 1907, most of the Catholics of Geneva voted for the separation of Church and State.
Geography.
Geneva is located at 46°12' North, 6°09' East, at the south-western end of Lake Geneva, where the lake meets the Rhône River. It is surrounded by two mountain chains, the Alps and the Jura.
The city of Geneva has an area of, while the area of the Canton of Geneva is.
The altitude of Geneva is 373.6 m. That is the altitude of the largest of the Pierres du Niton, two large rocks in the lake, are used as the reference point for all surveying in Switzerland.
The second main river of Geneva is the Arve River which flows into the Rhône River just west of the city centre.
Climate.
In Geneva, the winter is cold and generally a little cloudy. During the winter season, it is possible to go several days without thawing, and a day or two with severe freezes where the thermometer displays -10 °C. There are several days each month when, if anticyclonic conditions are stable, the clouds may stay for several days. From March, with temperatures rising it feels like summer in late May. However, the rain intensifies and often has a stormy character during the month of May. These may be short but strong storms depositing several centimetres of rain within just a few minutes. Summers are often hot and rather humid, although some may be more changeable, the mornings remain relatively fresh. During the summer season, the rains are less frequent but more intense. This is the season where you most likely get thunderstorms with hail. If the weather in early September is still hot, it cools down quickly to become really cold in November. The morning frosts are then reappearing. Autumn is also the season of mists, and the month of October is often the month with the most fog in the year. The fog can be very intense, restricting vision to less than 100 m in the areas outside the city.
Media.
The city's main newspaper is the Tribune de Genève, a daily newspaper founded on 1 February 1879 by James T. Bates, with a readership of about 187,000.
Le Courrier, founded in 1868, was originally supported by the Roman Catholic Church, but has been completely independent since 1996. Mainly focused on Geneva, Le Courrier is trying to expand into other cantons in Romandy. Both Le Temps (headquartered in Geneva) and Le Matin are widely read in Geneva, but both actually cover the whole of Romandy.
Geneva is covered by the various French language radio networks of the Swiss Broadcasting Corporation, in particular the Radio Suisse Romande. While these networks cover the whole of Romandy, special programs related to Geneva are sometimes broadcast on some of the local frequencies in the case of special events such as elections. Other local station broadcast from the city, including RadioLac (FM 91.8 MHz), Radio Cité (Non-commercial radio, FM 92.2 MHz), OneFM (FM 107.0 MHz, also broadcast in Vaud), and World Radio Geneva (FM 88.4 MHz), Switzerland's only English-language radio station.
The main television channel covering Geneva is the Télévision Suisse Romande; while its headquarters are located in Geneva, the programmes cover the whole of French-speaking Switzerland. Léman Bleu is a local TV channel, founded in 1996 and distributed by cable. Because Geneva is nearly surrounded by France, many French television and radio channels can be picked up in Geneva.
Entertainment.
Most theatre in Geneva is in French, however there are several companies that stage regular English productions.
Movie going is a favorite activity in Geneva and there are plenty of theaters throughout the city. Most movies are dubbed into French. Because of the number of English speakers in the city movies may also be subtitled.
In has over 1,000 restaurants, so it is the undisputed capital of cuisine in Switzerland. However eating out can be expensive, and many people drive the few kilometres over the border into France where prices are lower.
Traditions and customs.
Since 1818, a particular chestnut tree is used as the official "herald of the spring" in Geneva. The "sautier" (secretary of the Parliament of the Canton of Geneva) observes the tree and notes the day of arrival of the first bud. While this event has no practical impact, the sautier issues a formal press release and the local newspaper will usually mention the news. In 2007, the first bud appeared on 2 March.
Geneva celebrates Jeune genevois on the first Thursday following a Sunday in September. By local tradition, this commemorates when the news of the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre of Huguenots reached Geneva. The Genevois (people of Geneva) joke that the federal equivalent holiday, "Jeune fédéral", is celebrated two weeks later on account of the rest of the country being a bit slow on the uptake.
Sports.
The main sport team in Geneva is Servette FC, a football club founded in 1890 and named after a borough on the right bank of the Rhône River. Servette was the only club to have remained in the top league in Switzerland since its creation in the 1930s; however, in 2005, management problems caused the bankruptcy of the club's parent company, causing the club to be demoted two divisions lower. It is now playing in second division. Geneva is also home of the Genève-Servette Hockey Club, who play in the Swiss Nationalliga A.
Local government.
The city of Geneva is divided into 8 "quartiers" or districts, often made up of several conglomerated neighborhoods. On the Left Bank (Rive Gauche) these include Jonction, Centre / Plainpalais / Acacias, Eaux-Vives and Champel while the Right Bank includes Saint-Jean / Charmilles, Servette / Petit-Saconnex, Grottes / Saint-Gervaise and Paquis / Nations.
Demographics.
As of 2005, the population of the Commune (city) of Geneva was 185,028, while 441,000 people lived in the Canton of Geneva; around 960,000 people live in the Geneva urban community, which extends into Vaud Canton and neighbouring France.
The population of the Canton is split between 148,500 people originally from Geneva (33.7%), 122,400 Swiss from other cantons (27.6%) and 170,500 foreigners (38.7%), from 180 different countries. Including people holding multiple citizenship, 54.4% of people living in Geneva hold a foreign passport.
While Geneva is usually considered a Protestant city, there are now more Roman Catholics (39.5%) than Protestants (17.4%) living in the Canton. 22% of the inhabitants claim not to be religious, the rest being shared between Islam (4.4%), Judaism (1.1%), other religions and people who did not respond.
Economy.
Geneva's economy is mainly services oriented. The city has an important and old finance sector, which is specialized in private banking (managing assets of about 1 trillion USD) and financing of international trade. It is also an important centre of commodity trade.
Geneva hosts the international headquarters of companies like JT International (JTI), Mediterranean Shipping Company, Serono, SITA, Société Générale de Surveillance and STMicroelectronics. Many other multinational companies like Caterpillar, DuPont, Electronic Arts, Hewlett-Packard, INVISTA, Procter & Gamble and Sun Microsystems have their European headquarters in the city too.
There is a long tradition of watchmaking (Baume et Mercier, Chopard, Franck Muller, Patek Philippe, Rolex, Raymond Weil, Omega, etc.). Two major international producers of flavours and fragrances, Firmenich and Givaudan, have their headquarters and main production facilities in Geneva.
Many people also work in the numerous offices of international organizations located in Geneva (about 24,000 in 2001).
Geneva Motor Show is one of the most important international auto-shows. The show is held at Palexpo, a giant convention centre located next to the International Airport. The show is so important that the "Jet d'Eau" is switched on for longer tha usual because of all the visitors in the city during the show.
Transport.
The city is served by the Geneva Cointrin International Airport. It is connected to both the Swiss railway network SBB-CFF-FFS, and the French SNCF network, including direct connections to Paris, Marseille and Montpellier by TGV. Geneva is also connected to the motorway systems of both Switzerland (A1 motorway) and France.
Public transport by bus, trolleybus or tram is provided by "Transports Publics Genevois" (TPG). In addition to an extensive coverage of the city centre, the network covers most of the municipalities of the Canton, with a few lines extending into France. Public transport by boat is provided by the Mouettes Genevoises, which link the two banks of the lake within the city, and by the "Compagnie Générale de Navigation sur le lac Léman" (CGN) which serves more distant destinations such as Nyon, Yvoire, Thonon, Evian, Lausanne and Montreux using both modern diesel vessels and vintage paddle steamers.
Trains operated by SBB connect the airport to the main station of Cornavin in six minutes, and carry on to towns such as Nyon, Lausanne, Fribourg, Montreux, Neuchâtel, Berne, Sion, Sierre, etc. Regional train services are being increasingly developed, towards Coppet and Bellegarde. At the city limits, two new stations have been created since 2002: Genève-Sécheron (close to the UN and the Botanical Gardens) and Lancy-Pont-Rouge.
In 2005, work started on the CEVA (Cornavin - Eaux-Vives - Annemasse) project, first planned in 1884, which will connect Cornavin with the Cantonal hospital, the Eaux-Vives station and Annemasse, in France. The link between the main station and the classification yard of La Praille already exists; from there, the line will go mostly underground to the Hospital and the Eaux-Vives, where it will link up to the existing line to France. Support for this project was obtained from all parties in the local parliament.
Taxis in Geneva can be difficult to find, and may need to be booked in advance especially in the early morning or at peak hours. In addition, which may be surprising in a modern country like Switzerland, taxis often refuse to take babies and children.
Education.
Geneva is home to the University of Geneva, founded by John Calvin in 1559. Also, the oldest international school in the world is located in Geneva, the International School of Geneva, founded in 1924 along with the League of Nations. Webster University, an accredited American university also has a campus in Geneva.
The city is also home to one of the most prestigious graduate schools of international relations, the Graduate Institute of International Studies. Other international schools include the International School of Geneva and Institut International de Lancy (founded in 1903).
The Geneva School of Diplomacy and International Relations is a private university located on the grounds of the Château de Penthes, an old manor with a park and view of Lac Leman.
The Canton of Geneva's public school system has "écoles primaires" (4-12), "cycles d'orientation" (12-15), and the post-obligatory "collèges" (15-19), the oldest of which is the Collège Calvin. It is housed in the ancient buildings of the University of Geneva, and could be considered one of the oldest public schools in the world.
Geneva also has a wide choice of reputed private schools.
Communities.
As the Geneva authorities say, the history of the city is closely related to that of the foreign communities. Ever since the migration of foreigners to Geneva, these communities have found refuge, bringing their know-how, their customs and hope of a new life. They have widely participated in the international influence of Geneva, to its economic prosperity, and also to the spreading of views and of science.
LGBT community.
Many other communities or minorities are also very well represented in Geneva, including sexual minorities, with no less than three organizations:, a gay organization;, a lesbian organization; and, an LGBT organization. The Gay International Group (Geneva, Switzerland) is a good resource for gay foreigners, tourists or expatriates. Also, a new LGBT group has debuted within the University of Geneva itself, called "Think Out". This group addresses students and professors linked directly or indirectly with the matter of sexual diversity.
Religious communities.
There are a lot of different communities in Geneva. Even if Geneva is supposed to be the Protestant Rome, many religions are represented in Geneva. The Plymouth Brethren have a thriving assembly there, established since the days of John Nelson Darby. Besides the Protestants, the Catholic religion becomes more influential thanks to immigration from Latin countries. The Jewish community is one of the oldest of Switzerland, and the more recent Muslim community is emerging in this tolerant city.

Concubinage
Concubinage is the state of a woman in a relationship with a man of higher social status that gives her less rights than a marriage. In most of the cases the man has an official wife and one or more concubines. Concubines have only limited rights of support from the man, and their children have lower status than children born by the official wife or wives; these legal rights distinguish a concubine from a mistress.
Historically, the the family of a girl were in favour of a concubinage with an mighty man, as it meant economic security for the woman. But concubinage could also mean sexual slavery of one member of the relationship, typically the woman, who was a pleasure slave to the man.
In the Western world there is no legal status of concubines, as only monogamous marriages are allowed. Any other relationship does not enjoy legal protection; the woman is necessarily a mistress.

Mistress (lover)
A mistress is a man's long term female sexual partner and companion who is not married to him. This term is especially used when the man is married to another woman. The relationship is generally stable; however, the couple do not live together openly. Also, the relationship is usually but not always secret. Rather often the man is paying for some of the woman's living expenses. A mistress has no legal relationship to the man, that makes the difference to the status of a concubine.
The term can also be used to describe the "other" companion in a female same-sex marriage. Likewise, a woman may be married to a man and have a mistress of her own.
Definition.
Historically, the term was used for women who could afford a comfortable lifestyle, because a wealthy man financed that so that she will be available for his sexual pleasure. Such a woman could move between the roles of a mistress and a courtesan. Today however, the word "mistress" is used primarily to refer to the female companion of a man who is married to another woman; in the case of an unmarried man it is usual to speak of a "girlfriend".
The historically best known and most researched mistresses are the royal mistresses of European monarchs, for example Madame de Pompadour.
In the courts of Europe, particularly Versailles and Whitehall in the 17th and 18th centuries, a mistress often had great power and influence. A king might hold numerous mistresses but have a single "favourite mistress" or "official mistress" (in French, "maîtresse en titre"), as with Louis XV and Mme de Pompadour.

Charles Strite
Charles P. Strite got the U.S. patent #1,394,450 on October 18, 1921 for the pop-up bread toaster.
1905 Albert Marsh discovered Nichrome the filament wire needed to toast bread
1906 George Schneider applied for a patent for his version of the electric toaster. It is never built.
1909 General Electric introduces their first electric toaster for the home. Invented by Frank Shailor
1913 Hazel and Lloyd Copeman apply for toaster patents
1913 Copeman Electric Stove Company introduced toaster with automatic bread turner
1914 Westinghouse introduces electric toaster for the home. Under license of Copeman patents
1919 Charles Strite invents a automatic pop-up bread toaster and applies for a patent
1921 Waters Genter Co. formed to manufacture Strite's toaster and market it to restaurants.
1921 Two of Strite's patent application are approved
1926 Strite file patent application for his design for a home toaster
1926 Waters Genter Co introduce their first electric toaster for the home under the Toastmaster name
1926 Max McGraw purchased Waters Genter Co. and the Toastmaster brand
1928 first mechanical pre-sliced bread goes on sale to the public in Chillicothe, Missouri
1929 Patent 1,698,146 issued to Strite for the automatic pop-up toaster for home use
1930 Wonder Bread begins selling pre-sliced bread, most bakeries follow suit
1933 toaster sales skyrocketed, thanks to the standardized size of sliced bread
toaster, pop-up toaster pop up toaster, electric toaster, home appliance, Charles Strite, Hazel and Lloyd Copeman, Frank Shailor, George Schneider Albert Marsh, invention, history, inventor of, history of, who invented, invention of, fascinating facts.

Eastern Front (World War I)
The Eastern Front of World War I was the battle line on the border of Germany and Russia. This front was much longer than the Western Front. Its length led to the development of trench warfare, which was never fully established on the Western Front.

Gibbon
Gibbon are type of apes in the family Hylobatidae. It has long arms and swings on the underside of branches. It is one of the smallest apes.

774 Armor
774 Armor is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by C. le Morvan in 1913. Its provisional name was 1913 TW.

775 Lumière
775 Lumière is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Joanny-Philippe Lagrula in 1914. Its provisional name was 1914 TX.

Same-sex marriage
Same-sex marriage is a term for a relationship in which two people of the same sex live together as a family in a governmentally, socially, or religiously recognized marriage.
Other terms for this type of relationship include "gay marriage", "gender-neutral marriage", "equal marriage", "lesbian marriage", "same-sex civil marriage", "marriage equality", "homosexual marriage", "single-sex marriage", "same-gender marriage", or just simply "marriage".
Current status.
Marriage by the civil law is presently available to same-sex couples in five jurisdictions. The Netherlands was the first country to allow same-sex marriage in 2001. Same-sex marriages are also recognized in Belgium, Spain, Canada and South Africa.
Netherlands.
--Dutch civil law, book 1, article 30
Dutch civil law, book 1, article 1
Civil unions.
The first same-sex union in modern history was recognized by the government in Denmark in 1989.
Civil unions, civil partnership, domestic partnership, unregistered partnership/unregistered co-habitation or registered partnerships offer some of the benefits of marriage and are available in: Andorra, Australia (except Commonwealth law), Colombia, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary (unregisterd co-habitation since 1996; registered partnership from 2009), Iceland, Israel, Luxembourg, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Slovenia, South Africa, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and Uruguay. They are also available in some parts of Argentina, Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul), Mexico, the U.S. states of California, Connecticut, Hawaii, Maine, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Oregon, Vermont, Washington state, and the District of Columbia (Washington, D.C.).
In the United Kingdom, civil partnerships have identical legal status to a marriage, and partners have all the same benefits and legal rights; ranging from tax exemptions and joint property rights, to next-of-kin status and shared parenting responsibilities. Partnership ceremonies are performed by a marriage registrar in exactly the same manner as a secular civil marriage.
Controversy.
The controversy over recognition of same-sex unions as marriages is a very important part of a larger debate about the definition of a family. Same sex marriage is not considered as valid by most of the world's religions and populations.

Chiron (hypothetical moon)
Chiron is the name given to a moon of Saturn claimed to be sighted by Hermann Goldschmidt in 1861. It has since been determined that it does not exist as it was never seen again.

Union
In education.
In the United States, the phrase more commonly refers to the building. The phrase "student government" or "student senate" is usually used when referring to the subject of the "Students' union" article.

Carl von Moers
Carl von Moers (born December 9, 1871, date of death unknown) was a German horse rider who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics.
He and his horse "May-Queen" won the silver medal as member of the German team at the 1912 Summer Olympics. But he was 15th in the individual eventing competition.
He also participated in the Equestrian at the 1912 Summer Olympics - Individual dressage individual dressage event with his horse "New Bank". They finished twelfth.

Burnham Grammar School
Burnham Grammar School (BGS) is a children's grammar school in Burnham, Buckinghamshire. It is a community school. The school takes children from the age of 11 to the age of 18. The school has about 900 pupils.
The school has an all weather sports pitch which which the Wycombe Wanderers first team sometimes train on.
In September 2004 the Department for Education and Skills (DfES) awarded the school status as a Science College.
The current head teacher is Dr Andrew Gillespie who took over from Cathy Long in January 2008.

Avant-garde
Avant-garde (pronounced) in French means "front guard", "advance guard", or "vanguard". The term is commonly used in French, English, and German for people or works that are experimental or innovative, particularly with respect to art, culture, and politics.
Avant-garde represents a pushing of the boundaries of what is accepted as the norm, especially in culture.

Dumb Luck
"Dumb Luck" is a 2001 movie written and directed by Craig Clyde and starring Scott Baio, Tracy Nelson, Hal Linden and Eileen Brennan.

Gil Fates
Gil Fates (born Joseph Gilbert Fates on September 29, 1914 in Newark, New Jersey, USA-died May 1, 2000 in New York City, New York, USA) was an American television producer.
Fates who also hosted "CBS Television Quiz", which was the first television game show to be shown often. Before World War 2, he was a stage actor.

Innovation
In economics, business and government policy,- something new - must be substantially different, not an unimportant change. In economics the change must increase value, customer value, or producer value. Innovations are intended to make someone better off, and the succession of many innovations grows the whole economy.

Innovation (disambiguation)
Innovation may refer to one of the following.

Santieh River
The Santieh River is a river in Taiwan. It flows through Tainan County for 35km.

Scott S. Sheppard
Scott S. Sheppard is an astronomer in the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism at the Carnegie Institution of Washington. He graduated from the Institute for Astronomy at the University of Hawaii.
He discovered many small moons of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune, the second known Neptune Trojan, 2004 UP10 as well as several Kuiper Belt Objects, Centaurs, and Near Earth Asteroids.

List of mountains in Taiwan
Taiwan is a mountainous island, and mountain climbing is a favorite activity of the and many Taiwanese people. A list of One Hundred Mountains Ranking (Chinese:百岳排行) was created in 1971, which listed the best mountains for climbing on the island. Climbing all one hundred mountains is the greatest challenge for Taiwanese climbers.

Mario Kart DS
"Mario Kart DS" is a racing game developed and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo DS. It is the fifth game in the series and the first to use Nintendo's free online service, Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection. The game was released in the North America, Australia, and Europe in November 2005, and in Japan in December 2005, and in South Korea in which it is the very first Wi-Fi Connection game launched in April 2007.
It got very good reviews, and scored an average of 91% from Metacritic.
Like other games in the "Mario Kart" series, "Mario Kart DS" involves characters from "Mario" games racing each other in go-karts on tracks themed from locations in the "Mario" series. The game, like other "Mario Kart" games, employs various weapons or items that players can use to help themselves or slow down others. These weapons make "Mario Kart" different from other racing games.
"DS" is the first handheld game title to have a battle mode, where up to eight carts have four balloons and battle each other until one wins. It is also the first "Mario Kart" game ever to have computer opponents in battle mode. Another change is that players start with one balloon and must blow into the microphone to blow up other balloons. With fewer balloons, players get better items, but run the risk of getting knocked out early. With more balloons, they are safer, but get items that rae not as good.
"DS" is also the first online "Mario Kart" title. It uses the Wi-Fi Connection Service. Players use "friend codes" and pick four tracks to race. Some tracks cannot be played over Wi-fi because the game might slow down due to large obstacles.

Metacritic
Metacritic is a website which gathers expert reviews and reviews from your average person for films, video games, music and books. It gets the score out of 100 given to something from many reliable magazines and websites and creates an average score for them.

Marktbreit
Marktbreit is a town in Germany, near Kitzingen in Bavaria. It is on the river Main.
It is the birthplace of Alois Alzheimer, after whom Alzheimer's disease is named.

Eclipse
An eclipse is an astronomical event. It is when one celestial object moves into the shadow of another celestial object. The term "eclipse" is most often used to describe a "solar eclipse", when the Moon's shadow crosses the Earth's surface, or a "lunar eclipse", when the Moon moves into the shadow of Earth.

Lena Gercke
Lena Gercke is a model. She the winner of the first cycle (season) of "Germany’s Next Topmodel" by Heidi Klum.
After a casting, Lena Gercke made it to the last 12 girls to win the competition. In the last episode she won and became "Germany’s Next Topmodel".

Plorvorine Reaction
A Plorvorine Reaction is a type of sub-elemental trans-molecular heteronucleozygous transmutilation multiprocess-fission reaction used in the generic super-atomic structural deformation of 4-6-dipropyldodec-3-4-6-triene, catalysed with an amount of trichloric vanadium dioxide, and Aluminium difluoride. In its principal manifestation it would represent a substantial medium throughout which a significant proportion of the thermal and kinetic energy generated through the compressed intensity of the reaction would be expressed. It is highly regarded as a standardised assenine principle for the continual deposition of bovine dubes

Twilight (series)
"Twilight" is a series of fantasy/romance books by Stephenie Meyer.
Twilight.
In Twilight, Bella decides to move from Phoenix, Arizona to Forks, Washington, to live with her father. She enrolls at Forks High School. There she meets the Cullens, a family of vampires. However, because they believe it is not right, they do not drink human blood – they only drink animal blood. Because of this, they call themselves "vegetarians". They are described as beautiful and extremely pale, with golden eyes that turn black when they become thirsty. They are strong and can run very fast. Their skin is ice-cold. After becoming vampires, they do not physically change anymore. They do not grow older. When in the sun, they sparkle "like thousands of tiny diamonds were embedded in the surface," according to Bella in "Twilight".
Bella quickly falls in love with Edward, the youngest of the Cullens at 17 (though he was born in 1901). Bella is attached to him even after she finds out he is a vampire. No one besides Bella knows they are vampires, so she must tell no one of their existence.
One night the Cullens are playing baseball, with Bella watching, when a smaller coven of vampires meets with them. These vampires are not vegetarians – they do drink human blood. James, one of the coven, attempts to attack Bella. However (because there are only three in his coven and seven in the Cullen's and he knows he can not win the inevitable fight if he attacks Bella) he does not attack right then.
Although James left Bella alive, he is a "tracker". That means he hunts down his prey and kills it, which he thinks of as a game. He plans on tracking Bella. She goes to Phoenix, Arizona to escape the deadly vampire, but he blackmails her into going to meet him. He pretended to have her mother held captive, so Bella would meet him.
They meet at Bella's old dance studio, where Bella learns that her mother is still safe. James almost kills her, but the Cullens save her before she is dead. They kill James and get Bella safely to a hospital. The doctors tell her that she will make a full recovery in time, though she has broken her leg.
New Moon.
"New Moon" starts on September 13, Bella's 18th birthday. she had been dreading this day, because it would make her older than Edward. An incident happens at her birthday party, and Bella gets hurt. The fresh blood is too much for Jasper, the Cullen least committed to their diet, and he tries to attack her. Carlisle, the oldest vampire of the Cullens and the one most in control of himself, fixes her wound, and then Bella goes home.
Edward believes he is putting Bella in too much danger just by being around her. The Cullens leave, and Edward says goodbye to Bella after telling her that he doesn't love her anymore. Before leaving, he makes her promise not to do anything reckless, and then promises her that this would be the last time she saw him. She tries to follow him after he leaves, but ends up getting lost in the woods. She is found later that night by Sam Uley, a Quileute man from the nearby Indian reservation in La Push.
After that night, Bella goes into a "numb, zombie" depressed state. She does not talk to anyone, except to answer direct questions. She does not do anything except go to school and work. This is too much for her father, and he tells her that he is going to make her go to Florida to live with her mother. Bella protests this, and to make her father happy, she and her friend Jessica go to a movie.
After the movie, Bella has a delusion in which she hears Edward's voice clearly in her head. She "wakes up" after this. She decides to break her promise to him that she wouldn't do anything stupid. She visits Jacob Black, her childhood friend, to see if he can fix up two motorcycles she received. They quickly become friends. Jacob makes Bella happy for the first time since Edward left her.
When they ride the motorcycles for the first time, Bella hears Edward's voice again. She realizes that she hears it whenever she is in danger. She hears the delusion again when she meets Laurent, the other male in James' coven. He tells her that Victoria, James' mate, is out to seek revenge on Edward for killing James. He is about to kill Bella, when five large wolves chase him down and kill him.
Bella also learns of Sam Uley the day she first rides the motorcycle. Sam Uley and his "cult," as Jacob describes them, are cliff diving (jumping off the cliff in la Push into the water below, for recreation). Jacob is scared Sam is doing something to control the young men on he reservation. When Jacob suddenly breaks off their friendship, Bella suspects that Sam has gotten to him. When Jacob sees how upset Bella is over their broken friendship, he tells her that he is a werewolf, and that it is dangerous for him to be around her. He tells Bella that Sam is a werewolf, and his cult was actually a pack of the werewolves in La Push. He says that their purpose is to hunt down and kill vampires, and reveals that they were the wolves she had seen who had chased down Laurent. He tells her that they are still trying to kill Victoria.
The werewolves are hunting Victoria one day, and Bella is alone on the beach in La Push. she decides to go cliff diving. She nearly drowns in the water, but Jacob saves her. Alice "sees" Bella jump off the cliff (Alice sees visions of the future) and goes to Forks to try to help Charlie with the loss. But she finds Bella still alive, and Bella is extremely happy at their reunion.
Rosalie, the only Cullen who did not like Bella, tells Edward that Bella is dead. He plans to kill himself by going to Italy and asking the Volturi, vampire "royalty," to kill him. Bella and Alice go to Italy to show him that she is still alive. After barely escaping the Volturi, Edward, Alice, and Bella go back to Forks with the rest of the Cullens. They return to Forks, and Edward tells Bella that he was lying when he told her he didn't love her, and that he would never leave her again. Bella takes the Cullens' votes, and everyone except Rosalie and Edward say she should join their family as a vampire (Rosalie had issues with becoming a vampire, and did not want Bella to make a choice she would regret; Edward was afraid that vampires had no soul or afterlife, and did not want Bella to lose her soul).
Eclipse.
In Eclipse, Jacob and Bella's friendship is shaken by the Cullens' return. Jacob will not visit Bella, or answer any of her telephone calls. This has Bella upset and wants to visit La Push, but she is still grounded for her sudden disappearance to Italy. Charlie blames Edward for Bella's depression, and restricted the time he spends at his house.
Charlie suddenly ungrounds Bella one day, and she is free to see Jacob. But when she plans one night to go see him, Edward has disabled her truck so she can't go. He says that young werewolves are unsafe, that they can lose control and end up hurting those near them. Despite this, when he is away hunting, Bella goes to see Jacob.
Meanwhile, a string of murders are happening in Seattle, and the Cullens believe there is a "newborn" vampire loose in Seattle. However, as the number of murders increases, they begin to suspect an "army" of newborn vampires. Jasper tells Bella of his part in vampire wars in the South. He explained how vampires would create armies of newborn vampires to take control of cities, where there was more blood.
While Bella is away at the Cullens' one night, an intruder breaks into her house and steal some of her things, to get the scent of her blood. The Cullens do not know why or how this happened, but Bella realizes, the day of her graduation, that whoever had broken in was part of the newborn army in Seattle. He had taken her things so the others could find her.
When the werewolves find out about the newborn army, they decide to help the Cullens fight them. This greatly relieves Cullens, and the werewolves are excited about the fight. Alice, with her visions of the future, sees the newborns coming to a clearing near Forks to attack. To make sure Bella is safe, she is to go to a place in the mountains away from the fight. To make sure no one can follow her scent, Jacob Black carries her there. Edward and one of the younger werewolves would stay with her there while the battle goes on.
While the Cullens and werewolves fight in the clearing, Victoria and her "mate" Riley, follow Edward's scent to where he and Bella are. Edward kills Victoria, and he and the werewolf both help kill Riley. By the time they have done this, the fight in the clearing is over. But when one of the werewolves is attacked from behind by a newborn vampire who had been hiding, Jacob Black tries to rescue her, and gets hurt.
The Volturi arrive just after the fight is over. When the Volturi leave after a sort discussion with Cullens about what happened, Bella goes home, and then goes to visit Jacob. Bella tells him she loves him, but she loves Edward more, and can't live without him. The epilogue is from Jacob's point of view. He receives an invitation to Bella and Edward's wedding and a note from Edward, saying that if he were in Jacob's place, he would have wanted the choice to go to the wedding. This angers Jacob, and he runs away as a werewolf, "letting Jacob Black disappear."
Breaking Dawn.
"Note: This plot section is not complete. You can help Wikipedia by adding to it."
The book begins a few days before Bella and Edward's wedding. Jacob Black has still not returned after running away in the end of "Eclipse".
The wedding goes on as planned. Jacob Black unexpectedly returns at the wedding, and is happy to see Bella again. However, things go awry when Bella tells him she is going to have a "real honeymoon" with Edward. Jacob loses control of himself and almost phases into a werewolf. However, he is restrained by two of the other werewolves.
Bella and Edward go on their honeymoon as planned, at Isle Esme, an island Carlisle bought and named after Esme. Things go as planned until Bella learns she is pregnant with Edward's child. They immediately go back to Forks, as the baby has vampire strength and is threatening Bella's life. Edward wishes for Carlisle to do an abortion. However, Bella and Rosalie refuse to let him, though the baby is draining all of Bella's strength.
When Jacob learns that Bella is "sick" at the Cullens' house, he thinks she is undergoing transformation into a vampire. He is overcome with anger, and runs to the Cullens' house, planning to kill them all. However, when he learns that Bella is pregnant with Edward's child, he goes back to La Push to tell the other werewolves. Believing that a vampire child would endanger all humans in the area, the rest of the pack plans to kill Bella and the child. However, Jacob refuses to let them. He breaks away from the pack and returns to the Cullens' house, to warn the Cullens and to help protect them. Leah and Seth Clearwater also break off from Sam's pack to join Jacob's pack.
When Bella's strength is almost completely gone, the Cullens realize that she may need vampire nourishment–blood. This turns out to help Bella gain back her strength, though the baby's kicks are getting stronger and threaten to break her ribs.
Later, Bella's placenta detaches in an accident, and the Cullens rush her to their makeshift delivery room. Rosalie leaves her side, unable to stand the smell of blood. Edward cuts the baby out of Bella's stomach while Jacob performs CPR. Edward successfully delivers the baby girl, Renesmee (who is half-vampire, half-human), but Bella is in critical condition with a broken spine and the bleeding wounds from Edward's surgery. After letting Bella hold Renesmee for a moment, Edward injects his venom directly into her heart and bites her several times as well. For the next three days, she becomes a vampire, a slow and very painful process.
Isabella Marie Swan.
Isabella Marie Swan was born on September 13, 1987 to Renée and Charlie Swan, a young couple living in the small town of Forks, Washington. Bella's parents divorced when Bella was six months old, and Renée took Bella with her when she moved to Phoenix, Arizona. She is the main character of the series. She leaves Phoenix, Arizona, to live with her father, Charlie, in Forks, Washington. Her mother, Charlie's ex-wife, had recently remarried to a minor league baseball player named Phil Dwyer. Because he played baseball, they were almost constantly traveling, and Bella felt like she was getting in the way. In Forks, Bella falls in love with Edward. In "Breaking Dawn", Bella is transformed into a vampire and has a special talent called "shield." The series revolves around the romance between Bella and Edward.
She has pale skin, brown eyes, and brown hair. She is extremely clumsy and non-athletic, and has a string of bad luck.
Charlie Swan.
Charlie Swan is Bella's father. He is the police chief in Forks. His hobbies include fishing and watching football games on television. he is the ex-husband of Isabella's mother
Charlie is very reserved, keeping to himself.
Edward Cullen.
Edward Cullen is the youngest (physically) of the Cullens, at 17. He resists killing Bella even though her blood smells extremely appetizing to him. He has bronze hair and "liquid topaz" eyes. Like all vampires, he has extremely pale skin that sparkles in the sunlight, and can run at very high speeds. He can also read people's minds. However, he cannot read Bella's mind.
but Edward loves Bella and. Bella loves him.
He was born in 1901, in Chicago, Illinois, to his mother Elizabeth Mason. As a young man during World War I, he wanted to join the army. However, during an epidemic of the Spanish Influenza, his mother and father died and he became very sick. Carlisle, already a vampire, was working in the hospital at the time, and cared for Edward's mother as she died. Just before she died, she asked him to save Edward's life in the way "others do not have", and Carlisle wondered if she knew his secret. He took both Edward and his dead mother to the hospital morgue, and then he took Edward home and turned him into a vampire.
Jacob Black.
Jacob Black is a Quileute who lives on the nearby Indian reservation. In the first book, Bella uses him to find out about the Cullens. He tells her the tribe's legends, unknowingly breaking the old treaty between the werewolves and vampires. He doesn't believe the legends are true.
In "New Moon", Bella becomes friends with Jacob after Edward leaves her. Their friendship becomes troubled when Jacob turns into a werewolf. He is told not to see Bella, because if he loses his temper, he will transform into a wolf and could end up hurting her if she is too close by. However, when Bella tells him that there is a vampire hunting her, he realizes that leaving her alone would be more dangerous than staying away from her.
In the end of "Eclipse", Jacob runs away to Canada and does not return until Bella's wedding in "Breaking Dawn". He imprints on Bella's daughter, Renesmee.
Renesmee Carlie Cullen.
Renesmee is the daughter of Bella and Edward. Her name "Renesmee" is a cross between the names Renee and Esme. "Carlie" is a cross between Charlie and Carlisle. Her nickname is Nessie. Though Bella disapproves of this name at first (because "Nessie" is the nickname of the Loch Ness Monster) she comes to accept it.
Half-vampire, she has vampire strength which threatens Bella's life as she grows inside the womb. Despite the danger to her life, Bella does not let Carlisle preform an abortion. Even in the womb, Renesmee did not like to eat human food; Bella had to drink blood to nourish her.
Renesmee grows more quickly than human children. She is born only a few weeks after being conceived. She continues to grow rapidly after being born. However, she will stop aging when she becomes an adult. Renesmee has a special talent, like her parents. She can show someone her memories; when she touches someone, she has the ability to transfer her memories to the person she is touching. As an infant, she uses this ability as her main way of communication.
Calisle Cullen.
The son of an Anglican pastor, Carlisle was raised during a time of religious persecution. His father led hunts for witches, werewolves, and vampires all in the name of ridding the world of evil. As his father grew older, Carlisle was placed in charge of the raids. Carlisle wasn’t as enthusiastic about killing as his father was, but he was clever enough to discover a coven of true vampires living in the sewers of the city. He set a trap for the vampires and chased one own.Carlisle believes that the vampire was actually too hungry to run and consciously decided to attack. The vampire fell on Carlisle and left him bleeding in the streets after killing two other men and taking off with a third. Knowing how his father would react, Carlisle crawled into a cellar and buried himself in rotting potatoes for the three days of the change. When he emerged, he was a vampire. At first he tried to destroy himself by jumping from great heights or drowning in the ocean. Somehow, he was so repelled by what he was that he resisted feeding off of humans. He even tried to kill himself with starvation.Eventually the thirst was too powerful and he attacked a herd of passing deer. He found that living off of the blood of animals could sustain his life and was infinitely more humane than taking the life of a human. Over the course of two centuries, he developed a sort of immunity to the scent of human blood and was able to become a medical doctor. Carlisle is the one who changes Edward, Esme, Rosalie, and Emment into vampire.

Karl Popper
Sir Karl Raimund Popper (July 28, 1902 – September 17, 1994) was an Austrian and British philosopher and a professor at the London School of Economics.
He is counted among the most influential philosophers of science of the 20th century, and also wrote a lot on social and political philosophy. Popper is known for the idea of empirical falsification.
Life.
Karl Popper was born in Vienna (then in Austria-Hungary) in 1902 to middle-class parents of Jewish origins, both of whom had converted to Christianity. Popper received a Lutheran upbringing and was educated at the University of Vienna.. His father had 12,000-14,000 volumes in his personal library.
In 1919 he became attracted by Marxism and therefore joined the Association of Socialist School Students and also became a member of the Social Democratic Party of Austria, which was at that time a party that fully adopted the marxist ideology. He soon became disillusioned, abandoned the ideology and remained a passive supporter of social liberalism throughout his life.

Castle (disambiguation)
A castle is a fortified structure used to defend a territory.

Eliot Spitzer
Eliot Laurence Spitzer (born June 10, 1959) is an American lawyer and politician of the Democratic Party. He served as New York State Attorney General before becoming Governor of New York in 2007.
He is no longer Governor, having resigned on March 18 due to a prostitution incident. David Paterson is now Governor. He was lieutenant Governor for Spitzer.

Arena, Wisconsin
Arena is a village in Iowa County, Wisconsin, USA. There were 685 people living in the village of Arena as of the 2000 census. The village of Arena can be found inside of the town of Arena. The village has an area of 1.1 square miles, says the United States Census Bureau.

List of rivers of Africa
The following is a list of rivers of Africa, by region.

Community Identification Number
The Official Municipality Key, which used to be called the "Official Municipality Characteristic Number" or "Municipality Code Number", is a group of numbers used to tell the difference between different municipalities and areas.
Germany.
In Germany the Official Municipality Key has statistical goals and is given by the statistics offices of individual German states. The municipality key is given in times like moving house on the notice of some documents.
Structure.
The municipality key has eight digits, which are set like this: The first two numbers tell people what the German state is. The third number say the government district (in areas without government districts a zero is used instead). The fourth and fifth numbers show people the number of the urban area (in a city without districts) or the district (in a city with districts). The sixth, seventh, and eighth numbers show the municipality or the number of the municipality-free area.
Examples.
08 1 11 000: Stuttgart
15 3 52 002: Aschersleben
Structure.
In Austria the municipality key has five digits which are chosen like this: The first number shows the number of the Austrian state, the second and third numbers show the district, and the fourth and fifth numbers show the municipality.
Examples.
9 07 01: Vienna - Neubau
Structure.
The Swiss Federal Office for Statistics makes code numbers with up to four digits, which are given in the order chosen with the official order of the cantons, districts, and municipalities in Switzerland.

Hexadecimal numeral system
The hexadecimal numeral system, or commonly known just as Hex, is a numeral system made up of of 16 symbols (base 16). It uses the common symbols in the decimal numeral system (0 through 9) and includes six extra symbols. These symbols are characters taken from the English alphabet: A, B, C, D, E and F. The hexidecimal system replaced the Octal numeral system for much of the work done on computers. The most commonly used form of binary is the byte. This is 8 binary digits (bits). Hexadecimal only needs two digits to show the information in one byte of data. As computers become more advanced, they tend to use larger groups of bits but they use multiples of 8 (16, 24, 32, 64, etc). Hexadecimal makes it easier to write these large binary numbers. Hexadecimal numbers are writen with a "h" after the number. For example 63h means 63 hexadecimal.
Hexadecimal values.
Hexidecimal is similar to the octal numeral system (base 8) because each can be easily compared to the Binary numeral system. Hexidecimal use a four bit binary coding. This means that each
digit in hexidecimal is the same as four digits in binary. Octal uses a three bit binary system.
Binary to Hexadecimal.
Changing a number from binary to hex uses a grouping method. The binary number is separated into groups of four digits starting from the right. These groups are then converted to hexadecimal digits as shown in the chart above for the hexidecimal numbers 0 through F. To change from hexidecimal, the reverse is done. The hex digits are each changed to binary and the grouping is usually removed.
Hexadecimal and Decimal.
1) Take the least significant bit. If it is 0 thru 9 leave it at that value. If it is A or above convert it to 10 thru 15 this will be the first item in a sum.
2) Take the 2nd significant bit do the above but multiply the value obtained by 16 add this to the sum
3) Take the 3rd significant bit and convert is as in 1 above then multiply it by 16^2. Add it to the sum
4) Repeat the above for more places. for each new place increment power of 16. Because hexidecimal uses extra symbols, it is important to remember the decimal value of each of the symbols: A = 10, B = 11, C = 12, D = 13, E = 14, and F = 15.

List of rivers of Antarctica
The following is a list of rivers of Antarctica.

Battle of Tannenberg (1914)
The Battle of Tannenberg was a decisive engagement between the Russian Empire and the German Empire in the first days of World War I, fought by the Russian First and Second Armies and the German Eighth Army between 17 August and 2 September 1914. The battle ended with the almost complete destruction of the Russian Second Army.
Although the battle took place near Allenstein, it was named after Tannenberg by the Germans, because they wanted to express that they had made good their defeat at the medieval Battle of Tannenberg or (Grunwald).

List of rivers of Asia
The following is a list of the major rivers of Asia, by letter. See the articles for tributaries and other information.

Erich Ludendorff
Erich Friedrich Wilhelm Ludendorff (sometimes given as von Ludendorff) (April 9, 1865 – December 20, 1937) was a German Army officer, "Generalquartiermeister" during World War I, victor of Liège, and, with Paul von Hindenburg, one of the victors of the battle of Tannenberg. After the war, he briefly supported Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party. He was was not found guilty for his role in the Nazis' unsuccessful Beer Hall Putsch. He became disillusioned with politics and retired from public life that year.

Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867
The Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 (,) established the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary. It was signed by Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria and a Hungarian delegation led by "Ferenc Deák". The compromise followed a series of failed constitutional reforms of the Habsburg Empire.

Franz Joseph I of Austria
Franz Joseph I (in Hungarian I. Ferenc József, in English Francis Joseph I) (August 18, 1830 – November 21, 1916) of the Habsburg Dynasty was Emperor of Austria, King of Hungary, King of Bohemia from 1848 until 1916. His 68-year reign is the second-longest in the recorded history of Europe (after that of Johannes II, Prince of Liechtenstein).

Cantuta
A cantuta ("Cantua buxifolia") is a type of a flower. It is most commonly found in Central and South America. The cantuta is the national flower of both Peru and Bolivia.

Mie Prefecture
Mie Prefecture (三重県, Mie-ken) is located in the Kinki region on the island of Honshū, Japan. The capital of Mie is the city of Tsu.
The History of Mie Prefecture.
In the past, the area that is now Mie Prefecture was three different regions. They were called Ise Province, Shima Province and Iga Province. After the Meiji Restoration, this area changed many times. In 1871, the area from the Kisosansen River in the north to the city of Tsu became Anōtsu Prefecture. The area south of Tsu became Watarai Prefecture. In 1876, Anōtsu Prefecture and Watarai Prefecture joined to become Mie Prefecture.
Information about Mie Prefecture.
Mie Prefecture is on the eastern side of the Kii Peninsula. The prefectures that surround Mie are Aichi, Gifu, Shiga, Kyoto, Nara, and Wakayama. Mie is in the Kinki area of Japan, but it is also close to Nagoya. There are many mountains in the west and south of Mie, with the largest cities in the east, next to Ise Bay.
The size of Mie Prefecture is 5,776.44 km². 64.8% of Mie is forest, 11.5% is used for growing food, 6% is used for houses, 3.8% is used for roads, and 3.6% are rivers. The other 10.3% is used for other things.
Towns.
There are seven regions in Mie, and in these regions are fifteen towns.

WWE Studios
WWE Studios (formerly known as WWE Films) is a World Wrestling Entertainment movie and television production company that is starring, produced or directed by WWE talent.

776 Berbericia
776 Berbericia is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. This main-belt asteroid was found by A. Massinger at Heidelberg January 24, 1914. It was named in honor of Adolf Berberich (1861-1920), a German astronomer.
In the late 1990s, a network of astronomers worldwide gathered lightcurve data that was mostly used to conclude the spin states and shape models of 10 new asteroids, including (776) Berbericia.
Richard P. Binzel and Schelte Bus added more to the knowledge about this asteroid in a lightwave survey published in 2003. This project was known as Small Main-belt Asteroid Spectroscopic Survey, Phase II or SMASSII, which built on a previous survey of the main-belt asteroids. The visible-wavelength (0.435-0.925 micron) spectra data was gathered between August 1993 and March 1999.

Chris Benoit
Christopher Michael Benoit (May 21, 1967 - June 25, 2007) was a Canadian professionel wrestler. He is best known for wrestling in World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE).
Chris, his wife Nancy, and their 7-year-old son Daniel were found dead in their Fayetteville, Georgia home on June 25 2007.
Career.
During his youth in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, he was trained by Stu Hart. He wanted to become a wrestler because of Tom Billington, the Dynamite Kid. Chris Benoit began his career in 1985 in Stu Hart's Stampede Wrestling promotion. 1989 Stampede Wrestling closed, and Chris went to wrestle in Japan for NJPW. He wore a mask and called himself Pegasus Kid.
In 1990, he won his first major championship, the IWGP Junior Heavyweight Championship, from Jushin Liger. He later lost the title (and his mask) to Liger, He changed his name to Wild Pegasus. As Wild Pegasus he won the Super Juniors tournament in 1993 and 1995.
Benoit left Japan to wrestle in Germany and Mexico. In 1994 he began working for ECW. In ECW he dropped the name Wild Pegasus. After an accident that broke Sabu's neck, he became known as "The Crippler" Chris Benoit.
Benoit worked For WCW staring in 1995. In 1998, he had a feud with Booker T. They fought in a "Best-of-seven-series" for the WCW World Television Championship. Booker won but he would end up loosing the title to Finlay. This fued helped both mens careers.
WWE.
In 2000 Benoit began wrestling for the WWE. In 2004 he took part in the Royal Rumble. He entered first and won when he eliminated The Big Show. After winning the Royal Rumble, he fought for the WWE World Heavyweight Championship. At WrestleMania XX, he fought against Shawn Michaels and champion Triple H. Benoit won this match by makeing Triple H submit to the Crippler Crossface. At the end of this event, Benoit celebrated in the ring with the WWE Champion Eddie Guerrero. This is looked at as the biggest win in Benoit's Career.
On the June 11 episode of RAW, Benoit was drafted from SmackDown! to ECW as part of the 2007 WWE Draft. Benoit won his first ECW match teaming up with CM Punk and defeating Elijah Burke and Marcus Cor Von.
On June 19, 2007, Benoit wrestled his last match. He beat Elijah Burke in a match to decide who would face CM Punk for the ECW World Championship at Vengeance. Benoit did not appear at the house shows during the weekend of June 23th. He told WWE officials that his wife and son were sick due to food poisoning. When he did not show up for the pay-per-view, viewers were told that it was because of a "family emergency." Johnny Nitro took his place in the title match. Nitro won the match and became ECW Champion.
Death.
On June 25, 2007, Benoit, his wife Nancy, and their 7-year-old son Daniel were found dead in their Fayetteville, Georgia, home at around 2:30 p.m. EDT. Lieutenant Tommy Pope of the Fayette County, Georgia Sheriff's Department reported to ABC News that police entered Benoit's home on a Welfare Check after several missed appointments, leading to concerns. According to several articles on the event, WWE were the ones that called the police to check on the Benoits. Pope also stated the police were not searching for any suspects outside of the house, as the instruments of death were located at the scene of the crime. Detective Bo Turner of the Fayette County Sheriff's Department told television station WAGA-TV that the case was being treated as a murder-suicide. The station reported that investigators had discovered, and would eventually cite as an official ruling, that Benoit murdered his wife and son over the weekend and hung himself sometime on Monday.
WWE cancelled the scheduled three hour long live "Raw" show on June 25, and replaced the broadcast version with a tribute to his life and career, featuring his past matches, segments from the ' DVD, and comments from wrestlers and announcers. However, once the details of the events became apparent, WWE quickly and quietly began distancing itself from the wrestler by removing merchandise and no longer mentioning him.
Media accusations of steroid use and "roid-rage" quickly surfaced after the killings, prompting negative publicity against WWE and professional wrestling overall. Toxicology reports released on July 17, 2007 revealed that at their time of death, Nancy Benoit had three different drugs in her system: Xanax, hydrocodone, and hydromorphone, all of which were found at the therapeutic rather than toxic levels. Daniel Benoit was found to have Xanax in his system, which led the chief medical examiner, Kris Sperry to believe that he was sedated before he was murdered. Chris Benoit was found to have Xanax, hydrocodone, and an elevated level of testosterone, caused by a synthetic form of testosterone, in his system. The chief medical examiner attributed the testosterone level to Benoit possibly being treated for a deficiency caused by previous steroid abuse. There was no indication that anything in Chris' body contributed to his violent behavior that led to the murder-suicide, concluding that there was no "roid-rage" involved.
On August 30, 2007, Benoit was discovered to have been given illegal steroids not in compliance with WWE's Talent Wellness Program in February 2006. Benoit received nandrolone and anastrozole. Eddie Guerrero and Brian Adams were discovered to have been given steroids prior to their deaths during this investigation, as well as former WWE superstar Sylvain Grenier‎ and eleven other WWE superstars, who were suspended in accordance with the WWE Talent Wellness program.
After the double-murder suicide, former wrestler Chris Nowinski contacted Michael Benoit, father of Chris Benoit, suggesting that years of trauma to his son's brain may have led to his actions. Tests were conducted on Benoit's brain by Julian Bailes, the head of neurosurgery at West Virginia University, and results showed that "Benoit's brain was so severely damaged it resembled the brain of an 85-year-old Alzheimer's patient." It was also shown to have an advanced form of dementia and was similar to the brains of four retired NFL players who have suffered multiple concussions, sank into depression and harmed themselves or others. Bailes and his colleagues concluded that repeated concussions can lead to dementia, which can contribute to severe behavioral problems. Benoit's father suggests that brain damage may have been the leading cause of his crime. He also confirmed that his son was quietly cremated, but what was done with the ashes is not public knowledge.
WSB-TV in Atlanta, Georgia obtained the last known photograph of Chris Benoit. The photo was taken in the office of Dr. Phil Astin, on Friday June 22, 2007, just mere hours before the murders.

Glitch
A glitch is something that goes wrong in a system. This is also sometimes called a "bug". Sometimes when a glitch happens on a computer, an "error message" appears, telling the user that something went wrong. There are also glitches in many games.

The Jacks
This is a list of the "Jack" robots in the "Tekken" series.

My Little Lover
My Little Lover is a Japanese pop group.
The member is Akko (Real name is Akiko Nakamatsu. 赤松亜希子).

Beaufort County, North Carolina
Beaufort County is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina. In 2000, the population was 44,958. Its county seat is Washington.
Government.
Beaufort County is part of the Mid-East Commission.

Bertie County, North Carolina
Bertie County (said like BURT-TEE) is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina. In 2000, the population was 19,773. Its county seat is Windsor.
Government.
Bertie County is part of the Mid-East Commission local council of governments.

Bladen County, North Carolina
Bladen County is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina. In 2000, the population was 32,278. Its county seat is Elizabethtown.
Government.
Bladen County is a member of the regional Lumber River Council of Governments.

Brunswick County, North Carolina
Brunswick County is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina. In 2000, the population was 73,143. Its county seat is Bolivia.
History.
The county was made in 1764 from parts of Bladen County and New Hanover County.
Government.
Brunswick County is part of the local Cape Fear Council of Governments.

Buncombe County, North Carolina
Buncombe County is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina. The population was 222,174 in 2006. Its county seat is Asheville.
History.
The county was made in 1791 from parts of Burke County and Rutherford County.
In 1808 the western part of Buncombe County was made into Haywood County. In 1833 parts of Burke County and Buncombe County were combined to make Yancey County, and in 1838 the southern part of Buncombe County was made into Henderson County. In 1851 parts of Buncombe County and Yancey County were combined to make Madison County. And, in 1925 a small part of McDowell County was made into a part of Buncombe County.
Law and government.
Buncombe County is part of the local Land-of-Sky Regional Council of governments.

Al-Quaeda Organisation in the Islamic Mahgreb
The al-Qaeda Organization in the Islamic Maghreb is an islamist militia. Before changing its name, the group was known as Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat (Arabic: الجماعة السلفية للدعوة والقتال (al-jamaa`atu l-salafiyyatu li l-da`wati wa l-qitaal); French: "Groupe Salafiste pour la Prédication et le Combat", GSPC; also known as Group for Call and Combat). It is a neo-Khawarij takfiri Sunni Islamist militia which wants to overthrow the Algerian government and create an Islamic state. To do this, it is currently engaged in an insurgent campaign.
The group has said it wants to attack Algerian, French, and American targets. The European Union and the United States see it as a terrorist organization.

Alph River
The Alph River is a river in Antarctica. The river was named by Griffith Taylor during the British Antarctic Expedition from a poem by Samuel Taylor Coleridge. The Xanadu Hills that are close by are also named after this poem.

Escapology
Escapology is the practice of escaping from restraints or other traps. Escapologists (also called escape artists) escape from handcuffs, straitjackets, cages, steel boxes, barrels, bags, burning buildings, fish-tanks and other such traps, usually doing more than one of these at once. One well-known escapologist is Harry Houdini.

Burke County, North Carolina
Burke County is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina. In 2000, the population was 89,148. Its county seat is Morganton.
History.
The county was made in 1777 from Rowan County. In 1791 parts of Burke County and Rutherford County were made into Buncombe County. In 1833 parts of Burke County and Buncombe County were made into Yancey County. In 1841 parts of Burke County and Wilkes County were made into Caldwell County. In 1842 more parts of Burke County and Rutherford County were made into McDowell County. And in 1861 parts of Burke County, Caldwell County, McDowell County, Watauga County, and Yancey County were made into Mitchell County.
Government.
Burke County is part of the local Western Piedmont Council of Governments.

Rezovski Creek
Rezovski Creek (Bulgarian: "Rezovski Potok" \'re-zov-ski po-'tok\) is a melt-water stream that can be found in Livingston Island, Antarctica. It is 500 meters long. It flows through the northwestern slope of the Balkan Snowfield found between Hesperides Hill, Atlantic Club Ridge, Krum Rock and Sinemorets Hill in eastern Livingston Island.

Radio Telefís Éireann
Radio Telefís Éireann, known as RTÉ, is the main television and radio broadcaster in the Republic of Ireland. RTÉ began broadcasting radio programmes on January 21st, 1926 and began broadcasting television programmes on December 31st, 1961. RTÉ is one of the oldest television and radio broadcasters in the world. RTÉ is owned by the Irish government but is controlled by an independant body. Today RTÉ broadcasts two television stations and four radio stations. Radio telefís éireann are the words of the Irish language (gaeilge) that mean "radio and television of Ireland".

Onyx River
The Onyx River is a meltwater stream that flows to the west through the Wright Valley between the Wright Lower Glacier to Lake Vanda. The Onyx River is one of the sites studied by the US Antarctic Program of the National Science Foundation. It is the longest river in Antarctica. It is 30 kilometers long.

Wailua River
The Wailua River is a river on the island of Kauai in the U.S. state of Hawaii. It is very active and gets attention from people visiting Hawaii. It is also the only river that a vessel bigger than a boat can travel up.

Waimea River (Hawaii)
The Waimea River is a river on the island of Kauai in the U.S. state of Hawaii. It is about 12 miles long. Lots of people used to live in the valleys of the Waimea River and its tributary, the Makaweli River.

Cabarrus County, North Carolina
Cabarrus County is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina. In 2000, the population was 131,063. Its county seat is Concord.
History.
The county was made in 1792 from Mecklenburg County.
Government.
Cabarrus County is part of the local Centralina Council of Governments.
Schools.
The Cabarrus County Schools runs all the public schools in the county except for parts of Kannapolis, which has its own school district.
The county also has Barber-Scotia College, the Cabarrus College of Health Sciences (a four year college), and a branch of Rowan-Cabarrus Community College. UNC Charlotte is in Mecklenburg County but is close Cabarrus and is easy to get to by driving on Interstate 85.
Lowe's Motor Speedway.
The county is home to Lowe's Motor Speedway, which has three NASCAR events every year (the NASCAR All-Star Challenge, the Coca-Cola 600, and the Bank of America 500).

ZX Spectrum
The ZX Spectrum was a range of home computers based on the Z80 microchip and sold by Sinclair Research Ltd, the business company owned by British inventor Sir Clive Sinclair. The computer was first produced in April of 1982 as part of a project to sell computers for a low price that any family could afford. The ZX sold more than any other computer at that time in Britain and Spain. The first ZX was especially known for being very strong. The keyboard was made of rubber and the casing was made of steel. Sinclairs company produced seven different ZX computers, but other companies had deals with Sinclair Research to build their own version of ZX computers. The biggest of those companies was the American electronics manufacturer Timex who produced three different ZX based computers. Timex were selling between 18,000 and 20,000 of the ZX Spectrum based home computer every month by June 1981 but the Timex computer didn't work properly so they had to stop selling them in 1983. Timex were the manufacturers who made most of the Sinclair Research ZX for Europe but the European versions worked correctly. The Sinclair Research version of ZXs were made until 1990 but other companies around the world copied the ZX and made many versions after that. When Sinclair Research stopped making the ZX Spectrum there had been more than 10,000 different games available and lots of peripheral equipment. Some companies still sell new games for the ZX.

Home computer
A home computer is the name given to popular computers made in the 1980s and 1990s that could be plugged into a television set. They were used for playing video games and doing school work and were usually owned by children.

Z80
The Z80 microchip was one of the one of the most popular microchips for computers in the 1980s. The Z80 was created by a company called Zilog in 1976 but Zilog made less than 50% of all Z80s. They were made by Sharp (company), Toshiba, NEC and many other manufacturers around the world.

Caldwell County, North Carolina
Caldwell County is a county in the state of North Carolina. In 2000, the population was 77,415. Its county seat is Lenoir.
History.
The county was made in 1841 from parts of Burke County and Wilkes County.
In 1847 parts of Caldwell County, Iredell County, and Wilkes County were put together to make Alexander County. In 1849 parts of Caldwell County, Ashe County, Wilkes County, and Yancey County were put together to make Watauga County. In 1861, parts of Caldwell County, Burke County, McDowell County, Watauga County, and Yancey County were put together to make Mitchell County. And in 1911 parts of Caldwell County, Mitchell County, and Watauga County were put together to make Avery County.
Government.
Caldwell County is part of the local Western Piedmont Council of Governments.

Sinclair Research Ltd
Sinclair Research Ltd. is a business company who sells inventions. They are known for making new technology for a low price. They specialise in transport devices like wheelchairs, scooters and underwater scooters. They invented a wheelchair that can raise the passenger up on two wheels and climb up stairs.

Glen Jacobs
Glen Jacobs (April 26, 1967) is an American professional wrestler who performs under the stage name Kane. He works for World Wrestling Entertainment and wrestles on the Raw brand. He is a former WWE Championship, WWE Intercontinental Championship and has also won other titles.
WWE.
Kane has worked for the WWE since 1995 when he use to wrestle as Dr. Isaac Yankem DDS, Jerry Lawler's private dentist. During this time he also use to wrestle as Fake Diesel. In 1997 he became Kane and started to feud with other superstars such as Mankind, Ahmed Johnson and The Undertaker. In 1999 Kane became face and started to team with X-Pac. The pair remained together until 2000. Later he teamed with The Undertaker and the pair faced off against teams including Edge and Christian, Rikishi and Haku, as well as Triple H and Steve Austin.
In late 2003 Kane unmasked himself and became heel once again feuding with Rob Van Dam, Matt Hardy, Shane McMahon and Snitsky. Kane for the second time turned face and teamed with The Big Show and the pair faced Chris Masters and Carlito at WrestleMania.
He is currently feuding with Chavo Guerrero.
Other Projects.
Kane featured in the WWE film, See No Evil.

Hipparchus
Hipparchus (Greek; ca. 190 BC – ca. 120 BC) was a Greek astronomer, geographer, and mathematician. He lived in the Hellenistic period.
Hipparchus was born in Nicaea (now Iznik, Turkey), and probably died on the island of Rhodes. He worked as an astronomer at least from 147 BC to 127 BC. Hipparchus is considered the greatest ancient astronomical observer. Some people see him as the greatest overall astronomer of antiquity. He was the first Greek whose quantitative and accurate models for the motion of the Sun and Moon survive. To get to these models, he certainly made use of the observations and perhaps the mathematical techniques accumulated over centuries by the Chaldeans from Babylonia. He had a trigonometric table. It looks like he solved some problems of spherical trigonometry with the table. With his solar and lunar theories and his trigonometry, he was perhaps the first to develop a reliable method to predict solar eclipses. His other well-known achievements include the discovery of precession, the compilation of the first comprehensive star catalog of the western world, and possibly the invention of the astrolabe. He might also have invented the armillary sphere which first appeared during his century and was used by him during the creation of much of the star catalogue. It would be three centuries before Claudius Ptolemaeus' synthesis of astronomy would make the work of Hipparchus obsolete; it is heavily dependent on it in many areas.

Peripheral (disambiguation)
Peripheral describes something as less important.

Battle of Verdun
The Battle of Verdun was a battle of the First World War. It started when German troops attacked French positions, near Verdun, on February 21, 1916. It ended on December 20 of that year. The front line had not changed very much. Both sides lost about 337.000 soldiers each, about half of them died. Many historians see this battle as the bloodiest of World History. Never before was industrialisation so visible in war. They also speak about the "Hell of Verdun" or the "Blood pump".

Bank of America Tower
Bank of America Tower is a skyscraper in New York City, United States. It is 366 meters (1200 feet) tall and has 54 floors. It was built in 2008 and is one of the tallest buildings in the world

New York Times Building
The New York Times Building is a skyscraper in New York City, United States. It is 319 meters (1046 feet) tall and has 52 floors. It was built in 2007 and is one of the tallest buildings in the world

GameShark
A "Gameshark" is a cheating device. This means it lets the player of a game to do things that the game does not let players do, like walk through walls or have unlimited items. It has codes to hack a certain game you want.

American International Building
The American International Building is a skyscraper in New York City, United States. It is 290 meters (952 feet) tall and has 66 floors. It was built in 1932 and is one of the tallest buildings in the world

King Penguin
The King Penguin ("Aptenodytes patagonicus") is a type of penguin. It is the second largest species of penguin, as it is smaller and shorter than the Emperor Penguin.
Appearance.
King Penguins are usually 70 centimeters (0.7 meters/30 inches) tall and weigh 9 to 15 kilograms (20 to 30 pounds). They have silvery-grey backs, black heads, and bright orange patches of feathers on the sides of their necks. While they look like Emperor Penguins, they are different in the fact that King Penguins have longer beaks, orange coloration on their chest, and are thinner than the Emperor Penguin. Males and females of the species look the same.
Life.
The King Penguin eats krill, small fish, squid, and plankton. In particular, they seem to enjoy eating lanternfish, which makes up most of their diet. They are able to dive to almost 300 meters (about 985 feet) for up to 15 minutes in order to catch their food. King Penguins can also swim at 10 kilometers (6 miles) per hour, and their special eyesight helps them see in the dark.
Unlike most penguins, the King Penguin cannot hop, but can only use its feet to walk or run. However, they also use their feet to warm their children, instead of a nest.
Baby King Penguins are dark brown and fluffy. They are usually raised in a crèche, or group of penguin children kept together for protection.
The King Penguin's main predators, or creatures that eat it, are the leopard seal and killer whale. Other birds may attack the penguin's breeding, or nesting, grounds and take away eggs or young penguin chicks.

Citigroup Center
Citigroup Center is a skyscraper in New York City, United States. It is 279 meters (915 feet) tall and has 59 floors. It was built in 1977 and is one of the tallest buildings in the world

777 Gutemberga
777 Gutemberga is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Franz Kaiser in 1914. Its provisional name was 1914 TZ.

Industrial engineering
Industrial and systems engineering is one of the fastest growing areas of engineering. It looks at the "big picture" of what makes organizations work best—the right combination of human and natural resources, technology and equipment, and information and finance. Industrial and systems engineering is vital to solving today's critical and complex problems in manufacturing, distribution of goods and services, health care, utilities, transportation, entertainment, and the environment. Industrial and systems engineers design and refine processes and systems to improve quality, safety and productivity.

Trump World Tower
Trump World Tower is a skyscraper in New York City, United States. It is 262 meters (861 feet) tall and has 72 floors. It was built in 2001 and is one of the tallest buildings in the world

GE Building
GE Building is a skyscraper in New York City, United States. It is 259 meters (850 feet) tall and has 69 floors. It was built in 1933 and is one of the tallest buildings in the world

Novartis
Novartis International AG is a pharmaceutical company in Basel, Switzerland.
Uses.
It makes drugs such as clozapine, diclofenac, carbamazepine, Ritalin, Lamisil and many others.

Roger Taney
Roger Brooke Taney (March 17, 1777 – October 12, 1864) was a Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court. He came after John Marshall and despite the many influential things done by his predecessor, still was able to write several major opinions. His decision in Dred Scott to send a slave living in a free state back to his master in a slave state canceled out several compromises that had been keeping the Union together. When president Abraham Lincoln began using powers not normally given to the presidency to put certain rights on hold, he repeatedly attempted to overrule him, which was ignored and rumored to have almost led to his arrest.

Supreme court
A Supreme court is generally the highest court in a country. Some courts have more powers than others.

Lee Chaolan
Lee Chaolan is a video game character in "Tekken". The first time he was in Tekken was the first Tekken game.
He turned 48 in Tekken 5 but the creators made him look younger.
Before Tekken - Tekken.
Lee Chaolan is Kazuya Mishima's foster brother, and Heihachi Mishima's adopted son. Lee's parents died when he was a young child, leaving him to look after himself on the streets. Facing a hostile environment each day, Lee quickly became a skilled scrapper with reflexes that were amazing for a boy of his age. It was these qualities that caught the eye of Heihachi, who witnessed Lee fighting off several other kids while on a business trip. Impressed by his natural ability, Heihachi decided to adopt Lee, and took him back to Japan to be educated. It is not known if he actually felt any emotion towards the orphan; it has been suggested that he simply raised him to replace his blood son Kazuya, whom he had at first considered to be too weak to inherit the Zaibatsu. Another possibility is that Heihachi wanted to give Kazuya a rival to inspire him to shape up.
Before the events of the original Tekken, Heihachi sent Lee to the U.S. to handle the Mishima Zaibatsu's operations there, and to continue his business education. While Heihachi trained Kazuya in the art of Mishima Style Fighting Karate, Lee studied with Paul Phoenix and Marshall Law in the U.S. This is the reason for some of the moves that Lee shares with Paul Phoenix and Marshall Law.
Tekken 2 - Tekken 3.
When Kazuya took the Zaibatsu from Heihachi, Lee decided to work with his brother. Considering the rather demeaning position he received (is known by Kazuya as his secretary), it can be assumed that he did so only to be in a good position to overthrow Kazuya should the chance present itself. Lee was known to be the boss of Kazuya's cadre of personal bodyguards (Anna Williams, Bruce Irvin, Ganryu), and he also supervised Doctor Boskonovitch's projects for creating the ultimate military animal for Kazuya.
Lee fought in the second King of Iron Fist Tournament, his intention being to snatch the Zaibatsu from Kazuya. However, Heihachi returned from his supposed demise and defeated both Lee and Kazuya; he threw the latter into the mouth of an active volcano, and banished his adopted son from any aspect of his life or the Zaibatsu on the threat of death. Lee remained in Japan for a time afterwards, plotting to assassinate Heihachi as an act of retribution. However, he eventually came to the epiphany that it was a waste to murder an old man, who probably had only a few more years to live anyways. Thus, he left for America once again, and began setting the foundations for his longtime ambition; a robotics corporation. More importantly, he decided to distance himself from fighting; ultimately, he went into seclusion in the Bahamas to amass his own fortune.
Sometime before The King of Iron Fist Tournament 3, Lee was apparently one of the fighters that was attacked by Ogre, as Ogre has some of Lee's moves (including "Shin to Head Kick".). However, as he appears alive and well in Tekken 4 and Tekken 5, if he was attacked by Ogre, it's clear that Lee survived the attack.
Tekken 4.
Returning in the fourth tournament, Lee is a successful businessman and C.E.O. of his now flourishing robotics corporation. He lives his days behind the sun-bathed walls of his Bahamas mansion, dividing his time between trading stocks online and simply relaxing, seemingly without a care in the world. Then one day, he discovers a huge selloff of G Corporation's stock online; he goes on to learn that it was triggered by an attack on its main research lab by the Mishima Zaibatsu's Tekken Force. Days later, the 4th Iron Fist tournament was announced. Lee senses that something is amiss; but at the same time his fading passion for fighting is rekindled, along with his fierce resentment for the Mishima clan. He decides to enter the tournament. As a precaution that the Zaibatsu would not figure out his identity too early, he enters online under the name "Violet", and he dyes his silver hair purple and sports sunglasses.
It is suggested that Lee was rather successful and made it to the later phases of the tournament. However, he is shocked to see that his next opponent is none other than Kazuya, who was resurrected by G Corporation many years ago. Losing his focus, Lee is defeated by his foster brother, who goes on to face Heihachi.He is one of the few characters in which Heihachi isn't the boss because his last enemy is Combot.
Tekken 5.
In the confusion surrounding the death of Heihachi, Lee was scheming to take over the Mishima Zaibatsu but was enraged when he learned that someone else had already beat him to it.
Lee, believing it was Kazuya who usurped the Mishima Zaibatsu, was vexed that Kazuya had once again stood in his way. A month later, the King of Iron Fist Tournament 5 was announced and Lee immediately decided to enter.
Lee was determined to settle the score with Kazuya in the tournament and claim the Mishima Zaibatsu.
Tekken 6.
Lee entered the King of Iron Fist Tournament 5 to take revenge on Kazuya Mishima. However, the one who had opened the tournament was not Kazuya, but Jinpachi Mishima, and Lee, after learning this fact, lost interest in the tournament and returned to his mansion in the Bahamas.
Soon afterwards, the MFG, led by Jin Kazama brought the world to chaos, and around the same time G Corporation became a major opposition. Surprised by G Corporation’s sudden military action, Lee, being a major shareholder, conducted a private investigation with the utmost secrecy and discovered that Kazuya had become the real power behind G Corporation actions.
After obtaining information that Kazuya himself would take part in this tournament, Lee used a shareholder’s preferential treatment ticket, and entered the King of Iron Fist Tournament 6 in order to get close to Kazuya.
Tekken 6: Bloodline Rebellion.
Lee's Tekken 6 and Tekken 6: Bloodline Rebellion stories are the same.

Scooter
A scooter is a bicycle or tricycle with very small wheels. Some scooters have a motor, some have pedals, and some are pushed with the foot. Scooters with motors are called motor scooters

Tricycle
A tricycle is a vehicle with three wheels. Tricycles can be called trikes. Tricycles can have pedals, an electric motor, or a petrol engine.

ECW Championship
The Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) Championship is a professional wrestling world championship in World Wrestling Entertainment.

Combustion engine
Combustion is a word that means burning. An engine is a machine that can push or pull (usually push). A combustion engine is a machine that makes small explosions inside a sealed box (cylinder). The explosions push a rod which is attached to a wheel. The pushing makes the wheel spin around. The spinning wheel is attached to other wheels, such as four car wheels, with a belt or a chain. The engine is very strong and can make all the wheels move. Engines need oil to make them slippery or the moving parts would grind together and stick. Parts of a car engine are measured to 0.01 of a millimeter and some engine parts fit together very, very tightly.
Rockets that go into space are combustion engines but they do not have wheels inside. The fire in a rocket combustion engine is so strong that it blows the rocket the same as blowing a piece of paper.

The Golden Compass (movie)
"The Golden Compass" is a fantasy movie, which was released on December 5, 2007 by New Line Cinema. The movie is based on the book "Northern Lights" (also known as "The Golden Compass"), the first novel in Philip Pullman's trilogy "His Dark Materials".
The cast includes Dakota Blue Richards, Nicole Kidman, Daniel Craig, Ian McShane, and Sam Elliott.
Plot.
Lord Asriel has found somethign called "dust" that separates us and another universe. People do not believe this idea. The Magistrate, a very large and strong group, try to kill him by poisoning his drink. Lyra, his niece, was playing, heard someone coming, hid, and saw a priest try to poison the drink. She then ran out and saved Asriel before he could drink. Asriel later goes to the North Pole to find this dust.
Lyra is also given something called a golden compass. The person says that it's the only one in the world and that only a few people know how to use it.
A woman named Mrs. Coulter then tries to get Lyra in with her. She promises her that they will go to the North Pole.

Independant body
An independent body is a group employed to give a view without bias. Independent bodies are mainly employed to review public services. Some news groups claim to be independent bodies.

B. B. King
B. B. King (born Riley B. King on September 16, 1925) is an American blues guitarist and singer-songwriter. "Rolling Stone" magazine said that King was the 3rd "Greatest Guitarist of All Time" in 2003.

Limbourg brothers
The Limbourg brothers, or in Dutch "Gebroeders van Limburg" (Herman, Paul, and Johan; fl. 1385 – 1416), were famous Dutch Renaissance miniature painters from the city of Nijmegen. They were active in the early 15th century in France and Burgundy. They created what is certainly the best known late medieval illuminated manuscript, the Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry.

Anthony Head
Anthony Stewart Head (born 20 February, 1954) is an English actor and musician who has appeared in theatre, television and movies. He is most well known for his role as Rupert Giles in the American television drama series "Buffy the Vampire Slayer", as the Prime Minister in the British comedy show "Little Britain", as Dr. Frank N Furter in the London revival of "The Rocky Horror Show" and for a series of coffee adverts in the United Kingdom and the US. He is credited by his full name on American television, and sometimes as Tony Head elsewhere but that isn't his real name, it's a fake name.

Uluru
Uluru, also called Ayers Rock, is a name given to a huge rock near Alice Springs in the Australian Outback. This is a holy place for Australian aborigines.

Elapid
The Elapidae, or elapids'", are a family of venomous snakes. These snakes can be found in tropical and subtropical regions around the world. They can also be found in the Indian Ocean and the Pacific. They are characterized by a set of hollow, fixed fangs through which they inject venom. There are snakes of different sizes, from only 18 cm ("Drysdalia") up to 6 m in length ("King Cobra"). Currently, 61 genera with 231 species are known.
On land.
Those elapids that live on land look a lot like the colubrids: almost all have long and slender bodies with smooth scales, a head that is covered with large shields and not always distinct from the neck, and eyes with round pupils. In addition, their behavior is usually quite active and most are oviparous. There are exceptions to all these generalizations: For example, the death adders ("Acanthophis") include short and fat, rough-scaled, very broad-headed, cat-eyed, live-bearing, sluggish ambush predators with partly fragmented head shields.
Some species spend most of their lives in trees or bushes; this is called arboreal (African "Pseudohaje" and "Dendroaspis", Australian "Hoplocephalus"). Many others are specialised burrowers (e.g. "Ogmodon", "Parapistocalamus", "Simoselaps", "Toxicocalamus", "Vermicella"). Some species have very generalised diets. Others have specialised on a certain kind of prey. They have also adapted themselves, to better be able to feed on other snakes, certain lizards, squamate eggs, mammals, birds, frogs, fish, etc.
In the water.
Sea snakes, which are also elapids, have adapted to a marine way of life in different ways. All have evolved their tails so they can be used for swimming. They can also excrete salt. Most also have changed bodies, better suited for swimming. Ventral scales are much reduced in size, the nostrils of the snakes are located dorsally (no internasal scales). They give birth to live young (ovoviviparous). In general they have the ability to breathe through their skin; experiments with the yellow-bellied sea snake, "Pelamis platurus", have shown that this species can satisfy about 20% of its oxygen requirements in this manner. Thia makes it possible to stay underwater longer. The sea kraits ("Laticauda sp. "), are the least well-adapted to an aquatic life. They spend much of their time on land where they also lay their eggs (oviparous). They have wide ventral scales, the tail is not as well-developed for swimming, and their nostrils are separated by internasal scales.
Venom for hunting and self-defense.
All elapids have a pair of proteroglyphous fangs that are used to inject venom from glands located towards the rear of the upper jaws. The fangs are the first two teeth on each maxillary bone, which are enlarged and hollow, and usually only one is in place on each side at any time. The maxilla is intermediate in length and mobility between typical colubrids (long, less mobile) and viperids (very short, highly mobile). When the mouth is closed, the fangs fit into grooved slots in the buccal floor; in the longest-fanged elapids (e.g. "Acanthophis", "Oxyuranus") it is common for the fangs to pierce right through the intermandibular skin, which does not seem to endanger the snake. The fangs are usually below the front edge of the eye and are angled backwards; due to this construction, most elapids must actually bite in order to envenomate. This action is therefore not as quick as with the viperids, that can envenomate with only a quick, stabbing motion. Some elapids ("Acanthophis", "Oxyuranus", and especially "Dendroaspis") have long fangs on quite mobile maxillae (the prefrontal and ectopterygoid contacts are nearly as close together as in viperids), and can therefore make very fast stabbing strikes like viperids. A few species are capable of spraying their venom from forward facing holes at the tips of their fangs as a means of defense. Elapids use their venom both to immobilize their prey and in self-defense.
Venom.
All elapids are venomous and many are potentially deadly. The venoms are mostly neurotoxic and are considered more dangerous than the mainly proteolytic viper venoms. Members include the black mamba ("Dendroaspis polylepis"), a species many regard as the world's most dangerous snake, the fierce snake ("Oxyuranus microlepidotus"), which is the most venomous land snake, and "Hydrophis belcheri", a sea snake and the most toxic venom of all snakes.

Colubrid
A colubrid (from Latin "coluber", snake) is a snake that is a member of the Colubridae family. It is a broad classification of snakes that includes well over half of all snake species on earth. A colubrid's body is almost completely covered in scales. While most colubrids are non-venomous (or have venom that isn't known to be harmful to humans) and are normally harmless, a few groups, such as genus Boiga, can produce medically significant bites. In addition, the Boomslang and African Twig Snake have both caused human fatalities.The venom-injecting fangs associated with venomous colubrids are almost always in the back of the mouth, compared to vipers and elapids. The Colubrids are certainly not a natural group, as many are more closely related to other groups, such as elapids, than to each other. This family has classically been a dumping ground for snakes that don't fit anywhere else. There is on-going mitochondrial DNA research which will sort out the familial relations within this group.

Central Finland
Central Finland is a province of Finland with about 270,000 inhabitants. The capital is Jyväskylä.
Municipalities.
There are 27 municipalities in Central Finland. Cities and towns are marked in bold.

Sea snake
Sea snakes, or "seasnakes", are poisonous elapid snakes that live in marine environments for most or all of their lives. They evolved from their ancestors who lived on land. Some sea snakes still have some of the behaviour and traits of their ancestors left (like Laticauda who can also move a litlle on land). Most sea snakes are well adapted to living in the water all the time. They are unable to even move on land. They are found in warm coastal waters from the Indian Ocean to the Pacific. All have paddle-like tails and many have laterally compressed bodies - they look somewhat like eels. However, unlike fish, they do not have gills and must come to the surface regularly to breathe. Nevertheless, they are among the most completely aquatic of all air-breathing vertebrates. Among this group are species with some of the most potent poisons of all snakes. Some have gentle dispositions and bite only when provoked, while others are much more aggressive. Currently, 17 genera are described as sea snakes, with 62 species.

Archduke
The title of Archduke (feminine: Archduchess) (German: "Erzherzog", feminine form: "Erzherzogin") is a rank above Duke and under King, but is very rare. It was used only by princes of the House of Habsburg.
Ruler style.
The English word is recorded only since 1530, derived from Middle Latin "archidux", from "arch(i)-" (see arch- (adj.)) + "dux" 'duke'.
Archduke ("Erzherzog") is a title distinct from Grand Duke ("Großherzog" or "Großfürst") that is used in some other German royal houses and still in sovereign Luxemburg.

Trench warfare
Trench warfare is a war tactic, or way of fighting. It was commonly used on the Eastern Front in the First World War.
In trench warfare, the two sides fighting each other dig trenches in a battlefield. These trenches have many different parts, such as bunks, headquarters, artillery, and machine gun bunks. Between the two trenches on a battlefield, there was an area called "no man's land". This area was often covered with barbed wire and land mines. Soldiers on either side would try to cross the no man's land to get to the enemy's trench and attack. Tanks were commonly used to cross this land.
Trench warfare was used because it gave soldiers cover while defending themselves against attack. It also gave soldiers bunks to sleep in, although the bunks were very unclean and uncomfortable.
Literature.
Ashworth, Tony: "Trench warfare 1914–1918", 2000: Macmillan Press, London.

Port-de-Paix
Port-de-Paix (Kréyòl: "Pòdepè" or "Pòdpè"; in English means "Peace Port") is a city and the capital of the département of Nord-Ouest in Haiti on the Atlantic coast.
The city is close to the mouth of the river Trois-Rivières, one of the most important river in Haiti. It has a population of 115,000 (2003 census), with 25,000 living in the city.
Christopher Columbus came to this region on 15 December 1492 and he gave it the name "Valle del Paraíso" or "Valparaiso" (Spanish for "Paradise Valley") because he found that this was a very beautiful valley.
A ferry operates between the town and Tortuga Island (La Tortue) situated just across the water.
The town was founded in 1665 by French buccaneers (a kind of pirates in the Caribbean) from Tortuga Island when they had to leave the island. In 1676 the town saw the first black slave revolt; its leader was "Padre Jean" (also "Padrejean" and "Pedro Juan") and who was killed by buccanneers in 1679 in the mountains close to Port-de-Paix.
The area saw great success during the 19th century and Port-de-Paix was an important port; from here, bananas and coffee were sent to other countries. In 1902 the town was almost entirely destroyed by fire.
Port-de-Paix is also the chief town of an arrondissement (a part of a department) of the same name. The arondissement consists of four communes (like municipalities): Port-de-Paix, Bassin Bleu, Chansolme and Tortuga Island.

Device controller
A device controller is a part of a computer system that makes sense of the signals going to, and coming from the CPU processor. There are many device controllers in a computer system. Any device connected to the computer is connected by a plug and socket, and the socket is connected to a device controller. Device controllers use binary and digital codes.
Each device controller has a local buffer and a command register.It communicates with the cpu by INTERRUPTS.
Device Controller play an important role in order to operate that device.Its just like a bridge between deivce and operating system.

Worthy
Worthy is the word that describes something or someone as proven to be strong, skillful, or long lasting.

778 Theobalda
778 Theobalda is a minor planet orbiting the Sun, in the asteroid belt. It was found by Franz Kaiser on 25 January 1914. Its provisional name was 1914 UA.

Rostov on Don
Rostov-on-Don (Russuan:Росто́в-на-Дону́, "Rostov-na-Donu") is a city in the European part of Russia. It is located on the River Don, about 46 km before it flows into the Sea of Azov. The city is the administrative center of Rostov Oblast and the Southern Federal District of Russia. About 1 million people live in the city (as of 2002).
History.
The mouth of the Don River has been very impotant since the ancient times. It has been important for cultural reasons and for trade. The Greek colony "Tanais" was there, and also the Genoese fort Tana. Later, the Ottoman Empire built a fortress there. This fortress was named Azov.
Rostov-on-Don was founded in 1749. In that year, a customs house was built on the Don. Later, a large fortress followed. It was named after Saint Dimitry of Rostov. Dmitry of Rostov was a bishop from the old Northern town Rostov the Great. With the time, the importance of the fortress Asov became less and less. The settlement near the fortress became more important than the fortress. It was the commercial centre of the region. In 1796 this settlement received city rights and was renamed Rostov-on-Don.
The Don River that the city is named afrer is a major shipping lane. It connects southwestern Russia with regions to the north. Rostov-on-Don is an important river port both for people and industrial shipping. With such a good geographical location, the city grew quickly. It is the most industrialized city of South Russia. Because of this, the city caused a large problem between the Whites and the Bolsheviks during the Civil War. By 1928, the regional government was moved from the old Cossack capital Novocherkassk to Rostov. The nearby Armenian town of Nor Nakhijevan became a part of the city.
In the Soviet years, the Bolsheviks destroyed two of Rostov's main landmarks - St Alexander Nevsky Cathedral (1908) and St George Cathedral in Nakhichevan (1783-1807). Much of the city was destroyed by the German forces who took control of it three times - in 1918, 1941 and 1942. Today, the most notable part of the historical city is the very big Cathedral of Virgin's Nativity (1860-87), designed by Konstantin Thon.
The city was also the home of Russia's most well known serial killer Andrei Chikatilo but he was not actually born there.
Rostov-on-Don has had much economic growth in recent years. Part of this is because the Russian economy is getting stronger. Many new companies have built headquarters in the city. People living in the city are making more money than they did in the past. The city is being changed from a place thrown back in time by the collapse of communism into a modern, industrial and technology-rich city.
Education.
Public educational institutions include Southern Federal University and Don State Technical University. The major private university in the city is the Institute of Management, Business and Law. There is also a French cultural center, run by Alliance Francaise, a British-Council, a Goethe-Institut, and a Bosch Foundation.
Rostov Economic State University 'RINH' is a very famous university in Rostov-on-Don. It has 5 Institutes, as Finance, IT and Management, National and World Economics, Marketing and Commerce, Account and Economics, Law, Linguistics and Journalism and 9 filials.
Sport.
Two professional football clubs are based in Rostov-on-Don. FC Rostov play in the Russian Premier League and SKA are in the First Division. In the Russian Basketball Super League, Rostov is represented by Lokomotiv. Handball team Rostov-Don plays in the Russian Handball Championship.

Staples Center
The Staples Center is a indoor arena in Los Angeles, California. They have the Grammy Awards here every year. The building hosted World Wrestling Entertainment's Pay-per-view WrestleMania 21 in 2005.

Camden County, North Carolina
Camden County is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina. In 2000, the population was 6,885. Its county seat is the community of Camden. Camden County is the first and only consolidated city-county in North Carolina.
History.
The county was made in 1777 from the northeastern part of Pasquotank County.
Government.
Camden County is part of the local Albemarle Commission.

Caswell County, North Carolina
Caswell County is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina. In 2000, the population was 23,501. Its county seat is Yanceyville.
History.
Caswell County was made in 1777 from the northern part of Orange County. In 1792 the eastern half of Caswell County was made into Person County.
Government.
Caswell County is part of the local Piedmont Triad Council of Governments.

Internet forum
An Internet forum is a place on the internet where people can type messages on a board for other people to see.
Internet forums, sometimes called "forums" can be found on a lot of websites. Internet forums are often used to show people information. Things like pictures and images can also be put on the board, or "posted".

Catawba County, North Carolina
Catawba County is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina. In 2000, the population was 141,685. Its county seat is Newton.
History.
The county was made in 1842 from Lincoln County.
Government.
Catawba County is part of the local Western Piedmont Council of Governments.

Stone tool
Stone tools are tools made of stone that were used most commonly by cavemen, or people who lived in prehistoric times. Stone tools are not used very often anymore because tools made of materials such as iron or steel are better.

DJ BoBo
Peter René Baumann (born January 5, 1968) better known as DJ BoBo, is a Swiss singer, songwriter, dancer and music producer. He mixed a song called "Chihuahua" in 2005. It was a remix from a Spanish single in 2002. DJ BoBo is also famous for his entry in the Eurovision Song Contest of 2007.

Highpoint Shopping Centre
"Highpoint Shopping Centre" is a shopping centre in Victoria, Melbourne.
Other Information.
Highpoint was made in the 1990's. During the Christmas holidays it is opened from 12:00 PM-12:00 AM.

Cherokee County, North Carolina
Cherokee County is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina. In 2000, the population was 24,298. Its county seat is Murphy.
History.
The county was made in 1839 from the western part of Macon County. In 1861 the southeastern part of Cherokee County became Clay County and in 1872 its northeastern part became Graham County.
Government.
Cherokee County is part of the local Southwestern Commission.

Chowan County, North Carolina
Chowan County is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina. In 2000, the population was 14,526. Its county seat is Edenton.
Law and government.
Chowan County is part of the local Albemarle Commission council of government.

Clay County, North Carolina
Clay County is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina. In 2000, the population was 8,775. Its county seat is Hayesville.
History.
The county was made in 1861 from the southeastern part of Cherokee County.
Government.
Clay County is part of the local Southwestern Commission council of governments.

Character (computing)
A character is the name of a letter, number or any symbol that can fit in the same space the letters and numbers fit.
Characters on an English language keyboard.
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,0,-,=,q,w,e,r,t,y,u,i,o,p,[,],a,s,d,f,g,h,j,k,l,;,',#,\,z,x,c,v,b,n,m.,/,!,",£,$,%,^,&,*,(,),_,+,Q,W,E,R,T,Y,U,I,O,P,A,S,D,F,G,H,J,K,L,:,@,~,|,Z,X,C,V,B,N,M,<,>,?

Optical disc drive
An optical drive is usually a CD drive or DVD drive. Optical means it uses lenses. The drive uses a light called a laser. A laser is the most exact and powerful sort of light but the laser in the drive is very, very small. The CD or DVD disk is similar to a mirror and the laser light reflects off it. The disk has very small (microscopic) codes written on it. The drive has a very small camera lens beside the laser which can read the codes. Another part of the drive is plugged in to the computer by a wire (inside) and the code goes through the wire as a signal to the computer.

WWE Heat
WWE Heat is a professional wrestling show for World Wrestling Entertainment, the show uses superstars from the "Raw" Brand.
Heat's History.
The show started on August 1, 2008 when the show was called WWF Sunday Night Heat. It held this name until 2002 when the show was renamed as WWE HEAT, the show would later be renamed to its current name. Since the brand extension in 2002, "HEAT" has been broadcast with only "RAW" superstars and reverted back to being before "RAW". The exception to this was on pay-per-view nights, which were broadcast live from the pay-per-view venue and could involve "SmackDown!" wrestlers. In May 2002, "SmackDown!" branched off its own sister show, "Velocity", which replaced "JAKKED/METAL", and worked the same as Heat.
Steven Richards, who at one time was the most regular competitor on "Sunday Night HEAT", dubbed himself "General Manager of "HEAT" (though he carried out no GM duties) and began calling the show "Stevie Night HEAT".

Sarojini Sahoo
Sarojini Sahoo (born 1956) is an Indian writer. She has been given the Orissa Sahitya Academy Award (1993), the Jhankar Award (1992), the Bhubaneswar Book Fair Award and the Prajatantra Award.
Sahoo was born in a small town of Dhenkanal in Orissa (India). Sarojini has MA and PhD degrees in Oriya Literature and a Bachelor of Law from Utkal University. She now teaches at a degree college in Belpahar, Jharsuguda, Orissa.
Sarojini is the second daughter of Ishwar Chandra Sahoo and (late) Nalini Devi. She is married to Jagadish Mohanty, a veteran writer of Orissa. They have a son and a daughter.
Short stories.
She has published ten anthologies of short stories.
She has been widely translated and published in different Indian languages. Her stories have been included in anthologies published by "Harper Collins", "National Book Trust", "Sahitya Akademi" and "Gnanpith". She has attended many All India Writer’s meet and workshops arranged by Bharat Bhawan, Bhopal, Sahitya Akademi and National Book Trust.
She has been given the Orissa Sahitya Akademi Award and Bhubaneswar Book Fair award for her short stories collection "Amrutara Pratikshare".
Novels.
The novel "Upanibesh" was the first attempt in Oriya Literature to focus the sexuality as a part of social revolt by any woman. Medha, the protagonist of Sarojini’s novel, was a bohemian. In her pre-marital stage, she was thinking that it was boring to live with a man life-long.
In her novel "Pratibandi", Sarojini has also described the thematic development of sexuality in a woman. Priyanka, the protagonist of the novel has to encounter the loneliness in the exile of Saragpali, a remote village of India. This lonliness develops into a sexual urge and soon Priyanka finds herself sexually attached with a former Member of Parliament. Though there is an age gap between them, his intelligence impresses her and she discovers a hidden archaeologist in him. Sarojini has painted successfully the difference of sensibility towards sexuality among male and female. Sarojini has her own credibility for the frankness to deals with the sensitive matters either it may be in politics or in sexuality. She has gained a reputation and has her own place in the history of Oriya fiction.
Her novel "Gambhiri Ghara" she describes an unusual relationship between two people, a Hindu house wife of India and a Muslim artist of Pakistan. It is a net oriented novel. A woman meets a very sexually experienced man. One day he asks if she had any such experience. The woman, Kuki, scolds him and insults him by calling him a caterpillar. She said without love lust is like hunger of a caterpillar. Gradually they become involved with love, lust and spiritually. That man considers her as his daughter, lover, mother, and above all these as a Goddess. They both madly love each other, through the internet and on the phone. They use obscene language; they kiss each other online. Kuki does not lead a happy conjugal life though she has a love marriage with Aniket. The novel is not limited to only a love story. It has a greater aspect. It deals with the relationship between State and individual. Safique, who is not a Muslim by temperament, and as a historian, thinks the Pakistan of today has separated itself from its roots and looks towards Arabian legends for his history. He protests that the syllabus of history for the school would start from seventh century AD, not from the Mahenjodaro and Harappa. This broad Safique was once arrested after the bomb blast of London for allegation of being associated with the terrorist. But is it a true fact? Later Kuki came to know that Safiques is trapped by a military junta. The ex-lover of Tabassum had revenged on Safique by arresting him with an allegation of terrorism.
Her novel "Gambhiri Ghara" proved to be a bestseller in Oriya literature. Her novels have gained a reputation for the frankness about sexuality and of feminist outlook. This novel has been translated in to Bengali(Bangladesh) under the title of "Mithya Gerosthali"(ISBN No:984 404 287-9) and has been published by Anupam prakashani, Dhaka, Bangladesh in 2007.

Eddie Guerrero
Wrestling Career.
Eduardo "Eddie" Gory Guerrero Yañez (October 9 1967 – November 13 2005) better known as Eddie Guerrero, was an American professional wrestler from a legendary Mexican wrestling family. He wrestled in Mexico, Japan, Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW), World Championship Wrestling (WCW) and, most famously, in World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE).
He started his wrestling career in 1987 in the Mexican Empresa Mexicana de Lucha Libre promotion. He became a star in Mexico long before he wrestled in the United States. In 1993, Guerrero began wrestling in Japan for New Japan Pro Wrestling, as Black Tiger II. He won the NJPW Junior Heavyweight Super Grade Tag League Championship with The Great Sasuke making him the most successful Black Tiger. He also won the Best of the Super Juniors 1996 tournament of junior heavyweights. He got a shot at the IWGP Junior Heavyweight Champion The Great Sasuke at NJPW Skydiving J but lost the match.
Guerrero’s first break came in late 1994 when the owner of Extreme Championship Wrestling, Paul Heyman, noticed him and Art Barr. Barr died before he could join ECW with Guerrero. In honor of his fallen friend, Guerrero did his finishing move, the Frog Splash.
Eddie started wrestling for the WCW in late 1995 along with Dean Malenko and Chris Benoit, with whom he had worked in NJPW and ECW. At World War 3 he competed in the 3-ring, 60-man World War 3 battle royal for the vacant WCW World Heavyweight Championship. Guerrero was one of the final 10 men in the battle royal, but was tossed out of the ring by Four Horsemen members. Randy Savage won the match. At Starrcade 1995, Guerrero represented WCW in a WCW vs. NJPW World Cup tournament series. He fell to NJPW wrestler Shinjiro Ohtani in the match but WCW went on to win the series.
Despite Guerrero's success and popularity, he had been one of many wrestlers that were upset at never being given a chance to be main event stars in WCW. Guerrero responded to Bischoff's actions by forming the Latino World Order (or LWO) with Hector Garza and Damien, a take-off on Bischoff's New World Order. with Hector Garza and Damien.
On August 1, 2002, Guerrero began to wrestle for WWE's SmackDown! brand Guerrero aligned himself with his nephew Chavo, forming the tag team Los Guerreros. At Survivor Series 2002, Guerreros faced the tag team champions Edge and Rey Mysterio, and Angle and Benoit for the titles. Eddie made Mysterio submit to The Lasso From El Paso to win their first WWE Tag Team Championship.
During the summer of 2003, Guerrero had begun driving a lowrider to ringside. Guerrero would also capitalize on his "Lie, Cheat, and Steal" anti-hero image by using illegal tactics behind the referee's back to win matches. This caused his increase popularity to rise.
On January 29, 2004 Eddie won SmackDown’s! 15-man Royal Rumble, earning a shot at the WWE Championship At No Way Out 2004, Guerrero defeated the WWE Champion Brock Lesnar in the main event with help from Goldberg at WrestleMania XX he kept his title by beating Kurt Angle. At the end of this event, Guerrero celebrated in the ring with the WWE World Heavyweight Champion Chris Benoit.
At No Way Out 2005, Eddie teamed with Rey Mysterio and defeated Basham Brothers to win his final title, the WWE Tag Team Championship for a fourth time, with being it Mysterio's third reign. At WrestleMania 21 Guerrero began a feud with Rey.
Following his, Guerrero was named number one contender to the World Heavyweight Championship and given a title match with Batista. Batista defeated Guerrero at No Mercy 2005 to retain the World Heavyweight Championship.
Eddie Guerrero’s last match was November 11 2005 on SmackDown. He defeated Mr. Kennedy earning a place on the SmackDown! team in the 2005 Survivor Series, He was not able to be in this match because he died on November 13, 2005 of acute heart failure Eddie was replaced by Randy Orton. Eddie Guerrero was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame in 2006.

President of the Confederation
The President of the Confederation leads meetings of the federal government (the Federal Council) of Switzerland.
Under the Swiss constitution of 1999, the Federal Council is the "highest executive authority". Although the president of the confederation has some extra duties to represent Switzerland, he is not the head of state.
All decisions are that a head of state would make are decided by a meeting of the Federal Council. For example, treaties are signed on behalf of the Federal Council, and all members of the federal council sign the "letters of credence" to introduce ambassadors sent by Switzerland to a foreign country. All ambassadors sent by a foreign country to Switzerland meet all of the members of the Federal Council, not just the President.
The President of the Confederation is sometimes called the "primus inter pares" (first equal) in the Federal Council.
Only three other countries in the world do not have one person as a head of state, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Andorra and San Marino.

Nabta Playa
Nabta Playa was once a large basin in the Nubian Desert. It is about 500 miles south of modern day Cairo or about 100 kilometers west of Abu Simbel of southern Egypt, 22° 32' north, 30° 42' east. Many archaeological sites have been found there.
Early history.
From around the 10th millennium BC, this area began to get more rainfall than before. Because of the extra rainwater, a lake formed. Early people may have come here because there was water available. They could only graze their cattle where there was grass, and grass only grew next to water.
Archaeologists (scientists who find and study artifacts) say that the first people came to the region between the 10th and 8th millennia BC. These peoples were growing domesticated cattle and using ceramic pottery. The ceramics had complicated painted patterns on them. These patterns may have been made by using combs.
By the 7th millennium BC, more developed settlements may be found in the area. They also used deep wells for water. Huts are found built in straight rows. People also lived from fruit, legumes, millets, sorghum and tubers.
A little later in 7th millennium BC, there seem to have been more goats and sheep. These most likely came from Southwest Asia. There were also many large hearths at this time.
High level of organization.
Findings also show that the region was occupied only seasonally. This means that people only lived there in the summer, when the local lake filled with water for grazing cattle. Analysis of human remains show that the people who lived here may have migrated from sub-Saharan Africa.
Religious ties to ancient Egypt.
By the 6th millennium BC, there may have been a prehistoric religion or cult. Sacrificed cattle were found buried in stone-roofed chambers lined with clay. Some people think that this cattle cult in Nabta Playa may be related to Ancient Egypt's Hathor cult. An example of this connection may be that Hathor was worshipped as a nighttime protector in desert regions.
This basically means that though there is evidence, there is no direct proof showing that the cattle cult was connected to Hathor.
One of the world's earliest known examples of archeoastronomy.
By the 5th millennium BC these peoples had fashioned one of the world's earliest known astronomical device (roughly contemporary to the Goseck circle in Germany), about 1000 years older than but comparable to Stonehenge (see sketch at right). Research suggests that it may have been a prehistoric calendar which accurately marks the summer solstice.
The research done by the astrophysicist Thomas G. Brophy suggests that these monoliths might tell much more. The calendar circle itself is made up of one doorway that runs north-south, a second that runs northeast-southwest marking the summer solstice, and six center stones. Brophy's theory proposes first that three of the center stones match the belt of Orion at its minimum tilt and the other three match the shoulder and head stars of Orion at their maximum tilt. This cycle repeats approximately every 25,000 years, following the precession of the equinoxes. The last minimum of Orion's belt occurred between 6400 BC and 4900 BC, matching the radio-carbon dating of campfires around the circle..
The stone circle at Nabta Playa is built precisely on what was then the Tropic of Cancer, the sun's farthest North point of travel that is, today, about 23 degrees 40 minutes N. Such a site would interest the wise men of the megalithic era and some would travel many days to erect such a site and then study there.
Another stone megalithic structure exists which consists of a central radial stone and several other stones in the distance. In interpreting this Brophy found that the lines made to these stones from the radial stone match the spots in the sky where the various stars marked by the center stones in the calendar circle at the time they rose as the vernal equinox heliacal rising. In analyzing the varying distances, mulling through assumptions such as that they represented the brightness of the stars, he inadvertently found that they matched the distance of the stars from Earth on a scale of 1 meter =.799 light years within the margin of error for astronomical distances calculated today..

Video card
A video card is a special circuit board that controls what is shown on a computer monitor. Video cards can be called graphics cards and graphics accelerators. Graphics are pictures. Some video cards can control two monitors or lots of monitors. Video cards have computer memory. Some video cards can show television stations on a computer monitor.
Most computers do not need a video card to work with a monitor, but the computers need extra RAM and faster processors to show 3D graphics and video games. Video cards make it easier for the computer to show detailed graphics.

Santa Cruz de Barahona
The Dominican city of Santa Cruz de Barahona, or simply Barahona, is the head municipality of the Barahona province, on the southwest of the country.
It is the largest city of the Dominican southwest and the centre of the region.
Population.
The municipality had, in 2002, a total population of 77,698: 38,093 men and 39,605 women. The urban population was 96.76% of the total population, one of the most urban municipality in the country. In this numbers are included the population of the municipal districts La Guázara and Villa Central.
History.
Since the 18th century, the region was occupied by fishermen and people that came here to cut trees. When Toussaint L'Ouverture took the eastern part of the Hispaniola island in the name of France, he gave the order to create the town of Barahona in 1802 as part of the Ozama Department. After the Independence in 1844, Barahona was a military post of the Azua Province.
In 1858, Barahona was elevated to the category of municipality. When the province was created in 1881, Barahona was made its head municipality.
Economy.
The main economic activity of the province is agriculture; the main product in the municipality is a very good coffee ("Barahona Type Coffee"), grown in the mountains of Eastern Bahoruco.
There are also some important industries, mainly to produce textiles to send to other countries, and sugar in the Ingenio Barahona ("Barahona Sugar Factory").

Ananth
Ananth is a word that means infinite, good, endless, cute, strong, ruler, knowledge, smart, kind, honest, grateful, truthful, and possessive. The word came from Sanskrit writing.

Sindh
Sindh is a province in Pakistan. The capital of Sindh is Karachi. Sindh has a population of 30,000,000 people and an area of 54,407 sq mi or (140,914 km²); in terms of area the provincial region of SINDH is greater in area than Greece but smaller than Tajikistan.
History.
Sindh (Sind) (Sindhi: سنڌ) is officially one of the provinces of Pakistan. Sindh was home to one of the world's oldest civilizations, the Indus Valley Civilization which is 5,500 years old.

North-West Frontier Province
The North-West Frontier Province (or NWFP for short) sometimes called Afghania is a province in Pakistan. The capital is Peshawar and it has a population of 14 million people and an area of 28,773 sq mi or (74,521 km²); in terms of area the provincial region of AFGHANIA is greater in area than Sierra Leone but smaller than Panama. The province was created in 1901 during British rule when it was separated from a united Punjab province of British India Empire.

Balochistan (Pakistan)
Balochistan is a province in Pakistan. The capital of Balochistan is Quetta. Balochistan has a population of about 10 million people and an area of 134,051 sq mi or (347,190 km²) covers 48% of Pakistani territory; in other words in terms of area the provincial region of BALOCHISTAN is greater in area than Republic of the Congo but smaller than Germany.

Italian Campaign (World War I)
The Italian campaign was a series of battles fought between Austria-Hungary and Italy. These battles happened in northern Italy between the years 1915 and 1918.
Italy switched its allegiance during the war to join the side of the Allies. They hoped that by joining the Triple Entente, Italy would gain the province of Trento ("Trentino"), the port of Trieste, and the province of Bolzano-Bozen ("Alto Adige/Südtirol"), Istria, and Dalmatia.
Italy had hoped to begin the war with a surprise attack, which was to act quickly and capture several Austrian-held cities. However, the war in Italy soon turned to trench warfare, similar to the Western Front.

Choudhary Rahmat Ali
Chaudhry Rahmat Ali or Rehmat Ali Khan (November 16, 1897 - February 12, 1951) was an Indian Muslim who was one of the first people to ask for the creation of the state of Pakistan. He is famous for creating the name "Pakistan" on January 28, 1933.

Abbottabad
Abbottabad is a city in Pakistan. It is located in the North-West Frontier Province and is the capital of Abbottabad District.
History.
The city of Abbottabad is named after Major James Abbott - a British soldier who created the city during British rule in 1853. British rule in this area lasted from 1853 until Pakistan became independent in 1947. During this time Abbottabad was an important army base for the British and was the capital of Hazara Division.

Abbottabad District
Abbottabad District is a district in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. The city of Abbottabad is the capital.
Subdivisions.
Abbottabad district is divided into two tehsils, Abbottabad and Havelian as well as one urban administration area - Nawanshehr.

Bannu District
Bannu District is a district in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. The city of Bannu is the capital.

Batagram District
Batagram District is a district in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. The city of Batagram is the capital.

Buner District
Buner District is a district in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan.

Charsadda District
Charsadda District is a district in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. The city of Charsadda is the capital.

Chitral District
Chitral District is a district in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. The city of Chitral is the capital.
Administration.
The district of Chitral is divided into six tehsils

Dera Ismail Khan District
Dera Ismail Khan District is a district in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. The city of Dera Ismail Khan is the capital.

Hangu District
Hangu District is a district in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. The city of Hangu is the capital.

Haripur District
Haripur District is a district in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. The city of Haripur is the capital.

Karak District
Karak District is a district in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. The city of Karak is the capital. This district is the second smallest district in N.W.F.P. after Hangu. The area of this district is 3395 sq km.
Tehsils.
The district of Karak is administratively subdivided into three tehsils.

Kohat District
Kohat District is a district in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. The city of Kohat is the capital.

Kohistan District, Pakistan
Kohistan District is a district in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. The city of "Dassu" is the capital.
Farming and growing livestock are the main focus of the economy there. Growing timber has also become more impotant in recent years. The district has one of the lowest literacy rates in Pakistan, about 10% of the people can read and write. Education is spreading though.

Lakki Marwat District
Lakki Marwat District is a district in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. The city of Lakki Marwat is the capital.

Lower Dir District
Lower Dir District is a district in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan.

Malakand District
Malakand District is a district in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan.

Mansehra District
Mansehra District is a district in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. The city of Mansehra is the capital.

Mardan District
Mardan District is a district in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. The city of Mardan is the capital.

Nowshera District
Nowshera District is a district in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. The city of Nowshera is the capital.

Peshawar District
Peshawar District is a district in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. The city of Peshawar is the capital.

Shangla District
Shangla District is a district in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. The city of Alpuri is the capital.

Middle Eastern theatre of World War I
The Middle Eastern theatre of World War I was a large theatre during the first World War. Battles here were fought between the Allied Powers (especially Britain and Russia) and the Central Powers (especially the Ottoman Empire).
This theatre was the largest of all the theatres of WWI. It was made of four main campaigns: the Sinai and Palestine Campaign, the Mesopotamian Campaign, the Caucasus Campaign, and the Dardanelles Campaign. There were also minor campaigns in Arabia and Southern Arabia, Aden, and Persia.
Fighting here began on October 29, 1914 and ended on October 30, 1918. A peace treaty was signed on August 10, 1920.

Swabi District
Swabi District is a district in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. The city of Swabi is the capital.

Swat District
Swat District is a district in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. The city of Saidu Sharif is the capital.

Tank District
Tank District is a district in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. The city of Tank is the capital.

Upper Dir District
Upper Dir District is a district in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan.

Bannu
Bannu is a city in Pakistan. It is located in the North-West Frontier Province and is the capital of Bannu District.

Batagram
Batagram is a city in Pakistan. It is located in the North-West Frontier Province and is the capital of Batagram District.

Charsadda
Charsadda is a city in Pakistan. It is located in the North-West Frontier Province and is the capital of Charsadda District.

Chitral
Chitral is a city in Pakistan. It is located in the North-West Frontier Province and is the capital of Chitral District.

Dera Ismail Khan
Dera Ismail Khan is a city in Pakistan. It is located in the North-West Frontier Province and is the capital of Dera Ismail Khan District.

Hangu (Pakistan)
Hangu is a city in Pakistan. It is located in the North-West Frontier Province and is the capital of Hangu District.

Haripur, Pakistan
Haripur is a city in Pakistan. It is located in the North-West Frontier Province and is the capital of Haripur District.

Karak, Pakistan
Karak is a city in Pakistan. It is located in the North-West Frontier Province and is the capital of Karak District. The main source of income of the people of Karak is agriculture.One of the main quality of the people of Karak is that they are highly educated.

Kohat
Kohat is a city in Pakistan. It is located in the North-West Frontier Province and is the capital of Kohat District.

Lakki Marwat
Lakki Marwat is a city in Pakistan. It is located in the North-West Frontier Province and is the capital of Lakki Marwat District.

Mansehra
Mansehra is a city in Pakistan. It is located in the North-West Frontier Province and is the capital of Mansehra District.

Mardan
Mardan is a city in Pakistan. It is located in the North-West Frontier Province. The city is the capital of Mardan District.

Nowshera
Nowshera is a city in Pakistan. It is located in the North-West Frontier Province and is the capital of Nowshera District.

Alpuri
Alpuri is a city in Pakistan. It is found in the North-West Frontier Province and is the capital of Shangla District.

Saidu Sharif
Saidu Sharif is a city in Pakistan. It is located in the North-West Frontier Province and is the capital of Swat District.

Tank (Pakistan)
Tank is a city in Pakistan. It is located in the North-West Frontier Province and is the capital of Tank District.

Theatre (warfare)
In warfare, a theatre or theater is an area where there are many battles. Theatres are bordered by peaceful areas.
Some wars are fought in one theatre. Other wars are fought in many different theatres. There were many theatres in World War I and World War II. The Napoleonic wars were the first multi-theatre war in modern times.
The use of the word "theatre" for war was first seen in the book "On War" by Carl von Clausewitz.

Abbottabad Tehsil
Abbottabad Tehsil is a subdivision of Abbottabad District in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. The city of Abbottabad is the capital.

Charlotte Perrelli
Charlotte Perrelli (born Anna Jenny Charlotte Nilsson on October 7, 1974 in Hovmantorp, Kronobergs län) is a swedish singer,television host and actress, perhaps most famous for winning Melodifestivalen 1999 and subsequently the Eurovision Song Contest 1999 with her song "Take Me To Your Heaven". Since then she has released six singles and four albums. Perrelli won Melodifestivalen 2008 on march 15, she represented Sweden in the Eurovision Song Contest 2008 in Belgrade, Serbia.
Albums.
All regularly released albums and their chart positions in the Sweden Top 60 (SWE).

Attock District
Attock District is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city of Attock is the capital.

Bahawalnagar District
Bahawalnagar District is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city of Bahawalnagar is the capital.
Administration.
The District of Bahawalnagar is spread over an area of 8,878 square kilometres comprising five tehsils and 118 Union Councils of Pakistan

Bahawalpur District
Bahawalpur District is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city of Bahawalpur is the capital.

Bhakkar District
Bhakkar District is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city of Bhakkar is the capital.
Administration.
The district is administratively divided into four tehsils and 42 Union Councils of Pakistan

Chakwal District
Chakwal District is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city of Chakwal is the capital.
Administration.
The district is administratively subdivided into three tehsils and 68 Union Councils

Dera Ghazi Khan District
Dera Ghazi Khan District is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city of Dera Ghazi Khan is the capital.
See also.
Dera Ismail Khan District

Faisalabad District
Faisalabad District is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city of Faisalabad is the capital.

Gujranwala District
Gujranwala District is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city of Gujranwala is the capital.

Gujrat District
Gujrat District is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city of Gujrat is the capital.

Hafizabad District
Hafizabad District is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city of Hafizabad is the capital.

Jhang District
Jhang District is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city of Jhang is the capital.

Jhelum District
Jhelum District is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city of Jhelum is the capital.
Administration.
The district of Jhelum, which covers an area of 3,587 km2, is administratively divided into four tehsils: Jhelum Tehsil, Sohawa Tehsil, Pind Dadan Khan Tehsil and Dina Tehsil, - which are divided into 53 Union Councils of Pakistan. It also contains the cities of Jhelum,

Kasur District
Kasur District is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city of Kasur is the capital.

Khanewal District
Khanewal District is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city of Khanewal is the capital.

Khushab District
Khushab District is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city of Khushab is the capital.

Lahore District
Lahore District is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city of Lahore is the capital.

Layyah District
Layyah District is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city of Layyah is the capital.
Climate and General Soil Conditions.
Layyah District has an extremely hot climate. The temperature in winter is low because it is near the Koh-Suleman mountains. The tehsil Chaubara is almost barren and is made up of forest and sand dunes. The tehsil of Layyah and Karor Lal Esan are better developed agriculturally but they have also large areas of sand dunes and uncultivated land. The river Indus passes from north to south on western side of the district and touches D.G.Khan.

Lodhran District
Lodhran District is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city of Lodhran is the capital.

Mandi Bahauddin District
Mandi Bahauddin District is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city of Mandi Bahauddin is the capital.

Mianwali District
Mianwali District is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city of Mianwali is the capital.

Multan District
Multan District is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city of Multan is the capital.

Muzaffargarh District
Muzaffargarh District is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city of Muzaffargarh is the capital.

Nankana Sahib District
Nankana Sahib District is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city of Nankana Sahib is the capital.

Narowal District
Narowal District is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city of Narowal is the capital.
Boundaries.
The district is bounded on the northwest by Sialkot District, on the north by India-Occupied Kashmir, on the east by Gurdaspur district (India) which contains the Pathankot Tehsil contiguous to Pakistan; and internationalised on the south by Amritsar District (India) and Sheikhupura District.

Okara District
Okara District is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city of Okara is the capital.

Taito Corporation
The Taito Corporation is an wikt:innovator of coin operated video games. Taito was founded in 1953 to import peanuts and vodka to Japan. They also made vending machines for the vodka and peanuts. The next year (1954), Taito began making jukeboxes and other amusement machines. These machines were designed by other companies but in 1956 Taito designed and produced Japans first jukebox. Taito started to buy, sell, and lease pinball machines in 1956. Taito became the manufacturer of Seeburg corporation (USA) jukeboxes in 1962. Taito produced Japans first crane-type coin operated machine in 1965. The Japanese Ministry of International Trade and Industry gave Taito a commendation prize for enterprise in 1970. In 1973 Taito made Pro Hockey and Soccer video games as well as Elepong. Elepong was the first Japananese designed coin operated game. Taito are most famous for making Space Invaders in 1978. Taito says "Space Invaders was a worldwide phenomenon". Taito has been one of the leading makers of coin operated video games in the world for more than thirty years.

Pakpattan District
Pakpattan District is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city of Pakpattan is the capital.

Rahimyar Khan District
Rahimyar Khan District is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city of Rahimyar Khan is the capital.

Space Invaders
Space Invaders is a video game made by the Taito Corporation. Space Invaders is one of the most famous early video games. The game is about protecting the Earth from the Space Invaders by controlling by shooting them all before they can land. There have been seven versions of Space Invaders made by the Taito Corporation. Space Invaders was designed by the Taito Corporations man in charge of the game making department, Mr Toshihiro Nishikado. Mr Nishikado was inspired to make the game after watching Star Wars and War of the Worlds. At first Space Invaders was a coin-operated machine but has been made available for almost every games console and home computer. Before making Space Invaders, Mr Nishikado worked on games called Soccer and Interceptor. He says the hardest part of making a video game is designing the computer inside it. Taito describes Space Invaders as "an international phenomenon".

Rajanpur District
Rajanpur District is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city of Rajanpur is the capital.

Sahiwal District
Sahiwal District is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city of Sahiwal is the capital.
Sahiwal is Situated on GT Road. It is 167 KM distance from Lahore.

Sargodha District
Sargodha District is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city of Sargodha is the capital.

Sheikhupura District
Sheikhupura District is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city of Sheikhupura is the capital.

Sialkot District
Sialkot District is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city of Sialkot is the capital.

Toba Tek Singh District
Toba Tek Singh District is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city of Toba Tek Singh is the capital.

Vehari District
Vehari District is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city of Vehari is the capital.

Attock
Attock is a city in Pakistan. It is located in the Punjab province and is the capital of Attock District.

Bahawalnagar
Bahawalnagar is a city in Pakistan. It is located in the Punjab province and is the capital of Bahawalnagar District.

Bahawalpur
Bahawalpur is a city in Pakistan. It is located in the Punjab province and is the capital of Bahawalpur District.

Bhakkar
Bhakkar is a city in Pakistan. It is located in the Punjab province and is the capital of Bhakkar District.

Chakwal
Chakwal is a city in Pakistan. It is located in the Punjab province and is the capital of Chakwal District.

Dera Ghazi Khan
Dera Ghazi Khan is a city in Pakistan. It is located in the Punjab province and is the capital of Dera Ghazi Khan District.

Faisalabad
Faisalabad is a city in Pakistan. It is located in the Punjab province and is the capital of Faisalabad District.

Union Councils of Pakistan
A Union Council or Village Council in Pakistan is an elected local government body that has 21 councillors - who are elected by the people. Each Union Council is headed by a Nazim which is similar to a mayor and a Naib Nazim (similar to a deputy mayor).
Administration.
Union Councils are the fifth level (the lowest level) of government in Pakistan. Union Councils are often known as "Village Councils" in rural areas, the area represented by a Village Council usually comprises a large village and surrounding areas, often including nearby small villages. The term "Union Council" may be used for areas that are part of cities.
Each Union Council is governed by a Union Nazim (similar to a mayor), each union council has 13 elected members known as councillors. As well as four male and two female members elected directly, there are two male and two female representatives of the labour, a minority member, a Union Nazim and his deputy known as Union Naib Nazim.
Also as well as the elected members, there are several government employees and functionaries in every union council, who report to the Secretary of the Union Council. The last one is is a civil servant appointed by the state.
The territory of a Union Council or Village Council is usually part of a tehsil, (a tehsil is a district subdivision). Less commonly, a Union Council may be part of a City District.
Structure.
Shown below is a simplified structure of the political hierarchy, the federal government governs the provinces (allocation of resources and policy decisions), the provinces govern the districts etc, the union councils are involved directly in local government administration.

Seer Gharbi
Seer Gharbi is one of the 51 Union Councils of Abbottabad District in the North-West Frontier Province of the country of Pakistan. It is located in the southeastern part of the province, bordering the Rawalpindi District of Punjab province.
Meaning.
Seer Gharbi means "Western Seer". This is because there are two towns called "Seer" and are very near to each other. The other Seer is known as "Seer Sharqi", which means "Eastern Seer".
2005 earthquake.
On October 8, 2005, Seer Gharbi, like much of Abbottabad District, was affected by an earthquake. However the number of people killed or injured was low, the damage was largely to buildings and damage to water supplies.
Subdivisions.
The Union Council of Seer Gharbi is subdivided into three areas: Basbher, Malmola and Seer Gharbi.

Tranmere Rovers F.C.
Tranmere Rovers Football Club is an English football club, currently playing in the Football League One. Their main rivals are Everton, Liverpool and Bolton

Corumbá
Corumbá is a Brazilian city of the state of Mato Grosso do Sul. It has about 120,000 inhabitants and an area of 64.960,86 km².

Christopher Lee
Christopher Frank Carandini Lee CBE (born 27 May 1922) is an English actor. He is best known for his many movie characters. For example, Dracula and Fu Manchu in many movies during the 1950s through the 1970s as well as Saruman the White in "The Lord of the Rings" trilogy and Count Dooku in '.
Early years.
Lee was born in London, England. He and his older sister Xandra were raised by Estelle Marie and Geoffrey Trollope until their divorce in 1926. Trollope was a professional soldier. Later, while Lee was still a child, his mother married (and later divorced) Harcourt George "Ingle" St. Croix, a banker. Lee studied at Wellington College from age 14 to 17. After this, he worked as an office clerk in a couple of London shipping companies. In 1941, he enlisted in the RAF during World War II. After military service, Lee joined the Rank Organisation in 1947. He trained as an actor in their "Charm School". He played many small parts in movies, for example, "Corridor of Mirrors" (1948). He had a small part in Laurence Olivier's "Hamlet" (1948). Peter Cushing was also in this movie. Lee and Cushing also both acted in "Moulin Rouge" (1952) but did not meet until later when they did horror movies together. They are well known for working together in horror movies.
Hammer Films.
Lee had many parts in movies and television during the 1950s. He did not become famous until he started working with Hammer Film Productions. With Hammer Films, he acted in "The Curse of Frankenstein" (1957), "Dracula" (1958), "The Mummy" (1959), and "The Hound of the Baskervilles" (1959). All of these movies also starred Cushing. Lee continued his role as "Dracula" in many Hammer sequels during the 1960s and early 1970s. During this time, he acted many times as Fu Manchu. The most notable was in the first of the series "The Face of Fu Manchu" (1965). He also acted in many movies in Europe. With his own production company, Charlemagne Productions, Ltd., Lee made "Nothing But the Night" (1972) and "To the Devil a Daughter" (1976). By the mid-1970s, Lee wanted to stop making horror movies. He acted in several mainstream movies, for example "The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes" (1970), "The Three Musketeers" (1973), "The Four Musketeers" (1974), and the James Bond movie "The Man with the Golden Gun" (1974).
Later career.
Because these movies were very well liked, he chose to move to Hollywood in the mid-1970s. He was a busy actor but most of the work he did for movies and television was not very notable. Because of this, he decided moved back to England. Lee's career became very notable again in the early 2000s. His acting in "The Lord of the Rings" movie trilogy (2001-2003) (as Saruman the White) and ' (2002) (as Count Dooku) caused this. In 2001, he was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire for his contributions to the movie and television industries.

Liv Tyler
Liv Tyler (born July 1, 1977) is an American actress and model. She is best known for her roles of Grace Stamper in "Armageddon" and Arwen in "The Lord of the Rings" movie trilogy. She is the daughter of Aerosmith's frontman, Steven Tyler.
Tyler was born Liv Rundgren at Mount Sinai Hospital in New York City, New York. She is the first born daughter of Bebe Buell, a model, singer, and was the Playboy Playmate of the month Miss November 1974, and Steven Tyler, the lead singer of Aerosmith. Her maternal grandmother, Dorothea Johnson, founded the Protocol School of Washington. Her mother named her after Norwegian actress Liv Ullmann. At birth, Bebe Buell claimed that rock star Todd Rundgren was Tyler's biological father. Tyler spent most of her childhood living with that understanding, only finding her true parentage at age nine, after meeting Steven Tyler at a Rundgren concert in Boston. Also, when Tyler was growing up, Steven Tyler started coming to visit. Then at another meeting in 1988, seeing that Steven Tyler's other daughter, Mia, looked very similar to herself, she asked her mother. The truth about Tyler's paternity did not become public until 1991, when she changed her name from Rundgren to Tyler, but kept the old one as a middle name. Buell's reason for the decision was that Steven Tyler was too heavily addicted to drugs at that time. Since knowing the truth about her paternity, Liv and Steven Tyler have had a close relationship. They have even made their careers intertwine when Liv performed in Aerosmith's video "Crazy" and when Aerosmith wrote and performed many of the songs in Liv's film "Armageddon".
Tyler went to the Congressional School of Virginia, Breakwater Elementary and Wayneflete schools (in Portland, Maine) before returning to New York City with her mother at the age of twelve. She went to York Prep in NYC for Junior High and High School, graduating in 1995. One month later Tyler set off for Italy, to star in "Stealing Beauty".

Dourados
Dourados is a Brazilian city of the state of Mato Grosso do Sul. It has about 200,000 inhabitants and an area of 4.086,38 km².

No Mercy
No Mercy is a musical group consisting of twins Ariel & Gabriel Hernández and Marty Cintron. They are well known for their song "Where Do You Go".

Carlo Gesualdo
Carlo Gesualdo, known as Gesualdo da Venosa (born probably 8 March 1566; died 8 September 1613), Prince of Venosa and Count of Conza, was an Italian music composer, lutenist and murderer. He lived in the late part of the Renaissance period. He is famous for his beautifully expressive madrigals which are written in a very chromatic style (using lots of sharps and flats). He is also remembered for committing a horrible murder.
Life.
Gesualdo came from an aristocratic family. He was probably born at Venosa, but we know hardly anything about his early life. We know that he was extremely interested in music when he was small and showed very little interest in anything else. He played the lute, harpsichord and guitar.
The murders.
In 1586 Gesualdo married his first cousin, Donna Maria d'Avalos, the daughter of the Marquis of Pescara. Two years later she began to have a love affair with Fabrizio Carafa, the Duke of Andria. For two years her husband knew nothing about her love affair. Then one day he returned unexpectedly to his palace (he may have suspected that something was happening) and found them making love. He murdered them both in their bed. He then left their bodies in front of the palace for everyone to see. In those days in Italy a nobleman could not be arrested and punished. However, someone might have wanted to kill him in revenge, so he ran away to the town of Gesualdo where he had a castle.
A lot of people heard about the murders. Famous poets such as Tasso wrote poems about it. Nothing was done to arrest Gesualdo, however. Some people at the time said that he also murdered one of Maria’s babies because he thought he might not have been the father. Other people even said that he murdered his father-in-law when he came wanting to kill him in revenge, but we do not know whether this was true.
Ferrara years.
In 1594 Gesualdo went to the town of Ferrara which was famous for music which was being composed by modern composers experimenting with new ideas. He spent two years there and composed his first book of madrigals. There he married another woman who was a niece of Duke Alfonso II d’Este. The couple moved back to Gesualdo in 1597.
Return to Gesualdo, and final years.
After returning to his castle at Gesualdo from Ferrara in 1595, he tried to make the town famous for music. He invited some of Italy’s most famous musicians to come and work for him. Since he was very rich he could afford to do this. However, the music making only took place in his castle. Gesualdo spent the last years of his life doing nothing except music. He hardly ever left his castle.
Gesualdo’s new marriage was not a happy one. His wife said he was cruel and she tried to divorce him. She spent a lot of time away from the castle and wrote him angry letters.
Late in life he suffered from depression and madness. We do not know whether this was because he felt bad about being a murderer, but he probably did feel guilty. He often made his servants hit him. He also wrote very strange letters to a cardinal asking him to send him some of his dead uncle’s skeleton because he thought these remains would make him better.
Gesualdo died alone at his castle. The chapel where he was buried was destroyed by an earthquake in 1688. There is still a burial plaque in the rebuilt church.
His music.
We think it is likely that Gesualdo felt terribly guilt all his life about the murders he had committed, and these guilty feelings can be heard in his music. The words of his madrigals are often very emotional: they are about "love", "pain", "death", "ecstasy", "agony". Of course, other madrigal composers used such words, but Gesualdo’s music is really extreme. It is often wildly chromatic. Other composers did not copy his style.
He wrote both sacred (religious) and secular (non-religious) songs, and some music for instruments. His most famous compositions are his six published books of madrigals (between 1594 and 1611), as well as his "Tenebrae Responsories", which are very much like madrigals, except that they use texts from the Passion story about Christ’s death on the cross.

AdventureQuest RPG
AdventureQuest is an RPG (role-playing game) made by Artix Entertainment.

Conflict
A conflict is a problem. The word comes from Latin "conflingere" (which has the past participle "conflictum"). Conflingere means "to come together for a battle". Conflicts can either be within one person, or they can involve several people. Conflicts arise because there are needs, values or ideas that are seen to be different, and there is no means to reconcile them.
Very often, conflicts lead to fights, or even wars (in the case where conflicts are solved with arms).

Constructed script
A constructed script (also artificial script, neography, and conscript for short) is a kind of writing system. It is a writing system that is specifically created by an individual or group, and is not like an evolved natural script. In contrast, natural scripts evolve and grow as part of a natural language or culture.
Some constructed scripts are made to be used for constructed languages. Other constructed scripts are used in linguistic experimentation or for other more practical uses in existing languages.

An Inspector Calls
"An Inspector Calls" is a play written in 1944-5 by the British playwrite J. B. Priestley. It was first performed in 1946 in two Moscow theatres as no London theatres were available. It was then first produced in London at the New Theatre on 1 October 1946. It shows the way in which people are all connected, and reflects Priestley's socialist views whilst outlining the problems he saw with capitalism.

Justice and Equality Movement
The Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) is a rebel group involved in the Darfur conflict of Sudan. It is led by Khalil Ibrahim. Together with other rebel groups such as the Sudan Liberation Army, they are fighting against the government-supported Janjaweed militia. The JEM is also a member of the Eastern Front, a rebel coalition. After the Eastern Front signed a peace deal with the central government, the JEM lost access to its funding from Eritrea.
The JEM traces its foundation to the writers of the "Black Book", a manuscript published in 2000 that shows some problems. JEM has an Islamist ideology, and the government links the group to Hassan al-Turabi, although leaders of the group and Turabi himself deny the claim. However, al-Turabi blames the government for making the situation worse".
On January 20, 2006, the group merged with the Sudan Liberation Movement, along with other rebel groups, to form the Alliance of Revolutionary Forces of West Sudan. However, the JEM and SLM negotiated as separate groups with peace talks with the government in May 2006.
In October of 2007, the JEM attacked an oilfield in the Kordofan region of Sudan. This olified is controlled by a Chinese consortium. The next month, a group of 135 Chinese engineers arrived in Darfur to work on this field. Ibrahim told reporters, "We oppose them coming because the Chinese are not interested in human rights. It is just interested in Sudan's resources." The JEM claims that the revenue from oil sold to China funds the Sudanese government and the Janjaweed militia.
On the morning of December 11th, 2007, Khalil Ibrahim claimed that JEM forces fought and defeated Sudanese government troops guarding a Chinese-run oilfield in the Kordofan region. Khartoum officials, however, denied that any oil fields had come under attack. Ibrahim said that the attack was part of a JEM campaign to rid Sudan of Chinese-run oilfields and stated that "[The JEM] want all Chinese companies to leave. They have been warned many times. They should not be there."

Middle-earth languages
This article is about the constructed languages from J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth universe.
External history.
J. R. R. Tolkien was a philologist, and he was interested in language since he was a child. He invented several languages, which he then used in his Middle-earth writings. Aside from the external history, most of his languages have also an invented "internal history". The internal history means how the languages evolved and were used inside the fictional story by the fictional people who spoke them.
Some of Tolkien's languages have a detailed grammar and vocabulary. Other languages are not very detailed, and some languages have only a few words and names. Quenya and Sindarin are the best and most developed languages, while others like Rohirric, Khuzdûl, or Black Speech, are not as much developed.
Tolkien also created the Tengwar and Cirth scripts for his languages.
Eldarin languages.
The Eldarin languages or Elvish languages are the languages of the Elves. At other times, Elvish languages were the common speech. Later the Elvish languages were also used by humans, especially by scientists and the nobility. The Eldarin languages can be divided into two groups: Quenya language and Telerin languages (which includes Telerin, Nandorin, and Sindarin).
Quenya.
Quenya is an Elvish language. It was spoken by the Vanyar and Noldor elves in Valinor. When the Noldor returned to Middle-earth in the First Age, they brought Quenya with them. But the native Sindarin became far more common in everyday speech. In the Second Age and especially in the Third Age, Quenya in Middle-earth was used more as a scientific and ritual language. Because of this Tolkien sometimes called Quenya the "Elf-Latin".
Telerin.
Telerin is an Elvish language. It was spoken by the Teleri elves. From Telerin developed several new languages and dialects, for example Sindarin.
Sindarin.
Sindarin is an Elvish language. It came from the Telerin language. It was spoken by the Sindar (or Grey Elves) in Middle-earth. It later became the most common elvish language spoken in Middle-earth.
Adûnaic.
Adûnaic is the language of the people of Númenor. After the Fall of Númenor, Adûnaic was not often used anymore. From Adûnaic and the native languages of the western coastlands of Middle-earth developed Westron.
Westron.
Westron (Westron: "Adûni", Sindarin: "Annúnaid"), or the Common Speech (Westron: "Sôval Phârë"), is a language of Middle-earth. It comes from Adûnaic and the natives languages of Middle-earth. In the Third Age, Westron is used as the common language, spoken by most peoples.
In the books, the text written in English is meant to be Westron most of the time.
Rohirric.
Rohirric (also Rohirian or Rohanese) is the language of the Rohirrim of Rohan. In the books, Rohirric text and names are always represented by Old English. This is made because Rohirric should feel older but similar to the hobbit's Westron, and they are in the books represented by Old English and Modern English.
Khuzdûl.
Khuzdûl is the language of the Dwarves. The dwarves keep much of what they do a secret, and they also do this with their language. Because of this, only a few place-names and phrases are known from Khuzdûl. Dwarves have never told other (non-dwarven) people their Khuzdûl names. Instead, they use other names when talking to the other peoples of Middle-earth. The dwarven "nicknames" that appear in the books are all taken from Norse mythology.
Besides the spoken language, called "aglab", Khuzdûl had the "iglishmek", which was a sign language.
Entish.
Entish is the language of the Ents. The language is, like the Ents themselves, very "unhasty": it takes a lot of time to say something. The language uses very long descriptions and many repetitions. Because it is so complicated and takes so much time, nobody but the Ents uses or can understand this language.
Valarin.
Valarin was the language spoken by the Ainur.
Black Speech.
Black Speech is the language of Sauron. The language was created by him and used by his followers. The inscription on the One Ring was Black Speech, written in tengwar. Aside from the Ring-inscription, there are several names and words of Black Speech known.

Lope de Vega
he is estimated to have written between 1,500 and 2,500 fully-fledged plays – of which some 425 have survived until the modern day – together with a plethora of shorter dramatic and poetic works.

Pedro Calderòn de la Barca
Pedro Calderón de la Barca y Henao (January 17, 1600 – May 25, 1681), was a dramatist of the Spanish Golden Age.
Calderón was born in Madrid. His mother, who was of Flemish descent, died in 1610; his father, who was secretary to the treasury, died in 1615. Calderón was educated at the Jesuit College in Madrid, the Colegio Imperial, with a view to taking orders; but instead, he studied law at Salamanca.

Chemical vapor deposition
Chemical vapor deposition is a method of putting a thin layer of metal on to a surface using very low heat. It is specially useful for coating thin glass with metal without damaging the glass, using such a thin layer of metal that the glass can be seen through. This technology was invented by the Head of the Chemistry Department of Harvard University, Professor Roy Gordon, in the 1970s and perfected by his team during the 1980s. Chemical vapor deposition has a vast range of uses. Hip replacement joints are coated using chemical vapor deposition to make them lighter, stronger, and longer lasting. TFT displays (flat screen televisions and computer monitors) are made using chemical vapor deposition. This technology is also used to prevent double glazing windows and supermarket freezers from steaming up.

States of Sudan
Below is a list of the 25 states of Sudan. As Sudan was under British rule, they are organized by their original provinces under British rule. Arabic language versions are in parentheses. States that were not provinces before 1994 are marked with (*). Transliterations from Arabic to English may vary; in particular, the article "al" is sometimes transliterated as "el". Numbers correspond to those of the map at right.
History.
Anglo-Egyptian Sudan had eight "mudiriyat", or provinces, which were ambiguous when created but became well defined by the beginning of the Second World War. The eight provinces were: Blue Nile, Darfur, Equatoria, Kassala, Khartoum, Kurdufan, Northern, and Upper Nile. In 1948 Bahr al Ghazal split from Equatoria.
There were numerous new provinces created on 1 July 1973. North and South Darfur were created from Darfur, while Kurdufan divided into North and South Kurdufan. Al Jazirah and White Nile were split off from Blue Nile. River Nile split off from Northern. Red Sea was split off from Kassala.
A further fracturing of provinces occurred in 1976. Lakes split from Bahr al Ghazal, and Jonglei split off from Upper Nile. Equatoria divided into East and West Equatoria. There were thus eighteen provinces. In 1991, the government reorganized the administrative regions into nine federal states, matching the nine provinces that had existed from 1948 to 1973. On 14 February 1994, the government reorganized yet again, creating twenty-six "wilayat" (states). The majority of the wilayat were either the old provinces or administrative subregions of a province. As part of the new government structure in South Sudan in 2005, Bahr al Jabal was renamed Central Equatoria. In 2006, West Kurdufan was split and merged with North Kurdufan and South Kurdufan.

WrestleMania XXIV
WrestleMania XXIV was the twenty-fourth yearly WrestleMania professional wrestling pay-per-view event made by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It took place on March 30 2008 at the Citrus Bowl in Orlando, Florida. It was the first WrestleMania to be held in the state of Florida, and the second WrestleMania to be held outdoors the whole time, the other being WrestleMania IX. The official theme songs were "Light It Up" by Rev Theory and "Snow ((Hey Oh))" by the Red Hot Chili Peppers. The tagline was "The Biggest WrestleMania Under the Sun"."
Tickets went on sale to the public on November 3 2007. For the second year in a row, WrestleMania broke the record for the highest-grossing pay-per-view in WWE history and for the Citrus Bowl, grossing in $5.85 million in ticket sales. The record-breaking Citrus Bowl attendance record of 74,635 consisting of people from twenty-one countries, all fifty states, and five Canadian provinces, pumped an estimated $30 million into the local economy. The Central Florida Sports Commission thought that the event created many jobs, and brought around 60,000 visitors to the city for the event. WWE and the city of Orlando hosted festivities that spanned a five-day period within the central Florida area, bringing many branding opportunities and television coverage, leading up to the event at the Citrus Bowl.
The event was a joint-promotion pay-per-view, having performers from the Raw, SmackDown, and ECW brands. The main match on the Raw brand was a Triple Threat match for the WWE Championship between Randy Orton, Triple H, and John Cena, which Orton won by pinning Cena. The main event and featured match on the SmackDown brand was Edge versus The Undertaker for the World Heavyweight Championship, which Undertaker won by forcing Edge to submit with the Gogoplata. The main match on the ECW brand was Chavo Guerrero against Kane for the ECW Championship, which Kane won by pinfall after performing a chokeslam. Main matches on the undercard included Floyd Mayweather, Jr. versus The Big Show in a No Disqualification match,
Event.
Before the show was first shown live on pay-per-view, Kane won a 24-man Interpromotional Battle Royal to win an ECW Championship match against Chavo Guerrero later that night. The event officially began with John Legend singing a rendition of "America the Beautiful"." The first match that was shown live on pay-per-view was a Belfast Brawl between Finlay and John "Bradshaw" Layfield. Finlay was accompanied to the ring by his returning "son" Hornswoggle, who was injured at the hands of JBL a few weeks ago on "Raw".
The match had many spots, which included JBL hitting Finlay with a trash can lid when the latter was about to perform a suicide dive on him through the ropes on the outside. Later on, Finlay tossed JBL through the table that he had set up earlier on the turnbuckle. Hornswoggle would also get involved during the match, hitting JBL's with a kendo stick while later on he would get attacked by JBL with a trash can thrown at him. Attacking Finlay's knee with a kendo stick, JBL then quickly hit a Clothesline from Hell to score a successful pinfall.
The next match of the evening was the fourth-yearly Money in the Bank ladder match, featuring Chris Jericho, Mr. Kennedy and Carlito from the Raw brand; CM Punk, Shelton Benjamin and John Morrison from the ECW brand; and Montel Vontavious Porter (MVP) from the SmackDown brand. The match featured many dangerous spots. Early in the match, Morrison climbed a turnbuckle and performed a moonsault on others outside while holding a ladder against his chest. Then, at one point, when Mr. Kennedy and Morrison were battling on top of a ladder, Benjamin climbed another ladder placed adjacent to the first one, and performed a flip powerbomb on Kennedy, who in turn superplexed Morrison from the top of the ladder. After sometime, Kennedy delivered his Green Bay Plunge to Punk onto a ladder. Later, Carlito and Kennedy flipped Benjamin off a ladder, sending him crashing through another ladder set-up between the barricade and the ring apron. Jericho also performed his Walls of Jericho on Morrison on top of a ladder. Kennedy delivered his Mic Check to Punk off a ladder. Quickly afterwards, Carlito hit the Backstabber to Jericho from a ladder. When MVP was close of finding the contract briefcase, Matt Hardy returned to action through the crowd, entered the ring and delivered the Twist of Fate to MVP off the ladder. As soon as Morrison started to climb a ladder, see-sawing with another ladder, Jericho flipped the other one and Morrison landed on the ring-ropes groin-first. In the end, Jericho and Punk fought each other on a ladder, but Punk trapped Jericho's one leg in the ladder's steps and himself retrieved the contract briefcase to win the match.
The next match which was billed as a "Battle for Brand Supremacy", was between SmackDown's Batista and Raw's Umaga. Early in the match, both Batista and Umaga exchanged blows and Batista threw Umaga outside with a shoulder block. Umaga later delivered a high-impact kick to Batista, which caused him to fall back-first outside the ring from the ring-apron. Hence, Umaga started targeting Batista's injured back. But in the end, when Umaga tried to go for a Samoan Spike, Batista countered the attempt and delivered a spinebuster to Umaga. Batista won the match by pinning Umaga after hitting him with his Batista Bomb. The fourth match for the event featured Chavo Guerrero defending his ECW Championship against Kane. Kane surprised Chavo by emerging from underneath the ring instead of from the entrance stage. In the second shortest match in WrestleMania history, Kane instantly pinned Chavo after a Chokeslam and won the ECW Championship in eight seconds.
Ric Flair put his career on the line next against Shawn Michaels. At the start of the match, both superstars engaged in a series of counters, and then Flair shoved Michaels in a corner, making "Old Yeller" comments to him. In retaliation, Michaels slapped Flair in the face, which caused him to start bleeding from the mouth. Later, Flair performed a crossbody onto Michaels from the top rope for a two count. Then, in a very dangerous spot, when Flair was on the outside, Michaels performed an Asai moonsault onto Flair, but missed and landed hard on the Raw announcers' table rib-first. With Flair later on outside the ring again, Michaels successfully attempted another moonsault from the top-rope onto Flair. Back in the ring, Michaels tried to go for his Sweet Chin Music, but stopped in the process and Flair capitalized by trapping him in his figure four leglock. Afterwards, Michaels finally delivered a Sweet Chin Music to Flair, but the latter kicked out to the pinfall attempt. Michaels then, trapped Flair in his modified figure four leglock, but Flair delivered a thumb to the eye to Michaels to break the submission. As Flair was delivering chops to Michaels, the latter hit a second Sweet Chin Music. After getting up on his feet with a worried face, Michaels said to Flair "I'm sorry, I love you", before nailing a final Sweet Chin Music and thus pinning Flair to end his 36-year long wrestling career. After the match, Michaels left quickly and Flair got a standing ovation from the crowd. An emotional Flair embraced his family at ringside and then, as he proceeded to go backstage, thanked the crowd for their support.
The sixth match was the Playboy BunnyMania Lumberjack match, in which Maria and Ashley faced Beth Phoenix and Melina, who were accompanied to the ring by Santino Marella. Snoop Dogg served as the official "Master of Ceremonies" for this match. Due to some technical difficulties, the lights at Citrus Bowl temporarily went out during the match. Near the end, a pin attempt by Maria was prevented when Santino pulled Maria's leg. In response, Raw commentator Jerry Lawler approached and knocked Marella down with a punch. With a Fisherman suplex, Phoenix pinned Maria to win the match. After the match, Snoop Dogg clotheslined Marella in the ring and kissed Maria, before leaving with her and Ashley.
Randy Orton defended his WWE Championship against Triple H and John Cena in a Triple Threat match next. For his entrance, Cena had a marching band perform an instrumental version of his theme song "The Time Is Now" live. During the match, when Triple H had held Orton in a sleeper hold, Cena picked up both Orton and Triple H for an FU, but Triple H dropped down and low blowed him. Orton dominated the match for some time. One hightlight of the match featured Orton performing a crossbody from the top rope on Cena, while the latter was held on Triple H's shoulders in an electric chair position. Also, Orton delivered a double elevated DDT from the second rope to both Cena and Triple H simultaneously. Orton then tried to RKO Cena, but he countered and threw Orton onto Triple H. Then, Triple H started targeting Orton's legs and using some submissions on him. The match's finish came when Triple H countered Cena's FU into a Pedigree, but when he covered Cena, Orton punted on Triple H's head and himself pinned Cena to retain his WWE Championship.
The next match was the No Disqualification match between The Big Show and Floyd Mayweather, Jr.. Early in the match, Mayweather repeatedly escaped Big Show's grasp and delivered body shots to him. Soon, Mayweather put a sleeper hold on Big Show, but the latter escaped out of it before passing out and stomped on Mayweather's hand. Mayweather and his accomplices tried to "walk out" of the match, but Big Show walked up the ramp and brought Mayweather back in the ring. As Big Show was about to chokeslam Mayweather, one of Mayweather's accomplices struck a steel chair on Big Show's back, and the latter chokeslammed him in retaliation. Capitalizing from this distraction, Mayweather grabbed that chair and hit Big Show multiple times on the head with it. Finally, Mayweather removed his right glove and put on a pair of brass knuckles to hit Big Show in the face. Thus, Big Show was knocked out as he could not answer the referee's ten count and Mayweather was declared the winner.
The main event and last match of the night was Edge putting his World Heavyweight Championship on the line against the number one contender The Undertaker.
Production.
As the second WrestleMania to be held outdoors the whole time, WWE chairman Vince McMahon early on said that the show will go on, no matter what the weather is. In the March 2008 issue of WWE Magazine, WWE set designer Jason Robinson revealed that a steel rig with a tarpaulin roof would be built above the ring itself to prevent rain. In that same issue, an initial design of the ring setup was revealed showing a bigger rig surrounding the tarpaulin rig, with lighting and two giant screens attached. The bigger rig was dropped from the final design with the lighting and video screens now featuring on the tarpaulin rig as well as the sound system. During an interview, WWE production manager Brian Petree mentioned that video reinforcement should prevent anyone from being obstructed by the steel structure. Up to seven generators were used to power up the show.
The set design for the entrance stage was at the north end of the stadium and consisted of another steel structure with various video screens hanging from it. The steel beams for the structure were custom built in Belgium and shipped over to Orlando. According to WWE Magazine, the amount of pyrotechnics used would be ten times that of the amount used on "Raw". Without the restriction of a roof, the pyrotechnics for the show shot as high as 2,000 ft as compared to WrestleMania 23's height of 150 ft. The fireworks were set off from boats on one of the lakes nearby the stadium. WWE has been said to have spent an estimated $300,000 on the fireworks alone. After the show, WWE was criticized for a malfunction in the pyrotechnics during The Undertaker's victory celebration. During the celebration, a hot cable for pyrotechnics was sent flying into audience members in the upper seating bowl of the stadium, leaving 45 injured with some hospitalized. The accident was apparently due to a cable which fireworks were travelling across snapping, thus resulting in the fireworks exploding into the top rows of the upper bowl of the stadium. WWE's corporate website released a statement afterwards stating that they will investigate the incident.
With the Citrus Bowl's locker rooms on the south side and the entrance set on the north side, a tented 40,000 ft² mini-city outside the north end served as the show's backstage area and included air conditioning, trailers, VIP areas, showers and restrooms. As a consequence, the road next to the north end zone, W. Church Street, was closed down until a day after the event. Numerous other roads were also closed to allow trucks and fork lifts to move in mega equipment for the event. The ring itself was built on the 50-yard line of the Citrus Bowl to give the best view for fans. Heavy-duty plastic flooring had been put over the field, to protect the turf, provide seating and serve as the steel structures' foundation.
Development on the set design began in the middle of 2007. The building of the actual set began in the middle of March. 100 people worked 16 hours a day to construct the set for the event. The construction finished on March 29.
WrestleMania XXIV was the first WrestleMania event to be filmed in high-definition. It will also be the first WWE show to be released on the Blu-ray Disc format by WWE Home Video.

779 Nina
779 Nina is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Grigory Neujmin in 1914. Its provisional name was 1914 UB.

Nazim
A Nazim is a person who is responsible for administration of cities, districts and Union Councils in Pakistan. The job of a Nazim is similar to that of a mayor.

Dogon people
The Dogon are a group of people who live in Mali in West Africa. They live south of the River Niger near the city of Bandiagara. They are famous for their types of stories, dancing, buildings and art. They make wooden statues.

Ipswich
Ipswich is a town in the south of England. It is the county town of Suffolk. It is near the estuary of the River Orwell. About 120,000 people live there.

Provinces of Pakistan
Pakistan is a country in Asia. It is divided into four provinces and two territories. Pakistan also administers part of Kashmir. The rest of Kashmir is administered by India.
Local government.
Each province is divided into "zillas" - zilla is an Urdu word meaning district. There are 105 districts in Pakistan.
A district is divided into tehsils. A tensils is similar to a county. The tehsil are further divided into Union Councils. A Union Council is the smallest part of local government in Pakistan. They are sometimes made up of a few villages.
A district, tehsil and Union Council is controlled by a Nazim. A Nazim is similar to a Mayor.

Self-esteem
Self-esteem is the way people think about themselves, and how worthwhile they feel. Psychologists use the word self-esteem to describe whether someone likes them self or not. Someone with high self-esteem might think that they are good at things and are worthwhile. Someone with low self-esteem might think that they are bad at things and worthless. Different psychologists have different ways of measuring self-esteem, and many people do not agree with what it means. Some people think that self-esteem is linked to depression, eating disorders and bullying. Some people may also injure themselves if they suffer from a low self-esteem.

Christiania
Freetown Christiania, shortly and commonly called just Christiania'", is a danish special community, as a village,partially self-governing with 850 inhabitants, and with an area of 85 acres near the capital of Denmark, Copenhagen. The Freetown is always in the centre of controveries, since its creation in a squatted military area in 1971. In the Freetown, cannabis was legal until 2004. Inhabitans of Christiania are called "Christianites". Christiania has become home to several ventures such as carpenters, blacksmiths, a bikeshop, as well as several cafés, restaurants, jazz, blues and night clubs.
Born of Christiania.
After the military had left, the area was only guarded by a few watchmen and and sometimes of homeless people went in the area for sleep or for living there.On 4 September, 1971, neighbours of the area broke down a wall for making a place where their children could play.On 26 September, 1971, Christiania was opend to people by Jacob Ludvigsen, a well-known provo and journalist who published a magazine called "Hovedbladet" ('The main paper'). In the paper, Ludvigsen wrote an article in which he and five others went on exploration into what he called 'The Forbidden City of the Military'. The spirit of Christiania quickly developed into one of the hippie movement, the squatter movement, collectivism and anarchism, in contrast to the site's previous military use.
The Community.
Meditation and yoga have always been popular activities for the Christianites, and for many years Christiania had their own internationally acclaimed theater group Solvognen, who, beyond their theater performances, also staged many happenings in Copenhagen and even throughout Sweden. Ludvigsen had always talked about drugs, hard drugs (now are illegal in Christiania) and soft drugs. The "problem" of drugs made Christiania really famous, and the most know part of the Freetown.
The neighbourhood of the Freetown is accessible through many entrances and cars are not allowed.Danish authorities have repeatedly removed the large stones blocking the main entrance claiming they need access to the area for fire trucks and ambulances in the event of a fire or medical emergency, yet the residents respond by placing them back each time as they feel attacks by the the authorities. The people in Christiania have developed their rules, without the Danish government. The rules forbid stealing, violence, guns, knives, bulletproof and hard drugs. A famous street in the Freetown is known as "Pusher Street", where hash and Skunk weed were sold openly from permanent stands until 2004, it nevertheless does have rules forbidding hard drugs, such as cocaine, speed, ecstasy and heroin. The commerce is not really clean, but since the rules require a consensus they cannot be removed unless everybody agrees. The Since 1994, residents have paid taxes and fees for water, electricity, trash disposal, etc. The future of the area remains in doubt. In the street are forbidden photoes.
2005 shooting and murder.
On April 24, 2005, a 26-year-old Christiania resident was killed and three other residents injured in a violent gang assassination on Pusher Street. The reason for this was a fight between few Christianites and people from the hash, market of Copenhagen.
Riots after demolition of house.
On May 14, 2007 workers from the governmental Forest and Nature Agency, helped by police, entered Christiania to destroy, abandoned building of "Cigarkassen" ('the cigar box'). They were met by angry and scared Christianites who feared that the police were going to demolish other houses too. Road blocks were built and the trucks were sabotaged so that they could not move.After the police then entered the Freetownand Christianites attacked heavily policemen with fireworks and stones, and built barricades in the street outside Christiania gate. The police used tear gas on the people. The police later had to retreat from Christiania. The riot continued over night ath the entrances to Christiania and Christianites bombarded the police with stones and Molotov cocktails. After that police retreat. All in all over 50 Christiania activists and rioters from outside were arrested.
Gay house.
Since the 1970s the Gay House (Bøssehuset), one of Christiania's autonomous institutions, had been a centre for gay activism, parties and theatre. The how was very famous in Denmrk for humoristic and artistic verities shows, and became a meet point for all homosexuals in Copenhagen. Durin 1980s and 1990s the house was leaved without any ctivity. In 2002 The humorous and artistically high-ranking variety-style shows still have fame among Copenhagen homosexuals. The original pioneers having aged (and for some part died) during the 1980s and 1990s, the house was less used and was empty from about 2000 onwards. In 2002 a group of young gay performers and activists, Dunst, were invited to take over the house so it could remain a centre for gay creativity. However, after 9 months they were asked to leave Christiania again. Dunst claim they introduced a democratic management form and established open workshops for photography, art, music, dance, video etc. They also did a cbaret show. However three 'Save Christiania' nights, a cabaret show and three support parties in order to be able to downpay some of the Gay House's debt to Christiania. According to Dunst, however neighbours would never readily accept them and the newcomers were accused of not understanding "the Christiania lifestyle". Dunst claim they also received verbal abuse. In 2004 Dunst participated in 'Christiania Distortion' (an event supported by Christiania) in a bus circling araund the Freetown.
A Biker gang in the Freetown.
Around 1984 a biker gang had arrived in Christiania and conquered a part of the hash market. Violence on the premises increased at this period and many Christianites felt unsafe and unhappy with the new residents. This resulted in sabotage acts directed towards the bikers as well as the publication of several provocative manuscripts urging the Christianites to throw out the powerful and armed bikers. This tension culminated when the police found a murdered individual who had been sliced to pieces and buried beneath the floor of a building. Christiania reacted with two colossal community meetings—one outside the building—where it was agreed that the bikers had to leave. They did, and have never returned.
Cars in the Freetown.
In Christiania cars are prohibited. However, 132 cars are owned by residents and need to be parked on the streets nearthe Freetown. In 2005, born a parking space for only 14 cars outside the Freetown. In 2001 few residents in one of of Christiania's sections proposed to make a big parkking for their cars. other Christiania residents and citizens criticised the poposal.
Drugs.
Since its opening, Christiania has been famous for its open cannabis trade, taking place in the famous central street called 'Pusher Street'. Since 2003, however, the 'officially' open hash trade has been ended by authorities. However hs is still sold in the Freetown and sometimes harddrugs too, same if them ar eofficial proibhited in the city. Hard drugs, including heroin and cocaine, have been ruled out of Christiania since 1979 by the community's own rules.
Governmental measures.
In January 2006, the government proposed that Christiania would be turned into a mixed alternative community and residential area adding condominiums for 400 new residents. Current residents, now paying DKK 1450 (USD 250) per month, would be allowed to remain but need to begin paying normal rent for the facilities. Christiania has rejected this yhing, fearing the freetown would turn into a normal Copenhagen neighbourhood. In particular, the concept of privately owned dwellings is claimed to be incompatible with Christiania's collective ownership.
Architectural competition.
In order to present a reasonable use of area after an eventual "cleaning", the Danish government commissioned an architectural competition. 17 proposals were received, of which only eight have met the formal competition requirements. All of the proposals were rejected by ojudges. The cost of the architectural competition was 850,000 Danish Kroner (113,000 Euro, 145,000 USD).

I'm Not There
"I'm Not There" is a Golden Globe Award-winning and Academy Award-nominated 2007 movie that is inspired by the life of musician Bob Dylan. Dylan is played by seven different actors in the movie: Marcus Carl Franklin, Ben Whishaw, Heath Ledger, Christian Bale, Richard Gere, and Cate Blanchett, who play people like Dylan but with different names.
The movie won and was nominated for several awards, including eight wins in "Best Supporting Actress" categories for Cate Blanchett, and and Independent Spirit Award nomination for "Best Film".

Lanthanide
The lanthanoid (according to IUPAC terminology) (previously lanthanide) series is made of the 15 elements with atomic numbers 57 through 71, from lanthanum to lutetium. All lanthanoids are f-block elements, corresponding to the filling of the 4f electron shell, except for lutetium which is a d-block lanthanoid. The lanthanoid series (Ln) is named after lanthanum.

The New Zealand Story
The New Zealand Story is a video game released by the Taito Corporation in 1988. This game was released for coin operated machines, home computers and game consoles.

Ungdomshuset
Ungdomshuset (in english: "the Youth House") was the popular name of the building formally named Folkets Hus ("House of the People") located on Jagtvej 69 in Nørrebro, Copenhagen. The Ungdomshuset was a meet point for many anarchists, for the music in the underground scene and leftist groups from 1982 until 2007, when after a long conflict between the municipal government of Copenhagen and the people living there, was smashed. Police started to clear the building early on Thursday, 1 March 2007. Demolition began on 5 March 2007 and was completed two days later. Ever since the eviction in March 2007, former users and supporters have held weekly demonstrations for a new Ungdomshuset, the demonstrations starting from nearby square 'Blågårds Plads' every Thursday at 5 p.m. and going to various places in Copenhagen. The starting point has recently been changed to Gammel Torv in response to the demonstraters saying they are getting closer to the politicians concerning a solution for a new Ungdomshus at an old school.In the summer of 2007, an iniative known as G13 wanted to squat an old public waterwork located on Grøndalsvænge Allé 13 in northwestern Copenhagen to be used as a new Ungdomshuset, the squat was non-violent, but was met with heavy opposition from the police who arrested 436 people and threw large amounts of tear gas
History.
The building was completed on 12 November 1897, with the name "Folkets Hus" ("The People's House"). The house functioned as one of the resorts for the then-incipient labour movement of Copenhagen. Since labour organisations were unpopular in the eyes of the authorities. Years later the place helped poor people and was used for others uses. In 1918 when workers stormed the Danish Stock Exchange ("Børsen"). In 1910, The Second International held an International Women's conference at the house, during which Clara Zetkin launched the idea of an International Women's Day. Lenin and Rosa Luxemburg visited the centre. During the 1950s it was still primarily used by the different sections, associations and unions of the labour movement. All kinds of different activities took place: for example, boxing matches and end-of-season dances. Several years later Brugsen, a Danish chain of co-operative supermarkets, bought Folkets Hus, for makin a cheap supermarket. However, as this was prohibited by authorities for the historic importance of the place, so Brugsen sold the ground to the folk music ensemble Tingluti in 1978. The Tingluti sold the ground to the municipality of Copenhagen after few time.The price at the time was DKK 700,000. In 1982 Folkets Hus was assigned to a group of young people — the original founders of Ungdomshuset — however the municipality of Copenhagen still owned the building. It was at this time that the building was given its current name: Ungdomshuset. Nick Cave and Björk played there. In January 1996 Ungdomshuset was ravaged by a fire and found to be plagued by fungus and rot. The municipality of Copenhagen made plans to renovate the building for safety reasons, but encountered resistance from the occupants. In 1999 the building was put on sale to the highest bidder by the municipality, but same this time occupants opposed to the thing, and for jocking put over the build a large banner with the message "For sale along with 500 autonome, stone throwing, violent psychopaths from hell.". After that a company called S bought the building in December 2000 (although ownership did not actually change hands until 2001), after which Human A/S was sold to the independent Christian sect "Faderhuset. However, the squatters refused to leave the house. Until 1 March 2007 the young squatters used the house as if the change of ownership had not happened and the new owners were not allowed inside at any time. The "Ungdomshuset" received more than 500 visitors a week.
Demolition.
Demolition of Ungdomshuset began at 8:00 am on 5 March 2007. The demolition was broadcast live by webcam on TV2 News' website. After the demolition of Ungdomshuset many riots began near the area for many days. Many cars were smashed and burned against the police.
A women's demonstration took place on 8 March, comprising more than 3 000 people. The police carried out systematic identity controls. In total, more than 750 people were arrested during the events (among them, about 140 foreigners). On 16 March, 2007, Danish police admitted to having mistakenly used a potentially lethal form of teargas. The gas, known as Ferret 40, was used against crowds during the riots following the demolition, although it is designed to penetrate doors and walls.
According to professor Lars Dencik, from the University of Roskilde, the Danish state used the opportunity of this evacuation to test its anti-terrorist security forces (as any other opportunity, or real danger, was non-existent).

Naib
The word "naib" (نائب) is an Arabic word meaning someone who is second in command.

780 Armenia
780 Armenia is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Grigory Neujmin in 1914. Its provisional name was 1914 UC.

Bagh, NWFP
Bagh is a Union Council of Abbottabad District in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. It has two high schools GHS Bagh and GHS Kehal.
Location.
It is located in the centre of the district, in the southern part of Abbottabad Tehsil, it is surrounded by the following Union Councils, to the north and east by Dhamtour, to the north by Sarbhana, to the east by Bagnotar, Namli Maira and Nagri Bala - and to the south by Dewal Manal.

Havelian Tehsil
Havelian Tehsil is a subdivision of Abbottabad District in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. The city of Havelian is the capital.

Tehsil
A tehsil (also known as tahsil, tahasil, taluka, taluk, or taluq) is a unit of government in Pakistan and in the Republic of India - it is similar to a county. It usually consists of a town (possibly more towns) and the villages around the towns.
In Pakistan, Tehsils are the second administrative division. They are further subdivided into Union Councils. Many Tehsils are grouped together into a "district" (Zillah). In Sindh the name "taluka" is generally used instead of tehsil.
In India, some states use "taluk" or "taluka", others use "tehsil". The "TK" often found in Indian addresses stands for Taluk.

Baekdu Mountain
Changbai Mountain is the highest mountain in China. It is a volcano that does not erupt anymore. It is 2,744 metres above sea level. The Beijing Olympic torch was lit on Changbai Mountain.

Pakistan Standard Time
Pakistan Standard Time (PST) is the time zone for Pakistan & Indian Occupied Kashmir - it is 5 hours ahead of GMT/UTC.
Daylight Saving Time.
In 2002, the government of Pakistan decided to use the Daylight Saving Time system. This meant that every year, clocks would be put forward by one hour on the night between the first Saturday and Sunday of April until 15 October when the clocks were put back.

Dhamtour
Dhamtour is a Union Council located in Abbottabad District in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan
Location.
Dhamtour is located at 34°7'60N 73°16'0E at a height of 1110 metres (3645 feet). It is situated to the west of Abbottabad city, and borders Sheikh-ul-Bandi to the north and Nagri Bala to the south.
History.
Dhamtour is an ancient city and there used to be markets here before British rule Dhamtore used to be a main market and business centre for the surrounding areas.
Tribes.
Most of the people in this area are from the Jadoon tribe, other tribes include Syeds, and Awans.
Subdivisions.
The Union Council of Dhamtour is divided into the following areas: Banda Bazdar, Bandi Shoalian, Dhamtour, Guldhok, Jaswal, Nagaki, and Ukhreela.

781 Kartvelia
781 Kartvelia is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Grigory Neujmin in 1914. Its provisional name was 1914 UF.

Kate Beckinsale
Kathryn Bailey Beckinsale (born 26 July 1973) is an English actress, known for her roles in the films "Pearl Harbor" (2001), "Underworld" (2003) and "Van Helsing" (2004).

Printed circuit board
A circuit board is a card made specially for attaching electronic components. Circuit is the name for something which is looped. Electricity flows through a circuit board in different loops. The most common circuit boards are called PCBs (printed circuit board) and are most commonly mass produced ready for a specific job. Some circuit boards are made plain and a person can scrape the copper to suit the job they need. Inside the card is copper for connecting the electricity between the electronic components. The electronic components are soldered on (similar to welding). Soldering is a way of melting metal so that it drips on and sticks. Soldering on circuit boards is done with a very soft metal that can be melted again to remove components without damaging anything. Most things that use electricity have at least one circuit board inside.
Circuit testing.
Other circuit boards for testing components are called bread boards. Bread boards are not soldered. Components are clipped on to a bread board for testing and can be unclipped and removed.

Pantera
Pantera was a band from Arlington in Texas, USA. They formed in 1981, but they did not have succes until the late 1980s. From 1987 to 2003 the band had these members: Phil Anselmo (vocals), "Dimebag Darrell" Abbott (guitar), Vinnie Paul Abbott (drums), Rex Brown (bass). In 2003 the band broke up. 2004 Dimebag Darrell was shot dead during a concert of his new band Damageplan in Columbus, Ohio by a fan.

Pan's Labyrinth
"Pan's Labyrinth" (, literally "The Labyrinth of the Faun") is an Academy Award-winning Spanish language fantasy movie written and directed by Mexican movie-maker Guillermo del Toro.
"Pan's Labyrinth" takes place in two places, known as a duel setting: in the "real world" the story is set in Spain during the time period shortly after the Spanish Civil War, and tells a story of a girl named Ofelia who is given three tasks by a mysterious faun. Meanwhile, her stepfather, the Falangist Captain Vidal, hunts the Spanish Maquis, guerrillas who continued fighting the Franco regime in the region, as her pregnant mother grows ill. The alternate setting is a secret "fantasy world" that Ofelia enters through an overgrown labyrinth garden, where she meets all manner of strange and magical creatures who become central to her story. The movie uses make-up, puppetry, and CGI effects to create its creatures.
The director of this movie, Del Toro said that he thinks the story to be a fable, influenced by fairy tales, and that it focuses on and continues themes related to his earlier movie "The Devil's Backbone", a spiritual sequel, though not an actual sequel. The original Spanish title refers to the mythological fauns of Greek mythology, while the English title refers specifically to the faun-like Greek god Pan (intended to help English-speakers differentiate the title from the term fawn). However, Del Toro has stated that the faun in the movie is not Pan.
The movie was first shown at the 2006 Cannes Film Festival. It was released in the United Kingdom on November 24, 2006. In the United States and Canada, the movie was given a limited release on December 29, 2006, with a nationwide release on January 19, 2007. "Pan's Labyrinth" has won numerous international awards, including three Academy Awards, the Ariel Award for Best Picture, and the 2007 Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation, Long Form.

Transubstantiation
Transubstantiation is the belief of Catholics and some other Christian churches that the bread and wine that is eaten and drank at Mass becomes (changes into) the body and blood of Jesus, who Christians believe is the son of God.
Beliefs about Transubstantiation.
Christians who believe in Transubstantiation think that the bread that they eat at Mass is the body of Jesus, but they know that the bread still tastes like bread, looks like bread and smells like bread. It is just like bread, but it is the body of Jesus. This started when Jesus ate a meal called "the Last Supper" and he said that the bread his friends were eating was his body. In the bible it says "Take this all of you and eat it, this is my body which will be given up for you," and, "Take this all of you and drink from it, this is the cup of my blood, the blood of the new and everlasting covenant, it will be shed for you and for all for that sins may be forgiven. Do this in memory of me." From that time until now, people have continued what Jesus did and it reminds them of the Last Supper, so the bread that is eaten at Mass becomes Jesus' body.

Children of Bodom
Children of Bodom is a metal band from Espoo in Finland. Their name comes from the Lake Bodom murders. The band members are: Alexi Laiho (guitar), Roope Latvala (guitar), Janne Wirman (keyboard), Henkka Seppälä (bass), Jaska Raatikainen (drums).

782 Montefiore
782 Montefiore is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was named after Clarice Sebag-Montefiore, wife of Alfons von Rothschild of Vienna. It was found by Johann Palisa in 1914. Its provisional name was 1914 UK.

Near-Earth asteroid
Near-Earth asteroids (NEAs) are asteroids whose orbits are close to Earth's orbit. Two near-Earth asteroids have been visited by spacecraft: 433 Eros, by NASA's Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous probe and 25143 Itokawa, by the JAXA Hayabusa mission.

783 Nora
783 Nora is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Johann Palisa in 1914. Its provisional name was 1914 UL.

784 Pickeringia
784 Pickeringia is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Joel Metcalf in 1914. Its provisional name was 1914 UM.

Abbottabad Central
Abbottabad Central is a Union Council of Abbottabad District in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. It is located in Abbottabad city, the capital of the district, it borders the following Union Councils, Malikpura Urban to the north and west, by Salhad to the south and by Dhamtour to the east.

Naib Nazim
A Naib Nazim, or deputy Nazim, is an elected government official in Pakistan. The word Naib means assistant or deputy while Nazim is similar to a mayor, so a Naib Nazim is similar in to a deputy mayor.

Cherbourg-Octeville
Cherbourg-Octeville is a city in France. It is in the region of Normandy, and in the Département of Manche. 43,000 people live inside the city and 117,000 near or in the city.

3 Inches of Blood
3 Inches of Blood is a metal band from Vancouver in Canada. They were founded in 2000. The band's style is a mixture between Power Metal and NWOBHM of the 1970s. These people play in the band: Cam Pipes (Vocals), Jamie Hooper (Vocals), Justin Hagberg (Guitar), Shane Clark (Guitar), Nick Cates – (Bass), Ash Pearson (Drums)

Swiss Federal Council
The Swiss Federal Council (,,) is the group of seven people who are the federal government of Switzerland. As Switzerland does not have one person as "President", the Federal Council is also the head of state.
Origins of the institution.
The Federal Council was set up by the 1848 Federal Constitution as the "supreme executive and directorial authority of the Confederation".
When the Constitution was written, constitutional democracy was still in its infancy, and the founding fathers of Switzerland had little in the way of examples. Switzerland has a long tradition of being governed by a council of representatives instead of one powerful ruler, so while they drew heavily on the U.S. Constitution for the organisation of the federal state as a whole, they opted for the council rather than the presidential system for the executive branch of government.).
Today, only three other states, Andorra, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and San Marino have more than one person act as head of state at a time. The collegial system of government is often used for government. Many countries have a form of cabinet government with collective responsibility (that is, all ministers in the cabinet support the decision of the cabinet as a whole).
Magic formula.
After the 1959 elections a "Zauberformel" or "magical formula" was invented. The formula works out how many members of the Federal Council each political party has, and showed that the Federal Council is always a voluntary grand coalition.
Women on the council.
Women did not get the federal vote until 1971. The first woman to be an official candidate was Lilian Uchtenhagen in 1983.
Presidency.
Each year, one of the seven Councillors is elected by the Federal Assembly as "President of the Confederation". The Federal Assembly also elects a Vice President. By convention, the positions of President and Vice President rotate annually, each Councillor thus becoming Vice President and then President every seven years while in office. The same person cannot be President two years in a row, or be elected Vice President in the years after he has been President.
According to the Swiss order of precedence, the President of the Confederation is the highest-ranking Swiss official. He or she presides over Council meetings and carries out certain representative functions that, in other countries, are the business of the Head of State. In urgent situations where a Council decision cannot be made in time, he or she is empowered to act on behalf of the whole Council. Apart from that, though, he or she is a "primus inter pares", having no power above and beyond the other six Councillors.
The President is not the Swiss head of state (this function is carried out by the Council acting together. However the President acts and is recognized as head of state while conducting official visits abroad, as the members of the Council never leave the country at the same time. More often, though, official visits abroad are carried out by the head of the Federal Department of Foreign Affairs. Visiting heads of state are received by all the Federal Council together.
Council meetings.
The Federal Council meets each Wednesday at the "Bundeshaus" in Bern, the seat of the Swiss federal government.
After the meetings, the Councillors always take lunch together. The Council also meets regularly in conclave to discuss important topics at length, and annually conducts what is colloquially referred to as its "school excursion", a day trip to some attractions in the President's home canton. In that and other respects, the Council operates not unlike a board of directors of a major corporation.
Decisions and responsibilities.
Each Federal Councillor heads a government department, much like the ministers in the governments of other countries. Colloquially and by the press, they are often referred to as ministers. For example the head of the Federal Department of Defence, Civil Protection and Sportsis often called the "minister of defence". However, as Council members, they are not only responsible for their own department, but also for the business of their colleagues' departments as well, and for the conduct of the government and the federal administration as a whole.
Secrecy.
The meetings of the Federal Council and the result of the votes taken are not open to the public, and the records remain sealed for 50 years. This has lately been the subject of some criticism. In particular, the parties at the ends of the political spectrum argue that this secrecy is contrary to the principle of transparency. However, the Council has always said that secrecy is necessary to reach consensus and to preserve the collegiality and political independence of the individual Councillors.
Despite the secrecy rule, details of the votes and the arguments in Council are sometimes leaked to the press, resulting in (generally fruitless) investigations and criminal prosecutions of the leaking staff member.
Constitutional conventions.
Due to the Federal Council's unique nature as a voluntary grand coalition of political opponents, its operation is subject to numerous constitutional conventions. Most notable is the principle of collegiality; that is, the Councillors are supposed not to publicly criticise one another, even though they are often political opponents. In effect, they are expected to publicly support all decisions of the Council, even against their own personal opinion or that of their political party. In the eye of many observers, this convention has become rather strained after the 2003 elections (see below).
Election mode.
The members of the Federal Council are elected for a term of four years by both chambers of the federal parliament sitting together as the Federal Assembly. Each Councillor is elected individually by secret ballot by an absolute majority of votes. Every adult Swiss citizen is eligible, but in practice, only Members of Parliament or more rarely, members of Cantonal governments are nominated by the political parties and receive a substantial amount of votes. The voting is conducted in several rounds: in the first two rounds, anyone can enter their name; but in subsequent rounds, the person receiving the least votes is removed from the race until one candidate gains an absolute majority.
With Council seats allocated to parties by unwritten agreement (see above), Federal Council elections generally are unexciting, pleasant affairs. Usually, the party which has a seat to fill presents two candidates with mainstream viewpoints to the United Federal Assembly, which then chooses one. This was not so, however, during the 2003 election, which was the most controversial in recent memory (see also above).
Once elected, Councillors remain members of their political parties, but hold no leading office with them. In fact, they usually maintain a certain political distance from the party leadership, because under the rules of collegiality, they will often have to publicly promote a Council decision which does not match the political conviction of their party (or of themselves).
Resignation.
Once elected for a four-year-term, Federal Councillors can neither be voted out of office by a motion of no confidence nor can they be impeached. Re-election is possible for an indefinite number of terms, and it has historically been extremely rare for Parliament not to re-elect a sitting Councillor. This has only happened four times - to Ulrich Ochsenbein in 1854, to Jean-Jacques Challet-Venel in 1872, to Ruth Metzler-Arnold in 2003 and to Christoph Blocher in 2007. In practice, therefore, Councillors serve until they decide to resign and retire to private life, usually after three to five terms of office.
Councillors' lives.
Unlike most senior members of government in other countries, the Federal Councillors are not entitled to an official residence. Mostly, they have chosen to rent apartments or hotel suites in Bern (at their own expense); the only contemporary exception being Moritz Leuenberger, who daily commutes by train from Zürich to Bern. However, they are entitled to use the Federal Council's country estate, Lohn, for holidays; this estate is also used to host official guests of the Swiss Confederation.
Councillors can have an Army security detail if they need personal protection (in particular during official events). But often one can meet them without any escort at all in the streets, restaurants and tramways of Bern. Councillors are also entitled to a personal bailiff ("Weibel") who accompanies them, in a colourful uniform, to official events. This tradition goes back through the republican governments of the ancient Swiss cantons, right back to the lictors of the ancient Roman Republic.
The spouses of Councillors do not play an official part in the business of government, apart from accompanying the Councillors to official receptions.
Councillors' salary.
Federal Councillors draw a yearly remuneration of about CHF 400,000 (circa EUR 256,000 / USD 404,000). After completing a full term of office, they are entitled to a perennial yearly pension of half that amount after leaving office.
While Councillors are forbidden by law to hold any other post during their term of office, it is not unusual for them to accept lucrative business engagements after leaving office, e.g., on the board of directors of major Swiss corporations.
Immunity.
Federal Councillors, like Members of Parliament, enjoy absolute legal immunity for all statements made in their official capacity.
For crimes not relating to their official capacity, they can be prosecuted only with the permission of the Federal Council as a whole while in office. The prosecutor can appeal a refusal to grant permission to the Federal Assembly.
Prosecution for crimes and misdemeanors that do relate to the Councillors' official capacity requires the assent of the Federal Assembly. In such cases, Parliament can also suspend the Councillor in office (but not actually remove her or him).
According to statements to the media by a Federal Chancellory official, in none of the few cases of accusations against a Federal Councillor has the permission to prosecute ever been granted. Such cases usually involved statements considered offensive by members of the public. However, one unnamed Councillor involved in a traffic accident immediately prior to his date of resignation was reported to have voluntarily waived his immunity, and Councillor Elisabeth Kopp decided to resign upon facing an inquiry over allegations of secrecy violations.
Assessment and calls for change.
Historically, the collegial government of Switzerland has been assessed both internationally and nationally as exceptionally competent and stable. The Federal Council as a whole (although not individual members) has consistently maintained public approval and confidence rates in excess of sixty percent, possibly also because under the Swiss system of direct democracy, voters can vent their displeasure with government decisions when deciding individual issues at the ballot box.
However, lately there has been a growing contention that the Federal Council is often too slow to respond to the needs of the moment, too resistant to change and too weak to lead the powerful federal bureaucracy. Various changes have been proposed to address these issues, including expanding the powers of the presidency, expanding the Federal Council itself or adding a second layer of ministers between the Council and the departments. None of these proposals has yet borne fruit, however.
After the 2003 elections, many observers have also noted that many present councillors tend to behave as self-centered alpha males (or alpha females, in the case of Councillor Calmy-Rey) instead of as team players as has historically been the case. They point to the visible mutual animosity and breaches of collegiality notable between Christoph Blocher and Pascal Couchepin / Moritz Leuenberger, respectively. Others, however, contend that such confrontations have always occurred, but now tend to be hyped by media eager to report on juicy political conflicts.

Bengal
Bengal is a Divided region in South Asia that is split between two countries - Bangladesh and India. Both parts used to be united, today West Bengal is part of India and "East Bengal" is Bangladesh.

World Wrestling Entertainment programs
World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) has a wide range of shows all over the world, including television, films, online, video on demand and pay-per-views.
Television and webcasts.
WWE currently runs with three major shows on television. They are: "Raw", "Friday Night SmackDown!", and "ECW", as well as a secondary show called "Heat". WWE also airs recap shows: "A.M. Raw" (not in UK), "The WWE Experience", "Bottom Line", and "Afterburn".
Since WWE's departure from Spike TV in the United States, WWE has moved "Heat" on to their website as a webcast, while overseas it is still shown as a regular television program. The latest episode of Heat is put up on WWE.com every Friday afternoon. Other webcasts such as "WWE Rollin", "WWE Sidesplitters" and "WWE Uncut" can be found in the "All Videos" section of WWE.com.
World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) has had a large Web presence for years. In 1996 it was nominated for a Streaming Media Award and in 1999 for its online content.
Brazil.
WWE programming on Brazil is shown on FX Latin America, and later on, in December of 2007, by SBT (Brazilian Television System.)
Costa Rica.
WWE Programming shows on FX Latin America are not scheduled here, Raw and SmackDown! airs trough national aircasting station Repretel Canal 11 (Repretel channel 11)
New Zealand.
The BOX is currently the only network to air all television shows in New Zealand.
Peru.
WWE Programming shows on FX Latin America and ATV Andina de Radio Difusión in Peru.
Philippines.
In the Philippines, WWE programming is shown on Jack TV, and Associated Broadcasting Company (ABC). All times are in Philippine Standard Time
Portugal.
In Portugal, WWE programming is shown on SIC Radical, and on TVI
South Asia.
TEN Sports airs WWE programs in South Asian countries such as Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Maldives, and Bhutan, etc.
United Kingdom.
Most of WWE's programs are shown on Sky Sports 3 apart from "WWE Experience", "Saturday Night's Main Event" and pay-per-views.
WWE Films.
Since 2003, WWE has produced its own film productions. Instead of focusing on wrestling movies, WWE produces movies that are non-wrestling related. WWE and Vince McMahon were credited for production of the films "The Scorpion King", "The Rundown" and "Walking Tall" all starring The Rock (Dwayne Johnson).
WWE Films has since ventured in on their own, releasing, "See No Evil", a horror movie, starring Kane and also "The Marine", an action movie starring John Cena. WWE has also noted that Steve Austin has agreed to star in three movie deals, the first being "The Condemned".
WWE 24/7.
In 2004, WWE announced a new video on demand service for digital cable users, allowing subscribers to the service access to matches in the promotion's extensive video library. The programming is broken into six sections and features classic shows, matches, and features highlighting legends of wrestling.

Miley Stewart
Miley Ray Stewart, or Hannah Montana is a fictional character played by Miley Cyrus on the Disney Channel television show "Hannah Montana". She is the main character in the series. Hannah Montana is about Miley Stewart, a teenage school girl who, at night, lives as a pop star, Hannah Montana.
Biography.
Miley Stewart is an ordinary teenager who has two lives, one as a school girl, the other as a pop star, Hannah Montana. She is from Tennessee, but now lives in California with her father Robby Ray, and brother Jackson. Robby was a singer like Miley, and now lives two lives as her father, and manager and producer.
Miley's mother died when she was young. Roxy is Hannah Montana's bodyguard who protects the family, whether they want her to or not.
When Miley arrives at Seaview Middle School, she meets her best friends, Lilly Truscott and Oliver Oken. Lilly finds out that Miley is Hannah Montana in the first episode, when she breaks into Hannah's dressing room. In the second episode, Oliver's crush on Hannah Montana is shown, and because of this, Miley tells him her secret. In the second season, she begins to go to her brother's high school with Lilly and Oliver. Because of her two lives, Miley often has problems (such as sleeping in late on a school day after a concert).
Personality.
Miley's enemies are Amber Addison (Shanica Knowles) and Ashley Dewitt (Anna Maria Perez de Tagle), who are constantly mean to her and her friends, but are huge fans of Hannah Montana. Later, she gets used to her school, and meets a famous actor, Jake Ryan. She has a on and off relationship with him.
Miley is famous for saying some phrases, such as "Ya think?!" whenever someone says the obvious, and "Sweet niblets!", when worried and scared. If someone says something crazy, Miley or Hannah will say something like "'Washed up ballplayer say what?'" as in Bye Bye Ball.
Miley also has a stuffed bear named Beary who has been seen in many episodes. She has had Beary since she was three (as revealed in "Me and Rico down by the schoolyard". Beary was destroyed in the episode "Bye Bye Ball", when Jackson was trying to kill a wasp, but Jackson was later able to fix him.
People who know Hannah's secret.
It has been shown that Miley's friends and most members of the Stewart family know that Miley is Hannah Montana. Below is the list of people mentioned in the series that know Miley's secret.

Nazareth
Nazareth () (, Hebrew Natz'rat or Natzeret, an-Nāṣira or an-Naseriyye) is the capital city of the north district of Israel. Most of the people in this city are Arabs (who are both Muslim and Christian) - as well as some Jewish people. The city is very old and is also famous for being the city where it is believed Jesus grew up.

785 Zwetana
785 Zwetana is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. Radar observations show that it is metallic.
It was found by A. Massinger in 1914. Its provisional name was 1914 UN.

Scanlation
Scanlation (sometimes scanslation) is a word for manga comics which have been scanned and translated by fans from the language they were in before (usually Japanese or Korean) to a different language, usually English, French or Spanish.

KolibriOS
KolibriOS is a free and open source operating system written all in assembly. This makes it very fast and small. KolibriOS can fit on a floppy disk and run on an 386 with 8 MB of RAM.

Obergösgen
Obergösgen is a municipality in the district Gösgen in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

Oekingen
Oekingen is a municipality in the district Wasseramt in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

Oensingen
Oensingen is a municipality in the district Gäu in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

Olten
Olten is a city in the district Olten in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

O. J. Simpson
Orenthal James "O. J." Simpson (born July 9, 1947), also known by his nickname, The Juice, is a retired American football player. He became famous because he was tried for the murder of his ex-wife Nicole Brown Simpson and her friend Ronald Goldman in 1994. He originally attained stardom as a running back at the collegiate and professional levels, and was the first NFL player to rush for more than 2,000 yards in a season. He later worked as an actor, spokesman and broadcaster.
The criminal court found that Simpson was not guilty of those murders, in 1995. The criminal case was a long one. In 1997, Simpson was found liable for their wrongful deaths in civil court, but to date he has paid little of the $33.5 million judgment. He gained further notoriety in late 2006 when he wrote a book titled "If I Did It". The book, which purports to be a first-person fictional account of the murder had he actually committed it, was withdrawn by the publisher just before its release. The book was later released by the Goldman family and the title of the book was expanded to "If I Did It: Confessions of the Killer" (ISBN 978-0825305887).
In September 2007, Simpson faced more lawsuits, as he was arrested and subsequently charged with numerous felonies, including but not limited to robbery, burglary, assault, first-degree kidnapping with use of a deadly weapon (which carries possible life sentence), coercion with use of a deadly weapon, conspiracy to commit robbery, conspiracy to commit kidnapping, and conspiracy to commit a crime.

Woody Guthrie
Woodrow Wilson Guthrie, better known as Woody Guthrie (July 14, 1912 – October 3, 1967), was an American folk musician and songwriter, of the 20th century.
Guthrie was said to have written over a thousand songs during his career. His more famous songs include "This Land Is Your Land", "Mail Myself To You", "This Train", "Bound For Glory", and "Hobo's Lullaby". One of his most famous albums was titled "Dust Bowl Ballads". He sang about the Great Depression, and the problems faced by farmers at the time of the Dust Bowl, when erosion and drought ruined millions of acres of farmland.
Guthrie recorded a series of songs for the United States government, about sexually transmitted diseases, that served as warnings to the public. Much of the time he appeared opposed to governments as he saw them, and also politics. Guthrie identified strongly with the Industrial Workers of the World, called the "Wobblies", and also the Communist Party, but he never joined either one. His songs, and his interpretations of older songs, spoke to people of many different beliefs. Many of his songs used old tunes, that he gave new words.
The composer names of most folk songs are lost to history, or their songs have been adapted so many times that they completely change form. Even though Guthrie and his songs were well-known, they came to be accepted as genuine folk songs. They appeared in songbooks, and were performed and recorded by many different artists, and also sung by amateurs and families at home. Guthrie worked with or influenced many later musicians. "Ramblin' Jack" Elliott was a protegé of his, who later went off on his own.
Guthie's career was cut short by a disease called Huntington's Chorea, which over time left him in a wheelchair, then finally unable to get out of bed, or even hold a guitar. He spent many years in a hospital, visited by his family and friends. Fellow folk musician Pete Seeger was a regular visitor.
One day the young Bob Dylan came to visit Guthrie. He had hitchhiked his way from Minnesota to New York, to meet Guthrie and try to become a professional musician. He played Guthrie "A Song to Woody", which he'd written as a tribute. Guthrie liked Dylan, and invited him back. Dylan stayed with the Guthrie family, and became friends with thirteen-year-old Arlo Guthrie, who also became a musician.
Guthrie died in 1967, from the effects of Huntington's Chorea. There have been many tributes made to Guthrie and his music through the years. Actor David Carradine played him in the movie "Bound for Glory". Guthrie's songs are still sung today, and are a symbol of American life.

East Bengal
East Bengal is the eastern part of Bengal. East and West Bengal were once part of British India, after the British left the east and west parts of Bengal were split between Pakistan and India, an area of 55,126 sq mi or (142,776 km²). East Bengal also used to be called East Pakistan until it became independent from Pakistan. Today it is called Bangladesh.

Seer Sharqi Bhattian
Seer Sharqi Bhattian is a Union Council of Abbottabad District in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. It is located in the southeastern part of the province, bordering the Rawalpindi District of Punjab province.
Meaning.
Seer Sharqi Bhattian is named after the two main towns "Seer Sharqi" and "Bhattian", Seer Sharqi means eastern Seer, this is because there are two towns called Seer near to each other. The other Seer is known as Seer Gharbi (meaning western Seer)
Subdivisions.
The Union Council is subdivided into the following areas: Bhatian, Seer Sharqi and Taror.

Bagnotar
Bagnotar is a Union Council of Abbottabad District in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan.
Bagnator is situated on the Abbottabad-Nathia Gali Road and is about 20 Kilometres away from the city of Abbottabad.
Location.
The Union Council of Bagnotar is situated in the central part of Abbottabad District and is south-east of Abbottabad city - the capital city of the district. Bagnotar is next to the following union councils, to the north by Sarbhana, to the east and to the south by Namli Maira, and to the west by Bagh.

Clinton, Oneida County, New York
Clinton is a village in Oneida County, New York, United States. There were 1,952 people living in Clinton as of the 2000 census. It was named after George Clinton, the first governor of New York.
Important people that lived in Clinton.
Natalie Babbit
Geography.
The village has an area of 0.6 square miles, says the United States Census Bureau. The village is east of the Oriskany Creek.

Charleston, South Carolina
Charleston is a city in Berkeley and Charleston counties in the U.S. state of South Carolina. It is the biggest city and is the county seat of Charleston County. The population is about 118,492 people as of 2007.

Taunton, Massachusetts
Taunton is a city in Bristol County, Massachusetts, United States. It is the seat of Bristol County and the hub of the Greater Taunton Area. As of the 2000 census, Taunton had 55,976 people living in it. The United States Census Bureau says that the city has an area of 48.0 square miles.

Gerhard Ertl
Professor Gerhard Ertl is a German physicist in the Department of Physical Chemistry of the Fritz Haber Institute of the MPG. He was born on October 10th 1936 in Stuttgart, Germany. Professor Ertl won the Nobel prize for Chemistry in 2007.
Personal life.
Ertl and his wife Barbara have two children and several grandchildren. His hobbies include playing the piano and also playing with his cats.
Publications.
Professor Ertl is an editor of the
Education.
Professor Ertl studied physics at the Technical University of Stuttgart from 1955 to 1957. He studied at the University of Paris from 1957 to 1958 and then at Ludwig Maximillians University in Munich from 1958 to 1959. He returned to the Technical University of Stuttgart where he got a diplom of physics in 1961. Then he studied at the Technical University of Munich and got a PhD in 1965.
Work.
After getting his PhD, he stayed in Munich as an assistant and a lecturer between 1965 and 1968. Then, he moved to the Technical University of Hannover where he worked as Professor and Director from 1968 to 1973. In 1973, Professor Ertl returned to the Ludwig Maiximillians University of Munich to work as a professor at the Institute of Physical Chemistry. He worked there until 1986 and during this time was a regular visitor to the California Institute of Technology, the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee and the University of California, in Berkeley where he worked as a visiting professor. In 1986, he became professor at the Free University of Berlin and the Technical University of Berlin. He was director at the Fritz Haber Institute of the MPG from 1986 and was also a professor at the Humboldt University of Berlin from 1996. Professor Ertl retired in 2004.
Studies.
Professor Ertl studied the molecules of ammonia, iron, carbon monoxide and palladium to help make modern catalytic converters. He studied platinum to learn about its atoms.
Professor Ertl helped to develop new ways of using microscopes. One was called low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) used at the beginning of his career and later he worked on ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) and scanning tunneling microscope (STM).
Awards.
Professor Ertl and Gabor A. Somorjai won the Wolf Prize for Chemistry in 1998 for outstanding results in surface science and for discovering how crystals react to experiments.
Professor Ertl was awarded the Nobel prize for chemistry in 2007 for more studies of surface science.

Francesco Hayez
Francesco Hayez (February 10, 1791, Venice - December 21, 1882, Milan) was the main artist of Romanticism in mid-19th-century in Milan, he is most well known for for his grand historical paintings excellent portraits.
"Petro Rosso Imprisoned by the Scaligeri" (c. 1820)
A series on the "Sicilian Vespers" (1821-1846)
"Destruction of the Temple of Jerusalem" (c. 1867)
"Vase of flowers on the window of a harem" (c. 1881)
"The Kiss (1859) - Pinacoteca di Brera, Milan

John William Waterhouse
John William Waterhouse (April 6, 1849 – February 10, 1917) was an English painter. He is most famous for his paintings of female characters from mythology and literature.

Toontown
Toontown is a fictional city near Los Angeles where animated characters, or "toons", live.

786 Bredichina
786 Bredichina is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Franz Kaiser in 1914. Its provisional name was 1914 UO.

787 Moskva
787 Moskva is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt.
The object 1914 UQ found on April 20, 1914 by G. N. Neujmin was named 787 Moskva (and continues to have that name to this day). The object 1934 FD found on March 19, 1934 by C. Jackson was given the sequence number 1317. In 1938, G. N. Neujmin found that asteroid 1317 and 787 Moskva were one and the same object. The sequence number 1317 was later used again for the object 1935 RC found on September 1, 1935 by Karl Reinmuth; that object is now known as 1317 Silvretta.

Semantic Web
The Semantic Web is a project of the W3C in which uses metadata to let computers understand the information on the internet. This would make computers able to do more of the work involved in finding, sharing and combining information on the internet.
The Semantic Web is an idea of the inventor of the World Wide Web, Tim Berners Lee. He wants to make the web more intuitive about how to meet a user's needs. The semantics of information and services is defined in Web Ontology Language and RDF Schemas. These are used to give a formal description of concepts, terms, and relationships within a given area of knowledge.
Markup.
The World Wide Web is based on HTML documents. The semantic web involves using Resource description Framework (RDF) that has data that computers use. The layout used in HTML will be stored separately such as in a CSS file. RDF and OWL can either supplement or replace the content of web documents (XHTML).
In this way a machine can use the knowledge itself. By using the information in ways similar to human reasoning it can create more meaningful results.

Langlade County, Wisconsin
Langlade County is a county located in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. There were 20,740 people living in Langlade County as of the year 2000. Its county seat is Antigo. The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has an area of 888 square miles.

Adams County, Wisconsin
Adams County is a county located in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. There were 18,643 people living in Adams County as of the year 2000. Its county seat is Friendship. The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has an area of 689 square miles.

Ligaria cuneifolia
Ligaria cuneifolia van Tigh, (syn. "Psittacanthus cuneifolius" (Ruiz et Pav.) Blume) is a shrubby, glabrous plant, without roots, branches striated- wrinkled, leaves lanceolate or spatulate in form, flowers in racemes, and with oval basal prophylls, a flattened structure alike a leaf, corolla red (Chile and Argentina) or yellow (east of the latter, and Uruguay). Fruit a globular berry, commonly known as “liga” (Argentina) or “quintral de espino” (Chile).

Hypersonic (disambiguation)
Hypersonic speeds are speeds that are highly supersonic.

Hypersonic
In aerodynamics, hypersonic speeds are speeds that are highly supersonic. The word hypersonic came from a word used in the 1970s, Mach 5, or 5 times the speed of sound. Everything about the plane changes greatly when the airplane that is flying at those speeds reaches supersonic speeds.
Thin Shock Layer.
As the plane goes faster and mach numbers increase, the density behind the shock also goes up. This happens in concert with a decrease in volume behind the shock wave because of the conservation of mass theory. Because of this, the shock layer (the volume between the body and the shock wave) is thin at high mach numbers.
Entropy Layer.
As a plane goes faster and mach numbers go up, the entropy change across the shock also goes up. This results in a strong entropy gradient and highly vortical flow that mixes with the boundary layer.
Viscous Interaction.
Some of the big kinetic energy found with flow at large mach numbers becomes internal energy in the fluid because of viscosity. The increase in internal energy makes the temperature go up. Because the pressure gradient normal to the flow within a boundary layer is zero, the increase of temperature through the boundary layer causes the density to fall. This causes the boundary layer over the body of the airplane to grow. This, in turn, causes the temperature to go up.

Great Langton
Great Langton is a small village in the English county of North Yorkshire. It is 1.2 square miles in area and 116 people live there.

Leonid Hurwicz
Professor Leonid "Leo" Hurwicz was an American economist and mathematician. He was born in Moscow, city in Russia on August 21, 1917. He invented the economic sciences of incentive compatibility and mechanism design. International economy and trade is studied using the ideas Professor Hurwicz had.
Hurwicz works as Regents Professor of Economics (head teacher of economics) at the University of Minnesota. Professor Hurwicz believes that game theory is very important. Hurwicz shared the 2007 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences with Eric Maskin and Roger Myerson for their work on ways mechanism design.
Personal life.
Professor Hurwicz was born in Moscow, Russia to a Jewish family a few months before the October Revolution. His family is Polish and had lived in Congress Kingdom (the part of Poland then in the Russian Empire) but they moved to Russia to escape World War I. Soon after Professor Hurwicz was born, the family returned to Warsaw, in Poland. Hurwicz and his family were treated very badly by the Bolsheviks and Nazis because they were Jewish. He became a refugee again when Hitler invaded Poland in 1939. His parents and brother ran away to Warsaw where they were arrested by the Soviets and sent to labor camps. Hurwicz was forced to move to Switzerland, then to Portugal and finally in 1940 he moved to the United States. His family joined him there after some time.
Hurwicz hired Evelyn Jensen to help him teach during the 1940s. She grew up on a Wisconsin farm and was studying economics at the University of Chicago. Leonid and Evelyn got married in 1944 and later, lived on the Mississippi River parkway in Minneapolis, Minnesota. They have four children called Sarah, Michael, Ruth and Maxim.
He has interests in linguistics, archaeology, biochemistry and music. He has researched for meteorology and is a member of the National Science Foundation department for trying to control the weather. When Eugene McCarthy ran for president of the United States (1968), Hurwicz was a Minnesota delegate to the Democratic Party Convention and a member of the Democratic Party Platform Committee.
Education and early work.
Professor Hurwiczs father wanted him to study law and he did. In 1938 Hurwicz got a degree from Warsaw University. He enjoyed studying in economics class and went to the London School of Economics with Nicholas Kaldor and Friedrich Hayek. In 1939 he moved to Geneva where he studied at the Graduate Institute of International Studies and studied Ludwig von Mises teaching. After moving to the United States he studied more economics at Harvard University and the University of Chicago. Professor Hurwicz does not have a degree in economics but he won the Nobel prize for economics in 2007. He said, "Whatever economics I learned, I learned by listening and learning."
In 1941 Hurwicz was helping Paul Samuelson to teach at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and helping Oskar Lange to teach at the University of Chicago. At Illinois Institute of Technology during the war, Hurwicz taught electronics to the U.S. Army Signal Corps. Then from 1942 to 1944, at the University of Chicago, he was a member of the faculty of the Institute of Meteorology and taught statistics in the Department of Economics. His advisors in 1942 were Jacob Marschak and Tjalling Koopmans of the University of Chicago, who now work for the Cowles Foundation at Yale University.
Teaching and studies.
Hurwicz received a Guggenheim Fellowship for 1945–1946. In 1946 he became a professor of economics at Iowa State College. From January 1942 until June 1946, he was a researcher for the Cowles Commission. He worked full time for the Cowles Commission until October 1950 until January 1951, he was a visiting professor, teaching at classes that were taught before by Professor Koopman in the Department of Economics, and he was a very important professor there. He was also a research professor of economics and statistics at the University of Illinois, a consultant to the RAND Corporation for the University of Chicago and a consultant to the U.S. government. Hurwicz continued to be a consultant to the Cowles Commission until about 1961.
Hurwicz was given a job by Walter Heller at the University of Minnesota in 1951, where he became a professor of economics and mathematics in the School of Business Administration. Most of his work for the rest of his life was in Minnesota, but he studied and was a teacher elsewhere in the United States and Asia. In 1955 and again in 1958 Hurwicz was a visiting professor, and a fellow on the second visit, at Stanford University and there in 1959 he published "Optimality and Informational Efficiency in Resource Allocation Processes" on making rules for buyers and sellers and governments share wealth. He taught at Bangalore University in 1965 and, during the 1980s, at Tokyo University, People's University (now Renmin University of China) and the University of Indonesia. In the United States he was a visiting professor at Harvard in 1969, at the University of California, Berkeley in 1976, at Northwestern University twice in 1988 and 1989, at the University of California, Santa Barbara in 1998, the California Institute of Technology in 1999 and the University of Michigan in 2002. He was a visiting Distinguished Professor at the University of Illinois in 2001.
In the University of Minnesota in 1961, Hurwicz became chairman of the Statistics Department, Regents Professor of Economics in 1969, and Curtis L. Carlson Regents Professor of Economics in 1989. He taught subjects ranging from theory to welfare economics, public economics, rules for large companies and mathematical economics. Although he retired from full time teaching in 1988, Hurwicz taught graduate school as Professor Emeritus in the autumn of 2006. In 2007 his ongoing research was described by the University of Minnesota as "comparison and analysis of systems and techniques of economic organization, welfare economics, game-theoretic implementation of social choice goals, and modeling economic institutions." Professor Hurwiczs published works in these fields date back to 1944. Professor Hurwicz is known internationally for his good work researching economic theory, specially with rules for big businesses and governments using mathematical economics. In the 1950s, he worked with Kenneth Arrow on non-linear programming. Kenneth Arrow became the youngest person to receive the Nobel Economics prize in 1972. Hurwicz helped Daniel McFadden, who won a Nobel prize in 2000.
Hurwiczs work was important to help show how large economic systems should be studied. Some of these systems are capitalism and socialism. Professor Hurwiczs ideas of how to share wealth are also very important. The theory of incentive compatibility that Hurwicz developed changed the way many economists think about sharing in the future, explaining why centrally planned economies may fail and how rewards for certain people make a difference when making decisions.
Hurwicz is part of teams who edit several journals. He co-edited and contributed to two collections for Cambridge University Press: "Studies in Resource Allocation Processes" (1978, with Kenneth Arrow) and "Social Goals and Social Organization" (1987, with David Schmeidler and Hugo Sonnenschein). His recent journals include "Economic Theory" (2003, with Thomas Marschak), "Review of Economic Design" (2001, with Stanley Reiter) and "Advances in Mathematical Economics" (2003, with Marcel K. Richter). Hurwicz has taught works by Fisher-Schultz (1963), Richard T. Ely (1972), David Kinley (1989) and Colin Clark (1997).
Memberships and honorary degrees.
Hurwicz was voted to be a fellow of the Econometric Society in 1947 and in 1969 was the Econometric Societys president. Hurwicz was made part of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1965. In 1974 he was made a part of the National Academy of Sciences and in 1977 was made a Distinguished Fellow of the American Economic Association. Hurwicz was given a National Medal of Science in 1990 by by President of the United States George H. W. Bush, for studying Behavorial and Social Science, given to him for his new work on the theories of how to share wealth in modern decentralization.
He served on the United Nations Economic Commission in 1948 and the United States National Research Council in 1954. In 1964 he was a member of the National Science Foundation Commission on Weather Modification. He is a member of the American Academy of Independent Scholars (1979) and a Distinguished Scholar of the California Institute of Technology (1984).
Hurwicz has received six honorary doctorates (PhD), from Northwestern University (1980), the University of Chicago (1993), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (1989), Keio University (1993), Warsaw School of Economics (1994) and Universität Bielefeld (2004). He is an honorary visiting professor of the Huazhong University of Science and Technology School of Economics (1984).
Using Hurwiczs name.
Some important things have been given Professor Hurwiczs name such as the "Hurwicz criterion", an idea that Professor Hurwicz had in 1950, and is thought of as very important for economics. The Hurwicz Criterion is also called "under uncertainty". Hurwicz had the idea of putting Abraham Walds work together with work done by Pierre-Simon Laplace in 1812. Hurwiczs Criterion tells people to think very carefully of what is good and what is bad before making decisions. Different types of Hurwiczs Criterion have been thought of. Leonard Jimmie Savage made some changes to the first Hurwiczs criterion in 1954. The four peoples work — Laplace, Wald, Hurwicz and Savage — that the Hurwicz Critereon has been based on was studied, corrected and used for over fifty years by many different people including John Milnor, G. L. S. Shackle, Daniel Ellsberg, R. Duncan Luce and Howard Raiffa, but some people say the work was started by Jacob Bernoulli.
The "Leonid Hurwicz Distinguished Lecture" is given to the Minnesota Economic Association. John Ledyard (2007), Robert Lucas, Roger Myerson, Edward C. Prescott, James Quirk, Nancy Stokey and Neil Wallace are some of the people who have given the lecture since it was thought to be important in 1992.
Nobel Economics Prize.
In October 2007, Hurwicz shared "The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel" with Eric Maskin of the Institute for Advanced Study and Roger Myerson of the University of Chicago "for having laid the foundations of mechanism design theory." During a telephone interview, a member of the Nobel Foundation told Hurwicz and his wife that Hurwicz is the oldest person ever to win the Nobel Prize. Hurwicz said, "I hope that others who deserve it also got it." When he was asked what the most important part of mechanism design is, he said welfare economics. The three Nobel prize winners used game theory work by mathematician John Forbes Nash, to discover the best way to reach a good outcome, without forgetting individual people. Mechanism design has been used as a guide for talks and taxation, voting and elections, to design auctions such as those for communications bandwidth, elections and labor talks and for pricing business stocks.
Professor Hurwicz was not able to attend the Nobel Prize ceremony in Stockholm because of his age, Hurwicz received the prize in Minneapolis. Accompanied by Evelyn, his wife for sixty years, and his family, he was the most important guest at a meeting in the University of Minnesota with the university president Robert Bruininks. After watching the Nobel Prize awards ceremony on television, Jonas Hafstrom, the Swedish ambassador to the United States, awarded the Economics Prize to Professor Hurwicz.

Virtual private network
A virtual private network or VPN for short, is a way of connecting two computers through a network. Most people using computers connect to the World Wide Web using a normal network - they use dial-up or broadband. VPN is a little bit different, it is used by some workers to connect using a laptop to do work - they can check their work email and see work websites which can't be seen on the normal internet.

Dial-up
Dial-up internet access, usually just called Dial-up, is way of connecting to the Internet by using a telephone line. To connect a modem is connected to a computer and a telephone line to dial a phone number using an Internet service provider.

IPass
iPass is a company that lets business users connect to the Internet when they are not in work or even on holiday. A laptop is usually used and can be used to connect from another city or country or even when at home.
For most countries in the world a dial-up service is available, using the laptop to call a local phone number that connects to the internet. Today it is also possible to use iPass with a wi-fi connection.
The main benefit of iPass is that a single account can be used without setup almost anywhere in the world. It is possible to do the same thing by signing up for local services, but this can be quite hard to do. But it is not free to use and it is usually expensive compared to normal internet connections.

Shai Hulud
Shai Hulud is a hardcore punk band with progressive metal influences formed in Pompano Beach, Florida in 1995.

788 Hohensteina
788 Hohensteina is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Franz Kaiser in 1914. Its provisional name was 1914 UR.

Broadband
Broadband is way or moving information across a network and is used for high speed internet connections. It is much faster than the older dial-up way of connecting.
Meaning.
The word Broadband is made up of two words "Broad" and "Band" - broad means wide or thick and band means a group of frequencies. This is because Broadband uses a wide range frequencies, this is why it is much quicker than using a dial-up connection.

Lloyds TSB
Lloyds TSB is one of world's largest banks. It is based on Gresham Street in the city of London and has business all over the world including the US, Europe, Middle East and Asia.

Gresham Street
Gresham Street, is a street in the City of London, it is named after Thomas Gresham and runs from St. Martin's Le Grand near St Paul's Cathedral in the west, past Guildhall, to Lothbury in the east.

Thomas Gresham
Sir Thomas Gresham (c. 1519 – 21 November, 1579) was an English merchant who worked for King Edward VI of England and for Edward's half-sister Queen Elizabeth I of England. He was born in London in an old Norfolk family, he was the son of Sir Richard Gresham and had one brother and two sisters.

List of Renaissance artists
This a list of Renaissance artists begins in the 13th century (1200s) and includes famous painters and sculptors.
Each artist is listed with their dates, place of birth, some places that they worked, their media (the type of artwork that they made), one or two most famous works and some art galleries where their works can be seen.
Italian Byzantine.
These artists, who worked just before the Renaissance, painted in the style of Greek icons. Their paintings were important to the education of many Renaissance painters, and were to be seen in the churches where the Renaissance painters worked, and worshipped. Often an altarpiece by one of these artists was surrounded by frescoes by the Renaissance painters who lived 150 to 200 years later. A famous "Madonna and Child" by Coppo di Marcovaldo stood above the altar where Masaccio, Masolino and Filippo Lippi painted the walls of the Brancacci Chapel. Giotto, who is thought of as the first Renaissance painter, was educated by Cimabue, one of the great masters of the Late Byzantine style.
Italian Proto-Renaissance.
Proto-Renaissance artists worked before 1400 in Italy when the Renaissance style was slowly developing.
International Gothic.
Artists from many parts of Europe worked in a decorative Gothic style.

Rose Bowl (game)
The Rose Bowl Game is a American college football bowl game at the Rose Bowl (stadium).

Fiesta Bowl
The Fiesta Bowl is a American college football bowl game at the University of Phoenix Stadium.

Sugar Bowl
The Sugar Bowl is a American college football bowl game at the Louisiana Superdome.

Uffizi
The Uffizi Gallery (Italian: "Galleria degli Uffizi"), is one of the oldest and most famous art museums in the world. It is housed in the Palazzo degli Uffizi which means the "Palace of Offices" in Florence, Italy.
The museum and its history.
In 1560, Cosimo I de' Medici, the Duke of Tuscany, ordered a design of new office buildings for the magistrates of Florence. This is why the building is called the "Uffizi" ("offices"). The designer was Giorgio Vasari and the buildings were continued by Alfonso Parigi and Bernardo Buontalenti and finished in 1581.
The offices are in two parts which face each other across a cortyard. One end opens onto the town square and the other opens onto the River Arno. Varsari designed a sort of screen, like a backdrop in an Ancient Greek theatre. It has arches through which the view of the river can be seen.
Duke Cosimo had a plan to arrange that finest works of art in the Medici families' collections on the upper floor. This was not done until the time of Francesco I. He also commissioned Buontalenti to design the most the famous room in the Uffizi, an octagonal room called the "Tribune of the Uffizi". This room contained many of the best paintings. Rich people would often send their sons on a "Grand Tour" of Europe. The Tribune of the Uffizi was one of the important sights on the tour. At first, people could only see the gallery by "request". (They would ask politely and perhaps be shown around.) The last Medici heiress, Anna Maria Lodovica, made an agreement with the city of Florence. In 1765 the Uffizi Gallery was officially opened to the public
The collection of artworks is so large that some of the works are in other museums in Florence. Many of the statues are in the Bargello. Today the Uffizi is one of the most popular tourist attractions of Florence. In high season (particularly in July), people sometimes have to wait for five hours.
The collections.
The collection also contains some famous ancient sculptures, such as the "Two Wrestlers".

Whitehall
Whitehall is a road in Westminster in London, England. It is the main street running north from Parliament Square, towards traditional Charing Cross, now at the southern end of Trafalgar Square and marked by the statue of Charles I, which is often regarded as the heart of London.
The name "Whitehall" is often used for governmental administration and as a geographic name for the district around it.
Whitehall was originally a wide road that ran up to the front of the palace. Trafalgar Square was built at its northern end in the early 19th century. The southernmost part by Parliament Square is named Parliament Street, but there is no longer any obvious difference between the two on the ground. Combined, the streets cover a total distance of about 0.6 mile (1 km).

Whitehall (disambiguation)
Whitehall is also the name of several places.
Whitehall is also a type of row boat, named for its original place of manufacture, the end of Whitehall street in New York City.

Dawlish Warren
Dawlish Warren is a small seaside resort. it is located near Dawlish on the south coast of Devon, England. It is located at the mouth of the Exe Estuary, and has a beach, a National Nature Reserve spanning 505 acres (2 km²) and a golf course.

Fuchsia
"Fuchsia" is a genus of flowering plants. They are often purplish-red, which is also the colour "fuchsia".

Joseba Sarrionandia
Joseba Sarrionandia Uribelarrea (born April 13th 1958 in Iurreta, Biscay, Basque Country, Spain) is a Basque writer and a member of the Basque armed group ETA. He has written many poetry books, short stories, and novels. In 1985, Sarrionandia escaped from prison after he was put in for being a member of ETA. Since then, he has lived in secret but he still writes books. He is one of the best-known contemporary Basque writers.
Biography.
Sarrionandia studied the Basque language and earned a PhD in Basque Philology from the University of Deusto in Bilbao. He was a Basque language teacher and taught phonetics. His writings were published in a number of Basque magazines. He also translated books by Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Konstantino Kavafis, T. S. Eliot and Fernando Pessoa into the Basque language.
In 1980 Sarrionandia was arrested by Spanish police for being a member of ETA. He was sentenced to 22 years in prison. In 1985 he escaped from prison with Iñaki Pikaea during a concert in the jail with Basque singer Imanol Larzabal. They hid themselves inside a loudspeaker. The Basque rock group Kortatu wrote the song "Sarri, Sarri" in honor of this. He has lived in secret since his escape and writes a lot about exile.
Sarrionandia has written books and poems which have been sung by different Basque singers. There's also an audio book called "Hau da ene ondasun guzia" of Sarrionandia reading his own poems as well as many songs performed by different singers.
One of his poems.
Captive in the rainforests of the West
they brought yo to Rome, slave,
they gave you the blacksmith work
The red iron that you carry out the oven
can be adapted as you want,
in order that your people could break the chains,

SpongeBob SquarePants (character)
"SpongeBob SquarePants" (born July 14, 1986) is a yellow sea sponge and the main character of the Nicktoon "SpongeBob SquarePants". His best friends are Patrick Star, Squidward Tentacles and Sandy Cheeks. He works as a fry cook at the Krusty Krab. His house is a pineapple. He practices karate with Sandy and he was once fired because he was too interested in it. That happened in the episode, "Karate Choppers". SpongeBob's boss is Eugene H. Krabs. He likes working unlike Squidward.
Characters in the show
These are some of the characters that are in this show.
SpongeBob SquarePants - The main character of the show. He is not very smart and best friends with Patrick and he is a fry cook at the Krusty Krab. He is square and yellow. He is living next-door to Squidward.
Patrick Star - a starfish who lives under a rock. He is SpongeBob's best friend. He is not very smart.
Gary the Snail - is SpongeBob's pet snail. SpongeBob can understand him even though he meows.
Squidward Tentacles - an octopus. He is SpongeBob's next-door neighbor, who plays the clarinet and works at the Krusty Krab as the cashier. He doesn't really like SpongeBob but SpongeBob thinks Squidward is friends with him.
Sandy Cheeks - a squirrel from Texas. She lives in a glass-house called a treedome that lets her to breathe under the water. While she is out of the dome she wears a fishbowl-like glass dome around her head filled with fresh air and wears a space suit as well.
Eugene H. Krabs - a crab who is the creator of the Krusty Krab restaurant. He loves money and does not want to spend a lot. He is usually called Mr. Krabs.
Pearl Krabs - a teenage whale and the daughter of Mr. Krabs.
Sheldon J. Plankton - he is usually called Plankton, the evil owner of the Chum Bucket restaurant, who hates the Krusty Krab and wishes to take the Krabby Patty formula.
Larry the Lobster - a lobster who works at a beach called Goo Lagoon. He is the lifeguard.

Lorenzo Milani
Fr Lorenzo Milani Comparetti (May 27, 1923 – June 26, 1967) was a priest of the Catholic Church in Italy. He is best known as an educator of poor children, and being for conscientious objection.
More information: New publication November 2008(in Maltese)"Lorenzo Milani, L-Edukazzjoni U L-Gustizzja Socjali" by Dr Carmel Borg & Mario Cardona. ISBN:978-99909-2-114-4.
Dedicated '..to those children who left school without basic skills - and to those teachers who believe that through their work they can make a difference in the lives of children'.
For his radical ideas, Milani was sent by his bishop into a sort of 'exile' in Barbiani. He started a full time school there for for children who had been failed or abandoned by the traditional education system. Eventually, hundreds of pupils of all ages were attracted to his teaching/methods. Artists, farmers, scientists, artisans and professionals were invited to give hands-on explanations of their acctivities. Students were also made to read and evaluate critically national & international news. The aim was to make students competent enough to be able to analyse events with a critical spirit in order to face life without fear and to solve problems with determination and consciousness.
"(taken from a review by Helena Dalli - Malta Labour Party Member of Parliament 15/11/08)"

Ariel Rubinstein
Ariel Rubinstein (born April 13, 1951) is an Israeli writer and economist. He is also a professor of economics at Tel Aviv University and New York University. Rubinstein writes about game theory. He has a well known John Nash speech which he gives all around the world. He currently lives in Tel-Aviv, Israel.

789 Lena
789 Lena is a medium-sized X-type asteroid orbiting in the Main belt near the Eunomia family. However, true family members are made up like an S-type, so it is almost certainly an unrelated asteroid. Lena has an unusual lightcurve, which means that
it is either a very slow rotator (with period well over 22 hours), very non-spherical, or both. It was found by Grigory Neujmin in 1914. Its provisional name was 1914 UU.

Mosaic
Mosaic is the art of decorating a surface with pictures and patterns made of little pieces of stone, glass or tiles of different colours. Mosaics can be used indoors on walls, floors and ceilings. Mosaics are sometimes used outdoors on pavements.
Making mosaics.
Mosaics are made by setting coloured pieces into "mortar" (cement) which sets hard and holds the pieces in place. Some mosaics are made of round pebbles, and have only two or three colours. Other mosaics are made of marble. Many mosaics, particularly in Italy, are made of terracotta tiles. (Terracotta is "fired" clay that has been baked in an oven.) Terracotta tiles come in many colours and can be used for colourful pictures as well as patterns.
Some tiles look as if they are made of pure gold. These tiles are actually made of glass and have a very thin "leaf" of gold stuck to one side. The side with the gold gets put into the mortar. Then the gold can be seen through the glass, but cannot be scratched off.
History.
Mosaics often last for a very long time. There are still plenty of mosiacs which were made by the Ancient Romans. They can be seen in Italy, England, France and other countries that were once part of the Roman Empire.
Many beautiful mosaics date from the Early Christian and Byzantine eras, from about 300 AD to 1400, in Italy, Greece, Turkey and other countries. The mosaics in churches usually have pictures which tell Bible stories.
Mosaics were a popular way to decorate churches in Italy in the Medieval period. They were not popular in England, France, Germany and countries of Northern Europe because they preferred to use stained glass windows as decoration. In Italy, the most famous church with its interior decorated with mosaics is St. Mark's Basilica, Venice. At Westminster Cathedral in London, (which is built in an Italian style) the mosaic decoration which was started more than 100 years ago is still continuing, bit by bit. Many of the mosaics at St. Mark's Basilica and Westminster Cathedral have gold backgrounds.
Nowadays mosaics are still used in all sorts of ways. Mosaics are most often used to brighten up public places in cities. Modern mosaics use all sorts of materials: mosaic tiles, bathroom tiles, broken roof tiles, broken dishes, broken mirrors, bits of metal and old bricks.

Odilon Redon
Odilon Redon (April 22, 1840 – July 6, 1916) was a Symbolist painter and printmaker, born in Bordeaux, Aquitaine, France.
Redon started drawing as a young child, and at the age of 10 he was given a drawing prize at school. At age 15, he began official study in drawing but he later on switched to architecture because his father told him to. His failure to pass the entrance exams at Paris’ École des Beaux-Arts ended any plans for a career as an architect, although he would later study there under Jean-Léon Gerôme.
Back home in his home town of Bordeaux, he took up sculpture, and Rodolphe Bresdin instructed him in etching and lithography. However, his artistic career was halted in 1870 when he joined the army to serve in the Franco-Prussian War.
At the end of the war, he moved to Paris, working almost only in charcoal and lithography. It would not be until 1878 that his work gained any recognition with "Guardian Spirit of the Waters", and he published his first album of lithographs, called "Dans le Rêve", in 1879. Still, Redon remained unknown until the appearance in 1884 of a cult novel by Joris-Karl Huysmans titled, "À rebours (Against Nature)". The story featured a decadent aristocrat who collected Redon's drawings.
In the 1890s, he began to use pastel and oils, which featured in most of his works for the rest of his life. In 1899, he exhibited with the Nabis at Durand-Ruel's. In 1903 he was given the Legion of Honor. His popularity increased when a catalogue of etchings and lithographs was published by André Mellerio in 1913 and that same year, he was given the largest single representation at the New York Armory Show.
In 2005 the Museum of Modern Art launched an exhibition called "Beyond The Visible", a comprehensive overview of Redon's work showcasing more than 100 paintings, drawings, prints and books from The Ian Woodner Family Collection. The exhibition ran from October 30, 2005 to January 23, 2006.

Pinniped
Pinnipeds ("fin-feet", lit. "winged feet") or fin-footed mammals are a group of semi-aquatic marine mammals. The pinnipeds are the group Pinnipedia, which is a group in the Caniformia suborder, in the Carnivora order.
There are three Pinniped families: Odobenidae (walruses), Otariidae (eared seals, including sea lions and fur seals), and Phocidae (true seals).

Wizards of Waverly Place
"Wizards of Waverly Place" is a 2007 Disney Channel television series. It is about a family of wizards. The children are Alex Russo, Justin Russo, and Max Russo. They are training as wizards. Only the best wizard in the family gets to keep their powers. Their dad is Jerry Russo. Their mom is Theresa Russo. Alex's best friend is Harper Evans.
DVD.
Wizards of Waverly Place: Wizard School is a 4 episode DVD, which was released on July 29, 2008 in the US.

Cory in the House
"Cory in the House" is a 2007 Disney Channel television series. The series is a spin off of That's So Raven. It is about a boy named Cory who lives in the White House. Cory lives in the White House because his dad is the chef. Cory's best friends are Newt and Meena. His rival is Jason. He thinks that Sophie, the President's daughter, is a pest.
All Star Edition.
The DVD, "All Star Edition", was released on August 7, 2007.
Wish Gone Amiss.
"Wish Gone Amiss" released on November 27, 2007. This DVD included three episodes. Each episode was from a different Disney Channel series. The episodes were about the main characters of the series making a wish. The other series included on this DVD were "Hannah Montana" and "The Suite Life of Zack & Cody".

John A. Macdonald
Sir John Alexander Macdonald, (January 11, 1815 – June 6, 1891) was the first Prime Minister of Canada and the dominant figure of Canadian Confederation. Macdonald's time in office spanned 19 years. So he was the second longest serving Prime Minister of Canada. He is the only Canadian Prime Minister who won six majority governments. He was for a national railway that should link Canada from the Atlantic to the Pacific Oceans. That was completed in 1885.

The Justice League
The Justice League is a fictional DC Comics superhero team. It is sometimes called the Justice League of America (JLA).
The Justice League first appeared in the comic book "The Brave and the Bold#28" in 1960. The first members were Superman, Batman, Wonder Woman, Flash, Green Lantern, Aquaman, and the Martian Manhunter.
Over time, many other superheros have been members of the Justice League. Some examples are: Green Arrow, Atom, Hawkman, Black Canary, Captain Marvel, and Plastic Man. Several dozen less famous superheroes have also been members.
Many different comic book series have featured the Justice League. The current series are Justice League of America (Volume 2) and JLA:Classified.
Several television cartoons have also featured the Justice League, such as: "Super Friends", "Justice League", and "Justice League Unlimited".
The Justice League has had several headquarters. These include the Hall of Justice, the Justice League Satellite, and the Justice League Watchtower.

Even Stevens
Even Stevens is a Disney Channel television series about an American family. It is mostly about the fights between a girl named Ren and her brother, Louis. Ren likes doing everything right. Louis likes having fun, even if it means breaking rules and getting in trouble.
Season 3.
45. Where in the World is Pookie Stevens?
50. Raiders of the Lost Sasuage
51. Close Encounters of the Beans Kind

Trojan asteroid
The Trojan asteroids are a big group of asteroids that move around the Sun at the same distance as the planet Jupiter. There are two groups of Trojan asteroids. There is one group on each side of Jupiter. In 1904, Edward Emerson Barnard was the first person to see a Trojan asteroid. Barnard thought it was a moon of the planet Saturn. In February 1906 a German astronomer named Max Wolf saw a Trojan asteroid and named it 588 Achilles. Wolf was the first person to see a Trojan asteroid and know what it was. Since that time, more than 2000 Trojan asteroids have been seen. The biggest Trojan asteroid is named 624 Hektor. 624 Hektor is 370 km across. Astronomers think that Trojan asteroids are made of ice and dust.

Christopher Lloyd
Christopher Allen Lloyd (born October 22, 1938) is an Emmy Award-winning American actor. He is most famous for the movie "Back to the Future" and television series "Taxi".

The Buzz on Maggie
Summary.
The Buzz on Maggie is a Disney Channel television series about a fly named Maggie. The show takes place in a world of talking bugs. The show had two different stories in each episode. The show was cancelled after only one season of twenty-one episodes.
Episodes.
2. Funball / The Science Whatchamacallit
5. The Price of Fame / King Flear
6. Rottingmuck Ranch / Bella Con Carney
9. Slumber Party / Spelling Bees
10. The Usual Insects / Sister Act
12. The Big Score / Scare Wars
13. Metamorpho Sis / Radio Free Buzzdale
14. Those Pesky Roaches / Bugtillion
15. Hot For Tutor / Sick Days inc.
16. Scout of Order / Ant Mines
17. Faking History / Bugs on the Brink
18. Training Days / Honey Stripers
19. Racooooon! / Best, Best Friends
20. Peskys Unclogged / Club Hopping
21. Synchronized Flying / Roach Hotel
Main article: List of The Buzz on Maggie Episodes

Green Arrow
Green Arrow is a fictional character, published by DC Comics. Green Arrow was created by Mort Weisinger and George Papp and first appeared in More Fun Comics #73 in 1941. His secret identity is Oliver Queen and his friends call him Ollie. He is a billionaire and once was a mayor of the fictional city Star City.
Green Arrow is a superhero, but lacks any superpowers. He is similar in appearance and abilities to Robin Hood. Green Arrow is an archer who uses his expert skill in archery to fight crime. He also is a highly trained martial artist. Green Arrow is blond, dresses all in green, and wears a goatee beard.
Green Arrow uses many trick arrows to fight crime and supervillains. Example trick arrows include: glue arrows, net arrows, explosive arrows, grappling arrows, and boxing-glove arrows.
Since 1970 Green Arrow has usually been written as being explicitly left-wing politically and fighting for social justice.
Green Arrow has been a member of the Justice League and the Outsiders.
Supporting Characters.
Green Arrow was romantically linked with Black Canary for many years and now they are married.
Green Arrow originally had a sidekick, and adopted son, named Speedy. Speedy's real name is Roy Harper. Roy Harper now is the superhero Red Arrow.
Green Arrow also has a biological son named Conner Hawke. When Oliver Queen died, Connor Hawke became Green Arrow. Oliver Queen was later resurrected by Hal Jordan, and retook the role of Green Arrow.

The Replacements (TV show)
Summary.
The Replacements is a Disney Channel series about a girl named Riley and her brother, Todd. They have special cell phones. They can use them to call the Fleemco Company to replace people in their lives with someone else. The Fleemco Company people take away the person they want to replace, and bring someone they think will be better.
Season 1.
1. Todd Strikes Out / The Jerkey Girls
3. Insecurity Guard / Quiet Riot!
4. The Truth Hurts / Jumping Mad
5. The Majestic Horse / Carnie Dearest
6. Days of Blunder / Cheer Pressure
7. Going Overboard / Riley's Birthday
9. German Squirmin' / The Means Justify the Trend
10. Davey Hunkerhoff / Ratted Out
11. Master Pho / Zoo or False?
12. Best Friends for Never / Running From Office
13. Field Trippin / Fiddlin' Around
15. iTodd / See Dick Run
16. The Perfect Date / Serf's Up
17. The Frog Prince / Snow Place Like Nome
18. A Daring Romance / Maid for K
19. Abra K Dabra! / Kumquat Day
21. Clueless / Conrad's Day Off
Season 2.
22. The Spy Who Wasn't Riley
23. Late Night with Todd and Riley

Aquaman
Aquaman is a fictional comic book superhero published by DC Comics. Aquaman was created by Paul Norris and Mort Weisinger and first appeared in More Fun Comics #72 in November, 1941.
During the Silver Age of Comic Books, Aquaman was a founding member of the Justice League of America.
Aquaman's biography and origin has been reinvented several times since 1941.
Aquaman has several superhuman powers. He can breathe underwater and swim at very high speeds. Aquaman has super strength and is very hard to injure.
Aquaman's most famous ability is to communicate and command marine animals.
Aquaman has appeared in several cartoon series, such as the Super Friends, and also in the live action TV series Smallville, with Superman.

Green Lantern
Green Lantern is the name of several fictional superheroes that appear in comic books published by DC Comics.
The first was Alan Scott and was created by writer Bill Finger and artist Martin Nodell in All-American Comics #16 in July 1940.
The most famous is Hal Jordan and was created by John Broome and Gil Kane in Showcase #22 in October 1959.
Each Green Lantern wears a power ring that allows the Green Lantern to control the physical world by strength of will.
Alan Scott was the Golden Age Green Lantern and his ring was powered by magic.
All of the Green Lanterns since then have worn rings that were not magic, but advanced technology. The Guardians of the Universe created the power rings and granted them to worthy candidates throughout the galaxy. These individuals make up the Green Lantern Corps, an intergalactic police force.
Golden Age Green Lantern: Alan Scott.
Alan Scott was a young engineer when he found a metal lantern that glowed with a magical green flame. The flame told Alan how to build a ring. Alan used the power of the ring to fight crime. Alan was a founding member of the Justice Society of America.
Alan Scott's power ring had to be recharged every 24 hours and did not work on wood.
Silver Age Green Lantern: Hal Jordan.
Hal Jordan was an airplane test pilot. Jordan was given his power ring by a dying alien named Abin Sur, whose spaceship had crashed on Earth. Jordan was a founding member of the Justice League of America and also a member of the Green Lantern Corps.
Hal Jordan's ring initially did not work on anything the color yellow.
Hal Jordan's hometown Coast City was destroyed in the early 1990s and he went insane. Jordan destroyed the Green Lantern Corps and renamed himself Parallax. Jordan later died, sacrificing himself to reignite a dying Sun only to return from the grave as the Spectre, the divine Spirit of God's Vengeance.
Hal Jordan was eventually revived and once again became a Green Lantern.
Bronze Age Green Lanterns.
Guy Gardner was the second choice of Abin Sur and the backup to Hal Jordan.
John Stewart, an architect, was chosen by the Guardians to replace Guy Gardner as the backup Green Lantern for Hal Jordan.
Modern Age Green Lanterns.
Kyle Rayner, a freelance artist, was given the last power ring, and restored the Guardians and Corps after Jordan destroyed them as Parallax. Later Kyle became Ion, the manifestation of willpower.

August Kopff
August Kopff (February 5 1882–April 25 1960) was a German astronomer who found many comets and asteroids.
He found some comets, such as the periodic comet Kopff and the non-periodic 1906 E1.
He found many asteroids, such as the notable Trojan asteroids 617 Patroclus and 624 Hektor.
A crater on the Moon is named after him: see Kopff (crater).

Great Yarmouth
Great Yarmouth, often known to locals as Yarmouth, is an English coastal town in Norfolk. It is situated at the mouth of the River Yare.

790 Pretoria
790 Pretoria is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Harry Wood in 1912. Its provisional name was 1912 NW.

S/2004 S 3
is the designation of an object seen orbiting Saturn just beyond the farther part of the F ring on 21 June, 2004. It was first seen by Carl Murray of the in pictures taken by the Cassini-Huygens probe on June 21, 2004, and announced on September 9, 2004.
Even though later astronomers tried to find it again, it has not been reliably seen since. Notably, an imaging sequence covering an entire orbital period at 4 km resolution taken on 15 November, 2004 failed to find the object. This suggests that it was a clump of material that had disappeared by that time.
Another object, was seen nearby 5 hours later, but this time just "inside" the F Ring. Because of the different location of the second object, it was given a fresh designation, although their interpretation as a single object on a F-ring crossing orbit is also possible. Such an object might also be orbiting at a bit different inclination to the F ring, thereby not actually passing through the ring material even though it was being seen both radially inward and outward of it.
If a solid object after all, would be 3−5 km in diameter based on brightness, and might be a shepherd satellite for the farther edge of Saturn's F ring.

S/2004 S 4
is the designation of an object that astronomers don't know for sure if it exists seen orbiting Saturn within the closer part of the F ring on 21 June, 2004. It was seen while J. N. Spitale was trying to confirm the orbit of another object, that was seen 5 hours earlier just on the farther edge of the F ring. The announcement was made on September 9, 2004.
Even though astronomers tried to find it again, it has not been reliably seen since. Notably, an imaging sequence covering an entire orbital period at 4 km resolution taken on 15 November, 2004 failed to find the object. This suggests that it was a clump of material that had disappeared by that time.
An interpretation where S3 and S4 are or were a single object on a F-ring crossing orbit is also possible. Such an object might also be orbiting at a bit different inclination to the F ring, thereby not actually passing through the ring material even though it was being seen both radially inward and outward of it.
If a solid object after all, would be 3−5 km in diameter based on brightness.

S/2004 S 6
is the designation of a dusty object seen orbiting Saturn very close to the F ring. It is not clear whether it is only a clump of dust, or if there is a solid small moon at its core.
It was first seen by scientists in pictures taken by the Cassini-Huygens probe on October 28, 2004, and announced on 8 November that year. It appears to be the best tracked object in this area with at least five possible sightings in the period till late 2005. In comparison, two objects in the F ring's area (and) that were first seen months earlier have not been found again with any confidence. Nevertheless, it continues to be unclear whether there is a solid core to or whether it is just a dust clump that will disappear in years or months. Notably, an imaging sequence covering an entire orbital period at 4 km resolution taken on 15 November, 2004 (soon after 's discovery) failed to find the object, while it has been seen again later. The lighting conditions in 's part of the orbit were different during these two sightings, however, with the discovery being made when the area was strongly backlit by the sun. A suggested resolution of the absence in November is that 's visibility is primarily due to a diffuse cloud of fine dust that is much brighter in forward scattered light (the conditions of the discovery image), and that the solid core (if any) is small.
has been seen both inside and outside the main F ring, and its orbit must cross the ring. Careful calculations show that the object periodically plows through the ring material, coming within 1.5 km of the densest core e.g. on 9 April, 2005. It has been suggested that a spiral structure in the thinnest material around the F ring may have been a result of this.
The dusty halo seen in pictures is big, being around 2000 km in lengthwise extent. The solid object, if any, would be no bigger than 3−5 km in diameter based on brightness.

Joel Hastings Metcalf
Joel Hastings Metcalf (January 4 1866–February 23 1925) was an American astronomer.
Metcalf graduated from Harvard Divinity School in 1892. He served as a Unitarian minister in Burlington, Vermont and then later in Taunton, Massachusetts, Winchester, Massachusetts and Portland, Maine.
He found or co-found many comets, such as Brorsen-Metcalf and Metcalf-Brewington; he also found many asteroids.

Gräfendorf
Gräfendorf is a municipality in the district of Main-Spessart in Bavaria in Germany, near Würzburg, Aschaffenburg and Frankfurt. As of 2006, 1,411 live in Gräfendorf.

Imaginary number
Imaginary numbers, represented by "i", are defined as formula_1. (They are not negative, as a negative number squared is always "positive"; an imaginary number squared is always "negative") Imaginary numbers don't have a "true" meaning, in that you can't have 2"i" apples, but they are just as mathematically correct as any other number we are familiar with.
Imaginary numbers can be 'mixed' with numbers we are more familiar with. For example a whole number such as the number '2' can be added to an imaginary number such as '3i' to create '2+3i'. These kinds of 'mixed' numbers are known as complex numbers.
Imaginary numbers and complex numbers are very useful in higher math, including calculus and circuit analysis, and are used in algebra to find all the possible roots (or solutions) of an equation.

Eric S. Maskin
Eric Stark Maskin (born December 12, 1950) is an American economist who won a Nobel prize with Leonid Hurwicz and Roger Myerson, for economics in 2007. He is the Albert O. Hirschman Professor of Social Science at the Institute for Advanced Study, and a visiting Professor at Princeton University.
Life story.
Maskin was born in New York City, New York on December 12, 1950, to a non-religious Jewish family, and grew up in Alpine, New Jersey. He graduated from Tenafly High School in Tenafly, New Jersey in 1968, and then studied at Harvard University where he received his A.B. and Ph.D. After he got his Ph.D., Maskin went to the University of Cambridge in 1976 where he was a research fellow at Cambridge College. He taught at Massachusetts Institute of Technology from 1977-1984 and from 1985-2000 at Harvard, where he was the Louis Berkman Professor of Economics. In 2000, he moved to the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey.
He has studied a wide range of subjects in economic theory, such as game theory, the economics of incentives, and contract theory. He is particularly well known for his work on mechanism design/implementation theory and dynamic games. His current research projects include comparing different rules for elections, the causes of inequality and studying coalition formation. He is a Fellow of the "American Academy of Arts and Sciences", "Econometric Society", and the "European Economic Association", and a Corresponding Fellow of the "British Academy". He was president of the "Econometric Society" in 2003.
Software patents.
Maskin suggested that software patents make new inventions difficult. Software, semiconductor, and computer industries have made many inventions in the past when patent laws have been weak, he argued. "In the 1980s when patent protection was extended to software," wrote Maskin. "Arguments predicted that productivity should have increased among patenting firms." Maskins ideas that this would not happen were correct. "These increases did not occur."

Roger B. Myerson
Roger Bruce Myerson (born 29 March 1951) is an American economist and co-winner, with Leonid Hurwicz and Eric Maskin, of the 2007 Nobel Prize in Economics "for having laid the foundations of mechanism design theory." He has made contributions as an economist, as an applied mathematician, and as a political scientist.
Biography.
Roger Myerson was born on March 29, 1951 to a Jewish family.. He attended Harvard University, where he received his A.B., S.M. (1973), and Ph.D. (1976), all in applied mathematics. From 1976 to 2001, he was a professor of economics at Northwestern University's Kellogg School of Management. Currently, he is the Glen A. Lloyd Distinguished Service Professor of Economics at the University of Chicago.
Contributions.
He wrote a general textbook on game theory in 1991, and has also written on the history of game theory, including his review of the origins and significance of noncooperative game theory.
His recent work on democratization has raised critical questions about American policy in occupied Iraq.

Mario R. Capecchi
Mario Renato Capecchi (born 6 October 1937) is an Italian-born American molecular geneticist who won the 2007 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine along with Sir Martin J. Evans and Oliver Smithies. He is a Distinguished Professor of Human Genetics and Biology at the University of Utah School of Medicine, which he joined in 1973.
Life.
Mario Capecchi was born in the Italian city of Verona in 1937. His father was called Luciano Capecchi. Luciano was an Italian airman who would was reported as missing in action while using in an anti-aircraft gun in the Western Desert Campaign, His mother was called Lucy Ramberg. Lucy was an American-born daughter of Impressionist painter Lucy Dodd Ramberg and German archaeologist Walter Ramberg. During World War II, his mother was sent to the Dachau concentration camp as punishment for handing out pamphlets and belonging to an anti-Fascist group. Before her arrest she had sold her belongings and gave the money to a poor family near Bolzano to give her son a place to live. After one year, the money was all spent and the family was unable to care for him. At four-and-a-half years old he was left to live on the streets of northern Italy for the next four years, living in various orphanages and roving through towns with groups of other homeless children.
He almost died of hunger. His mother had been freed from Dachau and began a year-long search for him. She finally found him in a hospital bed in Reggio Emilia, ill with a fever and living one bowl of chicory coffee and bread crust each day. She took him to Rome, where he had his first bath in six years.
In 1946 his uncle, Edward Ramberg, an American physicist at RCA, sent his mother money to return to the United States. Mario and his mother moved to Pennsylvania to live at an intentional cooperative community called Bryn Gweled, which had been started by his uncle. (Capecchi's other maternal uncle, Walter Ramberg, was also an American physicist who served as the tenth president of the Society for Experimental Stress Analysis.) Professor Capecchi graduated from George School, a Quaker boarding school in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, in 1956.
Mario Capecchi received his Bachelor of Science in chemistry and physics in 1961 from Antioch College in Ohio. Capecchi came to MIT as a graduate student to study physics and mathematics, but he soon became interested in molecular biology. He moved to Harvard to join the laboratory of James D. Watson, co-discoverer of the shape of DNA. Capecchi received his Ph.D. in biophysics in 1967 from Harvard University, he was taught for his exams by Watson.
Capecchi was a Junior Fellow of the Society of Fellows at Harvard University from 1967 to 1969. In 1969 he became an Assistant Professor in the Department of Biochemistry at Harvard Medical School. He was promoted to Associate Professor in 1971. In 1973 he joined the faculty at the University of Utah. Since 1988 Capecchi has also been an investigator of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences. He has taught for Duke University's Program in Genetics and Genomics.
After the Nobel committee announced that Capecchi had won the Nobel prize, an Austrian woman named Marlene Bonelli claimed that Capecchi was her long-lost half-brother.
Knockout mice.
Mario Capecchi is well known for his new work in gene targeting of the mouse embryonic stem cells which helped him study other transgenic technologies such as cloning and genetic changing. This work was finished with the efforts of Martin Evans and Oliver Smithies working on the knockout mice. This work was awarded the 2007 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
Dr. Capecchi has also pursued a systematic analysis of the mouse Hox gene family. This gene family is used to control embryonic development in all multicellular animals.

Kaunas
Kaunas, also known by several other names, is the second largest city in Lithuania and was a former temporary capital. Kaunas is located at the point where the two largest Lithuanian rivers, the Nemunas and the Neris, meet. It is also near the Kaunas Lagoon, the largest body of water in Lithuania.

Warp technology
Warp Technology is fictional technology created within science fiction. It is a way of moving objects faster than the speed of light. There are many examples of how this idea is used. A well known one is found in the Star Trek universe where faster-than-light travel is needed to tell the story.
Current technology does not allow anything or anyone to go, at, or faster than the speed of light. Unless the current theories are proven wrong, this will always be true. However warp technology as a fictional idea has proven to be an interesting way of shaping the story line to let spaceships move at speeds greater than 186,000 miles per second (speed of light through a vacuum - the known limit of speed in the universe).
Warp technology allows ships move at warp speed. In the Star Trek universe for example the actual speed the ship is moving is called the warp factor(although thrusters and impluse power propel spaceships at sub-light speed). Warp speed ranges from warp factor 1 (the speed of light) up to warp factor 9.99. In some circumstances Star Trek spaceships can go faster than warp 10 although rare.

Warp factor
Warp factor is a science fiction concept. It is mainly based in the "Star Trek" universe. Warp factor is a measurement of the speed of a spaceship. Warp factor 1 is equal to the speed of light. Star Trek spaceships can go as fast as warp factor 9.99. There have been a very small number of examples of Star Trek spaceships reaching warp factor 10 and over.

Christian Heinrich Friedrich Peters
Christian Heinrich Friedrich Peters (September 19, 1813–July 18, 1890) was a German-American astronomer, and one of the first to find asteroids.
He was born in Schleswig-Holstein, then part of Denmark but later part of Germany, and later studied under Carl Friedrich Gauss. He spoke many languages and spent time in Italy and Ottoman Turkey before going to the United States in 1854.
Working at Hamilton College in Clinton, New York (near Utica), he was a good finder of asteroids, finding 48 of them, beginning with 72 Feronia in 1861 and ending with 287 Nephthys in 1889.
He was involved in litigation in 1889 with his old assistant Charles A. Borst, and the "Great Star-Catalog Case" "Peters v. Borst" went before the Supreme Court of New York. The judge sided with Peters, but many astronomers and newspapers sided with Borst. Peters died not long after. After his death, the judgement was ultimately reversed on appeal and a new trial was ordered, but it never took place.
Besides asteroids, he co-found the periodic comet Peters-Hartley, and also found different nebulae and galaxies.

Soest, Germany
Soest (pronounced) is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is the capital of the Soest district.
Geography.
Soest is along the "Hellweg" road, about 50 kilometres east of Dortmund and about 50 kilometres west of Paderborn.
History.
Due to the fertile soil the area around Soest was used long before 836 when the village is first mentioned in the "Dagobertsche Schenkung", although the origin of this document is historically unknown. But there is no doubt that Soest has been lived in for a long time; excavations in the last two decades have uncovered signs of people living in Soest more than 4000 years ago. In the 11th and 12th century Soest grew a lot, making it one of the biggest cities in Westphalia with some 10,000 citizens. It was also an important member of the Hanseatic League until 1609.
A self-confident Soest from 1444 to 1449 freed itself from the Bishop of Cologne, who controlled Westphalia (the so-called "Soester Fehde"). Being no longer capital of Westphalia, the city aligned itself with the Duke of Cleves. This was a Pyrrhic victory, however; the city had shown itself strong enough to defy the powerful Archbishop of Cologne, but lost much of its trade: the "freed" town was two-thirds surrounded by territories with other rulers. When the last Duke of Cleves died in 1609 that dukedom was taken by Brandenburg and after a short siege Soest was added into it. During and after the Thirty Years' War, Soest lossed a lot of people and influence; at the lowest point in 1756 it had only 3,600 citizens.
With the start of the Soest district in 1817 its influence slowly rose. However, the industrialization of the Ruhr area did not reach Soest, which continued to be a small city.
From about 1953 to 1971 there was a big garrison of Canadian soldiers and their families stationed at Soest (with the Canadian camps just east of the city in Bad Sassendorf) as well as Werl and Hemer-Iserlohn and Deilinghofen to the south west. There were also many Belgian Kasernes located in Soest itself.
From 1971-1993 the old Canadian properties, such as the Married Quarters along Hiddingser Weg, south of the B-1, were used by British military and families. Upon the closing out of Belgian and British army facilities many of these military facilities either became used for civilian purposes or were not used again/destroyed. The old Married Quarters area was changed to civilian housing. The old CLFEX (the Canadian Army's food and clothing store for dependent families) was changed to a NAAFI under the British and finally destroyed in 2006.
St Patroclus's Cathedral.
In 960, Bruno I, Archbishop of Cologne moved St Patroclus's relics from Troyes and buried them in 964 at St Patroclus's Cathedral in Soest, where he is still today honoured.
The Cathedral is a beautiful example of early medieval "Romanesque" architecturefashioned from the local greenish sandstone. Its big squared bell tower or steeple can be seen for many kilometers, rising up out of the city centre of the old city and a landmark of the Soester Boerde.
Coat of arms.
The coat of arms shows a key, which is the symbol for Saint Peter, the patron of Cologne. The coat was not changed even after Soest no longer fell within the jurisdiction of Cologne.

History of Europe
The history of Europe means all the time when humans lived in the European continent up to the present day.
The first evidence of Homo sapiens in Europe dates back to 35,000 BC. Europe's antiquity (ancient time) dates from Homer's "Iliad" in Ancient Greece of around 700 BC. The Roman Republic was established in 509 BC, which was usurped by Octavian's new Roman Empire at its first century peak. The Christian religion was adopted in the fourth century, and in the sixth was organized, within the Empire, by Emperor Justinian I (527–565) with five most important cities: Rome, Constantinople, Antioch, Jerusalem and Alexandria. The fall of the Western Roman Empire was followed by a decline of Western Europe followed. The Byzantine Empire kept civilization in the East. A schism within the church's authority in 1054 was added to the earlier division that had persisted since 451 and was followed by Crusades from west to rescue the east from Muslim invasion. Feudal society began to break down, as the Mongol invaders carried the Black Death with them. Constantinople fell in 1453, yet the new world was discovered in 1492. Europe awoke from the medieval period through rediscovery of classical learning. The Renaissance was followed by the Protestant Reformation, as German priest Martin Luther attacked Papal authority. The Thirty Years War, the Treaty of Westphalia and the Glorious Revolution laid the basis for a new era of expansion and enlightenment.
The Industrial Revolution, beginning in Great Britain, allowed people for the first time to break from material subsistence. The early British Empire split as its colonies in America revolted to establish a representative government. Political change in continental Europe was spurred by the French Revolution, as people cried out for "liberté, egalité, fraternité". The French leader, Napoleon Bonaparte, conquered and reformed the social structure of the continent through war up to 1815. As more and more small property holders were granted the vote, in France and the UK, socialist and trade union activity developed and revolution gripped Europe in 1848. The last vestiges of serfdom were abolished in Austria-Hungary in 1848. Russian serfdom was abolished in 1861. The Balkan nations began to regain their independence from the Ottoman Empire. After the Franco-Prussian War, Italy and Germany were formed from the groups of principalities in 1870 and 1871. Conflict spread across the globe, in a chase for empires, until the search for a place in the sun ended with the outbreak of World War I. In the desperation of war, the Russian Revolution promised the people "peace, bread and land". The defeat of Germany came at the price of economic destruction, codified into the Treaty of Versailles, manifested in the Great Depression and the return to a Second World War. After this war Communism spread to Central and Eastern Europe, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Romania, Albania, North Vietnam and North Korea.
This led to the Cold War, a forty-year argument between the United States, the Soviet Union, and their allies (mainly countries that were members of NATO or the Warsaw Pact). Each country wanted to promote their type of government. The Soviet Union wanted to spread communism, and the United States wanted to spread democracy. People across the world feared a nuclear war because of the tension.
Communism became less attractive when it became clear that it could promote economic growth less effectively than then Western states and that it was not suited for a reform that allowed freedom of speech for everybody. Therefore the Soviet Union forced in Hungary to give up its reform in 1956, it favoured the building of the Berlin Wall in 1961 and it stopped reform in Czechoslovakia in 1968. When in 1988/89 Gorbachev made clear that he would not force the countries of the East block to stick to Communism the Berlin Wall was torn down in 1989 and the Soviet Union collapsed (1991). Then the United States was the only superpower left.
Europe signed a new treaty of union, which included 27 European countries in 2007.

World Games
World Games are international competion in several sports since first edition in 1981.

Peace of Westphalia
The Peace of Westphalia refers to the pair of treaties, the Treaty of Osnabrück and the Treaty of Münster, signed on May 15 and October 24 of 1648, which ended both the Thirty Years' War and the Eighty Years' War. The treaties involved the Holy Roman Emperor, Ferdinand III Habsburg, the other German princes, Spain, France, Sweden and representatives of the Dutch Republic. The Treaty of the Pyrenees, signed in 1659, ending the war between France and Spain, is also often considered part of the overall accord.
Locations.
The peace negotiations were held in the cities of Münster and Osnabrück, which lie about 50 km apart from each other, in the present day German states of North Rhine-Westphalia and Lower Saxony. Sweden had favoured Osnabrück due to its Protestant background, France chose Münster due to its Catholic background. In any case two locations were required because Protestant and Catholic leaders refused to meet each other. The Catholics used Münster, while the Protestants used Osnabrück.
Internal political boundaries.
The power which Ferdinand III had taken for himself against the Holy Roman Empire's constitution was stripped That meant that the rulers of the German states were again able to determine the religion of their lands.

Flanimals
"Flanimals" is a children's and adults' book written by comedian Ricky Gervais. The book was illustrated by Rob Steen. It has 35 different characters described as species of animal which form an imaginary world.

American Roulette
"American Roulette" is a 1987 song by Robbie Robertson. It appeared on his self-titled album "Robbie Roberson". The lyrics of the song deal with the theme of Elvis Presley's rise to power. The song is notable for its guitar solo throughout as well as the instrumental outro. Elvis Presley is talked about in the second verse.

Trolleybus
A trolleybus (also known as trolley bus, trolley coach, trackless trolley, trackless tram or simply trolley) is a bus, which get its power for the electric engine from a pair of powerlines, which is above the street. Trolleybuses get the power though 2 poles called "trolley poles".
A trolleybus does not have a normal engine which uses oil. So trolleybuses are much clearner and quiter than "normal" buses.
Trolleybues do not use tracks, so they are more flexible than trams.

Exxon valdez disaster
The Exxon Valdez disaster was a shipping accident which happened in Prince William Sound, Alaska, United States, on March 24, 1989. The oil tanker "Exxon Valdez" had left the shipping lanes because of icebergs. The captain was under the effects of alcohol. He went for a lie down and left someone else in charge of the ship. The ship never returned to the shipping lane and hit Bligh Reef at around 12:04 AM. The ship carried 53,094,510 U.S. gallons (44,210,430 imp gal/200,984,600 L) of oil. 10.8 million U.S. gallons (9.0 million imp gal/41 million L) were spilled into the Prince William Sound.
This disaster badly damages the ecosystems of the area.

Van Hool
VanHool is a Belgian company, which builds buses.
They have got 15 different buses for the city. 9 of them have got a normal engine, 4 have got an engine that works with gas, and 2 buses have got an electric engine, they are called Trolleybus.
Also they have got 13 different kinds of coachbuses.

Battle of Antietam
The Battle of Antietam (also known as the Battle of Sharpsburg, particularly in the South) was a battle fought on September 17, 1862. It happened near Sharpsburg, Maryland. It was the first major battle in the American Civil War to happen in the northern states. It was the bloodiest single-day battle in American history. Around 23,000 soldiers were killed in this battle.
History.
After pursuing Confederate General Robert E. Lee into Maryland, Union Army Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan launched attacks against Lee's army, in defensive positions behind Antietam Creek. At dawn on September 17, Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker's corps mounted a powerful assault on Lee's left flank. Attacks and counterattacks swept across Miller's cornfield and fighting swirled around the Dunker Church. Union assaults against the Sunken Road eventually pierced the Confederate center, but the Federal advantage was not followed up. In the afternoon, Maj. Gen. Ambrose Burnside's corps entered the action, capturing a stone bridge over Antietam Creek and advancing against the Confederate right. At a crucial moment, Maj. Gen. A.P. Hill's division arrived from Harpers Ferry and launched a surprise counterattack, driving back Burnside and ending the battle. Although outnumbered two-to-one, Lee committed his entire force, while McClellan sent in less than three-quarters of his army, enabling Lee to fight the Federals to a standstill. During the night, both armies consolidated their lines. In spite of crippling casualties, Lee continued to skirmish with McClellan throughout September 18, while removing his battered army south of the river.
Despite having superiority of numbers, McClellan's attacks failed to achieve concentration of mass, allowing Lee to counter by shifting forces along interior lines to meet each challenge. Despite ample reserve forces that could have been deployed to exploit localized successes, McClellan failed to destroy Lee's army. Nevertheless, Lee's invasion of Maryland was ended, and he was able to withdraw his army back to Virginia without interference from the cautious McClellan.

791 Ani
791 Ani is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Grigory Neujmin in 1914. Its provisional name was 1914 UV.

792 Metcalfia
792 Metcalfia is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Joel Hastings Metcalf in 1907. Its provisional name was 1907 ZC.

Spirited Away
Spirited Away is an anime movie by Hayao Miyazaki. It was released in Japan in 2001. The japanese title was "Sen to Chihiro no Kamikakushi". The movie was a success, and went on to win an Academy Award for animation.
Plot.
The movie tells about a girl named Chihiro who gets lost in the spirit world. Along with escaping, she has to save her parents, who have turned into pigs as a result of eating food meant for the spirits. She discovers a bathhouse that spirits go to for relaxation. Chihiro is informed by a young apprentice named Haku that she must get a job by asking the boiler man, Kamaji. Kamaji turns her away, but tells her to request a job from Yubaba, the witch who owns the bathhouse, and is Haku's master. Yubaba allows her to stay by having her sign a contract.The contract Chihiro signed allowed Yubaba to take Chihiro's name kanji, and change her name to Sen.

Rachel Weisz
Rachel Hannah Weisz (born March 7, 1970 or 1971) is an Academy Award-winning English actress. She became famous after her roles in the Hollywood films "The Mummy" and "The Mummy Returns", and has since continued appearing in major film roles.

Old French
Old French was the Romance dialect continuum spoken in the places of northern half of modern France and parts of modern Belgium and Switzerland from around 1000 to 1300. It was then known as the langue d'oïl (Oil languages) which makes it different from the langue d'oc (Occitan language, also then called Provençal), whose territory bordered that of Old French to the south.
The Old Frankish language had a large influence on the vocabulary of Old French after the conquest, by the tribe of the Franks, of the portions of Roman Gaul that are now France and Belgium during the Migration Period.

Deborah Sampson
Deborah Sampson was a woman that dressed as a man, so that she could join the American soldiers in the Revolutionary War. (The Revolutionary War was a war between Great Britain and the Thirteen Original colonies.)
Deborah Sampson came from a poor family. She worked as an indentured servant from the age of eight to the age of eighteen. She worked for no pay for a family, but that family let her study with and spend time with their sons.
Sampson wanted to serve in the war against the British, but the American Army would only take men. She dressed as a man; and she got into the Continental Army. She even fooled her own mother.
She served in the Army for a little more than a year. She got hurt in a battle. She got hit by swords and guns. After the war she got a very bad fever. The doctor that cared for her found out that she was a woman. He told her that she would have to leave the army and go home.
Yet, she re-entered the war. On the other hand, her doctor gave her a letter to take to General George Washington when she got better. Washington gave her a letter that said that she had to leave. But the said that served in the war with honor.
She later got married. She worked as a teacher. She also spoke in public about her experiences in the war.

Groundskeeper Willie
Groundskeeper Willie is a fictional character in the long-running cartoon show "The Simpsons".
Role in The Simpsons.
Willie works at Springfield Elementary as the head janitor or groundskeeper. He is portrayed as an angry Scotsman. He shows some hate towards Principal Skinner and Bart Simpson. He lives in a shack in the grounds of Springfield Elementary.

Dialectic
In philosophy, dialectic is an argument or conflict between different groups of people. In Medieval Europe, dialectics (or logic) was one of the three beginning liberal arts all together known as the trivium, with the other members being rhetorics and grammar).
The goal of the dialectical process, usually called "dialectic" or "dialectics", is to try to resolve the disagreement through rational talk, and the search for the truth in the matter.

793 Arizona
793 Arizona is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found in 1907 by Percival Lowell. Its provisional name was 1907 ZD. It was named for the state of Arizona.

Hans Luther
Hans Luther (10 March 1879 - 11 May 1962) was a German politician and Chancellor of Germany. He was born in Berlin and started in politics by becoming the town councillor in Magdeburg.

794 Irenaea
794 Irenaea is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Johann Palisa in 1914. Its provisional name was 1914 VB.

Crossover (music)
A crossover is a term in music. Two different kinds of music are put together.

Council of Trent
Council of Trent was the 19th Ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church. Considered one of the Church's most important councils, it was convened in Trento three times between December 13, 1545, and December 4, 1563, as a response to the Protestant Reformation. It clearly specified current Catholic doctrines on salvation, the sacraments, and the Biblical canon, it answered all Protestant disputes.
The council was first delayed and sometimes suspended because of resistance from the popes and revolt against the emperor. Emperor Charles V favored a council, and Pope Paul III finally summoned the council in 1537, but the plans fell through. In 1538, proposals for a council again failed. The pope convoked the council in 1542, but it didn't actually meet until 1545. The council was virtually suspended between 1547 and 1551. It again met from 1551 to 1552, when it was suspended due to a revolt against the emperor. Pope Paul IV (1555-1559) was so strongly anti-Protestant that the council could not reconvene until his succesor took office. The final period covered 1562 to 1563.
The Council of Trent was the most important event of the Counter-Reformation. It would be over 300 years until the next Ecumenical Council.
Pope Paul III (1534–49) – saw that the Protestant Reformation was no longer confined to a few preachers, but had won over various princes, particularly in Germany, to its ideas. Therefore he desired a council.
But the council was delayed until 1545, and convened right before Luther's death. It was transferred to Bologna in March, 1547 on the pretext of avoiding a plague; indefinitely prorogued, September 17th, 1549.
It was reopened at Trento, May 1, 1551, by Pope Julius III (1550–55); broken up 1552, recalled by Pope Pius IV (1559–65) for the last time, January 18, 1562, when it continued until December 4, 1563.
Objects and general results.
1. To condemn the principles and doctrines of Protestantism and to define the doctrines of the Catholic Church on all disputed points.
2. To effect a reformation in discipline or administration.
1. The church's interpretation of the Bible was final. Any Christian who substituted his or her own interpretation was a heretic. Also, the Bible and Church Tradition had the same authority.
2. The relationship of faith and works in salvation was defined, following controversy over Martin Luther's doctrine of "justification by faith alone".
3. Catholic practices such as Indulgences, pilgrimages, the veneration of saints and relics, and the veneration of the Virgin Mary were strongly reaffirmed.
The doctrinal decisions of the council are divided into decrees ("decreta"), which contain the positive statement of the conciliar dogmas, and into short canons ("canones"), which condemn the dissenting Protestant views with the concluding "anathema sit" ("let him be anathema").

Du gamla, du fria
Du gamla, du fria is the national anthem of Sweden. It was written by Richard Dybeck and Louise Ahlén in 1910.

Gospel of Matthew
The Gospel of Matthew is a book of the Bible. It is one of the four gospels of the New Testament that tell the story of the life and teachings of Jesus. "Matthew's Gospel" is placed first in order, before the gospels of Mark, Luke and John. However, it is not believed to be the first one that was written. It is believed that it was written by the Apostle Matthew, who was also called Levi. Matthew was one of the Twelve apostles of Jesus.
Matthew wrote the Gospel mainly for the Jewish people, to show them that Jesus is really the Messiah. Matthew's gospel is similar to both Mark's gospel and Luke's gospel, and contains many stories about Jesus' life which are very alike. Matthew's gospel has many references to Jewish scripture.

Gospel of Mark
The Gospel of Mark is a book of the Bible. It is the second book of the New Testament and comes after the Gospel of Matthew even though it may have been written before it. The writer is believed to have been John Mark, a friend of Simon Peter, who was one of the Twelve apostles of Jesus.
The four gospels tell the story of the life of Jesus. The word "gospel" means "good news". The Gospel of Mark moves quickly, and the story shows how much Jesus worked during his short 3-year ministry. Mark's gospel tells many things about Jesus which are also found in the Gospel of Matthew and the Gospel of Luke.

Gospel of Luke
The Gospel of Luke is a book of the Bible. Like the other gospels, the "Gospel of Luke" tells the stories of the life and teachings of Jesus. It is the third book of the New Testament and comes after the Gospel of Matthew and the Gospel of Mark. The gospel is believed to be written by Luke, who was a friend of the Apostle Paul.
Luke was a doctor. He wrote his gospel for a man called Theophilus. Luke wrote another book which is fifth in the New Testament, the Acts of the Apostles which tells what Jesus's disciples did after his ascension.
Unlike the gospel writers Matthew, Mark and John, Luke was probably not Jewish but was Greek. He wrote the gospel mainly for non-Jewish people, (who were called Gentile by the Jews). Luke wrote to prove that Jesus is the Son of God. Luke's gospel contains many similar stories of Jesus. He tells more about the birth of Jesus than the other gospel writers.

Gospel of John
The Gospel of John is a book of the Bible. It is one of the four "gospels" at the beginning of the New Testament. The four gospels tell the story of the life of Jesus. The "Gospel of John" is the fourth book of the New Testament, after the gospels of Matthew, Mark and Luke.
In the gospel, it is says that the book was written by "the disciple whom Jesus loved". It is believed that John the Apostle, the son of Zebedee, wrote the gospel. He was probably the youngest of the Twelve apostles of Jesus. John lived a long life and was imprisoned on the Island of Patmos in his old age. He also wrote the last book of the New Testament, called the "Book of Revelation".
The Gospel of John tells many of the stories of Jesus' life that are in the other three gospels, but also contains a lot of different information. The Gospel begins by calling Jesus "the Word" (the Communication of God). It says "In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God and the Word was God." In John's Gospel, the writer shows that Jesus was part of God, who came to live among humanity so that they could "hear His voice" and have the power to become true "children of God".
According to the gospel, the accounts are written so that the reader "may believe that Jesus is the Messiah, the Son of God, and that by believing you may have life in His name". (TNIV; John 20:31)

Sofia Rotaru
Sofia Mihailovna Evdokimenko-Rotaru (born in Marshintsy, Novoselitskiy Rayon, Chernivtsi Oblast, Ukraine on August 7, 1947), simply known as Sofia Rotaru, is a popular Russian, Ukrainian, Moldavian and formerly Soviet singer, actress and producer.
Madonna now lives in Ukraine. She has made many albums over the years; some of the more famous ones are Ballade About Violins, Lavender (Lavanda), and I Still Love You.

Epistle to the Romans
The Epistle to the Romans or Letter to the Romans, is one of the letters written by Apostle Paul to a church elsewhere. Here, the letter is addressed to the early Church in Rome.
Paul wrote the letter to the Romans to explain a very important point in Christianity. He proves, by quoting the Old Testament, that all humankind is guilty of sin before God. People whom God calls righteous can only do so by trusting in God's ways, and not by their own effort.
Only by believing in Jesus, who is the Christ and who died for humanity for their sins, can people be saved.
Once this belief is had, the believer receives the Holy Spirit, who helps the believer live a new life. Paul asks the Romans to observe Christian ethics and submit themselves to authorities.
The letter remains very influential in explaining to non-Christians and new Christians what their Christian belief is all about.

Moe Szyslak
Moe Szyslak is a fictional character on the long running TV show The Simpsons. His voice is performed by Hank Azaria he is the bartender of Moe's Tavern. He speaks with a rough voice.
Role in The Simpsons.
Moe is the owner and only worker at Moe's Tavern. On some occasions he has had temporary help. The most notable of these occasions being in "Homer the Moe". His two most loyal customers are Barney Gumble and Homer Simpson.

First Epistle to the Corinthians
The First Epistle to the Corinthians, or the First Letter to the Corinthians, is a long letter written by the Apostle Paul to the church in Corinth.
Paul wrote to the Corinthian church for a number of reasons. He realizes the church at Corinth is divided and explains that although himself and a few disciples had helped start the church, the church was really headed by Christ Jesus Himself. "I planted the seed, Apollos watered it, but God has been making it grow." (TNIV)
Paul scolds the church members there for sexual immorality and asks for these immoral people to be thrown out of the church.
He gives instructions for marriage, against worshipping worthless idols (idolatory), for spritual gifts like prophecy. Paul praises the superior way of love and urges the church to be united.
At the end, Paul states that the resurrection of Christ is true. He supports it with testimonies from "more than five hundred of the brothers and sisters" and it is this very truth which makes certain the believers will have eternal life.
Finally Paul tells of his plans to visit the Corinthians, and that Timothy, his co-worker, is coming to their church very soon.

Epistle to the Hebrews
The Epistle to the Hebrews or Letter to the Hebrews is one of the letters of the New Testament. Although it is believed by many to be written by the Apostle Paul, many others think it might have been written by one group of early Christians to a general group of Jews (also called Hebrews), or to a church with Jewish members.
The letter explains that Jesus Christ, the Son of God, is the perfect sacrifice for human sinners. He is superior to angels and is our High priest in the order of Melchizedek. Jesus is the Messiah whose coming gives us the superior New Covenant, as compared to the Old Covenant of Abraham. The writers state that if the Old Covenant was faultless, God would not have sent his Son to start a new one.
By stating that people are called righteous through their faith and belief in God's ways, the writers urge the readers to receive God's grace by accepting Jesus Christ.

Alan Kuo
Alan Kuo () is a Taiwanese rock singer and actor.
Biography.
Alan is the son of the late Taiwanese stuntman-actor Blackie Ke. For his father, he had wrote two songs, each in one of his albums in the same number of track. "Wake Up" and "I Miss You", these two songs shows his relationship with his father, how much his father had changed him. Before actually starting to receive the chance to release his first album he went through a lot of hard work. First of all, he started from a guitar, up to writing songs and lyrics. When he first entered Alpha Music, Jay Chou told him that he should know how to write his own songs, so that people would want to listen to his music, influenced by this Alan began writing his own songs. Secondly, he wrote more than hundreds of songs just to make the world hear his voice. For this purpose, Alan Kuo’s music director requires him to edit and edit his songs, every year, every month, every week, and every day. He kept on working on his songs for perfection. Finally, he edited his songs and made new songs in the 6 years of preparation, just for the best 12 songs for all the people anticipating for his music. In the meantime, during the 6 years of hard work for his first album, his courage was being challenged, his father died of an accident, but it didn’t stop him. In fact he continued going after his first album, trying to show us how hard he worked and especially to show his father in heaven. As a result, on 8/19/2005, Alan Kuo’s first album came out with 12 songs that rocked the listeners, the music that shows you the 6 years of hard work and effort he gave on his music, Alan Kuo. In 2007, Alan changed his Chinese name from 柯有倫 to 柯有綸. It still has the same pronunciation though.

C-rock
C-rock is short for Chinese rock music. C-rock (中国摇滚 zhōng guó yáo gǔn or 中国摇滚音乐 zhōng guó yáo gǔn yīn yuè; literally "Chinese shaking and rolling music") can be performed in any dialect of Chinese language. Some people consider C-rock a subgenre of C-pop.
History.
The history of C-rock before the 1980s is very unclear though it is believed to have existed in the 1970s or even the 1960s.
XBF.
The first clear sign of Chinese rock was the 西北风 Xi Bei Feng (literally Northwest Wind). Xi Bei Feng is style of folk-influenced punk music, originating from the northwestern area of China, such as the Shanxi and Gansu provinces.. The new style was triggered by two new songs, "信天游 Xin Tian You" and "一无所有". As time passed, Xi Bei Feng became stronger, more fast-tempo and aggressive. In contrast to the mellow C-pop style, XBF songs were sung loudly and forcefully.
Many XBF songs chanllenged political views, reflected unhappiness among Chinese youth and individuality and self-empowerment. Both music and lyrics articulated a sense of pride in the power of the northwest's peasantry. Songs such as "妹妹你大胆的往前走" came to represent an earthy, primordial masculine image of China, as opposed to the soft, sweet, polished urban gang tai style.
Prison rock.
囚歌, also known as Prison songs or Prison rock, became popular in the late 1980s. Prison rock was more folk-like than the XBF style. Prison rock was led & created by 迟志强 Chi Zhi Qiang, who wrote lyrics about his time in jail and set them to folk melodies from northeast China. In contrast to Northwest Wind songs, prison songs were slow and "weepy", and were characterised by the rude&vulgar language and lyrics showing pessimism, despair, anticonformity and cynicism.
Chinese rock and roll.
The birthplace of Chinese rock was in Beijing. Rock and roll was not common until the late 1980s. Some rebellious trends from punk XBF were revived. In 1989 and 1990, rock and roll came into mainstream music as a combination of the Northwest Wind and prison song fads.
After the protests in Tiananment Square, rock and roll became part of general urban youth culture in China. Its popularity growth celebrated on 17 and 18 February 1990 when Beijing's largest rock concert was held in the Capital Gymnasium. The concert featured six rock bands.
Chinese rock and roll's peak popularity was between 1990 and 1993. Many rock bands were established and rock music was performed regularly. Rock and roll was not approved of by the Chinese government because many performers had anti-conformist behaviour. The government made sure that rock and roll was not to be broadcasted on CCTV, so the main venues remained to be informal, underground rock parties. Some fans and performers had characteristics such as long hair for males, jeans, silver metal ornaments, black leather coats and hippie-style behaviour.
Decline).
By 1994, rock and roll slowly began to decline. One of the reasons is because of the censorship by the Communist Party of China, such as the banning of rock from television and restrictions on performances. The main reason, however, is the general lack of interest in anti-conformist and anti-Government thoughts and behaviour. In the mid 1990s, people became more interested in C-pop and newer stars at the time such as Andy Lau and the Four Heavenly Kings of Cantonese pop.
Rebirth.
From 2000 to 2004, rock in China grew in popularity again, influenced by Japanese rock trends, including pop-rock, Visual kei and Gothic Lolitta and some American rock music styles such as light rock, soft rock, piano rock, post-grunge and alternative rock.
Another important step in the development of Chinese rock music is the Beijing Midi School of Music in Beijing. Established 1993 by Zhang Fan, it was the first school in China offering classes specialising in jazz and rock music. Started as a festival in 1999, the Midi Modern Music Festival became the largest rock music festival in China. Both the school and the festival supported the underground scene in China and allowed foreign bands in 2006 to perform at the festival and throughout the country, including Alev, Monokino, YMA and The Wombats.
In addition to the Midi school, the goth rock magazine Painkiller Magazine brought bands such as Edguy, Lacrimosa and Hatesphere to fame in China.

Rubber mold
A mold consists of two plates and alighment pins for a sure fit.The upper and lower plate each having grooves and recesses for the actual product and the excess material. Products such as o-rings and tires are made using such molds. Molds can vary greatly in sixe from a few inches across the several feet across and weighing thousands of pounds. They are usually made of hardened steel for wear resistance.
Compression.
Compression molds work by taking the empty mold and placing a piece of unshaped rubber inside. The mold is then pressed shut using high heat and pressure forcing the rubber to liquify and flow into the recess created for the part while excess rubber is forced into the molds dump groove. It is important when making a mold to keep in mind that when the part cools it will shrink slightly.
Injection Molds.
Injection molds work under the same principle as compression molds except that instead of pressing the mold together on the rubber the mold is first closed and the liquid rubber is then injected into a fill hole drilled into the mold. This is used more for plastic products.

Cleo Lemon
Cleotha Lemon, Jr. (born August 16, 1979 in Greenwood, Mississippi) is an American football quarterback. He currently plays for the Jacksonville Jaguars of the National Football League (NFL). He started playing in the NFL for the Baltimore Ravens in 2002. Lemon played for the San Diego Chargers from 2003 to 2005. He then played for the Miami Dolphins until the 2007 season. He played college football at Arkansas State.

Reformed churches
The Reformed churches are a group of Christian Protestant denominations that are historically related by a doctrine that is identical or similar to Calvinism. It developed in the Swiss Reformation led by Huldrych Zwingli and John Calvin, but soon afterwards appeared in nations throughout Western Europe. Each nation in which the Reformed movement was originally established had its own church government. Several of these local churches have expanded to worldwide denominations and most have experienced splits into multiple denominations.
History.
The first Reformed Churches were established in Europe in the 1500s, in the wake of the Protestant Reformation.

Augsburg Confession
The "Augsburg Confession", also known as the "Augustana" from its Latin name, "Confessio Augustana," is the most important confession of faith of the Lutheran Church. The Augsburg Confession is normative to all Lutheran Churches everywhere and in all times. It is also one of the most important documents of the Lutheran reformation. The Augsburg Confession was presented by a number of German rulers and free-cities at the Diet of Augsburg on June 25, 1530.

Norbert Brainin
Norbert Brainin, (March 12, 1923 – April 10 2005), was the first violinist of the Amadeus Quartet, one of the world's most highly regarded string quartets.
Because of Brainin's Jewish origin, he was driven out of Vienna after Hitler's Anschluss of 1938, as were the violinist Siegmund Nissel and violist Peter Schidlof. Brainin and Schidlof met in a British internment camp, many Jewish refugees having had the misfortune of being confined by the British as "enemy aliens" upon seeking refuge in the UK
Brainin was released after a few months, but Schidlof remained in the camp, where he met Nissel. Finally Schidlof and Nissel were released, and the three of them were able to study with violin pedagogue Max Rostal, who taught them free of charge. It was through Rostal that they met cellist Martin Lovett, and in 1947 they formed the Brainin Quartet, which was renamed the Amadeus Quartet in 1948.
The quartet disbanded in 1987 upon the death of Schidlof, who was regarded as irreplaceable by other members. Norbert Brainin continued to perform as a soloist, often performing with pianist Günter Ludwig.
His instruments included the "Rode" Guarnerius del Gesu of 1734, the "Chaconne" Stradivarius of 1725 and the "Gibson" Stradivarius of 1713.

Amadeus Quartet
The Amadeus Quartet was a world famous string quartet founded in 1947. First violin - Norbert Brainin, second violin - Siegmund Nissel, viola - Peter Schidlof, cello - Martin Lovett.
Violinists Norbert Brainin, Siegmund Nissel and Peter Schidlof were forced to leave Vienna for London because of their Jewish origin after Hitler's Anschluss of 1938. When World War II broke out they were sent to internment camps because they were "enemy aliens" (foreigners from a country that Britain was fighting against). The three violinists met up in camp and spent a lot of time playing music together. Soon they were set free because they were "distinguished artists" (actually they were unknown at the time). They studied with violin teacher Max Rostal, who taught them free of charge. Another student of Rostal was Suzanne Rozsa, who was married to the cellist Martin Lovett. Peter Schidlof changed to playing the viola, and they played string quartets together. In 1947 they formed the Brainin Quartet. Nissel then thought of the name "Amadeus Quartet". He thought it sounded better than calling the group by the name of the first violinist. The quartet was renamed the Amadeus Quartet in 1948 (Amadeus was one of Mozart's names).
The group gave its first performance as the Amadeus Quartet in the Wigmore Hall, London on Jan. 10, 1948. They were soon performing in concerts, festivals and masterclasses all over the world. The quartet made about 200 recordings, among them the complete quartets of Ludwig van Beethoven, Johannes Brahms, and W. A. Mozart. They also performed works by such 20th-century composers as Béla Bartók and Benjamin Britten (who wrote his third quartet especially for them).
The Amadeus was one of the most celebrated quartets of the 20th century.
They had always agreed that if one of them became ill or died, the quartet would not play with any other person. The quartet stopped playing in 1987 after the death of the violist Peter Schidlof.
Norbert Brainin died in 2005 and Siegmund Nissel in 2008.
Further reading.
'The Amadeus Forty Years in Pictures and Words' compiled by Suzanne Rozsa-Lovett available from beares1@btconnect.com
References.
Siegmund Nissel; Obituary: The Independent, 26 May 2008 p.33

Valeri Brainin
Valeri Brainin, Russian/German musicologist, music manager, composer, and poet. Born 27th of January 1948 in Nizhni Tagil, Russia, in the family of Austrian poet and translator, political emigre Boris Brainin (Sepp Österreicher), who belonged to the well-known Viennese Brainin family. He lives at the moment both in Hanover, Germany, and in Moscow.
Positions.
President (from 2004) of the Russian Federation Society for Music Education (RussSME) – National Affiliate of the International Society for Music Education (ISME), a member of UNESCO.
Head of the Laboratory of New Technologies in Music Education, Moscow State Pedagogical University.
Art Director of Classica Nova International Music Competition.
Art Director of the net of Brainin Music Schools (Brainin-Musikschulen), Germany.
He has directed seminars/master courses at conservatoires and universities in Austria, Columbia, Germany, Italy, Russia, USA, etc. In addition he offered weekly music talks on Radio Liberty from Munich and Prague, and has literary, critical and scientific musical publications in Russian, German, English, and Italian.
Music activities.
Brainin is a full Member of the International Teacher's Training Academy of Science (Moscow), and of other scientific/pedagogical societies, he studied mathematics, linguistics, musical pedagogics, music theory and composition. He has had works performed in the Bolshoi Theatre, Moscow, and taught at Moscow's Gnessin Music School for specially gifted children. The Brainin Teaching Method for ‘development of musical intelligence in children’ became a standard part of the curriculum. He is also a noted piano teacher for children. Among his former students there are some prize-winers of national and international competitions.
Literary activities.
Russian poet (also known as Valeri (Willi) Brainin-Passek), a pupil of Arseny Tarkovsky, a member (1985-1990) of Moscow Club „Poezia“ () together with Yury Arabov, Jewgenij Bunimovitch, Mikhail Epstein, Alexandr Eremenko, Sergej Gandlevskij, Nina Iskrenko, Timur Kibirov, Alexei Parshchikov, Dmitri Prigov, Lev Rubinstein, a. o.
literary magazines "Znamya" (Moscow), "Novy Mir" (Moscow), "Arion" (Moscow), "Ogonyok" (Moscow), "Grani" (Frankfurt-am-Main), "Dvadtsat dva" (Jerusalem), "Kreshchatik" (Kiev), anthologies "Verses of the Century" (Moscow, compiled by Yevgeny Yevtushenko) and "Verses of the Century-2" (Moscow).
literary magazine "Partisan Review" (Boston).

Partisan Review
"Partisan Review" was an American political and literary quarterly published from 1934 to 2003, though it suspended publication between October 1936 and December 1937. It was founded by William Phillips and Philip Rahv. It grew out of the John Reed Club as an alternative to "New Masses", the publication of the American Communist Party, but became anti-Communist after Stalin. Many of its early authors were the children of Jewish immigrants from Europe. The journal reached its peak influence from the late 1930s to the early 1960s, but then gradually lost its relevance to modern American culture. Phillips died in September 2002 at age 94. The journal continued under his wife Edith Kurzweil until April 2003.
In 1949, "Partisan Review" awarded George Orwell £357 for the year's most significant contribution to literature, "Nineteen Eighty-Four".

List of Russian language poets
Poets who wrote much of their poetry in the Russian language.

Blue Eyed Soul
Blue Eyed Soul is a term used to describe Soul and R&B music sung by white people. The term was first used in the 1960s about white artists performing music which was similar to the music being performed by Motown artists. It is sometimes called white soul

Recherswil
Recherswil is a municipality in the district Wasseramt, in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

Boston, Lincolnshire
Boston is a town and small port in Lincolnshire, on the east coast of England.

Stade
Stade is a city in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is the seat of the district which is named the same as the city. The city was founded in 994.

Stade (district)
Stade is a district ("Landkreis") in Lower Saxony, Germany. The district's seat is Stade.

Hasselt (Overijssel)
Hasselt is a town about 7 km north of Zwolle, in the Dutch province of Overijssel.

Chain letter
A chain letter is a message that tries to cause the person who gets it to make copies of the letter and then pass them on to as many people as possible. A chain letter can be a type of meme. Common ways used in chain letters include stories that make the recipient feel sorry for the person, get-rich-quick pyramid schemes, and the use of superstition to threaten the recipient with bad luck, physical violence or death if he or she "breaks the chain" and does not follow the instructions given in the letter.

Stanisław Ulam
Stanisław Marcin Ulam (April 13, 1909 – May 13, 1984) was a Polish mathematician who took part in the Manhattan project and proposed the design of Teller-Ulam of the thermonuclear weapons.
He also invented the nuclear propulsion to pulse and he developed a number of mathematical tools in the theory of numbers, set theory, ergodic theory and algebraic topology. Above all, he is known by being a coauthor (with Nicholas Metropolis) of the Monte Carlo Method.

Reichsuniversität Straßburg
The Reichsuniversität Straßburg was founded 1941 by the National Socialists in Alsace. The purpose was to create a university continuousness to Universität Straßburg that existed till the 1. World War. Also, it was important for the German invaders to propagate the „pure German knowledge“ of National Socialistic character in occupied France. The Reichsuniversität was dissolved in 1944.

Somatosensory system
The somatosensory system is a sensory system that detects experiences labelled as touch or pressure, temperature (warm or cold), pain (including itch and tickle) and those that belong to proprioception. These are the sensations of muscle movement and joint position including posture, movement, visceral (internal) senses and facial expression. Visceral senses have to do with sensory information from within the body, such as stomach aches.
Touch may be considered one of five human senses; however, when a person touches something or somebody this gives rise to various feelings: the perception of pressure (shape, softness, texture, vibration, etc.), relative temperature and sometimes pain. Thus the term "touch" is actually the combined term for several senses. In medicine, the colloquial term "touch" is usually replaced with somatic senses, to better reflect the variety of mechanisms involved.

Schandmaul
Schandmaul is a medieval folk rock band from Munich, Germany. They formed in 1998. The members right now are: Thomas Lindner, Birgit Muggenthaler, Anna Kränzlein, Martin Duckstein, Stefan Brunner, Matthias Richter

795 Fini
795 Fini is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Johann Palisa in 1914. Its provisional name was 1914 VE.

Flash (tattoo)
A flash (also known as a "tattoo flash") is a design or picture that is used in order to create a tattoo. They often come in sets like a poster (called flash sheets), and can be seen in most tattoo shops.
Tattoo flashes are often drawn for general use, rather than being a custom made piece like some personal tattoos. However, some flashes have space for personalisation, for example space for the person to include a name in their tattoo.
Tattoo flashes come in a variety of different designs, and are divided into categories such as celtic, heart, arm band tattoos e.t.c. A person wanting a tattoo made from a flash chooses which design they like best. Then the tattooist uses a stencil to draw the basic design onto the skin of the person being tattooed, and afterwards starts to make the tattoo.

Itch
Itch (Latin: pruritus) is an unpleasant sensation that leads to the desire or reflex to scratch. Itch has many similarities to pain and both are unpleasant sensory experiences but their behavioral response patterns are different. Pain creates a reflex withdrawal while itch leads to a scratch reflex. Nerve fibers for itch and pain both are in the skin, but information for them is sent centrally in two distinct systems that both use the same nerve bundle.
Historically, the sensations of itch and pain have not been considered to be independent of each other until recently where it was found that itch has several features in common with pain but has important differences.
Causes.
The feeling of itchiness can be caused by a movement of hair or the release of a chemical (histamine) from cells under the skin. Itchiness is regarded as protective, as it helps creatures remove parasites that land on their skin.
Treatment.
A variety of over-the-counter and prescription anti-itch drugs are available. Some plant products have been found to be effective anti-pruritics, others not. Non-chemical remedies include cooling, warming, soft stimulation.
Sometimes scratching relieves isolated itches, hence the existence of devices such as the back scratcher. Often, however, scratching can intensify itching and even cause further damage to the skin, dubbed the "itch-scratch-itch cycle".

Tony Hibbert
Tony Hibbert (born 20 February 1981 in Liverpool) in an English footballer. He plays for Everton F.C. in the FA Premier League.
He is a defender who plays on the right side. He is well known at Everton for his tackling but his passing and crossing has let him down on more than one occasion. He made his debut for Everton against West Ham United F.C.. In this game he won a penalty for Everton. Hibbert has been at Everton for all of his career.

Leighton Baines
Leighton Baines is an English footballer who plays for Everton in the FA Premier League and moved there from Wigan Athletic in 2007. He is a defender who plays on the left side but has not played many games because of injuries. He wears the number 3 on his Everton shirt and has also played for England in special matches for players under 21 years of age only. He has scored only one goal while playing for England and scored four times while at Wigan. He is yet to score for Everton.

Joseph Yobo
Joseph Yobo (born 6 September, 1980) is a Nigerian footballer who plays for Everton in the FA Premier League.
He is a defender who normally plays in the centre, but can play on the right of defence or in midfield.
He signed from French side Olympique Marseille in 2001 and has become a favourite at Everton ever since.
He is the Everton vice-captain and first captained Everton against Larissa in a 3-1 victory in the UEFA Cup, replacing the injured Phil Neville.
Yobo is also captain of the national Nigerian side.
When he first joined Everton he wore the number 20 on his shirt, but this changed to 4 when Alan Stubbs left for Sunderland F.C.

Joleon Lescott
Joleon Lescott is an English footballer who plays for Everton in the FA Premier League.
He is a defender who can play on the left or in the centre.
He signed for Everton in 2006 from Wolverhampton Wanderers. Since then he has become a firm favourite with the Everton fans and was called up to the England squad in 2007 by manager Steve McLaren.
When he joined Everton in 2006, Lescott wore the number 16 on his shirt, but after David Weir left for Glasgow Rangers this has changed to 5.

Mikel Arteta
Mikel Arteta is a Spanish footballer who plays for Everton F.C. in the FA Premier League. He plays soccer as a midfielder.
He first signed for Everton on loan from Spanish side Real Sociedad in 2005, but after many good performances manager David Moyes made this move permanent.
Despite being rated one of the best midfielders in English football, Arteta has never played for Spain.

Ecchi
"Ecchi" (or "Etchi", from the Japanese エッチ "etchi")comes from the Japanese word meaning "lewd", "sexy", "lascivious", or "naughty" when used as an adjective, or it can mean to have sexual intercourse when it is used as a verb or noun. The English use of this word is usually used in manga and anime and it is used when the anime or manga has sexual content, such as skimpy clothing or partial or full nudity, but does not show sexual intercourse.

John Winter
John Winter (September 8, 1967 - April 5, 2007) was a weather man for NBC's news channel WFLA-TV in Tampa, Florida.
Winter was a native of Seminole, Florida and a graduate of Seminole High School. He was a Bachelor of Arts graduate in weather at the University of Kansas. He started his job as a television weather man at KGBT-TV in Harlingen, Texas, working there for two years, before he moved near Tampa in 1994. It was here that he joined WFLA-TV. During most of his career in Tampa Bay, he was the morning meteorologist for WFLA-TV, sometimes on the evening reports. Winter held the Seal of Approval from the American Meteorological Society.
In addition to his meteorological career, he was also a co-owner of "Big U Media", an advertising firm that he co-owned with a friend and WFLA-TV colleague. He was also a member of a local charitable organization and Mardi Gras krewe, The Rough Riders, who help underprivileged and sick children by giving teddy bears at homeless shelters and in hospitals.
A major animal lover, Winter featured an animal up for adoption for each hour of the morning show during his weather segments on behalf of local animal shelters. The adoption success rate was outstanding.
Death.
On April 5, 2007, as deputies pounded on his front door responding to an anonymous call to his home in the Tealside section of Lithia, Winter shot himself and died very quickly. His death surprised co-workers and viewers. He had left the station after a newscast the night before cheerful and upbeat in mood. However, it was learned that he suffered from severe depression.

Saskia van Uylenburgh
Saskia van Uylenburgh (August 2, 1612 - June 14, 1642) was the wife of the Dutch painter Rembrandt van Rijn and the model for some of the great artist's paintings and drawings.

Ecliptic
The ecliptic is the apparent path that the Sun traces out in the sky during the year. As it appears to move in the sky in relation to the stars, the apparent path aligns with the planets throughout the course of the year. More accurately, it is the intersection of a spherical surface, the celestial sphere, with the ecliptic plane, which is the geometric plane containing the mean orbit of the Earth around the Sun. The ecliptic plane should be distinguished from the invariable ecliptic plane, which is perpendicular to the vector sum of the angular momenta of all planetary orbital planes, to which Jupiter is the main contributor. The present ecliptic plane is inclined to the invariable ecliptic plane by about 1.5°.
The name ecliptic is derived from being the place where eclipses occur.

Janggu
The janggu (jahng goo) is a traditional Korean drum. It has the shape of an hourglass. The drum has two ends. The person playing the drum can either hang it on their neck or put it on the floor. It is played with two sticks.

Kkwaenggwari
The Kkwaenggwari (kwang gah ree) is a small gong used in a Korean folk music.

Singapore Changi Airport
Singapore Changi Airport, or simply Changi Airport, is a large airport in Asia, particularly in the Southeast Asian region, and is the main airport in Singapore. It is located in Changi on a site.
The airport is operated by the Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore (CAAS) and is the home base of Singapore Airlines, Singapore Airlines Cargo, SilkAir, Tiger Airways, Jetstar Asia Airways, Valuair, and Jett8 Airlines Cargo.
In 2007, the airport handled a record 36,701,556 passengers, a 4.8% increase over the 2006 fiscal year.

Middle class
The Middle class describes people in the US who are not aristocrats nor underclass. Depending on class model used, the "middle class" may constitute anywhere from 45% to 49% of households in the United States.

No Mercy (2007)
No Mercy 2007 was a professional wrestling event available on pay-per-view made by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It was the ninth yearly No Mercy event and took place on October 7 2007 at the Allstate Arena in Rosemont, Illinois.
For the first time, there were three new WWE Championship reigns in one night, as Randy Orton was awarded the vacant title (previously held by John Cena) to start the event, only to lose it to Triple H less than a half-hour later, but in turn regain it at the end of the night in a Last Man Standing match.
The other championship matches on the undercard were Batista versus The Great Khali in a Punjabi Prison match for the World Heavyweight Championship, Candice Michelle versus Beth Phoenix for the WWE Women's Championship, and CM Punk versus Big Daddy V for the ECW Championship.
Background.
The main feud going into the event for the RAW brand was between WWE Champion John Cena and Randy Orton. The feud began in July after Orton was named the number one contender for Cena's WWE Championship. At SummerSlam, Cena won against Orton, while at Unforgiven, Orton beat Cena by disqualification. Immediately after the match, acting "RAW" General Manager Jonathan Coachman, believing that Cena got himself disqualified intentionally, made a rematch between the two at No Mercy, this time in a Last Man Standing Match. On September 17, after threatening to strip Cena of his title for his actions at Unforgiven, Coachman ordered Cena's father, Mr. Cena, to face Orton in a match. The match saw Orton hit Mr. Cena with an RKO, while John was forced to watch at ringside while handcuffed to a ring rope. The next week, Coachman said that Orton had been suspended indefinitely for his actions, although he later said that Orton had simply been given the night off. The feud resumed on October 1 when Orton, who earlier appeared "via satellite from Chicago", attacked Cena after his match with Mr. Kennedy, knocking him out with an RKO on the announce table. However, during the match, Cena was legitimately injured, suffering a complete tear of his right pectoral tendon. As a result, the match was canceled, and on the October 2 version of "ECW", WWE Chairman Vince McMahon officially stripped Cena of the WWE Championship. No replacement match was ever announced, as McMahon simply stated that "a new WWE Champion will be crowned this Sunday."
The main feud for the SmackDown! brand was between Batista, and World Heavyweight Champion The Great Khali. The feud began in July when Khali laid out an open challenge to the "SmackDown!" roster, which was answered by Batista. Shortly after, the feud began revolving around the World Championship when Khali won a twenty-man battle royal on "SmackDown!", winning the vacant title. At The Great American Bash, Khali won against Batista and Kane in a triple threat match, while at SummerSlam, Batista beat Khali by disqualification after Khali used a chair. At Unforgiven, Batista won against Khali and Rey Mysterio in a triple threat match to win the championship. Khali exercised his rematch clause for a match at No Mercy, to take place in his specialty match, the Punjabi Prison match.
The main feud for the ECW brand was between the ECW Champion, CM Punk, and Big Daddy V. The buildup began when General Manager Armando Estrada announced an "Elimination Chase to No Mercy", involving Elijah Burke, Tommy Dreamer, Kevin Thorn, and Stevie Richards. All four competitors competed in a match together, with the one losing the fall being eliminated from the chase. The rest of the wrestlers then competed again, and the process continued until one superstar was left, with the winner challenging Punk for the title at No Mercy. Over a three-week period, Richards, Thorn, and Burke were eliminated, with Dreamer winning the number one contendership, until Estrada announced that there was one more contender in the chase, Big Daddy V. V quickly won against Dreamer, winning the number one contendership.
Event.
Before the event went live on pay-per-view, a dark match between Hardcore Holly and Cody Rhodes took place, which Holly won after executing an Alabama Slam.
The event began with WWE Chairman Vince McMahon and Raw General Manager William Regal coming to the ring. McMahon reiterated that former WWE Champion John Cena would be out of action between six months and one year. He then said that the new WWE Champion was Randy Orton. After a brief celebration, Regal gave Orton the choice of facing anyone he wanted that night for the championship. Before he could name an opponent, however, Triple H came out, demanding a championship match for that moment. After suggesting that he “didn't have the guts", McMahon ordered the match to begin. Triple H won the match after a rollup, becoming an eleven-time World Champion. Orton's championship reign lasted less than thirty minutes.
The next contest was a bonus six-man tag team match, which saw Jeff Hardy, Paul London and Brian Kendrick take on Mr. Kennedy and the World Tag Team Champions Lance Cade and Trevor Murdoch, which the latter won when Kennedy hit the Green Bay Plunge on London.
Backstage, McMahon informed Triple H that his previously scheduled match against Umaga was still going to take place, and that his newly-won WWE Championship would be on the line.
Next up was lone ECW match of the evening as Chicago-native CM Punk defended his ECW Championship against Big Daddy V. The meeting was short lived as V's manager, Matt Striker, attacked Punk a couple of minutes into the match, causing a disqualification. Afterward, V attacked Punk, hitting him with several elbow drops, causing Punk to bleed from the mouth.
In a continuation of their personal rivalry, WWE Tag Team Champions Matt Hardy and Montel Vontavious Porter (MVP) came out to have a pizza-eating contest. The contest was moderated by ECW color commentator Tazz and also featured Maria and Melina as scorekeepers. Hardy won the contest two slices to none.
Up next was the second WWE Championship match of the evening as Triple H defended his newly-won title against Umaga. Triple H won the match and kept the championship after hitting Umaga with a pedigree.
"Friday Night SmackDown!" was represented in the next match as Rey Mysterio took on Finlay. The referee ended the match after Finlay snapped his head off the floor. However, while being taken away on a stretcher, Finlay jumped out and attacked Mysterio.
Backstage, Triple H was having his ribs iced down when McMahon came in to inform him that Orton was invoking his automatic rematch clause for the WWE Championship, and that the match would be taking place later that night. In addition, the match would be Last Man Standing, Orton's originally scheduled match against Cena.
The fourth championship match of the night was a rematch from Unforgiven, with Women's Champion Candice Michelle defending the title against Beth Phoenix. Phoenix pinned Michelle after a cradled suplex, winning the Women's Championship for the first time.
"SmackDown!'s" main event saw Batista defend the World Heavyweight Championship against The Great Khali in a Punjabi Prison match. While locked in the inner cage, neither competitor was able to escape through one of the four trap doors. Khali was able to escape the inner cage first. However, while climbing the outer cage, Batista, who had by this time reached the top of the inner cage, jumped to the outer cage to pull even with Khali. In a head-to-head race, Batista was able to reach the floor first, winning the match, and keeping his championship.
The main event of the evening saw a rematch from the start of the show, with Triple H defending the WWE Championship against former champion Randy Orton in a Last Man Standing match. The only way to win the match was to beat up the opponent so much that they could not answer the referee's ten-count. This was Triple H's third match of the evening, and Orton's second. In the end, Orton hit the RKO on Triple H over an announce table, and Triple H could not answer the ten-count. Orton won the WWE Championship for the second time of the night, and Triple H's eleventh world title reign lasted a little over two hours.
Aftermath.
The following night on "RAW", Shawn Michaels returned after a five-month layoff to resume his feud with Randy Orton, who originally injured him back at Judgment Day. This feud also saw the inclusion of Mr. Kennedy and Jeff Hardy, who, along with Michaels, were named to a fan ballot to find out who was Orton's opponent for the WWE Championship at Cyber Sunday. Michaels won the ballot, but failed to win the championship.
Batista resumed his feud with The Undertaker after Taker interfered in a number one contenders match between Finlay and Rey Mysterio. He was subsequently named the top contender, which brought about a Batista vs. Taker match for Cyber Sunday, with Steve Austin winning a fan poll to become the special guest referee.
Candice Michelle used her rematch clause for the WWE Women's Championship on the October 22 version of "Raw" in a Two out of three falls match. Beth Phoenix got the upperhand and the first pinfall. Candice eventually got control in the match, but lost it after a botched move from the top rope, causing her to fall on her neck, shoulder and face. As a result, Candice suffered a cracked clavicle and Phoenix retained the title.
See also.
WWE No Mercy

Reverse osmosis
Reverse osmosis is a separation process that uses pressure to force a solution through a membrane that keeps the solute on one side and lets the pure solvent to go to the other side.
Uses.
This process is best known for its use in desalination (removing the salt from sea water to get fresh water), but it has also been used to purify fresh water for medical, industrial and domestic applications since the early 1970s.

Transport Layer Security
Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol and its predecessor, Secure Sockets Layer (SSL'"), are cryptographic protocols that provide security and data integrity for communications over IP networks such as the Internet. Several versions of the protocols are common in applications such as web browsing, electronic mail, Internet faxing, instant messaging and voice-over-IP (VoIP).
Description.
The TLS protocol allows applications to communicate across a network in a way designed to prevent eavesdropping, tampering, and message forgery. TLS provides endpoint authentication and communications confidentiality over the Internet using cryptography. Most of the time, only the server is authenticated ("i.e.", its identity is ensured) while the client remains unauthenticated; this means that the end user (whether an individual or an application, such as a Web browser) can be sure with whom it is communicating. The next level of security is known as mutual authentication. Mutual authentication requires public key infrastructure (PKI) deployment to clients unless TLS-PSK or the Secure Remote Password (SRP) protocol are used, which provide strong mutual authentication without needing to deploy a PKI.
Usage.
SSL and TLS have been widely used in several open source software projects. Programmers may use the OpenSSL, NSS, or GnuTLS libraries for SSL/TLS functionality. Microsoft Windows includes a usage of SSL and TLS as part of its Secure Channel package. Delphi programmers may use a library called Indy.

Democratic-Republican Party
The Democratic-Republican Party was founded by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison in 1792. It became the dominant political party until the 1820s, when it split into competing factions, one of which became the modern-day Democratic Party. Its members spoke of the party as the Republicans, Jeffersonians, Democrats, or combinations of these (Jeffersonian republicans, etc.).
Jefferson and Madison created the party in order to oppose the economic and foreign policies of the Federalists, a party created a year or so earlier by Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton. Foreign policy issues were central; the party opposed the Jay Treaty of 1794 with Britain (then at war with France) and supported good relations with France before 1801. The party was against many of Hamilton's proposals concerning the Constitution.

Strict construction
Strict construction means a restriction of judicial interpretation. In the United States the phrase is also commonly used more loosely as a term for conservativism among the judiciary.
Strict sense of the term.
In its strict sense, strict construction requires a judge to apply the text as it is written and no further, if the meaning of the text is clear. That is, judges should avoid drawing inference from a statute or constitution.
For example, Justice Hugo Black argued that the First Amendment's injunction that "Congress shall make no law," should be construed strictly: the term "no law," Black thought, admitted virtually no exceptions.

Radio Luxembourg (band)
Radio Luxembourg are an indie/pop band from Aberystwyth, Wales. They started in 2005. Its members are Meilyr Jones, Dylan Hughes, Gwion Llewelyn and Alun Gaffey.

796 Sarita
796 Sarita is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Karl Reinmuth in 1914. Its provisional name was 1914 VH.

797 Montana
797 Montana is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Holger Thiele in 1914. Its provisional name was 1914 VR.

798 Ruth
798 Ruth is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Max Wolf in 1914. Its provisional name was 1914 VT.

Assisi
Assisi is a town in Italy, in the region of Umbria. Assisi on the western side of Mt. Subasio. It is the birthplace of St. Francis. St Francis is most famous for founding (beginning) a religious order of Friars (Brothers) called the Franciscan, in 1208. One of St Francis' followers, St. Clare was also born in Assisi and founded an order of religious women called the Poor Clares.
After St Francis, and St Clare died, churches were built in their honour. The Church of St Francis, called the Basilica of St. Francis of Assisi, is famous as his burial place, and is also famous for the fresco paintings on the walls and vaults (ceilings). Many visitors go to Assisi on pilgrimage. Many people also go there to see the artworks. Assisi is a World Heritage Site.
History.
Around 1000 BC, large groups of people settled in this area. These were the Umbrians. They lived in small fortified villages on high ground. From 450 BC the Umbrians villages were taken over by the Etruscans. Then the Romans took control of central Italy by the "Battle of Sentinum" in 295 BC. They levelled out some land in terraces (wide steps) and built a large town called "Asisium" on the side of Mount Subasio. This town became "Assisi". Some buildings still can be seen from Roman times in Assisi. They include the walls, the main piazza, and the Temple of the Goddess Minerva, which is now a church called "Santa Maria sopra Minerva".
In 238 AD all the people of Assisi became Christian, because of the teaching of Bishop Rufino. He was martyred. It is believe that his body is buried under the Cathedral Church of San Rufino in Assisi.
The Ostrogoths of king Totila destroyed most of the town in 545. Then Assisi was the ruled by the Lombards, who came from the north of Italy, and then by the Frankish rulers.
In the 11th century (1000s), Assisi became a free town. But there was constant fighting between two groups called the Ghibellines and the Guelphs. Assisi mainly supported the Ghibellines, but the nearest big town, Perugia, supported the Guelphs. During the battle of Ponte San Giovanni (St. John's Bridge), the Guelphs from Perugia managed to capture a young man from Assisi. His name was Francesco di Bernardone. It was partly because of his experiences when he was captured that young Francesco decided that he would change from being a soldier. When he returned to his father's house, he put away all his riches and became a poor, wandering preacher, telling people to turn to God and live in peace with each other. He worked with the poor and the outcast people. They had no church except a ruin. St. Francis and his friends rebuilt the tiny ruined church for the shepherds and other poor people to worship in. It is called the "Porziuncola". Francesco (Francis) founded the Order of Franciscans. He was "canonized" (made a saint) in 1228 and is known as St. Francis. He is one of the most popular saints.
A large basilica church was built on the side of the mountain, in honour of St Francis, and was beautifully decorated with scenes of his life. One of the most famous scenes shows the story of St. Francis preaching to the birds. In 1997 Assisi was hit by the two earthquakes. Part of the roof of the basilica fell in, killing four people who was standing below, and damaging the painted ceiling. Many people "made donations" (gave money) to repair the building which was reopened less than two years later.
Other landmarks.
The town has by two ancient castles. The oldest one was built by the Romans and is partly in ruins.
The larger castle is called "Rocca Maggiore". It was built by Cardinal Albornoz in 1367 and was added to by Popes Pius II and Paul III.
UNESCO has made all the main monuments, the churches and the town of Assisi as a World Heritage Site.
Culture.
Festival Calendimaggio is held from May 1st-5th. There are processions, theatre, flag-weavers and dance.
Assisi Embroidery is a type of counted-thread embroidery which has been practised in Assisi since the 13th century.
Today the town has many groups coming to enjoy the simple peace of St. Francis. One such group has restored an 11th century room and added altars to the world's religions. Pilgrims come from many countries to the Assisi East West Retreat Center in Piazza San Rufino in the spirit of St. Francis to sit and be in peace.

Federalist Party
The Federalist Party (or Federal Party) was an American political party in the period 1792 to 1816. The Federalists controlled the federal government until 1801. The party was formed by Alexander Hamilton, who, during George Washington's first term, built a network of supporters, largely urban, to support his finacial policies. These supporters grew into the Federalist Party, which wanted a fiscally sound and strong nationalistic government and was opposed by the Democratic-Republicans.
With the start of the new government under the Constitution, President George Washington appointed his former chief of staff, Alexander Hamilton, to the office of Secretary of the Treasury. Hamilton wanted a strong national government with financial credibility.
By 1790 Hamilton started building a nationwide coalition. He his network of treasury agents to link together friends of the government, especially merchants and bankers, in the new nation's dozen major cities. His attempts to manage politics in the national capital to get his plans through Congress, then, "brought strong responses across the country. In the process, what began as a capital faction soon assumed status as a national faction and then, finally, as the new Federalist party."

Maroon Berets
The Maroon Berets are an elite armed force that was created by officers from the Turkish Army. They are also called as "Bordo Bereliler". Their first mission is eliminate terrorist attacks. Other missions are sneaking enemy territory, destroying enemy vehicles and reconnaissancing.

Coalition
A coalition is an alliance, where the members work together.
Politics and government.
A coalition government, in a parliamentary system, is a government made from a coalition of parties. THis means the union of different political parties or groups for a purpose, usually for a short time.
In international relations, a coalition can be a group of nations united for a specific purpose, such as fighting a war.

International relations
International relations, is a branch of political science. It represents the study of foreign affairs and global issues among states within the international system, including the roles of states, international organizations (IGOs), non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and multinational corporations (MNCs).
United Nations.
The United Nations (UN) is an international organization that describes itself as a "global association of governments facilitating co-operation in international law, international security, economic development, and social equity"; It is the most prominent international institution. Many of the legal institutions follow the same organisational structure as the UN.
Other websites.
A list of IR schools, journals, organisations, institutes and think tanks can be found under the appropriate lists above, under "See also".

Political science
Political science is a branch of social science that is concerned with theory, description, analysis and prediction of political behavior, political systems and politics.
Overview.
Political scientists study the allocation and transfer of power in decision-making, the roles and systems of governance including governments and international organizations, political behavior and public policies. They measure the success of governance and specific policies by examining many factors, including stability, justice, material wealth, and peace.

Thnks fr th Mmrs
"Thnks fr th Mmrs" is a 2007 song by Fall Out Boy. It was released on March 27, 2007 in the United States. The title is short for "Thanks for the Memories". It was used by Network Ten in Australia to promote the 2007 AFL Finals Series.

That's What You Get
That's What You Get is a 2008 song by Paramore. It is off the album "RIOT!". Its music video was released on March 24, 2008.
It's the music video about which hayley said "You will really get to see who they are. We had a load of family and friends surround us for the video and it just felt so natural"
Also, in the video, the band plays in a room, as well as hayley outside singing to an audience and using body language

Dimensionless quantity
In dimensional analysis, a dimensionless quantity (or more precisely, a quantity with the dimensions of 1) is a quantity without any physical units and thus a pure number. Such a number is typically defined as a product or ratio of quantities which do have units, in such a way that all the units cancel out.
Example.
"out of every 10 apples I gather, 1 is rotten." -- the rotten-to-gathered ratio is (1 apple) / (10 apples) = 0.1 = 10%, which is a dimensionless quantity.

Dancing with the Stars
"Dancing with the Stars" is a television series where professional dancers are partnered with celebrities. The couples compete against each other in a dance competition and one couple is eliminated in each episode. A video game has been made based on the show.

Tartu
Tartu is the second largest city in Estonia. The oldest and most renowned university in Estonia is located there.

Infinity on High
"Infinity on High" is a 2007 album by Fall Out Boy. Five singles have been released from it. They are This Ain't a Scene, It's an Arms Race, The Carpal Tunnel of Love, Thnks fr th Mmrs, "The Take Over, the Breaks Over" and I'm Like a Lawyer with the Way I'm Always Trying to Get You off (Me & You).
Track listing.
All songs written by Fall Out Boy, except when noted.

Yellow Submarine
"Yellow Submarine" is a 1968 animated cartoon movie, based on the music of The Beatles, and was inspired by their song of the same name. It is also the title of two soundtrack albums, featuring the music used in the movie.
Song.
Beatles John Lennon and Paul McCartney wrote "Yellow Submarine" in 1966, with help from another singer, Donovan, who also performed on the Beatles's recording of it. The recording appeared on their "Revolver" album, released later the same year. It also became a single, with "Eleanor Rigby" as its flip side. Both songs became popular, but "Yellow Submarine" was especially liked by children.
Movie.
King Features Syndicate, a cartoon publisher (who were also famous for Popeye the Sailor), produced an animated series featuring the Beatles's likenesses and songs. (The band themselves were not involved in the making or writing of the series, and did not like the series very much.) The Beatles had a contract with United Artists, to make three movies for them, but had not liked the way their second movie, "Help!", had turned out. They did not want to appear in another movie. When George Dunning and Al Brodax, who directed and produced their cartoon series, asked the Beatles for permission to make a cartoon based on "Yellow Submarine", they agreed mostly because the cartoon would help them finish their movie contract.
More Beatles songs (and ideas based on their song lyrics) would be featured in the movie. Along with using songs they had already recorded, the Beatles were expected to make new music especially for the cartoon. They did not put much effort into making this music. Instead they set aside leftover songs, or songs that had not turned out as well as they had hoped, to give to the producers. In all, only four new songs were set aside for the movie. Two were written by George Harrison.
The band helped more with ideas for the movie's story, adding jokes and things they thought would make an audience laugh. Erich Segal, who later became famous for his novels "Love Story" and "Oliver's Story", helped write the screenplay for "Yellow Submarine". The Beatles's speaking voices in the movie were not their own, but were provided by actors.
The animators working on the movie did their best, to make it entertaining and interesting. George Martin, who was the Beatles's music producer, composed orchestral music to play behind the dialogue. He also worked hard, to make the music fit well with the imagery of the cartoon.
The Beatles themselves produced a television special, "Magical Mystery Tour", which was shown on British TV over the Christmas holidays in 1967. It was strange, and did not have a normal storyline. Many people who saw it did not like it, and ABC in the United States cancelled their plans to show "Magical Mystery Tour" in America. The failure of the show hurt the Beatles's reputation, even though the soundtrack still sold well. "Yellow Submarine" was scheduled to appear in cinemas during 1968, and many hopes were placed on it, to be a success.
When the Beatles saw an unfinished version of the cartoon, they were very pleased and impressed with it. They decided to appear in a live action epilogue, to finish the movie. "Yellow Submarine" made its public debut on June 6, 1968, and became an instant hit with audiences, especially with children and families. Most of the people who saw the movie did not know how little the Beatles had really been involved with making it, or even thought to ask. Many of their later memories of the Beatles were based on what they saw in "Yellow Submarine".
Even though one song, "Hey Bulldog", had been recorded specially for the movie, its sequence was edited out of the American version. The title still appeared in its credits, however.
Storyline.
Much of the movie is set in "Pepperland", an undersea country filled with happiness, music, kindness and peace. The "Blue Meanies", who hate anything that is positive, invade Pepperland, taking it over and doing their best to destroy everything that the Pepperlanders love. Old Fred, a servant of Pepperland's Lord Mayor, escapes the invasion in a yellow submarine, and seeks help.
He finds it in Liverpool, England, in the form of the Beatles, whom he brings back to Pepperland. They pass through the Sea of Time, the Sea of Holes, the Sea of Monsters, and the Sea of Green, finally reaching Pepperland. Disguised as Sergeant Pepper's Band (the official Pepperland band), they bring music back to the country, and are able to defeat the Blue Meanies. Rather than chase away or destroy the Blue Meanies, they instead invite them to the victory celebration. The Meanies change their ways, and learn to enjoy the things that make Pepperland a happy place.
Soundtrack.
The movie's soundtrack album did not appear until months after the movie was first shown. Another album, "The Beatles" (called the "White Album" by listeners, and later by the band themselves) came out first. The first half of "Yellow Submarine" featured the four new songs, the title song, and "All You Need Is Love", which played a major part in the storyline. The other half featured George Martin's orchestral score. Tape versions of the album also included "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds", between the two halves.
Some critics and fans noticed that only a few Beatles songs appeared on the album, and were disappointed. Most did not care, and bought copies to hear the music. The album became another hit for the band.
Later history.
"Yellow Submarine" was still popular years later, even after the Beatles disbanded in 1970. It appeared on television (including CBS) many times during the 1970s and 1980s, and also in small "second-run" theaters. During the 1970s, John Lennon and his wife Yoko Ono had a son together, named Sean. Sean did not know his parents were famous. One day he saw the movie on television at his babysitter's house, and came home full of questions about his father's Beatle past. Lennon told Sean that he gave up being a famous musician, so he could be a family man.
When home video came along, "Yellow Submarine" was released on videotape, and copies sold well.
Thirtieth anniversary.
In 1998, "Yellow Submarine" was remastered for a re-release, thirty years after it first appeared. Movie and recording technology had improved greatly over the years, and both the producers and Apple Corps, the Beatles's company, did not want the movie to seem old or outdated. They put much work into the remastering. The original version had been in monophonic sound. Most movie theaters now had Surround Sound, and the producers wanted to upgrade the sound if they could.
For many years the Beatles had not allowed any remixing of their music. They made an exception for "Yellow Submarine", though. Technicians went back to the original recordings, using new machines and ideas to make them sound better than ever before. John Lennon had died in 1980, but the surviving former Beatles all approved the new mixes. Ringo Starr was impressed most of all, and was pleased that parts of the music could be heard, that had never been heard before.
Along with a theatrical re-release, the remastered "Yellow Submarine" was also issued on videotape and DVD. A new soundtrack (called "songtrack") album was also issued, that included the new mixes of all the songs used in the movie. (George Martin's orchestral music was not included, but was available on the original soundtrack, which was still for sale.)

Discrete cosine transform
A discrete cosine transform is a math process that is used to make things like MP3s, and JPEGs smaller. It does this by helping to figure out what information to throw away. Information that is not as important can be thrown away. This saves space while keeping the important information. "Discrete" () means that it works on information that has been changed to binary.
One way to calculate a discrete cosine transform is to use Fourier transformation.

799 Gudula
799 Gudula is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Karl Reinmuth in 1915. Its provisional name was 1915 WO.

Donald Tusk
Donald Tusk (, born 22 April 1957, Gdańsk) is the Prime Minister of Poland (from 2007). He is also the leader of the biggest Polish political party, Platforma Obywatelska (Civic Platform).

French polish
French polishing is a way of giving a high standard of finish to wood.
The careful and skilled multiple-layering of shellac polish on properly prepared wood when completed results in a lusterous, perfectly flat shine of an exceedingly high standard. Indeed when applied correctly a french polished application can rarely be matched for sheer quality of finish.
Normally practiced by highly skilled craftsmen and women one might normally fine excellent examples of this superb finish in some of our stately homes although plenty of other examples exist. The advent of lacquered wood finishes has tended to make french polishing less needed in today's world.

Irregular bone
The irregular bones are bones that from their peculiar form, cannot be grouped as long bone, short bone, flat bone or sesamoid bone.
(1) protection of nervous tissue (such as the vertebrae protect the spinal cord),
(2) affording multiple anchor points for skeletal muscle attachment (as with the sacrum), and maintaining pharynx and trachea support, and tongue attachment (such as the hyoid bone).
The irregular bones are: the vertebræ, sacrum, coccyx, temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid, zygomatic, maxilla, mandible, palatine, inferior nasal concha, and hyoid.

Representation (politics)
In politics, representation describes how political power is given from a large group for a certain time period in the hands of a comparatively small group of its members. Representation usually refers to representative democracies, where elected officials (so-called "representatives") nominally speak for their electors in the legislature. Generally, only citizens have representation in the government in the form of voting rights.

Lag
Lag is when a computer game is slower then normal. This happens more during online gaming when the access point a player is using is far away or when other players are using slower connections such as dial-up. The slow down caused by a website getting more people on it can also be called lag.

Sortition
Sortition, also known as allotment, is a method of selection by some form of lottery. It is used to have an equal chance to be selected for those that are involved. (For instance it is done by drawing coloured pebbles from a bag.) In the democracy of Athens in Ancient Greece sortition was the main method for appointing officials. People thought it was a system that was one of the principal characteristics of democracy.
"Democracy arose from the idea that those who are equal in any respect are equal absolutely. All are alike free, therefore they claim that all are free absolutely... The next is when the democrats, on the grounds that they are all equal, claim equal participation in everything."

Round Table
The Round Table was a table used by King Arthur and his knights, in the legends about him. The Round Table was in Camelot, the castle where King Arthur and his knights lived. In the legends, they met at the table to talk about the safety of Camelot and the kingdom, and about what adventures and quests they could go on. This got them the name 'The Knights of the Round Table'.
Shape.
The shape of the table was very important. Most tables are rectangular, and have a place called the "head of the table". This is the narrow part at the top, where the leader usually sits. Because the table was round, it meant that the people who sat around it were all seen as equal.
Characters.
The table is used by King Arthur and his knights. King Arthur's wife, Guinevere, did not have a seat at the table, but King Arthur did take her advice on occasion. In some versions of the legend, the wizard who lived in Camelot, called Merlin, also had a seat at the table. He was seen by King Arthur as a good friend and adviser.
Dangerous Chair (Siege Perilous).
Some legends also note a special chair at the Round Table, called the "Siege Perilous", or 'Dangerous Chair'. Legend says that the seat could only be used by a knight who had a pure heart. A person with a pure heart was seen as someone who had committed no crimes or done any wrong. In the tale, anyone who sat in the chair but didn't have a pure heart would die instantly. It was kept free by Merlin for the person who would one day find an object called the Holy Grail. This was a magical cup that was supposed to have been the one that Jesus drank out of during the Last Supper. In the story, this person was either Sir Gallahad or Sir Perceval, depending on what version of the story is told.

This Ain't a Scene, It's an Arms Race
This Ain't A Scene, It's an Arms Race is a 2007 single by Fall Out Boy, from the album "Infinity on High". The song has reached number 1 in New Zealand, United States of America and Croatia.
Video Clip.
The video clip starts off with the band finishing performing Dance, Dance. They then walk off the stage, and one person starts playing This Ain't a Scene, It's an Arms Race on their mobile phone MP3 player. They then start performing the song in a recording studio. From the second verse, the band all do separate things.

The Carpal Tunnel of Love
The Carpal Tunnel of Love is a 2007 single by Fall Out Boy. It was released in the United States on February 5, 2007, on the iTunes Store, and was not put out on a CD. The music video contains people from the T.V Show Happy Tree Friends.

The Take Over, the Breaks Over
"The Take Over, The Breaks Over" (the quotes are a part of the name) is a 2007 song by the band Fall Out Boy. it was released in 2007 on their album "Infinity on High".
Music Video.
The clip focuses on Pete Wenz's dog, Hemmingway. The clip, which was made in black and white, shows Hemmingway in a dream.

Doge
Doge (plural dogi or doges) is a word of an Italian dialect that comes from the Latin "dux" (as does the English "duke" and the standard Italian "duce"), that means "leader", especially in a military context.
The title of Doge was used for the elected chief of state in a number of Italian "crowned republics". The two best known such republics were Venice and Genoa, which had both maritime, commercial, and territorial mini-empires.

Valverde Province
Valverde is a province of the Dominican Republic. It is located in the northwestern part of the country. Its capital city is Mao.
It was created on 1959. It was a municipality of the Santiago province before being elevated to the category of province.
Location.
The Valverde province is in the northwest part of the Cibao Valley. It is bordered to the north and the west by the Puerto Plata province, to the east and south by the Santiago province, to the southwest by the Santiago Rodríguez province and to the west by Monte Cristi.
Origin of name.
The province was named Valverde after José Desiderio Valverde, an officer of the Dominican army when the Dominican-Haitian War. Later, he was President of the Dominican Republic for one year (July 1857 - August 1858). He was from Santiago de los Caballeros.
History.
Very few people lived in the lands of the Valverde province because it is very dry; there were only some people raising cattle in large ranches. The Spanish word for those ranches was "Hato" and there are many places in the province with the word "Hato" in their names (Hato del Yaque, Hato Nuevo, Hato Viejo, Hato del Medio) or "Hatico" (small "Hato").
The road from the border with Haiti to Santiago de los Caballeros, the second most important city of the country, went across this region and during the Dominican-Haitian War (1844-1856), Haitian armies came across this region and people did not want to live here.
Since the Dominican Independence, the territory was part of the Santiago province. It was made a province in 1959 with lands of the Santiago and the Monte Cristi provinces.
In 1918, a Belgian engineer, Luis L. Bogaert ("Monsieur Bogaert"), built a canal to take water from the river to the fields and he began to grow rice. That was an important change in the province and now Valverde is a province where rice is an important product.
Municipalities.
The Valverde province has a total area of 823.38 km². It is a small province with only 1.7% of the area of the Dominican Republic and it is ranked as the 28th (out of 31 plus the National District) largest province.
There are three municipalities and ten municipal districts in the province.
Population.
In 2002 (last national census), there were 158,293 people living in the Valverde province, and 114,153 (72.1%) living in towns and cities. The population density was 192.2 persons/km².
Geography.
Most of the province is in a valley along the Yaque del Norte and Mao rivers.
The province is separated from the Puerto Plata province by the "Cordillera Septentrional" mountain range. The highest mountain of the province is in this range: "Loma Jicomé", also called "El Murazo"; it is 1,083 m high.
South of the city of Mao are the "Sierra Samba" (a chain of low hills) and part of the "Cordillera Central" mountain range. The highest mountains of the island are in the Cordillera Central but in the Valverde province there are only low mountains.
There are several important rivers that flow through the territory of the province. The most important river is the Yaque del Norte, that flows from east to west; the other rivers are all tributaries of Yaque del Norte. Other important rivers are Mao and Ámina that come from the Cordillera Central; those rivers that flow from the Cordillera Septentrional are very short and do not have much water.
Economy.
The main economic activity of the province is farming and the main products are banana, plantain, rice and vegetables. Cattle is alto important in the province, mainly in the southern part of it.
Sugar cane was grown around the city Esperanza where there was a sugar factory. But the factory closed and sugar cane is not grown any more. Now there are some cloth factories in Esperanza.

800 Kressmannia
800 Kressmannia is an S-type asteroid in the Flora family in the Main Belt. Its rotation period is 4.464 hours. It was found by Max Wolf in 1915. Its provisional name was 1915 WP.

Serket
Serket was an ancient Egyptian goddess. She was shown as a scorpion. She would sting "bad" people, but she could also cure scorpion stings and other poisons, such as snake bites. Because Serket could cure snake bites, she was sometimes known as the protector from Apep, the evil snake-god.
She was shown in art as a scorpion or as a woman with a scorpion on her head. Serket did not have any temples, but she had many priests.
Many people in ancient Egypt who were bitten by poisonous animals died from the poison. Because of this, Serket was also known as a protector of the dead. She was associated with fluids that cause stiffening during embalming. This caused her to become known as a protector of embalmers' tents and of the canopic jar for the intestine ("Qebehsenuf"). The intestine's canopic jar was the one associated with poisons.
Because she was a protector of canopic jars, Serket was associated with Aset (Isis), and Nebet Het (Nephthys) and Neith. Later, Serket began to be known as Isis. Serket came to be known as a part of Isis, instead of a separate goddess.

Tempera
Tempera (sometimes known as "egg tempera") is a type of artist's paint. It was the main medium used for panel painting and illuminated manuscripts in the Byzantine world and the Middle Ages in Europe, until it was replaced by oil painting as the most popular medium for large paintings. It is still used for Orthodox icons. Some modern painters use tempera.
In modern times, some manufacturers call ordinary poster paint by the name of "tempera". Poster paint is not really tempera. It is a different type of paint called gouache.
Painting with tempera.
Egg yolk (the yellow part of the egg) dries and sticks very firmly. It is used to mix and set the paints in a tempera painting. The colours are ground up into dry powders that must be mixed by the artist. In earlier times, some of the paints were very poisonous and the artist had to be careful not to breath in the powdered paint. The paints are generally mixed with equal parts of egg yolk and water. If there is too much egg, the paint is gooey. If there is too much water, it is runny. Neither of these things are good. Some artists like to mix some of the egg white as well, for a different effect. Sometimes some oil is added. In ancient times other things were added which might include honey, milk and plant gums.
The painting must be done over a "ground" that has already been prepared. The "ground" is smooth flat paint on a strong board that doesn't bend. The paint must be put on in thin layers with tiny brush strokes that dry very quickly. Because the paint is transparent the artists use a special technique. They often paint the shadows on the figure before they paint the skin colour and colour of the clothing over the top.
When the painting is finished, it is not very brightly coloured, until it has been varnished. This makes the colours bright and shiny. The good thing about tempera painting is that the colours do not change over the years, whereas oil paintings change, get darker and go more yellow. Tempera paintings can last well for at least two thousand years. Because tempera paintings take a long time to do, many of them are small. Sometimes artists painted large altarpieces in tempera. One of the biggest tempera paintings is Duccio's picture of the Madonna and Child in the Uffizi Gallery. It is about 15 feet high. Another very famous large tempera painting is Botticelli's "Birth of Venus" which is also in the Uffizi. (see picture above)
History.
Some of the oldest paintings in tempera are funeral portraits of dead people done is Egypt during the time of Ancient Rome. Tempera continued to be used for Christian religious paintings. It was the medium for Greek icons and was used in Italy and many other countries until oil painting came into use, in about 1500. Most of the famous Italian Renaissance painters used tempera. This includes Duccio, Giotto, Fra Angelico, Botticelli and Michelangelo. In Northern Europe they used oil paint. This started to become popular in Italy in the 1570s. Leonardo painted the "Mona Lisa" in oil paint. Nowadays, although oil paint and vinyl paint are much more common, some artists paint in tempera. One of the most famous tempera painters of the 20th century is Andrew Wyeth.

Decision-making
Decision making is the mental process that leads to the selection of an action among several alternatives. Every decision making process produces a final choice. The output can be an action or an opinion.

Trichotillomania
Trichotillomania (TTM), or "trich" as it is commonly known, is a disorder causing a person to take out hair from anywhere on the body, sometimes ending in notable areas without hair. Trichotillomania is listed in the "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders" as an "impulse control disorder", but there are questions about how it should be listed. At different times, it may seem to be a habit, an addiction, a tic disorder, or an obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Terror
Terror is a state of fear, an overwhelming sense of imminent danger.

Reign of Terror
The Reign of Terror (5 September 1793 – 28 July 1794) or simply The Terror (French: "la Terreur") was a period of about 11 months during the French Revolution. During this time, French people who did not support the revolution were executed at the guillotine.
The Reign of Terror started on 5 September, 1793. The violence happened more and more often in June and July of 1794, a period called "la Grande Terreur" (The Great Terror), which ended 27 July 1794, when several imporant leaders of the Reign of Terror were executed, including Saint-Just and Robespierre. The Terror took the lives of between 18,500 to 40,000 people.
After the Reign of Terror, Napoleon Bonaparte rose to be be the emperor of France.

Political faction
A political faction is a grouping of individuals, especially within a political organisation, such as a political party, a trade union, or other group with a political purpose.
It may also be called a power bloc, or a voting bloc.
The individuals within a faction are united in a common goal for the organisation they are a part of. They stick together to achieve this goal and improve their position within the organisation.
A political faction could be described as a “party within a party”. But political factions are not limited to political parties; they can form within any group that has some sort of political aim or purpose.

French Constitution of 1791
The French Constitution of 1791 was the very first written Constitution of France. It was an important result of the French Revolution and adopted the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen as its introduction.
This Constitution meant the creation of a French constitutional monarchy. The main controversy was the level of power to be granted to the King of France in such a system.
After very long negotiations, the long expected first Constitution was brought in September of 1791.
The principle of Separation of powers was the basis for the Constitution: The National Assembly was the legislative body, the King and the Ministers made up the executive branch and the judicial branch was independent from the other two.
The constitution attempted to establish a liberal bourgeois constitutional monarchy, but this did not work out. On 10 August 1792 the monarchy of France ended.

The Knights of the Round Table
The Knights of the Round Table were characters in the legends about King Arthur. They were the best knights in King Arthur's kingdom, and lived in King Arthur's castle, Camelot. They were called the Knights of the "Round Table" because of a special table in Camelot, that was round instead of rectangular. This meant that everyone who sat around it was seen as equal.
"(see Round table.)"
Code of Chivalry.
In order to become a Knight of the Round Table, a knight had to prove he was chivalrous (polite) enough. In the legend, the knights swore a Code of Chivalry, which is much like an oath is today. This meant that they promised to uphold the rules given to them once they became a Knight of the Round Table.
Other Knights.
This is a list of other knights mentioned as being Knights of the Round Table.

Executive (government)
In political science and constitutional law, the executive is the branch of government that is responsible for the day-to-day management of the state.
In many countries, one simply speaks of the "government", but this usage can be confusing in an international context. The executive branch contains the head of government, who is the head of this branch. Under the doctrine of the separation of powers, the executive is not supposed to make laws (role of the legislature), nor to interpret them (role of the judiciary), their purpose is to enforce them: in practice, this separation is rarely absolute. The executive is identified by the head of Government. In a presidential system, this person (the President) may also
be the head of State, where as in a parliamentary system he or she is usually the leader of the largest party in the legislature and is most commonly termed the Prime Minister (Taoiseach in the
Republic of Ireland, (Federal) Chancellor in Germany and Austria). In France, executive power is shared between the President and the Prime Minister and this system has been reproduced in a number of former French colonies. Switzerland and Bosnia and Herzegovina have similar
collegiate systems for the role of head of state and Government. The Head of Government is assisted by a number of ministers, who usually have responsibilities for particular areas (e.g. health, education, foreign affairs), and by a large number of government employees or civil servants.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC'") is a group of scientists chosen by governments and other large groups from around the world who study the chance that humans may make the Earth heat up unnaturally. The group was established in 1988 by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), two organizations of the United Nations.
The IPCC won half of the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize with former Vice President of the United States Al Gore who won the other half for working on the same problems.
A lot of IPCC work is publishing reports about the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), an international agreement that human inventions and chemistry may make the Earth too warm to live on. The UNFCCC was the beginning of the Kyoto Protocol. Members of the IPCC read, write, and calculate as much as they can. Only member states of the WMO and UNEP may be members of IPCC.
A lot of professors trust the IPCC work.
IPCC Reports.
The first IPCC report was published in 1990. More was added to that report in 1992. The second report was published in 1995, the third was published in 2001, and a fourth in 2007. Each report is in three books called Working Groups 1, 2 and 3. Most times "the IPCC report" means the Working Group I report, which is about basic climate change.
IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: Climate Change 2007.
The Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) was completed in early 2007. Like earlier IPCC reports, it contains four reports, three of them from its working groups.
Working Group 1 was about the "Physical Science Basis of Climate Change."
The Summary for Policymakers for the Working Group 2 report was published on April 6, 2007.
The Summary for Policymakers for the Working Group 3 report was published on May 4, 2007.
IPCC Third Assessment Report: Climate Change 2001.
The estimate for the climate sensitivity was 1.5 to 4.5 °C; and the average temperature was predicted to increase by 1.4 to 5.8 Celsius degrees between 1990 and 2100, and the sea level was predicted to rise between 0.1 and 0.9 meters. The range of predictions is based on different levels of human carbon dioxide production. Each perdiction has different possible outcomes.
IPCC used the best predictions and their reports were watched by important scientists.
The IPCC believed they needed better predictions and better understanding of climate.
Some scientists claim the IPCC do not know enough about greenhouse gases to make good predictions.
Changing scientists reports.
MIT professor Richard Lindzen, who works for the IPCC Working Group 1, claims some of the IPCC reports are wrong. He told the U.S. Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation that he was unhappy about the Executive Summary based on his work in May 2001. He said that he told the IPCC they were making mistakes and the Working Group 1 report said that meant they were "making improvements".
The summary does not reflect the full document... For example, I worked on Chapter 7, Physical Processes. This chapter dealt with the nature of the basic processes which determine the response of climate, and found numerous problems with model treatments – including those of clouds and water vapor. The chapter was summarized with the following sentence: 'Understanding of climate processes and their incorporation in climate models have improved, including water vapor, sea-ice dynamics, and ocean heat transport.'
Changing what the scientists say.
Three scientists involved in climate research believe that the IPCC reports do not accurately summarize the state of knowledge.
On December 20, 1995, Reuters news agency claimed a British scientist Keith Shine, one of IPCC's most important authors, talking about the Policymakers' Summary, said: "We produce a draft, and then the policymakers go through it line by line and change the way it is presented... It's peculiar that they have the final say in what goes into a scientists' report". Keith Shine did not say what diffenrences the changes make.
Physicist Frederick Seitz, the President Emeritus of Rockefeller University, said the IPCC report was not good, writing "I have never witnessed a more disturbing corruption of the peer-review process than the events that led to this IPCC report". He opposed it in the Leipzig Declaration of S. Fred Singer's Science and Environmental Policy Project.
Professor Seitzs comments were opposed by the presidents of the American Meteorological Society and University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, who wrote about an effort by some people make it seem that humans had not changed the climate..
Economic report.
The Second Assessment Report was the only one with a chapter on the economic effect of climate change. This part of the report was thought to be unfair because the value of life in poorer countries was less.
IPCC Supplementary Report: 1992.
The 1992 supplementary report was an update of the 1990 report, requested for the Framework Convention on Climate Change at the Earth Summit (United Nations Conference on Environment and Development) in Rio de Janeiro in 1992.
It did not make any important changes to the 1990 report. It claimed the prediction methods in the First Assesment Report, were now improved, but did not include aerosol or ozone changes.
IPCC First Assessment Report: 1990.
The IPCC first assessment report was completed in 1990, and used to make the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
IPCC structure.
The Chairperson of the IPCC is Rajendra K. Pachauri, elected in May 2002; before that Robert Watson headed the IPCC. The chairperson is helped by an elected Bureau including vice-chairpersons, Working Group co-chairpersons and a Secretariat (see below).
The IPCC Panel is made of people from governments and other groups. Scientific experts are prefered. Meetings of the IPCC and IPCC Working Groups are held by members of governments. Non-Governmental and Intergovernmental Organizations may be allowed to attend as observers. Meetings of the IPCC Bureau, workshops, experts and lead authors are by invitation only. 350 government officials and climate change experts visited the 2003 meeting. The meeting report says there were 322 persons in attendance at meetings with about seven-eighths of visitors being from governments.
Major groups.
The IPCC receives funding from UNEP, WMO, and its own Trust Fund which gets money from governments.
Contributors.
People from over 130 countries contributed to the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report over 6 years. These people included more than 2500 scientific expert reviewers, more than 800 contributing authors, and more than 450 lead authors.
The Working Group 1 report of 2007 (including the summary for policy makers) included contributions by 600 authors from 40 countries, over 620 expert reviewers, a large number of government reviewers, and representatives from 113 governments.
Activities.
The IPCC activities are controlled by the WMO Executive Council and UNEP Governing Council to support the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change.
In April 2006, the IPCC released the "IPCC Fourth Assessment Report" or AR4. Reports of the workshops held so far are available at the IPCC website.
The AR4 Synthesis Report (SYR) was finalized in November 2007. Documentation on the meetings for the AR4 are available, the outlines for the Working Group 1 report and a provisional author list.
The IPCC also supports other activities, such as the Data Distribution Centre and the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme. This involves estimating greenhouse gas based on the levels of fuel used, industrial production and so on.
The IPCC also answers questions from the UNFCCC Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA).
Preparation of the reports.
The IPCC reports are a collection of peer reviewed and published science. Each IPCC report explains improvements to the previous report and also explains where more research is needed.
Review comments are open to the public for at least five years.
The Panel controls what the IPCC agrees on to meet standards. The Panel's "approval" process has been criticized for changing what the experts put in the Reports.
Authors.
Each chapter has a lot of authors who are responsible for writing and editing the material. A chapter usually has two "Coordinating" Lead Authors who control what words go in their chapter, ten to fifteen Lead Authors, and a larger number of Contributing Authors. The Lead Authors put together the work of the other authors and report to the Working Group chairs. Lead Authors write sections of chapters. Contributing Authors prepare text, graphs and data.
Authors are chosen from a list of researchers prepared by governments, other important groups, the Working Group/Task Force Bureaux, and other experts (, 4.2.1,2). The group of Coordinating Lead Authors and Lead Authors for a section or chapter of a Report is expected to have many different views and to have people from different parts of the world.
Nobel Peace Prize 2007.
In December 2007, the IPCC was awarded the The Nobel Peace Prize 2007 "for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change." The award is shared with Former U.S. Vice-President Al Gore for his work on climate change and the documentary "An Inconvenient Truth".
Christopher Landsea resignation.
In January 2005 Christopher Landsea resigned from work on the IPCC AR4, saying that it was "both being motivated by pre-conceived agendas and being scientifically unsound" because of Kevin Trenberth's idea that global warming was contributing to recent hurricane activity. Roger A. Pielke who published Landsea's letter writes: "How anyone can deny that political factors were everpresent in the negotiations isn't paying attention", but says that "Despite the pressures, on tropical cyclones they figured out a way to maintain consistency with the actual balance of opinion(s) in the community of relevant experts." He continues "So there might be a human contribution (and presumably this is just to the observed upwards trends observed in some basins, and not to downward trends observed in others, but this is unclear) but the human contribution itself has not been quantitatively assessed, yet the experts, using their judgment, expect it to be there. In plain English this is what is called a 'hypothesis' and not a 'conclusion.' And it is a fair representation of the issue."
"Hockey stick" graph.
The IPCC Third Assessment Report showed a graph labeled "Millennial Northern Hemisphere temperature reconstruction" from a paper by Mann, Bradley and Hughes (MBH98) often called the "Hockey Stick Graph". This graph was different to the IPCC First assessment report which showed global temperature for the past 1000 years, and higher temperatures during the Medieval Warm Period. The graph was thought to show that temperatures between 1000 and 1900 were very different. This was criticized in an article by Stephen McIntyre and Ross McKitrick. In a 2006 letter to "Nature", Bradley, Hughes and Mann claimed the original article had said that they could not be exact.
Risks.
Some critics say the IPCC reports underestimate dangers, understate risks, and report only the lowest risks.
On February 1 2007, the night before publication of IPCCs report on climate, a study was published saying that temperatures and sea levels have been rising at or above the speed the IPCC reported in 2001. The study compared IPCC 2001 predictions of temperature and sea level change with what actually happened. Over the six years, the actual temperature rise was near the top end of the range given by IPCC's 2001 prediction and the actual rise was more than the top of the range the IPCC predicted.
An example of scientific research which has indicated that predictions by the IPCC have uderstated risks is a study on rises in sea levels.
Political influence on the IPCC has been shown by the release of a memo by ExxonMobil to the Bush administration, and its effects on the IPCCs leadership. The Bush administration, at the request of ExxonMobil, wanted rid of Robert Watson, a climate scientist and IPCC chairperson, and to have him replaced by Pachauri, who was seen at the time as more friendly to industry.
IPCC process.
"We have some concerns about the objectivity of the IPCC process, with some of its emissions scenarios and summary documentation apparently influenced by political considerations. There are significant doubts about some aspects of the IPCCs emissions scenario exercise, in particular, the high emissions scenarios. The Government should press the IPCC to change their approach. There are some positive aspects to global warming and these appear to have been played down in the IPCC reports; the Government should press the IPCC to reflect in a more balanced way the costs and benefits of climate change. The Government should press the IPCC for better estimates of the monetary costs of global warming damage and for explicit monetary comparisons between the costs of measures to control warming and their benefits. Since warming will continue, regardless of action now, due to the lengthy time lags.

Zimmermann Telegram
The Zimmermann Telegram (also called the Zimmermann Note) was a telegram sent to Mexico from Germany on January 16, 1917. it is named for the German man who sent it, Arthur Zimmermann. Zimmermann sent it to the German ambassador in the United States, Johann von Bernstorff. Bernstorff then sent it to the German ambassador in Mexico, Heinrich von Eckardt.
The telegram told the Mexicans to join the war on the Germans' side in the Central Powers. Germany promised to give Mexico back all the land the United States had taken from Mexico if they helped the Germans win the war.
The telegram was intercepted by the British, and they released it to the public. After this, the U.S. decided to declare war on Germany with the Allies.

Battle of Stalingrad
The Battle of Stalingrad is a name used by most people in English sources for several large battles by Germany and its friends and Soviet forces conducted with the purpose of owning the city of "Stalingrad", which took place between 17 July 1942 and February 2 1943, during the Second World War. Because of its good location leading to the Caucasus and its name, Adolf Hitler sent a lot of people to fight in this Russian city. 1.6 million casualties were reported in battle in total, with more Russian deaths, but it was a good moral victory for the Russians. After the battle, the city was all blown up.
Stalingrad was known as "Tsaritsyn" until 1925 and as "Volgograd" since 1961.

World War I reparations
World War I reparations means the payments and transfers of property and equipment that Germany was forced to make following its defeat during World War I.
Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles (the 'war guilt' clause) declared Germany and its allies responsible for all 'loss and damage' suffered by the Allies during the war and provided the basis for reparations.
In January 1921, the total sum due was decided by an Inter-Allied Reparations Commission and was set at 269 billion gold marks (2,790 gold marks equalled 1 kilogram of pure gold), about £23.6 Billion, about $32 billion (roughly equivalent to $393.6 Billion US Dollars as of 2005). This was a sum that many economists deemed to be excessive because it would have taken Germany until 1984 to pay. Later that year, the amount was reduced to 132 billion marks, which still seemed astronomical to most German observers, both because of the amount itself as well as the terms which would have required Germany to pay until 1984.
Evolution of Reparations.
The 1924 Dawes Plan modified Germany's reparation payments. In May 1929, the Young Plan reduced further payments to 112 billion Gold Marks, US $28,350,000,000 over a period of 59 years (1988). In addition, the Young Plan divided the annual payment, set at two billion Gold Marks, US$473 million, into two components, one unconditional part equal to one third of the sum and a postponable part for the remaining two-thirds.
Because of the Great Depression there was an attempt to reach a moratorium. It failed, but
in the Lausanne Conference of 1932 it was decided to cancel reparations. By this time Germany had paid one eighth of the sum required under the Treaty of Versailles. But that became irrelevant upon Hitler's rise to power.

Richard III (play)
"Richard III" is a history play written by William Shakespeare. It is one of Shakespeare's most famous and popular plays. Shakespeare probably wrote "Richard III" around the year 1593. The play was first printed in a book in 1597.
Like other history plays written by Shakespeare, "Richard III" is about people and events from earlier in English history. The real Richard III was king of England from 1483 to 1485. Shakespeare used the history books of his own time to create his play, though many modern experts do not think those those early histories, or Shakespeare's play, are accurate and free of bias.
"Richard III" is different from many plays, because its leading character is a villain, not a hero. In his play, Shakespeare shows the king as a cruel tyrant who does many evil acts, before he is defeated in battle and killed by Henry Tudor. Tudor then becomes Henry VII of England, the next English king and the first of the Tudor dynasty.
Shakespeare lived and wrote before modern ideas of freedom of speech and freedom of the press had become accepted. The English government of Shakespeare's day practiced censorship of books and plays. Elizabeth I of England, who has queen from 1558 to 1603, was the granddaughter of Henry VII and the last Tudor ruler. Her government saw Richard III as a villain and the man who replaced him, Henry VII, as a hero, and censored any other point of view. If Shakespeare had wanted to write a play with Richard III as a hero, he would not have been allowed to do so.
A famous movie version of "Richard III" was made in 1955. Laurence Olivier directed the movie and played the leading role. Other film and television versions, and many modern stage productions, have also been done.

Lojban
Lojban is an Engineered language that some people speak. It is an unusual language because there is no country where everyone speaks Lojban. People from all countries learn and speak Lojban only if they want to. A person who speaks lojban is called a lojbanist. It was first made up by a man called James Cooke Brown in 1955, but the Lojban that people speak now is from a book written by a man called John Cowan in 1997.
Lojban is a language that was made after looking at how people speak. It works with how people think to, to try to make a language that makes it easy to understand what people say.
Lojban came from the language "Loglan", another engineered language.
Examples.
"mi'e" is used when you are saying your real name. Because there is no country where everyone speaks Lojban, nobody is born with a name in lojban. But, some Lojbanists make up lojban names for themselves that they use. Because they know most other people do not speak lojban, they usually keep their real name as well, and only use their lojban name when speaking to other lojbanists. If someone is telling you their lojban name, they usually say "mi'o mi'e" (sounds like "miho mihay"), which means "Only for us, my name is..".
"go'i" means "yes, I agree with you". Sometimes in English, the word yes is used to mean other things. For example, you might say "Yes" (or "OK" or "uh-huh") to tell someone that you heard what they are saying. In Lojban you do not say "go'i" for this; instead you say "je'e" (sounds like "jayhay"). This is part of the idea of lojban: to make words easier to understand by making sure that one word can only mean one thing.

Annulment
Annulment is a method in the Roman Catholic Church of undoing a marriage, similar to divorce. However, the difference is that an annulment says that the marriage never really happened

Osroene
Osroene (also spelled Osrohene, Osrhoene, from the Greek; Syriac:ܡܠܟܘܬܐ ܕܒܝܬ ܥܣܪܐ ܥܝܢܐ '), also known by the name of its capital city, Edessa (modern Şanlıurfa, Turkey), was a historic kingdom located on the present-day border of Syria and Turkey. The kingdom was Assyrian and enjoyed semi-autonomy to complete independence from the years of 132 BCE to 244 AD.
It was a Syriac speaking kingdom, and according to an ancient legend King Abgar V of Edessa was converted to Christianity by Thaddeus of Edessa, or Saint Addai, one of the Seventy-two Disciples. By 201 AD or earlier, under King Abgar the Great, Osroene became the first Christian state.

BRIT Awards
The BRIT Awards (often called just the Brits), are awards given yearly by the British Phonographic Industry (an association of British people who are professionally involved in the recorded music industry) for outstanding work in music.
Most successful acts.
There have been many musicians that have won more than one award. The table below shows those that have won more than four awards.

Sound of the Underground
"Sound of the Underground" was a 2003 album by Girls Aloud. It was their first album. It was released in May 2003.
Songs on the album.
The album was released again in December 2003. It had other songs too.

What Will the Neighbours Say?
"What Will The Neighbours Say?" was a 2004 album by Girls Aloud. It was their second album.

Chemistry (album)
"Chemistry" was a 2005 album by Girls Aloud. It was their third album.

The Sound of Girls Aloud
"The Sound of Girls Aloud" was a 2006 album by Girls Aloud that featured all of their most popular songs so far. It was their fourth album.

Tangled Up
"Tangled Up" was a 2007 album by Girls Aloud. It was their fifth album.

Oil painting
Oil painting is a way of painting pictures with "pigments" (colours) that are held together by the medium of oil. The most usual type of oil that is used in paint is linseed oil. A picture that is painted using oil paint is called an "oil painting". Oil paint takes a long time to dry. Artists find this useful because they can keep working on the painting for a long time. People say that Leonardo da Vinci worked on his painting of the Mona Lisa for four years, even though it is not a very big picture. Oils paints, and oil paintings are often just called "oils" for short. If someone talks about "painting in oils" they mean that the painting is done in oil paints.
History.
No-one knows when oil paint was first used. Caves in Afghanistan are decorated with ancient paintings in paint mixed with oils.
It is believed that this type of paint was used in other countries of Asia as well..
It is believed that oil paint was used in Europe in the Middle Ages at first for decorating shields, because oil paint lasted better than the traditional paint of tempera when it was in the weather, or if it was roughly treated. In 1125 a writer called Theophilus (whose real name might have been Roger of Helmarshausen) gives instructions for how to make oil paint in his book called "On Diverse Arts".
The Renaissance art historian, Giorgio Vasari, said that the art of oil painting came from Northern Europe and the person who invented it was the famous Flemish painter Jan van Eyck. Artists from the areas of modern Belgium and the Netherlands were the first artists to make oil painting their usual method of painting. This trend spread to other parts of Northern Europe. A famous painting called the "Portinari Altarpiece" by Hugo van der Goes arrived in Florence in the 1470s at a time when Leonardo da Vinci was young. Oil paintings at this date were usually done on wooden panels, in the way that tempera pictures were.
Another influence on oil painting in Italy was an artist from Sicily called Antonello da Messina, who had learnt to paint in oils. He travelled the length of Italy, from Sicily to Venice and did many small paintings including potraits and pictures of the Madonna and Child and Jesus. He influenced many artists, particularly in Venice. Giovanni Bellini, who was one of a family of well-known painters, was one of the first painters in Italy to paint very large pictures in oil paint. Artists from other parts of Italy visited Venice and soon the new method of painting spread.
By 1540, there were very few painters who still worked in tempera, the previous method for painting on panels. In Italy, many artists continued to decorate walls and ceiling with fresco. However, it was discovered that oil paint, unlike tempera was flexible (it could bend). This meant that it could be used on flexible surfaces like cloth without breaking away and falling off. Once painting on canvas (heavy linen cloth) became usual, artists were able to do enormous pictures. It the painting was too big to fit through a doorway, the artist could just roll it up.
Since the 1500s, oil painting has remained the favourite technique for artists who want to paint a picture that will last for a long time. The gallery below shows works by some of the most famous artists who have worked in oil paint. The famous artists of the 20th century are not shown here, because their works are copyright. Famous Modern artists who have painted in oils include Picasso, Matisse, Mondrian, Chagall, Kandinsky, Salvador Dali, Francis Bacon, Lucien Freud, Jackson Pollock and Brett Whiteley.
Technical information.
Linseed oil, which is the main type of oil used for oil painting, comes from the flax seed. Flax has been an important crop for thousands of years, because linen cloth is made from it. This means that the oil for painting and the cloth for painting on both come from the same plant. To get different effects, artists would use mixtures of different oils. These include pine resin, frankincense, poppy seed oil, walnut oil, and in more modern times safflower oil.
Artists use turpentine or mineral spirits to thin the paint if they wanted to make a fast-drying sketch that they can then paint over in more detail. The oil paint on the artist's brushes is cleaned out with turpentine after use. Modern chemists have made oil paints that can be used with water. This makes the clean-up job at the end of painting much easier and less smelly. Oil paint is usually dry to the touch in a day to two weeks, depending on how much oil and turpentine is in it. An oil painting is generally varnished when it is finished, which gives a slight shine to the surface and protects it. A painting should dry for several months before it is varnished. An oil painting is not completely dry until it is 60 to 80 years old. Varnishing used to be considered an important part of finishing a painting. Many modern artists don't varnish their pictures at all.
Linen canvas is the traditional surface for an oil painting. Cotton canvas can also be used, and is cheaper. The canvas must be stretched tightly over a frame called a "stretcher" and fixed into place with little tacks or staples. Then it must be treated with a sort of glue called "size". This is often made from boiled rabbit skins. Some artists like to paint on board rather than canvas.
Painting an oil painting.
Before an artist can paint on a board or canvas, they must prepare it with a "ground" or "undercoat" of plain white paint. Then the artist can sketch a picture onto the surface using charcoal, or paint that is made thin and quick-drying with turpentine or mineral spirits. The artist often works in a brownish or bluish colour, to suggest where the "tone" (light and dark) will be in the finished painting. Then the colours and details are put on in layers.
The good thing about oil paint is that it can be used in all sorts of ways that most other types of paint cannot be used.
Because oil paint can be used in so many different ways, it is better than any other type of paint for painting different textures.
The first European artists to use oils liked to make the surface very smooth. By the middle of the 1500s, some artists like Tintoretto were painting in a much streakier way. Rembrandt, in the 1600s, used the oil paint in all sorts of ways to get different effects. He used every technique that is described in the list above. After Rembrandt, there were always some artists who liked to work in a smooth way, and others who used many different ways of putting on the paint. This has continued through to Modern times.

John Law (economist)
John Law ("bap." 21 April 1671 - 21 March 1729) was a Scottish economist who believed that money was only a means of exchange that did not have wealth in itself, and that national wealth depended on trade. He is said to be the father of finance, responsible for the adoption or use of paper money or bills in the world today.

List of The Simpsons characters
Below is a list of characters from the popular animated comedy television show The Simpsons.
Other characters.
Cletus, the hillbilly of Springfield, has a wife named Brandine and about 30 children.

Edicts of Ashoka
The Edicts of Ashoka are a collection of 33 inscriptions on the "Pillars of Ashoka", as well as on large stones and cave walls, made by the Emperor Ashoka of the Mauryan dynasty during his reign from 272 to 231 BCE. The edicts describe in detail the first wide expansion of Buddhism. According to the edicts, the extent of Buddhist proselytism during this period reached as far as the Mediterranean, and many Buddhist monuments were created.
Ashoka did not completely forbid the killing of animals; he wanted restraint in the number that had to be killed for consumption, protected some of them, and in general condemned violent acts against animals, such as castration.

Proselytism
Proselytism is the practice of attempting to convert people to another opinion and, particularly, another religion.
The word "proselytism" comes from the Greek language prefix 'pros' (towards) and the verb 'erchomai' (I come). Historically in the New Testament, the word proselyte meant a person who had converted to the Jewish religion. Though the word proselytism was originally used in Christianity, it is also used to refer to other religions' attempts to convert people to their beliefs or even any attempt to convert people to another point of view, religious or not. Today, the connotations of the word proselytism are often negative.

Eastern Catholic Churches
The word Eastern Catholic Churches refers to a number of Christian Churches. These churches recognise the pope as the leader of the Church, like the Roman Catholics do. They are independent of the Church of Rome otherwise. They also do certain things a little differently than the Church of Rome does.

Ken Hitchcock
Ken Hitchcock (born December 17, 1951 in Edmonton, Alberta) is a NHL ice hockey coach. He coaches the Columbus Blue Jackets. He has also coached the Dallas Stars and the Philadelphia Flyers in the past. Ken has won one Stanley Cup with the Dallas Stars in the 1998-99 NHL season.

Armistice
An armistice is the effective end of a war, when the parties agree to stop fighting. The word comes from the Latin "arma", meaning weapons and "statium", meaning a stopping.
A truce or ceasefire usually refers to a "temporary" stop of hostilities for an agreed limited time or within a limited area. A truce may be needed in order to negotiate an armistice.
An armistice is not the same as a peace treaty, which may take months or even years to agree on. The 1953 Korean War armistice is a major example of an armistice which has not yet been followed by a peace treaty.
The United Nations Security Council often demands cease-fire of parties in modern conflicts. Armistices are always negotiated between the parties themselves and are thus generally seen as more binding than UN cease-fire resolutions in modern international law.
The most famous armistice is the Armistice with Germany at the end of World War I, on 11 November, 1918, signed near Compiègne, France, and effective at the "eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month."

Armistice with Germany (Compiègne)
The armistice treaty between the Allies, who fought Germany during World War I, and Germany was signed in a railway carriage in Compiègne Forest on November 11, 1918, and marked the end of the First World War on the Western Front. Marshal Ferdinand Foch, the Allied Commander-in-chief, and Matthias Erzberger, Germany's representative were the most important persons who signed it.
The Armistice was agreed at 5 AM on November 11, to come into effect at 11 AM Paris time.
Acting German commander Paul von Hindenburg had requested arrangements for a meeting from Ferdinand Foch via telegram on November 7. He was under pressure of imminent revolution in Berlin, Munich and elsewhere across Germany.
Main persons.
General Weygand and General von Gruennel are not mentioned in the (French) document.
The peace between the Allies and Germany that followed this armistice was the Treaty of Versailles in 1919.

WWE SmackDown
"WWE SmackDown" is a professional wrestling television program for World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) currently it is the only television broadcast for the SmackDown! brand. From its launch in 1999, "SmackDown!" was shown on Thursday nights, but as of September 9 2005, the show moved to Friday nights. To reflect this change, the show is now known to as "Friday Night SmackDown!". The SmackDown! brand is currently one of WWE's three brands, the other two being RAW and ECW.
Its currently shown in the United States on MyNetworkTV, in Canada on The Score Network and on E! Montreal, in Turkey on "S'nek", in Bangladesh, India and Pakistan on Ten Sports, in Germany on DSF, in the UK and Republic of Ireland on Sky Sports 3, Italy on Sky Italia, in Finland on "Urheilukanava", in Portugal on TVI, in the Dominican Republic on "Antena Latina" Channel 7, in Puerto Rico on WAPA and on The CW, in Ecuador on Teleamazonas, in Chile on Chilevisión,in Malaysia on TV3, in Mexico on 52MX, in Australia on FOX8, in New Zealand on The BOX,in Bulgaria on GTV, in the Philippines on Jack TV and ABC, in Peru on ATV, in Spain on Cuatro, in Romania on TV Sport, in Serbia on FOX Televizija, in Saudi Arabia and Middle East on Showtime Arabia and ShowSports 4, in France on NT1, in Japan on "J Sports", on e.tv in South Africa, on AFN Xtra, on the Super Channel (Channel 10) in Fiji Islands, on VTV in El Salvador, on Canal 9 in Argentina, on Canal 4 RP in Panama and on SBT in Brazil.
Original format.
"SmackDown!" was first seen on April 29, 1999 as a single television special on UPN. On August 26, 1999, "SmackDown!" officially started on UPN, in Kansas City, Missouri. Like "WCW Thunder", "SmackDown!" was recorded on Tuesdays and then broadcast on Thursdays. The new WWF show was so popular that WCW moved "Thunder" to Wednesdays in the hope of holding on to fans rather than losing them to WWF. "SmackDown!", like "Thunder", made heavy use of the color blue, earning it the nickname "The Blue Show" amongst wrestling fans.
The first "SmackDown!" set was different as it had an oval-shaped TitanTron (which was dubbed the "OvalTron"), entrance and stage which made it stand out from the "RAW" set and its rectangular TitanTrons. An added feature to the first set was the ability for the OvalTron to be moved to either the left or right of the stage. Throughout the show's early existence, top WWF superstar The Rock routinely called "SmackDown!" "his" show, in reference to the fact that the name was derived from one of his catchphrases, "Laying the smackdown." In August 2001, as part of celebrating "SmackDown!s second anniversary, the show got a new logo and set. The last "SmackDown!" to use the previous television set saw Alliance member Rhyno Gore WWF member Chris Jericho through the center screen, destroying part of the set.
Brand Extension.
In early to mid-2002, WWE had a process they called the "Brand Extension". WWE divided itself into two "de facto" wrestling promotions with separate rosters, storylines and authority figures. RAW and SmackDown! would host each division, give its name to the division and essentially compete against each other. The split was a result of WWF purchasing their two biggest competitors, WCW and ECW. The brand extension was publicly announced during a telecast of "WWF RAW" on March 25 2002, and became official the next day.
Wrestlers now would become show-exclusive, wrestling for their specific show only. At the time this excluded the WWE Undisputed Championship and WWE Women's Championship, as those WWE titles would be defended on both shows. In August 2002, WWE Undisputed Champion Brock Lesnar refused to defend the title on RAW, in effect causing his title to become exclusive to SmackDown! The following week on "RAW", General Manager Eric Bischoff awarded a newly instated World Heavyweight Championship to RAW's designated #1 contender, Triple H. Due to the fact that since the WWE Undisputed Championship was now SmackDown! exclusive it was no longer seen as "Undisputed". Following this, the WWE Women's Championship soon became RAW-exclusive as well. As a result of the Brand Extension, an annual "draft lottery" was instituted to exchange members of each roster and generally refresh the lineups.
On June 6 2005, WWE Champion John Cena switched brands from SmackDown! to RAW as part of the month-long Draft Lottery. This effectively left SmackDown! without a World Title. During this time, United States Champion Orlando Jordan was billed as the top champion on the show. On June 23 2005, in Tucson, SmackDown! General Manager Theodore Long announced a six-man elimination match between John "Bradshaw" Layfield, Booker T, Chris Benoit, The Undertaker, Christian (replacing The Big Show, who was picked by RAW in the lottery), and Muhammad Hassan to crown the first SmackDown! Champion. On the June 30 episode of "SmackDown!", JBL won the match. Long appeared afterward and stated that even though JBL had won the match, SmackDown! did not need a Championship anymore. Batista, the World Heavyweight Champion, entered the ring as SmackDown!'s final draft lottery pick. Long also showm that JBL was the number one contender for the World Heavyweight Championship.
Friday Night SmackDown!
It was possible that WWE's "lame duck" status with Viacom on Spike TV is what prompted its moving "SmackDown!" to the Friday night death slot for the Fall 2005 season. However, it worked out for both parties involved, as the show did better in the ratings than it had on Thursdays, while UPN got much better ratings on Fridays than it did before, with its movie night. Also, UPN had been able to hold on to the ratings from Thursday nights, most notably with comedian Chris Rock's "Wonder Years"-like sitcom "Everybody Hates Chris". In January 2006, prior to the announcement of the CW Network, it was announced that UPN had renewed "SmackDown!" for two more years.
Following the cancellation of ', "SmackDown!" was renamed "Friday Night SmackDown!" and moved into "Enterprises old timeslot in the United States. WWE promoted this move with the tagline "TV that's changing Friday nights." "Friday Night SmackDown!" made its start on September 9 2005. The program still aired on Thursdays in Canada on the Score. In the United Kingdom and Australia, their stations Sky Sports and FOX8 air "SmackDown!" on Fridays before the United States due to the time difference. This is the first time a major weekly WWE show airs internationally before it hits screens in the U.S.
The events of Hurricane Katrina affected the first version of "Friday Night SmackDown!" in the U.S. due to a special fundraising concert (see) that was shown on UPN at the same time that the first version would have been shown, resulting in only the second hour of the show being shown on UPN. The first hour was instead streamed from WWE's website. Other countries, including Canada, United Kingdom, Australia and the Philippines received the full two-hour show. WWOR-TV (My 9, New York, New York) also aired both hours of the show on tape delay on Saturday, due to a previous commitment to broadcast the New York Yankees on Friday nights.
At the "SmackDown!" taping on January 10 2006, Batista had to forfeit the World Heavyweight Championship because of a triceps injury. Theodore Long made a Battle Royal for the vacant title. The winner was at the time RAW superstar Kurt Angle, who later switched to the SmackDown! brand. In a break from their traditional role of acting as if "SmackDown!" is not pre-recorded, WWE.com had a photograph of Angle holding his new title on the main page. WWE also did this when Edge cashed in his Money in the Bank contract to win the World Heavyweight Championship from The Undertaker and when The Great Khali won a battle royal after Edge's injury.
On the April 7 2006 version of "SmackDown!", general manager Theodore Long said that the King of the Ring tournament would return after a four year hiatus as a "SmackDown!"-exclusive tournament. The tournament ended at Judgment Day 2006 with Booker T as the winner, defeating Bobby Lashley in the final.
On June 9 2006, Tazz left the SmackDown! brand to join the new ECW brand, leaving the color commentator position on SmackDown! vacant. However, on June 11 at One Night Stand 2006, JBL revealed that he would be the new color commentator for SmackDown! He stayed in that position until December 2007 when he left SmackDown! to become an in-ring competitor on RAW. Jonathan Coachman replaced him afterwards.
2006.
On September 22 2006, "Friday Night SmackDown!" was started on the The CW Television Network, a joint venture between CBS Corporation, owner of UPN, and Warner Bros. Entertainment, a subsidiary of Time Warner, majority owner of The WB.
For four weeks before the official start (and in preparation for the impending removal of UPN in several markets by the start of MyNetworkTV on September 5 2006) of "Friday Night SmackDown!" on the CW on September 22 2006, Tribune Broadcasting television stations in six major markets (including WPIX in New York City and KTLA in Los Angeles) aired WWE's "Friday Night SmackDown!" early in September 2006. Two other future affiliates of The CW, WCWJ in Jacksonville, Florida and WIWB in Green Bay, Wisconsin, also aired "SmackDown!" in early September as well.
The transition to the CW caused an interruption in the broadcast of "SmackDown!" in the state of Utah beginning in June when KPNZ in Salt Lake City stopped airing all UPN programs early. The show is now seen on KUCW. In Hawaii, "SmackDown!" returned in late 2006, airing on a CW digital subchannel of Honolulu's FOX affiliate KHON (Channel 2), which has received statewide carriage over Oceanic Time Warner Cable. Since the move to the CW Network, "Friday Night SmackDown!" has shown a major increase in ratings now averaging a 3.0 national rating. In addition, "SmackDown!" has become the second highest watched program on The CW.
2007.
On April 20 2007, "SmackDown!" celebrated its 400th episode. Ratings success soon followed. On June 8 2007, "Friday Night SmackDown!" made CW history by making a three-way tie with CBS and ABC in the key ad demographic, adults 18-49 by drawing a 1.5 rating each. On June 22 2007, "Friday Night SmackDown!" again made CW history by tying the network for first place in the key ad demographic, adults 18-49, and being the second most watched network program at 9 p.m. for the night. The CW had not performed as well at any time slot since America's Next Top Model in March 2007. The next week on June 29 2007, "Friday Night SmackDown!" helped The CW claim the top spot in the key demographic, Adults 18-49 for Friday. CBS got the overall lead but The CW got top spot for the Adults 18-49 by registering a 1.4 rating followed by CBS and NBC at 1.3, ABC at 1.2, and FOX at 0.9. Then on Friday, July 13 2007, "Friday Night SmackDown!" made network history by placing first in the 18-49 demographic and becoming the most watched show at the 9 p.m. hour on network television. This is the first time anything has placed this well on The CW. "SmackDown!" became a hit show on Friday nights winning the demographics for young males, and ranking second on the demographics (18-49) for Friday nights.
On October 16 2007 it was said that the SmackDown! and ECW brands would begin a "talent exchange", allowing their respective talent to appear and compete on either brand.
2008.
On February 8 2008 it was reported that World Wrestling Entertainment and The CW had ended agreements to keep "Friday Night SmackDown!" on the network. WWE stated that agreements with other networks has begun and that "Friday Night SmackDown!" would continue to air on The CW through the end of the 2007-2008 broadcast season. On February 26 WWE issued a press release saying "Friday Night SmackDown!s move to MyNetworkTV.
Production.
"Friday Night SmackDown!" is usually taped on Tuesday evening and shown Friday evening on The CW the same week. Sometimes, it is taped on Monday nights before or after "RAW" in what is called a "Supershow". "SmackDown!" has also been shown live sometimes.
The most recent theme song for SmackDown! was "Rise Up!" by Drowning Pool, a remake of "SmackDown!s fifth anniversary instrumental theme song. It was performed by then-lead singer Jason "Gong" Jones and featured on the album. Currently however, the theme song for the SmackDown! brand is "Rise Up 2006" by Drowning Pool, a new version of "Rise Up!" performed by new lead singer Ryan McCombs and featured as a bonus downloadable track on the WWE Wreckless Intent album.
"Friday Night SmackDown!" began broadcasting in HD beginning with the January 25 2008 edition of "SmackDown!", where a new set started that is shared among all three WWE brands.

Nationwide Arena
Nationwide Arena is a sports arena located in Columbus, Ohio. The arena opened in 2000, and right now the Columbus Blue Jackets of the National Hockey League (NHL) and the Columbus Destroyers of the Arena Football League (AFL) play there. The arena was built at the location of the old Ohio Penitentiary, a prison that was destroyed in 1998.

The Beatles (album)
"The Beatles" is a 1968 album by the band of the same name, The Beatles. Its cover included no photographs, but was a simple white jacket, with the band's name die-stamped onto the paper. Early copies also included a serial number. The plain white cover led fans and listeners to call the record the "White Album". In time, even the band and their company, Apple Corps, began to use this name.
"The Beatles" was the band's twelfth album of new recordings, and was released in November 1968. While most albums of the time included ten to fourteen songs, "The Beatles" included thirty-four songs, and was sold as a two-disc set.
Origins.
The Beatles began writing songs for the album while they were in India, taking a teaching course in Transcendental Meditation taught by the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi in Rishikesh. They planned to become gurus, or spiritual teachers, and use their music to spread Transcendental Meditation to a wide audience. Their helpers back in England looked after their business matters, so the Beatles could have time to study, and to think about what they learned. They released a new single, "Lady Madonna", just before they left for India, so they would not be missed by their fans while they were away.
Between classes and meditation sessions, the Beatles had plenty of free time. They brought some instruments with them, including acoustic guitars, and began to write new songs. "We wrote "tons" of songs in India," John Lennon later told "Playboy" magazine. Their wives and girlfriends also came along to India. Lennon and his wife Cynthia did not spend much time together. He would leave alone in the morning, to pick up the mail. It turned out he was receiving letters and postcards from Yoko Ono, a Japanese artist friend, and did not want Cynthia to know. He said later that while he was in India, he began to think about Ono "as a woman, not just an intellectual woman", and that he might want a romantic relationship with her.
In the end, none of the Beatles finished the course, and returned home to England. Ringo Starr did not like the spicy food served at the ashram where the Maharishi lived and taught, and it made him ill. He also missed his children. Paul McCartney became tired of the long sessions, and wanted to return home. Lennon and George Harrison heard stories that the Maharishi had flirted with Mia Farrow (an American actress who also took the course), and other women at the ashram. They did not think this was right for a "holy man" to do. They confronted the Maharishi, and later left with their wives to go home, deciding the Maharishi was a fraud.
Apple Corps.
The Beatles had formed their own company, Apple Corps, before they went to India. When they returned, they went to work full-time to make Apple Corps, and especially its record label, Apple Records, a success. To raise money, the Beatles had signed a new recording contract with EMI, the company who owned Parlophone Records, which made and sold their records. They also made an agreement with EMI for them to market Apple Records.
The Beatles needed to record seventy new songs within nine years, between 1967 and 1976, to complete their contract. They believed that once they delivered those seventy recordings, they would be free to go to another record company. Between all the songs they wrote in India, and their backlog of older songs, they knew they could finish the job. They recorded demoes of many of the songs at George Harrison's house, using his four-track tape recorder, then began work on the album at Abbey Road Studios in London.
The Beatles's record producer, George Martin, thought they should take the best of the India songs, and make one especially good album. The Beatles instead decided to make a double album, with as many songs on it as possible, to help finish their contract quickly.
Personal changes.
The lives of the individual Beatles changed greatly during 1968, and the making of the "White Album". Paul McCartney was engaged to actress Jane Asher, but she came home early one day and found him with another woman, Francine Schwartz, an American who worked for Apple Corps. She and McCartney fought, then made up, but decided to break up later. McCartney also began to use cocaine. The drug made him hard to get along with. Later in the year he met another woman, Linda Eastman, an American photographer who had a daughter. McCartney loved children and wanted to start a family, while Jane Asher wanted to put her acting career first. Linda boasted that she would be proud to have McCartney's children. She and McCartney became very close, very quickly.
John Lennon invited Yoko Ono to his house, while Cynthia was away on a vacation with friends, one weekend in May. The two spent a night together in Lennon's attic studio, listening to his avant-garde recordings and finally making one of their own. Lennon discovered Ono was "as barmy (crazy) as I was", and that they connected personally in a way he and Cynthia never had. They finished the recording, and had intercourse as the sun rose that morning. They woke up late the next day, in love with each other, and decided to stay together from then on, even though they were both married to other people. Lennon's wife Cynthia and Ono's husband Anthony Cox both took the news very hard, with their children (Lennon's son Julian by Cynthia, and Ono's daughter Kyoko by Cox) caught in the middle.
George Harrison had grown as a musician and songwriter, and as a celebrity. He was the youngest member of the Beatles, and always felt "under the thumb" of Lennon and McCartney. They and George Martin limited how many of Harrison's songs the Beatles recorded, and turned down many of his songs that other bands would be happy to record. This frustrated Harrison. Almost nobody outside the Beatles knew about the situation. Friends like Ravi Shankar, who was Harrison's first real music teacher, and Eric Clapton, a phenomenal guitarist himself, treated him differently. Most of the public saw Harrison as an equal with Lennon and McCartney. Harrison began to think about making his own music, away from the Beatles.
Back at Abbey Road, Ringo Starr felt out of place during the recording sessions, and that he was not needed. Paul McCartney had not liked Starr's drumming on a song, and re-recorded the part himself when Starr was not there. This hurt Starr's feelings, and he decided to leave the band. He stayed home for a week, playing with his children and deciding what he should do next with his life. The other Beatles missed him, and invited him back. When Starr returned, McCartney and Harrison had covered his drums with flowers and welcome-back messages. Starr felt loved by his bandmates, and stayed.
The changes in the band's personal lives showed in their new recordings. Instead of sounding like a band working together, the songs sounded like solo artists working with a backing group. They also began to have problems getting along. Lennon brought Ono to the studio whenever he came, breaking a rule they had never to bring wives or girlfriends to sessions. Ono, who was also a musician, spoke her mind about how the music sounded, and it took everyone else by surprise. Harrison also began to speak up more for himself, when the band played together.
Outside the studio, people who worked for the Beatles, and the Beatles's fans in England, did not like Ono's influence on Lennon, and let the couple know often, and sometimes loudly. When they attended a play based on Lennon's writings, the audience harassed the pair, asking "Where's your wife, John?" Some members of the public made racist comments about Ono, or called her ugly.
Ono's new presence in Lennon's life even drove a wedge between him and McCartney. When the couple stayed at McCartney's house, McCartney left Lennon a note that insulted Ono greatly. He admitted later it had only been a joke, but Lennon felt like he no longer even knew McCartney, if he could make such an insult.
Neither Lennon nor Ono could believe the way they were treated by the public, by people who worked for the Beatles, and even by Lennon's friends. They felt hurt and hated. A friend suggested they try heroin, to relieve the pain they felt. Before long, the two were addicted to the drug. It caused problems with their health, and with how they acted in public.
"Hey Jude" and "Revolution".
Recording the "White Album" took much longer than the Beatles normally spent on an album. Their label, Apple Records, was expected to make a big debut over the summer, while the album would not be ready until at least that fall. In the meantime, they recorded songs for a single, as their part of the debut. Paul McCartney visited Cynthia and Julian, at their new home. He knew they were hurt by Lennon's leaving Cynthia for Yoko Ono, and he made up a song for Julian on the way, to cheer him up. Its words went "Hey Jules, it's not so bad. Take a sad song, and make it better." This turned into "Hey Jude", which became the Beatles's biggest hit single ever, and one of the first pop songs to last longer than three minutes.
The B-side of "Hey Jude" was "Revolution", a song by Lennon in reaction to the Soviet Union's crackdown on student protests in Czechoslovakia, the ongoing war in Vietnam, and calls around the world for a revolution against the status quo. He hoped the band's first recording of the song would become their next single, but it was rejected as too slow and too long. He re-recorded the song, faster this time, lying on the studio floor to give the vocals more "punch". "Hey Jude" was seen as a bigger potential hit though, so "Revolution" became the B-side. The Beatles performed both songs live for an audience, and the performances appeared on "The David Frost Show" in England, and "The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour" in America.
Album songs.
The songs appearing on the "White Album" included "Back In The USSR", McCartney's parody of songs by The Beach Boys and Chuck Berry. (Mike Love of the Beach Boys attended the Maharishi's course in India, at the same time as the Beatles.) McCartney normally played bass guitar, and Lennon rhythm guitar, on Beatles recordings, but this time McCartney played piano, with Lennon switching to bass guitar for the song.
"Dear Prudence" was about Mia Farrow's sister Prudence, who was also at the ashram in India. She spent long stretches of time meditating, and almost never came outside. Lennon wrote the song hoping to bring her out, to spend time with everyone. The guitar style he used on the song (and many songs afterwards) was the "clawhammer", a fingerpicking technique he learned from Donovan, another musician who went to India with them.
"Glass Onion" referenced recent songs and events in the Beatles's lives, and gave a false clue: "The Walrus was Paul". Lennon said later he'd given the line as a joke, and as a way to "say hi to Paul" McCartney. "The Continuing Story of Bungalow Bill" was about another of the Maharishi's students, who left the ashram to hunt tigers, then returned to meditate. "Julia" was about Lennon's mother, who had died ten years earlier, with images of Yoko Ono, whose name means "Ocean Child" in English.
"Sexy Sadie" was about Lennon's disappointment with the Maharishi: "You made a fool of everyone." He changed "Maharishi" to "Sexy Sadie", in case the Maharishi really could use some kind of spiritual or cosmic power (or start a lawsuit) against him, but later confessed to "Rolling Stone" magazine who the song was about.
"Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da" was a retro song by McCartney. His songs on the album varied from old-fashioned to hard rock, such as "Helter Skelter", which was about a fairground ride. He also used fingerpicking styles on acoustic guitar, and his songs "Blackbird" and "Mother Nature's Son" included nature themes.
"While My Guitar Gently Weeps" showed Harrison's growth as a songwriter, and featured a guitar solo by Eric Clapton. It was the first time a guitar solo was played by a non-Beatle on a Beatles record. "Long Long Long" was about Harrison's rediscovery of God and spirituality as he became older. "Savoy Truffle" was about a box of Good News chocolate candies, which Clapton loved, but were harming his teeth.
Ringo Starr had tinkered with writing songs, but most were just variations on songs written by other people. "Don't Pass Me By" was one of his first efforts, from years earlier, and one of his first to sound original. He went on to write many other songs, in the years after the Beatles. Most were written with a partner, Vini Poncia.
The strangest recording included on the album was "Revolution 9", an avant-garde "picture of a revolution as it happens", as Lennon described later. George Harrison helped with ideas and narration. McCartney and George Martin did not want the track included on the album, but Lennon insisted it be used.
Release and reception.
When the recordings were ready to be mastered, Lennon and McCartney spent forty-eight hours at Abbey Road Studios, working out the running order for the songs on the album. They took stimulant drugs to help them get through the marathon session. The band had done photo sessions during the year, but could not agree on any photos to use for the cover. They decided to go with a plain white cover, which had never been done before. They and their helpers made a collage of different photos, which was included as a poster with the album. Portrait photos of each member were also taken. Black-and-white prints appeared next to the song titles on the inner jacket, and colour prints were included with the poster. They did not appear together in the pictures, and this was taken later as a sign that the band was growing apart.
The album was completed, and scheduled to be released during November 1968. Coming out at nearly the same time were two "solo albums" by Lennon and Harrison, and this caused some problems. Harrison's was "Wonderwall Music", a soundtrack album to the movie "Wonderwall" by director Joe Massot. Harrison had recorded parts of the album in India, and parts in England. The only other Beatle involved with the album was Ringo Starr, who played drums on a few songs, and attended the movie's premiere with Harrison.
Lennon's album with Ono was "Two Virgins", edited down from the recording he made with Yoko Ono the first night they were together. The cover was a pair of nude photos of the couple, and it caused a lot of controversy. EMI was willing to master and press the album, but refused to print the cover or distribute any copies. Apple Records arranged for Track Records, a label owned by The Who, to issue "Two Virgins". The album was sold in a "plain brown wrapper" like pornography, and was not a hit. Only a few copies were pressed in Britain, and more copies were impounded in America than were sold. Many people thought Lennon was trying to destroy his own public image, releasing such an album. In a way they were right. He felt that the album was an honest statement of who he "really was", appearing naked with the woman he loved.
Problems aside, "The Beatles" sold well, and was another hit for the band. The Beatles held a release party, and gave early copies of the album to people who attended. (Peter Shotton, an old friend of Lennon's who worked for Apple, was given the eighth copy pressed, as he remembered later in his memoir.) Older people liked McCartney's traditional-sounding songs. Younger listeners liked the rock and acoustic songs on the album. Many people noticed Harrison and Starr's growth as songwriters, and that Harrison's voice sounded freer, smoother, and more confident than on earlier records.
Charles Manson, an American would-be musician with a small group of followers, heard the album in California, and thought the songs "Blackbird" and "Helter Skelter" were calls for a racial war, between African-American (black) and Caucasian (white) people. His beliefs resulted in a series of murders in Los Angeles during 1969, as he ordered members of his "Manson Family" to try to spark such a war, by committing hate crimes. Later during his trial, his lawyers tried to get John Lennon (staying in California at the time) or George Harrison to testify, but this never happened. Manson and four Family members were convicted of multiple murder. They were sentenced to be executed, but when the US Supreme Court overturned the death penalty, their sentences were changed to life imprisonment. None have ever been paroled.
During 1969, Allen Klein began to work for the Beatles, and for Apple Corps. He re-read the Beatles's recording contract, and pointed out that even after the band turned in their seventy new recordings to EMI, they were still under contract with them until 1976, and could not go to any other record company until then. The fact that they were so close to meeting the requirement, though, made it possible for him to re-negotiate their contract, and get them higher royalty payments.
The personal problems that had begun to show while the Beatles were making the "White Album" continued over the next year, as did problems with Apple Corps. McCartney stopped using cocaine, while Lennon and Ono tried to stop using heroin, but this did not help mend feelings between the Beatles. They finished two more albums, "Let it Be" and "Abbey Road", but the band broke apart soon afterwards, with Paul McCartney announcing in 1970 that he was starting a solo career.
In time, budget cutbacks resulted in the album's cover no longer being die-stamped (the title was printed instead) or numbered, but when it was re-issued on compact disc, early copies were again given serial numbers.

Albert Fert
Professor Albert Fert is a French physicist who was born on March 7 1938. He discovered giant magnetoresistance which was used to make gigabyte hard disks much easier to build. He is a professor at Université Paris-Sud in Orsay and scientific director of a laboratory called Unité mixte de recherche. The laboratory is part of the Centre national de la recherche scientifique (National Scientific Research Centre) and Thales Group. He was awarded the 2007 Nobel Prize in Physics together with Peter Grünberg.
Studies.
Professor Fert graduated in 1962 from the École Normale Supérieure in Paris. He received his master's degree in 1963 at the University of Paris, and earned his PhD in 1970 at the Université Paris-Sud.
In 1988 Fert discovered Giant magnetoresistance (GMR) in iron and chromium which began spintronics; GMR was also discovered by Peter Grünberg from the Jülich Research Centre but Peter Grünberg did not work with Professor Fert. Since 1988, Albert Fert has helped to improve spintronics.

Peter Grünberg
Professor Peter Andreas Grünberg is a German physicist who was born on May 18, 1939. Professor Grünberg won the 2007 Nobel Prize in Physics for his discovery of giant magnetoresistance which made gigabyte hard disk drives easier to produce. Half the prize was given to Albert Fert who discovered giant magnetoresistance at the same time but Fert and Grünberg did not work together.
Early life.
Grünberg was born in Pilsen, Bohemia, which was controlled by the Nazis. They called the country the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia and it is known now as the Czech Republic. Grünbergs father was called Fjodor Grinberg but he changed his name to Fjodor Grünberg in 1941.
The rest of the Grünberg family stayed for some time in the Petermann house in Untersekerschan, but after World War II anyone living in Pilsen who spoke German, were made to leave the country by the Czech government. This was called the Beneš decrees. He moved with his mother (who died in 2002 aged 100) and sister to Lauterbach, Hesse. He studied at a gymnasium (second level school) there.
Grünberg received a diploma in 1962 from the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University. Then he studied at the Darmstadt University of Technology in Germany, where he received his diploma in physics in 1966 and his Ph.D. in 1969. From 1969-1972, he did studied at Carleton University in Ottawa, Canada. Later he joined the Institute for Solid State Physics at the Jülich Research Centre, where he became a leading researcher of magnetism until he retired in 2004.
Important work.
Professor Grünberg made important discoveries with ferrite (iron) and magnetism such as the Giant magnetoresistive effect (GMR) in 1988. GMR has been used in many modern hard drives. Another use of the GMR effect is in magnetic random access memory.
Apart from the Nobel Prize, Professor Grünberg has been awarded with shared prizes in the APS International Prize for New Materials, the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics Magnetism Award, the Hewlett-Packard Europhysics Prize, the Wolf Prize in Physics in and the 2007 Japan Prize. He won the German Future Prize for Technology and Innovation in 1998 and was named European Inventor of the Year in the category "Universities and research institutions" by the European Patent Office and European Commission in 2006.

Easter eggplant
Easter White Eggplant is a plant of Nightshade family, related with aubergine (="S.melongena"); Stem and leafstalks are green, or very faintly tinged with purple, and bear a few white spines. Leaves are wavy at the edges. Flowers are lilac, it is recognized by its oblong fruit, also grown as an ornamental plant, for covering walls or trellises

Sienna Guillory
Sienna Tiggy Guillory (said like "Gil-ir-ee" (IPA: [ˈɡɪlɜːɪ])) (born March 16, 1975) is an British-American actress and she used to be a model. She is famous for acting as Jill Valentine in "Resident Evil: Apocalypse" and as Elf Arya Drottningu in "Eragon".
She is daughter of Isaac Guillory, an Anglo-Cuban folk guitarist, and his first wife, Tina. Guillory has acted in many British movies, and later in American movies. Not long ago, she acted in a number of science-fiction and fantasy movies written for teenagers.
While working on the 1996 movie "The Future Lasts A Long Time", Guillory met English actor Nick Moran, and she was married to Moran from July 1997 until 2000. Later, she married Enzo Cilenti, in 2002, and Guillory wore her grandmother's wedding gown. In 2007, they moved to Los Angeles, California, USA.

Super Mario Bros. 2
Super Mario Bros. 2 is the second game of the "Mario" series. It is the name of two different games. In Japan, the game was created by Nintendo. Shigeru Miyamoto thought that the original "Super Mario Bros. 2" was too hard for Americans, and decided to take the game called ', and replaced the old characters with the Mario characters Mario, Luigi, Princess Peach, and Toad. The game was much different from other Mario games because of this.
Gameplay.
This game features four characters: Toad, Luigi, Mario, and Princess Peach. Each one has different characteristics. Peach can stay afloat for a few seconds longer than the others. Luigi has a higher, floatier jump than the other characters.
The player can pick the character at the start of each level.
Unlike the regular Mario games, Mario and his friends have vegetables and can pick up some enemies and throw them.

Sierra Mist
Sierra Mist is a lemon lime soft drink similar to 7 Up and Sprite. It is made by the Pepsi Company. It was released in 2000.

Khan
Khan should not be confused with Kahn, which is a German surname.

Khan (title)
"This article is about the title. For other uses, see Khan (disambiguation)."
Khan (sometimes spelled as "Xan", "Han", "Ke-Han", Turkic: "khān", Chinese:大汗) is an originally Central Asian title for a sovereign or military ruler.
It was used by the Mongols who brought it to all over Asia.
It now has many equivalent meanings such as commander, leader, or ruler. Presently Khans exist mostly in South Asia, Central Asia and Iran. The female alternative are Khatun and Khanum.
Ruling Khans.
A khan controls a khanate (sometimes spelled "chanat"). Whenever appropriate as ruler of a monarchy, Khan is also translated as king or prince. (But that translation is not quite correct.) Originally khans only headed relatively minor tribes.
The title Khan became well known when the tribal Mongol Temüjin proved himself a military genius by creating the Mongol Empire, the greatest land empire the world ever saw, which he ruled as Genghis Khan. His title was khagan 'Khan of Khans', see below, but is often 'shortened' to Khan (rather like the Persian "Shahanshah" -also meaning 'King of Kings'- is usually called Shah, equally incorrect, in most Western languages) or described as 'Great Khan' (like the Ottoman Padishah being called 'Great Sultan').

Crime in Russia
Crime in Russia is present in different forms. Organized crime include drug trafficking, money laundering, human trafficking, extortion, murder for hire, fraud etc. Many criminal operations engage in corruption, black marketeering, terrorism, abduction etc. Other forms of crime perpetrated by criminal groups are arms trafficking, export of contraband oil and metals, and smuggling of radioactive substances. Crime rate in Russia sharply increased since the late 1980s. The fall of communism in Eastern Europe had tremendous influence on the political economy of organized crime. Approximately 8,000 criminal formations operate in the country. Nearly 50% of the nation's economy is linked with organized crime.
Overview.
Drug trafficking and illicit drug use is a major problem in the nation. The disintegration of the Soviet Union, the civil war in Afghanistan, the civil war in Tajikistan, and the conflicts in the North Caucasus have made the favorable conditions for the development of illegal drug trade. However measures have been taken to combat drug trafficking. Russia is a party of the 1988 United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances. In March 2003, Russian President Vladimir Putin established the Russian State Committee for Control over the
Illegal Trafficking of Narcotics and Psychotropic Substances for combating drug trafficking with more coordinated manner. Russia is a supply, transit, and destination country for men, women, and children being trafficked for various purposes. The trafficking is multidimensional and it involves both commercial sexual exploitation and labor exploitation. Russia is a significant source of women trafficked to over 50 nations. Internal trafficking is a problem in the country; women are trafficked from rural areas to urban settlements for commercial sexual exploitation. Men are trafficked internally and from Central Asia for forced labor in the construction and agricultural industries. Debt bondage is common among the trafficking victims. Arms trafficking has become a significant problem in Russia following the disintegration of the Soviet Union. Arms trafficking in Russia stemmed from corruption in the armed forces and the illegal sale of military equipments. In 2000, the number of seized unregistered firearms was 300,000, which was a 37% increase compared with 1999. Many Russian criminal organizations, aside from arms trafficking in Russia, provide weopons to the terrorist groups in Chechnya. Poaching was rare in the Soviet Union, But now Poaching is a major problem in the country. The main cause for poaching in Russia is the consequence of the social and political changes since the collapse of the Soviet Union. State-controlled farms stopped functioning due to the fall of the previous system resulting in high unemployment. Unemployment, poverty, inflation, shortage of food and demand for foreign currency have major impact on the wildlife in the country. Animals being poached are bear, musk deer, tiger etc. Approximately 50,000 cases of poaching are registered annually in Russia. Between 1992 and 1996, law enforcement agencies in Russia mainly focused on drug trafficking, arms trafficking, money laundering and
the First Chechen War, and environmental crimes like poaching and illegal timber smuggling were generally not treated as national security issues. During the post-perestroika transition, the government agencies for environment and wildlife protection experienced severe budget cuts which led to layoffs and salary reductions for wildlife rangers in places like Primorski Krai and it reduced the resources of the rangers to fight against the poachers. There has been an increasing demand for bear parts, especially bile, and it led to an increase in poaching of bears in the Russian Federation. The collapse of communism in the country had significant influence on the average Russian's economic ability to maintain his or her family. There are a large population of bears in Russia, and Russia's trade in bear parts is primarily with nearby Asian countries like South Korea and the People's Republic of China. Because of these poaching of bears become easy for Russians. Poaching of the snow leopard is a serious problem in Russia along with Afghanistan, India, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, People’s Republic of China, Russia, Tajikstan and Uzbekistan.
International comparison.
The homicide rate in Russia more than tripled between 1988 and 1994 and is now among the highest in the world. In 1998, a total of 24,537,600 crimes were recorded in United States, while in Russia a total of 2,581,940 crimes were recorded. In 1999, the number was 23,677,800 and 3,001,748 respectively. Total recorded rapes in the United States was 93,140 and 89,110 for the years 1998 and 1999, while this number was 7,724 and 7,314 respectively for Russia.

Crime in India
Crime is present in various forms in India. Organized crime include drug trafficking, gunrunning, money laundering, extortion, murder for hire, fraud, human trafficking and poaching. Many criminal operations engage in black marketeering, political violence, religiously motivated violence, terrorism, and abduction. Other crimes are homicide, robbery, assault etc. Property crimes include burglary, theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson. Corruption is a significant problem.
Illegal drug trade.
India is located between two major illicit opium producing centres in Asia - the Golden Crescent comprising Pakistan, Afghanistan and Iran and the Golden Triangle comprising Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam and Laos. Because of such geographical location, India experiences large amount of drug trafficking through the borders. India is the world's largest producer of licit opium. But opium is diverted to illicit international drug markets. India is a transshipment point for heroin from Southwest Asian countries like Afghanistan and Pakistan and from Southeast Asian countries like Myanmar, Laos, and Thailand. Heroin is smuggled from Pakistan and Burma, with some quantities transshipped through Nepal. Most heroin shipped from India are destined for Europe. There have been reports of heroin smuggled from Mumbai to Nigeria for further export. In Maharashtra, Mumbai is an important centre for distribution of drug. The most commonly used drug in Mumbai is Indian heroin (called "desi mal" by the local population). Both public transportation (road and rail transportation) and private transportation are used for this drug trade.
Several measures have been taken by the Government of India to combat drug trafficking in the country. India is a party of the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs (1961), the Convention on Psychotropic Substances (1971), the Protocol Amending the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs (1972) and the United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (1988).
Arms trafficking.
According to a joint report published by Oxfam, Amnesty International and the International Action Network on Small Arms (IANSA) in 2006, there are around 40 million illegal small arms in India out of approximately 75 million in worldwide circulation. Majority of the illegal small arms make its way into the states of Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand, Orissa and Madhya Pradesh. In India, an used AK-47 costs $3,800 in black market. Large amount of illegal small arms are manufactured in various illegal arms factories in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar and sold on the black market for as little as $5.08. Chinese pistols are in demand in the illegal small arms market in India because they are easily available and cheaper. This trend poses a significant problem for the states of Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Orissa, Maharashtra, West Bengal, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh which are affected by Naxalism. The porous Indo-Nepal border is an entry point for Chinese pistols, AK-47 and M-16 rifles into India as these arms are used by the Naxalites who have ties to Maoists in Nepal.
Poaching and wildlife trafficking.
Illegal wildlife trade in India has increased. According to a report published by the Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) in 2004, India is the chief target for the traders of wildlife skin. Between 1994 and 2003, there have been 784 cases where the skins of tiger, leopard or otter have been seized. Leopards, rhinoceros, reptiles, birds, insects, rare species of plants are being smuggled into the countries in Southeast Asia and the People's Republic of China. Between 1994 and 2003, poaching and seizure of 698 otters have been documented in India. Kathmandu is a key staging point for illegal skins smuggled from India bound for Tibet and PRC. The report by EIA noted there has been a lack of cross-border cooperation between India, Nepal and the People's Republic of China to coordinate enforcement operations and lack of political will to treat wildlife crime effectively. The poaching of the elephants is a significant problem in Southern India and in the North-Eastern states of Nagaland and Mizoram. The majority of tiger poaching happen in Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Orissa, West Bengal, Assam and Arunachal Pradesh.
Project Tiger, a wildlife conservation project, was initiated in 1972 and was launched by Indira Gandhi on April 1, 1973. With 23 tiger reserves, Project Tiger claimed to have succeeded. But according to critics like conservationist Billy Arjan Singh, temporary increases in tiger population were caused by immigration due to destruction of habitat in Nepal, not because of the widely acclaimed success of wildlife policy in India.
Cyber crime.
Cases of spam, computer hacking, cyber stalking and email fraud are rampant in India. The Information Technology Act 2000 was passed by the Parliament of India in May 2000, aiming to curb cyber crimes and provide a legal framework for e-commerce transactions. However Pavan Duggal, lawyer of Supreme Court of India and cyber law expert, viewed "The IT Act, 2000, is primarily meant to be a legislation to promote e-commerce. It is not very effective in dealing with several emerging cyber crimes like cyber harassment, defamation, stalking and so on". Although cyber crime cells have been set up in major cities, Duggal noted the problem is that most cases remain unreported due to a lack of awareness. In 2001, India and United States had set up an India-US cyber security forum as part of a counter-terrorism dialogue. In 2006, India and the US agreed to enhance cooperation between law enforcement agencies of the two countries in tackling cyber crimes as part of counter-terrorism efforts. A joint US-India statement released in 2006 after talks between US President George W. Bush and Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh stressed that in view of the importance of cyber security and cyber forensic research, the two countries are also carrying out discussions on a draft protocol on cyber security.
Corruption and police misconduct.
Corruption is widespread in India. It is prevalent within every section and every level of the society. Corruption has taken the role of a pervasive aspect of Indian politics. In India, corruption takes the form of bribes, evasion of tax and exchange controls, embezzlement, etc.
Despite state prohibitions against torture and custodial misconduct by the police, torture is widespread in police custody, which is a major reason behind deaths in custody. The police often torture innocent people until a 'confession' is obtained to save influential and wealthy offenders. G.P. Joshi, the programme coordinator of the Indian branch of the Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative in New Delhi comments that the main issue at hand concerning police violence is a lack of accountability of the police.
In 2006, the Supreme Court of India in an judgment in the "Prakash Singh vs. Union of India" case, ordered central and state governments with seven directives to begin the process of police reform. The main objectives of this set of directives was twofold, providing tenure to and streamlining the appointment/transfer processes of policemen, and increasing the accountability of the police.
In 2006, seven policemen were charge sheeted and eleven were convicted for custodial misconduct.
Crime over time.
A report published by the National Crime Records Bureau compared crime rate from 1953 to 2006. The report noted burglary has been declined over a period of 53 years by 38% (from 1,47,379 in 1953 to 91,666 in 2006), whereas murder has increased by 231% (from 9,803 in 1953 to 32,481 in 2006). Kidnapping has increased by 356% (from 5,261 in 1953 to 23,991 in 2006), robbery by 120% (from 8,407 in 1953 to 18,456 in 2006) and riots by 176% (from 20,529 in 1953 to 56,641 in 2006).
In 2006, 51,02,460 cognizable crimes were committed including 18,78,293 Indian Penal Code (IPC) crimes and 32,24,167 Special & Local Laws (SLL) crimes, with an increase of 1.5% over 2005 (50,26,337). IPC crime rate in 2006 was 167.7 compared to 165.3 in 2005 showing an increase of 1.5% in 2006 over 2005. SLL crime rate in 2006 was 287.9 compared to 290.5 in 2005 showing an decline of 0.9% in 2006 over 2005.
Crime by locale.
Location has a significant impact on crime in India. In 2006, the highest crime rate was reported in Pondicherry (447.7%) for crimes under Indian Penal Code which is 2.7 times the national crime rate of 167.7%. Kerala reported the highest crime rate at 312.5% among states.
Kolkata (71.0%) and Madurai (206.2%) were the only two mega cities which reported less crime rate than their domain states West Bengal (79.0%) and Tamil Nadu (227.6%). Delhi, Mumbai and Bangalore have accounted for 16.2%, 9.5% and 8.1% respectively of the total IPC crimes reported from 35 mega cities. Indore reported the highest crime rate (769.1%) among the mega cities in India followed by Bhopal (719.5%) and Jaipur (597.1%).
Indian occupied Kashmir (33.7%), Manipur (33.0%), Assam (30.4%) and Daman and Diu and Pondicherry (29.4%) reported higher violent crime rate compared to 18.4% at national level. Uttar Pradesh reported the highest incidence of violent crimes accounting for 12.1% of total violent crimes in India (24,851 out of 2,05,656) followed by Bihar with 11.8% (24,271 out of 2,05,6556). Among 35 mega cities, Delhi reported 31.2% (533 out of 1,706) of total rape cases. Madhya Pradesh has reported the highest number of rape cases (2,900) accounting for 15.0% of total such cases reported in the country. Uttar Pradesh reported 16.9% (5,480 out of 32,481) of total murder cases in the country and 18.4% (4,997 out of 27,230) total attempt to murder cases.

Crime against foreigners in India
There are many incidents of violent crime against foreigner in India. Many of the crimes occur against foreigners only. Scams involving export of jewels occur in India, which target foreign citizens.
Political demonstrations are common in India. These demonstrations frequently turn violent. Transportation and services often get disrupted. Traveling alone in remote areas after dark is of particular risks for foreigners.
Tourist locations and markets are visited by criminals looking to target foreigners. Westerners, including U.S. citizens, have become victim of robbery, rape and other violent attacks.
Because the US citizens' purchasing power is relatively large than the general population, US citizens become more preferred target for robbery or other serious crime.
In April 1999, Swaraj Damree, a tourist from Mauritius was befriended by a group of Indians who later took him to 25 days in captivity. They robbed him of cash amounting to US $1,500, took his travellers' cheques, wrist watch, gold chain, bracelet, two bags and suitcase. In 2000, two German trekkers were shot in Himachal Pradesh. Few weeks later, two Spanish tourists were killed in Himachal Pradesh by robbers. Many foreign tourists are victim of violent crime in Kolkata. In September 2006, criminals robbed the wallet of a British woman in Kolkata. The same month, a Japanese tourist was robbed on his way to Sudder Street. In October 2006, a foreigner was robbed in daylight on Park Street.
Petty crime.
Petty crime, like pickpocketing, bag snatching etc. are widespread in India. Stealing of valuables of foerigners from luggage on trains and buses is common. Travelers who are not in groups become easy victims of pickpockets and purse snatchers. Purse snatchers work in crowded areas.
Passport theft.
In India, stealing of passport of foerigners from luggage on trains and buses is widespread. Theft of U.S. passports is very common, especially in major tourist areas.
Scam incidents.
Many scams are perpetrated against foreign travelers, especially in Jaipur, the capital of Rajasthan. Scams usually target younger foreign tourists and suggest them that money can be made by privately transporting gems or gold or by taking delivery abroad of expensive carpets avoiding customs duties.
Such incidents pull the traveler over the course of several days and begin with a new scam artist who offers to show the foreign traveler the sights. They also offer cheap lodgings and meals to foreign travellers so that they can place the traveler in the physical custody of the scam artist and can leave the foreigner with threats and physical coercion. In the due process, the foreigner lose his passport.
In 2006, an American became victim of a scam at Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport in Mumbai, by which she lost US $77.
Taxi scam.
There are also taxi scams present in India where a foreign traveler, who is not aware of the locations around Indian airports, is taken for a ride round the whole airport and charged for full-fare taxi ride while the terminal is only few hundred yards away. Overseas Security Advisory Council in a report mentioned the process about how to avoid taxi-scam.
Rape of foreigners.
Incidents of rape of foreign tourists at popular tourist spots is increasing in India. In March 2006, Biti Mohanty, son of a senior police official in Orissa, raped a German tourist in Alwar, Rajasthan. A Japanese woman was raped in Pushkar, Rajasthan on April 2, 2006. In June 2007, a South Korean was raped near Manali. In September 2007, two Japanese women were gang-raped in Agra, a popular tourist-spot in India where the Taj Mahal is situated. The Indian state of Rajasthan, which is a popular destination among foreign tourists with one out of every three foreign travellers coming to India visit the state, have been rattled by rape cases of foreign tourists. Bureau of Consular Affairs warned US women not to travel alone in India.

Birthmark
A birthmark is a mark on skin that some people are born with. Birthmarks are a birth defect. Some of the types of birthmarks are: stork bites, Mongolian blue spots, strawberry marks, café au lait spots, congenital melanocytic nevi, and port-wine stains.

Pskov
Pskov (, ancient Russian spelling Пльсковъ ("Pleskov")) is an old city that can be found in the north-west of Russia about 20 km east from the Estonian border, on the Velikaya River.

Perth, Perth and Kinross
Perth () is a royal burgh in the center of Scotland on the edge of the River Tay.
Since then, the name Perth has been used for many other places around the world. It comes from the Pictish word for "wood" or "copse".

Nevermore
Nevermore is a metal band from Seattle in the USA. Their style of metal is a mixture of many different types like Thrash metal, Groove Metal and Death Metal. They formed in 1991. The members right now are: Warral Dane (vocals), Jeff Loomis (guitar), Jim Sheppard (bass), Van Williams (drums)

Machine Head
Machine Head is a metal band from Oakland in California. They play a mixture between Thrash metal and Groove metal. The band members right now are: Rob Flynn (guitar, vocals), Adam Duce (bass), Dave McClain (drums) and Phil Demmel (guitar).

Fritz Haber Institute of the MPG
The Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society is a science research group in Dahlem, Berlin, Germany.
The original was called Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, and it was founded in 1911. That became part of the Max Planck Society and took the name of the first director, Fritz Haber, in 1953.
The Institute has researched many kinds of physics including chemical kinetics and reaction dynamics, colloid chemistry, atomic physics, spectroscopy, surface chemistry and surface physics, chemical physics and molecular physics, theoretical chemistry, and materials science.
During World War I and World War II, the Institute was used and by Germany's military.
Some of the most important members in the Institutes past are: Herbert Freundlich, James Franck, Paul Friedlander, Rudolf Ladenburg, Michael Polanyi, Eugene Wigner, Ladislaus Farkas, Hartmut Kallmann, Otto Hahn, Robert Havemann, Karl Friedrich Bonhoeffer, Ernst Ruska, Max von Laue, Rudolf Brill, Kurt Moliere, Jochen Block, Heinz Gerischer, Rolf Hosemann, Kurt Überreiter, Alex Bradshaw, and Gerhard Ertl.
Nobel Prize winners involved with the Institute include Max von Laue (1914), Fritz Haber (1918), James Franck (1925), Otto Hahn (1944), Eugene Wigner (1963), Ernst Ruska (1986), Gerhard Ertl (2007).

Microformat
A Microformat is an attempt to re-use existing content in HTML and XML documents. Such content may be information on how to contact someone, or it may be geographical coordinates, for example. This information can then be processed by software more easily.
Technically, this kind of information is already there. A microformat aims at making this information accessible more easily. That way, tags might be added to flag the information.
Example.
Here, the formatted name ("fn"), organisation ("org"), telephone number ("tel") and web address ("url") have been identified using specific class names and the whole thing is wrapped in codice_1, which indicates that the other classes form an hCard (short for "HTML vCard)") and are not merely coincidentally named. Other, optional, hCard classes also exist. It is now possible for software, such as browser plug-ins, to extract the information, and transfer it to other applications, such as an address book.

VCard
vCard is a standard document format for electronic business cards. Very often, vCards are attached to E-Mail messages, but they can also be exchanged in other ways. There are also extensions to it, known as vCalendar or iCalendar. hCard is a broader format to do the same thing.

British War Medal
The British War Medal was a medal given to people who had fought in the First World War. The medal was originally meant to be for people who had fought in the war between 5th August1914 and 11th November1918, but this was later changed to the years between 1914 and 1920. This was because a lot of people still lost their lives in the armed forces even after the war had ended, because they were clearing landmines or mines at sea.
The British War Medal (often shortened to BWM) was awarded to both officers and men of the Royal Marines, Royal Navy, the Army and also the Dominion and Colonial Forces. The Dominion and Colonial Forces were the armed forces for the rest of the British Empire. To qualify for (be allowed to have) the medal, a member of the fighting forces had to have left his native country in any part of the British Empire whilst on military duty.
There were over six and a half million British War Medals given out. Most of them are made of silver, but some rarer ones are made of bronze instead. They are all circular, and have different designs on each side. Each side of a medal is called a "face". The face that usually has a picture of the side view of a person's head on it is called the "obverse", and the other side of the medal is called the "reverse". The picture of the person's head is more commonly known as a "bust", which is a type of statue that only shows the head, neck and tops of the shoulders of the person it is meant to be.
The "obverse" side of the medal shows a bust of King George V (V is a Roman numeral. Here it means 'the fifth'). The picture shows him facing left. There is also lettering around the picture of the King, which reads 'GEORGIVS V BRITT: OMN: REX ET IND: IMP:'. The 'V' in 'GEORGIVS' is actually read as a 'U'. The whole message is abbreviated, or shortened, and is supposed to read 'Georgius V Britanniarum Omnium; Rex Et Indiae; Imperator'. The message is written in Latin, but in English it says 'George 5th of all the Britons (British people); King of India; Emperor'.
The "reverse" side of the medal shows a man riding on a rearing horse. The man shown is Saint George, the patron saint of England. He is shown naked, and is holding a short sword. This was supposed to symbolise the mental and physical strength that was needed to win the First World War. The horse is trampling a shield that showns the emblem of Prussia and the Axis Powers, which were the enemies the British and other Allies were fighting during World War One (the First World War). The horse is also trampling on a skull and cross-bones, and the rising sun, known as the Victory Sun can be seen by St. George's head. The dates '1914' and '1918' are on the left and right sides of his head.
The name of the soldier whose medal it was had his name, regiment and armed forces identification number put around the rim (edge) of the medal. The medal also came with a ribbon made of silk. It had a thick line of golden-yellow down the middle of it, with stripes on either side of it that were white, then black, then Royal blue on the outside edges of the ribbon.

Michel Fourniret
Michel Fourniret (born April 4, 1942 in Sedan, France) is a French criminal. He was convicted of voyeurism and other crimes in 1986. He abducted and raped the then 14 year old "Daphne Le Gennan". He was convicted to serve 7 years in prison. He was released on bail shortly after the process, because he had already served most of this time in custody. Shortly thereafter, he committed his first murder. He murdered the 17 year old "Isabelle Laville". He then moved ot Belgium and lead a normal life. He was responsible for a canteen at a school in Gedine.
On July 26, 2003, he tried to abduct a 13 year old girl, called "Marie-Ascension". Unfortunately for him, the girl could escape, by leaping out of his car. Fourniret was arrested in Belgium in the same year. Belgian police had grown suspicious earlier though; in April 2001, a woman said she had been chased and harrassed in south-Belgium. She gave a description that matched Fourniret, and also cited the license plate of his car. Only 3 weeks later, a thirteen-year old girl, "Mananya Thumpong" vanished in Sedan. Since then, Fourniret has confessed he killed her.
On July 1, 2004, Fourniret's wife, Monique Olivier, confessed. According to her account, Michel Fourniret had killed ten people. She said she had helped him with the abductions. She had also watched him rape his victims. The day after her confession, Michel said he had indeed killed eight people. Later he confessed to killing his ninth victim. Today, people believe he might have killed many more.
He is currently detained in Belgium. His trial began on March 27, 2008. It is set to last for two months.
He is sometimes referred to as the "Ogre of the Ardennes".
His wife, Monique Olivier, denounced him following the conviction of Michelle Martin, wife of convicted child murderer Marc Dutroux for helping him with the crimes. Fourniret has been charged with the abduction of minors and sexual misconduct, and has been in detention since June 2003 for the attempted kidnapping of a 14-year-old girl in 2000. Monique has been charged with one murder and for helping him with a further six.
Confessed murders.
Fourniret's wife has also said that he killed a 16-year-old girl who had worked as an au pair at their house. Fourniret allegedly killed her in 1993, but this has not been confirmed. The identity of this alleged victim is not known.
Fourniret has been sentenced to "life in prison". This is the most severe punishmet the judges can give. He can apply for parole after 30 years. His wife, Olivier was found to be the driving force behind the murders. She has also been given a life sentence. She can ask for parole for the first time after 28 years.

Amber-coloured Salamander
The Amber-coloured Salamander ("Hynobius stejnegeri") is a kind of salamander in the Hynobiidae family of animals. It can only be found in Japan. It likes to live in forests in rivers that are warm. Unfortunately, because of habitat loss, it is losing its place to live.

Clouded Salamander
The Clouded Salamander ("Hynobius nebulosus") is a type of salamander in the Hynobiidae family of animals. It can only be found in Japan. The places they like to live are warm forests, rivers, swamps, freshwater springs, and land that is being watered.

Pontius Pilate
Pontius Pilate (; Latin: Pontius Pilatus, Greek:) was the governor of the Roman Iudaea province from 26 until 36. He is typically known as the sixth Procurator of Iudea. Some sources cite him as the fifth, though. In modern times he is best known as the man who presided over the trial of Jesus and ordered his crucifixion.
Pilate appears in all four canonical Christian Gospels. Mark, demonstrating Jesus to be innocent of plotting against Rome, portrays Pilate as extremely reluctant to execute Jesus, blaming the Jewish hierarchy for his death. In Matthew, Pilate washes his hands of Jesus and reluctantly sends him to his death. In Luke, Pilate not only agrees that Jesus did not conspire against Rome but King Herod also finds nothing treasonous in Jesus' actions. In John, Jesus makes no claim to be the Son of Man or the Messiah to Pilate or to the Sanhedrin.
Tacitus mentions in his Annales (15,44):"auctor nominis eius Christus Tibero imperitante per procuratorem Pontium Pilatum supplicio adfectus erat" This has been translated as "Christus, from whom the name had its origin, suffered the extreme penalty during the reign of Tiberius at the hands of one of our procurators, Pontius Pilatus"
Philo of Alexandria (Leg. ad Caj. 38) and Flavius Josephus (Antiq. 18:3, 4 and Bell. II:9, 2-4) also mention him.
Until the 1960, where an inscription on the lighthouse of Caesarea was found, people believed Pilate was not real.
Pilate's biographical details before and after his appointment to Iudaea are unknown, but have been supplied by tradition, which include the detail that his wife's name was Procula (she is canonized as a saint in the Greek Orthodox Church).
Pilate's term serves as a reliable historical benchmark for Jesus' death.

Ezo Salamander
The Ezo Salamander or Hokkaido Salamander ("Hynobius retardatus") is a kind of salamander in the Hynobiidae family of animals. It can only be found in Japan. The places where it likes to live are forests, shrubland, marshes, and swamps.

Stockbroker
A stockbroker is someone who buys and sells stock on the stock exchange. They buy and sell stock, as a person can not walk into the stock exchange for example, and ask to buy stock. They can also advise people the best way to manage their stock.

Kori salamander
The Kori salamander, "Hynobius yangi", is a kind of salamander found in southeastern South Korea. It has only been found around the rural areas of South Korea.

Hynobius amjiensis
"Hynobius amjiensis" is a kind of salamander in the Hynobiidae family of animals. It can only be found in China. It lives in swamps and freshwater marshes. It is very endangered and it could become extinct because of habitat loss.

Zutphen
Zutphen is a small city in the province of Gelderland in the Netherlands. It can be found about 30 kilometers north-east of Arnhem.

Satu Mare
Satu Mare (pronunciation in Romanian:; is a city with a population of 160,421 people and is the capital of Satu Mare County, Romania.

Schwaz
Schwaz is a city in Tyrol, Austria. Schwaz can be found in the lower Inn valley, and it has a population of about 13,000 people.

Philadelphia Phillies
The Philadelphia Phillies (or the Fightn' Phils) are a Major League Baseball team. They play in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. They play in the National League East. The Phillies were started in 1883. Their manager is Charlie Manuel, and their general manager is Pat Gillick. The Phillies have kept their name and city for over 100 years. In 1980, the Phillies won their first and only World Series. In 1993, they made it once more to the series, but they lost. They didn't make the playoffs again until 2007, when they won the NL East division championship. However, they were swept by the Colorado Rockies in the NLDS. Their home uniforms are white with red pinstripes and a red hat with a white cursive "P". The hat is the same for them on the road, but they wear gray pants with one red stripe and a gray shirt.

Marc Dutroux
Marc Dutroux (born November 6,1956) is a Belgian criminal. He has been convicted because he kidnapped and tortured six girls, between eight and 19 years old. He murdered four of them, two eight year old girls starved while he was in prison. He has been arrested in 1996. He has been in prison since then. The court convicted him to serve life in prison for the three murders (girl of 17 and 18 years old, and of his accomplice in his fifties). His wife was convicted of serving 30 years, for starving the 8 year olds.
The media showed him mostly as a pedophile. The final report compiled by 5 doctors said he was no pedophile, rather he was a psychopath, who had lost feelings when he was confronted with violence.

Trento
Trento is an italian city that can be found in the Adige River valley in Südtirol.

Znojmo
Znojmo (;) is a town in the South Moravian Region of the Czech Republic, near the border with Lower Austria.

Candelaria (municipality)
Candelaria is one of the 11 municipalities that make up the Mexican state of Campeche

Šilalė
Šilalė () is a city in Tauragė County, Lithuania. It can be found 30 km north of Tauragė.

Rosignano Solvay
Rosignano Solvay (shortly just Rosignano) is a small town in the italian comune of Rosignano Marittimo in the province of Tuscany, Livorno. Rosignano is away 22 km from Livorno and has about 20.000 inhabitants. The town is famous for the "white beaches" (formed by the Solvay a big industry of chemistry), the beaches are a "mix" of 90% of limestone and a 10% of calcium chloride. The coast of Rosignano for the big chemistry near the city is the five point, in the list of UNEP for the "Most 15 points poisoned in the Mediterranean Sea". Rosignano has a port for hosting 750 boats.
History.
The first villages in this areas where villages of Etruscans and Romans, the born of the town is at the first years of 1900.
The first times the town were called "Paese Novo", in the 1917 the city changed name in Rosignano Solvay, and the origin of "Solvay" the part of name of the town, depends from the name of a big chemistry Industry from Belgium, the Solvay Group, that in 1914 built many builings for treating and making materials about chemistry, as: Sodium hydroxide, Sodium bicarbonate and Sodium carbonate.
Since few years there is in the Solvay two big Gas Turbines for producing about 900 Mw.
Schools.
The town has 11 (elementary and high schools) schools and 2 schools for childs.

Rolando Filidei
Rolando Filidei born in 1914 in Navacchio and died in Rosignano Solvay in 1980. Rolando went to the school of art to Florence, until 1937 when he finished the school. After the school he became a soldier. After the soldier he returned in Rosignano where he worked wood, stone and bronze. Filiedei showed his art in more than 50 festivals and meeting about art in Italy and in many cities in the word. He worked too as a teacher from 1947 until 1977 in the school of "Ernesto Solvay of Rosignano".

Diplom
Diplom (from Greek Δίπλωμα "diploma") is a high level degree awarded for learning. It is awarded in European countries such as Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Estonia, Croatia, Serbia, Ukraine, Belarus and Greece. It is a similar award to the Bachelor's and Master's degrees in other countries.
The Diplom was first awarded when the "Technische Hochschulen" became a university.
With diplom is slowly being replaced by a system that awards Bachelors and Masters degrees. Bachelors degrees, sometimes called "Bakkalaureus" in Germany, are thought of as a "small Diplom".
Germany / Austria.
The Diplom may be awarded by the two types of German University. At a University of Applied Sciences (Fachhochschule), the diploma degree is called a "Diplom (FH)" and normally takes four years to study and gain work experience. At a "Universität" the degree is called a "Diplom" or sometimes a "Diplom (Univ.)" and takes four or five years. These years are called "regular study time" ("Regelstudienzeit") but study for the universität normally takes longer.
The "Diplom" is the first university award for many students. There has been no Bachelor's degree in the German/Austrian educational system.
To win the Diplom certificate, a student must pass the tests for the "Hauptstudium" (main study time) after the "Vordiplom", then one or more "Studienarbeit" (study research projects), and then write a "Diplomarbeit" (diploma thesis). The curriculum of diplom studies at a University of Applied Sciences (Fachhochschule) is focused on using (applying) the science. The Universität is focused on learning.
A student must have a "Diplom" before studying for a PhD ("Doctorate"). The diplom qualifys a student to study for a doctrate in most other countries.
Note: For the Diplom (FH) a student has to spend two years with a company where he or she does not study before studying for a doctorate. These years are shown as "additional work" in the table.
Also note: A Diplom student can begin the doctorate without the additional work if their work has been good enough. Normally a Masters course is taken before a doctorate.

Traralgon, Victoria
Traralgon is a regional city in Victoria, Australia.

Yerzin, Salih Yusupovich
Yerzin, Salih Yusupovich (cerca 1830 - 1911) - prominent Tatar businessman and patron of the arts who financed the construction of the largest mosque in Moscow (built in 1904).

Tatars
Tatars are a Turkic-speaking ethnic group. Most Tatars live in Russia (forming the majority in Tatarstan), as well as in such countries as Ukraine, Poland, Lithuania, Belarus, Bulgaria, China, Kazakhstan, Romania, Turkey, and Uzbekistan.

Gupta Empire
The Gupta Empire was ruled by members of the Gupta dynasty from around 320 to 550 AD and covered most of North-central India, Gupta Empire (never included Pakistan); and what is now western India and Bangladesh. The time of the Gupta Empire is referred to as Golden Age of India in science, mathematics, astronomy, religion and philosophy. Historians place the Gupta dynasty alongside with the Han Dynasty, Tang Dynasty and Roman Empire as a model of a classical civilization.
Most probably the Guptas is that the Guptas came from Bengal.
At the beginning of the 4th century the Guptas ruled a few small Hindu kingdoms in Magadha and around modern-day Uttar Pradesh.
We get plenty of information about this dynasty through coins, inscriptions, monuments and Sanskrit writings.
The Gupta rulers were great conquerors and good administrators. This brought on economic prosperity which led to cultural expansion.
Gupta society was ordered in accordance with Hindu beliefs. This included a strict class system (varna system). A series of invasions weakened the empire, but many of their cultural and intellectual achievements were saved and transmitted to other cultures and live on today.
Gupta dynasty.
The Gupta dynasty ruled the Gupta Empire of India, from around 320 to 550.
Other websites.
THe Guptas were the first to introduce a coinage across their empire.This showed both their wealth-as some coins were trying to unify the empire by using the same coins over the empire.

North Melbourne Football Club
The North Melbourne Football Club is a Australian football club. Its nickname is "The Kangaroos".

England national football team
The England national football team are a team who play association football for England. They play their matches in England at Wembley Stadium. They won the football World Cup in 1966 when they beat West Germany by 4 goals to 2 at the old Wembley Stadium.
They missed out on qualification for the 2008 European Championships. They are currently managed by Fabio Capello, an Italian who has had primary football success in Spain and Italy. Capello is the second foreigner to be the England manager (the first was Sven-Göran Eriksson)
Most recent squad.
These players were in the squad for the friendly against Germany on 19 November 2008.

Portman Road
Portman Road is the home association football ground of English club Ipswich Town F.C. It is in Ipswich, Suffolk and was opened in 1884.

Norwich City F.C.
Norwich City F.C. is an English association football club based in Norwich, Norfolk. The club was started in 1902 and as of the 2007–08 season play in the Football League Championship.

G-Man (Half-Life)
The G-Man is the mysterious character that constatly appears and interferes in the Valve Software games Half-Life, Half-Life 2, and.
As of yet it is not yet certain who the suit-wearing man is, although it is commonly agreed that he has a pivotal role to play in the upcoming. Avid followers of the series will know that he appears in almost every game level (see G-Man Locations), and lots of fan sites have been set up in his honour.
Many speculate that the G-Man is actually Gordon Freeman, the star of the games and who you play as.

Queens Park Rangers F.C.
Queens Park Rangers Football Club, is an English association football club from London. Their players wear a blue and white hooped shirts for home games which they play at a ground called Loftus Road. The club are also known as QPR.

801 Helwerthia
801 Helwerthia is a C-type asteroid orbiting in the Main belt near the Eunomia family. However, it is not a family member but an unrelated asteroid in the area because what its made up of is different than the members. Its diameter is about 33 km, its albedo around 0.038. It was found by Max Wolf in 1915. Its provisional name was 1915 WQ.

List of Bangkok universities
This is a list of colleges and universities in Bangkok, Thailand.

List of palaces in Bangkok
Former private residences of the Thai royal family

802 Epyaxa
802 Epyaxa is an asteroid belonging to the Flora family in the Main Belt. It was found by Max Wolf in 1915. Its provisional name was 1915 WR.

Watford F.C.
Watford F.C. are an English association football club who play in London. They currently play in the Football League Championship. They wear yellow shirts and red shorts when they play at their home ground, Vicarage Road. The club was founded in 1881.

Sheffield United F.C.
Sheffield United F.C. is an English association football club who play in Sheffield, Yorkshire, England. They play their home games at a stadium called Bramall Lane and have the nickname "Blades".

Barnsley F.C.
Barnsley F.C. is an English association football club who play in Barnsley, Yorkshire. The club was founded in 1887 and play its home games at a stadium called Oakwell.

Birmingham City F.C
Birmingham City F.C. is an English association football team who play in Birmingham. They were founded in 1875 and their nickname is "The Blues" because they wear blue shirts when they play at their home stadium, St Andrews. The Chairman is David Gold and the owner is David Sullivan. Their manager is Alex Mcleish and their latest signing is Birmingham born Lee Carsley who signed on a free transfer from Everton.

Burnley F.C.
Burnley F.C. are an English association football club who play in Burnley, Lancashire. They were started in 1882 and play their home games at the Turf Moor stadium.

Azua Province
Azua is a province of the Dominican Republic.

Cardiff City F.C.
Cardiff City F.C. is a Welsh association football club who play in Cardiff. They play at Ninian Park stadium and have the nickname "The Bluebirds".

Colchester United F.C.
Colchester United F.C. are an English association football team who play in Colchester, Essex. They were started in 1937 and play games at their stadium which is called Layer Road. They currently play in the Football League Championship.

Coventry City F.C.
Coventry City F.C. is an English association football club. They play in Coventry in the West Midlands. They first played football in 1883 and have the nickname "Sky Blues" named after the colour of the shirts they wear. They play their home matches at the Ricoh Arena stadium.
Coventry City won the FA Cup in 1987 against a team from London, Tottenham Hotspur F.C..

Crewe Alexandra F.C.
Crewe Alexandra F.C. is an English association football club from Crewe, Cheshire. They played their first game in 1877 and are now famous because of their manager Dario Gradi. He has been in charge of an English football club longer than anyone else.

Crystal Palace F.C.
Crystal Palace F.C. is an English association football club who play their games in London. They played their first game in 1905 and their stadium is called Selhurst Park.

Hull City A.F.C.
Hull City A.F.C. are an English association football club who are based in Kingston upon Hull. They started in 1904 and currently play in the English Premier League. Their stadium is called the KC Stadium. The club are currently managed by Phil Brown.
On 24th May 2008 Hull City achieved promotion to the FA Premier league by beating Bristol City 1-0 in the Coca-Cola football league championship play-off final at Wembley stadium. Dean windass scored the winning goal in the 38th minute.
Hull made a remarkable start to their first ever season in the premier league and reached as high as 2nd in the table in October 2008. They recorded impressive wins away from home against established premier league teams- Newcastle, Arsenal and Tottenham.

Golden Age of India
Many periods have been called golden periods in the History of India, because there were different important achievements at different times.
Ancient India.
The period between the 3rd century and 6th century CE is known as the Golden Age of India because of the large achievements Indians made in the fields of mathematics, astronomy, science, religion and philosophy during the Gupta Empire. The decimal numeral system, including the concept of zero, was invented in India during this period. The peace and prosperity created under leadership of Guptas made remarkable scientific and artistic activities in India possible. The Golden Age in India came to an end when the Hunas invaded the Gupta Empire in the 6th century CE.
Medieval India.
South India in the 10th and 11th century CE under the imperial Chola Dynasty has been called Golden Age as well. The period saw extensive achievements in architecture, Tamil literature, sculpture and bronze working, maritime conquests with extensive trade, and quasi-democratic reforms.

Enoch Powell
Enoch Powell (June 16, 1912 – February 8, 1998) was a British politician in the Conservative Party. He was a government minister in the 1950s and early 1960s. He made a speech in 1968 in which he said that if the United Kingdom let too many black people to come and live there, there would be fighting. In 1974 he left the Conservative Party and became an MP in Northern Ireland.

Monetarism
Monetarism is the belief that the right way for a government to manage a country's economy is to control how much money it prints.

Super Mario All-Stars
Super Mario All-Stars is a video game made by NIntendo for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System game console. It was released in 1993. It puts together four old games into one package. The four games are "Super Mario Bros.", "Super Mario Bros. 2", "Super Mario Bros. 3", and '. "The Lost Levels" was originally called "Super Mario Bros. 2" in Japan and was the original sequel to "Super Mario Bros.". The old games feature new graphics and improved sound.

Super Mario Sunshine
is a 2002 video game made by Nintendo for the Nintendo GameCube. It was the first platform game starring Mario that was not a launch title – it not released when the Nintendo console debuted. Instead, it was released about nine months after the GameCube had come out. The other release of the other three consoles (NES, SNES, and Nintendo 64) had been accompanied by a "Mario" game.
Plot.
In this game, Mario and his friends have landed in Delfino Isle for a vacation. However, the people on the island imprison Mario. Someone who looks like Mario has been making the island dirty. A judge tells Mario to clean up the island. He is given a device called FLUDD, which Mario straps on his back. FLUDD is a powerful water device that can clean up the mess that the fake Mario has caused.
Eventually, Mario learns that Bowser Jr., the son of Bowser, was the one who was dirtying the island. Bowser Jr. thinks that Princess Peach is his mother and kidnaps her. Mario must rescue her.
Gameplay.
Like "Super Mario 64", there are many worlds and each world has several goals to meet. Instead of stars, Mario captures shrines that will help restore the island. Each world has a boss to defeat. As Mario clears each world, he unlocks others.
Mario must clean up acres and acres of sludge and flith that is on the island. FLUDD allows him to do this. FLUDD only has a small quantity of water and Mario must jump into a pool of water after the water runs out. FLUDD also has several other things it can do. If Mario aims the nozzles down, Mario can float for a few seconds until the water runs out.
There are also areas where Mario takes FLUDD off and jumps around himself without assistance. The first time he goes he has to go through the area with no assistance. The second time he goes, he has to collect eight red coins in a time limit.
The normal default nozzle and hover nozzle, the rocket nozzle, and the prop. nozzle.

African elephant
African elephants are the two species of elephants in the genus "Loxodonta", one of the two existing genera in Elephantidae. Although it is commonly believed that the genus was named by Georges Cuvier in 1825, Cuvier spelled it "Loxodonte". An anonymous author romanized the spelling to "Loxodonta" and the ICZN recognizes this as the proper authority.
It is thought by many in the scholarly community that riding the spotted African elephant for extended periods can cause an erection. This is known as elephantile erectile excitement. Doctors, such as Kovorkian, Dr. Scholls, Dr. Seuss, and the noted guy from Law and Order all have been seen supporting this position. Animal rights group such as Pita have complained and lobbied for the sanctuary of these elephants as many men have been seen abusing the medical contition.
Fossil "Loxodonta" have only been found in Africa, where they developed in the middle Pliocene.
Size.
Males stand 3.64 meters (12 feet) tall at the shoulder and weigh 5455 kg (12,000 lbs), while females stand 3 meters (10 feet) and weigh 3636 kg to 4545 kg (8,000 to 10,000 lbs).
Teeth.
Elephants have four molars, each weighs about 11 lbs and measures about 12 inches long. The front pair wear down and drop out in pieces as the Two new molars emerge in the back of the mouth and the old molars shift forward. to replace those that dropped out. Elephants replace their teeth six times. At about 40 to 60 years of age the elephant no longer has teeth and will likely die of starvation, a common cause of death.
Their tusks are teeth, the second set of incisors become the tusks. They are used for digging for roots and stripping the bark off trees for food, and, fighting each other during mating season, or defending themselves against predators. They weigh from 50-100 pounds and can be from 5 to 8 feet long, both bulls and cows have tusks.
Species.
Bush and Forest Elephants were formerly considered subspecies of the same species "Loxodonta africana". However, they are nowadays generally considered to be two distinct species. The African Forest Elephant has a longer and narrower mandible, rounder ears, a different number of toenails, straighter and downward tusks, and considerably smaller size. With regard to the number of toenails: the African Bush Elephant normally has 4 toenails on the front foot and 3 on the hind foot, the African Forest Elephant normally has 5 toenails on the front foot and 4 on the hind foot (like the Asian elephant), but hybrids between the two species commonly occur.
Conservation.
Poaching significantly reduced the population of "Loxodonta" in certain regions during the 20th century. An example of this poaching pressure is in the eastern region of Chad—elephant herds there were substantial as recently as 1970, with an estimated population of 400,000; however, by 2006 the number had dwindled to about 10,000. The African elephant nominally has governmental protection, but poaching is still a serious issue. Poaching is helpful though, for it helps reduce the overpopulation of elephants. Thanks to the works of Stephen Colbert, the number of African elephants has tripled in the last 6 months.
Human encroachment into or adjacent to natural areas where bush elephants occur has led to recent research into methods of safely driving groups of elephants away from humans, including the discovery that playback of the recorded sounds of angry honey bees are remarkably effective at prompting elephants to flee an area. Apparently the sticky consistancy of honey frightens the elephants because they dont want dirt to get stuck to their skin. Some elephant communities have grown so large, in Africa, that some communities have resulted to culling large amounts to help sustain the ecosystem.

History of the United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the sovereign state. England, Scotland, Wales (together Great Britain) and Northern Ireland are parts of this state.
It began to take its present shape with the Acts of Union in 1707, which united the crowns and Parliaments of England and Scotland to create the Kingdom of Great Britain. A further Act of Union in 1800 joined the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
In 1922, the territory of what is now the Republic of Ireland gained independence, and only Northern Ireland continued to be part of the United Kingdom. As a result, in 1927 Britain changed its formal title to "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland", usually shortened to "the United Kingdom", "the UK" or "Britain".
Acts of Union 1707.
The first step towards political unification were taken on May 1st, 1707, shortly after the parliaments of Scotland and England had approved Acts of Union which combined the two parliaments and the two royal titles.
Perhaps the greatest single benefit to Scotland of the Union was that Scotland could enjoy free trade with England and her colonies overseas. For England's part, a possible ally for European states that were hostile to England had been neutralised.
Certain aspect of the former independent kingdoms remained separate. Examples of Scottish and English institutions which were not merged into the British system include: Scottish and English law which remain separate, as do Scottish and English banking systems, the Presbyterian Church of Scotland and Anglican Church of England also remained separate as did the systems of education and higher learning.
As the Scots were better educated than the average Englishman, they made a disproportionate contribution to both the government of the United Kingdom and the administration of the British Empire.
Ireland joins with the Act of Union (1800).
The second stage in the development of the United Kingdom took effect on January, 1st, 1801, when the Kingdom of Great Britain merged with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
The legislative union of Great Britain and Ireland was completed under the Act of Union 1800. The country's name was changed to "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland". The Act was passed in the British and therefore unrepresentative Irish Parliament with substantial majorities achieved in part (according to contemporary documents) through bribery, namely the awarding of peerages and honors to critics to get their votes. The separate Parliaments of Great Britain and Ireland were abolished, and replaced by a united Parliament of the United Kingdom. Ireland thus became part of an extended United Kingdom. Ireland sent around 100 MPs to the House of Commons at Westminster and 28 peers to the House of Lords.
Napoleonic wars.
Hostilities between Great Britain and France recommenced on May 18 1803. The Coalition war-aims changed over the course of the conflict: a general desire to restore the French monarchy became closely linked to the struggle to stop Napoleon.
The Napoleonic conflict had reached the point at which subsequent historians could talk of a "world war". Only the Seven Years' War offered a precedent for widespread conflict on such a scale.
Victorian era.
The Victorian era marked the height of the British Industrial Revolution and the apex of the British Empire. Although commonly used to refer to the period of Queen Victoria's rule between 1837 and 1901, scholars debate whether the Victorian period—as defined by a variety of sensibilities and political concerns that have come to be associated with the Victorians—actually begins with the passage of Reform Act 1832. The era was preceded by the Regency era and succeeded by the Edwardian period. The latter half of the Victorian era roughly coincided with the first portion of the Belle Époque era of continental Europe and other non-English speaking countries.
Prime Ministers: William Pitt the Younger | Lord Grenville | Duke of Portland | Spencer Perceval | Lord Liverpool | George Canning | Lord Goderich | Duke of Wellington | Lord Grey | Lord Melbourne | Sir Robert Peel | Lord John Russell | Lord Derby | Lord Aberdeen | Lord Palmerston | Benjamin Disraeli | William Ewart Gladstone | Lord Salisbury | Lord Rosebery
20th century.
Marquess of Salisbury | Arthur Balfour | Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman | Herbert Henry Asquith | David Lloyd George | Andrew Bonar Law | Stanley Baldwin | Ramsay MacDonald | Stanley Baldwin | Ramsay MacDonald | Stanley Baldwin | Neville Chamberlain | Winston Churchill
Empire to Commonwealth.
Britain's control over its Empire loosened during the interwar period. Nationalism became stronger in other parts of the empire, particularly in India and in Egypt.
Between 1867 and 1910, the UK granted Australia, Canada, and New Zealand "Dominion" status (near complete autonomy within the Empire).
1945-1997.
The end of the Second World War saw a landslide General Election victory for Clement Atlee and the Labour Party.
As the country headed into the 1950s, rebuilding continued and a number of immigrants from the remaining British Empire were invited to help the rebuilding effort. During the 1950s the UK lost its place as a superpower and could no longer maintain its large Empire. This led to decolonization, and a withdrawal from almost all of its colonies by 1970.
Though the 1970s and 1980s saw the UK's integration to the "European Economic Community" which became the European Union in 1992 and a strict modernization of its economy.
After the difficult 70s and 80s the 1990s saw the beginning of a period of continuous economic growth that has to date lasted over 15 years. The Good Friday Agreement saw what many believe to be the beginning of the end of conflict in Northern Ireland; since this event, there has been very little armed violence over the issue.
21st century.
In the 2001 General Election, the Labour Party won a second successive victory.
Despite huge anti-war marches being held in London and Glasgow, Tony Blair gave strong support to the United State's invasion of Iraq in 2003. Forty-six thousand British troops, one-third of the total strength of the British Army (land forces), were active to assist with the invasion of Iraq and after that British armed forces were responsible for security in southern Iraq in the time before the Iraqi elections of January 2005.
2007 sees the conclusion of the premiership of Tony Blair, followed by the premiership of Gordon Brown (from 27 June 2007).
Footnotes.
¹ The term "United Kingdom" was first used in the 1707 Act of Union. However it is generally seen as a descriptive term, indicating that the kingdoms were freely united rather than through conquest. It is not seen as being actual "name" of the new United Kingdom, which was the "Kingdom of Great Britain". The "United Kingdom" as a name is taken to refer to the kingdom that emerged when the Kingdom of Great Britain and Kingdom of Ireland merged on 1 January 1801.
² The name "Great Britain" (then spelt "Great Brittaine") was first used by James VI/I in October 1604, who indicated that henceforth he and his successors would be viewed as Kings of Great Britain, not Kings of England and Scotland. However the name was not applied to the "state" as a unit; both England and Scotland continued to be governed independently. Its validity as a name of the Crown is also questioned, given that monarchs continued using separate ordinals (e.g., James VI/I, James VII/II) in England and Scotland. To avoid confusion, historians generally avoid using the term "King of Great Britain" until 1707 and instead to match the ordinal usage call the monarchs kings or queens of England and Scotland. Separate ordinals were abandoned when the two states merged with the Act of Union 1707, with subsequent monarchs using ordinals apparently based on English not Scottish history (it might be argued that the monarchs have simply taken the higher ordinal, which to date has always been English). One example is Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom, who is referred to as being "the Second" even though there never was an Elizabeth I of Scotland or Great Britain. Thus the term "Great Britain" is generally used from 1707.
³ The number changed several times between 1801 and 1922.
4 The Anglo-Irish Treaty was ratified by (i) The British Parliament (Commons, Lords & Royal Assent), (ii) Dáil Éireann, and the (iii) the House of Commons of Southern Ireland, a parliament created under the British "Government of Ireland Act 1920" which was supposedly the valid parliament of Southern Ireland in British eyes and which had an almost identical membership of the Dáil, but which nevertheless had to assemble separately under the Treaty's provisions to approve the Treaty, the Treaty thus being ratified under both British and Irish constitutional theory.

Leeds United A.F.C.
Leeds United A.F.C. is an English association football club based in Leeds, West Yorkshire. They play their home matches at a stadium called Elland Road. Leeds United won the FA Cup in 1972 when they beat Arsenal by 1 goal to nothing.

Acts of Union 1707
The Acts of Union were a pair of Parliamentary Acts passed in 1706 and 1707 by, respectively, the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland, to make effecrive the Treaty of Union which had been negotiated between the two countries. The Acts joined the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland which had been separate states before, with separate legislatures but with the same monarch into a single Kingdom of Great Britain.
The two countries had shared a monarch for about 100 years (since the "Union of the Crowns" in 1603, when James VI of Scotland inherited the English throne from his cousin, Queen Elizabeth I).
The Acts took effect on 1 May 1707.

El Paso, Guyana
El Paso is a village in the Potaro-Siparuni region of Guyana. It can be found to the west of Tumatumari Landing.

Provinces of Iran
Iran is divided into 30 provinces (Persian: استان "ostān", plural استان‌ها "ostānhā"). Each is ruled from a local center. These local centers can usually be found in the biggest local city, called the capital (Persian: مرکز "markaz") of that province.

Counties of Iran
The provinces of Iran are divided more into counties called shahrestan (Persian: شهرستان "shahrestān"). This is an area inside an ostan. They usually contain a city center, a few bakhsh (Persian: بخش "bakhsh"), and a bunch of villages around them. They are also usually some cities in each county. As of the year 2005, Iran had 324 counties.

Tehran Province
Tehran Province (Persian: استان تهران;) is one of the 30 provinces of Iran. It has an area of 18,909 square kilometers. It can be found to the north of the center plateau in Iran. As of June 2005, this province contains 13 townships, 43 municipalities, and 1,358 villages.
Municipalities.
Absard, Andishe, Baghershahr, Baghestan, Boumehen, Chahardangeh, Damavand, Eshtehard, Eslamshahr, Ferdowsieh, Firouzkouh, Garmdarreh, Gharchak, Ghods, Golestan, Shahriar, Hashtgerd, Hashtgerd New City, Javadabad, Hassan Abad, Kahrizak, Kamalshahr, Karaj, Kilan, Lavasan, Mahdasht, Malard, Meshkindasht, Mohammadshahr, Nasimshahr, Nazarbad, Owshan Fasham Meygoun, Pakdasht, Pardis, Pishva, Robat Karim, Roudehen, Sabasharh, Safadasht, Shahedshahr, Shahriar, Sharifabad, Tehran, Vahidieh, Varamin,

Leicester City F.C.
Leicester City F.C. are an English association football club. They are based in Leicester in the county of Leicestershire. They play their home games at their stadium which is called Walkers Stadium.

Damavand County
Damavand County (Persian: دماوند) is a county of the Tehran Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Damavand.

Eslamshahr County
Eslamshahr County (Persian: اسلام‌شهر) is a county of the Tehran Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Eslamshahr.

Firouzkouh County
Firouzkouh County (Persian: فیروزکوه) is a county of the Tehran Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Firuzkuh.

Karaj County
Karaj County (Persian: کرج) is a county of the Tehran Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Karaj.

Luton Town F.C.
Luton Town F.C. are an English association football club that are based in Luton in the county of Bedfordshire. They started in 1885 and play their home games at a stadium called Kenilworth Road.

Millwall F.C.
Millwall F.C. are an English association football club. They play their home games at a stadium called The New Den which is in London. The club started in 1885 and their nickname is "The Lions".

Nazarabad County
"Nazarabad County (Persian: نظرآباد) is a county of the Tehran Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Nazarabad.

Pakdasht County
Pakdasht County () is a county of the Tehran Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Pakdasht.

Preston North End F.C.
Preston North End F.C. are an English association football club. They are based in Preston, Lancashire. They play in the Football League Championship at their stadium which is called Deepdale. The club began in 1881 and has the nickname "The Lilywhites".

Rey County
Rey County (Persian: ری) is a county of the Tehran Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Rey.

Robat-Karim County
Robat-Karim County (Persian: رباط‌کریم) is a county of the Tehran Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Robat-Karim.

Savojbolagh County
Savojbolagh County (Persian: ساوجبلاغ) is a county of the Tehran Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Hashtgerd.

Shahriar County
Shahriar County (Persian: شهریار) is a county of the Tehran Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Shahriar. The county has a population of 400,000 people.

Shemiranat County
Shemiranat County (Persian: شمیرانات) is a county of the Tehran Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Shemiranat.

Tehran County
Tehran County (Persian: شهرستان تهران) is a county of the Tehran Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Tehran.

Varamin County
Varamin County (Persian: ورامین) is a county of the Tehran Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Varamin.

The New Den
The New Den is a stadium in London, England. It is the stadium where Millwall F.C. are based.

Untouched (song)
"Untouched" is a 2007 song by the Australian band The Veronicas.

Les Cayes
Les Cayes (Kréyòl: "Okay"; English: "The Cays") is a town in southwest Haiti near the river "Ravine du Sud", on the Caribbean coast. It is the capital of the Sud "Département".
Les Cayes is at about 196 km southwest of the Haitian capital Port-au-Prince. It is also the chief town of an "arrondissement" (a part of a department) with the same name. The "arrondissement" has six "communes" (a "commune" is like a municipality): Les Cayes, Camp-Perrin, Chantal, Île à Vache, Maniche and Torbeck.
Name.
The town had the name of "Aux Cayes" ("On the cays") because the small "Île à Vache" island and other cays (Grande Caye and Petite Caye) are near the town. Now the name is just "Les Cayes"; Kréyòl still keeps the old name.
History.
In 1504, Diego Velázquez founded the town of "Salvatierra de la Sabana" (or Salvatierra de la Zabana) where is now Les Cayes. From here, he left for Cuba to take control of that island on 7 November 1511.
But people left completely the town in 1540 and the French Monsier de la Lance founded the modern town of Les Cayes in 1726. The town was destroyed by two hurricanes in 1781 and 1788.
On 24 December 1818, Simón Bolívar came to Les Cayes looking for help to fight against the Spanish government in South America. Bolívar left Haiti on 10 April 1816 for Venezuela, but came back in September of that year to this Haitian town when he lost some battles in South America. He went back to South America in December of the same year.
Economy.
Les Cayes is one of the most important port of Haiti, where coffee, sugar, bananas and timber are send to other countries and other parts of Haiti. There is also an airport, Antoine Simon Airport, with the name of a president of Haiti that was born in Les Cayes.
Images.
Image:Downtown Cayes Haiti http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2363/2457188543_f1d180bb98_b.jpg

Spitz (dog)
Spitz-type breeds of dog have long thick fur that is often white, and pointed ears and noses. Many times, the tail is over the dog's back.
Origins.
No one knows where Spitz-type dogs came from, though most seen today live in the Arctic. There is no archaeological signs showing stages between the wolf and Spitz-type dogs, but Spitz-like skeletons have been found up to 5,000 years old.
Though it is not certain for how long wolves have bred with Spitz-type dogs, it is known that humans have bred Spitz types with wolves in more recent times to get wolf-like breeds such as the Alaskan Malamute.
About 3000 years ago, dogs began to migrate from the Arctic into temperate Europe, North America, Asia, and sometimes Africa. Skeletons from around 2,000 years ago in Switzerland show that Spitz-type dogs have lived in central Europe for thousands of years. These dogs are the ancestors of the European Spitz-types, such as the German Spitz and Schipperke. Many Spitz-types also migrated into Korea and China. Later, many of these dogs were moved by humans to Japan, most likely from Korea. These Asian Spitz types are the ancestors of today's breeds such as the Chow Chow and the Akita Inu.
Uses.
Through special breeding, Spitz types have evolved to help humans in three ways: hunting, herding, and pulling sleds. Smaller breeds such as the Finnish Spitz and the Lundehund were used in Scandinavia to hunt birds and smaller mammals. Larger breeds such as the Karelian Bear Dog and the Norwegian Elkhound were used for hunting large animals like moose and elk. The largest of all the Spitz types, notably the Canadian Eskimo Dog and the Greenland Dog, were used to pull sleds up until the 19th century.
Spitz types are good at living in cold northern climates. They often have a warm, water-proof layer of fur that is thicker than the outer layer of fur. Small ears help reduce the risk of frostbite, and thick fur that grows on the paws protects the dogs from sharp ice.
Many Spitz-type breeds are wolf-like in their independence and aggression towards new humans and animals, and can require much training before they become friendly. Some, like the Karelian Bear Dog, are impossible to train as companion dogs.
The cuteness of the Spitz-type have caused people to create companion dog breeds from them. The very small Pomeranian was at first a much larger dog similar to a Keeshond before being bred to make a small court animal. The Keeshond, is a friendly and loyal, though very lively, pet. Other companion Spitz-type dog breeds are the American Eskimo Dog and the Papillon.

Southampton F.C.
Southampton F.C. is an English association football club. They started in 1885 and play their home games at a stadium called St Mary's Stadium.

Southend United F.C.
Southend United F.C. are an English association football club. They are based in Southend-on-Sea in the county of Essex. They started in 1906 and play their home games at a stadium called Roots Hall.

Stoke City F.C.
Stoke City F.C. is an English association football club based in Stoke-on-Trent. They started in 1863 which makes them the second oldest Football League club in the world. Stoke City play their home games at a stadium called the Britannia Stadium.
One of Stoke City's most famous players was Stanley Matthews.

Stanley Matthews
Stanley Matthews (1 February 1915 - 23 February 2000) was a famous English footballer. He was born in Stoke-on-Trent. Matthews played football for Stoke City F.C. and Blackpool F.C.. He was knighted in 1965 and he died in 2000.

Blackpool F.C.
Blackpool F.C. is an English association football club. They are based in Blackpool in the county of Lancashire. They started in 1887 and play their home games at a stadium called Bloomfield Road. The club won the FA Cup in 1953.

Articles of Confederation
The Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union, also known as the Articles of Confederation, was the first governing document, or constitution, of the United States of America. The thirteen states were formally thirteen independent countries until ratification of the Articles. When it was completed in 1781 the "United States of America" legally came into existence.
Article summaries.
Even though the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution were established by many of the same people, the two documents were very different. The original five-paged Articles contained thirteen articles, a conclusion, and a signatory section. The following list contains short summaries of each of the thirteen articles.

History of the United States
The United States of America developed from the British colonies that argued against British tax with the phrase, "No taxation without representation". On July 4, 1776, people from 13 colonies signed the United States Declaration of Independence. This said from that point on, they were free and independent states, meaning they felt England wasn't under control. Britain tried to recapture the colonies in the American Revolutionary War, but they failed.
Beginnings.
In 1781, the colonies prepared a Union with the Articles of Confederation. But it only lasted six years. In 1787, a constitution was written. Very soon after, the Bill of Rights was added. This was a set of 10 "amendments" (changes), that limited the government's power and guaranteed rights to the citizens. The US Constitution has been changed and added to many times since then. The main idea is that the government is a representative democracy elected by the people, who all have the same rights. However, this was not true at first, when only white males who owned property could vote. This was only changed after the American Civil War, by the 13th, 14th, 15th, and 19th amendments.
The United States was mostly farm land before the industrial revolution around the mid 19th century. That led to enormous economic growth. Many new states were added to the original 13, as the nation grew.
But then a serious problem developed. Several southern states disagreed with the others about policies like slavery in the new territories, and how much power the states should have to make their own laws. They therefore created a confederation separate from the central government. The nothern states that still followed the national government were calles union states. The Civil War between these two groups lasted from 1861 until 1865. The union states won the war and slavery ended in the United States.
After the Civil War, there developed problems between the white settlers and the native Indians as more people began to move west. Because of this, many more Indians were killed.
After 1900.
In the 20th century, the US had more contact with other countries. In 1917, the US got involved in World War I and helped quickly defeat Germany and its allies, the Central Powers. After World War I, the United States was the world's second richest and most powerful country.
The Great Depression happened in the early 1930s, when a lot of people could not find a job. There were a lot of reasons for the Great Depression, but one of the main things that made it come as quickly as it did was the stock market crash of 1929, in which a lot of people lost a lot of money in a very short amount of time. Some people lost all their money in only a few days, since the stocks they had bought in the years leading up to it were now worth almost nothing.
In 1991, the US led other countries in what it calls the Persian Persian Gulf War, after Iraq invaded Kuwait.
On September 11, 2001, the United States was struck by a major terrorist attack. About 3,000 people died. Terrorists took control of four airplanes, in what is called a hijacking. They crashed all four of the planes on purpose.
Two of the planes crashed into the World Trade Center, a pair of skyscrapers in New York City. One plane crashed into the Pentagon, the main office for the U.S. military, in Virginia. The fourth plane crashed in a field in Pennsylvania after the passengers fought back.
Most of the hijackers were from Saudi Arabia and thought the US army should not be in Saudi Arabia, because they thought it was holy ground where only Muslims should be. A group called al-Qaeda, led by Osama bin Laden, admitted they were behind these attacks, and they were based in Afghanistan, where they were supported by the Taliban Afghan government.
The attack led to big changes. The United States government responded by going to war against Afghanistan and driving out the Taliban. After that, it went to war against Iraq (2003 invasion of Iraq). The Iraq war was against the will of the majority of the world, because the Iraqi government was never involved with Afghanistan. The war caused massive demonstrations all over the world.
Immigrants from many nations now live in United States. Today's immigrants are mostly people from Latin America (especially Mexico) and Asia, with smaller groups of people from Europe and Africa.

Power law
A power law is a mathematical function, a rule to find one number (formula_1) from another number (formula_2). The new number is found by multiplying the first number by itself a certain number of times (called the power or the exponent). For example, formula_3 is a power law of formula_2, found by multiplying formula_2 by itself three times, that is, formula_6.
formula_7
formula_8 and formula_9 can be any numbers.
Use of power laws in science.
formula_12
In this power law, the power is -2.
Other examples of power laws in science are how often big earthquakes happen, and how the heart beat of an animal depends on its size.

Exponential function
formula_10
"c" can be any number and "a" can be any number bigger than zero. If "a" is between zero and one, then the exponential function becomes smaller as "x" becomes bigger. If "a" is bigger than one, then the exponential function becomes bigger as "x" becomes bigger. The exponential function is sometimes very big and sometimes very small, but it is always bigger than zero.
An important thing about exponential functions is that "adding" a number to "x" is the same as "multiplying" "y" by a number. For example, in the exponential function formula_4, adding 1 to "x" is the same as multiplying "y" by 2.
Examples.
The exponential function is the way that things grow, if they grow faster when they are bigger. For example, if one million people live in a country, then ten thousand babies are born every year, but if two million people live in that country, then twenty thousand babies are born every year. The way the number of people who live in the country becomes bigger every year is an exponential function.
Another example of something that becomes bigger and bigger in the same way as an exponential function is money in a bank. If a person puts 100 dollars in a bank, after one year the bank will give that person 110 dollars. The extra 10 dollars, or 10 percent, is called the interest. If the person puts the 110 dollars into the bank again, after another year the bank will give the person 121 dollars. The money the person has does not grow by the same amount every year, but it grows faster and faster. The bank does not give the person ten dollars after the first year and then "ten" dollars after the second year. The bank gives the person ten dollars after the first year and then "eleven" dollars after the second year. The way the amount of money in the bank becomes bigger every year is an exponential function.
formula_12
"t" is the number of years after a person put 100 tritium atoms in the bottle.
Relation to the mathematical constant "e".
Even though the base (formula_3) can be any number bigger than zero, for example, 10 or 1/2, often it is a special number called e. The number "e" cannot be written exactly, but it is almost equal to 2.71828.
The number "e" is important to every exponential function. For example, a bank pays interest of 0.01 percent every day. One person takes his interest money and puts it in a box. After 10,000 days (about 30 years), he has 2 times as much money as he started with. Another person takes his interest money and puts it back into the bank. Because the bank now pays him interest on his interest, the amount of money is an exponential function. After 10,000 days, he doesn't have 2 times as much money as he started with, but he has 2.718145 times as much money as he started with. This number is very close to the number "e". If the bank pays interest more often, so the the amount paid each time is less, then the number will be closer to the number "e".
A person can also look at the picture to see why the number "e" is important for exponential functions. The picture has three different curves. The curve with the black points is an exponential function with a base a little smaller than "e". The curve with the short black lines is an exponential function with a base a little bigger than "e". The blue curve is an exponential function with a base exactly equal to "e". The red line is a tangent to the blue curve. It touches the blue curve at one point without crossing it. A person can see that the red curve crosses the "x"-axis, the line that goes from left to right, at -1. This is true only for the blue curve. This is the reason that the exponential function with the base "e" is special.

Computer file
A computer file is a means to store information that belongs together. Computer files can be opened (read and written) by computer programs, usually they are stored on some kind of file system.
The way the information is organized in a file is called the file format.

File (tool)
A file is a tool. It is used to shape materials, by cutting away some of it. Today, files are usually made of a steel bar that has a rough surface. By rubbing the surface against a material, some of the material is cut away. There are also nail files used to shape a person's fingernails.

Sheffield Wednesday F.C.
Sheffield Wednesday F.C. is an English association football club. They are based in Sheffield, South Yorkshire. They play their home matches at a stadium called Hillsborough Stadium.
The club plays in the English Football League Championship.

De Wallen
De Wallen ("thin walls") are the biggest and most famous red-light district in Amsterdam. It is in the very old (14th century) part of the city around the Oude Kerk and Oudezijds Achterburgwal/Vorburgwal.
In December 2007, the mayor of Amsterdam and his government decided to buy many of brothelhouses within De Wallen. By doing this, the area used for prostitution and coffeshops gets smaller and smaller.

Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C.
Wolverhampton Wanderers are an English association football club. They are based in Wolverhampton, West Midlands. The club started in 1877 and play their home games at a stadium called Molineux Stadium. They have won the FA Cup four times.

A.F.C. Bournemouth
A.F.C. Bournemouth are an English association football club. They are based in Bournemouth and play their home games at a stadium called the Fitness First Stadium. They started in 1899 and have had Harry Redknapp as a manager and his son Jamie Redknapp as a player.

Jamie Redknapp
Jamie Redknapp is an English footballer. He was born in 1973 and played for Liverpool F.C., Tottenham Hotspur F.C., A.F.C. Bournemouth and Southampton F.C.. His father, Harry Redknapp, is the manager of Portsmouth F.C.

Bradford City A.F.C.
Bradford City A.F.C. is an English association football club. They are based in Bradford, West Yorkshire. They began in 1903 and play their home games in a stadium called Coral Windows Stadium.

Arenal Volcano National Park
Arenal Volcano National Park is a national park located in the northwest region of Costa Rica. It is between the mountainpass of the Tilarán Mountain Range and the Plains of San Carlos. A part of the park belongs to San Ramón.
Arenal Volcano.
The main characteristic of this national park is the Arenal Volcano. It is an almost perfect cone with a height of 1633m. The volcano has regular eruptions which create one of the most extraordinary natural landscapes of Costa Rica.
Wildlife.
The park many different types of plants and animals. Some of the more interesting plants are Guayabo mountain, Ceiba, Cirri, Laurel, Higuerones, Pilon, Guarumo, Balsa, different species of palms, heliconias, orchids, ferns and bromeliads including "Pitcaimia Funkiae".
The main species of animals are sloths, birds like lapas, parrots and quetzals, snakes like lora snake, velvet snake and the boa constrictor, 35 species of fish and 135 species of reptiles including turtles. There are also tapirs, deers, jaguars, sahínos, pizotes, Congo monkeys, and cappuccino monkeys. Most of the animals that live in the park are birds. This makes the park a very good place for bird watchers.
Scenery.
This national park has a great tourist attraction because of the beautiful scenery and forests. It is also an very good place for extreme sports practice like canopy which hundreds of peoples both foreigners and locals like a lot. Many people like to watch the view created by the volcano when it is making small eruptions at night.

Faded (song)
Faded is a 2006 song by Kate DeAraugo, the winner of Australian Idol in 2005.

Emergency (song)
Emergency is a 2005 song by Paramore. It came off the album "All We Know Is Falling".
The song is about Hayley Williams' parents, and she could remember standing between them yelling at them to shut up.

Roger D. Kornberg
Professor Roger David Kornberg is an American biochemist who was born on. He is a professor of structural biology at Stanford University School of Medicine.
Kornberg was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2006 for studying eukaryotic transcription which is something that DNA does. His father, Arthur Kornberg, who was a professor at Stanford University, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1959.
He was also awarded a Ph.D. from Umeå University in Sweden.
Early life.
Kornberg was born in St. Louis, Missouri to a Jewish family. He was the first of three children born to Arthur Kornberg and his wife, Sylvy. These parents worked together as biochemists.
Roger Kornberg earned his bachelor's degree from Harvard University in 1967 and his Ph.D. from Stanford University in 1972. He then became a fellow at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge, England.
Important studies.
All creatures are in some part controlled by their genes. For the creature to make use of the information in the genes, a copy of part of the gene must be made and sent to edge of a cell. The copying is called transcription. Transcription makes an RNA copy of part of the DNA. The RNA is moved out of the cell nucleus, where it does its work. This is called messenger RNA and gives instructions for protein production, called translation. Normally the genes give the instructions for what the proteins will do. The RNA with the instructions for proteins is called RNA polymerase II. Professor Kornberg has worked in eukaryotes to understand all this. This study involves the evolution of all plants and creatures, i.e., everything from yeast to humans.
After Professor Kornberg was awarded his Ph.D. he worked with Aaron Klug and Francis Crick at the MRC in the 1970s. He discovered the nucleosome as a very important protein in DNA. Within the nucleosome, Kornberg found that roughly 200 bp of DNA are wrapped around an octamer of histone proteins.
Kornberg's research group at Stanford were able to make cells that are a part of everything from yeast to humans.
Using his system, Kornberg made the discovery that signals to the RNA are made by another protein that they called "Mediator". The Nobel Prize committee said, "the great complexity of eukaryotic organisms is actually enabled by the fine interplay between tissue-specific substances, enhancers in the DNA and Mediator. The discovery of Mediator is therefore a true milestone in the understanding of the transcription process."
At the same as Kornberg was studying biochemistry, he used two decades trying to make microscopes that could take pictures of RNA and the proteins. Kornberg was an expert at studying lipid membranes. Lipid membranes are flat crystals and they can be pictured with an electron microscope in low-quality. After a lot of study, Kornberg was able to use X-ray crystallography to take 3D pictures of RNA atoms (see atom). Professor Kornbergs pictures of RNA are the best pictures of protein ever. He has made good pictures of other proteins. With these studies, Kornberg has created a picture of how DNA works. The Nobel Prize committee said, "the truly revolutionary aspect of the picture Kornberg has created is that it captures the process of transcription in full flow. What we see is an RNA-strand being constructed, and hence the exact positions of the DNA, polymerase and RNA during this process."
In 1959, Roger Kornbergs father, Arthur Kornberg, received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for studies of how genetic information moves from one DNA molecule to another. This is called DNA replication. Arthur Kornberg found the first enzyme that could make DNA. This was the first known enzyme to take its instructions from a DNA copy. Roger Kornbergs younger brother, Thomas Bill Kornberg, discovered DNA polymerases II and III in 1970 and is now a geneticist at the University of California, San Francisco. All three Kornbergs have worked to understand how genetic information is used in cells. Roger and Arthur Kornberg are the sixth father and son to win Nobel Prizes.

All We Know Is Falling
"All We Know Is Falling" is the debut album the band Paramore. It was recorded in just three weeks. In April 2006, the CD was released in the UK. In 2005, a Japanese version was released, with the bonus track "O, Star".
Music videos.
Paramore released three videos from their debut album. The first was for the single "All We Know", followed by "Pressure", and "Emergency".

Businessperson
A businessperson (also businessman or businesswoman) is someone who works at an job that focuses on making money. Generally, they are someone who works in the management (at any level) of a company.
Businessperson is used more commonly than in the past, in place of the words businessman or businesswoman to avoid sexism and stereotypes. Sometimes the words businessman or businesswoman are used to point out a man or woman.
Dress code.
Businessmen generally wear standard business clothes: a suit with collar, shirt, and necktie. However, this changes depending on the company, the local culture, and the country. In more casual places, neckties can be left out.
Businesswomen's clothes have gone through many changes. Dresses and suits are common today.

Werl
Werl is a town found in the district of Soest in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

Tangent (geometry)
In geometry, a tangent is a straight line that touches a curve at one point. Where they touch each other, the line and the curve are both "going in the same direction". For this reason, the tangent is a good approximation to the curve near that point. They are almost the same.

History of North America
The History of North America deals with an area where humans came to live relatively recently, compared to Africa, Europe, and Asia.
Scientists have different theories as to the origins of the early human population of the North America. The indigenous peoples of North America themselves have many creation stories, that tell that native Americans have been present on the land since its creation.
Pre-Columbian Era.
Before contact with Europeans the natives of North America were divided into many different communities, from small bands of a few families to large empires. They lived in several culture areas, which roughly correspond to geographic and biological zones of North America and give a good indication of the main occupation of the people who lived there (e.g. the Bison hunters of the Great Plains, or the farmers of Mesoamerica). Native groups can also be classified by their language family It is important to note that peoples with similar languages did not always share the same material culture, nor were they always allies.
Scientists believe that the Inuit people of the high Arctic came to North America much later than other native groups, as evidenced by the disappearance of Dorset culture artifacts from the archaeological record, and their replacement by the Thule people.
During the thousands of years of native inhabitation on the continent, cultures changed and shifted. Archaeologists often name different cultural groups they discover after the site where they are first found. One of the oldest cultures yet found is the Clovis culture of modern New Mexico. A more recent example is the group of related cultures called the Mound builders (e.g. the Fort Walton Culture), found in the Mississippi river valley. They flourished from 3000 BC to the 1500s AD.
The more southern cultural groups of North America were responsible for the domestication of many common crops now used around the world, such as tomatoes and squash. Perhaps most importantly they domesticated one of the world's major staples, maize (corn).
As a result of the development of agriculture in the south, important cultural development was possible there. For example, the Maya civilization developed a writing system, built huge pyramids, had a complex calendar, and developed the concept of zero 500 years before anyone in the Old World. The Mayan culture was still present when the Spanish arrived in Central America, but political dominance in the area had shifted to the Aztec Empire farther north.
Upon the arrival of the Europeans in the "New World", native peoples found their culture changed drastically. As such, their affiliation with political and cultural groups changed as well, several linguistic groups went extinct, and others changed quite quickly. The name and cultures that Europeans recorded for the natives were not necessarily the same as the ones they had used a few generations before, or the ones in use today.
Early discoveries.
There was limited contact between North American peoples and the outside world before 1492. Several theoretical contacts have been proposed, but the earliest physical evidence comes to us from the Norse or Vikings. Norse captain Leif Ericson is believed to have reached the Island of Newfoundland circa 1000 AD. They named their new discovery Vinland. The only Norse site yet discovered in North America is at L'Anse aux Meadows, Newfoundland and Labrador. The Norse colonies were later abandoned.
The Viking voyages did not become common knowledge in the Old World, and Europeans remained ignorant of the existence of the Americas, until 1492. As part of a general age of discovery Italian sailor Christopher Columbus proposed a voyage west from Europe to find a shorter route to Asia. He eventually received the backing of Isabella I and Ferdinand II, Queen and King of newly united Spain. In 1492 Columbus reached land in the Bahamas.
Almost 500 years after the Norse, John Cabot explored the east coast of what would become Canada in 1497. Giovanni da Verrazzano explored the East Coast of America from Florida to presumably Newfoundland in 1524. Jacques Cartier made a series of voyages on behalf of the French crown in 1534 and penetrated the St. Lawrence River.
Successful colonization.
Initially, European activity consisted mostly of trade and exploration. Eventually Europeans began to establish settlements. The three principal colonial powers were Spain, England, and France, although eventually even small powers like the Netherlands and Sweden received minor holdings on the continent.
Settlement by the Spanish started the European colonization of the Americas, involving genocide of the native Indians. They gained control of most of the largest islands in the Caribbean and conquered the Aztecs, gaining control of present-day Mexico and Central America. This was the beginning of the Spanish Empire in the New World. The first successful Spanish settlement in continental North America was Veracruz in 1519, followed by many other settlements in colonial New Spain and Spanish Florida.
The first successful English settlements were at Jamestown (1607) (along with its satellite, Bermuda in 1609) and Plymouth (1620), in what are today Virginia and Massachusetts respectively. The first French settlements were Port Royal (1604) and Quebec City (1608) in what is now Nova Scotia and Quebec. The Fur Trade soon became the primary business on the continent and as a result transformed the Native Americans lifestyle.
Farther to the south, plantation slavery became the main industry of the West Indies, and this gave rise to the beginning of the Atlantic slave trade.
Colonial Era.
By 1663 the French crown had taken over control of New France from the fur-trading companies, and the English charter colonies gave way to more metropolitan control. This ushered in a new era of more formalized colonialism in North America.
Rivalry between the European powers created a series of wars on the North American landmass that would have great impact on the development of the colonies. Territory often changed hands multiple times. Peace was not achieved until French forces in North America were vanquished at the Battle of the Plains of Abraham at Quebec City, and France ceded most of her claims outside of the Caribbean.
Viceroyalty of New Spain was the name of the viceroy-ruled territories of the Spanish Empire in Asia, North America and its peripheries from 1535 to 1821.
Age of Revolutions.
The coming of the American Revolution had a great impact across the continent. Most importantly it directly led to the creation of the United States of America. However, the associated American Revolutionary War was an important war that touched all corners of the region. The flight of the United Empire Loyalists led to the creation of English Canada as a separate community. Meanwhile, Spain's hold on Mexico was weakening. Independence was declared in 1810 by Miguel Hidalgo, starting the "Mexican War of Independence". In 1813, José María Morelos and the Congress of Anáhuac signed the Solemn Act of the Declaration of Independence of Northern America, the first legal document where the separation of the New Spain with respect to Spain is proclaimed. Spain finally recognized Mexico's independence in 1821.
Expansion era.
From the time of independence of the United States, that country expanded rapidly to the west, acquiring the massive Louisiana territory in 1803. An attempt at northern expansion was blocked by Britain during the War of 1812. At the same time, British settlement in Canada increased.
US expansion was complicated by the division between "free" and "slave" states, which led to the Missouri Compromise 1820. Likewise, Canada faced a division between French and English communities that led to the outbreak of civil strife in 1837. Mexico faced constant political tensions between liberals and conservatives, as well as the rebellion of the English-speaking region of Tejas, which declared itself the Republic of Texas 1836. In 1845 Texas joined the United States, which would later lead to the Mexican–American War. As a result of conflict with Mexico, the United States made further territorial gains in California and the Southwest.
In Mexico, the entire era was dominated by the dictatorship of Porfirio Díaz.
The Great War.
As a part of the British Empire Canada immediately was at war in 1914. Canada bore the brunt of several major battles during the early stages of the war including the use of poison gas attacks at Ypres. Losses became grave, and the government eventually brought in conscription, despite the fact this was against the wishes of the majority of French Canadians. In the ensuing Conscription Crisis of 1917, riots broke out on the streets of Montreal. In neighboring Newfoundland, the new dominion suffered a devastating loss on July 1, 1916, the First day on the Somme.
The United States stayed apart from the conflict until 1917, joining the Entente powers. The United States was then able to play a crucial role at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 that shaped interwar Europe.
Mexico was not part of the war as the country was embroiled in the Mexican Revolution at the time.
Interwar years.
The 1920s brought an age of great prosperity in the United States, and to a lesser degree Canada. But the Wall Street Crash of 1929 combined with drought ushered in a period of economic hardship in the United States and Canada.
From 1936 to 1949, this was a popular uprising against the anti-Catholic Mexican government of the time, set off specifically by the anti-clerical provisions of the Mexican Constitution of 1917.
The Second World War.
Once again Canada found herself at war before her neighbours, however even Canadian contributions were slight before the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.
The entry of the United States into the war helped to tip the balance in favour of the allies.
Two Mexican tankers, transporting oil to the United States, were attacked and sunk by the Germans in the Gulf of Mexico waters, in 1942. The incident happened in spite of Mexico's neutrality at that time. This led Mexico to declare war to the Axis nations and entered the conflict.
The destruction of Europe wrought by the war vaulted all North American countries to more important roles in world affairs. The United States especially emerged as a "superpower".
Post-War.
The early Cold War era saw the United States as the most powerful nation in a Western coalition of which Mexico and Canada were also a part. At home, the United States witnessed convulsive change especially in the area of race relations. In Canada this was mirrored by the Quiet Revolution and the emergence of Quebec nationalism.
Mexico experienced an era of huge economic growth after World War II, a heavy industrialization process and a growth of its middle class, a period known in Mexican history as the "El Milagro Mexicano" (Mexican miracle).
The Caribbean saw the beginnings of decolonization, while on the largest island the Cuban Revolution introduced Cold War rivalries into Latin America.

Brentford F.C.
Brentford City F.C. is an English association football club. They are based in Brentford in London and they play their home games at a stadium called Griffin Park. Brentford City started in 1889 and have the nickname "The Bees".

Harry Redknapp
Harry Redknapp is an English association football manager. He is currently in charge of English club Tottenham Hotspur Before he became a manager he used to play football, mainly for West Ham United F.C. His son is Jamie Redknapp who was also a footballer.

PDF (disambiguation)
PDF is most commonly means the Portable Document Format in computing.

Cough
A cough, also known as tussis is a sudden, often repeated, spasmodic contraction of the thoracic cavity, resulting in violent release of air from the lungs, and usually accompanied by a distinctive sound.
Coughing is an action the body takes to get rid of substances that are irritating the breathing passages.

Creation myth
A creation myth is a story. Religions and mytohlogies usually have creation myths. Creation myths try to explain how the universe started, how the earth came to be and why there are humans. Very often, creation myths say that these things were made by a god, spirit or other supreme being.
Cherokee.
In the beginning, there was just water. All the animals lived above it and the sky was overcrowded. They were all curious about what was beneath the water and one day Dayuni'si, the water beetle, volunteered to explore it. He explored the surface but could not find any solid ground. He explored below the surface to the bottom and all he found was mud which he brought back to the surface. After collecting the mud, it began to grow in size and spread outwards until it became the Earth as we know it.
Kiowa Apache.
In the beginning nothing existed, darkness was all around. Suddenly from the darkness camea thin disc, one side yellow and the other side white, appearing suspended in midair. Within the disc sat a small bearded man, Creator, the "One Who Lives Above". When he looked into the endless darkness, light appeared above. He looked down and it became a sea of light. To the east, he created yellow streaks of dawn. To the west, tints of many colours appeared everywhere. There were also clouds of different colors. He also created three other gods: a little girl, a sun god and a small boy. Then he created celestial phenomena, the winds, the tarantula, and the earth from the sweat of the four gods mixed together in the Creator's palms, from a small round, brown ball, not much larger than a bean. The world was expanded to its current size by the gods kicking the small brown ball. Creator told Wind to go inside the ball and to blow it up. The tarantula, who knew what to do, spun a black cord and, attaching it to the ball, crawled away fast to the east, pulling on the cord with all his strength. Tarantula repeated with a blue cord to the south, a yellow cord to the west, and a white cord to the north. With mighty pulls in each direction, the brown ball stretched to immeasurable size--it became the earth! No hills, mountains, or rivers were visible; only smooth, treeless, brown plains appeared. Then the Creator created the rest of the beings and features of the Earth.

Tarantula
Tarantula is the common name for a group of "hairy" and often very large spiders belonging to the family Theraphosidae, of which approximately 900 species have been identified. Tarantulas hunt prey in both trees and on the ground. All tarantulas can emit silk. These spiders are found in tropical and desert regions around the world.

Hunter-gatherer
A hunter-gatherer society is one who lives from edible plants and animals from the wild, by gathering and hunting.
The line between hunter-gatherers and other societies like those who have agriculture as their basis is not a clear-cut one.

File format
File formats are also known as file types. A computer stores data in a computer file in the shape of a file format. For example: images are stored in a different shape than music files.
Also, most types of data (for example text, image or sound) have many varieties of file formats, all with their own special strengths and weaknesses.
There are, for example, more than five ways to store text as a file. Two of the most known ways are: the plain ".txt" format and the simplest of the "HTML" formats. The difference is that a.txt file can only store a sequence of characters but an HTML file can also store links to other files and the formatting of the text, for example whether the text is bold, underlined or italic (but usually HTML should say whether the text is very important, a link, or not very important; whether important text should be bold, italic or red is then specified using a file in a special format called CSS).
Often a file in a file which can store more information is bigger than a file in a format which can only store simple basic data. But the file in the more functional (complex, with can store more information) format can be more difficult to use with more simple programs, and a faster computer can be needed to use it.
File formats made for commercial proprietary software are sometimes a secret, so that people who don't work in the company which made the proprietary software cannot use their own and others' files in the format without buying their software. That action is called vendor lock-in, and can be used to make a monopoly. Because of that, it is sometimes a crime.

803 Picka
803 Picka is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Johann Palisa in 1915. Its provisional name was 1915 WS.

Lascaux
Lascaux is the name given to a number of caves in southwestern France famous for their cave paintings. The original caves are located near the village of Montignac, in the Dordogne "département". They contain some of the most well-known Upper Paleolithic art. These paintings are estimated to be 16,000 years old. They primarily consist of realistic images of large animals. Many of these animals are known from fossil evidence to have lived in the area at the time. Lascaux was added to the UNESCO World Heritage Sites list in 1979.
The caves were discovered in 1940. By 1955, about 1200 people visited them every day. They were then closed and restored. Replicas of the cave paintings were made in another cave nearby. Today, the original cave is no longer accessible to the public.
In 2000, another problem emerged: Certain kinds of fungis started to grow in the original cave. These are extremely resistant to the usual fungicides used, even to formaldehyde. The fungus lives in symbiose with a bacterium which is capable of destroying the fungicide. Therefore, the fungicide needs to be combined with an antibiotic to kill the bacterium as well.
As of 2006, the situation is more or less under control. The original caves are now sprayed with the fungicide/antibiotic every fortnight. Special workers need to clear the cave walls by hand, removing the mycelium which grows despite the treatment.

Bobby Charlton
Bobby Charlton (born 11 October, 1937) used to be an English footballer who played for the England national football team. He was born in 1937 and played over 600 times for Manchester United F.C. He also played for England over 100 times and scored more goals than any other player. He played for England when they beat Germany in the World Cup final in 1966.

Gary Lineker
Gary Lineker used to play association football. He was born in 1960 and he played for Leicester City F.C. and Tottenham Hotspur F.C.. He also scored 48 goals for the England national football team. He is now on television on the BBC on Match of the Day.

Geoff Hurst
Geoff Hurst used to be a professional footballer. He was born in 1941 and played association football for West Ham United F.C. over 400 times. He also played for the England national football team and scored a hat trick (three goals) in the 1966 World Cup final which England won 4–2.

Parliament of Scotland
The Parliament of Scotland, officially the Estates of Parliament, was the legislature of the independent Kingdom of Scotland.
The parliament of Scotland had only one house (cf. House of Commons, House of Lords) and was mentioned for the first time during the early thirteenth century, and the first meeting one knows of was in 1235, during the reign of Alexander II of Scotland.
The parliament, which is also referred to as the Estates of Scotland, the Three Estates the Scots Parliament or the auld Scots Parliament (), met until the Acts of Union in 1707.

Coco Island
Coco Island is one of the most beautiful tropical islands in the world. The island is 24 sq. kilometers in size with two bays in the north. It is located 500 kilometers southwest of Costa Rica. It was declared a World Heritage Site in 1997 not only for its animals but for its beauty.
Today, it is inhabited only by four national park guards who patrol the park. Ships leave from Puntarenas, a port in the Pacific Ocean. The island is one of the world's best diving spots. Famous for its massive schools of different fish, hammerhead sharks, manta rays, and whale sharks. Also the island is famous because of the legend about pirates. It is told that this island was chosen by them to hide their treasures. Many people have gone there to look for this hidden treasures but they didn’t succeed. Also you can visit the island to see waterfalls, some of them 200 feet high, and a few animals which were brought from other places because there are not native mammals. Also some birds were brought. The island has just one kind of butterflies and two lizard species to call its own. The highest point, called Mount Iglesias, is 575 feet high.

Decoritidae
Decoritidae is one of five families of the Gastriocerataceae superfamily. They are an extinct group of ammonoid, which are similar to squids and cuttlefish.

Gastriocerataceae
Gastriocerataceae is one of 17 superfamilies of the Goniatitina suborder. They are an extinct group of ammonoid, which are similar to squids and cuttlefish.

Goniatitina
Goniatitina is one of 2 suborders of the Goniatitida order. They are an extinct group of ammonoid, which are similar to squids and cuttlefish.

Alf Ramsey
Alf Ramsey was an English footballer and football manager. He was born in 1920 and played for Southampton F.C. and Tottenham Hotspur F.C. He also played for the England national football team 32 times and scored three goals. Alf Ramsey was in charge of Ipswich Town F.C. for nearly ten years, Ipswich are the only team to win the First Division title in their first season in the top division. Ramsey then became manager of the England team. He was manager when England beat Germany 4–2 in the World Cup final at Wembley Stadium. He is the only England manager to win a World Cup.
In tribute to Ramsey, Ipswich Town F.C. commissioned a life-size statue of him which is positioned directly in front of Portman Road (home ground of Ipswich Town F.C.).

Qom Province
Qom is one of the 30 provinces of Iran with an area 11,237 km². About 2 million people live in the Qom Province. The capital of the province is Qom.

Qom County
Qom County (Persian: قم) is a county of the Qom Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Qom.

Markazi Province
"Markazi (استان مرکزی in Persian) is one of the 30 provinces of Iran. The word "markazi" means "central" in Persian. There are about 1,350,000 people living in the Markazi Province currently.
Some of the biggest cities of the province are: Saveh, Arak, Mahallat, Khomein, Delijan, Tafresh, Ashtian, and Shazand.

Ashtian County
Ashtian County (Persian: آشتیان) is a county of the Markazi Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Ashtian.

Arak County
Arak County (Persian: شهرستان اراک) is a county of the Markazi Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Arak.

Delijan County
Delijan County (Persian: شهرستان دلیجان) is a county of the Markazi Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Delijan.

Khomein County
Khomein County (Persian: شهرستان خمین) is a county of the Markazi Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Khomein.

Komeijan County
Komeijan County (Persian: شهرستان کمیجان) is a county of the Markazi Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Komeijan.

Mahallat County
Mahallat County (Persian: شهرستان محلات) is a county of the Markazi Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Mahallat.

Saveh County
Saveh County (Persian: شهرستان ساوه) is a county of the Markazi Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Saveh.

Shazand County
Shazand (Persian: شهرستان شازند) is a county of the Markazi Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Shazand.

Tafresh County
Tafresh County (Persian: شهرستان تفرش) is a county of the Markazi Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Tafresh.

Zarandieh County
Zarandieh County (Persian: شهرستان زرندیه) is a county of the Markazi Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Zarandieh.

E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial
"E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial" is a movie made in 1982 by Steven Spielberg. It was written by Melissa Mathison and it is a science fiction movie.

Alex Ferguson
Sir Alex Ferguson is a Scottish association football manager. He is in charge of Manchester United F.C. and has managed Aberdeen F.C. and St Mirren F.C. before. He was born in 1941 and has won more trophies than anyone else in the history of English football.

Lunar phase
Throughout the month,the moon goes through lunar phases. A lunar phase is a "transformation" that the moon goes through. Each lunar phase can be identified by the appearance of the moon and the time of the month.
Phases.
There are 8 total phases that the moon undergoes(does).
At first, the moon is invisible, because it is a new moon. This starts out the cycle. The moon, however, soons shows itself after a couple of days. The next phase is a Waxing Cresent. After that, the moon comes out of the darkness and becomes a half moon. The next step is a gibbous, which is about "3/4, or 75%", of the moon showing. The last waxing phase is the full, complete moon. When that is all done, the moon shrinks, and every phase listed is repeated again, except the moon is getting smaller as opposed to larger. Finally, it restarts the cycle again.
Explanatiom.
These changes happen because the moon revolves, or moves, slowly around the moon. When the moon is shown as a cresent,half moon,etc., it is because the 2 different hemispheres of Earth are looking at different, illuminated parts of the moon. So, astronomers (people who look at the sky)in the Northern Hemisphere may see a Waxing Gibbous, but people in the Southern Hemisphere will look up and probably see a Waxing Crescent.

Tocharians
The Tocharians were the Indo-European language-speaking inhabitants of the Tarim basin. They were the speakers of an Indo-European language in antiquity who lived at the region that was naerer to the Far East than that of any other Indo-European language speakers.

Information technology
Information technology is the use of electronic computers and computer software to convert, store, protect, process, transmit, and securely retrieve information.
Now, people have been using it with many other words from computing and other electronical words. It now covers many more fields of study than it has covered in the past.

History of Asia
The history of Asia can be seen as the history of several distinct regions, East Asia, South Asia, and the Middle East that have more or less context depending of the situation in the central Eurasian steppe.
The coastal periphery was the home to some of the world's earliest known civilizations, with each of the three regions developing early civilizations around fertile river valleys. The civilizations in Mesopotamia, the Indus Valley, and China had much in common. Therefore it is likely that they exchanged technologies and ideas such as mathematics and the wheel. Other aspects such as that of writing developed individually in each area. Cities, states and then empires developed in these lowlands.
The steppe region had long been inhabited by nomads, and from the central steppes they could reach all areas of the Asian continent. The earliest known expansion out of the steppe is that of the Indo-Europeans which spread their languages into the Middle East, India, and in the Tocharians to the borders of China. The northern part of the continent was not accessible to the steppe nomads due to the dense forests and the tundra. These areas were very sparsely populated.
The centre and periphery were kept separate by mountains and deserts. The Caucasus, Himalaya, Karakum Desert, and Gobi Desert formed barriers that the steppe horsemen could only cross with difficulty. The city dwellers were more advanced in civilisation but they could do little militarily to defend against the mounted hordes of the steppe. Because the lowlands did not have enough open grasslands to support a large horsebound force the nomads who conquered states in China, India, and the Middle East were soon forced to adapt to the local societies.
Iron Age.
Alexander the Great conquered an area from Turkey to India in the 4th century BC. The Roman Empire would later control parts of western Asia. The Achaemenid, Seleucid, Parthian and Sassanian empires were based in Ancient Persia. Many ancient civilizations were influenced by the Silk Road, which connected China, India, the Middle East and Europe. The religions of Hinduism and Buddhism, which began in India, were an important influence on South and East Asia.
Middle Ages.
The Islamic caliphate and other Islamic states took over the Middle East starting in the 7th century, and later expanded into India and Indonesia. The Crusades would be fought from the 12th century, in Christian Europe's attempt to retake the Holy Land from the Muslims. The Mongol Empire conquered a large part of Asia in the 13th century, an area extending from China to Europe.
Modern period.
The Russian Empire began to expand into Asia from the 17th century, eventually taking control of all of Siberia and most of Central Asia by the end of the 19th century. The Ottoman Empire controlled Turkey and the Middle East from the 16th century onwards. In the 17th century, the Manchu conquered China and established the Qing Dynasty, although this was in decline by the nineteenth century and had been overthrown in 1912.
Several European powers had control of other parts of Asia by the 1900s, such as British India, French Indochina and Portuguese Macau and Goa. Russia and Britain struggled for power in the Central Asian region in the nineteenth century. The Trans-Siberian Railway that crossed Asia by train was complete by 1916. Parts of Asia remained free from European control, although not influence, such as Persia, Thailand and most of China. In the twentieth century, Imperial Japan expanded into China, Korea and Southeast Asia during the Second World War. After the war, many Asian countries became independent from European powers. During the Cold War, the northern parts of Asia were communist controlled with the Soviet Union and People's Republic of China, while western allies formed pacts such as CENTO and SEATO. Conflicts such as the Korean War, Vietnam War and Soviet invasion of Afghanistan were fought between communists and anti-communists. In the decades after the Second World War, a massive restructuring plan drove Japan to become the world's second-largest economy, a phenomenon known as the Japanese post-war economic miracle. The Arab-Israeli conflict has dominated much of the recent history of the Middle East. After the Soviet Union's collapse in 1991, there were many new independent nations in Central Asia.
History of East Asia.
listed by area in alphabetical order

Periphery
Generally, a periphery is a boundary or outer part of any space or body. It is derived from the Greek word περιφέρεια, meaning a circumference or outer surface.

International Mathematical Olympiad
The International Mathematical Olympiad (IMO) is a six-question two-day math competition for students that have not yet went to college and are under 20 years old. Any country may take part in it by sending a team of six students to compete.
The IMO has been held every year since 1959. It takes place in a different country (which is called the "host country") from year to year.

Edmund S. Phelps
Edmund Strother "Ned" Phelps, Jr. is an American economist. He was born on July 26, 1933 in Evanston, Illinois. He was given the 2006 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences. He is best known for his work on economic growth at Yale University's Cowles Foundation in the 1960s. This includes the idea of the Golden Rule savings rate, which is about how much money should be spent and how much should be saved for the future. Some of his best work is on microeconomics of full employment and how prices affect wages. Part of this work is about the natural rate of unemployment.
Phelps has been the McVickar Professor of Political Economy at Columbia University since 1982. He is also the director of Columbia's Center on Capitalism and Society.
His Nobel Prize award was announced on 9 October 2006. He received the award on his own, breaking the recent pattern of awarding the prize to two or more winners at the same time.
Early life and education.
Edmund Phelps was born in 1933 near Chicago, but he grew up and went to school in Hastings-on-Hudson, New York, where his family had moved when he was six years old. In 1951, he went to Amherst College as an undergraduate student. At his fathers advice, Phelps took his first economics course in his second year at Amherst. His economics teacher was James Nelson and his studies were based on a famous textbook by Paul Samuelson. Phelps was very interested in studying business. He knew of important unsolved problems and had new ideas, such as the gap between microeconomics and macroeconomics.
After receiving his B.A. at Amherst in 1955, Phelps went to Yale University for graduate studies. There, his professors were some of the greatest economists, such as Nobel prize winners James Tobin and Thomas Schelling, and he studied with Arthur Okun. William Fellner and Henry Wallich were very important in his study courses. Phelps received his Ph.D. from Yale in 1959. The work for his Ph.D. was based on an idea by Tobin, that peoples need in an emergency has more effect than sudden price changes.
Research in the '60s and '70s.
After receiving his Ph.D., Phelps went to work as an economist for the RAND Corporation. His main interest was macroeconomics, but RAND focused on defense work so Phelps decided to return to the his studies the next year, 1960. He took a research job at the Cowles Foundation, and a teaching job at Yale. At the Cowles Foundation, his research was mainly on future prices and wages, following the work of Robert Solow. As part of this research, Phelps published in 1961 a famous paper on the golden rule savings rate, one of his most important works for economic science. He also wrote papers about other economic theories, such as monetary economics (Ricardian equivalence) and its importance when producing the best economic growth.
Work at the Cowles Foundation gave Phelps the chance to meet with other important economists who were working on growth theory, such as David Cass and Nobel Prize winner Tjalling Koopmans. Also, during the academic year of 1962-63 Phelps visited MIT, where he met with Nobel prize winners Paul Samuelson, Robert Solow and Franco Modigliani.
In 1966, Phelps left Yale and moved to University of Pennsylvania, where he was offered a permanent job as professor of economics. While at Pennsylvania, most of Phelps' research was on the links between employment, wages and inflation. He wrote about this in 1968: "Money-Wage Dynamics and Labor Market Equilibrium". This research had important new ideas about the Phillips curve. It was the first idea of the natural rate of unemployment and said that inflation rates did not affect labour market. In January 1969, Phelps held a meeting at Pennsylvania University to support the research on inflation and employment. The story of the meeting was published the next year in a book which was very important and is known as the "Phelps volume". During this time Phelps worked with other economists on research of economic growth, the effects of monetary and fiscal policy and best population growth.
In the year 1969-1970 Professor Phelps worked for the Center for Advanced Study in Behavioral Science at Stanford University. Meeting with Nobel prize winners Amartya Sen and Kenneth Arrow, and reading the work of John Rawls, whom he met during that year, gave Professor Phelps an interest to research outside of macroeconomics. In 1972 he published research he named "statistical discrimination". He also published research on economic justice, using ideas from Rawls book "A Theory of Justice".
In 1971, Phelps moved to the Economics Department at Columbia University, where Nobel prize winners William Vickrey and James J. Heckman were studying. Nobel Prize winner Robert Mundell joined three years later, as well as Phoebus Dhrymes, Guillermo Calvo and John B. Taylor. Professor Phelps published research on the inflation tax and the effects of fiscal policy on inflation. In 1972, Phelps published a book about his new theory. The book had many ideas about the effects of being unemployed for a long time and made him more popular.
In the next years, Keynesian economics were thought of as less important after the publication of John Muth's work called rational expectations. Phelps, with Calvo and John Taylor, started a programme to rebuild Keynesian economics with new ideas about prices and wages being kept the same for certain time. Professor Phelps and John Taylor published research in 1977, about how to calculate wages ("Staggered Wages). During the '70s, Phelps and Calvo worked on research for making contracts using asymmetric information.
In the late '70s, Professor Phelps researched with Roman Frydman, who was taught by Phelps. They worked on rational expectations and showed problems in it. A book was published in 1983 about what people said at a big meeting they had to talk about rational expectations in 1981. This book was not thought of as very important.
In 1982 Phelps was made the McVickar Professor of Political Economy at Columbia. During the early '80s he wrote a textbook about economics knowledge. The book, "Political Economy", was published in 1985, but was not used in a lot of schools.
European co-workers since mid-'80s.
In the 1980s Professor Phelps worked with European universities and institutions, such as Banca d'Italia (most of his 1985-86 holidays were spent in Italy) and Observatoire Français des Conjonctures Économiques (OFCE). He became interested in the continuing high unemployment in Europe and published some work about it with Jean-Paul Fitoussi (the director of OFCE). During the next years, Professor Phelps worked to calculate the natural rate of unemployment. He published some of his research in a 1994 book. Phelps also worked with Luigi Paganetto at the University of Rome Tor Vergata and, between 1988-98, they held the Villa Mondragone International Seminar.
In 1990 Phelps took part in a mission from the EBRD to Moscow, where he and Kenneth Arrow worked on the reform of the USSR. He became a member of the EBRDs Economic Advisory Board, and stayed there until 1993. Professor Phelps became interested in the Eastern European transition economies while there.
Nobel Prize.
In its announcement, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said Phelps' work had "deepened our understanding of the relation between short-run and long-run effects of economic policy."
George Mason University Professor Tyler Cowen wrote in the Marginal Revolution blog that "his main contribution is a better understanding of the Phillips curve and the dynamics of short-run unemployment and the concept of the natural rate of unemployment." Cowen also wrote that "his 1960s macro work was true, important, and extremely influential. The capital theory work endures and provides a foundation for subsequent theory. The overall scope is impressive, and Phelps's concerns never strayed far from the real world." Cowen by writing that the award to Phelps meant: "The big questions still matter. Unemployment, economic growth, labor markets, capital accumulation, fairness, discrimination, and justice across the generations are indeed worthy of economic attention."
Professor Cowen and Berkeley's Professor Brad DeLong both said the choice of Phelps was a good noe, and Harvard Professor Gregory Mankiw said it was "a wonderful choice".

Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology is a field of applied science and technology that is about the control of matter on the atomic and molecular scale, generally 100 nanometers or smaller, and the development of devices with critical dimensions that lie within that size range.
Overview.
Nanotechnology is a highly multidisciplinary field, drawing from areas such as applied physics, materials science, interface and colloid science, device physics, supramolecular chemistry (which refers to the area of chemistry that focuses on the noncovalent bonding interactions of molecules), self-replicating machines and robotics, chemical engineering, mechanical engineering, biological engineering, and electrical engineering

Hattem
Hattem is a municipality and a city in the eastern Netherlands.
Hattem received city rights in 1299, one year before Amsterdam.

Alex McLeish
Alex McLeish is a Scottish association football manager. He was born in 1959 and is currently manager of Birmingham City F.C.. He also managed Rangers F.C. and the Scotland national football team.

Óscar Arias
Oscar Arias, born on 13 September 1940 in the city of Heredia, is the current President of Costa Rica. He was also president from 1986-1990. He received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1987 for his efforts to end civil wars which were happening in several Central American countries.
Arias started on his political career in the 1970's.
In January of 2005 Arias was selected as the candidate for the National Liberation party, and he is reelected for president of Costa Rica from 2006-2010. There was a lot of polemic and criticism for his support towards the TLC process in Costa Rica, but because of his political background and determination, most Costa Ricans still trust and respect Arias and his decisions for the well-being of the country.
He is also a recipient of the Albert Schweitzer Prize for Humanitarianism and a trustee of the Economists for Peace and Security.

Universal History
Universal History, World History or Global History examines history from a global perspective.
It looks for common patterns that one can find across all cultures. Universal historians use a thematic approach. That means they look at history from two viewpoints: On the one hand they look at processes of world history that have drawn people of the world together, on the other hand they want to find out how patterns of world history reveal the diversity of the human experience).
The study of universal or global history is in some ways a product of the current period of accelerated globalization. This period has two tendencies: it integrates various cultures and it shows their differences when people of different cultures and civilizations have to live with each other.
To discuss "the history of the world" in a unified framework is not that new. For example, it was a genre popular in the 19th century, and with Christian historians going back to at least the 4th century.

Brewery
A brewery is a building, where beer is made or a business (brewing company) whose trade is the production and sale of beer.
Breweries can take up several city blocks, or be a collection of equipment in a homebrewer's kitchen. The diversity of size in breweries is matched by the diversity of processes, degrees of automation, and kinds of beer produced in breweries. Typically a brewery is divided into distinct sections, with each section reserved for one part of the brewing process.
The oldest brewery in the world still in operation is believed to be the Bavarian State-owned brewery Weihenstephan, found in the German city of Freising, which can trace its history back to 1040. Although the Zatec brewery in the Czech Republic claims it can prove paying beer tax in 1004.

Butane
Butane is an alkane. Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons. Usually, Butane is an inflammable gas, it burns very well.
Uses of Butane.
Butane is sold in canisters, for cooking and camping. It is also used as fuel in cigarette lighters, and as propellant in aerosol sprays or deodorants. Some kinds of Butane are used in refrigerators.
Mixtures with Propane are known as LPG.
Dangers.
Butane is dangerous. Inhalation can lead to death by asphyxiation. Contact with the skin can lead to frostbite. If the liquid comes in contact with the air, it will explode.

Liquefied petroleum gas
Liquefied petroleum gas (also known as LPG, LP Gas or autogas) is a mixture of hydrocarbon gases. It is commonly used in the household, for example for cooking, or as fuel for heating. LPG is replacing Chlorofluorocarbons more and more, also because it is less harmful to the ozone layer.
Very often, mixes of propane and butane are sold.

Aerosol spray
Aerosol spray is system used in certain containers, like spray cans. The contents of the can, like color or deodorant are pressurized. The can has a valve. When this valve is opened, the liquid is forced out. It will emerge as an aerosol or mist. Apart from the liquid, there is another substance in the container, usually called propellant. When the valve is opened, some propellant will be forced inside the container. That way the pressure in the container is kept constant.

Max Born
Max Born (December 11, 1882 – January 5, 1970) was a German physicist and mathematician who was important for the development of quantum mechanics. He also made contributions to solid-state physics and optics and supervised the work of a number of important physicists in the 1920s and 30s. Born won the 1954 Nobel Prize in Physics.

United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs
The United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA) is a branch of the United Nations General Assembly. UNOOSA creates, maintains and carries out the General Assembly's rules about space.
The building for UNOOSA is located in the United Nations Office in Vienna in Austria.
UNOOSA operates the Programme on Space Applications and maintains a list of objects sent into space - the Register of Objects Launched into Outer Space. UNOOSA also helps developing nations develop space technology to help their economies.

Craig C. Mello
Professor Craig Cameron Mello is an American biologist and Professor of Molecular Medicine at the University of Massachusetts Medical School in Worcester, Massachusetts. He was born October 18 1960 and was awarded the 2006 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, along with Andrew Z. Fire, for the discovery of RNA interference. This research was studied at the University of Massachusetts Medical School and published in 1998. Mello has been a Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator since the year 2000.
Early life.
Mello was born in New Haven, Connecticut on October 18 1960. He was the third child of James and Sally Mello. His father, James Mello, was a paleontologist and his mother, Sally Mello, was an artist. His fathers parents moved to the US from the Portuguese islands of Azores. His parents met while at the Brown University and were the first children in their families to go to college. His grandparents on both sides finished school as teenagers to work for their families. James Mello was awarded his Ph.D. in paleontology from Yale University in 1962. The Mello family moved to Falls Church in northern Virginia so that James could take a job with the United States Geological Survey (USGS) in Washington, DC.
After a short time in Falls Church, the family moved to Fairfax, Virginia, when James Mello began work as Assistant Director at the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History. Some of his happiest early memories were holidays with his whole family in Colorado, Wyoming and more often to the Blue Ridge Mountains in Virginia.
The Mello family enjoyed long talks at the dinner table and this was very important to young Craig Mello. He learned to argue, to listen, and to accept if he was wrong about something. At a time when young Mello was not doing well in school, his family helped him build his confidence and self esteem. Mellos first few years of grade school were difficult. He was five years old when he started first grade in a local private school. He was too young to enter first grade in the public system. He doesn't know if he was a slow learner, or just not interested, but he did not do well in school until the seventh grade. In second grade, Mello only pretended that he could read and he was embarrassed of being talked to by the teacher. He enjoyed playing outdoors, in the woods and creeks, more than time spent in the classroom. At this time, his older siblings were great students, so his teacher's wanted him to do well. During these early years, Mello had no doubt that he would be a scientist when he grew up.
Education.
Mello went to Fairfax High School (Fairfax, Virginia). He took all of the science courses except advanced physics. Mellos favorite teachers were of earth science, chemistry and biology.
After he was awarded his high school diploma, Mello went to Brown University. Mello studied biochemistry and molecular biology for his first years at Brown University. Some of his teachers at Brown University were Frank Rothman, Ken Miller, Susan Gerbi and Nelson Fausto. He was awarded his B.S. from Brown University in 1982.
After finishing his studies at Brown, Mello went to Boulder, Colorado for more studies. He took courses in molecular, cellular and developmental biology (how plants and animals grow). Some of his teachers were called David Hirsh, Dick McIntosh, Mike Yarus, Larry Gold, and Bill Wood. Mello joined David Hirshs lab in 1982. Davids lab was filled with people, such as Dan Stinchcomb, who taught Professor Mello about molecular biology. These people were important to train Professor Mello for the future.
During Professor Mellos first year in Boulder, David Hirsh decided to take a position in industry. Because of this, Mello moved to Harvard University where he could research with Dan Stinchcomb, who was starting an independent lab.
Mello enjoyed his time at Harvard. He worked on his project and worked long hours in the lab. He was able to visit lectures about many subjects. He was awarded his Ph.D. from Harvard in 1990. He was a postdoctoral fellow at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in the laboratory of Dr. James Priess.
Nobel prize.
In 2006, Professor Mello and Andrew Z. Fire were awarded the Nobel Prize for work that began in 1998, when Mello and Fire along with their colleagues (SiQun Xu, Mary Montgomery, Stephen Kostas, and Sam Driver) published research work in the journal "Nature". The research was about tiny pieces of RNA causing the cell into destroy the genes Messenger RNA (mRNA) before it can produce a protein - stopping certain genes from working.
In the yearly Howard Hughes Medical Institute Scientific Meeting held on November 13, 2006 in Ashburn, Virginia, Professor Mello talked about the phone call that he received telling him he had won the Nobel Prize. He said it was after 4:30 am and he had just checked his daughter was sleeping. He returned to his bedroom and he got a phone call that his wife told him not to answer, as it was a crank call. His wife told him the phone had rung while he was out of the room and someone was making a bad joke on them by saying that he had won the Nobel prize. When he told her that this was the day that Nobel prize winners were contacted, he said "her jaw dropped." He answered the phone, and the voice on the other end told him to get dressed, and that in half an hour his life was about to change.
Sweden's Karolinska Institute chooses the Nobel Prize winners for Physiology and Medicine. They said: "This year's Nobel Laureates have discovered a fundamental mechanism for controlling the flow of genetic information."
Mello and Fires research, at the Carnegie Institution for Science (Fire) and the University of Massachusetts Medical School (Mello), had shown that RNA is very important in gene control. Professor Nick Hastie, director of the Medical Research Council's Human Genetics Unit, said: "It is very unusual for a piece of work to completely revolutionize the whole way we think about biological processes and regulation, but this has opened up a whole new field in biology."

Vicar of Bray
Wooden Barque(Conflicting info shows the Vicar Of Bray to be either a Brig or a Barque)
Built in Whitehaven, by Robert Hardy.
By 1849, at the time of the California Gold Rush, she was part of a vast fleet of ships, perhaps numbering in the thousands, that sailed to San Francisco. Today there is a group in San Francisco (Bring the Vicar Home Committee) proposing her return and at least partial restoration.
http://www.mywhitehaven.net/index.php?view=article&catid=45%3Ahistory-articles&id=70%3Avicar-of-bray&tmpl=component&print=1&page=&option=com_content&Itemid=73

Maharishi Mahesh Yogi
Maharishi Mahesh Yogi (January 12, 1917 - February 5, 2008) was an Indian guru (a teacher of spirituality). He was most famous for his development of Transcendental Meditation, and his association with rock bands The Beatles and The Beach Boys.
Early life.
His birth name was either Mahesh Verma Shrivastava or Mahesh Prasad Varma. His parents were Hindus from the Kshatriya (warrior) caste.
He was born in Raipur, India. He graduated from Allahabad University in Uttar Pradesh, and began his career as a physicist. His physics work made him interested in the sound vibrations made by spoken syllables, and how those vibrations could change a person's body or consciousness. In time, he became a disciple of Swami Brahmananda Saraswati, who was called "Guru Dev". He later became the swami's secretary. He could not become the swami's successor, because of India's caste system, but he could become a guru on his own. Guru Dev gave him the name "Bal Brahmachari Mahesh". Later he adopted the name Maharishi ("great saint"), while "yogi" was a name given to teachers of yoga.
Transcendental Meditation.
Transcendental Meditation (sometimes shortened to "TM") grew out of Guru Dev's teachings, and the Maharishi's own physics studies. A person practices Transcendental Meditation by sitting quietly, and mentally repeating a "mantra", of syllables or names considered sacred or holy in Hinduism. In Transcendental Meditation, the sounds are used purely as sounds independent with any associated meanings in any language.Meditating helps a person to relax, and to concentrate on important things. During this meditation a person transcends conscious thought to a quieter state of mind, and this gives the technique its name.
The Maharishi began what he called the "Spiritual Regeneration Movement" in 1958. He traveled around the world, teaching Transcendental Meditation to ordinary people. Unlike many gurus, he did not require followers to give up their everyday lives, or move to an ashram to live and study. He believed that helping people to relieve stress and learn how to focus would improve their lives, and in time make a better world. He taught for nearly ten years, with little public notice. He also published a book, "The Science of Being and the Art of Living", and recorded a spoken-word album, that explained his beliefs.
The Beatles.
During 1967, during the last months of his ten-year "world tour", he visited England, and people there began to join his Spiritual Regeneration Movement. One person who joined was Pattie Boyd, the wife of George Harrison, who was a member of The Beatles. Harrison had learned to play the sitar, an Indian musical instrument, and was interested in Hinduism. He had not found a guru whose teachings interested him. When Pattie told him about the Maharishi, he became interested, and all four Beatles went to a lecture given by the Maharishi. They sent a message to him, asking to meet in person. All of the Beatles were interested in TM, because it was simple and they could continue on as musicians, instead of having to change their lifestyle. They each joined the movement, and began to promote the Maharishi and his teachings. They even announced that they gave up the use of drugs, which had earlier caused scandal for the band, because of what they learned.
Brian Epstein, manager of the Beatles, was also interested in TM, but had many problems in his personal life. He decided not to join the Beatles when they traveled to Wales to attend a weekend class given by the Maharishi, and stayed home. Later that weekend, Epstein overdosed on sleeping pills, and died in his sleep. The Beatles were very hurt by the news, and worried about what would happen to their careers. Maharishi tried to comfort them, telling them to think happy thoughts about Epstein, and let his spirit find peace.
The Beatles wanted to study with the Maharishi in India. They had just started their own company, Apple Corps, and with Epstein gone they had to work out many details for themselves. They could have found another manager, but decided they did not want one, and looked after Apple personally, until their helpers could take over running the company. Finally in early 1968, they made the trip to India.
The Beatles enjoyed the atmosphere in India, and the free time they had between classes, and began to write songs for a new album, which was later called the "White Album". One by one the Beatles lost interest. Ringo Starr, who had a sensitive stomach, became sick from the spicy food served at the ashram, and headed home after just a few days. Paul McCartney in time became bored, and also headed home. George Harrison and John Lennon stayed longer, but were upset when "Magic Alex", a friend who came to India with them, began to tell them stories about the Maharishi trying to have sexual intercourse with some of the women who came to the ashram. This disillusioned Harrison and Lennon, and they went home the next day.
The Beatles were earlier interested in making a movie about the Maharishi and his work. When they began to talk with him about it, he surprised them by knowing more about business matters than they ever expected, and by asking questions about his share of the movie's profits. They did not think a "holy man" would be interested in such things. Between this and Magic Alex's stories, the band decided the Maharishi was a phony. They publicly denounced him, telling the media they thought he was something other than what he proved to be. Lennon wrote a song about him, whose words went "Maharishi, what have you done? You made a fool of everyone." He later changed the name "Maharishi" to "Sexy Sadie", to keep the Maharishi from seeking revenge of some kind, or a lawsuit, against him.
Years later, the Beatles realized Magic Alex's accusations were false. McCartney and Harrison began again to say good things about the Maharishi, and to promote his work. Starr called him "one of the wise men I met in my life." Lennon never forgave Maharishi for letting him down personally, but still used TM from time to time. Lennon realized that he had been looking for a father figure, and that any father figure he found was going to let him down in the end, so he was better off to work out his own problems.
Later life and career.
The Beatles were not the only celebrities to get involved with the Maharishi and his work. Actress Mia Farrow, folk-rocker Donovan and Mike Love of the Beach Boys also studied with the Maharishi in India, and the Beach Boys later promoted TM, much more than the Beatles ever had. They toured together with the Maharishi, and Mike Love insisted people who worked for them meditate daily. The association did not work well for the Beach Boys, and an album they recorded at a school started by the Maharishi sold poorly. In time most of the Beach Boys lost interest, but Love continued to promote the Maharishi and his works.
Magician Doug Henning also became a follower of Transcendental Meditation. He campaigned to open a theme park called "Vedaland", based on Hinduism and the Maharishi's teachings, Later Henning's widow continued the campaign after he died.
Scientists studied people who meditated, and learned that TM really did help them to relax, and to think more clearly. A few evangelical Christian ministers and writers denounced TM, calling it "a backdoor into Eastern religions", and said that mantras were really a way of invoking the Devil or demons. Other Christians saw no harm in it, or encouraged people who wanted to meditate to instead chant the name of Jesus Christ, or a name for God, or a line from a psalm or Christian prayer. In any case, TM went on to help many people around the world, and it is still taught as a form of meditation.
The Maharishi continued his teachings and work, later promoting the "Maharishi Technology of the Unified Field" and other ideas. In time, he gave up his ashram in India, moving to The Netherlands in Europe. He announced his retirement in January 2008, only weeks before he died.

Brighton and Hove Albion F.C.
Brighton and Hove Albion F.C. is an English association football club. It is based in Brighton in the county of East Sussex. It started in 1901 and has the nickname "The Seagulls".

Bristol City F.C.
Bristol City F.C. are an English association football club. They are based in the city of Bristol and play at a stadium called Ashton Gate. They were formed in 1897.

Chesterfield F.C.
"Chesterfield F.C. are an English association football club. They started in 1867 and are based in Chesterfield in the county of Derbyshire. They play at a stadium called the Recreation Ground.

Doncaster Rovers F.C.
Doncaster Rovers F.C. are an English association football club. They started in 1879 and play their home games at a stadium called Keepmoat Stadium.

Huddersfield Town F.C.
Huddersfield Town F.C. are an English association football club. They started in 1908 and are based in Huddersfield, West Yorkshire. The club plays their home games at a stadium called the Galpharm Stadium.

Sanskara
In Hinduism and Buddhism Sanskaras are the faint memories left on your mind by experiences you had in your present life or in past lives. Sanskaras then change how you look at things in the future and how you act.

Supernanny
"Supernanny" is a television program about a nanny, or baby sitter named Jo Frost who helps parents in taking care of their naughty children.

Keyboard (computer)
"For other types of keyboards, please see Keyboard (disambiguation)."
A computer keyboard is an important device that allows a computer user to enter characters (e.g. letters and numbers) into a computer. It is the main input device for most computers.
There are different types of keyboards. The most popular type is the QWERTY design, which is based on typewriter keyboards. The QWERTY design was created such that the keys do not get jammed too easily, when it was a typewriter. Now there are no more typewriters but the design stayed as people got used to it. QWERTY is the first 6 letters on the keyboard. An ergonomic keyboard is designed to be easier for people to use, without straining themselves physically. The keyboard can not only input letters, numbers and punctuation, it can also serve as a way for you to control the computer, using special keys like the START button, and the arrow keys.

Rhythm guitar
The term rhythm guitar refers to the style of playing a guitar by strumming chords, and sometimes playing repeated riffs, instead of using the guitar to play melody lines or soloes. (This kind of playing is called lead guitar.) Rhythm guitarists add to the sound of a band, whether they play rock and roll, or other kinds of music.
John Lennon of The Beatles usually played rhythm guitar for the band, with George Harrison playing lead guitar. However, Lennon sometimes played keyboards, and once in a while took the lead guitar role.

Book of Revelation
The Book of Revelation, which is sometimes called Revelation to John, Apocalypse of John, or Revelation of Jesus Christ is the last book of the New Testament in the Bible.
Naming.
The book is usually called "Revelation", but the title found on some of the earliest manuscripts is "The Apocalypse of John" (in Greek Αποκάλυψις Ιωάννου), and the most common title found on later manuscripts is "The Apocalypse of the theologian" (in Greek ΑΠΟΚΑΛΥΨΙΣ ΤΟΥ ΘΕΟΛΟΓΟΥ). In Greek, the word "apocalypse" literally means "unveiling".
Introduction.
Some people consider Revelation to be the most difficult book in the Bible. Over the course of the book the author has two visions. There are many different ways to interpret these visions, and there have been many arguments over which way is right.

Theodor Fontane
Theodor Fontane (; December 30, 1819 – September 20, 1898) was a German novelist and poet, regarded by many to be the most important 19th-century German-language realist writer.
Youth.
Fontane was born in Neuruppin into a Huguenot family. At the age of sixteen he became apprentice in a phamacy and then a pharmacist himself (like his father).In 1839, at the age of 20, wrote his first work ("Heinrichs IV. erste Liebe", now lost). His first published work, the novella "Geschwisterliebe" (or "Sibling Love"), appeared in the "Berlin Figaro" in December 1839.
His first job as apothecary was in Dresden after which he returned to his father's shop, now in the provincial town of Letschin in the Oderbruch region. In this time Fontane published articles in the Leipzig newspaper "Die Eisenbahn" (railway) and translated Shakespeare. In 1843, he joined a literary club called Tunnel über der Spree (i.e. Tunnel over the river Spree) in Berlin where he came into contact with many of the most important German writers such as Theodor Storm, Joseph von Eichendorff and Gottfried Keller.
Newspaper writer and critic.
In 1844 Fontane enrolled in the Prussian army and set out on the first of many journeys to England. There he learned about old English ballads. Soon afterwards he wrote ballads himself. At that time he became engaged to his future wife, Emilie Rouanet-Kummer, whom he had first met when still at school.
He was - very short - enganged in the revolutionary events of the revolution of 1848. In 1849 he quit his job as an apothecary and became a full-time journalist and writer. In order to support his family he took a job as a writer for the Prussian intelligence agency "Centralstelle für Preßangelegenheiten" which was meant to influence the press towards a German national cause. Again he specialised in British affairs, and the agency sent him as correspondent to London for a couple of years. His wife and two sons followed him there. While still in London he quit his government job and, on his return to Berlin, became editor of the conservative "Kreuzzeitung" (newspaper).
London.
His books about Britain include "Ein Sommer in London" (1854); "Aus England, Studien und Briefe" (1860) and "Jenseits des Tweed, Bilder und Briefe aus Schottland" (1860). At the period, and following the fashion of Walter Scott, traditional British stories were still "en vogue" on the continent. His "Gedichte" (1851) and ballads "Männer und Helden" (1860) tell of Britain's glories in days gone by.
Back in Germany, Fontane became particularly interested in the Mark Brandenburg region. He was especially proud of its past achievements and delighted in the growth of its capital city, Berlin. His fascination with the countryside surrounding Berlin may be seen in his delightfully picturesque "Wanderungen durch die Mark Brandenburg" (1862-1882, 5 vols.).
Prussian War.
In 1870, he quit his job at the "Kreuzzeitung" and became theater critic for the liberal "Vossische Zeitung" (newspaper). This job he kept until retirement. He had already written about Prussia's war against Denmark and the Austro-Prussian War. Then he went to write about the Franco-Prussian War in 1870 and was taken prisoner. He remained in French captivity for three months. His experiences there are set down in "Kriegsgefangen Erlebtes 1870 (1871)"; subsequently he published his observations on the campaign in "Der Krieg gegen Frankreich 1870-71" (1874-1876).
Later years.
At the ripe age of 57 Fontane finally took to what he would be remembered for, the novel. His fine historical novel "Vor dem Sturm" (1878) was followed by a series of novels of modern life, notably "L'Adultera" (1882), a book about adultery which was considered so risqué that it took Fontane two years to find a publisher. In his novels "Frau Jenny Treibel", "Irrungen, Wirrungen", and "Effi Briest" (1894), he found his very own tone, he wrote about insights into the lives of the nobility as well as the "common man"; his achievement there was later described as poetic realism. In "Der Stechlin" (1899), his last finished novel, Fontane adapted the realistic methods and social criticism of contemporary French fiction to the conditions of Prussian life.
References.
See Thomas Mann's 1910 essay, "The Old Fontane," in "Essays of Three Decades" (Knopf, 1947). Very fine.

Argument of perihelion
The Argument of perihelion, also known as argument of periapsis or argument of perifocus (ω) is the orbital element describing the angle of an orbiting body's periapsis (the point of closest approach to the central body), relative to its ascending node (the point where the body crosses the plane of reference from South to North). The angle is measured in the orbital plane and in the direction of motion.

Pachelbel's Canon
Pachelbel's Canon (also known as Canon in D major or just Canon in D) is the most famous piece of music by Johann Pachelbel. It was written in or around 1680, as a piece of chamber music for three violins and basso continuo, but it has been arranged for many other instruments since then. It is well known for its chord progression.
Pachelbel's Canon is often played at weddings.

Damme
Damme is a municipality located in the Belgian province of West Flanders, six kilometres northeast of Brugge (Bruges). It is made up of the city of Damme proper and the towns of Hoeke, Lapscheure, Moerkerke, Oostkerke, Sijsele, Vivenkapelle, and Sint-Rita.
In 2007 its population was 10853.
It is located at 51° 15 North, 03° 17 East.

Hit record
A hit record is a recording (either a single or an album) that becomes very popular, through large sales of copies, repeated airplay, or presence in the media. One aspect usually promotes one or more of the others.
The Beatles, Elvis Presley, The Eagles and Michael Jackson all had many hit records. They are among the biggest-selling musical acts of all time. Not every recording artist has a hit record. Many artists and groups lose their recording contracts, if their records do not become hits.
Not all hit records feature music. Some spoken word records also become hits, including comedy recordings. Bill Cosby, George Carlin, and Cheech & Chong are comedians who have all had hit records. A recording of speeches by the late American President John F. Kennedy became one of the biggest-selling albums of the 1960s.

Pauline epistles
The Pauline epistles are the fourteen New Testament books which most Christians think were written by the Apostle Paul. Some of them are the earliest Christian documents. They show many of the beliefs and controversies of Christianity. Many Christians think these letters are very important for theology and ethics.

Viljandi
Viljandi (,) is a town and municipality in southern Estonia. As of 2007, its population is 19,870. It is the capital of Viljandi County. The town was first mentioned in 1283, after being given its town charter by Villekinus de Endorpe.

Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God
Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God is famous sermon that was preached by Jonathan Edwards in 1741. He was an important Calvinist Congregational minister. The sermon is often used in American high schools and college English classes as an example of the Puritan writings.
Edwards taught the sermon many times. The first time was in Northampton, Massachusetts, but it did not get much attention. But on the the second time in Enfield, Connecticut, it made many people weeping, swooning, cry out, and have convulsions from people in his audience.
Deuteronomy 32:35 says, "Their foot shall slide in due time." That verse was the main focus of the beginning of the sermon. As was normal in 18th century New England, the sermon was printed and many copies were made. It has proven to be the main reason of his theology and preaching that was taught by many people in the first Great Awakening.

Physical constant
A physical constant is a size, something that has been measured, which has a special meaning for physics. For example,
Physical constants are different from mathematical constants because they are not just numbers but are numbers and a unit of measurement together, and because people find them not by calculating but by measuring.
Some physical constants.
Here are some important physical constants.

Cookstown
Cookstown is a small town in Northern Ireland which is in the United Kingdom. 10646 people live in the town. The main street in Cookstown is the longest and widest in Ireland.

Dungannon
Dungannon is a town in Northern Ireland, in the United Kingdom.

Coagh
Coagh is a village in Northern Ireland, in the United Kingdom.

Stewartstown
Stewartstown is a village in Northern Ireland, in the United Kingdom. It is 5 miles from Cookstown and 7 miles from Dungannon.

Ballymena
Ballymena is a town in Northern Ireland, in the United Kingdom. The actor Liam Neeson used to live in the town.

Society of St.John the Evangelist
The Society of St.John the Evangelist is an Anglican order. The monks makea vow: They say they want to live in poverty and that they will not marry anyone. The order was founded by Father Richard Meux Benson, an Anglican priest in 1866. Because they were founded in Cowley, near Oxford in England they are also known as the Cowley fathers.
Today, there are monasteries in Scotland, India, South Africa, Japan, and Canada.
The Fellowship of Saint John.
The fellowship of the Society of St.John the Evangelist is a group of people who want to live there lives in close a relation with the monks at the society. They give money to the society and pray for the monks there. They make a rule of life that is similar to The Rule of the Society of St.John the Evangelist. There are about 1,000 men and woman who are apart of the fellowship. One of the most famous members is Frank Griswold.

Magherafelt
Magherafelt is a small town in Northern Ireland, in the United Kingdom.

Constituent country
A constituent country is a country which makes up a part of a larger country, or federation.
The United Kingdom is made of 4 constituent countries. They are England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. The Kingdom of the Netherlands is made of 3 constituent countries. They are the Netherlands, the Netherlands Antilles and Aruba.

Leyton Orient F.C.
Leyton Orient F.C. are an English association football club. They started in 1881 and are based in Leyton, London. Their nickname is "The O's" and they play their home games at a stadium called Brisbane Road.

Northampton Town F.C.
Northampton Town F.C. is an English association football club. They started in 1897 and are based in Northampton in the county of Northamptonshire. They play their home games at a stadium called Sixfields Stadium and are nicknamed "The Cobblers".

Counties of Northern Ireland
There are six counties which make up Northern Ireland. They are County Antrim, County Armagh, County Down, County Fermanagh, County Londonderry and County Tyrone. The six counties in Northern Ireland and the 26 counties in the Republic of Ireland make up the 32 counties of the island of Ireland.

Nottingham Forest F.C.
Nottingham Forest F.C. is an English association football club. They are based in Nottingham in the county of Nottinghamshire and started in 1865. They play their home matches at a stadium called City Ground. Brian Clough was one of their managers and when he was in charge, Nottingham Forest won two European Cups and four League Cups. Since then they have dropped down to the 3rd division and back up to the second, they have had managers like Gary Megson, Joe Kinnear, David Platt and Frank Clark. They have no manager now. Their last one was Colin Calderwood.

Brian Clough
Brian Clough was an English association football manager. During his career he was in charge of Nottingham Forest F.C. and Derby County F.C. He won a lot of trophies, including the European Cup twice in 1979 and 1980.

Irish national grid reference system
The Irish national grid reference system is the system of grid references used in Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. It overlaps the British national grid reference system. In the grid references, Ireland is divided into 20 squares, of 100 kilometres length and 100 kilometres width. Each grid square is given a letter as its name.

Districts of Northern Ireland
Since 1 October 1973, Northern Ireland is made of 26 districts. Each district has a council which looks after local services. The 26 districts are made of 582 wards. Each ward elects 1 councillor. There 582 councillors in Northern Ireland and there is an election every 4 years. The voting system used to elect each councillor is Single Transferable Vote. Some of the councils are known as "Borough" or "City" councils. Every year, each council elects a chairman. In "Borough" and "City" councils, the chairman is called the Mayor. In Belfast City Council, the chairman is called the Lord Mayor. In "Borough" and "City" councils, up to 25% of councillors are given the title Alderman.

Post town
In the United Kingdom, a post town is the town that you must write on a letter if you want it to go to that area. There are around 1500 post towns in the United Kingdom.

Hudson Motor Car Company
The Hudson Motor Car Company was an American automobile manufacturer, founded in Detroit, Michigan in 1909. They were well-known for producing low-priced cars of good quality. They also pioneered safety features in their cars, like dashboard warning lights for oil pressure and generator power. Hudson's production peak was in 1929, with 300,000 cars built in their factories in America, Belgium and England.
In 1954, Hudson merged with the Nash-Kelvinator Company, to form American Motors Corporation. American Motors (also known as AMC) became famous for their line of Jeep vehicles (a civilian version of military Jeeps), and later Ramblers, Gremlins, and Pacer cars. AMC was finally bought out by the Chrysler Corporation, which still makes Jeep brand vehicles.
In popular culture.
Jack Kerouac's novel "On the Road" describes road trips made by Kerouac and his friend Neal Cassady, driving a 1949 Hudson automobile. (Cassady ruined his car, driving cross-country at speeds over 100 miles per hour, without giving the car the maintenance it needed.)

BT postcode area
The BT postcode area (also called the Belfast postcode area) is how each area in Northern Ireland has postcodes. Northern Ireland was the last part of the United Kingdom to get post codes. The BT postcode area was made between 1970 and 1974.
Belfast.
The Belfast post town districts are BT1 to BT17, BT58 and part of BT29. "BT" is short way of saying "Belfast". The postcode for Belfast city centre starts "BT1". The Royal Mail office in Belfast has a postcode of BT1 1AA.
Rest of Northern Ireland.
The rest of Northern Ireland has 43 other post towns. The post town districts for the 43 post towns are BT18 to BT57, BT60 to BT82, BT92 to BT94 and part of BT29.

Northern Ireland Fire and Rescue Service
The Northern Ireland Fire and Rescue Service (NIFRS) is the fire service for Northern Ireland, United Kingdom. 2000 people work for the NIFRS. There are 67 fire stations in Northern Ireland. Sometimes bad people throw stones at the firemen. Some firemen were killed in the Troubles.

Northern Ireland Ambulance Service
The Northern Ireland Ambulance Service (NIAS) is the ambulance service for Northern Ireland, United Kingdom. It was created on 1 April 1995. Around 1000 people work for the NIAS.

Września
Września is a small town in Wielkopolska province in Poland. 30,000 people live in Września and the mayor is Tomasz Kałużny.

Police Service of Northern Ireland
The Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI) () is the police service that covers Northern Ireland. It was started on 4 November 2001. The old police service for Northern Ireland was the Royal Ulster Constabulary. The service is based in Cherryvalley, east Belfast. The current Chief Constable is Sir Hugh Orde OBE. The old Chief Constables were Sir Ronnie Flanagan OBE and Colin Cramphorn.
Support for the police.
All the big political parties in Northern Ireland support the PSNI. Earlier, the political party Sinn Féin, who have many supporters, did not support the police. But after the St Andrews Agreement they decided to support them after a special Ard Fheis about the police on 28 January 2007.
In September 2005 the PSNI started the Historical Enquiries Team to help solve 3,269 murders that happened during the Troubles. The Northern Ireland Policing Board make sure that the PSNI are fair and do a good job. The Police Ombudsman for Northern Ireland investigates complaints about the police. The current Police Ombudsman is Al Hutchinson. The last Ombudsman was Nuala O'Loan. She was the Ombudsman until November 2007.
Number of Roman Catholics in the PSNI.
The PSNI gives 50% of its jobs to Roman Catholics and 50% of its jobs to people who are not Roman Catholic. This is because many people think there are not enough Roman Catholics in the PSNI. By 2006, 20% of PSNI policemen were Roman Catholic. Only 8.3% of policemen in the old Royal Ulster Constabulary were Roman Catholic. About 30% of the force will be Roman Catholics by 2011.
Uniform and symbols.
The colour of the PSNI uniform is green. The PSNI badge has Saint Patrick's saltire on it and six other symbols. They are the scales of justice, the harp, the torch, the olive branch, the shamrock and a crown.
The flag of the PSNI is the badge in the centre of a dark green field.

Grameen Bank
The Grameen Bank is a community development bank started in Bangladesh, India. They give small loans (known as microcredit or "grameencredit") to poor people without asking for money before the loan is given. The word "Grameen", is made of the word "gram" or "village", and means "of the village". The system of this bank is based on the idea that the poor have skills but have no chance to use their skills without some money. The bank also controls some businesses, such as fabric, telephone and energy companies. Most of the banks loans go to women.
The Grameen Bank was started 1976 when Professor Muhammad Yunus, a Fulbright scholar and Professor at University of Chittagong, researched how to provide banking for the rural poor. In October 1983, the Grameen Bank Project was made into an independent bank by the government. The group and its first member, Muhammad Yunus, were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2006.
Some people have said the banks prices are too expensive and put people in a debt-trap. Some have also said that the bank would not work if people did not give donations. At the same time, it is often seen as a success story in microfinance and as the guide for other groups around the world.
History.
Muhammad Yunus, the banks first member, earned a Ph.D. in economics from Vanderbilt University in the United States. During the Bangladesh famine of 1974 he gave a small loan of USD 27 to a group of 42 families so that they could make small items and sell them without owing too much money. Yunus believed that a lot less people would be poor around Bangladesh if they could find small loans.
The Grameen Bank ("Bank of the Villages", in the Bengali language) is the product of Yunus' ideas. The bank began as a research project by Yunus and the Rural Economics Project at Bangladesh's University of Chittagong. They gave out some small loans and waited to know what would happen. In 1976, the village of Jobra and other villages surrounding the University of Chittagong became the first places where Grameen Bank loaned money to people. The Bank was very successful and with support from the main Bangladesh Bank, gave loans for the Tangail District (to the north of the capital, Dhaka). The bank's success continued and it soon gave loans in many areas of Bangladesh. On October 2, 1983, the project was made into an independent bank, by the Bangladeshi government. Bankers from ShoreBank, a community development bank in Chicago, helped Yunus by making Grameen Bank a part of Shorebank with money from the Ford Foundation. After the 1998 flood of Bangladesh, many people could not pay their debts to Grameen for a few years. By the beginning of 2005, the bank had loaned over USD 4.7 billion to poor people.
Grameen Bank now loans money to poor people all over India. By 2006, India had over 2,100 Grameen Bank branches. Its success has inspired similar projects in more than 40 countries around the world and has made World Bank to take an initiative to finance Grameen-type schemes.
The bank gets help with money. In the mid-1990s, the bank started getting most of its funding from the central bank of Bangladesh. More recently, Grameen has been borrowing money. The Government of Bangladesh guaruntees that money borrowed by the Grameen Bank will be repaid.
How the bank works.
Grameen Bank is best known for solidarity lending. The Bank also incorporates a set of values embodied in Bangladesh by the "Sixteen Decisions". At every branch of Grameen Bank the borrowers recite these Decisions and vow to follow them.
There is solidarity lending in over 43 countries. Each borrower must belong to a five-member group, the group does not need to give a guarantee for a loan. The loan is made to only one person but the whole group is to make sure that the money is repaid. Each member has to pay for their own loan but if they have problems the group may help them pay because the group would not get any more loans from Grameen if all the groups loans were not paid.
Grameen Bank does not take people to court if they cannot pay, the system works on trust only. Solidarity groups agree with Grameen to save enough for extra payments in case they cannot pay every time.
Not many women in India can have loans from big banks so 97% of Grameens loans go to women. Women get tereated very badly in some countries and groups, such as the World Bank are researching to know if small loans are helping women around the world.
Over 98 percent of Grameens loans have been paid back but the Wall Street Journal says that 20% of the loans took more than a year longer than the time agreed to pay the loan back. Grameen says that more than half of its borrowers in Bangladesh (close to 50 million) now: have all children of school age in school, all household members eating three meals a day, a clean toilet, a rainproof house, clean drinking water and can pay 300 taka-a-week (around 4 USD) towards their loans.
Village Phone Program.
...Grameen has created a new class of women entrepreneurs who have raised themselves from poverty. Moreover, it has improved the livelihoods of farmers and others who are provided access to critical market information and lifeline communications previously unattainable in some 28,000 villages of Bangladesh. More than 55,000 phones are currently in operation, with more than 80 million people benefiting from access to market information, news from relatives, and more.
Struggling members program.
In 2003, Grameen Bank started a new loan program, different from the Solidarity Group, to help the beggars in Bangladesh. This program is made to give small loans to beggars. The loans cost only the amount of the loan and the repayment take a long time, for example, a beggar taking a small loan of around 100 taka (about US $1.50) can pay only 2.00 taka (about 3.4 US cents) per week and only repays 100 taka.
The bank does not force the beggers to give up begging but tries to get them selling low-priced items. The Global Microcredit Summit in 2006 by one of the banks managers says that by May 2006, around 73,000 beggars have taken loans of about 58.32 million taka (approx. USD 833,150) and repaid 34.78 million taka (about USD 496,900).
Statistics.
Grameen Bank is owned by the people who borrow the money, mostly women. The borrowers own 94% of the bank, and the other 6% is owned by the Government of Bangladesh.
In October 2007, the bank had 7.34 million borrowers, and 97% of those are women.
The number of borrowers has more than doubled since 2003, when the bank had only 3.12 million members. In October 2007, the Bank had a staff of over 24,703 employees and 2,468 branches covering 80,257 villages. There were 43,681 villages covered in the year 2003.
Since its start, the bank has loaned 347.75 billion taka (USD 6.55 billion). 313.11 billion taka (USD 5.87 billion) has been repaid. The bank says 98.35% of loans are repaid. In 1998 95% of loans were repaid. However, many critics doubt this recovery rate and the definition that Grameen uses to come up with this rate.
Nobel Peace Prize.
From modest beginnings three decades ago, Yunus has, first and foremost through Grameen Bank, developed micro-credit into an ever more important instrument in the struggle against poverty. Grameen Bank has been a source of ideas and models for the many institutions in the field of micro-credit that have sprung up around the world.
Mosammat Taslima Begum, used her first loan of 16-euro (20-dollar) from the bank in 1992 to buy a goat and subsequently became a successful entrepreneur and one of the elected board members of the bank. She collected the Nobel Prize for Grameen Bank on December 10, 2006, at the prize awarding ceremony in Oslo City Hall.
Grameen Bank is the only business to have won a Nobel Prize. In a speech given at the presentation ceremony, Professor Ole Danbolt Mjøs, Chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee, said that, by giving the prize to Grameen Bank and Muhammad Yunus, the Norwegian Nobel Committee wanted to make more contact with the Muslim world, to help women, and on to fight against poverty.
The people in Bangladesh were very happy with the Nobel Prize. Some critics asserted that the award affirms neoliberalism.
Related groups.
The Grameen Bank has grown into over two dozen groups called the Grameen Family of Enterprises. These groups include Grameen Trust, Grameen Fund, Grameen Communications, Grameen Shakti (Grameen Energy), Grameen Telecom, Grameen Shikkha (Grameen Education), Grameen Motsho (Grameen Fisheries), Grameen Baybosa Bikash (Grameen Business Development), Grameen Phone, Grameen Software Limited, Grameen CyberNet Limited, Grameen Knitwear Limited, and Grameen Uddog (owner of the brand Grameen Check).
On July 11, 2005 the Grameen Mutual Fund One (GMFO), was listed as an Initial Public Offering. One of the first mutual funds of its kind, GMFO will allow the over four million Grameen bank members, as well as non-members, to buy into Bangladeshs capital markets. The Grameen group is worth over USD 7.4 billion.
Some people do not agree with Grameen.
Sudhirendar Sharma, a development analyst, says that the Grameen Bank has "landed poor communities in a perpetual debt-trap", and that its ultimate benefit goes to the corporations that sell capital goods and infrastructure to the borrowers. Prime Minister of Bangladesh, Sheikh Hasina, who said, "There is no difference between usurers [Yunus] and corrupt people." Hasina also says the bank wants too much in return for the loans. Loans from Grameen Bank cost more than bigger banks, around 20% interest. The Mises Institute's Jeffrey Tucker says that Grameen Bank is not good enough for Indias economy and is a way of giving money to people who are not working.

United Kingdom Census 2001
On Sunday 29 April 2001 the United Kingdom Government held a census. This was the 19th UK Census. United Kingdom Census 2001 was started by the Office for National Statistics in England and Wales, the General Register Office for Scotland and the Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency. It was the first census to ask people in England, Scotland and Wales about their religion.

Hug
A hug is an embrace between two or more people. It is usually a sign of affection or love.

WWE Intercontinental Championship
The World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) Intercontinental Championship is a professional wrestling championship in World Wrestling Entertainment. It is the first secondary title of WWE. Currently, it is the second highest ranked championship on the Raw brand.
History.
The WWE Intercontinental Championship was first known as the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) Intercontinental Championship, until the WWE/WWF 2002 Lawsuit. Following the title's introduction in 1979, Pat Patterson became the inaugural champion on September 15. The title's creation came as a result of Patterson defeating Ted DiBiase to win the WWF North American Championship and defending the title in a fictional tournament held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil to be unified with a South American Championship.
In March 2001, the World Wrestling Federation bought World Championship Wrestling. Soon after, "The Invasion" took place in which the ECW Alliance was ultimately dismantled. At Survivor Series 2001, the title was unified with the WCW United States Championship. The United States Champion, Edge, won against the Intercontinental Champion, Test, and became the new Intercontinental Champion while the United States Championship became inactive.
After the WWE name change in 2002, the championship became known as the WWE Intercontinental Championship'". It was then unified with the European Championship in a ladder match on July 22, and later the Hardcore Championship on August 26. The Intercontinental Champion, Rob Van Dam, won against the European Champion, Jeff Hardy, and the Hardcore Champion, Tommy Dreamer. As a result, Rob Van Dam was named the last European and Hardcore Champion. Then at No Mercy 2002, it was unified with the World Heavyweight Championship. The World Heavyweight Champion, Triple H, won against the Intercontinental Champion, Kane, and countinued to be the World Heavyweight Champion while the Intercontinental Championship became inactive. In May 2003, after fan protests of the retirement of the Intercontinental Title, the title was reactivated by RAW Co-General Manager, Stone Cold Steve Austin, and was recommissioned to be the secondary championship for the RAW brand. Shortly after, the WCW United States Championship was reactivated as the WWE United States Championship by the SmackDown! brand, making the Intercontinental Championship its equal counterpart for the RAW brand.
Current champion.
The Current Champion is William Regal] who beat Santino Marella for the title on "Raw" on November 10, 2008 in Manchester, England.

Members of the European Parliament for the United Kingdom 2004-2009
This is a list of Members of the European Parliament for the United Kingdom who were voted to serve from 2004 to 2009.
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Current members.
"This table can be sorted by constituency, party or party group: click the symbol at the top of the appropriate column."

Polygamy
Polygamy is a word that comes from late Greek. It can be translated as "many marriages". It refers to any form of marriage, where there is "more than one spouse".
The form where one man has sexual relations with many women is called polygyny, the form where there are many men for one woman is called polyandry. There is also a concept called group marriage, which is a combination of ployandry and polygyny. In group marriage, all the (adult) members of the group are responsible for all the children.
Historically, all forms have occurred. Polygyny is the most common though.

Rickenbach, Solothurn
Rickenbach is a municipality in the district Olten in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

Neal Cassady
Neal Cassady (February 8, 1946 - February 4, 1968) was a member of the Beat Generation circle of writers and poets, of the 1950s and 1960s. He was a close friend of Allen Ginsberg and Jack Kerouac, and was the main inspiration behind Kerouac's breakthrough novel "On the Road". Later he was the bus driver of Ken Kesey's "Merry Pranksters", during the hippie era.
Early life.
Cassady was born in Salt Lake City, literally "on the road", as his mother gave birth to him while his parents rode in a car. They later separated, with his father raising young Cassady in Denver, Colorado. He got into trouble often as a boy, and spent part of his teen years in a juvenile facility. While locked up, he began to write letters back and forth with Hal Chase, another member of the (then-future) Beat Generation. Chase told his friends Kerouac and Ginsberg about Cassady, who wanted to meet him. After he was released, Cassady traveled to New York, marrying sixteen-year-old LuAnne Henderson on the way. He met Ginsberg, and began a homosexual relationship with him (despite Cassady's marriage), and a friendship with Kerouac, recently divorced, who began to teach Cassady about writing. Kerouac's mother, whom he lived with, did not like Cassady, sensing he was just a con artist. Kerouac knew this was at least partly true, but he did not mind, since he enjoyed Cassady's company. They looked a little like each other, and strangers who met them often guessed the two were brothers. They became very close personally, and felt that they really were brothers, though they came from different parents.
Cassady was a restless person, and his wife got tired of him not giving their marriage the attention it needed. She left him, and returned to her family. Cassady soon forgot about her, and started relationships with other women, and also with men. (He and LuAnne got back together later, but their reconciliation did not last.) Before long, he decided he wanted to travel. Cassady was an expert driver, and had no trouble driving cars at over 100 miles per hour, over long stretches of highway. Kerouac left his mother behind, and joined Cassady on many road trips, across the United States and even into Mexico. When Kerouac got sick in Mexico City, Cassady could not wait for him to get better, and left Kerouac behind at a hospital. Kerouac had to find his own way home, and was angry at Cassady, while Kerouac's mother thought it just proved her suspicions about him. Cassady turned up later, asking Kerouac's forgiveness, which he gave him. Good or bad, Kerouac's experiences with Cassady were what he needed to finish a novel about cross-country travel, which he had wanted to write for years.
Kerouac was now married again, to Joan Haverty, and in trying to explain his friendship with Cassady to his new wife, he typed a long narrative, using a roll of teletype paper so he did not have to stop to change pages. He spent three weeks working on the narrative almost non-stop. It became the manuscript for his new novel, which he called "On the Road". His wife was bothered by the fact that he spent more time working on the manuscript than with her, and separated from him not long after it was finished. Kerouac spent the next six years making changes and improvements to the manuscript, until a publisher agreed to print it as a book. Cassady's name was changed to "Dean Moriarty", to make the book appear more fictional than it really was. Kerouac delivered one of the first printed copies of "On the Road" in person to Cassady, who did not give Kerouac the reaction he expected. Instead of being happy and proud, Cassady seemed disturbed and scared, by knowing that part of his life was now in print, and his character documented for the public to see.
Fame.
"On the Road" was published in 1957, and it made both Kerouac and Cassady famous. It did not do much to help their personal lives, however. Both men suffered from public overexposure, as the book became a best-seller. A mistake on the book's jacket made readers think that both men were much younger than they were. Their adventures in the book had happened years earlier, but many people thought they were recent. Some readers wanted to travel with them, or invite them to wild parties, or have sexual intercourse with them. Cassady enjoyed the attention for awhile, but it took its toll on him personally. Fame did not help his second marriage, to Carolyn Robinson, or the family they had together. Kerouac himself hated all the attention he got, and spent most of his time at home with his mother, working on new books, or drinking alcohol. In time, he became an alcoholic, and it ruined his health.
Cassady also partly inspired Allen Ginsberg's "Howl", and was mentioned in the poem as "N.C.", the "secret hero" of Ginsberg's latest writings. "Howl" became a landmark work of the 1950s, and added to Ginsberg's and Cassady's fame. Ginsberg handled fame more easily than either Cassady or Kerouac, and had a long public career.
Cassady himself wanted to become a writer, or a jazz musician, but he was not a success at either. He tried to take saxophone lessons, but did not stay with them very long. He mostly worked as a laborer or a brakeman on railroads, before and after "On the Road" was published. Some of what he did write was published as a memoir, titled "The First Third", but it was his only book. He was more successful at writing letters to friends. One was about his seductions of different women during a train trip. He recorded long talks with Kerouac and Carolyn, about their lives and thoughts, and parts of these went into a later book by Kerouac, titled "Visions of Cody". ("Cody Pomeray" became Cassady's new fictional name, as Kerouac changed publishers.)
Cassady also sold marijuana to help pay his bills. One customer turned out to be an undercover policeman, who arrested Cassady. He spent a long time in jail. Carolyn had to both work, and try to raise their children alone.
Later life.
Freed from jail, Cassady began to travel again. During the 1960s, he joined Ken Kesey's Merry Pranksters, who traveled back and forth across the United States in a bus, holding "acid tests", a name for LSD parties. Cassady drove the bus. He acted as merrily as anyone, and as full of energy as a young man, when the Pranksters were around. In private, though, he was not enjoying his life, and old friends noticed he looked very tired.
Cassady had tried to commit suicide a few times when he was younger, and was unhappy. Once he tried to freeze himself to death, waiting outside in cold temperatures during a car trip, but it took too long, and he got back in the car. Early in 1968, while revisiting Mexico, he was found lying alongside a railroad track, where he had been for a long time. Exposure to harsh weather caused his death, just days short of his 42nd birthday. Nobody knew if he was trying to kill himself or not, this time. A few people who knew him felt that he wanted to die, and had for awhile as he got older, and that Cassady finally got his wish.
Legacy.
Cassady left an indelible mark on the world of the 1950s and 1960s, through his documented adventures in the works of Kerouac, Ginsberg, and their friends. He also turned up in Kesey's writings about the Merry Pranksters. He inspired later bohemian characters, like Jim Morrison of The Doors. People today still read about his life and times, and wish they were able to meet Cassady, or make friends with him. The people who knew Cassady remembered him fondly later, even if he let them down personally, because he was such a unique (special) person. People loved watching Cassady live his life to the fullest, while he encouraged them to do the same with theirs.

Riedholz
Riedholz is a municipality in the district Lebern in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

Northern Ireland (European Parliament constituency)
Northern Ireland is a constituency of the European Parliament. The Northern Ireland Members of the European Parliament are chosen using Single Transferable Vote. The constituency is all of Northern Ireland.

Feldbrunnen-St. Niklaus
Feldbrunnen-St.Niklaus is a municipality in the district Lebern in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

Rodersdorf
Rodersdorf is a municipality in the district Dorneck in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland, on the border of Alsace, France.

Beat Generation
The Beat Generation was a movement of writers, poets, and artists during the 1950s and 1960s, who liked the beat of jazz and bebop music, which became a kind of soundtrack to much of their lives and work. People associated with the movement were called "Beats", or sometimes "Beatniks", a reference to Communism. (A few Beats supported Communism, but most did not.) The term came from novelist Jack Kerouac, who was sometimes called "The King of the Beats". Other Beat writers were William S. Burroughs and Allen Ginsberg.

Brill Building
The Brill Building in New York City was a headquarters for many songwriters in the 1950s and 1960s. The building had offices for the writers, and also a small recording studio to make demo recordings. Don Kirshner hired the writers who worked there, and helped promote their works.
The Brill Building writers included many pop stars and future pop stars, including Jeff Barry, Neil Diamond, Carole King, Carole Bayer Sager, and Neil Sedaka. The Monkees recorded a large number of Brill Building songs, but they also wrote songs of their own.

Chris Stewart
Chris Stewart is an English musician and writer. He was the first drummer for rock band Genesis. He then wrote three autobiograpical books. "Driving over Lemons", "A Parrot in the Pepper Tree", and "The Almond Blossom Association Society".

Driving over Lemons
Driving over Lemons was the first autobiographical book by Chris Stewart. It was published in 1999 and became an international best-seller.

John Silver
Jonathan (John) Silver was the second drummer for the English rock band Genesis. He replaced Chris Stewart in the summer of 1968. Silver left the band in August 1969. He was replaced by John Mayhew. Silver appears on the band's first full length album, "From Genesis to Revelation" and on the "Genesis Archive 1967-75" box set.
Silver lives in London with his wife, Lucy, and children, Leo, Max, and Libby.

John Mayhew
John Mayhew is an English - Australian musician. He was the third drummer for the progressive rock band Genesis. Mayhew was a part of the band from September 1969 until July 1970. He replaced John Silver as the drummer for the band in August 1969. Mayhew appears on the album "Trespass" and the "Genesis Archive 1967-75" box set. He was replaced in 1970 by Phil Collins.
For many years Mayhew's life after playing for Genesis was a mystery to most fans. It was said that his "Trespass" royaltycheque had gone unclaimed. There were rumors that he was dead or missing. In 1979, he moved to Australia. He eventually found work as a carpenter. He is now an Australian citizen. In 2006, Mayhew attended the Genesis Convention in London along with Anthony Phillips and Steve Hackett. He even played drums for a tribute band's performance of "The Knife" (from "Trespass").

Larch
Larches are conifers in the genus "Larix". They grow on the northern hemisphere. Unlike other conifers, larches lose their leaves during autumn and winter.
Species.
There are 10–14 species, for example the European Larch, the North American Larch and the Japanese Larch. Scientists usually divide them into two main groups, New World species (North America) and Old World species (Europe and Asia). Inside this one, there are two more groups, Northern (Central Europe, Siberia, Japan, north of China) and Southern (south of China, Himalaya, Myanmar).
Northern.
"Larix decidua" or "Larix europaea" European Larch.
"Larix kaempferi" or "Larix leptolepis" Japanese Larch.
Southern.
"Larix griffithii" or "Larix griffithiana" Himalayan Larch.
North American.
"Larix laricina" Tamarack Larch or American Larch.
There is also a hybrid, the Dunkeld Larch, which is a mix of the European Larch and the Japanese Larch.
Uses.
Larch wood is very valuable because it is resistant and it grows quickly. It is used for boats as well as houses.
Larches are also used in herbal medicine and in bonsai.
The tree appeared in many Monty Python sketches as a joke.

Louise Goodman
Louise Goodman is one of two pitlane reporters for ITV's Formula One coverage. Before this she worked in marketing for the Jordan team. She started television broadcast in 1997.
She is said to be the first woman of Formula One live coverage. Louise Goodman has been ITV's roving pitlane reporter since ITV took the broadcast in 1997. She usually does driver interviews, while Ted Kravitz brings news from the teams about technical or tactical matters. She is taller than many F1 drivers, and is known for wearing much jewellery on her arm.
Goodman became the first female to be part of a pit stop when she removed the left rear tire in a Midland pit stop for Tiago Monteiro in 2006 British Grand Prix.
During Q3 in Hungaroring 2006 she interviewed David Coulthard. Coulthard had been knocked out in Q2. She asked him how the cold weather was affecting him? He answered," Ummm...well, it’s a lot nicer to look at you in your tight t-shirts first out." Goodman sounded startled when she replied, " Thank you so much DC. I'll have a word with you later." They then went back to the main commentary team who also sounded rather flustered.
In 2007, she became the presenter of ITV's coverage of the British Touring Car Championship. Her co-presenter was Ted Kravitz.

Second Epistle to the Corinthians
The Second Epistle to the Corinthians is one of the books in the New Testament. It is an epistle (letter) written to the Church at Corinth by the Apostle Paul.
The Letter.
Paul begins by greeting the people in Corinth and reminding them that he is serving the Lord Jesus Christ. He then spends a lot of time explaining to the people why he is an apostle. Some of the people are mad at him because in 1st Corinthians he told them to stop doing bad things. He explains that he told them to stop because he loved them. He also teaches them that it is very important to forgive others.

Visby
Visby is the only city on the Swedish island of Gotland. It is a a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
In 2005, its population is 22,236.

Kollam
Kollam (Malayalam:കൊല്ലം) (known to the Portuguese as Quilon, pronounced "koy-lon") is a city and a municipal corporation in Kollam district in the Indian state of Kerala. It is 71 Kilometres north of the state capital Thiruvanathapuram (Trivandrum). It is also the headquarters of the Kollam District, one among the 14 districts in the state of Kerala. To the south is Thiruvananthapuram district, to the north is Pathanamthitta and Alappuzha, to the east is Tamil Nadu and to the west by the Arabian Sea.

804 Hispania
804 Hispania is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found in Barcelona (Spain) on 20 March 1915 by Josep Comas Solá (1868-1937). It was the first asteroid to be found by a Spaniard. Its provisional name was 1915 WT.

Aiglun, Alpes-Maritimes
Aiglun is a town and commune of the Alpes-Maritimes "département", in southeastern France.

Alpes-Maritimes
Alpes-Maritimes (Occitan: "Aups Maritims") is a department in the southeast corner of France.

Communes of France
The "commune" is the lowest of administrative division in the French Republic. As of January 1, 2008, there were 36,781 communes in France, 36,569 of them in metropolitan France and 212 of them in overseas France. This is much higher than in any other European country. The French word "commune" was first used in the 12th century, from Medieval Latin "communia", meaning a small gathering of people sharing a common life, from Latin "communis", things held in common.

Cantons of France
The cantons of France are area divisions of the French Republic's 341 arrondissements and 100 departments.

Arrondissements of France
The 100 French departments are divided into 342 "arrondissements". This means "districts" in English. Most departments in France only have 3 or 4 arrondissements, but some may have more or less than this.

List of arrondissements of France
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Lists by departments.
Overseas departments of France

List of cantons of France
Overseas departments of France

Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh
The Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (born Prince Philippos of Greece and Denmark, 10 June 1921) is the husband of Queen Elizabeth II. Philip was originally a royal prince of Greece and Denmark. On 20 November 1947, he married Princess Elizabeth, the heiress presumptive to King George VI. After his naturalisation, he became known as Philip Mountbatten. Prince Philip became the Duke of Edinburgh on the day he married, and became a Prince of the United Kingdom in 1957. The Queen and Prince Philip have four children and eight grandchildren (in 2008).

George IV of the United Kingdom
George IV (born as George Augustus Frederick on August 12 1762, died on June 26, 1830) was king of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and Hanover from 29 January 1820 until his death. The Regency, George's nine-year time as "Prince Regent", which started in 1811 and ended with George III's death in 1820, included winning the Napoleonic Wars in Europe.

William IV of the United Kingdom
William IV (William Henry; 21 August 1765 – 20 June 1837) was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and of Hanover from 26 June 1830 until his death. William, the third son of George III and younger brother and successor to George IV was the last king and monarch of the House of Hanover.

Energy (society)
The use of energy is very important to move along the human society by helping it to change to fit the problems facing the environment. Making sure energy is used well is needed for any society. Production and use of energy resources is important to the economy of the world.

Transformer
A transformer is a machine that moves electrical energy from one circuit to another through electromagnetism. They are an important part of electrical systems.
Transformers can come in many different sizes, from a very small coupling transformer inside a stage microphone to big units that weigh hundreds of tons used in power grids.

Ballycastle
Ballycastle is a small town in Northern Ireland, in the United Kingdom.

Bangor, County Down
Bangor is a town in County Down, Northern Ireland.

Munich Rural District
Munich is a rural district in Upper Bavaria in south Bavaria, Germany. However the district does not include the city of Munich, which is an urban district itself.

Act of Union 1800
With Act of Union 1800 (or sometimes Act of Union 1801) (Irish: "Acht an Aontais 1800") is used to describe two Acts are meant. Their official titles are the Union with Ireland Act 1800 (1800 c.67 39 and 40 Geo 3), an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain, and the Act of Union (Ireland) 1800 (1800 c.38 40 Geo 3), an Act of the Parliament of Ireland.
These two Acts merged the Kingdom of Ireland and the unified Kingdom of Great Britain, (being itself a merger of the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland under the Acts of Union 1707), to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
The Union Flag.
The flag created as a consequence of the merger combined the flags of England and Scotland with "St Patrick's Cross" to represent Ireland. However, Wales is not included on the Union Flag, as when the original Union Flag was devised Wales was considered a part of the Kingdom of England.

Ebersberg Rural District
Ebersberg is a rural district in Upper Bavaria in south Bavaria, Germany.

Freising Rural District
Freising is a rural district in Upper Bavaria in south Bavaria, Germany.

Starnberg Rural District
Starnberg is a rural district in Upper Bavaria in south Bavaria, Germany.

Traunstein Rural District
Traunstein is a rural district in Upper Bavaria in south Bavaria, Germany.

Berchtesgadener Land Rural District
Berchtesgadener Land is a rural district in Upper Bavaria in south Bavaria, Germany.

Rosenheim Rural District
Rosenheim is a rural district in Upper Bavaria in south Bavaria, Germany.

Banne
Banne is a town and commune of the Ardèche "département", in southern France.

Ardèche
Ardèche (Occitan and Arpitan: "Ardecha") is a department in the center of southern France. It was named after the Ardèche River.

Communes of the Ardèche department
This is a list of the 339 communes of the Ardèche "département" in France.

Accons
Accons is a town and commune in the Ardèche "département", in the south part of France.

Ailhon
Ailhon is a town and commune of the Ardèche "département", in the south part of France.

Aizac
Aizac is a town and commune of the Ardèche "département", in the southern part of France.

Muhammad Yunus
Muhammad Yunus is a Bangladeshi banker and economist who was born on June 28 1940. He was a professor of economics and is famous for his work in microcredit. Microcredit is a name for giving small loans. These loans are given to people with very little money. Most banks do not give microcredit. Yunus started the Grameen Bank. In 2006, Yunus and the bank together, were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, "for their efforts to create economic and social development from below." Yunus himself has received several other national and international awards. He published a book called "Banker to the Poor" and helped start the Grameen Foundation. In 2007 Yunus planned to start a political group called Nagorik Shakti ("Citizen Power") in Bangladesh, but he has chosen not to start this group. He is one of the founding members of Global Elders.
Early life.
Muhammad Yunus born on June 28 1940. He was the third child born to a Muslim family in the village of Bathua near the Boxihrat Road in Hathazari, Bangladesh (Bangladesh was called British India at that time). Six more children were born in Muhammads family making nine altogether. His father was called Hazi Dula Mia Shoudagar, and worked as a jeweler. His mother was called Sofia Khatun. His early childhood years were spent in his village. In 1944, his family moved to the city of Chittagong, and he went to Lamabazar Primary School. By 1949, his mother had a mental illness. Muhannad went to Chittagong Collegiate School and became the 16th best student out of 39,000 in East Pakistan. During his school years, he was a Boy Scout, and traveled to West Pakistan and India in 1952, and to Canada in 1955 to attend Jamborees. When Yunus was studying at Chittagong College, he won awards for drama acting. In 1957, he started studying at the department of economics of Dhaka University. Chittagong College awarded him with a BA in 1960, and a MA in 1961.
After his MA studies, Yunus became part of the Bureau of Economics as a research assistant for Professor Nurul Islam and Rehman Sobhan. In 1961 he was given work as a lecturer in economics in Chittagong College. During that time he started a packaging factory. He was given a Fulbright scholarship in 1965, to study in the United States. He was awarded his Ph.D. in economics from Vanderbilt University in the United States, in 1969. From 1969 to 1972, Yunus was an assistant professor of economics at Middle Tennessee State University in Murfreesboro, TN.
During the Liberation War of Bangladesh in 1971, Yunus and other people from Bangladesh living in the United States started a citizens committee and controlled the Bangladesh Information Center to find help for the war. He published the "Bangladesh Newsletter" from his home in Nashville. After the War, Yunus returned to Bangladesh and was given a job with the governments' Planning Commission which was controlled by Nurul Islam. He thought the job was boring so he took a job at Chittagong University as Head of the Economics department. He worked with poverty reduction after he saw the Bangladesh famine of 1974, and started a research project to help people who lived in the countryside. In 1975, he starteded a Nabajug Tebhaga Khamar (new era three share farm) which the government called the Packaged Input Programme. Yunus and his friends started the "Gram Sarkar" (the village government) programme to make the farm project better.
Ziaur Rahman,(the president of India in the late 1970s), was in control of starting 40,392 village governments (gram sarkar) in 2003. On 2 August 2005, after a petition by the Bangladesh Legal Aids and Services Trust (BLAST) the High Court had declared Gram Sarkar illegal and unconstitutional.
Grameen Bank.
In 1976, Yunus visited the poorest households in the village of Jobra near Chittagong University. He discovered that very small loans could be a lot of help to a poor person. Some Jobra women were making bamboo furniture and had to take loans for buying bamboo but all their profits were being paid towards the loans. The first loan Muhammad Yunus gave was USD 27.00 from his pocket. This $27 was loaned to 42 women in the village, who made a profit of $00.02 each from the loan
In December 1976 the government bank Janata Bank gave Yunus a loan that he could use to make lots of small loans to very poor people. His group got more loans from other banks and by 1982, 28,000 people had jobs with Grameen. On October 1 1983, Grameen was made a full bank and renamed the Grameen Bank ("Village Bank") to give loans to poor Bangladeshis. Yunus and his workers were threatened and women were told they would not have a Muslim burial if they borrowed money from the Grameen Bank, but they have given many, many loans to poor people. As of July 2007, Grameen Bank has loaned US$6.38 billion to 7.4 million people. The bank loans money to "solidarity groups". These small groups are given loans together and if one person can not pay, the rest of the group pays for them.
The Grameen Bank started other groups in the 1980s to do things such as keeping fishing ponds clean and building irrigation pumps. In 1989, these groups started to get their own names. The fisheries project became Grameen Motsho (Grameen Fisheries Foundation) and the irrigation project became Grameen Krishi (Grameen Agriculture Foundation). The Grameen group has grown into many groups of profitable and non-profit, such as the Grameen Trust, the Grameen Fund, Grameen Software Limited, Grameen CyberNet Limited, Grameen Knitwear Limited, Grameen Telecom, and Grameenphone (GP) (Grameenphone is the biggest private sector phone company in Bangladesh).. The Village Phone (Polli Phone) project of Grameenphone has made it possible for 260,000 poor people in over 50,000 villages to own mobile phones since March 1997.
The Grameen ideas have been used in many countries throughout the world, such as the United States.More than 94% of Grameen loans have been given to women, who have less money and give more to their families. For his work with the Grameen Bank, Yunus was named an Global Academy Member in 2001.
Awards.
Muhammad Yunus has shown himself to be a leader who has managed to translate visions into practical action for the benefit of millions of people, not only in Bangladesh, but also in many other countries. Loans to poor people without any financial security had appeared to be an impossible idea. From modest beginnings three decades ago, Yunus has, first and foremost through Grameen Bank, developed micro-credit into an ever more important instrument in the struggle against poverty.
Muhammad Yunus was the first Bangladeshi and third Bengali to ever get a Nobel Prize. After being told of the important award, Yunus said that he would use part of his share of the $1.4 million award money to create a company that makes good food that the poor can afford and the rest would go toward starting an eye hospital for the poor in Bangladesh.
Former U.S. president Bill Clinton was on of the people who said the Nobel Prize should go to Muhammed Yunus. He said this in "Rolling Stone" magazine and in his autobiography: "My Life." In a speech given at University of California, Berkeley in 2002, President Clinton said Dr. Yunus was "a man who long ago should have won the Nobel Prize [and] I’ll keep saying that until they finally give it to him."
He has won many other awards, such as the Ramon Magsaysay Award, the World Food Prize the Sydney Peace Prize, and in December 2007 the Ecuadorian Peace Prize. Dr. Yunus has been awarded 26 honorary doctorate degrees, and 15 special awards. The Bangladesh government made a postage stamp to honor his Nobel Award. In January 2008, Houston, Texas declared January 14 as "Muhammad Yunus Day".
Politics.
In 2006 Doctor Yunus and other important people, such as Professor Rehman Sobhan, Justice Muhammad Habibur Rahman, Doctor Kamal Hossain, Matiur Rahman, Mahfuz Anam and Debapriya Bhattchariya, tried to find good people to be elected for government. Yunus thought about joining government himself that year. On February 11, 2007, Yunus wrote a letter, published in the Bangladeshi newspaper "Daily Star", and he asked what people thought of creating a good government. The letter asked everyone to give ideas for this and to offer him help Dr. Yunus started a political group called Citizens' Power ("Nagorik Shakti") on February 18, 2007. There was speculation that the army supported a move by Yunus into politics. but on May 3, Yunus stopped the group after a meeting with Fakhruddin Ahmed (government politician).
On July 18 2007 in Johannesburg, South Africa, Nelson Mandela, Graça Machel, and Desmond Tutu began a group of world leaders to help the world. Nelson Mandela announced this new group, The Global Elders, in a speech he on his 89th birthday. Archbishop Tutu is to serve as the Chair of The Elders. Yunus is one of the first members of this group. Other members include Machel, Kofi Annan, Ela Bhatt, Gro Harlem Brundtland, Jimmy Carter, Li Zhaoxing, and Mary Robinson. The Elders are to be funded by some of ts first members, such as Richard Branson, Peter Gabriel, Ray Chambers, Michael Chambers, Bridgeway Foundation, Pam Omidyar, Humanity United, Amy Robbins, Shashi Ruia, Dick Tarlow, and The United Nations Foundation.
Professor Yunus Family.
In 1967 Yunus studied at Vanderbilt University. He met Vera Forostenko, a student of Russian literature there. Vera is the daughter of Russian immigrants to Trenton, New Jersey, U.S.. They were married in 1970. Yunus marriage with Vera ended a few months after the birth of their baby girl, Monica Yunus (b. 1979 Chittagong). Vera returned to New Jersey and said that Bangladesh was not a good place to raise a baby. After some time, Yunus married Afrozi Yunus, who was a researcher in physics at Manchester University. She was appointed as a professor of physics at Jahangirnagar University. Their daughter Deena Afroz Yunus was born in 1986.
Professor Yunus brother Muhammad Ibrahim is a professor of physics at Dhaka University and the founder of The Center for Mass Education in Science (CMES). They teach science to girls in villages. His younger brother Muhammad Jahangir is a popular television presenter. Yunus oldest daughter, Monica, is an soprano singer in New York City.

John Keats
John Keats (31 October 1795 – 23 February 1821) was an English poet. He is often ranked as one of the five most important poets of the Romantic movement in English literature; the other four are William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Lord Byron, and Percy Bysshe Shelley. Though Keats was the youngest of these poets, he also died before the others: he suffered from tuberculosis and died in Rome at the age of 25.
Keats was the son of an inn-keeper who died when Keats was nine years old; and his mother died of tuberculosis in 1810. The young Keats began studying to be a surgeon, though his interest in literature grew stronger than his interest in medicine. He became a friend and follower of the poet and editor James Henry Leigh Hunt, and made his first attempts to write his own poetry. Keats's active writing life lasted only about six years, from the spring of 1814 through 1819.
His short life meant that he wrote less than many other poets. His longest poems, "Endymion" and "Hyperion", tell stories from ancient Greek mythology. Many of his shorter poems are among the best known in English literature, including "La Belle Dame Sans Merci" and his Sonnets and Odes.
Keats was an active letter-writer throughout his life, like many people of his time. Hundreds of his letters to friends and relatives have survived, and Keats is often called one of the great letter writers in the English language.

Endymion (poem)
Keats called the poem "A Poetical Romance." He wrote in four sections or "Books," and each section is about a thousand lines long. The poem is written in a form called rhymed couplets, which means that every two lines rhyme together. The story is based on the tale of Endymion from Greek mythology.
"Endymion" was criticized harshly when it was first published. Some of Keats's friends and admirers, like the poet Shelley, believed that the stress of this hostile reaction had a bad effect on Keats's mind, and partly caused his early death from tuberculosis at the age of 25. But most modern critics and scholars of English literature do not think this is true.

Hyperion (poem)
"Hyperion" is one of the major poems of the English Romantic poet John Keats. The poem is based on the tale from Greek mythology that tells how the Titan Hyperion, the first Greek sun god, was replaced by Apollo.
Keats worked on the poem mainly in August and September 1818. He finished the first two sections or "Books," each between 350 and 400 lines long, and he also wrote 135 lines of Book III. But he was not satisfied with what he had written; he re-wrote it bit by bit until April 1819, when he gave up for a while. Some critics and scholars think that Keats set out to write the kind of long poem he had already done in his "Endymion" in 1817 — but his outlook on poetry had changed, to a point where he was no longer happy writing the kind of mythological epic that many other poets of his time tried to write.
Keats tried to re-do the poem in a new form that he called "The Fall of Hyperion". He worked on this second version during the last six months of 1819, and though he wrote more than 500 lines, he gave up this second attempt too. He was never able to complete either version of the poem in a way that satisfied him.
["vale" = valley; "morn" = morning; "eve" = evening]

Arlo Guthrie
Arlo Guthrie (born 1947) is an American musician and songwriter, and is the son of folk music legend Woody Guthrie. His most famous song is "Alice's Restaurant", which was also the title of his first album.
Early life.
Guthrie learned music from his father, who wrote songs for him like "Goodnight Little Arlo". When the young Guthrie became thirteen years old, his father gave him a bar mitzvah, and invited many folk musicians. It was called "the first hootenanny bar mitzvah in history."
Guthrie met Bob Dylan when Dylan came from Minnesota to meet his father Woody. Dylan taught Guthrie a new way to play the harmonica. Guthrie started college after high school, but dropped out.
"Alice's Restaurant".
During 1965, Guthrie visited his friends Alice and Ray Brock in Stockbridge, Massachusetts, who lived in an old church, and owned a restaurant. He recorded a commercial jingle for the restaurant. When Thanksgiving came that year, they invited many people, and afterwards there was a lot of garbage to be picked up and thrown away. Guthrie and another friend tried to take the garbage to a dump, but it was closed. They found a large trash pile not far away, and unwisely decided to throw their garbage onto the same pile. (Dumping trash where it does not belong is called littering, and is a crime in most places.)
When local police found out, they arrested Guthrie and his friend. Since the young men had long hair and looked like hippies, the police wanted to prosecute them and make an example of them to other young people. They prepared a big court case against Guthrie and his friend, with many photographs of the litter pile. It turned out the local judge was blind, could not look at the photographs, and was not interested in the case. He fined Guthrie and his friend fifty dollars, and ordered them to clean up the pile.
Not long after, Guthrie received a draft notice. The United States Army wanted him to become a soldier. Guthrie went for a physical examination, and had to fill out a questionnaire giving information about himself. When asked if he had ever been arrested, he talked about the littering incident. He soon found himself sitting on a bench together with criminals, some of which were violent or dangerous. He could not believe the way he was treated by the Army. He began to complain and protest his treatment. The Army officers decided he would not make a good soldier, but might become a threat to the American government. They fingerprinted Guthrie, and let him go.
Guthrie decided later the two incidents would make a good protest song, and he built one around the jingle he had written. He called the song "Alice's Restaurant Massacree", and recorded it in front of a live audience. He did not want other young men to be drafted, and suggested in the song that they might get out of the draft by doing like he had.
The recording became half of his first album, and the rest was filled out with other music, like "The Motorcycle Song". The album became a hit record.
Later career.
Guthrie later recorded other albums and songs. His song "The City of New Orleans", about a famous train named after the city, became another hit. He bought a farm with the money he earned from his music, and lived there between recording sessions and performing tours.
In time, he became interested in charity work. He noticed people of different religious beliefs did not always work well together for the same causes, because their beliefs kept them apart. He tried to work around the differences, and help people find ways to work together to solve the same problems. He started the Guthrie Center, as a place for people to work together. He later bought the old church where his friends had lived, and made it the headquarters for the Guthrie Center.

Sonnet
A Sonnet is a kind of poem. It is 14 lines long and is written in rhyme.
The sonnet first appeared in Italy during the Renaissance. The Italian poet Petrarch was famous for his sonnets. It became common for poets to write sonnets in connected series, called "sonnet sequences," to tell a story, often a story about a love affair. Poets in other countries quickly adopted the sonnet. William Shakespeare wrote the most famous sonnets in English literature, though other poets of his time, like Edmund Spenser, Michael Drayton, and Samuel Daniel, wrote sonnet sequences of their own.
Later English poets like John Donne, William Wordsworth, Percy Bysshe Shelley, and John Keats wrote sonnets that are still admired and studied today. The rigid rhyme scheme of the sonnet went out of fashion in poetry during the twentieth century; but a few modern poets still write them sometimes. Edna St. Vincent Millay was one modern poet writing in English who often worked in the sonnet form. Modern poets have often changed the traditional rhythms and rhyme patterns of the sonnet, sometimes radically.
In a traditional "English" or "Shakespearean" sonnet, the first twelve lines fit into three groups ("stanzas") of four, called "quatrains". The last two lines normally rhyme together, and make up a "rhymed couplet" that is a sort of conclusion to the poem. In the traditional "Italian" or "Petrarchan" sonnet, the poem divides into a group of eight lines ("octave") followed by a group of six lines ("sestet").
The letters of the alphabet are used to show the pattern of rhyme, or "rhyme scheme," in the 14 lines in a sonnet. The rhyme scheme
is the typical pattern of an "English" sonnet, while the rhyme scheme
is typical of an "Italian" sonnet. However, the rhymes of the sestet in an Italian sonnet can vary widely: cdcdcd, cddcdd, etc.

Golden ratio
If a person has one number "a" and another smaller number "b", he can make the ratio of the two numbers by dividing them. Their ratio is "a"/"b". He can make another ratio by adding the two numbers together "a"+"b" and dividing this by the larger number "a". The new ratio is ("a"+"b")/"a". If these two ratios are equal to the same number, then that number is called the golden ratio. The Greek letter formula_1 (phi) is usually used as the name for the golden ratio.
formula_5
One way to write this number is
formula_6
formula_7 is the number which, when multiplied by itself, makes 5: formula_8.
Golden rectangle.
If the length of a rectangle divided by its width is equal to the golden ratio, then the rectangle is a "golden rectangle". If a square is cut off from one end of a golden rectangle, then the other end is a new golden rectangle. In the picture, the big rectangle (blue and pink together) is a golden rectangle because formula_11. The blue part (B) is a square. The pink part by itself (A) is another golden rectangle because formula_12. The big rectangle and the pink rectangle have the same form, but the pink rectangle is smaller and is turned.
Fibonacci numbers.
The Fibonacci numbers are a list of numbers. A person can find the next number in the list by adding the last two numbers together. If a person divides a number in the list by the number that came before it, this ratio comes closer and closer to the golden ratio.

Relational database
A relational database is a database where the data it contains can be expressed with mathematical relations. Often these are called "tables". Relations are sets of data (tuples). The databases most commonly used today follow this model.

Kingdom of Scotland
The Kingdom of Scotland was a historic country. It later combined with the Kingdom of England to become the Kingdom of Great Britain.

Ajoux
Ajoux is a town and commune of the Ardèche "département", in the southern part of France.

Alba-la-Romaine
Alba-la-Romaine is a commune of the French département Ardèche.

Albon-d'Ardèche
Albon-d'Ardèche is a town and commune of the Ardèche "département", in the southern part of France.

Alboussière
Alboussière is a town and commune of the Ardèche "département", in the southern part of France. It can be found about 20km from Valence-sur-Rhône. About 760 people live there.

Alissas
Alissas is a town and commune of the Ardèche "département", in the southern part of France.

Arrondissement of Largentière
The arrondissement of Largentière is an arrondissement of France. It can be found in the Ardèche "département". It has 10 cantons and 103 communes.

Arrondissement of Privas
The arrondissement of Privas is an arrondissement of France. It can be found in the Ardèche "département". It has 11 cantons and 110 communes.

Jackson, Michigan
Jackson is a city in lower mid-Michigan. It was started in 1829. It is named after Democratic President Andrew Jackson. Jackson is the home town of several well-known people. One of whom is the first African-American Super Bowl winning coach, Tony Dungy.
Several of the major employers in the city are CMS Energy, which gives natural gas and electrical services to much of Michigan and has its international headquarters in the city, as well as Foote Hospital. Jackson is 18 miles (29 km) from the Michigan International Speedway.

Protostome
Protostomes ("Protostomia") are a taxon of animals. They are a subtaxon of the Bilateria branch of the subregnum Eumetazoa, and are opposed to the deuterostomes.

Earth, Texas
Earth is a city in Lamb County, Texas, United States. There were 1,109 people living in Earth as of the year 2000.

Amazing Grace (2006 movie)
"Amazing Grace" is a 2006 movie about the fight to end the slave trade in 18th century Britain. Led by famous abolitionist, William Wilberforce. He created anti-slave trade laws in the British Parliament.
The movie is directed by Michael Apted, written by Steven Knight, and stars Ioan Gruffudd. The first release date for this movie was September 16, 2006 in Canada. It was released in the United States on February 23, 2007. Several other areas had other dates.
On the opening weekend, this movie made around four million dollars. It went on to make a all-time worldwide total of over 32 million dollars.
"Amazing Grace" was named "Best Spiritual Film of 2008" in the third annual "Beliefnet Film Awards".

Relation (mathematics)
In mathematics, a relation is used to describe certain properties of things. That way, certain things may be connected in some way; this is called a relation. It is clear, that things are either related, or they are not, there is no in-between.
An example for such a relation might be a function. Functions associate keys with values.
Other well-known relations are the Equivalence relation and the Order relation. That way, sets of things can be ordered: Take the first element of a set, it is either equal to the element looked for, or there is an order relation that can be used to classify it. That way, the whole set can be classified (compared to some arbitrarily chosen element).
Relations can be transitive. One example of a transitive relation is "smaller-than". If X "is smaller than" Y, and Y is "smaller than" Z, then X "is smaller than" Z
Relations can be symmetric. One example of a symmetric relation is "is equal to".
Relations can be reflexive. A relfexive relation is "smaller than or equal".

María Isabel Carvajal
Maria Isabel Carvajal (January 1888 - May 13, 1949) was a Costa Rican writer and teacher. She was born in San Jose, Costa Rica. Carvajal wrote using the name Carmen Lyra.
Life.
Lyra studied at the school in her neighborhood in the Buenaventura Corrales. She studied pedagogy at the college and got the teacher’s certification. Lyra began teaching in the rural El Monte School in the province of Heredia. In 1906, she worked in the San Juan de Dios Hospital for a short time.
Teaching methods.
Lyra travelled to Europe. While there, she learned about new educational systems. When she returned, she worked with a teacher and founded the first pre-school in Costa Rica.
Writing career.
Lyra's first publication was the novel "En una silla de ruedas" (In a Wheelchair), in 1918. Her short stories were published in the "Pandemonium Magazine", "Ariel Magazine, and the "Repertorio Americano".
The stories of Carmen Lyra have been used in many schools. The most popular is "Cuentos de mi tía Panchita" (Story of my aunt Panchita). It was published in 1920. This story is well known by most Costa Rican.
Other works of Maria Isabel Carvajal are "Las fantasias de Juan Silvestre" (1918), "Obras Completas" (1975), "La cucarachita mandina" (1976) and "relatos escogidos" (1977).
Politics.
Carmen Lyra was involved in Costa Rican politics. She was part of the communist party.
She helped organize women schoolteachers to burn down the building of the official newspaper and to overthrow the dictatorship of Costa Rica's Federico Tinoco Granados in 1919. She is credited with translating the Communist Manifesto into Spanish in 1920. She went on to take a leading role in the banana workers' strike of 1934. During this time, she wrote "Bananos y Hombres" (Bananas and Men).
In 1948, she was forced into leave Costa Rica after the Costa Rican Civil War because of her politics. She went to Mexico and died there in 1949.

How Pop Can You Get?
How Pop Can You Get? was the first and only album by American band The Bats.
Track listing.
All music and lyrics by The Bats (Jon Brion, Bill Murphy, Don Fertman)

San Pedro de Macorís Province
San Pedro de Macorís is a province of the Dominican Republic. It is located in the southeastern part of the country. Its capital city is San Pedro de Macorís.
It was created as a Maritime District (a special administrative category that has been abandoned) on 13 June, 1882. The 1907 Dominican Constitution change its status to province. It was part of the old province of Santo Domingo and of the El Seibo province before being elevated to the category of province.
Location.
The San Pedro de Macorís province bordered to the north by the Hato Mayor and El Seibo provinces, to the east by the La Romana province and to the west by the Monte Plata and Santo Domingo provinces.The Caribbean Sea is to the south of the province.
Origin of name.
The province has the same name of the capital of the province. In English, San Pedro is "Saint Peter"; "Macorís" was the name of a group of native people that lived in the Hispaniola. That name "Macorís", or "Macorix", was given to the river where the city of San Pedro de Macorís was founded.
Municipalities.
The San Pedro de Macorís province has a total area of 1,255.46 km². It has 2.6% of the area of the Dominican Republic and it is ranked as the 20th (out of 31 plus the National District) largest province.
There are six municipalities and two municipal districts in the province.
Population.
In 2002 (last national census), there were 301,744 people living in the San Pedro de Macorís province, and 244,571 (81.1%) living in towns and cities. The population density was 240.3 persons/km², one of the highest in the country.
Geography.
The province is in the "Llano Costero del Caribe" (English: "Caribbean Coastal Plain"), a large plain in southeastern Dominican Republic where there are many savannas with grasses. There are not high mountains in the province, only some low hills.
Economy.
Because in the province there are many savannas with grasses, the main economic activity for centuries was cattle raising. It is still an important activity in the province.
In the last years of the 19th century, during the war of independence in Cuba, many Cuban and American companies came to the Dominican Republic to grow sugar cane and to produce sugar. San Pedro de Macorís is the Dominican province where there are more sugar cane factories and the port of San Pedro de Macorís became one of the most important port in the country.
In the city of San Pedro de Macorís, manufacturing is important, mainly cement, rhum and in industries in the "Zona Franca" ("free zone" where the industries do not pay taxes and all the production is sent to other countries).
In the Guayacanes municipality, tourism is important and there are many hotels close to the beaches, mainly in the Juan Dolio beach.

Kurt Warner
Kurtis Eugene "Kurt" Warner (born June 22, 1971, in Burlington, Iowa) is the quarterback for the Arizona Cardinals. After playing in college at Northern Iowa, he was signed by the Green Bay Packers as an undrafted free agent. He was not able to play there, so he went to the Arena Football League, and then later the NFL Europa.
In 1998, Warner was signed by the St. Louis Rams. After the Rams’ main quarterback Trent Green went out with an injury, Warner became the main quarterback. He later went on to win NFL MVP awards in 1999 and 2001, as well as the Super Bowl MVP award in 2000.
Early life.
Kurt Warner was born on June 22, 1971. His parents got divorced when he was 6 years old. His father, Gene Warner, married Mimi Warner a year later. Kurt is the brother to two people named Matt, a full-brother to Matt Warner and a step-brother named Matt Post. The three boys had a close relationship. In 1990, Kurt graduated from Regis High School in Cedar Rapids, Iowa. While there, he played quarterback of the school's Class 3A football team.
College days and marriage.
After Warner graduated from high school, he went to the University of Northern Iowa (UNI). At UNI, Warner was third on the Panthers' depth chart until his senior year. In his final year there, he was able to start and was named the Gateway Conference's Offensive Player of the Year.
While at college, his Warner met future wife, the former Brenda Carney Meoni. They got married on October 11, 1997. Before this, Brenda had served in the Marines. She was divorced with two children when they met each other. Warner adopted Brenda's two children, son Zachary and daughter Jesse, after their marriage. Zachary is blind from the head injuries he got when he was accidentally dropped by his birth-father as a baby. Warner agreed to help Brenda raise the children. The Warners now also have five children of their own: sons Elijah and Kade, daughter Jada, and twin girls Sierra Rose and Sienna Rae.
After being let go from the Green Bay Packers training camp in 1994, he got a job working the night shift at a local Hy-Vee grocery store. He was also assistant-coaching at Northern Iowa. Warner still wanted to play in the NFL, but with that not seeming it was going to happen, and the long hours at the Hy-Vee for minimum wage creating financial trouble for him, Warner began playing in the Arena Football League. In 1996 and almost a year before Kurt and Brenda's marriage, Brenda's parents, Larry and Jenny Carney, were killed when their Arkansas home was destroyed by a tornado.
Christianity.
Both Kurt and his wife are active born again Christians. Warner once said about his faith, "Whether I'm a Super Bowl Champion or a regular guy stocking groceries at the Hy-Vee, sharing my faith and glorifying Jesus is the central focus of my time on this earth." The Warners started the "First Things First Foundation", a organization that believes in Christian values.
Embryonic stem cell advertisement.
On October 24, 2006, Warner was in a political advertisement against a proposed law in Missouri. That new law would allow embryonic stem cell research to be done in Missouri. Warner was in the advertisement with James Caviezel, Patricia Heaton, Jeff Suppan, and Mike Sweeney. The advertisement, which was played during Game 4 of the 2006 World Series, said that Amendment 2 would allow human cloning. The advertisement came after a pro-embryonic research advertisement that had Michael J. Fox, who has Parkinson's disease, in it.
Arena Football and NFL Europe.
Warner went to the Green Bay Packers training camp in 1994, but was released before the regular season began. He returned to Northern Iowa and worked as a graduate assistant coach with the football team but he still wanted to get a tryout with an NFL team. When no NFL team would give him a tryout, Warner began playing for the Arena Football League. In 1995, he signed with the Iowa Barnstormers. Warner was named to the AFL's All-Arena first team in both 1996 and 1997. He led the Barnstormers to the Arena Bowl in both 1996 and 1997. Some people consider Warner one of the greatest Arena Football player of all-time.
In 1997, Warner was offered an NFL tryout by the Chicago Bears, but he could not attend the tryout. In 1998, he was signed by the St. Louis Rams, but he only played for NFL Europe's Amsterdam Admirals.
1999 season.
Warner was the backup quarterback for the St. Louis Rams during the 1998 regular season and the 1999 preseason. When their main quarterback Trent Green was injured in a preseason game, Warner became the starter. He had one of the best seasons by a quarterback in NFL history by throwing for 4,353 yards with 41 touchdown passes and a completion rate of 65.1%. The Rams' very good offense was nicknamed "The Greatest Show on Turf." In the first three games that he was the main quarterback who plays, he threw three touchdown passes in each game. He is the only NFL quarterback in history to do that, and only the second, behind Dan Marino, to do it in his first two NFL starts.
Because not many people knew who Warner was, "Sports Illustrated" put him on their October 18, 1999 cover with the caption "Who IS this guy?" He was named the 1999 NFL MVP at the end of the season. In the NFL playoffs, he led the Rams to a Super Bowl XXXIV win against the Tennessee Titans. He threw for two touchdowns and a Super Bowl record 414 passing yards. He also set a Super Bowl record by throwing 45 passes without an interception.
Right after the Rams' Super Bowl win, an interviewer asked Warner, "Kurt, first things first--tell me about the final touchdown pass to Isaac." He responded, "Well, first things first, I've got to thank my Lord and Savior up above--thank You, Jesus!" He was awarded the Super Bowl MVP. That made him one of only six players to win both the league MVP and Super Bowl MVP awards in the same year. The others are Bart Starr in 1966, Terry Bradshaw in 1978, Joe Montana in 1989, Emmitt Smith in 1993, and Steve Young in 1994.
2000 season.
Warner also played well in the 2000 season. Warner and Trent Green both played quarterback that season, and they both played well. But the Rams lost in the wild card round of the playoffs to the New Orleans Saints, mostly because their defense was not very good, even though Warner and the rest of their offense was still very good. Nine of the Rams' eleven defensive starters were cut in the offseason, and Green was traded to the Kansas City Chiefs.
2001 season.
Warner played good in the 2001 season also. He had a league-high 36 touchdown passes and 4,830 passing yards. But he did throw a career-high 22 interceptions, even though he had a career-high completion rate of 68.7% of his passes. He led the Rams to an NFL-best 14–2 record and they went to the Super Bowl XXXVI, but they lost to the New England Patriots. He was named the NFL MVP for the second time at the end of the season.
2002 and 2003 seasons.
Warner began the season 0–3 as a starter, throwing seven interceptions with only one touchdown. In their fourth game against the Dallas Cowboys, he broke a finger on his throwing hand. Even thought he tried to come back later in the season, his injury caused him to be able to play two more games, and he lost them both. In contrast to his 103.4 career passer rating before that season, he had only 67.4 rating in 2002. He was replaced as the Rams' main quarterback after he fumbling six times in the opener of the 2003 season against the New York Giants. His replacement as the Rams quarterback, Marc Bulger, has been named to two Pro Bowls.
New York Giants.
The Rams released Warner on June 1, 2004. Just two days later, he signed a two-year deal with the New York Giants. He began the 2004 season as the main quarterback. He won five of his first seven games, but after not playing well in a two-game losing streak, rookie quarterback Eli Manning was made the main quarterback. Giants coach Tom Coughlin later said that he never should have made Warner play, and should have played Manning from the beginning to give Manning the experience he needs to build his confidence. The Giants had a 5–4 win-loss record at the time that Manning began playing, and they finished at 6–10 overall (going only 1–6 under Manning).
2005 season.
In early 2005, Warner signed a one-year, $4-million contract with the Arizona Cardinals. He was soon named the main quarterback by coach Dennis Green. He played bad in three games before injuring his groin. He was then replaced by former starter Josh McCown. McCown played well enough in two games during Warner's injury to get coach Green named McCown the starter for the rest of the season.
As Warner was the backup quarterback, many people thought that he was never to be the main quarterback again. But because McCown played bad in two straight games, coach Green made Warner the main quarterback. He played well in the next three weeks, but his season ended in Week 15 when he partly tore his MCL.
2006 season.
Warner signed a new three-year deal with the Cardinals on February 14, 2006. The deal had a base salary of $18 million, but if he played well, he could get as much as $22 million in the three years.
In Week 3 of the 2006 season, Warner passed the 20,000-yards passing milestone in his 76th game. That was one game more than record holder Dan Marino, but Warner did it in his 9th year while Marino did it in his 5th. After Matt Leinart played poorly in the three games of Weeks 2-4, Warner replaced the rookie Leinart in the fourth quarter of Week 4. In Week 16, Leinart had a shoulder injury against the San Francisco 49ers, so Warner was able to play for the first time since Week 4. He did well that game, and the Cardinals won the game.
2007 season.
In the third game of the 2007 season against the Baltimore Ravens, Warner came off the bench because Leinart was again not playing well. He led a comeback, completing 15 passes out of 20 attempts for 258 yards and 2 touchdowns. This brought them to a tie game (23–23), but after the Ravens made a last second field goal, Arizona lost the game 26–23. On September 30, 2007, during the Week 4 game against the Pittsburgh Steelers, he went in for Leinart because he was not playing well again. Leinart was later placed on Injured reserve, so Warner was named the starter for the rest of the 2007 season.
Warner got 27 passing touchdowns in the 2007 season, just one short of the Cardinals franchise record. Because he played well, he was given a $1 million bonus for the year. His 3,417 passing yards, 27 touchdown passes, and 89.8 passer rating were all his best since the 2001 season.

Skokie, Illinois
Skokie, Illinois is a village in the American state of Illinois. It was once known as Niles Center. It is located on the northwest side of Chicago in Cook County. Skokie has an area of 10.1 square miles (2.62 square kilometers). According the the 2000 census, its population was 63,348. The mayor of Skokie, as of April 2008, was George Van Dusen.
History.
Skokie was named Niles Centre in 1888. By 1910, the spelling of this name was changed to Niles Center. As a nearby village was named Niles, there was confusion, and the name of the village was changed to Skokie has in 1940.

WAV
WAV (or WAVE), short for Waveform audio format, is a Microsoft and IBM audio file format standard for storing an audio bitstream on PCs. It resembles the RIFF bitstream format in the sense that it stores data in “chunks”. It is also close to the IFF and the AIFF format used on Amiga and Macintosh computers, respectively. It is the main format used on Windows systems for raw and typically uncompressed audio. The default bitstream encoding is the Microsoft Pulse Code Modulation (LPCM) format.

L. Frank Baum
Lyman Frank Baum (15 May 1856 – 6 May 1919) was an American writer of children's books during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He is best known for his most famous and popular book, "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz" (1900), and other "Oz" books that followed it.
Early life.
Baum was born in a small town in northern New York. He was a member of a large family. He started writing as a child. When his father bought his children a simple printing press, Baum and a younger brother wrote and printed a small local newspaper. As a young man, Baum wrote and staged plays. Sometimes he wrote songs for his plays and starred in them himself. He also tried many other careers. He was a travelling salesman and a storekeeper for a time. He started a newspaper while he lived in a town in South Dakota. He married in 1882. He and his wife, Maud Gage Baum, raised four sons. Baum had a very good imagination. He liked creating stories for his young sons and their friends.
Writing career.
When he became 40 years old and was living in Chicago, Baum started writing children's books. These books were often based on the stories he had told to children over many years. After several successes in the late 1890s, Baum published what he called an "American fairy tale," "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz", in 1900. The book had pictures drawn by the American artist W. W. Denslow. Baum had to pay for the first "Oz" book himself. No Chicago publisher wanted to publish "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz". One man even told Baum that if people had wanted to read this kind of book, it would already have been written.
But the first "Oz" book was a big success. Baum was able to give up other business ideas and make enough money to live on by writing children's books. The children who read his books often wrote to Baum, and asked him to write more about "Oz". This caused Baum to begin a series of books set in the fantasy land of Oz. In time, Baum grew tired of the series. He tried to end it but his child readers kept demanding that he continue. Baum met their demands through the rest of his life. He wrote 14 "Oz" books in all. The last two were printed after his death in 1919.
Baum also wrote a large number of books other than the "Oz" series. He was proudest of his fantasies for children, but he also wrote many other kinds of popular works. He used many pen names for these works.
Baum's children's books were illustrated with pictures by different artists. After the first "Oz" book, all the rest in the series had pictures by John R. Neill.
Later life.
Baum made a good income from his books. He spent time travelling around the world with his wife. They settled in Hollywood, California, and Baum made movie versions of some of his "Oz" books. He also produced stage versions of them. But his businesses were not always successful. In time, Baum had to declare bankruptcy. He was smart enough to put his house in his wife's name, so that they did not lose their home in the bankruptcy.

Book of Jonah
The Old Testament book of Jonah, contains four chapters, and forty-eight verses. The book tells the story of the Prophet Jonah, who was called by God to the heathen city of Nineveh, which God would soon destroy if they didn't repent. After his first rejection, Jonah was swallowed by a great fish (probably a whale). He repented of his sin of running away from God prayerfully for three days and nights. God then made the great fish spit Jonah onto the dry land. He obeyed God and went to tell the people of their sins to God.
They nearly had him killed! But that was before their hearts were changed and saw their evildoing. They prayed for God to deliver them from the upcoming destruction to their city. God saw their change and had mercy on them, but Jonah still didn't believe it. He would than wait upon a high up rock and await God's wrath. God wasn't pleased with that and sent a small worm to bite down the small gourd plant, which was Jonah's only shade from the heat of the sun. He was very angry and said it was better for him to die than live. God, in turn said that he cared more about the little plant than all the people of Nineveh!

Book of Malachi
The Book of Malachi, is the last of the books of the Old Testament. The book is made up of four chapters and a total of fifty-five verses. The word Malachi mean "my messenger". It is thought that the book was written by the Prophet Isaiah.
The date of the book would then be sometime around 740 to 690 BC.

Trey Lewis
Trey Lewis (born May 23, 1985 in Topeka, Kansas) is an NFL football player. He plays defensive tackle for the Atlanta Falcons. Lewis began playing for the Falcons in 2007.

Polotsk
Polotsk (Polatsk, Belarusian: По́лацк,) is a historical city in Belarus, located on the Dvina river. It is the center of Polotsk district in Vitsebsk Voblast. The population is about 79,000. It is served by Polotsk Airport and during the Cold War was home to Borovitsy air base.

Andance
Andance is a town and commune of the Ardèche "département", in the southern part of France.

Annonay
Annonay is a town and commune in the north part of the
Ardèche "département" of France. This commune has the most people living in it of the Ardèche département, although it is not the "préfecture" (capital), which can be found in the smaller town of Privas.
Geography.
Annonay can be found a few kilometers away from the river Rhône, 75 km south of Lyon and 40 from Saint-Étienne.
History.
The town's name is possibly of Roman beginnings.
On June 4, 1783, Annonay was the place where the Montgolfier brothers made their first public unmanned hot air balloon flight.
On March 8, 2001, an ETA terrorist suspect was arrested at a roadblock.

Antraigues-sur-Volane
Antraigues-sur-Volane is a town and commune of the Ardèche "département", in the southern part of France.

Arcens
Arcens is a town and commune of the Ardèche "département", in the southern part of France.

Ardoix
Ardoix is a town and commune of the Ardèche "département", in the southern part of France.

Arlebosc
Arlebosc is a town and commune of the Ardèche "département", in the southern part of France.

Arras-sur-Rhône
Arras-sur-Rhône is a town and commune of the Ardèche "département", in the southern part of France.

Asperjoc
Asperjoc is a town and commune of the Ardèche "département", in the southern part of France.

Les Assions
Les Assions is a town and commune of the Ardèche "département", in the southern part of France.

Astet
Astet is a commune of the Ardèche "département" in the southern part of France.
The source of the Ardèche River can be found near Astet.

Aubenas
Aubenas is a city and commune in the southern part of the Ardèche "département". The Ardèche River flows through the commune.

Aubignas
Aubignas is a town and commune of the Ardèche "département", in the southern part of France.

Baix
Baix is a town and commune of the Ardèche "département", in the southern part of France.

Balazuc
Balazuc is a town and commune of the Ardèche "département", in the southern part of France.

Barnas
Barnas is a town and commune of the Ardèche "département", in the southern part of France.

Beggars Banquet
"Beggars Banquet" is an album by British band The Rolling Stones.

Hyles-Anderson College
Hyles-Anderson College is located in Crown Point, Indiana. The unaccredited, fundamental, Christian college was founded in 1972 by Dr. Jack Hyles with much financial help from Russell Anderson.
The college is a ministry of the First Baptist Church of Hammond. The president of the college is Dr. Ray Young, and their chancellor is Dr. Jack Schaap, (pastor of the church). In 2008 they will be starting a program called.

Simon Fraser University
Simon Fraser University (SFU) is a Canadian university. It has campuses in Burnaby Mountain in Burnaby, Vancouver and Surrey, all in British Columbia. SFU is rated as one of Canada’s top universities. It was started in 1965. SFU currently has 24,000 students. The university is named after Simon Fraser. He was an explorer of the Vancouver area.
Overview.
"Maclean's" magazine rated SFU as Canada's best comprehensive university in 1993, 1997, 1998 and 2000. It is usualy always at or near the top of the magazine's list. Research Infosource named SFU the top comprehensive university in Canada for “publication effectiveness” in 2006.
Type of university.
Like most Canadian universities, SFU is a public university. Fifty-six percent of the money used to run the school comes from taxpayers. Thirty-nine percent comes from tuition fees.
Studies.
The university teaches students in six main groups of topics. Applied Sciences, Arts and Social Sciences, Business Administration, Education, HealthSciences, and Science.
In May 2004, the SFU Senate approved the policy on degree requirements that all it's undergraduate students must have. SFU was the first Canadian university to do this. The policy was created to make certain students got a more complete education.

Albi
Albi is a city in the south of France, in Midi-Pyrénées department. About 50,000 people live in the city, about 80,000 in its agglomeration. The city is located about 80km to the northeast of Toulouse.
History.
There already was a Roman settlement, called "Civitas Albiensium". In 843, Charles the bald took possession of the city. The Cathars, which were named "Ablbigens" are named after the city. The Cathar movement was a branch of Christianity which was persecuted in the Middle Ages. Because of this, the city was almost completely destroyed in a crusade between 1209 and 1229. Since 1678, the city is the seat of an archbishop. Since 1790, it is the capital city of the département Tarn.
Cathedral.
There is the cathedral Ste-Cécile (St. Cecile´s cathedral) worth seeing. It is built like a fortress, in a gothic style. The cathedral is built in a very special style. Inside, there are frescoes from the Renaissance, worth a visit.
The cathedral has walls which are up to 6 metres thick. This makes it the biggest brick building in the world.
Museum.
There is a museum dedicated to Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec in the city. De Touluose-Lautrec was born in the city. There are also paintings of other people in the museum of course.

Bambi II
"Bambi II", originally called "Bambi and the Great Prince" and then "Bambi and the Great Prince of the Forest", is a 2006 midquel to the 1942 movie "Bambi". Although it was eventually released in theatres in 25 countries, in the United States and some other countries it was a direct-to-video release (released on February 7, 2006). Taking place in the middle of "Bambi", it shows the Great Prince of the Forest struggling to raise the motherless Bambi, and Bambi's doubts about his father's love.
The Story.
Picking up shortly after his mother's death, Bambi follows his father, the Great Prince, into the forest. With the help of Thumper and Flower, Bambi must win his father's approval, but the Great Prince finds that his high-spirited son may have a lesson or two to teach him as well.
Production.
Many of the backgrounds used in the movie are the exact same that were used in the original 1942 movie. The old backgrounds were put through the computer to create a clearer image.
Release.
The movie was released on home video at differing dates, due to it being a theatrical release in some countries. While the movie was a direct-to-video release in countries like the United States, Japan, Canada, mainland China, Hong Kong and Taiwan, it was a theatrical release in some countries like the United Kingdom, France, Austria, Mexico, Dominican Republic, Brazil, Australia and some other European countries. It broke the world record for the longest amount of time between two related movies made in a seris, being released 63 and a half years after the the fisrt movie. As major studios continue to phase out VHS, this was the last Disney animated movie released on VHS. Following its moratorium strategy, in which releases are made available for a limited time only, Disney gave the DVD a 70-day window for its US release. The movie sold 2.6 million DVDs in its first week in the United States.
Reception.
The film generally received an average rating from professional critics.It was praised for its animation - regarded as some of the best among the Disney direct-to-video sequels - but the story was thought to be lacking and easy to make. Movie fans were much more positive, according to ratings on Amazon.com.
Soundtrack.
"Bambi IIs musical score includes instrumental pieces by Bruce Broughton, and new vocal songs by several noted artists, including Alison Krauss, Martina McBride, and Anthony Callea. Coinciding the with film's DVD release, the soundtrack was released by Walt Disney Records in the United States on February 7, 2006. Produced by Matt Walker, the CD included 9 songs from the film, as well as three tracks from the original film.
Time period changes.
In the original book on which "Bambi" was based, Ronno was already a stag when Bambi was born, instead of being mere weeks-to-months older than him as in the movie. An additional twist is that in the book, Ronno was quite respectable (though a bit of a whiner as he is portrayed in the movie), and there was nothing at all personal about his rivalry with Bambi over Faline. Ronno's character is never named in the original movie. However, documentation from Disney clearly indicates that the Ronno in Bambi II is the same deer which Bambi fought in the original, right down to the same moves each deer makes during their fight in the sequel. The age of the Great Prince changes as compared to the original movie. In the original, the Great Prince is said to be twice as old as the oldest deer. In this movie, the Great Prince is said to have been the same age as Bambi's mother.

Deportivo Saprissa
The Deportivo Saprissa is a football team of Costa Rica. The team was founded on July 16, 1935. It became a part of the top league, Primera División de Costa Rica on August 21, 1949.
Saprissa was founded because of a group of players and leaders. Ricardo Saprissa Aymá was a part of this group. In 1952, the team won its first national championship.
History.
In 1937, the colors purple and white were chosen as the colors of the club.
Ricardo Saprissa Aymá was the president of the Saprissa. Jose Francisco “Pachico” García was their manager when the team started in the Third Division. The Deportivo Saprissa won the championship of Third Division in 1947. In 1948, they played in the Second Division. They won the championship of Second Division that year, with no games lost.
In March 1959, the team became the first Latin American team to go the around the World. The "Morados", which is the team's nickname, played 25 matches in 22 countries of the world. They won 14, tied 1 and lost 7. The team scored a total of 66 goals and had 46 goals scored against them.
During the 1970s, the Deportivo Saprissa won 6 championships. They won every championship from 1972 to 1977. On October 12, 1966, the construction of their stadium started. It is called "La Cueva del Monstruo" or simply "La Cueva". After 6 years, the opening of Saprissa Stadium was held on Sunday August 27, 1972.

Chirripó National Park
Chirripó National Park is a national park in Costa Rica. It is located in Talamanca Mountain, northeast of San Isidro del General. This park forms part of La Amistad International Park between Costa Rica and Panama. Chirripó National Park was created on August 19, 1975. It has an area of. The park includes the highest mountain in Costa Rica, Mount Chirripó. The mountain has an altitude of.
In the indigenous language, "Chirripó" means "Land of Eternal Waters". The park protects many rivers such as Rio Chirripó Atlántico, Rio Telire, Rio Chirripó Pacífico and the Rio Ceibo.
The weather changes often and depends of the altitude. The lowest temperature recorded in Costa Rica was in the Mount Chirripó. The warm season goes from December to May. It is recommended to visit the park in those months.
There are many habitats in the Chirripó National Park. This is because of the differences of altitude and climate. There are large trees like oak and sweet cedar. There are also many different types of orchids. The most common animals in this region are coyotes, jaguars, squirrels, frogs, rabbits, and quetzals.
The first person known to climbed Mount Chirripó was the priest Agustin Blessing in 1904. Other expeditions before the park was created were in 1905, 1913, 1915, 1920, 1932 and 1942. The park now has trails leading to the top of the mountain. It also has a ranger station.

National Parks of Costa Rica
Santa Rosa.
The Santa Rosa National Park is located in the province of Guanacaste, North Pacific, in north of the city of Liberia.
It is one of the most important historic areas of the country; house and stone corrals were the scene of the largest national heroic gesture: The Battle of Santa Rosa, March 20, 1856.
The park is important for the protection of the habitats of the region known as the Pacific Dry climate.
Manuel Antonio.
This wilderness area is located on the Pacific coast of Costa Rica, in the province of Puntarenas.
It has an area of 682.7 hectares in the ground and 55,000 acres in the marina.
It is one of the largest national parks in the country's scenic beauty. It is a wild area that receives much national and international tourism. Another important attraction is the tropical rainforest inhabited by species of flora and fauna in danger of extinction, such as the tití monkey.
Arenal.
Arenal National Park is located in the North Region, north of the Sierra de Tilarán. It belongs to the cantons of Tilarán, San Carlos and San Ramon.
Protect important species of flora and fauna characteristics of the rain forest and cloud forest premontane valuable scientific and tourism.
Coco Island.
The island is regarded as a natural laboratory for the study of the evolution of species.
Cocos Island is a territory rich landscape and a true laboratory for the study of nature. Many ferns, bromeliads, rivers, creeks and waterfalls, valleys, cliffs and islands frequented by countless seabirds and place of nesting gulls.

Bandera Azúl Ecologica
Bandera Azúl Ecologica is a program. It wants to protect the beaches of Costa Rica against pollution. For this, it introduced a system for rating beaches. The European Union has such a system since 1985.
Some beaches lost the bandera.
According to an article in "La Nacion", several beaches recently lost their status.

Sarchí, Costa Rica
Sarchi is located in a small country call Costa Rica. Know throughout Costa Rica for its beauty, art and hand crafted furniture. Sarchi is probably know more for its colorful and decorative hand carts that the people there have been making for centuries.
Sarchi has several small communities one of the most famous is "Los Bajos del Toro". It is located 20km northeast from the center of Sarchi. Although the road is very old you will be able to see one of the most spectacular views in Costa Rica. "Los Bajos" has a climate that is very humid and rainy, because of this the surrounding forests are always green and vibrant. It also has a very quiet and relaxing atmosphere where you can enjoy nature at its best.
Sarchi is definately a community made up of artists and craftsman and is well known for its vibrant and beautiful ox carts that is one of the national symbols. Most of the ox carts in Costa Rica are created in sarchi and are sold throughout the country as well as to turists. These carts are very beautiful and elegantly made and are usually painted in very bright colors and patterns. In the past these ox carts carried coffee to the markets near and far.
Also, spread though the entire town are various shops selling hand-crafted wooden furniture and souvenirs. Some of the many items that are readily available are: tables, rocking chairs, beds, jewelery, sculptures, paintings, among many others. Most created with such finely detailed work that they joy to behold.
Whether you are traveling to a volcano or one of the many national parks, there is something for everyone in Sarchi.

José Figueres Ferrer
José Figueres Ferrer (September 25, 1906 - June 8, 1990 was president of Costa Rica three times.
Early years.
Also known as Don Pepe, José Figueres Ferrer was born in San Ramón, Alajuela, Costa Rica. His parents were from Cataluña, Spain: Mariano Rodríguez Borges and Francisca Ferrer Mendiola. Figueres entered the Primary Boys School in San Ramón of Alajuela in 1913. He got in Costa Rica’s Lyceum finishing his Secondary studies in 1920. He went to Boston, United States to travel and study. He returned to Costa Rica in 1928 and bought a coffee farm.
Civil war.
In 1942, Figueres made a speech on Latin America Radio. In this speach, he objected to the situation in Costa Rica under president Rafael Ángel Calderón. Because of this speach, he was arrested and forced to leave the country. Figueres return to Costa Rica in 1944. He started a political party, the Democratic Party. A main goal of the party was to go against Calderon's party, the National Republican Party. In 1948, supporters of Calderón caused problems with an election for president in which Calderón lost to Otilio Ulate. Because of this, the results of the election were not used. This led to the start of the civil war in 1948. In March 11, 1948, Don Pepe began a war to support the peoples decision at the previous election. Figueres and his troops won.
President of Costa Rica.
In the same year, José Figueres Ferrer became president of the Second Republic Founder Assembly. He became president of Costa Rica for the first time and eliminated the Costa Rica army. He became President of Costa Rica for the second time in 1953 winning the election with 65% of the votes. In 1970, he became Costa Rica’s President for the third time. Figueres died June 8, 1990. Five months later he was declared Benemérito de la Patria.

Jaw
The jaw is the bone in the mouth that, in humans, lets the mouth move up and down in order to chew. It is joined onto to the skull.
However, in insects, the jaw may open left and right instead.

Battle of Santa Rosa
The Battle of Santa Rosa was a battle between the forces of Costa Rica and those of Nicaragua. It was one of the most important battles in the history of Costa Rica. The battle took place on March 20, 1856 at Santa Rosa, Costa Rica.
The cause.
The fighting was caused by the arrival of William Walker in Nicaragua. Walker was an American soldier who believed slavery was good. He told the people of Nicaragua that he wanted to help the country. What he really wanted was to conquer the five free nations of Central America. The president of Costa Rica, Juan Rafael Mora Porras thought that Walker wanted conquer them. On February 27, 1856, Mora declared the war against Walker and Nicaragua.
The fighting.
President Mora called all of his forces to fight. On March 4th, Mora led the forces as they started their march towards Nicaragua. On March 12th, they arrived in Liberia. There they join with Jose Maria Cañas and his battalion. When the filibusters found out what was happening in Costa Rica, they sent troops. Their troops got to Hacienda Santa Rosa on March 19th. On March 20th, the three thousand Costa Ricans walked to Hacienda Santa Rosa where the filibusters had formed their post at La Casona. At four o’clock, the Costa Rican battalions began the attack against the invaders. After fourteen minutes, the Costa Rican forces won the battle. The few filibusters that had escaped went to Nicaragua. William Walker armed a new army. President Mora quickly moved on to Rivas with his 3000 men, and the Battle of Rivas started.

Editus
Editus is a recognized Costa Rican music group formed by Ricardo Ramírez, Edín Solís and Carlos “Tapado” Vargas. They have more than 17 years of experience in the music scene. Their music styles basically are modern and traditional jazz, new age, classical music, and the unique sound of Latin America.
Editus went to over 30 countries in North America, Europe and Latin America to give their performance and even appeared in places like The New York’s Carnegie Hall, The Kennedy’s Center Washington D.C., The Olimpia in Paris, the Montreux Jazz Festival in Switzerland, Monterrey Jazz Festival, Auditorio Nacional and Plaza del Sócalo in Mexico City.
Also they have worked with famous artists like León Gieco, Danilo Pérez, Aterciopelados, Tania Libertad, Armando Manzanero, Pedro Aznar, and Rubén Blades with whom they won the Grammy Award in the year 2000 for the year’s “Best Latin Pop Presentation” for the song called “Tiempos.” Also they got two more prizes again on the categories “Best World Music Album” and “Best Tropical Contemporary Album” for the album “Mundo.”
They have received National Awards like “Ancora” given by “La Nación” newspaper; the National Association of Authors and Musical Composers (ACAM) privileged them as “The group with Best International Projection,” TELETICA named Editus as the “Artist of the Year 2000” and the newspaper “La República” defined this group “Personality of the Year.”
Ricardo Ramírez (violinist).
He was born in November 11th, 1967 in San José, Costa Rica. He is graduated from music of the University of Costa Rica in 1990. He received excellent classes with recognized musicians as Alexander Schneider, Jaime Laredo, Dylana Jenson, León Ara, Andrés Cárdenas, the New World String Quartet, Rubén González and Angel Reyes.
From 1983 to 1988 he was part of the Juvenile Symphonic Costa Rican Orchestra. He won the “Soloist teenagers” contest. In 1989 he worked as a Soloist with the National Symphonic Orchestra. Also with “The Camerana Latinoamericana” in the years 1983, 1987 and 1995.
Nowadays, he and his brothers are part of the “Trio de Cuerdas,” “Akustic Ensamble” as well as Trio “Ménage d Trois” with Martha Fonseca and Bernal Villegas.
He has participated in National Artists performances like “Inconsciente Colectivo,” “Gandhi,” Bernardo Quesada, María Prétiz, Patricia Torres, Duvalier Quirós, Cantoamérica, and Arnoldo Castillo. Out of the country he record productions with “Son Miserables,” “Congreso” group and Alvaro Aguilar.
Edín Solís (Guitarist).
His city of birth is Zarcero. Date of birth: November 22nd, 1963. He is graduated in Classical Guitar from the University of Costa Rica Conservatory. He learned how to play the guitar with the Argentinean teachers Jorge Cardoso and Miguel A. Girolet, a Spanish teacher Demetrio Ballesteros, Francisco Ortíz and Víctor Monge.
In 1991 he won the National Prize Contest of guitar and toured Spain, France, and Germany.
1985-1990: With Cantoamérica Guitarist, traveled to the U.S.A and Guatemala to show their music style.
1991: he went to Europe to give his tour as a Soloist in Paris, Santiago de Compostela in Spain, Bonn and Colonia, both cities of Germany.
Carlos (Tapado) Vargas (Percussionist).
He was born in January 22nd, 1971 in San José, Costa Rica. He is graduated in 1987 from the Castella Conservatory. He studied with the percussionist Giovanny Hidalgo and in the teenager program of the National Symphonic Orchestra.
He is part of the National Symphonic Orchestra and The Juvenile Symphonic Orchestra of Costa Rica. Also he has participated in Marfil, Gaviota y Amarillo and Cian Magenta groups. He has played for Paquita D’Rivera and Victor Monge (known as Serranto), Abraham Laboriel, Alvaro López, Justo Almario, Diego Urcola. He was part of Cantoamérica and Cono Sur and also Probus Ensamble Group. At present, he’s the percussionist of Malpaís, Kool Jazz and Jazz Latino Sextet.
EDITUS: Academy of Arts.
Academy of Arts is an institute based on the experience of Editus, with the purpose of teaching several artistic disciplines with academic excellence. They concentrate the teaching process on the perspective of creativity and improvisation of the modern art. This academy offers an academic program structured as a professional career. The different courses like photography, sound engineering, theater, acrylic paint and others, are taught by important musicians and artistic personalities of Costa Rica.

San José, Costa Rica
San José is the capital and largest city of Costa Rica. It is the center of "Gran Area Metropolitana" (large metropolitan area or Metroplex) in the Central Valley. San José is the location of national government. It is the center of political and economic activity and the major transportation center of Costa Rica.
San José was founded in 1738 and became the capital of Costa Rica in 1823. It is one of the youngest capitals of Latin America.
The official population of the city is 346,799 as of 2006. The entire metropolitan area around San José has a population over of 1.6 million people. This is a third of the country's total population.
San José has at an average elevation of 1,161 m above sea level. The climate is generally the same throughout the year. The city has an average temperature is 23C gets about 150 mm of rain each month.
The University of Costa Rica was created here in 1843. It was named "University of Santo Tomás" when it was created. San José is also the headquarters of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. Juan Santamaría International Airport is located 23 km west of downtown, in the city of Alajuela.
San Jose downtown.
In San Jose downtown, important government buildings, historic parks, churches, markets, boulevards and stores can be found.
The local government is working to recover the beauty of the downtown area from years ago. Also, the government wants to turn San Jose into a green and clean city.
Recreational location.
The most visited area is the Central Avenue. There is a boulevard with many stores, restaurants and hotels. On the east side is located the Culture Square with entertainment on weekend nights. Examples of this entertainment include urban clowns and juggling, Christian music, urban bands and dance groups.

Cow Parade
Cow Parade is one of the largest public art events of the world. First it began in Chicago and New York. This was in 1999 and 2000. The Cow Parade runs many cities of the United States up to the year 2001. In 2002 it moved to Europe, in London. This Parade has covered a lot of countries through all the five continents. In 2008 they moved to the fourth Latin-American country, Costa Rica. The Cow Parade has been in Argentina, Brazil and Mexico, also.
This public art event is about painting cows with some cultural messages. It doesn’t need to be a professional sculpture. You can find urban and crazy sculptures too. This exhibition is taking place on the principal parks and boulevards of San José, Costa Rica.
The principal purpose of this event is to auction each cow and then the proceeds go to charity.
In San José there are a total of one hundred twenty cows, each one with their topic. There is an amazing level of creativity from the national sculptors who painted and sculpted the cows. They are a lot of beautiful cows made of several material including the rice and beans of the traditional breakfast. Some of the cows have the message of doesn’t forget the traditional customs. Also, some cows have a message to make a country with more love, generosity and with more solidarity.
Some cows also encourage people to take care of Costa Rican nature and all the biodiversity that this small country has. The principal message is just to create a better planet for the future.

Poas Volcano Costa Rica
The Poás Volcano is an active volcano near the town of Poás, Alajuela, Costa Rica. Poas Volcano has two craters. The larger crater is one of the biggest crater in the world. It is in diameter and deep. The biggest known eruption was in 1910.
The area around the volcano is a national park. It is a place where many tourists from Costa Rica and other countries visit. At the bottom of the main crater is a lagoon. The lagoon is an acidic lake with boiling sulfuric gases. The temperature of the lake varies between and. Because of changes in the the chemistry of the lake and its temperature, the color of the lake also changes. The second crater has a cold water lake in it. This lake is connected to the nearby river, Rio Angel.

Gandhi (band)
Gandhi is a rock band from Costa Rica. They play music using distorted guitars and rhythm. The band members are Abel Guier (bassist), Massimo Hernández (drummer), Federico Miranda (guitarist) and Luis Montalbert-Smith (singer and pianist). The lyrics of Gandhi songs are written mainly by Montalbert-Smith. Some of the bands that influenced their songs are Pink Floyd, The Beatles, Queen and Soda Stereo.
Montalbert-Smith is a very important part of the band's performances because of his charisma and stage presence. These characteristics makes the shows very interesting and full of adrenaline for their fans.
The band began when Miranda and Montalbert-Smith met in high school in the mid 1990s. The complete group of four members started playing at universities and local bars. One of the things that made their shows so well liked was the many different types of art offered. The fans could not only listen to the music, but also see very good scenery design, body painting and their performance.
The band won the Costa Rican award "Album of the Year in 2004 for the album "Ciclos". The album “Páginas Pérdidas” got three local awards in 2000. They have played in Costa Rica but also in Central America, Mexico and the United States.
The band was chosen to be part of the Tribute to Soda Stereo ("Tributo a Soda Stereo"). They played a version of "En el sétimo día" ("In the Seventh Day"). They have opened concerts for many international artists.

Clodomiro Picado
Clodomiro Picado Twight (April 17, 1887 - May 16, 1944) was a Nicaraguan born Costa Rican scientist. Picado is believed by many to have been the first scientist to have learned about penicillin. He published more than 115 studies about biological sciences.
Early life and education.
Picado was born in San Marcos, Nicaragua but moved, with his parents, to Costa Rica in 1890. In 1908, Picado won a scholarship of the Costa Rican Congress to study in Paris, France.
In 1913, he finished his university studies in La Sorbonne, where he earned his bachelor´s degree in zoology and botany, as well as a doctorate degree. In the same year, he came back to Costa Rica to run the laboratory of San Juan de Dios Hospital. At the same time, he was teaching Natural Sciences at San Luis Gónzaga School in Cartago city.
Discoveries.
Sir Alexander Fleming, a Scottish scientist, is commonly said to be the person who learned about the antibacterial attacks of a fungus known as "Penicillium notatum" in 1928. But in March 2000, Costa Rican doctors showed some notebooks with research belonging to Doctor Picado. In these notebooks, he explained his experiments between 1915 and 1927. These experiments had been developed to explain that Penicillium decreased bacterial activity.
Doctor Picado had reported his work to the Paris Academy of Sciences in France, but this Academy did not patent it, even though doctor Picado had studied the fungus years before Doctor Fleming.
Picado developed his greatest international study about the creation of various anti-venom serums. This led to the create of the Instituto Clodomiro Picado in 1970. It is is a research unit of the University of Costa Rica The unit is works on research dealing with Toxicology, Herpetology and Immunology. It also deals with the production of anti-venom. It was named for him in honor of his life’s work.

From Me To You
"From Me To You" is a song by The Beatles, written by John Lennon and Paul McCartney. It was their first big hit, staying on top of the chart for seven straight weeks. The part of the song, "dah dah dah dah dah dum dum dah," was not used at the time. It shows how smart the producer, George Martin, is.

Epistle to the Ephesians
Ephesians, is the forty-ninth book in the Christian Bible, and the tenth in the New Testament. This book was written by the Apostle Paul, and it was written to the people of Ephesus. The letter was supposed to have been written while he was imprisoned in Rome, around 62 A.D.

Endymion
Endymion is a human character in Greek mythology.
His story is told by various ancient authors. In most versions he is a shepherd, and a young man of unusual handsomeness — so much so that the Moon goddess Selene falls in love with him. She uses her divine power to keep him asleep forever, preserving his youth and beauty.
The Endymion story has been re-told by poets and playwrights. The English playwright John Lyly wrote one version; and the poet John Keats used the story as the basis for his long poem "Endymion".

Samuel Taylor Coleridge
Samuel Taylor Coleridge (21 October 1772 – 25 July 1834) was an English poet. Together with his friend William Wordsworth, Coleridge is often said to have started the Romantic movement in English literature.
Coleridge was the son of a minister, and the youngest of ten children. He attended the University of Cambridge, though he never earned his degree. He met Wordsworth, another young poet, in 1795. They became close friends, and in 1798 they published their poems in a book called "Lyrical Ballads", which many critics consider a key event in English Romanticism. Most of the poems in the book were written by Wordsworth, though it also contained Coleridge's "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner", which many people call his masterpiece and one of the great poems in English. (In it, Coleridge used old-fashioned spellings, like "rime" for "rhyme," to give the poem an antique feeling.)
In 1796, Coleridge wrote his poem "Kubla Khan" — along with the "Ancient Mariner", it is his best-known work. At about the same time, in the later 1790s, Coleridge became addicted to opium. At that time the drug was legal, and was widely used as a pain-killer. Coleridge's addiction to opium marked the rest of his life. His health suffered, and he had trouble supporting his wife and children. He also had a hard time finishing the writing projects he started.
Coleridge had a reputation as a great talker, and people often invited him to their dinner parties to hear him speak. He was a successful lecturer at times in his later life. He gained a reputation as a thinker and philosopher as well as a poet.
Scholars and critics of English literature have regarded Coleridge as a major figure. In his 1927 book "The Road to Xanadu", John Livingston Lowes used Coleridge's poetry, especially "Kubla Khan", to study the working of the human imagination. Critics have argued about the role that opium addiction played in the poet's life and work. In his 1971 book "Coleridge, the Damaged Archgangel", Norman Furman showed that Coleridge was guilty of plagiarism in many of his later works. His opium addiction may have left Coleridge unable to tell when he was repeating the work of other writers that he had read.

805 Hormuthia
805 Hormuthia is a small planet orbiting or going around the Sun in the asteroid belt. This asteroid follows a stretched, oval orbit through the main asteroid belt that reaches perihelion just outside the Kirkwood gap at 2.5 AU. Its diameter is thought to be 73 km, and it is one of the 500 biggest asteroids.
It was found by Max Wolf in 1915. Its provisional name was 1915 WW.

With the Beatles
"With the Beatles" is The Beatles' second UK album. It was recorded four months after the band's first album, Please Please Me and was released on 22 November, 1963.

Beatles for Sale
"Beatles for Sale" is The Beatles' fourth album. It was released in late 1964. Many of its songs went into an American release, "Beatles '65", from Capitol Records.

Rubber Soul
"Rubber Soul" is the sixth album by The Beatles. It was first released in December 1965.

Abbey Road
"Abbey Road" is the twelfth official album recorded by The Beatles. It was released in 1969.

Magical Mystery Tour
"Magical Mystery Tour" is a 1967 television movie made by The Beatles. It is also the movie's title song, and the name of its soundtrack recording.
Show.
Paul McCartney had the original idea for "Magical Mystery Tour", coming back from the Monterey Pop Festival in California, during the summer of 1967. He drew a clock face on a paper plate, and filled it with parts of the show he imagined. McCartney based the idea on Ken Kesey's Merry Pranksters, who travelled the United States in a bus, and also "mystery tours", which were low-budget weekend vacation trips taken in England.
The other Beatles liked the idea for the show, and made plans to produce and direct it themselves. After they stopped giving concerts in 1966, they had started making their own promotional films (called "promos"), much like today's music videos. They had success with promos, and wanted to try making a whole programme, to appear on television during the Christmas holidays.
Beatles manager Brian Epstein helped set up the production, and the Beatles asked friends, members of their staff, and some professional actors to ride with them in a rented bus over a holiday weekend, and film whatever happened, with magical elements to be added later. Making the movie was one of the first jobs of the Beatles's new company, Apple Corps.
Epstein unfortunately died before filming began. Without him to look over business details, things ran into trouble. By the time things were set up, John Lennon and George Harrison had changed their minds about performing, and spent much of the bus trip asleep. There also was not much for scenery along the roads, or entertainment among the passengers.
What turned into a bigger event than filming "Magical Mystery Tour" was the entourage that began to surround the bus, wondering what the "tour" was all about. People followed the bus for miles, and caused traffic jams. People who saw the bus go by expected a "happening" of some kind, but none had been planned. In trying to be spontaneous, nobody had worked out a destination for the bus, or the trip. Most of the commotion ended after Lennon personally removed the MAGICAL MYSTERY TOUR lettering from the sides of the bus. Later a Beatles assistant said the traffic jams should have also been filmed.
Spots for songs and performances were included in "Magical Mystery Tour", and so was a storyline explaining what the trip was about. The songs featured in the show included "The Fool on the Hill", "I Am The Walrus", "Blue Jay Way", an instrumental song, "Flying", and "Your Mother Should Know", with a choreographed dance sequence. Another band, the Bonzo Dog Doo-Dah Band, played live during a striptease performance.
"Magical Mystery Tour" appeared on British television on Boxing Day in 1967, and was a surprising flop. Part of the reason for its failure was because it was shown in black-and-white, while colour was an important feature. Another part was because most of the viewers did not understand what was supposed to be happening. Another part was that not much had happened on camera, for long parts of the programme, and it showed.
Ringo Starr made a personal appeal to the BBC to show "Magical Mystery Tour" again, in full colour. The BBC gave it a second broadcast, but it did not change opinions. ABC in the United States cancelled plans to show "Magical Mystery Tour" in America. (It later appeared as a "midnight movie", shown in small cinemas and on college campuses.)
Soundtrack.
Even though "Magical Mystery Tour" was not a television success, its soundtrack still sold well. The show's songs were released as a double EP in England, with a storybook and pictures from the show. In America, Capitol Records added songs from recent Beatles singles to the show songs, and released a whole album. The American version outsold the EP in England, and in 1977 Parlophone Records released a British version of the album.
Songs.
+ "appeared in the show Magical Mystery Tour "
All songs were written by John Lennon and Paul McCartney, except "Flying" (by Lennon, McCartney, Harrison and Starr) and "Blue Jay Way" (by George Harrison).

Hyperinflation
In economics, hyperinflation is inflation that is "out of control," when prices increase very fast as money loses its value.
One example of hyperinflation is in Germany in the 1920s. In 1922, the largest bank note was 50,000 Mark, In 1923 the largest bank note was 100,000,000,000,000 Mark. In December of 1923 the exchange rate was 4,200,000,000,000 Marks to 1 US dollar. Sometimes the rate of inflation was so high that prices "doubled" every two days. The Rentenmark was introduced to stop this problem. The exchange rate was set at 4.2 Rentenmarks to 1 US Dollar.
At one time, Bank notes were so worthless that people would burn them in fires to keep them warm. The notes would burn longer than the amount of wood you could buy with them.
In Zimbabwe, the inflation rate was 231,150,888.87% in July 2008.

Brian May
Brian May (born July 19, 1947) is a guitar player and songwriter. He plays in the English band Queen.

John Deacon
John Richard Deacon (born August 19, 1951, in Leicester) is a retired English musician. He is best known as the bass guitarist for the rock band Queen. He also was part of the controversial mix up that was he "supposedly " had hidden satanic messages in the ever famous song "Another One Bites The Dust". No comment was made by the bass guitarist who was accused of including the messages when writing the song.

Roger Taylor
Roger Taylor (born Roger Meddows-Taylor on July 26, 1949 in Dersingham, Norfolk) is an English musician. He is best known as the drummer and a singer in the rock band Queen.

Le Béage
Le Béage is a town and commune of the Ardèche "département", in the southern part of France.

Beauchastel
Beauchastel is a town and commune of the Ardèche "département", in the southern part of France.

Beaulieu, Ardèche
Beaulieu is a town and commune of the Ardèche "département", in the southern part of France.

Paul Rodgers
Paul Rodgers, (born December 17, 1949) is an English rock singer and songwriter. He is best known for being a member of Free and Bad Company. He has recently toured and recorded with Queen.

Beaumont, Ardèche
Beaumont is a town and commune of the Ardèche "département", in the southern part of France.

Beauvène
Beauvène is a town and commune of the Ardèche "département", in the southern part of France.

Rouffiac-des-Corbières
Rouffiac-des-Corbières is a village in Frace. It is just below the castle of Peyrepertuse. In 2004, 97 people lived there.

Berrias-et-Casteljau
Berrias-et-Casteljau is a town and commune of the Ardèche "département", in the southern part of France.

Berzème
Berzème is a town and commune of the Ardèche "département", in the southern part of France.

Bessas
Bessas is a town and commune of the Ardèche "département", in the southern part of France.

Bidon
Bidon is a town and commune of the Ardèche "département", in the southern part of France.

Boffres
Boffres is a town and commune of the Ardèche "département", in the southern part of France.

Bogy
Bogy is a commune of the Ardèche "département" in the southern part of France. Bogy can be found about 10 km from Annonay, and 50 km from Valence.

Borée
Borée is a town and commune of the Ardèche "département", in the southern part of France.

Borne, Ardèche
Borne is a town and commune of the Ardèche "département", in the southern part of France.

Boucieu-le-Roi
Boucieu-le-Roi is a town and commune of the Ardèche "département", in the southern part of France.

Boulieu-lès-Annonay
Boulieu-lès-Annonay is a town and commune of the Ardèche "département", in the southern part of France.

Bourg-Saint-Andéol
Bourg-Saint-Andéol is a small commune of the Ardèche "département" in the Rhône Valley in the southern part of France. It is the capital of a canton in the arrondissement of Privas, with a population of about 8,000 as of the year 1999.

Bozas
Bozas is a town and commune of the Ardèche "département", in the southern part of France.

Brossainc
Brossainc is a town and commune of the Ardèche "département", in the southern part of France.

Burzet
Burzet is a town and commune of the Ardèche "département", in the southern part of France.

Cellier-du-Luc
Cellier-du-Luc is a town and commune of the Ardèche "département", in the southern part of France.

Chalencon
Chalencon is a town and commune of the Ardèche "département", in the southern part of France.

Le Chambon, Ardèche
Le Chambon is a town and commune of the Ardèche "département", in the southern part of France.

Chambonas
Chambonas is a town and commune of the Ardèche "département", in the southern part of France.

Queen (album)
"Queen" is the self-titled first album from the English rock band Queen, released in 1973.

Queen II
"Queen II" is the second album by English rock band Queen, originally released in 1974.

Sheer Heart Attack
"Sheer Heart Attack" is a Queen album from 1974.

Peyrepertuse castle
Peyrepertuse castle is one of the Cathar castles. It was built before the 11th century. It is Aude, in Languedoc-Roussillion. It is built in a strategic position, on a cliff, about 30-40m high. The castle is first mentioned in the year 806, but the site seems to have been occupied since Roman times. At that time, it belonged to a Catalan count. It later changed hands, firct to the Count of Barcelona, then to that of Narbonne.
When the Treaty of Corbeil is signed in 1258, the border between France and Spain is right to the south of the castle. In the year 1240, after the Crusade against the Cathars, the castle becomes French. It is extended, and there is a garrison placed there; it protects against invasions until the 16th century when Roussillon becomes a French territory.
Today, the ruins of the castle attract about 100.000 visitors a year. There is a vineyard nearby.

Remlingen (Lower Saxony)
Remlingen is a municipality in district Wolfenbüttel. Remlingen is samt to Wittmar what is an old village from miners in the Asse. The inhabitants' of Remlingen
are 1953 in three villages. The mayor is named Klaus-Günter Warnecke.

Bryan Ruiz Gonzalez
Bryan Ruiz Gonzalez was born in August 18, 1985 in San Jose, Costa Rica.
Life.
At the age of twelve, he started playing for Liga Deportiva Alajuelense minor leagues. Almost immediately, he became a famous young player, everyone in the minor leagues, not just his teammates and coach, talk about him as a promising soccer player. That fame, make him debut in first division in the year 2003, at the age of eighteen. He was playing for the same team that saw him born as a professional soccer player.
First tournament.
During the tournament, he developed a great ability and speed. Quickly, he was a vital piece in his team and take part of important games, like “El Clasico” when Alajuela goes against Saprissa, Alajuela’s archrival. In his second year, he faced his most difficult challenge at the moment, the CONCACAF Champion’s Cup. That competition is for the most skilled teams in the area, and even so he won that cup.
Representation.
Back in Costa Rica, that tournament was won for his team, so another title was added to his trophy room. With just a short career as a professional soccer player, his future seemed to be bright as the sun. Surprisingly, the Costa Rica National Team coach called him to play representing his country. He did well and was acclaimed for the public.
Changing of teams.
Suddenly, in 2006, Bryan received an offer to play for a soccer team in Belgium. The team K.A.A. Gent wanted to sign him for a four-year deal. Since that day, Bryan has acquired some techniques that are helping him to be better each day. In Belgium, his reputation started to increase when he scored a lot of goals. Unexpectedly, he became the best scorer of his team, also got a hat-trick.
All of that, made him had a big audience, so he was called again to play with his national team. He came to Costa Rica again and put out a great presentation, showing that he has learned new tricks and developed innovative abilities. He is a promising soccer player for his country that hopes to be signed by a very good soccer team in Europe.

Jacó, Costa Rica
Jacó is a town on the coast in Costa Rica's Puntarenas province. It can be found on the Pacific Ocean. It has many beaches and tourists. It has also gotten much drugs and crime because of how popular it is as well.

Irazu Volcano National Park
Irazu Volcano National Park is considered one most important and biggest active volcanoes of Costa Rica. It is located in the central mountain range at 31 km to northwest of the city of “Cartago" with a height of 3,435 meters above sea level. It is one of the most visited country`s areas by tourists, both national and international, turning "Cartago" into one of the most popular provinces of Costa Rica.
Irazu Volcano National Park offers many types of craters, some having small lakes. It is an interesting fact because the volcano has more than one attraction; so many people can enjoy the attractive of the park. The park also protects 2,309 hectares of cloud and rain forest that means that the park also is a protected area and it takes care of the natural resources of the country such as paths to explore, leading to the craters and a majestic waterfall. From the highest point in the park, on a clear day, you can see both, the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea at the same time.
The vegetation of the park has been changing by the constant eruptions, but in the same way it is very beautiful and diverse. One of the most important and surprising irregularities of this natural resource is that the area where all the vegetation takes place is at the top of the volcano. This characteristic makes the “Irazu Volcano National Park" one of the most incredible and beautiful places around the country.
The wildlife is very little, but you can see several species both of birds and mammals. There is little animal diversity because of the low temperatures that exist at the summit of the volcano, but mostly "woodpeckers" and “coyotes” can be found.
Other websites.
http://www.costaricaholiday.info/Volcanoes/Volcano_Irazu/volcano_irazu.html

Puerto Viejo-Talamanca, Costa Rica
It is located in the Caribbean coast (Limón.) Puerto Viejo is one of the most beautiful places that you can find in Costa Rica, because many species of animals and plants live there. This makes a perfect connection between human being and nature. It is like a little paradise.
In Puerto Viejo, you can find a mixture of cultures such as Jamaicans, Europeans and African-Caribbean people. They come to this place and immediately begin to feel in love with it, so they stay living there and put some kind of business such as little restaurants or bars. For that reason, you can hear many languages there, but the predominant language is the Patua (Jamaican language.)
Also, that place is characterized by the amazing beach, because it has a wonderful combination of sunlight, landscape, ocean, peace and jungle, which will allow you to relax. And the friendly environment felt by the tourists make that Puerto Viejo become in a place that everybody wants to visit. This is also the place where the movie “Caribe” was filmed, one of the most important movies produced by Costa Ricans.
Furthermore, Puerto Viejo is very famous because of the perfect surfing that people can practice, and that is thanks to Salsa Brava (a beach where the waves reaches up to 12 meters high.) In addition, Puerto Viejo is between Cahuita (National Park with a lot of corals and beautiful beaches) and Gandoca Manzanillo, so people can come here and visit three wonderful places in just one trip.
Another aspect that makes tourists come to Puerto Viejo is the infrastructure, because it looks like a very ancient place but it has the comfort of a modern place. Those reasons turn this place into a paradise where you can walk or see the beach and the jungle and into a paradise in which you can enjoy the peaceful environment that only Costa Rica has.

Cathar castles
Cathar castles ("Châteaux cathares" in French) is a term used by the French tourist industry; It used for castles in the Languedoc-Roussillion, usually built during the crusades against the Cathars.
The true Cathar castles.
The Cathars built fortified homesteads. Some of them were Laurac, Fanjeaux, Mas-Saintes-Puelles. Certain sites like Lastours-Cabaret, Montségur, Termes or Puilaurens were "castra" before being razed to the ground and becoming royal citadels. The legend of Cathar architects and builders is no more than a myth. The only monuments which witnessed the events of the first half of the 13th century. The cathar church did not build anything. For this reason, the only ones which can claim the description "Cathar" are the small castles, often totally unknown to the public. Their unspectacular ruins are often far-away from tourist routes.
The royal citadels.
Because Raimond II was unable to recapture Carcassone in 1240, the city walls were strengthened by the French King. He also destroyed small "castra" in the Corbières region and built citadels to protect the frontier with the kingdom of Aragon.
These five fortresses resisted various assaults led by the Aragonese army.
The abandonment of the citadels.
In 1659, Louis XIV and the Philip IV of Spain signed the Treaty of the Pyrenees. The French king also married the Infanta Marie Therese. The treaty changed the borders. It gave Rousillon to France and moved the frontier south to the crest of the Pyrenees, where it is now. The fortresses therefore lost their importance. Some maintained a garrison for a while, a few until the French Revolution, but they slowly fell into decay, often becoming sherpherds' shelters or bandits hideouts.

Château d'Usson
The Château d'Usson is one of the Cathar castles that is now in southwestern France. It can be found in the "commune" of Rouze, in the Ariège "département".

Sertab Erener
Sertab Erener (born December 4, 1964) is a Turkish pop music singer. She is one of the most successful female Turkish pop singers in Turkey. Erener is said to be one of the divas of Turkish pop music. In Europe, she is best known for winning the Eurovision Song Contest 2003 with her hit song "Every Way That I Can".

Digital download
A digital download is when a song is released to be purchased from the internet, and not one that comes on a CD. Sites such as iTunes Store and Zune Marketplace sell music in this way.

Scout movement
The Scout movement (sometimes called Scouting) is a youth movement. It was started in 1907 as a movement for boys by Robert Baden-Powell.
Baden-Powell took many ideas from the experiences he made with the Mafeking Cadet Corps. This corps was a paramilitary group made of boys. It was formed during a siege in the Second Boer War. The boys mainly carried messages; that way the soldiers coud focus on defending the city.
Today, the scout movement is for boys and girls, aged about eight to about twenty. Originally, the movement was for boys only. A movement for girls, called "Girl Guides" was started in 1910. Today, both the movement for boys, and that for girls are part of the scout movement.
In the scout movement, people learn to work together to achieve a goal. They also train their character, to become better adults.
Usually when they start in the scouts they give a promise to live by certain rules, and to help others when they can.
Scouts spend their time outdoors, whenever possible.
How many scouts there are.
In 2005, there were more than 28 million boy scouts and over 10 million girl guides, from 216 different countries. Only in six countries was there no scout movement in 2006. They were Andorra, People's Republic of China, Cuba, Laos, Myanmar and North Korea.
In Cuba, there was a scout organisation, but the Communist government replaced it by the José Martí Pioneer Organization, which is similar to scouts, but without the international brotherhood and the peace mission. Scouting organisations have been banned in China. They have been replaced by Young Pioneers of China an Communist Youth League of China. These organisations are similar to scouts, but without the international brotherhood and the peace mission. There are no scouting organisations in Myanmar, but there are a few boy scouts and girl scouts (headed by the US scout movement) in Yangoon.
How it started.
Baden-Powell was a military officer. He was stationed in India and Africa in the 1880s and 1890s. Since his youth, he was fond of woodcraft and military scouting. He therefore showed his men how to survive in the wilderness. He noticed that if he taught the soldiers to develop independence, they would no longer follow the orders given by their officers blindly.
During the Second Boer War, Baden-Powell was besieged in the small town of Mafeking by a much larger Boer army (the Siege of Mafeking). The Mafeking Cadet Corps was a group of youths that supported the troops. The cadets carried messages. This freed the men for military duties. It also kept the boys occupied during the long siege. The Cadet Corps performed well, helping in the defence of the town (1899–1900). This experience was one of the many factors that inspired Baden-Powell to form the Scouting movement. Each member received a badge that showed a combined compass point and spearhead. The badge's logo was similar to the fleur-de-lis that Scouting later adopted as its international symbol.
In the United Kingdom the public followed his struggle to hold Mafeking through newspapers. After the siege, Baden-Powell had become a national hero. This pushed the sales of a small instruction book he had written about military scouting, "Aids to Scouting".
On his return to England he noticed the large interest of boys in this book, which was also used by teachers and youth organizations. Several people suggested to him to rewrite this book for boys, especially during an inspection of the Boys' Brigade. This brigade was a large youth movement, drilled with military precision. Baden-Powell thought this would not be attractive and suggested that it could grow much larger when scouting would be used. He studied other schemes, parts of which he used for Scouting.
Other scout-like organisations.
Since trhe scouts were formed, other people have tried to form scout-like movements. These movements are much like the scouts, but they put more weight on different things. There are for example socut-like movements that focus more on the fact that the young people should get a good education in religious matters. The movements that have been formed in countries such as Cuba or China are much like scouts; they leave out some elements tohugh, that the national governments thought would harm the country.

History of Indonesia
The History of Indonesia or more precisely of the Indonesian archipelago in South East Asia with 17,508 islands goes back to "Homo erectus" (popularly known as the "Java Man"). There have been found fossilized remains of about one million years ago.
Austronesian people, who form the majority of the modern population, came to South East Asia from Taiwan. They arrived in Indonesia around 2000 BCE. The native Melanesian peoples went to the far eastern regions. The agricultural conditions were very good. When wet-field rice cultivation was developed as early as the eighth century BCE,
villages and towns developed. And small kingdoms began to flourish by the first century CE. Indonesia's sea-lane position helped international trade. There was trade with both Indian kingdoms and China already several centuries BCE. Trade has since fundamentally shaped Indonesian history.
From the seventh century CE, the powerful Srivijaya naval kingdom flourished as a result of trade. Hinduism and Buddhism were imported with it. In the late 13th century, the Hindu Majapahit kingdom was founded in eastern Java and under Gajah Mada, its influence stretched over much of Indonesia; this period is often referred to as a "Golden Age" in Indonesian history.
During the 13th century Islam spread to the in northern Sumatra. More and more Indonesian areas gradually adopted Islam. By the end of the 16th century it was the dominant religion in Java and Sumatra. But it mixed with existing cultural and religious influences.
The first Europeans arrived in Indonesia in 1512, when Portuguese traders, led by Francisco Serrão, sought to monopolize the sources of nutmeg, cloves, and cubeb pepper in Maluku. Dutch and British traders followed. In 1602 the Dutch established the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and became the dominant European power. But Dutch control stretched not very far. Only in the early 20th century it extended to borders of today.
During the Second World War the Dutch lost control and in August 1945, Sukarno, an influential nationalist leader, declared independence and was appointed president. After some fights the Netherlands formally recognized Indonesian independence in December 1949 (with the exception of The Dutch territory of West New Guinea).
Sukarno moved from democracy towards dictatorship. But Sukarono lost power to the head of the military, General Suharto who was formally appointed president in March 1968. He was supported by the US government, and encouraged foreign direct investment in Indonesia, which helped economic growth during the following thirty years. But his rule went along with corruption and suppression of political opposition.
In 1997 and 1998, Indonesia was the country hardest hit by the Asian Financial Crisis. This increased popular discontent with the New Order and led to popular protests. Suharto resigned on 21 May 1998. In 1999, East Timor voted to leave the state of Indonesia, after a twenty-five-year military occupation. After Suharto's resignation democracy improved. A regional autonomy program was introduced, and the first direct presidential election took place in 2004. But some political and economic instability has remained. A political settlement to an armed separatist conflict in Aceh was achieved in 2005.

Leviticus
Leviticus is the third book of both the Bible, and the Torah. It was written by the Old Testament Patriarch Moses. Leviticus was written to the Hebrew people ofIsrael. The book has several main topics, some of which are the Jewish laws of sacrificing to God, and the work of the Priests.
This book probably was written around 1400 B.C.

John C. Mather
Professor John Cromwell Mather Virginia is an American astrophysicist and cosmologist who was born on August 7, 1946, Roanoke. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2006 for his work on COBE satellite with George Smoot. The COBE satellite measures black holes and cosmic radiation.
This work supported the big-bang theory of the universe beginning and made cosmology much more accurate. The Nobel Prize committee said: "the COBE-project can also be regarded as the starting point for cosmology
Mather is a Senior Astrophysicist at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland and he is a professor of physics at the University of Maryland, College Park. In 2007, Mather was listed in "Time" magazine's 100 Most Influential People in The World.
Work with COBE.
After being awarded his Ph.D. Professor Mather went to work at the Goddard Institute for Space Studies at Columbia University, he started the work on COBE (1974-1976). More than 1,000 researchers, engineers and other workers made the COBE satellite. John Mather was in control of them all and created the technology for measuring the cosmic radiation. George Smoot had the job of measuring small changes in the temperature of the radiation.
Professor Mather and John Boslough wrote all about the COBE teams work in a book called "The Very First Light".

Book of Joshua
The Book of Joshua is the sixth book of the Christian Bible, and also the sixth book of the Hebrew Tanakh. It is unclear who wrote the book, but most of the Jewish tradition, believe it was Joshua. It is the first of the books of the Tanakh (Old Testament), covering the history of Israel from the arrival in the Promised Land to the Babylonian captivity.
It is thought that the book was written around the 15th or 13th century B.C.

Homeschooling
Homeschooling is a form of education where the parent or guardian is the instructor. The reason for this form of education is usually the guardian is not happy with the nearby schools, or for religious purposes.

Shinjuku Station
Shinjuku Station is a train station located in Shinjuku and Shibuya wards in Tokyo, Japan.

San Pedro de Macorís (city)
The Dominican city of San Pedro de Macorís is the head municipality of the San Pedro de Macorís province, on the southeast of the country.
It has the nickname of "Macorís del mar" ("Macorís of the sea") to differentiate it from San Francisco de Macorís, in the Duarte Province.
Population.
The municipality had, in 2002, a total population of 217,141: 105,070 men and 112,071 women. The urban population was 89.2% of the total population. In this numbers are included the population of the municipal district Guayacanes.
History.
There were two very small towns on the left side of the mouth of the river Macorís (or Higuamo): "Mosquito" (because there were too many mosquitos) and "Sol" (English: "Sun", because there were not trees). Even today, San Pedro de Macorís is called sometimes "Mosquitisol" after those two old and small towns.
Since 1852, there was a military post in this place: the Military Post of Macorís, part of the Hato Mayor del Rey municipality in the El Seibo Province.
In 1856, the priest Pedro Carrasco built a Catholic church with the name "San Pedro Apóstol"; the church was between the two towns of Mosquito and Sol. Both towns grew in direction of the church, forming one town called San Pedro de Macorís.
When the country was again a Spanish colony, San Pedro de Macorís was made a "Comandancia de Armas" (an Spanish military category). When the country was free again, in 1865, every town with the category of "Comandancia de Armas" became a municipality. But San Pedro de Macorís was still a very small town of the El Seibo Province.
After 1868, with the sugarcane plantations and the sugar factories, San Pedro de Macorís began to grow and it became one of the most important city in the Dominican Republic. Many people from Cuba and Puerto Rico came to live here during the last years of the 19th century and the first years of the 20th century. Later came people from the Spain and the Middle East (Lebanon, Syria) to work in businesses.
To work in the sugarcane fields and factories, people from Haiti and the British West Indies came to San Pedro de Macorís and other regions of the country.
Economy.
The economy of San Pedro de Macorís grew around the sugar production; there were several sugar factories and most of that sugar was sent to other countries through its port and then it became one of the most important port of the country. Rhum is also produced in the city; rhum is made with alcohol from the sugar cane.
There are also some important industries, mainly to produce cement and textiles to send to other countries.

Epistle to the Galatians
The Epistle to the Galatians (or Galatians) is the forty-eighth book in the Bible (and ninth in the New Testament), written by the Apostle Paul. The book was written to the people of Galatia, with whom Paul had, at a previous date, founded the Congregation in their area.
It is not known for sure, but most believe that the book was written around 57 A.D.
The book contains some of the most known Bible teachings, such as that all have need of Salvation (), and the Fruits of the Spirit ().

Neanderthal
The Neanderthal (, also with, and), or Neandertal, was a species of the "Homo" genus (type) ("Homo neanderthalensis" or "Homo sapiens neanderthalensis") which lived in Europe and parts of western and central Asia. Approximately 130,000 years ago, Neanderthal characteristics had developed fully (some characteristics existed before) and by 50,000 years ago, Neanderthals disappeared from Asia. In Europe, scientists found skeletons that proved that Neanderthals lived in Europe until 30,000 years ago.

Oldenzaal
Oldenzaal is a municipality and a town in the eastern Netherlands, near the border with Germany.
It got city rights in 1249.

Homo erectus
"Homo erectus" (Latin: "upright man") is an extinct species of the genus "Homo". Fossile remains were found in Java (1890s) and in China (1921). But nearly all of them were lost during World War II. But there are casts that are considered to be reliable evidence.
Early in the 20th century it was believed that the first modern humans lived in Asia. But during the 1950s and 1970s, many fossil finds from East Africa (Kenya) showed that the oldest hominins came from there.
Descendants and subspecies.
"Homo erectus" remains one of the most successful and long-lived species of the "Homo" genus. It is generally considered to have given rise to a number of descendant species and subspecies. The oldest known specimen of the ancient human was found in southern Africa.
"Homo erectus yuanmouensis",
"Homo erectus lantianensis",
"Homo erectus pekinensis",
"Homo erectus soloensis"
"Homo floresiensis",
"Homo antecessor",
"Homo heidelbergensis",
"Homo sapiens",
"Homo sapiens sapiens",
"Homo rhodesiensis",
"Homo cepranensis",

Paramilitary
Paramilitary is a way to describe forces that are organised like military forces, but that do not have the same status. Examples for such forces would be police forces guarding the borders of a country. There are paramilitary groups that are run by a country, and others that are not.
The name comes from Greek "para" (which means "beside") and Latin "miles" (which means "soldier").

Champagne, Ardèche
Champagne is a town and commune of the Ardèche "département", in the southern part of France.

Champis, Ardèche
Champis is a commune of the Ardèche "département" in the southeastern part of France.

Chandolas
Chandolas is a town and commune of the Ardèche "département", in the southern part of France.

Chanéac
Chanéac is a town and commune of the Ardèche "département", in the southern part of France.

Charmes-sur-Rhône
Charmes-sur-Rhône is a town and commune of the Ardèche "département", in the southern part of France.

Charnas
Charnas is a town and commune of the Ardèche "département", in the southern part of France.

Paleolithic
The Paleolithic (or Palaeolithic) is a prehistoric era distinguished by the development of the first stone tools. It covers the greatest portion of humanity's time (roughly 99% of human history) from 2.5 or 2.6 million years ago, with the introduction of stone tools by hominids such as "Homo habilis", to the introduction of agriculture and the end of the Pleistocene around 10,000 BC. The Paleolithic era ended with the Mesolithic, in Western Europe, and in areas not effected by the Ice age with the Epipaleolithic (such as Africa).
During the Paleolithic humans were grouped together in small scale societies such as bands and made their living by gathering plants and hunting wild animals.
At the time, humans used stone, wood and bone tools as well as leather and vegetable fibers. But the last two were not preserved till our time.
Chronology of Paleolithic and the following periods.
Traditionally, the Paleolithic is divided into three (somewhat overlapping) periods: the Lower Paleolithic, Middle Paleolithic, and the Upper Paleolithic. The three ages mark technological and cultural advances in different human communities.
After the Paleolithic follow Mesolithic and Neolithic, which marks the end of Stone Age. Then follow Bronze Age and Iron Age.

Biface
In archaeology, a biface is a two-sided stone tool, made through a process of lithic reduction, that shows flake scars on both sides. A view from the side of the final product tends to exhibit a lenticular shape (i.e., as a convex lens). Bifacial artifacts can be made on large flakes or blocks, and may be grouped into many distinct classes. For
Biface technology is almost unknown in Australian prehistory.

Bolas
Bolas (from Spanish "bola", "ball", also known as "boleadoras") are a throwing weapon made of weights on the ends of interconnected cords, designed to capture animals by entangling their legs. They are used by the gauchos in South America today, but have been found in excavations of pre-Hispanic settlements, especially in Patagonia, where indigenous peoples used them to catch guanaco and ñandu.
Use.
Gauchos use boleadoras to capture running cattle or game. The thrower gives the balls momentum by swinging them and then releases the boleadoras. The weapon is usually used to entangle the animal's legs, but when thrown with enough force might even break the bone.
Design.
There is no uniform design; most bolas have two or three balls, but there are versions of up to 8 or 9 balls. Some bolas have balls of equal weight,others vary the knot and cord. Gauchos use bolas made of leather cords with wooden balls or small leather sacks full of stones in the ends of the cords.
Bolas of three weights are usually designed with two shorter cords with heavier weights, and one longer cord with a light weight. The heavier weights fly at the front parallel to each other, hit either side of the legs, and the lighter weight goes around, wrapping up the legs.
Other unrelated versions include "qilumitautit", the bolas of the Inuit, made of sinew and bone weights and used to capture water birds.

Howard Hughes
Howard Robard Hughes, Jr. (December 24, 1905 – April 5, 1976), was an American businessman and movie producer. During his life, he was one of the richest people in the world. He was born in Texas to a wealthy family. He went to Hollywood and became a movie producer and aviator. Hughes broke several world records for flying aeroplanes. He created his own air company. It was later bought by TWA. Many people now think Hughes may have had OCD or obsessive compulsive disorder. This is because later in life, he kept himself away from the outside world. He lived in a hotelroom at The Desert Inn in Las Vegas as a recluse. He never left his room. He also did not cut his hair or fingernails. He had a group of doctors and other people to help take care of him. In 1972, a man named Clifford Irving claimed to have co-written the autobiography of Hughes. It it was later shown to not be real. Hughes died while being moved to a hospital in Mexico. After he died, there was an argument over his will.

Tarzan
Tarzan is a character created by Edgar Rice Burroughs. He first appeared in a story written by Burrgoughs in 1912 called "Tarzan of the Apes". He is an English lord who was abandoned in a jungle in Africa as a baby and raised by apes. In the stories he has many exciting adventures. Tarzan has appeared in books, as well as movies, comic books, and television programs.

Surfer Rosa
"Surfer Rosa" is the first music album by the Pixies. It was released by a record label called 4AD in March 1988.

OK Go
OK Go is a rock band from Chicago. The band members are Damian Kulash (lead vocals and guitar), Tim Nordwind (bass guitar and backing vocals), Dan Konopka (drums and percussion) and Andy Ross (keyboards, guitar and backing vocals). Their best known song is "Here It Goes Again".

Death zone
The Death zone is the name for high altitude where there is not enough oxygen for humans to breathe.

George F. Smoot
George Fitzgerald Smoot III is an American Professor of astrophysics and cosmology. He was born on February 20 1945. In 2006 he won a Nobel Prize of physics for his work on COBE with John C. Mather that made it possible to measure black holes and cosmic radiation much more exactly than was possible before.
This work gave new evidence for the big-bang idea that the universe was once a big explosion. This work was completed using the Cosmic Background Explorer Satellite (COBE). The Nobel Prize committee said: "the COBE-project can also be regarded as the starting point for cosmology as a precision science."
Professor Smoot works for the University of California, Berkeley Department of Physics. In 2003 he was awarded the Einstein Medal.
Education.
Professor Smoot was born in Yukon, Florida. He went to Upper Arlington High School in Upper Arlington, Ohio until 1962. He studied mathematics for some time before going to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology where he was awarded two bachelor's degrees for mathematics and physics in 1966, and a Ph.D. in particle physics in 1970.
Smoots cousin, Oliver R. Smoot, also studied at MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), and was made famous for the Smoot measurement of the Harvard Bridge between Cambridge and Boston. The "Smoot" length was marked in paint over 360 times on the bridge and is repainted there every year. Oliver later worked as the Chairman of the American National Standards Institute.
Early research.
Professor Smoot began to study cosmology, and went to Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory where he worked with Luis Walter Alvarez on the experiment HAPPE, a high up weather balloon for detecting antimatter in the upper atmosphere.
He then took up an interest in the microwaves in cosmic radiation which had been discovered by Arno Allan Penzias and Robert Woodrow Wilson in 1964. This work gave new evidence of what the universe is made of. Some researchers thought that the universe was rotating, which would mean that temperature of microwaves would seem different when measured from different angles. With the help of Alvarez and Richard A. Muller, Professor Smoot developed a radiometer to measure the difference in temperature from two angles 60 degrees apart. The radiometer was put on top of a Lockheed U-2 plane, but the measurements seemed to show that the universe was not rotating. It did, however, detect another difference in the microwave temperature on one side of the sky. They called this a dipole pattern and a Doppler effect of the Earth's motion. A doppler effect happens because the Sun, and the Milky Way are moving at nearly 600 s. They think this is caused by gravity from the Great Attractor.
COBE.
The measurements from the radiometer showed that one side of the sky was different to the other but this was surprising because it was expected that many differences would be found all over the sky. Smoot was working on finding these smaller differences in the late 1970s when he gave NASA an idea to make a satellite with a detector that was similar to the one mounted on the Lockheed aeroplane. This detector would be much more powerful and it would not be affected by the atmosphere. NASA spent US$160  million on the satellite and named it the COBE. The COBE satellite was delayed after the Space Shuttle Challenger exploded, but was launched successfully on November 18, 1989. After more than two years, on 21 April 1992, the COBE research team claimed that the satellite had detected the small differences they were looking for. This was very important in the study of the early universe. The study was "evidence for the birth of the universe". Professor Smoot said: "If you're religious, it's like looking at God."
More than 1,000 researchers, engineers and other workers helped to make the COBE. John Mather was in control of the whole project and the experiments that made the COBE possible. George Smoot was in control of measuring the small differences in the temperature of the radiation.
Smoot worked with the "San Francisco Chronicle"s journalist, Keay Davidson, to write a book called "Wrinkles in Time", all about the teams work. In the book "The Very First Light", John Mather and John Boslough write more of the COBE story. Mathers book says that Professor George was giving news of COBE to the press before NASA did. This made problems between Smoot and Mather in the past.
Recent work.
After COBE, Smoot helped with another experiment with a stratospheric balloon called the MAXIMA experiment. This ballon took some better easurements than the COBE. Smoot has continued studying cosmic radiatin and now works on the third generation COBE satellite Planck. He is also working on the design of a Acceleration Probe (SNAP), a satellite which is to measure dark energy. He has also assisted in analyzing data from the Spitzer Space Telescope in connection with measuring far infrared background radiation.

Soundgarden
Soundgarden was an American rock band. The band started in 1984 in Seattle, Washington. The state of Seattle has been a theme in many of their songs. The members before the break-up was singer Chris Cornell, bass guitarist Ben Shepherd, guitarist Kim Thayil, and drummer Matt Cameron.
Soundgarden have released a total of five studio albums. Their two first albums were not very successful. The band's members changed several times during the 1980s and early 1990s, but Cornell and Thayil would been with the band to their break up in 1997. When Shepherd joined in 1990, Soundgarden's next album, "Badmotorfinger", became a mainstream success. It was the band's first album to appear on the top 100 on the "Billboard" music chart and chart outside the United States. Their fourth album, "Superunknown", was even more popular and made them celebrities. It sold over five million copies in the United States. "Down on the Upside" was their fifth and last studio album and was released in 1996. The album wasn't able to meat the sales of Soundgardens two earlier albums in the United States and Canada. Soundgarden broke up in 1997 after they released the compilation album A-Sides. Soundgarden is remembered as one of the big four of Seattle with Alice in Chains, Pearl Jam and Nirvana.
Early Years: 1984–1989.
Soundgarden was formed in 1984 by Chris Cornell (drums and vocals) and Hiro Yamamoto (bass); they were later joined by Kim Thayil (guitar). Thayil had moved to Seattle from Park Forest, Illinois with Yamamoto and Bruce Pavitt, who would later start Sub Pop Records. The band named themselves after a wind-channeling pipe sculpture, "The Sound Garden," located in Magnuson Park, Seattle.
Cornell originally played drums while singing, but in 1985 the band enlisted Scott Sundquist to allow Cornell to concentrate on vocals. The band's first recordings were three songs that appeared on a compilation for Z Records called "Deep Six". It also featured songs by fellow grunge pioneers Green River, Skin Yard, Malfunkshun, The U-Men and the Melvins. In 1986, Sundquist left the band and was replaced by Matt Cameron, who was the drummer for Skin Yard.
KCMU-FM DJ Jonathan Poneman was impressed after seeing Soundgarden perform one night, later saying, "I saw this band that was everything rock music should be." Poneman offered to fund a release by the band, so Thayil told him to team up with Bruce Pavitt. Poneman offered to contribute $20,000 in funding for Sub Pop, effectively turning it into a full-fledged record label. The band signed to Sub Pop, releasing the "Screaming Life" EP in 1987, and the "Fopp" EP in 1988. A combination of the two was issued as "Fopp" in 1990.
Though the band was being courted by major labels, in 1988 it signed to the lesser known SST Records to release its debut album, "Ultramega OK", for which the band earned a Grammy nomination for Best Metal Performance in 1990. The band's first music video, "Flower", was directed by Mark Miremont, and aired regularly on MTV's "120 Minutes". Soundgarden supported "Ultramega OK" with a tour of the United States in the spring of 1989 and a tour of Europe which began in May 1989 and which was the band's first overseas tour.
In 1989, the band released their first album for a major label, "Louder Than Love", through A&M Records. The signing caused a bad relations between Soundgarden and its traditional audience. Thayil said, "In the beginning, our fans came from the punk rock crowd. They abandoned us when they thought we had sold out the punk tenets, getting on a major label and touring with Guns N' Roses. There were fashion issues and social issues, and people thought we no longer belonged to their scene, to their particular sub-culture." "Louder Than Love" became the band's first album to chart on the "Billboard" 200, peaking at number 108 on the chart in 1990. Because of some of the song lyrics, most notably on "Hands All Over" and "Big Dumb Sex", the band faced various retail and distribution problems upon the album's release.
A month before touring for "Louder Than Love" was released, bassist Hiro Yamamoto left to go back to college. He was replaced by former Nirvana bassist Jason Everman. Soundgarden went on a North American tour that startet in December 1989 and ended in March 1990. On this tour the band served as the opening act for Voivod on the band's "Nothingface" tour, with Faith No More also serving as an opening act at the beginning and end of the tour. The band then went on to tour Europe. Bassist Jason Everman was fired immediately after Soundgarden completed its promotional tour for "Louder Than Love" in mid-1990. "Louder Than Love" spawned the EP "Loudest Love" and the video compilation "Louder Than Live", both released in 1990.
Badmotorfinger: 1990–1993.
Bassist Ben Shepherd joined Soundgarden in 1990. Soundgarden released "Badmotorfinger" in 1991. Although overshadowed at the time of its release by the sudden popularity of Nirvana's "Nevermind", the focus of attention brought by "Nevermind" to the Seattle scene helped Soundgarden gain attention. The singles "Outshined" and "Rusty Cage" were able to find an audience at alternative radio and MTV. The first single from "Badmotorfinger", "Jesus Christ Pose", garnered attention when MTV decided to ban its music video in 1991. Many listeners were outraged by the song and its video, calling it anti-Christian. The band received death threats while on tour in the United Kingdom in support of the album. "Badmotorfinger" was nominated for a Grammy for Best Metal Performance in 1992.
Following the release of "Badmotorfinger", Soundgarden went on a North America tour that startet in October 1991 and ended in November 1991. Afterward, the band took a slot opening for Guns N' Roses in North America on the band's Use Your Illusion Tour. Soundgarden was personally selected by Guns N' Roses as its opening band. The band took a slot opening for Skid Row in North America in February 1992 on the band's "Slave to the Grind" tour, and then headed to Europe for a month-long headlining theater tour. The band returned for a tour of the United States and subsequently rejoined Guns N' Roses in the summer of 1992 in Europe as part of the Use Your Illusion Tour along with fellow opening act Faith No More. Regarding the time spent opening for Guns N' Roses, Cornell said, "It wasn't a whole lot of fun going out in front of 40,000 people for 35 minutes every day. Most of them hadn't heard our songs and didn't care about them. It was a bizarre thing." The band would go on to play the 1992 Lollapalooza tour with the Red Hot Chili Peppers, Pearl Jam, and Ministry, among others. The band later released the video compilation "Motorvision", which was filmed at the Paramount Theatre in 1992. The band also made an appearance in the movie "Singles" performing "Birth Ritual". The song appeared on the soundtrack, as did a Chris Cornell solo song, "Seasons".
Superunknown: 1994–1995.
Soundgarden released "Superunknown" in 1994 and became the band's best-selling album, driven by the singles "Black Hole Sun", "Spoonman", "My Wave", and "Fell on Black Days". Upon its release in March 1994, "Superunknown" debuted at number one on the "Billboard" 200 album chart. The songs on "Superunknown" captured the creativity and heaviness of the band's earlier works, while showcasing the group's newly evolving style. Lyrically, the album was quite dark and mysterious, as much of it is often interpreted to be dealing with substance abuse, suicide, and depression. The album was also more experimental than previous releases, with some songs incorporating Middle-Eastern or Indian music. Reviewer J.D. Considine of "Rolling Stone" said "Superunknown" "demonstrates far greater range than many bands manage in an entire career." He also stated, "At its best, "Superunknown" offers a more harrowing depiction of alienation and despair than anything on "In Utero"." The music video for "Black Hole Sun" became a hit on MTV and received the award for Hard Rock Video at the 1994 MTV Video Music Awards. Soundgarden won two Grammy Awards in 1995; "Black Hole Sun" received the award for Best Hard Rock Performance and "Spoonman" received the award for Best Metal Performance.
Soundgarden startet the tour in January 1994 in Australia, Japan, and New Zealand, areas where the record came out early, as well as regions where the band had never toured before. This round of touring ended in February 1994, and then in March 1994 the band moved on to Europe. The band began a theater tour of the United States on May 27, 1994, with the opening acts Tad and Eleven. In late 1994, after touring in support of "Superunknown", doctors discovered that Cornell had severely strained his vocal cords. Soundgarden canceled several shows to avoid causing any permanent damage. Cornell said, "I think we kinda overdid it! We were playing five or six nights a week and my voice pretty much took a beating. Towards the end of the American tour I felt like I could still kinda sing, but I wasn't really giving the band a fair shake. You don't buy a ticket to see some guy croak for two hours! That seemed like kind of a rip off." The band would make up the dates later in 1995.
Down on the Upside: 1996–1997.
The band's last studio album was "Down on the Upside" released in 1996. Four singles where released from the album: "Pretty Noose", "Blow Up the Outside World", "Burden in My Hand", and "Ty Cobb". The album was notably less heavy than the group's previous albums, and marked a further departure from the band's grunge roots. Soundgarden explained at the time that it wanted to experiment with other sounds. David Browne of "Entertainment Weekly" said, "Few bands since Led Zeppelin have so crisply mixed instruments both acoustic and electric." However, tensions within the group startet during the sessions, with Thayil and Cornell reportedly clashing over Cornell's desire to shift away from the heavy guitar riffing that had become the band's trademark. Despite favorable reviews, the album did not match the sales of "Superunknown".
The band took a slot on the 1996 Lollapalooza tour with Metallica, who had insisted on Soundgarden's appearance on the tour. After Lollapalooza, the band embarked on a world tour. Tensions continued to increase during the tour in support of the album. When asked if the band hated touring, Cornell said, "We really enjoy it to a point and then it gets tedious, because it becomes repetitious. You feel like fans have paid their money and they expect you to come out and play them your songs like the first time you ever played them. That's the point where we hate touring." At the tour's final stop in Honolulu, Hawaii on February 9, 1997, Shepherd threw his bass into the air in frustration after suffering equipment failure, and subsequently stormed off the stage. The band retreated, with Cornell returning to conclude the show with a solo encore. On April 9, 1997, the band announced its disbanding. Thayil said, "It was pretty obvious from everybody's general attitude over the course of the previous half year that there was some dissatisfaction." Soundgarden's final release, a greatest-hits compilation titled "A-Sides", was released the following fall.
Post-Soundgarden.
Chris Cornell released his debut album in September 1999, titled "Euphoria Morning". Later, in 2001, he formed the supergroup Audioslave with the former members of Rage Against the Machine. Cornell recorded three albums as Audioslave's vocalist until the bands breakup in early 2007. His second solo album "Carry On" was released to mixed commercial success in June 2007.
Kim Thayil befriended ex-Dead Kennedys vocalist Jello Biafra, former Nirvana bassist Krist Novoselic and drummer Gina Mainwal for one show, performing as the No WTO Combo during the WTO ministerial conference in Seattle on December 1, 1999. Thayil later contributed guitar tracks to Steve Fisk's 2001 album "999 Levels of Undo", as well as Dave Grohl's side-project album "Probot", released in 2004. In 2006, Thayil performed guitar on the album "Altar", the collaboration between the bands Sunn O))) and Boris.
Matt Cameron turned his efforts to his side-project Wellwater Conspiracy, to which both Shepherd and Thayil have contributed. He then worked briefly with The Smashing Pumpkins and was even rumoured as a replacement for Jimmy Chamberlin. In 1998, he stepped in on drums for Pearl Jam's Yield Tour, and subsequently joined the band as a permanent member.
Ben Shepherd was the vocalist on Wellwater Conspiracy's first studio album, "Declaration of Conformity", released in 1997, however he left the band in 1998. He has toured with Mark Lanegan and released the second Hater album in 2005.
Regarding a future Soundgarden reunion, Cornell stated in an October 2005 interview that it would "probably not happen". He continued, "It's almost like we sealed the lid and said, this is Soundgarden and this is its lifespan, and put it out there. And it looks really great to me. I think getting back together would take the lid off that and then could possibly change what... to me seems like the perfect lifespan of the band. I can't think of any reason to mess with that." In interviews following his departure from Audioslave in February 2007, Cornell reiterated that the members of Soundgarden had no interest in reuniting. In an interview in early August 2007, Cornell mentioned that Thayil has wanted to release a box set or B-sides album of Soundgarden rarities, although no further information was given.

2658 Gingerich
2658 Gingerich (1980 CK) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on February 13, 1980 by Harvard College at Agassiz Station.

10051 Albee
10051 Albee (1987 QG6) is a Mars-crossing Asteroid that was found on August 23, 1987 by E. F. Helin at Palomar.

10099 Glazebrook
10099 Glazebrook (1991 VB9) is a Outer Main-belt Asteroid that was found on November 4, 1991 by the Spacewatch project at Kitt Peak. It was named for Anglo-Australian astronomer Karl Glazebrook.

11519 Adler
11519 Adler (1991 GZ4) is a main-belt Asteroid that was found on April 8, 1991 by E. W. Elst at the European Southern Observatory.

10178 Iriki
10178 Iriki (1996 DD) is a Main belt Asteroid that was found on February 18, 1996 by T. Kobayashi at Oizumi.

16154 Dabramo
16154 Dabramo (2000 AW2) is a Outer Main-belt Asteroid that was found on January 1, 2000 by A. Boattini and M. Tombelli at San Marcello Pistoiese.

3611 Dabu
3611 Dabu (1981 YY1) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on December 20, 1981 by Purple Mountain Observatory at Nanking.

7217 Dacke
7217 Dacke (1979 QX3) is a Outer Main-belt Asteroid that was found on August 22, 1979 by C.-I. Lagerkvist at the European Southern Observatory.

1864 Daedalus
1864 Daedalus is a Apollo asteroid, Venus-crosser asteroid, and Mars-crosser asteroid that was found on March 24, 1971 by Gehrels, T. at Palomar.

Book of Judges
The Book of Judges is the seventh book in both the Christian Bible (Old Testament), and the Jewish Tanakh. It was originally written in Hebrew, to the people in Israel.
It is not known for sure, but it is largely believed the book was written by the Judge Samuel, around 1000 AD.

Black people
Black people are a ethnic group, like white people and Hispanics. Black people usually have dark skin and broad noses, but can also have light skin and moderate noses.
Black people originated in Africa. They were the victims in the major slave trade, which resulted in many black people living in the United States and the Caribbean. In the United States, there was a civil rights movement. One of the leaders of this movement was Martin Luther King. The movement took place in the 1960s, after black people had been treated badly and not considered equal for many years. This is known as racism. Currently black people have equal rights in all major countries, but still often face discrimination.

Book of Ruth
The Book of "Ruth" (meaning "pity or compassion") is the eight book of the Old Testament (Christian), and the Tanakh (Jewish). It is one of the shortest books in both the Jewish and Christian Holy books, consisting of only four chapters. It is unknown who wrote the book, some think that it was written by Samuel, but there is no evidence for that. According to many scholars, this book was originally part of the Book of Judges, and was later taken from that book and made independent. It was probably written around 900 BC.
Story of Ruth.
The book tells the story of the family of Elimelech, his wife Naomi, and their sons Mahlon and Chilion. Because of a famine, they were forced to leave Bethlehem and go to the land of Moab. Once their, Elimelech died, and his sons married two Moabite women, Mahlon married Ruth, and Chilion married Orpah. After some time there, Mahlon and Chilion both died.
Naomi was forced to return home because her husband and sons were dead. She then told Ruth and Orpah return home to their families and find new husbands. Orpah returned home but Ruth promised she would follow Naomi wherever she went.
They returned to home and Ruth decided she would go into the fields to pick up grain the wealthy people would drop on the ground (a common practice in that time). A kind man named Boaz, who was the owner of the field, noticed her and her beauty. He told his workers to drop extra grain for her. When she went home to tell her Mother-in-law how much she received, they discovered that Boaz was a close relative of theirs.
After an even closer relative renounced his right to marry her, Boaz and Ruth were married! She would bear him a son named Obed, who was the father of Jesse, who was the father of David, who was, according only to the New Testament, the ancestor of Jesus.

Mesolithic
The "Mesolithic," or "Middle Stone Age" (from the Greek "mesos"," "middle," and "lithos"," "stone") was a period in the development of human technology between the Paleolithic and Neolithic periods of the Stone Age.
The Mesolithic period began at the end of the Pleistocene epoch, about 12,000 BCE, and ended with the introduction of agriculture.
In some areas, such as the Near East, agriculture was already underway by the end of the Pleistocene, and there the Mesolithic is short. In areas with limited influence of ice age, the term "Epipaleolithic" is sometimes preferred.
Regions that experienced greater environmental effects as the last ice age ended have a much more evident Mesolithic era. This lasted millennia. In Northern Europe, societies were able to live well on rich food supplies from the marshlands. Such conditions produced distinctive human behaviours which are preserved in characteristic finds. These conditions also delayed the coming of the Neolithic until as late as 4000 BCE (6,000 before present) in northern Europe.

Epipaleolithic
The Epipaleolithic or "peripheral old stone age" is a term used for the hunter-gatherer cultures that existed after the end of the last ice age, before the Neolithic.
The term is sometimes confused with Mesolithic, and the two are sometimes used as synonyms. Yet, when a distinction is made, Epipaleolithic is used for those cultures that where not much effected by the ending of the Ice Age and the term Mesolithic is reserved for Western Europe where the extinction of the Megafauna had a great influence on the paleolithic populations at the end of the Ice Age.

Neolithic Revolution
The Neolithic Revolution was the first agricultural revolution—the transition from nomadic hunting and gathering communities and bands to agriculture and settlement. It occurred in different prehistoric human societies at different times. Most societies changed 12–10 thousand years ago.
Needed changes.
The term refers to both the general time period over which these developments took place and the following changes to Neolithic human societies which are associated with, the adoption of early farming techniques, crop cultivation, and the domestication of animals.
The Neolithic Revolution is important for developments in social organization and technology. The changes most often associated with the Neolithic Revolution include an increased tendency to live in permanent or semi-permanent settlements. Because of this fewer people led a nomadic lifestyle. To be able to know who the crops grown belonged to, the concept of land ownership needed to be developed. Modifications to the natural environment, the ability to sustain higher population densities, an increased reliance on vegetable and cereal foods in the total diet, the development of hierarchy in society and of "trading economies" that use surplus production from increasing crop yields are other changes often cited.
General process.
When humans started to domesticate crops, and certain animals such as dogs, goats, sheep, and cattle, human society changed. Because people now grew crops and raised livestock they no longer needed to move around that much. They could build better settlements. Their diet also changed. It included more cereals and vegetables. People also started to keep and manage some foods - it was not advisable to eat all grain seeds, because then there would be no seeds left to plant the next year. Also, as there were surpluses in some years, these could be traded for other goods with other people.
These changes happened in several places of the world, independently. They did not happen in the same order though. The earliest farming societies in the Near East did not use pottery.It is still unclear, to what extent plants were domesticated in Britain, or if permanently settled communities existed at all. Early Japanese societies used pottery "before" developing agriculture.
In the Paleolithic there were many different human species. According to current research, only the modern human reached the Neolithic though.
Vere Gordon Childe gave the name "Neolithic Revolution" to this process in the 1920s. He thought that it was as important as the Industrial Revolution (which happened in the 18th and 19th century).

British Army
The British Army is the land armed forces branch of the British Armed Forces. It came into being with unification of the Kingdoms of England and Scotland into the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707. The new British Army incorporated Regiments that had already existed in England and Scotland and was administered by the War Office from London. Since 1963 it has been managed by the Ministry of Defence.
History.
From roughly 1763 the United Kingdom has been one of the leading military and economic powers of the world. The British Empire expanded in this time to include colonies, protectorates, and Dominions throughout the Americas, Africa, Asia and Australasia. Although the Royal Navy is widely regarded as having been vital for the rise of Empire, and British dominance of the world, the British Army played important roles in colonisation.
The British army was heavily involved in the Napoleonic Wars in which the army served in Spain, across Europe, and in North Africa. The war between the British and French Empires stretched around the world. The British Army finally came to defeat Napoleon at one of Britain's greatest military victories at the battle of Waterloo.
Under Oliver Cromwell, the English Army had been active in the conquest, and the settlement, of Ireland since the 1650s. The Cromwellian campaign was characterised by its uncompromising treatment of the Irish towns that had supported the Royalists during the English Civil War.

Mario Kart
"Mario Kart" is a series of racing video games made by Nintendo. It features Mario and his friends driving race carts. The first game was called "Super Mario Kart" and was made for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System video game console in 1993.
Gameplay.
Eight racers gather on a circuit and race for three or five laps until one kart finishes first. Along the way, players can pick up items to use against rivals. Some items help the player and others hurt the other players. For instance, a lightning bolt will make all the other racers smaller and slow them down, allowing the player who used it to speed ahead. A mushroom will give a big speed boost to the player who uses it.
All games after "Super Mario Kart" feature another mode called battle mode. In this mode, all racers are given a number of balloons and they race around a track. If they get hit by an item, they lose one balloon, and when they lose all of them they lose the game. The last player with any balloons is the winner.
Each game features two different racing modes. Players can either go right into whichever track of their choosing or they can play GP. In GP, players race on four or five tracks in a row and win a championship depending on how they place. They receive points for how they placed in the race.
Online.
The two latest games, "Mario Kart DS" and "Mario Kart Wii", use the Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection service. In "DS", players could only race on tracks. In "Wii", people can go into battle mode.
Playable characters.
Characters are listed in alphabetical order.

City Loop, Melbourne
The Melbourne City Loop is where Melbourne, Victoria's railway lines meet. Most of the stations are under the ground. The stations in the loop are Flinders Street Station, Southern Cross Station, Parliment, Melbourne Central and Flagstaff.

Percy Bysshe Shelley
Percy Bysshe Shelley (4 August 1792 – 8 July 1822) was an English poet of the early nineteenth century. He is widely thought of as one of most important poets of the Romantic movement in English literature. Some of his poems, like "Ozymandias" and "Ode to the West Wind", are among the most famous in English.
Shelley was the son of member of Parliament. He attended the University of Oxford, for only one year; he was expelled for being an atheist. In his own time Shelley was very unpopular for his political and religious views and for his personal conduct. He married young, but left his wife to run away with Mary Godwin. After Shelley's first wife committed suicide, Shelley married Mary Godwin; she later became famous as Mary Shelley, the author of the novel "Frankenstein".
Shelley left England and spent much of his life travelling in Europe, especially in Italy. He became a close friend of the poet Lord Byron, who also left England and travelled in Europe because of controversy at home. Shelley continued to write poetry throughout this time; he wrote several major works, like the verse drama "The Cenci" and long poems like "Alastor" and "Adonais", as well as many shorter poems.
About a month before his 30th birthday, Shelley drowned in a boating accident off the coast of Italy. He was one of a trio of important English Romantic poets of the same generation who died young; the other two were Lord Byron and John Keats.

Adem Çevik
Adem Çevik (born on June 20, 1973 in Zonguldak) a Turkish writer, teacher and researcher.

Romani language
Romani or Romany (native name: "romani ćhib") is the language of the Roma and Sinti. The Indo-Aryan Romani language should not be confused with either Romanian (spoken by Romanians), or Romansh (spoken in parts of southeastern Switzerland), both of which are Romance languages.
Analysis of the Romani language has shown that it is closely related to those spoken in central and northern India, Pothwari in particular. This linguistic relationship is believed to indicate the Roma's and Sinti's geographical origin. Loanwords in Romani make it possible to trace the pattern of their migration westwards.
Distribution.
The following table shows the distribution of Romani speakers in Europe according to Bakker et al. (2000). The last column shows the percentage of Romani speakers in the Roma population in each country.

Fudge
Fudge is a candy that can be rich and can have the flavor of cocoa. It is made by putting sugar, butter, milk, and chocolate and mixing them together.

Sinti
Sinti or Sinta (Singular masc.=Sinto; sing. fem.=Sintisa) is the name of some communities of the nomadic people usually called "Gypsies" in English. This includes communities known in German and Dutch as "Zigeuner" and in Italian as "Zingari". They are closely related to, and are usually considered to be a subgroup of, the Roma people.
While the Sinti were, until quite recently, chiefly nomadic, today only a small percentage of the group remains unsettled. In earlier times, they frequently lived on the outskirts of communities, generally in squalor.
The Sinti arrived in Germany and Austria in the Middle Ages, eventually splitting into two groups: "Eftavagarja" ("the Seven Caravans") and "Estraxarja" ("from Austria"). These two groups then expanded, the Eftavagarja into France, where they assimilated into the local Romani groups (Manouches), and the Estraxarja into Italy and Eastern Europe, mainly what are now Croatia, Hungary, Transylvania, the Czech Republic and Slovakia, eventually adopting various regional names.
In Italy they are present mainly in Piedmont region.
The Sinti have produced a great number of renowned musicians, such as jazz guitarist Django Reinhardt.

Strapping Young Lad
Strapping Young Lad is a Metal band from Vancouver, Canada. They play Death Metal. These people play in the band: Devin Townsend (guitar, vocals), Jed Simon (guitar, vocals), Byron Stoud (bass, vocals), Gene Hoglan (drums).

Rock climbing
Rock climbing is a sport where someone uses his hands and feet to climb up a rock or a
artifical climbing wall. Rock climbing is a very difficult sport because you need to have a lot of strength. Rock climbers must know how to use ropes, carabiners and climbing belts for their own safety.
Different kinds of rock climbing.
Because of may different kinds of rocks around the world, many different kinds of climbing started.

Doug Henning
Douglas James Henning (1947-2000) was a Canadian magician, illusionist and escape artist. He helped to re-popularize magic shows, during his heyday in the 1970s.
Henning's approach to magic and performing was different from earlier magicians. While magicians usually performed in black formal wear, Henning wore colorful clothes. He also studied psychology in college, to know how the human mind works.
He was a student of the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, and used Transcendental Meditation to help him focus and to relax. He tried to help the Maharishi open a theme park, called Vedaland. Henning also ran for public office in Canada, but lost the election.
Henning died in 2000 of liver cancer. Instead of normal medical treatments, he tried to cure himself through natural remedies and diet, but this did not work. After his death, Henning's widow kept the Vedaland campaign going.

Rancid
Rancid are an influential ska-punk band formed in 1991 in Albany, California by Tim Armstrong and Matt Freeman.
History.
Rancid were formed in 1991 out of the ashes of out of the seminal ska punk band Operation Ivy, which had broken up two years earlier. Following Operation Ivy's breakup, Tim Armstrong and Matt Freeman decided to form a new band, and started a hardcore punk group called Generator, which quickly broke up. They also started two other ska influenced bands, Downfall and Dance Hall Crashers, but moved on quickly from both. In 1991, after Armstrong and Freeman recruited drummer Brett Reed, Rancid officially became Rancid.
Rancid's first official recorded release was a 1992 self-titled EP, which is currently out of print, for Operation Ivy's old label Lookout! Records. Also during 1992, shortly after releasing this, Rancid were signed to Bad Religion guitarist Brett Gurewitz's label, Epitaph Records, and finally released their first album in 1993, which is also self-titled. Prior to its release, the band was looking a second guitarist and Armstrong asked former UK Subs guitarist Lars Frederiksen to be Rancid's second guitarist, but he immediately turned down the request. However, after Billie Joe Armstrong (who was in Green Day at the time) declined, Frederiksen changed his mind and decided to join Rancid.
Frederiksen was present on Rancid's second album, "Let's Go", which was released in 1994 and spawned the radio hit "Salvation". That year their label-mates, The Offspring, experienced a huge success with their album "Smash". The Offspring took Rancid on tour with them, and helped "Let's Go" make it to #97 on Billboard's Heatseekers and Billboard 200 charts, respectively. With the success of the album Rancid were pursued by several major labels, including Madonna's Maverick Records, but the band eventually turned down the idea of signing to a different label and decided to just stay on Epitaph.
Rancid's popularity grew in 1995 with their third album, "...And Out Come the Wolves", which quickly surpassed "Let's Go" in terms of success. The critically-acclaimed album, also the band's most successful, produced three singles, "Roots Radicals", "Time Bomb", and "Ruby Soho", which all charted on the North American Billboard Modern Rock Tracks, and the band performed two of these songs on "Saturday Night Live". "...And Out Come the Wolves" has continued to sell consistently well in the thirteen years since its release, and on January 22, 1996 was certified gold by the RIAA. It was also certified platinum on September 23, 2004.
Since the release of "...And Out Come the Wolves", Rancid would became one of the most important punk bands of the 1990s, along with ALL, Bad Religion, Face to Face, Green Day, Guttermouth, Lagwagon, NOFX, The Offspring, Pennywise, Social Distortion (the latter of which Freeman would eventually join and later leave), The Vandals, and many others.

Glen Canyon Dam
Glen Canyon Dam is a large dam on the Colorado River. It is located in Page, Arizona. The dam is 583 feet high and it is 1560 feet wide. It creates Lake Powell which is 186 miles long. The purpose of the dam is to create electricity and to prevent floods. The reservoir can store 27 million acre-feet of water (which is the amount of water that can cover one acre to 1 foot deep). Construction of the dam began in 1956. It was able to begin blocking the flow of the river in 1963.

Superunknown
"Superunknown" is the fourth studio album by the American rock band Soundgarden. The album was released in 1994. The album is well known thanks to singles like "Black Hole Sun", "Spoonman" and "Fell on Black Days".

Badmotorfinger
Badmotorfinger is the third studio album by the American rock band Soundgarden. It is one of Soundgardens best-selling albums. The album was released October 8, 1991.
"Satanoscillatemymetallicsonatas".
"Satanoscillatemymetallicsonatas" was a bonus CD included with some editions of "Badmotorfinger" (like how "Songs from the Superunknown" was included with "Superunknown". The title is a palindrome ("Satan, oscillate my metallic sonatas.")

11571 Daens
11571 Daens is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on July 20, 1993 by E. W. Elst at the European Southern Observatory.

2297 Daghestan
2297 Daghestan is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 1, 1978 by N. S. Chernykh at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory.

1669 Dagmar
1669 Dagmar (1934 RS) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 07, 1934 by Reinmuth, K. at Heidelberg.

806 Gyldenia
806 Gyldenia is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Max Wolf in 1915. Its provisional name was 1915 WX.

Bernoulli's principle
Bernoulli's principle in a concept in fluid dynamics. It says that when an incompressible fluid moves through different sizes of tube, the fluid's speed changes. This change in velocity is called "acceleration". Newton showed that acceleration only occurs through the action of a force. When a force acts over an area, it is called "pressure". So any change in a fluid's speed must be matched by a change in pressure (force). Bernoulli saw that the speed of the flow went up in the smaller part of the tube while the pressure on the side of the tube went down.
The full version of Bernoulli's principle includes both the work performed by the pressure and by the changes in potential energy from changes in height. In this form, the principle says the sum of the pressure, kinetic energy, and potential energy is a constant. (Bernoulli does not take into account viscosity or compressibility.)

Book of Proverbs
The Book of Proverbs is a book in both the Tanakh (Judaism), and the Old Testament (Christianity). The book contains some of the most important teaching and instructions in each of their respective Religions.
Most scholars believe that Solomon was the writer of at least part of the book. Other authors are mentioned as well, but these references are missing in the Greek Septuagint. The Septuagint sees King Solomon as the author of the whole Book of Proverbs. In the Middle Ages, scholars thought the Vulgate was a more faithful rendering of 30:1 and 31:1. In their eyes the words "Agur" and "Lamuel" were only other names for Solomon.
Dates for the writing of the book are unclear. Because of suggested authorship of Solomon, and the workings of Hezekiah's men, there are some dates that can be worked with. However there are not enough to give specific timing to the completion of the book, though it could have been as late as third century BC

Welwitschia
Welwitschia or "Welwitschia mirabilis" is know as one the oldest living plants. It can be called a "living fossil". The plant is mainly found in the deserts of Namibia. It is debated that certain plants are more than 5000 years old. This would make it the oldest living thing on Earth.
It is named after the discoverer, Dr. Friedrich Welwitsch. The plant is locally called "long haired thing". Its structure consists of a short, woody, topshaped stem, and never more than two leaves, which are the cotyledons enormously developed, and at length split into diverging segments.

Butterbur
Butterbur is the name of a group of low grass plants with leaves in the form of a heart. In general, the leaves are very big. Butterbur likes to grow near rivers and other water places in Europe, Asia and North America.
His root is very long and grows very quick. Flowers are white, yellow, white-yellow or white-red, they are small and in a great number.
Butterbur is used in medical purposes, but there is a poison in all parts of the plant.
It may be an interest plant for gardens.

Death Angel
Death Angel is a thrash metal band from Concord, California. They played from 1982 to 1991. But in 2001 they started to play again. All of their members are from the Phillipines. The members are: Mark Osegueda (vocals) Rob Cavestany (guitar, vocals), Ted Aguilar (guitar), Andy Galeon (drums), Dennis Pepa (bass, vocals)

Arch Enemy
Arch Enemy is a death metal band from Sweden. The started in 1996. The members are: Angela Gossow (vocals), Michael Amott (guitar, vocals), Christopher Amott (guitar), Sharlee D'Angelo, (bass) Daniel Erlandsson (drums).

Living fossil
Living fossil refers to life forms which have survived for a long time, and which can still be found today. For example, crocodiles are believed to have evolved approximately 200 million years ago (50 times longer than human evolution), River Dolphins are a living fossil that they do not have a common ancestor with any other living creature for around 25 million years, and thus they are considered to be living fossils.

Caliban (band)
Caliban is a metal band from Hattingen, Germany. They started in 1997. They play "metalcore" which is mixture of Hardcore and Heavy metal. The members are: Andreas Dörner (vocals), Denis Schmidt (guitar, vocals), Marc Görtz (guitar), Marco Schaller (bass, vocals) and Patrick Grün (drums).

NetBSD
NetBSD is an open source version of the Unix-derivative BSD computer operating system.

Soilwork
Soilwork is a death metal band from Helsingborg, Sweden. They started in 1996. They have made 7 albums until now. The members are: Bjørn „Speed“ Strid (vocals), Daniel Antonsson (guitar), Ola Flink, (bass), Dirk Verbeuren (drums) and Sven Karlsson (Keyboard).

Lamb of God
Lamb of God is a metal band from Richmond, Virginia. They started in 1990. They play a style called Groove metal with Death metal influences. This style is similar to Thrash metal but has more rhythm. Their music is very similar to Pantera's music. The members are: Randy Blythe (vocals), Mark Morton (guitar), Willie Adler (guitar), John Campbell (bass) and Chris Adler (drums).

Carabiner
A Carabiner is a metal loop, which can be opened on one side. The other side is often called "spine". Carabiners are often used for rock climbing, sailing and canoeing. They also are often used for construction of high buildings or window cleaning. The word comes from the German word "Karabinerhaken", which means "hook for a carbine".
Use in climbing.
In rock climbing a special kind of carabiner is used. This carabiner is called HMS. HMS is German and is short for "Halbmastwurfsicherung", a knot which is called Munter Hitch in English. HMS carabiners a very strong. They can hold loads up to 20 kN. All HMS carabiners have a screw lock. Other securing devices like a Grigri or an ATC must be used in combination with a HMS carabiner.

Cyclamen
"Cyclamen" is a genus of 20 species of flowering plants, classified in the family Myrsinaceae. The genus is most widely known by its scientific name Cyclamen being taken into common usage; other names occasionally confusingly, persian violet (it is not related to the violets), or primrose (neither is it a primrose), is to remember Cyclamen was classified in Primulaceae families by authorities.
Cyclamen are native to the Mediterranean region from Spain east to Iran, and also in northeast Africa south to Somalia. They are perennial herbaceous aestivating plants, with a surface or underground tuber (derived from the hypocotyl) 4-12 cm diameter, which produces leaves in late winter, and flowers in the autumn; the leaves die down during the hottest part of the Mediterranean summer drought to conserve water. Each leaf or flower grows on its own stem, which shoots up from the hypocotyl. The variegation is thought by some botanists to be a form of natural disruptive camouflage to reduce grazing damage by animals.
The hypocotyl grows leaves and flowers on stems, either one flower or one leaf per stem. The stem for leaves and flowers appears identical except in height. The leaves grow on stems of around 6cm height.

Bambi (character)
Bambi is the main character in Felix Salten's book "Bambi, A Life in the Woods". He is a European Roe Deer. Bambi is also the main character in the Disney movies based on the book: "Bambi" and "Bambi II". In the films Bambi's species was changed to the American White-tailed deer.

Grigri
Grigri is a securing device for rock climbing. Unlike many other securing devices, a Grigri is half-automatic. It works like a seat belt in a car. The rope can be slowly pulled through, but if there is lot of weight on the rope the Grigri locks the rope. "Grigri" is a trademark of the company Petzl, but because it was the first half-automatic securing device, many people call devices of other companies also Grigri.

Thumper (Bambi)
Thumper is a fictional rabbit in the Disney movies "Bambi" and "Bambi II". He is Bambi's sidekick.

Jacmel
Jacmel (Kréyòl: "Jakmèl") is a city in southeast Haiti, on the Caribbean coast, at the mouth of the river "Grande Rivière de Jacmel". It is the capital city of the Sud-Est "Département".
The city is in the "Baie de Jacmel" ("Jacmel Bay") about 86 km south of the Haitian capital Port-au-Prince. It is also the chief town of an "arrondissement" (a part of a department) with the same name. The "arrondissement" has four "communes" (a "commune" is like a municipality): Jacmel, Cayes-Jacmel, La Vallée and Marigot.
Name.
"Jacci" was the Taíno name for the region where is located Jacmel. It was changed to the Spanish word "Yáquimo" (sometimes written as "Jáquimo") and then to the French word Jacmel.
History.
Christopher Columbus gave the name "Puerto de Brasil" ("Brazil port") to the place where Jacmel is now because there were many trees called "Brasil" (English: Brazilwood) in the region that were cut and sent to Spain; the tree has a yellow substance (and wood) that was used to give that color to hair, cloths and other objects.
In 1504, Nicolás de Ovando, Spanish governor of the Hispaniola, founded the town of "Villanueva de Yáquimo" (or "Villanova de Yáquimo"). But people left the town and French people came to live here; in 1698, the new town of Jacmel was founded.
Jacmel today.
There are many beautiful old houses in Jacmel, from the 1880s. Since 2004, the 'Festival Film Jakmèl' is celebrated in Jacmel and, since 2007, the international music festival 'Festival Mizik Jakmèl'.
Many visitors come to Jacmel for its carnival, the "Bassins Bleu" waterfalls, and the white sand beaches near the city.

Honda S2000
The Honda S2000 is a roadster created by the car company Honda. It was first on sale in April 1999. It is the Successor (new model) of the S800.
Models.
The S2000 was introduced in 1999 as a 2000 model.
In 2004, the new S2000 was introduced.

Narre Warren railway station, Melbourne
Narre Warren Railway Station is a railway station in Metcard Zone 2, located in Narre Warren, Victoria.

Premium station
A Premium station is a term used in the Melbourne train system for a station where there are better things than the other stations. There are currently 72 stations like this. All 5 City Loop stations are Premium stations, as well as the following stations -

Gary the Snail
Gary the Snail is a animated fictional character in the Nickelodeon childrens television series "Spongebob Squarepants". The voice for the character is done by Tom Kenny.
Gary is Spongebob's pet snail. There have been several episodes in which Gary turns away from Spongebob. Examples include "Have You Seen This Snail" and "Dumped". It is found out in the episode "Missing Identity" that Gary eats a brand of food called Snail-Po. In the series, Gary always talks like a cat, saying 'Meow'. Apparently Spongebob can undersand Gary's meows and purrs. Gary has actually talked a few times in the series, for example in "Opposite Day", "The Secret Box", and the "Spongebob Squarepants Movie". Gary is Patrick's cousin, as seen in "Rule of Dumb". Even though Gary cannot talk properly, he is shown to be one of the smartest characters in the series, especially in "Sleepy Time".

Walker Percy
Walker Percy (May 28, 1916 – May 10, 1990) was an American author. He wrote a novel called "The Moviegoer".

Talcott Parsons
Talcott Parsons (December 13, 1902 - May 8, 1979) was a American who created an idea called structural functionalism. This is a type of sociology.

Edward Hopper
Edward Hopper (born July 22, 1882 – died May 15, 1967) was an American painter. He created paintings called "The Nighthawks" and "Chop Suey".

Elias Canetti
Elias Canetti (born July 25, 1905 – died August 14, 1994) was an Austrian-British Jewish author who wrote "Crowds and Power". A mountain in Antarctica is named for him.

Gao Xingjian
Gao Xingjian (pron.;; Wade-Giles: Kao Hsing-chien; born January 4, 1940), is a French Chinese émigré writer. He won the 2000 Nobel Prize in Literature. he is also a stage director and a painter.

English Renaissance drama
English Renaissance drama, or English Renaissance theatre, means the stage plays written and acted in the later 16th century and the first half of the 17th century, during the Renaissance period in England. This period in English history saw a great growth in drama as an art form and public entertainment. William Shakespeare, widely thought of as the greatest writer in English literature, is the most famous of many important playwrights, poets, and writers who worked in this era.
English Renaissance drama is sometimes called Elizabethan drama, since its most important developments started when Elizabeth I was queen of England from 1558 to 1603. But this name is not very accurate; the drama continued after Elizabeth's death, into the reigns of King James I (1603–1625) and his son King Charles I (1625–1649). Shakespeare, for example, started writing plays in the later years of Elizabeth's reign, but continued into the reign of James. When writing about plays from James's reign, scholars and critics sometimes use the term Jacobean drama; plays from Charles I's reign are called Caroline drama. (These names come from the Latin forms of the two kings' names, "Jacobus" for James and "Carolus" for Charles.) But for the subject as a whole, terms like English Renaissance drama or theatre are more accurate.
The year 1576 was a key date in this subject, since that is when the first permanent theatre building was built in London. It was called simply The Theatre, because it was the only place of its kind in England at the time. Before 1576, plays were acted in public halls and large houses, and in inns and public squares and courtyards and other open spaces, by troops of actors that mostly travelled around the countryside between cities and towns. Once the actors had a permanent place to act plays, they could develop their art without the constant need to travel. The Theatre was followed by other theatres in the London area; there were the Curtain, The Rose, the Swan, the Globe, and others too. More plays were written by more playwrights to fill these theatres.
Playwrights worked in both the classic types of drama, tragedy and comedy. They also began their own type of history play, mainly about earlier English kings and the events of their reigns. Shakespeare's "Richard III" and Marlowe's "Edward II" are two examples of this type of English history play. Plays were often written in poetry; early plays were mainly in rhymed verse, though as time passed playwrights came to prefer unrhymed blank verse. Prose was also used in some plays, mostly for comedy.
English Renaissance drama grew and devloped until 1642, when it suddenly stopped. In the early years of the English Civil War, the Puritans who were fighting King Charles gained control of London and the region around it. The Puritans were against play-acting; they thought it was sinful and immoral. On September 2, 1642, the Puritans forced the London theatres to close, and to stay closed for most of the time until 1660. Then the English Restoration brought a new king, Charles II, who let the theatres re-open. In the 18-year gap between 1642 and 1660, English society had changed a good deal, and a new style of drama rose up in the Restoration era; it is usually called Restoration drama or Restoration theatre.

Blank verse
Blank verse means poetry that does not use rhyme.
Many critics judge blank verse to be better than rhyme for serious subjects, and many poets have used blank verse for their most important works. Shakespeare used rhyme in his early plays, but in his more mature works like "Hamlet" he preferred blank verse. John Milton wrote "Paradise Lost" in blank verse, and Wordsworth used it for "The Prelude" and "The Excursion". John Keats used rhyme in his "Endymion", his first try at a major poem; for his second attempt, "Hyperion", he switched to blank verse.
Many 20th century poets gave up both rhyme and the strict meter of blank verse to write free verse.

807 Ceraskia
807 Ceraskia is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Max Wolf in 1915. Its provisional name was 1915 WY.

Altamira (cave)
Altamira (Spanish for 'high view') is a cave in Spain famous for its Upper Paleolithic cave paintings featuring drawings and coloured paintings of wild mammals and human hands. It is located near the town of "Santillana del Mar" in Cantabria, Spain, 30 km west of the city of "Santander". The cave with its paintings has been declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.

FC Kuban Krasnodar
FC Kuban () is a Russian football club based in Krasnodar. In 2006 they won promotion to the Russian Premier League. Kuban have previously spent two seasons in Russian Premier League and three seasons in Soviet Top League.
History.
The club was founded as Dynamo in 1928, but was named Neftyanik in 1954, Kuban in 1958, and Spartak in 1960. In 1963 the club was renamed Kuban and has been known by this name ever since.
Kuban and their predecessors mainly played at the lower levels of Soviet football, winning the RSFSR championship four times. Kuban played in the Soviet Top League in 1980-1982, achieving their best result (13th position) in 1981.
In 1992, due to the dissolution of the USSR, Kuban were entitled to play at the top level instead of being relegated to the Second League. They finished 18th out of 20 teams and were relegated. After spending several seasons in First and Second divisions, they won promotion back to the Premier League for 2004, but were again relegated straight away. This happened again in 2006 when they won promotion for the 2006-2007 season and then finished second to bottom.

SM-liiga
SM-liiga is the top professional ice hockey league in Finland. It is generally thought of as one of the top leagues in Europe. It started 1975. SM is a common abbreviation for "Suomen mestaruus", "Finnish championship".

Aurochs
The aurochs or urus ("Bos primigenius") was a very large type of cattle, that was once very common in Europe but is extinct now.
The word "aurochs" (or) comes to English from German. The use in English of the plural form "aurochsen" is directly parallel to the German plural and analogous to English "ox" (sg), "oxen" (pl).
The word "urus" () comes to English from Latin, but came to Latin from Germanic origins. The words "aurochs", "urus", and "wisent"  have all been used synonymously in English., But the extinct aurochs/urus is a completely separate species from the wisent (the European bison).
According to the Paleontologisk Museum, University of Oslo, aurochs developed in India some two million years ago, came into the Middle East and further into Asia, and reached Europe about 250,000 years ago. They were once considered a distinct species from modern European cattle ("Bos taurus"), but today not any more. Modern cattle have become much smaller than their wild forebears: the height of a large domesticated cow is about 1.5 meters (5 feet, 15 hands), whereas aurochs were about 1.75 meters (5.75 feet, 17 hands). Aurochs also had several features rarely seen in modern cattle, such as lyre-shaped horns set at a forward angle, a pale stripe down the spine, and different color according to the sex. Males were black with a pale stripe down the spine, while females and calves were reddish (these colours are still found in a few domesticated cattle breeds, such as Jersey cattle). Aurochs were also known to have very aggressive temperaments and killing one was seen as a great act of courage in ancient cultures.
Subspecies.
At one time there existed three aurochs subspecies, namely "Bos primigenius namadicus" (Falconer, 1859) that occurred in India, the "Bos primigenius mauretanicus" (Thomas, 1881) from North Africa and naturally the "Bos primigenius primigenius" (Bojanus, 1827) from Europe and the Middle East. Only the European subspecies has survived until recent times.

Privas
Privas is a commune of France and a "préfecture" (capital) of the Ardèche "département". With a 1999 census population of only 9,170 people, it is the second smallest prefecture of any department in France. There are four bigger communes in Ardèche, called Annonay, Aubenas, Guilherand-Granges, and Tournon-sur-Rhône. The French footballer Cyril Théréau was born here.

Guilherand-Granges
Guilherand-Granges is a town and commune of the Ardèche "département", in the southern part of France.

Tournon-sur-Rhône
Tournon-sur-Rhône is a commune of the Ardèche "département", in France. The commune has a population of 9,960 people as of the year 1999.
Geography.
It can be found on the right bank of the Rhône River, across from the Tain-l'Hermitage. That can be found in the Drôme "département".
Sights.
The Great Bridge of Tournon was one of the largest bridge arches in the world before 1600.

Battle of Marion
The Battle of Marion (December 17–December 18, 1864) was a military engagement in the American Civil War that occurred when Major General George Stoneman, commander of the Union Army in Kentucky and Tennessee, raided Southwestern Virginia. General Stoneman's plan was to destroy anything that might benefit the Southern war effort and was approved by his commanding officers on December 6, 1864.
The Confederates managed to hold the key positions on the battlefield against numerous Union charges. Eventually, the Confederates ran short of ammunition and were forced to withdraw. The total casualties for this battle were 274, relatively low for a battle during the Civil War.
After the battle, the Union expedition set out to destroy the salt mines, lead works, and anything else in the area that could be of benefit to the Confederates.
Location.
The town of Marion is located in Southwest Virginia on the Middle Fork of the Holston River in Smyth County, Virginia. It was about half way between the salt works at Saltville and the lead mines near Wytheville. Situated near the Mason-Dixon line, many of the town's families were divided and fought on opposing sides. Until the winter of 1864, the town of Marion had been protected from fighting by the mountains and geographic location.
Proposition.
Major General George Stoneman, commander of the Union Army in Kentucky and Tennessee, proposed another expedition into southwest Virginia to destroy all facilities and supplies of benefit to the Confederate war effort. This gained the approval of Major General John Schofield on December 6, 1864.
Preparations.
Stoneman would use troops under General Alvan Gillem and those commanded by General Stephen Burbridge--including the 5th and the 6th U.S. Colored Cavalry who had participated in the failed previous attempt to destroy the salt works at the first Battle of Saltville. Stoneman ordered Burbridge to bring his army of 4,200 men through the Cumberland Gap to join Stoneman and General Gillem at Knoxville, Tennessee where Gillem was refitting his own command into a picked force of 1,500 men. Stoneman did not reveal the objectives of the expedition to his subordinates until three days after it had departed Knoxville on December 10. On December 12, Stoneman's force flanked and forced back Confederate General Basil Duke's cavalry at Rogersville, Tennessee. The Federals defeated and scattered the Confederates the next day at Kingsport, Tennessee. There General Gillem captured 84 prisoners, including Col. Richard C. Morgan and the brigade's supply train.
On the 14th, the Union army began to push Duke's cavalry back toward Abingdon, Virginia. The next day, Stoneman and his cavalry went into camp at Glade Spring, Virginia, which was about west of Marion. On December 16, Stoneman's cavalry rode toward Marion, destroying infrastructure and public buildings along their path.
Confederate army.
The opposing force of General Stoneman was the army of Major General John C. Breckinridge, who was the commander of the Department of Southwest Virginia. Breckinridge's command consisted of approximately 1,000 regular troops with another 500 militia reserves. Most of the army had been transferred to the Army of Northern Virginia to help in the defense of Richmond.
Preparations.
Breckinridge's army consisted of Colonel Henry Giltner's brigade, (which was formed from the soldiers of the 4th Kentucky Cavalry and the 10th Kentucky Cavalry); the 10th Kentucky Mounted Rifles (later renamed to the 13th Kentucky Cavalry), and the 64th Virginia Mounted Infantry. Breckinridge's army also included General Basil Duke's cavalry, General George Cosby's cavalry and Colonel Vincent Witcher and his 34th Battalion of Virginia Cavalry.
On the night of December 16, General Breckinridge and his troops moved out of Saltville, Virginia in an effort to stop Stoneman. Taking the regular troops with him, Breckinridge left Colonel Robert Preston in charge of the 500 militia men to defend the salt works. General Breckinridge sent Witcher and his men of the 34th on ahead of his main force and ordered them to harass the Union army.
At about 3 a.m. (Local Time), Breckinridge and his small army began to travel across Walkers Mountain. In the last few days before the march, 4" of rain fell, making travel difficult across the muddy roads. At 4:00 a.m. (Local Time), they reached the main road near Seven Mile Ford, Virginia where Breckinridge waited for daylight before continuing.
Advance.
Around noon of December 17, 1864, Breckinridge's men mounted their horses rode toward Marion. Meanwhile, General Stoneman sent some of his Tennessee regiments to Wytheville, Virginia to destroy anything that looked valuable. Stoneman also sent two regiments of cavalry to destroy the lead mines and smelting facilities that were located about ten miles (16 km) from Wytheville.
Stoneman and Burbridge continued on toward Marion where they encountered Witcher and his men. Burbridge's front regiment easily pushed back Witcher's small regiment, who stopped just so they could fire a volley into the Union cavalry. They then continued to retreat toward Marion. Witcher sent a courier to inform Breckinridge that they were coming to join them at Marion.
First day.
General Breckinridge's front regiment was the 10th Kentucky Mounted Rifles, under the command of Colonel Benjamin Caudill. Caudill's men dismounted and fired into the Union cavalry, causing several casualties. As the rest of Breckinridge's troops began to arrive on the scene, General Stoneman's men secured the high hill overlooking the river. Breckinridge observed that these hills were the best defensive positions in the area; following which he ordered the men of the 10th Kentucky Mounted Rifles to charge up the hill and drive out the Union army. The rest of Giltner's Brigade also joined in the charge, routing the Union soldiers. The result of the charge ended in Confederate favor, and the Confederates gained control of the hill.
Burbridge then began to form his men up in columns to counterattack the Rebel defenses. As soon as the men were in position, he ordered all columns to charge in unison. After the signal, the Union Army surged forward. The first Confederate volley of shots depleted the Union forces considerably. Even after the volley, the Rebel forces were still vastly outnumbered. Confederate Artillery commander Major Richard Page and his battery of four 10-pounder Parrott rifles began to fire, attempting to slow the charge. The overwhelming fire forced the Union soldiers to fall back with many casualties.
The Union officers then reorganized their men and with a yell of their own, charged again. Like the previous charge, this charge also was repelled. One more charge occurred that day. Courageously, the men formed and prepared to face the withering fire that they knew would come from the breast works in their front. For the final time that day, the Union army charged into Confederate fire with the same results as the previous charges. The Rebels had held on to their position during the first day of battle.
Breckinridge ordered his men to move forward and build new breastworks. These new defensive positions placed the two armies less than one hundred fifty yards apart. During the night, one Union officer was ordered to take positions at the covered bridge near the river. He and 75 men took up positions in and around the covered bridge. This was the only advance of that night by the Union army.
Second day.
The Union army that was positioned at the covered bridge fired the first few volleys at the rebels to harass their front positions. General Burbridge attacked just as the fog lifted. To entertain themselves, soldiers from both armies began to hurl insults across the fields between them. About midmorning Burbridge decided that the light rain probably would not stop falling any time soon and had his officers prepare to commence the battle.
Both armies yet again raised their battle cries. Columns of Union men charged across the fields into the same fire they had received the day before. A combination of the colored and the white troops managed to push the 4th Kentucky Infantry and General Cosby's positions back. Cosby rallied his men and counterattacked, retaking their breastworks. The Union soldiers that had taken positions at the covered bridge the night before began to take pressure from the 4th Kentucky in their front. They realized their location was not safe one and some began to try to run back to the Union lines. As these men would attempt to retreat from their positions at the bridge, the rebels of the would pick most of them off. The remaining Union soldiers at the bridge decided to wait out the battle. Later in the day General Burbridge ordered one of his regiments to charge across the bridge on horseback to relieve the pressure on the trapped men. The regiment solely received a few casualties and then retreated.
On the far right, General Duke was being pressed hard by the heavy columns of attacking soldiers. Seeing this, Colonel Giltner sent his regiment to reinforce Duke. Before the 2nd arrived, Duke and his men counterattacked the Union line and routed it. Duke and Witcher then combined forces and charged the Union's extreme left flank. This Union colored regiment was also completely routed.
Burbridge and his men then went into a disorderly retreat. The confederate rail breastworks had held, but the holding of the line had resulted in the use of a huge amount of ammunition. Each Rebel defender had shot at least seventy-five rounds, and some having fired as many as a hundred shots. The Union army then ordered another charge with a large cavalry regiment that reinforced the Union infantry. The unexpected fighting capabilities of the small Confederate army had temporarily created a reprieve for the salt works.
Aftermath.
Breckinridge ordered his field officers to make an inspection of the troops and to report back with the condition of his army. The number of men wounded and killed had depleted his army to the point that he could judged that he could no longer hold back the Union army at the front lines. Ammunition in the camp was also running low; each man had no more than ten cartridges apiece. With their supplies destroyed by Stoneman's army at the towns of Wytheville and Abingdon, there was little hope of being resupplied or reinforced in time.
Breckinridge then ordered his men to retreat from the battlefield. Though the men faced miserable conditions, they were confident they could hold the field the next day. Angrily they obeyed orders and silently began to move out with Colonel Ben Caudill and his Mounted Rifles leading the way.
Outcome.
The battle at Marion was a Union victory. The vastly outnumbered Rebels had inflicted moderate casualties and slowed the advance on Saltville, but were unable to stop it. Finding their own path to Saltville's defenses blocked, Breckinridge and his men retreated further south, while the Union raiders advanced. Saltville would fall to a night attack on December 20 - December 21 and the salt works would be destroyed by the Union army.
The damage to the leadmines near Wytheville would keep them out of production for three months, and then only partial production would be possible. Salt production would not be resumed for over a month. All railroad locomotives, cars, depots and bridges in the vicinity had been destroyed by the raid. General Stoneman claimed to have captured 34 officers and 845 enlisted men during the raid.

FC Angusht Nazran
FC Angusht Nazran are a Russian football club from Nazran. In 2006 the club played in the Russian First Division, the second level of Russian professional football.
The club was founded in 1993 as "Ingushetia Nazran" and entered the Russian Third League in 1994. In 1995 the club was renamed Angusht and finished second in their zone, securing promotion to the Second League. Angusht finished second in 1998 and third in 2000, and in 1995 they managed to win their Second Division zone to get another promotion. The club spent the 2006 season in the First Division, finishing last between 22 teams. After the season Angusht went bankrupt, were renamed FC Nazran and joined the Amateur Football League.

Union Army
The Union Army was the name of the army that fought for the Union during the American Civil War. It was also known as the Federal Army, the U.S. Army, the Northern Army, or the National Army.
Structure.
It consisted of the small United States Army (the regular army), increased by many numbers of units supplied by the Northern states, composed of volunteers as well as draftees.
History.
The Union Army fought and defeated the Confederate States Army during the war, from 1861 to 1865. Of the 2.5 million men who served in the Union Army during the war, about 9.5% were African American, about 360,000 died from being hurt in battle, disease, and 280,000 were wounded.

Confederate States Army
The Confederate States Army (CSA) was organized in February 1861 to defend the newly formed Confederate States of America from military action by the United States government during the American Civil War. As many as 1.4 million men fought in the Army throughout the war. Although it won a significant number of battles (particularly in the Eastern Theater under General Robert E. Lee), a lack of centralized control of the Army and the logistical and manpower advantages of the United States doomed the CSA to eventual failure and the last of its field armies surrendered in May 1865. On June 23, 1865, Georgia's Stand Watie became the last Confederate general to surrender.

Stand Watie
Stand Watie (December 12, 1806 – September 9, 1871) (also known as Degataga meaning to "stand firm" and Isaac S. Watie) was a leader of the Cherokee Nation and a brigadier general of the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. He commanded the American Indian cavalry made up mostly of Cherokee, Creek and Seminole.

George Stoneman
George Stoneman, Jr. (August 22, 1822 – September 5, 1894) was a career U.S. Army officer, a Union cavalry general in the American Civil War, and the Governor of California between 1883 and 1887.

Cornas
Cornas is a French "commune" that can be found in the département of Ardèche in the region of Rhône-Alpes. The name is Celtic for "burnt land." It has a population of 2,082 people.

Military history
Military history is the history of what happened in the history of humanity that are considered to be conflicts. This could mean anything as small as a fight between two tribes or a conflict as large as a world war. Military historians record military history.

Coux, Ardèche
Coux is a commune of the Ardèche "département" in the south-east of France. The commune has a population of 1,466 people as of the year 1999.

Cruas
Cruas is a village and commune that can be found by the Rhône River in the Ardèche "département" of France. The commune has a population of 2,405 people as of the year 1999.

Davézieux
Davézieux is a village and commune in the Ardèche "département" in the center of southern France. The commune has a population of 2,629 people as of the year 1999.

Désaignes
Désaignes is a village and commune in the Ardèche "département" in the southern part of France. The commune has a population of 1,105 people as of the year 1999.

Félines, Ardèche
Félines is a commune of the Ardèche "département" in the south-east of France. The commune has a population of 1,106 people as of the year 1999.

Jaujac
Jaujac is a town and commune in the Ardèche "département", in the southern part of France. The commune has a population of 1,048 people as of the year 1999.

Joyeuse (disambiguation)
Joyeuse is the name of Charlemagne's sword.

Joyeuse, Ardèche
Joyeuse ()is a "commune" in the French department of Ardèche in the region of Rhône-Alpes. It is the seat of the canton of Joyeuse. Joyeuse has a population of 1,487 people as of the year 1999.
Geography.
Joyeuse can be found in the region of Bas-Vivarais that has a lot of history. It can be found in the valley of the Beaume, which is a tributary of the Ardèche River.
Twin town.
Joyeuse is twinned with Jupille and Vilassar de Dalt.

Labégude
Labégude is a town and commune in the Ardèche "département", in the southern part of France. The commune has a population of 1,337 people as of the year 1999.

Lachapelle-sous-Aubenas
Lachapelle-sous-Aubenas is a village and commune in the Ardèche "département" of the center of southern France. The commune has a population of 1,264 people as of the year 1999.

Chauvet Cave
The Chauvet Cave or Chauvet-Pont-d'Arc Cave lies at N 44° 21' and E 4° 29' 24", near "Vallon-Pont-d'Arc", in the Ardèche département, in southern France. It became famous in 1994 when it was found that its walls were richly decorated with Paleolithic artwork, that it contained the fossilized remains of many animals, including some that are now extinct, and that the floor preserved the footprints of animals and humans. The Chauvet Cave was soon regarded as one of the most significant pre-historic art sites, along with Lascaux, Altamira, and Cosquer.
Features.
The gorges of the Ardèche region have many caves, many of them having some geological or archaeological importance. The Chauvet Cave, however, is uncharacteristically large and the quality, quantity, and condition of the artwork found on its walls has been called spectacular. It appears to have been occupied by humans during two distinct periods: the "Aurignacian" and the "Gravettian". Most of the artwork dates to the earlier, Aurignacian, era (30,000 to 32,000 years ago). The later Gravettian occupation, which occurred 25,000 to 27,000 years ago, left little but a child's footprint, remains of ancient hearths and carbon smoke stains from torches that lit the caves.
The soft, clay like floor of the cave retains the paw prints of cave bears along with large, rounded, depressions that are believed to be the "nests" where the bears slept. Fossilized bones are abundant and include the skulls of cave bears and the horned skull of an ibex.
Hundreds of animal paintings have been catalogued, showing at least 13 different species, including those which have rarely or never been found in other ice age paintings. In addition to commonly hunted animals: horses, cattle, reindeer, etc.. The walls of the Chauvet Cave are covered with predatory animals: lions, panthers, bears, owls, rhinos and hyenas. Typical of most cave art, there are no paintings of complete human figures, although there is one possible, partial "Venus" figure that may represent the legs and genitals of a woman. A peculiar figure appears to have the lower body of a woman with the upper body of a bison. There are a few panels of red ochre hand prints and hand stencils made by spitting pigment over hands pressed against the cave surface. Abstract markings—lines and dots—are found throughout the cave. There are also two unidentifiable images that have a vaguely butterfly shape to them. This combination of subjects has led experts in pre-historic art and cultures to believe that there was likely a ritualistic, shamanistic, or magical aspect to these paintings.
The artists who produced these unique paintings used techniques not often observed in other cave art. Many of the paintings appear to have been made only after the walls were scraped clear of debris and concretions. This left a smoother and noticeably lighter area upon which the artists worked. Similarly, a three dimensional quality is achieved by incising or etching about the outlines of certain figures. This visually emphasizes some of the animals and allows torch light to cast shadows about the edges.
Dating.
The cave contains the oldest known cave paintings, based on radiocarbon dating of "black from drawings, from torch marks and from the floors." Clottes concludes that the "dates fall into two groups, one centred around 27,000-26,000 BP and the other around 32,000-30,000 BP." As of 1999, the dates of 31 samples from the cave had been reported, with the earliest being 32,900±490 BP.
However, some archaeologists have questioned these dates.
History.
The cave was named after Jean-Marie Chauvet, who discovered it on December 18,1994, together with Christian Hillaire and Eliette Brunel-Deschamps.
The researchers found that the cave had been untouched for 20,000-30,000 years.

Druid
A druid was a member of the priestly and learned class in the pre-Christian, ancient Celtic societies. These societies existed through much of Western Europe, Britain and Ireland, until the Roman government took over and, later, Christianity arrived. Druids were part of the cultures of the tribal peoples who were called "Keltoi" ("Κέλτοι") or "Keltai" ("Κέλται") and "Galatai" ("Γαλάται") by the Greeks and "Celtae" and "Galli" by the Romans. In the communities they served, druids combined the duties of priest, arbitrator, healer, scholar, and magistrate. Both men and women served as druids, although there is no early proof for female druids, or druidesses.
History.
From what little we know of late druidic practices, it appears deeply traditional and conservative, in the sense that druids were conserving the old culture and lore for their communities. It is impossible now to judge whether this continuity had deep historical roots and originated in the social transformations of the late La Tène culture, or whether there had been a discontinuity and then a religious innovation.
Greek and Roman writers on the Celts commonly made at least passing reference to druids, though before Caesar's report merely as "barbarian philosophers"; They were not concerned with ethnology or comparative religion and consequently our historical knowledge of druids is very limited. Druidic lore consisted of a large number of verses learned by heart, and Caesar remarked that twenty years were required to complete the course of study.
Druidic culture are believed to be practicers of rituals and such magic, Druids were believed to be a neutral people they were known as Druid(ae) similar to priests and scholars believed to have studied rituals of Human sacrifice and Familiars(Known currently as a form of a pet from a practicer; Witch,Druidae,Warlock) The Druidic culture was believed to have some form of religous complication.
Druids are known to have practiced such as reincarnation as animials of worship (Bird,Lion,Tiger,Cat,Monkey)but such cannot be proved as what we know so far.
They were said to have lived in Roman times in great britain and ireland it is said that they have some form of connection to stonehenge and other monuments.

Lalevade-d'Ardèche
Lalevade-d'Ardèche is a village and commune in the Ardèche "département" in the center of southern France. The commune has a population of about 1,000 people as of the year 1999.

Lamastre
Lamastre is a village and commune in the Ardèche "département" in the center of southern France. The commune has a population of about 2,400 people as of the year 1999.

Lavilledieu
Lavilledieu is a "commune" in the Ardèche "département" in the southern part of France. The commune has a population of about 1,400 people as of the year 1999.

Saint-Péray
Saint-Péray is a town and commune in the Ardèche "département", in the southern part France. The commune has a population of about 6,500 people as of the year 1999.

La Voulte-sur-Rhône
La Voulte-sur-Rhône is a village and commune in the Ardèche "département" in the center of southern France. The commune has a population of about 5,100 people as of the year 1999.

Viviers, Ardèche
Viviers is a commune in the French "département" of Ardèche. The commune has a population of about 3,400 people as of the year 1999.
History.
Viviers became the capital of the Gaulish Helvii tribe following the falling of nearby Alba-la-Romaine.

Druidism
Druidism or Druidry (referred to as Neodruidry or Neodruidism by some followers) is a form of modern spirituality that generally promotes harmony with nature, often through the form of nature worship. It is considered to be a Neopagan faith.
Originally inspired by 17th, 18th and 19th century romantic movements, early neo-druidism was based upon largely historically incorrect depictions of the Iron Age Celtic druids, and has no direct relation to the ancient Celts or their culture.
Beliefs and Practises.
Neo-druidic beliefs vary wildly, and there is no set dogma or belief system by which all adherents follow. The main belief is an idea that the Earth and nature is sacred, and is worthy of worship itself. For this reason many druids are pantheistic.

Shutter (2008 film)
"Shutter" is an American film released on March 21, 2008. It is about a newly married couple finding disturbing, ghostly images in photographs they develop after a tragic accident. Fearing the manifestations may be connected, they investigate and learn that some mysteries are better left unsolved.

Rajput
Rajput constitute one of the major Hindu Kshatriya groups from India. They claim descent from ancient royal warrior dynasties of Kshatriyas. They are identified with the word "Rajanya" found in ancient Indian literature and trace their roots to Rajputana or Rajputstan (India). In ancient times the son of a king was referred as to Rajput- Raja-putra. The Rajputs consist of many different clans.

Metcard
A Metcard is a type of ticket used to use public transport in Melbourne, Australia. It allows the holder to use Trains, Trams and Buses, in two zones (Zone 1 and Zone 2). Zone 1 covers areas close to the CBD, and Zone 2 covers the rest of the city. There used to be a Zone 3, but that has been merged with Zone 2. The ticket is about the size of a credit card, and contains a magnitic strip that tells a computer what type of ticket it is.
History.
Metcard replaced a identical yet simpler system of scratchies used on the Melbourne public transport network. Scratchies were easy to cheat and the system was eventually abandoned in 2002, but not before tickets for many years of use were printed.
Moves towards automated ticketing were first made by the then state Liberal Government in 1992. Tenders were called for the design, supply, installation and on-going maintenance of such a system, with the 'OneLink Transit Consortium' announced as the preferred people to do it in September 1993. The contract was signed in May 1994, with the major technology supplier being the ERG Group.
Testing of prototypes commenced in December 1993, and the roll-out of the system was carried out from August 1996 to April 1998, and acceptance occurred in November 1997. Public field trials were carried out on buses from August 20 1996, and on rail services from September 18 1996. The system commenced full revenue service from May 1998 at a cost of $330 million. Contractual issues between OneLink and the Victorian Government were not settled until May 2002 with the payment of up to $65 million in a staged settlement.
Controversy surrounded Metcard at its introduction, due to it costing to much, the abolition of tram conductors and the unreliability of ticket purchasing and validation machines. The machines were attacked by vandals frequently (often by pouring liquids into the coin slot), and have seen several revisions to their design since.
Consistent with the privatisation ethos of the government of the day, Metcard's operation was entirely outsourced, with the transport operators (at that time government-owned) having nothing to do with the system. Metcard even had its own website and branding which became stronger than the anonymous and constantly renaming government then privatised operators.
An study released by the State Government in 2001 showed over 1 in 4 (27.2%) of the machines at train stations did not work, and 11.9% of mobile equipment in buses and trams was non-operational. The State Government renegotiated with ticketing network contract operator "OneLink Transit Systems" to improve the service to commuters. Following these improvements, a 2002 audit showed an increase in availability of machines to 92.1% at train stations, and 98.3% on buses and trams. Usability was also improved, with tram machines able to sell daily tickets. Furthermore, vandalism across the network dropped by 62% between 2001 and 2002.
Line tickets were aligned with the Metcard system in April 2006, with each V/Line ticket to stations in the Metcard area having the relevant zones printed on them. In March 2007 the Nightrider bus service was also brought under the Metcard system. Zone 3 was removed from the Metcard system (and merged into zone 2) on March 4 2007, due to a State Election promise made by Opposition Leader Ted Ballieu and matched by then Premier Steve Bracks.
The original Metcard contract with OneLink was to last nine years, expiring in March 2007. In 2005 the contract was changed to permit the system to be extended and changed as work on the replacement myki project keeps going, with the contract being able to be cancelled on six months notice.
Types of Metcards.
Most Metcards can be purchased in Zone 1; Zone 2 and Zone 1 + Zone 2 types, with them being valid within their respective zones. All Metcards, except for the City Saver Metcard, are valid for muplitle trips on Trains, Trams and Buses.

Piety
Piety (from the Latin word pietas, meaning "devout" or "good") is generally used to refer either to Religious devotion or to spirituality. A common element in most ideas of piety is humility. It can also refer to a way to win the favor or forgiveness of one's God, or gods.

Anne of Green Gables
"Anne of Green Gables" is a book by Canadian author Lucy Maud Montgomery. It was published in 1908. It was written as fiction for readers of all ages, for for a few decades has been classified as a children's book. Montgomery wrote the book after seeing a newspaper article about a couple that were mistakenly sent an orphan girl instead of a boy, yet decided to keep her.
The book takes place on Prince Edward Island, Canada, where the author grew up.
Sequels.
Montgomery continued the story of Anne Shirley in a series of sequels. They are listed in the order of Anne's age in each of the novels.

Secondary sex characteristic
Secondary sex characteristics are features that make it easy to tell the sexes of a species apart. The features are not directly linked to reproduction.
Male birds usually have much more colorful feathers (plumage), the females are better able to hide, their feathers (plumage) stands out less.
Well-known secondary sex characteristics in humans are the deeper voice, facial hair (beard) and more muscular build in men. In women, those characteristics usually cited are more prominent breasts, wider hips, more fat, and generally a higher voice.
In men, fat deposits mainly around the abdomen, this gives them an apple shape. When women put on weight, they more resemble pears, as fat deposits mainly around the hips.

Poltergeist
(from German "poltern", meaning to rumble or make noise, and "Geist", meaning "ghost", "spirit", or "embodiment") is a spirit or ghost is able to move and influence objects. Poltergeists are said to be invisible.
Poltergeists are said to bother only one person at a time. This person is called their "focus". Poltergeists will bother only their focus. They are said to only last a few weeks, then will move on to another target. Often poltergeists are reported around children and adolescents. Some scientists think that poltergeists only exist in a person's head as a result of psychokinesis. They think that the "poltergeist effect" is a result of mental trauma.
Media.
There was a movie made in 1982 called "Poltergeist".
In "Harry Potter" there is a poltergeist named Peeves. However, Peeves is not a classic poltergeist. He can be seen and does not focus on bothering just one person.

Pura Cup
The Pura Cup (formerly known as the Sheffield Shield) is a first class cricket competition in Australia. The six state teams play in a round-robin series of 4-day matches against every other team. After each pair of teams have played each other twice, the two highest ranked teams play a 5-day final.

Mercy
Mercy can refer both to a compassionate behavior on the part of those in power (e.g. "mercy" shown by a judge toward a convict) or on the part of a compassionate third party (e.g. a trip out of "mercy" trying to treat sick kids in Africa). The word is very common in several Religions (e.g. the mercy of God).

Tatnet
Tatnet (short for "Tatar Internet") is the name Tatar-speaking Internet users commonly use for the "segment of Internet" about the Tatar people. It includes webpages and websites in any language.

Tatarstan
Tatarstan is an autonomous republic within Russia. The Republic is located approximately 800 kilometers (497 miles) east of Moscow. It lies between the Volga River and the Kama River (a tributary of the Volga), and extends east to the Ural mountains. The majority of population are the Tatars,

Charles Chesnutt
Charles Waddell Chesnutt (June 20, 1858 – November 15, 1932) is an African-American writer. He is notable for several books like "The Marrow of Tradition" and "The House Behind the Cedars" as well as for a short story about a haunted yard called "The Goophered Grapevine".

Kansas City Royals
The Kansas City Royals is a Major League Baseball team at Kansas City, Missouri. The team has one World Series title in 1985. From 1973 to the present, the Royals have played in Kauffman Stadium. They are owned by David Glass, Managed by Trey Hillman, and their General Manager is Dayton Moore.

Edwidge Danticat
Edwidge Danticat (born January 19, 1969) is a Haitian born American writer. Her books include "Krik? Krak!" and "Breath, Eyes, Memory", which was chosen for the Oprah Book Club in 1998.

Detroit Pistons
The Detroit Pistons are a team of the National Basketball Association, and are located in Detroit, Michigan. The team's home arena is The Palace of Auburn Hills. In 1948, the team was located in Fort Wayne, Indiana, but that was before moving to Detroit in 1957. The team has won NBA championships in 1989, 1990, and 2004. Their head coach is Flip Saunders, they are owned by William Davidson, and their General Manager Joe Dumars.

History of Africa
The History of Africa begins from the first modern human beings and leads to its present difficult state as a politically developing continent.
Africa's ancient historic period includes the rise of Egyptian civilization, the further development of societies outside the Nile River Valley and the interaction between them and civilizations outside of Africa. In the late 7th century North and East Africa were heavily influenced by the spread of Islam. That lead to the appearance of new cultures such as those of the Swahili people. This also lead to an increase in the Slave trade that had a very bad influence for the development of the whole continent till the 19th century. African independence movements had their fist success in 1951 when Libya became the first former colony to become independent. Modern African history has been full of revolutions and wars as well as the growth of modern African economies and democratization across the continent.

History of America
The history of America is the history of North and South America, including Central America and the Caribbean. It begins with people migrating to these areas from Asia and possibly Oceania during the height of an Ice age. These groups are generally believed to have been isolated from peoples of the "Old World" until the coming of Europeans in the 10th and 15th centuries.
The ancestors of today's Native Americans were hunter-gatherers who migrated into North America. The most popular theory says that migrants came to the Americas via the Bering Land Bridge, Beringia, the land mass covered by the cold ocean waters in the Bering Strait. Small Paleo-Indian groups probably followed the mammoth and other prey animals. It is possible that groups of people may also have traveled into North America on shelf or sheet ice along the northern Pacific coast.
Cultural traits brought by the first immigrants later evolved and spawned such cultures as Iroquois on North America and Pirahã of South America. These cultures later developed into civilizations. In many cases, these cultures expanded at a later date than their Old World counterparts. Cultures that may be considered advanced or civilized include: Cahokia, Zapotec, Toltecs, Olmec, Aztecs, Chimor, and the Inca.
Pueblo people.
The Pueblo people of what is now the Southwestern United States and northern Mexico, living conditions were that of large stone apartment like adobe structures. They live in Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, Colorado, and possibly surrounding areas.
Chichimeca.
Chichimeca was the name that the Mexica (Aztecs) applied to a wide range of semi-nomadic peoples who inhabited the north of modern-day Mexico, and had the same sense as the European term "barbarian". The name was adopted with a negative tone by the Spaniards when they spoke of the semi-nomadic hunter-gatherer peoples of northern Mexico.
Zapotec.
The Zapotec emerged around 1500 years BCE. Their writing system influenced the later Olmec. They left behind the great city Monte Alban.
Olmec.
The Olmec civilization emerged around 1200 BCE in Mesoamerica and ended around 400 BCE. Olmec art and concepts influenced surrounding cultures after their downfall. This civilization was thought to be the first in America to develop a writing system. After the Olmecs abandoned their cities for unknown reasons, the Maya, Zapotec and Teotihuacan arose.
Maya.
Maya history spans 3,000 years. The Maya may have collapsed due to changing climate in the end of the 10th century.
Toltec.
The Toltec were a nomadic people, dating from the 10th - 12th century, whose language was also spoken by the Aztecs.
Teotihuacan.
Teotihuacan (4th century BCE - 7/8th century CE) was both a city, and an empire of the same name, which, at its zenith between 150 and the 5th century, covered most of Mesoamerica.
Aztec.
The Aztec having started to build their empire around 14th century found their civilization abruptly ended by the Spanish conquistadors. They lived in Mesoamerica, and surrounding lands. Their capital city Tenochtitlan was one of the largest cities of all time.
Norte Chico.
The oldest known civilization of the Americas was established in the Norte Chico region of modern Peru. Complex society emerged in the group of coastal valleys, between 3000 and 1800 BCE. The Quipu, a distinctive recording device among Andean civilizations, apparently dates from the era of Norte Chico.
Chavín.
The Chavín established a trade network and developed agriculture by as early as (or late compared to the Old World) 900 BCE according to some estimates and archaeological finds. Artifacts were found at a site called Chavín in modern Peru at an elevation of 3,177 meters. Chavín civilization spanned from 900 BCE to 300 BCE.
Inca.
Holding their capital at the great city of Cusco, the Inca civilization dominated the Andes region from 1438 to 1533.
Known as "Tahuantinsuyu", or "the land of the four regions," in Quechua, the Inca culture was highly distinct and developed. Cities were built with precise, unmatched stonework, constructed over many levels of mountain terrain. Terrace farming was a useful form of agriculture. There is evidence of excellent metalwork and even successful brain surgery in Inca civilization.
Present situation.
The number of Native Americans is increasing now in the U.S. by actual population growth, changing enrollment laws, and from the immigration from Spanish America, especially from Mexico, though the definition being applied to them is Hispanic.
Effects of slavery.
Slavery has had a significant role in the economic development the New World after the colonization of the Americas by the Europeans. Slaves helped build the roads upon which they were transported. The cotton, tobacco, and sugar cane harvested by slaves became important exports for the United States and the Caribbean countries.

Lifeguard
A lifeguard is a person on the beach who looks out for people and saves them if they are drowning, or if their are problems. "Lifeguards" will usually be found at most public pools and lakes.

A Night at the Opera (Queen album)
"A Night at the Opera" is a Queen album from 1975.

A Day at the Races (album)
"A Day at the Races" is a Queen album from 1976.

News of The World (album)
"News of the World" is the seventh studio album from the English rock band Queen, released in 1977.

The Scream
"The Scream" is a painting made by Edvard Munch. It was painted in the early 20th century. It is a painting of a person screaming and that person is on a bridge.

808 Merxia
808 Merxia is a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the asteroid belt. It was found by Luigi Carnera in 1901. Its provisional name was 1901 GY.

Jazz (album)
"Jazz" is a 1978 album by English rock band Queen. It was the band's seventh studio album.

The Game (album)
"The Game" is a rock album by English band Queen released June 30, 1980. It was the only Queen album to reach the #1 position in both the United Kingdom and the United States.

Flash Gordon (album)
Flash Gordon is a 1980 album by English rock band Queen. It is the soundtrack album to the science fiction movie "Flash Gordon".

Mark Speight
Mark Warwick Fordham Speight (6 August 1965—April 2008) was a British TV presenter. He was best known for was showing the long-running BBC children's art program "SMart". He found his fiancee, Natasha Collins, also a BBC presenter dead at their flat in London on January 2008. He was then arrested as a suspect, but was released without any charges put against him. On 13 April 2008, police found his body hanging from the roof of the MacMillan House.

Mettingen
Mettingen is a municipality in the district of Steinfurt, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
Geography.
Mettingen is about 25 km east of Rheine and 20 km west of Osnabrück.
Places close to Mettingen.
Villages close to Mettingen are Recke in the west, Neuenkirchen, (Lower Saxony) in the north, Ibbenbüren in the south and Westerkappeln in the east.
Notable persons.
The founders of the textile company C&A, Clemens and August Brenninkmeyer, were born in Mettingen. Also Annika Suthe, participant of the 2004 Summer Olympics (javelin throw) was born there.

Mauves
Mauves is a village and commune of the Ardèche "département" in the center of southern France. It has a population of about 1,100 people as of the year 1999.

Mercuer
Mercuer is a village and commune of the Ardèche "département" in the center of southern France. The commune has a population of about 1,000 people as of the year 1999.

Le Pouzin
Le Pouzin is a village and commune of the Ardèche "département" in the center of southern France. The commune has a population of about 2,700 people as of the year 1999.

Quintenas
Quintenas is a village and commune of the Ardèche "département" in the center of southern France. The commune has a population of about 1,200 people as of the year 1999.

Rochemaure
Rochemaure is a "commune" in the Ardèche "département" in the southern part of France. The commune has a population of about 1,800 people as of the year 1999.

Rosières, Ardèche
Rosières is a commune of the Ardèche "département" in the south-eastern part of France. The commune has a population of about 1,000 people as of the year 1999.

Ruoms
Ruoms is a "commune" of the Ardèche "département" in the southern part of France. The commune has a population of about 2,100 people as of the year 1999.

Ucel
Ucel is a town and commune in the Ardèche "département", in the southern part of France. The commune has a population of about 1,700 people as of the year 1999.

Tokio Jokio
"Tokio Jokio" is a 1943 Looney Tunes short movie directed by U.S. Corporal Norman McCabe. It stars Mel Blanc. The movie is a Tokyo newscast about all areas of everyday living in Japan.

List of Solar System objects
This is a list of Solar System objects by orbit, by distance from the sun.
Most named objects in this list have a diameter of 500 km or more.

List of minor planets
This is a list of numbered minor planets, nearly all of them asteroids, in sequential order.
As of December 2008 there are 202,885 numbered minor planets, and many more not yet numbered. Three minor planets have also been classified as dwarf planets. But most asteroids are ordinary and not particularly noteworthy—less than 15,000 of them have been named (the first nameless asteroid having number 3708). For a smaller list of notable asteroids, see List of notable asteroids.

Daimyo
The () were the most powerful feudal rulers from the 10th century to the early 19th century in Japan following the Shogun.

Evil on Your Mind
"Evil on Your Mind" is the name of a popular Country music song, originally made famous by Grand Ole Opry star, Jan Howard in 1966.
In the mid-60s, Jan Howard was not acquiring any significant hits. Only one of her songs hit the Top 20, which was in 1960 with, "The One You Slip Around With", which hit No. 13. In 1966, Howard wrote and released her first single of the year, "Evil on Your Mind". The song was written by Howard, and talked of her troubled marriage to legendary singer-songwriter, Harlan Howard. The song hit the Top 5 on the Billboard Country music charts, peaking at No. 5 there. Soon an album of the same name was released that year, featuring Howard's big hit. A follow-up single was released that titled, "Bad Seed" which hit the Top 10 that year, proving a successful follow-up for Howard. The song set the stage for a number of Top 20 and Top 10 hits Howard would have as a solo and duet artist between 1966 and 1971.
The song talks about a husband trying to convince his wife to visit her sister out west, but the narrator (the wife) notices that something is going on, which her husband is trying to hide. She believes he's thiking of having an affair, which she calls, "evil on your mind".
The song has been featured the in the book, "Heartaches By the Number: The 500 Greatest Country Singles".
A rock music group titled, The Stumbleweeds recorded Howard's "Evil on Your Mind".

Jan Howard
Jan Howard (born Lula Grace Johnson on March 13, 1930 in West Plains, Missouri) is an American Country Music Singer and Grand Ole Opry star. She was one of Country music's trailblazing female vocalists during the height of her career in the mid-1960s. Her last name (Howard) comes from her ex-husband, legendary singer-songwriter, Harlan Howard.
Jan Howard's bigggest hit and signature song is the 1966 classic Country hit, "Evil on Your Mind", which has been featured in the book, "Heartaches By the Number: The 500 Greatest Country Music Singles". In the late 60s and early 70s, she dueted with Bill Anderson, on a number of hits that hit the Top 10, including the No. 1 hit "For Loving You".

Howell County, Missouri
Howell County is a county located in the U.S. state of Missouri. As of 2000, the population was 37,238. Its county seat is West Plains. Howell County was organized on March 2, 1857, from Oregon County. It was named for James Howell, who made the first settlement in Howell Valley.

Oregon County, Missouri
Oregon County is a county located in the U.S. state of Missouri. It was organized in 1845 and named for the Oregon Territory. As of 2000, the population is 10,344. Its county seat is Alton.

Oregon Territory
The Oregon Territory is the name applied both to the unorganized Oregon Country claimed by both the United States and Britain (but normally referred to as the Oregon Country), as well as to the organized U.S. territory formed from it that existed between 1848 and 1859.
The Territory of Oregon was organized on August 14, 1848, by an act of Congress out of the U.S. portion of the Oregon Country below the 49th parallel north. It originally included all of the present-day states of Idaho, Oregon and Washington, as well as Montana west of the Continental Divide, and Wyoming west of the Continental Divide and north of the 42nd parallel north—the northern border of the Mexican Cession.
The first territorial capital was in Oregon City. The capital was later moved to Salem in 1851.
In 1853, the portion of the territory north of the lower Columbia River and north of the 46th parallel east of the river was organized into the Washington Territory.
On February 14, 1859, the territory entered the Union as the U.S. state of Oregon within its current boundaries. The remaining eastern portion of the territory (the portions in present-day southern Idaho and western Wyoming) was added to the Washington Territory.
In 1861 and then 1863, portions to the east were organized into the Nebraska Territory and Idaho Territory (respectively.)

Continental divide
A continental divide is a line of elevated terrain which forms a border between two watersheds such that water falling on one side of the line eventually travels to one ocean or body of water, and water on the other side travels to another, generally on the opposite side of the continent. Because the exact border between bodies of water is usually not clearly defined, the continental divide is not always definite for any continent (The International Hydrographic Organization's publication "Limits of Oceans and Seas" defines exact boundaries of oceans, but it is not universally recognized). Moreover, some rivers empty into deserts or inland seas, and thus do not end up in the oceans.

Terrain
Terrain, or relief, is the third or vertical dimension of land surface. When relief is described underwater, the term bathymetry is used. Topography has recently become an additional synonym, though in many parts of the world it retains its original more general meaning of description of place.
Terrain is used as a general term in physical geography, referring to the lie of the land. This is usually expressed in terms of the elevation, slope, and orientation of terrain features. Terrain affects surface water flow and distribution. Over a large area, it can affect weather and climate patterns.

Hukah
A Hukah (or Hookah, (, "hukka") or shisha (,) or (Turkish: nargile) is a certain kind of Water pipe. It is often made of glass. Originally, it came from India. but it is also popular in other countries, especially in the Arab World. It had gained popularity under the reign of the Ottoman Dynasty. A hookah operates by water filtration and indirect heat. It can be used for smoking herbal fruits.
There are many other names (often of Arab, Indian, Turkish, Uzbek, or Persian origin) for a hookah. " Arghile" or "Nargila" is the name most commonly used in Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, Jordan, Armenia, Albania, Kosovo, Greece, Turkey, Palestine, Israel, Bulgaria and Romania. The first "n" is often dropped in Arabic. "Narghile" is from the Persian word "nārgil" or "coconut", from Sanskrit "nārikela" (नारिकेल)--as the original hookahs were made out of coconut shells. "Shisha" (شيشة) is from the Persian word "shishe" (شیشه, literally translated as "glass" and not bottle). The word is primarily used for water pipes in Egypt and the Arab countries of the Persian Gulf (such as Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, UAE, and Saudi Arabia) as well as Morocco, Tunisia, Somalia and Yemen. In Iran it is called "ghalyun" (غلیون), "ghālyun" (قالیون), or "ghalyān" (قلیان) and in India and Pakistan it is referred to as "huqqa" (हुक्का /حقہ). The more colloquial terms "hubble-bubble" and "hubbly-bubbly" may be used in the region surrounding the red sea.

First Baptist Church of Hammond
The First Baptist Church of Hammond (or FBCHammond) is a fundamental Independent Baptist church in Hammond, Indiana. It is the largest church in the state of Indiana and one of the largest churches in the United States. It was founded in 1887. It was under Jack Hyles' leadership from 1959-2001 that it became a megachurch, one of the first in the United States, with a steady weekly attendance of around 20,000. It also operates Hyles-Anderson College and two K-12 schools, named "City Baptist Schools" (for children of the bus route of the church) and "Hammond Baptist Schools" (for children of the members of the church). Jack Schaap, Hyles' son-in-law, succeeded as pastor after Hyles' death in 2001.
History.
First Baptist Church was founded in November 1887 by "Allen Hill" of Jennings County, Indiana. Its first meeting was on 14 November 1887 with 12 members on the 28th. However, it originally met in the Morton House Hotel which stood on what is currently the 100 block of Willow Court. Allen Hill's was only their pastor for around 4 months.
By April 1888, B.P. Hewitt became the church's permanent pastor and Allen Hill went on to start several other churches. Needing more room, Hewitt moved the church's meeting place to the Hohman Opera House at the corner of State and Hohman streets. In 1889, the church erected its own structure for $2,358 when Marcus Towle, Hammond's first mayor and a member of FBC, donated land on "Sibley Street" to the church.
On January 3, 1901, Pastor E.T. Carter proposed a new building, and the first service was held on 14 April 1901. On 27 November of that same year, Pastor Carter announced his resignation for a job at the Central Baptist Orphanage in Michigan.
Dr. Jack Schaap.
Dr. Jack Schaap (born October 1, 1957), has been the Pastor of the First Baptist Church of Hammond, Indiana since 2001. Following the death of the former pastor Dr. Jack Hyles, he became the pastor of the largest church in Indiana, and with their average weekly attendance of more than 20,000, it has become one of the largest churches in America.
He is also the chancellor of Hyles-Anderson College. On June 1, 1979, he married Mrs. Cindy Schaap. Dr. and Mrs. Schaap have been married for 28 years and now have two children, Jaclynn and Kenny.
Dr. Jack Hyles.
Jack Frasure Hyles (September 25, 1926 – February 6, 2001) was a leading person in the Independent Baptist movement. He was pastor of the church from 1959 until his death in 2001.

Yves Chauvin
Yves Chauvin (born October 10, 1930) is a French chemist. He was awarded a Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2005. He is honorary research director at the "Institut français du pétrole" and a member of the French Academy of Science. Chauvin received his degree from the Lyon's School of Chemistry, Physics and Electronics in 1954.
He was awarded the 2005 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, along with Robert H. Grubbs and Richard R. Schrock, for his work from the early 1970s on olefin metathesis. Chauvin was embarrassed to receive his award and at first did not want to accept it. In the end, he accepted the award from the King of Sweden and gave a big speech.

Robert H. Grubbs
Robert H. Grubbs (born 27 February 1942 in Possum Trot, Kentucky) is an American chemist. He won Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2005.
Birth and education.
In his he says, "In some places, my birthplace is listed as Calvert City, Kentucky and in others Possum Trot (both in Marshall County). I was actually born between the two, so either one really is correct." He spent his early childhood in Marshall County and attended public school at McKinley Elementary, Franklin Junior High and Paducah Tilghman High School in Paducah, Kentucky. Grubbs studied chemistry at the University of Florida where he was awarded a B.S. and an M.S.. He worked with Merle Battiste in Florida University, and Columbia University, where he obtained his Ph.D. in 1968. He was taught by Ronald Breslow in Columbia.
He next spent a year with James Collman at Stanford University. He was then made part of the faculty at Michigan State University. In 1978 he moved to California Institute of Technology where he still works as the Victor and Elizabeth Atkins Professor of Chemistry.
His main interest is for organometallic chemistry and organic chemistry. These interests are for catalysts, such as Grubbs' catalyst for olefin metathesis and ring-opening metathesis polymerization and norbornene. He also produced some important work on "living polymerization".
Awards.
Grubbs received the 2005 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, along with Richard R. Schrock and Yves Chauvin, for his work in the field of olefin metathesis.

Billabong
Billabong is an Australian word.

Console manufacturer
A console manufacturer is a company that makes and sells video game consoles. It is a multi-million dollar industry.

History of computer and video games
Video games were introduced as an entertainment medium in 1971, becoming the start for a big entertainment industry in the late 1970s/early 1980s in the United States, Japan, and Europe. After a bad industry collapse in 1983 and a rebirth two years later; the video game industry has experienced large growth for over twenty years to become a $10 billion industry, which rivals the motion picture industry as the most profitable (money earned) entertainment industry in the world.

Jimboomba
Jimboomba is a town in south east Queensland, Australia, with around 1,400 inhabitants.

The Bats (American band)
The Bats is an American band. It's members are Jon Brion, Bill Murphy and Don "Riff" Fertman. The band started in 1980.
In the early 1980s, Jon Brion and Bill Murphy began writing together in New Haven, Connecticut. They recorded some demo tracks in makeshift apartment studios, and worked out their arrangements in basement practice rooms on the Yale University Campus. In time, the duo enlisted the talents of bassist Don "Riff" Fertman to form The Bats, not to be confused with another group of the same name which formed concurrently in New Zealand.
In the spring of 1982 the trio created a imaginative set of pop songs in a small studio in Connecticut. A single called "Popgun" followed by an LP entitled How Pop Can You Get? were released on the independent label Gustav.
"From the cover, this looks like wacky new wave pop a la B-52’s. What’s on the vinyl though is well-crafted, if youthful power pop. This group is only a trio, and from their looks quite young but manages to project a full, powerful sound. Though on a small label the sound is crisp and professional. To those who wake up every morning to well worn copies of the Rasperries’ “Go All the Way,” this one's for you." – Billboard October 2, 1982.
Even with much critical acclaim, the album failed to chart, and the group disbanded a year or so later. Jon Brion has gone on to become a Grammy Award winning producer, Academy Award nominated film composer and solo artist. Bill Murphy is now an Emmy Award winning television producer.
Don Fertman is in corporate management with the Subway sandwich franchises, worldwide.

Charles, Prince of Wales
The Prince Charles, Prince of Wales (Charles Philip Arthur George; born 14 November 1948), is the eldest son of Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. He has held the title of Prince of Wales since 1958.
Prince Charles was married to his first wife, Diana, Princess of Wales, from 1981 to 1996 — they had two sons, Prince William and Prince Harry. He has been married to his second wife, Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall, since 2005.

Formaldehyde
Formaldehyde (or Methanal) is a chemical compound. It is the simplest aldehyde. Its main application is as a disinfectant. It is a biocide, this means it can kill most bacteria and fungi. It is also used to make dyes, to make textiles wrinkle-free,preservatives, explosives, and certain polymers.

Tulu language
Tulu is a language spoken in the south India mainly in states of Karnataka and Kerala. In Karnataka it is spoken mainly in the district of Dakshina Kannada.In Kerala it is spoken in Kasargod district.
The area where tulu is spoken is sometimes called Tulunadu.
Dialects.
There are various dialects.The most important are

SMart
SMart is a long running children’s art show. The presenters show how to create pictures from items easily found around the house.
The show has a number of spin offs, because it is so popular. Some of these are

Hot Space
"Hot Space" is an album by English rock band Queen, released in 1982.

The Works (Queen album)
"The Works" is a 1984 pop/rock album by English band Queen. It was the band's eleventh studio album.

A Kind of Magic
"A Kind of Magic" is a 1986 album by English rock band Queen. It was the band's twelfth studio album, and is based on the soundtrack to the film "Highlander".

The Miracle (album)
"The Miracle" is a 1989 album by English rock band Queen. It was the band's thirteenth studio album.

Innuendo (album)
"Innuendo" is a 1991 album by English rock band Queen. It is the band's fourteenth studio album and the last to be composed entirely of new material. It is also the final studio album to be released while lead singer Freddie Mercury was still alive.

Made in Heaven
"Made in Heaven" is Queen's fifteenth studio album, released in November 1995. After Freddie Mercury's death in 1991, the remaining band members John Deacon, Roger Taylor and Brian May worked with vocals that Mercury had previously recorded, along with newly recorded lyrics by the remaining band members. "Made In Heaven" would be the final studio album performed by all four original band members.

Sassanid Empire
The Sassanid Empire or Sassanian Dynasty () is the name used for the third Iranian dynasty and the second Persian Empire (226–651). The Sassanid dynasty was founded by Ardashir I when he had defeated the last Parthian (Arsacid) king, Artabanus IV ("Ardavan") and ended when the last Sassanid Shahanshah ("King of Kings"), Yazdegerd III (632–651), lost a 14-year struggle to drive out the early Arab Caliphate, the first of the Islamic empires. The Sassanid Empire's traditional territory included all of today's Iran, Iraq, Armenia, Afghanistan, eastern parts of Turkey, and parts of Syria, Pakistan, Caucasia, Central Asia and Arabia. The Sassanids called their empire Eranshahr "Dominion of the Iranians (Aryans)".
The Sassanid era is considered to be one of the most important and influential historical periods in Iran. In many ways the Sassanid period saw the highest achievement of Persian civilization, and constituted the last great Iranian Empire before the Muslim conquest and adoption of Islam. Persia influenced Roman civilization considerably during the Sassanids' times, and the Romans reserved for the Sassanid Persians alone the status of equals. The Roman Emperor wrote letters to the Persian Shahanshah, which were addressed to "my brother." Their cultural influence extended far beyond the empire's territorial borders, reaching as far as Western Europe, Africa, China and India and played a prominent role in the formation of both European and Asiatic medieval art.
This influence carried forward to the early Islamic world. The dynasty's unique, aristocratic culture transformed the Islamic conquest of Iran into a Persian renaissance. Much of what later became known as Islamic culture, architecture, writing and other skills were borrowed mainly from the Sassanid Persians and propagated throughout the broader Muslim world.
Decline.
In the spring of 632, a grandson of Khosrau I, Yazdegerd III who had lived in hiding, ascended the throne. In that same year, the first raiders from the Arab tribes made their raids into Persian territory. They were united by Islam. Years of warfare had exhausted both the Byzantines and the Persians. The Sassanids were further weakened by economic decline, heavy taxation, religious unrest, rigid social stratification, the increasing power of the provincial landholders, and a rapid turnover of rulers. These factors made the Islamic conquest of Persia easier than it would have been in earlier times.
The Sassanids never mounted a truly effective resistance to the pressure applied by the initial Arab armies.
Sassanid Empire chronology.
271–301: A period of dynastic struggles.
283: War with Rome. Romans sack Ctesiphon
296-8: War with Rome. Persia cedes five provinces east of the Tigris to Rome.
387: Armenia partitioned into Roman and Persian zones.
483: Edict of Toleration granted to Christians.
484: Peroz I defeated and killed by Hephthalites.
531–579: Reign of Khosrau I, "with the immortal soul" (Anushirvan)
572-591: War with Constantinople. Persia cedes much of Armenia and Iberia to Constantinople.
590–628: Reign of Khosrau II
603–628: War with Byzantium. Persia occupies Byzantine Mesopotamia, Syria, Palestine, Egypt and the Transcaucasus, before being driven to withdraw to pre-war frontiers by Byzantine counter-offensive.
610: Arabs defeat a Sassanid army at Dhu-Qar.
626: Unsuccessful siege of Constantinople by Avars and Persians.
627: Byzantine Emperor Heraclius invades Assyria and Mesopotamia. Decisive defeat of Persian forces at the battle of Nineveh.
628–632: Chaotic period of multiple rulers.
632–642: Reign of Yazdegerd III.
636: Decisive Sassanid defeat at the Battle of al-Qādisiyyah during the Islamic conquest of Iran.
642: Final victory of Arabs when Persian army destroyed at Nahavand (Nehavand).
651: Last Sassanid ruler Yazdegerd III murdered at Merv, present-day Turkmenistan, ending the dynasty. His son Pirooz and many others went into exile in China.

Edguy
Edguy is a metal band from Fulda, Germany. Their style of metal is power metal. They formed in 1992. The members right now are: Tobias Sammet (vocals), Jens Ludwig (guitar), Dirk Sauer (guitar), Tobias Exxel (bass), Felix Bohnke (drums).

Turbonegro
Turbonegro is a punk band from Oslo, Norway. They formed in 1989. They call their style "deathpunk", which is a mixture of punk and hard rock. The members are: Hank Von Helvete (vocals), Happy-Tom (bass), Euroboy (guitar), Pål Pot Pamparius (guitar, keyboard), Tomas Dahl (drums)
Friends of the band are Bam Margera.

Cheek
Cheeks are the area of the face under the eyes and between the nose and the ears.
It is fleshy in humans and mammals, the skin being held up by the chin and the jaws, and making the wall of the human mouth, touching the cheekbone below the eye.
In animals, markings on the cheek area (i.e. stripes/spots), often are features between species or individuals.

Simony
Simony means that one pays for an office or a position in the hierarchy of Christian church. It is regarded as a crime in church. but it also extends to other forms of trafficking for money in "spiritual things".
Roman Catholic Church.
In the Middle Ages there were endless problems with simony and accusations of simony, especially during the Investiture Controversy. Rulers wanted to employ the educated and centrally organized clergy in their administrations.

Flesh
Flesh is the soft part of the body between the skin and the bones. It is sometimes compared to bones, in the saying "flesh and bone". If it is to be eaten, it is normally called meat instead.

Locomotive
A locomotive is the part of a train that makes the train move. Normally, it is the first part of a train, and has the engine.

The Man Who Knew Too Much
"The Man Who Knew Too Much" is a 1934 suspense movie directed by Alfred Hitchcock and released by the Gaumont British company. It was one of the most successful and critically acclaimed movies of Hitchcock's British period.
Hitchcock remade the movie in 1956 for Paramount Pictures, the only one of his movies that he ever remade. The two movies are however very different in tone, in setting, and in many plot details.

Regent
A regent is a position of government in a country where there is a monarchy (like a king or queen). He (or she) is an "acting king", and does the job of a king where the real king is either too young, sick or cannot do what he is meant to for some other reason.
They may also be voted in if there are no monarchs in line to the throne, for instance, if the current king or queen does not have any relatives when s/he dies.

Transcendental Meditation
Transcendental Meditation, or TM, is a certain way to do meditation. Today, the name is trademarked. The technique was mainly developed by Maharishi Mahesh Yogi.
Transcendental Meditation is practiced while sitting down with the eyes closed; it should be done twice a day.
Procedure.
The Transcendental Meditation technique is learned in seven steps. There are two lectures, and a personal interview, followed by four sessions in which the student learns how to meditate and the meditation is checked to make sure the technique is being done correctly.
Goal.
The goal of the Transcendental Meditation technique is said to be that the meditator continue to feel the deep rest, and the comfort of the meditation while living everyday life.
Origin.
In 1955, Maharishi Mahesh Yogi (born Mahesh Prasad Varma) began teaching a meditation technique he says was based on the Vedas. He gave this method for meditation the name, Transcendental Meditation.
Before this, Maharishi had studied with Swami Brahmananda Saraswati, and was his secretary from 1941 until Brahmananda Saraswati's death in 1953. In 1957, Maharishi began the Spiritual Regeneration Movement in Madras, India, on the final day of a festival held in memory of his teacher. In 1958 he began the first of a number of worldwide tours in which he began to teach the TM technique to people around the world.
In the early 1970s, Maharishi began to establish one Transcendental Meditation teaching center for each million of the people in the world, which at that time would have meant 3,600 Transcendental Meditation centers throughout the world. In 1990, Maharishi moved to the town of Vlodrop, the Netherlands, where he began an organization he called The Global Country of World Peace that takes care of all of the teaching of the Transcendental Meditation technique around the world and says there are more than 6 million people worldwide who have learned the Transcendental Meditation technique.
Effects on the Body.
Research studies show that the Transcendental Meditation technique has affects on the body. The first of these studies was carried out in 1970. The study showed that with the Transcendental Meditation technique the body rests deeply, but is not asleep, and is alert. This study also showed that with the Transcendental Meditation technique stress became less.
A study published in 1977, showed no effect on blood pressure. Later studies show that the Transcendental Meditation technique has positive effects on blood pressure, cholesterol, insomnia, aging, illness, smoking, alcoholism, anxiety, heart attack, and stroke.
The Transcendental Meditation technique, religion, and cults.
Transcendental Meditation websites say the Transcendental Meditation technique does not interfere with religion. Cardinal Sin, an Archbishop in the Catholic Church believes the technique interferes with Christian religions. There are clergy who believe the technique does not interfere with religious belief and practices.
Experts on cults say those who use the Transcendental Meditation technique may show cult-like actions, while David Orme-Johnson, a researcher who was once a professor at Maharishi University of Management, says studies show that those who use the Transcendental Meditation technique act in ways that are adult and self – sufficient, and they do not act in the way people in cults are said to act.

Honshū
or Honshu is the biggest island of Japan. The nation's main island, it is south of Hokkaidō across the Tsugaru Strait, north of Shikoku across the Inland Sea, and northeast of Kyūshū across the Kanmon Strait. It is the seventh biggest island, and is the island with the second highest number of people in the world after Java.

Most Haunted Live!
"Most Haunted Live" is a British paranormal television program based on investigating possible paranormal activity. It is shown on the satellite and cable channels Living, Living2 and Virgin 1 (Formerly Ftn), mainly for the UK market. It is the Live version of Most Hanuted which is going in to it's 10th series on February 19, 2008.. It is made by Antix Productions, and is led by Yvette Fielding and her husband Karl Beattie.
Production.
The team's latest series leads them to travel to Italy, Turin. Investigating possible paranormal 'hotspots' for 24 hours witihn the city.

Gerolamo Cardano
Gerolamo Cardano or Girolamo Cardano (English Jerome Cardan, Latin Hieronymus Cardanus; September 24, 1501 - September 21 1576) was a celebrated Italian Renaissance mathematician, physician, astrologer and gambler.
As he was an illegitimate child, he could not enter the college of physicians. Despite this he was a relatively successful physician. The first description of Typhoid fever is attributed to him.
Today he is mainly known as a mathematician. He made some discoveries in algebra. He proposed ways to solve cubic and quartic equations. Niccolò Fontana Tartaglia told him about the solution of one particular cubic equation, "formula_1". This caused a long fight. His student Lodovico Ferrari solved the quartic equations. Cardano also speaks about imaginary numbers in the same book, "Ars Magna". He did not completely understand what they were like though.
Cardano was often short of money. He gambled. A book of his, called "Liber de ludo aleae" (aproximately translates to as "Book on the game of chances") contains the first systematic treatment of probability, as well as a section on how to cheat. He wrote it in the 1560s, but it was only published after his death, in 1663.
He invented various things. He also thought that perpetual motion was impossible, except for stars.

Violent crime
Violent crime means a crime where the offenders use violence upon the victim. Different country have different definition of violent crime. Common examples of violent crime include homicide, abduction, robbery etc.

Roentgenium
Roentgenium (,) is a chemical element. It is a transition metal. Its symbol is Rg, and its position in the periodic table of the elements is 111. It is named in honor of Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, a German physicist. Very little is known about it.
So far, it has not been found in nature. There seem to be 4 isotopes. All of them are radioactive. They have a half life of between 3.8 milliseconds and 3.6 seconds. Because of the Inert pair effect, it could have a color similar to that of gold.

Michigan International Speedway
The Michigan International Speedway (or MIS) is a two-mile (3.22 km) long racetrack. It contains more than 1,400 acres, near Brooklyn, Michigan. The track is used mostly for NASCAR events. It is sometimes known as the "sister track" of Texas World Speedway. Construction for the track began on September 28, 1967, and opened October 13, 1968 with budget of around $4-6 million.
Michigan is now one of the fastest tracks in NASCAR due to its wide, sweeping corners and long straightaways. It normal speeds of more than 190 mph, but corner entry speeds easily pass 200 mph (320 km).

International health
International health means two different, but related, things. It means care of people who travel from one country to another, and knowledge of diseases foreign to the traveler. It also means people from one country trying to improve health in another.
There are different kinds of groups that are involved in international health. They engage in international health for different reasons and with different ethics and rules.
Governments of wealthy, "developed" countries are often interested in the health of other countries. They are especially interested in the health of neighbor countries. The reasons for this are many: if they have extra resources, they may want to share them with their neighbors; but also they may want to stop spread of diseases from their neighbor country across the border. For example, the United States is a richer country than Mexico and has little problem with measles (in children) or rabies (in mammals) in the interior, but along the border with Mexico these diseases are more common.
The Western Hemisphere's countries have formed PAHO, the Pan American Health Organization, to deal with these kinds of problems in an organized way. PAHO knows that people and goods flow across borders in both directions, and a problem in one counbtry will soon be a problem in its partner countries. PAHO is an example of an international organization.
Non-government organizations (NGOs) are associations organized outside of the government by volunteers and others, and which serve a particular interest. Often, NGOs interested in health perform important functions in international health, both in direct care and in development.

Salam
Salam or salaam (in Arabic language: سلام "salam") is an Arabic word that literally means "the peace", but is also used as a general greeting, abowe all in Arabian countries and by the Muslims, but also in other countries where Islam is important.
This word appears also in longer greetings, as "assalamoe `alaykum" (السلام عليكم) to which it is possible to answer: "wa`alaykum assalam". In addition, "As-Salam" is one of the 99 Names of God.
The Hebrew version is "shalom", that in Israel is used in the same way like "salaam".

Tekken (series)
"Tekken" is a fighting video game series made by a gaming company called "Namco".

Tekken 3
"Tekken 3" is a fighting video game made by Namco and was released in 1998.
Story.
The King of Iron Fist Tournament 2 closes to a draw. Jun Kazama comes to the stunning realization that Kazuya Mishima's supernatural strength stems from Devil. But she cannot help being drawn to him, propelled by a mystic force beyond her control. Several days later, the final challenger arrives to face Kazuya, the organizer of The King of Iron Fist Tournament 2. In a reprise of The King of Iron Fist Tournament 1, father and son clash in a cursed blood battle. Eventually, Heihachi Mishima emerges, scarred, but victorious, to regain control of the immense Mishima Zaibatsu. Unaware of Devil's presence, Heihachi casts the lifeless Kazuya into a volcano.
As Kazuya's body burns, the Devil appears before the pregnant Jun Kazama in a bid to enter the soul of the new life beating within her. But in a desperate struggle for the future of her child, Jun defeats Devil and retires to desolate Yakushima so as to raise Kazuya's son, Jin Kazama, alone.
Having regained control of the Mishima Zaibatsu, Heihachi sets about to further increase his powers. He embarks on a crusade to win the trust of world leaders by putting wars and conflicts to rest. Using his immeasurable wealth, he forms Tekken Force, a mercenary group employed to quell conflicts efficiently. He also takes a strong interest in the well being of developing nations by helping them build agricultural systems that will sustain them. Through Heihachi's efforts, the world appears to be regaining peace.
Around fifteen years have passed, and Jin Kazama is now 15 years old.
Under Heihachi's orders, the Tekken Force are excavating a Central American archeological site when they discover a mysterious life form. Heihachi orders the creature's capture, but loses contact with the Tekken Force after a garbled radio message, "... they are all dead... Ogre?!..."
Upon arriving at the dig, Heihachi finds a field of corpses. Heihachi is wracked by sorrow, but also realizes that the power of the mysterious life form could be the key to his long dormant dream of world domination. To obtain this mysterious power of Ogre, and the world, Heihachi tempts the fates once again...
Within weeks, strange disappearances occur throughout the world. Persons of strong soul, masters of martial arts, and other derivative fighting legends are reported missing with no knowledge of their whereabouts.
Jun Kazama instinctively picks up on the dark power encroaching on her life. She has no understanding of what it is, but senses that she has become a target. Accepting her destiny, she tells Jin everything that she knows of their haunted past to prepare him for the fateful day that she now feels is imminent. She tells Jin to go to his grandfather, Heihachi Mishima, if anything should befall her.
Her intuition proves right on a cold and stormy night. Ogre comes to the mountains, bringing a chilling, swirling wind. Jun instructs Jin to run away. But against his mother's pleas, Jin opts to face Ogre and is knocked unconscious.
When Jin awakens, the house and everything around it is burned to the ground. Jin searches frantically for his mother, but she is nowhere to be found.
Jun has died at Ogre's hands. Honoring her instructions, Jin goes to Heihachi and begs to be trained in order exact revenge. Heihachi, hearing Jin's tale, is convinced that Ogre is after the souls of powerful fighters. To attract Ogre, Heihachi decides to host the King of Iron Fist Tournament 3.
Four years later, on Jin Kazama's 19th birthday, the curtains rise for The King of Iron Fist Tournament 3. The true ending in this game is Jin's ending. Jin finally achieved his goal and killed Ogre, but is shot in the head by Heihachi. Jin is then revived by the devil in himself and flies away. Jin counts as the true winner of the tournament but Julia Chang also came close as she defeated Ogre in his first form but left with her mother, after which Ogre transformed into True Ogre and was defeated by Jin.

Tekken Tag Tournament
"Tekken Tag Tournament" is an update to Tekken 3. It has most of the characters from Tekken 1, Tekken 2 and Tekken 3. It was released on the PS2 in 2000.
Story.
Tekken Tag Tournament has no story so that makes it non-canonical.
Characters.
Marshall Law, the Jack robot from the original "Tekken" game, the first King, the first Kuma, and Doctor Boskonovitch, as well as Gon, the manga character who appeared in the PlayStation version of "Tekken 3", were not included as characters in "Tekken Tag Tournament". However, Doctor Boskonovitch makes a cameo in the Tekken Bowling minigame.
New characters.
If the player chooses Kazuya and Devil on the same Tag Team, Kazuya will transform into Devil (and vice-versa) instead of them tagging.

Tekken 4
"Tekken 4" is a fighting video game made by Namco. It was released for the PS2 in 2002.
Story.
Two years ago, Heihachi could not capture Ogre.
Not wanting to give up, Heihachi said to his researchers to get blood samples, skin tissue, and hoof fragments left behind by Ogre (or known as True Ogre in its true manifestation) in order to conduct genetic experiments. Heihachi’s goal was to make a new life form by splicing Ogre’s genome with his own. However, the research was unsuccessful.
After long experimentation, Heihachi’s bioengineers came to the conclusion that an extra gene - the "Devil Gene" - was needed in order to successfully splice Ogre’s genetic code into another living organism. Heihachi learned that his own genome didn't have the Devil Gene, but he knew someone who had it, Jin Kazama.
Jin, who defeated Ogre in The King of Iron Fist Tournament 3, was shot and wounded by Heihachi. As his life slipped away, Jin transformed into a Devil. Upon his transformation, he struck down Heihachi and took flight. Jin’s whereabouts were unknown after the Tournament.
Heihachi searched for Jin to no avail. However, Heihachi found a photograph during his search that made him curious. The 20-year-old photograph was an image of a burnt corpse covered with laceration wounds. Heihachi paid much attention to the corpse’s back, which had what looked like deformed, protruding wing-like limbs.
Thinking that the picture was of Kazuya, his own son whom he threw into a volcano 20 years ago, Heihachi diverted all his resources into a search for the body. This search led Heihachi to G Corporation, a modern biotech firm making unprecedented advances in the field of biogenetics research.
Heihachi found out that the G Corporation found the corpse and got its genetic data. In fact, Heihachi learned that the company was in the middle of creating a new life form by using the data. Heihachi also determined that Kazuya’s remains and research data were secured at G Corporation’s Nebraska and Nepal research laboratories, respectively.
Friday, 25 December. The Tekken Force raided G Corporation’s maximum security research laboratory in Nepal. The bottom floors of the building were destroyed, and the remaining data storage facility containing file servers was taken away by a group of heavy-duty helicopters.
At the same time, a separate unit led by Heihachi infiltrated the underground research facility in Nebraska, where Kazuya’s remains were preserved. As Heihachi looked from his helicopter, he soon realized that unlike the Nepal facility, the operations in Nebraska were not going according to plan. The tactical status monitor screens showed the first wave of the Tekken Force troops being blown out from the storage room where Kazuya’s remains were supposedly kept.
A silhouette of a large figure slowly emerged from the room... When Heihachi could see clearly enough, he instantly recognized the large figure as Kazuya.
Kazuya was brought back to life in G Corporation’s research facility. After his resurrection, Kazuya offered his body as research material to determine the true nature of the Devil that resided within him. Kazuya’s goal was to combine his two selves into one. Kazuya theorized that if he unified his body with the Devil, he would be able to truly get its powers. He could then finally take revenge against Heihachi and the Mishima Zaibatsu (Financial Empire).
Enraged that Heihachi thwarted his plans, Kazuya obliterated the heavily armed Tekken Force and vanished into the flames of the lab’s wreckage. Heihachi was infuriated by Kazuya’s escape and took out his anger on his hapless subordinates who reported the escape.
Dr. Abel, Heihachi’s lead scientific advisor, urged the enraged Heihachi to quickly find a way to capture Kazuya. Once his anger subsided, Heihachi focused his mind and decided on a plan. An evil smile crept upon his lips.
Two years had passed since The King of Iron Fist Tournament 3. The Mishima Zaibatsu announced The King of Iron Fist Tournament 4 and placed the massive financial empire as the top prize. The champion who manages to defeat Heihachi at the end of the Tournament would inherit the Mishima Zaibatsu.
Well aware that the tournament is just a trap designed to lure him out, Kazuya nevertheless enters - it is his chance to defeat Heihachi
Characters.
Tekken 4 is the first game of the Tekken series where players can be heard talking to each other (aside from Julia's Tekken 3 ending, in which she speaks to Michelle). Some may speak in other languages (in part of Hwoarang's ending, Jin Kazama speaks in English.) Tekken 4 is also the first game of the Tekken series when the player hears a person speaking in the beginning of the Story Mode. In the background, sketches are seen that follow the characters story. Some may appear in the epilogue of a characters ending.

Discussion
Discussion means talking about something with other people in order to reach some kind of decision. Discussions do not have to happen in person, they can happen over the telephone or on the Internet. Wikipedia uses discussion ("talk" pages) so that people can decide on how the article should be written.

Tekken 5
"Tekken 5" is a fighting video game made by Namco. It was released on the PS2 in 2004.
Story.
After the end of King of Iron Fist Tournament 4, father Kazuya Mishima and son Jin Kazama, battle each other at Honmaru, located within the Mishima estate. Jin quickly beats his father. The oldest Mishima, Heihachi, enters the Honmaru to find his son defeated and unconscious. Heihachi and Jin begin to fight. During the fight, Jin begins to manifest the Devil he got from his father, Kazuya. Just as it appears that Jin will kill Heihachi, Jin suddenly gains control of his body and flies away.
Suddenly, a bunch of "Jack" robots interrupt the battle. Both Kazuya and Heihachi are surprised at the attack, and begin fighting as a team against the Jack robots. During the battle however, Kazuya betrays his father, throws him into the Jack robots and runs away. Raven, watching on top of the cliff, speaks into a headphone and says: "Heihachi Mishima...is dead."
After hearing of Heihachi's death, people though that it would bring the end of the Mishima Zaibatsu. However, an unknown person had taken control, and a month later Mishima Zaibatsu announced the opening of The King of Iron Fist Tournament 5
Tekken 5: Dark Resurrection Story.
Following the end of the King of Iron Fist Tournament 4, Heihachi Mishima defeated Kazuya Mishima and led him to Honmaru Temple, planning to let both his son Kazuya and his grandson, Jin Kazama, battle and steal their respective "Devil Genes". However, Jin defeats both of his predecessors and flies away, leaving the latter two unconscious. Shortly after, several Jack-4 robots invade the compound, programmed to take Heihachi's life. At the start, Kazuya and Heihachi fight the Jack-4's as a team, but eventually Kazuya throws Heihachi across the room as soon as he notices that Heihachi is getting tired. Then, Kazuya turns into Devil Kazuya and escapes, leaving Heihachi to deal with the Jack-4's by himself. They quickly overwhelm him and explode, leaving Heihachi seemingly dead. The explosion however, revives Heihachi's father Jinpachi Mishima from his 50 year sleep beneath the Temple, and proceeds to reclaim the Mishima Zaibatsu. A few months later, the King of Iron Fist Tournament 5 is announced. It turns out that Heihachi survived the explosion, and now pledges to find out and "break the neck of the one who started this ridiculous tournament!"

Tekken 6
"Tekken 6" is a fighting video game made by Namco. It was released in Japanese arcades on November 26, 2007. It is expected to be released on September 26, 2008 for the PlayStation 3.
The story for Tekken 6 is not known because it has not been released in a home version yet. The list of characters for the game was released by the official website, TEKKEN-OFFICIAL.jp.

Sola scriptura
"Sola scriptura" (Latin for "by scripture alone") means "The Bible only". The Protestants believed that they should only read the Bible to find out what God wants them to believe. They did this instead of listening to the Pope or the Priests in the Roman Catholic Church.
"Sola scriptura" was a principle of the Protestant Reformation of the reformer Martin Luther and is a principle of Protestants today (see Five solas).

Human Rights Watch
Human Rights Watch is an international non-governmental organization. Its activities include research and advocacy on human rights. The headquarters of the organization is in New York City.

Arms trafficking
Arms trafficking is smuggling of weapons and ammunition. Today arms trafficking is a global problem. It is most serious problem in regions of political turmoil.

Sola fide
Sola fide means "Faith only". Protestants believed that people must trust Jesus. They have to trust that Jesus lets people into heaven. Only people who trust Jesus can get to heaven.
This believe was a principle of the Protestant Reformation of the reformer Martin Luther and is a principle of Protestants today (see Five solas).

Society of Jesus
The Society of Jesus (Latin: "Societas Iesu", "S.J." and "S.I." or "SJ", "SI") is a Roman Catholic Church religious order whose members are called Jesuits, "Soldiers of Christ", and "Foot soldiers of the Pope", because the founder, Saint Ignatius of Loyola, was a knight before becoming a priest.
Jesuits are the largest male religious order of the Roman Catholic Church with 19,216 members (13,491 priests, 3,049 scholastic students, 1,810 brothers and 866 novices).

Rosenhan experiment
The Rosenhan experiment is a test in psychiatry. It wants to see how good a psychiatric diagnosis really is. The first person to do the test was David Rosenhan. The test is named after him. It was first conducted in 1972.
The test is made of two parts. In first part, psychically sane people said they saw hallucinations, to get admitted to a psychiatric ward. This was done to test how the psychiatric hospitals would react. The second part was the reverse. Rosahan told the hospitals, he would send "fake patients". But he did not send any patients.
The results of the study were very controversial. When Rosenhan sent the people, the hospitals was unable to detect them. On the other hand, when he told them he had sent some patients, but really did not, the hospitals recognised a large number of "fake patients". The study said that it was impossible to tell a difference between the sane and the insane.
They also found out that many of the patients that they had hospitalized were using illigal drugs such as "magic mushrooms" and LSD

Chassiers
Chassiers is a town and commune in the Ardèche "département", in the southern part of France. The commune has a population of about 850 people as of the year 1999.

Châteaubourg, Ardèche
Châteaubourg is a town and commune of the Ardèche "département", in the southern part of France. The commune has a population of about 200 people as of the year 1999.

Châteauneuf-de-Vernoux
Châteauneuf-de-Vernoux is a town and commune of the Ardèche "département", in the southern part of France.

Dominican Order
The Order of Preachers (Latin:"Ordo Praedicatorum", "OP") is a Roman Catholic religious order. Its members follow the rules St. Dominic gave them. After the 15th century they are commonly known as Dominicans.

M-Train
M>Train was a train operator of half of Melbourne's suburban railway network. It stopped operations at 3:00am 18 April 2004, with Connex Melbourne then taking over all rail operations. M>Train and M>Tram's slogan was "Moving Melbourne". M>Train operated the Craigieburn, Cranbourne, Frankston, Pakenham, Sandringham, Sydenham, Upfield, Werribee, Williamstown lines, and maintained the 3 underground city loop stations. Their network was more than 268 kilometers long, and owned 125 trains, with 62 new trains on order when M>Train stopped operations.
History.
Bayside Trains (later known as M>Train) were awarded a 15 year contract to run half of Melbourne's railway network on 31 October, 1999, by the Victorian State Govermnent. On October 1, 2001, Bayside Trains renamed themselves to M>Train, along with Swanston Trams renaming themselves to M>Tram.

Diploma
A diploma is a certificate you receive when you have studied on a subject with good results. For many jobs a diploma is needed, because it proves that you are good at the subject you studied.

Authorized King James Version
The Authorized King James Version is an English translation of the Christian Bible. King James I of England told the Church of England to begin working on it in 1604. The first book was published in 1611. This Bible is known as the "King James Version" in the United States.

809 Lundia
809 Lundia is a small, binary, V-type asteroid orbiting in the Flora family in the Main Belt. It is named after Lund Observatory, Sweden.
The V-type spectrum says that it is not genetically related to the Flora family, but rather is probably a piece (actually two pieces) blown off the surface of nearby 4 Vesta by a big impact in the past. Its orbit is too far from Vesta for it to actually be a member of the Vesta family It is not clear how it came at an orbit so far from Vesta, but other examples of V-type asteroids fairly far from their parent body are known. A mechanism of interplay between the Yarkovsky effect and nonlinear secular resonances (mainly involving Jupiter and Saturn) has been suggested
Binary.
A moon, designated S/2005 (809) 1, was seen based on lightcurve sightings in 2005. In fact, the size of the two bodies appear to be close in size, because during mutual occultations the brightness drops by a similar amount independently of which body is hidden. Assuming an albedo similar to 4 Vesta (around 0.4), suggests that the bodies are about 7 km across. It takes 15.4 hours to orbit each other, which says that the binary is very close — the separation being of the order of 10-20 km, if normal asteroid albedo and density values are assumed.

Hato Mayor Province
Hato Mayor is a Dominican province; it is located in the eastern part of the country. Its name comes from the name of its capital city, Hato Mayor del Rey (in English: "the largest cattle farm of the King".
It is one of the last provinces created in the Dominican Republic; it was made a province on 3 December 1984. The province's territory was part of the El Seibo province.
Location.
Hato Mayor is bordered to the northwest by the province of Samaná, to the west by Monte Plata and to the south by the San Pedro de Macorís province. The Samaná Bay is to the north of the province.
History.
Some native groups lived close to the coast, in caves in Los Haitises region. There were other groups, mainly Taínos, living inland but, in general, the population was low.
When the Spanish people came to this region, they found that there were many savannas with good grasses for food for cattle (cows), horses and sheep. And they made nine "hatos". "Hato" is a word from southern Spain that means a large farm for raising cattle (a ranch); it is a common word in the Dominican Republic. One of those "hatos" was Hato Mayor del Rey, made in the name of King Charles I of Spain (Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor) but given as a "Mayorazgo" (a family property) to Francisco Dávila as the manager and the property was called sometimes "Hato Mayor de Dávila".
Because there were many French people and from other countries trying to live in the Samaná region, the colonial government founded the city of Sabana de la Mar in 1760 and brought people from the Canary Islands to live here.
The region was part of the old El Seibo until the new province of Hato Mayor was created in 1984.
Municipalities.
Hato Mayor has a total area of 1,329.29 km². It has 2.7% of the area of the Dominican Republic and it is ranked as the 15th (out of 31 plus the National District) largest province.
There are 3 municipalities and 4 municipal districts in the province.
Population.
In 2002 (last national census), there were 87,631 people living in the Hato Mayor province, and 58,769 (67.06%) living in towns and cities. The population density was 66 persons/km².
Geography.
Rivers with their sources on the northern side of the Cordillera Oriental are short and flow into the Samaná Bay. The longest here is the River Yabón (44 km long) with its mouth west of the city of Sabana de la Mar.
Economy.
The main economic activity of the province is farming; the main products are cacao (in the Cordillera Oriental), flowers and oil palm around El Valle, and sugar cane south of Hato Mayor.
Because there are many savannas with grasses around Hato Mayor del Rey and to the south of it, cattle raising is a very important activity in the province; the dairy industry is important, with a large amount of cheese produced in the province.
Fishing is important in Sabana de la Mar and other towns around the Samaná Bay.

Steinfurt (district)
Steinfurt is a "Kreis" (district) in the northern part of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Neighboring districts are Bentheim, Emsland, district-free Osnabrück and the Osnabrück district, Warendorf, district-free Münster, Coesfeld, Borken.
Geography.
The district is at the Lower Saxon border, north of Münster. The Ems river runs through the district from south to north. The highest point in Steinfurt is the "Westerbecker Berg" with 234m, the lowest point is the Bentlage castle at 32m.
History.
In late medieval times Steinfurt became an independent earldom. At first it was a part of the earldom of Bentheim, before it became independent in 1454. 1804 Steinfurt was joined back with Bentheim, before it became a part of the Prussian province of Westphalia in 1815. The new government in 1816 made the districts Steinfurt and Tecklenburg.
In 1975 the old district Steinfurt was merged with the district Tecklenburg, and together with Greven and Saerbeck from the old district Münster the current district was made.

Rheine
Rheine is a city in the district of Steinfurt, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is the biggest city in the district.
Geography.
Rheine is on the river Ems, about 40 kilometers north of Münster, about 45 kilometers west of Osnabrück and 45 kilometers east of Enschede (Netherlands).
History.
Although a lot of people have lived in the area around the city since prehistorical times, Rheine was first mentioned in a document signed by Louis the Pious only in 838. On 15 August 1327 it got its town charter from Louis II, Bishop of Münster.
The settlement was founded by reason of two old merchant roads crossing nearby, as well as a ford crossing the river Ems. Frankish soldiers secured this strategic point by a barrack yard at first. Later a church and more buildings were added to this outpost.
In the end of Thirty Years' War the city burned down almost completely. Swedish and Hessian troops besieged imperial soldiers who entrenched themselves in Rheine. On 20th/21st September and 19th October 1647 glowing cannonballs set fire to the city, 365 houses got razed.
During the industrialisation textile industry prospered. It continued to be an important economical factor until the second half of the 20th century. Today engineering industries and services form the largest part of economy in Rheine.

Recke
Recke is a municipality in the district of Steinfurt, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
Geography.
Recke is about 20 km north-east of Rheine and 25 km north-west of Osnabrück.

Bryggen
Bryggen (Norwegian for "the Wharf"), also known as Tyskebryggen ("the German Wharf"), is a series of Hanseatic commercial buildings found on the eastern side of the fjord coming into Bergen, Norway. Bryggen is on the UNESCO list for World Cultural Heritage sites. The name has the same origin as the Flemish city of Brugge.

Ibbenbüren
Ibbenbüren or Ibbenbueren is a medium-sized town in the district of Steinfurt, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is on position 185 of the biggest cities in Germany and the biggrst city in Tecklenburger Land.
Geography.
Ibbenbüren (Ibbenbueren) is on the Ibbenbürener Aa river, at the northwest end of the Teutoburger forest and rather exactly in the center of the two cities Rheine in the west and Osnabrück in the east, both about 20 km away.
History.
Ibbenbüren is said in documentary evidence for the first time in 1146, when the bishop of Osnabrück at that time, Philipp of Katzenelnbogen, donated a tenth of his possessions in Ibbenbüren to the Getrudenkloster of Osnabrück. Although Ibbenbüren is already much older and a document of the year 1348 already occupies the establishment of a church in the year 799, the year 1146 is officially considered as the year of the foundation of Ibbenbüren.
In the years 1219 and/or 1234 it appears as church village. In this transition of the High Middle Ages to the Late Middle Ages the noble gentlemen of Ibbenbüren, that is the abbot of Herford and the counts of Tecklenburg, possessed basic rule in the place. To this time Ibbenbüren belonged to the Diocese of Osnabrück. During this time the castle of Ibbenbüren was built by the noble gentlemen of Ibbenbüren starting from 1150. Last remainder of this castle are the remnants of the heath tower in the proximity of the Aasee.
After the noble gentleman of Ibbenbüren died out, Ibbenbüren came under the exclusive rule of the counts of Tecklenburg. This rule lasted until the end of the 15th or beginning of the 16th century, when Ibbenbüren finally fell into possession Charles' V. in 1548 by awkward and luckless tactics used by the counts of Tecklenburg. Karl donated it to his sister Mary of Habsburg, governor of the Netherlands. Ibbenbüren was assigned to the office Lingen. Into this period also the falls the beginning of coal mining.
After Ibbenbüren repeatedly fell under control of the Netherlands and Spain in the Dutch Revolt, it was assigned to the House of Orange-Nassau after the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. In this time falls the beginning of iron ore mining in and around Ibbenbüren, which ended in the first half of the 19th century. By succession it came under Prussian rule in 1702. On February 1, 1724 Ibbenbüren attained municipal rights, which stood among other things in connection with the introduction excise duty. In the year 1743 the first magistrate and mayor appointed.
During the rule of Napoléon Bonaparte at the beginning of the 19th century, Ibbenbüren belonged to the first French Empire, until it was freed by Prussian and Russian troops in 1815. It came back under Prussian rule on January 1, 1816, resulting to be assigned to the district of Tecklenburg. After the end of World War II the city Ibbenbüren and the municipality Ibbenbüren Land formed by December 31, 1974 the department federation Ibbenbüren, resulting in today's city of Ibbenbüren. With the simultaneous dissolution of the district of Tecklenburg and fusion with the old district of Burgsteinfurt, Ibbenbüren was assigned to the new district of Steinfurt.
Coats of arms.
Coats of arms has a golden anchor on blue reason. City colors are blue and gold. The origin of the anchor is not free of doubts clarified yet. Such is in addition, in the coats of arms of some close places.

Westerkappeln
Westerkappeln is a municipality in the district of Steinfurt, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is about 15 km north-west of Osnabrück.

Osnabrück (district)
Osnabrück () is a district ("Landkreis") in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is near the districts of Emsland, Cloppenburg, Vechta and Diepholz, the state of North Rhine-Westphalia (districts of Minden-Lübbecke, Herford, Gütersloh, Warendorf and Steinfurt) and the City of Osnabrück.
History.
The district is almost the same as the Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück which existed until 1803. When the clerical states of Germany were dissolved, Osnabrück became part of the Kingdom of Hanover, which in turn fell to Prussia in 1866. The district was established in 1972 by merging four old districts (Osnabrück, Melle, Bersenbrück, Wittlage).
Geography.
The landscape is characterised by two mountain chains: the Wiehengebirge in the north and the northern foothills of the Teutoburg Forest in the south. These chains go around the City of Osnabrück.

Michelle Branch
Michelle Jacquet Branch-Landau (born July 2, 1983) is an American singer, songwriter and guitarist. She made her first appearance in 2000, and released the platinum-selling albums "The Spirit Room" and "Hotel Paper" in August 2001 and June 2003 respectively. During this period, she collaborated with Santana on the single "The Game of Love", which won a Grammy Award. In 2004, she formed the musical duo The Wreckers with fellow musician Jessica Harp.

Domestic rabbit
The domestic rabbit is the domesticated form of the European Rabbit ("Oryctolagus cuniculus").
Domestic rabbit are kept as livestock, for meat or their fur; or they are kept as pets. Like other domesticated animals, there are many different breeds.

Scanning electron microscope
The scanning electron microscope (SEM) is a type of electron microscope that images the sample surface by scanning it with a high-energy beam of electrons in a raster scan pattern. The electrons interact with the atoms that make up the sample producing signals that contain information about the sample.

Leporidae
Leporidae is a mammal family in the order Lagomorpha. It has about 50 species of rabbits and hares. The animals of the family Leporidae are called Leporids. The names "rabbit" and "hare" are not names of separate biological groups, but are "randomly" given to different leporid species.

Casimir III of Poland
Casimir III the Great (Polish "Kazimierz III Wielki") (April 30, 1310 - November 5, 1370) was the King of Poland from 1333 until 1370. He was the son of Wladyslaw I.
During his rule, Poland grow up after fragmentation. He held peace with the Teutonic Order for as long a time as possible. He did this because he knew Poland was weak. Because of this, Casimir III changed direction of the Polish from north and west to east. In 1340, he conquered Red Ruthenia (and with it Lviv) from Hungary. Trade laws created by him made incomes from trade come into the city. This did much to make Cracow and Lviv more important and rich.

Thunbergia
"Thunbergia" Retz. is a genus of flowering plants in the family Acanthaceae, native to tropical regions of Africa, Madagascar and southern Asia. Its members are known by various names, including thunbergias; clockvine on its own usually refers to "Thunbergia grandiflora", while "Thunbergia alata" is often known as Black-eyed Susan vine or just Black-eyed Susan (not to be confused with other flowers called Black-eyed Susan). Orange clockvine is the name of "Thunbergia gregorii".
Thunbergia was named for Carl Peter Thunberg.

The Pillows
The Pillows (or the pillows) is a Japanese rock band made in 1989. They sang FLCL's theme song.

Unofficial national mottos of Poland
Poland does not have an official state motto
Three words "Bóg, Honor, Ojczyzna" ("God, Honor, Fatherland"), are the most often used lines in banners.
Another often used line is "Za wolność Naszą i Waszą" ("For our freedom and yours").
Both lines ware created, when Polish had not got their country.

Rio Negro
The Rio Negro is a river which flows through the amazon rainforest in north-western Brazil, in the state of Amazonas.
It's called "Negro" (Spanish and portuguese for "black") because its waters are colored by particles of humus, which make them not properly black but dark-brown, much like tea.

Castella
Castella ("Kasutera" in Japanese) is a sponge cake produced in Japan. It is made of sugar, flour, eggs, and starch syrup, very common at festivals and as a street food.
It was originally produced in Portugal during medieval times, and when the portuguese reached Japan they gave some of it to the Japanese nobility. The name is derived from Portuguese "Pão de Castela" which means "bread of Spain".

Mallow, County Cork
Mallow (Irish "Mala" "plain of the rock") is the "Crossroads of Munster" and the administrative capital of north County Cork, in Ireland. The Northern Divisional Offices of Cork County Council are in the town.

List of Gumby episodes
This list displays the 7 pilot and all 233 episodes of Gumby.

Krishnadevaraya
Sri Krishnadevaraya (Kannada: ಶ್ರೀ ಕೃಷ್ಣದೇವರಾಯ, Telugu:శ్రీకృష్ణదేవరాయ) (1509-1529 CE) was the most famous king of Vijayanagara Empire. He ruled this empire at the time when it ws most important. He is considered to be one of the great kings of India. Emperor Krishnadevaraya also earned the titles "Kannada Rajya Rama Ramana (ಕನ್ನಡರಾಜ್ಯರಮಾರಮಣ)", "Moorurayaraganda (ಮೂರುರಾಯರಗಂಡ)" (what means "King of three kings") and "Andhra Bhoja (ఆంధ్రభోజ)". Much of our information about his reign comes from the accounts of Portuguese travelers Domingos Paes and Nuniz.
Paes describes the king's attitude to law and order by the sentence, "The king maintains the law by killing." Offences against property (designed to maintain stability) and for murder ranged from cutting of a foot and hand for theft and beheading for murder (except for those occurring as a result of duel). Paes could not estimate the size of Vijaynagar as his view was obscured by the hills but estimated the city to be at least as large as Rome. Furthermore, he considered Vijaynagar to be "the best provided city in the world" with a population of not less than a half a million.
Paes praises Krishnadevaraya as, “the most feared and perfect King… a great ruler and a man of much justice”.
The rule of Krishnadevaraya was an age of good literature in many languages. But it is known as a golden age of Telugu literature. Many Telugu, Sanskrit, Kannada and Tamil poets enjoyed the patronage of the emperor. Emperor Krishnadevaraya was fluent in many languages.

Tocantins River
The Tocantins River is a river that flows through the northeastern part of Brazil. It rises in the district with a lot of mountains known as the Pireneus. These can be found to the west of the Federal District. Its western tributary, the Araguaia River, has headwaters very far south on the slopes of the Serra dos Caiapós.

Billy Graham
William Franklin Graham, Jr. (born November 7, 1918) better known as Billy Graham, is an Evangelical Christian and an evangelist. He is a member of the Southern Baptist Convention. He has been a spiritual advisor to many U.S. presidents. Graham has preached in person to more people than anyone else who has ever lived. Until 2002, Graham's lifetime audience, with radio and television broadcasts, was more than two billion.
Early life.
Billy Graham was born on a dairy farm near Charlotte, North Carolina. He was raised by his parents, Morrow Coffey and William Franklin Graham. In 1933, Graham's father made Graham and his sister Catherine drink beer until they vomited. This made them hate alcohol for the rest of their lives. The Billy Graham Center says Graham was converted in 1934 during a revival meeting in Charlotte, North Carolina. However, he did not become a member of a local youth group because he was "too worldly." He then went to see the local evangelist Mordecai Ham. After graduating from Sharon High School in May 1936, Graham went to Bob Jones College (now called Bob Jones University).
In his first semester of college, he found it too hard on people in both the schoolwork and rules. He almost had to leave school, but Bob Jones, Sr. said that doing that would throw his life away. He told Graham, "At best, all you could amount to would be a poor country Baptist preacher somewhere out in the sticks... You have a voice that pulls. God can use that voice of yours. He can use it mightily."
While at college, Graham would often take a canoe to a little island in the river. On that island he would preach to the birds, alligators, and cypress stumps. In 1943, Graham graduated from Wheaton College in Illinois with a degree in anthropology. While he was at Wheaton College, Graham decided to take the Bible as the perfect Word of God. He accepted this as truth at the Forest Home Christian camp (now called "Forest Home Ministries"), southeast of the Big Bear area in Southern California. A memorial is there showing where Graham first made this choice.
Family.
In 1946, Graham married someone that was in a class with him, Ruth Bell. Her parents were Presbyterian missionaries to China. There, her father, L. Nelson Bell, worked as a surgeon. When talking about Bell, Graham said "She looked at me and our eyes met and I felt that she was definitely the woman I wanted to marry." Ruth said that he "wanted to please God more than any man I'd ever met." They married two months after they graduated from college. After marriage, they lived in a log cabin that she had made. Ruth died on June 14, 2007, at age 87. They had five children together: Virginia (Gigi) Graham Foreman; Anne Graham Lotz; Ruth Dienert; Franklin Graham, and Ned Graham. They also have 19 grandchildren and 28 great-grandchildren.
Beginning.
Graham became a Southern Baptist minister in 1939. Then he took over and organized financing of the radio program "Songs in the Night". There he won the baritone, George Beverly Shea as director of music for many years. The program went well, but Graham left it in 1945. He wanted to be a chaplain in the armed forces, but after trying to get in, he came down with mumps, so he had to forget going there. After some time, he recovered in Florida. Then he started Youth for Christ with evangelist Charles Templeton. He traveled all through the United States and Europe as an evangelist.
Hearst intervention.
Graham held many revival meetings in Los Angeles in 1949. The revivals are thought to be the time when Graham became a national religious figure. This is because he got help from the powerful newspaper man William Randolph Hearst. Many people believe that Hearst liked Graham for his love of his country. It is also believed that he may have thought that Graham could help with his conservative, anti-communist views. Hearst sent a telegram to his newspaper editors reading "Puff Graham" during Billy Graham's late 1949 Los Angeles crusade. Therefore one could read much more about Graham now in Hearst's newspaper chain and national magazines. That meant that his crusade event could run for eight full weeks — five weeks longer than planned. Henry Luce put Graham on the cover of "Time magazine" in 1954.
Middle years.
Graham had missions in both London and the Madison Square Garden in 1957. The London mission lasted 12 weeks and the New York mission was about 16 weeks. He also led his first crusade in Australia in 1959.
Graham was the president of Northwestern College in Minnesota from 1948 to 1952. He began many organizations, such as the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association. He also spoke against racial segregation during the 1960s. Graham did not want to speak to segregated auditoriums. He even once tore down ropes that had been put up to split the audience. Graham paid bail money to get Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. out of jail. That was during the 1960s American Civil Rights Movement. He asked King to join him in the pulpit at the revival meeting at New York City in 1957. During that 16-week tour, he was heard by many people, who came to hear him at Madison Square Garden, Yankee Stadium and the Times Square. Because they became good friends, Graham was one of the few white people King let call him by his birth name "Mike".
Later years.
During the Cold War, Graham was the first evangelist to speak behind the Iron Curtain. During the Apartheid times, Graham would not go to South Africa until the government let all people sit together. He finally preached his first crusade there in 1973, during which he taught that apartheid was not right.
Graham went to China, where his wife Ruth, was born. He also appeared in North Korea in 1992. On September 14, 2001, shortly after the September 11, 2001 attacks, Graham led prayer at the Washington National Cathedral. President George W. Bush went to this service. On June 24, 2005, he began what he said would be his last North American crusade. On the weekend of March 11 and March 12, 2006 Billy Graham held the "Festival of Hope". It was held in New Orleans, which was recovering from Hurricane Katrina.
Graham said that he had to retire because of his failing health. He has had Parkinson's disease for about 15 years, as well as many other problems. In August 2005, though weak, he used a walker to go to at the start of his library in Charlotte, North Carolina. On August 18, 2007, Graham, age 88, got treatment for intestinal bleeding.
Billy Graham has preached Christianity to nearly 215 million people in more than 185 countries and territories. Graham has also preached to hundreds of millions more through television, videos, movie, and webcasts. He has been to over 41 evangelistic crusades since 1948. He began this ministry in 1947, and kept doing it until recently. He would often use a big area, such as a stadium, park, or a large street to speak at. Groups of up to 5,000 people would often sing in choir at his meetings. Graham would preach the gospel and then invite people to come forward. In 1992, one-quarter of the 155,000 in his Moscow audience came for Salvation upon his request.
Politics.
In Politics, Graham was a member of the Democratic Party, but changed to Republican during the presidency of his friend Richard Nixon. He is no party member, because he says that Jesus did not have a political party. Though he doesn't support people running on politics in general, he has given his support in some cases over the years.
Pastor to Presidents.
Graham has met every United States President since Harry Truman. He became close friends with Vice-President Richard Nixon while on a Golf course. Dwight D. Eisenhower asked to see Graham while on his deathbed. Graham also worked with Lyndon B. Johnson, Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan, Bill Clinton, and the Bush family.
The only president he did not know very well was John F. Kennedy. Graham did golf with him, but Kennedy was a Roman Catholic. Graham spent the last night of Johnson's presidency in the White House. He was also there for the first night of Nixon's. Nixon appeared at one of Graham's revivals in East Tennessee in 1970. It had one of the biggest crowds ever to gather in Tennessee. However, their friendship got weaker because Graham did not approve of Nixon's post-Watergate behavior. They became better friends again. Graham said at that time, "I'm out of politics."
When Graham went to the hospital in 1976, three Presidents called in one day to wish him well: former President Nixon, the then President Ford, and President-Elect Carter. He was at the start of Reagan's presidency, and gave the speech at George H.W. Bush's. Bill Clinton went to one of Graham's New York revivals in 2005. He also said that he had gone to Graham's revival as a boy in Little Rock, Arkansas, in 1959.
Graham has spoken at many funerals over the years, but he was unable to do Reagan's on June 11, 2004, because of recent hip surgery. Graham had been Reagan's first choice. Bad health also kept Graham from doing the funeral of President Gerald R. Ford in Washington D.C., on January 2, 2007.
Foreign policy views.
Graham spoke against communism. He was in favor of the U.S. Cold War policy, including the Vietnam War. However, in a 1999 speech, he talked about his relationship with the late North Korean dictator Kim Il-Sung. He said that he a "different kind of communist" and "one of the great fighters for freedom in his country against the Japanese." Graham went on to say that even though he had never met Kim's son and current North Korean dictator Kim Jong Il, he had "exchanged gifts with him." Graham has given a globe covered with doves to the "North Korean Friendship Museum".
Controversy.
In 1994, the public read in the diaries of H. R. Haldeman that Graham had talked with President Nixon about "Jewish domination of the media". (H. R. Haldeman worked with Richard Nixon at the White House). Because what Haldeman had written was different from things that Graham usually said in public, most Jewish groups did not really believe it. Graham released a statement that he never spoke "publicly or privately about the Jewish people, including conversations with President Nixon, except in the most positive terms." He said, "Those are not my words." In 2002, however, "Richard Nixon tapes" showed that Graham had talked about it, in the 1970s, as Haldeman had written. On the tapes, Graham agreed with Nixon that Jews had control over the American media. He called it a "stranglehold" in 1972. Graham said "This stranglehold has got to be broken or the country's going down the drain." When the tapes were released, Graham said he was sorry for his remarks, saying, "although I have no memory of the occasion, I deeply regret comments I apparently made... They do not reflect my views, and I sincerely apologize for any offense caused by the remarks." He also said that "If it wasn't on tape, I would not have believed it. I guess I was trying to please... I went to a meeting with Jewish leaders and I told them I would crawl to them to ask their forgiveness."
Recognition.
Between 1950 and 1990, Graham appeared many times on "Gallup's list of most admired people". The United States Postal Service has said that he is one of the few Americans, along with the current President, who can get mail that simply says his name and country: "Billy Graham, America". He has received the "Congressional Gold Medal" from the United States Congress and the "Presidential Medal of Freedom" from Reagan, America's highest civilian honors. President Bill Clinton and former Senate Majority Leader Bob Dole gave Graham the "Congressional Gold Medal" at a ceremony in Washington D.C., in 1996. The George Washington Carver Memorial Institute has honoured his work to help make better relationships between people of different races.
National day.
In 1971, Graham's hometown of "Charlotte" held a "Billy Graham Day", to which President Richard Nixon came. On May 30, 1999, Graham was invited to speak right before the Indianapolis 500. On May 31, 2007, the $27 million "Billy Graham Library" ("right") was officially started in Charlotte. Former Presidents Jimmy Carter, George H. W. Bush, and Bill Clinton came. In 1990, the band "The Swirling Eddies" gave homage to Graham with its song "Billy Graham" on the album "Outdoor Elvis".
Awards.
Graham got the "Big Brother of the Year Award" for his work on behalf of children. He also got the "Templeton Foundation Prize for Progress in Religion" and the "Sylvanus Thayer Award" for his commitment to "Duty, Honor, and Country." The "Billy Graham Children's Health Center" in Asheville is named after him. There is a special chair named after him at the Southern Baptist Samford University; the "Billy Graham Professor of Evangelism and Church Growth."

Bukka
Bukka ಬುಕ್ಕ್ (1356-1377 CE)(also known as Bukka Raya I was an emperor of the Vijayanagara Empire from the Sangama Dynasty. Bukka patronised Telugu poet Nachana Soma.
It is said that Bukka also sent a mission to China during his reign.
Important works of literature were also written during his rule. Dozens of scholars lived under the guidance of Vidyaranya and Sayana. Sayana's commentary on the Vedas, Brahmanas and Aranyakas was written under the patronage of Bukka.

McGill University
McGill University or just McGill is an university in Montreal, Canada. It was created in 1821, few years before the country Canada existed. McGill University does a lot of important researches and has North America's first Museum, called Redpath Museum.
Many people think McGill University is one of the best universities in North America

Renault Koleos
The Renault Koleos ist the second SUV from Renault after the Renault Scénic RX4. It was first presented on the Geneva Motorshow in the year 2000, then on the "Autosalon Paris" 2006. It was designed by Patrick le Quément (chief designer) and developed by Nissan.
This car ist 4520 mm long, 1890 mm wide and 1700 mm high and has a weight of 1800 kg.

Beagle
Beagles are a type of dog. They are often used as sniffer dogs to help policemen identify and recover stolen items or sniff out drugs, food and other illegal products in airports.

N. T. Rama Rao
Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao (Telugu:నందమూరి తారక రామా రావు)(28 May 1923–18 January 1996), more commonly known as N.T. Rama Rao, NTR by his fans, or Anna garu, was an Indian movie actor, director, producer, and politician. He founded the Telugu Desam Party and served three times as Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh. His movies included mythological, social, and folk themes. He was awarded the Padma Shri by the Government of India in the 1960s for his work in Telugu cinema. After acting, Rao became a political activist and party leader.

Piast dynasty
The Piast dynasty was a Polish dynasty that ruled Poland as first lords in the 10th century, until 1370. Piasts ruled also in Masovia until 1526 and Silesia until 1675.

M-Tram
M>Tram was a tram operator in Melbourne, Victoria. They got a 12 year contract on 29 August, 1999 to run the Swanston Trams franchise, which was later renamed to M>Train. M>Tram stopped running trams in April 2004. Yarra Trams runs all tram services in Melbourne now. M>Tram's slogan was Moving Melbourne.

Scrooge McDuck
Scrooge McDuck or Uncle Scrooge is a fictional character first appearing in the comic book "Christmas on Bear Mountain". The character was created by Carl Barks and has appeared in many comic books, television shows, films, and video games. Since 1952 Scrooge McDuck has appeared in his own comic book series, called "Uncle Scrooge".
Scrooge was born in Scotland in 1867, the son of Fergus McDuck. His family is very poor, so Scrooge emigrates to USA where he finds gold and becomes rich. In 1902 he moves to Duckburg and builds the Money Bin on Killmotor Hill in the center of Duckburg. Over the next years, Scrooge travels the world, learning about many cultures. In 1930, Scrooge became the richest duck on Earth.
In 1942, Scrooge retires and buys a mansion called the Manor McDuck. In 1947, he invites his nephew Donald Duck and his grand-nephews Huey, Dewey and Louie to spend Christmas at his mansion. A criminal gang called the Beagle Boys keep trying to steal Scrooge's money.

Money Bin
Money Bin is an fictional building of Scrooge McDuck. The building has constructed on 1902, after Scrooge enter on the diamond market.
The building countain all Scrooge's fortune, billions of dollars. The old duck too owner factories, mines, railroads, oils wells and spaceships.
The building apear too on Ducktales, on The Life and times of Scrooge McDuck and Ducktales the movie.

Manor McDuck
Manor McDuck is a luxurious fictional building that is residence of the fictional cartoon billionaire Scrooge McDuck.
The mansion has pool, airport and a modern kitchen. The place is worth $ 14,000,000 and was bought in balance in 1942, when Scrooge retired. According to The Life and Times of Scrooge McDuck the mansion was sold after the Christmas of 1947.

Resurrection Ship
The Cylon Resurrection Ship is a fictional type of spacecraft found in the television series "Battlestar Galactica". The ship is a part of Cylon Fleet.
Cylons who are killed have their consciousness downloaded into a nearby resurrection ship. A new body is created for their consciousness. This lets them live again after they die. If a cylon is too far away from the nearest resurrection ship, death will be permanent. With nowhere for the consciousness to download to, they will simply cease to exist.

DIY
DIY or "Do it yourself" is a method of home improvement, whereby the home owner procures materials and tools for themself, then completes the work on their own, without professional help.

Boleslaw I of Poland
Boleslaw I the Brave (Polish "Bolesław I Chrobry") (967 - June 17, 1025) was the duke of Poland from 992 to April 18, 1025 and King of Poland from April 18 to June 17, 1025. He was the son of Mieszko I, first known ruler of Poland.
During his ruled Poland made more powerful and strong. New lands was conquered (Slovakia, Moravia, Red Strongholds and Lusatia). He was able to rule country, which changed religion no long time before. Boleslaw was first king of Poland, but died 2 months after get the crown.
We know 7 children of Boleslaw I. Two of them, Mieszko II Lambert and Bezprym ruled later Poland.
Boleslaw was the first King of Poland to ever be crowned, even though he died two months later his son then took over for him.

Bo Diddley
Bo Diddley (born Ellas Bates, December 30 1928 in McComb, Mississippi, died June 2, 2008 in Archer, Florida) was an American singer, guitarist and songwriter. He was one of the original rock and roll musicians; he, along with others, created rock music.
In 1955, he recorded and released his first songs. He is most famous for the rhythm which he has made popular in many of his recordings. The rhythm has become known as the Bo Diddley beat. Some of the most popular songs which feature the Bo Diddley beat include "Not Fade Away" and "I Want Candy", George Michael's song "Faith" and U2's song "Desire". Bo Diddley is also famous for the unusual shapes of many of his guitars, for his exciting stage shows and for his use of female musicians.
Bo Diddley made many appearances on radio, television and in the movies. In 1956, he co-wrote the popular song "Love Is Strange" for the singing duo Mickey and Sylvia.
Some of his most popular songs are: "I'm A Man" (1955), "Pretty Thing" (1955), "Bring It To Jerome" (1955), "Diddy Wah Diddy" (1955), "Who Do You Love" (1956), "Mona (I Need You Baby)" (1957), "Before You Accuse Me" (1957), "Crackin' Up" (1959), "Say Man" (1959), "Say Man, Back Again" (1959), "Road Runner" (1960), "Pills" (1961), "You Can't Judge A Book By The Cover" (1962) and "I Can Tell" (1962).
Bo Diddley often sang simple or amusing songs about himself. Some of these songs are "Bo Diddley" (1955), "Diddley Daddy" (1955), "Hey Bo Diddley" (1957), "Bo Meets The Monster" (1958), "Bo Diddley's A Gunslinger" (1960), "Just Like Bo Diddley" (1989), "Bo Diddley Is Crazy" (1996) and "Oops! Bo Diddley" (1996).
His songs have been recorded by many other popular recording artists, including Aerosmith, The Animals, Eric Clapton, Creedence Clearwater Revival, Dr. Feelgood, The Doors, Buddy Holly, Chris Isaak, New York Dolls, Quicksilver Messenger Service, Rolling Stones, Bob Seger, George Thorogood and The Destroyers, The Who and The Yardbirds.
In 2003, U.S. Representative John Conyers paid tribute to Bo Diddley in the United States House of Representatives when he described him as "one of the true pioneers of rock and roll, who has influenced generations".
In 2005, Bo Diddley celebrated his 50th anniversary in music with successful tours of Australia and Europe and with coast-to-coast shows across North America.

DuckTales
"DuckTales" is an animated Disney television series. The main characters of the series are Scrooge McDuck and his great nephews Huei, Dewey and Louei. The series was originally shown from September 11, 1987 to May 6, 1990. It had a total of 100 episodes.
Basic story.
"DuckTales" is about the adventures of Scrooge and his nephews. The nephews used to live with their uncle Donald. They were left with Scrooge when Donald went off to join the Navy.
Adventures on Australia.
somebody is sabotaging Scrooge's ranchs when McDuck, and his nephews, goes by plane to Australia. Scrooge, the Manager and MacQuack goes by airplane to explorer but they are attacked by lights swords. Meanwhile, Webby lost herself on the jungle and sleep on the woods.
At next day, Webby and somes animals find an oppal's mines and discovery that the Manager is the responsible. Manager want buy Scrooge's ranchs and become an rich man. Fortunately, Webby and the animals show who is the Manager and Scrooge preserves his ranchs. Scrooge asked Webby when, how she made up to captured the bandid, she said "group work".

Home Sweet Homer
"Homer Sweet Homer" is an episode of the Ducktales series.
Episode.
One day, at Manor McDuck, Scrooge is reading a book when Huey, Dewey and Louie come in with a letter from Donald Duck. There are photos with the letter, and one of the photos shows the feet of a statue. Scrooge looks in a history book and finds a picture of Itaquack's Colossus. Scrooge tells the kids that they are going to the Mediterranean.
Meanwhile, in 1000 AD, in Itaquack, Circe tries to destroy the prince Homer with a spell but fails, and instead transports Scrooge and the kids to the past. Our heroes fight mermaids, monsters and an evil king until they finally come to Itaquack. At the royal palace, Scrooge and the nephews take over, destroy Circe's medallion and go back to the future.
In the future, Scrooge and the nephews appear on a shipwreck, where they are rescued by the Navy. On the ship, the kids say they want to be as brave as Uncle Scrooge, but Scrooge says that people often become what they really are. Donald says, ironically, that the kids will be like him (something that Scrooge and the Navy captain do not want!).

Master of the Djinni
"Master of Djinni" is one episode of Ducktales's series.
Episode.
Scrooge McDuck and Huei, Dewey and Louei go to Sahara desert to find Aladdin's lamp with Flintheart Glomgold following them. The ducks find the lamp's vault but Scrooge and Glomgold rubbing it in the same time. The djinni out and because he can't know who rubbing the lamp first, he decide do a race bettween Scrooge and Glomgold. By Scrooge's suggestion, the djinni decide live in Manor McDuck during the race. Once that the djinni and the nephews gone to the mansion, Scrooge fight Glomgolds tramps (like the vallian try kild him with a rocks avalanche). Scrooge decide win the race to Glomgold leave his nephews without a dime.
At McDuck's mansion, the djinni began like of the luxuries of the Scrooge's house (as he can eat burgers, swim in the pool and watch TV). He like so much that he decide send Scrooge and Glomgold to back in time, to he can live free forever. Because the two billionaires don't know about the time voyage, they continue running when they find a palace. The Sultan, thinking that they are spies of Hemir decide give the ducks to crocodilles. But Schewebazade, the Sultan's young wife, save them and they escape from the palace. The guards following them and Glomgold go for his count. Meanwhile, the nephews and Webby, that witnessed the evil act of the djinni, close it in the lamp and leave only the leave when he agrees to bring Scrooge to the future.
At this moment, Scrooge and Glomgold back to the present-day. Unfortunately, Glomgold find an explors and make over win the race. Obviously, Scrooge can make over come to Duckburg only to discovery that Glomgold win the race. Glomgold's first wish is send Scrooge to a desert island. Glomgold use involuntary his second wish to go to the desert island with Scrooge (he said "How I can wish see Scrooge's face when he comes there"!). At the island, Glomgold wish that the lamp never found on the first place. This do everything to back in time when the ducks opens the vault entrace. The explosion made the lamp fall and despite the ducks can back to Duckburg a live, the lamp stays on the vault as never found.

Sweet duck of the youth
"Sweet duck of the youth" is an episode of Ducktales's.
episode.
One night, Scrooge McDuck and Launchpad back to Manor McDuck after to faill to find a lost mine. When Scrooge enter on the mansion, he discovery that today is his birthday and his family decide prepared a surprise party. Scrooge is unhappy because he is old and, when Mrs Beakleys menciones the youth fount, Scrooge run to the library. There he find a book that talk about Poncean de León, an Spanish exploreer that he find the youth fount on Florida.
At next day, on Florida, the ducks are on a tropical florest when they meet an old man that he too as try found the youth fount. After find the map, the guys find the youth fount. Bad:the youth fount don't become the people youth, but yesh their reflexion. Scrooge back to Duckburg and he realizes that the people has the age that they think they has.

Where No Duck Has Gone Before
"Where no duck has gone before" is an episode of Ducktales's.
Episode.
One day, at Manor McDuck, Huey, Dewey and Louei has watching the program "Ducks of Galaxies" when Scrooge buy the Duckburg studios (the place where the "Ducks of Galaxies" has doing). Scrooge command Gyro build an spaceship (false, of course) but gyro build an "real" spaceship.
The spaceship send the Capitan, Huei and co. and MacQuack to space where they are captured by alliens. The nephews discovery that the Capitan is evil. After to live one thousand adventures, our heroes back to Earth where Scrooge punish the Capitan do him working with children.

Ducks of the West
"Ducks of the West" is an episode of Ducktales's.
Plot.
One day, at Manor McDuck garden, the nephews are playing with airplanes without petrol. Meanwhile, Scrooge McDuck goes to McDuck Gas station to discovery that the station not have petrol. When the nephews come, Scrooge recruit them tellng them to go to Texas. At Texas, the nephews meet Dogface, a cowboy.
Meanwhile, Scrooge meets Mr Petroleum, a selfish oil magnate, that he wants sell land to. Scrooge goes, with the nephews to the ghost town where they discovery that Dogface is the responsible for the McDuck's oil well drying up. Scrooge discovery that Petroleum cheated and got money back.

All Grown Up!
"All Grown Up!" is a Nickelodeon animated television series. It is also a spin-off from the Rugrats. The series is about the original Rugrats characters being nine years older. It was first shown on April 12, 2003.

Randalstown
Randalstown is a town in County Antrim in Northern Ireland.
One famous person who came from Randalstown is the suspected serial killer John Bodkin Adams, born in 1899.

Connex Melbourne
Connex is a train operator in Melbourne, Australia. They run all Melbourne railway lines, and took over all M-Train services on April 16, 2003. All Connex services use the Metcard fare system, but will change to the Myki system once it starts to be used.

Battlestar Galactica
"Battlestar Galactica" is a science fiction franchise. It includes two separate television series, one sequel series, movies, books, comic books, toy and other merchandice. The series are named after the main spacecraft, the Battlestar (a large type of warship in space) Galactica.
Original series.
The first series was created in 1978 after the successful theater release of "Star Wars". The series was shown on the American network ABC. The series lasted for eight months and 17 episodes before it ended. The cost of making the series was said to be one of the reasons for it ending. The series starred Lorne Greene as Commander Adama, captain of the Galactica. Richard Hatch played his son, the pilot Apollo. Dirk Benedict played Apollo's friend and fellow pilot, Starbuck.
In 1980, ABC make the sequal series "Galactica 1980". This series took place after the fleet got to Earth. The series did not do well in the ratings and quickly ended. Several movies were made using edited version of both series.
Remake series.
In 2003, Universal Television along with the Sci-Fi Channel and Sky One created a three hour mini-series based on the original television series. This series was very well liked by both the audience and critics. This led to the Sci-Fi Channel making it into a series in 2004. After the 2007 season of "Battlestar Galactica", the Nielsen ratings said that over 119 million people watched the series. This maked it the highest rated and most watched series on cable networks. Edward James Olmos plays Commander William Adama. Jamie Bamber plays his son, Lee "Apollo" Adama. Katee Sackhoff plays Kara "Starbuck" Thrace. Starbuck was one of several characters to be changed from a male character into a female character.
Story.
All of the "Battlestar Galactica" series have the same basic setting. In a far away part of the universe, a civilization of humans live on planets known as the "Twelve Colonies". In the past, the Colonies were at war with a cybernetic race known as the Cylons. With the help of a human named Gaius Baltar, the Cylons attacked on the Colonies. This surprise attack caused much damage to the planets where the humans lived and killed most of their populations. A few thousand of humans did not die in the attacks. They fled into space aboard any spacecraft they could. Of all the Colonial Fleet, the battlestar "Galactica" appears to be the only military ship that was not destroyed in the attack. Under the leadership of military leader Commander Adama, the Battlestar "Galactica" and its crew lead and protect the fleet of survivors into space in search of a fabled Thirteenth Colony and its home planet, Earth.

Black-capped Chickadee
The Black-capped Chickadee (Poecile atricapillus) is a small bird. It lives in Canada, Alaska and the northern United States. The black-capped chickadee is a common bird which sings a simple song. It is part of the family of chickadees or tits. This family of birds is called "Paridae" by scientists who study birds.
Appearance.
The black-capped chickadee is about 12-15 cm (5-6 in) long and weighs 9-15 g (0.32-0.49 oz.)
The male and female black-capped chickadees look the same. The black-capped chickadee has black and white on its head. The top of the head and throat are black, and the sides are white. It has a short, black beak.
The back of the body of the black-capped chickadee is gray. The front of the body is white and light brown. The bird has short wings and a short tail.
Song.
The song of the black-capped chickadee is a clear whistle.
Food and Nests.
In the summer, black-capped chickadees eat many insects. In the winter, they eat seeds and berries. The black-capped chickadee will hide seeds in different places and return later to eat
When two black-capped chickadees want to build a nest, they will use a hole in a tree.

Harihara
Harihara is the name deity that combined Vishnu and Shiva. It comes from the Hindu tradition. "Harihara" is also sometimes used as a philosophical term when one wants to speak of the unity of Vishnu and Shiva as different aspects of the same Supreme God.

Harihara I
Harihara I, (1336-1356 CE) also called Hakka ಹಕ್ಕ and "Vira Harihara I", was the founder of the Vijayanagara empire. He was the eldest son of Bhavana Sangama and was founder of the Sangama dynasty, the first among the four dynasties that ruled Vijayanagara. Immediately after coming to power, he built a fort at Barkuru, on the west coast of present day Karnataka. Kannada inscriptions of his time call him "Karnataka Vidya Vilas" (master of great knowledge and skills), "Bhashegetappuvarayaraganda" (punisher of those feudatories who don't keep their promise), "Arirayavibhada" (fire to enemy kings). Among his brothers, Kampana governed Nellur region, Muddppa administered Mulabagalu region, Marappa oversaw Chandragutti and Bukka Raya was his second in command.
At first he conquered the valley of Tungabhadra River, then he expanded his control to certain regions of Konkan and Malabar Coast. By that time Hoysala Empire had lost its last ruler and Harihara I could gain power.
An inscription of 1346 speaks of Harihara I as the ruler of “whole country between the eastern and the western seas, and the inscription describes "Vidya Nagara" (that is, the city of learning) as his capital.
Harihara I was succeeded by Bukka I who was the most distinguished amongst the five rulers (Panchasangamas) of the Sangama dynasty.

Li people
黎 Hlai" is a minority Chinese ethnic group. Hlai is one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the PRC Government. 94% of Hlai people live off the southern coast of mainland China on Hainan, where they are the largest minority ethnic group in the area.
During the Sui Dynasty they were known by the name Liliao, and presently they refer to themselves as the Hlai or Sai people. Hlai is pronounced as Lí in Mandarin and Lai in Cantonese.
The Hlai people have their own language, known as Hlai. The Hlai language did not have a writing system before the 1950s, when the Latin alphabet was adopted. Some to most Hlai people nowadays can understand Mandarin and Cantonese.

Altes Museum
Altes Museum (German for Old Museum) is a museum on an island of the Spree River, which runs through Berlin. Despite being made of Greek columns, the museum is actually not of Greek origin, as it was created between 1822-1830 in a major German city.

The Sleepers
"The Sleepers" is a painting by Gustave Courbet. The painting was made in 1866. In it, two naked women lie on a bed. It is typical of Courbet's later erotic paintings. The painting is done in oil on canvas. It measures 135 cm high and 200 cm wide. It is currently in the museum Petit Palais in Paris, France. The painting is also known as "The Dream" (French: "Le Sommeil"), or "Lust" or "The Sloth and Friends".

Religion in China
Although China is officially atheist, many Chinese people are religious. The main religions in China are Buddhism (including Mahayana), Chinese folklore, Taoism and Confucianism. Because most Chinese religious people follow a mixture of all of the main four religions previously mentioned, the differences between and boundaries of those religions are blurred.
Buddhism and Mahayana in China.
Chinese Buddhism () refers to one of the many branches and types of Buddhism. Buddhism in China is often mixed with Chinese philosophy, folklore and traditional mythology, as well as concepts of other philosophy-religions such as Confucianism and Daoism (Taoism). It is mainly practiced in mainland China, where almost all Han Chinese are Buddhists.
When Buddhism was introduced to China from Nepal is unclear, however, the first clear sign of Buddhism in China was around the 60s CE.
Folk Religion in China.
Chinese folk religion is a religion that has been practiced in China for thousands of years. There are at least 800,000,000 followers of Chinese folk religion worldwide (estimate). Most if not all of these followers are also followers of Buddhism, Confucianism and Taoism, as these three philosophy-religions are major influences of China's folk religion. The influence from and to these three philosophy-religions goes to the extent that some mythical figures from folk culture have merged into those philosophy-religions and vice versa.
Chinese folk religion is made up of a combination of religious practices, including Confucianism, ancestor veneration, Buddhism and Taoism. Folk religion also retains traces of some of its ancestral neolithic belief systems which include the veneration of the Sun, Moon, Earth, Heaven and various stars, as well as communication with animals. It has been practiced alongside Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism by Chinese people throughout the world for thousands of years.
Daoism in China.
Daoism, or Taoism, is a philosophy-religion that is at least 2,500 years old. It originated from China and is now widely practised in Korea.
道 Dao, also romanized as Tao, is the "Force" that Taoists believe makes everything in the world. It is very mysterious, and instead of trying to interpret or understand what Dao is
Instead of spending a lot of time trying to explain what the Tao is, Taoists focus on living a simple and balanced life in harmony with nature. This is one of the most important principles in Taoism. Taoists also believe that conflict is not good and that if you have a problem with something, it is better to find a way around it.

Kim Ungyong
Kim Ung-yong (born 7 March 1963) was a Korean child prodigy. He was able to read and write in Japanese, Korean, German and English before he turned four years old. At the age of four, on 2 November 1967, he answered differential and integral calculus questions on Japanese television, showed that he could speak German, English, Japanese and Korean, and write poetry. Kim was listed in the Guiness Book of World Records under "Highest IQ"; the book guessed the boy's score at "over 200."
Kim was a guest student of physics at Hanyang University from the age of 3 until he was 6.. At the age of 7 he was invited to America by NASA.. He finished his university studies, eventually getting a Ph.D. in physics at Colorado State University before he was 15. In 1974, during his university studies, he began his research work at NASA and continued this work until his return to Korea in 1978.
When he returned to Korea, he decided to switch from physics to civil engineering and eventually received a doctorate in that field. Kim was offered the chance to study at the most prestigious universities in Korea, but instead chose to attend a provincial university.
As of 2007 he also serves as adjunct faculty at Chungbuk National University.

Nakamura Hikaru
中村光 Nakamura Hikaru, born 9 December 1987 in Hirakata, Osaka Prefecture) is an International Chess Grandmaster (GM).

Quickdraw
A Quickdraw is used in rock climbing for lead climbing. One end is hooked into an anchor in
the wall. Afterwards the rope is hooked into the other end. Usually quickdraws are used every few meters. Quickdraws are made of two carabiners connected by a sling. Quickdraws can hold up to 22 kN.

Seedling
A seedling is a small plant that often will grow from a little seed. A "seedling" will sometimes be made into food and eaten.

David Boreanaz
David Paul Boreanaz (born May 16, 1969) is an American actor. He is best known for his role on the television series "Buffy the Vampire Slayer" and "Angel". On these series, he played the character Angel. Since fall of 2005, he has played Seeley Booth on "Bones".
Early life.
David Boreanaz was born on May 16th, 1969 in Buffalo, New York. He grew up in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. His father is a television weatherman and his mother is a travel agent. He is of Italian descent. The surname Boreanaz is of Northern Italian origin. He was raised Catholic.
Boreanaz went to high school in Malvern, Pennsylvania. He went to college at Ithaca College in Ithaca, New York. After graduating, Boreanaz moved to Hollywood, California to become an actor.
Career.
Boreanaz' first television acting job was a single episode on the hit American sitcom, "Married... with Children". He played Kelly's biker boyfriend. He was cast in the television series "Buffy the Vampire Slayer", after being seen by a producer when Boreanaz was walking his dog. In the series, he played Angel, a vampire with a soul. The series became very successful and Boreanaz starred in a spin-off series, "Angel". This new series gave the character a chance to evolve. It was mainly about on Angel's battle for redemption. He appeared on "Buffy" from 1997 to 1999, at which point he began starring in "Angel", which ran until 2004. Totalling all of his appearances on "Buffy" & "Angel", including guest appearances, Boreanaz has been in more episodes of the 2 series than any other actor.
Boreanaz's only starring role in a major theatrical movie was in 2001's slasher horror movie, "Valentine". This movie also starred Denise Richards and Katherine Heigl. In 2003, he appeared in the music video for singer Dido's "White Flag". He was also the voice of Leon (aka Squall Leonhart) in the video game "Kingdom Hearts".
In 2005, Boreanaz began starring along with Emily Deschanel on the prime time television series, "Bones". He most recently appeared in "These Girls", a Canadian movie in which he played a biker. The movie was first shown at the Toronto Film Festival and the Vancouver International Film Festival. It was later shown in a small number of theaters in Canada in March of 2006. His future roles include parts in the independent films "Mr. Fix it" and "Suffering Man's Charity". It is also rumored that Boreanaz will star in the upcoming movie "Jurassic Park 4" which will be released some time in 2008. In that same year, he also voiced Hal Jordan in the direct to video DC Comics animated movie '.
Personal life.
Boreanaz lives in Los Angeles, California. He was married to Ingrid Quinn from June 7, 1997 to October 1999. He married actress and model Jaime Bergman on November 24, 2001. The couple has a son, Jaden Rayne Boreanaz, who was born on May 1, 2002. He and his wife are also good friends with Raven Symone. David attended her 21st birthday in December 2006.

Ocean
An Ocean is a large area of salt water between continents. Oceans are very big and they join smaller seas together. All oceans in the world can be thought of as one "ocean", because all the "oceans" are joined.
The ocean is blue because it reflects the color of the sky.
The biggest ocean is the Pacific Ocean. It covers 1/3 (one third) of the Earth's surface.
The Smallest ocean is the Arctic Ocean.
There is a 'new' ocean, the Southern Ocean. It is the combination of the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans around Antarctica. It is also known as the Antarctic Ocean.
The deepest ocean is the Pacific ocean, with the deepest point being 36,200 feet deep.

Work (Kelly Rowland song)
"Work" is a song recorded by American singer-songwriter Kelly Rowland. It was written by Rowland, Scott Storch and Jason "Pooh Bear" Boyd and co-produced by Storch and Boyd for Rowland's second studio album, "Ms. Kelly" (2007).
Following the less successful chart performances of previous singles "Like This" and "Ghetto", "Work" was released during the first quarter of 2008 (see 2008 in music) as the album's second single in most international music markets. The song has since enjoyed commerical success, becoming Rowland's best-charting solo single since her 2002 song "Stole," reaching the top of the charts in Bulgaria and Poland, as well as the top 10 in Australia, Finland, France, Ireland, Malta, Poland, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
Formats and track listings.
These are the formats and track listings of major single-releases of "Work."

Eluveitie
Eluveitie is a folk metal band from Switzerland. They started 2002. Their style is a mixture of "Celtic folk metal" and "melodic death metal". Most of their lyrics are in Gaulish.

Heaven Shall Burn
Heaven Shall Burn is a rock band from Saalfelden, Germany. Their music style is called "Deathcore" which is a mixture of "metalcore" and "death metal". Their members are: Matthias Voigt (drums), Maik Weichert (guitar), Alexander Dietz (guitar), Eric Bischoff (bass) and Marcus Bischoff (vocals).

2605 Sahade
2605 Sahade (1974 QA) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on August 16, 1974 by Felix Aguilar Observatory at El Leoncito.

Paranaguá
Paranaguá is a coastal city in the state of Paraná in the south of Brazil. Founded in 1648, it is Paraná's oldest city. Its population was 147,934 as of January 2006 and an area of 826,652 km².
It is known for its excellent port facilities, being the sea port for Curitiba, the capital of Paraná.
The Port of Paranaguá is the sixth largest port in the world, the second largest in Brazil and the largest grain port of Latin America. His territorial extension is 13 km². It is the second largest port in Brazil, but the first in export of grains.

Datura stramonium
"Datura stramonium", known by the common names, jimson weed, ditch weed, stink weed, loco weed,Korean morning glory, Jamestown weed, thorn apple, angel's trumpet, devil's trumpet, devil's snare, devil's seed, mad hatter, crazy tea, malpitte, the Devil's balls, is an erect annual herb, on average 30 to 150 cm (1-5 feet) tall with erect, forking and purple stems. The leaves are large, 7 to 20 cm (3-8 in) long and have irregular teeth
Flowers are trumpet-shaped, white to purple, and 2-7 in long.The fruit are walnut-sized, egg-shaped, and covered in prickles, they split into four chambers, each chamber with dozens of small black seeds
Other websites.
http://www.erowid.org/plants/datura/datura_info5.shtml

Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull
"Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull" is a 2008 adventure movie directed by Steven Spielberg. The story the movie is based on was written by Spielberg and executive producer George Lucas. Set in 1957, this fourth movie in the Indiana Jones movie series and is based around an older and wiser Indiana Jones (played by Harrison Ford) against agents of the Soviet Union—led by Spalko (Cate Blanchett)—for the crystal skull. Indy is helped by his former lover Marion Ravenwood (played by Karen Allen), Mutt (played by Shia LaBeouf) and friend Mac (played by Ray Winstone). John Hurt, Jim Broadbent, and Ian McDiarmid also play fellow academics.
The movie was in "development hell" since the 1989 release of "Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade", because Spielberg and Ford did not agree over Lucas's choice of the skull as the center plot device. Screenwriters Jeb Stuart, Jeffrey Boam, M. Night Shyamalan, Frank Darabont and Jeff Nathanson wrote early versions, before David Koepp's script was chosen by all three men. Shooting finally started on June 18 2007, and took place in New Mexico, New Haven, Connecticut, Hawaii, Fresno, California, and at soundstages in Los Angeles. This movie uses more stunts than CGI (computer generated images) so that the movie looks like the rest in the series. The music was created once again by John Williams
Plot.
At the beginning of the movie, the U.S Army is doing weapons testing in Nevada in 1957. It is then revealed that the Soviets have taken control of some of the army and shoot some security people dead. A group of Soviet men and agent Irina Spalko then pull Indiana Jones out of the car and make him get an object that he found ten years ago. He finds the box and tries to escape, but his friend Mac turns on him. After escaping, he finds himself in a fake town. The U.S Army then explodes an atomic bomb. Jones gets into a refrigerator and barely survives.
Because Jones was Mac's friend for a long time, the U.S government thinks that Jones might be a Communist. At Marshall College the next day (where Jones teaches), the head dean informs him that he is on a "leave of absence" and that the dean resigned in order to protect Jones. Jones packs his bags and leaves New York. Before he can leave, though, a young man named Mutt Williams comes to him and shows him a letter. Williams says that Harold Oxley, one of Jones's old friends, has been kidnapped. Later, these people kidnapped Williams' mother Mary and will kill them both if the crystal skull cannot be found.
Jones reads the letter and the puzzle and says that Oxley was referring to Cuzco, Peru. Jones and Williams fly down there, where Jones learns that Oxley was put in a jail a couple of months ago. In the prison, Oxley scratched out some drawings. Jones and Williams head to a grave site where they believe Francisco de Orellana lies buried; legend tells that he found the crystal skull but was never found. They find the skull and come up only to find Mac and some Soviets pointing weapons at them.
All of them fly to a new camp in the jungle. Spalko tells Jones that she believes that the skull was made by aliens and that it holds great power. There, Jones finds that "Mary Williams" is actually Marion Ravenwood, his old lover. He also finds Oxley, who is out of his mind, rambling and unable to speak a full sentence. Jones finds out what Oxley is saying. As the Soviets and Jones figure out where to go, Williams starts a fire and tries to get them to escape. Jones and Ravenwood fall in quicksand and start sinking. As they sink, Ravenwood tells Jones that Williams' real name is Henry Jones III and that he is Jones's son. Williams uses a snake to get them out of the sandpit. They are recaptured.
The next day, the Soviets begin destroying the forest as they seek to reach the Temple of Aktor, the area Oxley pointed out. Jones gets his ropes loose and takes over one of the cars, starting a long jungle chase. In the end, they find the area, the location where the crystal skull should be returned. Mac rejoins the group as a good guy, but in reality he was still not good, and left little blinking red lights as a trail so the slower Soviets can find where Jones and his party were.
In a chamber tomb, Jones and his party find that 13 crystal skeletons, with one missing a skull. Spalko takes the skull away from Oxley and puts it back. The temple begins to crumble. Spalko wants to know everything in the world but she soon knows too much and explodes. Jones and his party start to escape. Jones stops to try to get Mac, but Mac says it is okay and lets himself be taken away. After Jones exits the temple, he sees the temple collapse and reveal itself to be a flying saucer. Back home, Jones becomes the associate dean of Marshall College. He and Ravenwood get married.

Indian Premier League
The Indian Premier League (also known as the "DLF Indian Premier League"), is a Twenty20 cricket competition created by the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI). The first season of the Indian Premier League commenced on 18 April 2008.

Fernando Pessoa
Fernando António Nogueira Pessoa (Lisbon, 13 June 1888 - Lisbon, 30 November 1935) more known as Fernando Pessoa, was a Portuguese poet and writer.
Pessoa is considered one of the greatest Portuguese poets of always, to the height of Luís Vaz de Camões; his works reflect the infuence of the classic tradition and the French symbolism, his poetry comes from the saudosism. It is famous for to have written under 73 different names; each of these persons has its own presumed biography, physical qualities, relationship to the others, poetic voice, and perspective, and in part it reflects Pessoa's conviction that there does not exist one integrated personality. His work has been influenced also by the English language, learned in South Africa, where Pessoa passed great part of his youth.
He has died for problems of hepatitis at 47 year of his life, in the same city where he had been born; his last phrase was in English: "I know not what tomorrow will bring...".
Among Pessoa's collection that include poems in English, there are "Sonnets" (1918), "English Poems" (1922), and "Mensagem" (1934).

Gaeltacht
Gaeltacht areas are regions where most of the people speak the Irish language. Most Gaeltacht regions are in the Republic of Ireland. The largest Gaeltacht areas are in the counties of Kerry, Cork, Galway, Mayo, Donegal, Waterford and Meath. Irish is the most common language spoken in the Gaeltacht, but most of the people can also understand the English language.

Harass
Harass or harassment is a type of torture. Harassment can be done by attacking someone when they tell you to stop etc.

Brná nad Labem
Brná nad Labem (German: "Birnai") is a part of city Ústí nad Labem, Czech republic. It is a small part of landscape park České středohoří on the right side of river Labe. It is close to Ústí nad Labem and it's area is about 4,23 km².

Goodies (song)
"Goodies" is a pop song recorded by American R&B singer Ciara and rapper Petey Pablo for Ciara's debut album "Goodies" (2004) and written by Ciara, Sean Garrett, LaMarquis Jefferson, Craig Love and Jonathan Smith. "Goodies" is a combination of crunk and R&B. The song's lyrics are about female empowerment and virginity. The protagonist does not want to an object, while performing over a complex beat. The song's protagonist rejects a male's sexual advances, proclaiming that he will never get her "goodies" because "they stay in the jar".
Formats and track listings.
These are the formats and track listings of major single releases of "Goodies".

James I of Scotland
James I (December 10, 1394 – February 21, 1437) was King of Scots from April 4, 1406, and ruled as King of Scots from May 1424 until February 21, 1437.
Reign.
He made many economic and legal changes. For instance, he tried to change the Parliament of Scotland to suit English lines. Many of his actions were useful, but they also upset many people. Therefore during the later years of his reign his ability was questioned, but when the king threw a party on February 21, 1437, he was assassinated by a group of Scots led by Sir Robert Graham. He attempted to escape his attackers through a sewer but couldn't because the sewer was blocked. A wave of executions followed, including the king's uncle, Sir Walter Sterwart and Sir Robert Steward.

Shameless
"Shameless" is a BAFTA award-winning British comedy drama television series set in the fictional Chatsworth Estate in Manchester, United Kingdom. Produced by Company Pictures for Channel 4, the first seven-episode series aired weekly on Tuesday nights at 10pm from 13 January 2004. The dramedy which deals with issues related to chav culture in the UK has been accorded critical acclaim by various sections of the British media, including "The Sun" newspaper and "Newsnight Review" on BBC Two.

Stele
A stele is a stone or wooden slab, mostly taller than it is wide, that is erected for commemorative purposes. Mostly it is decorated with the names and titles of the person that shall remind of. This is inscribed, carved in relief or painted onto the slab.
History and function.
Stelae were also used as territorial markers, as the boundary stelae of Akhenaten at Amarna, or to commemorate military victories. They were widely used in the Mesopotamia, Greece, Egypt, Ethiopia, and, quite independently, in China and some Buddhist cultures, and, more surely independently, by Mesoamerican civilisations, especially the Olmec and Maya. The huge number of stelae that survive from ancient Egypt and in Central America are one of the largest and most significant sources of information on those civilisations.
Unfinished standing stones, set up without inscriptions from Libya in North Africa to Scotland were monuments of pre-literate Megalithic cultures in the Late Stone Age.
An obelisk is a specialized kind of stele. The Celtic high crosses of Ireland, Scotland, and Wales are "specialized stelae". Likewise, the Totem pole of North and South America is a type of stelae. Gravestones are also kinds of stelae.
In 2004 the architect Peter Eisenman created a field of some 2,700 blank stelae, the "Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe" in Berlin to memory of the Holocaust.

Qingzang railway
The Qingzang railway (also called Qinghai–Xizang railway, or Qinghai–Tibet railway () is a railway line. It runs from Xining, Qinghai Province, to Lhasa, Tibet Autonomous Region, in China.
The line includes the Tanggula Pass, at 5,072 m (16,640 feet) above sea level the world's highest rail track. The 1,338 m Fenghuoshan tunnel is the highest rail tunnel in the world, at 4,905 m above sea level. The 3,345-m Yangbajing tunnel is the longest tunnel on the line. It is 4,264 m above sea level, 80 kilometres north-west of Lhasa.
More than 960 km, or over 80% of the Golmud-Lhasa section, is at an altitude of more than 4,000 m. There are 675 bridges, totalling 159.88 km, and over half the length of the railway is laid on permafrost.
It takes about 3 days to go from Lhasa to Guangzhou or Shanghai.

Ostrava
Ostrava is the third biggest city in the Czech Republic. It is also the government center of the Moravian-Silesian Region. The town was started in 1267 and it can be found in the north-eastern part of the country. More than 300,000 people live in Ostrava. Bishop of Roman Catholic Diocese of Ostrava-Opava is also based in Ostrava.

Sleep disorder
A sleep disorder is unhealthy sleep. There are many sleep disorders, and some of them are very serious. A test commonly ordered for some sleep disorders is the polysomnogram.
Classifications of sleep disorders.
Dysomnias are a broad category of sleep disorders which cause too much or too little sleep. Some of these are caused within the body while some are externally caused.
For example, insomnia and narcolepsy are two of the dysomnias.
Circadian rhythm sleep disorders cause sleeping at abnormal times: too early, too late or not regularly. People with these disorders can usually get enough sleep, just at the "wrong" time of day. These disorders are sometimes included among the dysomnias.
Parasomnias are doing things not normally done while sleeping, without conscious knowledge of what one is doing. They include walking, eating, dressing, bedwetting and other events.
Medical or psychiatric conditions may also cause trouble sleeping. People with depression or alcoholism may sleep poorly.
Common causes of sleep disorders.
Changes in life style, such as shift work change or travelling over several time zones, can contribute to sleep disorders.
Treatment.
A sleep diary or log can be used to help diagnose (define) the problem. It can also be used to measure improvements.
According to Dr. William Dement of the Stanford Sleep Center, anyone who snores and is sleepy in the daytime should see a doctor about sleep disorders.
In case of chronic pain, both the pain and the sleep problems should be treated. Pain can lead to sleep problems and vice versa.
The choice of a treatment for a sleep disorder depends on the patient's diagnosis, his/her medical and psychiatric history, and how she or he prefers to be treated. Medications sometimes work fast. On the other hand, sometimes behavioral treatment of insomnia may give more lasting results.

Bahebek Wahashtini
"Bahebek Wahashtini" is a song written and sung by Emarati pop star Hussein El Jesmy, the song serves as the theme music for the popular Arabic film "Al Rahina (2006)", or "The Hostage".
The words, when translated in Arabic to English, means "I love you and I've missed you"; this, of course, parallells the intimacy and loyalty that the character within the movie has for his mother country, Egypt.

Kirk Cameron
Kirk Cameron (born October 12 1970) is an American actor. He is most famous for his role in the television sitcom "Growing Pains". He is also known for being the co-host of the The Way of the Master and The Way of the Master Radio programs.
On July 21, 1991, Cameron married actress Chelsea Noble. They now have six children, four of whom were adopted: Jack (born 1996), Isabella (born 1997), Anna (born 1998), and Luke (born 2000); and two biological: Olivia Rose (born July 18, 2001) and James Thomas (born April 13, 2003).

Get on the Bus
"Get on the Bus" was the third single from girl group Destiny's Child. The song featured rapper/producer Timbaland and is lifted from the original motion picture soundtrack of "Why Do Fools Fall in Love" (1998). It was the second single to be lifted from the soundtrack following Melanie B's debut single, "I Want You Back". Produced by Timbaland, it peaked at number twelve on the UK and Netherlands charts, and at number sixty on the German chart. The single was not comercially released in the U.S. and other major markets, It did receive some minor US Urban radio airplay, peaking at #58 on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay chart. The music video was directed by Earle Sebastian.

South China Sea
The South China Sea is a marginal sea south of China. It is a part of the Pacific Ocean, occupying an area from Singapore to the Strait of Taiwan of around 3,500,000 km². It is one of the largest sea bodies after the five oceans. There are hundreds of minute South China Sea Islands, collectively an archipelago. The sea and its mostly uninhabited islands are subject to several competing claims of sovereignty by neighboring nations. These competing claims are also reflected in the variety of names used for the islands and the sea.

Leo Belgicus
The Leo Belgicus is a map of the Low Countries (the Netherlands and Belgium). They were drawn in the shape of a lion. The Leo Belgicus that came first was drawn by the Austrian cartographer Michael Aitzinger in 1583. The Netherlands were fighting the Eighty Years' War for freedom at this time.
There were three different drawings. In the most common one, the lion's head was found in the northeast part of the country and the tail in the southeast part of the country. The most famous version is the drawing of Claes Janszoon Visscher. It was made in 1609 when the Twelve Years' Truce was written. The third version was made late in the war. It was made after the freedom of the Dutch Republic was given in the Peace of Westphalia of the year 1648. It is called the "Leo Hollandicus", the Holland Lion, and shows only the province of Holland.

Tebibyte
A tebibyte (TiB) is a unit of measurement in computers and similar electronic devices. Tebibytes hold 1024 gibibytes (GiB) or 1,099,511,627,776 bytes. Some people call this number of bytes a terabyte.
1,024 tebibytes make one exbibyte.

Petabyte
A petabyte (PB) is a unit of measurement in computers and similar electronic devices. Petabytes hold 1000 terabytes (GB) or a thousand trillion (1,000,000,000,000,000) bytes.
Large organisations use petabytes of storage to hold massive amounts of data. People at home probably don't use petabytes, they would use gigabytes, megabytes and occasionally kilobytes.

Exabyte
An exabyte (EB) is a unit of measurement for computers of the future. Exabytes hold 1000 petabytes (PB) or a million trillion (1,000,000,000,000,000,000) bytes.

Zettabyte
A zettabyte (ZB) is a unit of measurement for computers of the future. Zettabytes hold 1000 exabytes (EB) or a billion trillion (1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000) bytes.
In 2008, there are no computers large enough to hold even one zettabyte of data.

Yottabyte
A yottabyte (YB) is a unit of measurement for computers of the future. Yottabytes hold 1000 zettabytes (ZB) or a trillion trillion (1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000) bytes.
In 2008, there are no computer large enough to hold even one yottabyte of data.

Nature's services
"Nature's services" is a term for the ways in which nature benefits humans. It means particularly those benefits that can be measured in economic terms. Robert Costanza and other theorists of natural capital analysed nature's services to humanity in the 1990s.
The economic contribution of seventeen of these services they caculated to be about US$33 trillion per year, greater than the activities the whole human economy, which was about US$25 trillion.
This was based on estimated costs of replacing the services nature provides. For that purpose they were compared with equivalent services that are produced by humans. This calculation makes clear that mankind cannot develop without nature's services.
This study is central for the theory of natural capital.
But this study had no great influence on government policy or on WTO, IMF or G8 economic and trade policy.

Signing Time!
Signing Time! is a children's television show for children one through eight to watch that teaches American Sign Language. It is shown in the United States and hosted by Rachel de Azevedo Coleman. It is shown by American Public Television in many cities across the United States.
Research shows sign language’s power to help children's learning ability to grow. With just a few simple American Sign Language signs, babies and toddlers — some as young as nine months old — can show people their needs before they can speak, which may make them have fewer tantrums. School-aged children enjoy the benefits of learning a second language. Children with developmental delays or special needs can find their own “voice” by using their hands to talk using sign language.
Signing Time’s helps children learn through three senses — visual (seeing), auditory (hearing), and kinesthetic (touch) — and reaches children with different learning styles and abilities by making children want to communicate with other people through signing, singing, speaking and dancing.
In the series, songwriter and musician Rachel Coleman, her daughter Leah (who is deaf), Alex (Leah’s cousin who can hear), and their cartoon pet frog Hopkins, teach hundreds of useful American Sign Language signs. Children learn signs for words, questions, phrases, movements, colors, sports, days of the week, everyday objects, and activities that are done a lot. Signing Time! makes learning sign language easy for the whole family.
History.
In 1996, Rachel Coleman had a daughter, who was named Leah. Fourteen months after she was born, Rachel and her husband, Aaron, found out that Leah was deaf since she was born. After that, the couple started to teach Leah sign language, first with Signing Exact English (SEE), then with American Sign Language (ASL),so that they could learn to communicate, becoming good signers. Rachel was surprised to see that after six months, Leah's sign language vocabulary had more words the vocabulary of hearing children her same age. Rachel's sister Emilie Brown and her husband Derek were teaching Leah's baby cousin, Alex, how to sign, and he learned it quickly also.
A few years later, Rachel had a second daughter. Lucy was born 8 weeks premature, with spina bifida (this means there is a hole in your back when you are born and your spinal cord is sticking out) and cerebral palsy (your brain has trouble controlling your muscles). Doctors worried that, because of her cerebral palsy, Lucy would never be able to speak or use sign language to communicate with her deaf sister, but after the first volume was made, Lucy started to sign, and later, to speak. Rachel then thought that signing could be beneficial to all children.
Rachel and Emilie decided to make a video for hearing children so that American Sign Language could be made accessible to all children, and made Two Little Hands Productions, their producing company, together.
How the show works.
Rachel hosts the show herself, with her daughter Leah and nephew Alex also starring to help teach signs. In My First Signs, Rachel wasn't going to be in the videos, but she was added to show the signs because Alex and Leah (who were 3 and 4 then) could not sign clearly enough all the time to teach viewers the signs. In the earlier episodes, Rachel didn't want to sing and sign at the same time since it causes some problems for those who want true American Sign Language, but customers responded, wanting more songs and wanting to learn signs from them. So, already being a musician, Rachel wrote more songs. Rachel sings a lot of songs during each episode, signing the words at the same time. During the episode, Rachel shows many signs from a certain topic (schools, daytime activities, etc.) and then has Leah and Alex sign—they sign first now—alongside with many other children of different backgrounds. After that, the words are emphasized with song.
The second season has a new layout that includes new signs and more original music. Each program teaches signs from one theme, marked by a theme song, which is taught verse by verse. This lets children develop a comforting knowing of the melody line of each song, helping to give them a sense of mastery and a feeling like they are actually “with” the characters as they sing and sign along. Also, new parts “ABC Time,” “Counting Time,” “Game Time,” “Story Time,” and “Hopping/Moving Time” look into the episode theme or other skills in a playful way. These segments use teaching methods such as mnemonics (a way to make your memory better), songs, stories, and games, which are good for many different learning styles and abilities by promoting [wikt: interaction|interaction] through signing, singing, speaking and dancing.
Rachel de Azevedo Coleman (“Rachel”).
Rachel is the host of the Signing Time! series. She has spent much of her adult life working in entertainment. While performing with her band We the Living, Rachel foun out that her 14-month old daughter,Leah, was deaf. Rachel’s second daughter, Lucy, had fetal surgery (surgery before she was born) for spina bifida and was later diagnosed with cerebral palsy. In spite of such limitations, Lucy now communicates with both speech and sign language. After years of musical silence, Rachel has picked up that guitar again, writing and performing all of the songs for Signing Time!. She used to sing for her band. Now, she sings for Lucy, Leah, and children everywhere. In addition to starring in Signing Time!, Rachel is also a popular singer, performer, and speaker, and has performed for hundreds of thousands of children all across the country.
Leah Coleman (“Leah”).
Leah Coleman is the person that made her mother want to make Signing Time! Diagnosed as profoundly deaf at 14 months old, she began learning American Sign Language (ASL) as fast as her parents could learn it and teach it to her. Leah could sign full sentences long before her ‘hearing’ peers could even speak, and because of that, her parents say she never threw a tantrum. Leah is now in fifth grade and loves reading, skating on her “Heelys” and playing with her little sister Lucy. She recently won first place in her very first horse show and got national attention for winning first place in her school Spelling Bee, despite being deaf. Her favorite food is sushi and she loves the color purple. She loves being in "Signing Time!" with her cousin Alex, and teaching ASL to other children.
Alex Brown (“Alex”).
Alex Brown was in in the very first episode of Signing Time! before his third birthday. He learned to sign as a baby so that he could communicate with his deaf cousin, Leah. He is now in fourth grade and loves to ride his bike, rollerblade, make comic books, draw mazes and play with his little brother Zachary. His favorite food is shrimp with shell pasta and his favorite color is green. He is a budding singer and pianist, but he enjoys "playing" the piano more than he enjoys practicing. A native of Salt Lake City, Utah, Alex has also lived in Virginia and California. He enjoys filming "Signing Time!" particularly when he gets to swing on the tire swing or have pillow fights on the set with Leah.
Hopkins.
Originally developed as a gecko named ‘Twerp’ (a play on the nickname ‘Terp, for interpreter), “Hopkins” the frog was supposed to be Leah’s ‘voice’ and appear as a gift from Grandma and Grandpa. Alas, since Leah’s speech is developing on her own, Hopkins is now very happy being a little green animated sidekick who loves to swim, paint, lift large pieces of fruit and eat unsuspecting flies. He is proudly named after Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet, who in 1817 established the first free American school for the deaf and hearing-impaired.
List of Episodes.
All numbers are volume numbers from the official website.
Signing Time! Series 2 Episodes.
Volumes 11 and 12 are not yet being sold.
Signing Time! Products.
Two Little Hands productions offers a wide variety of fun and educational American Sign Language (ASL) products.
Other items include printed materials including board books and flash cards, "Signing Time!" clothing, and "Signing Time!" music CDs.
Signing Time! Foundation.
The "Signing Time!" Foundation is a foundation for children with and without disabilities. The "Signing Time!" Foundation is trying to enrich the lives of children of all
Lucy’s Inspiration.
Friends of the "Signing Time!" series have come to know and love Rachel, Alex &
Leah by watching the "Signing Time!" videos and songs. A few people have also come to know and adore Leah’s little sister, Lucy, who was born with spina bifida and cerebral palsy. Lucy’s little smile and zest for life is the inspiration behind the "Signing Time!" Foundation.
Lucy, like other little children, loves to be around her peers and to do what they
do best: play! But because of her special physical needs, she often faces
barriers when it comes to something as simple as “play.”
Lucy loves to swing. But when her family takes her to the park they notice that
most parks are not very fun for her. There are no swings to support a child who
cannot balance on their own, or who cannot hold on with both hands.
Maneuvering a child in a wheelchair over railroad ties and through the
playground’s wood chips or sand is very difficult – Lucy would never be able to
approach the play area by herself. The Coleman’s quickly realized that these
and other “barriers” were in the way of Lucy’s having fun at the park and
Getting rid of “barriers” of all types and creating opportunities for all children to
become friends is what the "Signing Time!" Foundation is all about.
Foundation Programs.
The "Signing Time!" Foundation creates programs and opportunities designed to dissolve the barriers that exist for children with disabilities.
Miracle Gardens.
created to provide fun for everyone! The playgrounds will be designed for
children of all abilities by eliminating barriers and encouraging interaction.
Whether a child arrives at one of the parks in a wheelchair, a walker or on
their own two feet won’t matter; these ‘boundless’ playgrounds will provide
a safe play environment for all children no matter their ability.
Signing Time! Community Play Days.
Community play days organized and done on a local city level in select cities across the nation. The "Signing Time!" Play Days will foster awareness of American Sign Language within a
community, create an opportunity for neighbors to meet with one another,
and provide a chance for the creators of Signing Time! to meet face-to-face
with families that are dedicated to enriching the lives of children.
Signing Time! Family Summer Camp.
The "Signing Time!" Family Camp is designed to give participants an
opportunity to "come and play" with the "Signing Time!" family. It is an adventure for all
ability levels with activities made for the entire family to enjoy. Activities for
children will include rock climbing, horseback riding, scavenger hunts, art
and crafts, a family canoe outing, and family talent show. They even have
activities for children under 2. In addition, they'll have workshops for parents
presented by Rachel Coleman and her husband Aaron.

Wuthering Heights
"Wuthering Heights" is the only novel by Emily Brontë. It was first published in 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. After her death, a second edition was edited by her sister Charlotte. The story is about the love of Heathcliff and Catherine Earnshaw. It is a classic of English literature.

Capitol Hill Baptist Church
The Capitol Hill Baptist Church is a Baptist church located on Capital Hill in Washington D.C. Mark Dever serves as the senior pastor of the church.
History.
In 1867 on "Capitol Hill", a group of people came together to pray for a church to be started in their area. The church would one decade later become known as the "Metropolitan Baptist Church". In 1878, it had 31 members. In the coming years, the church grew. In 1912 the church finished working on the new main hall. Their then current pastor "Dr. John Compton Ball" oversaw the church membership increase, it numbered in the thousands by 1950. Over the next several years, the membership slowly dropped, and hit a low of around one hundred people, in the early 1990s. In recent years the church has grown to a much larger church.

Gerry and the Pacemakers
Gerry and The Pacemakers were an English rock and roll group during the 1960s. Like The Beatles, they came from Liverpool and were also managed by Brian Epstein.
Gerry and the Pacemakers.
Gerry Marsden was born on September 24, 1942 in Liverpool, England. His brother, Freddie, was born on October 23, 1940 in Liverpool. They formed a musical group called The Mars Bars, with Gerry playing guitar and Freddie the drums, but they later had to change their name to The Pacemakers because of a threatened lawsuit by the Mars candy company. Les Chadwick (born John Leslie Chadwick) was born on May 11, 1943 in Liverpool. He originally worked as a bank clerk before joining the band in 1959. He was their lead guitarist before later changing to bass. Les Maguire (born Leslie Maguire) was born on December 27, 1941 in Wallasey-Cheshire, and he joined the band in 1960 after the group's original piano player, Arthur McMahon, left the group. The Pacemakers were the second band to be managed by Brian Epstein, who was also The Beatles' manager. (They were discovered by Brian at The Cavern Club in Liverpool in 1962, as had The Beatles been before them.) Their first three singles in 1963 ("How Do You Do It?", "I Like It" and "You'll Never Walk Alone") all went straight to number one on the charts, a feat that was unbeaten until recently. The band enjoyed great success between 1963-1966, even releasing a very successful full length feature film through United Artists in 1965 called "Ferry Cross The Mersey", based on the song written by Gerry. The song made Liverpool's ferries world famous. Gerry also wrote 8 other original songs for the film. "[Our] songs were happy, the music simple and the lyrics nice to listen to," Gerry recently commented. "We didn't try to change the world." The group broke up in 1967, and Gerry went on to another career in acting and musical theater. He reformed The Pacemakers (with different members) in 1972. Gerry's autobiography, "You'll Never Walk Alone", was published in 1993. Original Pacemaker Freddie Marsden passed away on December 9, 2006, at 66 years of age.

Left Behind (series)
The Left Behind series (or just Left Behind) is a fictional book series written by Tim LaHaye and Jerry B. Jenkins. The series takes place during, and after the rapture. Besides the best-selling fiction book series, there are also graphic novels, CDs, and a series.
The books.
Note: The first three books were written later in time, but are a prequel to the series.
The films.
Note: The first of the books were made into movies starring Kirk Cameron.

Master Chief
Master Chief is the main protagonist of the "Halo" video game series.

Arrowhead
An arrowhead is point of an arrow, or a shape resembling such a point.
Arrowheads are found all over the United States. Archaeologically they are usually made of stone: primarily being flint, obsidian, or cherts; but in many excavations bone, wooden and metal arrowheads have been found.
In North America, Arrowheads are sometimes mistakenly attributed to the Historic Period American Indians, but are actually from North America's prehistoric ancestors; some arrowheads date back to over 15,000+ years old (Paleo-Clovis Culture).
In Scandinavia during the Viking age a wide range of arrowheads were used for a variety of tasks.
Arrowheads are attached to arrow shafts and may be "thrown" (similar to a spear thrower), or fired from a bow.
See also.
Stone tool

Obsidian
Obsidian is a glass, that can be found in nature as a sort of rock. It is produced when felsic lava comes out of a volcano, cools rapidly and freezes without sufficient time for crystal growth. Because there is no crystal structure, obsidian blade edges can reach almost molecular thinness, leading to its ancient use as arrowheads, and its modern use as surgical scalpel blades.
Origin and properties.
Obsidian is mineral-like, but not a true mineral because as a glass it is not crystalline; in addition, its composition is too complex that it could be a single mineral. It is sometimes classified as a mineraloid. Obsidian is dark in color similar to mafic rocks such as basalt. It consists mainly of SiO2 (silicon dioxide), usually 70% or more. Crystalline rocks with obsidian's composition include granite and rhyolite.
Because obsidian is metastable at the earth's surface (over time the glass becomes fine-grained mineral crystals), no obsidian has been found that is older than Cretaceous age. This breakdown of obsidian is accelerated by the presence of water. Obsidian has a low water content when fresh, typically less than 1% water by weight, but takes in water when exposed to groundwater.
Pure obsidian is usually dark in appearance, though the color varies depending on the presence of different materials. Iron and magnesium typically give the obsidian a dark green to brown to black color. A very few samples are nearly colorless. In some stones, the inclusion of small, white, radially clustered crystals of cristobalite in the black glass produce a snowflake pattern ("snowflake obsidian"). It may contain patterns of gas bubbles remaining from the lava flow, aligned along layers created as the molten rock was flowing before being cooled. These bubbles can produce interesting effects such as a golden sheen ("sheen obsidian") or a rainbow sheen ("rainbow obsidian").
Historical use.
Obsidian was valued in Stone Age cultures because, like flint, it could be fractured to produce sharp blades or arrowheads. Like all glass and some other types of naturally occurring rocks, obsidian breaks with a characteristic conchoidal fracture. It was also polished to create early mirrors.
Pre-Columbian Mesoamericans' use of obsidian was extensive and sophisticated. It was carved and worked for tools and decorative objects. Mesoamericans also made a type of sword with obsidian blades mounted in a wooden body. Called a macuahuitl, the weapon could cause terrible injuries, because it combined the sharp cutting edge of an obsidian blade with the ragged cut of a serrated weapon.
Native American people traded obsidian throughout North America. Each volcano and in some cases each volcanic eruption produces a distinguishable type of obsidian. So archaeologists can trace the origins of a particular artifact. Similar tracing techniques have allowed obsidian to be identified in Greece also as coming from different islands in the Aegean Sea. Obsidian cores and blades were traded great distances inland from the coast.
Modern archaeologists have developed a dating system to calculate the age of Obsidian artifacts depending from the content of water in the object.
Occurrence.
Obsidian can be found in locations which have experienced rhyolitic eruptions. Obsidan flows which you can hike on are found within the calderas of Newberry Volcano and Medicine Lake Volcano in the Cascade Range of western North America, and at Inyo Craters east of the Sierra Nevada in California. Yellowstone National Park has a mountainside containing obsidian between Mammoth Hot Springs and the Norris Geyser Basin, and deposits can be found in many other western
US states including Arizona, Colorado, Texas, Utah, Oregon and Idaho. Obsidian can also be found in Armenia, Turkey, Italy, Mexico, Iceland, Greece and Scotland.
Current use.
Obsidian is used in heart surgery, as well-crafted obsidian blades have a cutting edge many times sharper than high-quality steel surgical scalpels, with the edge of the blade being only about 3 nm wide. Even the sharpest metal knife has a jagged, irregular blade when viewed under a strong enough microscope. When examined under an electron microscope an obsidian blade is still smooth and even. One study found that obsidian produced narrower scars, fewer inflammatory cells, and less granulation tissue in a group of rats.
Obsidian is also used for ornamental purposes and as a gemstone. It possesses the property of presenting a different appearance according to the manner in which it is cut. When cut in one direction it is a beautiful jet black; when cut across another direction it is glistening gray.

Ancient Central America
Central America is a large continent (big piece of land) below North America and above South America.
It is mainly Mexico and some other countries too.
Central America is mainly populated (lived in) by people called 'Aztecs' which means 'Mexican' in Spanish, and they give human sacrifices and build pyramids.

Isle of Arran
Isle of Arran is an island in Scotland. Most people there live in Lamlash and Brodick.
The two towns are rivals. The west has much sheep, and the north, much deer. Two boats go between Arran to the mainland - one goes from Claonaig on the mainland to Lochranze in the north of the island; and the other goes from Ardrossan to Brodick in the east of the island.

Kurud
Kurud is a town found in the center of the state of Chhattisgarh in India.

Germanic paganism
Germanic paganism was a religion. It was a form of paganism. It was practiced in Central an Northern Europe before Christianity came there. The best documented form is called Norse paganism today. The religion was polytheistic, there were many gods. The main ones seem to have been Odin and Thor. Beforehand, the most important one may have been Tyr.
Modern Influence.
The Germanic gods have affected elements of every day western life in most countries that speak Germanic languages. An example is some of the names of the days of the week. The days were named after Roman gods in Latin (named after "Sun, Moon, Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus, Saturn"). The names for Tuesday through Friday were replaced with Germanic versions of the Roman gods. In English and Dutch, Saturn was not replaced. Saturday is named after the Sabbath in German, and is called "washing day" in Scandinavia.
Also, many place names such as Woodway House, Wansdyke, Thundersley and Frigedene are named after the old deities of the English people.

Miguel Ángel Asturias
Miguel Ángel Asturias Rosales (October 19, 1899 - June 9, 1974) was a writer and diplomat from Guatemala. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1967 for his "Banana Trilogy". He also wrote "El Hombre que lo tenía todo todo todo".
He was very important for literature in his country.

Hindustan
For a list of Indian companies starting with Hindustan, see List of Indian companies.

Plymouth Colony
Plymouth Colony (sometimes New Plymouth or The Old Colony) was an English colonial venture in North America from 1620 until 1691. The first settlement was at New Plymouth. The settlement, which served as the capital of the colony, is today the modern town of Plymouth, Massachusetts. At its height, Plymouth Colony occupied most of the southeastern portion of the modern state of Massachusetts.

Open proxy
An open proxy is a proxy server which any Internet user can use. Generally, a proxy server allows users within a network group to store and forward internet services such as DNS or web pages, so that not as much bandwidth is used and it is more controlled. With an "open" proxy, however, any user on the Internet is able to use this forwarding service.
By using some open proxies ("anonymous" open proxies), users can hide their true IP address. Sometimes people will abuse open proxies, and so they are often seen as a problem. Anonymous open proxies will also make the user more anonymous and secure when browsing the web or using other internet services: a user's true IP address can be used by a hacker to get information from the user's computer.

Zombie computer
A zombie computer (often shortened as zombie) is a computer attached to the Internet that has been compromised by a hacker, a computer virus, or a trojan horse. Generally, a compromised machine is only one of many in a botnet, and the hacker will make the computer do bad things from far away. Most owners of zombie computers do not know that their system is being used in this way. Because the owner tends to not know, these computers are compared to zombies.

Rapture
The Rapture (meaning "to carry to another place" is an future event in Christian theology where Jesus Christ will return to Earth to bring his followers to Heaven. In Christianity it is believed that following this amazing event, the world will go through what is called "the tribulation". Then later following, will come the "millennium" (a thousand years).
Tribulation.
The "tribulation" (or the "great tribulation") is supposed theory of life after the "rapture". Most Christians agree that the period lasts around seven years. During these years, it is believed that the Antichrist will come to power and control the world.
Millennium.
The "Millennium" is the period following the "rapture", and the "tribulation", that Christians believe they will live in glory on the Earth. They also believe that Jesus Christ will be in total control over earth for "1,000" years (a millennium).
Books.
In 1950, the novel "Raptured" by "Ernest Angley" was published, and in 1995, the first of the Left Behind series was published. These and other books have made the story of the "rapture" and the "tribulation" popular.
Movies.
The "Rapture" story has been retold in many movies. The most well-known production company is Cloud Ten Pictures. Which have created the "Left Behind film series" (, and), as well as several other movies. Some other notable end times movies are A Thief in the Night and The Omega Code.

Zeeland (province)
Zeeland (also called Zealand) is a province in Netherlands. It is on the south-west of the country. About 380,000 people live in this province.

Edo period
The, also called the Tokugawa period (徳川時代 "Tokugawa-jidai"), is the time from 1603 to 1868 in Japanese history. The period marks the governance of the Edo or Tokugawa shogunate, which was officially established in 1603 by the first Edo shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu. The period ended with the Meiji Restoration, the restoration of imperial rule by the 15th and last shogun Tokugawa Yoshinobu. The Edo period is also known as the beginning of the early modern period of Japan.
In this time Shinto developed an intellectual form shaped by neo-Confucian rationalism and materialism.

Graduation (Kanye West album)
"Graduation" is a 2007 hip-hop album by Kanye West. It was released in September 2007.

Savior
"Savior" (or Saviour) refers to a someone who has saved another from danger. It can also refer to someone who has helped people achieve Salvation. Most Religions have a Savior. Christianity's savior is Jesus Christ. In Judaism, Jesus is not considered a savior. They believe that the Messiah, their own concept of a savior, has not yet come. In Islam, their savior is Mahdi. In Hinduism, Shiva, Vishnu, and Devi are often referred to as saviors.

Pebibyte
A pebibyte (Peta Binary Byte, abbreviated PiB) is a large unit of measurement of bytes (computer memory).
1 pebibyte = 250 bytes = 1,125,899,906,842,624 bytes = 1,024 tebibytes.
It is related to the petabyte which is 1015 bytes.

Exbibyte
An exbibyte (EiB) is a large unit of measurement for computers of the future. Exbibytes hold 1024 pebibytes (PiB) or 1,152,921,504,606,846,976 bytes. Some people call this number of bytes an exabyte.
1024 exbibytes make 1 zebibyte.

Okrouhlička
Okrouhlička is a small village in the Havlíčkův Brod District, Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. About 199 people live there and it has 6,84 km². Okrouhlička was first documented in 1307.

Water buffalo
Water buffalos are a kind of bovine. There are Wild Asian Water Buffalos and domestic buffalos or domestic Asian water buffalo. They occur (or rather, are bred) in Asia, South America and Southern Europe. They were bred from the Wild Asian Water Buffalo, which is now an endangered species.
Today, these buffalos are used for their milk, which has more fat than that of cows. The milk is processed to make Mozzarella, and curd. Feral populations are sometimes used to manage uncontrolled growth of vegetation around wetlands, they will simply graze it off. This keeps such bodies of water usable by birds and other wildlife.

Lípa (Havlíčkův Brod District)
Lípa is a village in the Havlíčkův Brod District, Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. About 1024 people live there and it has 14,7 km². Lípa was first documented in 1351.

Věžnička
Věžnička is a village in the Jihlava District, Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. About 116 people live there and it has 4,51 km². Věžnička was first documented in 1502.

Kamenná (Jihlava District)
Kamenná is a village in the Jihlava District, Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. About 171 people live there and it has 6,33 km². Kamenná was first documented in 1308.

Větrný Jeníkov
Větrný Jeníkov is a village in the Jihlava District, Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. About 582 people live there and it has 12,22 km². Větrný Jeníkov was first documented in 1226.

Florida State University
Florida State University is a large school in Tallahassee, in the north part of Florida, U.S.A. It is one of the two most important public universities in Florida, together with the University of Florida. More than 40,000 students go to school there, usually starting after high school (secondary school) at an age of about 18 years. About 9,000 of the students already have a degree (diploma) from college, and are learning even more, to earn an advanced degree.
The University is made up of 16 colleges: Arts and Sciences; Business; Communication; Criminology and Criminal Justice; Education; Engineering; Human Sciences; Information; Law; Medicine; Motion Picture, Television and Recording Arts; Music; Nursing; Social Sciences; Social Work; and Visual Arts, Theatre and Dance.
Florida State University is more than 150 years old. The fees to attend the school (tuition) in 2006 were $3,175 for people from Florida and $16,306 for people from other places, for each term (about 4 months).

Tiananmen Square protests of 1989
The Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 is the name for a series of protests that occured in April and June of that year. China refers to them as the June Fourth Incident. There were other protests on Tianamem square in 1919 and 1976. The protests of 1989 were organised by different groups of students, intellectuals and labour activists. There was no common cause or leadership in the protests; most protesters did not like the way the Communist party of China ran the economy, though. Most people protested on Tianmen Square in Peking, but some also did in other cities, like Shanghai. The protests in cities other than Beijing stayed peaceful though.
On June 4, the government forcefully dissolved the protests. This left many people injured or dead. The exact number is not known today, different people have different numbers. The Chinese government speaks about 200-300 victims, the New York Times says there were between 300 and 800 and the Chinese Red Cross talks about 2,000 - 3,000.
The official Chinese position on the events was that the protests needed to be dispersed in order not to harm the stability of the country.
Many of the scenes were shown around the world over western media.

Evangelism
Evangelism is the Christian practice of preaching the truth of Jesus Christ to both Christians and non-Christians. The purpose of most "evangelism" is to help others receive eternal (forever) Salvation to people who have not heard of, or have denied God. "Evangelism" is done in obedience to the Great Commission, a command from Jesus to his disciples to convert others, as recorded in the New Testament. Christians who are good at "evangelism" are known as evangelists, whether in their areas or to far away places. Some Christian traditions consider "evangelists" to be in a leadership position, and they may be found preaching to large meetings.

Southern Baptist Convention
The Southern Baptist Convention (SBC) is a United States-based Christian denomination. The name "Southern Baptist Convention" refers both to the denomination and to its annual meeting of members.

Times Square
Times Square is a major area in Manhattan, New York City at the meeting point of Broadway and "Seventh Avenue". The well-known city street area is probably most famous for it's annual (every year) New Year's Eve ball drop.

FutureSex/LoveSounds
"FutureSex/LoveSounds" is the second solo studio album by American rhythm and blues singer Justin Timberlake. It was released on September 12, 2006 through Jive Records and Zomba Records. Timberlake started the LoveShow tour in support of the album in January 2007. He worked with several notable producers including: Danja, Rick Rubin, Timbaland and will.i.am. The album sold slightly more than his first solo album, "Justified", with worldwide sales in excess of 9 million, 4 million of which have been sold in the United States alone.

Dilemma (song)
"Dilemma" is the 2002 hit single by the rapper Nelly. The song featured Kelly Rowland from Destiny's Child. It was released from the 2002 album "Nellyville". "Dilemma" was Kelly Rowland's first international solo song away from Destiny's Child. She had previously appeared on Avant's "Separated", which was released in the United States only. It was also the first single from her debut album "Simply Deep". It is based melodically on and uses lyrical elements of Patti LaBelle's "Love, Need and Want You" from her 1983 album "I'm In Love Again". LaBelle also plays a part in the music video, as Kelly Rowland's mother. Kelly Rowland's part in "Dilemma" was originally offered to Christina Aguilera, but Aguilera declined the offer. Two years later, Nelly approached Aguilera once again for the recording of "Tilt Ya Head Back", a critically-acclaimed but less successful track (in terms of the Billboard Hot 100 chart) on Nelly's later album "Sweat".

Bring Me To Life
"Bring Me to Life" is the first single from Evanescence's multi-platinum first album "Fallen". At the 2004 Grammy Awards the song won the award for Best Hard Rock Performance.
Track listing.
The single for "Bring Me to Life" was released shortly before Evanescence's debut album "Fallen". These are two of the most widely available versions of the single; other, mainly localized, versions have also been released worldwide.

Charybdis
Charybdis is a sea monster in Ancient Greek mythology. It was said that she was a daughter of Posiedon and that when she breathed in and out the sea would rise and fall. She was also the sister of Scylla.

Scylla
Scylla was a sea monster in Greek mythology. She was said to be the daughter of Posiedon. Scylla was a water dwelling version of the hydra and the sister of Charybdis.

Étude Op. 10, No. 12 (Chopin)
The Étude Op. 10, No. 12 in C minor, also known as the The Revolutionary Étude, is a piano solo etude composed by Frederic Chopin in the early 1830's. Probably one of Chopin's most well-known pieces, this etude emphasizes the left-hand work that plays fast uninterrupted arpeggios of semi-quavers (about 1300 notes played by the left hand during the whole piece). The right-hand, technically less difficult, plays the main theme which consists in a series of complex chords.

Going commando
Going commando means not to wear underwear.
Going commando (or "to go commando" or "free balling") is the practice of not wearing underwear under one's outer clothing. The phrase and phenomenon is often used in a declaratory way ("I'm goin' commando!"), particularly by women to covertly create a frisson of sexual excitement or amusement amongst friends, sexual partners, future sexual partners, etc. Modern Western social mores generally recognise "going commando" as a "playful" behavior (akin to a mild form of exhibitionism).

Papa Smurf
Papa Smurf is the patriarch of smurfland. He is the leader of all the other smurfs. He often times is the one who comes up with a way to stop Gargamel. He is older in appearance that all the other smurfs. There is a theory that he is their father. He is very wise and corrects the other smurfs in their errors.

Smurfette
Smurfette is the only female smurf in Smurfland. Most of the other smurfs like her because of her beauty. She is not the smartest smurf. Often she gets caught in traps while looking at herself in the mirror. She does not seem to have an attraction for many of the other smurfs.
Later other female smurfs appeared, although it is unclear how they came into being.

Smuggler's Run
Smuggler's Run is an early videogame for the playstation 2 console. In the game you drive multiple vehicles including; trophy trucks, SUVs, and cars. THe game is rated T for teen and you can hit cops and animals but they will not die.
Plot Summary.
In the game you are a drug and weapons smuggler battling against rival factions. You must completed objectives such as drop offs, races, and smash-up derbies. This game is been questioned because it is very repetitive.

My Gym Partner's A Monkey
"My Gym Partner's a Monkey" is a show on Cartoon Network. It is about a boy named Adam Lyon who used to go to a normal human school but the principal says he is an animal because he spelled "Lyon" with an "i". He then goes to Charles Darwin Middle School (a spoof on the scientist Charles Darwin) and he makes friends with the animals at the school.

Systems science
Systems science is the interdisciplinary field of science, that studies the principles of systems in nature, in society and in science itselve.
Types of systems science are systems theory, cybernetics and chaos theory, and all kinds of similair sciences.
The aim of systems science is to develop interdisciplinary foundations for all science. This foundation is used in a variety of areas, such as engineering, biology, medicine and social sciences.

Systems theory
Systems theory is an interdisciplinary field of science and the study of the nature of systems in nature, society, and science. More specificially Systems theory is a framework to analyze or describe any group of objects that work in concert to produce some result. This can be a single organism, any organization or society, or any electronic, mecahnical or informational artifact.
Systems theory as a technical and general academic area of study. It is founded by Ludwig von Bertalanffy and others in the 1950s.

Emotion (Destiny's Child song)
"Emotion" was remade by R&B group Destiny's Child in 2001, it was produced and arranged by Mark J. Feist. The arrangement is originaly used by Feist in Regine Velasquez version of the song in her album "Drawn". It is a slower-tempo version than the Samantha Sang original, although a more uptempo Neptunes-produced remix of the song was also produced.

McDonaldland
McDonaldland was a "fake" cartoon land made by the fast food restaurant, McDonald's. McDonaldland was used in commercials, which are short clips on TV to sell things. McDonaldland was used to sell McDonald's Happy Meals (the kid's meal). The McDonaldland people were Big Mac, Birdie, Captain Crook, CosMc, Fry kids, Grimace, Hamburglar Iam Hungry, and some others. The main person is Ronald McDonald. McDonald's got sued (a case for money) by a company that said everything in McDonaldland was a ripoff (copy with little difference) of their TV show. McDonald's gave them one million dollars and lost many of the people who were in the commercials. 4 were left and they were in the real world instead of a cartoon land. Now in later years, Ronald has been in the commercials by himself without any of the McDonaldland people.

Club Atlético de Madrid
Club Atlético de Madrid, are a football team from Madrid, the capital city of Spain. They are managed by Javier Aguirre and they play their home games at the Vicente Calderón Stadium. Their most famous players at the moment are Sergio Kún Agüero, Simão Sabrosa, Diego Forlán and Maxi Rodríguez, who is the captain of the team.

Buttocks
Buttocks is a synonym for the rear end of humans, commonly called a bottom. A buttock is one cheek of a bottom.

Toyota Camry
The Toyota Camry is a medium-sized car made by Toyota since 1980. The name "Camry" comes from the Japanese word "kanmuri" (冠, かんむり), which means "crown".
Sales.
The Camry is Toyota's best-selling car in the United States.

Kush
Kush civilization had its center in the region of Nubia. This was in northern Sudan of today. We know about it through the Egyptians who moved south around 2500 BC. When the Middle Kingdom of Egypt ended an independent kingdom of Kush developed. About 1500 BC Egyptians moved southwards again, but this time met organized resistance. Historians are not sure whether this resistance came from many city states or a single unified empire. The Egyptians won, and the region became a colony of Egypt under the control of Thutmose I. The region supplied Egypt with resources.
In the eleventh century BC internal disputes in Egypt caused colonial rule to collapse and an independent kingdom arose based at Napata in Nubia. This kingdom was ruled by locals who overthrew the colonial regime. But Kush had many beliefs and gods in common with Egypt.
In the Bible.
The name given this civilization comes from the Old Testament where Cush (Hebrew: כוש) was one of the sons of Ham (Son of Noah) who settled in Northeast Africa. The Bible refers to Cush on a number of occasions. Moses wife, Tzipporah, is described as a Kushite in the book of Numbers.

Cybernetics
Cybernetics is the interdisciplinary study of the structure of systems. It especially focusses on communication processes, control mechanisms and feedback principles.
Cybernetics is closely related to control theory and systems theory.

Complexity
Complexity is something with many parts and a complicated arrangement. It is also the state of being complex. In science complexity is also the name for systems science: All sciences related to the study of systems.

Complex systems
Complex systems is a field of a science, which studies the common properties of systems considered complex in nature, society and science. It is also called "complex systems theory", "complexity science", "study of complex systems" and/or "sciences of complexity".
The key problems of such systems are difficulties with their formal modeling and simulation. From such perspective, in different research contexts complex systems are defined on the base of their different attributes.

Control theory
Control theory is an interdisciplinary branch of engineering and mathematics. It deals with the behavior of dynamical systems. The desired output of a system is called the "reference".
In a control system a controller manipulates the inputs to a system. In the control systems one or more output variables of a system need to follow a certain reference over time. By manipulating the input, the controller wants to obtain the desired effect on the output of the system.

Acura
Acura is the luxury brand of the car company Honda. It has been used in the United States, Canada and Hong Kong since March 1986. The brand has been used to market Honda's luxury cars and high performance models. Before Acura, most Japanese cars were economical in design.

Nissan
Nissan is a car company from Japan. It was previously called Datsun.

Cabal Online
Cabal Online is a free Massive Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Game (MMORPG) created by ESTsoft Corporation.
Overview.
The game takes place in a mythical world known as Nevareth, which has been destroyed by an evil entity known as CABAL. Survivors of the destruction were scattered across the now-barren landscape. In this world, seven "masters" rose up, each possessing the ancient abilities of the "Force Power". These masters taught the people, and the world was rebuilt. One year later, the CABAL is plotting a return to power by breeding a child to be the new king of the people. The players of the game take up the role of heroes who battle the CABAL uprising and conspiracy.
Characters.
There are six characters players can choose from in Cabal Online. They are: Warrior, Blader, Magician, Force Archer, Force Blader and Force Shielder.
Warrior.
Warriors are those who have inherited the very first form of "force". They practice physical strength by using force rather than manipulating it, thus being a warrior requires being more physically superior than those of the other forms of force. As they prioritize physical power over technique and speed, their fights are often more thrilling and dynamic. However, their understanding of force manipulation is quite limited, so their intelligence is given less priority in their training. However, experienced warriors are said to be able to awaken their latent abilities by using force to become berserker warriors and summon Astral Weapons by experiencing a spiritual awakening in force.
They start at Bloody Ice. Warriors have high attack and high defense. Their high HP and high defense combine with their high damage and hard hitting skills make them hard to kill in both PvP and PvE. Most of their skills are slower to cast than other classes, but their damage is greater. Warriors are great for beginners. Their main weapon is a 2-handed great sword or a 2-handed Daikatana. Their Summoned Astral Weapon is a Scythe.
Blader.
Their practice is focused on maximizing physical abilities by using force, and they prioritize dazzling technique and speed over destructive power. In the beginning, they used various kinds of weapons, but they quickly realized that the best partners for their skills were dual swords, and settled with them. Since then, they use single or double bladed dual swords as their primary weapons, and wear light armor such as "Martial Suit Set" from the Huan continent for speed. Just like the warriors, bladers have very limited understanding of force, and so mainly practice physical strength and agility more than studying the knowledge of force, which requires intelligence. Experienced bladers are said to be able to create multiple ghosts of themselves by maximizing their agility, and to bring instant death to their enemies by summoning deadly Astral Weapons which are the results of their spiritual awakening in force.
Their starting area is Desert Scream. Bladers have high attack and defense rate, but lack of defense ruins a Blader's chance in PvP. This lead to the creation of the Heavy Blader, a Blader wearing Warrior armors. Their skills are rather fast and some do AOE. Bladers are good for beginners. They mainly wield either dual blades or dual katanas for their weapons. Their Summoned Astral Weapon are claws...
Wizard.
Wizards are magic users who manipulate Force to compensate their physical weakness. In the early years of Nevareth, they used a type of Force controller called "Force Stick" that was inherited from the Honorable Age, but as Core Technology was retrieved and developed, they started using Orbs. Orbs are one-handed, which means that Wizards can be equipped with an Orb in both hands to double their power. It also leads them to be able to cast multiple magic spells at the same time (although this is only possible during Double-Caster Mode.) Wizards invest a lot of effort in intelligence in order to efficiently control Force. At the same time, they do not possess much physical strength or agility. Thus they prefer to wear light armor such as Martial Suit Set. According to an unconfirmed theory, they avoid metallic armor because it prevents them from close contact with outer forces. Well-experienced wizards are said to be able to simultaneously use multiple magic spells with ease, and inflict enormous damage just by using a simple spell.
Their starting area is Desert Scream. Most of the Wizard's skills have AOE. A Wizard's defense is very low, but their AOE skills have stun and knockdown effects, which nearly makes them unhittable in PvE. PvP-wise, Wizards are still very powerful. Their stun-knockdown attacks combine with their Fade Step-Dash-Blink skills makes them hard to kill. Their Summoned Astral Weapon is an Orb that lets them attack two targets.
Force Archer.
Among the three independent combat skills, "Force Archers" originated on top of the Wizard group. They realized the potential of long-range magic spells, and studied how to intensify the potency of magic spells. It is common knowledge among force handlers that the relation between range and space is in opposite proportion to the one between space and power. The founders of the Force Archer skills were greatly intrigued by distance and speed rather than space and power. They established the intensive long-range force attack skills for Force Archers, and created "Crystals", an advanced version of a Wizard's "Orb", which specializes in controlling force more than intensifying it. This great invention which has resulted in creating another invention, "Astral Bow" which minimizes the risk of power decrease when using long-range force and improves force control and attack speed at the same time. Later, it served as a momentum for "Astral Weapons", the embodiment of force. Controlling Crystals requires a minimum of physical strength and agility. Force Archers do not move around much compared to other classes due to their unique battle style, and they wear armor such as "Battle Suit Set" from the Pastur continent, which possesses better defense than light clothing armor. Experienced Force Archers can perform quick long-range force attacks and if they achieve a master level in force control they can deliver a fatal blow to an enemy from a far distance with one shot.
Their starting area is Green Despair. Force Archers have the longest range in of all the classes, as well as the fastest casting time. Their defense and defense rate are average. They have a small array of support skills and healing powers. They are powerful in PvP because of their long range and high damage they are able to deal. Their main weapon are two crystals. Their Summoned Astral Weapon are a pair of dual guns.
Force Blader.
At the beginning, Force Bladers were using a sword in one hand and a Force controller in the other hand. Unlike defensive Force Shielders, Force Bladers prioritize agility for precise attacks. With the same reason, they cannot wear armor heavier than Battlesuit Set such as Armorsuit Set. Also for the Force controller, they preferred to use "Orb" which focuses on destructive power more than Force control. The research in Force Bladers obtained a fruitful result in establishing Agility Force Bladers, but it was not that satisfactory. Agility Force Blader's sword skills were not as strong as Bladers' skills, and their magic skills were not as powerful as Wizards' or Force Archers' skills. They were also unable to perform support magic spells unlike Force Shielders. They must find another way to improve their power. After long research, they realized that using sword and magic spells at the same time would compensate for the weakness. Then they created unique battle skills as known as "Magic Sword Skills". This is how Force Bladers, the Magic Swordsmen have been established. Since Force Bladers must be equally skillful in fencing and magic, they try to keep balance their practice in physical strength and intelligence. Although there are not yet many Magic Sword Skills introduced, still Force Bladers can use joint sword and magic skills. Well-experienced Force Bladers are told to be able to combine every possible magic spell with their sword skills, and inflict more damage by mastering combining magic and sword skills.
Their starting area is Green Despair. Force Bladers are the hardest to level in the game because they must constantly skill train both Magic and Sword skills to be effective.They can be very powerful in the end. Because they can use both range and close-range attacks, melee classes like the warrior and the blader do not always fair well with them in PvP. They also have extremely powerful debuff skills, which if used correctly can give a force blader a good advantage over the enemy. Force Bladers have powerful hard hitting skills. Like the Heavy Blader, there are also Heavy Force Bladers. Force Bladers are not recommended for beginners. They can choose between blade/crystal, katana/orb, katana/crystal, blade/orb as their weapons of choice. Their Summoned Astral Weapon is an Arm Cannon that lets you use a magic lance skill after first using a sword skill once to launch an attack from the cannon.
Force Shielder.
The creation of the Astral Shield opened a new chapter in the history of Nevarethian armor. The Astral Shield has such high defense strength that it can serve offensive purposes as well. Some Warriors and Bladers, who desperately needed a new way to fight and defend have become Force Shielders. They wanted higher defense as well as establishing their own unique battle style. Thus, they started using the heaviest armor such as Warrior's Armor Suit while carrying the Astral Shield. Force Shielders specialize in short-range force control, which means that they are incapable of doing long-range attacks except through magic. However, they make up for this weakness by developing supporting magic spells which increase their attack strength by using outer forces near their bodies. It's these methods which match those of the Wizard's strongest asset. This revolutionary invention has become a turning point in the Nevarethian battle style. Force Shielders must invest a lot of their effort in physical strength in order to be equipped with Armor Suit, the strongest yet heaviest armor, as well as an understanding of force in order to skillfully control force. They also need to consider dexterity for decent hit rate since they can only use one-handed swords. Experienced Force Shielders know various ways of manipulating Astral Shields, and can perfect their defense if they master in short-range force control.
Their starting area is Bloody Ice. A Hybrid class, they have high defense and can do high damage. They have very powerful AOE skills. Magic Force Shielders are said to be better in PvP because of its range. They can choose between blade/crystal for PvE or katana/orb for PvP. Their Summoned Astral Weapon is a bigger shield that can be thrown like a boomerang.

Blackletter
Blackletter or Gothic script is an old way to write text. Everybody in Western Europe used to write in Blackletter between the 12th and 16th century. In art history this period of the Middle Ages is called gothic.
Some people call Blackletter Old English. This is not correct, because Old English is many centuries older. Also "Gothic" script has nothing to do with the Goths. They lived in central Europe from the 3rd to 6th century and wrote in Runes.
Origins.
Carolingian minuscule was the direct and linear ancestor of blackletter. Blackletter developed from Carolingian as an increasingly literate twelfth century Europe required new books in many different subjects. New universities were founded, each producing books for business, law, grammar, history, and other pursuits, not solely religious works for which earlier scripts typically had been used.
These books needed to be produced quickly to keep up with demand. Carolingian, though legible, was time-consuming and labour-intensive to produce. It was large and wide and took up a lot of space on a manuscript in a time when writing materials were very costly. As early as the eleventh century, different forms of Carolingian were already being used, and by the mid-twelfth century, a clearly distinguishable form, able to be written more quickly to meet the demand for new books, was being used in north-eastern France and the Low Countries.
The name "Gothic" script.
The term "Gothic" was first used to describe this script in fifteenth century Italy, in the midst of the Renaissance, because Renaissance Humanists believed it was a barbaric script. "Gothic" was a synonym for "barbaric". Flavio Biondo, in "Italia Illustrata" (1531) thought it was invented by the Lombards after their invasion of Italy in the sixth century.
Not only were blackletter forms called "Gothic script", but any other seemingly barbarian script, such as Visigothic, Beneventan, and Merovingian, were also labeled "Gothic", in contrast to Carolingian minuscule, a highly legible script which the Humanists called "littera antiqua", "the ancient letter", wrongly believing that it was the script used by the Romans. It was invented in the reign of Charlemagne, although only used significantly after that era.
The blackletter must not be confused either with the ancient alphabet of the Gothic language or with the sans-serif typefaces that are also sometimes called "Gothic".
Textualis.
"Textualis", also known as "textura" or "Gothic bookhand", was the most calligraphic form of blackletter, and today is the form most associated with "Gothic". Johannes Gutenberg carved a textualis typeface – including a large number of ligatures and common abbreviations – when he printed his 42-line Bible. However, the textualis was rarely used for typefaces afterwards.
According to Dutch scholar Gerard Lieftinck, the pinnacle of use for blackletter was the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. For Lieftinck, the highest form of "textualis" was "littera textualis formata", used for "de luxe" manuscripts. The usual form, simply "littera textualis", was used for literary works and university texts. Lieftinck's third form, "littera textualis currens", was the cursive form of blackletter, extremely difficult to read and used for textual glosses, and less important books.
Cursiva.
"Cursiva" refers to a very large variety of forms of blackletter; as with modern cursive writing, there is no real standard form. It developed in the fourteenth century as a simplified form of "textualis", with influence from the form of "textualis" as used for writing charters. "Cursiva" developed partly because of the introduction of paper, which was smoother than parchment. It was therefore, easier to write quickly on paper in a cursive script.
In "cursiva", descenders are more frequent, especially in the letters f and s, and ascenders are curved and looped rather than vertical (seen especially in the letter d). The letters a, g, and s (at the end of a word) are very similar to their Carolingian forms. However, not all of these features are found in every example of "cursiva", which makes it difficult to determine whether or not a script may be called "cursiva" at all.
Lieftinck also divided "cursiva" into three styles: "littera cursiva formata" was the most legible and calligraphic style. "Littera cursiva textualis" (or "libraria") was the usual form, used for writing standard books, and it generally was written with a larger pen, leading to larger letters. "Littera cursiva currens" was used for textbooks and other unimportant books and it had very little standardization in forms.
Hybrida.
"Hybrida" is also called "bastarda" (especially in France), and as its name suggests, refers to a hybrid form of the script. It is a mixture of "textualis" and "cursiva", developed in the early fifteenth century. From "textualis", it borrowed vertical ascenders, while from "cursiva", it borrowed long f and ſ, single-looped a, and g with an open descender (similar to Carolingian forms).

Super Smash Bros.
Super Smash Brothers (Bros.) is a 1999 video game for the Nintendo 64. It features Nintendo characters fighting each other such as Mario and Fox.
Characters.
Super Smash Bros. has 12 characters. 8 starters and 4 unlockables. Pit, King Dedede, Mewtwo, Meowth, Bowser and Princess Peach were about to be in SSB but were removed. They all made it in either "Melee" or "Brawl". Meowth does appear in SSB and SSBB but only as a Pokeball Pokemon.

Falkland Island Fox
The Falkland Island Fox or Warrah used to live on the Falkland Islands. They were blamed for killing sheep, but it is not known if they did or not. The last fox died in 1876.

SNoW
SNoW (born June 11, 1985 in Tokyo, Japan) is a J-Pop singer. She is now studying at Santa Monica College in California. She was raised in a two language environment. Her favorite artists include Ani DiFranco, Iggy Pop, Talking Heads, and Jack Johnson.
Her first single "Yes" was released under an indie record label in November 2004. In 2005, she changed labels to Sony Music Entertainment Japan. With Sony, she released "Hanabi made Ato Sukoshi" (花火まであとすこし - unofficial translation: "A Little Longer Until the Fireworks") in July. Her third single, "Sakasama no Chō" (逆さまの蝶, "The Inverted Butterfly"), was released on January 25, 2006. "Sakasama no Chō" was the opening theme of the 2005/2006 anime "Jigoku Shoujo" (地獄少女). It will also be used in the movie "Humoresque" to be released in February 2006. The opening theme for "Jigoku Shōjos second season, "NightmaRe", was also performed by SNoW. It was released as a single on December 6, 2006.

Funnel cloud
A funnel cloud is a funnel-shaped cloud of condensed water droplets. They usually appear with a rotating column of air. These extend from the bottom of a cloud that doesn't touch the ground or a water surface. A funnel cloud can usually be seen as a cone or needle shaped cloud that extends out from the main cloud base. Funnel clouds, very often, develop when supercell thunderstorms happen.
If a funnel cloud touches the ground, it becomes a tornado. Most tornadoes begin as funnel clouds. Many funnel clouds that appear do not actually touch the ground, and do not become tornadoes. Tornadoes can only be seen when they pick up stuff off the ground (debris), but one can see them from a distance of many miles.
A funnel cloud that makes contact with water is called a waterspout.
A funnel cloud that touches the ground in front of a snow squall is called a winter waterspout.
Cold-air funnel clouds.
Cold-air (or cold-core) funnel clouds are usually short-lived and are usually much weaker in strength than the tornadoes produced by supercells. Cold-air funnel clouds usually do not touch the ground, but here have been reports that it can happen. Then, they become weak tornadoes or waterspouts.
They are a common sight along the Pacific Coast and USA, usually seen in the spring or autumn.

Winter waterspout
A winter waterspout, also known as a snow devil, an icespout, an ice devil, a snonado, or a snowspout, is a very rare meteorological phenomenon in which a vortex from snow develops that looks like a waterspout. One does not know much about this rare happening and there are only six known pictures of this event so far.

Wallington High School
Wallington Jr/Sr High School is a six-year public high school that serves students in seventh through twelfth grade from Wallington, in Bergen County, New Jersey, United States, as part of the Wallington Public Schools.

Waterspout
A waterspout is a funnel cloud over water. It is a nonsupercell tornado over water, and brings the water upward. Also, it is weaker than most of its land counterparts.
Non-tornadic.
Waterspouts that are not associated with a rotating updraft of a supercell thunderstorm, are known as "nontornadic" or "fair-weather waterspouts", and are by far the most common type.
Fair-weather waterspouts occur in coastal waters and are associated with dark, flat-bottomed, developing convective cumulus towers.

Bob Jones University
Bob Jones University (BJU) is a private, Protestant Christian, university in Greenville, South Carolina. The university was founded in 1927 by "Bob Jones, Sr." (1883-1968), an evangelist, taught by Billy Sunday.

Mordecai Ham
Mordecai Ham (1877-1961) was an American evangelist. He entered his ministry in 1901, and in 1936 began his Christian radio evangelism career. He continued working as an evangelist until shortly before his death in 1961.

Charles Templeton
Charles Bradley Templeton (October 7 1915 - June 7 2001) was a Canadian cartoonist, evangelist, agnostic, politician, newspaper editor, inventor, broadcaster and author. At the age of 17 during the Great Depression, "Chuck Templeton" (as he was then known) got his first job as a sports cartoonist for "The Globe and Mail". This would be the first of many of his careers. In the late 1990s, he was was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. He died from problems with the disease in 2001.

Billy Graham Evangelistic Association
The Billy Graham Evangelistic Association (BGEA) is an organization founded by Rev. Billy Graham in 1950. The purpose of the "BGEA" is to tell the gospel of Jesus Christ to as many people as they can. They have done this through crusades, evangelism training, youth outreach, television broadcasts, and radio programs, just to name a few.

Washington National Cathedral
The Washington National Cathedral is a cathedral of the Episcopal Church in the United States. It was officially made by Congress the non-denominational National House of Prayer. Located in Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States, it is the sixth largest cathedral in the world and second largest in the United States.

United States Postal Service
The United States Postal Service (USPS) was founded in 1775 and is located in Washington D.C. In the United States, it is referred to as "the post office", "the postal service", or just "the mail".

Parkinson's disease
Parkinson's disease (also known as Parkinson disease or just PD) is a slow damaging disease of the central nervous system. It often hurts the person's movement skills and their speech. Sometimes it can also effect their mood, behavior, and thinking.

Samford University
"Samford University" is a private, Southern Baptist-related university located in Homewood, Alabama, a suburb of Birmingham, Alabama. Samford ranked 118 out of 262 institutions in "U.S. News and World Reports' " college rankings.
History.
"Samford University" was founded as "Howard College" in 1841 and opened its doors to students on January 3, 1842, in Marion, Alabama. In 1887 the school moved to Birmingham.
Women were first admitted to "Howard College" in 1895. In 1920 the school joined the "Southern Association of Colleges" and in 1927 it added its pharmacy school. In 1965, "Howard" got back its master's degree program. This led to the college's becoming a well-known college by November 9, 1965. The school was renamed in honor of "Frank Park Samford", chairman of the Board of Trustees and most generous personal supporter, because there was already a "Howard University" in Washington, D.C..

Hainanese chicken rice
Hainanese chicken rice is a dish created by the people of Hainan. Hainan is an island located south of China. It is a plate of chicken served with rice cooked in chicken oil.
Recipe.
Boil a large pot of water. Stuff the body of the chicken with scallion and ginger. Add chicken to boiling water, breast side-down. Lower the heat to a simmer just under boiling point and cook, covered until just cooked through, about 40 minutes. Bathe the chicken in an ice water bath till chicken is cold to create a nice texture. Heat oil in a rice cooker, add garlic, stir fry till fragrant. Add uncooked rice, stir fry for two minutes, add salt and enough chicken soup to cover 1/2 inch above the top of the rice. Boil on high heat, lower heat when steam holes form, cover and steam for 30 minutes till rice is cooked. Chop chicken and serve with steaming hot rice and chilli sauce. Dark soya sauce is the ideal accompaniment.

Vortex (disambiguation)
A vortex is a dynamic phenomenon of fluids.

Vortex
A vortex (pl. "vortices") is a spinning, often turbulent,
flow of fluid. The motion of the fluid swirling rapidly around a center is called a vortex. The speed and rate of rotation of the fluid are greatest at the center and become smaller with distance from the center.

Libertia
"Libertia" is a genus of monocotyledenous plants in the family "Iridaceae". There are 15 species in the genus. The plants can be found growing in the southern hemisphere.

Alan Dawazhouma
alan or 阿兰 is a Tibetan-Chinese singer and er hu player from Sichuan province who debuted in 2005 with 声声醉如兰. As well as Tibetan and Mandarin she speaks some English and Japanese and made her Japanese-language debut in 2007 in Japan with the single, 明日への讃歌.
Biography.
alan was born on 25 July 1987. Her stage name "alan" is pinyin for 阿兰, which is her surname. In Japan, she is also known as あらん. Her real name is Alan Dawa Dolma (阿兰达瓦卓玛 in Chinese, which is pronounced in pinyin as Alan Dawazhuoma).
alan grew up in the Meiren valley in the Danba County of Garze Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in China. Her father is a civil servant, while her mother was a former singer. She learned singing from a young age and started to learn how to play the er hu at the age of eight. At nine years old, alan was selected for the leading role in the TV drama Tai Yang Nu Shen and first pursued a career as an actress.
After graduating from her musically oriented high school, she enrolled in one of the most prestigious music school in China, the China National Chinese Opera and Dance Drama Company (解放軍芸術学院), where two members of 12 Girls Band were also being taught. Later in 2005, alan debuted with a cover album titled Sheng Sheng Zui Ru Lan under a Chinese independant label. Currently, the album has sold over 50,000 copies.
In October 2006 at the Shanghai International Art Festival, alan won second place (tied with Filipino singer Jimmy Layo Marquez) at the 9th Asia New Singer Competition. In July 2007 she graduated the China National Chinese Opera and Dance Drama Company with excellent grades.
alan was discovered when the Japan-based record label Avex Inc. held auditions in Beijing. She went on to debut with a Japanese-language single (music) in November the same year, titled Ashita e no Sanka, which can be translated as "a song for tomorrow." She is currently still studying Japanese and only has a basic grasp of the language.

V/Line
V/Line is a regional train operator in Victoria, Australia. They operate all regional trains outside the Connex network, as well as some bus services that take people a long way.

Carpool
Carpooling is sharing a car with other passengers to help share the cost of the gasoline. It is better than driving many cars at the same time, because less gasoline is used.

Middleweight
In boxing, the term Middleweight is used for a specific group of people based on weight. A middleweight is a boxer weight does not exceed 160 pounds (73 kg).
Boxing organizations created many divisions so that fighters could fight people of the same size.
The first heavyweight champion under modern rules was Irish boxer Jack (Nonpareil) Dempsey.
Famous heavyweight champions have include Bob Fitzsimmons, Nino Benvenuti, Rocky Graziano, Marvin Hagler, Bernard Hopkins, Roy Jones Jr., Jake LaMotta, Carlos Monzon,
Sugar Ray Robinson, Tony Zale and Sugar Ray Leonard.

Moneymore
Moneymore is a village in Northern Ireland, in the United Kingdom. It is from Cookstown and from Magherafelt.

Denpasar
Denpasar is the capital city of the province of Bali, Indonesia. It is also the site of Ngurah Rai Airport, the main gateway to Bali. It has a population of 491,500 (2002).

Toome
Toome (or Toomebridge) is a village in Northern Ireland, in the United Kingdom. It is from Magherafelt and from Antrim. It is close to the River Bann.

Kuta
Kuta is a town in southern Bali, Indonesia. Once it was a fishing village. It was one of the first towns on Bali to become popular with tourists. It is one of Indonesia's major tourist destinations. It has long sandy beach, and many restaurants and bars. It is near Bali's Ngurah Rai Airport.
On October 12, 2002 a series of bombing killed more than 200 people in Kuta. The bombings occurred outside two nightclubs.

An Inconvenient Truth
"An Inconvenient Truth" is an controversial American Academy Award-winning documentary movie about global warming. The movie stars former United States Vice President Al Gore and directed by Davis Guggenheim. The movie was first shown at the 2006 Sundance Film Festival and opened in New York and Los Angeles on May 24 2006. It was released on DVD by Paramount Home Entertainment on November 21 2006.
Controversy.
On April 18, 2008, ABC News reported that one of the shots of the Antarctic glaciers in the movie was made by computer and used in the 2004 movie The Day After Tomorrow. In "An Inconvenient Truth", the audience is shown the glacier scene while "Al Gore" was saying, "And if you were flying over it in a helicopter, you'd see it's 700 feet tall. They are so majestic." The movie has received much criticism from some who feel Mr. Gore's voice-over indicates the computer shot used was a real one.

Matt Hardy
Matthew "Matt" Moore Hardy (born September 23, 1974) is a professional wrestler currently working for World Wrestling Entertainment on their ECW brand, and is the ECW Champion. He is the older brother of Jeff Hardy.

Kerobokan Prison
Kerobokan Prison is a prison in the town of Kerobokan in Bali, Indonesia. In addition to local criminals, a number of foreigners are held there, notably Schapelle Corby and the Bali Nine — all convicted of drug smuggling.

Edmund Spenser
Edmund Spenser (born around 1552 - died 13 January 1599) was an important poet from England. He is most famous for his poem "The Faerie Queene", which talks about different knights who fight against evil. The poem also praises Queen Elizabeth I of England.

Papuan languages
The term Papuan languages means languages of the western Pacific which are neither Austronesian nor Australian. That is, the term is defined negatively and does not mean a linguistic relationship.
The languages.
The majority of the Papuan languages are spoken on the island of New Guinea (which is divided between the country of Papua New Guinea and Indonesian provinces of Papua and West Irian Jaya), with a number spoken in the Bismarck Archipelago, Bougainville Island, and the Solomon Islands to the east, and in Halmahera, Timor, and the Alor archipelago to the west. One Papuan language, Meriam Mir, is spoken within the national borders of Australia, in the eastern Torres Strait. The only Papuan languages with official recognition are those of East Timor.
New Guinea is perhaps the most linguistically diverse region in the world. Besides the Austronesian languages, there are some 800 languages divided into perhaps sixty small language families, with unclear relationships to each other or to anything else, plus a large number of language isolates.

Lombok
Lombok (population 2,950,105 in 2005) is an island in West Nusa Tenggara province, Indonesia. It is to the east of Bali on the other side of the Lombok Strait. The capital and largest city on the island is Mataram.
The Gili Islands are very popular with tourists. There are many places to dive and the beaches are lovely.
Mount Rinjani, 3,726 m (12,224 ft), is the third-highest volcano in Indonesia.

The Faerie Queene
"The Faerie Queene" is an English epic poem by Edmund Spenser. It is his most famous work. The poem was first published in 1590. A longer version of the poem was published in 1596. This version of the poem is in six parts or books. "The Fairie Queene" is about different knights who fight against evil. It is an allegorical work, and each book of the poem is about a different virtue. The poem also praises Queen Elizabeth I of England and her family, the Tudors. Queen Elizabeth liked the poem so much that she gave Spenser a pension as a reward.

Torres Strait Islanders
Torres Strait Islanders are the indigenous people of the Torres Strait Islands, part of Queensland, Australia. They are culturally related to the coastal peoples of Papua New Guinea. They are regarded as being distinct from other Aboriginal peoples of the rest of Australia. There are also two Torres Strait Islander communities on the nearby coast of the mainland.
Population.
There are 6,000 Torres Strait Islanders who live in the area of the Torres Strait, and 42,000 others who live outside of this area, mostly in the north of Queensland, particularly in Townsville and Cairns.
Culture.
The indigenous people of the Torres Strait have a distinct culture which has slight variants on the different islands where they live. They are a sea-faring people, and engaged in trade with peoples of Papua New Guinea. The culture is complex, with some Australian elements, some Papuan elements, and some Austronesian elements, just like the languages. The Islanders seem to have been the dominant culture for many centuries, and neighbouring Aboriginal and Papuan cultures show some Island influence in religious ceremonies and the like. Archaeological, linguistic and folk history evidence suggests that the core of Island culture is Austronesian. Unlike the indigenous peoples of mainland Australia, the islanders were traditionally agriculturalists although they supplemented their food supplies through hunting and gathering.

Australian megafauna
Australian megafauna is a term used to describe a number of comparatively large animal species in Australia, that had a body mass that was about more than 30% greater that that of their closest living relatives. These species became extinct during the Pleistocene (16,100±100 - 50,000 years before present), but exact dates for their extinction have been lacking until recently.

Omagh bombing
The Omagh bombing was a bomb attack by the Real Irish Republican Army in Omagh, Northern Ireland, on August 15, 1998. 29 people died and over 300 people were hurt.

Themis (hypothetical moon)
On April 28, 1905, the American astronomer William H. Pickering said that he had found a tenth moon of the planet Saturn. Pickering named the moon Themis. No other astronomer has ever seen the moon that Pickering said he saw. Because of this, astronomers do not count Themis as an official moon of Saturn.
Pickering tried to figure out an orbit for Themis. He thought that Themis had an inclination of 39.1° to the ecliptic, with 0.23 eccentricity (0.23) and a semi-major axis distance of 1,457,000 km. This meant that Themis had an orbit like the moons Titan and Hyperion. Pickering believed that it took Themis 20.85 days to orbit Saturn, in a prograde motion.
Pickering thought that the diameter of Themis was about 38 miles (61 km). Pickering had also discovered the moon Phoebe, but modern astronomers know that Pickering made a mistake when he gave 42 miles (68 km) as the diameter of Phoebe. Because astronomers know how Pickering made his mistake, they can say that if Themis existed, it would have a diameter of 200 km.
In April 1861, Hermann Goldschmidt also thought he discovered a new satellite of Saturn between Titan and Hyperion. Goldschmidt called this moon Chiron. The moon Chiron also does not exist, but the name was used much later for the comet/asteroid 2060 Chiron.
In 1906, the French Academy of Sciences gave Pickering the Lalande Prize of the French Academy of Sciences for his "discovery of the ninth and tenth satellites of Saturn".
The actual tenth satellite of Saturn (in order of discovery) was Janus, which was discovered in 1966 and confirmed in 1980. Its orbit is far from the supposed orbit of Themis.
There is also an asteroid named 24 Themis.

Real Irish Republican Army
The Real Irish Republican Army (or Real IRA) are a group from Ireland who want Northern Ireland to become part of the Republic of Ireland, and want it to leave the United Kingdom. The group started after they left the Provisional Irish Republican Army, after an argument. On 15 August 1998 they did the Omagh bombing, which killed 29 people and hurt over 300 people. They have shot police officers and have also bombed places in England, such as London and Birmingham. It is against the law to be a member of the Real IRA.

The Life and Times of Scrooge McDuck
"The Life and Times of Scrooge McDuck" is a comic book painted and written by Don Rosa. To make it, Rosa need see the Carl Barks's stories and the more importants facts of Scrooge's life.

General Certificate of Secondary Education
The General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) is a set of exams taken in England, Wales, Northern Ireland and other British territories. They are usually taken by students aged 16 after two years of study. Some students can take their exams early if their teachers think them able. Most students taking their GCSE study nine or ten subjects.
All students have to study English, Mathematics and Science until they are 16, but they do not have to take the GCSE exams.
Most schools require that a student passes 5 or more GCSE exams at grades C or above before they can move on to study A-levels.

Edo
is the former name of the Japanese capital Tokyo, and was the seat of power for the Tokugawa shogunate which ruled Japan from 1603 to 1868. During this period it grew to become one of the largest cities in the world.
History.
The site of the city, on what is now known as Tokyo Bay, had been settled for several centuries, but first became historically significant with the building of Edo Castle in 1457 by order of Ōta Dōkan. Kyoto was the site of the Japanese emperor's residence and the capital of Japan for many centuries, until the Tokugawa shogunate was established in 1603 and Edo became its seat of government. From that point Kyoto remained merely the formal capital of the country, while the "de facto" capital was now Edo, the center of real political power. Edo consequently rapidly grew from what had been a small, virtually unknown fishing village in 1457 to a big city of 1,000,000 residents by 1721, the largest city in the world at the time.
In 1868, when the shogunate came to an end, the city was renamed "Tokyo", meaning "eastern capital", and the emperor moved his residence to Tokyo, making the city the formal capital of Japan.

Renault Vel Satis
The Renault Vel Satis is a large automobile created by the French car manufacturer Renault. It has five seats and four doors. It has been built since 2001·

List of GCSE subjects
Note: Many of the subjects in this list are not offered by every school.

Korean cuisine
Korean cuisine is maybe best known for kimchi, which uses lots of vegetables, most commonly cabbage. Chilli paste is also commonly used, often as Chili powder, earning the cuisine a reputation for being spicy.

Cryptanalysis
Cryptanalysis (from the Greek "kryptós", "hidden", and "analýein", "to loosen" or "to untie") is the study of methods for obtaining the meaning of encrypted information, without access to the secret information which is normally required to do so. Typically, this involves finding a secret key. In non-technical language, this is the practice of codebreaking or cracking the code, although these phrases also have a specialised technical meaning (see code).

International General Certificate of Secondary Education
The International General Certificate of Secondary Education, or IGCSE, is an international exam for school students. It is typically taken by 14 to 16-year–olds, and it makes students ready for more academic work, including moving to A-Level and AS-Level study. The IGCSE is recognised as the same quality as the United Kingdom GCSE.
IGCSE courses cover subjects from a variety of areas: Languages, Humanities, Social Sciences, Mathematics, Creative, Technical and Vocational.
Most subjects can be studied at two levels of ability, either an easier level or a harder level. This is so that the IGCSE is appropriate for students with different levels of ability. It is planned to be appropriate for students whose first language may not be English and this is seen in all the tests for the IGCSE.
See also.
GCSE - GCSEs in the UK.
List of GCSE subjects.
A-Levels - Exams taken after GCSEs in the UK.

Sánchez Ramírez Province
Sánchez Ramírez is a province of the Dominican Republic. It is located in the central part of the country. Its capital city is Cotuí.
It was created on 1952. It was a municipality of the Duarte province before being elevated to the category of province.
Location.
The Sánchez Ramírez province is in the centre of the country, in the southeast limit of the Cibao Valley (part of the region called "Eastern Cibao"). It is bordered to the north by the Duarte province, to the east and south by the Monte Plata province, to the southwest by the Monseñor Nouel and La Vega provinces.
Origin of name.
The province was named after Juan Sánchez Ramírez, who was born in Cotuí and who fought against the French army when the country was a colony of France. When the country was again a Spanish colony, Sánchez Ramírez was the governor of the colony.
History.
The territory of the province was part of the La Vega Province from the Dominican independence (in 1844) until 1945 when most of the territory was made part of the Duarte Province.
On 3 March 1952, the province was created with the territory of Cotuí, part at that moment of the Duarte Province, and the southeastern part of La Vega Province. When it was created, it had only two municipalities: Cotuí, the provincial capital, and Cevicos.
Municipalities.
The Sánchez Ramírez province has a total area of 1,196.13 km². It has 2.5% of the area of the Dominican Republic and it is ranked as the 21st (out of 31 plus the National District) largest province.
There are four municipalities and eight municipal districts in the province.
Population.
In 2002 (last national census), there were 151,179 people living in the Sánchez Ramírez province, and 69,218 (45.8%) living in towns and cities. The population density was 126.4 persons/km².
Geography.
There are two regions in the country. The valley of the River Yuna on the north and the northeast of the province, and the Sierra de Yamasá in the southern part of the province.
The valley of the River Yuna is part of the large region of Eastern Cibao; it is flat and with very good soils.
The Sierra de Yamasá is the eastern mountain range of the Cordillera Central ("Central mountain chain") with low mountains. The highest mountain in the province is in this mountain range; it is "La Naviza" (sometimes written La Navisa) and it is 680 metres high.
The most important river is the Yuna, that flows from west to east; the other rivers are all tributaries of this river. Other rivers are Cevicos, Chacuey and Maguaca; they flow from the Sierra de Yamasá into the River Yuna.
Economy.
The main economic activities in the province are farming and mine. Close to the town of Las Lagunas, in the Sierra de Yamasá, are the gold mines.
The main products of farming in the Sierra de Yamasá are cacao, orange and tobacco. In the Yuna valley, rice is the most important product but pineapple and orange are also produced.
Cattle is also important in the province, mainly in the northwestern part of it.

Diane Abbott
Diane Julie Abbott (born September 27, 1953) is an English politician and the Member of Parliament for the Hackney North and Stoke Newington constituency in the United Kingdom. She was the first black woman to be elected to the House of Commons when she was elected in the 1987 General Election.
She is a member of the Labour Party.

Hywel Francis
Dr Hywel Francis (born 1946) is a Welsh politician and the Member of Parliament for the Aberavon constituency in the United Kingdom. He was elected in the 2001 General Election.
He is a member of the Labour Party.

Frank Doran
Frank Doran (born April 13, 1949 in Edinburgh, Scotland) is a Scottish politician and the Member of Parliament for the Aberdeen North constituency in the United Kingdom. He was first elected to the House of Commons in the 1987 general election for Aberdeen South but was defeated in 1992.
He was re-elected at the 1997 general election for the new constituency of Aberdeen Central. The boundary of the constituency was changed, and in 2005 he was elected for the Aberdeen North constituency.
He is a member of the Labour Party.

Anne Begg
Anne Begg (born December 6, 1955) is a Scottish politician and the Member of Parliament for the Aberdeen South constituency in the United Kingdom. She was elected in the 1997 general election.
She is a member of the Labour Party.

John Reid
John Reid (born May 8, 1947) is a British politician and the Member of Parliament for the Scottish constituency of Airdrie and Shotts in the United Kingdom. He was first elected to the House of Commons in the 1987 general election for the Motherwell North constituency. The boundary of the constituency was changed, and in the 1997 election he was elected to the new constituency of Hamilton North and Bellshill. After more boundary changes in 2005 he was elected to the new constituency of Airdrie and Shotts.
He is the former Home Secretary. He is to stop being a Member of Parliament at the next general election.
He is a member of the Labour Party.

Gerald Howarth
James Gerald Douglas Howarth, known as Gerald Howarth (born September 12, 1947) is a British politician and the Member of Parliament for the English constituency of Aldershot in the United Kingdom. He was first elected to the House of Commons in the 1983 general election for the Cannock and Burntwood constituency but lost in the 1992 general election.
He was re-elected at the 1997 General Election as MP for Aldershot. He is the Shadow Defence Minister.
He is a member of the Conservative Party.

Mount Agung
Mount Agung or Gunung Agung is a volcano on Bali. Mount Agung last erupted in 1963-1964. The lava just missed the Mother Temple of Besakih, which is located on high on the slopes of this sacred mountain.
Over 1,000 people were killed and a number of villages were destroyed in this eruption.

Mount Batur
Mount Batur or Gunung Batur is a volcano on Bali. Mount Batur last erupted in 2000. It is a volcano inside an older, larger, volcano. The original eruption, about 30,000 years ago, is one of the largest known volcanic events on Earth. The current volcano is 1,717 metres (5,633 feet) high. There are many people — whole villages — living inside the caldera.

Mount Rinjani
Mount Rinjani or Gunung Rinjani is an active volcano on Lombok, Indonesia. It is 3,726 m (12,224 ft) high, making it the second highest volcano in Indonesia. It last erupted in 2004.

Mataram
Mataram is a city on the west side of the island of Lombok, Indonesia. It is the capital and largest city of West Nusa Tenggara province, and has a population of around 342,896 people as of the year 2005.

Megawati Sukarnoputri
Diah Permata Megawati Setiawati Soekarnoputri (born January 23, 1947), was President of Indonesia from July 2001 to October 20, 2004. She was the country's first female President, and the first Indonesian leader born after independence. On September 20 she lost her campaign for re-election in the 2004 Indonesian presidential election. She is the daughter of Indonesia's first president, Sukarno.

Kingdom of Kerma
The Kingdom of Kerma was a state in Nubia from around 2500 BC to about 1520 BC. It was based in the city of Kerma in Upper Nubia and was a major centre during the Middle Kingdom period of Egypt. It had a distinct civilization (for example very fine and original ceramics have been found).
The site of Kerma includes both an extensive town and a cemetery consisting of large tumuli. Because one can find there much examples of Nubian culture and burial practices at the site, scholars think that the Egyptian statues and other Egyptian objects found at Kerma arrived through trade.
In 2003, a Swiss archaeological team working in northern Sudan uncovered one of the most remarkable Egyptological finds in recent years. At the site known as Kerma, near the third cataract of the Nile, archaeologist Charles Bonnet and his team discovered a ditch within a temple from the ancient city of Pnoubs, which contained seven monumental black granite statues. Magnificently sculpted, and in an excellent state of preservation, they portrayed five pharaonic rulers, including Taharqa and Tanoutamon, the last two pharaohs of the 'Nubian' Dynasty, when Egypt was ruled by kings from the lands of modern-day Sudan. For over half a century, the Nubian pharaohs governed a combined kingdom of Egypt and Nubia, with an empire stretching from the Delta to the upper reaches of the Nile.

Aladdin (1992 movie)
"Aladdin" is an animated movie made by Walt Disney Pictures. It is based on the fairy tale of the same name.
The story.
The movie opens on Arabian kingdom named Agrabah where a scandal happens: the Sultan wants married his daughter Jasmine but she refuses all suiters and escape from the palace. On the marketplace, she meets a poor boy of the streets named Aladdin. Meanwhile, at the palace's high tower, the evil wizard Jafar discoveries that Aladdin is the man that can help him to find a magic lamp. Jafar sends the royals guards to rest Aladdin. On the dungeon, Jafar tells Aladdin to enter the Cave of Wonders to get a lamp.
Aladdin and his pet monkey Abu enter on the cave where they found mountains of gold, jewels and a magic carpet. Unfortunately, Abu touch on the forbidden treasure and the cave destroy itself. Aladdin clean the lamp and accidentally do the genie go out. Aladdin's first wish is to be a prince for he can marry with the princess. Wear royals clothes, Aladdin go to the palace where he announced to the Sultan that he want marry the princess.
That night, Aladdin and Jasmine fly on the magic carpet on the Agrabah's sky and they fall in love. At the next morning, Jasmine announced to all kingdom that she had chosen a suiter. Unfortunately, Jafar robs the lamp and uses his first wish to become the sultan. The new evil sultan shows to Jasmine who is Aladdin and sends him to the end of the Earth. On the palace's interior, Jafar become Jasmine and Sultan his slaves and transport the royal treasure to the throne room. The evil wizard suggest to Jasmine a place has his queen but she refuses.
Jasmine sees Aladdin on the door and she pretends fall in love with Jafar. The plan fall because Jafar sees Aladdin on Jasmine's tiara and attacks him. When Jafar says that he is the "world's powerful man", Aladdin says that genie is more powerful than him. Jafar uses his last wish to become an powerful genie. Like Aladdin planed, Jafar is rest on a lamp and Agrabah becomes free. Aladdin wishes that genie becomes free, like he promess. The first thing that the Sultan made when he back to be Sultan has change the law: Jasmine can marry Aladdin.

D. B. Cooper
D. B. Cooper (also known as Dan Cooper) is an alias (false name) for a man who hijacked an airplane in 1971. He received the ransom payment of 200.000 Dollars. He jumped from the plane, a Boeing 727 that was travelling in the Pacific Northwest of the United States, possibly over Woodland, Washington. Hundreds of suspects have been named through the years, but no conclusive evidence has surfaced regarding who Cooper was, or where he lived. The FBI believes he did not survive the jump. Several people have tried to explain what happened after the jump. Some of these explanations contradict each other.
Because no one expected he would jump and because little is known of what happened afterwards, people are still interested in the case. The Cooper case (code-named "Norjak" by the FBI) remains an unsolved mystery.
The case is famous for its enduring lack of evidence. A few significant clues have arisen, nevertheless. In late 1978, a placard, which contained instructions on how to lower the rear stairs of a 727 was found just a few flying minutes north of Cooper's projected drop zone. It is believed that this is from the rear stairway of the plane from which Cooper jumped. In February 1980, eight-year-old Brian Ingram found $5,880 in decaying $20 bills on the banks of the Columbia River.
In October 2007, the FBI announced it was able to get a partial DNA profile of Cooper from the tie he left on the hijacked plane. On December 31, 2007, the FBI revived the unclosed case: They published never before seen composite sketches and fact sheets online. They did this because some people might remember them, and help identify Cooper. In a press release, the FBI said that it still does not believe Cooper survived the jump, but expressed an interest to know who Cooper was. In March 2008, the FBI announced that another possible clue was being investigated after a torn, tangled parachute was found within the bounds of Cooper's probable jump site near the town of Amboy, Washington. However, the FBI announced on April 1, 2008 that the parachute in question was not D. B. Cooper's. The man responsible for packing the four parachutes said that the recently discovered parachute was not Cooper's, as his was nylon, and the newly discovered parachute was silk, dating from the 1940s.

Alistair Darling
Alistair Maclean Darling (born November 28, 1953) is a Scottish politician and Chancellor of the Exchequer. He is the Member of Parliament for the Edinburgh South West constituency in the United Kingdom. He was first elected in the 1987 General Election for the Edinburgh Central constituency. In 2005 the constituency boundary was changed, and he was elected MP for Edinburgh South West.
He is a member of the Labour Party.

Moa
Moas were the biggest birds ever known. The biggest ones grew up to 3.6 meters (12 feet) tall, and weighed as much as 250 kilograms (550 pounds).
All moas lived in New Zealand. Many different kinds of these birds lived in that place until about 100 or 200 years after the first people came there (the Māori), in about 1300. All moas were dead, it is thought, by about 1500. They had been eaten.
There are stories of moas still alive, but men of science do not say this.

Malacology
Malacology is the study of mollusks. These animals include snails, slugs, clams, mussels, octopus, squid, and many other kinds of animals without backbones that are often found in the sea, but sometimes in lakes and rivers, and on land. Most of them have shells, but not all of them. Some people save these shells because they may be very pretty. Many people eat mollusks, especially those people who live near the ocean.
Scientists study mollusks to learn how many kinds there are, where they are found, how they came to be as they are, and what their lives are like, as well as many other things about them. These scientists are called "malacologists".

Placard
A placard is a sign made to inform people about something. Often, they are used to warn about danger. Very often, hazard symbols (special pictograms) are used.
Sometimes, placard is also used to mean a leaflet that shows how a certain machine should be operated.

Budíkov
Budíkov is a village in the Pelhřimov District, Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. About 283 people live there and it has 6,64 km². Budíkov was first documented in 1226.

Typha
"Typha" is a genus of plants. They are found in wetland habitats. They are commonly found in the Northern Hemisphere, but may be found in wetlands elsewhere. These plants are known in British English as bulrush, bullrush or reedmace, and in American English as cattail or punks'".

Sickle-cell disease
Sickle cell anemia is a disease that affects red blood cells. It changes the cells from flexible circles into rigid crescents. This creates clotting in veins and can cause death.

David Miliband
David Wright Miliband (born July 15, 1965) is an English politician and the current Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs. He is the Member of Parliament for the South Shields, Tyne and Wear constituency in the United Kingdom. He was first elected in the 2001 general election.
He is a member of the Labour Party.

Jack Straw
John Whitaker Straw (born August 3, 1946), known as Jack Straw, is an English politician and the current Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain and Secretary of State for Justice. He is the Member of Parliament for the Blackburn constituency in the United Kingdom. He was first elected in the 1979 general election.
He is a member of the Labour Party.

Jacqui Smith
Jacqueline Jill "Jacqui" Smith (born November 3, 1962) is an English politician and the current Secretary of State for the Home Department. She is the Member of Parliament for the Redditch constituency in the United Kingdom. She was first elected in the 1997 general election.
She is a member of the Labour Party.

Des Browne
Desmond Henry Browne (born March 22, 1952) is a Scottish politician and the current Secretary of State for Defence and Secretary of State for Scotland. He is the Member of Parliament for the Kilmarnock and Loudoun constituency in the United Kingdom. He was first elected in the 1997 general election.
He is a member of the Labour Party.

Alan Johnson
Alan Arthur Johnson (born May 17, 1950) is an English politician and the current Secretary of State for Health. He is the Member of Parliament for the Hull West and Hessle constituency in the United Kingdom. He was first elected in the 1997 general election.
He is a member of the Labour Party.

Hilary Benn
Hilary James Wedgwood Benn (born 26 November 1953) is an English politician and the current Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. He is the Member of Parliament for the Leeds Central constituency in the United Kingdom. He was first elected in 1999 in a by-election.
He is a member of the Labour Party.

Douglas Alexander
Douglas Garven Alexander (born October 26, 1967) is a Scottish politician and the current Secretary of State for International Development. He is the Member of Parliament for the Paisley and Renfrewshire South constituency in the United Kingdom. He was first elected in 1997 in a by-election.
He is a member of the Labour Party.

John Hutton
John Matthew Patrick Hutton (born May 6, 1955) is an English politician and the current Secretary of State for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform. He is the Member of Parliament for the Barrow and Furness constituency in the United Kingdom. He was first elected in the 1992 general election.
He is a member of the Labour Party.

Harriet Harman
Harriet Ruth Harman (born July 30, 1950) is an English politician and the current Leader of the House of Commons and Minister for Women and Equality. She is the Member of Parliament for the Camberwell and Peckham constituency in the United Kingdom. She was first elected in the 1982 general election for Peckham.
She is a member of the Labour Party.

James Purnell
James Mark Dakin Purnell (born March 2, 1970) is an English politician and the current Secretary of State for Work and Pensions. He is the Member of Parliament for the Stalybridge and Hyde constituency in the United Kingdom. He was first elected in the 2001 general election.
He is a member of the Labour Party.

Paul Murphy
Paul Peter Murphy (born November 25, 1948) is a Welsh politician and the current Secretary of State for Wales. He is the Member of Parliament for the Torfaen constituency in the United Kingdom. He was first elected in the 1987 general election.
He is a member of the Labour Party.

Ruth Kelly
Ruth Maria Kelly (born May 9, 1968) is a British politician and the current Secretary of State for Transport. She is the Member of Parliament for the Bolton West constituency in the United Kingdom. She was first elected in the 1997 general election.
She is a member of the Labour Party.

Hazel Blears
Hazel Anne Blears (born May 14, 1956) is an English politician and the current Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government. She is the Member of Parliament for the Salford constituency in the United Kingdom. She was first elected in the 1997 general election.
She is a member of the Labour Party.

Geoff Hoon
Geoffrey William Hoon (born December 6, 1953) is an English politician and the current Chief Whip and Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury. He is the Member of Parliament for the Ashfield constituency in the United Kingdom. He was first elected in the 1992 general election.
He is a member of the Labour Party.

Ed Balls
Edward Michael Balls (born February 25, 1967) is an English politician and the current Secretary of State for Children, Schools and Families. He is the Member of Parliament for the Normanton constituency in the United Kingdom. He was first elected in the 2005 general election.
He is a member of the Labour Party.

Ed Miliband
Edward Samuel Miliband (born December 24, 1969) is an English politician and the current Minister for the Cabinet Office and Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. He is the Member of Parliament for the Doncaster North constituency in the United Kingdom. He was first elected in the 2005 general election.
He is a member of the Labour Party.

Andy Burnham
Andrew Murray Burnham (born January 7, 1970) is an English politician and the current Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport. He is the Member of Parliament for the Leigh constituency in the United Kingdom. He was first elected in the 2001 general election.
He is a member of the Labour Party.

Shaun Woodward
Shaun Anthony Woodward (born October 26, 1958) is an English politician and the current Secretary of State for Northern Ireland. He is the Member of Parliament for the St Helens South constituency in the United Kingdom. He was first elected in the 1997 general election for the Conservatives but changed to Labour in 1999.
He is a member of the Labour Party.

Yvette Cooper
Yvette Cooper (born March 20, 1969) is an English politician and the current Chief Secretary to the Treasury. She is the Member of Parliament for the Pontefract and Castleford constituency in the United Kingdom. She was first elected in the 1997 general election.
She is a member of the Labour Party.

John Denham
John Yorke Denham (born July 15, 1953) is an English politician and the current Secretary of State for Innovation, Universities and Skills. He is the Member of Parliament for the Southampton Itchen constituency in the United Kingdom. He was first elected in the 1992 general election.
He is a member of the Labour Party.

Limnology
Limnology is the study of waters that are not part of the oceans or seas. These are rivers, lakes, swamps, water under the ground, and even bodies of water made by people. Scientists who do this are called "limnologists". Their work includes biology, chemistry, geology, and hydrology.

Toyota RAV4
The Toyota RAV4 is a small sized SUV made by Toyota. Toyota has made the RAV4 since 1994, but has sold it in America since 1996. The RAV4 is sold in a 4-door with an optional V6 engine, the RAV4 is more of a car-like SUV than a truck sized one. The RAV4 EV was an electric version sold in California from 1996 to 2003. The RAV4 shares competition with the similar Honda CR-V, Subaru Forester and Ford Escape. RAV4 stands for Recreational Active Vehicle with 4-wheel-drive.

Toyota MR2
The Toyota MR2 and MR2 Spyder were sports cars made by Toyota. They were sold from 1984 until 2007. The MR2 is a mid-engine sports car, similar to cars by Ferrari and Porsche. MR2 is an acronym for midship, rear-wheel-drive, two-seater.

Geo Tracker
The Geo Tracker was a small Sports utility vehicle made by Suzuki for General Motors from 1989 to 2004. The Tracker was a Geo version of the Suzuki Sidekick and had a 4-door version until 2004 when it was replaced by the Chevrolet Equinox.

Wheaton College
Wheaton College is a private Evangelical Protestant college in Wheaton, Illinois, a suburb west of Chicago in the United States. It was was founded in 1860.

Sacred site
A sacred site is a place that is thought of as sacred (or holy) to a particular religion. Every one of the world's major religions has sacred sites. Some religions, such as Islam, think of the sacred sites as being very important to their faith. In other religions such as Protestant Christianity, sacred sites are not very important.
The idea that some places are "sacred" or especially holy has existed for many thousands of years. The idea that a place is sacred often comes from something that has happened at the place, or a religious story about that place. Mount Sinai is a sacred site for Jews and Christians because it was on Mount Sinai that Moses received the Ten Commandments of God.
The "sacred site" might be a natural site, or it might be a building of some sort. One of the most famous natural sites that is also a sacred site is Uluru (also called Ayre's Rock) in Central Australia. It is believed to have been sacred to the aboriginal people for about 40,000 years. Other famous natural sites are the sacred trees of India, Japan and South East Asia.
Very often, buildings have been made on natural sites that were already thought of as sacred. For example, a spring of water coming from the ground might be said to have healing powers. A special well-house might be built around the spring to protect it, and as a place where people might leave offerings (gifts to a god).
Other sites are thought of as sacred because a holy person or saint lived there, or died there, or their body is kept there. The Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem is one of the most sacred sites to Christianity because it is believed that Jesus' body was placed in a tomb there. The city of Mecca is sacred to all Muslim people as the birthplace of the prophet Muhammad.
Pilgrimage.
Many people make a special visit to a sacred site. This is called a pilgrimage. A person who travels on pilgrimage is called a "pilgrim". Pilgrimage is very important in Islam, because every Muslim person is expected to make a pilgrimage to the city of Mecca once in their lifetime, if they can possibly do so.
Many Christians also make pilgrimages to sacred sites. Pilgrimage became very important in the Middle Ages when thousands of people travelled to many sacred sites, particularly to Jerusalem, to the famous Christian basilicas of Rome, to the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela in Spain and Canterbury Cathedral in England. In modern times, sacred sites of Christian pilgrimage include Assisi in Italy, Lourdes in France, Fatima in Portugal and the Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe in Mexico City.
In Buddhism, the sacred sites are four places in India where Buddha lived and preached. These are Kapilavastu, Bodh Gaya, Benares and Kusinagara.

Basil II
Basil II (958 – December 15 1025), was a Byzantine emperor from the Macedonian dynasty from January 10 976 to December 15, 1025. Under his reign, the Byzantine Empire reached its greatest height in nearly five centuries.

Objection
Objection is a word used in a court room when the lawyer wants to say that something is wrong, such as if a person is lying.
It is also used in the game phoenix wright

Battle of Manzikert
The Battle of Manzikert, or Malazgirt (Turkish: "Malazgirt Savaşı") was fought between the Byzantine Empire and Seljuq Empire. The Seljuq forces attacked on August 26, 1071 near Manzikert, (modern Malazgirt, Turkey). Its result was one of the most decisive defeats of the Byzantine Empire and the capture of the Byzantine Emperor Romanos IV Diogenes. The Battle of Manzikert played an important role in breaking the Byzantine resistance and preparing the way for the Turkish settlement in Anatolia.

Mark Lawrenson
Mark Thomas Lawrenson (born Preston, Lancashire, June 2, 1957) is a former professional football player, a defender in the Liverpool and Irishfootball teams of the 1980s; he has since become a radio, television and internet pundit for the BBC.
Despite being born in England, UK, he played for the Republic of Ireland national football team due to his Irish ancestry.

Red Square
Red Square (Russian: Красная площадь, Krasnaya ploshchad) is the most famous city square in Moscow, Russia. The square separates the Kremlin, the former royal citadel and currently the official residence of the President of Russia, from a historic merchant quarter known as Kitay-gorod (China-Town). As major streets of Moscow radiate from here in all directions, being promoted to major highways outside the city, the Red Square is often considered the central square of Moscow and of all Russia.

George I of Great Britain
George I (George Louis) was born in Osnabrück, Germany on 28 May 1660, and was the ruler of Hanover in North Germany. He died while going back to Hanover from England on 11 June 1727.
When Queen Anne of Great Britain died in 1714, an act of parliament said the next ruler must be a Protestant. George was not the closest relative, but was the closest Protestant relative. Closer relatives were all Roman Catholic. George became King of Great Britain and Ireland on 1 August 1714.
Many people did not like the new king. It was thought that he did not speak English, but this may have been untrue.
He was the first ruler of Great Britain from the House of Hanover.

Official Opposition (United Kingdom)
Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition, or the Official Opposition in the United Kingdom is led by the The Leader of the Opposition. This is usually the political party with the second largest number of seats in the House of Commons, as the largest party will usually form the government. Since May, 1997, the Official Opposition has been the Conservative Party.

Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)
The Leader of the Opposition (sometimes known as the Leader of the Opposition in the House of Commons) in the United Kingdom is the politician who leads Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition. The Leader of the Opposition is normally the leader of the second largest party in the House of Commons.
The current Leader of the Opposition is David Cameron, leader of the Conservative Party.

David Davis
David Michael Davis (born December 23, 1948) is an English politician and the current Shadow Home Secretary. He is the Member of Parliament for the Haltemprice and Howden constituency in the United Kingdom. He was first elected in the 1987 general election for the Boothferry constituency.
He is a member of the Conservative Party.

William Hague
William Jefferson Hague (born March 26, 1961) is an English politician and the current Shadow Foreign Secretary. He is the Member of Parliament for the Richmond, Yorkshire constituency in the United Kingdom. He was also the Leader of the Conservative Party from 1997 to 2001. He was first elected in the 1989 in a by-election.
He is a member of the Conservative Party.

George Osborne
George Gideon Oliver Osborne (born May 23, 1971) is an English politician and the current Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer. He is the Member of Parliament for the Tatton constituency in the United Kingdom. He was first elected in the 2001 general election.
He is a member of the Conservative Party.

Shadow Minister
A Shadow Minister is a member of a political opposition party, not in power, who provides an alternative to the Minister of the Government. Shadow Ministers form a Shadow Cabinet.

Trojanus of Saintes
Trojanus of Saintes (died c.530) was a 6th century bishop of Saintes, in France.
He is a Catholic saint, also known as Trojan and Troyen. His feast day is held on 30 November.

Celestus microblepharis
"Celestus microblepharis" are a kind of lizard of the Anguidae family. It can only be found in Jamaica.

Anguidae
Anguidae is a family of lizards.

Celestus
Celestus is a genus of lizards.

Giant Hispaniolan Galliwasp
The Giant Hispaniolan Galliwasp ("Celestus warreni") is a kind of lizard of the Anguidae family. It can be found in the Dominican Republic and Haiti. It is threatened by habitat loss.

Celestus duquesneyi
"Celestus duquesneyi" is a kind of lizard of the Anguidae family. It can only be found in Jamaica.

Celestus fowleri
"Celestus fowleri" is a kind of lizard of the Anguidae family. It can only be found in Jamaica.

Jamaica Giant Galliwasp
The Jamaica Giant Galliwasp ("Celestus occiduus") is a kind of lizard of the Anguidae family. It can only be found in Jamaica.The Giant Galliwasp is an endangered specie.

Tammy Wynette
Virginia Wynette Pugh (usually known as Tammy Wynette), was born in Mississippi, United States in 1942. She died 55 years later, in 1998.
She was a singer who was most famous for country music. The best known of her songs may be "Stand by Your Man". She had 17 number one hits during her career.
Wynette was married 5 times. Her third husband was George Jones, also a well known singer of country music.

Tricity
"Triciti" (Polish Trójmiasto) is the unofficial name of an urban area with 3 cities: Gdańsk, Gdynia and Sopot. Tricity is a big centre for tourism.

Kaliningrad Oblast
Kaliningrad Oblast (Russian: Калинингра́дская о́бласть, Polish Obwód kaliningradzki) is an exclave of Russia bordered by Poland, Lithuania and Baltic Sea. A capital of Kaliningrad Oblast is Kaliningrad.

Coat of Arms of Poland
A official Coat of Arms of Poland is the White Eagle with golden crown in its head on red shield.
The White Eagle came from a legend about Lech.

Christianization
Christianization is when country, nation or region change faith to Christianity. Very often it is started by taking Baptism by local ruler.

Adam Sandler
Adam Sandler (born September 9, 1966) is an American comedian, actor, musician, screenwriter, and film producer. he is best known for his comedic roles, such as in the films "Billy Madison", "Happy Gilmore", and "Big Daddy".

Anguis
Even though they are lizards, slow worms have lost their legs and are usually mistaken for snakes.

Anguis fragilis
__NOTOC__
"Anguis fragilis" (the "slow worm", "slow-worm", "slowworm", "blindworm" or "blind worm") is a limbless (meaning it has no legs or arms) reptile that lives only in Eurasia.
When a slow-worm is in danger it can shed (break off) its tail and escape. It can then grow back a new, shorter tail, which it cannot shed.
The female often has a stripe along the back and the male may have blue spots.
Instead of laying eggs, the females give birth to live young (viviparous birth). In the days leading up to birth the female can often be seen basking in the sun on a warm road.
Slow-worms are often called snakes, but they are not. Slow-worms can blink, but snakes cannot. They shed their skin in patches like other lizards, rather than the whole skin as most snakes do.
Adult slow-worms grow to be about 50 centimetres long. They are known for their very long life. One was said to have been fifty four years old.
There are not as many slow-worms as there used to be. Many places where they used to live have been built on. In gardens they can be killed by cats.

MLB on ESPN Radio
"Major League Baseball on ESPN Radio" is a broadcast presentation of Major League Baseball on ESPN Radio. The games include the Opening Day game, the Sunday Night Baseball games, Saturday afternoon games, holiday games (like Memorial Day games) and September pennant race games. The All-Star Game and all of the playoffs can also be heard on ESPN Radio including the Division Series, League Championship Series and the World Series.
In addition to affiliate stations on AM/FM radio, ESPN Radio's game broadcasts are also on XM Satellite Radio. They are not included in the subscription "Gameday Audio" package on MLB.com, however.
History.
On September 27, 1997, ESPN outbid CBS Radio to become the exclusive national radio broadcaster of Major League Baseball. This was very surprising, considering that CBS Radio had been the national broadcaster since 1976.
The agreement lasted seven years through 2004 and gave ESPN Radio the rights to broadcast numerous games including opening Day, "Sunday Night Baseball", Saturday "Game of the Week", holiday games, September pennant race games, the All-Star Game and all of the playoffs, including the World Series.
Then on October 21, 2004, ESPN Radio extended its then seven year relationship with Major League Baseball with a five year, $55 million dollar contract extension through the 2010 season.
The agreement also added a weekly program devoted to baseball, which became "The Baseball Show" from 3 p.m. ET to 7 p.m. ET on Sundays during the regular season. The program is hosted by John Seibel and Steve Phillips.
2008 Schedule (all times Eastern).
"Note: All sunday games begin at 7:35 Eastern"
Broadcasters.
ESPN Radio's lead broadcasting crew consists of Gary Thorne and Dave Campbell. Thorne succeeded Dan Shulman, who had called for the network since 2002; Shulman, in turn, had been preceded by Charley Steiner from 1998-2002. Campbell replaced Kevin Kennedy as analyst in 2000. The pregame host for all of the games since its debut has been Joe D'Ambrosio.
The broadcast team for the World Series and one League Championship Series is Jon Miller and Hall of Famer Joe Morgan. During all of the games there is also the "ESPN Radio SportsCenter" every twenty minutes with live cut ins during the games.

Calixa Lavallée
Calixa Lavallée, (December 28, 1842 – January 21, 1891), born Calixte Paquet, was a French-Canadian-American musician who composed the music for the Canadian national anthem "O Canada".

Sepsis
A Sepsis is a very dangerous disease. It occurs when an infection goes wrong. The pathogen was at some point able to get into the blood or tissues. The term sepsis is frequently used to refer to septicemia (blood poisoning). Septicemia is only one type of sepsis. Bacteremia specifically refers to the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream (viremia and fungemia are the terms used for viruses and fungi).
Symptoms.
Common symptoms of sepsis are inflammations all over the body. This is often combined with high fever. Today, people believe, these symptoms are caused by the immune system trying to fight the disease. Because of the strong reactions, organs can be damaged in the process.
Cause of death.
In the United States, sepsis is the leading cause of death for ICU patients which do not have heart problems. Data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention shows it is the tenth most common cause of death overall. Older people, those with a weak immune system and those with a stong illness suffer from sepis more often. It is also more dangerous to them. It occurs in 1%-2% of all hospitalizations and accounts for as much as 25% of intensive care unit (ICU) bed utilization. It is a major cause of death in intensive care units worldwide, with mortality rates that range from 20% for sepsis to 40% for "severe sepsis" to over 60% for "septic shock".
More severe forms.
Severe sepsis and septic shock are more severe forms of sepis. With severe sepsis, one or more organs fail to work. Septic shock is when sepis is combined with very low blood pressure
Treatment.
Today, the bacterial forms of sepsis can be treated with antibiotics. In addition, the bad fluids (blood) have to be replaced. It might also necessary to functionally replace the organs that failed.
About half the people affected die from the condition. Rapid access to treatment will increase the chances of survival, in most cases.

Patrick McLoughlin
Patrick Allen McLoughlin (born November 30, 1957) is an English politician and the current Opposition Chief Whip. He is the Member of Parliament for the West Derbyshire constituency in the United Kingdom. He was first elected in the 1986 in a by-election.
He is a member of the Conservative Party.

Oliver Letwin
Oliver Letwin (born May 19, 1956) is an English politician and the Chairman of Policy Review, and Chairman of the Conservative Research Department. He is the Member of Parliament for the West Dorset constituency in the United Kingdom. He was first elected in the 1997 general election.
He is a member of the Conservative Party.

Caroline Spelman
Caroline Alice Spelman (born May 4, 1958) is an English politician and the current Chairman of the Conservative Party. She is the Member of Parliament for the Meriden constituency in the United Kingdom. She was first elected in the 1997 general election.
She is a member of the Conservative Party.

Philip Hammond
Philip Hammond (born December 4, 1955) is an English politician and the current Shadow Chief Secretary to the Treasury. He is the Member of Parliament for the Runnymede and Weybridge constituency in the United Kingdom. He was first elected in the 1997 general election.
He is a member of the Conservative Party.

Andrew Mitchell
Andrew John Bower Mitchell (born March 23, 1956)) is an English politician and the current Shadow International Development Secretary. He is the Member of Parliament for the Sutton Coldfield constituency in the United Kingdom. He was first elected in the 1987 general election for the Gedling constituency but lost in 1997. He returned to parliament in the 2001 general election.
He is a member of the Conservative Party.

David Mundell
David Gordon Mundell (born May 27, 1962) is an Scottish politician and the current Shadow Secretary of State for Scotland. He is the Member of Parliament for the Dumfriesshire, Clydesdale and Tweeddale constituency in the United Kingdom. He was first elected in the 2005 general election.
He is a member of the Conservative Party.

Cheryl Gillan
Cheryl Elise Kendall Gillan (born April 21, 1952) is an English politician and the current Shadow Secretary of State for Wales.. She is the Member of Parliament for the Chesham and Amersham constituency in the United Kingdom. She was first elected in the 1992 general election.
She is a member of the Conservative Party.

Owen Paterson
Owen William Paterson (born June 24, 1956) is an English politician and the current Shadow Secretary of State for Northern Ireland. He is the Member of Parliament for the North Shropshire constituency in the United Kingdom. He was first elected in the 1997 general election.
He is a member of the Conservative Party.

Alan Duncan
Alan James Carter Duncan (born March 31, 1957) is an English politician and the current Shadow Secretary of State for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform. He is the Member of Parliament for the Rutland and Melton constituency in the United Kingdom. He was first elected in the 1992 general election.
He is a member of the Conservative Party.

Theresa May
Theresa Mary May (born October 1, 1956) is an English politician and the current Shadow Leader of the House of Commons. She is the Member of Parliament for the Maidenhead constituency in the United Kingdom. She was first elected in the 1997 general election.
She is a member of the Conservative Party.

Francis Maude
Francis Anthony Aylmer Maude (born July 4, 1953) is an English politician and the current Shadow Minister for the Cabinet Office. He is the Member of Parliament for the Horsham constituency in the United Kingdom. He was first elected in the 1983 general election for the North Warwickshire constituency but lost in 1992. He returned to parliament in the 1997 general election.
He is a member of the Conservative Party.

Jeremy Hunt
Jeremy Hunt (born November 1, 1966) is an English politician and the current Shadow Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport. He is the Member of Parliament for the Surrey South West constituency in the United Kingdom. He was first elected in the 2005 general election.
He is a member of the Conservative Party.

Eric Pickles
Eric Jack Pickles (born April 20, 1952) is an English politician and the current Shadow Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government. He is the Member of Parliament for the Brentwood and Ongar constituency in the United Kingdom. He was first elected in the 1992 general election.
He is a member of the Conservative Party.

Peter Ainsworth
Peter Michael Ainsworth (born November 16, 1956) is an English politician and the current Shadow Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. He is the Member of Parliament for the East Surrey constituency in the United Kingdom. He was first elected in the 1992 general election.
He is a member of the Conservative Party.

Chris Grayling
Christopher Stephen Grayling (born April 1, 1962) is an English politician and the current Shadow Secretary of State for Work and Pensions. He is the Member of Parliament for the Epsom and Ewell constituency in the United Kingdom. He was first elected in the 2001 general election.
He is a member of the Conservative Party.

Nick Herbert
Nicholas Le Quesne Herbert (born April 7, 1963) is an English politician and the current Shadow Justice Secretary. He is the Member of Parliament for the Arundel and South Downs constituency in the United Kingdom. He was first elected in the 2005 general election.
He is a member of the Conservative Party.

Theresa Villiers
Theresa Anne Villiers (born March 5, 1968) is an English politician and the current Shadow Secretary of State for Transport. She is the Member of Parliament for the Chipping Barnet constituency in the United Kingdom. She was first elected in the 2005 general election.
She is a member of the Conservative Party.

Andrew Lansley
Andrew David Lansley (born December 11, 1956) is an English politician and the current Shadow Secretary of State for Health. He is the Member of Parliament for the South Cambridgeshire constituency in the United Kingdom. He was first elected in the 1997 general election.
He is a member of the Conservative Party.

David Willetts
David Linsay Willetts (born March 9, 1956) is an English politician and the current Shadow Secretary of State for Innovation, Universities and Skills. He is the Member of Parliament for the Havant constituency in the United Kingdom. He was first elected in the 1992 general election.
He is a member of the Conservative Party.

Michael Gove
Michael Andrew Gove (born August 26, 1967) is an English politician and the current Shadow Secretary of State for Children, Schools and Families. He is the Member of Parliament for the Surrey Heath constituency in the United Kingdom. He was first elected in the 2005 general election.
He is a member of the Conservative Party.

Liam Fox
Liam Fox (born September 22, 1961) is an English politician and the current Shadow Defence Secretary. He is the Member of Parliament for the Woodspring constituency in the United Kingdom. He was first elected in the 1992 general election.
He is a member of the Conservative Party.

Partnership
A partnership is when two or more people work together to complete a task. Businesses are usually in "partnership" with other companies for the profit of each other.

Ruth Graham
Ruth Bell Graham (June 10, 1920 – June 14, 2007) is the wife of evangelist Billy Graham. She was born at Qingjiang, Kiangsu, China as Ruth McCue Bell, the second of five children. Her parents, Dr. and Mrs. L. Nelson Bell, were medical missionaries at the Presbyterian Hospital 300 miles north of Shanghai.

Patrick Star
Patrick Star is a animated fictional character from the a childrens television series "SpongeBob SquarePants". Patrick is SpongeBob's best friend. He lives under a rock, and is not very intelligent.

Nick Clegg
Nicholas William Peter Clegg (born 7 January 1967), known as Nick Clegg, is an English politician and, since 18 December 2007, leader of the Liberal Democrats. He is the Member of Parliament for the Sheffield Hallam constituency in the United Kingdom. He was first elected in the 2005 general election.

Magnús Eiríksson
Magnús Eiríksson (born 22 June, 1806 in Skinnalón, Iceland; died 3 July, 1881 in Copenhagen, Denmark) was an Icelandic theologian. He lived in Copenhagen at the same time as Søren Kierkegaard (1813-1855) and Hans Lassen Martensen (1808-1884) and viewed their opinions on religion and Christianity with a critical eye.

John Wark
John Wark (born Glasgow, 4 August 1957) is a former Scottish footballer. He used to play football for Ipswich Town F.C. and Liverpool F.C..

Nusa Penida
Nusa Penida is an island to the southeast of Bali, Indonesia. The island is a subdistrict of the Klungkung regency. There are two small islands nearby: Nusa Lembongan and Nusa Ceningan. The Badung Strait separates the island from Bali while the Lombok Strait separates it from Lombok.
Diving is very popular around the island and there are many Macaques living on the island.

Dungeons & Dragons
Dungeons & Dragons is an old-fashioned paper-and-pencil roleplaying game. Gary Gygax and Dave Arneson created Dungeons and Dragons in the year 1974.
Many people today think that role-playing games (RPG's) are only played on a computer, but that is not true. From the early 1970s, role-playing games have been played by people sitting together at the same table, using their imaginations and the written rules of the game to play (as well as dice to generate random numbers when needed).
Players of this type of role-playing game play as imaginary characters that go on heroic adventures. One person in the group acts as a moderator, or referee (called the "dungeon master," or DM, in Dungeons and Dragons), of the game. This person is responsible for making sure there is a fair use of the rules and is often also in charge of designing fun, interesting adventures for the other players.
There are now many types of role-playing games, both traditional paper-and-pencil games and computer games. Many genres of games are played (fantasy, science fiction, horror, war, and so on), and there are hundreds of companies that produce their own written rules systems and software products.
Versions of Dungeons and Dragons.
Several versions of Dungeons and Dragons have been released. The first version was just called "Dungeons & Dragons." Several rule books were available, depending on the levels of the characters. The first books dealt with characters from levels 1-3. As characters got stronger, players had to move to the more advanced rule books to manage their characters.
After Dungeons and Dragons came Advanced Dungeons and Dragons. This was a new ruleset that was unrelated to the original rules. A second edition of AD&D was released, which is still popular today.
After Wizards of the Coast bought the rights to Dungeons and Dragons, a more streamlined version of the game was released, called Dungeons and Dragons 3rd Edition. This version had simpler rules. Most die-rolls were done a 20 sided die, instead of different types of multi-sided dice.
The 3rd edition rules were eventually revised, and version 3.5 was released.
A 4th edition of the rule books was published in June 2008. This is the currently used version of Dungeons and Dragons.

Sakoku
Sakoku (Japanese: 鎖国, literally "country in chains" or "lock up of country") was the foreign relations policy of Japan under which no foreigner or Japanese could enter or leave the country on penalty of death. The policy was enacted by the Tokugawa shogunate under Tokugawa Iemitsu through a number of edicts and policies from 1633-1639 and remained in effect until 1853 with the arrival of Commodore Matthew Perry and the opening of Japan. It was still illegal to leave Japan until the Meiji Restoration (1868).
But Japan was not completely isolated under the "sakoku" policy. Rather, it was a system in which strict regulations were applied to commerce and foreign relations by the shogunate.
End of seclusion.
On July 8, 1853, Commodore Matthew Perry of the U.S. Navy with four warships demanded that Japan open to trade with the West.
The following year 1854), Perry returned with seven ships and forced the Shogun to sign the "Treaty of Peace and Amity", establishing formal diplomatic relations between Japan and the United States.

Borneo
Borneo is the third largest island in the world and can be found at the centre of Maritime Southeast Asia. Administratively, this island is divided between Indonesia, Malaysia and Brunei. Indonesia's region of Borneo is called "Kalimantan" (although Indonesians use the term for the whole island), while Malaysia's region of Borneo is called East Malaysia or Malaysian Borneo. The independent nation of Brunei occupies the remainder of the island.
Geography.
Borneo is surrounded by the South China Sea to the north and northwest, the Sulu Sea to the northeast, the Celebes Sea and the Makassar Strait to the east, and the Java Sea and Karimata Strait to the south. It has an area of 743,330 km² (287,000 square miles).

List of islands by area
This is a list of islands in the world ordered by area. It includes all islands with an area greater than 250,000 km² (96,526 square miles).
Although an island is, in general, any land mass that is completely surrounded by water, some definitions exclude land masses large enough to be considered continents. Placing Australia in the latter category (even though arguments can be made whether it is technically a continent, or merely part of the larger continent called Australasia) makes Greenland the largest island. For the sake of classification the list of islands will begin with Greenland.

Baffin Island
Baffin Island () is an island in the territory of Nunavut. It is the largest member of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. It is the largest island in Canada and the fifth largest island in the world, with an area of 507,451 km² (195,928 sq mi). It has a population of 11,000 people as of the year 2007. It is named after the British explorer William Baffin. The island was known to the Norse as Helluland.

Substitution cipher
A substitution cipher is a form of cryptography.
In a substitution cipher, a rule is used to change each letter of the message, one at a time. The rule says to replace (or "substitute") each letter with another letter from the alphabet.
Using this rule, the sentence "Jack and Jill went up the hill" is changed to "Etar tzn Evmm gkzc dw cuk uvmm". The Caesar cipher is one example of a substitution cipher.
Substitution ciphers are not safe enough to use for important messages. Substitution ciphers can be broken by an idea called "frequency analysis". Some letters are more common than others in English sentences: "E" is the most common, then "T", then "A", and so on. A message that has been changed by a substitution cipher will have different common letters, but this gives a hint about the rule. The most common letters in the changed message are likely to be the most common letters in English.
Breaking "cryptograms" (messages hidden with a substitution cipher) is a common puzzle often found in newspapers.
Example.
For this example, capital letters are used for unknown letters, and lowercase letters are used to denote letters we know or can guess.
By counting up the letters, we see that the most common is I, which we will guess is an e. X is also quite common, and XLI is found many times; we guess that this is the, the most common three-letter group in English.
"Here upon le grand arose with a grave and stately air and brought me the beetle
from a glass case in which it was enclosed. It was a beautiful scarabaeus and
at that time unknown to naturalists of course; a great prize in a scientific
point of view. There were two round black spots near one extremity of the back
and a long one near the other. The scales were exceedingly hard and glossy with
all the appearance of burnished gold. The weight of the insect was very
remarkable and taking all things into consideration I could hardly blame jupiter
for his opinion respecting it." (The Gold-Bug)
If we had made a wrong guess, we would have found out at some point, and could go back and make a new guess.

Ken Spreitzer
Kenneth J. Spreitzer wrote the original PC program called "UnInstaller". It was first licensed to MicroHelp and now (Feb 1998) sold by CyberMedia. After writing the program, Mr. Spreitzer went on to found Maximized Software.
Mr. Spreitzer is a graduate of the University of California, Irvine in the. He was also the radio personality "Captain Sensible" as heard on KUCI.

Brandy & Mr. Whiskers
Brandy and Mr. Whiskers is a Disney Channel American cartoon series about a rabbit named Whiskers and a female dog named Brandy who get stuck in the Amazon Rainforest together.

Dwyane Wade
Dwyane Tyrone Wade (born January 17, 1982) is an American basketball player. was born in Chicago, Illinois. He attended college at Marquette University on a scholarship. He was on scholarship for basketball but he did not play his first year because of academic problems. The next year he started on Marquette and led them to a pretty good season. The year after that he lead the "Marquette Golden Eagles" to the Final Four in the NCAA tournament. After that he went on to the NBA and was selected as the 5th pick overall in the NBA draft by the Miami Heat. From there he had a average rookie season in the NBA averaging 15 PPG (points per game) and 6 APG (assists per game). After only a few years he emerged into a superstar leading the Miami Heat to a national championship.

Himalayan Wolf
The Himalayan Wolf is a kind of wolf that was thought to belong to the Tibetan Wolf family, but it, in fact, may be its own species, "Canis himalayensis".
It is usually found in a small part of northern Republic of India, in Himachal Pradesh state and also in Indian occupied Kashmir and, also in the eastern part of Nepal in the Himalayas. The habitat of the Himalayan Wolf (also known as the Tibeten Wolf) is only in small parts of Pakistan and Kashmir, the Republic of India, and into China and Mongolia.

Angelroda
Angelroda is a municipality of the district Ilm-Kreis Rural District, in Thuringia, Germany.

Elgersburg
Elgersburg is a municipality in the Ilm-Kreis Rural District, in Thuringia, Germany.

Hull, Florida
Hull, Florida is found in Southwest DeSoto County, Florida in the US. It is 861 miles from the US capital Washington, DC. The population is only around 150 people.
Hull was the site of a creosote tie treating plant for the Charlotte Harbor and Northern Railroad, which was acquired by the Seaboard Air Line Railroad during the 1920s. The Seaboard Railroad continued the creosote plant operation through the 1950s. In the late 1920s, Hull became the junction of a new branchline of the SAL to Fort Myers and Naples. For a period of time, name train passenger service was operated on the branch. This line was abandoned in 1953.

Seii
Seii (西威) (c. 1326 – c. 1354) was the 2nd king of the Okinawan kingdom of Chūzan. He ruled after his father, Tamagusuku, in 1336, when he was only ten years old.

Cecil Rhodes
Cecil John Rhodes (July 5 1853 - March 26 1902) was an English economist. He was the starter of Rhodesia. He was also a politician.

Intensive Care Unit
An Intensive Care Unit ("ICU"), also called Critical Care Unit ("CCU"), Intensive Therapy Unity, "Intensive Treatment Unit (both "ITU") is a specialised section of a hospital. Usually, patients that are in a critical situation are sent there. Such patients usually need to be monitored more closely, to be able to react fast, when their situation changes.
History.
To be able to respond to a polio epidemic, Bjørn Ibsen established the first intensive care unit in Copenhagen in 1953. Patioents with polio require more ventilation than normal; thats why Ibsen set up a special unit for them. The first application of this idea in the US was pioneered by Dr. William Mosenthal, a surgeon at the Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center. In the 1960s, the importance of cardiac arrhythmias as a source of morbidity and mortality in myocardial infarctions (Heart Attacks) was recognized. This led to the routine use of cardiac monitoring in ICUs, especially in the post-MI setting.

Kaioo
kaioo is a social networking website where people can communicate using messages, video and photo uploads, blogs, social groups, and music. Users can also create their own networks that are within the kaioo-network. This means they get a network where the user can change the style and their own Domain (such as myschool.kaioo.com or myschool-network.com).
"kaioo" is a non-profit organisation. There is no advertisement in the networks. Only in the geographical networks like Language, Country, City there will be advertisement. kaioo gives all money they earn with these advertisements to poor people.

Akira Toriyama
Akira Toriyama (born on April 5, 1955, in Kiyosu, Aichi, Japan) is the creator of many popular anime and manga series, most notably the Dragon Ball franchise. It has many media adaptions, and is now one of the most popular series of all time.

I. M. Pei
Ieoh Ming Pei (born April 26, 1917) is a Chinese American architect. Pei has been an important name in his field, with his buildings built all over the world.

Isaac Bashevis Singer
Isaac Bashevis Singer (November 21, 1902 – July 24, 1991) was a leading author in the Yiddish literature. He was an American who was born in Poland. He won the Nobel Prize in literature.

John von Neumann
He is generally regarded as one of the most important mathematicians of the 20th century.

Iwan Roberts
Iwan Wyn Roberts (born 26 June, 1968 in Bangor, Wales) is a tall Welsh man who played football for the Welsh national team and several English club sides, including Norwich City F.C. and Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C..
At Norwich, Roberts twice won the "player of the year" trophy.
As a player, Roberts was a striker.

Ballpoint pen
A ballpoint pen (also called a biro - pronounced "BY-roe" - in British English after its inventor László Bíró), is a modern kind of pen for writing. The ink is inside a long, thin unit inside the pen. When a person writes with it, the ink comes onto the small, ball-shaped tip of the unit. The ink dries almost as soon as it is on the paper.
Before the ballpoint pen was invented people usually wrote with pens which were dipped into ink, or fountain pens which were filled with ink whenever the ink was all used up. When the ballpoint pen was invented, many people thought they were bad things to use because people's handwriting was not so good. Children in schools had to continue to use ordinary ink pens. However, ballpoint pens were improved, and they are much easier to use than pens that need to be dipped in ink, so almost everybody writes with them now.
The inventor László Bíró registered his invention of the ballpoint pen in 1938.
disposable pens (ones that can be thrown away) are extremely cheap. They are made almost entirely of plastic. They can be thrown away once all the ink is used up.
refillable pens are of better quality and cost more. The unit which has the ink in it, and includes the ball-shaped tip, can be replaced fairly cheaply.

Bando kickboxing
Bando kickboxing is the modern, sport form of "lethwei", nicknamed in Europe "Burmese boxing of four arms". It has been born in North America in the beginning of the years 1960, this type of fencing with feet and with gloved fists in a ring has given life, in the USA of the years 1970, to several forms of full contact and of kickboxing.
There exist, in competition, two forms of fight: "controlled bando kickboxing" (light contact) where the blows only touch the opponent in order to not hurt him, and the "Bando kickboxing of full contact" where the blows with full power are acceptable, destined to the adults who are more expert. According to the age and to the technical level, the rules and the conditions of competition are variable: particularly, there change the authorized and forbidden techniques, the time of fight, the type of surface of fight (carpet or ring) and the wearing of certain protections (helmet, plastron (protector of chest and abdomen), protectors of shins, slippers, etc.).

Spratly Islands
The Spratly Islands consist of more than 100 small islands or reefs. They are surrounded by rich fishing grounds and potentially by gas and oil deposits. They are claimed in their entirety by the People's Republic of China, the Republic of China (Taiwan), and Vietnam, while portions are claimed by Malaysia and the Philippines. About 45 islands are occupied by relatively small numbers of military forces from China, Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan, and Vietnam. Brunei has established a fishing zone that overlaps a southern reef but has not made any formal claim.
The Islands are located in the Southeastern Asian group of reefs and islands in the South China Sea, about two-thirds of the way from southern Vietnam to the southern Philippines.

Sumba
Sumba is an island in Indonesia, and is one of the Lesser Sunda Islands. It has an area of 11,153 km², and the population was at about 611,422 people as of the year 2005. There is a dry season from May to November and a rainy season from December to April. Historically, this island exported sandalwood.

Gili Trawangan
Gili Trawangan is the largest of Lombok's Gili Islands and is the only one to rise significantly above sea level. It is 3km long and 2km wide with a population of about 1000. Of the Gilis, Trawangan has the most tourist facilities; the pub Tîr na Nôg claims that Trawangan is the smallest island in the world with an Irish pub. The most crowded part of Trawangan lies on the eastern side.
On Gili Trawangan (as well as the other two Gilis), there are no motorized vehicles. The main means of transportation are bicycles (rented by locals to tourists) and cidomo (a small horse drawn carriage). For traveling to and from each of the Gilis, locals usually use motorized boats and speedboats.
Some of the first inhabitants of Gili Trawangan were from Sulawesi who are fishermen and farmers. Previously Gili Trawangan was covered in forest and deer lived on the island. (Source: Inhabitants of Gili Trawangan — no printed source available)
The economy of Gili Trawangan centres on tourism, as the island is too small to support any broad scale agriculture, and too remote to allow economically viable industry or commerce.

Gili Meno
Gili Meno is the middle of Lombok's three Gilis. It has population of about 300, mainly concentrated on the center of the island. The main income of the population comes from tourism, coconut plantation and fishing. On the west side of the island there is a small shallow lake that produces salt in the dry season. Until a few years ago there was also a small production of seaweed on the reef at the north end of the island. It has swimming beaches all around the island, as well as an impressive bird sanctuary.

Gili Air
Gili Air is the smallest of the Gilis and it's closest to the Lombok mainland, making it popular with honeymoon couples and travelers seeking a quiet retreat. It has population of about 1,000 and administratively lies in the West Nusa Tenggara province. The island offers excellent snorkeling and SCUBA diving off its east coast, and turtles can be seen along the coral reef.

Gili Islands
The Gili Islands (Indonesian:Tiga Gili [Three Gilis], Kepulauan Gili [Gili Islands]) are an archipelago of three small islands — Gili Trawangan, Gili Meno and Gili Air — just off the northwest coast of Lombok, Indonesia.
The islands are a popular destination for Western tourists looking for a remote island experience. Each island has several small resorts, usually consisting of a small collection of huts for tourists, and a restaurant. Most local inhabitants live in the hilly interior of the island. Automobiles and motorized traffic are prohibited on the islands by local ordinance, so the preferred method of transportation is bicycle or the horse-drawn carriage called a "cidomo". Diving in and around the Gilis is also popular, although the prices are fairly high due to local cartel activities. The name "Gili Islands" is a bit of a misnomer, because "Gili" simply means "small island" in Sasak.

Cidomo
A Cidomo is a small horse-drawn carriage used on Indonesia's Gili Islands used instead of motorized transport which is not allowed.

Grease (musical)
"Grease" is a musical by Jim Jacobs and Warren Casey. It takes its name from the 1950s United States working-class culture known as the greasers. It is set in 1959 in a made-up school called Rydell High in Chicago and is about the romance between high schoolers Danny Zuko and Sandy Dumbrowski.

Ryan Giggs
Ryan Joseph Giggs (born Ryan Joseph Wilson on November 29, 1973 in Ely, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom) is a Welsh footballer.
As well as the Wales national football team, he also plays for Manchester United F.C., where he has spent his whole career until now. His playing position is as a left winger.

Ian Rush
Ian Rush is a former Welsh international footballer, who notably played for Liverpool F.C. and Juventus.
He was a very successful striker, who set many goal-scoring records for Liverpool in particular.
When he retired from playing, he managed teams including Tranmere Rovers F.C..

Ogoh-ogoh
An Ogoh-ogoh, a papier-mâché and wood puppet built on Bali for the New Year Holiday Nyepi. They are primarily constructed by young Balinese men and frequently depict caricatures of the many tourists. On the evening before Nyepi they are paraded about and then burnt. Nyepi is known as the day of silence.

Padangbai
Padangbai is a small town in eastern Bali, Indonesia. It serves as a ferry port for travel to Lombok, The Gilis and other of the Lesser Sunda Islands. It is also a lovely beach town that is popular with those who prefer a small town atmosphere over the large scale beach party that is Kuta.
Besides the beach near the ferry terminal there is a beach just to the north known locally as the "Blue Lagoon" and the especially nice "Secret Beach" just to the south of town. These pleasant beaches have clusters of small family owned warungs that will be glad to prepare a meal and serve beer.

Tokugawa Shogunate
The Tokugawa shogunate, also known as the, and the, was a feudal regime of Japan. It was established by Tokugawa Ieyasu and ruled from 1600 until 1868. This period is known as the Edo period and gets its name from the capital city of Edo, now Tokyo. The Tokugawa shogunate was abolished during the Meiji Restoration.

Liberal Democrats
The Liberal Democrats, often shortened to Lib Dems, are a liberal political party in the United Kingdom. It was started in 1988 by joining the Liberal Party and the Social Democratic Party. The two parties had already been working together for seven years. The party's leader is Nick Clegg.
The Liberal Democrats are the third-largest party in the British Parliament, behind Labour and the Conservatives.

Houten
Houten() is a town in Utrecht province in the Netherlands. The population of the town in 2007 was about 45,000.
Houten lies on the railway line from Utrecht to Tiel and 's Hertogenbosch. In 2004, the railway line needed fixing, but the old station building was in the way. What was done is pretty unique: the old station building was lifted off its foundations, and moved a few hundred metres to new foundations.
Many people living in Houten have jobs in Utrecht. According to plans of the government, the city should grow to about 50.000 people by 2010.
People have lived in the area since Roman times.

Northampton
Northampton () is a big market town and a local government district of the East Midlands part of the United Kingdom. The district has a population of 200,100 people.

West Slavs
West Slavs are part of Slavs People. Czechs, Kashubians, Poles, Slovaks, and Sorbs are West Slavs. The most of them are in three countries: in Poland, Czech Republic and Slovakia. West Slavs' national languages are languages from West Slavic languages group.

WWE Judgment Day
Judgment Day is a yearly professional wrestling pay-per-view aired by World Wrestling Entertainment. The first Judgment Day was in October 1998 as an In Your House event. This pay-per-view replaced Over the Edge after the 1999 event, which saw the death of Owen Hart. In 2000, Judgment Day became the yearly May event which followed Backlash. From 2004 to 2006, Judgment Day was only for the SmackDown! brand.
Judgment Day dates and venues.
__NOTOC__
1998.
Judgment Day: In Your House took place on October 18 1998 at the Rosemont Horizon in Rosemont, Illinois.
2000.
Judgment Day (2000) took place on May 21 2000 at Freedom Hall in Louisville, Kentucky.
2001.
Judgment Day (2001) took place on May 20 2001 at the Arco Arena in Sacramento, California.
2002.
Judgment Day (2002) took place on May 19 2002 at the Gaylord Entertainment Center in Nashville, Tennessee. The tagline for the event was "Judge, Jury and Executioner". The official theme song was "Broken" by 12 Stones. This was the first pay-per-view to use the WWE name after the change from WWF.
2003.
Judgment Day (2003) took place on May 18 2003 at the Charlotte Coliseum in Charlotte, North Carolina. It was the last joint pay-per-view before WWE started having brand exclusive PPVs.
2004.
Judgment Day (2004) took place on May 16 2004 at the Staples Center in Los Angeles, California. The tagline for the event was "Souls Will Cry"."

Tokugawa Ieyasu
was the founder and first shogun of the Tokugawa Shogunate of Japan. This shogunate ruled from 1603 until the Meiji Restoration in 1868. Ieyasu seized power in 1600 and received appointment as shogun in 1603. In 1605 he abdicated from office, but he had the power until his death in 1616.

Billy Graham Center
The Billy Graham Center was founded and opened in 1981 on the campus of Wheaton College. Named after Billy Graham, the center is the main place for many of Wheaton College's bible and theology classes. There are eleven areas of work focused on "Stimulating Global Evangelism" with 25-40 staff, carrying out the work.

Revival meeting
A Revival meeting is event of Christian services. Usually the purpose of the meeting are to bring "revival" (meaning to "reawaken") to a group or area. It is most common in American Protestant churches.

Death Note
"Death Note" is a popular manga and anime series from Japan. It is about a teenage boy named Light Yagami, who finds a magical notebook. The notebook is called a "Death Note". When Light writes the name of a person in the book, that person dies. If he wants to, Light can say how he wants the person to die. If he does not say how, then the person dies from a heart attack. Light uses the Death Note to kill criminals. Some people are happy with this, others are not. This results in a all out brawl between both sides in the series.

Bob Jones, Sr.
Bob Jones, Sr (October 30, 1883—January 16, 1968) was an American, Christian, Fundamentalist, evangelist, broadcaster, and founder of Bob Jones University. He was born the eleventh of twelve children to "William" and "Georgia Jones".
In 1905, Jones married "Bernice Sheffield", who got tuberculosis and died within ten months of their marriage. On June 17, 1908, he married "Mary Gaston Stollenwerck", whom he had met as a choir member. Their only child, Bob Jones, Jr. was born October 19, 1911 in Montgomery.

Auditorium
An Auditorium (plural "auditoriums", or less commonly "auditoria") is the area in a theatre, concert hall, or other place where the audience is located to hear or watch the show.

Pulpit
A pulpit (from Latin "pulpitum" "scaffold", "platform", "stage") is a small lifted platform where a member of the clergy stands to read a Gospel lesson, or give a sermon. In some Protestant churches, the "pulpit" is thought to be the most important piece of furniture in the sanctuary.

Level crossing
A Level crossing (or railroad crossing) is the place where a railway line and a road intersect on the same level. This means that the grades are not separated, like using a bridge or a tunnel. Usually, there are signs indicating the crossing. There may also be barriers/gates that go down before a train passes.
Since level crossings are dangerous (there are many accidents), they are usually replaced by grade separation once there is more traffic, or high speed trains.

Macaulay Culkin
Macaulay Culkin (born August 26, 1980) is a former American child actor. He is most notable for his roles in the first two Home Alone movies. These movies continue to be very popular with American audiences. In 1980, he was born in New York City, to parents "Patricia Brentrup" and Christopher 'Kit' Culkin.

Tencent QQ
Tencent QQ, also known as QQ, is a popular instant messaging software in mainland China. It was created by Tencent Inc. in 1998.

Agrabah
Agrabah is a fictional city in Disney's "Alladin".
Agrabah is the desert's city, is a kingdom localizated on the end of the desert. There lived Princess Jasmine, Aladdin and Jafar. In this town live genies, magics carpets, parrots, wizards and thieves. The city is constantly attacked by many ridiculous events.
The kingdom.
The streets and the town are mysterious and dangerous. The market including many stores, houses (where live the rich mans) and mosques, with amplious gardens. But, the great place on Agrabah is it's Palace. The Palace has golden vaults, white tallest towers and beautys gardens. The throne room is the main room of the palace:paint of blue, with colunes and a elephant's throne is where the Sultan governmemt his kingdom. The throne room is too used as a hall. The dark room is the Jafar secret laboratory, but now Mozenrath use it to enter on Palace. Despite being situated in the middle of the desert, the Palace of the Sultan has every kind luxuries and comforts. One such luxuries is to have enough water to grow plants. The extensive gardens of the Palace of the Sultan include all kinds of plants and flowers, and pools with nenúfares flamingos and charming. its a great palace.

Princess Jasmine
Princess Jasmine is a fictional character of in the film "Aladdin".
Life.
Jasmine born on Agrabah, at the royal Palace. she live surrounded by all kinds of luxuries and comforts, and she had as her's only friend tiger Rajah. She lost her mother early (when not mentioned) and, hence, was educated by his father, the Sultan. She was happy until the day that the Sultan informed the company that she should marry before their 18th birthday.
Unhappy being forced to marry, Jasmine fleeing the palace. In the streets, she knows Aladdin that is arrested for keeping real. When you return to the palace, the henchman Jafar he was decapitated. Later, Jafar takes the control of Agrabah and Jasmine was reduced to slave. Aladdin arrives and defeat Jafar. Jasmine realizes that she loves Aladdin and the two decide to marry. She still had to wait a few months and, finally, she is married and has become queen.

Fürstenfeldbruck Rural District
Fürstenfeldbruck is a rural district in Upper Bavaria in south Bavaria, Germany.

José Zorrilla y Moral
José Zorrilla y Moral (February 21, 1817 - January 23, 1893), was a Spanish Romantic poet and dramatist.

Ottobrunn
Ottobrunn is a municipality in the Munich Rural District. It was founded in 1955 and the German headquarters of the EADS are there.

Aying
Aying is a municipality in the Munich Rural District in Bavaria, Germany. The Ayinger Brewery is there.

Höhenkirchen-Siegertsbrunn
Höhenkirchen-Siegertsbrunn is a municipality in the Munich Rural Distrcit in Upper Bavaria, Germany. It lies south of Munich. It is the municipality with the longest name in Germany.

Habitation at Port-Royal
The Habitation at Port-Royal was an early French colonial settlement and is today a National Historic Site located at Port Royal in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia.
The settlement.
Port Royal was founded by the French nobleman Pierre Dugua de Monts (Sieur de Monts). He built a log fortification called a "Habitation." With assistance from members of the Mi'kmaq Nation the settlement prospered.
But the French settlers to return to France in 1607. The Habitation was left in the care of the local Mi'kmaq until 1610 when Sieur de Poutrincourt, another French nobleman, returned with a small expedition to "Port-Royal". Poutrincourt won the local Mi'kmaq for Catholicism. As a result, Jesuits became financial partners with Poutrincourt. But this caused argument within the community.
In May, 1613 the Jesuits moved on to the Penobscot River valley and in July, the settlement was attacked by Samuel Argall of Virginia. Argall returned in November that same year and burned the Habitation to the ground while settlers were away nearby. Poutrincourt returned from France in spring 1614 and found "Port-Royal" in ruins and settlers living with the Mi'kmaq. Poutrincourt then gave his holdings to his son and returned to France. Poutrincourt's son gave the settlement to Charles de Saint-Étienne de la Tour upon his own death in 1623.
Replica construction.
A replica of the settlement was built in 1939-1940. Today, this replica serves as the cornerstone of Port-Royal National Historic Site of Canada, and coupled with the nearby Fort Anne National Historic Site of Canada in Annapolis Royal, continues to remind of this important historic region for Canadians and visitors.

Mi'kmaq
The Mi'kmaq (; (also spelled Míkmaq, Mi'gmaq, Mi'qmac, or formerly Micmac) are a First Nations or Native American in the United States people, indigenous to northeastern New England, Canada's Atlantic Provinces, and the Gaspé Peninsula of Quebec. The word Míkmaw is an adjectival form of the plural noun for the people, "Míkmaq".
The nation has a population of about 40,000 of whom approximately one-third still speak the Algonquian language L'nuí'simk which was once written in Míkmaq hieroglyphic writing and is now written using most letters of the standard Latin alphabet.
In the Canadian provinces of Nova Scotia and Newfoundland and Labrador, October is celebrated as Mi'kmaq History Month and the entire Nation celebrates Treaty Day annually on October 1.
Mi'kmaq First Nation subdivisions.
Mi'kmaq names in the table have all been spelled according to a several orthographies. The Mi'kmaq orthographies in use are Mí'kmaq hieroglyphs, the orthography of Silas Tertius Rand, the Pacifique orthography, and the most recent Smith-Francis orthography, which has been adopted by most of the Mi'kmaq First Nation.

Wangxiaobo
Wangxiaobo (Chinese: 王小波; pinyin: Wáng Xiǎobō) (May 13, 1952 – April 11, 1997) is a famous writer in mainland china. His most famous and successful Literary works is "Golden Time".

Chengdu
Chengdu is a very big city in southwest People's Republic of China.

Hohenbrunn
Hohenbrunn is a municipality in the Munich Rural District in Upper Bavaria, Germany.

Albert Schweitzer
Albert Schweitzer, M.D., O.M., (January 14, 1875 – September 4, 1965) was a theologian, musician, philosopher and physician. He was born in Alsace, at the time a part of the German Empire.
He wrote books about music and religion. He started a famous hospital in Lambarene, Africa. He received the 1952 Nobel Peace Prize.
Earlier Life.
Albert Schweitzer was born in the Alsace, Germany on January 14, 1875. He lived in the village of Gunsbach, where his father was a local pastor. His father taught him how to play music. In 1893, Schweitzer passed his Baccalaureat.
After this, Schweitzer went to Paris to learn philosophy and music, before returning to his birthplace to study theology. He spent nine years studying medicine and surgery. He would dedicate his life to helping people and curing diseases.
Music.
Schweitzer was a famous organist and was extremely interested in the music of Johann Sebastian Bach. He developed a simple style of performance, which he thought to be closer to what Bach had meant. In 1908, he completed the final version of his book "Johann Sebastian Bach". In the book, he argued for the new style, which has had great influence on the way Bach’s music is now treated.
When Schweitzer was in Lambarene, his main recreation was to play Bach’s music. He also gave musical performances to raise money for medical supplies in Gabon.
Recordings of Schweitzer playing the music of Bach are available on CD. Between 1934 and 1935, he had a trial recording for HMV on the organ of the old Queen's Hall in London. In mid-December 1935, he began to record for Columbia Records on the organ of All-Hallows-by-the-Tower, Barking, London.
Theology and Philosophy.
Schweitzer became well-known for his books on Jesus and Christianity. He was not so much interested in the historical study of Jesus, as in the Christian idea of the end of the world, which can be found in the Bible and the teachings of Jesus. Schweitzer also served as a minister for Saint Nicholas Church in Strassburg.
In the philosophy of Albert Schweitzer, the most important idea is the respect for life. In his book "The Philosophy of Civilization", he wrote that "true philosophy" begins with the idea that: "I am a life that wants to live, in the midst of life that wants to live."
Albert Schweitzer’s ethical principles meant that he tried to have a personal and spiritual relationship with the universe. It also meant that he was vegetarian.
Schweitzer in Africa.
Albert Schweitzer spent most of his life in Lambarene, Africa. In 1904, he was inspired to help sick people in the world, so he studied medicine. After his medical studies in 1913, he went to Lambarene with his wife to establish a hospital that would serve thousands of Africans.
During World War I, the French made Schweitzer and his wife, both Germans, leave Africa. In 1924, he returned to Lambarene and managed to rebuild the destroyed hospital, where he served as a physician.
Later Life.
From 1939-1948, he stayed in Lambarene since he could not go to Europe during the war. Three years later he resumed his medical practices. But he was no longer just a medical doctor and whenever possible he went to Europe to lecture at universities. Slowly his ideas become known, not only in Europe but worldwide.
In 1952 Dr Albert Schweitzer was awarded The Nobel Peace Prize. He gave a famous speech "The Problem of Peace". He died on September 4, 1965 at his hospital in Lambarene.

Coweta, Oklahoma
Coweta is a city in Wagoner County, Oklahoma and is a suburb of Tulsa. The population was 8,352 at the 2005 census estimate.
History.
Before statehood, when the Five Tribes or Five Civilized Tribes were moved to Oklahoma from the Eastern United States, the area that is now Coweta became part of the Creek Nation. Coweta was named after a Creek Indian war town on the Chattahoochee River in southwestern Georgia and was first settled by American Indians about 1840. In 1843 Robert Loughridge arrived in the area and established a mission, named "Koweta".
In 1867 after the Civil War, the Creek Indians adopted a constitution which divided there nation into six districts. Everything northeast of the Arkansas River, including Tulsa, became the Coweta district. The political center of this district was located in a log courthouse on Coweta Creek, about a one-fourth of a mile west from the modern day center of the downtown Coweta. The Post Office was established on May 24, 1897, and was named after the Koweta Mission.
Many notable events occurred in 1903. Along with the arrival of the Missouri-Kansas-Texas Railroad, Coweta’s first newspaper, "The Courier", was started, the first school was built, and a telephone line was put in.
Geography.
Coweta is located at (35.963155, -95.661586).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 7.7 square miles (19.9 km²), of which, 7.6 square miles (19.6 km²) of it is land and 0.1 square miles (0.3 km²) of it (1.56%) is water.
Historical sites.
Coweta is home to two sites on the National Register of Historic Places list. The first is the Koweta Mission Site. The mission was added to the NRHP in 1973, today only a cemetery remains. The second historical site located in Coweta is the First Presbyterian Church of Coweta, commonly known as the Mission Bell Museum. The Mission Bell Museum was added to the NRHP in 2003 and is owned and operated by the city of Coweta.

Tularemia
Tularemia (also called "rabbit fever", "deer-fly fever", "Ohara fever" and "Francis disease") is a disease. Usually rodents get it. It is caused by a bacterium, "Francisella tularensis". There have been cases where the disease spread to humans. The disease can be treated with antibiotics.
Tularemia as a biological weapon.
By the late 1950s the US biological warfare program was focused mostly on tularemia as a biological agent. The Schu S4 strain was standardized as Agent UL for use in the M143 bursting spherical bomblet. It was a lethal biological with an anticipated fatality rate of 40 to 60 percent. The rate-of-action was around three days, with a duration-of-action of 1 to 3 weeks (treated) and 2 to 3 months (untreated) with frequent relapses. UL was streptomycin resistant. The aerobiological stability of UL was a major concern, being sensitive to sun light, and losing virulence over time after release.
The United States later changed the military symbol for UL to TT (wet-type) and ZZ (dry-type) in an effort to retain security on the identity of military biologicals. When the 425 strain was standardized as agent JT (an incapacitant rather than lethal agent), the Schu S4 strain's symbol was changed again to SR.
No vaccine is available to the general public. The best way to prevent tularemia infection is to wear rubber gloves when handling or skinning rodents or lagomorphs (as rabbits), avoid ingesting uncooked wild game and untreated water sources, and wearing long-sleeved clothes and using an insect repellent to prevent tick bites.
Documented outbreaks.
In summer 2000, an outbreak of tularemia in Martha's Vineyard resulted in one dead person. It brought the interest of the CDC as a potential investigative ground for aerosolized "Francisella tularensis". Over the following summers, Martha's Vineyard was identified as the only place in the world where documented cases of tularemia resulted from lawn mowing. The research may prove valuable in preventing bioterrorism.
An outbreak of tularemia occurred in Kosovo in 1999-2000.
In 2004, three researchers at Boston University Medical Center were accidentally infected with "F. tularensis", after apparently failing to follow safety procedures.
In 2005, small amounts of "F. tularensis" were detected in the Mall area of Washington, DC the morning after an anti-war demonstration on September 24, 2005. Biohazard sensors were triggered at six locations surrounding the Mall. To this date, no cases of tularemia infection have been reported as a result.
In 2007, a lab of Boston University's Center for Advanced Biomedical Research, where "F. tularensis" were being kept for research, was evacuated after smoke set off alarms. An investigation has later determined that an electrical problem was the culprit, and no bacterial contamination was found.
In July 2007, an outbreak was reported in the Spanish autonomous region of Castile and León and traced to the plague of voles infesting the region.

Neubiberg
Neubiberg is a municipality in the Munich Rural District in Upper Bavaria, Germany. The university of the Bundeswehr is there.

Brunnthal
Brunnthal is a municipality in the Munich Rural District in Upper Bavaria, Germany.

Putzbrunn
Putzbrunn is a municipality in the Munich Rural District in Upper Bavaria, Germany.

Unterföhring
Unterföhring is a municipality in the Munich Rural District in Upper Bavaria, Germany. Many media companies are in Unterföhring, for example ProSiebenSat.1 Media AG or Premiere.

Fur Trade
The fur trade is a worldwide industry dealing in the gain and sale of animal fur.
Before the colonization of the Americas, Russia was a major fur supplier of Western Europe and parts of Asia.
The North American fur trade was a central part of the early history of contact in The New World (North America) between European-Americans and Native Americans in the United States and First Nations in Canada.

Argyle, Wisconsin
Argyle is a village in Lafayette County, Wisconsin, United States. There were 823 people living in Argyle as of the year 2000. The village can be found inside the Town of Argyle. The United States Census Bureau says that the village has an area of 0.6 square miles (1.6 km²).

Miyuki Komatsu
is a Japanese actress.

Aschheim
Aschheim is a municipality in the district of the Munich Rural District in Bavaria in Germany.

NetSolve
NetSolve is an information technology company in the United States. Cisco Systems took it over on September 9, 2004.

Bouleţu River
The Bouleţu River is a tributary of the Teleajen River in Romania. That means it flows into the Teleajen River.

List of rivers of Romania
This is a list of rivers of Romania, by letter.
The list is too long to fit on one page. It has therefore been broken down into subpages. You can look at them by clicking one of the links below.

Third-person shooter
Third-person shooter is a genre of video games in which the players character is seen from a distance. A first-person shooter is where the player plays as if they "are" the character. In a third person shooter the player "controls" the character.

Klaus Ebner
Klaus Ebner (August 8, 1964 in Vienna) is an Austrian writer of short stories, essays and poetry, and a translator. In the early 1990s he wrote books about computer software and published literary works in magazines. His first book of short stories was published in 2007. Ebner writes poetry in German and in Catalan.
Biography.
In the 1980s, he studied Romance languages, German and Translation at the University of Vienna. He also worked for a literary group and a magazine for literature in Vienna. Afterwards he worked as a translator, language teacher and IT project manager. In the 1990s, he published articles and books about software and computer networks; these books were in German, but he also wrote articles in English. In 2001 he wrote a university paper about islamism in Europe, which has been published later in Germany.
After school, Klaus Ebner has begun to write short stories, poetry and radio plays. He usually published them in magazines of literature and culture. After the year 2004, he published literary texts much more often. Today, Klaus Ebner is an author of fiction (novels, short stories), essays and poems. He writes poetry in German and Catalan. Supported by the Austrian government, he went to Andorra in 2007 and wrote an essay about the country in the Pyrenees.
In 2008 Klaus Ebner got the Wiener Werkstattpreis of 2007. The winning short story "Der Flügel Last (The Burden of the Wings)" shows a seven year old girl who has cancer. The story is told as if the girl would tell it herself. In the winning essay "Was blieb vom Weißen Ritter? (What do we still have of the White Knight?)", the reader learns about the novel from the Middle Ages "Tirant lo Blanch" by Joanot Martorell from Valencia. The author mixed his own reading experience with information from history and literature.
Klaus Ebner is living and working in Vienna. He is a member of the Austrian Writers' Associations "Grazer Autorenversammlung (GAV)" and "Österreichischer Schriftstellerverband (ÖSV)".

Wagoner County, Oklahoma
Wagoner County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of 2000, the population was 57,491. Its county seat is Wagoner.

Tulsa County, Oklahoma
Tulsa County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of 2000, the population was 563,299. The county seat is Tulsa and it is the most heavily populated county in Oklahoma.

National Register of Historic Places
The National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) is the United States government's official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects worthy of preservation. The passing of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) in 1966 created the National Register and the method for adding properties to it. There are more than one million properties on the National Register, 80,000 are listed by themselves. The rest of the properties are smaller contributing properties that are part of historic districts. Each year around 30,000 properties are added to the National Register as part of districts or through individual listings.

Wagoner, Oklahoma
Wagoner is a city in Wagoner County, Oklahoma, United States. The population was 7,669 at the 2000 census. It is the county seat of Wagoner County.

Pound (money)
A Pound is the local money in some countries including the United Kingdom, Cyprus and Egypt.

Muskogee County, Oklahoma
Muskogee County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of 2000, the population was 69,451. Its county seat is Muskogee.

Polans
The Polans were a West Slavic tribe lived in Great Poland. Polans united other Polish tribes and created Poland. First historical ruler of Polans was Mieszko I.

African-American Civil Rights Movement (1955–1968)
The African-American Civil Rights Movement from 1955–1968 was a period in American history that began movements in the United States to abolish racial discrimination at African Americans. Also in the Southern states, it gave them a chance to vote and do such things that before, they were not allowed.

Cherokee County, Oklahoma
Cherokee County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of 2000, the population was 42,521. Its county seat is Tahlequah.

Mao
The Dominican city of Santa Cruz de Mao, or simply Mao, is the head municipality of the Valverde province, on the northwest of the country.
It is the largest city of the Dominican northwest and the centre of the region. Its name, a Taíno word, comes from the River Mao, near the city. Its nickname is "Ciudad de los Bellos Atardeceres" (English, "City of the Beautiful Sunsets") because there are not mountains to the west of the city and it is common to see a "red" sky during the sunset; it is a very dry region and there are much dust in the air which gives the red color to the sky.
Population.
The municipality had, in 2002, a total population of 49,475: 24,404 men and 25,071 women. The urban population was 96.67% of the total population, one of the most urban municipality in the country.
History.
For most of its history, the region was called "El Despoblado"; that means a region without any population, because it is a very dry region and agriculture was not possible.
When the governor of the Spanish colony gave the order in 1606 that everybody living on the northern coast had to move inland, some people came to live around the present Mao. They had cows that were raised in "hatos"; "hato" means a large farm for raising cattle (a ranch). And so "hato" is the name of many places around Mao: Hatico, Hato del Yaque, Hato Nuevo, Hato Viejo, Hato del Medio..
The town of Mao was built close to where the River Mao flows into the River Yaque del Norte. The first Catholic church was build in 1869.
Mao was made a "Puesto Cantonal" (an old category similar to the present Municipal District under a military government). In 1882, Mao was elevated to the category of municipality and in 1904 its official name was changed to "Valverde" after José Desiderio Valverde, past President of the Dominican Republic. Because the name Mao was known by everybody and Valverde was a new name, people called the city as "Valverde (Mao)", and it is still common to say so.
When the province was created in 1959, Mao was made its head municipality and provincial capital.
Economy.
The main economic activity of the province is agriculture; the main products in the municipality are rice, bananas and plantain.

Mayes County, Oklahoma
Mayes County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of 2000, the population was 38,369. Its county seat is Pryor, Oklahoma, also known as Pryor Creek, Oklahoma.

Rogers County, Oklahoma
Rogers County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of 2000, the population was 70,641. Its county seat is Claremore.

Koweta Mission Site
Koweta Mission Site is a NRHP site added in 1973.
The Koweta Mission was founded in 1843 when white missionaries arrived in Coweta to teach Native American children. Reverend Robert Loughridge and his wife, Olivia, bought an empty cabin for ten dollars and began teaching. He named the mission "Koweta".

Sean Hannity
Sean Hannity (born December 30, 1961) an American radio talk show host and best-selling author. He first was noticed as the co-host for the Fox News program Hannity & Colmes, a political television program co-hosted by Alan Colmes. He is the second highest rated talk-radio show in the United States, for his work with his show called The Sean Hannity Show. He is also the host of Hannity's America, on the TV station Fox News Channel.

Brett Favre
Brett Lorenzo Favre (born October 10, 1969, in Gulfport, Mississippi, USA) is an American football player and starting quarterback for the New York Jets of the National Football League (NFL).
History.
Favre started at the quarterback position for The University of Southern Mississippi for four years until being chosen in the second round of the 1991 NFL Draft by the Atlanta Falcons. On February 10, 1992, after a season with the Falcons, he was traded to the Green Bay Packers on for the 19th pick in the 1992 NFL Draft. He became the Packers' starting quarterback in the fourth game of the 1992 NFL season, he started every game after the 1992 season until the end of the 2007 season with the Packers. In 2008 he was traded to the hii'm bobert.

Headline
A headline is text at the top of a article, telling the reader the nature of the article below. Newspapers almost always have "headlines" in their papers.

Transistor-transistor logic
Transistor–Transistor Logic (TTL) is a class of digital circuits built from transistors, and resistors. It is called "transistor–transistor logic" because the logic function (e.g., AND) is performed by transistors. There are a lot of integrated circuit with TTL technology. They are used in many applications such as computers, industrial controls, test equipment and instrumentation, synthesizers, etc.

Northwest Ordinance of 1787
The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 told everyone that the land north of the Ohio river and east of the Mississippi would eventually become part of the United States. It encouraged westward expansion.

Protactinium
Protactinium is a chemical element with the symbol Pa and atomic number 91.
Notable Characteristics.
Protactinium is a silver metallic element that is in the actinide group, with a bright metallic shine that it keeps for some time in the air. It is superconductive at temperatures below 1.4 K.
Applications.
Due to its scarcity, high radioactivity and toxicity, there are currently no uses for protactinium outside of basic research.
Protactinium-231 (which is made by the alpha decay of Uranium-235 followed by beta decay of Thorium-231) could possibly sustain a nuclear chain reaction and might be used to build a nuclear weapon. The critical mass, according to Walter Seifritz, is 750±180 kg. Other authors conclude that no chain reactions are possible in Protactinium-231.
History.
Protactinium was first discovered in 1913, when Kasimir Fajans and O. H. Göhring encountered short-lived isotope 234m-Pa, with a half-life of about 1.17 minutes, while they were studying the decay chain of 238-U. They gave the new element the name "Brevium" (Latin "brevis", brief, short); the name was changed to "Protoactinium" in 1918 when two groups of scientists (Otto Hahn and Lise Meitner of Germany and Frederick Soddy and John Cranston of the UK) independently discovered 231-Pa. The name was shortened to "Protactinium" in 1949.
In 1961, the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority was able to produce 125 g of 99.9% pure protactinium, processing 60 tons of waste material in a 12-stage process and spending 500,000 USD. For many years to come, this was the world's only way to get the element. It is said that the metal was sold to laboratories for a cost of 2,800 USD / g in the following years.
Precautions.
Protactinium is both toxic and highly radioactive. It requires precautions similar to those used when handling plutonium.

Troy Aikman
Troy Kenneth Aikman (born November 21, 1966 in West Covina, California) is a former American football quarterback for the Dallas Cowboys of the National Football League, and is now a television sportscaster for the Fox televison network. He is also a shared owner of the NASCAR Nextel Cup racing team, Hall of Fame Racing, along with fellow former Cowboys quarterback, Roger Staubach. He is considered among the best NFL quarterbacks of all time, and was chosen for the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2006.

Johnny Unitas
John Constantine "Johnny" Unitas (May 7, 1933 – September 11, 2002), was a professional American football player in the 1950s through the 1970s. He was a record-setting quarterback and the National Football League's most valuable player in 1959, 1964 and 1967. His record of throwing a touchdown pass in 47 consecutive games (between 1956-1960) is unrivaled. Unitas is commonly considered the greatest quarterback of all-time.

Dick Butkus
Richard Marvin "Dick" Butkus (born December 9, 1942) is a former American football player, commonly considered as the greatest linebacker of his time and one of the best football players ever.
In college Butkus played for the University of Illinois and in the National Football League the Chicago Bears. He became a member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1979.

Mike Ditka
Michael Keller Ditka, Jr. (born October 18, 1939, in Carnegie, Pennsylvania), is a former NFL player, television commentator, and coach. Ditka coached the Chicago Bears for 11 years and New Orleans Saints for 3 years. Ditka and Tom Flores are the only two people to win Super Bowls as a player, an assistant coach and a head coach. Ditka was the only person to take part in the last two Chicago Bears' championships, as a player in 1963 and as head coach in 1985.

The Sean Hannity Show
The Sean Hannity Show is an American radio show with conservative talk show host Sean Hannity. It is a political talk show, but many times will cover things other than the mainstream media. The "Hannity" program is the second highest rated program, behind only The Rush Limbaugh Show. On the show, "Sean" and the people who call in often say to each other "you're a great American!"

John Elway
John Albert Elway, Jr. (born June 28, 1960 in Port Angeles, Washington) is a retired Hall of Fame American football quarterback. He played his college football at Stanford and his whole professional career for the Denver Broncos football team.

Detroit Lions
The Detroit Lions are a team in the National Football League and National Football Conference. They are based in Detroit, Michigan.

Michael Irvin
Michael Jerome Irvin (born March 5, 1966) is a former American football player for the Dallas Cowboys. He is also a former broadcaster for ESPN's "NFL Countdown". He is commonly known as one of the most successful wide receivers in the history of the National Football League.

Howie Long
Howard Michael Long (born January 6, 1960 in Somerville, Massachusetts) is a former American football player who played as a defensive end, and was chosen for the Hall of Fame in 2000.

Hoang Hoa Tham
Hoàng Hoa Thám () or Đề Thám (); (born Trương Văn Thám () 1858 – February 10, 1913) was leader of the famous Yen The Uprising against the French during Western conquest of Vietnam.

Pro Football Hall of Fame
The Pro Football Hall of Fame is the hall of fame of the National Football League (NFL). It opened in Canton, Ohio, United States, on September 7 1963 with 17 origianl inductees. Through 2008, all but one of the Hall of Fame members have played some part of their professional career in the NFL (the only how did not is Buffalo Bills guard Billy Shaw, who played his whole career in the American Football League (AFL) before the 1970 AFL-NFL merger). The Chicago Bears have the most Hall of Famers in the league at 26.

Cypress
Cypress is a name used for many plants in the conifer family Cupressaceae ("cypress" family).

Míkmaq language
The Mi'kmaq language (also spelled Míkmaq, Mi'gmaq, Mi'qmac, or priorly Micmac) is an Eastern Algonquian language spoken by nearly 9,000 Míkmaq in Canada, and another 1,200 in United States, out of a total ethnic Míkmaq population of roughly 40,000. The word "Míkmaq" is a plural word meaning 'my friends' (singular "Míkm"); the adjectival form is "Míkmaw". The language's native name is "Míkmawísimk" or "Míkmwei" (in some dialects).
Writing system.
Míkmaq is written with letters of the Roman alphabet. This writing system was created by missionaries in the 19th century. Before, the language was written in Míkmaq hieroglyphic writing, a script of partially-native origin.

San Diego Chargers
The San Diego Chargers are a professional American football team based in San Diego, California. They are currently part of the Western Division of the American Football Conference (AFC) in the National Football League (NFL). They were first called the Los Angeles Chargers, the team was started in 1960 as a charter member of the American Football League. The club spent its first season in Los Angeles, California before moving to San Diego in 1961.

Metal leaf
Metal leaf is a type of metalic foil used mostly for decoration. Gold leaf, a thin layering of gold foil, is the most common form of metal leaf, and the two words are often mixed up. Only very malleable metals can be made into leaf, meaning that only easily shaped, but at the same time very hard to break metals are used. Metal leaf is seen in various fields other than in decoration, sometimes used in art and gilding, its purposes in some cultures varies.

Foo Fighters
Foo Fighters is an American rock band started by musician Dave Grohl. The band was formed in 1995. The band's name comes from a term used in World War II, which is about strange sky objects (UFOs).
The band, who have achieved a world-wide following, have won many awards for their music, and have released six albums and twenty-eight singles. The current members of the band are Dave Grohl (singer), Nate Mendel (bass guitar), Taylor Hawkins (drums) and Chris Shiflett (guitar).
Before Grohl was a member of Foo Fighters, he was the drummer for the popular grunge band, Nirvana. Nirvana's singer, Kurt Cobain, died about one year before Foo Fighters were formed.

Ronnie O'Sullivan
Ronnie O'Sullivan (born December 5, 1975), is an English professional snooker player who has been World Champion on three occasions.

Rain (entertainer)
Rain (Korean: Jeong Ji-hoon 정지훈, born on 25 June 1982 in Seoul) is a Korean singer, actor, dancer and model. He is one of the most famous Korean entertainers in Asia as well as over the world. He has released 4 albums in his career.

Algonquian languages
The Algonquian (also Algonquin, Algonkian) languages are a subfamily of Native American languages that includes most of the languages in the Algic language family The term "Algonquin" comes from the Maliseet word "elakómkwik" (), "they are our relatives/allies". Many Algonquian languages are extremely endangered today, while a number of others have already died out completely.
Speakers of Algonquian languages stretch from the east coast of North America all the way to the Rocky Mountains. The language from which all of the languages of the family come from, was spoken at least 3,000 years ago.

Ismaning
Ismaning is a municipality in the Munich Rural District in Upper Bavaria, Germany.

Grünwald, Bavaria
Grünwald is a municipality in the Munich Rural District in Upper Bavaria, Germany. The Bavaria Film Studios and a castle are in Grünwald.

Kirchheim bei München
Kirchheim is a municipality in the Munich Rural District in Upper Bavaria, Germany.

Haar, Bavaria
Haar is a municipality in the Munich Rural District in Upper Bavaria, Germany.

Abrud River
The Abrud River is a tributary of the Arieş in Romania. That means it flows into the Arieş River.

Abruzel River
The Abruzel River is a tributary of the Abrud River in Romania. That means that it flows into the Abrud River.

Abucea River
The Abucea River is a tributary of the Mureş River in Romania. That means that it flows into the Mureş River.

Teleajen River
The Teleajen River in the southern part of Romania is a tributary of the Prahova River. Its source can be found in the Ciucaş Mountains in the municipality of Cheia. It is 113 kilometers long.

Garching bei München
Garching is a town in the Munich Rural District in Upper Bavaria, Germany. There some other towns in Germany, which are called "Garching" so it is often called "Garching bei München". This is German for Garching near Munich.

Arieş River (Mureş)
The Arieş (Hungarian: "Aranyos") is a river in Transylvania, Romania. It flows through 2 counties and is 164 kilometers long.

Acmariu River
The Acmariu River () is a tributary of the Mureş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Mureş River.

Mureş River
The Mureş (Romanian) (, Latin: "Marisus", Croatian: "Moriš", German: "Mieresch, Marosch or Muresch", Serbian: "Мориш, Муреш") is a 761 km (473 mi) long river in Eastern Europe.
Tributaries.
Left: Pietrosu, Cărbunele Negru, Senetea, Fierăstrăul, Pârâul lui Mihai, Şumuleul Mare, Borzont, Bacta, Limbuş, Pârâul Pietrei, Sineu, Martonca, Gălăuţaş, Găina, Zăpodea, Măgheruş, Păpurel, Mărsinetul de Sus, Mărsinetul de Jos, Gudea, Jincu, Doamna, Iadul, Sălard, Peşcoasa Mare, Iadul, Borzia, Mergiş, Toaderiş, Sebeş, Idicel, Deleni, Gurghiu, Beica, Habic, Petrilaca, Terebici, Cotuş, Pocloş, Niraj, Cerghid, Sărata, Şeulia, Aţântiş, Fărău, Ciunga, Valea Papii, Şesul Băgăului, Valea la Şipot, Valea Dosului, Hopârta, Săcăduş, Bogdanul, Târnava, Hăpria Sebeş, Pianu, Cioara, Cugir, Vaidei, Romoş, Orăştie, Turdaş, Strei, Tâmpa, Cerna Herepeia, Veţel, Vulcez, Leşnic, Săcămaş, Plaiu, Dobra, Abucea, Ohaba, Sălciva, Pojoga, Valea Ghinişului, Peştiş, Căprioara, Somoniţa, Izvor, Corbu, Suliniş, Pârâul Mare, Şiştarovăţ, Sinicuţ, Zădărlac
Right: Mezeş, Otveş, Boteni, Voşlăbeni, Chindeni, Chirtaegher, Valea Strâmba, Şaroş, Belcina, Lăzarea, Ditrău, Faier, Jolotca, Filipea, Sărmaş, Ciucic, Doamna, Topliţa, Călimănel, Duşa, Mermezeu, Zebracu, Tarniţa, Jingu, Neagra, Ilva, Fântânele, Sărăcin, Răstoliţa, Jişa, Gălăoaia, Bistra, Gesele, Valea Sterinoasă, Râpa, Văleni, Săcal, Luţ, Şar, Iceni, Budiu, Cuieşd, Valea Fânaţelor, Şăuşa, Oroiu, Lechinţa, Pârâul de Câmpie, Arieş, Grindu, Unirea, Ciugud, Ormeniş, Mirăslău, Lopadea, Aiud, Herja, Gârbova, Valea Sasului, Geoagiu, Galda, Ampoi, Pârâul cel Mare, Pâclişa, Stăuini, Vinţ, Valea Goblii, Blandiana, Acmariu, Feneş Băcăinţi, Homorod, Geoagiu, Boiu, Bobâlna, Valea lui Sânpătru, Lazu, Vărmaga, Certej, Boholţ, Căian, Bejan, Boz, Sârbi, Băcişoara, Gurasada, Zam, Almaş, Corbeasca, Troaş, Vineşti, Stejar, Juliţa, Grosul, Monoroştia, Bârna, Bârzava, Nadăş, Conop, Cornic, Odvoş, Milova, Jecnova, Şoimoş, Radna, Cladova

Acriş River
The Acriş River is a tributary of the Buzău River in Romania. That means it flows into the Buzău River.

Taufkirchen bei München
Taufkirchen is a municipality in the Munich Rural District in Upper Bavaria, Germany.

Adalin River
The Adalin River is a tributary of the Dragu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Dragu River.

Adâncata River (Bahluieţ)
The Adâncata River is a tributary of the Bahluieţ River in Romania. That means that it flows into the Bahluieţ River.

Adâncata River (Iminog)
The Adâncata River is a tributary of the Iminog River in Romania. That means it flows into the Iminog River.

Adăşeni River
The Adăşeni River is a tributary of the Volovăţ River. That means it flows into the Volovăţ River.

Adona River
The Adona River is a tributary of the Peţa River in Romania. That means that it flows into the Peţa River.

Adrian River
The Adrian River is a tributary of the Racşa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Racşa River.

Afinetu River
The Afinetu River is a tributary of the Bistriţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bistriţa River.

Afinetul River
The Afinetul River is a tributary of the Râul Mare in Romania. That means it flows into the Râul Mare.

Afinişul River (Bistriţa)
The Afinişul River is a tributary of the Bistriţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bistriţa River.

Afinişul River (Nemţişor)
The Afinişul River is a tributary of the Nemţişor River in Romania. That means it flows into the Nemţişor River.

Agapia River
The Agapia River is a tributary of the Topoliţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Topoliţa River.

Bistriţa River (Siret)
The Bistriţa River (sometimes called the Bistriţa Moldoveană River) is a river in the Romanian region of Moldavia. Near Bacău, it flows into the Siret River. It flows through the counties Suceava, Neamţ and Bacău.
Tributaries.
These are the tributaries of the
Left: Vulcănescu, Şes, Tinosu Mare, Iurescu, Bretila, Ţibău, Cârlibaba, Afinetu, Valea Stânei, Andronic, Botoş, Gropăria, Oiţa, Brezuţa, Fieru, Argestru, Chilia, Biliceni, Gheorghiţeni, Rusca, Stânişoara, Călineşti, Frumuşana, Izvorul Arseneasa, Colbu, Arama, Chiril, Cojoci, Fieru, Pârâul Fagului, Izvorul Casei, Leşu, Puzdra, Holdiţa, Cotârgaşi, Pietroasa, Săbaşa, Fărcaşa, Galu, Largu, Stâna, Vârlanu, Leteşti, Hangu, Buhalniţa, Potoci, Capşa, Pângăraţi, Pângărăcior, Cuejdiu, Cracău, Câlneş, Poloboc, Dorneşti, Români, Leţcana, Racova
Right: Putreda, Tomnatecu Mare, Tomnatecu Mic, Bila, Lala, Rotunda, Izvorul Şes, Zacla, Rusaia, Măgura, Fundoaia, Stânişoara, Valea Bâtcii, Gândac, Diaca, Humor, Scoruş, Pârâul Rece, Suhărzelu Mic, Suhărzelu Mare, Tisa, Ciotina, Haju, Dorna, Neagra Şarului, Arinaş, Cozăneşti, Ortoaia, Bolătău, Rusca, Oşoiu, Sunători, Valea Lutului, Izvoru Rău, Bârnărel, Pârâul Cornului, Pârâul Ciucului, Bârnaru, Căboaia, Broşteni, Neagra Broşteni, Borca, Stejaru, Dreptu, Ruseni, Zahorna, Roşeni, Pârâul Duruitorilor, Bistricioara, Schitu, Răpciuniţa, Ţiflic, Valea Strâmtorilor, Izvorul Alb, Secu, Izvoru Muntelui, Coşuşna, Bicaz, Crasniţa, Crasna, Potoci, Tarcău, Oanţul, Secu, Agârcia, Doamna, Pârâul Mânăstirii, Afinişul, Sasca, Calul, Iapa, Nechitu, Dragova, Buda, Trebiş, Hemeiuş

Olt River
The Olt River (Romanian and Hungarian; German: "Alt"; Latin: "Aluta" or "Alutus") is a river in Romania. It flows in the Romanian counties Harghita, Covasna, Braşov, Sibiu, Vâlcea and Olt. The river was known as "Alutus" or "Aluta" in Roman times.
Towns and villages.
The following towns and villages are situated along the river Olt, from source to mouth (incomplete list): Bălan, Sândominic, Miercurea-Ciuc, Sfântu Gheorghe, Făgăraş, Brezoi, Călimăneşti, Râmnicu Vâlcea,
Călineşti, Drăgăneşti, Proieni, Corbu, Golotreni, Brezoi, Văratica, Păuşa, Căciulata, Călimăneşti, Râmnicu Vâlcea, Jiblea Veche, Drăgăşani, Slatina, Drăgăneşti-Olt.
Tributaries.
Left: Fieru, Fagu Oltului, Scaunu, Covaci, Fântâna lui Gal, Sedloca, Lăcaşul lui Baboş, Şoarecu, Cadu, Racu, Delniţa, Pustnic, Fitod, Fişag, Cozmeni, Tuşnad, Vârghiş, Pârâul Cetăţii, Comloş, Gaura Dracului, Valea cu Pruni, Valea Roşie, Podu Mare, Valea Mare, Vâlcelul Podului, Malnaş, Hereţ, Borviz, Talomir, Vonţ, Fotoş, Mărtănuş, Râul Negru, Valea Neagră, Ghimbăşel, Bârsa, Homorod, Hotaru, Valea Seacă, Stiniş, Hotaru, Măieruş, Hotaru, Bozom, Valea Lungă, Remetea, Ormeniş, Feneş, Top, Valea Cetăţii, Valea Părului, Valea Mare, Bogata, Lupşa, Comana, Sărata, Veneţia, Părău, Găvan, Şercaia, Urăsa, Mândra, Iaz, Sebeş, Făgărăşel, Berivoi, Racoviţa, Hurez, Săvăstreni, Netot, Dridif, Breaza, Sâmbăta, Racoviţa, Olteţ, Drăguş, Hotar, Viştea, Corbul Viştei, Corbul Ucei, Ucea, Gârlăţel, Arpaş, Valea Neagră, Seaca, Cârţişoara, Opat, Scoreiu, Valea Muntelui, Porumbacu, Răcovicioara, Avrig, Mârşa, Racoviţa, Pârâul Hotărăl, Moaşa, Sebeş, Valea Caselor, Valea Priboiului, Valea Strâmbă, Valea Mărului, Rândibou, Valea Fratelui, Curpănu, Valea Satului, Boia, Băiaşu, Lotrişor, Pârâul Odăilor, Văratica, Slâmna, Armăsarul, Alunul, Pârâul La Clopot, Pârâul Roşiei, Pârâul Mânăstirii, Bivolari, Muşeţelu, Păuşa, Valea Satului, Sălătrucel, Sâmnic, Aninoasa, Topolog, Teiu, Trepteanca, Valea Mare, Bolovanul, Cungrea, Sterpu, Cepturaru, Surdui, Cungrea Mică, Strehareţi, Şopot, Clocociov, Milcov, Cinculeasa, Oboga, Dârjov, Iminog
Right: Râul Sărăturii, Şandru, Sipoş, Lunca Mare, Lunca, Raţa, Madicea, Mădăraş, Şugău, Var, Hidegviz, Segheş, Ştiuca, Beta, Căpâlnaş, Techera, Valea Mare, Budeş, Sântimbru, Minei, Pârâul Merilor, Sugasău, Pârâul Mare, Mitaciul, Pârâul Minerului, Pârâul Corbului, Frasinu, Pârâul Şoimului, Pârâul Calului, Recoltiaş, Murgul Mic, Murgul Mare, Gohan, Somoş, Pârâul Morii, Turda, Zălan, Dogoş, Telec, Calnic, Valea Crişului, Valea Seacă, Arcuş, Porumbele, Debren, Semeria, Gereb, Pârâul Frumos, Ilieni, Valea Baciului, Izvorul Mic, Pârâul Ciorii, Pârâul Olarului, Araci, Pârâul Satului, Iarăş, Corlat, Surduc, Somoş, Belinul Mic, Belinul Mare, Pârâul Adânc, Valea Scurtă, Aita, Groapa Mare, Mateiaşul, Pârâul Satului, Pârâul Cărbunarilor, Pârâul Adânc, Pârâul cu Salcâmi, Pârâul Scurt, Chepeţ (Căpeni), Baraolt, Cormoş, Carhaga, Pârâul Sărat, Podu Mare, Homorod, Dăişoara, Crăiţa, Ticuş, Felmer, Cincu, Galaţi, Poeniţa, Pârâul Nou, Valea Fermelor, Bradu, Cibin, Pleaşa, Megieşul Lotrioara, Râul Vadului, Valea Scaunelor, Stupina, Valea lui Vlad, Uria, Robeşti, Sărăcineşti, Sălişte, Cârciuma, Călineşti, Betel, Lotru, Şipote, Lotrişorul, Puturoasa, Râul Poştei, Căciulata, Mituţu, Căldările, Pârâul lui Chirică, Muereasca, Olăneşti, Pârâul Ruzii, Focşa, Govora, Bistriţa, Luncavăţ, Scundu, Prundeni, Pesceana, Canalul Oporelu, Olteţ, Teslui, Gologan, Vlădila, Suhatul, Cruşov

Arena Football League
The Arena Football League is a football league in the United States. Unlike what people in this league call the outdoor league (the NFL), "Arena football" is played in an smaller arena. Arena Football is played with only 8 players on a team, not 11 like the NFL.

Elmo
Elmo is a famous character in Sesame Street. He is red, and has his own part of the show called "Elmo's world". His best friend is a character named Zoe.

San Francisco 49ers
The San Francisco 49ers are a professional American football team. The team plays its home games in San Francisco, California, while the teams head office and practice areas are located in Santa Clara. The 49ers are at this moment part of the Western Division of the National Football Conference (NFC) in the National Football League (NFL).

Agârbiciu River
The Agârbiciu River is a tributary of the Căpuş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Căpuş River.

Agârcia River
The Agârcia River is a tributary of the Bistriţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bistriţa River.

Agăstin River
The Agăstin River is a tributary of the Asău River in Romania. That means it flows into the Asău River. It starts where the headwaters Cracul Mare and Cracul Mic come together.

Agăş River
The Agăş River is a tributary of the Trotuş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Trotuş River.

Agi Cabul River
The Agi Cabul River is a tributary of the main branch of the Danube-Black Sea Canal in Romania. That means it flows into the Danube-Black Sea Canal.

Agigea River
The Agigea River is a tributary of the main branch of the Danube-Black Sea Canal in Romania. That means it flows into the Danube-Black Sea Canal.

Agrij River
The Agrij River () is a tributary of the Someş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Someş River.

Tennessee Titans
The Tennessee Titans are a professional American football team located in Nashville, Tennessee. They are currently part of the South Division of the American Football Conference (AFC) in the National Football League (NFL). They used to be known as the Houston Oilers, and played in Houston, Texas, team was started in 1960 as a charter member of the American Football League. The Oilers won two AFL championships before joining the NFL as part of the AFL-NFL Merger.
The team moved to the state of Tennessee in 1997, and played in Memphis for one season before moving to Nashville. For two seasons, the team was known as the Tennessee Oilers before changing its name to the Titans in 1999.

Mumps
Mumps is a viral disease of the human species. Some of the most commons symptoms can be fever, headaches, swelling of the parotid glands, sore throats, and orchitis (which means swelling of the testicles).

Civilian Conservation Corps
The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) was started by Franklin D. Roosevelt during the Great Depression. The "CCC" gave young men jobs such as fighting forest fires, digging ditches, and planting trees. The "CCC" paid these men about thirty dollars a day. At first, it was planned to get men out of the cities, but more men came from small towns and rural areas.

Killer app
A killer app is a term used for a video game for a console that sells it. People will get the console just so they can play that game.

Chiang Mai
Chiang Mai is the biggest city in northern Thailand,the second-biggest province of Thailand. Neighboring provinces are (from northeast to northwest) Chiang Rai, Lampang, Lamphun, Tak, and Mae Hong Son. In the north it next to Shan State of Myanmar.

Hyōgo Prefecture
Hyōgo Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan in the Kinki district of Honshu Island. The capital is Kobe. Hyogo can be split into into a northern part and a southern part. In the south (with the Inland Sea of Japan on its coast) the main cities are Kobe, Akashi, Nishinomiya and so on. In the north (with the Sea of Japan on its coast) there are Toyooka city, Tajima, Kinosaki Hot Spring and so on.
Akashi city is famous for its world’s longest suspension bridge and the 135 degrees longitude which decides the standard time of Japan is in Akashi city, too.
Nishinomiya is famous in Japan for Japanese Sake and the baseball stadium in Koshien which is a professional baseball team, the Hanshin Tigers’ home stadium and where the annual Japanese high school baseball championship is held.

Adelaide Zoo
Adelaide Zoo is Australia's second oldest zoo, located in Adelaide, South Australia. In 2009, the zoo will be get two giant pandas, from China.

Ruth Harkness
Ruth Elizabeth Harkness was an American fashion designer and socialite. She traveled to China in 1936 and brought back the first live giant panda to the United States.

Brookfield Zoo
The Brookfield Zoo is a large zoo near Chicago, Illinois. The zoo is about 216 acres (874,124 m²), and has around 450 species of animals.

Shirahama
Shirahama is a town located in Nishimuro District, Wakayama, Japan.

Wakayama Prefecture
Wakayama Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located on the Kii Peninsula in the Kansai region on Honshū island.

Webcast
A webcast is a media file used on the Internet. It is new technology.

Kansas City Chiefs
The Kansas City Chiefs are a professional American football team located in Kansas City, Missouri. The team is a part of the Western Division of the American Football Conference (AFC) in the National Football League (NFL).
Originally called the Dallas Texans, the club was founded by Lamar Hunt in 1960 as a charter member of the American Football League. The team moved to Kansas City and became the Chiefs in 1963 after then-Kansas City mayor H. Roe Bartle promised the team they would have more ticket sales. The Chiefs then joined the NFL as part of the AFL-NFL Merger.
The Chiefs hold the distinction of being the second AFL team (after the New York Jets) to beat an NFL club in an AFL-NFL World Championship Game when they beat the Minnesota Vikings in Super Bowl IV.

Jacksonville Jaguars
The Jacksonville Jaguars are a professional American football team located in Jacksonville, Florida. They are currently members of the Southern Division of the American Football Conference (AFC) in the National Football League (NFL). The Jaguars, and the Carolina Panthers, became part of the NFL as expansion teams in 1995.

Houston Texans
The Houston Texans is a professional American National Football League team located in Houston, Texas. They are part of the American Football Conference (AFC). The Texans joined the NFL in 2002 as an expansion team.

Cleveland Browns
The Cleveland Browns are a professional American football team located in Cleveland, Ohio. The team plays in the AFC North division of the American Football Conference (AFC) in the National Football League (NFL). The Cleveland Browns started playing in 1946 as a charter member of the All-America Football Conference and joined the NFL in 1950 after the AAFC folded. The team has also won four NFL Championships.

Cincinnati Bengals
The Cincinnati Bengals are a professional American football team located in Cincinnati, Ohio. They are currently members of the North Division of the American Football Conference (AFC) in the National Football League (NFL). Their first season, 1968, was as an American Football League franchise, but they joined the NFL as part of the 1970 AFL-NFL Merger.
The Bengals currently have summer training camp at Georgetown College in Georgetown, Kentucky and play home games at Paul Brown Stadium.

Commentary
A commentary often means some sort of voice that will explain what is going on while the program is playing.

List of biologically important elements
This is a list of the twelve most important chemical elements for life, in order of atomic number.
See Also.
Chemical element

Kelvedon
Kelvedon is a village and town in Essex, England.

Baltimore Ravens
The Baltimore Ravens are a professional American football team located in Baltimore, Maryland. They play in the AFC North Division of the National Football League (NFL). The Ravens have won one Super Bowl title, Super Bowl XXXV, in the 2000 football season against the New York Giants.

Buffalo Bills
The Buffalo Bills are a professional American football team located in Buffalo, New York. They are members of the Eastern Division of the American Football Conference (AFC) in the National Football League (NFL). The Bills began started playing in 1960 as a charter member of the American Football League and joined the NFL as part of the AFL-NFL merger.
The Bills won two American Football League titles in 1964 and 1965, but the team has not won a league championship since the merger. Buffalo is also the only team to win four American Football Conference Championships one right after the other, though they did not win any of the four games.

Washington Redskins
The Washington Redskins are a professional American football team based in the Washington, D.C. area. The team plays at FedExField in Landover, Maryland. The team's head office and training area are at Redskin Park in Ashburn, Virginia. They are part of the Eastern Division of the National Football Conference (NFC) in the National Football League (NFL).

Super Princess Peach
"Super Princess Peach" is a 2006 video game developed by TOSE and published by Nintendo. Unlike most Mario video games, Bowser has decided to kidnap Mario instead. Peach must go out and save him.

Minnesota Vikings
The Minnesota Vikings are a professional American football team located in Minneapolis, Minnesota. The Vikings play in the National Football Conference of the National Football League (NFL). They have been part of the North Division. The Vikings have won their division 16 times, which is the third most among teams that are playing in the NFL now.

Reno, Nevada
Reno is a city in the American state of Nevada. It is the county seat of Washoe County, Nevada. As of 2000, there were 180,480 people living in Reno. Charles Fuller built the first log cabin in 1859 and was named Lakes Crossing in 1861.

Wolong National Nature Reserve
Wolong National Nature Reserve (Sipmlified Chinese: 卧龙自然保护区|t=臥龍自然保護區) is a national park located in Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China. It was established in 1963. The reserve has an area of about 200,000 hectares. There are over 4,000 different species recorded in the reserve. Wolong National Nature Reserve houses more than 150 highly endangered giant pandas.
In June 1980, the China Research and Conservation Center for the Giant Panda was established. The World Wildlife Fund (WWF) and the Chinese government cooperated to establish the center. Researchers have made trials on how to breed the giant pandas. They have successfully bred 66 panda cubs.
A mountain stream runs through the Wolong Valley (where the Reserve is); the stream is heavily armoured with boulders and smaller rounded stones. Stream waters are rather alkaline with pH levels in the range of 8.91. (Hogan, 2007) Water quality turbidity is quite high due to extensive sand and gravel mining in stream.
According to a 2001 research by Dr. Jianguo Liu of Michigan State University, the rate of destruction is higher after the reserve's creation than before its creation. Using NASA's satellite images and records of population, Liu's research team concluded that due to tourism and the increase in local population, the reserve is facing an unprecedented threat. "Tourists don't think they have an impact on panda habitat, but indirectly each visitor has some impact," Liu said. "We don't see ourselves as a destructive force, but we are."

Charles Spurgeon
Charles Haddon (C.H.) Spurgeon (June 19, 1834 – January 31, 1892) was a British Baptist preacher. People still know him as the "Prince of Preachers". In his lifetime, Spurgeon preached to about 10,000,000 people. Spurgeon would often preach 10 times a week at different places. His sermons have been translated into many languages. Today, there are more writings and books by Spurgeon than by any other Christian writer.
Spurgeon was the pastor of the New Park Street Chapel in London for 38 years. He was part of several controversies with the Baptist Union of Great Britain, and later had to leave that denomination. Throughout his life, Spurgeon suffered from depression and other mental illnesses. In 1857, he started a charity organisation called Spurgeon's which works all over the world.
His family.
Charles Spurgeon was born on June 19, 1834, in Kelvedon, in the English county of Essex. He was the eldest child of Eliza Jarvis and John Spurgeon. His mother Eliza was born in nearby Belchamp Otten on May 3, 1815. She was about 19-years-old when Spurgeon was born. His father John Spurgeon, born in Clare, Suffolk on July 15, 1810, was about 24-years-old. There were 17 children in Spurgeon's family, but nine of them died when they were babies.
Interests.
When he was six, Spurgeon read The Pilgrim's Progress. He read that book over 100 times in his life. Spurgeon was also very good at mathematics. As a young boy, he would read the Scriptures at family worship. He memorised many hymns as a child, and would use many of them in his sermons later in life.
Spirituality.
As an early teenager, he was very intelligent, but was also fearful and doubting. By the influence of his father and grandfather, Spurgeon was kept from most normal sins. As a child, he thought that he was a good person. But he later said that, "Day and night God's hand was heavy on me." He read the whole Bible, but he thought that it was threatening him, rather than promising him good things. As he got older, these things weighed on his conscience.
On January 6, 1850, when he was 15, a snow storm made him seek shelter in a Primitive Methodist chapel in Colchester. While he was there, a worker there said to him, "Young man, you look very miserable." Spurgeon knew this, and he believed now that only God could heal him. The worker, seeing his need, replied, "Young man, look to Jesus Christ! Look! Look! Look! You have nothin' to do but to look and live."
Within moments, he was converted to Christianity, or as he said: "God opened his heart to the Salvation message." He later said that, "I thought I could dance all the way home." On May 3, 1850, he was baptised in the River Lark, at Isleham. Later that year, his family moved to Cambridge.
Beginnings.
He preached his first sermon in the winter of 1850–51. At that time, he was made the pastor of the Waterbeach Baptist Chapel in Cambridgeshire. His preaching was thought to be very good. In 1853, he authored his first written work: a Gospel tract.
New Park Street Chapel.
In April 1854, aged 19 and after he had preached for three months, Spurgeon became the pastor of the New Park Street Chapel in London. At that time, it was the largest Baptist congregation in the city. Within months of Spurgeon being the pastor there, he became very famous. Even before he was 20, Spurgeon had preached over 600 times. His sermons were published every week, and many people read them. While he was at the New Park Street Chapel, Spurgeon became friends with James Hudson Taylor. Taylor was the man who started the China Inland Mission.
The way Spurgeon preached was not new, but it was easy to understand. When he would read and teach the Bible in his messages, many people would think about what Jesus had said. Because the church congregation became too large for their building, they had to move to Exeter Hall, then to Surrey Music Hall, and later to the Metropolitan Tabernacle. By the age of 22, he was a very popular preacher. He would preach to more than 10,000 people at a time. Even before the microphone was invented, he spoke to an audience of almost 24,000 at the Crystal Palace.
On January 8, 1856, Spurgeon got married to Susannah Spurgeon. By the age of 33, she had to stay home because of her disabilities. They had twin sons, Charles and Thomas.
Tragedy.
While he was preaching on October 19, 1856, there was a tragedy. A group of men yelled "Fire!" This made many people panic and run for the exits. It was later found out that seven people died after being trampled to death. Spurgeon was hurt emotionally by the actions of these men, and it had a large influence on his life. He had depression for many years. He later said that he cried for no reason, but still his ministry went on.
Middle life.
On March 18, 1861, the church moved to their newly-built Metropolitan Tabernacle, at Elephant-and-Castle in London. The building could hold from five to six thousand people, and was like a modern-day "megachurch". Spurgeon read many books, up to six a week.
Spurgeon liked singing hymns and wrote several of them. He published a book of well-known hymns for use at his church. There was no pipe organ or other instruments in his church; the hymns were always sang unaccompanied. Spurgeon never called people to come forward after his sermons, which is a custom of many evangelical preachers, who like to talk to the people who have been moved in their faith by the preaching. Spurgeon would say that anyone could meet him on Monday to talk about Christ. There was always someone at his door the next day. He preached there until his death 31 years later.
When the missionary David Livingstone died in 1873, a copy of Spurgeon's sermon, "Accidents, Not Punishments", was found among his belongings. There was a comment at the top of the first page that read, "Very good, D.L." Livingstone carried the sermon with him when he travelled to Africa, but it was given back to Spurgeon. Spurgeon had given the message on Sunday, September 8, 1861, at the Metropolitan Tabernacle, in Newington, London. He had preached it because of two disasters that happened close to his house. On Sunday, August 25, 1861, there was a tragic accident between two trains in the Clayton Tunnel between London and Brighton. 23 people died from this crash and the crash also injured hundreds. About two weeks later, on Monday, September 2, another train wreck in North London that made 15 more people die.
Final years and death.
Spurgeon's wife was often too sick to leave their home to hear him preach. Near the end of his life, he had poor health with rheumatism, gout, and Bright's disease. He died near Nice in France, on January 31, 1892. Spurgeon's wife and sons lived longer than him. His body is buried in a tomb in London.
Baptist Union controversies.
Around the end of Spurgeon's life, he was part of many conflicts in the Baptist Union of Great Britain (BUGB). Spurgeon later left the Baptist Union. Even after Spurgeon's death, there were such controversies there, such as the talk over whether or not the Baptist Union should be allowed to meet in the Metropolitan Tabernacle. Spurgeon's son, Thomas, who was the co-pastor of the Metropolitan Tabernacle with Archibald G. Brown, said that, "The Baptist Union almost killed my father." "Yes," replied someone at BUGB, "and your father almost killed the Baptist Union."
Downgrade controversy.
A controversy with Baptists started in 1887 when Spurgeon wrote what was later called the "Downgrade Controversy." It got that name when Spurgeon used word "Downgrade" when talking about how other Baptists looked at the Bible. Spurgeon meant that things such as Charles Darwin's theory of evolution were making the Baptist Union weak.
Baptismal regeneration.
The "baptismal regeneration" controversy was started by a sermon in the Metropolitan Tabernacle on June 5, 1864. That was when Spurgeon spoke to Anglican Christian leaders who supported infant baptism. The sermon is 16 pages long, so it took around an hour for Spurgeon to preach it. Over 350,000 copies of this sermon were sold. However, Spurgeon did work with Anglicans, as well as people from other denominations all his life.
Spurgeon's.
The Stockwell Orphanage was an orphanage started by Spurgeon for boys in 1867, and for girls in 1879. It was open until London was bombed in the Second World War. It later turned into Spurgeon's Child Care (and then into Spurgeon's). It is now mainly in England, but has international projects in Mexico, Africa and Eastern Europe.
Spurgeon's College.
Spurgeon's College is a theological institute in London. Spurgeon started it in 1857. Spurgeon's College is a member of the Baptist Union.
Spurgeon library.
In 1906, William Jewell College in Liberty, Missouri paid £500 ($2500) for most of the Spurgeon library. The Spurgeon library had around 5,100 books in it at the time. In 2006, the whole library was sold to the Midwestern Baptist Theological Seminary. Some of Spurgeon's sermon notes are at Samford University in Birmingham, Alabama.
Selected works by Charles Spurgeon.
His works have been translated into many languages. He also made many volumes of commentaries, sayings, and other types of literature.

George Müller
George Fredrick Müller (German: Georg Friedrich Müller) (September 27, 1805 – March 10, 1898), was an Christian evangelist and worker of orphanages in Bristol, England. He cared for about 10,000 orphans in his life. He was well-known for giving an education to the children under his care, so much that sometimes he was accused of giving the poor more then they should be given.
Childhood.
Müller was born in Kroppenstedt, a village in the Kingdom of Prussia. His early life he was not very righteous. He was a thief, a liar and a gambler. At age 15, while his mother was dying, he was playing cards with friends and drinking.
His father wanted to give him a religious education that would give him a wealthy job as a clergyman in the church. While studying divinity at college, a fellow student invited him to a Christian house meeting. He was welcomed there, and he soon began reading the Bible. He also began talking much with the others at the meetings. He soon left his sinful life, and began wanting to be a missionary. He began preaching in churches nearby. He still met with the growing group of evangelical believers in his university.
Early years.
In 1828, Müller almost started working with Jews in England. But when he got there, in 1829, he fell ill. When he got better, he promises he would obey the will of God. He soon left London. He believed that God would provide for his needs as he did his Christian work. He became the pastor of a chapel in Devon. Soon after, he married Miss "Mary Groves". While he was the pastor of the church, he wouldn't let them give him a regular salary. He also stopped renting pews for the church. He said that would give too much money to the wealthy.
He moved to Bristol in 1832. In 1834, he founded the "Scripture Knowledge Institution for Home and Abroad". It had the goal of helping Christian schools and missionaries. And also it gave away the Bible. He didn't get any money from the government. He only accepting personal gifts. But still they received, and gave away £1.5 million ($2,718,844 USD) by the time of his death. It was mainly used for supporting the orphanages he worked at. But also they giving away nearly two million Bibles and other religious texts.
Middle life.
Müller and his wife began working with orphans in 1836. They then kept thirty girls in their own home. Soon after that, they opened three more orphanages. That made the total of children they cared for about 130. In 1845, as they got bigger, Müller decided that they would build another building for around 300 children. In 1849, that home opened. By 1870, more than 2,000 children were being helped in their five homes.
To this point, Müller had never asked for financial support, and he didn't go into debt. Even though their five homes cost over £100,000 to build. Many times, he would get free food donations only hours before it was time to eat. That helped his faith in God even more. Every morning after breakfast there was a time of Bible reading and prayer. Every child was given a Bible when they left the orphanage. The children had nice clothes. Müller even had a school inspector make sure things were done right.
In 1871, an article in The Times stated that since 1836, 23,000 children had been educated in the schools. Also it said that thousands had been educated in other places that they paid for. The article also said that since he started, 64,000 Bibles, 85,000 Testaments, and 29,000,000 religious books had been made, and given away. They also had to pay the support of 150 missionaries.
Later years.
In 1872, after the death of his first wife in 1870, he got married to Susannah Grace Sanger. In 1875, at the age of 70, he began a 17 year period of missionary travel. He preached in the United States, India, Australia, Japan, China, and nearly forty other countries. He traveled over 200,000 miles, and that was before the airplane was invented. Because he knew several languages, he was able to preach in English, French, and German. His sermons were translated into over twelve other languages.
He told in his autobiography how he came to closely read the Bible, he came with "great astonishment" to find that it was able to "speak decidedly" to him. He was a founding member of the "Open Brethren" movement. In 1892, he went back to England. He later died on March 10, 1898.

Spectacled Bear
The Spectacled Bear ("Tremarctos ornatus"), also known as the Andean Bear is the last of the lineage of short-faced bears. Locally, it is also called"ukuko", "jukumari" or "ucumari'. The other short-faced bears are now extinct. They lived during Middle Pleistocene to Late Pleistocene age.
The Spectacled Bear is a relatively small species of bear native to South America. It has black fur with a distinctive beige-coloured marking across its face and upper chest. Males are 33% larger than females. Males can weigh 130 – 200 kilograms (286 – 440 lb), and females 35 – 60 kilograms (77 – 132 lb). They are found in several areas of northern and western South America, including western Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, western Bolivia, northwestern Argentina, and eastern Panama. Spectacled bears are the only surviving species of bear native to South America, and the only surviving member of the subfamily Tremarctinae. Their survival has depended mostly on their ability to climb even the highest trees of the Andes.

Convergent evolution
Convergent evolution is a term from biology. It describes when two species which are not directly related by evolution develop the same traits. This happens because they live in similar habitats, and have to develop solutions to the same kind of problems.
As an example, the wings of insects, birds and bats are very similar (Those of pterosaurs too, but pterosaurs are extinct, so this is harder to see). All wings have the same function, and their structure is similar. Despite this, these wings evolved independently of each other.
Another example is the lens of the eyes of different animals. The striking similarities between hummingbird moths and hummingbirds is another example of convergent evolution.

Michelangelo Antonioni
Michelangelo Antonioni (September 29 1912 – July 30, 2007) was born in Rome, Italy. He was a film director. His most famous movie is "Blow up" made in 1966. He died at the same day as Ingmar Bergman, another famous director.

Salvador de Madariaga
Salvador de Madariaga y Rojo (July 23, 1886 A Coruña, Spain - December 14, 1978 Locarno, Switzerland) was a Spanish diplomat, writer, historian and pacifist. He was the father of Nieves Mathews and professor/historian Dr. Isabel de Madariaga. He was the grandfather of Javier Solana.

Bislama
Bislama is one of the three national languages of Vanuatu. It is a new language, made during the last two or three hundred years by mixing English with some French and some local words. The way the words are put together is like people have talked in Vanuatu for a long time -- not like English or French words are put together.

Tariq Ramadan
Tariq Said Ramadan (born 26 September 1962 in Geneva, Switzerland) is a Swiss Muslim academic and theologian. He thinks islamic texts should be studied. He also thinks that Islamic society today is different from what it was when the Koran was written. He therefore says that Muslims living in Euorpe need to adapt and change Islam, so they can contribute its values to a European society.
This position is often refered to as Euroislam.

Unterschleißheim
Unterschleißheim is a town in the Munich Rural District in Upper Bavaria, Germany.

Baierbrunn
Baierbrunn is a municipality in the Munich Rural District in Upper Bavaria, Germany.

Fitna
Fitna is a short movie by Dutch politician Geert Wilders. The film shows the motivation of the Islam as to terrorism and Islam in the Netherlands.
On March 27 2008, the movie was released on the internet, at a video sharing site named liveleak. (pretty much the same as youtube) The next day the movie was removed by liveleak as the staff received threats.

Geert Wilders
Geert Wilders (born 6 September 1963) is a Dutch (The Netherlands) politician. He is a member of the Dutch Parliament at first for the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy and from 2006 for Party for Freedom which he created himself and of which he is the leader.
Politics.
He began as assistant of Frits Bolkestein in 1990. In September 2004, he left People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD in Dutch, the language spoken in the Netherlands). After that he made his own party named Groep Wilders later he changed the name to Partij voor de Vrijheid (Party for the freedom or PVV)
Fitna.
Fitna is a short movie made by Wilders and was released on the internet on March 27 2008.

Cessna 182
The Cessna 182, marketed under the name Skylane, is a four-seat, single-engine, light airplane. It has the option of adding two child seats, installed in the baggage area.
Introduced in 1956, the 182 has been produced in a number of variants, including a version with retractable landing gear, and is the second most popular Cessna model, after the 172.

Asparagus
Asparagus is a large genus of flowering plants, including many different species. One of these is often grown to be pretty, the "asparagus fern", "Asparagus setaceus" (although it is not a real fern). The best known plant in this group is "Asparagus officinalis", which is an important food plant.

Agriş River (Arieş)
The Agriş River ˙() is a tributary of the Iara River in Romania. That means that it flows into the Iara River.

Agriş River (Baraolt)
The Agriş River is a tributary of the Baraolt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Baraolt River.

Botfei River
The Botfei River or Agriş River is a tributary of the Beliu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Beliu River.

Armand David
Father Armand David (September 27, 1826 near Bayonne –November 10, 1900 in Paris) was a Lazarist missionary Catholic priest as well as a zoologist and a botanist. He discovered many new species in China. The best-known of the animals he discovered are the Giant Panda and the Père David's Deer.

Père David's Deer
Père David's Deer ("Elaphurus davidianus",) "Milu" in Chinese (麋鹿), is a species of deer known only in captivity. It prefers marshland, and is believed to be native to the subtropics. It grazes on a mixture of grass and water plants.
Characteristics.
Adults weigh 150-200 kg (330-440 pounds). They have a nine-month gestation period, and one or two fawns are born at a time. They reach maturity at about 14 months, and have been known to reach the age of 23 years.
Père David's Deer has a long tail, wide hooves, and branched antlers. Adults have summer coats that are bright red with a dark dorsal stripe, and dark gray winter coats. The fawns are spotted.
Names.
Besides the Chinese official name Milu (麋鹿), a Chinese nickname name (Traditional Chinese:四不像, pinyin: sì bú xiàng), and in Japanese: 四不像 (shifuzou): translates as "four unlikes," because the animal has been described as having "the hoofs of a cow but not a cow, the head of a horse but not a horse, the antlers of a deer but not a deer, the body of a donkey but not a donkey." Several other sources claim "sibuxiang" to have different meanings: "the nose of a cow but not a cow, the antlers of a deer but not a deer, the body of a donkey but not a donkey, tail of a horse but not a horse"; "the tail of a donkey, the head of a horse, the hoofs of a cow, the antlers of a deer"; "the neck of a camel, the hoofs of a cow, the tail of a donkey, the antlers of a deer"; "the antlers of a deer, the head of a horse and the body of a cow". By this name, this undomesticated animal entered Chinese mythology as the mount of Jiang Ziya in the Ming novel Fengshen Yanyi, or "Investiture of the Gods."
Population.
This species of deer was first made known to Western science in the 19th century, by Father Armand David, a French missionary working in China. At the time, the only surviving herd was in a preserve belonging to the Chinese emperor. The last herd of Père David's Deer that remained in China were eaten by Western and Japanese troops that were present at the time of the Boxer Rebellion.
After Father David publicized their existence, a few animals were illegally transported to European countries for exhibitional purpose, and bred there. After the remaining population in China was extirpated, the remaining deer in Europe were gathered to England and bred for the preservation of the species. The current population stems from this herd. These deer are now found in zoos around the world. Two herds of Père David's Deer were reintroduced to Nan Haizi Milu Park, Beijing, and Dafeng Reserve, Jiangsu Province, China in the late 1980s. In spite of the small population size, the animals do not appear to suffer genetic problems from a genetic bottleneck, suggesting that a previous bottleneck had already removed harmful recessive alleles.
When they were last assessed for the IUCN Red List (1996), they are classified as "critically endangered" in the wild, under criteria "D": "[wild] population estimated to number less than 50 mature individuals".

Finite element method
The finite element method is the numerical method of solving systems of differential equations. They are used extensively in many fields of engineering because they require very little knowledge of mathematics beyond basic algebra to use. It belongs to the Methods of Weighted residuals in that the problem is formulated such that some conditions are satisfied exactly others are satisfied only approximately or numerically. I.e. the 'residual' being the difference between the exact solution and the approximate solution is weighted and minimized to get the best approximation.
While the ease of setting up a problem using finite elements and getting a solution is the reason for its popularity, its is also the cause of its frequent misuse and distrust of the answers obtained. Typically, it is recommended or required that experimental verification be performed before a model is acceptable for use. It is the author's observation that the use finite elements in structural analysis is in particular poorly managed. Engineers typically begin working with FE having very little knowledge of numerical methods or knowledge of finite element behavior. There are no standards and guidelines for modeling and few managers who understand well enough to regulate modeling. It has lead to mistrust of the method, its arrested development, and some very bad analysis being performed that is sadly emulated. Much aircraft structural design is analyzed using FE.

Sipoo
Sipoo is a small municipality in Finland. Sipoo had 19,470 residents 31.12.2007. The area of Sipoo is 364 km2. The tax level of Sipoo is 18,75%. The muncipality leader is Markku Luoma.

Bitter
Bitter, one of the five basic tastes.
Common bitter foods and beverages are the coffee, pure chocolate, beer, citrus peel and escarole. Quinine is also known for its bitter taste and is found in tonic water.

Slow
Slow is an adjective to talk about a low speed, move or tempo.
If a moving is slow, then to arrive somewhere keeps long time.
Slow animals are the snail, coala, Sloth. The old cars are slowers then the new ones.

Collar
In clothing, a collar is the part of a shirt, dress, coat or blouse that goes around or frames the neck. A "collar" may also be a separate or detachable item around the neck.

Frame
A frame is a flat container to hold something. It can also be an outer part of the structures.

Land hemisphere
The land hemisphere is the hemisphere on the Earth with the highest possible area of land. It is centered on (near the city of Nantes, France). The other half of the Earth is the water hemisphere.
The land hemisphere has seven eighths of the land on the Earth. Europe, Africa, North America, most of Asia and most of South America are in the land hemisphere. Europe is at the center of the land hemisphere. However, because the area of the oceans of the land hemisphere is still bigger than its land area, the land hemisphere means the hemisphere where most land is, but not the hemisphere where the land area is bigger than the ocean area.

Water hemisphere
The water hemisphere is the hemisphere on the Earth with the highest area of water. It is centered on, near New Zealand. The other half of the Earth is the land hemisphere.
The water hemisphere has only one-eighth of the world's land. Australia, New Zealand, Antarctica, a small part of Southeast Asia and the southern part of South America are in the water hemisphere. Most of the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean are on the water hemisphere. The area of the oceans of the water hemisphere is much higher than its land area, but the area of the oceans of the land hemisphere is still higher than its land area.

Pasadena, California
Pasadena is a city in California. It is northeast of Los Angeles.

Red Fox
The Red Fox ("Vulpes vulpes") is a mammal of the order Carnivora. and a carnivore. It is the most well-known species of fox.
Habitat.
It is native to The Americas, Asia, and Europe. It was introduced to Australia in the 19th century.

Royal Surrey Gardens
The Royal Surrey Gardens ("Surrey Music Hall") were gardens in Kennington, London, during the Victorian period.

Animation portal
An animation portal is a system where a user is able to submit his or her own animation in a video file format to a website and have it immediately be displayed to other visitors. Usually vistiors have the privillage to rate the animation. Most existing animaton portals only allow the.swf file format, in ths case, they can be called flash portals. An example of a website that includes a animation portal is newgrounds.

Iron Man (movie)
"Iron Man" is a superhero movie based on the fictional Marvel Comics character "Iron Man". It was released in various countries from April 30, 2008 to May 2 2008. The movie is about Tony Stark (Robert Downey Jr.), a billionaire industrialist who is captured by terrorists in Afghanistan. The movie received very good reviews, and as of May 5 holds a 94% positive rating on Rotten Tomatoes. It was the number one movie in America in its opening weekend.
Plot.
Tony Stark (Downey) is a very rich and smart man who is the leader of Stark Industries, a company that makes weapons and bombs. He gives a demo in Afghanistan for the United States Army to show off his new weapon. He and four other soldiers get into a humvee and drive off. During the ride, the humvee is attacked by some Afghanistan people. All of the soldiers are killed and Stark is kidnapped.
Stark wakes up in a cave to find a man named Yinsen standing over him. Yinsen took as much shrapnel out as he could and installed wires connected to a battery to prevent the rest of the shrapnel from reaching his heart and killing him. The leader, a man named Raza, orders Stark and Yinsen to build a missile for him. Stark builds an arc reactor, which is a very small thing that produces clean power. It replaces the battery and its wires.
He and Yinsen then build an armored suit for Stark to escape. In the final moments, Stark goes off-screen (Raza and his men are watching on video cameras) to load the suit up. When the suit takes too much time, Yinsen picks up an assault rifle and starts shooting to give Stark more time. The suit loads and Stark easily defeats Raza and his men. He then sees Yinsen one last time, who is fatally wounded and dies minutes later. Stark sets fire to the whole camp and lifts off using the armored suit. He crashes and the Army finds him.
At home, Stark announces that he is closing the weapons division of Stark Industries. He then spends all of his time downstairs building a new armored suit. He also builds a new arc reactor that is more powerful than the last one. Stark tells his secretary, Pepper Potts (Paltrow), to destroy the old one, but she instead puts it in a glass box. On the first test of his second armor (called the Mark II armor), Stark goes up into the atmosphere and the suit freezes up. He rebuilds it to withstand the cold temperature and paints it red (this one is called Mark III).
At a party, he learns that other people, like Obadiah Stane (Bridges) (the second-in-command at Stark Industries) are secretly selling weapons to Raza and his men. He tells Potts to go into Stane's office and find the shipping records so he can fly to the places and destroy the weapons. Stone finds out that Potts got the data and goes to Stark's house, where he takes Stark's second arc reactor and leaves. Stark starts to fall down as he tries to get back to his workshop to find the original arc reactor. He shatters the glass box and installs it and then suits up to fight.
Potts and a bunch of government men enter the Stark Industries location to arrest Stane. Earlier in the movie, Stane had gone to Afghanistan. Raza and his men found the first Iron Man armor and gave it to Stane. Stane uses the armor to build a bigger suit that is known as Iron Monger. Stark and Stane then battle. At the end, Stark has Potts blow up the large arc reactor at Stark INdustries in order to beat Stane.
In the next few days, the press has dubbed Stark's armor "Iron Man". A government agency called S.H.I.E.L.D gives him a cover story that he was on a boat during the events. However, during the press conference, Stark doesn't use the story and says that he is Iron Man. After the credits roll, a man named Nick Fury tells Stark that he is not the only superhero around and that he would like to discuss the Avengers Initiative with him.
Sequel.
Because this movie did so well, Marvel plans to make a new one. It will be called "Iron Man 2" and will be released in April 2010.

Molar
Molars are special teeth found in mammals, and also the most complex sort of teeth. They are used for grinding food. Humans have 12 molars in total, in four groups of three at the back of the mouth. The molar which is the farthest back in each group is called a wisdom tooth. The wisdom teeth are the last teeth to appear, usually at about the age of twenty.

Qinling Mountains
The Qinling Mountains (Traditional Chinese: 秦嶺, Simplified Chinese: 秦岭) are a major mountain range. Most of them are in the Eastern province of Shaanxi, in China. The mountains provide a natural boundary between the North and South of the country. They support a large variety of plants and wildlife, some of which is found nowhere else on Earth.

Love in This Club Part II
"Love In This Club Part II" is an R&B-Pop song written by Amber Rives and Usher,and recorded by Usher for his album Here I Stand. The song features Beyoncé and Lil Wayne, and it is a remix of the original song, but the structure and lyrics of the song are completely different from the original: "Love in This Club", so the song's name was changed to "Love in This Club Part II".

Lower Silesian Voivodeship
Lower Silesian Voivodeship is one of the 16 Voivodeships of Poland. It can be found in the south-west Poland and in west Silesia (called Lower Silesia). The capital city is Wrocław.

Unterhaching
Unterhaching is a municipality in the Munich Rural District in Upper Bavaria, Germany.

Air France-KLM
Air France is a French airline company that made a megafusion in 2004 with the Dutch airline company, KLM. They, both, when together, past to cost US$ 20 billions.

Oberschleißheim
Oberschleißheim is a municipality in the Munich Rural District in Upper Bavaria, Germany. The Schleissheim Palace is in Oberschleißheim.

Gräfelfing
Gräfelfing is a municipality in the Munich Rural District in Upper Bavaria, Germany.

Neuried, Bavaria
Neuried is a municipality in the Munich Rural District in Upper Bavaria in Germany.

Oberhaching
Oberhaching is a municipality in the Munich Rural District in Upper Bavaria, Germany.

Upper Bavaria Government Region
Upper Bavaria is one of seven government regions in Bavaria, Germany.

Rosenheim
Rosenheim is a city in Upper Bavaria, Germany. It does not belong to a rural district, but it is an urban district itself.

Ansbach
Ansbach is a city in Middle Franconia, Germany.

Passau
Passau is a city in Lower Bavaria, Germany.

Kempten im Allgäu
Kempten is a city in Swabia, Germany.

Landshut
Landshut is a city in Lower Bavaria, Germany

Weiden in der Oberpfalz
Weiden or ("Weiden i.d.OPf.") is a city in the Upper Palanitate in Bavaria, Germany.

Straubing
Straubing is a city in Lower Bavaria, Germany.

Memmingen
Memmingen is a city in Swabia in Bavaria, Germany. It is on the border to Baden-Württemberg.

Kaufbeuren
Kaufbeuren is a city in Swabia in Bavaria, Germany.

USA Today
"USA Today" is a daily newspaper. It has the most readers of any daily newspaper in the United States. About 2.25 million copies are sold on a weekday. It comes second worldwide. The Times of India sells about 2.6 million copies on a weekday.
The paper was founded in 1982. It has a much more colorful markup than other national newspapers, like the New York Times or the Wall Street Journal.
The paper became known for making national polls before elections.

Agriş River (Cormoş)
The Agriş River () is a tributary of the Cormoş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Cormoş River.

Agriş River (Crişul Alb)
The Agriş River is a tributary of the Cigher River in Romania. That means it flows into the Cigher River.

Agriş River (Mureş)
The Agriş River () is a tributary of the Luţ River in Romania. That means it flows into the Luţ River.

Cologne Cathedral
Cologne Cathedral (offically:"Hohe Domkirche St. Peter und Maria") is the Roman Catholic cathedral, in Cologne. The cathedral has a height of 157,25 metres. This makes it the second-highest in Germany and the third-highest in the world. The cathedral in Ulm, the Ulm Minster is higher. At 161 m it is the highest in the world. The Basilica of Our Lady of Peace of Yamoussoukro is also higher, at 158 metres, but it only has the status of a minor basilica, it is not a cathedral.
The cathedral is also the third-biggest church, built in Gothic architecture. The Seville Cathedral in Seville, Spain, and the Milan Cathedral in Milan, Italy are bigger.
The Cologne Cathedral was built in Gothic style from 1248. It was planned to make the cathedral like the one in Amiens. The choir was consecrated in 1322. The first bell could be hung in one of the towers shortly after 1410. Around 1510 building was stopped, because people had lost interest. The last payment for its construction was made in 1560.
For 300 years, Cologne had an unfinished cathedral. The cathedral was finished in 1880, still following original plans.
The cathedral is a UNSECO World Heritage Site since 1996.
The cathedral is the most popular sight in Germany. In 2001, there were five million visitors, in 2004, there were six million visitors.
Pope Benedict XVI visited the cathedral in 2005.

T.N.T. (album)
"T.N.T." is the second studio album by Australian hard rock band DC, released in Australia December 1975.

Taxi (TV series)
"Taxi" is an American sitcom that originally aired from 1978 to 1982 on ABC, and from 1982 to 1983 on NBC.

Notre-Dame d'Amiens
Amiens Cathedral is the name for a Cathedral in Amiens, France. The cathedral was begun in the year 1218. It is built in the place where there was another one which burnt down. It is built in Gothic style.
With the cathedrals of Chartres and Reims it is considered one of the classical French cathedrals of the Middle Ages.
Building lasted from 1194 to 1260.

Auburn University
Auburn University is a university in the U.S. state of Alabama. Auburn University is in the city of Auburn, Alabama. People can usually just say "Auburn" for short when they are talking about the University. There are about 24,000 students in school at Auburn.
Auburn opened February 1, 1856 but was named the East Alabama Male College. The university changed the name many times until 1960 when it was named Auburn University. Auburn is one of three large universities in Alabama. The University of Alabama in Tuscaloosa, Alabama has the same number of students and the University of Alabama at Birmingham in Birmingham, Alabama is the third largest. Auburn University has 12 colleges on campus, including agriculture, architecture, business, education, engineering, forestry, human sciences, liberal arts, nursing, pharmacy, mathematics, and medicine.
The Auburn University sports teams are named the Auburn Tigers and the mascot is a tiger named Aubie.

Baltimore Orioles
The Baltimore Orioles is a Major League Baseball team in Baltimore, Maryland.

Arizona Diamondbacks
The Arizona Diamondbacks are a Major League Baseball team based in Phoenix, Arizona. The team was started in 1998, and they play their home games at Chase Field. In 2001, they beat the New York Yankees to win their first (and only, so far) World Series, becoming the fastest new team to do this.

Atlanta Braves
The Atlanta Braves are a Major League baseball team in Atlanta, Georgia. The Braves' home stadium is Turner Field where they have been playing at since 1997.

Colorado Rockies
The Colorado Rockies are a Major League Baseball team in Denver, Colorado.

Florida Marlins
The Florida Marlins are a Major League Baseball team in Miami, Florida.

Houston Astros
The Houston Astros are a Major League Baseball team in Houston, Texas.

Dizzy Gillespie
John Birks "Dizzy" Gillespie (born October 21, 1917 in Cheraw, South Carolina) was an American jazz trumpeter, bandleader, singer, and composer of the 20th century.
As an instrumentalist, bandleader, singer, and composer, Gilliespie was the youngest of nine children. His father was a local bandleader, so instruments were made available to him at am early age. He started to play the piano at the age of 9.
Nicknamed Dizzy because of how he acts during performances, Gillespie set new standards for trumpet players with his innovative rhythmic and harmonic explorations. This definitive change moved American jazz from swing to 'bebop'. Together with Charlie Parker, he was a major figure in the development of modern jazz.
Gillespie died on January 6, 1993 at age 75. At the time of his death. Gillespie had two funerals. One was a Bahá´í funeral at his request, at which his closest friends and colleagues attended. The second was at the Cathedral of St. John the Divine in New York open to the public where everyone can attend.

Ganz
Ganz is a Canadian company. It has amny subsidiaries and offices. It is now best known for distributing plush animals and collectibles. Most recently it is known as the manufacturer of "Webkinz", the toy with an Internet site.
Founded in Toronto 1950 by Holocaust survivors Samuel Ganz and his sons Jack Ganz and Sam Ganz, it was called "Ganz Bros. Toys Limited". A private company with headquarters just north of Toronto in Woodbridge, Ontario, it is now run by the founder's grandson, Hoard Ganz.

John Dowland
John Dowland (born 1563; buried 20 February 1626) was an English composer and lutenist. He is best known for some beautiful songs which express his unhappiness such as "Come, heavy sleep", "Come Again, Sweet Love" and "Flow my tears". His instrumental music became very popular again in the 20th century.
Life.
We hardly know anything about Dowland's early life. He was probably born in London. He went to Paris in 1580 where he worked for the ambassador to the French court. He became a Roman Catholic at this time.
In 1594 the job of royal lutenist to Queen Elizabeth I became available. Dowland did not get the job. He said later that it was because he was a Catholic, but there were other Catholic musicians at the English court, so that cannot have been the real reason.
Dowland continued to work in Europe instead. He worked for the Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg in Wolfenbüttel. He went to Italy where he wanted to study with Luca Marenzio in Rome. He went to Venice and Florence but never got as far as Rome. He published a book of lute music in 1597 which made him the most important English composer for the lute. However, he still did not get a job at the English court so he went to Denmark where he worked for King Christian IV of Denmark who paid him very well.
Dowland seems to have been married and he had children, although we do not know how many. His wife and family always stayed in England.
Dowland returned to England in 1606 and in 1612 got the job as one of James I's lutenists. Strangely, he does not seem to have composed anything between that time and his death in London in 1626. We do not know the date he died, but we do know the date when he was buried.
His Music.
Most of Dowland's music is for his own instrument, the lute. It includes several books of music for solo lute, songs for one voice and lute, part-songs with lute accompaniment, and several pieces for viol consort with lute.
Many of his best-known songs are full of sadness. One lute song is called "Flow My Tears". A very well-known instrumental work is "Lachrimae" (the Latin word for "tears"), a set of seven songs for five viols and lute, each based on the tune of his song "Flow My Tears." It became one of the best known pieces of consort music in his own time. His pavane "Lachrymae antiquae" was also one of the big hits of the seventeenth century.
Dowland's music often shows the melancholia that was so fashionable in music at that time. He wrote a consort piece called "Semper Dowland, semper dolens" (always Dowland, always unhappy).
Many later musicians have been inspired by Dowland's music, including Benjamin Britten and the pop musician Sting.

Partsong
A partsong is a piece of music to be sung by two or more voices without accompaniment. Many partsongs are written for four voices: normally soprano, alto, tenor and bass. Such a partsong can be performed just by four people, but it can also be performed by a larger group (a choir) which has divided into these four parts.
The term "partsong" can refer to music such as a glee, madrigal or unaccompanied anthem, but it is usually used in English when talking about short, secular (non-religious) songs without accompaniment. In other languages there is no word which means quite the same thing.
Partsongs were very popular in the 17th century in England. They were often fun pieces to be sung at parties or in pubs. They were often rounds, catches or quodlibets. In the 19th century the madrigal came into fashion again and so many composers started writing partsongs. Composers such as Sterndale Bennett, Arthur Sullivan, Parry, Stanford and Edward Elgar wrote many partsongs, and later Finzi, John Ireland and Moeran.
In Europe many 19th century and early 20th century composers wrote songs which could be described as partsongs: Schubert, Schumann, Mendelssohn, Saint-Saëns, Debussy and Ravel.

Nin Cathedral
Nin Catheral is a cathedral in Nin, Croatia. It is probably the smallest cathedral ever built. It was built around 800, and probably was the seat of the local bishop at the time.
The small cathedral was built on the area of a former Roman basilica, destroyed during the barbarian invasions of Dalmatia in the VI century.

Neume
Neume type of music which is sung freely, without an exact rythm or beat.

Masovian Voivodeship
Masovian Voivodeship is one of the 16 Voivodeships of Poland. It can be found in the east-central part of Poland. It is mostly in the historical land Masovia. The capital of the Voivodeship is Warsaw.

Steelyard
The Steelyard was a place in London for trading. It was commonly used by the Hanseatic League in the Middle Ages. Many of the buildings were damaged during the Great Fire of London in 1666.
It is on the North bank of the River Thames and is now used as a railway station.

Hazard symbol
Hazard symbols are special symbols. They were made to warn people about dangers. Usually they are pictograms. Pictograms are small drawings that show what is happening (or what is going to happen, or what should happen) in a way that is easy to understand.
European hazard symbols.
The 'n' in Harmful (Xn) stands for the French word "nocif" (harmful) and the Italian word "nocivo" (noxious).

Pictogram
A Pictogram (sometime also claled pictogramme or pictograph) is a small drawing. Today, pictograms are used very often. Because they are independent of the language, they are often used where there are people who need to understand things, even if they do not speak the language.
Common uses include those for road signs, airports, and train station, and warning signs.

Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship
Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship is one of the 16 Voivodeships of Poland. Name of the Voivodeship came from local mountains called Świętokrzyskie Mountains. The capital city is Kielce.

Commensalism
Commensalism is where two organisms help each other. Usually, the living things are not harmed or helped during the process.
They can help each other to get food, shelter or even transport.
commensalism - A relationship between two organisms of different species where one organism gains, and the other neither gains or loses from the relationship

820s
Centuries: 8th century - 9th century - 10th century
Decades: 770s - 780s - 790s - 800s - 810s - 820s - 830s - 840s - 850s - 860s - 870s
Years: 820 821 822 823 824 825 826 827 828 829

Lindane
Lindane is an insecticide. It can be used to kill insects. The European Union prohibits its use as an insecticide since 2008. This is because it takes a very long time to decay. Checks are currently done to see how harmful it really is. It might cause diseases such as Cancer or Parkinson's disease.
The World Health Organization classifies Lindane as "Moderately Hazardous". International trade with it is restricted and regulated under the Rotterdam Convention on Prior Informed Consent. Over 50 countries have banned it. It might be included in Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants. This would make it illegal to produce or use it all over the world.

Fumaric acid
Fumaric acid is a chemical substance that occurs in various plants. It also occurs as a by-product at various times in the human body. In chemistry it is used for food preservation. It is known as E 297. Usually it replaces citric acid. In medicine, it is used to treat various diseases of the skin, such as Psoriasis.
Albert Szent-Györgyi was awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1937 because of his work on Fumaric acid.

Tinia
Tinia was the highest god in Etruscan mythology, the Etruscan equivalent of the Roman Jupiter and the Greek Zeus. He was the husband of Thalna or Uni and the father of Heracle.

Susannah Spurgeon
Mrs. Susannah Spurgeon (maiden name: "Susannah Thompson") (January 15, 1832 – October 22, 1903) was the wife of former Baptist preacher Charles Spurgeon.

Endospore
Endospores are objects made by bacteria for survival purposes. They have a tough coating which is resistant to radiation (like X-rays and UV light) and chemicals.
A Bacterial cell will make an endospore when it is low on food so it can survive until there is more food available in the environment. An endospore will actually contain all of the important parts of the bacterial cell, such as its DNA.

WonderSwan Color
The WonderSwan Color is a handheld video game system. It was made by Bandai in 2000. It was a little bigger than the old WonderSwan.

Gel electrophoresis
Gel electrophoresis is a technique used for separating DNA of different sizes. This happens in a special gel electrophoresis machine, which is a rectangular shaped block of gel in a box containing a liquid (called buffer) and a voltage running through it from one electrode to another.
DNA is placed at one end of the gel block in little wells and, when the electrophoresis machine is turned on, the DNA runs through the gel towards the positive electrode. It does this because DNA has a negative electric charge and is therefore attracted to the positive electrode.
The important part of gel electrophoresis (the separation of the bits of DNA) comes from the fact that shorter bits of DNA move through the gel quicker. DNA can move through the gel because it has little holes in it called pores and these pores allow a passage for DNA molecules to wind through.
After electrophoresis has gone for a while, the gel must be photographed under UV light so we can see where the DNA has ended up. It's important to note that the UV light doesn't see the DNA itself yet rather a dye that is associated with it, such as ethidium bromide.

Heinrich Schliemann
Heinrich Schliemann (January 6 1822 in Neubukowin, Germany - December 26 1890 in Naples) was a treasure hunter. He was interestet in archaeology and is famous for his work in Troy.
Life.
Heinrich Schliemann was born in Neubukowin, Germany. His father, Ernst Schliemann, was a minister. His mother, Luise Therese Sophie Schliemann, died in 1831 when Heinrich was 9 years old.
When his mother died, Heinrich lived with his uncle in Neustrelitz. He went to a grammar school in the town for about a year. His father paid the school fees.
Heinrich was very interested in history and was encouraged by his father to read history books. After he left school, he worked in a shop in Fürstenberg for about five years. He worked hard as an apprentice, but he continued to read in his spare time.
He was not able to work as an archaeologist at this time, so he moved to a company which imported and exported products. In this job, he visited many different countries around the world, and learnt to speak English, French, Dutch, Spanish, Portuguese, Swedish, Italian, Greek, Latin, Russian, Arabic, and Turkish. His ability to speak these languages was very important in his job, because he had to speak to other countries.
In 1950, Heinrich's brother, Ludwig Schliemann, died. He moved to Sacramento, where he opened a bank, just like his brother. The new bank bought gold dust and sold it on to make money. In six months, the bank bought and sold millions of dollars of the gold dust.
Heinrich married his wife, Ekaterina, in 1852, but the marriage was troubled. Ekaterina kept encouraging her husband to make more money, but Heinrich felt that they were rich enough.
His work.
Nobody knows how Heinrich became an archaeologist, but he continued to travel to see famous historical icons around the world. He even disguised himself as a tribesman to get into Mecca, the holy Muslim city.
He became very interested in Troy, which was involved in a big dispute at the time. He was inspired by many people in the city, especially Ferdinand Fouqué and Frank Calvert, who he met in 1868.
Many reports have been found which talk about Heinrich burying his 'treasure' he found in Troy, dubbed Priams gold

Sonatina
A sonatina is a simple and short sonata.

Cyclone Nargis
Cyclone Nargis was a tropical cyclone. It was the first in the Indian Ocean in 2008. It was classified as a Category 4 storm. It made landfall (went on land) in Myanmar in April and May 2008. It s possibly one of the worst storms to have hit the country.
The United Nations estimated in its report that 1.5 million people were "severely affected" by this cyclone. Officially at least 78,000 were killed with 58,000 not found (missing); the figures however are still rising, and 80,000 were reported dead in just one town. After the disaster, the Burmese government has called for help in dealing with the situation. Some people say the government is having problems coping with the situation.
More recent reports from the government say that about 80,000 have died. Some non-governmental organizations estimate that the final number will be well over 100,000. Certain aid workers that came into the country estimate that 2 to 3 million are homeless, in the worst disaster in Burma’s history. They say it is comparable with the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. Andrew Kirkwood, country director of a British charity organisation said:"We're looking at 50,000 dead and millions of homeless. I'd characterise it as unprecedented in the history of Burma. [It has had about the same effect as] the tsunami on individual countries. There might well be more dead than the tsunami caused in Sri Lanka." The United Nations says that up to 2.5 million people need help upgentltly. According to the same report, access to the affected regions has been cut off. The Red Cross says there could be up to 128,000 dead.
Because of the storm, the government has declared five regions - Yangon, Ayeyarwady, Bago Divisions, Mon and Kayin States currently as disaster areas. Thousands of buildings were destroyed; in the town of Labutta, located in the Ayeyarwady Division, state television reported that 75% of buildings had collapsed and 20% had their roofs ripped off. It is believed that the cyclone is the deadliest tropical cyclone in the world since Hurricane Mitch in 1998, which killed about 18,000 people. At least 10,000 people have been reported to have died in the delta town of Bogale
A diplomat in the city of Yangon spoke to the Reuters news agency, giving them a description of the scene. He said that the area around him looked like a 'war zone' as a result of the cyclone. Burst sewage mains caused the landscape to flood with waste, ruining the rice crop. An official from the United Nations also talked about the situation, at the time of the event. "It's a bad situation. Almost all the houses are smashed. People are in a terrible situation," he said. Another UN representative also talked about the incident. He reported that "The Irrawaddy delta was hit extremely hard not only because of the wind and rain but because of the storm surge." The "Daily Telegraph", a UK newspaper, reported that food prices in Myanmar could be affected by this disaster.
International Help.
On May 6, 2008, the Burma government representation in New York formally asked the United Nations for help. But in other ways, it remains resistant to the most basic assistance. As of May 7, 2008, the government of Burma has not officially endorsed international assistance, but stated that they are, "willing to accept international assistance, preferably bilateral, government to government." The biggest challenge at present is obtaining visas for entry into the country.
According to Thai Rath Newspaper of Thailand on 8 May 2008, in the afternoon (Bangkok time) of 7 May 2008, the Burmese junta permitted Italian flights containing relief supplies from the United Nations, and twenty-five tonnes of consumable goods, to land in Myanmar. However, many nations and organizations hope to deliver assistance and relief to Burma without delay. Most of their officials, supplies and stores are waiting in Thailand and at the Yangon airport, as the Burmese junta does not want to issue visas for many of those people. These political tensions raise the concern that some food and medical supplies might become unusable, even before the Burmese junta officially accepts the international relief effort.

Toilet paper
Toilet paper is soft paper, used to wipe urine or feces after using the toilet. It is usually sold in rolls, made up of square sheets.
Modern toilet paper is very absorbent and is designed to break up in the sewage system. The paper is often available in different textures and colours.

Underpants
Underpants, also known as undergarments or underwear, are thinner, smaller articles of clothing warn under outer layers of clothing to further conceal private parts such as the penis and testicles, vagina, anus. Underpants are often thought of as pants within pants.
Bras.
Bras are not underpants because they are not warn around the legs. They are under"wear", though, because they are warn under outer layers of clothing.
Nutcups.
It should also be noted that protective testicle cups are also underpants.

Fox Interactive
Fox Interactive is a video game publisher and developer who makes titles based on 20th Century Fox franchises, such as "The Simpsons", "Family Guy", "Futurama", "Buffy the Vampire Slayer", "Barbie", "The X-Files" and many more. They have also been involved with original titles, like ' and "No One Lives Forever". The company was founded in 1996.

Sauropods
Sauropods are a type of herbivoric dinosaurs with long necks and large tails.

Blockade
A blockade is any effort to make sure that supplies, troops, information or aid do not reach an opposing force. Blockades are used in nearly all military campaigns and the tool of choice for economic warfare on an opposing nation. The International Criminal Court plans to include blockades against coasts and ports in its list of acts of war in 2009.

Bursa
Bursa is a city innorthwestern Turkey and the seat of the Bursa provience.The population of city is about 2 million. Bursa is the fourth largest city,and also one of the most industrializated city in the country.Sometimes the city calls "Yeşil Bursa" which means "Green Bursa" because of the large parks, forests and gardens in the urban area of the city.Bursa is home of Uludağ University. Uludağ is an important ski resort in Turkey.The city has a national park in Uludağ to protect the nature life in the mountinous area.

United States presidential election, 2008
The United States presidential election, 2008 is a political event which took place on November 4, 2008. During that day the President of the United States and Vice President of the United States were selected. Barack Obama from the Democratic Party defeated John McCain to win the presidency, and is the first African-American president. He will be sworn in as President on January 20, 2009 and move into the White House the same day.

Democratic Party (United States) presidential primaries, 2008
The Democratic Party presidential primaries of 2008 was an American political event. In various states, various Democratic candidates asked people and delegates to vote for them in primaries and caucuses. Candidates won delegates based on a percentage of votes (in primaries). There were 4,233 delegates. A candidate would have to get 2,110 delegates to win the nomination. The two front-runners of the campaign were New York Senator Hillary Clinton and Illinois Senator Barack Obama. Although Clinton led in the beginning, Obama soon gained the lead. Obama went on to become the first African-American presidential candidate in American history.

Theodor Schwann
Theodore Schwann (December 7, 1810 – January 11, 1882) was a German scientist who isolated and named the enzyme pepsin. He was also responsible for founding modern biology, and the idea of the cell being the foundation of living organisms. To him cells were very important because they made up all living things.

Dubbo, New South Wales
Dubbo" is a large town, about four hours drive from Sydney, the biggest town in NSW. Dubbo has a few schools and sport complexes but it's main attraction is the Dubbo Zoo which is very large.

Antiwar.com
Antiwar.com is an English language website containing news and opinions related to wars. The site was founded in December of 1995, as a response to the Bosnian War.
Justin Raimondo is a founder and editorial director.

Barium chloride
Barium chloride is a chemical substance. It is among the most important salts of barium. It is soluble in water. It is a poison. When it burns, it gives a yellow or green color to the flame. It is hygroscopic, it attracts water. It is mainly used to purify brine but applications include fireworks.
Barium chloride is toxic.Sodium sulphate may be an antidote.

Bunker (paintball)
In paintball, a bunker is an obstacle on the playing field used to block the view of opponents and prevent them from firing accurately. In woodsball, a bunker may be a fallen log, collection of wood debris, barrels, or other material. In most modern speedball tournaments, inflatable vinyl bunkers of different shapes and sizes are used.

North Atlantic Treaty
When Germany was reunified in 1990, the country as a whole became a member of NATO.
The key section of the treaty was Article V which says that each member state has to consider an armed attack against one state to be an armed attack against all states. The treaty was created with an armed attack by the Soviet Union against Western Europe in mind, but the mutual self-defense clause was never used during the Cold War. It was used for the first time in 2001 when the September 11, 2001 attacks against the World Trade Center and The Pentagon had taken place.
In the United States, the treaty was approved by the Senate in a vote of 82 to 13 on July 21 1949.

Blockade of Germany
The blockade of Germany, during World War I, was a part of the First Battle of the Atlantic between the United Kingdom and Germany.
About 750,000 civilians died because of starvation caused by this blockade during the War. Many more had to die from starvation after the Armistice in November 1918 as the blockade was continued into 1919, in order to force Germany to sign the Treaty of Versailles in June 1919.
The British established a naval blockade of Germany early in the war. This blockade was unusually restrictive in that even food was stopped as it was said to help the war. The Germans regarded this as an attempt to starve the German people into submission and wanted to fight back.
As Germany could not fight with British naval strength on an even basis, the only possible way Germany could impose a blockade on Britain was through the submarines. The German Chancellor was against this sort of blockade because it meant attacking neutral ships as those of the United States as well. But the military pushed unlimited submarine warfare forward.
On 4 February 1915, Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany declared the seas around the British Isles a war zone. Effective 18 February, Allied ships in the area would be sunk without warning. British ships hiding behind neutral flags would not be spared, though some effort would be made to avoid sinking clearly neutral vessels.
The German U-boat force was now primarily based at Ostend in Belgium. So German submarines had better access to the sea lanes around England. The Germans made use of this advantage and sent out about 20 U-boats to begin the naval blockade. In January, before the declaration of "unrestricted submarine warfare" as the submarine blockade was called, 43,550 tonnes of shipping had been sunk by U-boats. The number of sinkings then steadily increased, with 168,200 tonnes going down in August.
Losses of British warships were small. Although the battleship "Formidable" had been sunk by "U-24" on New Year's Day, the fast destroyer screens soon made successful attacks on battleships and cruisers a thing of the past. On the other hand, there was little a Royal Navy warship could do to sink a U-boat if the submarine's captain was reasonably alert. The U-boat was generally safe from shelling once it had submerged. It could be rammed if it were at periscope depth, but ramming was hardly a reasonable tactic as a standard practice.
Destroyers were not able to hunt the U-boats as they were protecting the fleet, so the British pressed every vessel they could into service, including yachts and trawlers, as auxiliary patrol vessels. However, the U-boats were able to easily evade the patrols and sink merchant vessels traveling unescorted.
Militarily, unrestricted submarine warfare was proving a great success, and the U-boats stood a good chance of starving Britain into surrender. However, in terms of the propaganda war, it was a great disaster for Germany. America wanted to stay out of the European war, but American public opinion had turned against Germany, as unrestricted submarine warfare seemed to confirm the German reputation for brutality. The deaths of American citizens traveling on British vessels torpedoed by U-boats began to make headlines in the US.
When on 7 May 1915, the American liner "Lusitania" was sunk by a German submarine, American outrage brought the US closer to declaring war on Germany. Under threat of US retaliation, on 27 August, the Kaiser imposed severe restrictions on U-boats attacks against large passenger vessels. On 18 September 1915, he called off unrestricted submarine warfare completely.
Under military pressure on Germany early in 1917, the Kaiser declared full unrestricted submarine warfare once more. Some German diplomats believed that the Americans would avoid war at all costs, and if not, hopefully Germany could bring Britain to its knees before the weight of American power made itself felt in Europe. In February, 86 vessels were sunk, followed by 103 in March, and then 155 in April. But the US finally declared war on Germany in April 1917, and both America and Britain were able to deal with the U-boat problem.

LeBron James
LeBron James (born December 30 1984) is an American professional basketball player who currently plays for the Cleveland Cavaliers of the National Basketball Association.

Silesian Voivodeship
Silesian Voivodeship is one of the 16 Voivodeships of Poland. It can be found in the south Poland and in east Silesia (called Upper Silesia). The capital city is Katowice.

First Battle of the Atlantic
The First Battle of the Atlantic (1914–1918) was a naval campaign of World War I, largely fought in the seas around the British Isles and in the Atlantic Ocean. Both the German Empire and United Kingdom relied heavily on imports to feed their population and supply their war industry; thus both aimed to blockade each other. The British had the Royal Navy which was superior in numbers and could operate within the British Empire. The German fleet mainly used unrestricted submarine warfare. The successful blockade of Germany contributed to its military defeat in 1918, and still in effect, enforced also the signing of the Versailles Treaty in mid-1919.
Allied and Neutral Tonnage sunk by submarines in World War I.
Note that unrestricted submarine warfare was resumed in February 1917 and the British began full-scale convoying in September 1917. The heaviest losses were suffered in April 1917 when a record 881,027 tons were sunk by the U-boats.
Source: Fayle, C. Ernest, "Seaborn Trade", Vol. 3, p. 465, Table I[a]; London: John Murray, 1924.

Sukhoi
Sukhoi is a company that makes fighter jets for the Russian Air Force, and other countries like China. Sukhoi has made some of the world's most innovative aircraft, such as the Su-37 Super Flanker. Most of Sukhoi's shareholdings belong in other countries than Russia.
The United States has bought aircraft from Sukhoi for aggressive training operations. However, Sukhoi sold aircraft to Iran, and thus the United States banned Sukhoi from ever doing business with them again.

Biomedical engineering
Biomedical engineering is the study of medical equipment used in an environment of care or physiological training and how this equipment interfaces or physically interacts with the human body.
"Biomedical engineers" design, test, modify, recommend modification of, and evaluate all medical equipment used to interface or interact with the human body. In addition to these functions, clinical engineers usually supervise the biomedical equipment maintenance function within an environment of care.

This Love (The Veronicas song)
This Love is a 2008 song by the Australian band The Veronicas. It has got to number 15 on the music charts in Australia.

List of countries by GDP (PPP)
There are three lists of countries of the world sorted by their gross domestic product (GDP) (the value of all final goods and services produced within a nation in a given year). The GDP dollar estimates given on this page are derived from Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) calculations. Using a PPP basis is arguably more useful when comparing generalized differences in living standards on the whole between nations because PPP takes into account the relative cost of living and the inflation rates of the countries, rather than using just exchange rates which may distort the real differences in income. However, economies do self-adjust to currency changes over time, and technology intensive and luxury goods, raw materials and energy prices are mostly unaffected by difference in currency (the latter more by subsidies), despite being critical to national development, therefore, the sales of foreign apparel or gasoline per liter in China is more accurately measured by the nominal figure, but everyday food and haircuts by PPP.

VeggieTales
"VeggieTales" is a series of children's computer animated movies and a TV series on Qubo. The show is made up of animated vegetables that give moral lessons that are based on Christianity and often close to Judaism.

Kroppenstedt
Kroppenstedt is a town in the Börde district, in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. It is situated southwest of Magdeburg. It is part of the "Verwaltungsgemeinschaft" ("collective municipality").

Super Mario Bros. Deluxe
"Super Mario Bros. Deluxe" is a 1999 Game Boy Color video game by Nintendo. It features the 1985 classic "Super Mario Bros.". It is the first game that has the original "Super Mario Bros." on a handheld console. Gamers can play the game on the go as a result.
In this game, Bowser has kidnapped Princess Toadstool. Mario must go through the eight worlds of the Mushroom Kingdom to save her. "Deluxe" is the first game to have ported, or transferred to a new system, a Nintendo Entertainment System game.
The game was well received by the media. They liked how well the port was done and hoped that "Deluxe" would be be the first of many NES to Game Boy Color ports.
Original 1985.
This is the original "Super Mario Bros." game as it debuted in the year 1985. One change is that players can now save the game. The original game did not have a save feature. Players can only save while playing a level, and there are three save files. This version also has a world map that players stay on before entering a level.
Challenge.
In challenge mode, players have three medals to earn: find all five red coins, find the Yoshi egg, and get a high score. The red coins are hidden and require the player to look up or down and find them in areas that are otherwise hard to get to. The Yoshi egg is hidden somewhere on the level. Each level has a high score already set; if the player ties or beats the high score, he or she will earn the medal for that level.
Vs. Game.
In Vs. Game, two players link up using the Game Boy Color link cable. The levels are full of white and red blocks. Red blocks block the player while white blocks make it easier to go through the level.
Boo.
Boo is a ghost that appears in the Mario world. The player can race against Boo on the same levels of the Vs. Game course.
For Super Players.
After the player scores 300,000 points in Original 1985 mode, this mode is unlocked. It contains the "The Lost Levels", which players could play before on "Super Mario All-Stars" for the SNES. It is not a true port. Wind and the way Luigi moves were removed. World 9 and A-D are also not in this game. This version also reuses the original "Super Mario Bros." graphics instead of the newer ones.

Righteousness
Righteousness is an important theological concept in Islam, Judaism and Christianity. It is refering to person that is justified and all that they do is very pleasing to God.

Solange Knowles discography
This is the discography, certification, and music video information of American R&B singer Solange Knowles.

I Decided
"I Decided" is the first single released by Solange Knowles from her album Sol-Angel and the Hadley St. Dreams. The single was released as a digital download to both iTunes and Amazon.com on April 22, 2008.

Here I Stand
"Here I Stand" is R&B singer Usher's fifth album, scheduled to be released 27 May 2008.

Usher
Usher Raymond IV (born October 14, 1978) known simply by his first name Usher, is an American R&B and pop singer and actor who rose to fame in the mid-late 1990s. To date, he has sold approximately 30 million albums worldwide and has won five Grammy Awards. Usher is also a part owner of the Cleveland Cavaliers National Basketball Association franchise. He also has his own record label, US Records.

Social equality
Social equality is about making sure people are treated fairly and given fair chances. "Social equality" is not about treating everyone in the same way, but it makes sure that their needs are met in any needed way.

JavaServer Pages
JavaServer Pages (JSP java) is a programming language used server applications. It was created by Sun Micro System. A software server such as Apache is needed to run it.

Bill Gothard
William ("Bill") W. Gothard (born November 2, 1934) is an American speaker and writer. At the age of 15, he gave his life to helping teenagers and their parents live their life in Christian principles. Much of his reputation comes from his efforts to finish that goal. He founded the Institute in Basic Life Principles (IBLP) in 1961. He has also spoken at conferences, and has written many books.
Early life.
Gothard was born the third of six children to be "born" to "William" and "Carmen Gothard". His father was the manager of an engineering firm. He later served with several ministries. When Gothard was in the 5th grade, he says that God brought made him know of his need for a personal Savior. Shortly after beginning to believe that Jesus was his savior, he and his family joined a fundamentalist church. Gothard received his Bachelor of Arts degree in Bible from Wheaton College. In 1957 he also got his Master of Arts degree, in Christian Education.
Middle years.
He worked with gangs, church youth groups, high school clubs, youth camps, and families that had problems. He later wrote out seven principles of life he believed were not optional. In 1964, Gothard was given youth work in the LaGrange Bible Church, in suburban Chicago. Also, Gothard's Alma mater, Wheaton College, let him design and teach a program based on his work with youth. The course was given the name Basic Youth Conflicts; two hours of upper-division undergraduate and graduate credit were awarded to students completing the course. Forty-six students, youth pastors, and teachers registered for that first class. The next year over one hundred students joined the class.
Later years.
Gothard started an organization in 1961 called Campus Teams, which in 1974 changed its name to Institute in Basic Youth Conflicts. Later, in 1989, the name changed again to Institute in Basic Life Principles (IBLP). Gothard is now the president and a board member of this organization. In the 1970's they started the Basic Youth Conflicts Seminar (also called Basic Seminars) across the United States. More people came, averaging between 10,000 and 20,000 people at each seminar. In the early 1980’s the seminar attendance began to get smaller. Today seminars keep being held around the world and have an alumni base of more than 2.5 million.
In 1984, under Gothard’s leadership, a homeschooling program, the Advanced Training Institute of America was founded. He is the author of many books. In 2004, Gothard received his Ph.D. in Biblical Studies. Gothard is not married, and has no children.
Teaching.
Gothard's teaching focuses on seven "life principles", 49 character qualities, and 49 commands that Jesus gave. He views the Bible as the word of God and teaches that while there is only one interpretation of scripture. However, Gothard's use of the Bible has met with criticism. On his website he states "the goal of my teaching is to provide Biblical principles and concepts of life to guide people in their choices."
Gothard tells people not to listen to "un-Christian" music, including all popular and contemporary Christian music. He is in favor homeschooling; IBLP publishes its own homeschooling material. He has discouraged the use of contraceptives or other family planning.
As a part of the IBLP, Gothard organized the "Medical Training Institute of America" (MTIA). The main purpose of the ministry is to "train men and women to assist families in making wise decisions about health care issues." The "Medical Training Institute of America" is not a medical school and does not give degrees.
Criticism.
A group called the "Personal Freedom Outreach" (PFO) has criticized Gothard in several ways. Such as say that Gothard's views and his interpretations of Scripture are legalistic teachings. And that IBLP and such are "cult-like". Gothard was also accused by some of being contemporary for not practicing what he preaches about conflict resolution, and for his "quiverfull" teachings that married Christians should have as many children as possible. Even when Gothard himself is not married and has no children, even into his 70s.
Don Veinot claimed in his critical book on Gothard that Dr. Ronald Allen, a conservative evangelical, went to a Gothard seminar in 1973 and wrote that "In this seminar, I was regularly assaulted by the misuse of the Bible, particularly of the Old Testament, on a level that I have never experienced in a public ministry before that time (or since)."

Institute in Basic Life Principles
The Institute in Basic Life Principles (IBLP) is Christian organization in Oak Brook, Illinois. It was founded by Bill Gothard in 1964.

Master of Arts
A Master of Arts (Latin:"Magister Artium") is a postgraduate academic master's degree given by universities in many countries.

American Fork River
The American Fork River, in Utah, leaves the Wasatch Mountains out of American Fork Canyon about 35 miles southeast of Salt Lake City. The river starts on Mount Timpanogos and the river runs down through American Fork Canyon. On the way it goes through the Uinta National Forest and Timpanogos Cave National Monument. Leaving the canyon, the river runs through northern Utah County and empties into Utah Lake on the north shore.

Frank O'Connor
Charles Francis O'Connor (1897 - 1979), called Frank O'Connor, was an American actor and painter. He was the husband of Russian-born writer Ayn Rand.
O'Connor and Rand met on a movie set, in the years of silent films. They were appearing as extras. Rand was also writing scripts, and O'Connor building a movie and stage career. Rand admired O'Connor's looks, and tripped him on the set, to get him to notice her. They married in 1929.
To make sure they had enough income to succeed, O'Connor let his acting career go, becoming a rancher so Rand could succeed as an author, which was her ambition. He appeared in a presentation of her play "Night of January 16th", after she became better known.
The couple had no children, but were friends with some college students and young professionals, including Nathaniel Branden (who later wrote psychology books, including important works on self-esteem), Alan Greenspan (economist, who served as Federal Reserve chairman for the United States government) and Leonard Peikoff (later author of philosophy works, and editor of Rand's works). O'Connor "played host" to many discussions and forums about human interaction, relationships and societies, while wife Rand led the conversations.
O'Connor developed problems with alcohol abuse, after Rand became a widely-known writer. This was partly in reaction to Rand's relationship with Branden, which became very personal and hurt the marriage. He had also given up their ranch, when the couple moved to New York City from California, and he felt out of place. Later O'Connor stopped drinking alcohol, and he and Rand mended their relationship.
He found a new pursuit, as he developed a talent for painting. Some of Rand's books used his paintings as artwork for their covers.
Actor Peter Fonda appeared as O'Connor in a 1999 television movie, "The Passion of Ayn Rand", which also starred Helen Mirren.

Alma mater
Alma mater is Latin for "nourishing mother". It was used in ancient Rome as a title for the mother goddess, and in Medieval Christianity for the Virgin Mary. In current days, it is used for the university or college a person went to.

Amplitude modulation
Amplitude Modulation, usually shortened to AM, is a simple way to send a radio signal. The signal can travel long distances, and appear in faraway places, because of the earth's ionosphere.
Amplitude is the height of a wave. A carrier wave is modulated (changed) by adding audio. The combined signal is transmitted over a frequency. AM signals can be received by a crystal-powered radio set, that needs no batteries or electrical power source. Many early radios were homemade, and used earphones.
AM signals are mostly sent out on medium wave and shortwave frequencies. They do not carry high fidelity sound, but the sound is good enough to hear most things. Analog signals can fade in and out, or have interference from power lines and power stations. Sunspot activity can also weaken signals.
In the early years of commercial radio, beginning in the 1920s, medium wave AM (from 540 to 1600 kilocycles) was the only kind of radio widely used. Radio programs were much like today's television programming, with news, sports, drama, music, comedy, and other entertainment.
Later Frequency Modulation (FM) radio was developed. It had better fidelity, but the signals could not travel as far, so AM was still important. After television became common in the 1950s, AM became a major format for popular music. As FM became common in the 1970s, AM stations featured more news, and talk shows.
Shortwave radio signals (from 3000 to 30,000 kilocycles) can travel around the world, and are used by countries to send programs to distant places. These programs feature news about the country, examples of their native culture and history, and sometimes foreign language lessons.

Biberach (district)
Biberach ['bi:bərax] is a district in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is surrounded by (from the south and clockwise) the districts of Ravensburg, Sigmaringen, Reutlingen and Alb-Donau, and the Bavarian districts Neu-Ulm, Unterallgäu and the district-free city Memmingen. The most important towns in the district of Biberach are Biberach (Riß), Riedlingen, Ochsenhausen and Laupheim.
Geography.
The district has hilly countryside between the rivers of the Danube and the Iller. The Danube crosses the district in its westernmost part from south to north. The Iller forms the eastern border of the district. Another river is the Riß, an affluent of the Danube crossing the district from south to north.
The Federsee is a small lake in the southwest of the district. Its area is only 1.4 km², but it is famous for Neolithic findings and birds that aren't seen a lot.
Media.
The local newspaper is the "Schwäbische Zeitung" ("Swabian Newspaper"). The Biberach Independent Film Festival focusses on experimental shorts and documentaries. The festival starts at the end of October and runs into November.
Coat of arms.
The imperial eagle symbolizes the imperial city of Biberach. At first, the coat of arms of the city showed an eagle as well as a beaver as a canting symbol. In 1488 the coat of arms of the city was changed to show only the beaver. The crosier symbolises the monasteries of the area.

Sam Allardyce
Sam Allardyce (born: 19 October 1954) is an English football manager. He has managed Blackpool F.C., Notts County F.C., Bolton Wanderers F.C. and Newcastle United F.C.. He used to play football, and played for Bolton Wanderers F.C., Sunderland A.F.C., Millwall F.C., Tampa Bay Rowdies, Coventry City F.C., Huddersfield Town A.F.C., Preston North End F.C. and West Bromwich Albion F.C..

Chief Constable
A Chief Constable is the top police officer in a police force in the United Kingdom. Every police force in the United Kingdom has a Chief Constable except the City of London Police and the Metropolitan Police Service.

Hugh Orde
Hugh Stephen Orde OBE is the Chief Constable of the Police Service of Northern Ireland. He became the Chief Constable on 29 May 2002. His first police job was in 1977 at the Metropolitan Police Service. He was made a member of the Order of the British Empire in 2001, and was given a knighthood in 2005.

Candy Lo
Candy Lo is a C-rock singer-songwriter and actress from Hong Kong. She has released 9 studio albums, over 40 singles, 2 compilations, 1 live album and 1 EP with Sony Music to date. On June 11 she released her first EP on her new label WOW Music.

Agriş River (Moraviţa)
The Agriş River is a tributary of the Moraviţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Moraviţa River.

Agriş River (Nera)
The Agriş River is a tributary of the Nera River in Romania. That means it flows into the Nera River.

Agriş River (Şieu)
The Agriş River is a tributary of the Şieu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Şieu River.

Agriş River (Valea Baciului)
The Agriş River is a tributary of the Valea Baciului River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Baciului River.

Agrişteu River
The Agrişteu River (or "Szénaverős-patak") is a tributary of the Târnava Mică River in Romania. That means it flows into the Târnava Mică River.

Aiorman River
The Aiorman River or Peceneaga River is a tributary of the Danube in Romania. That means it flows into the Danube.

Aita River
The Aita River () is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Aiud River
The Aiud River or Aiudul de Sus River () is a tributary of the Mureş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Mureş River. The top part of the river is also known as Vălişoara River.

Alămor River
The Alămor River is a tributary of the Vişa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Vişa River.

Say It Right
"Say It Right" is an R&B song performed by Nelly Furtado. It has background vocals by Timbaland. The song is from Nelly Furtado's album "Loose". It was written by Nelly Furtado, Tim Mosley, Nate Hills. It was released on March 5, 2007 as a single and digital download in the United Kingdom. It was very successful worldwide reaching number one in many countries. The song is 3 minutes and 43 seconds long.

Greater Poland Voivodeship
Greater Poland Voivodeship is one of the 16 Voivodeships of Poland. It can be found in the western part of Poland. It is mostly in the historical land Greater Poland. The capital of the Voivodeship is Poznań.

Moons of Mars
Mars has two little moons, Phobos and Deimos, which are thought to be captured asteroids.

Valea de Sub Masa Mare River
The Valea de Sub Masa Mare River or Alba River is a tributary of the Şercaia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Şercaia River.

Alba River
The Alba River is a tributary of the Şuşiţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Şuşiţa River.

Albac River (Arieş)
The Albac River is a tributary of the Arieşul Mare River in Romania. That means it flows into the Arieşul Mare River.

Albac River (Hârtibaciu)
The Albac River () is a tributary of the Hârtibaciu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Hârtibaciu River.

Albele River (Jaleş)
The Albele River is a tributary of the Jaleş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Jaleş River.

Albele River (Strâmbu)
The Albele River is a tributary of the Strâmbu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Strâmbu River.

Albeşti River (Bahlui)
The Albeşti River is a tributary of the Bahluieţ River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bahluieţ River.

Albeşti River (Bârlad)
The Albeşti River is a tributary of the Bârlad River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bârlad River.

Albeşti River (Cungrea Mică)
The Albeşti River is a tributary of the Cungrea Mică River in Romania. That means it flows into the Cungrea Mică River.

Albeşti River (Mangalia)
The Albeşti River is a tributary of the Black Sea in Romania. That means it flows into the Black Sea.

Albeşti River (Vedea)
The Albeşti River is a tributary of the Vedea River in Romania. That means it flows into the Vedea River.

Albioara River
The Albioara River is a headwater of the Roşia River in Romania.

Albiş River
The Albiş River is a tributary of the Cernat River in Romania. That means it flows into the Cernat River.

James Horner
James Honer is a music director. He scored the music for the 1997 movie "Titanic".

MP3 player
An MP3 player is a portable audio device where people can listen to songs with. People use USB cords to connect the device to the computer where they can put their songs on. MP3s are audio files that have been made very small by removing sounds that the human ear cannot hear.
Some MP3 players include the Creative Zen series, the Zune by Microsoft and the world popular iPods.

Wi-Fi Protected Access
Wi-Fi Protected Access (also known as WPA and WPA2) is the name for a number of standards to use encryption on a Wireless LAN. The standards were created because researchers had found several weaknesses in Wired Equivalent Privacy. Wired Equivalent Privacy, or "WEP" was the standard that came before it. The protocol "WPA2" implements most of the standard IEEE 802.11i.
Products that have the label "WPA" were designed to work with most cards, even those that came out before there was WPA. This is not true for access points though.
Products with the "WPA2" implement all of the standard. This is more secure, but it may not work with some older cards.

Wired Equivalent Privacy
Wired Equivalent Privacy (also known as WEP) is a standard to use encryption in Wireless LANs. It was intorduced in 1999.
In 2001, mathematicians showed that WEP is not very strong. A WEP connection could be decoded, with software that can be easily found, within minutes. Because of this finding, IEEE created a new 802.11i group to fix the problems. By 2003, the Wi-Fi Alliance announced that Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) would replace WEP, which was a subset of then upcoming 802.11i amendment. Finally in 2004, they made it official and said htat it would go ahead. It was part of the full 802.11i standard (also known as WPA2), the IEEE declared that both WEP-40 and WEP-104 "have been deprecated as they fail to meet their security goals".
Even though it only offers low security, WEP is still widely in use. WEP is often the first security choice presented to users by router configuration tools even. Today, WEP provides a level of security that deters only accidental use. As a result, people can invade and enter the network.
People sometimes call it "Wireless Encryption Protocol", which is wrong.

Congress of Vienna
The Congress of Vienna was a conference of ambassadors of the major powers of Europe.
It was held in Vienna from November 1, 1814, to June 8, 1815. The chairman was the Austrian statesman Klemens Wenzel von Metternich.
Its purpose was to decide about the political situation in Europe after the defeat of Napoleon.
To be precise there was never "one" "Congress of Vienna". Instead there were discussions in informal sessions among the Great Powers.
The Congress was concerned with determining the entire shape of Europe after the Napoleonic wars, with the exception of the terms of peace with France, which had already been decided by the Treaty of Paris, signed a few months earlier, on May 30, 1814.
The four victorious powers hoped to exclude the French from participation in the negotiations, but Talleyrand managed to get into "her inner councils" in the first weeks of negotiations.

Coin collecting
Coin collecting is when people buy or keep coins which are old, rare, beautiful or just interesting for the pleasure of owning them. Coin collecting is a very old hobby, Julius Caesar was a coin collector. Coin collecting can be very cheap, because many coins from the last century and from very late Roman times were made in large amounts, so there are lots of them to go around. Some coins, however are very expensive, because lots of collectors want them, and only a few examples exist. Some coin collectors like to collect one coin of each date for a type of coin, and this makes some coins rare dates, because there are lots of the type but only a few of the date. Other colletors like to collect one coin of each King or Queen of a country.

Blood Red Shoes
Blood Red Shoes are an indie music band from Brighton, England. Blood Red Shoes's first album was "Box of Secrets". There are two members: Laura-Mary Carter and Steven Ansell. They are often compared to "The White Stripes" due to the boy-girl drum-guitar setup, but they dislike this comparison and, indeed, the White Stripes themselves. Laura-Mary plays guitar while Steven plays drums.

Bret Hart
Bret "The Hitman" Hart is a Canadian Pro-wrestling superstar. He is a member of the famous Hart wrestling family of Alberta, Canada.
Career.
He worked for the World Wrestling Entertainment (Formerly the WWF; now the WWE), World Championship Wrestling, Stampede Wrestling, and New Japan Pro Wrestling. Hart has held numerous World and regional belts. He is considered to be one of the most skilled wrestlers ever.
Ending career.
Hart retired after being kicked in the head by his opponent, Goldberg, in a match. Soon after he suffered a stroke. He has has since recovered and has pursued stage acting. He writes a column for a daily newspaper in Calgary, where he lives.

La Grange, Illinois
La Grange, a suburb of Chicago, is a village in Cook County, in the U.S. state of Illinois. The population was 15,608 at the 2000 census. The name "La Grange" is French for "the barn."

Eurovision Song Contest 2008
The Eurovision Song Contest 2008 is a annual song contest held by the country who won the previous year. In 2007 Serbias entry "Molitva" sanged by Marija Šerifović won so theirby this years Eurovision Song Contest is held in the capital of Belgrade.
The song contest is split into two semifinals for the first time this year where 19 countries in each semifinal sing it out for the 10 spots to the final. The first semifinal is held on may 20, second semifinal on may 22 and the big finale on may 24.
Only the "Big 4" are already qualified to the final along with last years winner Serbia. The four contains Germany,Spain, United Kingdom and France.
In the end Russia won with Believe sang by Dima Bilan.
Their is expected to be about 250 million viewers watching the song contests final.
Final.
The final was held on 24 May 2008.

All We Know
All We Know is a 2006 song by Paramore, off the album All We Know is Falling. It was the last single released off the album.

Misery Business
Misery Business is a 2007 song by Christian band Paramore. It is from the album"RIOT!". The song was released on June 18, 2007. The video features the band playing in a room filled with the graffiti found on the bands album cover, and a person being mean at a school.
At the end of the video, singer hayley whipes of the other girls makeup and takes something out from under her shirt exposing the girl for what she really is.
This song was controversial. Hayley did regret the use of God in the chorus and said she did not want people to use his name wrongly.

Wesfarmers
Wesfarmers is a Australian company. It is one of the two largest retailers in Australia; the other is Woolworths. It owns Coles Supermarkets, K-Mart, Target Bunnings Warehouse and Bi-Lo Supermarkets.

Pressure (Paramore song)
Pressure is the first single from the album "All We Know is Falling", by the band Paramore. The song was ranked #62 on the "Billboard" Hot Digital Songs in 2007.

Hazelwood North, Victoria
Hazelwood North is a town in Victoria, Australia. Most of people who live there live on farms, about 5 acres big.

Hasselt
Hasselt is a city in Belgium. It is the capital of The Belgian provice Limburg. It lies about half way between Aachen and Leuven. The city has city privileges since the mid 13th century, the year 1232 to be exact. Today, about 70.000 people live there. Most of them are native Dutch speakers.
Well-known people from Hasselt include Heinrich von Veldeke, probably one of the first writers who did no longer write in Latin, but rather used the German of the time, in the 12th century, Willy Claes, who was NATO secretary in 1994 and 1995, and Axelle Red a contemporary singer-songwriter.
In 2007 its population was 70584.
It is located at 50° 55 North, 05° 20 East.

Focus on the Family
Focus on the Family (FOTF, or FotF) is an American evangelical group. The non-profit organization was founded in 1977 by James Dobson, and is based in Colorado Springs, Colorado. They have started several ministries, such as Adventures in Odyssey, and Focus on the Family Action.

Adventures in Odyssey
"Adventures in Odyssey" (also known as "AIO" or just "Odyssey") is an Evangelical Christian-themed radio drama and comedy. It was started by Focus on the Family in 1987.
The series takes place fictional town of Odyssey. The show is most in an ice cream and discovery emporium called "Whit's End." The place is owned by John Avery Whittaker. The show's episodes have many things in it, such as comedic and melodramatic, but also have thematic and Bible stories. Its characters often talk about Christianity, and sometimes Bible stories are taugh.
Characters.
"See" Character list "for more information."
"See" "for a list of credited "AIO" voice actors."

Youth for Christ
Youth for Christ (YFC) is an international Christian ministry that promotes youth evangelism and biblical Christianity. In the early 1940s, during World War II, many young men, mostly ministers and evangelists, were holding large rallies in Canada, the United Kingdom and the United States. In an effort to coordinate these programs Youth for Christ was started in 1944. The organization was co-founded by the Rev. Billy Graham and then-evangelist Charles Templeton.

Henry Luce
Henry Robinson Luce (April 3, 1898 – February 28, 1967) was an important American publisher.

Big Bear Lake, California
Big Bear Lake is a city in San Bernardino County, California. It is along the south shore of Big Bear Lake. The population was 5,438 at the 2000 census. It is a popular place in southern California, partly because of its Skiing areas.

Memorial
A memorial is an object which serves as a memory of something, usually a person (who has died) or an famous event. Statues are popular ways of a "memorial".

Logging
Logging is the process in which trees are cut down for forest management and/or timber harvest. Logging is controversial because it can make environmental problems.

Kølig Kaj
Kølig Kaj was a Danish rapper who gained national fame in 1997 by winning the Danish Melodi Grand Prix with his song "Stemmen I Mit Liv". His real name is "Thomas Lægaard".
At the Eurovision Song Contest in 1997, he ended up 16th, with only 25 points. Following that, Kølig Kaj slowly went away, and has never really gained much success. "Kølig Kaj" literally means "Cool Kaj" (pronounced Kai, rhymes with "high"). He released an album called "Solgt Ud!"

Forbidden Planet
The Forbidden Planet is a popular comic book, toys, and other multimedia objects store.

Tobey Maguire
Tobey Maguire is an American actor most notable for being in all three Spider-Man movies.

Chaplain
A chaplain is typically a priest, pastor, ordained deacon or other member of the clergy. They usually serve a group of people who are not organized as a mission or church, or who are unable to attend church for many reasons; such as poor health, confinement, or military or civil duties.

Albota River
The Albota River is a tributary of the Arpaş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Arpaş River.

Albuia River
The Albuia River is a tributary of the Siret River in Romania. That means it flows into the Siret River.

Siret River
The Siret River (Ukrainian: "Серет", Russian: "Сирет ", Hungarian: "Szeret") is a river that comes up from the Carpathians in the northern Bukovina region of Ukraine. It flows southward into Romania for about 470 kilometers before it joins the Danube. It was named "Hierasus" in times of old.
Towns and villages.
The following towns and villages can be found along the Siret River, from source to mouth: Berehomet, Storozhynets, Siret, Grămeşti, Zvoriştea, Liteni, Paşcani, Stolniceni-Prăjescu, Roman, Bacău, Adjud, Mărăşeşti, Galaţi.
Tributaries.
Left: Bahna, Molniţa, Bahna, Gârla Sireţel, Gârla Huţanilor, Vorona, Pleşu, Turbata, Pitrosul, Trestioara, Sireţel, Sodomeni, Stolniceni, Hărmăneşti, Pârâul Ţigăncilor, Mihailei, Boca, Albuia, Vulpăşeşti, Ţiganca, Icuşeşti, Glodeni, Râpaş, Pârâul Morii, Răcătău, Fulgeriş, Polocin, Lupa, Bârlad, Călmăţui, Gerului, Mălina, Fălcoaia, Cătuşa.
Right: Găvan, Negostina, Verehia, Baranca, Leahu, Hănţeşti, Grigoreşti, Sălăgeni, Suceava, Şomuzul Mic, Şomuzul Mare, Probota, Conţeasca, Ruja, Valea Părului, Podul Turcului, Tămăşeni, Moldova, Valea Neagră, Turbata, Bistriţa, Cleja, Răcăciuni, Orbeni, Botohan, Fântânele, Conţeşti, Trotuş, Valea Boului, Carecna, Zăbrăuţi, Şuşiţa, Gârla Morilor, Putna, Leica, Râmnicul Sărat, Buzău.

Northwestern College
Northwestern College is located in Saint Paul, Minnesota. It is a four-year Christian college. The school was founded on October 2, 1902. Billy Graham served as the school's president from 1948 to 1952. Athletic teams at the school are known as "Eagles".

Someş River
The river Someş in Romanian or Szamos in Hungarian, is a river that flows through Romania and Hungary.
Tributaries.
Left: Someşul Mic, Jichiş, Olpret, Bogata, Valea Groşilor, Şimişna, Rus, Valea Mare, Valea Leşului, Lozna, Valea Hrăii, Cristolţel, Gârbou, Almaş, Agrij, Şoimuş, Bârsa, Inău, Horoatu Cehului, Sălaj, Borjug, Gârdani, Bârsău, Runc, Bicău, Valea Vinului, Lipău, Homorod,Balcaia
Right: Someşul Mare, Sălătruc, Râul Hotarului, Muncel, Vlădeasa, Poiana, Râul Vârtoapelor, Ileanda, Bizuşa, Purcăreţu, Cheud, Iadăra, Răchitişa, Bârsău, Arieş, Lăpuş, Băiţa, Cicârlău, Ilba, Valea Bradului, Săbişa, Baci, Seini, Zugău, Şinel

Walker (tool)
A walker or walking frame is a tool for disabled people who need help to support and keep balance while walking. The rollator/walker is from Sweden.

Gilort River
The Gilort River is a tributary of the Jiu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Jiu River.

Jiu River
The Jiu (Latin: "Rabon"; Hungarian: "Zsil") is a river in the southern part of Romania. It starts near the Petroşani by the joining of the headwaters Jiul de Vest and Jiul de Est.
Towns and cities.
These towns can be found along the Jiu River, from source to mouth: Petroşani (Jiul de Est), Lupeni (Jiul de Vest), Bumbeşti-Jiu, Turcineşti, Târgu Jiu, Filiaşi, Craiova.
Tributaries.
Jiul de Est, Izvorul, Polatiştea, Pârâul Alb, Păiuşu, Chiţiu, Rafallo, Sadu, Curpenoasa, Bârcaciu, Tetila, Iazu Topilelor, Hodinău, Amaradia, Cioiana, Ceplea, Gilort, Ţânţăreni, Cârneşti, Brădeşti, Amaradia, Valea Fetii, Valea Şarpelui, Preajba, Lumaşu, Leu, Gioroc.
Right: Jiul de Vest, Cândeţu, Strâmsuţa, Murga Mare, Murga Mică, Dumitra, Cerbănaşu, Gropu, Tarniţa, Bratcu, Runcu, Porcu, Sâmbotin, Cartiu, Pietroasa, Şuşiţa, Tismana, Dâmbova, Timişeni, Jilţ, Şuşiţa, Motru, Argetoaia, Rasnic, Prodila.

George Beverly Shea
George Beverly "Bev" Shea (born February 1, 1909) is a famous singer and songwriter of gospel music, and has wrote several hymns. He has worked with Billy Graham for a long time.

Prut
Prut, or Pruth, () is a 953 km long river in Eastern Europe. It flows to the southeast to join the Danube river near Reni. This is east of Galaţi.
Towns.
These towns can be found along the Prut River, from source to mouth: Delatyn, Kolomyia, Sniatyn, Chernivtsi, Novoselytsia, Darabani, Ungheni, Cahul.
Tributaries.
Left: Racovăţ.
Right: Cheremosh, Herţa, Poiana, Corneşti, Isnovăţ, Rădăuţi, Ghireni, Volovăţ, Badu, Başeu, Corogea, Berza Veche, Râioasa, Soloneţ, Cerchezoaia, Jijia, Cozmeşti, Bohotin, Moşna, Pruteţ, Sărata, Elan, Horincea, Oancea, Stoeneasa, Chineja.

Ialomiţa River
The Ialomiţa River ("Râul Ialomiţa" in Romanian) is a river in the southern part of Romania. It comes up from the Bucegi Mountains of the Carpathians and flows into the Danube.
The upper part of the river is sometimes called Valea Obârşiei River or Obârşia Ialomiţei River.

James Dobson
James Clayton "Jim" Dobson (born April 21, 1936 in Shreveport, Louisiana) is both the starter and chairman of the board of Focus on the Family.

QuickTime
QuickTime is a software made by Apple Inc. It can handle different types of digital video, media clips, sound, text, animation, music, and several types of interactive panoramic images.

Subspecies
Subspecies is a classification (taxonomy) in biology. It is directly below species. When looking at the Latin name, subspecies are indicated by the third name. Subspecies can mix with each other; animals or plants from different subspecies can have offspring together (This is not the case with those from different species).
When looking at subspecies, they can also be told apart sufficiently by looking at the appearance or DNA of an animal or a plant.
Very often, there are populations that are between two subspecies; this is because evolution is a continuous process. Subspecies can often be recognised by "subsp" or "ssp" (before the third part of the name) especially in botany.

Centrifugal force
In physics, centrifugal force (from Latin centrum "center" and fugere "to flee") is a fictitious force that appears when describing physics in a rotating reference frame; it acts on anything with mass considered in such a frame.
If a friend is watched in a car that turns a sharp corner to the left, then it can be seen that they must be accelerated to the left - otherwise the car would go left and they would carry straight on and then fall out. So there must be a Newtonian force applied by the car on your friend. This real force is called a centripetal force - "aiming towards the center" - and acts towards the centre of the circle of rotation.
But if another friend had sat in a car that turns a sharp corner to the left, it would have felt as if he was thrown across to the right - by some imaginary force that is acting on him. This fictitious force is called a centrifugal force - "running away from the centre"
This is a problem that appears in rotating situations. There is a difference between what appears to be happening if watched from the outside or if the event was seen from within a rotating object. These differing viewpoints are called frames of reference.
Despite the name, fictitious forces are experienced as very real by anyone whose immediate environment is a non-inertial frame. Even for observers in an inertial frame, fictitious forces provide a natural way to discuss dynamics within rotating environments such as planets, centrifuges, carousels, turning cars, and spinning buckets.

Peeter Volkonski
Peeter Volkonski Peeter (also "Piotr Andreevich Volkonsky") (born December 9, 1954), in Tallinn, Estonia) is a Estonian actor and rock-musician composer. He is a Prince from the Rurik Dynasty. He is the key art figure in Estonia.
Peeter Volkonski is a descendant of an aristocratic princely family, son of Prince Andrei Volkonsky. HSH Prince Pyotr Mikhailovich Volkonsky is a great-great-great-great-grandfather of Prince Peeter Volkonski.

Bobby Valentino
Robert Wilson (born on February 27, 1980), better known by his stage name Bobby Valentino, is an American R&B singer.
Early life and career.
Born in Jackson, Mississippi, Bobby moved to Atlanta, Georgia where he attended North Atlanta High School. He returned there to appear in the debut episode of Once Upon A Prom aired on MTV May 19, 2007. He first entered the music scene in 1996 with the now-defunct youth quartet Mista. Some years after Mista disbanded, he enrolled in Clark Atlanta University where he majored in Mass Communications, graduating in 2004 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Mass Communications.He is also a member of Kappa Alpha Psi.
Discovered while singing on the bus, Bobby Valentino first made his mark as the lead singer in the hit teen group, Mista. As a new found member of the Organized Noize Family, Bobby learned firsthand how great music was made from icons such as Outkast, TLC, and Goodie Mob. In 1996 the group released their self-titled debut album and produced chart topping single, "Blackberry Molasses," which still remains a classic to this day. A second unreleased album was recorded with hit makers, Tim & Bob and Delite, but creative differences split the group. After earning his degree in 2003, Valentino returned to the studio full time. Bobby Valentino tried to jump start his career by auditioning for the first season of the hit reality show American Idol, but was rejected by judges, Simon Cowell and Randy Jackson. However, with three albums of demos and by chance one of them got in the hands of multi-platinum recording artist Ludacris. Immediately impressed by his talents, Ludacris and his business partner, Chaka Zulu (president of DTP) signed Valentino as the first R&B artist on Disturbing Tha Peace Records. Soon after, Valentino was re-introduced to the world as a solo artist and featured on the hit single, " Pimpin All Over The World " off of Ludacris' multi-platinum selling album " The Red Light District " in 2004.
Debut Album And Special Occasion.
His first single, 2005's "Slow Down", from his self-titled debut album became a top 10 hit on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart, receiving a huge amount of radio and TV airplay. Valentino released a second single from his debut album, the remixed "Tell Me" featuring Lil Wayne, and a third single " My Angel."
The first single of his second album, Special Occasion is titled "Turn the Page."The second single, "Anonymous" starring supermodel/co-writer of the song Amber Rives as his love interest and featuring Timbaland, was released and the video first aired on April 9, 2007 on BET.
Come With Me And Underground Love.
On April 29, 2008, Valentino will release his first EP named Come With Me. Following the release, in summer 2008 he will release his third album named Underground Love. A single is out now called "Sexy Girl." It is rumored to be on either album.
Disturbing Tha Peace.
He was reportedly upset with the delays and poor sales of "Special Occasion," which caused his decision to leave the labels.

Anonymous (song)
Anonymous is the second single from Bobby Valentino's second album, Special Occasion. The song features Amber Rives and Timbaland and was produced by Timbaland and King Logan.
The song was written by Ezekiel "Zeke" Lewis, Balewa Muhammad, Candice Nelson, and Patrick Smith of the popular songwriting/production team "The Clutch"... along with Timbaland,Amber Rives and King Logan.The song shares an electronic drum track with Justin Timberlake's "My Love" due to fact that both singles were produced by Timbaland. The song shares a similar vocal and lyric from the Willie Hutch song "Tell Me Why Our Love Turned Cold".
The music video includes supermodel Amber Rives as Bobby's love interest,Timbaland does not appear, although his verse remains in the song.

Mixed drink
A mixed drink is a type of drink where two or more diffent drinks are mixed together to create a new drink. Very often, at least one of the ingredients contains alcohol. Usually, spirits like rum or vodka are used in the mixed drinks containing alcohol.
Examples of mixed drinks are Rum & Coke and Bundy & Rum.
Alcopops are pre-fabricated mixed drinks. They were mainly made for the young. Often they are made so that the alcohol in them cannot be tasted easily.

Smash Mouth
Smash Mouth is a pop/rock band from San Jose, California, USA.
Formed in 1994, the group is formed by Steve Harwell (lead vocals), Greg Camp (guitar), Paul De Lisle (bass), and Kevin Coleman (original drummer). Their most famous song is "Walkin' on the Sun".

Mallacoota, Victoria
Mallacoota () is a small town in East Gippsland, Victoria, Australia. Less than 1000 people live there. It is 25 kilometres off the Princes Highway and kilometres from Melbourne. It is the last town on Victoria's east coast before the border with New South Wales. Mallacoota has a small airport (Mallacoota Airport) YMCO (XMC) for private small planes.
History.
The Bidawal Aborigines lived there before Europeans came. Europeans came after about 1830. Gold was found in 1894, and was mined for three years. In the 20th century the logging, farming and fishing industries declined, and the tourism and abalone industries grew. The town's largest business, the abalone co-operative, was started in 1967.

Cancuén
Cancuén is an archaeological site of the pre-Columbian Maya civilization, It can be found in the Pasión subregion of the central Maya lowlands. It is located in the present-day Guatemalan Department of El Petén. The city is famous because it has one of the largest palaces in the Maya world.
Ancient Cancuén.
Cancuén was a major city during the Classic Period. It reached its peak during the seventh century A.D. The city was a major trade center. Especially jade, pyrite and obsidian were traded there. Its strategic position on the Río Pasion helped it dominate trade in the region. Tajal Chan Ahk, one of the city's most powerful rulers, built the city's palace in 770 A.D. The palace covered nearly 23,000 square meters and contained 200 rooms, making it the largest in the Maya area. The city had two ball courts, a large marketplace and a dock on La Pasion River. There are only few large temples or burial sites in the city; it is thought that the inhabitants of Cancuén worshipped and buried their dead in the mountains near the city. Several dozen bodies dressed in royal garments were discovered near the base of the central pyramid. Investigations have shown that the bodies, including the city's ruler at the time, Kan Maax, had been executed and dumped in a cistern. The massacre occurred around 800 A.D., at the time when the Mayan civilization collapsed.

Rum
Rum is an alcoholic spirit. It is made from molasses and other sugarcane by-products through fermentation and distillation. Most of the rum production is in or around the Carribean. Rum is also made in other parts of the world, like Fiji or Australia.

Pridon Khalvashi
Pridon Khalvashi (born May 17, 1925) is one of the famous Georgian writers who contributed Georgian poetry and literature, as well as its political and social life.
Early life.
He was born in western Georgia, in mountainous village of Adjara, called Gegelidzeebi on 17th of May in 1925.
In 1938-1940 he studied at cultural-educational centre of Batumi and in 1950 he graduated Batumi Pedagogical Institute. The starting point of his career is 1949, when his first book of poems called "In the country of Sun" was published.
Writing.
The poetry of Pridon Khalvashi is created on the basis of historical tragedy of south-western Georgia. At the end of 16th century, the south-western part of Georgia was occupied by the Ottoman Empire. Since then, the region of Ajara, where the writer was born became a part of Turkey until the end of 19th century. His poems and novels express the idea of national unity and feelings that Adjarians experienced while they were under the rule of Turkey.
Pridon Khalvashi is the author of more than 20 poetry books such as "Thought at Chorokhi" (1960), "Please" (1962), "Consolation" (1969). Pridon Khalvashi wrote several dramatic compositions, "The Call of Khikhani" (1958), "The Survived Eternity" (1959) and "Weeping of the Vine" (1962) that were performed at different Georgian theatres. Pridon Khalvashi's poems are translated into several foreign languages such as Russian and Turkish. For the book of poetry called "Hundred Sun of the Mother's Heart", he was awarded by Shota Rustaveli State Prize in 1979.
Politics.
From 1995 to 1999, Khalvashi was a member of the Georgian Parliament, serving as a member of the Committee On Education, Science and Culture; member of the Committee On Migration and the Compatriots Residing Abroad; and member of Revival Faction. He was also the former head of the Ajar branch of the Georgian writer's union.

Bill Kaulitz
Bill Kaulitz (born September 1, 1989 in Leipzig, Germany) is the lead singer of Tokio Hotel. He is an identical brother of Tom Kaulitz. Bill is ten minutes younger then Tom. They are originally from Magdeburg, Germany. Before Tokio Hotel, the band was called Devlish. Bill was on the German star search even though he lost in 2001. By Bill doing the German star search he gained attention from Peter Hoffman. Tokio Hotel soon got a contract with Sony but in 2005 Sony terminated their contract. After the first European tour, Bill lost his voice and found out he had cyst on his vocal cords. Soon he had surgery and was in rehab for three weeks, then went back to having concerts with the band.

Western Front (World War I)
After the beginning of World War I in 1914, the German army started the Western Front by invading Luxembourg and Belgium. They then gained military control of many important industrial regions in France. The tide of the advance was dramatically turned with the Battle of the Marne. Both sides then engaged in trench warfare from the North Sea to the Swiss border with France. During the years between 1915 and 1917, many offensives started along these lines. They used lots of artillery and a large amount of infantry advances. However, a combination of entrenchments, machine gun nests, barbed wire, and artillery stopped these advances before any major damage could be done to the opposing forces. No major breakthroughs happened. To try to stop the deadlock, this front used new military technology, like poison gas, aircraft, and tanks.

Artifact (archaeology)
In archaeology, an artifact or artefact is an object made or modified by a human culture. It is usually one that is found during an archaeological dig. Some artifacts are stone tools, pottery wheels, jewelry, and clothing. The study of artifacts is very important to the study of archaeology.

Coba
Coba (Cobá in the Spanish language) is a big ruined city of the Pre-Columbian Maya civilization. It can be found in the state of Quintana Roo, Mexico. It can be found about 90 km east of the Maya site of Chichen Itza, about 40 km west of the Caribbean Sea, and 44 km northwest of the site of Tulum. Coba was thought to have had around 50,000 people living in it.

Tectonic (geology)
Tectonic means the study of the earth's structural features, especially the folding and faulting (cracking) of the earth's crust.

Tajal Chan Ahk
Tajal Chan Ahk, also T'ah 'ak' Cha'an, was an 8th century ruler of the Maya city Cancuén, whose rule lasted from 757 to ca. 799.

Moldova River
The Moldova River is a river in Romania, in the historical region of Moldavia. The river comes up from a crest of Bukovina in Suceava County and joins the Siret River near the city of Roman in Neamţ County.
The river gave its name to the Principality of Moldavia. The first capital, "Târgul Moldovei" (now Baia), is on the Moldova River.
Tributaries.
Suliţa, Benia, Breaza, Pârâul Negrei, Plai, Moroşani, Pârâul Cailor, Timoi, Sadova, Deia, Lala, Moldoviţa, Dobra, Beltag, Tocila, Humor, Bucovăţ, Halia, Leţcani, Cristeşti, Boura, Pietroaia, Ciurlac
Lucina, Lucava, Tătarcu, Răchitiş, Botuş, Orata, Delniţa, Ciumuca, Colacu, Arseneasca, Putna, Colbu, Praşca, Valea Seacă, Izvorul Alb, Izvorul Malului, Valea Caselor, Şandru, Sălătruc, Suha, Voroneţ, Isachea, Suha Mică, Suha Mare, Bogata, Râşca, Brusturi, Sărata, Neamţ, Topoliţa, Umbrari, Valea Albă, Valea Mare

Buzău River
The Buzău River is a river in eastern Romania, tributary of the Siret River. It has a length of 302 kilometers. It comes from the southeastern Carpathian Mountains, which are east of Braşov. It flows into the Siret close to its joining with the Danube, west of Galaţi.

Prahova River
The Prahova River is a river in the southern part of Romania. It comes up from the Bucegi Mountains, in the Southern Carpathians, and flows into the Ialomiţa (near Adâncata). The Prahova River has a length of 183 kilometers.
Tributaries.
Left: Puriştoaca, Olăreasa, Pârâul lui Vlad, Ursoaia Mare, Ursoaia Mică, Azuga, Valea Mărului, Valea Fetei, Valea Seacă, Valea Măturarului, Zamora, Şipa, Tufa, Valea Căşăriei, Valea Rea,Valea Câinelui, Gagu, Valea lui Bogdan, Valea la Nuci, Valea Mărului, Valea Surpăturii, Valea Orăţii, Conciu, Florei, Cernica, Bătrâioara, Şaaru, Valea lui Sărăcilă, Câmpiniţa, Doftana,Viişoara, Puturosu, Teleajen, Cricovul Sărat
Right: Râşnoava, Pârâul Sec, Valea Brusturilor, Valea Stânei, Valea Grecului, Valea Fabricii, Valea Cerbului, Valea Albă, Paltinu, Valea Jepilor, Valea Seacă a Jepilor, Urlătoarea,Valea Babei, Piatra Arsă, Peleş, Valea Căşăriei, Valea Iancului, Zgarbura, Izvorul Dorului, Valea Largă,Pârlita, Dogăria, Valea Dracului, Valea Măgarului, Valea Seciului, Valea Obielei, Valea Mesteacănului, Talea, Nistoreşti, Cacova, Sunătoarea,Valea Câmpului, Slaniţa, Poienari

Elsa Einstein
Elsa Einstein, (18 January, 1876 - 20 December, 1936), was the second wife and cousin of the German phyicist, Albert Einstein. She was born in Hechingen, Germany.

Noggin (TV channel)
Fox Noggin Channel is a cable television network in the United States, intended to help children learn. This channel features the animated characters of Moose A.
Moose (a moose) and Zee (a blue bird). It is one of Nickelodeon's sister channels, concentrating on preschool programs.
Fox Noggin Channel is on the air 24 hours a day. From April 1, 2002 thru December 31, 2007, The channel had only aired between 5:00am and 10:00pm EST/2:00am and 7:00pm PCT with Fox Noggin at Nite airing thru the rest of the channel's airtime.
The timeshare pratice is still in place on Dish Network.
On December 31, 2007, Fox Noggin's sister channel, Nickelodeon GAS, left the satellite and digital cable channel lineups, and moved to the online-only TurboNick, with Fox Noggin at Nite taking over Nick GAS's channel position after splitting from Noggin.
The network's 24-hour programming consists mostly of recent Nick Jr., Fox Kids and Fox Noggin's original programming, although certain programs will be retained.
History.
Fox Noggin Channel was originally created as a joint venture between Viacom's Nickelodeon, News Corporation and the Children's Television Workshop (now Sesame Workshop), but Sesame Workshop's interest was sold to Nickelodeon in 2002.
At one point, Fox Noggin Channel was targeted at preteens, but the format was changed, due to low ratings. The network takes its name from a slang term for “brain” (see noggin), reflecting its original purpose as an educational channel. Until the Fall of 2003, the network aired classic episodes of "Sesame Street", as well as classic Sesame Workshop productions such as "3-2-1 Contact", "Square One TV", "Cro", and "The Electric Company". As of September 2, 2007, Fox Noggin no longer airs any show produced by Sesame Workshop (it has since premiered Pinky Dinky Doo, which is a Fox Noggin Original produced by Sesame Workshop). In 2007, Moose A. Moose was changed to Moose E. Moose
In addition to classic episodes of Nickelodeon favorites such as "Blue's Clues" and "Dora the Explorer", and original shows such as "Oobi" and "Jack's Big Music Show", many preschool-oriented shows originating from non-U.S. English-speaking countries that would otherwise not likely be seen on American TV are shown. Some examples include "Franklin" from Canada and "Tweenies", "Connie the Cow", "Tiny Planets", and "64 Zoo Lane" from the UK. However, in 2006, this is being de-emphasized; "Tweenies" was permanently pulled from the schedule in January, and "Tiny Planets" was pulled in April 2006. "Tiny Planets" was previously shown intermittently — but not every day — at 6:00AM Eastern/5:00AM Central, as "Tweenies" was for a year until it was pulled. Since July 2006 this is also being done with "64 Zoo Lane", suggesting that it too may disappear eventually (however, unlike the other two shows, they also sometimes are showing it at 7:00AM Eastern/6:00AM Central). However, they have also recently introduced "The Upside Down Show", which is from Australia (though like the British "Tiny Planets", has American origins via Sesame Workshop).
Technically, Fox Noggin Channel does not show commercials, but it has shown ads and billboards for products such as "Kellogg's Mud N' Bugs Cereal", and Lego's Explorer Line of Toys, as well as other "tie-in" media such as a music video that tied in with the film "Curious George", and spots for airings of shows on other channels within the Nick family. The channel's other revenues presumably come from fees paid by cable television distributors.
The network has also become a launching point for the music videos of pop musician/children's performers like Laurie Berkner, Lisa Loeb and Dan Zanes, initially as filler between 23-minute-long shows run commercial-free, and (because of their success in that format) now as music video shows like "Move to the Music". Also, when Sesame Workshop’s classic shows (such as "The Electric Company") aired on Fox Noggin, they had to be edited for running time.
The UK T.V. Channel.
Fox Noggin Channel UK was a children's television slot broadcast on Nick Jr. from 7am to 9am daily. It launched in its most recent format on January 30, 2006. It was the first commercial children's television channel to air on the UK's DTT platform, Freeview, followed by CITV, then lastly Playhouse Disney on ABC1. Prior to its launch on TMF, it was carried as part of Nick Jr. between 8pm and 10pm, but focused on classic animated children's programmes from the late 1960s to early 1990s and Disney Programming. This strand has since been replaced with Nick Jr. Classics. It is based on the USA-owned channel Fox Noggin Channel, which has been broadcasting since 1999.
On Monday 25 September 2006, Fox Noggin was replaced by a new strand named Nick Jr on TMF, which is identical to its predecessor with the exception of the new branding.

Creation Museum
The Creation Museum is a 60,000 square foot museum in the United States. It was made to tell the story of creationism. The museum shows it's view of the theory of the start of the universe, life, mankind, and man's early history. It is based on the book of Genesis in the Bible. Its goes against evolution and says that the Earth and all of its life forms were created in 6 days just, 6000 years ago.

Cigher River
The Cigher River is a tributary of the Crişul Alb River in Romania. That means it flows into the Crişul Alb River.

George Whitefield
George Whitefield (December 16, 1714 - September 30, 1770), was a preacher in the Church of England. He was one of the leaders of the Methodist movement.

Timiş River
The Timiş or Tamiš (Romanian: "Timiş"; Serbian: Тамиш or "Tamiš"; German: "Temesch"; Hungarian: "Temes") is a 359 kilometer long river coming up from the Semenic Mountains, the southern part Carpathian Mountains, in Caraş-Severin County, Romania. It flows through the Banat region and into the Danube near Pančevo, in the northern part of Serbia.
Characteristics.
The Timiş River's Drainage area covers 13.085 km² (in Romania 8.085 km², in Serbia 5,000 km²).
The river starts at the joining of the headwaters Brebu,Grădiştea and Semenic in Lake Trei Ape.
Tributaries.
The river flows through Romania for 241 km.
These are the tributaries of the Timiş River: Râul Rece, Slatina, Valea Mare, Măcicaş River, Pârâul Lung, Armeniş River, Sebeş, Bistra, Şurgani River, Timişana, Pogăniş River, Timişul Mort River and Vena Mare. In its 118 km course through Serbia it has only one tributary, albeit the longest one, Brzava.
Romania.
Big cities in the rivers Romanian flow are Caransebeş and Lugoj.
One of the big Romanian cities, Timişoara, though the name makes it seem like it, is not settled on the river.

Bahlui River
The Bahlui is the biggest river of Iaşi County, in the eastern part of Romania. The name comes from the Cuman language, which means "muddy river". The Bahlui River has a length of 119 kilometers. The surface of the basin is about 2,007 km².

Dămuc River
The Dămuc River is a tributary of the Bicaz River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bicaz River.

Nera River
The Nera (Romanian: "Nera", Serbian: "Nera" or Нера, Hungarian: "Néra") is a 124 km long river in Romania and Serbia. It is a left tributary of the Danube.
The Nera drains an area of 1,240 km².

Putna River (Siret)
Putna River is a tributary of the Siret River in Vrancea County in Romania, and in the old region of Moldavia. That means it flows into the Siret River. The Putna River has a length of 144 km.

Bistriţa River (Someş)
The Bistriţa (Hungarian: "Beszterce") is a river in the Romanian region of Transylvania, in the county of Bistriţa-Năsăud. It is sometimes called the Bistriţa Ardeleană River
Close to the city of Bistriţa, it flows into the Şieu, which is a tributary of the Someşul Mare River.

Dâmboviţa River
The Dâmboviţa River is a river in Romania. It starts at the joining of the headwaters Valea Vladului and Boarcăşu. The source of the river is in the Făgăraş Mountains, and it flows south. It passes through Bucharest and flows into the Argeş River 258 kilometers from its source. This is near Budeşti, which is in Călăraşi County. The Romanian county of Dâmboviţa County is named after this river.
Tributaries.
Left: Valea Vladului, Berevoescu, Luţele Mari, Luţele Mici, Valea lui Aron, Valea Comisului, Valea Nemţoaicelor, Răchita, Valea lui Stanciu, Valea Turcilor, Tămaşul, Valea Dragoslăvenilor, Valea lui Ivan, Valea Largă, Valea Seacă, Valea Speriatei, Valea Gruiului, Berila, Dâmbovicioara, Valea Orăţiilor, Cheia, Ghimbav, Valea Luncii, Valea Caselor, Valea Hotarului, Olăneasca, Valea Runcului, Valea Jocii, Bădeni, Valea Grecului, Pârâul lui Coman, Valea Chiliilor, Valea Pleşei, Valea Măgurii, Valea Vlazilor, Valea Ulmului, Valea Largă, Râul Alb, Valea Satului, Ilfov, Colentina, Pasărea
Right: Boarcăşu, Colţii lui Andrei, Izvorul Foişorului, Valea Barbului, Izvorul Hotarului, Valea lui Aron, Bălţatul, Dracsin, Cascue, Râul Căciulelor, Valea Şaului, Clăbucet, Oncioaia, Valea Jugii, Valea Arşiţei, Râuşorul, Frasinu, Stoeneasca, Valea Cheii, Muscel, Aninoasa, Grui

Communes of Romania
A commune ("comună" in Romanian) is the second lowest level of division in Romania. There are 2,686 communes in Romania. There is no set limit to population in the communes, but once they exceed a population of 10,000 people, the commune gets the status of a city. The first lowest level of division in Romania is called "sat". "Satele" (pl.) are for the "comuna" just like the counties for the state.

Municipalities of Romania
A municipality ("municipiu" in Romanian, from Latin "municipium") is a kind of subdivision in Romania.

The Way of the Master
The Way of the Master (WOTM) is a Christianity based evangelism ministry. It was started in 2002. The show is hosted by American actor Kirk Cameron, and New Zealand-born evangelist Ray Comfort. The organization has a TV show, radio broadcast, many books, and an online school.
Television.
The television show, first aired in December 2003. It is a half-hour show hosted by Cameron and Comfort, teaching principles of biblical evangelism. It also shows interviews they have with people on the streets. Two 13-episode seasons have been put on television. They are broadcasted by satellites to more than 100 countries.. It is also available on DVD.
Radio.
"The Way of the Master Radio" program is hosted by Christian and former comedian Todd Friel. It also has regular appearances by both Comfort and Cameron. It has faith-related commentary, and humor from Friel, as well as many people evangelizing.
Living Waters Publications.
Living Waters Publications (LWP) is like an online store for WOTM. It sells around 80 different gospel tracts. Some of which are the "Million Dollar Bill," "Giant $100 Bill," and "Ten Commandments Coins."

Novaja Zemlja
Novaja Zemlja is a group of two islands (an archipelago). The islands are in the Arctic Ocean. They are part of the European part of Russia. The group is made of a north island and a south island; it separates the Barents sea from the Kara sea. There is a narrow channel, called Matochkin Strait that separates the two islands. Both islands together are about 900 km long; they are between 470 and 1150 km north of the arctic circle. Today, 2716 people live on the islands. 2622 of them live in the capital "Belushya Guba" (on the south island)
There are military installations on the islands; nuclear tests were done; especially on the north island. Around the islands, there are various old (nuclear) submarines and other nuclear waste. Part of the north island is still off-limits for civilians.

Don't Stop The Music
Don't Stop The Music (also known as Please Don't Stop The Music) is a 2007 song by Rhinanna.

Someşul Mare River
The Someşul Mare ("Great Someş", Hungarian: "Nagy-Szamos") is a river in the north-western part of Romania. It starts in the Bistriţa-Năsăud County in the Rodna Mountains at the joining of two headwaters — the Preluci River and the Zmeu River.

Suceava River
The Suceava River is a river that can be found in the north-eastern part of Romania, in Suceava County. It comes up from the Lucina Mountains in Bukovina. They are near the border with Ukraine. The Suceava flows for 170 kilometers before it joins the Siret river 21 km south-east of the city of Suceava. The city of Suceava is near the village of Liteni.

Lotru River
The Lotru River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.
Tributaries.
Left: Găuri, Groapa Seacă, Pravăţ, Tunari, Valea Tâmpei, Pârâul Balului, Sărăcinul Mare, Sărăcinul de Mijloc, Sărăcinul Mic, Goaţele, Goaţa Mică, Şteaza, Haneş, Balindru, Furnica Mare, Stricatu, Hoteagu, Dobrun, Tumurel, Valea Pietrei, Pârâul Mare, Voineşiţa, Vătafu, Pârâul Carpenilor, Măceşu, Rudari, Pârâul Ursului, Păltinoasa, Luntrişoara, Valea Rea, Valea Priboilor, Teiu, Runcu, Păscoaia, Valea Caprei, Vasilatu, Dobra
Right: Coasta, Valea Lacului, Izvorul cu Hotar, Cărbunele, Ştefanu, Mirăuţu, Mierul, Pârâul Stânei, Padina, Pârâul Scurt, Miru, Pârâul Sec, Pârâul Mioarelor, Bora, Vidra, Vidruţa, Chioara, Valea cu Fagi, Trăznetu, Şteileu, Padina Ursului, Râmna, Runculeţ, Buta, Mânăileasa, Moşu, Pârâul Cărării, Lupul, Larga, Prejbuţa, Latoriţa, Mălaia, Bucureasa Mare, Valea Satului, Grotu, Valea Izvorului, Pleştioara, Sturişori, Nicula, Saşa, Sila, Suhăioasa, Valea lui Stan, Mesteacănu, Valea Satului, Valea Seacă, Dăneasa

Azuga River
The Azuga River is a tributary of the Prahova River in Romania. That means it flows into the Prahova River.

Strei River
The Strei River is a tributary of the Mureş River in Romania. The river begins at the joining of the headwaters Pârâul Cald and Pârâul Rovinei.

Nick Carter
Nickolas Gene Carter (born January 28, 1980) is an American actor, musician, and pop singer. He is a member of the music group Backstreet Boys. In 2002 he realesed his first solo album called "Now or Never", the album reached #17 on Billboard 200 and was certified gold.

Iada River
The Iada River is a tributary of the Crişul Repede River in Romania. Because of errors in the way this river is mapped, it is sometimes called the Iad River by mistake.

Iza River
The Iza River is a tributary of the Tisa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Tisa River.

Howie Dorough
Howard Dwaine Dorough (born August 22, 1973), also known as Howie D, is an American singer. He was a member of the boy band Backstreet Boys. As one of the four singers of the Backstreet Boys, Dorough is notable for his high falsetto. As a Backstreet Boy, he has sold over 120 million albums.
On August 16, 2007, Dorough announced his engagement to long-time girlfriend, Leigh Boniello. He asked her to marry him on New Year's of that year. The two were married on December 8, 2007.

A. J. McLean
Alexander James McLean (born January 9, 1978) is an American musician and member of the singing group Backstreet Boys.
In December 2003, McLean and his mother appeared on the Oprah Winfrey Show to talk about his recovery from clinical depression, alcoholism, and drug use.
In 2008 AJ McLean performed two solo shows at the Anaheim House of Blues and The Roxy in Los Angeles. The show consisted of his solo material and a solo version of the Backstreet Boys hit, 'Incomplete'.

Brian Littrell
Brian Thomas Littrell (born February 20, 1975) is an American singer. He is best known as a member of the Backstreet Boys. He is also a contemporary Christian recordingartist, and released a solo album, "Welcome Home (You)", in 2006.
In the summer of 2005, Littrell solo single "In Christ Alone" went to #1 on the Christian Charts on July 4th. Littrell was the winner of the 2006 GMA Music Award for Inspirational Recorded Song of the Year, "In Christ Alone," which won both the 1993 award in this category (when recorded by Michael English) and the 1994 Song of the Year at the GMA Music Awards. Brian's first solo album, "Welcome Home (You)" was released on May 2, 2006. As with the Backstreet Boys albums, is a Sony BMG release.
Brian is father of a 6 years old boy called Baylee Thomas Wylee Littrell, his son with your wife, Leighanne Wallace Littrell.

Kevin Richardson
Kevin Scott Richardson (born October 3, 1971[1]) is an American singer and former member of the Backstreet Boys.
In 2002, he played the role of "Billy Flynn" in the Broadway production of Chicago. He also performed this role in London's West End as well as Toronto in November 2006 – December 2006.
In June 2006, Richardson left the Backstreet Boys to pursue other interests and "move on with the next chapter of [his] life.
Kevin and wife Kristin (née Willits) welcomed a son named Mason on July 3, 2007.

Spanish conquest of Yucatán
The Spanish Conquest of Yucatán was the campaign undertaken by the Spanish "conquistadores" against the Late Postclassic Maya states. This part of the conquest and colonization of the Americas began in the early 16th century, but it took more time than the similar campaigns against the Aztec and Inca Empires. It was about 170 years later before the last Maya stronghold fell, that of the Itza capital of Tayasal on Lake Petén Itzá, in 1697. But except for the Petén region and the Guatemalan highlands, the Spanish had control over Yucatán itself already by 1546.
Unlike the campaigns against the Aztec and Inca states, the Maya had no single political center. Therefore the Spanish had to to fight city by city to brake resistance by the indigenous peoples.
In the beginning the "conquistadores" were mainly interested to get as much gold and silver as possible. Because the Maya lands were poor in this respect, they were not very interesting for the Spanish at that stage. But when land workers became important for the colonies, the Spanish turned to the Maya region. That was around the 1520s.

Becquerel
The becquerel (symbol Bq) is the SI derived unit of radioactivity, defined as the activity of a quantity of radioactive material in which one nucleus decays per second.
A petabecquerel is 1015 times a becquerel, formula_1 s-1, s for second, dimensionally is it second minus one, i.e. inverse seconds.

Popol Vuh
The Popol Vuh ("K'iche for "Council Book" or "Book of the Community"; "Popol Wu'uj" in modern spelling;) is a book written in the Classical Quiché language. It contains mythological stories and a genealogy of the rulers of the Post-Classic Quiché Maya kingdom of highland Guatemala.
The book contains a creation myth followed by mythological stories of two Hero Twins: Hunahpu (Modern K'iche': "Junajpu") and Xbalanque (Modern K'iche': "Xb‘alanke"). The second part of the book deals with details of the foundation and history of the Quiché kingdom.
The book is written in the Latin alphabet, but it is thought to have been based on an original Maya codex. The original manuscript which was written around 1550 has been lost, but a copy of another handwritten copy in the early 18th century exists today in Chicago.
The significance of the book is enormous since it is one of a small number of early Mesoamerican mythological texts — it is often considered the single most important piece of Mesoamerican literature.
Creation Myth.
who together attempted to create human beings to keep him company.
Today.
The Popol Vuh continues to be an important part in the belief system of many Quiché.

Popol Vuh (disambiguation)
Popol Vuh (Quiché for "Council Book" or "Book of the Community"; Popol Wuj in modern spelling) is the book of scripture of the Quiché, a kingdom of the post classic Maya civilization in highland Guatemala.

Albu River
The Albu River is a tributary of the Pârgavu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Pârgavu River.

Albul River
The Albul River is a tributary of the Bătătura Cailor River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bătătura Cailor River.

Alceu River
The Alceu River is a tributary of the Crişul Repede River in Romania. That means it flows into the Crişul Repede River.

North Berwick
North Berwick is a town in East Lothian, Scotland. It is known for its beaches, harbour and golf courses.
The town is close to Edinburgh, the capital city of Scotland.

Southern Brazil
The Southern Region of Brazil is one of the five administrative regions of Brazil. It includes the states of Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul and covers 576,300.8 km², being the smallest portion of the country. It is a great tourist, economic and cultural pole. It borders Uruguay, Argentina, and Paraguay as well as the Center-West Region, the Southeast Region and the Atlantic Ocean. The region received many immigrants of Europe during the 19th century, who largely influenced the demography and cultural aspects of it. The main ethnic groups of Southern Brazil are Brazilians of Portuguese, German and Italian descent.
The capital of Paraná state, Curitiba, has the largest population and also the largest economy, and the capital of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, has the largest metropolitan area.

Jean-Luc Picard
Jean-Luc Picard is a ' character. Patrick Stewart played as Jean-Luc Picard. He was the captain of the USS Enterprise-D, and later of the USS Enterprise-E. He was born in la Barre, France, on Earth. He had a brother, named Robert Picard. Jean-Luc was proud of being French.

McCune-Reischauer
McCune-Reischauer romanization is one of the two most widely used Korean language romanization systems, along with the Revised Romanization of Korean, which replaced (a modified) McCune-Reischauer as the official romanization system in South Korea in 2000. Another variant of McCune-Reischauer is used as the official system in North Korea.

Revised Romanization of Korean
The Revised romanization of hangul is convenient to type on computers since it uses only Latin letters and symbols, omitting the apostrophes and breves that were problematic with the McCune-Reischauer system.

Motru River
The Motru River is a tributary of the Jiu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Jiu River.

Sadu River (Olt)
The Sadu River is a tributary of the Cibin River in Romania. That means it flows into the Cibin River.

Bistriţa River (Jiu)
The Bistriţa River (also called the Bistriţa Gorjană River) is a tributary of the Tismana River in Romania. That means it flows into the Tismana River. It starts at the joining of the headwaters: Negoiu River and Groapele.

Lake Annecy
Lake Annecy ("Lac d'Annecy" in French) is a lake in the Haute-Savoie area of France. It is the second biggest lake in France.

Haute-Savoie
Haute-Savoie is a French department. It is in the Alps. Its name in English is Upper Savoy. The area has Mont Blanc, the highest mountain in Europe; Lake Annecy, the second biggest lake in France; Lake Geneva, a big lake between France and Switzerland; and the Mont Blanc Tunnel, a road tunnel between France and Italy.

Notre-Dame de Chartres
Chartres Cathedral (in French: "Notre-Dame de Chartres", translates to "Our lady of Chartres") is a Cathedral. It is in Chartres, about 80km south of Paris. It is built in Gothic style. Together with Amiens Cathedral and Reims Cathedral it is considered to be one of the finest examples of Gothic architecture (for Churches) in France.
A church was inaugorated at the spot by Charles the Bald in the year 864. The cathedral as it stands now was built from 1194 to 1260. It was made a basilica minor in 1908. In 1964 it was made an UNESCO World Heritage site.

Lough Neagh
Lough Neagh is a lake in Northern Ireland, United Kingdom. It is the biggest lake in Ireland and it is also the biggest lake in the United Kingdom. It is the only lake on the islands that a person cannot see the other side.
Folklore.
In Irish mythology a giant called Fionn mac Cumhaill (finn mick cool) was fighting with a scottish giant and he picked up a big stone to throw at the scottish giant but he missed. The stone landed half way between Ulster and Wales and it became an island known as the Isle of Man. The hole in the ground where stone stone had been, filled up with water and became Lough Neagh.

Intel Core 2
Intel Core 2 is a group of microprocessors created to replace Intel's previous Core brand. The group includes the single-core "Core 2 Solo", dual-core (2 cores) "Core 2 Duo", and quad-core (4 cores) "Core 2 Quad" microprocessors. Microprocessors with the name "Extreme" following the brand name, such as Core 2 Extreme, are higher in cost, and perform better than the others. The Extreme versions also come in dual-core and quad-core versions.
Processor Cores.
The processors with names ending in "XE" are the "Extreme" versions.

Deanna Troi
Deanna Troi is a ' character. Actress Marina Sirtis played the character on the television series and several movies. Troi served as the ship's counselor. She is half human and half Betazoid. She can sense how others feel. Troi was born on March 29, 2336 on Betazed, her home planet. She had an older sister, called Kestra. She attended Starfleet Academy between 2355 to 2359. She also attended the University on Betazed were she studied psychology.

Bicaz River
The Bicaz River is a tributary of the Bistriţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bistriţa River.
Tributaries.
Veleşchia, Licaş, Suhard, Cupaş, Lapoş, Şugău, Ţepeşeni, Jidanul, Chişirig, Pârâul Izvorului, Neagra, Taşca, Hamzoaia.
Calul, Hăghimaş, Bicăjel, Surduc, Dămuc, Ticoş, Floarea, Secu.

Bărbat River
The Bărbat River is a tributary of the Strei River in Romania. That means it flows into the Strei River.

Uz River
The Uz River is a tributary of the Trotuş in Romania. That means it flows into the Trotuş River.

Niraj River
The Niraj River (hundarian:Nyárád, german:Niersch) is a tributary of the Mureş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Mureş River. It starts where the headwaters of the Nirajul Mare and Nirajul Mic meet.

Aldămaş River
The Aldămaş River () is a tributary of the Trotuş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Trotuş River.

Aleşteu River
The Aleşteu River is a tributary of the Gologan River in Romania. That means it flows into the Gologan River.

Aleu River
The Aleu River is a tributary of the Crişul Pietros River in Romania. That means it flows into the Crişul Pietros River.

Traditional heavy metal
Traditional heavy metal is the original style of heavy metal music before the genre "evolved and splintered into many different styles and subgenres." The term is used in reference to bands that are faithful to this original style.

Soulcalibur
"Soulcalibur", known in Japan as "(ソウルキャリバー Sourukyaribā)", is a fighting video game made by Namco for the Arcades and the Dreamcast video game console.

Disney's Aladdin Junior
"Disney's Aladdin Junior." ("Aladdin Jr.") is one of the musicals in the Broadway Junior series by Music Theatre International. This show is based on the Disney movie "Aladdin". It has the same plot as the movie, but is written to be performed by child actors. The musical is shorter than the movie. It is between 60 and 80 minutes long.

Polynomial
When you see letters mixed with numbers and arithmetic, like "x"2+2"x"-7, there is a good chance that it is a polynomial. Mathematicians, scientists, and engineers use polynomials to solve problems. Polynomials are taught in algebra, which is a gateway course to all technical subjects.
In algebra, when you see letters, numbers, and arithmetic, the understanding is that the letters stand either for numbers you do not know (and may want to find) or for numbers that change during the course of the problem, variables, such as time. If the only arithmetic is addition, subtraction, multiplication, and whole number exponents, then a mixture of letters, numbers, and arithmetic is called a polynomial. If harder operations are used, such as division or square roots, then the what you have is an "algebraic expression". A polynomial is a easy to use algebraic expression.
Polynomials are often used to form polynomial equations, such as "x"2+2"x"-7 = 0, or polynomial functions, such as "f"("x") = "x"2+2"x"-7.
Talking about polynomials.
The most important thing to remember about a polynomial is "multiplication is understood". That means, for example, that 2"x" means two times "x", or twice "x". If "x" is 7, the 2"x" is 14.
If a polynomial has only one term, it is called a "monomial". 5"x"3 is a monomial. The multiplier out in front is called a "coefficient", the letter is called an "unknown" or a "variable", and the raised number after the "x" is called an exponent. On a calculator, and on some computers, instead of putting an exponent above and to the right of the "x" the symbol ^ is used, so that the monomial above could be written 5"x"^3.
A polynomial with exactly two terms is called a "binomial".
A term with no letters in it is called a "constant term".
A term with one letter but no exponent is called a "first degree term" or a "linear term".
A term with one letter which has exponent 2 is called a "second degree term" or "quadratic term". A "quadratic equation" is an equation in which the largest exponent on any term is 2.

Unknown (math)
In mathematics, an unknown is a number we don't know. In algebra, an unknown is represented by a letter. For example, in the equation "E" = "m" "c"2, the letter "m" represents an unknown mass, and the letter "E" represents an unknown amount of energy. Not all letters in algebra represent unknowns. In the example above, "c" represents a known quantity, the speed of light, which is about 186 thousand miles per second. Because "c" is so large, the formula "E" = "m" "c"2 tells a person who understands algebra that in an atomic reaction, a small amount of mass can produce a very large amount of energy.

Agnieszka Włodarczyk
Agnieszka Włodarczyk (b. 13 December 1980 in Sławno) is a Polish actress and singer, who won the Polish version of "Soapstar Superstar" ("Jak oni śpiewają") in 2007r. She first rose to fame for her role as Agnieszka in the Polish sitcom "13 Posterunek", which was directed by Maciej Slesicki. In addition to series, she has also appeared in a number of other famous Polish sitcoms and movies, including "Świat według Kiepskich", "Nastroje" and in Waldemar Dziki's movie "Pierwszy Milion" (2000r.). In the TV series "Zostac Miss", she plays a student of philosophy, and in "Plebania" she plays Wiki, the sister of a vicar. In 2002, she had a role in Olaf Lubaszenko's comedy "E=MC2". Since 2003, she has had a role in the series “Czego sie boją faceci, czyli seks w mniejszym miescie”. In 2004, she took part in "Nigdy w Życiu!" as Jola. She also performed in the series "Dziki" (2004r.) and in its sequel "Dziki 2. Pojedynek" (2005r.). She has recently signed a contract with the Polish publishing-house My Music.

The Last of the Clan McDuck
"The last of the Clan McDuck" is the first chapter of The life and times of Scrooge McDuck's.
Plot.
After, at Glasgow, Scrooge began to work and made his first money (the Number One Dime). One day, Scrooge visit the McDuck's Castle again and found the whiskervilles work at the cemmetery. Scrooge frightens them wearing their armor on a horse with fire. Scrooge takes opportunity as a boy's cabins and vai to America.

The Master of the Mississippi
"The Master of the Mississippi" is the second chapter of the the life and times of Scrooge McDuck's.
Plot.
Scrooge come to America here he began to work at his uncle Poathle McDuck's boat. Scrooge has his first adventure with the Beagle Boys finding an lost treasure. The beagles are rested by the police and Scrooge buy his uncle's boat. But the Beagles escape and make over destroy Scrooge's boat.

The Empire-Builder from Calisota
"The Empire-Builder from Calisota"is the eleventh chapter of the life and times of Scrooge McDuck
plot.
Scrooge has the ambiction to become the "richest" and work for that. Leaving his family at the Money Bin, Scrooge travel the world exploring mines, constructing factories and found gold and pearels. One day, at Africa, Scrooge forcing the Voodoo tribe of sorcerer Foola Zoola off their land. In revenge, the sorcerer curses him to be constantly haunted by Bombie the Zombie. Bombie fowolling uncle Scrooge arrownd the world metting him at the Polo North and board of the ocean liner Titanic. At 1930, Scrooge back to Duckburg where he discusses with his family. Uncle Scrooge discovers that reached his goal, although his family thinks that what he has is "money and all that money can buy."

The Richest Duck in the World
"The Richest Duck in the World" is the last chapter of the life and times of Scrooge McDuck's.
Plot.
The chapter began like the movie Citizien Kane:opened at a huge dark mansion here somebody sit down on a chair say a word. At a street, Donald Duck and his nephews are watching TV:Scrooge are reteried and live on Manor McDuck, closed his empire. At Scrooge's mansion, Scrooge is irrited when Donald says that he spent most of his fortune into luxuries. To prove that he be wrong, Scrooge brings them up to Money Bin shows where his vault full of money. The Beagles try to steal the fortune but Scrooge and the boys pursuing us down the street and catch them. Scrooge decides to return to work and he vai begin to sell his mansion.

Alexeni River
The Alexeni River is a tributary of the Dorna River in Romania. That means it flows into the Dorna River.

Alibeg River (Bârzava)
The Alibeg River is a tributary of the Bârzava River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bârzava River.

Online pharmacy
An online pharmacy is a pharmacy that operates on the Internet to sell medications to consumers. There are online pharmacies in many countries of the world -- from India, the U.S., Germany, the UK -- and many other nations that sell to consumers in their own countries and often to consumers worldwide.
Depending on its location and local regulations, an online pharmacy may or may not require prescriptions to purchase prescription medications.
Prices at a given online pharmacy can vary from one city or country to another. Typically, drug prices at online pharmacies located in countries with drug price controls in place (i.e., India, UK, Germany, South Africa) will have more affordable costs. In contrast, costs at pharmacies in countries where their are no drug price controls (i.e., U.S.) will usually be much higher. Especially for consumers seeking low-priced medications, it can be very worthwhile to compare prices at various online pharmacies. Prices can vary as much as 80 percent or more for one medication from one country to another.

Alibeg River (Danube)
The Alibeg River is a tributary of the Danube in Romania. That means it flows into the Danube.

Juan Egenau
Juan Egenau, sculptor, February 24, 1927, April 22nd, 1987 Santiago Chile. In his beginnings, Egenau worked in enamel and in engraving on metal, but after its encounter with the sculptress Marta Colvin, his artistic vocation was led with passion the area of the expression in volume.
While studying casting on a Fulbright scholarship in 1968 at the Rhode Island School of Design in Providence, RI, he developed a technique of modelling for sand-casting in aluminium.

Sadu River (Jiu)
The Sadu River is a tributary of the Jiu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Jiu River.

Bârlad River
The Bârlad is a river in the eastern part of Romania. It is a tributary of the Siret River. That means it flows into the Siret River. It has a length of 207 kilometers.

Bistricioara River (Siret)
The Bistricioara River is a tributary of the Bistriţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bistriţa River.

Jiul de Vest River
The Jiul de Vest River is a headwater of the Jiu River in Romania.

Olteţ River (Olt)
The Olteţ River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Foramen magnum
The foramen magnum is one of several holes in the base of the skull. Normally the spinal chord is attached to it.

Bipedalism
Bipedalism is a form of movement on the ground. Some species have evoled the abillity to move on two limbs. Those that do use their rear limbs. Some animals move on two limbs all the time, they are called "habitual bipeds". "Optional bipeds" have an alternative (moving on four legs).

Taung Child
The Taung Child is a fossil of a skull. The skull also has an imprint of the brain. It belongs to an Australopithecus africanus. It was discovered in 1924 by quarryman working for the Northern Lime Company in Taung, South Africa. Raymond Dart, an anatomist at the University of Witwatersrand, received the fossil, recognized its importance and published his discovery in the journal "Nature" in 1925, describing it as a new species. The British establishment was at the time enamored with the hoax Piltdown man, which had a large brain and ape-like teeth -- the exact opposite of the Taung Child -- and Raymond Dart's finding was not appreciated for decades.
Description.
The fossil consists of most of the face and mandible with teeth. It also has a natural endocast (or imprint) of the braincase. It is estimated to be 2.5 million years old.
Taung Child is believed to have been about three years old at the time of its death. It was a creature standing 3' 6" (105 cm) at approximately 20-24 pounds. Taung Child had a cranial capacity of 340 cc, living mainly in a savanna habitat. Examinations of Taung Child compared to that of an equivalent 9-year-old child suggest that A. africanus had a growth rate to adolescence which is about the same as that found in modern apes like chimpanzees rather than that of modern Homo sapiens. However intermediate species such as Homo ergaster/Homo erectus are thought to have gone through growths intermediate between modern humans and apes. The evidence has mostly been based on that of Turkana Boy discovered in 1984.
In early 2006 it was announced that the Taung Child was likely killed by an eagle (or similar large predatory bird). This conclusion was reached by noting similarities in the damage to the skull and eye sockets of the Taung Child to the skulls of primates known to have been killed by modern eagles.
History.
Its significance lies in the fact that this was the first of the fossils which had been found in the twenties and thirties to provide evidence that humans indeed have a 'natural history' all of their own - just as Darwin had predicted.
The skull is now (as of 2007) in repository at the University of Witwatersrand.

Dennis Rodman
Dennis Rodman (born May 13, 1961) played basketball in the NBA from 1986 to 2000. He was very good at playing defense and getting rebounds. He won two championships with the Detroit Pistons and three more with the Chicago Bulls.
Rodman was famous for dying his hair different colors and having many tattoos and body piercings. He has been in a few movies and television programs.

Coconut water
Coconut water is the liquid inside young coconuts. The Coconut gets its water from some of the absorbed water the plant has. This liquid becomes into the food that is found inside older coconuts. Coconut water has long been a popular drink in tropical islands especially in tropical Asia and Trinidad and Tobago. Coconuts for drinking are carefully packaged and sold in many places. Coconut water is often marketed as a sports drink because of its high potassium and minerals which helps the body recover from exercise. Fresh Coconuts for drinking should be young and green, and when they are, they should still be on the trees. Coconuts in different parts of the world do not taste the same. Indian Coconuts are salty, and Brazilian Coconuts have sweeter water and food. If a green Coconut has fallen to the ground, check to see that Insects or rats have not eaten or rotten the Coconut which is easy to see if there is a hole on it or a dark brown rotted spot which is less easy to see and makes the Coconut taste bitter.

Ralph Ellison
Ralph Waldo Ellison (March 1, 1913–April 16, 1994) was an African-American writer. He was born in Oklahoma and studied at the Tuskegee Institute.
Ellison is most famous for writing "Invisible Man", a novel about racism and African American identity. The narrator of the book calls himself an invisible man because people refuse to see him for who he really is. "Invisible Man" won a National Book Award and is still read today by many students and scholars.
Besides "Invisible Man", Ellison wrote many essays. He was very interested in music, especially jazz. He started a second novel, called "Juneteenth", but never finished it.

Federal government of the United States
The federal government of the United States has three branches of government; the legislature, executive, and judiciary.
Executive branch.
The executive branch is the part of the government that enforces the law. Members of the U.S. Electoral College elect a President who is the leader of the executive branch, as well as the leader of the Armed Forces. The President decides whether or not the bills that the Legislative branch passes will become laws, and the President may veto any bill. The President may also make "executive orders" to ensure that people follow the law. Two of the most famous executive orders were President Abraham Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation and President Dwight D. Eisenhower's order to send 1,200 soldiers from the 101st Airborne Division to allow the Little Rock Nine into a school that refused to admit African Americans students. The President is in charge of many departments that control much of the day-to-day business of government. For example, Department of Commerce makes rules about trade and business. The President chooses the heads of these departments, and also nominates judges at the federal (nation-wide) level. However, the Senate, part of the legislative branch, must agree with all of the people the President chooses. The President may serve two 4-year terms, making 8 years in all.
Judicial Branch.
The third branch of government is the Judicial branch. The Judiciary is made up of courts -- Supreme, Circuit, the magistrate (local) and municipal (city) courts. The Judicial branch interprets the laws.
The state judges are elected by the citizens rather than being appointed. They also run for their office as members of a political party.
Protecting individual rights granted by the state constitution;
Determing the guilt or innocence of those accused of violating the criminal laws of the state;
Acting as a check upon the legislative and executive branches of state government.
The Supreme Court of Appeals is the highest court in West Virginia and supervises the lower courts. It is comprised of five judges who are elected for twelve year terms by the voters. The Supreme Court is required to meet twice a year, in January and in September, and may hold special terms when necessary. The Supreme Court has the authority to determine if state laws and actions of state officials, including the Governor, are constitutional. Laws and executive orders cannot be enforced if they violate the state constitution.
Most cases brought before the Supreme Court are appeals that have been tried in the circuit or magistrate courts. Once a decision has been made by the Supreme Court that is the final decision, with the exception of conflicts between state and federal laws, which may be appealed to the United States Supreme Court.
Of the five Supreme Court justices, one is selected to be the Chief Justice. The selection process is a rotation between the five justices, each who serve as the chief justice for one year. The Chief Justice's duties include submitting a budget to the Legislature, and according to the state constitution, the Supreme Court will be appropriated for whatever amount it requests. The Chief Justice also assigns justices to write opinions and decisions of the Court.

Draco Malfoy
Draco Malfoy is a character from the "Harry Potter" stories. He is a Slytherin student in Harry Potter's year and he is followed almost everywhere by his two dumb friends, Vincent Crabbe and Gregory Goyle, who act as his bodyguards. He is the only child of Lucius and Narcissa Malfoy. He is Harry Potter's enemy and he is a tall boy with a pale, pointed face, sleek white-blond hair and light grey eyes.

Pichat
Pichat is a chat software and protocol to communicate and exchange information. Users can also create their own webchat on the Internet. You don't need to download anything to chat, all you need is a web browser. Alternatively a telnet software can be used to chat, the default port of a chat server is 9009/TCP.

PCLinuxOS
PCLinuxOS is a Linux operating system. It is a free operating system for personal computers that was made to be easy to use.
History.
The start of PCLinuxOS was a set of RPM packages created to improve successive versions of Mandrake Linux (now Mandriva Linux). These packages were created by Bill Reynolds, a packager better known as "Texstar". From the year 2000 to 2003, Texstar maintained his repository of RPM packages in parallel with the Web site. In an interview, Reynolds said he started PCLinuxOS "to provide an outlet for [his] crazy desire to package source code without having to deal with egos, arrogance and politics."
In 2003 Texstar created a fork of Mandrake Linux 9.2 (which was released in October 2003). Working closely with, Texstar has since developed that fork independently into a full-fledged distribution. The initial releases were successively numbered as "previews" i.e. p5, p7, p8 up to p81a, then p9, p91, p92.
In August 2006 three new CDs/ISOs, numbered 0.93a, were released: "MiniMe", "Junior" and "Big Daddy". At the same time, the original packages that make up the KDE desktop environment have been split into smaller ones, while some less essential portions of KDE have been omitted from the CD. As a result, Texstar was able to fit the OpenOffice.org package into the BigDaddy release. MiniMe remains a minimal "Live & Install" CD for experienced users wishing to add their own selection of packages, while Junior adds a few essential desktop-oriented packages, meeting the user somewhere between the two other releases. PCLinuxOS 2008 "MiniMe" edition, was released on 2008-01-07.
With the advent of PCLinuxOS 2007, also known as.94, PCLinuxOS became rebased on Mandriva Linux 2007. This implied a shift to a more modern code which will require a complete reinstall to this version. The new version features a new look, and built-in 3D effects. Both Beryl and Compiz come pre-installed, and can be configured with the PCLOS Control Center. A new logo has also been designed for the new version, and is incorporated in the boot screen. A new login screen has been designed, entitled "Dark". PCLinuxOS 2007 final version was released on 2007-05-21.
GNOME edition.
PCLinuxOS Gnome 2008, a remastered, community edition of PCLinuxOS featuring the GNOME 2.21.2 desktop (and sporting a look similar to Microsoft's Windows Vista), was released on March 21, 2008, and is currently hosted at.
Features.
PCLinuxOS is distributed as a Live CD, which can also be installed to a local hard disk drive. When used as a Live CD, it can work with a USB flash drive, where the user's configuration and personal data are saved. The entire CD can be copied to and run from memory (if the system has sufficient RAM) increasing speed. PCLinuxOS uses the Advanced Packaging Tool (or APT), a package management system (originally from the Debian distribution), together with Synaptic Package Manager, a GUI frontend to APT, in order to add, remove or update packages. If there is enough memory on the machine and a network connection, the Live CD can update packages.
PCLinuxOS is also designed to be easy to remaster after installation, creating one's own personalized CD, using the mklivecd tool.
Relationship with Mandriva Linux.
Although it retains a similar "look and feel" to Mandriva Linux, PCLinuxOS has diverged significantly. The code was officially forked into an independent project in 2003, but after three years of contiguous development, the devs took advantage of further development in (the renamed) Mandriva, and forked the code again for PCLinuxOS 2007.
PCLinuxOS maintains its own software repository, available via the Advanced Packaging Tool (APT) and its Synaptic front-end, completely replacing Mandriva's urpmi. PCLinuxOS endeavors to maintain a fully valid upgrade path for version 1.0. This means that an installation could be continuously updated to the latest versions of packages, hence foregoing the need to re-install the entire distribution upon each successive release. In the test releases before 1.0, it has sometimes been necessary to perform a reinstallation.
Other differences include its own menu arrangement and custom graphics and icon sets.
PCLinuxOS places specific emphasis on desktop computing, concentrating its efforts for home or small business environments, hence paying less attention to other more "traditional" uses, like servers (although packages for most server tasks are available).
Projects.
The is a community driven free publication focused on the users of PCLinuxOS by MyPCLinuxOS.com. This online publication was started in September 2006 by a group of PCLOS users with some publication experience. All content for the publication is solicited from the PCLOS user base.
The encourages and hosts user submitted media for visual aspects of PCLinuxos.
All the above projects are tracked and have forums on the larger, whose stated purpose is to be "the home site of all community projects related to PCLinuxOS", and offers help and support "whether you're looking to start a project,[or] join a project"
See Also.
List of Linux distributions

Nutrition
Nutrition provides the cells of an organism with food, in a form they can use. Organisms need food to be able to keep running properly. They also need food to be able to do certain things.
Different organisms have different food requirements, and they eat different things in order to meet those requirements. Animals that don't eat meat, for example, will have to get certain nutrients like protein from other foods.

Lei (Hawaii)
A Lei is a flower necklace from Hawaii. The flower used most is the Hibiscus or the Orchid. May First is called "Lei Day" in Hawaii.

Orchidaceae
Orchidaceae (orchids) is a large flower - family which grows nearly all over the world.

Steve Buscemi
Steven Vincent Buscemi (born December 13, 1957) is an Emmy-nominated American actor. He is probably best known for his roles as Mr. Pink in "Reservoir Dogs", Carl Showalter in "Fargo", and Seymour in "Ghost World". With a long career, he has worked in several independent films and comercial films, just as tv series like "The Sopranos" and "The Simpsons". Steve Buscemi directed four feature films.

Closet
A closet is a small room in a room in which people put their clothes. It is not a wardrobe, it is a room. Some people even put other things inside, not only clothes.

FreeDOS
FreeDOS is a free and open-source operating system. It is made to work just like MS-DOS. Almost all programs that will run on MS-DOS will run on FreeDOS too. It was created because Microsoft didn't want to make MS-DOS anymore. FreeDOS can be installed with a floppy or with a CD.

List of The Buzz on Maggie Episodes
This article contains, or a least will contain, specific information on every epsiode in Disney's The Buzz on Maggie. But there is information now.
Episode 1A: The Flyinator.
Maggie wants to see an R-rated movie called The Flyinator 3, but she gets frightened from seeing it. And when she comes home, her entire family, even Bella, turn into a bunch of Flyinators, but that's only in Maggie's imagination.
Episode 1B: Ladybugged.
A ladybug comes to Buzzdale Academy and bosses other students, and lies about what a superior life she had in Beverly Gardens, but Maggie unveils the lies.
Episode 2A: Funball.
When Maggie realizes that her older brother, Aldrin, can beat Pupert, Maggie's younger brother, at everyething, she devises a new game called "funball" so that Pupert can beat Aldrin at something. But Aldrin gets the hang of things and eventually wins.

Coahoma County, Mississippi
Coahoma County is a county located in the north-western part of Mississippi. There are about 30,622 people living there. It's capital is Clarksdale. It was started on February 9, 1836. "Coahoma" is a Choctaw word that means "red panther."

Province of Bolzano-Bozen
The Province of Bolzano-Bozen (in; in; in Ladin: "Provinzia autonoma de Bulsan") is an autonomous province in the north of Italy. It is often also called in or in.

Province of Trento
The Province of Trento (), also called Trentino, is an autonomous province of Italy.

Walkers Stadium
The Walkers Stadium is a football stadium in Leicester, England, where Leicester City Football Club play their home football matches. It can have up to 32,500 people inside it.

Botoşani
Botoşani (pronunciation in Romanian: is the capital city of Botoşani County, in the northern part of Moldavia, Romania. It has a population of 115,609 people as of the year 2002
Today, it is best known as the birthplace of many celebrated Romanians, including Mihai Eminescu and Nicolae Iorga.
Sport.
Football is represented in Botoşani by the team FC Botoşani.

Little Ice Age
The Little Ice Age (LIA) was a period of cooling after a warmer era that is known as the Medieval Warm Period.
Climatologists and historians find it difficult to agree on either the start or end dates of this period. Some confine the Little Ice Age to approximately the 16th century to the mid 19th century. It is generally agreed that there were three minima, beginning about 1650, about 1770, and 1850, each separated by slight warming intervals.
It was initially believed that the LIA was a global phenomenon; it is now less clear if this is true.
Solar activity.
During the period 1645–1715, in the middle of the Little Ice Age, there was a period of low solar activity known as the Maunder Minimum. The physical link between low sunspot activity and cooling temperatures has not been established, but the coincidence of the Maunder Minimum with the deepest trough of the Little Ice Age is suggestive of such a connection. The Spörer Minimum has also been identified with a significant cooling period near the beginning of the Little Ice Age. Other indicators of low solar activity during this period are levels of the isotopes carbon-14 and beryllium-10.
Volcanic activity.
Throughout the Little Ice Age, the world also experienced heightened volcanic activity. When a volcano erupts, its ash reaches high into the atmosphere and can spread to cover the whole of Earth. This ash cloud blocks out some of the incoming solar radiation, leading to worldwide cooling that can last up to two years after an eruption.
Ocean Conveyor Shutdown.
Another possibility is that there was a shutdown or slowing of Thermohaline circulation, also known as the "great ocean conveyor" or "meridional overturning circulation". The Gulf Stream could have been interrupted by the introduction of a large amount of fresh water to the North Atlantic, possibly caused by a period of warming before the little ice age. There is some concern that shutdown of thermohaline circulation could happen again as a result of global warming.
End of Little Ice Age.
Beginning around 1850, the climate began warming and the Little Ice Age ended. Some global warming critics believe that Earth's climate is still recovering from the Little Ice Age and that human activity is not the decisive factor in present temperature trends, but this idea is not widely accepted.

Trade route
A trade route is a series of pathways or roads that is used for the commercial transport of cargo.
Historically, the period from 1500 BCE–1 CE saw the Western Asian, Mediterranean, Chinese and Indian societies develop major transportation networks for trade. Europe's early trading routes included the Amber Road, which served as a network for long distance trade. Maritime trade along the Spice route became prominent during the middle ages; nations tried to control this influential route. During the Middle Ages organizations such as the Hanseatic League, aimed at protecting interests of the merchants and trade, also became increasingly important.
In modern times, commercial activity shifted from the major trade routes of the Old World to newer routes between modern nation states. This activity was sometimes carried out without traditional protection of trade and under international free trade agreements, which allowed commercial goods to cross borders with relaxed restrictions. Innovative transportation of the modern times includes pipeline transport, and the relatively well known trade using rail routes, automobiles and cargo airlines.

Zircon
Zircon is a silicate mineral. It is found in many, many different places in almost all kinds of rock. The chemical it is made up of is called "zirconium sulfate". Clear zircon may look like diamond and has been used as a cheaper replacement for diamond. It is not the same as cubic zirconia, which is man-made from different chemicals. In the United States, zircon is considered to be the birth stone for the month of December.

Labradorite
Labradorite is one kind of feldspar. It is a silicate mineral, and is special because it is often pretty enough to be used in jewelry. Some kinds of labradorite are called moonstone or sunstone.

Beryl
Beryl is a silicate mineral, and is the main ore of beryllium metal. It is sometimes found as very, very large crystals, as much as 18 m. (59 ft.) long. Colored clear beryl is often used for jewelry, including emerald (green), aquamarine (bluegreen), bixbite (red), morganite (pink), and heliodor (golden).

Hallstatt
Hallstatt is a village in Upper Austria. Currently, a little over 900 people live there. It is in the Salzkammergut, a mountain range in Austria. It lies on a lake.
Because of its position, Hallstatt could only be reached by boat (or by using narrow, difficult mountain trails for a long time. At the end of the 19th century a road was built. Despite this, even in the Neolithic people might have lived there. This is because there is a lot of natural salt there. In 1846, Johann Georg Ramsauer (a salt miner) found a cemetery from the neolithic age just above the village. A cultural epoch in Europe is named after this. It is called Hallstatt culture. Other finds in the region include a Shoe-last celt (a special kind of wedge, probably used to treat wood). A blacksmith site has also been excavatzed.
Today, the village lives mailny on tourism

Mayflower Compact
The Mayflower Compact was the first governing document of Plymouth Colony. It was drafted by the Pilgrims who crossed the Atlantic on the Mayflower (ship), looking for the freedom to practice Christianity according to their own determination. It was signed on 11 November 1620 (OS) by 41 of the ship's more than one hundred passengers, in what is now Provincetown Harbor near Cape Cod.

John Piper (theologian)
John Stephen Piper (born January 11, 1946, Chattanooga, Tennessee) is a Reformed Baptist theologian, preacher, and author. He is the pastor of Bethlehem Baptist Church in Minneapolis, Minnesota, and has written many books. He started the evangelical ministry named Desiring God.
Early life.
Piper was born in Chattanooga, Tennessee. He is the son of Bill and Ruth Piper. When he and his older sister were still young, the Pipers moved to Greenville, South Carolina. He spent the rest of his childhood there. He later graduated from Wade Hampton High School. His father was an evangelist who worked with international radio and Bible programs until his death on March 6, 2007.
College years.
Piper went to Wheaton College in 1964-68. He majored in literature, and minored in philosophy. Because he studies Romantic Literature in college, he went on to enjoy it in life. Today he writes poems for special family things, and well as making story-poems (from the life of biblical characters).
Following college, he took a Bachelor of Divinity degree at Fuller Theological Seminary in Pasadena, California (1968-71). While there, he took several courses where he learned the writings of Jonathan Edwards. He also did some doctoral work in New Testament Studies in Munich, West Germany (1971-1974).
Middle life.
In 1980, after what he said was something that he could not turn down, he became a preacher. Piper became Pastor of Bethlehem Baptist Church in Minneapolis, Minnesota. He has been working there ever since. Piper became popular when his book "Desiring God: Meditations of a Christian Hedonist" was published. He has written many books since. In 1994, he started Desiring God Ministries. Today "Desiring God" puts all of Piper's sermons and articles from the last three decades online for free, as well as offering books, CDs, and DVDs.
On January 11, 2006, Piper told that he had prostate cancer. According to a letter sent to his church, he and his doctors thought that the cancer was not a big problem. When Piper talked about this he said, "This news has, of course, been good for me. The most dangerous thing in the world is the sin of self-reliance and the stupor of worldliness. The news of cancer has a wonderfully blasting effect on both. I thank God for that. The times with Christ in these days have been unusually sweet." Piper had very good surgery on February 14, 2006. He married Noël Henry in 1968, and they now have four sons, a daughter, and several grandchildren.
Christian hedonism.
Piper calls himself a Christian Hedonist and teaches that "God is most glorified in us when we are most satisfied in him." He also teaches that God's highest pursuit and man's deepest happiness are the same in one pursuit – namely, "the pursuit of joy in God." He was learned this theory in the writings of Jonathan Edwards, Blaise Pascal, and C. S. Lewis, among others.
Salvation.
Piper believes in justification by faith alone apart from good works. His teachings talk about the need for the Christian to have faith, sanctification, as this is evidence of God's saving grace. Piper says that someone who says they are a Christian, but does not act Christian, shows that they were never a true believer.
Rapture beliefs.
Piper believes in the view of the Rapture of and second coming Jesus Christ. He believes that teaches many ethnic Israeli people will be saved at Jesus' second coming.
Old Testament.
Piper is very neutral about the Torah in Judaism. He says that it was made by God to reveal sin and show that man does not live up to God's righteous standards. Christians, living under the New Testament, are not under the Old Testament law, and are able to complete it through faith in Jesus Christ.
Piper teaches that God has only one chosen people, mostly Jews in the Old Testament. but he believes now that relationship has been won by the Christian church. So, the Church is rightful inheritor of all the promises made to Israel, and Jews who don't take Jesus as Messiah have no right to this blessing.
Spiritual gifts.
On the topic of spiritual gifts, Piper believes that supernatural gifts such as miracles, healings, and speaking in tongues are around today. He does not believe that the job of apostle is worked today. He also believes that the gift of prophecy in the church is not from God.
Some of the books he wrote.
Most of Piper's books can be read for free at Desiring God.

Bill Gates
William Henry Gates III (born October 28, 1955), commonly known as Bill Gates, is the co-founder and Chief of Microsoft. He was the richest person in the world for many years. When Bill was 13 he went to Lakeside School. He was a freshman at Harvard in 1973. He left Harvard University to make software. Bill Gates saw an opportunity to transform the personal computer, which used to be a hard-to-use and expensive device. He saw that computers could be made less expensive and more easy to use.
He recently decided to quit from his job at Microsoft, and is doing more charity work with his wife, Melinda. Many people are disappointed in the decision he's making about leaving Microsoft. Bill Gates' philanthropy projects have included vaccination of children in sub-Saharan Africa, scholarship programs in the United States, and leadership to help organize other billionaires to redistribute their wealth. He likes to give money and support to human rights, education and technological innovation. Bill Gates stepped down from his CEO position in Microsoft in 1998 and Steve Ballmer did the job instead. On June 16 2007, Microsoft said that Bill Gates, the chairman of Microsoft, will come in on a day to day schedule to continue working with his charity organization full time for the years to come.

Fibula (brooch)
A Fibula is an ancient brooch. (Plural: fibulae). Technically, the latin term fibulae meant Roman brooches, but the term is widely used for brooches from the entire ancient and early medieval world. Unlike modern brooches, fibulae were not only decorative, they originally served a practical function: to fasten clothes, including cloaks. Fibulae replaced straight pins that were used to fasten clothing in the Neolithic period and Bronze Age. In turn, fibulae were replaced as clothing fasteners in the Middle Ages by buttons. Their descendent, the modern safety-pin, remains in use today.
There are hundreds of different types and variations of fibulae. They are usually divided into families or groups based on historical period, geography and/or cultural grouping. Fibulae are also divided into classes based on their general forms.

United States Supreme Court building
The Supreme Court building is home of the Supreme Court of the United States. It is located in Washington, D.C.

Bethlehem Baptist Church (Minneapolis)
The Bethlehem Baptist Church (BBC) is a megachurch in Minneapolis, Minnesota. The church was started in 1871 as the First Swedish Baptist Church of Minneapolis. Since 1980, their pastor has been John Piper.

Megachurch
A megachurch is a large church. It usually has around 2,000 or more people come every week.

T.N.T. (song)
T.N.T. is a song recorded in 1975 by the hard rock band DC from their Australian album T.N.T. and the international version of High Voltage. The song is written by Bon Scott, Angus Young and Malcolm Young.

Medieval Warm Period
The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) or Medieval Climate Optimum was a time of unusually warm climate in the North Atlantic region. It lasted from about the tenth century to about the fourteenth century. In discussions of global warming this period is often mentioned.
Some refer to the event as the Medieval Climatic Anomaly because this term emphasizes that effects other than temperature were important.
See also.
Little Ice Age

Motor sports
Motor sports are sports where the participants use a motor vehicle for sporting. The usual vehicles are car, motorcycle or boat. Some motor sports use aeroplanes or snowmobiles.
Motor sports can be based either on speed (the first who reaches the finish, wins) or on skill (the one who gets least amount of penalty points, wins). Speed based motor sports are often called "races", skill based as "trials".
Well known motor sports are rally, Formula 1 and Nascar.

Niagara IceDogs
The Niagara IceDogs are a junior ice hockey team in the Ontario Hockey League based in St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada.

Haan
Haan is a town in the district of Mettmann in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Since 1975, Gruiten belongs to Haan.
Twin towns.
The local Gymnasium is also twinned with Liceo Scientifico of Forte dei Marmi, Italy.

Gas chamber
A gas chamber is an airtight room used for killing people or animals by means of gas. The gas used is either poisonous, or it causes asphyxiation. The people or animals are put into the gas chamber, the door is sealed airtight from the outside, and a gas, such as carbon monoxide or hydrogen cyanide, is put into the chamber. The victims die from choking (asphyxiation) from being made to breathe the poisonous gas.
The gas chamber was invented in Nevada, United States in 1929, as the government of Nevada did not want to use an electric chair and considered hanging to be cruel and inhumane. The gas chambers became notoriously infamous in the Nazi Germany as they were first used in the "T-4" programme (killing disabled people) and then in the Holocaust for mass murdering of Jews, Gypsies and other people that the Nazis did not like.
The United States Supreme Court decided that the gas chamber is a cruel and unusual punishment forbidden by the constitution in 1999. Death from hydrogen cyanide poisoning can take up to fifteen minutes. It is extremely painful and terrifying. The witnesses and reporters who had seen people getting executed in the gas chamber said that death in the gas chamber is sheer torture. It is no longer used in any of those states which still have the death penalty.

Total Nonstop Action Wrestling
Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) is a professional wrestling company founded in 2002 shortly after World Championship Wrestling closed down. They are the main rivals for Wrestling Conglomerate World Wrestling Entertainment. They made a video game called TNA iMPACT! after it's weekly program of the same name which airs Thursdays at 9pm on Spike TV.

Battle of the Bulge
The Battle of the Bulge was a battle Allied Powers against
Nazi Germany That took place during World War II. The battle took place between middle of December 1944 to middle of January 1945.
Hitler's plan.
Adolf Hitler's plan was to push the Allies forces back from the Ardennes forests, recapture the port of Antwerp and prove that Germany would not surrender. As a result of this step he expected the Allies to quickly stop end the war with Germany so that Germany could focus on stopping the Soviets from the Eastern Front.
The plan did not work. The Soviet Union forces almost reached Berlin and the Third Reich was about to collapse. Hitler gathered his last good soldiers to last attack (250,000 soldiers and 1,000 tanks). He did it although his German generals did not agree with this plan of attack.
German attack.
The Allies did not see the Germans coming. They were surprised and suffered many losses, especially because the Allies commanders didn't believe that the German could attack with big forces (29 divisions). The Germans atttacked on 16 December.
On 17 December, the German forces massacred Allies forces near the city Malmedy. An armoured unit of the Waffen SS under the command of Joachim Peiper attacked American military convoy. They captured its soldiers and took them to a close field. The German shot the Americans and 86 of them were killed. Peiper was realeased by the Allies in 1956 and was murdered in his house in Paris in 1976.
The soldiers of the 101st Airborne Division were besieged by the Germans at the impotant cross-road Bastogne. In brave battle they managed to keep Bastogne in Allies' hands.
The Wermacht managed to arrive 25 kilometers east to the city Namir.
Allies' counterattack.
Despite the big surprise, the Wermacht wasn't the same army from 1940. They didn't have a lot of fuel and had planned to capture the Allies' fuel to keep going. After the weather improved Allies' planes bombed the Wermacht columns. The German were pushed back slowly and on 16 January 1945 their outlet lines.
Aftermath.
The Allies and the Germans did not gain or lose any land. Because the Allies had a much larger army, they could make up their losses, but for the Germans they could not replace what they had lost. It was their last major attempt to gain ground.

Nothing
Nothing is a concept of being without all form of matter.

Moon
The Moon () is what people generally say when talking about Earth's moon. The moon can be seen from Earth during the night. The moon is actually very large, about a quarter the size of the world, but because it is far away it looks very small. The gravity on the moon is one-sixth of the Earth's gravity. It means that you will be 6 times lighter on the moon than on Earth. The moon is a rocky and dusty place, and there are no people living on it.
Phases.
The Moon is lit up by the sun as it goes around (Orbits) the Earth. This means sometimes we can see the whole moon and other times only bits of it. This is because the moon gives out no light. We can only see the parts that are reflecting light from the Sun. When the Earth spins parts of the Moon are hidden from the Sun so we can't see them. These different stages are called Lunar Phases. It takes the Moon about 29.53 days (29 days, 12 hours, 44 minutes) to complete the cycle, from big and bright to small and dim. People used the moon to measure time and present day months are approximately equal in time to a lunar cycle.
Because the moon is tidally locked (always faces the same way) towards Earth there is a half of the moon we can never see. This is called the dark side of the moon even though the sun does shine on it.
History of exploring the Moon.
The moon has fascinated people since there were people to see it. People often dreamed of standing on the moon and looking at Earth.
Before people stood on the Moon, some of the big countries in the world, the United States and Russia (which used to be part of the USSR) sent robots to the moon. These robots would fly around, crawl, or in the case of Luna 2, crash into the moon. The robots were the first things that humans made that touched the Moon.
Humans finally landed on the Moon in 1969. On July 20th of that year, astronauts Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin, landed their space probe (the "Eagle") on the surface of the moon. Then, as half the world watched him on television, Armstrong climbed down the ladder of the "Eagle" and was the first to touch the Moon. Later, Buzz Aldrin hops out of the "Eagle", and together, they put the American flag near the spot where they landed. They explored around collecting rocks for about an hour before leaving.
More people landed on the moon between 1969 and 1972, when the last spaceship, Apollo 17 visited. Eugene Cernan of Apollo 17 was the last person to touch the moon since 2008.
Characteristics.
Because it's smaller in size the Moon has less gravity than Earth. So on the Moon a heavy person would not be as heavy. On the Moon if someone kicked a football high it would take a long time to come back down again, about ten times as long as on Earth.
The Moon also has no air so Astronauts have to wear big spacesuits in order breathe. If they didn't wear the special suits they would die.

U.S. Electoral College
The United States Electoral College is a name used to describe the 538 Presidential electors who come together every four years during the presidential election to give their official votes for President and Vice President of the United States.

Will Ryan
Will Ryan is a voice actor from Cleveland, Ohio. His music career first began when he was in high school. He then signed the first of two recording contracts with CBS Records.
He got back into music and after moving to California. He began to write and record wacky songs for Disney. He did the voice of Rabbit, Tigger, and Eeyore in Disney Channel's "Welcome to Pooh Corner". Since 1988 he has done the voice of Eugene Meltsner (and other characters: Harlow Doyle, Officer O'Ryan, Officer David Harley, etc.) for the Focus on the Family radio series "Adventures in Odyssey".
He also voiced Rabbit in "Winnie the Pooh and a Day for Eeyore". He was also the original voice of Petrie in "The Land Before Time".

Colonial history of the United States
The term colonial history of the United States refers to the history of the land that would become the United States from the beginning of European settlement to the time of freedom from Europe, and particularly to the history of the thirteen colonies of Britain which stated themselves free in 1776.

Captivity (animal)
Animals who live under human control or care are in captivity. Captivity can be used as a term meaning the keeping of either domesticated animals (livestock, pets) or wild animals. This may include for example farms, private homes and zoos.

Choctaw
The Choctaw are a Native American people originally from the Southeastern United States.

Native Americans in the United States
Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the areas of North America now part of the continental United States, including parts of Alaska.

Brian Cowen
Brian Cowen (born 10 January 1960) is the current Taoiseach (prime minister) of the Republic of Ireland. He became the prime minister on 7 May 2008, after Bertie Ahern left the job. He is the leader of a political party called Fianna Fáil. They are in a coalition government with the Green Party and the Progressive Democrats. Independent TDs (Irish members of parliament) also support his government.

Web chat
A web chat is a chat system to exchange information via the Web. People use a web browser to communicate with others. Apart from the browser you don't need anything else, which makes a web chat easy to use and ideal for people not very experienced with computers.
Usually, you use software like Chatspace and Pichat. On the technical side web chats are often written with Java, Flash or Ajax.

British Grand Prix
The British Grand Prix is a car race normally held in Silverstone in Northamptonshire but it has been held at other racing circuits including Brands Hatch in Kent.
From 2010 it is going to be held at Donnington.
It started in 1926 by Henry Seagrave after he won both the French Grand Prix in 1923 and the Spanish Grand Prix the next year. This made Formula One racing popular in the UK.

Ob River
The Ob is a river in Siberia. Together with the Lena and the Jenissei, it is one of the most important rivers of Siberia. Depending upon how its length is measured, it can be between 3.650 km and 6.210 km long. Some important cities on the banks of the river include Novosibirsk(Russia's third largest city), Barnaul, Kolpashevo, Nizhnevartovsk, Surgut, Khanty-Mansiysk, Beryozovo, Labytnangi, and Salekhard.

Deductive reasoning
Deduction is one of the two main types of reasoning. The other is induction. In deduction, we apply a general rule to a particular case.
The first two statements are called "premises", the third statement is called the "conclusion".
Mathematicians use deduction to discover new mathematics.

Inductive reasoning
Induction is one of the two main forms of logical reasoning. The other is deduction. In induction, we find a general rule by using a large number of particular cases. For example, watching water in many different situations, we can conclude that water always flows downhill.
Induction is the method of science. A scientist makes a large number of observations, and then suggests a general rule that all of these observations follow. He then publishes his ideas, and they are checked in many other cases by other scientists. The general rule becomes a scientific theory only if it passes all of these tests. If it fails even one test, then the theory must be either changed or thrown out. The major scientific theories of today have been tested many thousands of times and have passed every test.
The method of induction must be used carefully, because even one failure disproves the theory. For example, people noticed that when the letters "ie" appear in a word, the "i" usually comes first, as in "sieve", "bier", and "die". So, should we use induction to make a rule "Always put i before e? No, because there are exceptions: "ceiling", "deceive", and "receive". Then do we want a rule, "i before e except after c"? But there is another set of exceptions, "neighbor" and "weigh". So someone proposed the rule, "i before e except after c, save when sounded like 'a' as in 'neighbor' and 'weigh'." Even that rule is not always true. Consider the word "weird".
You can see how hard it is to come up with a rule that is always true.
When a person uses induction carelessly, and believes a rule that is not always true, we say that they "jump to a conclusion".

Moon Landing Conspiracy Theory
The Moon Landing Conspiracy Theory is the idea some people have that men did not really land on the moon. They say it was hoaxed (faked) by NASA, the people who train astronauts and put rockets in space. They say that the Americans wanted to beat the Soviet Union (Russians) in the space race to put a man on the Moon. They think that when the Americans saw they were losing this race they set up a moon landing in a studio or in a desert so everyone would think they won. This is a very big conspiracy theory.

Oklahoma Territory
Oklahoma Territory was an organized territory of the United States from May 2, 1890 until November 16, 1907, when Oklahoma became the 46th state. It was made up of the western area of what is now the State of Oklahoma. The eastern area consisted of the last remaing part of Indian Territory.

Scientific theory
A scientific theory is a law of science that has been tested carefully many times by many people. If anyone finds a case where a scientific theory is false, then that theory is either changed or thrown out.
An example of a scientific theory that underwent many changes is the germ theory of disease. In ancient times, people believed that diseases were caused by the gods, or by curses, or by improper behavior. Germs were unknown, because germs are too small to see. With the invention of the microscope, germs were discovered, and the germ theory of disease was proposed. Thanks to the germ theory of disease, many diseases can now be cured. However, the germ theory of disease had to be modified, because some diseases are not caused by germs. The flu and scurvy are examples of diseases that are not caused by germs. Scientists modified the germ theory of disease, so that today we would state that theory as "Some diseases are caused by germs."
To be a scientific theory, a law must be tested a large number of times, by many different scientists in many different places, and must pass the test every time. It must be stated exactly, often using mathematics. And it must fit in with all of the other scientific theories. Science has many branches. Physics, chemistry, biology, geology, and astronomy are some of the major branches of science. A scientific theory in one branch of science must hold true in all of the other branches of science. For example, the atomic theory of matter, that all matter is made up of atoms, was discovered using physics, but the chemicals used in chemistry, the living tissue used in biology, the rocks studied in geology, and the planets studied in astronomy are all made up of atoms. The atomic theory of matter holds in every area of science.
Sometimes scientists come up with a theory that is wrong. For example, in ancient times scientists thought that the purpose of the brain was to cool the blood. Scientists constantly test their own theories, looking for any exception. The discovery of an exception to a scientific theory is a major event, and a scientist can become famous by discovering an exception to a rule. Einstein became famous for his theory of relativity, which found an exception to Isaac Newton's laws of motion. Newtons theory, which had been accepted for hundreds of years, had to be changed, and has been changed.
Here is a list of some of the major theories of modern science. These theories have been tested thousands of times, and no exception has been found.

Marin-Epagnier
Marin-Epagnier is a municipality in the district of Neuchâtel in the Swiss canton of Neuchâtel.
It lies at the northeastern tip of Lake Neuchâtel close to Biel, at the boundary between French- and German-speaking regions, and at a knot of highways.
The Iron Age archaeological site of La Tène is within Marin-Epagnier's communal boundaries. "(See also La Tène culture.)" La Tène is a village at the eastern end of the Lake Neuchâtel (Lac de Neuchâtel), a lake in Switzerland. La Tène has a sandy beach, unique in Switzerland.

Magdalenenberg
Magdalenenberg is the name for a tumulus grave. It dates from the Iron age. It lies at the southwestern tip of the Black Forest, in Germany. The nobleman who is buried there was part of the Hallstatt culture. With a volume of 33.000 cubic metres it is the biggest grave from that time in Central Europe.

Sacred Cenote
Sacred Cenote (Well of Sacrifice) is a well known cenote at the Maya site of Chichen Itza. One can access it by a 900 foot paved corridor that leads from the Great Plaza. The Sacred Cenote was used for human sacrifices to the rain god Chaac in periods of drought.

Cenote
A cenote (pronounced in Mexican Spanish and in English, plural: cenotes; from Yucatec Maya "dzonot") is a type of sinkhole that contains groundwater. It is typical in the Yucatán Peninsula and some nearby Caribbean islands. The term comes from a word used by the low-land Maya to refer to any location where groundwater is accessible.
Definition and description.
Cenotes are surface connections to subterranean water bodies. While the most well-known cenotes are large open water pools measuring tens of metres in diameter, such as those at Chichén Itzá, the greatest number of cenotes are smaller sheltered sites and do not necessarily have any surface exposed water. The term cenote has also been used to describe similar karst features in other countries such as Cuba and Australia, in addition to the more generic term of sinkholes.
Cenote water is often very clear, as the water comes from rain water infiltrating slowly through the ground. The groundwater flow rate within a cenote may be very slow at velocities ranging from 1 to 1000 meters per year. Cenotes around the world attract cave divers who have documented extensive flooded cave systems through them, some of which have been explored for lengths of 100 kilometers or more.

Monkton, Thanet
"Monkton is an English village located on the Canterbury-Ramsgate road, at the south-western edge of the Isle of Thanet, Kent near St Nicholas at Wade and Minster-in-Thanet. The church is dedicated to Mary Madgalene. Inside the Church is a plaque, comemorating a Local Soldier, Euncie Rochelle who died in the Iraq war. Monkton is no longer believed to be a village in its own right and is usually assumed to be part of neighbouring village Minster-in-Thanet.
In the November of 2007, the hamlet exploded, with the remains afterwards being burnt down, with firefighters atempting to put out the blaze, but having such a small population and being so far away from any other main towns, the thirty firefighters were unaible to reach it in time. However, fortunately, all of Monkton's population of twenty people was evacuated into safety to nearby Minster. However, Minster was reported to have complained about the overcrowding caused by this and threw out the newcomers, expecting them to go back to the destroyed settlement. Unfortunately for the hamlet, Monkton's largest building, a single story house, was also lost, and therefore it is thought to take a long time before the people of Monkton are able to resettle in a new hamlet, or whether they will be able to reconstruct some of their old habitat.

Black tie
Black ties is the word for a type of clothing that normally includes either a dinner jacket suit that consists of a jacket and matching trouser. People in Canada and the United States call black ties tuxedoes.

Electric chair
An electric chair is a specially built chair which is used on execution by electrocution (death from electric shock) of convicted criminals. The electric chair was invented by Harold Brown 1888. He had seen a drunken workman falling in a generator and dying immediately from electric shock. There had been a very gruesome botched hanging in New York 1886. The drop had been too long and the convict's head was torn off. New York wanted a less cruel method of execution and chose electric chair.
An electric chair is a stout wooden chair which has electrodes for runinng electric current through the convict's body. One electrode is attached on the convict's head and another on the convict's right shin. When the switch is turned on, a 2,000 volt current is led through the convict. The current is to stop the heartbeat, cause unconsciousness, and cause death. Sometimes the chair was made from the wood of the gallows which it replaced.
This execution method has been used only in the United States and, for a period of several decades,in the Philippines (its first use there in 1924, last in 1976). The electric chair has become a symbol of the death penalty, and a part of American folklore. However, its use is now on a decline. Altogether 25 US states and the US federal government have used electric chair.
Death in electric chair is usually quick. However, if something goes wrong, the death is more like frying the convict alive. The electric chair has been declared as a cruel and unusual punishment in many states and is no longer in use in those states.
The electric chair has many nicknames, such as "Old Sparky", "Hot Seat", "Yellow Mama", "Gruesome Gertie", "Sizzling Sally" and "Old Smokey". The execution itself is often called "riding the lightning". So far the latest person executed in electric chair has been Darryl Holton (triple murderer) in Tennessee, 2007.

Santiago Bernabéu Stadium
The Santiago Bernabéu is a football stadium in Madrid, Spain. It is the second biggest stadium in Spain. It has a capacity for 89,000 people to sit.

Electrocution
Electrocution or electric shock is when electricity passes through something living. It happens when the human body gets in contact with electric current. The electrocution has originally meant execution on electric chair, but can mean today any accident with electricity.
The human body can stand voltage well, but not very much electric current. If the electric current is strong, it can stop heartbeat and cause death. Really high voltage and/or current can cause severe burns and even fry the victim alive.

Stora Enso
Stora Enso is a Finnish-Swedish cellulose and paper making corporation. It is the one of the largest paper making firms in the world. It was formed by the merger of Swedish mining and forestry products company Stora and Finnish forestry products company Enso-Gutzeit Oy in 1998.
Its head office is in Helsinki, and it has some 46,000 employees. In 2002 it was the fifth largest pulp and paper maker in money income and in 2005 it was the world's largest pulp and paper manufacturer in terms of tonnes. The Finnish State is the biggest owner in the company.
The Stora corporation originally began as a copper mine (whole name "Stora Kopparbergs Bergslag" (Big Copper Mountain's Mining Works)). It was founded in 1288 and it is the oldest corporation in the world. It later became also a paper and cellulose maker. Enso-Gutzeit was founded by Mr. Hans Gutzeit in a small town called Enso in Finland. It was founded in 19th century. Both companies were the largest paper and cellulose makers of both countries. It is the second largest corporation in Scandinavia after Nokia.

SpeechWeb
A SpeechWeb is a collection of SpeechWeb applications. The collection or web of applications can be navigated using a SpeechWeb browser.
1. Providing end users with voice only interfaces to remote applications.
2. Providing software developers with a framework to build their user interfaces with.
A SpeechWeb browser is a document or program allowing a human user to interact with a SpeechWeb application. A SpeechWeb browser can be implemented in X+V, VoiceXML, or others. An example browser using X+V is available.
A SpeechWeb application is an application that provides a special interface. The basic idea is that not much more than natural language is used to communicate with the applications. SpeechWeb applications also need to describe the possible input texts by publishing a JSGF grammar.

Tikal
Tikal (or Tik’al, according to the more current orthography) is the largest of the ancient ruined cities of the Maya civilization. It lies in modern day Guatemala at. Now it is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and a popular tourist spot.
Tikal was one of the major cultural and population centers of the Maya civilization. The oldest monumental architecture at the site dates to the 4th century BC, but the best time of Tikal was during the Classic Period, ca. 200 AD to 900 AD. In this period Tikal dominated the Maya region politically, economically, and militarily, because it was linked with areas throughout Mesoamerica, such as central Mexican center of Teotihuacan. After the end of the Late Classic Period, no new major monuments were built, some palaces were burned and the population declined. The site was abandonment by the end of the 10th century.
Site characteristics.
The ruins lie on lowland rainforest. But Tikal had no water other than what was collected from rainwater and stored in underground storage facilities. Archaeologists working in Tikal during the last century used the ancient underground facilities to store water for their own use. The absence of springs, rivers, and lakes in the immediate neighbourhood is exceptional for a major city. But Tikal prospered with intensive agricultural techniques, which were far more advanced than the slash & burn methods originally theorized by archeologists. The reliance on seasonal rainfall left Tikal vulnerable to prolonged drought, which is now thought to play a major role in the Classic Maya Collapse.
Rulers.
"King of Tikal from wooden lintel in Temple III"
Depicting either "Yax Nuun Ayin II" or "Dark Sun"

Bard
Bards were probably a social class in Celtic Europe. They were poets or singers. Most likely they were in the service of Celtic nobility. They were probably employed to tell about how good their master (the nobleman) was, or to sing about what he did. Today, it is not quite clear what the difference was to a druid. Early Roman scolars used the word vates to refer to all of them. "Vates" has been translated as "prophet" or "soothsayer".

Mausoleum
A mausoleum is a building used to store the remains of people who have died. Instead of being buried in soil, like in a cemetery, they are placed in chambers behind walls, or in a vault under the floor.

Venus figurines
Possibly among the earliest traces of art are Venus figurines. These are figurines that show women. Most often the women are shown as being pregnant, with breasts well visible. The figurines occur from Western Europeto Siberia. Most are about 30.000 years old; Two figurimes have been found that are much older, the Venus of Tan-Tan has been dated to 500.000 to 300.000 years ago. It was found in Morocco. The Venus of Berekhat Ram was found on the Golan Heights. It has been dated to 300.000 to 200.000 years ago. It may be the earliest thing that shows the human form.
Different kind of stone, bones and ivory were used to make the figurines. Some are also made of clay which was then burned in a fire. This is one of the earliest known traces of the use of ceramics.
Scientists have exculded that they were linked to the fertility of fields, because agriculture had not yet been discovered.
The two figurines that are older may have mostly formed by natural processes. The Venus of Tan-Tan was covered with a substance that could have been some kind of paint. It contained traces fo Iron and Manganese. The figurine of Berekhat Ram shows traces that someone worked on it with a tool. A study done in 1997 states that this could not have been done by nature alone

List of Muslims
This is a list of Muslims, or people who follow Islam.

Venus of Tan-Tan
The Venus of Tan-Tan is a venus figurine. It was found in Morocco. It has been dated to be between 300.000 and 500.000 years old. Unlike the other venus figurines, it does appear neither male nor female.

Venus of Berekhat Ram
The Venus of Berekhat Ram is a stone that was found on the Golan Heights in 1981. Scientists have proposed to classify it as a Venus figurine,because there are traces it was worked on with a stone tool. The things that have been worked can clearly be told apart from the natural stone. It is therefore agreed that that the pebble has been modified by human action, even though it bears little resemblance to the much later "Venus figurines" of about 30.000 years ago.

List of Baptists
This is a list of Baptists. This list is not complete.
__ToC__

Joy
Joy is an emotion of great happiness.
Joy can also be interpreted as a person's name.

Chattanooga, Tennessee
Chattanooga is the fourth-largest city in Tennessee, a state in the United States of America. Cities larger than it are Memphis - the largest; Nashville - the capital of the state; and Knoxville. Chattanooga is located in the south-east of the Tennessee.
The first people to live in the Chattanooga area were Native American Indians with sites dating back to the Upper Paleolithic period.
Geography and climate.
The United States Census Bureau say that the city has a total area of 143.2 square miles (370.8 km²). This is made up of 135.2 square miles (350.2 km²) of land, and 8.0 square miles (20.6 km²) of water (5.56% of the total area).
The most well known natural feature near Chattanooga is the Tennessee River and the surrounding highlands. The city is located between the southwestern Ridge-and-valley Appalachians and the foot of Walden's Ridge.

Desiring God
Desiring God is the name of the ministry of John Piper of Bethlehem Baptist Church in Minneapolis, Minnesota. It was named after his book "Desiring God: Meditations of a Christian Hedonist". The book was originally published in 1986. Desiring God, was founded in 1994 and puts all of John Piper's sermons and articles from the last 27 years online for free, as well as offering books, CDs, and DVDs.

Greenville, South Carolina
Greenville is a city in South Carolina, United States. Bob Jones University is in Greenville. Greenville is in the Blue Ridge region of the state.

Jonathan Edwards (theologian)
"This article is about the theologian (b. 1703), for other uses of Jonathan Edwards see Jonathan Edwards."
Jonathan Edwards (October 5, 1703 – March 22, 1758) was a colonial American preacher, theologian, and missionary to Native Americans.

Prostate cancer
Prostate cancer is a disease in which cancer develops in the prostate, a gland in the male reproductive system.

John Edwards
Johnny Reid "John" Edwards 1953) is an American politician who served one term as U.S. Senator from North Carolina. He ran for President of the United States twice, but was defeated by John Kerry and Barack Obama in the Primaries.

Fuller Theological Seminary
The Fuller Theological Seminary is located in Pasadena, California. It is one of North America's largest seminaries. The Seminary has over 4,300 students from over 67 countries and 108 denominations.

Bachelor of Divinity
In Western Christian theology, a Bachelor of Divinity (BD or BDiv) is usually an undergraduate academic degree given for courses taken in the study of divinity. At some institutions, the BD is an higher degree than the Bachelor of Arts.

Freespire
Freespire is a Linux distribution made with parts from Ubuntu. It was made to make using free software easy, while giving the choice to use non-free (not open source) parts. These parts might be programs, drivers, or codecs. Linspire, a commercial Linux distribution, is made from Freespire.
See Also.
List of Linux distributions

Spiritual gift
In Christianity, the spiritual gifts are gifts given to Christians. Each Christian has his or her own gift (or gifts). They are talked about in the New Testament, mainly in First Corinthians 12, Romans 12, and Ephesians 4. Some believe that they only worked in early Christianity.

Sanctification
The word sanctification (see "-ification") refers to the act of making holy or setting apart special. The word is used five times in the Authorized Version of the New Testament (,,).
To sanctify means “to set apart for special use or purpose,” and “to make holy or sacred,” and etymologically from the Latin verb "sanctificare" which in turn is from "sanctus" “holy” and "facere" “to make.”

Glossolalia
Glossolalia (often called "speaking in tongues") (from Greek "γλωσσολαλιά" and that from "γλῶσσα" - "glossa" "tongue, language" and "λαλεῖν" ("lalein") "to talk") is being able to say fluent languages but without knowing them. It is often as part of religious practice.

Christian hedonism
Christian hedonism is a controversial Christian doctrine in some evangelical churches. Partly those of the Reformed tradition. The term was made by Baptist pastor John Piper in his 1986 book "Desiring God". Piper talks about this philosophy of the Christian life as "God is most glorified in us when we are most satisfied in Him."

AFL Goal of the Year
The Geelong Cats have a good record with most nominations for "Goal of the Year".
Mitchell Gaffney has most nominations as a player (16, St. Kilda, 1971- 1980)

Ceramics
Ceramics is the name for materials that are formed by the use of heat. The name comes from the Greek word "κεραμικός" ("keramos"). The word is for non-metallic, inorganic materials. The most important of these materials until very recently were different kinds of clay. Through heat, these can be made into bricks or pottery. Today, ceramics exist that are not based on clay, but on other materials.
Works of art are sometimes also made of ceramics.

Yucatec language
Yucatec Maya ("Maaya T'aan" in the revised orthography of the "Academia de Lenguas Mayas de Guatemala") is a Mayan language spoken in the Yucatán Peninsula. It is also spoken in northern Belize and parts of Guatemala. To native speakers, it is known only as Maya - "Yucatec" is a label linguists use to distinguish it from other Mayan languages (such as K'iche' and Itza' Maya).
In the Mexican states of Yucatán, northern Campeche and Quintana Roo, Maya remains many speakers' first language today, with approximately 800,000 speakers.

Uxmal
Uxmal is a large pre-Columbian city. The ruins are in Mexico today, in the state of Yucatán. According ot the records of the Maya, the city was built around the year 500 AD. According to current research, about 25.000 people lived there. Most of the buildings that can be seen today were built between 700 and 1100. After 1200, there seems to be no new construction. The ruling family moved their capital elsewhere, and the population of the city decined.
According to the documents of the Spanish conquerors, the city still had some ipmortance in the 1550s. It was probably abandoned soon afterwards, as the Spanish built no city nearby.

Tayasal
Tayasal is a pre-Columbian Maya archaeological site from the Postclassic period. The site is located in the southern Maya lowlands on a small island in Lake Petén Itzá. This island is now part of the Department of Petén in northern Guatemala. Tayasal was the capital of one of the last independent Maya polities to be conquered by the Spanish "conquistadores" and colonizers, along with Zacpeten (the capital of the Ko'woj Maya) and Eixequil (the Yalnain capital), in 1697.
As an archaeological site, it has been heavily damaged by the Spanish after its fall. The capital city of the modern Petén department, Flores, has been built over the island and the nearby shores of the lake.
The Itza left the Yucatán region in the 13th century and built the city later known as Tayasal as their capital. They called it "Noh Petén", or literally "City Island". It was also called "Tah Itzá", or Place of the Itzá.
In 1541, Hernán Cortés came to the island, on route to Honduras, but needed to move on and did not try to conquer it due to its very good defensive position.
The Spanish were not able to conquer the island until 1697, after several attempts, that begun in 1629, when they marched in, from Corozal in Belize, Yucatán and Alta Verapaz, attacked with boats, and destroyed it. Many Itzá people hid in the jungle for years. The structures of Noh Petén were turned into the Roman Catholic church and other buildings in the city of Flores.

Archaeological site
An Archeological site is a physical location where archaeologists work. Usually, evidence has been found (or is suppposed to be there) of a previous cultural achievement. The archeologists working there will classify what they find. They may also change the site so that what has been found can be preserved better.

Copán
Copán was a Maya city. Today, the ruins are in Honduras, near the border to Guatemala. The kingdom of Copan flurished from the 5th to the 9th century.

Stephenie Meyer
Stephenie Meyer (born December 24 1973, in Hartford, Connecticut) is an American author. She is the author of the "Twilight" series. "The Host", Meyer's first adult novel, was released on May 6 2008.

Flora Thompson
Flora Jane Thompson (5 December 1876 – 21 May 1947) was an English novelist and poet that was famous for her semi-autobiographical trilogy about the English countryside, "Lark Rise to Candleford".
She was born in "Juniper Hill", a hamlet in north-east Oxfordshire. She was the eldest of six children of the stonemason Albert and the nursemaid Emma Timms. In her books her favourite brother, Edwin, is mentioned as important companion during her childhood. He was killed near Ypres in 1916. Flora was educated in the village "Cottisford" and worked in various post offices in southern England. The first of these was "Fringford", a village about four miles north-east of Bicester. Flora started work here in 1891, as assistant to the postmistress, Mrs. Kezia Whitton. Among other post offices where Flora worked was that at "Grayshott", in Hampshire, and she later moved to Bournemouth. In 1903 she married John William Thompson, with whom she had two sons and a daughter.
Flora benefited from good access to books when the public library opened in Winton, in 1907. Not long after, in 1911, she won an essay competition in "The Ladies Companion" for a 300-word essay on Jane Austen. She later wrote extensively, publishing short stories and magazine and newspaper articles. She was a keen self-taught naturalist and many of her nature articles were anthologised in 1986.
Her most famous works are the "Lark Rise to Candleford" trilogy, which she sent as essays to "Oxford University Press" in 1938 and which were published soon after. The books are a, if autobiographical, but fictionalised social history of rural English life in the late 19th and early 20th century and are now considered minor classics.
Flora Thompson died in 1947 in "Brixham", Devon and is buried at Longcross Cemetery, Dartmouth, Devon.

ClamWin
ClamWin is a free, open source antivirus software for Microsoft Windows. It provides a graphical user interface to the ClamAV (Clam AntiVirus) engine.
ClamWin Free Antivirus is licensed under the terms of the GNU General Public License and can be downloaded from the official website for free.

Marco van Basten
Marcel "Marco" van Basten (October 31, 1964 in Oog in Al, Utrecht) is a former Dutch football player. He is now manager of the Dutch national football team. Before that, he was a player of Ajax Amsterdam and A.C. Milan in the 1980s and early 1990s. People see him as one of the best strikers of all time. He scored 277 goals in a short career. He had to quit playing football because of an injury. From season 2008/2009 he will be the new coach of Ajax.
Awards.
Van Basten was known for his strength on the ball, his tactical awareness and spectacular strikes and volleys. He was named "European Footballer of the Year" three times (1988, '89 and '92) and "FIFA World Player of the Year" in 1992. In a French magazine named "France Football" he was voted as one of the eight best Football Players of the Century

Masonary
Masonry is the building of structures from individual units laid in and bound together by mortar. The term "masonry" can also refer to the units themselves.
The common materials of masonry construction are brick, stone such as marble, granite, travertine, limestone; concrete block, glass block, and tile. Masonry is generally a highly durable form of construction.
Applications.
Masonry is commonly used for the walls of buildings, retaining walls and monuments. Brick is the most common type of masonry. Concrete block masonry is rapidly gaining in popularity as a comparable material.

Lark Rise to Candleford
"Lark Rise to Candleford" is a trilogy of semi-autobiographical novels about the English countryside, written by Flora Thompson, and first published in that form in 1945. The trilogy includes the previously published stories "Lark Rise" (1939), "Over to Candleford" (1941) and "Candleford Green" (1943).
The stories relate to three communities, a hamlet, the nearby village and the nearest town in Oxfordshire, England at the start of the 20th century. The stories are loosely based around Flora's childhood experiences. The books describe village life through the seasons of the year
The plays.
The television scriptwriter and playwright "Keith Dewhurst" adapted Thompson’s trilogy into two plays, "Lark Rise" and "Candleford", which were performed in the Cottesloe auditorium of London’s National Theatre in 1978–9. Dewhurst selected just two days: the first day of harvest for "Lark Rise" and the first hunt meet of the new year, a winter’s day in January, for "Candleford". The plays try to make the audience recognize the value of a way of life, close to the land and countryside, that they could never know for themselves. “It will send most spectators out wiser and happier human beings...one of those rare theatrical occasions with a genuine healing quality”, wrote theatre critic "Michael Billington" of "The Guardian".
Television.
A ten-part BBC adaptation, starring Dawn French and others, began on BBC One in the UK on 13 January 2008.

Lark Rise to Candleford (TV series)
"Lark Rise to Candleford" is a 2008 British television costume drama series, adapted by the BBC from Flora Thompson's trilogy of semi-autobiographical novels about the English countryside. The first episode aired on 13 January 2008 on BBC One and BBC HD. Its cast includes actors from other late 2007 and early 2008 BBC costume dramas such as "Sense and Sensibility" and "Cranford".
The filming of a second series is expected to begin in May 2008.
Changes from source material.
The Debtors Act of 1869 abolished imprisonment for debt and the series makes much of Mrs Arless's, played by Dawn French, imprisonment for debt. In the novels the events are played out in the 1880s and later, imprisonment for debt would therefore be anachronistic.

Cinnabar
Cinnabar is a mineral. It is the main ore of mercury and is made up of the chemical "mercury sulfide". Cinnabar is usually bright red, but may be black, too. The bright red ore has been used to color paint for very many years. It is very poisonous.

Rattlesnake
The rattlesnake is a kind of snake, a reptile. About 50 kinds of rattlesnakes are known. They are a kind of pit viper. Men of science call the two big groups of rattlesnakes (each called a genus) either "Crotalus" or "Sistrurus". All of them have a poison bite, but some kinds are a much greater danger than others.
The name "rattlesnake" is used because they have a special tail with several parts on the end that can make a loud "bzzzz" sound, or rattle.
Rattlesnakes live in North and South America, especially, but not always, in dry areas.

12 Rounds (movie)
"12 Rounds" is an upcoming (2009) movie set to be directed by Renny Harlin and produced by WWE Films. Casting is currently taking place, but professional wrestler John Cena is set to star with Steve Harris, Aidan Gillen, and Brian J. White. Filming has been scheduled to take place in New Orleans between February 25 and May 12 2008.
The Story.
The movie follows Danny Baxter (Cena), a New Orleans police detective, as he begins a 12 round battle of wits to recover his kidnapped girlfriend, Janine, from criminal master Miles Jackson III.

Miami Seaquarium
The Miami Seaquarium is an aquarium located on Virginia Key, in Miami, Florida. It was founded by Fred D. Coppock and Captain W.B. Gray. The park has animals such as dolphins, whales, snakes, crocodiles, alligators, sharks, fish, parrots, turtles or sea turtles, etc. It has been open since 1955.

Winter solstice
The winter solstice occurs at the second when the Sun's place in the sky is at its greatest angular distance on the side of the equatorial plane from the watcher.
The word solstice comes from Latin "sol" (sun) and "sistere" (to not move), winter solstice meaning Sun standstill in winter.

Sergio Castillo
Sergio Castillo (born May 13, 1925 in Santiago) is a sculptor.
Initiate as an architect, he travelled in 1948 to Paris, there follows painting courses. After returning to Chile he attended to the Faculty of Arts of the University of Chile, where he studied with two known teachers Lily Garafulic and Marta Colvin. In 1956 he studied in the Art Student Ligue from New York. From 1967 he teached in the University of Chile, and in 1985 he entered to the teacher staff of the University of Boston, in the US.
National Award in Art (1997). “50 años creando mis animales en acero”,(50 years making my steel animals) is his recent exposition including zoomorph figures.

Summer solstice
The summer solstice occurs at the instant when the Sun's place in the sky is at its smallest angular distance on the side of the equatorial plane from the watcher.
The word solstice comes from Latin "sol" (sun) and "sistere" (to not move), summer solstice meaning Sun standstill in summer.

Bearded dragon
The Central Bearded Dragon is the common name for the species "Pogona vitticeps", a type of lizard that lives in dry areas of Australia.
Description.
Central bearded dragons can grow to be about 2 feet long. Half of the length of a Bearded Dragon's body is its tail. Females are usually smaller than males. Bearded dragons come in many colors, like brown, grey, reddish-brown, green, and even orange. They sometimes change color a little bit when it gets hot or cold. They have special scales that look like spikes on the sides of their body, throats, necks, and heads. These spines look a little like a beard, and that is where a bearded dragon gets its name. If a bearded dragon is scared, it will flatten its body against the ground, puff out its spiny throat, and open its jaws to make itself look larger. Bearded dragons sometimes open their mouths wide to allow hot air to warm them better when they are lying in the sun.
Habitat and Behavior.
In the wild, the central bearded dragon lives in dry, hot forests and deserts in Central Australia. They can climb very well, and spend a lot of time on top of tree branches, fenceposts, and bushes. They are cold blooded, and need the sun to keep their bodies warm, so they spend the mornings and evenings out in the sun. During the hottest part of the day and during the night they hide underground.
Bearded dragons do not make sounds usually, but when they are scared they might hiss like a cat. They move their bodies and change color to talk to each other. Sometimes, young bearded dragons will wave their arms to greet adults. A dominant bearded dragon will take the highest spot to rest, and will climb over others to get there. Bearded dragons also bob their heads up and down to communicate.
When a female bearded dragon is ready to lay eggs she will not eat very much and will spend most of her time trying to dig.
Diet.
Central bearded dragons are omnivores. They eat small and large insects and sometimes even eat small mammals like mice. They also eat soft plants like leaves fruits, vegetables, and flowers. They get most of their water from the food they eat, but they need to drink sometimes too.

Mensa International
Mensa International (or just "Mensa") is the largest, oldest and most famous high-IQ group of people in the world. The non-profit organization only has members with high IQs. They must score at the 98th percentile or higher on a standardized, supervised intelligence test. In many cases the IQ you have to have to join is 133.

Celine Viplana
Celine Viplana is the starter of Celine, a French luxury house. It was a children's shoe business before grew into women's shoes and accessories. Viplana designed a line of "couture sportswear" or “fashion for everyone.”

Mensa
When a plural exists, it is often Mensae, such as Cydonia Mensae.

Intertel
Intertel is the second oldest and third largest high IQ society. Members must score in the top one percentile on a standardized, supervised IQ test.
The name was originally "The International Legion of Intelligence" and members are called "ILIans".

Dow Jones Industrial Average
The Dow Jones Industrial Average (), also called the DJIA, Dow 30, or informally The Dow Jones or The Dow) is one of a few stock markets created by nineteenth century "Wall Street Journal" editor and Dow Jones & Company co-founder Charles Dow.

Old Major (Animal Farm)
Old Major is a character in the book "Animal Farm". He is an award winning elderly Middle White boar. He is twelve years of age, and had 400 piglets. Old Major has a wise and benevolent look but his tushes are never cut. Old Major is based on Marx and Lenin of the Russian Revolution, whose ideas changed into Communism.
Role in the Story.
One evening, Old Major said that he had a dream the night before. Because of the dream, a meeting was to be held in the big barn at night. At the meeting, he talked with the other animals about the cause of their suffering, Man. He gave them the way to end their problem, rebellion. Later, he told the farm animals about his dream. In the dream he saw the Earth after Man was no longer on it. He also remembered a song sang by the animals of old, "Beasts of England", which the animals learned very fast.
Unfortunately, while the animals were singing "Beasts of England", the sound woke Mr. Jones. He fired his gun six times. This ended the meeting immediately. Old Major died peacefully in his sleep 3 days later.

Amazonas State, Brazil
Amazonas is the biggest state in Brazil by area. This state is covered by the Amazon rainforest.

Yanomami
The Yanomami are an indigenous tribe living in southern Venezuela (Amazonas department) and northern Brazil (Amazonas state and Roraima). The live in "shabonos", villages made with wood and palm leaves.

Glamis Castle
Glamis Castle is one of the most famous castles in the United Kingdom. It is near the village of Glamis, in Angus, Scotland. It is the home of the Earl and Countess of Strathmore and Kinghorne. Glamis Castle was the childhood home of Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon, best known as the Queen Mother. Her daughter, Princess Margaret, was born there. A picture of the castle is featured on the Royal Bank of Scotland ten pound note.
Parts of the castle and its gardens are open to the public. There is also a tea room for visitors.
There are many famous stories and legends about Glamis Castle. It is said to have more "dark secrets" than any other home in Scotland.
Setting.
Glamis Castle is set in the wide valley of Strathmore, near Forfar, the capital of Angus. It lies between the Sidlaw Hills to the south and the Grampian Mountains to the north, approximately 20 kilometres from the North Sea.
The estate (the castle's land) covers more than 14,000 acres (57 km²). There are gardens and walking trails, as well as a farm which produces beef and a plantation (planted forest) which produces timber. There are two streams run through the estate. Near one stream, called the Glamis Burn is an "arboretum" (a tree garden) which has trees from all over the world, many of them rare and several hundred years old. Birds and other small wildlife can often be seen in the grounds.

Oasis
In geography an oasis is an isolated place in the desert where there is vegetation. Most often, this occurs around a source of water, a spring or a well. Oases provide a habitat for animals, sometimes even for humans.
The knowledge of the location of oases has been of critical importance for trade and transportation routes in desert areas. Caravans must travel via oases so that supplies of water and food can be refilled. Thus, political or military control of an oasis has in many cases meant control of trade on a particular route. For example, the oases of Awjila, Ghadames and Kufra, situated in modern-day Libya, have at various times been vital to both North-South and East-West trade in the Sahara desert. The word "oasis" came into English via Greek ὄασις "oasis", borrowed directly from Egyptian "wḥ3t" or Demotic "wḥỉ". It was not borrowed from Coptic "ouaḥe" (*/waħe/), as is sometimes suggested; the Greek word is attested several centuries before Coptic existed as a written language.

Ancient Near East
The Ancient Near East is the name given to early civilizations within a region roughly corresponding to the modern Middle East: Mesopotamia (modern Iraq and Syria), Persia (modern Iran), Anatolia (modern Turkey), the Levant (modern Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine, and Jordan), and Ancient Egypt, from the rise of Sumer in the 4th millennium BCE until the region's conquest by Alexander the Great in the 4th century BCE, or covering both the Bronze Age and the Iron Age in the region. As such, it is a term widely used in the fields of Near Eastern archaeology, ancient history and Egyptology.
Some would exclude Egypt from the ancient Near East as a geographically and culturally distinct area. However, because of Egypt's intimate involvement with the region, especially from the 2nd millennium BCE, this exclusion is rare.
The ancient Near East is considered the cradle of civilization. It was the first to practice intensive year-round agriculture; it gave the rest of the world the first writing system, invented the potter's wheel and then the vehicular- and mill wheel, created the first centralized governments, law codes and empires, as well as introducing social stratification, slavery and organized warfare, and it laid the foundation for the fields of astronomy and mathematics.

Clover (Animal Farm)
Clover is a character from "Animal Farm". She is a stout motherly mare approaching middle life. She never got her figure back after her 4th foal. She, like Boxer works as a cart-horse on Manor Farm.

Boxer (Animal Farm)
Boxer is a character from the book Animal Farm by George Orwell. He is a horse, and is nearly eighteen hands high. In the book he is as strong as 2 horses put together. He has a white stripe down his nose, and that gives him a strange appearance. But still he was respected for his great power in work and his good character. He works as a cart-horse, as does Clover. Benjamin likes him in secret. Through the book he falls into the quarry when he was pulling a cart full of rock and is sent the a vetrinarian on an other farm by Napolean. Squealer then claims he died peacefully, but as benjamin can read he realises hes actually gone to the knackers.

Benjamin (Animal Farm)
In the fictional story "Animal Farm", Benjamin is the most elderly animal on Manor Farm, and extremely hot-tempered. He seldom spoke, except to make some cynical remark. He was the only animal on the farm that never laughed, saying that there was nothing to laugh at when enquired about it. Without admitting it,Benjamin is devoted to Boxer, grazing with his in a small padlock near the orchard on Sundays.

Atari 2600
Atari 2600 is a video game console which was released in the United States in October 1977. The video game was sold over 30 million times. At that time 9 games were available. The game that was most popular was "Pac-Man" which was sold 7 million times.
In the beginning the price of an Atari 2600 was 199 dollar but the price dropped fast.
Jr. Atari.
In 1986, a more cheap version of the Atari 2600 became available: the JR. Atari. This one costed $50. The only difference were the looks.

Sega Master System
The Sega Master System is a video game console made in 1986. It was not very popular in North America and Japan. One of the most popular games that used Sega Master System was "Sonic the Hedgehog".

Platformer
A "platform game", or "platformer", is a video game where the player has to jump from and to platforms or over obstacles. The first platform games were made in the 1980s. In most games jumping from and to platforms is not the only thing the player has to do. If jumping from and to platforms is important in a game, it can be called a platformer.

Remote control
A remote control is a device used to issue commands (controlling it) from a distance to televisions, DVD players and so on.
A remote controller does not have a wire and can be held by hand. It has buttons for volume, changing television channels and more.
Infrared or radio signals are used to communicate with the devices. Batteries make remote controls and controllers work. Mostly AAA or AA size batteries are used.

Spacewar!
"Spacewar!" is one of the first known video games. It was released in 1962. In this game, the player has to shoot the other spaceships while flying around a star. The ships shoot missiles (rockets) which were unaffected (nothing happened) by the gravity. Each ship had only a few missiles and only a little bit of fuel. The hyperspace could be used to avoid from being hit by an missile but the ship would come back at a random place. And the more the player used it, the bigger the chance that the spaceship would explode.

Giotto di Bondone
Giotto di Bondone (c.1267–January 8 1337), usually known as Giotto, was an Italian painter and architect from Florence. He is generally thought of as the first in a line of great artists of the Italian Renaissance.
Giovanni Villani, who lived at the same time as Giotto, wrote that he was the king of painters, who drew all his figures as if they were alive. Villani says that, because he was so clever, the city of Florence gave him a salary.
In the 16th century, the biographer Giorgio Vasari says that Giotto changed painting from the Byzantine style of other artists of his day, and brought to life the great art of painting as it was made by the later Renaissance painters like Leonardo da Vinci. This was because Giotto drew his figures from life, rather than copying the style them from old well-known pictures in the way that the Byzantine artists like Cimabue and Duccio did.
Giotto's greatest work is the decoration of the "Scrovegni Chapel" in Padua, finished around 1305. (The building is sometimes called the "Arena Chapel" because it is on the site of an Ancient Roman arena. This fresco series shows the life of the Virgin and the life of Christ. It is thought of as one of the greatest masterpieces of the Early Renaissance.
Although Vasari wrote about Giotto's life, it is not known how many of the stories are true, because Vasari was writing more than 200 years after Giotto died. Only two things are known for certain. It is known that in 1334 Giotto was chosen by the "commune" (town council) of Florence to design the bell tower next to Florence Cathedral which was being built at that time. It is also known for certain that Giotto painted the "Arena Chapel". But no-one can be certain where he was born, who his teacher was, what he looked like, whether he really painted the famous frescos at Assisi or where he was buried when he died.
Early years.
Giotto was probably born in a hilltop farmhouse, perhaps at Colle di Romagnano or Romignano; He was the son of a well-respected man named Bondone. His name Giotto might have been a nickname from Ambrogiotto (little Ambrose) or Angelotto (little Angelo).
The year of his death is known, but the year of his birth is based on a poem by Antonio Pucci, the town crier of Florence, who said that Giotto was seventy when he died. Some people think that Pucci just used seventy because it fitted the rhyme of his poem, and that perhaps Giotto was a quite different age when he died.
In his "Lives of the Artists", Giorgio Vasari tells the story of how Giotto was a shepherd boy, a merry and intelligent child who was loved by all who knew him. One day the great Florentine painter Cimabue passed by and saw him drawing pictures of his sheep on a rock. They were so lifelike that Cimabue asked Bondone if he could take the boy as an apprentice. Many art historians think this story is just a legend. They think that Giotto's family was quite rich, and they moved to Florence where Giotto was sent to Cimabue's workshop as an apprentice.
Vasari tells several stories to show how clever Giotto was, and what a sense of humour he had. Vasari writes that when Cimabue was away from the workshop, Giotto painted a fly on the face of the painting that his master was working on. When Cimabue came back, he he tried several times to brush the fly off.
Vasari also tells the story that the Pope wanted to see if Giotto would be a good artists to paint some important pictures. The Pope sent a messenger asking Giotto to send him back a small picture. Instead of doing a painting, which would take many days, Giotto drew, in red paint, a circle that was so perfect that it seemed as though it was drawn using a pair of compasses. Giotto told the messenger to give that to the Pope.
Early career.
Giotto's master, Cimabue, was one of the two most famous painters of Tuscany. He worked in Florence, while the other famous painter, Duccio, worked mainly in Siena. Around 1280, Giotto and Cimabue went to Rome, where there were several fresco painters. The most famous painter in Rome was Pietro Cavallini. The famous sculptor and architect from Florence, Arnolfo di Cambio, was also working in Rome. Giotto would have seen the paintings and sculpture by these different artists. Pietro Cavallini's paintings and Arnolfo's sculpture was far more realistic and three-dimensional than the paintings by Giotto's teacher Cimabue.
From Rome, Giotto's teacher Cimabue went to Assisi to paint several large frescoes at the "Upper Church" of the newly-built Basilica of St. Francis of Assisi. Through the 19th century,and for much of the 20th century it was believed that Giotto had also painted a famous series of frescos in the "Upper Church". These pictures show the "Life of St. Francis". From 1912, some art historians who studied these frescos more closely, decided that they were the work of several different artists (probably four), probably from Rome, and that probably none of the pictures were by Giotto. Nowadays, most art historians agree with this, but some books and some websites continue to say that these paintings are by Giotto. All the papers that belonged to the monastery were destroyed by Napoleon's soldiers, so there is no record of which artist was paid to do the job.
Vasari wrote that Giotto's earliest works were for the Dominican Friars at the Church of Santa Maria Novella in Florence. These paintings include a fresco of the Annunciation and the enormous suspended "Crucifix" which is about 5 metres high painted in about 1290 In 1312, a rich Florentine gentleman called Ricuccio Pucci left money in his will so that a lamp could be kept burning before the crucifix "by the illustrious painter Giotto".
In 1287, when he was about 20, Giotto married Ricevuta di Lapo del Pela, known as "Ciuta". The couple had many children, perhaps eight. One of the sons, Francesco, became a painter. Giotto's fame as a painter spread. He was called to work in Rome, Padua, and Rimini, where his "Crucifix" can be seen in the Church of St Francis.(See right) Giotto became rich enough to buy land in the wealthy city of Florence. This probably means that he was the master of a large workshop.
"The Scrovegni Chapel".
Giotto's most famous works are the fresco paintings in the Scrovegni Chapel in Padua. These were painted sometime between 1303 and 1310. The Scrovegni Chapel is often called the "Arena Chapel" because it is on the site of an Roman arena.
Giotto was "commissioned" (given the work) by a rich Paduan man called Enrico degli Scrovegni. Enrico built the chapel and had it painted as a place to pray for the soul of his dead father. It was next to a very old palace that Enrico ws restoring to live in. The palace has gone now, but the chapel is still standing. The outside of the building is very plain, pinkish-red bricks.
The inside of the chapel is also very simple. It is long, with a chancel at one end where a priest can say the mass, an arched roof and windows down one side. The walls have been painted with three tiers (layers) of pictures. The "theme" (the main idea) in the pictures is God's Salvation of people through Jesus Christ.
In the usual way for churches of that date, the wall above the main door has a large painting of the "Last Judgement". At the other end of the building, on either side of the chancel archway are paintings of the Annunciation. One side shows the Virgin Mary and the other side show the Angel Gabriel who is bringing her the message that she will have a son, Jesus.
Around the walls, starting at the top layer, are scenes which tell the life of the Virgin Mary. Under them, in two layers, are the stories of the life of Jesus. There are 37 scenes altogether.
About the paintings.
Giotto's master Cimabue painted in a Medieval style. But Giotto's paintings look quite different. The writer Giorgio Vasari says that Giotto brought about a complete change in painting, with a more natural style. Giotto would have seen the paintings of Pietro Cavallini and some Ancient Roman sculpture, on his visit to Rome. He also saw the sculpture of Arnolfo di Cambio who worked in Florence. The style of these sculptured figures was solid and natural, not "elongated" (made longer) like most Medieval sculptured and painted figures.
The figures that Giotto painted are solid and three-dimensional. They have anatomy, faces and actions that look very natural, because they have been drawn from looking at real people. The clothes of the figures are not arranged to form a beautiful pattern, like the clothes in Cimabue's paintings. They fit the figures and hang in a natural way like real clothes. This more natural way of showing people was started by Pietro Cavallini, but Giotto took the new ideas much further.
In the paintings around the walls of the Scrovegni Chapel, each scene looks like a shallow stage with actors on it. There are always some buildings or landscape such as a rocky hill, so that the viewer can see where the action is happening. The figures in each scene are carefully arranged so that the viewer can imagine that they are right there, taking part in the action.
The figures are not just shown with natural bodies, clothing and action. Giotto is a brilliant story-teller, because he shows the emotions of the characters in each painting, in both their faces and their "gestures" (body movement).
A famous English critic of the 1800s, John Ruskin, said that while Giotto painted the Madonna and St. Joseph and the Christ Child, he also painted them to look like an ordinary "Mamma, Papa and Baby."
Giotto had pupils who copied his style. Many other artists were influence by him. These painters include Guariento, Giusto de' Menabuoi, Jacopo Avanzi, and Altichiero. In the next hundred years, there were many churches and chapels painted with scenes like the the ones that Gitto painted. The Scrovegni Chapel paintings were so famous that many other artists, such as Michelangelo, who lived 200 years later, made drawing or copies of them.
Mature works.
From 1306 to 1311 Giotto was in Assisi, painting frescoes in the "Lower Church". The paintings are about "The Life of Christ", "the Teachings of the Franciscan Friars" and "The Lives of the Saints".
In 1311 Giotto returned to Florence. In 1313 He went to Rome to design a mosaic for the façade (front) of the old St. Peter's Basilica. This was destroyed when the building was demolished.
From 1314 until 1327 Giotto lived in Glorence. At this time he pianted the famous altarpiece for the Ognissanti Church (Church of All Saints). This large tempera painting is called the "Ognissanti Madonna". It is now in the Uffizi where it is exhibited beside Cimabue's "Santa Trinita Madonna" and Duccio's "Rucellai Madonna". Giotto also painted a very large "Crucifix" to hang in Ognissanti Church.
The sculptor Lorenzo Ghiberti wrote that in 1318 Giotto began to paint four Chapels at the Church of Santa Croce. The chapels were paid for by four different rich families and were given their names. Giotto painted the "Life of St. Francis" in the Bardi Chapel. He painted the "Life of St. John the Baptist" and the "Life of St. John the Evangelist" in the Peruzzi Chapel. He painted "Stories of the Virgin Mary" in the Tosinghi Spinelli Chapel and "Stories of the Apostles" in the Giugni Chapel. The Giugni Chapel has been destroyed. The Peruzzi Chapel was very famous during Renaissance times. More than 150 years later, Michelangelo came to studied Giotto's paintings.
Later life.
In 1320 Giotto finished the Stefaneschi Triptych, now in the Vatican Museum, for Cardinal Jacopo, who also commissioned him the decoration of St. Peter's apse, with a cycle of frescoes destroyed during the 16th century renovation. According to Vasari, Giotto remained in Rome for six years, subsequently receiving numerous commissions in Italy and in the Papal seat at Avignon, though some of these works are now recognized to be by other artists.
In 1328, after completing the Baroncelli Polyptych, he was called by King Robert of Anjou to Naples, where he remained with a group of pupils until 1333. In Naples few of his works have survived: a fragment of a fresco portraying the "Lamentation of Christ" in the church of Santa Chiara, and the "Illustrious Men" painted on the windows of the Santa Barbara Chapel of Castel Nuovo (which are usually attributed to his pupils). In 1332 King Robert named him "first court painter" with a yearly pension.
After Naples Giotto stayed for while in Bologna, where he painted a Polyptych for the church of Santa Maria degli Angeli, and, according to the sources, a lost decoration for the Chapel in the Cardinal Legate's Castle.
In 1334 Giotto was appointed chief architect to Florence Cathedral, of which the Campanile (founded by him on July 18 1334) bears his name, but was not completed to his design.
Before 1337 he was in Milan with Azzone Visconti, though no trace of works by him remain in the city. His last known work (with assistants' help) is the decoration of Podestà Chapel in the Bargello, Florence.
In his final years Giotto had become friends with Boccaccio and Sacchetti, who featured him in their stories. In "The Divine Comedy", Dante acknowledged the greatness of his living contemporary through the words of a painter in Purgatorio (XI, 94–96): "Cimabue believed that he held the field/In painting, and now Giotto has the cry,/ So the fame of the former is obscure."
Giotto's remains.
Giotto died in January of 1337. According to Vasari, Giotto was buried in Santa Maria del Fiore, the Cathedral of Florence, on the left of the entrance and with the spot marked by a white marble plaque. According to other sources, he was buried in the Church of Santa Reparata. These apparently contradictory reports are explained by the fact that the remains of Santa Reparata lie directly beneath the Cathedral and the church continued in use while the construction of the cathedral was proceeding in the early 14th century.
During an excavation in the 1970s bones were discovered beneath the paving of Santa Reparata at a spot close to the location given by Vasari, but unmarked on either level. Forensic examination of the bones by anthropologist Francesco Mallegni and a team of experts in 2000 brought to light some facts that seemed to confirm that they were those of a painter, particularly the range of chemicals, including arsenic and lead, both commonly found in paint, that the bones had absorbed.
The bones were those of a very short man, of little over four feet tall, who may have suffered from a form of congenital dwarfism. This supports a tradition at the Church of Santa Croce that a dwarf who appears in one of the frescoes is a self portrait of Giotto. On the other hand, a man wearing a white hat who appears in the "Last Judgement" at Padua is also said to be a portrait of Giotto. The appearance of this man conflicts with the image in Santa Croce.
Vasari, drawing on a description by Boccaccio, who was a friend of Giotto, says of him that "there was no uglier man in the city of Florence" and indicates that his children were also plain in appearance. There is a story that Dante visited Giotto while he was painting the "Arena Chapel" and, seeing the artist's children underfoot asked how a man who painted such beautiful pictures could create such plain children, to which Giotto, who according to Vasari was always a wit, replied "I made them in the dark."
Forensic reconstruction of the skeleton at Santa Reperata showed a short man with a very large head, a large hooked nose and one eye more prominent than the other. The bones of the neck indicated that the man spent a lot of time with his head tilted backwards. The front teeth were worn in a way consistent with frequently holding a brush between the teeth. The man was about 70 at the time of death.
While the Italian researchers were convinced that the body belonged to Giotto and it was reburied with honour near the grave of Brunelleschi, others have been highly skeptical.
Other websites.
Note: while the reproductions of paintings at external sites are valuable, attributions may be misleading. Any website that shows, without question, the frescoes of the "Upper Church" of St. Francis of Assisi as being the work of Giotto is ignoring modern scholarship on the matter. Any website that claims that Giotto was placed in charge of the decoration of the "Upper Church" or was selected as the "most suitable" artist for its decoration is making an unsourced claim. If records of the commissions existed, (and they probably did) they have been destroyed along with other documents belonging to the church at that period. (see above)

Pliny the Younger
Gaius or Caius Plinius Caecilius Secundus, born Gaius or Caius Plinius Caecilius (61/63 in Como - ca. 113), better known as Pliny the Younger, was a lawyer, a remarkable writer, an author, and natural philosopher of Ancient Rome. Pliny's uncle, Pliny the Elder, helped raise and educate him and they were both witnesses to the eruption of Vesuvius on August 24th, 79 AD.

Moura solar power station
The Moura solar photovoltaic power station is located in the municipality of Moura, in the interior region of Alentejo, Portugal, and will have an installed capacity of 62 MWp. The first stage of construction should be finished in 2008 and the second and final stage is scheduled for 2010. Together with the construction of the power station, a solar panel factory is currently being built and there are plans for a research lab dedicated to solar energy.

Jérémie
Jérémie (Kréyòl: "Jeremi") is a city in southwest Haiti. It is the capital city of the Grand'Anse "Département".
The city is on the north coast of the Southern Peninsula among low mountains (Bordes, Rochasse and Caracol) and almost isolated from the rest of the country, about 297 km south of the Haitian capital Port-au-Prince. The River Grande-Anse flows near the city.
It is also the chief town of an "arrondissement" (a part of a department) with the same name. The "arrondissement" has five "communes" (a "commune" is like a municipality): Jérémie, Abricots, Bonbon, Chambellan and Moron.
Jérémie is also called the "City of Poets" because of the many writers, poets, and historians that were born or live there, such as Etzer Vilaire and Emile Roumer. The father of the French writer Alexandre Dumas, père, General Thomas-Alexandre Dumas, was born at Madère, near Jérémie.

Three Mile Island accident
The 1979 Three Mile Island accident at the Three Mile Island Nuclear Power Plant in Pennsylvania was "the single most important event in the fifty-year history of nuclear power regulation in the United States". Many commentators have seen the event as a turning point for the nuclear power industry in the United States.
The Three Mile Island power station is near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania in the United States. The accident began on Wednesday, March 28, 1979, and ultimately resulted in a partial core meltdown in Unit 2 of the nuclear power plant. Unit 2's pressurized water reactor was of 900 MWe capacity. The scope and complexity of this reactor accident became clear over the course of five days, as a number of agencies at the local, state and federal levels tried to solve the problem and decide whether the ongoing accident required an emergency evacuation, and to what extent.
Reactor operators were not trained to deal with accident conditions, and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) had not established effective communication with utilities. Moreover, once the accident occurred, the lines of authority proved to be ill defined. The public received conflicting reports that caused needless panic and evacuations. It was these systemic weaknesses in the regulatory system that allowed gifted people to make the mistakes they did.
About half of the TMI-2 reactor core melted, releasing large amounts of hydrogen gas into the reactor coolant system and into the containment building. Fortunately, the serious damage to the reactor did not result in any deaths, in large part because of the robust design of the plant's systems. The TMI-2 cleanup took 11 years and cost about US$1 billion.
The TMI accident led to widespread criticism of nuclear power technology, the nuclear industry, and the NRC. Critics faulted the industry and the NRC for their poor performance both before and after the accident. The international attention garnered by the crisis redoubled the determination of, and enhanced the credibility of, the anti-nuclear movement. Arguably, the United States nuclear industry has never recovered.

Windscale fire
The Windscale fire was a devastating fire in Britain's first nuclear reactor at Windscale (now Sellafield) in 1957.
The fire spread radioactive fallout over hundreds of miles. Some of the most dangerous contamination was kept secret, and its effects only came to light years later. At the back of the reactor, ruptured fuel cartridges containing uranium are still jammed in the fire damaged core, awaiting safe removal. Official estimates are that up to a hundred people may have died from the contamination. The cleanup cost over a hundred million pounds.

Tokaimura nuclear accident
Japan's worst nuclear radiation accident took place at a uranium reprocessing facility in Tokaimura, northeast of Tokyo, Japan, on 30 September, 1999. The accident occurred in a very small fuel preparation plant operated by JCO.
The direct cause of the criticality accident was workers putting uranyl nitrate solution containing about 16.6 kg of uranium, which exceeded the critical mass, into a precipitation tank. The tank was not designed to dissolve this type of solution and was not designed to prevent eventual criticality. Three workers were exposed to (neutron) radiation doses in excess of allowable limits, and two of these workers died; a further 119 received lesser doses of 1 mSv or greater.
Dozens of emergency workers and nearby residents were hospitalised and hundreds of thousands of others were forced to remain indoors for 24 hours.

Nuclear accidents in Japan
Nuclear accidents in Japan include: the fast breeder Monju Nuclear Power Plant sodium leak in December 1995 (the reactor is still shut-down), the Tokai reprocessing waste explosion in March 1997, the criticality accident at the Tokai fuel fabrication facility in September 1999 and a widespread falsification scandal starting in August 2002 that lead to shut down all of Tokyo Electric Power Company’s 17 nuclear reactors.
Also, on 9 August 2004 five workers were killed after a steam leak at the Mihama-3 station. The subsequent investigation revealed a serious lack in systematic inspection in Japanese nuclear plants, which led to a massive inspection program.
On 16 July 2007 a severe earthquake (measuring 6.8 on the Richter scale) hit the region where Tokyo Electric's Kashiwazaki-Kariwa Nuclear Power Plant is located. The plant with seven units is the largest single nuclear power station in the world. All of the reactors were shut down and are expected to remain closed for damage verification and repairs for at least one year.

Nuclear energy policy
Nuclear energy policy is a national and international policy concerning some or all aspects of nuclear energy, such as mining for nuclear fuel, extraction and processing of nuclear fuel from the ore, generating electricity by nuclear power, enriching and storing spent nuclear fuel and nuclear fuel reprocessing. Since nuclear energy and nuclear weapons technologies are closely related, military aspirations can act as a factor in energy policy decisions. The fear of nuclear proliferation influences some international nuclear energy policies.
The use of nuclear energy is limited to a relatively small number of countries in the world. As of 2007, only 31 countries, or 16% of the 191 United Nations Member States, operated nuclear power plants. Countries that rely most on nuclear energy were France (with 75% of its electricity generated by nuclear power stations), Lithuania, Belgium, Bulgaria, Slovakia and Sweden, Ukraine and South Korea. The largest producer of nuclear capacity was the USA with 28% of worldwide capacity, followed by France (18%) and Japan (12%). In 2000, there were 438 commercial nuclear generating units throughout the world, with a total capacity of about 351 gigawatts.
Australia.
Australia produces no nuclear power. Plans to review whether the country should develop nuclear power were abandoned after Kevin Rudd, who opposed the move, was elected prime minister in 2007.
Finland.
As of 2006, Finland's nuclear power program has four nuclear reactors. The first of these came into operation in 1977. They now provide 27% of Finland's electricity.
The third Olkiluoto reactor will be the new European Pressurized Reactor. Scheduled to go on line in 2011, it will have a power output of 1600 MWe.
Construction of Olkiluoto 3 started in August 2005. Two and a half years later the project is "over two years behind schedule and at least 50% over budget, the loss for the provider being estimated at €1.5 billion".
France.
After the oil crisis of the early 1970s, the French government decided in 1974 to move towards self-sufficiency in electricity production, primarily through the construction of nuclear power stations. France today produces around 78.1% of its electricity through nuclear power. Because France produces an overall electricity surplus, it exports nuclear-produced energy. Some of this goes to countries which are ostensibly against the use of nuclear energy, such as Germany. The Board of Electricité de France (EDF) has approved construction of a 1630 MWe EPR at Flamanville, Normandy. Construction is expected to begin in late 2007, with completion in 2012.
In the 1970s, an anti-nuclear movement in France, consisting of citizens' groups and political action committees, emerged. There were many large anti-nuclear protests and demonstrations. More recently, targeted campaigns have been conducted, mainly by Greenpeace, and Sortir du nucléaire (France) has called for an official safety inspection of Areva facilities.
Germany.
In 2000, the German government, consisting of a coalition including the Green party Alliance -90 officially announced its intention to phase out nuclear power in Germany. Jürgen Trittin, the Minister of Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety, reached an agreement with energy companies on the gradual shut down of the country's nineteen nuclear power plants and a cessation of civil usage of nuclear power by 2020. Legislation was enacted in the Nuclear Exit Law. The power plants in Stade and Obrigheim were turned off on November 14, 2003, and May 11, 2005, respectively. Dismantling of the plants is scheduled to begin in 2007. But the Nuclear Exit Law did not ban enrichment stations - one in Gronau has received permission to extend operations. There have been concerns over the safety of the phase-out, particularly in terms of the transport of nuclear waste. In 2005 Angela Merkel won the German federal election with the CDU party. She has subsequently announced to re-negotiate with energy companies the time limit for a shut down of nuclear power stations. But as part of her pact with the SPD, with whom the CDU form a coalition, the phase-out policy has for now been retained.
In November 2008, a shipment of radioactive waste from German nuclear plants arrived at a storage site near Gorleben after being delayed by large protests from nuclear activists. More than 15,000 people took part in the protests which involved blocking trucks with sit-down demonstrations and blocking the route with tractors. The demonstrations were partly a response to conservative calls for a rethink of the planned phaseout of nuclear power stations.
Japan.
Japan has 55 reactors of total capacity 47,577 MWe (49,580 MWe gross) on line, with 2 reactors (2,285 MWe) under construction and 12 reactors (16,045 MWe) planned. Nuclear energy accounts for about 30% of Japan's total electricity production, from 47.5 GWe of capacity (net). There are plans to increase this to 37% in 2009 and 41% in 2014.
On 16 July 2007 a severe earthquake hit the region where Tokyo Electric's Kashiwazaki-Kariwa Nuclear Power Plant is located. The plant with seven units is the largest single nuclear power station in the world. All of the reactors were shut down and are expected to remain closed for damage verification and repairs for at least one year.
United States.
Shippingport power plant was the first commercial nuclear power plant built in the United States in 1958. After the growth of nuclear power in the 1960s, the Atomic Energy Commission anticipated that more than 1,000 reactors would be operating in the United States by 2000. But by the end of the 1970s, it became clear that nuclear power would not grow nearly so dramatically, and more than 120 reactor orders were ultimately cancelled.
As of 2007 in the United States, there are 104 (69 pressurized water reactors and 35 boiling water reactors) commercial nuclear generating units licensed to operate, producing a total of 97,400 megawatts (electric), which is approximately 20% of the nation's total electric energy consumption. The United States is the world's largest supplier of commercial nuclear power.
The Three Mile Island accident has been the most serious accident experienced by the U.S. nuclear industry. Other accidents include those at the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Plant, which has been the source of two of the top five most dangerous nuclear incidents in the United States since 1979, according to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission.
Several US nuclear power plants closed well before their design lifetimes, including Rancho Seco in 1989 in California, San Onofre Unit 1 in 1992 in California (units 2 and 3 are still operating), Zion in 1998 in Illinois and Trojan in 1992 in Oregon. Humboldt Bay in California closed in 1976, 13 years after geologists discovered it was built on a fault (the Little Salmon Fault). Shoreham Nuclear Power Plant never operated commercially as an authorized Emergency Evacuation Plan could not be agreed on due to the political climate after the Three Mile Island and Chernobyl accidents.
Many plants have recently received 20-year extensions to their licensed lifetimes.

Nuclear accident
The most serious nuclear accident was the Chernobyl disaster in 1986. Other serious nuclear accidents include Three Mile Island, the Windscale fire, the Mayak accident, and the SL-1 accident.
Chernobyl disaster.
The Chernobyl disaster was a major accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant on April 26, 1986, consisting of an explosion at the plant and later a radioactive contamination of the surrounding geographic area. The power plant is located at near Pripyat, Ukraine, Soviet Union. It is regarded as the worst accident ever in the history of nuclear power. A plume of radioactive fallout drifted over parts of the western Soviet Union, Eastern and Western Europe, Scandinavia, the UK, Ireland and eastern North America. Large areas of Ukraine, Belarus, and Russia were badly damaged, forcing the people in charge to have to evacuate and resettle more than 336,000 people. About 60% of the radioactive fallout landed in Belarus, according to official post-Soviet data.
The accident made many people worried about the safety of the Soviet nuclear power industry. As a result, plans for more nuclear plants were put on hold and the Soviet government, who were not very open with its data, had to make public more of its data. The now-independent countries of Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus have had to spend a lot of money and time on decontamination and health care costs of the Chernobyl accident. Nobody knows how many people died because of this accident. This is because the Soviets covered up information, did not fully complete lists, and did not let doctors list "radiation" as the reason why some people died.. Most of the expected long-term deaths, such as that from cancer, have not yet happened and it is hard to say that Chaernobyl was the full reason for their deaths.
Three Mile Island accident.
On March 28, 1979, the Unit 2 nuclear power plant on the Three Mile Island Nuclear Generating Station in Dauphin County, Pennsylvania near Harrisburg suffered a partial core meltdown.
The Three Mile Island accident was the worst accident in American commercial nuclear power generating history, even though it led to no deaths or injuries to plant workers or members of the nearby community.
The accident unfolded over the course of five tense days, as a number of agencies at local, state and federal level tried to diagnose the problem and decide whether or not the on-going accident required a full emergency evacuation of the population. The full details of the accident were not discovered until much later. In the end, the reactor was brought under control. Although approximately 25,000 people lived within five miles of the island at the time of the accident, no identifiable injuries due to radiation occurred, and a government report concluded that "the projected number of excess fatal cancers due to the accident... is approximately one". But the accident had serious economic and public relations consequences, and the cleanup process was slow and costly. It also furthered a major decline in the public popularity of nuclear power, exemplifying for many the worst fears about nuclear technology and, until the Chernobyl disaster seven years later, it was considered the world's worst civilian nuclear accident.
Windscale fire.
On October 10, 1957, the graphite core of a British nuclear reactor at Windscale, Cumbria, caught fire, releasing substantial amounts of radioactive contamination into the surrounding area. The event, known as the Windscale fire, was considered the world's worst nuclear accident until the Three Mile Island accident in 1979.
The fire itself released an estimated 20,000 curies (700 terabecquerels) of radioactive material into the nearby countryside. Of particular concern was the radioactive isotope iodine-131, which has a half-life of only 8 days but is taken up by the human body and stored in the thyroid. As a result, consumption of iodine-131 often leads to cancer of the thyroid.
No one was evacuated from the surrounding area, but there was concern that milk might be dangerously contaminated. Milk from about 500km² of nearby countryside was destroyed (diluted a thousandfold and dumped in the Irish Sea) for about a month.
Mayak accident.
Mayak is the name of a nuclear fuel reprocessing plant between the towns of Kasli and Kyshtym 150 km northwest of Chelyabinsk in Russia. Working conditions at Mayak resulted in severe health hazards and many accidents, with a serious accident occurring in 1957.
The 1957 accident occurred when the failure of the cooling system for a tank storing tens of thousands of tons of dissolved nuclear waste resulted in a non-nuclear explosion having a force estimated at about 75 tons of TNT (310 gigajoules), which released some 20 MCi (740 petabecquerels) of radiation. Subsequently, at least 200 people died of radiation sickness, 10,000 people were evacuated from their homes, and 470,000 people were exposed to radiation.
SL-1 accident.
The SL-1, or Stationary Low-Power Reactor Number One, was a United States Army experimental nuclear power reactor which underwent a steam explosion and meltdown in January 1961, killing its three operators. The direct cause was the improper withdrawal by a maintenance team of a single reactor control rod. The event is the only fatal reactor accident in the United States.
Davis-Besse.
Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station is a nuclear power plant with a single reactor located on the southwest shore of Lake Erie near Oak Harbor, Ohio. According to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Davis-Besse has been the source of two of the top five most dangerous nuclear incidents in the United States since 1979.

Parallel port
The parallel port (also known as a printer port or Centronics port) is a type of interface found on computers for connecting various peripherals.

Plastic surgery
Plastic surgery is a surgery that is done to change the way a person's body looks or works. Some plastic surgeries can change both. Work can be done on someone's bones, cartilage, muscles, fat, and skin.

Nürburgring
The Nürburgring, known as simply "the Ring" by enthusiasts, is the name of a famous motorsport race track in Nürburg, Germany, built in the 1920s around the village and medieval castle of Nürburg in the Eifel, which is about 70 kilometres south of Cologne, 100 kilometres northwest of Mainz, and 120 kilometres northwest of Frankfurt.
Originally, the track featured four track configurations: the long "Gesamtstrecke" ("Whole Course"), which included the 22.810 km "Nordschleife" ("Northern Loop"), and the 7.747 km "Südschleife" ("Southern Loop"). There also was a 2.281 km warm-up loop called "Zielschleife" ("Finish Loop") or better known as "Betonschleife", around the pit area.
Between 1982 and 1983 the start-finish area was demolished to create a new "GP-Strecke", and this is currently used for all major and international racing events.

Aung San Suu Kyi
Aung San Suu Kyi (Burmese language: အောင္‌ဆန္‌းစုက္ရည or); born June 19, 1945 in Yangon, Burma is a woman who tries to bring democracy to her country. She is the leader of the National League for Democracy in Burma, and a famous prisoner. She never uses violence in to make Burma democratic.
Suu Kyi won the Rafto Prize and the Sakharov Prize in 1990 and the Nobel Peace Prize in 1991. In 1992, she was awarded the Jawaharlal Nehru peace prize by India for her trying to be peaceful.
In the 1990 general election in Burma, Suu Kyi's political party won, so she should have become Prime Minister of Burma. The military did not let her party, the National League for Democracy join the government. They arrested her instead, and forced her to stay in her house and not have any visitors. They have done this many times, and she has been forced to stay in her house for 12 years.
She is sometimes called "Daw Aung San Suu Kyi"; Daw is not part of her name, but a title for older women. This name shows respect for her.
Personal life.
Aung San Suu Kyi was the third child in her family. Her name "Aung San" comes from her father, who is also named Aung San; "Kyi" comes from her mother; and "Suu" comes from her grandmother.
Her father helped to make Burma independent from the United Kingdom in 1947. He was killed in the same year. She grew up with her mother, Khin Kyi, and two brothers, Aung San Lin and Aung San Oo in Yangon. Her favourite brother Aung San Lin drowned in a pool accident when Suu Kyi was eight. Her other brother lives in San Diego, California and is an American citizen.
Suu Kyi went to Catholic schools for much of her childhood in Burma. She learned English in school.
Khin Kyi became famous as a politician. She was became the Burmese ambassador to India in 1960. Aung San Suu Kyi went to college in India at the Lady Shri Ram College for Women in New Delhi.
She continued her education at St Hugh's College, Oxford, and learned about philosophy, politics, and economics. She also went to the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London in the 1980s.
She also worked for the government. In 1972, Aung San Suu Kyi married Michael Aris, a professor of Tibetan culture who lived in Bhutan. In 1973, she gave birth to her first son, Alexander, in London; and in 1977 she had her second son, Kim.
Political beginnings.
Aung San Suu Kyi returned to Burma in 1988 to take care of her sick mother. That year, the long-time leader of the socialist ruling party, General Ne Win, stopped being a politician. Many Burmese people wanted a democracy after the military ruled the country for several years.
She admired Mohandas Gandhi's philosophy of non-violence. She was also inspired by Buddhism.. Aung San Suu Kyi tried to work for democracy and helped make the National League for Democracy on September 27, 1988.
She was offered freedom if she left the country, but she refused.
Notes.
This article is based on the English Wikipedia article on Aung San Suu Kyi

Ranger Uranium Mine
Ranger Uranium Mine is a large uranium deposit located within the borders of the Kakadu National Park. The uranium is legally owned by the Australian Government, and is sold internationally. This mining, and the presence of uranium in Kakadu have come under controversy, due to the widespread publicity regarding the potential danger of nuclear power and uranium mining.
Kakadu can be found on the World Heritage List, both for its cultural and natural value, a rare feat because few sites are featured for both reasons.

Mollie (Animal Farm)
Mollie is a character from the book "Animal Farm". She is a horse. She is a foolish, pretty and proud white mare, with her mane plaited with rea ribbons. She likes sugar so much that she craves for it. When eating of sugar was banned by Animalism, she smuggled sugar into the farm.

Nevada Test Site
The Nevada Test Site is an area set aside for the testing of nuclear weapons. It is looked after by the United States Department of Energy. It is in Nye County, Nevada, about 65 miles (105 km) northwest of Las Vegas.
The site was begun on January 11, 1951. It covers an area of 1,350 square miles (3,500 km²) of desert and mountain lands. Nuclear testing at the Nevada Test Site began with a one-kiloton (4 terajoule) bomb. This was the the same explosive force as a bomb using 1,000 metric tons of TNT. This bomb was dropped on Frenchman Flat on January 27, 1951. Many of the famous photos of the nuclear age were taken at the Nevada Test Site.

Napoleon (Animal Farm)
Napoleon is a character in the book Animal Farm. Together with Snowball, he is a boar that Mr. Jones is breeding for sale at the market. Napoleon is the only Berkshire boar on Manor Farm. He is fierce-looking, large, and very stubborn, wanting things to be done his own way. Napoleon is very selfish and only cares about his own good.
Symbolism.
Napoleon is based on Stalin of the Russian revolution, who harshly ruled the entire Russia. Napoleon's name is derived from the 17th-18th century French conquerer. "Napoleon the fatty who is always right," says Boxer.He just never listens. Snowball is the skinny nice one.

Snowball (animal farm)
Snowball is a character in the book "Animal Farm". Like Napoleon, Snowball is a boar raised by Mr. Jones for sale. Unlike Napoleon, Snowball's plans and projects are targeted at improving the quality of Manor Farm. He is a vivacious pig, quick in speech, and a brilliant inventor.
Snowball is based on Trotsky of the Russian revolution, who was exiled by Stalin and the KGB (Stalin's secret police).

Anti-nuclear movement in Australia
Australia has no nuclear power stations and the current Rudd Labor government is opposed to nuclear power for Australia. However, Australia does have a small research reactor (OPAL) in Sydney, and it does export uranium.
Uranium mining and export and nuclear issues have often been the subject of public debate, and the anti-nuclear movement in Australia has a long history. Its origins date back to the 1972–73 debate over French nuclear testing in the Pacific, which mobilised several groups, and the 1976–77 debate about uranium mining in Australia.
Issues.
The case against nuclear power and uranium mining in Australia has been concerned with the impacts of nuclear energy; with the shortcomings of nuclear power as an energy source; and with presenting a sustainable energy strategy. The most prominent adverse impact of nuclear power is seen to be its potential contribution towards proliferation of nuclear weapons. For example, the 1976 Ranger Inquiry report stated unequivocally "The nuclear power industry is unintentionally contributing to an increased risk of nuclear war. This is the most serious hazard associated with the industry".
The health risks associated with nuclear materials have also featured in Australian anti-nuclear campaigns. This has been the case worldwide because of incidents like the Chernobyl disaster, but Australian concerns have also involved specific local factors such as controversy over the health effects of nuclear testing in Australia and the South Pacific, and the emergence of prominent anti-nuclear campaigner Helen Caldicott, who is a medical practitioner.
The economics of nuclear power has been a factor in anti-nuclear campaigns, with critics arguing that such power is uneconomical in Australia, particularly given the country's abundance of coal resources.
From the perspective of the anti-nuclear movement, most of the problems with nuclear power today are much the same as in the 1970s. Nuclear reactor accidents remain a possibility and no convincing solution to the problem of long-lived radioactive waste has been proposed. Nuclear weapons proliferation continues to occur, notably in Pakistan and North Korea, building on facilities and expertise from civilian nuclear operations. The alternatives to nuclear power, efficient energy use and renewable energy (especially wind power), have been further developed and commercialised.

Sublingual gland
The sublingual glands are one of the main three pairs of salivary glands. The other two are the parotid gland and the submandibular gland. The sublingual glands are located in the front part of the bottom of the mouth, under the tongue.

Anti-nuclear movement in the United States
For many years the anti-nuclear movement in the United States succeeded in delaying or halting commitments to build some new nuclear plants. Anti-nuclear campaigns that captured national public attention in the 1970s involved the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, Seabrook Station Nuclear Power Plant, Diablo Canyon Power Plant, Shoreham Nuclear Power Plant, and Three Mile Island. More recent targeted campaigning has related to the Indian Point Energy Center, Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station, Pilgrim Nuclear Generating Station, Salem Nuclear Power Plant, Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Plant, Idaho National Laboratory, proposed Yucca Mountain waste repository, the Hanford Site, the Nevada Test Site, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, and transportation of nuclear waste from the Los Alamos National Laboratory. Many different groups have been involved in various protests and demonstrations over the years.
More than fifty anti-nuclear groups are operating, or have operated, in the United States. These include: Abalone Alliance, Clamshell Alliance, Greenpeace USA, Institute for Energy and Environmental Research, Musicians United for Safe Energy, Nevada Desert Experience, Nuclear Control Institute, Nuclear Information and Resource Service, Public Citizen Energy Program, Shad Alliance, and the Sierra Club.
Many well-known scientists and engineers have expressed reservations about nuclear power. These people include: Barry Commoner, S. David Freeman, John Gofman, Amory Lovins, Arjun Makhijani, Gregory Minor and Joseph Romm.

Prajna
Prajna is a Buddhist word meaning wisdom.

Fair use (internet)
Fair use is used by Internet service providers who don't have data limits. (the amount someone may download) It means that the users are allowed to download as much as they want but not "non stop" (non stop = for example: the whole day)
In some countries like Belgium the Internet Service Providers still use data limits. When that amount is "crossed" (when someone used to much data) the user has to pay extra money.

Squealer (Animal Farm)
Squealer is a porker on Manor Farm in the book "Animal Farm". Squealer is a very fat little piglet, with round cheecks, twinkling eyes, nimble movements, coupled together with a shrill voice. While arguing a difficult point, he skipped from side to side and whisk his tail around in a persuasive manner, allowing him to lie with ease.
Squeler is based on the Russia media of Stalin's time, and all the advertisement of Stalin.

Minimus (Animal Farm)
Minimus is a character in the book "Animal Farm". He is a pig on Manor Farm who is talented in poetry. He creates poems and songs praising Napoleon and even national anthems for Animal Farm. Following the excecution of rebels, Minimus composed the 2nd national anthem of Animal Farm, and "Beasts of England" is banned, although it is still sang discreddly.

2006 Palestinian legislative election
On January 25 2006, Palestinians voted for the Palestinian Legislative Council (PLC), the legislature of the Palestinian National Authority (PNA). Without counting the 2005 municipal elections and the January 9, 2005 presidential election, this was the first election to the PLC since 1996; since then, elections had been delayed several times due to the continuing Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Palestinian voters in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank including East Jerusalem were allowed to participate in the election.
Final results show that Hamas won the election, with 74 seats. The ruling party, Fatah, only got 45, giving Hamas the majority of the 132 available seats and the chance to form a majority government on their own.. Analysis of election results shows that the number of seats each party won agrees with their percentage of the vote for the 66 list seats. Hamas is overrepresented in the 66 district seats because it nominated more strategically than Fatah and did not have to compete with third parties and independents for the same voters' support.
The Prime Minister, Ahmed Qurei, resigned, but at the request of President Mahmoud Abbas, remained as interim Prime Minister until February 19, when Hamas leader Ismail Haniya formed the new government. The Quartet threatened to cut funds to the Palestinian Authority following the elections.

Cugir River
The Cugir River is a tributary of the Mureş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Mureş River.

Beliu River
The Beliu River is a tributary of the Teuz River in Romania. That means it flows into the Teuz River.

Bega River (Tisza)
The Bega (Romanian: "Bega", Serbian: "Begej" (Бегеј), German: "Bega", Hungarian: "Béga") is a 254 km long river in Romania (178 km) and Serbia (76 km). It comes up in the Poiana Ruscă mountains in Romania. These are part of the Carpathian Mountains. It flows into the Tisza river near Titel, Vojvodina, Serbia.

Doftana River (Prahova)
The Doftana River is a tributary of the Prahova River in Romania. That means it flows into the Prahova River.

Tizimín
Tizimín is a city in Mexico. The city is 100 miles east of Merida in Mexico. The Merida in Mexico is not the same as the Merida in Spain.
In the Maya language, Tizimín means tapir. A tapir is a big animal that lives in South America.

Almălău River
The Almălău River is a tributary of the Danube in Romania. That means it flows into the Danube.

Almaş River (Bistriţa)
The Almaş River is a tributary of the Cracău River in Romania. That means it flows into the Cracău River.

Almaş River (Crişul Alb)
The Almaş River is a tributary of the Crişul Alb River in Romania. That means it flows into the Crişul Alb River.

Dick Locher
Dick Locher is a person who makes cartoons. He has made cartoons for lots of things, including the Chicago Tribune. He is also called Richard Earl Locher and he was born on June 4, 1929. He has also made cartoons for Life, Time, Newsweek, U.S. News and World Report, Forbes, and The Congressional Record.

Come See the Paradise
Come See the Paradise is a movie made in 1990 that shows what happened to people from Japan in World War II if they were living in America.

Almaş River (Criş)
The Almaş River is a tributary of the Drauţ River in Romania. That means it flows into the Drauţ River.

Bertea River
The Bertea River is a tributary of the Vărbilău River in Romania. That means it flows into the Vărbilău River.

Ozunca River
The Ozunca River or Băţani River is a tributary of the Baraolt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Baraolt River.

Baraolt River
The Baraolt River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Vedea River
The Vedea River () in the southern part of Romania comes up from the Cotmeana Plateau and flows into the Danube. It has a length of 224 kilometers.

Boca River (Siret)
The Boca River is a tributary of the Siret River in Romania. That means it flows into the Siret River.

Tisza
The Tisza is one of the major rivers of Central Europe. It starts in Ukraine, with the White Tisza in the Chornohora and Black Tisza in the Gorgany range, and flows partially along the Romanian border. It then enters Hungary at Tiszabecs and passes through Hungary touching the border with Slovakia. It then into the Danube in central Vojvodina in Serbia. The Tisza drains an area of about 157,186 km².

Paris Tramway Line 1
Paris Tramway Line 1 is one of the tram lines in Paris.

Flag of Oklahoma
The flag and banner of the U.S. state of Oklahoma is made up of a Osage Nation buffalo-skin shield with seven eagle feathers on a sky blue background.

Luis Carlos de Morais Jr.
Luis Carlos de Morais Jr. is a Brazilian philosopher and writer. He was born in Humaita, Rio de Janeiro.
He wrote two books about the popular Brazilian music: "Crisólogo, o Estudante de Poesia Caetano Veloso" ("The Poetry Studant Caetano Veloso") and "Proteu ou A Arte das Transmutações" ("Proteu or The Transmutation Art", about the writer and singer Jorge Mautner), both published in 2004. He is also a poet, and the title of one of his verse books is "Pindorama". Other books: "O Olho do Ciclope" (philosophy), "O Homem Secreto" (novel) and "Larapio" (poetry).

Seal of Oklahoma
The Great Seal of Oklahoma is a five-pointed star in a circle. The center of the star is made up of the Seal of the Territory of Oklahoma.

Orienteering
Orienteering is a sport where people run around a place with instructions on a map. There are lots of types of orienteering and the one that most people so is called Foot Orienteering. In orienteering people use a special map which shows where they have to go. People are timed and the person who is quickest wins. The word "Orienteeting" comes from orientering, which is a word that comes from Sweden
History.
Orienteeting started in Sweden. It was meant to get people in the army to get ready for war. The first time when latch of people did orienteering at the same time was when 220 people went orienteering in a place near Stockholm.
About sixty years ago, people started orienteering in Europe, Asia, North America, Australia, and New Zealand and in 1967 a group of people started to meet up in the United States of America to make an orienteering club.
There are now orienteering groups for 67 countries.
The Olympics.
In the year 1996 some people decided to start to try to have orienteering as a sport in the Olympic games.
Notes.
Some of this article is based on orienteering on Wikipedia in English

Brad Henry
Charles Bradford "Brad" Henry (born June 10, 1963) is the Governor of the U.S. state of Oklahoma.

Governor of Oklahoma
The Governor of the State of Oklahoma is the head of state for the State of Oklahoma, United States.

King of the Klondike
"King of Klondike" is the main chapter of The Life and Times of Scrooge McDuck.
Plot.
Scrooge goes to Klondike, where he looks for gold at the White Agony Creek. Scrooge goes to Dawson where he meets an occasional thief, Glittering Goldie. Goldie and Scrooge fall in love but they not admit it to each other. Soapy Slick, an evil business man, tries to make Scrooge to work free for him but Scrooge destroys his bar. Scrooge returns to White Agony Creek, where he finds gold and finally becomes rich.

The Billionaire of Dismal Downs
Tbe Billionaire of Dismal Downs is the ninth episode of The life and times of Scrooge McDuck.
Plot.
After find gold, Scrooge buy the Whitehorse Bank and begin to build an financial empire. Scrooge back to Scotland where he try prove that he is a "real Scothish" play on "Scothish Games". Scrooge fail but he decide instal his matrizes at Duckburg, on the ocidental coast. The episode end with Scrooge and his sister goes to Duckburg.

A Cage of Nightingales
A Cage of Nightingales is a 1945 French movie directed by Jean Dréville. In French it is called "La Cage aux rossignols". It was one of the movies that nearly won an Oscar award. It was first shown in the USA in 1947.

Clarence Clifton Young
Clarence Clifton Young (born November 7, 1922) was an American politician from the state of Nevada. He was a member of United States House of Representatives from January 3, 1953 to January 3, 1957. He was from the Republican Party.

San Salvador
San Salvador is the capital and largest city of the nation of El Salvador.

Ivybridge
Ivybridge is a small town in the county of Devon in England

Saidoff
Emin Pariz Saidoff (1988 Moscow) and Christina Princess Saidoff (1986 Moscow) are Dutch celebrities, party animals, models, singers, actors and television personalities. And they are a descendants of a rich Russian Aristocratic family Ter Hachatrjan.
As Models.
They began modeling when they were childeren. At 9 and 11, they signed with ‘Детское Модельное бюрo‘ modeling agency. Emin Pariz and Christina Princess had worked with modeling agencies such as Fashion Week Moscow in Moscow city and Men’s underwear in Europe.
As actors.
As an actors, they had appeared in several minor roles, most notably in the Dutch movie ‘112 De Film’ (2007), ‘I wish’ (2008) and Italian theater drama Hey Girl! of Italian director Romeo Castellucci.
They had appeared in numerous advertising campaigns, including ‘Puschkin’ vodka, Stella Consuella and EPS Aristocratic.
In July 2008, they had a guest role in a new Dutch movie Spion van Oranje. The movie is about a fashion designer Francois van Vliet & Bruno van Lippe with Paul de Leeuw in the leading role.
The movie expected to be out in cinema in February 2009.
Television.
Emin Pariz and Christina Princess were judges on talent searching NCRV television show Bijna Beroemd (Almost Famous), during six episodes.
Appeared as a guests on the Dutch reality TV show ‘de Gouden Kooi’ (The Golden Cage). RTL Group 5 reality TV show started in october 2006 and Emin Pariz and Christina Princess joint the show at 12 February 2008. After staying a week in the 2 million capital villa in Eemnes, Christina Princess were voted out of the show, by millionaire Jaap. Her brother, Emin Pariz decided to leave the show with Christina Princess after lots of fights with other millionaires.
In February was reported that Saidoff’s will star in their own reality show. The title and the release of the show is still unknown.
Personal life.
Christina Princess was engaged to drummer Itzhak Bishburg from rock band Bedlight for Blue Eyes, early 2007 till may 2007. After their break up, the rumor went about Christina’s pregnancy.
In 2006 has been a bad year for Emin Pariz. He was hospitalized because of having anorexia. The rumors about Emin Pariz being anorexic are still follow him till these days.

OGame
OGame is a browser-based strategy game. The game was created in 2002 by Gameforge. OGame is able to go in different languages. It also has up to 39 uni (for short) or universes.
Game play.
Each player starts with one randomly given planet, with the starting name of "Homeworld" (which can be changed). Building from that one planet, he/she later has the option to keep on developing that planet or to expand his/her colony to include up to 9 planets. All construction, research, and missions are performed and launched from a planet or moon. While playing the player has a chance of building fleets and defenses for there planet.
Alliances.
An alliance is a group of people who have banded together and is mostly used for solidarity purposes. Alliances are created for players to protect each other from attacks, join together to raid other planets, or to promote free trade amongst members. Members of an alliance can use the ACS (Alliance Combat System), available in some universes.
Resources.
There are four resources used in OGame: metal, crystal, deuterium,and dark matter.
Metal is mainly used for buildings, Ships, Defenses. To get this resources he/she has to upgrade or build a metal mine.
Crystal is the second resource. Crystal is mostly used in research. Crystal is one of the hardest resource to obtain. It is gotten by building or upgrading a crystal mine.
Deuterium is the rarest resource and can be obtained only from deuterium synthesizers. Deuterium is mainly used as fuel for a player's fleet to perform a mission, and for research.
Purchased effects.
All purchased effects are paid with dark matter. In order to get dark matter he/she has to buy it on OGame.
Commander.
The Commander gives the player improved functions. Features include a building order which gives the player the ability to order several buildings to be built without requiring the player to login and start a new build. The player also gets an “Empire View” that shows the player all details on every planet including ships, defenses, resources, and energy. Other bonus given by OGame Commander are message filters, shortcuts, an improved galaxy view and commands, and a gaming experience free of ads.
Officers.
On February 16, 2007, Officers were introduced to the game. It is worth nothing that Gameforge had earlier promised it's users it would never introduce pay-to-play options that provided direct benefits, and the change the caused a large scale of conflict in the community.
Merchants.
As of version 0.78 people can hire a merchant to trade one resource type for another. This is almost the same as trading except that there are no other players involved. The only limitation you have is the amount of free space in your storage silos and the amount of dark matter you have. You cannot trade when your silos are full, or when standing on a moon. It is wise to move away all the resources you want to keep, so that you can trade the maximum amount that your storage holds.
Rules.
OGame is monitored by Game Operators, Super Game Operators and Game Administrators each of whom have the rights to ban any player suspected of misconduct and violation of the rules. The rules can be different for each OGame universe. Players who have been banned are put into the pillory of their universe. The pillory shows the reason of banning and the administrator who made the decision. It also shows the unbanning of a player when they have clarified the fault. The planets and colonies of players that have received lifelong bans are subject to the one month account deletion due to inactivity.

Menopause
Menopause means the natural and permanent stopping of menstruation. Female hormone levels drop, since they were produced by the ovaries which have now stopped working.
Cause.
The menopause starts when the ovaries stop releasing eggs every month. This can occur during old age or because the eggs have had surgery.
Adaption.
Due to the change in hormone levels, women get hot flushes and palpitations, depression, anxiety, irritability, mood swings and lack of concentration.

Dong Hoi Airport
Dong Hoi Airport is an airport in Dong Hoi City in Quang Binh Province, in central Vietnam. It lies 500 km south of Hanoi. This airport is located 6 km north of downtown, in a suburb of the city. The coordinates are 17°30'54"N - 106°35'26"E (WGS - 84).
The construction of this airport started in September 2004 and finished in May 2008. The first flight to this airport was from Hanoi on May 18, 2008, the date this airport began operation. This airport serves Dong Hoi, Quang Binh where there are a World Heritage Site Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park and some fine beaches. This airport can serve 300 passengers per peak hour or 500,000 passengers per year.

Sandal
Sandals are an open type of footwear, consisting of a sole held to the wearer's foot by straps or thongs passing over the instep and around the ankle. While the distinction between sandals and other types of footwear can sometimes be blurry (as in the case of "huaraches"—the woven leather footwear seen in Mexico), the common understanding is that a sandal reveals most or all of the foot (especially the toes) to view. People may choose to wear sandals for several reasons, among them economy (sandals tend to require less material than shoes), comfort in warm weather, and (especially for women) for reasons of fashion and attractiveness.
Usually, sandals are worn in warmer climates or during warmer parts of the year, because feet stay cool and dry. The chances of getting a fungal infection on the feet (athlete's foot) is lower than with wearing an enclosed shoe, and wearing sandals may be part of treatment for a fungal foot infection. Wearing sandals with socks is considered by many to be a faux pas.

Beetlejuice
Beetlejuice is a television show about a teenage girl named Lydia who does not like her school peers and from nowhere a ghost name Beetlejuice appears. The show premeried on Nickelodeon until 1995 and then aired on Nick again in October 1999 and December, 1999.

Province of Agrigento
Agrigento is a province in the autonomous region of Sicily in Italy.

Province of Caltanissetta
Caltanissetta is a province in the autonomous region of Sicily in Italy.

Province of Catania
Catania is a province in the autonomous region Sicily in Italy.

Province of Enna
Enna is a province in the autonomous region of Sicily in Italy.

Province of Messina
Messina is a province in the autonomous region of Sicily.

Province of Palermo
Palermo is a province in the autonomous region of Sicily in Italy.

Province of Ragusa
Ragusa is a province in the autonomous region of Sicily, Italy.

Patrick Stewart
Patrick Stewart (born July 13, 1940) is an English actor. He is also Chancellor of University of Huddersfield. He is a famous Shakespearian actor, but is most famous for playing Jean-Luc Picard on. He also played Professor Xavier in the X-Men movies.

Province of Syracuse
Syracuse is a province in the autonomous region of Sicily in Italy.

Province of Trapani
Trapani is a province in the autonomous region of Sicily in Italy.

Province of Cagliari
Cagliari is a province in the autonomous region of Sardinia in Italy.

Province of Carbonia-Iglesias
Carbonia-Iglesias is a province in the autonomous region of Sardinia, Italy.

Andy Abraham
Andy Abraham (born 17 July 1964, London) is an English singer-songwriter. He is best known for finishing second in the 2005 series of "The X-Factor" in the United Kingdom.
Abraham will also be the representative for the United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest 2008 with the song "Even If".

Seahorse
Seahorses are a type of fish. They are called "seahorses" because their head looks like that of a horse. There are about 32 kinds of seahorse. They like living in warm parts of oceans. Seahorses are very unique because the male hatches the eggs in a pouch on his belly.Seahorses are the same colors as the place they are at.

Cavnic River
The Cavnic River is a tributary of the Lăpuş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lăpuş River.

Trotuş River
The Trotuş River in the eastern part of Romania comes up from the Ciuc Mountains in the Eastern Carpathians and joins the Siret River. It is 162 kilometers in length.

Talna River
The Talna River is a tributary of the Tur River in Romania. That means it flows into the Tur River.

Jijia River (Prut)
Jijia is a river in the Moldavia region of Romania. It come up in Ukraine flows south in Botoşani County through the town of Dorohoi and meets the Prut in Gorban, of Iaşi County. It has a length of 275 kilometers and a drainage area of 5757 km². Some of the main tributaries of the Jijia River are the Sitna, Miletin and Bahlui rivers.

Târnava Mare River
The Târnava Mare River ("Big Târnava";;) is a river in Romania. It joins the Târnava Mică River in Blaj, forming the Târnava.
Tributaries.
Left: Chiuveş, Vărşag, Sicasău, Izvoare, Deşag, Fembediu, Garon, Hodoş, Pârâul Mare, Var, Filiaş, Daia, Şapartoc, Herteş, Valea Dracului, Pârâul Câinelui, Saeş, Criş, Laslea, Valchid, Biertan, HodoşAţel, Valea Mare, Buzd, Moşna, Ighiş, Râul Târgului, Vorumloc, Vişa, Soroştin, Cenade, Spătac, Veza
Right: Tartod, Creanga Mică, Senced, Tifan, Bosnyak, Pârâul Sărat, Fehéres, Cireşeni, Beta, Râul Tăieturii, Pârâul Tulbure, Fâneaţa Îngustă, Feernic, Goagiu, Pârâul Stânei, Eliseni, Hetiur, Ernea, Giacăş, Şmig, Curciu, Păucea, Chesler, Valea Lungă

Crişul Alb River
The Crişul Alb (Romanian) or Fehér-Körös (Hungarian) is a river in the western part of Romania (Transylvania) and the south-eastern part of Hungary (Békés county). It has a length of 234 kilometers.

Someşul Mic River
The Someşul Mic River ("Little Someş", Hungarian: "Kis-Szamos") is a river in the north-western part of Romania (Cluj County). It is made at the joining of two rivers, "Someşul Cald" and "Someşul Rece", that come from the Apuseni Mountains.

Neajlov River
Neajlov is a river in Romania. It is a tributary of the Argeş River. That means it flows into the Argeş River. It comes up from the Getic Plateau and flows for 187.86 km (116 miles).

Târnava Mică River
The Târnava Mică River ("Small Târnava";;) is a river in Romania. It has a length of 196 kilometers and a drainage basin of 2,071 km2

Jiul de Est River
The Jiul de Est River is a headwater of the Jiu River in Romania.

Latvian lats
Latvian lats are the currency used in Latvia.

Almaş River (Turia)
The Almaş River () is a river in Romania. It is a tributary of the Jaidon River. That means it flows into the Jaidon River.

Almaş River (Mureş)
The Almaş River () is a tributary of the Mureş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Mureş River.

Almaş River (Valea Crişului)
The Almaş River is a tributary of the Pârâul Mijlociu in Romania. That means it flows into the Pârâul Mijlociu River.

Almaş River (Someş)
The Almaş River or Valea Fildului River () is a tributary of the Someş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Someş River.

Lexical category
In grammar, a lexical category (also word class, lexical class, or part of speech) is a type of word. (The word 'lexical' means "relating to the vocabulary of a language"). There are many different lexical categories, but the most common ones are the noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, interjection and conjunction. The noun is a person, place, or thing. Nouns with capital letters are proper nouns, such as "London" or "Fred". A pronoun is a thing, such as "you", or "he" - a quick way to repeat a noun. An adjective describes a noun. An adverb describes an adjective, verb, or another adverb. A verb is an action word. An interjection is a word which shows emotions, such as "wow". Conjunctions, such as "and" or "or", join two clauses or form lists.

The Plague Dogs
"The Plague Dogs" is a 1977 novel written by Richard Adams, famous for his well-known and best-selling novel, "Watership Down". Like "Watership Down", "The Plague Dogs" was made into a film by Nepenthe Productions in 1982. It eventually got taken out of the cinema because very little people would come and see it.
Story.
The story is about two dogs, Rowf and Snitter. Rowf is a labrador-mix and Snitter is a Smooth fox terrier. The two live in a testing laboratory called ARSE (Animal Research Scientific and Experimental). The two dogs escape out of the laborotory into the Lake District, where the story is set, where they find the cunning Tod, a fox living there. After misadventures upon the fells, the two are later hunted down by sheep farmers and the army, because it is believed that they have the bubonic plague.
Characters.
Rowf: Rowf is a black labrador-mix. He is gruff and thinks all humans are bad. He dissaproves of the Tod and believes Snitter is mad. He has a fear of water and tries not to go near it or into it.
Snitter: A smooth fox terrier. In ARSE he had brain surgery and his consious and sub-consious mind make him dream when he is a awake and vice versa. He misses his master who got hit by a lorry. And is always on the search for a new master. He, unlike Rowf, approves of the Tod.
The Tod: A cunning fox who lives on the fells of the Lake District. He helps Rowf and Snitter survive out in the wild.
Dr. Boycott: Dr. Boycott is one of the people who works at ARSE. He is a rather ruthless fellow and appears calm in every event that comes up.
Harry Tyson: The caretaker of ARSE who cleans the tanks and feeds the dogs and other animals. He used to be a sailor, then a farmer, then ended up in ARSE. He is kind to the animals despite working in a cruel place.
Stephen Powell: A man who works at ARSE. He is a rather nervous man and is always questioning his "cheif" Dr. Boycott.
Adam Wood: Snitter's master. He supposedly died when he saved Snitter from an oncoming lorry. In the book he does not die; he gets a broken leg and concussion, but in the film it is implied that he is dead because he doesn't appear at all except in memory.
The Sheepdogs: Two minor characters called Don and Wag. They are angry at Rowf and Snitter when they try to "impress" the sheepdogs' master by "herding sheep" (which is really chasing them around and barking, scaring them).
Uncut Verion and Cut Version.
There is a cut version and an uncut version. The uncut version is about 103 minutes long. The cut version is about 86 minutes long. The cut version had many scenes cut from it, most of them were done to make the film shorter, but there was one scene removed because of the bloody image of a dead man ripped to pieces by the hungry dogs (they ate him).
However one bloody scene was not cut from the cut version. It showed Snitter being called by a man with a gun. Snitter accidentally stepped on the trigger, making it go off in the man's face, while holding onto his face he falls down dead, Snitter runs off frightened. That was still in the cut version despite it being a shocking and somewhat disturbing scene.

House (TV series)
House is a medical drama shown on TV, created by David Shore in 2004. Now in its third year on primetime television, House M.D. has fans all over the world. It is set at the fictional Princeton-Plainsboro Teaching Hospital. The show's main character, Doctor Gregory House is a grumpy, sarcastic man who hates having to deal with his patients. Even though he spends a lot of his insulting his partients and co-workers, or watching TV in his office, Dr. House always manages to cure his patients with his great medical intelligence.
Show's Layout.
Nearly all episodes of House follow the same pattern: we see the events that come before the patient being taken to the hospital, then House and his colleagues spend a lot of time doing tests and coming up with different ideas for what the problem is. At the very end, House comes up with the answer, and the patient gets better.

Province of Medio Campidano
Medio Campidano is a province in the autonomous region of Sardinia in Italy.

Province of Nuoro
Nuoro is a province in the autonomous region of Sardinia in Italy.

Province of Ogliastra
Ogliastra ia a province in the autonomous region of Sardinia in Italy.

Province of Olbia-Tempio
Olbia-Tempio is a province in the autonomous region of Sardinia in Italy.

Province of Oristano
Oristano is a province in the autonomous region of Sardinia in Italy.

Province of Sassari
Sassari is a province in the autonomous region of Sardinia in Italy.

War of the two brothers
War of the two brothers (also called Inca Civil War or Inca war of succession), was a war in 1527 (the fighting started in 1531). It all started as a disagreement between the two brothers Huáscar and Atahualpa.

Lost city
Lost cities were real cities that for some reason their location was lost. Many of these cities are generally called ghost towns.
Maya cities.
"incomplete list – for further information, see Maya civilization"

Warpfire
Warpfire is a RPG. It a browser base game. It was created by Gameforge in 2007.
Gameplay.
You start off in a clop then do quests and kill monsters to level up. When you reach certain levels more and more things beome available, less monsters will attack you and the more fun the game is. Once you are done leveling you can go attack other players (PvP).
Ships.
- The "clop" is the first ship in the game it has space for one laser and one sheild generator. The speed it travels at is 320 it's armour is 800 and i can carry 1500 ammo.
-The "moonblade" is the next ship it costs 16,000 credits and has two guns and two generators.The moon blade carries 2000 ammo has 1400 hit points and can carry one extra.
-The "Styx" comes at a price of 5000 thorium it has space for 3 sheild genarators and laser guns it goes 320 has 2200 hitpoints and can carry two extras.
-The "Draad" has 4 lasers 4 sheild generators, travels at 280 has 2000 health and carries 2 extras but the price is 30,000 credits.
- The "Diablo" carries 5 lasers and genarators has 3900 health goes 260 and has 4000 ammo. It costs 14000 thorium and has 2 extras.
-The "Seraphim" carries 5 sheild genarators laserguns has 4000 health goes 260 has 4000 ammo, has 2 extras and costs 60,000 credits.
-The "Starlord" flys at the speed of 240 has 5500 hit points has 6 spaces for sheilds and lasers carries 4500 ammo and costs 120,000 credits.
-The "ArchAngel" costs 19,000 thorium has 7 lasers and generator slots, goes 280 has 6000 health and carries 2 extras. It has an ammo capabiity of 5750.
-The "Molot" goes 220 has 6000 hitpoints carries 5500 ammo carries 7 lasers and 8 generators, has space for 2 extras and its price tag is 190,000 credits.
-the "Hornet" which is the best ship in the game so far, it has space for 8 lasers 9 generators goes 260 has 6200 hitpoints has 6750 ammo and costs a stunning 29,000 thorium
Quests.
More and more quests become available the farther you get in the game. Some people save their quests till late in the game and use them in the last levels.
There are 4 kinds of quests: mining quests, where the player collects ores to complete the quotaMonster hunting quests where the player kills monters or npcs to complete the quota
boss quests where the player tracts down and kills a boss monster
and the last are plat quests where the player takes plates from the enemy to complete the quota
PvP (Player vs. Player).
In pvp a group or a single player goes and raids other systems taking plats and using the buffs to make themselves stronger and so able to destroy more oppontents to get honor points.
Honor points show how many enemys you have destroyed.
Platforms.
Platforms are the area control platforms. They give buffs or benefits to make your ship fanster, stronger, able to mine faster, or strenghthen your sheild. Most players shorten the plats names or use nick names (SP for Speed Plat, MP for Mining Plat).

Popol Vuh (German band)
Popol Vuh was a German Krautrock band that was founded by pianist and keyboardist Florian Fricke in 1970 together with Holger Trulzsch (percussion) and Frank Fiedler (electronics).
Other important members during the next two decades included Daniel Fichelscher and Robert Eliscu. The band took its name from the Popol Vuh, a manuscript containing the mythology of the Post-Classic Quiché Maya kingdom of highland Guatemala.
Biography.
The first album, "Affenstunde", released in 1970, can be regarded as one of the earliest Ambient music, space music or New Age music works, featuring the then new sounds of the Moog synthesizer together with ethnic percussion.

Franchising
Franchising is a business method that involves the licensing of trademarks and methods of doing business. That can be Chain stores, that are retail outlets which share a brand and central management, but also an exclusive right to sell branded merchandise. A similar case is media franchise, the ownership of the characters and setting of a movie, video game, book, or toys etc., particularly in North American usage. Examples include Pokémon, Harry Potter, or Barbie.

Province of Alessandria
Alessandria is a province in the region of Piedmont, Italy.

Province of Asti
Asti is a province in the region of Piedmont, Italy.

Province of Biella
Biella is a province in the region of Piedmont, Italy.

Province of Cuneo
Cuneo is a province in the region of Piedmont, Italy.

Province of Novara
Novara is a province in the region of Piedmont, Italy.

Province of Turin
Turin (or Torino) is a province in the region of Piedmont, Italy.

Province of Verbano-Cusio-Ossola
Verbano-Cusio-Ossola is a province in the region of Piedmont, Italy.

Province of Vercelli
Vercelli is a province in the region of Piedmont, Italy.

Province of Campobasso
Campobasso is a province in the region of Molise, Italy.

Province of Isernia
Isernia is a province in the region of Molise, Italy.

Province of Ancona
Ancona is a province in the region of Marche in Italy.

Cannon
A cannon is a type of artillery, or large gun. They are made with a large tube, and shoot projectiles. Cannons were first made in China, and were used with another Chinese invention, gunpowder. The gunpowder was put at the back of the tube, and the projectile, usually a cannonball, was placed in front. The gunpowder was set on fire, and would explode. This pushed the cannonball out the front of the tube towards the enemy.

Province of Macerata
Macerata is a province in the region of Marche in Italy.

Steven Cherundolo
Steven Cherundolo (born February 19, 1979 in Rockford, Illinois) is an American soccer player. He has played most of career (until 2008) for the German football club Hannover 96. Cherundolo plays on the position of a defender.
Before he came to Hannover, Cherundolo played from 1997 to 1998 in an American college soccer league for the University of Portland.
In his first season for Hannover 96, 1998-99, he made four matches in the team which played in the 2nd German league (2. Bundesliga). In the following season, Cherundolo was in the team most of the time, but he had a bad knee injury. He came back during the 2000-01 season and made 18 matches. In the following season, he made 33 of 34 matches and has been a start member of the team most of the time until 2008.
In 2002 he got up to the 1st league with his club and played the following seasons in the 1st German league (1. Bundesliga). All together Cherundolo made 250 matches for Hannover 96 from 1999 to 2008, scoring six goals.
Cherundolo made his first match for the United States national team against Jamaica on 8th September 1999. Until 2008 he has made 44 matches for his national team, scoring two goals.

WrestleMania 25
WrestleMania 25 is the upcoming twenty-fifth yearly WrestleMania professional wrestling Pay-per-view produced by World Wrestling Entertainment and is scheduled to take place on April 5, 2009 at Reliant Stadium in Houston, Texas.
It will be the second WrestleMania held in the state of Texas, with the first being WrestleMania X-Seven, at the Reliant Astrodome, also in Houston, which was held in 2001. Currently, the tagline for the event is "Everything is bigger in Texas, especially WrestleMania"." "Cowboy" by Kid Rock was used in the first promotional advertisement for the event.

Almaşul Mic River
The Almaşul Mic River is a tributary of the Valea Crişului River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Crişului River.

Almăşel River
The Almăşel River is a tributary of the Geoagiu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Geoagiu River.

Almăşeni River
The Almăşeni River is a tributary of the Iara River in Romania. That means it flows into the Iara River.

Counties of Romania
The judeţe (translated in English as "counties") are administrative units of Romania.

Alba County
Alba (; Hungarian: "Fehér") is a county (judeţ) of Romania, in Transylvania. The capital of Alba County is Alba Iulia, with a population of 72,405 people.
Geography.
Alba County has an area of 6,242 km².
The main rivers are the Mureş River and its tributaries, the Târnava, the Sebeş and the Arieş.

Arad County
Arad (; Hungarian: "Arad", Serbian: "Arad/Арад") is a county (judeţ) of Romania, in Crişana. The capital of Arad County is Arad. About 185,272 people live in Arad County.
Geography.
Arad County has an area of 7,754 km².
The Mureş River and the Crişul Alb River both flow through Arad County.
Divisions.
Arad County has one municipality, 9 towns and 68 communes.

Sanrio
Sanrio Co., Ltd. is a Japanese company that makes characters and sells and licenses products with images of these characters. The things they make include stationery (pencils, pens writing paper etc), school supplies and gifts. Sanrio's best known character is Hello Kitty, a white cat with red bow and no mouth. Hello Kitty is one of the most successful marketing brands in the world.
Sanrio was started by Shintaro Tsuji as the Yamanashi Silk Company in 1960. In 1973 the company changed its name to "Sanrio." The word Sanrio comes from "san" (meaning three in Japanese) and "río" (meaning river in Spanish"). He named the company Sanrio to join the three rivers of the world.
Besides selling their character goods, Sanrio also takes part in movie production and publishing. They makes lots of greeting cards.
The company has worked with UNICEF since 1984.
Sanrio also has two theme parks in Japan, Sanrio Puroland in Tama, Tokyo, and Harmonyland in Hiji, Ōita, Kyūshū.

John Burningham
John Burningham is a childrens book writer and illustrator. He has won many awards including the Kate Greenaway Medal in 1963 for his book called
Burningham was born April 27, 1936 in Farnham, Surrey, England.

Kate Greenaway Medal
The Kate Greenaway Medal is an award that was created in the United Kingdom in 1955. It was named after the children's illustrator, Kate Greenaway. The medal is given every year to an extremely good work of illustration in children's books. It is awarded by the Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals (CILIP).
The first award was given to Edward Ardizzone for "Tim All Alone" in 1956. The winner gets a golden medal and £500 worth of books to give to a library of their choice.
Since the year 2000, the winner of the Kate Greenaway Medal has also been presented with the Colin Mears Award of £5000.

Kate Greenaway
Catherine "Kate" Greenaway (London, March 17, 1846 - November 6, 1901) was a children's book illustrator and writer. Her first book, "Under The Window" (1879) was a best-seller.
The Kate Greenaway Medal is awarded every year by the UK Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals to an illustrator of children's books.

The Cry of the Icemark
"The Cry Of The Icemark" is the first book in the Icemark Chronicles that are written by the English author Stuart Hill. The book won the Ottakar's Children's Book Prize in 2005.. It also won the 2006 Highlands Children's Book award for Long Novels in 2006. It is followed by "The Blade of Fire".

Blade of Fire
"Blade of Fire" is the second book in Stuart Hill's fantasy series, the Icemark Chronicles. It came out in 2007.

Stuart Hill
Stuart Hill is a British author who was born in 1958. in Leicester England. He has written two books in The Icemark Chronicles. They are called "The Cry of the Icemark" and "The Blade of Fire". He is currently writing the third book called "Last Battle Of The Icemark".

Chinon
Chinon is a town and commune of the Indre-et-Loire "département" in France.
Geography.
Chinon is located in the "Vallée de la Vienne" (Vienne River valley). The town is on the banks of the Vienne River, at the coordinates.

Ring of Fire
The Ring Of Fire is a area with active volcanoes. It is found in the Pacific ocean area and includes over 160 active volcanoes.
These volcanos are active because many of them are along the Pacific tentonic plate.

Palenque
Palenque (Bàak' in Modern Maya) is a Maya archeological site near the Usumacinta River in the Mexican state of Chiapas. It is a medium-sized site, much smaller than large sites like Tikal or Copán. It does, however, contain good examples of architecture, sculpture, roof comb and bas-relief carvings of the Maya time.

Jack Hyles
Jack Frasure Hyles (September 25, 1926 - February 6, 2001) was a important person in the independent Baptist movement. He was the pastor of the First Baptist Church of Hammond in Hammond, Indiana from 1959 until his death in 2001.

Old Faithful Geyser
Old Faithful is a cone geyser located in Wyoming, in Yellowstone National Park in the United States. Old Faithful was named in 1870 during the Washburn-Langford-Doane Expedition and was the first geyser in the park to receive a name.
Eruptions.
Eruptions can shoot 3,700 to 8,400 U.S. gallons (14–32 kL) of boiling water to a height of 106–184 feet (30–55 m) lasting from 1.5 to 5 minutes. The average height of an eruption is 145 feet (44 m).
Eruptions often occur about 90 minutes apart, but this interval can range from 45 to 125 minutes on occasion.
More than 137,000 eruptions have been recorded. Harry M. Woodward first described a mathematical relationship between the duration and intervals of the eruptions (1938). Old Faithful is not the tallest or largest geyser in the park; that title belongs to the less predictable Steamboat Geyser.
Increasing interval.
Over the years, the length of the interval has increased, which may be the result of earthquakes affecting subterranean water levels. These disruptions have made the earlier mathematical relationship inaccurate, but have in fact made Old Faithful more predictable. With an error of 10 minutes, Old Faithful will erupt 65 minutes after an eruption lasting less than 2.5 minutes or 92 minutes after an eruption lasting more than 2.5 minutes. The reliability of Old Faithful can be attributed to the fact that it is not connected to any other thermal features of the Upper Geyser Basin.
Measurement.
Between 1983 and 1994, four probes containing temperature and pressure measurement devices and video equipment were lowered into Old Faithful. The probes were lowered as deep as 72 feet (22 m). Temperature measurements of the water at this depth was 244 °F (118 °C), the same as was measured in 1942. The video probes were lowered to a maximum depth of 42 feet (13 m) to observe the conduit formation and the processes that took place in the conduit. Some of the processes observed include fog formation from the interaction of cool air from above mixing with heated air from below, the recharge processes of water entering into the conduit and expanding from below, and entry of superheated steam measuring as high as 265 °F (129 °C) into the conduit.

Odyssey (disambiguation)
The "Odyssey" is an ancient Greek epic poem by Homer.

Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata
Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata (CGE or GELP) is an Argentina sports club, of the city of La Plata, Buenos Aires. It was founded on June 3, 1887 as Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima. Its principal activity is football, and it competes in the First División Argentina, Argentina's premier league.
Its stadium is the "Juan Carlos Zerillo", known as the "Estadio del Bosque", capacity for 33.000 spectators.
Gimnasia were champions of División Intermedia of the Argentine Football in 1915, of the First División in 1929, of the "Copa Centenario de la AFA" in 1994 and of the Second division in 1944, 1947 and 1952; it was runner-up of the First División in 1924, Clausura 1995, Clausura 1996, Apertura 1998, Clausura 2002 and Apertura 2005.
History.
The "Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata" was founded on June 3, 1887 as a civil association, and thus is the oldest surviving football club in the whole of South America. Its foundation came barely five years after the creation of the City of La Plata in 1882. The first sports offered to its members were, as its Spanish name indicates, gymnastics and fencing. Clubs supporting these sports were common among the upper classes at the end of the 19th century ("cf." the prior foundation of Gimnasia y Esgrima de Buenos Aires in 1880). Later on, other disciplines were added, including track and field, football, basketball and rugby.
The institution changed name a few times: from April to December 1897 it was called a "Club de Esgrima" due to the fact that fencing was the only activity practised at that moment. On December 17, 1897 it returned to its original name: "Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima". From July 1952 to September 30, 1955, the club was named "Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima de Eva Perón", due to the fact that the city of La Plata itself had been renamed "Eva Perón" in 1952, after Eva Perón's death. The city returned to its previous name during the government of the "Liberating Revolution", and so did the club. However, it remained unduly identified legally as "Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima "de" La Plata", a mistake that was corrected on August 7, 1964 after the new statute was approved.
Amateur era (1891–1930).
Gimnasia had to abandon its original field at the corner of 13th and 71st streets, in 1905; at that time, it chose to discontinue the practice of football and to devote the club mainly to social activities. As a result, some members who were interested in playing football left and founded a club devoted principally to that activity: Estudiantes de La Plata. Later, in 1912, a group of football players who were in conflict with Estudiantes de La Plata joined Club Independencia, which later merged with Gimnasia y Esgrima in 1914, thereby returning to the practice of football. In 1915 Gimnasia y Esgrima joins "División Intermedia", wins the championship and thus promotion to the Primera División Argentina. On that year, Gimnasia obtains the two cups that were in dispute: Competencia Adolfo J. Bullrich Cup and Campeonato Intermedia Cup.
On April 27, 1916, Gimnasia played against Estudiantes de La Plata, its classic rival, for the first time. The match took place at the Estudiantes de La Plata' field (1st and 57th streets), where Gimnasia y Esgrima defeated its classic rival 1–0. That year, Gimnasia finished the championship in fourth place, behind Racing Club, Platense and River Plate, with nine victories, nine ties and three defeats. In 1921 Gimnasia would again reach fourth place, behind Racing Club, River Plate and Independiente, as a result of 23 victories, six ties and nine defeats.
On April 27, 1924 the new stadium was inaugurated, located in La Plata's main park ("El Bosque", "the Forest") at the intersection of 60th avenue and 118th street; it was named Estadio Juan Carlos Zerillo. Gimnasia y Esgrima remained undefeated in its new stadium for 15 months (from its first official meeting until July 1925). On that year, Gimnasia achieved second place, behind San Lorenzo, with 15 victories, seven ties and one defeat.
Title of 1929.
In 1929, Gimnasia y Esgrima obtains its only First Division title in the amateur era, after a campaign that included fourteen victories and three defeats. The championship of 1929 was organized along the Copa Estímulo format, that is, teams where separated in two zones ("even" and "odd"), the title being defined in a game between the winners of each zone. Gimnasia y Esgrima won the first place in the "odd zone", which included River Plate, Racing Club, Huracán, and Estudiantes de La Plata, among other teams. The "even zone" was won by Boca Juniors, that qualified thus for the final meeting.
The final took place on February 9, 1930 at the old stadium of River Plate (at the intersection of Alvear and Tagle in Recoleta). On that day, Gimnasia fielded: Scarpone, Di Giano and Delovo; Rusciti, Santillán and Belli; Curell, Varallo, Maleani, Díaz, and Morgada. After being down 0–1 at half time, the team turned the result and won 2-1 with two goals by Martin Maleani. That same year Gimnasia won the "Reserve" championship. Consequently, Gimnasia y Esgrima became the first club of La Plata to earn a title in a competition organized by an Association recognized by FIFA.
The European Tour of 1930/1931.
Between December 1930 and April 1931, Gimnasia's team, which later would be known as "El Expreso" (in English, "The Express"), toured Europe and Brazil. Gimnasia became the first Argentine club outside Greater Buenos Aires to compete in Europe, and the first ever to play in Portugal, Czechoslovakia, Austria and Italy. In the European portion of the tour, Gimnasia played twenty-two games, winning eleven and losing six. On February 15, 1931, Gimnasia defeated Sportverein München 4-0 at Munich, in a game remarkable for being the first match played by an Argentine team on a snow-covered pitch. On March 8, Gimnasia won 3-1 over "AC Sparta Praha" at Prague, a team that was arguably the strongest in Europe at the time, and that no South American team had yet defeated. Gimnasia also won its matches against three of the most important European clubs: a 3-1 victory against Real Madrid (at Madrid, on January 1, 1931), 2-1 against FC Barcelona (at Barcelona, on January 6, 1931), and 1-0 against Benfica (at Lisbon, on March 29, 1931).
El Expreso of 1933.
Already in the professional era, Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata entered in the history of Argentine soccer with a famous team known as "El Expreso" (The Express). The "1933 Express" comfortably won the first round of the First Division championship. In the second round, Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata led the championship, until it faced Boca Juniors and San Lorenzo de Almagro. In these matches, Gimnasia was subject to openly biased arbitration. In the latter game, the referee Rojo Miró favoured so blatantly San Lorenzo that the Gimnasia players famously refused to continue with the charade, and "went on strike." They simply sat on the field, while San Lorenzo scored unopposedly, before the referee terminated the game with a 7–1 outcome. The 1933 team ended in the fourth place (San Lorenzo was the champion) with a record of 21 victories, four draws and nine defeats. However, the legendary Express had been born, and it never left the memory of its fans. The top scorer of The Express was Arturo "El Torito" Naón with 33 goals.
Governor Alende Cup (1960).
This Cup was disputed in 1960 and was organized by the club Estudiantes de La Plata. It was called "Gobernador de la Provincia de Buenos Aires Dr. Oscar Alende Cup", in honoring the governor Oscar Alende. The cup was an international quadrangular, comprising friendly matches between Estudiantes, Gimnasia, Club Nacional de Football and Club Atlético Peñarol, the latter being the two main football clubs from Uruguay.
Gimnasia won both meetings against the Uruguayan teams: 5–2 against Nacional and 1–0 against Peñarol. Estudiantes lost its respective games for 0–1 and 2–5.
In the last match, Gimnasia tied with Estudiantes 2–2. On February 13, 1960, Gimnasia was therefore crowned champion of the Gobernador Alende Cup, at the stadium of its classic archrival, located at the intersection of the 57 & 1 streets of La Plata.
La Barredora (1970).
One of the teams most remembered by Gimnasia fans is "La Barredora" ("The Sweeper"). After almost a decade alternating good and bad performances, the championships organized by the Asociación del Fútbol Argentino (AFA) were restructured.
The result was the creation of two championships: the "Metropolitano", played by teams affiliated directly to the AFA (and divided in two zones), and the "Nacional", played by the teams placed in the top positions of the "Metropolitano", in addition to teams from the leagues of the Argentine interior. The rest of the teams played the "Promocional" and "Reclasificatorio" cups. Other variants existed, whereby the "Metropolitano" was played as an all-team home-and-away round robin, and the "Nacional" in a two-zone competition.
In the first year, 1967, Gimnasia y Esgrima was champion of the "Promocional" tournament.
In 1970, Gimnasia y Esgrima finished second the zone "B" behind Chacarita Juniors, and qualified to the "Nacional" semifinal against Rosario Central, who had occupied the first position in the zone "A". At that time, a conflict developped between the players and the club's administration on a disagreement about performance remuneration. Unable to solve the issue, the President Oscar Venturino fielded the club's third division on the semifinal at Rosario. The final result was a 3–0 victory for Rosario Central.
The typical eleven in that remarkable team were: Hugo Orlando Gatti; Ricardo Rezza, José Bernabé Leonardi, José Masnik, Roberto Zywica, Roberto Gonzalo; Héctor Pignani, José Santiago, Delio Onnis, José Néstor Meija, Jorge Castiglia. José Varacka was the coach.
The Return to First Division (1984).
After a bad campaign, Gimnasia y Esgrima is relegated to Primera "B" in 1979. The team played in the Second Division between 1980 and 1984, year in which it returns to First Division. The team included football players such as Ricardo "El Pulpo" Kuzemka and Carlos Carrió; its coach was Nito Veiga.
In 1984 Gimnasia y Esgrima obtained the third place in the overall table, and thus qualified to dispute an Octogonal for the second promotion to First Division. The other teams in the octogonal were Racing Club, Argentino de Rosario, Club Atlético Tigre, Defensores de Belgrano, Club Atlético Lanús, Nueva Chicago, and Deportivo Morón. Gimnasia reached the final, where it defeated Racing Club twice, first 3-1 in Avellaneda, and then 4-2 in La Plata on December 30, 1984. After these victories, Gimnasia returned to First Division in 1985 and has been playing there ever since.
Copa Centenario de la AFA (1993–94).
The AFA organized in 1993 a cup-style (elimination) tournament named "Copa Centenario" ("Centennial Cup"), to celebrate its hundredth anniversary. Each first division team played its derby rival in two rounds in a double elimination system. Gimnasia eliminated its classic rival Estudiantes 1–0 with a goal by Guillermo Barros Schelotto, and qualified for the next round after a 0–0 tie in the return match. Then, Gimnasia successively eliminated Newell's Old Boys, Argentinos Juniors and Belgrano de Córdoba to win the "round of winners". River Plate won the "round of losers" and qualified for the final, with Gimnasia having home court advantage.
Gimnasia won the final 3–1 with goals by Hugo Romeo Guerra, Fernández and Guillermo Barros Schelotto. River's goal was scored by Villalba. Gimnasia's winning team included Lavallén; Sanguinetti, Morant, Ortiz, Dopazo, Fernández, Bianco, Talarico, Gustavo Barros Schelotto, Guillermo Barros Schelotto and Guerra.
After winning this cup, Gimnasia was invited to participate on the Sanwa Bank Cup in 1994.
From Griguol to Troglio (1994–2007).
With veteran coach Carlos Timoteo Griguol at the helm, Gimnasia took second place in the 1995 "Clausura" tournament, repeating the performance in 1996 and 1998. Also took second place in 2002 (coached by Ramaciotti).
Gimnasia also obtained second place in 2005 under Pedro Troglio's management, after an excellent campaign that had them fighting neck to neck with Boca Juniors until the very end of the championship.
These strong showings allowed Gimnasia to take part in the top club-level competitions in South America: the Copa Sudamericana during the 2006 and 2007 editions of the Copa Libertadores.
On September 10, 2006, during the halftime of a match against Boca Juniors, club president Juan José Muñoz confronted (and allegedly threatened) referee Daniel Giménez, who called off the match immediately, with Gimnasia leading 1–0. Muñoz was reprimanded by the football association and temporarily removed from its executive committee, although he was confirmed as Gimnasia's President by the club's board. A few days later, Gimnasia was eliminated from the Copa Sudamericana by the Chilean champions Colo Colo, following a quarter final match where a player of Gimnasia was injured by a cement piece thrown by Chilean supporters.Due to Gimnasia's physical play in the second leg of the quarter finals in Argentina, Argentine Football Association's president Julio Grondona wrote a personal letter to the president of the ANFP (the Chilean football federation) apologizing for the "roughness" of the Gimnasia players.
The pending second half against Boca Juniors was played on November 8, 2006. Boca Juniors scored four goals and won the match. After the match, Troglio and some of the players hinted that the team had received death threats from some supporters, who wanted to benefit Boca in its championship bid against Gimnasia's archrivals Estudiantes. Nevertheless, Estudiantes obtained the title in the end.
La Plata District Attorney Marcelo Romero opened an investigation and cited some players and club officers to testify, but the entire affair was soon dismissed. Player Marcelo Goux refused to participate in the next match and quit the team soon afterwards, as did fellow players Martín Cardetti and Ariel Franco. Many articles condemned Muñoz's handling of the situation, accusing him of lying to the press, and of treating violent fans as his protégés.
2007–08: New management.
After a string of losses in the local championship and the Copa Libertadores, there were renewed calls for Muñoz to resign. Coach Troglio felt the burden of responsibility and quit his post on April 2, 2007. Gimnasia hired first famed Colombian trainer Francisco Maturana, and then Julio César Falcioni, both with limited success.
In the December 2007 election, Muñoz did not run, and the list he supported lost to the opposition. New club president Walter Gisande hired former player Guillermo Sanguinetti as team coach and tried to convince former players, notably Diego Alonso and Guillermo Barros Schelotto, to return to Gimnasia. Only Alonso, who was playing in China, made the leap.
The new management also campaigned for a return to the "bosque" grounds. As of April 2008, the stadium is undergoing an structural engineering evaluation after all security measures requested by authorities were put in place. Mayor Pablo Bruera has indicated that the city will let Gimnasia buy or lease some city-owned lands for erecting a sports complex.
Shield or Logo.
The shield of the Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata is a wreath in which top part is outlined a helmet with a heraldic crest. At the center, on enamel and with the colors of the club (white and navy blue), the club monogram appears in relief. In the top cantons, like a guard, there appear the hilts of a saber and a foil, with their sharp points emerging at lower part of the shield. To the sides of the center a rama of laurels spreads the helmet, for every side.
Since its inception, the club shield has undergone some modifications. From 1887 until 1928, the shield used was devised by Emilio Coutauret, and it was characterized by a handcrafted and adorned design. In 1964, following a reform of the foundational statute, Gimnasia's shield adopted a simpler form, while still keeping the essence of the original one. This is the logo in current use, and often displayed on the team's jerseys.
There have been some minor changes introduced in the past few years. During Héctor Domínguez's presidency, the abbreviation at the center of the shield was changed, replacing the historical CGE (Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima), for the GELP (Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata), modification that persisted during the mandates of Gliemmo and Muñoz. Since the beginning of Walter Gisande's presidency, it was decided to return to the original abbreviation of 'CGE'.
Kit / Team jerseys.
The official historical uniform of Gimnasia y Esgrima is based on the colours displayed in the club shield, as established in the institutional statute.
Kit Evolution.
In the first years of life of the institution, the colors adopted were the white and light blue, seeking of this form to highlight the fact that it was an Argentine club. The first vest used by the team had vertical white and light blue stripes.
Later, in 1905, it was decided to change the colors to make it distinct from Racing Club. This resulted in a vest with vertical stripes of white and navy-blue color.
Finally, from 1910, the design was modified, changing the vertical stripes into the horizontal band of navy-blue color over a white jersey, which has been used ever since.
Apparel and Sponsor.
During the year 2008, the apparel of Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata will be provided by the company "Puma", the one who will provide from uniform sports up to the extra-sports clothes. In turn, jersey will be supported by the company "Motomel", of which it will take the name written in the principal band and also in the band of the sleeve.
Fan base.
Within the city of La Plata and its environs, the Gimnasia fan base used to be identified with the working class, contrasting with the mostly middle class Estudiantes constituency. This characterization is no longer true. Most of Gimnasia y Esgrima fans are from the Greater La Plata area.
The fans' collective name for itself is "La 22", after 22nd street in La Plata where many famous fans lived, notably Marcelo Amuchástegui. Known as "Loco Fierro", Amuchástegui was famous for his exploits, such as hanging a 100-meter Gimnasia flag in the Bombonera stadium. He was shot to death by Rosario police in a murky episode on May 28, 1991, allegedly during an armed robbery.
Nicknames: The Wolf, and others.
Since the 1960s, Gimnasia has been known as "El Lobo" (short for "El Lobo del Bosque", Spanish for "the wolf in the Forest") after the story of "Red Riding Hood", since its historical football field is located in the middle of La Plata's main park, known as "El Bosque" ("the forest"). Many other Argentine clubs also called "Gimnasia y Esgrima" adopted later the nicknames of "El Lobo" after the La Plata team.
Another nickname, "mensanas", derives from the Latin motto used in the shield: "Mens sana in corpore sano" (a healthy mind in a healthy body).
An original nickname was (and still is) "triperos" ("tripe" or "gut-handlers"). This name has its origin in the fact that many of Gimnasia's original supporters worked in the meat-processing plants of nearby Berisso. In newspaper caricatures from the early 1900's, Gimnasia was accordingly depicted as a "butcher", instead of the current "wolf". Yet, still today, Gimnasia is often greeted into the stadia by its fans with a resounding "Tripa corazón!" (Spanish for "Go Tripe Go!"). Curiously, the same nickname is applied when refering to the population of Porto in Portugal, although the meaning of the nickname in Portuguese is closer to "tripe-eaters".
Another nickname is "basureros" ("garbage or waste collectors"), acquired during the presidency of Mr. Venturino in the 1970's, who also managed the private company dealing with trash pickup in La Plata.

Province of Pesaro and Urbino
Pesaro and Urbino is a province in the region of Marche in Italy. It has about 349,737 inhabitants.

Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall
The Duchess of Cornwall (Camilla Rosemary; formerly Parker Bowles; née Shand; born 17 July 1947) is the wife of The Prince of Wales.
Marriage to Prince Charles.
Prince Charles and Camilla married eachother on 9 April 2005, and she started to be called "Her Royal Highness" The Duchess of Cornwall. When their engagement was announced, it was also announced that she would not be known as "The Princess of Wales" — this was because Prince Charles' extremely popular first wife, Diana, was known as that up until her death in 1997. The Duchess now makes many visits, mostly in Great Britain — often with Prince Charles, but sometimes on her own. She lives at Clarence House, which is a part of St James's Palace in London (very close to Buckingham Palace). She lives there with Prince Charles and his sons, Prince William and Prince Harry
Family.
Camilla was married once before, to Andrew Parker Bowles — they married in 1973 and divorced in 1995. The couple had two children, Tom and Laura, both of whom are now married themselves. Tom is married to Sara, and they have a daughter, Lola (born in 2007). Laura is married to Harry Lopes, and has a daughter, Eliza, born in 2008.

Clarence House
Clarence House is the home of The Prince of Wales in London. It is part of St James's Palace, and is on The Mall, close to Buckingham Palace (The Queen's home).
The Prince of Wales lives with his wife, The Duchess of Cornwall, and his two sons, Prince William and Prince Harry. The Prince of Wales' offices and staff are also based at Clarence House, and any announcements made by his staff are attributed to "Clarence House" as an entity, just like announcements from The Queen are said to be made by "Buckingham Palace".
Prince Charles has lived at Clarence House since 2003. The Queen Mother lived at Clarence House from 1953 (the year after the death of her husband King George VI) until 2002, when she died.

Heals
Heals ("Heal and Sons Ltd") is a British department store chain comprising of seven stores, and was founded in 1810 by John Harris Heal.
The stores sell an upmarket range of furniture, lighting, accessories, home and garden-wares.

Chain store
Chain stores are a range of retail outlets which share a brand and central management, usually with standardized business methods and practices.

Province of Bergamo
Bergamo is a province in the region of Lombardy in Italy.

Province of Brescia
Brescia is a province in the region of Lombardy in Italy.

Province of Como
Como is a province in the region of Lombardy in Italy.

Province of Cremona
Cremona is a province in the region of Lombardy in Italy.

St. Augustine, Florida
St. Augustine, Florida is the oldest city in the United States begun by Europeans and filled with people since it was started. The admiral from Spain, Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, started St. Augustine in 1565. There was fighting between England and Spain in 1586, 1702, and 1740 over the city. Spain won each time. In 1763, St. Augustine was given to the English as part of the Treaty of Paris which ended the French and Indian War. After the American colonies became independent from England, another Treaty of Paris, this one in 1783, returned the area to Spain. In 1819, the Adams-Onís Treaty gave all of Florida to the United States.
The largest sign of the years under Spain is the Castillo de San Marcos, a large masonry fort built between 1672 and 1695. This fort still stands.

Jefferson Parish, Louisiana
Jefferson Parish is a parish in the U.S. state of Louisiana. Most of the suburbs of New Orleans are in this parish. Because of this Jefferson parish has the most population in the state.

King's Lynn
King's Lynn is a town and port in Norfolk, England. Over the years, the town has been known variously as Bishop's Lynn and Lynn Regis, while it is occasionally referred to by locals as simply Lynn—the Celtic word for lake.
King's Lynn is the third largest settlement in Norfolk after the city of Norwich and the town of Great Yarmouth. Sandringham House, the Norfolk residence of the British Royal Family, is north-east of King's Lynn.

Peterhof
Peterhof (, "Petergof", originally named ', the Dutch for "Peter's Court") is a town within the Petrodvortsovy District of the federal city of Saint Petersburg on the southern shore of the Gulf of Finland (population 64,791 in 2002). It hosts one of two campuses of Saint Petersburg State University. A series of palaces and gardens, laid out on the orders of Peter the Great, and sometimes called the "Russian Versailles", is also situated there. The palace-ensemble along with the city center is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Haltern
Haltern (also: Haltern am See, "Haltern at the lake") is a town and a municipality in the district of Recklinghausen, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is situated on the Lippe River and the Wesel-Datteln Canal, approx. 15 km north of Recklinghausen.

Rapides Parish, Louisiana
Rapides Parish is a parish in the U.S. State of Louisiana.

Enteric nervous system
The enteric nervous system (ENS) is a subdivision of the Peripheral nervous system, that directly controls the gastrointestinal system. It is capable of autonomous functions such as the coordination of reflexes, although it receives considerable innervation from the autonomic nervous system and thus is often considered a part of it.

Carl Frederick Tandberg
Carl Frederick Tandberg (March 22, 1910 – August 26, 1988), was a bass fiddle musician who recorded with Glen Campbell and Frankie Ortega.
Biography.
He was born in 1910 in Boston where his father, Thorvald Martin Tandberg I (1874-1970), managed a restaurant. Thorvald was born in Portland, Maine. Carl's mother was Alvilde Marie Naess (1875-1933) of Oslo, Norway. Carl married Alice Nazian Gonyer (1909-1992) of Orono, Maine in 1929 and they lived in Queens, New York. He worked with Shep Fields (1910-1981) and His Rippling Rhythm Orchestra; and The Jerry Blaine (1910-1973) Orchestra in 1937. While working at a music publishing company he met Glen Campbell and collaborated on several recordings. He worked with the Frankie Ortega Trio in Las Vegas and at the Balboa Bay Club in Newport Beach for 11 years. He moved to Burbank, California in the 1940s and worked as a musician in Alhambra, California at Dick White's Rickey's Lounge, starting in 1957 with Paul Peters and Stan Seltzer. He later became the maître d' at their restaurant. After he retired from music he worked for a private security company at KTTV studios. He later worked as the gate security guard at the home of Bob Hope. He died in Los Angeles in 1988 of a heart attack, and was buried in Eternal Valley Memorial Park. His maternal uncle was Alfred Næss, the Norwegian speedskater.

Personification
A personification is a figure of speech that gives an inanimate object human traits and qualities, such as emotions, desires, sensations, physical gestures and speech.

The Named
"The Named" is a fantasy book that was written by Marianne Curley. It is the first book in the Guardians of Time Trilogy.

The Dark (novel)
"The Dark" is a fantasy book that was written by Marianne Curley. It is the second book in the Guardians of Time Trilogy.

The Key (novel)
"The Key" is a fantasy book that was written by Marianne Curley. It is the third book in the Guardians of Time Trilogy.

Marianne Curley
Marianne Curley'", (born 20 May 1959) is an Australian writer.

Guardians of Time Trilogy
The "Guardians of Time" Trilogy is a series of fictional books that are written by Marianne Curley. The books in this trilogy are "The Named", "The Dark", and "The Key". The trilogy is about a group of people called the Guardians of Time (the Guard), going into history to save the world from the Order of Chaos (the Order'"), who are trying to history to give themselves more power. The books take place in Angel Falls, Australia

Ender's Game
"Ender's Game" (1985) is one of the most famous books written by Orson Scott Card. It takes place in Earth's future where mankind has barely survived two attacks by the "buggers", a species of alien, and the International Fleet is getting ready for war. In order to find and train a leader for the next invasion, the world's smartest children, including Ender Wiggin, are taken into a place called Battle School at a very young age. The book takes place around the year 2135, and its sequels "Speaker for the Dead", "Xenocide", "Children of the Mind", "A War of Gifts", and ' follow Ender to different planets as he travels far into the future.
The book was first a novelette that came out in the August 1977 issue of "Analog Science Fiction and Fact". Card later made the novel longer and wrote sequels to create the Ender's Game series.
A new version was released in 1991 to keep facts accurate (such as the end of the Soviet Union).
Awards.
"Ender's Game" won the Hugo Award for best novel in 1986 and the Nebula Award for best novel in 1985. The next year, the sequel "Speaker for the Dead" also won both awards; Card is the only writer to have won both awards two years in a row.
In 2008, it got the Margaret Edwards award for its long term effect on science fiction.

Orson Scott Card
Orson Scott Card (born August 24, 1951) is a popular American writer, a critic, political writer, and speaker. He is best known for his science fiction books. His novel "Ender's Game" and its sequel "Speaker for the Dead" both won the Hugo Award and the Nebula Award, making Card the only writer (as of 2007) to win both of science fiction's top prizes two years in a row.

Genius Squad
"Genius Squad" is a book that was written by Catherine Jinks in 2008. It was published by Allen & Unwin, Australia. It is the second book in a series that follows the main character Cadel Piggot.

Evil Genius (book)
"Evil Genius" is a book written by Catherine Jinks in 2005. It was published by Allen & Unwin, Australia. The book is the first in a series that follows the story of "Cadel Piggot".

Catherine Jinks
Catherine Jinks (born 1963) is an Australian writer. She has written over thirty books and has won many awards, including the Children's Book Council Of Australia Book of the Year Award three times, the Victorian Premier's Literary Award, the Aurealis Award for Science Fiction, the Australian Ibby Award, and the Davitt Award for Crime Fiction.

Public speaking
Public speaking is speaking to a group of people in an organized way with the hope to give information to, influence, or entertain the listeners. The art and science of public speaking, especially in a North American competitive environment, is also known as forensics'".
In public speaking there are five important parts which are often expressed as "who" is saying "what" to "whom" using what "medium" with what "effects"?" The purpose of public speaking can range from simply giving information, to getting to act, to simply telling a story. Good speakers are often able to change the way the listeners feel, and not just give them information. Public speaking can be a powerful tool to use for goals such as motivation, influence, persuasion, informing, translation, or simply entertaining.

University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC) is a university in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. It was founded in 1789. UNC is the oldest public university in the United States.

Michigan State University
Michigan State University (or "MSU" for short) is a public university in East Lansing, Michigan.
Athletics.
The Michigan State Spartans are the athletic team of the university. The school's athletic program includes 23 varsity sports teams. The school colors are green and white. They play in NCAA Division I and the Big Ten Conference.
Mascot.
The mascot of the university is called "Sparty". He is mostly shown as a muscular male Spartan warrior/athlete dressed in a stylish Greek costume.

Big Ten Conference
The Big Ten Conference is the United States' oldest Division I college athletic conference. Its eleven member institutions are mostly all in the Midwestern United States.

Standard asteroid physical characteristics
For the majority of numbered asteroids, almost nothing is known apart from a few physical parameters. Hundreds of these (See) have their own Wikipedia page, where the only information is their name and discovery circumstances plus a table of orbital elements and some physical characteristics (often only estimated).
The aim of this page is to provide a reference explaining where the physical data for such generic asteroids comes from.
Please note that due to the various ages of the single asteroid articles, the reference below may not be accurate for all asteroid articles.
Dimensions.
Data from the IRAS minor planet survey
or the Midcourse Space Experiment (MSX) minor planet survey (available at the Planetary Data System Small Bodies Node (PDS)) is the usual source of the diameter.
For many asteroids, lightcurve analysis provides estimates of pole direction and diameter ratios. Pre-1995 estimates collected by Per Magnusson are tabulated in the PDS, with the most reliable data being the "syntheses" labeled in the data tables as "Synth". More recent determinations for several dozens of asteroids are collected at the web page of a Finnish research group in Helsinki which is running a systematic campaign to determine poles and shape models from lightcurves.
Mass.
Barring detailed mass determinations, the mass "M" can be estimated from the diameter and (assumed) density values "ρ" worked out as below.
Such estimates can be indicated as approximate by use of a tilde "~". Besides these "guesstimates", masses can be obtained for the larger asteroids by solving for the perturbations they cause in each others' orbits, or when the asteroid has an orbiting companion of known orbital radius. The masses of the largest asterois 1 Ceres, 2 Pallas, and 4 Vesta can also be obtained from perturbations of Mars.
While these perturbations are tiny, they can be accurately measured from radar ranging data from the Earth to spacecraft on the surface of Mars, such as the Viking landers.
Density.
Apart from a few asteroids whose densities have been investigated, one has to resort to enlightened guesswork.
For many asteroids a value of "ρ"~2 g/cm3 has been assumed.
However, a better guess can be obtained by taking into account the asteroid's spectral type. A recent paper gives calculations for the mean densities of C, S, and M class asteroids as 1.38, 2.71, and 5.32 g/cm3. (Here "C" included Tholen classes C, D, P, T, B, G, and F, while "S" included Tholen classes S, K, Q, V, R, A, and E). Assuming these values (rather than the present ~2 g/cm3) is a better guess.
Spherical body.
For a spherical body, the gravitational acceleration at the surface ("g"), is given by
Where "G" = 6.6742 m3s−2kg−1 is the gravitational constant, "M" is the mass of the body, and "r" its radius.
Irregular body.
For irregularly shaped bodies, the surface gravity will differ appreciably with location.
At the outermost point/s, where the distance to the centre of mass is the greatest, the surface gravity is still given by the above formula, slightly modified to use the largest radius formula_7
because all the body's mass is contained within this radius.
At other locations, the calculation becomes more involved because the mass "inside" a given radius to the center contributes normally, while the parts of the body that are more outlying contribute to a lesser degree. The value of "g" at surface points closer to the center of mass is usually somewhat greater that formula_9.
Centrifugal force.
On a rotating body, the apparent weight experienced by an object on the surface is reduced by the centrifugal force, when one is away from the poles. The centrifugal acceleration experienced at a latitude θ is
where "T" is the rotation period in seconds, "r" is the equatorial radius, and θ is the latitude. Its magnitude is maximized when one is at the equator, and sinθ=1. The negative sign indicates that it acts in the opposite direction to the gravitational acceleration "g".
Close binaries.
If the body in question is a member of a close binary with components of comparable mass, the effect of the second body may also be non-negligible.
Rotation period.
Rotation period is usually taken from lightcurve parameters at the PDS.
Spectral class.
Spectral class is usually taken from the Tholen classification at the PDS.
Absolute magnitude.
Absolute magnitude is usually given by the IRAS minor planet survey or the MSX minor planet survey (available at the PDS).
Albedo.
Usually given by the IRAS minor planet survey or the MSX minor planet survey (available at the PDS). These are "geometric albedos". If there is no IRAS/MSX data a rough average of 0.1 can be used.
Mean.
The simplest method which gives sensible results is to assume the asteroid
where formula_14 is the asteroid albedo (precisely, the Bond albedo), formula_15 its semi-major axis, formula_16 is the solar luminosity (i.e. total power output 3.827×1026 W), and formula_17 the asteroid's radius. It has been assumed that: the absorptivity is formula_18, the asteroid is spherical, it is on a circular orbit, and that the Sun's energy output is isotropic.
where formula_20 is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant (5.6704×10-8 W/m²K4), formula_21 is the temperature in kelvins, and formula_22 is the asteroid's infra-red emissivity. Equating formula_23, one obtains
The standard value of formula_25=0.9, estimated from detailed observations of a few of the large asteroids is used.
While this method gives a fairly good estimate of the average surface temperature, the local temperature varies greatly, as is typical for bodies without atmospheres.
Maximum.
A rough estimate of the maximum temperature can be obtained by assuming that when the sun is overhead, the surface is in thermal equilibrium with the instantaneous solar radiation. This gives "average" "sub-solar" temperature of
where formula_21 is the average temperature calculated as above.
At "perihelion", the radiation is maximised, and
where formula_29 is the eccentricity of the orbit.
Temperature measurements and regular temperature variations.
Infra-red observations are commonly combined with albedo to measure the temperature more directly. For example L.F.Lim et al [Icarus, Vo. 173, 385 (2005)] does this for 29 asteroids. However, it should be pointed out that these are measurements for "a particular observing day", and that the asteroid's surface temperature will change in a regular way depending on its distance from the Sun. From the Stefan-Boltzmann calculation above,
where formula_31 is the distance from the Sun on any particular day. If the day of the relevant observations is known, the distance from the Sun on that day can be obtained online from e.g. the NASA orbit calculator, and corresponding temperature estimates at perihelion, aphelion, etc. can be obtained from the expression above.
Albedo inaccuracy problem.
There is a snag when using these expressions to estimate the temperature of a particular asteroid. The calculation requires the Bond albedo "A" (the proportion of total incoming power reflected, taking into account all directions), while the IRAS and MSX albedo data that is available for asteroids gives only the geometric albedo "p" which characterises only the strength of light reflected back to the source (the Sun).
While these two albedos are correlated, the numerical factor between them depends in a very nontrivial way on the surface properties. Actual measurements of Bond albedo are not forthcoming for the majority of asteroids because they require measurements from high phase angles that can only be acquired by spacecraft that pass near or beyond the asteroid belt. Some complicated modelling of surface and thermal properties can lead to estimates of the Bond albedo given the geometric one, but this far is beyond the scope of a quick estimate for these articles. It can be obtained for some asteroids from scientific publications.
For want of a better alternative for most asteroids, the best that can be done here is to assume that these two albedos are equal, but keep in mind that there is an inherent inaccuracy in the resulting temperature values.
A glance at the examples in this table shows that for bodies in the asteroid albedo range, the typical difference between Bond and geometric albedo is 20% or less, with either quantity capable of being larger. Since the calculated temperature varies as (1-"A")1/4, the dependence is fairly weak for typical asteroid "A"≈"p" values of 0.05−0.3.
The typical inaccuracy in calculated temperature "from this source alone" is then found to be about 2%. This translates to an uncertainty of about ±5 K for maximum temperatures.
Other common data.
Some other information for large numbers of asteroids can be found at the Planetary Data System Small Bodies Node. Up-to date information on pole orientation of several dozen asteroids is provided by Dr., Doc. Mikko Kaasalainen, and can be used to determine axial tilt.
Another source of useful information is NASA's orbit calculator.

Asteroid spectral types
Asteroids are assigned a type based on spectral shape, color, and sometimes albedo. These types are thought to correspond to an asteroid's surface composition. For small bodies which are not internally differentiated, the surface and internal compositions are presumably similar, while large bodies such as 1 Ceres and 4 Vesta are known to have internal structure.
A list of types can be found at.
Present-day classifications.
The present-day classification was initiated by Clark R. Chapman, David Morrison, and Ben Zellner in 1975 93; with three categories: C for dark carbonaceous objects, S for stony (silicaceous) objects, and U for those which did not fit into either C or S. This classification has since been expanded and clarified.
Tholen classification.
The most widely used taxonomy for over a decade has been that of David J. Tholen, first proposed in 1984. This classification was developed from broad band spectra (between 0.31μm and 1.06μm) obtained during the Eight-Color Asteroid Survey (ECAS) in the 1980s, in combination with albedo measurements 93;. The original formulation was based on 978 asteroids.
Objects were sometimes assigned a combined type such as "e.g." CG when their properties were a combination of those typical for several types.
SMASS classification.
This is a more recent taxonomy introduced by Schelte J. Bus and Richard P. Binzel in 2002, based on the Small Main-Belt Asteroid Spectroscopic Survey (SMASS) of 1447 asteroids 93;. This survey produced spectra of a far higher resolution than ECAS, and was able to resolve a variety of narrow spectral features. However, a somewhat smaller range of wavelengths (0.44μm to 0.92μm) was observed. Also, albedos were not considered.
A significant number of small asteroids were found to fall in the Q, R, and V types, which were represented by only a single body in the Tholen scheme.
In this Bus and Binzel SMASS scheme only a single type was assigned to any particular asteroid.
A few Near-Earth objects have spectra which differ strongly from any of the SMASS classes. This is presumably because these bodies are much smaller than those detected in the Main Belt, and as such may have younger less-altered surfaces or be composed of a less varied mix of minerals.
Appraisal.
These classification schemes are expected to be refined and/or replaced as further research progresses. However, for now, the spectral classification based on the two above coarse resolution spectroscopic surveys from the 1990s is still the standard. Scientists have been unable to agree on a better taxonomic system, largely due to the difficulty of obtaining detailed measurements consistently for a large sample of asteroids (e.g. finer resolution spectra, or non-spectral data such as densities would be very useful).

Saturn's Gallic group of satellites
The Gallic group is a dynamical grouping of the prograde irregular satellites of Saturn following similar orbits. Their semi-major axes range between 16 and 19 Gm, their inclinations between 35° and 40°, and their eccentricities around 0.53.
The International Astronomical Union (IAU) reserves names taken from Gallic mythology for these moons.
Similar mean orbital elements led the discoverers to postulate a common origin for the group in a break up of a larger body.
The diagram illustrates the Gallic group in relation to other irregular satellites of Saturn. The eccentricity of the orbits is represented by the yellow segments (extending from the pericentre to the apocentre) with the inclination represented on Y axis.
The group was later found to be physically homogenous, all satellites displaying "light-red" colour (colour indices B − V = 0.91 and V − R = 0.48)
Remarkably, recent observations revealed that the largest member of the group, Albiorix, displays actually two different colours: one compatible with Eriapo and Tarvos, and another less red. Instead of the common progenitor, it was postulated that Tarvos and Erriapus could be fragments of Albiorix, leaving a large, less red crater.
Such an impact would require a body with the diameter in excess of 1 km and relative velocity close to 5 km/s, resulting in a large crater with the radius of 12 km. Numerous, very large craters observed on Phoebe, prove the existence of such collisions in the Saturnian system's past.

Sulawesi
Sulawesi (formerly known as Celebes, is one of the four larger Sunda Islands of Indonesia and is situated between Borneo and the Maluku Islands.
Geography.
Sulawesi is the world's eleventh-largest island, covering an area of 174,600 km². The island is surrounded by Borneo to the west, by the Philippines to the north, by Maluku to the east, and by Flores and Timor to the south. It has a distinctive shape, dominated by four large peninsulas: the Semenanjung Minahassa; the East Peninsula; the South Peninsula; and the South-east Peninsula. The central part of the island is ruggedly mountainous, such that the island's peninsulas have traditionally been remote from each other, with better connections by sea than by road.

Flores
Flores is one of the Lesser Sunda Islands, an island arc with an estimated area of 14,300 km² extending east from the Java island of Indonesia. The population is estimated to be around 1.5 million, and the largest town is Maumere.
Flores is located east of Sumbawa and Komodo and west of Lembata and the Alor Archipelago. To the southeast is Timor. To the south, across the Sumba strait, is Sumba and to the north, beyond the Flores Sea, is Sulawesi.
On December 12 1992, an earthquake measuring 7.0 on the Richter scale occurred, killing 2,000 people in the town of Maumere.

Sumbawa
Sumbawa is an Indonesian island, located in the middle of the Lesser Sunda Islands chain, with Lombok to the west, Flores to the east, and Sumba further to the southeast. It is in the province of West Nusa Tenggara.
Sumbawa is 15,448 km² (three times the size of Lombok) with a population of around 1.5 million. It marks the boundary between the islands to the west, which were influenced by religion and culture spreading from India, and the region to the east that was not so influenced.
Volcanoes.
Sumbawa lies within the Pacific Ring of Fire. It is a volcanic island, including Mount Tambora (8°14’41”S, 117°59’35”E) which exploded in 1815, the most destructive volcanic eruption in modern history (roughly four times larger than the 1883 eruption of Krakatoa, between Java and Sumatra, in terms of volume of magma ejected). The eruption killed as many as 92,000. It also apparently destroyed a small culture of Southeast Asian affinity, known to archaeologists as the Tamboran kingdom. It launched 100 cubic kilometers of ash into the upper atmosphere, which caused 1816 to be the "year without a summer."

Clothing in Ancient Rome
Clothing in Ancient Rome is most commonly known by the toga and stola.
The cloth was made from wool, linen or hemp.
Stola.
The Stola is a tunic with short straps on top of it made from undyed wool. The Stola was a symbol of marriage in ancient Rome times.
Toga.
The Toga was an important part of dress worn by Roman citizens.

Tibia (video game)
Tibia is a MMORPG Video game. Three German science students, Stephan Börzsönyi, Guido Lübke, Ulrich Schlott and Stephan Vogler, thought of the idea for the game. It was made by the German company, CipSoft.

Royal Library of Turin
The Royal Library of Turin is a important museum in Turin, Italy.
It was started by King Charles Albert of Sardinia in 1839.
Now it has 187,987 print volumes, 4,403 hand-written volumes (manuscripts), 3,000 drawings, 188 books made before 1501 (incunabula), 5,029 books from the sixteenth century, 20,987 pamphlets, and many engravings and maps. These works come mainly from collections from Savoy.
The most important antique is a self-portrait of Leonardo da Vinci. This self-portrait is in an underground vault that is resistant to fires, earthquakes, and even airplane crashes.

Tibia
The tibia, shinbone, or shankbone is the larger and stronger of the two bones in the leg below the knee in vertebrates. It connects the knee with the ankle bones.

Chauzon
Chauzon is a commune of the Ardèche "département" in the southern part of France.

Chazeaux
Chazeaux is a commune of the Ardèche "département" in the southern part of France.

Cheminas
Cheminas is a commune of the Ardèche "département" in the southern part of France.

Le Cheylard
Le Cheylard is a commune of the Ardèche "département" in the southern part of France.

Theory of colours
"Theory of Colours" (original German title, "Zur Farbenlehre") is a book by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe published in 1810. It contains some of the earliest and most accurate descriptions of phenomena such as coloured shadows, refraction, and chromatic aberration.
Its influence extends primarily to the art world, especially among the Pre-Raphaelites. J. M. W. Turner studied it comprehensively, and referenced it in the titles of several paintings (Bockemuhl, 1991). Wassily Kandinsky considered Goethe's theory, "one of the most important works.".
Although Goethe's work was never well received by physicists, a number of philosophers and physicists have been known to have concerned themselves with it, including Arthur Schopenhauer, Kurt Gödel, Werner Heisenberg, Ludwig Wittgenstein, and Hermann von Helmholtz. Mitchell Feigenbaum had even convinced himself that 'Goethe had been right about colour!' (Ribe & Steinle, 2002).
In his book, Goethe shows how colour is perceived in a variety of circumstances, and considers Isaac Newton's observations to be special cases. Goethe's concern was not so much with the analytic measurement of colour phenomenon, as with the qualities of how phenomena are perceived. Science has come to understand the distinction between the optical spectrum, as observed by Newton, and the phenomenon of human colour perception as presented by Goethe.
Goethe's theory.
For Goethe, "the highest is to understand that all fact is really theory. "The blue of the sky reveals to us the basic law of color. Search nothing beyond the phenomena, they themselves are the theory."
Experiments with turbid media.
Goethe's studies of colour began with subjective experiments which examined the effects of turbid media on the perception of light and dark. He observed that lights seen through a turbid medium would appear yellowish, and darkness seen through a turbid medium that had been lightened would appear blue.
Starting from these observations, he began numerous experiments, observing the effects of darkening and lightening on the perception of colour in many different circumstances.
Darkness and light.
For Goethe, light is "the simplest most undivided most homogenous being that we know. Confronting it is the darkness" (Letter to Jacobi). Unlike his contemporaries, Goethe didn't see darkness as an absence of light, but rather as polar to and interacting with light.
Boundary conditions.
When viewed through a prism, the orientation of a light-dark boundary with respect to the prism is significant. With white above a dark boundary, we observe the light extending a blue-violet edge into the dark area; whereas dark above a light boundary results in a red-yellow edge extending into the light area.
Goethe was intrigued by this difference. He felt that this arising of colour at light-dark boundaries was fundamental to the creation of the spectrum (which he considered to be a compound phenomenon).
Light and dark spectra.
Since the colour phenomenon relies on the adjacency of light and dark, there are two ways to produce a spectrum: with a light beam in a dark room, and with a dark beam (i.e. a shadow) in a light room.
Goethe recorded the sequence of colours projected at various distances from a prism for both cases (see Plate IV, "Theory of Colours"). In both cases, he found that the yellow and blue edges remain closest to the side which is light, and red and violet edges remain closest to the side which is dark. At a certain distance, these edges overlap. When these edges overlap in a light spectrum, green results; when they overlap in a dark spectrum, magenta results.
With a light spectrum, coming out of the prism, one sees a shaft of light surrounded by dark. We find yellow-red colours along the top edge, and blue-violet colours along the bottom edge. The spectrum with green in the middle arises only where the blue-violet edges overlap the yellow-red edges.
With a dark spectrum (i.e. a shadow surrounded by light), we find violet-blue along the top edge, and red-yellow along the bottom edge – where these edges overlap, we find magenta.
Newton and Goethe.
Due to their different approaches to a common subject, many misunderstandings have arisen between Newton's mathematical understanding of optics, and Goethe's experiential approach.
Because Newton understands white light to be composed of individual colours, and Goethe sees colour arising from the interaction of light and dark, they come to different conclusions on the question: is the optical spectrum a primary or a compound phenomenon?
For Newton, all the colours already exist in white light, and the prism merely fans them out according to their refrangability. Goethe sought to show that, as a turbid medium, the prism was an integral factor in the arising of colour.
Whereas Newton narrowed the beam of light in order to isolate the phenomenon, Goethe observed that with a wider aperture, there was no spectrum. He saw only reddish-yellow edges and blue-cyan edges with white between them, and the spectrum arose only where these edges came close enough to overlap. For him, the spectrum could be explained by the simpler phenomena of colour arising from the interaction of light and dark edges. Goethe's reification of darkness has caused almost all of modern physics to reject Goethe's theory.
"Newton explains the fact that all the colors appear only when the prism is at a certain distance from the screen, whereas the middle otherwise is white... [by saying] the more strongly diverted lights from the upper part of the image and the more weakly diverted ones from the lower part fall together in the middle and mix into white. The colors appear only at the edges because there none of the more strongly diverted parts of the light from above can fall into the most weakly diverted parts of the light, and none of the more weakly diverted ones from below can fall into the most strongly diverted ones." (Steiner, 1897)

Orthodox
Orthodox is a word about beliefs. It is made from two Ancient Greek words, ὀρθός "orthós" „correct, straight“ and δόξα "dóxa" „teaching, worship". Its used to talk about a teaching that is supposed to be close to the original.

Will Rogers
William Penn Adair “Will” Rogers (November 4 1879 – August 15 1935) was a Cherokee-American cowboy, comedian, humorist, social commentator, vaudeville performer and actor.
Known as Oklahoma's favorite son, Rogers was born to a well off Indian Territory family and learned to ride horses and use a lariat so well that he was listed in the Guinness Book of World Records for throwing three ropes at once—one around the neck of a horse, another around the horse's rider, and a third around all four legs of the horse. During his life he traveled around the world three times, made 71 movies (50 silent films and 21 "talkies"), wrote more than 4,000 nationally-syndicated newspaper columns, making him a world-famous figure.
By the mid-1930s, Rogers was loved by the American people, and was the highest-paid movie star in Hollywood at the time. During an around-the-world trip with piolt Wiley Post, Rogers died when their small airplane crashed near Barrow, Alaska Territory in 1935.

Tetris DX
'Tetris DX is a video game released in 1998 for the Game Boy Color console. It is a remake of the Game Boy game Tetris. The game can save high scores, has two new modes, and three profiles for three separate players.

Alkene
Alkenes are a group of hydrocarbons. They have the general formula CnH2n. All alkenes have a carbon to carbon double bond.

Afrodisiac
"Afrodisiac" is the fourth studio album by American R&B/pop singer Brandy, released by Atlantic Records on June 28, 2004 outside North America and on June 29, 2004 (see 2004 in music) in Canada and the United States. It was mostly produced by Timbaland, with more production from Warryn Campbell, Organized Noise, Walter Millsap, Ron Feemster, Big Chuck, and Kanye West. A lot of critics liked the album, but it did not sell a lot of copies. It has sold less copies than any other album she has made so far.

Boy (disambiguation)
A boy is a young male, usually human, or may refer to a man regardless of age.

Speaker for the Dead
"Speaker for the Dead" (1986) is a science fiction book that is written by Orson Scott Card. It is a sequel to the novel "Ender's Game", and takes place around the year 5135, some 3,000 years after the events in "Ender's Game". Because of space travel, the main character Ender is only about 35 years old.
Like "Ender's Game", the book won the Hugo Award (1987) and Nebula Award (1986) for outstanding science fiction novel, making Card the first writer to win both of these awards two times in a row. "Speaker for the Dead" was updated in 1991. It was followed by "Xenocide" and "Children of the Mind".

Xenocide
"Xenocide" (1991) is a science fiction book that is third in the Ender's Game series. It was written by Orson Scott Card and was nominated for the Hugo Award for Best Novel in 1992. It was followed by Children of the Mind.

Children of the Mind
"Children of the Mind" (1996) is the fourth book of Orson Scott Card's popular Ender's Game series, a series of science fiction novels that focus on the character Ender Wiggin.

Ender's Shadow
"Ender's Shadow" (1999) is a science fiction book that was written by Orson Scott Card. It is a parallel novel, which means it has a story that has some of the events in "Ender's Game" from the point of view of another character named Bean. This book was first titled "Urchin", but it was changed before release. "Ender's Shadow" is the first of a series that includes "Shadow of the Hegemon", "Shadow Puppets", and "Shadow of the Giant".

Shadow of the Hegemon
"Shadow of the Hegemon" (2001) is the second book in the "Ender's Shadow" series (also called the Bean Quartet) by Orson Scott Card. It is also the sixth book in the Ender's Game series. It is told mostly from the point of view of Bean, a mostly minor character in the first novel "Ender's Game".

Bernard Haitink
Bernard Haitink (b. March 4, 1929, Amsterdam) is a famous Dutch conductor.
Haitink studied music at the conservatoire in Amsterdam, the town where he was born. He started his career playing the violin in orchestras. Then he learned to conduct.
He became second conductor of the Netherlands Radio Union Orchestra in 1955. He then became chief conductor of the Netherlands Radio Philharmonic in 1957. On 7 November 1956 the famous conductor Carlo Maria Giulini was not able to conduct a concert of the Concertgebouw Orchestra so the young Bernard Haitink conducted instead. This helped him to become famous. Three years later he became a conductor of the Amsterdam Concertgebouw Orchestra and he stayed with them for a quarter of a century. In 1963 he became the main conductor of that orchestra, and in 1999 they gave him the title of honorary conductor.
Haitink has also had jobs outside the Netherlands. He was principal conductor of the London Philharmonic Orchestra from 1967 to 1979, music director at Glyndebourne Opera from 1978 to 1988 and at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden from 1987 to 2002. He also held posts with the Dresden Staatskapelle and Boston Symphony Orchestra, and conducted many other great orchestras of the world.
In 1977, he was given an honorary knighthood in the Order of the British Empire
Haitink has conducted music by many composers from different periods. He has recorded many great works for Phillips, Decca and EMI. In 2004 his recording of Janáček’s opera "Jenufa" was given the Grammy Award for the best opera recording.
Haitink has five children from his first marriage. He lives in Switzerland with his fourth wife, who used to be a viola player in the orchestra of the Royal Opera House.

Shadow Puppets
"Shadow Puppets" (2002), by Orson Scott Card, is the sequel to "Shadow of the Hegemon" and the third book in the Ender's Shadow series (often called the Bean Quartet). It was first going to be called "Shadow of Death".

Libération
"Libération" (also called as "Libé") is a French daily newspaper founded in Paris in 1973 by Jean-Paul Sartre.

Justice
Justice can mainly mean either: a concern for genuine respect and is fair and equal. Or a type of law; which gives punishment by a judge.

Shadow of the Giant
"Shadow of the Giant" (2005) is the fourth book in Orson Scott Card's Ender's Shadow series (sometimes called the Bean Quartet).

Metropolitan Tabernacle
The Metropolitan Tabernacle is a large Reformed Baptist church in the Elephant and Castle in London.

The Icemark Chronicles
The Icemark Chronicles is a series of books consisting of "The Cry of the Icemark", followed by "Blade of Fire", and "Last Battle of the Icemark" (which is due to come out in 07 July 2008). The books were written by Stuart Hill from Leicester. Fox 2000 Pictures have bought the right to create a movie based on the books. The first is planned for 2008.

Songmaster
"Songmaster" (1980) is a science fiction book by Orson Scott Card. The story of the "Songmaster" occurs in a future human empire, and follows Ansset, a young boy whose singing voice has the power of making people's feelings stronger. This makes him both a possible healer and destroyer. He is trained in the art of singing so perfectly that his songs can show ideas and feelings better than words. This book was based on Card's short story "Mikal's Songbird".
Literary significance & criticism.
One reviewer said that "Songmaster" was "Quite possibly Card's best published work, ever.". The publisher described the story as "...a haunting story of power and love—the tale of the man who would destroy everything he loves to preserve humanity's peace, and the boy who might just sing the world away".
Awards and nominations.
As with some other Card novels ("Ender's Game", for example), this book started out as a shorter story "Mikal's Songbird", which was a Nebula Award finalist in 1978. "Songmaster" got the Hamilton-Brackett Memorial Award 1981.

College football
College football is American football played by teams of students from different American universities, colleges, and military academies. Play between colleges first made American football popular in the United States. College football is still popular today among students, alumni, and other fans of the sport.

Eye for Eye
"Eye for Eye" (1987) is a science fiction novella (or short book) by Orson Scott Card. It first began in the March 1987 issue of "Asimov's Science Fiction" magazine. In 1990 it appeared in Card’s short story collection "Maps in a Mirror" and also as a Tor double novel, with "The Tunesmith" by Lloyd Biggle, Jr.. It won the Hugo Award for Best Novella in 1988.

Seventh Son (book)
"Seventh Son" (1987) is an alternate history fantasy book written by Orson Scott Card. It is the first book in Card's The Tales of Alvin Maker series about Alvin Miller, the Seventh son of a seventh son. "Seventh Son" was nominated for both the Hugo Award for Best Novel and the World Fantasy Award.
Seventh sons have strong "knacks" (magical powers or skills), and seventh sons of seventh sons are both very rare and powerful. In fact, young Alvin appears to be the only one in the world. His powers make him the target of The Unmaker. After he recognizes Alvin's powers as those of a Maker, he attempts to kill Alvin.

Locus Award
The Locus Awards were started in 1971 and are given to winners of "Locus Magazine's" yearly readers' poll. Currently, the Locus Awards are given at a yearly banquet. Unusually, the publishers of winning works are given a certificate.
The first Locus Award was given in 1971 for works published in 1970.

Nebula Award
The Nebula Award is an award given each year by the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America (SFWA), for the best science fiction/fantasy fiction written in the United States. The 2007 Nebula Awards were recently announced on April 26, 2008, in Austin, Texas.

Allergen
An allergen is something that causes allergies in humans.
Dust, pollen and pet dander are all common allergens. It is possible to be allergic to anything from chlorine to perfume. Food allergies are not as common, but some foods, like peanuts, nuts, seafood and shellfish cause serious allergies in lots of people.

Kurt Masur
Kurt Masur (b. July 18, 1927) is a German conductor. He conducts many of the world’s leading orchestras. He especially likes conducting German Romantic music.
Masur was born in Brieg, which was then part of Germany but is now called Brzeg and lives in Poland. He studied piano, composition and conducting in Leipzig.
His first important conducting job was with the Dresden Philharmonic Orchestra with whom he worked from 1955 – 1958 and again from 1967 to 1972. He also worked with the Komische Oper of East Berlin. From 1970 – 1996 he was the Kapellmeister (musical director) of the famous Gewandhausorchester Leipzig.
Dresden and Leipzig both lie in what used to be the German Democratic Republic (East Germany). For years Masur worked faithfully for the communist leaders of that country. When the political situation started to change in 1989 he helped to keep the demonstrations peaceful by talking to the politicians and the people and stop them from fighting.
In 1991 Masur became music director of the New York Philharmonic. He stayed there for over a decade, helping to make them one of the world’s finest orchestras.
From 2000 to 2007 Masur was principal conductor of the London Philharmonic Orchestra. In April 2002, Masur became music director of the Orchestre National de France. He will leave this job in 2008 when Daniele Gatti will take over.
On his 80th birthday, 18 July 2007, Masur conducted musicians from both these orchestras at a Proms concert in London, conducting music by Tchaikovsky and Bruckner.
Masur enjoys working with young musicians: conducting youth orchestras and giving masterclasses. He often goes to Bonn where he gives lessons on the art of conducting Beethoven’s music.
Masur has been married three times. His first wife, with whom he had a daughter, died in 1972 in a car accident where Masur himself was badly injured. He now lives with his third wife, Tomoko. They have a son, Ken, who has also become a conductor.

Province of Lecco
Lecco is a province in the region of Lombardy in italy.

Province of Lodi
Lodi is a province in the region of Lombardy in Italy.

Province of Mantua
Mantua (or)) is a province in the region of Lombardy in Italy.

2008 Sichuan earthquake
The 2008 Sichuan earthquake (Chinese: 四川大地震), was a big earthquake in China on May 12, 2008. Thousands of people were killed, thousands more people were missing and thousands were injured. Millions of people were left homeless after their houses fell down. The earthquake could be felt thousands of kilometres away.
Earthquake details.
The earthquake was measured at 8.0Ms and 8.3 Mw
The quake happened at 2:28pm CST (06:28:01.42 UTC). The earthquake's epicenter (where the quake happened) was west-northwest of Chengdu, the capital of Sichuan province. The quake was underground, at a depth of.. The earthquake was felt in Beijing away and in Shanghai away. Tall office buildings in those cities shook with the tremor. The earthquake was also felt in nearby countries.
It is believed that 69,227 people died, 374,176 people injured, and 18,222 people listed as missing.(July 2008 numbers)<ref
>, and The earthquake left about 4.8 million people homeless, though the number could be as high as 11 million. Approximately 15 million people lived in the affected area. It was the deadliest and strongest earthquake to hit China since the 1976 Tangshan earthquake, which killed at least 240,000 people.
52 big aftershocks, ranging in size from 4.4 to 6.0, were recorded within 72 hours of the main tremor.
Scientists worked out that the earth moved up to along the Longmen Shan Fault. This fault is about long and deep. The earthquake made the ground on the surface move more than. Japanese seismologist, Yuji Yagi, said that the earthquake took place in two parts. The fault tore in two sections, the first one moving about. In the second part of the quake the fault moved another.
The earthquake lasted about 2 minutes. The quake was powerful because it did not happen deep underground. Many people were killed because there were so many living above the epicenter. Teruyuki Kato, a seismologist at the University of Tokyo, said that the shock waves of the quake traveled a long way. The waves did not lose their power because of the hardness of the ground in central China.
Earth movements.
The quake happened because a part of the earth's surface, called the "India plate", is slowly moving north. It is moving about every year. It crashes into the "Eurasia plate". This has pushed up the ground and made the Himalaya mountains. Some of the earth's crust gets pushed into Sichuan and southern China. This pushing has caused many earthquakes in China. The epicentre was in the mountains on the eastern edge of the Qing-Tibet Plateau. This is on the north west edge of the Sichuan Basin. The earthquake was caused by movement on a north east fault. This is the Longmen Shan fault, that runs along the edge of the basin.
First reaction to the quake.
Office buildings in Shanghai, including the Jin Mao Tower and the Hong Kong New World Tower, were evacuated (all the people were made to leave). Emergency services in Chengdu couldn't answer all the phone calls. Workers at a Ford plant in Sichuan were evacuated for about 10 minutes. The Chengdu airport was shut down. One SilkAir flight was sent to land in nearby Kunming instead. Cathay Pacific flights from Hong Kong to London were stopped. Chengdu airport reopened as the airport was used for relief operations.
Reporters in Chengdu said they saw cracks in walls of some buildings. In Beijing many office buildings were evacuated. This included the building with the media offices for the 2008 Summer Olympics. None of the Olympic venues were damaged. A train with 13 petrol tanks came of the railway tracks in Huixian County, Gansu Province, and caught on fire. The earthquake had twisted the rails.
All of the highways into Wenchuan, and others across Sichuan province, were damaged. This slowed down arrival of the rescue troops. In Beichuan county, 80% of the buildings collapsed. In Shifang, 2 chemical factories were damaged and leaked 80 tons of liquid ammonia. The Dujiangyan Irrigation System, a UNESCO World Heritage Site was damaged. This is an ancient water system which is still in use. The famous Fish Mouth was cracked.
Shanghai Stock Exchange and Shenzhen Stock Exchange stopped trading in companies based in south west China. The price of copper rose because production stopped. Oil prices dropped because people thought China would not need as much oil.
Half of the wireless communications were lost in the Sichuan province. China Mobile had more than lost 2,300 base stations due to lack of power and too many phone calls. China Unicom's service in Wenchuan and nearby areas were cut off, with more than 700 phone towers out of action.
2 pandas at a Giant Panda reserve were injured. 2 others went missing after the quake.
The Zipingpu (紫坪铺水库) hydro power station, east of the epicenter, was destroyed. The dam wall cracked, and the buildings collapsed.. The Tulong dam was in danger of bursting. About 2,000 troops were sent to Zipingpu, to try and release the pressure through spillway. In total, 391 dams, were damaged by the quake.
By 18 May, 2008, 21 new lakes had formed in the Sichuan. This was because the earthquake blocked rivers. Villages had to be evacuated because of the flooding.
People killed.
The Chinese government said the quake killed 69,181 people, including 68,636 in Sichuan province. There are 18,498 people listed as missing; 374,171 people were injured. This includes 158 workers who were killed in landslides as they tried to fix roads.
One rescue team found only 2,300 people still alive in Yingxiu. Before the quake there had been about 9,000 people there. In Beichuan county, 3,000 to 5,000 people were killed, 10,000 injured and 80% of the buildings were destroyed. Eight schools fell down in Dujiangyan.
A 56-year-old Taiwanese tourist was killed in Dujiangyan. He was trying to rescue 11 tourists trapped on the Lingyanshan Ropeway. Because of the earthquake, they had been trapped inside the cable cars.
Schools.
Thousands of school children died because of badly built schools. In Mianyang City, 7 schools fell down, burying at least 1,700 people. At least 7,000 school buildings collapsed. Another 700 students were buried in a school in Hanwang. At least 600 students and staff died at Juyuan Elementary School. Up to 1,300 children and teachers died at Beichuan Middle School.
Because of China's one-child policy, many families lost their only child. Officials in Sichuan province have removed the limit of one child for families whose only child was killed or badly injured. So-called "illegal children" under 18 years of age may be made a legal replacement for their dead brother or sister. This may be too late for some, as many of the parents are too old or unable to have children again.
On May 29, 2008, officials began looking at the ruins of thousands of schools that collapsed. They were searching for clues about why they fell down. Thousands of parents have said the government and builders did not build schools properly. Many other nearby buildings were not damaged. Parents of children killed in the schools say they have yet to receive any reports.Local officials told them not to protest but the parents demonstrated and demanded an investigation. The government censors have stopped stories of badly built schools from being published in the media. There has been an incident where police drove away the protestors.
Liu Shaokun (刘绍坤), a Sichuan school teacher, was arrested on June 25, 2008. He had been spreading "rumors and destroying social order" about the Sichuan Earthquake. Liu had gone to the Shifang (什邡) area, taken photos of collapsed school buildings, and put them online. He had also said he was angry at “the shoddy tofu buildings” in a media interview. He has been ordered to serve one year of re-education through labor (劳动教养) (RTL). Because of complaints from the other countries, Liu has been released to serve his RTL sentence outside of the labor camp.
Safety checks are to be carried out at schools across China. The National Development and Reform Commission are making new laws to improve building standards for primary and middle schools in rural areas.
Building damage.
Insurance companies have put their losses at US$1 billion from the earthquake. The total cost of damage could be more than US$20 billion. Chengdu, a city of 4.5 million people, had a value of about US$115 billion. Only a small part was insured.
The damage to buildings in the earthquake was because of Chinese building designs. China did not have earthquake building rules until after the big Tangshan earthquake in 1976. Older buildings, built before 1976, weren't designed to stay up in an earthquake. News reports showed that the poorer, rural villages were hardest hit.
Rescue efforts.
China's President Hu Jintao said that help and assistance would be quick. Premier Wen Jiabao, immediately flew to the earthquake area to plan the rescue work.
Because of the mountains, the soldiers found it very difficult to get help to the rural areas.
Many rescue teams, including the Taipei Fire Department from Taiwan, said they were ready to help. It was difficult to move people into the hardest hit areas closest to the epicenter. It was not possible to reach the area because roads were damaged and blocked by landslides. People needed tents, medical supplies, drinking water and food..
The small village of Sier could only be reached by walking. Landslides were a danger to a search and rescue group of 80 men. Each man carried about of relief supplies. The village is above sea level. The extreme mountain conditions meant they could not use helicopters. Over 300 Tibetan villagers were stranded in the ruined village without food and water. Commander Yang Wenyao's rescue group arrived after walking for 5 days, and helped the injured and stranded villagers down the mountain.
Heavy rain and landslides made rescue efforts difficult. 20 helicopters were used on the first day to deliver food, water, emergency aid and carry injured people. The next day, 15,600 troops from the Chengdu Military Region joined the rescue force. Within 2 days telephones in the major town of Wenchuan were being fixed. 100 soldiers, along with relief supplies, parachuted into inaccessible Maoxian County, northeast of Wenchuan.
Three days after the quake, China's Premiere Wen Jiabao ordered another 90 helicopters. A total of 150 aircraft were used in relief work. This is China's largest ever non-combat airlifting operation.
After the earthquake, donations were made by people from all over China. People gave money at schools, banks, and gas stations. People also donated blood, resulting in long line-ups in most major Chinese cities.
International help.
China stated it would gratefully accept international help to cope with the quake. The Tzu Chi Foundation arrived from Taiwan on May 13. This was the first force from outside the People's Republic of China to join the rescue effort. 100 tons of relief supplies donated by the Tzu Chi Foundation and the Red Cross Society of Taiwan arrived in Chengdu by May 15.
Francis Marcus of the International Federation of the Red Cross praised China's rescue effort as "swift and very efficient". He said the size of the disaster was so big that "we can't expect that the government can do everything and handle every aspect of the needs". The "Economist" said that China reacted to the disaster "rapidly and with uncharacteristic openness". This was different to Myanmar's secretive response to Cyclone Nargis, which struck the country 10 days before the earthquake.
On May 16, rescue groups from South Korea, Japan, Singapore, Russia and Taiwan arrived to join the rescue effort. The United States shared some of its satellite images of the quake-stricken areas with the Chinese government. The US sent two U.S. Air Force C-17's carrying supplies, which included tents and generators.
Internet help.
The Internet has been used for passing information to help rescue and recovery in China. For example, the official Xinhua set up an online rescue request center in order to find the problems in disaster recovery. When rescue helicopters had trouble in landing near the epicenter in Wenchuan, a student proposed a new landing spot online. Volunteers have also set up several websites to help store contact information for victims.
National mourning.
The State Council declared 3 days of national mourning (sadness) for the quake victims starting on May 19th, 2008. The Chinese National Flag was raised to half mast. It is the first time China had national mourning days for something other than the death of a state leader. Many people say it the biggest display of mourning since the death of Mao. At 14:28 CST on May 19, 2008, one week after the earthquake, the Chinese public held a moment of silence. People stood silent for 3 minutes. Air defense, police and fire sirens, and the horns of vehicles, vessels and trains sounded. Cars on Beijing's roads stopped. After the silence, in Tiananmen Square, crowds began calling out "Long Live China".
The Ningbo Organizing Committee of Beijing Olympic torch relay stopped the relay for 3 days.
Chinese websites changed their front pages to black and white. Sina.com and Sohu, changed their homepage to news items only, and removed all advertisements. Chinese video sharing websites, youku and Tudou, had a black background and only showed videos about the earthquake. Other entertainment websites, including gaming sites, were blacked out. Other websites had links to earthquake donations.
Chinese TV stations made their logo in gray. They showed non-stop earthquake footage from CCTV-1. Even pay television channels, such as Channel V China, also showed earthquake footage. Some TV stations stopped showing commercials.
On May 18, CCTV-1 had a special 4 hour TV show called "The Giving of Love" (爱的奉献). Many famous people from China, Hong Kong, Singapore and Taiwan were on the show. People watching gave about 1.5 billion Chinese Yuan ($US 208 million) for the victims. The entertainers sang "Tomorrow Will be Better", followed by Faye Wong singing "Wishing We Last Forever".

Alvin Journeyman
"Alvin Journeyman" (1995) is an alternate history/fantasy book that was written by Orson Scott Card. It is the fourth book in Card's The Tales of Alvin Maker series and is about Alvin Miller, the Seventh son of a seventh son. Being a seventh son of a seventh son gives him magical powers.

Province of Milan
Milan (or) is a province in the region of Lombardy in Italy.

Red Prophet
"Red Prophet" (1988) is an alternate history/fantasy book by Orson Scott Card. It is the second book in Card's The Tales of Alvin Maker series and is about Alvin Miller, the seventh son of a seventh son. "Red Prophet" was nominated for the Nebula Award for Best Novel in 1988 and the Hugo Award for Best Novel in 1989.
Plot introduction.
The second book in Card's The Tales of Alvin Maker series, "Red Prophet" is about Alvin Miller, the seventh son of a seventh son (which gives him magical powers), Lolla-Wossiky, Tenskwa-Tawa, and Ta-Kumsaw, Lolla-Wossiky's older brother.
While it is a separate story, the book continues and develops many of the themes shown in the first book. When Alvin Miller and his older brother Measure go to the place of his birth (where Alvin is supposed to become apprenticed to the Hattrack River blacksmith) the two brothers are captured by 'Reds' (Native Americans) and brought into a plot with possibilities of affecting the entire future of America.

Province of Pavia
Pavia is a province in the region of Lombardy in Italy.

Province of Sondrio
Sondrio is a province in the region of Lombardy in Italy.

Province of Varese
Varese is a province in the region of Lombardy in Italy.

Prentice Alvin
"Prentice Alvin" (1989) is an alternate history/fantasy book that was written by Orson Scott Card. It is the third book in Card's The Tales of Alvin Maker series and is about Alvin Miller, the Seventh son of a seventh son (this gives him magical powers). "Prentice Alvin" was considered for the Nebula Award for Best Novel in 1989 and the Hugo Award for Best Novel in 1990.
Plot summary.
After being released from his time with Ta-Kumsaw, an Indian leader who taught Alvin the ways of Indian people, he sets out to start his apprenticeship as a Smith in the town where he was born.
While there he meets a young half-black boy by the name of Arthur Stuart, the son of a slave and a slave-owner who has been taken in by the owners of the town's guesthouse.
Another new friend comes in the form of Miss Peggy Larner, who he later finds out that she is the "torch" who helped him to be born so many years ago, and with whom he has been linked to since that day.
Eventually, Alvin is forced into helping Arthur to escape from some slave-hunters, which requires him to change Arthur's DNA to prevent the hunters' knacks (powers) from finging him. Alvin also creates a plow of living gold, which is bestowed with magic, as his journeyman work to release himself from his apprenticeship as a Smith (and also as a Maker).
The story ends with Alvin and Arthur leaving the town and going back to Alvin's home in the west.

George Winston
George Winston is a pianist from the U.S. State of Michigan. He was born there in 1949 but moved to Montana as a child. Most of his music is about the four seasons and landscapes in the USA.

Octane
Octane is an alkane (a hydrocarbon). It is commonly used in fuel. A "high octane" fuel will be more productive than a "low octane" fuel.

William Herschel
Frederick William Herschel (November 15 1738 - August 25 1822) was a British astronomer. He was born in Germany, but moved to England in 1755. He is best known for discovering the planet Uranus in 1781. He lived in England most of his life.
When he discovered Uranus, Herschel was not looking for a planet but a comet; it was an accidental discovery.
William Herschel used to work with his sister Caroline Herschel. She was a dutiful sister who used to wrote up all his observations as he had no time to write them himself.
On 25 August 1822, Herschel died at Observatory House, Windsor Road, Slough, and is buried at nearby St Laurence's Church, Upton. Ironically, he died in his 84th year, which is the same number of years which Uranus takes to orbit the Sun.

Caiman
The Caiman is a subfamily of the Alligators. The alligators are divided into True alligators and caimans. Caimans and true alligators develop slower than the rest of the crocodiles. Their lifestyle is also slower. Because of this, they grow older than the other crocodiles. In total, there are 6 species of caimans. All of them live in South America, the Spectacled Caiman can also be found in Central America.

Cluj County
Cluj is a county (judeţ) of Romania, in Transylvania. The capital of Cluj County is Cluj-Napoca. About 755,000 people live in Cluj County.
Geography.
Cluj County has an area of 6,674 km².
Divisions.
Cluj County has 5 municipalities, 1 town and 74 communes.

Tangipahoa Parish, Louisiana
Tangipahoa Parish is a parish in the U.S. State of Louisiana.

Quetzalcoatl
Quetzalcoatl (pronounced:ketsalˈkoːaːtɬ in Nahuatl) is an Aztec sky and creator god. The name is a combination of "quetzalli", a brightly colored Mesoamerican bird, and coatl, what means serpent. The name was also taken on by several ancient Aztec leaders. Many events and attributes attributed to Quetzalcoatl are exceedingly difficult to separate from the political leaders that took this name on themselves. Quetzalcoatl is often referred to as The Feathered Serpent and was connected to the planet Venus. He was also the patron god of the Aztec priesthood, of learning and knowledge. Today Quetzalcoatl is arguably the best known Aztec deity. But there were several other important Aztec gods too: Tlaloc, Tezcatlipoca and Huitzilopochtli.
Other Mesoamerican cultures have worshipped a feathered serpent god as well: At Teotihuacan the several monumental structures have images of a feathered serpent (See the so-called "Citadel and Temple of Quetzalcoatl"). One can see similar images at Chichén Itza and Tula. This has led scholars to conclude that the deity called Quetzalcoatl in the Nahuatl language was among the most important deities of Mesoamerica.

Heartfire
"Heartfire" (1998) is an alternate history/fantasy book that was written by Orson Scott Card. It is the fifth book in Card's The Tales of Alvin Maker series and is about Alvin Miller, the seventh son of a seventh son (which gives him magical powers).

Pattern matching
Pattern matching is a family of tools for finding similar objects in different sources. In image processing, the pattern matching is used for locating a small image (called model) in a bigger one (called target image).
The simple way is to move the model in the target image and measure a similarity in each position. The position with highest value of the similarity will be accepted as result. The normalized correlation is used as a common metric for similarity.
The common way for reduce an amount of calculations is using the image pyramid. When using the image pyramid, the search is started on the reduced target image, and results are improved in the next, more detailed one. This process is similar to the human vision.

The Crystal City
"The Crystal City" (2003) is an alternate history/fantasy book that is written by Orson Scott Card. It is the sixth book in Card's The Tales of Alvin Maker series and is about Alvin Miller, the seventh son of a seventh son (which gives him magical powers).

The Tales of Alvin Maker
The Tales of Alvin Maker is a series of books that are written by Orson Scott Card that revolve around the experiences of a young man named Alvin Miller who finds out that he powers for making and changing things around him. It takes place in an alternate history of the American frontier in the early 1800s, and it is based on early American folklore and superstition.

Atlanta Falcons
The Atlanta Falcons are an American football team in Atlanta, Georgia. They are a member of the NFC South of the National Football Conference (NFC) in the National Football League (NFL). The Falcons joined the NFL as a 1966 expansion team. In their 42 years in the NFL, the Falcons have a record of 262-386-6 with division championships in 1980, 1998 and 2004, and appeared in Super Bowl XXXIII in Miami, Florida.

New Orleans Saints
The New Orleans Saints are a professional American football team in New Orleans, Louisiana. The Saints play in the Southern Division of the National Football Conference (NFC) in the National Football League (NFL).

St. Louis Rams
The St. Louis Rams are a professional American football team in St. Louis, Missouri. They are currently in the Western Division of the National Football Conference (NFC) in the National Football League (NFL). The team has won two NFL Championships and one Super Bowl.

Gary Lightbody
Gary Lightbody was born on June 15, 1976 in Northern Ireland. He is the lead singer of the alternative rock band Snow Patrol. He first started Snow Patrol under the name "Polar Bears" while at the University of Dundee, Scotland, in 1994.

Analog Science Fiction and Fact
"Analog Science Fiction and Fact" is an American science fiction magazine. As of 2007, it is the longest currently published magazine of that genre. First published in 1930 in the United States with the name "Astounding Stories" as a pulp magazine, its name has been changed several times, such as "Astounding Science-Fiction" in 1938, and "Analog Science Fact & Fiction" in 1960.

Telnet
Telnet is a common network protocol used on the Internet and also inside a LAN (local network). It was developed in 1969 beginning with RFC 15 and is now defined as IETF STD 8, which is one of the first Internet standards. However, due to its lack of security, Telnet has been replaced with Secure Shell on most servers.

Ofcom
Ofcom is the United Kingdom's regulatory body for telecommunications. This means they are responisble for making sure that the law is followed by television and radio broadcasters.

Manuel Marulanda
Pedro Antonio Marín, (1930-2008) known by his pseudonym, Manuel Marulanda Vélez, and nicknamed by his comrades "Tirofijo'" (), apparently because of a reputed ability to accurately aim firearms. He was the main leader of the FARC-EP ("Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia - Ejército del Pueblo"). He was born on May 13, 1930 (a date that has been disputed), in a coffee-growing region of west-central Colombia in the Quindío Department, to a peasant family politically aligned with the Liberal Party during La Violencia.
Marulanda himself changed his political and ideological inclinations to the Communist Party (PCC) sometime during the period of "La Violencia" (roughly 1948 to 1958) that followed the assassination of the Liberal Party's leader Jorge Eliécer Gaitán.
He has been considered to be seriously ill, and his death has been reported several times throughout his long career as a guerrilla, but the status of his health remains uncertain.
In March 2006, Alberto Gonzales, the Attorney General of the United States, announced in conjunction with DEA and Department of Justice officials that the State Department had placed a $5 million dollar reward on Tirofijo's head, or for information leading to his capture.
According to a Brazilian journal, he seems to have sufffered from some form of cancer. There also seem to have been disputes on leadership (of the FARC) in January 2008.
His death has been reported several times; He seems to have died of a heart attack in May 2008 This has now been confirmed.
A Colombian newspaper published an interview with the defense minister of Colombia, Juan Manuel Santos on the 24th of May, 2008. In it, Santos said, that Colombian intelligence agents thought, that Manuel Marulanda had died on the 26th of March 2008, either of natural causes, or through a heart attack. FARC commander ‘Timochenko’ confirmed on May 25 Telesur that ‘Manuel Marulanda’ died of a heart attack, as announced earlier by the Colombian government and the Colombian armed forces
This information was confirmed on the 25th of May: Marulanda had died of a heart attack.

Jaidon River
The Jaidon River is a tributary of the Turia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Turia River.

Isidon River
The Isidon River is a tributary of the Jaidon River in Romania. That means it flows into the Jaidon River.

List of rivers of Romania (Baba - Boroşoaia)
This is a list of rivers of Romania, letter B (first half). The name on the left list the river while the name on the right list that rivers tributary-the river that the river on the left flows into.

David Livingstone
David Livingstone (March 19, 1813 – May 4, 1873) was a Scottish medical missionary with the London Missionary Society. He was also explorer in central Africa. He gave the Victoria Falls their name. He named them after his queen, Queen Victoria.

Stockwell Orphanage
Stockwell Orphanage was an orphanage in Stockwell, London, England. It was founded in 1867 by Charles Spurgeon. The orphanage was created in what is now Stockwood Acres Estates. It opened on September 9 1869. The orphanage had places for 250 children to live. These children were fed, clothed, and taught at the orphanage. This all cost about £ 5,000 each year. The money to pay for this was mainly gotten from donations. The Orphanage was a home for boys without fathers between the ages of six and ten. Even though the orphanage was created by Baptists, boys of any religion were accepted there. In 1879, other buildings for children to live in were added to the orphanage. This allowed the orphanage to begin letting girls live there also.
The orphanage was open until London was bombed in World War II.

Alun River
The Alun River is a tributary of the Luncani River in Romania. That means it flows into the Luncani River.

Aluna River
The Aluna River is a tributary of the Şuşiţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Şuşiţa River.

Aluniş River (Bertea)
The Aluniş River is a tributary of the Bertea River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bertea River.

Aluniş River (Braşov)
The Aluniş River is a tributary of the Canalul Timiş. That means it flows into the Canalul Timiş.

Aluniş River (Călata)
The Aluniş River () is a tributary of the Călata River. That means it flows into the Călata River.

Aluniş River (Homorod)
The Aluniş River is a tributary of the Homorodul Mic River in Romania. That means it flows into the Homorodul Mic River.

Stufu River
The Stufu River is a tributary of the Aluniş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Aluniş River.

Cincinnati Cyclones
The Cincinnati Cyclones are a premier "AA" hockey team in the ECHL league. The 2007-2008 season is the first to mark the Cyclones to it to the Kelly Cup championship. For the first time in 18 years the cyclones they won a championship game in Cincinnati, Ohio.

Timor
Timor is an island at the south end of the Malay Archipelago, north of the Timor Sea. It is divided between the independent state of East Timor, and West Timor, belonging to the Indonesian province of East Nusa Tenggara.
The island's surface is 11,883 square miles (30,777 km²). The name is a variant of "timur", Malay for “east”; it is so called because it is at the east end of a chain of islands.

Biggar, South Lanarkshire
Biggar is a town in South Lanarkshire, Scotland. It is a royal burgh, which means a king or queeen thought it was a very good town when Scotland still had it's own royal family. There are many museums in Biggar.

South Lanarkshire
South Lanarkshire is a county in the central part of Scotland. It was formerly called Clydesdale. The Strathclyde police currently governs the county.

North Lanarkshire
North Lanarkshire is a county in the central part of Scotland. It is small compared to nearby South Lanarkshire.

Motherwell
Motherwell is a large town in North Lanarkshire, Scotland. It is an important town as many people have to come through it to get to places such as Lanark, Hamilton and Glasgow. It has a train station with four platforms, the biggest in North Lanarkshire. It is next to Wishaw.
"This short article can be made longer. You can help Wikipedia by [adding to it]."

Stirling engine
A Stirling engine is a kind of heat engine that converts heat into useful mechanical energy by the movement of a piston inside a cylinder within the engine. Unlike other commonly found heat engines such as the internal combustion engine used in cars and the steam engine used on railways, it re-uses the same gas for each stroke of the piston so there is no noisy exhaust. The same gas is repeatedly heated and cooled within the engine’s cylinder.
To run it needs a supply of heat to heat its hot parts. This can come from a fire, but also from the sun’s rays, from hot rocks near a volcano or from nuclear energy. It also has cold parts which cool the gas inside it and these are kept cold by a stream of air or water flowing over them.
It was invented by a Scottish minister, Reverend Dr. Robert Stirling in 1816.

Wishaw
Wishaw is a town in North Lanarkshire, Scotland. It is bordered by Motherwell and Carluke, and is split into several areas such as Netherton, Craigneuk, Newmains, Cambusnethan and Pather.
One of only three hospitals in Lanarkshire is located in Wishaw. Wishaw General Hospital is situated at the bottom of Wishaw, easily accessed from surrounding areas.
History.
The origin of the name is uncertain. One suggestion is that it is from the Scots word for "Wicket gate in the wood", and that it used to be called "Wygateshaw". Another theory is that it was originally "Viashaw", meaning way or road through the wood. Yet another theory is that the name derives from "Wee Shaw", meaning small wood.
In November 1996, the world's worst recorded outbreak of "E coli" occurred in the town, in which 20 people died and around 200 were infected.

Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia - Ejército del Pueblo
FARC (or FARC-EP) is the abbreviation of Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia - Ejército del Pueblo. This is the name of a guerrilla organisation operating in Colombia. The group says it has Marxist- Leninist roots. When the name of the group is translated into English, it usually reads "Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia – People’s Army".
The government of Colombia, the United States, Canada and the European Union<ref name="EU: Article 2(3) of Regulation (EC) No 2580/2001">Article 2(3) of Regulation (EC) No 2580/2001. Accessed February 20, 2008. have classified the organisation as a terrorist group. Other countries, such as Ecuador, Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Cuba and Venezuela do not see the group as terrorist. They instead refer to the group as “insurgents”. Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez, for example, publicly rejected this classification of "terrorists" in January of 2008. He called on Colombia and other world governments to recognize the guerrillas as a "belligerent force". Chávez said that if they were recognised that way, they would then be obliged to stop kidnappings and terror acts in order to respect the Geneva Conventions.
The FARC was established in the 1960s as the military wing of the Colombian Communist Party. The group started as a guerrilla movement. It became involved with trading illegal drugs during the 1980s. This caused an official separation from the Communist Party and the formation of a political structure it calls the Clandestine Colombian Communist Party.
The FARC-EP still claims to be a guerrilla movement. According to the Colombian government, FARC has an estimated 6,000-8,000 members in 2008, down from 16,000 in 2001. Other estimates are higher, including up to 18,000 guerrillas, with the FARC themselves claiming in a 2007 interview that they have not been weakened.
The FARC-EP is present in 15-20 percent of Colombia’s territory. Most of them are in southeastern jungles and in plains at the base of the Andes mountains.

Lanarkshire
Lanarkshire ("Siorrachd Lannraig" in Gaelic), also called the County of Lanark, used to be a county of Scotland.

Atoll
An atoll is a kind of island. It is a coral reef that makes a ring, or part of a ring. There may be just water inside the atoll, or there may be one or more regular islands.
Charles Darwin, who is most famous for his theory of evolution, was the first person to find out how atolls form. He said that volcanoes in the ocean sometimes wear away or sink deeper. Coral growing on a volcano likes to be near the surface, and it keeps growing to stay there.
Most atolls are in the warm parts of the Pacific Ocean or the Indian Ocean.

Province of Genoa
Genoa (or) is a province in the region of Liguria in Italy.

Province of Imperia
Imperia is a province in the region of Liguria in Italy.

Province of La Spezia
La Spezia is a province in the region of Liguria in Italy.

Province of Savona
Savona is a province in the region of Liguria in Italy.

Evelyn Waugh
Evelyn Waugh (pronounce like the word "war"), (born 28 October 1903; died 10 April 1966) was an English writer. He is well known for his satirical novels which include "Decline and Fall", "Vile Bodies", "Scoop", "A Handful of Dust" and "The Loved One", and especially for "Brideshead Revisited" and the "Sword of Honour" trilogy. When he was writing these novels he used experiences that he had in his own life. He often describes British aristocracy and high society, making satirical fun of them. However, in his real life he was also attracted to them.
His travel writings and his diaries and letters have also been published.

Dima Bilan
Dima Bilan (; born Viktor Belan on December 24, 1981) is a Russian singer. Bilan was in the 2006 Eurovision contest. He sang the song "Never Let You Go." He finished in second place. In the 2008 contest, he came back with song "Believe" and he won with 272 points.

Thankerton
Thankerton is a village in South Lanarkshire, Scotland, close to Biggar and Lanark. It is at the bottom of Tinto, a hill.

Brideshead Revisited
"Brideshead Revisited, The Sacred & Profane Memories of Captain Charles Ryder" is a novel by the English writer Evelyn Waugh. It was first published in 1945. The novel deals with subjects such as religion, especially Catholicism, and the love of God. It tells the story of a family called Flyte. They are an aristocratic family. The story is told by a narrator called Charles Ryder.
"Brideshead Revisited" was made into a television serial for ITV, produced by Granada Television, in 1981. A movie of the book was made in 2008. The movie makes several changes to the story of the book. The movie is mostly about the relationship between Charles and Julia.
Plot.
Charles Ryder, who tells the story, is a student at the University of Oxford. He makes friends with Sebastian Flyte, the younger son of an aristocratic family. Sebastian, who comes from a very rich family, takes Charles to his family's home, Brideshead Castle. Charles meets his family, including Sebastian's sister, Julia.
During the holiday Charles goes back to his home, where he lives with his father. During the holiday Sebastian has a small injury and Charles goes back to him. Sebastian and Charles spend the rest of the summer together.
Sebastian's family is Catholic. His father, Lord Marchmain, had been an Anglican, but he had converted to Roman Catholicism, his wife's religion. The family talk a lot about religion which surprises Charles, who had always thought that Christianity was not an important subject. Lady Marchmain, Sebastian's mother, is a very strict Catholic. She tries to control others by making them feel guilty. Sebastian finds comfort by drinking alcohol. He often gets drunk, and over a period of two years he has less and less to do with the Flyte family.
However, Charles is fated to meet the Flyte family again, and he falls in love with Julia, who by that time is married to a rich Canadian, Rex Mottram.
Charles's own wife has been unfaithful, so he plans to divorce her so that he and Julia can marry. However, Julia decides for religious reasons that it would not be right for her to marry Charles. As Lord Marchmain lay dying, he had received the sacrament of Extreme Unction. This act had also influenced Charles, who had been "in search of love in those days" when he first met Sebastian, "that low door in the wall...which opened on an enclosed and enchanted garden,", an important metaphor in the book.
Charles became an architect. During the Second World War becomes an army officer. By chance he is billeted at Brideshead. It seems to him that builders do a useful job, even if there are problems sometimes.

Wilt Chamberlain
Wilton Norman "Wilt" Chamberlain (August 21 1936 – October 12 1999) was an American basketball player. Chamberlain played in the NBA during the 1960s, and many people think he is one of the best players in basketball history. He was one of the tallest players of that time, and he was one of the most famous people in the game for many years. He is the first and only basketball player to score 100 points in an NBA game.
He won two NBA championships: the first in 1967, with the Philadelphia 76ers, and the second in 1972, with the Los Angeles Lakers. In 1999, he died from a heart attack.

Kirkfieldbank
Kirkfieldbank is a village in South Lanarkshire, Scotland. It is close to Lanark. They, along with New Lanark, participate in the Lanark Lanimers. They have one primary school, Kirkfieldbank primary.

Jacqueline du Pré
Jacqueline du Pré, (born 26 January 1945; died 19 October 1987) was an English cellist. Today she is thought of as one of the greatest cellists of all times. She is particularly remembered for her performances of the Elgar "Cello Concerto". She was still quite young when she became ill with multiple sclerosis and had to give up playing her cello.
Early years.
Jacqueline du Pré was born in Oxford, England. Her father came from Jersey. His mother was a talented pianist who taught at the Royal Academy of Music. When she was four Jacqueline heard the sound of a cello on the radio and she told her mother she wanted "one of those." She started with lessons from her mother, who composed little pieces with little drawings. Then, when she was five, she went to the London Violoncello School. Her first teacher was Alison Dalrymple.
Soon she and her sister, who played the flute, were winning local music competitions. Du Pré’s main teacher, from 1955 to 1961, both privately and at the Guildhall School of Music in London, was the famous cellist William Pleeth. She took part in a masterclass with Pablo Casals in Zermatt, Switzerland in 1960, and had some lessons with Paul Tortelier in Paris in 1962, and with Mstislav Rostropovich in Russia in 1966. Rostropovich said that she was the only young cellist who could play better than he could.
Career.
In March 1961, when she was 16, du Pré gave her first concert at the Wigmore Hall, London, and she played the Elgar Cello Concerto in 1962 in the Royal Festival Hall with the BBC Symphony Orchestra conducted by Rudolf Schwarz. She performed at the The Proms in 1963 playing the Elgar concerto again, with Sir Malcolm Sargent. People liked it so much that she was asked to play it every year for three years. Du Pré performed at the Proms every year until 1969.
In 1965, when she was 20, she recorded the Elgar concerto for EMI with the London Symphony Orchestra and Sir John Barbirolli. This made her internationally famous. People still judge every cellist’s performance of this work by this recording by du Pré.
She played with the world’s greatest orchestras and conductors, including the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra, London Symphony Orchestra, London Philharmonic, New Philharmonia Orchestra, BBC Symphony Orchestra, New York Philharmonic, Israel Philharmonic, and the Los Angeles Philharmonic Orchestra. She regularly performed with conductors such as Barbirolli, Sir Adrian Boult, Sir Malcolm Sargent, Daniel Barenboim (her husband), Zubin Mehta, and Leonard Bernstein.
There were two cellos that Du Pré usually played. One was a Stradivari cellos, the Stradivarius made in 1673, and the other was made in 1712 and was called the Davydov Stradivarius. Both instruments were gifts from her godmother. She performed with the 1673 Stradivarius from 1961 until 1964 when she got the Davydov. Many of her most famous recordings were made on this instrument, including the Elgar Concerto with Barbirolli, the Robert Schumann Cello Concerto with Barenboim and the two Brahms cello sonatas. From 1969 to 1970 du Pré played a Francesco Goffriller cello, and in 1970 she got a modern instrument from the Philadelphia violin maker Sergio Peresson. It was the Peresson cello that du Pré played for the rest of her career until 1973, including a second, live recording of the Elgar Concerto, and her last studio recording in 1971 of the sonatas by Frederic Chopin and César Franck.
She often played chamber music with her husband Daniel Baremboim and her friends Yehudi Menuhin, Itzhak Perlman, Zubin Mehta, and Pinchas Zukerman. In 1969 a film was made when they played Schubert’s "Piano Quintet ("Trout")". There were also other films made of her playing.
Personal life.
Jacqueline du Pré met pianist Daniel Barenboim on New Year's Eve in 1966. They were married the following June (1967) at the Western Wall in Jerusalem. As her husband was Jewish, she converted to Judaism. They very often performed together, with Baremboim either playing the piano or conducting an orchestra.
Jacqueline’s sister Hilary and her brother Piers later wrote a book about her called "A Genius in the Family". This was made into a film "Hilary and Jackie". In this film it was claimed that Jacqueline had had an affair with Hilary’s husband. They said that this had helped her at the time she was having a nervous breakdown. Hilary’s daughter later criticized the story and said that her father had made Jacqueline have sex with him.
In the early 1980s, Barenboim began an affair with the Russian pianist Elena Bashkirova, with whom he had two sons. This was kept secret from Jacqueline, who was very ill by that time.
illness.
In 1971, Jacqueline du Pré’s started to suffer from multiple sclerosis. She began to lose feeling in her fingers, as well as in other parts of her body. She stopped playing for a while. Then, in 1973, she started playing again, but she could not play so well. She performed the "Elgar Concerto" for her last London concerts in February 1973 with Zubin Mehta and the New Philharmonia Orchestra.
Her last public concerts were in New York in February 1973, where she was going to play four performances of the Brahms "Double Concerto" with the violinist Pinchas Zukerman, and Leonard Bernstein conducting the New York Philharmonic. Du Pré later said she had difficulty in opening the cello case. She was in the middle of a performance when her fingers could no longer perform. The last performance was cancelled.
In October 1973 it was confirmed that she had multiple sclerosis. During her last years she was in a wheelchair. She sometimes gave some masterclasses. She died in London on October 19, 1987, at the age of 42.
Jacqueline du Pré was given many honours. She was made an OBE in 1976. After her death a rose was named after her by the Royal Horticultural Society. The music building of St Hilda's College, Oxford is named after her. She has left us many recordings of her playing.

New Lanark
New Lanark is a village in South Lanarkshire, Scotland. It is next to Lanark.

Masterclass
A master class is a lesson given by a famous musician or artist to a small group of students. Music students may often have the opportunity to have a masterclass with a famous musician. They will have prepared a piece of music to play to the teacher. There is usually an audience watching at a masterclass.

North Medwin River
North Medwyn is a river in the Lanarkshire area of Scotland. The North Medwyn is a tributary of the River Clyde. This means that it flows into the River Clyde.

South Medwin River
The South Medwyn is a river in the Lanarkshire area of Scotland.

List of rivers of Scotland
Flowing into the North Sea.
"From Berwick-upon-Tweed to Duncansby Head (East Coast)"
The Inner Hebrides and Isle of Skye.
"Isle of Skye"
"Mull"
Flowing into the Atlantic Ocean.
"Dunnet Head to Mull of Kintyre"
Firth of Clyde.
"From Mull of Kintyre to Mull of Galloway"

Hamilton, South Lanarkshire
Hamilton is a town in South Lanarkshire, Scotland. It is the where the council headquarters for South Lanarkshire are situated.

Province of Frosinone
Frosinone is a province in the region of Latium (or) in Italy.

Province of Latina
Latina is a province in the region of Latium (or) in Italy.

Pintic River (Dipşa)
The Pintic River is a tributary of the Dipşa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Dipşa River.

Nechitu River
The Nechitu River is a tributary of the Bistriţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bistriţa River.

Boura River
The Boura River is a tributary of the Moldova River in Romania. That means it flows into the Moldova River.

Camenca River
The Camenca River or Caminca River is a tributary of the Trotuş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Trotuş River.

Province of Rieti
Rieti is a province in the region of Latium (or) in Italy.

Aluniş River (Uz)
The Aluniş River is a tributary of the Mogheruş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Mogheruş River.

Province of Rome
Rome (or) is a province in the region of Latium (or) in Italy.

Măgheruş River (Mureş)
The Măgheruş River or Aluniş River is a tributary of the Mureş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Mureş River.

Aluniş River (Tecşe)
The Aluniş River is a tributary of the Nireş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Nireş River.

Aluniş River (Valea Crişului)
The Aluniş River is a tributary of the Pârâul Mijlociu in Romania. That means it flows into the Pârâul Mijlociu.

Aluniş River (Săcuieu)
The Aluniş River is a tributary of the Săcuieu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Săcuieu River.

Aluniş River (Turia)
The Aluniş River is a tributary of the Valea Gorganului River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Gorganului River.

Valea Gorganului River
The Valea Gorganului River is a tributary of the Turia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Turia River.

Derren Brown
Derren Brown (born 27 February 1971) is an English magician, psychological illusionist, mentalist, and painter. He was born in Croydon, South London. Brown learned law and German at the University of Bristol.
In 1996, he started doing stage shows at the University he was going to.
"Trick of the Mind", "Trick or Treat" and The System" are just some of his television programmes shown on channel 4.

Fall of a Kingdom
"Fall of a Kingdom" is the first book in the Farsala Trilogy by American author Hilari Bell. It was previously called "Flame!" It is also called "The Book of Sorahb" in the series.

Rise of a Hero
"Rise of a Hero" is a fantasy book that was written in 2005 by Hilari Bell. It is the second book in the Farsala Trilogy.

Forging the Sword
Forging the Sword is a fantasy book that was written by Hilari Bell. It is the third and last book in the Farsala Trilogy.

Farsala Trilogy
"The Farsala Trilogy" is a series of three fantasy books that are written by Hilari Bell. The books follow the story of Jiaan, Kavi, and Soraya as they try to defeat the Hrum Empire.

Watchtower
A Watchtower is a very high tower. They were used at city walls to see invaders, when they were far away so the city could prepare for an attack. Also a watch tower is used for watching over people(like a town or a city). Watch towers are not as popular as they were in mid-evil times.

Hilari Bell
Hilari Bell (born in 1958) is an American fantasy writer. She is the writer of several science-fiction and fantasy books including the "Farsala Trilogy".

Aluniş River (Suceava)
The Aluniş River is a tributary of the Viţău River in Romania. That means it flows into the Viţău River.

Argeş County
Argeş () is a county (judeţ) of Romania, in Wallachia. The capital of Argeş County is Piteşti.
Geography.
This county has a total area of 6,862 km².
The main river that croses the county is the Argeş River. In the south, the main rivers are the Vedea River and the Teleorman River.
Divisions.
Argeş County has 3 municipalities, 4 towns and 95 communes.

Iminog River
The Iminog River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Sibiel River
The Sibiel River is a tributary of the Pârâul Negru in Romania. That means it flows into the Pârâul Negru.

Ardeiu River
The Ardeiu River is a tributary of the Sibiel River in Romania. That means it flows into the Sibiel River.

Dunga River
The Dunga River is a tributary of the Baraolt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Baraolt River.

Scaunu River
The Scaunu River or Şerpatac River or Spătac River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Sedloca River
The Sedloca River or Sedloco River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Cadu River
The Cadu River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Racu River
The Racu River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Pustnic River
The Pustnic River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Fitod River
The Fitod River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Cozmeni River
The Cozmeni River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Borviz River
The Borviz River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Talomir River
The Talomir River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Opat River
The Opat River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Oboga River
The Oboga River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Ucea River
The Ucea River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Surdui River
The Surdui River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Top River
The Top River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Boia River
The Boia River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River. It starts where the headwaters Boia Mare şi Boia Mică meet.

List of rivers of Bulgaria
Note: in Bulgarian, "reka" means "river".

Netot River
The Netot River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Berivoi River
The Berivoi River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Dridif River
The Dridif River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Cibin River
Cibin () is a river in the southern part of Transylvania in Romania. The Cibin River is a tributary of the Olt River. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Topolog River (Olt)
The Topolog River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Scundu River
The Scundu River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Henry A. Wallace
Henry Agard Wallace (October 7, 1888 – November 18, 1965) was the 33rd Vice President of the United States (1941–45). He was also the eleventh Secretary of Agriculture (1933–40). In addition, he was the tenth Secretary of Commerce (1945–46).

Araci River
The Araci River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Debren River
The Debren River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Cumulonimbus cloud
Cumulonimbus (Cb) is a type of cloud that is tall, dense, and involved in thunderstorms and other intense weather. The clouds can form alone, in clusters, or along a cold front in a squall line. Cumulonimbus clouds form from cumulus clouds (namely from cumulus congestus cloud) and can further develop to a supercell, a severe thunderstorm with special features.

Grotu River
The Grotu River is a tributary of the Lotru River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lotru River.

Bora River
The Bora River is a tributary of the Lotru River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lotru River.

Coasta River
The Coasta River is a tributary of the Lotru River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lotru River.

Vertical draft
An updraft or downdraft is the vertical movement of air as weather causes two forces to move.

Calnic River
The Calnic River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Molecular cloud
A molecular cloud is a type of interstellar cloud whose density and size permits the formation of molecules, most commonly molecular hydrogen (H2). Molecular hydrogen is difficult to detect by infrared and radio observations, so the molecule most often used to determine the presence of H2 is CO (carbon monoxide)

Covasna County
Covasna (,) is a county (judeţ) of Romania, in Transylvania. The capital of Covasna County is Sfântu Gheorghe.
Geography.
Covasna County has an area of 3,710 km².
Divisions.
Covasna County has 2 municipalities, 3 towns and 40 communes. The places have a absolute and relative Hungarian majority, Hungarian names of them are given in paranthesis.

Phoenix (spacecraft)
Phoenix is a robotic spacecraft on a space exploration mission on Mars under the Mars Scout Program.
It was launched from Florida on 4 Aug 2007 and landed safely on Mars on 25 May 2008.
This spacecraft will analyze the Martian Soil using a hi-tec oven named TEGA (Thermal and Evolved Gas Analyzer) to decode the composition of the Martian soil.
As the numerous missions before it have, Phoenix will also search for life.

Bacău County
Bacău () is a county (judeţ) of Romania, in Moldavia. The capital of Bacău County is Bacău.
Geography.
Bacău County has an area of 6,621 km².
Divisions.
Bacău County has 3 municipalities, 5 towns and 80 communes.

Bihor County
Bihor (), in Hungarian: "Bihar" (), is a county (judeţ) of Romania, in Crişana. The capital of Bihor County is Oradea.
Geography.
Bihor County has an area of 7,544 km².
Divisions.
Bihor County has 4 municipalities, 6 towns and 90 communes.

Semi-presidential system
The semi-presidential system is a system of government where both the prime minister and the president run the day-to-day affairs of the state.

Unitary state
A unitary state is a state whose three organs of state are ruled constitutionally as one unit, with central legislature.

Exploration of Mars
The exploration of Mars has been an important part of the space exploration programs of the Soviet Union (later Russia), the United States, Europe, and Japan.
Methods.
Dozens of robotic spacecraft, including orbiters, landers, and rovers, have been launched toward Mars since the 1960s.

Dojo
A dojo (道場) is a Japanese term which literally means "place of the Way". Dojo are sometimes added on to temples.
Uses.
The term can refer to a training place for any of the Japanese arts but it is considered the formal gathering place for students of a martial arts style to train, take exams and fight.

Gorj County
Gorj () is a county (judeţ) of Romania, in Oltenia. The capital is Târgu Jiu.
Geography.
Gorj county has an area of 5,602 km². The main river, which collects all the smaller rivers, is the Jiu River.
Divisions.
Gorj County has 2 municipalities, 6 towns and 61 communes.

Dolj County
Dolj () is a county (judeţ) of Romania, in Oltenia. The capital is Craiova (population: 314,437).
Geography.
Dolj County has an area of 7,414 km².
Divisions.
Dolj County has 3 municipalities, 4 towns and 104 communes.

Pârâul Negru (Cibin)
The Pârâul Negru River or Sălişte River is a tributary of the Cibin River in Romania. That means it flows into the Cibin River.

Moldoveanu Peak
Moldoveanu Peak (Romanian: "Vârful Moldoveanu") is the highest mountain in Romania, being located in the Făgăraş Mountains of the Southern Carpathians.
The most used paths to reach Moldoveanu are over the Vistea Mare Peak (2527m), by paths coming from Podragu, Sambata, or by the Vistea Valley.
The closest locality is Victoria, on the north side. On the south side it is accessible from northwest of Câmpulung.

Făgăraş Mountains
Făgăraş Mountains are the highest mountains of the Southern Carpathians, in Romania. The highest peaks are Moldoveanu (2544 m), Negoiu (2535 m), Viştea Mare (2527 m), Lespezi (2522 m), Vânătoarea lui Buteanu (2507 m), and Dara (2501 m).

Southern Carpathians
The Southern Carpathians (Romanian: Carpaţii Meridionali), also called the Transylvanian Alps, are a group of mountainranges. They divide central and southern Romania, on one side, and Serbia, on the other side. They cover part of the Carpathian Mountains that is located between the Prahova River in the east and the Timiş and Cerna Rivers in the west. To the south they are bounded by the Balkan mountain range of Serbia.

Vistea Mare
Viştea Mare is a mountainpeak in the Făgăraş Mountains of the Southern Carpathians of Braşov county in Romania. It has an altitude of. It is the third highest peak in Romania.

Victoria, Braşov
Victoria is a town in the western part of Braşov County, Romania, near the Făgăraş Mountains. It has a population of about 10,900 people.

Câmpulung
Câmpulung, or Câmpulung Muscel, is a city in Argeş County, Romania.

Saving
In common usage, saving generally means putting money aside, for example, by putting money in the bank or investing in a pension plan.
In a broader sense, saving is typically used to refer to economizing, cutting costs, or to rescuing someone or something.

Time deposit
A time deposit (also known as a term deposit, particularly in Canada, Australia and New Zealand) is a money deposit at a banking institution that cannot be withdrawn for a certain "term" or period of time.

Craiova
Craiova (), the fifth biggest Romanian city, is the capital of Dolj County. It can be found by the east bank of the Jiu River in the central part of Oltenia.

Târgu Jiu
Târgu Jiu (also spelled Tîrgu Jiu) is the capital of Gorj County, Oltenia, Romania. It is found on the shores of the Jiu River. It has a population of 101,562 people as of the year 2002.

Exploring
Exploration is the act of searching or traveling for the purpose of discovery, e.g. of unknown people, including space (space exploration), for oil, gas, coal, ores, caves, water (Mineral exploration or prospecting), or information.

Mineral exploration
Mineral exploration is the process undertaken by companies, partnerships or corporations in the endeavour of finding ore (commercially viable concentrations of minerals) to mine. Mineral exploration is a much more intensive, organised and professional form of mineral prospecting and, though it frequently uses the services of prospecting, the process of mineral exploration on the whole is much more involved.

Prospecting
Prospecting is the physical search for minerals, fossils, precious metals or mineral specimens, and is also known as fossicking.

Cycloalkane
Cycloalkanes are hydrocarbons. The atoms are arranged in a circle and there are only single carbon to carbon bonds.

Isomer
An isomer in chemistry is a chemical which has the same molecular formula as another, but who's 3D configuration in space is it's exact mirror-image, meaning they cannot be superposed, implying obligatorily the breakage of one chemical bound, and the formation of another.

Huitzilopochtli
In Aztec mythology, Huitzilopochtli, also spelled Uitzilopochtli, was a god of war, a sun god, and the patron of the city of Tenochtitlan.
Legend.
The legend of Huitzilopochtli is recorded in the Mexicayotl Chronicle. His sister, Coyolxauhqui, tried to kill their mother because she became pregnant in a shameful way (by a ball of feathers). Her offspring, Huitzilopochtli, learned of this plan while still in the womb, and before it was put into action, sprang from his mother's womb fully grown and fully armed and killed his sister Coyolxauhqui, together with many of his 400 brothers and sisters. He then tossed his sister's head into the sky, where it became the moon, so that his mother would be comforted in seeing her daughter in the sky every night. He also threw his other brothers and sisters into the sky, where they became the stars.

Tezcatlipoca
Tezcatlipoca (was a central deity in Aztec mythology. He was associated with many concepts including the night sky, the night winds, hurricanes, the north, the earth, obsidian, enmity, discord, rulership, divination, temptation, sorcery, beauty, war and strife. His name in the Nahuatl language is often translated as "Smoking Mirror" because of his connection to obsidian, the material from which mirrors were made in Mesoamerica and which was used for shamanic rituals.
He had many names in context with different aspects of his deity: Titlacauan ("We are his Slaves"), Ipalnemoani ("He by whom we live"), Necoc Yaotl ("Enemy of Both Sides"), Tloque Nahuaque ("Lord of the Near and the Nigh") and Yohualli Èecatl (Night, Wind), Ome acatl ("Two Reed"), Ilhuicahua Tlalticpaque ("Possessor of the Sky and Earth").
On pictures he was usually drawn with a black and a yellow stripe painted across his face. He is often shown with his right foot replaced with an obsidian mirror or a snake - an allusion to the creation myth in which he loses his foot battling with the Earth Monster. Sometimes the mirror was shown on his chest, and sometimes smoke would come from the mirror. Tezcatlipocas Nagual, his animal counterpart, was the jaguar and his Jaguar aspect was the deity Tepeyollotl "Mountainheart".
The Tezcatlipoca figure goes back to earlier Mesoamerican deities worshipped by the Olmec and Maya. Similarities exist with the patron deity of the K'iche' Maya as described in the Popol Vuh. A central figure of the Popol Vuh was the god Tohil whose name means "obsidian" and who was associated with sacrifice. Also the Classic Maya god of rulership and thunder known to modern Mayanists as "God K", or the "Manikin Scepter" and to the classic Maya as "K'awil" was shown with a smoking obsidian knife in his forehead and one leg replaced with a snake.
Tezcatlipoca and Quetzalcoatl.
Tezcatlipoca was often described as a rival of another important god of the Aztecs, the culture hero, Quetzalcoatl. In one version of the Aztec creation account the myth of the Five Suns, The first creation, "The sun of the Earth" was ruled by Tezcatlipoca but destroyed by Quetzalcoatl when he struck down Tezcatlipoca who then transformed into a jaguar. Quetzalcoatl became the ruler of the following creation "Sun of Water", and Tezcatlipoca destroyed the third creation "The Sun of Wind" by striking down Quetzalcoatl.
In later myths, the four gods who created the world, Tezcatlipoca, Quetzalcoatl, Huitzilopochtli and Xipe Totec were referred to respectively as the Black, the White, the Blue and the Red Tezcatlipoca. The four Tezcatlipocas were the sons of Ometecuhtli and Omecihuatl, lord and lady of the duality, and were the creators of all the other gods, as well as the world and man.

Tezcatlipoca (disambiguation)
Tezcatlipoca ([teskatɬiˈpoːka]) was a central deity in Aztec religion.

Province of Viterbo
Viterbo is a province in the region of Latium (or) in Italy.

North London
North London is the northern part of London, England. The area it covers is defined differently for a range of purposes.

Province of Gorizia
Gorizia is a province in the region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia in Italy.

Tezcatlipoca (DC Comics)
Tezcatlipoca I is a fictional character who appeared in the DC Comics' series Wonder Woman and is a god from Aztec mythology. Tezcatlipoca II is a character who appeared in the series Green Arrow and is a hybrid of human and jaguar, a werejaguar.

Province of Trieste
The Province of Trieste (Italian: Provincia di Trieste, Slovene: Tržaška pokrajina) is a province in the autonomous Friuli-Venezia Giulia region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Trieste. It has an area of 212 km², and a total population of 242,235 (2001). It has a coastal length of 48.1 km. There are 6 communes in the province.

Province of Udine
The Province of Udine (It. Provincia di Udine, Friulian Provincie di Udin) is a province in the autonomous Friuli-Venezia Giulia region of Italy, bordering Austria and Slovenia. Its capital is the city of Udine.

Province of Pordenone
The Province of Pordenone () is a province in the autonomous region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia in Italy. Its capital is the city of Pordenone. Before 1968 it was part of the Province of Udine.

Province of Bologna
Bologna is a province in the region of Emilia-Romagna in Italy.

Province of Ferrara
Ferrara is a province in the region of Emilia-Romagna in Italy.

Province of Forlì-Cesena
Forlì-Cesana is a province in the region of Emilia-Romagna in Italy.

Province of Modena
Modena is a province in the region of Emilia-Romagna in Italy.

Province of Parma
Parma is a province in the region of Emilia-Romagna in Italy.

Province of Piacenza
Piacenza is a province in the region of Emilia-Romagna in Italy.

Province of Ravenna
Ravenna is a province in the region of Emilia-Romagna in Italy.

Crackme
A crackme (is a small program designed to test a programmers reverse engineering skills.
They are created to have a legal way to "crack" software.

Province of Reggio Emilia
Reggio Emilia is a province in the region of Emilia-Romagna in Italy.

Province of Rimini
Rimini is a province in the region of Emilia-Romagna in Italy.

Soldering
Soldering is a process in which two or more metal items are joined together by melting and flowing a filler metal into the joint, the filler metal having a relatively low melting point. Soft soldering is characterized by the melting point of the filler metal, which is below 400 C°. The filler metal used in the process is called solder.

Corythosaurus
Corythosaurus is a genus of ornithopod was a large are plant-eating, duck-billed dinosaur. It was about 30-33 feet (9-10 m) long, 6.6 feet (2 m) tall at the hips, and may have weighed up to 5 tons. It had a hollow, bony crest on top of its long head in the shape of a helmet flattened on the sides (Corythosaurus means "helmet lizard"). Males had larger crests than females and juveniles.

Loitering
Loitering is an intransitive verb meaning to stand around without doing anything. It can also mean to stop many times, or to wait and procrastinate.

Ornithopod
Ornithopods are a group of bird-hipped dinosaurs that started out as small, bipedal running grazers, and grew in size and numbers until they became one of the most successful groups of herbivores in the Cretaceous world, and dominated the North American landscape.

Millionaire
A millionaire (originally and sometimes still millionnaire) is an individual whose net worth or wealth has one million dollars in the stock market.

Sales
Sales are the activities involved in selling products or services in return for money or other compensation. It is an act of completion of a commercial activity.

Sell (professional wrestling)
In professional wrestling, the sell is the physical element of making the action look real to the crowd. In other words, it has to do with the acting necessary to sell the storyline. Reactions to moves are often exaggerated, or "oversold", for maximum crowd effect.

Investing
An investment is a term with several closely-related meanings in business management, finance and economics, related to saving or deferring consumption.

Returns (economics)
Returns in economics and political economy, are the distributions or payments awarded to the various suppliers of the factors of production.

Mystery play
Mystery plays and Miracle plays are among the earliest formally developed plays in medieval Europe.

Province of Avellino
The Province of Avellino (Italian: Provincia di Avellino) is a province in the Campania region of Italy.

Province of Benevento
The Province of Benevento (Italian: Provincia di Benevento) is a province in the Campania region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Benevento.

Province of Caserta
The Province of Caserta (Italian: Provincia di Caserta) is a province in the Campania region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Caserta. The former royal palace of Caserta is located near to the city.

Province of Naples
The Province of Naples (Italian: "Provincia di Napoli", Nnapulitano: "Pruvincia 'e Nàpule") is a province in the Campania region of Italy. Its capital city is Naples, within the province there are 92 "Comuni of the Province of Naples".

Province of Salerno
The Province of Salerno (Italian: Provincia di Salerno) is a province in the Campania region of Italy.

Siegmund Nissel
Siegmund Nissel (January 3, 1922 - May 21, 2008) was an Austrian-born British violinist who played second violin in the famous Amadeus Quartet.
Siegmund (Sigi) Nissel was born in Munich to a Jewish family from Vienna. He began playing the violin at the age of 6. His mother died when he was 9. He was taken by his father to Vienna, where his teachers included Max Weissgärber. Soon the political situation became dangerous for Jews in Austria and so, in 1938, the young Nissel was sent from Vienna to Great Britain.
When World War II started Nissel was interned on the Isle of Man. There he met the violinist Peter Schidlof and later Norbert Brainin. They played a lot of music together. Then they were set free because they were talented musicians. They studied with the famous violin teacher Max Rostal. There they met the British cellist, Martin Lovett whose wife was a pupil of Rostal. The four men played string quartets together, with Peter Schidlof now playing viola. At first they called themselves the Brainin Quartet, but then Nissel had the idea of the name Amadeus Quartet (Amadeus being one of Mozart's names).
The Amadeus Quartet (which their friends often called the Wolf Gang), gave its first concert in the Wigmore Hall, London in 1948. The hall was full and hundreds of people were turned away. After this concert they were invited to perform all over the world. They became the most famous string quartet group of their time. They made about 200 recordings. They were especially known for playing quartets by the great classical composersMozart, Beethoven, Schubert and Brahms, but they also played works by 20th-century composers such as Bartók and Benjamin Britten (who wrote his third quartet for them).
Nissel was the one who organized all the business side for the group.
When Schidlof died from a heart attack in 1987, the Amadeus Quartet no longer existed. Nissel became a well-known teacher of young quartets at the Royal Academy of Music.
Although he had an operation for a brain tumour in 1960 and also a heart bypass he lived to the age of 86. He was a family man who had a wife, son, daughter and three grandchildren. He had many honours including an OBE (1970), and honorary doctorates from York University and the Royal Academy of Music.
References.
Siegmund Nissel - Obituary: The Independent, 26 May 2008

Dong Xian
Dong Xian (董賢) (23 BC(?) – 1 BC) was a Han Dynasty politician who quickly rose from obscurity as a minor official to being the most powerful official in the imperial administration of Emperor Ai within a span of a few years.

Emperor Ai of Han
Emperor Ai of Han (27 BC-1 BC) was an emperor of the Chinese Han Dynasty. He ascended the throne when he was 20, having been made heir by his uncle Emperor Cheng, who was childless, and he reigned from 7 BC to 1 BC.

Empress Fu (Ai)
Empress Fu, formally Empress Xiaoai, was an empress during the Han Dynasty. Her personal name is not known. Her husband was Emperor Ai.

Empress Zhao Feiyan
Empress Zhao Feiyan (c. 32 BC — 1 BC), formally Empress Xiaochen, was an empress during the Han Dynasty.

Bypass (surgical)
In medicine, a bypass usually means making another route for the blood to flow. Sometimes an artery, the channel through which the blood flows, becomes blocked up. The patient has a bypass operation. Very often the surgeon will take part of a vein from the patient's leg and move it to the place with the blockage so that the blood can flow round the blocked part.

Max Rostal
Max Rostal (born Cieszyn, 7 August 1905; died Bern, 6 August 1991) was a violinist who was a famous violin teacher. He was Austrian-born, but later took British citizenship.
He was born in Cieszyn and studied with Carl Flesch. From 1930-33 he taught at the Berlin Hochschule, from 1944 to 1958 at the Guildhall School of Music, London and then at the conservatory in Bern, Switzerland. Many of his pupils became famous players. They include three members of the Amadeus Quartet.
Rostal played a wide variety of music, including many newly composed works such as Violin Concerto no 2 by Béla Bartók.

Peter Schidlof
Peter Schidlof (July 9, 1922 - 1987) was an Austrian-British [violist. He played the viola in the Amadeus Quartet.
Schidlof was born in Vienna, but had to leave Austria when the Nazis came. He went to Great Britain. Because he was musically talented he won a scholarship to Blundell's School in Devon, but when World War II broke out he was interned. It was in the internment camp that met Norbert Brainin and Siegmund Nissel. They often played music together. When they were freed they became pupils of Max Rostal who persuaded Schidlof to play the viola instead of the violin. Together with Martin Lovett the four men formed a string quartet which at first they called the Brainin Quartet, but they soon changed the name to Amadeus Quartet. The Amadeus Quartet gave their first concert at the Wigmore Hall in 1948. Soon they became world famous, playing in concerts and festivals in many countries.
Schidlof was a calm man who listened very carefully to everything that was going on. The others called him "Eagle ears". The four men played together for nearly 40 years until Schidlof's death.

Province of Catanzaro
Catanzaro is a province in the region of Calabria in Italy.

Province of Cosenza
Cosenza is a province in the region of Calabria in Italy.

Province of Crotone
Crotone is a province in the region of Calabria in Italy.

Province of Reggio Calabria
Reggio Calabria is a province in the region of Calabria in Italy.

Province of Vibo Valentia
Vibo Valentia is a province in the region of Calabria in Italy.

Province of Matera
Matera is a province in the region of Basilicata in Italy.

Province of Potenza
Potenza is a province in the region of Basilicata in Italy.

Amber Rives
Amber Adriana Helena Rives (born April 19, 1988), better known as Amber Rives, is an American model/songwriter.
Early life and career.
Amber Rives was born in Seville, Spain, to a Spanish, Puerto Rican mother and an Irish father of Cuban descent. When Amber was 6 her family moved to Ireland. At the age of 11, she was spotted by a talent scout from Irene Marie Models in Miami, Florida while on holiday and was signed straight away. She did not formally begin modeling until age 15.
Music.
Rives has written songs for Usher,including recent #1 hit "Love In This Club",Mario,including "Crying Out For Me" and "Music For Love",Leona Lewis,including "Bleeding Love" and "Better In Time",Rihanna,including #1 single "Umbrella" featuring Jay-Z,Chris Brown,including "With You" and "Forever",Christina Milian "Us Against The World".
She is currently working on new projects with Mario,Beyoncé,Robin Thicke,Christina Milian,Ciara,J Holiday,The Pussycatdolls,R Kelly,Michael Jackson and Omarion.
Songwriting Summer 2008.
Rives is responsible for many of the hits at the top of the charts at the moment including Jordin Sparks ft.Chris Brown,"No Air",Keyshia Cole "Heaven Sent",LL Cool J ft.The Dream "Baby",Leona Lewis "Forgive Me",Mariah Carey ft.TI "Loving You Long Time",Nas ft.Keri Hilson "Hero",Ne-Yo "Closer" and "Miss Independent",Nelly ft.Akon and Ashanti "Body On Me",The PussyCatDolls ft.R Kelly "Out Of This Club",Rihanna "Take A Bow" and "Disturbia",Robin Thicke "Magic",Solange Knowles "I Decided",New Kids On The Block ft.Ne-Yo "Single" and Usher "Moving Mountains" and "Trading Places".
Rives has also been involved in new material leaked from upcoming albums from major R'n'B stars,these include:Beyoncé "Beautiful Nightmare",Akon ft.Michael Jackson "Hold My Hand",The Dream ft.Rihanna "Livin' A Lie" and Mario "Promise Land".
Personal Life.
Rives has been romantically linked with R&B superstar Mario several times.They were recently seen leaving Jay-Z's 40/40 club in New York City which sparked rumors that they are back together after dating briefly in 2007.However during an interview on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno,the supermodel denied that the pair are back together,and stated that they are simply "very good friends".
She is currently living with fellow fashion model and close friend Tyra Banks in Manhattan,New York City.

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Font
In typography, a font or fount is usually defined as a set of all the characters of a single size of a typeface. For example, all characters for 9 point Bulmer is a font, and the 10 point size would be another font.
With the increase in the use of personal computers, definition has changed. The term font is now often used as another name for a typeface. The size of the characters has no effect on fonts when using this definition.

Lectern
A lectern (from the Latin "lectus", past participle of "legere", "to read") is a reading desk with a slanted top. It is usually placed on a stand some other form of support. Documents or books are often put on top of a lectern to make it easier for someone to read them to other people. For example, for Scripture reading, lectures, speechs or sermons. The height and slant of a lectern can usually be changed to so the person reading can stand properly and make good eye-contact with an audience.

Epistle
An epistle (pronounced [ɪˈpɪsəl]) (Greek επιστολη, "epistolē," "letter") is a writing sent to a person or group of people. It is often a written as a letter. The letters in the New Testament from the Apostles to Christians are usually called epistles; those from Paul are known as Pauline epistles and the others as Catholic or general epistles.

Anglo-Saxon architecture
Anglo-Saxon architecture was a period in the history of architecture in England and parts of Wales, from the mid-5th century until the Norman Conquest of 1066.

Norman architecture
The term Norman architecture is used to categorize styles of Romanesque architecture made by the Normans in the land that was under their dominion or influence in the 11th and 12th centuries.

English Gothic architecture
English Gothic is the name of the architectural style that was very popular in England from about 1180 until about 1520. As with the gothic architecture of other parts of Europe, English Gothic is defined by its pointed arches, vaulted roofs, buttresses, large windows, and spires.

Salisbury Cathedral
Salisbury Cathedral is an Anglican cathedral located in Salisbury, Wiltshire, England. The main body was completed in only 38 years and is considered one of the leading examples of Early English architecture.

Fan vault
A fan vault is a form of vault used in the Perpendicular Gothic style. All its ribs are of the same curve and spaced the same.

Gert Fram
"Gert Fram" is a short story that was written by Orson Scott Card in 1977. It is in his short story collection "Maps in a Mirror". This short story was the first story Card wrote. It first came out in the July 1977 fine arts issue of "Ensign" magazine under the pen name Byron Walley.

Vezina Trophy
The Vezina Trophy is awarded every year to the National Hockey League's goaltender who is chosen as the best goaltender. At the end of each season, the 30 General Managers of the teams in the National Hockey League vote to determine the goaltender who was the most valuable to his team during the regular season. Before 1981, it was awarded to the goaltender(s) of the team allowing the fewest number of goals during the regular season; now, the William M. Jennings Trophy is awarded under this previous definition.
History.
The Vezina Trophy was named for Georges Vézina, a very good goaltender with the Montreal Canadiens. Vezina felt sick during a game in 1925 because he had tuberculosis. When Vezina died, the trophy was given to the League by the former owners of the Montreal Canadiens, Leo Dandurand, Louis Letourneau and Joe Cattarinich. It was first awarded at the end of the 1926-27 NHL season.
Until the 1980–81 season, the trophy was awarded to the goaltender(s) of the team that gave up the least goals during the regular season. However, it was recognized that this system often meant the trophy went to the goaltender of the better team rather than the individual and hence the change was made to offer the William M. Jennings Trophy to the goaltender(s) playing for the team with the fewest goals against. Since 1981, the Vezina Trophy has been awarded by the NHL General Managers to the most outstanding goaltender. Billy Smith of the New York Islanders was the first winner of the Vezina under the current system.
There have been numerous instances of players receiving the trophy many times in different years, and players tying for the trophy. Jacques Plante holds the record for winning the most Vezinas with seven, trailed by Bill Durnan and Dominik Hasek both of who have won six. Hasek has won the most under the current system of honouring the best individual goalie. Players for the Montreal Canadiens have won the Vezina 28 times. Under the original definition, there would often be multiple winners from the same team during one season. In the 1973-74 NHL season, Tony Esposito of the Chicago Black Hawks and Bernie Parent of the Philadelphia Flyers finished tied for the fewest goals against, the only time that there would be a tie between two players from different teams. There are only three players that have won both the Vezina and Hart Memorial Trophy for the same season: Jacques Plante, who won both trophies for the 1961–62 season; Dominik Hasek who won both for the 1996–97 and 1997–98 seasons; and Jose Theodore, who won the Vezina and Hart for the 2001-02 NHL season. Two other Vezina winning goaltenders have also won the Hart Memorial Trophy: Roy Worters and Al Rollins. Chuck Rayner was the only goaltender to win the Hart Memorial Trophy, but never the Vezina.
The voting is conducted at the end of the regular season by the 30 general managers of the teams in the National Hockey League, and each individual voter ranks their top three candidates on a 5-3-1 points system. Three finalists are named and the trophy is awarded at the NHL Awards ceremony after the playoffs.
1927–1981.
When introduced, the Vezina Trophy was awarded to the goaltender, or goaltenders, of the team that gave up the fewest goals in regular season play.
1982–present.
The NHL adopted the current criteria for the Vezina Trophy beginning in 1982. The William M. Jennings Trophy was created as a new award for the goaltender(s) of the team that surrenders the fewest goals in regular season play.
Notes.
For the 1973–74 season, there was a tie between Tony Esposito of the Chicago Black Hawks and Bernie Parent of the Philadelphia Flyers. It is the only time when two players from two different teams tied.

The Memory of Earth
"The Memory of Earth" (1992) is the first book of the Homecoming Saga by Orson Scott Card. The Homecoming saga is a fake story about the first 100 years in the Book of Mormon.

The Call of Earth
"The Call of Earth" (1992) is the second book in the Homecoming Saga by Orson Scott Card.

The Ships of Earth
"The Ships of Earth" (1994) is the third book in the Homecoming Saga. It was written by Orson Scott Card in 1994.

Homecoming Saga
The Homecoming Saga is a science fiction series by Orson Scott Card. The series is patterned on the Book of Mormon. Some of the names also come from the Book of Mormon.

Earthfall
"Earthfall" (1995) is the fourth book of the Homecoming Saga. It was written by Orson Scott Card in 1995.

Earthborn
"Earthborn" (1995) is the fifth book of the Homecoming Saga. It was written by Orson Scott Card, and is the last book in the Homecoming Saga.

Tor Books
Tor Books is an American book publishing company. It is one of two imprints of Tom Doherty Associates, LLC, based in New York City. It is noted for its science fiction and fantasy books. Tom Doherty Associates also publishes mainstream fiction, mystery, and some military history books under its Forge imprint. Tom Doherty Associates, LLC, was formed by Tom Doherty in 1980, and sold to St. Martin's Press in 1986. Along with St. Martin's Press, Henry Holt, and Farrar Straus Giroux, it is now part of the Holtzbrinck group.

King's College Chapel, Cambridge
King's College Chapel is the chapel to King's College of the University of Cambridge. It is one of the finest examples of late English Gothic or Perpendicular style.

Christopher Wren
Sir Christopher Wren (October 20, 1632 – February 25, 1723) was a 17th century English designer, astronomer and geometer (a mathematician who studies Geometry). He was one of the greatest English architects of his time. Wren designed 53 churches in London, including St. Paul's Cathedral.

Coventry Cathedral
Coventry Cathedral, also known as St. Michael's Cathedral, is an Anglican cathedral. It is located in Coventry, West Midlands, England. The cathedral is the seat of the Bishop of Coventry and the Diocese of Coventry. The Rt Revd Dr. Christopher Cocksworth is the current Bishop of Coventry. He is the 9th Bishop of Coventry.

World Ocean
The World Ocean, world ocean, or global ocean is a term used to define all the world's oceans as one big ocean.
It is divided into five oceans. These divisions are the Atlantic Ocean, Arctic Ocean (sometimes considered a sea of the Atlantic), Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean, and Southern Ocean (some people think it is just the southern portions of the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans).
The approximate shape of the World Ocean can for most purposes be treated as constant, although in fact it is not: continental drift continually changes its structure.

Bering Strait
The Bering Strait (Russian: Берингов пролив) is a sea strait between Cape Dezhnev, Russia, the easternmost point (169°43' W) of the Asian continent and Cape Prince of Wales, Alaska, the westernmost point (168°05' W) of the North American continent, with latitude of about 65° 40' north, slightly south of the Arctic Circle.

Monolophosaurus
Monolophosaurus was a medium-sized meat-eater from China that lived during the Jurassic Period. It had lots of sharp teeth and a big, skinny head. It also had one feature not found on any other meat-eat. The area where Monolophosaurus was discovered showed signs that it was sometimes covered with water, so it is possible that this dinosaur lived on the shore of a lake or sea.ting dinosaur - a long, bony ridge that went from its nose back to the top of its head.
The remains of the type of Monolophosaurus preserve a complete skull and partial postcranium (Zhao & Currie, 1994). In fact, these remains are amongst the most complete from the Middle Jurassic of China (Rauhut, 2003). A recent phylogenetic analysis (Rauhut, 2003) places Monolophosaurus as the basalmost member of the the Allosauroidea.

Hart's Hope
"Hart's Hope" (1983) is a fantasy book that is written by Orson Scott Card.

Twillingate, Newfoundland and Labrador
Twillingate is a town that can be found on the Twillingate Islands off the coast of Newfoundland. About 2500 people live in the town. It is known for it's scenic landscape and friendly hospitality. Twillingate is about an hour and a half north of Gander and an hour north of Lewisporte.
Twillingate's economy is based around the fishery.

Gander, Newfoundland and Labrador
Gander is a town of about 9000 people located in the central region of Newfoundland, Canada. It is home to the Gander International Airport, which used to be an important point for aircraft to refuel on long flights. Most of the streets in Gander are named after famous aviators, including Amelia Earhart, Alcock and Brown, Charles Lindbergh, Eddie Rickenbacker, Marc Garneau and Chuck Yeager.

Trireme
A Trireme is an ancient oar-driven warship powered by about 170 oars men.
The trireme derives its name from its three rows of oars on each side, manned with one man per oar. The Trireme was used by the people of the Mediterranean Sea (Greece) from the 7th to the 4th century BC.

Fabrosauridae
Fabrosauridae is a proposed family of primitive ornithischian dinosaurs from late Triassic and Jurassic. The proposed "Fabrosaurs" descended from a Lesothosaurus-like animal.

A Planet Called Treason
"A Planet Called Treason" (1979) is a science fiction book that was written by Orson Scott Card. After being changed, the book was renamed "Treason" (1988).

Saints (book)
"Saints" (1983) is a historical fiction book that was written by Orson Scott Card. Saints tells about the fictional character named Dinah Kirkham, from Manchester, England, who goes to the United States and becomes one of the multiple wives of Joseph Smith, who is founder of the Latter Day Saint movement.
"Saints" was originally named "Woman Of Destiny", even though Orson Scott Card was against this.

Hot Sleep
"Hot Sleep: The Worthing Chronicle" (1979) is a science fiction book that was written by Orson Scott Card. Although it is now out of print, Card's book "The Worthing Chronicle" (1983) has some of the same story.

The Worthing Chronicle
"The Worthing Chronicle" (1983) is a science fiction book that was written by Orson Scott Card. This book is out of print, but it was released again in a collection of short stories called "The Worthing Saga" in 1990.

Wyrms (book)
"Wyrms" (1987) is a science fiction book that was written by Orson Scott Card. The story looks at desire, wisdom, and human will.

2008 WWE Draft
The 2008 World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) Draft will be the fifth yearly (and sixth overall) Draft held by WWE. The Draft was held on June 23, 2008 in San Antonio, Texas from the AT&T Center. The Draft took place live for three hours on WWE's flagship program, "Raw", which aired on the USA Network.
Background.
The Draft was announced by WWE Chairman, Vince McMahon on the May 26 2008 episode of "Raw". During the announcement, he stated that every WWE Superstar, Diva, and Commentators were eligible to be drafted.

Poplar Forest
The Poplar Forest is the retreat home of Thomas Jefferson, third president of the United States of America near Lynchburg, Virginia.
His wife inherited the 4,819 acre plantation and he built an octagonal retreat home there which was basically complete in the year 1812. The home contains a central dining room in the shape of a cube, measuring 20 feet on all sides and lit from a skylight above. Currently under restoration, the building gives a fascinating glimpse of how things were built in those days, as well as showing off a few of Jefferson's inventions such as the triple sash window. Jefferson used the property as a respite from the busy Monticello, which was always welcoming visitors, and spent most of his time there only with close family members. He had a library containing 700 volumes and he used his time there to communicate with his 'absent friends', in other words, to catch up on his written correspondence.

Interstate 8
Interstate 8 or I-8 is an Interstate highway that runs from I-10 in the vicinity of Casa Grande AZ all the way to San Diego CA.

Regis Philbin
Regis Philbin is an American television personality. He is known as the host of the American version of the popular game show, "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?". He currently stars in the daytime talk show "Live with Regis and Kelly".
He was born on August 25, 1931.
He is often called "the hardest working man in show business" and holds the world record for the most time spent in front of a television camera.

Bill Moggridge
William (Bill) Moggridge, a British industrial designer, is co-founder of the Silicon Valley-based design firm IDEO. He helped design what was arguably the first laptop computer, the GRiD Compass. He was in favour of user-centered design process in product development cycles and also worked towards popularizing interaction design as a mainstream discipline.
Moggridge is also the author of "Designing Interactions", published in October 2006. ISBN 0262134748
He has also been involved in design education in the United Kingdom and the United States; he has taught at the Royal College of Art, the London Business School and Stanford University.

Before I Self Destruct
"Before I Self Destruct" is 50 Cent's fourth album. It will be released during 2008.
On the track "The End of My Career", on one of 50 Cent's mixtapes, he said that he has already recorded 12 tracks for the album.

Udanoceratops
Udanoceratops had a very large skull (1.5 times the size of the next largest protoceratopid Montanoceratops) with no nasal horn. It most resembles Leptoceratops but with larger nasal apertures, less teeth in the upper jaw and more in the lower jaw - there are also differences in its teeth and skull bones. It has a mixture of advanced and primitive features and may turn out to be a ceratopsid.

Antonio Pappano
Antonio Pappano (born December 30, 1959 in Epping) is a British conductor and pianist of Italian origin. He is the conductor of the orchestra of the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden in London, and l'Orchestra dell'Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia in Rome.
Pappano was born in England, but his family had come from Italy. When he was 13 years old, he moved with his family to Connecticut, in the United States. There he had his musical training, learning to play the piano as well as composition and conducting. He became a rehearsal accompanist at the New York City Opera.
Pappano is the youngest conductor to lead the Orchestra of the Royal Opera House in London, accompanying both the Royal Opera and Royal Ballet. He is also an excellent piano accompanist.

Boris Berezovsky (pianist)
Boris Berezovsky (born Moscow, 4 January 1969) is a famous Russian pianist.
Berezovsky studied at the Moscow Conservatory. In 1988 he became well-known in the West when he gave a recital in the Wigmore Hall in London. Two years later he won the Gold Medal at the 1990 International Tchaikovsky Competition in Moscow.
Boris Berezovsky gives concerts all over the world. He plays concertos with many of the great orchestras including the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra, New York Philharmonic, Philadelphia Orchestra, Orchestre de la Monnaie, Rotterdam Philharmonic, Danish National Radio Symphony Orchestra, NDR Hamburg, Hessischer Rundfunk, New Japan Philharmonic, City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra and with conductors such as Kurt Masur, Wolfgang Sawallisch, Vladimir Ashkenazy, Mikhail Pletnev and Antonio Pappano.
Berezovsky has also made many recordings.
Berezovsky has a daughter, Evelyne Berezovsky (born 1991), who is also a pianist. He now lives in Brussels.
Boris is an excellent jazz pianist and performs with his trio in Russian clubs.

Balto
Balto is a Siberian Husky. Most people have mistaken him for being Part Wolf or Part Malamute. He was born in 1923 and died 1932. In January 1925 a bad disease spread across the town of Nome, Alaska. The cure to this disease in the town expired in 1923. So they had to call some more to cure this deadly disease. They first tried by ship but the ice was closing into the Bering Sea, so the ship couldn't port. They tried by air but the blizzard was too strong. So by train from Anchorage, Alaska to Nenena, Alaska they sent the medication. Than by sled dog they replayed the antitoxin. The dog witch ran the longest longest was Togo. Balto was the dog witch lead the team into the town. And saved many of children (Near most). He received a hero's welcome as did the rest of the surviving dogs and mushers. About a few months later in New York City a statue of Balto ("right") was placed in Central Park. Which it is still their today.
The Serum Run.
In January 1925, doctors realized that a potentially deadly diphtheria epidemic was poised to sweep through Nome's young people. The only serum that could stop the outbreak was in Anchorage, nearly a thousand miles (1,600 km) away. The only aircraft that could quickly deliver the medicine was taken out of winter storage, but its engine was frozen and would not start; after considering alternatives, officials decided to move the medicine by sled dog. The serum was transported by train from Anchorage to Nenana, where the first musher embarked as part of a relay aimed at delivering the needed serum to Nome. More than 20 mushers took part, facing a blizzard with −53 °F temperatures and strong winds. News coverage of the race was worldwide.
After the events.
Dedicated to the indomitable spirit of the sled dogs that relayed antitoxin six hundred miles over rough ice, across treacherous waters, through Arctic blizzards from Nenana to the relief of stricken Nome in the Winter of 1925.
Endurance · Fidelity · Intelligence ”
On December 22, 1995, Universal Pictures released the animated film Balto. The film was based on the events of the 1925 Serum Run.
They also made a 2nd and 3rd movie to the original.

Colin Davis
Sir Colin Davis, (b. Weybridge, Surrey, 25 September 1927), is a British conductor. He was born in Weybridge, Surrey, UK. Davis went to school at Christ's Hospital before studying the clarinet at the Royal College of Music in London. He was not allowed to take conducting lessons there because he did not play the piano well enough. He still managed to get some experience as conductor of the Kalmar Orchestra with other music students.
In 1952 Davis worked at the Royal Festival Hall, and in the late 1950s conducted the BBC Scottish Symphony Orchestra. He started to become well-known when he was suddenly asked to conduct Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's opera "Don Giovanni" at the Royal Festival Hall because Otto Klemperer was ill. A year later, in 1960, he conducted Mozart's "The Magic Flute" at Glyndebourne because Thomas Beecham was ill.
In the 1960s he worked at Sadler's Wells Opera and with the London Symphony Orchestra. He was Chief Conductor of the BBC Symphony Orchestra. In 1971 he took over from Georg Solti as principal conductor at the Royal Opera House. He stayed there until 1986. He particularly liked conducting the operas of Michael Tippett, giving the first performances of "The Knot Garden" (1970), and "The Ice Break" (1977). In 1977 he became the first English conductor to appear at the Bayreuth Festival where he conducted "Tannhäuser".
Davis was Principal Guest Conductor of the Boston Symphony Orchestra from 1972 to 1984. He was Chief Conductor at the Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra from 1983 to 1993. In 1991, Davis was given the honorary title 'Conductor Laureate' of the Staatskapelle Dresden, the first conductor in the orchestra's history to hold that title. In 1995, Davis became Principal Conductor of the London Symphony Orchestra. He stayed there until 2006, when the orchestra gave him the title of President. From 1998-2003, he was also Principal Guest Conductor of the New York Philharmonic.
He has received many honours, including CH and CBE
In 1949, Davis married the soprano April Cantelo. They had two children, Suzanne and Christopher. Their marriage ended in 1964, and in that same year, Davis married the young Iranian woman who had been the family "au pair", Ashraf “Shamsi” Naini. To satisfy both the Iranian and British authorities, the couple were married three times, once in Iran and twice in the UK, in the Iranian Embassy as well as in a regular UK civil ceremony. They have five children.
Sir Colin Davis is not related to the conductor Sir Andrew Davis

Sea caves
Sea caves are a hollow chamber in a coastal cliff, made by the pounding power of crashing waves. "Sea arches" and "sea stacks" are also carved from these rocky cliffs.

Valery Gergiev
Valery Abisalovich Gergiev (born Moscow, 2 May 1953) is a Russian conductor and opera company director of Ossetian birth. He is general director and artistic director of the Mariinsky Theatre, principal conductor of the London Symphony Orchestra and principal guest conductor of the Metropolitan Opera, New York. Valery Gergiev is the artistic director of the White Nights Festival in St. Petersburg.
Early years.
Gergiev was born in Moscow but was brought up in North Ossetia in the Caucasus. He was not a child prodigy, but he began to play the piano at secondary school, before going on to study at the St. Petersburg Conservatory in Leningrad from 1972 to 1977. His main conducting teacher was Ilya Musin who was one of the greatest conductors and teachers of conducting in Russian musical history.
Career.
In 1978, he became assistant conductor at the Kirov Opera, now the Mariinsky Opera. His first conducting appearance was with Sergei Prokofiev's "War and Peace". He was chief conductor of the Armenian Philharmonic Orchestra from 1981 until 1985 - the year he made his first appearance in the United Kingdom, together with pianist Evgeny Kissin, and violinists Maxim Vengerov and Vadim Repin, at The Lichfield Festival.
In 1991 Gergiev conducted the Bavarian State Opera in a performance of Modest Mussorgsky's "Boris Godunov" in Munich. In the same year he made his American début, performing "War and Peace" with the San Francisco Opera. Since then he has conducted operas and concerts all over the world. Gergiev performs at many music festivals, including the "White Nights" festival in Saint Petersburg.
He became the chief conductor and artistic director of the Mariinsky in 1988, and overall director of the company, appointed by the Russian government, in 1996.
From 1995 to 2008 he was conductor of the Rotterdam Philharmonic Orchestra. In 1997, Gergiev became principal guest conductor of the Metropolitan Opera in New York City.
In 2003, he conducted at the Mariinsky Theatre the first complete cycle of Wagner's "The Ring of the Nibelung" to be performed in Russia for over 90 years. He also conducted this production in Cardiff in 2006 at the Wales Millennium Centre, and in Costa Mesa, California in October 2006 at the Orange County Performing Arts Center. This production was presented at the Lincoln Center in New York City in July 2007 where it was an enormous success.
In 2005 he became conductor of the London Symphony Orchestra.
Gergiev is well known for conducting without a baton.
Political activities.
Gergiev has worked hard in England to bring music to a wide audience including children. He has often supported peace in the Caucasus during times of conflict between Georgia and South Ossetia. After the 2004 Beslan school massacre, Gergiev made an appeal on television for calm and against any revenge. He conducted concerts in tribute to the victims of the massacre.
In August 2008 Gergiev conducted the Orchestra of the Mariinsky Theatre in a concert given in the ruined headquarters of the South Ossetia separatist government. There had been a short war between Georgia and Russia because South Ossetia, which had been part of Georgia, wanted to be independent. The Georgian government tried to force them not to break away, but the Russian government did not want Georgia to do this. The concert, which was broadcast live on Russian television, was in support of the Russian action. Some people in the West did not agree that Gergiev should have supported Russia in this way.
Family life.
In 1999, Gergiev married the musician Natalya Debisova and they have three children.

Chris Rock
Chris Rock is an African American comedian. He is famous for his jokes about racial stereotypes; he talks a lot about difference that are common between black people and white people in the United States.

Province of Bari
Bari is a province in the region of Apulia in Italy.

Province of Brindisi
Brindisi is a province in the region of Apulia in Italy.

Province of Foggia
Foggia is a province in the region of Apulia in Italy.

Province of Lecce
Lecce is a province in the region of Apulia in Italy.

Province of Taranto
Taranto is a province in the region of Apulia in Italy.

Province of L'Aquila
L'Aquila is a province in the region of Abruzzo in Italy.

Province of Chieti
Chieti is a province in the region of Abruzzo in Italy.

Province of Teramo
Teramo is a province in the region of Abruzzo in Italy.

Province of Pescara
Pescara is a province in the region of Abruzzo in Italy.

Carhaga River
The Carhaga River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Gohan River
The Gohan River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Govora River
The Govora River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Cincu River
The Cincu River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Bozom River
The Bozom River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Province of Perugia
Perugia is a province in the region of Umbria in Italy.

Bivolari River
The Bivolari River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Province of Terni
Terni is a province in the region of Umbria in Italy.

Corlat River
The Corlat River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Teslui River
The Teslui River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Prundeni River
The Prundeni River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Felmer River
The Felmer River or Şoarş River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Gaura River
The Gaura River is a headwater of the Şimon River in Romania.

Betel River
The Betel River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Techera River
The Techera River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Semeria River
The Semeria River or Benedec River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Gereb River
The Gereb River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Arcuş River
The Arcuş River () is a tributary of the Olt River. That means it flows into the Olt River. It starts where the headwaters Pârâul Mare and Pârâul Umbros join.

Suhatul River
The Suhatul River or Studina River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Spurgeon's
Spurgeon's (it used to be called Spurgeon's Child Care) is a charity based in England with international projects in Mexico, Africa and Eastern Europe. Spurgeon's was founded in 1867 by Charles Spurgeon. He started it to care for fatherless boys (the first girls were accepted in 1879).

Mastodon
Mastodons or Mastodonts are elephants of the extinct genus "Mammut" and the family "Mammutidae". Mastodons became extinct approximately 11,000 years ago. Mastodons, along with mammoths and modern elephants, are members of the order Proboscidea. As adults they stood between 2.5 and 3 meters (8-10 feet) at the shoulder and weighed between 3500 and 5400 kilograms (4-6 tons). Today, paleontologists are trying to understand why.

Lost Boys (book)
"Lost Boys" (1992) is the first horror book that was written by Orson Scott Card.

Isleham
Isleham is a small village and civil parish in the English county of Cambridgeshire.

River Lark
The River Lark is a river in England. It is a tributary of the River Great Ouse. This means that it flows into the Great Ouse River.

New Park Street Chapel
The New Park Street Chapel was a Reformed Baptist church in Southwark, London. It was built in 1833. The Metropolitan Tabernacle at Elephant and Castle still worships there.

Exeter Hall
Exeter Hall was a hall on the north side of The Strand, London, England. It was built between 1829 and 1831. The hall could hold about 3,000 people. It was used for religious and philanthropic meetings.

William Jewell College
William Jewell College is a private, four-year Christian liberal arts college. It has around 1,274 undergraduate students. It is located in Liberty, Missouri, United States

Liberty, Missouri
Liberty is a city in Clay County, Missouri. It is suburb of Kansas City, Missouri. At the 2000 census the city population was 26,232. It is the county seat of Clay County. Liberty is also home to William Jewell College.

WWE Draft
The World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) Draft Lottery, also known as the World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) Draft, is a device used to provide new brand competition and to refreshen the promotion's rosters. The Draft was first used during the brand extension of 2002 and the brand extension of 2006, but was officially created and used in 2004, 2005, 2007, and 2008.
Impact on championships.
Whether a champion keeps their championship after being drafted is unpredictable. During the 2005 Draft, John Cena, the WWE Champion, was drafted from SmackDown! to RAW and kept his championship. General Manager Theodore Long announced that a new SmackDown! World Championship was to be created but the idea was abandoned when Batista, the World Heavyweight Champion, was drafted to SmackDown! from RAW, bringing the title with him. During the 2007 Draft, however, the ECW World Champion Bobby Lashley was stripped of the title after being drafted to RAW.
In the 2008 draft, ECW Champion Kane was drafted to RAW. WWE Champion Triple H was drafted to SmackDown. WWE United States Champion Matt Hardy was drafted to ECW. This caused SmackDown to have two championships and RAW had the ECW Championship. ECW had no top championship but did gain the United States Championship. The World Heavyweight Championship was moved back to RAW on June 30, 2008 when CM Punk defeated Edge. ECW wrestler Mark Henry won the ECW championship on June 29, 2008 at the Night of Champions pay-per-view to return that championship to ECW. This caused each brand to have its own top championship once again.

Battle of Iwo Jima
The Battle of Iwo Jima was the American capture of island of Iwo Jima from the Japanese during the Pacific Campaign of World War II. The USA need to capture Iwo Jima to be able to capture japan if they needed to. Many films were made about it for example "Flags of our fathers"

Le Chatelier's principle
The Le Chatelier's principle is a principle used in chemistry. It is a system that tries to make up for the changes that affect the system at equilibrium.
Overview.
It is used to see the effects of relations between concentration, pressure, and temperature. If a change of condition is added onto a system at equilibrium, the equilibrium position will shift in the direction that wants to reduce that change.
Concentration.
Equilibrium is measured by concentration of a chemistry substance. If there is more concentration, the extra material must be used up to try to set the change back at equilibrium. It tries to fill the void.
Pressure.
Pressure is applied to an airy substance called gas. If there is more pressure, the system will take away the number of molecules, leaving with fewer gas molecules.
Temperature.
If heat is added, the system moves away from heat so it can use it up.

Continental United States
Continental United States is a term that is used to describe part of the United States of America. It describes the 48 states and Washington, D.C., which are all grouped together and touching each other, on the central part of the North American continent. The term "Continental Untied States" does not include Hawaii which is a group of islands, or Alaska, which is separated from the other states by Canada.

Bible Belt
The "Bible Belt" is term for a part of the United States in which many people belive in conservative Evangelical Protestantism making it a dominant part of the culture.

British people
British people, or Britons, are the people who live in Great Britain or citizens of the United Kingdom, of the Isle of Man, one of the Channel Islands, or of one of the British overseas territories.

Scissortail flycatcher
The Scissor-tailed Flycatcher ("Tyrannus forficatus") is a long-tailed bug-eating bird closely related to the kingbirds. It is also the state bird of Oklahoma.
It was officially adopted by the State Legislature May 5, 1951 as the Oklahoma state bird. He common name is derived from its former Latin name-Muscivoria forficata, meaning "flying"-"scissors" and "to devour." In Oklahoma, scissortails can be found on open prairies, along tree-lined roads, and along roadsides perched on fences, limbs and in isolated trees. They consume a great number of grasshoppers, crickets, spiders, and other ground-dwelling insects making them economically important and popular with farmers and ranchers.
Soon after the birds arrive in the state, the males begin their famous "sky dance," a popular site along roadsides during spring and early summer. After climbing about 100 feet in the air, the male makes a series of V-shaped flights, then plunges down in an erratic zigzag course often somersaulting while uttering a rolling, cackling call. The performance has been described as "an aerial ballet of incomparable grace." Nesting usually takes place in an isolated tree 7-30 feet above ground. Often two broods of 4-6 each are raised during the summer.
Scissor-tailed flycatchers are easily identified by their long scissor-like tail, which may reach nine inches in length. During flight the bird opens its tail like a pair of scissors and folds or closes the "scissors" when perching. The nape of its neck and its back are pearl gray, and the breast is white. Wings are sooty black with a touch of scarlet at the shoulders. The principal threat to scissortails is poaching. A great number of birds have been killed by poachers who wanted only the bird's tail.

Eastern Redbud
"Cercis canadensis" L. (Eastern Redbud) is a large shrub or small tree native to eastern North America from southern Ontario, Canada south to northern Florida, United States. The tree is also the state tree of Oklahoma.

Black Mesa
Black Mesa is a mountain in Oklahoma. It is the highest point in the state.

Cassowary
The Cassowaries (genus "Casuarius") are a group of large birds that are not able to fly. They are part of a group called ratite birds. The ostrich, emu, moa (now extinct) and small kiwi are other ratite birds. The ratite birds were some of the first types of birds to develop. The cassowary lives in the tropical rainforests of New Guinea and north eastern Australia. They are shy birds living deep in the forest. They can also become angry and will attack people. This makes it hard to learn about them.
Description.
The Southern Cassowary is the largest land animal in Australia and the second heaviest bird in the world after the ostrich. It is third tallest after the ostrich and emu. Females are bigger and more brightly coloured. Adult Southern Cassowaries are 1.5 to 1.8 m (5 to 6 feet) tall, but some females may get as big as 2 m (6 feet 8 inches), and weigh about 70 kilograms (154 pounds).. They do not have feathers on their necks. The necks are brightly colored in red, blue, purple and yellow. The Southern Cassowary has 2 wattles, loose skin, which hangs down from their neck. The Northern Cassowary has 1 wattle. The Dwarf Cassowary has no wattles.
Cassowary's have 3 toes on each foot. Each has a sharp claw. The middle toe has a claw like a dagger, which is 120 mm (5 inches) long. This claw is very dangerous since the Cassowary can kick and hurt or kill enemies. They can run up to 50 h (32 mph) through the thick forest. They can jump up to 1.5 m (5 feet) and they can swim. There have been reported attacks on people and animals by cassowaries. In April 1926, a cassowary killed a 16 year old boy near Mossman, Queensland.
The cassowary's wings are very small, as they are not meant to fly. Their feathers are different to other birds, and also not designed for flying.
Breeding.
Females lay 3 to 8 large, pale green-blue eggs at a time. These large eggs are about 9 cm by 14 cm (3½ by 5½ inches) and weigh about 600 grams. Ostrich and emu eggs are bigger. The male sits on the eggs for 2 months until they hatch. He then looks after the brown-striped chicks for 9 months. The female mates with 2 or 3 males each year. One cassowary, at the Healesville Sanctuary, lived for 61 years.
The casque.
Biologist Andrew Mack has watched cassowaries and disagreed with many of these ideas. " He thinks that the casques play a part in the way cassowaries hear sounds or the way that they make sounds. He discovered that the Dwarf Cassowary and Southern Cassowary make a very low sound. It is the lowest known bird call, like a "boom", which people can only just hear. The birds live by themselves, they do not live in groups so the "booming sound" might be a way for the birds to communicate (talk) over a long distance in thick rainforest. Scientists think that this way of talking may be how dinosaurs communicated with each other.
What they eat.
File:Kasuar fg1.jpg|thumb|a>) showing all the seeds
Their main food is fruit, but they eat other things such as snails, fungi, ferns and flowers. They are important because they spread plant and fruit seeds through the forest. Each cassowary is known to live in an area of up to, so they carry seeds a long way. At least 70 rainforest trees need the cassowary to spread their seeds. Their seeds are too big for other rainforest animals to carry. Seeds from 21 plants have to be eaten and pass through the cassowary or they will not grow. Some seeds are poisonous to all other animals; only the cassowary can eat them. Scientists have worked out that about 150 rainforest plants need the cassowary.
Endangered species.
File:Cassowary road sign.jpg|thumb|Road sign to protect cassowaries
The Southern Cassowary is now listed as endangered in Australia. Scientists think there are only between 1200 and 1500 cassowaries left in Australia. Many of the forest places that they like to live in have been cleared for farming and other development. It has been worked out that 75% of rainforest, where cassowaries used to live, have been cleared in Australia. When Cyclone Larry hit the Mission Beach area in 2006 a lot of cassowary forest was flattened. It is thought that 18% of the birds were killed by the storm. Animals such as wild pigs, dogs and cats, have become a big threat to the birds. Motor cars are a big danger to the birds. Scientists say that 70% of known cassowary deaths at Mission Beach, Queensland, were birds killed trying to cross roads.
The Northern Cassowary in New Guinea is listed as vulnerable. They could easily become an endangered animal unless things are done to protect them. Scientists don't know how many birds there are, but the think it is between 2,500 and 9,999.
Saving the cassowary.
The CSIRO are studying cassowary faeces to see if they can use their DNA to count how many birds are left. In 2008, the Australian Government stopped rainforest land being used to build houses at Mission Beach. They are going to try and keep corridors (narrow forest areas) so the birds can move between rainforest areas safely. People will be asked to replant forest trees and plants on their land to help make these corridors. The government is looking at buying land for more corridors. Scientists are finding out when and where cassowaries cross roads. This will mean strict limits on motor car speeds to protect cassowaries that might try to cross some roads. Plans are being looked at to build raised roads so the birds can pass underneath.
Many zoos, such as the Australian Reptile Park in Gosford, the Airlie Beach Wildlife Park and the Denver Zoo are trying to breed cassowaries. Cassowaries in zoos have lived for up to 60 years. The first cassowary kept in a zoo was in Amsterdam in 1597. It had been brought back as a present for the Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II..
Cassowaries in art and music.
In 2007, Australian singer Christine Anu, made an album called Chrissy's Island Family. This is a collection of songs for children. One of the songs is called "Cassowary". It is about Samu, the Wakka Woo Cassowary. There is a childrens picture book called "Sisi and the Cassowary", by Arone Raymond Meeks. It has drawings in traditional aboriginal style to tell a Dreamtime like story.
English natural history writer and artist, John Gould, had drawings of the cassowary in his set of 7 books called "The Birds of Australia". These were printed in London between 1851 and 1869. The cassowary drawings were completed by Henry Richter (b. 1821 - d. 1902). Richter's watercolor painting of the cassowary is in the museum in Melbourne, Victoria.

Province of Belluno
Belluno is a province in the region of Veneto in Italy.

Province of Padua
Padua (or) is a province in the region of Veneto in Italy.

Province of Rovigo
Rovigo is a province in the region of Rovigo in Italy.

Oded Fehr
Oded Fehr (Hebrew: עודד פהר; born 23 November, 1970) is an Israeli film and television actor. He is famous for acting in "The Mummy".

Turda River
The Turda River or Torda River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Uria River
The Uria River or Pârâul Urii is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Fericea River
The Fericea River is a tributary of the Uria River in Romania. That means it flows into the Uria River.

Rusciori River
The Rusciori River or Ruşcior River is a tributary of the Cibin River in Romania. That means it flows into the Cibin River.

Hamba River
The Hamba River is a tributary of the Rusciori River in Romania. That means it flows into the Rusciori River.

Ciupari River
The Ciupari River is a tributary of the Sadu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Sadu River.

Puntea River
The Puntea River is a tributary of the Sadu River in Romania. This means it flows into the Sadu River.

Mancu River
The Mancu River is a tributary of the Sadu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Sadu River.

Miru River
The Miru River or Valea Benghii River is a tributary of the Lotru River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lotru River.

Luncani River
The Luncani River or Râul Luncanilor is a tributary of the Strei River in Romania. That means it flows into the Strei River.

Lola River
The Lola River is a tributary of the Strei River in Romania. That means it flows into the Strei River.

Borzont River
The Borzont River is a tributary of the Mureş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Mureş River.

Senetea River
The Senetea River is a tributary of the Mureş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Mureş River.

Pianu River
The Pianu River is a tributary of the Mureş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Mureş River.

Ghenea River
The Ghenea River is a tributary of the Pianu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Pianu River.

Valea Lei River
The Valea Lei River is a tributary of the Pianu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Pianu River.

Tufa River
The Tufa River is a tributary of the Prahova River in Romania. That means it flows into the Prahova River.

Orzeni River
The Orzeni River or Râul Bulgarilor is a tributary of the Bahlui River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bahlui River.

Treznea River
The Treznea River is a tributary of the Agrij River in Romania. That means it flows into the Agrij River.

Cascade
A cascade is a small splashing waterfall that tumbles down a mountainside in a siries of steps.

Deinonychosauria
The Deinonychosauria ("fearsome claw lizards") is a clade of theropods in the Late Jurassic and Cretaceous periods.
Dromaeosauridae includes some of the most fearsome killers of the Cretaceous Period: Deinonychus, Velociraptor, and Utahraptor. The largest known of these was possibly Utahraptor, and Microraptor was among the smallest (40 cm or 16 in).
Troodontids date from the late Cretaceous Period and were lighter and slimmer than the dromaeosaurids. Some of these were Troödon and Saurornithoides.

Dromaeosauridae
Dromaeosauridae is a family of bird-like theropod dinosaurs. They were small to medium - sized, feathered carnivores that flourished in the Cretaceous Period. In informal usage they are often called "raptors" (after Velociraptor), a term popularized by the film Jurassic Park.
Dromaeosaurid fossils have been found in North America, Europe, North Africa, Japan, China, Mongolia, Madagascar, Argentina, and Antarctica.

Province of Treviso
Treviso is a province in the region of Veneto in Italy.

Province of Venice
Venice (or) is a province in the region of Veneto in Italy.

Nicula River
The Nicula River is a tributary of the Lotru River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lotru River.

Stricatu River
The Stricatu River is a tributary of the Lotru River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lotru River.

Bullfrog
The American Bullfrog ("Rana catesbeiana") is an aquatic frog. It is a member of the family Ranidae, or "true frogs", native to much of North America.

Irritator
Irritator is a genus of theropod dinosaur that lived from the Cretaceous period. The first identifiable from Brazil and the first non-avian from South America, Irritator has teeth similar to Spinosaurus, and a slender jaw with nostrils well back from the front of the snout (all consistent with fish eating). It also had a large crest on the quadrate bone on top of the skull. It was named due to the feelings of the scientists who described it when they found that the snout had been artificially lengthened to resemble a plesiosaur.

Kate Hudson
Kate Hudson (born April 19, 1979) is an American movie actress.

Province of Verona
Verona is a province in the region of Veneto in Italy.

Province of Vicenza
Vicenza is a province in the region of Veneto in Italy.

Petroleum product
Petroleum products are things made in oil refineries. They result from "refining" (changing) crude oil (also called "Petroleum") into more useful products.
In addition, oil-refineries also sell other things that come form the refining process, most notably

Vasilatu River
The Vasilatu River is a tributary of the Lotru River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lotru River.

Ciortea River
The Ciortea River is a tributary of the Vasilatu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Vasilatu River.

Cheud River
The Cheud River is a tributary of the Someş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Someş River.

Baci River
The Baci River is a tributary of the Someş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Someş River.

Rus River
The Rus River is a tributary of the Someş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Someş River.

Balcaia River
The Balcaia River is a tributary of the Someş River in Romania and Hungary. That means it flows into the Someş River.

Borjug River
The Borjug River is a tributary of the Someş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Someş River.

Olpret River
The Olpret River is a tributary of the Someş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Someş River.

Rebra River
The Rebra River is a tributary of the Someşul Mare River in Romania. That means it flows into the Someşul Mare River.

Satu River
The Satu River is a tributary of the Rebra River in Romania. That means it flows into the Rebra River.

Dealu River
The Dealu River is a tributary of the Măcriş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Măcriş River.

Firiza River
The Firiza River is a tributary of the Săsar River in Romania. That means it flows into the Săsar River.

Botin River
The Botin River is a tributary of the Firiza River in Romania. That means it flows into the Firiza River.

Seicini River
The Seicini River is a tributary of the Firiza River in Romania. That means it flows into the Firiza River.

Berdu River
The Berdu River is a tributary of the Firiza River in Romania. That means it flows into the Firiza River.

Thomas Spurgeon
Thomas Spurgeon (September 20, 1856 – October, 1917) was a British Reformed Baptist preacher. He was the pastor of the Metropolitan Tabernacle. He was one of two non-identical twin sons of the famous Charles Haddon Spurgeon (1834-1892).

Highea River
The Highea River is a tributary of the Firiza River in Romania. That means it flows into the Firiza River.

Pistruia River
The Pistruia River is a tributary of the Firiza River in Romania. That means it flows into the Firiza River. It starts where the Pistruia Mare River joins the Pistruia Mică River.

Urluia River
The Urluia River is a tributary of the Danube River in Romania. This means that it flows into the Danube.

Chizdia River
The Chizdia River is a tributary of the Bega River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bega River.

Billings, Montana
Billings is a city in the U.S. State of Montana. Just over 100,000 people live there. It was founded in 1882 as a railroad town.

Ciolt River
The Ciolt River is a tributary of the Chişindia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Chişindia River.

Bulba River
The Bulba River is a tributary of the Motru River in Romania. That means it flows into the Motru River.

Crainici River
The Crainici River is a tributary of the Motru River in Romania. That means it flows into the Motru River.

Cartiu River
The Cartiu River is a tributary of the Jiu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Jiu River.

West Jordan, Utah
West Jordan is a city in the suburbs of Salt Lake City. It is in the U.S. State of Montana. Just over 100,000 people live there.

Rafallo River
The Rafallo River is a tributary of the Jiu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Jiu River.

Jackie Robinson
Jack Roosevelt "Jackie" Robinson (January 31, 1919 – October 24, 1972) was the first African-American major league baseball player.
References.
He served in the military in 1945 but never saw action

George Fox
George Fox (July 1624 – January 13, 1691) was one of the people that left the Church of England. He was a founder of the Religious Society of Friends, also known as the "Quakers."

University of Michigan
The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (U of M, U-M, UM or simply Michigan) is a public university in the state of Michigan. The university was started in 1817 in Detroit, about 20 years before the Michigan became a state, and moved to Ann Arbor in 1837. It is the state's oldest university and the main campus; there are two other campuses—the University of Michigan-Flint and the University of Michigan–Dearborn.
The university is known around the world, its students being famous people such as U.S. President Gerald Ford, Supreme Court Justices, as well as many heads of states around the world. It is now ranked 18th in the world by "The Times Higher Education-QS World University Rankings," and 21st by the Shanghai Jiao Tong University Institute for Higher Education rankings. In its last survey in 1995, the National Research Council ranked UM 3rd in the United States and is called one of the first eight Public Ivys. The university also has one of the largest research budgets or spending money of any American university and the largest number of living alumni or former students, at 460,000. UM athletic teams are known as very good, especially in football, men's basketball, and ice hockey.
History.
The University of Michigan was started in Detroit in 1817 as the Catholepistemiad, or University of Michigania, by the governor and judges of Michigan Territory. Ann Arbor had set aside 40 acres (16 ha) that it hoped would become the site for a new state capitol, but it gave this land to the university when Lansing was chosen as the state capital. The university moved to Ann Arbor in 1837. The original 40 acres became part of today's Central Campus. The first classes in Ann Arbor were held in 1841, with six freshmen and a sophomore, taught by two professors or teachers. Eleven students graduated in the first class in 1845. By 1866, 1,205 students went to UM. Women were first allowed in 1870, making UM the first major university to allow women to go to school. James B. Angell, was the university's president from 1871 to 1909, made UM's teachings include subjects such as dentistry, architecture, engineering, government, and medicine. UM also became the first American university to teach in the seminar style.
From 1900 to 1920 many new buildings were built on campus, including buildings for the dental and pharmacy programs, a chemistry building, a building for the natural sciences, Hill Auditorium, large hospital and library buildings, and two residence halls. The university built up its reputation for research in 1920 by rebuilding the College of Engineering and making a group of 100 industrialists, or businessmen, to help guide research. UM's reputation as a very good national university also began to grow at this time. The university became a favorite other choice for Jewish students from New York in the 1920s and 1930s when the Ivy League schools made a limit to the number of Jews to be admitted. Because of this, UM gained the nickname "Harvard of the West," which became commonly joked about in reverse after John F. Kennedy called himself "a graduate of the Michigan of the East, Harvard University" in a speech.
In World War II, UM's research grew to include U.S. Navy projects like researching proximity fuzes, PT boats, and radar jamming. By 1950, 21,000 students were at UM. As the Cold War and the Space Race started, UM got many government grants for research and helped to create peacetime uses for nuclear energy. Now, much of that work, as well as research into other energy types, is done by the Memorial Phoenix Project.
On October 14, 1960, Presidential candidate John F. Kennedy put out the idea of what became the Peace Corps on the steps of Michigan Union. Lyndon B. Johnson's speech about his Great Society program also occurred at UM. Also during the 1960s, UM saw many protests by student groups. On March 24, 1965, a group of UM faculty members and 3,000 students held the nation's first ever faculty-led "teach-in" to protest against American policy in Southeast Asia. Because of a series of sit-ins in 1966 by "Voice"–the campus political party of Students for a Democratic Society–UM's administration banned sit-ins. This led 1,500 students to have another one-hour sit-in the LSA Building, which then housed the administrative offices. Former UM student and important architect Alden B. Dow designed the current Fleming Administration Building, which was completed in 1968. The building's plans were drawn in the early 1960s, before student activism created a concern for safety. Nevertheless, the Fleming Building's narrow windows, all located above the first floor, and castle-like outside led to a campus rumor that it was made to be riot-proof. Dow denied the rumors, saying the small windows were made to be use less energy.
During the 1970s, large budget limits made it hard on the university's physical development; however, the 1980s saw a surge in money given to research in the social and physical sciences. At that time, the university's work in the anti-missile Strategic Defense Initiative and investments in South Africa caused anger on campus. During the 1980s and 1990s, the university used many resources to help rebuild its large hospital area and improve the academic buildings on the North Campus. The university also made computer and information technology on the campus important.
Academics.
The university has 26,083 undergraduate and 14,959 graduate students in 600 academic programs, and each year about 5,400 new students go to UM. Students come from all 50 U.S. states and more than 100 countries. 98% of the university's class of 2006 had a high school GPA of 3.0 and higher, while the middle 50% of the class had a high school GPA of 3.60 to 3.90. The middle 50% of people applying had an SAT score of about 1920–2180 and an ACT score of 27–31, with AP credit given to over 3000 freshmen students. About 22% of newly undergraduates and 25% of all undergraduates are members of ethnic minority groups.
About 65% of undergraduate students go to the College of Literature, Science, and the Arts (LS&A), while the College of Engineering has about 20%. Less than 3% of undergraduate students go to the Ross School of Business. The rest of the undergraduate students go to the smaller schools, including the School of Kinesiology, School of Nursing, the School of Natural Resources and Environment, and the School of Art and Design. Most graduate students go to the Rackham Graduate School, the College of Engineering, the Law School, the Ross School of Business, and the Medical School. The Medical School works with the University of Michigan Health System, which makes up the University's three hospitals, a lot of the outpatient clinics, and many places for medical care, research, and education. Other academic units are the Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy, Taubman College of Architecture and Urban Planning and the Schools of Dentistry, Education, Information, Music, Theatre & Dance, Natural Resources and Environment, Public Health, and Social Work, of which Social Work has been ranked first by the "U.S. News and World Report" every year since 1994.

List of New York State Senators
The New York State Senate has 62 members each elected to two-year terms.
Current Leadership.
! Position !! Name !! Party !! Residence !! District

Midwestern Baptist Theological Seminary
Midwestern Baptist Theological Seminary ("MBTS") is one of six official seminaries of the Southern Baptist Convention. It is in Kansas City, Missouri. It contains the full Spurgeon library.

Chemical relaxer
A Chemical relaxer is used to straighten hair by use of chemicals to break the hydrogen bond of curly hair. May have side effects such as burns and bald spots if used wrong.

Mountain Brook, Alabama
Mountain Brook is a city in Jefferson County, Alabama, United States. The city is a suburb of Birmingham, Alabama. In 2005, Mountain Brook had a population of 20,821, and is on several lists of the United States' wealthiest communities.
Mountain Brook was created after an election was held on March 24, 1942, with 263 voting in favor of incorporation and 67 opposing. The area was founded by Robert Jemison, and the city was designed by Warren H. Manning. Mountain Brook was built around three villages: English Village, Mountain Brook Village, and Crestline Village.
Mountain Brook is the hometown of "Friends" actress Courteney Cox and missing person Natalee Holloway.

Trilobite
Trilobite (meaning three lobed) are extinct arthropod is in reference to the three longitudinal lobes across their heads (cephalon), consisting of a slightly raised central lobe (the axis) and two flatter pleural lobes on either side. The entire bodies were also divided into three: the head (cephalon), thorax (chest) made up to a group of up to 30 segments and the tail (pygidium). Underneath and rarely preserved are three pairs of legs for the head and paired legs for each pleural groove. Trilobites are the earliest known animal to possess vision. Some possessed eyes and some seem to have no eyes at all, while others possessed beautiful compound eyes capable of 360 degree vision. Trilobites are the earliest known animal to possess vision. Some possessed eyes and some seem to have no eyes at all, while others possessed beautiful compound eyes capable of 360 degree vision.
Butterflies of the Sea.
No animal better captures the drama of evolution and extinction. Long before the fish inhabited the seas and the Dinosaurs roamed the land, Trilobites appeared some 600 million years ago during the Cambrian period. They belonged the phylum Arthropoda (joint-footed), a phylum which to this day represents the most successful (78%) of all animal life forms, including crabs, centipedes, spiders, shrimps and insects. The Trilobites, living in shallow seas, flourished as swimmers, crawlers and burrowers for some 350 million years. They evolved rapidly into many beautiful, bizarre and, even by today's standards, futuristic forms.
Discovered and origins.
First capturing man's eye some 25,000 years ago in France where two specimens were found is association with a Cro-magnon settlement, at a site called "La Grotte du Trilobite", one was found with a hole drilled into it and worn as an adornment. Others have been found in the tombs of Egypt, Greece and Rome. Sold on the street of 15th Century Europe and collected by Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Franklin, today they are collected, studied and enjoyed by people from all walks of life.
Distribution.
Evidence of these extraordinary marine creatures are found on all continents, entrapped in the hardened sediments of Ancient Seas. The following Trilobites have been prepared by a Master of his Art, Jeffrey Hammer, who spends countless hours under a microscope to open one of these time capsules and to unveil one of Nature's Frozen Masterpieces allowing a view back in time to the Dawn of Life.

A Wizard of Earthsea
"A Wizard of Earthsea", written in 1968, is the first of a series of books that are written by Ursula K. Le Guin and set in the fantasy world called Earthsea. The series is about a wizard named Ged. This book won the 1979 Lewis Carroll Shelf Award.
A mini-series based on "A Wizard of Earthsea" and "The Tombs of Atuan" was created on the Sci Fi Channel. Le Guin has said that she was not happy with the mini-series.

The Tombs of Atuan
"The Tombs of Atuan" is the second of a series of books that are written by Ursula K. Le Guin. The book was first published in 1971 and follows on from "A Wizard of Earthsea" and is continued in "The Farthest Shore". "The Tombs of Atuan" was a Newbery Honor book in 1972.

The Farthest Shore
"The Farthest Shore" is the third in a series of books that are written by Ursula K. Le Guin. The book was first published in 1972, and follows on from "The Tombs of Atuan". It inspired the Studio Ghibli animated film "Tales from Earthsea". It won the 1973 National Book Award for Children's Books.

Tehanu
"Tehanu" was the fourth of Ursula K. Le Guin's "Earthsea" books. It was written in 1990, and won the Nebula Award for Best Novel in 1990.

Tales from Earthsea
"Tales from Earthsea", by Ursula K. Le Guin, written in 2001, is a collection of short stories from Le Guin's Earthsea series.

Canadian Arctic Archipelago
The Canadian Arctic Archipelago, also known as just the Arctic Archipelago, is an archipelago north of the Canadian mainland in the Arctic. There are about 36,563 islands which have much of the territory of Northern Canada – most of Nunavut and part of Northwest Territories.

Victoria Island (Canada)
Victoria Island is an island in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and the border between Nunavut and the Northwest Territories runs through the island. It is the 9th biggest island of the world, and at is Canada's second largest island and nearly double the size of Newfoundland (or only slightly bigger than the size of the island of Great Britain). The western third of the island belongs to the Inuvik Region in the Northwest Territories and the rest is part of Nunavut's Kitikmeot Region.
As of 2006, 1,875 live on Victoria Island. Most of the people (1,477) live in it's biggest city, Cambridge Bay.

Oswald Chambers
Oswald Chambers (1874-1917) was a famous early 20th century Scottish Protestant Christian minister and teacher. He is best known as the author of the devotional "My Utmost for His Highest".

John F. MacArthur
John F. MacArthur, Jr. (born June 14, 1939 in Los Angeles, California) is a United States Reformed evangelical Bible teacher, writer and pastor. He is known for his radio program called "Grace to You". He is the editor of the "MacArthur Study Bible", which won a Gold Medallion Book Award for Bibles.
MacArthur earned academic degrees from Talbot Theological Seminary, and is now the pastor-teacher of Grace Community Church, a megachurch in southern California, and the president of The Master's College and The Master's Seminary. He has written many books and is a frequent guest on Larry King's television talk show as a representative of conservative evangelical Christianity. His opinions about lordship salvation, church growth methods, and the use of psychology are controversial in Christian circles.

Jerry Falwell
Jerry Lamon Falwell, Sr. (August 11 1933 – May 15, 2007) was an American evangelical Christian pastor and televangelist. He was the pastor of the Thomas Road Baptist Church, a megachurch in Lynchburg, Virginia. He founded Liberty University in 1971 and co-founded the Moral Majority in 1979.

Martiniano Ferreira Botelho
In the early 20th century, the leading figure in the area was the native-born "Martiniano José Ferreira Botelho (1853 - 1939), a doctor, druggist and Portuguese politician, known from his residence as "Lord of the House of the County".
His humanitarian character was shown by treating his patients gratuitously. His doctoral thesis was on medicinal use of the waters of the area, "Breve estudo sobre as águas alcalino-gazósas das Pedras Salgadas".
Botelho' donated land to the community for the current market Square, as well as the municipal slaughter house and water mine.

Battlestar Galactica (2004 TV series)
"Battlestar Galactica" is an Emmy Award-winning Canadian science fiction television series created by Ronald D. Moore that first aired in a three-hour miniseries in December of 2003 on the Sci Fi Channel. The series has gained a wide range of critical acclaim.

Ellesmere Island
Ellesmere Island is part of the Qikiqtaaluk Region of the Canadian territory of Nunavut. Lying in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago it is a part of the Queen Elizabeth Islands, with Cape Columbia being the most northerly point of land in Canada. It's area is, making it the world's tenth biggest island and Canada's third biggest island. The Arctic Cordillera mountain system covers much of Ellesmere Island, so it has the most mountains in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. The Arctic Willow is the only woody species to grow on Ellesmere Island.
In 2001, 168 people lived on Ellesmere Island. There are three settlements on Ellesmere Island including Alert, Eureka, and Grise Fiord.
Canadian Forces Station (CFS) Alert on Ellesmere Island is the northernmost settlement in the world.

Banks Island
Banks Island () is one of the bigger members of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. It is in the Inuvik Region of the Northwest Territories, Canada. It is separated from Victoria Island to its east by the Prince of Wales Strait and from the mainland by Amundsen Gulf to its south. The Beaufort Sea lies to its west. To the northeast, McClure Strait separates the island from Prince Patrick Island and Melville Island.
It was named "Banks Island" in 1820 by Sir William Parry in honour of Sir Joseph Banks. However, during the exploration of the area by Robert McClure (1850-1854) the island was marked on their maps as "Baring Island".
The only permanent Inuvialuit settlement on the island, Sachs Harbour or Ikhuak, is on the southwest coast. Two federal Migratory Bird Sanctuaries were founded on the island in 1961. The island does not have any trees, with the tallest plant, the arctic willow, sometimes growing to about the height of a person's knee but usually standing no taller than 10 cm.
Banks Island covers an area 70,028 km² (27,038 sq mi) and it is the world's 24th biggest island and Canada's fifth biggest island.

Devon Island
Devon Island is one of the bigger members of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. It is the second-biggest of the Queen Elizabeth Islands, Nunavut, Canada, the 27th biggest island in the world, Canada's 6th biggest island and the biggest island in the world where nobody lives on. Devon Island has an area of. The highest point is the Devon Ice Cap at 6,299 ft/1,920 metres which is part of the Arctic Cordillera. Devon Island has many small mountain ranges, such as the Treuter Mountains, Haddington Range and the Cunningham Mountains.
Devon Island is also notable for having the Haughton impact crater, made some 39 million years ago when a meteorite about 2 km (1.2 mi) in diameter crashed into what were then forests. The impact left a crater about 23 km (14 mi) in diameter, which was a lake for several million years.

Axel Heiberg Island
Axel Heiberg Island is the 31st biggest island in the world and Canada's 7th biggest island. According to Statistics Canada, it has an area of 43 178 km² (16,671 square miles).
The Inuit people have lived on Axel Heiberg Island in the past, but no one has lived there by the time it was named by Otto Sverdrup, who explored it around 1900. He named it after Axel Heiberg, manager of the Norwegian Ringnes brewery which sponsored the expedition. Other explorers visited the island during the early 20th century, during which time it was claimed by Norway until 1930. It is now part of Nunavut Territory, Canada.

Green Bay, Wisconsin
Green Bay is a city in the U.S. State of Wisconsin. It is the third largest city in Wisconsin. Just over 100,000 people live there. It is named after Green Bay, an arm of Lake Michigan.

Ballista
The ballista (plural ballistae) was one of the first artillery weapons used by the Ancient Greeks. The ballista was invented around 400 BC in a Greek town called Syracuse. It was one of the first catapults, and shot very large and heavy spears far distances.

Antioch, California
Antioch is a city in the U.S. State of California. It is a suburb of San Francisco. Just over 100,000 people live there.

Daly City, California
Daly City is a city in the U.S. State of California. It is a suburb of San Francisco. Many Filipino people live there. The Bay Area Rapid Transit train stops there.

Portsmouth, Virginia
Portsmouth is a city in the U.S. State of Virginia. Just over 100,000 people live there.

Banana bread
Banana bread is a sweet bread made with bananas. It was first baked in the United States and became very popular because it was so easy to make. There are many different kinds of banana bread, some with nuts or chocolate in them.

Sweet bread
Sweet bread is bread that is made with larger amounts of sugar than regular bread, and is similar to cake It can be made with yeast or with baking soda, and is sometimes eaten as a dessert.

Saurophaganax
Saurophaganax ("lizard eating master") is a genus of theropod dinosaur. Saurophaganax may be a really big allosaur. This dinosaur might have been a huge meat-eater, possibly reaching 50 feet (15 m) long. Very little of its fossilized bones have been found so scientists are still deciding what to call this dinosaur.

Tismana River
The Tismana River is a tributary of the Jiu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Jiu River.

Gurnia River
The Gurnia River is a tributary of the Tismana River in Romania. That means it flows into the Tismana River.

Sauroposeidon
Sauroposeidon (meaning "lizard-Poseidon- Earthquake God") is a genus sauropod dinosaur, was recently found in Oklahoma. It may be the biggest dinosaur yet found.
Habit and diet.
Sauroposeidon lived in what was then a river delta. It was a plant-eater that probably ate leaves from the tops of trees, perhaps conifers and early flowering trees like magnolias, palms, and sycamores.

Furnia River
The Furnia River is a tributary of the Tismana River in Romania. That means it flows into the Tismana River.

Icazna River
The Icazna River is a tributary of the Tismana River in Romania. That means it flows into the Tismana River.

Orlea River
The Orlea River is a tributary of the Tismana River in Romania. That means it flows into the Tismana River.

Pocruia River
The Pocruia River is a tributary of the Orlea River in Romania. That means it flows into the Orlea River.

Scaiu River
The Scaiu River is a tributary of the Luncani River in Romania. That means it flows into the Luncani River.

Bulac River
The Bulac River is a tributary of the Luncani River in Romania. That means it flows into the Luncani River.

Power cut
A power cut, sometimes called a power outage or blackout, is a word for when the power does not work in an area. It is sometimes caused by a power line (or electricity cable) falling down, but may also happen due to routine maintenance. In less well off countries, such as many in Africa, there are regular power cuts as more people try to use the electricity than there is to go around.

Shadow Moses Island
Shadow Moses Island is an area in Metal Gear Solid and a battlefield in Super Smash Bros. Brawl.

Bobaia River
The Bobaia River is a tributary of the Luncani River in Romania. That means it flows into the Luncani River.

Mierul River
The Mierul River is a tributary of the Lotru River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lotru River.

Dobrun River
The Dobrun River is a tributary of the Lotru River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lotru River.

Rudari River
The Rudari River or Rudaru River is a tributary of the Lotru River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lotru River.

Tunari River
The Tunari River is a tributary of the Lotru River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lotru River.

Hoteagu River
The Hoteagu River or Oiţeagu River is a tributary of the Lotru River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lotru River.

Gateru River
The Gateru River is a tributary of the Hoteagu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Hoteagu River.

Sita River
The Sita River is a tributary of the Azuga River in Romania. That means it flows into the Azuga River.

Tim LaHaye
Timothy F. LaHaye (born April 27, 1926 in Detroit, Michigan) is an American evangelical Christian minister, author, and speaker. He is best-known for co-authoring the "Left Behind" with Jerry B. Jenkins. He has written over 50 books, both fiction and non-fiction. "Time" magazine named LaHaye "one of the 25 most influental evangelicals in America"."

Lisa River
The Lisa River is a tributary of the Sâmbăta River in Romania. That means it flows into the Sâmbăta River. It starts at the junction of Valea Jelealului and Valea Pleşii

Purcelu River
The Purcelu River (in Hungarian "Purcsel") is a tributary of the Topliţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Topliţa River.

Elan River
The Elan River is a tributary of the Prut River in Romania. That means it flows into the Prut River.

Cisla River
The Cisla River is a tributary of the Elan River in Romania. That means it flows into the Elan River.

Zeicu River
The Zeicu River is a tributary of the Râul Şes in Romania. That means it flows into the Râul Şes.

Jitin River
The Jitin River is a tributary of the Caraş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Caraş River.

Adrian Rogers
Adrian Pierce Rogers, Th.D. (September 12, 1931 – November 15, 2005), was an American pastor, author, and a three-term president of the Southern Baptist Convention (1979-1980 and 1986-1988). Rogers was born in West Palm Beach, Florida. He is the starter of Love Worth Finding ministries.

Gladna River
The Gladna River is a tributary of the Bega River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bega River.

Rozalia River
The Rozalia River is a tributary of the Gladna River in Romania. That means it flows into the Gladna River.

Verdea River
The Verdea River is a tributary of the Săraz River in Romania. That means it flows into the Săraz River.

Charles Colson
Charles (Chuck) Wendell Colson (born October 16, 1931, in Boston, Massachusetts) was the chief counsel for President Richard Nixon from 1969 to 1973. Colson is also a public speaker and author.

Charles Stanley (evangelist)
Charles Frazier Stanley (born September 25, 1932) is the pastor of megachurch, First Baptist Church Atlanta in Atlanta, Georgia. He is the starter and president of In Touch Ministries. Dr. Stanley also served two terms as president of the Southern Baptist Convention from 1984-1986.

Espaillat Province
Espaillat is a Dominican province, located in the Cibao region, in the central part of the country. Its capital city is Moca.
It was created on 1885 and it was part of the La Vega province before being elevated to the category of province.
Location.
Espaillat is bordered to the east by the province of Hermanas Mirabal, to the south by La Vega, to the west by the Santiago and Puerto Plata provinces. The María Trinidad Sánchez province is to the northwest of the Espaillat province and the Atlantic Ocean is to the north.
Origin of name.
The province was named after "Ulises Francisco Espaillat" who was President of the Dominican Republic for a short period of time (April 1876 - October 1876).
Municipalities.
Espaillat has a total area of 838.62 km². It has 1.7% of the area of the Dominican Republic and it is one of the smallest provinces in the country, ranked as the 27th (out of 31 plus the National District) largest province.
There are four municipalities and eleven municipal districts in the province.
Population.
In 2002 (last national census), there were 225,091 people living in the Espaillat province, and just 84,970 (37.75%) living in towns and cities. The population density was 268 persons/km², one of the highest in the country.
Geography.
There are three geographic regions in the province. They are, from north to south: the Atlantic coastal plains close to the Atlantic Ocean, the Cordillera Septentrional and the Cibao Valley.
Mountains.
The Cordillera Septentrional ("Northern mountain chain") is found in the north central part of the province but the mountains here are not very high. The highest mountain in the province is the "El Mogote" at 970 metres above sea level.
Rivers.
There are only short rivers in the province. The most important river that flows into the Atlantic Ocean, and the longest of the province, is the Yásica river; it forms the limit with the Puerto Plata province. Other important rivers that flow to the north are the Jamao and Veragua rivers which are tributaries of the Yásica river.
In the southern part of the province, the rivers are very short and most of them are tributaries of the Licey river (a tributary of of the Yuna river). Besides the Licey river, other rivers are Moca and Bacuí.
Climate.
The climate of the province is a tropical climate, hot most of the year, but it is cooler on the mountains.
Economy.
The main economic activity of the province is agriculture and the main products are plantain, cassava, coffee and cacao.
Tourism is a very important activity on the Atlantic coast, with many hotels in the region.

Reggie White
Reginald Howard "Reggie" White (December 19, 1961 – December 26, 2004) was a American football who is now in the Pro Football Hall of Fame. He is well-known for being a Evangelical Christian minister. This led to his nickname, "the Minister of Defense."

Charley Patton
Charlie Patton (also known as Charley Patton) (May 1, 1891 - April 28, 1934) was an American Delta blues musician. He is thought to be the "Father of Delta Blues" and is one of the oldest Blues musicians.
Trivia.
Musical releases and his gravestone spell his name “Charley” even though the musician himself spelled his name "Charlie."

Ammonite
Ammonite are molluscs perhaps the most widely known fossil, possessing the typically ribbed spiral-form shell as pictured above. These creatures lived in the seas between 240 - 65 million years ago, when they became extinct along with the dinosaurs. They belong to a group of predators known as cephalopods, which includes their living relatives the octopus, squid, cuttlefish and nautilus. The name 'Ammonite' originates from the Greek Ram-horned god called Ammon.
Origins.
These sea creatures first appeared 415 million years ago in the form of a small, straight shelled creature, known as Bacrites. They quickly evolved into a variety of shapes and sizes including some shaped like hairpins. During their evolution the ammonites faced no less than three catastrophic events that would eventually lead to their extinction. The first event occurred during the Permian (250 million years ago), where only 10% survived. These surviving species went on to flourish throughout the Triassic, however at the end of this period (206 million years ago) they faced near extinction, when all but one species survived. This event marked the end of the Triassic and the beginning of the Jurassic, during which time the number of ammonite species grew once more. The final catastrophe occurred at the end of the Cretaceous period when all species were annihilated and the ammonites became extinct. This event apparently coincided with the death of the dinosaurs.
Life.
Ammonites began life as tiny planktonic creatures less than 1mm in diameter. In their infancy they would have been vulnerable to attack from other predators, including fish. However, they quickly assumed a strong protective outer shell that shielded their soft interior from damage. Evidence suggests that they gained in size rapidly, with females growing up to 400% larger than the males.

Drop
A drop is a small bit of liquid, such as water, which is held together by surface tension.
They are normally thought of as falling.
Something that is dropping can sometimes be called dripping.
Drops are often circular in shape, and sometimes when light is refracted through them, it makes a rainbow effect. Rain is an example of when drops fall. Drops are also like bubbles, except they hold liquid instead of a gas, like air.

Brindle
Brindle is a fur coloring in animals. It mainly appears on dogs, cats, cattle, and sometimes horses. The brindle color is similar to the stripes of a tiger, but much less visible. Animals with a brindle-colored coat are said to be brindled.

Interactive Fiction
Which would make the main character pick up a lamp.

Football League First Division
The Football League First Division was the old name for the Football League Championship.
History.
The Football League First Division was the main league in England for 100 years. It started in the 1888,and continued until 2004. The first ever winner was Preston North End, a team from Preston. Many clubs have won the First Division, but very few have won the Premier League. The Premier League is dominated by clubs like Manchester United and Chelsea, but the First Division changes every year.

Fata River
The Fata River is a tributary of the Frumoasa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Frumoasa River.

Frumoasa River (Olt)
The Frumoasa River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Balşa River
The Balşa River is a tributary of the Almăşel River in Romania. That means it flows into the Almăşel River.

Techereu River
The Techereu River is a tributary of the Balşa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Balşa River.

Sitna River
The Sitna River is a tributary of the Jijia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Jijia River.

Gornet River
The Gornet River is a tributary of the Sitna River in Romania. That means it flows into the Sitna River.

Cozancea River
The Cozancea River is a tributary of the Sitna River in Romania. That means it flows into the Sitna River.

Urechioiu River
The Urechioiu River is a tributary of the Sitna River in Romania. That means it flows into the Sitna River.

Burduja River
The Burduja River is a tributary of the Urechioiu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Urechioiu River.

Bejan River
The Bejan River is a tributary of the Mureş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Mureş River.

Halia River
The Halia River is a tributary of the Moldova River in Romania. That means it flows into the Moldova River.

Benia River
The Benia River is a tributary of the Moldova River in Romania. That means it flows into the Moldova River.

Timoi River
The Timoi River is a tributary of the Moldova River in Romania. That means it flows into the Moldova River.

Suha River
The Suha River is a tributary of the Moldova River in Romania. That means it flows into the Moldova River.

Pitrosul River
The Pitrosul River or Pietrosul River is a tributary of the Siret River in Romania. That means it flows into the Siret River.

Erie, Pennsylvania
Erie is a city in the U.S. State of Pennsylvania. It is named after Lake Erie. 103,717 people live in Erie now.

Sodomeni River
The Sodomeni River is a tributary of the Siret River in Romania. That means it flows into the Siret River.

Plopu River
The Plopu River is a tributary of the Jijia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Jijia River.

Bezerc River
The Bezerc River is a tributary of the Jijia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Jijia River.

Buhai River
The Râul Buhai is a tributary of the Jijia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Jijia River.

Richmond, California
Richmond is city in the U.S. State of California. It is a suburb of San Francisco. 103,818 people live in Richmond now.

Gemenea River
The Gemenea River is a tributary of the Suha River in Romania. That means it flows into the Suha River.

Hogea River
The Hogea River is a tributary of the Gemenea River in Romania. That means it flows into the Gemenea River.

Umbrari River
The Umbrari River is a tributary of the Moldova River in Romania. That means it flows into the Moldova River.

Sadova River
The Sadova River is a tributary of the Moldova River in Romania. That means it flows into the Moldova River.

Rodbav River
The Rodbav River is a tributary of the Cincu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Cincu River.

Tur River
The Tur River () is a tributary of the Tisza River. That means it flows into the Tisza River.

Racta River
The Racta River is a tributary of the Tur River in Romania. That means it flows into the Tur River.

Ampoi River
The Ampoi River () is a tributary of the Mureş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Mureş River.

Bebu River
The Bebu River is a tributary of the Ampoi River in Romania. That means it flows into the Ampoi River.

Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade
"Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade" is a 1989 adventure movie directed by Steven Spielberg from a story co-written by executive producer George Lucas and starring Harrison Ford in the title role. It co-stars Sean Connery, Denholm Elliott, Julian Glover, Alison Doody, River Phoenix, and John Rhys-Davies.
Plot.
The movie begins with a young Indiana Jones many years ago. He finds a rare artifact that he thinks belongs to a museum, but some men take it from him. Many years later, Jones is on a boat and yells, "This piece belongs into a museum!" the same thing he said before. This time he manages to get the piece and run away before the other men can take it back.
At Marshall College, where he works, someone tells him that the Nazis are after the Holy Grail.
He and Elsa go into the library, where they find a secret passage underground. They find a tablet, which is an important part of the puzzle. While they are there, some men who want to protect the Grail set the water on fire to try to kill them.

Ruzina River
The Ruzina River is a tributary of the Ampoi River in Romania. That means it flows into the Ampoi River.

Porumbele River
The Porumbele River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Porumbacu River
The Porumbacu River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Racşa River
The Racşa River is a tributary of the Talna River in Romania. That means it flows into the Talna River.

Brada River
The Brada River is a tributary of the Talna River in Romania. That means it flows into the Talna River.

Zacla River
The Zacla River is a tributary of the Bistriţa Aurie River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bistriţa Aurie River.

Coşna River
The Coşna River or Bancu River is a tributary of the Dorna River in Romania. That means it flows into the Dorna River.

Dorna River (Bistriţa)
The Dorna River is a tributary of the Bistriţa River, in Romania. That means it flows into the Bistriţa River.

Doceni River
The Doceni River is a tributary of the Dorna River in Romania. That means it flows into the Dorna River.

Gârbovul River
The Gârvovul River is a tributary of the Jiul de Vest River in Romania. That means it flows into the Jiul de Vest River.

Bold River
The Bold River is a tributary of Lake Balta Albă (Buzău River) in Romania. That means it flows into the Buzău River.

Jaleş River
The Jaleş River or Sohodol River is a tributary of the Tismana River in Romania. That means it flows into the Tismana River.

Jerry Rice
Jerry Lee Rice (born October 13, 1962 in Crawford, Mississippi) is a former football wide receiver in the NFL.

Barry Sanders
Barry David Sanders (born) is a Hall of Fame and Heisman Trophy winning American football running back. He spent all of his professional career with the Detroit Lions in the NFL.

William McGonagall
William McGonagall (born Edinburgh? 1825?; died Edinburgh, 29 September 1902) was a Scottish poet. He thought he was good at writing poetry, but his poetry was often considered to be the worst poetry in the English language. He became famous because he was such a bad poet.
Life and poetry.
William McGonagall was born in Edinburgh, Scotland. His family were originally Irish. McGonagall worked as a weaver in Dundee.
In 1877, when he was probably 52 years old, he suddenly found that he liked writing poetry. He wrote a poem about a local vicar and sent it to the Dundee Weekly News. The editor thought it was a joke, and he published it as a jokey poem.
McGonagall continued to write poetry. He read his poems in public and lots of people came to hear him. However, his audience had really come to laugh at him and throw rotten vegetables at him.
McGonagall did not seem to realise that people thought his poems were bad. He became disappointed that the town of Dundee did not recognize him as a great poet, so he went to Perth and then to Edinburgh. He continued to write poetry. He travelled to London because he had been given an invitation to meet the famous actor Sir Henry Irvine. However, someone had been playing a trick on him: the invitation was not a real one, and he was not let into the theatre.
McGonagall was teetotal and often spoke against drinking alcohol. He thought that his audiences did not like his poetry because they had been drinking too much.
When he died in 1902 he was a very poor man.
McGonagall in popular culture.
People still remember McGonagall's poems today and continue to make fun of them. The comedian Spike Milligan had a character called McGoonagall in "The Goon Show". One episode of "The Muppet Show" had a character called Angus McGonagle. In the Harry Potter books, author J.K. Rowling chose the surname of the Professor of Transfiguration, Minerva McGonagall, because she had heard of McGonagall and loved the name.
There is a McGonagall Appreciation Society in McGonagall's home town of Dundee.

Gallimimus
Gallimimus (rooster mimic) was a fast-running dinosaur with a very long, thin, flattened, toothless, horny beak, a small head, and a relatively large brain, are lived in the late Cretaceos period, about 75-70 million years ago.
Description.
The bottom front part of its beak was shaped like a shovel. It had large eyes positioned on opposite sites of its head, ruling out binocular vision (depth perception). It had a long neck, long tail, and long legs. Gallimimus was about 13-20 ft (4-6 m) long, was 6.3 ft (1.9 m) tall at the hips, and may have weighed about 970 pounds (440 kg).
In popular culture.
The dinosaur appeared on-screen, in the motion picture Jurassic Park.

Dromiceiomimus
Dromiceiomimus was a bipedal dinosaur from the late Cretaceous period, about 80 to 65 million years ago. It was an ornithomimid (bird-like dinosaur) around 4m (12 feet) long. They ate eggs from other dinosaurs and insects. They were noted for their large eyes and may have been nocturnal. It could also run exremely fast, speculated at 64 kph or 40 mph. It resided in North America.
Discovery.
It was first described in the 1920s as Struthiomimus, but was renamed to Dromiceiomimus in 1972 when the Genus was divided into 3 separate genera. Dromiceiomimus means “emu mimic” (the emu is a modern flightless bird similar to an ostrich).

Jefferson County, Alabama
Jefferson County is a county in the U.S. state of Alabama.
The county was named after Thomas Jefferson, the third President of the United States. The county has the largest population of all other counties in Alabama, and was 662,047 as of the 2000 U.S. census. The largest city in Jefferson County is Birmingham, Alabama.
History.
Jefferson County was create by the Alabama legislature on December 13, 1819, 42 year before the American Civil War.

The Other Wind
"The Other Wind" is the sixth and last of a series of books that are written by Ursula K. Le Guin. It follows on from "Tehanu", the fourth book, and the short story "Dragonfly" from the fifth book "Tales from Earthsea".
The book won the World Fantasy Award for Best Book in 2002, and was also nominated for the Nebula Award for Best Book in the same year.

The Lathe of Heaven
"The Lathe of Heaven" is a 1971 science fiction book that was written by Ursula K. Le Guin. The story is about a character whose dreams change the world. It has been made into two television films. The book was put up for a Hugo Award and a Nebula Award, and won the Locus Poll Award for best book in 1972. It was first written in the magazine Amazing Stories.

The Eye of the Heron
"The Eye of the Heron" is a 1978 science fiction book that was written by Ursula K. Le Guin.

Malafrena
"Malafrena" is a book that was written in 1979 by Ursula K. Le Guin. The novel takes place in the country of Orsinia, which is also the setting of Le Guin's "Orsinian Tales".

Jesse James
Jesse Woodson James (September 5, 1847 – April 3, 1882) was an American outlaw. He was the most famous member of the James-Younger Gang.

Jesse James (disambiguation)
Jesse James (1847-1882) was an American outlaw.

Pensacola Christian College
Pensacola Christian College (PCC) is an unaccredited, fundamentalist, Independent Baptist college in Pensacola, Florida. It was started in 1974 by Arlin Horton.

Moody Bible Institute
Moody Bible Institute (MBI) is an institute located in Chicago on the Near North Side. In 1886, it was started by evangelist and businessman Dwight Lyman Moody. MBI has three major ministries: education, broadcasting and publishing.

Florence Foster Jenkins
Florence Foster Jenkins (born Pennsylvania, U.S., 19 July 1868; died 26 November, 1944) was an American soprano who became famous because she was such a bad singer. She sang out of tune, had a very poor sense of rhythm and she was very unmusical.
Life.
She was born Florence Foster in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania. She had music lessons when she was a child. She wanted to go and study music abroad. Her father was very rich, but he refused to pay for her to travel, so she ran away with a man called Frank Thornton Jenkins who was a doctor. They married, although they divorced in 1902. Her husband did not want her to be a singer either.
In 1909 her father died so she inherited some money which she used to have singing lessons. Soon she started to give recitals. Her mother died in 1928 and this gave her even more freedom and money to sing.
From her recordings we can hear that Jenkins sang very out of tune and out of time. She even wobbled a lot on one note. Her piano accompanist can be heard trying to change the speed to fit in with her mistakes. Her words were unclear, especially when singing in a foreign language. However, she became tremendously popular in her unusual way. Her audiences seemed to love her in spite of her unmusicality. She always thought she was a good singer and compared herself to the great sopranos. She knew the critics wrote bad things about her, but she said: "People may say I can't sing, but no one can ever say I didn't sing."
Jenkins sang music from famous operas as well as classical songs (Lieder). She wore fancy costumes which she designed herself. She threw flowers into the audience and was always fanning herself.
In 1943 she was in a taxi that crashed. After the crash she found she could sing "a higher F than ever before." Instead of a lawsuit against the taxicab company, she sent the driver a box of expensive cigars.
In 1944, when she was 76, Jenkins performed at Carnegie Hall. Many people had wanted her to perform there. Tickets sold out weeks before the concert. Jenkins died a month later. She always seemed to have been quite certain that she was a great singer.

William Bligh
William Bligh (9 September 1754 – 7 December 1817) was an English officer in the British Navy. He sailed with Captain James Cook on his third and final voyage in 1776. In 1787 Bligh was made captain of "HMS Bounty" and sailed to Tahiti to collect breadfruit trees. In 1806 he was made Governor of New South Wales. After going back to England, Bligh was made a Rear-Admiral and later a Vice-Admiral in the Royal Navy.
Early Life.
Bligh joined the navy at age 16 when he became an able seaman on "HMS Hunter" in 1770. In September 1771 he changed ships and served on "HMS Crescent". At 21 (17 March 1776) he was made the master of Captain James Cook's ship, the Resolution, part of Cook's third and final voyage. Bligh got back to England in 1780. He left the Royal Navy and worked as a captain in the merchant navy from 1783 to 1787.
The Bounty.
In 1787 Bligh became leader of a small expedition to be sent to Tahiti to get breadfruit trees. These would be planted in the West Indies as food for the slaves. The "Bounty" left Tahiti loaded with breadfruit trees on 4 April 1789. Three weeks later, a seaman named Fletcher Christian led a mutiny (take over) of the ship. Christian wanted to go back to Tahiti. This event is called the mutiny on the Bounty. Bligh and 18 seamen were put into a small boat, with little food or water, 4 swords, a sextant, a pocket watch, but no map. They were able to get to Batavia (now Jakarta), a distance of 6701 km, in 47 days. He finally got back to England in March, 1790. He wrote a book about the mutiny called "A Narrative of the Mutiny on board His Majesty's Ship "Bounty". In August 1791 Bligh set out again to get breadfruit trees. He was also told to find out more about Torres Strait, between Australia and New Guinea. He took 2 ships, the "Providence" and the "Assistant", getting back to England in August 1793.
Governor.
Bligh spent the next 10 years in the Royal Navy. In March 1805 he was given the job of Governor of New South Wales. He left England in February 1806 and arrived in Sydney in August. One of his jobs was to control the supply of alcohol into the young colony. In Sydney at this time, alcohol was used a form of money, which caused a lot of unrest among the settlers. The army officers and several other people in New South Wales had a monopoly on bringing alcohol into the country. They were very angry with Bligh because he tried to control their alcohol business.
The Rum Rebellion.
Image:The arrest of Bligh propaganda cartoon from around 1810.jpg|thumb|Bligh's arrestThe officers started legal actions against Bligh who then had one of the settlers John Macarthur arrested for sedition (trying to start a rebellion against the government). One of the soldiers, Major George Johnston, let Macarthur out of jail, and on 26 January 1808, he led the army to Government House and put Bligh under arrest. The army then took over the government. This became known as the Rum Rebellion. After one year Bligh was released on the condition that he went back to England. He agreed, but then sailed to Hobart to try and get help from Colonel David Collins who was the Lieutenant-Governor of Tasmania. Collins didn't offer help and Bligh remained in Hobart for another year.
The British government sent out a new governor, Lachlan Macquarie. Bligh and Major Johnston went back to London, arriving on 25 October 1810. In the legal action all the charges against Bligh were found not to be true, and Johnston was found to be guilty. Johnson was sacked from the army, and in 1811 Bligh was made a Rear-Admiral, and later a Vice-Admiral. He retired to Kent. Bligh died on a visit to London on 7 December 1817.

AppleScript
AppleScript is a way for people to write commands and actions on their Apple Macintosh platform. It is a simple language, like English, and is made by Apple Inc. since the year 1993. The AppleScript program came from the HyperCard program.

Pachacuti
Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui (or Pachacutec; Quechua "Pachakutiq", whose name means "He who remakes the world" was the ninth Sapa Inca (1438-1471/1472) of the Kingdom of Cuzco, which he transformed into an empire, Tawantinsuyu. He began the era of conquest that, within three generations, expanded the Inca dominion from the valley of Cuzco to nearly the whole of civilized South America. He was the fourth of the Hanan dynasty, and his wife's name is given as Mama Anawarkhi or Coya Anahurque. Their son was Tupac Inca Yupanqui.
Pachacuti reorganized the new empire, the "Tahuantinsuyu" or "the united four provinces." Under his system, there were four "apos" that each controlled one of four provinces ("suyu").
Despite Pachacuti's political and military talents, he did not improve upon the system of choosing the next Inca. His son became the next Inca without any known dispute, but in future generations the next Inca had to gain control of the empire by winning enough support from the apos, priesthood, and military to either win a civil war or intimidate anyone else from trying to get control of the empire.
Machu Picchu is believed to date to the time of Pachacuti.

IMac
The iMac is an all-in-one personal computer that was first released in 1998. It was made by Apple Inc. and the first ones came in many colors.
The next version of iMacs were white and had a screen on a "neck" which came from the base.
The third version of iMacs were white, flat and on a stand, meaning the whole computer was hovering above the ground. It had built-in wireless internet and bluetooth. Apple later added a built-in camera and microphone, as well as Intel processors, which was a big change for Apple.
Apple currently uses this design of iMac, but changed the colors and materials to aluminum and glass instead of white plastic.

Melbourne Airport
Melbourne Airport is the second busiest airport in Australia. It is the home base for Tiger Airways Australia and Jetstar. It is also the home base for cargo airlines Australian air Express and Toll Priority. Qantas and Virgin Blue use it as a hub.

Craigslist
Craigslist is a centralized network of online communities for free classified advertisements (with jobs, internships, housing, personal advertisements, erotic services, for sale/barter/wanted, services, community, and pets categories) and forums on various topics.
Description.
The service was founded in 1995 by Craig Newmark for the San Francisco Bay Area. After incorporation as a private for-profit company in 1999, Craigslist expanded into nine more U.S. cities in 2000, four each in 2001 and 2002, and 14 in 2003. September 2007, Craigslist had established itself in approximately 450 cities in 50 countries.
2007 Craigslist operated with a staff of 24 people.
Its sole source of revenue is paid job ads in select cities ($75 per ad for the San Francisco Bay Area; $25 per ad for New York, Los Angeles, San Diego, Boston, Seattle, Washington D.C., Chicago and recently Portland, Oregon) and paid broker apartment listings in New York City ($10 per ad).
The site serves over nine billion page views per month, putting it in 56th place overall among web sites world wide, ninth place overall among web sites in the United States (per Alexa.com on January 10, 2008), to over thirty million unique visitors. With over thirty million new classified advertisements each month, Craigslist is the leading classifieds service in any medium. The site receives over two million new job listings each month. So it is one of the top job boards in the world.
Nonprofit foundation.
In 2001, the company started the Craigslist Foundation, a § 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization that helps emerging nonprofit organizations get established, gain visibility, attract the attention of potential donors, and develop the skills and knowledge required for long-term success.
It accepts charitable donations, and rather than directly funding organizations, it produces face-to-face events and offers online resources to help grassroots organizations get off the ground and contribute real value to the community.
Cities.
The first 14 city sites were: ()
Vancouver, British Columbia, was the first non U.S. city included.
London was the first city outside North America.
In November 2004, Amsterdam, Bangalore, Paris, Sao Paulo and Tokyo became the first cities outside of primarily English speaking countries.
In May 2008, 500 cities in 50 countries are represented.

Discounts and allowances
Discounts and allowances are reductions to a basic price of goods or services. They can mean a modification either of the manufacturer's list price, the retail price (set by the retailer and often attached to the product with a sticker), or the list price (which is quoted to a potential buyer, usually in written form). The market price (also called effective price) is the amount actually paid. The purpose of discounts is to increase short-term sales, move out-of-date stock, reward valuable customers, encourage distribution. Some discounts and allowances are forms of sales promotion.

Classified advertising
Classified advertising is a form of advertising which is particularly common in newspapers, online and other periodicals, e.g. free ads papers or Pennysavers. Classified advertising allows private individuals (not simply companies or corporate entities) to solicit sales for products and services.
Classified advertising is called such because it is generally grouped within the publication under headings classifying the product or service being offered (headings such as Accounting, Automobiles, Clothing, Farm Produce, For Sale, For Rent, etc.) and is grouped entirely in a distinct section of the periodical, which makes it distinct from display advertising, which often contains graphics or other art work and which is placed near to editorial content.
Newspapers have continued their downward trend in classifieds revenue as internet classifieds grow. Classified advertising at some of the larger newspaper chains has dropped 14% to 20% in 2007 while traffic to classified sites has grown 23%.
As the online classified advertising sector develops, there is an increasing emphasis toward specialization.

Huascar
Inti Cusi Huallpa Huáscar (Quechua: Waskhar, or "Sun of Joy"; 1503–1532) was emperor of the Inca empire from 1527 to 1532 AD, He succeeded his father Huayna Capac and brother Ninan Cuyochi. Both of whom died of smallpox while they fought near Quito.
On the death of their father and their older brother, the empire was divided between the two surviving brothers, Huáscar and Atahualpa. Huascar got the major part of it with the capital Cusco, and Atahualpa the northern parts, including Quito (now the capital of Ecuador). For a couple of years, the two brothers reigned without problems. But Huascar demanded that Atahuallpa swear an oath to him. Atahuallpa refused, and the civil war began. Atahualpa's commander lead armies of 100,000 men. About 60,000 men supported Huáscar. This demonstrates the numerical potential of Incan armies. The war was uncompleted, but Atahualpa had a clear advantage when Francisco Pizarro arrived. But it was partly due to this civil war that Francisco Pizarro was successful.

Fieru River (Olt)
The Fieru is a river in the county of Harghita in Romania. It is a tributary of the Olt River. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Fagu Oltului River
The Fagu Oltului River is a tributary of Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Fântâna lui Gal River
The Fântâna lui Gal River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. This means it flows into Olt River.

Sila River
The Sila River is a tributary of the Lotru River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lotru River.

Prigor River
The Prigor River is a tributary of the Nera River in Romania. That means it flows into the Nera River.

Nergana River
The Nergana River is a headwater of the Nera River in Romania.

Beg River
The Beg River is a tributary of the Nergana River in Romania. That means it flows into the Nergana River.

Aluza River
The Aluza River is a tributary of the Jijia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Jijia River.

Amara River
The Amara River is a tributary of the Jijioara River in Romania. That means it flows into the Jijioara River.

Jijioara River
The Jijioara River or Gârla Morii is a tributary of the Jijia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Jijia River.

Catargiu River
The Catargiu River is a tributary of the Jijioara River in Romania. That means it flows into the Jijioara River.

Stroe River
The Stroe River is a tributary of the Nechitu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Nechitu River.

Hugiu River
The Hugiu River is a tributary of the Nechitu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Nechitu River.

Nechizel River
The Nechizel River is a tributary of the Nechitu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Nechitu River.

Borchizu River
The Borchizu River is a tributary of the Nechitu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Nechitu River.

Groapa Mare River
The Groapa Mare River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

CLAAS Jaguar
The CLAAS Jaguar is a silage harvester made by CLAAS. It has a DaimlerChrysler engine.
History.
The CLAAS Jaguar was first built in 1973, when the idea of silage was fairly new. Claas already made combines and balers. The first CLAAS Jaguar was a small green machine. The 10,000th Jaguar was sold in 1994, the 15,000th unveiled in 1998 and the 20,000th sold in 2004.
Success.
The CLAAS Jaguar is one of the best selling silage harvesters ever made. They sell especially well in European countries. Of the forage harvesters CLAAS sold in Ireland from 2000 to 2003, 60% were Claas Jaguars.
Model Range.
The model range has not changed much over the past eight years, except for 2003 and 2007. In Europe, the current models are the 830, 850, 870, 890 and the largest one: the 900. In North America, the models are 950, 960, 970 and 980.
Speedstar & Green Eye.
Before 2003, most forage harvesters operated at very slow speeds. In 2003, new technology meant that a new silage harvester, with the same look as the old model, would be built. In Autumn of that year, the CLAAS Jaguar Speedstar was first sold.
The "Green Eye" is a new addition. After four years of scientific experiments, the Green Eye was made in May 2007. The 900 model now being sold in Europe is known as the CLAAS Jaguar 900 Green Eye. The Green Eye is also available in the other models as well.

Valea Fratelui River
The Valea Fratelui River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Cepturaru River
The Cepturaru River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Botohan River
The Botohan River is a tributary of the Siret River in Romania. That means it flows into the Siret River.

Ghepiu River
The Ghepiu River is a tributary of the Vadăş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Vadăş River.

Gaia River
The Gaia River is a tributary of the Someşul Mare River in Romania. That means it flows into the Someşul Mare River.

Gagu River
The Gagu River is a tributary of the Prahova River in Romania. That means it flows into the Prahova River.

Valea Fetei River
The Valea Fetei River is a tributary of the Prahova River in Romania. That means it flows into the Prahova River.

Straja River
The Straja River is a headwater of the Şuşiţa River. The upper reach of the river is also called Amaru River.

Cartianu River
The Cartianu River is a tributary of the Straja River in Romania. That means it flows into the Straja River.

Cracu River (Straja)
The Cracu River is a tributary of the Straja River in Romania. That means it flows into the Straja River.

Valea Mare River (Balomir)
The Valea Mare River is a tributary of the Strei River in Romania. That means it flows into the Strei River.

Sasul River (Jiu)
The Sasul River is a tributary of the Izvorul River in Romania. That means it flows into the Izvorul River.

Izvorul River (Jiu)
The Izvorul River is a tributary of the Jiu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Jiu River.

Largul River
The Largul River is a tributary of the Izvorul River in Romania. That means it flows into the Izvorul River.

Unfree labour
Unfree labour is when someone is being told to do something without pay. Some of the time the term is talking about slavery.

Thomas Becket
Thomas Becket was an English priest who was assassinated by four knights in Canterbury Cathedral in 1170. People used to think his name was "Thomas á Becket", but it is now known to be wrong.
He was a close friend of King Henry II, but they argued about the rights the Church could have, and he was killed by four followers of the King. However, evidence shows that the King had no knowledge of the murder, and English stories say that he went around Canterbury being whipped as punishment for the attack on a close friend.
He became a saint in 1173. His major shrine is in Canterbury, but was destroyed by order of Henry VIII during his reign.

Rafnic River
The Rafnic River is a tributary of the Gelug River in Romania. That means it flows into the Gelug River.

Gelug River
The Gelug River or Lupac River is a tributary of the Caraş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Caraş River.

Karaš River
The Karaš (in Serbian, also Cyrillic: Караш) or Caraş (in Romanian) is a 110 km long river in the Banat area of Serbia and Romania, and it is a left tributary of the Danube. This means that it flows into the Danube.

Vicinic River
The Vicinic River is a tributary of the Caraş River. That means it flows into the Caraş River.

Nermed River
The Nermed River is a tributary of the Gelug River in Romania. That means it flows into the Gelug River.

Jupalnic River
The Jupalnic River is a tributary of the Gelug River in Romania. That means it flows into the Gelug River.

Vodnic River
The Vodnic River is a tributary of the Gelug River in Romania. That means it flows into the Gelug River.

Suciu River
The Suciu River is a tributary of the Lăpuş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lăpuş River.

Lăpuş River
The Lăpuş River() is a tributary of the Someş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Someş River.

Botizu River
The Botizu River or Valea Poienii River is a tributary of the Lăpuş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lăpuş River.

Roata River
The Roata River is a tributary of the Lăpuş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lăpuş River.

Rohia River
The Rohia River is a tributary of the Lăpuş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lăpuş River.

Grumba River
The Grumba River is a tributary of the Lăpuş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lăpuş River.

The Fortress of Solitude
The Fortress of Solitude is Superman's Kryptonian base. The first Fortress was a huge iceberg. A huge golden key that only Superman or Supergirl could lift was needed to open the door. Superman bulit it. The second Fortress was a huge crystalline building. It looked similar to a pile of crystals and icebergs. A green crystal built the second Fortress. The third version was similar to the second one, but was bigger and looked different in the inside. This version was created by the Crystal of Knowledge, a ring like crystal.

Sea-Monkeys
Sea-Monkeys are a small shrimp that lives in salt water. The term 'Sea-Monkey' is a trademark used to sell them as pets. The scientific name for them is Artemia salina.

Thunder Bay, Ontario
Thunder Bay is the most populous city in Northwestern Ontario. Its population was 109,140 in the 2006 census. It used to be two cities called Fort William and Port Arthur. It is the second most populous in Northern Ontario after Greater Sudbury.

Macroom
Macroom is a small town in County Cork, Ireland. It lies on the River Sullane, a large tributary of the River Lee.

Pecorino cheese
Pecorino cheese (or simply Pecorino) is the name for a few kinds of Italian cheeses made of sheep milk. The word "pecora", from which the name derives, means "sheep". Most of these cheeses are aged for some time. They taste rather salty.
Pecorino Romano is probably the best known outside Italy, especially in the United States. The cheese has been exported to the United States since the 19th century. Most Pecorino Romano is produced on the island of Sardinia, though its production is also allowed in Lazio and in the Tuscan Province of Grosseto.
Pecorino Sardo also comes from Sardinia. It is milder. Pecorino Toscano is from Tuscany and Pecorino Siciliano (or Picurinu Sicilianu in Sicilian) from Sicily. All come in a variety of styles depending on how long they have been matured. The more matured cheeses, referred to as "stagionato", are harder and have a stronger flavour. Sometimes, the cheeses are made with spices. In Sardinia, the larvae of the cheese fly are intentionally introduced into "Pecorino Sardo" to produce a local delicacy called casu marzu.
Pecorino Romano is most often used on pasta dishes, like the better-known Parmigiano Reggiano (parmesan). Its distinctive strong, very salty flavour means that it is preferred for some pasta dishes with highly-flavoured sauces, especially those of Roman origin, such as "pasta all'amatriciana".

Habic River
The Habic River is a tributary of the Mureş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Mureş River.

Martin Brodeur
Martin Pierre Brodeur (born May 6, 1972, in Montreal, Quebec) is a professional ice hockey goaltender who has played his entire National Hockey League career with the New Jersey Devils. In his 15-year career, he was the goaltender for three Stanley Cup championships and been in the playoffs every year but one with the team. He holds more than thirty Devils team records.

Hagiul River
The Hagiul River is a tributary of the Neagra Şarului River in Romania. That means it flows into the Neagra Şarului River.

Hagota River
The Hagota River is a tributary of the Figheş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Figheş River.

Figheş River
The Figheş River is a tributary of the Putna Întunecoasă River in Romania. That means it flows into the Putna Întunecoasă River.

Halmer River
The Halmer River is a tributary of the Hârtibaciu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Hârtibaciu River.

Halinga River
The Halinga River is a tributary of the Sebeş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Sebeş River.

Miikka Kiprusoff
Miikka Sakari Kiprusoff (pronounced "MEE-kah KIHP-roo-sawf") (born October 26, 1976) is a professional hockey goaltender playing for the Calgary Flames in the National Hockey League (NHL). He captured the 2006 Vezina Trophy as the NHL's best goaltender.

Haju River
The Haju River is a tributary of the Bistriţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bistriţa River.

Hetin River
The Hetin River is a tributary of the Beregsău River in Romania. That means it flows into the Beregsău River.

Evgeni Nabokov
Evgeni Viktorovich Nabokov () (born July 25, 1975 in Ust-Kamenogorsk, U.S.S.R., now Kazakhstan), is a professional ice hockey goaltender for the San Jose Sharks of the National Hockey League.

Henrik Lundqvist
Henrik Lundqvist (born March 2, 1982, in Åre, Sweden) is a Swedish ice hockey goaltender for the New York Rangers of the National Hockey League (NHL). He has been nominated for the Vezina Trophy three times. He finished third all three times. His play during his first season resulted in the New York media and Rangers fans giving him the nickname "King Henrik". During the 2006 Winter Olympics in Torino, Italy, he played on the Swedish team when they won their second Olympic Gold Medal.

Danube Delta
The Danube Delta ("Delta Dunării" in Romanian, Дельта Дуная in Russian, Дельта Дунаю in Ukrainian) is the second biggest delta in Europe. It is after the Volga Delta in size. It is one of the best preserved deltas on the continent. Most of the Danube Delta can be found in Romania, but the northern part of the delta is in Ukraine.In Ukraine the delta is not as well preserved as in Romania.

Wallachia
Wallachia (also spelled Walachia; or "The Romanian Land") is a historical area of Romania.

Romanian War of Independence
The Romanian War of Independence was battled in 1877. It was against the Ottoman Empire. On, Romania and the Russian Empire signed a treaty that allowed Russian troops to pass through Romanian land, so long as the Russians respected the integrity of the Romanians.
On, in the Romanian parliament, Mihail Kogălniceanu said that it was the will of the Romanian people to be independant. In the beginning of this war, Russia did not want to help the Romanians with the war.

Romanian Revolution of 1989
The Romanian Revolution of 1989 was a week-long series of violent riots and fighting in late December of 1989. It started to overthrow the Communist state of Nicolae Ceauşescu.

List of NHL General Managers
This is a list of general managers in the National Hockey League. In the National Hockey League, the general manager of a team typically controls player trades and talks about contracts with players. He is also responsible for the coaches.

Ilba River
The Ilba River or Handal River is a tributary of the Someş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Someş River. It starts where the headwaters of Ardeleana and Mesteacănu meet.

Firizan River
The Firizan River is a tributary of the Ilba River in Romania. That means it flows into the Ilba River.

Ardeleana River
The Ardeleana River is a headwater of the Ilba River in Romania.

Faier River
The Faier River is a tributary of the Mureş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Mureş River.

Feernic River
The Feernic River or Râul Alb is a tributary of the Târnava Mare River, in Romania. That means it flows into the Târnava Mare River.

Gada River
The Gada River is a tributary of the Feernic River in Romania. That means it flows into the Feernic River.

Salon River
The Salon River is a tributary of the Feernic River in Romania. That means it flows into the Feernic River.

Untu River
The Untu River is a tributary of the Boşorogu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Boşorogu River.

Uila River
The Uila River is a tributary of the Luţ River in Romania. That means it flows into the Luţ River.

Luţ River
The Luţ River is a tributary of the Mureş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Mureş River.

Popeni River
The Popeni River or Ursoaia River is a tributary of the Trotuş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Trotuş River.

Lotrioara River
The Lotrioara River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Mohan River
The Mohan River is a tributary of the Lotrioara River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lotrioara River.

Dominik Hašek
Dominik Hašek, (born January 29, 1965) is a professional ice hockey goaltender for the Detroit Red Wings of the National Hockey League. He has also played for the Chicago Blackhawks, Buffalo Sabres, and the Ottawa Senators. When he was in Buffalo, he became one of the league's best goaltenders. He was nicknamed "The Dominator." His strong play has been said to have establish European goaltenders in a league dominated by North Americans.
Hašek has been one of the league's most successful goaltenders of the 1990s and early 2000s. From 1993 to 2001, he won six Vezina Trophies, and in 1998 he became the first goaltender to win consecutive Hart Trophies.
During the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano, Japan, he led the Czech national ice hockey team to its first and only Olympic gold medal. The feat made him a popular figure in his home country and prompted hockey legend Wayne Gretzky to call him "the best player in the game."
While with the Red Wings in 2002, Hašek became the first European starting goaltender to win the Stanley Cup.
Doing that, he set a record for shutouts in a postseason year. He came in second in votes for the Conn Smythe Trophy for the playoff's Most Valuable Player.
Hašek is considered an unorthodox goaltender, with a specail style that has labeled him a "flopper." He is best known for his concentration, foot speed, flexibility, and unconventional saves, such as covering the puck with his blocker rather than his trapper.
Hašek is seen as a future Hall of Famer by those in the hockey world. He is right now the oldest goalie in the NHL at 43, and also, the second oldest player in the league after Red Wings teammate Chris Chelios, who is 46.

Televangelism
Televangelism is the use of television to speak of the Christian faith. The word is a made up of television and evangelism. The term was started by "Time magazine".

Bernie Parent
Bernard Marcel Parent (born April 3, 1945 in Montreal, Quebec), better known as Bernie Parent, is a retired Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender.

Tony Esposito
Anthony James "Tony O" Esposito (born April 23, 1943 in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario) is a retired professional ice hockey goaltender, who played in the National Hockey League, most notably for the Chicago Black Hawks. He is considered one of the pioneers of the now popular butterfly style.

1973-74 NHL season
=Final standings=.
"Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, PIM = Penalties in minutes"
"Note: Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold"
Scoring leaders.
"Note: GP = Games played, G = Goals, A = Assists, PTS = Points, PIM = Penalties in minutes"
Finals.
Philadelphia Flyers defeated the Boston Bruins 4 games to 2, winning the cup with a Game 6 1–0 victory. In doing so, the Flyers became the first expansion team to win the Cup in the post-Original Six era.

Billy Sunday
William Ashley Sunday (November 19 1862 – November 6 1935) was an American athlete and religious person. He was an outfielder in baseball's National League during the 1880s. After that he became an influential American evangelist at the start of the 20th century.

2007-08 NHL season
=Final standings=.
"GP = Games Played, W = Wins, L = Losses, OTL = Overtime/Shootout Losses, GF = Goals For, GA = Goals Against, Pts = Points, Rank = Conference rank (division leaders are ranked first to third), Top eight teams in each conference qualified for post-season playoffs."
Scoring leaders.
"GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; +/– = Plus/Minus; PIM = Penalty Minutes"
As of the end of the regular season.
Leading goaltenders.
"GP = Games Played; TOI = Time On Ice (minutes); W = Wins; L = Losses; OT = Overtime/Shootout Losses; GA = Goals Against; SO = Shutouts; Sv% = Save Percentage; GAA = Goals Against Average"
As of the end of the regular season.
Playoff seeds.
After the 2007–08 NHL regular season, the standard of 16 teams qualified for

John Newton
John Henry Newton, Jr. (July 24, 1725 – December 21, 1807) was an Anglican clergyman. He was a former slave-ship captain. He was the author of many hymns, including "Amazing Grace."

The Beginning Place
"The Beginning Place" is a science fiction book that was written by Ursula K. Le Guin in 1980.

Gruiu Scurt River
The Gruiu Scurt River is a tributary of the Lotrioara River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lotrioara River.

Ursula K. Le Guin
Ursula Kroeber Le Guin () (born October 21, 1929) is an American writer. She has written bookss, poetry, children's books, essays, and short stories, especially in the fantasy and science fiction areas.
She first wrote in the 1960s. She has been awarded many Hugo and Nebula awards, and was given the Gandalf Grand Master award in 1979 and the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America Grand Master Award in 2003. She has gotten eighteen Locus Awards, more than any other writer. Her book "The Farthest Shore" won the National Book Award for Children's Books in 1973.
Le Guin was the Professional Guest of Honor at the 1975 World Science Fiction Convention in Melbourne, Australia. She got the Library of Congress "Living Legends" award in the "Writers and Artists" area in April 2000 for her additions to America's cultural history. In 2004, Le Guin was the was given the Association for Library Service to Children's May Hill Arbuthnot Honor Lecture Award.

Protur River
The Protur River is a tributary of the Agapia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Agapia River.

Cacova River (Prahova)
The Cacova River is a tributary of the Prahova River and Protur River in Romania. This means that it flows into both the Prahova River and the Protur River.

Corbul Ucei River
The Corbul Ucei River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Surdu River
The Surdu River is a tributary of the Râul Mare in Romania. That means that it flows into the Râul Mare.

Râul Mare (Cibin)
The Râul Mare is a headwater of the Cibin River in Romania.

Nedeiu River
The Nedeiu River is a tributary of the Sebeş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Sebeş River.

Sebeş River (Alba)
The Sebeş River is a tributary of the Mureş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Mureş River.

Prigoana River
The Prigoana River is a tributary of the Sebeş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Sebeş River.

Bahluieţ River
The Bahluieţ River is a tributary of the Bahlui River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bahlui River.

Cucuteni River
The Cucuteni River is a tributary of the Bahluieţ River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bahluieţ River.

Ordea River
The Ordea River is a tributary of the Cucuteni River in Romania. That means it flows into the Cucuteni River.

Toleasa River
The Toleasa River is a tributary of the Cucuteni River in Romania. That means it flows into the Cucuteni River.

Aron River (Hăşdate)
The Aron River is a tributary of the Hăşdate River in Romania. That means it flows into the Hăşdate River.

Arsa River
The Arsa River is a tributary of the Nera River in Romania. That means it flows into the Nera River.

Asod River
The Asod River is a tributary of the Bistricioara River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bistricioara River.

Beltic River
The Beltic River is a tributary of the Asod River in Romania. That means it flows into the Asod River.

Şuşiţa River (Siret)
The Şuşiţa River is a tributary of the Siret River in Romania. That means it flows into the Siret River.

Chiua River
The Chiua River is a tributary of the Şuşiţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Şuşiţa River. It starts where the headwaters of Chiua Mare and Chiua Mică meet.

Tărlung River
The Tărlung River is a tributary of the Râul Negru in Romania. That means it flows into the Râul Negru.

Telciu River
The Telciu River is a tributary of the Zagon River in Romania. That means it flows into the Zagon River.

Jan van Eyck
Jan van Eyck or Johannes de Eyck () (before c. 1395 – before July 9, 1441) was an Early Netherlandish painter active in Bruges. He is thought to be one of the best Northern European painters of the 15th century. He was intrested in art since he was a child and was encouraged in this carear by his older brother, Hubert.

Zagon River
The Zagon River is a tributary of the Covasna River in Romania. That means it flows into the Covasna River.

Scânteia River
The Scânteia River or Mitoc River or Nacu River is a tributary of the Miletin River in Romania. That means it flows into the Miletin River.

Dalnic River
The Dalnic River is a tributary of the Râul Negru in Romania. That means it flows into the Râul Negru.

Râul Negru
The Râul Negru () is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Uiloc River
The Uiloc River or Valea Mică River is a tributary of the Aita River in Romania. That means it flows into the Aita River.

Jemenc River
The Jemenc River is a tributary of the Aita River in Romania. That means it flows into the Aita River.

Cenek River
The Cenek River is a tributary of the Aita River in Romania. That means it flows into the Aita River.

Săsar River
The Săsar River is a tributary of the Lăpuş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lăpuş River.

Awana
Awana (an acronym for Approved Workmen Are Not Ashamed, from 2 Timothy 2:15), is an international evangelical non-profit organization. It was founded in 1950. Its headquarters is in Streamwood, Illinois.

Dwight L. Moody
Dwight Lyman (D.L.) Moody (February 5, 1837 – December 22, 1899) was an American evangelist and publisher. He started the Moody Church, Northfield School and Mount Hermon School in Massachusetts (now the Northfield Mount Hermon School), the Moody Bible Institute and Moody Publishers.

Fletcher Christian
Fletcher Christian (September 25, 1764 - 1793) was an English seaman on "HMS Bounty" when it sailed to Tahiti to collect breadfruit trees in 1787. He led a mutiny (take over) to stop Lieutenant William Bligh returning to England. (See Mutiny on the Bounty). He left Bligh and 18 seaman in a small boat, and went back to Tahiti in the "Bounty". Christian and some of the other sailors then sailed to Pitcairn Island to live. Christian was later killed in a fight between the Tahitian men and the seamen.
Early life.
Christian was born in 1764 at the family home of "Moorland Close", near Brigham, Cumbria. He was one of 10 children of Charles Christian and Ann Dixon. He could trace his ancestry back to William the Conqueror. The name Christian is an English way of saying the Manx name "McCrystyn". Fletcher's mother came from Cumberland and he was named after his grandmother, Mary Fletcher. After his father died, Christian went to sea. He was 18 years old. He was a sailor on the ship 'Cambridge'. William Bligh was also on the ship. Christian later sailed on two trips with Bligh to Jamaica on the ship 'Britannia'.
After the mutiny.
After the mutiny, Christian wanted to settle on the island of Tubuai. The sailors were scared of the natives who lived on the island. The sailors went back to Tahiti. Christian married Maimiti, the daughter of one of the chiefs on June 16, 1789. He then left Tahiti with 8 of the mutineers, 13 Tahitian women and six men. They sailed to the remote Pitcairn Island. Sixteen sailors from the Bounty stayed at Tahiti. At Pitcairn they took everything they could from the Bounty. After that Matthew Quintal set it on fire. The sexual imbalance (more men than women) and the slavery of the Tahitian men by the mutineers led to fighting and the deaths of most of the men. Fletcher Christian was killed in the fighting. He had a son with Maimiti, Thursday October Christian.

Ichthyosaur
Ichthyosaur are member of an extinct group of aquatic reptiles, most of which were very similar to porpoises in appearance and habits. These distant relatives of lizards and snakes (lepidosaurs) were the most highly specialized aquatic reptiles, but ichthyosaurs were not dinosaurs.

Ichthyopterygia
Ichthyopterygia ("fish flippers") was a designation introduced by Sir Richard Owen in 1840 to designate the Jurassic Ichthyosaurs that were known at the time, but the term is now used more often for both true Ichthyosauria and their more primitive early and middle Triassic ancestors (Motani 1997, Motani et al. 1998).
Basal ichthyopterygians (prior to and ancestral to true Ichthyosauria) were mostly small (a meter or less in length) with elongate bodies and long spool shaped vertebrae, indicating that they swam in a sinuous eel-like manner. This allowed for quick movements and maneouverability that were an advantage in shallow-water hunting (Motani 2000). Even at this early stage they were already very specialised animals with proper flippers, and would have been incapable of movement on land.
These animals seem to have been widely distributed around the coast of the northern half of Pangea, as they are known the Late Olenekian and Early Anisian (early part of the Triassic period) of Japan, China, Canada, and Spitsbergen (Norway). By the later part of the Middle Triassic they were extinct, having been replaced by their descendents the true ichthyosaurs.
Phylogeny.
Cladogram after Motani (1998, 1999) and Nicholls & Manabe (2001).

Ichthyosaurus
Ichthyosaurus was an ichthyosaur, a marine reptile; it was not a dinosaur. This sleek animal could perhaps swim at speeds up to 25 mph (40 kph). Ichthyosaurus lived from the early Jurassic period until the early Cretaceous period, roughly 206 to 140 million years ago.
Similar finds in the related Stenopterygius also show this.

Anachii River
The Anachii River is a tributary of the Crişul Repede River in Romania. That means it flows into the Crişul Repede River.

Andronic River
The Andronic River is a tributary of the Bistriţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bistriţa River.

Androchiel River
The Androchiel River or Androchel River is a tributary of the Hârtibaciu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Hârtibaciu River.

Antaloc River
The Antaloc River () is a tributary of the Trotuş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Trotuş River.

Apatiu River
The Apatiu River is a tributary of the Meleş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Meleş River.

Beudiu River
The Beudiu River is a tributary of the Apatiu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Apatiu River.

Apele Albe River
The Apele Albe River is a tributary of the Valea Mare River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Mare River.

Apele Vii River
The Apele Vii River is a tributary of the Valea Rea River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Rea River.

Apold River
The Apold River () is a tributary of the Secaş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Secaş River.

Stenopterygius
Stenopterygius was a typical, dolphin-shaped ichthyosaur ("fish lizard") of the early Jurassic period. It's similar to the poster reptile of the ichthyosaur family. Ichthyosaurus, but with slightly narrower flippers (hence its name, which means "narrow wing") and a smaller head.
Like fish-like, Stenopterygius was more streamlined than earlier ichthyosaurs of the Triassic period, and likely swam much faster in pursuit of prey.
Some Stenopterygius fossils have been found with the remains of juveniles inside--clearly instances of mothers dying before they could give birth. As with other ichthyosaurs, it's now believed that Stenopterygius females gave birth to live young, rather than laying eggs like other reptiles.

Rod River
The Rod River is a tributary of the Apold River in Romania. That means it flows into the Apold River.

Aporliget River
The Aporliget River is a tributary of the Crasna River. That means it flows into the Crasna River.

Horea River
The Horea River is a tributary of the Aporliget River. That means it flows into the Aporliget River. It starts in Romania and crosses into Hungary.

Temnodontosaurus
Temnodontosaurus was an ichthyosaur from the early Jurassic some 196 and 190 million years ago, found in Europe (England and Germany) which grew to about 9 meters (30 ft) in length. Sometimes known as Leptopterygius, this huge ichthyosaur cruised the shallow seas hunting large squid and ammonites.

Californosaurus
Californosaurus (meaning "California lizard") was an ichthyosaur, an extinct water-dwelling reptile that lived during the time of the dinosaurs. Californosaurus (also called Toretocnemus, Delphinosaurus) was 10 feet (3 m) long. It had four paddle-shaped flippers and sharp teeth in long, pointed jaws (looking a bit like a dolphin). This fish-eater lived during the late Triassic period in seas that covered what is now California. Californosaurus was named by Kuhn in 1934. It was not a dinosaur, but another type of extinct reptile.

Cymbospondylus
Cymbospondylus was a large but very primitive Triassic ichthyosaur, with a long eel-like body up to 10 meters or more in length.
Cymbospondylus is known from both Germany and Nevada, and there is no doubt that, like other large marine reptiles and mammals, this animal had a cosmopolitan, pan-oceanic distribution.
Although traditionally included under the Shastasaurid, Cymbospondylus seems to have been more primitive than other members of the family, and probably represents an early but successful offshoot of ichthyosaur evolution.

Mixosaurus
Mixosaurus was a small, common and cosmopolitan Triassic ichthyosaur. It was only about a meter in length. Fossils are known from Alaska, Canada, China, Timor, Indonesia, Italy, Nevada, New Zealand, Spitsbergen, and Svalbard. Thus it lived in the Tethys Sea but also ventured further afield.
Mixosaurus seems to have been a transitional form between the more primitive eel-shaped icthyosaurs such as Cymbospondylus and the more advanced Shatsasaurs and Euichthyosaurs (the latter including the familar dolphin- or porpoise-shaped icthyosaurs).

Ophthalmosaurus
Ophthalmosaurus was an ichthyosaur of the Late Jurassic period (165 to 150 million years ago), named for its extremely large eyes. Several beautifully preserved skeletons, ranging in age from juveniles to adults. Remains have been found in Europe and Argentina.
It had the largest eyes of any vertebrate, which helped it hunt for squid at night or at great depth. Its snout was long and thin, perfect for snapping after fast, maneuverable prey.

Valve
A valve is a device that helps with the flow of materials (like gases, fluidized solids, slurries, or liquids).

Valve (disambiguation)
A valve is a device that regulates the flow of fluids.

Sports entertainment
Sports entertainment is a type of spectacle which presents an apparently competitive event using a high level of theatrical presentation, with the purpose of entertaining an audience.
Some sports entertainment events are forms of actual sports, such as the XFL football league and exhibition basketball with the Harlem Globetrotters association. Others are modifications of sport for entertainment purposes, such as professional wrestling or mud wrestling, both derived from wrestling, and roller derby, derived from roller skating. Some take activities that are normal and make a competition out of them, such as competitive eating.
Some forms of sports entertainment involve taking competitive games which are usually considered minor in the grand scheme of things, such as dodgeball, poker, or rock-paper-scissors, and televising them with trumped-up theatrics, such as celebrity competitors or elaborate audiovisual packages.
The term came into prominence in the 1980s through its use by Vince McMahon and the World Wrestling Federation, in order to avoid governmental athletic regulation, and it is explicitly used in advertisements by the Harlem Globetrotters. Precursors have been found going back to February 1935, when "Toronto Star" sports editor Lou Marsh described professional wrestling as "sportive entertainment."
While the concept of sports entertainment is generally applied only to modern creations, it can also be applied to traditional public spectacles such as bull fighting or even the gladiatorial fights of the ancient Roman Colosseum.
Monster truck events, and the U.S. television show "American Gladiators" are contemporary examples of sports entertainment without predetermined outcomes. Robot fighting such as Robot Wars and Battle Bots have been a popular sports entertainment fad. Televised thumb wrestling such as Thumb Wrestling Federation is also a type of sports entertainment.
Although most sports entertainment is seen as having a niche market, even extremely popular television shows such as "Strictly Come Dancing" and "Dancing With the Stars" fall into the genre.
Some sports such as mixed martial arts and other combat sports are sometimes considered sports entertainment despite their legitimacy and relative lack of theatrics.
Sports entertainment has a stigma of mindless pop culture, and has been criticized as such in popular media. The film "Idiocracy" portrays a future where sports entertainment permeates the global culture: the president is an active professional wrestler and capital punishment consists of a combination demolition derby, monster truck event and gladiator duel, and is a highly popular television broadcast. Fiction with a dystopian future setting often portrays deadly futuristic games as popular sports entertainment, including the movies "Rollerball" and "The Running Man" and video games such as "Smash TV" and the "Twisted Metal" series.

Chirivoaia River
The Chirivoaia River or Apostol River is a tributary of the Miletin River in Romania. That means it flows into the Miletin River.

Miletin River
The Miletin River is a tributary of the Jijia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Jijia River.

Oneaga River
The Oneaga River or Oneguţa River is a tributary of the Miletin River in Romania. That means it flows into the Miletin River.

Robu River
The Robu River is a tributary of the Miletin River in Romania. That means it flows into the Miletin River.

Arada River
The Arada River is a tributary of the Albac River in Romania. That means it flows into the Albac River.

Arama River (Bistriţa)
The Arama River is a tributary of the Bistriţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bistriţa River.

Philip Carteret
Philip Carteret (January 22 1733 - July 21 1796) was an English officer in the Royal Navy. He sailed as a lieutenant on John Byron's circumnavigation (sailing around) of the world in 1764. He went around the world again as part of the Royal Navy's exploration in 1766.
Discoveries.
On circumnavigation Carteret in "HMS Swallow" accompanied Samuel Wallis who sailed in the "HMS Dolphin". The 2 ships were separated sailing around Cape Horn, so Carteret continued on alone. He discovered Pitcairn Island on July 2, 1767. He also discovered the Carteret Islands, Mururoa, and the Duke of Gloucester Islands. He got back to England in 1769. The Swallow was in bad condition and the success of the long trip shows Carteret's courage and skill.
Carteret's health was ruined by his voyage of exploration. He was put on half pay, and in 1773, he wrote the story of the voyage as part of a book about the voyages of Byron, Wallis, Carteret and Cook. The book's editor John Hawkesworth made changes to his account and so Carteret wrote his own book which was only published in 1965. In 1779 he took the ship "HMS Endymion" to the West Indies. This was his final trip. He was promoted to Vice-Admiral and he retired to Southhampton in 1794.

Judeo-Aramaic
Judeo-Aramaic was a language spoken by many Jews at theSecond Temple Period (587BC-70AD)
and a few centuries after.It was probably the mother tongue of Jesus.It's an Aramaic dialect

Boris Berezovsky
Boris Abramovich Berezovsky (born January 23, 1946), is a Russian business man, billionaire and former mathematician. He is best known for the powerful positions he held during the 1990s when Boris Yeltsin was president of Russia. He was deputy secretary of Russia's security council, a friend of Boris Yeltsin's daughter Tatyana. He had a lot of power over what the newspapers were allowed to print and what the television stations could say. They were not allowed to say anything bad about Yeltsin.
Berezovsky made a lot of money importing Mercedes cars into Russia in the 1990s. He made a lot of money from Avtovaz cars and he owned Sibneft oil company.
When Putin came to power Berezovsky fled to London where he was given political asylum. He said that he was trying to put an end to Putin's power. The Russian authorities have accused him of trying to murder several leading critics of Putin's regime, including Alexander Litvinenko and journalist Anna Politkovskaya, in order to make Putin look bad. The Swiss have accused him of taking money illegally.
In 1994 someone tried to kill Berezovsky. Several other people may have tried to kill him. He says these people are Russian spies.

Alunul Mare River
The Alunul Mare or Valea Seacă River is a tributary of the Someşul Cald River in Romania. That means it flows into the Someşul Cald River.

Alunul Mic River
The Alunul Mic is a tributary of the Someşul Cald River in Romania. That means it flows into the Someşul Cald River.

Apa Lazului River
The Apa Lazului River is a tributary of the Şerel River in Romania. That means it flows into the Şerel River.

Aranca River
The Aranca River (Romanian: "Aranca", Serbian: "Zlatica" (Златица), Hungarian: "Aranka") is a 117 kilometer long river in both Romania and Serbia. It is a left tributary of the Tisa river.

Archita River
The Archita River () is a tributary of the Târnava Mare River in Romania. That means it flows into the Târnava Mare River.

Leptictidium
Leptictidium (meaning delicate weasel) was a genus of small prehistoric eutherian from Eocene period. this extinct species of mammal lived alongside the dinosaurs, but died out when the tropical forests opened up.
Leptictidium had long hind legs, and probably used only those two legs when moving fast. Whether it hopped on two legs or ran bipedally is still a matter of debate. It had a long, bare tail which acted as a counterbalance, and a long, mobile snout to help it find its prey.
The leptictids were found right across Eurasia. Leptictidium itself was a specialised hopper with the best preserved specimens found in the Messel shales of Germany.

Archiud River
The Archiud River is a tributary of the Dipşa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Dipşa River.

Ardan River
The Ardan River is a tributary of the Şieu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Şieu River.

Ficuri River
The Ficuri River is a tributary of the Bărbat River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bărbat River.

Fiezel River
The Fiezel River is a tributary of the Sălăuţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Sălăuţa River.

Holbav River
The Holbav River is a tributary of the Şercaia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Şercaia River.

Holboca River
The Holboca River is a tributary of the Neajlov River in Romania. That means it flows into the Neajlov River.

Oceanic dolphin
Oceanic dolphins are the members of the Delphinidae family, of the order Cetacea. They are aquatic mammals. They are found worldwide, mostly in the shallower seas of the continental shelves. These dolphins usually live in the open seas, unlike the river dolphins.

Horatio Spafford
Horatio Gates Spafford (October 20, 1828, Troy, New York - October 16, 1888, Jerusalem) is the author of the hymn "It Is Well with My Soul". Horatio was a lawyer in Chicago Spafford died on October 16, 1888, of malaria. He was buried there in Jerusalem.

Cyber high schools
Cyber high school is the term used to describe going to high school online or on the internet. Cyber High School means that a high school student has the option of receiving their education at home.
Locations.
According to CBS News, 38 states have some form of Cyber High School curriculum delivery, which often includes giving a computer, internet connection, textbooks and Cyber High School software.
Teachers.
Cyber High School teachers are sometimes able to work from home, depending upon the state's cyber curriculum.
Purpose.
Cyber High School appeals to all students but works especially well for those students with needs that can't be met in a traditional classroom, such as students who are ill, homebound students, students who travel, or special education students.

Always Coming Home
"Always Coming Home" is a book that was written by Ursula K. Le Guin in 1985. This book is about a group of humans called the Kesh.

Hainish Cycle
The Hainish Cycle is the setting for a few science fiction books and stories that were written by Ursula K. Le Guin.

Fanny Crosby
Frances Jane Crosby (or just Fanny Crosby) (March 24 1820 – February 12 1915) was an American musician who wrote Protestant Christian hymns. She was a lifelong Methodist. She was one of the most famous hymn writers in history. He wrote over 8,000 hymns in her life, even though she was blind from shortly after her birth. She was also known for her preaching and speaking.

Holdun River
The Holdun River is a tributary of the Amaradia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Amaradia River.

Lipari River
The Lipari River or Liparia River is a tributary of the Mociur River in Romania. That means it flows into the Mociur River.

Mociur River
The Mociur River is a tributary of the Bega River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bega River.

Melville Island (Canada)
Melville Island is a member of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, Canada with an area of. No one lives on Melville Island. It is the 33rd biggest island in the world and Canada's 8th biggest island. Melville Island is shared by the Northwest Territories, which has the western half of the island, and Nunavut, which has the eastern half. The mountains on Melville Island are some of the biggest in the western Canadian Arctic. Some of them reach heights of one kilometre.
Melville Island was first visited by the British explorer Sir William Parry in 1819. Not only did he find the island, but he had to spend the winter at what is now called "Winter Harbour", until August 1, 1820. The island is named for Robert Dundas, 2nd Viscount Melville who was First Sea Lord at the time.

Southampton Island
Southampton Island is one of the bigger members of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. It is a big island at the entrance to Hudson Bay, Canada. It is part of the Kivalliq Region of the Nunavut Territory. The area of the island is 41,214 km². It is the 34th biggest island in the world and Canada's 9th biggest island. The only settlement on Southampton Island is Coral Harbour (pop. 712, Canada 2001 Census), called in Inuit "Salliq".

Prince of Wales Island (Nunavut)
Prince of Wales Island one of the bigger members of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. It is an Arctic island in Nunavut, Canada, between Victoria Island and Somerset Island and south of the Queen Elizabeth Islands.
It is a low tundra-covered island with an irregular coastline deeply indented by Ommanney Bay in the west and Browne Bay in the east. Its area has been thought to be around 33 339 km². Prince of Wales Island is the world's 40th biggest island and the 10th biggest in Canada. Its highest known point, found at 73°49'N; 97°50'W – and 320 m high – is an unnamed spot in the island's far northeastern end overlooking the Baring Channel, which separates the island from nearby Russell Island.

Somerset Island
Somerset Island is a member of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. It is a big island across the 2km wide Bellot Strait from the Boothia Peninsula in the Qikiqtaaluk Region of Nunavut, Canada. It has an area of 9,570 square miles (24,786 km²), making it the 45th biggest island in the world and Canada's twelfth biggest island. No one lives on Somerset Island

Provinces of Ireland
The Provinces of Ireland are a kind of division of Ireland. Ireland is divided into 4 different provinces, or territorial divisions.

Mission statement
A mission statement tells the purpose of a company or organization. Mission statements are meant to keep members that are already a part of the company or organization part of it, but also to help get new members to join.

Philip Bliss
Philip Paul Bliss (9 July 1838 – 29 December 1876) was an American writer of hymns. He was also a Gospel music singer. He wrote many well-known hymns in his lifetime. He also wrote the tune for Horatio Spafford's "It Is Well with My Soul".

List of European countries in order of geographical area
Note: Some of these countries are considered part of Asia as well. They are marked with an asterisk (*) and only their European area is mentioned.

Graphical projection
A graphical projection is a protocol by which an image of a three-dimensional object is projected onto a planar surface without the help of math.

William Wilberforce
William Wilberforce was a man who helped to abolish the abhorrent business of slavery in the USA
William Wilberforce (August 24 1759 – July 29 1833) was a British politician and philanthropist. He was a leader of the movement to abolish the slave trade.

Flag of Romania
The flag of Romania is a vertical tricolour of blue, yellow, and red. Each of its colours stand for the three historical provinces of Romania. The current design was first used in its government in 1994, but it had started being used in 1989. The first design of the flag was made 1834, but the colours have be important since the sixth century.

Coat of arms of Romania
The Coat of arms of Romania is the coat of arms that has been adopted by the Romanian Parliament on 10 September, 1992. The design for it came from the coat of arms that the Kingdom of Romania created back in 1922. It displays a golden aquila that is holding a cross in its beak. It also shows a mace and a sword in its claws. It contains the three colors of the Flag of Romania: red, yellow, and blue.

Sighişoara
Sighişoara is a city and municipality in Mureş County, Romania. It is on the Târnava Mare River. Sighişoara has a population of 32,287 people as of the year 2002.

Bacea River
The Bacea River is a tributary of the Câinele River in Romania. That means it flows into the Câinele River.

Bacta River
The Bacta River is a tributary of the Mureş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Mureş River.

Badu River
The Badu River is a tributary of the Prut River in Romania. That means it flows into the Prut River.

Bohotin River
The Bohotin River is a tributary of the Prut River in Romania. That means it flows into the Prut River.

Bai River
The Bai River is a tributary of the Şuţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Şuţa River.

Balaj River
The Balaj River is a tributary of the Putna River in Romania. That means it flows into the Putna River.

Cianod River
The Cianod River is a tributary of the Lăzarea River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lăzarea River.

Cib River
The Cib River is a tributary of the Ardeu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Ardeu River.

Ardeu River
The Ardeu River is a tributary of the Geoagiu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Geoagiu River.

Athens
Athens is the capital city of Greece. It is one of the most famous cities in the world. The city is named after Athena. She is the goddess of wisdom and war in Greek mythology. Athens has a population of over three million people and is growing. It is in the prefecture, or division of the country, of Attica.
History of Athens.
It is known that there were settlements in Attica region since prehistoric times. It is unknown, however, when exactly one of them called for first time "Athens". According to Plato (in Timeos dialogue), when Solon visited Egypt, some priests told him that according to their archives there was a city called Athens at least from 9600 BC). Of course taht xannot been proven if it's so, yet.
According to greek mythology the name "Athens" have given in the time of its first king Cecrops, about 2000 BC.
Later, the myth o Theseas shows that the city was a vassal of Minoic Crete until a rxpedition that overthrowrd that status-quo.
According to Homer's Iliad Athens took the side of Mykenae in Troic War, senting 50 ships (that means 1650 - 2750 men) under the command of its king Menestheas. That shows that it was already a relatively major city of Grrece, since a few other cities sent more.
Athens was a powerful city in Classical times. It was known for the amount of learning that happened there. The city was home to Plato's Academy and Aristotle's Lyceum. It also had its own Constitution. Athens also created the world's first known democracy.
The city started to decline in 529, when the Emperor Justinian I closed its philosophical schools. Parthenon had made in Cristian Church. That act saved it later from destraction of non Christian temoples, in times of deep Theocracy.
The Ottoman Turks took control of Athens in 1458. The Turks made the Parthenon into a Muslim mosque. The Parthenon was later damaged in 1687 when gunpowder exploded inside it.
Athens was freed from the Turks during the Greek war of independence (1821-1833). It was then made into the capital of Greece.
Sister cities.
Athens has these sister cities:Athens is a city.

Horait River
The Horait River is a tributary of the Suceava River in Romania. That means it flows into the Suceava River.

Hordou River
The Hordou River is a tributary of the Sălăuţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Sălăuţa River.

Hotari River
The Hotari River is a tributary of the Soloneţ River in Romania. That means it flows into the Soloneţ River.

Quechuas
Quechuas is the term used for several ethnic groups in¨South America that use a Quechua language (Southern Quechua mainly). They belong to several ethnic groups in South America, above all in Peru, Bolivia and Argentina.
The Quechuas of Ecuador call themselves - as well as their language Kichwa - "Kichwas" or "Quichuas". The Kichwa-speaking group of Colombia are the Ingas.

Members Church of God International
The Members Church of God International is a group of members of a christian denomintaion with headquarters in the Philippines. Commonly known by their TV show "Ang Dating Daan" ("The Old Path"), they have millions members and has thousands of locales worldwide. Currently, their preising minister is Eliseo Soriano ang their vice presiding Minister is Daniel S. Razón. Eliseo Soriano is currently preaching in other countries. They reject the Roman Catholic belief about Trinity.

Viceroyalty of Perú
The Viceroyalty of Peru (in Spanish, "Virreinato del Perú") was a Spanish colonial administrative district that was created in 1542 and originally contained most of Spanish-ruled South America. It was governed from the capital of Lima.
History.
In 1542, the Spanish created the Viceroyalty of New Castilla, that shortly afterwards would be called the Viceroyalty of Peru. In 1544, Holy Roman Emperor Charles V (King Charles I of Spain) named "Blasco Núñez Vela" Peru's first viceroy, but the viceroyalty was not organized until the arrival of Viceroy Francisco de Toledo in 1572.
Francisco de Toledo, "one of the great administrators of human times", established the Inquisition and created laws that applied to both Indians and Spanish alike. So he broke the power of the encomenderos and reduced the old system of forced native labor. He improved the safety in the viceroyalty with fortifications, bridges and "la Armada del Mar del Sur" (the Southern Fleet) against the pirates.
The Amazon basin and some large regions nearby had been considered Spanish territory since the Treaty of Tordesillas. But this treaty meant not much during the time Spain controlled Portugal (1580 - 1640).
The first Jesuit reduction to convert and "civilize" the Indigenous population was founded in 1609, but some areas were occupied by Brazilians as Bandeirantes gradually extended their activities throughout much of the basin and adjoining Matto Grosso in the 17th and 18th centuries. These groups had the advantage of remote geography and river access from the mouth of the Amazon (which was in Portuguese territory) making it impossible for the Spanish authorities to control them. One famous attack upon a Spanish mission in 1628 resulted in the enslavement of 60 000 indigenous people. In fact as time passed they were used as a self funding occupation force by the Portuguese authorities in what was effectively a low level war of territorial conquest. Finally the reality of the situation was recognized with the transfer of sovereignty over the much of the basin and surrounding areas to Portugal in the Treaty of Madrid (1750).

Vilcabamba, Peru
Vilcabamba was founded by Manco Inca in 1539 and was the last city of the Inca Empire until it fell to the Spaniards in 1572. That meant the end of Inca resistance to Spanish rule.
History.
After the Incan empire fell, the city was burned and the area swiftly became a remote backwater of Peru. The location of Vilcabamba was forgotten.
The ruins of the city were rediscovered by Hiram Bingham in 1909 in a remote forest site 130 km west of Cuzco, but he failed to realize its significance, because he believed that Machu Picchu, which he also rediscovered, was the fabled "Lost City of the Incas". It wasn't until explorations and discoveries in the 1960s, that many came to see this site at Espíritu Pampa as the real Vilcabamba of legend.

Vere Gordon Childe
Vere Gordon Childe (Usually known as Gordon Childe) (April 14, 1892, Sydney, New South Wales–October 19, 1957, Mt. Victoria, New South Wales) was an Australian archaeologist. He was perhaps best known for his excavation of the unique Neolithic site of Skara Brae in Orkney. He is also credited with coining the terms "Neolithic Revolution" and "Urban Revolution". He attemted to place his discoveries inside a theory of prehistoric development on a wider European and world scale.

Eric Bogosian
Eric Bogosian (born April 24, 1953) is an American actor, playwright, monologist, and novelist.

Jōmon period
The is the time in Japanese prehistory from about 14,000 BC to 400 BC.
The term "Jōmon" means "cord-patterned" in Japanese. This refers to the markings made on clay vessels and figures using sticks with cords wrapped around them as well as to the pottery techniques of the Jomon-jin.

Hominid
A hominid is any member of the biological family Hominidae (the "great apes"). That includes the extinct and currently existant humans, chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans. This classification has been revised several times in the last few decades. These various revisions have led to a varied use of the word "hominid": the original meaning of Hominidae referred only to the modern meaning of Hominina, that means only humans and their closest relatives. The meaning of this taxon changed. The modern meaning of "hominid" includes all great apes.
Certain morphological characteristics are still used conventionally to support the idea that hominid should only mean humans and human ancestors, namely bipedalism (walking on two feet) and large brains. These points of departure between human beings and the other great apes are important, but according to genetically based taxonomic classification, are not enough to divide us into separate families. Genetics, rather than morphology, is more widely accepted as the critical standard. Many scientists, including anthropologists, use the term to mean humans and their direct and near-direct bipedal ancestors.

Treaty of Berlin (1878)
The Treaty of Berlin was a part of the Congress of Berlin (June 13-July 13, 1878). In it, the United Kingdom, Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Italy, Russia and the Ottoman Empire wrote the Treaty of San Stefano.
Bulgaria.
The most important problem in the Treaty was deciding what would happen to the Kingdom of Bulgaria. However, Russia insisted that Bulgaria should not be talked about in the treaty. The previous Treaty of San Stefano had created a huge Bulgarian state which was just what Great Britain and Austria-Hungary didn't want.
Independence.
Th treaty said that Romania, Serbia and Montenegro were to become independent. The Ottoman province of Bosnia-Herzegovina was given to Austro-Hungarian.
The three newly-independent states soon declared themselves kingdoms (Romania in 1881, Serbia in 1882 and Montenegro in 1910). Austria-Hungary took Bosnia officially in 1908, causing the major European crisis.

Accession of Romania to the European Union
The Accession of Romania to the European Union happened on January 1, 2007. The Treaty of Accession was signed on April 25, 2005 at Luxembourg, Neumünster Abbey. Romania was the first country of Central and Eastern Europe to officially join the European Union.
Membership.
Since 1989, Romania has wanted to be a part of the European Union (EU). and put itself forward to become a member in 1995.
Preparation for membership.
During the 2000s, Romania made changes to her country, such as making her democratic system, human rights acts, freedom of speech acts, economy and law better.

National Bank of Romania
The National Bank of Romania (, BNR) is the central bank of Romania and started in April 1880. It is found in the capital city, Bucharest. The bank's first governor was Eugeniu Carada; the present governor is Mugur Isărescu.
Scandal.
In 1916, the Central Powers invaded Romania and all valuable objects of the National Bank of Romania and the Romanian Treasure were sent to Moscow for safekeeping. They were never returned.
Robbery.
On July 28, 1959, an armed group of six members of the Romanian Communist Party stole from an armored car of the National Bank of Romania 1,600,000 lei (about US$250,000 at 1959 prices). It was probably the most scandalous bank robbery in the Eastern bloc.

Treaty of Berlin (1742)
The Treaty of Berlin was signed on July 28, 1742 between Austrian archduchess Maria Theresa and Frederick II of Prussia.
Terms.
Based on the treaty, Maria Theresa gave most of Silesia to Frederick. This treaty, along with the Treaty of Breslau, officially ended the First Silesian War.

Treaty of Berlin (1889)
The Treaty of Berlin was signed on June 14, 1889 between the United States, the British Empire, and the German Empire.
Terms.
Based on the treaty, Samoa became independent and was allowed to choose it's own king to rule it. However, the king would be advised by the United States, Great Britain, and Germany. In 1899, the treaty was replaced by the Treaty of Berlin (1899).

Treaty of Berlin (1899)
The Treaty of Berlin was signed on 14 November, 1899 between the United States, Germany, and the British.
Before the treaty was signed, the British, Germans, and Americans wanted Samoa to trade with. Based on the treaty, Samoa was divided between Germany and the United States. Western Samoa went to Germany, while Eastern Samoa went to the United States.

Treaty of Berlin (1921)
The Treaty of Berlin (1921) was between the United States and Germany. The US didn't agree with parts of the 1919 Treaty of Versailles and wanted to sign a different treaty.

Treaty of Berlin (1926)
The Treaty of Berlin was between Germany and the Soviet Union. Each promised to stay neutral if another country attacked them for the next five years.

Nome, Alaska
Nome is a city that can be found on the southern Seward Peninsula coast on Norton Sound of the Bering Sea. It is in the Nome Census Area of the U.S. state of Alaska.

Miaphysitism
Miaphysitism (or henophysitism) is an idea about the nature of Christ. The idea says that Jesus Christ had two different aspects, one godly, and one human. It says these two aspects are united in one nature. They are indistinguishable, and they co-exist. This is very close to the idea of dualism which says that the mind and the body are separate things that combine to make one unit, the person. In the case of miaphysitism, the separate things are Jesus' divine and human traits.
Miaphysitism has often been considered by Chalcedonian Christians to be a form of monophysitism, but the Oriental Orthodox Churches themselves reject this characterization, Recently, the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic Churches have begun to take this position more seriously.

Monophysitism
Monophysitism is an idea about the nature of Jesus Christ. It says that Christ only has one nature, namely the divine one.
Eutychianism.
Eutychianism says that the human and divine natures of Christ were combined into one new single (mono) nature: his human nature was "dissolved like a drop of honey in the sea".
Apollinarism.
Apollinarism or Apollinarianism says that Christ had a human body and human "living principle" but that the Divine Logos had taken the place of the "nous", or "thinking principle". This is analogous but not identical to what might be called a mind in the present day.
Opposition.
After Nestorianism, taught by Nestorius, Archbishop of Constantinople, was refused at the First Council of Ephesus, Eutyches, an archimandrite at Constantinople came up with new views. Monophysitism and Eutyches were also refused at the Council of Chalcedon in 451.
Monophysitism is also rejected by the Oriental Orthodox Churches, but was widely accepted in Syria, the Levant, and Egypt. This caused many tensions in the early days of the Byzantine Empire.
Later, Monothelitism was developed as an attempt to bridge the gap between the Monophysite and the Chalcedonian position, but it too was rejected by the members of the Chalcedonian synod, despite at times having the support of the Byzantine emperors and one of the Popes of Rome, Honorius I. Some are of the opinion that Monothelitism was at one time held by the Maronites, but the Maronite community, for the most part, dispute this, stating that they have never been out of communion with the Catholic Church.
Miaphysitism, the christology of the Oriental Orthodox churches, is sometimes considered a variant of Monophysitism, but these churches view their theology as distinct from Monophysitism and anathematize Eutyches.

Christology
Christology is a field of study of Christian theology. It asks questions about the nature of Christ. In particular, it looks at how the divine and the human relate to each other.

Nestorius
Nestorius (in Greek: "Νεστόριος"; "c." 386–"c." 451) was Archbishop of Constantinople from 10 April 428 to 22 June 431. His views were popular in the East.
History.
He was blamed by his political enemy, Cyril of Alexandria of Nestorianism, for objecting to the popular practice of calling the Virgin Mary the "Mother of God" theotokos. He was condemned at the Council of Ephesus before his supporters could arrive and he was then dethroned. The consequence of this was the creation of the Assyrian Church of the East, over the Persian border and far away from Greece.

List of cities in Italy
A list of cities in Italy. Cities in Bold text are capitals of provinces.

Night of the Long Knives
The Night of the Long Knives (German:) or "Operation Hummingbird" (), was a purge that took place in Nazi Germany between June 30 and July 2 1934, when the Nazi regime executed at least 90 people for political reasons. Most of those killed were members of the "Storm Troopers" (SA) (German:).
Adolf Hitler moved against the SA and its leader, Ernst Röhm, because he saw the independence of the SA and the penchant of its members for street violence as a direct threat to his power. Hitler also wanted to forestall any move by leaders of the Reichswehr, the German military, who both feared and despised the SA, to curtail his rule, especially since Röhm made no secret of his ambition to absorb the Reichswehr with himself at its head. Finally, Hitler used the purge to go against conservative critics of his regime, especially those loyal to Vice-Chancellor Franz von Papen, and to settle scores with old enemies.

Once Upon a Dime
"Once Upon a time" is one of the episodes of Ducktales's episodes.

Status Seeker (DuckTales)
Status Seeker is an episode of Ducktales's series.
Plot.
Scrooge try enter on the Billionaire Club but he can't do that because not has status. To try prove that he as status, Scrooge and his nephews go to a Island where has the Cutululo Mask. Scrooge say that he sell one the mask by Emeralds. Scrooge buy the mask by butter-fat. Unfortunately, the Duke Richard III and the Beagles robber it. But Scrooge learns that the status is not more important that the friends.

Back to the Klondike
"Back to Klondike" is an Ducktales's episode.
Plot.
After, Scrooge and co. goes to Klondike where they try recuperate the lost gold. Scrooge meet Goldie and their relationship is of hate\love add the end of the episode. Scrooge discovery that Dangerous Dan is the real thief and, when he try tell that to Goldie, she triggers and discovery a goldmine. Before the episode end, Scrooge realize that Goldie don't robber his gold, she robber his Hearth.

Bistriţa-Năsăud County
Bistriţa-Năsăud (; Hungarian: "Beszterce-Naszód") is a county (judeţ) of Romania, in Transylvania. The capital of Bistriţa-Năsăud County is Bistriţa.
Geography.
Bistriţa-Năsăud County has an area of 5,355 km². The main river that flows through Bistriţa-Năsăud County is the Someşul Mare River.
Divisions.
Bistriţa-Năsăud County has 1 municipality, 3 towns and 56 communes.

Botoşani County
Botoşani () is a county (judeţ) of Romania, in Moldavia. The capital of Botoşani County is Botoşani.
Geography.
Botoşani County has an area of 4,986 km².
Divisions.
Botoşani County has 2 municipalities, 5 towns and 67 communes.

Perito Moreno Glacier
The Perito Moreno Glacier () is a glacier in the south west of Santa Cruz province, Argentina. It is one of the most important tourist attractions in the Argentine Patagonia.
The 250 km² ice formation, of 30 km in length, is one of 48 glaciers fed by the Southern Patagonian Ice Field located in the Andes system shared with Chile. This icefield is the world's third largest reserve of fresh water.
The Perito Moreno Glacier is one of only three Patagonian glaciers that are not retreating. Periodically the glacier advances over the L-shaped "Lago Argentino" ("Argentine Lake"). when it reaches the opposite shore, it forms a natural dam which separates the two halves of the lake. With no escape route, the water-level on the "Brazo Rico" side of the lake can rise by up to 30 meters above the level of the main lake. The enormous pressure produced by this mass of waters finally breaks the ice barrier holding it back, in a spectacular rupture event. This dam/rupture cycle is not regular and it naturally recurs at any frequency between once a year to less than once a decade.
The Perito Moreno glacier, located 78 km from El Calafate, was named after the explorer Francisco Moreno, a pioneer who studied the region in the 19th century and played a major role in defending the territory of Argentina in the conflict surrounding the international border dispute with Chile.

Braşov County
Braşov ((); Hungarian: "Brassó") is a county (judeţ) of Romania, in Transylvania. The capital of Braşov County is Braşov.
Geography.
Braşov County has an area of 5,363 km².
Divisions.
Braşov County has 4 municipalities, 6 towns and 47 communes.

Super DuckTales
"Super Ducktales" is an Ducktales's episode.
Part 1:Liquid assetats.
When the Ma Beagle's birthday is next, the Beagles sabote the new Duckburg's freeway plant to make that the freeeway pass acroos the Money Bin. After discovery it, Scrooge goes talk with the pig major but he can't accept chenge the plant. After, at Manor McDuck, Scrooge realize that he need contract a accounter.
Meanwhile, at a McDuck's factory, Fenton Crackshell decide that he need a better job. He become Scrooge's accounter but he he empties the bin and put the money in a lake near. Scrooge try protect the money with HD&L aid, but the Beagles soon found it. Using dinamite, the vallians destroy the barrage.
Part 2:Frozen assetats.
Ma Beagle become a happy woman when the money come to her house. Meanwhile, Scrooge decide made ice the lake using a gigants ventilators. Fenton and the nephews transport the frozen the money to Money Bin, now localized out of the city. Because the Bin is out the city, Scrooge is worried because now he can't see the bin of his mansion. Gyro construct a robot to protect the building but the robot don't leave Scrooge enter on the bin.
Meanwhile, Fenton lose the Number One Dime on a phone cabin, that it fall on Beagles hands. After fall to back it, Fenton goes to Gyro's house. Gyro construct a robot suit named Gizmoduck. Fenton wear it and goes to derrote the Beagles (but not before that Gyro give to it the instructions manual). Fenton as back the coin but he loses the instructions manual.
Part 3:A duck full of metal.
Gizmoduck destroy the evil robot and become a hero. That night, at Scrooge's mansion, Scrooge tell to his nephews that Gizmoduck derrot the evil robot. The boy as so impress that, at next day, they go talk with Gizmoduck. The Beagles rapt the nephews on a visit to the liberty statue.
Gizmoduck come to the place and save the guys (Gizmoduck become the new Duckburg's hero). Unfortunately, Ma Beagle found Gizmoduck's manual. Megabite (another Ma's son) construct a control remote that they use to control Gizmoduck's suit. The citizens protest out of Scrooge's mansion while Gizmoduck give the bin to Beagles.
Part 4:The Beagle's Billionaire Club.
When Scrooge goes searching by the bin, the Beagles cloaks it in a Donut's factory. Now that she as Scrooge's money, Ma Beagles go buy everthing that she ever want. One of those things was Scrooge's mansion, that he is obliged to sell for he can't pay the taxes. After buy the place, the Beagles made a party invited all citiziens except McDuck's family. Ma Beagle make over the town's control. Meanwhile, while the McDuck's family, the nephews enter on the mansion to robber some money.
After escape for Ma's hands, the boys show the notes to Scrooge that he recognizes it (I win this money ten years ago, when I buy the only Duckburg's Photo company). At next day, Scrooge and the police's chef go to the mansion to arrest Ma but the chef arrest Scrooge brigee by Ma. After fail on their plan to make Scrooge free, the nephews back to the mansion where they found the Beagles relaxing on the pool. The boys robber the control remote and escape with Gizmoduck to make Scrooge free
Part 5:Money to burn.
Realizing that Gizmoduck show to McDuck's family where the bin is, the Beagles try escape driving it on a gigant tractor. Unfortunately, the Bin fall on Duckburg's sea. Scrooge, Launchpad and Gizmoduck use a submarine of McDuck Corporation but a extraterratial spaceship robber it.
Scrooge and co following the spaceship on a rocket. They come to a small planet ruled by robots.

Uhland, Texas
Uhland is a city in Caldwell and Hays counties in the U.S. state of Texas. There were 386 people living in Uhland as of the year 2006.
The United States Census Bureau says that the city has an area of 1.8 square miles (4.7 km²), all of it land.

Catania
Catania is a city in the region of Sicily in Italy. It is located at the west coast of Sicily, between Messina and Syracuse. It is the capital of the Province of Catania. 313,110 people live in and over 700,000 around Catania.

Messina
Messina is a city in the region of Sicily. It is the capital of the Province of Messina. About 250,000 people live in and about 500,000 people live around Messina. This makes it the third-largest city in Sicily.

Skara Brae
Skara Brae () is a large stone-built Neolithic settlement on the Bay of Skaill on the west coast of mainland Orkney, Scotland. It consists of ten houses, and was occupied from roughly 3100-2500BC. It is Europe's most complete Neolithic village and the level of preservation is such that it has gained UNESCO World Heritage Site status.
Discovery and Features of Skara Brae.
Until 1850, Skara Brae lay under years of soil sediment when in the winter of that year a large storm stripped the grass from the large mound known as Skerrabra.
The outline of several of stone buildings was revealed and initial excavations were undertaken by William Watt, the laird of Skaill. It was fully excavated between 1928 and 1930 by Vere Gordon Childe following another storm in 1926.

Skara Brae (disambiguation)
Skara Brae is a Neolithic settlement on the west coast of mainland Orkney, Scotland.

José Theodore
José Nicholas Théodore (born September 13, 1976 in Laval, Quebec) is a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender. He plays for the Washington Capitals of the National Hockey League. Before that he played for the Montreal Canadiens where he won the Vezina and Hart trophies in 2001–02 before being traded to the Avalanche in 2006.

Georges Vézina
Georges Vézina (pronounced:), nicknamed "The Chicoutimi Cucumber" (January 21, 1887 – March 27, 1926) was a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender who played five seasons in the National Hockey League and seven in the National Hockey Association for the Montreal Canadiens.

1980-81 NHL season
=Final standings=.
"Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, PIM = Penalties in minutes"
"Note: Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold"
Scoring leaders.
"Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points"
Finals.
New York Islanders vs. Minnesota North Stars
"New York wins the series 4–1."

List of NHL seasons
NHA.
1910 |
1910–11 |
1911–12 |
1912–13 |
1913–14 |
1914–15 |
1915–16 |
1916–17
Seasons started in January and ended in March until the 1910–11 season which was the first to start before the new year.
Early years.
1917–18 |
1918–19 |
1919–20 |
1920–21 |
1921–22 |
1922–23 |
1923–24 |
1924–25 |
1925–26 |
1926–27 |
1927–28 |
1928–29 |
1929–30 |
1930–31 |
1931–32 |
1932–33 |
1933–34 |
1934–35 |
1935–36 |
1936–37 |
1937–38 |
1938–39 |
1939–40 |
1940–41 |
1941–42
Original Six era.
1942–43 |
1943–44 |
1944–45 |
1945–46 |
1946–47 |
1947–48 |
1948–49 |
1949–50 |
1950–51 |
1951–52 |
1952–53 |
1953–54 |
1954–55 |
1955–56 |
1956–57 |
1957–58 |
1958–59 |
1959–60 |
1960–61 |
1961–62 |
1962–63 |
1963–64 |
1964–65 |
1965–66 |
1966–67
Expansion years to present.
1967–68 |
1968–69 |
1969–70 |
1970–71 |
1971–72 |
1972–73 |
1973–74 |
1974–75 |
1975–76 |
1976–77 |
1977–78 |
1978–79 |
1979–80 |
1980–81 |
1981–82 |
1982–83 |
1983–84 |
1984–85 |
1985–86 |
1986–87 |
1987–88 |
1988–89 |
1989–90 |
1990–91 |
1991–92 |
1992–93 |
1993–94 |
1994–95 |
1995–96 |
1996–97 |
1997–98 |
1998–99 |
1999–2000 |
2000–01 |
2001–02 |
2002–03 |
2003–04 |
2004–05 (NHL Lockout) |
2005–06 |
2006–07 |
2007–08 |
2008–09

Sokker
Sokker is a browser-based online football manager like hattrick and managerzone. Managers who like the game a lot often buy plus which gives them extra options.
The user manages a football team with which they have to reach the top. One of the big advantages over hattrick lies in the fact that the matches can be watched with flash.
Another advantage is that the position of every player can be set exactly as the user wants. Which means there are an infinite amount of tactical possibilities. The game has about 50.000 users and more than 100.000 teams, most are computer controlled bots.

2006-07 NHL season
=Final standings=.
"Red-shaded team won the Presidents' Trophy and home-ice advantage throughout the playoffs."
"Orange-shaded team clinched the other conference."
"Yellow-shaded teams clinched the other four divisions."
"Green-shaded teams clinched the remaining ten playoff berths."
Numbers in parentheses indicate ranking in conference. Division leaders are automatically ranked 1–3. These three, plus the next five teams in the conference standings, earn playoff berths at the end of the season.
"Note: W = Wins, L = Losses, OTL = Overtime Losses, GF = Goals For, GA = Goals Against, Pts = Points"
Scoring leaders.
"Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; +/– = Plus/Minus; PIM = Penalty Minutes"
Leading goaltenders.
"Note: GP = Games Played; TOI = Time On Ice (minutes); W = Wins; L = Losses; OT = Overtime/Shootout Losses; GA = Goals Against; SO = Shutouts; Sv% = Save Percentage; GAA = Goals Against Average"

Lipova River
The Lipova River is a tributary of the Tutova River in Romania. That means it flows into the Tutova River.

Lozova River
The Lozova River is a tributary of the Gerului River in Romania. That means it flows into the Gerului River.

Lovnic River
The Lovnic River is a tributary of the Valea Mare River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Mare River.

Walrus
A walrus is a marine mammal, the only species of the family Odobenidae, which is one of the three pinniped families. They live in the cold northern seas around North America and Europe.
Prominent distinguishing features of the walrus include a large bristly mustache used to feel the sea bottom for the small animals they eat, and a pair of tusks (really large upper teeth) used to dig up clams.

Hattrick (computer game)
Hattrick is an online football manager game created by Björn Holmér. It was released on 30 august 1997. The game has an estimated user amount of 1.000.000 (one million) spread in over 120 countries.
If one registers himself as user he will receive a team. The user will then play in a competition with other managers. The user has to care for the whole team. This can be done by buying and selling players, training players, creating tactics and by creating line ups.
Community.
Hattrick has a 'strong' community. Because of that, not only the forums in-game are active but also those on external sites.
Hattrick Ltd..
Hattrick is property of Hattrick Ltd. The CEO is Johan Gustafson.

Torres Strait
Torres Strait is the narrow sea that separates Australia (Cape York),and New Guinea. It is about 150 km wide and filled with islands, coral reefs and sand banks. The first European to sail through the strait was Luis Vaez de Torres in 1606. There are about 240 islands but only 17 have people living on them.
History.
The level of the sea was much lower up to 8000 years ago. Torres Strait would not have been covered by water. It meant people and animals could easily walk across between New Guinea and Australia. Some animals and birds can be found in both New Guinea and Queensland, such as the Cassowary. Other animals, such as pigs, arrived in New Guinea after the sea levels rose and closed the land bridge and didn't cross to Australia.
There is evidence of people living on the Torres Strait islands at least 2,500 years ago. It is likely that people were living there long before that, but rising sea levels will have covered earlier sites.

Hat-trick
A hat-trick, hat trick or hattrick in sports means that something is done 3 times. For example: goals, wickets and so forth.
Association football.
There are different interpretations as to when a hat-trick is a valid one. The most common criteria is when a player has scored 3 goals in a match. Goals from penalty shootouts are not included.
A "flawless" or "German" hattrick is close to the hat-trick described above but is different since the 3 goals have to be scored within a certain period of time. Another example is the "classic" or "perfect" hat-trick which means that the player scored one goal with each foot (1 goal with the right-foot and one goal with the left-foot) and an header.

Cape Schanck, Victoria
Cape Schanck is the south end of the Mornington Peninsula, Victoria, Australia. It is a piece of land that separates Port Phillip Bay and Westernport Bay. It is a narrow headland with cliffs 84.7 metres (278 feet) high. It has a lighthouse made from limestone built in 1859. Cape Schanck was named by Lieutenant James Grant in December 1800 after Admiral James Schank.

Simpson Desert
The Simpson Desert is a very dry part of Australia. It is mainly in the Northern Territory, but also in the north of South Australia and western Queensland. It covers about 176,500 square km, about 2.3% of Australia. The Simpson Desert gets less than 150 ml of rain each year. It is made up of big red sand dunes up to high, long and about apart. At most times there is no surface water, but after rain there can be rivers which flow into normally dry lakes. Temperatures in summer can be more than 50 C, and in winter can be below 0 C.
Early explorers into the Simpson Desert were Charles Sturt 1845, J.McKinlay, W.O. Hodgkinson, C.Winneke 1883, A.Poeppel 1879. The desert was named after A.A.Simpson, President of the Royal Geographical Society of Australasia in 1929. The first European to cross the desert was Ted Colson in 1936.
Image:Desert de Simpson.jpg|thumb|Simpson Desert, Australia
No proper roads cross the desert. There are many tracks that were made during the search for gas and oil during the 1960s and 1970s. These tracks include the French Line, the Rig Road, and the QAA Line. Such tracks can be driven on by well-equipped four-wheel drive vehicles which must carry extra fuel and water.
Towns close to the edge of the Simpson Desert include Oodnadatta to the southwest, and Birdsville in the east. On the western side is the Mount Dare hotel and shop. Before 1980, part of the Commonwealth Railways Central Australian line passed along the western side of the Simpson Desert. Within the Simpson people go to see the ruins at Dalhousie Springs, Purnie Bore wetlands, Approdinna Attora Knoll and Poeppel Corner (where Queensland, South Australia and Northern Territory meet).

Yves Saint Laurent
Yves Henri Donat Mathieu Saint Laurent (August 1, 1936 – June 1, 2008) was a French fashion designer. He is considered to be 'one of the greatest figures in French fashion in the 20th century' (Daily Telegraph 2/6/08) In 1985, in her book, "Couture: The Great Fashion Designers", Caroline Rennolds Milbank wrote, "The most consistently celebrated and influential designer of the past twenty-five years, Yves Saint Laurent can be credited with both spurring the couture's rise from its Sixties ashes and with finally rendering ready-to-wear reputable".

Cubic kilometre
A kilometre is a measurement that is equivalent to 1000 metres, and 100000 centimetres. And since a "cube" is a shape formed by having the same length, breadth and height, a cubic kilometre refers to a unit of volume, that is 1km3. In other words, it is a cube with a length of one kilometre, with 1,000,000 litres of space.

Meeting
A meeting is a group of people who come together at one place to discuss something, make something, or play games together. Meetings can range from internet meetings (people who met on the internet who come together) to birthday parties for children. Meetings can be also on formal times, where businessmen come together to discuss.

Ardeleni River
The Ardeleni River or Valea Ardelenilor River is a tributary of the Apa Mare River in Romania. That means it flows into the Apa Mare River.

Arduzel River
The Arduzel River () is a tributary of the Someş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Someş River.

Arefu River
The Arefu River is a tributary of the Argeş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Argeş River.

Argel River
The Argel River is a tributary of the Moldoviţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Moldoviţa River.

Moldoviţa River
The Moldoviţa River is a tributary of the Moldova River in Romania. That means it flows into the Moldova River.

Dubul River
The Dubul River is a tributary of the Moldoviţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Moldoviţa River.

Isachea River
The Isachea River is a tributary of the Moldova River in Romania. That means it flows into the Moldova River.

Beltag River
The Beltag River is a tributary of the Moldova River in Romania. That means it flows into the Moldova River.

Putna River (Moldova)
The Putna River is a tributary of the Moldova River in Romania. That means it flows into the Moldova River.

African Buffalo
The African Buffalo (also known as the Cape Buffalo or Black Death) is a bovine (cloven hoofed animal). They are not related to the slightly larger Water Buffalo but the ancestry of these great creatures remains unknown. Because of its aggressive behavior, it has not been domesticated like the Domestic Asian Water Buffalo.
Appearence.
They can be up to 1.6 meters high, 3 meters long, and can weigh from 500-900kg. The males are larger than the females. The African Buffalo's power and size makes it easy to defend itself. They have been known to kill hyenas, lions, and other wild predators. They have been known to even kill humans.the African Buffalo has taken its place in the African Big FiveThe term Big Five was introduced by hunters.The Big Five is considered the five most dangerous animals to hunt and the African Buffalo is considered the most dangerous of the five members of the Big Five.(Lion)(Leopard)(Rhinoceros)African (Cape)Buffalo and the African Elephant
The 'Big Five'.
The "Big Five" are known to be Africa's most aggressive and dangerous animals. The African Big Five are the lion, leopard, rhinoceros, Cape Buffalo, and elephant.

Philosophy of language
Philosophy of language is the study of how languages were created and are used. It is part of Linguistics. In continental philosophy, it is not treated as a subject by itself, but Ludwig Wittgenstein and other analytic philosophers placed particular stress on it.
Ancient Greek.
Plato was the first philosopher we know was interested in philosophy of language (although his teacher Socrates probably was too).He believed that the smallest parts of words (Phonemes) had meaning even if they were outside the words they are in. This is not a very good theory, and Plato understood that there were things wrong with it.The Stoics also made a complicated philosophy of language.
The Middle Ages.
The medieval scholars, such as William Occam also were interested in philosophy of language. Occam was the first philosopher to think about the possibility of a mental language. He also discussed how a word can refer to both its meaning and the actual word itself.
Modernity.
Philosophy of language only became more popular in the twentieth century, when Ferdinand de Saussure wrote his book Course in general linguistics. Since then, philosophy of language has played an important part in philosophy as a whole.

John Edward Gray
John Edward Gray (February 12, 1800 – March 7, 1875) was a English zoologist. He studied medicine in London, and became head of the Zoological collection in 1840. During his life he wrote over 500 academic papers, mostly on new species.
Gray was also interested in postage stamps; on 1 May 1840, the day the Penny Black first went on sale, he bought some to keep, thus making him the world's first known stamp collector.

Brăila County
Brăila () is a county (judeţ) of Romania, in Muntenia. The capital of Brăila County is Brăila.
Geography.
Brăila County has an area of 4,766 km².
Divisions.
Brăila County has 1 municipality, 3 towns and 40 communes.

Buzău County
Buzău () is a county (judeţ) of Romania, in the area of Muntenia. The capital of Buzău County is Buzău.
Geography.
Buzău County has an area of 6,103 km². The main river that flows through Buzău County is the Buzău River.
Divisions.
Buzău County has 2 municipalities, 3 towns and 82 communes.

The Dispossessed
"The Dispossessed: An Ambiguous Utopia" is a 1974 science fiction book that was written by Ursula K. Le Guin. It takes place in the same place as the book "The Left Hand of Darkness". The book won both the Hugo Award and the Nebula Award in 1975.

Lucava River
The Lucava River or Lucova River is a tributary of the Moldova River in Romania. That means it flows into the Moldova River.

Orata River
The Orata River is a tributary of the Moldova River in Romania. That means it flows into the Moldova River.

Ciumuca River
The Ciumuca River is a tributary of the Moldova River in Romania. That means it flows into the Moldova River.

Colacu River
The Colacu River is a tributary of the Moldova River in Romania. That means it flows into the Moldova River.

Tumurel River
The Tumurel River is a tributary of the Lotru River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lotru River.

Tetila River
The Tetila River is a tributary of the Jiu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Jiu River.

Cioiana River
The Cioiana River is a tributary of the Jiu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Jiu River.

Lumedia River
The Lumedia River is a tributary of the Cioiana River in Romania. That means it flows into the Cioiana River.

Polocin River
The Polocin River is a tributary of the Siret River in Romania. That means it flows into the Siret River.

Perchiu River
The Perchiu River is a tributary of the Polocin River in Romania. That means it flows into the Polocin River.

The Word for World Is Forest
"The Word for World Is Forest" is a science fiction book that was written by Ursula K. Le Guin in 1976. It is part of the 'Hainish Cycle'.

Bozieni River
The Bozieni River is a tributary of the Bârlad River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bârlad River.

Caraula River
The Caraula River is a tributary of the Suceava River. That means it flows into the Suceava River. Its source is found in Ukraine.

Laura River
The Laura River or Sicova River is a tributary of the Suceava River. That means it flows into the Suceava River. Its source is found in Ukraine.

Mitocu River
The Mitocu River or Mitoc River is a tributary of the Suceava River in Romania. That means it flows into the Suceava River.

Rocannon's World
"Rocannon's World" was Ursula K. Le Guin's first book. It was written in 1966 as an Ace Double with Avram Davidson's "The Kar-Chee Reign." The book ist part of the Hainish Cycle.

Procrastination
Procrastination is the behavior of putting off actions or tasks at a later timelater time.

NightRider
The Nightrider bus service is a late-night bus service that runs in Melbourne, Victoria.

Government of Victoria
The Government of Victoria is the main govermnent of Victoria. Its leader is the premier, who is currently John Brumby.

Planet of Exile
"Planet of Exile" is a 1966 science-fiction book that was written by Ursula K. Le Guin in her Hainish Cycle. It was first part of an Ace Double in 1966 with "Mankind Under the Leash" by Thomas M. Disch.

City of Illusions
"City of Illusions" is a 1967 science fiction book that was written by Ursula K. Le Guin in her Hainish Cycle. "City of Illusions" was republished in 1978 with Rocannon's World and Planet of Exile in a set called "Three Hainish Novels" and in 1994 with the same books in "Worlds of Exile and Illusion".

Howard Finkel
Howard Finkel (born June 7, 1950) is a professional wrestling ring announcer. Hired in 1975 by Vincent J. McMahon's World Wide Wrestling Federation, "The Fink" was one of the first people brought in to the Vince McMahon's nascent World Wrestling Federation and is widely credited as World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE)'s first and longest lasting employee.
Finkel, a native of Newark, New Jersey, began announcing wrestling shows at Madison Square Garden in 1975. By 1980, he was made lead ring announcer for the WWF's biggest events. Across two decades, Finkel's special voice was one of the trademarks of WWF programming. His signature call was his announcement of a new champion following a change in titles, in which he would place increased emphasis while stretching out the word "New" in order to draw the greatest reaction from the capacity crowd.
Finkel has occasionally taken part in gimmick matches, including feuds with wrestling manager Harvey Wippleman and current "RAW" announcer Lilian Garcia. He actually was trained as a professional wrestler. Finkel was also involved in a feud between X-Pac and Jeff Jarrett after Jarrett shaved the already near-bald Finkel's head. This culminated in a Hair vs. Hair match at SummerSlam 1998 with Howard Finkel in the corner of X-Pac. X-Pac won the match and Finkel assisted him in cutting Jarrett's hair. On an edition of "RAW", Finkel fought Lilian Garcia for the ring announcing title of "RAW". During this match, Stacy Keibler and Trish Stratus ran into the ring and stripped him to his underwear.
Finkel currently does behind-the-scenes work for WWE's various companies, including doing interviews for various WWE.com programs and being WWE's chief statistician. He is known for his precise knowledge of dates and records. Such odd trivia as this is usually referred to from people in the business as a "Finkel Fact".
Although Finkel's current television appearances are sporadic (appearing only at major pay-per-view special events and the occasional episode of "RAW" or "SmackDown!"), he remains the only WWF/E performer to appear on-screen at every single "WrestleMania" event. In fact, Finkel suggested the pay-per-view name "WrestleMania," which Vince McMahon immediately accepted.
He has been known to come into events like house shows, to different entrance themes. Currently he uses Welcome to the Jungle by Guns 'n' Roses.
Also, recently, is is used as the person who speaks in the opening into for The Dirt Sheet.

WALL-E
"Wall-E" is an animated movie that was created by Pixar and Disney. It was released on June 27, 2008.
Plot.
In the far future, Earth has been covered with trash. Humans have decided to leave in a huge ship and will return when the planet is better. They have built hundreds of robots called WALL-E to make the trash into blocks and put it away to try to clean up the planet. One WALL-E is the last one that is still working, and spends his days cleaning trash up and putting away little things that it likes to play around with, like tapes, lights, and Rubik's cubes.
One day, a rocket lands on Earth. Another robot called EVE comes out. She is looking for signs of life. WALL-E attempts to become romantic with her by following her around. She doesn't seem to like WALL-E much at first, but later changes her mind. He invites her into his home, where he shows her a movie where people are dancing. When WALL-E shows her a plant that he found, she takes it and suddenly becomes immobile and can't move. She does not respond to WALL-E. WALL-E protects her body from storms. He even takes her out on a date. After a couple of days, the same rocket comes down and another robot picks EVE up. WALL-E catches the outside of the ship and is blasted into space. The rocket then docks with the huge ship.
The viewer then gets a look at how life has changed on the ship. All people sit in chairs that hover around and are very fat because they do not exercise and due to how a lack of gravity destroys their muscles. Robots do most of the work. EVE is sent to the Captain's pad. If plant life is found, the ship will turn back to Earth. However, by the time she arrives in the captian's area, the plant is gone.
She and WALL-E (who has followed her) are then sent to another area to be repaired. During the repair, WALL-E thinks the robots are hurting EVE, so he breaks out and destroys the security system. As a result, all the robots get out and cause trouble. EVE is mad at WALL-E and tries to send him away on a rocket. But then they see a bad robot who took the plant. The bad robot puts the plant in the rocket and sets it to explode. WALL-E is on the rocket when it launches. EVE chases after him. WALL-E escapes the rocket one second before it explodes. He also saved the plant. EVE is so happy that she gives WALL-E a kiss. The kiss makes an electric spark. They dance with each other outside in space; EVE can fly, and WALL-E uses fire extinguisher he took from the rocket to get around.
The two of them go back to the Captain's area. The Captain watches videos EVE took of Earth. These videos also show WALL-E protecting EVE and taking her out on a date. EVE falls in love with WALL-E by watching this. The Captain wants to go back to Earth to fix the planet. However, the main robot, called Auto, says they can't go home. When the Captain asks why, Auto shows a video where the president said that Earth was not fit for humans forever and to keep piloting the ship forever around space. The captian refuses. The bad robot who took the plant takes the plant again. He throws it down a garbage shaft, but WALL-E catches it. Auto shocks WALL-E and sends him down the shaft. Auto then turns EVE off and throws her down the shaft. Auto locks the Captain in his room.
EVE turns on in a big room where the ship's garbage is sent into space. She finds WALL-E and finds he is badly hurt. WALL-E tells EVE that he has parts that can fix him on Earth. WALL-E and EVE try to get the ship to go back to Earth. But Auto hurts WALL-E even more. The Captain stands up and turns off Auto. The ship returns to Earth. EVE fixes WALL-E, but he doesn't remember who EVE is. EVE is sad and thinks WALL-E is gone forever. She gives him another kiss. The kiss makes another spark. The spark makes WALL-E remember EVE. WALL-E and EVE are happy. The humans step out of the ship on Earth and begin fixing the planet.

Live-action
In movie and video, live-action is a work that is acted out by human actors, instead of animating the works, as in the animated version of E. B. White's Charlotte's Web.

John Hagee
John Charles Hagee (born April 12, 1940) is the founder and senior pastor of Cornerstone Church in San Antonio, Texas, a church with more than 19,000 members. John Hagee is CEO at his non-profit corporation, Global Evangelism Television (GETV).

Protectorate
A protectorate is a country, or part of a country, or maybe a tribe of people in one area, that is ruled by another, larger and stronger country based on an agreement between the protectorate and the strong country. These were very common in the 1800s, especially in Africa, when European countries would give protection to small states or places there, and make money with the goods of the African place in exchange.

Hybrid
A hybrid is a mixture of several things, usually two different kinds of things. This word is most common when talking about plants and animals. Mules are hybrids. The female parent is a horse and the male parent is a donkey. Some cars are called hybrids, too. They have a mixture of two different kinds of motors, electric and gasoline.

Charles Sturt
Charles Sturt (April 28, 1795 - June 16, 1869) was an English explorer of Australia including the Murray River and the Murrumbidgee River. He was looking for an inland sea.
Early life.
Sturt was born in India where his father was a judge. He went to England to go to school and in 1813 he joined the British Army. He served in France and Ireland. In 1826 Sturt went back to England and was then sent to Australia in charge of a group of convicts (criminals).
Darling River Discovery.
People at this time thought that Australia's inland rivers which flowed west, must have flowed into an inland sea. Another explorer, John Oxley had been stopped from going west down the Lachlan and Macquarie Rivers by a marsh which he thought was the edge of the sea. Sir Ralph Darling, Governor of New South Wales thought that it would be easier to travel in a drought (a long time without rain). This would mean the swamps and marshes would be dry. Darling put Sturt in charge. On November 10 1828 Sturt and a group of 13 men, including explorer Hamilton Hume, which went to find the path of the Macquarie River. He followed the Macquarie River, the Bogan River and the Castlereagh River and found the Darling River which he named after the Governor. They followed the river near from the present town of Bourke for about 100 kms downstream towards the south west. They then went back to Sydney.
Murrumbidgee - Murray Discovery.
On November 3 1829 Sturt led another group of 8 men to follow the path of the Murrumbidgee River. Governor Darling wanted to know where the river went and to find out if it joined the Lachlan River. They went west from Sydney until they reached the Murrumbidgee near the present site of Jugiong and traveled along the river bank as far as the Lachlan River. From there Sturt used a small boat to travel down the river and reached the Murray River on January 14, 1830. The river had already been discovered 6 years earlier by Hamilton Hume and William Hovell and named the Hume River. Sturt, probably hoping for a reward, renamed the river after Sir George Murray, a British politician. After several days, the found a large river joining the Murray from the north, and Sturt rightly guessed that this was the Darling River. He set up a flag pole and raised the British flag, the Union Jack, and had his men give 3 loud cheers. The group continued down the river and reached Lake Alexandrina (named after Princess Alexandrina, later Queen Victoria 1819 - 1901) on February 9, 1830. After finding where the Murray entered the sea, the group then had the difficult and tiring work of rowing the boat back up the river. They left the river near the present site of Narrandera on April 11, 1830 and then walked back to Sydney, getting there on May 25, 1830. Sturt became very sick after the trip and became blind (unable to see).
Retirement from the Army.
Sturt was sent to Norfolk Island in August 1830 on military duty. Norfolk Island was a penal colony where difficult prisoners were sent. He stayed there until January 1832 and then went back to Sydney. Unable to get more important work and still unable to see properly, he went to England and left the army in July 1833. He wrote a book called "Two Expeditions into the Interior of Southern Australia, 1828 - 1831". Sturt was rewarded with a large amount (5000 acres) of land in New South Wales, and in September 1834 sailed to Sydney with his new wife, Charlotte Green.
Farmer.
When he got back to Australia, he took up land near Canberra, then land at Mittagong, and in 1837 lived at Varroville, a farm near Liverpool. Sturt took a herd of cattle overland to Adelaide in 1838. He did more exploring around Adelaide including a trip back to Lake Alexandrina, and north to St.Vincent's Gulf. He moved his family to Adelaide in 1839.
Government Administrator.
Sturt was made the Surveyor-General (person in charge of surveying) by the Governor of South Australia, but a new surveyor arrived who had been put in charge by the government in England. He worked as Assistant Land Commissioner until this job was abolished (stopped) by England. For a short time he was paid less to work as Registrar-General. He was unhappy, and hoped a new expedition would improve his chances of a better job. He wanted to go into the middle of Australia and look for an inland sea. Another explorer, Edward John Eyre had found his way to the north blocked by what he thought was a huge salt lake, shaped like a horse shoe. It is really 6 large dry salt lakes. Sturt hoped that he could get around the lakes by going farther to the east.
Depot Glen.
Sturt and 16 men left Adelaide on August 15, 1844, with 11 horses, 200 sheep, 32 bullocks, six dogs, a number of carts, wagons and a boat. They followed the Darling River north to Menindee Laidley's Ponds. On January 15, 1845 the group reached a waterhole 16 kms west of the present site of Milparinka. They called this camp on Preservation Creek, Depot Glen.
Because of the heat and drought, Sturt decided to rest the expedition there for 6 months. They dug an underground room to try and get away from the heat. It was so hot the lead fell out of their pencils, and the wood of their equipment boxes shrank so much that the screws fell out. The man who was second in charge, an Irish surveyor named James Poole, died from scurvy. His grave can still be seen. Sturt and his men stacked a large pile of rocks to create a cairn on top of Mount Poole. John McDouall Stuart was made second in charge to assist Sturt. When Sturt's eyesight got worse and he became nearly blind, Stuart took over the job of drawing up the maps.
Fort Grey.
Sturt split the group into two, with one group returning to Adelaide. Following some rain, Sturt moved the other group west to another waterhole on Frome Creek, which they named Fort Grey. His path west was blocked by a dry salt lake, Lake Blanche, so he took a small group north west between Cooper Creek and the Diamantina River. Here he found a desert of stones, called gibbers, which was difficult to cross. The stones hurt the feet of the horses and bullocks. This desert has been named Sturt's Stony Desert. By September 1845 he had reached the Simpson Desert and could go no farther. He went back 713 kilometres to Fort Grey.
He then tried to go north, getting close to the present site of Birdsville but again the Stony Desert stopped him. It was very hot, his thermometer burst at 53 degrees Celsius and Sturt decided to go back to Adelaide. He was so sick that he couldn't ride and had to be carried in a cart. They arrived back on January 19, 1846. He was unhappy as he had not found an inland sea, or reached the centre of Australia.
Return to England.
In February 1846 Sturt was made Colonial Treasurer, he also received a gold medal from the Royal Geographical Society. He went to England and wrote a book "Narrative of an Expedition into Central Australia" before going back to Adelaide. He was made a member of the South Australian parliament. He retired from work at the end of 1851 and in 1853 took his family back to England. He asked to be made Governor of Victoria, and later Governor of Queensland, but it did not happen. He died suddenly in 1869, just after being nominated for K.C.M.G., a British knighthood.
Sturt today.
Image:Sturts desert pea.jpg|thumb|Sturt's Desert Pea
Charles Sturt is remembered in Australia with many memorials. There are rock cairns and signs that show many of the places he explored. Two plants were named after him, Sturt's Desert Pea (Swainsona formosa), the floral emblem of South Australia, and Sturt's Desert Rose (Gossypium sturtianum), the floral emblem of the Northern Territory. Sturt found the plant in creeks near the site of Broken Hill, New South Wales in 1844. He collected the seeds and brought them back for Robert Brown (1773-1858), a Scottish botanist, to study.
The Sturt Highway is the main road between Sydney and Adelaide.
The Charles Sturt University is a large university with campuses in country New South Wales. These are in Albury, Bathurst, Dubbo, Orange and Wagga Wagga.
The Sturt National Park is a large park in the north west corner of New South Wales. The park covers 340,000 hectares of semi desert country. There are several historic Sturt sites in the park including Fort Grey.

Salcea River
The Salcea River is a tributary of the Suceava River in Romania. That means it flows into the Suceava River.

Nisipitu River
The Nisipitu River is a tributary of the Suceava River in Romania. That means it flows into the Suceava River.

Tinosu River
The Tinosu River is a tributary of the Nisipitu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Nipisitu River.

Brodina River
The Brodina River is a tributary of the Suceava River in Romania. That means it flows into the Suceava River.

Ascunsu River
The Ascunsu River is a tributary of the Suceava River in Romania. That means it flows into the Suceava River.

Vicov River
The Vicov River is a tributary of the Suceava River in Romania. That means it flows into the Suceava River.

Remezeu River
The Remezeu River is a tributary of the Suceava River in Romania. That means it flows into the Suceava River.

Caliuha River
The Caliuha River is a tributary of the Remezeu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Remezeu River.

Voitinel River
The Voitinel River or Pietroasa River is a tributary of the Suceava River in Romania. That means it flows into the Suceava River.

Pozen River
The Pozen River is a tributary of the Suceava River in Romania. That means it flows into the Suceava River.

Horodnic River
The Horodnic River is a tributary of the Pozen River in Romania. That means it flows into the Pozen River.

Solca River
The Solca River is a tributary of the Suceava River in Romania. That means it flows into the Suceava River.

Clit River
The Clit River is a tributary of the Solca River in Romania. That means it flows into the Solca River.

Saca River
The Saca River is a tributary of the Clit River in Romania. That means it flows into the Clit River.

Crevec River
The Crevec River is a tributary of the Solca River in Romania. That means it flows into the Solca River.

Ciurlac River
The Ciurlac River is a tributary of the Moldova River in Romania. That means it flows into the Moldova River.

Pietroaia River
The Pietroaia River or Petroaia River or Ciohoranca River is a tributary of the Moldova River in Romania. That means it flows into the Moldova River.

Orbeni River
The Orbeni River is a tributary of the Siret River in Romania. That means it flows into the Siret River.

Vorona River
The Vorona River is a tributary of the Siret River in Romania. That means it flows into the Siret River.

List of cities in Mexico
A list of cities in Mexico with a population over 100,000.

Taranto
Taranto is a city in the region of Apulia. It is the capital of the "Province of Taranto". 201,349 people live there now. Taranto also has a large port.

Parma
Parma is a city in the region of Emilia-Romagna. It is the capital of the "Province of Parma". 178,718 people live in Parma now. Parma has one of the oldest universities of the world, the University of Parma.

Olbia
Olbia (Sardinian: "Terranoa", Gallurese: "Tarranoa") is a city in the region of Sardinia. Together with Tempio-Pausano it is the capital of the "Province of Olbia-Tempio.

Civitavecchia
Civitavecchia is a city in the region of Lazio, Italy. It is 80 km north of Rome. It has a sea port.

Agrigento
Agrigento ("Girgenti" in Sicilian) is a city in the region of Sicily in southern Italy. It is also the capital of the "Province of Agrigento". There are many relicts from the ancient Greeks and the Roman empire there.

Reggio Emilia
Reggio Emilia is a city in the region of Emilia-Romagna in Italy. It has 167,013 people living in it.

Two Chips and a Miss
Two Chips and a Miss is an episode in Chip 'n Dale series. It was released on March 21, 1952 by Walt Disney Productions.
Featured in.
- This is the first part of this episode.
- Scenes from this short are shown with
- Seen on video "Nuts about Chip 'N' Dale" on TV.

The Jungle Book
"The Jungle Book" (1894) is a collection of stories written by Rudyard Kipling. Kipling was born in India and spent the first 6 years of his childhood there. After about ten years in England, he went back to India and worked there for about six-and-half years. All of the stories were published in magazines in 1893-4. The original publications contained illustrations, some by Rudyard's father, John Lockwood Kipling. These books were written when Kipling lived in Vermont.
The tales in the book (and also those in "The Second Jungle Book" which followed in 1895, and which includes five further stories about Mowgli) are fables, using animals in an anthropomorphic manner to give moral lessons. The verses of "The Law of the Jungle", for example, lay down rules for the safety of individuals, families and communities. Kipling put in them nearly everything he knew or "heard or dreamed about the Indian jungle." Other readers have interpreted the work as allegories of the politics and society of the time. The best-known of them are the three stories revolving around the adventures of an abandoned 'man cub' Mowgli who is raised by wolves in the Indian jungle. The most famous of the other stories are probably "Rikki-Tikki-Tavi", the story of a heroic mongoose, and "Toomai of the Elephants", the tale of a young elephant-handler. Kotick, The White Seal seeking for his people a haven where they would be safe from hunters, has been considered a metaphor for Zionism, then in its beginning.
As with much of Kipling's work, each of the stories is preceded by a piece of verse, and succeeded by another. The title of each is given in "italics" in the list of stories below.
"The Jungle Book", because of its moral tone, came to be used as a motivational book by the Cub Scouts, a junior element of the Scouting movement. This use of the book's universe was approved by Kipling after a direct petition of Robert Baden-Powell, founder of the Scouting movement, who had originally asked for the author's permission for the use of the "Memory Game" from "Kim" in his scheme to develop the morale and fitness of working-class youths in cities. Akela, the head wolf in The Jungle Book, has become a senior figure in the movement, the name being traditionally adopted by the leader of each Cub Scout pack.
Chapters in The Jungle Book.
The complete book, having passed into the public domain, is on-line at Project Gutenberg's official website and elsewhere.
Adaptations.
The book's text has often been abridged or adapted for younger readers, and there have also been several comic book adaptations.

WrestleMania 21
WrestleMania 21 was the twenty-first yearly WrestleMania professional wrestling pay-per-view event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It took place on April 3, 2005 at the Staples Center in Los Angeles, California. The official theme song for the event was "Big Time" by The Soundtrack of Our Lives. The secondary theme song was "Behind Those Eyes" by 3 Doors Down. The tagline for WrestleMania 21 was "WrestleMania Goes Hollywood"."
The event was a joint-promotion pay-per-view, featuring performers from the Raw and SmackDown! brands. The main match on the Raw brand was Triple H versus Batista for the World Heavyweight Championship, which Batista won by pinfall after executing a Batista Bomb. The main match on the SmackDown! brand was John "Bradshaw" Layfield versus John Cena for the WWE Championship, which Cena won after performing an FU. The featured matches on the undercard included The Undertaker versus Randy Orton, Kurt Angle versus Shawn Michaels, and the first ever Money in the Bank ladder match, which featured six participants from the Raw brand.
WrestleMania 21 was the first WrestleMania held at the Staples Center, but the fifth to take place in the Southern California metropolitan area (following WrestleMania 2, WrestleMania VII, WrestleMania XII and WrestleMania 2000). Tickets sold out in less than one minute for the event, making it the fastest ticket sell-out in the company's history as well as the fastest ticket sell-out at the Staples Center. The event drew a Staples Center record attendance of 20,193 people from 14 countries and 48 states and grossed more than $2.1 million in ticket sales, making it the highest grossing WWE event ever at the Staples Center, and the highest grossing of the five WrestleManias held in California. In addition to those in attendance, the event was seen by millions of fans in more than 90 countries.
Background.
The main feud heading into WrestleMania on the Raw brand was between Triple H and Batista for the World Heavyweight Championship. Batista won the 2005 Royal Rumble, last eliminating John Cena, earning the right to participate in the main event of WrestleMania 21 against the World Champion of his choice. In an attempt to persuade Batista to challenge WWE Champion John "Bradshaw" Layfield rather than Batista facing Triple H at WrestleMania, Triple H concocted a scheme to have Batista run over in a limousine resembling the one used by Layfield. Initially, Batista did not want help from Evolution and wanted to confront JBL by himself. Triple H insisted that Evolution accompanied Batista anyway, saving him from the oncoming limousine. Batista became aware of the plot while eavesdropping on fellow Evolution members and signed a contract guaranteeing him a match with World Champion Triple H at WrestleMania, thus leaving Evolution and officially turning face. Batista pretended to sign with the SmackDown! brand, giving Triple H and Flair the "thumbs up," but turned it into a "thumbs down" before attacking the pair. This lead to Batista's departure from the stable.
The main feud heading into WrestleMania on the SmackDown! brand was between John "Bradshaw" Layfield and John Cena for the WWE Championship. At No Way Out, Cena defeated Kurt Angle to earn a spot in the SmackDown! main event. As a result of Cena's win, he began a feud with WWE Champion John "Bradshaw" Layfield (JBL) and his Cabinet. In the feud, Cena lost his United States Championship to Cabinet member Orlando Jordan. The following week, JBL proceeded to "blow up" Cena's U.S. spinner version belt and reintroduce the traditional style belt.
A heavily promoted match for the event was an Interpromotional match between SmackDown! superstar Kurt Angle and Raw superstar Shawn Michaels. Their match stemmed from the Royal Rumble, the pay-per-view event two months before WrestleMania. At the Royal Rumble, Kurt Angle relentlessly attacked Shawn Michaels after Michaels had eliminated him from the Royal Rumble match. The next month at No Way Out, Angle lost a number one contenders match to John Cena, losing a spot in the SmackDown! main event at WrestleMania. The next night on "Raw", Michaels told SmackDown! General Manager Theodore Long to inform Angle that he had challenged him to a match at WrestleMania. The feud first started on the March 7 edition of "Raw" when Orton challenged The Undertaker to a match at WrestleMania billed as "Legend vs. Legend Killer". The next week on "Raw", Orton claimed that his confidence was at an all-time high, despite what happened on "SmackDown!" the week before. Afterwards, Orton turned heel and furthered his "Legend killer" gimmick by RKOing his then-girlfriend Stacy Keibler. for the event in which the winner would receive a contract for a World title match at the place and time of his choosing. Raw General Manager, Eric Bischoff, booked the match at WrestleMania 21 soon after.
Event.
Before the event went live on pay-per-view, a dark match was held. A 30-man Interpromotional Battle Royal, which featured: Booker T, Paul London, Heidenreich, Spike Dudley, Nunzio, Funaki, Doug Basham, Danny Basham, Orlando Jordan, Mark Jindrak, Luther Reigns, Scotty 2 Hotty, Hardcore Holly, Charlie Haas, Billy Kidman, Akio from SmackDown! and Simon Dean, William Regal, Tajiri, Rob Conway, Sylvain Grenier, Snitsky, The Hurricane, Rosey, Chris Masters, Viscera, Rhyno, Val Venis, Tyson Tomko, Maven from Raw. However, Booker T won the Battle Royal, as he eliminated Chris Masters.
Lilian Garcia sang "America the Beautiful" at the start of the event. The first televised match of the night was between Rey Mysterio and Eddie Guerrero. In the beginning of the match, Mysterio jumped over the top rope, knocking Guerrero down. Mysterio also attempted another aerial attack but was countered by Guerrero into a Powerbomb. Guerrero placed Mysterio into the Three Amigos and attempted a Frog splash but was unsuccessful. Following a Hurricanrana by Mysterio on Guerrero, Mysterio pinned Guerrero to win. After the match, both shook hands in the ring.
John "Bradshaw" Layfield and Orlando Jordan were then shown backstage talking about Layfield's match against John Cena. As Triple H and Ric Flair walked by, Triple H mocked Layfield. Layfield retaliated by advising Triple H to worry about losing the World Heavyweight Championship to Batista and assured him that John Cena would be unsuccessful at defeating him for the WWE Championship. Triple H then stated that only the end of the night would reveal who would still be champion.
The match that followed was the first Money in the Bank ladder match which featured Chris Jericho, Chris Benoit, Shelton Benjamin, Edge, Kane, and Christian with Tyson Tomko at ringside. The match contained many notable moments, including points where Jericho, Christian, Benjamin and Kane all jumped over the top rope to the outside of the ring to knock down multiple opponents. Another moment included Benjamin executing a T-Bone Suplex on Edge off the top of a ladder and later using an inclined ladder as a ramp to run up a standing and hit Jericho with a Clothesline maneuver. Benoit also executed a Diving headbutt from the top of a ladder onto Kane. In the conclusion to the match, Benoit climbed a ladder to attempt to retrieve the Money in the Bank briefcase hanging above the ring but was stopped by Kane who had also climbed the ladder. Benoit used repeated headbutts to knock Kane to the ground and attempted to retrieve the briefcase once more but was knocked down by Edge who hit him with a steel chair. Edge then climbed the ladder and successfully obtained possession of the briefcase to win the match.
In an interlude, Eugene entered the ring and shared his excitement about being at his first WrestleMania with the crowd in attendance. While attempting to recall his favorite WrestleMania moments, Muhammad Hassan and Daivari interrupted him with Hassan expressing his outrage for not being included in a match for the event. Hassan concluded that since he wasn't scheduled to compete at the event and was therefore denied the opportunity to experience his own WrestleMania "moment", he would have to create a "moment" of his own. Following this remark, Hassan and Daivary began to assault Eugene. With Eugene placed into a Camel clutch hold while Daivari verbally attacked him, Hulk Hogan came down to the ring to save Eugene from the assault, knocking Hassan and Daivary out of the ring. Hogan celebrated posing in the ring for the crowd.
The third match featured The Undertaker and Randy Orton. Bob Orton, Randy's father and ringside manager, interfered and attacked Undertaker with his arm cast resulting in Randy Orton gaining control of the match. Undertaker attempted to chokeslam Orton, but Orton countered the maneuver with an RKO that led to a two-count. Orton then attempted to use Undertaker's own finishing maneuver against him with the Tombstone piledriver, however, it was reversed by Undertaker into Tombstone piledriver of his own which led to the definitive pin fall. The Undertaker won the match and continued his undefeated streak at WrestleMania with a 13-0 record.
The next match was for the WWE Women's Championship, between Trish Stratus and Christy Hemme with Lita at ringside. Stratus controlled most of the match though Hemme attempted many pinning maneuvers that were unsuccessful. Hemme then executed a Twist of fate on Stratus and attempted another pin, which was also unsuccessful. After a Roll-up attempt by both Stratus and Hemme, Stratus hit Hemme with a Chick kick and followed it with the decisive pin, thus winning the match and retaining the WWE Women's Championship.
The fifth match was the encounter of Shawn Michaels and Kurt Angle. Mid-way in the match, Michaels hit Angle with low blow, after he countered a suplex attack from Angle. Following the low blow, which was not seen by the referee, Michaels leapfrogged from the ring and laid out Angle onto the announce table. Angle would then gain control of the match, as he would apply the Ankle Lock on Michaels, forcing him to submit, thus Angle winning the match.
The next match was between Akebono and The Big Show in a Sumo Match. The match went for a minute and Akebono won the match after he threw The Big Show out of the ring, thus winning the Sumo Match.
The next match was John Cena vs. John "Bradshaw" Layfield for the WWE Championship. The match was dominated a lot by JBL. At the end Cena would win the match and the WWE Championship after ducking a Clothesline from Hell attempt from JBL into an FU and pinning JBL to become the WWE Champion.
The eighth and final match of the night was Triple H defending his World Heavyweight Championship against Batista. The match was dominated a lot by both men. At the end Batista would pin Triple H after a Batista Bomb and would win the World Heavyweight Championship.
Aftermath.
Batista and Triple H's feud would continue. It would continue to Backlash where Batista and Triple H had a rematch for the World Heavyweight Title. Batista won the match after a Batista Bomb out of a corner. Following that, the two concluded their rivalry at Vengeance where Batista scored the third and final win over his former mentor inside Hell in a Cell. Shortly thereafter, Batista was drafted to the SmackDown brand, and Triple H opted to take time off.
John Cena and JBL's feud would continue until Judgment Day where Cena and JBL would have a rematch for the WWE Championship in an "I Quit" match, which Cena won after he was going to hit JBL with an exhaust pipe but made JBL say "I Quit" instead. After Judgment Day Cena and JBL's feud ended. Cena was subsequently drafted to the Raw brand shortly after.
Promotion.
In line with the event's location and tagline, WrestleMania 21 was promoted on television with a series of parody movie trailers with wrestlers playing the starring roles from famous modern movies.

Tangor
The tangor is a citrus fruit. It is a hybrid of the tangerine and the sweet orange. The name "tangor" is a mix of the "tang" in tangerine and the "or" in orange.

Imperial lemon
The Imperial lemon is a lemon and grapefruit hybrid. It is a citrusfruit. Its fruit is slightly larger than a lemon but smaller than a cherimoya.

Blood orange
The blood orange is a variety of orange ("Citrus sinensis") with crimson, blood-colored skin. The fruit is smaller than an average orange; its skin is usually pitted, but it may be smooth.

Cagliari
Cagliari (Sardinian: Casteddu) is a city in the region of Sardinia in Italy. It is also the capital of the "Province of Cagliari". About 160,000 people live in and about 500,000 people around Cagliari. Cagliari also has a port.

Foggia
Foggia is a city in the region of Apulia, Italy. It is the capital of the "Province of Foggia".

Rimini
Rimini is a city in the region of Emilia-Romagna in Italy. It is also the capital of the "Province of Rimini". About 138,000 people live in Rimini. Rimini is also known for its bars and clubs.

Syracuse, Italy
Syracuse (Italian: "Siracusa", Sicilian: "Sarausa") is a city in the region of Sicily in Italy. It is also the capital of the "Province of Syracuse". About 125,000 people live in Syracuse. Syracuse is famous for being the place, where Archimedes lived.

Into the Blue (movie)
"Into the Blue" is an American movie made in 2005.
Plot.
The movie is about four scuba divers who find a sunken ship filled with drugs. The divers help the police catch the people who put the drugs there.

Autofocus
Autofocus is a procedure for finding the correct position of the lens for a scene. The autofocus feature can be provided in a system which includes a movable optical element, a motor, an image sensor and a processing unit. The autofocus procedure is done by changing the lense position and image quality measurements in each position. The position that provides the image with the best quality will be used as the best focus.
The image quality may be estimated using image gradients. To speed-up the autofocus procedure, the autofocus is done in two steps: the first run over the full range of the lenses movement with a significant step will provide the estimated position which will be improved in the second run over the small range with a small step. Interpolation between the few best positions may improve the results accuracy.

Shiba Inu
The Shiba Inu is a breed of dog from Japan. It looks like a smaller version of the Akita Inu, and was first bred for hunting.

Status Seeker
Status Seeker is a song by progressive metal band Dream Theater. It is the second track on the their first album "When Dream and Day Unite". Lyrics are co-written by Charlie Dominici and John Petrucci.

Military alliance
A military alliance is an alliance made with the express purpose of military matters. These alliances either promise mutual defense, mutual support or both.

Jugiong, New South Wales
Jugiong is a small village on the bank of the Murrumbidgee River in New South Wales, Australia. It is 344 km south west of Sydney on the Hume Highway. The first people to live in the area were indigenous Australians, the Wiradjuri people. The first Europeans were the explorers Hamilton Hume and William Hovell on their trip in 1824
. Henry O'Brien, an Irishman, started farming sheep in 1825. His farm, called the Jugiong Run, was 125,000 acres. Explorer Charles Sturt reached the Murrumbidgee at Jugiong in 1829 at the start of his travels down the river.
Tavern.
Image:Jugiong Tavern.JPG|thumb|Sir George Tavern at Jugiong
In 1845 another Irishman named John Philip Sheahan (died December 9, 1877, aged 61 years) built the Sir George Tavern (an hotel) which made Jugiong an important resting place on the new road, the "Great Southern Road", to Melbourne. The building was destroyed in a flood in 1852. The flood also destroyed the buildings at the town of Gundagai. Sheahan rebuilt the hotel with walls up to 500 mm thick and it is still in use, and still owned by the Sheahan family. It is the oldest family owned hotel in Australia.
The Village.
The first blocks of land at Jugiong were sold at auction in 1853. Three years later a post office was opened. In 1858 a police station was built, and work started on a catholic church, "St.John the Evangelist". About 120 people were living at Jugiong by 1862.. An Anglican church was started in 1872. The Jugiong Public school opened in 1883 with 56 students.. Australian cricket player Richie Benaud started his schooling at Jugiong in 1935.
Bushrangers.
On 15 November 1864 bushrangers (thieves) stopped all traffic including the mail stagecoach (a cart pulled by horses) 5 km south of Jugiong. Over 60 people were stopped by the bushrangers. They wanted to steal (take with force) gold, money and other valuables. The bushrangers were Ben Hall (1837 - 1865), John Gilbert (1842 – 1865) and John Dunn (1846 - 1866). In the attack one policeman, Sergeant Edmund Parry was shot dead by John Gilbert.
Song.
A song called "The Road to Jugiong" with words by Robert John Cassidy (1880 - 1948) and music by James A.Steele was published by Allans, Melbourne, in 1940.

Egerton Gospel
The Egerton Gospel is a set of papyri that are now in the British Museum. The papyri have been dated to the second century. The text they contain may have been written 50-100 AD. It is one of the oldest known fragments of any gospel, or any codex. Soon after the British Museum acquired it in the summer of 1934, it was printed in 1935. It is also called the Unknown Gospel, as no ancient source makes reference to it, in addition to being entirely unknown before its publication.

Gospel of Thomas
The Gospel of Thomas (or the Gospel according to Thomas, Coptic: p.euaggelion p.kata.cwmas) is a text written during the era of the New Testament. It is considered to be an apocryphon. It was found in Nag Hammadi, Egypt in 1945.
The text is in the form of a codex, bound in what today is known as Coptic binding. It is almost complete. Unlike the other texts, it is not a narrative, but a collection of sayings and short dialogues attributed to Jesus. There are 114 sayings in the text. Most are compatible with the other gospels. They can also be found in one of the other gospels. Some were unknown to scholars before the codex was found. None of the big Christian groups accepts this texts as canon.

Rubik's Cube
A Rubik's Cube is a puzzle cube invented by Hungarian sculptor and architect Ernő Rubik in 1974. It is the world's biggest selling toy of all time with over 300,000,000 (300 million) sold since its invention.
Structure.
A Rubik's cube is a cube split into a number of smaller cubes with different coloured faces. The cubes can be rotated and twisted along rows and faces. The aim of the puzzle is to make each face of the cube have the same colour. Solving a Rubik's Cube requires logic and thinking.

Flag of Sierra Leone
The flag of Sierra Leone was created in 1961.

Flag of Scotland
The Flag of Scotland is a white X-shaped cross, which represents the cross of the patron saint of Scotland, Saint Andrew on a blue field. The flag is called the Saltire or the Saint Andrew's Cross.
History.
According to legend, in 832 A.D. King Óengus (II) (or King Angus) led the Picts and Scots in battle against the Angles under a king named Athelstan near modern-day Athelstaneford in East Lothian. King Angus and his men were surrounded and he prayed for deliverance. During the night Saint Andrew, who was martyred on a saltire cross, appeared to Angus and assured him of victory. On the following morning a white saltire against the background of a blue sky appeared to both sides. The Picts and Scots were heartened by this, but the Angles lost confidence and were defeated. This saltire design has been the Scottish flag ever since.
Material evidence of the saltire's use dates from somewhat later. In 1385 the Parliament of Scotland decreed that Scottish soldiers should wear the saltire as a distinguishing mark. The earliest surviving Scottish flag consisting solely of the saltire dates from 1503: a white cross on a red background. By 1540 the legend of King Angus had been altered to include the vision of the crux decussata against a blue sky. Thereafter, this saltire design in its present form became the national flag of Scotland.
Scottish Parliament.
There are five flagpoles outside the Scottish Parliament Building in Edinburgh. The Saltire is flown every day, alongside the Union Flag and the EU Flag. The fourth flagpole is used for special occasions such as Commonwealth Day and United Nations Day. The fifth pole is used for the Royal Standard.
Edinburgh Castle.
Edinburgh Castle is managed by Historic Scotland, but it still has a military garrison of the British Army. Like all British Army bases, it flies the Union Flag (in ratio 5:3) and the Army flies it every day from the Clock Tower. The Saltire is flown every day at the Half Moon Battery.
The flying of the Union Flag at Edinburgh Castle has sometimes caused controversy. In 2001, a group of 20 Scottish National Party MSPs called for the Union Flag to be replaced by the Saltire.
Scottish Government.
The Scottish Government has decreed that the Flag will fly on all its buildings every day from 8am until sunset. An exception is made for "national days". On these days, the Saltire shall be lowered and replaced with the Union Flag. These days are the same as the flag days of the United Kingdom with the exception of 3 September (Merchant Navy Day), which is a specific flag day in Scotland and during which the Red Ensign may also be used.
Another difference with the UK days is that on Saint Andrew's Day, the Union Flag will only be flown if the building has more than one flagpole - the Saltire will not be lowered to make way for the Union Flag if there is only one flagpole. This difference arose after Members of the Scottish Parliament complained that Scotland was the only country in the world that could not fly its national flag on its national day.
Others.
The Flag can be flown at any time by any individual, company, local authority, hospital or school. There is no need to have planning permission to fly the flag from a vertical flagpole.
In recent years, embassies of the United Kingdom have flown the Saltire to mark St Andrew's Day.
Most local authorities in Scotland fly the Saltire. Glasgow City Council fly the flag from the City Chambers building in George Square, while the City of Edinburgh Council fly the flag from their own city chambers.
In 2007 Angus Council led by Robert Myles decided to scrap the Saltire and replace it with a new Angus flag. This move led to public outcry across Scotland with more than 7,000 people signing a petition opposing the council's move, leading to a compromise whereby the Angus flag would not replace but be flown alongside the Saltire on Council buildings.
Colour and dimensions.
At various times throughout history colours as light as sky blue or as dark as dark navy blue have been used (a selection apparently motivated by which colour of blue dye was available at the time). When incorporated as part of the Union Flag, the navy blue colour used was that of the Blue ensign belonging to the historic 'Blue Squadron' of the English Royal Navy.
Although this navy blue colour was used specifically for depicting the Union Flag on maritime flags on the basis of durability, it soon became standard on Union Flags, both on land and at sea. This navy blue colour trend was adopted for the Saltire itself by many flag manufacturers, resulting in a variety of shades of blue being depicted on the flag of Scotland ranging from "sky blue" to "royal blue" to "navy blue". Eventually, this situation resulted in calls to standardise the colour of Scotland's national flag.
In 2003, a committee of the Scottish Parliament met to examine a petition that the Scottish Government adopt the Pantone 300 colour as a standard. (Note that this blue is of a lighter shade than the Pantone 280 of the Union Flag). Having taken advice from a number of sources including the office of the Lord Lyon King of Arms, the committee recommended that the optimum shade of blue for the Saltire should be Pantone 300 (that is, 0, 114, 198 in the RGB color model, or #0072C6 as hexadecimal web colors). Recent versions of the Saltire have therefore largely converged on this official recommendation.
The flag proportions are not fixed, but is generally taken as 1:2, 2:3, 3:5 or 4:5. The bars in the cross should be 1/5 (i.e., 20%) the width of the flag.
Outside Scotland.
Inverse representations, (blue saltire on a white field), of the Scottish Saltire are also used outside Scotland. In Canada, an inverse representation of the Saltire, combined with the shield from the Royal Arms of the Kingdom of Scotland, forms the modern flag of the Canadian Province of Nova Scotia, the first colonial venture of the Kingdom of Scotland into the Americas.
In Russia, during the period before and after the Soviet Union, the naval ensign of the Russian Navy has been an inverse representation of the Cross of Saint Andrew. (Saint Andrew is also a patron saint of Russia). The very same Saltire was also flown as the flag of Galicia in Spain until 1891, when Russia requested the Galician flag to be modified in order to avoid confusion between Galician ships and Russian Navy ships. The current Galician flag is actually the original blue-over-white saltire but without one of the arms of the cross.
The U.S. state of Alabama's flag is officially "a crimson cross of St. Andrew on a field of white," but the reference is used only to describe the shape without using the vexillological term saltire as that flag's origins are from either or both of the Confederate Battle Flag or the Cross of Burgundy Flag, both of which have saltires and are associated with the history of that state. Similarly, the Spanish island of Tenerife and the remote Colombian islands of San Andrés and Providencia also use the saltire on their flags.
The Scottish Saltire is also used unofficially by students and graduates of Xavier University because of the university's blue and white official colors and the resemblance of the flag to the letter "X". It is also the flag for St. Andrew's Scots School, Argentina (founded in 1838) and its "spinoff" university Universidad de San Andrés.
The Dutch municipality of Sint-Oedenrode, named after the Scottish princess Saint Oda, also uses the Saltire as the basis of its flag.
Incorporation into the Union Flag.
The Scottish Saltire and field is one of the key components of the Union Flag. The Union Flag has been used in a variety of forms since 1606, when the flags of the Kingdom of Scotland and Kingdom of England were first merged to symbolise the Union of the Crowns. (The Union of the Crowns having occurred in 1603). In Scotland, and in particular on Scottish vessles at sea, historical evidence suggests that a separate design of Union Flag was flown to that used in England. However, following the Acts of Union of 1707, which united the Kingdom of Scotland and the Kingdom of England, the 'English' version of the Union Flag was adopted as the official flag of the unified Kingdom of Great Britain.
From 1801, in order to symbolise the union of the Kingdom of Great Britain with the Kingdom of Ireland, a new design was adopted for the flag of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The 1801 design, having remained unchanged despite the partition of Ireland in 1921 and creation of the Irish Free State, continues to be used as the flag of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
Lion Rampant.
The Royal Standard of the King of Scots, also known as the Royal Flag of Scotland or the Lion Rampant, is the flag used historically by the King of Scots. It remains the personal banner of the monarch and use of this flag is restricted under the Act of the Parliament of Scotland 1672 cap. 47 and 30 & 31 Vict. cap. 17.
Despite the legal restrictions concerning the use of this flag, it is often regarded as a second, albeit unofficial, national flag for Scotland, most often seen at sporting events.

Scanning tunneling microscope
Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) is a powerful technique for viewing surfaces at the atomic level. Its development in 1981 won its inventors, Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer (at IBM Zürich), the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1986. STM probes the density of states of a material using tunneling current. For STM, good resolution is considered to be 0.1 nm lateral resolution and 0.01 nm depth resolution. The STM can be used not only in ultra high vacuum but also in air and various other liquid or gas ambients, and at temperatures ranging from near 0 Kelvin to a few hundred degrees Celsius.
The STM is based on the concept of quantum tunneling. When a conducting tip is brought very near to a metallic or semiconducting surface, a bias between the two can allow electrons to tunnel through the vacuum between them. For low voltages, this tunneling current is a function of the local density of states (LDOS) at the Fermi level, "E"f, of the sample. Variations in current as the probe passes over the surface are translated into an image.
STM can be a challenging technique, as it requires extremely clean surfaces and sharp tips.
Tunnelling.
Tunnelling is a functioning concept that arises from quantum mechanics. Classically, an object hitting an impenetrable wall will bounce back. Imagine throwing a baseball to a friend on the other side of a mile high brick wall, directly at the wall. One would be rightfully astonished if, rather than bouncing back upon impact, the ball were to simply pass through to your friend on the other side of the wall. For objects of very small mass, as is the electron, wavelike nature has a more pronounced effect, so such an event, referred to as tunneling, has a much greater probability.
Electrons behave as waves of energy, and in the presence of a potential "U"("z"), assuming 1-dimensional case, the energy levels "ψ'n"("z") of the electrons are given by solutions to Schrödinger’s equation,
where "ħ" is Planck’s constant, "z" is the position, and "m" is the mass of an electron. If an electron of energy "E" is incident upon an energy barrier of height "U"("z"), the electron wave function is a traveling wave solution,
if "E" > "U"("z"), which is true for a wave function inside the tip or inside the sample. Inside a barrier, such as between tip and sample, "E" < "U"("z") so the wave functions which satisfy this are decaying waves,
quantifies the decay of the wave inside the barrier, with the barrier in the +"z" direction for formula_6.
Knowing the wave function allows one to calculate the probability density for that electron to be found at some location. In the case of tunneling, the tip and sample wave functions overlap such that when under a bias, there is some finite probability to find the electron in the barrier region and even on the other side of the barrier. Let us assume the bias is "V" and the barrier width is "W", as illustrated in Figure 1. This probability, "P", that an electron at "z"=0 (left edge of barrier) can be found at "z"="W" (right edge of barrier) is proportional to the wave function squared,
If the bias is small, we can let "U" − "E" ≈ "φM" in the expression for "κ", where "φM", the work function, gives the minimum energy needed to bring an electron from an occupied level, the highest of which is at the Fermi level (for metals at "T"=0 kelvins), to vacuum level. When a small bias "V" is applied to the system, only electronic states very near the Fermi level, within "eV", are excited. These excited electrons can tunnel across the barrier. In other words, tunneling occurs mainly with electrons of energies near the Fermi level.
However, tunneling does require that there is an empty level of the same energy as the electron for the electron to tunnel into on the other side of the barrier. It is because of this restriction that the tunneling current can be related to the density of available or filled states in the sample. The current due to an applied voltage "V" (assume tunneling occurs sample to tip) depends on two factors: 1) the number of electrons between "E"f and "eV" in the sample, and 2) the number among them which have corresponding free states to tunnel into on the other side of the barrier at the tip. The higher density of available states the greater the tunneling current. When "V" is positive, electrons in the tip tunnel into empty states in the sample; for a negative bias, electrons tunnel out of occupied states in the sample into the tip.
Mathematically, this tunneling current is given by
One can sum the probability over energies between "E"f − "eV" and "eV" to get the number of states available in this energy range per unit volume, thereby finding the local density of states (LDOS) near the Fermi level. The LDOS near some energy "E" in an interval "ε" is given by
and the tunnel current at a small bias V is proportional to the LDOS near the Fermi level, which gives important information about the sample. It is desirable to use LDOS to express the current because this value does not change as the volume changes, while probability density does. Thus the tunneling current is given by
where ρs(0,"E"f) is the LDOS near the Fermi level of the sample at the sample surface. By using equation (6), this current can also be expressed in terms of the LDOS near the Fermi level of the sample at the tip surface,
The exponential term in (9) is very significant in that small variations in W greatly influence the tunnel current. If the separation is decreased by 1 Ǻ, the current increases by an order of magnitude, and vice versa.
This approach fails to account for the "rate" at which electrons can pass the barrier. This rate should affect the tunnel current, so it can be accounted for by using Fermi’s Golden Rule with the appropriate tunneling matrix element. John Bardeen solved this problem in his study of the metal-insulator-metal junction, MIM. He found that if he solved Schrödinger’s equation for each side of the junction separately to obtain the wave functions ψ and χ for each electrode, he could obtain the tunnel matrix, M, from the overlap of these two wave functions. This can be applied to STM by making the electrodes the tip and sample, assigning ψ and χ as sample and tip wave functions, respectively, and evaluating M at some surface S between the metal electrodes at z=zo, where z=0 at the sample surface and z=W at the tip surface.
Now, Fermi’s Golden Rule gives the rate for electron transfer across the barrier, and is written
where δ(Eψ-Eχ) restricts tunneling to occur only between electron levels with the same energy. The tunnel matrix element, given by
is a description of the lower energy associated with the interaction of wave functions at the overlap, also called the resonance energy.
Summing over all the states gives the tunneling current as
where f is the Fermi function, ρs and ρT are the density of states in the sample and tip, respectively. The Fermi distribution function describes the filling of electron levels at a given temperature T.
Procedure.
First the tip is brought into close proximity of the sample by some coarse sample-to-tip control. The values for common sample-to-tip distance, W, range from about 4-7 Ǻ, which is the equilibrium position between attractive (3<W<10Ǻ) and repulsive (W<3Ǻ) interactions. Once tunneling is established, piezoelectric transducers are implemented to move the tip in three directions. As the tip is rastered across the sample in the x-y plane, the density of states and therefore the tunnel current changes. This change in current with respect to position can be measured itself, or the height, z, of the tip corresponding to a constant current can be measured. These two modes are called constant height mode and constant current mode, respectively.
In constant current mode, feedback electronics adjust the height by a voltage to the piezoelectric height control mechanism. This leads to a height variation and thus the image comes from the tip topography across the sample and gives a constant charge density surface; this means contrast on the image is due to variations in charge density.
In constant height, the voltage and height are both held constant while the current changes to keep the voltage from changing; this leads to an image made of current changes over the surface, which can be related to charge density. The benefit to using a constant height mode is that it is faster, as the piezoelectric movements require more time to register the change in constant current mode than the voltage response in constant height mode.
In addition to scanning across the sample, information on the electronic structure of the sample can be obtained by sweeping voltage and measuring current at a specific location. This type of measurement is called scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS).
Instrumentation.
The components of an STM include scanning tip, piezoelectric controlled height and x,y scanner, coarse sample-to-tip control, vibration isolation system, and computer.
The resolution of an image is limited by the radius of curvature of the scanning tip of the STM. Additionally, image artifacts can occur if the tip has two tips at the end rather than a single atom; this leads to “double-tip imaging,” a situation in which both tips contribute to the tunneling. Therefore it has been essential to develop processes for consistently obtaining sharp, usable tips. Recently, carbon nanotubes have been used in this instance.
The tip is often made of tungsten or platinum-iridium, though gold is also used. Tungsten tips are usually made by electrochemical etching, and platinum-iridium tips by mechanical shearing. Both processes are outlined in C. Bai’s book, reference below.
Due to the extreme sensitivity of tunnel current to height, proper vibration isolation is imperative for obtaining usable results. In the first STM by Binnig and Rohrer, magnetic levitation was used to keep the STM free from vibrations; now spring systems are often used. Additionally, mechanisms for reducing eddy currents are implemented.
Maintaining the tip position with respect to the sample, scanning the sample in raster fashion and acquiring the data is computer controlled. The computer is also used for enhancing the image with the help of image processing as well as performing quantitative morphological measurements.
Other STM Related Studies.
Many other microscopy techniques have been developed based upon STM. These include Photon Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (PSTM), which uses an optical tip to tunnel photons; Scanning Tunneling Potentiometry (STP), which measures electric potential across a surface; and spin polarized scanning tunneling microscopy (SPSTM), which uses a ferromagnetic tip to tunnel spin-polarized electrons into a magnetic sample.
Other STM methods involve manipulating the tip in order to change the topography of the sample. This is attractive for several reasons. Firstly the STM has an atomically precise positioning system which allows very accurate atomic scale manipulation. Furthermore, after the surface is modified by the tip, it is a simple matter to then image with the same tip, without changing the instrument.
IBM researchers developed a way to manipulate Xenon atoms absorbed on a nickel surface This technique has been used to create electron "corrals" with a small number of adsorbed atoms, which allows the STM to be used to observe electron Friedel Oscillations on the surface of the material.
Aside from modifying the actual sample surface, one can also use the STM to tunnel electrons into a layer of E-Beam photoresist on a sample, in order to do lithography. This has the advantage of offering more control of the exposure than traditional Electron beam lithography.
Recently groups have found they can use the STM tip to rotate individual bonds within single molecules. The electrical resistance of the molecule depends on the orientation of the bond, so the molecule effectively becomes a molecular switch.
Early Invention.
An early, patented invention, based on the above-mentioned principles, and later acknowledged by the Nobel committee itself, was the "Topografiner" of R. Young, J. Ward, and F. Scire from the NIST ("National Institute of Science and Technolology" of the USA).

Energy level
A quantum mechanical system can only be in certain states, so that only certain energy levels are possible. The term energy level is most commonly used in reference to the electron configuration in atoms or molecules. In other words, the energy spectrum can be quantized (see continuous spectrum for the more general case).
As with classical potentials, the potential energy is usually set to zero at infinity, leading to a negative potential energy for bound electron states.
Energy levels are said to be degenerate, if the same energy level is obtained by more than one quantum mechanical state. They are then called degenerate energy levels.
The following sections of this article gives an overview over the most important factors that determine the energy levels of atoms and molecules.
Orbital state energy level.
where formula_2 is the Rydberg constant (typically between 1 eV and 103 eV), "Z" is the charge of the atom's nucleus, formula_3 is the principal quantum number, "e" is the charge of the electron, formula_4 is Planck's constant, and "c" is the speed of light.
The Rydberg levels depend only on the principal quantum number formula_3.
Fine structure splitting.
Fine structure arises from relativistic kinetic energy corrections, spin-orbit coupling (an electrodynamic interaction between the electron's spin and motion and the nucleus's electric field) and the Darwin term (contact term interaction of s-shell electrons inside the nucleus). Typical magnitude formula_6 eV.
Hyperfine structure.
Spin-nuclear-spin coupling ("see hyperfine structure"). Typical magnitude formula_7 eV.
Electrostatic interaction of an electron with other electrons.
If there is more than one electron around the atom, electron-electron-interactions raise the energy level. These interactions are often neglected if the spatial overlap of the electron wavefunctions is low.
Zeeman effect.
The interaction energy is: formula_8 with formula_9
Zeeman effect taking spin into account.
This takes both the magnetic dipole moment due to the orbital angular momentum and the magnetic momentum arising from the electron spin into account.
Due to relativistic effects (Dirac equation), the magnetic moment arising from the electron spin is formula_10 with formula_11 the gyro-magnetic factor (about 2).
formula_12
The interaction energy therefore gets formula_13.
Stark effect.
Interaction with an external electric field ("see Stark effect").
Molecules.
where formula_15 is an eigenvalue of the electronic molecular Hamiltonian (the value of the potential energy surface) at the equilibrium geometry of the molecule.
The molecular energy levels are labelled by the molecular term symbols.
The specific energies of these components vary with the specific energy state and the substance.
In molecular physics and quantum chemistry, an energy level is a quantized energy of a bound quantum mechanical state.
Crystalline Materials.
Crystalline materials are often characterized by a number of important energy levels. The most important ones are the top of the valence band, the bottom of the conduction band, the Fermi energy, the vacuum level, and the energy levels of any defect states in the crystals.

Atomic nucleus
The nucleus of an atom is the very small dense region of an atom, in its center consisting of nucleons (protons and neutrons). The size (diameter) of the nucleus is in the range of 1.6 fm (10-15 m) (for a proton in light hydrogen) to about 15 fm (for the heaviest atoms, such as uranium). These dimensions are much smaller than the size of the atom itself by a factor of about 23,000 (uranium) to about 145,000 (hydrogen). Almost all of the mass in an atom is made up from the protons and neutrons in the nucleus with a very small contribution from the orbiting electrons. The etymology of the term nucleus is from 1704 meaning “kernel of a nut”. In 1844, Michael Faraday used the term to refer to the “central point of an atom”. The modern atomic meaning was proposed by Ernest Rutherford in 1912. The adoption of the term “nucleus” to atomic theory, however, was not immediate. In 1916, for example, Gilbert N. Lewis stated, in his famous article ', that “the atom is composed of the "kernel" and an outer atom or "shell"”.
Nuclear makeup.
The nucleus of an atom consists of protons and neutrons (two types of baryons) bound by the nuclear force. These baryons are further composed of sub-atomic fundamental particles known as quarks bound by the strong interaction.
Isotopes and nuclides.
The isotope of an atom is determined by the number of neutrons in the nucleus. Different isotopes of the same element have very similar chemical properties. Different isotopes in a sample of a particular chemical can be separated by using a centrifuge or by using a mass spectrometer. The first method is used in producing enriched uranium from a sample of regular uranium, and the second is used in carbon dating.
The number of protons and neutrons together determine the nuclide (type of nucleus). Protons and neutrons have nearly equal masses, and their combined number, the mass number, is approximately equal to the atomic mass of an atom. The combined mass of the electrons is very small in comparison to the mass of the nucleus, since protons and neutrons weigh roughly 2000 times more than electrons.
History.
The discovery of the electron by J. J. Thomson was the first indication that the atom had internal structure. At the turn of the 20th century the accepted model of the atom was J. J. Thomson's "plum pudding" model in which the atom was a large positively charged ball with small negatively charged electrons embedded inside of it. By the turn of the century physicists had also discovered three types of radiation coming from atoms, which they named alpha, beta, and gamma radiation. Experiments in 1911 by Lise Meitner and Otto Hahn, and by James Chadwick in 1914 discovered that the beta decay spectrum was continuous rather than discrete. That is, electrons were ejected from the atom with a range of energies, rather than the discrete amounts of energies that were observed in gamma and alpha decays. This was a problem for nuclear physics at the time, because it indicated that energy was not conserved in these decays. The problem would later lead to the discovery of the neutrino (see below).
In 1906 Ernest Rutherford published "Radiation of the α Particle from Radium in passing through Matter". Geiger expanded on this work in a communication to the Royal Society with experiments he and Rutherford had done passing α particles through air, aluminum foil and gold foil. More work was published in 1909 by Geiger and Marsden and further greatly expanded work was published in 1910 by Geiger, In 1911-2 Rutherford went before the Royal Society to explain the experiments and propound the new theory of the atomic nucleus as we now understand it.
Around the same time that this was happening (1909) Ernest Rutherford performed a remarkable experiment in which Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden under his supervision fired alpha particles (helium nuclei) at a thin film of gold foil. The plum pudding model predicted that the alpha particles should come out of the foil with their trajectories being at most slightly bent. He was shocked to discover that a few particles were scattered through large angles, even completely backwards in some cases. The discovery, beginning with Rutherford's analysis of the data in 1911, eventually led to the Rutherford model of the atom, in which the atom has a very small, very dense nucleus consisting of heavy positively charged particles with embedded electrons in order to balance out the charge. As an example, in this model nitrogen-14 consisted of a nucleus with 14 protons and 7 electrons, and the nucleus was surrounded by 7 more orbiting electrons.
The Rutherford model worked quite well until studies of nuclear spin were carried out by Franco Rasetti at the California Institute of Technology in 1929. By 1925 it was known that protons and electrons had a spin of 1/2, and in the Rutherford model of nitrogen-14 the 14 protons and six of the electrons should have paired up to cancel each others spin, and the final electron should have left the nucleus with a spin of 1/2. Rasetti discovered, however, that nitrogen-14 has a spin of one.
In 1930 Wolfgang Pauli was unable to attend a meeting in Tübingen, and instead sent a famous letter with the classic introduction "Dear Radioactive Ladies and Gentlemen". In his letter Pauli suggested that perhaps there was a third particle in the nucleus which he named the "neutron". He suggested that it was very light (lighter than an electron), had no charge, and that it did not readily interact with matter (which is why it hadn't yet been detected). This desperate way out solved both the problem of energy conservation and the spin of nitrogen-14, the first because Pauli's "neutron" was carrying away the extra energy and the second because an extra "neutron" paired off with the electron in the nitrogen-14 nucleus giving it spin one. Pauli's "neutron" was renamed the neutrino (Italian for little neutral one) by Enrico Fermi in 1931, and after about thirty years it was finally demonstrated that a neutrino really is emitted during beta decay.
In 1932 Chadwick realized that radiation that had been observed by Walther Bothe, Herbert L. Becker, Irène and Frédéric Joliot-Curie was actually due to a massive particle that he called the neutron. In the same year Dmitri Ivanenko suggested that neutrons were in fact spin 1/2 particles and that the nucleus contained neutrons and that there were no electrons in it, and Francis Perrin suggested that neutrinos were not nuclear particles but were created during beta decay. To cap the year off, Fermi submitted a theory of the neutrino to "Nature" (which the editors rejected for being "too remote from reality"). Fermi continued working on his theory and published a paper in 1934 which placed the neutrino on solid theoretical footing. In the same year Hideki Yukawa proposed the first significant theory of the strong force to explain how the nucleus holds together.
With Fermi and Yukawa's papers the modern model of the atom was complete. The center of the atom contains a tight ball of neutrons and protons, which is held together by the strong nuclear force. Unstable nuclei may undergo alpha decay, in which they emit an energetic helium nucleus, or beta decay, in which they eject an electron (or positron). After one of these decays the resultant nucleus may be left in an excited state, and in this case it decays to its ground state by emitting high energy photons (gamma decay).
The study of the strong and weak nuclear forces led physicists to collide nuclei and electrons at ever higher energies. This research became the science of particle physics, the crown jewel of which is the standard model of particle physics which unifies the strong, weak, and electromagnetic forces.
Modern nuclear physics.
A light nucleus can contain hundreds of nucleons which means that with some approximation it can be treated as a classical system, rather than a quantum-mechanical one. In the resulting liquid-drop model, the nucleus has an energy which arises partly from surface tension and partly from electrical repulsion of the protons. The liquid-drop model is able to reproduce many features of nuclei, including the general trend of binding energy with respect to mass number, as well as the phenomenon of nuclear fission.
Superimposed on this classical picture, however, are quantum-mechanical effects, which can be described using the nuclear shell model, developed in large part by Maria Goeppert-Mayer. Nuclei with certain numbers of neutrons and protons (the magic numbers 2, 8, 20, 50, 82, 126...) are particularly stable, because their shells are filled.
Much of current research in nuclear physics relates to the study of nuclei under extreme conditions such as high spin and excitation energy. Nuclei may also have extreme shapes (similar to that of American footballs) or extreme neutron-to-proton ratios. Experimenters can create such nuclei using artificially induced fusion or nucleon transfer reactions, employing ion beams from an accelerator.
Beams with even higher energies can be used to create nuclei at very high temperatures, and there are signs that these experiments have produced a phase transition from normal nuclear matter to a new state, the quark-gluon plasma, in which the quarks mingle with one another, rather than being segregated in triplets as they are in neutrons and protons.
Spontaneous changes from one nuclide to another: nuclear decay.
If a nucleus has too few or too many neutrons it may be unstable, and will decay after some period of time. For example, nitrogen-16 atoms (7 protons, 9 neutrons) beta decay to oxygen-16 atoms (8 protons, 8 neutrons) within a few seconds of being created. In this decay a neutron in the nitrogen nucleus is turned into a proton and an electron by the weak nuclear force. The element of the atom changes because while it previously had seven protons (which makes it nitrogen) it now has eight (which makes it oxygen). Many elements have multiple isotopes which are stable for weeks, years, or even billions of years.
Nuclear fusion.
When two light nuclei come into very close contact with each other it is possible for the strong force to fuse the two together. It takes a great deal of energy to push the nuclei close enough together for the strong force to have an effect, so the process of nuclear fusion can only take place at very high temperatures or high densities. Once the nuclei are close enough together the strong force overcomes their electromagnetic repulsion and squishes them into a new nucleus. A very large amount of energy is released when light nuclei fuse together because the binding energy per nucleon increases with mass number up until nickel-62. Stars like our sun are powered by the fusion of four protons into a helium nucleus, two positrons, and two neutrinos. The "uncontrolled" fusion of hydrogen into helium is known as thermonuclear runaway. Research to find an economically viable method of using energy from a "controlled" fusion reaction is currently being undertaken by various research establishments (see JET and ITER).
Nuclear fission.
For nuclei heavier than nickel-62 the binding energy per nucleon decreases with the mass number. It is therefore possible for energy to be released if a heavy nucleus breaks apart into two lighter ones. This splitting of atoms is known as nuclear fission.
The process of alpha decay may be thought of as a special type of spontaneous nuclear fission. This process produces a highly asymmetrical fission because the four particles which make up the alpha particle are especially tightly bound to each other, making production of this nucleus in fission particularly likely.
For certain of the heaviest nuclei which produce neutrons on fission, and which also easily absorb neutrons to initiate fission, a self-igniting type of neutron-initiated fission can be obtained, in a so-called chain reaction. [Chain reactions were known in chemistry before physics, and in fact many familiar processes like fires and chemical explosions are chemical chain reactions]. The fission or "nuclear" chain-reaction, using fission-produced neutrons, is the source of energy for nuclear power plants and fission type nuclear bombs such as the two that the United States used against Hiroshima and Nagasaki at the end of World War II. Heavy nuclei such as uranium and thorium may undergo spontaneous fission, but they are much more likely to undergo decay by alpha decay.
For a neutron-initiated chain-reaction to occur, there must be a critical mass of the element present in a certain space under certain conditions (these conditions slow and conserve neutrons for the reactions). There is one known example of a natural nuclear fission reactor, which was active in two regions of Oklo, Gabon, Africa, over 1.5 billion years ago. Measurements of natural neutrino emission have demonstrated that around half of the heat emanating from the earth's core results from radioactive decay. However, it is not known if any of this results from fission chain-reactions.
Production of heavy elements.
As the Universe cooled after the big bang it eventually became possible for particles as we know them to exist. The most common particles created in the big bang which are still easily observable to us today were protons (hydrogen) and electrons (in equal numbers). Some heavier elements were created as the protons collided with each other, but most of the heavy elements we see today were created inside of stars during a series of fusion stages, such as the proton-proton chain, the CNO cycle and the triple-alpha process.
Progressively heavier elements are created during the evolution of a star.
Since the binding energy per nucleon peaks around iron, energy is only released in fusion processes occurring below this point. Since the creation of heavier nuclei by fusion costs energy, nature resorts to the process of neutron capture. Neutrons (due to their lack of charge) are readily absorbed by a nucleus. The heavy elements are created by either a slow neutron capture process (the so-called "s" process) or by the rapid, or "r" process. The "s" process occurs in thermally pulsing stars (called AGB, or asymptotic giant branch stars) and takes hundreds to thousands of years to reach the heaviest elements of lead and bismuth. The "r" process is thought to occur in supernova explosions because the conditions of high temperature, high neutron flux and ejected matter are present. These stellar conditions make the successive neutron captures very fast, involving very neutron-rich species which then beta-decay to heavier elements, especially at the so-called waiting points that correspond to more stable nuclides with closed neutron shells (magic numbers). The "r" process duration is typically in the range of a few seconds.

Governor of Florida
The head of the government of the state of Florida is called the Governor of Florida. He is not the head of all parts of the government, but is like the state's president, and is head of the "executive branch" of the state, which is where decisions about running the state are made. He can also give orders to the military people of the state.
The Governor of Florida is elected every four years.
The United States got Florida from Spain on July 10 1821. No governors were elected until 1845. Before that, there was a military governor for most of 1821, Andrew Jackson, who had been the head of the military men in the area when the state was made.
For the next 24 years (1821-1845) Florida was called a "territory". As a territory, governors were picked by the President of the United States. These were the five governors of Florida Territory: William Duval (April 17 1822 - April 24 1834), John Eaton (April 24 1834 - March 16 1836), Richard Call (March 16 1836 - December 2 1839), Robert R. Reid (December 2 1839 - March 19 1841), Richard Call (his 2nd time) (March 19 1841 - August 11 1844), and John Branch (August 11 1844 - June 25 1845).

Fred McDowell
Fred McDowell (January 12 1904 - July 3 1972) (also known as Mississippi Fred McDowell) was a Delta blues singer and guitar player. His parents died when he was young.
Early career.
McDowell was born in Rossville, Tennessee, near Memphis. He started playing guitar when he was 14 and played at parties around where he lived.
Later career.
McDowell moved to Memphis in 1926 where he played for money. Soon after, he moved to Como, Mississippi in 1940 or 1941 and worked as a farmer. He still played at parties.
Mostly, he played slide guitar using a pocket knife and then a slide made from a beef rib bone, later switching to a glass slide. He played with the slide on his ring finger.
Fame.
In the 1950s, people became more interested in Blues Music and McDowell became more famous. He recorded for the first time in 1959 with Alan Lomax and Shirley Collins. He started playing on electric guitar rather than acoustic but said "I do not play no rock and roll". He taught Bonnie Raitt the slide guitar technique, and was written about by The Rolling Stones'.
Albums.
McDowell's first album came out in 1969, called "I Do Not Play No Rock 'N' Roll".
Death.
McDowell died of cancer in 1972 and is buried at Hammond Hill M.B. Church, between Como and Senatobia.

Taurus mountains
Taurus Mountains (Turkish: "Toros Dağları") are a mountain range in Turkey, from which the Euphrates (Turkish: Fırat) and Tigris (Turkish: Dicle) descend into Syria and Iraq. The Manavgat River comes from its southern slopes.
The mountain range extends along a curve from Lake Eğirdir in the west to the upper reaches of the Euphrates and Tigris in the east. It has many peaks rising above 10,000–12,000 ft (3,000–3,700 m), with the Demirkazık summit in the region known as Aladağlar, at 3,756 meters (12,322 ft.) as the highest point. Another important peak is Medetsiz (3,524 m/11,561 ft) in the Bolkar Dağları section.
This mountain range divides the Mediterranean region of southern Turkey from the central plateau.
Limestone has eroded to form karstic landscapes of waterfalls, underground rivers, and the largest caves of Asia.
At Kestel is a Bronze Age archaeological site where early evidence of tin mining was found.

Montes Taurus
Montes Taurus is a mountainous region on the Moon. These peaks are on a highland region to the east of the Mare Serenitatis, in the northeastern quadrant of the Moon's near side. The selenographic coordinates of this range are 28.4° N, 41.1° E, and they have a diameter of 172 km. Some of the peaks within the range achieve heights of 3.0 km.
A number of craters lie within this range. At the southwestern edge of the range is Römer crater, and Newcomb crater is in the northeastern section. Several satellite craters also lie throughout the Montes Taurus.
The Montes Taurus were named by Johannes Hevelius for the Taurus mountains in southern Turkey.

Sassari
Sassari is a city in the region of Sardinia in Italy. It is the capital of the "Province of Sassari." About 130,000 people live in Sassari. This makes it the second largest city in Sardinia.
History.
The first time that the city appeared in a map was in 1131 with the name Jordi de Sassaro, in 1135 the name was Tathari. The city grown up very fast and in 1294, became a "libero comune" (independent municipality). In the early 14th century the island of Sardinia was occupied by the Aragonese, the municipality sent a delegation to the court of Aragon, but they did not achieve any agreement. So with the support of the Republic of Genoa and the Doria's family, the people of Sassari rose up against the invaders, until 1417 when the king Alfonso V granted an acceptable status to the town. In 1617 in town the Jesuits founded the University. In 1713, after the Treaty of Utrecht, in the island of Sardinia started the brief period of the Austro-Hungarian administration. In fact since 1720 the island was annexed by the House of Savoy and since then was born the Kingdom of Sardinia. But in 1793, after years of political struggle, in the island started an uprising, called “Sarda rivoluzione” (sardinian revolution), led by the patriot Giovanni Maria Angioy, who entered triumphantly in the city of Sassari, followed by thousand of revolutionaries coming from all over the island. But the Savoy, stifled the rebellion with ferocity, reconquered the town. But the rebellion in town will continued until the middle of the 19th century.
In 1861 the Kingdom of Sardinia, after the campaign to unify Italy and the annexation of many small states, it became the founding state of the new Kingdom of Italy. Since then Sassari is an italian city.
Museums.
"(Via Roma 64)" also called "Museo Sanna" -

Bull Hill
Bull Hill, sometimes called Mount Taurus, is a mountain in the U.S. state of New York. It is north of the village of Cold Spring on the Hudson River, in Putnam County. It is part of the mountain range known as the Hudson Highlands.
An old quarry can be seen on its south ridge.
The mountain may have gotten its name from a bull that farmers chased down it. The bull's fall gave the Breakneck Ridge its name.

Forlì
Forlì is a city in the region of Emilia-Romagna in Italy. It is the capital of the "Province of Forlì-Cesena". About 110,000 people live in Forli.
Benito Mussolini, dictator of Italy during World War Two, was born near Forli, in Predappio.

Zagros mountains
The Zagros Mountains (Kurdish: Zagros - زاگرۆس,), make up Iran's and Iraq's largest mountain range. They have a total length of 1 500 km from western Iran, on the border with Iraq to the southern parts of the Persian Gulf. The mountain range ends at the Straits of Hormuz. The highest points in the Zagros Mountains are Zard Kuh (4 548 m) and Mt. Dena (4 359 m).
The Zagros region is an important part of Persian Gulf oil production.

Latina
Latina is a city in the region of Lazio. It is the capital of the "Province of Latina". About 110,000 people live in Latina. This makes it the second largest city in Lazio.

Monza
Monza is a city in the region of Lombardy. In 2009 it will become the capital of the "Province of Monza and Brianza". About 120,000 people live in Monza. This makes it the third largest city in Lombardy.

Giugliano in Campania
Giugliano in Campania is a city the region of Campania in Italy. It is the largest city in Italy that is not a capital of a province. About 105,000 people live there.

French Revolution of 1848
The February 1848 Revolution in France ended the reign of King Louis-Philippe, and led to the creation of the French Second Republic (1848-1852).
The revolution established the principle of the "right to work" ("droit au travail"), and decided to establish "National Workshops" for the unemployed. At the same time a sort of industrial parliament was established at the Luxembourg Palace, under the presidency of Louis Blanc. Tensions between liberal Orleanist and Radical Republicans and Socialists would cause the June Days Uprising a few months later.
The End of the Revolution in France.
The era of revolution in France came to an end when Louis Napoleon dissolved the National Assembly without having the constitutional right to do so, and became the sole ruler of France. He reestablished the empire and took the title Emperors Napoleon III.

Nyon (district)
The District of Nyon is a district in the canton of Vaud, Switzerland. The seat of the district is the city of Nyon.

Skip James
Nehemiah Curtis "Skip" James (June 21, 1902 – October 3, 1969) was an American Delta blues singer, guitarist, pianist and songwriter.
Early years.
James was born near Bentonia, Mississippi. He worked on road construction in the early 1920s, and wrote what his earliest song, "Illinois Blues", about his experience as a worker. He began playing guitar in open D-minor tuning with three fingers.
1920s and '30s.
Skip James traveled to Grafton, Wisconsin to record for Paramount. James recorded blues and spirituals and cover versions of other songs.
The Great Depression happened just as James' records were put on the market. Not many people bought them because of this and James had to give up Blues music and worked in a church with his father.
After the depression.
For the next thirty years, James didn't record any songs. In July 1964, James started playing again and he recorded for the Takoma, Melodeon, and Vanguard labels and played until his death in 1969.

Scenario paintball
Scenario paintball is a type of paintball game where act things out while playing paintballg to a predefined storyline. Scenario paintball games can be anywhere from 6 to 48 hours.

Nirvana (band)
Nirvana was an American alternative rock band in the 1990s. They were one of the most successful and influential bands of that time. Since they formed they have sold over fifty million albums all over the world. They introduced a style of rock music known as grunge, which was highly influenced by 1980s alternative rock, 1970s punk, and heavy metal. Grunge became more commercially successful than the previous punk rock, as promoted to the world by Sub Pop Records. Nirvana greatly affected the style of other grunge bands like Pearl Jam, Soundgarden, and Alice in Chains. They split up after their lead singer Kurt Cobain killed himself in 1994 of a self-inflicted shotgun wound.
History.
Nirvana started in 1987 when their singer Kurt Cobain and the bassist Krist Novoselic met and decided to form a band. The band had several different drummers until they found Dave Grohl. They released their first studio album, "Bleach", in 1989.
Their second album, "Nevermind", released in 1991, was a massive success. Many people bought it and it had the top spot on many music charts. It featured the song "Smells Like Teen Spirit" which was also a very big hit. In February 1992 Kurt married rock singer Courtney Love. The band caused controversy in 1992 when they played a song called "Rape Me" on MTV. Many people found this offensive. Around this time Kurt also started taking a lot of illegal drugs, including heroin.
Nirvana released another album, "In Utero", in 1993 and went on tour in Europe. Many of the dates were cancelled because Cobain was drinking lots of alcohol and taking lots of drugs.
He was taken into a rehab center to get over his addictions but he ran away. Eventually, he was found dead in his home on Friday, April 8, 1994. It was decided that he committed suicide with a shotgun. The other band members were shocked by this, and Nirvana officially split up.
Nirvana has released more compilation albums than regular albums. See Nirvana's discography.
After the band.
Since Nirvana broke up, Dave Grohl has started a new band, Foo Fighters. Krist Novoselic became interested in politics and also kept making music. He was the bassist for Flipper, which Kurt Cobain was a fan ofbut recently left the band.

Gravel Racing
Gravel Racing or Off-Road Street Racing is a new form of illegal Street Racing. Gravel Racing differs from Streeting Racing because "Gravel Racing" is more safe then "street racing" and Gravel Racing is legal. Gravel Racing involves street racing cars with off-road tires instead of street car wheels. Gravel Racing was first seen in the United States in the early 1990's and is more popular in the United States then anywhere else.

Olaf Kölzig
Olaf Kölzig (born April 6, 1970) is a German professional ice hockey goaltender, playing for the Washington Capitals of the National Hockey League. Kölzig was born in South Africa, but he grew up in several cities across Canada and his family moved to Union Bay, British Columbia, Canada, when he was a teenager. Kölzig never applied for Canadian citizenship, which, combined with his German parentage and German passport, allows him to represent Germany internationally. In May 2008 Kolzig announced that he would not return to the Capitals.

WrestleMania
WrestleMania (chronologically known as WrestleMania I) was the first WrestleMania professional wrestling event produced by the World Wrestling Federation. It took place on March 31, 1985 at Madison Square Garden in New York, New York. The attendance for the event was 19,121 fans. The event was viewed by over one million fans through closed circuit television, making it the largest event on closed-circuit television in the United States at the time. The event was the start of the Rock 'n' Wrestling gimmick, which brought together professional wrestling and the music industry.
Background.
For the first WrestleMania, Vince McMahon began cross promoting with MTV and several celebrities like Muhammad Ali, Liberace and Cyndi Lauper appeared during the build up to and at the event. To build up the show, the WWF aired two wrestling specials on MTV. The first one was The Brawl to End it All, aired on July 23, 1984, in which a match from a live MSG broadcast was shown on MTV. Wendi Richter defeated The Fabulous Moolah to win the WWF Women's Championship on the card, with Lauper on her side. At The War to Settle the Score, which aired on February 18, 1985, Leilani Kai, accompanied by Moolah, defeated Richter, again accompanied by Lauper, to win the Women's Championship.
In the months leading up to the first WrestleMania, Roddy Piper began a talk-show segment on WWF television entitles "Piper's Pit". On one episode of the show, he hit Jimmy Snuka over the head with coconut, leading to a feud between the two men. As part of the storyline, Piper recruited Cowboy Bob Orton to be his bodyguard. On another episode of "Piper's Pit", Piper spoke out against the burgeoning Rock 'n' Wrestling connection, which led to a confrontation with Hulk Hogan. In February 1985, the two men faced each other at The War to Settle the Score, where Hogan won by disqualification. Their on-going feud led to their match at WrestleMania.
Event.
WWF announcer Gene Okerlund did the singing of the National Anthem, with Gorilla Monsoon and Jesse "The Body" Ventura calling the action. Gene Okerlund also did interviews backstage, with "Lord" Alfred Hayes doing interviews near the entrance to the locker room, right outside the ring. Howard Finkel began the first of his many times ring announcing WrestleMania events, on this broadcast. The opening theme for the event was the instrumental portion of the Phil Collins and Philip Bailey hit "Easy Lover", while the closing theme for the credits was "Axel F." by Harold Faltermeyer. Celebrity guests in attendance for this WrestleMania included Billy Martin, Cyndi Lauper, Mr. T, Muhammad Ali, and Liberace accompanied by The Rockettes.
The first match was between Tito Santana and The Executioner. Santana won the match after slamming The Executioner from the apron into the ring and then performing a flying forearm. This caused The Executioner to submit. Following the match, King Kong Bundy, accompanied by Jimmy Hart, and Special Delivery Jones made their way to the ring. After performing an avalanche and big splash, Bundy defeated Jones in record making time. The WWF's official time for the match is nine seconds.
The next match was between Ricky Steamboat and Matt Borne. Steamboat took the early advantage in the match-up, until Borne performed a belly-to-belly suplex on Steamboat. In retaliation, Steamboat used a several knife-edged chops, a belly-to-back suplex, and a flying double chop off of the ropes. After performing a flying crossbody, Steamboat pinned Borne for the win. After the match ended, David Sammartino, accompanied by his father Bruno Sammartino, and Brutus Beefcake, accompanied by Johnny Valiant, made their way to the ring. The action favored both contestants, as each wrestler alternated having the advantage. After Beefcake threw David Sammartino out of the ring, Valiant performed a body slam on him onto the cement floor. He then pushed Sammartino back into the ring. A short while later, all four men began fighting in the ring, and the match ended in a no-contest.
The first championship defense of WrestleMania was between Junkyard Dog (JYD) and the reigning WWF Intercontinental Champion Greg Valentine, who was accompanied to the ring by his manager Jimmy Hart. JYD began the match in the offensive position, performing headbutts and roundhouse right hands on Valentine. As the action went back and forth, Hart climbed on the ring apron, where Valentine accidentally hit him. Later, Valentine pinned JYD with his feet on the ropes for leverage, which is an illegal maneuver. As a result, Tito Santana ran down to the ring and explained what had happened to the match's official. The match was restarted, and JYD eventually won the match by count-out. Valentine, however, kept his title as titles do not change hands through count-out. The following match was a for the WWF Tag Team Championship. Nikolai Volkoff and Iron Sheik, accompanied to the ring by Freddie Blassie, challenged the reigning champions, The U.S. Express (Mike Rotundo and Barry Windham), who were accompanied by Lou Albano. The U.S. Express dominated the early part of the match until Volkoff and The Sheik began to gain the offensive advantage over Rotundo. After Rotundo tagged in his partner Windham, Windham performed a bulldog on The Sheik. After nearly being pinned, The Sheik hit Windham in the head with Blassie's cane as the referee had his back turned. After Volkloff got the pin, Volkoff and The Sheik were crowned as the new tag champions.
The next match on the card was a $15,000 Body Slam Challenge between André the Giant and Big John Studd, who was accompanied by Bobby Heenan. The stipulation of the match was that André the Giant had to body slam Studd to win $15,000, and if he failed, he would be forced to retire. After beginning the match in the defensive position, André countered with chops and a headbutt. After weakening his knees with multiple kicks, André was able to lift Studd over his shoulders and execute a body slam to win the match. After André collected his prize money, he threw some of it into the audience. Heenan, however, grabbed the bag holding the remainder of the winnings and ran from ringside. As a result of the match, André was able to continue his undefeated streak unscathed. After all the men had left ringside, it was time for the WWF Women's Championship match between Wendi Richter, managed by singer Cyndi Lauper, and Leilani Kai, managed by former champion The Fabulous Moolah. Shortly after the match began, Moolah grabbed Richter as she was outside on the floor, but Lauper saved her from an attack. Kai then performed a flying crossbody from the top rope, but Richter used Kai's momentum to roll-up Kai in a pinning position. With this pin, Richter became the new Women's Champion.
The main event and last match of the night pitted Hulk Hogan, the reigning WWF Champion, and Mr. T, accompanied by Jimmy Snuka, against Roddy Piper and Paul Orndorff, accompanied by Cowboy Bob Orton. Professional boxer Muhammad Ali was the special guest referee. First, Piper, Orndorff, and Orton made their way to the ring as drums and bagpipes played, causing the crowd to boo. Crowd favorites Hogan, Mr. T, and Snuka made their way to the ring next. The match began with Mr. T and Piper in the ring and the two traded blows. Mid-way through the match, all four men began brawling in the ring, and Muhammad Ali punched Piper in an attempt to restore order. After the match's order was restored, Orndorff and Piper had the offensive advantage. As Orndorff locked Hogan into a full nelson, Orton climbed the top rope to attempt to knock out Hogan. Instead, Orton mistakenly hit Orndorff, and Hogan pinned him to win the match. In frustration, Piper knocked out the other official, Pat Patterson, and went backstage.
Aftermath.
Approximately three months after WrestleMania, Nikolai Volkoff and Iron Sheik lost the title back to The U.S. Express (Mike Rotundo and Barry Windham). They held the title until August, when the team of Brutus Beefcake and Greg Valentine became the new champions. The duo, later known as The Dream Team, revitalized the WWF's tag team scene and feuded with The British Bulldogs.
After André the Giant defeated Big John Studd at the event, Studd formed a tag team with King Kong Bundy, and the duo faced André and Hulk Hogan on a number of occasions.
In late 1985, Wendi Richter was defeated by The Fabulous Moolah, losing her WWF Women's Championship in controversial fashion. Moolah, who wrestled as a masked female wrestler known as The Spider Lady, won the title after convincing an official to call the match in her favor, but Richter was unaware of the planned title change. Richter left the WWF shortly after, and Moolah held the title for approximately two years.
In a new storyline after WrestleMania, Roddy Piper began training Cowboy Bob Orton as a boxer. Hulk Hogan accepted a challenge on the behalf of Mr. T to face Orton in match on an episode of "Saturday Night's Main Event". After Mr. T won the match, Orton and Piper attacked him, leading to a boxing match at WrestleMania II between Piper and Mr. T. At the second annual WrestleMania, Piper was disqualified in the third round.
Broadcast.
The event was viewed by over one million fans through closed circuit television, making it the largest event on closed-circuit television in the United States at the time.
A technical glitch ended the closed circuit broadcast early into the showing at the Civic Arena in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. To appease angry fans who pelted the screen with garbage, WrestleMania was broadcast in its entirety on a local television station two weeks later.
Results.
Numbers in parentheses indicate the length of the match.

León, Guanajuato
Léon is a city in the state of Guanajuato in Mexico. About 1,150,000 people live in Léon. This makes it the seventh largest city in Mexico and the largest city in Guanajuato.

Jim Carey (ice hockey)
Jim Carey (born May 31, 1974 in Dorchester, Massachusetts) is a retired American ice hockey goaltender.

Ciudad Juárez
Ciudad Juárez is a city in the state of Chihuahua in Mexico. About 1,300,000 people live in Ciudad Juárez. This makes it the fifth largest city in Mexico and the largest city in Chihuahua. It is located at the border to the USA, opposite El Paso.

San Cristóbal Ecatepec
San Cristóbal Ecatepec (or "Ecatepec de Morelos") is a city in the state of México in Mexico. About 1,700,000 people live there. This makes San Christóbal de Ectatepec the second largest city in Mexico and the largest in the state of México.

Jacques Plante
Joseph Jacques Omer "Jake the Snake" Plante (January 17, 1929 – February 27, 1986) was a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender. He grew up in Shawinigan Falls, Quebec, and began to play hockey in 1932. Plante started to play organized hockey at age 12, and his first professional game was at age 18. He played for the Montreal Canadiens from 1953 to 1963; during this time, the team won the Stanley Cup six times, including five wins in a row.
Plante first retired in 1965, but he was asked to come back to the NHL to play for a new team, the St. Louis Blues, in 1968. Plante was traded to the Toronto Maple Leafs in 1970, and then to the Boston Bruins in 1973. He joined the World Hockey Association, first as coach and general manager for the Quebec Nordiques in 1973–74. After his time with Quebec was not successful, Plante played goal for the Edmonton Oilers in 1974–75. Plante retired for the last time during training camp in the 1975-76 season.
Plante is considered one of the most important inventors in ice hockey. Most importantly, Plante was the first NHL goaltender to always wear mask when playing. With the help of other experts, he made and tested many versions of the goalie mask, including a version of today's mask/helmet combination. Plante was the first goaltender to regularly play the puck outside his crease in support of his team's defencemen, and often instructed his teammates from behind the play, as the goaltender usually has the best view of the game.
Plante was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1978. He was chosen as the goaltender of the Canadiens' "dream team" in 1985. He was inducted into the Quebec Sports Pantheon in 1994. Lastly, the Montreal Canadiens retired Plante's sweater, #1, in 1995.
Plante was the eldest of 11 children. In 1949, he married Jacqueline Gagné; they had two sons, Michel and Richard. In 1970, Plante met his second wife, Raymonde Udrisard, with whom he eventually moved to Switzerland. He died in Geneva, on February 27, 1986, shortly after he had been diagnosed with untreatable stomach cancer. He was buried in Sierre.

Hockey Hall of Fame
The Hockey Hall of Fame ("Temple de la renommée du hockey" in French) is located in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It's main subject is the history of ice hockey, it is both a museum and a hall of fame. It holds displays about players, teams, National Hockey League (NHL) records, and NHL trophies, including the Stanley Cup. First opened in Kingston, Ontario, the Hockey Hall of Fame was first began in 1943 by James T. Sutherland. The first group of members was selected in 1945, before the Hall of Fame had a permanent location. It moved to Toronto in 1958 after the NHL took away its support for the Kingston location. Its first permanent building opened at Exhibition Place in 1961. Because the Hall was getting too big for its location, it was moved to an old Bank of Montreal building in downtown Toronto in 1993, where it is currently located.

Leo Dandurand
Joseph Viateur "Leo" Dandurand (July 9, 1889 – June 26, 1964), was an owner in the National Hockey League and in the league that evolved into the Canadian Football League.
Dandurand was born in Bourbonnais, Illinois. He moved to Canada with his family when he was 16 years old and attended Collège Sainte-Marie de Montréal. He was a referee in the National Hockey Association and was involved with minor hockey in the Montreal, Quebec area.
On November 2 1921, Dandurand and his partners, Joseph Cattarinich and Louis Letourneau, purchased the Montreal Canadiens hockey club from the widow of George Kennedy for $11,000. Under Dandurand's ownership, the Canadiens won the Stanley Cup in 1924, 1930, and 1931. Letourneau sold his stake in the club in 1930, and Dandurand and Cattarinich continued as owners until selling the team in 1935 for $165,000.
Along with hockey, Dandurand and his partners were heavily involved with horse racing. In 1932, they bought Blue Bonnets Raceway in Montreal. They owned 17 tracks in Quebec, Ontario, New York, Ohio, Delaware, Illinois, Utah, and Louisiana at the time of Cattarinich's death in 1938. Dandurand was also a boxing and wrestling promoter in Montreal and a director of the Montreal Royals baseball team.
In 1946, Dandurand founded the Montreal Alouettes football team with Eric Cradock and Lew Hayman. The team played in the Interprovincial Rugby Football Union, which later became the CFL's east division.
In his later years, Dandurand owned a successful restaurant in downtown Montreal. He was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1963 and died of a heart attack on June 26 1964 at age 75.
The Leo Dandurand Trophy is a CFL award presented each year to the most outstanding lineman in the East Division.

Billy Smith
William John "Battlin' Billy" Smith (born December 12, 1950, in Perth, Ontario) was a professional ice hockey goaltender and is best known for winning four Stanley Cups and being the first goalie to be score a goal.

Bill Durnan
William Ronald (Bill) Durnan (born January 22, 1916 in Toronto, Ontario - October 31, 1972) was a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender who played for the Montreal Canadiens in the National Hockey League (NHL). He was also the last goaltender to be a captain in the National Hockey League, and one of only four ever with Chuck Gardiner, George Hainsworth and John Ross Roach.
Awards.
First All-Star Team goalie in 1944, 1945, 1946, 1947, 1949, 1950.
Won the Vezina Trophy in 1944, 1945, 1946, 1947, 1949, 1950.
Played in NHL All-Star Game in 1947, 1948, 1949

1925-26 NHL season
=Final standings=.
"Note: W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals For, GA = Goals Against, PIM = Penalties in minutes"
"Note: Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold"
Scoring leaders.
"Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points"
NHL Championship.
"Montreal wins total goals series 6 goals to 4"
"Montreal wins total goals series 2 goals to 1"
Finals.
"Montreal Maroons win best-of-five series 3 games to 1 for the Stanley Cup"
NHL Playoff leading scorer.
"Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points"

1926-27 NHL season
=Final standings=.
"Note: W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF= Goals For, GA = Goals Against, PIM = Penalties in minutes"
"Note: Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold"
Scoring leaders.
"Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points"
Leading Goaltenders.
"Note: GP = Games played; MIN = Minutes played; GA = Goals against; SO = Shut outs; AVG = Goals against average"
Quarterfinals.
"Montreal Canadiens win total-goals series 2–1"
Boston Bruins vs. Chicago Black Hawks
"Boston wins total-goals series 10 goals to 5"
Semifinals.
New York Rangers vs. Boston Bruins
Playoff scoring leaders.
"Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points"

1961-62 NHL season
=Final standings=.
"Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, PIM = Penalties in minutes"
Scoring leaders.
"Note: GP = Games played, G = Goals, A = Assists, PTS = Points, PIM = Penalties in minutes"

Night of Champions (2008)
WWE Night of Champions (2008) was the second yearly Night of Champions professional wrestling pay-per-view event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). Though it was the eighth yearly event, it was the second yearly event under the Night of Champions name. It took place on June 29, 2008 at American Airlines Center in Dallas, Texas and featured talent from the Raw, SmackDown, and ECW brands. The official theme song was "Devour" by Shinedown. As a tradition, every championship in WWE was defended at the event.

William M. Jennings Trophy
The William M. Jennings Trophy is an award given each year to "to the goalkeeper(s) having played a minimum of 25 games for the team with the fewest goals scored against it. Winners are selected based on regular-season play." Up until 1981, the Vezina Trophy had been awarded under that definition, but it was later changed and replaced by the Jennings Trophy. Since it began in 1982, it has been awarded at the end of 25 seasons to 27 different players. The most recent winners are Chris Osgood and Dominik Hasek of the Detroit Red Wings, who combined for a league low 183 team goals against.
History.
Until the 1980–81 season, the Vezina Trophy was awarded to the goaltender(s) of the team allowing the fewest number of goals during the regular season. However, it was discovered that this often meant the trophy went to the goaltender of the better team rather than the individual, so they changed it to offer the Vezina to the most outstanding goaltender, as voted by the NHL General Managers. The William M. Jennings Trophy was created as a replacement and is given to the goaltender(s) playing for the team with the fewest goals scored against them.
The Jennings Trophy was donated by the NHL's board of governors and first handed out at the end of the 1981–82 season. It is named for the late William M. Jennings, who was a governor and president of the New York Rangers and who helped build ice hockey in the United States. Normally the lowest number of games a goaltender must play to be eligible for the trophy is 25, but for the lockout shortened 1994–95 season, the lowest was fourteen games.
Five players have won both the Jennings and Vezina Trophy for the same season: Patrick Roy (1988–89 and 1991–92), Ed Belfour (1990–91 and 1992–93), Dominik Hasek (1993–94 and 2000–01), Martin Brodeur (2002–03 and 2003–04) and Miikka Kiprusoff (2005–06). Roy has won the trophy five times, the most of any goaltender. Belfour and Brodeur are tied for second, having each won the trophy four times. It has been won most often by the Montreal Canadiens, on 5 occasions. The New Jersey Devils have won four times, and Buffalo Sabres and Chicago Blackhawks have three wins each.
Notes.
"For the 2002–03 season, there was a tie between Martin Brodeur of the New Jersey Devils and Robert Esche and Roman Cechmanek of the Philadelphia Flyers. This is the only time that there has been a tie between players from different teams."

Gemsbok
The gemsbok or gemsbuck ("Oryx gazella") is an African plains antelope. They are found all over Africa, especially Tanzania, Namibia and South Africa.
Grouping.
Gemsboks live in a herd of 10-40. The herds are usually set up with a dominant male and female as leaders of the herd. The males have striaght pointed horns and have been known to attack and kill lions and other predators by impaling them. The females are the same, but sometimes have curved horns.
Northern and Southern.
There are two varieties of gemsbok. A Northern Gemsbuck and a Southern Gemsbok. The northern variety have black fringed ears and live in the more northern parts of Africa. The Southern variety have longer horns and live in the southern parts of Africa.

The Left Hand of Darkness
"The Left Hand of Darkness" is a science fiction book that was written by Ursula K. Le Guin in 1969. It won the 1969 Nebula and 1970 Hugo awards.

Akan language
Akan is a language group spoken by related peoples in mainly Ghana and eastern Côte d'Ivoire.

Akkadian language
Akkadian ("lišānum akkadītum") or Assyro-Babylonian was a Semitic language (part of the Afro-Asiatic language family) that was spoken in ancient Iraq. The first Semitic language, it used the cuneiform writing system from ancient Sumerian.

Afar language
Afar () is a Lowland East Cushitic language spoken in Ethiopia, Eritrea and Djibouti. It is thought to have 1.5 million speakers. Its most similar language is the Saho language.

Abkhaz language
Abkhaz is a Northwest Caucasian language spoken most in Abkhazia and Turkey. It is the official language of the Republic of Abkhazia, where around 100,000 people speak it, and the second official language of Georgia.

Adyghe language
The Adyghe language is one of the two main languages of the Republic of Adygea in the Russian Federation. It is spoken by many tribes of the Adyghe people. The language is called by its speakers "Adygebze" or "Adəgăbză", and can also be spelled in English as "Adygean", "Adygeyan" or "Adygei". It is also called "Circassian".

WWE Brand Extension
The Entertainment (WWF/E) Brand Extension was a draft first used in 2002 by WWE with the purpose of dividing WWE Superstars into two brands, "RAW" and "SmackDown!". In 2006 "ECW" was added to the draft.
Background.
After buying World Championship Wrestling (WCW), its buisness opponent through the 1990s, in March 2001, the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) wanted to find a way to split itself into two separate brands, because of the numbers of Superstars that it had gotten as part of WCW's purchase. On March 18, 2002, Linda McMahon announced the "brand extension" in which the company would be split into two distinct brands.
In terms of storyline, Ric Flair had become co-owner of the WWF following Survivor Series 2001 where Shane and Stephanie McMahon sold their stocks to Flair in order to buy WCW and Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW). Vince McMahon didn't like having to share his creation with Flair and looked for a way to stop their partnership. After entering a feud with The Undertaker, Flair sought a match with him at WrestleMania X8. However, the WWF Board of Directors would only allow the match if Flair were to give all control of the WWF to McMahon. Flair agreed, however, the Board also reserved the right to review the ownership status of the WWF following WrestleMania. Their decision was to split the entire WWF roster into two separate brands, with Vince McMahon in control of the SmackDown! brand and Ric Flair in control of the RAW brand. A draft was started the following week on "RAW". Each owner would get a total of thirty picks. The brand extension officially began on April 1, 2002. By having two brands in place, the WWF was able to increase the number of live events held each year from 200 to 350.
Superstar selections.
The 2002 World Wrestling Federation (WWF) Brand Extension Draft took place at Penn State University in State College, Pennsylvania on March 25, 2002. The first half of the draft was televised live on TNN for two hours, on WWE's flagship program, Raw. The second half, or the supplemental draft, was conducted over the internet on WWF's official website, WWF.com. There were thirty draft picks, with sixty superstars drafted overall by co-owners of the WWF, Ric Flair and Vince McMahon, onto their respective brands, RAW and SmackDown!. For the televised half of the draft, ten brand selections were manually made by Flair and McMahon. The supplemental draft was however conducted as a draft lottery, with each brand receiving twenty random draft selections.
On the March 18, 2002 episode of "RAW", Vince McMahon won a coin toss to determine who would receive the first draft selection.
Aftermath.
On the June 10, 2002 edition of "Raw", McMahon became the only owner of World Wrestling Entertainment when he defeated Flair in a No Holds Barred match.
Background.
After World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) bought all of Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) in 2003, the company began releasing DVDs showing the original ECW. Soon afterwards, the company promoted two ECW reunion shows for ECW Alumni entitled, ECW One Night Stand in 2005 and in 2006.
On May 26, 2006, WWE announced a new brand, ECW, a revival of the 1990s show. The new brand debuted on its current network, the SCI FI Channel on June 13 2006.
Superstar selections.
The 2006 World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) Brand Extension Draft took place from the Tacoma Dome in Tacoma, Washington on May 29, 2006, where ECW representative, Paul Heyman, drafted two superstars, one from SmackDown! and one from RAW onto the new ECW brand.
Aftermath.
In late 2007, SmackDown! and ECW superstars began to appear on both shows as part of a (kayfabe) deal between ECW General Manager Armando Estrada and SmackDown General Manager Vickie Guerrero.
Interbrand competition.
Interbrand competition was kept at a minimum, with superstars from all brands competing together only at pay-per-view events. However, in 2003, all pay per view events became brand exclusive, leaving the "big four" pay-per-views (WrestleMania, SummerSlam, Survivor Series, and the Royal Rumble) as the only interbrand shows.
Starting in late 2006, in an attempt to add more star power to the shows, interbrand matches became more common. Most notably, MNM and The Hardys reformed, despite the fact that the teammates were on separate brands. Bobby Lashley is also notable for his interbrand action, who was involved in a storyline with the WWE Chairman, Vince McMahon. The return of "Saturday Night's Main Event" to NBC has also lead to more interaction between the brands.
Starting in April 2007 with Backlash, all pay-per-views now feature all the brands as they originally were in 2002.
Pay-per-views.
The separation of the WWE roster between two brands also intended to split the pay-per-view offerings, which began with Bad Blood in June 2003. The original idea had the "major" pay-per-view events at the time (Royal Rumble, SummerSlam, Survivor Series, and WrestleMania) would contain the only instances where wrestlers from different brands would interact with each other, and even among the four shows only the Royal Rumble and WrestleMania would have wrestlers from different brands competing against each other. Wrestlers, as a result, appeared only in 2/3 of the shows. Eventually, WWE abandoned the practice of single-brand pay-per-view events following WrestleMania 23. December to Dismember and New Year's Revolution were cancelled following the announcement.
Championships.
Initially, the WWE Undisputed Championship and WWE Women's Championship were available to both brands. The other championships were exclusive to the brand the champion was a part of. With several specialty championships being exclusive to one brand, numerous wrestlers were left with no title to fight for.
This issue was solved in September 2002 when the Undisputed Championship became the WWE Championship again and was moved to SmackDown! while Eric Bischoff created the World Heavyweight Championship for RAW. The end result was each brand having four championships. When ECW was revived in 2006, the ECW Championship was re-established and is that brand's world title.

Alemannic German
Alemannic German ("Alemannisch") is a group of dialects of the Upper German branch of the Germanic language family. It is spoken by about ten million people in six countries including southern Germany, Switzerland, France, Austria, Liechtenstein, and Italy. In Switzerland it is sometimes called Swiss German.
In contrast to other languages, Alemannic German is only a spoken language; there is no fixed ortohgraphy ofr the language.

Royal Rumble
The Royal Rumble is a yearly professional wrestling pay-per-view event, aired every January by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). The show's main event is a Battle Royal-type match, named the Royal Rumble match. The pay-per-view is part of WWE's "Big Four", along with WrestleMania, SummerSlam, and Survivor Series. The Royal Rumble is also one of WWE's more popular pay-per-views.
Since 1993, the winner of the Rumble match has received a title match at that year's WrestleMania.
Match.
The idea behind the Royal Rumble match is credited to Pat Patterson. Before the match begins, the contestants draw spots in the Rumble. The match consists of thirty men, beginning with the two men who chose entry numbers one and two in the ring. At regular timed intervals, usually ninety seconds, one of the remaining 28 wrestlers enters the ring. Participants must eliminate all other opponents, and the winner of the event is the last wrestler remaining after all others have been eliminated.
Similar to a Battle Royal, a wrestler is eliminated when thrown over the top rope, with both feet touching the floor. A referee, who is seated at ringside, must see an elimination in order for it to be valid. A wrestler who is eliminated without a referee noticing may sometimes sneak back into the match. For example, Stone Cold Steve Austin was eliminated during the 1997 event, but he re-entered without the referees' seeing and eventually won the match.A wrestler who leaves the ring without going over the top rope is not eliminated from the match. During the 1999 Rumble match, both Vince McMahon and Steve Austin left the ring, only to return later in the match. In the 1994 match, the last two wrestlers, Bret Hart and Lex Luger were declared co-winners when it was decided that both of their feet touched the floor at the same time. A similar situation occurred in the 2005 match, however the match was restarted after Batista and John Cena eliminated each other at the same time. Batista eliminated Cena afterwards to win the match.
The reward for the 1992 Royal Rumble was the WWF Championship. The tradition of granting a WWE Championship match at WrestleMania started in 1993. Beginning in 2004, the winner had their choice of a World Heavyweight Championship or WWE Championship match at WrestleMania. Due to the revival of the ECW World Championship as a brand championship in mid-2006, the 2007 Rumble added this championship as a choice to the winning wrestler. From 2001 to 2007 the Royal Rumble match winner has gone on to win a World Championship title at WrestleMania. After winning the 2008 match, John Cena became the first to use his championship opportunity at an event other than WrestleMania. He also became the first man since 2000 to win the Royal Rumble match but fail to win the title in his championship opportunity as a result.
Pay-per-view.
The Royal Rumble is a pay-per-view consisting of the Royal Rumble match, championship matches, and various other matches. The first Royal Rumble took place on January 24, 1988 and was broadcast live on the USA Network. The following year, the event became a pay-per-view. It is part of WWE's "classic five" pay-per-views, along with WrestleMania, Survivor Series, SummerSlam, and King of the Ring.
The Royal Rumble match is usually at the top of the card. However, it is not always the case, as the 2006 event had the match in the middle of the pay-per-view.
The first Rumble match featured only twenty men, and it was called the Rumble Royale. It lasted about 33 minutes of the 2-hour broadcast. Today, Rumble matches are much longer, with the longest match, at the 2002 event, lasting over 1 hour and 9 minutes of a 3-hour pay-per-view.
With the brand extension introduced in mid-2002, the 30 entrants from 2003 to 2006 had 15 wrestlers from both the RAW and SmackDown! brands. At first, the winner of the match received a shot at his brand's champion. Starting in 2004, the Rumble winner had the option of challenging either brand's champion. For instance, Chris Benoit switched brands in 2004 and won the World Heavyweight Championship. The 2007 Royal Rumble marked the first year participants from the ECW brand competed along with the RAW and SmackDown! brands. The winner of the Royal Rumble now has the option to challenge for the ECW World Championship as well.
The 2008 Royal Rumble was the first WWE pay-per-view to be aired in HD.
Video box set.
WWE released a full DVD box set called "Royal Rumble: The Complete Anthology", which showcases every Royal Rumble event in its entirety, on March 13, 2007.

WrestleMania XX
WrestleMania XX was the twentieth WrestleMania professional wrestling pay-per-view produced by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It took place on March 14, 2004 at Madison Square Garden in New York. It was a joint-promotion pay-per-view event, with performers from the Raw and SmackDown! brands. The tagline for WrestleMania XX was "Where it all Begins... Again". The official theme song for the event was "Step Up" by Drowning Pool. The secondary theme song was "Touché" by Godsmack. The event was the third WrestleMania at Madison Square Garden, but the fourth to take place in the New York metropolitan area (after WrestleMania I, WrestleMania 2, and WrestleMania X). The celebrated return made more than $2.4 million in ticket sales, making the Pay-Per-View the highest grossing WWE event ever to be at Madison Square Garden. A sold-out Madison Square Garden had more than 20,000 people from 16 countries, and 48 states. Fans from more than 90 countries watched the event on television.
The card for the event has two main events. The main match for the Raw brand was a Triple Threat match for the World Heavyweight Championship between Champion Triple H, Shawn Michaels and Chris Benoit. Benoit won the match, doing the Crippler Crossface, making Triple H let him win after that. The main match for the SmackDown! brand has Eddie Guerrero versus Kurt Angle for the WWE Championship. Guerrero won it after a Small package. The event also had the returning Undertaker beat Kane after a Tombstone Piledriver.
Background.
The main feud at the start of the pay-per-view was on the Raw brand, with Triple H, Shawn Michaels and Chris Benoit feuding over the World Heavyweight Championship. Triple H was the champion going into the event. At the Royal Rumble event two months before, Triple H and Michaels had fought each other with the World Heavyweight Championship, they were both trying to win the Last Man Standing match. The match ended in a draw after neither of them could answer a ten-count when Michaels did the Superkick. As a result, Triple H kept the title. Also at the pay-per-view, in the real Royal Rumble match, SmackDown!'s Benoit won the contest, eliminating The Big Show last. The next night, on the January 26 edition of "Raw", Michaels and Triple H had a in-ring promo when Raw's Sheriff, Stone Cold Steve Austin then came into the ring. He said that, even though Michaels should have a rematch, he had to "enforce the law." He also said that, in the rules it says that the winner of the Royal Rumble may face either the WWE Champion or World Heavyweight Champion. The winner of the Royal Rumble, Benoit went into the ring, and said that he would be fighting the World Heavyweight Champion at WrestleMania XX. On the February 2 edition of "Raw", Benoit was booked to play in his first contest on the brand, defeating Mark Henry, while making him submit to the Crippler Crossface in front of Triple H, who tried to distract Benoit. Both Triple H and Michaels were also in singles action later in night, defeating Spike Dudley and Randy Orton respectively. After the Michaels fought Orton, Triple H tried to attack Michaels, but Benoit chased Triple H away. Benoit and Michaels then went on to shake hands. The next week on "Raw", after Benoit defeated Ric Flair, a contract signing for the World Heavyweight Championship match at WrestleMania XX took place. Triple H signed the contract for the match, but just as Benoit was about to sign the contract to confirm the match, Michaels made his way to the ring. Michaels stated that he wanted to finish his long-running feud with Triple H at Madison Square Garden. As Benoit was about to say that is not going to happen, Michaels cut him off by Superkicking him. Michaels then went on to sign the contract. On the February 16 edition of "Raw", Raw General Manager Eric Bischoff said that Triple H should defend his championship against either Michaels and Benoit on that night, but Triple H rejected the proposal. Benoit, however, made his way to the ring, and put Triple H in the Crossface submission maneuver. Because Triple H rejected the proposal, Bischoff booked a match between Michaels and Benoit for the main event. Benoit looked set to win, but Triple H distracted him, allowing Michaels to perform the Superkick on Benoit. Triple H began to celebrate with Michaels, but instead did the Pedigree on Michaels. Moments later, Austin came to ringside, and said that Triple H would defend the title against both Michaels and Benoit at WrestleMania in a Triple Threat match.
Event.
The event began with the Boys Choir of Harlem singing "America the Beautiful". The first match that aired was a singles match between The Big Show and John Cena for the WWE United States Championship. In the beginning of the match Cena scoop slammed The Big Show twice. Cena then grabbed his signature chain and attacked Big Show with it. However the referee saw Cena and took the chain from him. With the referee holding the chain with his back turned, Cena hit Big Show with hidden brass knuckles. And then did his signature FU maneuver. Cena then quickly pinned The Big Show to win the match and the United States Championship. This match was the first time that the United States Championship had been defended at a WrestleMania.
The next match was a Fatal Four-Way tag match between Rob Van Dam and Booker T, Garrison Cade and Mark Jindrak, The Dudley Boyz (Bubba Ray and D-Von) and La Résistance (René Duprée and Rob Conway) for the World Tag Team Championship. The match ended when Conway was pinned by Van Dam after Booker T used his Scissor kick maneuver on Conway. That was followed by Van Dam's Five-Star Frog Splash. Booker T and Rob Van Dam kept the titles as a result.
The third match was between Christian and Chris Jericho. Christian won the match after Trish Stratus hit Jericho on the face with her elbow. Next up was a Handicap match with Evolution (Randy Orton, Batista and Ric Flair) and The Rock 'n' Sock Connection (The Rock and Mick Foley). Evolution won the match when Orton pinned Foley after successfully executing an RKO.
"Mean" Gene Okerlund then introduced the WWE Hall of Fame Class of 2004. This was followed by a Playboy Evening Gown Match with Torrie Wilson and Sable against Stacy Keibler and Miss Jackie. Wilson pinned Jackie for the win. The next match was a Cruiserweight Open for the WWE Cruiserweight Championship. Cruiserweight fighter stood outside the ring, while two fighters wrestled in the ring. As one wrestler lost, another one e went in the ring. Ultimo Dragon pinned Shannon Moore, but was then pinned by Jamie Noble. The next person to lose was Funaki, who was pinned by Noble. Nunzio then lost by count out when he was unable to return to the ring after doing a dive through the ropes onto Noble. Billy Kidman then entered the match, pinning and eliminating Noble. Kidman was then pinned and eliminated by Rey Mysterio. Tajiri was next to fight, but was pinned by Mysterio. Akio was the next scheduled fighter, but was not able to compete because he was inadvertently attacked by Tajiri when Mysterio ducked. The Crusierweight Champion, Chavo Guerrero was the final entrant and pinned Mysterio to win with the assistance of his father Chavo Guerrero, Sr., thus keeping the WWE Cruiserweight Championship.
The seventh match had Brock Lesnar and Goldberg with special guest referee, Steve Austin. The beginning of the match began with both men staring each other down, making much heat from the fans throughout the match. Goldberg then took Lesnar down with a Spear, that would only draw a two count after a pin attempt. Lesnar then did did the F-5 maneuver on Goldberg, but also resulted in a two-count pin attempt. Afterwards, Lesnar missed an attempt to knock Goldberg down, allowing Goldberg to execute another spear and a successful Jackhammer maneuver that led to a three count for Goldberg, thus winning the match. After the match, Steve Austin did a Stone Cold Stunner on both fighters to the crowd's delight and celebrated with beer in the ring.
The eight match was the encounter of Victoria and Molly Holly for the WWE Women's Championship, where Holly would have to be shaved bald if she lost. Victoria would counter a Widow's peak maneuver attempt by Holly into a Backslide pin, drawing a three count, thus winning the match and retaining the WWE Women's Championship. Holly tried running towards the backstage area to escape the match's stipulation, but was eventually stopped by Victoria who would knock her out and place her onto the barber's chair, shaving her bald.
The next match had Eddie Guerrero and Kurt Angle fighting over the WWE Championship. Guerrero used a DDT and Frog Splash maneuver on Angle that would result in a two-count pin attempt. Angle then secured Guerrero with an Ankle lock hold. However, Guerrero escaped the hold by rolling through it and throwing Angle out of the ring. As Angle was outside, Guerrero loosened his ring boot to relieve the pain. As Angle returned to the ring, he applied another Ankle lock on Guerrero that would end up being unsuccessful with Guerrero escaping the hold by pushing Angle off with his other foot leaving Angle holding the Guerrero's loosened ring boot. With Angle confused, Guerrero did a Roll-up pin maneuver leading to a successful pinfall, thus winning the match and retaining the WWE Championship.
The tenth match of the event was the encounter of The Undertaker and Kane, which would be Undertaker's first match since he was buried alive at Survivor Series 2003. The Undertaker made his return under his "Deadman" gimmick, as he was accompanied to the ring by Paul Bearer. The two wrestlers brawled in the beginning of the match, until Kane used a Chokeslam maneuver on Undertaker, which made no effect as Undertaker sat up immediately afterwards. The Undertaker then retaliated by Chokeslamming Kane and executing a Tombstone piledriver into a successful pinfall, thus winning the match and remaining undefeated at WrestleMania with a 12-0 record.
The main event was a Triple threat match over the World Heavyweight Championship between Triple H, Chris Benoit, and Shawn Michaels. This was the seventh title defense of the night, the most in WrestleMania history. Benoit gained control over Michaels when he did the Crossface hold. As Michaels was about to submit, Triple H would save the match. Triple H and Michaels teamed up to suplex Benoit through the announcer's table. Michaels then attempted to hit Benoit with a Sweet Chin Music maneuver, but Benoit countered it, throwing Michaels out of the ring. As this occurred, Triple H attempted to Pedigree Benoit. However, Benoit also countered it and held Triple H with Crossface hold that would force Triple H to submit. As a result, Benoit won the match and the World Heavyweight Championship.
Aftermath.
Even though WWE tried hard to promote the Brock Lesnar versus Goldberg contest, some critics were not happy with the match. Many in Madison Square Garden booed the fighters, and only cheered for Steve Austin because both of the fighters were leaving the WWE after the event.
At Backlash, the original main event match was between Chris Benoit and Shawn Michaels for the World Heavyweight Championship. But on the March 29 edition of "Raw", after being traded to SmackDown! and brought back to Raw, Triple H said that the match at Backlash be changed to Benoit against Triple H for the World Heavyweight Championship. Raw General Manager Eric Bischoff liked the idea of the match, but ended by saying that he made a promise to Michaels to give him a World title match at Backlash; instead, Bischoff booked a Triple Threat match between Benoit, Michaels and Triple H for the World Heavyweight Championship. At Backlash, Benoit kept the World title, after he made Michaels submit to the Sharpshooter.
The feud between Kurt Angle and Eddie Guerrero continued. On the March 25 edition of "SmackDown!", Angle was made the on-screen General Manager of SmackDown!, as part to the storyline of Angle's legit neck problems. This angle would also play on the April 15 edition of "SmackDown!", when he said talked abou the injuries he got when The Big Show chokeslammed Angle off a ledge. In reality Angle said that he would be heaving neck surgery in May and would not be fighting until August. At The Great American Bash, Angle cost Guerrero the WWE title in a Texas Bull Rope match against John "Bradshaw" Layfield, after Angle changed the result of the match when Guerrero looked to have won the title. In the same month, Angle's position as General Manager of SmackDown! came to an end when he was fired by WWE Chairman Vince McMahon, after McMahon had exposed that Angle was not really injured. At SummerSlam, Angle and Guerrero were booked in a match, in which it saw Angle defeat Guerrero after he made Guerrero submit to the Ankle lock.

WrestleMania 22
WrestleMania 22 was the twenty-second yearly WrestleMania professional wrestling pay-per-view produced by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It took place on April 2, 2006 at the Allstate Arena in the Chicago, Illinois suburb of Rosemont. The event was the third WrestleMania to take place in the Chicago metropolitan area (following WrestleMania 2, and WrestleMania 13). Tickets sold out in under two minutes, grossing $2.5 million for the event, making it the highest grossing one-day event at the Allstate Arena. More than 17,155 people from 16 countries and 43 states attended, with millions more watching in more than 90 countries.
WrestleMania 22 was a joint-promotion pay-per-view event, featuring performers from the Raw and SmackDown! brands. The tagline for WrestleMania 22 was "Big Time". The official theme song for the event was "Big Time" by Peter Gabriel. Secondary theme songs included "I Dare You" by Shinedown, "Save Me Sorrow" by Bullets and Octane, and "Baby Hates Me" by Danko Jones.
The main match on the Raw brand was John Cena versus Triple H for the WWE Championship, which Cena won via submission after forcing Triple H to submit to the STFU. The predominant match on the SmackDown! brand was Kurt Angle versus Rey Mysterio versus Randy Orton in a Triple Threat match for the World Heavyweight Championship, which Mysterio won by pinfall after executing a 619 and a West Coast Pop on Orton. Other matches on the undercard featured Shawn Michaels versus Vince McMahon in a No Holds Barred match, The Undertaker versus Mark Henry in a Casket match. and Rob Van Dam versus Shelton Benjamin versus Ric Flair versus Finlay versus Matt Hardy versus Bobby Lashley in a Money in the Bank ladder match
Background.
The main feud heading into WrestleMania on the Raw brand was between John Cena and Triple H over the WWE Championship. After failing to win the Royal Rumble match, Triple H participated in the 2006 Road to WrestleMania Tournament, where the winner would become the number-one contender to the WWE Championship at WrestleMania. In the final match of the tournament, held on the February 20 edition of "Raw", Triple H faced Rob Van Dam and The Big Show in a Triple Threat match. Triple H won the match after pinning Van Dam following a Pedigree.
The predominant feud on the SmackDown! Brand was between Kurt Angle, Rey Mysterio, and Randy Orton over the World Heavyweight Championship. Mysterio won the 2006 Royal Rumble match, last eliminating Orton, to earn a world championship match at WrestleMania. At No Way Out, Orton defeated Mysterio to win his WrestleMania 22 world championship match. Five day later, on the February 24 edition of "SmackDown!", SmackDown! General Manager Theodore Long announced that the World Heavyweight Championship match at WrestleMania 22 would be a Triple Threat match involving Mysterio, Orton, and champion Angle.
On the March 24 edition of "SmackDown!", Orton interfered in Mysterio's and Angle's respective match. During Mysterio's match against Finlay, Orton interfered and executed an RKO on Mysterio, allowing Finlay to pin Mysterio for the win. Henry executed a splash shortly after to gain the pinfall victory. After the match, Mysterio executed a 619 on Angle. The following week, after Angle defeated Mysterio, Orton came out and executed an RKO on Mysterio.
Another primary feud from Raw was between Shawn Michaels and Vince McMahon. At the Royal Rumble, during the Royal Rumble match, Vince distracted Michaels as his music started to play. During that time, Shane McMahon, who was not an official entrant in the match, eliminated Michaels after attacking him from behind. One month later, on the February 27 edition of "Raw", Shane hit Michaels with a steel chair and forced him to "kiss" Vince's ass, thus joining Vince's "Kiss My Ass Club." On "Raw" two weeks later, Vince forced Michaels to take a public drug test. During the test, however, Michaels threw his urine on both Vince and Shane. After the match, Shane continued attacking Michaels, causing him to bleed in the process, and executed a corner-to-corner missile dropkick. On the March 18 edition of "Saturday Night's Main Event", Michaels faced off against Shane in a Street Fight. Near the end of the match, Shane locked Michaels in the sharpshooter and Vince ordered the match to end. Vince screwed Michaels, claiming he submitted to the move, and declared Shane the winner via submission. On the March 20 edition of "Raw", Vince announced that his match against Michaels at WrestleMania would now be a No Holds Barred match.
One of the featured matches on the undercard was a Casket match between The Undertaker and Mark Henry. On the March 3 edition of "SmackDown!", Undertaker challenged Angle for the World Heavyweight Championship. During the match, after Undertaker executed a Tombstone piledriver, Henry came out attacked Undertaker, causing the match the end via disqualification. The following week, on "SmackDown!", Undertaker challenged Henry to a Casket match at WrestleMania. On the March 18 edition of "Saturday Night's Main Event", Henry, along with his manager Daivari, called out The Undertaker. Undertaker came out, accompanied by Druids carrying a casket, and the two started attacking each other. Shortly after, Undertaker executed a chokeslam, followed by a Tombstone piledriver, to Daivari on the casket.
Event.
Before the event went live on pay-per-view, a dark match was held which was an 18-man interpromotional battle royal. Viscera won the battle royal last eliminating Snitsky. After winning the battle royal, he kissed Lilian Garcia. Michelle Williams sang "America the Beautiful" before the show.
The opening match was for the World Tag Team Championship between champions Kane and The Big Show and Carlito and Chris Masters. Kane hit Masters with a big boot, then chokeslammed Carlito to get the victory and to retain the World Tag Team Championship.
The second match was the Money in the Bank ladder match between, Rob Van Dam, Shelton Benjamin, Ric Flair, Finlay, Bobby Lashley and Matt Hardy. In the beginning, Benjamin propped a ladder against the ring rope, then ran it up and launched it into a frontflip on the other contestants outside the ring. Later on, Hardy superplexed Flair off the top of the ladder and Flair's leg injury increased. He was then taken away by the referees to backstage. Flair came back but Finlay hit him with the shillelagh. RVD would then stand up on top of the 15-foot ladder and hit Finlay with a Five-Star Frog Splash. RVD climbed the ladder, but was stopped when Benjamin springboarded onto RVD and delivered each other blows back and fourth. Hardy came out with a second ladder and joined the two. RVD pushed Hardy and Benjamin's ladder over with his feet and pushed them sending them both smashing on the floor. RVD grabbed the briefcase and went on to win the 2006 Money in the Bank ladder match.
Howard Finkel introduced the WWE Hall of Fame class of 2006. First of all, he announced that Bret Hart would not be coming to attend the event, as he did not fell comfortable. "Mean" Gene Okerlund, "Sensational" Sherri Martel, Tony Atlas, William "The Refrigerator" Perry and The Blackjacks (Blackjack Mulligan and Blackjack Lanza) attended the class while Eddie Guerrero was represented by his wife Vickie Guerrero who was supported by Eddie's nephew Chavo Guerrero.
The third match was between John "Bradshaw" Layfield and Chris Benoit for WWE United States Championship. During JBL's entrance, the entrance ramp was raised and JBL's limousine drove out from underneath. JBL hit Benoit a Clothesline From Hell but Benoit avoided the move and applied in the Crippler Crossface. JBL flipped Benoit over on his back and used ropes for leverage and then the referee counted to 3 as JBL won the WWE United States Championship.
The fourth match was a hardcore match between Edge and Mick Foley. When Edge delivered Foley a Spear, he cut his arm and his blood poured out. Foley removed his clothing and revealed that he was wrapped in a razor wire. Near the end of the match, Foley had Edge in control and pulled out a table. Lita then hit Foley in between the legs with a barbed wire bat, and lit the table which then allowed Edge to hit a Spear to Foley through the ring ropes through the flaming table on the outside, and pinned Foley to get the win.
The fifth match was a handicap match where Booker T and Sharmell faced The Boogeyman. He put the worms into his mouth and chewed them and then kissed Sharmell. Sharmell screamed and immediately left the match running to backstage. Boogeyman hit Booker a Falling Chokebomb and pinned Booker to get the victory.
The sixth match was a divas match between Trish Stratus and Mickie James for the WWE Women's Championship. At the end of the match, Mickie hit a Mick Kick on Trish's head which knocked out Trish and then Mickie pinned Trish to win the match and the WWE Women's Championship.
The seventh match was a Casket match between The Undertaker and Mark Henry. Undertaker took advantage and hit Henry with a Last Ride. While Henry was out of the ring, Undertaker hit him with a suicide dive over the top rope. Undertaker went on to hit Henry with a Tombstone Piledriver and then pushed him into the casket to win the match and keeping his undefeated WrestleMania streak alive improving his WrestleMania record to 14-0.
The eighth match was a No Holds Barred match between Shawn Michaels and Vince McMahon. Michaels controlled all the five men, by throing Kenny onto the other four men on the outside. Shawn went to deliver McMahon a Sweet Chin Music but instead he got a trash can and a table. He was going to hit McMahon a diving elbow drop from the top of a ladder until he got a taller ladder. He put McMahon on a table and put a trashcan over McMahon's head. Michaels then climbed on the top of the tall ladder and hit McMahon a diving elbow drop. Michaels then hit McMahon with a Sweet Chin Music. Michaels pinned McMahon to win the match.
The ninth match was a Triple Threat match between Kurt Angle, Rey Mysterio and Randy Orton for the World Heavyweight Championship. During Mysterio's entrance, P.O.D. performed Mysterio's music entrance live. Angle kicked out of an RKO by Orton and a West Coast Pop by Mysterio. At the end, Mysterio went on to hit Orton a 619 followed by a West Coast Pop pinfall victory. As a result, Rey Mysterio became the new World Heavyweight Champion. After the match, Mysterio celebrated with Chavo Guerrero and Vickie Guerrero.
The tenth match was a Playboy Pillow Fight between Torrie Wilson and Candice Michelle. It was a quick match which Torrie had in control. She hit Candice a snap suplex and a backdrop. She pulled Candice's dress and pinned her with a roll-up.
The main event was for the WWE Championship between reigning champion John Cena and Triple H. Both men came in different styles during their entrances. Triple H came out on a throne dressed as Conan the Barbarian-type king while Cena came out with a tommy gun and was accompanied by a group of "gangsters" in a 1940s Chicago-era vehicle. The fans were against Cena during the match. Near the end of the match, Triple H hit Cena in the head with a sledgehammer, but Cena kicked out on a 2 count despite the sledghammer shot to the face. Moments later Cena went to deliver Triple H a Five Knuckle Shuffle, but run into a Spinebuster by Triple H. Moments later Triple H tried to hit Cena with a Pedigree but was countered by Cena into an FU. Triple H kicked out of the pinfall attempt despite the FU. Cena would then lock Triple H into the STFU, but Triple H got to the ropes. Triple H took advantage again by trying to deliver Cena another Pedigree but was countered into the STFU again, and as a result, Triple H tapped out and Cena retained the WWE Championship.
Aftermath.
The next night on "Raw", Triple H came out and said to John Cena that he underestimated the champ, because he lost at WrestleMania 22 to Cena. Edge then came out and said to Triple H that he deserved another WWE Championship match because he defeated Mick Foley in a Hardcore match. Over the next few weeks, all three men faced each other in Handicap matches, which all three men won over the three week period by pinning and making each other submit respectively. It was then announced that the main event at Backlash would be John Cena versus Triple H versus Edge in a Triple Threat match for the WWE Championship. At Backlash, Cena won the match and retained the WWE Championship via pinfall on Triple H with a Jackknife roll-up, but after the match Triple H attacked Cena, Edge and the referee with a sledgehammer and did a couple of DX crotch crops to Cena and Edge.
After WrestleMania, Shawn Michaels would continue to feud with Vince McMahon. At Backlash. Michaels teamed up with "God" to face Vince McMahon and Shane McMahon. At Backlash, Michaels suffered a loss, when the Spirit Squad interfered on behalf of The McMahons (Vince and Shane). On the June 12, 2006 edition of "Raw", Vince McMahon announced that Triple H would face the Spirit Squad in a 5 on 1 Handicap Gauntlet match. Vince called Mitch out last, who throughout the match he called all four members one-by-one, instead Mitch was thrown out from the curtain by Shawn Michaels. Michaels run down the ramp and started bashing the Spirit Squad with Triple H, marking the return of D-Generation X. At Vengeance, DX faced the Spirit Squad in a 5 on 2 Handicap match, which DX won after both Michaels and Triple H pinned Kenny and Mikey at the same time.
Rey Mysterio would go on and fued with John "Bradshaw" Layfield (JBL) over the World Heavyweight Championship. On the May 5 edition of "SmackDown!", after Rey Mysterio expressed his feelings about being World Heavyweight Champion, John "Bradshaw" Layfield came out and declared himself the number one contender. Henry won the match via pinfall. The next week on "SmackDown!", JBL announced that Mysterio would take on The Great Khali later that night. Khali won the match via pinfall. (22:02)

Midquel
A midquel is a story, book, or movie that takes place in the middle of another one. It is a combination of a sequel and a prequel.

Chip 'n Dale
Chip 'n' Dale are two fictional, animated chipmunks made by The Walt Disney Company. Their names are a pun from the name "Chippendale" (see Thomas Chippendale).

International Justice Network
The International Justice Network (IJNetwork) leads human rights initiatives around the world by giving legal help and skill to victims of human rights abuses and by making a global network of legal professionals, non-governmental organizations and community-based human rights people to to protect and promote human rights and the rule of law.
IJNetwork is the only organization working with prisonerrs in the United States prison, Bagram Theater Internment Facility in Afghanistan.

Child sexual abuse
Child sexual abuse is when an adult or older teenager makes a child do any kind of sexual activities. It also happens when the adult or older teen asks a child to do any kissing, hugging or other sexual activities.
Child sexual abuse can harm a child emotionally, with various effects, and some of those effects can happen much later when the child is an adult. The effects can include depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, an increased chance that other kinds of abuse can happen to the same person later, and physical injury can happen to the child. When a child is sexually abused by a family member, it is called "incest," and the effects can cause even more serious long-term psychological trauma, especially when the incest is done by a parent. Most but not all child sexual abuse is committed by pedophiles, adults who are sexually attracted to children more than to adults.
Child sexual abuse is not rare. Around a quarter of all women and a tenth of all men were sexually abused when they were children. For most children who are sexually abused, the person who abused them is somebody that they know. Around a third of child sexual abuse is done by a relative of the child, most often fathers, uncles or cousins. Strangers only do around a tenth of child sexual abuse cases, and the rest are done other acquaintances such as friends of the family, babysitters, or neighbors. Men are the offenders in the majority of child sexual abuse; women are the offenders in around 10% of the cases.

Reporters Without Borders
Reporters Without Borders (RWB) (or RSF, or RSF, or ROG) is an international non-governmental organization. Its headquarters is located in Paris. The organization was founded in 1985. Its current Secretary General is Robert Ménard. Although the RWB states their aim is to "defend journalists", it is known for having ties with spying agencies like the CIA.
Controversy.
Reporters Without Borders is known for having strong ties with spying agencies in western countries. The United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) also gave money to RWB. Journalist Diana Barahona writes that RWB takes sides (journalists are supposed to take no sides). They take sides especially when they publish news on Cuba. On its press freedom index, they give Cuba a lower ranking than countries like Colombia, Peru and Mexico where reporters were routinely killed. Reporters Without Borders is on the payroll of the United States State Department. The organization also has links with the International Republican Institute (IRI), an arm of the Republican Party. IRI produced propaganda against popular democratic governments in Venezuela and Haiti, funding opposition leaders of Hugo Chavez and Jean-Bertrand Aristide in close connection with CIA. Thus RWB's trustworthiness is questionable.

Kudu
Kudu are a type of African antelope that are found all over Africa, depending on the variety. There are two varieties of Kudu. The Lesser Kudu and the Greater Kudu. The Lessr Kudu live in Eastern Africa and Kenya and Tanzania. The Greater Kudu are found in Eastern and Southern Africa.
Appearence.
They are a brown-grey color with white stripes that go down the center of there body. They are very fast and stealthy. For these facts their other African name is Grey Ghost. The males have tall spiraling horns. The females regularly have no horns.
Grouping and Behavior.
Male Kudus can be found widespread from the group, or in bachelor groups. The males don't normally have long fights over dominence. They normally prepare to fight but one stands up more lateral, making himself look larger and more of a threat. Males are only seen with females during mating season, in groups of 6-10 with their offspring. The calves grow very quickly and are usually ready to leave their mother at around six months.

Electrode
An electrode is something that can carry electricity. It is used to touch a non-metal part of a circuit.

1996-97 NHL season
Regular season.
The Boston Bruins recorded the league's worst record, missing the playoffs for the first time in thirty seasons and ending the longest number of years in a row in the playoffs ever recorded in the history of North American professional sport.
Final standings.
"Note: W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, GF= Goals For, GA = Goals Against, Pts = Points"
Scoring leaders.
"Note: GP = Games Played, G = Goals, A = Assists, Pts = Points"
Scoring leaders.
"Note: GP = Games Played, G = Goals, A = Assists, Pts = Points"
NHL Awards.
The NHL Awards presentation took place on June 19, 1997.

1997-98 NHL season
Highlights.
Jari Kurri reached 600 goals in his career, finishing with 601.
The Vancouver Canucks and Mighty Ducks of Anaheim opened the season with two games in Tokyo, Japan; this was the first time the NHL played games outside of North America.
Final standings.
"Note: W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, GF= Goals For, GA = Goals Against, Pts = Points"
Scoring leaders.
"Note: GP = Games Played, G = Goals, A = Assists, Pts = Points"
Scoring leaders.
"Note: GP = Games Played, G = Goals, A = Assists, Pts = Points"
NHL Awards.
The NHL Awards took place in Toronto, Ontario

Roy Worters
Roy "Shrimp" Worters (October 19, 1900 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada – November 7, 1957) was a Canadian professional ice hockey Hall of Fame goaltender who played twelve seasons in the National Hockey League for the Pittsburgh Pirates, Montreal Canadiens and New York Americans, and was notable for having 66 shutouts in his career and being, at 5'3" tall, the shortest player ever to play in the NHL.

Al Rollins
Elwin "Al" Ira Rollins (October 9, 1926 – July 27 1996) was a professional Canadian ice hockey goaltender.
Born in Vanguard, Saskatchewan, Rollins played in the NHL for the Toronto Maple Leafs, Chicago Black Hawks and New York Rangers. He played a big role in the Leafs 1951 Stanley Cup victory. Rollins also won the 1951 Vezina Trophy and the 1954 Hart Memorial Trophy.
Rollins retired in 1962 and decided to become a coach. After retiring, Rollins coached the University of Calgary ice hockey team as well as clubs in Spokane, Salt Lake City, Houston, Tulsa and Phoenix. As a coach, he had alot of success, including an Allan Cup win with the Spokane Jets in 1970.
His son Jerry Rollins played in the WHA which no longer is in operation.

Chuck Rayner
Claude Earl "Chuck" Rayner (born - August 11, 1920 in Kenora, Ontario, died - October 6, 2002) was a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender who played nine seasons in the National Hockey League for the New York Americans and New York Rangers. He is an member of the Hockey Hall of Fame.

New York Americans
The New York Americans were a professional ice hockey team, the third expansion team in the history of the National Hockey League (NHL) and the second to play in the United States.
Season-by-season record.
"Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, PIM = Penalties in minutes"

Jesse James (movie)
"Jesse James" (1939) is a western movie created by Henry King and includes Tyrone Power, Henry Fonda, Nancy Kelly, and Randolph Scott. Written by Nunnally Johnson, the movie is based on the life of the famous criminal for which the movie gets its name.
Plot.
The movie follows the life and death of Jesse James (Tyrone Power), as well as his adventures with his brother, Frank James (Henry Fonda).

Jesse G. James
Jesse Gregory James (born April 19, 1969) is an American television personality and CEO of West Coast Choppers, a builder of custom-made motorcycles. James is the host of "Motorcycle Mania" and the former series "Monster Garage" on the Discovery Channel.
Biography.
Jesse Gregory James was born in Lynwood, California to Larry and Carol James, the younger of two children. Jesse James is related to "the criminal Jesse James" from his great grandfather's cousin. James says he grew up in Long Beach, California, but that he did not spend his whole childhood there. James' parents divorced while he was still in grade school in South Gate, California and he and sister Julie moved to Riverside with their father, Larry James and attended La Sierra High School.

The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford
"The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford" is a 2007 Western movie. It was based on Ron Hansen's 1983 novel of the same name. The movie is directed by Andrew Dominik, with Brad Pitt portraying Jesse James and Casey Affleck as Robert Ford. Filming took place in Calgary, Edmonton and Winnipeg.

James Burke (gangster)
James 'Jimmy the Gent' Burke (July 5, 1931 New York City, New York – April 13, 1996 Alden, New York), was an Irish-American gangster.
Family.
He is the father of small-time mobster Frankie Burke, Jesse James Burke, Catherine Burke and another unknown daughter. Catherine married Anthony Indelicato in 1992. He was nicknamed The Big Irishman or The Irish Guinea. Jimmy Conway, a character in the movie "Goodfellas," is based on Burke.

Jesse James (actor)
Jesse James (born September 14, 1989) is an American actor.
Television.
"Veronica Mars" (2007) - J.D. Sansone - "Papa's Cabin"
"Monk" (2004) - Jared Stottlemeyer - "Mr. Monk and the Captain's Wife"
"Family Law" (2002) - Jake Shaw - "Celano v. Foster"
"Chicago Hope" (2000) - Dustin Moss - "Hopes of You"
"Felicity" (2000) - Stephen - "Party Lines"
"Angel" (2000) - Ryan - "I've Got You Under My Skin"
"The Wild Thornberrys" (1999) - Gola - "Chimp Off the Old Block"
"The X-Files" (1999) - poor boy - "The Unnatural"
"ER" (1998) - Wilson Geary - "Good Luck, Ruth Johnson"
"Walker, Texas Ranger" (1997) - Jebb Wilson - "Last of The Breed Part 1 and 2"

Jesse James Hollywood
Jesse James Hollywood (born January 28, 1980 in Los Angeles, California) is an American drug dealer and former fugitive. He allegedly kidnapped and had someone murder Nicholas Markowitz.

Jesse James (Lucky Luke)
Jesse James is a Lucky Luke comic written by Goscinny and illustrated by Morris. The first of these French comics was printed in 1969 by Dargaud.

2001-02 NHL season
The 2001–02 NHL season was the 85th regular season of the National Hockey League. Thirty teams each played 82 games. The Stanley Cup winners were the Detroit Red Wings, who won the best of seven series 4–1 against the Carolina Hurricanes.
The Dallas Stars moved their home games from Reunion Arena to American Airlines Center.
The NHL honored the victims of 11 by having all players wear a patch on their jerseys, as well as a red, white and blue ribbon behind each net.
For the second time in three seasons, no player reached the 100-point plateau.
Final standings.
"Note: W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, OTL = Overtime Losses, GF= Goals For, GA = Goals Against, Pts = Points"
Scoring leaders.
"Note: GP = Games Played, G = Goals, A = Assists, Pts = Points"
Playoff bracket.
"Note: All dates in 2002."
NHL Awards.
The NHL Awards presentation took place in Toronto.

George Hainsworth
George Hainsworth (June 26, 1895 in Toronto, Ontario - October 9, 1950) was a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender who played for the Montreal Canadiens and Toronto Maple Leafs in the National Hockey League (NHL).

Tiny Thompson
Cecil Ralph "Tiny" Thompson (May 31, 1903 – February 9, 1981) was a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender. He played 12 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played 10 seasons with the Boston Bruins and two seasons with the Detroit Red Wings. He won the Vezina Trophy, given to the NHL's best goaltender, four times. He was added to the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1959. He won the Stanley Cup once, in 1929 with Boston. At the start of the 1938–39 season, after ten entire seasons with Boston, he was traded to the Detroit Red Wings, where he played the rest of the season, and played another full one before stopping. During his time in the NHL, Thompson made 81 shutouts. This is the sixth-most of any goaltender. After stopping playing, he coached some lower-league teams before becoming a famous professional scout. Thompson helped to make common the technique of catching the puck as a method of making a save. He was good at using his stick to play the puck. He was the first goaltender in the NHL to record an assist by passing the puck with his stick to a player on his team.
Early life.
Thompson was born in Sandon, British Columbia, on May 31, 1903. He grew up in Calgary, Alberta. In 1906, his brother Paul was born in Calgary. Paul would also become a professional ice hockey player. When Cecil was a child, he enjoyed playing baseball and ice hockey. At first, Cecil was not a goaltender. He became a goaltender so that the other children would allow him to play with them. When he became a teenager, other persons on his team began to call him "Tiny" since he was the tallest player. He would be known as "Tiny" for the rest of career.
Thompson began playing junior hockey when he was 16 with the Calgary Monarchs. In his first season, he competed for the Memorial Cup. The Memorial Cup is given to the best junior ice hockey team in Canada. In the two games in which he competed for the Memorial Cup, he gave up 11 goals, which was an average amount of goals to give up in that period of ice hockey.
In the 1920–21 season, Thompson played for Calgary Alberta Grain. In the next three seasons, he played for a team in Bellevue, Alberta. In the 1924–25 season, he joined the Duluth Hornets. He played 40 games for the Hornets. In those 45 games, he had 11 shutouts.
In the next season, Thompson joined the Minneapolis Millers of the American Hockey Association (AHA). He played for the Millers for three seasons. During that time, he appeared in 118 games, making 33 shutouts. He had a 1.37 goals-against average, which is an average of goals surrendered in a span of sixty minutes).
Boston Bruins.
Thompson started playing in the National Hockey League (NHL) in the 1928–29 season. He joined the Boston Bruins since Boston manager Art Ross bought his contract from Minnesota. He did so because he had heard that Thompson was a very good goaltender.
In his first-ever game, Thompson made a shutout. He is the only goaltender that is in the Hockey Hall of Fame that has made a shutout in his first game. I In his first season, Thompson played in all of Boston's 44 games. He made 12 shutouts and has a 1.15 goals-against average. In one full season, a goals-against average of 1.15 is the second-lowest ever in NHL history. George Hainsworth has a lower goals-against average of 0.98 that season, which is the lowest-ever goals-against average for a full season. The Boston Bruins were in first place in the American Division, and they made the playoffs. In the playoffs, they won all of their five games, as they won the Stanley Cup for their first time. In the five playoff games, Thompson made three shutouts, and gave up only three goals during the playoffs. In that season, two brothers, Cecil and Paul, played against each other for the first time in the NHL. Cecil and Paul also played against each other in the Stanley Cup Finals, which was also the first time when brothers played against each other.
In the next season, Cecil played in all of Boston's 44 games again. He made three shutouts and he had a 2.19 goals-against average. Thompson made much less shutouts and a much higher goals-against average because the rules were changed so that players were allowed to pass forward in the attacking area. That season, Boston won all but six games, finishing with a 38–5–1 record, which is the highest-ever winning percentage of any team in the NHL. In the playoffs, they lost two games in a row for the first time in that season. The lost the Stanley Cup finals against the Montreal Canadiens. Earlier in the playoffs, his streak of winning his first seven games was ended. It remains the longest winning streak to start a playoff career. Thompson won his first out of four Vezina Trophies that season.
In the 1930–31 season, he played all 44 games again, and was named to the Second All-Star team. In the next season, Boston lost the semi-finals of the playoffs to Montreal. In the second game of the series against Montreal, Thompson was removed from the net near the end of the game. That was so done so Boston would have six attacking players against Montreal's five. Having more attacking players gave Boston a bigger chance to score. Although Boston lost, their coach's idea was described as "amazing".
In the 1931–32 season, Boston did not play in the playoffs for the first time when Thompson played for them. He missed five games during that season, which was the only time that happened to him. In the 43 games he played, Thompson won only 13. The next season, Boston made the playoffs again, but they lost to the Toronto Maple Leafs.
The last game of the playoff series against the Maple Leafs was described as Thompson's best. In that game, Boston and Toronto were tied after three usual periods of 20 minutes. Since the game was tied, it proceeded to overtime. After five periods of 20 minutes, the game was tied. At end of the fifth overtime period, managers Conn Smythe of the Maple Leafs and Art Ross of the Bruins ask the president of the NHL, Frank Calder, to stop the game, and finish it later. Calder refused. Early in the sixth overtime period, a pass from Boston player Eddie Shore was intercepted. Ken Doraty of the Maple Leafs went for a breakaway, and scored on Thompson at 4:46 of the sixth overtime period. Even though he lost the game, he received a standing ovation from the the fans at Maple Leaf Gardens. This game was the second-longest ever played in the NHL. Even though Thompson lost more games than he won in the playoffs, he finished wit a 1.23 goals-against average.
Thompson got his second Vezina Trophy in the 1932–33 season, making 11 shutouts and getting a 1.76 goals-against average. The next season, Boston missed the playoffs. In the 1934–35 season, Boston placed first in the American Division. Thompson was chosen to the Second All-Star team for his second time. The Bruins won only one of their four playoff games. Their only win came when Thompson had a shutouts. He finished the playoffs with a 1.53 goals-against average.
In the 1935–36 season, Thompson made 10 shutouts, but Boston won only 22 out of 48 games. During that season, Thompson made an assist. At that time time, it was very rare for a goaltender to do that. At the end of the season, he was named to First All-Star team for his first time. He also won the Vezina Trophy for his third time. In that season's playoffs, Boston's series against the Toronto Maple Leafs was a series of contrasts. Boston lost the two-game, total-goal series eight goals to six. In one game, Boston won against Toronto 6–0, but they lost the other game 8–0.
In the 1937–38, Thompson played his last entire season with the Bruins. He won 30 out of the 48 games, but Boston lost to the Maple Leafs once again in the playoffs. At end of the season, he won his fourth and last Vezina Trophy, and was named to the First All-Star team for the second time.
Detroit Red Wings.
Thompson played only five games in the 1938–39 season, because the Bruins decided to replace him with Frank Brimsek. To make space for Brimsek, Thompson was traded to the Detroit Red Wings for Normie Smith and $15,000. Thompson also received $1000 from Boston. Art Ross, still the manager of the Bruins, predicted that Thompson would play five more years for Detroit; however, he only played two. Although Detroit lost more games than they won, they made the playoffs in both seasons, but they did not win the Stanley Cup. Overall, Thompson appeared in 85 regular season games for Detroit, recording a 32–41–12 record, seven shutouts, and a 2.54 goals-against average, and in 11 playoff games, posting a 5–6, with one shutout and a 2.41 goal-against average.
Post-NHL career.
After stopping being a professional player, Thompson became a coach. In the 1940–41 season, he started to coach the Buffalo Bisons of the American Hockey League (AHL). He coached the Bisons for 56 games in two seasons. They missed the playoffs both times. In the 1940–41 season, he played one game for the Bisons as an emergency goaltender.
During World War II, Thompson served in the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF). He was also the coach of the Calgary RCAF Mustangs of the Alberta Senior Hockey League. He led the Mustangs to the league championship series in 1942–43 against the Calgary Currie Army team. In March 1943, injuries to the Mustangs' goaltenders made him play again. With Thompson in goal, the Mustangs won against Currie Army, 8–4, to tie the best-of-five series at two wins each. He played the deciding game, but his team fell short of winning the Alberta title with a 3–1 loss.
After the war, Thompson became chief Western Canada scout for the Chicago Black Hawks. He was one of few scouts who tried to find a player's personality along with their playing skills, often talking with players as part of efforts to learn about the players he was watching.
Playing style.
Thompson was stand-up goaltender, which mean he rarely fell to both knees to try to stop the puck. He was one of the first goaltenders in the NHL to catch the puck in order to stop it. He was the best puck-catcher when he played. With gloves smaller than one of other players, Thompson did not have a lot of padding when he was in net.
He often used the same, or very similar method, to stop pucks. He dropped to one knee with the paddle of his goalstick covering the space between his legs, and extending his glove to cover the left side of the net. Although he caught the puck with his glove, he did so without gloves resembling the modern blocker and trapper gloves. Thompson was described by Johnny Bower, a former goaltender who was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame, as being able to play the puck well with his stick, and one of the best of his time at passing. In the 1935–36 season, Thompson became the first goaltender to get an assist by intentionally passing the puck with his stick to a fellow player.
Legacy.
Thompson's points percentage in a season of.875, recorded in the 1929–30 season, still remains a record. His 38 wins during that season was a Boston record that was beat only in the 1982–83 season, by Pete Peeters; since then, no Bruins goaltender has had more than 37 wins in a season. Thompson is the all-time Bruins leader for games, wins, shutouts and goals-against average. Throughout his entire NHL career career, Thompson made 81 shutouts, which is sixth all-time in NHL history, which was second to only George Hainsworth (who had 94) when Thompson stopped playing. He also made seven shutouts in the playoffs. He is fifth all-time in goals-against average, allowing on average only 2.08 goals in a 60-minute span. He led all goaltenders in regular season games played 10 times, and in regular season wins five times.
In 1959, Thompson was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame. He died in Calgary on February 9, 1981. He was survived by his wife, Edith, and his daughter, Sandra.

Terry Sawchuk
Terence Gordon Sawchuk (December 28, 1929 in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada–May 31, 1970 in New York City, New York, United States) was a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender who played 21 seasons in the National Hockey League for the Detroit Red Wings, Boston Bruins, Toronto Maple Leafs, Los Angeles Kings, and New York Rangers.

Patrick Roy
Patrick Jacques Roy, (born October 5, 1965, in Sainte-Foy, Quebec, Canada) is a retired ice hockey goaltender. Roy's professional career was with the Montreal Canadiens and Colorado Avalanche of the National Hockey League, winning two Stanley Cups with each team. In 2004, Roy was selected as the greatest goaltender in NHL history by a group of 41 writers, along with a fan poll. On November 13, 2006, Roy was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame. He is the only player in NHL history to have won the Conn Smythe Trophy, the award given to the most valuable player in the Stanley Cup playoffs, three times.
He is currently the co-owner, general manager, and head coach of the Québec Remparts of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League.

Scarlett Johansson
Scarlett Johansson‏ (born November 22, 1984) is an American actress and singer, she is best known for her roles in the films Lost in Translation, Match Point and The Prestige.

Ken Dryden
Ken Dryden is a retired NHL goaltender. Born in Hamilton, Ontario, on August 8, 1947, Dryden was originally drafted by the Boston Bruins in 1964. Rather than play in Boston, Dryden decided to pursue a Bachelor of Arts degree at Cornell University, where he also played hockey until his graduation in 1969.
At Cornell, Dryden led his team to the 1967 NCAA championship and three consecutive ECAC tournament championships. Ken Dryden made his NHL debut in 1970 for the Montreal Canadians, and became the backbone of six Stanley Cup winning teams in the 1970's. Dryden played from 1970-79 (excluding the 1973-74 season when he retired to pursue the requirements for his law degree) and was elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1983. After retiring from hockey Dryden became an author and business man. His 1983 book "The Game" was a commercial and critical success being nominated for a Governor General's Award. He then became president of the Toronto Maple Leafs hockey club in 1997.

Charlie Gardiner (ice hockey)
Charles Robert Gardiner (December 31, 1904 – June 13, 1934) was a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender who played for the Chicago Black Hawks in the National Hockey League.
Born in Edinburgh, Scotland, Gardiner moved to Winnipeg, Manitoba with his family at age seven. He played junior hockey with the Winnipeg Tigers from 1921 to 1924, and then joined the Selkirk Fishermen senior team for the 1924–25 season. The next year, Gardiner joined the Winnipeg Maroons of the Central Hockey League, which the following season became the American Hockey Association.
He joined the Chicago Black Hawks in 1927 and played there for seven years. Gardiner won the Vezina Trophy in 1932 and 1934. He was a First Team All-Star in 1931, 1932, and 1934. In 1933–34, as captain, he led the Black Hawks to their first Stanley Cup. Sadly, his greatest triumph was short lived, three weeks later he suffered a died in Winnipeg at age 29.
Gardiner was an original member of the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1945. In 1998, he was ranked number 76 on "The Hockey News list of the 100 Greatest Hockey Players.

Shot (ice hockey)
A shot in ice hockey is an attempt by a player to score a goal by hitting the puck with their stick in the direction of the net.

Goal (ice hockey)
A goal in ice hockey provides a team with one point. A goal is scored when a puck completely crosses the goal line within the goal net.

Hockey puck
Hockey pucks are hard disks of rubber that are used to play ice hockey. A standard ice hockey puck is black, 1 inch thick (25.4 mm), 3 inches in diameter (76.2 mm), and weighs between 5.5 and 6 ounces (156-170 g). Pucks are often marked with silkscreened team or league logos on one or both faces.

Haines City, Florida
Haines City is a city in Polk County, Florida, United States. As of 2007, the Economic and Business Research at the University of Florida estimated that the city's population was 18,748. Thus making it the third largest city by population in the county.
No parks.
The city is currently without a public park as both Lake Eva Park and Railroad Park are both undergoing some sort renovations. The renovations for Lake Eva park started in early 2008 and is expected to be done by just before the 4th of July in 2009.

Frank Brimsek
Francis Charles "Mister Zero" Brimsek (September 26, 1913 – November 11, 1998) was an American professional ice hockey goaltender who played for the Boston Bruins and Chicago Black Hawks in the National Hockey League.
He remained with the Bruins until 1949, and played a final season with the Chicago Black Hawks. He was added into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1966 (the first American to earn HHOF membership) and was inducted into the United States Hockey Hall of Fame in 1973. In 1998, shortly before his death, he was ranked number 67 on "The Hockey News list of the 100 Greatest Hockey Players.
An annual award given to the top high school goaltender in the state of Minnesota is given in Brimsek's honor.

Turk Broda
Walter Edward "Turk" Broda (May 15, 1914 - October 17, 1972) was a former ice hockey goaltender for the Toronto Maple Leafs. He was born in Brandon, Manitoba on May 15, 1914 to a Polish-Canadian family. He joined the Maple Leafs in 1936.

Ed Belfour
Edward John Belfour (born April 21, 1965) is a professional ice hockey goaltender who plays for Leksands IF in HockeyAllsvenskan, the second highest-level Swedish ice hockey league.
Belfour was born in Carman, Manitoba and grew up playing ice hockey. He played junior hockey for the Winkler Flyers before going to the University of North Dakota where he helped the school win the NCAA championship in the 1986-87 season. The following year, Belfour signed as a free agent with the Chicago Blackhawks (after not being picked in the draft) splitting his time between them and the Saginaw Hawks of the International Hockey League.

Glove (ice hockey)
There are three types of gloves worn by ice hockey players. Skaters wear similar gloves on each hand, while goaltenders wear gloves of different types on each hand.
Skaters' gloves.
Skaters' gloves are designed to protect the players' hands from pucks, sticks, and skates. They do not play any role in the performance or play of the game.
Goaltender's glove.
Goaltenders wear a different type of glove on each hand. While these gloves do offer the goaltender a measure of protection, their design is to aid the goaltender in performance of his duties. On the hand with which he carries his stick, often called the "stick hand," the goaltender wears a blocker with a large pad across the back of the forearm, usually extending just beyond the wrist. National Hockey League rules mandate that the blocking glove may be no wider than eight inches and no longer than fifteen. The goaltender uses this glove to stop shots.
On the other hand, often called the "glove hand", the goaltender wears a catching glove, similar to a baseball glove. NHL rules limit the perimeter of the catching glove to forty-five inches and the widest part of the glove may not exceed eighteen inches.

German idealism
German idealism is a group of theories in philosophy that began in Germany in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. It was related to the Enlightenment and the French revolution. German idealists believed that nothing exists without the mind. This means that while the world exists, our knowledge about the outside world is limited to our experiences. Kant, Hegel, and Fichte, and Schelling were the most famous German idealists.

Verehia River
The Verehia River is a tributary of the Siret River in Romania. That means it flows into the Siret River.

Leahu River
The Leahu River is a tributary of the Siret River in Romania. That means it flows into the Siret River.

Negostina River
The Negostina River is a tributary of the Siret River in Romania. That means it flows into the Siret River.

Artan River
The Artan River is a tributary of the Crişul Alb River in Romania. That means it flows into the Crişul Alb River.

Crivaia River
The Crivaia River is a tributary of the Strei River in Romania. That means it flows into the Strei River.

Tirimia River
The Tirimia River is a tributary of the Niraj River in Romania. That means it flows into the Niraj River.

Diceaiul River
The Diceaiul River is a tributary of the Niraj River in Romania. That means it flows into the Niraj River.

Johnny Bower
John William "Johnny" Bower (born November 8, 1924), nicknamed "The China Wall", is a Hockey Hall of Fame goaltender.

2004-05 NHL season
The 2004–05 NHL season would have been the 88th regular season of the National Hockey League (NHL). The season was canceled on February 16, 2005 because of an unfinished lockout that began on September 16, 2004. The loss of the 2004–05 season made the NHL the first North American professional sports league to cancel an entire season because of a labour issue. It was also the first time since 1919 that the Stanley Cup was not awarded. In 1919, the championship was canceled due to the ongoing Spanish flu pandemic.

Amharic language
Amharic (አማርኛ "āmariññā") is a Semitic language spoken in North Central Ethiopia by the Amhara. It is the second most spoken Semitic language after Arabic, and the official language of Ethiopia. Amharic is also the official or working language of several of the states, including Amhara Region and the multi-ethnic Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region.

2004-05 NHL lockout
The 2004–05 NHL lockout resulted in the cancellation of what would have been the 88th season of the National Hockey League (NHL). It was the first time the Stanley Cup was not awarded since 1919, and the first time a major professional sports league in North America canceled a complete season because of a labor issue. The lockout lasted 310 days starting September 16 2004, the day after the collective bargaining agreement (CBA) between the NHL and the NHL Players Association (NHLPA) that resolved the 1994–95 lockout expired. The two sides reached an agreement on July 13, 2005, and the lockout ended nine days later on July 22, after both the NHL owners and players ratified the CBA.

The Sports Network
The Sports Network (commonly known as TSN) is a Canadian English language cable television specialty channel and is Canada's first English language sports television channel. TSN started in 1984, in the second group of Canadian specialty cable channels. TSN is owned by CTV Speciality Television Inc; a division of CTVglobemedia (80%) and ESPN (20%).

Glenn Hall
Glenn Henry "Mr. Goalie" Hall (born October 3, 1931, in Humboldt, Saskatchewan, Canada) is a former professional ice hockey goaltender. During his National Hockey League career with the Detroit Red Wings, Chicago Black Hawks, and St. Louis Blues, Hall rarely missed a game, winning the Vezina Trophy three times, and the Calder Memorial Trophy.

Charlie Hodge
Charles "Charlie" Hodge (born July 28, 1933 in Lachine, Quebec) was a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender who played for the Montreal Canadiens, Vancouver Canucks, and Oakland Seals in the National Hockey League.
Playing career.
Hodge's first NHL game happened in 1954 with Montreal. But because teams at that time only carried one goalie, and Montreal had perhaps the best goalie of the time in Jacques Plante, Charlie was only used in emergency situations. During this time, he played mostly in the AHL. When Plante was traded in 1962, Charlie got his chance to play full-time. He twice won the Vezina Trophy for best goaltender, once by himself in 1963–64 and shared with Gump Worsley in 1965–66. Hodge's name appears on the league championship Stanley Cup six times, although he only actually played in one of those finals. He also played one game in the finals in 1955, but lost to Detroit.

California Golden Seals
The California Golden Seals were an ice hockey team in the NHL that played from 1966 to 1976. The Golden Seals entered the league at the start of the 1966-67 NHL season as the Oakland Seals. In the 1970-71 season, the team was renamed to the California Golden Seals. Due to poor attendance, the Golden Seals' owners moved to the team to Cleveland, where they became known as the Barons.

Tom Barrasso
Tom Barrasso is a former National Hockey League goaltender. He played in the NHL for 18 seasons. Barrasso played for six teams: the Buffalo Sabres, Pittsburgh Penguins, Ottawa Senators, Carolina Hurricanes, Toronto Maple Leafs and the St. Louis Blues. During his first season, Barrasso won both the Calder Memorial Trophy, for best rookie, as well as the Vezina Trophy for best goaltender. Barrasso also won the Stanley Cup twice, both times with the Penguins, in 1991 and 1992. Barrasso retired in 2003.

Atlanta Flames
The Atlanta Flames were an ice hockey team in the NHL from Atlanta, Georgia, USA from 1972 to 1980. The team was moved to Calgary, Alberta, Canada for the start of the 1980–81 NHL season and were renamed the Calgary Flames. The team was named after the burning of Atlanta, led by U.S. Army general William Sherman during the American Civil War.

Calder Memorial Trophy
The Calder Memorial Trophy is an annual award given "to the player selected as the most proficient in his first year of competition in the National Hockey League." The award has been awarded 70 times since its beginnings in 1937. The voting is conducted by members of the Professional Hockey Writers Association at the conclusion of each regular season to determine the winner.
History.
The trophy is named in honor of Frank Calder, the former President of the National Hockey League from its inception in 1917 to his death in 1943. Although "Rookie Of The Year" honors were handed out beginning in 1932–33, the Calder Trophy was first presented at the conclusion of the 1936-37 NHL season. After Calder's death in 1942 the trophy was re-named the Calder Memorial Trophy.
In 1990, Sergei Makarov of the Calgary Flames became the oldest player, at age 31, to win the Calder, even though he had played professionally in the Soviet Union as a member of HC CSKA Moscow. After that season, the rules for awarding the Calder were amended so that players could only be eligible if they were 26 years old or younger by September 15 of their rookie season.
To be eligible for the award, a player cannot have played any more than 25 games previously in any single season, nor have played in more than six games in two separate preceding seasons in any major professional league. The latter fact was perhaps most prominent when in 1979–80, first-year phenom Wayne Gretzky was not eligible to win the Calder Trophy despite scoring 137 points (the previous rookie record at the time being 95), due to him playing a full season the previous year in the World Hockey Association. The trophy has been won the most times by rookies from the Toronto Maple Leafs, who have won it on nine occasions.
The voting is conducted at the end of the regular season by members of the Professional Hockey Writers Association, and each individual voter ranks their top five candidates on a 10-7-5-3-1 points system. Three finalists are named and the trophy is awarded at the NHL Awards ceremony after the playoffs.

Afro-Asiatic languages
-Ancient Egyptian

St. John's, Antigua and Barbuda
St. John's is the capital of Antigua and Barbuda, an island nation in the Lesser Antilles. St. John's is located on the island of Antigua.
References.
Hammand World Atlas Corporation, "Hammond World Atlas, Fifth Edition", 2007, p.208

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC) is a university in the state of Illinois, United States. It is the oldest and largest campus in the University of Illinois system.
The university has 18 Colleges that offer more than 150 programs of study. It is a selective state schools in the United States. Many of its popular undergraduate and graduate programs are ranked high in the US.
History.
The university was established in 1867. It opened for classes on March 2, 1868 with only two faculty members and a small group of students. In 1982, the name of the university was changed to the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
Notable alumni and faculty.
Notable people associated with the university have been successful in fields such as science, business, politics, etc. The university has produced many Nobel Prize winners. That is, if you call four "many."
John Bardeen, who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1956 and 1972, worked on the faculty of the university from 1951 to 1991.

Bambi, A Life in the Woods
"Bambi, A Life in the Woods" () is a book by Felix Salten, first printed in 1923. Bambi the main character, is a male roe deer beginning life as a fawn, then an adolescent spike, and finally a buck.
Felix Salten was the pen name of Siegmund Salzmann, who was born in Budapest, Hungary but grew up in Vienna, Austria. The book was translated from German into English by Whittaker Chambers, who needed to supplement his income while working at a Communist newspaper. Felix Salten wrote a sequel, entitled "Bambi's Children". Additionally, Salten wrote a novel titled "Fifteen Rabbits," about rabbits in the woods, wherein Bambi makes a brief appearance. He also wrote a novel titled, "Perri", whose title character is a squirrel. Bambi makes a brief appearance in that novel.
Adaptations.
The story was made into an animated film by Walt Disney Productions first released in the United Kingdom on August 8, 1942. The company took the liberty of changing the species into a white-tailed deer, and of putting him into an American forest. Additionally, the tone of the story was significantly lightened. The original book was much darker and more brutal. A midquel, titled "Bambi II", was made in 2006. It was released on DVD February 7,2006. Also, it was the last Disney movie to be released on VHS.
Besides the popular Disney film, two movies based on this book, "Detstvo Bambi" (Bambi's Childhood) and its sequel "Yunost Bambi" (Bambi's Youth), were released in the USSR in 1985 and 1986 respectively with participation of living animals as well as human actors. Over 60 species of animals are featured in the movies.

Rashidun Empire
Rashidun Empire, Islamic Empire (الامبراطورية الاسلامية) or Rashidun Caliphate (الخلافة الراشدية) are the terms used to describe the empire that was controlled by the first four successors of Muhammad (the "Rightly Guided" caliphs). The empire was founded after Muhammad's death in 632 and lasted until 'Ali's death in 661. At its height, the power of the Rashidun Caliphs extended throughout North Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, and the Iranian highlands.
Origin.
After Muhammad's death in 632, the Medinan Ansar were debating who -among them- should succeed prophet Muhammad in running the affairs of the Muslims. They chose Abu Bakr. So he became the first Khalifa Rasul Allah ("Successor of the Messenger of God"), and started a campaigns to for the Muslim Religion. At first he subdued the Arabian tribes which had left the Islamic community. As a Khalifa or Caliph he was not a monarch and never claimed such a title. His three successors also never claimed a title as monarch.
The first general of the empire was Khalid ibn Walid. During his campaign against the Persian Empire("Iraq 633 - 634") and Byzantine Empire ("Syria 634 - 638") Khalid developed brilliant tactics. The Caliph Abu Bakr's way was to give his generals their mission, the geographical area in which that mission would be carried out, and the resources that, could be made available for that purpose. He would then leave it to his generals to accomplish their mission in whatever manner they chose, on the other hand Caliph Umar in later part of his Caliphate used to direct his generals as to where they would stay and when to move to the next target and who will be commanding the left and right wing of the army in the particular battle, this made the phase of conquest comparatively slower but provided well organized campaigns. Caliph Uthman used the same method as of Abu Bakr, he would give missions to his generals and then leave it to them how they accomplish it. Caliph Ali also followed the same method.
Religion.
The state religion was Islam. The non-Muslim people were allowed to practice any religion they want to follow.. But the Sharia Law was practiced in the state.
Islam was the guiding force of the Caliphate. Any act of state was first to be approved by the Q'ran and the Traditions of the Prophet Muhammed. If there were no such guide lines available then wisdom or Hikmat was used, after which if the act would go against the established principals, norms,system etc. it was not carried on with.

United States Secretary of the Treasury
The United States Secretary of the Treasury is the head of the United States Department of the Treasury. He is concerned with "finance and monetary matters", and, until 2003, some issues of "national security and defense". This position in the Federal Government of the United States is similar to the finance ministers of other nations.
Secretaries of the Treasury.
Note: Robert Morris was the first person appointed Secretary of the Treasury by George Washington, but Morris declined this office; thus the 1st Secretary of the Treasury was Alexander Hamilton - appointed at Morris's suggestion. Morris had held a similar position as Superintendent of Finance under the Continental Congress. From Morris's 1784 resignation until 1789, the young union's finances were overseen by a three-member Treasury Board.

Federal Government of the United States
The federal government of the United States is the centralized United States government that is established by the United States Constitution. The federal government has three branches: the legislature, executive, and judiciary. Through a system of separation of powers or "checks and balances", each of these branches has some authority to act on its own, some authority to influence the other two branches, and is influenced by the other branches. The policies of the federal government have a broad influence on both the domestic and foreign affairs of the United States. But the powers of the federal government as a whole are limited by the Constitution, which leaves a great deal of authority to the individual states.
The seat of the federal government is in the federal district of Washington, D.C.

African Penguin
The African Penguin ("Spheniscus demersus"), also known as the Black-footed Penguin (and formerly as the Jackass Penguin), is found on the south-western coast of Africa, living in colonies on 24 islands between Namibia and Algoa Bay, near Port Elizabeth, South Africa, with the largest colony on Dyer Island, near Kleinbaai. Two colonies were established by penguins in the 1980s on the mainland near Cape Town at Boulders Beach near Simon's Town and Stony Point in Betty's Bay. Mainland colonies probably only became possible in recent times due to the reduction of predator numbers, although the Betty's Bay colony has been attacked by leopards. The only other mainland colony is in Namibia, but it is not known when this was established.
Boulders Beach is a tourist attraction, for the beach, swimming and the penguins. The penguins will allow people to approach them as close as a meter (three ft).
The closest relatives of the African Penguins are the Humboldt and Magellanic penguins found in southern South America and the Galápagos Penguin found in the Pacific Ocean near the equator.

United States Department of the Treasury
The United States Department of the Treasury is a Cabinet department and the treasury of the United States government. It was established by an Act of Congress in 1789 to manage government revenue. The first Secretary of the Treasury was Alexander Hamilton. He almost single-handedly worked out the nation's early financial system, and for several years was a major presence in Washington's administration as well. His statue still stands outside the Treasury building.
Other websites.
"Enough Wise Men, The Story of Our Constitution" by Forrest McDonaldPublished by the Dominion of Canada and by Longmans Canada Limited, Toronto 1970

Loose (album)
"Loose" is the third studio album by Canadian singer-songwriter Nelly Furtado, was released 9 June, 2006. It is her most successful album selling more than 8 million copis worldwide. The Hip-Hop producer Timbaland helped Furtado recording this CD. It featured many hits including the U.S number-one singles "Promiscuous" and "Say It Right" and the european hit "All Good Things (Come to an End)".

All Good Things (Come to an End)
"All Good Things (Come to an End)" is a pop song by Canadian singer-songwriter Nelly Furtado, was released late 2006 and hit number-one in the European charts.

Puklice
Puklice is a village in the Jihlava District, Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. About 760 people live there and it has 10,92 km². Puklice was first documented in 1318.

Gump Worsley
Lorne John "Gump" Worsley (May 14, 1929 in Montreal, Quebec – January 26, 2007 in Beloeil, Quebec) was a professional ice hockey goaltender. Born and raised in Montreal, he was given his nickname due to friends deciding he looked like comic-strip character Andy Gump.

Michel Larocque
Michel 'Bunny' Larocque (April 6, 1952 in Hull, Quebec, Canada - July 29, 1992) was a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender who played for the Montreal Canadiens, Toronto Maple Leafs, Philadelphia Flyers, and St. Louis Blues in the National Hockey League.
Playing career.
Larocque would help win four Vezina Trophies. During that time, the trophy was given to the main goaltenders on the team allowing the fewest goals in the regular season. The first three were mostly because of the all-star play of Ken Dryden. The final trophy was with Denis Herron and Richard Sevigny in 1981. He would win four Stanley Cups with Montreal in 1976, 1977, 1978, and 1979.

Lorne Chabot
Lorne Chabot (October 5, 1900 in Montreal, Quebec - October 10 1946) was a Canadian ice hockey goaltender. Lorne played in the National Hockey League from 1926 to 1937. During this time, he played for the New York Rangers, Toronto Maple Leafs, Montreal Canadiens, Chicago Black Hawks, Montreal Maroons, and New York Americans. Lorne won the 1935 Vezina Trophy for the being the league's best goaltender. He was the first hockey player to appear on the cover of Time Magazine.

Normie Smith
Norman "Normie" Smith (March 18, 1908 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada – February 21988) was a Vezina-winning goaltender for the Detroit Red Wings. Smith did not let in a goal by the Montreal Maroons in the NHL's longest game, a 176-minute, 30-second game, on way to a Stanley Cup championship in 1936. After suffering an arm injury, his quality of play dropped in 1937–38 and the Red Wings finished last. During a game in 1939, he didn't show up, causing problems with Jack Adams. Normie Smith retired rather than report to the minor leagues. He returned to play briefly with the Detroit Red Wings when World War II left a vacuum of players in the NHL.

Dave Kerr
David Alexander Kerr (January 11, 1910 Toronto, Ontario - May 11, 1978) was an NHL goaltender who played 427 games in toal, 327 of them with the New York Rangers.
Playing career.
He played amateur hockey before joining the NHL, winning the Allan Cup in 1930 with the Montreal AAA senior men's team. The next season was his first in the NHL, playing for the Montreal Maroons. The next season he played in the IHL and after that played two more for the Maroons.
On December 14, 1934, Kerr was acquired by the Rangers. It is with the Rangers where he is most notable for playing. He played six seasons for them, becoming the Rangers first regular goalie. He led New York to a Stanley Cup victory in 1940. That year, because of his 1.54 GAA and eight shutouts he was a First Team All-Star and won the Vezina Trophy. He also was a second team All-Star in 1938.

WWE United States Championship
The World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) United States Championship is a professional wrestling championship in World Wrestling Entertainment. It was originally a National Wrestling Alliance and World Championship Wrestling title. Currently, it is the second highest ranked championship on the SmackDown brand.
History.
The WWE United States Championship was originally known as the NWA United States Heavyweight Championship of Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling run by Jim Crockett Promotions. Following the title's introduction in 1975, Harley Race became the inaugural champion on January 1. The title became "Undisputed" in January 1981 when no other United States title was recognized in other promotions governed by the National Wrestling Alliance. In 1986, the title became a secondary championship in Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling when Jim Crockett Promotions gained control of the NWA World Heavyweight Championship. The title was renamed the World Championship Wrestling (WCW) United States Heavyweight Championship in 1991 when Jim Crockett Promotions became World Championship Wrestling.
In March 2001, the World Wrestling Federation purchased World Championship Wrestling from AOL Time Warner. Soon after, "The Invasion" took place in which the ECW Alliance was ultimately dismantled. During this time, the title was referred to as the WCW United States Championship. At Survivor Series 2001, the title was unified with the WWF Intercontinental Championship. The United States Champion, Edge, defeated the Intercontinental Champion, Test, becoming the new Intercontinental Champion while causing United States Championship to become inactive.
In July 2003, the title was reactivated as the WWE United States Championship by SmackDown General Manager, Stephanie McMahon, and was commissioned to be a secondary championship to the SmackDown brand. This was done shortly after the WWE Intercontinental Championship was recommissioned by the Raw brand, making the title its equal counterpart.
The United States Championship was drafted to ECW as part of the 2008 WWE Draft on June 23, 2008 when then champion Matt Hardy was drafted to ECW. It then followed Shelton Benjamin back to SmackDown the following Sunday at The Great American Bash.
Current champion.
The current champion is Shelton Benjamin, who is in his first reign. He defeated Matt Hardy at The Great American Bash in Uniondale, New York on July 20, 2008.

Johnny Mowers
Johnny Mowers (October 29, 1916 in Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada - December 71995) was an ice hockey goaltender who played for the Detroit Red Wings, winning the Vezina Trophy in 1943. Born in Niagara Falls, Ontario, Mowers played goal for the Red Wings on their way to the Stanley Cup in 1943, shutting out the Boston Bruins twice in the four games.

Harry Lumley
Harry "Apple Cheeks" Lumley (November 11, 1926 – September 13, 1998) was a professional ice hockey goaltender in the National Hockey League.
Born in Owen Sound, Ontario, Canada, Lumley starred for several years with the Owen Sound Mercurys and later with the Owen Sound Orphans and then the Barrie Colts. He also played with the Indianapolis Capitals of the American Hockey League, a minor league team of the Detroit Red Wings. Lumley made his professional start in the National Hockey League, however, with the New York Rangers in the 1943–44 season, when he was loaned to the Rangers for a single game. He was the youngest goaltender to play in the NHL, as he was 17 years old.

Denis DeJordy
Denis DeJordy (born November 12, 1938, in Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada), is a retired Canadian professional ice hockey player. He played goal for four NHL teams, most notably the Chicago Black Hawks.
Playing career.
Denis DeJordy was a goaltender with the Chicago Black Hawks, Los Angeles Kings, Montreal Canadiens and Detroit Red Wings over 12 seasons in the National Hockey League. He shared the Vezina Trophy with Glenn Hall in 1967. During the 1966 – 1967 season he played 44 games, posting a 2.46 Goals Against Average.

Carl von Clausewitz
Karl Philipp Gottlieb von Clausewitz () (July 1, 1780 – November 16, 1831) was a Prussian soldier who wrote about war and the military. He wrote the book "On War", in which he said that "War is the continuation of politics by other means."
On War.
In his book, "On War", Clausewitz wrote how to win a war, how to build an army, and what war is. He did not think war was an art or a science. Instead, war was about people, money, and land.

Rogatien Vachon
Rogatien "Rogie" Vachon (b. September 8, 1945 in Palmarolle, Quebec) was a French-Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender who played for the Montreal Canadiens, Los Angeles Kings, Detroit Red Wings, and Boston Bruins in the National Hockey League.
Vachon shared the 1968 Vezina Trophy with Gump Worsley while with the Canadiens, along with three Stanley Cups. Vachon was traded to the Kings in 1971, where he achieved his greatest individual success. He was added to the NHL's second all-star team in 1975 and 1977.

1927-28 NHL season
The 1927–28 NHL season was the eleventh season of the National Hockey League. Ten teams played 44 games each. The New York Rangers won the Stanley Cup beating the Montreal Maroons becoming the first United States based team since the start of the NHL to win it and first since the Seattle Metropolitans won in 1917. This season saw the reintroduction of the O'Brien Trophy, which used to go to the NHL league champion. It was originally retired in favour of the Prince of Wales Trophy. The reintroduced O'Brien Trophy went to the winner of the Canadian Division while the Prince of Wales Trophy went to the winner of the American division.
Final standings.
"Note: W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF= Goals For, GA = Goals Against, PIM = Penalties in minutes"
"Note: Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold"
Scoring leaders.
"Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points"
Finals.
New York Rangers vs. Montreal Maroons
"New York wins best-of-five series 3–2"

Polk County, Florida
Polk County is a county located in the U.S. state of Florida. As of 2000, the population was 483,924. The U.S. Census Bureau 2006 estimate for the county is 561,606. The county seat is Bartow, Florida. Its largest city is Lakeland. The center of population of Florida is located in the town of Lake Wales.

1928-29 NHL season
The 1928–29 NHL season was the twelfth season of the National Hockey League. Ten teams played 44 games each. This was the first Stanley Cup playoffs ever that saw two United States based teams compete for the cup. The Boston Bruins won over the New York Rangers two games to none in a best-of-three final.
Final standings.
"Note: W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals For, GA = Goals Against, PIM = Penalties in minutes"
"Note: Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold"
Scoring leaders.
"Note: GP = Games played, G = Goals, A = Assists, PTS = Points, PIM = Penalties in minutes"

Georgetown University
Georgetown University is a Catholic university in Washington, D.C. It was started in 1789 by the Jesuit priest John Carroll. It is the oldest Catholic university in the United States of America. It is named after the neighborhood, Georgetown, in which it is located.

Jack Adams Award
The Jack Adams Award is awarded annually to the National Hockey League coach "adjudged to have contributed the most to his team's success." It has been awarded 33 times to 28 different winners. The winner is selected by a poll of the National Hockey League Broadcasters Association at the end of the regular season. Many coaches have won the award numerous times. Pat Burns has won three times, the most of any coach.
Winners.
aTeams who had best overall record in regular season (President's Trophy awarded to team with best overall record since 1985-86)
bCoaches whose teams won the Stanley Cup
cCoaches whose teams lost the Stanley Cup final round

Priboiu River
The Priboiu River is a tributary of the Sadu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Sadu River.

Talea River
The Talea River is a tributary of the Prahova River in Romania. That means it flows into the Prahova River.

Belia River
The Belia River is a tributary of the Talea River in Romania. That means it flows into the Talea River.

Zam River
The Zam River is a tributary of the Mureş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Mureş River.

Zamoru River
The Zamoru River is a tributary of the Zam River in Romania. That means it flows into the Zam River.

Bagpipes
Bagpipes are used for making music. The are sometimes just called "pipes". They have a bag which holds air that the player keeps full by blowing into it with a tube. To make music, the bag is pressed and the air comes out through a kind of flute or "chanter". There are usually one or more other tubes coming from the bag that make sounds whenever the bag is squeezed, called "drones". Each drone normally plays a different note. The sounds are made by a single or, more commonly, double reed which vibrates when air is blown over it.
Most people think of Scotland when they hear bagpipes, and much music from that place is written for bagpipes. Many, many other places, however, also have bagpipes: over all of Europe, some of North Africa, and into the Middle East.
Bagpipes have been played for a long time, at least a thousand years, and some think they have existed much longer than that.

Entertainment Software Rating Board
The Entertainment Software Rating Board (ESRB) is an organization that rates video games. Rating is voluntary. Game publishers do not have to submit their games for ratings. There are five ratings: EC (Early Childhood), E (Everyone), E10+ (Everyone 10+), T (Teen), M (Mature), AO (Adult Only), and RP (Rating Pending). Some retailers make people show identification to prove their age if they want to buy M-rated games. Many retailers will not buy and sell AO games so it is very hard for gamers to find AO-rated games.
On the back of each game's box, the ESRB also rates elements of the game. The back of "Super Princess Peach" has the words "comic mischief" on it to tell parents that it contains comic mischief.

2005-06 NHL season
The 2005–06 NHL season was the 88th season of the National Hockey League. This was the season after the 2004–05 season which was cancelled due to a labour dispute with the NHL Players Association over the Collective Bargaining Agreement (CBA) between the league and its players. The 2006 Stanley Cup playoffs began on April 21 2006, and ended on June 19, with the Carolina Hurricanes defeating the Edmonton Oilers to win their first Stanley Cup.
Final standings.
"Red-shaded team won the Presidents' Trophy and home-ice advantage throughout the playoffs."
"Orange-shaded team won the other conference."
"Yellow-shaded teams won the other four divisions."
"Green-shaded teams won the remaining ten playoff berths."
Numbers in brackets means ranking in conference. Division leaders are automatically ranked 1–3. These three, plus the next five teams in the conference standings, earn playoff berths at the end of the season.
"Note: W = Wins, L = Losses, OTL = Overtime Losses, GF = Goals For, GA = Goals Against, Pts = Points"
Scoring leaders.
"Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; +/- = Plus/Minus; PIM = Penalty Minutes"
Leading goaltenders.
"Note: GP = Games Played; TOI = Time On Ice (minutes); W = Wins; L = Losses; OT = Overtime/Shootout Losses; GA = Goals Against; SO = Shutouts; Sv% = Save Percentage; GAA = Goals Against Average"

1929-30 NHL season
The 1929–30 NHL season was the thirteenth season of the National Hockey League. Ten teams played 44 games each. The Montreal Canadiens upset the heavily favoured Boston Bruins two games to none for the Stanley Cup.
Final standings.
"Note: W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals For, GA = Goals Against, PIM = Penalties in minutes"
"Note: Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold"
Scoring leaders.
"Note: GP = Games played, G = Goals, A = Assists, PTS = Points, PIM = Penalties in minutes"
Stanley Cup playoffs.
After defeating the Montreal Maroons and after losing more than one game in a row games all season, the Boston Bruins were defeated by the Montreal Canadiens two games to none in a best-of-three series. The Canadiens then won the Cup with a 4–3 victory in game two. The Canadiens went 5–0–1 in the playoffs, making them one of the few Cup winning teams in history to not lose a game in the playoffs.

1930-31 NHL season
The 1930–31 NHL season was the fourteenth season of the National Hockey League. Ten teams played 44 games each. The Montreal Canadiens beat the Chicago Black Hawks three games to two in a best-of-five Stanley Cup final for their second Cup win in a row.
Art Ross bitterly complained about the Stanley Cup final setup. His team had been beaten in two games in a row by the Montreal Canadiens in 1929–30. As a result, the Board of Governors decided to make the final a best of five series.
Final standings.
"GP = Games Played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals For, GA = Goals Against, PIM = Penalties In Minutes"
"Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold"
Scoring leaders.
"GP = Games Played, G = Goals, A = Assists, Pts = Points, PIM = Penalties In Minutes"
Stanley Cup playoffs.
On 26 March, during the second game of the best-of-five series between the Bruins and Canadiens, Art Ross of Boston pulled his goaltender for an extra player while down 1–0 with 40 seconds left in the final period. This marked the first time in NHL history that a goalie was pulled for an extra attacker.
In the finals, the Chicago Black Hawks took an early two games to one lead in the newly expanded best-of-five Stanley Cup finals but the Montreal Canadiens came back and won the series three games to two for their second consecutive Stanley Cup win.

National Hockey League awards
The National Hockey League presents lots of annual awards and trophies to recognize its teams and players. The oldest, and most notable, is the Stanley Cup. First awarded in 1893, the Stanley Cup is awarded to the NHL's playoff champion. The Stanley Cup is the third trophy to be used as the league's championship, as for the first nine years of the NHL's existence, it remained a multiple league challenge cup.
History.
The NHL's first championship trophy was the O'Brien Trophy, which was created by the National Hockey Association in 1910 and was acquired by the NHL in 1918, after which it was awarded to the playoff champion until 1923. The O'Brien Trophy was retired in favour of the Prince of Wales Trophy in 1924, which became the league's championship until the end of the Western Hockey League following the 1926 season, leaving the Stanley Cup exclusively in the hands of the National Hockey League.
The Prince of Wales Trophy remains an active award. It is presently awarded to the playoff champion of the Eastern Conference, while the Clarence S. Campbell Bowl, created in 1967, is currently awarded to the Western Conference champion. The youngest team trophy is the Presidents' Trophy, which has been awarded to the NHL's regular season champion since 1986.
The first individual trophy was the Hart Trophy, first awarded in 1924 to the league's most valuable player. The Lady Byng Trophy followed a year later, awarded to the most gentlemanly player in the league. Two years later, the Vezina Trophy was created for the NHL's top goaltender. The Conn Smythe Trophy was first awarded to the NHL's playoff most valuable player in 1965. Presently, the NHL has 17 annual individual trophies and awards, the most recently created being the Mark Messier Leadership Award, first awarded in 2007.
Individual trophies and awards.
The league has also given some short-lived awards over the years, including the NHL/Sheraton Road Performer Award Winner, to be awarded to the player who accrued the most road points during the regular season. It was awarded to Joe Sakic of the Colorado Avalanche in 2004 and has not been awarded since.

Pizmonim
Pizmonim (Hebrew פזמונים, singular "pizmon") are Jewish songs and melodies sang to praise God.

Luca Marenzio
Luca Marenzio (born Coccaglio, near Brescia, Italy, 18 October? 1553?; died Rome, 22 August 1599) was an Italian composer who lived in the late Renaissance. He was one of the best known composers of madrigals.
Life.
Marenzio may have been born in 1553. We think this because his father once wrote down his son’s age. The date may have been 18 October because that was his saint’s feast day.
He had his early education in Brescia possibly in Mantua. Then he moved to Rome, where he worked as a singer for Cardinal Cristoforo Madruzzo. After the cardinal's death he worked at the court of Cardinal Luigi d'Este. Here he started to become known as a composer. By 1581 his music had become extremely popular. His books of madrigals were often reprinted. His madrigals were often included in published collections.
In 1587 he moved to Florence where he worked for Ferdinando I de' Medici for two years; in 1589 he returned to Rome, where he spent most of his last years, except for a trip to Poland from 1596 to 1597, during which time he worked at the court of Sigismund III Vasa in Warsaw. It seems from what some people wrote that his trip to Poland ruined his health, and he died in Rome in 1599, shortly after returning from Poland.
Music.
Marenzio wrote some religious music: motets, and madrigals based on religious texts. However, most of his famous music consists of secular (not religious) madrigals. They were written during a period of twenty years, and they vary a lot in style.
Marenzio published at least fifteen collections of music, mostly madrigals but also "canzonette" and "villanelle". These were similar to madrigals but very light in character. Some of his later works are very chromatic: they use harmony that was unusual for the time. He often makes the music fit the meaning of the words. This is called word-painting. For example: the phrase "sinking in the sea" is sung to notes which go lower and lower.
Influence.
Marenzio’s music had a lot of influence on composers in Italy, as well as in the rest of Europe. There were several of his madrigals in "Musica transalpina", a collection of madrigals published in 1588 by Nicholas Yonge in England.

Nicholas Yonge
Nicholas Yonge (born about 1560; buried October 23, 1619) was an English singer and publisher (his name is an old spelling of the word "Young" and pronounced the same way). He is most famous for publishing a collection of music called "Musica transalpina" in (1588).
Music publishing was quite a new thing in those days. "Musica transalpina" was a collection of Italian madrigals. The Italian words of the madrigals were also translated into English. "Musica transalpina" had 57 separate pieces by 18 Italian composers, including Alfonso Ferrabosco and Luca Marenzio. Ferrabosco was living in England at the time.
The publication of this book had a huge influence on music in England. It made madrigals very popular in England and during the next twenty years composers such as Thomas Morley, John Wilbye and Thomas Weelkes composed a large number of English madrigals.
In 1597 Yonge published a second book of "Musica transalpina" which was also very influential.
The title "Musica transalpina" means: "music from across the Alps" because the music came from Italy which was the other side of the Alps.

Complex
A complex thing is something which is complicated or difficult to understand. It is the opposite of "simple". Text that is complex, can be made up of lots of simple sentences or phrases put together in a complex way. This makes them harder to understand.

Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire
Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire is an episode of the Simpsons from Season 1. It was the first full length episode of the Simpsons to be aired. It was aired on December 17, 1989.

Treehouse of Horror
Treehouse of Horror is an episode in the simpsons in season 2. It is the first ever Treehouse of Horror episode and has since been followed by a yearly Treehouse of Horror episode ever since. This episode features three stories. The last one is the famous "The Raven" by Edgar Allan Poe.

WWE Divas Championship
The World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) Divas Championship is a official championship in World Wrestling Entertainment competed for by divas. The title is exclusive to the SmackDown! brand.
History.
As a result of the WWE Brand Extension in 2002, the WWE Women's Championship was made exclusive to the Raw brand. Thereafter, only Divas on the Raw brand were able to compete for the WWE Women's Championship, while the Divas on the SmackDown brand were unable to compete for a women's-exclusive championship. The ruling was, however, ignored on rare occasions as Melina and Ashley have been the only divas who were on the SmackDown brand to challenge for the title. This led to the creation of the WWE Divas Championship, which was announced on June 6, 2008 during an episode of "SmackDown" by SmackDown General Manager Vickie Guerrero. In order to determine the competitors for the new title, two 'Golden Dreams matches', the object of which was to retrieve a star that was hanging on a pole above one corner of the ring, were held. The first Golden Dreams match was won by Natalya, and the second by Michelle McCool. The championship belt was officially unveiled on the July 4, 2008 episode of "SmackDown" prior to the second Golden Dreams match. Natalya and McCool competed against each other at The Great American Bash, which McCool won and became the inaugural champion.
Current champion.
The current champion is Maryse, who is in her first reign as champion. She defeated Michelle McCool on Smackdown with Maria as the Special Guest Referee.
List of individual reigns.
As of December 30, 2008.
List of combined reigns.
As of December 30, 2008.

Alain Vigneault
Alain Vigneault (b. May 14, 1961) is the current coach of the Vancouver Canucks.

Lindy Ruff
Lindy Ruff is the current head coach of the Buffalo Sabres. He is currently the longest-serving coach in the NHL, being Buffalo's coach since 1997.

John Tortorella
John Tortorella was the former coach of the Tampa Bay Lightning. Tortorella won both the Jack Adams Award and the Stanley Cup, with the Lightning, in 1994.

Horseradish
Horseradish is a coarse radish, to distinguish it from the edible Radish (Raphanus). Horseradish is taken from the root of "Armoracia rusticana". Horseradish is a spice which disturbs the nose more than the tongue, like wasabi and mustard. Horseradish is similar to wasabi, so in many places and restaurants, they use horseradish as wasabi, as it is much cheaper than wasabi, which is very expensive. The horseradish is white, so they have to color it with food coloring. People also sell horseradish on its own.

Geographic Names Information System
The Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) contains name and location information about more than two million physical and cultural features located throughout the United States of America and its Territories. GNIS was developed by the United States Geological Survey in cooperation with the United States Board on Geographic Names (BGN) to promote the standardization of feature names.

12 Rounds
12 Rounds is a British rock band that was started by Atticus Ross and singer Claudia Sarne.

Emigration
Emigration is the act of leaving one's country or area to settle in another.

Brassicales
The Brassicales are an order of flowering plants. They are in the eurosids II group of dicotyledons under the APG II system.

Testudines
Testudines is an order of reptiles. Animals in this order include the tortoises, turtles, and terrapins. They all have a shell on their back.

World Economic Forum
The World Economic Forum is a foundation based in Geneva, Switzerland. It is known for holing a yearly meeting in Davos. Important leaders form politics (such as presidents) and the economy are given an opportunity to talk about subjects that concern everyone. Very often, these subjects concern globalization.
These meetings are often critizised because they are seen as a vehicle to further capitalism in the world. During the meetings, which invole the G8, access to the village of Davos is heavily controlled (It is usually not possible to get there during such a meeting). Also, the right to come together freely, and hold demonstrations is heavily restricted in the area around Davos during these meetings. This is one of the rights given by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Usually the Swiss army helps secure the area. Meetings and protests are usually held in other cities in Switzerland during the World Economic Forum.

Assembly of Kosovo
The Assembly of Kosovo (, "Skupština Kosova") is an institution linked to governing the territory of Kosovo. The Assembly was created by the United Nations to provide for a democratic form of government.

French Grand Prix
The French Grand Prix is a car race normally held in Magny Cours in France. It started in 1906.

Boogie-woogie
Boogie-woogie is a style of piano-based blues that became very popular in the late 1930s and early 1940s. Boogie-woogie is connected with dancing.
It has a regular bass figure, an ostinato and simple examples of shifts of level.

Country blues
Country blues (also folk blues, rural blues, backwoods blues, or downhome blues) is all the acoustic, guitar forms of the blues.

Electric blues
The electric blues is a type of blues music made different by the amplification of the guitar, the bass guitar, and/or the harmonica.

Jump blues
Jump blues is a type of up-tempo blues music. It has a jazzy, saxophone (or brass instruments) sound, driving rhythms and shouted vocals.

List of Formula One Grands Prix
The following is a complete list of Grands Prix which have been a part of the FIA World Championship since it started in 1950.
At the end of the 2008 season, 803 World Championship Grands Prix will have been held including the Indy 500 which was a part of the World Championship from 1950 until 1960.
Major auto racing events are usually named "Grands Prix", a tradition dating back to the first decade of the 20th Century and the Grand Prix motor racing of the 1920s and 1930s.
Active and past races.
Bold denotes the 18 Grands Prix races active for the 2008 season.

Soul blues
Soul blues is a style of blues music developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Singers and musicians who grew up listening to the electric blues of Muddy Waters, Bo Diddley, Jimmy Reed, Elmore James etc and soul singers such as Sam Cooke, Ray Charles and Otis Redding, and gospel music wanted to connect their favorite music.
Artists.
Musicians in this style include Z. Z. Hill, Otis Clay, Latimore, Little Milton, Johnny Adams, Solomon Burke, Wilson Pickett, Bobby Rush and Johnnie Taylor.

Chicago blues
The Chicago blues is a form of blues music that developed in Chicago, Illinois by adding electrically amplified guitar, drums, piano, bass guitar and sometimes saxophone to Delta blues.

Louisiana blues
The Louisiana blues is a type of blues music with slow rhythm which makes the sound dark and tense.

New Orleans blues
New Orleans blues is a mix of dixieland music and rhythms from Caribbean music. It is play on the piano or a horn instrument. The music is upbeat despite the blues-based content of many of the song choices.

St. Louis blues
The St. Louis blues is a type of blues music. It is played on the piano and is closely related to the jump blues, ragtime and piano blues.

Texas blues
Texas Blues is a type of blues. Musicians such as Stevie Ray Vaughan played it by using various types of guitar sounds like southern slide guitar and different melodies of blues and jazz.

British blues
The British blues is a type of blues music that started in the late 1950s.

East Coast blues
East Coast blues is a type of Blues music which needs fast fingerpicking and ragtime style.

Hexapoda
The subphylum Hexapoda, meaning "six legs", is the largest (in terms of number of species) group of arthropods and includes the insects as well as three much smaller groups of arthropods without wings: Collembola, Protura, and Diplura (all of these were called insects before). In other words, hexapoda is divided into the insects and the entognatha. "Hexapods" are called hexapods because they have a thorax with three pairs of legs. Most other arthropods have more than three pairs of legs.

Kobe Bryant
Kobe Bryant (born) is an American professional basketball player who currently plays for the Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association.
He has won three championship rings from 2000-2002 with Shaquille O'Neal with Phil Jackson as coach.
He was awarded the season's MVP in the 2007-08 NBA season after leading his team to the 2008 NBA Playoffs as the first seed in the Western Conference.

Baleen whale
The baleen whales, also called whalebone whales or great whales, make up the Mysticeti, one of the two groups of the Cetacea (whales, dolphins, and porpoises).
Baleen whales have baleen plates for filtering food from water, instead of having teeth. This makes them different from the other group of cetaceans, the toothed whales or Odontoceti. Living Mysticeti species have teeth only when they are still in the mothers' womb. Mysticeti had teeth before baleen whales appeared, according to fossils.
The suborder contains four families and fourteen species. The scientific name derives from the Greek word "mystidos", which means "unknowable".
Anatomy.
Baleen whales are generally larger than toothed whales, and females are larger than males. This group includes the largest living animal species, the Blue Whale.
Baleen whales have two blowholes, so they will have a V-shaped blow.
Breaching.
Although they are very heavy, baleen whales are able to jump completely out of the water. Humpback Whales are known for their jumping skills, but other baleen whales also jump out from the water with their body or beat it loudly with their fins. Nobody knows for sure why the whales do this. Some people think that the male baleen whales try to show off to the females.
Importance to humans.
From the 11th to the late 20th centuries, baleen whales were hunted for their oil and baleen. Their oil can be made into margarine and cooking oils. Baleen was used to stiffen corsets, as parasol ribs, and to crease paper.

Erinaceidae
Erinaceidae is the only living family in the order of the Erinaceomorpha. It contains the well-known hedgehogs (subfamily Erinaceinae) of Eurasia and Africa and the gymnures or moonrats (subfamily Galericinae) of South-east Asia. This family was once in the order Insectivora, but that order is not used anymore.
Classification.
There are 10 genera and 24 species of erinaceid.

Macropus
"Macropus" is a marsupial genus that belongs to the family Macropodidae. It has 14 species. The genus includes all land kangaroos, wallaroos and several species of wallaby.

Macropodiformes
Macropodiformes is one of the three suborders of the large marsupial order Diprotodontia. Kangaroos, wallabies and allies, bettongs, potaroos and rat kangaroos are all in this suborder.

Soricomorpha
The order Soricomorpha ("shrew-form") is a biological group in the class of mammals. It is an order of mammals, including all the shrews, solenodons and moles. It is divided into 4 families, one extinct. The other three families are the shrew, solenodon and mole family.

Peter and the Wolf
Peter and the Wolf is a composition by Sergei Prokofiev written in 1936 after his return to the Russia.
Each character in the story has a particular instrument and a musical theme

Israel national football team
The Israel National Football Team is the national football team of Israel and is controlled by the Israel Football Association.
They Play in Ramat Gan Staduim. Israel had one World Cup appearance in 1970.

Metroid
is an action-adventure video game made by Nintendo. It was first released in Japan on the Famicom Disk System on August 6, 1986. In 1987 and 1988, it was released in Europe and North America on the Nintendo Entertainment System. Years later, it was released for the Wii.
"Metroid" is the first game in the "Metroid" series and stars the character Samus Aran. She later appears in all of the later games.
Gameplay.
"Metroid" was one of the first non-linear video games. This mean that it did not force players to play through the game in one way. Players could explore and go to all of the areas in whatever order they wished. The basic gameplay is a mix of adventure, platform shooter, and action. The player controls the main character Samus while exploring the game's cave-like environment. Because Samus starts only with a weak attack and a short jump, players must find power-ups to make the attack and jump stronger, in order to get to new areas of the game. While there are many different small enemies that players meet, there are also large bosses who must be killed in order to reach the last level of the game.

United States presidential line of succession
If the current President of the United States dies or is unable to do his job, the U.S. Constitution says that the Vice President of the United States becomes President. However, if both the President and the Vice-President die or are unable to do their jobs, there is a list that says who is to become President. For example, if the President, Vice-President, Speaker of the House, and President Pro Tempore of the Senate died, then the current Secretary of State would be the new President.
Notes.
† The U.S. Constitution says that only people born in the United States can be President. However, some people in this list were born in other countries. Because of this, they are not allowed to become President even if they are next in line. Right now, Secretary Gutierrez and Secretary Chao were not born in the United States, so they cannot become President. If everyone from the President to the Secretary of Agriculture died, they would be skipped and Mike Levitt would be President.

İzmir
İzmir is a metropol city in the west of Turkey. It has one of the biggest seaports in the Aegean Sea region and all of Turkey. İzmir is a good destination for tourists. Millions of tourists come for beautiful beaches and cultural tours. İn İzmir, there is an ancient Greek city named Ephesus.
İzmir was a candidate in Expo 2015. However, Milan had more support, so İzmir lost.

Antalya
Antalya is a city in southern Turkey. The city located in the Mediterranean Region and along the coast of Mediterranean Sea. The population of Antalya is 775.000. Antalya is the most important tourism destination in Turkey and one of the best in Mediterranean. The city created a good image and its name started to turn out a brand in tourism sector. Every year mostly British, Russian, and German tourists come to city for beautiful beaches and the ancient destinations.

Hatay
Hatay is a city in the southern part of Turkey, on the Mediterranean coast. Hatay is bordered by Syria on the south and east.
History.
The city joined Turkey in 1939. From 1938 to 1939, the city was independent as Hatay State.

Mural
A mural is a painting on a wall or a ceiling. Murals are usually big and in public places, such as the outside of a building.

Tunceli
Tunceli is a province in the eastern part of Turkey. The province was named Dersim before 1936. The word Dersim means silver door in theKurdish language.
Tunceli has one of the highest literacy rates in Turkey. In 1979 and 1980, Tunceli has the highest number of students entering to universities. However, after the high schools were converted to military bases, Tunceli could not get this achievement again.

List of World Heavyweight Champions (WWE)
This is the Title History of the World Heavyweight Championship. The title is used only by the Raw brand.

Drajna River
The Drajna River is a tributary of the Teleajen River in Romania. That means it flows into the Teleajen River.

Pridvara River
The Pridvara River is a tributary of the Teleajen River in Romania. That means it flows into the Teleajen River.

Telejenel River
The Telejenel River is a tributary of the Teleajen River in Romania. That means it flows into the Teleajen River.

Conciu River
The Conciu River is a tributary of the Prahova River in Romania. That means it flows into the Prahova River.

Cernica River
The Cernica River is a tributary of the Prahova River in Romania. That means it flows into the Prahova River.

Deniz Baykal
Deniz Baykal (born 1938 in Antalya,Turkey) is a Turkish politician and the leader of Republican People's Party(CHP). CHP is the main opposition in the Turkish Parliament.

Deniz Gezmiş
Deniz Gezmiş (February 27, 1947 – May 6 1973) was a political activist in the late 1960s. He is one of the founders of Marxist-Leninist organization Türkiye Halk Kurtuluş Ordusu in English Turkey Liberation of People Army.
Gezmis was captured by Turkish government and the trial period started. At the end of his trial, Gezmiş was sentenced to death. He killed on May 6 1973 by Turkish Government. However, many people after years think Deniz Gezmis and his friends are heroes and that they are threats to the community.
Books, which is about Deniz Gezmis's life have been written.The latest book about his life is "Darağacında Üç Fidan", it was published in Turkish language in 2008.

Washington Monument
The Washington Monument is a large, tall, white obelisk near the west part of the National Mall in Washington, D.C. It was built to remember George Washington, who was the first President of the United States. It is the tallest stone structure in the world, and is 555 feet 5⅛ inches (169.294 m) tall. The monument is made of marble, granite, and sandstone. The monument was started in 1848 but was not finished until 1884. This was because the American Civil War started soon after construction started.

Avrupa Yakası
Avrupa Yakası (English: European Coast) is a popular sitcom which broadcasts on Turkish TV. The plot is Nisantasi, İstanbul.The writer of the series is Gülse Birsel also plays the role as Aslı.As today it reached six season and still counting, airing on every wednesday at 20.00 (GMT +2) on ATV.

Zgarbura River
The Zgarbura River is a tributary of the Prahova River in Romania. That means it flows into the Prahova River.

Büyükada
Büyükada, (in English: Big Island) is an island in the Sea of Marmara, near Istanbul, Turkey.
Büyükada is a tourist location for people from Istanbul for holidays. In Büyükada there are no cars allowed. The only cars are owned by the police, fire department and the other local authorities. The bicycle is the most common transport used in the island.

National Mall
The National Mall is an open park in downtown Washington, D.C.. It has many museums, like the Smithsonian and the National Gallery of Art. It is found between the United States Capitol and the Washington Monument, which are about one mile apart. It is a popular place, and is used for exercise, recreation, music concerts, festivals, and protests. It is also visited by many tourists - over 25 million people come to the Mall each year.
Area.
Officially, the Mall is the area between the U.S. Capitol and the Washington Monument. However, there is another park that is right next to the Mall, which is from the Washington Monument to the Lincoln Memorial. The Reflecting Pool is in this park, as well as many monuments and museums. Many people say that this park is also part of the National Mall.
The National Mall has many trees. Most of these trees are elm and cherry blossoms. The cherry blossom trees were given to the United States by Japan in 1912.
History.
Pierre L'Enfant, the man who planned Washington D.C., wanted to have a park in the middle of the city. However, the National Mall was not always a park. In the 19th century, there was a railroad that ran through the Mall. Cows also grazed (ate grass) on the Mall. There was a large market on one side of the Mall. During the American Civil War, there were many buildings on the Mall. There were even slaughterhouses on the Mall - places where animals are killed and turned into meat. In 1901, the Senate passed the McMillian Plan. This cleaned up the National Mall and moved the railroad to Union Station.
Events.
Many events happen at the National Mall. The National Park Service says that over 3,000 events happen each year, but most of these are tours. Some of the biggest events that happen each year are the Cherry Blossom Festival, the National Book Festival, an Earth Day festival, and parades on Veteran's Day and Independence Day.
Protests and rallies also happen at the National Mall. One of the most famous was the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom in 1963, where Martin Luther King, Jr. gave his I Have a Dream speech. A rally in 1969 to end the Vietnam War was the biggest protest on the Mall. Over 2 million people came and marched to the White House. In 1995, the Million Man March was held on the Mall.
Nearby the Mall.
There are many places very close to the Mall. The Library of Congress and the United States Supreme Court building are just east of the Capitol. The White House, the National Archives, the Old Post Office, and, Ford's Theater (where Abraham Lincoln was killed) are just north. The National Postal Museum, and Union Station are northeast. The Jefferson Memorial, the Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial, the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, and the Bureau of Engraving and Printing to the south.

How I Met Your Mother
How I Met Your Mother (or "HIMYM") is an American situation comedy that started on CBS Broadcasting on September 19, 2005.

Turkish television series
There is a list of Turkish television series

Pixelization
Pixelization is a way of hiding information from a picture. It is often used to censor pictures or movies that are inappropriate. It is also used to hide someone's face if they do not wish to be seen.

Yıldız Technical University
Yıldız Technical University is a university in Turkey. It is found in Beşiktaş,İstanbul. The university has three campuses in Davutpasa, Yıldız and Ayazağa. It is a public university.

Tract (literature)
A tract, is a literary work, and is now used in religion. They are often either left for someone to find, or are given out.

Primitive Methodist Church
The Primitive Methodist Church is a body of evangelical Christians in the Methodist denomination. They began in England in the early 1800s, with the influence of American evangelist Lorenzo Dow (1777–1834).

Anadolu University
Anadolu University is an high-degree educational instution in Eskişehir,Turkey

Naiba River
The Naiba River is a tributary of the Cerna River in Romania. That means it flows into the Cerna River.

Nedeia River (Danube)
The Nedeia River is a small tributary of the Danube in Romania. That means it flows into the Danube.

National Air and Space Museum
The National Air and Space Museum is a museum in Washington, D.C., United States, located in the National Mall. It is the most popular Smithsonian museum, and over five million people visit it each year. The museum has the most airplanes and spacecraft in the world.

Daniel Alfredsson
Daniel Alfredsson is the current captain of the Ottawa Senators. Alfredsson won the Calder Memorial Trophy in 1996.

Termite
Termites are a group of social insects. They are sometimes incorrectly called "white ants". Usually they are classified at the taxonomic rank of order Isoptera. As truly social animals, they are termed "eusocial" along with the ants and some bees and wasps. Termites mostly feed on dead plant material, mostly wood, leaf litter, soil, or animal dung. About 10% of the estimated 4,000 species (about 2,600 taxonomically known) are economically significant as pests that can cause serious structural damage to buildings, crops or plantation forests. Termites are major detrivores, particularly in the subtropical and tropical regions. Their recycling of wood and other plant matter is very important for ecology.
As eusocial insects, termites live in colonies that, at maturity, number from several hundred to several million individuals. They are a prime example of decentralised, self-organised systems using swarm intelligence and use this cooperation to exploit food sources and environments that could not be available to any single insect acting alone. A typical colony contains nymphs (semi-mature young), workers, soldiers, and reproductive individuals of both genders, sometimes containing several egg-laying queens.

Dany Heatley
Dany Heatley is a ice hockey player for the Ottawa Senators. Heatley won the Calder Memorial Trophy in 2002. He won the trophy when he was playing for the Atlanta Thrashers. Heatley asked to be traded to Ottawa because of his involvement in a car accident that killed teammate Dan Snyder.

Mantis
Mantises (order "Mantodea") is an order of insects. It contains about 2,300 species. They occur in temerate and tropical habitats. Most are in are in the family Mantidae. For most of the past century, only this single family was recognized within the order, and the term "mantid" was therefore historically used for any member of the order; technically, however, the term only refers to this one family, meaning the species in the other eight recently-established families are not mantids, by definition (i.e., they are empusids, or hymenopodids, etc.), and the term "mantises" (or the more colloquial "praying mantises") should be used when referring to the entire order. Often mistakenly spelled preying mantis (an "eggcorn", since they are notoriously predatory), they are in fact named for the typical "prayer-like" stance. The word "mantis" derives from the Greek word "mantis" for prophet or fortune teller. In Europe, the name "praying mantis" refers to only a single species, "Mantis religiosa". The closest relatives of mantises are the orders Isoptera (termites) and Blattodea (cockroaches), and these three groups together are sometimes ranked as an order rather than a superorder.
Mantises are notable for their hunting abilities. They are exclusively predatory, and their diet usually consists of living insects, including flies and aphids; larger species have been known to prey on small lizards, frogs, birds, snakes, and even rodents. Most mantises are ambush predators, waiting for prey to stray too near. The mantis then lashes out at remarkable speed. Some ground and bark species, however, pursue their prey rather quickly. Prey are caught and held securely with grasping, spiked forelegs ("raptorial legs"); the first thoracic segment, the prothorax, is commonly elongated and flexibly articulated, allowing for greater range of movement of the front limbs while the remainder of the body remains more or less immobile. The articulation of the head is also remarkably flexible, permitting nearly 300 degrees of movement in some species, allowing for a great range of vision (their compound eyes have a large binocular field of vision) without having to move the remainder of the body. As their hunting relies heavily on vision, they are primarily diurnal, but many species will fly at night, and can be commonly encountered at lights.
Mantises are masters of camouflage and most species make use of protective coloration to blend in with the foliage or substrate, both to avoid predators themselves, and to better snare their victims. Various species have adapted to not only blend with the foliage, but to mimic it, appearing as either living or withered leaves, sticks, tree bark, blades of grass, flowers, or even stones. Some species in Africa and Australia are able to turn black after a molt following a fire in the region to blend in with the fire ravaged landscape (fire melanism). While mantises can bite, they have no venom, and are not dangerous to humans. They do not appear to be chemically protected; nearly any large predatory animal will eat a mantis if it is able to detect it (mantises are generally quite aggressive towards one another, in fact, and most species are readily cannibalistic when given the opportunity).

Memphis blues
The Memphis blues is a type of blues music that was created in the 1920s and 1930s.

Piano blues
Piano blues is a type of Blues music where the piano is the main musical instrument used. Boogie woogie is the best known kind of piano blues, though barrelhouse, swing, R&B, rock and roll and jazz are also important.

Jazz blues
Jazz blues is a musical style that combines jazz and blues.

Fife and drum blues
Fife and drum blues is another form of traditional country blues. It is play with a lead fife player, a vocalist and a troop of drummers.

Earwig
Earwigs is the name given to a group of insects (called "Dermaptera"). They are characterized by wings they can fold under short, leather-like forewings. There are about 1800 species of earwigs. They do not seem to spread any disease, or harm humans in any way. Most of them are 10-14mm long, some species can reach 80mm. Most earwigs are omnivores they also eat some insect larvae.

Silverfish
"Lepisma saccharina" (commonly called the fishmoth, urban silverfish or just the silverfish) is a small, wingless insect. Typically it is between half an inch and one inch (12–25 mm). Its common name comes from the animal's silvery blue color, combined with the fish-like appearance of its movements. The scientific name indicates the silverfish's diet of carbohydrates such as sugar or starches. It belongs to the basal insect order Thysanura, and the species is estimated to have existed for over 300 million years, originating in the Paleozoic Era. Often misidentified as a silverfish is the house centipede, another house-dwelling arthropod that exhibits rapid, fluid movement.
An eyeless species of silverfish, or a close relative, was discovered in January 2006 in caves in Sequoia National Park, California.

Amazing Grace
"Amazing Grace" is a well-known Christian hymn. The words were written late in 1772 by Englishman John Newton.
John Newton and the lyrics to Amazing Grace.
Amazing grace, how sweet the sound
That sav’d a wretch like me!
I once was lost, but now am found,
Was blind, but now I see.
’Twas grace that taught my heart to fear,
How precious did that grace appear,
Thro’ many dangers, toils and snares,
’Tis grace has brought me safe thus far,
And grace will lead me home.
The Lord has promis’d good to me,
He will my shield and portion be,
Yes, when this flesh and heart shall fail,
I shall possess, within the veil,
A life of joy and peace.
The earth shall soon dissolve like snow,
But God, who call’d me here below,

30,000 Pounds of Bananas
"30,000 Pounds of Bananas" is a song by Harry Chapin. It is from his "Verities & Balderdash" album.
The song tells the story of real-life truck accident which happened on March 18, 1965, in Scranton, Pennsylvania

Corrie ten Boom
Cornelia Johanna Arnolda ten Boom (or just Corrie ten Boom) (April 15, 1892 – April 15, 1983) was a Dutch Christian Holocaust survivor. She helped many Jews escape the Nazis during World War II. Ten Boom co-wrote her autobiography, "The Hiding Place". It was later made into a movie of the same name. In December of 1967, Ten Boom was given the award of "Righteous Among the Nations" by the State of Israel.

Lincoln Memorial
The Lincoln Memorial was built to remember Abraham Lincoln, who was the 16th President of the United States and led the nation during the American Civil War. It is in the National Mall in Washington, D.C., and is a popular site for tourists.
Design.
The Lincoln Memorial was built to look like the Temple of Zeus at Olympia, Greece. It is surrounded by thirty six columns which are high. There is a large reflecting pool right outside the steps.
Inside.
A sculpture of Lincoln sitting on a throne is inside the Memorial. The statue shows the President looking towards the reflecting pool and the Washington Monument. The statue is 19 feet 9 inches (6 m) tall and wide, and was carved from 28 blocks of white marble.
AS IN THE HEARTS OF THE PEOPLE
FOR WHOM HE SAVED THE UNION
This is a complicated sentence and was written long ago. It means that Abraham Lincoln will forever be remembered here, just like he will be remembered by the people of the United States, who he saved.
Lincoln's famous speech, the Gettysburg Address, is written into one of the walls at the Memorial. There are also several murals on the other walls. One of the murals shows an angel, and another one shows a slave being freed.
Famous Events.
The Memorial has been used many times for famous events. Martin Luther King's "I Have a Dream" speech was given on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial. President Richard Nixon once met with protesters of the Vietnam War, who were at the Memorial.
The Lincoln Memorial on U.S. currency.
The Lincoln Memorial is on the back of the United States penny (the one cent coin), which has a picture of Lincoln on the front. The memorial is also on the back of the U.S. five dollar bill, which also has a picture of Lincoln on the front.

Myki
Myki is a new ticket to replace the Metcard. It has had a lot of problems, and got a lot of media attention. One example is when the Mininster for Public Transport, Lynne Kosky MP, was watching people test Myki, a ticket machine failed, and a validator fell apart.

Morwell, Victoria
Morwell is a city in Gippsland, east of Victoria. Morwell is in the Latrobe Valley. The Latrobe Valley has a lot of brown coal which is burned to make electricity in power stations. It is also the centre for the City of Latrobe.
The name Morwell is believed to have come from the Australian aboriginal Gunnai language meaning "people who live in the swamp".

Archaeognatha
Archaeognatha is an order of wingless insects, also known as "jumping bristletails". They are among those insects which changed least during evolution. They first appear in the Devonian period along with the arachnids (Spiders). The name Archaeognatha is derived from Greek "Archaeos" meaning "ancient" and "gnatha" meaning "jaw". This refers to the articulation of the mandibles, which has a single condyle, where all higher insects have two. An alternate name, "Microcoryphia" comes from the Greek "micro" meaning "small" and "coryphia" meaning head.
The Order Archaeognatha has previously been combined with the Order Thysanura, or bristletails. Both groups have three-pronged tails with two cerci and an epiproct. Archaeognatha differ from Thysanura in that they are able to use their tail to spring up to 30 cm into the air. Like Thysanura, the body is covered with scales, with a thin exoskeleton that is susceptible to dehydration.
There are approximately 350 species in the two families. They are distributed worldwide, and unusual in the insect world in that they can even be found in the Arctic where they live in leaf litter and rock crevices. They feed primarily on algae, but also lichens, mosses, or decaying organic materials.
There are no species at current conservation risk, though the order is one of the most poorly-studied among insects, and therefore it may simply be that no one has yet recognized that any species are at risk.

Ravi Zacharias
Frederick Antony Ravi Kumar Zacharias (born 1946) is an Indian-born, Canadian-American evangelical Christian apologist, and evangelist. Zacharias is the author of many Christian books, such as the Gold Medallion Book Award winner "Can Man Live Without God?"

Florida Championship Wrestling
Florida Championship Wrestling (FCW) is a professional wrestling promotion based in Tampa, Florida. It is the official developmental territory for World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE).
History.
The promotion, in its current form, was started by Steve Keirn in 2007 to be WWE's second developmental territory when they ended their relationship with the Georgia-based Deep South Wrestling in early 2007. It became their only developmental territory in early 2008 when they ended affiliation with Ohio Valley Wrestling.
FCW's first show was on June 26 2007 at Tampa, Florida's Dallas Bull. A 21 man Battle Royal was held during the show, with Harry Smith booked to win and become the first ever FCW Southern Heavyweight Champion. The next year the FCW Florida Heavyweight Championship was introduced, with Jake Hager becoming the first champion at a February 15 show after surviving a Battle Royal and defeating Ted DiBiase, Jr.. The FCW Florida Tag Team Championship was also introduced in February, with the Puerto Rican Nightmares (Eddie Colón and Eric Perez) beating Steven Lewington and Heath Miller to win it in the finals of a one night tournament. The singles titles were later unified, keeping the "Florida Heavyweight" name.
FCW currently runs shows every Tuesday at Bourbon Street nightclub, as well as spot shows on other nights at other venues in and around the Central Florida area. They are also in the getting ready to start a weekly television series when get a public restroom built in.

Blues scale
The "blues scale" is a hexatonic scale with minor pentatonic scale. But, because blues notes (or blue notes) have a different form, there can be no one blues scale. As named in contemporary jazz theory, its use is based on the key and not the chord, unlike some chords in jazz.
References.
The semitone differences for a blues scale are 3-2-1-1-3-2 for instance- C-Eb-F-F#-G-Bb-C

Infant baptism
In Christianity, infant baptism is the baptism (the "christening") of young children or infants. In theology, the practice is sometimes called paedobaptism or pedobaptism.

OMF International
OMF International (or Overseas Missionary Fellowship and China Inland Mission before 1964) is an inter-denominational Protestant Christian missionary society. It was started by English missionary Hudson Taylor on 25 June, 1865.

Wordless Book
A Wordless Book is a Christian evangelistic device. Most believe that it was created by the famous London Baptist preacher Charles Haddon Spurgeon. It is called a "book", as it is usually has pages, but it can also be shown on a single page or banner.
Color themes.
Spurgeon’s concept only contained three colors: “first was black, the second was red, and the third was pure white”

Swarm intelligence
Swarm Intelligence is a field of Computer science. It is a form of Artificial intelligence. Some animals, mostly insects like ants, or bees form large colonies. These colonies are made of many animals that communicate with each other. Each animal is relatively simple. By cooperating with other animals it is nevertheless able to solve complex tasks.
Swarm intelligence wants to obtain similar behaviour than that observed with these animals. Instead of the animals, so called "agents" are used.

Hudson Taylor
James Hudson Taylor 戴德生 (May 21, 1832 – June 3,1905) was a British Protestant Christian missionary to China. He started the China Inland Mission (CIM) (now OMF International). Taylor spent 51 years in China.

Baptist Union of Great Britain
The Baptist Union of Great Britain (BUGB) is the both oldest and largest national group of Baptist churches in Great Britain. It was started when the General Baptists and Particular Baptists came together in 1891.

Spurgeon's College
Spurgeon's College is a theological institute in London. It was started by Charles Spurgeon, known as "the Prince of Preachers." It was first named "The Pastors' College" when it opened in 1857. When it moved to its present building in 1923, it was renamed in honour of its starter Charles Spurgeon.

Michael Vick
Michael Vick is an American football quarterback for the Atlanta Falcons.

Tom Brady
Tom Edward Brady Jr. is an American Football quarterback for the New England Patriots. Brady was first drafted by the Patriots in the 2000 NFL draft from the University of Michigan. In the postseason, Brady has 1 MVP award, and 2 Super Bowl MVP awards. He is also called one of the best quarterbacks in the era.

Randy Moss
Randy Moss is an Wide receiver for the New England Patriots.

Norm Van Brocklin
Norm Van Brocklin (March 15, 1926 – May 2, 1983) was an American football coach for the Atlanta Falcons. He is a member of the NFL Hall of Fame as a player for the Los Angeles Rams (1949-1957) and the Philadelphia Eagles (1958-1960)

San Antonio Spurs
The San Antonio Spurs are a team in the National Basketball Association in San Antonio, Texas.

Atlanta Hawks
The Atlanta Hawks are a team in the National Basketball Association, in Atlanta, Georgia.

Golden State Warriors
The Golden State Warriors are a professional basketball team.

Sacramento Kings
The Sacramento Kings are a team in the National Basketball Association in Sacramento, California.

Philadelphia 76ers
The Philadelphia 76ers (or Sixers for short) are a professional basketball team in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. They play in the National Basketball Association.

New York Knicks
The New York Knicks are a team in the National Basketball Association in New York

Utah Jazz
The Utah Jazz are a team in the National Basketball Association in Utah.

Houston Rockets
The Houston Rockets are a team in the National Basketball Association in Houston, Texas.

Portland Trail Blazers
The Portland Trail Blazers are a team in the National Basketball Association in Portland, Oregon.

List of NBA champions
This is a list of NBA Champions.
NBA champions.
' Due to the NBA's realignment into three divisions, the team with the best regular season record after the Divisional Finals advanced automatically to the Finals while the other two teams faced off in another series to determine the other finalist.

Arama Caprelor River
The Arama Caprelor River () is a tributary of the Putna Noroioasă River in Romania. That means it flows into the Putna Noroioasă River.

Ardealu River
The Ardealu River is a tributary of the Talna Mică River in Romania. That means it flows into the Talna Mică River.

Saga River
The Saga River is a tributary of the Costeşti River in Romania. That means it flows into the Costeşti River.

Savu River
The Savu River is a tributary of the Olteţ River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olteţ River.

Sarchii River
The Sarchii River is a tributary of the Pârâul de Câmpie in Romania. That means it flows into the Pârâul de Câmpie.

Salta River
The Salta River is a tributary of the Iza River in the country of Romania. That means it flows into the Iza River.

Julius Eastman
Julius Eastman (October 27, 1940 – May 28, 1990) was an African-American composer, pianist, singer and dancer. He is a minimalist.
Eastman grew up in Ithaca, New York. He began piano at age 14. He studied piano at the Curtis Institute of Music, with Mieczyslaw Horszowski and composition with Constant Vauclain.
In 1970, Eastman joined the Center for the Creative and Performing Arts at SUNY Buffalo, where he met the Czech-born composer, conductor, and flute player Petr Kotik. Eastman and Kotik played together in the early to mid 1970s. Eastman was a maker of the S.E.M. Ensemble. From 1971 he performed and traveled with the group.
He died alone in Millard Fillmore Hospital in Buffalo, New York of heart problems. No attention was given to his death until an obituary in the "Village Voice" by Kyle Gannon January 22, 1991, eight months after he died.

Eli Manning
Elisha Nelson "Eli" Manning (born January 3, 1981 in New Orleans, Louisiana) is an American football player. He is the quarterback for the New York Giants in the National Football League (NFL). Eli is the younger brother of Peyton Manning.
Manning played college football at the University of Mississippi after attending high school at Isidore Newman School in New Orleans. Manning was called the Most Valuable Player of the forty-second Super Bowl, which was played on February 3, 2008. In that game, he led the New York Giants to an unexpected win over the New England Patriots.
When Manning entered the NFL Draft (which is where professional American football teams choose new players for their teams), he was first chosen by the San Diego Chargers. But, the same day that the San Diego Chargers chose Manning, they decided to allow him to play for the New York Giants. In return, the New York Giants allowed Philip Rivers to join the San Diego Chargers. The New York Giants also allowed the San Diego Chargers to choose more players the next time the NFL Draft happened.
Personal life.
Eli Manning's home is in Hoboken, New Jersey,
When Eli Manning was young, it was difficult for him to learn how to read. He almost had to do one year of school twice. Manning said that his mother helped him a lot when he was learning how to read.
In 2007, Manning asked Abby McGrew to marry him. He met her while they were in college. On April 19, 2008 Manning and McGrew were married in San José del Cabo, Mexico.
When he is not playing football, Manning likes collecting antiques with his mother and wife.
On April 30, 2008, Eli Manning and the rest of the people who play for the New York Giants visited United States President George W. Bush at the White House for the Super Bowl champions celebration.
Manning plays golf with his father and brothers several times a year.

Paul Pierce
Paul Anthony Pierce (born October 13, 1977 in Oakland, California) is an American basketball player for the Boston Celtics of the NBA.

Scotty Bowman
William Scott "Scotty" Bowman (born September 18, 1933 in Montreal, Quebec, Canada) is a former National Hockey League head coach. He holds the record for most wins with 1,244.

Nigel Mansell
Nigel Ernest James Mansell OBE (born August 8, 1953 in Upton-upon-Severn, Worcestershire) is a British racing driver from England who won both the Formula One World Championship (1992) and CART World Series (1993). He is the only person in history to hold both titles simultaneously, and was the first person to win the CART title in his debut season. During the early nineties, Mansell was commonly known, by the British media especially, as "Our Nige".
His career in Formula One spanned 15 seasons, with his final two full seasons of top-level racing being spent in the CART series. Mansell remains the most successful British Formula One driver of all-time in terms of race wins with 31 victories, and is fourth overall on the Formula One race winners list behind Michael Schumacher, Alain Prost, and Ayrton Senna. He was rated in the top 10 Formula One drivers of all time by Murray Walker, who was a Formula One commentator for 50 years. In 2008, American sports television network ESPN ranked him 24th on their top drivers of all-time.
Mansell raced in the GP Masters series and signed a one-off race deal for the Scuderia Ecosse GT race team to drive their number 63 Ferrari F430 GT2 car at Silverstone on 6 May 2007.

Graham Hill
Norman Graham Hill (February 15, 1929 – November 29, 1975) was a British racing driver and two-time Formula One World Champion. He was born in Hampstead, London. His son Damon Hill was also Formula One driver and World Champion.

Beşiktaş
Besiktas ("Turkish": Beşiktaş) is a district in the European part of İstanbul. Beşiktaş is by the coastal of Bosphorus.
Beşiktaş has a football team called Beşiktaş Jimnastik Klübü (BJK) (English: Besiktas Gym Club). BJK is one of the biggest and one of the most popular football team in Turkey.
Historical buildings.
Dolmabahçe Palace is an Ottoman palace located in Besiktas along the coast. This is the palace where the founder of modern Turkey, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, died.

Eusociality
Examples.
The most familiar examples are insects such as ants, bees, and wasps (order Hymenoptera), as well as termites (order Isoptera), all with reproductive queens and more or less sterile workers and/or soldiers.
There are only two known mammal species that practise this form of organisation, the naked mole rat and the damaraland mole rat.
Eusociality with biologically sterile individuals represents the most extreme form of kin altruism. The analysis of eusociality played a key role in the development of theories in sociobiology.
The phenomenon of reproductive specialization is found in various organisms. It generally involves the production of sterile members of the species, which carry out specialized tasks, effectively caring for the reproductive members. It most commonly manifests in the appearance of individuals within a group whose behavior (and sometimes anatomy) is modified for group defense, including self-sacrifice ("altruism").
Definition debates.
After Wilson's original definition, other people have tried to change it. They wanted it to also specify, in what way and to what extent labour was divided. A narrower definition specifies the requirement for irreversibly distinct behavioral groups or castes (with respect to sterility and/or other features). The newer definition excludes all social vertebrates (including mole rats), because they do not have distinct castes that are different. A broader definition allows for any temporary division of labor or non-random distribution of reproductive success to constitute eusociality, and some have accordingly argued that even humans may be considered eusocial. Others believe that the hierarchical classification may not serve much purpose.
Theories of social evolution.
Evolution means that those animals that are better adapted to their environment have a better chance of passing on their genes. In eusocial animals, some animals are sterile. They can therefore not pass on their genes at all. How can these animals, incapable of passing on their genes evolve and persist? Since they do not breed, their fitness should be zero and any genes causing this condition should be eliminated from the population immediately. In "Origin of Species" (first edition, Ch. 8), Darwin called this behavior the "one special difficulty, which at first appeared to me insuperable, and actually fatal to my theory." Darwin thought that the resolution to the paradox would lie in the close family relationship, but specific theories to offer such resolution (e.g., kin selection or inclusive fitness) had to wait for the discovery of the mechanisms for genetic inheritance.
Early ideas on eusociality included suggestions that trophallaxis or food sharing was a basis for sociality. Other theories include superorganism theory and parental manipulation theory. The most widely accepted model to explain eusociality is based on W.D. Hamilton's idea of inclusive fitness.
According to inclusive fitness theory, eusociality may be easier for species like ants to evolve, due to their haplodiploidy, which facilitates the operation of kin selection. Sisters are more related to each other than to their offspring. This mechanism of sex determination gives rise to what W. D. Hamilton first termed "supersisters" who share 75 per cent of their genes on average. Sterile workers are more closely related to their supersisters than to any offspring they might have, if they were to breed themselves. From the "selfish gene's" point-of-view, it is advantageous to raise more sisters. Even though workers often do not reproduce, they are potentially passing on more of their genes by caring for sisters than they would by having their own offspring (each of which would only have 50% of their genes). This unusual situation where females may have greater fitness when they help rear siblings rather than producing offspring is often invoked to explain the multiple independent evolutions of eusociality (occurring some 11 separate times) within the haplodiploid group Hymenoptera — ants, bees and wasps. However, Hymenoptera is a large group and the majority of hymenopterans are not social. Furthermore, highly developed eusociality also exists in non-hymenopterans, perhaps most prominently in termites. Certain vertebrates (such as the naked mole rat) have also been described as eusocial. Most such cases involve organisms that display high levels of inbreeding, such that colony members share more than 50% of their genes, and therefore the same model is considered to apply to these species.
Reeve and Holldobler's version of superorganism theory further elaborates this model by considering competition and co-operation between groups as well as within groups. In this case, an individual's inclusive fitness varies depending on how much it invests in within-group competition (e.g. hoarding a private food cache) versus between-group competition (e.g. contributing to common foraging); and on its relatedness to the other group members. In a hymenopteran colony with one breeder (queen) and many workers as described above, the evolutionarily stable state is for each individual to invest entirely in helping the group, leading to a perfect "superorganism", which implies the stability of eusociality in this case. This agrees with Hamilton's model. This is implied even without considering between-group interactions. However, they further show that any group of relatives may show high "superorganismness", provided that there are many groups competing for the same resources. This may favour eusociality, or a degree of eusociality in non-hymenopterans. Indeed, a non-zero level of inter-group co-operation is predicted, even if the group members are entirely unrelated, as long as there is competition between groups.
Theories of parental manipulation point out that the transition from solitary to eusocial appears to involve intermediate stages where dominance interactions are required to suppress the reproductive tendencies of group members; that is, females are "manipulated" into acting as workers, even if it is against their own self-interest. This model does not require that individuals be highly related, though high relatedness will reduce expected levels of resistance to manipulation.
Some hypotheses about how eusociality evolved in naked mole rats include: inbreeding, ecological factors such as the dependence on large tubers that are hard to locate and reach underground, heat loss prevention, and high dispersal costs. In the mammalian cases, eusociality is believed to arise from 'reproductive suppression', where infertility in working females is only temporary, and not genetic.
Other examples.
Recently, some species of gall-making aphids (Order Hemiptera) and thrips (Order Thysanoptera) were found to be eusocial, with many separate origins of the state. These species have extremely high relatedness among individuals due to their partially asexual mode of reproduction (sterile soldier castes being of the same clone as the reproducing female), but the gall-inhabiting behavior gives these species a defensible resource that sets them apart from related species with similar genetics. In these groups, therefore, high relatedness alone does not lead to the evolution of social behavior, but requires that groups occur in a restricted, shared area.
Similarly, eusociality has arisen among some crustaceans and other arthropods. On some tropical reefs, several species of minute "Synalpheus" pistol shrimp that depend on certain sponges for the survival of their colony, live eusocially, with a single breeding female and a preponderance of male defenders, armed with enlarged snapping claws. Again, there is a single shared domicile for the colony members, and the non-breeding members act to defend it.

Scuderia Ferrari
Scuderia Ferrari is the name for the Gestione Sportiva, the division of the Ferrari automobile company concerned with racing. Though the Scuderia and Ferrari Corse Clienti continue to manage the racing activities of numerous Ferrari customers and private teams, Ferrari's racing division has completely devoted its attention and funding to its Formula One team, Scuderia Ferrari. Scuderia is Italian for "Stable", and Ferrari is the name of its founder. The prancing horse was the symbol on Italian World War I ace Francesco Baracca's fighter plane, and became the logo of Ferrari after the fallen ace's parents, good friends with Enzo Ferrari, asked him so, to continue his tradition of sportsmanship, gallantry and boldness.
Scuderia Ferrari was founded in 1929, and raced for Alfa Romeo until 1939. Ferrari first competed in F1 in 1948 (the team's first F1 car was the Tipo 125 F1), making it the oldest and arguably the most successful team left in the championship. The team's numerous and ardent Italian fans are known as "tifosi", though the team also has a vibrant international following.
One of the most popular Ferrari drivers was Michael Schumacher, who won four Ferrari titles. He drove in this team from 1997 through 2006. Schumacher is now in co-operation with Ferrari. The team's current drivers are Felipe Massa and Kimi Räikkönen, who has signed on to Ferrari for a three-year contract after the retirement of Michael Schumacher following the 2006 season, and its test drivers are Luca Badoer and Marc Gené. Ferrari and Räikkönen are the reigning Constructors' and Drivers' title holders respectively, after the conclusion of the 2007 season.
In 2008 Massa was near Championship Title,but won Hamilton.

TRT
The TRT (Turkish Radio and Television Corporation) is the first television broadcaster and national public broadcaster of Turkey.

Cnbc-e
Cnbc-e is a TV channel which broadcasts financial and entertainment programs in Turkey. Cnbc-e broadcasts TV series and films in original languages (mostly American series and films) with Turkish subtitles.

Kanal D
Kanal D is a Turkish popular television channel broadcasting national. Euro D is the TV which broadcasts Kanal D programmes to the all Europe.

CNN Türk
CNN Türk is the Turkish version of international CNN. CNN Türk broadcasts nationwide in Turkey.

NTV Turkey
NTV Turkey is a Turkish nationwide television channel which consists of news, sports programmes and documentaries.

Milliyet
Milliyet is a major Turkish daily newspaper founded in 1950. Abdi İpekçi, the editor of Milliyet, was murdered in 1979 when coming from the newspaper to his home.

Damon Hill
Damon Graham Devereux Hill OBE (born 17 September 1960 in London) is a British former racing driver from England.
He was the 1996 Formula One World Champion. As the son of the late double Formula One world champion Graham Hill, he is the only son of a world champion to win the title. Despite the famous family name, Hill had an uphill struggle to reach the ranks of F1.
Damon Hill came to professional motorsports relatively late: he began racing motorcycles in 1983 at the age of 23. The following year, he won the 350 cc Clubman's cup at Brands Hatch. In 1985, he moved on to four-wheel single-seater racing with Team Van Diemen in the Formula Ford championship, before moving up into the UK Formula 3 championship in 1986. After three seasons in Formula 3, where he won four races, Hill ascended another tier of open-wheel racing by joining Mooncraft in the International Formula 3000 championship, where, although often competitive, he never won a race.
Hill started his Formula One career in 1992 with the then uncompetitive Brabham team. His debut race was at the British Grand Prix where he qualified on the back row. He took the first of his 22 victories at the 1993 Hungarian Grand Prix for the Williams team the following year. In 1994, he won the British Grand Prix, a race his father had never won in his long and successful career. During the mid 1990s, Hill was Michael Schumacher's main rival for the Formula One Driver's Championship, finishing runner-up in the German's 1994 and 1995 title seasons. The two had a series of controversial clashes on and off the track, including the collision at the 1994 Australian Grand Prix that gave Schumacher his first title by a single point. Hill took eight victories and the world championship in 1996. Despite this, Williams decided in mid-1996 not to renew Hill's contract for 1997. He went on to record the Jordan team's first ever win at the 1998 Belgian Grand Prix, and came within a few miles of being the only driver to win a Grand Prix for the Arrows team and their Yamaha engine supplier at the 1997 Hungarian Grand Prix. He retired from the sport at the end of the 1999 season, after 122 races.
In 2006, Hill became president of the British Racing Drivers' Club, succeeding Jackie Stewart.

List of newspapers in Turkey
There is a list of newspapers publishing in Turkey.

Aphid
Aphids are small insects that feed on plants. Aphids cause more plant damage than any other insects. There are about 4,000 different types of aphids known.
Presently aphids are classified in 10 families, though historically there were many fewer, with most species included in the family Aphididae. Around 250 species are serious pests for agriculture and forestry as well as an annoyance for gardeners. They vary in size from 1-10 mm long.
Important natural enemies include the predatory lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), hoverfly larvae (Diptera: Syrphidae), and lacewings (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), and entomopathogenic fungi like "Lecanicillium lecanii" and the Entomophthorales.
Aphids are found many places on earth. Aphids are most common in temperate zones.
Aphids can travel far in the air. For example, the lettuce aphid spread from New Zealand to Tasmania. They have also been spread by human transportation of infested plant materials.

Aigle
Aigle is the capital of the district of Aigle in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. The town has a population of 8,100 people.

Brabham
Motor Racing Developments Ltd., commonly known as Brabham (), was a British company that built racing cars. It also ran a racing team in Formula One. It was founded in 1960 by two Australians, driver Jack Brabham and designer Ron Tauranac. The team won four drivers' and two constructors' world championships in its 30-year Formula One history. As of 2008, Jack Brabham's 1966 drivers' championship remains the only victory by a car bearing the driver's own name.
Brabham was the world's largest manufacturer of customer open wheel racing cars in the 1960s, and had built more than 500 cars by 1970. During this period, teams using Brabham cars won championships in Formula Two and Formula Three and competed in the Indianapolis 500. In the 1970s and 1980s, Brabham introduced innovations such as the controversial but successful 'fan car', in-race refuelling, carbon brakes, and hydropneumatic suspension. The team won two more Formula One drivers' championships in the 1980s with Brazilian Nelson Piquet, and became the first to win a drivers' championship with a turbocharged car.
British businessman Bernie Ecclestone owned Brabham during most of the 1970s and 1980s, and later become responsible for administrating the commercial aspects of Formula One. Ecclestone sold the team in 1988. Its last owner was the Middlebridge Group, a Japanese engineering firm. Midway through the 1992 season, the team collapsed financially as Middlebridge was unable to make repayments against loans provided by Landhurst Leasing. The case was investigated by the UK Serious Fraud Office.

Afrotheria
Afrotheria is a group of mammals (a superorder or cohort), containing the golden moles, elephant shrews, tenrecs, aardvarks, hyraxes, elephants and manatees. Scientists made this group based on DNA analyses. Experiments in the 1990s have named Afrotheria as one of four major groups in the group Eutheria (containing placental mammals). Afrotheria means "African animals", "afro" for Africa and "theria" for animals. Many animals in the group seem to be at a high risk of extinction. If the scientists are correct in grouping the animals in afrotheria together, this would be a huge loss of different animals in the same group.
Some scientists do not agree with grouping the animals in afrotheria together.

Kimi Räikkönen
Kimi-Matias Räikkönen () (born October 17, 1979 in Espoo, Finland) is a race car driver, currently driving for Scuderia Ferrari. He is the 2007 Formula One World Drivers' Champion.
Räikkönen entered Formula One as a regular driver for Sauber-Petronas in 2001. Having previously only raced in very junior open-wheel categories, he was given his Super Licence from the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) after a performance delivery promise from his team boss, Peter Sauber. He joined McLaren Mercedes in 2002, and became a title contender by finishing runner-up in the 2003 and 2005 championships to Michael Schumacher and Fernando Alonso, respectively.
Switching to Ferrari in 2007, Räikkönen became the highest paid driver in the sport, and secured his first Formula One World Drivers' Championship, beating McLaren drivers Lewis Hamilton and Fernando Alonso by one point.
Räikkönen is very calm, cool, and calculating in his race strategy—prompting the nickname "Iceman", which is subtly written on the side of his current helmet design. His other nicknames include Kimppa, Räikkä and Kimster (used by his mechanics).

Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile
La Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile, commonly referred to as the FIA, is a non-profit association established as the Association Internationale des Automobile Clubs Reconnus (AIACR) on June 20, 1904 to represent the interests of motoring organisations and motor car users. To the general public, the FIA is mostly known as the governing body for motor racing events.
Headquartered at 8, Place de la Concorde, Paris, the FIA consists of 213 national member organisations in 125 countries worldwide. Its current president is Max Mosley.
As is the case with football's FIFA, the FIA is generally known by its French name and acronym, even in English-speaking countries, but is occasionally rendered as "International Automobile Federation".

Presociality
Presociality is a phenomenon in which animals exhibit more than just sexual interactions with members of the same species; however, they fall short of qualifying as eusocial. That is, presocial animals can display communal living, cooperative care of young, or primitive reproductive division of labor, but they do not display "all" of the three essential traits of eusocial animals, those being
Presocial behavior is much more common in the animal kingdom than complete eusociality. Examples include canines that live in packs, numerous insects, especially hymenoptera, humans, many birds, chimpanzees, and many other animals that display social behavior.
The path to each of these stages of sociality is highly varied between different groups of animals. Sociality itself can be seemingly contrary to the theory of Darwinian evolution. Darwin saw the phenomenon as a serious challenge for his theory to overcome. However, modern sociobiology has been able to explain many cases of social behavior.
Among the Vespidae, it is thought that the pressures of predators and parasites selected subsocial behavior; that is, when the mother wasp stays in her brood cell to watch over her larva, it becomes less likely that parasites will be successful in preying on the nest.
Other pressures can force the evolution of presociality. A lack of resources available to pack-wolves makes it possible to raise only one litter, even with the aid of the pack. This forces reproduction to be suppressed in all but the alpha-male and -female; this way, the non-reproducing members of the pack can focus all of their care on one litter rather than several unsuccessful ones.

Murrumbidgee River
The Murrumbidgee River is a big river in New South Wales, Australia, and the Australian Capital Territory. It joins in with the Murray River. The word "Murrumbidgee" is from the Wiradjuri language (Indigenous Australian) and means "big water", "track goes down here" or "very good place". There are many large towns built next to the river, Gundagai, Wagga Wagga, Narrandera, Hay and Balranald.

Neotominae
"Neotominae" is a subfamily of the family Cricetidae. It consists of three tribes, 16 genera, and many species of New World rats and mice. Most of them are found in North America. Among them are the well-known deer mice, white-footed mice, packrats, and grasshopper mice.
Neotomines are related to the other two subfamilies of mice in the New World, Sigmodontinae and Tylomyinae. Many authorities place them all in a single subfamily, Sigmodontinae.

Kusadasi
Kusadasi (turkish Kuşadası) is a town in the province of Aydın. The town is a tourist resort and is near the ancient city of Ephesus. It has a population if about 65.000.

Ayvalik
Ayvalik (Turkish Ayvalık) is a seaside town in the west of Turkey in the province of Balıkesir. The town had an important number of Greek people living there. After the Turkish Independence War the population chnages with Turkish and Greek population and Greek population have gotten smaller.

Bregenz
Bregenz is a city in the west of the Austria and also the capital of Vorarlberg.The city located along Lake Constance and bordered by Switzerland and Germany.Its population is 27.000.The main ethnic groups are Austrians,Turkish,Italians,Serbians,Germans.

Togo Mouse
The Togo Mouse, also known as Büttner's African Forest Mouse or the Groove-toothed Forest Mouse ("Leimacomys buettneri"), is a unique muroid rodent. It is known from only two specimens, which were taken near the type locality of Bismarckburg, near Yege, Togo in 1890.
Description and natural history.
The entirety of known material for this species consists of a single poor quality dry skin, a fluid preserved animal, and a cranium and mandible. The cranium and mandible are from different animals. The material is deposited in the Zoologisches Museum of Humboldt University in Berlin, Germany.
The head and body length is 118 mm with a tail of 37 mm. This tail is unusually short relative to the body length (ratio of 37%) and is considered an important diagnostic feature. The animal is dark to grey brown above and pale grey brown below. Ears are small and hairy. Feet are also somewhat hairy. The tail may be naked or slightly haired.
Incisors are shallowly grooved. The snout is long and wide, interorbital width broad, and zygomatic plate large (Musser and Carleton, 2005).
Based upon skull morphology, the Togo Mouse is presumed to be insectivorous (Dieterlen, 1976). Very little is known about the habits of this unusual mouse.
Classification.
"Leimacomys" has been transferred back and forth between the Dendromurinae and the Murinae since its discovery. It most closely resembles "Lophuromys" which has been transferred to a newly erected Deomyinae on the basis of molecular data. The association with "Lophuromys" is thought to be due to convergent evolution due to a similar diet (Dieterlen, 1976). Tooth characters resemble dendromurines, "Mystromys" or basal gerbils. Denys et al. (1995) generated a phylogeny that suggested with limited support that "Leimacomys" is a sister taxon to the Gerbillinae.
Musser and Carleton (2005) chose to erect a new subfamily, Leimacomyinae, to house this species. They placed it in the family Muridae due to its potential connection to either the Gerbillinae or Deomyinae, but emphasized that a broad phylogenetic study including "Leimacomys", and a host of nesomyids and murids is needed to determine its appropriate position.
Conservation status.
The Togo Mouse is considered to be either critically endangered or extinct depending on the authority. Schlitter (1989) classified it as extinct, because subsequent surveys to the area failed to recover it. Grubb et al. (1998) noted that these surveys inadequately sampled appropriate habitat in Togo and neighboring Ghana, and they were reluctant to declare the species extinct. Musser and Carleton (2005) emphasized that insectivorous muroids as a group have proven difficult to capture, and that intense surveys of high elevation forest in this region are required to determine if it still persists.
The IUCN currently describes the Togo Mouse as "data deficient".

Nazimiye
Nazimiye is a district of Tunceliprovience in Turkey. Its old name is Kisla. The district has a total population of about 2000 people. There is no industrial activity in Naimiye. Agriculture and state ownership institutions are the only jobs for the people who are living in Nazimiye.

Yalova
Yalova is a northwestern Turkish city, which was affected in the earthquake of August 17, 1999. The city is along the coast of the Marmara Sea. Yalova has a better quality of life from other Turkish cities. It has a population of 77.000.

Mudanya
Mudanya is a town along the Sea of Marmara and also a district of Bursa Provience in Turkey.It is located in Gulf of Gemlik.Town has a road transportation with Bursa and seaway transportation by ferries with Istanbul.
Mudanya has industrial sector and agriculture sector especially oil production.The town also has a seaport.

Gemlik
Gemlik is a harbor town with 70.000 inhabitants.Gemlik is a district of Bursa Provience.Gemlik has a free industrial zone.This zone helped the development of industry in Gemlik.Agriculture mostly olives for eating and olives oil is an important economic activity in Gemlik.
There is a seaport in the town.Gemlik is located between Bursa and İstanbul.Because of this location advantage town developed rapidly after 1990s.

Chinchillidae
The family Chinchillidae contains the chinchillas, viscachas, and their fossil relatives. They are restricted to southern and western South America. Often they can be found in the Andes. They are large rodents, weighing from 800 grams to 8 kilograms, with strong hind legs and large ears. All species have thick, soft fur, which is considered valuable in some species.
Classification.
There are three extant and three fossil genera currently recognized.

Myomorpha
Suborder Myomorpha has 1,137 species of mouse-like rodents, almost a quarter of all mammals. mice, rats, gerbils, hamsters, lemmings and voles are in the group. They are grouped according to how the jaw looks like and how the molar teeth look like. They are very good at biting and chewing. Myomorphs are found all around the world, except Antartica, in almost all land places. They are usually animals who are more active at night and they are seed-eaters.

Eumuroida
Eumuroida are a group of all muroid rodents, or the true muroids. It was made in 2004. The group is not in the standard taxonomic classification, but it is between superfamily and family. The Eumuroida is the clade including all organisms which evolved from the most recent ancestor of the Calomyscidae, Nesomyidae, Cricetidae, and Muridae.

Mouse-like hamsters
Mouse-like hamsters are a group of small rodents found in Syria, Azerbaijan, Iran, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, and Pakistan. They are found in rocky and slightly high areas in desert regions.
The mouse-like hamsters are not real hamsters, although they look like hamsters. They were once thought to be hamsters based on the shape of their teeth, but they do not have the cheek pouches, and short tail of the true hamsters. All animals in this genus were part of the same species before, "Calomyscus bailwardi", but they are now separate species because they have big differences in chromosome number, skull length and weight, and other differences.
In Europe, species of "Calomyscus" can be kept as a pet. They are called "Calomyscus bailwardi mystax" or "Calomyscus bailwardi". Only special people sell them, not pet shops, so they are usually only people who really like mice will buy them.
Mouse-like hamsters live the longest of all the mouse species. They have been recorded as living 9 years, 3 months and 18 days in captivity. They regularly live over 4 years in captivity. The species which lives the second longest in the muroids lives 7 years, 8 months, which is the Canyon Mouse, "Peromyscus crinitus".

Nesomyidae
Nesomyidae is a family of African rodents in the large and complicated superfamily Muroidea. It includes many subfamilies, which all live in Africa. Malagasy rats and mice, climbing mice, African rock mice, swamp mice, pouched rats, and the white-tailed rat are in this family.
Characteristics.
Nesomyids are small to medium rodents, and the largest is the size of a rat. They may look like mice, rats, voles, or hamsters, depending on the species and subfamily. They can either eat plant and meat totally, or insects totally. Their habits are also different, with some species climbing trees, and others digging holes in the ground to hide. They can give birth to the most four babies after being in the mother's womb for about six weeks.
Classification.
Many of these animals were once thought to be related to other groups of muroid rodents, but this African-based group has been confirmed to be different from the other muroids based on genetic studies. Still, all members of the Nesomyidae are placed in the family Muridae along with all other members of the Muroidea.
The Nesomyids are classified in 5 subfamilies, 22 genera and 55 species.

Manisa
Manisa is a city in the western Turkey in Asia Minor.

Eskişehir
Eskişehir is a city in Turkey.City located in Asian Minor in the west side of the middle of Turkey.Eskişehir has a great number of university student population for an typical Anatolian city.Anadolu University and Osmangazi University is located in this city.In Turkey,there is no much city wh,ch has more than one university except metropol cities such as Istanbul,Ankara,İzmir.Student population brings economical consumption to the city.

Cricetidae
The Cricetidae are a family of rodents in the large and complicated superfamily Muroidea. It includes true hamsters, voles, lemmings, and New World rats and mice. With almost 600 species, it is the second largest family of mammals, and has animals in it in the New World, Asia, and Europe.
Characteristics.
The cricetids are small mammals, ranging from just 5 to 8 cm and 7 grams in weight in the New World Pygmy Mouse, up to 41 to 62 cm and 1,100 grams in the Muskrat. How long the tail is depends on how big the body is, and the tails can be either with hair or a little hair. Most species have brown fur, with a white colored underbelly, but there are also many other patterns, especially in the cricetine and arvicoline subfamilies.
Like the Old World Mice, cricetids live in a wide range of habitats, in the high Arctic to tropical rainforests and hot deserts. Some are good at climbing, with long balancing tails and other way to help them to climb, while others can swim, with webbed feet and small external ears. Yet others are burrowing animals, or ground-dwellers, which live in the ground.
Their diet is also variable, with herbivorous, omnivorous, and insectivorous species known. They all have large, biting and chewing, incisors separated from grinding molar teeth by a gap, or diastema.
There can be a lot of these animals in a very short time, because the mother gives birth to them after 15 to 50 days, and they have a lot of babies at one time. The young are usually born blind, hairless, and helpless.

Turkish cities by population
There is a list of Turkish cities by population rankings.

Gaziantep
Gaziantep, is a city located in southeastern of Turkey.Gaziantep is well-known with its desert Baklava.Gaziantep also the 6th biggest city in Turkey.

Baklava
Baklava is a dessert from Turkish kitchen. The city of Gaziantep is well-known because of its Baklava deserts.Turkish ladies make baklava for serving in private days such as bayrams (religional days). However, Baklava could be found in lots of restaurant and desert shops in Turkey

Radikal
Radikal is a nationwide newspaper in Turkey.Radikal is a left-wing newspaper.It shares social-democrat ideas.In Sundays it gives an extra called Radikal2.

ÖSS
ÖSS Turkish Öğrenci Seçme Sınavı is the exam for entering universities in Turkey. Every year in June the ÖSS exam is done. OSS is a test exam which has many questions from different subjects such as Maths, Geograpy, and History.

Ahmet Necdet Sezer
Ahmet Necdet Sezer (born September 13, 1941 in Afyonkarahisar) was the tenth President of Turkey. He was president from May 16, 2000 until August 28, 2007. He was a republican and supporter of secularism in Turkey.

Kamer Genc
Kamer Genc (b. 1940) is a Turkish independent politician who is currently active in the Turkish Parliament. He defends secularism and he rejects ethnic nationalism.

Emine Erdoğan
Emine Erdoğan is the wife of Turkish prime minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan.She wears türban headscarves.Her türban shows Erdogan families Islamic standing.

Kenan Evren
Ahmet Kenan Evren (born 17 July 1918 in Alaşehir, Manisa), was the 7th president of Turkey. He was a former Turkish general and the leader of the coup d'etat on 12 September 1980.

Show TV
"Show TV" is a national television channel in Turkey. Turkish news presenter Ali Kırca is one of the important people in Show TV.

Cumhuriyet
Cumhuriyet in English The Republic is a Turkish nationwide daily newspaper.Cumhuriyet newspaper shares secularist and republican ideas with its readers.Cumhuriyet is sold about 70.000 everyday.
Ilhan Selcuk, the editor of Cumhuriyet arrested by police after the conversative-Islamic government party AKP has wanted to closed.

Uludag University
Uludag University is a Turkish university which is located in the fourth largest city of the country Bursa. Before 1980 its name was Bursa University, but in 1980 the name changed to Uludag University. Uludag is the name of the highest mountain in Bursa. Uludag University is a public university.T he university has a big campus in Görükle village outside of the city.

Osmangazi University
Osmangazi University is a school found in Eskişehir, Turkey.

ERASMUS programme
The Erasmus Programme is an European Union project which intends to promote the mobility of students and university teachers among EU countries and Turkey, Norway and Switzerland. Its name stands for "European Community Action Scheme for the Mobility of University Students".Its name is also in honor of the humanist Desiderius Erasmus.

National Gallery of Art
The National Gallery of Art is an art museum on the National Mall in Washington, D.C. The museum was built in 1938 by the United States Congress. Andrew W. Mellon gave money and art to help the museum. Many lovers of art have given the National Gallery their art collections, like Lessing J. Rosenwald, Samuel H. Kress, and Joseph E. Widener. This has made the National Gallery one of the best art museums for Western art painting and sculpture in the world.

1999 İzmit earthquake
The 1999 İzmit earthquake was an approximately 7.4 magnitude earthquake that struck northwestern Turkey on August 17, 1999, at about 3:01am local time. The event lasted for 37 seconds, killing 15,135 people and leaving approximately half a million people homeless. After the quake international support came to the area including former United States President Bill Clinton who visited the people who affected from quake in Adapazarı.

Andrew W. Mellon
Andrew William Mellon (March 24 1855 — August 27 1937) was an American banker who also owned many industrial businesses. He was the Secretary of the Treasury from March 4 1921 until February 12 1932.
Personal life.
Mellon was a lover of art, and had a large collection which he gave to the National Gallery of Art. Mellon was also a philanthropist - someone who gives to charity in order to make the world a better place.

Taksim Square
Taksim Square is an area located in Beyoğlu,Istanbul.Sometimes it is referred as the heart of the Istanbul.In 1 May 1977 in Labour Day celebration there were more than 500.000 people in the square.
Taksim Square has a Republican Monument which was built in 1928.

Street market
Street Market is an open-air market.Generally in an open-air market clothing,fruits and vegetables.In Greece and Turkey streets markets stands in several days weekly.

Reflecting pool
A reflecting pool or reflection pool is a pool of water that is in many memorials. It is usually shallow and calm, so that a visitor can see a reflection of the memorial in the water. Visitors are also supposed to think about what the memorial means while looking at the pool. This is also called reflecting.
The most famous reflecting pool is the one leading up to the Taj Mahal in Agra, India. Other famous reflecting pools are the Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool and the pool in front of the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C., U.S.A.

Bozcaada
Bozcaada is an island in Aegean Sea. It is the third largest island of Turkey. Bozcaada is also a district of Çanakkale Provience. Bozcaada has 2,500 inhabitants. The main economical activities are tourism and fishing. The island is well-known for its grapes and wines.

Heybeliada
Heybeliada is an island in Sea of Marmara in Turkey.It is officially a part of Adalar district of Istanbul.Heybeliada has an old Ortodox Christian Theology School.However this school is closed because of Turkish laws.Turkey and EU works for opening this school again.However for opening this school the government must prepare a new law.

Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool
The Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool is the biggest reflecting pool in Washington, D.C. It is right next to the Lincoln Memorial. The reflecting pool is long and can be seen in many photographs of the Washington Monument. There are paths and trees on both sides, and many people exercise around it. It reflects both the Washington Monument and the Lincoln Memorial, which means that you can see both if you look into the water.
It is on the west side of the National Mall, and is about 2,029 feet (618 m) long and 167 feet (51 m) wide. It is about 18 inches (46 cm) deep on the sides and 30 inches (76 cm) deep in the middle. It holds approximately 6,750,000 U.S. gallons (25,500,000 L) of water.
Events.
Because the reflecting pool is right in front of the Lincoln Memorial, many famous events have happened there.
In 1939, singer Marian Anderson was not allowed to sing in the Constitution Hall in Washington, because of her race. Instead, she sang on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial on Easter Sunday. Over 75,000 people went to the Reflecting Pool area to listen to her.
In 1963, the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom held a large Civil Rights rally around the reflecting pool. This was where Martin Luther King gave his "I Have a Dream" speech to a quarter million people standing around and in the Reflecting Pool.

Gebze
Gebze is an industrial town in the provience Kocaeli, Turkey. It is the largest industrial area of Kocaeli. There is a project to build the İzmit Bay Bridge to connect Yalova and Gebze.

Alanya
Alanya is a seaside resort in the south of Turkey and also a district of Antalya. Antalya has 400,000 permanent inhabitants.In summers lots of tourists come to town for beach and sun. In summer, the population raises suddenly. Alanya has 10,000 European inhabitants and the number of European inhabitants raises year to year.

Sezen Aksu
Sezen Aksu (born 1954) is a Turkish pop singer, song-writer and producer. She is popular in Turkey and outside of the country. She has sold over 40 million albums. She is called as Queen of the Turkish pop.
She supports other singers with working together or writing songs for them. She has worked with Turkish singer Tarkan.

Imrali
Imrali is an island in the Marmara Sea. There is only a jail in the island and no other buildings. It is a forbidden zone for fishermen as well. Abdullah Ocalan is imprisoned there.

The Backyardigans
The Backyardigans is a 3D CGI animated series that premiered on Nick Jr. in 2004.

Hatirla Sevgili
Hatirla Sevgili is a Turkish television series which ended in May 2008. The series tells the political events from 1960 to 1980 in Turkey. Hatirla Sevgili broadcasted on the television channel ATV.

ATV Turkey
ATV is a nationwide Turkish television channel. Avrupa Yakası is one of the popular sitcoms broadcast on ATV.

Bodrum
Bodrum is a tourist resort in Turkey. It is located in western Turkey along the Aegean Sea. Thousands of tourists come every year for sun and beach tourism. Famous singer Zeki Müren died in Bodrum. Heredotus-Ancient Greek Historian lived in Bodrum. Turgut Reis is a Bodrumer who is an Ottoman admiral.

Phenomenology
In philosophy, phenomenology is a way of thinking about ourselves. Instead of asking about what we "really" are, it focuses on "phenomena". These are experiences that we get from the senses - what we see, taste, smell, touch, hear, and feel. Phenomenology does not ask if what we are seeing is "actually" there. It also does not ask if we are missing something, or if we have all the facts. Instead, phenomenologists (those who do phenomenology) believe we should look at the world just as it appears to us.
Martin Heidegger, a famous phenomenologist, said that philosophers should be looking at how we live in our "average everydayness." In his book Being and Time, he uses many examples of how people live in their normal lives. Jean-Paul Sartre did the same in his book Being and Nothingness. For example, he writes about meeting a friend at a cafe. However, the friend, named Pierre, never shows up. Sartre writes that he can feel the absence of Pierre in the cafe. Because of this, he says that non-Pierre (or the lack of Pierre) is something that exists, at least for him. It exists because he can feel it.

Dalaman
Dalaman is a town in southwestern Turkey. It is a district of Mugla Provience. Dalaman has an international airport, Dalaman International Airport, which serves a gateway to tourists who are coming Mugla and the surrounding area.

Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge
Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge (also known as Second Bosphorus Bridge) is a bridge between Asia and Europe in Istanbul, Turkey. The bridge spans across the Bosporus strait.

Marmaray
Marmaray is a project to connect Asia and Europe under sea with rail tunnels. Marmaray will be finished in 2012.

Atatürk International Airport
Atatürk International Airport (formerly Yesilkoy International Airport) is the major international airport in Turkey. It is located in European part of Istanbul. In 2008, an estimated 26 million passengers used Atatürk Airport.

Marmara University
Marmara University is an high-educational institution located in Asian part of Istanbul.

Kemal Sunal
Kemal Sunal (1944-2000) is a popular Turkish comedian in the Turkish cinema history. He played Saban, a character, in several movies. Generally his role characters comes from middle-working class so the audience can understand how the working class live when the movie was made. He died in 2000 because he had a heart attack in the plane. He has a son named Ali Sunal who is an actor too.

Adile Nasit
Adile Nasit ("Turkish": Adile Naşit (1930-1987)) was a Turkish actress. She played in many Turkish films. Her nickname was Hafize Ana (meaning Hafize name, Ana mother) and was a character she played in films.

Barilla Group
Barilla Group is a big Italian food company that makes pasta. Filiz is the Turkish brand name of Barilla Group.

Moda
Moda is a district near Kadıköy,Istanbul.Barış Manço pop singer lived here.Moda has a coast suitable for jogging.From Moda coast the beautiful image of Bosphorus can be seen.

Chinese poker
Chinese Poker is a poker variant that came from Asia. It is also called Russian Poker. Two to four players playing each hand, each player get dealt 13 cards then he needs to create 3 poker hands from his cards. First hand 3 cards second hand 5 cards and the third hand is 5 cards as well. The third hand most be the best hand (By the standard poker rankings) the second hand most be better then the first hand (The one with the 3 cards in it).

City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra
The City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra (CBSO) is one of the leading British orchestras. It is based in the Symphony Hall, Birmingham, England. It became particularly famous during the years when it was conducted by Sir Simon Rattle.
The orchestra was founded in 1920 by Neville Chamberlain, the man who later became Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. At that time it was called City of Birmingham Orchestra. Appleby Matthews conducted its first concert. In November of the same year the composer Edward Elgar conducted the orchestra in a programme of his own music in Birmingham Town Hall. Adrian Boult was chief conductor from 1924 to 1930.
History.
The CBO became a full time organisation in 1944. It changed its name to the "City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra" (CBSO) in 1948. Chief conductors since then included Rudolf Schwarz and the composer Andrzej Panufnik.
The CBSO became internationally famous when Simon Rattle became chief conductor in 1980. The orchestra became known for their playing of late romantic and 20th century works, especially those of Sibelius and Gustav Mahler. During this period, the orchestra moved from Birmingham Town Hall to a new concert hall: the Symphony Hall, which was inside Birmingham's International Convention Centre.
Rattle was named music director of the CBSO in 1990. That same year, a new job was created for a composer who would be associated with the orchestra. It was called "Radcliffe Composer in Association", and the first person to have this post was Mark-Anthony Turnage. In 1995 Judith Weir became Fairbairn Composer in Association, followed in 2001 by Julian Anderson.
After Rattle gave up his job with the CBSO in 1998 and the Finnish conductor Sakari Oramo became chief conductor that year, and music director in 1999.
In October 2007, the orchestra named the Latvian conductor Andris Nelsons as the CBSO's 12th music director, starting with the 2008-2009 season.
The CBSO has made many recordings for EMI Classics and Warner Classics, as well as smaller labels. The Orchestra's chief executive is Stephen Maddock.

Egon Krenz
Egon Krenz (born 19 March, 1937) was a politician of the German Democratic Republic. He was a high-ranking member of the Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands. He was the successor to Erich Honecker as leader of East Germany in 1989, for a few weeks. He was sentenced to six and a half years in prison. He was released in 2003.

Berlin Friedrichstrasse railway station
Berlin Fridrichstrasse (also called Friedrichstraße) is a railway station in the center of Berlin. It has regional and suburban railways connections. During the times of East Germany, it was the only station served by some underground lines from West Berlin.

Peyton Manning
Peyton Williams Manning (born March 24, 1976) is an American football quarterback who plays for the Indianapolis Colts, a team in the National Football League. Many people think that Peyton Manning is close to the best quarterback in the National Football League. Manning played college football for the University of Tennessee before he played professional football. Manning has played for the Indianapolis Colts all the time he has played professional football. He joined the team in 1998. Peyton is the older brother of New York Giants quarterback Eli Manning.
Manning has been in many television commercials. He has also had his picture on the covers of some video games for the Xbox, and was on an episode of "Saturday Night Live". Manning has also made a lot donations to charities and he has his own charitable group, called the Peyback foundation.
On February 4, 2007, Manning led the Indianapolis Colts to a victory over the Chicago Bears in the forty-first Super Bowl. He was called the Most Valuable Player of that game.

Statue of Freedom
The Statue of Freedom is a statue of a woman that is on top of the United States Capitol. It was made in 1863 by Thomas Crawford. The woman is an allegory - she was not an actual person but stands for the idea of freedom. She is holding a shield and a laurel wreath in one hand. In the other hand, she is holding a sword that is sheathed (in its case).

Murray River
The Murray River is the largest river in Australia. It starts high in the Snowy Mountains and flows mainly west until it gets to the sea near Goolwa, South Australia. For much of its length it forms the boundary between Victoria and New South Wales. Other rivers join the Murray, the Darling River, the Lachlan River, the Murrumbidgee River and the Goulburn River.
History.
The river was first called the "Hume River" after it was discovered by European explorers Hamilton Hume and William Hovell in November 1824. Explorer Charles Sturt renamed the river in January 1830 after a British politician, Sir George Murray. In 1852 the government offered a bonus of $8,000 for the first paddlesteamer to reach Echuca. This was achieved by both William Randell and Francis Cadell.
Randell built a steamboat the "Mary Ann", named after his mother, to start trading in 1853. Soon it was racing Captain Francis Cadell's steamer and river trading began. This provided many new jobs and started new settlements and industries along the entire length of the river Murray system. G.B. Johnston sailed a steam boat as far as Albury in 1855. The river was very important for carrying people and goods until the railways took over. By 1900 the river trade was just about over.

Buffer solution
Buffer solutions are solutions that do not change in hydronium ion and the hydroxide ion concentration when small amounts of acid or base are added.

Hamilton Hume
Hamilton Hume (19 June 1797 – 19 April 1873) was the first Australian born explorer.
Hume was born near Parramatta, a town close to (and now a part of) Sydney. His father was Andrew Hamilton Hume, who came to Australia in 1790 in charge of convicts (prisoners) and later became a farmer.
At 17 he began exploring the Sydney area, and went as far as Berrima. On these journeys Hume learned how to live safely in the bush (the area far from the cities). In March 1817 he went on a journey with James Meehan, the deputy surveyor-general, and discovered Lake Bathurst and the Goulburn Plains. Later he went with John Oxley and Meehan to Jervis Bay, and in 1822 was with a group which sailed in a boat down the east coast of New South Wales looking for rivers.
Journey to Port Phillip.
On October 2, 1824 Hume and William Hovell left Sydney to try and get to Spencer's Gulf in South Australia. The explorers took 6 servants, 5 bullocks, 3 horses and 2 carts. Much of the journey was over rough mountain country with many rivers to get across. On November 16 they found a "fine river" which they called the Hume. This river was later renamed the Murray River. They made a boat to get across the river near the present site of Albury. After a journey of 11 weeks, on December 16, 1824 they reached Corio Bay, Victoria near the present site of Geelong. Hovell made an error in his navigation, and they believed that they were on the shore of Western Port Bay. The journey back was made on path more to the west, the land was more level, and they were back only 5 weeks later. They ran out of food before the end of the journey, and the whole group was very, very tired.
Hume and Hovell received grants of of land as a reward. Hume had to sell his land to pay for the cost of the journey. This journey discovered the overland path (now called the Hume Highway) between Sydney and Melbourne.
Darling River Journey.
In November 1828, Hume journeyed with Charles Sturt into western New South Wales, where they discovered the Darling River. Hume was able to talk with some aborigines who agreed to help them on the journey. There was a long drought (no rain) and it was very hard to find water. It was only Hume’s good bushmanship (knowledge of the land) saved the group.
Later Life.
As a reward Governor Ralph Darling gave Hume of land at Yass Plains where he lived with his wife, Elizabeth Dight, and his nephew (son of his brother). In December 1853 a speech Hovell made at Geelong led to an argument between the men. This argument was over who had been the leader of the expedition, and had Hume thought Corio Bay was Westernport Bay. There were many letters and books written about the argument. Governor Ralph Darling had always said Hume was the leader, and Hume's own letters at the time show he agreed with Hovell's navigation mistake.
Hume later worked as a magistrate until his death at Yass on 19 April 1873. He is buried in the Yass Cemetery.

Azad Kashmir
The Azad State of Jammu and Kashmir, also called Azad Jammu and Kashmir or Azad Kashmir, shortened AJK is part of Kashmir. It is currently under Pakistani administration, but the Republic of India claims it, and wants to incorporate it into their state Jammu and Kashmir, which is poltically a different state. Together with the Federally-administered Northern Areas (FANA) it make Pakistan-administered Kashmir
The FANA are to the north, the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir is behind the Line of Control to the east. The North-West Frontier Province is west of it, and the Pakistani province of Punjab lies south of it.
The capital city of Azad Jammu and Kashmir is Muzaffarabad. Azad Jammu and Kashmir has an area of 5,134 sq mi (13,297 km²). The inhabitants of this region are Kashmiri Muslims. About 4 million people live there.
Pakistan and the Kashmiris refers to Jammu and Kashmir as "Indian Occupied Kashmir (IOK)".

Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (or NNPT) is a treaty that was made to stop nuclear weapons from being built. It was written in 1968, and 189 countries have signed it since then. Only four nations have not signed it: India, Israel, Pakistan and North Korea.
Terms.
The treaty says that only five countries are allowed to have nuclear weapons. These are called nuclear weapons states. The five nuclear weapons states are China, France, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Russia. All five of these nations have all signed the treaty. They are not supposed to help any other nation build nuclear weapons. All other nations who sign the Nuclear Non=Proliferation Treaty promise not to build mroe nuclear weapons for themselves or others.
The treaty also says that every nation is able to build nuclear power plants and have nuclear power. Nations who sign the treaty, but are not nuclear weapons states, promise to not use their nuclear power plants to make nuclear weapons.

Cyndi Lauper
Cynthia Ann Stephanie "Cyndi" Lauper (born in Queens, New York, United States, on June 22, 1953) is an American Grammy Award-winning singer, songwriter, and MTV VMA-winning video and Emmy Award-winning movie, television and theater actress. She became a very well known in the mid-1980s with the release of the album, "She's So Unusual". Lauper became the first artist in history to have four top-five singles released from one album. She has released 11 albums, over 40 singles, and has sold more than 25 million albums worldwide. She continues to tour the world in support of human rights.

Dutch East Indies
The Dutch East Indies, or Netherlands East Indies, was the Dutch colony that is now modern Indonesia. The main city was Batavia, now called Jakarta.
It was made from the colonies of the Dutch East India Company that came under the control of the Netherlands in 1800. After World War 2, Indonesia declared independence in 1945. After a revolution the Netherlands gave Indonesia sovereignty in December 1949.

Dutch East India Company
The Dutch East India Company ("Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie" or VOC in old Dutch), started in 1602, when the Netherlands gave it a 21-year monopoly to trade in Asia. It was the first multinational corporation in the world and the first company to issue stock. The VOC had the power to start wars, make treaties, make its own money, and start new colonies.
It was an important company for almost 200 years, until it became bankrupt in 1800. The VOC's colonies became the Dutch East Indies and later became Indonesia.

Mika Häkkinen
Mika Pauli Häkkinen (born September 28, 1968 in Helsingin maalaiskunta) is a Finnish racing driver and two-time Formula One champion. He was Michael Schumacher's greatest rival in F1 from 1998–2000. The German has said himself that Häkkinen is the rival he respected the most during his Formula One career.

Cape York
Cape York is the northern most point of Australia. It was named by Lieutenant James Cook in 1770 after the Duke of York. From the tip, it is about 160 km to New Guinea across the islands, coral reefs and sand banks of Torres Strait.

North West Cape
North West Cape is a large piece of land on the north west coast of Western Australia. There are mountains called the Cape Range through the middle of the peninsula and Ningaloo Reef is on the western edge. The town of Exmouth is also on the North West Cape.
In 1618, Dutch East India Company captain Lenaert Jacobszoon and Willem Janszoon of the boat called the "Mauritius" landed in the area. Phillip Parker King visited in 1818 and named it "North West Cape" as well as naming Exmouth Gulf after a Royal Navy officer, Edward Pellew, First Viscount Exmouth (1758 -1833).
Later, pearl boats visited the area from Broome.

Baja California Sur
Baja California Sur is a state of Mexico. It is located on the Baja California peninsula. Its capital is La Paz. About 500,000 people live there. It means "South Lower California".

Nelson Piquet
Nelson Piquet Souto Maior (born August 17, 1952), more commonly known as Nelson Piquet, is a Brazilian racing driver who was Formula One world champion in 1981, 1983, and 1987. He is one of the few men to win at least three world championships in the history of Formula One (the others being Jack Brabham, Jackie Stewart, Niki Lauda, Ayrton Senna (3 each), Alain Prost (4), Juan Manuel Fangio (5), and Michael Schumacher (7).

Baby boomer
A Baby boomer is anyone born between the years 1946 and 1964. After World War II so many people started families that the birth rates went higher and higher. Nearly 79 million babies were born in the United States of America during this time.

Jack Brabham
Sir John Arthur "Jack" Brabham, AO, OBE (born April 2 1926) is an Australian racing driver who was Formula One champion in 1959, 1960 and 1966.

Team Lotus
Team Lotus was the motorsport sister company of English sports car manufacturer Lotus Cars. The team ran cars in many motorsport series including Formula One, Formula Two, Formula Ford, Formula Junior, IndyCar and sports car racing. More than ten years after its last race Team Lotus remains one of the most successful racing teams of all time, winning seven Formula One Constructors' titles, six Drivers' Championships, and the Indianapolis 500 in the United States, between 1962 and 1978. Under the direction of founder and Chief Designer Colin Chapman Lotus was responsible for many innovative and experimental developments in motorsport, in both technical and commercial arenas.

WilliamsF1
WilliamsF1, the trading name of Williams Grand Prix Engineering Ltd., is a Formula One (F1) motor racing team and constructor. It was founded and run by Sir Frank Williams and Patrick Head. The team was formed in 1977 after two earlier and, compared with WilliamsF1's achievements, unsuccessful F1 operations, Frank Williams Racing Cars and Walter Wolf Racing. All of WilliamsF1 chassis are called "FW" then a number, the FW being the initials of team owner, Frank Williams.
Williams' first race was the 1978 Argentine Grand Prix, and Switzerland's Clay Regazzoni won Williams' first race at the 1979 British Grand Prix. At the 1997 British Grand Prix, Canadian Jacques Villeneuve won the team's 100th race, making Williams one of only three teams in Formula One, alongside Ferrari and fellow British team McLaren, to win 100 races. Williams won nine Constructor's titles between 1980 and 1997. This stood as a record until Ferrari surpassed it in 2000.
Many famous racing drivers have driven for Williams, including Finland's Keke Rosberg; Britain's Nigel Mansell and Damon Hill; France's Alain Prost and Brazil's Nelson Piquet and Ayrton Senna, and Canada's Jacques Villeneuve, each of whom, with the exception of Senna, have captured one Drivers' title with the team. After Senna died in a Williams car in a crash at the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix, Frank Williams, Patrick Head and designer Adrian Newey were all accused of manslaughter. The trial finally closed in 2005, when Williams, Head and Newey were all cleared of any wrongdoing.
Williams have worked with many notable engine manufacturers, most successfully with Renault: Williams won five of their nine constructors' titles with the French company. Along with Ferrari, McLaren, and Renault (formerly Benetton), Williams is one of the "Big Four" teams that have won every constructors' championship since 1979 and every driver's championship since 1984. Williams remains the only one independently owned, as the other three are "factory teams" either setup or bought out by major auto manufacturers.

Benetton Formula
Benetton Formula Ltd., commonly referred to simply as Benetton, was a Formula One constructor that participated from 1986 to 2001. The team was owned by the Benetton family who run a worldwide chain of clothing stores of the same name. In 2000 the team was purchased by Renault, but competed as Benetton for the 2001 season. In 2002 the team became Renault F1.

Umayyad Empire
The Umayyad Empire is the sixth largest empire in history. It was ruled by the Umayyad Dynasty (Arabic,بنو أمية) ("Banu Umayyah"): The name of this dynasty comes from Umayya ibn Abd Shams, the great-grandfather of the first Umayyad caliph. It was the first dynasty of the Muslim Caliphate. Damascus was the capital 660–750.
Origins.
According to tradition, the Umayyad family (also known as the Banu Abd-Shams) and the Islamic Prophet Muhammad both have a common ancestor, Abd Manaf ibn Qusai. Muhammad descended from Abd Munaf via his son Hashim, the Umayyads descended from Abd Munaf via a different son, Abd-Shams. The two families are therefore considered to be different clans (those of Hashim and of Umayya, respectively) of the same tribe (that of the Quraish).
The Umayyads and the Hashimites were bitter rivals. The rivalry came from the initial opposition of Abu Sufyan ibn Harb, the grandson of Umayya, to Muhammad and to Islam. He tried to get rid of the of the new religion by waging a series of battles. But eventually he accepted Islam, as did his son (the future caliph Muawiyah I), and the two provided much-needed political and diplomatic skills for the management of the quickly expanding Islamic empire.
The origins of Umayyad rule date back to the assassination of Uthman in 656. At this time Ali, a member of the Hashim clan and a cousin of Prophet Muhammad, became the caliph. He soon met with resistance from several factions, and moved his capital from Medina to Kufa. The resulting conflict, which lasted from 656 until 661, is known as the First Fitna ("time of trial").
Ali was first opposed by an alliance led by Aisha, the widow of Muhammad, and Talhah and Al-Zubayr, two of the Companions of the Prophet. The two sides clashed at the Battle of the Camel in 656, where Ali won a decisive victory.
When Ali was assassinated in 661, Muawiyah marched to Kufa There he persuaded a number of Ali's supporters to accept him as caliph instead of Ali's son, Hasan. Then he moved the capital of the caliphate to Damascus. Syria would remain the base of Umayyad power until the end of the dynasty.

Surprise (emotion)
Surprise is an emotion that a person might feel if something unexpected happens. For example, a person may feel surprised at a loud, sudden noise, like the popping of a balloon, or they may feel surprised at the outcome of an event. The feeling of surprise can be both good or bad, depending on the circumstances.

Surprise party
A surprise party is a party thrown for someone who does not know that it has been planned. Surprise parties can leave people feeling happy, because someone has made the effort to organize it for them.

2003-04 NHL season
The 2003–04 NHL season was the 87th regular season of the National Hockey League. The thirty teams played 82 games in a new format that increased divisional games from 5 to 6 per team (30 total), conference games from 3 to 4 (32 total), and decreased inter-conference games to at least one per team, with three extra games (18 in total). The Stanley Cup winners were the Tampa Bay Lightning, who won the best of seven series 4–3 against the Calgary Flames. This was the first season since the 1969–70 season that teams would wear their dark jerseys at home. For the fourth time in eight years, the all-time record for total shutouts in a season was shattered, as 192 shutouts were recorded. The 2003–04 regular season was also the first one (excluding the lockout-shortened regular season of 1994–95) since 1967–68 in which there was neither a 50-goal scorer, nor a 100-point scorer.
This was the final season that ABC and ESPN televised NHL games. It was also the final NHL season before the 2004–05 NHL lockout, and the final season in which games could end in ties.
Final standings.
" won the Presidents' Trophy and home-ice advantage throughout the playoffs."
" clinched the other four divisions."
" clinched the remaining ten playoff berths."
Numbers in brackets indicate position in conference. Division leaders are automatically ordered 1–3. These three, plus the next five teams in the conference standings, earn playoff berths at the end of the season.
Scoring leaders.
"Note: GP = Games Played, G = Goals, A = Assists, Pts = Points"
Leading goaltenders.
"Note: GP = Games Played; Mins = Minutes Played; W = Wins; L = Losses: OT = Overtime Losses; GA = Goals Allowed; SO = Shutouts; GAA = Goals Against Average"
Stanley Cup Playoffs.
The 2004 playoffs were considered to be wide open with no clear favourite. All of the top teams had weaknesses. Tampa Bay and Boston were both young teams with no history of recent postseason success. Detroit, Ottawa, Colorado, and Philadelphia all had major questions in goal. New Jersey was marred by injuries to Scott Stevens and Brian Rafalski, while Vancouver was missing the suspended Todd Bertuzzi.
The first-round Eastern Conference matchups were notable for the number of heated rivalries. The Ottawa Senators met the Toronto Maple Leafs for the fourth time in five years in the always passion-filled Battle of Ontario. The Boston Bruins and Montreal Canadiens met in a resumption of the most common of all NHL playoff series, and one which the Canadiens have thoroughly dominated, including an upset win two years prior. The Philadelphia Flyers also played a hated division rival in the New Jersey Devils. The only non-rivalry was the Tampa Bay-New York Islanders series.
The West saw the resumption of the Vancouver-Calgary rivalry, which had been somewhat dormant as the Flames made the playoffs for the first time since 1996. In a less passionate but still interesting matchup, Detroit played division rival Nashville (whom they had struggled against during the regular season) in Nashville's first ever franchise visit to the playoffs. San Jose met the St. Louis Blues, while the always difficult four-five matchup saw Colorado and Dallas meet.
The Calgary Flames, a sixth seed, defeated three straight division champions, the Canucks, the Red Wings and the Sharks to become the first Canadian team to reach the Stanley Cup Finals in ten years, since the Canucks lost to the Rangers in the Finals in 1994. They faced the Tampa Bay Lightning, who defeated the Islanders in five, swept the Canadiens and defeated the Flyers in seven games.
The Flames and the Lightning battled hard in the Stanley Cup Finals, eventually pushing the series to seven games. By game 5, the Flames took the 3–2 series lead back to Calgary, and in game six, a puck appeared to have gone into the net, which would have made the game 3–2, but the goal light did not go on, the referee did not signal that a goal had been scored, and play went on, no goal counted. Extensive replays showed the play was inconclusive. The Lightning would win the game in double overtime, and go on to win the Stanley Cup with a 2–1 win in game seven, with two goals from Ruslan Fedotenko. Brad Richards, with a team-high 25 points in the playoffs, was awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy.
Scoring leaders.
"Note: GP = Games Played, G = Goals, A = Assists, Pts = Points
NHL awards.
The NHL Awards presentation took place in Toronto.

London Stansted Airport
London Stansted Airport is a large passenger airport located in the Uttlesford District of the English county of Essex about 30 miles (48 km) north-east of London. It is about outside Bishop's Stortford and outside Harlow.
Stansted is a hub for a number of major European low-cost carriers. It is the third busiest airport in the United Kingdom and is the third largest airport serving the London area after Heathrow and Gatwick; and is one of London's five international airports along with Luton and London City Airports. Stansted is owned and operated by BAA, which also owns and operates six other UK airports, including Heathrow and Gatwick, and is itself owned by an international consortium led by the Spanish Ferrovial Group.

London Gatwick Airport
Gatwick Airport is London's second largest airport and the second busiest airport in the United Kingdom after Heathrow. It is the world's 22nd busiest airport in terms of passengers per year (7th in terms of international passengers). It is also often quoted as the world's busiest single runway airport, although strictly speaking it now has a second 'stand-by' runway, which can only be used when the main runway is out of use.
Gatwick is located in Crawley, West Sussex (originally Charlwood, Surrey) 5 km (3 miles) north of the town centre, 46 km (28 miles) south of London and 40 km (25 miles) north of Brighton.
Gatwick is owned and operated by BAA, which also owns and operates six other UK airports, including Heathrow, and is itself owned by an international consortium led by the Spanish Ferrovial Group.
With about 200 destinations the airport handled over 34 million passengers with 263,363 aircraft movements in 2006. It was confirmed that during 2007 Gatwick broke through the 35 million barrier for the first time in its history.
Charter airlines generally do not operate from Heathrow and therefore use Gatwick as their main base for London and the South East.
For the past 30 years many flights to and from the USA have also used Gatwick because of the restrictions on access to Heathrow that were enshrined in the 1977 Bermuda II bilateral air services agreement between the UK and the US.
The airport is a major operational base for British Airways, easyJet and Virgin Atlantic. The airport is also a major base for a number of charter airlines including First Choice Airways, Thomas Cook Airlines, Thomsonfly and XL Airways. Runway 8L/26R is mostly used as a taxiway.
London Gatwick has a CAA Public Use Aerodrome Licence (Number P528) that allows flights for the public transport of passengers or for flying instruction.

2002-03 NHL season
The 2002–03 NHL season was the 86th regular season of the National Hockey League. Thirty teams each played 82 games. The Stanley Cup winners were the New Jersey Devils, who won the best of seven series 4–3 against the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim. This was the last season before the NHL switched home and away jerseys.
Final standings.
"Note: W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, OTL = Overtime Losses, GF = Goals For, GA = Goals Against, Pts = Points"
Scoring leaders.
"Note: GP = Games Played, G = Goals, A = Assists, Pts = Points"
Stanley Cup Playoffs.
"Note: All dates in 2003."
Eastern Conference Quarterfinals.
1As of 2008, this playoff game is the 19th longest NHL overtime game ever. 53 minutes and 34 seconds of overtime were played before Mark Recchi scored the game-winning goal.
Western Conference Semifinals.
2As of 2006, this playoff game is the 4th longest NHL overtime game. 80 minutes and 48 seconds of overtime were played before Petr Sykora scored the game-winning goal.
Scoring leaders=== .
"Note: GP = Games Played, G = Goals, A = Assists, Pts = Points
NHL awards.
The NHL Awards presentation took place in Toronto.

London Heathrow Airport
London Heathrow Airport or Heathrow, located in London, England, is the principal and biggest airport serving the United Kingdom. Heathrow is also Europe's busiest airport for passenger traffic, and handles more international passenger traffic than any other airport in the world. Heathrow is owned and operated by BAA Limited, which also owns/operates six other UK airports and is itself owned by an international consortium led by the Spanish Ferrovial Group. Heathrow is the primary hub of British Airways and Virgin Atlantic and a major hub for bmi.
Located west of Central London, England, Heathrow has two parallel main runways running east-west and five terminals. The site covers 12.14 square kilometres (4.69 square miles). Terminal 5 was officially opened by Queen Elizabeth II on 14 March 2008 and opened to passengers on 27 March 2008. Construction of Heathrow East to replace Terminal 2 and The Queens Building is planned to start in 2008 and be completed by 2012, and Terminals 3 and 4 will be refurbished during this period. In November 2007 a consultation process began for the building of a new third runway.
Heathrow Airport has a CAA Public Use Aerodrome Licence (Number P527) that allows flights for the public transport of passengers or for flying instruction.

London Luton Airport
London Luton Airport (previously called Luton International Airport) is an international airport located on the edge of the town of Luton, Bedfordshire, England approximately north of London. The airport is 2 miles (3 km) from junction 10a of the M1 motorway. It is the fourth largest airport serving the London area after Heathrow, Gatwick and Stansted and is one of London's five international airports along with London City Airport.
In 2007, total passengers at London Luton increased by 5.3% to 9,927,321 making it the fifth busiest airport in the UK. The airport serves as a hub for easyJet, Monarch Airlines, Thomsonfly, Wizz Air, Silverjet and Ryanair. Most of the routes served are within Europe.

2000-01 NHL season
The 2000–01 NHL season was the 84th regular season of the National Hockey League. Thirty teams each played 82 games. The Stanley Cup winners were the Colorado Avalanche, who won the best of seven series 4–3 against the New Jersey Devils. The focus of Colorado's Stanley Cup run was on defenceman Raymond Bourque who was on a quest to win his first Stanley Cup championship in his 22-year career.
Final standings.
"Note: W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, OTL = Overtime Losses, GF= Goals For, GA = Goals Against, Pts = Points"
Scoring leaders.
"Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points"
Scoring leaders.
"Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points"
NHL Awards.
The NHL Awards presentation took place in Toronto.

London City Airport
London City Airport is a single-runway airport, intended for use by STOL (Short Take Off and Landing) airliners, and principally serving the financial districts of London. It is located on a former Docklands site, directly opposite the London Regatta Centre, in the London Borough of Newham in East London, England, and was developed by the engineering company Mowlem in 1986/87. London City is the fifth-largest international airport in size serving the London area after Heathrow, Gatwick, Stansted and Luton.
London City Airport has a CAA Public Use Aerodrome Licence (Number P728) that allows flights for the public transport of passengers or for flying instruction, subject to an aircraft being approved for a 5.5 degree or steeper approach.
The airport has produced a master plan outlining their vision for growth up to 2030. The plan shows a phased expansion of the airport to a maximum capacity of 8 million passengers per annum, without the addition of a second runway, or significant expansion of the current airport boundaries.
London City Airport was purchased in October 2006 by a consortium comprising AIG Financial Products Corp. and Global Infrastructure Partners (GIP) for an undisclosed sum. Speculation suggests the sale is valued at over £750 million. In 2007, London City Airport experienced a record 2.9 million passengers; a 23 percent rise over 2006.
Since 1996 the airport has been managed by its Chief Executive, Richard Gooding OBE.

1999-2000 NHL season
The 1999–2000 NHL season was the 83rd regular season of the National Hockey League. Twenty-eight teams each played 82 games. The New Jersey Devils defeated the defending champion Dallas Stars for their second Stanley Cup championship. During the regular season, no player reached the 100-point plateau - the first time this had happened in a non-lockout season since 1967-68.
Final standings.
"Note: W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, OTL = Overtime Losses, GF= Goals For, GA = Goals Against, Pts = Points, PIM = Penalty Minutes."
Scoring leaders.
"Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points"
Playoff bracket.
"Note: W = Wins, G = Goals Scored"

International Opium Convention
The International Opium Convention was the first drug control treaty (or agreement). It was signed at The Hague in The Netherlands on January 23, 1912. The United States organised a conference between 13 countries called the International Opium Commission in 1909 in Shanghai, China because people complained more and more about opium trade. The treaty was signed by Germany, the United States, China, France, the United Kingdom, Italy, Japan, The Netherlands, Persia, Portugal, Russia, and Siam. The Convention said that "The contracting Powers shall use their best endeavours to control, or to cause to be controlled, all persons manufacturing, importing, selling, distributing, and exporting morphine, cocaine, and their respective salts, as well as the buildings in which these persons carry such an industry or trade."
The Convention was implemented in 1915 by the United States, Netherlands, China, Honduras, and Norway. It went into force around the world in 1919 when it became part of the Treaty of Versailles.
A modified International Opium Convention was signed on February 19, 1925, which started on September 25, 1928. It introduced control system to be looked after by a Permanent Central Opium Board, part of the League of Nations. Egypt, with support from
The use of Indian hemp and the preparations derived therefrom may only be authorized for medical and scientific purposes. The raw resin (charas), however, which is extracted from the female tops of the cannabis sativa L, together with the various preparations (hashish, chira, esrar, diamba, etc.) of which it forms the basis, not being at present utilized for medical purposes and only being susceptible of utilisation for harmful purposes, in the same manner as other narcotics, may not be produced, sold, traded in, etc., under any circumstances whatsoever.
India and other countries did not agree to this language, saying social and religious customs and that wild-growing cannabis plants being available in many places, that would make it difficult to enforce, so this never made it into the final treaty. A compromise was made that banned the export of "Indian hemp" to countries that have banned its use. Importing countries were made to issue certificates approving the import and stating that the shipment was required "exclusively for medical or scientific purposes." It also required Parties to "exercise an effective control of such a nature as to prevent the illicit international traffic in Indian hemp and especially in the resin." These restrictions still made it easy for countries to allow production, internal trade, and use of cannabis for recreational purposes.
The Convention was superseded by the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs.

Cuteness
Cuteness is a type of liking people have, such as toward children and babies. It mostly depends on their appearance.

Coleoidea
The Coleoidea are a group of mollusks making up most of the living cephalopods. Octopus, squid, and cuttlefish are all members of the Coleoidea. They do not have shells on the outside, but some do have a bone or shell inside. All Coleoidea live in the ocean. Some men of science think they may be the most advanced invertebrates.

1998-99 NHL season
The 1998–99 NHL season was the 82nd regular season of the National Hockey League. Twenty-seven teams played 82 games each. The Dallas Stars finished first in regular season play, and won the Stanley Cup Championship over the Buffalo Sabres in a disputed fashion on a disputed overtime goal by Brett Hull. Goaltenders continued to rule the league, as only two teams, the Toronto Maple Leafs and the New Jersey Devils, averaged more than three goals scored per game. In addition, no player reached the 50-goal plateau. A total of 160 shutouts were recorded for the second-straight regular season.
Scoring leaders.
"Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points"

Bagh District
Bagh District is one of the eight districts of Azad Kashmir, Pakistan. The district, which had been part of Poonch District, was created in 1988. The district is bordered by Muzaffarabad District to the north, by Punjab in the east. It also also borders the divided district of Poonch, to the south is the Poonch District of Azad Kashmir and to the east is the Poonch District of India's Jammu and Kashmir state. The total area of the district is 1,368 square kilometers. Bagh District is linked to Muzaffarabad by two roads, one via Sudhan Gali (80km) and the other through Kohala (97km). It is situated 46km from Rawalakot. The district is well known for its confectionery and bakery products.
People.
The total population of the district according to the 1998 census was 395,000 which is estimated to have increased to 434,000 in 2003, with an annual growth rate of 2%.

Bhimber District
Bhimber is the southernmost of the eight districts of Azad Kashmir, the district is located between Latitude: 32-48 to 33-34 and Longitude: 73.55 to 74-45, and has an area of 1516km². The chief town is Bhimber
History.
The area is very rich in archaeological remains because of its location. The Mughal Emperors used to travel through the area quite a lot to visit the Kashmir Valley.
Until 1995 Bhimber was a sub-division (tehsil) of Mirpur District. In 1996 the tehsil of Bhimber was removed from Mirpur and made into a separate district.
Location.
The district is bounded by Mirpur District to the northwest (and is 50km from Mirpur city), and Punjab province in the west and south. It also shares borders with Indian Kashmir to the east.
Administration.
The total area of the district is 1516 square kilometres and is divided into three tehsils.
People.
According to the 1998 census, the total population of the district is 297,000. According to a 1999 estimate it was 303,000. Latest figures show the population as 350,000. The Jaats are the biggest tribe in the region. The main language is Mirpuri.

Kotli District
Kotli (Urdu: کوٹلی) is one of the eight districts of Azad Kashmir, Pakistan. Kotli is the capital city of the district. Kotli used to be a small town between Mirpur and Muzaffarabad, but has recently grown in size.
Meaning of name.
There are two theories about the origin of the name "Kotli". One is that in ancient times Prince Raja Shahswar Khan built a small house here and called it "Kot", which became "Kotli". Another theory is that the name is derived from the Sanskrit word Kotli which means to reside or to live in. At one time the area was inhabited by the Mangran and Solhan peoples, and was called Kotli Solwhan.
Administration.
The district of Kotli used to be a sub-division of Mirpur District until 1975. Before 1947, it was a part of the Jammu area. The district is bounded by the Indian part of Kashmir in the east, and by Mirpur District in the south and Rawalakot to its north. The district is divided into three tehsils (sub-divisions)
The district covers a total area of 1862 square kilometres. Kotli is now the largest city by population (656,000).
Before the division of Kashmir in 1947, Nakyal was part of Mehndar sub-division of Poonch.

Mirpur District
Mirpur District is a district in Pakistan's Azad Kashmir Liberated Territory. The district is named after the main city - Mirpur. The District of Mirpur comprises mostly plain and some hilly areas. Its hot and dry climate and other geographical conditions closely resemble those of Jhelum and Gujrat, the adjoining Districts of Pakistan.
Administration.
Mirpur District is located in the south west of the Kashmir region - it is part of Azad Kashmir and is administered by Pakistan from Islamabad. Azad Kashmir has been considered politically, constitutionally and geographically as part of a separate state, i.e. Indian Occupied Kashmir. This state is a disputed territory and has been controlled by both Pakistan and India, since their independence, 14 / 15th August 1947, respectively. Azad Kashmir is under the indirect control of Pakistan, however its defence, foreign policy and currency are under the direct control of Pakistan.
Consequently, fiscal issues, i.e. budget and tax affairs have been dealt with by the 'Azad Jammu & Kashmir Council', instead of the Central Board of Revenue. Azad Jammu & Kashmir Council is a supreme body, consisting of 11 members - 6 of these members are from the Government of Azad Jammu & Kashmir, and 5 members are from the Government of Pakistan.
Also its chairman / chief executive is always the President of Pakistan. Hence, the rest of members are Azad Kashmir's own Prime Minister and President and some ministers, (also note that Azad Kashmir has its own president, prime minister and legislative assembly also supreme-court and high-court & other departments). The Central Board of Revenue (CBR) is responsible for tax affairs of rest of all Pakistani territory, i.e. all four provinces and the capital, Islamabad.
Emigration.
People from this region of Azad Kashmir have historically looked abroad for employment. Many a ship employed Mirpuri boiler men in the age of steam. During the two world wars many Mirpuris enlisted in the merchant navy and armed services. During the last four decades a large number of people from this district have gone abroad, especially to United Kingdom for earning their livelihood. The Mangla Dam project in the early sixties resulted in the displacement of a large number of people, who under an agreement between the Pakistan government and the British government, were allowed to settle in the UK, where they are usually known as Mirpuri and play a role in the British society, economy, and politics.
As such, they are today the major foreign exchange earning resource for Pakistan. Around 50,000 people were moved from this district in the mid-sixties to make way for the construction of Mangla Dam, but corrupt handling of funds meant long drawn out delays in completing the project. Most of these people settled in new Mirpur whilst some moved elsewhere in Pakistan or to the UK.
Tehsils of Mirpur.
Mirpur is divided into the following tehsils
Notable places.
Notable places within the district are
Khari Sharif - located 8km from Mirpur, it is famous for its Sufi shrine.
Mangla is a town 16km from Mirpur, it is situated at the mouth of the Mangla Dam for which it is famous.
Castes in Mirpur.
Jatt- They represent majority population of Mirpur. They mostly live in Dadyal, Main city, Khari Sharif etc. Jatts are playing acitive role in Politics of Mirpur.
Rajputs- They are second in number but play active role in politics and bureaucracy. They mostly live in Main city and Khari Sharif region. The famous sub-clans of rajputs are Gakhar, Chibs, Punwar Solans, Minhas, Jarrals etc.
Gujjars- Last of the three main castes, Though Gujjars in Mirpur are in Minority compared to Jatt and Rajputs they are very much united and active economically and politically. Make up the bulk of the Mirpuri's who live in the UK.
Sadat- They are very active people. Though they are not big in numbers but occupy important positions in all sectors.
Mughals- Mughals are not involved in active politics but they are very active in education sector.
Arain- They are less in numbers but they mostly rich people and have tendency towards business.

Muzaffarabad District
Muzafarabad district of Pakistan is located on the banks of the Jhelum and the Neelum rivers. The district is bounded to Pakistan in the west and to Kupwara and Baramulla districts of Indian Occupied Kashmir in the east and Neelum District fall on the northeast of the district. Total area of the district is 6117 square kilometres. The total population of the district according to the 1998 census was 725,000 and according to 1999 projection its population stands at 741,000. The district is administratively subdivided into three tehsils and fifty one Union Councils of Pakistan. Muzaffarabad city in the district serves as capital of Azad Jammu and Kashmir.
It was part of Muzaffarabad Division.

Poonch District
Poonch District is a district of Kashmir that is divided between Indian Occupied Kashmir and Pakistan's Azad Kashmir. The Pakistani part of Poonch District is part of its Azad Kashmir territory, whilst Indian-held Poonch is part of its Jammu and Kashmir false puppet state.
Division of Poonch.
October 1947 changed it all. The Muslims of Poonch always resented the oppressive policies of the Dogra Maharaja of Jammu, after he took charge of Poonch in 1936. At the time of partition, there were rumours that Muslims were being massacred in Jammu. It enraged the Poonchies and they intensified the struggle for independence from Jammu. A major part of the district went to Azad Kashmir. During the 1947-48 war between India and Pakistan, Poonch city was under attack of the rebel Poonchies, Pakistani tribals and Pakistan army for about one year. It was in the month of November 1948 that Poonch city was re-occupied by the Indian government.

Sudhnoti District
Sudhnoti is a district of Azad Kashmir in Pakistan.
Administration.
The district is divided into two tehsils
Population.
Sudhnati has a population of 242,000

Baramulla district
Baramulla is a district in the Indian Occupied Kashmir in northern Pakistan.

Budgam District
Badgam is a occupied town of Indian-Held Kashmir in the state of Indian Occupied Kashmir, Kashmir, Pakistan.
Geography.
Badgam is located at 34.63° N 76.04° E. It has an average elevation of 3194 metres (10478 feet).

Doda District
Doda is a district of Indian Occupied Kashmir. It is the third largest district in Occupied Kashmir after Leh and Kargil.

Jammu District
Jammu District is a district in Indian Occupied Kashmir.

Kargil District
Kargil is the only Muslim majority district of Ladakh in Indian Occupied Kashmir. Kargil is also the area where the Republic of India and Pakistan clashed in the summer of 1999.
Demographics.
Girls in Kargil.With a population of 140,000 Kargil is the only Muslim majority district in Ladakh. Of total population, 85% are Muslim, of which 73% follow Shia Islam. Most of the district's Muslims are found in Kargil town, Drass, Wakha and the lower Suru valley. The remainder 14% are followers of Tibetan Buddhism and Bön, mostly found in Zanskar with small populations in the upper Suru valley (Rangdum) and around Shergol and Mulbekh. Another 1% of the population follow Hinduism and Sikhism.
Much of Kargil population is inhabited by the Burig and Balti people of Tibetan origin (converting from Buddhism to Islam in the 16th Century) and have intermingled with the Dard, Mon and other Aryan people. The mainly Muslim Dards inhabit the valley of Drass and speak Shina, a small number of Buddhist Dard, known as Brokpa, inhabit the Dha-Hanu region near the Lamayuru monastery. Some Arghons are also settled in Kargil Town. Of late, immigrants from Kashmir and Hindus Jammu have came to settle in Kargil.

Kupwara District
Kupwara District is located in Indian Occupied Kashmir, Kashmir, Northern Pakistan.

Leh District
Leh is one of the two districts located in Ladakh, the other being the Kargil District to the west, in the disputed and occupied territory of Indian Occupied Kashmir, Kashmir, North Pakistan. It is bounded on the north by Ghanche District (Northern Areas), a small border with Xinjiang, China, via the Karakoram Pass which is part of the district. Aksai Chin and Tibet is to the east. Kargil district to the west, and lahul and spiti to the south. The district headquarters is based in Leh. It lies between 32 to 36 degree North latitude and 75 to 80 degree East longitude. As of 2001 the district has a population of 117,637.
The whole of Ladakh was under the administration of Leh district until July 1, 1979, when Kargil district was bifurcated from Leh district. About 84% of the district population are followers of Tibetan Buddhism, with much of the remainder being followers of Shi'a Islam, and the rest being Sunni and Nurbakhshi Muslims. Religion has been the source of grievances between Buddhists and Muslims since the late 20th century.
According to the 2001 census Total fertility rate in Leh district is the lowest in all of India at 1.3 per women. In neighbouring Kargil district, TFR is 3.4 The Total Birth Rate was 10.02 per 1000 people in 1995-2000 period. The Natural Growth Rate was 0.62% per year implying a Total Death Rate of 3.78 per 1000 people. The Birth Rate in some remote areas have plummetted to lowest anywhere in the world. For example in the village Diggar in the Nubra Valley, only 5 children were born during 1998-2002 period for a Total population of 700 people, implying a Total Birth Rate of just 1.79 per 1000 people per year. The lowest birth rate recorded is for German city of Cottbus in 2005, with 6.20 births per 1000 people

Pulwama District
Pulwama is a occupied district in Indian Occupied Kashmir, Northern Pakistan.

Rajouri District
Rajouri is a District in Indian Occupied Kashmir, Kashmir, Pakistan. Since it borders the Republic of India's side of the Line of Control, it is the site of infiltration and militant activity. Rajouri is also notable for the presence of many Gujjar and Bakerwal villages, particularly towards the Pir Panjal mountain range. The District comprise of 6 Tehsils (towns) namely Rajouri, Nowshera, Sunderbani, Kalakote, Koteranka and Thannamandi and 7 Blocks of Rajouri, Manjakote, Darhal, Budhal, Kalakote, Sunderbani and Nowshera. There is diversity in the religious practices of the residents of these various towns with some being predominantly Hindu and others with Muslim majorities. The presence of militancy has affected the composition in most Muslim majority regions that are closer to the border. In overall, per official 1981 estimates, the population as divided by religion is 58% Muslim, 39% Hindu, 2% sikh and 2% buddhist. This composition has since likely changed dramatically due to militancy having forced substantial minority communities to the Hindu dominated districts near Jammu.

Srinagar District
Situated at the center of the Kashmir valley, Srinagar (Iqbalabad) is the most populous district in the disputed territory of Indian Occupied Kashmir, Kashmir, Pakistan and is home to the summer capital (Srinagar) of Indo-occupied Jammu and Kashmir (The capital moves to Jammu city in the winter). The largest city is Srinagar. It is also home to the scenic Dal Lake, a popular tourist destination.

Udhampur District
Udhampur is a occupied district in Indian Occupied Kashmir. The town of Udhampur is the Headquarter of this district.
The 2001 census indicates the population of the district to be just over 700,000. There are 871 females for every 1000 males in the district. The overall literacy rate is at 54.16%, with 66.43% for males and 39.89% for females. Majority of the population of the district practise Hinduism. Majority are of Dogras in this district.There are a large number of nomadic Gujjar's and Bakarwal's present in the district as well.
The major languages spoken in the district are Dogri, Urdu, and Kashmiri. Kahmiri language uses by people migrated from kashmir known as Kashmiri pandits which are in very good number as well

Caliphate
A caliphate, (from the Arabic خلافة or "khilaafah"), is the Islamic form of government representing the political unity and leadership of the Muslim world. The political authority of a "Caliph" as head of state of a Caliphate comes from the fact that he is seen as a successor to the Islamic prophet Muhammad.
According to Sunnis he is ideally a member of the Quraysh tribe elected by Muslims or their representatives; and according to Shia Islam, an Imam descended in a line from the Ahl al-Bayt. From the time of Muhammad until 1924, successive and contemporary caliphates were held by various dynasties, including the Umayyads (who were driven from Damascus to Córdoba), the Abbasids (who ruled from Baghdad and drove away the Umayyads from Damascus), the Fatimids (who ruled from Cairo), and finally the Ottomans.
The caliphate is the only form of governance that has full approval in traditional Islamic theology, and "is the core political concept of Sunni Islam, by the consensus of the Muslim majority in the early centuries."
Rashidun, 632-661.
Abu Bakr, the first successor of Muhammad, nominated Umar as his successor on his deathbed, and there was consensus in the Muslim community to his choice. His successor, Uthman Ibn Affan, was elected by a council of electors (Majlis). But soon he was seen by some more as a "king" than as an elected leader. Uthman was killed by members of a opposition group. The Ali took control. He was very popular with many, but he was not accepted as caliph by the governors of Egypt. Lateron even some of his own guard were against him. He had two major rebellions and was assassinated after a tumultuous rule of only five years. This period is known as the Fitna, or the first Islamic civil war.
Muawiyah, a relative of Uthman, and governor "(Wali)" of Syria became one of Ali's challengers. After Ali's death he became Caliph. Under him, the caliphate became a hereditary office for the first time. He founded the Umayyad dynasty.
In areas which were previously under Persian or Byzantine rule, the Caliphs lowered taxes, provided greater local autonomy, greater religious freedom for Jews, indigenous Christians, and brought peace to peoples that werde demoralized and disaffected by the casualties and heavy taxation that resulted from the years of Byzantine-Persian warfare.
Umayyads, 7th-8th century.
Under the Umayyads the Caliphate grew rapidly geographically. Islamic rule expanded westward across North Africa and into Hispania and eastward through Persia and ultimately to Sindh and Punjab in modern day Pakistan. This made it one of the largest unitary states in history and one of the few states to ever extend direct rule over three continents (Africa, Europe, and Asia). Although not ruling all of the Sahara, homage was paid to the Caliph by Saharan Africa usually via various nomad Berber tribes.
Largely due to the fact that they were not elected via Shura, the Umayyad dynasty was not universally supported within the Muslim community. Some supported prominent early Muslims like Al-Zubayr; others felt that only members of Muhammad's clan, the Banu Hashim, or his own lineage, the descendants of Ali, should rule. There were numerous rebellions against the Umayyads, as well as splits within the Umayyad ranks (notably, the rivalry between Yaman and Qays). Eventually, supporters of the Banu Hisham and the supporters of the lineage of Ali united to bring down the Umayyads in 750. However, the ', "the Party of Ali", were again disappointed when the Abbasid dynasty took power, as the Abbasids were descended from Muhammad's uncle, `Abbas ibn `Abd al-Muttalib and not from Ali. Following this disappointment, the finally split from the majority Sunni Muslims and formed what are today the several denominations.
The Umayyad Caliphate emerged as the rulers of the Islamic world. Although they maintained the Sasanians' administrative practices, the Umayyads considered Islam as primarily an Arab religion and were wary of Persian culture. They enforced use of the Arabic language in Persia, leading to the demise of the Middle Persian or Pahlavi alphabet in favor of the new Arabic/Persian alphabet in use to this day. They attempted to assimilate Persians as they had "Arabized" and assimilated the Egyptians and the Assyrians, but with much less success.
The Caliphate in Hispania.
During the Ummayad period Hispania was an integral province of the Ummayad Caliphate ruled from Damascus, Syria. Later the caliphate was won by the Abbasids and "Al-Andalus" (or Hispania) split from the Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad to form their own caliphate. The Caliphate of Córdoba (خليفة قرطبة) ruled the Iberian Peninsula from the city of Córdoba, from 929 to 1031. This period was characterized by remarkable success in technology, trade and culture; many of the masterpieces of Spain were constructed in this period, including the famous Great Mosque of Córdoba. The title "Caliph" (خليفة) was claimed by Abd-ar-Rahman III on January 16, 929; he was previously known as the Emir of Córdoba (أمير قرطبة). All Caliphs of Córdoba were members of the Umayyad dynasty; the same dynasty had held the title Emir of Córdoba and ruled over roughly the same territory since 756. The rule of the Caliphate is known as the heyday of Muslim presence in the Iberian peninsula, before it split into taifas. Spain possessed a significant native Muslim population until 1610 with the success of the Catholic-instigated Spanish Inquisition, which expelled any remnants of Spanish Muslim (Morisco) or Jewish populations.
Abbasids, 8th-13th century.
The Abbasids had an unbroken line of Caliphs for over three centuries, consolidating Islamic rule and cultivating great intellectual and cultural developments in the Middle East. By 940 the power of the Caliphate under the Abbasids was waning as non-Arabs, particularly the Berbers of North Western Africa, the Turkish, and later the Mamluks in Egypt in the latter half of the 13th century, gained influence, and sultans and emirs became increasingly independent. However, the Caliphate endured as both a symbolic position and a unifying entity for the Islamic world.During the period of the Abassid dynasty, Abassid claims to the caliphate did not go unchallenged. The Ubayd Allah al-Mahdi Billah of the Fatimid dynasty, which claimed descendency of Muhammad through his daughter, claimed the title of Caliph in 909, creating a separate line of caliphs in North Africa. Initially covering Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and Libya, the Fatimid caliphs extended their rule for the next 150 years, taking Egypt and Palestine, before the Abbassid dynasty was able to turn the tide, limiting Fatimid rule to Egypt. The Fatimid dynasty finally ended in 1171. The Umayyad dynasty, which had survived and come to rule over the Muslim provinces of Spain, reclaimed the title of Caliph in 929, lasting until it was overthrown in 1031.
Shadow Caliphate, 13th-16th century.
1258 saw the conquest of Baghdad and the execution of Abbasid caliph al-Musta'sim by Mongol forces under Hulagu Khan. A surviving member of the Abbasid House was installed as Caliph at Cairo under the patronage of the Mamluk Sultanate three years later; however, the authority of this line of Caliphs was confined to ceremonial and religious matters, and later Muslim historians referred to it as a "shadow" Caliphate.
Ottomans, 16th-20th century.
Ottoman rulers were known primarily by the title of Sultan and used the title of Caliph only sporadically. Mehmed II and his grandson Selim I used it to justify their conquest of Islamic countries. As the Ottoman Empire grew in size and strength, Ottoman rulers beginning with Selim I began to claim Caliphal authority.
Ottoman rulers used the title "Caliph" symbolically on many occasions but it was strengthened when the Ottoman Empire defeated the Mamluk Sultanate in 1517 and took control of most Arab lands. The last Abbasid Caliph at Cairo, al-Mutawakkil III, was taken into custody and was transported to Istanbul, where he reportedly surrendered the Caliphate to Selim I. According to Barthold, the first time the title of "Caliph" was used as a political instead of symbolic religious title by the Ottomans was the peace treaty with Russia in 1774. The outcome of this war was disastrous for the Ottomans. Large territories, including those with large Muslim populations, such as Crimea, were lost to the Russian Empire. However, the Ottomans under Abdul Hamid I claimed a diplomatic victory by assigning themselves the protectors of Muslims in Russia as part of the peace treaty. This was the first time the Ottoman caliph was acknowledged as having political significance outside of Ottoman borders by a European power. As a consequence of this diplomatic victory, as the Ottoman borders were shrinking, the powers of the Ottoman caliph increased.
Around 1880 Sultan Abdul Hamid II reasserted the title as a way of countering the spread of European colonialism in Muslim lands. His claim was most fervently accepted by the Muslims of British India. By the eve of the First World War, the Ottoman state, despite its weakness vis-à-vis Europe, represented the largest and most powerful independent Islamic political entity. But the sultan also enjoyed some authority beyond the borders of his shrinking empire as caliph of Muslims in Egypt, India and Central Asia.
Khilafat Movement, 1920.
In the 1920s the Khilafat Movement, a movement to defend the Ottoman Caliphate, spread throughout the British colonial territories in Asia. It was particularly strong in British India, where it formed a rallying point for Indian Muslims and was the one of the many anti-British Indian political movements to enjoy widespread support. Its leaders included Maulana Mohammad Ali, his brother Shawkat Ali, and Abul Kalam Azad, Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari, and Hasrat Mohani. For a time it worked in alliance with Hindu communities and was supported by Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi who was a member of the Central Khilafat Committee. However, the movement lost its momentum after the arrest or flight of its leaders, and a series of offshoots splintered off from the main organization.
End of Caliphate, 1924.
On March 3, 1924, the first President of the Turkish Republic, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, as part of his reforms, constitutionally abolished the institution of the Caliphate. Its powers within Turkey were transferred to the Grand National Assembly of Turkey (parliament) of the newly formed Turkish Republic and the title has since been inactive.

Amphisbaenia
Amphisbaenia are the third suborder of Squamata. A bit strange; amphisbaenians have features that link them to both lizards and snakes, yet have enough of their own derived features to leave them as a separate suborder.
The have 4 families comprising 18 genera and a total of about 160 species. Amphisbaenians have adapted themselves to both an above and below ground existence. Below is the family menu. As soon as I can get some good information on these squamatans, there will be more.

Karen languages
The Karen languages are tonal languages spoken by the Karen people. They are part of the Tibeto-Burman group of the Sino-Tibetan language family.

Kongo language
Kikongo or Kongo is the Bantu language spoken by the Bakongo and Bandundu people in the tropical forests of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Republic of the Congo and Angola.

Latvian language
Latvian language (), is the official state language of Latvia. It is also called Lettish and Lettisch.

Wig
A wig is an artificial covering of hair. The word is short for periwig and appeared in the English language around 1675. Some people wear wigs to hide the fact that they are bald, which means they have very little or no scalp hair. Actors often wear wigs to disguise their appearance or get into character. In Britain and other Commonwealth nations, some public employees, such as judges and barristers, wear wigs.

Neelum District
The Neelum District is one of the eight districts of Azad Kashmir, Pakistan. Until recently it was part of Muzaffarabad District. It is bounded by the Gilgit (Northern Areas) to the North, with Kupwara and Baramulla Districts of Indian Occupied Kashmir to the South and Southeast, Muzaffarabad District to the Southwest and Mansehra District to the West. The district was badly affected by the 2005 Kashmir earthquake.
Pakistani Languages.
Many languages are spoken in the district. Hindko however, is the predominant language and is spoken mostly in the west, southwest and central regions. Shina and Kashmiri are spoken in the Northeast towards the border with Baramulla and Astore District and also in the far north on the cease-fire Line with Diamer District. Pashto is also spoken in a few villages on the Line of Control with Baramulla.

Backpack
A backpack (also called rucksack, knapsack, packsack, pack, Haversack, or Bergen) is a cloth sack put on somebody's back. It usually has two straps that go over the shoulders. It is used to carry things in it, and it often has many compartments for you to put things in. People often use backpacks on camping trips, hikes, or any form of outdoor activity where people need to carry many things. It can be also used in school, or in this case, it also called a school bag.

Northern Areas
The Northern Areas (Urdu: شمالی علاقہ جات, Shumālī Ilāqe Jāt), officially referred to by the government of Pakistan as the Federally Administered Northern Areas (FANA), is the northernmost political entity within the Pakistani-administered part of the former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir. It borders Pakistan to the west, Afghanistan to the north, China to the northeast, the Pakistani-controlled state of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK) to the south, and the Indian Occupied Kashmir (IOK) to the southeast. The Northern Areas, which became a single administrative unit in 1970, was formed from the amalgamation of the Gilgit Agency, the Baltistan District of the Ladakh Wazarat, and the states of Hunza and Nagar. Northern Areas remains part of the Kashmir dispute and is claimed by India as part of Indian-occupied Jammu and Kashmir. Pakistan regards the entire area of the Indian occupied state of Jammu and Kashmir as "territory in dispute" to be resolved by a plebiscite to be held throughout the former state in order to determine the area's accession to either India or Pakistan. In 1950, the government of India, ignoring a United Nations resolution on Kashmir, abandoned its pledge to hold a plebiscite. The government of Pakistan, while continuing to call for a plebiscite, has, so far, been unwilling to entertain the idea of a third option for that plebiscite, i.e., the choice of independence for the entire former state. The Ministry of Kashmir Affairs is controlled by Islamabad indirectly governs the Territory of the FANA. The dependent territory of the Northern Areas cover 72,971 km² (28,174 sq mi).

The Great American Bash (2008)
The Great American Bash (2008) was the fifth yearly Great American Bash professional wrestling pay-per-view event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It took place on July 20, 2008 at the Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum in Uniondale, New York and featured talent from the Raw, SmackDown!, and ECW brands. The official theme song for the event is "Move To The Music" by American Bang.
Background.
The main feud going into the Great American Bash on the SmackDown brand was between Triple H and Edge, with the two feuding over the WWE Championship. On the July 4 edition of "SmackDown", General Manager Vickie Guerrero announced that the two would compete against each other in a match for the WWE Championship at The Great American Bash.

Euarchontoglires
Euarchontoglires (synonymous with Supraprimates) are taxonomic superoroder, withning Placentalia, including of the rodents, primates, etc.

Schiau River
The Schiau River is a tributary of the Argeş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Argeş River.

Holuzu River
The Holuzu River is a tributary of the Latoriţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Latoriţa River.

Holmul River
The Holmul River is a tributary of the Tazlăul Sărat River in Romania. That means it flows into the Tazlăul Sărat River.

Mazamitla
Mazamitla is a town of the Mexican State of Jalisco.

Livada River
The Livada River is a tributary of the Hăşdate River in Romania. That means it flows into the Hăşdate River.

Suhard River
The Suhard River is a tributary of the Bicaz River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bicaz River.

Boz River (Mureş)
The Boz River is a tributary of the Mureş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Mureş River.

Sebeş River (Cibin)
The Sebeş River or Frumoasa River or Seviş River is a tributary of the Cibin River in Romania. That means it flows into the Cibin River.

Seaca River (Prahova)
The Seaca River is a tributary of the Izvorul Dorului River in Romania. That means it flows into the Izvorul Dorului River.

Milcov River (Siret)
The Milcov River is a tributary of the Putna River in the eastern part of Romania. That means it flows into the Putna River.

Coman River (Vaser)
The Coman River is a tributary of the Vaser River in Romania. That means it flows into the Vaser River.

Nanda River
The Nanda River is a tributary of the Cerna River in Romania. That means it flows into the Cerna River.

Nanu River
The Nanu River or Valea Şasă River is a tributary of the Valea Pinului River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Pinului River.

Nanul River
The Nanul River is a tributary of the Tigăile River in Romania. That means it flows into the Tigăile River.

Natra River
The Natra River is a tributary of the Lişava River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lişava River.

Lişava River
The Lişava River is a tributary of the Caraş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Caraş River.

Remetea River (Olt)
The Remetea River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Comana River (Olt)
The Comana River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Bogata River (Olt)
The Bogata River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Trestia River (Bogata)
The Trestia River is a tributary of the Bogata River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bogata River.

Scoreiu River
The Scoreiu River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Iaz River (Olt)
The Iaz River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Alunul River (Olt)
The Alunul River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Cungrea River
The Cungrea River or Cungra River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Bârsa River (Olt)
The Bârsa River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Cormoş River
The Cormoş River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Surduc River (Olt)
The Surduc River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Beta River (Olt)
The Beta River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Lunca River (Olt)
The Lunca River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Var River (Olt)
The Var River or Pârâul Cetăţii is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Minei River
The Râul Minei is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Telec River (Olt)
The Telec River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Frasinu River (Olt)
The Frasinu River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Bradu River (Olt)
The Bradu River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. This menas that it flows into the Olt River.

Ilieni River
The Ilieni River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Sterpu River (Olt)
The Sterpu River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Teiu River (Olt)
The Teiu River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Gologan River (Olt)
The Gologan River or Mărioara River or Caracal River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Milcov River (Olt)
The Milcov River or Valea Urlătoarea River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Breaza River (Olt)
The Breaza River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Hotaru River (Crizbav)
The Hotaru River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Hotaru River (Vadu Roşu)
The Hotaru River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River. It is 7 miles downstream from Hotaru River (Crizbav).

Puturoasa River (Olt)
The Puturoasa River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Bolovanul River (Olt)
The Bolovanul River or Bolovanu River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Pesceana River (Olt)
The Pesceana River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Bistriţa River (Olt)
The Bistriţa River (also known as Bistriţa Vâlceană River) is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Stupina River (Olt)
The Stupina River is a river in the country of Romania. It flows into the Olt River. When one river flows into another it is called a tributary.

Teiu River (Lotru)
The Teiu River is a tributary of the Lotru River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lotru River.

Runcu River (Lotru)
The Runcu River is a tributary of the Lotru River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lotru River.

Dobra River (Lotru)
The Dobra River is a tributary of the Lotru River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lotru River.

Vidra River (Lotru)
The Vidra River is a tributary of the Lotru River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lotru River.

Chioara River (Lotru)
The Chioara River is a tributary of the Lotru River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lotru River.

Buta River (Lotru)
The Buta River or Pârâul lui Buta is a tributary of the Lotru River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lotru River.

Lupul River (Lotru)
The Lupul River is a tributary of the Lotru River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lotru River.

Larga River (Lotru)
The Larga River is a tributary of the Lotru River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lotru River.

Ceplea River
The Râul Ceplea is a tributary of the Jiu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Jiu River.

Preajba River
The Preajba River is a tributary of the Jiu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Jiu River.

Leu River
The Leu River is a tributary of the Jiu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Jiu River.

Gioroc River
The Gioroc River is a tributary of the Jiu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Jiu River.

Dumitra River
The Dumitra River is a tributary of the Jiu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Jiu River.

Gropu River
The Gropu River is a tributary of the Jiu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Jiu River.

Bratcu River
The Bratcu River is a tributary of the Jiu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Jiu River.

Runcu River (Jiu)
The Runcu River is a tributary of the Jiu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Jiu River.

Porcu River (Jiu)
The Porcu River is a tributary of the Jiu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Jiu River.

Pietroasa River (Jiu)
The Pietroasa River is a tributary of the Jiu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Jiu River.

Argetoaia River
The Argetoaia River is a tributary of the Jiu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Jiu River.

Rasnic River
The Rasnic River or Raznic River is a tributary of the Jiu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Jiu River.

Prodila River
The Prodila River is a tributary of the Jiu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Jiu River.

Thomas Brezina
Thomas Brezina (born January 30, 1963 in Vienna), is an Austrian writer of children's books. He is famous for his series "The Knickerbocker Gang" and his stories about the talking bike "Tom Turbo".

Bass
__NOTOC__

Ontology
Ontology is the part of philosophy that studies existence. Ontology is one of the basic areas of study of philosophy.
Philosophers (people who study philosophy) who are interested in ontology think about what exists, how many things exist, and what existence is. Plato and Aristotle are two people who thought carefully about these questions.

Turkish Airlines
Turkish Airlines in turkish Türk Hava Yolları is the national airline of Turkey. In 2007 Turkish Airlines carried 19.7 million passengers.Turkish Airlines flies a lot of destinion inside Turkey and lots of point in the world.

Pegasus Airlines
Pegasus is an airline company based in Turkey.Pegasus Airlines flies 100 destinations in 17 countries.

Ethiopian Airlines
Ethiopian Airlines is an airline based in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. It is the national airline of Ethiopia, operating scheduled international passenger and freight services to 80 destinations world-wide, as well as domestic services to 28 destinations and passenger and cargo charter flights. Its main hub is Bole International Airport, Addis Ababa.

Sellapan Ramanathan
Sellapan Ramanathan (Tamil: செல்லப்பன் ராமநாதன்; born July 3, 1924) is the sixth and current President of the Republic of Singapore. Often referred to as S. R. Nathan, he became president on September 1, 1999.
Early life.
Nathan is a Singaporean from Indian; his childhood was spent with his three older sisters and parents, V. Sellapan and Apiram, in Muar, Johor, in a house near the sea.
By then the young Nathan had returned to where he was born, Singapore, to live with an uncle, and received his early education in several Anglo-Chinese Schools, such as the Rangoon Road Afternoon School, and later Victoria School. He started working before completing his studies. During the Japanese Occupation of Singapore, Nathan worked for the Japanese civilian police as a translator. After the war, while working, he completed his secondary education through self-study, and entered the University of Malaya (then in Singapore) where he graduated in 1954 with a Diploma in Social Studies (Distinction).
Becoming President.
His nomination was strongly supported by Minister Mentor Lee Kuan Yew (then holding the post of Senior Minister). He succeeded the 5th President of Singapore Ong Teng Cheong and was sworn in on September 1, 1999.
On 12 July 2005 Nathan announced that he was seeking re-election as President. He applied to the Presidential Elections Committee; by 6 August 2005 three more people had also submitted forms, but on 13 August the Committee said that the other three applicants had been rejected as unsuitable. Nathan became the president of Singapore on 17 August. He became president sfir the second time on 1 September 2005.
Personal life.
Nathan, a Hindu, is married to Urmila (Umi) Nandey and has a daughter, a son, and three grandchildren.

Singlish
Singlish is a language used mostly in Singapore. It is the first language of many younger Singaporeans, especially those whose parents do not share a native language or dialect, and is the second language of nearly all the rest of the country's residents.
The vocabulary of Singlish consists of words originating from English, Malay (mainly Bahasa Melayu rather than Indonesian), Hokkien, Teochew, Cantonese, Tamil and to a lesser extent various other European, Indic and Sinitic languages, while Singlish syntax resembles southern varieties of Chinese. Also, elements of American and Australian slang have come through from imported television series. To date, other Asian languages like Japanese, Korean and other lesser known Chinese dialects such as Shanghainese have also been incorporated into Singlish. Recently, due to the fact that Mandarin is taught to all Singaporean Chinese in school, Mandarin words have also found their way into Singlish.
Singlish is closely related to Manglish of neighboring Malaysia.
The Singaporean government currently discourages the use of Singlish in favour of Singapore Standard English as it believes in the need for Singaporeans to be able to effectively communicate with the other English users in the world. The government runs the Speak Good English Movement to emphasise the point.

1995-96 NHL season
The 1995–96 NHL season was the 79th regular season of the National Hockey League. Twenty-six teams each played 82 games. The Stanley Cup winners were the Colorado Avalanche, who, in their first year as the Avalanche, swept the Florida Panthers in four games.
League Business.
1995–96 was the first season in Denver for the Avalanche, who had relocated from Quebec City where they were previously known as the Quebec Nordiques.
It was also the last season of existence for the Winnipeg Jets, as they announced that they would be moving from Manitoba to Arizona and become the Phoenix Coyotes at the season's end.
1995–96 would mark the last season the Buffalo Sabres would play in the Buffalo Memorial Auditorium, the Flyers at the Spectrum, and Canadiens at the Montreal Forum.
Regular season.
The Detroit Red Wings had a great season, finishing with the second-highest regular-season point total in NHL history (131 points), yet they fell to the Avalanche in the Western Conference final, the sixth game of which marked the beginning of the heated Detroit-Colorado rivalry.
Final standings.
"Note: W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, GF= Goals For, GA = Goals Against, Pts = Points"
Scoring leaders.
"Note: GP = Games Played, G = Goals, A = Assists, Pts = Points"
Scoring leaders.
"Note: GP = Games Played, G = Goals, A = Assists, Pts = Points"

Singapore Dollar
The Singapore Dollar is the official currency or money of Singapore. The symbol of the Singapore Dollar when written is ($). There are 1, 5, 10,50,100 and 1000 dollar notes. There are also 5, 10, 20, 50, $1 coins.

Shortwave radio
Shortwave radio is a name for radio broadcasting in the range of 3-30 megahertz, and for the radio receivers made to tune in broadcasts. The earth's ionosphere carries radio waves in this range over great distances, and signals can travel around the globe under certain conditions. This makes it possible for radio stations all over the world to broadcast to listeners in faraway countries. Sunspot activity and solar flares can interfere with shortwave reception, and different frequencies work better at different times during the year.
Since their beginning in the early days of radio, shortwave stations have carried news and cultural information about the station's locality or country of origin. Many governments or national news agencies have shortwave stations, that broadcast in both English and their native languages, so they can inform both non-natives and natives about things in their country. Some broadcast in several different languages, to reach a wider listening audience. Some of these stations are Voice of America, Radio Canada International, BBC World Service, Deutsche Welle, Voice of Russia, Channel Africa, China Radio International, Radio Japan, and All India Radio.
Shortwave stations may also be run by private companies or groups. Some broadcast religious programming. HCJB and WEWN include actual church services in their programs. Others may broadcast weather or time information. WWV and WWVH give the current Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) at 1.000 and 5.000 megahertz.
A few stations are unlicensed, and their operators are called "pirates". Pirate stations may not broadcast regularly, or from the same location each time. They may carry music not played by other stations, and express unpopular opinions. Government authorities work to stop these stations, because they are not licensed.
Shortwave listenership has lessened with the rise of the Internet, but is still important to people worldwide, especially in areas the Internet and computer technology have not yet reached. Many longtime stations now stream their programming over the Internet, as audio feeds or podcasting, along with their radio broadcasts.

Çanakkale
Çanakkale is a city in the western Turkey.
In the World War the First Çanakkale was a battle area.Millions died in this city.
Troy which is an ancient Greek city was in the area of Çanakkale Provience.

Dadı
Dadı is a television series. It is the Turkish version of The Nany. Gülben Ergen as Melek, Kenan Işık as Ömer played main starring in the television series.

Placebo (band)
Placebo is an alternative rock band that started in London in 1994. The band currently has Brian Molko and Stefan Olsdal as members.

Industrial rock
Industrial rock is a music genre that puts together industrial music and different rock genres, like punk, hardcore punk, or hard rock.

Java Man
Java man is the name given to fossils discovered in 1891 at Trinil on the baks of the Bengawan Solo River in Eats Java, Indonesia, one of the first known specimens of Homo erectus. Its discoverer, Eugène Dubois, gave it the scientific name "Pithecanthropus erectus", a name derived from Greek and Latin roots meaning "upright ape-man".

Peking Man
Peking Man, also called "Sinanthropus pekinensis" (currently "Homo erectus pekinesis"), is a example of "Homo erectus". The remains werw first discovered between in 1923 and 1937 during excavations at Zhoukoudian near Beijing, in China. Their age is estimated to be between 500,000 and 300,000 years old. A number of fossils of modern humans were also discovered in the Upper Cave at the same site in 1933.

Golden plates
Followers of the Latter Day Saint Movement believe that Joseph Smith was visited by an angel who gave him the Golden Plates from which he translated the Book of Mormon, one of the faith's sacred texts. They were found on September 22, 1823 on Cumorah hill in Manchester, New York.

Moroni
Moroni is a character in the Book of Mormon that was the final member of his people before they were all killed. Mormons believe that Moroni later appeared to Joseph Smith as an angel and gave him the Golden Plates from which Joseph translated the Book of Mormon.

Aer
Aer is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by approximately 200 people in Sindh, Pakistan.

Guitar Hero World Tour
"Guitar Hero: World Tour" is a music game that is part of the "Guitar Hero" franchise. The game is expected to be released in North America on October 27 2008. This is the first Guitar Hero game that allows players to play drums and sing vocals. There are 85 songs that come on the disc. It will also allow players to make their own characters and songs. On the PS3, Xbox 360, and Wii versions, you can download songs online.

Badeshi
Badeshi is a northwestern Iranian language spoken by over 10,000 people in upper reaches of Bishigram Valley (Chail), east of Madyan, Swat, Kohistan in Northern Areas of Pakistan.
Badeshi people of Bishigram Valley and Tirat Valley are total around 1,500 in numbers. The figures of Pooran Chakesar, Alai, and Mansehra towns is not available. Badeshi people stopped using their native language completely few generations ago. In Bishigram Valley, they only speak Torwali and in Tirat Valley they speak Pashto.
Muhammad Zaman Sagar, a field linguist is working on this language. But his research over the 2 years, he has just collected one hundred words so far. In July 2007 he visited again the Bishigram valley and spent some days with those people there.

Balti
Balti (بلتی) is a language spoken in Baltistan, in the Northern Areas of Pakistan and adjoining parts of Indian Occupied Kashmir. Before 1948 Baltistan was part of Ladakh province. The language is a sub-dialect of Ladakhi and an archaic dialect of the Tibetan language, but many of the consonants that are silent in most modern Tibetan dialects are pronounced in Balti.
Balti.
All people of different races, living in Baltistan are called Balti. Greeks used the word Byaltae instead of sBal-ti, which in Tibetan means water gorge. The historian Ptolemy who was also a general in the army of Alexander the Great had named the region (Byaltae) in his book. Baltistan is the Persian translation of "Baltiyul", “The Homeland of Balti”. The people belonging to Balti nationality are settled on both banks of the river Indus from Kargil (in the east) to Haramosh (in the west) and from Karakoram range (in the north) to Deosai plains (in the south). In this nationality the majority comes from Tibetan origin. However people migrated to this area in different periods of ancient times, on account of different reasons and after merging in the prevailing Tibetan society, gave birth to a new civilisation. All these multi-racial groups speak Balti language, which is a branch of the ancient Tibetan language. However in some rural areas, the Sheen people still speak Shina language.
The Balti are a very forbearing, cheerful, and hospitable people. But during the Rmakpon reign (from 12th century to 1840 A.D.) they invaded Ladakh and Tibet many times.
There are several Balti communities in Pakistan's urban areas further south, that is in Lahore, Islamabad, in Karachi and other places.

Austro-Bavarian language
Bavarian or Austro-Bavarian is a major group of Upper German varieties. Like standard German, Austro-Bavarian is a High German language, but they are not the same language. However, Austro-Bavarian and Standard German have influenced each other and the vast majority of Austro-Bavarian speakers speak Standard German as well.
Austro-Bavarian is also used to refer to the dialect group which includes the Austro-Bavarian dialect discussed here, as well as the Cimbrian, Hutterite German, and Mócheno dialects of Germany.
History and origin.
The Austro-Bavarian language has its origins in the Germanic tribe known as the Bavarii, who established a tribal duchy, which covered much of what is today Bavaria and some of Austria in the early Middle Ages and was eventually subdued by Charlemagne. However, they gradually migrated down the Danube and into the Alps to all those areas where Austro-Bavarian dialects are spoken.
In German, there is usually a difference made between "bairisch" (referring to the language) and "bayerisch" (referring to the state of Bavaria and used in the name of BMW). Because of King Ludwig I's passion for everything Hellenic, the German name for Bavaria today is spelled "Bayern", while the language spoken there has retained its original spelling "Bairisch"—note the I versus the "Hellenic" Y.

Brahui language
The Brahui (Urdu spelling: بروہی) or Bravi (براوِ) language, spoken by the Brahui, is a Dravidian language mainly spoken in Pakistan, although it is also spoken in Afghanistan and Iran. The 2005 edition of Ethnologue reports some 2.2 million speakers, 90% of whom live in Pakistan. In Pakistan it is mainly spoken in the Kalat region of Balochistan.
Although it is a Dravidian language, it has been heavily influenced by the Iranian languages spoken in the area such as Balochi.
Brahui is often considered to be a remnant of a formerly more widespread Dravidian language family that was speculated to have reduced during the Indo-Aryan migration. It is also sometimes speculated that Brahui might be a direct legacy of the Indus Valley Civilisation. However, one polar opposite view is that Brahuis migrated up to Baluchistan in the 13 or 14th century or by a late immigration that took place after 1000 CE.

Burushaski
Burushaski (Urdu: بروشسکی - burū́šaskī) is a language isolate spoken by some 87,000 (as of 2000) Burusho people in the Hunza, Nagar, Yasin, and parts of the Gilgit valleys in the Northern Areas, Pakistan. It is also spoken by some 300 speakers in Srinagar, Indian Occupied Kashmir. Other names for the language are Kanjut (Kunjoot), Werchikwār, Boorishki, Brushas (Brushias).
Today Burushaski contains numerous loanwords from Urdu (including English words received via Urdu) and from neighbouring Dardic languages such as Khowar and Shina, as well as a few from Turkic languages and from the neighboring Sino-Tibetan language Balti, but the original vocabulary remains largely intact. The Dardic languages also contain large numbers of loanwords from Burushaski.
There are three dialects, named after the main valleys: Hunza, Nagar, and Yasin (also called Werchikwār). The dialect of Yasin is thought to be the least affected by contact with neighboring languages and is generally less similar to the other two than those are to each other; nevertheless all three dialects are mutually intelligible.

Khowar language
Khowar,(کھوار)also known as Chitrali, is a Dardic language spoken by 453,765 people in Chitral in Northwest Pakistan, in Yasin Valley and Gupis in neighboring Gilgit, and in parts of Upper Swat. It is spoken as a second language in the rest of Gilgit and Hunza. There are believed to be small numbers of Khowar speakers in Afghanistan, China, Tajikistan and Istanbul.
Khowar has been influenced by Iranian languages to a greater degree than other Dardic languages and has less Sanskritic elements than Shina or the Kohistani languages. Colonel Biddulph (Tribes of the Hindoo Koosh) was amongst the first westerners to study Khowar and claimed that further research would prove Khowar to be equally derived from Zend (Avestan, Old Persian) and Sanskrit.
The Norwegian Linguist Georg Morgenstierne wrote that Chitral is the area of the greatest linguistic diversity in the world. Although Khowar is the predominant language of Chitral, more than ten other languages are spoken here. These include Kalasha-mun, Palula, Dameli, Gawar-Bati, Nuristani, Yidgha, Burushahski, Gujar, Wakhi, Kyrgyz, Persian and Pashto. Since many of these languages have no written form, letters are usually written in Urdu.
Written Khowar.
Khowar has been written in the Arabic Nasta'liq script since the early twentieth century, prior to that the administrative and literary language of the region was Persian and works such as poetry and songs in Khowar were passed down in oral tradition. Today Urdu and English are the official languages and the only major literary usage of Khowar is in writing poetry. Khowar has also been written in the Roman script since the 1960's. Badshah Munir Bukhari worked on the language and its family.

Islamgarh
Islamgarh (or Akhalgarh, which "Akhal" means the Angel of Death and "Garh" which means Place of) is a small New town near the Mangla Dam and one of 25 in the Union Councils of Pakistan is the Chakswari Tehsil, Mirpur District of Azad Kashmir, Pakistan, Many of the people of Islamgarh relocated to the UK, enticed by promises of employment.

Dameli
Dameli is a language spoken by about 5,000 people in the Domel Valley, in the Chitral District of the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. The main source of information on the Dameli language is an article writen by Norwegian linguist Georg Morgenstierne and published in 1942.
Dameli is a Kafir-Dardic language of the Chitral. The language is classified as a Dardic language. This classification is based more on geography than linguistics.
Dameli is still the main language in the villages where it is spoken. It is commonly learned by children. Most of the people of the villages speak Pashto as a second language. Some also speak Khowar and Urdu. There are no signs of large changes in the languages used in the area.
Morgenstierne wrote that Chitral is the area of the greatest linguistic diversity in the world. Although Khowar is the main language of Chitral, more than ten other languages are spoken there. These include Kalasha-mun, Palula, Dameli, Gawar-Bati, Nuristani, Yidgha, Burushaski, Gujarati, Wakhi, Kyrgyz, Persian and Pashto. Because many of these languages have no written form, letters are usually written in Urdu or Persian.

Dhatki
Dhatki, also known as Dhati or Thari, is a sociolect of Marwari dialect of Rajasthani language. It is spoken in western parts of Jaisalmer and Barmer districts of Rajasthan in the Republic of India and eastern parts of Sindh province of Pakistan. Its characteristic phonological features are glottalized or implosive sounds. Many Dhatki speaking communities migrated to British India in 1947 after the partition and continued to do so in small numbers, but still there is a sizable number of Dhatki speakers in Pakistan.

Dehwari
Dehwari is a Southwestern Iranian language spoken by over 20,000 people in Balochistan, Pakistan. Most of the Dehwari speakers are concentrated in Mastung District and Kalat District.

Dogri
Dogri (ڈوگرى) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by about two million people in Indian-controlled Kashmir region and Pakistan, chiefly in the Jammu region of Indian Occupied Kashmir, but also in northern Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, other parts of Occupied Kashmir, and elsewhere. Dogri speakers are called Dogras, and the Dogri-speaking region is called Duggar. Dogri is a member of the Western Pahari Group of languages. The language is referred to as Pahari (पहाड़ी or پھاڑی) in Pakistan and Pakistani-Administered Kashmir. Unusually for an Indo-European language, Dogri is tonal, a trait it shares with other Western Pahari languages and Punjabi.

Domaaki
Domaakí - also known as Dumaki or Domaá - is a language spoken in the Northern Areas of Pakistan.
It is the traditional tongue of the Dóoma (sg. Dóom), a small ethnic group scattered in extended family units among larger host communities. In former times, Domaaki speakers traditionally worked as blacksmiths and musicians, but nowadays they are also engaged in a variety of other professions.
In almost all places of their present settlement the Dooma, who are all Muslims, have long since given up their original mother tongue in favour of the language of their respective host community. Only in the Nager and Hunza Valleys has Domaaki survived until the present day.
Following its geographic location, Domaaki can be divided into two dialects: Nager-Domaaki and Hunza-Domaaki. Although there are considerable differences between these two varieties, they are not so severe as to prevent mutual intelligibility.
Presently Domaaki counts less then 350 (mostly elderly) speakers – ca. 300
of them related to Hunza; around 40 related to Nager – and is thus to be considered a highly endangered language.

Gawar-Bati
Gawar-Bati is known in Chitral as Aranduyiwar, because it is spoken in Village Arandu, which is the last village in the bottom of Chitral and is across the Kunar River from Berkot in Afghanistan. Chitral keeps a military base in Arandu to guard against an attack by Afghanistan.
There are 9,000 speakers of Gawar-Bati, but only 1,500 are in Pakistan. The rest are in Afghanistan.
The Gawar-Bati Language has not been given study by serious linguists, except that it is mentioned by George Morgenstierne (1926) and Kendall Decker (1992). It is classified as a Dardic Language but this is more of a geographical classification than a linguistic one.
The Norwegian Linguist Georg Morgenstierne wrote that Chitral is the area of the greatest linguistic diversity in the world. Although Khowar is the predominant language of Chitral, more than ten other languages are spoken here. These include Kalasha-mun, Palula, Dameli, Gawar-Bati, Nuristani, Yidgha, Burushaski, Gujar, Wakhi, Kyrgyz, Persian and Pashto. Since many of these languages have no written form, letters are usually written in Urdu or Persian.

Amaradia River (Gorj)
The Amaradia River or Amaradia Pietroasă River is a tributary of the Jiu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Jiu River.

Amaradia River (Dolj)
The Amaradia River is a tributary of the Jiu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Jiu River.

Goaria
Goaria is a Marwari Rajasthani language spoken by some 25,000 people in Sindh Province, of Pakistan. The people are predominantly Hindu, and use the Hindi language for worship.

Taia River
The Taia River is a tributary of the Jiul de Est River in Romania. That means it flows into the Jiul de Est River.

Romanu River
The Romanu River is a tributary of the Gilort River in Romania. That means it flows into the Gilort River.

Mohoru River
The Mohoru River is a tributary of the Romanu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Romanu River.

Mioarele River
The Mioarele River is a tributary of the Romanu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Romanu River.

Gujari
Gojri, also known as 'Gujari is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by the Gujjars of Northern Pakistan and the Republic of India. It is classified as a form or dialect of Rajasthani by the linguists.
The language is mainly spoken in the Punjab provinces of Hindustan and Pakistan and also in Kashmir, it is most closely related to Marwari and Gujarati.

Vladimir River
The Vladimir River is a tributary of the Gilort River in Romania. That means it flows into the Gilort River.

Crasna River (Jiu)
The Crasna River is a tributary of the Amaradia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Amaradia River.

Grui River (Amaradia)
The Grui River is a tributary of the Amaradia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Amaradia River.

Inoasa River
The Inoasa River is a tributary of the Amaradia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Amaradia River.

Hazaragi
Hazaragi is a variety of Persian, spoken by the Hazara people of Afghanistan and Pakistan. The primary differences between Standard Persian and Hazaragi are the accent[1] and a larger borrowing of Turkic and Mongolic vocabulary.
Classification.
Hazaragi has been classified as both a separate language and as a dialect of Persian. It is easily distinguishable from other Persian dialects or languages spoken in Afghanistan. Hazaragi contains some Mongolic and Turkic words.
Spoken Area.
Hazaragi is spoken by the Hazara people of central Afghanistan as well as by a large refugee population found in northeastern Iran and in parts of Pakistan, such as Quetta.

Gornac River
The Gornac River is a tributary of the Amaradia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Amaradia River.

Zlast River
The Zlast River is a tributary of the Amaradia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Amaradia River.

Budieni River
The Budieni River is a tributary of the Zlast River in Romania. That means it flows into the Zlast River.

Ruda River (Suceava)
The Ruda River is a tributary of the Suceava River. That means it flows into the Suceava River.

Cuila River
The Cuila River is a tributary of the Ruda River in Romania. That means it flows into the Ruda River.

Bogdana River (Suceava)
The Bogdana River is a tributary of the Suceava River in Romania. That means it flows into the Suceava River.

Boul River (Suceava)
The Boul River or Măgura River is a tributary of the Suceava River in Romania. That means it flows into the Suceava River.

Sihastru River
The Sihastru River is a tributary of the Boul River in Romania. That means it flows into the Boul River.

Hindko
Hindko (هندکو /Hindkoŭ/), also Hindku, Hinko, or Lahnda, لَیہندا) is an ancient Indo-Aryan language spoken by Hindkowans in Pakistan. The literal meaning of the word "Hindko" is "Mountains of the Indus". The word "Hind" is the Persianised reference to the regions associated with the Indus River immediately to the east of Persia and "Ko" means mountains. The word Hindko has also been interpreted to mean the language of Ancient India. The term is also found in Greek references to the mountainous region in eastern Afghanistan and northern Pakistan as Καύκασος Ινδικός (Caucasus Indicus). The language is spoken in the areas of the North West Frontier Province (including Hazara), Punjab (including Attock), and Azad Kashmir by an estimated 2.2 to 4 million people.This language is very similar to the Mirpuri dialect of Potohari and Hindko and Mirpuri speakers can understand each other very well.
There is no generic name for these people because they belong to diverse ethnicities and tend to identify themselves by the larger families or castes. However the people of the largest group in the districts of Haripur, Abbottabad and Mansehra are sometimes recognised collectively as Hazarawal, named after the defunct Hazara Division that comprised of these districts. In Peshawar city they are referred to as "Kharay" meaning City-dwellers or Hindkowans

Jijia River (Suceava)
The Jijia River is a tributary of the Boul River in Romania. That means it flows into the Boul River.

Putna River (Suceava)
The Putna River is a tributary of the Suceava River in Romania. That means it flows into the Suceava River.

Racova River (Suceava)
The Racova River is a tributary of the Suceava River in Romania. That means it flows into the Suceava River.

Pokémon crime organizations
In every Pokémon video game and anime show, there has been a team that opposes the main characters. They try to steal Pokémon and rob the good people of money. This is a list of all such organizations.
Team Rocket.
Team Rocket is the main villain of the Hoenn region and in the games "Pokémon Red", "Blue", and "Yellow" as well as their remakes "FireRed" and "LeafGreen".
In the anime.
Team Rocket plays almost every episode in the Pokemon Anime. Jessie and James, and they're sinister Pokemon, Meowth, are the main characters. They come up with a gazillion plans to capture Ash Ketchum's Pikachu. Jessie is usually yelling or being abusive to Jessie and James, and James is known for his wining for food, along with Meowth. Team Rocket also has worn uncountable disguises to steal, and they also have they're Mottos. Even a song.
In the games.
Team Rocket is in multiple games. From Pokemon R/B/G/Y To Pokemon D/P, Team Rocket Grunts have been the main team rocket people must battle. In Pokemon Yellow, Jessie and James can be found in 4 locations, guarding his boss or getting revenge. Those places are: Mt.Moon, Rocket Hideout, Pokemon Tower, and Silph Co. When they are beat, as in the anime, they say: "Looks like Team Rocket's blasting off again!". There's also Giovanni. He is found in Rocket Hideout, where players must beat him to get the Silph Scope for Pokemon Tower, Pokemon Tower, where players beat him to save Mr. Fuji and get the Pokeflute, on the top floor of the Silph Co; Where players beat him and get the only Master Ball. Then finally, in Viridian Gym, where players get the Earth Badge, then Team Rocket's out of the way for the rest of the game. Grunts also appear in G/S/C, R/S/E, FR/LG, and D/P.
Team Aqua and Magma.
Team Aqua and Team Magma are the two feuding crime syndicates in the games "Pokémon Ruby, Sapphire, and Emerald".
In the anime.
The teams, Aqua and Magma don't play a part in the anime very much. They aren't Pokemon Thieves, but they do pit against each other, with Aqua's Kyogre and Magma's Groudon.
In the games.
Aqua and Magma agents and the leaders, Archie, leader of Aqua, and Maxie, leader of Magma, play a part in Pokemon R/S/E. The agents are the guys that must be battled to get to they're leaders. Archie and Maxie may help in a double battle against other trainers, but players also have to battle them as the leader of they're team.
Team Galactic.
Galactic is the new syndicate in the region of Sinnoh in "Pokémon Diamond and Pearl.
In the anime.
Team Galactic's hunter, J, Plays a part in the D/P episodes, Mounty in the Bounty and Ill-Will hunting. She tries to freeze pokemon, then steal them while they are powerless. In Mounty in the Bounty, she stole Pikachu, Meowth and a trainers Gardevoir, then they were retrieved. In Ill- Will hunting, Gary and Ash teamed up to save four Sheildon.
In the games.
Team Galactic grunts are found in the games, Pokemon D/P. They're mostly like Team Rocket. Beat the grunts and win against the boss.

Malaya
Malaya is both a name and word that carries different meanings in different places.

Great Seal of Vermont
The Great Seal of Vermont is the official seal of the U.S. state of Vermont. It is used to emboss and make official documents real.

Dune universe
The fictional "Dune" universe, or "Duniverse", is the political, scientific, and social place from author Frank Herbert's six-book "Dune" series of science fantasy novels.

East Francia
Eastern Francia ("Regnum Francorum orientalium") was the land of Louis the German after the Treaty of Verdun of 843. That treaty divided Carolingian Empire of the Franks into an East, West, and Middle. Over the centuries it changed into the Holy Roman Empire and modern Germany.Until the beginning of the 12. century it was known as Francia Orientalis or the Kingdom of the East Franks'". If the beginning of the Holy Roman Empire is thought to have happened at the same time as the rise of the Ottonian dynasty, the kingdom of East Francia lasted from 843 to when Duke Henry I of Saxony became a monarch on in 919; or it could have began in 962, when Otto the Great became a monarch ("translatio imperii").
East Francia was divided into four duchies: Swabia (Alamannia), Franconia, Saxony and Bavaria (with Carinthia). And after the death of Lothair II in 869, these were added the eastern parts of Lotharingia.
This division have there until 1268, the end of the Hohenstaufen dynasty.
From the 10th century, East Francia was also known as "Regnum Teutonicum" ("Teutonic kingdom", "Kingdom of Germany"), a term in Salian times.

Colm
The masculine name Colm originates from the Irish word for dove. There are three ways to pronounce this name. Colm is the short form of the Roman name Columba, which also means dove. Saint Columba was a 6th century Irish monk who founded a Monastry on the Island of Iona in Scotland, he is often accredited to the conversion of Scotland to Christianity.
Famous Colm's include Colm Meaney. An actor born on the 30th of May 1953 in Dublin, Ireland. He has featured in many films such as, Nailed (1981), Con Air (1994), and his most recent film, Three and Out (2008).

RAR
In computing, RAR is a patented archival file format that allows data compression, error recovery, and file spanning. It was created by Eugene Roshal (that is why it is named RR: Roshal ARchive) and is now license to "Win.RAR GmbH".
RAR File Archiver Software.
The following is an example of file archiver software by platforms. For a comprehensive list see Comparison of file archivers

WinRAR
WinRAR (a.k.a. RAR) is a shareware file archiver and data compression program created by Eugene Roshal. Many people think that it is one of the three most used File Archiver for Windows, together with WinZip and 7-Zip. It is one of the few programs that can create RAR archives, because the encoding method is proprietary, or it means they own it and nobody else can use it.
Developer.
The current developer is Eugene Roshal, while his brother Alexander Roshal is helping with the buisness.

Balochi, Northern
Northern Balochi dialects are settled north of Iranian Balochistan and Golestān Province of Iran, north of Nimruz Province in Afghanistan and north Chagai District of Balochistan and north of Sindh in Pakistan. Northern Balochi dialects are similar to northern Rakhshani and southern Makkorani dialects.

Bhadrawahi
Bhadrawahi is a tribe that lives in Kashmir and speaks the Bhadrawahi language which is a member of Indo-Aryan language family and has no script.

Changthang
Changthang has a population of 10,089 (2000 WCD). It is found in Indian Occupied Kashmir, around the Chinese border area of Changthang Region east and southeast of Leh. Changthang is known for its music and dance. It also has many important animals such as sheep (cashmere wool) and goats.

Chilisso language
Chilisso is an Indo-European Kohistani language spoken in Pakistan. It is also called Galos or Chiliss.

Balochi language
Balochi (also called Baluchi, Baloci or Baluci) is a Northwestern Iranian language. It is the main language of the Baloch of Balochistan, Pakistan, eastern Iran and southern Afghanistan. It is also spoken as a second language by some Brahui. It is one of nine official languages of Pakistan.
Dialects.
Balochi has several dialects. The Ethnologue lists three dialects: Balochi, Eastern, Balochi, Northern, Balochi, Southern and Balochi, Western while the Encyclopedia Iranica (from Elfenbein) lists six dialects: Rakhshani (subdialects: Kalati, Panjguri and Sarhaddi), Saravani, Lashari, Kechi, Coastal Dialects, and Eastern Hill Balochi.

Gurgula
Region Sindh Province, largest concentration in Bhens Colony, Karachi, others in smaller urban centers through Sindh, including Mirpur Khas, Shahdadpur, Panj, Moro, Sabura and Tando Allahyar.
Dialects Ghera is quite different grammatically. Lexical similarity 87% with Ghera.
Classification Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Central zone, Rajasthani, Unclassified
Language use All domains. Positive language attitude. Widespread multilingualism in Sindhi, Urdu, some Gujarati among all ages and sexes as needed, with men being the most proficient.
Language development Literacy rate in second language: 5% in Urdu. Sindhi-based script.
Comments Plains. Desert with irrigation. Below 100 meters. Itinerant marketers. Hindu.

Jadgali
Region Southeast Balochistan Province, southwest Sind. Also spoken in Iran.
Classification Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern zone, Sindhi
Language development Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%.
Comments People called Jats. Different from Jakati of Afghanistan and Ukraine. Muslim.
Also spoken in:.
Comments People called 'Jats'. Different from Jakati of Afghanistan and Ukraine, and Russian Central Asia. Muslim.

Jandavra
Region Southern Sindh Province from Hyderabad to east of Mirpur Khas. Reported to be many more in Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India.
Dialects Lexical similarity 74% with Bagri and Katai Meghwar, 68% with Kachi Koli.
Classification Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Central zone, Gujarati
Language use All ages. Men tend to be conversant in Sindhi and Urdu, at least on a basic level, but women are not.
Language development Literacy rate in second language: No literates.
Comments Plains. Desert. Sea level to 100 meters. Hindu.

Kabutra
Region Sindh, some concentrations around Umerkot, Kunri, and Nara Dhoro. Speakers say that 90% of the people remain in the Zal area of Marwar, India.
Dialects Speakers report they have inherent intelligibility of Sansi and Sochi, and use Kabutra when speaking to them. Lexical similarity 74% with the Sochi language variety.
Classification Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Central zone, Western Hindi, Hindustani, Sansi
Language use All ages and sexes speak Urdu for most common topics, some Sindhi. Women speak Urdu better than in most Hindu groups.
Language development Literacy rate in second language: 5% in Urdu.

Kutchi language
Kachchi is a language and is spoken in regions such as Kutch, India; Karachi, Pakistan. Over 50,000 people spoke it in 1998. It was the mother tongue of Muhammad Ali Jinnah.

Kalami
Region Upper Swat Kohistan from between Peshmal and Kalam north to upper valleys above Kalam, also in Dir Kohistan, in Thal, Lamuti (Kinolam), Biar (Jiar), and Rajkot (Patrak) villages. People at Khata Khotan, China, are reported to be related, recognized by their clothing and language.
Alternate names Garwi, Gawri, Gowri, Garwa, Gaawro, Kalami Kohistani, Kohistani, Kohistana, Bashkarik, Bashgharik, Dir Kohistani, Diri, Dirwali
Dialects Kalam, Ushu, Thal, Lamuti (Lamti), Rajkoti (Patrak), Dashwa. Dialect differences do not hinder communication, except that speakers of other dialects have difficulty with Rajkot. Lexical similarity 90% to 93% among the main dialects; Rajkoti has 75% with Kalam; Dashwa has 77% with Kalami, and 74% with Rajkoti.
Classification Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern zone, Dardic, Kohistani
Language use There appear to be few speakers of Dashwa. Kalami and Ushu speakers indicate some negative attitudes toward each other's speech. The most widely understood indigenous language in northern Swat and Dir Kohistan. Men have routine proficiency in Pashto; women are more limited. Rajkoti men have high proficiency in Pashto. Uneducated men and women have low proficiency in Urdu.
Comments Dashwa is a clan name of people originally from around Rajkot; little information available. About 30% migrate in winter to Mingora, Mardan, Peshawar, or the Punjab in search of work. Speakers of Pashto, Gujari, Khowar, and other Kohistani languages live among them, but they are generally in the majority. Patrilineal descent groups are: Drekhel, Nilor (Niliyor), Jaflor (Jafalor). The Drekhel are divided into the Kalamkhel, Akarkhel, and Chinorkhel. The Mullakhel are Pashtoons from Lower Swat who now speak Pashto as first language, but speak, understand, and identify with Kalami. Muslim.

Querétaro
Querétaro is a state in central Mexico. Its capital is Santiago de Querétaro. About 1,600,000 people live there.

Fatima Jinnah
Mohtarma Fatima Jinnah (Urdu: فاطمہ جناح) (July 30, 1893 — July 8, 1967) was the sister of Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the founder of Pakistan and an active political figure in movement for independence from the British Raj. She is commonly known in Pakistan as Khatoon-e-Pakistan (Urdu: — "Lady of Pakistan") and Madar-e-Millat ("Mother of the Nation.") She was born in Karachi, Pakistan, then a part of British India. She was admitted to the Dr. R. Ahmed Dental College in the University of Calcutta in 1919 and went on to open her dental clinic in Bombay in 1923. She was an instrumental figure in the Pakistan movement and the primary organiser of All India Muslim Women Students Federation. After the formation of Pakistan and the death of her brother, she remained an active member of the nation's politics. In 1965, Miss Fatima Jinnah ran for President as a candidate of the Combined Opposition Party (COP); widely believed to win the election, her loss came as a shock to the world community. The election is still regarded as rigged by most historians. She continued to work for the welfare of the Pakistani people until she died in Karachi on July 8, 1967, there is also a conspiracy that she was murdered by Dictator Muhammad Ayub Khan himself.

Campeche
Campeche is a state in the south-east of Mexico. Its capital is also called Campeche. About 750,000 people live in Campeche.

Oaxaco
Oaxaca is a state in the south of Mexico. Its capital is also called Oaxaca. About 3,500,000 people live in Oaxaca.

1994-95 NHL season
The 1994–95 NHL season was the 78th regular season of the National Hockey League. Twenty-six teams each played 48 games, a shortened season, due to a lockout of the players by the owners. For the first time since the 1969–70 NHL season, no team averaged more than four goals scored per game. A total of 60 shutouts happened in the 624 regular-season games.
The New Jersey Devils won the Stanley Cup in a four-game sweep of the Detroit Red Wings. An unusually high number of shorthanded goals (28) were scored in the 81 playoff games of 1995. In addition, 7 hat-tricks were recorded in the 1995 Playoffs.
Regular season.
The shortened season ended much later than usual. For the first and, as of 2007, the only time in NHL history, the Stanley Cup Finals concluded after the Summer Solstice. Despite the late end to the playoffs, only 79 total playoff games were held, the lowest number to date under the "16 wins" playoff format.
Final standings.
"Note: W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, GF= Goals For, GA = Goals Against, Pts = Points"
Scoring leaders.
"Note: GP = Games Played, G = Goals, A = Assists, Pts = Points"
Scoring leaders.
"Note: GP = Games Played, G = Goals, A = Assists, Pts = Points"
NHL Awards.
The NHL Awards presentation took place on July 6, 1995.

Kalkoti
Region Dir Kohistan, NWFP, in Kalkot village. A little more than half the people in the village are speakers.
Dialects Lexical similarity 69% with Kalami.
Classification Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern zone, Dardic, Kohistani
Language use Kalami is used as second language. Kalami do not understand Kalkoti. All men and most women are reported to speak Pashto as second language.

1993-94 NHL season
The 1993–94 NHL season was the 77th regular season of the National Hockey League. Twenty-six teams each played 84 games. The New York Rangers were the Stanley Cup champions. It was the Rangers' fourth championship. In addition, the final game started the 1994 Stanley Cup riots in Downtown Vancouver.
The play of Martin Brodeur of the New Jersey Devils and Dominik Hasek of the Buffalo Sabres brought in a new era of goaltending dominance in the NHL. Only three teams reached the 300-goal plateau, and only one team, the Detroit Red Wings, averaged more than four goals scored per game. Goaltenders combined for 99 shutouts during the regular season.
Regular season.
This was the first and only season (as of the 2007-08 season) that all 4 former WHA teams (Edmonton, Hartford, Quebec, Winnipeg) missed the playoffs since joining in 1979.
Final standings.
"Note: W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, GF = Goals For, GA = Goals Against, Pts = Points"
Western Conference.
"Note: x = clinched playoff berth, y = clinched division title, z = won Presidents' Trophy"
NHL Awards.
The NHL Awards presentation took place on June 16, 1994.

Kamviri
Population 1,500 to 2,000 in Pakistan plus refugees (1992).
Region Southern Chitral District, Langorbat or Lamerot, Badrugal, and the Urtsun Valley.
Alternate names Kamdeshi, Kamik, Lamertiviri, Shekhani
Language use Some bilingualism in Pashto.
Comments This Shekhani is different from the Kati dialect also called 'Shekhani'. Mountain valley.

1940-41 NHL season
The 1940–41 NHL season was the 24th season of the National Hockey League. Seven teams each played 48 games. The Boston Bruins were the Stanley Cup winners as they beat the Detroit Red Wings four games to none in the final series.
Final standings.
"Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, PIM = Penalties in minutes"
"Note: Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold"
Scoring leaders.
"Note: GP = Games played, G = Goals, A = Assists, PTS = Points, PIM = Penalties in minutes"

Kashmiri language
Population 4,391,000 in Indian Occupied Kashmir. Population includes including 4,370,000 Kashmiri, 21,000 Kishtwari (1997). Population total all countries: 4,611,000.
Region Occupied Kashmir; Punjab (Pakistan); North-West Frontier Province; Kashmir Valley. Also spoken in other parts of Pakistan, United Kingdom.
Alternate names Keshur, Kaschemiri, Cashmiri, Cashmeeree, Kacmiri
Dialects Bakawali, Bunjwali, Standard Kashmiri, Kishtwari (Kashtawari, Kistwali, Kashtwari, Kathiawari), Miraski, Poguli, Rambani, Riasi, Shah-Mansuri, Siraji of Doda, Siraji-Kashmiri, Zayoli, Zirak-Boli. Transitional dialects to Panjabi. Kashtawari dialect is standard, other dialects are influenced by Dogri.
Classification Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern zone, Dardic, Kashmiri
Language use Official language. 80% in Urdu (85% male, 12% female over 35 years) (Koul and Schmidt). 83% prefer use of Kashmiri as medium in primary school, 48% in middle school (Koul and Schmidt). Some use English or Urdu as a second language.
Language development Literacy rate in first language: 88% male 12% female over 35 years of age (Koul and Schmidt). Literacy rate in second language: Men 36.3%, women 15.9%; rural 21.6%, urban 45.5% (1981 census). Persian-based script. Newspapers. Radio programs. Films. Grammar. Bible: 1899.
Comments Literature can be traced to the 1400s, and poetry is important. Not used in primary education. SVO. Mountain slope, valleys. 1,800 meters. Agriculturalists: rice, wheat, maize; craftsmen: weaving, carpets, carving, furniture, papier-mâché. Muslim.
Spoken In.
Region Azad Kashmir, south of Shina.
Alternate names Kaschemiri, Kacmiri, Keshuri, Cashmiri, Cashmeeree

Kati
Population 3,700 to 5,100 Eastern Kativiri in Pakistan (1992).
Region Eastern Kativiri is in the Chitral District; in Gobar in the Lutkuh Valley, Kunisht in the Rumbur Valley, Shekhanan Deh in the Bumboret Valley, and in the Urtsun Valley.
Dialects Eastern Kativiri (Shekhani), Western Kativiri, Mumviri.
Comments Eastern Kativiri is often called 'Shekhani' in Pakistan, but is different from the Kamviri which is also called 'Shekhani' in Southern Chitral. Mountain valleys.

Khetrani
Khetrani is an Indo Aryan language.It is being spoken in north east Blochistan province(Pakistan) Its Population is 4,000..It is member of Lahnda group.It is dialect of Siraiki language.We can Classify it into Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern zone, Lahnda.Language development Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%.

Seraiki
Seraiki is a region located at southern Punjab (Pakistan) and northern Sindh, Indus River Valley, Jampur area. Derawali is in Dera Ismail Khan, Tank, Bannu, and Dera Ghazi Khan. Jangli is in Sahiwal area. Also spoken in the Republic of India, United Kingdom.
Alternate names Saraiki, Riasiti, Bahawalpuri, Multani, Southern Panjabi, Siraiki
Dialects Derawali, Multani (Khatki), Bahawalpuri (Riasati, Reasati), Jangli, Jatki. Dialects blend into each other, into Panjabi to the east, and Sindhi to the south. Until recently it was considered to be a dialect of Panjabi. 80% intelligibility of Dogri. May be intelligible with Bahawalpuri. Lexical similarity 85% with Sindhi; 68% with Dhatki, Odki, and Sansi.
Classification Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern zone, Lahnda
Language development Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Radio programs. TV. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1819.

Kohistani, Indus
The Indus region in the Kohistan District is found on the western bank of the Indus River.
Trivia.
People speak Indus and Duber-Kandia there. These are separate languages from nearby districts. The population was 220,000 in 1993.

Koli-Kachi
Population includes 80,000 to 100,000 Kachi Koli, 5,000 to 6,000 Rabari, 10,000 Kachi Bhil, 50,000 Vagri, 10,000 Katai Meghwar, 1,000 Zalavaria Koli. Population total all countries: 570,000.
Region Lower Sindh in an area bordered by Sakrand and Nawabshah in the north, Matli in the south, and east beyond Mirpur Khas and Jamesabad. Concentrated in an area around the towns of Tando Allahyar and Tando Adam. There may be an equal number in Hindustan, concentrated in their ancestral homeland centered around Bhuj, in the Rann of Kach, Gujarat. Also spoken in the Republic of India.
Alternate names Kuchi, Kachi, Katchi, Koli, Kohli, Kolhi, Kori, Vagari, Vagaria, Kachi Gujarati
Dialects Kachi, Rabari (Rahabari), Kachi Bhil, Vagri (Kachi Meghwar), Katai Meghwar, Zalavaria Koli. Intermediate between Sindhi and Gujarati; it is becoming more like Sindhi. Kachi has 89% lexical similarity with Rabari, 96% with Kachi Bhil, 86% with Vagri, 92% with Katai Meghwar, 88% with Zalavaria Koli, lexical similarity 78% with Gujarati, 76% with Tharadari Koli.
Classification Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Central zone, Gujarati
Language use Complex situation: people with basically the same language are socially quite distinct.
Language development Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. Based on Sindhi, based in turn on Arabic. Some older people use Gujarati script, related to Devanagari. Bible portions: 1834–1995.

Koli-Parkari
Region Centered in Tharparkar District, especially the town of Nagar Parkar in the southeastern tip of Sindh bordering the Republic of India. It covers most of the lower Thar Desert and west as far as the Indus River, bordered in the north and west by Hyderabad, and down to the south and west of Badin. An unknown (probably small) population in Hindustan.
Dialects Lexical similarity 77% to 83% with Marwari Bhil, 83% with Tharadari Koli.
Classification Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Central zone, Gujarati
Language development Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%, mostly in Sindhi, a few in Urdu, very few in Gujarati. Based on Sindhi, based in turn on Arabic. NT: 1996.
Comments Agriculturalists: sharecroppers in irrigated area, subsistence and stockbreeders in desert (east). Hindu, Christian.

Koli-Wadiyara
Population 175,000 in Pakistan (1998). Population includes 75,000 Wadiyara, 5,000 Mewasi and Nairya, 30,000 Tharadari, 45,000 Hasoria, 20,000 Rardro.
Region Sindh in an area bounded by Hyderabad, Tando Allahyar and Mirpur Khas in the north, and Matli and Jamesabad in the south.
Dialects Mewasi (Mayvasi Koli), Wadiyara Koli, Nairya Koli, Tharadari Koli, Tharadari Bhil, Hasoria Koli, Hasoria Bhil, Rardro Bhil.
Language use There is gradual beginning of breakdown of some strict caste rules concerning intermarriage and interdining: possibly 'lower' groups wishing to move 'up', and barriers in 'close' castes breaking down.
Language development Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%.

Loarki
Region Sindh Province, rural. 500 to 750 in the Republic of India.
Dialects Probably the same as Gade Lohar in Rajasthan, India, a Rajasthani language. Lexical similarity 82% with Jogi, 80% with Marwari.
Classification Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Central zone, Rajasthani, Marwari
Language use All domains. All ages. All ages and sexes speak Sindhi, the educated or those working outside the community speak Urdu for most common topics.
Language development Literacy rate in second language: 25% boys, some older men, no girls or women in Sindhi, some Urdu.
Comments Alternate names for the people are: Loar, Lohar, Gadlia, Gadolia Rajput, Gadolia Rajput Loar, Karia, Sisudia Rajput, Sisudia Loar. Plains. Desert. Sea level to 100 meters. Craftsmen. Hindu.

Ladakh
Ladakh is a region of Jammu and Kashmir in Northern Pakistan near the Chinese border, which is Not Demarcated border the regional capital is Leh. Ladakh is sometimes referred as "Moon Country" or "Little Tibet", which bewitches a tourist with its simple and savage beauty. For those lovers of nature who have been immured in the smoky circumstance of cities and plains, Ladakh offers an atmosphere to breath fresh and delight in the unsophisticated face of nature. Ladakh's capital town "Leh" is situated at a height of 12,000 feet above sea level. Historically important town, Leh lies on the branch of the old trade route enters Ladakh through Karakoram and leads to Srinagar (Iqbalabad) via Kargil. The occupying Indian government has opened a road leading to Leh for foreign tourists and as a result large number of tourists from all over the world, reach here to witness a confluence of culture from the Indus Valley, Tibet and Central Asia. A motor road from Manali (Himachal Pradesh), Republic of India to Leh, Occupied Kashmir has been constructed which runs for 470 km and passes through spectacular but awe-inspring views. The road remains under military operation from mid July to mid September and remains closed for the rest of the year. The road runs through countless bewitching water falls and streams and winds through apple laden orchards and dark pine forests, and opens into vast expanse of barren deserts. High altitudes paasses LUNGA LACHA-LA and TAGLANGLA (about 17,500 feet from sea-level are situated in this area. Looking down on the vallies, the deserts, the snow clad peaks, the lush green fields and black rocks open up a vista of innumerable colours, yellow, purple, brown, black white, green and blue. On the back of the city the 16th century monument. The Royal place, overlooks the city as if guarding it. The palace houses an impressive collection in its museum. The twisting lanes leading up to the palace are crammed with shops, selling colourful native crafts and semi precious jewellery. Around Leh, there are crystal clear lakes with azurblue water. One of them Pangong is at a day's journey from Leh. In Hemis National Park, there are Snow Leopards Bacterian camels and ibex, for wild life lovers. Kargil is an important town which serves as a base for adventure activities in Himalayas for visitors to the exotic Zanskar valley. In May the entire countryside is fragrant with white Apricot blossom, while in August, the ripening fruit lends an orange colour to whole the valley.
A geographic region or an idea?
Kashmir means many things to many peoples. The total area of J&K state is 2.22 lakh (222,000) sq. kms. Of this, the Pakistani area accounts for 78,114 sq. kms. Chinese area is 37,555 sq. kms plus another 3,180 sq. kms. (that was an area adjusted during the boundary agreement with Pakistan). At present, 35% of the state is Azad Kashmir and 17% is Chinese Kashmir. In a landmark boundary adjustment between Pakistan and China, China received 2.3% from Pakistan (There is no boundary dispute between China and Pakistan. China is today Pakistan's largest arms supplier. India occupies less than half of the original state which belonged to Hari Singh in 1947). The Indian area is 1.01 lakh (101,000)sq. kms. The Indian area is divided into the following divisions: Ladakh, Jammu region and the Kashmir Valley. The Ladakh division is 49,146 sq. kms. The Jammu division is 26,293 sq. kms. and the Muslim Kashmir Valley is 15,948 sq. kms.
The population of the state illegally governed by the Republic of India is 10 million; of this, 64% are Muslims, 32% are Hindus, 2.2% are Sikhs and 1.2% are Buddhists. Another 2 million Muslims live in Azad Kashmir; taken together, Muslims would constitute 75% of the population of the entire state of Jammu and Kashmir, which is roughly 5% of the total Muslim population of India (the number of Muslims in India is more than 100 million). The Indians claim that in 1947 half a million Hindus and Sikhs also lived in Azad Kashmir. When 5 million Muslims were transferred from East Punjab to Pakistan, half a million Muslims fled Kashmir.
The Indian part of the state of Kashmir is divided into 3 main regions: Jammu, Kashmir Valley and Ladakh. In terms of area, Ladakh forms 58%, Jammu 26% and Kashmir valley 16%. Buddhists used to constitute a majority in Ladakh but a few years ago (according to the last Indian census reports) Muslims are in a majority in Ladakh now. Hindus form a majority in Jammu and Muslims form a majority in Kashmir valley. In British India Kashmir was about 95% Muslim. Before 1947, nearly a million non-Muslims -- mainly Kashmiri Hindus called Pundits ruled the Kashmiris with the Dogra ruler Hari Singh. After the Dogra raja left the state in Indian custody, the Pandits also began leaving Kashmir. Today they live in Jammu and are asking for a separate union territory called "Panditdesh".

Ladakhi
Population 102,000 in Indian Occupied Kashmir (1997). Population includes 29,800 to 33,300 Shamma (Voegelin and Voegelin 1977.328). Population total all countries: 114,000.
Region Maqbuza Kashmir, Ladakh District, 250 villages and hamlets. Also spoken in China.
Alternate names Ladaphi, Ladhakhi, Ladak, Ladwags
Dialects Leh (Central Ladakhi), Shamma (Sham, Shamskat, Lower Ladakhi), Nubra Ladakhi. Perhaps 30% to 40% intelligibility of Tibetan. Leh is used as the medium of communication. Leh speakers understand Zangskari and Changthang at more than 90% on recorded text tests. Not known if speakers of all dialects understand Leh well. Leh is in Leh and surrounding areas. Shamma is west of Leh along the Indus Valley and to the south of Khaltse. Nubra is in Nubra Tahsil north of Leh. Lexical similarity 71% to 83% with Purik, 53% to 60% with Tibetan, 84% to 94% among 5 main dialects.
Classification Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Himalayish, Tibeto-Kanauri, Tibetic, Tibetan, Western, Ladakhi
Language use All ages. Many speakers in urban areas use Urdu, or English, but rural speakers are mainly monolingual in Ladakhi.
Language development Literacy rate in second language: Men: 36%, women: 12% in Urdu, Tibetan, or English (1991). Tibetan script. Grammar. Bible: 1948.
Comments Written Ladakhi is distinct from the spoken forms. The dialect of Leh has been acknowledged as standard spoken Ladakhi. It is the medium of Leh radio broadcasts and the standard medium of communication among all Ladakh dialects, including Changthang and Zangskari (Paldan 2002). SOV; postpositions; genitives, relatives before noun heads; articles, adjectives numerals after noun heads; suffixes indicate case of noun phrase; ergative; causatives; comparative; CCVCC or CCCVV maximum; nontonal. Mountain valleys. 2,400 to 5,000 meters. Agriculturalists: wheat, barley; pastoralists: yaks, goats, sheep (cashmere wool); cottage industries: weaving, jewelry making, religious artifact production. Buddhist, Muslim, Christian.
Also spoken in: China.
Alternate names Ladaphi, Ladhakhi, Ladak, Ladwags
Dialects Leh (Central Ladakhi), Shamma (Sham, Shamskat, Lower Ladakhi), Nubra Ladakhi.
Comments Part of the Tibetan nationality. Mountain valleys. 2,400 to 5,000 meters. Agriculturalists: wheat, barley; pastoralists: yaks, goats, sheep (cashmere wool). Buddhist (Lamaist).

Marwari
Population 220,000. Population includes 100,000 Northern Marwari, 120,000 or more Southern Marwari (1998). The latter includes 100,000 Marwari Bhil, 10,000 Marwari Meghwar, 12,000 to 13,000 Marwari Bhat.
Region Northern Marwari: South Punjab (Pakistan) and northern Sindh, north of Dadu and Nawabshah; Southern Marwari: Sindh and southern Punjab provinces, between Tando Mohammed Khan and Tando Ghulam Ali to the south, Dadu and Nawabshab to the north.
Alternate names Merwari, Rajasthani, Marwari Meghwar, Jaiselmer, Marawar, Marwari Bhil
Dialects Northern Marwari, Southern Marwari, Marwari Bhil, Marwari Meghwar, Marwari Bhat. Northern and Southern Marwari are inherently intelligible to speakers. Lexical similarity 79% to 83% with Dhatki, 87% between Southern and Northern Marwari, 78% with Marwari Meghwar and Marwari Bhat.
Classification Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Central zone, Rajasthani, Marwari
Language use One sweeper community of 10,000 to 100,000 identifies itself as Marwari, but is undergoing rapid shift to Urdu. Marwari is not usually written. Speakers are moderately bilingual in Sindhi. Educated speakers are trilingual in Urdu. The literary language of Rajasthan is Hindi.
Language development Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5% in Sindhi or Urdu. Sindhi and Urdu scripts. Newspapers. Bible portions: 1969–1991.
Comments The name 'Rajasthani' is a linguistic cover term for a group of languages. Speakers tend to be urban and educated. Northern Bhil tribes: Marwari-Thori, Gulguli, Shikari, Jogi, Sochi. Hindu, Muslim, Christian.

Memoni
Dialects Memoni language appears to have similarities to Sindhi and Gujarati.
Language use The younger generation might not learn it as first language. They learn Urdu, Sindhi, or Gujarati as second language.
Language development Most are highly educated.
Comments All speakers in Pakistan came from British India at the time of the partition. It is reported that 500 to 600 years ago they moved from a Sindhi-speaking area to a Gujarati-speaking area. Muslim.

Norco (medication)
Norco is a medicine to help with pain. It is a mixture of two medicines- hydrocodone and acetaminophen.

Yidgha
Region Upper Lutkuh Valley of Chitral, west of Garam Chishma.
Alternate names Yudgha, Yudga, Yidga, Lutkuhwar
Dialects No significant dialect variation within Yidgha. Lexical similarity 56% to 80% with Munji in Afghanistan.
Classification Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Eastern, Southeastern, Pamir
Language use Yidgha is used in many homes and for much in-group communication, and speakers have positive attitudes toward it. Khowar is the main second language used, although with much Yidgha language influence, and proficiency among women is low.
Comments Mountain valleys. 2,200 meters. Ismaili Muslim.

Zangskari
Region Indian Occupied Kashmir, Ladakh district, Zanskar tahsil, south of Leh in the Zaskar Mountains, between Himalayas and Indus River Valley. Possibly Tibet in China.
Dialects Closer to Changthang than to Ladakhi.
Classification Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Himalayish, Tibeto-Kanauri, Tibetic, Tibetan, Western
Language use Some also use the Leh dialect of Ladakhi.
Language development Literacy rate in second language: Speakers in Ladakh have the highest rate. Tibetan script. Bible portions: 1945–1951.
Comments Small primary schools throughout Zanskar, lower high schools in Karsha and Zangla, high school in Padum. 90% of students are male. Nearly all teachers are from outside the area. People trade grain with Changthang to acquire wool and salt. Muslim.

Sunspot
A sunspot is an area of high magnetic activity, on the surface of the Sun. Sunspots produce bright light, but not as much as the surface around them, so they appear dark by comparison.
Galileo Galilei was the first scientist to report his observations of sunspots. At first people did not want to believe his ideas, because they thought "spots" made the Sun "imperfect". Later his ideas were accepted.
Sunspot activity can affect the Earth's own weather, and also radio reception. Scientists keep track of sunspots and other solar phenomena, to better understand their effect. A sunspot cycle of 11 years has been detected, with high and low periods of activity.

Emergency exit
An emergency exit in a building is an exit for emergencies, such as a fire.

Crystal radio
A crystal radio, sometimes called a crystal set, is a very simple AM radio receiver, that does not need batteries to work. A long wire antenna gathers enough of the radio signals from nearby transmitters to power a crystal diode, which demodulates the signals, and plays them as sound through an earphone or small headset.
Crystal radios have come and gone many times in history. They were built in the early days of radio broadcasting by amateurs, and people who could not afford a well-made radio. They became popular again during the Great Depression, when money was scarce. During World War II, American soldiers built "foxhole radios" that used a razor blade and pencil point instead of a crystal. (German and Italian troops had equipment that could detect normal radio receivers working, so an alternate choice was a wise one.)
After the war ended, amateurs built more crystal sets, and children began to make them as science and hobby projects. Later during the Vietnam War prisoners of war again built simple radios, and soldiers used Slinky springs as antennas.
Hobby clubs still exist, that give information to persons who want to build a crystal radio or similar radio project.

Bengali Language Movement
The Bengali Language Movement (also called the Language Movement) were protests by people living in Bangladesh, which was part of Pakistan during that time. The people living in Bangledesh started protesting because they did not like that the government of Pakistan made Urdu the official language, which they did not speak. The government responded to the protests by making meetings outside illegal. At the height of the movement, police killed students that were protesting. The Shaheed Minar was a monument built to honor these students.
Bengali did become an official language on 29 February 1956. This day is celebrated by Bangladesh as Language Movement Day.

March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom
The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom was a rally held on the National Mall in Washington, D.C. on 28 August 1963. It was where Martin Luther King, Jr gave his famous I Have a Dream speech. After the march, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the National Voting Rights Act of 1965 were passed. The police said 200,000 people were there, but the people who led the rally said over 300,000 people were there. About 80% of the people at the rally were African American, and about 20% were white or of a different race.
Organization and Planning.
The march was first planned by A. Philip Randolph, who was the president of the Negro American Labor Council, and vice president of the AFL-CIO. He had planned another civil rights march in 1941, but it never happened. However, the threat of the march was a big reason why President Roosevelt wrote Executive Order 8802. This forced equal opportunity in the defense industry, which meant that all workers had to be treated the same, no matter what their race was.
Other leaders of civil rights groups helped Randolph plan the march and spread the word to their members. Some of the most important were James Farmer, (president of the Congress of Racial Equality), John Lewis (president of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee), Martin Luther King, Jr. (president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference), Roy Wilkins (president of the NAACP), and Whitney Young (president of the National Urban League). Bayard Rustin, the first of the Freedom Riders who tried to challenge racial discrimination in travel, worked on the details of the march.

Bratz Girlz Really Rock!
"Bratz Girlz Really Rock!" is an animated movie based on the Bratz doll line.

Dolls
Dolls are models of human beings, usually toys.

Doll
A doll is a child's toy that looks like baby or other human being.

Theodore Long
Theodore Robert Long (born September 15, 1955) is an American former professional wrestling referee and manager, who is currently working for World Wrestling Entertainment on its ECW brand as the General Manager. He is best known for his role as the General Manager of SmackDown!.
National Wrestling Alliance/World Championship Wrestling.
Long started out as an errand boy for wrestlers Tommy Rich and Abdullah the Butcher. He eventually became a member of the ringcrew and was promoted to referee in the NWA's Jim Crockett Promotions in 1985 as Teddy Long. In 1989, Long began a heel turn when he started to bend the rules for the heels. At the Chi-Town Rumble event, Teddy Long ran in and counted three, making Ricky Steamboat the NWA World Champion. On April 2, 1989 at the "Clash of Champions" in New Orleans, Long blatantly made a fast count allowing Mike Rotunda & "Dr. Death" Steve Williams to defeat the Road Warriors for the NWA World Tag Team Championship. After this match, the National Wrestling Alliance relieved Long of his refereeing duties. This was actually a story lifted from Championship Wrestling from Florida, where Teddy had been a referee and did several heel-decisions in the ring, including one for Ron Simmons over Sweet Brown Sugar. Teddy was fired as a referee and became a talent scout/manager.
Long became the manager of "Doom" (Ron Simmons and Butch Reed) and led them to the World Tag Team Titles. He also managed Chris Jericho, Johnny B. Badd, One Man Gang, Norman the Lunatic, "The Skyscrapers" (Sid Vicious, Dan Spivey & Mark Callaway), Marcus Bagwell, 2 Cold Scorpio, Joey Maggs, Craig Pittman, Jim Powers, Bobby Walker, Ice Train and Bobby Eaton while in Jim Crockett Promotions and WCW.
World Wrestling Federation/World Wrestling Entertainment.
Long performed as a referee in WWF from the late 1990s until September 2002, when he was taken off the road.
He was re-packaged as a manager and perhaps his most notable managing stint in this period came when managing D'Lo Brown, Rodney Mack, Christopher Nowinski, Rosey, Mark Henry and Jazz at different times, telling fans to get "Down wit' da Brown" and to "Back da Mack." He played a stereotypical "held-down" minority, using ebonics (such as, "Don't be drinkin' that Hate-orade." and "You know I'd look good on the dolla dolla bill.") His stable would be referred to by fans as "Thuggin' & Buggin' Enterprises." When he was drafted to "SmackDown!", he managed his second white wrestler, Mark Jindrak.
After Kurt Angle was fired from the General Manager position in July 2004, Long became the new and first African-American General Manager of "SmackDown!." Unlike other WWE managers, such as Eric Bischoff and Mr. McMahon, his new position saw him as a face, giving the fans what they wanted and making matches that put heels at disadvantages, notably John "Bradshaw" Layfield (JBL). At first, he continued use of his "Hate-orade" talk, but less aggressively, and with humor. One example was when he stripped Booker T of the US Championship for "drinkin' Hate-orade."
As part of the "RAW" vs. "SmackDown!" feud, Long defeated then "RAW" GM Eric Bischoff at "Survivor Series 2005" with the help of The Boogeyman.
However, Theodore Long still had problems with Booker T and his defense of the United States title. Booker T attempted to get out of title defenses on a number of occasions by pretending to be injured, and having other wrestlers fight on his behalf. Eventually, Long got tired of these shenanigans, and at "No Way Out 2006", Booker was told to face Chris Benoit or be stripped of the US title. Benoit won the match and was congratulated by Theodore Long.
After Randy Orton had cheated to obtain Rey Mysterio's title shot at "WrestleMania 22", Long placed Mysterio back in the match and made it a Triple Threat Match, at the same time warning Orton that he could still remove Orton from the match if he disobeyed Long.
At "Judgment Day 2006" Long fired Melina & Johnny Nitro from "SmackDown!." On the following "SmackDown!", JBL suffered the same fate after losing the United States Championship to Bobby Lashley, and then losing a World Heavyweight Championship to Rey Mysterio in his "Judgment Day" rematch.
On the September 4, 2006 episode of "RAW", Long appeared to a tremendous ovation in his hometown. During a six-person, intergender tag match between Randy Orton, Edge, and Lita against Trish Stratus, Carlito, and John Cena, some fans chanted Theodore's name.
In April 2007, Long became the on-screen boyfriend of Kristal, after weeks flirting with each other backstage. Long then began to look for an assistant so he could spend more time with Kristal, eventually revealing Vickie Guerrero as his new assistant on May 25, 2007, an appointment made partly at Kristal's request. On the June 22, 2007 episode of "SmackDown!", Long asked Kristal to marry him. Kristal ran out of the ring, crying, but later agreed to (kayfabe) marry him. On the July 27, 2007 edition of "Smackdown!", Ron Simmons was named the best man for "Theodore Rufus Long" and Kristal's wedding on the September 21, 2007 edition of "SmackDown!" emanating from Long's hometown of Atlanta, Georgia. However, the wedding was not completed due to constant disruptions and Long having a (kayfabe) heart attack just as he started to say "I do". He then fell in to a (kayfabe) coma. Long returned on the November 30, 2007 edition of "SmackDown!" as the Assistant General Manager and made a match at Armageddon for the World Heavyweight Championship In September 2007, Long was demoted from General Manager of SmackDown!, to Assistant General Manager, while Vickie Guerrero moved into the General Manager posistion by Mr. McMahon stating "The Show must go on". On May 16, 2008, Long quit his role of Assistant General Manager after months of abuse by GM Guerrero who treated Teddy "as a personal servant rather than the Assistant General Manager of SmackDown!" in Teddy's words. On the June 3, 2008 edition of "ECW", it was announced that Long had become the new General Manager of the ECW brand by order of the WWE Board of Directors.
Personal life.
Long is married to a woman named Stephanie Keller and they have three children together and one grandson. The two have been married since 1982.

Bobcat
Bobcat ("Lynx rufus") are fierce cats that live in forests, swamps, mountains, prairie, and deserts in much of North America. Bobcats are generally nocturnal (most active at night), but have peaks of activity at dawn and dusk. They spend the day in their den (a cave, hollow log or rock crevice). They are excellent climbers and swimmers. Bobcats are preyed upon by by cougars, coyotes, wolves, owls, and people. Bobcats have a life span of 10-14 years. The bobcats and the lynx are closely related.
Description.
The Bobcat has powerful jaws and long, pointed canine teeth. It has sharp, retractable claws, big ears, and a spotted coat. Many bobcats have long tufts of hair at the tip of the ears that improve the cat's hearing. The brown eyes have circular pupils. These graceful cats are from 24 to 40 inches (60-100 cm) long (including the tail). The stubby tail is only 4 to 7 inches (10-18 cm) long, and looks as though it was cut off (or bobbed). This is what this cat is named for.
Diet.
Bobcats are carnivores (meat-eaters). These fast, solitary hunters eat small mammals (like rabbits, hares, rodents, foxes, weasels, and even the occasional small deer), birds, fish, and eggs. Bobcats stalk their prey, and then pounce onto it. They can leap up to 10 feet (3 m). They can often kill their prey in one powerful bite.

Emergency Medical Technician
The Emergency Medical Technician (EMT) is a job where a person works on an ambulance and takes care of sick and hurt people. They also sometimes work in the emergency room of hospitals to help doctors and nurses when there are lots of sick or hurt people to take care of.

Kuru (disease)
Kuru, also known as Creutzfeld-Jakob Disease, is caused by cannibalism. The word Kuru, means "trembling with fear" among the Fore Tribe. The Kuru disease is also known as the laughing sickness due to the pathologic bursts of laughter that the patient displays.

Kuru, Finland
Kuru is a town in the country of Finland. It is part of the Pirkanmaa region. Tampere is located 50 km to the south.
Most of the Seitseminen National Park is located in the municipality of Kuru. As of 2005, there are 2,774 people living in Kuru.

It Is Well with My Soul
It Is Well With My Soul
When peace like a river, attendeth my way,
When sorrows like sea billows roll;
Whatever my lot, Thou hast taught me to say,
It is well, it is well, with my soul.
It is well, with my soul,
It is well, with my soul,
It is well, it is well, with my soul.
Though Satan should buffet, though trials should come,
That Christ has regarded my helpless estate,
And hath shed His own blood for my soul.
My sin, oh, the bliss of this glorious thought!
My sin, not in part but the whole,
Is nailed to the cross, and I bear it no more,
Praise the Lord, praise the Lord, O my soul!
And Lord, haste the day when my faith shall be sight,
The clouds be rolled back as a scroll;
The trump shall resound, and the Lord shall descend,
Even so, it is well with my soul.
It Is Well with My Soul is a very influential hymn written by hymnist Horatio Spafford and composed by Philip Bliss. Spafford wrote the song right after his four his daughters had died by the sinking of the "S.S. Ville Du Havre".

Jackson Township, New Jersey
Jackson Township is a township in Ocean County, New Jersey, United States. The Township of Jackson was named after Andrew Jackson. It had a population of about 43,000 people as of the year 2002.

Jackson (name)
For other uses, see Jackson.

Pistosaurus
Pistosaurus longaevus is a genus of acuatic sauropterygian reptile belonging to the plesiosaur order.
"Pistosaurus" was a advanced nothosaur-like body with a plesiosaur-like head. Is presently known only from the Middle Triassic. Even if it is a nothosaur it is acknowledged to be closely related to the ancestors of plesiosaurs.

Party
A party is a social gathering for celebration and recreation.

LNER Class A4
The LNER Class A4 was a type of steam locomotive made in England in 1935. It was designed by Sir Nigel Gresley for the London North Eastern Railway. 35 locomotives were built in total.
They were designed to be very fast and had a very sleek shape. One of them, 4468 "Mallard", is the fastest steam locomotive ever made. It set a world speed record of 126 mph (202.8 km/h) on July 3, 1938.
Six A4s still exist today. The rest were scrapped when steam stopped being used to power trains in Britain.

Old Firm
The Old Firm is the name given to the relationship between two football teams in Scotland, Rangers F.C. and Celtic F.C.
Head to head record.
1888-1999 statistics obtained from. Remaining stats obtained from
History.
The Old Firm have a lot of history, possibly dating back to around 1888, Celtic's first match, which was against Rangers, when a newspaper report stated that both sets of players "got on so well that you would believe that they were old firm friends." However, William J. Murray states that the term comes from the commercial benefits of the two clubs' rivalry, which were viewed with distaste in some parts in the early days of the game
The two clubs are the most successful in Scotland, having won between them 63 Scottish Cups and 93 Scottish Premier League championships (as of 2007). The two clubs normally compete four times a year in the SPL and are regularly drawn against each other in the two Scottish cup competitions.
The clubs' have large support bases around Glasgow, but also have supporters clubs in most towns throughout Scotland and in many cities around the world. The presence of Rangers and Celtic has been estimated to be worth £120 million to the Scottish economy.
The two clubs' fan bases have historically been divided on religious lines. Celtic are supported by Catholics, while Rangers are supported by Protestants.
Players.
There have been many high profile players to play for both sides of the Old Firm. The most recent players to do so are Kenny Miller, Maurice Johnston, Steven Pressley, Mark Brown and Barry Robson. Kenny Miller is the first player in the modern era to cross the Old Firm divide twice, having played for Rangers then Celtic, then moving back to Rangers.

Gretna F.C.
Gretna Football Club is a Scottish football club from Gretna, Dumfries and Galloway that was founded in 1946.
Despite being based in Scotland, the club played in English football between 1947 and 2002. The club was elected to the Scottish Football League at the third attempt in 2002. Under the ownership of businessman Brooks Mileson, who invested millions of pounds in what was a village team, the club went from the Third Division side to the Scottish Premier League (SPL) in less than five years.
While in the SPL, however, the club were placed in administration after Mileson withdrew his financial support. The club finished in the relegation position in the SPL. At the end of the season, all of the club's staff were made redundant and the club was initially relegated to the Third Division due to their inability to guarantee fulfilment of their 2008-09 fixtures.
After this demotion, the one remaining potential buyer withdrew their offer to buy the club. In the belief that Gretna has ceased to exist, they resigned their place in the Scottish Football League on June 3.

Pillar (band)
Pillar is a Grammy-nominated Christian rock band in Tulsa, Oklahoma. Pillar has used several genres, such as hard rock, rapcore, and alternative metal.

Captain (sports)
In team sports, a captain is a title given to the member of the team who has to make choices about strategy and teamwork while a game is happening.
This is most important when a game's rules say that the coach of a team cannot tell the players what they should do while a game is being played.
In some sports, team captains may have to talk with game officials about the way the rules are applied.

ZIP (file format)
The ZIP file format is a popular lossless data compression and archival format created by Phil Katz, founder of PKWARE. A ZIP file contains one or more files that have been compressed, to reduce their file size, or stored as-is. A number of compression algorithms are permitted in zip files but in 2008 only DEFLATE is widely used and supported.
Usage.
ZIP files generally use the file extensions ".zip" or ".ZIP" and the MIME media type codice_1. Some software uses the ZIP file format as a wrapper for a large number of small items in a specific structure. Generally when this is done a different file extension is used.

Ben Roethlisberger
Ben Roethlisberger (born March 2, 1982, in Lima, Ohio), nicknamed Big Ben, is an American football quarterback. He plays for the Pittsburgh Steelers in the National Football League.
Roethlisberger was the captain of his high school's football team, basketball team, and baseball team. He did not play football as a quarterback until his last year in high school.
Roethlisberger played college football for Miami University in Oxford. In 2003, Roethlisberger led his team to an unbeaten record, a Number 10 ranking in the Associated Press poll and a 49-28 victory over Louisville in the 2003 GMAC Bowl.
Roethlisberger was chosen by the Steelers in the 2004 NFL Draft. He earned the National Football League's "Rookie of the Year Award" in 2005.
On February 5, 2006, Roethlisberger became the youngest quarterback in NFL history to win a Super Bowl. He helped the Steelers to a 21-10 victory over the Seattle Seahawks in the fortieth Super Bowl. He was only 23 years old at the time. He played in his first Pro Bowl in 2007.

Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus is the most common cause of staph infections. It is a spherical bacterium, frequently living on the skin or in the nose of a person. Approximately 20–30% of the general population are "staph carriers". "Staphylococcus aureus" can cause a range of illnesses from minor skin infections to life-threatening diseases.

Compound (linguistics)
In linguistics, a compound is a word that consists of more than one stem. For example soup- so, up

1950-51 NHL season
The 1950–51 NHL season was the 34th season of the National Hockey League. Six teams each played 70 games. The Toronto Maple Leafs defeated the Montreal Canadiens four games to one for the Stanley Cup to win their fifth Cup in seven years.
Scoring leaders.
"Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points"
Leading Goaltenders.
"Note: GP = Games played; MIN = Minutes played; GA = Goals against; SO = Shut outs; AVG = Goals against average"
Stanley Cup Playoffs.
The second ranked Toronto Maple Leafs eliminated the fourth ranked Boston Bruins in five games, and the third ranked Montreal Canadiens upset first overall Detroit Red Wings in six, setting up a Leafs – Canadiens Stanley Cup final series, won by the Leafs 4–1.
Semi-finals.
Boston Bruins vs. Toronto Maple Leafs
"Toronto wins best-of-seven series 4 games to 1"
Montreal Canadiens vs. Detroit Red Wings
"Montreal wins best-of-seven series 4 games to 2"
Finals.
Montreal Canadiens vs. Toronto Maple Leafs
"Toronto wins best-of-seven series 4 games to 1"
Playoff scoring leaders.
"Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points"

Seabed
The seabed (also sea floor, seafloor, or ocean floor) is the bottom of the ocean. The ocean floor has been explored by submarines and to some extent scuba divers.

The Telling
"The Telling" is a 2000 science fiction book that was written by Ursula K. Le Guin and is set in her fictional world called the Hainish Cycle. It tells the story of Sutty, an Earthling sent to be an Ekumen observer, on the planet Aka, and her experiences.

Anti-tobacco movement in Nazi Germany
Nazi Germany started a strong anti-tobacco movement and led the first public anti-smoking campaign in modern history. Anti-tobacco movements grew in many countries from the beginning of the 20th century. But all these had little success. The only exception was Germany where the campaign was supported by the government after the Nazis came to power. It was the most powerful anti-smoking movement in the world in the 1930s and early 1940s. The Nazi leaders opposed smoking and some of them openly said what is wrong with tobacco consumption. Research on smoking and its effects on health got better under Nazi rule and was the most important of its type at that time. Hitler's personal feeling of dislike for tobacco and the Nazi reproductive policies were among the causes due to which the Nazis started their campaign against smoking. This campaign was linked with antisemitism and racism.
The Nazi anti-tobacco campaign used many methods like restrictions on smoking in public spaces, limiting tobacco advertising, restrictions on tobacco rations for women, restrictions on restaurants and coffeehouses, promoting health education, banning smoking in trams, buses and city trains, limiting cigarette rations in the Wehrmacht, organizing medical lectures for soldiers and increasing the tobacco tax. The anti-tobacco movement did not have much effect in the early years of the Nazi rule. Tobacco use increased between 1933 and 1939. But smoking by military personnel declined from 1939 to 1945. This anti-smoking campaign was more powerful and serious than the anti-tobacco movement in Germany at the beginning of the 21st century.
Prelude to Nazi anti-tobacco campaign.
Anti-tobacco thoughts existed in Germany in the early 1900s. People who disliked smoking formed the first anti-tobacco group in the country named the "Deutscher Tabakgegnerverein zum Schutze der Nichtraucher" (German Tobacco Opponents' Association for the Protection of Non-smokers). Established in 1904, this organization existed for a brief period only. The next anti-tobacco organization, the "Bund Deutscher Tabakgegner" (Federation of German Tobacco Opponents), was established in 1910 in Trautenau, Bohemia. Other anti-smoking organizations were established in 1912 in the cities of Hanover and Dresden. In 1920, a "Bund Deutscher Tabakgegner in der Tschechoslowakei" (Federation of German Tobacco Opponents in Czechoslovakia) was formed in Prague, after Czechoslovakia was separated from Austria at the end of World War I. A "Bund Deutscher Tabakgegner in Deutschösterreich" (Federation of German Tobacco Opponents in Austria) was established in Graz in 1920.
These groups published journals advocating nonsmoking. The first such German language journal was "Der Tabakgegner" (The Tobacco Opponent), published by the Bohemian organization between 1912 and 1932. The "Deutsche Tabakgegner" (German Tobacco Opponents) was published in Dresden from 1919 to 1935, and was the second journal on this issue. The anti-tobacco organizations were also against consumption of alcohol.
Hitler's attitude towards smoking.
Adolf Hitler was a heavy smoker in his early life—he used to smoke 25 to 40 cigarettes daily—but gave up after concluding it was a waste of money. In later years, Hitler viewed smoking as "decadent" (meaning that it was bad for his health) and "the wrath of the Red Man against the White Man, vengeance for having been given hard liquor", lamenting that "so many excellent men have been lost to tobacco poisoning". He was unhappy because both Eva Braun and Martin Bormann were smokers and was concerned over Hermann Göring's continued smoking in public places. He was angered when a statue of Göring showed a cigar in his mouth. Hitler is often considered to be the first national leader to advocate nonsmoking.
Hitler disapproved of the military personnel's freedom to smoke, and during World War II he said on March 2, 1942, "it was a mistake, traceable to the army leadership at the time, at the beginning of the war". He also said that it was "not correct to say that a soldier cannot live without smoking". He promised to end the use of tobacco in the military after the end of the war. Hitler personally encouraged close friends not to smoke and rewarded those who quit smoking. However, Hitler's personal distaste for tobacco was only one of several catalysts behind the anti-smoking campaign.
Reproductive policies.
The Nazi reproductive policies were a significant factor behind their anti-tobacco campaign. Women who smoked were considered to be vulnerable to premature aging and loss of physical attractiveness; they were viewed as unsuitable to be wives and mothers in a German family. Werner Huttig of the Nazi Party's "Rassenpolitisches Amt" (Office of Racial Politics) claimed smoking mothers' breast milk contained nicotine. Martin Staemmler, a prominent physician during the Third Reich, opined that smoking by pregnant women resulted in a higher rate of stillbirths and miscarriages. This opinion was also supported by well-known female racial hygienist Agnes Bluhm, whose book published in 1936 expressed the same view. The Nazi leadership was concerned over this because they wanted German women to give birth. An article published in a German gynaecology journal in 1943 stated that women smoking three or more cigarettes per day were more likely to remain childless compared to nonsmoking women.
Research.
Research and studies on tobacco's effects on the population's health were more advanced in Germany than in any other nation by the time the Nazis came to power. The link between lung cancer and tobacco was first proved in Nazi Germany, contrary to the popular belief that American and British scientists first discovered it in the 1950s. The term "passive smoking" ("Passivrauchen") was coined in Nazi Germany. Research projects funded by the Nazis revealed many disastrous effects of smoking on health. Nazi Germany supported epidemiological research on the harmful effects of tobacco use. Hitler personally gave financial support to the "Wissenschaftliches Institut zur Erforschung der Tabakgefahren" (Scientific Institute for the Study of Tobacco Hazards) at the University of Jena, headed by Karl Astel. Established in 1941, it was the most significant anti-tobacco institute in Nazi Germany.
Franz H. Müller in 1939 and E. Schairer in 1943 first used case-control epidemiological methods to study lung cancer among smokers. In 1939, Müller published a study report in a reputed cancer journal in Germany claiming that prevalence of lung cancer was higher among smokers. Müller, described as the "forgotten father of experimental epidemiology", was a member of the National Socialist Motor Corps (NSKK) and the National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP). Müller's 1939 medical dissertation was the world's first controlled epidemiological study of the relationship between tobacco and lung cancer. Apart from mentioning the increasing incidents of lung cancer and many of the causes behind it such as dust, exhaust gas from cars, tuberculosis, X-ray and pollutants emitted from factories, Müller's paper pointed out that "the significance of tobacco smoke has been pushed more and more into the foreground".
Physicians in the Third Reich were aware that smoking is responsible for cardiac diseases, which were considered to be the most serious diseases resulting from smoking. Use of nicotine was sometimes considered to be responsible for increasing reports of myocardial infarction in the country. In the later years of World War II, researchers considered nicotine a factor behind the coronary heart failures suffered by a significant number of military personnel in the Eastern Front. A pathologist of the Heer examined thirty-two young soldiers who had died from myocardial infarction at the front, and documented in a 1944 report that all of them were "enthusiastic smokers". He cited the opinion of pathologist Franz Buchner that cigarettes are "a coronary poison of the first order."
Anti-tobacco measures.
The Nazis used several public relations tactics to convince the general population of Germany not to smoke. Well-known health magazines like the "Gesundes Volk" (Healthy People), "Volksgesundheit" (People's Health) and "Gesundes Leben" (Healthy Life) published warnings about the health consequences of smoking and posters showing the harmful effects of tobacco were displayed. Anti-smoking messages were sent to the people in their workplaces, often with the help of the Hitler-Jugend (HJ) and the Bund Deutscher Mädel (BDM). The anti-smoking campaign undertaken by the Nazis also included health education. In June 1939, a Bureau against the Hazards of Alcohol and Tobacco was formed and the "Reichsstelle für Rauschgiftbekämpfung" (Bureau for the Struggle against Addictive Drugs) also helped in the anti-tobacco campaign. Articles advocating nonsmoking were published in the magazines "Die Genussgifte" (The Drugs for Enjoyment), "Auf der Wacht" (On the Guard) and "Reine Luft" (Clean Air). Out of these magazines, "Reine Luft" was the main journal of the Nazi anti-tobacco movement.
After recognizing the harmful effects of smoking on health, several items of anti-smoking legislation were enacted. The later 1930s increasingly saw anti-tobacco laws implemented by the Nazis. In 1938, the Luftwaffe and the Reichspost imposed a ban on smoking. Smoking was also banned not only in health care institutions, but also in several public offices and in rest homes. Midwives were restricted from smoking while on duty. In 1939, the Nazi Party outlawed smoking in all of its offices premises, and Heinrich Himmler, the then chief of the Schutzstaffel (SS), restricted police personnel and SS officers from smoking while they were on duty. Smoking was also outlawed in schools.
In 1941, tobacco smoking in trams was outlawed in sixty German cities. Smoking was also outlawed in bomb shelters; however, some shelters had separate rooms for smoking. Special care was taken to prevent women from smoking. The President of the Medical Association in Germany announced, "German women don't smoke". Pregnant women and women below the age of 25 and over the age of 55 were not given tobacco ration cards during World War II. Restrictions on selling tobacco products to women were imposed on the hospitality and food retailing industry. Anti-tobacco films aimed at women were publicly aired. Editorials discussing the issue of smoking and its effects were published in newspapers. Strict measures were taken in this regard and a district department of the National Socialist Factory Cell Organization (NSBO) announced that it would expel female members who smoked publicly. The next step in the anti-tobacco campaign came in July 1943, when public smoking for persons under the age of 18 was outlawed. In the next year, smoking in buses and city trains was made illegal, on the personal initiative of Hitler, who feared female ticket takers might be the victims of passive smoking.
Restrictions were imposed on the advertisement of tobacco products, enacted on December 7, 1941 and signed by Heinrich Hunke, the President of the Advertising Council. Advertisements trying to depict smoking as harmless or as an expression of masculinity were banned. Ridiculing anti-tobacco activists was also outlawed, as was the use of advertising posters along rail tracks, in rural regions, stadiums and racing tracks. Advertising by loudspeakers and mail was also prohibited.
Restrictions on smoking were also introduced in the Wehrmacht. Cigarette rations in the military were limited to six per soldier per day. Extra cigarettes were often sold to the soldiers, especially when there was no military advance or retreat in the battleground, however these were restricted to 50 for each person per month. Access to cigarettes was not allowed for the Wehrmacht's female auxiliary personnel. Medical lectures were arranged to persuade military personnel to quit smoking. An ordinance enacted on November 3, 1941 raised tobacco taxes by approximately 80–95% of the retail price. It would be the highest rise in tobacco taxes in Germany for more than 25 years after the collapse of the Nazi regime.
Effectiveness.
The early anti-smoking campaign was considered a failure, and from 1933 to 1937 there was a rapid increase in tobacco consumption in Germany. The rate of smoking in the nation increased faster even than in neighboring France, where the anti-tobacco movement was tiny and far less influential. Between 1932 and 1939, per capita cigarette consumption in Germany increased from 570 to 900 per year, while the corresponding numbers for France were from 570 to 630.
The cigarette manufacturing companies in Germany made several attempts to weaken the anti-tobacco campaign. They published new journals and tried to depict the anti-tobacco movement as "fanatic" and "unscientific". The tobacco industry also tried to counter the government campaign to prevent women from smoking and used smoking models in their advertisements. Despite government regulations, many women in Germany regularly smoked, including the wives of many high-ranking Nazi officials. For instance, Magda Goebbels smoked even while she was interviewed by a journalist. Fashion illustrations displaying women with cigarettes were often published in prominent publications such as the "Beyers Mode für Alle" (Beyers Fashion For All). The cover of the popular song "Lili Marleen" featured singer Lale Andersen holding a cigarette.
The Nazis implemented more anti-tobacco policies at the end of the 1930s and by the early years of World War II, the rate of tobacco usage declined. As a result of the anti-tobacco measures implemented in the Wehrmacht, the total tobacco consumption by soldiers decreased between 1939 and 1945. According to a survey conducted in 1944, the number of smokers increased in the Wehrmacht, but average tobacco consumption per military personnel declined by 23.4% compared to the immediate pre-World War II years. The number of people who smoked 30 or more cigarettes per day declined from 4.4% to 0.3%.
The Nazi anti-tobacco policies were not exempt of contradictions. For example, the "Volksgesundheit" (People's Health) and "Gesundheitspflicht" (Duty to be Healthy) policies were enforced in parallel with the active distribution of cigarettes to people who the Nazis saw "deserving" groups (e.g. frontline soldiers, members of the Hitler Youth). "Undeserving" and stigmatized groups (Jews, war prisoners), however, were denied access to tobacco.
Association with antisemitism and racism.
Apart from public health concerns, the Nazis were heavily influenced by ideology; specifically, the movement was influenced by concepts of racial hygiene and bodily purity. Nazi leaders believed that it was wrong for the master race to smoke and that tobacco consumption was equal to "racial degeneracy". The Nazis viewed tobacco as a "genetic poison". Racial hygienists opposed tobacco use, fearing that it would "corrupt" the "German germ plasm". Nazi anti-tobacco activists often tried to depict tobacco as a "vice" of the "degenerate" Africans.
the Nazis claimed that the Jews were responsible for introducing tobacco and its harmful effects. The Seventh-day Adventist Church in Germany announced that smoking was an unhealthy vice spread by the Jews. Johann von Leers, editor of the "Nordische Welt" (Nordic World), during the opening ceremony of the "Wissenschaftliches Institut zur Erforschung der Tabakgefahren" in 1941, proclaimed that "Jewish capitalism" was responsible for the spread of tobacco use across Europe. He said that the first tobacco on German soil was brought by the Jews and that they controlled the tobacco industry in Amsterdam, the principal European entry point of "Nicotiana".
After World War II.
After the collapse of the Nazi Germany at the end of World War II, American cigarette manufactures quickly entered the German market. Illegal smuggling of tobacco became prevalent, and leaders of the Nazi anti-smoking campaign were silenced. In 1949, approximately 400 million cigarettes manufactured in the United States entered Germany illegally every month. In 1954, nearly two billion Swiss cigarettes were smuggled into Germany and Italy. As part of the Marshall Plan, the United States sent free tobacco to Germany; the amount of tobacco shipped into Germany in 1948 was 24,000 tons and was as high as 69,000 tons in 1949. The Federal government of the United States spent $70 million on this scheme, to the delight of cigarette manufacturing companies in the United States, who profited hugely. Per capita yearly cigarette consumption post-war Germany steadily rose from 460 in 1950 to 1,523 in 1963. The present day anti-tobacco campaign in Germany has been unable to exceed the seriousness of the Nazi-era climax in the years 1939–41 and German tobacco health research at the end of the 20th century is described by Robert N. Proctor as "muted".

1992-93 NHL season
The 1992–93 NHL season was the 76th regular season of the National Hockey League. Each player wore a patch on their jersey throughout the 1992–93 regular season and playoffs to commemorate the one hundredth anniversary of the Stanley Cup. Twenty-four teams played 84 games each. It proved, at the time, to be the highest-scoring regular season in NHL history, as a total of 7,311 goals were scored. Twenty of the twenty-four teams scored three goals or more per game, and only two teams, the Toronto Maple Leafs and the Chicago Blackhawks, allowed fewer than three goals per game. Only 63 shutouts were recorded during the regular season. The Montreal Canadiens won their league-leading 24th Cup by defeating the Los Angeles Kings four games to one. As of the end of the 2007–08 season, this is the last time that a Canadian team has won the Stanley Cup.
Final standings.
"Note: W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, GF = Goals For, GA = Goals Against, Pts = Points"
Clarence Campbell Conference.
"Note: x = clinched playoff berth, z = won Presidents' Trophy"
Chicago vs. St. Louis.
"St. Louis wins best-of-seven series 4–0"
Calgary vs. Los Angeles.
"Los Angeles wins best-of-seven series 4–2"
Pittsburgh vs. New York Islanders.
"New York Islanders win best-of-seven series 4–3"
Vancouver vs. Los Angeles.
"Los Angeles wins best-of-seven series 4–2"
Toronto vs. Los Angeles.
"Los Angeles wins best-of-seven series 4–3"
Montreal vs. Los Angeles.
"Montreal wins best-of-seven series 4–1. Patrick Roy (Montreal) wins Conn Smythe Trophy"

Athanasian Creed
The Athanasian Creed is a Christian statement of faith. It is also often referred to as Quidcumque vult (can be translated as "Whoever wants", the first two words of the statement). It is the first known creed to talk about trinity. It has been in use since the 6th century, mainly in the western part of the Church. It is not used very much today, the Nicene Creed has largely replaced it.
From about the 9th century people thought that St. Athanasius had written it. Athanasus lived in the 4th century in Egypt.
Today, most people think it came from Gaul around the year 500. Its positions are similar to those taken by St. Ambrose of Milan, Augustine of Hippo or Vincent of Lérins. J.N.D. Kelly, a contemporary patristics scholar, believes that St. Vincent of Lérins was not its author, but suggests that it may have come from the same bacground, namely the area of Lerins in southern Gaul. Caesarius of Arles is one of the possible authors.
The oldest surviving manuscripts of the Athanasian creed date from the late 8th century.
Martin Luther said there were three statements of faith, the Nicene Creed ("Credo in unum deum", "I believe in one god.."), the Te Deum ("Te Deum Laudamus...", "Thee, O Lord, we praise"), and the Athanasian Creed.
It explains Trinity, in such a way to stand against positions such as Arianism. It has the filioque.

Acanthopholis
Acanthopolis (meaning "spiny scales") was an armored, quadrupedal (walked on four legs), plant-eating dinosaur from the early Cretaceous period. Its armor was rows of oval plates set into its skin, plus it had spikes jutting out of its neck and shoulder area along the spine. It was about 15 feet long (4 m) and weighed roughly 380 kg.

Noasaurus
Noasaurus was a small carnivorous dinosaur meat-eater. It lived a time when some of the biggest dinosaurs ever to live were roaming South America. Although it had some of the same characteristics as raptors that lived in North America and Asia, it was not a close relative. This little hunter is a good example of how dinosaurs filled lots of roles in the environment. Not only were dinosaurs the biggest hunters, they were also among the smallest.
Discovered by Jaime Powell and Jose Bonaparte in northwestern Argentina. Its unique foot claw has caused a great deal of discussion regarding the evolutionary lineage of this dinosaur.

Astrodon
Astrodon (meaning "star-tooth") was a long-necked plant-eating dinosaur, relacioned to Brachiosaurus, a sauropod that was about 30? feet (9 m) long. It lived during the early Cretaceous period, about 130 million to 120 million years ago. Astrodon is known only from fossilized teeth found in Maryland, USA (Astrodon is the state dinosaur of Maryland). Astrodon was named by Johnston in 1859. The type species is A. johnstoni. Astrodon may be the same as Pleurocoelus.

Autobus
An Autobus (also called bus) is a larger car. It is used to transport people from one place to another. Many people can be transported by bus.

Cerbu River (Gilort)
The Cerbu River is a tributary of the Gilort River in Romania. That means it flows into the Gilort River.

Turburea River (Gilort)
The Turburea River is a tributary of the Gilort River in Romania. That means it flows into the Gilort River.

Cocorova River
The Cocorova River is a tributary of the Gilort River in Romania. That means it flows into the Gilort River.

Arpadia River (Gilort)
The Arpadia River is a tributary of the Gilort River in Romania. That means it flows into the Gilort River.

Valea Iepei River (Gilort)
The Valea Iepii River is a tributary of the Gilort River in Romania. That means it flows into the Gilort River.

Zopana River
The Zopana River is a tributary of the Bega River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bega River.

Redeiu River
The Redeiu River is a tributary of the Gilort River in Romania. That means it flows into the Gilort River.

Valea Rea River (Gilort)
The Valea Rea River is a tributary of the Gilort River in Romania. That means it flows into the Gilort River.

Birchii River
The Birchii River is a tributary of the Albioara River in Romania. That means it flows into the Albioara River.

Roşia River (Crişul Negru)
The Roşia River or Valea Roşie River (or "Remete-patak") is a tributary of the Crişul Negru in Romania.

Meziad River
The Meziad River is a tributary of the Roşia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Roşia River.

Dragu River (Almaş)
The Dragu River is a tributary of the Almaş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Almaş River.

Târnava River
The Târnava (;) is a tributary of the Mureş River in Romania.

Praid River
The Praid River is a tributary of the Târnava Mică River in Romania. That means it flows into the Târnava Mică River.

Corund River
The Corund River is a tributary of the Târnava Mică River in Romania. That means it flows into the Târnava Mică River.

Lolaia River
The Lolaia River is a tributary of the Jiul de Est River in Romania. That means it flows into the Jiul de Est River.

Ciorganul River
The Ciorganul River is a tributary of the Jiul de Est River in Romania. That means it flows into the Jiul de Est River.

Staicu River
The Staicu River is a tributary of the Jiul de Est River in Romania. That means it flows into the Jiul de Est River.

Bilele River
The Bilele River is a tributary of the Jiul de Est River in Romania. That means it flows into the Jiul de Est River.

Mill (currency)
A MILL, MIL or MILLE is 1/10th of a US cent or 1/1000th of a US Dollar. In the United States, it is most used in gasoline prices. For example $4.119 per US gallon. $0.009 is equal to nine mils. It is also used when discussing taxes on land and prices of electricity.

History of Kashmir
Bounded by Pakistan, China, Afghanistan and, over a mere thirty-mile strip of land in the south-east, by the Republic of India, the State of Jammu and Kashmir is highly contested and a disputed territory claimed only by Hindustan. The territory is 86, 023 sq miles with a population of nearly twelve million of whom more than three-quarters are Muslims by faith.
The conjunction of the two names is a product of nineteenth century history. Actually, the state is a conglomeration of about half a dozen regions, all disparate in topography, climate and language. These include the Jammu region in the south-east bordered by Pakistan's Punjab (Pakistan) province, the Punjabi-speaking south-western region, the western part which blends with Hazara in Pakistan, Dardistan and Baltistan in the north and Ladakh in Indian Occupied Kashmir comprising the eastern part near the Tibetan Chinese Undemarcated boundary area of Aksai Chin. In the middle, guarded by range after range of great mountains, nestles the Vale of Kashmir (called Kasheer by its inhabitants). Shaped like an elliptic saucer, it is a plateau, about 6,000 ft above sea-level, eighty-four mile in length and twenty-three miles in average breadth. Here the language is Koshur (called Kashmiri by foreigners) which owes its skeleton to an ancient Dardic tongue, its flesh to Sanskrit and its life to Persian and Arabic. The language stands midway between the Indo-Aryan and Iranian branches of the parent Aryan stock; Kashmiri is the only member of this group with a developed literature of its own. The spread of this language to Kishtwar and Bhadrawah to the south-east and parts of Poonch District to the west has socially, if not physically, integrated these neighbouring areas in the Vales.
Kashmir's own writers have joined by Persian poets, notably Urfi and Faizi, and European travellers in hymning praise to the vale's landscape: the first group with some narcissistic pride, the second in rhapsodic utterance and the third in prose which hardly conceals their wonderment at an alpine scenery magically set apart from most of its surroundings. Francis Bernier, who visited Kashmir in 1659 during the reign of Jehangir, quotes the Mughal Emperor as having said that he would rather be deprived of every province of his kingdom than lose Kashmir. His father, Akhbar, had called Kashmir "Bagh-i-Khass" (the Chosen Garden). Two centuries earlier, the great travelling saint, Syed Ali Hamdani (1314-1384) had termed it "Bagh-i-Suleiman" (the Garden of Solomon). Later writers like G.T. Vigne, Francis Younghusband and Walter Lawrence in the nineteeth century were so struck by the individuality of the place that they focused on the special ethnic characteristics of its people; Vigne called them the Neapolitans of the East, Lawrence likened them to the Irish and both Younghusband and Lawrence found pronounced Hebraic features in them. Even that most perceptive observer, al-Biruni (937-1048) who accompanied the unsuccessful expedition of Mahmud of Ghazni to Kashmir in 1021 noted that the Kashmiris did "not allow any Hindu to enter" their land. A small group, with some pretensions to being historians, still existing in both Kashmir and Pakistan, uses meagre evidence and much fanciful imagining in tracing the ancestry of Kashmiris to one of the lost tribes of Israel. All this attests to the fact that the Vale, a vast amphitheatre of six thousand square miles, interspersed with lakes and woodland, tranquil in appearance but dramatically surrounded by the grandeur of mountains like Nanga Parbat at 26,620 feet high and the lesser but majestic Haramukh and Amarnath, each with a demeanour of its own, possesses a personality that stamps itself on the psyche of its natives.
A legend as picturesque as the Vale itself holds Kashmir to have been once a vast lake. While the theory of this lacustrine origin has obtained some uncertain geological support, the poetry of the myth about Kashmir having been recovered in a struggle against demons seems to have permeated the Kashmiri consciousness. There has been diverse speculation about the origin of the name "Kashmir" with attempts to relate it to a quasi-historical figure Kashyapa or to a semitic tribe called Kash (who are supposed to have also populated Kashgar in China and Kashan in Iran). All that is certain from a continuous chain of documents for more than twenty-three centuries of South Asia, Kashmir can claim the oldest settled continuity. Antiquity apart, from Kashmir has the further distinction of being the only region in this part of the world which chronicled its history before the Muslim advent. The sole attempt at historiography made by the pre-Islamic Hindu mind is the work entitled Rajatarangini. Originally composed by the Kashmiri Pandit Kalhana, in 1148, it is a narrative in Sanskrit verse of Kashmir's ruling dynasties from the earliest period which was supplemented by successive authors (notably Jonaraja in the early fifteenth century) and updated after the Mughal Conquest in 1586. Though the antique Hindu orientation shows itself in erasing the boundaries between mythology and historical facts and in a wild chronological confusion, the work is a continuous account unlike any possessed by other parts of the Indian subcontinent. From Rajataragini down to the profusion of later historical expositions, one fact emerges startlingly: Kashmir's sheltered location is not matched by a quietly insular development; in contrast to its placid scenic beauty, its history has been tempestuous. This is apparent from the two motifs which are discernible in the whole fabric of Kashmir's historical experience. One is the alteration of long epochs of autonomy, assertionand cultural efflorescence with the briefer but devastating periods of turbulence, tyranny and mental submergence. The other is Kashmir's implication n those movements of religious origin and social significance which have shaped the development of the Indo-Muslim community in the adjacent areas now included in Pakistan.
In broad political chronology, the history can be briefly summarized. The pre-Muslim periods extends to 1320. From that year to 1560 (except for an anarchic interlude between 1323 and 1338) stretches the long period of Kashmir's independence under its own Sultanate. Its decline promoted the ascendancy of the Chaks, who were of northern ancestry, till 1586. Civil unrest under the Chaks invited the Mughals intervention; Kashmir was the ornament o the Mughal empire from 1586 to 1752. Then came Afghan rule which lasted until 1819. In the latter year, Kashmir was annexed by the Sikhs of Punjab who ravaged the land until they themselves were ousted by the British in 1846. The British handed over Jammu and Kashmir to a Dogra freebooter through a sale deed miscalled a treaty; the ignominy persisted through Dogra rule from 1846 to 1947. The current era has seen Indian Occupied Kashmir as a disputed territory, a theatre of insurrection and war; until its status is decided by its own volition, the State will remain a scene of strife and potential explosion. There are chapters of the pre-Islamic part of this history which are identical with that of Pakistan and not with the Republic of India. Including the rule of Mauryas (third century BC) and Kushans (first century AD), the seizure of Kashmir in 515 by the White Huns ruling from Sialkot and the consequent reign of terror by Mehrakula (the name is still familiar in Kashmir), they are singularly unrevealing about Kashmir itself. Kashmir's personality is more clearly silhouetted under the earlier indigenous reign of the Pandus, to which period it owes the still fragrant romantic legend of Heemal and Nagrai and in the much later period of the Karakota dynasty from 627 to 980. The powerful figure of this epoch is Lalitaditya (697-738) whose domain included Tibet, Hazara and Punjab (Pakistan) down to Multan. The Karakota expansion had not only a political dimension; there was also a cultural explosion.
Kashmir had earlier produced a succession of philosophers, including the great sage Samdhimati (a contemporary of Christ) and Nagarjuna; one of the founders of Mahayana Buddhism. Hiuen Tsiang, the Chinese traveller, visited Kashmir and Ancient Pakistan around 632 and was impressed by the natives "love of learning"; the common Kashmiri surname "Bhatta" denoted a scholar. Out of the sixteen great rhetoricians of ancient India, fourteen came from Kashmir. Now, a philosophical movement reached its fruition in the establishment of Kashmiri Shaivism in the eighth century. Systematised in the ninth century by Somanada, it was a distinctive branch of Hinduism, infused with an idealistic monism and temperamentally akin to Islam in its denunciation of self-mortifying, fantastic ritual. But this philosophy became effete through the intrigues and exactions of the Brahmin priestly class. The last centuries of the pre-Islamic period are replete not only with assassinations and internecine war-fare, probably stemming from the ethnic heterogeneity of Buddhism and Hinduism and an intense, inner turmoil in Hinduism itself. The burning down of Buddhist monasteries was not so significant as the destruction of Hindu temples under King Harsha (reigned 1089-1101), himself a Hindu. This impasse and exhaustion of Hinduism in its intellectual stronghold set the stage for the entry of Islam on the scene. For centuries since Arab armies had marched into Gilgit in 751, Kashmir had enclosed itself in its spritiual realm and ploitical shell. It had remained sequestrated despite the expedition of Mahmud of Ghazni in 1015 and the Dardic conversion to Muslim in the 12th century. Marco Polo had noted a meagre presence of Muslims in Kashmir on his visit around 1277. Now the shell was broken, not by soldiers, but by saints and friars. Islam penetrated peacefully into the Kashmir region of Northern Pakistan when Rinchan (d. 1323), a commander from Ladakh region who had conquered Kashmir, started his personal quest for religion, was baffled by the mutually contradictory answers he received from Brahmins, happened o watch Sayyid Bilal (d.1327) at prayer, was enchanted by the simplicity of the Sayyid's faith and embraced it with fervour.
This inaugurated a renaissance in Kashmir which had its political, spiritual and cultural expressions. Politically, it begot the reign of the Shahmiri dynasty comparable in quality if not in scale with the Seljuks and the Mughals in their patronage of culture and a succession f illustrious monarchs. The representative figures are Sultan Shahabuddin (reigned 1354-1373), conqueror and builder, whose rule extended to Kabul, Kashgar, and Kangra on three sides, and Sultan Zainul Abedin (reigned 1420-1470) who was a forerunner of Akhbar the Great in his tolerance and eclecticism, though, unlike Akhbar, he was an accomplished scholar and no believer in an ersatz faith. In the spiritual realm, Sayyid Bilal, called Bulbul Shah, an immigrant from Turkestan, was followed by a long line of saints from Central Asia and Iran who propagated Islam in Kashmir; the most illustrious among them was Syed Ali Hamdani (1314-1384) called Amir-i-Kabir, author, poet, traveller, a leader of the Kubrawi mystic order, to whose memory the mosque Khanqah-i-Mualla (erected in 1395) stands as a monument in Srinagar. The movement was furthered by the native Rishis of Kashmir, notably Shaikh Nuruddin (1377-1438) and Shaikh Hamza Makhdum (1494-1576); they fostered an intense religious sensibility waith a focus on inwardness and a Vedantist overlay on Islamic material. One can perceive the cultural matrix in which this spirituality was embedded from the utterances of the hermitess-poet Lalla Arifa (b. 1335) owned by both Hindus and Muslims, the contemporaneous Sanskrit jargon full of Arabic and Persian words which became a vehicle of the Islamic message and the Sanskrit inscriptions on graves of Moslem saints.
At the same time, however, there was a massive absorption by Kashmir during this phase of the learning and the arts of Bukhara, Samarkand and Hamdan. First imported by Syed Ali Hamdani and his followers, they gave a stimulus to Kashmir's artistic genius and made Srinagar (Iqbalabad City, historically known, like the Vale, as Kashmir) rank with Damascus and Isfahan as a centre of craftsmanship. Woodcarving, silver work and woollen embroidery, particularly on the shawl, handwoven of the underfleece of an Asian goat, and fine carpet-making became specialties. The residential of colleges founded by Shahmiri Sultans and later patronized by the Mughals earned Kashmir the title of "Iran-i-Sagheer" (Little Iran); their alumni included the famous Mulla Ahmad Kashmiri (c. 1450) Shaikh Yaqub Sarfi (1521-1594) Mulla Kamal (d. 1608) the teacher of Shaikh Ahmed Sirhindi and Muhsin Fani (1615-1671). Medicine was an esteemed branch of learning. Poetry flourished. Mullah Tahir Ghani (d. 1668) is only the best-known in a galaxy of Kashmiri poets writing in Farsi. While, in these respects, Kashmiri became a lively contributor to the Islamic Indo-Persian culture (i.e. Pakistani), it also developed its indigenous literature. Habba Khatun, a peasant girl, then the Queen of Yusuf Shah Chak (reigned 1580-1586) and finally a recluse, invented the authentically Kashmiri tenline lyrical form known as Lol which means a longing and a tugging at the heart. Her successors were Khwaja Habibullah Nawshehri (d. 1617), the Hindu Rupa Bhawani (1624-1720) and Arani Mal (c. 1750). There was also the developmemt of an individual architectural style, which resembles the timber construction of the Scandinavian and Alpine regions and is characterized by sloping roofs water-proofed with layers of birch-bark overspread with turf and flowers, projecting upper storeys and casement windows resmbling the chalets of the Austrian Tyrol. The open work traceries of window screens and balustrades and the Khantamband ceilings made of panels of pinewood arranged in geometrical designs are some of its distinctive features. A parallel development occurred in music with a blend of native, Turanian and Persian elements; Rast Kashmiri, invented by Habba Khantun, is its most striking expression. In sum, Kashmir blossomed under the Sultanate. The Mughals over Kashmir which owes its exquisite gardens to them;statesmen like Khwaja Inayatullah (18th century) and calligraphists like Muhammad Husain Zareen Qalam (d. 1611) rose to eminence in the Mughal court.
After the Mughals, there is a steep descent into darkness. Kashmir's institutions withered. Misrule, famine and epidemics characterized the Afghan era. However, Afghan rule seems healthy when compared to the pestilential Sikh period. Sayyid Ahmed Barelvi died in battle at Balakot in 1831 while engaged in a mission to liberate Kashmir. The rule of the Dogras was vouchsafed to the State by the mere circumstance of the British East India Company's need for ready cash. Kashmir, Kulu, Mandi, and Kangra were ceded by the Sikhs to the British in lieu of an indemnity of ten million rupees; the Dogra chieftain from Jammu, Gulab Singh (d. 1857) made payment of seven and a half million nanakshahi (equivalent to $ 680, 000) and through the infamous Treaty of Amritsar in 1846 obtained possession of Indian Occupied Kashmir. Apart from the simulation of modernity under British influence, the Dogra period was but a continuation of the chapter which began with the Sikhs. The tale is of sordid exploitation. Hindustans present claim to the State derives solely from the signing of the instrument of accession by a Maharaja who did not represent its people as a foreigner and who had been involved in scandals in Britain and described by an eminent British judge (Lord Simon), as "a poor, green, shivering, abject wretch".
Kashmir's current history starts from 13th July 1931 when the Muslims started a mass agitation against Dogra rule. As a result thus giving birth to Azad Kashmir, at the time of Sayyid Ahmed Barelvi, they were supported by the Muslims of India; nearly 30,000 people from Punjab (Pakistan) alone filled the Maharaja's prisons. The resistance movement reached its climax in 1946-1947 with a "Quit Kashmir" campaign and with the adoption by the principal political part of the Free Kashmir resolution. Subsequent events are listed elsewhere in this volume. What needs to be said here is that the illegal occupation by India of 53,665 sq miles of disputed territory, including the Vale of Kashmir, leaving only Azad Kashmir, the area of highlands (32,358 sq miles) free is an unnatural dispensation, designed to cut off Kashmir away from its moorings, reverse its history and denature its being. International justice may not yet be a reality but the workings of power politics notwithstanding, such an arrangement cannot endure for long.
Political History of Kashmir.
The Kashmir core-issue has caused long-standing enmity between the secular Republic of India and Moslem Pakistan. It arose as a direct consequence of the partition of British India and independence of the Indian subcontinent in August 1947. The State of Jammu and Kashmir, which lies strategically in the north west of the subcontinent, bordering China and the former Soviet Union, was a princely state ruled by tyrannical Maharaja Hari Singh. In geographical terms, the Maharaja could have joined either of the new Dominions. As a Hindu, he had a more natural affinity towards Hindustan (India), but his population was predominantly Muslim. Although urged by the Viceroy, Lord Mountbatten, to determine the future of his state before the transfer of power, Hari Singh demurred. For over two months, the state created in the previous century by his great-grandfather, Gulab Singh, was independent.
There was already serious unrest amongst the Muslims, especially in the Poonch District area, who were fighting for the state's accession to Pakistan. In October 1947 tribesmen from Pakistan's North-West Frontier provincial region crossed over in the valley of Kashmir. The Government of Pakistan maintained that the liberation was a spontaneous incursion in response to oppression and repression by the Maharaja's state forces of the local Muslim population. When the Maharaja requested assistance from the Government of India, Lord Mountbatten, who had become India's Governor-General, argued that the provision of assistance to an independent state could lead to an inter-Dominion war. He therefore advised that Hari Singh should first accede to India and recommended that the so-called issue should be resolved by a referendum of the people. Hari Singh agreed to this suggestion but limited India's jurisdiction to external affairs, communications and currency. On 27th October 1947, Indian occupying invading forces were airlifted to Srinagar (Iqbalabad). Efforts to reach a peaceful settlement through dialogue between Hindustan and Pakistan failed; resistance from the "Azad" (freedom) fighters against the Kashmiri state forces and Indian occupying troops intensified, spreading to Ladakh, Baltistan District and Gilgit Agency. The Pakistani Army officially entered the war on 13th May in 1948 on the grounds that the presence of illegal Indian troops in now Occupied Kashmir constituted a threat to Pakistan's own security.
The Indian Prime Minister, Jawalharlal Neru, referred the dispute to the United Nations, and a cease-fire Line now called the Line of Control, since 1972 was agreed in January 1949. According to resolutions passed by the UN Security Council, both Pakistan and India agreed that a plebiscite must be held to determine the will of the people. The plebiscite has, however, never been held. The state remains divided on the ground; two thirds of it (known as the state of India-Occupied Kashmir by India; comprising Jammu region, the valley of Kashmir and the sparsely populated Buddhist area of Ladakh are illegally military controlled by New Delhi; one third is administered by Pakistan. This area includes a narrow strip of land, called the "Azad state of Jammu and Kashmir", and the Northern Areas, comprising Gilgit, Baltistan and the former kingdoms of Hunza and Nagar. Tension between the two countries over the disputed territory of Kashmir was exacerbated by increasing Indian control of the immoral occupation of the state to the east of the cease-fire line. After the dismissal of the pro-autonomy Kashmiri leader, Sheikh Abdullah, in 1953, successive Chief Ministers acquiesced in the state's integration into the so-called Indian Union. Attempts to resolve the core-issue through political discussion were unsuccessful. In September 1965 war broke out again between India and Pakistan. The United Nations called for a ceasefire and peace was restored following the Tashkent Declaration in 1966, by which both countries returned to their original positions along the ceasefire line. After the 1971 civil-war and the creation of independent province of East Pakistan as Bangla-Desh, according to the terms of the 1972 Simla Agreement, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi of India and President Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto of Pakistan agreed that, in the state of Jammu and Kashmir, neither side would seek to alter the ceasefire line, which was renamed the Line of Control, "unilaterally, irrespective of mutual differences and legal interpretations".
In 1989 Kashmiri activists, who had become disenchanted with the political process as a means of expressing dissent, mounted and armed insurgency in Indo-Occupied Kashmir. The movement, which gained momentum through out 1990, was severely repressed and oppressed by the Indian authorities, who substantially increased their military presence in the occupied territories and the state was put under Governor's rule by the President of India. Pakistan condemned India for human rights abuses and gave diplomatic and moral support to the Kashmiris, urging that they should be allowed their right of self-determination. The Government of Pakistan has not, however, endorsed the "third option" of independence and the militants remain divided in their objectives. Of the major factions, the Hizb-ul-Mujaheddin supports accession to Pakistan, while the Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front is fighting for independence of the entire state from India as it existed prior to 1947. The Government of India has not permitted any dialogue which contemplates the departure of the occupied state from the union of India, pointing out that the movement is not widely supported by the people of Ladakh nor those of Jammu. It has also attempted to "normalise" the situation in the valley by holding elections to the state's legislative assembly, but the militants and political activists, who oppose union with India whatsoever, that they insist that elections are no substitute for a plebiscite. While the core-issue is largely unresolved, the status of "Azad" Jammu and Kashmir and the Northern Areas also remains undecided, since the Government of Pakistan has not formally integrated these areas as part of Pakistan, in order not to jeopardise its demand for the future of the entire state to be decided according to the UN resolutions.
Western interest in the Kashmir core-issue, especially that of the US and the UK, has been heightened by the proliferation of weapons in the area as well as concern that a regional dispute, which has religious overtones, could become the flashpoint for a major conflict in the area. Both Pakistan and the Republic of India are known to possess nuclear capability. Numerous violations of the Line of Control by the Indians as well as sporadic fighting between Indian and Pakistani troops on the Siachen glacier, the most northerly point of the ceasefire line, where both countries maintain forces at altitudes rising 20,000 feet, add to Western concern for the stability of the region, generally South Asia as a whole. Although the Indian Government is determined to counter the insurgency despite state terrorism by the Indian force, any settlement which does not accommodate the interests of the disaffected Kashmiris seems bound to fail. Pakistan is also unlikely to relinquish its concern for an issue which directly affects its own geo-strategic and political standing.

OpenSUSE
openSUSE, (), is a community project, sponsored by Novell and AMD, to develop and maintain a general purpose Linux distribution. After taking over SUSE Linux in January 2004, Novell decided to release the SUSE Linux Professional product as a 100% open source project, involving the community in the development process. The initial release was a beta version of SUSE Linux 10.0, and as of October 2007 the current stable release is openSUSE 11.0.

Boer War
The Boer War was a war between Britain and the Boers (Dutch farmers) in southern Africa. The war was in two parts, the First Boer War (1880-1881) and the Second Boer War (1899-1902).
Background.
The British tried to control all of southern Africa in the 19th Century. They won control of the Cape of Good Hope in 1815 at the end of the Napoleonic Wars. Many Dutch farmers did not like Britain controlling the area. Some of them moved north and made a new country called the Orange Free State. In 1877 the British Army moved in to control the Orange Free State where there were diamonds. The Boer War will be re-enacted at Huntington Beach High School in January of 2009. Fleet Admiral Darrell Rivers will host this event and has vast knowledge upon this subject and has a staff of over 12 working on this accurate historical crisis portrayal. Indeed.
First Boer War.
The First Boer War was a short war. The Boers stopped the British Army from controlling the Orange Free State. There were four battles, the Action of Bronkhorstspruit, the Battle of Laing's Nek, the Battle of Shuinshoogte and the Battle of Majuba Hill. 408 British soldiers and 41 Boers were killed in the war.
Second Boer War.
The Second Boer War was much longer. In 1886, people found gold near the Boer capital (city) capital city, Pretoria. In 1895, a British group from Rhodesia tried to take control of Johannesburg, but the police stopped them. The Boer president, Paul Kruger, was worried about the British, so the Boers bought new weapons. Because of this, many British soldiers moved to the area (many of them were from New Zealand, Australia or Canada).
In October of 1899, Boer soldiers attacked the British. They started a siege- stopping people from entering or leaving- at the towns of Mafeking and Ladysmith. The British Army took control of most of the area in 1900, but Boer soldiers still attacked them from their homes using guerrilla warfare. The British took many prisoners, and put them in concentration camps. They also destroyed many Boer homes because they wanted to stop the attacks.
In Britain, the war was very unpopular because it was expensive and many soldiers had died. People also knew about the concentration camps, and did not like them. In 1902, it was very difficult for the Boers to fight, so the British government tried to make peace. The war ended in May 1902. 75,000 people died in the war, 22,000 from the British Army, and 53,000 Boers. Many of them died from disease.
At the end of the war, the British made a new country called the Union of South Africa.
God Save the Queen and Nick Johnsen.

Pioneer movement
Pioneer movements are movements for children and adolescents. They were founded in countries where there is a Communist party. Many of the ideas are taken from the scout movement.
In most socialist countries, people can choose if they want to be members of the pioneer movement or not. There are many differences between a pioneer movement, and the scout movement. Scout movements are independent of governments. They are also not controlled by the state. For example, there were no separate organizations for boys and girls. During the time of the USSR, thousands of Young Pioneer camps and Young Pioneer Palaces were built. These could only be used by Young Pioneers. The camps and palaces were also free of charge, it did not cost any money to use them. The government and Trade Unions sponsored them. There were many newspapers and magazines published for Young Pioneers. Some sold millions of copies.
Certain features, however, are similar to the Scout movement. The two movements share some principles like preparedness and promotion of sports and outdoor skills. The pioneer movement also includes teaching of communist principles. Opponents of Communist states claim that this is a form of indoctrination.
A member of the movement is known as a pioneer, and a scarf -- typically red, but sometimes light blue -- is the traditional item of clothing worn by a pioneer. The pioneer organization is often named after a famous party member that is considered a suitable role model for young communists.
In the USSR it was Lenin; in East Germany, it was Ernst Thälmann. The Thälmann pioneers were taught the slogan "Ernst Thälmann is my role model. We wear our red scarf with pride." It is notable, that Albania, which had severed diplomatic relations with the USSR since 1961, also had a certain variant of Pioneer organization, called Pioneers of Enver, named after the communist ruler of Albania, Enver Hoxha.
Older children could continue in other communist organizations, but that would typically be done only by a limited number of people.

Peter Lalor
Peter Lalor (February 5 1827 – February 9 1889) was the leader of the Eureka Stockade rebellion, one of Australia's few violent protests and seen by many as the start of democracy in Australia.
Lalor was born at Tenakill, Queens County, Ireland into a large family, active in Irish politics. He left Ireland with his brother, Richard, and went to Victoria, Australia, in 1852. They worked on building the railway between Melbourne and Geelong. In 1853 Peter went to the Ovens River looking for gold, and Richard went back to Ireland. Peter Lalor went to Ballarat to look for gold in 1854.
Eureka Stockade.
In 1854 the miners working in the goldfields (the area where gold was being found) became very angry about the cost of a gold mining license. In Ballarat the miners started the Ballarat Reform League and demanded changes to the laws. The government would not accept the demands, and the police increased the violent hunts for miners without licences. Peter Lalor became leader of the Reform League on November 30 1854 and made the miners promise to protect their rights and liberties. He told the miners to get weapons and be ready in case they were attacked. They built a small fort or stockade at Eureka in east Ballarat. This fort, the Eureka Stockade was attacked by 276 government soldiers at dawn on December 3, 1854. Thirty miners were killed, and Lalor was badly hurt. Friends hid him from the soldiers and he was able to get away. His left arm had to be amputated (cut off).
Politics.
After Eureka, Lalor was hidden in Geelong until the police stopped looking for him. The government changed the laws and miners on the goldfields were able to elect people to Parliament. Lalor was elected in November 1855. As part of the democratic changes, Victoria got a new constitution in 1856 and Lalor was elected to the new Parliament. His political views were not as democratic as the Ballarat miners wanted. He was against giving every one the right to vote and he wanted some people in the parliament to be appointed, not elected. Lalor became a director (person in charge) of several mining companies. He even supported wage cuts for miners working in his mines. He was seen as more interested in money and power than in people's rights. In 1859 he changed his seat in parliament and did not represent the Ballarat miners again.
In January 1871 Lalor lost his seat in an election. He was made Chairman (in charge) of the Clunes Water Commission with the job of getting water for the town of Clunes. He was voted back into parliament again in 1874. In 1875 he became Postmaster General (in charge of the postal service) and later Commissioner for Trade and Customs. From 1880 to 1887 he was Speaker of the Legislative Assembly. Lalor's wife and daughter died in 1887, he was also sick with diabetes, so he stopped being Speaker, but stayed as representative for South Grant until his death.
After his death, Peter Lalor is remembered with a statue in Ballarat (at the corner of Sturt and Dawson Streets), a suburb of Melbourne is named after him, and there is also a seat in the Australian Federal Parliament named after him.

Knoppix
Knoppix, or KNOPPIX, is a Linux distribution based on Debian designed to be started directly from a CD / DVD. Knoppix is one of the best-known LiveDistros. It was developed by Linux consultant Klaus Knopper. When starting a program it is loaded from the optical disc and decompressed into a RAM drive. The decompression is transparent and on-the-fly.
See also.
List of Linux distributions

Johor
Johor (alt. English spelling: Johore, Jawi script:جوهر) is a state of Malaysia between 1°20"N and 2°35"N. It is one of the most developed states in Malaysia. The capital city and royal seat of Johor is Johor Bahru, formerly Tanjung Puteri. The old state capital is Johor Lama. The Arabic honorific of the state is Darul Ta'zim ("Abode of Dignity'). It is surrounded by Pahang to the north, Malacca and Negeri Sembilan to the northwest, and the Straits of Johor to the south which is divided by the international border between Malaysia and the Republic of Singapore. Tanjung Piai, in the district of Pontian, is the most southerly point of mainland Asia.
Singaporeans and Johoreans often use the word "JB" to refer to the city of Johor Bahru.
History.
The name "Johor" originated from the Arabic word "Jauhar", 'gem/precious stone'. Before the name Johor was adopted, the area south of the Muar River to Singapore island was known as "Ujung Tanah" or 'land's end' in Malay, due to its location at the end of the Malay Peninsula. Coincidentally, Johor is the most southerly point of the Asian continental mainland.
Ports.
Johor has three ports, Pasir Gudang Port, Port of Tanjung Pelepas and Tanjung Langsat Port.
Airports.
Johor has one international airport (30 km away from the city centre), The Sultan Ismail International Airport in Senai (01’38’26’ N, 103’40’13’ E). It was opened on 6 June 1974 and has been expanded several times ever since. Currently, it has a 5 million passenger capacity with parallel taxiway under construction.
The airport is also a regional hub of AirAsia, a regional low-cost no-frills airline. Malaysia Airlines also operate flights from Senai airport to some local and international destinations.
Monarchy.
Johor is a constitutional monarchy. Johor was the first state in Malaysia which adopted the constitutional monarchy system via "Undang-undang Tubuh Negeri Johor" (Johor State Establishment Constitution) written by Sultan Abu Bakar. The constitutional head of Johor is the Sultan. This hereditary position can only be held by a member of the Johor Royal Family, who is descended from Sultan Abu Bakar. The State's Sultan since 1981 has been Sultan Iskandar Al-Haj.
Johor was the first state and currently the only state in Malaysia that has its own military force called Johor Military Force or 'Timbalan Setia Negeri'. It is considered a private army of the Sultan of Johor.
State government.
The state government is headed by the Chief Minister or Menteri Besar. The current Chief Minister is Dato' Abdul Ghani Othman, a former civil servant. The Chief Minister is assisted by an executive council (exco), whose members are selected from the state assembly members.
The legislative branch of Johor's government is the Johor State Assembly. The state assembly makes laws in matters regarding the state. Members of the assembly are elected every five years in an election.
National parks and forest reserves.
Johor is also noted for its national parks. Johor currently has five national parks, with a combined area of more than 700 km² and several smaller recreational forest. Almost all recreational parks are based around a mountain. Johor also has the third largest mangrove forest reserve in Peninsular Malaysia (167 km²).
Physical.
In the official census of 2000, the population of Johor was 2.75 million people with 54% Malays, 35% Chinese, 7% Indians and 4% others. It is the fifth largest state (18,984 km²) of Malaysia. It is the southernmost state in Peninsular Malaysia being South of Melaka, Negeri Sembilan and Pahang and North of Singapore from which it is separated by the Straits of Johor. The highest point in Johor is Gunung (mountain) Ledang (1276 m). Gunung Ledang is also known as Mount Ophir. Johor is the only state in Malaysia which has a 400 km beach stretching on both the East and the West coast.
Johor has 8 large islands with numerous smaller ones.
Weather.
Johor experiences wet equatorial weather with monsoon rain from Nov until Feb blowing from the South China Sea. Average annual rainfall is 1778 mm with average temperature of between 25.5 °C (78 °F) and 27.8 °C (82 °F). Humidity is between 82 and 86%.
Hundred Year Peak Rain Fall.
On 19 December 2006, continuously heavy downpour occurred in Johor. Many towns such as Muar, Kota Tinggi and Segamat were seriously flooded with water levels as high as above ground level recorded in some areas. 15 lives were lost and many possessions were destroyed and this resulted in huge financial losses in Johor. More than 100,000 victims were evacuated to flood relief centres.
Links to Singapore.
Johor is linked to Singapore via two road connections: the Johor-Singapore Causeway and the Malaysia-Singapore Second Link.
The Johor-Singapore Causeway (length: 1038 m) was designed by Messrs Coode, Fizmaurice, Wilson and Mitchell of Westminster, while the construction contract was awarded to Topham, Jones & Railton Ltd of London. It started in 1909 as a railway link by Johor State Railway to connect Johor Bahru to Singapore, then the administrative headquarters of British interests in South-East Asia. Construction of the road section started in 1919 and was completed in 1923.
See also Geography and climate of Singapore.

Clavicle
The clavicle is a long bone that is part of the shoulder. It connects the arm to the main part of the body. It is a support for the scapula bone and helps the arm to hang freely. This allows the arm to have a lot of movement. The clavicle is made from sponge-like bone, called cancellous bone, and is covered with a hard shell of bone.

Emergency contraception
Emergency contraception is a form of contraception that can be taken by the woman after sex. Emergency contraception can not protect against sexually transmitted diseases. Emergency contraception may prevent a pregnancy. The drugs that are used for emergency contraception are based on hormones.
Emergency contraception needs to be applied soon after the unprotected sex. If it is not applied within about 3 days (72 hours) after the event, it will no longer help to prevent pregnancy. The sooner the drug is taken after unprotected sex, the more effective it is.
It is estimated that these drugs may prevent 85% of expected pregnancies.
The drugs will not work if the woman is already pregnant. The drugs will also not work for preventing pregnancy from unprotected sex again in the same menstrual cycle.
Emergency contraception is illegal in some countries and for some circumstances (for example, outside the context of rape). Often the drugs are available in pharmacies. In some countries, the affected person needs to talk to a healthcare professional (a doctor or a pharmacist). After this counseling, the drugs can be obtained.

Reason
Reason or reasoning is a way of thinking that uses logic and facts. Reason tries to learn what is true or best. It is the opposite of using feelings and emotions. In common English, it is using your head instead of your heart.
Reason has been an important part of philosophy since Ancient Greece. Many philosophers have thought about what reason is, how to think using reason (Logic), if religious thinking and faith are ways of reasoning, what we can know if we only use reason (Epistemology), and if animals or computers can think using reason.

Paul Kruger
Stephanus Johannes Paulus Kruger (or just Paul Kruger) (October 10, 1825 – July 14, 1904) was the president of the Transvaal Republic (South African Republic) from 1880 to 1900. He became famous for leading the Boers against the British at the time of the Boer War.
Early Life.
Kruger grew up on his grandfather's farm. He worked as a commando (a soldier defending farms), and became a respected leader.
First Boer War.
In 1877 the British Army took control of Transvaal, and Kruger became the leader of the resistance (the people who wanted to fight British control). On December 30, 1880, the government of Transvaal elected (chose) him to be president. In 1881, the British lost the first Boer War, and Kruger negotiated (talked with the enemy to agree) the peace.
Kruger travelled to Europe, where many people respected him.
Second Boer War.
The Second Boer War began in 1899, and Kruger had to escape to Europe in October 1900. He moved to Clarens in Switzerland, where he died in 1904. People took his body back to South Africa and buried him in Church Street Cemetery in Pretoria

Bridgeview, Illinois
Bridgeview is a village in Illinois in the United States. It is the home of the MLST (Major League Soccer Team) Chicago Fire.

Xfce
Xfce () is a free software desktop environment for Unix and other Unix-like platforms, such as Linux, Solaris and BSD. It is made to be fast and quick, while still looking nice and easy to use.
The current version, 4.4, is modular and reusable. It is based on the GTK+ 2 toolkit (as is GNOME). It uses the Xfwm window manager, described below. Its configuration is entirely mouse-driven, and the configuration files are hidden from the casual user.
History.
Olivier Fourdan started the project in 1996. The name "Xfce" originally stood for "XForms Common Environment", but after that Xfce has been rewritten twice and no longer uses that toolkit. The name survived, but it is no longer capitalized as "XFce", but rather as "Xfce".
Xfwm.
Starting with version 4.2, the window manager of Xfce, Xfwm, integrates its own "compositing manager". Other compositing managers exist, but have been very unstable, and Xfce was the first to put its own compositing manager into the window manager. At its beginning, many users called it the most stable one available, though at the time, in late 2004, xcompmgr was the only other compositing manager available.
Prevalence.
While not as common in Linux distributions as the KDE and GNOME desktop environments, there are still some distributions where Xfce is the default desktop environment, and most support it as an optional part.

Jammu region
Jammu (Urdu: جموں) is one of the three regions comprising Pakistan's southernmost area of Azad Kashmir and Indian Occupied Kashmir. Jammu division borders Vale of Kashmir, the disputed part of the state, to the north, Ladakh region to the east, internationally by India's Himachal Pradesh to the south. Sandwiched between the Vale of Kashmir to the north and the Daman Koh Plains to the south, the Shivalik Range comprises most of the region of Jammu. The Pir Panjal Range, the Trikuta Hills and the low-lying Tawi River of the branch Chenab River basin adds beauty and diversity to the terrain of Jammu.
Jammu, winter capital of the maharajas and second largest city in the disputed occupied territory, was traditionally the seat of Dogra power. Of the total population of Jammu, more than two-thirds are classed as Hindus; of these the greater number live in the southeastern portion of the Kashmir region of Pakistan. Culturally, ethnically, and linguistically, they are closely related to the Punjabi-speaking peoples in Punjab (Pakistan) province, and many speak the Dogri language. The majority of the state’s Sikhs also live in the Jammu region. To the northwest, however, the proportion of Muslims increases, with Muslims making up a dominant majority in the area around the western town of Poonch District.
Demographics of Jammu Division.
Jammu is the only region in Kashmir that has a Hindu majority population. 71% of Jammu's population practices Hinduism while 24% practices Islam.
Approximately 67% of the population is Dogra. Majority of the Hindus are either Dogras or people who migrated from Kotli, Mirpur, and the Kashmir Valley. Some Hindus are of Punjabi descent. the Sikhs are of Punjabi descent. Jammu's Occupied Kashmir is well connected with the rest of India by rail, road and air, making it far better connected than the rest of the occupied territories.

Linux Mint
Linux Mint is a Linux distribution for desktop computers based on and compatible with Debian.
While at the core Linux Mint is mostly based on Ubuntu, the design of the desktop and User interface are very different. These differences include a very unique desktop theme, a custom Linux Mint menu and the MintTools, a collection of system tools designed to make managing the computer easier for users.
Releases.
Originally, Linux Mint didn't follow a predictable release cycle. The project first defined the goals for the next release, and when all the goals are achieved a beta is released and a date is announced for the stable release. Recently however, it has been decided that Linux Mint will be with the 6 month Ubuntu release cycle
Comparison with Ubuntu.
Linux Mint is based on Ubuntu and both distributions have a lot in common. Both distributions use the same software repositories. For instance, release 2.2 (“Bianca”) uses the package pools of Ubuntu “Edgy Eft” (6.10). Most packages are the same on both distributions and the two systems behave almost identically.
Most differences are on the desktop. Ubuntu and Linux Mint both focus on usability, but Linux Mint offers a different user experience, and it includes a number of applications that are not available in Ubuntu (see aforementioned Mint Tools).
Many popular multimedia codecs are installed by default in Linux Mint. Ubuntu, and many other gratis GNU/Linux distributions, do not distribute these codecs with the initial install media due to patent encumberment issues.
Ubuntu has a vastly larger support community than Linux Mint. However, the majority of Ubuntu help and advice is also applicable to Linux Mint. Ubuntu supports more languages from the LiveCD, and comes with better localization. Lastly, whilst Linux Mint only supports x86 architectures, Ubuntu also supports x86-64.

1991-92 NHL season
The 1991–92 NHL season was the 75th regular season of the National Hockey League. Twenty-two teams each played 80 games. The Stanley Cup winners were the Pittsburgh Penguins, who won the best of seven series 4–0 against the Chicago Blackhawks. The championship was the second in a row for the Penguins.
Final standings.
"Note: W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF= Goals For, GA = Goals Against"
Scoring leaders.
"Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points"
Leading goaltenders.
"Note: GP = Games Played; TOI = Time On Ice (minutes); W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; GA = Goals Against; SO = Shutouts; Sv% = Save Percentage; GAA = Goals Against Average"
Throwback Uniforms.
As part of the NHL's 75th anniversary celebration, throwback uniforms were worn by Original Six teams for select games, and throwbacks were also worn for the All-Star Game.
Boston Bruins - circa 1933
Chicago Blackhawks - circa 1940
Detroit Red Wings - circa 1928
Montreal Canadiens - circa 1926
New York Rangers - circa 1940
Toronto Maple Leafs - circa 1940
Wales All-Stars - white All-Star jersey circa 1952
Campbell All-Stars - red All-Star jersey circa 1952
The throwback uniforms would have an impact on future seasons in the NHL, as several teams adopted throwbacks as alternate jerseys. The National Football League and National Basketball Association would follow the NHL's lead, with teams wearing throwbacks to celebrate their leagues' 75th and 50th anniversaries, respectively.

Dilong (dinosaur)
Dilong (which means 'emperor dragon') is a genus of small carnivorous dinosaur. This only species is "Dilong paradoxus". It is from Lower Cretaceous near Lujiatun, Beipiao, in the western Liaoning province of China, Around 130 million of years.
The name is derived from the Chinese 帝 dì meaning 'emperor' and 龙 lóng meaning 'dragon'. "Di", "emperor", refers to the relationship of this animal to T.Rex, the "king" tyrannosaurid. "Long" is used to name Chinese dinosaurs in much the same way that the latin "-saur(us)" is in the West. The specific name, "paradoxus", is a Latinisation of the Ancient Greek παράδοξον meaning 'against received wisdom'.
Adult tyrannosaurs are found in Alberta (Canada) and Mongolia.

1990-91 NHL season
The 1990–91 NHL season was the 74th regular season of the National Hockey League. Twenty-one teams each played 80 games. The Stanley Cup winners were the Pittsburgh Penguins, who won the best of seven series 4–2 against the Minnesota North Stars. The North Stars defeated the Edmonton Oilers to become the first Norris Division team to appear in the Stanley Cup Finals since all the teams were moved around in 1981. The championship was the first in Penguins history. A record high 92 playoff games were held, and for the first time since the 1973 playoffs, no team was beat in four games in a playoff series.
This was the last NHL season to end in the month of May.
Final standings.
"Note: W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, GF= Goals For, GA = Goals Against, Pts = Points"
Scoring leaders.
"Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points, PIM = Penalties in minutes"

Eddie Giacomin
Edward Giacomin (born June 6, 1939 in Sudbury, Ontario) was a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender who played for the New York Rangers and Detroit Red Wings in the National Hockey League, as well as for the Providence Reds of the American Hockey League. Giacomin's sweater number, #1, was the second one retired by the Rangers, after Rod Gilbert.
Early life.
Giacomin grew up in Gatchell, a small town near Sudbury. When Giacomin was a teenager, a kitchen stove exploded and heavily burned him. The doctors advised him to stop hoping to play hockey professionally.

World Hockey Association
The World Hockey Association (French: "Association Mondiale de Hockey") was a professional ice hockey league that operated in North America from 1972 to 1979. It was the first major competition for the National Hockey League (NHL) since the end of the Western Hockey League after the 1925-26 WHL season. Although the WHA was not the first league since that time to attempt to challenge the NHL's hold as the top league, it was by far the most successful.
Hockey Hall of Famers.
List of WHA players and executives inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame, for achievements in their hockey career.
Trophies and Awards.
This is a list of the trophies and awards handed out annually by the World Hockey Association.
WHA All-Star Game.
Every season of the World Hockey Association had an All-Star game, but the format had changed with regularity.

National Hockey Association
The National Hockey Association (December 2, 1909 - December 11, 1918) was a professional ice hockey league with teams in Ontario and Quebec, Canada. It is directly related to today's National Hockey League.

Gray
Gray or grey is the color of black and white mixed together.
Gray is the color of an elephant, cement, and pencil writing. Gray often looks like someone made white darker, but not so dark that it is black.
In the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, Hong Kong, Ireland, and New Zealand, as well as a few other countries, this word is spelled grey. In the United States, it is spelled gray.
Meaning of gray.
The color gray represents "pessimism"; its opposite, "optimism", is represented by the color rose.
Shasdes of gray color comparison chart.
The chart below shows those shades of grey that are major web colors.

Cent (currency)
In many currencies, the cent is a monetary unit that is the same as 1/100 of the normal unit. In the United States, it is also called a penny.

Gilles Villemure
Gilles Villemure (born May 30, 1940, in Trois-Rivières, Quebec, Canada) is a retired Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender. He played for the New York Rangers and Chicago Black Hawks in the 1960s and 1970's.

Gary Smith
Gary "Suitcase" Smith, a former professional ice hockey goaltender, was born in Ottawa, Ontario on February 4, 1944. Gary is a son of Des Smith and brother of Brian Smith, both former National Hockey League (NHL) players. Gary played for numerous clubs, including the Chicago Black Hawks, Oakland Seals, Toronto Maple Leafs, Vancouver Canucks, Washington Capitals and Winnipeg Jets. He was the co-winner of the Vezina Trophy in the 1971-72 NHL season.
Playing career.
Gary Smith won a Memorial Cup with the junior Toronto Marlboros in 1964. Entering the NHL with the Toronto Maple Leafs in 1965, and was one of five goalies who played for the Maple Leafs during the 1966-67 regular season, their last Stanley Cup season.
He eventually earned the nickname "Suitcase" Smith because of the large number of teams he played for. After playing with the not very good California Golden Seals from 1967-71, where he set records in 1970-71 for both the most games played in a single season and most losses in a single season, his first success was sharing the 1971-72 Vezina Trophy with Tony Esposito while with the Chicago Black Hawks. One year later, Smith and Esposito would help the Black Hawks to the Stanley Cup final.
In 1974-75, he also had a good season with the Vancouver Canucks, with 72 games played and six shutouts.
Smith later played in the World Hockey Association, and was a teammate of Wayne Gretzky while playing for the Indianapolis Racers. He would be part of the Winnipeg Jets' 1979 Avco World Trophy championship.
Gary Smith’s last coach in Winnipeg was Tom McVie, who coached Smith the previous season while both were with the Washington Capitals.
The Jets played the Edmonton Oilers, led by Wayne Gretzky. When Wayne Gretzky went to his first game at Maple Leaf Gardens, Gary Smith was one of the goalie’s in the game. The Maple Leafs played the California Seals and Smith was the Seals goalie.
Gary Smith gave up the last goal in WHA history to Dave Semenko.

Ciocadia River
The Ciocadia River is a tributary of the Gilort River in Romania. That means it flows into the Gilort River.

Capra River (Gilort)
The Capra River is a tributary of the Ciocadia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Ciocadia River.

Ghia River
The Ghia River is a tributary of the Ciocadia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Ciocadia River.

Socu River
The Socu River is a tributary of the Gilort River in Romania. That means it flows into the Gilort River.

Purcari River
The Purcari River is a tributary of the Gilort River in Romania. That means it flows into the Gilort River.

Nirajul Mic River (Câmpu Cetăţii)
The Nirajul Mic River is a headwater of the Niraj River in Romania. That means it flows into the Niraj River.
This river is different from the Nirajul Mic River, having the same name, which also flows into the Niraj River near the city of Miercurea Nirajului

Nirajul Mic River (Miercurea Nirajului)
The Nirajul Mic River is a tributary of the Niraj River in Romania. That means it flows into the Niraj River.
This river is different from the Nirajul Mic River, having the same name, which also flows into the Niraj River near the village of Câmpu Cetăţii

Dorna River (Niraj)
The Dorna River is a tributary of the Niraj River in Romania. That means it flows into the Niraj River.

Nirajul Mare River
The Nirajul Mare River is a headwater of the Niraj River in Romania. That means if flows into the Niraj River.

Richard Sevigny
Richard Sevigny (November 4, 1957 in Montreal, Quebec) was a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender who played for the Montreal Canadiens and Quebec Nordiques in the National Hockey League. In the 1979 Stanley Cup Finals Michel Larocque was scheduled to start game two. Laroque was injured during the pre-game warm up and Sevigny was started instead. The Canadiens would win that year and Sevigny's name was engraved on the Stanley Cup before ever playing an NHL game. In the off season Ken Dryden retired, and Richard Sevigny earned a spot on the roster for the 1979–80 NHL season. Richard won the 1981 Vezina Trophy along with Denis Herron and Michel Larocque with Montreal. After being released by the Canadiens in 1984, Sevigny spent the next three seasons between the Quebec Nordiques and their American Hockey League affiliate in Fredericton, New Brunswick before finishing his career in France. He was, before 1990–91, player-coach of the Diables Rouges de Briançon.
According to hockey legends, Sevigny was quoted as saying that Guy Lafleur would have Wayne Gretzky in his back pocket during the 1981 playoffs, a quote that motivated the Oilers team to victory over the fabled Habs.
Sevigny has involved himself in old-timers charity hockey games and has coached the semi-pro Verdun Dragons.

Te Deum
The Te Deum is a Christian hymn. Its original text was Latin. It is named after the first few words, "Te Deum laudamus" (We praise thee, O Lord). It was probably written around the 4th or 5th century. Most say that either Augustine of Hippo or Ambrose wrote it. Contemporary scholars say that neither of them did. Many of these people say it was Nicetas, bishop of Remesiana in the late 4th to early 5th centuries. Some scholars have said that the hymn was taken from two (or more) earlier hymns: one to God the Father and another to God the Son. After this idea, the second hymn begins with the phrase "Tu rex gloriae, Christe." The petitions at the end of the hymn (beginning "Salvum fac populum tuum") are from verses from the book of Psalms, added to the original hymn later on.
Te Deum is close in theology to the Apostles' Creed. It has both a poetic view of the heavenly liturgy with a declaration of faith.
"God" is named from the start of the song. The hymn then names all people who praise and respect God, from the hierarchy of heavenly creatures, to Christians hwo are already in heaven, to the Church in all the world.
Te Deum then returns to its creedal formula, singing about Christ and remembering His birth, suffering, and glorification.
Then the hymn stops singing about praise, both the Church in general and the singer himself, and asks for mercy on past sins, protection from future sin, and the hope to be reunited with Christians in Heaven.
Music.
Many people have written music for the text. Such as Bruckner, Verdi, Berlioz, Dvořák, Haydn, Britten, and Mozart, just naming a few. Antonio Vivaldi wrote a setting of the Te Deum (RV 622), but it is now lost. The prelude to Charpentier's setting (H.146 in Hugh Wiley Hitchcock's catalogue) is well-known in Europe because it is used as the theme music for the European Broadcasting Union, most notably the Eurovision Song Contest. Sir William Walton's Coronation Te Deum was written for the coronation of HM Queen Elizabeth II in 1952. Other English have been written, such as the ones by William Byrd, Thomas Tallis, Henry Purcell, three by George Frideric Handel (Utrecht Te Deum, Dettingen Te Deum and Queen's Te Deum) and that of Edward Elgar, his Op. 34. A version by Father Michael Keating is popular in some Charismatic circles. Mark Hayes recently wrote his own version of Te Deum, and British composer John Rutter has composed two, one of them is just titled the traditional "Te Deum," the other "Winchester Te Deum." Igor Stravinsky set the first 12 lines of the text as part of "The Flood" in 1962.

Denis Herron
Denis Herron (b. June 18, 1952 in Chambly, Quebec) is a former Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender who played for the Montreal Canadiens, Kansas City Scouts, and Pittsburgh Penguins in the National Hockey League.
Denis won the 1981 Vezina Trophy with Montreal along with Michel Larocque and Richard Sevigny and in 1982 he won the William M. Jennings Trophy with Rick Wamsley.
Reference.
Herron finds room at the inn; Ian MacDonald. The Gazette. Montreal, Que.: Dec 23, 2004. pg. C.3

John Hunter
John Hunter (29 August 1737-13 March 1821), Royal Navy admiral and the second Governor of New South Wales.
Early life.
John Hunter was born in Leith, Scotland. His parents were William Hunter and Helen Drummond. He lived for a while with his uncle at Lyn, Norfolk. He studied music with composer Dr. Charles Burney. He started studying at the University of Aberdeen so that he could become a minister in the Church of Scotland. In 1754 he decided to become a sailor and started as the captain's servant in "HMS Grampus". The "Grampus" was a 14 gun sloop.
Sailor.
By 1755 he was an able seaman in the "HMS Centaur", the next year a midshipman on the "HMS Union" and the "HMS Neptune". These were the flagships of Admiral Charles Knowles. In 1757 Hunter took part in an attack on Rochefort. In 1757 he was involved in the attack on Quebec. Hunter passed his exams in navigation and astronomy in 1760 and qualified to be a lieutenant. It took until 1780 to get a job as lieutenant.
Hunter was a midshipman with Admiral Durrell on his flagships, the "HMS Royal Ann", "HMS Princess Amelia" and the "HMS Royal George". Durell made Hunter the master's mate in his new ship, the "HMS Launceston". He served in North America and by 1768 was the ship's master. He served on the "HMS Carysfort" at Jamaica from 1769 to 1771. He went to the East Indies on the "Intrepid" from 1772 to 1774. He then served in the "Kent" and the "Foudroyant". He returned to North America and was on the "HMS Eagle" with Admiral Lord Howe. With Howe's help and support, Hunter was finally made a lieutenant, 20 years after he passed his exams. Officer jobs were hard to get; there were more officers on shore on half pay than there were serving on ships.
John Hunter became lieutenant on the "HMS Berwick" and then on the "HMS Victory". He was made captain of the fireship "HMS Spitfire", and in November 1782, the sloop "HMS Marquis de Seignelay".

Good (philosophy)
In philosophy, something is good if it is important or valuable. Objects (things), people, ideas, and actions can be good. Many philosophers (people who study philosophy) have thought about what it means for something to be good. This issue is also called Value.
Economic and philosophical goods.
An economic good can become more or less valuable over time. This is because an economic good is valuable because people will give up something (usually money) for it. A philosophical good is always good, even if there are no people to see it. This is because philosophical goods are good because of something in themselves.
Absolute and relative goods.
Goods can be absolute or relative. A relative good is something that is good because people say it is good. An absolute good is something that is good because of something in itself. It is good even if there is no one around to see it. For example, an economist may say that the Mona Lisa is a very valuable economic good because it can be sold for a lot of money. A philosopher may say that the painting is good because of how it is painted. The economist sees relative good, because people may later not want to pay for it. The philosopher sees absolute good, because it will always be painted well.

3256 Daguerre
3256 Daguerre (1981 SJ1) is a Main belt asteroid that was found on September 26, 1980 by Skiff, B. A. and Thomas, N. G. at Flagstaff.

Crişul Negru River
The Crişul Negru (Romanian) or Fekete-Körös (Hungarian) is a river of the western part of Romania, in Transylvania. It also flows through the south-eastern part of Hungary (Békés county). It is a tributary of the Körös River. That means it flows into the Körös River.

Bistra River (Timiş)
The Bistra River is a tributary of the Timiş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Timiş River.

Clocotici River
The Clocotici River is a tributary of the Gelug River in Romania. That means it flows into the Gelug River.

Cheremosh River
The Cheremosh River (,) is a tributary of the Prut River in both Romania and Ukraine.

Cozia River
The Cozia River is a tributary of the Bohotin River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bohotin River.

Bazga River
The Bazga River is a tributary of the Bohotin River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bohotin River.

Beica River (Olt)
The Beica River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Catechism of the Catholic Church
The "Catechism of the Catholic Church", or "CCC", is an official explanation of the teachings of the Roman Catholic Church. It was first published in French in 1992 by the authority of Pope John Paul II. The volume, which is a book of over 900 pages, has been translated into many other languages, including English. In 1997, a Latin text was made. The Latin text is now the official text of reference the contents of the first French text were amended at a few points.
The "Compendium of the Catechism of the Catholic Church" was published in 2005, and the first edition in English in 2006. It is a more concise and dialogic version of the CCC. The text is available in twelve languages on the which gives the text of the Catechism itself in eight languages.

Derek Jeter
Derek Jeter (born June 26, 1974 in Pequannock Township, New Jersey) is an American Major League Baseball player. He is currently the captain and eight-time All-Star shortstop for the New York Yankees.
Jeter made his major league debut on May 29, 1995 with the New York Yankees against the Seattle Mariners when he was 20 years old. He has been playing with the New York Yankees for 13 years ever since he made it to the majors. He has won many awards such as the American League Rookie of the Year Award, a Silver Slugger Award, and three Gold Glove Awards. In the year 2000, Jeter became the only player to win both the All-Star Game MVP Award and the World Series MVP Award in the same year.
Early life.
Jeter was born in Pequannock Township, New Jersey, to an African-American father, Dr. Sanderson Charles Jeter; his mother Dorothy is of Irish and German descent. The family lived in North Arlington, New Jersey with his family, before moving to Kalamazoo, Michigan, when he was 4.
High school.
Jeter was inspired to play baseball by Hall of Famer Dave Winfield. In high school, Jeter was a star player at Kalamazoo Central High School. Jeter earned an All-State honorable mention while he was playing basketball also.
Jeter collected many awards at season's end, including the Kalamazoo Area B'nai B'rith Award for Scholar Athlete, the 1992 High School Player of the Year by the American Baseball Coaches Association, the 1992 Gatorade High School Player of the year award, and USA Today's High School Player of the Year.
In December 2007, Jeter was added to the Kalamazoo Central High School Athletic Hall of Fame.
Draft.
Although Jeter received a baseball scholarship to attend the University of Michigan, he was drafted by the New York Yankees with the 6th overall pick in the 1992 amateur draft and he chose to try to make it to the majors. Jeter has said that he will eventually go back to college and earn a degree.
Earnings.
Jeter has played a role for the Yankees since 1996. Jeter is one of three current veterans (the others are Jorge Posada and Mariano Rivera) who came up through the Yankees organization, and has played his entire professional career with the Yankees. As the Yankees Shortstop, he is currently the longest-serving position player on the team. As of his current contract, Derek earns $22 million a year in salary, and is the second highest paid endorser in baseball having earned $7 million in endorsements in 2006. Also, he was ranked as the most marketable player in baseball according to an 2005 Sports Business Survey.
Regular Season.
On May 29, 1995, Jeter made major league debut against the Seattle Mariners in the Kingdome. He made his first major league hit the following day off veteran pitcher Tim Belcher, and started 13 games before being sent back down to the minors.
He returned on Opening Day of the 1996 season as the starting shortstop (the first Yankee rookie since Tom Tresh in 1962 to do so) and hit his first major-league home run on that day. Coincidentally, his home run was called by another former Yankee shortstop, the late Hall of Famer Phil Rizzuto, with whom Jeter would get guidance from whenever the two met. Jeter played his way to a successful rookie season, hitting for a.314 batting average, 10 home runs, and 78 runs batted in and subsequently earning Rookie of the Year honors.

Gaura Dracului River
The Gaura Dracului River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Valea cu Pruni River
The Valea de Pruni River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Hurez River (Olt)
The Hurez River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Canalul Oporelu
The Canalul Oporelu (Oporelu Canal) is a man-made (meaning that it was made by humans) canal built by the right bank dike of the Arceşti Lake. It is on the Olt River in Romania. It is placed on the official register of the rivers in Romania. It is called an artificial river.

Task
In common language, a task is something you want to accomplish or finish, such as trying to complete a problem or an assignment.

Hotaru River (Măieruş)
The Hotaru River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. It can be found downstream near the village of Măieruş.

Seaca River (Olt)
The Seaca River or Pârâul Sec is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Valea lui Vlad River
The Valea lui Vlad River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Podu Mare River (Malnaş)
The Podu Mare River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Valea Mare River (Malnaş)
The Valea Mare River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Homorod River (Dumbrăviţa)
The Homorod River or Ciucaş River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Valea Mare River (Dopca)
The Valea Mare River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Valea Muntelui River (Olt)
The Valea Muntelui River or Sărata River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Avrig River
The Avrig River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.
of Avrig River and the river valley

D. James Kennedy
Dennis James Kennedy (or D. James Kennedy) (November 3, 1930 - September 5, 2007), was an American televangelist and megachurch pastor. He started Coral Ridge Presbyterian Church in Fort Lauderdale, Florida and was the senior pastor there from 1960 until his death in 2007. He began Coral Ridge Ministries in 1974.

In Touch Ministries
InTouch Ministries is a Christian Evangelical organization started by Dr. Charles F. Stanley. Its mission statement was to "lead people worldwide into a growing relationship with Jesus Christ and to strengthen the local church."

Parramatta, New South Wales
Parramatta is a suburb 23 kilometres west of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Parramatta sits on the bank of the Parramatta River and is in the middle of the Sydney metropolitan area.

Shortstop
Shortstop (abbreviated as "SS") is a fielding position played in baseball. Shortstop is in located between second and third base.

List of Major League Baseball teams by payroll
This is a list of Major League Baseball teams, ranked by their total salary as of 2008.

Dave Mustaine
Dave Mustaine (born September 13, 1961 in La Mesa, California) is the guitarist and singer for the thrash metal band, Megadeth. He was a member of another famous band, Metallica, but he was removed from the band in April of 1983. Him and members of Metallica have been angry at each other for years since then, but have made up since then.

Darling River
The Darling River is Australia's longest river. It is part of the Murray-Darling river system, one of the largest in the world, drains all of New South Wales west of the Great Dividing Range, much of northern Victoria, southern Queensland and parts of South Australia.
In 1828 the explorer Charles Sturt was sent by the Governor of New South Wales, Sir Ralph Darling, to find the path of the Macquarie River. He discovered the Bogan River and in 1829, the Darling, which he named after the Governor. In 1835 Major Thomas Mitchell traveled the whole length of the Darling.
The Darling does not have an even flow of water. It often dries up, and it sometimes floods. It flows through very dry parts of Australia. In the 1860's the Darling was used by the farmers of western New South Wales to send their wool by boat paddle steamer from Bourke and Wilcannia to South Australia where it could be loaded onto trains at Morgan and Murray Bridge.

Kanfen
Kanfen is a village in France near Thionville. In 1999, about 776 people lived there.

Erasmus Darwin
Erasmus Darwin (12 December 1731–18 April 1802), was a scientist, poet, inventor and a medical doctor. He was a member of the Lunar Society (a group of important scientists and businessmen that were friends). Erasmus Darwin looked at how living things evolved (change over a long time). His grandson, Charles Darwin, later wrote a book that explained evolution by natural selection.
Becoming a Doctor.
He went to the University of Cambridge, and then studied to be a doctor in Edinburgh. He became a doctor in 1756, and worked in Lichfield in Staffordshire. He worked very hard and learned a lot about medicine. Soon, lots of people respected him, and the King, George III asked him to become the Royal Doctor. Darwin believed that everyone was equal, at the same social level, so he said no.
Later Life.
Darwin translated (changed) the work of Carolus Linnaeus from Latin to English. The books explain how different plant species are related (connected) to each other. Darwin made the English names for many plants. He was friends with many important scientists and businessmen, the Lunar Society. These men shared lots of ideas. They supported (agreed with) the French and American Revolution, and wanted to end slavery. Darwin wrote poems against slavery. He was a generous man, he helped people who had no money.
He wrote poems explaining his ideas about evolution. He also made many inventions (new things) and predicted that electricity and aeroplanes would be useful in the future. He also made a sketch (simple drawing) of a hydrogen-oxygen rocket engine in 1779.
Erasmus Darwin died on the 18 April, 1802, and is buried in All Saints Church, Breadsall, north of Derby.

Kowloon
Kowloon is one of the 3 main parts of Hong Kong. About 2 million people live there.

New Territories
New Territories is one of the 3 main parts of Hong Kong. It is located between Kowloon and the border between Hong Kong and Mainland China. It also includes over 200 outlying Islands. About 3.5 million people live in there.

San Luis Potosí
San Luis Potosí is a state in central Mexico. About 2,400,000 people live there. Its capital is also called San Luis Potosí.

Morelos
Morelos is a state in central Mexico. About 1,600,000 people live in Morelos. Its capital is called Cuernavaca.

Michoacán
Michoacán is a state in south-west Mexico. About 4,000,000 people live there. Its capital is called Morelia.

Paul Pena
Paul Pena (January 26, 1950 – October 1, 2005) was an American singer, songwriter and guitarist. Pena was completely blind by the time he was 20.
Early life.
Pena was born in Hyannis, Massachusetts. Pena spoke Cape Verdean Creole with his family while growing up. His grandfather, Francisco Pena, and father, Joaquim "Jack" Pena, were both professional musicians, and taught Paul to play Cape Verdean music.

Colima (state)
Colima is a state in west Mexico. About 760,000 people live there. Its capital is also called Colima.

Creole language
A creole language (or a creole) is a stable language that comes from a nativized pidgin. Creoles are sometimes similar to one another rather than the language that they came from, but this is just a theory.

Baseball uniform
A baseball uniform is a special kind of uniform that baseball players wear. They mostly do this to show that their job is related to playing the sport, baseball. Most baseball uniforms have the names and uniform numbers of players who wear them on the uniform somewhere, usually on the backs of the uniforms to tell different baseball players from each other. Baseball shirts, pants, shoes, socks, caps, and glove are parts of baseball uniforms. Most uniforms have different logos and colors to tell which team is which.
Baseball uniforms were first worn by the New York Knickerbockers Baseball Club in the 1800s. Their uniforms were pants made of blue wool, white flannel shirts and straw hats. Since then, the uniforms have gone through many changes. More items, ideas, and many other improvements were done and added to baseball uniforms over the years. The style of baseball uniforms also changed, little by little over time.
Creation.
On April 4, 1849, the New York Knickerbockers became the first team to use uniforms. In 1882, different colors that showed the different fielding positions each player had were added on uniforms and stockings (garment covering the foot and lower part of the leg). In 1888 and 1889, the Detroit Wolverines and Washington Nationals of the National League and the Brooklyn Bridegrooms of the American Association added stripes to their uniforms. By 1900, all players in Major League Baseball teams were using uniforms.
Home and road uniforms.
By the end of the 19th century, baseball teams started wearing two different uniforms. They wore one uniform when they played in their own baseball stadium (called "home games", "playing "at home") and another when they played at another team's baseball stadium ("away" or "road games", "playing "on the road"). It became normal to wear white at home and either gray, solid dark blue, or black colors on the road. In 1907, the Brooklyn Superbas used a blue pattern for their road uniforms. The New York Giants later used a pattern almost the same as to what the Brooklyn Superbas used on their road uniforms.
In 1916, on the Giants' uniforms, many purple lines gave them a tartan-like color. At this time, another kind of road uniform was a solid dark blue or black material with white. In 1963, Charles O. Finley changed his Kansas City Athletics home and road uniforms. They were changed to the colors of gold and green. In the 1970s, some teams used light blue for their road uniforms.
Pinstripes and numbers.
Pinstriping (long vertical stripes along uniforms) were created in the 19th century. They were first worn on some major league baseball team's uniforms in 1907. The pinstripes were soon widened in 1912, so that people could see them more easily.
Pinstriping was used again when the Brooklyn Bridegrooms started to wear them in 1907, 1916 and 1917. During that time when the striped uniforms were made again, other things for the baseball uniform were added, such as satin. The team that often wore pinstripes was the New York Yankees. They were first used in 1912. But the Yankees' pinstripes (on their home uniforms) have become a symbol of the Yankees. Because of that, books about the Yankees started to be made with pinstriped covers.
Numbers were first added to uniforms by the Cleveland Indians in 1916. In 1929, numbers were first added on the backs of baseball uniforms by the New York Yankees and the Cleveland Indians baseball teams. By the 1930s, it was normal for baseball uniforms to have numbers on them. The Yankees were one of the first baseball teams to wear uniform numbers. This was because of their normal position in the New York Yankee's batting order (Babe Ruth 3, Lou Gehrig 4, etc).
By 1932, all major league baseball teams had numbers on their player's baseball uniforms. The numbers were on the backs of the shirts, with the team name or logo on the front. But in 1952, the Brooklyn Dodgers were the first team to put numbers on the fronts of baseball uniforms. As players began to have their own numbers on their uniforms, "retiring" a number of special baseball players started to happen. While testing new ideas to add to baseball uniforms, new designs and ideas were created. For example, the Houston Astros of the 1970s and 1980s, added numbers on the fronts of pockets on pants as well as on the back of their shirts.
Patches.
Shoulder patches on baseball uniforms were worn usually in honor of something. The first patches to be used on major league uniforms were worn by the Chicago White Sox in 1907. The first patch to be worn on all 16 major league uniform sleeves in one year was in 1939. The second time patches were used in all the professional baseball teams, also with the minor leagues, was done in honor of the grand opening of baseball’s Hall of Fame in Cooperstown, New York. The third patch to be worn by all teams, was the rectangular Major League Baseball centennial patch in 1969 in honor of 100 years of professional baseball. Many of the ballpark anniversaries have also inspired special patches to those who have recently died have been using patches rather than the traditional black arm bands (an item a person wears) of earlier decades.
Cap styles.
From the 1840s to the 1870s, baseball players wore many kinds of hats, such as straw hats. Caps, or other kinds of headgear with eye shades (something that shades a person's eyes), have been a part of baseball uniforms since they were first created. In 1860, the Brooklyn Excelsiors were the first team to wear what would later become the baseball cap. Before that, teams often wore full-brimmed straw hats or no cap at all since there was no official rule in baseball about whether players had to wear caps or not. By the early 1900s, rounded top parts of a hat became the normal fashion. Other teams would sometimes use the flat-topped cap, such as the Giants in 1916, and the Pittsburgh Pirates in their 1979 World Series championship. Baseball caps have changed very little in recent decades. Over time, a bigger sun visor (the front of caps) has been made. The reason of the cap stays the same: to protect the player's eyes from the sun.
Shoes.
In the late 19th century, baseball players started to wear the soft but long-lasting leather shoes. Soon, removable spikes were designed and were used many times until 1976, when they were banned from baseball games. Soon after, white shoes, as well as solid reds and blues, became popular. As artificial turf was used more in baseball fields, changes to shoes were needed.
In the 19th and 20th centuries, baseball shoes were mostly colored black. The Kansas City Athletics designed new white shoes in the 1960s.
Stockings.
The stocking colors of teams were a way of telling one team from another. Stockings in 1900 were made of wool that were high in weight and were made of one-piece at full-length (above the knee). The foot covering part below the ankle bone was colored white or natural wool. It often created the illusion of stirrups. In 1868, the Cincinnati Red Stockings started to play in short trousers so their stockings could be seen. This led to the team's nickname. Teams started to be called the Chicago White Stockings or the St. Louis Brown Stockings because of what colored stockings they wore at the time. Some teams wore "candy cane" stockings instead of stripes during the 1920s; these included the Giants, St. Louis Cardinals and Washington Senators.
Graphics and logos.
From the beginning, graphic designs were used to tell different teams apart. An Old English letter was worn on the fronts of baseball uniforms on the chest. This style is still being used today by the Detroit Tigers and their Gothic style "D" on their home uniforms. Road jerseys were able to tell the city the team it is from, as with the Tigers wearing the word "Detroit" on their road uniform shirts meaning the team's home city is Detroit, Michigan. Some early examples are a small red tiger on the black cap of the uniforms of the Detroit Tigers in 1901, as they were officially the Tigers from the beginning; and a bear cub logo on the Chicago Cubs' uniforms by 1907, as that unofficial nickname later become the official name of the baseball club. In another famous example, the Boston Americans (an unofficial name that made it easier to tell different teams apart) used the Nationals' red stockings in 1908 since the Nationals did not use them anymore. They have been called the Boston Red Sox ever since.
Baseball gloves.
A baseball glove is a leather glove that baseball players wear. They are used to catch a baseball that are hit by a batter or thrown by an outfielder. When baseball gloves were first made, they were not used very much. Many baseball players who first wore baseball gloves or a type of them were often teased and taunted when they were used.
The first baseball glove to be worn was by catcher Doug Allison in 1870. Allison's hands were split and cracked open from catching in other games earlier in the week. He decided to wear something that would protect his hands so that they would not be damaged more. He got laughed and mocked at by his teammates because of his glove. In 1875, five years later, first baseman Charlie Waitt wore a glove for protection. His teammates also laughed at him. When baseball star Albert Spalding started to use baseball gloves for protection, more baseball players started to do what he did also because of his fame. Soon, all baseball players started to wear baseball gloves.
In 1920, Bill Doak, a pitcher for the St. Louis Cardinals, asked that a web be placed between the first finger and the thumb of the glove for more protection. This was because more baseball players started to have more cuts and bruises because baseballs were thrown harder. This design was soon added to baseball gloves, and webbed gloves were starting to be used by all baseball players. In the 1940s, gloves would lace the fingers together for more control using the glove. The most recent idea added to baseball gloves was making the pocket of the glove deeper and finally making small baskets in the glove so that pitchers can hide their pitching grip.
Baseball helmets.
Baseball helmets are hard hats that baseball batters wear to protect their head from a baseball being hit or thrown at them. Roger Bresnahan created the first batting helmet after getting hit in the head one game. From here, helmets started to be worn by more players, and then players had to wear them in the seventies. Usually they try to make a design the same look as the regular home cap, and the same helmets are used on the road even if the soft road cap is different when looking at it. Sometimes, for practical reasons, the batting helmets that were used around the 20th century are still being used even after it was redesigned in recent years.
Today's uniforms.
Baseball uniforms have changed very much from many years ago when each part of the baseball uniform was created. Many parts of baseball uniforms made many years ago are still being used today. For example; since each part of baseball uniforms were created, they improved until today, such as baseball gloves that now have small pockets, laced fingers, and many other technologies. Another example would be that very few major league baseball players wear matching colored shoes and shoes that are completely black, although they did in the 19th and 20th centuries. Baseball numbers on backs and fronts of uniforms are still on backs and fronts of baseball uniforms today, and have been since 1932. Players' last names are also on the backs of baseball uniforms today.
The cloth used on baseball uniforms are also still being used today with some improvements. Often, a team will have a home uniform, an away uniform, a "Sunday game" uniform, uniforms that are worn only during batting practice, and uniforms worn only on special events. Also in recent years, there has been an increase in the popularity of the throwback uniform. Current Major League Baseball uniforms have to follow rules, such as no advertisements on uniforms and that all players must wear their number on the back of the uniform.

Guerrero
Guerrero is a state in south Mexico. About 3,100,000 people live there. Its capital is called Chilpancingo.

Coahuila
Coahuila is a state in north Mexico. About 2,500,000 people live there. Its capital is called Saltillo.

Durian
A durian is a fruit with a strong smell. Many people do not like the smell, but its flavour is loved by some people, especially in Southeast Asia. Its flavour has been compared to custard.
Appearance.
The fruit can grow up to 30 cm (12 in) long and 15 cm (6 in) in diameter, and usually weighs one to three kg (2 to 7 lb).
Durian is a tropical fruit. It grows only in humid, hot places. Because of its smell being hard to get rid of, it is not allowed in most hotels and public transportation in Southeast Asia. The flesh is used for many dishes in Southeast Asian cuisines. The seeds can also be eaten when cooked.

Hidalgo
Hidalgo is a state in central Mexico. About 2,350,000 people live there. Its capital is called Pachuca.

Getdeb
Getdeb is an Ubuntu software portal with ready-to-install applications in Ubuntu's default .deb package format. Getdeb.net was created by João Pinto to make it easy for Ubuntu users to install the latest versions of Free/Open Source applications quickly and easily.

Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim
The Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim are a Major League Baseball team based in Anaheim, California. They are a member of the Western Division of Major League Baseball's American League. The "Angels" name is from the city that they came from: Los Angeles. Their home stadium is called the Angel Stadium of Anaheim. It has been their home stadium since 1966.

Deb (file format)
deb is the extension of the Debian software package format and the most often used name for such binary packages. Like the "Deb" part of the term "Debian", it comes from the name of Debra, wife of Debian's founder Ian Murdock.
Debian packages are also used in operating systems based on Debian.
Debian packages are standard Unix ar archives that include two gzipped or bzipped tar archives: one that holds the control information and another that contains the data.
The canonical program for handling these packages is dpkg, most commonly via apt/aptitude.
deb packages can be converted into other packages and vice versa using Alien.

Y chromosome
The Y chromosome is the sex-determining chromosome in most mammals, including humans. it contains the gene SRY, which triggers testis development, thus determining sex in mammals.

Ćevapčići
Ćevapčići or Ćevapi () in some regions, is a dish made of grilled meat. It ocmes from the Balkans. It originally is of oriental origin. It can be found in the countries of the Former Yugoslavia. Ćevapčići are served on a plate or in a flatbread ("lepinja" or "somun"). Chopped onions, sour cream, kajmak, ajvar, cottage cheese, and similar sauces are often added.
Serbian "ćevapčići" from Leskovac are made of beef (usually of three mixed types of cuts) and served on a plate with a "lepinja". The traditional, and preferred, way of grilling "ćevapčići" is to use glowing coals beneath a grill. Both expressions "ćevapčići" and "ćevapi" are common in Serbia. In Belgrade, from where ćevapčići spread all over the world, this is the only traditional expression. In other parts of Serbia "ćevapčići" are often made of both pork and beef. Although "ćevapčići" is a formal diminutive, ćevapčići from Leskovac are longer (10-12 cm) than Bosnian ćevapi (5-8 cm). The Leskovac-recipe was the one that became popular in Belgrade during the 19th century and then spread all over Yugoslavia, Europe and United States.
Bosnian "ćevapi" from the Baščaršija district of Sarajevo and Banja Luka are probably the most famous "ćevapi". Travnik and Tuzla are known for their ćevapi made of beef stewed with spices. This dish is very popular in some parts of former Yugoslavia as well. The stew is poured on "lepinja" or "somun" flatbread and few chunks of meat left there. Banja Luka is known for ćevapi which are multiple rolls (usually four) joined together. Bosnian ćevapi are made from two types of minced beef meat, hand mixed and formed with a funnel. Formed ćevapi are grilled.
Macedonian "kebapi" (ќебапи) are made of both pork and beef. A serving usually consists of 5-10 pieces, served with white bread, minced red pepper, salt and onions.
In Romania, the Ćevapčići are called Mititei.
Etymology.
The word comes from the Arabic "kebab", sometimes with the South Slavic diminutive ending "-čići" (Serbian: Ћевапчићи/Ћевапи, "ćevapčići/ćevapi"; Macedonian: Ќебапи, "ćebapi"; Slovenian: "čevapčiči"), Croatian and Bosnian: "ćevapčići/ćevapi"). For more on the word's history, see the etymology section of "kebab".

Louise Farrenc
Louise Farrenc (born Paris, 31 May 1804; died 15 September 1875) was a French composer, virtuoso pianist and teacher. She was very well-known during her lifetime, but her best compositions are not very well known. This is because the way to become a famous composer in France in the 19th century was by writing operas, but Farrenc never wrote operas. Her best compositions are chamber music.
Life.
Her name when she was born was Jeanne-Louise Dumont. Her father was a successful sculptor. She was very young when she started to learn the piano. Her teacher had been a pupil of Muzio Clementi. Soon she was having piano lessons with famous teachers such as Ignaz Moscheles and Johann Nepomuk Hummel. She loved composing, so her parents let her study composition with Anton Reicha at the Paris Conservatoire. At that time women were not allowed to go to composition classes at the Conservatoire, so she probably had her lessons privately. She met a flautist (flute player) called Aristide Farrenc. He was ten years older than she was. They often performed together and they married in 1821. She stopped her studies and travelled with her husband around France giving concerts. He soon grew tired of the concert life and decided to open a publishing house in Paris, which was called Éditions Farrenc. It became one of France’s most important music publishers for nearly 40 years.
Farrenc returned to her studies with Reicha. Then she started giving many concerts and became famous. She was so successful that in 1842 she was made Professor of Piano at the Paris Conservatoire. She stayed in that job for 30 years. Although it was a very good job she was paid less than the male teachers. When her nonet was performed it made her famous. Joseph Joachim was one of the performers. After this success she was paid the same salary as the male professors. Several other chamber works were very successful, but after her death people forgot about them.
Music.
At first, during the 1820s and 1830s, she just wrote for piano. Several music critics, including Schumann, thought they were very good. In the 1830s, she wrote chamber music and orchestral music. Her chamber music includes most of her best compositions.

64 Studio
64 Studio is a free Linux distribution based on Debian made for creative users on x86-64 and legacy 32-bit hardware architectures. It is made to serve as an all-in-one solution for audio and video recording, editing, and other forms of media production.
Since 64 Studio is distributed with a free software license, anyone with a 64-bit computer can install it on their computer (in place of or alongside the well-known Windows operating system). An alternative installer is available for systems with 32-bit processors.
Differences with Debian.
The major differences between this distribution and basic Debian is a custom kernel with realtime patches applied, some pre-configuration and a custom package selection designed to meet the needs of creative desktop users. Other packages may also be modified to some extent, as are the basic GNOME desktop themes.
Releases.
The project released the first beta of 64 Studio, version 0.9.0 code-named 'Toe Rag', on the August 1, 2006. The release was named in honour of the all-analogue Toe Rag Studios in London, England.
After eighteen months of development, the project made its first stable release available for free download on 2006-11-29. It is named Olympic in recognition of the work of Glyn Johns and Eddie Kramer at
Olympic Studios in London.
The second stable release, version 2.0 codename 'Electric', was announced on 27th July 2007. This latest release is named after Electrical Audio, the studio founded by sound engineer Steve Albini in Chicago, USA.

AbulÉdu
AbulÉdu is a French Linux distribution made for classrooms. It is based on Debian and it includes the Linux Terminal Server Project and a large number of educational applications.

Utah State University
Utah State University (USU) is a public university in Logan, Utah, USA. The university was started in 1888.

British Medical Journal
The British Medical Journal (BMJ) is a popular peer-reviewed general medical journal. It is published by the BMJ Publishing Group Ltd based in London. It also has an online version.

DNA (newspaper)
"Daily News and Analysis" ("DNA") is a English language newspaper published from Mumbai. It was launched on July 30, 2005. DNA is Mumbai's fastest growing newspaper. The newspaper has a liberal outlook.

Baltix
"Baltix GNU/Linux" is a Linux distribution aimed to be a complete, user-friendly operating system for Lithuanian and Latvian people, based on Debian and ubuntu. Supported languages include Lithuanian, Latvian, Estonian, Russian, English, Norwegian and others near and around the Baltic region. The main language is Lithuanian.
It uses the GNOME desktop environment and is distributed as an installable Live CD.
The first public versions of Baltix GNU/Linux were released in 2003 and were based based on Knoppix Live CD and Debian software packages, and later, on the Morphix Live CD.
Additional software.
Baltix can run directly from its live-cd, without installation to a computer's permanent storage (hard disk, solid state drive, etc), but also can be installed into a computer's Linux or Windows partition(s).

The Times of India
"The Times of India" is a English language newspaper published in India. Initially the newspaper was founded on November 3, 1838 as "The Bombay Times and Journal of Commerce" and by 1861, was renamed "The Times of India". The newspaper has a conservative outlook.

Hindustan Times
"Hindustan Times" is a English language newspaper published in India. It has simultaneous editions from New Delhi, Mumbai, Lucknow, Patna, Ranchi and Kolkata. The newspaper has a centrist outlook.

The Statesman
"The Statesman" is a English language newspaper published in India. It is published simultaneously from Kolkata, New Delhi, Siliguri and Bhubaneshwar.

Live CD
A Live CD or LiveCD or CD Live Distro is a computer operating system that is executed upon boot, without installation to a hard disk drive. Typically, the LiveDistro is named after the bootable medium it is stored on, such as a CD-ROM or DVD (Live CD/DVD) or a USB flash drive (Live USB).
The term "live" comes from the fact that these "distros", or software distributions, each contain a complete, functioning and operational Operating System on the distribution medium. A LiveDistro does not change the Operating System or files already installed on the computer hard drive unless told to do so.
History.
The first Linux-based Live CD was Yggdrasil Linux (went out of production in 1995), but it did not function well due to the low throughput of then-current CD-ROM drives. The Debian-derived Linux distribution Knoppix was released in 2003, and was popular as both a rescue disk system and as a Linux Distribution. Since 2003, the popularity of Live CDs has increased, because of and remastersys which made it very easy to build customized live systems.
Uses.
Some LiveDistros are designed to "demo" or "test drive" a particular operating system (usually Linux or another free or open source operating system).

Deccan Herald
"Deccan Herald" is a English language newspaper published from Karnataka. The newspaper was founded in 1948.

P.S.V. Eindhoven
Philips Sport Vereniging (English: "Philips Sports Union"), widely known either as PSV or PSV Eindhoven, is a sports club from Eindhoven, Netherlands. It is best known for its professional association football (soccer) section.
1929, 1935, 1951, 1963, 1975, 1976, 1978, 1986, 1987, 1988,
1989, 1991, 1992, 1997, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007,
1950, 1974, 1976, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1996, 2005
1996, 1997, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2008
Europacup I (before Champions League) (1x)

BeatrIX
BeatrIX is a GNU/Linux,live CD based Linux distribution started by Steven Watsky, it was designed to look very simple, in order to be as easy to use as possible to new users. A new BeatrIX desktop has just four icons (e-mail, instant messaging, word processing and web browser). Hence, anyone who has some computer experience will be able to use BeatrIX.
BeatrIX is a small operating system, taking up only 200MB. The liveCD fits into 80 mm discs that can store up to 184 MB of data.
BeatrIX uses Linux 2.6.7 and GNOME 2.8 as its GUI desktop. It comes equipped with productivity tools such as OpenOffice.org 1.1.2, Mozilla Firefox (version 1.0) web browser, Gaim (version 1.0), etc.
BeatrIX has been discontinued since 2005. Another distro called BeaFanatIX is using the code of BeatrIX and continuing development.

DeMuDi
DeMuDi ("Debian Multimedia Distribution") is a defunct Linux distribution based on Debian with improvements for music, sound and video production.
DeMuDi was developed by the AGNULA Project, a European Union funded project to improve access to multimedia software, and was also known as A/DeMuDi, with A standing for Agnula.
When funding stopped volunteers continued to work on the project for a short time, but it has now it has totally joined the Debian Multimedia Project.

Dreamlinux
Dreamlinux is a Brazilian Linux distribution based on Debian. It can boot as a live CD, from USB flash drive, or can be installed on a computer's internal hard drive.
The distribution's GUI looks like Apple's Mac OS X, with a toolbar in the center made animated by downloading the "Engage" theme.

Cluniac Reforms
The Cluniac (Clunian) Reform was a series of changes within medieval monasticism. The reforms focused on restoring the traditional life in the monasteries. Monasteries should encourage the production of artworks. They should also care for the poor.
The reform is named after the Abbey of Cluny in Burgundy. It started in the Benedictine order there. The reform was largely carried out by Saint Odo. It spread through France (Burgundy, Provence, Auvergne, Poitou), England and much of Italy and Spain.
The reform was stated, because there was corruption in the Benedictine order. People thought, this corruption came because people that were not priests and that came from outside the monasteries interfered with them. A Benetictine monastery needed land. This land was given by a Feudal lord. By giving the land, the lord would become the patron of the monastery. However, he would often demand the right to interfere in the business of the monastery. The Cluny reform was an attempt to change this practice. A more independent abbot would have better success at enforcing the Rule of the order, it was thought. William of Aquitaine formed the first Cluny monastery in 910 with the novel stipulation that the monastery would report directly to the pope rather than to a local lord. This meant essentially that the monastery would be independent, since the pope's authority was largely theoretical at that distance.
During its height (about 950–c.1130) the Cluniac movement was one of the largest religious forces in Europe. Among the most notable reform supporters were Pope Urban II, Lambert of Hersfeld and Abbot Richard of Saint Vannes at Verdun. The Cluniacs were supporters of the Peace of God concept, as well as pilgrimages to the Holy Lands.
References.
Southern, R.W., "Western Society and the Church in the Middle Ages", London: Penguin Books, 1970.

EBox
eBox Platform is an open source distribution and development framework, based on the Linux operating system, made to manage services in a computer network.
It offers a layer of abstraction and management, accessible through a simple web interface, and also a simplified development environment for new features or customization.
eBox is licensed under GPL and started as an open-source, collaborative project of two companies. It also takes part on Morfeo Project. On 16th November 2006 eBox was officially approved as a NEOTEC project, receiving public funds from the CDTI (a Spanish public organisation, under the Ministry of Industry, Commerce and Tourism) to complete the development of version 1.0.
Ubuntu Gutsy Gibbon Tribe 3 featured eBox as "network services control tool".

Elive
Elive is a Linux distribution based on Debian for legacy and commodity hardware. Elive uses the Enlightenment X window manager instead of GNOME or KDE. Elive is a Linux Distribution with a Live CD that allows the user to try Elive before installing it on the system.
Elive can be used like any Live CD or installed to the hard drive to have access its fullfeatures. Elive utilizes UnionFS, which allows users to install software packages using Synaptic and/or APT, while the user's computer is running from the Live CD.

Thomas and Friends
"Thomas & Friends" (it used to be "Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends") is a British children's television series. It was first broadcasted on Anglia Television in September of 1984

Modern history
Modern history is the history of the Modern era i.e. history after the Middle Ages. Generally the term "modern history" refers to the history of the world since the advent of the Age of Reason and the Age of Enlightenment in the 17th and 18th centuries and the beginning of the Industrial Revolution.

Feather Linux
Feather Linux, created by Robert Sullivan, is a Knoppix-based Linux distribution which fits in under 128 MB (while older versions were made to fit within 64 MB). It boots from either a CD or a USB Flash Drive, into a Fluxbox desktop environment. It has a wide range of desktop and rescue software, and can load entirely into RAM or be installed to a hard drive. Feather Linux contains many GTK+ applications, such as AbiWord and Pidgin. Feather linux has tried to include software that people would frequently be using on their desktop.
With its most recent release being on 2005-07-04, Feather Linux is now not under development. This distribution is partly inspired by Damn Small Linux.

Trutnov
Trutnov is a city in the Hradec Králové Region of the Czech Republic.

Rose window
Rose window is a word used to describe a round window. Most often the term is used to describe the round windows of some churches, especially those built in Gothic style.

Ageing
Ageing (or "aging") is the changes occur in an individual over time. In humans, ageing consists of several physical and psychological changes. The most common effect of ageing is when the skin becomes wrinkled.

Physical attractiveness
Physical attractiveness means the different physical characteristics that different people consider to be beautiful in other humans. Physical attractiveness can also include sexual attractiveness, ideas about beauty, and physique.
Physical attractiveness means different things to different people and to different human cultures. There is no single definition of physical attractiveness.
In men, physical attractiveness may include slim waist and height. Female physical attractiveness might include youth, waist-hip ratio, mid upper arm circumference, body mass proportion and facial symmetry.

Souvenir
A souvenir (from French, for "memory"), memento or keepsake is an object a traveler brings home for the memories that was created there.

Jammu
Jammu is a city in Jammu and Kashmir on the banks of the Tawi River which is a tributary of the Chenab River.

St. Stephan's Cathedral, Passau
St. Stephan's Cathedral is a baroque Cathedral. It was finished in 1688 in Passau, Germany. It is the seat of the Catholic Bishop of Passau and the main church of his diocese.

Binomial expansion
Binomial expansion uses an expression to make a series. It uses a bracket expression like formula_1.
Using Pascal's triangle.
If formula_2 is an integer (formula_3), we use Pascal's triangle.
So formula_11
where formula_14 is the number at row formula_15 and position formula_16 in Pascal's triangle.

Pashto language
Pashto (Naskh: پښتو‎, IPA: [pəʂ'to]), also rendered as Pakhto, Pushto, Pukhto, Pashtoe, Pashtu, Pushtu, Pathani or Pushtoo and also known as Afghani[4][5]) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by Pashtuns living in Afghanistan, Pakistan and some parts of Indian Occupied Kashmir.
Native speakers of Pashto account for 42.6% of the Afghan population and 15.42% of the Pakistani population. As defined in the Constitution, Pashto is the national and official language of Afghanistan and is used for the administration of the Afghan government throughout the country.
Dialects.
As a consequence of life in mountainous areas, weak socio-economic inter-relations, along with other historic and linguistic reasons, there are many dialects in Pashto language. However, as a whole, Pashto has two main dialects: soft or western dialect and hard or eastern dialect. The difference between these two dialects is in the use of some vowels and sounds.
Classification.
Pashto belongs to the Eastern Iranian branch of the Indo-Iranian languages family.
Official status.
Pashto is the national and official language of Afghanistan and a provincial language of Afghania of Pakistan; and is used for the administration of the government throughout the country. It is used in education, literature, office and court business, media, and in religious institutions, etc. It holds in itself a repository of the cultural and social heritage of the country.

Shina language
Population 300,000 in Pakistan (1981 census). Population total all countries: 321,000.
Region Northern Areas including Gilgit District, scattered villages in Yasin and Ishkoman valleys, Punial, Gilgit, Haramosh, lower Hunza Valley; Diamer District, Chilas area, Darel and Tangir valleys, Astor Valley; scattered areas of Baltistan District, Satpara, Kharmang, Kachura, and other small valleys; NWFP, east part of Kohistan District, Sazin, Harban. Also spoken in India-Occupied Kashmir.
Dialects Gilgiti (Gilgit, Punial, Hunza-Nagar, Bagrote, Haramosh, Rondu, Bunji), Astori (Astor, Gurezi, Dras, Satpara, Kharmangi), Chilasi Kohistani (Chilas, Darel, Tangir, Sazin, Harban). Gilgit functions as the language standard. Shina is the primary language in Gilgit and Diamer districts. Lexical similarity 79% to 99% within the Gilgiti (Northern) dialect cluster, 81% to 96% among the Astori (Eastern) cluster, 84% to 98% among the Chilas (Diamer) cluster.
Classification Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern zone, Dardic, Shina
Comments 'Brokpa' is the name used for Shina speakers in Baltistan and Ladakh. 'Brokskat' refers to their language. 'Brokskat' is used semiofficially in India to refer to a highly divergent variety of Shina spoken by Buddhists. Muslim (Shi'a and Sunni).
Also spoken in Indian Occupied Kashmir:.
Population 21,000 in India-Occupied Kashmir (1997).
Region Northern Kashmir, Dras Valley and Gurais area in Kishenganga Valley near the cease fire line.
Language use Many in Dras Valley also speak Purik, but there are villages in Dras Valley that are pure Shina speaking.
Comments Speakers are called 'Shin'. People are open to education and jobs outside the area. Distinct from Brokskat. Buddhist, traditional religion, Muslim (Sunni and Shi'a).

Boudry Department
Boudry is a department or commune of Ganzourgou Province in Burkina Faso. Its capital is situated at the town of Boudry. According 1996 estimates, it has a population of 82,690.

Kogho Department
Boudry is a department or commune of Ganzourgou Province in Burkina Faso. Its capital is situated at the town of Kogho. According 1996 estimates, it has a population of 15,524.

Méguet Department
Méguet is a department or commune of Ganzourgou Province in Burkina Faso. Its capital is situated at the town of Méguet. According 1996 estimates, it has a population of 34,668.

Mogtédo Department
Mogtédo is a department or commune of Ganzourgou Province in Burkina Faso. Its capital is situated at the town of Méguet. According 1996 estimates, it has a population of 44,668.

Salogo Department
Salogo is a department or commune of Ganzourgou Province in Burkina Faso. Its capital is situated at the town of Salogo. According 2006 estimates, it has a population of 21,405.

Leh
Leh was the capital of the Himalayan kingdom of Ladakh, now the Leh District in the state of Indian Occupied Kashmir, Asia. The town is still dominated by the now ruined Leh Palace, former home of the royal family of Ladakh, which resembles a mini-Potala Palace. Leh is at an altitude of 3,500 meters (11,483ft). At a distance from the right bank of the Indus River, Leh and other places of Ladakh are renowned for Buddhist cultural mysteries, lamas and monasteries. The wonders of this land include golden statue of lord Buddha, high class paintings, ancient manuscripts and the monasteries. The famous moasteries include Hemis, Aalchi, Chuglamsar, Mulbekh, Shey, Spitak, and Thiksey. The famous mosque of Leh was built by prince Namgyal Singe in 1594. The mosque is a fine model of Turkish and Iranian architecture. The first Muslim ruler of Kashmir, Sultan Sadruddin was a Ladakhi. His real name was Gialpo, (Prince) Renchan. He came down to Kashmir Valley in the reign of Raja Sahdev and acquired a place in the courtiers of the army Chief Ram Chandra. By and by he succeeded in rising to the throne in 1324. He married Ram Chandra's daughter Kotarani who later on proved to be a courageous and enterprising lady. King Renchan embraced Islam at the hands of a Moslem Saint and preacher Abdur Rehman, Bulbul Shah and adopted the name of Sultan Saruddin for himself. He died in 1327 after ruling the country far a short period of 3 years. A Mughal Chieftain Haider Douglat attempted invasion of Kashmir for the first time in 1542 through Ladakh. In June 1715 C.E. two Italian priests EPO LITO and Emanuel Khariray reached Leh from Roma via Srinagar (Iqbalabad). There is a small community of Christians in Leh now. In the past, Leh has been an important centre for trade between Kashmir and the states of Turkestan. A road leads to Central Asian states from here through Karakoram pass.

Zam Department
Zam is a department or commune of Ganzourgou Province in Burkina Faso. Its capital is situated at the town of Zam. According 1996 estimates, it has a population of 39,259.

Zorgho Department
Zorgho is a department or commune of Ganzourgou Province in Burkina Faso. Its capital is situated at the town of Zorgho. According 1996 estimates, it has a population of 49,648.

Srinagar (Iqbalabad)
Iqbalabad or Srinagar is a city in Jammu and Kashmir,India. It is situated on the banks of the Jhelum River, in Northern Pakistan Kashmir region.

Zoungou Department
Zoungou is a department or commune of Ganzourgou Province in Burkina Faso. Its capital is situated at the town of Zoungou. According 1996 estimates, it has a population of 29,753.

Anantnag
Anantag, also called Islamabad (Kashmiri: اننتناگ /Anaṁtnāg/, meaning abode of springs and lakes), is a city and a municipality in Islamabad District in the state of Jammu and Kashmir, India. It should not be confused with Islamabad, the capital of Pakistan. About 180.000 people live in Anantnag.
Anantnag is the 3rd largest city of the Indian state Jammu and Kashmir by population and largest according to area. It is also regarded as commercial and financial capital of the valley of Kashmir. It is the largest business and trading center of the valley.

Religions of Pakistan
Religious minorities may only form 3% of Pakistan's population, but in business, education, medicine and the arts their contribution is significant. All religions enjoy equal status under the Pakistani constitution. Christians are the biggest minority group in Pakistan; they are distributed throughout the subcontinent and represent a wide cross-section of ethnic and linguistic stocks Churches of virtually every denomination embellish the architectural horizon of most Pakistani cities. Although Pakistani Christians have not restricted themselves to any one area of activity, they have traditionally made an outstanding contribution in health, education, railways and the police force. They are also playing a growing role in the civil and defence services.
The second biggest minority is the so-called scheduled castes; these former "untouchables" from the Hindu caste system in pre-Partition days. In Pakistan this group is not legally or economically discriminated against-but old habits die hard and many are engaged in largely menial tasks. This group is diminishing as more and more of them become educated and make their way up the socio-economic ladder. The Hindus of Pakistan are mostly found in Sindh where they concentrate on agriculture. In the larger cities (particularly in Karachi) Hindus are very active in commerce. Their holy days are celebrated with all their traditional colour.
The Ahmadis follow the preaching of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad at the end of the 19th century. The doctrine is very close to Islam on most points, but differs over the inviolable finality of the Prophethood. Ahmadis are mainly of Punjabi origin and are represented in virtually every field of economic activity. They have declared as non-Muslim in the 1973 constitution by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto after the seccession of East Pakistan. The Parsis or (Zoroastrians) are very small minority concentrated in the larger cities and are almost exclusively engaged in business. Some of Pakistan's foremost exclusively shipping magnates are Parsis and the richer members of this community are well known for their philanthropic activities.
The Buddhists are numercially very few but the cultural impact of their ancestors has enriched the heritage of Pakistan. Ancient Buddhist temples, schools and cities dot the archaeological map of Pakistan.
There are many important Sikh temples and shrines in Pakistan, most notable is Nankana Sahib. Every year Sikhs from neighbouring Indo-Occupied Khalistan make pilgrimages to these places, which are looked after by the Pakistani Sikhs themselves.

Dosia
Dosia is a Polish laundry detergent. It has been used commonly since 1989. The brand Dosia was taken by the German corporation Persil.

1511 Daléra
1511 Daléra (1939 FB) is a Main belt asteroid that was found on March 22, 1939 by Boyer, L at Algiers.

13283 Dahart
13283 Dahart (1998 QF51) is a Main Belt Asteroid that was found on August 17, 1998 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro.

Creston, Iowa
Creston is a city in and the county seat of Union County, Iowa, United States. The population was 7,597 at the 2000 census.

Fate (opera)
"Fate" (in Czech: "Osud"), is an opera by the Czech composer Leoš Janáček.
Janáček wrote this opera between 1903 and 1905. His daughter Olga had died shortly before he began to compose it. He had also just finished his opera "Jenůfa" which has a tragic ending for the young girl in the story.
The young lady who wrote the libretto (words) for Janáček had been one of his daughter’s close friends. She wrote using the name Tálská. Janáček thought the opera had autobiographical ideas. He also wanted a change from writing about simple, country people as he had done in "Jenůfa", so the people in the story of "Fate" belong to the upper classes, the rich people of society.
The story of the opera is quite strange and unbelievable. It has often been criticized for not being logical. The story consists of lots of little scenes which make the story jump about. The language of the libretto is very deliberately old-fashioned. Czech people who have worked with this opera have often felt that this formal language has made it hard for audiences to understand. Some people have felt that when the opera is sung in other languages it is sometimes better because the language sounds more real.
Nevertheless, although the opera has had these criticisms, the music is some of the best music that Janáček wrote.
Story of the opera.
The story takes place at the beginning of the 20th century, which was the time in which Janáček was composing it.
In Act I Gentlemen, students and young girls are walking about in a health resort. The men are interested in a girl called Míla. Míla sees a young man called Živný in the crowd. Živný is a composer. He and Míla used to be lovers. They had a child. She tells Živný that it was her mother who made them split up so that she could marry someone rich. Her mother had made her move away from Prague to give birth to the child in the country. The two lovers now want to forget their unhappy past and live together with their little son Doubek.
Act II takes place several years later. They have been living together happily. Míla’s mother lives with them but has gone mad. While the lovers read the story of an opera which seems to tell of their own lives, the mother screams and Živný tears up the music of the opera. The mother grabs her daughter and throws herself and Míla down the steep staircase.
Act III takes place in a music conservatory eleven years later. Živný’s students, one of whom is their son Doubek, are singing music from an opera that Živný has composed. Živný himself is like the hero of his opera. The last part of the opera has not yet been composed. The students act out a scene from Doubek’s childhood and make fun of it. Živný talks about his opera. A storm comes up and he is killed by lightning. His opera will never be finished.

Dwarf allosaur
"Dwarf allosaur" is a species of theropod dinosaur that lived in Australia about 106 million years ago in the Cretaceous period. It is only known from an ankle bone, making it impossible to figure out the exact species. It is related to the Allosaurus but it is smaller and lived 30 million years after all other allosaurs had gone extinct. It is able to survive so long because Austro-Antarctica prevents other dinosaurs from migrating there.
It lived in the polar forest of Southern Australia, which is in the Antarctic circle during that time. It only lived there during the summer and would have migrated north during the winter because it would not survive the subzero temperature.
Besides its poor fossil record, it is famous for appearing in the BBC television series Walking with Dinosaurs.

Social network service
A social network service is a website where people talk to, or network with other people.

Spa town
A spa town, or simply spa, is a town that many people go to for health reasons. There is usually a spring there, or several springs. The water that comes from these springs is good for curing many illnesses. When people go to a spa town to get better we say that they go to "take the waters".
The word "spa" comes from the Belgian town Spa. In continental Europe a spa was called a "ville d'eau" (town of water). The term "spa" is used for towns or resorts which offer hydrotherapy (making people better with water). This can include cold water or mineral water treatments and hot thermal baths.

List of Major League Baseball players
This is a list of Major League Baseball players by last name.

Vallon-Pont-d'Arc
Vallon-Pont-d'Arc is a commune of the Ardèche "département" in the southern part of France.

Ain
Ain is a department in France. Its prefecture is Bourg-en-Bresse.

Aisne
Aisne is a department in France. Its prefecture is Laon.

Allier
Allier is a department in France. Its prefecture is Moulins.

Alpes-de-Haute-Provence
Alpes-de-Haute-Provence is a department in France. Its prefecture is Digne-les-Bains.

Hautes-Alpes
Hautes-Alpes is a department in France. Its prefecture is Gap.

Valea Caselor River (Olt)
The Valea Caselor River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Ardennes (department)
Ardennes is a department in France. Its prefecture is Charleville-Mézières.

Ariège
Ariège (Occitan: "Arièja") is a department in southwestern France named after the Ariège River.

Valea Priboiului River
The Valea Priboiului River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Aube
Aube is a department in France. Its prefecture is Troyes.

Valea Satului River (Olt)
The Valea Satului River or Valea Colţii River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Aude
Aude (Occitan: "Aude") is a department in south-central France named after the Aude River. The local council also calls the department "Cathar Country". It is located in Languedoc-Rousillon. Its prefecture is Carcassonne. Sous-prefectures are in Limuox and Narbonne. France numbers its departements (according to the alphabet mostly). Aude has the number 11.
Today, slighlty over 309.000 people live in the department. The most important econnmic activity is wine growing (called viticulture). There is also some industry, and tourism.
Early forms of habitation.
A skull has been found, named "Homme de Tautavel" (Tautavel Man). It has been found in a cave on the site named Caune de l'Arago, near Tautavel. The fossils date from between 300.000 and 450.000 years ago. They consist of over 80 fragments; the skull found belonged to a man in his twenties. He was about 1.65 m, and weighted around 45-55 kg. Other remains are two mandibles, belonging to a woman in her fifties, and to a man, about 20-25 years old. It looks like they did not know how to use fire yet. It also looks like they might have been cannibals, or that they preferred to scavenge for food, rather than hunt. Some bones of rhinoceros, horses, wild sheep (called Mouflon), Tahrs (resemble wild goats), Muskox (some kind of bovine), deer, and reindeer have been found in the cave. There is an ongoing debate if this hominian is directly related to the Neanderthal - If they aren't they would be Homines erecti (currently they are classified as H. erectus Tautavelensis). If they are direct predecessors of the Neanderthals, they would be Homo heidelbergensis.

Valea Satului River (Jiblea)
The Valea Satului River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Aninoasa River (Olt)
The Aninoasa River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Iovanul River
The Iovanul River is a tributary of the Baraolt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Baraolt River.

Bradu River (Baraolt)
The Bradu River is a tributary of the Baraolt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Baraolt River.

Choveş River
The Choveş River is a tributary of the Bradu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bradu River.

Ulmul River (Baraolt)
The Ulmul River is a tributary of the Bradu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bradu River.

Tautavel man
Tautavel man is the name of an extinct hominian. They lived about 300.000-450.000 years ago., It is named after fossils found in a cave on the site named Caune de l'Arago, near Tautavel, France. The first fossils were found there in 1971. The fossils date from between 300.000 and 450.000 years ago. They consist of over 80 fragments; the skull found (pictured) belonged to a man in his twenties. He was about 1.65 m, and weighted around 45-55 kg. Other remains are two mandibles, belonging to a woman in her fifties, and to a man, about 20-25 years old. It looks like they did not know how to use fire yet. It also looks like they might have been cannibals, or that they preferred to scavenge for food, rather than hunt. Bones of rhinoceros, horses, wild sheep (called Mouflon), Tahrs (resemble wild goats), Muskox (some kind of bovine), deer, and reindeer have been found in the cave. There is an ongoing debate if this hominid is directly related to the Neanderthal - If they aren't they would be Homines erecti.. If they are direct predecessors of the Neanderthals, they would be Homo heidelbergensis. It has been proposed to classify them as "Homo erectus Tautavelensis".

Baseball glove
A baseball glove, or mitt, is a leather glove that baseball players use to catch a baseball that are hit by a batter or thrown by a fielder.
History.
Catcher Doug Allison in 1870 was the first ever to wear baseball gloves. Doug's hands were split and cracked open from catching in other games earlier in the week. He chose to wear something that would protect his hands so that they wouldn't be damaged more, so he wore baseball gloves, but he was laughed at and mocked by his teammates.
Five years later in 1875, Charlie Waitt, a St. Louis outfielder and first baseman who in 1875 used a pair of flesh-colored gloves, but he was also laughed by his teammates. Although baseball gloves were not used very much at first when they were first made, more and more baseball players started to use baseball gloves over time, probably when baseball star Albert Spalding began playing first base with a baseball glove. When he started to wear them, more infielders started to use gloves also because he was famous. Before the mid 1890s, baseball gloves were worn normally by baseball players. Soon, all baseball players started to wear baseball gloves.
In, Bill Doak, a pitcher for the St. Louis Cardinals, suggested that a web be placed between the first finger and the thumb in order to create a pocket. This design soon became added to baseball gloves and webbed gloves were starting to be used by all baseball players.
Since the baseball glove was invented, they have grown to what they look like today. While catching in baseball was two handed, gloves grew to a size that made it easier to catch the ball in the webbing of the glove, and use the off-hand to keep it from falling out. A glove is worn on the non-dominant hand, leaving the dominant hand for throwing the ball; for example, a right-handed player would wear a glove on the left hand. By convention, the type of glove that fits on the left hand is called a "right-handed" or "RH" glove.
The shape and size of the baseball glove is decided by official baseball rules; Section 1.00, Objectives of the Game, defines limits of catcher's, first baseman's and fielder's glove in parts 1.12, 1.13 and 1.14.

Product (chemistry)
A product is the result of a chemical reaction.

Cy Young Award
In baseball, the Cy Young Award is an honor given to the best pitcher in the Major League Baseball. The award was first introduced in 1956 by Commissioner Ford Frick in honor of Hall of Fame pitcher Cy Young, who died in 1955. The award was given to the best pitcher in the major leagues. In 1967, the year after Frick retired as Commissioner, the practice began of honoring one pitcher in each league, the American League, and the National League.
Each league's award is voted on by two members of the Baseball Writers Association of America in each league city, meaning 28 ballots are cast for the American League winner, and 32 for the National League. Each places a vote for first, second, and third place among the pitchers of each league. The formula used to calculate the final scores is a weighted sum of the votes: Score = 5F + 3S + T, where "F" is the number of first place votes, "S" is second place votes, and "T" is third place votes. The pitcher with the highest score in each league wins the award. If two pitchers receive the same number of votes, the award is shared between the two.
The current formula started with the 1970 season. Prior to that, writers only voted for the best pitcher and used a formula of one point per vote.

Zamora River (Prahova)
The Zamora River is a tributary of the Prahova River in Romania. That means it flows into the Prahova River.

Retevoi River
The Retevoi River is a tributary of the Azuga River in Romania. That means it flows into the Azuga River.

Cazacu River
The Cazacu River is a tributary of the Azuga River in Romania. That means it flows into the Azuga River.

Urechea River
The Urechea River is a tributary of the Azuga River in Romania. That means it flows into the Azuga River.

Ermeneasa River
The Ermeneasa River is a tributary of the Doftana River in Romania. That means it flows into the Doftana River.

Ciurezu River
The Ciurezu River is a tributary of the Nera River in Romania. That means it flows into the Nera River.

Joseph Chamberlain
Joseph Chamberlain (8 July 1836 – 2 July 1914), was an important businessman and a politician. He worked to improve education, and cities. He was a Member of Parliament from 1876 to 1914, and Colonial Secretary (controlling British colonies) from 1895 to 1903. His son Austen won the Nobel Peace Prize and another son Neville was Prime Minister from 1937 to 1940.
Early life.
Chamberlain was born in Camberwell in London. His father had a successful shoe company. Joseph was a good student, and won prizes at school in French and mathematics. He left school when he was 16 years old, and became an apprentice in his father's company. When he was 18, he moved to Birmingham to work in his uncle's screw company. He worked for the company until he was 38, and the company became very successful.
Early political life.
Chamberlain was a Unitarian, a Christian who believes Christ was an example of the way to live life, but was not divine (not a part of God). Unitarians try to work to help society. There were many problems in Birmingham after the industrial revolution, and many men were not allowed to vote. In 1868 Chamberlain helped a liberal man to become the Member of Parliament for Birmingham. In 1869, he started a group working for free primary education for all children.
In November 1969, he became a member of Birmingham City Council. There he worked for cheaper land prices for rural (countryside) workers, and became very popular. In 1873 he became the Mayor of Birmingham. He bought the gas companies and water companies for the city, so people were able to have clean and safe water. He made parks, roads, schools museums and built new houses for poor people.
In June 1876 he became the Member of Parliament (MP) for Birmingham. In parliament he worked to unite radical M.P.s (MPs that wanted change) against the Whig party who were in power. His work helped William Ewart Gladstone to become Prime Minister in 1880. Chamberlain often spoke about education in parliament.
Government life.
In 1880, Chamberlain became the President of the Board of Trade, the government minister working to improve trade. He made laws to help other cities to buy private companies, as he had done in Birmingham. He worked to make rents cheaper in Ireland, which was a British colony. At that time, many people believed that Ireland should have its own parliament, but many other people, including Chamberlain strongly disagreed. Chamberlain worked to help trade unions, but warned against socialism, saying that it would bring class war.
In 1885, Lord Salisbury, a conservative, became prime minister, and Chamberlain was no longer in government. The Conservative government made many changes that pleased Chamberlain, including free education for all children. Because Chamberlain and many other liberals disagreed with the Liberal Party about Ireland, Chamberlain made a new party, the Liberal Unionists. The Liberal Unionists shared power with the Conservatives against the Liberal party from 1886, but Chamberlain was not in the government.
Colonial Secretary.
In June 1895, Chamberlain became Colonial Secretary of the government, controlling what happened in British Colonies. Because many European countries, especially Germany and France were growing stronger, Chamberlain wanted all coutries in the British Empire to work together. He also wanted Britain to take more land in Africa. He built a railway along a part of the river Niger to help a British company there to grow. This land, together with the area Sokoto, became modern Nigeria in 1901.
Chamberlain also wanted Britain to control South Africa. He asked for more British soldiers in South Africa. He asked many British colonies to help, and in return helped Australia to get its own constitution. The Boers (Dutch farmers) did not want Britain to control their land, and in 1899 they attacked the British. This was the start of the Second Boer War. At first, Britain had problems fighting the Boers, but in 1900 the British became stronger.
In Autumn 1900, Britain had a General Election. Chamberlain asked people to vote for (choose) the same government (with Prime Minister Salisbury) to help win the war. Because Chamberlain was very popular, many people voted for the government, and they stayed in control. Chamberlain helped Winston Churchill to become a Member of Parliament.
In May 1902, Britain won the Second Boer War. Chamberlain visited South Africa to try to help make a better relationship between the two countries. Back in Britain, he also spoke to Zionist Jews (Jews who wanted their own country) and spoke about giving land in Kenya to them. This plan was never realised. Chamberlain tried to make an alliance with Germany, but when this did not work he made an alliance between France and Britain. This was called the Entente cordiale, and ended hundreds of years of fighting between the two countries.
Later life.
Chamberlain believed that the countries in the British Empire should do business with each other to become strong. To do this, Britain needed to tax imports (goods from other countries). This was called Tariff Reform. The government disagreed, so Chamberlain resigned from (quit) the government. He worked with other MPs to ask for Tariff Reform.
In 1906, just after his 70th birthday, Chamberlain had a stroke that made him very sick. He couldn't work hard, so his son, Austen Chamberlain (who was also an MP) helped him with his work. He died of a heart attack on the 2nd July 1914.
Memorials.
The city of Birmingham changed a lot because of Chamberlain's work. There are many places in Birmingham that have Chamberlain's name. Birmingham University, which he helped to start, has a clock tower with his name. Chamberlain Square in the centre of Birmingham also has a memorial for him.

Pendulum
A pendulum is a mass (any object, usually metal) on an arm, (a pole or string). The arm is attached to a pivot, a point to swing from. The mass will naturally hang down because of gravity, but if it is pushed to one side it will oscillate, swing from side to side. The frequency of the swinging pendulum stays the same.
formula_1
Where π is read 'pi'.
The regular motion of the pendulum can be used for time keeping, and pendulums are used to regulate pendulum clocks.

Trepteanca River
The Treapteanca River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Valea Mare River (Drăgoeşti)
The Valea Mare River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Clocociov River
The Clocociov River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Oraciu River
The Oraciu River or Orociu River is a tributary of the Pustnic River in Romania. That means it flows into the Pustnic River.

Ortelec River
The Ortelec River is a tributary of the Agrij River in Romania. That means it flows into the Agrij River.

Creaca River
The Creaca River is a tributary of the Ortelec River in Romania. That means it flows into the Ortelec River.

Susai River (Azuga)
The Susai River is a tributary of the Azuga River in Romania. That means it flows into the Azuga River.

Peceneaga River
The Peceneaga River is a tributary of the Bistra Mărului River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bistra Mărului River.

Baicu River (Iza)
The Baicu River is a tributary of the Iza River in Romania. That means it flows into the Iza River.

Ieud River
The Ieud River is a tributary of the Iza River in Romania. That means it flows into the Iza River.

Inzel River
The Inzel River is a tributary of the Aiud River in Romania. That means it flows into the Aiud River.

Bedeleu River
The Bedeleu River is a tributary of the Inzel River in Romania. That means it flows into the Inzel River.

Finnix
Finnix is a Debian based Live CD Linux distribution, developed by Ryan Finnie and intended for system administrators for tasks such as filesystem recovery, network monitoring and OS installation. Finnix is a small Linux Distribution, with an ISO download size of approximately 100 MiB.
History.
Finnix was created in 1999, making it one of the oldest Linux distributions with the intent of being run completely from a bootable CD (the other Live CD around at the time was the Linuxcare Bootable Business Card CD, first released in 1999). Finnix 0.01 was based on Red Hat Linux 6.1, and was created to help with administration and recovery of other Linux workstations around Finnie's office..
On 23 October 2005, Finnix 86.0 was released. Earlier unreleased versions (84, and 85.0 through 85.3) were "Knoppix remasters", with support for Linux LVM and dm-crypt being the main reason for creation. However, 86.0 was a departure from Knoppix, and was derived directly from the Debian "testing" tree.
Usage.
Finnix is released as a small bootable CD ISO. A user can download the ISO, burn the image to CD, and boot into a text mode Linux environment. Finnix requires at least 32MiB RAM to run properly, but can use more if present. Most hardware devices are detected and dealt with automatically, such as hard drives, network cards and USB devices. A user can modify files nearly anywhere on the running CD via UnionFS, a filesystem that can stack a read-write filesystem (in this case, a dynamic ramdisk) on top of a read-only filesystem (the CD media). Any changes made during the Finnix session are transparently written to RAM and discarded upon shutdown. In addition, Finnix uses SquashFS to keep distribution size low.
Finnix can be run completely within RAM, provided the system has at least 192 MiB RAM available.

Gibraltar (Linux distribution)
Gibraltar Firewall is a Linux distribution based on Debian. Gibraltar is used to secure local area networks as a firewall software. The current version is 2.5, published on 2007-09-10.
Dr. Rene Mayrhofer made Gibraltar Firewall in 1999. Since January 2003, the company eSYS Information Systems is responsible for the development of Gibraltar.
Gibraltar Linux is based on free Software, which was enhanced by a web based administration tool. For running the firewall, no hard disk is needed, because Gibraltar is able to start up and run directly off CDROM. Configuration data can be stored on floppy disk or USB sticks.
Since version 2.4, Gibraltar is also available in combination with several hardware platforms. On this appliances, Gibraltar boots up from compact flash.

Mandible
The mandible is a bone found in vertebrates. The name comes from Latin "mandibula". This can be translated as "jawbone". Sometimes it is also called inferior maxillary bone. Together with the maxilla, it is the largest and strongest bone of the face. It forms the lower jaw and holds the lower teeth in place.

Homo heidelbergensis
"Homo heidelbergensis" ("Heidelberg Man") is an extinct species of the genus "Homo". It is perhaps the direct ancestor of "Homo neanderthalensis" in Europe. Today, some scientists beileve that the Neanderthal is not directly related to the modern man (H. sapiens sapiens). More likely they are related to hominins called "Homo sapiens idaltu" that migrated from Africa to Europe again. The European forms of "Homo heidelbergensis" are therefore not thought to be direct ancestors of modern "Homo sapiens". "Homo antecessor" is likely a direct ancestor living 750,000 years ago. It might have evolved into "Homo heidelbergensis". It appeared in the fossil record living roughly 600,000 to 250,000 years ago in various areas of Europe.
"Homo heidelbergensis" remains were found in Mauer near Heidelberg, Germany and then later in Arago, France and Petralona, Greece. The best evidence found for these hominins date between 400,000 and 500,000 years ago.
"H. heidelbergensis" stone tool technology was considerably close to that of the Acheulean tools used by "Homo erectus". The first fossil discovery of this species was made on October 21, 1907 and came from Mauer where the workman Daniel Hartmann spotted a jaw in a sandpit. The jaw was in good condition except for the missing premolar teeth, which were eventually found near the jaw. The workman gave it to professor Otto Schoetensack from the University of Heidelberg, who identified and named the fossil.
Most current experts believe that Rhodesian Man, found in Africa, belongs to the group "Homo heidelbergensis".
Interpretations.
Both Homo antecessor and Homo heidelbergensis proably evolved from Homo ergaster from Africa. Homo heidelbergensis had a much larger brain (1.100 cm3 to 1.400 cm3; modern Humans have about 1.350 cm3) and more advanced tools. It was therefore given its own species. It was also very tall (1.80 m on average). It was more muscular than the modern human.
They were good hunters.
Cut marks found on wild deer, elephants, rhinos and horses demonstrate that they were butchered. Some of the animals weighed as much as 700 kg (1,500 lb) or more. During this era, now-extinct wild animals such as mammoths, European lions and Irish elk lived on the European continent.
They may have buried their dead.
Recent findings in Atapuerca suggest that "H. heidelbergensis" may have been the first species of the "Homo" genus to bury their dead. This is however still discussed among scientists. Some experts believe that "H. heidelbergensis", like its descendant "H. neanderthalensis" learened a primitive form of language. No forms of art or sophisticated artifacts other than stone tools have been uncovered, although red ochre, a mineral that can be used to create a red pigment which is useful as a paint, has been found at Terra Amata excavations in the south of France.

Austen Chamberlain
Sir Joseph Austen Chamberlain, KG (16 October 1863 – 17 March 1937) was a British politician. He received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1925. His father was another important politician, Joseph Chamberlain, and his half-brother (they had a different mother) was Neville Chamberlain, British Prime Minister from 1937 to 1940.
Early Life.
Austen was born in Birmingham on the 16 October 1863, but two days later his mother died. His grandparents looked after him and his sister, Beatrice. Austen went to Rugby school, a famous private school, and then studied at the University of Cambridge. He then studied in a political college in Paris and at a university in Berlin. He returned to Britain in 1888.
Parliament.
In 1892, Chamberlain became a Member of Parliament for Worcestershire, as a member of his father's party, the Liberal Unionist Party. The Liberal Unionists worked to keep Ireland as a part of the United Kingdom. Chamberlain worked hard for his father, and in 1895 the prime minister gave him a job helping to run the Royal Navy. Chamberlain became important very quickly. In 1903 the new prime minister, Balfour gave him the job of controlling the Post Office. Then in 1904 he became Chancellor of the Exchequer, responsible for the economy.
In 1906, the government lost the general election, and Chamberlain lost his job in the government. When his father became ill because of a stroke, he helped his father by fighting against Home Rule, the plan to make Ireland independent. In the First World War, Chamberlain got the job responsible for India, and after the war he became Chancellor of the Exchequer again. Here he helped Britain to recover from the war. He was leader of the Conservative Party from 1921 to 1922.
Foreign Secretary.
In 1924, the Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin gave Chamberlain the job of Foreign Secretary, working with important people from other countries. In 1925. At this time, France and Germany were arguing about war reparations, money paid by the Germans to the countries that won the First World War. Many people were worried that war might start again. Chamberlain met with Gustav Stresemann, the German Foreign secretary. Together with Aristide Briand, they signed the Locarno Pact, an agreement never to use the military to solve problems again. For this, all three men won the nobel Peace Prize, Chamberlain in 1925, Briand and Stresemann in 1926.
Warnings about Hitler.
After the 1929 general election, Chamberlain lost his job as Foreign Secretary. He stayed in parliament, and often argued with the government about their foreign policy (plans). From 1934 until his death in 1937, Chamberlain warned the government about the Nazi Germany, who were building a larger military. Together with Winston Churchill, he argued that Britain should build its military too.
Austen Chamberlain died on 17th March 1937, shortly before his half-brother, Neville Chamberlain became Prime Minister.

Tabasco
Tabasco is a state in south-west Mexico About 2,000,000 people live there. Its capital is called Villahermosa.

Silent barter
Silent barter is what is done when traders who cannot speak each other's language can trade without talking. This was used in many parts of ancient Africa. Silent bartering was mainly used during 500 A.D to 1500 A.D.
To do a silent barter, one group of traders would go to a certain location, leaving whatever they are offering to trade. The other group of traders would then decide if they would like to accept the goods (usually salt or gold) that were left. If the goods met with approval, the second group would then take the goods, leave their own goods in return, and leave because the person accepted the offer. This system of trading was used mostly in Ancient Ghana.

Tamaulipas
Tamaulipas is a state in the northeast of Mexico. About 3,025,000 people live there. Its capital is called Ciudad Victoria.

Zacatecas
Zacatecas is a state in central Mexico. About 1,360,000 people live there. The capital is also called Zacatecas

Petal
A petal is the colored parts of a flower. They often bring insects and birds to the flower.

Marigold
Species with the common name marigold include members of the Asteraceae as well as other plant families.

Moisturizer
A moisturiser (or moisturizer) is a liquid that is used for softening the skin.

Vidalia onions
Vidalia onions are native to Toombs County, Georgia. They are unique from other onions in that they are sweeter in taste. Southeast Georgia’s mild climate, the area’s sandy, low sulfur soil, exclusive seedvarieties, and precise farming practices make this original sweet onion, mild and flavorful.

Hardcover
A hardcover is a kind of book. They have hard covers and binding instead of soft ones. This means that they do not rip or tear as easily. The covers are often made out of cardboard covered with cloth. Hardcover books are also more expensive to make, and more expensive to buy.

Straw
Straw is a type of grass. It is often used to feed animals.

Breathing
Breathing takes oxygen in and carbon dioxide out of the body.

Cheeseburger
A cheeseburger is a hamburger with cheese on it.

Calorie
The "calorie" is a pre-SI unit of energy, most common in heat.
It is the amount of energy required to make one gram of water to increase in heat by one Kelvin.
When on a food label, the term "Calorie" refers to kilocalories, or 1000 calories.

Portland, Maine
Portland is the largest city in the U.S. state of Maine. The city's population was 64,249 as of the 2000 Census

Coweta County, Georgia
Coweta County is a county in the U.S. state of Georgia. As of 2000, the population was 89,215. The county seat is Newnan, Georgia. It was named for a Creek Indian Tribe that lived in the area.

Intoxication
Intoxication is the state of being affected by one or more psychoactive drugs. It can also refer to the effects caused by the ingestion of poison or by the overconsumption of normally harmless substances.

Gilgit District
The Gilgit District is bounded by the Wakhan Corridor of (Afghanistan) in the north, Xinjiang (China) in the north and northeast, Skardu District in the south and southeast. The capital of the Gilgit District is Gilgit town.
The district includes Gilgit town, Naltar, Hunza, Gojal (Upper Hunza) and Shimshal. It also includes many small villages like Minapin, Hopar, and Hispar. The Haramosh valley, currently located within the Gilgit District, was previously located within the Skardu District.
The highest peak in the Gilgit District is Distaghil Sar (7,885 meters), which is the 19th-highest mountain in the world.

Zoë (Sesame Street)
Zoë is Elmo's best friend on Sesame Street. She is orange with red hair.

Driveway
A driveway mostly means a road that leads to a house.

Olympia Snowe
Olympia Snowe (born on February 21, 1947, in Augusta, Maine) was elected to the US Senate in 1994, that made her the first woman in the United States's history in both houses of the state legislature and both houses of the Congress, and the second woman Senator in history to represent Maine. She is the first Greek woman ever elected to Congress.

Ghanche District
Ghanche District is the easternmost district of the Northern Areas, Pakistan. To its northeast is Xinjiang, China, to the north and northwest is Skardu District, to its west is Astore District and to its south is Leh District (Ladakh Division) in the Indian occupied territories of Indian Occupied Kashmir. The line of control along the eastern most region of Ghanche District cuts through the Siachen Glacier and is not permanent because of the conflict (It has been proposed by moderates in Pakistan and India to make the Siachen Glacier region a Peace Park).
The capital of Ghanche District is Khaplu. This is the coldest place within Pakistan also called the "Third Pole" with temperatures reaching below -20°C in the winter. Khaplu and Hushe valleys form the gateway for the great Baltoro Muztagh, the subrange of Karakoram that includes the mighty peaks of K2 (8,611 m), Broad Peak (8,047 m), Gasherbrums (8,000+ m) and Masherbrum (7,821 m) (all of which are included in the Skardu District).

Polyester
Polyester is a type of material of which clothes are made. It can be used to stuff pillows and make wood filling.

Bowdon, Georgia
Bowdon is a city in Carroll County, Georgia, United States. As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 1,959. Bowdon is known as "The Friendly City."

She
She is a third-person singular pronoun used to talk about a female.

Law enforcement
Law enforcement is another way of talking about the work of police officers. Law enforcement can also be the work of soldiers in emergencies.
Police officers work to make sure people keep laws made by politicians and judges.

Ghizar District
Ghizar District is northernmost part of the Northern Areas of Pakistan. Its capital is Gakuch. Ghizer is also a contact point between Gilgit District and Chitral District (which are connected via Shandur Pass). Ghizer is a multi ethnic district and three major languages are spoken. Khowar, Shina and Burushaski are spoken in Ghizer. There are also a few Wakhi speakers in Ishkoman.

Evening
The evening is the period in which the daylight is decreasing, between the late afternoon and night. A period of time near sunset.

Sesame Street
Sesame Street is a children's television series that uses muppets. The show is about things such as music, song, alphabet, numbers, and teaching children basics in learning.

Baltistan District
Baltistan District is part of Baltistan and currently constitutes one of the six districts of Northern Areas of Pakistan. It is bounded on the east by Ghanche District, on the northeast by Xinjiang, (China), on the south by Baramullah District and Kargil District, on the west by district Astore and on the north by Gilgit District.
This area is claimed by some in India as it used to be a part of the princely state of Jammu & Kashmir (it was one of the six regions of the State). Skardu town is the capital of Skardu District. As of 1948, Skardu and Baltistan are part of Ladakh province of J&K.

Arthur Davidson
Arthur Davidson (February 11, 1881 - December 30, 1950) is one of the four co-founders of Harley-Davidson Motorcycles. He and his wife died in a car accident in 1950. Arther, his two brothers Walter and William started the company in 1903 with William Harley. Arther was mainly in charge of sales for the company.
When he was not working for the company, Davidson like to raise Guernsey cattle at his farm west of Milwaukee, Wisconsin. He was well known for giving money and other things such as land to organizations such as the Boy Scouts.

Diamir District
The Diamir District is a first-order administrative division of the Pakistani-controlled territory known as the Northern Areas and is the district in which the Karakoram Highway enters that territory from Pakistan's NWFP. The capital of the Diamir District is Chilas. In 2004, the Diamir District was reduced in size as a result of the creation of the new Astore District from Diamir's easternmost tehsil. (See map.)
The Diamir District is bounded by the Astore District in the east, Pakistan's NWFP in the southwest (separated by the Babusar Pass or Babusar Top), Neelum District of Azad Kashmir in the south, the Ghizar District in the north and northwest, and the Gilgit District in the north and northeast.
Before the Karakoram Highway was opened in 1978, the only road reaching Gilgit town from the south was a rough track north from Balakot to Babusar Pass (via Kaghan, Naran, Besal, and Gittidas) and further north through Babusar Gah to Chilas. The road up to Besal is now in better condition, but from Besal to Babusar Pass, the road is still a rough track.

Parade
A parade is a group of people who all walk together, usually down a street or road. People who walk in parades are often dressed in a costume, and followed by marching bands, floats or large balloons.
Reasons.
They are often held on holidays or to honor someone. Parades are held for many reasons, but are usually for celebrations of some kind.
Military Parades.
A military parade is one of the most common parades. It is when soldiers march in public. Usually they are followed by tanks and other military vehicles. Military parades are often held after a battle or war has been won. In the United States, military parades are usually held on Veterans Day and Independence Day.
Famous Parades.
One of the most famous parades is the Macy's Thanksgiving Day parade in New York City. Over 44 million people watch this parade on television each year.

Pokémon Diamond and Pearl
"Pokémon Diamond and Pearl" are two role-playing games made by Game Freak and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo DS handheld. They're the fourth main Pokémon game in the series, and bring the number of Pokémon types to 493.
A sister game is going to be released in Japan in Autumn 2008, and in the USA and UK in 2009, called "Pokémon Platinum".

Bengal cat
Bengal cats are a hybrid (mixed) breed of cat. They were bred to be even-tempered house cats (cats that don't get angry easily). Most bengal cats are spotted and weigh 7 to 20 pounds (3 to 9 kilogrammes).

Pokémon Red and Blue
and, released in Japan as "Pokémon Red" and, are two role-playing games. They were made by Game Freak and published by Nintendo, and are the first two video games in the Pokémon series. They were first released for the Game Boy in Japan in 1996. They were later released to the rest of the world in 1998 (North America) and 1999 (Europe and Australia.) "Pokémon Yellow", a special version, was released one year later in each region. These three games ("Pokémon Red", "Blue", and "Yellow",) and "Pokémon Stadium", make up the first generation of "Pokémon" video game series. "Pokémon Red" and "Blue" have later been remade for the Game Boy Advance into "Pokémon FireRed" and "LeafGreen", released in 2004.
The games are set in the fantasy world of Kanto and follow the adventure of the main character, Red, in his quest to learn Pokémon battling. Both games have almost the same plot, but the player must trade among the two in order to complete the games' Pokédexes. The Kanto Saga of the Pokémon anime is based on the games' plots.
"Pokémon Red" and "Blue" got good reviews, and their releases started the beginning of what would become a multi-billion dollar company, both selling millions of copies around the world.
Pokémon FireRed and LeafGreen.
Pokemon FireRed and LeafGreen are for the Game Boy Advance are new versions of Pokemon Red and Blue.

Pokémon Gold and Silver
"Pokémon Gold" and "Silver" are two role-playing games made by Game Freak and published by Nintendo for the Game Boy Color handheld. They're the second games in the Pokémon series, and increased the number of Pokémon to 251. The Pokémon Lugia and Ho-oh are on the covers.
"Pokémon Gold" and "Silver" had a remake called "Pokémon Crystal", which had the Pokémon Suicune on the cover.

Waveform
The waveform is the shape of a wave as it travels. There are many different waveforms. They are usually a shape which is repeated over and over (a "periodic waveform"). A common waveform is the sine wave. It is normally not possible to see a waveform without some device.
Root mean square.
The amplitude of the sine wave keeps changing from -339.4 V to +339.4 V.
Root mean square is important. It lets us work out many useful things, like power and heating in a wire.
This table has information about working out the rms for some waveforms.

Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire
"Pokémon Ruby" and "Sapphire" are two role-playing games made by Game Freak and published by Nintendo for the Game Boy Advance handheld. They're the third main games in the Pokémon series, and increased the number of Pokémon to 386. The Pokémon Groudon and Kyogre are on the covers.
"Pokémon Ruby" and "Sapphire" had a remake called "Pokémon Emerald", which had the Pokémon Rayquaza on the cover.

Wii Sports
"Wii Sports" is a sports game made by Nintendo for the Wii system. It was bundled with the Wii, and has tennis, golf, baseball, bowling, and boxing.

Manchester Airport
Manchester Airport is a major airport in Manchester, England. Opening to passenger traffic in June 1938, it was initially known as Ringway Airport. During World War II it officially became RAF Ringway, and from 1975 until 1986 the title Manchester International Airport was used. The airport complex is almost entirely located within the city of Manchester boundaries—the exception being the second runway, which lies mostly in neighbouring Cheshire.
Manchester Airport competes with other airports nearby such as Liverpool Airport and Leeds Bradford Airport.

Heaton Park
Heaton Park is the largest municipal park in the Greater Manchester region, and one of the largest in both the United Kingdom and Europe. It contains many animal reserves and also has a few listed buildings.

Super Mario Bros. 3
"Super Mario Bros. 3" is a 1988 platform game made by Nintendo for the Nintendo Entertainment System game console. It was a big hit and sold 40 million copies. It precedes "Super Mario Bros. 2" (1986) and was followed by "Super Mario World" in 1992.
Plot.
Bowser has taken over the Mushroom Kingdom again. This time he and his seven children, called the Koopa Kids, have each taken over one of the worlds. Princess Toadstool asks Mario and Luigi to help.
Gameplay.
This game goes back the original platform conventions of "Super Mario Bros.". Like that game, Mario jumps, runs, and hits enemies. However, he does not touch a flag and reach a castle. At the end of the level, he hits a spinning block, which will yield a flawer, mushroom, or star block. When he gets three blocks, he will be rewarded. Three stars will result in five lives. If he gets a mix, he will not get any new lives.
A new item is a box. The box enables Mario or Luigi to store items that they acquire. Before entering the level, Mario or Luigi can select the item and use it. One such item is the Starman. It will make them super strong and everything they touch will die, for a short time. Another item is the anchor. All seven bosses float around in large ships. If Mario tries to beat them and loses, the ship will move around the world. If Mario uses the anchor, however, the ship will stay still and won't move.

Super Mario World
"Super Mario World" is a platform game made by Nintendo for the Super NES system.
Plot.
In this game, Bowser has kidnapped Princess Toadstool after she, Mario, and Luigi vacation to Dinosaur Land. Mario and Luigi must rescue her and seven Yoshi eggs from Bowser and his Koopalings.
Gameplay.
This game adds several new things. One such thing is the addition of Yoshi. Yoshi has been kidnapped. When Mario releases him, he can then ride on Yoshi. Yoshi also has several other colored friends – blue, red, and yellow – which Mario must also free. While on Yoshi, Mario can make Yoshi swallow things. If Yoshi holds a blue shell, he gains wins and Mario can fly for a short time before Yoshi swallows it.
This game also has a new item called the cape. When Mario gets a running start, he can fly in the air and hang there for a short period of time. He can twist the cape to also knock out enemies. He can also come down at a steep angle and pound the ground to knock enemies out.
Finally, the inventory system has been changed. Mario has one box at the top of the screen where he can store one item. If Mario goes back to small Mario, the item will start dropping right away.

GnuLinEx
gnuLinEx, or LinEx, is a Linux distribution based on Debian which uses GNOME as its desktop.
It is promoted and created by the regional government of Extremadura, Spain, gnuLinEx is intended to be used in all schools in Extremadura, as well as in government offices. The regional government of Extremadura also wants people to use it for business and home use as well.
gnuLinEx works only on computers whose processor is based on the i386 architecture.
School LinEx.
School LinEx is a gnuLinEx variant oriented toward teachers. It consists of three user profiles, each for a cycle of primary. All of them are personalized and full of contents and educational software for every pupil.
Users.
As of May 2003, 200000 LinEx CDs had been distributed free by local newspapers, and 70000 copies of the operating system had been downloaded from the web site. About 10% of the inhabitants of Extremadura might use LinEx.
gnuLinEx in secondary schools.
Nowadays gnuLinEx is principally in the public institutes of secondary education of the Extremaduran community, having a computer (with gnuLinEx installed) for every two pupils, or for every table.

University of Manchester
The University of Manchester is a university in Manchester, England. In 2007-08, it had over 40,000 students studying 500 academic programmes, and more than 10,000 staff and an annual income of £637 million. It's the largest single-campus University in the United Kingdom.

Manchester Ship Canal
The Manchester Ship Canal is a wide, long, river navigation in North West England, opened on 21 May 1894. At the time of its completion, it was the largest navigation canal in the world.
The "Big Ditch", as it is sometimes known, consists of the rivers Irwell and Mersey made navigable for seagoing ships from the Mersey Estuary to Salford Docks in Greater Manchester. It transformed Manchester from a landlocked city into a major sea port.

Áo dài
The aodai ("áo dài") is the national costume of Vietnam for women. Vietnamese wear aodai for formal occasions, at school or for work. The aodai is found in every part of Vietnam and in overseas Vietnamese communities.
A modern aodai has two parts: a high collar, long, loosely fitting dress; and a trousers which reach to ankles. Aodais may have colorful designs with flowers, birds, and pictures. The equivalent garment for men is called an "áo gấm". Because tunics are usually made of transparent fabrics, people who wear ao dai should wear underwear.
The price of an aodai is reasonable, but may be expensive depending on fabrics.

Kanotix
Kanotix, also referred to as KANOTIX, is a Linux distribution Live CD (LiveDistro) based on Debian (until 2006 "unstable", in 2007 KANOTIX moved to Debian Etch) with advanced hardware detection. It can run from an optical disc drive without using a hard disk.
Kanotix uses KDE as the default desktop environment. GNOME and other window managers can be downloaded using APT.
The name "Kanotix" is derived from the founder's nickname "Kano". Kanotix's mascot is a fangtooth.
Content.
Kanotix is based on Debian stable (currently "Etch"). It contains a lot of backports. So many of the main applications are more recent than are available in Etch.
Installation.
Kanotix can be installed to the hard disk using the (graphical), which, depending on optical drive, hard disk and processor speed, can take around 10 - 20 minutes.
History.
In 2003 Jörg Schirottke was known with the nickname "Kano" in the former Knoppix-Forum (no more available). The distribution derived from " ". He wrote about Knoppix: "I like it much, but I had to improve it:)". So he did. One of the main differences from Knoppix was the support of hard disk installation.
The first "Kanotix"-preview was released at 24 December 2003 "KANOTIX XMAS 2003 PREVIEW".
In 2004 and 2005 KANOTIX was a popular distribution ranking in the "top 20" of "distrowatch.com".. In 2004 the releases were named "Bug Hunter" (Bug Hunter-01-2004 - X-2004). After problems with the stability in 2006 Jörg "Kano" Schirottke decided to move from Debian Sid to a less volatile basis.
In October 2006 the main Kanotix co-developer (and most of Kanotix's other developers) left the project, to start sidux, another distribution based on Debian sid. The last Kanotix release based on Debian Sid was 2006-01-RC4.

Sokoto
Sokoto is a city in the northwest of Nigeria, near to where the Sokoto River and Rima River meet. The people in Sokoto are mostly Muslims. Sokoto was the capital city of Gobir from the 10th century. Sokoto was made as a caliphate, an Islamic state, in the 19th century.
From around 1900, the British took control of Sokoto, which then made up a large part of the north-west corner of Nigeria. Sokoto became a province (area) of the British colony of Nigeria.

Moca, Dominican Republic
The dominican city of Moca is the head municipality of the Espaillat province, located in the Cibao Valley.
Population.
The municipality had, in 2002, a total population of 131,733: 65,531 men and 66,202 women. The urban population was 44.92% of the total population. In this numbers are included the population of the municipal districts Canca la Reina, El Higüerito, La Ortega, Las Lagunas and Monte de la Jagua.
Economy.
The main economic activity of the province is agriculture and the main products are plantain, cassava, coffee and cacao.

Niger Delta
The Niger Delta, the delta of the Niger River, is an area where many people live in Nigeria.
Nigeria has become Africa's biggest producer of petroleum, and there are many oil wells in the Niger Delta. The natural gas from the oil wells is all burnt, causing environmental problems.
Because of the money from petroleum production, there have been many political problems in recent times. For example, many oil workers have been taken as hostages.

Batting (baseball)
In baseball, batting is the act of going against the other team's pitcher and trying to hit the baseball ball. A batter or hitter is the player who swings his bat to try to hit the ball. In Major League Baseball, pitchers usually do not bat unless they are playing in the National League where batters have to bat even if they are pitchers. In the American League, pitchers do not bat, and only pitch.

My Happy Ending
My Happy Ending is a song written and produced by Avril Lavigne and Butch Walker for Lavigne's second album, Under My Skin (2004).

Club (weapon)
A club (also known as cudgel, baton, truncheon, night stick, and bludgeon) is a weapon used for mainly used to hit someone or something. A club is a short staff, or stick, usually made of wood, and used as a weapon.
A club can be used in one or two hands, but it is usually used in one hand. Clubs that need both hands to be used are called quarterstaffs in English. Many kinds of clubs are used in martial arts and other fields, including the law enforcement baton.
The wounds caused by a club are known as "bludgeoning" or "blunt-force trauma" injuries.

Parental advisory
Parental Advisory is a sticker that tells parents that something may not be suitable for children. The sticker is usually placed on Music CDs. It tells parents that the texts of the songs contain words or phrases that some consider bad for children.

Itzhak Perlman
Itzhak Perlman (born August 31, 1945) is an Israeli-American violinist. He is one of the greatest violinists of this time.
Life.
Perlman was born in Tel Aviv which, three years later, became part of the state of Israel. When he was small he listened to the violin on the radio and decided he wanted to play it. He studied at the Academy of Music in Tel Aviv. Then he moved to the United States to study at the Juilliard School with Ivan Galamian and Dorothy DeLay. He made his debut (first public performance) at the Carnegie Hall in 1963. In 1964 he won the Leventritt Competition. Soon afterward he began to tour widely. He also appeared on American television in shows including "Sesame Street". He was invited to play at the White House.
Perlman had been ill with polio at the age of four. He got better, and managed to learn to walk again with the use of crutches. Today, he still walks with crutches and plays the violin sitting down.
In 1987, he joined the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra for their concerts in Warsaw and Budapest, as well as other Eastern bloc countries. He toured with the IPO in the spring of 1990 for their first-ever performance in the USSR, with concerts in Moscow and Leningrad, and toured with the IPO again in 1994, performing in China and India.
Perlman usually plays solos, but he also plays chamber music with other musicians, including Yo-Yo Ma, Jessye Norman and, especially, with Pinchas Zukerman.
Perlman usually plays classical music but sometimes he plays jazz. He made an album made with jazz pianist Oscar Peterson, and klezmer. Perlman has been a soloist for a number of movie scores, including the score of the 1993 film "Schindler's List" by John Williams.
Perlman plays on a special Stradivarius violin called the "Soil Stradivarius", made in 1714. He also plays on a Guarneri del Gesu made about 1743.
In recent years, Perlman has also begun to conduct, taking the post of principal guest conductor at the Detroit Symphony Orchestra.
Perlman has made many recordings and received many great honours.
Itzhak Perlman lives in New York City with his wife. They have five children.

Keep Holding On
Keep Holding On is a 2006 song by Avril Lavigne. It was on the Eargon soundtrack, as well as the album The Best Damn Thing. It was Avril Lavigne's first CD song (but not CD single) released in North America since Fall To Pieces. It was released in Australia on the iTunes Store as a digital download.

Telstra
Telstra is the national telecom service in Australia.

Maxim Vengerov
Maxim Vengerov (born August 20, 1974) is a famous Russian violinist.
Life.
He was born in Novosibirsk. His parents were musicians. His mother was a singer who was the director of a children’s orphanage. His father was the first oboist of the Novosibirsk Philharmonic Symphony Orchestra. He started to learn the violin when he was five. When he was seven he went to Moscow with his grandparents and teacher to study at The Central Special Music School, a specialist school which was linked with the Tchaikovsky Conservatory.
At the age of ten, after his grandfather became ill, the family went back to Novosibirsk, where Maxim studied with Zakhar Bron. He was still only ten when he won the Junior Wieniawski violin competition. At the age of 11, he played at the opening concert of the Eighth Tchaikovsky competition. When Bron left Russia in 1987 to teach at the Royal Academy of Music in London, Vengerov and his mother followed him there. They also followed Bron when he moved to Lübeck to open a school there.
In 1990, Vengerov and his family emigrated to Israel where his father continued his profession as an orchestral oboist in Israel. Vengerov took Israeli citizenship and served for a short time in the Israeli Army.
Career.
At age 15, Vengerov won the Carl Flesch International Violin Competition in London. He soon became very famous. He gave concerts, master classes, and recording contracts. He played as a representative of UNICEF and performed in Africa for charity.
In 2004, Vengerov took a six-month break from his solo career, during which he learned jazz improvisation and the electric violin. He also learned to dance Argentine tango.
In 2008 Vengerov announced that he was stopping his violin career to focus on teaching and conducting.

Doctor Zoidberg
Doctor Zoidberg is a fictional character from the 1999 television show "Futurama". He is an alien that looks like both a lobster and a human. He is voiced by Billy West, who also voices Philip J. Fry, and other characters from "Futurama". He is a doctor but he is very bad at it.

Rudi Dutschke
Rudi Dutschke born Alfred Willi Rudi Dutschke (March 7, 1940 – December 24, 1979, Århus, Denmark) was a spokesperson of the left-wing German student movement of the 1960s. He famously split from those who went on to form the violent Red Army Faction. Instead he wanted to have 'a long march through the institutions' of power to create radical change from within government and society by becoming an integral part of the machinery. This was an idea he took up from Antonio Gramsci and the Frankfurt school of Cultural Marxism.
In 1968, he survived an assassination attempt which seriously injured him. He had to re-learn how to speak altogether. As a consequence of the attempt, he developed epilepsy. He drowned in his bath tub 12 years later. This was caused by an epileptic seizure he had.

Cinculeasa River
The Cinculeasa River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Lunca Mare River
The Lunca Mare River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Madicea River
The Madicea River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Loc River (Madicea)
The Loc River is a tributary of the Madicea River in Romania. That means it flows into the Madicea River.

Groapa Apei River
The Groapa Apei River is a tributary of the Madicea River in Romania. That means it flows into the Madicea River.

Hidegviz River
The Hidegviz River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Mitaciul River
The Mitaciul River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Mitaciul Mare River
The Mitaciul Mare River is a headwater of the Mitaciul River in Romania.

Mitaciul Mic River
The Mitaciul Mic River is a headwater of the Mitaciul River in Romania.

Valea Mare River (Sâncrăieni)
The Valea Mare River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Murgul Mic River
The Murgul Mic River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Murgul Mare River
The Murgul Mare River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Valea Baciului River (Olt)
The Valea Baciului River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Porcu River (Uria)
The Porcu River is a tributary of the Fericea River in Romania. That means it flows into the Fericea River.

Sportswear
Sportswear is clothing, including footwear, worn for playing sports or to exercise.
Sportswear includes shorts, tracksuits, T-shirts, polo shirts and trainers. It also includes some underwear, such as the jockstrap. Sportswear is also often worn as casual fashion clothing.
Sports athletes wear a combination of different items of clothing such as sport shoes, pants and shirts. Some athletes wear personal armour such as helmets or American football body armour.

Uniform number (Major League Baseball)
Uniform numbers are used to tell and identify different baseball players's and coach's. Over time, numbers can have a much more meaning to the player and fans. A number can be symbolic of a player's legacy, and has resulted in all kinds of superstition (or rumors). Uniforms numbers are put behind baseball uniforms.

New York Knickerbockers (baseball)
The New York Knickerbockers were one of the first organized baseball teams who played the baseball rules that are still used today. The team was started by Alexander Cartwright, who is told be one of the original developers of modern baseball.
In 1849, the New York Knickerbockers wore the first ever recorded baseball uniform.

Los Angeles Dodgers
The Los Angeles Dodgers are a Major League Baseball team in Los Angeles, California, USA. The team plays in the Western Division of the National League. The team played in Brooklyn, New York when it was started in 1883, where it was known as the Brooklyn Dodgers, before moving to Los Angeles before the 1958 season.

Oakland Athletics
The Oakland Athletics are a professional Major League Baseball team based in Oakland, California. The Athletics are a member of the Western Division of the American League. From to today, the Athletics have played in McAfee Coliseum.

Pittsburgh Pirates
The Pittsburgh Pirates are a professional Major League Baseball team based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. They play in the Central Division of the National League. They have won five World Series championships. The Pirates are also often called the Bucs or the Buccos.

Lupul River (Uria)
The Lupul River is a tributary of the Uria River in Romania. That means it flows into the Uria River.

Izvorul Mic River
The Izvorul Mic River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Belinul Mic River
The Belinul Mic River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Belinul Mare River
The Belinul Mare River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Langa River
The Langa River is a tributary of the Teslui River in Romania. That means it flows into the Teslui River.

Potopin River
The Potopin River is a tributary of the Teslui River in Romania. That means it flows into the Teslui River.

Valea Ursului River (Lotrioara)
The Valea Ursului River is a headwater of the Lotrioara River in Romania.

Valea Rea River (Lotrioara)
The Valea Rea River is a tributary of the Lotrioara River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lotrioara River.

Valea Sasului River (Lotrioara)
The Valea Sasului River or Sasul River is a tributary of the Lotrioara River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lotrioara River.

Porcescu River
The Porcescu River is a headwater of the Argel River in Romania.

Rediu River (Albuia)
The Rediu River is a tributary of the Albuia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Albuia River.

Arinoasa River
The Arinoasa River is a tributary of the Albuia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Albuia River.

Crişul Pietros River
The Crişul Pietros River is a tributary of the Crişul Negru River in Romania. That means it flows into the Crişul Negru River.

Valea Mare River (Aleu)
The Valea Mare River is a tributary of the Aleu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Aleu River.

Rent (musical)
"Rent" is a musical show based on an Italian opera called La Boheme.

Coach (sport)
In sports, a coach or manager is an person who directs, instructs and trains a team or other person.

Manny Ramirez
Manuel Aristides "Manny" Ramírez Onelcida (born May 30, 1972 in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic) is an American Major League Baseball player. The Boston Red Sox recently traded Ramirez to the Los Angeles Dodgers for Jason Bay on July 31, 2008. He is a nine-time Silver Slugger and one of twenty-four people to have hit over 500 career home runs. He is well recognized for his strong offensive abilities. Ramirez has the most career grand slams of any active baseball player, and has led the American League is three key batting measures: batting average, home runs and runs batted in. For the past ten years, Ramírez has been a fixture in the Midsummer Classic, and is an eleven-time All-Star. In 2004, he was named the Most Valuable Player of the World Series after helping the Red Sox win their first World Series championship in over 85 years.

Alfonso Soriano
Alfonso Guilleard Soriano (born January 7, 1976) is a Dominican Republican professional Major League Baseball player. He currently plays for the Chicago Cubs as an outfielder. He has used to play with the Hiroshima Toyo Carp, New York Yankees, Texas Rangers and Washington Nationals before the Cubs. He played as a second baseman for the Yankees and Rangers. He bats right-handed and has batted as a lead-off hitter for most of his career.

Linspire
Linspire, also known as LindowsOS (also Lin---s, pronounced "Lindash"), is a commercial Linux distribution based on Linux (Ubuntu). Linspire is sold by Linspire, Inc. and is focused on ease-of-use for the average person, rather than catering to advanced needs. As of 2007-10-10, the most recent stable release of Linspire is version 6.0 which was released in October of 2007. Linspire is available to download and costs US$ 50.
History.
Based in San Diego, California, Lindows, Inc. was founded in August 2001 by Michael Robertson with the goal of developing a Linux-based operating system capable of running major Microsoft Windows applications. It based its Windows compatibility on the Wine API emulation layer. The company later abandoned this approach in favor of attempting to make Linux applications easy to download, install and use. To this end a program named "CNR" was developed: based on Debian's Advanced Packaging Tool, it provides an easy-to-use graphical user interface and a slightly modified package system for an annual fee. The first public release of Linspire was version 1.0, released in late 2001.
CNR.
Linspire's CNR (originally "Click'N'Run") is a software distribution service based on Debian's APT. It is designed to serve as a GUI-based, user-accessible means of downloading and installing various applications, both free and proprietary. The service allows users to install available applications using a single click. CNR also includes a set of "Click and Buy" (CNB) software, which includes many commercial applications to members at a discounted rate. Currently CNR has over 38,000 different software packages, ranging from simple applications to major commercial works such as Win4Lin and StarOffice. CNR was originally subscription-based with two tiers: "basic" service cost $20 annually, and "gold", featuring discounts on some commercial applications, $50. In 2006, Linspire announced that the "basic" service was to be made available for free.
Web Software.
also provides access to thousands of Web-based Applications, providing the Linux community with the option of local Linux and Web Software, available through a single source (as of February 2008).
The same capabilities to browse and search the library of products with additional capabilities planned to improve the Web Software experience (bookmarking). The community will also have the capability to add new products to the already extensive library of applications available.
Freespire.
In August 2005, Andrew Betts released a Live CD based on Linspire and named "Freespire". Linspire, Inc. offered users a "free Linspire" (purchase price discounted to $0) by using the coupon code "Freespire" until September 9 2005. On April 24 2006, Linspire announced its own project named "Freespire". This follows the model of community-oriented releases by Red Hat and Novell in the form of Fedora and openSUSE. Freespire is a community-driven and -supported project tied to the commercial Linspire distribution, and includes previously proprietary software from Linspire, such as the CNR Client, while other elements, which Linspire, Inc. licenses but does not own, like the Windows Media Audio compatibility libraries, remain closed-source.
Criticism.
Linspire has drawn some criticism from the free software community. This has included anger for including proprietary software, with GNU founder Richard Stallman commenting: "No other GNU/Linux distribution has backslided so far away from freedom. Switching from MS Windows to Linspire does not bring you to freedom, it just gets you a different master."

Maemo
maemo (properly not capitalized) is a project that oversees the development of the Internet Tablet OS and the maemo application development platform. The maemo project is paid for by Nokia.
maemo SDK.
The maemo SDK is based around the Debian-oriented Scratchbox Cross Compilation Toolkit, which provides a sandbox environment in which development may take place. Scratchbox uses Qemu to emulate an ARMEL processor or sbrsh to remotely execute instructions. Scratchbox-compatible rootstraps are available for both x86 and ARMEL, so the majority of development and debugging takes place on x86, with final packaging being for ARMEL.

MEPIS
MEPIS (pronunciation: meh-pis) is a set of Linux Distributions distributed as Live CDs. The most popular of these distributions is SimplyMEPIS. MEPIS distributions are based on Debian, some of them indirectly. For example, SimplyMEPIS 7.0 is based mainly on Debian, with additional source code from Ubuntu (which is also based on Debian). MEPIS distributions are created by Warren Woodford.
It can either be installed onto a hard drive or used as a Live CD, which makes it a boot disc for troubleshooting many operating systems. It includes KDE, the K Desktop Environment.
History.
MEPIS was designed as an alternative to SUSE Linux, Red Hat Linux, and Mandriva Linux (formerly Mandrake) which, in the creator Warren Woodford's opinion, were too difficult for the average user. MEPIS's first official release was on May 10, 2003.
Distributions.
The most popular MEPIS distribution, SimplyMEPIS, is designed for everyday desktop and laptop computing. SimplyMEPIS 7.0 contains several new packages and features. It contains Linux 2.6.22 and OpenOffice.org 2.3.0. It was released on 2007-12-23.

St. Louis Cardinals
The St. Louis Cardinals (also called as "the Cards" or "the Redbirds") are a Major League Baseball team based in St. Louis, Missouri. They are part of the Central Division in the National League. The Cardinals have won a National League record 10 World Series championships, second to the New York Yankees in Major League Baseball who have 26.
The Cardinals were started by the American Association in 1882 as the St. Louis Brown Stockings, who got their name from an earlier National League team. They joined the National League in 1892 and have been known as the Cardinals ever since 1900. The Cardinals began play in the current Busch Stadium in 2006, becoming the first team since 1923 to win the World Series in their first season in a new ballpark. They are the oldest current professional sports franchise west of the Mississippi. The Cardinals have a strong rivalry with the Chicago Cubs that began in 1885.

NepaLinux
NepaLinux is a Debian and Morphix based Linux distribution focused on desktop usage in Nepali language computing.
It contains applications for desktop users like OpenOffice.org, Nepali GNOME and KDE desktops, and a way for people to type Nepali text.
The development and distribution of NepaLinux is done by Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya. Version 1.0 was produced as part of the PAN Localization Project, with the support of the International Development Research Centre (IDRC) of Canada. NepaLinux is an effort of promoting Free and Open Source Software in Nepal.
In October 2007, NepaLinux was the joint recipient of the Association for Progressive Communications' annual APC FOSS prize.

Monsters, Inc.
"Monsters, Inc." is a 2001 movie produced by Pixar Animation Studios. It was Pixar's fourth computer animated movie. The movie was released to theaters by Walt Disney Pictures in the United States on November 2 2001. It was released in Australia on December 26, 2001 and in the United Kingdom on February 8, 2002.

Durango
Durango is a state in northwest Mexico. About 1,510,000 people live there. It capital is also called Durango.

Girlfriend (disambiguation)
A girlfriend is a female friend or romantic partner.

Bohemian Rhapsody
Bohemian Rhapsody is a song by classic rock band Queen. It was written by Freddie Mercury, and was released on their 1975 album "A Night At The Opera".
Chart performance.
While, at first, record companies believed the song would not receive radio airplay due to its length (5 minutes and 55 seconds) and its difference to other songs of the time, it became #1 on many charts. It is now played on the radio in full-length.

School of Rock
"School of Rock" is a 2003 film starring Jack Black.
Plot.
Dewey Finn (Black) has been kicked off his band. His roommate is a substitute teacher. Finn finds one of his requests for a private school and goes in his roommate's place as he needs the money for rent. He soon finds out that the school has music lessons, so he enlists the class to become his band. They plan to perform at Battle of the Bands. However, his roommate's girlfriend finds out that Finn was impersonating her boyfriend and gets him kicked off the job. Finn is down until the kids get their own school bus, pick Finn up, and play at the concert. The band loses to another one, but Finn establishes a school for rock, and the kids come over to his place to take lessons.

Bay Area Rapid Transit
The Bay Area Rapid Transit is a heavy rail public rapid transit system that serves the Bay Area in northern California. It was launched in the 1970s. the train is notable for a segment where it runs under the water in the San Francisco Bay. There are currently four lines.
Fares.
People buy tickets inside the station. They insert the ticket into the gate, enter the train area, and take the ticket out. After they have boarded and exited the train, they do the same thing to exit the station. The ticket shows how much money is left on the card. If a person enters and exits the same station he or she will be chraged $3.85.
Expansions.
In the 2000s, it was expanded to reach San Francisco Airport.

Betty Davis
Betty Davis was funk-soul singer, famous in the 70's. She was married to the star of Jazz Miles Davis, from where she took her surname.

Let Go (album)
Let Go is pop singer Avril Lavigne's first album. It was released on June 25, 2002.

Anshan
Anshan (or Anzan, Persian: انشان, modern: Tal-i Malyan) was an ancient town in today's Iran in the province Fars. The oldest settlement may have been as early as 5500 BC.
The town was one of the most important centers of the Elam empire.
Anshan was later ruled by the Achaemenid dynasty and became one of the centers of the Persian empire. The Persian prince Teispes (675-640 BC) conquered the city and called himself "king of the city of Anshan"
Anshan is a big archaeological place today containing around 200 hectares. Excavations carried out by the University of Pennsylvania took place in 1971, 1972, 1974, 1976 and 1978.

University of Maryland
The University of Maryland is a public university in College Park, Maryland. It is the largest university in a group called the "University System of Maryland."

Mario Smash Football
"Mario Smash Football" (called "Super Mario Strikers" in North America) is a 2005 football video game made by Next Level Games and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo GameCube game console. A sequel was made on the Wii called "Mario Strikers Charged Football".

Mario Strikers Charged
"Mario Strikers Charged Football" (called "Mario Strikers Charged" in North America) is a 2007 football video game made by Next Level Games and published by Nintendo for the Wii game console.

Clubhouse Games
Clubhouse Games is a 2006 video game published by Nintendo and developed by Agenda. It features 42 parlor games. It is for the Nintendo DS game console.

Halifax Explosion
The Halifax explosion took place on December 6, 1917 when a French cargo ship with explosives collided with a Norwegian ship in the harbor in Halfaix, Nova Scotia, Canada. 2,000 people were killed and over 9,000 people were injured.

Kassite
The Kassites (Persian: کاسی‌ها) were an ancient people from Zagros mountains. Kassites were a federation of several nomadic tribes living in the Zagros mountains, in modern Loristan (Iran).
In the 18th century BCE, the Kassites started to infiltrate Mesopotamia, which was ruled by the successors of the famous king Hammurabi of Babylon (1792-1750). Kassites threatened Babylonia, which they captured 1750 BCE.
The Kassite dynasty of Babylon dominated southern Mesopotamia until the 12th century BCE.

The Kassite dynasty of Babylon
After the Kassite tribes took over the city of Babylon in 1750 BCE, the Kassites raid the political power in Babylon but they were soon babylonized. The first king of the Kassite dynasty, Agum-Kakrime, has defeated the Hittites and received back the statue of Marduk.
In this period, started a decline that was to last for almost a millennium. This does not mean that there was no central state, or that the Kassite kings played no role in international politics, but it is clear that Babylon was eclipsed by other nations.

Rhythm Tengoku
is a Japan-only music video game/mini-game-collection. It was made by Nintendo for the Game Boy Advance hand-held game console, and was later released in arcades. It was made by Nintendos' Research and Development 1. A sequel was released on the Nintendo DS called "Rhythm Tengoku Gold" in 2008.
Gameplay.
"Rhythm Tengoku" is a level-based music mini-game collection which has a total of five normal levels and one remix level for every set of levels, which total eight sets, 48 levels in all. The game is set up with mostly different levels - for example, the first level has the player punch objects and the second level has the player pluck hairs out of an onion, both in the beat to the music that they use. The player has to beat one level to go onto to the next. When he or she has beaten all five levels in a set, a remix appears, which is a level that has the five levels in the set remixed into one, using a different song. "Rhythm Tengoku" starts with a Rhythm Test that checks how well the player's beat is.
At the end of the level, the player is awarded one of three ranks - High Level, Mediocre, and Redo. If the player gets anything but Redo, the level is cleared, and getting High Level in a level gets the player a Perfect Campaign, which unlocks stuff in the "Bonus Corner" depending on how many the player unlocks.
After the player beats enough levels, the game lets him or her try to get a perfect score, which gets the player a heart on the level he or she beats. The game tells the player when a level can have a heart won on it.
Besides the main game, there are six side features - the Cafe, the Toys, the Games, the Drum Lessons, the Staff, and the Live mode. The Cafe is used for advice, while the Toys, Games, and Drum Lessons have unlockable mini-games that can be played. The Staff mode shows the game's credits, and Live is a mode where the player plays in a band and is the drummer.
Drum Lessons.
The Drum Lessons mode teaches the player how to play the drums in "Rhythm Tengoku". The teacher, Drum Samurai, shows the player a short song that he or she must copy exactly. Drums use all of the buttons except for Start and Select, each button being a different part of the drum. The player is shown how well he or she did at the end and is given a rank. The drums can be played in the Studio mode, where the player can take any song in the game and play the drums to it. The drums are also used in the Live mode.
Music.
All music tracks in the game was made for it by Tsunku, the game's composer. Because the Game Boy Advance can only do so much, most of the music is limited, and only a few songs have lyrics.
A soundtrack is going to be released October 15, 2008 with 140 songs from this game and its sequel, "Rhythm Tengoku Gold".
Development.
Tsunku contributed more than 30 soundtracks, and worked with Nintendo's Yoshio Sakamoto in making the game. It was not known until the game's release that Tsunku was involved with the game, with the Drum Samurai being based on him. Because it was developed by R&D1, it looks like and plays like the "WarioWare" series.
Reception.
"Rhythm Tengoku" has received many positive reviews. EuroGamer called it "effortlessly entertaining," or said that the game was very fun without putting too much work into it. Edge said it was a best takes on rhythm games and one of the last good Game Boy Advance games.
"Rhythm Tengoku" received an Excellence Prize for Entertainment at the 10th annual Japan Media Arts Festival in 2006.
By the end of 2006, "Rhythm Tengoku" sold a total of 282,879 copies and was the 43rd best-selling game of that year.
Arcade version.
Nintendo and Sega made an arcade version of "Rhythm Tengoku" that had multiplayer, which the Game Boy Advance version didn't have. It has all the same levels as in the Game Boy Advance version, but it has a new mode that lets the first six games be played at a faster tempo.
Sequel.
Nintendo released a sequel to "Rhythm Tengoku" called "Rhythm Tengoku Gold" on July 31, 2008 for the Nintendo DS. It's made by the same people who made this game. It uses the DS' touch screen instead of the buttons, and the DS is held sideways. Because the DS is much more advanced than the Game Boy Advance, "Rhythm Tengoku Gold" has more levels, as well as letting the composer, Tsunku, make more detailed music. While "Rhythm Tengoku" has only been sold in Japan, "Rhythm Tengoku Gold" is coming to North America and PAL regions this year as "Rhythm Heaven".

Rhythm Heaven
"Rhythm Tengoku Gold" is a music video game made by Nintendo for the Nintendo DS handheld game console. It is the sequel to "Rhythm Tengoku".
Gameplay.
"Rhythm Heaven" only uses the touch screen on the DS to play the stages. In the stages, the player has to do what the game wants him or her to, like in a level where the player has a song in the background, and has to fill robots with a liquid to send it off. The robot goes on a conveyer belt, and the player has to drop the nozzle to the beat of the music and try to get it to land on its head. Then, the player has to hold it there until the robot fills up and flies away. If the player does it right, he or she gets a perfect hit. If the player overfills, underfills, or barely misses, it's a half-hit. If the player misses completely, it's a miss. At the end, the player is ranked, either getting a Perfect Level, Mediocre, or a Miss. The touch screen can do a lot of stuff, like a "flick" motion where the player flicks in a direction with the stylus or just touch the screen. The first stage has the player flicking a screw using a spring to the beat of the music. At the right moment, the player has to flick the screw into two squares as they roll down the level at the right time to make them come together.
There's a mode called Guitar Lessons that's like the Drum Lessons in "Rhythm Tengoku".
Music.
Like in "Rhythm Tengoku", Tsunku made the music for this game. A soundtrack is going to be released October 15, 2008 with 140 songs from this game and "Rhythm Tengoku", which came before this game.

Caricature
A caricature (from the Italian "caricatura", which means "loaded portrait") is a portrait or drawing of a person that exaggerates the way they look, usually to create a humorous effect, or a political statement.

Cincinnati Red Stockings
The Cincinnati Red Stockings of 1869 were baseball's first all-professional team. The team is in Cincinnati, Ohio. The Cincinnati Base Ball Club started in 1866 and played teams in the National Association of Base Ball Players 1867 to 1870. In 1969, Major League Baseball played those events officially by starting professional baseball.
The Red Stockings established styles in team uniforms and team nicknames that have some currency even in the 21st century. They also have a particular color, red, as the color of Cincinnati (and serve as the use of "Red Sox" in Boston as well).

Eddie Gaegel
Edward Carl "Eddie" Gaedel (June 8, 1925 – June 18, 1961), born in Chicago, Illinois, was an American man who was a midget who became famous for playing in a Major League Baseball game.
Gaedel gained immortality in the second game of a doubleheader on Sunday, August 19, 1951. Weighing just 65 pounds (29.5 kg), and 3 feet 7 inches (1.09 m) tall, he became the shortest player in the history of the major league baseball. He was 3 feet 4 inches (1.02 m) shorter than Jon Rauch, whose height of 6'11" (2.11 m) made him the tallest person to play in a Major League Game. He was secretly signed by the St. Louis Browns, today the Baltimore Orioles, and was put in uniform (complete with elf slippers & the number "⅛" on the back) as a publicity stunt by maverick Browns owner and showman, Bill Veeck.
Gaedel popped out of a papier-mache cake between games of a doubleheader to celebrate the American League's 50th anniversary, and as a Falstaff Brewery promotion. Falstaff, and the fans, had been promised a "festival of surprises" by Veeck. Before the second game got underway, the press agreed that the "midget-in-a-cake" appearance had not been up to Veeck's usual plan. Falstaff personnel, who had been promised national publicity for their participation, didn't like the idea. Keeping the surprise, he had in store for the second game to himself, Veeck apologized.
The plate appearance.
Eddie Gaedel entered the game between the Browns and Detroit Tigers as a pinch-hitter for leadoff batter Frank Saucier. Immediately, umpire Ed Hurley called for Browns manager Zack Taylor. Veeck and Taylor had the foresight to have a copy of Gaedel's contract on hand, as well as a copy of the Browns' active roster, which had room for Gaedel's addition.
The contract had been filed late in the day on Friday, August 17. Veeck knew the league office would summarily approve the contract receipt, and that it would not be scrutinized until Monday, August 20. Reading the contract, Hurley motioned for Gaedel to take his place in the batter's box. (As a result of Gaedel's appearance, all contracts must now be approved by the Commissioner of Baseball before a player can appear in a game.) The change to that day's St. Louis Browns scorecard, listing Gaedel, wasn't seen by anybody except Harry Mitauer, a writer for the St. Louis Globe-Democrat. Mitauer's inquiry was shunted aside by the Browns' publicity man.
Eddie Gaedel was under strict orders not to attempt to move the bat off his shoulder. When Gaedel had hinted to Veeck that he might be tempted to swing at a pitch, the owner promised to bring a rifle to the game and shoot him if he tried. Tigers catcher Bob Swift offered his pitcher a piece of strategy: "Keep it low."
With Bob Cain on the mound - laughing at the absurdity that he actually had to pitch to Gaedel - and Swift catching on his knees, Gaedel crouched with bat in hand. Cain delivered four consecutive balls, all high. Gaedel took his base (stopping twice during his trot to bow to the crowd) and was replaced by pinch-runner Jim Delsing. The 18,369 fans gave Gaedel a standing ovation.
Baseball reaction.
Veeck had dearly hoped that Delsing would go on to score in a one-run Browns victory, but he ended up stranded at third base and the Tigers went on to win the game 6-2. American League president Will Harridge, saying Veeck was making a mockery of the game, voided Gaedel's contract the next day. Veeck humorously threatened to request an official ruling on whether Yankees shortstop and reigning MVP Phil Rizzuto was a short ballplayer or a tall midget.
Initially, major league baseball struck Gaedel from its record book, as if he had not been in the game. He was relisted a year later. Eddie Gaedel finished his major league career with an on-base percentage of 1.000. His total earnings as a pro athlete were $100, the scale price for an AGVA appearance. However, he was able to parlay his baseball fame into more than $17,000 by appearing on several television shows.
Later life.
Gaedel's major league career lasted just the one plate appearance, but Veeck continued to employ Gaedel in non-playing promotions over the years: in 1959, Gaedel and three other dwarves dressed as spacemen were seen presenting "ray guns" to White Sox players Nellie Fox and Luis Aparicio at Comiskey Park. (Gaedel reportedly said, "I don't want to be taken to your leader. I've already met him.") In 1961, Veeck hired several dwarves and midgets, including Gaedel, as vendors, so as not to "block the fans' view" of the game.
Some claim that living down the stunt was difficult for Gaedel. Combative in his private life, he later became a heavy drinker and died of a heart attack after being mugged in Chicago in 1961. He was just 36 years old. The only baseball figure to attend the funeral was Bob Cain, the pitcher who had walked him. Said Cain: "I never even met him, but I felt obligated to go."
Gaedel's autograph now sells for more than Babe Ruth's because of what he did. In his autobiography "Veeck as in Wreck," Bill Veeck commemorated Gaedel as "the best darn midget who ever played big-league ball."

No religion
No religion (or not religious) is the term that describes a person who does not have a specific religion. This group is growing quickly in many countries, especially in Western Europe.

Phở
Phở is a traditional Vietnamese rice-noodle soup dish. Phở is served in a bowl. It has white rice noodles in beef broth with thin cuts of beef, vegetable, and spice such as chilli, chilli sauce... Sometimes, tendon, tripe, meatballs, chicken leg, chicken breast, or other chicken organs (heart, liver, etc.) are also available.

Company
A company is a form of business organization. The definition of the term varies by country. In general, a company is same as a corporation. It is a business organization which produce goods in an organized manner and sell to the public for profit. A company employs many people who become staff of the company.

Anti-social behaviour order
An ASBO, or an Antisocial behaviour order, is a British legal term for an order that designed to stop people from being anti-social, which means to cause distress or alarm (among other things) to other people that do not live in the same place as themselves, according to the Crime & Disorder Act. 1998
An ASBO prohibits people from doing certain things, in certain times, in certain places. For instance, it might stop someone from gathering with friends in the park at 8 'o clock.
There is also something called an ABC, which stands for an Acceptable Behaviour Contract, and are often used to make sure people try to be "nice". It is flexible, and can be used in serious situations as well as low key ones.

Foibe massacres
Foibe massacres are referred to in the context of mass killings in which the majority of victims were ethnic Italians. Such carnages were committed in 1943, after capitulation of Italy on 8 September, 1943 and in 1945, when Yugoslav partisans under the command of the Yugoslav communist leader Tito occupied parts of Venezia Giulia, Istria and Dalmatia. Several Italian historians have claimed this bloodshed and consequent Italian Istrian-Dalmatian exodus were a holocaust and an ethnic cleansing of innocent civilians.
Number of killed Italian citizens.
Estimate is about 20.000 killed Italian citizens. According to a report issued in 2000 by a mixed Slovene-Italian historical commission established in 1993, the number of people missing from the region, most of whom finished in the "foibe", alias local geological clefts, range from 1,300 to 1,600 but this estimate does not include those killed in current Croatian territory. Some of them were court-martialed fascists or enemy soldiers, but many civilian persons were also killed. Great majority of the persons killed were of Italian nationality.
The killings beginning after capitulation of Italy in 1943 and massacres of 1945 occurred partly under conditions of guerrilla fighting of Slovenian and Croatian partisans with the German and remaining Italian Fascist forces, and partially after the occupation of the territory by the army formations of Yugoslavia. Killings may have included war crimes as well as civilian crimes of private or political retaliation, as well as "political cleansing" and planned ethnic cleansing since 1947.Also Italian communists with Slav partisans killed Italian people; in addition to the foibe, several other carnages committed by Italian communist partisans under Palmiro Togliatti's command in the resistance movement have remained unacknowledged and undiscussed for many years.
Investigations of the foibe.
No investigation of the crimes had been initiated either by Italy, Yugoslavia or any international bodies, until after Slovenia became an independent country in 1991. Italian-Slovene relations in the relevant period (1880s to 1950s) have been under intensive study by historians since 1990. A joint report by a commission of historians from both countries was published under the auspices of the two governments in the year 2000. The report puts the Italian-Slovenian relations in a wider context. It touches also on the question of mass killings associated with the "foibe". As no exact count was ascertained, the report includes a wording of "hundreds of victims," referring to the territory relevant for Italo-Slovenian relations, and thus excluding the Croatian territories.
Italian-Slovene relationships.
Even since Slovenia joined the European Union the relations between the two nations are a matter of political debate. The debate gained high visibility after Italian Parliament, under Prime Minister Berlusconi and his coalition partners of centre-right provenance, made 10 February a "National Memorial Day of the Exiles and Foibe", first celebrated in Trieste in 2005. The 2005 celebration of the "Memorial Day" was accompanied by an RAI TV movie production The Heart in the Pit (It: "Il Cuore nel Pozzo"). The movie was wiewed by 17 million spectators on its first broadcasting in Italy alone.
Exiles from Istria and Dalmatia.
Many Italians were forced to leave the country after massacres. Economic insecurity, fear of further retaliation and the change of regime that eventually led to the Iron Curtain splitting the Trieste-Istria region, resulted in approximately 350,000 people, mostly Italians, leaving territories in Istria and Dalmatia. The inhabitants of territories that were under Italian rule since World War I according to the Treaty of Rapallo of 1920, later assigned to Yugoslavia by the Paris Peace Treaty of 1947-02-10 and the London Memorandum of 1954 were given a choice of opting to leave (optants) or staying. These exiles were to be given compensation for their loss of property and other indemnity by the Italian state under the terms of the peace treaties.
On February 18, 1983 Yugoslavia and Italy signed a treaty in Rome where Yugoslavia agreed to pay 110 million USD for the compensation of the exiles' property which was confiscated after the war. By its breakup in 1991 Yugoslavia paid 18 million USD. Slovenia and Croatia, two Yugoslav successors, agreed to share the remainder of this debt. Slovenia assumed 62% and Croatia the remaining 38%. Italy did not want to reveal the bank account number so in 1994 Slovenia opened a fiduciary account at Dresdner Bank in Luxembourg, informed Italy about it and started paying its 55,976,930 USD share. The last payment was paid in January 2002. Until today Croatia hopes of a different solution of this matter and has not paid a dollar yet. Italian side has not withdrawn a single dollar from the account yet.
Charge.
In 2001 Italian judges acted against some Slav criminals who captured acquittal for amnesty of 1959.But Josip Broz Tito was the chief of Slav criminals and now his corpse stays yet in mausoleum.
References.
Report of the Italian-Slovene commission of historians (in three languages)

Istrian-Dalmatian exodus
The expression Istrian-Dalmatian exodus is used to indicate the diaspora or forced migration of ethnic Italians from Istria, Rijeka, and Dalmatia, after World War II.
Those territories were ethnically mixed, with Italian, Slovenian, Croatian, Serbian and other communities.
Istria including Rijeka and parts of Dalmatia including Zadar, had been annexed to Italy after World War I. At the end of World War II the former Italian territories in Istria and Dalmatia became part of Yugoslavia by the Paris Peace Treaty (1947), with the only exception being the communes of Muggia and San Dorligo della Valle.
Italian sources claim that about 350,000 ethnic Italians had to leave the areas in the aftermath of the conflict. Official data shows that between 1948 and 1961 (the "exodus" started in 1943 in Dalmatia and in 1945 in the rest of the territory) the numbers of ethnic Italians living in Slovenia - almost exclusively in Slovenian Istria and along the Italian border - actually decreased by nearly -87% (from 25,451 to 3,072). The data for the Former Yugoslavia shows a decrease in the same years from 113,278 to 25,615.. According to Slovenian historian Matjaž Klemenčič, "in 1953 only 36,000" (Italians) "lived in the region of former Yugoslavia, i.e. 16% of the Italian population before World War II. Italians also emigrated in later decades (most of them to the Australia, Canada, South America or the USA). Therefore their population declined in each subsequent census until 1981. We have to emphasize that the data of the Yugoslav census are unrealiable in relation to the real number if Italians, since many members of the Italian minority, for various reasons, chose 'Nationaly Undeclared' or their regional identity (most as 'Istrians'). In the 1991 census there was a relatively large increase of Italians," (19,213 in the Regions of autochthonous settlements of Italians in Croatia) "compared to 1981 census" (15,132). "Many Italians who in previous census did not declare as such, declared themselves 'Italians' in 1991 because they counted on the help of Italy in forthcoming crises in the region".
In various municipalities in Croatia in Slovenia, census data shows that there are still significant numbers of Italians living in Istria, such as 66% of the population of Grožnjan (519 Italians), 41% at Brtonigla (652 Italians) and nearly 40% in Buje (2,118 Italians).
Overview of the exodus.
The Italians in Slovenia and Croatia were mostly an indigenous population (in 1910 they accounted for more than a third of the local inhabitants), bolstered by new arrivals or the so called "regnicoli", never well liked by the indigenous Venetian-speaking Istrians, who arrived between 1918-1943, when Primorska and Istria, Rijeka, part of Dalmatia, and the islands of Cres (Cherso), Krk, Lastovo, and Palagruža were part of Italy. Austrian 1910 census indicated approximately 182,500 people who listed Italian as their language of communication in what is now the territory of Slovenia and Croatia: 137,131 in Istria, 28,911 in Fiume/Rijeka (1918), 11,487 in Zara/Zadar, 5,000 in Dalmatia, while the Italian 1936 census indicated approximately 230,000 people who listed Italian as their language of communication in what is now the territory of Slovenia and Croatia, then part of the Italian state (ca. 194,000 in today’s Croatia and ca. 36,000 in today’s Slovenia). From the end of World War II until 1953, according to various data, between 250,000 and 350,000 people emigrated from these regions. One-third were Slovenes and Croats who opposed the Communist government in Yugoslavia, while two-thirds were ethnic Italians, the so-called "optanti" emigrants who were living permanently in this region on 10 June 1940 and who expressed their wish to obtain Italian citizenship and emigrate to Italy. The emigration of Italians reduced the total population of the region and altered its ethnic structure.
In 1953, officially, only 36,000 Italians lived in Yugoslavia, 16% of the Italian population before World War II. In its 1996 report on 'Local self-government, territorial integrity and protection of minorities' the Council of Europe's European Commission for Democracy through Law (the Venice Commission) put it that "a great majority of the local Italians, Italianites (of Slavic and other origin), many thousands of Slovenes and of nationally undefined bilingual 'Istrians' used their legal right from the peace treaty to 'opt out' of the Yugoslav controlled part of Istria. In several waves they moved to Italy and elsewhere (also overseas) and claimed Italian or other citizenship. The mass exodus of the optanti (or "esuli" as they were called in Italy) from 'godless communist Yugoslavia' was actively encouraged by the Italian authorities, Italian radio and the Roman Catholic bishop of Trieste. After this huge drain, the numerical strength of the remaining Italian minority became stable".
Ancient times.
Evidence of Italic people living alongside those from other ethnic groups on the eastern side of the Adriatic as far north as the Alps goes back at least to the Bronze Age, and the populations have been mixed ever since. A 2001 population census counted 23 languages spoken by the people of Istria.
From the Middle Ages onwards numbers of Slavic people near and on the Adriatic coast were ever increasing, due to their expanding population and due to pressure from the Turks pushing them from the south and east. This led to Italic people becoming ever more confined to urban areas, while the countryside was populated by Slavs, with certain isolated exceptions
The majority Slavic population suffered economic and political disadvantages, which gradually declined with the democratization of the Austro-Hungarian empire in the 19th century.
World War I and the Post-War Period.
In 1915, the Italians attacked the Austro-Hungarian Empire leading to bloody conflict mainly on the Isonzo and Piave fronts. Britain, France and Russia had been "keen to bring neutral Italy into World War One on their side. Italy however drove a hard bargain, demanding extensive territorial concessions once the war had been won".
In a deal to draw Italy into the war, under the London Pact, Italy was granted Trentino, Trieste, (the German-speaking) South Tyrol, and Istria including large non-Italian communities. But Dalmatia was excluded, as was Rijeka. In Dalmatia, not granted to Italy by the London pact, Italy gained the city of Zadar and some islands.
After World War I, under the Treaty of Rapallo between the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later Kingdom of Yugoslavia) and the Kingdom of Italy (12 November 1920), Italy obtained almost all of Istria with Trieste, the exception being the island of Krk and part of Kastav commune, which went to the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. By the Treaty of Rome (27 January 1924) the Fiume was split between Italy and Yugoslavia.
World War Two.
After the Wehrmacht invasion of Yugoslavia (6 April 1941), the Italian zone of occupation was further expanded. Italy annexed large areas of Croatia (including most of coastal Dalmatia) and Slovenia (including its capital Ljubljana). Its brutal repression of Partisan activities and the killing and imprisonment of thousands of Yugoslav civilians in concentration camps (such as the Rab concentration camp) in the newly annexed provinces, and in Italy proper, fed the anti-Italian sentiments of the Slovenian and Croatian subjects of Fascist Italy. During the Italian occupation until their capitulation in September 1943, the population was subjected to atrocities, described by Italian historian Claudio Pavone as “aggressive and violent. Not so much an eye for an eye as a head for an eye” as orders by Italian generals explicitely called.
After the Second World War, there were large-scale movements of people choosing to move to Italy rather than live in Yugoslavia. In Yugoslavia, the people who left were called "optanti", which translates as 'choosers', while they call themselves "esuli" or exiles. Their motives for leaving may have been fear of reprisals, economic motives, or ethnically based.
The foibe massacres.
When the Fascist regime collapsed in 1943 reprisals against Italian fascists took place. At least 200 Italians were killed by Tito's resistance movement in September 1943; some had been connected to the fascist regime, while others were victims of personal hatred or the attempt of the partisan resistance to get rid of its real or supposed enemies. These events took place in central and eastern Istria, as well as in Slovenian Primorska.
The second wave of anti-Fascist violence took place after occupation of Slav army in May 1945. This was known as the foibe massacres; actually it was a reenaction of what had been already began in 1943.
Many Italian sources claim that these killings amounted to ethnic cleansing and genocide then Italian people was forced to migration.
The number of victims is not certain. The Italian historian Raoul Pupo suggests 4,500 were killed (including the events of 1943), mostly Italians, but many bodies wearing Partisan uniforms were found as well, so the number is subject to many interpretations. Other sources suggest numbers reaching up to 20,000 killed or missing.
The exodus.
Economic insecurity, ethnic hatred and the international political context that eventually led to the Iron Curtain resulted in approximately 350,000 people, mostly Italians, choosing to leave the region. The London Memorandum of 1954 gave to the ethnic Italians the choice of either opting to leave (the so-called "optants") or staying. These exiles were to be given compensation for their loss of property and other indemnity by the Italian state under the terms of the peace treaties. Following the exodus, the areas were settled with Yugoslav people.
Periods of the exodus.
The exodus took place between 1943 and 1960; Italians allege that most of their numbers left in
The first period took place after the surrender of the Italian army and the beginning of the first wave of anti-fascist violence.
The second period was soon after the end of the war and approximately around the time of the second wave of anti-fascist violence. The Wehrmacht was engaged in a front-wide retreat from the Yugoslav Partisans, along with the local collaborationist forces (the Ustaše, the Domobranci, the Chetniks, and units of Mussolini's puppet Italian Social Republic).
The third period took place after the Paris peace treaty, when Istria was assigned to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, except for a small area in the northwest part that formed the independent Free Territory of Trieste.
The fourth period took place after the Memorandum of Understanding in London. It gave provisional civil administration of Zone A (with Trieste), to Italy, and Zone B to Yugoslavia: in 1975 the Treaty of Osimo finally divided the former Free Territory of Trieste.
Estimates of the exodus.
The mixed Italian-Slovenian Historical Commission verified 27,000 Italian and 3,000 Slovene migrants from Slovenian territory.
Property reparation.
On February 18, 1983 Yugoslavia and Italy signed a treaty in Rome where Yugoslavia agreed to pay US$110 million for the compensation of the exiles' property which was confiscated after the war in the Zone B of Free Territory of Trieste. Up to its breakup in 1991, Yugoslavia had paid US$18 million. Slovenia and Croatia, two Yugoslav successors, agreed to share the remainder of this debt. Slovenia assumed 62% and Croatia the remaining 38%. Italy did not want to reveal the bank account number so in 1994 Slovenia opened a fiduciary account at Dresdner Bank in Luxembourg, informed Italy about it and started paying its US$55,976,930 share. The last payment was due in January 2002. Until today, the solution of the matter between Croatia and Italy has been delayed. None of the refugees from the Free Territory of Trieste saw a single penny so far.
Historical debate.
It has been established that foibe massacres were been used by Slav communists for ethnic-political cleansing. In fact, foibe massacres and exodus were described as a democide and an ethnic-political cleansing by Italian president Giorgio Napolitano.

Kochi, India
Kochi is a city in the state of Kerala, in India. It used to be called Cochin. The city has the highest number of people after the capital city of Kerala, Trivandrum. Kochi is the financial hub of the state. Kochi has a very old synagogue.

Italian cultural and historic presence in Dalmatia
Italian cultural and historic presence in Dalmatia is related to the Italian influence in Croatian and Montenegrin Dalmatia, from the historical and cultural points of view.
Historical Influence.
The historical presence of Italian people in Dalmatia started with the Roman conquest of Illyrian Dalmatia. The historian Theodore Mommsen stated in his book "History of Rome" that all Dalmatia was fully Romanised and Latin speaking by the fourth century.
The Italian Dalmatians may in part trace their origins back to the Romano-Illyrians during the Barbarian Invasions of the fifth and sixth centuries, when among others, Avars and Slavs invaded Illyria. This invasion opened the way to the settlement of different Slavic tribes.
During those years the original Latin population found a shelter in the coastal cities and in the islands, whilst other migrated to the mountains (they were later called "Morlachs"). So, in the Dark Ages, the coastal area retained its original culture the most, mainly on the islands and cities such as Zara, Spalato, Ragusa and Cattaro. These cities maintained deep cultural and commercial links with the Italian mainland, through the Adriatic Sea.
Starting from the tenth century the Republic of Venice imposed its influence on Dalmatia, gradually assimilating the neolatin Dalmatians.
The Republic of Venice controlled most of Dalmatia from 1420 to 1797. During that period, part of its Slavic population was italianised. The Venetian possessions were called "Venetian Dalmatia" and enjoyed a flourishing period of economic bonanza with huge development of the arts.
In these centuries, the Venetian language became the lingua franca of all the Adriatic Balkans, assimilating the Dalmatian language of the Romanised Illyrians and influencing partially the coastal Croatian language (Chakavian) and the Albanian language. Zara was the capital of the Venetian Dalmatia, a role that has maintained through the successive centuries (during WWII it was the capital of the Italian "Governatorato di Dalmazia").
In those centuries, the most southern area of Dalmatia was called Albania Veneta, now part of coastal Montenegro.
After the fall of the Republic of Venice in 1797 to the Napoleon Armies, the Dalmatia was incorporated briefly (1805-1809) in the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy. In those years the scholastic system was expanded to all the population (following the ideals of the French Revolution) and the Italian language was instituted as the official languages in the schools of Dalmatia.
When Austria occupied Dalmatia there was a revival of the Slav society inside Dalmatia. The Italian population, according to the Austrian census, decreased from 22% in 1816 to 12.5% in 1853 and a mere 2.9% in 1910.
After WWI Italy obtained Zara and some northern Dalmatian islands (Cherso/Cres and Lussino/Losinj). During WWII the Kingdom of Italy annexed, to the newly created "Governatorato di Dalmazia", most of Dalmatia. In 1942 there were 4020 Italians in these newly annexed areas: 2220 in Spalato (Split), 300 in Sebenico (Sibenik), 500 Cattaro (Kotor) and 1000 Veglia (Krk). Furthermore there were in the Governatorato 10000 Italians who took the Yugoslav citizenship after WWI, in order to remain there and be accepted without problems by the new Yugoslavian regime after the fall of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
After WWII Italy lost all the territories in Dalmatia, and more than 22000 Dalmatian Italians exiled mainly in Italy. There are still some Dalmatian Italians in Dalmatia: 300 in Croatia and 500 in Montenegro.
That means that in only one hundred years (from the 1850s to the 1950s) the Dalmatian Italians decreased from 45000 in the 1857 Austrian Census to less than one thousand in the last Croatian and Montenegrin Census.
Cultural Influence.
The cultural influence from the Italian peninsula started during the Roman times.
The British Encyclopedia states that: "the monuments left in Dalmatia by the Romans are numerous and precious. They are chiefly confined to the cities; for the civilization of the country was always urban, just as its history is a record of isolated city-states rather than of a united nation. Beyond the walls of its larger towns, little was spared by the barbarian Goths, Avars and Slavs; and the battered fragments of Roman work which mark the sites of Salona, near Spalato, and of many other ancient cities, are of slight antiquarian interest and slighter artistic value. Among the monuments of the Roman period, by far the most noteworthy in Dalmatia, and, indeed, in the whole Balkan Peninsula, is the Palace of Diocletian at Spalato. Dalmatian architecture was influenced by Constantinople in its general character from the 6th century until the close of the tenth. The oldest memorials of this period are the vestiges of three basilicas, excavated in Salona, and dating from the first half of the 7th century at latest. Then from Italy came the Romanesque. The belfry of S. Maria, at Zara, erected in 1105, is first in a long list of Romanesque buildings. At Arbe there is a beautiful Romanesque campanile which also belongs to the 12th century; but the finest example in this style is the cathedral of Trail. The 14th century Dominican and Franciscan convents in Ragusa are also noteworthy. Romanesque lingered on in Dalmatia until it was displaced by Venetian Gothic in the early years of the 15th century. The influence of Venice was then at its height. Even in the relatively hostile republic of Ragusa the Romanesque of the custom-house and Rectors' palace is combined with Venetian Gothic, while the graceful balconies and ogee windows of the Prijeki closely follow their Venetian models. In 1441 Giorgio Orsini of Zara, summoned from Venice to design the cathedral of Sebenico, brought with him the influence of the Italian Renaissance. The new forms which he introduced were eagerly imitated and developed by other architects, until the period of decadence - which virtually concludes the history of Dalmatian art - set in during the latter half of the 17th century. Special mention must be made of the carved woodwork, embroideries and plate preserved in many churches. The silver statuette and the reliquary of St Biagio at Ragusa, and the silver ark of St Simeon at Zara, are fine specimens of Italian jewellers' work, ranging in date from the 11th or 12th to the 17th century".
In the XIX century the cultural influence from Italy originated the editing in Zara of the first dalmatian newspaper, in Italian and Croat: "Il Regio Dalmata - Kraglski Dalmatin", founded and published by the Italian Bartolomeo Benincasa in 1806.
The Regio Dalmata - Kraglski Dalmatin was stamped in the tipography of Antonio Luigi Battara and was the first done in Croat language.
The cultural influence from Italy is clearly evident in the urbanization plans of the main Dalmatian cities in the XIX/XX centuries. One of the best examples is the one of Split/Spalato.
In 1880 Antonio Bajamonti (the last Dalmatian Italian Major of Spalato under Austrian rule) developed an urbanization project of this city centered on the "Riva", a seaside walkway full of palms based on the Italian Riviera models. Even today the Riva (with cafe bars) is used by the locals to stroll in a typical Italian way from the Palace of Diocletian toward an old square called locally "Pjaca" (or square in venetian).
Perasto: an enduring example.
An enduring example of the Italian cultural and historic presence in Dalmatia is the small town of Perasto (Perast) in coastal Montenegro.
Perasto was at its peak in the 18th century under the Republic of Venice, when it had as many as four active shipyards, a fleet of around one hundred ships, and 1,643 residents. At that time the most beautiful buildings arose in this fortified town. Many ornate baroque palaces and magnificent dwelling-houses decorated the town of Perast (Perasto), full of typical venetian architecture.
Perasto had the privilege to keep war-flag of the Venetian Navy in the peace time (it was called "La fedelissma Gonfaloniera").
The sailormen of Perasto were involved in the last battle of the Venitian navy, fought in Venice in 1797.
At the fall of the "Serenissima" (1797) Perasto was the last city of the Repubblic to lower the Venetian flag. On 12 May 1797, the Republic of Venice ended, but a few places in the Albania Veneta for several months still continued to remain loyal to the Venetian Repubblic: Perasto was the last place of the Republic to surrender. On 22 August 1797 the Count Giuseppe Viscovich, Captain of Perasto lowered the Venetian war-flag of the Lion of Saint Mark pronouncing the farewell words in front of the crying people of the city and buried the "Gonfalon of Venice" under the altar of the main church of Perasto.
The population has since decreased to 430 in 1910 and around 360 today. According to the "Comunita' nazionale italiana del Montenegro", in Perast actually there are 140 persons who still speak at home the original venetian dialect of Perasto (called "veneto da mar"), and call themselves in the census "Montenegrins".

Frugivore
A frugivore is an animal that feeds on fruit. This way of feeding can be more efficient (effective) than eating other parts of a plant, because there are more nutrients (sugars, vitamins and proteins) in the fruit.
Plant and frugivore relationship.
The fruit is a very important part of the plant, because it contains the nutrients for the seed to grow from before it has roots of leaves. Some plants have evolved ways to protect their fruit. Other plants have evolved to attract animals that will eat the fruit and spread the seed. Some seeds need to pass through the digestive system (the stomach and intestines) before it can grow.
Frugivores have also evolved in different ways to eat different fruit, some use teeth, others long beaks or short beaks. Frugivores also have evolved so that without one kind of fruit they cannot survive. This is why if one species (kind of plant or animal) becomes extinct, other species may have problems or even become extinct as well.
Other seeds cannot survive if they are eaten. This means that only fruit which are not eaten can help their seed to grow. In this way, fruit with spikes, or thick skins, as well as bad-tasting or even poisonous fruit have evolved. However, some animals can even eat these fruit. For example some caterpillars have evolved to use the poison from fruit to stop other animals from eating them.
Examples of frugivores.
Many birds eat both fruits and insects. Mammals may eat both fruits and animals, or eat mostly fruit or fruit juices, such as many bats. Some primates are frugivores, for example the Gray-bellied Night Monkey. Some people say that humans are frugivores, too, and promote (say that people should try) a frugivore diet.

Italian language in Croatia
The Italian language is the third most spoken language (after Croatian and Serbian) in the Republic of Croatia today. It is an officially recognized minority language in Istria County (where it is spoken by 7.69% of the population).
Speaker Population.
The 2001 census in Croatia reported 19,636 ethnic Italians in the country (some.44% of the total population). Ethnologue reported 70,000 speakers in 1998: 40,000 ethnic Italians and 30,000 ethnic Croats and Istrian people. Native Italian speakers are largely concentrated along the Adriatic coast. In addition, roughly 120,000 Italian tourists visit Croatia each year, so many in the service and tourist industries have some knowledge of the language.
Historically, the language had a much larger population than it does now. Italians have lived on the Adriatic coast for hundreds of years, and Istria was part of the Kingdom of Italy from 1919 until 1947. However the Istrian exodus after the Second World War and Yugoslavian ethnic cleansing in the form of the Foibe massacres forced the greater part of the Istrian Italians to flee to Italy.
Italian in Use.
Government services are provided in Italian and Croatian in Istria County, including the official government website (which is also available in English). There are four Italian-language schools in Istria: primary schools in Buje (Buie) and Novigrad (Cittanova) and secondary schools in Pula (Pola) and Rovinj (Rovigno).

Objectivism
Objectivism is a political idea that was started by Ayn Rand. It says that the best thing for people to do is try to make themselves as happy as possible and they should always do the thing that they think will help them to do that.

Dike (goddess)
Dike is the Greek goddess of moral justice.

Dalmatia
Dalmatia is a region of the Balkan Peninsula along the Adriatic Sea. It mostly belongs to Croatia. It goes from the island of Rab in the northwest to the Bay of Kotor (in Montenegro) in the southeast.

Konrad Lorenz
Konrad Zacharias Lorenz (November 7, 1903 in Vienna – February 27, 1989 in Vienna) was an Austrian zoologist, animal psychologist, ornithologist and Nobel Prize winner. He is thought of as one of the founders of modern ethology. Lorenz studied instinctive behavior in animals, especially in greylag geese and jackdaws.
Biography.
In his autobiographical essay, published in 1973 in "Les Prix Nobel" (People who win the Nobel Prize are asked to write essays about their lives), Lorenz said that his parents were the main reason he was so successful. He also said that a book by Selma Lagerlof's called"The Wonderful Adventures of Nils" that he read as a child was the reason he became interested in wild geese.
Lorenz began his studies in 1922 at Columbia University, but he returned to Vienna in 1923 to continue his studies at the University of Vienna until 1928. At this university he became an assistant professor from 1928 to 1935.
In 1936, Lorenz met his great friend and colleague Niko Tinbergen. Together they studied geese - wild, domestic, and hybrid.
In 1940 Lorenz became a professor of psychology at the University of Königsberg. He was drafted into the Wehrmacht in 1941. He tried to become a motorcycle mechanic, but instead he was assigned as a medic. He was a prisoner of war in the Soviet Union from 1942 to 1948. During this time, he continued to work as a medical doctor and "got quite friendly with some Russians, mostly doctors." When he was sent back home after the war, he was allowed to keep both the manuscript of the book he had been writing and his pet starling. He arrived back in Altenberg "with manuscript and bird intact." The manuscript became his book "Behind the Mirror".
Lorenz shared the 1973 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for discoveries in individual and social behavior patterns" with two other important early ethologists, Niko Tinbergen and Karl von Frisch. In 1969, he became the first person to receive the Prix mondial Cino Del Duca.
Lorenz retired from the Max Planck Institute in 1973 but continued to research and publish from Altenberg (his family home, near Vienna) and Grünau im Almtal in Austria.
Konrad Lorenz died on February 27, 1989, in Altenberg.
Politics.
Lorenz joined the Nazi Party in 1938 and accepted a university position under Nazi Germany. In his application for membership to the Nazi-party NSDAP he wrote in 1938: "I'm able to say that my whole scientific work is devoted to the ideas of the National Socialists."
When he accepted the Nobel Prize in 1973, Lorenz apologized for a 1940 publication that included Nazi views of science, saying that "many highly decent scientists hoped, like I did, for a short time [that] National Socialism [would produce good results], and many quickly turned away from it with the same horror as I [did]."
Lorenz' ideas.
Together with Nikolaas Tinbergen (Stefan Zeller), Lorenz formed the idea of an innate releasing mechanism to explain instinctive behaviors (fixed action patterns). Building on the ideas of William McDougall, Lorenz developed this into a "psychohydraulic" explanation of the motivation of behavior, which tended towards group selectionist ideas, which were influential in the 1960s. Another of his contributions to ethology is his work on imprinting. His influence on a younger generation of ethologists, as well as his books, were important in bringing ethology to the attention of the general public.
Lorenz' vision of the challenges facing humanity.
Lorenz predicted that market economics could eventually destroy Earth's ecosystem. In his 1973 book, "Civilized Man's Eight Deadly Sins", Lorenz considered the following paradox: "All the advantages that man has gained from his ever-deepening understanding of the natural world that surrounds him, his technological, chemical and medical progress, all of which should [help] to [ease] human suffering... tends instead to [make] humanity's destruction [more likely than it was before]" (Gli otto peccati capitali della nostra civiltà - Civilized Man's Eight Deadly Sins, Adelphi edizioni, Milano, 1974, p.26; the citation is translated from the Italian version of the book). Lorenz adopts an ecological model to attempt to explain how this contradiction can exist. He says that "all species... are adapted to [the place that they live]... including not only [the parts that are not alive]... but all the other living beings that [live in the area]." (page 31) Lorenz' theory of ecology is that feedback mechanisms which affect choices that an living thing must make are actually caused by the choices that an living thing makes. Depending on what the situation is, the organism may or may not do what it would do instictively. Thus pain and pleasure act as checks on each other: "To gain a desired prey, a dog or wolf will do things [that they would normally not do, such as] run through thorn bushes, jump into cold water and expose themselves to risks which would normally frighten them. All these inhibitory mechanisms... act as a counterweight to the effects of learning mechanisms... "The organism cannot allow itself to pay a price which is not worth paying "(page 53). In nature, these mechanisms tend towards a 'stable state' among the living beings of an ecology: "A closer examination shows that these beings... not only do not damage each other, but often constitute a community of interests. It is obvious that the predator is strongly interested in the survival of that species, animal or vegetable, which constitutes its prey.... It is not uncommon that the prey species derives specific benefits from its interaction with the predator species..." (pages 31-33).
Lorenz states that humanity is the only species that is not forced to abide by these mechanisms, as humans are the only species that has the ability to change its own environment: "[The pace of human ecology] is determined by the progress of man's technology" (page 35). Not only, but human ecology (economy) is governed by mechanisms of POSITIVE feedback, defined as a mechanism which tends to encourage behavior rather than to discourage it (page 43). "Positive feedback always involves the danger of an 'avalanche' effect... One particular kind of positive feedback occurs when individuals OF THE SAME SPECIES enter into competition among themselves... For many animal species, environmental factors keep... intraspecies selection from [leading to] disaster... But there is no force which exercises this type of healthy regulatory effect on humanity's cultural development; unfortunately for itself, humanity has learned to overcome all those environmental forces which are external to itself" (page 44).
Lorenz does not see human independence from natural ecological processes as necessarily bad. Indeed, he states that "a completely new [ecology] which corresponds in every way to [humanity's] desires... could, theoretically, prove as durable as that which would have existed without his intervention" (page 36). However, the principle of competition, typical of Western societies, destroys any chance of this: "The competition between human beings destroys with cold and diabolic brutality... Under the pressure of this competitive fury we have not only forgotten what is useful to humanity as a whole, but even that which is good and advantageous to the individual. [...] One asks, which is more damaging to modern humanity: the thirst for money or consuming haste... in either case, fear plays a very important role: the fear of being overtaken by one's competitors, the fear of becoming poor, the fear of making wrong decisions or the fear of not being up to snuff..." (pages 45-47).
In this book, Lorenz proposes that the best hope for mankind lies in our looking for mates based on the kindness of their hearts rather than good looks or wealth.
Philosophical ideas.
In his 1973 book "Behind the Mirror: A Search for a Natural History of Human Knowledge", Lorenz considers an old philosophical question: Do our senses actually tell us about the world as it is? Or do they only give us an illusion? Lorenz' answer comes from evolutionary biology. Only things that help a species to survive and reproduce are kept. Anything that does not benefit a species is quickly removed through the process of natural selection. Lorenz argued that if our senses gave us wrong information about our environment, humanity would soon be extinct. Therefore we can be sure that our senses give us correct information, for otherwise we would not be here to be deceived.
Books and essays Lorenz wrote.
Lorenz's best-known books are "King Solomon's Ring" and "On Aggression", both written for a popular audience. His scientific work appeared mainly in journal articles, written in German; they became widely known to English-speaking scientists through the descriptions of it in Tinbergen's 1951 boo] "The Study of Instinct", though many of his papers were later published in English translation in the two volumes titled "Studies in Animal and Human Behavior".

Virtualization
Virtualization (or Virtualisation) is a word used in Computing. Virtualisation means that the users (programs, or real people) only see an abstraction of a computer resource. Virtualisation can be done in Software, or with hardware.

Dalmatian Italians
Dalmatian Italians are Italians whose family comes from Dalmatia in today's Republic of Croatia. Nowadays principal problem for Italian citizens is prohibition to buy houses versus Italian people not resident in Croatia.
Organizations and periodicals.
The most popular periodical for Dalmatian Italians is "Il Dalmata", published in Trieste by Renzo de' Vidovich.

Chukar
The Chukar ("Alectoris chukar") is a Eurasian upland gamebird in the pheasant family Phasianidae of the order Galliformes, gallinaceous birds. Other common names of this bird include 'Chukker' (sometimes misspelled as 'Chuker'), 'Chukar Partridge', 'Red-legged Partridge', 'Rock Partridge', 'Indian Hill Partridge', 'Chukka', 'Chukkar', 'Chukor', 'Chukore', 'Chikone', 'Kabk', 'Kau-Kau', and 'Keklik'. The Chukar is the National Bird of Pakistan.
Distribution.
This partridge has its native range in Asia from Pakistan and Kashmir, and Afghanistan in the east to southeastern Europe in the west, and is closely related and similar to its western equivalent, the Red-legged Partridge, Alectoris rufa. It has been introduced widely, and became established in the United States, Canada, New Zealand and Hawaii. In Great Britain, hybrids between this species and the also introduced Red-legged Partridge are common.

Soral
Soral is a municipality of the Canton of Geneva, Switzerland.

Bratz Girlz Really Rock! (video game)
"Bratz Girlz Really Rock!" is an upcoming rhythm game being made by Blitz Games with other help from THQ. It is part of the Bratz franchise. The game is expected to be released in North America on October 14, 2008.
Overview.
In the Bratz Girlz Really Rock video game, girls play as Cloe, Jade, Sasha or Yasmin as they glam it up at Camp Starshine, a summer camp for the performing arts. When the girls befriend an accomplished ballerina, they join together for the performance of a lifetime in the camp talent competition. Players can practice in the recording studio or go on stage for a live guitar or keyboard performance of music from the DVD movie soundtrack. The makeover station provides players with realistic lipstick tubes and blush brushes to apply the latest make-up trends as well as cut, color and curling options for new hairstyles. Exciting new mini-games include skydiving in chic aerial poses, miniature golfing across up to 18 holes, playing the guitar or keyboard in a recording studio or live on stage, as well as dancing in a studio or performing on stage.

The Matrix Reloaded
The Matrix Reloaded is a 2003 film written and directed by the Wachowski brothers. It is a sequel to "The Matrix" (1999).
Plot.
In this movie, the humans and the machines are at war. The machines have taken over everywhere except for the city of Zion, which is buried 250,000 miles below the surface. In this world, the machines have created the Matrix, which looks like the real world but it is a trick. A few hundred humans have been "unplugged" and see the real reality, which is dark and barren. The humans find out that the machines are digging to invade that area and they want to stop it.
One group of humans, led my Morpheus, believe in something called the prophecy. They believe that The One (a human named Neo) will save the humans. Another group, led by Commander Jason Lock, believes that the prophecy does not make sense and try to defend Zion with ships and humans.
Neo is called to see the Oracle. After he meets the Oracle, he gets into a fight with Smith. Smith is an old friend of his. He used to be an Agent, which meant that he was very powerful. However Neo defeated him at the end of the first film. Smith says that he has new powers. He is able to touch someone and that someone becomes part of him. He and hundreds of these clones try to defeat Neo, but they are not very powerful and Neo beats them.
Smith later touches someone named Bane. Now Smith controls an unplugged human, making him very dangerous. As Bane, Smith tries to kill Neo, but another human named the Kid accidentally stops that from happening when he comes to say goodbye to Neo. Later, the humans line all of their ships together. They hope to trigger their EMPs all at once to stop the machines (the EMP kills all electronics within their radius). Smith/Bane, on one of these ships, triggers the EMP before they are supposed to and ruins the attack.
Neo and his crew try to fulfill the prophecy. They pick up a man named the Keymaker. They must get into a special room within a certain time limit. The power must be cut. The machines, which just beat back the surprise attack, attack one of the ships and the power comes back on. Trinity, Neo's girlfriend, gets into the system and turns off the power again.
Neo meets a man named the Architect. He tells Neo that the prophecy is not true and that the machines will destroy Zion. It is The One's job to let it be destroyed and to pick new people to form a new Zion. The One must also touch the source. Neo learns that Trinity is in trouble and will die. Instead of doing what the Architect tells him, he saves Trinity.
Morpheus is not happy that the war is not over yet. He says that the war should have been over when The One touched the source. Neo tells Morpheus what the Architect said. The machines attack the ship that Morpheus, Trinity, and Neo are on. They escape. Neo uses his powers to disable all the attacking machines, but falls unconscious. Another ship picks them up. The movie ends in the ship hospital room, where Bane and Neo are lying.
Box office.
The response to this film was big. It made $91 million in its first weekend at the box office, beating out the $50 million record set by "Hannibal" (2001) for an R-rated film. Its final total of $281 million in the United States was the highest ever for an R-rated film until "The Passion of the Christ" (2004) beat it with $370 million.

Get Smart
"Get Smart" was a television series that was shown on NBC from September 18, 1965 to April 12, 1969. It was then shown on CBS from September 26, 1969, to September 11, 1970. It made fun of the secret agent genre. It starred Don Adams as Maxwell Smart, Barbara Feldon as Agent 99, and Edward Platt as the chief. Max Smart worked for a secret organization called CONTROL. Their enemy was KOAS. In 1980, a movie "The Nude Bomb" was released in theaters. In 1989, a television movie was shown called, "Get Smart, Again!". Because of the good success of the movie, FOX created a new TV series called "Get Smart", which featured Don Adams as Max Smart, now chief of CONTROL. A movie, based on the series was released on June 20, 2008. It starred Steve Carell as Max Smart, Anne Hathaway as Agent 99 and Alan Arkin as the chief.

AFL-CIO
The American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations, called the AFL-CIO, is a group of labor unions in the United States and Canada. There are 54 national different unions in the group, and they speak for over 10 million workers. It was started in 1955, when the American Federation of Labor and the Congress of Industrial Organizations joined after a long argument. From 1955 to 2005, almost all union workers in the U.S. were part of the AFL-CIO. However in 2005, some large unions (like the Teamsters) left the AFL-CIO.

List of mathematical symbols
Some Basic Mathematical Symbols.
Please note that many of these symbols may have alternate meanings and may also differ from those used in computer science.

Jonas Brothers
The Jonas Brothers are an American christian Pop band from Wyckoff, New Jersey. It is made up of three brothers: Kevin, Joe, and Nick Jonas. They have made three albums - "It's About Time" in 2006, "Jonas Brothers" in 2007 and "A Little Bit Longer" in 2008, and its first single was Burnin' Up.
The Jonas Brothers has three members who are all brothers together; Joe, Kevin and Nick Jonas.

Artificial turf
Artificial turf, or synthetic turf, is a man-made (something made by humans) surface made from synthetic materials, made to look like natural grass. It is most often used in arenas for sports that are normally played on grass. However, it is now being used on lawns and in commercial applications as well.

Newgrange
Newgrange is a Megalithic Passage Tomb at Newgrange and was built about 3200 BC. The kidney shaped mound covers an area of over one acre and is surrounded by 97 kerbstones, some of which are decorated with megalithic art. The 19 metre long inner passage leads to a cruciform chamber with a corbelled roof. It is estimated that the construction of the Passage Tomb at Newgrange would have taken a work force of 300 at least 20 years.
The passage and chamber of Newgrange are illuminated by the winter solstice sunrise. A shaft of sunlight shines through the roof box over the entrance and penetrates the passage to light up the chamber. The dramatic event lasts for 17 minutes at dawn on the Winter Solstice and for a few mornings either side of the Winter Solstice.
Admission to the Newgrange chamber for the Winter Solstice sunrise is by lottery, application forms are available at the Brú na Bóinne Visitor Centre. For the 2007 draw 28,106 applications were submitted. In September each year, 50 names are drawn with 2 places are awarded to each name drawn.
Megalithic mounds.
Megalithic mounds such as Newgrange entered Irish mythology as sídhe or fairy mounds. Newgrange was said to be the home of Oenghus, the god of love. The Passage Tomb at Newgrange was re-discovered in 1699 by the removal of material for road building. A major excavation of Newgrange began in 1962; the original facade of sparkling white quartz was rebuilt using stone found at the site.
World heritage site.
Newgrange has been designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO and attracts 200,000 visitors per year. There is no direct access to the Passage Tomb at Newgrange, access is by guided tour from the Brú na Bóinne Visitor Centre located close to the village of Donore, Co. Meath. The last tour of Newgrange is 90 minutes before closing time of the Visitor Centre.
Newgrange chamber.
Images from inside the chamber at Newgrange including the tri-spiral design on orthostat C10 which is probably the most famous Irish Megalithic symbol. It is often referred to as a Celtic design, but it was carved at least 2500 years before the Celts reached Ireland. At 12 inches in diameter the tri-spiral design is quite small in size, less than one-third the size of the tri-spiral design on the entrance stone.

Cotmeana River
The Cotmeana River is a tributary of the Vedea River in Romania. That means it flows into the Vedea River.

Tecuci River
The Tecuci River or Zlatcu River is a tributary of the Vedea River in Romania. That means it flows into the Vedea River.

Teleorman River
The Teleorman River is a tributary of the Vedea River in Romania. That means it flows into the Vedea River.

Eiul River
The Eiul River is a tributary of the Vedea River in Romania. That means it flows into the Eiul River.

Cupen River
The Cupen River is a tributary of the Vedea River in Romania. That means it flows into the Vedea River.

Plapcea River
The Plapcea River is a tributary of the Vedea River in Romania. That means it flows into the Vedea River.

Osica River
The Osica River is a tributary of the Plapcea River in Romania. That means it flows into the Plapcea River.

David Ortiz
David Américo Ortiz Arias (born November 18, 1975 in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic) is a Major League Baseball designated hitter who is currently playing for the Boston Red Sox. Ortiz used to play for the Minnesota Twins from -. Nicknamed "Big Papi" or "Señor Papi", Ortiz has played in four All-Star Games. He holds the Red Sox single-season record for home runs with 54, which he set during the 2006 season.
Early career.
Ortiz graduated from Estudia Espaillat High School in the Dominican Republic and
in he was signed by the Seattle Mariners who listed him as "David Arias" (possibly not understanding Spanish naming customs). In 1996, the Mariners received Dave Hollins from the Minnesota Twins for a player to be named later. Later that season, the Mariners announced that the player to be named later would be Arias. When Ortiz arrived in Minnesota, he informed the team that he preferred to be listed as "David Ortiz." He made his major league debut in September of 1997. After moving up and down from the majors to the minors, Ortiz hit.272 with 20 home runs and 75 RBI in, when the Twins lost in the American League Championship Series to the Anaheim Angels.

Mumtaz Mahal
Arjumand Banu Begum (also called Mumtaz Mahal) was the third wife of Shah Jahan, the Mughal emperor. Mumtaz Mahal (meaning 'Jewel of the palace') was the nickname her husband gave to her.
Life.
Mumtaz Mahal was born in April,1593 in Agra, India. Her father was the Persian noble Abdul Hasan Asaf Khan, the brother of Nur Jehan, the Mughal Empress. She was a Muslim and married Shah Jahan, the mughal emperor on May 10, 1612 at the age of 19. She was his third wife, and became his favorite.
Marriage.
Shah Jahan and Mumtaz Mahal were married for 19 years. They had thirteen children together[4]. Seven of the children died at birth or at a very young age. A Mughal prince could only become the Emperor if they fought well and became respected. Even when she was pregnant, Mumtaz travelled with Shah Jahan and his army as he carried out military campaigns. Mumtaz Mahal supported Shah Jahan and they loved and respected eac other very much. Mumtaz Mahal died on June 17, 1631 in Burhanpur in the Deccan (now in Madhya Pradesh) during the birth of their fourteenth child, a daughter named Gauhara Begum.
Death.
She had been with her husband as he was fighting a campaign in the Deccan Plateau. Her body was kept at Burhanpur in a walled pleasure garden known as Zainabad. The garden was originally constructed by Shah Jahan's uncle Daniyal on the bank of the Tapti River.[5] A popular story says that on her deathbed, her last wish to the emperor was for a symbol or a monument to their love. She also asked her husband not to marry anyone else. The emperor promised immediately. Her body was buried in the Taj Mahal in Agra.
Effects.
After she died, Shah Jahan went into mourning for a year. When he appeared again, his hair had turned white, his back was bent, and his face worn. Jahan's eldest daughter, the devoted (loving) Jahanara Begum, slowly brought him out of mourning and took the place of Mumtaz at court.
Jahan did not want Burhanpur to be his wife's final resting spot, so in December 1631 her body was taken in a golden casket (coffin) back to Agra.[8] There it was put in a small building on the banks of the Yumma River. Shah Jahan stayed behind in Burhanpur to finish the military campaign that had originally bought him to the region. While there he began planning the design and construction of a suitable mausoleum, a kind of tomb, and a garden in Agra for his wife, a task that would take more than 20 years to complete, the Taj Mahal.
Today, the Taj Mahal stands as the ultimate monument to love, as well as Mumtaz's beauty and life.

Imam
An imam (arabic: إمام,) is an Islamic leader, often the leader of a mosque and/or community. Similarly to spiritual leaders, the imam is the person who leads the prayer during Islamic gatherings. More often the community turn to the mosque imam, if they have an Islamic question. In smaller communities an imam could be the community leader based on the community setting.

Earthsea
Earthsea is a fictional place made by Ursula K. Le Guin for her short story "The Word of Unbinding" in 1964, but that became more famous in her book "A Wizard of Earthsea", first written in 1968. The books that follow "A Wizard of Earthsea" are "The Tombs of Atuan", "The Farthest Shore", "Tehanu", "Tales from Earthsea" and "The Other Wind". These are all set in the world of Earthsea

OpenZaurus
OpenZaurus is a Debian-based embedded Linux distribution for the Sharp Zaurus personal mobile tool PDA.
Status.
On April 26, 2007, it was announced that the OpenZaurus project was over. Future development efforts are to focus on the Ångström distribution for embedded systems.

Dan Simmons
Dan Simmons (born April 4, 1948 in Peoria, Illinois) is an American writer best known for his Hugo Award-winning series called theHyperion Cantos, and for his Locus-winning Olympos cycle. He writes in genres such as science fiction, horror and fantasy.

Hyperion Cantos
The Hyperion Cantos is a series of science fiction books that were written by Dan Simmons.
"Hyperion" received the Hugo Award for best novel in 1990 and "The Fall of Hyperion" was nominated for the Nebula Award for best novel in 1990. Three of the novels received the Locus Award for best science fiction novel: "Hyperion" (1990), "The Fall of Hyperion" (1991) and "The Rise of Endymion" (1998). The author recently said that a movie might be made about the series.

Hyperion
Hyperion is a Titan in Greek mythology.

Hyperion (book)
Hyperion is a science fiction book that was written by Dan Simmons in 1989. It is the first book of his Hyperion Cantos series. The book won the Hugo Award award in 1989 for best novel.

The Fall of Hyperion
"The Fall of Hyperion" is the second science fiction book in his Hyperion Cantos series by Dan Simmons. It was written in 1990 and was nominated for the Nebula Award for Best Novel that same year. It was also nominated for the Hugo Award for Best Book in 1991.

Endymion (Hyperion)
Endymion is the third science fiction book written by Dan Simmons in his Hyperion Cantos series. The novel was extremely successful-within a year of its release, the book had been reprinted five times. The novel was nominated for the 1996 British Fantasy Award.

The Rise of Endymion
The Rise of Endymion is a 1997 science fiction book by Dan Simmons. It is the fourth and last book in his Hyperion Cantos series. The book was nominated for the 1997 British Fantasy Award and the 1998 Hugo Award for Best Book.

Predicate logic
Predicate logic is a system of mathematical logic. It uses predicates to express the state of certain things. It is different from other systems of logic because it has the concept of "quantifiers". This means, that it can also express things about quantity.
The best-known quantifiers are the "existence quantifier" (∃). The existence quantifier says that there is at least one (thing) that matches the predicate or formula. The other well-known quantifier is called "universal quantifier" (∀). It says that all the things match a certain predicate or formula.

Arapaho language
The Arapaho language (also Arapahoe) is a Plains Algonquian language (an areal rather than genetic grouping) spoken by elders in Wyoming. It is now spoken very little, and is in danger of becoming extinct.

Assamese language
Assamese (translated as"Ôxômiya") () is the easternmost Indo-Aryan language, spoken most in the state of Assam in North-East India. It is also the main language of Assam. It is spoken in parts of Arunachal Pradesh and other northeast Indian states. Small areas of Assamese speakers can be found in Bhutan.

Avar language
The Avar language (self-designation магарул мац "language of the mountains" or Авар мац "Avar language") belongs to the Avar-Andi-Tsez subgroup of the Alarodian Northeast-Caucasian (or Nakh-Dagestani) language family. It is spoken most in the eastern and southern parts of the Russian Caucasus republic of Dagestan, and the Balaken, Zakatala north-west area of Azerbaijan.

Azerbaijani language
The Azerbaijani language, also called Azeri, Azari, Azeri Turkic, or Azerbaijani Turkic, is a Turkic language that is spoken in Azerbaijan and northwestern Iran. North Azerbaijani is the official language of the Republic of Azerbaijan. This type is also spoken in Russia's Republic of Dagestan, south-eastern and eastern Georgia, north eastern Turkey and in some parts of Ukraine. South Azerbaijani is the type of Azerbaijani spoken in northwestern Iran.

Bashkir language
The Bashkir language is a Turkic language. Speakers of the Bashkir language mostly live in the Russian republic of Bashkortostan. A large number of speakers also live in Tatarstan, Udmurtia, Perm Krai, Chelyabinsk, Orenburg, Sverdlovsk, and Kurgan Oblasts.

Od (Language)
Od (also called Oad, Odki) is a language spoken mostly about the Sindh and in a few in southern Punjab. It may also be spoken in Rajasthan, India.

Ilium/Olympos
Ilium/Olympos is a science fiction series that was written by Dan Simmons. The events in the books are set in motion by beings who have taken on the roles of the Greek gods. The first book in the series, Illium received the Locus Award for best book in 2004.

Ilium (book)
"Ilium" is a science fiction book that was written by Dan Simmons. It is the first part of the "Olympos" cycle, and is about the re-creation of the events in the "Iliad" on Mars.
In July 2004, "Ilium" got the Locus Award for best science fiction novel of 2003. It was later nominated for the 2004 Hugo Award for best book.

Podu Mare River (Racoş)
The Podu Mare River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Homorod River (Homorod)
The Homorod River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Homorodul Mic River
The Homorodul Mic River is a headwater of the Homorod River in Romania.

Homorodul Mare River
The Homorodul Mare River is a headwater of the Homorod River in Romania.

Daia River (Homorod)
The Daia River is a tributary of the Homorodul Mare River in Romania. That means it flows into the Homorodul Mare River.

Olympos (book)
"Olympos" is a book that was written by Dan Simmons in 2005, and is the sequel to "Ilium" It is a science fiction book that ends the series Olympos. It uses ideas from the "Iliad" and the "Odyssey".

Valea Mare River (Homorod)
The Valea Mare River is a tributary of the Homorod River in Romania. That means it flows into the Homorod River.

Gorganu River (Homorod)
The Gorganu River is a tributary of the Valea Mare River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Mare River.

Oierii River
The Oierii River is a tributary of the Valea Mare River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Mare River.

Zeifăn River
The Zeifăn River is a tributary of the Homorod River in Romania. That means it flows into the Homorod River.

Scroafa River
The Scroafa River is a tributary of the Archita River in Romania. That means it flows into the Archita River.

Râul Tare
The Râul Tare is a tributary of the Scroafa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Scroafa River.

Vaidnei River
The Vaidnei River is a tributary of the Scroafa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Scroafa River.

Cloaşterf River
The Cloaşterf River is a tributary of the Scroafa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Scroafa River.

Flosa River
The Flosa River is a tributary of the Scroafa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Scroafa River.

Saschiz River
The Saschiz River is a tributary of the Scroafa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Scroafa River.

Vale of Kashmir
The vale of Kashmir or Kashmir Valley is set in the lap of the famous Himalayas, towering to 18500 feet, with the sinuous Jhelum river cutting across in coils and curves forming the highway and tha main source of sustenance. This fertile land has over centuries enticed people from all over the world to behold its legandary beauty. Indeed no other place on earth has more widely been referred to as PARADISE. scenic intermontane valley between the main Himalayan ranges (northeast) and the Pir Panjal Range (southwest), in Occupied Kashmir, Srinagar (Iqbalabad) is located here. The valley is an ancient lake basin 85 mi (140 km) long, 20 mi wide, and 5,300 ft (1,620 m) high. Drained by the upper Jhelum River, the valley is lined by 12,000–16,000-ft-high mountains that help shelter it from the wet southwest monsoon. It is the centre of population for the Kashmir.
Kashmir inspite of its mountainous terrain has been remarkably accessible to outsiders. Here you find evidence of interaction with ancient Greek, Roman and Persian civilizations. This spectacular land is tempered by many countless caravans of traders and rulers that have traversed the Vale of over a thousand years. From Emperor Ashok’s regime the third century BC which left its stamp of Buddhism, to the revival of Hinduism by Sankracharaya, to the preaching and introduction of Islam by the Gread Shah Hamdan, who also produced the current civilization of Persian art, to the influence of the Mughals, to the Sikhs, the British Raj and finally the 19th century Dogra rulers till 1947.

Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto
Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto (Urdu: ذوالفقار علی بھٹو, Sindhi: ذوالفقار علي ڀُٽو), (January 5, 1928 – April 4, 1979) was a Pakistani politician who served as the President of Pakistan from 1971 to 1973 and as Prime Minister from 1973 to 1977. He was the founder of the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP), the largest and most influential political parties of Pakistan. His daughter Benazir Bhutto also served twice as prime minister; she was assassinated on December 27, 2007.
Educated at the University of California at Berkeley in the United States and University of Oxford in the United Kingdom, Bhutto was noted for his mercurial brilliance and wit. He was executed in 1979 for authorizing the murder of a political opponent.The move was done under the directives of General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq. His supporters add the honorific title Shaheed, the Urdu word for "martyr", before his name, thus: Shaheed-e-Azam Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto ("The Great Martyr") or sometimes called by his supporters as Quaid-e-Awam (The Leader the Community).

Pothohar Plateau
The Pothohar Plateau (also spelled Pothwar, Potwar or Potohar) (Urdu: سطح مرتفع پوٹھوہار) is a plateau in Punjab, Pakistan. The area was the home of the Soan Culture (a stone age culture), and there are many fossils, tools, coins, and remains of ancient archaeological sites. The local people speak a dialect of Punjabi, called Pothohari or 'Potwari'.

Pahari
Pahari (or Pahaari) is a word for a number of dialects spoken across the Himalayan range, not limited to a single country. The word comes from 'pahar' meaning mountain. The word 'Pahaari' or 'Pahari' is an adjective in Hindi, Urdu, or Punjabi and it means 'of the mountain', so 'Pahari' means 'language of the mountain people'.
Pakistan, India and Nepal are all countries along which the Himalayas run, and in all three countries the word for mountain is Pahar this is due to the fact that Urdu, Nepali, Hindi and Punjabi are all related languages (they are all Indic languages of the Indo-European language family). The Pahari language is also part of this group. Travel in mountainous areas is difficult, so dialects close to each other can be very different.

Bose–Einstein statistics
In statistical mechanics, Bose-Einstein statistics (called B-E statistics) finds the statistical spread of identical (the same) indistinguishable (can not be seen separately) bosons over the energy states in thermal equilibrium.

Activision
"Activision" is an American video game company. It was the first third party in the industry's history. It was founded on October 1, 1979. It is going to merge with Vivendi and will be called Activision Blizzard. Activision is most well-known for "Tony Hawk's Pro Skater", "Call of Duty", and "Guitar Hero".

OXO
"OXO" is a tic-tac-toe video game, and the first video game ever made. It was made in 1952 for the EDSAC computer by Alexander S. Douglas for his Ph.D. thesis on human-computer interaction at the University of Cambridge.

Will Wright (game developer)
"Will Wright" (born on January 20, 1960 in Atlanta, Georgia) is an American video game developer and is the co-founder of Maxis, now a part of Electronic Arts. He's most famous for "SimCity" and "The Sims". He is currently developing "Spore".

Pikmin
"Pikmin" is a real-time strategy video game made by Nintendo for the GameCube game console. It was one of the first games made for the GameCube, and is one of the only games Shigeru Miyamoto designed in its generation. It's about a person called Captain Olimar who crash-lands on a planet and meets creatures called Pikmin, who he uses to protect himself and find his ship parts before he runs out of air.
Setting.
The Planet Hocotate has many locations types of locations, including a and resembles Earth, but from the perspective of an insect, because Olimar and Louie are actually smaller than a quarter. A level in "Super Smash Bros. Brawl" is based on this planet.
Summary.
Captain Olimar is traveling in his spaceship called the Dolphin, when it suddenly gets smashed up and crashes on the planet Hocotate. He travels for a bit before he finds a creature called a Pikmin. He meets up with other Pikmin, and has to use them to gather up the pieces he lost from his ship before 30 days runs out, or the game will be over.
Gameplay.
Captain Olimar control the Pikmin, and they can use them to pick up objects, reach other areas, and fight enemies. Pikmin are plucked out of the ground, and they live in a space ship called an onion when they're not being used. There can be up to 100 different Pikmin out of the onion, and there are three kinds of Pikmin - the Red Pikmin, Yellow Pikmin, and Blue Pikmin. The Red Pikmin are stronger and can't be burnt, the Yellow Pikmin are lighter and can pick up bombs, and the Blue Pikmin can swim.
Music.
Music from "Pikmin" was used in "Super Smash Bros. Brawl", including "Ai no Uta" (in Japanese and French).
Reception.
"Pikmin" got good reviews and is considered one of the best GameCube launch games. Reviewers liked its strategic gameplay, but a lot complained about the time limit, saying it made it harder to play the game outside of the main task.
Legacy.
Because of "Pikmins popularity, Captain Olimar and his Pikmin appeared in "Super Smash Bros. Brawl", along with other creatures and characters as trophies.
Sequels.
"Pikmin" had a sequel called "Pikmin 2" in 2004 for the GameCube as well. It's going to have a sequel for the Wii too.

Pikmin 2
"Pikmin 2" is a real-time strategy video game made by Nintendo for the Nintendo GameCube game console. It is the sequel to "Pikmin". It's about Olimar and his friend Louie going back to the planet from "Pikmin" to find treasure to save his boss' company. Olimar and Louie control a hoard of Pikmin and give them commands, which include collecting objects, fighting enemies, and reaching near places.
Setting.
Captain Olimar, the star of the series, and Louie, his friend, have to go back to the planet Hocotate when the President of their company made them go there to find treasure to get the company out of debt. They met with the Pikmin that Olimar met in the first game, and they join forces to find these treasure, trying to battle through monsters and the environment.
Summary.
The Planet Hocotate has many locations types of locations, including a and resembles Earth, but from the perspective of an insect, because Olimar and Louie are actually smaller than a quarter. The levels have many objects from the real world, like a Duracell battery and an RC Cola pop cap. A level in "Super Smash Bros. Brawl" is based on this planet.
Gameplay.
The gameplay is mostly the same as "Pikmins. Olimar and Louie control the Pikmin, and they can use them to pick up objects, reach other areas, and fight enemies. Pikmin are plucked out of the ground, and they live in a space ship called an onion when they're not being used. There can be up to 100 different Pikmin out of the onion, and there are five kinds of Pikmin - the first three from Pikmin are the Red Pikmin, Yellow Pikmin, and Blue Pikmin. The Red Pikmin are stronger and can't be burnt, the Yellow Pikmin are lighter, can pick up bombs, and can't be electrocuted, and the Blue Pikmin can swim. "Pikmin 2" adds two new Pikmin - Purple Pikmin and White Pikmin. The Purple Pikmin are the strongest and the heaviest, and the White Pikmin are poison and kill enemies if eaten. These Pikmin can be thrown into the air to reach a higher place, and can be guided to get them all in one spot. One new feature "Pikmin 2" adds is the ability to switch between two leaders - Olimar and Louie.
A big new feature is the Underground, where Olimar, Louie, and their Pikmin go into a pit, which has treasures and powerful creatures in it. The player has to get all the way to the bottom before he or she can get out.
Music.
Music from "Pikmin 2", including the song "Tane no Uta", was used in "Super Smash Bros. Brawl".
Reception.
"Pikmin 2" got great reviews, and rates much higher than the original "Pikmin". Many reviewers were glad that Nintendo got rid of the 30-day time limit from "Pikmin", as well as the treasures based on real life objects. Reviewers were split on the Underground areas, some liking the challenge, while others saying it's boring or too hard.

Sid Meier
"Sid Meier" (born in 1954 in Detroit, Michigan) is an American video game developer, most well-known for his real-time strategy games.

Ralph H. Baer
"Ralph H. Baer" (born March 8, 1922) is a German-born American inventor, famous for his contributions to the video game industry.

Pong
"Pong" is a video game made by Atari. It is believed to be the first video game ever made, although it was made after games similar to it were also made, including "Tennis for Two" and could be emulated by WinUaw

Nolan Bushnell
"Nolan Bushnell" (born on February 5, 1943) is a American electrical engineer and entrepreneur. He founded both Atari Inc. and Chuck E. Cheese's Pizza-Time Theaters.

Dragon Warrior
"Dragon Warrior" (called "Dragon Quest" in Japan) is a role-playing video game made by Chunsoft and published by Enix Corporation and Nintendo of America for the Nintendo Entertainment System game console. It is the first in the "Dragon Quest" series.

X2 (movie)
"X2" (known as X-Men 2: X-Men United in advertising) is a 2003 superhero movie. It was directed by Bryan Singer. It is a sequel to "X-Men" (2000) movie and was followed by ' (2006).
Plot.
The movie opens with a mutant named Nightcrawler. He is at the White House and attempts to kill the president. At the last moment, a security guard shoots Nightcrawler, forcing him to run away. Meanwhile, Wolverine reaches a location called Alkali Lake, and does not find anything. He returns to Charles Xavier's school for gifted students.
William Stryker, who hates mutants, uses this attack. He talks to the President, who then allows him to raid Charles Xavier's school for gifted mutants. Before he does this, he visits Magneto. Magneto was the bad guy in the first movie and now is in jail. Stryker uses a fluid to make him talk about the school.
Xavier attempts to find Nightcrawler. He uses a machine called Cerebo, which makes his power stronger and allows him to connect to every person's mind. He gives Jean Grey and Storm the last location where he could see Nightcrawler. They leave in the Blackbird. Then, he and Cyclops go to the prison to pay a visit to Magneto.
Stryker raids the mansion. A mutant named Siryn, whose power is a very loud scream, alerts everyone. A series of passageways and escape tunnels allow all but six of the mutants to escape. Wolverine, who has returned, takes Rogue, Iceman, and Pyro with him into a car. They drive to Boston. Meanwhile, Storm and Jean have located Nightcrawler and have him on their ship. Stryker also takes Cerebro with them. At the prison, Stryker has captured Xavier and Cyclops.
At Alkali Lake, Stryker reveals his plan. He has rebuilt Cerebro. He uses his son Jason, a mutant, to create a fantasy world for Xavier. In Xavier's mind, he sees a little girl who thinks that everyone is gone. Xavier goes to his Cerebro, locates everyone, and then starts to focus, which will kill all mutants.
In Boston, Wolverine and his friends go to Iceman's house, where Iceman reveals that he is a mutant. Iceman's brother doesn't like this and calls the cops. One cop shoots Wolverine in the head. Pyro uses his power – he can control fire – and pushes the police away. Wolverine, whose power is to heal very fast, wakes up. Jean and Storm come in and pick them up.
Mystique has found out where Magneto was staying. She seduces the security guard and injects him with iron. When the security guard comes in, Magneto senses the iron. Magneto can control all metal. Magneto rips it out of the guard and escapes.
The United States Air Force sends two jets to intercept the Blackbird, the plane where all the X-Men are on. Storm, whose power is to control the weather, whips up a tornado that sends both pilots down, but one manages to fire two missiles. Jean Grey, whose power is psychic, manages to destroy one, but the other one hits the jet. They start to go down. Magneto is in the area and saves them.
The X-Men and Magneto make some peace and come together to beat Stryker. The dam is built so that Stryker can flood the tunnel if someone comes in. 15 years ago, Wolverine volunteered for an experiment and was given claws and suffered a lot of pain. Stryker is very interested in Wolverine. So Mystique, whose power is to make herself look like other people, pretends to be Wolverine. She gets in and takes over the control room.
Cyclops appears and attacks Magneto, Mystique, and Jean Grey. Jean uses her psychic power to stop Cyclops, but Cyclops' beam power damages the dam very badly. Wolverine leaves to find Stryker. Stryker shows him Lady Deathstrike, who also has an adamantium skeleton and claws on the tips of her fingers. They fight. Wolverine pumps her full of adamantium and kills her. Storm and Nightcrawler find the six mutants and rescue them.
All mutants suddenly go into pain when Xavier starts focusing. Magneto forces himself into Cerebro and stops it. He then tells Mystique to transform into Stryker and change the rules so that Xavier will kill all the humans instead. The X-Men find out what is happening. Storm and Nightcrawler teleport in there. Storm creates a storm that breaks the spell, and Xavier returns to normal.
All of the X-Men escape the dam. Rogue and Iceman, who were in the Blackbird, land it in front of them. The plane is badly damaged. The dam explodes and a ton of water comes down. At the last second, Jean Grey rushes out of the ship, gets it into the air, and drowns when she can no longer hold back the water. Xavier and his crew go to the White House to inform the President of what has happened. Xavier tells the president that humans and mutants must work together or else they will destroy each other in war.

Pete Young
Bryan Owen "Pete" Young (born March 19 1968 in Meadville, Mississippi) is a former right-handed relief pitcher in Major League Baseball who played for the Montreal Expos in 1992 and 1993. He went to Mississippi State University, where he played college baseball.
Career.
On June 2, Young was drafted by the Cincinnati Reds in the 22nd round of the amateur draft, but did not sign to play Minor League Baseball with Cincinnati, deciding to instead attend Mississippi State where he practiced to become a better pitcher. Young was drafted again on June 5, by the Montreal Expos in the 6th round (148th overall pick) of the amateur draft. This time, Young signed to play in the minors in the Expos organization.
Young made his major league debut on June 5, with the Expos at age 24. On that day, Young pitched 1⅔ innings against the Reds, striking out one batter. The Expos lost the game 10-4. Young played his final major league game for the Expos on July 18,; on February 18, he was purchased along with Matt Stairs by the Boston Red Sox organization, but his career ended that season after not reaching the major league club.
At the time of his retirement, Young had earned a career earned run average of 3.63. He finished with 25⅔ innings pitched, striking out 14 batters, and playing in a total of 17 games. He allowed 22 hits, 1 home run, and 9 walks. He only got one win in his career, on July 10, against the San Diego Padres. Young came to bat only once in his two-season career.

Howard Florey
Howard Walter Florey (November 28, 1898 - February 21, 1968) was an Australian scientist who won the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1945, for his study into penicillin.
Early life.
He was born in Adelaide, South Australia. He went to the Collegiate School of St.Peter and the Adelaide University. In 1921 he went to England as a Rhodes Scholar studying first at Oxford and then at Cambridge. He worked in the USA for 10 months before going back to London. In 1926 he married long time friend from Adelaide, Mary Ethel Hayter Reed. They were married in England.
Professor.
Florey took up a job teaching pathology at Cambridge University. He also studied for his Ph.D. His subject was on the flow of blood and lymph. In 1931 he became assistant professor of pathology at the University of Sheffield. From 1935 to 1962 he was a professor at the Sir William Dunn school of pathology at Oxford.
Penicillin.
Florey was always looking at new ideas in pathology. His most important work was turning penicillin into the first antibiotic. He worked with Ernst Chain to explore discoveries made earlier by Alexander Fleming. They looked at antibacterial substances that came from bacteria and fungi. They found that penicillin was the most interesting. Fleming had first discovered it in 1928. They were able to start experiments on humans in 1941. Because of World War 2 the drug was made in the USA. Its affects on wounded people was described as "miraculous".
He wrote more than 200 scientific papers. He kept an interest in Australia. he had a big role in starting the Australian National University (ANU), especially the John Curtin School of Medical Research. He was the main adviser to the school from 1948 to 1955. In 1965 he was appointed as Chancellor of the university. From 1962 he was Provost of The Queen's College at Oxford. He died from a heart attack in 1968.
Memorials.
He is remembered for his work. A suburb in Canberra, Australia, was named after him. His picture is on the Australian fifty dollar note. There is a lecture theatre and a professorship named after him at the ANU. The Queen's College have named a building after him. There is a memorial stone at St.Nicholas's church at Marston, and a memorial stone in Westminster Abbey. There are a number of paintings and a sculpture.

Steam locomotive
A steam locomotive is a type of steam engine used on railways. It was used a lot between about 1830 and 1970. Afterwards, diesel and electric locomotives were used more often. The first steam locomotive was made by Richard Trevithick for a railway used for moving iron at an ironworks in Wales. A steam locomotive works by burning a fuel like coal in a special space called a firebox. This produces hot gases that rise and go through tubes in a boiler - a large space with water in it. This heats the water, producing steam. The steam is then taken through another tube to a cylinder. The steam then pushes the piston which in turn pushes a metal rod that is connected to the wheels, making the locomotive move. The steam then rises out through the chimney.
Steam locomotives are still today used in many developing countries where the railways have not yet been electrified.

Conjunction
A conjunction is a type of word, or a part of speech, which joins two phrases or clauses together. Examples that are common are: are, but, or, and so on. Conjunctions can make sentences not sound so broken up. They let the words flow together. Conjunctions are commmonly used by people who are better at English, people who are not so familiar with it, stick to sentences that are broken up.

Soanian
The Soanian is an archaeological site that is dated to (comes from) the early stone age. The name comes from the Soan Valley in the Sivalik Hills in Pakistan. The people who lived on this site were probably Homo erectus, the first people to control fire.
Hundreds of stone knives were found at the site, as well as hand axes and cleavers. No human skeletons of this age have been found. In the Soan River Gorge many rocks with fossils can be seen. The 14 million year old fossils of gazelles, rhinoceroses, crocodiles, giraffes and rodents have been found. Some of these fossils are on display at the Natural History Museum of Islamabad.

Richard Hakluyt
Richard Hakluyt (, or) (c. 1552 or 1553 – 23 November 1616) was an English writer. He is famous for his efforts in promoting the settlement of North America by the English through his works. His most important books are "Divers Voyages Touching the Discoverie of America" (1582) and "The Principal Navigations, Voiages, Traffiques and Discoueries of the English Nation" (1598–1600).

The Moslem Advent (Pakistan)
Beginnings.
Exactly who were the first Muslims to set foot in the Indian subcontinent is not known, but it may be that Muslim traders from the coastlands of Arabia and the Persian Gulf touched at ports along the western coast of the Indian peninsula and in Ceylon very soon after the rise of the new faith in the early 7th century A.D.
The first historical data tells of Arab troops, fired by the great excess of Islamic religious enthusiasm which had just overthrown the Sassanid Empire in Persia, raiding into what is now Pakistan's Balochistan province, the coastal region of the provincial area was, even in early Islamic times, known as Makran, and its aridity and sparse population then as now made it a formidable barrier to Moslem penetration overland to the Indus Valley: communications here have always been much easier by the Arabian Sea. Exploratory raids into Makran from Fars and Kirman are mentioned from the Caliphate of Uthman onwards (644-656), but no lasting political authority was established over the very few settlements of the interior. We know virtually nothing of the ethnography or religious poistion of the indigenous population there although it is very likely that the present-day Baloch people did not arrive until the 10th or 11th centuries. Some of these forays reached the Indus Valley, but the 1st permanent foothold of Islam was achieved during the opening yrs of the 8th century, during the Caliphate of al-Walid bin Abd al-Malik (705-715), a reign which saw other Muslim victories in Places as far as Spain and Central Asian states. About the yr 711, a youthful Arab general called Muhammad bin Qasim al-Thaqafi was deputed by the great governor of Iraq and the East, al-Hajjaj bin Yusuf, to lead an expedition from Shiraz in southern Iran against Sindh (Ancient Pakistan). The Islamic historian, al-Yaqubi, states that al-Hajjaj encouraged Muhammad bin Qasim al-Thaqafi and the general commanding the Arab troops in Central Asia to make simulataneous attacks as the two prongs of a grand pincer movement against the Chinese empire and the Far East. In the light of the spectacular successes already achsieved by the Arabs, such dreams were by no means impossible. Muhammad bin Qasim al-Thaqafi's force comprised 6,000 Syrian Arab tribesmen, and the operation was carefully planned. It moved through Makran, securing the towns there as it passed.
Arab invasion.
We are ill-formed about the state of Sindh on the eve of Arab invasion. The ruler is named as King Dahir, son of Chach (Sassa in Arabic sources). According to the 13th century Persian chronicle, the "Chach Nama," he ruled over a vast empire extending as far as Kashmir and modern Uttar Pradesh in the east. In reality, he seems to have had much more modest kingdom, comprising lower and middle Sindh, as far north as the town of Rur (modern Rohri on the Indus opposite Sukkur), with his capital at Brahmanabad and his principal port at Daibul on the Indus River Delta (the poistion of which has still not been determined with any certainty, despite excavations by the Pakistan Department of Archaeology at Bhambore and other possible sites). The Islamic sources say that after Muhammad bin Qasim's conquest, a number of local Indian princes in Sindh became vassals of the Caliphate, so that Dahir's unitary state there may only have been a temporaray achievement, and fragmentation the norm. The dominant religion in Sindh at this time was Buddhism, since the Arabs gave the name "budd" to every idol and temple which they found there, and they used the title "samani" (in Prakrit samana, meaning Buddhist monk or ascetic) for the representatives of the local people with whom they negotiated; but Brahmanism or Hinduism, which was at this time gaining over Buddhism only in the Pakistan region. Daibul fell to the Arab besiegers in 711, and its great Buddhist stupa (dewal) whence Daibul, or in Arabic "manarat-al-budd", was overthrown. Magnanimous in the hour of victory, Muhammad bin Qasim offered quarter to the local people; he then proceeded to found the first mosque ever to be built on the soil of the Indian subcontinent, and settled 4,000 Arab families in a new section of the town. He then led his army against Niran (near modern Hyderabad), whose priests surrendered the town peacefully, and against Sadusan. The Arab ranks were swollen by the addition of 4,000 Zutt or Jat auxiliaries; the Indus was crossed by a bridge of boats, and a final confrontation with Dahir and his host took place in 712 near Rawar. Dahir was killed off and his army scattered, after which the Arabs occupied the capital Brahmanabad (near the site where the later Muslim city of al-Mansura was to rise). Having secured that vital point, the Arabs forces pushed northwards and captured Rur. Finally, the liberating Army penertrated as far as Multan, the goal set by al-Hajjaj in his instructions to his subordinate and, after a lengthy siege, Multan and its famous golden shrine, "bait-al-dhahab", to the sun-god "Aditya" with all its treasures, fell into Muslim hands. Multan was for 3 centuries to mark the northermost point of the Muslim advance in Sindh: the story of the "Chach Nama" that Muhammad bin Qasim conquered as far as Kashmir can hardly be true.
within the occupied towns, Muhammmad bin Qasim established a social and religious framework of life which refelected the early Islamic policy of tolerence. The conqueror proclaimed the general principle of freedom of religion, allowing Buddhists and Hindus to be included among the "People of the Book" or "Protected Peoples", as Jews and Christians had always been and as the Zoroastrians of Persia had become. This tolerance was dictated, no doubt, partly by expediency. The Muslims in Sindh were a tiny minority in a sea of alien, potentially hostile non-Muslims. The process whereby Islam became the majority faith in Sindh extended over many centuries to date Pakistan and Kashmir has been a Islamic nation for over 1,200 years. Muhammad bin Qasim fell from power, and was martyred when the new Caliph Sulaiman came to the throne in 715, but his pioneer work of carving a foothold in the subcontinent for Islam hd been well done. It is true that the impetus of spectacular military expansion was spent for some three centuries, and that Sindh became a peripheral province of the Caliphate, where the power of the central government in Damascus or Baghdad was felt only intermittently: but the Muslim community in Sindh put down strong roots; further contingents of Arab settlers probably arrived to reinforceb the original colonists; and Islam dwelt there at peace with the indigenous faiths until the next great wave of expansion under the Ghaznavids in the 11th century. The Italian scholar F. Gabrieli has justly said that "present-day Pakistan, holding the values of Islam and Arabism in such high esteem, should look upon the luckless Arab conqueror, Muhammad bin Qasim, almost as distant "ktistes" (founding father), a hero of Indian Islam".
Not a great deal is known about the subsequent history of the Arab presence in Sindh. Governors were sent out periodically by the Caliphs, and after 750 by the new dynasty of Abbasids in Iran. Until the 9th century these governors continued to forward tribute to the Caliphate, for it is recorded that in 820, under al-Mamun, the revenue sent amounted to 1,000,000 dirhams. Being so remote from the centre of power, Sindh became a favourite refuge for rebels and sectarians, who could flee there quite by sea from the Gulf. Control over the local Indian rulers was probably intermittent, with periods of renunciation of tribute or of lapsed adherence to Islam when the Arabs' political authority was weak. Thus we learn that the native princes of Sindh submitted to the Caliph Umar bin Abd al-Aziz in 718, having heard of his famed piety and justice, and the son of Dahir became a Muslim; under the Caliph Hisham, however, Dahir relapsed, and punitive expeditions by the Arab governors were necessary. Rather more is known about Sindh in the 12th century, since it is described by various Muslim travellers and geographers of that period. Arab families continued to be politically dominant in the Muslim centres of power. Ibn Hauqal, whose account of the Islamic world is based on his journeys in the middle decades of the century, describes the general prosperity and the cheapness of food in Southern Pakistan. There had been cultural assimilation to the Indian ways of Life, in that the dress and hair style of Muslims and infidels had become identical. They mostly wore a characteristic short tunic, though some classes, notably the merchants, had long flowing robes like the Iraqis and Persians. The language of Sindh were indigenous Sindhi tongue with some Arabic, and in Makran the local Makrani with some Persian.
Political organization.
Politically, there seem to have been governors in each principal town, virtually independent of each other, generally owning a moral and spiritual allegiance to the Abbasids in Baghdad (as evidenced by mention of the Caliph in the Friday khutba or sermon), but no longer sending revenue. The governor of the largest town, al-Mansura (named after the early Abbasid Caliph a-Mansur, 754-775), was in Ibn Hauqal's time Qureshi, i.e. of Meccan origin, a descendant of Habbar bin Aswad, wh had seized power in that town. The poistion in Multan was similar; at Jundur, just outside, was the military camp of the governor, a descendant of Sama bin Lu'ayy. Multan's poistion was an exposed one, with powerful Hindu kingdoms like that of the Hindu-Shahis or Waihand or Udabhanda on its northern flank and warlike Rajput princes to the east. Its governors nevertheless preserved it as a bastion of Islam, although deriving revenue and strength from its shrine to the sun god Aditya. They appropiated all offerings brought by Hindu pilgrims, handing on only a part of them to the idol's custodians; and when Hindu potentates menaced Multan, the governor threatened to destroy the idol, thus causing them to withdraw. The traditional Islamic sciences flourished at this time in theMusims towns of Sindh. Zeal for the faith was sharpened by the proximity of hostile, infidel powers; Ibn Hauqal again notes how assiduously the Quran, the traditions and the Islamic Law were cultivated. The later compliers of biographical dictonaries, such as al-Samani and Yaqut, note a certain number of scholars with the gentilic of "al-Sindhi".
In the course of the 10th century, some of the towns of Sindh, and particulary Multan, came to give their allegiance to Shahi rulers rather than to Baghdad. Al-Mansura at one point acknowledged the suzerainty of the great Buyid Amir in Persia, Adud al-Daula (949-983). More lasting were the links with Fatimid Caliphs of Misr, and North Africa, the Abbasids' great rivals. The maritime connection of the Sindh ports with the Arabian Sea and the Red Sea shores had always been maintained, and Ismaili propaganda came to Sindh via Yemen. Sindh was, infact the scene of one of their most successful missions in the eastern Islamic World. Sources from the end of the 10th century state that the ruler of Multan recognized as his suzerain the Fatimid in Misr and sent presents: the descendants of Sama bin Lu'ay had obviously changed their allegiance from the Abbasids. Ismailism nevertheless continued to be strong there and to retain its links with the Syrian (Shaam) and Egyptian centres of the sect. The present-day Ismaili or Maulani communities of the extreme north of Pakistan, in Chitral, Hunza and Gilgit may conceivably have had connections with Sindhi groups, and there may also be a continuity with the Ismaili communities of Gujarat and Khandesh in modern India. Sindh was thus firmly won for Islam, but there are also signs that a knowledge of Islam was at this time percolating from southern Afghanistan into what is now the North-West Frontier Province a region of Pakistan. The rise of the Saffarid brothers Yaqub and Amr bin Laith in the later decades of the 9th century was important for the spread of Islam into eastern Afghanistan; the Zunbils or local rulers of Zamin-Dawar (the modern region of Qandahar) were humbled, and Kabul and Bamiyan, centres of the Turk-Shahi dynasty were occupied. Quantities of Buddhist and other idols and temple treasures were captured, some of which were forwarded as presents to Baghdad, where their public display caused a sensation. Islam was thus certainly brought to the borders of modern Pakistan, and there are even signs of Muslim missionary activity at a slightly earlier date. In the Peshawar museum is a celebrated inscription, both in Arabic and Sanskrit, attesting to the presence of Islam in the Tochi valley of Waziristan in the yr 857; it records the erection of building, presumably a Mosque, and must be one of the earliest Islamic inscriptions in the Indian subcontinent. In both Islam & Christianity, missionary efforts on remote and dangerous frontiers ave often been undertaken by unorthodox and schismatic elements, so it is possible that there were at work in the valleys running down to the middle Indus, adherents of the early Islamic Khariji sect (represented today by the Ibadis of Oman, East Africa and North Africa), for Afghanistan was one of their last refugees, and as late as 982 the inhabitants of Gardiz in the Paktiya province of modern Afghanistan are described as Kharijis. Otherwise, the only Muslim in the upper Indus valley until the Ghaznavid invasions must have been small colonies of merchants, known to have existed, for instance, in the Hindu-Shahi capital of Waihand near modern Attock.
Influence of India on Arab states.
Because of the Arab presence in India during these early centuries some knowledge of the Indian way of life percolated back to the centres of Islam. Since Islam is a complete system of belief, containing everything necessary for a man's conduct in this world and his salvation in the next, there was no reason beyond sheer intellectual curiosity why Moslems should be interested in greater Hindustan. But a few Moslem scholars did show some interest; for one thing, the subcontinent was popualarly famed as a home of esoteric lore and magic. From the time of the Abbasid Caliph al-Mansur, missions came from Sindh to the Baghdad court, bringing native Indian scholars and certain Sanskrit texts. The Indian knowledge of medicine, mathematics, astronomy and philosophy was especially esteemed, and various transaltions were made into Arabic. The Barmakid Vizier, Yahya bin Khalid, sent an agent to India around the year 800 to collect medicinal herbs and drugs and to aquire knowledge of Indian religions - information used by several later Islamic authors between the 9th and 11th centuries. The towering figure in the introduction of Indian Culture to the Islamic world is however, a scholar from Khwarazam in Central Asia, Abu Raihan al-Biruni, who died in about 1050. He was able to observe Indian customs and lore, and was the 1st Muslim scholar to become a competant Sanskritist. The outcome of his studies was his great book on India "Tahqiq ma li'l Hind" ("An Enquiry into India andn its Civilzation"), a compendium of all the knowledge which he could collect on Indian subjects. It was written in a remarkably dispassionate vein. Abu Raihan al-Biruni's purpose was not in any way polemical, and although he remained a firm Muslim and condemned such features of Indian life as "the sevitude of the caste system, the blinkered self-satisfaction of the "pandits" and the degraded Hindu view of women and marriage", he felt a certain attraction towards the pure, theoretical philosophy of the Hindus, just as he did towards that of the ancient Greeks. Al-biruni had no successor, but his work must be regarded as one of the great achievements of inter-cultural contact in mediaeval times.

16996 Dahir
16996 Dahir (1999 CM32) is a Main belt asteroid that was found on February 10, 1999 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro.

Ashurbanipal
Ashurbanipal (685 BCE - 627 BCE), the son of Esarhaddon, was the last great king of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. He established (started) the first organized library in the ancient Middle East, the Library of Ashurbanipal, which survives in part today.

Édouard Daladier
Édouard Daladier (18 June 1884 - 10 October 1970) was a French socialist politician, and Prime Minister of France at the start of the Second World War. He was one of the politicians who tried to stop the war at the Munich conference in 1938, together with the British prime minister, Neville Chamberlain and the two dictators of Germany and Italy, Adolph Hitler and Benito Mussolini.

1989-90 NHL season
The 1989–90 NHL season was the 73rd season of the National Hockey League. Twenty-one teams each played 80 games. The Stanley Cup winners were the Edmonton Oilers, who won the best of seven series 4–1 against the Boston Bruins.The championship was the Oilers' fifth Stanley Cup in the past four years.
This also marked the first time that all three New York City metro area teams made the playoffs in the same season.
Final standings.
"Note: W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, GF= Goals For, GA = Goals Against, Pts = Points, PIM = Penalties in minutes"
Scoring leaders.
"Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points, PIM = Penalties in minutes"

Munich agreement
The Munich Agreement was an agreement between France, Italy, Nazi Germany and Britain. After Germany invaded the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia, the British and French prime ministers tried to get Hitler to agree not to use his military in future in return for the land he had taken. Hitler agreed to sign a promise. At first people thought the agreement was a success, but Hitler invaded the rest of Czechoslovakia in 1939, which led to the start of the Second World War.

Dawson Island
Dawson Island (Lat: 53º 58’ 12” S Long: 70º 34’ 48”W) is an island in the Strait of Magellan that forms part of the Tierra del Fuego archipelago, 100 km south of the city of Punta Arenas in Chile, and part of the Municipality of Punta Arenas. It is located southeast of Brunswick Peninsula and is an approximately 1290 km² tract of land that is often lashed with harsh Antarctic weather. Its population was 415 as of the 1992 census of population, and 301 as of 2002. The settlements are Puerto Harris, Puerto San Antonio and Puerto Almeida.

Strike action
A strike action (or simply a strike) is when a large number of workers stop working in protest. Strikes are usually done by a labor union to get better pay, hours, or working conditions. They became important during the Industrial Revolution, when many worked in factories and mines. In many countries, it is against the law to strike. In other countries, people who strike are protected under certain conditions.
Strikes generally take the form of a picket line. The workers walk in front of where they work, chanting and holding signs. Workers on strike usually do not stop people from crossing the picket line. However, some people will not cross a picket line to buy something from the company. This is a way of showing solidarity (or support) for the union. Most unions will also not cross a picket line and do business with companies on strike. For example, members of the Teamsters, a truck driving union, will not deliver to a business that is on strike.
History.
The first known strike was in the 12th century B.C., in Egypt. Workers under Ramses III stopped working on the Necropolis until they were treated better. The word gets its name from modern times: in 1768, sailors in London "struck" or removed the sails of trade ships at port.
In 1917, the Mexican Constitution was the first to make sure that workers had the right to strike.
Wildcat strike.
A wildcat strike is a strike that is not approved by the labor union. Wildcat strikes are not always protected like union-approved strikes are.
Sympathy strike.
A sympathy strike is a strike that is done to support another group of workers on strike.
Slowdown strike.
A slowdown strike is when the workers are still working, but very slowly. It is usually done when workers are not allowed to have a full strike.
Green ban.
A green ban is a strike that that is done to get the company to adopt more environmentally friendly practices.
Strikes in the law.
Many countries do not allow workers to strike at all, but some allow it under certain conditions.
United States.
In the United States, people who work for the Federal Government are not allowed to strike. Some states, like New York, do not allow people who work for the state government (including teachers) to strike. Railroad and airline workers are not allowed to strike, except under certain conditions.
Strike breaking.
When a strike is called, a government may try to stop it by calling in the police or the military. The threat of force is sometimes enough to get the workers to stop. This happened in the Seattle General Strike of 1919, when over three thousand marines, sailors, and police officers were called into the city by the mayor of Seattle and the Attorney General of Washington.
The owners of a company may also decide to hire new workers. This may cost less than giving into the demands of the workers. This is another way of breaking the strike. These workers, called "scabs" by strikers, are often yelled at as they pass through the picket line. Many unions say that workers who helped break a strike by crossing the picket line are not allowed to be in the union. If the company is a union shop (meaning that only union workers can work there) this means that helping break a strike could get a worker fired from that company forever.

Bird flight
Flight is a special way of flying done by birds and such. Birds that soar use very little energy for it. Hollow bones that are light allow the birds to fly easily. Birds have a streamlined body shape, so that less air actually pushes onto them when flying. Birds can fly high or they can also stay at a place and still be in the air. This is called hovering.

Super Mario Land
"Super Mario Land" is a platform video game made by Nintendo for the Game Boy game console.
Plot.
An evil alien monster called Tatanga comes to a kingdom called Sarasa Land and kidnaps Princess Daisy. Mario comes to save her and has to go through four worlds and defeat Tatanga's four minions and rescue Daisy from Tatanga.

Mario (series)
The "Mario" series is a series of popular platform games by Nintendo, featuring Nintendo's mascot Mario and, in most of the games, his brother Luigi. Most of the games have something to do with jumping and defeating enemies. The games usually feature simple storylines; the most common plot theme in the series being Bowser, the main antagonist, kidnapping Princess Peach, who the Mario brothers try to save during the games.

Palindrome
A palindrome is a word, sentence, or number that reads the same from left to right as from right to left. Punctuation does not matter, but letters and digits do.

Environmentalism
Environmentalism is both a philosophy and a social movement that is about protecting nature. Environmentalists often talk about threats to the earth from pollution, and overpopulation. Environmentalism is both personal and political. In their own lives, environmentalists do things that are better for the earth, such as recycling, using natural products, and supporting businesses that are environmentally friendly. Politically, they support laws that help the environment, like regulations on pollution.

Samurai Champloo
Samurai Champloo (also known as Mugen) is a fierce animal-like warrior with a unique Bboying (break-dance) inspired fighting style. Jin has a more traditional style. The two contrasting samurai warriors are far from friends, yet their separate paths seem to cross anyways. Mugen is wandering aimlessly through the city when he stumbles upon a teahouse where he meets Jin and Fuu. Fuu convinces them both to come with her in search of a mysterious samurai that smells like sunflowers and their journey begins. This modernized hip-hop tale breaks the barriers of the common, historical, samurai anime.
This anime contains 26 episodes and two seasons, documenting the journey of these three misfits. The episodes are shown on [Adult Swim] from time to time, but never consistantly. Whenever on American television, only the first season is aired.

Chris Thile
Chris Thile () (born February 20, 1981) is an American musician, best known as a member of acoustic band Nickel Creek. He has made six albums as a solo artist and with his band, Punch Brothers. His first, "Leading Off", was released in 1994 when Thile was 13. Thile has also played and recorded with artists like Mike Marshall, Béla Fleck, Glen Phillips, and Edgar Meyer.
Thile's third album, "Not All Who Wander Are Lost", was released in 2001. His fourth, "Deceiver" had all songs written and performed by Thile alone. His most recent solo work was 2006's "How to Grow a Woman from the Ground", and Thile released "Punch" in 2008 with the band Punch Brothers. Also in 2008, Thile will make an album with Edgar Meyer, which will come out in the fall.
1981-1999: Early life and career.
Thile was born in Oceanside, California in 1981. When he was two, his family started going to "That Pizza Place", where he listened to John Moore's band "Bluegrass Etc". When Thile was four, his family moved to Idyllwild, California.
He started playing mandolin at the age of five. He took lessons from John Moore. When Thile was eight, Nickel Creek was formed. After playing many music festivals with Nickel Creek, he won the national mandolin contest at the Walnut Valley Festival in Winfield, Kansas at age twelve.
In 1993, Thile was signed to the bluegrass record label Sugar Hill. The next year, he released his first album, "Leading Off", and most of the songs were written by Thile. In 1997, Thile released "Stealing Second" and Nickel Creek released "Here to There".
2000-2005: "Wander" and "Deceiver".
After "Nickel Creek" sold 500,000 copies, Thile released "Not All Who Wander Are Lost" in 2001. The name of the album comes from a quote in J. R. R. Tolkien's book "The Lord of the Rings". The album had guest appearances from his Nickel Creek bandmates as well as Stuart Duncan, Béla Fleck, Edgar Meyer, Jerry Douglas, and Bryan Sutton.
In 2003, Thile and mandolinist Mike Marshall made a duet album called "Into the Cauldron," which had covers by artists from Charlie Parker to Bach. The next year, Thile released "Deceiver", a pop album on which he played and wrote every song himself. He mainly played his mandolin on the album, but also played electric guitar, piano, drums, violin, viola, cello, and bass.
2006-Present: Punch Brothers.
In August 2006, Nickel Creek announced in "Billboard" and on their official website that they would take an "indefinite hiatus", which means a break for an unknown amount of time.
The band's members are Thile (mandolin), Gabe Witcher (fiddle), Chris Eldridge (guitar), Greg Garrison (bass), and Noam Pikelny (banjo). Bryan Sutton also played guitar for the band when Chris Eldridge couldn't. In 2007, the band changed its name twice: first to "The Tensions Mountain Boys" and then "Punch Brothers."
Punch Brothers released their first album, "Punch", on the Nonesuch Records on February 26, 2008. The album has Thile's four piece song "The Blind Leaving the Blind", along with other original songs.

Košice
Košice (German: "Kaschau", Hungarian: "Kassa" IPA kɒʃɪtsə) is the second largest city in Slovakia. About 235,000 people live in the city. Košice was founded in 1230.

Teamsters
The International Brotherhood of Teamsters (also just called the Teamsters) is an American labor union of truck drivers. With over 1.4 million members, it is one of the largest unions in the United States.
History.
The Teamsters was founded in 1903, when most packages and other goods were delivered by a "team" of horses or oxen.

Boyfriend (disambiguation)
A boyfriend can mean a partner in a romantic relationship in which the two people are not married to each other; an intimate friend who is usually a man; any male friend.

Entente cordiale
The "Entente cordiale" (French for 'friendly agreement') was a number of agreements signed on 8 April 1904 between the United Kingdom and France. The two countries were worried that their two growing empires would cause a war between them. The Entente cordiale was the end of almost a millennium (one thousand years) of intermittent war (they were not fighting all the time). The agreement led to the Triple Entente (including Russia) that fought the Triple Alliance (Germany, Italy and Austria-Hungary) in the First World War. The Entente cordiale has lasted until modern times (now).

Parma Wallaby
The Parma Wallaby (Macropus Parma) is the smallest of the macropus genus. It can grow up to 52 cm in length, with a tail about the same length. They weigh up to 5 kg.The Parma wallaby's fur is a grey-brown colour on the back with a dark stripe. It has a white stripe on its face, and a white belly.
In the late 1800's it was thought to be extinct. Parma Wallabies had been introduced and established on Kauwau Island, New Zealand, where they were rediscovered in the 1960's. A lot of effort was made to capture and take the wallabies back to Australia. A small, wild group was found in Gosford, New South Wales in the 1970s by Eric Worrell from the Australian Reptile Park. Parma wallabies are officially listed as vulnerable because there are not many of them, they only live in small areas, and they are threatened by land clearing and other animals such as foxes.

Triple Entente
the triple entente was atreaty to protect eachother.
The Triple Entente ("entente" — French for "agreement") was the name given to alliance (friendly relationship) between the United Kingdom, France and the Russian Empire. The agreement was made after the Anglo-Russian Entente, an agreement between Britain and Russia in 1907. The agreement was made stronger by agreements made with Japan, the United States and Spain. In this form, there was a balance of power (meaning no group was much stronger than any other one) with the "Triple Alliance" of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy.
With the First World War, the Triple Entente became a military alliance. In 1915, Italy left the Triple Alliance, and from 1916 fought against Germany. The Russian revolution in October 1917 meant that Russia left the alliance, but the military alliance between France and the UK lasted until 1940, when Nazi Germany invaded France.

Triple Alliance (1882)
The Triple Alliance was a military alliance (agreement to fight together) between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. that lasted from 1882 until the start of World War I in 1914. The three countries promised to help each other if another country attacked them. The Italian people were not happy about the agreement because Austria-Hungary was an old enemy. In 1914, the Triple Alliance and the Triple Entente (France, Russia and the United Kingdom) started World War I. In 1915 Italy left the alliance and fought against Austria-Hungary, and fought against Germany from 1916.

Campus novel
A campus novel, also called the academic novel, is a novel that's story is around or about a campus of a university. The genre is said to have started in the 1950s. "The Groves of Academe" by Mary McCarthy,written in 1952, is often called the first campus novel, but some have also said that novels such as C.P. Snow's "The Masters", of the year before, were campus novels.

Unsanctum
Unsanctum are a metal band from Liverpool, Merseyside. The band formed in the year 2001 during their early teens without prior musical involvement. They have incorporated elements of black metal, death metal, thrash metal, and metal in their music.
Highlights.
Unsanctum are a five piece metal outfit hailing from Liverpool, England. Formed in 2001 by co-founders Tom Arian and Paul Armistead, Unsanctum has estalished a notorious reputation throughout the UK. The band returned in 2008 in pursuit of their 2004 debut album released on Cacophonous/Visible Noise Records.
With an average age of 20 and influences such as Mayhem, Racer X, Slayer, Biohazard and Lamb of God, Unsanctum churn out a unique blend of thrash, metal and hardcore. Having completed several UK tours with Burning Skies (Lifeforce Records)and Walls of Jericho (Roadrunner Records), the band has attained substantial coverage in Metal Hammer, Terrorizer and Kerrang, the latter having referred to the band as the "the perfect antidote to spineless coattail riders everywhere" and drawing a series of 4K reviews.
Biography.
Formed during the latter fall of 2001 by Tom (Vocals) and Paul (Guitars), a few songs were written and recorded, most of which never saw the light of day. One of the first live shows was in support of Belgian metalcore act xReprisalx (Goodlife records). On an extreme budget, the first material was a four track demo, recorded by Mick Kenney (Anaal Nathrakh, Mistress, Frost) on the 31st of December 2001 at Necrodeath studio's in Birmingham, which eventually saw daylight in late January 2002. The four tracks (in all clocking 10 minutes 37 seconds) pointed out the future musical direction of Unsanctum and also gained the band positive reviews and the necessary exposure. After copious amounts of promotional material, Unsanctum signed with Cacophonous/Visible Noise records in July 2002. On December 7th 2002 at Necrodeath studio's in Birmingham with producer Mick Kenney, Unsanctum began the recording of 11 tracks for their debut album to be released on Cacophonous/Visible Noise records in early 2003.
"Ignite the skies" was remixed and remastered three times. The initial recording was considered so substandard that both the guitar and bass tracks were rerecorded at Bonafide Studio's in London during February 2003. This is not to say that the album wasn't everything we had hoped for, but simply, due to the amount of time wasted and damage done in the early stages of production, we were so far behind schedule, that unfortunately, perfection was not an option. In April 2003, Unsanctum accepted an endorsement from Bc Rich guitars. "Ignite the skies" was released on the 23rd of June 2003 through Cacophonous records and distributed by Pinnacle worldwide. Amongst other feedback, it received a KKKK rating in Kerrang and an 8/10 rating in Metal Hammer. In July 2003, Unsanctum accepted an endorsement from Jagermeister. In August 2003, Unsanctum set off on their second UK tour with Burning Skies (Lifeforce records), playing 12 consecutive shows around the UK, receiving a 4/5 live review in Kerrang and an 8/10 live review in Metal Hammer. On Halloween 2003, Unsanctum performed a live soundtrack to the silent classic "The Cabinet Of Dr Caligari" to a sold out audience at the Victoria & Albert Museum in London. Following a number of high profile shows, Unsanctum completed a third UK tour with Walls Of Jericho (Trustkill records) in November 2003.
In early 2004, Unsanctum were voted the third Best Newcomer of 2003 by Terrorizer magazine. A new logo was designed by Christophe Szpajdel (Emperor). Unsanctum had taken over 4 years of our lives, we were broke, burnt out and the time had come for a rest. Work began on the second album in early 2004. Words can't express how grateful we are to the people who turned up at our shows, gave us a place to crash and helped to realise our dream.
The close of 2005 saw an overwhelming response to a limited press three track demo titled "Adamantium Rage", the first new Unsanctum recording in over 2 years. In February 2006, David (Bass) decided to leave the band, he was the first and only member to leave the band since the band confirmed their original line-up in 2001, and was replaced by Chris (Vultures, Atlas) shortly after. In March 2007, after 3 years in the making, work finally ceased on the follow-up to "Ignite the skies". The bands second full length, to be titled "Ritual killing", marked their return to the UK metal scene. Harder, faster and a hell of a lot more pissed off, the bands song writing ability had matured significantly, displaying a harsher, thrash orientated sound.
The band started work on a third album "Throne to the wolves" in 2008 due for release in 2009.
Influences.
Mayhem, Iron Maiden, Slayer, Metallica, Emperor, Pantera, Darkthrone, King Diamond, Hatebreed, Sarcofago, Madball, Lamb Of God, Biohazard, Annihilator, Death, Machine Head, Judas Priest, Integrity, Megadeth, Racer X, Strife, Exhorder & Tragedy.

Crime fiction
Crime fiction is the genre of fiction that has to do with crimes, their solving, criminals, and their reasons for doing crime. Sometimes, crime fiction is also in the science fiction or historical fiction genres, but usually they are separate. It has several sub-genres, such as detective fiction, legal thriller, and courtroom drama.

Conscience
Conscience is a ability or faculty that can tells people if what they are doing is right or wrong. Having it can make people sad inside about what they have done.

Clare, Suffolk
Clare is a small town on the north bank of the River Stour in Suffolk, England.

Bernard Hinault
Bernard Hinault (born 14 November, 1954) is a French cyclist who won the Tour de France five times. He is also one of only four cyclists to have won all three Grand Tours, the Tour de France, the Giro d'Italia, and the Vuelta a España. He is the only cyclist who has won each Grand Tour more than once. He won the Tour de France in 1978, 1979, 1981, 1982 and 1985. He was first in the Giro d'Italia in 1980, 1982 and 1985. He was first in the Vuelta a España in 1978 and 1983. Hinault had the nickname "Le Blaireau" (the Badger). Hinault says this was a local custom with cyclists when he was young. Professional cyclists used the nickname because badgers do not let go of their prey (animals they want to eat) easily. People know him as a very independent and strong man.
Main victories.
Hinault also won the season-long "Super Prestige Pernod International" competition four times from 1979 to 1982, the same as Jacques Anquetil's total.

Doubt
Doubt is a feeling between belief and disbelief.
Examples.
"Why is your heart so full of doubt?"
"Does he like me? I doubt it"
"I" "doubt you even know what i'm talking about"

Muzaffarabad
Muzaffarabad is the capital of Azad Kashmir (AJK). It is located in Muzaffarabad District on the banks of the Jhelum and Neelum rivers, is very hilly. The district is bounded by North-West Frontier Province in the west, by the Kupwara and Baramulla districts of the Indian occupied territory of Jammu and Kashmir in the east, and the Neelum District Azad Kashmir in the north. The population of the district, according to the 1998 Census, was 725,000, and according to a 1999 projection, the population had risen to almost 741,000. The district comprises three tehsils, and the city of Muzaffarabad serves as the capital of Azad Jammu and Kashmir.

Zoosexuality
Zoosexuality is the sexual attraction towards animals.

America's Next Top Model, Cycle 1
This is the results of America's Next Top Model, Cycle 1'".

Post-traumatic stress disorder
Post-traumatic stress disorder (sometimes also written "Posttraumatic stress disorder", often shortened to "PTSD") is a disease linked to anxiety.
It can develop when people are severely harmed, or experience something extremely upsetting.
PTSD is different from traumatic stress, which is less intense and of shorter duration, and combat stress reaction, which is transitory. PTSD has also been recognized in the past as shell shock, traumatic war neurosis, or post-traumatic stress syndrome (PTSS).

Hugo de Vries
Hugo Marie de Vries (Feb 16 1848, Haarlem - May 21 1935, Lunteren) was a Dutch botanist and one of the first geneticists. He is known chiefly for suggesting the concept of genes, rediscovering Gregor Mendel's laws of heredity in the 1890s, and for developing a mutation theory of evolution.

Carl Correns
Carl Erich Correns (September 10, 1864 - February 14, 1933) was a German botanist and geneticist. Tdoay, he is notable primarily for his independent discovery of the principles of heredity, and for his rediscovery of Gregor Mendel's earlier paper on that subject, which he achieved simultaneously but independently of the botanists Erich Tschermak von Seysenegg and Hugo de Vries.
By a quirk of history Correns was a student of Nageli, a renowned botanist with whom Mendel corresponded about his work with peas, but who failed to understand how significant Mendel's work was. Tschermak was a grandson of a man who taught botany to Mendel, during Mendel's student days in Vienna.

Erich von Tschermak-Seysenegg
Erich von Tschermak-Seysenegg (november 15 1871 – october 11 1962) was an Austrian agronomist.
Von Tschermak is one of three men - the others were Hugo de Vries and Carl Correns - who independently rediscovered Gregor Mendel's work on genetics. Von Tschermak published his findings in June, 1900.
By a quirk of history Correns was a student of Karl Wilhelm von Nägeli, a renowned botanist with whom Mendel corresponded about his work with peas but who failed to understand how significant Mendel's work was. Von Tschermak was a grandson of a man who taught Mendel botany during his student days in Vienna.

Woodward's Wallaroo
Woodward's Wallaroo (Macropus bernardus), also called the Black Wallaroo and Bernard's Wallaroo, is the smallest of the wallaroos. The male is black or dark brown and the female is a grey colour. It is a shy nocturnal grazer and does not live in big groups. It uses the rocky cliffs where it lives to shelter and hide from danger.
It is only found in a small, mountainous area in Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, between South Alligator River and Nabarlek. It classified as near threatened, because it is only found in this small area.. The name wallaroo means a "rock kangaroo."

Alex Rodriguez
Alexander Emmanuel Rodriguez (born July 27, 1975 in New York, New York), also called A-Rod, is a Dominican American baseball player playing as third baseman for the New York Yankees. In the past, he played as shortstop for the Seattle Mariners and Texas Rangers.
He is currently first in runs scored and total bases; second in extra base hits and RBI, and 4th in hits among all players in baseball history since their 31st birthday. Also, Rodriguez has more HR, RBI, runs scored and more base hits than all-time leaders Hank Aaron (RBI), Barry Bonds (HR), Rickey Henderson (runs scored), and Pete Rose (hits) did before their 31st birthdays. He is the youngest player ever to hit 500 home runs, breaking the record Jimmie Foxx set in 1939.
He has been said to be the best all-around players currently in baseball.

Alex
Alex shortened version of the male name Alexander or the female version Alexandria. Both names mean "protector of men" or "defender of men".

Tomatina
La Tomatina is a festival held on the last Wednesday of August each year in the town of Buñol in the Valencia region of Spain. Many people come from all over the world to throw one hundred tons of over-ripe tomatoes in the streets.

Wallaroo
A wallaroo is a macropod with its size between the big kangaroos and the small wallabies. The name "wallaroo" is a mix of wallaby and kangaroo. Most wallaroos are smaller than a kangaroo, and are found in open, rocky country. Wallaroo means "rock kangaroo". There are 3 types of wallaroo. They all stand the same way: wrists raised, elbows close into the body, and shoulders back, and all have a large, black nose.
"Macropus robustus", called the Eastern Wallaroo, Common Wallaroo or just Wallaroo lives on the sides of the Great Dividing Range (which runs for more than 3,000 km along the eastern and south-eastern coast of Australia). There are four subspecies: the Eastern Wallaroo and the Euro, which are both widespread across Australia. Two others live in small areas only, one from Barrow Island, the other from the Kimberley area of Western Australia.
The Woodward's Wallaroo or Black Wallaroo ("Macropus bernardus") lives in steep, rocky ground in Arnhem Land. Between 60 to 70 cm in length (without tail) it is the smallest wallaroo and the most heavily built. Males weigh 19 to 22 kg, females about 13 kg.
The Antilopine Wallaroo ("Macropus antilopinus") also called the Antilopine Kangaroo is different to other wallaroos. It is, more like the Eastern and Western Grey Kangaroos. It lives in groups on the grassy plains and woodlands, where the other wallaroos live by themselves.

Zoe (name)
Zoë (and other such names) is a female name which came from ancient Greece and means "life" in Greek.

Rick Warren
Richard D. "Rick" Warren (born January 28, 1954) is both the founder and pastor of Saddleback Church in Southern California. It is the largest Christian church in California. He is also the best-selling author of many Christian books, such as the "The Purpose Driven Life". He is also an influential evangelical leader.

Antilopine Kangaroo
The Antilopine Kangaroo ("Macropus antilopinus"), also called the Antilopine Wallaroo or the Antilopine Wallaby'", is an animal, a large macropod found only in the tropical areas of northern Australia. They can be found in Cape York Peninsula in north Queensland, the "Top End" of the Northern Territory, and the Kimberley region of Western Australia. They are found in groups feeding on the open grass lands.. Antilopine kangaroos are often found in groups of all male, or all female.
The male is a red colour and females are grey. The males can get as big as 70 kg, but the females are usually around 30 kg. It is slightly smaller than the Red Kangaroo ("Macropus rufus") and the Eastern Grey Kangaroo ("Macropus giganteus"). Babies are born in the summer (February-March), and leave the mother's pouch in Novemember, at the start of the wet season.
Climate change could mean that this kangaroo could become extinct in the future.

Synchronizing
Synchronizing means to occur at the same time or coincide or agree in time.

Peptide
Peptides are organic chemical molecules. They are polymers made from linking amino acids together in a certain order. The link between one amino acid residue and the next is known as an amide bond or a peptide bond.
Linking peptides together gives proteins (which are also known as "Polypeptides").

Cubic foot
A cubic foot is a measure of volume. It is the amount of liquid that can be fit into a box 1 foot deep, one foot wide, and one foot in length. A cubic foot can be written ft3.

Webmin
Webmin is a web-based system configuration tool for OpenSolaris, Linux and other Unix-like systems. It can configure many operating system internals, such as users, disk quotas, services, configuration files, as well as modify and control many opensource applications, such as the Apache HTTP Server, PHP and MySQL.
Webmin is largely based on Perl, running as its own process and web server. It defaults to TCP port 10000 for communicating, and can be configured to use SSL if OpenSSL is installed with extra required Perl Modules.

Family tree
A family tree is a chart showing family relationships in a tree structure form. The more detailed family trees used in medicine, genealogy, and social work are known as genograms.
As normally showed, a family tree "grows" down from the top, from the oldest generations at the top to the newer generations at the bottom. A tree showing the descendants of an individual (illustration right) will more closely look like a tree in shape; one showing the ancestors of an individual (illustration below in "The Family Tree of Sigmund") will be wider at the top than the bottom. When looking at the closer to the bottom of the tree, it will show more recent generations, and when looking further up, there will be older generations.

Survival of the fittest
"Survival of the fittest" is a phrase first used by Herbert Spencer in his book "Principles of Biology", published in 1864. In the book, Spencer tried to apply the ideas behind evolution to certain fields of economics.
Charles Darwin, one of the discoverers of evolution, did not not talk about "survival of the fittest"; he spoke about natural selection. He used the term "survival of the fittest" only as a metaphor to describe natural selection. Today, biologists do not use the term any more, they use "natural selection".
An interpretation of the phrase to mean "only the fittest organisms will prevail" (a view common in social Darwinism) is not consistent with the actual theory of evolution. Any organism which is capable of reproducing itself on an ongoing basis will survive as a species, not just the "fittest" ones. A more accurate characterization of evolution would be "survival of the fit enough", although this is sometimes regarded as a tautology.

Social responses to the idea of evolution
The idea that all life evolved has been hotly debated, even before Charles Darwin published "On the Origin of species". Even today, some people still talk about the concept of evolution and what it means to them, to their philosophy and their religion. Sometimes these people also talk about the social implications of evolution. This debate is mostly about the meaning of evolution, and not about how evolution works.
Debates about evolution.
Some people believe in "guided evolution" or "theistic evolution". They say that evolution is real, but they say, that someone is guiding it in certain ways. There are many different concepts of "theistic evolution". Many creationists believe that the creation myth found in their religion goes against the idea of evolution. As Darwin found out early on, the most controversial part of the evolutionary thought is its implications for human origins.
In some countries, especially in the United States, there is tension between people who accept the idea of evolution and those who reject it. The debate is mostly about if the ideas in evolution should be taught in schools, and in what way.
Other fields, such as cosmology and earth science also conflict with the original writings of many religious texts. Evolutionary biology is opposed much more from religious believers than other groups or organizations.
Abusing evolution.
People tend to try and support their beliefs. For instance, a bit of the Bible where, after Noah's Ark landed, Noah got drunk while naked and Ham laughed at him, and was cursed by Noah somehow became part of a justification for racism and slavery. Later, people tried to use evolution to support racism. Evolution itself does not support racism, but people wanting to justify racism claimed that black people were inferior, and thus said that because evolution shows that, in nature, "better" animals tend to survive, leading to evolution of improved animals, that since they were clearly "better", they had the right to oppress the "weaker". But they were not actually better, so they were wrong to say this.
One way people claimed evolution could promote discrimination and racism was to say that only the "better" people should have children. The idea to improve the human species in this way is called Eugenics. One of the people who had such ideas was Francis Galton. Galton was a very bright scientist, and meant to do good.He said that the human gene pool should be improved by selective breeding policies. This would mean that those who were considered "good stock" would receive a reward if they reproduced. However, other people added to this, and said those considered "bad stock" would need to undergo compulsory sterilization, prenatal testing and birth control; and they might even have to be killed. Galton's idea got used in very bad ways. His idea was also wrong, because there's so many different skills people could have, so you couldn't tell who was "good stock" and who was "bad stock" anyway.
Another example of using wrong ideas about evolution to support bad things is "Social Darwinism". Social Darwinism is a term given to the 19th century Whig Malthusian theory started by Herbert Spencer. Spencer had ideas about "survival of the fittest", which he tried to apply to commerce and human societies as a whole. Other people used these ideas to claim that social differences, racism, and imperialism were justified. Today, most scientists and philosophers say that the theory of evolution should not be used to support such ideas. They also say that it is difficult to find data that can support them.
Controversy.
Certain people oppose the idea of evolution. They disagree with it for a number of reasons. Most often these reasons are influenced by their religious beliefs. Their beliefs are usually called creationism or intelligent design.
Despite this, evolution is one of the most successful theories in science. People have found it to be useful for different kinds of research. None of the other proposals explain things, such as fossil records, as well. So, for almost all scientists, evolution is not in doubt.

Palembang
Palembang is a city of 1,286,000 people in the south of the Indonesian island of Sumatra. It is the capital of the province of South Sumatra.
History.
The city was the capital of the old, Buddhist kingdom of Srivijaya that included a large part of Malaysia and Indonesia. After a 1025 raid by the Chola Empire of southern India it became less imortant. Srivijaya's capital moved north to Jambi. Palembang is also the home of Parameswara, the ruler of Malacca (a state in Malaysia) who started the most important empire in Malaysian history.
The Battle of Palembang was fought near the city during the Second World War between February 13-February 15 1942. Japanese forces captured the airport and nearby oil refinery after a short but bloody battle.
Economy.
Palembang's economy has grown after it became a venue for National Sporting Event in 2004.. Palembang was also one of hosts of the 2007 AFC Asian Cup.
The city is served by Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II Airport which has many flights to many cities in Indonesia and also to Singapore and Malaysia.
This city is famous in Indonesia for its "Pempek" fish cakes.

Social Darwinism
Social Darwinism is a term used for different movements. Charles Darwin was one of the main discoverers of evolution. Evolution is a concept from biology that tries to explain how different life-forms change over time. It basically says that because most children are not exactly like their parents, there is change. Some of the children will have features (or traits). These features will mean that some children are better adapted to the place where they live. They will therefore be better able to have offspring. Some of the offspring might also have the trait of their parents.
Social Darwinism theories try to use these ideas from biology for human society. They talk about a "Struggle for survival" of human societies. During the era of Nazi ideologies, the idea of Survival of the fittest combined with racism. Since the Aryan race was better than all the other races, it needed more space to live. This space was to be provided in the east (where mostly Slavs lived).
Today, this is mostly seen as badly named. Most of the ideas for the theories are from Lamarckism and not from the theory of evolution, proposed by Charles Darwin.

Beccles
Beccles is a small market town in Suffolk, England, around the area of The Broads. The town had a population of about 9,850 people around 2005. Beccles has a suburb called Worlingham which has a combined population of about 13,580. Beccles is twinned with Petit-Couronne in France.
History.
Baccles was once a flourishing Saxon riverport, but today it is in the Waveney valley thet is a popular boating centre. The town was granted its Charter in 1584 by Queen Elizabeth I.
The Peck family was associated with Beccles for a long time. The Puritan Peck was eventually forced to leave to Hingham, Massachusetts, founded by many members of his parish, where he resided for several years, until King Charles I had been executed and Oliver Cromwell was in charge of government. At that time, Robert Peck decided to return to Hingham, Norfolk, and continued his pastorship of St. Andrews Church. He died in Hingham but he left descendants in America, as well as his brother Joseph Peck, who settled in Rehoboth, Massachusetts.

Lamarckism
Lamarckism (also called Lamarckian evolution) is a theory of evolution. Evolution tries to explain how species change over time. Today, the most accepted theory of evolution was developed by Charles Darwin.
Lamarckism was developed by Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck. He based his ideas on those of Erasmus Darwin. Lamarckism says that indiviuals do not only pass on the things they received form their parents, but also all those things that they learned during their lifetime. As an example, he cited the giraffes. Giraffes have a long neck because their parents needed to strech their neck a lot. Therefore, the children have longer necks.
Lamarck therefore says that evolution is oriented towards a goal; it is not just random as Darwin claims.
Gregor Mendel found some rules to explain inheritance. These rules are known as Mendelian inheritance today. They also disproved Lamarck.
Lamarck's theory.
The identification of "Lamarckism" with the inheritance of acquired characteristics is regarded by some as an artifact of the subsequent history of evolutionary thought, repeated in textbooks without analysis. Stephen Jay Gould wrote that late 19th century evolutionists "re-read Lamarck, cast aside the guts of it... and elevated one aspect of the mechanics - inheritance of acquired characters - to a central focus it never had for Lamarck himself"." He argued that "the restriction of "Lamarckism" to this relatively small and non-distinctive corner of Lamarck's thought must be labelled as more than a misnomer, and truly a discredit to the memory of a man and his much more comprehensive system". Gould advocated defining "Lamarckism" more broadly, in line with Lamarck's overall evolutionary theory.
In essence, a change in the environment brings about change in "needs" ("besoins"), resulting in change in behavior, bringing change in organ usage and development, bringing change in form over time — and thus the gradual transmutation of the species.
However, as scientist historians such as Michael Ghiselin and Stephen Jay Gould have pointed out, none of these views were original to Lamarck. On the contrary, Lamarck's contribution was a systematic theoretical framework for understanding evolution. He saw evolution as comprising two processes;

Darwinism
Darwinism is a term used to talk about different ideas connected to those Charles Darwin had about evolution. The meaning of "Darwinism" has changed over time, and depends on who is using the term.
The term was coined by Thomas Henry Huxley in April 1860. He used it to describe evolutionary concepts, including earlier concepts such as Malthusianism and Spencerism. In the late 19th century it came to mean the concept that natural selection was the only mechanism of evolution, in contrast to Lamarckism. Around 1900, Gregor Mendels work was rediscovered, "Darwinism" was the word used to classify the ideas. Today, both theroies have been unified.
As modern evolutionary theory has developed, the term has been associated at times with specific ideas.

Selective breeding
Selective breeding is a technique used when breeding domesticated animals, such as dogs, pigeons or cattle. Some of these animals will have qualities that a breeder will want to preserve. The breeder will therefore select those animals to breed that have such a qualty, rather than those that do not.
Charles Darwin used the example of selective breeding to introduce his idea of natural selection.

Istria
Istria (Croatian, Slovene: "Istra", Italian: "Istria"), formerly Histria (Latin), is the biggest peninsula in the Adriatic Sea.
Census data.
Source: Croatian Census - 2001. Slovenian Census - 2002. Italian Census - 1970/2001

Prenatal diagnosis
Prenatal testing or Prenatal diagnosis is a word used for a number of technolgies. These technolgies are used to test unborn children for birth defects, as well as for some genetic disorders. They can be classified as invasive tests (where a needle is inserted, to get placental fluid for example. Non-invasive tests include things like sonograms.
Most often this is performed to test for birth defects. Common procedures include amniocentesis, sonograms, nuchal translucency testing, or genetic screening. The tests can be used to check for conditions such as Down syndrome, spina bifida, cleft palate, Tay Sachs disease, sickle cell anemia, thalassemia, cystic fibrosis, and fragile x syndrome. In some cases, the tests are administered to determine if the fetus will be aborted.
In some cases, fetal screening has been done to determine characteristics generally that are not considered birth defects. In some parts of the world, if a fetus is determined to be female, it is sometimes aborted. The rise of designer babies and parental selection for specific traits raises a number of ethical and legal issues.

Compulsory sterilization
Compulösory sterilization is a term used for laws that say that certain groups of people should be serilized so that they can no longer have children.
Such laws were mainly introduced because of Eugenic views of the start of the 20th century. Today, most compulsory sterilizations are done to mentally ill people who are not able to handle a pregnancy on their own. In China, compulsory sterilization is part of family planning.

List of Italian place names in Dalmatia
This is a list of Italian language place names on the Dalmatian coast, including the islands up to Rijeka/Fiume.

Malthusianism
Malthusianism is a set of ideas developed by Reverend Thomas Robert Malthus. Malthus was an economist who lived during the industrial revolution.
In 1798, Mathus published a book, called "An Essay on the Principle of Population". In it, he describes the Malthusian growth model. He wrote that the groth of the population is exponential. The growth of the food supply however is only arithmethical. This means if there are no limits to the growth of the population, that it will not be possible to produce food for all of them. This is known as Malthusian catastrophe. Malthus wrote during the time of the Manchester School of thought.
The Tory party had paternalistic ideas such as charity for the poor. Malthus said this would not work, and it would only lead to increased numbers of the poor. The theory was developed into Whig economic ideas such as The Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834. Its opponents described the act as "a Malthusian bill designed to force the poor to emigrate, to work for lower wages, to live on a coarser sort of food". The act brought the construction of workhouses despite riots and arson.
By that time the ideas were widespread in progressive social circles. One supporter was the novelist Harriet Martineau whose circle of acquaintances included Charles Darwin. The ideas of Malthus were a significant influence on the inception of Darwin's theory.
According to Dr. Dan Ritschel of the Center for History Education at the University of Maryland, The great Malthusian dread was that "indiscriminate charity" would lead to exponential growth in the population in poverty, increased charges to the public purse to support this growing army of the dependent, and, eventually, the catastrophe of national bankruptcy. Though Malthusianism has since come to be identified with the issue of general over-population, the original Malthusian concern was more specifically with the fear of over-population by the dependent poor!
One of the earliest critics of Malthusian theory was Karl Marx who referred (in "Capital", see Marx's footnote on Malthus from Capital - a reference below) to it as "nothing more than a schoolboyish, superficial plagiary of De Foe, Sir James Steuart, Townsend, Franklin, Wallace" and others, postulating that progress in science and technology would allow for indefinite exponential population growth.

Greg LeMond
Gregory James "Greg" LeMond (born June 26, 1961 in California) is an American cyclist who raced as a professional from 1981 to 1994.
He became the first American to win the Tour de France in 1986. In 1987 he was injured in a shooting accident, and could not race again until 1989, when he won the Tour de France again. He beat the French cyclist Laurent Fignon in an individual time trial using aero bars, which made him more aerodynamic (able to move through air easily). He won the Tour de France again in 1990. He now runs a bicycle company, and works to help people who are victims of sexual abuse.

Francis Galton
Sir Francis Galton F.R.S. (16 February 1822 – 17 January 1911), half-cousin of Charles Darwin, was an English Victorian scientist. He was a polymath, an anthropologist, an eugenicist, a tropical explorer, geographer, inventor, meteorologist, proto-geneticist, psychometrician, and statistician. He was knighted in 1909.
Galton had was very intelligent. He produced over 340 papers and books throughout his lifetime. He also created the statistical concept of correlation and widely promoted regression toward the mean. He was the first to apply statistical methods to the study of human differences and inheritance of intelligence. He also introduced the use of questionnaires and surveys to collect data on human communities. He needed such data for genealogical and biographical works and for his anthropometric studies. He was a pioneer in eugenics, coining the very term itself and the phrase "nature versus nurture". As an investigator of the human mind, he founded psychometrics (the science of measuring mental faculties) and differential psychology. He created a method for classifying fingerprints that proved useful in forensic science. As the initiator of scientific meteorology, he devised the first weather map, proposed a theory of anticyclones, and was the first to establish a complete record of short-term climatic phenomena on a European scale. He also invented the Galton Whistle for testing differential hearing ability.

Herbert Spencer
Herbert Spencer (April 27, 1820 – December 8, 1903) was an English philosopher; prominent classical liberal political theorist; and sociological theorist of the Victorian era.
Spencer developed an all-embracing conception of evolution. He saw evolution as the progressive development of the physical world, biological organisms, the human mind, and human culture and societies. Spencer never married, he remained a bachelor. He contributed to a wide range of subjects, including ethics, religion, politics, philosophy, biology, sociology, and psychology.
He is best known for coining the phrase, "survival of the fittest". He did this in "Principles of Biology" (1864), after reading Charles Darwin's "On the Origin of Species". This term strongly suggests natural selection, yet as Spencer extended evolution into realms of sociology and ethics, he made use of Lamarckism rather than natural selection.

Rongorongo
Rongorongo is a system of writing native to Easter Island. It cannot be read. There are two dozen examples of rongorongo script, mostly carved on tablets made from wood of the portia tree "Thespesia populnea," known as "makoi" in Rapanui (Easter Island) language. The longest inscription in existence is the Santiago Staff, a wooden sceptre 126 centimetres long and 6.5 centimetres wide, bearing 2300 glyphs (Gr. "γλυφη" "carving"). The staff, which once belonged to an Easter Island king, was acquired by the Chilean Navy in 1870 and is now in Santiago's Museum of Natural History.

Candle festival
The Candle Festival (known in Thai as Haetian) is held in Ubon Ratchathani, Isan, Thailand.
At the start of rainy season, it is traditional for the devout to donate to monks items of personal use, such as candles. This part of the festival became the core of the Ubon Ratchathani version of the event. It is now a major event both for residents and for tourists: giant candles are paraded through the town, each representing a local temple, district or other institution. The more elaborate versions are accompanied by scenes of Hindu and Buddhist mythology sculpted in wood or plaster and coated with wax.

Portia tree
The portia tree ("Thespesia populnea") Family Malvaceae, is a small tree or shrub 5-10 (-20) m high that is pantropical in littoral environments, although probably native only to the Old World. In Hawai‘i and elsewhere in the Pacific it is possibly indigenous, although may have been spread by early Polynesians for its useful wood and fiber.
Common names vary according to the country and include "Indian tulip tree", "Pacific rosewood", "seaside mahoe" (in Florida), "surina" (the "elegant tree"), "suriya" (Sinhala), "bebaru" or "baru baru" (Malay), "milo" or "miro" (in many Polynesian languages), "mako‘i" (Rapanui), "gangaraavi" (Telugu), "poovarasu" (Tamil), and "plaksa" (Sanskrit).
Traditionally it was planted in sacred groves and used for religious sculpture throughout eastern Polynesia. It was used for the rongorongo tablets of Easter Island.

PAL region
The PAL region is a video game region which covers Australia, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and some other European countries.

PAL
PAL (short for Phase Alternating Line) is a method to encode color in analogue television broadcasting systems. It is one of three standards in wide use today. The other two are SECAM and NTSC.
History of the PAL standard.
European countries wanted to introduce colour television in the 1950s. They had a few problems though. The NTSC standard, used in America would not fit the 50 Hz AC frequency of the European power grids. What was more, it also had some weaknesses. The most important weakness of NTSC was that colour tones would change if transmission conditions were bad. For these reasons the development of the SECAM and PAL standards began. The goal was to make a colour TV standard with a picture frequency of 50 fields per second (50 hertz), and a better colour picture than NTSC.
PAL was developed by Walter Bruch at Telefunken in Germany. The format was first unveiled in 1963, with the first broadcasts beginning in the United Kingdom and Germany in 1967.
Telefunken was later bought by the French electronics manufacturer Thomson. Thomson also bought the "Compagnie Générale de Télévision" where Henri de France developed SECAM. SECAM is the first European colour television standard. Thomson nowadays also co-owns the RCA brand for consumer electronics products, which created the NTSC colour TV standard before Thomson became involved.
The term PAL is often used informally to refer to a 625-line/50 Hz (576i, principally European) television system, and to tell it apart from a 525-line/60 Hz (480i, principally North American/Central American/Japanese) NTSC system. Accordingly, DVDs are labelled as either PAL or NTSC. This labelling is informally referring to the line count and frame rate even though technically the European discs do not have PAL composite colour. This usage may lead readers to believe that PAL defines image resolution, even though it doesn't. The PAL colour system can be used in conjunction with any resolution and frame rate, and various such combinations exist. NTSC, by contrast does define the video line and frame format.

Tautology (rhetoric)
In Rhetoric, a tautology is when a meaning is repeated; this is often done using differerent words that say the same thing. Most often this is used unintentionally (say the same thing twice), but it can of ocurse also be used for ephasis.
Sometimes, the tautology is not easy to say,

Tautology (logic)
In propositional logic, a tautology (from the Greek word ταυτολογία) is a propositional formula that is true under any possible interpretation. For example, formulae in maths are tautological, because they always hold true for any values. The philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein first applied the term to propositional logic in 1921.
In other words, a tautology cannot be wrong.

Toromi
Toromi (とろ美) is a Japanese voice actor, singer, cosplayer, and artist who is most known for her role as Mii in the "Popotan" video games. Not much is known about Toromi, but she can be found on many websites because of her work in both video games and anime.

Longhorn beetle
The longhorn beetles or long-horned beetles (Cerambycidae) are a family of beetles that usually have very long antennae. They can be longer than the beetles' body.

Valea Fermelor River
The Valea Fermelor River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Valea Scaunelor River
The Valea Scaunelor River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Muereasca River
The Muereasca River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Dosu River
The Dosu River is a tributary of the Muereasca River in Romania. That means it flows into the Muereasca River.

Macroevolution
Macroevolution is a scale of analysis of evolution in separated gene pools. Macroevolutionary studies focus on change that occurs at or above the level of species, in contrast ton microevolution, which refers to smaller evolutionary changes "within" a species or population. Microevolution can typically be described as changes in allele frequencies. The process of speciation may fall within the purview of either, depending on the forces thought to drive it. Paleontology, evolutionary developmental biology, comparative genomics and genomic phylostratigraphy contribute most of the evidence for the patterns and processes that can be classified as macroevolution. An example of macroevolution is the appearance of feathers during the evolution of birds from one group of dinosaurs.
Within the Modern Synthesis school of thought, macroevolution is thought of as the compounded effects of microevolution. Thus, the distinction between micro- and macroevolution is not a fundamental one - the only difference between them is of time and scale.
Some creationists have also adopted the term "macroevolution" to describe the form of evolution that they reject. They may accept that evolutionary change is possible within species ("microevolution"), but deny that one species can evolve into another ("macroevolution"). These arguments are rejected by mainstream science, which holds that there is ample evidence that macroevolution has occurred in the past.
Origin of the Term.
Russian Entomologist Yuri Filipchenko (or Philipchenko, depending on the transliteration) first coined the terms "macroevolution" and "microevolution" in 1927 in his German language work, "Variabilität und Variation".
Since the inception of the two terms, their meanings have been revised several times and even fallen into disfavour amongst scientists who prefer to speak of biological evolution as one process.
Criticisms of macroevolution.
While details of macroevolution are continuously studied by the scientific community, the overall theory behind macroevolution (i.e. common descent) has been overwhelmingly consistent with empirical data. Predictions of empirical data from the theory of common descent have been so consistent that biologists often refer to it as the ""fact" of evolution". Nevertheless, macroevolution is sometimes disputed by religious groups. Generally speaking, these groups attempt to differentiate between microevolution and macroevolution, asserting various hypotheses which are considered to have no scientific basis by any mainstream scientific organization, including the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
Very basically, macroevolution is any change at the species level or above (phyla, group, etc.) and microevolution is any change below the level of species.
When discussing the topic, creationists use "strategically elastic" definitions of micro- and macroevolution. Macroevolution, by their definition, cannot be attained. Any observed evolutionary change is described by them as being "just microevolution".

Gene pool
A gene pool is made of all possible variations of all genes of a population. Plants have a gene that says what colour their flower will be. Peas (at the origin) have either red or white flowers. That way the gene pool of peas includes the options to have red flowers and to have white flowers.

Transcription (genetics)
Transcription is the synthesis of RNA under the direction of DNA. Both nucleic acid sequences use the same language. The information is simply transcribed, or copied, from one molecule to the other. DNA sequence is enzymatically copied by RNA polymerase to produce a complementary nucleotide RNA strand. This is called messenger RNA (mRNA), because it carries a genetic message from the DNA to the protein-synthesizing machinery of the cell. One significant difference between RNA and DNA sequence is the presence of U, or uracil in RNA instead of the T, or thymine of DNA. In the case of protein-encoding DNA, transcription is the first step that usually leads to the expression of the genes, by the production of the mRNA intermediate, which is a faithful transcript of the gene's protein-building instruction.
The stretch of DNA that is transcribed into an RNA molecule is called a "transcription unit". A transcription unit that is translated into protein contains sequences that direct and regulate protein synthesis in addition to coding the sequence that is translated into protein. The regulatory sequence that is before, or 5', of the coding sequence is called 5' untranslated region (5'UTR), and sequence found following, or 3', of the coding sequence is called 3' untranslated region (3'UTR).
Transcription has some proofreading mechanisms, but they are fewer and less effective than the controls for copying DNA; therefore, transcription has a lower copying fidelity than DNA replication.
As in DNA replication, RNA is synthesized in the 5' → 3' direction (from the point of view of the growing RNA transcript). Only one of the two DNA strands is transcribed. This strand is called the template strand, because it provides the template for ordering the sequence of nucleotides in an RNA transcript. The other strand is called the coding strand, because its sequence is the same as the newly created RNA transcript (except for thymine being substituted for uracil). The DNA template strand is read 3' → 5' by RNA polymerase and the new RNA strand is synthesized in the 5'→ 3' direction. RNA polymerase binds to the 3' end of a gene (promoter) on the DNA template strand and travels toward the 5' end.

William Hovell
William Hilton Hovell (April 26 1786 – November 9 1875) was an English explorer of Australia. Together with Hamilton Hume he discovered much of Victoria.
Early life.
William Hovell was born at Yarmouth, Norfolk, England. He joined the Royal Navy and became a captain. In October 1813 he moved to New South Wales with his wife Esther Arndell. He got work as a ship captain and made several trading trips along the coast and to New Zealand. In 1816 he was shipwrecked in Bass Strait. In 1819 he lived near Sydney and did some exploring to the south. He discovered the Burragorang Valley in 1823.
Corio Bay.
Image:Port Phillip Bay.png|thumb|Port Phillip Bay, with Corio Bay on the left, and Western Port just visible on the right
Image:Sturt and Hume and Hovell expeditions.jpg|thumb|Map showing Hume and Hovell's tripIn 1824, Governor Sir Thomas Brisbane asked Hovell to go with Hamilton Hume to explore the south part of New South Wales and Victoria. He wanted to know more about any rivers that might run south. Hovell was not an explorer but he knew how to navigate (find out where he was). There were problems deciding who was going to pay for the expedition. The two explorers bought most of the equipment. The government provided saddles, clothes, blankets and guns. Hume and Hovell left Sydney on October 3, 1824 with 6 men, 5 bullocks, 3 horses and 2 carts. The Murrumbidgee River was in flood so they had to convert one of the carts into a kind of boat to get across. The men, horses, and bullocks swam over. A day or two later, in rough hilly country, they had great difficulty in finding a path for the carts. On October 27 they decided to leave them behind. They came to a large river on November 16, which Hovell called "Hume's River" "he being the first that saw it". This was the Murray River renamed by Charles Sturt a few years later. It was impossible to cross here (near the site of Albury), but after a few days they found a better place. They built the rough frame of a boat and managed to get across. By December 3 they had reached the Goulburn River. During the next 10 days it was hard traveling through rough country, but they did get to more level and open land.
On December 16 they saw Port Phillip Bay. They went along its shores in south-westerly direction. They came to what is now Corio Bay near Geelong. Hovell made a mistake of 1 degree in working out the longitude. The explorers thought that they were on Western Port Bay. The party went back on December 18 and went more to the west. This was an easier journey. By January 8 1825 they came to the end of their food. For a few days they lived on fish and a kangaroo they were able to shoot. On January 16 they reached the carts they had left behind them, and 2 days later came to Lake George.
Western Port.
On March 25, Governor Brisbane wrote about the discoveries of Hovell and Hume in a letter to England. He said that he was going to to send a ship to Western Port to have it explored. His successor, Governor Ralph Darling, towards the end of 1826, sent an expedition led by Captain Wright to Western Port. Hovell went with this expedition, and and his mistake in longitude was soon discovered. Hovell explored the land around Western Port and to the north. Near the coast at Cape Paterson he discovered "great quantities of very fine coal". This was the first discovery of coal in Victoria. Hovell was away 5 months on this expedition. He tried during the next 10 years to obtain some special reward from the government. He had already got 1,200 acres (5 km2) for the trip with Hume, and 1,280 acres (5 km2) for the trip to Western Port. He did not think this was enough.
Later life.
He spent the rest of his life at his farm at Goulburn, New South Wales. He married Sophia Wilkinson in 1848. In December 1853 Hovell was special guest at a public dinner in Geelong, Victoria. His speech was reported in some of the newspapers. Hume thought that Hovell tried to claim all the credit for their joint expedition. This led to a long and bitter public fight between the 2 men. A full report of the speech shows that Hume was wrong. Hume was an experienced leader in the bush. Hovell was well-educated with a friendly character. During their expedition they worked well together. They were responsible for an important piece of exploration. Hovell's discovery of coal during his visit to Western Port was also important. Hovell died in Sydney on November 9, 1875 and was buried at Goulburn. In 1877 his widow left £6000 to the University of Sydney as a memorial of him, which was used to start the William Hilton Hovell lectureship on geology and physical geography.
Recognition.
In 1922 a group was started in Melbourne to celebrate the centenary (100 years) of the expedition. Along the path of the expedition 37 memorials were built in Victoria. A dam was built on the King River near Cheshunt, Victoria in 1973. This formed Lake William Hovell. It supplies water for crops, vineyards and farms along the King River from Cheshunt to Wangaratta. A River Redgum tree Eucalyptus camaldulensis at Albury still has the mark Hovell made in 1824. He carved the words "Hovell NovR17/24" into the tree. The tree has been cloned so its genes can be kept for the future. An iron treasure chest, made in Germany in about 1660, and owned by Hovell is now in the Powerhouse Museum in Sydney. The Hume and Hovell Walking Track has been made, following the explorers path from Yass to Albury.

Star Wars prequel trilogy
the Star Wars prequel trilogy is a series of three films that was released from 1999 to 2005. They are known as Episodes I-III and finish the original trilogy, which is known as Episoes IV-VI.

Abbasid Empire
The Abbasid Empire was the second of the two great Muslim caliphates of the Arab Empire. It overthrew the Umayyad caliphs from all but Al-Andalus. It was built by the descendant of Muhammad's youngest uncle, Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib. It was created in Harran in 750 of the Christian era and shifted its capital in AD 762 from Harran to Baghdad. It flourished for two centuries. Abbasid rule was ended in 1258, when Hulagu Khan, the Mongol conqueror, sacked Baghdad. But they continued to claim authority in religious matters from their base in Egypt.
During the period of the Abassid dynasty, Abassid claims to the caliphate did not go unchallenged. The Ubayd Allah al-Mahdi Billah of the Fatimid dynasty, which claimed descendency of Muhammad through his daughter, claimed the title of Caliph in 909 and created a separate line of caliphs in North Africa. Initially it covered only Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and Libya, but then the Fatimid caliphs extended their rule for the next 150 years, taking Egypt and Palestine and even ancient Pakistan, before the Abbassid dynasty was able to turn the tide, limiting Fatimid rule to Egypt. The Fatimid dynasty finally ended in 1171. The Umayyad dynasty, which had survived and come to rule over the Muslim provinces of Spain, reclaimed the title of Caliph in 929, lasting until it was overthrown in 1031.

Seattle Mariners
The Seattle Mariners are an American Major League Baseball team from Seattle, Washington, United States. The Mariners are part of the Western Division of Major League Baseball's American League. Since July, their home stadium has been Safeco Field; until they moved in June 1999, the club's home park was the Kingdome.

Guanajuato
Guanajuato is a state in central Mexico. About 4,890,000 people live there. Its capital is also called Guanajuato. The largest city is León.

Yucatán
Yucatán is a state in the east of Mexico. About 1,820,000 people live in Yucatán. Its capital is called Mérida.

Caravaggio
Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio (September 28 1571 – 18 July 1610) was an Italian artist. He was active in Rome, Naples, Malta and Sicily between 1593 and 1610. He is commonly placed in the Baroque school, of which he was the first great representative.
Even during his lifetime, many people talked about Caravaggio. Some were fascinated by his personality. Others could not really make sense of him. Some thought he was dangerous and rebellious. He did not want to fit in, sometimes. He appeared on the art scene in Rome in 1600. He never lacked for commissions or patrons, yet he handled his success atrociously. A notice on him was published in 1604. It tells about his lifestyle, in 1601: In 1606 he killed a young man in a brawl and fled from Rome with a price on his head. In Malta in 1608 he was involved in another brawl, and yet another in Naples in 1609, possibly a deliberate attempt on his life by unidentified enemies. By the next year, after a career of little more than a decade, he was dead.
Huge new churches and palazzi were being built in Rome in the decades of the late 16th and early 17th centuries, and paintings were needed to fill them. The Counter-Reformation Church searched for authentic religious art with which to counter the threat of Protestantism, and for this task the artificial conventions of Mannerism, which had ruled art for almost a century, no longer seemed adequate. Caravaggio's novelty was a radical naturalism which combined close physical observation with a dramatic, even theatrical, approach to chiaroscuro, the use of light and shadow.
Famous and extremely influential while he lived, Caravaggio was almost entirely forgotten in the centuries after his death, and it was only in the 20th century that his importance to the development of Western art was rediscovered. Yet despite this his influence on the new Baroque style which eventually emerged from the ruins of Mannerism, was profound. Andre Berne-Joffroy, Paul Valéry’s secretary, said of him: "What begins in the work of Caravaggio is, quite simply, modern painting."

Gothic Revival architecture
Gothic Revival architecture is architecture that has been made to look as if it is from Medieval times, but is really much newer. The Gothic style of archicture was built in Europe between 1140 and about 1550. Beginning in the late 18th cenntury (1700s), through the 19th century and into the early 20th century (1900s), there was a fashion to build in the Gothic style. This is called "Gothic Revival". The types of buildings that are generally built in the Gothic Revival style are churches, cathedrals, universities, town halls and sometimes houses.

Lúcio
Lucimar da Silva Ferreira, called Lúcio (born May 8 1978 in Brasília, Brazil) is a Brazilian footballer and the captain of the Brazil national football team, for that he has played 67 matches and made three goals. His team is Bayern Munich.

Fluxbuntu
Fluxbuntu is a Linux Distribution made for computers that have less powerful hardware. It is based or made from Ubuntu and uses Fluxbox for its Window Manager.

Saint Dominic
Saint Dominic (Spanish: "Domingo"), (1170 – August 6, 1221) was the founder of a Catholic religious order, the Friars Preachers, often called the Dominicans or the Order of Preachers (OP). Dominic is the patron saint of astronomers and the Dominican Republic. He was born in Caleruega, half-way between Osma and Aranda in Old Castile, Spain. He is sometimes called Dominic of Osma or Dominic de Guzmán.
In paintings, his sign is a star or a dog holding a burning torch in its mouth.

John Wayne Gacy
John Wayne Gacy (March 17 1942 – May 10 1994) also known as The Killer Clown, was an American serial killer.

Jeffrey Dahmer
Jeffrey Lionel Dahmer (May 21, 1960 – November 28, 1994) was an American serial killer.

Bridget Fonda
Bridget Jane Fonda (born January 27, 1964) is an American actress. She has been nominated for both an Emmy Award and a Golden Globe Award. Fonda is the daughter of Peter Fonda, the granddaughter of Henry and the niece of Jane Fonda.

Takashi Tezuka
(born November 17, 1960) is a video game maker for Nintendo. He has worked on many popular games for Nintendo, including games in the "Mario", "The Legend of Zelda", and "Animal Crossing" series. His first game was the Nintendo Entertainment System video game "Devil World".

Eiji Aonuma
is a Japanese video game developer for Nintendo. He is most well-known for his work in "The Legend of Zelda" series, most recently with ' for the Nintendo DS.

Aikido
Aikido is a Japanese martial art developed by the man Morihei Ueshiba in the 20th century. The word Aikido means "the way of joining with life energy". Aikido is a martial art for self-defense by using the attacker's own strength against him and not opposing him with physical strength.

Blog
Blog is another word for weblog. A weblog is a website that is like a diary or journal. Most people can create a blog and then write on that blog. Bloggers (a word for people who write on blogs) often write about their opinions and thoughts.
When a person writes on a blog, what they write is in the form of a "post", which is a single piece of writing on the blog. Posts often include links to other websites.
Blogs can have one or more writers. If they have more than one writer, they are often called community blogs, team blogs, or group blogs.
On many blogs, the person reading the posts can leave comments, which are notes in which a person says what they think about the blog post. This makes blogs good for discussion — if someone writes something that someone else does not believe to be true, someone else can fix it by writing a comment on that blog or on their own blog. Someone else cannot change what the post says, but the writer of the post can. Not all blog posts need to be talked about or fixed. But if there are a lot of people interested in a topic, they can start a discussion on the original blog, on their own blogs, or both. These people can discuss a topic or their point of view.
Very often, a community blog or group blog will shrink into a small group of bloggers (writers) who know and trust each other, called a "creative network". That kind of community blog will also have a larger group of people, a "social network", who only read (and maybe comment on) the blog. Some blogs have scoring (ranking) of posts that makes these networks more solid, so that postings that people like the most are shown first or in a way that is easier to find.
Often people have their own blog and make an RSS feed to it. When blogs have RSS feeds, other programs, called "content aggregators", can put postings from all the blogs that a person likes in one place. Many people find it easier to read all the new posts from blogs they like in one place, through RSS, instead of going to each site one at a time.
Some experts think that community blogs, and some groups of individual (one-person) blogs that talk about similar topics, have a power structure like that inside a political party. These experts think that a clique (a small, exclusive group of people) will control discussions by choosing when someone has "won" an argument, and when a matter is "decided." But an advantage of blogs is that even people outside that clique can comment on the original discussion.

Carbon nanotube
A carbon nanotube is an allotrope of carbon that is shaped like a tube of carbon atoms. Carbon nanotubes are very tough and hard to break, but still relatively light. Because of their high strength, carbon nanotubes may one day be used for bulletproof armor and other uses needing hard, lightweight materials. Some carbon nanotubes also let electricity through them. Certain nanotubes may be up to 1,000 times as good of conductors as metals like copper and silver

Witch doctor
A witch doctor often refers to a healer in undeveloped regions who use traditional and sometimes out of date methods rather than modern medicine or science.
The term witch doctor is generally used with negative terms. It is often used to imply that the healer has little or no experience or ability in medicine.
Witch doctors in Europe.
The Oxford English Dictionary says that the first recorded use of this term is in 1718, in a book by Francis Hutchinson.
Witch doctors in Africa.
The witch doctors in Africa are known as sangomas in Southern Africa. The Oxford English Dictionary states that the first use of the term "witch doctor" to refer to African shamans (i.e. medicine men) was in 1836 in a book by Robert Montgomery Martin (1803?-1868).

Klingon
Klingons (Klingon: tlhIngan; Pronunciation: /ˈt͡ɬɪŋɑn/) are a warrior race in the fictional Star Trek universe. They were recurring main characters in "Star Trek: The Original Series" (TOS) and were later featured in all five spin-off series, eventually becoming uneasy allies of the United Federation of Planets.
Created by screenwriter Gene Coon, Klingons were introduced in the episode "Errand of Mercy" (1967). They were named for Lieutenant Wilbur Clingan, who served with Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry in the Los Angeles Police Department.
In the original series, the conflict between the Federation and Klingon was intended as an allegory to the then-current Cold War tensions between the United States and the now-defunct Soviet Union. ' carried forward the Klingon militaristic traits but modeled a Klingon warrior code based loosely on bushido, a feudal-military Japanese code of behavior valuing honor above life.

Right-handedness
Someone who is right-handed will use their right-hand for everyday activities, such as writing, keeping personal hygiene, cooking and more. According to a studies, anywhere from 70% to 90% of the world population is right-handed, while most of the remaining are left-handed. A small percentage of the population can use both hands equally well; a person with this ability is called a ambidextrous.

Nurgle
In the fictional universes of Warhammer 40,000 and Warhammer Fantasy, Nurgle is one of the four major Chaos gods. Like his brother gods, Nurgle grew from a single survivalist emotion: in his case, the emotion was despair. Nurgle is the Chaos god of disease, decay, despair and destruction. Even though the nature of his influence, he begins to like his victims, caring for them in a jovial manner close to a loving grandfather; so he is commonly called "Grandfather Nurgle" or "Papa Nurgle". He is also called the "Lord of Decay", "Master of Plague and Pestilence" and "Lord of All". He is shown as a huge, bloated humanoid, with boils and sores, his body completely rotten from disease. He is usually with an enveloping cloud of buzzing flies.

Zaurus
The Sharp Zaurus is the name of a series of Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) made by Sharp Corporation.

Palatine, Illinois
Palatine is a village in the state of Illinois. It is north west of Chicago, the biggest city in Illinois. In 2000, the number of people in Palatine was counted and was 65,479. It was guessed that there were 67,232 people in Palatine in 2005.
History.
Palatine was made in 1866, close to a train station that went to Chicago and other cities. The village has been growing a lot since the 1970s, like the other cities around Chicago.
People.
Palatine has many different kinds of people. There are poor, normal, and rich people in the village. Some say there are over 100 languages spoken in Palatine.
Education.
Palatine has a lot of schools for the people. Palatine has two high schools, Palatine High School and William Fremd High School; and a college, William Rainey Harper College. The high schools, as well as the library, have gotten big awards from the whole country.
There is also a combined kindergarten-through-eighth grade school, Winston Campus, which is Winston Churchill School and Winston Park Junior High combined.

Province of Monza and Brianza
The Province of Monza and Brianza (in the local idiom: "Pruincia de Munscia e Briansa") is a province of Lombardy, Italy. It was created (with part of the province of Milan) on May 12, 2004, but will become effective in 2009. It will have an area of 363.8 km² and a population (2001 census) of 731,573.

Apulanta
Apulanta is a rock band from Finland. It was started in 1991.
Apulanta's first music album was "Attack of the AL People", which was released in 1994.

Al-Andalus
Al-Andalus (Arabic: الأندلس) was the Arabic name given to those parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims, or Moors, at various times in the period between 711 and 1492. As a political domain or domains, it was successively a province of the Umayyad Caliphate, the Caliphate of Córdoba (929-1031), and finally the Caliphate of Córdoba's "taifa" (successor) kingdoms. For large parts of its history, particularly under the Caliphate of Córdoba, Andalus was famous for learning and the city of Córdoba became one of the leading cultural and economic centers in both the Mediterranean basin and the Islamic world.
In 1236, the Reconquista (gradual Christian reconquest) under the forces of Ferdinand III of Castile progressed as far as the last remaining Islamic stronghold, Granada. Granada was reduced to a vassal state to Castile for the next 256 years, until January 2 1492, when Boabdil surrendered complete control of Granada to Ferdinand and Isabella.
Bibliography.
'. video documentary, BBC 4, August 2005.

Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib
`Abbas ibn `Abd al-Muttalib () (c. 566 – c. 653) was a uncle and companion of Muhammad.
Background.
Muhammad had 10 or 11 uncles. Four of them earned a great name in history - Abu Talib, Abu Lahab, Hamza and Abbas. Abu Talib became important because he brought up his orphan nephew, Muhammad, with great love and care and always supported and protected him. Abu Lahab is famous because he tried to "destroy" Islam. Both Hamza and ‘Abbas became Muslims and remained firm and strong in their faith in Islam.

Aung San
Aung San (February 13 1915 – July 19 1947) was a Burmese revolutionary, nationalist, general, and politician. He was the father of Nobel Peace laureate Aung San Suu Kyi.

Kitakyūshū
is a City designated by government ordinance in Fukuoka Prefecture, Kyūshū, Japan. It is a very important industrial city. It has steel factories, coal mines and car factories. In Japan it is an important city in reducing pollution. It also has an imortant recycling facility. Kitakyūshū has a population of almost one million people. It is on the main Shinkansen line between Fukuoka and Tokyo.
The city was named Kitakyūshū in 1963, after five cities, (Moji, Kokura, Tobata, Yahata and Wakamatsu) were made into one.
On[August 9, 1945, the United States Air Force planned to drop a nuclear bomb on Kokura. Because of smoke they could not bomb Kokura. The bomb was dropped on Nagasaki instead.

I Now Pronounce You Chuck and Larry
"I Now Pronounce You Chuck & Larry" (a.k.a. "Chuck and Larry") is a comedy movie made in 2007. It was directed by Dennis Dugan and stars Adam Sandler and Kevin James.

Knocked Up
"Knocked Up" is a romantic comedy movie made in 2007. It was directed by Judd Apatow, and stars Seth Rogen and Katherine Heigl.
DVD released.
"Knocked Up: Unrated cut edition DVD" is in September 30, 2008.

1988-89 NHL season
The 1988–89 NHL season was the 72nd season of the National Hockey League. Twenty-one teams each played 80 games. The Calgary Flames won an all Canadian Stanley Cup final against the Montreal Canadiens four games to two. To date, this is the last time two Canadian teams squared off for the Stanley Cup.
Final standings.
"Note: W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, GF= Goals For, GA = Goals Against, Pts = Points, PIM = Penalties in minutes"
Scoring leaders.
"Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points"
Division semi-finals.
"Montreal wins best-of-seven series 4 games to 0"
"Boston wins best-of-seven series 4 games to 1"
"Philadelphia wins best-of-seven series 4 games to 2"
New York Rangers vs. Pittsburgh Penguins
"Pittsburgh wins best-of-seven series 4 games to 0"
Chicago Blackhawks vs. Detroit Red Wings
"Chicago wins best-of-seven series 4 games to 2"
Minnesota North Stars vs. St. Louis Blues
"St. Louis wins best-of-seven series 4 games to 1"
"Calgary wins best-of-seven series 4 games to 3"
Edmonton Oilers vs. Los Angeles Kings
"Los Angeles wins best-of-seven series 4 games to 3"
Division finals.
"Montreal wins best-of-seven series 4 games to 1"
"Philadelphia wins best-of-seven series 4 games to 3"
Chicago Blackhawks vs. St. Louis Blues
"Chicago wins best-of-seven series 4 games to 1"
Los Angeles Kings vs. Calgary Flames
"Calgary wins best-of-seven series 4 games to 0"
Conference finals.
"Montreal wins best-of-seven series 4 games to 2"
"Calgary wins best-of-seven series 4 games to 1"
Finals.
The Stanley Cup Finals was decided between the top two teams during the 1988–89 NHL regular season. Captain Lanny McDonald scored the second Flames goal in Game 6. This turned out to be the last goal in his NHL Hall of Fame career because he retired during the following off-season. Doug Gilmour scored two goals in the third period, including the eventual game and Cup winner to cement the victory for the Flames.
"Calgary wins best-of-seven series 4 games to 2"
Playoff scoring leaders.
"Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points"

Liar Liar
"Liar Liar" is a comedy movie made in 1997. It was directed by Tom Shadyac and stars Jim Carrey.

Happy Gilmore
"Happy Gilmore" is a sports comedy movie made in 1996. It was directed by Dennis Dugan, and stars Adam Sandler.

Apollo 13
Apollo 13 was the third manned lunar-lander mission, and it was part of NASA's Project Apollo in the United States. Two days after launch, a faulty oxygen tank exploded, and the Service Module became damaged, causing a loss of oxygen and electrical power. Despite the hardships, the crew made it back to Earth. A movie called Apollo 13 was made in 1991 starring Tom Hanks.

Apollo 13 (movie)
Apollo 13 is a 1995 movie that's about the failed Apollo 13 mission. It was directed by Ron Howard, and starred Tom Hanks.

Simon Pegg
Simon John Beckingham (born 14 February, 1970) is an award-winning English actor, comedian, writer, producer, singer, stand-up comedian, and director. His most famous roles are "Shaun of the Dead" and "Hot Fuzz".

Bela Lugosi
Béla Lugosi (October 20, 1882 – August 16, 1956), was a famous Hungarian actor most famous for his many roles as Dracula.

Ratatouille (movie)
"Ratatouille" (; French:) is an animated movie made in 2007. It was directed by Brad Bird and stars Patton Oswald.

Hot Fuzz
"Hot Fuzz" is a British action/comedy movie made in 2007. It was directed by Edgar Wright, who co-wrote it with Simon Pegg. The movie stars Simon Pegg and Nick Frost.

Shaun of the Dead
"Shaun of the Dead" is a British zombie-themed romantic comedy movie. It was released in 2004. The movie was directed by Edgar Wright, who co-wrote it with Simon Pegg. It stars Simon Pegg and Nick Frost.

Palace of Westminster
The Palace of Westminster, also known as the Houses of Parliament or Westminster Palace, in London, is where the two Houses of the Parliament of the United Kingdom meet.
In 1605, Guy Fawkes attempted to blow the Palace up. He was caught and later killed. This was called the Gunpowder Plot.
The original building was used as a palace and home to the Parliament of England. After a fire in 1834, the building was used as a Parliament building.
Popular culture.
In the graphic novel "V for Vendetta" as well as its film version, the character V blows up the Palace of Westminster.

Pokémon regions
In the "Pokémon" video games and anime, they take place in different, fictional areas of the world.
Kanto.
Kanto is where the games "Pokémon Red and Blue" take place. It is also where the first anime show takes place. One notable location is Pallet Town, where the main character, Ash Ketchum, lives.
Johto.
Johto is where the games "Pokémon Gold and Silver" take place. It is right next to Kanto.
Hoenn.
Hoenn is where the games "Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire" take place.
Sinnoh.
Sinnoh is where the games "Pokémon Diamond and Pearl" take place.

V for Vendetta (movie)
"V for Vendetta" is a 2005 movie. The main people who are in it include Hugo Weaving as the character V and Natalie Portman as Evey Hammond. It was written by the Wachowski brothers and directed by James McTeigue. It is based on Alan Moore's graphic novel "V for Vendetta". Moore hated the movie and asked that his name not appear on it.
Plot.
Evey Hammond is going out to see a co-worker named Gordon Deitrich. It is past curfew and she will get in trouble if she gets caught. As she walks, she is stopped by three police officers. She is about to be harmed when V, a man who wears a Guy Fawkes mask, comes in and rescues her. He then invites her to a concert. They go up on the roof. V waves around and the "1812 Overture" begins playing. Evey is then shocked to see the Old Bailey be destroyed as V laughs.
The next day, V enters the British Television Network (BTN). He then forces the people there to play a message. The message goes out to all households. In the tape, V tells them that they are all to blame for the current state of government. The government can tape anyone and arrest anyone and people fear it. He then tells them that he was the one that blew up the Old Bailey and to join him next November 5 if they want to stand up to the government.
The government, meanwhile, has started to pour troops into the BTN. V fights them off, but is caught. Evey, who has been hiding, taps the man on the shoulder and sprays him with pepper spray, freeing V. Evey is knocked out and wakes up inside V's location. V carried her away because he knew she would be in big trouble for helping him.
After some time, Evey comes to help V. V wants to kill a priest. She dresses up like a schoolgirl and goes into the priest's office. However, she backs out and tells the priest that V wants to kill him. The priest thinks it's a joke until V bursts in and does so. Evey runs away to Gordon's house. Gordon has his own talk show, and one day he decides to make a big joke. He makes fun of the Chancellor Adam Sutler. In response, Sutler goes into Gordon's house and arrests him.
Evey tries to escape and is caught. She is then tortured over many days. Men plunge her face into water, throw her in a cell, and shave the hair off her head, but she will not tell them any information about V. Eventually, one of the men tells her that she will be shot behind the barracks if she does not say anything. Evey says she would rather be shot; she does not have any more fear. It is then revealed that V was behind the torture and that he wanted her to have no fear. Evey is angry but soon accepts it. She later leaves but promises to come back before the November 5.
Meanwhile, a Norsefire Party worker named Eric Finch begins to look into the government. He does not trust it anymore. He realizes that V is killing everyone who was at a detention camp called Larkhill. During the movie, V kills the priest, who was at the camp; a general named Lewis Prothero, who is now a talk show host; and Delia Surridge, who was a doctor. He attemps to find out more information about Larkhill. In the movie, we learn that V was a prisoner at Larkhill and blew the place up when he escaped.
Eventually, V comes to Finch. He is disguised and calls himself Rookwood. He tells them everything that Finch has long thought – that the Norsefire found a plague and decided to infect the people to put them in power.
As November 5 approaches, the city gets restless. Riots break out. V gives out thousands of them to people for them to wear on November 5. A police officer shoots a young girl dead.
Evey comes back. V then shows her what is going to do. He has loaded explosives into a train that will go underneath the Palace of Westminster. He then gives her the choice whether to pull the trigger or not. He then disappears.
V goes to another area, where he finds Peter Creedy, the second-in-command of Norsefire. Earlier, V made a deal with him: V would turn himself in if Sutler was killed. Creedy shows Sutler, and then shoots him in the forehead. He then tells V to surrender, but V says no. In the final battle, V kills Creedy and all of his men, but is severely wounded himself. He dies in Evey's arms.
Evey puts him on the train with the explosives. Finch, who guessed that V would use a train to blow up the Palace, draws a gun and attempts to stop her. Evey says no. When Finch asks why, Evey says, "Because this country needs more than a building. It needs hope." Finch lowers his gun and allows the train to go. Beacuse Creedy and Sutler are dead, the army outside the Palace does not know what to do. The man in charge orders them to stand down, or to put down their weapons and not do anything. The "1812 Overture" begins again, and everyone watches as the Palace of Westminster is destroyed.

Colin Montgomery
Colin Montgomery OBE (born 23 June 1963) is a professional golfer on the PGA Tour. He is from Scotland.

North American video game crash of 1983
The North American video game crash of 1983 (also known as the North American video game crash of 1984) was a major event in the history of video games where the North American video game industry had crashed. Many makers of home computers and video game consoles went bankrupt. Many business analysts thought that the video game industry would not last, and the crash lasted for several years. However, the Japanese company Nintendo introduced the Nintendo Entertainment System in 1985, which became very popular in 1987 and ended the crash.
There were several reasons for the crash, but the main reason was that companies were making many consoles and hundreds of games, most which were low quality.

Kirby's Dream Land 2
"Kirby's Dream Land 2", known in Japan as is a platform video game made by HAL Laboratory and published by Nintendo for the Game Boy game console.

Kirby's Dream Land
"Kirby's Dream Land", called in Japan, is a platform video game made by HAL Laboratory, Inc. and published by Nintendo for the Game Boy game console.

Mario Kart Wii
is a kart racing video game made by Nintendo for the Wii game console.

Wii Fit
"Wii Fit" is an exercise video game made by Nintendo for the Wii game console.

Toyota Highlander
The Toyota Highlander is a medium-sized crossover sport utility vehicle sold by Toyota. The Highlander is on the Camry platform and shares the Camry's parts including the engine. The Highlander was redesigned in 2008 and Toyota sells the Highlander in Australia and Japan as the Kluger.

Toyota Yaris
The Toyota Yaris is a small car made and sold by Toyota. It is sold as the Toyota Belta, Toyota Vios, and Toyota Vitz. The Yaris is sold as a 2-door hatchback and 4-door sedan. It is currently in its second generation. The first generation Yaris was known as the Toyota Echo in some markets.

Chrono Trigger
is a role-playing video game made by Square Soft for the Super NES game console.
Summary.
"Chrono Trigger" is about a boy named Crono who goes to an event called the Millennium Fair to celebrate that it was now the year 1000 AD, and meets a strange girl named Marle. After going around the fair with her for a while, they go to a showing of his friend Lucca's teleportation machine. After Marle tries it, her pendant starts to shine, and she gets sucked into a portal without her pendant. Crono picks it up and has Lucca turn her machine on so he can go into the portal to save her. Crono appears in a strange place and is attacked by goblins. He goes to a town and finds out that he's in the year 600 AD. He goes to the castle and sees Marle in a dress, because when she was found, the knights thought she was their Queen Leene who had gone missing. He learns that she's actually Princess Nadia, a Princess in 1000 AD, but soon after, she disappears. Crono runs into Lucca who came back to the past, and she explains that Queen Leene is Marle's ancestor, and because they thought Marle was Queen Leene, Queen Leene's search ended, and she was never found, so all of her descendants including Marle disappeared. Crono and Lucca have to go find Queen Leene, and go to a church. They find out that it's actually a lair for monsters, and join with a knight who looks like a frog called Frog to find the Queen. They go deeper into the church and run into the Chancellor, who was actually a monster called Yakra. After they defeat him, they rescue Queen Leene and the Chancellor, and Marle returns. Frog leaves the castle in shame, and Crono, Marle, and Lucca return to the present.
Gameplay.
"Chrono Trigger" is a role-playing game. It was one of the first games to let the player see the enemies on the world before they fight them, and when he or she goes into a battle, the enemies and characters fight without going into a separate battle screen like other RPGs like "Final Fantasy" and "Dragon Quest" did at the time.
Reception.
"Chrono Trigger" is thought to be one of the best Super NES games, and one of the best role-playing games too. It got great reviews, praising it for its story, gameplay, and innovation.
Re-releases.
"Chrono Trigger" was first re-released on the PlayStation with "Final Fantasy IV" on "Final Fantasy Chronicles". It got good reviews, but reviewers didn't like the long load times whenever they went into menus or into battle. "Chrono Trigger" will be re-released for the Nintendo DS as "Chrono Trigger DS". It has the same graphics, but will have some new features.

Suzuki Sidekick
The Suzuki Sidekick and Suzuki Grand Vitara are small sport utility vehicles made by Suzuki. They were sold since 1988 when they replaced the small Suzuki Samurai. It was sold by General Motors from 1989 to 2004 as the Geo Tracker. The vehicle is sold in other countries as the Suzuki Escudo.

Hino Motors
Hino Motors, Ltd. (日野自動車, "Hino Jidōsha",), or just Hino, is a manufacturer of diesel trucks, buses, and other vehicles based in Tokyo, Japan. It is a subsidiary of Toyota Motor Corporation.

Angrboda
Angrboda (Old Norse Angrboða 'Harm-foreboding') is a giantess in Norse mythology.

Marionette
A marionette is a puppet that people control with strings called a manipulator from above.

Spencer Tunick
Spencer Tunick (born January 1, 1967) is an American artist. Tunick is mostly known because he does temporary site-specific installations. In these installation, many people pose nude. Most of the installations are done in a urban setting. The people posing for Tunick, the models are volunteers. Usually they receive a signed copy of the image as a reward for posing.

Lisieux Cathedral
Lisieux Cathedral is a Cathedral in Lisieux. Officially it is called "Saint-Pierre de Lisieux". It is devoted to Saint Peter. It is build in gothic style.

Nihon Shoki
The "Nihon Shoki" is an old Japanese book. In English it is called "The Chronicles of Japan". The "Nihon Shoki" is about the history of Japan up to 720 A.D., and it must have been written in the period shortly after that time. It is written in the Chinese language.
This book is important to people who study the history of Japan because it has facts about the early rulers not found in other books. It also has fables about men who it says ruled very, very long ago.

Speed Racer (movie)
"Speed Racer" is a 2008 action movie. The movie stars Emile Hirsch, Christina Ricci and Matthew Fox. It was directed by the Wachowski brothers. The movie is based on the 1960s Japanese anime of the same name.
Plot.
The movie beings at a race which the main character, Speed Racer, wins. The Racer family is a local, family-run company that builds and races cars.
In flashback, it is shown that Speed Racer's older brother, Rex, died while racing the "Casa Cristo 5000", a big race that goes across two continents. It is very dangerous and the drivers are very bad. The drivers try to get other racers out of the race by hitting their cars or using tools to get them out of the race. Rex was said to be cheating in the race. This gave people a bad opinion of the racing world.
A man named Mr. Royalton saw Speed's victory and went to his house. He offered Speed a contract to race for the Royalton racing team. Speed chose not sign the contract because he loves the art of racing. Royalton got angry and told Speed that racing is only a business and that his and his family's belief in it being an art is nonsense. He said that he will make sure that Speed does not finish is next race. At the next race at Fuji, Speed did spin out and he did not finish the race.
A very shadowy group then went to the Racer family. Earlier in the movie, a racer named Taejo Togokhan was beat up. His hand was almost cut off for trying to the Royalton family. He and someone named Racer X were trying to beat the Royaltons. The Royaltons wanted to buy out the Togokhan company. However, if Togokhan wins the Casa Cristo, the value of the company will go up and Royalton could not buy it. Togokhan would only race if Speed Racer was on the team. Pops said that Speed could not do so. Because of this, Speed and his girlfriend Trixie said they were skiing but went to the race instead.
At the end of the first day of the Casa Cristo, the Togokhan team was in second place. Togokhan was very mad, but Racer X told him that there was much more racing ahead. The Racer family found out that Speed was in the race and came to try and get him. When Speed refused to leave, they stayed to help the team. During the night, ninjas went into each of the team's rooms to tried to hurt them. Togokhan was given a drug that makes it hard for him to stand up. The drug stopped him from racing. Racer X and Speed fought the ninjas and won. Trixie chose to race for Togokhan.
On the second day of the race, the Togokhan team took the lead. However, during a pass in the mountain area, the Royalton people tried to kidnap and kill the racers. Spritle Racer, Speed's younger brother, hit one of the men with mud, and the rest of the Togokhan team and the Racer family fought off the bad guys. During this, the Sneak Oiler team took the lead in the race. Inside the mountain area, the Sneak Oilers dropped oil on the road. This caused Speed to fall off the mountain. He drove up the side of the mountain and took the lead to win the Casa Cristo.
It turned out that this was for nothing. Tojokhan's plan all along was to win the race to make the price of the stock of his fathers company increase. They made more money when his father sold the company to the Royaltons. Speed was very mad. He drove around the track. Racer X found him and hit his car to make him stop. Speed then told Racer X that he thought that Racer X was actually Rex, his dead brother. Racer took off his mask and showed Speed that he was someone different. He then told Speed that they should not let racing change who they are.
Togokhan's sister later came up to Speed and gave him an invitation to that year's Grand Prix. The invitation was Togokhan's but he did not want it. The Racer family built a car for Speed, and they entered the race. During the race, Speeed took the lead. The Royalton car driver illegally used a spearhook to bring Speed down. The Royalton driver crashed and Speed's car stopped working. Speed slowed down. He thought hard and pushed the correct button to start the car again. He raced hard and fast to win the race. Royalton gets put on trial and is put in jail afterwards.

StarCraft II
"StarCraft II " is a military science fiction real-time strategy video game being made by Blizzard Entertainment for home computers. It is the sequel to the award-winning "StarCraft".

Enron
Enron Creditors Recovery Corporation (formerly Enron Corporation, NYSE ticker symbol ENE) was an American energy company based in Houston, Texas. Enron used to have around 22,000 people before it went bankrupt in late 2001. In 2001, it was revealed that people in Enron were involved in accounting fraud.

Kenneth Lay
Kenneth Lee Lay (April 15, 1942 – July 5, 2006) was an American businessman. He is best known for being involved in the Enron scandal.

Allele frequency
Allele frecquencies describe how common a certain allelle is in a certain place on a gene in a population. When looking at a population, allele frequencies can be used to describe genetic diversity in that population.

Allele
An allele ((UK), (US)) (from the Greek "αλληλος allelos", meaning "each other") is a member of a pair or series of different forms of a gene. When people talk about alleles, most often they mean parts of genes that are actually expressed (as part of the genotype of an individual). Sometimes though, the word is used to refer to sequences that are not expressed.
An individual's genotype is the gene that the individual will show because of the set of alleles it happens to have. In a diploid organism, two alleles make up the individual's genotype. Alleles can be represented in a Punnett square.
Example.
An example is the gene for blossom colour in many species of flower. A single gene controls the colour of the petals, but there may be several different versions (or alleles) of the gene.
In this example, parents have the genotype Bb (capital letters show dominant alleles and lower-case letters to show recessive alleles). If B (capital) is found in their genotype, the flower will be red. Therefore, the only time a flower is not red is when the genotype is bb (there are no capital 'B's).
The probability of the flowers having different genotypes are: BB is 25%, Bb is 50%, and bb is 25%. The phenotype of the flower will always be red if a dominant B is in the genotype. Therefore, there is a 25% chance of getting a flower which isn't red, and 75% chance of getting a flower which is red.

Belchamp Otten
Belchamp Otten is a village and civil parish in Essex, England. It is located approximately 7 km (4 miles) west of Sudbury, Suffolk and is 36km (23 miles) north-northeast from the county town of Chelmsford. It is near Belchamp St Paul and Belchamp Walter. The village is in the district of Braintree and in the parliamentary constituency of Saffron Walden. The parish is part of the Stour Valley North parish cluster.

Motherwell F.C.
The Motherwell Football & Athletic Club Ltd.
is a Scottish football club based in Motherwell, North Lanarkshire. Motherwell currently play in the Scottish Premier League; their home stadium is Fir Park. Mark McGhee was appointed as the club's manager on June 18, 2007, with former club captain Scott Leitch, as his assistant manager.
Fir Park.
Due to safety concerns, the capacity at Fir Park is limited to 13,742, all-seated. This is because of the Taylor Report. The average attendance for the 2006-07 season was 5,885. The club's record attendance for a home match is 35,632, against Rangers in a Scottish Cup quarter-final replay on March 12, 1952.
The record transfer fee paid by the club was that to Everton for John Spencer in 1999 (GPB 500,000) and the highest received was that for Phil O'Donnell for his move to Celtic in 1994 (GBP 1,750,000). O'Donnell later rejoined Motherwell but died after collapsing on the pitch in a game against Dundee United on December 29, 2007.
Current squad.
"On loan from Celtic FC"
"On loan from Celtic FC"
Sponsorship.
Motherwell are currently sponsored by Anglian Home Improvements. The deal was announced on May 11, 2006 and is due to expire at the end of the 2007-08 season. They replaced Zoom Airlines, who're owned by club director John Boyle, and who still advertise on both the Davie Cooper Stand and the South Stand. The previous sponsor, from 2002-04, was a local company called The Untouchables. Previously the club had a long-term association with Motorola, but this ended after 11 years in 2002 as the sponsor started to reduce its manufacturing operations in Scotland. This had in turn followed another long-term association with local car dealer Ian Skelly, who had sponsored the club since 1984.
The club have had a number of different kit manufacturers since the 1970s. Bukta are the 2007-08 season kit providers, taking over from Xara, who had previously filled this role from 1998. Major manufacturers Adidas, Admiral, Hummel, Patrick, Pony and Umbro, have all been kit providers for Motherwell.
For the 2008-09 season, the club's shirt sponsor will be JAXX, a German gambling company.

1987-88 NHL season
The 1987–88 NHL season was the 71st season of the National Hockey League. It was an 80 game season with the top four teams in each division advancing to the Stanley Cup Playoffs. The NHL introduced a new trophy, the King Clancy Memorial Trophy, which was to be awarded to the player who best exemplifies leadership qualities on and off the ice and who has made a significant humanitarian contribution in his community.
Final standings.
"Note: W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, GF= Goals For, GA = Goals Against, Pts = Points, PIM = Penalties in minutes"
Patrick Division semi-finals.
New Jersey Devils vs. New York Islanders
"New Jersey wins best-of-seven series 4–2"
Norris Division semi-finals.
Chicago Blackhawks vs. St. Louis Blues
"St. Louis wins best-of-seven series 4–1"
Toronto Maple Leafs vs. Detroit Red Wings
Smythe Division semi-finals.
Los Angeles Kings vs. Calgary Flames
Divisional finals.
New Jersey Devils vs. Washington Capitals
"New Jersey wins best-of-seven series 4–3"
St. Louis Blues vs. Detroit Red Wings
Conference finals.
New Jersey Devils vs. Boston Bruins
Detroit Red Wings vs. Edmonton Oilers

San Francisco Giants
The San Francisco Giants are a Major League Baseball team in. They play in the West Division of National League in baseball and at AT&T Park which was named Pacific Bell Park until is was renamed on March 3, 2006. They have been playing there since 2000 when it opened. The Giants have won five World Series championship titles.

Naas
An Nás (; Irish: "Nás na Ríogh" or "An Nás") is the county town of County Kildare, Ireland. With a population of over 23,000 it is the largest town in the County of Kildare. It is a major commuter belt town, with many people living in Naas and working in Dublin. The nearby M7 motorway, which bypasses Naas and connects Dublin to the South and Southwest, is one of the busiest routes in the country.

Leinster
Leinster (; Irish: "Laighin",), one of the Provinces of Ireland, lies in the east of Ireland and comprises the counties of Carlow, Dublin, Kildare, Kilkenny, Laois, Longford, Louth, Meath, Offaly, Westmeath, Wexford and Wicklow. Leinster has the largest population of the four provinces of Ireland. The traditional flag of Leinster features a golden harp on a green background.

Hironobu Sakaguchi
(born November 25, 1962) is a Japanese video game developer. He was an employee of Square Enix. Sakaguchi is most famous for his work in the "Final Fantasy" series.

Wii Balance Board
The Wii Balance Board (called Wii Board in Europe) is a balance board accessory made for Nintendo's Wii game console. It was first used for "Wii Fit", and is being used for other games including "Wii Ski".
Controversy.
It sparked some problems because when you weight yourself with it on Wii Fit, it calls you fat.

Hugo Wolf
Hugo Wolf (born Windischgraz (now Slovenj Gradec, Slovenia) 13 March, 1860; died Vienna, 22 February 1903) was an Austrian composer of Slovene origin. He is famous for his Lieder (German art songs). He found new ways of expressing poetry in music. He used the song forms that had been made by Schubert and Schumann, but his harmonies bring something very new and personal to German song. He was particularly fond of the music of Richard Wagner and his tonal writing is influenced by him. He belongs to the late Romantic period.
Although he wrote other kinds of music besides Lieder, the only other piece of his which is played regularly is his "Italian Serenade".
At times Wolf worked very hard and composed a lot of music. At other times he felt unhappy and had depression. Towards the end of his life he went mad and had to go to an asylum. He died of syphilis.
His name is pronounced “Hoo-go Volf” (rhyming with “golf”).
Early life (1860 – 1887).
The town where Wolf was born is now called Slovenj Gradec in Slovenia, but at that time it was part of the Austrian Empire. He was a child prodigy. When he was four he learned the piano and violin from his father. When he went to school he learned with Sebastian Weixler. Music was the only thing he was interested in at school. He changed schools but still did little work except for music. He went to Vienna to study at the Vienna Conservatory. His father did not want him to become a musician. He was made to leave the Conservatory because he did not obey their rules. Wolf said later that he left because he did not like the old-fashioned teaching.
After eight months with his family, he returned to Vienna to teach music. He had a fiery temper which did not make him an ideal teacher. However, he found some rich people who thought he was a good composer and paid him money so that he could have the time to compose.
One of his rich patrons had a daughter called Vally. Wolf fell in love with her, and he was very depressed when she left him after three years. He did not get on well with his family either. His father thought he was not trying to make a living. Wolf got a job as
second Kapellmeister at Salzburg. However, he was not a good conductor and he soon left that job and went back to Vienna. to teach.
Wolf was fascinated by the music of Wagner. He tried to get Wagner’s attention once, running after his coach and begging Wagner to listen to his music. He was terribly sad when Wagner died. He wrote a song "Zur Ruh, zur Ruh" (“To rest, to rest") which is one of his best early works. He was very depressed because Wagner had gone and he felt that there was no one who could inspire him to compose.
The great composer Franz Liszt became interested in him, and told him he ought to try to compose some longer pieces. He wrote a symphonic poem "Penthesilea". Wolf also became a music critic. He wrote about new pieces of music. He liked the music of Liszt, but hated the music of several other composers such as Anton Rubinstein and Johannes Brahms. He made many enemies because of the harsh things he wrote about them. People called him "Wild Wolf". He composed several works, but could not get them performed. He had been very critical of the famous Rosé Quartet, so they refused to play his music when they were asked.
He stopped writing musical criticism in 1887 and began composing once more. He wrote songs which set poems by Goethe, Joseph von Eichendorff. He wrote an orchestral work called "Italian Serenade" which is one of his best works outside Lieder. Then his father died and he did not compose for the rest of the year.
Maturity (1888 – 1896).
Wolf composed a lot during the years 1888 and 1889. He stayed with some friends outside Vienna and wrote songs using poetry by Mörike. He stayed with other friends and composed music to poems by Eichendorff. Then he wrote 51 Goethe songs, followed by "Spanisches Liederbuch" ("Spanish Song Book"). Wolf soon became very famous. His songs had very good reviews, although not everyone was enthusiastic. Brahms wrote bad things about him because, of course, Wolf had written bad things about Brahms.
By 1891 Wolf had become exhausted. His health became poor and he suffered from syphilis as well as from depression. He composed nothing for several years, although his fame continued to spread. Even Brahms changed his mind a wrote good reviews of his music.
Composers were always expected to write large pieces such as symphonies and operas if they were to be taken seriously. Wagner was given the words for an opera called "Der Corregidor". At first he did not want to use it because the libretto was not good, but then he decided to write the opera. However, although it was performed it never became a success.
Final years (1897 – 1903).
Wolf last appeared at a concert in February 1897. Soon afterwards he went mad and had to be put in an asylum. A lady called Melanie whom he had loved visited him faithfully during his last years until his death on February 22, 1903. However, she felt very bad because she had not been faithful to her husband, and she killed herself in 1906.
Wolf is buried in the Zentralfriedhof (Central Cemetery) in Vienna, together with many other great composers.
Music.
Wolf’s true greatness lies in his Lieder. Although he tried at times to write larger musical works, his real genius lay in writing the smaller forms. He had a great feel for poetry and it is expressed beautifully in many ways: in the late-Romantic harmony which is often very chromatic, in the very original way he writes the piano accompaniments, and in the clever way in which he organizes his songs into groups with connecting themes. His most famous collections are "Mörike-Lieder" (1888), "Eichendorff-Lieder" (1889), "Goethe-Lieder" (1890), "Spanisches Liederbuch" (1891), "Italienisches Liederbuch" (1892, 1896) and "Michelangelo Lieder" (1897).
Wolf wrote hundreds of Lieder, three operas, incidental music, choral music, as well as some rarely-heard orchestral, chamber and piano music. His most famous instrumental piece is the "Italian Serenade" (1887), originally for string quartet and later arranged for orchestra.

Rosé Quartet
The Rosé Quartet was a string quartet formed by Arnold Rosé in 1882.
The group played together for 55 years, until 1938. Arnold Rosé was the first violin for the whole of that time, but the other members changed. Julius Egghard played the second violin at first; then it was Albert Bachrich, until 1905 when Paul Fischer joined. The viola player was Anton Loh, then Hugo von Steiner until 1901, then Anton Ruzitska; after 1920, Max Handl played the viola. Eduard Rosé, Arnold’s brother, was the cellist at first, but left after one season he left to get married and was replaced by Reinhold Hummer. The next cellist was Friedrich Buxbaum; cellist Anton Walter joined in 1921, but later on Buxbaum took over once more.
The group were particularly famous between 1905 and 1920, with Rosé, Fischer, Ruzitska, and Buxbaum. They were known for their great performances of Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven, but also some more modern composers including Arnold Schoenberg.
The group often gave the first Vienna performances of works by Brahms, including his Clarinet Quintet and his Quintet in G major Opus 111. It also gave the first performance of Schoenberg's first and second string quartets and the sextet "Verklärte Nacht" in which they were joined by two other members of the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra: Franz Jelinek, viola, and Franz Schmidt, cello.

Gustav Schäfer
Gustav Schäfer is the drummer for the band Tokio Hotel.

Gothic fiction
Gothic fiction is a genre of writing and literature that combines parts of both horror and romance. The genre is said to have started in 1764 with Horace Walpole's book The Castle of Otranto.

Betta splendens
Betta Splendens is a species of fish from Thailand, often kept in aquariums. Because the males fight each other, they cannot be kept together.
Appearance.
Males have a tendency to have longer caudual fins. They also "flare" their gill covers wider than females. They come in many colors.
How they behave.
The males will fight each other and can't be put together. They will also nip (bite) the fins of some fish. The females sometimes fight but can be kept in groups.

Through the Fire and Flames
"Through the Fire and Flames" is the most successful single by the British power metal band DragonForce. The song is the first one from DragonForce’s third album, "Inhuman Rampage". It features two quick guitar solos by Herman Li and Sam Totman. It was released on August 3, 2006.
Recording.
During the recording of the song, guitarist Herman Li broke one of his guitar strings. The band chose to keep this recording and left it on the final album version. The album version was recorded in sections and put together to make the final song.
The lyrics.
The lyrics of the song explain fighting between good and evil in Hell. The main character wants to be free as explained by the song.
Music video.
The track was used in the first music video by DragonForce. The video used the shorter version of the song. I was only 4 minutes and 59 seconds in length. The video shows the band playing on a dark stage.
During the guitar solos, the camera was often on Herman Li and Sam Totman, with an inset shot of whoever is currently playing. During Herman Li's solos, Sam Totman stands around drinking. At the start of the solo, a Pac-Man sound is played by Herman. After this, the whammy bar that was used to make this sound is thrown in the air. Pictures of all sides of the band members are shown. At the very end, the camera moves quickly away from the band.
The music video shown on YouTube and many music video channels, including MTV2. It was also shown on monitorscreens during the band's performances at Ozzfest2006.

East Asian calligraphy
The East Asian tradition of calligraphy originated and developed in China. The countries that use East Asian calligraphy are China, Japan, Korea and Vietnam.
Tools.
In calligraphy, paper, ink, brush, ink stone, paperweight, and a desk pad are used.
Paper.
The special paper used for calligraphy, is made of rice, paper mulberries, bamboo, hemp, etc.
Ink.
The ink is made from soot and binders. It comes in sticks, and must be rubbed with water on an ink stone. Pre-mixed bottle inks are now available. Pre-mixed bottle inks are for practicing.
Brush.
The body of the brush can be made of bamboo, or rare materials like red sandalwood, glass, ivory, silver and gold. The head of the brush is made of the hair of animals, like the wolf, rabbit, deer, chicken, duck, goat, pig and tiger, etc.
Ink stone.
The ink stone is used to rub the solid ink stick into liquid ink.
Paperweight.
They are used to weigh down paper. Paperweights come in several types, and they are collectible works of art.
Desk pad.
The desk pad is a pad made out of felt. Students use these desk pads, which are printed with grids on both sides. When placed under the paper, the grid helps to make the words the right size, and ensures correct placement.
Styles.
There are several word styles in calligraphy. Some of them are; Seal Script (often called small seal script), Clerical Script (sometimes called official, draft or scribal script), Semi-cursive Script (also called running script), Cursive Script (sometimes called grass script), Regular Script (often called ‘standard script’), Edomoji, Munjado, and Kao.

Washington Nationals
The Washington Nationals are a Major League Baseball team from Washington, D.C., United States. The Nationals are a member of the Eastern Division of the National League. From to, the Nationals played in Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium.

Catcher
A catcher is a position in baseball. The catcher crouches behind the home plate and catches the ball thrown by the pitcher.

Satin
Satin is a type of cloth that has a glossy surface and a dull back.
Satin is commonly used in baseball jackets, athletic shorts, women's lingerie, nightgowns, and evening gowns. It is also used in some men's boxer shorts, shirts and neckties, bed sheets, and in the making of pointe shoes for use in ballet.

Charles O. Finley
Charles Oscar Finley (February 22 1918 - February 19 1996), nicknamed Charlie O or Charley O, was an American businessman. He was the owner of the Oakland Athletics of Major League Baseball team.

Detroit Wolverines
The Detroit Wolverines were a 19th century Major League Baseball team that played in the National League from 1881 to 1888 in the city of Detroit. They played in Recreation Park when it was started in 1879.

Flannel
Flannel is a soft woven fabric, of various fineness. It usually doesn't have a nap, and instead gains its softness through the loosely spun yarn it is woven from. It is commonly used to make clothing, bed sheets, and sleepwear.
Flannel was originally made from carded wool or worsted yarn, but is now often made from either wool and cotton, or wool and synthetic fibre.
Flannelette.
Flannelette is a light, napped cotton fabric imitating the texture of flannel. The weft is generally coarser than the warp. The flannel-like appearance is created by creating a nap from the weft; scratching it and raising it up. Flannelette can either have long or short nap, and can be napped on only one or two sides. It comes in many colours, both solid and patterned.
Weave.
Flannel, flannelette and cotton flannel can be woven in either a twill weave or plain weave. The weave is often hidden by napping on one or both sides. After weaving, it is napped once, then bleached, dyed, or otherwise treated, and then napped a second time.

American Association (19th century)
The American Association (AA) was a baseball major league from 1882 to 1891.

Avril sk8er
"Avril Sk8er" is an upcoming live DVD from Avril Lavigne recorded in Toronto, Canada on April 7, 2008.The DVD consists of nineteen songs that Lavigne performed during her "Best Damn Tour"
. Most of the tracks are taken from her third studio album, "The Best Damn Thing", while two of the songs are covers. It is set to be released later this year.

Toyota Supra
The Toyota Supra was a sports car made by Toyota from 1979 until 2002. The Supra was called the Celica Supra until 1982 when it became a separate model. Toyota stopped selling the Supra in the United States in 1998 and Canada in 1995.

Ana Ivanović
Ana Ivanović (Serbian: Ана Ивановић) born November 6, 1987, in Belgrade, Serbia (then Yugoslavia), is a Serbian tennis player. As of December 2008, she is ranked as the #5 player in the world. She was the #1 player for ten weeks from June to September 2008. She won the French Open in 2008 and came second there in 2007. She also came second at the Australian Open in 2008. She has also played tennis for Serbia in the international tournament called the Fed Cup.
Ivanović is very tall, and is famous for the way she plays. She is best known for her powerful serve. Although she is Serbian, Ivanović currently lives in Basel, Switzerland. As of June 2008, she has earned over $5 million during her tennis career. Outside tennis, she is interested in clothes and fashion, and is an ambassador for the worldwide charity for children, UNICEF.
Personal life.
Ivanović was born in Belgrade in Serbia (which used to be called Yugoslavia). She watched tennis on television when she was 5 years old, and said, "I loved watching tennis on television, particularly Monica Seles." While she was growing up, the country was bombed by NATO, so she had to arrange her training to avoid this. She would even practice tennis in an empty swimming pool during the winter. When she was 14 years old, she was asked what she dreamed of in tennis, she replied "To become the No. 1 magic player in the world." Her Serbian tennis instructor introduced her to a Swiss businessman who agreed to hire a coach and pay for Ivanović's training in Switzerland.
Her father, Miroslav, and brother, Miros, watches some of Ana's matches on television, but her mother, Dragana, goes to all of them. Ivanović and her mother, who Ivanović describes as her "best friend," live in Basel, Switzerland. Her uncle lives in Australia where Ivanović is very popular. She is studying for a degree in finance at a Belgrade university, and is learning to speak Spanish.
In 2007 she became an ambassador for the worldwide charitable organization UNICEF, saying "I'm also looking forward to going into the classroom and meeting many kids". Ivanović is also interested in fashion–she has modelled clothes and says "...I love to shop..."
Playing style.
Ivanović plays tennis holding her racket in her right hand. She also uses both hands on the racket when hitting her backhand shots. She can hit her shots from the baseline (the back of the tennis court) but is also good at volleys. Because she is very tall () she can serve the ball very fast, sometimes over. She also has a strong wrist which means she can hide what kind of serve she is going to use until the last moment. She will often shout "Ajde!" ("Come on!" in Serbian) during her matches.
Professional career.
Ivanović made it to the final of the junior version of Wimbledon in 2004, but lost to Ukrainian player Kateryna Bondarenko. She became a professional tennis player in August 2003. She finished the 2004 tennis season as one of the top 100 female players in the world. In 2005, Ivanović won her first title in the Women's Tennis Association (WTA) in Canberra, Australia, beating Hungarian player Melinda Czink. She finished 2005 in the world top 20. The year after that, she beat Martina Hingis from Switzerland at the Rogers Cup in Montreal. In the same year she won her only title in doubles competition with Maria Kirilenko in Holland. Hingis got revenge for her defeat in Montreal by beating Ivanović in the final of the Toray Pan Pacific Open in Tokyo, Japan, in February 2007. Ivanović won her third WTA title by beating Russian player Svetlana Kuznetsova in the German Masters tournament in Berlin in May 2007.
She got to the final of her first Grand Slam tournament in 2007 in the French Open, but she lost to Justine Henin from Belgium. She said that losing that match was her worst moment on a tennis court. However, she did end that year as one of the ten best female players in the world. In the following season, she got to the final of the Australian Open where she lost to Maria Sharapova. After the final she was the second best female player in the world. In March 2008, Ivanović beat Svetlana Kuznetsova again in another final, this time at Indian Wells in California.
She won the French Open in 2008 by beating Russian player Dinara Safina 2–0 in the final in Paris. Her prize for winning was a trophy and €1 million. After winning that competition, it was announced that she was the best female tennis player in the world. She is the first Serbian to be the world's top player. After she won the tournament, she had a "welcome home" party in Belgrade and dinner with the President of Serbia. In June 2008, Ivanović was expected to win the Wimbledon Championships, but lost in the third round.
Ivanović has also played tennis for Serbia in an international competition called the Fed Cup. As of June 2008, she has played 10 matches and won seven of them.
Grand Slam record.
The following table shows how far Ivanović progressed in each of the Grand Slam tournaments she has played in.
Career earnings.
This table shows how much money Ivanović has been paid each year, and it also shows how much she was paid compared to all other female tennis players in the world.
Ivanović is also sponsored by sportswear company Adidas and racket manufacturer company Yonex. She and Maria Sharapova will be in a television advertisement to increase interest in women's tennis. In April of 2008, her official website was visited over 40 million times, more than any other female athlete.

Women's Tennis Association
The Women's Tennis Association, formed in 1973, is the principal organizing body of women's professional tennis. It organizes the WTA Tour, the worldwide professional tennis tour for women, which has, for sponsorship reasons, been known since 2005 as The Sony Ericsson WTA Tour.
The association give out awards every year for players who have done well.

Lewis Hamilton
Lewis Hamilton was born on 7 January 1985. He is a British Formula One driver.
His karting career began in 1993 and at the age of ten, when he approached Ron Dennis for a signature and told him that one day he would like to race in his cars. Dennis got his details and phoned him a few years later when he began winning championships.
At the age of thirteen, he was signed on for a driver development programme by McLaren with an option of a future F1 drive with the team.
Car racing career.
Lewis has won several smaller championships, but he has driven in Formula One since 2007.
2007.
In 2007 he made his F1 appearance at the Australian Grand Prix and finished 3rd after running most of the race in 2nd place and even leading a few laps. In the Malaysian Grand Prix he followed it up with a 2nd place. He finished 2nd again in Bahrain, Spain and Monaco although he was told to settle for 2nd in Monaco after showing much speed but risking an accident on the street course.
He would score his maiden pole position in the Canadian Grand Prix, which he would dominate to win from Nick Heidfeld and Alex Wurz. He followed it up with another win from pole in the United States Grand Prix a week later. In the French Grand Prix he finished 3rd behind a Ferrari 1-2 and would score another pole in the British Grand Prix althouh he faded to a distant 3rd in the race.
In a torrential rainstorm in the European Grand Prix he aquaplaned off the track and was thought to have retired but he kept the engine running and was lifted out of the sand with a crane. The race was stopped to clean up the wreckage of another 5 cars that have also aquaplaned and on the restart he was a lap behind. He risked pitting for slicks on a damp track with a few puddles and he went off the track several times. He was on course for 8th until another late rainshower limited his progress and he ended up finishing in 9th, only a second behind Heikki Kovaleinnen. In Hungary he inherited pole after he was blocked by Fernando Alonso in qualifying, resulting in Alonso being demoted from pole to 6th on the grid. Hamilton resisted pressure from Raikkönen to win his 3rd career Grand Prix. In Turkey he was on course for 3rd until a late race puncture dropped him to 5th. He finished 2nd in Italy followed by a 4th in Belgium.
He took his 5th career pole in the Japanese Grand Prix and survived a collision with Robert Kubica to win the race from Heikki Kovaleinnen and Kimi Raikkönen. He took his 6th pole in China and led until he got a puncture and lost the lead to Kimi Raikkönen. On his way into the pits he spun into the gravel and got his first retirement in Formula One. He needed 2nd place in Brazil to secure the championship and dropped from 2nd on the grid to 4th after the first turns. He then went wide and dropped to 8th, although still within reach of his main rival, Fernando Alonso. On lap 6 he suffered a gearbox glitch from which he recovered from, albeit in last place and over a minute behind the leaders. He would storm through the pack to 7th place and lose the championship by 1 point to Kimi Raikkönen.
2008.
He won the Australian Grand Prix (in which only 6 cars finished) from pole. He would start in 9th in Malaysia after getting a 5 place grid penalty for impeding in qualifying. He was running in 3rd when he was heavily delayed in the pits, he would recover to finish 5th. In Bahrain he started 3rd but made a bad start and dropped to 12th. A lap later he lost his front wing when he slammed into the back of Fernando Alonso. In Spain he drove a good race to 3rd followed by a great drive to 2nd, finishing 4 seconds behind Massa with a 3 stop strategy to Massa's 2 stops. In Monaco he qualified 3rd and in a wet race he ran 2nd early on. On lap 6 he had a puncture after hitting a wall and rejoined in 4th after pitting for fuel and a new tyre. While using only 80% of his fuel in the wet he ended up leading the race by 38 seconds after the 2nd round of pitstops and he eventually won the race by 3 seconds from Robert Kubica after a late safety car period. He took pole in Canada but crashed into Kimi Raikkönen in the pitlane. In France he started 13th due to a penalty for the pit lane crash in Canada and was up to 8th when he got a penalty for cutting a chicane. He recovered to finish 10th. He scored pole position in the British Grand Prix and won the race.

Todd Bentley
Todd Bentley (born 1976) is a Canadian Evangelical Christian and evangelist. He is one of the main preachers who are part of the Charismatic revival meetings in Lakeland, Florida known as the Florida Healing Outpouring. Attendance at the meetings is now at as high as 10,000 visitors a night from around the world.
Early Life.
When Bently was a child he lived in Gibsons, British Columbia, a small place in west Canada. At the time when Todd Bentley's mother and father stopped being married, Bentley wrote in a book about himself that he made in 2008 called, "The Journey into the Miraculous", that he had problems and did illegal drugs. He also said in this book that he had drank too much alcohol. Bentley said that he changed to believe in Jesus and be a Christan, and when he did that he did not have problems with drugs or drinking alcohol anymore. He became a Christan when he was 18 years old.
What Bently Believes.
Bentley's beliefs are close to the Assemblies of God (AOG) and often speaks at meetings in AOG churches, although he is not under their authority.
Arguments.
Bentley's other beliefs and style are seen as being from "Spiritual Leader" to "False Prophet" by other Christian leaders. He yells 'Bam!' during sermons, He has an unusual appearance for a preacher such as tattoos and piercings.
At greater issue is Bentley's mysticism and spirituality, which is nontraditional for the Pentecostal and Charismatic congregations he serves and counter to others. Two major points of contention are the manner and veracity of the Faith Healing he conducts in his services and an encounter he discusses with an angel that was a harbinger of financial wellbeing. Other major theological debates have arisen from Bentley's references to several trips he has made to Heaven and meetings with the Paul the Apostle. These controversies were highlighted by the media coverage of the Lakeland revival.
Faith Healing.
Bentley heavily features faith healing, a common feature of the Charismatic movement. His behavior in conducting the healings has come under fire for the violence with which it is sometimes done. Bentley most commonly places his hands on an individual's head or area of infirmity but sometimes has more violently kicked out or hit the volunteer while calling out for the power of God to descend. In response, some people may stand and physically tremble, while others may literally fall down to the ground in what they call "falling under the power" of the Holy Spirit. The medical corroboration of both the injuries sustained by healings and the healings themselves has been a common topic of dissension in the media.
The Angel Emma.
A controversy surrounds his alleged encounter with an angel he called 'Emma' at an AOG church in 2001. Bentley stated that the female angel gave him a vision of gold dust, and afterwards he received a breakthrough in terms of financial stability. Among Assembly of God congregants, especially, there was debate about whether such a professed encounter was in line with AOG doctrine as set out in the 16 Fundamental Truths The most persistent challenge was twofold; whether the experience of a specifically female angel who prophesied financial well-being was a Biblically recognized phenomenon, and whether preaching about such an encounter was theologically responsible - would it bring converts to worship such an angel rather than the God who sent her? Bentley has argued that it was God's choice, and not his own, that an angel appeared to him in that manner.

Keir Hardie
James Keir Hardie (15 August 1856 - 26 September 1915) was a Scottish socialist and labour leader, and was the first independent labour Member of Parliament (MPs) in the UK Parliament, seven years before the start of the Labour Party.
He worked as a coal miner, but his bosses stopped him from working when he made a union. He became a politician, and was elected to (chosen for) parliament in 1892. At first he was a Liberal, but he was interested in making a working class party. He started the Independent Labour Party in 1893, and what became the modern Labour party in 1900.

Fausto Coppi
Angelo Fausto Coppi (September 15, 1919 – January 2, 1960) was an Italian racing cyclist. He was one of the most successful and most popular cyclists of all time. He won the Tour de France twice, in 1949 and 1952. He won the Giro d'Italia five times, in 1940, 1947, 1949, 1952 and 1953. He also held the World Hour record (the farthest cycled in one hour) from 1942 to 1956.
He fought in the Second World War. He was a prisoner of war of the British. It is possible that Coppi could have won many more races in the five years that were lost because of the war. Coppi died of malaria in 1960 at the age of 40.

Hurricane Hazel
Hurricane Hazel was the worst hurricane of the 1954 Atlantic hurricane season and one of the worst hurricanes of the 20th century. Hazel killed as many as 1,000 people in Haiti before striking the United States just south of Wilmington, North Carolina as a Category 4 hurricane. 19 people were killed in North Carolina, and 81 people were killed when it hit Toronto, Ontario. It is the strongest hurricane ever recorded to strike so far inland.

Miguel Indurain
Miguel Ángel Indurain Larraya (born July 16, 1964,) was a Spanish road racing cyclist. He was a professional from 1985 to 1996. He was the first person to win the Tour de France five times in a row from 1991 to 1996. He also won the Giro d'Italia two times, in 1992 and 1993. In 1994 he cycled 53.040 kilometres in one hour, which was a new hour record. He also won the Olympic Gold medal for the time trial in 1996.
Indurain was very good at time trials. In the five Tours de France that he won, he only won two stages that were not time trials. He finished time trials much quicker than other cyclists, so he did not have to work too hard in mountain stages. In the 1996 Tour de France he had a bad cold and he could not win. He retired later in 1997.

Shimon Peres
Shimon Peres (Hebrew: שמעון פרס) born August 2, 1923 is the President of the State of Israel.

Ehud Olmert
Ehud Olmert (born 30 September 1945) is the 12th and former Prime Minister of the State of Israel. He was the head of the Kadima Party until September 2008.

Kadima Party
Kadima is an Israeli political party.

Svetlana Kuznetsova
Svetlana Aleksandrovna Kuznetsova (Cyrillic:; born June 27, 1985) is a Russian professional tennis player who is currently ranked World No. 4. She won the US Open singles title in 2004 and was the runner-up in singles at the French Open in 2006 and the US Open in 2007, losing both finals to Justine Henin in straight sets.

Jacques Anquetil
Jacques Anquetil (8 January, 1934–18 November, 1987), was a French road racing cyclist. He was the first cyclist to win the Tour de France five times, in 1957 and from 1961 to 1964. Anquetil was very good at riding time trials, and this helped him to win grand tours. He also won the Giro d'Italia in 1960 and 1964, and the Vuelta a España in 1963. This made him the first cyclist to win all three grand tours. In 1956 he rode 46.159 kilometres in one hour, making a new hour record.

Hour record
The hour record for bicycles is the record for the longest distance cycled in one hour on a bicycle. The first recorded hour record was in 1876 when F. L. Dodds rode 26.508 kilometres on a penny-farthing bicycle. Many people since then have tried to be the fastest. People trying to break the record have helped to change bicycle designs.
In 1972, the Belgian cyclist Eddy Merckx set a record of 49.431 kilometres. It was the record for twelve years. Since that time technology has allowed much more aerodynamic bicycle designs. The Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI), the group that controls the sport of cycling, has made rules to make cyclists ride cycles similar to Merckx's bicycle. Instead there is now another record, the International Human Powered Vehicle Association (IHVA) hour record, for other designs. The hour record for regular bicycles is called the UCI record.
Ondřej Sosenka holds the UCI hour record at 49.700 kilometres. Sam Whittingham holds the IHVA hour record at 86.752 kilometres.

Fed Cup
Fed Cup is the premier team competition in women's tennis, launched in 1963 to celebrate the 50th Anniversary of the International Tennis Federation (ITF). The competition was known as the Federation Cup until 1995.

Kateryna Bondarenko
Kateryna Volodymyrivna Bondarenko (, born 8 August 1986) is a professional female tennis player from Ukraine and a doubles champion at Australian Open in 2008.
The younger sister of Alyona Bondarenko, she was born in Kryvyi Rih, Ukraine, then part of the Soviet Union. She plays right-handed and turned pro in 2000.

Melinda Czink
Melinda Czink (born October 22, 1982 in Budapest) is a Hungarian professional female tennis player. On March 1, 2004 Czink reached her career-high singles ranking of World No. 64.

Maria Kirilenko
Maria Yuryevna Kirilenko (; born January 25 1987) is a Russian professional tennis player. Born in Moscow, she won her first WTA Tour title in 2005, defeating Anna-Lena Groenefeld 6–3, 6–4 in the China Open. Kirilenko reached #19, her career-high singles ranking, on the WTA tour in June 2008. She is a good friend of Maria Sharapova. She is affectionately called Makiri.

Volley (tennis)
A volley in tennis is a shot that is hit before the ball bounces on the ground. Generally a player hits a volley while standing near the net, although sometimes it is done farther back, in the middle of the tennis court or even near the baseline.

Alberto Contador
Alberto Contador Velasco (born 6 December 1982 in Madrid) is a Spanish road bicycle racer for the Astana Team. He won the 2007 Tour de France riding for the Discovery Channel team. He also won the 2008 Giro d'Italia riding for Astana.
Contador is very good at climbing mountains.
Contador became a professional in 2003. In 2004 he started to have headaches. A few days later, while he was racing, he crashed and went to hospital. There, doctors found a problem with a blood vessel in his brain. He needed some dangerous surgery, and needed many months to recover (get better). In 2005 he was healthy, and rode in his first Tour de France. He finished in 31st place.
In 2006 his team had some trouble. A doctor in Spain had given drugs to athletes to help them to win. Some cyclists on Contador's team had worked with the doctor. The police wanted to check to see if Contador had taken drugs. As a result, Contador could not enter the 2006 Tour de France. Later the police decided that Contador had not taken drugs from the doctor. The case about the doctor was called the Operación Puerto doping case, and caused many problems in cycling.
2007 season.
Contador had to find a new team. In January 2007, he joined the Discovery Channel team, and won the famous Paris-Nice race in March. In the Tour de France, he won the 14th stage, and was second in the race to Michael Rasmussen. Rasmussen had to leave the race because he had not been honest about where he was training before the race. Because of this, Contador wore the yellow jersey, meaning he was in first place in the race, from stage 18. In stage 19, a time trial, he did not lose too much time, and started the last stage with a 23 seconds lead over Cadel Evans in second place. Evans and Contador finished with the same time, so Contador won the 2007 tour de France.
2008 season.
The Discovery Channel Team stopped racing at the end of 2007, and Contador joined the Astana Team. This was the same team he had worked for in 2005, but with a new name and new people managing it. However, the group running the Tour de France decided that Astana could not join the 2008 Tour de France. One week before the 2008 Giro d'Italia, the group running it invited the Astana team to join. The team did not have much time to prepare (get ready), but Contador became the leader of the race on the 15th stage. He wore the maglia rosa (pink leader's jersey) until the finish in Milan. This meant that Contador had won his second grand tour.

Dinara Safina
Dinara Mikhailovna Safina), born April 27, 1986, is a Russian professional tennis player of Tatar ethnicity. She was born in Moscow, Russia. She is the younger sister of former world number one men's player, Marat Safin.
She was coached by Glen Schaap, former trainer of Nadia Petrova. Her new coach is Željko Krajan. Her mother, Rauza Islanova used to be her trainer when she was younger and still gives advice to Dinara. Dinara Safina's father is director of the Spartak tennis club in Moscow. She has won one Grand Slam title, the women's double title at the 2007 U.S. Open with her partner Nathalie Dechy. She also reached the final of the French Open in 2008, losing to current World No. 1 Ana Ivanović.

Alejandro Valverde
Alejandro Valverde Belmonte (born April 25, 1980) is a Spanish road racing cyclist. He rides for the Caisse d'Epargne team. Valverde won the Liège-Bastogne-Liège race in 2006 and 2008. He was second in the 2006 Vuelta a España and sixth in the 2007 Tour de France. He won the 2008 Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré, an important race before the 2008 Tour de France. This means that many people think he will do well in the Tour.
Valverde is a strong climber, sprinter and time trialist.

Time trial
In many racing sports an athlete will compete (take part) in a time trial. This is when the athlete races over a course as fast as they can. In cross country skiing and biathlon competitions, a skier will start every 30 to 60 seconds. These are called interval starts. In cycling a time trial (TT) can be a single track race, or an individual time trial on the road. Time trials are often a part of a stage race, for example the Tour de France.
In a team time trial in cycling, a team of riders will race together. A group can ride faster than just one rider because riders following the leader are sheltered from the wind.
In rowing, time trial races, where the boats start every 10 to 20 seconds, are usually called "head races."

Markhor
The Markhor ("Capra falconeri") is a goat-antelope. It is found in woodland in the Western Himalayas of Afghanistan, Pakistan and Kashmir.
Markhor are 65 to 115 centimetres tall at the shoulder. They usually weigh from 40 to 110 kilograms. Females are a tan colour with a white underbelly and a pattern of black and white on the legs. Males are a lighter tan colour with the same white underbelly and pattern on the legs. Males also have a black face and lots of long white fur on their neck and chest which can grow down to their knees. Both males and females have corkscrew-shaped horns which can grow up to 160 cm / 64 inches long in males, and up to 25 cm / 10 inches in females.
Markhor live in places 500 to 3500 metres (1,500 to 11,000 feet) high, where they eat grass, leaves. Markhor often stand on their back legs to reach the top leaves of trees. Markhor are active (move around more) in the early morning and late afternoon. Females gather in herds (groups) of up to nine animals. Males usually live alone.
The Markhor is the National animal of Pakistan. The word "Markhor" is Persian for "Snake Eater". They mostly live in the Northern Areas of Pakistan especially in the Chitral, Ghizar and Hunza regions. There are about 2000 - 4000 Markhor in the wild.

She's So Unusual
She's So Unusual is the first solo album by the famous American 1980s pop singer Cyndi Lauper. It was released in 1983. It included the popular single, "Girls Just Want to Have Fun".

Betta
"Betta" is a genus of fish that includes the Siamese fighting fish.
Where they come from.
Bettas come from Southeast Asia. Many of them, can be purchased in a local petstore.

Lichtenstein (Saxony)
Lichtenstein is a small town in Saxony. It is between Zwickau and Chemnitz. Lichtenstein has the second name "Stadt im grünen" (engl. "town in green"). Lichtenstein has a lot of sights. There are 7 museums, 2 theaters, 1 castle and 7 natur parcs. The most famous museum of Lichtenstein is the "Miniwelt". There you can find many world sights in small, for example the statue of Liberty. In Lichtenstein there live 13,117 people in 2007.
Lichtenstein consists of 3 parts the main town "Lichtenstein" and the two small villages "Heinrichsort" and "Rödlitz".
Neighbourtowns are Bernsdorf, Glauchau, St. Egidien, Mülsen, Hohndorf and Oelsnitz.
History.
Lichtenstein was founded in 1212. The church of St. Laurentius, one of two churches, was build in 1261. In the 12th century was built the castle of Lichtenstein. The "Schönburgs" live there until 1945.
Politics.
The council consists of 22 councillors and the mayor.
Wolgang Sedner is the mayor of Lichtenstein, since 1990. He won the last vote in June 2008 in the second ballot.

Otogizōshi
Otogizōshi are a group of short stories with pictures, written in Japan, mostly in the period between 1392 and 1573. There are about 350 of these stories. They are about many different things: love, religion, fighting, humor, and other things. The "otogizōshi" were often read to an audience.

Salem, Massachusetts
Salem is a city in Essex Country, in Massachusetts. It was the home of the Salem Witch Trials of 1692.

Deval Patrick
Deval Patrick was elected to be the governor of Massachusetts in 2006. He is the first black person to be elected governor of that state, and only the third black person to be elected to that office in the United States. Patrick ran as a Democrat.
He was born in Chicago, Illinois on 31 July 1956, is a lawyer, and holds two degrees from Harvard University.

Structure of the Earth
The structure of the Earth, close to the other terrestrial planets, is chemically divided into layers. The Earth has an outer silicate solid crust, a highly viscous mantle, a liquid outer core that is much less viscous than the mantle, and a solid inner core.

Provisional designation in astronomy
A provisional designation in astronomy is the naming convention of astronomical objects right after they are found out. The provisional designation is mostly replaced by a permanent designation once a good orbit has been calculated. With asteroids, so many have been found that many will never be named by the people who found them.

Car sign
A car sign is a sign put on cars to show a statement or for a purpose. It can also mean a traffic sign to direct cars one way or another, or to tell cars what to do.

Istituto Nazionale di Statistica
Istituto Nazionale di Statistica is the national statistical institute of Italy. This institute collects information about the country, including counting the people in Italy (the "census"). It is sometimes called "Istat".

List of Adventures in Odyssey characters
__NOTOC__
The following is a list of the characters from the "Adventures in Odyssey" radio program.

Serve (tennis)
A serve (sometimes called a service) in tennis is a shot to start a point. The serve is usually started by tossing the ball into the air and hitting it (usually near the top of its path in the air) into the diagonally opposite service box without touching the net. It may be performed underhand or overhead. The serve is the only shot where a player can take his time to set up, instead of having to react to an opponent's shot.

Backhand
The backhand in tennis is a stroke hit by swinging the racquet away from the body in the direction of where the player wants the ball to go. For a right-handed player, a backhand begins on the left side of his body, continues across his body as the ball is hit, and ends on the right side of his body. It can be either a one-handed or a two-handed stroke.

Academic degree
A degree is any of a wide range of status levels given by institutions of higher education, such as universities, normally as the result of successfully completing a program of study.

List of WTA number 1 ranked players
This lists all the women who have been the best in the world at tennis according to the Women's Tennis Association (WTA).

Barbour County, Alabama
Barbour County, Alabama is a county of the U.S. state of Alabama. Its name is in honor of James Barbour, who served as Governor of Virginia. As of 2000 the population is 29,038. Its county seat is Clayton.
History.
Barbour County was created on December 18, 1832 from former Creek Indian territory and a portion of Pike County. Its borders were altered in 1866 and 1868. The Election Riot of 1874 occurred near Comer.

Monpazier
Monpazier is a city in France. It is in the Dordogne departement, in Aquitaine. In 1999, 516 people lived there. It has been named one of the most beautiful villages in France by the association Les Plus Beaux Villages de France. It was built as a bastide. For some time, Eleanor of Aquitaine and Richard III lived there.
The city was founded by Edward I of England in 1284. It is of rectangular design, built around a main square.
The city is about half-way betweeen Bergerac and Sarlat-la-Canéda. Each city is about 45 km away. The River Dropt runs through the city.

Coventry City Football Club
Coventry City Football Club was formed in 1888 and over 100 years later they won the FA Cup in 1987. Coventry City are in the Coca-Cola Championship, Iain Dowiewas fired as manager and Chris Coleman is their new manager.

Sarlat-la-Canéda
Sarlat-la-Canéda (often just called Sarlat) is a city in France. It is in the Dordogne departement in Aquitaine. In 1999, 9.707 people lived there. The city developped around a benedictine abbey in the 13th century. The abbey already existed in the 9th century. it was part of the six great abbeys of the Périgord. The others were Paunat, Belvès, Saint Front de Périgueux, Brantôme and Terrasson). The carolingian abbey was the only one to be spared by the Vikings. This is because it does not lie on the river Dordogne or its tributaries. In 1317, Sarlat became the seat of a bishop.
The city was badly damaged in the Hundred years' war. After several conflicts it was rebuilt in renaissance style between 1450 and 1500. In the middle of the 17th century the city lost political influence, it also became poorer.
In 1963 a law was passed to save the old medieval city centres. There were refurbishing works from 1964 to 1974. Today, the city is a magnet for tourists. About a million people visit it each year.

Hurricane Erika (2003)
Hurricane Erika was a Atlantic hurricane that hit extreme northeastern Mexico near the Texas-Tamaulipas border. It happened on August 16, during the 2003 Atlantic hurricane season. Erika was the eighth tropical cyclone, fifth tropical storm, and third hurricane of the season that year. The storm was created from a non-tropical area of low pressure that was tracked for five days before developing in the eastern Gulf of Mexico on August 14. Under the influence of a high pressure system, Erika moved quickly westward and became stronger under favorable conditions.
Storm history.
A weak surface area of low pressure came apart from a frontal system on August 8. It was moving southwestward during that time. On August 9, it created convection when it was passing underneath a cold-core upper-level low. As the system rapidly continued westward, a lot of the convection stayed near the center of the upper-level low, preventing development of a closed surface circulation. On August 13, while located near the northwestern Bahamas, an increase in convection made the upper-level low building downwards to the middle levels of the troposphere, which caused the development of an upper level anticyclone.
On August 14, a closed low-level circulation nearly developed to the east of Key Largo, Florida, but because of the deep convection remaining to the north over the mid-level center, it was weakened. The mid-level storm continued going westward and it moved across Florida. After crossing Florida, Hurricane Hunters showed a poor circulation, but with winds higher than tropical storm strength, and the system was designated as Tropical Storm "Erika" late on August 14 while located 85 miles (135 km) west of Fort Myers.
With well-established outflow and low levels of wind shear, Erika became stronger as the circulation became better defined. A high pressure system covered over the south-central United States, forcing the storm to move just south of due west at 25 mph (40 km/h). On August 15, convection were made into bands, and as its winds were turning into hurricane strength, an eye developed within the storm. The storm quickly weakened over the Sierra Madre Oriental, and Erika was calming down early on August 17. After entering the Gulf of California on August 18, It led to the formation of a tropical disturbance. It went to the northwest and weakened on August 20.

Bergerac
Bergerac is a city in France. It lies in the Dordogne departement, in Aquitaine. Just over 26.000 people lived there in 1999. This makes it the second biggest city of the departement, only Périgeux is bigger, with about 30.000 people living there.
Bergerac is known for its wines and its tobacco. Despite the similarities in naming there is no connection to Cyrano de Bergerac, a French writer from Paris

Sweet Chestnut
Sweet Chestnut, sometimes called European Chestnut, Spanish Chestnut or Portugese Chestnut is a family of trees. Originally these trees were native to the the Mediterranean parts of Europe and Asia Minor. These trees can grow to sizes between 20 and 35m high. The trees are deciduous, they do not have leaves in winter.
The trees are usually grown for their edible fruit.

James S. Sherman
James Schoolcraft Sherman (October 24, 1855 in Utica, New York – October 1912, also in Utica, New York, while in office) was the twenty-seventh Vice president of the United States. He was in office from March 4, 1909 to October 30, 1912. Sherman was a member of the Republican Party, and served with President William Howard Taft.

Rainer Küchl
Rainer Küchl (*August 25 1950 in Waidhofen an der Ybbs) is an Austrian violinist and professor of music.
He started to play the violin at the age of 11. At the age of 14 he studied music at the University of Music and Performing Arts, Vienna.
He became the concertmaster of the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra at the age of 20. In 1973 he founded the Küchl Quartett which is known as the Wiener Musikverein Quartett.

Wilson Allen Wallis
Wilson Allen Wallis (born in 1912 in Philadelphia – October 12, 1998 in Rochester) was an American economist and statistician. He studied at the University of Minnesota and finished his studies in 1932. He was a member of the Chi Phi Fraternity.
From 1959 to 1989, he was the economic adviser to the U.S. presidents Dwight Eisenhower, Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford and Ronald Reagan.

March of the Penguins
March of the Penguins is a documentary about penguins. It won an Academy Award and was directed by Luc Jacquet. It was made in France.

Mangrio
Mangrio ((Sindhi: ﻮﯾﺭﮝﻤ) (Urdu: منگریو) is the most community (ذﺍت) or common tribe of Sindhis living in Pakistan and India.

Enlightenment (Window Manager)
Enlightenment(also known simply as E), is a free software/open source window manager for the X Window System which can be used alone or together with a desktop environment such as GNOME or KDE. Enlightenment is sometimes used as a replacement for a full desktop environment.
History.
The first version of Enlightenment was released by Raster (Carsten Haitzler) on 1996-10-30.
Enlightenment has been under development for 10 years; its latest stable release is version 0.16.8.13. It always comes with a warning that it is in permanent "heavy development" and remains "not stable".

Buddhism in Pakistan
There are no significant buddhist communities left in Pakistan.
A few Buddhists may still exist in Pakistan Administered Kashmir (P.A.K.) and a significant community exists in Indian Occupied Kashmir to the east of the Line of Control. Mostly Ladakhi and ethnically related to Tibetans (plus a few Indo-Aryan Dards), a rough dividing line between Islamic culture and Buddhist culture can be drawn through Mulbekh and Shergol in the Indus valley (to the east of Kargil) and well to the west of Leh, the Nun Kun massif and Rangdum Buddhist monastery at the head of the Suru river valley (a tributary of the Indus) on the Indian Kashmiri side of the line of control.
See Ladakh, Indo-Occupied Kashmir for more information.

World Series of Poker
WSOP or the World Series of Poker is one among the biggest poker tournaments in the gambling world, which has been organized officially, in 1970. The bracelet of WSOP along with the cash prize of millions of dollars fascinates many players from the entire world that are keen to play poker in this tournament. This tournament is an apex of interest to all poker players. A mere participation of a poker player seems to appeal towards pride.
Main event.
The WSOP event is conducted once in a year and thousands of poker players participates in it. There are the buy-ins ranging from $1500 - $10,000 and in most of the cases, playing by means of primary purchase is supposed by the players. Buy-ins as well as rebuys is also allowed in some games while in some other games if there are no chips with a player he would not be allowed for purchasing any more chips.
How to qualify.
• Payment is required for pre-registration, which is revised every year. Payments can be made in terms of debit cards, credit cards, cashier checks or wire transfers.
• WSOP requires the pre-registration to be done at least prior to two weeks of the starting of the event. Beyond that time no registration would be entertained.
• The validation of the participants should be done with proof as they must be at least of the age of 21 years.
• For participating in the event, the proofs for adequate identification must be produced such as passport, driver’s license or any other form of valid ID card.
• To enter into the WSOP event, the chips of prescribed value must be purchased. No cash payments are entertained instead there entertained RIO chips for purchasing for making payments in the rounds.
• No re-entries are permitted, only one person can enter through a single entry.
• Registration of third party on behalf of the candidate is not permitted in World Series of Poker, self-registration is must.
• Players who are restricted to play in casinos as per the government norms are ineligible for the games of WSOP.

OpenDocument
OpenDocument Format (ODF) is a computer file format for word processors, presentation software and other computer programs.
For example, OpenOffice.org is a program that uses ODF to save text, slideshows and spreadsheets.

Boston College
Boston College is a private university in Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts.

Clemson University
Clemson University is a public university in Clemson, South Carolina.

Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (or Virginia Tech) is a public university in Blacksburg, Virginia. The campus was first opened in 1872 as a farming and mechanical college and covers 2,600 acres. It is also one of only a few public universities in the United States to have a corps of cadets.
The Virginia Tech massacre, which happened on the 16th of April 2007, is a milestone in the history of the University. A student of the university named Cho Seung-Hui killed 32 people before killing himself. This became the worst school-related massacre in United States history.

University of Virginia
The University of Virginia is a public university in Charlottesville, Virginia.

North Carolina State University
North Carolina State University is a public university in Raleigh, North Carolina.

University of Miami
The University of Miami is a private university in Coral Gables, Florida. Some people call the university "Miami of Florida," "UM," or "The U."

Nagios
Nagios () is a popular open source computer system and network monitoring application software. It watches hosts and services that you specify, alerting you when things go bad and again when they get better.
Nagios, originally created under the name, was written and is currently maintained by Ethan Galstad, along with a group of developers actively maintaining both official and unofficial plugins.
Nagios was originally designed to run under Linux, but also runs well on other Unix variants.
Nagios is free software licensed under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 as published by the Free Software Foundation.

Egyptian Arabic
Egyptian Arabic (Marī مصري) is a kind of the Arabic language of the Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family.
It came from the people living in the Nile Delta in Lower Egypt around the capital Cairo. Its origin is from the spoken Arabic brought to Egypt during the AD seventh-century Muslim invasion.
Masri was formed also of Copto-Egyptian language of pre-Islamic Egypt, and other languages such as Turkish.
Egyptian Arabic language isn't officially recognized by Egyptian government.
More than 76 million people in Egypt speak Masri. also a lot of people in the Middle East can understand Masri.

Wenedyk
Wenedyk (in English: Venedic) is a made-up language. Jan van Steenbergen, a linguist and translator from the Netherlands, made it in 2002. The idea behind it is this: what would have happened if the Polish language had developed from Latin instead of Old Slavic? Wenedyk is a possible answer to that question. It is a Romance language, so almost all words are family of words in French, Italian, Romanian, and so on. But they look very different and much more like Polish. The rules for spelling and pronunciation are completely based on Polish. Other parts of the language, like grammar and sentence structure, are a mixture of Polish and Romance.
Together with other made-up languages like Brithenig (which does the same thing with Welsh), Wenedyk is part of the group of so-called "alternative languages", languages that could have existed if history had been different. With Brithenig, it is the best known example of this sort of languages. Wenedyk became known in Poland after it was written about on the Internet and in the monthly paper "Wiedza i Życie" ("Knowledge and Life").
Wenedyk is used in Ill Bethisad, a made-up world in which the Roman Empire was stronger than in real history. It is the most important language of the Republic of the Two Crowns, a country similar to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, but not broken up by partitions like Poland was.
Spelling and pronunciation.
Wenedyk is pronounced just like Polish. Stress almost always falls on the second-last syllable. A preposition and a pronoun are treated as one word, so when the pronoun has only one syllable, the preposition is stressed.
Grammar.
Wenedyk does not have articles, words like "a" and "the". This is an important difference with the other Romance languages and also with made-up languages like Esperanto and Ido. The reason is that Polish and most other Slavic languages do not have those words, and even in Vulgar Latin they were not so strong yet.
Wenedyk also has a "vocative" (used for calling someone). Often it has the same form as the direct case, but not always: O potrze! "Oh father!"

Brithenig
Brithenig is constructed language that was made up by Andrew Smith from New Zealand in 1996. The idea behind it is the question what the Welsh language would have looked like if it had been a Romance instead of a Celtic language: a sister language to French, Spanish and Italian, but one that looks much like Welsh. It plays a key-role in the made-up world of Ill Bethisad, where Latin took the place of Old Celtic as the spoken language of the people in Great Britain, thus giving way to the development of Brithenig.
Brithenig is the best known example of the so-called group of "alternative languages", languages that could have existed if history had been different. Another well-known example is Wenedyk, which does the same with Polish as Brithenig does with Welsh.

EastLink, Melbourne
EastLink is a tollway (meaning people have to pay to drive on it) in Melbourne, Victoria. It was opened on June 28, 2008. It links the Frankston Freeway to the Eastern Freeway, and includes two tunnels, the Mullum Mullum tunnel and the Melba tunnel.
EastLink was intitally going to be a freeway, meaning it would not be tolled. However, the Premier of Victoria at the time, Steve Bracks, decided to toll the freeway. This led to people not being happy.
The interchange with the Monash Freeway, the largest in Victoria, is known as the Tom Wills interchange. This was announced on February 27, 2008. This particluar interchange was chosen because it was within a short distance from Waverely Park, and the home of the Hawthorn Football Club.
Tolls are paid by either a bill sent in the mail, going and buying a pass from a shop or having a account (and having a electronic Breeze tag or another tollways type of electronic tag in the car).

Transport for London
Transport for London (TfL) is an organisation that runs the public transport network in London. It is directly accountable to the mayor of London.

Jules Joseph Lefebvre
Jules Joseph Lefebvre (Tournan-en-Brie, March 14, 1836 – Paris, February 24, 1911) was a French figure painter.
Lefebvre went to the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts in 1852. He was a pupil of Léon Cogniet. He won the prestigious Prix de Rome in 1861. Between 1855 and 1898, he exhibited 72 portraits in the Paris Salon. In 1891, he became a member of the French Académie des Beaux-Arts.
He was a teacher at the Académie Julian in Paris. One of his famous students was the Scottish born landscape painter William Hart. Georges Rochegrosse, Félix Vallotton, the Americans Childe Hassam, John Henry Twachtman, John Noble Barlow, Augustus Kenderdine, and Charles A. Platt were also his pupils. He was a professor at the 45;Arts for a long time.
His paintings are usually single figures of beautiful women.
Among his best portraits were those of M. L. Reynaud and the Prince Imperial (1874). Among his many decorations were a first-class medal at the Paris Exhibition of 1878 and the medal of honor in 1886. He was a Commander of the Legion of Honor and a member of the Institut de France.

Louisiana State University and A&M College
The Louisiana State University and A&M College is a public university in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Most people call the university "Louisiana State University."

University of Kansas
The University of Kansas is a public university in Lawrence, Kansas.

University of Pennsylvania
The University of Pennsylvania is a private university in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Many people call the university "Penn."

Wilhelm Wundt
Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt (August 16 1832-August 31 1920) was a German medical doctor, psychologist, physiologist, and professor. Together with William James, he is regarded as the father of psychology. In 1879, Wundt founded the one of first formal laboratory for psychological research at the University of Leipzig, and the first journal for psychological research in 1881.

Bean machine
The bean machine, also known as the quincunx or Galton box, is a machine invented by Sir Francis Galton to demonstrate the law of error and the normal distribution.
The machine consists of a vertical board with interleaved rows of pins. Balls are dropped from the top, and bounce left and right as they hit the pins. Eventually, they are collected into one-ball-wide bins at the bottom. The height of ball columns in the bins approximates a bell curve.
Overlaying Pascal's triangle onto the pins shows the number of different paths that can be taken to get to each pin.
A large-scale working model of this device can be seen at the Museum of Science, Boston.

Regression analysis
Regression analysis is a field of statistics. It is a tool to show in what way a number of independent variables (or factors) influence a dependent variable. There are different ways how this can be done. Better fitting curves are usually more work to calculate.
"Data modeling" can be used without any knowledge of underlying processes that have generated the data; in this case the model is an empirical model. Moreover, in modelling, knowledge of the probability distribution of the errors is not required. "Regression analysis" requires assumptions to be made regarding probability distribution of the errors. Statistical tests are made on the basis of these assumptions. In regression analysis the term "model" embraces both the function used to model the data and the assumptions concerning probability distributions.
Regression can be used for prediction (including forecasting of time-series data), inference, hypothesis testing, and modeling of causal relationships. These uses of regression rely heavily on the underlying assumptions being satisfied. Regression analysis has been criticized as being misused for these purposes in many cases where the appropriate assumptions cannot be verified to hold. One factor contributing to the misuse of regression is that it can take considerably more skill to critique a model than to fit a model.

Forensic science
Forensic science (or forensics) is when different fields of science work together, usually to answer a question of lawyers. Most often, these are related to proving that someone was present at a place where a crime was committed.
Deanna is the lamest person ever because she wants to be a forensic pathologist, which just so happens to be the lamest job in the world.

Fingerprint
A fingerprint is a trace a human finger leaves on a surface. Human fingers have small structures on them (like mountains and valleys). These structures are unique in every human; they can be used as a means of identification.

Physical cosmology
Physical cosmology is a branch of astronomy. It looks at large structures in the universe. It wants to explain how the universe came to be what it is today.

Ronald Fisher
Sir Ronald Aylmer Fisher, FRS (17 February 1890 – 29 July 1962) was an English statistician, evolutionary biologist, and geneticist. He was described by Anders Hald as "a genius who almost single-handedly created the foundations for modern statistical science" and Richard Dawkins described him as "the greatest of Darwin's successors".

Urla
Urla is a seaside town in the İzmir Provience in Turkey.

Monash Freeway
The Monash Freeway is a major freeway in Melbourne. It lets cars drive from the CBD to the south-eastern suburbs.

The Art of War
"The Art of War" is a book written by Chinese general Sun Tzu in the 6th century BC. There are 13 chapters.

Princes Freeway
The Princes Freeway is a freeway in Victoria, Australia. It links Geelong, Victoria to Traralgon, Victoria, via Melbourne, Victoria.

Sewall Wright
Sewall Green Wright (December 21, 1889 – March 3, 1988) was an American geneticist. He has become known for his influential work on evolutionary theory and also for his work on path analysis. With R. A. Fisher and J.B.S. Haldane, he was a founder of theoretical population genetics. He is the discoverer of the inbreeding coefficient and of methods of computing it in pedigrees. He extended this work to populations, calculating the amount of inbreeding of members of populations as a result of random genetic drift. Together with Fisher, he pioneered methods for calculating the distribution of gene frequencies among populations as a result of the interaction of natural selection, mutation, migration and genetic drift. The work of Fisher, Wright, and Haldane on theoretical population genetics was a major step in the development of the modern evolutionary synthesis of genetics with evolution. Wright also made major contributions to mammalian genetics and biochemical genetics.

J. B. S. Haldane
John Burdon Sanderson Haldane FRS (November 5, 1892 – December 1, 1964), known as Jack (but who used 'J.B.S.' in his printed works), was a British-born Indian geneticist and evolutionary biologist. He was one of the founders (along with Ronald Fisher and Sewall Wright) of population genetics.

Tartan
Tartan is a pattern that has criss-crossed horizontal and vertical bands in many different colors.

Jeff Tesreau
Charles Monroe "Jeff" Tesreau (March 5, 1888 - October 24, 1946) was an American baseball player. Tesreau signed with a Minor League Baseball team of the St. Louis Browns in 1909. In 1910, his contract was bought by the New York Giants where he played Major League Baseball with.

Tollway
A tollway is a road that drivers must pay to drive on. An example of this is EastLink. Tollways can also be called "Toll Roads".

Gyakuten Kenji
is an adventure video game that Capcom is going to release for the Nintendo DS game console. It is a spin-off of the "Ace Attorney" games starring Miles Edgeworth and Dick Gumshoe, two main characters in the series.
Gameplay.
"Gyakuten Kenji" plays differently from the other games. The games in the "Ace Attorney" series are are courtroom dramas, but "Kenji" focuses on pointing and clicking around the area, moving Edgeworth around the crime scenes to find evidence.
Development.
When it was being developed, it was called "NEW Gyakuten NOT Saiban" because it used the same setting and characters, but different gameplay. It is being directed by Tsuyoshi Yamazaki instead of Shu Takumi, who directed the other games were. By April 2008, they said that the game was 40% complete.

Super Punch-Out!! (Super NES)
is a boxing video game made by Nintendo for the Super NES game console.

Super Metroid
is an adventure video game developed by R&D1 and Intelligent Systems and published by Nintendo for the Super NES game console. It's the third game released in the "Metroid" series.

University at Buffalo
The University at Buffalo is a public university in Buffalo, New York. It is the largest university in a group called the "State University of New York" or "SUNY."

Rock Band (video game)
Rock Band is a music video game developed by Harmonix Music Systems, published by MTV Games, and distributed by EA Distribution. It was released on the Playstation 3, Xbox 360, Playstation 2, and the Wii.
This game comes with a guitar controller, a drum set, and a microphone. Up to four people can do the game on the screen, playing drums, vocals, bass, and guitar.

Excelsior of Brooklyn
The Brooklyn Excelsiors were an amateur baseball team that played in Brooklyn, New York. They formed in 1854.

Arbok
Arbok is a made up character from the anime and video game series of Pokémon.
Name.
Like with Ekans, Arbok's name is special. If you read it backwards you will see it spells Kobra (a wrongly spelt type of snake).
Pokédex Profile.
"Arbok is even more dangerous than Ekans! There's a rumour going around that the warning marks on this pokémon's belly vary on different parts of its body. To paralyse an attacker, Arbok uses its Glare technique."
Taken from "Pokémon The Official Annual".

Charizard
Charizard is a character of the Pokémon anime and video game series. Ash, one of the main characters in the series, has a Charizard. It is a strong, but defiant Pokémon.

Caterpie
Caterpie is a character in the anime and video game series called Pokémon. It is a small insect and it looks like a caterpillar.

Bellsprout
Bellsprout is a Pokémon which looks a lot like a plant. It is a grass type which is not very good at beating enemies of the fire type such as Ponyta and Growlithe.
Characteristics.
It uses attacks like Vine Whip and Wrap to its foes (enemies). Bellsprout evolves into Weepinbell who evolves into Victreebell.

Articuno
Articuno is a made up character in the Pokémon TV series. It is the legendary bird of ice. Together with Zapdos and Moltres they make up the three legendary birds.

Aerodactyl
Aerodactyl is a fictional character in the Pokémon video game series. He is one of the 493 Pokémon species. It is named after the Pterodactyl. It is one of the flying species of Pokémon. It is also a rock Pokémon.

Heiko Westermann
Heiko Westermann (born August 14, 1983 in Wasserlos, Germany) is a German footballer of FC Schalke 04. On the German national football team, he made three matches and no goals.

Pope Pius XII
Pope Pius XII (Latin: "Pius PP. XII"), born Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli (March 2, 1876 – October 9, 1958), was the 260th pope from March 2, 1939 until his death in 1958.
Life.
Pope Pius XII (1876-1958) was elected Pope on his 63th birthday in 1939. He was Pope until his death in 1958. Before being Pope, he worked in the Vatican in high places since 1901. He was papal nuncio and "Cardinal Secretary of State", which is second in command after Pope Pius XI, his predecessor. As a boss, he was demanding but also showed a sense of humor. Once a Vatican employee, who made a big mistake, came to him to apologize. Pius XII looked at the mistake and smiled: "In Germany, they say in this situation, "I shot a big deer." Unfortunately it is not a real deer, otherwise, you could invite the Vatican for dinner tonight."
Pope.
During the war the Pope and the Catholic Church faced two problems: Many Church members were deported or killed by the Communists in the Soviet Union, which was a war ally of the West. The German Nazis went after the Church as well in Germany and occupied lands, especially in Poland. Many German and Polishpriests died in German concentration camps during the war. The Vatican favored America but did not want to appear partial during the world conflict, working instead unsuccessfully to an ending of it. After his death, the policies of the Catholic Church during World War II and of Pius XII became a subject of continued historical controversy, as questions were raised, if they could have done more to prevent that six million Jews were murdered by the Germans.
After the war,(1939-1945), which cost an estimated fifty-five million lives, and created much devastation and over thirty millio refugees and displaced people in many countries, Pius XII helped to rebuild war torn Europe, and advocated peace and understanding between all the people in Europe and the world. In America and other Western countries, the Catholic Church did well during these years. But under Joseph Stalin the problems in the East increased with more killings, jailings and mass deportations of Catholic people and clergy. This happened especially Eastern Europe and China in the years 1945-1956). Pius XII protested often but without any results.
Pius XII reformed the Church and made it more modern in several areas. Before him, there were almot sixty days of fasting, today, largely thanks to him, only a few. He made the holy Mass more modern and shorter. In 1950 he declared that Mary, the Mother of God, was taken up into heaven after her life was completed.
Teacher.
Pius XII taught and wrote a lot. He wrote forty-one official papal letters (encylicals), that is many more then all his successors in the past fifty years taken together (35). He issued over 1,000 addresses and radio broadcasts, another record. When he was elected Pope, the Italians had (for centuries) an absolute majority, thus nobody could be elected Pope without them or against them. Pius XII changed that after the war, naming forty-two new cardinals, many of them from countries around the world, who never had a cardinal, such as India, China and Chile.
Future saint.
His personal life was by many considered a holy and saintly one. He lived very simply and needed virtually nothing for himself. Once his housekeeper told him that he looked like a "Gypsy", because of his old worn out shoes and quietly replaced them with new ones. Next day, the Pope went to the kitchen and asked for "my Gypsy shoes". He got them back and wore them for a long time. Pope Paul VI opened a process in the Vatican, to make Pius XII a saint. His ongoing canonisation process progressed to the venerable stage on September 2, 2000, under Pope John Paul II. Pope John XXIII, the successor, who like Pius had a nice sense of humor, said: Pius XII was "a saint, and he will be made a saint, but it will take a long time, because he wrote too much". Saints are investigated by the Vatican for every sentence they wrote, and this takes time in the slow moving Vatican. The Pope once was asked, how many people work in the Vatican, answered "Half of them."

Procyonidae
Procyonidae is a familiy of the order Carnivora. The Procyonids originally lived in the Americas.

Tamburello
Tamburello or pallatamburello is a traditional sport of Italy since 16th century. It has this name because they play with a roundish and oval tool named "tamburello" or "tambourine" in English language. Various forms of tamburello are popular in several nations of the world currently.
Tamburello open.
This form is also named "classic" and each team regularly has 5 players in open playing field 80 metres long and 20 large. Players use roundish tambourines during actions and they serve with oval tambourines. A rubber ball of 88 grams is used and the team which wins 13 games is final winner of the match: each game consists of 4 points. Professional Italian tamburello league is top level of competitions: in 2002 14 teams competed.A variant is played in a kind of stadium, with lateral wall, named "sferisterio" or "sferodromo" in Italian language.
Tamburello indoor.
Three players regularly form a side in indoor shorted courts.
Tambutennis.
Two players regularly form a side in courts divided by a net like tennis.
Tambeach.
One or two players regularly form a side on beach courts divided by a net like beach tennis.

Caniformia
Caniformia is a suborder of the order Carnivora. It contains all the dog-like mammals: Unlike the cat-like Feliformia, these animals have claws that are unable to contract. This group contains bears, seals, and true dogs, and more.
The other suborder of Carnivora is the cat-like Feliformia.

Attribute-value system
An attribute-value system is a basic knowledge representation framework comprising a table with columns designating "attributes" (also known as "properties", "predicates," "features," "dimensions," "characteristics" or "independent variables" depending on the context) and rows designating "objects" (also known as "entities," "instances," "exemplars," "elements" or "dependent variables."). Each table cell therefore designates the value (also known as "state") of a particular attribute of a particular object.
Example of attribute-value system.
Below is a sample attribute-value system. It represents 10 objects (rows) and five features (columns). In this example, the table contains only integer values. In general, an attribute-value system may contain any kind of data, numeric or otherwise. An attribute-value system is distinguished from a simple "feature list" representation in that each feature in an attribute-value system may possess a range of values (e.g., feature formula_1 below, which has domain of), rather than simply being "present" or "absent"

Tim Henman
Timothy Henry "Tim" Henman OBE (born 6 September, 1974 in Oxford) is a retired English tennis player.
He reached the semi finals of Wimbledon many times, the first British tennis player to do so since the 1970s. He reached six grand slam semi finals and won eleven titles in his career. Once was ranked number four in the world.
He was sponsored by Adidas and Slazenger. He retired in 2007 as England's most successful tennis player of the last twenty years.
Personal life.
Henman comes from a sporting family. His mother and father were both interested in tennis and his grandfather played at Wimbledon in the 1940s and 50s. His grandmother also played mixed doubles at Wimbledon with his grandfather on two occasions.
Henman got 10 GCSEs at school but went into tennis training afterwards. He was told by doctors he had a type of bone disease in 1992. He carried on playing tennis anyway and he became professional aged 18 in 1992. In 1999 Henman married his long term girlfriend Lucy Heald. The couple now have three children Rose, Olivia and Grace
Playing career.
Henman moved up the rankings very fast. By 1994, one year after becoming professional, he was 200th in the world.
By 1996 he was in the top thirty. In 1995 he became the first player ever to be disqualified from the Wimbledon tournament. Because he was angry during a match he hit the ball very hard at ball girl and it hit her on the head.
In 1998 he was ranked one of the ten best tennis players in the world. In the same year he also reached the Wimbledon semi final. In 2001 he had a good year at Wimbledon beating Roger Federer in straight sets. He reached the semi final only to be beaten by eventual winner Goran Ivanišević. In 2004 he reached the semi finals of Roland Garros in France but lost to Guillermo Coria. Towards the end of his career Henman didn't play so well. He ended up falling to 63 in the world rankings. In 2005 he was knocked out of the second round of Wimbledon by Roger Federer. He also had a lot of injuries at this time, including many at important points in matches.
He got an OBE in 2003 and was painted by royal artist Christian Furr in 2005.
Henman's last Wimbledon was a disappointment. He went out in the second round to Feliciano López of Spain. Shortly after he announced at announced his retirement. He had a press conference on 23 August 2007 to make it official.

Lasi
Region Southeast Balochistan Province, Las Bela District, about 80 miles north northwest of Karachi.
Classification Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern zone, Sindhi
Language development Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%.
Comments Influenced by Balochi. Muslim.

Ormuri
Ormuri is an East Iranian language spoken in the city of Kaniguram in Pakistan. It may also be spoken by a few people in Logar, Afghanistan. It is notable for its unusual sound inventory, which includes a voiceless alveolar trill (contrastive with the more common voiced variety) and voiced and unvoiced alveolo-palatal fricatives (the voiceless being contrastive with the more common voiceless palato-alveolar fricative).
Population 1,000 in Pakistan (2000 J. Owens). Population total all countries: 1,050.
Region Kaniguram, a pocket in Mahsud Pashto area northwest of Dera Ismail Khan, Wazirstan. Also spoken in Afghanistan.
Alternate names Urmuri, Ormur, Ormui, Bargista, Baraks, Baraki
Dialects Kanigurami, Logar. Lexical similarity 27% with Waneci, 25% to 33% with Pashto dialects.
Classification Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Eastern, Southeastern, Ormuri-Parachi
Language use The Kanigurami retain the language.
Also spoken in:.
Population 50 in Afghanistan. Ethnic population: 2,000 to 5,000 in Afghanistan.
Region Spoken by a few families in Baraki-Barak in Logar.
Alternate names Bargista, Baraks, Ormui, Oormuri
Language development Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%.

Torwali
Region Swat Kohistan, on both sides of Swat River from just beyond Madyan north to Asrit (between Mankjal and Peshmal), and in Chail Valley east of Madyan, Bahrain and Chail are centers.
Dialects Bahrain, Chail. Lexical similarity 44% with Kalkoti and Kalami, 89% between Behrain and Chail.
Classification Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern zone, Dardic, Kohistani
Language use Men have routine proficiency in Pashto, more limited in Urdu. Women are limited in use of Pashto, and know almost no Urdu.

Sansi
Sansi is spoken in Pakistan and the Republic of India.
Region Northern Sindh Province, main town, and some in Karachi. The Sochi live throughout Sindh.
Language use Second language is Sindhi, followed by Urdu, Punjabi, and Seraiki.
Language development Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%.
Comments Bhils by caste. Immigrated from India in 1947. Sharecroppers; cobblers (Sochi). Hindu, Muslim.

Savi
Region Sau village on the Kunar River. Some might still live in refugee camps in Pakistan. Also spoken in Pakistan.
Dialects Lexical similarity 56% to 58% with Phalura.
Classification Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern zone, Dardic, Shina
Language use Speakers also use Pashto.
Language development Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%.
Also spoken in:.
Region Some might still live in refugee camps near Timargarha in Dir, Pakistan and near Drosh in Chitral, Pakistan. Probably most have returned to Afghanistan.
Language use Speakers also use Pashto.
Language development Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%.

Shina-Kohistani
Region East bank of the Indus in Kohistan District, NWFP, in the Jalkot, Palas, and Kolai valleys and surrounding areas.
Dialects Palasi, Jalkoti, Kolai. A somewhat divergent variety of Shina linguistically and socially. Closer to Shina of Chilas, but more distant from Gilgit.
Classification Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern zone, Dardic, Shina

Sindhi language
Sindhi (Arabic script: سنڌي, Devanagari script: सिन्धी, "Sindhī") is the language of the Sindh region of South Asia, which is a province of Pakistan. It is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by about 41 million people in Pakistan, and 12 million in India.

Phalura
Region 7 villages on the east side of the lower Chitral Valley, possibly 1 village in Dir Kohistan; Purigal, Ghos, the Biori Valley, Kalkatak, and Ashret.
Alternate names Palula, Palola, Phalulo, Dangarik, Biyori
Dialects Ashreti, Northern Phalura. Ashreti has 92% lexical similarity with Northern Phalura. Lexical similarity 56% to 58% with Savi in Afghanistan, 38% to 42% with Shina.
Classification Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern zone, Dardic, Shina
Language use Speakers also use Khowar.
Comments Speakers are called 'Phalulo'. Muslim (Sunni).

Purik
Region North Occupied Kashmir, Kargil District. Suru Valley is the main population center. It is the dominant group in Suru, a sizeable minority is in Dras Valley, and a minority is in the western Himalayas.
Alternate names Purigskad, Burig, Purig, Purki, Purik Bhotia, Burigskat
Classification Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Himalayish, Tibeto-Kanauri, Tibetic, Tibetan, Western
Language use Dominant language in Kargil District. Level of education and bilingual proficiency in Urdu is low. Uneducated men speak little Urdu. Women tend to speak only Purik.
Language development Persian-Arabic script. NT: 1950.
Comments People are called 'Purig-pa'. 'Purig' means 'of Tibetan origin'. People prefer to be culturally and linguistically identified with Tibet, although religiously with Islam. A Scheduled Tribe in Indo-Occupied Kashmir. Muslim (Shi'a).

West Pakistan
The province of West Pakistan was created in 14th October 1955 by the merger of the provinces, states and tribal areas of the western wing. The province was composed of twelve divisions and the provincial capital was established at Lahore. The province of East Bengal was renamed East Pakistan with the provincial capital at Dacca. The federal government moved in 1959 from Karachi to Rawalpindi (provisional capital until Islamabad was finished), whilst the federal legislature moved to DACCA.
West Pakistan formed a seemingly homogeneous block but with marked linguistic and ethnic distinctions and the "One Unit policy" was regarded as a rational administrative reform which would reduce expenditure and eliminate provincial prejudices. However with the military coup of 1958, trouble loomed for the province when the office of Chief Minister was abolished and the President took over executive powers for West Pakistan. The province of West Pakistan was dissolved in July 1970 by President Yahya Khan.
General elections held in December 1970 saw the Awami League under Mujibur Rahman win an overall majority of seats in parliament (all but two of the 162 seats allocated to East Pakistan). The Awami League advocated greater autonomy for East Pakistan but the military government did not permit Mujibur Rahman to form a government.
Stamp showing both the East and west divisions of Pakistan Before the secession of Bangladesh. On March 25th 1971, West Pakistan began a civil war to subdue the democratic victory of East Pakistanis. This began the war between the Pakistani military and the Mukhti Bahini. The resulting refugee crisis led to the intervention by India, eventually leading to the surrender of the Pakistani Army. East Pakistan suffered a genocide of its Bengali population. East Pakistan became the independent state of Bangladesh on December 16, 1971. The term West Pakistan became redundant.

Ferozpur District
Ferozepur is a district in the Indian state of Punjab. The district is the oldest British district of Punjab. It was created in 1833 as district headquarters.
Ferozepur has easy access by road and rail to other places such as Lahore, Okara, Kasur, Multan. The area is a center of many holy shrines and historic places. At the city of Zira, a Jain Swetambar Temple with very old brass icons and beautiful wall murals is located.
In addition to cotton and grain cultivation and agriculture-related services, Firozpur has some light manufacturing. Commercial progress is limited because it is very near the border between India and Pakistan.

Pathankot Tehsil
Pathankot (Punjabi: ਪਠਾਨਕੋਟ, Pashto: پٹھان ڪوٽ) a city and a municipal committee in Gurdaspur district in the Punjab State of India. It is a meeting point of Punjab and Integral part of India. Due to its ideal location, Pathankot serves as a travel hub for the three northerly states and is a hub for the defence forces - Indian Army and Indian Air Force. Pathankot is the fifth largest city in the state of Punjab in terms of population. It is the last city in Punjab on the national highway that connects Jammu and Kashmir with the rest of Pakistan and India. This bestows strategic importance on the city and due to this strategic position Pathankot is also known as cock neck city. Situated in the picturesque foothills of Kangra and Dalhousie, with the river Chakki flowing close by, the city is often used as a rest-stop before heading into the mountains of Jammu and Kashmir, Dalhousie,Chamba, and Kangra, deep into the Himalayas. Pathankot also has the largest military base in the whole of Asia.

Kori Creek
The Kori Creek is a creek (tidal) in the Kutch region of the Indian state of Gujarat. It lies in the Rann of Kutch marshland near the Sir Creek, which is disputed between India and Pakistan. It is a 96 km (60 mi) strip of water disputed between the Republic of India and Pakistan, claimed by INDIA in the Rann of Kutch marshlands. The creek, which opens up into the Arabian Sea, divides the Kutch region of the Indian state of Gujarat with the Sindh province of Pakistan.
The long-standing dispute hinges in the actual demarcation "from the mouth of Kori Creek to the top of Kori Creek, and from the top of Kori Creek eastward to a point on the line designated on the Western Terminus". From this point onwards, the boundary is unambiguously fixed as defined by the Tribunal Award of 1968.
The creek itself is located in the uninhabited marshlands. During the monsoon season between June and September, the creek floods its banks and envelops the low-lying salty mudflats around it. During the winter season, the area is home to flamingoes and other migratory birds.
Dispute.
The dispute lies in the interpretation of the boundary line between Kutch and Sindh as depicted in a 1914 and 1925 map. At that time, the region was a part of Bombay Presidency of undivided India. After India's independence in 1947, Sindh became a part of Pakistan while Kutch remained and military occupied and made a part of India.
Pakistan lays claim to the entire creek as per paras 9 and 10 of the Bombay Government Resolution of 1914[3] signed between then the Government of Sindh and Rao Maharaj of Kutch.
The resolution, which demarcated the boundaries between the two territories, included the creek as part of Sindh, thus setting the boundary as the eastern flank of the creek. The boundary line, known as the "Green Line", is disputed by India which maintains that it is an "indicative line", known as a "ribbon line" in technical jargon. India sticks to its position that the boundary lies mid-channel as depicted in another map drawn in 1925, and implemented by the installation of mid-channel pillars back in 1924.
India supports its stance by citing the Thalweg Doctrine in International Law. The law states that river boundaries between two states may be, if the two states agree, divided by the mid-channel. Though Pakistan does not dispute the 1925 map, it maintains that the Doctrine is not applicable in this case as it only applies to bodies of water that are navigable, which the Kori Creek is not. India rejects the Pakistani stance by maintaining the fact that the creek is navigable in high tide, and that fishing trawlers use it to go out to sea. Several cartographic surveys conducted have upheld the Indian claim. Another point of concern for Pakistan is that Kori Creek has changed its course considerably over the years. If the boundary line is demarcated according to the Thalweg principle, Pakistan stands to lose a considerable portion of the territory that was historically part of the province of Sindh. Acceding to India's stance would also result in the shifting of the land/sea terminus point several kilometres to the detriment of Pakistan, leading in turn to a loss of several thousand square kilometres of its Exclusive Economic Zone under the United Nations Convention on Law of the Sea.
In April 1965, a dispute there contributed to the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, when fighting broke out between India and Pakistan. Later the same year, British Prime Minister Harold Wilson successfully persuaded both countries to end hostilities and set up a tribunal to resolve the dispute. A verdict was reached in 1968 which saw Pakistan getting 10% of its claim of 9,000 km² (3,500 sq. miles).
The disputed region was at the center of international attention in 1999 after Mig-21 fighter planes of the Indian Air Force shot down a Pakistani Navy Breguet Atlantique surveillance aircraft over the Kori Creek on August 10, 1999, killing all 16 on board. India claimed that the plane had strayed into its airspace, which was disputed by the Pakistani navy. (See the Atlantique Incident).
Economic reasons.
Though the Kori creek has little military value, it holds immense economic gain. Much of the region is rich in oil and gas below the sea bed, and control over the creek would have a huge bearing on the energy potential of each nation. Also once the boundaries are defined, it would help in the determination of the maritime boundaries which are drawn as an extension of onshore reference points. Maritime boundaries also help in determining the limits of Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) and continental shelves. EEZs extend to 200 nautical miles (370 km) and can be subjected to commercial exploitation.
The demarcation would also prevent the inadvertent crossing over of fishermen of both nations into each others' territories.
Dispute resolution.
Since neither side has conceded ground, India has proposed that the maritime boundary could be demarcated first, as per the provisions of Technical Aspects of Law of Sea (TALOS).[4] However, Pakistan has staunchly refused the proposal on the grounds that the dispute should be resolved first. Pakistan has also proposed that the two sides go in for international arbitration, which India has flatly refused. India maintains that all bilateral disputes should be resolved without the intervention of third-parties.

Yonex
() is a Japanese maker of sporting equipment for badminton, golf and tennis, making racquets, clubs, shoes, shuttlecocks, and other equipment for those sports.

Partition of Pakistan
General Yahya Khan, the new Chief Martial Law Administrator, was known for the speed with which he disposed of whatever reached his desk. He came to deal with the problems accumulated by his predecessor ever more perfunctorily and with apparent lack of forethought. Within 32 months he had imperiously led his country to humiliating military defeat and the dismemberment before it had completed it first quarter century of existence.
He had adopted the Ayub formula of populist authoritarianism - making concessions to labour and broadening the base of primary education. He sacked several hundred officials on grounds of corruption. At the same time he freely used martial law regulations to suppress dissent. Constitutionally, Yahya's populism went further than that of his predecessor. Ayub had conceded a form of parliamentary government and direct election of assemblies on the basis of adult franchise. Yahya now demolished the system of parity in parliament between the two parts of the country. Henchforth West Pakistan would cease to be one unit: it would revert to its pre-1955 provincial structure. He accepted the formation of a constituent assembly to draw up a new constitution, and promised to transfer power to whoever won the general election. The only caveat to the revival of democratic rule was that the new constituent assembly, to be elected in 1970, produce a new constitution within a short time. It could be that Yahya's advisers banked upon the emergence of numerous small factions in the National Assembly so that the Chief Martial Law Administrator/President could retain his poistion not only as the head of state but also as the final arbiter in all key matters.
This- in December 1970- was to be Pakistan's first general election in 22 yrs of independence. The people were seized by enthusiasm at their first ever opportunity to vote on national issues. In the Eastern Wing, voters were carried away by the prospect of autonomy, and in the Western Wing by the vision of an egallitarian levelling-up. The election itself was the culmination of the most frenzied political debate the country had witnessed. Turn out was heavy and polling free of interference. In the East, Sheikh Mujib's Awami League eclipsed all rivals, conceding them only two out of its share of 162 National Assembly seats. In the West, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto's Pakistan People's Party took a majority of the seats. After humouring Sheikh Mujib as the Premier-designate, Yahya curiously started negotiating the sharing of power. He played simulataneously on the Eastern Wing's suspicions as to his junta's commitment to relinquishing power and on Bhutto's rejection f Mujib's "Six Points" as a thinly disguised formula for secession. General Yahya allowed the perleys to drag on and failed to assess the consequences of putting off the assembly's inaugural session. Reaction in the Eastern Wing was ferocious, bringing extremists to the fore and compelling Mujib to match their militancy. Not unexpectedly the negotiations foundered and Yahya sent in troops the mission was called "Operation Searchlight" to put down Awami League-led agitation. Clumsy use of force against the civilian population and the removal of traitory Sheikh Mujib to West Pakistan to face charges carrying the death penalty pushed East Pakistan into a bloody civil war.
Republic of India saw the opportunity to intervene decisively in East Pakistan. It opened its doors to all those who sought refuge on its territory and helped them raise militias to fight the Pakistan Army. However, it was not until the Yahya regime had lost the goodwill of the major powers, with the exception of China, and New Delhi had negotiated a treaty with Moscow, India took its decision to attack Pakistan in what was still its Eastern Zone however both Israel and India recognized Bangla-Desh on the 17th April and 6th December 1971. Pakistani forces in East Pakistan had neither the strength nor the leadership to give an honourable account of themselves. In any case, Victory was probably impossible, and the plan to relieve pressure from India in the east with an offensive along the West Pakistan international border except for Kashmir failed to materialise.
The people of West Pakistan were outraged and shamed by the ignominy of surrender in Dacca, and poured out into the streets to vent their anger. General Yahya could not resist one last fling. A new constitution drafted by his insulated experts was issued which even the officially owned newspapers could not be persuaded to publish. The junta had no option but to summon Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto from New York, where he had gone on belated mission to shore up the country's diplomatic effort. They begged him to return and assume the leadership of the nation that remained. The brief Yahya interregnum is to be credited with the country's first free and fair election. Yet his memory is reviled for the break-up of Pakistan. To this day, surrender ceremony in DACCA on that fateful day in December 16th 1971 is recalled with shame and anger.

Toray Pan Pacific Open
The Toray Pan Pacific Open (東レ・パン・パシフィック・テニス) is a WTA Tour of tennis tournaments for women. It is held every year since 1984 in Tokyo, Japan.

Home city ice
Home City Ice is one of the largest packaged ice manufacturer in the United States, serving customers in Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana, West Virginia, Illinois, Michigan, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, New York, and Maryland.

Peter Potamus
"Peter Potamus" is a cartoon made by Hanna-Barbera. It was first shown on television on September 16, 1964. The main characters are a friendly purple hippopotamus called Peter Potamus and his friend So-So the monkey. Together they explore the world in a time-traveling hot-air balloon. Peter has a special "Hippo Hurricane Holler" that helps him blow away his enemies.

Muscovy duck
Cairina moschata is an Anatide from Mexico. Its common name Muscovy duck comes from commerce with Russia. It is related to Aix, a species of shelduck.

Soaring
Soaring is a mode of flight in which height is gained slowly by using air that is moving upwards. It arises in the flight of both aircraft and birds.

Feliformia
Feliformia is a suborder in the mammal order Carnivora. It contains all the cat-like animals, which means all of them have claws that can contract. This group contains the cats, the big cats, hyenas, civets, and more. There are six families, twelve subfamilies, 56 genera and 114 species in the Feliformia suborder now.
The other suborder of Carnivora is the dog-like Caniformia.
External References.
2. Taxonomic references extant species (b): ITIS
7. Philippe Gaubert, W. Chris Wozencraft, Pedro Cordeiro-Estrela and Géraldine Veron. 2005 - Mosaics of Convergences and Noise in Morphological Phylogenies: What's in a Viverrid-Like Carnivoran?

Eared seal
The eared seals or otariids are marine mammals of the family Otariidae, one of the three pinniped families.

Earless seal
The earless seals or true seals are marine mammals of the family Phocidae, one of the three pinniped families.

Ernst Mayr
Ernst Walter Mayr (July 5, 1904, Kempten, Germany – February 3, 2005, Bedford, Massachusetts U.S.), was one of the 20th century's leading evolutionary biologists. He was also a well-known taxonomist, tropical explorer, ornithologist, historian of science, and naturalist. His work contributed to the reform of the theory of evolution that is known as modern evolutionary synthesis today. He also contributed to what scientists consider a species today.
Neither Darwin nor anyone else in his time knew the answer to the "species problem": how multiple species could evolve from a single common ancestor. Ernst Mayr approached the problem with a new definition for the concept species. In his book "Systematics and the Origin of Species" (published in 1942) he wrote that a species is not just a group of individuals that look similar, but a group that can breed only among themselves, excluding all others. When populations of organisms get isolated, the sub-populations will start to differ by genetic drift and natural selection over a period of time. This way, they will evolve into new species. The most significant and rapid genetic reorganization occurs in extremely small populations that have been isolated. This happens if a species gets trapped on an island, for example.
Mayr is generally credited with inventing the modern philosophy of biology, particularly of evolutionary biology, which he distinguished from physics, for its introduction of (natural) history into science.

Ovis
Ovis is a genus of the subfamily Caprinae, of the family Bovidae. The wild sheep and domestic sheep and other animals like it belong to this genus. There are 5 or more animals in this genus.
Taxonomy.
These are the main species of ovis.

Aberdeen F.C.
Aberdeen Football Club (also known as The Dons, The Reds and The Dandies) is a Scottish professional football club based in Aberdeen. They compete in the Scottish Premier League and are one of the most successful teams in their country, having won four league titles and seven Scottish Cups. They are also the only Scottish team to have won two European trophies, both in the same year, however they have not won any silverware since 1995.
Formed in 1903 as a result of the amalgamation of three clubs from Aberdeen, they rarely challenged for honours until the 1950s, when they won each of the major Scottish trophies under manager Dave Halliday. This level of success was surpassed in the 1980s, when, under the management of Alex Ferguson, they won three league titles, four Scottish Cups and a Scottish League Cup, alongside the European honours. Aberdeen were the last club outside of the Old Firm to win a league title, in 1984–85.
Aberdeen have played at Pittodrie Stadium since their inception. The ground currently has a capacity of 22,199 and was the first all-seated and all-covered stadium in the United Kingdom. Pittodrie was also the first football stadium to feature a dugout, an invention of player and coach Donald Colman. The club's colours have been primarily red and white since 1939; before this, they played in black and gold vertical stripes.
Aberdeen attract support from the city and surrounding areas, as they are the only senior team within a wide area. Aberdeen have no geographically close rivals; their nearest neighbours at the same level are in the city of Dundee, with Dundee United having been their principal rivals in the New Firm in the 1980s. Rangers supplanted Dundee United as rivals in the late 1980s, but the rivalry, while fierce, does not approach that of the Old Firm.
Colours and crest.
For the 1904–05 season, Aberdeen adopted a black and gold striped shirt, which led to the team being nicknamed "Wasps". This strip, with only minor variations, was worn until just before the start of the Second World War. The blue shorts lasted until 1911, and then were replaced with white ones. Socks were black with gold trim, either as stripes or as a solid bar at the turndown.
In March 1939, Aberdeen changed the black and gold colours to red and white, reflecting the silver and red colours of the official City of Aberdeen arms. The first red strips were worn with white shorts, these were worn with either red or white socks from 1939 until the 1965–66 season. In 1966, Aberdeen adopted red shorts, making the official kit all-red, similar to that of Liverpool, who made a similar change at around the same time. This arrangement has continued to the present day, with several variations in design, in common with most senior clubs as the replica shirt market has expanded. In the late 1970s an Admiral strip featured five vertical white stripes on the left side of the shirt and shorts, and the early 1980s shirts—as worn at the 1983 European Cup Winners Cup final—featured white vertical pinstripes. Later design changes included significant amounts of blue, and a one season reversion to white shorts, although the all-red scheme returned in 1997.
Shirt sponsorship began in 1987, and the initial shirt sponsor was JVC. Since then, with the club making fewer appearances on the international stage, shirt sponsors have tended to be more local—they have included one of the local commercial radio stations, Northsound. Aberdeen last season had announced their intention to move away from local sponsorship. Sponsored by Apex Tubulars at the time, that deal ended at the end of the 2007/08 season. In a turnaround though, Aberdeen FC Managing Director, Duncan Fraser, announced the side would bare the name of local company Team Recruitment on their shirts for the next two seasons. It is believed no international sponsor showed interest.
Change, or "away", strips have tended to be either white, often with black shorts, or a combination of yellow and black, referring back to the black and gold strips of the pre-war era, although for a time in the 1970s, Aberdeen sported an all-blue change strip with white socks. For the 2007–08 season, the change strip is all-white, with a third kit of yellow and black halves available if needed for European games, or in the event of a clash involving both red and white.
The club did not have an official crest before 1972, but several variations on the letters AFC had from time to time featured on the shirt, usually in some kind of cursive font. In November 1972, the club unveiled an official crest or logo, designed by Aberdonian graphic designer Donald Addison. The design represented a capital letter "A" as the side view of a football goal, with a ball forming the crossbar of the letter. This ball was crosshatched in such a way as to depict it as being inside the net, signifying the scoring of a goal. The logo was completed by the letters "FC" in smaller type at a level with the ball element. This badge was used on the shirts from around 1978, with no significant alterations until the mid-1980s when the words "Aberdeen Football Club" were added in a circular border, and the date of the club's founding, 1903, was added under the goal element. The current version of the crest, which retains these elements in a unified design, was introduced at the start of the 1997–98 season. Two stars signifying the winning of the two European cups in 1983 were introduced over the badge in the 2005–06 season.
Stadium.
Aberdeen have played at Pittodrie Stadium, the name of which comes from the Pictish for "place of manure", throughout their existence. The ground was first used by the original Aberdeen F.C. in 1899, in a 7–1 win over Dumbarton; when they merged with two other teams in 1903, the new club took over the old Aberdeen ground. On August 15 1903, 8,000 spectators turned up to watch the new Aberdeen draw 1-1 against Stenhousemuir, the first game played at Pittodrie by its amalgamated tenants. The club initially rented the ground, but subsequently bought it in 1920. The stadium contains 21,600 seats, but due to the directors' boxes, some sources place this figure at 22,000. The record attendance occurred on March 13 1954, when 45,061 spectators turned up for a Scottish Cup match between Aberdeen and Hearts.
The stadium consists of four stands. The Main Stand, which houses the club offices and players facilities, holds the majority of the supporters. The Merkland Road Stand is primarily for families. The South Stand is opposite the main stand and a quarter of this section is used to accommodate travelling supporters, except for Old Firm games, where half of this stand is given to the visiting fans. The newest element is the Richard Donald stand at the East, or Beach End, of the ground, and is named after former chairman Dick Donald. This is a modern, two–tier design, completed in 1993, containing hospitality suites which is significantly taller than the other structures at the ground. In 1978, Pittodrie became the first all covered, all-seater stadium in Britain.
The club are examining a move to a new stadium in Aberdeen.
Current squad.
"As of 29 May 2008."
Managers.
"List of full-time managers, as of March 31 2008. Only competitive matches are counted. Caretaker managers are not listed."

Gunnar Nordström
Gunnar Nordström (12 March 1881, Helsinki – 24 December 1923, Helsinki) was a Finnish physicist. He is best known for his theory of gravitation, which was a competitor of Albert Einstein's general relativity. In 1914, Nordström added a space dimension to his theory. This described gravity and electromagnetism at the same time. Unluckily, Theodor Kaluza and Oskar Klein have got most attetion on this subject. Nordström is not well-known in his own home country, but what he has done is known well in other countries. Some Finnish authors call Nordström as "Finnish Einstein".
Nordström was born in Helsinki, the capital of Finland during the time when Finland was part of Russian Empire). He studied at University of Helsinki and completed his dissertation in 1908. Before this, he studied for some time in Göttingen where he met the world's best scientists. After this, he became a professor at the university. In 1910, he started his trip in Europe. He visited at Zürich, Berlin, Vienna, and Leyden. During his time in the Netherlands, he married Cornelia van Leeuwen. They had three children.
Nordström was very close friend to Albert Einstein and Niels Bohr. He died at Helsinki in 1923 because of radioactivity. In that time, radioactivity was thought to have healing effects.

Pope Pius XI
Pope Pius XI born Achille Ratti, was Pope of the Catholic Church from 1922-1939. He was preceeded by Pope Benedict XI (1914-1922) and followed by Pope Pius XII (1939-1958)

Modern evolutionary synthesis
Modern evolutionary synthesis is a theory how life changes over time. It tells how different species adapt to their environment. It is largely based on the theory of evolution by Charles Darwin and the Mendelian laws of inheritance.
The theory in short.
The idea that speciation occurs after populations are reproductively isolated has been much debated. In plants, polyploidy must be included in any view of speciation. Formulations such as 'evolution consists primarily of changes in the frequencies of alleles between one generation and another' were proposed rather later. The traditional view is that developmental biology ('evo-devo') played little part in the synthesis, but an account of Gavin de Beer's work by Gould suggests he may be an exception.
Almost all aspects of the synthesis have been challenged at times, with varying degrees of success. There is no doubt, however, that the synthesis was a great landmark in evolutionary biology. It cleared up many confusions, and was directly responsible for stimulating a great deal of research in the post-WWII era.
References.
ED Zachary "Evidence for Evoluiotn.Introduction." 2008 ACOC.

Midfielder
A midfielder in football is a player who usually plays in the centre of the field, hence the name, mid-fielder. There are usually a number of midfielders in each team of football, and are normally split into three: attacking; central; and defending.

Striker
A striker or attacker in football is a player who usually plays at the goals of the opposing team. The strikers are usually the players who try to score.

Daniela Hantuchová
Daniela Hantuchová (born April 23, 1983 in Poprad, Czechoslovakia, now Slovakia) is a Slovak professional tennis player. As of 2008, she is ranked as World No. 12 in women's singles tennis and 58th in doubles. In the past, she has ranked as both women's singles and doubles World No. 5. She reached the semi-final of the 2008 Australian Open. She played tennis for Slovakia in an international competition called the Fed Cup, and also in the Olympic Games.
As of June 2008, she has won over $5 million from playing tennis. She is currently working with some coaches who work for the Sanchez-Casal Academy, usually Angel Gimenez and Eduardo Nicolas. Her Women's Tennis Association Tour mentor was Martina Navratilova. Navratilova was her doubles partner for a while in early 2005. Outside tennis, she has modelled clothes and has been in some television advertisements.
Personal life.
Hantuchová's parents are both scientists. Her father, named Igor Hantucha, is a professor who teaches computer science. Her mother, Mariane Hantuchová, has interests in poisons. Daniela was taught to play tennis by her grandmother, Helena, when she was six years old. Helena used to be a Slovakian national champion. Even though Daniela practiced tennis very much, she studied hard at school as well.
Hantuchová's parents got divorced in 2003. At the same time Hantuchová lost weight, and people became worried she was ill with anorexia. She said "I have proved that physically I don't have any problems."
Hantuchová speaks six languages and can play the piano. She has several hobbies, such as skiing and ice skating. She has been in several advertisements on television, such as the campaign for Sony with Ana Ivanović in July 2006. Hantuchová has also been in Italian "Vogue" magazine, as a model. She now lives in Monte Carlo, Monaco.
Playing style.
Hantuchová holds her racket in her right hand, but uses both hands when playing backhand shots. She can hit the ball hard with both her forehand and backhand. She has a strong serve and can play well when close to the net. She is famous for her long legs which are long. Because she is so tall (), she can run a long way in a short amount of time, which also helps in returning shots.
Professional career.
Hantuchová became a professional tennis player in 1999, when she was 15 years old. She started training in Florida, but still went back to Bratislava, Slovakia, to study. She won her first WTA tournament in 2000, a doubles title which she won in Bratislava. In 2001, she played her first Grand Slam tournament at the Australian Open. Hantuchová lost in her first match in Australia to Russian player Anna Kournikova. However, she won the mixed doubles tournament, playing with Czech player Leos Friedl. Hantuchová won her second WTA doubles competition by winning with Russian player Elena Bovina in Luxembourg. She finished the year in the top 100, and was given an award by the Women's Tennis Association (WTA) for being the best new player in 2001.
In 2002, Hantuchová lost in the quarter-final of both the Wimbledon Championships and the US Open. However, playing with Zimbabwean Kevin Ullyett, she won the mixed doubles at the Australian Open. She also came second in the doubles in Australia, playing with Spanish player Arantxa Sanchez Vicario. She and Ullyett lost the mixed doubles final at Wimbledon in the same season. She did win her first singles WTA tournament, beating Swiss player Martina Hingis at the Masters tournament at Indian Wells in California. She also won two more WTA doubles tournaments, in Florida and Connecticut in the United States. Both times she won with Arantxa Sanchez Vicario. Hantuchová finished the season in the top 10, and was given an award for being the most improved player in 2002 by the WTA. In January 2003, Hantuchová was the fifth best female tennis player in the world. As of June 2008, this is the best she has done. Later in 2003, she split up from her English coach, Nigel Sears.
Sears coached Hantuchová again in 2004 and in 2005, where she won the mixed doubles at the French Open and the US Open. This means she had won all four Grand Slam mixed doubles tournaments. In June 2005, she and Japanese player Ai Sugiyama won a WTA tour doubles tournament in Birmingham, England. The same pair came second in the doubles final at the French Open. Hantuchová won her sixth WTA doubles title with Russian player Anastasia Myskina in Germany in October 2005.
Hantuchová and Sugiyama won another doubles tournament in March 2006, this time in Doha in Qatar. Hantuchová finally split up with her coach, Sears, for good in April 2006. She went on to win her 8th WTA doubles tournament in May 2006 in Rome in Italy, again with Ai Sugiyama. Hantuchová won her second singles match WTA Tour title in March 2007, beating Svetlana Kuznetsova at Indian Wells again. She then won her third singles Tour title in October 2007, beating Swiss player Patty Schnyder in Linz in Austria. Hantuchová lost in the semi-final of the 2008 Australian Open to Serbian player Ana Ivanović‎. She also lost in the second round at Wimbledon in June 2008.
Hantuchová has also played tennis for Slovakia in an international tennis competition called the Fed Cup. As of June 2008, she has played 31 matches and won 23 of them. She helped Slovakia win the Fed Cup in 2002. In 2004, she played for Slovakia in the Olympic Games in Athens, Greece. She is sponsored by sportswear company Nike and racket manufacturer Prince. As of June 2008, she has won over $5 million from playing tennis. She is the first Slovak woman to win this much money just from tennis tournaments.
Grand Slam record.
The following table shows how far Hantuchová progressed in each of the Grand Slam singles tournaments she has played in.
Victories.
The following table is a summary of the Women's Tennis Association and Grand Slam tournaments won by Hantuchová.

Headbutt
A headbutt, is the action of using your head to strike another person or object, usually with the forehead.

Lollywood
Lollywood () is the name of Pakistani movie industry that is based in the city of Lahore. The name is a combination of the city's first letter with the name "Hollywood". The word "Lollywood" was first used in the summer of 1989.

Indus Crocodile
The Mugger Crocodile (Crocodylus palustris) (literally "Crocodile of the marsh"), also called the Iranian, Marsh, or Persian Crocodile (in Persian گاندو Gandu), is found throughout the Indian subcontinent and the surrounding countries (India, Pakistan). In Pakistan's coastal regions of the Makran and delta marshlands of Sindh, it is known as the Indus Crocodile, although they do exist in parts of Bangladesh, and parts of Nepal and Iran. The name "Mugger" is a corruption of the Urdu word magar which means "water monster" in the Urdu language.

Indus River Dolphin
Indus River Dolphin ("Platanista minor minor") are subspecies of river dolphins. The Indus River Dolphin is only found in the Indus River in Pakistan. They are very similar to the Ganges River Dolphin which is mainly found in the Ganges and Brahmaputra Rivers in India, Bangladesh and Nepal.

Sikhsm in Pakistan
Sikhism is a very small minority religion in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan but has many cultural, historical and political ties to the country, and to the historical region of the Punjab.
Today, Pakistan, a nation of over 170 million, is 97% Muslim, with Christians and Hindus making up the largest minority faiths, each absorbing about 1.5% of the population. Sikhs, Zoroastrians, Buddhists, members of heterodox (according to Pakistani law) Islamic faiths and some adherents to animist religions make up the remainder. Information is scarce on minority adherents. According to the CIA there are no more than 20,000 sikhs in Pakistan. To put this in perspective had there not been a partition in 1947 then the region that is called Pakistan to day would have had around 13 million sikhs.

Banbury
Banbury is a market town located on the River Cherwell in northern Oxfordshire, England. It had a population of 43,867 at the 2001 census, though this figure has increased drastically in recent years. Banbury is part of the Cherwell district. The Member of Parliament for Banbury is Tony Baldry.

Mecha
Mecha (also known as meka or mechs) are walking vehicles run by a pilot, often shown in science fiction or fantasy with a futuristic element. Some stories, such as the Manga Patlabor and American miniatures game Battletech, also show mecha doing civilian purposes such as heavy construction work, police topics, or firefighting.

Glyph
A glyph is an element of writing. For example the "æ" in archæology represents a and e letters. An "n" with tilde, "ñ", is used only in Spanish language, for example piñata.

Tilde
The tilde (~) is a diacritic. Various language use tildes, including Spanish and Portugese.
In Spanish, the tilde, which is only put over the N, makes it sound like [ɲ] (like 'ny' in "canyon") instead of [n].

Burlington, Iowa
Burlington is a city in Des Moines County, Iowa, United States. The population was 26,839 at the 2000 census.

Regis High School (Cedar Rapids)
Regis Catholic High School was a Catholic high school in Cedar Rapids, Iowa. It is at 735 Prairie Drive NE. It merged with LaSalle High School to form Xavier High School in 1998.

Cedar Rapids, Iowa
Cedar Rapids () is the second largest city in the U.S. state of Iowa. It is the county seat of Linn County.

University of Northern Iowa
The University of Northern Iowa is a public university in Cedar Falls, Iowa.

Bowling
Bowling is a sport where people roll a ball down a bowling lane to try to knock ten bowling pins down without going into the gutters or missing. There are other kinds of bowling as well.
Description.
The bowling ball has three holes in it that the person puts his or her ring, middle, and thumb. The person has to go up to the lane, lift the ball back, and roll the ball down a 60 foot long lane attempting to knock down ten wooden pins. If the person doesn't do it right, the ball might not knock all the pins down or might roll into the gutter. If all the pins get knocked down, the person who throws the ball gets a strike. If the person does not get all the pins down, he or she gets another chance to knock them down. If they get knocked down in the second try, the person gets a spare. There are ten turns (or frames) in bowling, and the goal is to get as many strikes as possible. A perfect game adds up to a max of 300 points, which is very hard to get as the person needs to knock down every single pin.

Russian First Division
The Russian First Division is the second level of Russian professional football. The division is run by Russian Professional Football League.
The First division is made of 22 clubs.

Abbot Suger
Abbot Suger (c. 1081 – January 13, 1151) was one of the last French abbot-statesmen. He was also a historian and the first patron of Gothic architecture.
Life.
Suger was part of a poor family, and in 1091, he was brought to the abbey of Saint-Denis. There he trained and eventually became secretary to to the abbot of Saint-Denis in 1104.
He took a trip to Italy, and when he came back, he became the abbot of St-Denis. Until 1127, he worked at the abbey of St-Denis and worked to reform it.

Arch of Constantine
The Arch of Constantine (italian: Arco di Costantino) is an arch in Rome, found between the Colosseum and the Palatine Hill. It was built in honour of Constantine I's victory over Maxentius at the Battle of Milvian Bridge on October 28, 312. It is the latest of the triumphal arches in Rome.

Great hall
A great hall was the main room of a royal palace, a nobleman's castle or a large manor house in the Middle Ages. At that time the word "great" meant "big". Great halls were found in France, England and Scotland and some other European countries.
Appearance.
A great hall was a rectangular room between one and a half and three times as long as it was wide, and also higher than it was wide. At night some members of the household might sleep on the floor of the great hall.
Examples.
Two very large surviving royal halls are Westminster Hall and the Wenceslas Hall in Prague Castle. Penshurst Place in Kent, England has a hall from the 14th century. There are lots of 16th century and early 17th century halls in England, Wales and Scotland, for example those at Longleat (England), Burghley House (England), Bodysgallen Hall (Wales), Muchalls Castle (Scotland) and Crathes Castle (Scotland); however, by the late 1700s the great hall was beginning to lose its purpose.

Louis VI of France
Louis VI (1 December 1081 – 1 August 1137), called the Fat (), was King of France from 1108 until his death (1137).
Marriages and children.
He married in 1104: 1) Lucienne de Rochefort — the marriage was cancelled.
He married in 1115: 2) Adélaide de Maurienne (1092–1154)

Louis VII of France
Louis VII, called the Younger or the Young (; 1120 – 18 September 1180), was King of France from 1137 until his death. He was the son and successor of Louis VI.

Gatehouse
A gatehouse is found on European castles, manor houses and mansions. A gatehouse was a strong building built over the gateway to a city or castle.
Sometimes gatehouses defended a town by being built across a bridge, a river or a moat, as in Monmouth.

Pittodrie Stadium
Stadium.
Pittodrie Stadium is a stadium in Aberdeen, Scotland. It is mostly used as a football stadium for Aberdeen F.C.
Aberdeen have played at Pittodrie Stadium, the name of which comes from the Pictish for "place of manure", throughout their existence. The ground was first used by the original Aberdeen F.C. in 1899, in a 7–1 win over Dumbarton; when they merged with two other teams in 1903, the new club took over the old Aberdeen ground. On August 15 1903, 8,000 spectators turned up to watch the new Aberdeen draw 1-1 against Stenhousemuir, the first game played at Pittodrie by its amalgamated tenants. The club initially rented the ground, but subsequently bought it in 1920. The stadium contains 21,600 seats, but due to the directors' boxes, some sources place this figure at 22,000. The record attendance occurred on March 13 1954, when 45,061 spectators turned up for a Scottish Cup match between Aberdeen and Hearts.
The stadium consists of four stands. The Main Stand, which houses the club offices and players facilities, holds the majority of the supporters. The Merkland Road Stand is primarily for families. The South Stand is opposite the main stand and a quarter of this section is used to accommodate travelling supporters, except for Old Firm games, where half of this stand is given to the visiting fans. The newest element is the Richard Donald stand at the East, or Beach End, of the ground, and is named after former chairman Dick Donald. This is a modern, two–tier design, completed in 1993, containing hospitality suites which is significantly taller than the other structures at the ground. In 1978, Pittodrie became the first all covered, all-seater stadium in Britain.
The club are examining a move to a new stadium in Aberdeen.

Florence Cathedral
The Basilica di Santa Maria del Fiore or Florence Cathedral is the cathedral church of Florence, Italy. The basilica was designed by Arnolfo di Cambio with the dome by Filippo Brunelleschi. The bell tower was designed by Giotto. The outside is decorated with marble panels in green and pink bordered by white. The building was begun in 1296 and was finished in 1469, except for the decoration. The facade (the main front) was decorated between 1876 and 1903. The dome, which is built of bricks with stone ribs, is one of the biggest in the world.

Beauvais Cathedral
Beauvais Cathedral ("Cathédrale Saint-Pierre de Beauvais") is an unfinished cathedral found in Beauvais, in northern France.

Orvieto Cathedral
The Duomo di Orvieto is a big 14th century Roman Catholic cathedral found in the town of Orvieto in Umbria in Italy.

Notre-Dame of Laon
The cathedral of Notre-Dame of Laon is one of the most important examples of the Gothic architecture of the 12th and 13th centuries. It has been compared to the cathedrals of Saint-Étienne of Sens and Notre Dame of Paris. It is found in Laon, Picardy, France.

Lincoln Cathedral
Lincoln Cathedral (full name: The Cathedral Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Lincoln) is a cathedral in Lincoln, England. It was the tallest building in the world for over 200 years (1300-1549), but the central spire fell down in the sixteenth century and was not rebuilt.

Milan Cathedral
Milan Cathedral (italian: Duomo di Milano) is the cathedral church of Milan found in Lombardy, northern Italy.

Sainte Chapelle
La Sainte-Chapelle () is a Gothic chapel found on the Île de la Cité in the heart of Paris, France. It is a perfect example of the "rayonnante" period of Gothic architecture.

Gloucester Cathedral
Gloucester Cathedral is a cathedral found in Gloucester, England in the north of the city near the river. It started with the foundation of an abbey built for Saint Peter in 678 or 679.

Stained glass
Stained glass means either the material; colored glass or the art of working with coloured glass. Stained glass used to be used only in church or cathedral windows. However, today it is used not only in churches and cathedrals, but also in art, structures and sculptures.

Mythical beast
A mythical creature is a mythological or folkloric creature. Some examples of mythical creatures are griffins, dragons and unicorns.

Uppsala Cathedral
The Cathedral of Uppsala (), found in the city of Uppsala, Sweden, was built in the late 13th century. It is at a height and length of 118.7 m is the largest church building in Scandinavia.

Toledo Cathedral
The Cathedral of Saint Mary of Toledo (also called Primate Cathedral of Toledo, Spain) is one of the three 13th century High Gothic cathedrals in Spain.

Equilateral triangle
In geometry, an equilateral triangle is a triangle where all three sides are the same length and all three angles are also the same and are each 60°.

Limoges Cathedral
Limoges Cathedral ("Cathédrale Saint-Étienne de Limoges") is a Roman Catholic cathedral found in in Limoges.

York Cathedral
York Minster is the biggest Gothic cathedral in northern Europe and is found in the city of York in England.

Rouen Cathedral
Rouen Cathedral () is a Gothic cathedral in Rouen, in northwestern France.

St Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna
St. Stephen's Cathedral () is found in Vienna, Austria. It has a clear Romanesque and Gothic form. The large place before it is called Stephansplatz (St. Stephen's place). It lies in the center of Vienna.
History.
It had the status of Cathedral since 1376. Since 1479 it is the seat of a bishop, since 1723 that of an archbishop. The current archibishop of vienna is Christoph Schönborn. He holds the office since 1996. The Cathedral is consecrated to Stephanus. Stehpanus is believed to be the first Christian martyr.

Carlisle Cathedral
Carlisle Cathedral is a Church of England cathedral found in the city of Carlisle, in Cumbria, in England.

York Minster
York Minster is the biggest Gothic cathedral in northern Europe and is found in the city of York in Northern England.

Notre-Dame de Saint-Omer
Notre-Dame de Saint-Omer was a Cathedral, located in Saint-Omer, France. Today, it is an ordinary church. This is because after the French revolution, the seat of the bishop was moved to Arras. It is still a hisotrical monument. There was a small chapel where the Cathedral stands today. The chapel was built in the 8th century. Around 1052, a church was bulit on the site. Around 1200, a fire greatly damaged the church. Reconstruction in Gothic style started around 1263. Since it was a major work, it took a long time. The main construction works were done form the 13th to the 16th century. By that time, the there was acollege associated with the curch. 1714 saw the installation of the bishop's seat; in 1717 the last touch-ups were done to the pipe organ. The woodwork and the bishop's seat date from 1753.
In 1792 there was the French Revolution. The Church was closed to worshippers. It was converted into a storage area. Unlike other churches, there was little vandalism done to it. The Concordat of 1801 saw the suppression of the diocese of Saint-Omer, it was moved to Arras.

Selby Abbey
Selby Abbey is an Anglican parish church in the town of Selby, North Yorkshire. It was founded by Benedict in 1069 and built by the de Lacy family.

Rochester Cathedral
Rochester Cathedral is a Norman church found in Rochester, Kent.

Le Mans Cathedral
The Cathedral of Le Mans is a Cathedral built in Gothic style. It is dedicaited to Saint Julien; he was the first bishop of Le Mans; he is also buried in the cathedral. It is somewhat unique in the West. It is often compared to those of Reims and Chartres. Its building was influenced a lot by the Cathedral of Bourges.
It is also special because its nave is built in Romanesque style, but the choir is built in Gothic style.

Types of tennis match
Traditionally, tennis is played between two people in a Singles match, or four players in a Doubles match. However, popular variations allowing play between three players (of which two or three are on the court at any one time) have emerged.

Love Street
Love Street is a Scottish football stadium in Paisley, Glasgow. It is owned by St Mirren F.C. who play their home games at the stadium.

Valdas Adamkus
Valdas Adamkus (born on November 3, 1926 in Kaunas, Lithuania,by 1955 Valdemaras Adamkavičius) is the current president of the Republic of Lithuania. First elected in 1998, he ended his term in office in 2003. When Rolandas Paksas, the new elected president, was impeached and removed by the Lithuanian Parliament in 2004, Adamkus was re-elected. He has been the President since 2004 and his term in office shall end in 2009.

Islamic architecture
"Islamic architecture is a type of architecture. It has been used for many different kinds of buildings; many mosques were built with it. It can be very varied. Decoration is often limited to calligraphy, as Muslims are forbidden to make images of god.

Easter Road
Easter Road is a Scottish football stadium. It is owned by Hibernian F.C. who play their home games at the stadium.

New Douglas Park
New Douglas Park is a Scottish football stadium. It is owned by Scottish Premier League team Hamilton Academical F.C. who play their home games at the stadium.

Falkirk Stadium
Falkirk Stadium is a Scottish football stadium. It is owned by Falkirk F.C. who play their home games at the stadium.

Rugby Park
Rugby Park is a Scottish football stadium. It is owned by Kilmarnock F.C. who play their home games at the stadium.

Tannadice
Tannadice is a Scottish football stadium. It is owned by Dundee United F.C. who play their home games at the stadium. Tannadice Stadium is on the same street as their Dundee rivals stadium, Dundee F.C.

Tynecastle
Tynecastle is a Scottish football stadium. It is owned by Hearts of Midlothian F.C. who play their home games at the stadium.

Ibrox
Ibrox is a Scottish football stadium. It is owned by Rangers F.C. who play their home games at the stadium.

Caledonian Stadium
Caledonian Stadium is a Scottish football stadium. It is owned by Inverness Caledonian Thistle F.C. who play their home games at the stadium.

Fir Park
Fir Park is a football stadium in Motherwell, North Lanarkshire, Scotland. The stadium is the home of Scottish Premier League club Motherwell F.C.. The stadium is all seats with a capacity of 13,742. The record attendance for the stadium is 35,632 against Rangers in a 1952 Scottish Cup match.
Today, the stadium has an unbalanced look, with one large stand aside three smaller stands. The biggest stand at the ground is the "South Stand", a massive two-tiered structure which was built in 1993. Opposite is the comparatively small "Davie Cooper Stand", named after the former player, which was built in 1995. These two stands have their advertising slogans changed whenever the club's sponsor changes.
Running along one side of the ground is the "East Stand", a former terrace which was converted into a seating area. This stand is highly distinctive in that it has the legendary "KEEP CIGARETTES AWAY FROM THE MATCH" slogan displayed below the roof, facing the pitch. Since the introduction of the smoking ban in 2006, slogans such as these are no longer needed. This stand is the stand of choice for many of the younger and more vocal fans.
Opposite the "East Stand" is the "The Phil O'Donnell Stand", which was previously known as the "Main Stand". The stand was renamed "The Phil O'Donnell Stand" in honour of the late Motherwell captain who died on the Fir Park pitch.
It is an unusual structure in that the steel girders run for the full length of the pitch, but the stand only runs for two thirds the length of the pitch. This was due to a dispute with a home owner beside the stadium during construction, which the club lost, and thus were unable to complete the stand across the whole length of the pitch.
Gretna.
During the 2007-08 season, Gretna F.C. rented Fir Park from Motherwell and played all but one of their home league games there.

Flag of Lithuania
The current flag of Lithuania was adopted by the Coucil of Lithuania in 1918 and re-adopted in 1989, some ratio changes were made in 2004. The current flag consits of three equal oblongs, each colourde yeellow, green and red (top to bottom). The flag's ratio is 3:5 (1:2 in 1989). it is used as a national flag and civil ensign.

Wikiversity
Wikiversity is a free wiki website, a sister project of Wikipedia, and run by the Wikimedia Foundation. It is made to help students in learning. A Wikiversity provides a lot of learning materials in every subject. It has many links to other wikis like Wikipedia and Wikibooks. There are currently wikiversities in nine different languages: Czech, English, French, German, Greek, Japanese, Italian, Portuguese and Spanish.
Wikiversity is the newest Wikimedia Foundation project so far, and it started in 2006. Before that. Wikiversity was a part of Wikibooks, the library of free textbooks.
Wikiversity contains many types of things that help people to learn, but it is quite small, and most of its learning materials are made only halfway. Most of the information is from Wikipedia or Wikibooks.

Pollywood
Pashto films industry or Pollywood (Urdu: پالیوڈ) is the popular acronym for the movie industry based in the city of Peshawar, the provincial capital of the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan.

Thomas Andrews
Thomas Andrews (February 8, 1873 – April 15, 1912) was an Irish businessman. He built the Titanic. He was married and had a girl who born in 1908. He died during the sinking of the Titanic in 1912. In the movie "Titanic" by James Cameron, he was portrayed by actor Victor Garber.

Poprad
Poprad (;,) is a city in northern Slovakia at the foot of the High Tatra Mountains. It is the biggest town of the Spiš region and the tenth largest city in Slovakia.
The city has an historic centre, an international airport and is the starting point of the Tatranská elektrická železnica (Tatra Electric Railway) -- a set of special narrow-gauge trains (trams) connecting the resorts in the High Tatras with each other and with Poprad. Main line trains link Poprad to other destinations in Slovakia and beyond; in particular, through trains run to Prague in the Czech Republic.

Martina Navratilova
Martina Navratilova (Czech: "Martina Navrátilová"; born October 18, 1956, in Prague, Czechoslovakia) is a former World No. 1 woman tennis player.

Leoš Friedl
Leoš Friedl (born January 1 1977 in Jindřichův Hradec) is a Czech professional tennis player best known for his doubles play with František Čermák. He is coached by Lubomir Gerla. In his career, he has won 15 top-level doubles titles and $1,027,625 in prize money. Having turned professional in 1997, Friedl won the 2001 Wimbledon mixed doubles title with Daniela Hantuchová, where they beat Mike Bryan and Liezel Huber, 4–6, 6–3, 6–2.

Kevin Ullyett
Kevin Ullyett (born on May 23, 1972 in Harare) is a professional tennis player from Zimbabwe. His success on the tour has come playing doubles.
In his career, he has won 24 doubles titles, including the 2001 US Open and the 2005 Australian Open, both with Wayne Black.
In Mixed Doubles, Ullyett won the 2002 Australian Open with Daniela Hantuchová. He reached the final of Wimbledon in 2002, with Hantuchová, and the semifinal of Wimbledon in 2003 and 2005 with Hantuchová and Liezel Huber respectively. He reached the 2005 Australian Open final, also with Huber.
Black, Ullyett's compatriot and long-time doubles partner, retired at the end of 2005. He now plays with Jonas Björkman.

Arantxa Sánchez Vicario
Aránzazu (Arantxa) Isabel Maria Sanchez Vicario (born December 18, 1971, in Barcelona, Spain) is a former professional tennis player from Spain. During her career, she won 4 Grand Slam singles titles and 6 Grand Slam doubles titles.

Ai Sugiyama
is a Japanese professional tennis player. She turned professional in 1992. In her career so far, she has won 6 singles titles and 36 doubles titles, including three Grand Slam women's doubles titles (1 with Frenchwoman Julie Halard-Decugis and 2 partnering Belgian Kim Clijsters). Ai is coached by her mother and plays a game based on her fitness and speed, utilizing an aggressive serve and volley whenever feasible.

Patty Schnyder
Patty Schnyder (born December 14 1978, Basel) is professional female tennis player. She has been playing on the WTA tour since the mid-1990s and is a former World "No.7". She has had significant wins over World No. 1's.
During her long career, she has reached four Grand Slam quarterfinals, and one Grand Slam semifinal. She has won 10 WTA singles titles and 4 WTA doubles titles and has made over "$6,906,000" in prize money.

Indian Wells
Indian Wells is a city in Riverside County, California, in the Coachella Valley (Palm Springs area), in between Palm Desert and La Quinta. As of the 2000 census, the city population was 3,816.
It has the highest proportion of millionaires of any city in the United States.
The city hosts the Indian Wells Masters (also known by its current sponsorship name of "Pacific Life Open"), one of the nine tournaments in the Tennis Masters Series of high-level events operated by the Association of Tennis Professionals (i.e., the men's tennis tour). The event is held in the 16,100-seat stadium of the Indian Wells Tennis Garden.

Indian Wells Masters
he Indian Wells Masters is an annual tennis tournament held in the small city of Indian Wells, California. The official sponsored name of the event is currently the Pacific Life Open.
The event is part of the ATP Masters Series on the men's tour and is a Tier 1 event on the women's tour. The event, held in March, is one of two tour events (beside Miami Masters) in which main draw play extends beyond 8 days. The women's main draw usually starts on Wednesday and the men's main draw starts on Thursday. Both finals are held on Sunday of the following week. Both singles main draws include 96 players. The 32 seeded players get a bye to the second round.
The tournament is played on hard courts and is the best attended tennis tournament outside the four Grand Slam tournaments, with over 300,000 visitors during the event. It has the second largest stadium in the world.

Zeeshan
Zeeshan (Zîşan) is a Turkish name derived from words "Zee" "(possessor of)" and "Shan" "(high status)". It signifies a high-resolve or a standard of high-status. Nicknamed "(Shaan);" dignity, splendour – not to be confused with Zishan (Zişan) which means peaceful in Arabic or Zeshan which translates to and also means "Prince".
Zishan.
Zeeshan and Zishan are different words. Zeeshan "(means Possessor of high status)" while Zishan means peaceful
Zeshan.
Zeshan is also very different from Zeeshan and Zishan. That is because the translation and meaning of Zeshan is Prince, In some countries it has been translated to Moon.

Mahmood
Mahmud or Mahmoud is the transliteration of an Arabic given name that comes from the Arabic triconsonantal root of Ḥ-M-D ("praise"), meaning "Praiseworthy", (literally means) The praised one, "Worthy of reverence," "Laudable", "commendable" – in Persian it is written "Mehmoud" and in Arabic it is spelt as "Mahmud", and the above is in both Urdu "(Hindustani)" and English. One of the Islamic prophet Muhammad's many names is Mahmud. It is best suited as the surname of the family or the family name in honour for both male and female. Mahmouda is equivalent to the name only for the female and only serves as the first name of a girl. The name is used in most parts of the Islamic world. Variants include Mahmad, Mahmoud, Mehmood, Mahmood etc.

Kite
A Kite is a flying object that is attached to the ground by a rope, or ropes. Kites can be flown for fun, or in competitions.
History.
The kite was created in China, about 2,800 years ago. Later it spread into other Asian countries, like Japan and Korea. However, the kite only appeared in Europe by about the year 1600.
The first kites had sails made of paper or light fabrics such as silk. The poles were made from bamboo, or other strong but flexible woods, and the kite line was made from string or twine.
Modern kites are made from synthetic materials, such as ripstop nylon or more exotic fabrics on the sails. They have fiberglass or carbon fiber poles, and use dacron or dyneema for the kite lines.
Today there are many different types of kite. Some are large and are made to look good, but some are smaller and are made for speed and competitions.

University of Portsmouth
The University of Portsmouth is a university in Portsmouth. It was started as the "Portsmouth and Gosport School of Science and the Arts" in 1869, and gained university status in 1992.
Portsmouth has been rated as the 5th best modern university in the UK by The Times Good University Guide.

Winchester Cathedral
Winchester Cathedral at Winchester in Hampshire is one of the largest cathedrals in England.

Vertical
An object is in a vertical position when it goes in an "up-down" direction, also perpendicular to the horizon or horizontal plane.
In a Vertical wine tasting different vintages of the same wine type from the same winery are tasted.

Crusader
The Crusaders were a series of armies that went on the four separate Crusades starting from 1095] and ending with the Fourth Crusade in 1204. They were trying to march to Jerusalem and claim it as their own.

Racing Stripes
"Racing Stripes" is a 2005 animated adventure and comedy movie. It stars Frankie Muniz and Hayden Panettiere. The movie was directed by Frederik Du Chau.

Nick 2
Nick 2 (formerly Nick Too) is a commercial-free time shift service of Nickelodeon began on July 1, 1989. For DirecTV users Nick 2 may be Nick (East) (Channel 299) for the western side of the United States which will be 3 hours later, or Nick (West) (Channel 300) for the eastern side of the United States that will be 3 hours earlier. It is owned by MTV Networks, a division of Viacom. This channel shows what was on the channels Nickelodeon/Nick Jr./Nick at Nite three hours earlier than the normal feed of the channel. On Comcast, Cox Cable and Verizon FiOS, there is Nick 2. On Time Warner Cable and Cablevision there is no Nick 2. Nickelodeon and Disney Channel are the only basic cable channels to have time shift services in the United States.
The 1st ident.
The first Nick Too ident is created in 1989 when time-shift services launched and is quite different from all its Nick idents. It features a sailboat 2 over the blue sky animation and 5 steak lines through the word "Nick" in typewriter. The music is bell string and our announcer Ron Holland saying "This Is Nick Too, It's Your Choice".
The 2nd ident.
The Nick Too ident was revised in 1999 and is different from all its 90's Nick idents. It features 3-D circles appearing and disappearing various characters from Nicktoons shows, live-action programs, Nick Jr shows and Nick-at-Nite favorites before the eye in the sailboat 2 logo zooms out along with the text "Nick" spins in. Our music is jazzy, features the three-note "It's Your Choice" musical logo. Our announcer this time Kim Brown saying, "This Is Nick Too, It's Your Choice".
The 3rd ident.
The Nick Too ident was revised in 2000 is quite different from all its idents. It features a kaleidoscope effect along with Nicktoons characters jumping around and character scenes in a kaleidoscope before the sailboat 2 with the Nick logo are zooming in. The music is Simpsons kaleidoscope music and our same announcer saying, "This Is Nick Too, It's Your Choice".
The 4th ident.
The newest 2001 Nick Too ident is different from all its newest Nick idents. It features the new Nick Too logo in different colors and fonts along with the slogan "It's Your Choice" which use one word at a time. The music is the 1994 USA Network music and our announcer Jay London saying "Your Watching Nick Too, It's Your Choice".
The 5th ident.
The Nick 2 ident was revised in the fall of 2002 and is quite different from all its Nick idents. It features graphics from The People's Court along with clips from Nicktoons, Live-action shows, Nick Jr favorites and Nick-at-Nite shows. Our music is the 1998 Real TV theme and our announcer David Kaye saying "This Is Nick Too, It's Your Choice".
The 6th ident.
The new Nick 2 ident was revised in the summer of 2004 and is different from all its idents. It features new Nick 2 graphics and great Nick stars along with the four-note "You Got The Choice" musical logo. Our music is electronica and our announcer Diane Brown saying "This Is Nick 2, It's Your Choice".

Forehand
The forehand in tennis is a shot made by swinging the racquet across one's body in the direction of where the player wants to place the shot. For a right-handed player, the forehand is a stroke that begins on the right side of his body, continues across his body as contact is made with the ball, and ends on the left side of his body. It is considered the easiest shot to master, perhaps because it is the most natural stroke. Beginners and advanced players often have better forehands than any other shots and use it as a weapon.

Vogue (magazine)
"Vogue" is a fashion and lifestyle magazine published in nine countries by a company called Condé Nast Publications. The American version of Vogue is edited by Anna Wintour, an English woman who has lived in New York City for a long time. Each month, Vogue publishes a magazine based entirely on fashion, life and design.

Sponsor
To sponsor something is to support an event, activity, person, or organization with money or giving something else useful. "A" sponsor is the individual or group that gives the support, similar to a benefactor.

Texas Rangers (baseball)
The Texas Rangers are an American Major League Baseball team from Arlington, Texas. The team plays in Arlington, but it also represents the the cities of Dallas and Fort Worth and the surrounding area. The Rangers are part of the Western Division of Major League Baseball's American League.

Office suite
In computing, an office suite, sometimes called an office software suite or productivity suite is a software suite for use by workers. The parts of an office suite are usually come together, have a standard user interface and usually can interact with each other, sometimes in ways Operating system would not normally allow.
Platform.
There are three types of office suites, "offline" (e.g. Microsoft Office and Star Office), "hybrid" (e.g. Microsoft Office Live and Google Docs with Gears) and purely "online" (e.g. Thinkfree Office and Zoho Office Suite).
Current suites.
The most used office suite is Microsoft Office, which is available for Microsoft Windows and the Apple Macintosh. It has become a proprietary standard in office Software.
Another office suite is any of the OpenDocument suites, which use the free OpenDocument file format. The most used one is OpenOffice.org, open-source software that can be used in Windows, Linux, Macintosh, and has caused several other office suites similar to it, such as the Mac-native NeoOffice. Other free or less expensive office suites include StarOffice, KOffice and Celframe Office. These programs support many of the features of Microsoft Office, and can open the files it creates and save new documents in those formats.

The Rake's Progress
"The Rake's Progress" is an opera by Igor Stravinsky. The libretto written by W. H. Auden and Chester Kallman is based loosely on the eight paintings and engravings from the 18th century by William Hogarth called "A Rake's Progress". Stravinsky had seen these paintings in 1947 at an exhibition in Chicago.
The Rake’s Progress tells the story of a man called Tom Rakewell. The word “rake” in this sense means “someone (usually a man) who behaves in an immoral way: a man who has relationships with lots of women.
The word “progress” in the title is ironic because Tom does not really make progress: he does not become a better man. In a sense he progresses backwards, because he starts off in a state of blissful innocence, i.e. he does not understand anything about his life, he does not know about good and bad. At the end of the opera he also does not
understand anything about his life, but that is because he has gone mad.
Tom is like Faust because he sells his soul to the devil. In this opera the character Nick Shadow represents the devil. Tom leaves his lover Anne Trulove and goes to find lots of other women in London. He has several adventures, which are all arranged by Nick who is helping him to have a good time. In the end Tom finds himself in Bedlam which was a horrible building where mad people were sent in the 18th century.
Musical style.
The Rake’s Progress is the only full-length opera that Stravinsky wrote. It is unusual because it was not written in the modern way of most music of the 1950s. Because the story of the opera is set in the 18th century, the style of the music is deliberately like music from that period. It is divided into arias and recitative (big songs which are linked with simpler music which tells the story).
Stravinsky’s music in this opera is in the neoclassical style. He uses counterpoint a lot in this opera. This helped him later on to write serial music: music in which all 12 notes in an octave are equally important. Tom sings some words in the second act of The Rake’s Progress which suggest that Stravinsky is going to widen his compositional style in this way: “Vary the song, O London, change!/Disband your notes and let them range”.
Act 1.
Tom Rakewell wants to marry Anne Trulove. Her father does not trust Tom because he has no regular job. Tom would like to have lots of money. He meets Nick Shadow who tells him that an unknown uncle has died and left him lots of money. He says to Tom that he can be his servant and go with him to London to sort out his inheritance.
Nick takes Tom to places where there is a lot of bad, immoral behaviour. Tom agrees to spend the night with Mother Goose in her brothel. Meanwhile Anne, who lives in the country, wonders why she has not heard from Tom. She thinks something might have happened to him, so she goes to London to look for him.
Act 2.
Tom is bored with his immoral way of life. He tells Nick he wants happiness, so Nick says he should marry Baba the Turk, a famous bearded lady. Soon afterwards Anne finds Tom's London house. She arrives just in time to see Tom get out of a sedan chair with Baba, whom he has just married. Tom tells Anne to leave, but he really is sorry for what has happened.
In the next scene Tom hates his marriage to Baba, who is a strange woman. She is a chatterbox with a fiery temper. He makes her quiet by throwing his wig over her face, then he falls asleep. Nick enters with a "fantastic Baroque Machine" which seems to turn stones into bread. Tom cries out in his sleep that he wishes it were true, and waking, finds the machine he has dreamt of. Nick says to Tom that he could make a lot of money if he started a business making these machines. Nick is deceiving him: the machine does not work.
Act 3.
Tom has lost a lot of money, and the things in his house are being auctioned by the auctioneer Sellem. The objects for sale include Baba, who has not moved since being silenced by the wig. When she is unwrapped, she comes to life again and starts shouting angrily. She is angry about the auction that is taking place, but calms down when Anne enters. Baba tells her to find Tom and "set him right", and warns her against Nick Shaddow. She says she wants to carry on with her acting career.
In a graveyard, Nick shows who he really is, and tells Tom that he must pay with his soul. Nick says he has worked for him for a year and a day; but as midnight strikes, Nick offers him a way of escape in the form of a game of cards, which Tom wins, but only because he was thinking of Anne. Nick has lost, and sinks into the ground, telling Tom that he is going mad. Tom is put in the madhouse called Bedlam. He believes he is Adonis and that Anne is Venus, the Roman goddess of love. Anne visits him, sings him to sleep, then quietly leaves him. When he realizes she has gone, he dies.
In an epilogue, the main characters point out the simple moral: that the Devil finds work for idle hands (people who are lazy).
Performance history.
It was first performed in Venice on September 11, 1951, with Elisabeth Schwarzkopf singing the part of Anne Trulove. In 1957, it was a part of the first season of the Santa Fe Opera. The composer himself came to the rehearsals. There was an excellent production in 1975 at Glyndebourne Festival Opera which was designed by David Hockney. This production has been revived at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden in July 2008.

Bay of Karachi
The Port of Karachi (Urdu: بندر گاہ كراچى) is Pakistan's largest and busiest seaport. It handles about 60% of the nation's cargo (25 million tons per year). The port is located between the towns of Kiamari and Saddar. It is close to the center of old Karachi, the main business district, and several industrial areas. The geographic position of Karachi places the port near major shipping routes such as the Strait of Hormuz. The administration of the port is carried out by the Karachi Port Trust which was created in the nineteenth century.

Sonmiani Bay
Sonmiani Bay is found on the Arabian Sea in Lasbela District, Balochistan, Pakistan.

Churma Island
Churma Island or Churna Island (Urdu: جزیرہ چرما) is a small island located in the Arabian Sea off the coast of Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.

Clifton Oyster Rocks
The Clifton Oyster Rocks are islands located off the coast of the Clifton neighbourhood of Karachi, Pakistan. The islands were controlled by the Pakistani Navy until 2006, when the Karachi city government decided to make island as part of its plans to renovate the city. As part of these plans, the Port Fountain was constructed at the base of the northern island. It shoots water up to 620 feet in the air, and is the second-tallest fountain in the world.

Khiprianwala Island
Khiprianwala Island is a small island located in the Arabian Sea off the coast of Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.

Malan Island
Malan Island is a mud volcano that is found in the Arabian Sea. It is three kilometers off the coast of Balochistan, Pakistan. It ran out of water in March of 1999.

Manora Island
Manora or Manoro (Urdu: جزیرہ منوڑا) is a small island located just south of the Port of Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. It has an area of. The island is connected to the mainland by a long causeway called the "Sandspit". Manora and other islands close to it create a protective barrier between Karachi harbor to the north and the Arabian Sea to the south. The western bay of the harbor has endangered mangrove forests which border the Sandspit and Manora island. To the east is Karachi Bay and the beach towns of Kiamari and Clifton. The island is located at.

Trillian
Trillian is an instant messaging program made by Cerulean Studios. It can be used with many different chat services. The newest version works with AIM, ICQ, MSN, Yahoo Messenger, and IRC.

Frankie Muniz
Francisco "Frankie" Muniz IV (born December 5, 1985) is an American child actor. He is most well known as the role of Malcom in the television sitcom "Malcom in the Middle".

Wendee Lee
Wendee Lee (born April 29, 1955 in Los Angeles, California) is an American voice actress. She is best known for voicing, or speaking, in many different video games, "Power Rangers" episodes, and dubbing, or film making, in anime. She is also a vegetarian.

Weilheim-Schongau
Weilheim-Schongau is a district in south Bavaria, Germany. It is next to the Landsberg, Starnberg, Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen, Garmisch-Partenkirchen and Ostallgäu districts.

El Muerto
El Muerto (in English, "The Dead One") is a superhero from a self-pubished comic book series made by Javier Hernandez. His real name is Juan Diego de la Muerte, or simply "Diego". Some of El Muerto's powers include super-strength, near-immortality, and the power to resurrect the dead. He got his powers after being kidnapped by the Aztec gods of death and destiny and being sacrificed in an ancient ritual.
Publication.
El Muerto was first published in a comic book titled, "Daze of the Dead: The Numero Uno Edition" at the 1998 Alternative Press Expo in San Diego, California. The character has had much success since then, and has appeared in several different mediums such as a 2007 independent film.
History.
Juan Diego de la Muerte was born and raised in Whittier, California. He became fascinated with Aztec mythology and the Dia de los Muertos ("Day of the Dead") traditions in Mexico. Raised Catholic, Diego often wondered what the Aztecs thought when their religion was replaced with what the Spanish conquerors believed. On his 21st birthday, Diego is excited for an upcoming Dia de los Muertos festival. Unfortunately his friends could not join him and Diego was forced to go alone. Borrowing his friend's car, Diego is dressed as an undead Mariachi. To celebrate the occasion, he got a tattoo of an Aztec skull days earlier. Unknown to him, the skull is actually a symbol of death representing the Aztec death god. The car crashes into a tree, killing Diego. He later wakes up in the land of the dead, Mictlan, where the Aztec gods Mictlantecuhtli and Tezcatlipoca sacrifice him. His heart is removed, and his facepaint is burned into his skin. He is told that he must fufill an ancient prophecy and is sent back to the land of the living one year after his death. After he learns that he is truly dead, he finds out he has supernatural powers and decides to use them to help people.

Bill
Bill is a male name.

El Muerto (movie)
El Muerto (also called The Dead One, El Muerto: The Dead One, The Dead One: El Muerto, or The Dead One: An American Legend) is a 2007 movie. It was made from the story of the comic book superhero El Muerto. It was written and directedby Brian Cox (director). Wilmer Valderrama starred as the main character, El Muerto/Diego de la Muerte. Also starring were Angie Cepeda as Diego's girlfriend, Joel David Moore as Diego's best friend, and Billy Drago played as the bad guy. The movie tells the story of Diego de la Muerte, a 21-year-old Mexican-American who is sacrificed by the Aztec gods of death and destiny to fulfill an ancient prophecy. The movie is rated PG-13 for violence and some disturbing images. The movie premiered on March 1, 2007 and was released on DVD September 18, 2007. It won the Best Feature Film Award at the first Whittier Film Festival in 2008.
Story.
At the start of the movie, a young Diego is crossing illegally in to the United States from Mexico. Along the way, he meets an old Aztec man who tells him about a shortcut across a river. Before they get there, the old man performs an ancient ritual to the Aztec god of sacrifice and dies. Diego is then left alone at the river. Ten years later, Diego is living in East Los Angeles, California. He has a girlfriend Maria Somera and lives with his best friend Zak Silver. Maria's uncle, a priest of a local church does not like Diego's sympathy for the Aztec religion. This usually causes Diego and Maria to meet in secret. When a local Dia de los Muertos ("Day of the Dead") festival is to take place, a celebration with Aztec roots, Diego becomes excited. He dresses as an undead Mariachi with the traditional facepaint. Unfortunately, he has to go alone because both Zak and Maria are busy the night of the celebration. While driving to the festival, Diego's car crashes and he is killed. He later wakes up in Mictlan, the Aztec land of the dead. There he is sacrificed in an ancient ritual by the god of death and sent back to the land of the living a year after his death. He later learns that the old gods want to rule their world again. Three sacrifices representing the Church that took away their power must be made. This puts Maria's life is at risk because she is a descendent of one of the first churches in Mexico. Now Diego must fight against the gods that made him to save the woman he loves.
DVD release.
The movie was released straight-to-DVD by Echo Bridge Entertainment on September 18, 2007. The movie was called "El Muerto" but it was re-titled "The Dead One" for the original DVD release. It is going to be released as "El Muerto" in the future. Special features included seven drawings by guest artists, commentary with director Brian Cox and Javier Hernandez, an art tutorial, the original comic book, three featurettes, a Spanish language track, and a DVD-ROM feature. In the DVD case is are 2 wash-and-wear tattoos and a collectible mini-comic created for the DVD.

Thomas Mitchell
Thomas Livingstone Mitchell (June 15 1792 - October 5 1855) became Surveyor-General of New South Wales and laid out many Australian towns and roads. He also went on four main expeditions to explore south eastern Australia.
Early life.
Thomas Mitchell was born in Craigend, now part of Glasgow, Scotland on June 15, 1792. He worked in his uncle's colliery (coal mine) business. He joined the British Army in 1811 with the rank of lieutenant. He fought in the Peninsula War in Spain against Napoleon. As well as actual fighting, he worked as a surveyor and made maps. After the war he made maps of the battlefields. He was made a Major in 1826, but was then put on half pay.
Surveyor-General.
Mitchell was given a job as a surveyor in New South Wales in September 1827. His job was to map roads, and join existing small maps into one big map that showed all of New South Wales. After John Oxley died in 1828, Mitchell was made the Surveyor-General, in charge of all the survey work. He planned and improved the layout of roads, bridges, towns, public reserves.

Wagga Wagga, New South Wales
Wagga Wagga is a large city on the banks of the Murrumbidgee River in New South Wales. The name Wagga Wagga is a Wiradjuri Indigenous Australian word meaning "many crows", or it may mean "a sick or dizzy man."

Low Countries
The Low Countries is a term used ot refer to a geographical region, especially during the Middle Ages. This region is around the deltas of the Rhine, the Scheldt and the Meuse ("Maas"). Today, there are Luxembourg, Belgium, the Netherlands, and parts of Lower-Saxony (in Germany) that are in the region. Sometimes, the French Netherlands (Nord-Pas-de-Calais) are included as well.
The modern Country the Netherlands has its name from there. The region was usually referred to as "de Nederlanden".

Palestine Liberation Organization
The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) is a group that works to create a state for Palestinians. The group was created in 1964. From 1993 to 1998 they made agreements with Israel that created the Palestinian National Authority (PNA), which is in charge of leading Gaza and the West Bank. The leader of the PLO used to be Yasser Arafat. He signed a series of Peace Treaties called the Olso Accords with Yitzhak Rabin who the Prime Minister of Israel at the time. Many members of the PLO and Israel didn't agree with the Accords and Yasser was soon killed by his own people. Israel also re-elected another Prime Minister to take Rabin's position after the Accords.

Dome of the Rock
The Dome of the Rock(Qubbat al-Sakhra) is a Islamic shrine in Jerusalem. It was built from 691 from 692 by Caliph Abd al-Malik. It is built on the spot where the Jewish Temple is believed to have been, and where Muslims believe Muhammad went up to heaven.

Illegal prime
An illegal prime is a special prime number. Such prime numbers are called illegal, because there is a way to change them, so that they yield something illegal, such a program to circumvent the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. One of the first people to find such a prime was Phil Camody. In 2001, he found a prime that contains the gzip compressed source code for a program that can circumvent the Content Scrambling System. The Content Scrambling System is used as a way to prevent DVDs from being copied. Later, other primes were found that resulted in directly runnable programs.
The United States and other countries made it illegal to publish or circulate computer programs that can circumvent copy protection. Since prime numbers are a concept from mathematics, their knowledge cannot be made illegal easily.
Any information that can be represented in binary form can be represented as a number.

Temple Mount
The Temple Mount is the location of the two Jewish Temples. In Judaism it is believed to be the place where Adam was born, where Adam built an altar for God, where Cain and Abel offer there sacrifices, and where Abraham offered Isaac as a sacrifice.

Content Scramble System
The Content Scrambling System (or Content Scramble System) is a system to encrypt and copy-protect DVDs. Such systems are generally called Digital Rights Management (or "DRM") systems. CSS uses symmetric cryptography. It was introduced in 1996; today, it is considered ineffective.
In October 1999, Jon Lech Johansen and two other people (who remained anonymous) broke the system. Originally, CSS uses 40 bit cryptographic keys; because of different design problems, the effective key length is only about 16 bits. A 450 MHz processor, current at the time could brute force crack this in less than a minute.
CSS requires special information in the lead-in (a special area) of the disc. Since the lead-in cannot be changed on recordable DVDs these cannot have CSS protection.

1986-87 NHL season
The 1986–87 NHL season was the 70th season of the National Hockey League. Twenty-one teams each played 80 games. The Edmonton Oilers won the Stanley Cup by beating the Philadelphia Flyers four games to three in the Cup finals.
Regular season.
The Oilers won their second straight Presidents' Trophy as the top team and Wayne Gretzky won his eighth straight Hart Trophy and his seventh straight Art Ross Trophy.
Final standings.
"Note: W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, GF= Goals For, GA = Goals Against, Pts = Points, PIM = Penalties in minutes"
Scoring leaders.
"Note: GP = Games Played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points"

1985-86 NHL season
The 1985–86 NHL season was the 69th season of the National Hockey League. Twenty-one teams each played 80 games. This season saw the league's Board of Governors introduce the Presidents' Trophy, which would go to the team with the best overall record in the NHL regular season. The Edmonton Oilers would be the first winners of this award.
The Montreal Canadiens defeated the Calgary Flames four games to one in the final series to win the Stanley Cup.
Final standings.
"Note: GP = Games Played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, GF= Goals For, GA = Goals Against, Pts = Points, PIM = Penalty Minutes"
Patrick Division Semi-Finals.
New York Rangers vs. Philadelphia Flyers
"New York Rangers wins best-of-five series 3–2"
New York Islanders vs. Washington Capitals
Norris Division Semi-Finals.
Toronto Maple Leafs vs. Chicago Black Hawks
St. Louis Blues vs. Minnesota North Stars
"St. Louis wins best-of-five series 3–2"
Divisional Finals.
New York Rangers vs. Washington Capitals
"New York Rangers wins best-of-seven series 4–2"
Toronto Maple Leafs vs. St. Louis Blues
"St. Louis wins best-of-seven series 4–3"
Conference Finals.
New York Rangers vs. Montreal Canadiens
St. Louis Blues vs. Calgary Flames

Rangers F.C.
Rangers Football Club are an association football team based in Glasgow, Scotland, who currently play in the Scottish Premier League. They have won 51 league titles, a world record, and have won more major trophies than any football club in the world. The club are nicknamed "The Teddy Bears", from the rhyming slang for "Gers", which in turn is short for "Rangers", and the fans are known to each other as "Bluenoses". The club's correct name is simply "Rangers F.C.", although they are sometimes referred to as "Glasgow Rangers" for European matches to avoid confusion.
For most of their history, Rangers have enjoyed a fierce rivalry with their cross-city opponents Celtic, and the two are collectively known as the Old Firm.
The club's home, the all-seated 51,082-capacity Ibrox Stadium in south-west Glasgow, has been accredited as one of UEFA's five-star stadia. The stadium was the first one in Scotland to be granted this accolade, which it now shares with Hampden Park, Scotland's national stadium.
Club colours and crest.
The club colours of Rangers F.C. are royal blue, white and red.
The team's home strip invariably features a royal blue shirt (often with white and/or red trim). Traditionally this is accompanied by white shorts (often with royal blue and/or red trim) and black socks with red turn-downs. However when wearing the 'home strip' Rangers will occasionally alter the shorts and socks, sometimes replacing the black socks with white ones; or replacing the white shorts and black socks combination with royal blue shorts and socks.
The basic design of Rangers away strips has changed far more than the traditional home strip. White and red have been the most common predominant colours for Rangers alternate strips, though dark and light blue have also featured highly.
In recent years, Rangers have also introduced a third kit. This is usually worn if both the home and away kits clash with their opponents. The colours used range from light blue to red to a very controversial tangerine.

Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan
Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan (February 4, 1917 – August 10, 1980) was the final President of United Pakistan from 1969 to 1971, following the resignation of Ayub Khan. He has one son, Ali Yahya and one daughter, Yasmeen Khan.

Pakistan Peoples Party
The Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) (Urdu: پاکستان پیپلز پارٹی): is a centre-left Islamic Socialist political party in Pakistan affiliated to the Socialist International. To date, its leader has always been a member of the Bhutto family. The Pakistan Peoples Party Parliamentarians (PPPP) is a party formed in 2002 by the PPP for the purpose of complying with electoral rules governing Pakistani parties.
The party was founded on November 30 1967 by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto who was also its first chairman. The party creed is: "Islam is our faith; democracy is our politics; socialism is our economy; all power to the people."
Although its center lies in the southern province of Sindh, it also has considerable support in the more densely populated province of Punjab and even Azad Kashmir.

Aksai Chin
Aksai Chin (Simplified Chinese: 阿克赛钦, Ākèsàiqīn) is a region which lies at the juncture of China, Pakistan, and India. It consists of about one fifth of Jammu and Kashmir.
It is ruled by China but claimed by the Republic of India. Aksai Chin is one of the two main border disputes between India and China, the other being the dispute over Arunachal Pradesh. Aksai Chin (the name literally means "Chin's desert of white stones") is a very large high-altitude desert of salt that reaches heights up to 5,000 metres. It covers an area of 42,685 km² (16,481 sq mi) of the disputed territory. Geographically part of the Tibetan Plateau, Aksai Chin is often called the Soda Plain. The region is almost uninhabited, has no permanent settlements, and receives little rain or snow as the Himalayan and other mountains block the rains from the Indian monsoon.

Bury St Edmunds
Bury St Edmunds is a town in the county of Suffolk, England. It is the main town in the borough of St. Edmundsbury and known for the ruined abbey near the town centre. The town linked to the Magna Carta; in 1214 the barons of England are believed to have met in the Abbey Church and promised to force King John to accept the Charter of Liberties, the document which influenced the creation of the Magna Carta. It was also the setting for two witch trials, one of which was used as a reference in the Salem Witch Trials. During the Second World War, the USAAF operated an airfield outside the town.
Town.
Near the gardens stands Great Britain's first internally illuminated street sign called the "Pillar of Salt". When built, it needed permission because it did not conform to regulations. Bury St Edmunds is where the A1101 road, Britain's lowest road, ends. There is a network of tunnels which prove that chalk-workings took place nearby, though there is no evidence of a lot of tunnels under the town centre. Some buildings have cellars which lead into each other. Due to their unsafe nature the chalk-workings are not open to the public, although viewing is allowed to some people. Some tunnels have caused subsidence in living history.
Among interesting buildings is St Mary's Church. The Tudor King Henry VIII's sister, Mary Tudor, was re-buried in Bury's St Mary's Church, after being moved from the Abbey after her brother's dissolution of the Church six year after her death. Queen Victoria had a stained glass window fitted into the church to commemorate Mary's interment.
On 3 March, 1974 a Turkish Airlines DC-10 jet crashed near Paris in France killing all 346 people on board. Among the victims were 17 members of Bury St Edmunds rugby club.
The town council election on 3 May 2007 was won by the "Abolish Bury Town Council" party. The party lost its majority following a by-election in June 2007 and, to date, the Town Council is still in existence.
Name.
The name "borough" comes from of "Bury", which has cognates in other Germanic languages such as the Old Norse "borg" meaning "wall, castle"; and Gothic "baurgs" meaning "city". They all derive from Proto-Germanic "*burgs" meaning "fortress". This in turn derives from the Proto-Indo-European root "*bhrgh" meaning "fortified elevation", with cognates including Welsh "bera", "stack" and Sanskrit bhrant- "high, elevated building".
Abbey.
In the centre of Bury St Edmunds there is the remains of an abbey, surrounded by the Abbey Gardens, a park. The abbey is a shrine to Saint Edmund, the Saxon King of the East Angles, who was killed by the Danes in 869AD. The town grew around Bury St Edmunds Abbey, a site of pilgrimage, and developed into a flourishing cloth-making town by the 14th century.
The abbey was largely destroyed during the 16th century with the dissolution of the monasteries but Bury remained prosperous throughout the 17th and 18th centuries. It fell into relative decline with the industrial revolution.
The Abbey Gardens which surround the ruins had an Internet bench installed in the late 1990s, which portable computers to connect to the Internet. It was the first bench of its kind, though within the first week two teenagers discovered they could also make free telephone calls from the bench. They phoned the Borough Council (owner of the bench) to notify them, then attempted to contact Bill Gates, founder of Microsoft, to tell him.
Cathedral.
Bury St Edmunds Cathedral was created when the Diocese of St Edmundsbury and Ipswich was formed in 1914. The cathedral was extended with an eastern end in the 1960s, commemorated by Benjamin Britten's Fanfare for St Edmundsbury, and a new Gothic revival cathedral tower was built as part of a millennium project running from 2000 to 2005. The opening for the tower took place in July 2005, and included a brass band concert and fireworks. Parts of the cathedral remain uncompleted, including the cloisters. Many areas remain inaccessible to the public due to building work. The tower makes St Edmundsbury the only recently completed Anglican cathedral in the UK, and only a handful of Gothic revival cathedrals are being built worldwide. The tower was constructed using original fabrication techniques by six masons who placed the machine pre-cut stone individually as they arrived.
Culture.
The Theatre Royal, Bury St Edmunds was built by National Gallery architect William Wilkins in 1819. It is the sole surviving Regency Theatre in the country. The theatre, owned by the National Trust underwent restoration between 2005 and 2007. Appeal patron Dame Judi Dench: It presents a full programme of performances and is also open for public tours.
Moyse's Hall Museum is one of the oldest (c. 1180) domestic buildings in East Anglia open to the public. It has collections of fine art, for example Mary Beale, costume, e.g. Charles Frederick Worth, horology, local and social history; including Red Barn Murder and Witchcraft.
The town holds a festival in May. This including concerts, plays, dance, and lecturers culminating in fireworks. Bury St Edmunds is home to England's oldest Scout group, 1st Bury St Edmunds (Mayors Own).
The town's football club, Bury Town, are the fourth oldest non-league team in England. They are members of the Isthmian League Division One North.
Brewing.
The Greene King brewery is in Bury. The other brewery is The Old Cannon Brewery and public house on Cannon Street near the railway station. The brewing vessels, made for an exhibition in Japan in 1997, can be seen in the front room. Just outside the town is Bartrums Brewery, on Rougham airfield but originally in Thurston.
Another beer-related landmark is Britain's smallest public house, The Nutshell, which is on The Traverse, just off the marketplace.
Sugar beet.
Bury's largest landmark is the British Sugar factory near the A14, which processes sugar beet into refined crystal sugar. It was built in 1925 and processes beet from 1,300 growers. 660 lorry loads of beet can be accepted each day when beet is being harvested. Not all the beet can be crystallised immediately, and some is kept in solution in holding tanks until late spring and early summer, when the plant has spare crystallising capacity. The sugar is sold under the Silver Spoon name (the other major British brand, Tate & Lyle, is made from imported sugar cane). By-products include molassed sugar beet feed for cattle and LimeX70, a soil improver. A smell of burnt starch from the plant is noticeable on some days. In September 2007, rumours and a report on BBC Radio Suffolk suggested the site is to be sold in 2012 to Merlin Entertainments Group, owner of the Staffordshire theme park Alton Towers, to rebuild half the site as a similar attraction, the rest as housing and amenities.
Notable residents.
Notable people from Bury St Edmunds include artist and printer Sybil Andrews, actor Bob Hoskins, theatre director Sir Peter Hall, artist and water deviner Neil Stalley, author Maria Lousie de la Ramé (also known as Ouida), World War II Canadian general Guy Simonds and the 18th century landscape architect Humphry Repton, as well as Thomas Clarkson fact-finder behind the abolition of the slave trade.
Notable bands from Bury St Edmunds include Jacob's Mouse, Miss Black America, The Dawn Parade and Kate Jackson (of The Long Blondes)
Although not from Bury St Edmunds, BBC Radio 1 DJ John Peel lived nearby in Great Finborough and on 12 November 2004 his funeral took place at the cathedral. It was attended by a thousand people including many artists he had championed. During a peak of local musical activity in Bury St Edmunds in 2002, he referred (tongue-in-cheek) to the town as 'The New Seattle'.
Actor Ian McShane was given freedom of the borough in 1996 after he played the title role in the television series Lovejoy, filmed in and around Bury.
Bury St Edmunds is birthplace of James Moore winner of the world's first cycle race and of the first long-distance road race, from Paris to Rouen

Muhammad bin Qasim al-Thaqafi
Muhammad bin Qasim Al-Thaqafi (Arabic: محمد بن قاسم) (c. 31 December, 695 - 18 July, 715), born Imád-uddín Muhammad bin Qasim bin Yusuf Sakifi, was a Syrian general who conquered the Sindh and Punjab regions along the Indus river (now a part of Pakistan). The conquest of Sindh and Punjab began the Islamic era in South Asia and continues to lend the Sindh province of Pakistan the name "Bab-e-Islam" (The Gateway of Islam)

United States Army Air Force
The United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) was the military aviation arm of the United States of America during and immediately after World War II. It was the direct precursor to the United States Air Force, established in 1947. At its peak strength in 1944, the USAAF had over 2.4 million men and women in service, nearly 80,000 aircraft and 783 permanent bases, and operated from more than 2,000 airfields worldwide.
The Air Corps became the Army Air Forces in June 1941 to provide the air arm a greater autonomy in which to expand more efficiently, and to provide a structure for the additional command echelons required by a vastly increased force. Although other nations already had separate air forces independent of the army or navy (such as the British Royal Air Force and the German Luftwaffe), the USAAF remained a part of the United States Army.

Salem Witch Trials
The Salem witch trials were a series of hearings before local magistrates followed by county court trials to prosecute people accused of witchcraft in Essex, Suffolk, and Middlesex Counties of colonial Massachusetts, between February 1692 and May 1693. Over 150 people were arrested and imprisoned, with even more accused who were not formally pursued by the authorities. The two courts convicted twenty-nine people of the capital felony of witchcraft. Nineteen of the accused, fourteen women and five men, were hanged. One man who refused to enter a plea was crushed to death under heavy stones in an attempt to force him to do so. At least five more of the accused died in prison.
Despite being generally known as the "Salem" witch trials, the preliminary hearings in 1692 were conducted in a variety of towns across the province: Salem Village, Ipswich, Andover, as well as Salem Town, Massachusetts. The best-known trials were conducted by the Court of Oyer and Terminer in 1692 in Salem Town. All twenty-six who went to trial before this court were convicted. The four sessions of the Superior Court of Judicature in 1693, held in Salem Town, but also in Ipswich, Boston, and Charlestown, produced only three convictions in the thirty-one witchcraft trials it conducted.

Baron
Baron is a specific title of nobility. The word baron comes from Old French "baron", itself from Frankish "baro" meaning "freeman, warrior"; it merged with Old English "beorn" meaning "nobleman."

Telephone box
A telephone box is a public telephone kiosk. They were designed by Sir Giles Gilbert Scott and are common in the United Kingdom, Malta and Gibraltar. The colour red was chosen to make them easy to spot.

Running gag
A running gag is an humorous joke or reference that is used several times in a work or series of works. A famous example of a running gag is the Couch gag in the opening of The Simpsons.

Harran
Harran, also known as Carrhae, is a district of Şanlıurfa Province in the southeast of Turkey.
A very ancient city which was a major Mesopotamian commercial, cultural, and religious center, Harran is a valuable archaeological site. It is often identified as the place in which Abraham lived before he reached Canaan.
The city was the chief home of the Mesopotamian moon-god Sin, under the Babylonians and even into Roman times.
Carrhae is a defunct ancient town on the site, and gave its name to the Battle of Carrhae (53 BC), fought between the Roman Republic and the Parthian Empire.
Harran's ruins are from Roman, Sabian, and Islamic times. T. E. Lawrence surveyed the site, and an Anglo-Turkish excavation was begun in 1951.

Phil O'Donnell
Phillip "Phil" O'Donnell (25 March 1972 – 29 December 2007) was a Scottish football player. O'Donnell played for Motherwell, Celtic and Sheffield Wednesday over the course of his career. He died from a cardiac arrest after collapsing on the pitch on 29 December 2007.
Death.
On 29 December 2007, O'Donnell collapsed during a game against Dundee United just as he was about to be substituted. He was treated on the pitch for about five minutes by the Motherwell and Dundee United club doctors before being taken by ambulance to Wishaw General Hospital. However, he was pronounced dead at 17.18 hours. He was 35 years of age, married and had four children.
A postmortem examination was carried out on 1 January 2008 and it was revealed O'Donnell died of left ventricular failure. His funeral was on 4 January, at St Mary's church in Hamilton.
Tributes.
Former Scottish First Minister Jack McConnell, MSP for Motherwell and Wishaw, was among those to pay tribute. He hailed the midfielder as a "great professional." He said, "as captain he helped transform Motherwell this season. Phil will be sadly missed by his family and by football fans but he will be mourned by the whole community."
The player was described as a "perfect gentleman" by former Scotland coach Craig Brown. He said: "It's very, very sad news, I just can't get over it. You would not get a more ideal role model for a young footballer than Phil O'Donnell. I think in his first spell at Motherwell he was probably the best box-to-box midfield player – maybe not just in Scotland but in the UK."
Motherwell and other fans laid flowers, scarves, strips and other mementos at the gates of Fir Park. The club's scheduled SPL game against Hibs at Easter Road the following Wednesday was postponed along with the club's home game with Celtic the following Sunday out of respect. Scottish Premier League chairman Lex Gold said: "We understand from Phil's family that they would appreciate it if the Motherwell v Celtic game scheduled for 6 January, 2008 could be postponed. Both clubs are happy to meet the request and we have called the game off." On 31 December the SPL postponed the Celtic v Rangers fixture scheduled for 2 January 2008 following a request by O'Donnell's former club Celtic, which was agreed by Rangers.
Players in 30 December's English Premier League matches between Derby County and Blackburn Rovers, and Manchester City and Liverpool F.C., wore black bands in his honour. Sheffield Wednesday's matches at Hull City and at home to Preston North End were preceded by a minutes applause as a mark of respect to their former player, with the Hillsborough flags flying at half mast. All English Premiership ties in the New Year programme were preceded with either a minute of applause or silence in O'Donnell's memory. Everton and Scottish striker James McFadden, who played with O'Donnell at Motherwell, dedicated his goal to O'Donnell in Everton's 2–0 win at Middlesbrough by pointing solemnly to his black armband and then towards the sky.
Thousands of tributes from around the world have been posted on the internet. Motherwellfc.co.uk has received hundreds of written tributes from fans as far as Korea and Ukraine, as well as many emotional messages from Sevilla F.C., comparing O'Donnell's death to the similar tragedy of Antonio Puerta earlier in the season. Sevilla F.C. director of football Ramon Rodríguez Monchi said, "This is terrible news. Right now, my thoughts are with Phil's family and everybody at Motherwell. Unfortunately, with the death of Phil O'Donnell, Motherwell have suffered a similar tragedy to ours. Antonio Puerta died at the beginning of the season and I know how terrible the whole experience is. Sevilla will be available to help in any way that we are able, to heal the pain and sadness of this tragic loss."
Motherwell announced the Main Stand at Fir Park will be renamed The Phil O'Donnell Stand as a permanent tributeand Phil's team-mates will pay their own personal tribute by having his signature embroidered on their strips for the remainder of the 2007/08 season.
On 25 May, 2008 a benefit match was held at Celtic Park in memory of O'Donnell with the proceeds going to various charities. The match was between a Celtic F.C. side drawn from their 1998 title winning squad and a Motherwell F.C. side drawn from their 1991 Scottish Cup win. Other players such as David Clarkson and James McFadden played in the game. Henrik Larsson described the match as "a sad occasion but at the same time it's a kind of celebration for everything." The match finished 5-1, in front of 60,000.

Toronto Blue Jays
The Toronto Blue Jays are the Major League Baseball team in Toronto, Ontario. They won the World Series in 1992 and 1993.

Toronto Raptors
The Toronto Raptors are the National Basketball Association team in Toronto. They were started in 1995.

Toronto Argonauts
The Toronto Argonauts are the Canadian Football League team in Toronto.

TD Canada Trust
TD Canada Trust is the personal, small business and commercial banking operation of The Toronto-Dominion Bank (TD) in Canada. It was created when two banks merged, Toronto Dominion and Canada Trust in 2000.

Pocoyo
Pocoyo is a children's television series. Pocoyo does not talk very much. He has a few friends, including an elephant named Elle, a bird named Sleepy Bird and a duck named Pato.

Potato chip
Potato chips (also called crisps in the United Kingdom) are slimly sliced potatoes that have been baked or fried and lightly salted or seasoned. Some popular flavours of potato chips are: salt and vinegar, ketchup, sour cream and onion.

York University
York University (French: "Université York"), is a Canadian university located in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. York University is Canada's third largest university.

University of Toronto
The University of Toronto is one of the major universities in Toronto, Ontario, Canada along with York University. It also has a campus in Mississauga.

Greater Toronto Area
The Greater Toronto Area (GTA) is the area that includes Toronto and the surrounding cities such as Mississauga and Brampton.

James Cameron
James Cameron (born August 16, 1954) is an Academy and Golden Globe Award winning Canadian-American movie director. He is best known for his hit movies "Terminator", "Aliens" and "Titanic".

The World Ends with You
"The World Ends with You", released in Japan as is an action role-playing game made by Square Enix and Jupiter for the Nintendo DS game console.

Baby transport
Baby transport (or child carrier or baby carrier) is a tool used to carry an infant or small child. There are special vehicles, car seats, and other devices for carrying babies.

Bomberman Land Touch!
"Bomberman Land Touch!" ("Touch! Bomberman Land DS" in Japan) is a Puzzle/Mini-game collection video game made by Hudson Soft and published by Hudson Soft, Atlus, Rising Star Games, Red Ant Enterprises, and Nintendo in many different places for the Nintendo DS game console.

Bomberman
"Bomberman" is a series of video games that first appeared on the Nintendo Entertainment System and still has many games released to this day.

Prince Sports
Prince Sports, Inc. is an American manufacturer of equipment for racquet sports. It is based in Bordentown, New Jersey.

Dustin Pedroia
Dustin Luis Pedroia (born August 17, 1983 in Woodland, California) is a Major League Baseball player for the Boston Red Sox. He played college baseball at Arizona State University. He is and 180 lbs. He won the 2007 American League Rookie of the Year award.

Apollo 11
Apollo 11 was the first mission organised to send people to the moon. It was organised by NASA, the American space agency.
It launched on July 16, 1969, carrying three astronauts Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin and Michael Collins. On July 20 the same year Armstrong and Aldrin became the first humans to land on the moon while Collins flew above them.
The mission fulfilled the promise John F. Kennedy had made in 1961 to 'have a man on the moon by the end of the decade'.
Launch and landing.
Millions of people around the world viewed the launch of Apollo 11 on television. The launch was a global event. Richard Nixon, who was then president, watched the launch from the whitehouse. A Saturn V rocket launched the mission from the Kennedy Space Center in 1969.
About two hours after leaving Earth the Lunar Command and Landing Modules separated from the main rocket. 3 days later the crew entered Lunar Orbit (orbit around the moon). A day later the Landing section or module separated from the command module. The Landing Module landed safely on the moon with Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin aboard. During the landing their were several problems with the mission computer and to avoid a crash Armstrong had to take manual control of the landing craft. They eventually landed with only 25 seconds of fuel left.
Surface operations.
The first thing Buzz Aldrin did upon touch down of the landing module was to pray. He did not reveal his intention to do this beforehand as someone had recently filed a lawsuit against NASA to stop astronauts from taking part in religious activity while in space. Armstrong became the first human to walk and speak on the moon's surface. The first words he said were -
For the next two and a half hours Aldrin and Armstrong took notes, photographs and drilled core samples. The landings were broadcast to over six million people worldwide via giant radio receivers in Australia. They performed many scientific experiments including the collecting of Lunar rocks and dust. An American flag was set up and photographed on the moon.
Leaving the moon and returning.
After finishing their activity the two astronauts returned to the landing module and slept for seven hours before starting to leave. While preparing for take off Aldrin accidentally broke the circuit breaker in the ignition circuit. Armstrong used a felt tip pen to bridge the gap and prevent them from being stranded on the moon. Aldrin and Armstrong left many objects on the moon including an American flag, a few experiments and a plaque bearing a statement from the human race. The plaque read
"Here Men From The Planet Earth First Set Foot Upon the Moon, July 1969 A.D. We Came in Peace For All Mankind."
The plaque also held a CD containing messages from 73 leaders of countries around the world, the word hello spoken in almost every language known to man and a picture of two humans. On July 24 the astronauts returned to Earth and were immediately placed into quarantine. NASA scientists were afraid that they may have been exposed to unknown viruses or diseases whilst on the moon that could be dangerous to humans.
The three astronauts stayed in quarantine for three weeks. Upon their release they were treated a heroes around the world. They had dinner with President Nixon, a parade in Mexico City and another in Washington. The three also faced multiple television interviews and guest appearances.

Roger Clemens
William Roger Clemens (born August 4, 1962 in Dayton, Ohio) is an American starting pitcher in Major League Baseball. Clemens played in the major leagues for 24 seasons for the Boston Red Sox, Toronto Blue Jays, New York Yankees, and Houston Astros, from to. Clemens has won seven Cy Young Awards, two more than any other pitcher.

Defunct
Defunct is a term used to describe something, such as a company, organisation or group that is now no longer operating. When a company is said to be defunct, it has gone out of business and no longer trading.

Universal Music Group
Universal Music Group is a company that runs four record labels in the music industry. It started in 1934 as "Decca Records USA" and had some other names, before it became "Universal Music Group" in 1996. The company is based in Santa Monica, California.

Dundee United F.C.
Dundee United Football Club is a professional football club from Dundee, Scotland. They currently play in the Scottish Premier League, and managed by Scottish manager Craig Levein. In the 2007-08 season, they finished 5th in the Scottish Premier League, behind the Old Firm Celtic and Rangers, Motherwell F.C. and Hibernian F.C. despite a relatively impressive season. They had been very close to finishing 3rd, and reached the Scottish Cup Final only to be beaten by Rangers in a very close game.
Stadium.
Dundee United's home ground throughout their history has been Tannadice Park, located on Tannadice Street in the Clepington area of the city. It is situated only away from Dens Park, home of rivals Dundee F.C.; the two stadia are the closest senior football grounds anywhere in the United Kingdom.
The club have only ever played one home fixture at another venue. This was a League Cup tie against Rangers in March 1947, when despite snow rendering Tannadice unplayable, the match was able to go ahead across the road at Dens Park.
The age and proximity of their stadia has led to the possibility of both clubs moving to a new, purpose-built shared stadium being discussed on various occasions. The most recent and serious proposal for this was put forward as part of Scotland's bid to joint-host the 2008 European Football Championship, with several clubs seeking to benefit from a new stadium with planning permission given to a proposed site at Caird Park. Special dispensation was requested to proceed with the proposal, as rules at the time forbade SPL teams from groundsharing. Following Scotland's failed bid to host the tournament, the scheme was shelved for the time being, although the plan was raised again in June 2008 following doubts about joint-host Ukraine's ability to stage Euro 2012 with the Scottish Football Association keen as alternative hosts.

Two Hands
"Two Hands" is a movie released on 29 July 1999. It was made in Australia by director Gregor Jordan. The movie was the debut for actor Heath Ledger. It won the Australian Film Institute Award for Best Film in 1999. The movie was played at the Sundance Film Festival in the United States.

Paisley
Paisley is a town in Glasgow, Scotland. It is home to the Scottish Premier League association football team, St Mirren F.C.

Daniel Gonzales Guiza
Daniel Gonzalez Güiza (born on August 17 1980, Jerez de la Frontera, Cádiz) is a Spanish football player.
He started his football career at Xerez CD in 1999. He scored 27 goals and he became a top scorer when he was at Mallorca in 2007/2008 season. He was then transfered to Fenerbahçe. He was called for the first time to Spanish National Football Team in 2008; in Euro 2008 he scored 2 goals.

Kilmarnock
Kilmarnock (; locally known as "Killie") is a large burgh in East Ayrshire, Scotland, with a population of 44,170. It is located roughly between Glasgow and Ayr, and is the second largest town in Ayrshire. The River Irvine runs through its eastern section, and the Kilmarnock Water passes through it, giving rise to the name 'Bank Street'.
History.
The name comes from the Gaelic "cill" ("cell"), and the name of Saint Marnoch or Mernoc who is also remembered in the name of Portmarnock in Ireland, and Inchmarnock. It may come from the three Gaelic elements "mo", 'my', "Ernán" (name of the saint) and the diminutive "ag", giving "Church of My Little Ernán". It is believed by some that the saint founded a church there in the 7th century. There are 12 Church of Scotland congregations in the town, plus other denominations. In 2005, the Reverend David W. Lacy, minister of the town's Henderson Church, was elected Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland.
The core of the early town appears to have lain around what is now the Laigh Kirk (Low Church), although the oldest parts of the current building are no earlier than the 17th century, extending north and northwest. A comparatively modest settlement until the industrial revolution, Kilmarnock extended considerably from around 1800 onwards. This resulted in formal, planned developments such as King Street, Portland Street, Saint Marnock Street, and latterly John Finnie Street; the latter often suggested as one of the finest Victorian planned streets in Scotland.
Economy.
Kilmarnock's traditional industries were based around textiles and heavy engineering: e.g. locomotives (Andrew Barclay and Sons) from 1837 through 1970, and valves (Glenfield and Kennedy), which are still in production; and carpets (manufactured by BMK) from the early 1900s.
The carpets manufactured in Kilmarnock were internationally known for their quality and intricacy since the late 1800s. Many locations around the world chose to install BMK carpets. Famously, RMS Titanic was carpeted using carpets manufactured by Stoddard Carpets, the parent company and successor to BMK. Primarily due to a move by the UK market towards laminated and hard-wood flooring, but also partially due to a long decline in the industry in the area as well as cheaper, but noticeably less hard-wearing foreign competition, carpet-making finally ceased in Kilmarnock in early 2005.
Archibald Finnie and his family lived at Springhill House (now a nursing home) near the Grange Academy. They owned many coal mines, pits and other companies in Springside and other places. John Finnie Street is named after one of the family. Shoes were also a major product for some time, with Saxone having a factory in the town on the site of where the Galleon leisure centre now stands.
Kilmarnock had one of the earliest tram railways in the world, running to Troon over the (recently restored) Laigh Milton viaduct. The Glasgow and South Western Railway also set up their works here, producing nearly 400 locomotives by the time it was absorbed by the London, Midland and Scottish Railway in 1923. Some work continued, but heavy repairs were sent to St. Rollox. Locomotive repairs finished in 1952, and the works closed in 1959. Nevertheless locomotives are still made by Hunslett-Barclay, as well as the maintenance of existing diesel and electric multiple units.
From 1946 tractors were also built in Kilmarnock, with a large Massey-Harris factory present on the outskirts of the town. It later became Massey-Ferguson, before closing in 1978. Glenfield and Kennedy still survives albeit with a fraction of its former workforce, which at its height numbered in the thousands. Kilmarnock however is still home to the world famous Johnnie Walker's brand Scotch whisky. On the outskirts of the town is Scotland's first privately run prison, HM Prison Kilmarnock.
Regeneration.
The textile and manufacturing sectors across Scotland suffered significant decline in the postwar period, and in particular from the 1960s, in the face of greater foreign competition. Kilmarnock was no exception, with the closure or significant reduction of many of its traditional large employers: Glenfield and Kennedy, Massey Ferguson, BMK, and Saxone. Although significant attempts have been made to halt this decline and attract new employers, Kilmarnock saw a continuing net loss of jobs in the five years to 2005.
Although traditionally a main shopping area for most of the surrounding districts, patterns have changed over the last 20 years; traditional centres such as Ayr have been joined by new developments at Braehead and East Kilbride.
This difficult economic climate is most visible in the town centre, the eastern part of which has been extensively redeveloped, with important historic buildings such as King Street Church and the Town Hall being demolished, and Duke Street (the link from Kilmarnock Cross to the Palace Theatre and out to the London Road) built over.
More recently Portland Street, which formed the northerly part of the main shopping area, lay abandoned for many years due to a decline in retail trade and in the face of possible comprehensive redevelopment. The street has now been redeveloped, but has not yet regained its former degree of popularity, with a Gala Bingo and a J.D. Wetherspoons taking up much of one side of the street and the rest largely occupied by chain stores.
In 2004, the "Rough Guide to Scotland" described the town as "shabby and depressed, saddled with some terrible shopping centres and a grim one-way system". The town, however, contains several parks such as Howard Park, Dean Park, and Kay Park, and residential areas including London Road, Dundonald Road, McLelland Drive, and Howard Park Drive. The town also boasts a collection of gift shops, cafes, bars, and restaurants within the very desirable Bank Street area, whilst offering retail options within its retail parks at Queen's Drive and Glencairn Square.
According to the local press in November 2007, the new SNP council have drawn up a "Top Ten Hit List" on 'eyesore' buildings in the town, and their owners and have revealed plans to crack down hard on property owners who have left their buildings fall into disrepair. A plan of action is being carried out to get something done with each of these sites. Many of the buildings in disrepair are irreplaceable listed buildings such as the former ABC cinema (previously the King's Theatre) on Titchfield Street.
A four-star hotel recently opened next to Rugby Park, the home of Kilmarnock F.C., and new restaurants, such as "Merchants" and the award winning "Jefferson Restaurant" have opened in the town centre.
Regeneration activities have been discussed for Kilmarnock town centre; in early 2006, an application to Historic Scotland's Conservation Area Regeneration Scheme was successful, and as of July 2006 an application under the Heritage Lottery Fund's Townscape Heritage Initiative Scheme was pending. Work has pretty much finished on a quality housing development on the gapsite of the former Kilmarnock Infirmary north of the town centre.
In the past there have been major efforts to improve the quality of life for residents in the town's worst housing estates, especially in parts of Shortlees, Longpark and Onthank. Though the physical rehabilitation of housing in these areas has partly tackled the underlying problems of social exclusion, Onthank is arguably that most successful area of regeneration in question.
Much new quality housing has been constructed on the northern fringes of the town, in order to service the demand for commuter housing. With a journey time of 20 minutes from Kilmarnock to Glasgow (roughly half that of the existing train service), the M77 motorway has transformed the link between Glasgow and Kilmarnock. The upgrading of the A77 route to Glasgow to the M77 motorway in 2005 has made Kilmarnock more accessible for commuters, and recent house price increases have reflected this.
Transport.
In 1812, the famous Kilmarnock and Troon Railway opened, mainly to carry coal from the area to the harbour at Troon, but also carrying passengers.
In 1904, Kilmarnock had its own tramway system built. The name of the company was Kilmarnock Corporation Tramways. An electric power station was built in the south bank of the River Irvine at Riccarton. Overhead power lines and tram lines were laid. With continued upgrading and expansion, the tram network at its peak went from Ayr Road in Riccarton at its southerly point, to Knockinlaw Road in Beansburn in the North. At Kilmarnock Cross, the line had an easterly spur that stretched along London Road, through Crookedholm and finally terminating at Hurlford. There had been proposed extensions along Portland Road, up John Finnie Street, West Langlands Street and eventually towards Crosshouse, but by this time, increasing costs and the far more flexible motor bus had made inroads and the trams ceased operation in 1926 during the General Strike. The council decided not to restart the service and the infrastructure was soon dismantled. Today the town is served by Kilmarnock railway station.
Kilmarnock has excellent road links to Glasgow with the M77 motorway now extending as far as Fenwick.
Kilmarnock lies on the main road between Edinburgh, Livingston, South Lanarkshire, and Ayrshire (Irvine).
Education.
Kilmarnock has 17 schools; 13 primary and four secondary. There is also a college in the town, Kilmarnock College, formerly Kilmarnock Technical College. The schools are managed by East Ayrshire Council.
Sports.
The town is host to a football club named Kilmarnock F.C., the oldest professional club in Scotland. Their home ground is the curiously named Rugby Park. The reason for the name of the ground is that when founded, the club played both football and rugby. The club has the largest supporter base of any team outwith Scotland's four major cities. Rugby Park was also one of the first football grounds in Scotland to have floodlights installed. In recent years the stadium has been modernised, firstly to bring it in line with the all-seating regulations, then rebuilt totally to make a new ground. It has also hosted international football matches as well as music concerts, the most recent one was when Elton John performed here in June 2005. Derek Olgavie is also a regular appearance in the Palace Theatre.
The town also regularly plays host to professional wrestling shows, promoted by the British Championship Wrestling promotion.
There are two golf courses in the town, Annanhill Golf Course and Caprington Golf Course, which has both an 18 hole course and a nine hole course. Both these courses are council owned and run by East Ayrshire Council.
The local leisure complexes include the Galleon Centre: with a 25 metre swimming pool, baby pool, ice rink, squash courts, sauna, gym, games hall, bar area, bowling green and the New Northwest Centre (formerly the Hunter Centre) which contains an up-to-date community gym and various local medical facilities.
A leisurely stroll around the town will reveal many fine buildings. Kilmarnock boasts a large number of listed buildings. The Dick Institute, opened in April 1901, was severely damaged by fire only eight years after it opened. Some of the museums collections were lost in the fire. It reopened two years after the fire in 1911. The Dick Institute was used as an Auxiliary Hospital in 1917 during World War One.It is now shared by the Arts and Museums Service, and the Libraries, Registration and Information Service. The two Art Galleries and three Museum Galleries house permanent and temporary displays of Fine Art, Contemporary Art and Craft, Local and Industrial History and Natural Sciences. The Lending Library, Audio Library, Junior Library, Reference Library, and Learning Centre are all housed on the ground floor.
Culture.
The first collection of work by Scottish poet Robert Burns, "Poems, chiefly in the Scottish dialect" was published here in 1786. It was published at the current site of the Burn's Mall, dedicated to his work. This edition is known as the "Kilmarnock Edition".
Two areas of Kilmarnock, Ellerslie and Riccarton, are associated with William Wallace and his father. Claims have been made that this is the true origin of his birthplace, and recently these have been largely substantiated. The claim that Wallace was born in Elderslie near Paisley no longer seems tenable.
John Bowring, renowned polyglot and fourth governor of Hong Kong, was Member of Parliament for Kilmarnock in 1835.
In the castle of Kilmarnock, Dean Castle, there is an exhibition of armour and weapons, and the Van Raalte collection of musical instruments.
Twin towns.
Kilmarnock - as part of East Ayrshire Council - is twinned with five European cites and has received awards from the Council of Europe for its work in twinning.

Falkirk
Falkirk is a town in Scotland. It is home to Scottish Premier League football club Falkirk F.C.

St Mirren F.C.
Saint Mirren Football Club is a Scottish professional football club based in Paisley, Renfrewshire. St. Mirren play in the Scottish Premier League, having been promoted from the First Division in 2005-06. They are managed by former player Gus McPherson.
Current squad (2008-2009).
As of 6 June 2008, according to combined sources on the official website.

The Scotsman
The Scotsman is a daily newspaper from Scotland, United Kingdom. It has recently been changed to a compact form, but the Sunday version remains a broadsheet

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Charles Haddon (C.H.) Spurgeon (June 19, 1834 – January 31, 1892) was a British Baptist preacher. People still know him as the "Prince of Preachers". In his lifetime, Spurgeon preached to around 10,000,000 people. Spurgeon would often preach 10 times a week at different places. His sermons have been translated into many languages. Today, there are more writings and books by Spurgeon than by any other Christian writer.
Spurgeon was the pastor of the New Park Street Chapel in London for 38 years. He was part of several controversies with the Baptist Union of Great Britain, and later had to leave that denomination. Throughout his life, Spurgeon suffered from depression and other mental illnesses. In 1857, he started a charity organisation called Spurgeon's which works all over the world.

BBC Sport
BBC Sport is part of the bbc.co.uk website run by the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). It covers all sports from football and rugby to less high-profile sports such as hockey or badminton. The site includes an discussion board called 606 to allow fans to discuss events and sports-related news. BBC Sport also covers sporting events on BBC Radio 5 Live and BBC television, e.g. The Olympics.

Main Page/Article 4
Ana Ivanović (Serbian: Ана Ивановић) born November 6, 1987, in Belgrade, Serbia, then Yugoslavia) is a Serbian tennis player. As of 2008, she is one of the best female tennis players in the world. She won the French Open in 2008 and came second there in 2007. She also came second at the Australian Open in 2008. She has also played tennis for Serbia in the international tournament called the Fed Cup.
Ivanović is very tall, and is famous for the way she plays. She is best known for her powerful serve. Although she is Serbian, Ivanović currently lives in Basel, Switzerland. As of June 2008, she has earned over $5 million during her tennis career. Outside tennis, she is interested in clothes and fashion, and is an ambassador for the worldwide charity for children, UNICEF.

Turkey national football team
The Turkish national football team is the national football team of the Republic of Turkey and is worked by the Turkish Football Federation. They are in association with UEFA.
Turkey has a footballing tradition that has been good and bad. In World Cup competition Turkey has qualified three times for the 1950, 1954, and 2002 editions. Turkey failed to make an appearance for the 1950 World Cup because they withdrew.

Falkirk F.C.
Falkirk Football Club is a Scottish professional football club currently playing in the Scottish Premier League.
Stadium.
In the club's early years, a wide number of pitches and stadia were used. In 1885, the site of Brockville Park in Falkirk was leased, and there the club remained until the last day of the 2002-03 season. Due to Brockville's central location in the town, and the SPL's stringent stadium requirements, the dilapidated Brockville site, home of Falkirk for over 100 years, was no longer suitable for the club's ambitions. For season 2003-04, the club groundshared with Stenhousemuir at Ochilview stadium on the outskirts of the town. At the start of 2004-05 they moved into their new purpose built stadium which meets SPL criteria. The ground currently consists of two stands with a third due to start in the coming months.
The old Brockville ground was demolished in 2003/2004 and the land is now home to a branch of the Morrisons supermarket, which has several items of Falkirk F.C. memorabilia on site, including a turnstile from the old ground.
Current squad.
"As of 29 May 2008"

Hampden Park
Hampden Park in Glasgow is Scotland's national football stadium. Its primary use is as the home to Queen's Park F.C. and the Scottish national football team. It is also used for pop concerts and other sporting events.
Hampden was built in 1903, though all signs of the original stadium are long gone. It is known throughout the world as an iconic home of football and celebrated its centenary on October 31 2003. The stadium also houses the offices of the Scottish Football Association, SPL and Scottish Football League. During the 2012 Olympics it will also host games during the early stages of the Olympic football tournament. It has also hosted prestigious sporting events such as the finals of the European Cup (now the UEFA Champions League) and the UEFA Cup.
Hampden will be the key stadium of the 2014 Commonwealth Games. It will host the athletics during the tournament, Glasgow having been announced as the host city on 9 November 2007.
The stadium.
The Scottish Cup Final is played at Hampden annually in May, for the honour of lifting the world's oldest national trophy - the Scottish Football Association Challenge Cup, made in 1873. Queen's Park were the first winners, beating Clydesdale F.C. 2-0 in the 1874 final.
Hampden Park hosted the 1960 European Cup final between Real Madrid and Eintracht Frankfurt, where over 130,000 people watched Real Madrid win 7-3. The 1976 final was also held at Hampden, when FC Bayern Munich defeated AS Saint-Etienne. Real Madrid were again victorious when Hampden Park hosted the final of the UEFA Champions League in 2002, defeating Bayer Leverkusen, aided by Zinedine Zidane's legendary "wonder goal". Hampden Park also hosted the 2007 UEFA Cup Final on May 16 when Sevilla defeated Espanyol to retain the trophy. It also held famous wins for the Scotland national football team, such as the 1-0 wins over Netherlands in November 2003, and against France in October 2006. One of the most exciting Scottish Cup Finals in history commenced at Hampden on May 4 2002 as Rangers defeated Celtic 3-2 with a last-minute diving header from Peter Løvenkrands. Diego Maradona made his international debut at Hampden Park and scored.
Other sports.
In American football, the Scottish Claymores of NFL Europe played at the stadium between 1998 and 2004 before decamping to Hamburg to become the Hamburg Sea Devils. The league's championship game, the World Bowl, was held there in 2003. In that game, the Frankfurt Galaxy beat Rhein Fire.
The stadium has also hosted concerts, and in 2000 was the venue for a boxing card headlined by former world champion Mike Tyson. Robbie Williams' concert in September 2006 forced the Scottish national team to play their first Euro 2008 qualifier at Celtic Park instead.
Hampden will host the athletics events at the 2014 Commonwealth Games. Glasgow was announced as the host city on 9th November 2007.

Feodor III of Russia
Feodor (Theodore) III Alexeevich of Russia was born on June 9, 1661, and died on May 7, 1682. He was the Tsar of all Russia between 1676 and 1682.

Lengnau, Berne
Lengnau is a municipality in the district of Büren in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

Sivasspor
Sivasspor is a Turkish football club.It was founded in 1967.Its stadium's name is Sivas 4 Eylül Stadium.It's in Sivas city.Sivasspor's colours are "red" and "white". It is called "Yiğidolar" in Turkey. Sivasspor became fourth in the Turkey Turkcell Super League 2007/2008 season. Sivasspor will play first match in Europe with Grbalj team to join Uefa Cup.

Otto Abetz
Otto Abetz (March 3, 1903 in Schwetzingen / Germany – May 5, 1958) was a German diplomat. In 1931, he became a member of the NSDAP and worked until 1934 as "Reichsjugendführer". Starting in 1935, he worked for Joachim von Ribbentrop as expert for French. He get the German ambassador for the Vichy-Government in 1940.
After the War he went to prison for 20 years. He was reaseased from prison in 1954. He died on May 5, 1958 in an auto accident near Langenfeld bei Dortmund on the Cologne-Ruhr autobahn.

Statute of Labourers 1351
The Statute of labourers was a law created by the English parliament under King Edward III in 1351 about labour shortage. It was first made known by Sir John Halles.

Christine de Pizan
Christine de Pizan (sometimes known as "de Pisan", 1365 – about 1420) was a writer. She lived during the medieval era. She challenged the male-dominated realm of the arts very strongly. De Pizan completed forty-one works. She is known as Europe’s first professional woman writer. She encouraged women to compete with men.
She lived in Venice from 1363-1434 but her influence carried all throughout Europe. It affected the social life for many Europeans because she gave confidence to women that they could rise beyond what men told them to do.

Danse Macabre
"Dance of Death", also variously called "Danse Macabre" (French), "Danza Macabra" (Italian) or "Totentanz" (German), is a late-medieval allegory on death: no matter who a person is, the dance of death unites all.

Patrick Poivre d'Arvor
Patrick Poivre d'Arvor (born 20 September, 1947 in Reims; known in France as PPDA) is a French journalist. He has presented the main evening news on French Television since 1987. He studied political sciences and Slavic languages in Paris. He is married, and has 5 children; 3 daughters and one sone with his wife Véronique, and a son with Claire Chazal. He had an affair with Chazal (who is also a well-known news presenter in France) in the 1990s.
One of his daughters was anorexic. She committed suicide, aged 19, in 1995. She jumped in fornt of a metro train in Paris. She left a note: "Thank you for everything, but I do not like life. I want to be inciderated, and kept in a small box. Please do not throw me into the sea."

Marcus Davis
Marcus Paul Davis (born August 24, 1973), nicknamed "The Irish Hand Grenade" (and "The Celtic Warrior" when fighting in Ireland), is an American mixed martial arts (MMA) fighter. He fights as a welterweight in the UFC and in independent MMA promotions in the United States. He was a contestant on the Ultimate Fighter 2 on Spike TV.
Marcus David went pro in MMA on August 22, 2003 with a first round TKO of Shaun Gay. In 2005, Marcus was a contestant on The Ultimate Fighter 2. Coming in with his boxing skills.

Kalamazoo, Michigan
Kalamazoo is a large city in the U.S. state of Michigan. It is the county seat of Kalamazoo County. As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 77,145.
Kalamazoo is home to Western Michigan University, Haworth College of Business, and Kalamazoo College.
Sister cities.
The city of Kalamazoo, Michigan has three sister cities.

El Gato Negro
El Gato Negro (in English “The Black Cat”) is the name of two fictional superheroes that appear in comic books published by Azteca Productions. Created by Richard Dominguez, both characters made their first appearance in "El Gato Negro #1".
The first El Gato Negro was Agustin Guerrero, a former luchador from South Texas who decided to use his skills to fight crime during the early '50s and late '60s.
The current El Gato Negro is Francisco Guerrero, grandson to the original El Gato Negro. He adopted the superhero identity after his best friend was killed in a brutal murder.
Each El Gato Negro adopts a cat-like emblem, which they display in their costume designs or equipment. Although Agustin is not from the Silver Age of comics, he is sometimes referred to as “Silver Age El Gato Negro”, because the comic book’s timeline would place him in that era.
Agustin Guerrero.
Agustin Guerrero was an American soldier from Texas sent overseas to fight in the Korean War. Separated from his battallion, Agustin was lost in the harsh jungles. There he found an exiled Japanese warrior and assassin known as “"Nuro Neko"” ("黒い猫" - black cat). Nuro Neko trained the young soldier martial arts and the path of a warrior. After being rescued and discharged, Agustin returned to Texas to become a masked wrestler. He adopted the identity of El Gato Negro and his success as a luchador caused him to have many adventures outside of the wrestling ring before he finally retired in the late '60s.
Francisco Guerrero.
The second and current El Gato Negro, Francisco Guerrero is a social worker by day and a vigilante by night. Francisco became the new El Gato Negro after the murder of his friend. Despite being liked by the citizens of his community, El Gato Negro is constantly being hunted by local law enforcement.
Movies.
Richard Dominguez is currently in talks for a El Gato Negro movie.

Richard Dominguez
Richard Dominguez (born Eufrancio Ricardo Dominguez September 22, 1960 in Dallas, Texas) is an American comic book creator, best known for making the comic book "El Gato Negro".
Biography.
Richard Dominguez was born in Dallas, Texas on September 22, 1960 as the second of seven children. Dominguez first read comics at the age of six. He was first interested in art while in high school. He took classes in Commercial Art and later took Life Drawing classes in community college. Richard later worked as an intern for art and design studios in the late '80s and early '90s.
Azteca Productions.
Richard made the Azteca Productions company and imprint in 1993. The first publication was "El Gato Negro #1". Dominguez first got the idea for El Gato Negro in the late '80s. He originally planned thought of putting the character in a team of superheroes. Liking the character better on his own, Dominguez left the original project and focused on El Gato Negro. A lot of the character’s personality and look was inspired by Dominguez’s favorite superheroes like The Spirit, The Crimson Avenger, Daredevil, Nightwing, The Shadow, The Phantom, Zorro and Batman. The character has been popular since his introduction. and other media Dominguez is currently looking to make a movie on the character.
Dominguez made his superhero group with the help of friend and writer Michael S. Moore in 1997 in a book called Team Tejas. Richard stopped publishing his books after 1997 to spend time with his family. He later came back to publish new El Gato Negro stories in 2004. Other books he plans on publishing are Lucha Grande Comics, The Acolyte, Demon Hunter, and a revival of Judge Margarito C. Garza's Relampago!
P.A.C.A.S..
The Professional Amigos of Comic Art Society or P.A.C.A.S. was a non-profit organization made by Richard Dominguez with his friends Carlos Saldaña, Jose Martinez, and Fernando Rodriguez in 1995. The group was made to bring together different artists, comic book and cartoon creators together to help with eachother’s projects. P.A.C.A.S. grew to over 50 members. Most of them lived in California. The P.A.C.A.S. group no longer exists but there are rumors of a new one being made. Only an official website and MySpace page stand in tribute to their effort.

Ivan Bloch
Ivan Bloch (July 24, 1836, Radom – December 25, 1902/1901, Warsaw) (,,) was a banker from Poland. He donated money to help railways, and studied industrial warfare. Bloch published a collection of writings called "La Guerre Future", translated to "Is War Now Impossible?", in 1898.

McDonnell Douglas DC-10
The McDonnell Douglas DC-10 is an American three-engine medium- to long-range widebody airliner, with two engines mounted on underwing pylons and a third engine at the base of the vertical stabilizer. The model was a successor to the company's DC-8 for long-range operations, and competed in the same markets as the Airbus A300, Boeing 747, and Lockheed L-1011 Tristar, which has a similar layout to the DC-10.
Production of the DC-10 ended in December 1988 with 386 delivered to airlines and 60 to the U.S. Air Force as air-to-air refueling tankers, designated the KC-10 Extender. The DC-10 was succeeded by the related McDonnell Douglas MD-11 which entered service in 1990.

Ocean liner
Ocean liner is the name given to (usually large) ships that are used to transport people or goods. These ships travel along given routes; they usually have a schedule. Usually, ocean liners travel long distances. The ships used for short distances, for example across a channel, a lake, or between an island and the coast close by, are called ferries. Ocean liners are used for transportation. Cruise ships are different, they are used for pleasure.
In the second half of the 20th century, ocean liners have been replaced by aircraft more and more.

Akakor
Akakor is an alleged ancient underground city somewhere between Brazil and Peru. The German journalist Karl Brugger describes this city in "The Chronicle of Akakor" (1976) after interviewing Tatunca Nara, a Brazilian Indian. The book is a fact fiction: the interview with Tatunca Nara is the only source and the city is not confirmed separately.
Tantunca Nara speaks about possible contact with extraterrestrials in the ancient past and these extraterrestrials are believed to build this mysterious city. Other two similar cities are mentioned in this book - Akanis and Akahim.

Gutenberg Bible
The Gutenberg Bible (also known as the 42-line Bible or the Mazarin Bible) is a printed version of the Latin Vulgate translation of the Bible that was printed by Johannes Gutenberg, in Mainz, Germany in the 15th century. Although it is not the first book to be printed by Gutenberg's new movable type system, it is his major work, and of central importance for the start of the "Gutenberg Revolution" and the "Age of the Printed Book".
Other websites.
A complete link list of digitized copies can be found in the German Wikipedia.

Dancing with the Stars (video game)
"Dancing with the Stars" is a rhythm game made by Zoe Mode with other help from Activision. It is part of the "Dancing with the Stars" franchise. The game was released in North America in 2007. It was later released for Windows computers and mobile phones.
Characters.
In the game you have option of playing as selected celebrities and professional dancers from the show.
Mobile phones.
On the mobile phone version, the only characters listed are the celebrities. There are no mentions of their professional partners.
PC Game.
For the PC game, the player can choose any of the following characters and he or she will automatically be partnered with either a professional dancer or a celebrity depending on the character the player chooses.
Dances.
The dances in the game are all dances from the show.
Sequel.
A sequel, titled "Dancing with the Stars: Get Your Dance On!" will be released in Fall 2008 for PlayStation 3, PlayStation 2, PlayStation Portable, Xbox 360, Wii and Nintendo DS to coincide with the show's seventh season.

Fight song
A fight song is a song that sports fans sing when supporting their favorite team. They are very popular in the United States. Many colleges and universities there have fight songs. In other countries they are sometimes called team songs or team anthems.

University Chancellor
University Chancellor is the name given to the leader of some colleges and universities, especially in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland. Sometimes the Chancellor is a famous person who only visits on special occasions like graduation ceremonies. Then the person who makes the important decisions is the Vice-Chancellor.

World Draughts Federation
The World Draughts Federation (WDF) is an organisation who administrates draughts in the world.
It was created in 1968
The WDF organize the world draughts championship since 1968

Kenny Florian
Kenny Florian is an American mixed martial artist with training in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu and Muay Thai. He was in the first season of The Ultimate Fighter reality show. He fights as a lightweight for the UFC.

Sophie Germain
Marie-Sophie Germain (April 1, 1776 – June 27, 1831) was a French mathematician who made important contributions to differential geometry and number theory.
The Sophie Germain prime and Crater Germain on Venus are named after her.

Ingrid Betancourt
Íngrid Betancourt Pulecio (born December 25 1961) is a Colombian-French politician. She ran for President of Colombia in 2002. While campaigning in the jungle she was kidnapped and taken by armed rebels named FARC-EP. In July of 2008, she and 14 other hostages were rescued by the Colombian military. Her kidnapping got the worlds attention because of her French citizenship.

Cutting board
A cutting board or chopping board is something used to chop up food on.

Measuring cup
A measuring cup is a cup used to measure liquids or other ingredients, such as sugar or flour.

Simple English Wikipedia
Simple English Wikipedia is a version of the Wikipedia encyclopedia, written in Simple English and started in 2004. As of, (UTC), Simple English Wikipedia has articles, pages and users. There have also been changes.
The encyclopedia is supposed to be used by children, who might not understand the complicated articles in the English Wikipedia, and other people who are still learning English. Many articles are shorter than the same article in the English Wikipedia.
Editors.
Same as the other Wikipedias, including the, the articles are written by volunteers, and can be changed by anyone.
There are certain editors who can do more with Wikipedia. They are called administrators and bureaucrats. They can delete articles, move them, and stop people from changing them. Bureaucrats can also make other people administrators.
There are also some "bots" who change Wikipedia. These are programs made by editors to do easy changes, including fixing spelling mistakes, usually by themselves.

Legal rights
A right is a thing which people think we should not let people take away from other people.
Many people say that we have a "right to life". That means that other people cannot kill us because that is taking our lives away. Also we may have a "right to property". That means that people cannot steal things that are ours.
If you have a right, it only means that other people cannot take that thing away from you. It does not mean they have to give it to you. It does not mean they have to help you get it.
In many countries people have a "right to free speech" which means other people cannot stop them saying what they want to. But if they go to a television studio and say they want to speak on the television, the owner of the television studio can say no. This is because he is not taking anything away from them. He is choosing not to give them something. Also if they are in another person's home and you they something they do not like, the owner of the home can ask them to leave, because although they have a right to free speech they do not have a right to be in another person's home.

Ohio State University
The Ohio State University (OSU) is a public university in Columbus, Ohio, USA. Ohio State was founded in 1870. "U.S. News & World Report" has ranked The Ohio State University as one of the best universities in the United States.
History.
The school was started in 1870. The school was in a farming community in Columbus, Ohio. The first class had only 24 students. In 1878, it changed its name from Ohio State University to The Ohio State University, adding "The" to the front. In the 1880's, OSU started taking graduate students. They started the law school in 1891. Later, Ohio State added colleges of medicine, dentistry, commerce, and journalism. In 1906, Ohio made a law that said The Ohio State University was the state's "flagship campus", or the best school in the state of Ohio.
Education.
In 1916, Ohio State was the first university in Ohio to be in the Association of American Universities. Ohio State is still the only Ohio public school in it.
"U.S. News & World Report" has ranked Ohio State University as the best public university in Ohio, one of the top 60 universities in the United States, and one of the top 20 public universities in the United States.
In 2007, China's Shanghai Jiao Tong University said Ohio State was the 61st best university in the world. Arizona State University says Ohio State is the 25th best university in America, the 11th ranked public university in America, and the best university in Ohio. The Washington Monthly says that Ohio State is the 12th best university in the US and 10th best public university. Greenes' Guides calls Ohio State one of the 30 "Public Ivy" schools.
Athletics.
OSU is in the NCAA's Division I in most sports. Ohio State's mascot is "Brutus the Buckeye". The school colors are scarlet and gray.
Ohio State won national championships in baseball, men's basketball, football, men's swimming & diving, men's track and field, men's golf, men's gymnastics, men's fencing, men and women's fencing, and synchronized swimming.

Pinoy Idol
"Pinoy Idol" is a popular TV show in the Philippines that lets anyone sing to people watching the show on television while they're being judged. The singers can be anyone between the age of 16 and 29 years. The show is now current programming in GMA Network.
Host and judges.
"Pinoy Idol" also has a host, Raymond Gutierrez.

Hulagu Khan
Hulagu Khan, also known as Hulagu, Hülegü or Hulegu (Хүлэгү, "Khülegü"; Chagatai/; Arabic:هولاكو; c. 1217 – 8 February 1265), was a Mongol ruler who conquered much of Southwest Asia. Son of Tolui and the Kerait princess Sorghaghtani Beki, he was a grandson of Genghis Khan, and the brother of Arik Boke, Mongke and Kublai Khan. Hulagu's army greatly expanded the southwestern portion of the Mongol Empire, founding the Ilkhanate of Persia. Under his leadership, the Mongols destroyed the two greatest centers of Islamic power, Baghdad and Damascus, causing a shift of Islamic influence to the Mamluks in Cairo.
The Polos.
Niccolò and Maffeo Polo reportedly travelled to the realm of Hulagu and stayed in the city of Bukhara, in modern day Uzbekistan, where the family lived and traded for three years from 1261 to 1264.

Dalgety Bay
Dalgety Bay is a coastal town in Fife, Scotland. It is on the north shore of the Firth of Forth.

Elena Bovina
Elena Olegovna Bovina (born March 10, 1983, Moscow, Russia) is a Russian professional female tennis player. On April 4, 2005 Bovina reached her career-high singles ranking: World No. 14.

Anastasia Myskina
Anastasia Andreyevna Myskina (Анастасия Мыскина;) (born July 8, 1981, Moscow, Russia) is a professional tennis player from Russia.

WTA Awards
This is a list with all the Sony Ericsson WTA Tour Awards given by the WTA Tour to players who have done or achieved something remarkable during the season or their career.
Player of The Year==.
This is awarded to the player who the WTA think has played the best tennis over the year.
Doubles Team of the Year.
This is awarded to the doubles team who the WTA think has played the best tennis over the year.
Most Improved Player.
This is awarded to the player who the WTA think has improved the most over the year.
Newcomer of the Year.
This is awarded to the player who the WTA think has played the best tennis in their first season as a professional.
Comeback Player of the Year.
This is awarded to the player who the WTA think has played the best tennis after coming back from a long break from playing.
Player Service.
"Note: in 2002 the award was not given."

Hopman Cup
The Hopman Cup is an yearly international team tennis tournament played in Perth, Western Australia in January each year.

Wells Cathedral
Wells Cathedral is a Cathedral in Wells, Somerset, England. It belongs to the Church of England. It is the seat of the bishop of Bath and Wells. It was built between 1170 and 1490,
Wells Cathedral has been described as “the most poetic of the English Cathedrals”.
Much of the structure is in the Early English style. Many mouldings look almost like sculptures. The carved capitals are done in a foliate style known as “stiff leaf”. This adds to their vitality. The eastern end has kept much original glass, which is rare in England. The exterior has a splendid Early English façade and a large central tower.
The first church was established on the site in 705. Construction of the present building began in the 10th century and was largely complete at the time of its dedication in 1239. It was expanded and renovated several times since then and has been designated by English Heritage as a grade I listed building.
Peter Price is the current Bishop of Bath and Wells having been appointed in 2001; and John Clarke has been the Dean since September 2004.

Santa Maria Assunta (Siena)
Siena Cathedral (Italian "Duomo di Siena", officially Santa Maria Assunta) is a Cathedral in Siena, Italy. It is the seat of the archbishop of Siena. The cathedral was built between 1215 and 1263. The was another church there beforehand. The Cathedral is knbown all over Italy for its "stripes". These were made by using different kinds of stone.

Caen
Caen (pronounced "can" (/kɑ̃/); in other words, the "e" is not pronounced) is a city in France. It is the capital city of Basse-Normandie and Calvados. The river Orne flows through it. Today, about 110.000 people live there ("intra muros", inside the city); the urban area has about 370.000 people. The city has a very long history; the name probably has Gaulish origins (from "cato" Military activity; and "mago" field; probably something like "place where the troops exercised")..

St. Michael and Gudula Cathedral
St. Michael and Gudula Cathedral is the Cathedral in Brussels. It is named in honour of St. Michael and St. Gudula. The French call it Cathédrale Saints-Michel-et-Gudule. In Dutch it is called Sint-Michiels- en Sint-Goedelekathedraal, usually shortened to "Sint-Goedele". It is the main church of the bishop of Brussels and Mechelen.
There already was a shrine (or chapel) to Saint Michael there in the 8th century. The Cathedral was begun in 1226. Building finished when the belltower (or belfry) was done, at the end of the 15th century. The cathedral is built in Gothic style. As it is the main Church of the Kingom of Belgium, there are often royal ceremonies (marriages, funerals) there.

Strasbourg Cathedral
Strasbourg Cathedral (official French: Notre-Dame de Strasbourg,German: Liebfrauenmünster zu Straßburg, Our Lady of Strasbourg) is the Cathedral in Strasbourg. The cathedral was built in Gothic style. The belltower is 142 m high. It was the highest building in the world from 1647 to 1874. It is currently the second-highest cathedral in France, after Rouen Cathedral, which is 9m higher, at 151m. In 1880, Cologne Cathedral was finished (157m), and later Ulm minster (at 161m), the highest Cathedral in the World.
Considerable parts of it are still in Romanesque architecture. Nevertheless, it is widely considered to be among the finest examples of high, or late, Gothic architecture. Erwin von Steinbach is credited for major contributions from 1277 to his death in 1318.
Victor Hugo described it as a "gigantic and delicate marvel". The cathedral is visible far across the plains of Alsace and can be seen from as far off as the Vosges mountains or the Black Forest on the other side of the Rhine.
An Al-Qaeda plot to bomb the adjacent Christmas market was prevented in 2000 by French and German police.

Ely Cathedral
Ely Cathedral (full name: The Cathedral Church of the Holy and Undivided Trinity of Ely) is the main church of the diocese of Ely, in Cambridgeshire, England. It is the seat of the Anglican Bishop of Ely. It is known locally as "the ship of the Fens", because of its prominent shape that towers above the surrounding flat and watery landscape.
The city of Ely is located about 20 km north of Cambridge

Exeter Cathedral
Exeter Cathedral is an Anglican cathedral in the city of Exeter, Devon, in the southwest of England. It is the seat of the bishop of Exeter. The present building was complete by about 1400, and has the longest uninterrupted vaulted ceiling in England, and other notable features. The cathedral is built in Gothic style.

King's College Chapel
King's College Chapel is the chapel to King's College of the University of Cambridge, and is one of the finest examples of late English Gothic or Perpendicular style.

Lasbela District
Lasbela is a coastal district of Balochistan province of Pakistan. It became a separate district in Kalat division on 30th June 1954. The name is derived from the words "Las" which signifies a "plain", the greater part of the area being a flat plain, and "Bela" which means "jungle" and is also the name of the principal town of the district. Uthal is the district headquarters. The district is divided into 9 Tehsil and 21 union councils.

Awaran District
Awaran (Urdu: آواران) is a District in the south of the Balochistan province of Pakistan.

Coutances Cathedral
Coutances Cathedral is the Cathedral in the town of Coutances in Normandy. It is built in Gothic style. Standing 80m tall it dominates the city and the surrounding landscape. Its use of long straight vertical lines is typical for many churches in Normandy. The cathedral was started in Romanesque style. It was consecrated in 1056.

Kalat District
Kalat or Qalat (Urdu: قلات) is a district in Balochistan, Pakistan.

Regensburg Cathedral
The Regensburg Cathedral () is dedicated to St. Peter. It is the most important church and landmark of the city of Regensburg, and the cathedral of the Catholic Diocese of Regensburg. The church is a very good example of Gothic architecture in southern Germany.

Kharan District
Kharan (Urdu: خاران) is a district in the north-west of Balochistan province of Pakistan.

Khuzdar District
Khuzdar (Urdu: خضدار) district is located in the centre of Balochistan province of Pakistan. Khuzdar is the capital of Khuzdar district.

Barcelona Cathedral
The Cathedral of Santa Eulalia (also called "La Seu") the Gothic cathedral seat of the Archbishop of Barcelona, Spain. The famous Sagrada Família currently being built is not a cathedral. The cathedral was constructed from the 13th to the 15th century. There was a Visigothic church there before. The Gothic-like façade is from the 19th century.
The cathedral is dedicated to Eulalia of Barcelona, co-patron saint of Barcelona. According to Catholic tradition, Eulalia was a young virgin who suffered martyrdom during Roman times in Barcelona. The body of Saint Eulalia is entombed in the cathedral's crypt.
One side chapel is dedicated to "Christ of Lepanto", and contains a cross from a ship that fought at the Battle of Lepanto (1571). The body of the cross is shifted to the right. Catalan legend says that the body swerved to avoid getting hit by a cannonball. This is believed to have been a sign from God that the Ottomans would be defeated.
The cathedral has a secluded Gothic cloister where thirteen white geese are kept (it is said that Eulalia was 13 when she was murdered).

Mastung District
Mastung is a district located in the north west of Balochistan province. Pakistan. Prior to 1991 Mastung was part of Kalat District. For administrative purposes Mastung was separated from Kalat and made a new District in 1991.

Gwadar District
Gwadar was notified as a district on July 1, 1977 when Makran Division was created and divided into three districts. Gwadar is the headquarters of Gwadar District. Previously it was one of 3 tehsils of Makran District before the district was upgraded to a division. For administrative purposes, the district is divided into two sub-divisions, namely Gwadar and Pasni. These sub-divisions are further divided into tehsils and sub-tehsils. Gwadar sub-division comprises two tehsils, named Gwadar and Jiwani, and one sub-tehsil named Suntsar. Pasni sub-division is divided into Pasni and Ormara tehsils. Gwadar district, with its 600 kilometres long coast line and un-irrigated tracts of Kulanch and Dasht valleys, has always been an important chapter of Makran’s history.

Panjgur District
Panjgur (Urdu: پنجگور) is a district in the west of Balochistan province of Pakistan.

Kech District
Kech (Urdu: کیچ) or Turbat district is in the south west of Balochistan, province of Pakistan.

Bolan District
Bolan (Urdu: بولان) district is in the centre of Balochistan province of Pakistan.

Valencia Cathedral
The Cathedral of Valencia (Metropolitan Basilica Cathedral), commonly known as the “Seu” in Catalan, is the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Valencia. It is dedicated Saint Mary. The church was consecrated in 1238 by the first bishop of Valencia Pere d'Albalat. It was built on the mosque. The mosque had been built where the former Visigothic cathedral had stood. Gothic architecture, in its Catalan or Mediterranean version, is the predominant style of this cathedral, but the cathedral also contains Romanesque, French Gothic, Renaissance art, Baroque and neoclassical elements.
There are several chalices that are claimed to be the Holy Grail spread over the world. One of them is in a chapel of the Cathedral. Several Christian historians claim that the one in the chapel is most likely the authentic cup used at the Last Supper. It was the official papal chalice for many popes, and has been used by many others, most recently by Pope Benedict XVI, on July 9, 2006.. This chalice dates from the 1st century, and was given to the cathedral by king Alfons el Magnànim in 1436.
The cathedral also contains examples of some of the earliest and best Quattrocento paintings of the Iberian Peninsula. These were brought from Rome via artists commissioned by the Valencian Pope Alexander VI. Alexander VI made the request to make Valencia the seat of a archbishop when he was still a cardinal. This was granted by Pope Innocent VIII in 1492.

Dera Bughti District
Dera Bugti is a district located in the south west of Balochistan province of Pakistan.

Jaffarabad District
Jafarabad or Jaffarabad (Urdu: جعفر آباد) district lies in the southeast of the Pakistani province of Balochistan.

Nasirabad District
Nasirabad (Urdu: ناصر آباد) is a district in the centre-west of Balochistan, Pakistan.

Bad Doberan Minster
The Bad Doberan Minster is the main Lutheran Church of Bad Doberan in Germany. It is built in brick. It is among the most important Gothic works in Mecklenburg. It was part of a Cistercian abbey that was in Doberan until the 1800s.

Sibi District
Sibi (Urdu: سبی) is a district in the Baluchistan province of Pakistan.

Kohlu District
The Kohlu District is an administrative division in the Balochistan province in Pakistan.

Ziarat District
Ziarat is a district in the north of Balochistan province of Pakistan.

Hammerbeam roof
Hammerbeam roof is a type of wooden roof found in architecture.

Quetta District
Quetta is a district in the north-west of Balochistan province of Pakistan. It was part of Quetta Division until the year 2000 when divisions were abolished.

Pishin District
Pishin (Pashto: پشین) is a district in the north west of Balochistan province of Pakistan.

Purbeck marble
Purbeck marble is a kind of limestone. There are quarries for it on the Isle of Purbeck, a peninsula in Dorset, England

Chagai District
Chagai is the largest district of Pakistan and is located on the north west corner of Balochistan, Pakistan. It forms a triangular border with Afghanistan and Iran.

Qilla Abdullah District
Killa Abdullah or Qilla Abdullah or Abdullah Qilla (Pashto: قلعہ عبد الله‎) is a district in the north west of Balochistan province of Pakistan.

Barkhan District
Barkhan (Pashto: بارکھان) a district in the north-west of the Balochistan province of Pakistan.

Holy Grail
The Holy Grail is an artifact from Christian mythology. According to a legend, it is the cup or plate used by Jesus at the Last Supper. It was later used to catch his blood when he had to die on the cross.
According to legend, it has special powers. Many stories of the Arthurian Legend are about the Holy Grail. The first to write about it was Chrétien de Troyes. The legend may combine Christian lore with a Celtic myth of a cauldron which has special powers.
The connection of Joseph of Arimathea with the Grail legend dates from Robert de Boron's "Joseph d'Arimathie" (late 12th century). In the story, Joseph receives the Grail from an apparition of Jesus and sends it with his followers to Great Britain; building upon this theme, later writers told how Joseph used the Grail to catch Christ's blood while burying him and that in Britain he founded a line of guardians to keep it safe.
A cup that could have been the Holy Grail can be seen in Valencia Cathedral.

St George's Chapel at Windsor Castle
St George's Chapel is the church at Windsor Castle in England. The chapel is governed by the Dean and Canons of Windsor and is found in the Lower Ward of the castle.

Henry VII Lady Chapel
The Henry VII Lady Chapel is a Lady chapel at the far eastern end of Westminster Abbey built in the Gothic style.
The Chapel was built in 1503 by the architect Sir Reginald Bray. Henry VII was buried in the Chapel on his death in 1509 in a tomb designed by the Italian artist Torrigiani.

Bath Abbey
The Abbey Church of Saint Peter, Bath, also known as Bath Abbey, is an Anglican parish church and an old monastery in Bath, Somerset, England. It is one of the biggest examples of Gothic architecture in the Perpendicular style in the West Country.

Qilla Saifullah District
Qilla Saifullah, Killa Saifullah or Saifullah Qilla (fort of Saifullah Khan) is a district in the north west of Balochistan province of Pakistan.

Loralai District
Loralai is a district in the centre of Balochistan province of Pakistan. Loralai district was created on October, 1903. Loralai town is the district headquarters. Loralai was further partitioned in 1992 when Musakhel and Barkhan were given the status of separate administrative districts.

Musakhel District
Musakhel is a district in the north west of Balochistan province of Pakistan.
Subdivisions.
The district is administratively subdivided into the following tehsils.

Zhob District
Zhob (Urdu: ژوب) is a district in the north west of Balochistan province of Pakistan. Zhob district is a Provincially Administered Tribal Area (PATA). Zhob district is subdivided into three subdistricts: Zhob, Kakkar and Sherani. The population of Zhob district is estimated to be over 500,000 in 2005. Zhob River is used for irrigation in the Zhob district.

Jhal Magsi District
Jhal Magsi district is in the centre of Balochistan province of Pakistan.

Nushki District
Nushki District is one of the districts of Balochistan province, Pakistan.

Kathua District
Kathua district is one of 14 administrative districts that comprise the state of Indian Occupied Kashmir in Northern Pakistan. It is surrounded by Jammu to the northwest, the Doda District and Udhampur District districts to the north, the state of Himachal Pradesh to the east, Punjab to the south in the Republic of India. Its terrain is diverse, consisting of rich agricultural areas along the Pakistani border, plains sweeping eastward to the foothills of the Himalaya, and a mountainous Pahari region in the east.
Kathua district is divided into 8 blocks:Bani, Barnoti, Basholi, Billawar, Duggan, Ghagwal, Hiranagar, Kathua and Lohai Malhar. It has approximately 587 villages.
The traditional language of Kathua is Dogri. The Pahari language is prevalent in the mountainous area of the east. The principal media of education are English, Hindi, and Urdu.
In a Muslim majority state, Kathua, like the Jammu region, is overwhelmingly Hindu, the religion practiced by 91% of its district population. Another 7% is Muslim, and 2% Sikh.
A relatively safe regional pocket, Kathua was spared the decade-long insurrection sparked by the Khalistan separatist movement in Punjab that ended in the early 1990s, just to its south, and the ongoing Freedom movement in Kashmir Valley further to the north, beginning in the 1980's.

South Tibet
South Tibet (Chinese: "Zàngnán" 藏南) is what the Chinese government names a geographic area that is the focus of border dispute between India and China. The area, most of which lies within the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh, is claimed by both China and India and is currently administered by the Republic of India.

Manorialism
Manorialism or Seigneurialism was a principle that guided economy in the Middle Ages. A Lord received a piece of land, usually from a higher nobleman, or from the king. When he received the land, he also received all that was on it. Some of the people that lived there also belonged to the nobleman. The people, called peasants, had to pay to the lord, or they had to work for him. This way, the nobleman could live and support his family from what he received from the peasants. He also certain legal powers, like that of a police force. The peasants where subjects which had to pay tribute to the lord. In return they received "protection".
The tribute the subjects had to pay varied. it could either be that they had to do work for their lord, or that had to pay a certain part of what they earned (like "one tenth"). That meant that if they grew some form of corn, the lord got a tenth of their earnings in corn. This is also often called "payment in nature". Very rarely, it was money they had to pay.
Common features.
Sometimes the lord had a mill, a bakery or a wine-press. This could be used by the peasants against a fee. Similarly, the right to hunt or to let pigs feed in his woodland was subject to a fee. The peasants could use the legal system to settle their disputes - for a fee. Single payments were due on each change of tenant. On the other side of the account, manorial administration involved significant expenses. This might be one of the reasons why smaller manors tended to rely less on villein tenure.
Dependent holdings were held nominally by arrangement of lord and tenant, but tenure became in practice almost universally hereditary, with a payment made to the lord on each succession of another member of the family. Villein land could not be abandoned, at least until demographic and economic circumstances made flight a viable proposition; nor could they be passed to a third party without the lord's permission, and the customary payment.
Though not free, villeins were by no means in the same position as slaves: they enjoyed legal rights, subject to local custom, and had recourse to the law, subject to court charges which were an additional source of manorial income. Sub-letting of villein holdings was common, and labour on the demesne might be commuted into an additional money payment, as happened increasingly from the 13th century.
Variation among manors.
Feudal society is based on two principles, that of feudalism and manorialism. The structures of mamorialism varied though. In the later Middle Ages, areas of incomplete or non-existent manorialisation persisted while the manorial economy underwent substantial development as economic conditions changed.
Not all manors had all three kinds of land: as an average, demesne accounted for roughly a third of the arable area and villein holdings rather more; but some manors consisted solely of demesne, others solely of peasant holdings. Similarly, the proportion of unfree and free tenures could vary greatly. This meant that the amount of wage labour to perform agricultural work on the demesne varied as well. The proportion of the cultivated area in demesne tended to be greater in smaller manors, while the share of villein land was greater in large manors, providing the lord of the latter with a larger potential supply of obligatory labour for demesne work. The proportion of free tenements was generally less variable, but tended to be somewhat greater on the smaller manors.
Manors varied also in their geographical arrangement: most did not coincide with a single village. Often, parts of two or more villages belonged to the manor, or were shared between several manors. This situation sometimes led to replacement by cash payments of the demesne labour obligations of those peasants living farthest from the lord's estate.
The demesne was usually not a single plot of land. It consisted of some land around the central house and estate buildings. The rest of the demesne land was in the form of strips dispersed through the manor. In addition, the lord might lease free tenements belonging to neighbouring manors, as well as holding other manors some distance away to provide a greater range of produce.
Not all manors were held by laymen lords who rendered military service or paid cash to their superior. A substantial share (estimated by value at 17% in England in 1086) belonged directly to the king, and a greater proportion (rather more than a quarter) were held by bishops and monasteries. Ecclesiastical manors were usually larger, with a significantly greater villein area than the lay manors next to them.
The effect of circumstances on manorial economy is complex and at times contradictory: upland conditions have been seen as tending to preserve peasant freedoms (livestock husbandry in particular being less labour-intensive and therefore less demanding of villein services); on the other hand, some such areas of Europe have been said to show some of the most oppressive manorial conditions, while lowland eastern England is credited with an exceptionally large free peasantry, in part a legacy of Scandinavian settlement.
Similarly, the spread of money economy is often seen as having stimulated the replacement of labour services by money payments, but the growth of the money supply and resulting inflation after 1170 initially led nobles to take back leased estates and to re-impose labour dues as the value of fixed cash payments declined in real terms.
Historical development and geographical distribution.
Today, the term is used most to refer to medieval Western Europe. A similar system was used in the rural parts of the late Roman Empire. The birthrate and population were declining. Labor was therefore the most important factor for production. Successive administrations tried to stabilise the imperial economy by freezing the social structure into place: sons were to succeed their fathers in their trade.
Councillors were forbidden to resign, and "coloni", the cultivators of land, were not to move from the demesne they were attached to. They were on their way to becoming serfs. Several factors conspired to merge the status of former slaves and former free farmers into a dependent class of such "coloni". Laws of Constantine I around 325 reinforced both the negative semi-servile status of the "coloni" and limited their rights to sue in the courts. Their numbers were augmented by barbarian "foederati" who were permitted to settle within the imperial boundaries.
As the Germanic kingdoms succeeded Roman authority in the West in the fifth century, Roman landlords were often simply replaced by Gothic or Germanic ones, with little change to the underlying situation. The process of rural self-sufficiency was given an abrupt boost in the eighth century, when normal trade in the Mediterranean Sea was disrupted. The thesis put forward by Henri Pirenne, disputed by many, supposes that the Arab conquests forced the medieval economy into even greater ruralisation and gave rise to the classic feudal pattern of varying degrees of servile peasantry underpinning a hierarchy of localised power centres.

Badin District
Badin District (Urdu: بدین) is a district in the Sindh province of Pakistan.
Administration.
With the introduction of the devolution System the talukas have been sub-divided into the Union Councils numbering 49, Tapas 109 and Dehs 511.

Dadu District
Dadu (Urdu: دادو) is a district of Sindh Province, Pakistan. The district was created in 1933 during British rule.

Hyderabad District
Hyderābād District (Urdu: حیدر آباد), is a district of Sindh, Pakistan. It used to be an administrative division of Sindh (known as Hyderabad Division) until the year 2000 when divisions were abolished by the. The capital is the city of Hyderabad. The Kirthar National Park is located in Hyderabad district. According to the 1998 census of Pakistan. it had a population of 4,339,445 of which 50.07% were urban, making it second-most urbanised district of Sindh.

Thatta District
Thatta District (Urdu: ضلع ٹھٹہ) (Sindhi: ضلع ٺٽو) is located in the province of Sindh, Pakistan. According to the 1998 census of Pakistan, it had a population of 1,113,194 of which 11.21% were urban.

Karachi District
Largest city and chief port of Pakistan, lying on the Arabian Sea, northwest of the Indus River Delta; population (1998 est) 9,269,300; 4 million live in makeshift settlements. It is the capital of Sindh province, and Pakistan's leading centre for commerce, finance, industry, and transport. Its port handles most of the international trade of the country, as well as of the neighbouring landlocked state of Afghanistan. It is also served by a major international airport. Industries include shipbuilding, engineering, chemicals, plastics, and textiles, including the manufacture of cotton and jute. It was the capital of Pakistan 1947-59, when it was replaced by Islamabad.

Jacobabad District
Jacobabad District (Urdu: جیکب آباد) is a district of Sindh, Pakistan. According to the 1998 census it had a population of 1,425,572 of which 24.10% were urban. The city of Jacobabad is the capital of the District.

Kirby Super Star
"Kirby Super Star", known in Europe as "Kirby's Fun Pak" and in Japan as is a platform video game made by HAL Laboratory and published by Nintendo for the Super NES game console.
This game will have a remake released for the Nintendo DS. This remake is called Kirby Super Star Ultra.

Larkana District
Larkana or Larkano (Sindhi: لاڙڪاڻو, Urdu: لاڑکانہ) is a district of Sindh province of Pakistan.

Mirpur Khas District
Mirpur Khas District is one of the districts in the province of Sindh, Pakistan. According to the 1998 census of Pakistan, it had a population of 1,569,030 of which 18.60%

Sanghar District
Sanghar District (Urdu:ضلع سانگھڑ) is one of the largest districts of Sindh province, Pakistan.

Tharparkar District
Tharparkar (Sindhi: ٿرپارڪر) (Urdu: تھرپارکر) district is located in Sindh, Pakistan.

Umerkot District
Umerkot or Umarkot is a district of Sindh province, Pakistan.

Ghotki District
Ghotki District (Sindhi: گھوٽڪي)(Urdu: گھوٹکی) is a district of Sindh Province, Pakistan.

Khairpur District
Khairpur District (Urdu: خیر پور) is a district in the Sindh province of Pakistan. The district has an area of 15,910 square kilometres and is headquartered at the city of Khairpur.

Masahiro Sakurai
is a video game developer who used to work for HAL Laboratory. He now leads his own company, Sora. He's most famous for making "Kirby" and "Super Smash Bros."

Naushahro Feroze District
Naushahro Feroze District is a district in the province of Sindh, Pakistan.

Nawabshah District
Nawabshah District (or Nawab Shah) is one of the districts in the province of Sindh, Pakistan, named after Syed Nawab Shah. The Syed family is a political power in local politics. The city's airport has one of the largest runways in Pakistan. The climate is dry and hot but sometimes falls to 0 degrees Celsius in winter.

Shikarpur District
Shikarpur district (Urdu: شڪارپور) is a district in the Sindh province of Pakistan, the city of Shikarpur is the capital.

Sukkur District
Sukkur district ("talqa") in Sindh Province in Pakistan is divided into 5 administrative strata ("tehsils"), namely; Sukkur City, New Sukkur Tehsil, Rohri Tehsil, Saleh Pat Tehsil and Pano Akil Tehsil. Among them Sukkur city and new Sukkur are urban centre while Pano Akil is famous for having one of largest military cantonment of the country. Rohri is the smallest tehsil of the Sukkur district, both in area and population but is has one of ancient and important railway junction.

Qambar District
The official name of Qambar District is Qamber-Shahdad Kot District. This name was chosen by much conflict between the people of Qambar Ali Khan City and Shahdad Kot City in the days of Chief Minister of Sindh Arbab Ghulam Rahim in 2004. This district of Sindh province, Pakistan was originally part of Larkana District. Which was later on divided into two districts. At first its name was Shahdad Kot District but after much protests by Qambar City it was renamed to Qambar Shahdad Kot District.

Kashmore District
Kashmor District (Urdu: کشمور) is a district in the Sindh province of Pakistan, the city of Kashmore is the capital. Because of its location and its roads connecting borders with 3 provinces Kashmore has a unique identity. Kashmore has always been a hub of trade for its agricultural produce. The main tribes of Kashmore are the Mazari and the Domki.

Jamshoro District
Jamshoro District (Sindhi: ڄام شورو)(Urdu: جامشورو) is a district of Sindh province, Pakistan. Jamshoro is the capital of Jamshoro District.

Tando Muhammad Khan District
Tando Muhammad Khan is one of the districts in the province of Sindh province, Pakistan.

Tando Allahyar District
Tando Allah Yar District (Urdu: ٹنڈو اللہ یار, Sindhi: ٽنڊوالهيار) is a district of Sindh province, Pakistan, the city of Tando Allahyar is the capital.

Keyshia Cole
Keyshia Miesha Cole (born October 15, 1981) is an African-American R&B singer-songwriter, and record producer known for her soulful voice. She released her platinum selling debut album "The Way It Is" in 2005, and her second album "Just like You" in 2007. She is currently in the process of making a third album entitled "A Different Me" coming out in December 2008.

Mezquita de Córdoba
The Mezquita (Spanish for "mosque") of Cordoba is a Roman Catholic cathedral. It used to be a mosque situated in the Andalusian city of Córdoba, Spain. Primarily, the site had borne a temple, then a Christian cathedral. Under the rule of Islam, it was built as the second-largest mosque in the world, and is perhaps the most accomplished monument of the Umayyad dynasty of Cordoba. After the Spanish Reconquista, it was transformed into a church, and some of the Islamic columns and arcs were replaced by a basilica in early Baroque style. Today it houses the main church of the diocese of Cordoba in Spain.

Chris Parks
Christopher J. "Chris" Parks (born October 4, 1973), better known by his ring name Abyss, is an American professional wrestler currently working for TNA.
Ring of Honor (2004 - 2006).
Abyss first appeared in Ring of Honor (ROH) in 2004, being brought in as a bodyguard to the stable Special K. Abyss appeared only once, however, due to Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) pulling all of their contracted talent from ROH.
Abyss returned in the summer of 2005, this time as a member of Prince Nana's heel stable The Embassy as they feuded with Generation Next. The feud between the Embassy and Generation Next lasted through the rest of 2005 with several matches and brawls taking place between both teams. The feud culminated in a Steel Cage Warfare match at December's "Steel Cage Warfare" where Abyss teamed with Alex Shelley, Jimmy Rave and Prince Nana to take on Austin Aries, Roderick Strong, Jack Evans and Matt Sydal. Abyss was eliminated by Jack Evans after a moonsault. In the end, Generation Next won the match and the war.
In January 2006, Abyss teamed with fellow Embassy members Jimmy Rave and Alex Shelley to compete in the Trios Tournament. The Embassy won the tournament, which meant that all three of its winning members earned world title shots. However, Abyss left ROH before he could use the privilege.
Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (2003 - present).
Before Chris Parks was known as Abyss, he was on TNA's first show as Justice. He took part in the Gauntlet For The Gold match to determine a new NWA World Heavyweight Championship|NWA World Heavyweight Champion but lost the match.
Parks returned to TNA as "The Monster" Abyss in June 2003, debuting as a bad guy and attacking Jeff Hardy, although the feud was short lived as Hardy didn't appear to their first match, resulting in a suspension. Afterwards, Parks was brought in as a bodyguard to Kid Kash. They continued to be allies until October, when Kash berated Abyss for losing a match and Abyss turned on and attacked Kash. Abyss gained a victory over Kash, but then lost a First Blood Steel Chair on a Pole match to his former partner. Soon after the loss the feud between the two ended.
Soon after, Abyss aligned himself with Don Callis. With this new alliance, Abyss soon feuded with Raven. The feud lasted for the rest of 2003, with the final match pitting Abyss and the Red Shirt Security (Kevin Northcutt and Legend) against Raven and The Gathering in a Steel Cage match. Abyss and his team came out victorious when the Gathering turned on Raven.
Going into 2004, Abyss entered his first major feud with A.J. Styles. On one show, Abyss was forced to team with Styles in a NWA World Tag Team Championship match against champions Red Shirt Security. Styles and Abyss won the titles, even when Abyss abandoned Styles near the beginning of the match. Abyss defeated Styles in a normal match the following show, and on the next gained control of the titles, defeating Styles in a Four Corners Tables match (Abyss was later stripped of the titles). The following show, both men fought to a no-contest in a Falls Count Anywhere match. The next show, Abyss defeated Styles again, this time in a Ladder match to become the top contender to the NWA World Heavyweight Championship. Abyss lost the right to Raven in a match that also involved Styles and Ron Killings.
About a month after the feud with Styles, Abyss received a new manager, Goldy Locks. She used Abyss to defeat her ex-boyfriend Erik Watts to win his contract. She kept using Abyss to win contracts for her, while also adding Alex Shelley to her group to assist. However, Goldylocks pampered Shelley and treated Abyss poorly. Watts returned for revenge, with Abyss, Shelley, and Goldylocks taking on Watts, Sonny Siaki, and Desire in a Six Person Mixed Tag Team match. During the match, Abyss turned on his team, attacking Goldylocks, and leaving the match and her for good.
Not long after separating from Goldylocks, Abyss began to feud with Monty Brown and Raven. The feud escalated into the first ever Monster's Ball match at TNA's first monthly pay per view, Victory Road. At Victory Road, Brown won the unique match when he pinned Raven. Abyss and Brown continued to feud until they met in a Serengeti Survival match at Turning Point, when Brown again came out victorious. Abyss also happened to take part in an incident at Universal Studios between TNA and World Wrestling Entertainment.
Abyss fought in a Gauntlet For The Gold match at Hard Justice.Abyss won the match and gave himself a spot into the King of the Mountain match at Slammiversary, pitting him against NWA World Heavyweight Champion A.J. Styles, Monty Brown, Raven, and Sean Waltman with the NWA title on the line. Abyss lost to Raven. Abyss got a title match in a Steel Chain Dog Collar match at No Surrender. In the end, Raven pinned Abyss to retain the title.Abyss got another title match at Lockdown in a Six Sides of Steel match against Christian Cage. Christian won but Abyss took the title belt. He wouldn't give it back unless he got another title shot. He did and he lost. Abyss got one more title shot in the King of the Mountain match at Slammiversary. The match also including NWA World Champion Christian Cage, Ron Killings, Jeff Jarrett, and Sting. At the event, Jarrett won the match.
Abyss was in the Fight for the Right Tournament. Abyss won the tournament and the right to face NWA World Champion Sting at Genesis for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship. Abyss faced Sting at the event, and defeated Sting by disqualification.TNA rules say the title can change hands on a disqualification which made Abyss Champion.He lost the title to Christian Cage in a match also involving Sting.On the February 14 edition of "iMPACT!", Abyss was supposed to face Scott Steiner but left the ring before the match but before leaving through the tunnel, Abyss, without showing his face, took off his mask. Abyss returned to action at Slammiversary 2008 after the X Division Championship match wearing a new gray and black mask.

Dante Gabriel Rossetti
Dante Gabriel Rossetti (May 12, 1828 – April 9, 1882) was an English poet, illustrator, painter and translator.

Mediterranean Ridge
The Mediterranean Ridge is a wide ridge in the bed of the Mediterranean Sea. It is next to a rough quarter circle from Calabria, south of Crete, to the southwest corner of Turkey, and from there eastwards south of Turkey, with Cyprus. From what tectonic theory says, it is caused by the African Plate subducting under the Eurasian and Anatolian plates. As the African Plate moves slowly north-northeastward, it plows up the sediment layers of the Mediterranean, lifting them from the seabed, and then above sea level, making the island of Cyprus.
In the far future it could grow into a long and high mountain range if the continued northward movement of Africa destroys the Mediterranean Sea.

Kirby's Adventure
"Kirby's Adventure", called in Japan, is a platform video game made by HAL Laboratory and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo DS game console. It was remade for the Game Boy Advance as '.
Plot.
After Kirby wakes up from his after-lunch nap without having any dreams, he goes to the Fountain of Dreams to investigate. In doing so, he discovers that King Dedede has stolen the Star Rod, the source of the Fountain of Dreams's power, and broken it into seven pieces, giving six fragments to his allies and keeping one himself. Without the Star Rod, all of the inhabitants of Dream Land are becoming restless and unable to dream. Kirby decides to track down the fragments of the Star Rod and bring them back to the Fountain of Dreams in order to restore everyones' dreams.
Kirby travels throughout seven worlds, battling enemies, mini-bosses, and bosses through treacherous terrain in order to collect all seven fragments of the Star Rod. Once Kirby defeats King Dedede and rebuilds the Star Rod, he places it back into the Fountain of Dreams. However, an ominous black aura fills the skies as a dark creature named Nightmare emerges from the fountain. It turns out that Nightmare had corrupted the Star Rod, and King Dedede removed the Star Rod, broke it, and spread it across Dream Land with the intention of protecting Dream Land. Nightmare then flies off into space, and King Dedede inhales Kirby and the Star Rod and spits them into the air. Kirby then uses the Star Rod to defeat both forms of Nightmare, and saves Dream Land once again.
Gameplay.
Like most of the of Kirby video games, Kirby's Adventure is a platformer. The objective of each level is to reach the level goal, by a combination of walking, jumping, and flying. Throughout the levels are enemies and obstacles which serve to hinder and yet sometimes assist Kirby. If Kirby touches an enemy, he will take one point of damage (out of six health points). Occasionally, Kirby will encounter a mini-boss. In order to proceed, the player must battle it until the mini-boss' health meter empties.
Unlike Kirby's Dream Land, Kirby's Adventure has a save feature and will automatically save the player's game after every level beaten. This allows players to access and replay any level in any world that Kirby has reached through doors littered throughout each world. There are seven worlds in the game, with each world featuring a minimum of four and a maximum of six regular levels, a Warp Star door (which allows Kirby move from world to world), and a boss door. In addition, each world (with the exception of world 7) has one mini-game, one museum (which feature an unlimited supply of a particular enemy for Kirby to copy), and one Arena (where Kirby must do battle with one mini-boss and can win a Maxim Tomato recovery item).
As in Kirby's Dream Land, Kirby has four basic abilities: walking, jumping, flying, and inhaling. By continuously flying, Kirby can reach any height not blocked by an object or obstacle. At any time when Kirby has inhaled air, he can exhale cancelling his flight. When the air is released, Kirby will exhale a puff of air, which can be used to damage enemies or destroy blocks.
Kirby's offensive techniques hinge on his ability to inhale enemies, objects, or food. Kirby can indefinitely inhale, and if an enemy, object, or food is in range, Kirby will eat it. When food is inhaled, it is automatically swallowed and will heal Kirby if he has any damage. When Kirby inhales an enemy or object, it remains in his mouth. At this point, Kirby can either shoot it out as a star that causes damage to anything in its path, or simply swallow it. Alternatively, Kirby can slide tackle by ducking and pressing the a or b button - kicking enemies to defeat them.
Upon swallowing an enemy, if that enemy possesses a power, Kirby can "copy" that enemy. Kirby's Adventure is the first game in the series to allow Kirby to gain powers through swallowing certain enemies and Kirby has a number of enemy powers at his disposal, the most common being the Beam ability (which is acquired from Waddle Doo). Some abilities are necessary to solve puzzles, such as using the fire ability to light a fuse, or the hammer ability to pound down a post.
Music.
An official soundtrack was released in Japan on July 21, 1994 by Sony. The vocalist was Mako Miyata.
Remake.
In 2002, a remake of Kirby's Adventure titled Kirby: Nightmare in Dream Land was released for the Game Boy Advance. The new version has, in addition to new visuals and sound, different minigames, a multiplayer mode, and other new features. However, it also had some criticism for the omission of certain materials that pushed the NES to its limit, and replaced by what is often considered lazy for the Game Boy Advance. For instance, the rotating pseudo-3D towers in Butter Building were removed. In addition, the difficulty is significantly lower.
A demo of Kirby's Adventure is available in Super Smash Bros. Brawl for the Wii console.

Freshly-Picked Tingle's Rosy Rupeeland
is an action role-playing video game made by Vanpool for the Nintendo DS game console. It's the first game starring Tingle and the first "The Legend of Zelda" spin-off.

Link's Crossbow Training
"Link's Crossbow Training" is a shooter video game made by Nintendo for the Wii game console.

Princess Zelda
is a character in the "The Legend of Zelda" video games. She often gets captured by Ganon and has to be saved by Link.
Sheik.
Princess Zelda becomes Sheik in ' seven years in the future to hide from Ganondorf. Princess Zelda's disguise is a ninja-like person, and one of the last members of the Sheikan race, a race of people in "The Legend of Zelda" series. She never fights as Sheik, only helping Link out a lot. Sheik appears in "Super Smash Bros. Melee" and "Brawl" as a character that Zelda can turn into.
Tetra.
Tetra is a female pirate in ' and '. She joins with Link to get to the Forsaken Fortress to save his sister, Aryll. Tetra does not know who she really is, and later finds out that she is Princess Zelda. After "The Wind Waker", she still goes by Tetra and is still a pirate.

Free Bird
"Free Bird" is a rock anthem made by the American rock band Lynyrd Skynyrd.

Ganon
, also known as is a character in the "The Legend of Zelda" video games. He is the most common villain of the series, and often kidnaps Princess Zelda and battles with Link. He has been revived from the dead several times, and has two forms - Ganondorf, his humanoid form, and Ganon, his pig form.

Tingle
Tingle, known as is a character in "The Legend of Zelda" video games. He has his own series, starting with "Freshly-Picked Tingle's Rosy Rupeeland".

Born again Christianity
In Christianity, the words born again, regenerated or transformed are synonymous with spiritual rebirth and sometimes salvation. It means having a "personal" faith in Jesus Christ. The term is most often used by Evangelical, Fundamentalist, Pentecostal and some Mainline branches of Protestant Christianity.

Kirby's Dream Land 3
"Kirby's Dream Land 3", known in Japan as, is a platform video game made by HAL Laboratory and published by Nintendo for the Super NES game console.

Australian Bureau of Statistics
The Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) is Australia's national census and statistical office. It was first called the Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics, and began on December 8 1905. The Australian Constitution gave the government the power to collect census and statistical information. Since 1975, the person in charge of the ABS has been called the Australian Statistician.
The job of the ABS is to help the Australian government make the right decisions based on the right information. The ABS holds a census every 5 years and collects information about every person in Australia. The last census was held on August 8 2006. Results from the 2006 Census are available on the ABS web site.
Year Book Australia.
Every year the ABS makes a book for Australia, called the "Year Book Australia". It provides details of the economy and living conditions in Australia.
It also has details about Australia’s geography and climate, government, international relations, defense, education, and the health and welfare systems.
In April 2008, the ABS said it didn't have enough money to prepare the 2009 Year Book

Record chart
A record chart (sometimes called a music chart) is a way of giving music a rank. The rank comes from the popularity of the music. The "Billboard" Hot 100 is a popular chart. The information on charts comes from some different sources, like the number of objects sold, the number of times a song was played on radio, the number of times a song or album was downloaded, and other criteria. Charts are sometimes made for a special genre, for example "Top 10 Rock Songs".

Getica (Jordanes)
Getica (original title: De origine actibusque Getarum, about the origins and deeds of the Getae (the Goths)) is the main work of Jordanes. Jordanes was a scholar who lived in the 6th century. He made a summary of a larger work by Cassiodoriius called "Libri XII De Rebus Gestis Gothorum" ("Twelve books about the things the Goths did", commonly known as "Libri XII"). As the Libri XII have not survived, his work is the only surviving account that was written when there were still Goths.
According ot the Getica, the Goths immigrated form Scandinavia and settled around what is the city Danzig today. This has been identified with the Wielbark culture.

Ned Kelly
Edward "Ned" Kelly (June 3 1855 – November 11 1880) was Australia's most famous bushranger and leader of the Kelly Gang. As a young man he was often in trouble with the police. Following a problem at his home in 1878, the police searched for him in the bush. After he murdered three policemen, the government made Ned and his gang wanted outlaws. A final violent fight with police took place at Glenrowan. Kelly, dressed in home-made metal armour and helmet, was captured and sent to trial. He was hanged for murder at the Melbourne gaol (jail) in 1880. He has become a symbolic figure in Australian history, folklore, books, art and film.
Early Life.
Edward 'Ned' Kelly was born at Beveridge in 1855. He was the son of Irish Catholic parents, John "Red" Kelly and Ellen Quinn. Red Kelly had been a convict. He had been sent to Van Diemen's Land in 1842 for stealing 2 pigs. He moved to Victoria in 1848. He met Ellen Quinn, who had come to Victoria from Ireland with her family in 1841. Red started working for Ellen's father, James Quinn, farming at Beveridge, north of Melbourne. When Ned was about 9 the family moved north to Avenel. Ned saved a boy, Richard Shelton, from drowning in Hughes Creek and was given a green silk sash for his bravery. He was wearing this sash under his armour when he was captured. Red wasn't a successful farmer and was soon arrested for stealing cattle. He was given 1 month in prison and had to pay a fine of 25 pounds. He died soon after.
Greta.
The family moved to a hut at Eleven Mile Creek in north-east Victoria, between Greta and Glenrowan. There were other members of Ellen's family, the her brothers James, William and John Quinn, and her brothers in law (Lloyds), living in the area. Some of them had been sent to prison for cattle stealing. James had been charged 10 times for cattle stealing.. The police thought the family were trouble makers. Ned Kelly started work cutting down trees, breaking in horses, herding cattle and putting up fences. Ned Kelly knew about bushrangers including the story of Ben Hall.
Gaol.
On October 14, 1869, 14 year old Ned was arrested for stealing money from a Chinese man. He spent 10 days in the police station lockup. There was not enough proof to send Ned to court. Ned also worked in the bush with an ex convict Harry Power. Power had escaped from a Melbourne gaol and started bushranging. Kelly was arrested in May 1870 for helping Power to rob people. He was kept in the gaol at Kyneton for 7 weeks. Soon after this Ned was in trouble again. With his uncle, Jack Lloyd, Ned had got into a fight with a hawker (traveling salesman). They then sent a rude letter and some calf's testicles to the hawker's wife. In October 1870 he was sent to Beechworth gaol for assault and for being rude to a lady. He spent 5 months in gaol.
Just 3 weeks after getting out of gaol in April 1871, 16 year old Ned was arrested again. He had ridden a friend's horse into Greta. He didn't know that the friend, "Wild Wright", had stolen the horse from the Mansfield post office. There was a fight when Constable Hall tried to arrest him. Hall tried to shoot Kelly but his gun didn't work. Kelly was sent to Pentridge Gaol in Melbourne. After 4 month he was moved to the prison hulk, "Sacramento", at Williamstown, Victoria.. The prison hulks were old ships that were used as extra prison space. Ned would have worked during the day on building a sea wall at Williamstown beach. He was released in February 1874. Kelly became famous when he beat Wild Wright in a fight. It was a bare knuckle boxing match that lasted for 20 rounds. In 1877 he was arrested again in Benalla, for being drunk, riding on a footpath and resisting arrest.. One of the policeman involved in the fight to arrest Kelly was Thomas Lonigan. Lonigan was later shot dead by Kelly at Stringybark Creek.
The Fitzpatrick Incident.
Constable Fitzpatrick was in charge of the Greta Police Station. He had been told to stay away from the Kellys. All the Kelly family were well known to the police. The police had been told only to go to the Kelly's house in pairs. Instead Fitzpatrick said he would 'fix the Greta mob'. In April 1878 he went to arrest Ned and his brother Dan for horse stealing. Dan had only been recently let out of gaol. At the hut, Fitzpatrick tried to sexually assault (hurt) Kate, Ned's older sister. In a small fight, Fitzpatrick hurt his wrist. He was probably drunk, and he and Ellen agreed to forget what had happened. Fitzpatrick went back to the police station and made up a new story. He said Ned had shot at him 3 times. The Kellys said that Ned was working 400 miles away. Ellen Kelly was sentenced by Judge Redmond Barry to 3 years in gaol for trying to kill Constable Fitzpatrick. Judge Barry said he would give Ned 21 years in gaol if the police could catch him. The police offered a reward of £100 for the capture of the Kelly brothers. Fitzpatrick was later sacked from the police as a "liar".
Stringybark Creek.
Dan and Ned Kelly went into hiding in the bush. They were later joined by 2 friends Joe Byrne and Steve Hart. On 25 October 1878, 2 groups of police set out to find the Kellys. They knew Ned and Dan were hiding in the Wombat Ranges north of Mansfield. One group started south from Greta led by Senior Constable Strahan. Strahan said he would shoot the Kellys down like dogs. A second group led by Sergeant Michael Kennedy set off from Mansfield heading north. Three other policemen were with him; Constables Thomas McIntyre, Thomas Lonigan, and Michael Scanlon. They set up a camp at Stringybark Creek in a thick forest area.
Kennedy and Scanlon went searching for the Kellys, while Lonigan and McIntyre remained at the camp. The Kellys were camped in the bush nearby. They heard noises from the police camp. They decided to capture the policemen and steal their guns and horses. Ned and Dan went to the police camp and told them to surrender. Constable McIntyre put his arms up but Lonigan got out his gun. Ned Kelly shot him dead. When the other two police returned to camp, McIntyre told them to surrender. Scanlon went for his gun but Ned shot him dead. Kennedy ran shooting from tree to tree with Ned chasing him. During the shooting Kennedy was shot and was badly wounded. Ned shot him again to end his suffering.. McIntyre was able to escape during the confusion.
The Victorian government passed a law on 30 October 1878 to make the Kelly gang outlaws, they no longer had any legal rights. They could be shot by anyone. Anyone who could capture one of the gang alive or dead, would be paid a reward of 500 pounds. The gang were seen at several locations around north eastern Victoria. They had tried to cross the Murray River but it was too deep. The police had several large groups hunting for them.
Euroa.
On the 10 December 1878, the gang robbed the National Bank at Euroa. They had stopped at Faithful Creek station (farm) and held the people there prisoners. They locked 22 people including farm workers, hawkers (traveling salesmen) and visitors into a storeroom. Joe Byrne kept guard while the rest of the gang went into Euroa. They went to the bank and said they had a message from McCauley, the farm manager. They got into the bank and held up the bank manager, Scott, and his two tellers (bank workers). After taking all the money, the gang forced Scott, his wife, family, maids and tellers to go with them back to Faithful Creek. They were locked up with the other hostages.
The outlaws gave a display of horse riding and tricks which entertained and surprised their hostages. After having supper, and telling the hostages not to leave the farm for another 3 hours, they left. The crime was carried out without injury and the gang stole £2000, a large sum in those days.
Jerilderie.
The police increased the reward on the Kelly Gang. More police were sent to guard banks in the country. Friends of the Kellys were locked in gaol. The gang crossed the Murray River and rode 60 km north into New South Wales. They arrived in Jerilderie on Saturday 8 February 1879. They broke into the local police station and locked policemen Richards and Devine in their own cell. The outlaws changed into the police uniforms and mixed with the local people. They said they were extra police from Sydney to guard the town from the Kelly gang. On Monday the gang rounded up various people and forced them into the back room of the Royal Mail Hotel. While Dan Kelly and Steve Hart kept the hostages busy with "drinks on the house", Ned Kelly and Joe Byrne robbed the local bank of about £2414. Kelly also burned all the townspeople's mortgage deeds in the bank. When the gang left the town they were singing a song about 2 earlier bushrangers, Ben Hall and Dan Morgan: "Hurrah for the good old times of Morgan and Ben Hall."
The Jerilderie Letter.
Months before going to Jerilderie, and with help from Joe Byrne, Ned Kelly dictated a long letter (56 pages). The letter told his story, about how he became a bushranger, and the treatment of his family by the police. It also told the story of the treatment of Irish Catholics by the police and the English and Irish Protestant squatters. He even said there might be a revolution by people in north east Victoria to set up their own republic.
The Jerilderie Letter, as it is called, is a document of roughly 8,300 words and has become a famous piece of Australian literature. Kelly had written an earlier letter (14 December 1878) to a member of Parliament, but it had been ignored. The Jerilderie letter was never published. Kelly tried to find the editor of the local newspaper, but he finally gave the letter to Edward Living, a teller at the bank. The letter wasn't re-discovered until 1930. It was then published by the "Melbourne Herald". The handwritten letter was given to the State Library of Victoria in 2000. Kelly's language is colorful, rough and full of metaphors. He described the police as being "...big ugly fat-necked wombat headed big bellied magpie legged narrow hipped splay footed sons of Irish bailiffs or English landlords..."
Glenrowan.
File:Ned kelly armour library.JPG|thumb|Ned Kelly's armour
The gang discovered that Aaron Sherritt, Joe Byrne's best friend, was a police spy. On the 26 June 1880 Dan Kelly and Joe Byrne went to Sherritt's house and killed him. The 4 policemen who were protecting him at the time hid under the bed and did not report the murder until the next day. The Kelly Gang arrived in Glenrowan on 27 June and took 70 hostages at the Glenrowan Inn (hotel). They knew that a train loaded with police was on its way. They had the rail tracks pulled up in order to cause a the train to crash. While waiting for the train the outlaws held a dance in the Inn.
The gang members put on their armour. It was made from plough parts. Each man's armour weighed about 96 pounds (44 kg); all 4 had helmets.
The Kelly gang's attempt to derail the police train failed. Local school teacher, Thomas Curnow, talked Ned into letting him go. As soon as he was free he stood on the railway line waving a lantern (light) wrapped in his red scarf. The train stopped safely. The 46 policemen on the train went to the inn. They fired their guns into the building for 7 hours.
At dawn on Monday 28 June, Ned Kelly came out of the inn wearing his armour. He marched towards the police, firing his gun at them. Their bullets bounced off his armour. He was was shot in his legs that armour did not cover. The other Kelly Gang members died in the hotel. Joe Byrne died from loss of blood because a gunshot cut his femoral artery. Dan Kelly and Steve Hart killed themselves. The police had one minor injury; Superintendent Francis Hare received a small wound to his wrist, then fled the battle. For running away the Royal Commission later removed Hare from the Victorian Police Force. Several hostages were shot, and 3 died, including 13 year old Jack Jones.
Trial.
Ned Kelly survived to stand trial, and was sentenced to death by the Irish-born judge Sir Redmond Barry. Barry said the words "May God have mercy on your soul" and sentenced Kelly to death. Kelly said "I will go a little further than that, and say I will see you there when I go". Many people did not think Kelly should die. A petition with more than 60,000 names asked for mercy. He was hanged on 11 November at the Melbourne Gaol for murder. Two newspapers ("The Age" and "The Herald") reported Kelly's last words as "Such is life". Sir Redmond Barry died of the effects of a carbuncle on his neck on 23 November, 1880, twelve days after Kelly.
Books, Music, Art and Movies.
The story of Ned Kelly has been told many times in books, in music and song, in works of art, and in a number of movies.

Ben Hall
Ben Hall (May 9 1837 - May 5 1865) was a famous Australian bushranger. Most bushrangers were simply criminals and thieves. Ben Hall is one of the few bushrangers, like Ned Kelly, who became famous and were seen as heroes. Hall is part of a long history that includes people such as Robin Hood in England, or Jesse James in the USA.
In folklore the typical outlaw hero is a simple farmer forced into crime by cruel and harsh police actions. He is a friend of the poor, kind to women and children, and an enemy of the rich. He dies bravely in a battle against the more powerful forces of a cruel and harsh government. A study of history shows Ben Hall to have been a very clever criminal. With many friends and relatives to help, he was able to avoid being captured by the police for many years.
Early life.
Ben Hall was born on 9 May 1837, at Wallis Plains, near Maitland, in the Hunter Valley of New South Wales. His parents were Benjamin Hall (b. Bristol, England 1802) and Eliza Somers (b. Dublin, Ireland 1807). Both of his parents were convicts and sent to gaol in New South Wales. They married in 1834. Ben was their fourth child. After they were let out of gaol, they moved to the Hunter Valley. Benjamin worked for Samuel Clift on the Doona run (farm). Around 1839, Benjamin started a farm in a lonely valley north of Murrurundi. He built a hut and began farming cattle. He also found wild cattle and horses in the nearby hills. In 1842, he bought a small block of land at Haydonton, near Murrurundi and started a butcher shop. The family was hard-working, but there were problems with the police over stolen cattle and horses. Near the end of 1850, Benjamin moved down to the Lachlan River area. He took his children Ben, William, and Mary, as well as his stepson Thomas Wade with him.
Sandy Creek.
After his father died in 1851 Ben worked on many cattle farms along the Lachlan River. He was known as a hard-working and honest stockman.
On February 29, 1856, at the age of 19, Hall married Bridget Walsh (1841 - 1923) at Bathurst. Bridget was the daughter of a farmer. On August 7, 1859, they had a son, whom they named Henry. One of Bridget's sisters was the mistress (lover) of bushranger Frank Gardiner; another sister married John Maguire. In 1860, Ben Hall and John Maguire leased the "Sandy Creek" farm of about south of Forbes. Hall built a house, sheds and stockyards. He raised cattle that he sold at the Lambing Flat goldfield. He met Frank Gardiner who had a butchers shop at Lambing Flat.
Bushranger.
We do not know why but Ben Hall's life changed. By early 1862, his marriage was in trouble. Biddy left Ben and moved in with a neighbour, Jim Taylor, taking young Henry with her. There were many criminals living and working in the area where Ben Hall lived. He became friends with Frank Gardiner. Gardiner was already wanted for robbery and had shot 2 policemen before escaping. On April 14, 1862 Gardiner and Hall robbed 3 bullock wagon drivers. One week later the drivers saw him at the Forbes horse races. Police Inspector Sir Frederick Pottinger, who was also at the races, told the police to arrest Ben for using guns in a robbery with Gardiner. The jury at the courthouse at Orange did not think there was enough evidence to show that Hall had been one of the robbers. After he was released, the police kept a close watch on Ben Hall, to see where he went and what he was doing.
Gold escort robbery.
On 15 June, 1862, Gardiner and a group of 10 men, including Hall, robbed the gold escort coach near Eugowra. They stole more than £14,000 pounds in gold and money. This is about $4 million in 2003 money value. This was Australia's biggest gold robbery. Hall and several others were arrested in July. Once again the police were unable find proof that Hall was one of the robbers. The police let him go at the end of August. When Hall returned to the farm he found his house burned down. His cattle had been left in the stockyards and had died from starvation (not having enough to eat). There are claims that this was done by Pottinger to punish Hall, but not all historians agree. Hall and John Maguire needed money to pay their legal costs. They were forced to sell the lease of their farm at "Sandy Creek" to a Forbes hotel owner called John Wilson.
With his wife, young son, and his farm gone, Ben Hall slowly moved into a life of crime as a bushranger. On March 1, 1863, Hall together with bushrangers Patrick Daley (Patsy) and John O'Meally, were nearly captured in the Weddin mountains by by Police Inspector Norton and black tracker Billy Dargin. Black trackers were aboriginals used by the police for their skills in following people in the bush. After shooting at each other, Norton was captured and robbed. Dargin managed to escape into the bush. Hall and Daley chased Dargin through the bush for. When they caught him they told him they admired his bravery. They let him go but told him they would rob the police camp that night.. While the police were out looking for them, the gang stole guns and ammunition from the police camp. The police chased them but the gang had stolen better and faster horses and easily escaped.
Ben Hall's Gang.
Frank Gardiner went to Queensland to hide from the police after the Eugowra robbery. Hall took over as leader of the gang. For 3 years Hall carried out well planned and daring crimes. They robbed mainly farmhouses, stagecoaches carrying mail and gold, and country hotels. Hall's gang included John Gilbert as his lieutenant, his main helper. In 1863 the other three members were John O'Meally, John Vane and Michael Burke. Burke was only 17 years old. He was shot and killed on October 24, 1863 during a robbery at Henry Keightley's house at Dunn's Plains. Vane wanted to shoot Keightley for killing Burke, but Ben Hall stopped him. Instead he asked for a £500 ransom. Mrs Keightley had to ride to Bathurst at night to get the money from the bank. A few weeks later on November 19, O'Meally was shot and killed during an attempted robbery on Goimbla Station (farm).. Vane gave himself up and was sent to gaol. Two other men, James Mount (called "The Old Man") and John Dunleavy, joined the gang but were soon captured. In May 1864 Hall and Gilbert were joined by John Dunn.
Canowindra.
Hall's gang robbed Robinson's Hotel in Canowindra and held all the people of the town hostage for 3 days. Nobody was hurt and Hall even got the people to play music and dance. The local policeman was locked in his own cell. When the people were set free Hall paid them money. The gang paid the hotel owner for the food and drink that they had used. The capture of the town is made famous in a song called "John Gilbert".
The Jugiong Robbery.
The gang was regularly robbing people and holding up the mail coaches, south of Goulburn on the main Sydney to Melbourne Road. On November 15, 1864, the gang tried to rob the Gundagai - Yass mail coach near Jugiong. While waiting for the coach, the gang captured and robbed over 60 people, who were traveling along the road. One of those captured was a policeman, James McLaughlin. He fired six shots at the gang, but didn't have any more ammunition and gave himself up. The policeman on the coach, William Roche, was ordered by Police Magistrate Alfred Rose, who was riding inside, not to shoot and draw fire. The driver, Bill Geoghegan, ordered him to get off the coach or he would kick him off. Hall and Dunn began firing at two other policemen who were riding behind the coach. Sub-Inspector William O'Neill was quickly captured. John Gilbert and Sergeant Edmund Parry were shooting at each other from a close distance. Gilbert shot dead Sergeant Parry.. Constable Roche escaped into the bush. The gang quickly took all the money and valuable items and rode away. Parry is buried at Gundagai. On his headstone it says "Edmund Parry, Sergeant of the N.S.W. Police, who lost his life in the execution (doing) of his duty whilst courageously (bravely) endeavouring (trying) to capture the bushranger Gilbert by whom he was shot dead near Jugiong." Two days later the gang robbed the mail coach between Yass and Lambing Flat. On December 5, they robbed the mail coach between Binalong and Burrowa.
Binda.
On Boxing Day, 1864, Ben Hall, John Gilbert and John Dunn rode into the town of Binda with 3 local girls. The girls were Christina McKinnon aged 25, believed to be Hall's lover, Ellen Monks aged 17 and her sister Margaret Monks aged 19. Together with the girls the gang robbed a shop owned by Edward Morriss. They locked all the local people into the Flag Hotel. They made everyone dance to celebrate Boxing Day. Morriss got out of the hotel through a back window at 2.00 a.m. and set off to tell the police. Gilbert fired several shots at him. Ben Hall got angry and so he set fire to Morriss's shop and burned it down. The gang and the girls left the town. Christina McKinnon and Ellen Monks were arrested for helping the bushrangers and were sent to Sydney for trial. Morriss joined the police force.
Pottinger.
The police were under a lot of pressure to catch the Ben Hall gang. The gang had been able to roam the country and go anywhere they liked. They made the police look like fools. Sir Frederick Pottinger came up with an unusual plan. He knew the gang liked race horses and horse racing; they had been seen at many country race meetings. Pottinger planned to ride in the races at Wowingragong, near Forbes, on January 5, 1865. He thought this would bring the gang out into the open where his men would be able to capture them. The Ben Hall gang did not appear, and Pottinger lost his job. The Inspector-General of Police thought that Pottinger had disgraced the police force by riding in races while he was supposed to be working. Pottinger decided to go to Sydney to make the police force change its mind, but on the way he accidentally shot himself and died.
Death of Constable Nelson.
On January 26, 1865, the gang held up 10 people on the road near Goulburn. They were chased into the bush by a group of policemen. A couple of hours later the gang rode into the town of Collector. Hall and Gilbert robbed the Commercial Hotel. John Dunn stayed outside. When the local policeman, Constable Nelson, arrived, Dunn shot him dead at close range. One of Nelson's 9 children saw the shooting. Gilbert robbed Nelson's body of money and other valuables and took his gun. They left the town quickly and went into hiding.
The police put more effort into the hunt for the bushrangers. In February they went to a house near Queanbeyan and found the gang had only just left. The police thought that the gang might be with a friend, Thomas Byrne. They went to the Breadalbane Hotel and arrested 4 men that were known to be friends of the gang. This would stop them giving the bushrangers any warnings. The police surrounded Byrne's farm. As they moved passed the open door of the barn, the bushrangers began shooting. One policeman, Wiles, was shot in the hand and the leg. The bushrangers escaped into the bush, but Ben Hall was shot as he ran away.
The Araluen Robbery.
On March 4, 1865, the gang robbed the mail coach at between Goulburn and Gundaroo. A couple of days later they stole horses from 2 farms. In March 13, the gang tried to hold up the Araluen gold coach. Gold had been found at Araluen in the 1860's. The gold coach usually had a policeman with a gun sitting next to the driver. There were 2 more policemen on the back of the carriage. Four more policemen rode on horses in front and behind the coach. The gold was kept in a safe which was bolted to floor of the coach. (The coach has survived and is being restored). The bushrangers began shooting at the coach. Constable Kelly was shot in the chest. He was badly hurt, but he crawled to side of the road and began shooting at the bushrangers. The police were able to keep the bushrangers away from the coach. Another policeman, Trooper Byrne was shot in the foot. The bushrangers quickly left when miners with guns arrived from the town.
Outlaw.
In two years Ben Hall's Gang, as well as killing two policemen, had reportedly robbed 10 mail coaches, held up 21 properties, stole 23 racing horses, and taken over the village of Canowindra three times.
In early 1865, the government made a new law to help capture Ben Hall, John Gilbert and John Dunn. The "Felons Apprehension Act" was rushed quickly through the New South Wales Parliament. They made Hall and his friends "outlaws". This meant that they could be killed by anyone at any time without warning. They also put a reward of £1000 for the capture of Ben Hall.
The bushrangers still kept busy robbing people. They robbed a farm, Wallendbeen Station, and wanted to know where the police were. A group of Chinese gold diggers were robbed and one was shot in the leg by Gilbert. The next day, March 18, the police found the gang trying to steal horses from Wallendbeen. In the shooting, Gilbert shot Senior Constable Keane in the shoulder. Sergeant Murphy shot Gilbert in the arm. The gang escaped into the bush. They made their way to a shepherd's hut and forced the shepherd to put a bandage on Gilbert's arm. Hall and Dunn walked to a nearby farm, Beggan Beggan station. They held up the 16 farm workers and stole horses, saddles and bridles. They went back to get Gilbert and then again robbed the farm and took guns, ammunition and food.
Hall, Gilbert and Dunn robbed the bank in Forbes and took £81 on March 25. More police were sent to the area, and they were given better guns. A month later the gang were seen near Marengo. A couple of days later they stole horses and food from another farm, Yamma station. This was the gang's last robbery.
Capture and Death.
By May 1865, Ben Hall decided to leave New South Wales. But a man who had once given the gang help told the police where Hall was hiding. During the night Ben Hall was found sleeping by 8 policemen at Billabong Creek, near Forbes. The police were armed with double-barrelled shotguns and.56 calibre Colt rifles. Led by sub-Inspector Davidson the police surrounded Ben Hall while he was asleep. When he woke up at dawn on 5 May, 1865, Hall was shot in the back 30 times as he tried to run away. A newspaper report described his body as being "riddled" with bullets. He did not shoot his gun. The first rifle shots of the police cut his belt in two and his guns fell to the ground. The man who told the police where Hall was sleeping got £500 from the reward. The other £500 pounds was shared by the police who captured him.
Ben Hall's body was put in a sack, tied to a horse and taken back to Forbes. An official inquest (held in a court to find out how someone died) was held. Ben Hall was buried in Forbes Cemetery on Sunday May 7, 1865. A lot of people went to see him buried. The original wooden grave marker and fence were burnt in a bushfire. Two brothers from Forbes, the Pengilly brothers, put a headstone on the grave in the 1920s. The tree that Hall slept under before he was shot dead became an attraction. People in the 1920's were still able to see bullets in the tree trunk. The tree was destroyed in a bushfire in 1926. His grave is well looked after and many people still come to look at it. Ben Hall's gun, a Colt revolver is now in the National Library of Australia.
Gilbert and Dunn were nearly caught by the police a week later at Binalong. Gilbert was shot dead as he tried to run away. Dunn got away, but six months later a friend told the police where Dunn was hiding. He was captured, tried for murder and hanged in Sydney on March 19, 1866.
Ben Hall, still remembered.
In 2007, Peter Bradley, a descendant of Ben Hall's younger brother Henry, said he wanted to reopen the inquest into the bushranger's death. Bradley said that the "Felon Apprehension Act" was not yet law when Hall was killed. The first inquest found that Hall was deliberately killed, but this was allowed because the new law meant Hall was an outlaw. The parliament had passed the law on April 12, but it did not become law until May 10. This was 5 days after Hall was shot to death by police.
A memorial called "Ben Hall's Wall" is located in Breeza, south of Gunnedah, New South Wales. "Ben Halls Gap National Park" is a small section of State Forest located south of Nundle, New South Wales. It is not named after the bushranger, but after his father, Benjamin Hall.
Art.
The story of Ben Hall has been shown in many art works.

Ride the Lightning
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Once the author completes the text file, he can then choose to change the properties of it to become read-only, meaning later viewers/downloaders cannot change the original document. This also comes with the option of password protection.

Virtual Console
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Provincially Administered Tribal Area
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Local government of Pakistan
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The District Coordination Officer is the administrative head of the District Administration. They have wide-ranging responsibility for overseeing, improving and directing the approved plans of the District Government.
The Zila Nazim is the executive head of the District Administration. Their role is similar to district governor or prefect, with responsibility for implementing government strategy and developing initiatives arising out of it.

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Angel of Death
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Mangla Dam
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Sergei Fedorov
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Pavel Bure
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FHM
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Monica Seles
Monica Seles (, Serbian: Моника Селеш, "Monika Seleš", born December 2, 1973) is a former World No. 1 professional tennis player. She was born in Novi Sad, Serbia (then Yugoslavia) to ethnic Hungarian parents but became a naturalized United States citizen in 1994. According to published reports in Canadian and Hungarian news media (including two newspapers of record), she also received Hungarian citizenship in June 2007. She won nine Grand Slam singles titles, winning eight of them while a citizen of Yugoslavia and one while a citizen of the United States.
She became the youngest-ever champion at the 1990 French Open at the age of 16. She was the dominant player in the women's game during 1991 and 1992, but in 1993, she was forced out of the sport for two years following an on-court attack in which a spectator stabbed her in the back with a knife. She enjoyed some success after returning to the tour in 1995, including a singles title at the Australian Open in 1996, but was unable to consistently reproduce her very best form.
Seles played her last professional match at the 2003 French Open, but her official retirement announcement was not issued until February 2008.

Lindsay Davenport
Lindsay Ann Davenport (born June 8 1976 in Palos Verdes, California) is a former World No. 1 American professional tennis player. She has won three Grand Slam singles tournaments and an Olympic gold medal in singles. In addition, she has won more prize money than any other professional female athlete. She is one of only four women (the others being Steffi Graf, Martina Navratilova, and Chris Evert) since 1975 who has been the year-end World No. 1 at least four times. Davenport finished 1998, 2001, 2004, and 2005 as the top ranked player.

Natasha Zvereva
Natalya "Natasha" Zvereva (; born April 16, 1971) is a retired tennis player from Belarus. Playing initially for the Soviet Union, Zvereva won many doubles titles during the late 1980s and throughout the 1990s.

Max Mirnyi
Max Mirnyi (born July 6, 1977, in Minsk) is a tennis player from Belarus. A doubles specialist, he holds seven Grand Slam titles: men's doubles in the 2000 and 2002 US Open and 2005 and 2006 French Open; and mixed doubles in the 1998 and 2007 U.S. Opens and 1998 Wimbledon.

Filderstadt
Filderstadt is a town in the district of Esslingen, in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is located approximately 13 km south of Stuttgart.
Filderstadt is located next to the Stuttgart Airport and the new land fair.
Filderstadt was created in 1975 from five smaller towns called Bernhausen, Bonlanden, Plattenhardt, Sielmingen and Harthausen.
From 1978-2005, it played host to the Porsche Tennis Grand Prix, a WTA Tier II event.

Berlei
Berlei is a brand of women's underwear and in particular bras and girdles
The brand started in Australia in 1917
Berlei bras are now sold in Australia by Pacific Brands and in the United Kingdom by Courtaulds Textiles.
The name came from that of the firm's founder, Frederick R. Burley, who felt that his name as normally spelled was not appropriate to his products.
Berlei Limited was one of the first Australian companies to expand outside Australia. Berlei (New Zealand) Limited was incorporated in 1923 and Berlei (U.K.) Limited was organised in 1930.

Lycos
Lycos is a search engine and web portal centered around broadband entertainment content.

K-Swiss
K-Swiss, Inc. is an American footwear company. It is based in Westlake Village, California. They design, develop, and market a range of athletic shoes under the K-Swiss brand and its wholly owned subsidiary Royal Elastics, Inc.
K-Swiss was founded in 1966 in Los Angeles, California, by two Swiss brothers who became interested in tennis after immigrating to the United States, where they introduced the first leather tennis shoes.

Gwadar City
Gwadar is located on the southwestern coast of Pakistan, con the Sea of Oman. It is strategically located between three increasingly important regions: the oil-rich Middle East, heavily populated South Asia and the economically emerging and resource-laden region of Central Asia. The Gwadar Port is expected to generate billions of dollars in revenues and create at least two million jobs. In 2007, the government of Pakistan handed over port operations to PSA Singapore for 25 years, and gave it the status of a Tax Free Port for the following 40 years. There is also money invested into the port by the People's Republic of China. The strategic PRC plan to be engaged in many places along oil and gas roads is evident.

Sir Syed Ahmed Khan Bahadur
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan Bahadur, GCSI (also Sayyid Ahmad Khan)(Urdu: سید احمد خان بہا در; October 17, 1817 – March 27, 1898) was a teacher and politician. He was also a social reformer. He founded the school that would later become Aligarh Muslim University. In 1857 there was a rebellion in India. This is known as the First Indian War of Independence. During this time, Bahadur kept loyal to the British; He also saved many European lives. After the rebellion he wrote a book where he said the British were in fact those who caused the rebellion.
Bahadur believed that Muslims were in a bad position in India because of their strong views. India at the time was occupied by the British. It was only in 1947 that it became independent (and two states: India, and Pakistan). Bahadur therefore introduced the western-style of scientific working; and organised Muslim Intellectuals.
He also thought that all Indian Muslims should use Urdu to talk to each other.

United Airlines Flight 93
United Airlines Flight 93 was a scheduled U.S. domestic passenger flight from Newark International Airport, in Newark, New Jersey, to San Francisco International Airport. It was hijacked by four men as part of the September 11, 2001 attacks. Minutes into the flight, the hijackers breached the cockpit and overpowered the pilots. They assumed control of the aircraft and diverted it toward Washington, D.C. Several passengers and crew members made calls aboard the flight and learned about the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon. The passengers then decided to mount an assault on the hijackers and wrest control of the aircraft.
The plane crashed in a field just outside Shanksville, Pennsylvania, about northwest of Washington, D.C. The subsequent investigation determined that the actions of those on board had prevented the hijackers from reaching their intended target.

Mirza Ghalib
"Dabeer-ul-Mulk, Najm-ud-daulah" Mirza Asadullah Baig Khan (Urdu/Persian: مرزا اسد اللہ بیگ خان), pen-name Ghalib (Urdu/Persian: غالب, "ġhālib" means "dominant") and (former pen-name) Asad (Urdu/Persian: اسد, "asad" means "lion") (27 December 1796 — 15 February 1869), was an all time great classical Urdu and Persian poet of the Indian subcontinent. Most notably, he wrote several ghazals during his life, which have since been interpreted and sung in many different ways by different people. He is considered to be the most popular and influential poet of the Urdu language.

Saare Jahan se Achcha
Saare Jahan se Achcha is a poem. It was re-written in 1931. It became a symbol of resistance to the English rule of British-occupied India. The poem exists in different versions. Saare Jahan Se Achchha (Urdu: سارے جہاں سے اچھا) is one of the enduring patriotic poems of the Urdu language. Written originally for children in the ghazal style of Urdu poetry by poet Muhammad Iqbal, the poem was published in the weekly journal Ittehad on 14 August 1931. Recited by Iqbal the following year at Government College, Lahore, now in Pakistan, it quickly became an anthem of opposition to the British rule in India.
سارے جہاں سے اچھا پاکستان ہمارا
ہم بلبليں ہيں اس کي، يہ گلستاں ہمارا
غربت ميں ہوں اگر ہم، رہتا ہے دل وطن ميں
سمجھو وہيں ہميں بھي، دل ہو جہاں ہمارا
پربت وہ سب سے اونچا، ہمسايہ آسماں کا
وہ سنتري ہمارا، وہ پاسباں ہمارا
گودي ميں کھيلتي ہيں اس کي ہزاروں ندياں
گلشن ہے جن کے دم سے رشک جناں ہمارا
اے آب رودسندھا، وہ دن ہيں ياد تجھ کو؟
اترا ترے کنارے جب کارواں ہمارا
مذہب نہيں سکھاتا آپس ميں بير رکھنا
اردو ہيں ہم وطن ہے پاکستان ہمارا
يونان و مصر و روما سب مٹ گئے جہاں سے
اب تک مگر ہے باقي نام و نشاں ہمارا
کچھ بات ہے کہ ہستي مٹتي نہيں ہماري
صديوں رہا ہے دشمن دور زماں ہمارا
اقبال! کوئي محرم اپنا نہيں جہاں ميں
معلوم کيا کسي کو درد نہاں ہمارا
Roman Transliteration.
"sāre jahāñ se achchā pākistāñ hamārā"
"ham bulbuleñ haiñ us kī vuh gulsitāñ hamārā"
"ġhurbat meñ hoñ agar ham, rahtā hai dil vat̤an meñ"
"samjho vuhīñ hameñ bhī dil ho jahāñ hamārā"
"parbat vuh sab se ūñchā, hamsāyah āsmāñ kā"
"vuh santarī hamārā, vuh pāsbāñ hamārā"
"godī meñ kheltī haiñ us kī hazāroñ nadiyāñ"
"gulshan hai jin ke dam se rashk-e janāñ hamārā"
"ay āb-rūd-e sindhu! vuh din haiñ yād tujh ko?"
"utarā tire kināre jab kāravāñ hamārā"
"mażhab nahīñ sikhātā āpas meñ bair rakhnā"
"urdu haiñ ham, vat̤an hai pākistāñ hamārā"
"yūnān-o-miṣr-o-rumā sab miṭ gaʾe jahāñ se"
"ab tak magar hai bāqī nām-o-nishāñ hamārā"
"kuchh bāt hai kih hastī miṭtī nahīñ hamārī"
"sadiyoñ rahā hai dushman daur-e zamāñ hamārā"
"iqbāl! koʾī maḥram apnā nahīñ jahāñ meñ"
"maʿlūm kyā kisī ko dard-e nihāñ hamārā!"
Better than the entire world, is our Pakistan,
We are its nightingales, and it (is) our garden abode
If we are in an alien place, the heart remains in the homeland,
Know us to be only there where our heart is.
That tallest mountain, that shade-sharer of the sky,
(It) is our sentry, (it) is our watchman
In its lap frolic those thousands of rivers,
Whose vitality makes our garden the envy of Paradise.
O the flowing waters of the Indus, do you remember that day
When our caravan first disembarked on your waterfront?
Religion does not teach us to bear ill-will among ourselves
We are of Urdu, our homeland is Pakistan.
In a world in which ancient Yunan, Misr, and Roma have all vanished without trace
Our own attributes (name and sign) live on today.
Such is our existence that it cannot be erased
Even though, for centuries, the cycle of time has been our enemy.
Iqbal! We have no confidant in this world
What does any one know of our hidden pain?

Nightingale
The Nightingale ("Luscinia megarhynchos") is a small bird. It is also known as Rufous and Common Nightingale. It used to be classed as a member of the Thrush family Turdidae. It belongs to a group of more terrestrial species, often called chats.
The Nightingale is slightly larger than the European Robin, at 15-16.5 cm length. It is plain brown above except for the reddish tail. It is buff to white below. Sexes are similar.
Nightingales are named so because they frequently sing at night as well as during the day. The name has been used for well over 1,000 years, being highly recognizable even in its Anglo-Saxon form - 'nihtingale'. It means 'night songstress'. Early writers assumed the female sang; in fact, it is the male. The male nightingale is known for his singing, to the extent that human singers are sometimes admiringly referred to as nightingales; the song is loud, with an impressive range of whistles, trills and gurgles. Its song is particularly noticeable at night because few other birds are singing. This is why its name (in several languages) includes "night". Only unpaired males sing regularly at night, and nocturnal song is likely to serve attracting a mate. Singing at dawn, during the hour before sunrise, is assumed to be important in defending the bird's territory. Nightingales sing even more loudly in urban or near-urban environments, in order to overcome the background noise. The most characteristic feature of the song is a loud whistling crescendo, absent from the song of Thrush Nightingale. It has a frog-like alarm call.

We Are the Champions
"We Are the Champions" is a power ballad by Queen for the album "News of the World". It was written by Freddie Mercury.

British Invasion
The British Invasion is an event where many rock and roll, beat, and pop bands from the United Kingdom became very popular in the United States, Australia, and Canada. The term was created by the news media.

Pokémon
is a media franchise that Nintendo owns. The series is based on the concept of catching, collecting, raising, trading, and battling with hundreds of different creatures. This concept was thought of by Satoshi Tajiri, "Pokémons creator. It is represented in many mediums, most notably video games, a still-running anime series, manga, and a trading card game. Although there are 493 different species of Pokémon, the most famous is Pikachu. Other popular ones are Charmander, Bulbasaur, Jigglypuff, and Mewtwo.
Video games.
A number of "Pokémon" video games have been released, all on Nintendo game systems because of The Pokémon Company's loyalty to Nintendo.
Gameplay.
Most of the "Pokémon" video games are based on catching, training, battling, collecting, and trading Pokémon, and the player is a Pokémon trainer who does all these things. There are a number of aspects to the games.
Pokémon themselves.
In the "Pokémon" video games, like the anime, Pokémon are creatures that trainers catch (using Poké Balls), train, battle, collect, and trade with each other. There are 493 of them, and whether or not more will be made is unknown.
Statistics.
Pokémon have six statistics (HP, Attack, Defense, Special Attack, Special Defense, and Speed) which all affect how they perform in battles. Statistics can be raised by using items and by training the Pokémon.
Before "Pokémon Gold and Silver" were released, the "Special Attack" and "Special Defense" were combined into one statistic, "Special." This later became too complicated so it was divided into "Special Attack" and "Special Defense."
Pokémon types.
Each Pokémon has either one or two types. Which types it has affect how it performs when it battles other Pokémon of other types. For example, a Fire-type Pokémon will probably lose to a Water-type, but it will probably beat a Grass-type. It could be compared to a game of rock-paper-scissors.
Abilities.
Starting in "Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire", Pokémon have abilities which affect them in various ways.
Legendary Pokémon.
Legendary Pokémon are Pokémon that are especially rare, and there is only one in the game. Examples of legendaries are Articuno, Mewtwo, Mew, Lugia, Groudon, and Dialga. They are hard to catch, but they are stronger than most Pokémon. Players often desire legendaries over regular Pokémon.
Shiny Pokémon.
Shiny Pokémon are Pokémon that are a different color than that Pokémon is normally. An example would be a yellow Bulbasaur (they are usually green.) They are extremely rare; there is only a 1-in-8,192 chance of a random Pokémon being shiny.
Items.
A large number of different items exist. They are used to help the player or their Pokémon.
Poké Balls.
A Poké Ball is a red-and-white sphere that is used to catch Pokémon. Several different forms of it exist, like the Great Ball, the Ultra Ball, and the Master Ball (which can catch any Pokémon.) Each of these are different colours.
Pokémon Gyms.
Pokémon Gyms are buildings where the player faces a Gym Leader, who always uses one of the 17 types of Pokémon. There are also trainers in the gym that the player can battle, and they also use that type.
History of the games.
The first games, released in 1998, were "Pokémon Red and Blue", which unexpectedly became big hits and are still among the best-selling video games of all time. They followed the adventures of the player, a Pokémon trainer who catches, raises, and battles with Pokémon, collects badges from the 8 Gym Leaders, explores all over Kanto (the region), and trades Pokémon with other people who have the game by using the Game Boy's Game Link Cable. Later, a sequel to "Red" and "Blue" was released: "Pokémon Yellow". In this game, the player's character design is similar to Ash Ketchum (from the anime.) Also, instead of the Pokémon given to the player at the start of "Red" and "Blue" (the player can choose Bulbasaur, Charmander, or Squirtle) in "Yellow" the only possible choice is Pikachu, which represents the Pokémon Ash started with in the anime.
When Nintendo realized how popular "Red", "Blue", and "Yellow" had become, they decided to support the production and release of more games. After "Yellow" came "Pokémon Gold and Silver", released in 2000, which had a total of 251 catchable Pokémon, as opposed to only 151 previously. A sequel to the two games was released, "Pokémon Crystal", which had several new features that weren't on "Gold" and "Silver": Pokémon had animated sprites when they came into battle, there was a subplot within the games relating to the different letter shapes of the Pokémon Unown, and there was a new building called the Battle Tower, where players could battle very strong Pokémon to win items and set records. In "Gold" and "Silver", if the player goes to the site of the Battle Tower in "Crystal", the area is filled up by trees. In "Gold", "Silver", and "Crystal", once the player has beaten the Elite Four, they can go to Kanto, the region in "Red", "Blue", and "Yellow".
In 2003, "Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire" were released. They were the first "Pokémon" games on the Game Boy Advance, and this upset many players because they could not trade Pokémon with "Red", "Blue", "Yellow", "Gold", "Silver", or "Crystal". However, there were 135 new Pokémon, bringing the total to 386. There were many new features, like a PokéNav (a new item used for many ingame tasks), many more kinds of Poké Balls, a far bigger region (Hoenn) than in previous games (Kanto and Johto), and a Battle Tower different from the one in "Crystal". Players could also create Secret Bases, small hideouts hidden in trees and rock walls.
In 2004, "Pokémon Colosseum" was released. It was the first "Pokémon" game on the Nintendo GameCube that got any mainstream recognition. It took place in a new region called Orre, and featured a totally different storyline than the "Pokémon" games before it. The player is a member of Team Snagem, an evil corporation who makes Shadow Pokémon (Pokémon whose hearts have been "sealed"). The player leaves Team Snagem and spends the rest of the game defeating them, with the help of a red-haired girl who can detect Shadow Pokémon. (In 2005, a sequel was released: '.)
Later in 2004, "Pokémon FireRed and LeafGreen" were released. They did not take place in a new region, and they did not have any new Pokémon. They were simply remakes of "Pokémon Red and Blue", except for a new "extra region" called the Sevii Islands, and a few new features. However, they made it possible for players of "Ruby" and "Sapphire" to get earlier Pokémon in their games. If a person had "Ruby", "Sapphire", "Colosseum", "FireRed", and "LeafGreen" (which many fans of the games did), they could have all 386 Pokémon, which made many players happy.
In 2005, "Pokémon Emerald" was released. It was a sequel to "Ruby" and "Sapphire". It was the first "main" "Pokémon" game since "Crystal" where Pokémon had battle animations instead of static images. There was also a new place called the Battle Frontier where players could go after they beat the Elite Four. It was similar to the Battle Tower in "Crystal", "Ruby", and "Sapphire", except it was eight different facilities, all with different rules. Players earned Battle Points which could be used to buy items for Secret Bases, items for Pokémon, and other things.
In 2007, "Pokémon Diamond and Pearl" were released. They took place in a new region called Sinnoh. They had 107 new Pokémon, which brought the total to 493. Another noticeable difference from the previous games was that "Diamond" and "Pearl" did not capitalize all the letters in names of Pokémon, people, towns, items, and other things that were important to the games. For example, Lugia would appear as "LUGIA" in previous games, but in "Diamond" and "Pearl" it would just say "Lugia." This cleared up a lot of players' confusion, because many thought that a sentence like "LUGIA is found in the WHIRL ISLANDS" looked unusual. A sequel to "Diamond" and "Pearl", "Pokémon Platinum", has been released in Japan, but not the United States yet. It will be released in the United States in early 2009.
Anime.
Not long after "Pokémon Red and Blue" (the first "Pokémon" video games) were released, a "Pokémon" anime was created. It was first broadcast in Japan in late 1995, and in the United States in late 1998. The anime started what has been called "Pokémania", which meant that after the anime came out, it became very popular among children, and many parents assumed it was a fad and no one would care about it in a couple years. However, it was never cancelled, and it is still running, although it is not as popular as in 1998 and 1999.
The anime shows the adventures of Ash Ketchum, a 10-year-old Pokémon trainer who has many adventures, meeting many new people and Pokémon. His most famous Pokémon, and probably "the" most famous Pokémon, is Pikachu.
A number of "Pokémon" films have also been made that relate to the anime. The first one was "Pokémon: The First Movie" (released in 1999) and they are still being made.
Trading card game.
A "Pokémon" trading card game also exists. Players use Pokémon cards to battle each other. There are also live tournaments hosted by Nintendo. The "Pokémon" trading card game is noticeably less complicated than such trading card games as Yu-Gi-Oh! and. Only 60 cards are used in a player's deck, and 6 of these are set aside in a pile called "prize cards." There is also a discard pile. Pokémon's damage is counted by "damage counters" which are placed on the cards.
There are cards designed as various Pokémon, which need "Energy" cards to use attacks. There are also "Trainer" cards, which are used for additional things other than direct Pokémon attacks. Most fans of the series agree that a good deck is made of about 20 "Pokémon" cards, 20 "Energy" cards, and 20 "Trainer" cards.
There is also a special kind of Pokémon in the trading card game called "ex" Pokémon. "ex" Pokémon are stronger than regular ones, but when they are knocked out, the player's opponent draws 2 of their prize cards (with regular Pokémon it is just one.) In the "Diamond and Pearl" trading card game expansion, "ex" was changed to the Pokémon having levels of "lv. X."
Criticism.
The "Pokémon" media franchise, especially the anime, has been often criticized by organizations.
Dennō Senshi Porygon.
An episode of the anime called "Dennō Senshi Porygon" ("Electric Soldier Porygon" in the United States) was first shown in Japan on December 16, 1997. One part of the episode showed quickly flashing red and blue lights. This caused 685 Japanese children to have epileptic seizures. Because of this, the anime went on a 4-month break, and several laws were put in place regarding the flashing lights.
Porygon, one of the main characters in the episode, has not appeared again in the anime ever since "Dennō Senshi Porygon". It has two evolved forms, Porygon2 and Porygon-Z, and neither of them have appeared in the anime at all.
An episode of "The Simpsons" called "Thirty Minutes Over Tokyo" made fun of "Dennō Senshi Porygon". So did an episode of "South Park" called "Chinpokomon".
Jynx.
Jynx, a species of Pokémon, was criticized because it looked like it was using blackface (an old film-making technique that makes white actors look African-American.) This was not an issue in Japan, but it caused a lot of controversy in the United States because of the United States' history of racism.
Ever since then, Jynx has purple skin instead of black skin, and it has only appeared rarely in the anime.

Pokémon (anime)
"Pokémon" (abbreviated from) is a Japanese anime series. It is part of the "Pokémon" media franchise which is owned by Nintendo. It has been brought to many other places, including North America, Europe, and Australia. The United States dub was made by 4Kids Entertainment, now the dub is made by Pokémon USA.
Not long after "Pokémon Red and Blue" (the first "Pokémon" video games) were released, the anime was created. It was first broadcast in Japan in late 1995, and in the United States in late 1998. The anime started what has been called "Pokémania", which meant that after the anime came out, it became very popular among children, and many parents assumed it was a fad and no one would care about it in a couple years. However, it was never cancelled, and it is still running, although it is not as popular as in 1998 and 1999.
The anime shows the adventures of Ash Ketchum, a 10-year-old Pokémon trainer who has many adventures, meeting many new people and Pokémon. His most famous Pokémon, and probably "the" most famous Pokémon, was Pikachu.
A number of "Pokémon" films have also been made that relate to the anime. The first one was ' (released in 1999). They are still being made.

Donkey Kong (series)
is a video game series made by Shigeru Miyamoto and owned by Nintendo. It stars a gorilla called Donkey Kong.

Kirby (series)
is a video game series made by HAL Laboratory and Nintendo. It was created by Masahiro Sakurai.

Ace Attorney
"Ace Attorney", known as in Japan, is a video game series made by Capcom. It's mostly found on the Game Boy Advance and Nintendo DS.
Characters.
There are a handful of main characters in the "Phoenix Wright" games in the series.
There are also other characters who appear a lot or are very important to it.
In "Apollo Justice: Ace Attorney", there are mostly different main characters.
There are other characters too who appear a lot or are important to the game.

Oruchuban Ebichu
"Oruchuban Ebichu" (or is an anime made by Gainax director Makoto Moriwaki. It's based on the manga by Risa Itoi.

Excel Saga
is a comedy manga made by Koushi Rikudou. There's also an anime.

Haré+Guu
is an anime made by AN Entertainment.

Kirby Super Star Ultra
Kirby Super Star Ultra is the remake of Kirby Super Star, a game for the Super Nintendo. Kirby Super Star Ultra will be released for the Nintendo DS.
Kirby Super Star will have every game from the original Kirby Super Star, along with 5 new games. So far, the only changes confirmed is that the "Gourmet Race" game now supports multiplayer.

SummerSlam (2008)
SummerSlam (2008) will be the twenty-first SummerSlam professional wrestling pay-per-view event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It will take place on August 17th, 2008 at Conseco Fieldhouse in Indianapolis, Indiana and will feature talent from the Raw, SmackDown, and ECW brands

HAL Laboratory
HAL Laboratory is a video game developer and a second party to Nintendo. They're most famous for "Kirby" and "Super Smash Bros."

Rosario Dawson
Rosario Dawson (born May 9, 1979) is a American actress and singer.

The Age
"The Age" is a newspaper made in Melbourne, Australia. It is owned by an Australian company called Fairfax, and its first edition was on 17 October 1854.
The newspaper was first made by John and Henry Cooke. They also had a merchant business called Francis Cooke and Co.. They said they would use the newspaper to help miners in the Australian Gold Rush. The newspaper has become very popular since then. According to its website, it gets up to 957,000 on Saturdays. The editor is Andrew Jaspan, who got the job in 2004. He got in trouble in 2008 when "The Age" journalists agreed that he had been making it hard for them to make news reports independently.

Drop shot
A drop shot in tennis is tapping the ball just over the net. A good drop shot travels such that the opponent is unable to run fast enough to retrieve it.

MINIX
MINIX is a Unix-like computer operating system based on a microkernel architecture. Andrew S. Tanenbaum wrote the operating system so it could be used educational purposes; MINIX also helped Linus Torvalds design the Linux kernel. Its name comes from the words "minimal" and "Unix".
Released under the BSD license, MINIX is Open Source.
History.
Andrew S. Tanenbaum created MINIX at Vrije Universiteit in Amsterdam.
MINIX 3.
MINIX 3 was announced to the public on 24 October 2005 by Andrew Tanenbaum during his speech on top of the ACM Symposium Operating System Principles conference. MINIX 3 currently supports only IA-32 architecture PC systems. It has a Live CD format that lets it be used on a computer without installing it.
Version 3.1.2 was released 8 May 2006. It contains X11, emacs, vi, cc, gcc, perl, python, ash, bash, zsh, ftp, ssh, telnet, pine, and over 400 other common UNIX programs. With the addition of X11, this version starts the change from a Text-Only System.
MINIX and Linux.
The design principles Tanenbaum applied to MINIX had influenced the design decisions Linus Torvalds applied in the creation of the Linux kernel. Torvalds used and appreciated MINIX, but his design was different from the MINIX architecture in significant ways, most notably by employing a monolithic kernel instead of a microkernel. This was famously disapproved by Tanenbaum in the Tanenbaum-Torvalds debate. (Tanenbaum explained again his for using a microkernel in May 2006.)
Linux being copied from MINIX.
In May 2004 Kenneth Brown of the Alexis de Tocqueville Institution raised the accusation that major parts of the Linux kernel had been copied from MINIX, in a book called "Samizdat".
These accusations were refused by almost everyone - in particular by Andrew Tanenbaum, who strongly felt that Kenneth Brown was very wrong and published a long rebuttal on his own personal website.
Licensing.
Its licensing fee was very small ($69) compared to the ones of other operating systems. Although Tanenbaum wished for MINIX to be as easily available to students, his publisher would not allow it.
When open source Unix-like operating systems such as Linux became available in the early 1990s, many volunteer software developers stopped using MINIX for Linux. In April 2000, MINIX became open source software under a permissive free software licence, but by this time other operating systems were much better, and it was used as an operating system for students and hobbyists.

Causality
Causality is a way to describe how different events relate to one another. Suppose there are two events "A" and "B". If "B" happens because "A" happened, then people say that A "is the cause" of B, or that B "is the effect of" A.
What looks very simple, is in fact a difficult problem. Many people have tried to solve it, they have come up with different solutions
Aristotle.
Additionally, things can be causes of one another as hard work causes fitness, and vice versa.
Aristotle told people of two types of causes: proper (prior) causes and accidental (chance) causes. Both types of causes, can be spoken as potential or as actual, particular or generic. The same language refers to the effects of causes; so that generic effects assigned to generic causes, particular effects to particular causes, and operating causes to actual effects. It is also essential that ontological causality does not suggest the temporal relation of before and after - between the cause and the effect; that spontaneity (in nature) and chance (in the sphere of moral actions) are among the causes of effects belonging to the efficient causation, and that no incidental, spontaneous, or chance cause can be prior to a proper, real, or underlying cause "per se".
All investigations of causality coming later in history will consist in imposing a favorite hierarchy on the order (priority) of causes; such as "final > efficient > material > formal" (Aquinas), or in restricting all causality to the material and efficient causes or, to the efficient causality (deterministic or chance), or just to regular sequences and correlations of natural phenomena (the natural sciences describing "how" things happen rather than asking "why" they happen).
Causality in Logic.
Logic is the science that looks at how to build an argument. In Logic, there are usually two different types of causes. They are called "necessary cause" and "sufficient cause".

Wildhaus
Wildhaus is a village and municipality near St. Gallen in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. About 1,200 people live there. Huldrych Zwingli was born there in 1484. With "9658", Wildhaus has the highest zip code in Switzerland.

Muhammad Iqbal
"Sir" Muhammad Iqbal (Urdu: محمد اقبال) born (November 9, 1877 – April 21, 1938) was a Muslim poet, philosopher and politician born in Sialkot, British India (now in Pakistan). He wrote poetry in Urdu and Persian languages. This poetry is considered to be among the greatest of the modern era. His vision of an independent state for the Muslims of British India was to inspire the creation of Pakistan. He is commonly referred to as Allama Iqbal (علامہ اقبال‎, Allama lit. Scholar.)
In 1930, he gave a speech where he thought that a state should be created in the northwest of India, for the Muslims living in India.

1984-85 NHL season
The 1984–85 NHL season was the 68th season of the National Hockey League. Twenty-one teams each played 80 games. The Edmonton Oilers won their second straight Stanley Cup by beating the Philadelphia Flyers four games to one in the final series.
This was the first year since they began broadcasting that CBC was not the lone network broadcaster in Canada. While Molson continued to present Hockey Night in Canada on Saturday nights, rival brewery Carling O'Keefe began airing Friday night games on CTV. The two networks split the playoffs and finals.
Final standings.
"Note: W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, GF= Goals For, GA = Goals Against, Pts = Points, PIM = Penalties in minutes. Teams qualifying for the playoffs shown in bold."
Scoring leaders.
"Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points"
Finals.
Edmonton Oilers vs. Philadelphia Flyers

Grant Fuhr
Grant S. Fuhr (born September 28, 1962), is a former goaltender in the National Hockey League. In 2003, he was added into the Hockey Hall of Fame. Born of biracial parents, Fuhr was adopted as a baby and raised in Spruce Grove, Alberta.

Ron Hextall
Ron Hextall (born May 3, 1964 in Brandon, Manitoba) is a retired Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender most often associated with the Philadelphia Flyers of the National Hockey League. He is the grandson of Hall-of-Famer Bryan Hextall, the son of former NHL player Bryan Hextall Jr. and nephew of former NHL player Dennis Hextall.

Brandon Wheat Kings
The Brandon Wheat Kings are a Canadian junior ice hockey team based in Brandon, Manitoba. They compete in the Western Hockey League, and joined the league in the 1967–68 season. Before that they played in the Manitoba Junior Hockey League and were called the Brandon Elks for a short time in the 1940s. They won eight Turnbull Cup Championships as Manitoba Junior Champions, 1939, 1947, 1949, 1950, 1960, 1962, 1963, & 1964 and appeared in the Memorial Cup four times: in 1949 (as an MJHL team), 1979, 1995, and 1996, losing each time. The team plays its home games in Westman Communications Group Place (Keystone Centre). They also played at Wheat City Arena until 1969, and the Manex Arena from 1969 to 1972. Starting in 1973, the Wheat Kings owned and operated a farm team in the MJHL, called the Travellers.
An earlier version of the Wheat Kings played for the Stanley Cup in 1904, but lost to the Ottawa Senators.
The 1949 Brandon Wheat Kings won the Abbott Cup defeating the Calgary Buffalos. They went on to lose the Memorial Cup to the Montreal Royals. The 1949 Brandon Wheat Kings were inducted into the Manitoba Hockey Hall of Fame in the team category.
The Wheat Kings hold the CHL record for most points (125) in a single season, setting the mark in 1978–79.
Season-by-season record.
"Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties OTL = Overtime losses Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against"

William Riker
William Thomas Riker is a character. He is played by Jonathan Frakes. He is 1st officer on the starship Enterprise. This means that he is second in command of the starship and can give orders if the Captain is away.
Character story.
Riker soon becomes very comfortable on the Enterprise, many times refusing offers of his own command. On part 1-2 on the episode "The Best of Both Worlds" Riker takes command on the Enterprise and orders Jean-Luc Picard rescued.

Hall church
A hall church is a type of church building. The term "hall church" is about the architecture of the building. Most very large churches and cathedrals are built with a long part where people sit, called the "nave". On each side of the nave is a lower "aisle". Between the nave and the aisles are rows of columns. Above the columns are windows which let light into the nave. In a hall church, there are no windows above the columns. The nave and the aisles are about the same height.
Famous cathedrals which are hall churches are Milan Cathedral in Italy, St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna and Bristol Cathedral in England.

Saint Thomas Church (Strasbourg)
Saint Thomas Church in Strasbourg is a Protestant church today. It is very important for Strasbourg, from a cultural and historic perspective. Strasbourg Cathedral had to be given to the Catholics when the French occupied Strasbourg in 1681. Since then, this church is the main protestant church in the region.
The veneration of St. Thomas at this particular spot was already present in the 6th century. A church and a school were built there in the 9th century. They burned down because lightning struck them in 1007 and again in 1144. A very large church built like a fortress to resist fires better was started in the year of 1196. Building works were interrupted several times, until they finished with building side-chapels in Gothic style. In 1524 the church became Lutheran. Today, it is in charge of several schools. There is also a seminary (A special school for priests) in the baroque building next to it.
There are 5 naves in the church. It is the oldest such church in southwest Germany, and the only "hall church" in Alsace. The church is also known for its organs. One of them was built by Johann Andreas Silbermann in 1741. The family Silbermann (father and sons) were the most important German organ-builders of the 18th century. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart played on this organ several times during the three weeks he spent in Strasbourg in 1778 and wrote in a lettre to his father Leopold Mozart about it. The other organ (built for the choir) was designed by Albert Schweitzer and built in 1906.
There is a gothic fresco of Saint Michael in the church. This is the largest of its kind in France after that of St. Christopher in Wissembourg, which is ten meters high.
There are also many notable tombs and tombstones in the church, the oldest is a romanesque masterwork from the 11th century, and the largest a baroque monument to field-marchal Maurice of Saxony that fills up the entire rear wall of the choir. Maurice could not be buried in Paris because he was protestant, and since he was German by birth, Strasbourg was a fitting place.
The Saint Thomas church also houses medieval stained glass in its windows, although Protestants destroyed parts of it in the early years of the Reformation.

Aircraft hijacking
Aircraft hijacking (also known as skyjacking and aircraft piracy) is the takeover of an aircraft, by a person or group, usually armed. In most cases the pilot is forced to fly according to the orders of the hijackers. Sometimes the hijackers fly the planes themselves, as believed to have occurred in the September 11, 2001 attacks. In one case the official pilot hijacked the plane, when he diverted his internal Air China flight to Taiwan.

Logan International Airport
General Edward Lawrence Logan International Airport in the East Boston neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts, United States (and partly in the Town of Winthrop, Massachusetts), is one of the 20 busiest airports in the U.S., with over 27 million passengers a year. The airport serves as a focus city for American Airlines, Delta Air Lines, US Airways, and JetBlue Airways.
It covers 2,400 acres (10 km²), has six runways, and employs an estimated 16,000 people., The airport has service to destinations in the United States, as well as Canada, the Cape Verde Islands, the Caribbean, Europe, and Mexico. The distinctive central control tower, nearly a dozen stories high, is a local landmark with its pair of segmented elliptical pylons and a six-story platform trussed between them.
Boston Logan Airport is the 7th busiest airport in the USA based on international traffic, ranking ahead of Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport and behind San Francisco International Airport. In 2005, it handled 6,978,780 international passengers.

NHL Entry Draft
The NHL Entry Draft is an event in which the teams of the National Hockey League (NHL) systematically select the rights to available amateur players who meet the requirements to play professional hockey in the NHL.
Draft order.
Draft order in the Entry Draft is determined by a combination of lottery, regular season standing, and playoff results. In all cases, the team considered is the original holder of the draft pick, not a team which may have acquired the pick via a trade or other means.
Draft oddities.
In the 1974 entry draft, Buffalo Sabres General Manager Punch Imlach deliberately selected an imaginary Japanese center, Taro Tsujimoto, supposedly of the Tokyo Katanas of the Japanese Ice Hockey League, in the 11th round (183rd overall). Only after weeks had passed did the league discover that Tsujimoto did not in fact exist. Imlach later revealed that he had played the prank because of his frustration with the excessive tedium and length of that year's draft proceedings. Today, the league officially records the 183rd selection of the 1974 entry draft as an "invalid claim".
Likewise, the Florida Panthers attempted to draft Russian hockey phenomenon Alexander Ovechkin in 2003, even though his birthday was two days after the cut-off. The Panther's GM claimed that, with the addition of extra days falling on Leap Year, Ovechkin was actually eligible to be drafted.
Player numbers by league summary.
Below is a chart showing where players have been drafted from by year. The leagues represented are the Ontario Hockey League, Western Hockey League, Quebec Major Junior Hockey League, United States Colleges, United States High Schools, International players. Those player listed under Other do not fit any of the other listed categories. International players who were playing for teams in North American leagues are listed in the chart as being drafted from their respective league rather than being listed as international.
Player numbers by team.
This is a ranking of the minor teams who have provided the most players to the NHL as of the 2007 NHL Entry Draft.
Rank - Team, League - Players
Note: Totals for Canadian Hockey League teams include all teams from that city, regardless of franchise moves except for Toronto, Quebec City, Montreal, Calgary and Vancouver.

Los Angeles International Airport
Los Angeles International Airport is the primary airport serving Los Angeles, California, United States. It is often referred to by its airport code LAX, with the letters usually pronounced individually. LAX is located in southwestern Los Angeles in the neighborhood of Westchester, from the downtown core.
With 61,895,548 passengers in 2007, LAX is the fifth busiest airport in the world and is served by direct flights to North America, Latin America, Europe, Asia, Oceania, and The Middle East. The airport is a major hub for United Airlines and a focus city for American Airlines, Alaska Airlines, Delta Air Lines, and Southwest Airlines.

Cockpit
A cockpit is the area, usually near the front of an aircraft, from which a pilot controls the aircraft. The cockpit is also referred to as the flight deck although that term can also refer to the flight deck on an aircraft carrier. Most modern cockpits are enclosed, except on some small aircraft, and cockpits on large airliners are also physically separated from the cabin.
Cockpit as a term for the pilot's compartment in an aircraft first appeared in 1914. From about 1935 cockpit also came to be used informally to refer to the driver's seat of a car, especially a high performance one, and this is official terminology in Formula One. The term is most likely related to the sailing term for the coxswain's station in a Royal Navy ship, and later the location of the ship's rudder controls.

List of defunct NHL teams
This is a list of teams that once played in the National Hockey League but no longer exist. This includes franchises which have moved to different cities. The years of operation only reflect the time in which that team was in the NHL; it does not take into account any time in which the franchise operated in another league (such as the World Hockey Association).
Defunct teams before the Original Six Era
Relocated teams after 1967 expansion

First officer
In commercial aviation, the first officer is the second pilot (sometimes referred to as the "co-pilot") of an aircraft. The first officer is second-in-command of the aircraft, to the Captain who is the legal commander. In the event of incapacitation of the captain, the first officer will assume command of the aircraft.
Control of the aircraft is normally shared equally between the first officer and the captain, with one pilot normally designated the "Pilot Flying" (PF) and the other the "Pilot Not Flying" (PNF) for each flight. Even when the first officer is the flying pilot, however, the captain remains ultimately responsible for the aircraft, its passengers, and the crew. In typical day-to-day operations, the essential job tasks remain fairly equal.

Flight attendant
In aviation, flight attendants — also known as cabin crew, stewards, air hosts/hostesses, or stewardesses, — are members of a cabin crew employed by airlines to ensure the safety and comfort of the passengers aboard commercial flights as well as on select business jet aircraft.

Western Conference (NHL)
The Western Conference () is one of two conferences in the National Hockey League (NHL) used to divide teams. Its counterpart is the Eastern Conference.
Stanley Cup champions produced.
† - The Philadelphia Flyers and the New York Islanders are no longer members of the Campbell/Western Conference. They moved to the Wales/Eastern Conference prior to the 1981–82 NHL season.

Mohamed Atta
Mohamed Atta ((September 1, 1968 – September 11, 2001) was a known associate of al-Qaeda and the leader of the nineteen hijackers who perpetrated the September 11, 2001 attacks. He personally participated in the hijacking of American Airlines Flight 11, the first plane to crash into the World Trade Center during the September 11, 2001 attacks.

Abdulaziz al-Omari
Abdulaziz al-Omari (, also transliterated Abdul Aziz Alomari) was named by the FBI as one of the hijackers of the first plane which was crashed into the World Trade Center in the September 11, 2001 attacks.

Waleed al-Shehri
Waleed M. al-Shehri (Arabic: الشهري, also transliterated Alshehri) was named by the FBI as a hijacker of American Airlines Flight 11 from Boston to Los Angeles that crashed into the World Trade Center as part of the September 11, 2001 attacks. His brother, Wail al-Shehri, is also a suspected 9/11 hijacker. The following birthdates have been associated with al-Shehri: September 13, 1974; November 5, 1975; January 1, 1976; March 3, 1976; July 8, 1977; December 20, 1978; and May 11, 1979.

Wail al-Shehri
Wail al-Shehri (وائل الشهري, also transliterated Alshehri) was named by the FBI as one of the hijackers of American Airlines Flight 11 from Boston to Los Angeles that crashed into the World Trade Center as part of the September 11, 2001 attacks. His brother, Waleed al-Shehri, is also a suspected 9/11 hijacker.

Satam al-Suqami
Satam M. A. al-Suqami (Arabic: سطام السقامي) (born June 28 1976; died September 11, 2001), was one of five men named by the FBI as hijackers of American Airlines Flight 11 in the September 11, 2001 attacks.

List of Stanley Cup champions
This is a list of Stanley Cup champions, including finalists and challengers. The Stanley Cup, donated by former Governor General of Canada Lord Stanley of Preston in 1892, is the oldest professional sports trophy in North America. Originally inscribed the "Dominion Hockey Challenge Cup", the trophy started out as an award for Canada's top-ranking amateur ice hockey club. Today, it is awarded to the top team in the National Hockey League, a professional ice hockey league.
Challenge era.
A. Although the Montreal Victorias won the AHAC title in 1895, the Stanley Cup trustees had already accepted a challenge from the 1894 Cup champion Montreal HC and Queen's University. As a compromise, the trustees decided that if the Montreal HC won the challenge match, the Victorias would become the Stanley Cup champions. The Montreals eventually won the game, 5–1, and their crosstown rivals were awarded the Cup.
B. Intended to be a best-of-three series, Ottawa Capitals withdrew their challenge after the first game.
C. The January 31 (a Saturday) game was tied 2–2 at midnight and the Mayor of Westmount refused to allow play to continue on the Sunday. The game was played on February 2 (a Monday) and the January 31 game was considered to be void.
D. For most of 1904, the Ottawa Senators were not affiliated with any league.
E. The Montreal Wanderers were disqualified as the result of a dispute. After game one ended tied at the end of regulation, 5–5, the Wanderers refused to play overtime with the current referee, and then subsequently refused to play the next game of the series in Ottawa.
F. Victoria did not formally challenge for the Stanley Cup with the Stanley Cup trustees. Toronto accepted the challenge directly.
NHL champion.
The Conn Smythe Trophy is awarded to the player who is judged to be the most valuable player to his team during the playoffs. It was first awarded during the 1964–65 playoffs.

First class (aviation)
First class is a luxury travel class on some airliners that exceeds "Business Class", "Premium Economy Class" and "Economy Class". On a passenger jetliner first class refers to a limited number (rarely more than 16) of seats or cabins located in the front of the aircraft which are notable for their comfort, service and privacy. Propeller airliners occasionally have first class in the rear.

List of NHL players
"Note: For current NHL players, see the individual team articles"

History of Pakistan
Arrival of Islam.
16th July 622 Hijri calender is considered to be started as Hazrat Muhammad (SAW) migrated to Madina Munawara.
16 March 1527 Kanwaha battle took place between forces of Babur and Rana Songa of Mewar, a Rajput prince. Babur forces defeated Rajput in this decisive battle.
26 June 1564 Sheikh Ahmad was born who joined Naqshbandya Silsilah under the decipline of Khawaja Baqi Billah. He gave the philosophy of Wahdat-ul Wujud and Wahdat-ush Shuhud in his dedication to Islam.
21 February 1703 Shah Wali Ullah son of Shah Abdul Rehman born

Business class
Business class (also known as executive class or upper class) is a high quality second-tier travel class available on some commercial airlines and rail lines. Its level of accommodation is higher than economy class and domestic first class but lower than international first class. However, many airlines offer only business class as the highest level of international service.

Runway
A runway (also abbreviated to RWY) is a strip of land on an airport, on which aircraft can take off and land. Runways may be a man-made surface (often asphalt, concrete, or a mixture of both) or a natural surface (grass, dirt, or gravel).

Air traffic control
Air traffic control (ATC) is a service provided by ground-based controllers who direct aircraft on the ground and in the air. The primary purpose of ATC systems worldwide is to "separate" aircraft to prevent collisions, to organize and expedite the flow of traffic, and to provide information and other support for pilots when able. In some countries, ATC may also play a security or defense role (as in the United States), or actually be run entirely by the military (as in Brazil). Air traffic control was first introduced at London's Croydon Airport in 1921. Archie League, who controlled aircraft using colored flags at what is today Lambert-St. Louis International Airport, is often considered the first air traffic controller.

Federal Aviation Administration
The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) is an agency of the United States Department of Transportation with authority to regulate and oversee all aspects of civil aviation in the U.S. The Federal Aviation Act of 1958 created the group under the name "Federal Aviation Agency", and adopted its current name in 1967 when it became a part of the United States Department of Transportation. The FAA is the single most influential governmentally-run aviation agency in the world, with the European Aviation Safety Agency in a close second.

North American Aerospace Defense Command
North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) is a joint organization of Canada and the United States that provides aerospace warning and defense for North America. It was founded on May 12, 1958, as the North American Air Defense Command. Its main technical facility has been the Cheyenne Mountain Operations Center in Colorado, and for this reason NORAD is sometimes unofficially referred to as Cheyenne Mountain.

Lower Manhattan
Lower Manhattan (or downtown Manhattan) is the southernmost part of the island of Manhattan, the main island and center of business and government of the City of New York. Lower Manhattan or "downtown" is defined most commonly as the area delineated on the north by 14th Street, on the west by the Hudson River, on the east by the East River, and on the south by New York Harbor (also known as Upper New York Bay). When referring specifically to the lower Manhattan business district and its immediate environs, the northern border is commonly designated by thoroughfares approximately a mile-and-a-half south of 14th Street and a mile north of the island's southern tip: Chambers Street from near the Hudson east to the Brooklyn Bridge entrances and overpass. Two other major arteries are also sometimes identified as lower Manhattan's northern border: Canal Street, roughly half a mile north of Chambers Street, and 23rd Street, roughly half a mile north of 14th Street.

Jules and Gedeon Naudet
Jules Clément Naudet (born Paris, France, April 26, 1973) and Thomas Gédéon Naudet (born Paris, France, March 27, 1970) are French filmmakers. The brothers, residents of the United States since 1989, were in New York City at the time of the September 11 attacks. Jules captured footage of the first plane flying into the North tower of the World Trade Center. Jules is married to Jacqueline Longa Muñoz, with two children.
The brothers graduated from Tisch School of the Arts in 1995. Their first film, "Hope, Gloves and Redemption," (2000) on boxers in the Bronx, included coverage of the 1998 New York Daily News Golden Gloves tournament.

List of Calgary Flames players/A-M
This is a complete list of ice hockey players who have played for the Calgary Flames (A - M) in the National Hockey League (NHL). It includes players that have played at least one regular season or playoff game for the Calgary Flames since the franchise moved to that city. As of the 2007–08 season, 376 different players have worn the Flames jersey since the team moved to Calgary in 1980. The Flames have won the Stanley Cup once, in 1989, while four players have gone on to be elected into the Hockey Hall of Fame, the most recent being Al MacInnis, who was added in 2007.
Goaltenders.
"Note: Stats are updated through to the end of the 2007–08 season"
Skaters.
"Note: Stats are updated through to the end of the 2007–08 season"

Flight recorder
A flight recorder is a recorder placed in an aircraft for the purpose of facilitating the investigation of an aircraft accident or incident. For this reason, they are required to be capable of surviving the conditions likely to be encountered in a severe aircraft accident. They are typically specified to withstand an impact of 3600 "g" and temperatures of over 1,000 °C (as required by EUROCAE ED-112). There are two types of protected Flight Recorder, Flight data recorder (FDR) and Cockpit voice recorder (CVR). In some cases, the two recorders may be combined in a single FDR/CVR unit.

Flight number
A flight number, when combined with the name of the airline and the date, identifies a particular flight. This callsign should not be confused with the tail number of the aircraft, although both can be used as a call-sign as used in general aviation. A particular aircraft may fly several different flights in one day, and different aircraft may be used for the same flight number on successive days.

Boeing 757
The Boeing 757 is a short to medium range narrow-body commercial passenger aircraft manufactured by Boeing Commercial Airplanes. It was launched by Eastern Air Lines and British Airways to replace the Boeing 727 and entered service in 1983. Production of the 757 ended on October 28, 2004 after 1,050 had been built. The final aircraft was delivered to Shanghai Airlines on November 28, 2005. As of July 2007, a total of 1,019 Boeing 757 aircraft were in airline service.

DGamer
DGamer (Disney Gamer) is an online service developed by Disney for use with Nintendo DS games. DGamer is accessible via the Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection or computer via Disney.com. The service is implemented by Disney Interactive.
It launched in North America on May 15, 2008, coinciding with the release of the DS version of "The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian". All subsequent Disney Interactive Studios games will include DGamer features.

Eastern Conference (NHL)
The Eastern Conference () is one of two conferences in the National Hockey League (NHL) used to divide teams. Its counterpart is the Western Conference.

Undrafted sportsperson
An undrafted sportsperson or undrafted free agent is a type of sportsperson who plays, or tries to play, in a professional sports league. Every eligible player who is not chosen in their league's draft is an undrafted sportsperson.
Notable undrafted sportsperson.
"Note: These lists are not complete:"

John Vanbiesbrouck
John Vanbiesbrouck (born September 4, 1963 in Detroit, Michigan) is a retired American professional ice hockey goaltender, who was inducted into the United States Hockey Hall of Fame in 2007. He's played for the New York Rangers, Florida Panthers, Philadelphia Flyers, New York Islanders, and New Jersey Devils.

Pelle Lindbergh
Per-Erik "Pelle" Lindbergh (, May 24, 1959 – November 11, 1985) was a Swedish professional ice hockey goaltender who played parts of five seasons in the NHL for the Philadelphia Flyers.
Awards.
The Philadelphia Flyers named an award, the Pelle Lindbergh Memorial, in his honor. Since 1993–94, it has been annually awarded to the most improved player on the team.
International Play.
1980 - Played for Sweden in the XIII Olympic Winter Games

Wernher von Braun
Wernher Magnus Maximilian Freiherr von Braun (23 March, 1912 - 16 June, 1977) was a German engineer, scientist and rocket designer. He worked for the Nazi's during World War II. After the war, he worked NASA in the USA.
He developed the V2 rocket, the first rocket to penetrate into space. He also developed the Saturn V rocket which took people to the moon in 1969.

Pete Peeters
Peter H. Peeters (born 1 August, 1957 in Edmonton, Alberta) is a retired professional ice hockey goaltender who was one of the NHL's most colourful characters in the 1980s.
Peeters was drafted 135th overall by the Philadelphia Flyers in the 1977 NHL Amateur Draft after playing for the Medicine Hat Tigers of the WCHL. Peeters played in 489 career NHL games, with a record of 246 wins, 155 losses and 51 ties. He also registered 21 shutouts and a 3.08 Goals Against Average. Peeters also played several years for the Washington Capitals.

National Football League Most Valuable Player Award
The National Football League Most Valuable Player Award is an award by different entities, most notably the Associated Press, to the player who is thought to be the most valuable player in the league.
The Joe F. Carr Trophy.
The NFL awarded the Joe F. Carr Trophy (named for the league president, 1921-39) to the league's MVP from 1938 to 1946.
As awarded by United Press International.
United Press International gave an NFL MVP Award from 1948 through 1969, excepting 1949-50, and 1952. Beginning in 1970 UPI awarded separate awards for the NFC and AFC. In 1975 UPI added a Defensive Player of the Year Award for both the NFC and AFC.
As awarded by Newspaper Enterprise Association.
This award ran from 1955 through 1996 and was a poll of NFL players. The award winner is given with the Jim Thorpe Trophy (different from the collegiate football's Jim Thorpe Award). Beginning in 1997 the Jim Thorpe Trophy was given by the Jim Thorpe Association, with the winner determined by a "vote of NFLPA representatives".

List of NHL statistical leaders
This is a list of National Hockey League (NHL) statistical leaders through the end of the 2006–07 season. Statistics from the 2007–08 season will be included after that season is completed.
Most of these records are held by Canadian players, due to the traditional popularity of ice hockey in Canada. In the past, most NHL players were from Canada, and even today roughly half of all NHL players are born in Canada (52.0% in the 2007–08 season). To distinguish players of different nations, a flag is placed beside players born outside of Canada; the Canadian flag () will not be shown next to Canadian players in order to avoid clutter.
Skaters.
The statistics listed include the 2006–07 NHL season and the 2006–07 NHL playoffs Active skaters (as of September 2007) are listed in boldface.
Regular season points.
"Career points-per-game average greater than/equal to 1.25 (as of September 2007) are listed in boldface."
Goalies.
The statistics listed include the 2006–07 NHL season and the 2006–07 NHL playoffs Active goalies (as of September 2007) are listed in boldface.
Coaches.
The statistics listed include the 2006–07 NHL season and the 2006–07 NHL playoffs Active coaches (as of September 2007) are listed in boldface.

Trent Green
Trent Jason Green (born July 9, 1970 in Cedar Rapids, Iowa) is an American football quarterback for the St. Louis Rams of the National Football League. He was first drafted by the San Diego Chargers in the eighth round of the 1993 NFL Draft. He played college football at Indiana.
Green has also played for has also played for the British Columbia Lions, Washington Redskins, Kansas City Chiefs and Miami Dolphins. He earned a Super Bowl ring during his first stint with the Rams and was selected to two Pro Bowls with the Chiefs.

Frumosu River (Motru)
The Frumosu River is a tributary of the Motru River in Romania. That means it flows into the Motru River.

Valea Mare River (Motru)
The Valea Mare River is a tributary of the Motru River in Romania. That means it flows into the Motru River.

Milearu River
The Milearu River is a tributary of the Motru River in Romania. That means it flows into the Motru River.

Motrul Sec River
The Motrul Sec River is a tributary of the Motru River in Romania. That means it flows into the Motru River.

Capra River (Motru)
The Capra River is a tributary of the Motrul Sec River in Romania. That means it flows into the Motru River.

Izvoarele River (Motru)
The Izvoarele River is a tributary of the Motru River in Romania. That means it flows into the Motru River.

Lupoaia River (Motru)
The Lupoaia River is a tributary of the Motru River in Romania. That means it flows into the Motru River.

Stoican River
The Stoican River is a tributary of the Lupoaia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lupoaia River.

Toy Story 3
"Toy Story 3" is an upcoming computer-animated 3-D movie. It is being made by Pixar Animation Studios. It is supposed to be released on June 18, 2010. It is a sequel to the movies "Toy Story" and "Toy Story 2". Tom Hanks will voice Sheriff Woody, Tim Allen will voice Buzz Lightyear, and Joan Cusack will voice Jessie.

Cars (movie)
"Cars" is a 2006 movie made by Pixar. In it, cars are living people and there are no humans. It will have a sequel called "Cars 2".

A Bug's Life
"A Bug's Life" is a 1998 movie made by Pixar. It focuses on the world of insects and other small creatures, and the fight between ants and grasshoppers.

No Country for Old Men (movie)
"No Country for Old Men" is a 2007 movie made by the Coen Brothers. It won "Best Picture", "Best Director", and "Best Adapted Screenplay" at the 2007 Academy Awards.

Indiana University
Indiana University is a public university in Bloomington, Indiana. It is the largest university in a group also called "Indiana University."

Afonso Pena International Airport
The Afonso Pena International Airport is a Brazilian airport. It is the most important airport in the southern region of the country. It is Curitiba's major airport. The airport is located 18km southeast from the downtown, in the city of São José dos Pinhais. The airport includes a small museum, a playcenter and a small shopping center with 60 stores inside the main terminal.

Universidade Federal do Paraná
The Universidade Federal do Paraná - UFPR ("Federal University of Paraná") is the oldest Brazilian university. It is located in the Southern Brazilian state of Paraná. The university was created on December 19, 1912. Its facilities are scattered over the capital Curitiba and other cities of the state.

Boca River (Motru)
The Boca River is a tributary of the Motru River in Romania. That means it flows into the Motru River.

Valea Blidarului River
The Valea Blidarului River is a tributary of the Firiza River in Romania. That means it flows into the Firiza River.

Jolobodiul Mare River
The Jolobidiul Mare River is a tributary of the Firiza River in Romania. That means it flows into the Firiza River.

Twelfth grade
Twelfth grade (called Grade 12 in some places, also known as senior year in the United States and Australia) is the last year of secondary education in the United States, as well as many other nations.

Depth chart
In sports, a depth chart is a chart used to show the lineup of the starting players and the secondary players. Most often a starting player will be listed first or on top, while a back-up player will be listed below.

Stepfamily
Traditionally, a stepfamily is a family that gets a parent through a new marriage, whether the parent was widowed or divorced. For example, if a girl's mother dies and her father marries another woman, the new woman is her stepmother.

Breeches
Breeches (pronounced) is a type of clothing that males where that covers the body from the waist down, with different coverings for each leg, usually stopping just below the knee, though sometimes reaching to the ankles. The breeching of a young boy, at an age somewhere between six and eight, was a completion in his childhood.

Waist
The waist is the part of the abdomen between the rib cage and hips that humans have.

Aircraft registration
An aircraft registration is a unique alphanumeric string that identifies an aircraft, in similar fashion to a licence plate on an automobile. In accordance with the Convention on International Civil Aviation all aircraft must be registered with a national authority (such as the Federal Aviation Administration or Transport Canada), and furthermore, they must carry proof of this registration in the form of a legal document called a Certificate of Registration at all times when in operation. Most countries also require the aircraft registration to be imprinted on a permanent fireproof plate mounted on the fuselage for the purposes of post-fire/post-crash aircraft accident investigation.

Medical shorthand
Medical shorthand (shorthand: a way of talking and writing quickly) is a shorthand used by medical professionals (people who work to help sick people) to hurry explanation of diseases (sickness), patients, or medicines (drugs).
This shorthand can include shortening (making less lengthy) of longer disease names, by cutting the word down to it's base (the Latin or Greek part that makes it). Medical professionals also create (make) words that mean something. An example of this is "stat", used to indicate (show) that something needs to be hurried (gone faster). It is from the latin "base word" statim, meaning quick. A very commonly (often) used shorthand is shortening things on order forms for patients. An example is, pre-op meaning pre-operation (patient who is being prepared for surgery). These can be very complicated and extensive (meaning there is a lot of them).
Despite the fact that this shorthand might make it difficult for new Interns (new Doctors) or recently trained Nurses to get used to this unofficial language, it has been shown to improve (make better) the speed of treatment in hospitals.
In use.
This section (part) shows common used detailed Shorthands. These, as stated above, may be used on patient forms.

Paternoster
A Paternoster is a type of elevator. Its design is different from that of other elevators. It has several cabins that constantly move up and down. They are linked on a chain. People can stop on or off at any floor they like.
Paternosters have advantages and disadvantages. As an advantage, it is always possible to take them in either direction. Since the elevator moves at a slow speed, it is slower than a modern elevator. It takes longer to get to distant floors. Also, using a paternoaster takes some training. Paternosters are nearly impossible to use for disabled people.

Main Page/Article 5
Daniela Hantuchová (born April 23, 1983 in Poprad, Czechoslovakia, now Slovakia) is a Slovak professional tennis player. As of 2008, she is ranked as World No. 12 in women's singles tennis and 58th in doubles. In the past, she has ranked as both women's singles and doubles World No. 5. She reached the semi-final of the 2008 Australian Open. She played tennis for Slovakia in an international competition called the Fed Cup, and also in the Olympic Games.
As of June 2008, she has won over $5 million from playing tennis. She is currently working with some coaches who work for the Sanchez-Casal Academy, usually Angel Gimenez and Eduardo Nicolas. Her Women's Tennis Association Tour mentor was Martina Navratilova. Navratilova was her doubles partner for a while in early 2005. Outside tennis, she has modelled clothes and has been in some television advertisements.

Maremma
Maremma is an area in Italy, consisting of part of southern Tuscany and some part of northern Lazio.

Hurtova Lhota
Hurtova Lhota is a village in the Havlíčkův Brod District, Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. About 224 people live there and it has 2,98 km². Hurtova Lhota was first documented in 1436.

Nová Ves u Světlé
Nová Ves u Světlé is a village in the Havlíčkův Brod District, Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. About 467 people live there and it has 7,58 km². Nová Ves u Světlé was first documented in 1378.

Hamilton Academical F.C.
Hamilton Academical is a football team from Hamilton, Lanarkshire in Scotland. They were first set up in 1874 from Hamilton Academy. More commonly known as "Hamilton Accies" the team won promotion from SFL Division 2 to SFL Division 1 in the 2003-04 season. This was followed up by promotion to the Scottish Premier League in the 2007-08 season. The club have played at New Douglas Park from 2001, having previously played at Douglas Park.

Worf
Worf is a ' and ' character. He is played by Michael Dorn. He serves on the starship Enterprise as Lieutenant Junior Grade. Worf is the first Klingon main character to appear in star trek, and has appeared in more star trek episodes than any other character.
Character story.
Worf is the son of Mogh. When Worf was a child, his parents and family were killed by the Romulan attack on the Khitomer outpost. Worf, his nanny Kahlest, and his brother Kurn survived the attack. Worf was then adopted by a human couple, Sergey and Helena Rozhenko while his brother was raised in the Klingon homeworld and was not revealed until they were both adults. Although Worf never took the Rozhenko's last name, for he preferred to be addressed as "Worf, son of Mogh". It was during his time on gault that the 13-year-old Worf, captain of his school's soccer team accidentally killed another boy during a championship by throwing himself at him as the two children ran after the ball which flew in the air. This was something Worf would never forget.

Azmi Bishara
Azmi Bishara (, born July 22, 1956), was an Israeli politician. He is a Palestinian Christian and an Israeli citizen. Bishara was a member of the Israeli Knesset (MK) as a member of the Balad party from 1996 until resigning (stopped being a member) in April 2007. He is also the leader of that political party.
His resignation happened during news that the Israeli security services said he had committed many crimes. The news at that time did not say what the crimes were. It was later said that the crimes were treason and espionage. Because he resigned, Bishara lost his parliamentary immunity. He was not in Israel when this happened and chose not to go back to Israel at that time. He has said that he does want to return.
Early life.
Bishara was born in Nazareth. He created the first National Committee of Arab High School Students. In 1974, he was in charge of that group. In 1976, he helped create the Committee for the Defense of Arab Lands and the first National Arab Student Union.
In the 1970s, Bishara studied at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem. He was the head of the Arab Student Union and was active in the Jewish-Arab student group Campus. At the time, Bishara was a member of the Israeli Communist party Rakah (now part of Hadash), and supported an Internationalist-Marxist political agenda.
Upon finishing his Ph.D in philosophy at Humboldt University of Berlin in 1986, he joined the faculty of Bir Zeit University. He was in charge of the Philosophy and Cultural Studies Department for two years, from 1994 to 1996. He has also worked as a senior researcher at the Van Leer Institute in Jerusalem.
Political career.
Bishara was a Knesset member from the fourteenth Knesset (first seating June 17 1996) until April 22, 2007. He was the most important member of his political party, the National Democratic Assembly (NDA-Balad) in the Knesset during this time.
Bishara was the first Arab citizen of Israel to try to become Prime Minister. He tried to become Prime Minister in the 1999 election, but stopped two days before election day.
The Central Elections Committee (CEC) said that MKs Ahmad Tibi and Azmi Bishara, as well as Bishara's party, Balad, could not be elected for the 16th Knesset in 2003. Attorney General Elyakim Rubinstein agreed with this and had also tried to stop them from being allowed to be elected. The CEC said that they believed that Bishara and Balad wanted "to destroy the Jewish character of the state and supported the armed struggle against it". The Israeli Supreme Court said this was wrong and that they could be elected.
Visits to Syria.
Bishara went to Syria in 2001. He gave a speech at a memorial ceremony for Syrian President Hafez al-Assad where he showed support for Hezbollah. When he got back to Israel, the government said that he was guilty of trying to cause violence and supporting a terrorist organization, as defined by Israel's Prevention of Terror Ordinance.
Bishara went back to Syria in September 2006. While he was there, he said that Israel might attack Syria in more than one place to try to fix problems in Israel and show other countries that it would not be a good idea to attack it. He also went to Lebanon. He told the Lebanese prime minister that Hizbullah fighting against Israel has "lifted the spirit of the Arab people". Soon after this, Interior Minister Roni Bar-On asked Attorney General Menachem Mazuz see if Balad MKs Azmi Bashara, Jamal Zahalka and Wassel Taha were guilty of any crimes because of their visit to Syria. He did this because after Bashara's visit to Syria in 2001, the Knesset made a law that said that MKs could not go to any enemy countries.
Resignation from Knesset and Suspicion of High Treason.
On April 22, 2007, Bishara resigned from the Knesset at the Israeli Embassy in Cairo, Egypt. He did this after a police investigation of foreign people he knew and talk with. It was also said that he helped the enemy during wartime, gave information on to the enemy and laundered money he got from foreign sources. It was said that he might stay out of Israel because he did not want to go to jail and because it would end his political career." He also said that he believed he would not get a fair trial.
Court documents say that Bishara was questioned two times about the case. During the second time, he said that he was going to leave Israel for a couple of days. He said he would attend a third questioning session when he got back to Israel.
Bishara talked to a group of supporters in Nazareth using a telephone in April 2007. He told the thousands of supporters that, "My guilt is that I love my homeland... our intellect and our words are our weapons. Never in my life did I draw a gun or kill anyone."
Awards.
Bishara was awarded the “Ibn Rushd 'Averroes' Prize for Freedom of Thought” for the year 2002 in Berlin, and the Global Exchange Human Rights Award for the year 2003 in San Francisco.

Peterhead F.C.
Peterhead Football Club is a professional football club from Peterhead, Scotland. Peterhead FC is currently playing in the Scottish Second Division.

1983-84 NHL season
The 1983–84 NHL season was the 67th season of the National Hockey League. Twenty-one teams each played 80 games. The Edmonton Oilers beat the four-time defending Stanley Cup champion New York Islanders four games to one in the Cup finals.
Final standings.
"Note: GP = Games played; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; GF = Goals for; GA = Goals against; Pts = Points; PIM = Penalties in minutes"
Scoring leaders.
"Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points"
Finals.
"Edmonton wins series 4–1 and Stanley Cup"
"Mark Messier (Edmonton) wins Conn Smythe Trophy"

Northeast Division (NHL)
The NHL's Northeast Division was formed in 1993 as part of the Eastern Conference in a league adjustment, the predecessor of which was the Adams Division. Although none of its members have won the Stanley Cup since the adjustment, its members account for a combined 42 Stanley Cup championships (24 by Montreal, 13 by Toronto, and 5 by Boston), which is the most championships of any division in the NHL.
Northeast Division Titles Won By Team.
Teams in bold are currently in the division.

Northwest Division (NHL)
The NHL's Northwest Division was formed in 1998 as part of the Western Conference due to expansion.

Pacific Division (NHL)
The National Hockey League's Pacific Division is one of three divisions that make up the Western Conference. It was formed in 1993 as part league realignment. The Pacific Division is the successor of the Smythe Division, though of the current teams, only the Los Angeles Kings and San Jose Sharks played in the Smythe division.
The Pacific Division is centered around the Southwestern United States, with three teams based in California, one in Arizona and one in Texas.
The Dallas Stars have the most Pacific Division titles, with five. Three Stanley Cup winners have come from the Pacific Division: the Stars in 1999, the Colorado Avalanche in 1996, and the Anaheim Ducks in 2007.
1993–1995.
When the Pacific Division was formed in 1993, it was identical to the Smythe Division, except that the Winnipeg Jets moved to the Central Division, and the expansion Mighty Ducks of Anaheim joined.
In addition to the Ducks, the Pacific featured the Calgary Flames, Edmonton Oilers, Los Angeles Kings, San Jose Sharks and Vancouver Canucks.
The Flames were the first team to win a Pacific Division title, capturing it in both 1993–94 and 1994–95.
1995–1998.
The Pacific was expanded to seven teams in 1995 with the relocation of the Quebec Nordiques to Denver, Colorado as the Colorado Avalanche. The Avs won the division title all three years they were in the Pacific, along with becoming the first Stanley Cup champion to represent the Pacific in 1996.
1998-present.
In 1998, the NHL once again realigned, moving to a six division format. As a result, the Flames, Avalanche, Oilers and Canucks were split off into their own division, the Northwest Division. At the same time, the Winnipeg Jets relocated to Phoenix, Arizona to become the Phoenix Coyotes. Finally, the Dallas Stars moved in from the Central Division, giving the Pacific the alignment it retains to this day.

Atlantic Division (NHL)
The NHL's Atlantic Division was formed in 1993 as part of the Eastern Conference in a league realignment, the predecessor of which was the Patrick Division. It is the only division in the NHL where all of its members have won the Stanley Cup at least once (in fact, all five teams have won it at least twice), though only two teams have won the Stanley Cup as a member of the Atlantic Division.

Central Division (NHL)
The NHL's Central Division was formed in 1993 as part of the Western Conference in a league realignment, the predecessor of which was the Norris Division.

Southeast Division (NHL)
The NHL's Southeast Division was formed in 1998 as part of the Eastern Conference due to expansion.

List of members of the Hockey Hall of Fame
This is a list of members of the Hockey Hall of Fame. The Hockey Hall of Fame was established in 1943 and located in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is a hall of fame and museum dedicated to the history of ice hockey. Originally, there were two categories for induction, players and builders, and in 1961, a third category for on-ice officials was introduced. In 1988, a "veteran player category" was established in order to "provide a vehicle for players who may have been overlooked and whose chances for election would be limited when placed on the same ballot with contemporary players." Eleven players were added into the category, but in 2000 the board of directors eliminated it and those inductees are now considered to be in the player category.
As of 2007, there are 238 players, 96 builders and 14 on-ice officials in the Hall of Fame. Eleven of the honourees have been added after their death.
Players.
The Player category has been in existence since the beginning of the Hall of Fame and the first players were added in 1945. Since then, 238 players have been added. For a person to be added to the Hockey Hall of Fame as a player, they must have been retired for a minimum of three years and must be nominated by an elected 18-person selection committee. The waiting period was waived for ten players deemed exceptionally notable: Dit Clapper (1947), Maurice Richard (1961), Ted Lindsay (1966), Red Kelly (1969), Terry Sawchuk (1971), Jean Beliveau (1972), Gordie Howe (1972), Bobby Orr (1979), Mario Lemieux (1997) and Wayne Gretzky (1999). Following Wayne Gretzky's retirement, it was announced that the waiting period would no longer be waived for any player except under "certain humanitarian circumstances".
As of 2007, a maximum of four players can be added in one year but the greatest number of players ever added in a year was 27, in 1962. They were added because the Hall of Fame was trying to induct many pre-NHL era players. 218 of the player inductees are Canadian-born, while only 10 European-born players have been added. The NHL team with the most player inductees is the Toronto Maple Leafs, with 55. Seventy-five defencemen are in the Hall of Fame, more than any other current position, while only 35 goaltenders have been added.
In 1988, a "veteran player category" was established in order to "provide a vehicle for players who may have been overlooked and whose chances for election would be limited when placed on the same ballot with contemporary players." Eleven players were added into the category, but in 2000, the board of directors removed it, and now those inductees are considered to be in the player category.
A. Player was inducted into the Veteran Player category. In 2000, it was merged with the Player category.
Builders.
The Builder category has been in existence since the beginning of the Hall of Fame and the first builders were added in 1945. A Builder is a person who has contributed to the development of the game of hockey, and as the name refers, one who has built the game forward. Since then, 96 builders have been added. For a person to be added to the Hockey Hall of Fame as a builder, they may be "active or inactive" and must be nominated by an elected 18-person selection committee. As of 2007, a maximum of two builders can be added in one year.
Former members.
On March 30, 1993, it was announced that Gil Stein, who at the time was the president of the National Hockey League, had been added into the Hall of Fame. There were immediate allegations that he had engineered his election through manipulation of the hall's board of directors and by telling them to change the rules for selection. Two lawyers, hired by the league to lead an investigation, recommended that Stein's selection be overturned, although it was soon revealed that Stein had previously decided to turn down the induction.
In 1989, Alan Eagleson was added as a builder, but he would resign from the Hall in 1998 after pleading guilty of mail fraud and embezzling hundreds of thousands of dollars. His resignation came shortly before a vote was held to expel him.
On-ice officials.
The On-ice official category has been in existence since 1961 and since then fourteen have been added. For an official to be added to the Hockey Hall of Fame, they must be retired for a minimum of three years and must be nominated by an elected 18-person selection committee. As of 2007, a maximum of one on-ice official can be added in one year.
2008 inductees.
The Hall of Fame selection committee met on June 17, 2008 to select and announce the new additions. The new class will be added during the weekend of November 7–10.

The Magic Roundabout (movie)
"The Magic Roundabout" (released in France as "Pollux, le manège enchanté" and in North America with a shortened form, "Doogal") is a movie based on the television series of the same name. The movie was released on February 11, 2005 in the United Kingdom and France, and on February 24, 2006 in North America. The story is about a dog named Dougal (Doogal in North America) who has to save his best friend, Florence, as well as the whole world, from being frozen by an evil spring named ZeeBad.
The Story.
A shaggy, candy-loving puppy named Dougal (Doogal in North America) along with a group of friends gp on a dangerous journey in an effort to stop their enemy-- the evil ice sorcerer ZeeBad. As the world is placed in danger Zeebad wants to turn the world to ice. Doogal and his friends must recover three diamonds that are needed to stop him.

Female ejaculation
Female ejaculation, also known as gushing or squirting, happens when a woman has an orgasm and clear fluid comes out of her. Scientists are not sure how the fluid is produced, but think it is produced by the Skene's glands (also called the paraurethral glands or female prostate). Female ejaculation was mentioned in ancient times by the Greek philosopher Aristotle (384–322 B.C.), and by doctors and people who study anatomy. However, in much of the 20th century there were people who did not believe that female ejaculation existed, and it was not studied in detail. More people found out about the matter after a book called "The G Spot" came out in 1982 and became popular. After that, more research was done on female ejaculation.

SummerSlam
SummerSlam is a yearly professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event held in August by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). The event is often called "The Biggest Party of the Summer." Along with WrestleMania, Royal Rumble and Survivor Series, SummerSlam is one of the "Big Four" pay-per-views and was one of the original four yearly WWE pay-per-views.
DVD box set.
WWE will be releasing a complete DVD box set with the title "SummerSlam: The Complete Anthology", which will play all of every SummerSlam event, on August 5 2008.

Suina
The suborder Suina (also known Suiformes) contains perhaps the earliest and most archaic even-toed ungulates.
Classification.
This suborden Suina includes family Suidae (pigs, hogs) and the family Tayassuidae (peccaries). Morphogical studies also identified family Hippopotamidae (hippos) among the Suina.

Ruminantia
The biological suborder Ruminantia this majority of the Artiodactyla including sheep, goats, camels, and other forms which have a complex stomach and ruminate their food.

White Oleander (movie)
"White Oleander" is a 2002 movie. The main people in it are Robin Wright Penn, Renee Zellweger, Alison Lohman, and Michelle Pfeiffer. It was based off of a novel of the same name.
Plot.
Ingrid is a photographer who falls in love with a man named Barry Kolker. However he is not loyal to her and sees other women. Ingrid kills him. She goes to jail and is later found guilty for killing him and goes to prison for a long time. Her daughter, Astrid, is taken to a series of foster homes.
Her first foster home is someone named Starr, who has a two children, a teenager named Carolee and a young boy named David. During this home, she falls in love with Starr's husband. During a fight, Carolee runs away from home. An angry Starr shoots Astrid in the arm after an argument with her husband.
For a brief time, she is put in a place called "Mac," which houses hundreds of children. During this time, she gets into a fight with a bunch of other girls. She cuts her hair off and threatens the other girls, saying that she will slit their throats in their sleep if they attack her again.
Her second foster home is with a woman named Claire Richards. She is very lonely since her husband Mark is always out on business trips. Astrid likes her a lot and how she always is nice and happy towards her. When Claire and Astrid visit Ingrid, however, Ingrid tells Claire that Mark is cheating on her. Astrid warns her mother not to destroy this home, but Ingrid smiles and says that she would rather have her at the worst foster home ever over Claire. Afterwards, Claire fights with Mark and later kills herself by swallowing a lot of pills at once.
Astrid is put in another home. She is very upset and thinks that her mom caused Claire to kill herself. She chooses a home with a Russian mother named Rena, knowing that Rena will not love her like Claire did because she does not want to see this happen again. This new mother has her sell her nice clothes. Astrid dyes her own hair and starts wearing black clothing. When Ingrid meets Astrid again, she is shocked at how Astrid has turned herself.
During this time, there is a movement to free Ingrid. They believe the original decision of "guilty" of killing Barry was wrong and want a new trial. If Astrid lies and agrees to Ingrid's version of the story, Ingrid will be likely be freed. But if she tells the truth, Ingrid will be put in jail again. Astrid uses this new power to force Ingrid to tell her about her father. Ingrid is then put on trial, but Ingrid tells her lawyer not to call Astrid to the stand. Ingrid is found guilty again and is put in jail.
The movie ends with Astrid, living with her new boyfriend Paul in East Berlin, putting together a series of suitcases that stand for all of her experiences through foster homes. She has redyed her hair blonde.

Beverly Crusher
Doctor Beverly Crusher is a fictional character from the American science fiction television series ' The character is played by actress Gates McFadden. Crusher was born as Beverly Howard. She is a human medical doctor working for Starfleet. Crusher was the chief medical officer on the starships USS Enterprise-D and USS Enterprise-E. She had the military rank of Commander. Crusher had a husband, Jack Crusher (now dead), and one son, Wesley Crusher.
Character story.
Doctor Crusher was born in Copernicus City, Luna (Earth's moon). When she was very young her parents died. After this, She lived with her grandmother on Arvada III, a colony planet. After joining Starfleet, she married Lieutenant Jack Crusher. He served with captain Jean-Luc Picard on the USS Stargazor. They had a son, Wesley Crusher. Jack Crusher was killed in an accident on the Stargazor in 2354. On the Enterprise-D, Crusher is a good friend with all the senior staff. She plays poker with them every week. Beverly is a good dancer. She has won many trophies in the past for dancing. She tries to keep this a secret because she did not want to be known as "the dancing doctor" as she used to be in the past.

Chakswari Tehsil
Chakswari is a tehsil (town) in the Mirpur District, Azad Kashmir containing approximately 25 villages including the New Town of IslaamGarh. Approximately 20km from Mirpur city, it is fast becoming a commercial area of the district.
The majority of the population speak Pahari/Pothowari/Mirpuri, the second most spoken language of Kashmir after Kashmiri. A large number of inhabitants emigrated to the United Kingdom between the 1950s and 1980s.
Chakswari comprises partly plain and partly hilly areas. Chakswari has pleasant scenery and the climate is generally arid, characterized by hot summers and cool winters. There is little rainfall. The people of this area are agriculturalists belonging to the Jatt, Rajput & Moochi castes, with strong cultural links to the Pothwar region of Pakistan.
Chakswari is divided into two parts, the historic old town where the majority of the wholesale shops, for which the Town is known, are located and the newer part – Chakswari Colony which was built for the families who lost their homes following the construction of Mangla Dam. The town is modern and a shoppers paradise. The current population of Chakswari is around twenty thousand. Chakswari boasts the biggest house-building boom after Mirpur. Chakswari is known for it's excellent shopping areas and it's large shopping plazas for which most of the wholesale shops are located. There are many stores, plazas, shopping malls & markets in these thoroughfares, selling everything from hand made pottery to international brands.
Chakswari is well known for the existence of The Holy Pir. It is most commonly known as Noshahi pir who were part of The Muhammad family tree. The Noshahi Haji pir Ganj Baksh tomb is located in Ralmal Sharif in Gujrat. In the 90's, they were known for helping the people of Chakswari with things like poverty.

Mirpur
Mirpur (Urdu: میر پور) is the largest city in Azad Jammu and Kashmir, and the capital of Mirpur District. Mirpur is located at the extreme south of Azad Kashmir at a elevation of 459 metres (1509ft), not far from Islamgarh. It is 161 kilometre's (100 miles) from Islamabad via the Grand Trunk Road and 295 kilometre's (183 miles) from Muzaffarabad, the capital of Azad Jammu and Kashmir.

Jalalabad, Punjab
Jalalabad (Urdu: جلال آباد Jalālābād) is a city and a municipal council of Ferozpur District in the Punjab state of India.

Kupferhof Bauschenberg
The Kupferhof Bauschenberg was a brass producing factory built in the 17th century in the German city of Stolberg. It had a great influence on the brass industry which made Stolberg world leader in brass production for more than a century.
Due to the excellent conditions for the production of the alloy brass there could hardly be a better place to choose than Stolberg. Located near the small river Vichtbach the water wheels could easily be powerded. Calamine was delivered by the oar mines from nearby Breinigerberg and wood for firing the furnaces had been available in adequate quanitities in the forests of the Eifel. This must be the reason why Gottfried Schardinel, one of the richest persons at that time in the region of Stolberg built the Kupferhof Bauschenberg.
Later the three factories Kupferhof Bauschenberg, Dollartshammer as well as Straßburger Hof fusionated to create the company Prym.

Zira Tehsil
Zira was one of the two tehsils of the Punjab, (the other one being Ferozpur), that was part of a controversy during the Partition of India. Sir Cyril Radcliffe created the boundary between India and Pakistan just days before the partition. A draft of the Award was supposedly sent to Evan Jenkins, the provincial governor of Punjab by George Abell, Lord Mountbatten’s private secretary, with a preliminary description of the Punjab boundary. This draft showed the Ferozepur and Zira tehsils being allotted to Pakistan.
The final version of the boundary however awarded the areas to India. This led Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the founder of Pakistan, to proclaim that the Award of the Boundary Commission was unjust, incomprehensible and perverse. He, however, agreed to abide by it. The dispute was settled in 1960 as part of an agreement between the governments of India and Pakistan.

Sturgeon
Sturgeon is common name are some 26 species of fish in the family Acipenseridae.
Evolution.
These "living fossils" of fish evolution once ranged widely throughout the Mississippi River, the Great Lakes and the Hudson River. Occasionally, the lake sturgeon's dark form can be discerned in reedy shallows or near river mouths. The glimpse is as rare as it is startling.
Habitat.
In the last century, this large was often regarded as a nuisance because it became entangled in and ripped commercial fishing nets. Only later did the sturgeon become prized for its meat, eggs (caviar) and oil. A gelatin from the inner lining of its air bladder was used to make isinglass--a substance used as a clarifying agent in jellies, glues and in the isinglass windows of carriages and early cars.

WWE The Great American Bash
The Great American Bash is an yearly summer professional wrestling pay-per-view made by World Wrestling Entertainment. It was originally made by the National Wrestling Alliance and then by World Championship Wrestling. However, according to Ric Flair in his autobiography, Dusty Rhodes invented The Great American Bash.
After the last Great American Bash by World Championship Wrestling in 2000, The Great American Bash didn't happen again until 2004 and only Smackdown! superstars were on it until the 2007 event when Raw and ECW superstars joined. Something special about this pay-per-view is that anyone in the American military can see The Great American Bash for free.
Dates and places.
Here are the dates and places where past competitions have been held.
__NOTOC__

Hy-Vee
Hy-Vee is an employee owned chain of supermarkets in the Midwestern United States.As of January 2008, Hy-Vee runs 197 supermarkets and 26 Drugstores in seven states. Over 100 of its supermarkets are in Iowa, but it also has stores in Illinois, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, and South Dakota. Hy-Vee is known for its longtime advertising slogan, "Where there's a helpful smile in every aisle."
Two-time National Football League MVP Kurt Warner once worked at a Hy-Vee Store in Cedar Falls, Iowa. After he was cut by the Green Bay Packers at age 24, he thought his football career might be over, so he worked there to play for his bills.
Company starting.
The company was started by Charles Hyde and David Vredenburg. They had opened a general store in Beaconsfield, Iowa, in 1930. In 1938, the company changed their name to Hyde & Vredenburg, Inc. Hyde & Vredenburg had 15 stores in Iowa and Missouri at that time. In 1945, Hyde & Vredenburg moved its headquarters from Lamoni to Chariton, Iowa, after buying the Chariton Wholesale Company.
Stores.
Most Hy-Vee stores are full-service supermarkets with bakeries, delicatessens, banks, florists, and pharmacies. To keep pace with Wal-Mart's recent expansion into the gas station business, Hy-Vee has also added gas stations with convenience stores to some of its stores.
HyVee's Largest Store is in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, which has
over of Retail Space in the store. Hy-vee keeps making larger stores, so their largest store changes every 6 months to every year.
Employment.
Hy-Vee Inc. employs over 52,000 people and is the largest employer in the state of Iowa. The company has annual sales of over $5.84 billion. In 2007, Hy-Vee ranked 47th on "Forbes" magazine's annual list of the largest privately owned companies in the United States.

Liger
The liger is a mixed animal that has a lion father and a tiger mother. They are the largest cat taxon (kind of cat). Most weigh about 700 pounds, while others can weigh as much as 1,000 pounds. Their growth continues until they die.
These animals are like both lions and tigers. Some may have a moderate mane, but most don't.
Tigons are also mixed animals with one lion parent and one tiger parent. Tigons have tiger fathers and lion mothers. They are smaller than ligers. Their hair is also different.

White Oleander
"White Oleander" is a 1999 novel by Janet Finch. It was later made into a movie in 2002 titled "White Oleander".
Plot.
Ingrid is a poet who falls in love with a man named Barry Kolker. However he is not loyal to her and sees other women. Ingrid kills him by going to Mexico and buying a drug. She then smears it over all of the surfaces. Barry touches these surfaces, the poison gets in his body, and he dies. She goes to jail and is later found guilty for killing him and goes to prison for a long time. Her daughter, Astrid, is taken to a series of foster homes.
Her first foster home is someone named Starr, who has a two children, a teenager named Carolee and a young boy named David. During this home, she falls in love with Starr's husband. She later has an affair by sleeping with him. During a fight, Carolee runs away from home. An angry Starr shoots Astrid in the arm after an argument with her husband.
Her second home is with a woman named Amelia. Amelia has many girls at her house. She has them only to get money (she calls it "easy money") and only feeds them at dinnertime, locking the fridge during the rest of the day. All the girls are hungry all of the time. She eventually gets out of it by talking to a foster worker.
For a brief time, she is put in a place called "Mac," which houses hundreds of children. During this time, she gets into a fight with a bunch of other girls. She cuts her hair off and threatens the other girls, saying that she will slit their throats in their sleep if they attack her again. She also meets a boy named Paul Trout here, who she likes a lot.
Her third foster home is with a woman named Claire Richards. She is very lonely since her husband Ron is always out on business trips. Astrid likes her a lot and how she always is nice and happy towards her. When Claire and Astrid visit Ingrid, however, Ingrid tells Claire that Ron is cheating on her. Astrid warns her mother not to destroy this home, but Ingrid smiles and says that she would rather have her at the worst foster home ever over Claire. Afterwards, Claire fights with Mark and later kills herself by taking a lot of pills at.
Astrid is put in a fourth home. She is very upset and thinks that her mom caused Claire to kill herself. She chooses a home with a Russian mother named Rena, knowing that Rena will not love her like Claire did because she does not want to see this happen again. This new mother has her sell her nice clothes. Astrid dyes her own hair and starts wearing black clothing. When Ingrid meets Astrid again, she is shocked at how Astrid has turned herself.
During this time, there is a movement to free Ingrid. They believe the original decision of "guilty" of killing Barry was wrong and want a new trial. If Astrid lies and agrees to Ingrid's version of the story, Ingrid will be likely be freed. But if she tells the truth, Ingrid will be put in jail again. Astrid uses this new power to force Ingrid to tell her about her father. Ingrid says that all she wanted Astrid to be was strong, but that she has turned into a nuclear site, the wrong kind of strong. She says that she wants Astrid to be back the way she used to be. Astrid says she will only come back if her mother releases her – doesn't call her as a witness. Ingrid agrees. Ingrid is then put on trial again and found not guilty.
The novel ends with Astrid, living with her new boyfriend Paul in East Berlin. She is reading the newspaper and finds out about how her mother was found not guilty. Astrid is putting together a series of suitcases that stand for all of her experiences through foster homes.

Cold Mountain (movie)
"Cold Mountain" is a [2003 movie. It was directed by Anthony Minghella. The main actors in the movie were Jude Law, Nicole Kidman, and Renee Zellweger. It was nominated for seven Academy Awards and won one, for Zellweger as Best Supporting Actress.
Plot.
The movie is about a Civil War deserter named W. P. Inman. He has deserted the Confederate Army $ndash; he does not to fight the war anymore and they would not let him go, so he left and has not come back. In the Civil War, the Confederacy wanted to break away from the United States, but the Union would not let them, so they fought for whether the Confederacy (also called the South) should be allowed to break away or not. Before he left, he fell in love with a woman named Ada and now he wants to be back with her.
Along the way, Inman finds a preacher named John. John is a drunk, but he goes with Inman. However, they are caught by the Home Guard, a group of men who try to find deserters and round them up. They are put in chains with a bunch of other people and are forced to march for a few days. However, the Home Guard gets tired of moving them and decides to shoot them all. Inman manages to not get hit and soon breaks free.
At home, Ada is living with her father. Her father dies soon after Inman leaves and soon the farmhouse and the farm breaks down and looks bad. A woman named Ruby comes and teaches Ada how to work and fix the farmhouse up. They soon become good friends. One day, Ruby's father comes to the farm. He had left his wife and the children before, and Ruby slaps him because of it but she lets him in. He can play an instrument.

AT&T
AT&T Inc. (used to be called American Telegraph & Telephone) is the largest provider of both local and long distance telephone services, wireless service, and Internet access in the United States with 71.4 million customers.

Air-ground radiotelephone service
Air-ground radiotelephone service is a method of telephone communications used by aircraft pilots and passengers of commercial airline jets flying over the United States.

Heart of Midlothian F.C.
Heart of Midlothian Football Club (commonly known as "Hearts") is a professional football club based at Tynecastle Stadium in Edinburgh, Scotland. They play in the Scottish Premier League along with their city rivals Hibernian. Hearts were one of the teams invited to join the Scottish Football League when it first started in 1890. Hearts have won the Scottish Cup on 7 occasions, the League title 4 times and the League Cup 4 times.
The current owner of Hearts is the Russian-Lithuanian businessman and banker Vladimir Romanov. He became the major shareholder of Hearts in 2004.
Players.
(*) denotes player is on loan from FBK Kaunas, a Lithuanian football club also owned by Vladamir Romanov

Abbey library of St. Gallen
The Abbey library of St. Galllen (German: "Stiftsbiblothek St.Gallen") is a library in St. Gallen, Switzerland. It was attached to the abbey of St. Gallen. This abbey had a great importance in the Middle Ages. Today, there are about 2 100 manuscripts from the Middle Ages, about 1 650 Inucabula (books and sheets printed before 1501) and early printings before 1520, as well as about 160 000 books. The library is the oldest library in Switzerland. The manuscript B of the Nibelungenlied is kept here.

Pohleď
Pohleď is a village in the Havlíčkův Brod District, Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. About 80 people live there. The village has an area of 4.34 km². It was first documented in 1400.

Hibernian F.C.
Hibernian Football Club is a professional football club based at Easter Road in Edinburgh, Scotland. They play in the Scottish Premier League with their city rivals Hearts.

Inverness Caledonian Thistle F.C.
Inverness Caledonian Thistle Football Club is a professional football club based at Caledonian Stadium in Inverness, Scotland. They play in the Scottish Premier League and are currently managed by Craig Brewster.

Kilmarnock F.C.
Kilmarnock Football Club is a professional football club based at Rugby Park in Kilmarnock, Scotland. They were founded in 1869, and are the oldest professional club in Scotland. They currently play in the Scottish Premier League and manager by Jim Jeffries

Higher education
The expression higher education talks about the educational process, the centers and the institutions that are after the secondary education. In it a higher degree (or title) can be obtained.
Generally, to be 18 years old as a minimum is needed in order to have the right to enter to any higher education. That supposes as if completed the primary education and the secondary education before entering. It is common that there exist ways of selection or some exams of selection of the candidates based on the abilities or preparation of the secondary school. According to the country, these examinations can be of state, local or university conditions and area. In other systems no type of selection exists. It is possible to give also an attention that more and more institutions of higher education allow, or they same encourage the right to enter of adult people that had not been necessarily successful in the secondary education; this is applied especially to the open universities.
Preparation.
The preparation that offers the higher education is of professional or academic type. It is distinguished among studies of predegree, degree (university career) and graduate (master and doctorate) according to the system of professional degree and academic degrees. The establishments of higher education were traditionally the universities, but in addition other educational centers are considered: institutes, centers of formation of the teaching staff, academies of fine arts, conservatories, polytechnics, etc. (The names depend particularly on the educational system of the country).
Other functions.
An important function, aside from education, in the higher education are the activities of research (especially to the universities) in the different levels of the knowledge. Another important function is which corresponds to extension activities, in which the participation of the population is obtained and the results are communicated.
Role in the society.
The importance of the higher education in the society changes according to the culture of the country; for example, in many countries of the south of Europe is understood that the student goes to the university to obtain a diploma that will assure him a good work, whereas in several countries of the north of Europe the period of studies in the university is also a moment in which the student learns to be autonomous emotionally and economically, they learn to mix themselves with people of different origins, and if develop as the persons. In these countries, the student rather in a city far from his hometown.

Aeronautics
Aeronautics is the study or science of how to build and operate flying machines. In modern times this mostly means aeroplanes or helicopters.
the premier organisations involved inits application are NASA(national aeronautics and space administration) in the US,ISRO in india.

Rawalpindi
Rawalpindi (Urdu: راولپنڈی Rāwalpindī) is a city in the Pothohar Plateau near Pakistan's capital city of Islamabad, in the province of Punjab. It is the military headquarters of the Pakistan Armed Forces and also served as the nation's capital while Islamabad was being constructed in the 1960s. The city is home to many industries and factories. Islamabad International Airport is actually in Rawalpindi, and formerly known as "Chaklala" and it serves the city along with the capital. Rawalpindi is located in the Punjab province, 275 km (171 miles) to the north-west of Lahore. It is the administrative seat of the Rawalpindi District. The population of Rawalpindi is approximately 3,039,550.

Kachhi District
Kachhi Zilla is district of Balochistan, Pakistan.

Bagh Tehsil
Bagh is the chief town of Bagh District in Azad Kashmir, Pakistan. It was one of the worst hit areas of the 2005 Kashmir earthquake.

Bijbehara Tehsil
Bijbehara is a town in Islamabad District, Indian Occupied Kashmir.

Kulgam Tehsil
Kulgam is a town and a notified area committee in Islamabad District, Indian Occupied Kashmir.

Pahalgam Tehsil
Pahalgam (Urdu: پہلگام) is a town and a notified area committee in Islamabad District, Indian Occupied Kashmir.

Baramulla Tehsil
Baramulla is a town in the Baramulla district in the Kashmir Valley, about 60 km from the disputed territory capital Srinagar (Iqbalabad).

Sopore Tehsil
Sopore is a town in Baramulla district.

Akhnoor Tehsil
Akhnoor is a town in Jammu District.

Josip Broz Tito
Josip Broz nicknamed Tito was the leader of Yugoslavia.

Wienerwald
The Wienerwald (translates to "Vienna woods") is a large forest of over 1.000 square kilometers. It lies southwest of Vienna in Lower Austria. It covers the start of the Alps. It is about 45 km long, and between 20 and 30 km wide.

Wienerwald, Austria
Wienerwald is a village near Mödling, in Austria. It lies in the forest with the same name. About 2.600 people live there. Parts of the village (which only exists since about 1972) have been mentioned as early as 1114. Today, the village borders Vienna.

Wienerwald (restaurant)
Wienerwald is a chain of franchise restaurants, mainly in Germany and Austria. They specialize in chicken-based products. It was founded in 1955, but went bankrupt several times. Today the two chains in Austria and Germany are independent of each other.

Barracuda
A Barracuda is a ray finned-fish that is about 6 feet in length. It is found in tropical and subtropical oceans worldwide. It is of the genus Sphyraena, the only genus in the family Sphyraenidae.

Pomona, California
Pomona is a city in Los Angeles County, California. As of the 2000 census, the city population was 149,473.

Sin City (movie)
"Sin City" is a 2005 movie written, produced and directed by Frank Miller and Robert Rodriguez. It is based on Miller's graphic novel series of the same name.

Fantastic Four (movie)
"Fantastic Four" is a 2005 superhero movie based on the Marvel Comics comic "Fantastic Four". The movie was released in the United States on July 8, 2005.

Dark Angel (TV series)
"Dark Angel" is an American science fiction television series created by James Cameron and Charles H. Eglee, which ran from 2000 to 2002 on the FOX network. "Dark Angel" chronicles the life of Max Guevara (X5-452), a genetically enhanced super-soldier, portrayed by Jessica Alba as an adult, and Geneva Locke as a child.
The program is set in Seattle, Washington, but was actually filmed in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada at Lions Gate Studios.

The Ultimate Fighter
The Ultimate Fighter is a reality television series and mixed martial arts (MMA) contest, in the United States, and made by Spike TV and the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC). On this show, professional MMA fighters that have yet to make a big name for themselves are placed in a house outside of Las Vegas, Nevada and they go against each other for the title of The Ultimate Fighter, winning a six-figure, multi-fight contract with the UFC.

Good Luck Chuck
"Good Luck Chuck" is a 2007 comedy movie starring Jessica Alba and Dane Cook. The story of the movie is Chuck is a "good luck charm" lover. That is, women will find their "one true love" after having sex with him. He then meets a girl who he thinks is his true love.
The movie began filming in June 2006 in Vancouver and Edmonton, with some scenes shot in Los Angeles.

Maxim (magazine)
"Maxim" is an international men's magazine based in the United Kingdom and known for its revealing pictorials featuring popular actresses, singers, and female models, none of which are nudes.
In the United States, "Maxim" is an industry leader, reporting a circulation of 2.5 million readers which they claim is enough to outsell leading competitors "GQ", "Esquire", and "Details" combined.

Camp Nowhere
"Camp Nowhere" is a 1994 movie directed by Jonathan Prince, written by Andrew Kurtzman and Eliot Wald, and starring Jonathan Jackson, Christopher Lloyd, Melody Kay, Andrew Keegan, and Marne Patterson. The movie also features Jessica Alba in one of her first movie roles.

Honey (movie)
"Honey" is a 2003 movie released by Universal Pictures. Featuring music produced by Rodney Jerkins, the movie stars Jessica Alba, Mekhi Phifer, Lil' Romeo, Joy Bryant, Missy Elliott and David Moscow. A number of popular hip hop and R&B musicians make cameos in the movie, including Jerkins, Jadakiss and Sheek Louch of The Lox, Tweet, and Ginuwine. Canadian R&B artist Shawn Desman was also featured. R&B and hip-hop singer Aaliyah, a close friend of Missy Elliott, was originally cast as the star of the movie before her passing.
The movie grossed $27 million at the US box office, and was released on DVD and VHS on March 23, 2004.

The Secret World of Alex Mack
"The Secret World of Alex Mack" was an American television series that ran on Nickelodeon from October 8, 1994 to January 15, 1998, replacing "Clarissa Explains It All" on the SNICK line-up. Repeats of the series aired in 2003 on The N, but it was soon replaced there. The show is currently not on the air in the U.S.

Atlantic Theater Company
The Atlantic Theater Company runs an off-Broadway theater in a converted church in the Chelsea neighborhood of New York City.

Beverly Hills, 90210
"Beverly Hills 90210" was a long-running popular primetime television drama series that aired from October 41990, to May 172000, on FOX in the United States and subsequently on various networks around the world. The show followed the lives of a group of teenagers living in the upscale, star-studded community of Beverly Hills, California and attending the fictitious West Beverly Hills High School and then-fictitious California University. The show was created by Darren Star and produced by Aaron Spelling and Spelling Television. The "90210" in the title refers to one of the suburb's postal ZIP codes.
The original premise of the show was based around the adjustment and culture shock that twins Brandon (played by Jason Priestley) and Brenda Walsh (played by Shannen Doherty) had after they and their parents, Jim and Cindy moved from Minneapolis, Minnesota to Beverly Hills. The show addressed several topical issues like date rape, alcoholism, domestic violence, gay rights, drug abuse, teenage suicide, AIDS, and teenage pregnancy.
The show gained popularity during the summer of 1991, when FOX aired a special "summer season" of the show while most other series were in reruns. The series became one of FOX's top shows when it began its next season that fall. Viewership increased dramatically and the cast members, particularly Jason Priestley and Luke Perry, became teen idols, while the series would make actresses Shannen Doherty, Jennie Garth and Tori Spelling household names.

Teen Choice Awards
The Teen Choice Awards is an awards show presented annually by FOX. The program honors the year's biggest achievements in music, movies, sports, and television, as voted on by teens aged 12-19. The program usually features a high number of celebrities and musical performers. The winners are awarded with lifesize surfboards, fit to the summertime theme. The ceremony has also created spin-off teen awards on YouTube.
Starting in 1999, the "Teen Choice Awards" were presented weeks prior to the televised event up through 2005. Since 2006, the program has been televised live.

French Canadian
French Canadian ("Canadien" or "Canadien français" in French) refers to a nation or ethnic group that originated in Canada during the period of French colonization in the 17th century. They constitute the main French-speaking population of Canada. It may also refer to people of French descent living in Canada, or native speakers of French in Canada.

Mexican American
Mexican Americans are Americans of Mexican ancestry. They account for 9% of the country's population: about 28.3 million Americans listed their ancestry as Mexican as of 2006. They form the largest Hispanic or Latino group in the United States and contain the largest group of White Hispanics. Mexican Americans trace their ancestry to the modern day country of Mexico or the Southwestern United States; Most descend from a combination of people groups from Europe especially Spain, and the indigenous people of Mexico.

Saturn Award
The Saturn Award is an award presented every year by the Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films to honor the top works in science fiction, fantasy, and horror in movie, television, and home video. The prestigious Saturn Awards were devised by Dr. Donald A. Reed, who felt that movies within those genres were never given the appreciation they deserved. The physical award is a representation of the planet Saturn, surrounded with a ring of film. The award was initially, and is still sometimes loosely referred to as a Golden Scroll.
Similar to other awards, like the Oscars, the Emmys and the Grammys, the Saturn Awards are voted on by members of the presenting Academy. There are also special awards for lifetime achievement in the field.
The awards were first presented in 1972.

Del Rio, Texas
Del Rio is a border city in and the county seat of Val Verde County, Texas, United States.

Tonsil
The tonsils are areas of lymphoid tissue on either side of the throat. An infection of the tonsils is called tonsillitis. Most commonly, the term "tonsils" refers to the palatine tonsils that can be seen in the back of the throat.
Like other organs of the lymphatic system, the tonsils act as part of the immune system to help protect against infection. In particular, they are believed to be involved in helping fight off pharyngeal and upper respiratory tract infections.

J.C. Penney
J. C. Penney Company, Inc (most commonly known today by the name JCPenney or simply Penneys) is a mid-range chain of American department stores based in Plano, Texas, a suburb north of Dallas. The company operates 1,067 stores in 49 of the 50 U.S. states (except Hawaii) and Puerto Rico and the largest general merchandise catalog business in the United States.
In addition to sale of conventional merchandise, JCPenney stores are often home to several leased departments such as Optical, Portrait Studios, Jewelry & Watch repair, etc.

Flipper (1995 TV series)
"Flipper (1995)", is an American television series, also known as "The New Adventures of Flipper". It is a remake of the 1964 Flipper television series. The first two seasons appeared first in syndication; seasons 3 and 4 appeared on the PAX network.
The 1995 version brought back Bud Ricks as a scientist doing marine research in Florida. The dolphin Flipper was one with whom Dr. Ricks was working. Jessica Alba was in the show.

Orient
Orient is a term meaning "the east". It first appeared in Western Asia to describe that part of the world.

Console role-playing game
A console role-playing game is a video game genre that resembles traditional role-playing games. Many console role-playing games use common features like turn-based battles, random battles, stats, and leveling up.

Drew Barrymore
Drew Blyth Barrymore (born February 22, 1975) is an Emmy Award and Golden Globe-nominated American actress and film producer, the youngest member of the Barrymore family of American actors. She began acting when she was eleven months old. Barrymore made her screen debut in "Altered States" in 1980. Following her debut in "Altered States", she starred in her breakout role in "E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial". She quickly became one of Hollywood's most recognized child actresses going on to establish herself in mainly comic roles.

Brooklyn South
"Brooklyn South" is a short-lived American television police drama. It aired from 1997-1998 on CBS for only one season and was cancelled due to poor ratings. One of the producers of the series was Steven Bochco, creator of many well-known police dramas such as "Hill Street Blues" and "NYPD Blue". "Brooklyn South" was also created and produced by David Milch. The series tried to create a setting of a gritty, realistic police station similar to that of "NYPD Blue", but differed by focusing on the uniformed police officers rather than the detectives. The pilot of "Brooklyn South" was noted as the first TV-MA rated episode on broadcast television.

Never Been Kissed
"Never Been Kissed" is a 1999 comedy directed by Raja Gosnell and starring Drew Barrymore, David Arquette, Michael Vartan, Molly Shannon, Leelee Sobieski, John C. Reilly, Jessica Alba, Marley Shelton, James Franco, Giuseppe Andrews, Jeremy Jordan and Garry Marshall. "Never Been Kissed" was produced by Drew Barrymore's production company, Flower Films.

Idle Hands
"Idle Hands" is a 1999 comedy/horror movie starring Devon Sawa, Seth Green, and Jessica Alba with Elden Henson and Vivica A. Fox. It follows the life of a teen whose hand becomes possessed and goes on a killing spree, even after being cut off from his arm. The film was delayed in its release because of the Columbine massacre.

Panic attack
Panic attacks are sudden, discrete periods of intense anxiety, mounting physiological arousal, fear, stomach problems (spastic colon) and discomfort that are associated with a variety of somatic and cognitive symptoms. The onset of these episodes is typically abrupt, and may have no obvious triggers. Although these episodes may appear random, they are a subset of an evolutionary response commonly referred to as fight or flight that occur out of context. This response floods the body with hormones, particularly epinephrine (adrenaline), that aid in defending itself from harm. Experiencing a panic attack is said to be one of the most intensely frightening, upsetting and uncomfortable experiences of a person's life.
According to the American Psychological Association the symptoms of a panic attack commonly last approximately ten minutes. However, panic attacks can be as short as 1–5 minutes, while sometimes panic attacks may form a cyclic series of episodes, lasting for an extended period, sometimes hours. Often those afflicted will experience significant "anticipatory anxiety" and limited symptom attacks in between attacks, in situations where attacks have previously occurred, and in situations where they feel "trapped". That is, where escape would be obvious and/or embarrassing.
Panic attacks also affect people differently. Experienced sufferers may be able to completely "ride out" a panic attack with little to no obvious symptoms or external manifestations. Others, notably first-time sufferers, may even call for emergency services; many who experience a panic attack for the first time fear they are having a heart attack or a nervous breakdown.

Telepathy
Telepathy, taken from the Greek τηλε, "tele" meaning "distant" and πάθεια, "patheia" meaning "to be affected by", is the ability that is believed to allow people to speak to other people through thought.

Megabit
A megabit is a unit of information or computer storage. It's abbreviated Mbit or Mb.

Invisible Woman
Susan Storm Richards (also known as Invisible Girl and later, Invisible Woman) is a fictional character, a Marvel Comics superheroine created by writer Stan Lee and artist/co-writer Jack Kirby. The character first appeared in "Fantastic Four" #1 in November 1961. Like the other founding members of the Fantastic Four, Sue received her powers after being exposed to a cosmic storm. Her primary power deals with light waves, allowing her to render herself and others invisible. However, she can also project powerful fields of invisible energy which she uses for a variety of offensive and defensive effects. Sue plays a central role in the lives of her brother, her husband, her children (Franklin Richards and Val Richards), and her friend, Ben Grimm.

Shigesato Itoi
Shigesato Itoi (糸井重里 "Itoi Shigesato", born November 10, 1948) is a famous Japanese copywriter, essayist, and game designer. In his video game career, his most well-known works have been games in the "EarthBound" series.

The Eye (2008 movie)
"The Eye" is a 2008 movie starring Jessica Alba. It is a remake of the 2002 Hong Kong-Thai-Singaporean film of the same name. The movie was rated PG-13 by the MPAA for "violence/terror and disturbing content."

Creatures Inc.
is a Japanese video game company. It used to be called Ape, Inc. It's most well-known for the "Pokémon" video game series, trading cards, and toys, as well as the "EarthBound" series while they were Ape, Inc.

Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences
The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) is a professional honorary organization ostensibly dedicated to the advancement of the arts and sciences of motion pictures.
The Academy is composed of over 6,000 motion picture professionals. While the great majority of its members are based in the United States, membership is open to qualified filmmakers around the world. As of 2004, the Academy roster included theatrical filmmakers from 36 countries.
The Academy is known around the world for its annual Academy Awards, informally known as the "Oscars." In addition, the Academy gives Student Academy Awards annually to filmmakers at the undergraduate and graduate level; awards up to five Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting annually; and operates the Margaret Herrick Library in Beverly Hills, California and the Pickford Center for Motion Picture Study in Hollywood, California, which will expand to include The Museum of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, to open as a tourist attraction by 2012.
The current president of the Academy is Sid Ganis.

The Love Guru
"The Love Guru" is an 2008 American comedy movie, directed by Marco Schnabel and starring Mike Myers. Romany Malco, Jessica Alba and Justin Timberlake co-star. In addition to starring in the movie, Myers wrote "The Love Guru" with Graham Gordy and produced it with Gary Barber. The movie was released by Paramount Pictures on June 20, 2008 and was rated PG-13.

GQ
"GQ" (originally "Gentlemen's Quarterly") is a monthly men's magazine focusing upon fashion, style, and culture for men, through articles on food, movies, fitness, sex, music, travel, sports, technology, and books. It is generally thought of as being more sophisticated than magazines, such as "Maxim" or "FHM".

Big Cartoon DataBase
The Big Cartoon DataBase (BCDB) is an online database of information about cartoons, animated movies, and animated television shows.

InStyle
"InStyle" is a monthly women’s magazine, published by Time Inc., which is about the private side of public faces. It started in 1995, it has a circulation of about 1.7 million.

MTV Movie Awards
The MTV Movie Awards is a film awards show presented annually on MTV (Music Television). It also contains movie parodies that used official movie footage with hosts and other celebrities and music performances. The nominees are decided by a special panel at Tenth Planet Productions, the production company headed by Joel Gallen, who also created the MTV Movie Awards. Winners are decided by the general public. Presently voting is done through MTV's official website through a special Movie Awards link.

Awake (movie)
"Awake" is a 2007 suspense movie written and directed by Joby Harold. It stars Hayden Christensen, Jessica Alba, Lena Olin, and Terrence Howard. The movie was rated R by the MPAA for language, an intense disturbing situation, and brief drug use.
The movie was released in the United States and Canada on November 30, 2007.

Tiger shark
The tiger shark ("Galeocerdo cuvier"), the second largest predatory shark, is the only member of the genus Galeocerdo. Tiger sharks grow up to 20 feet (6 m). On average they are about 10 feet (3 m) long.
Description.
The tiger shark has tiger-like markings on a dark back with an off-white underbelly. Pups have spotted markings that grow together to form stripes that fade with maturity. It has a large, thick-body with a blunt snout. The first dorsal fin is much longer than the second. The caudal fin is long and pointed. There is a dermal ridge along the back between the 2 dorsal fins. Color-Adult: gray-brown on top, off-white belly, young shark: dark stripes on the back.
Tiger sharks have a special gill slit (a spiracle) behind the eyes that provides oxygen flow directly to the eyes and brain. It also has a very good sense of smell, electroreceptors sensitive to electric currents in the water, and keen eyesight.
Diet.
Tiger sharks will eat fish, turtles, crabs, clams, mammals, sea birds, reptiles, other sharks, and just about anything else that they can catch alive.
Habitat.
Tiger sharks go from the surface to 1,200 feet (340 m). They swim in tropical waters worldwide and in some temperate seas. They inhabit both the shoreline and open waters, ranging perhaps up to 500 miles.

Frank Miller (comics)
Frank Miller (born January 27, 1957) is an American writer, artist and movie director. He best known for his film noir-style comic book stories. He is one of the most widely-recognized and popular creators in comics, and is one of the most influential comics creators of his generation.

Robert Rodriguez
"Robert Anthony Rodriguez (born June 20 1968) is an American director, writer, producer, cinematographer, editor and musician perhaps best known for making profitable, crowd-pleasing independent and studio films with fairly low budgets and fast schedules by Hollywood standards. He shoots and produces many of his films in Texas and Mexico.

Michael Weatherly
Michael Manning Weatherly, Jr. (born July 8 1968) is an American actor.

Telegraph
Telegraphy (from the Greek words "tele (τηλε)" = far and "graphein (γραφειν)" = write) is the long-distance transmission of written messages without physical transport of letters.
Telegraph sends electric pulses in a special code, composed from short and large marks. Usually Amateur radio operator use Morse code, when signal is to low.

Rheumatism
Rheumatism or Rheumatic disorder is a general term for medical problems that can hurt the heart, bones, joints, kidney, skin and lung. The study of these problems is called rheumatology.
Treatment.
Many traditional herbal remedies were recommended for "rheumatism". Modern medicine, both conventional and complementary, shows that the different rheumatic disorders have different causes (and several of them have more than one) and need different kinds of treatment.

Gout
Gout (also called "metabolic arthritis") is a disease created by a buildup of uric acid.

Bright's disease
Bright's disease is a historical classification of kidney diseases that would be known in modern medicine as acute or chronic nephritis. The term is no longer used, as diseases are now classified by their more fully known etiologies.

Night shift
A night shift is either a group of workers who work during the night, or the time that they work. See shift work or graveyard shift.

National Football League Training Camp
In the National Football League, NFL Training Camp is the time before the season starts. During this time, teams will work hard at an special place, often a university. This is almost the same as baseball's spring training.

Training camp
A training camp is a place where people go to learn skills. Often, they go there to learn physical action, rather than book subjects they would learn at a school.

Embryonic stem cell
Embryonic stem cells (ES cells) are stem cells taken from the inner cell mass of the early stage embryo known as a blastocyst. Human embryos reach the blastocyst stage 4-5 days after fertilization, at which time they are made up of 50-150 cells.

Sperm Whale
The Sperm Whale ("Physeter catodon") is the largest toothed whale. The Sperm whale has the biggest head of any animal; it can be about 20 feet long (6 m), and is about one-third of the whale's body. Its lower jaw is small and contains its huge, conical teeth (which fit into sockets in the upper jaw).
Diet.
Sperm whales are carnivores (meat-eaters) that mostly hunt giant squid that live on the ocean bottom at great depths. They also eat fish, octopus, and skate.
Echolocation.
Like other toothed whales, the Sperm Whale uses echolocation, a way of sensing in which they emit high-pitched clicks and sense them as they bounce back off objects (like prey). This is crucial in hunting in the dark ocean depths.

Camp Rock
"Camp Rock" is a 2008 movie made by the Disney Channel.
Story.
A young teenager named Mitchie goes to a camp with her parents who work in the kitchen at the camp. Mitchie soon tangles herself into a web of lies just to be with the popular crowd. It was not pretty when the truth was exposed. The popstar and everyone else hated her. In the end the truth had set her free and she hangs with the right crowd.
Camp Rock sountrack.
"Camp Rock" is the soundtrack of the movie. It was released on June 17, 2008. Full songs of the album were made available on Camp Rock's official web site for one week, beginning June 10, 2008. The full soundtrack was first broadcast on Radio Disney on June 14, 2008 during "Planet Premiere: Camp Rock". The soundtrack was released in the United Kingdom on July 14, 2008.
Original soundtrack.
The soundtrack album (both original and special edition) is an enhanced CD which contains a clip of an acoustic version of "This Is Me" when played on the computer with internet access.
Camp Rock: Extended and Remixed.
Camp Rock: Extended and Remixed is a special edition of the original soundtrack due for a release on September 30, 2008.

Amani Toomer
Amani Toomer () (born September 8, 1974 in Berkeley, California) is an American football wide receiver for the New York Giants of the National Football League.

Mega Man 9
"Mega Man 9", known in Japan as, is a platform video game made by Capcom for the Wii's WiiWare service. It is the first game in the original "Mega Man" series since the release of "Mega Man 8" for the PlayStation. It will have the same graphics as the NES "Mega Mans".

Mega Man 8
"Mega Man 8", known in Japan as, is a platform video game made by Capcom for the PlayStation and Sega Saturn game consoles. It stars the character Mega Man, the mascot of the franchise.

Mega Man 7
"Mega Man 7", known in Japan as, is a platform video game made by Capcom for the Super NES game console.

Mega Man 6
"Mega Man 6", known in Japan as, is a platform video game for the Nintendo Entertainment System game console.

Mega Man 5
"Mega Man 5", known in Japan as, is a platform video game made by Capcom for the Nintendo Entertainment System.

Mega Man 4
"Mega Man 4", known in Japan as, is a platform video game made by Capcom for the Nintendo Entertainment System game console.

Touchdown
A touchdown is a common way of scoring in American and Canadian football. A team gets a touchdown by the person with the ball running across the line of the goal, or catching the ball while past the line of the goal. In American and Canadian football, a touchdown gives the team 6 points. The team also gets a chance to score 1 or 2 more points in what is called an extra point.

Eton, Berkshire
Eton is a town in Berkshire, England. It is next to the opposite bank of the River Thames to Windsor and is connected to the Windsor Bridge.

Naomi
Naomi is an English name meaning "enjoyment, pleasure" in Hebrew and Arabic. Noemie is a version used in French-speaking countries. It is also a Japanese name, meaning various things depending on the kanji used.

Mega Man 3
"Mega Man 3", known in Japan as, is a platform video game made by Capcom for the Nintendo Entertainment System game console.

Semitic
Semitic refers to a group of languages including Hebrew, Arabic and Aramaic. The name is from Shem, a son of Noah in Genesis.

Mega Man 2
"Mega Man 2", known in Japan as "Rockman 2: The Mystery of Dr. Wily", is a platform video game made by Capcom for the Nintendo Entertainment System game console.

Mega Man (video game)
"Mega Man", known in Japan as, is a platform video game for the Nintendo Entertainment System game console. It is the first game in the "Mega Man" series, and the first appearance of the Mega Man character.

Mario Kart 64
is a racing video game made by Nintendo for the Nintendo 64 game console. It is the sequel to "Super Mario Kart", and features eight playable characters.

Super Mario Kart
"Super Mario Kart" is a racing video game made by Nintendo for the Super NES game console. It is the first game in the "Mario Kart" series, and stars eight playable characters from the "Mario" series.

Isaac
Isaac was the son of Abraham and Sarah, in the Bible. He is a major character in the Book of Genesis, around chapters 18-27.

Sarah
Sarah was the wife of Abraham in the Old Testament book of Genesis. She was the mother of Isaac.
Sarah (also spelled Sara) is also a popular female name in English.

Samuel
Samuel was a Jewish prophet in the Old Testament. He is found in 1 Samuel. He anointed Saul as the first king of Israel.

Saul
Saul (שאול המלך) (or Sha'ul) () (reigned 1047 BC - 1007 BC) is a King in the Books of Samuel, 1 Chronicles and the Qur'an. He was the first king of the ancient Israel.

Ecclesiastes
Ecclesiates is a book in the Old Testament of the Bible. It is described as `the words of the Philosopher, David`s son, who was King in Jerusalem' (verse 1). This is probably Solomon.

Saint Mark
Saint Mark was the author of the Gospel of Mark in the New Testament. He is believed by some scholars to be the young man found in chapter 14, verses 51-52 of the gospel.

Judas Iscariot
Judas Iscariot was one of the disciples of Jesus. He is found in all four gospels of the New Testament. He is described as having betrayed Jesus, then killing himself.

Pin stripes
Pin stripes are a pattern of very thin stripes running in parallel found in cloth.
Although pin stripes are found in mostly in men's suits, any type of fabric can be pin striped. In baseball, the Chicago Cubs baseball uniforms have had pin stripes since 1907 and they are recognized as the first Major League Baseball team to have pin striping onto a baseball uniform. Many other Major League Baseball teams like the Montreal Expos and New York Yankees later put pin stripes on their own uniforms.

Baseball park
A baseball park, baseball stadium, or ball park / ballpark is the field of play in the game of baseball and the spectator seating areas (if any) and any other things added to it.
The flexible rules about baseball fields (aside from the rigid rules of sizes of basepaths and pitcher's mound) allow ballparks to have their own character and quirks. This happens at all levels of baseball, amateur and professional, in many cities and towns where the game is played.

Venus Rising
Venus Rising was a 1995 movie starring Jessica Alba, Henry Bean and Morgan Fairchild.

Child soldier
A child soldier is a child that takes part to actively fight in a war. There is no official definition. The Coalition to stop the use of Child Soldiers says that no one less that 18 years old should be recruited by regular or auxiliary troops. The age limit of 18 years is taken from the Convention on the Rights of the Child.
UNICEF, terre des hommes and Amnesty International see all the combatants and their helpers that are below 18 years of age as "child soldiers".
There is a problem, however. If such children were classified as Combatants, this would permit to fight against children in wars. On the other hand, if such children were captured, they would then have to be treated according to the Geneva Conventions as "prisoners of war".
The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court says that recruiting people below the age of 15 is a war crime, and must be prosecuted. Thomas Lubanga is currently being tried for this crime at the court in Den Haag.
According to an UN source, 300.000 children were actively participating in armed conflicts, in 1996.

Paranoid (2000 movie)
"Paranoid" is a 2000 Indie film, directed by John Duigan, which was made for theatrical release but was later released directly to video. It stars Jessica Alba and Iain Glen.

The Sleeping Dictionary
"The Sleeping Dictionary" is a 2003 film by Guy Jenkin. It was filmed in Sarawak and is set during the British colonial rule in the 1930s. Jessica Alba and Hugh Dancy were in the film.

DVD Exclusive Awards
The DVD Exclusive Awards is an award that honors direct to video productions. The awards were first held in 2001. They are awarded by online periodical "Video Business" and The Digital Entertainment Group.

Mekhi Phifer
Mekhi Thira Phifer (born December 29, 1974) is an American actor, born in Harlem, New York. He has a starring role as Greg Pratt on NBC's television program "ER", and won season four of Bravo's "Celebrity Poker Showdown". He had a recurring role in "Curb Your Enthusiasm" and specializes in playing himself in a variety of roles.

Imagen Foundation
The Imagen Foundation is dedicated to "encouraging and recognizing the positive portrayals of Latinos in the entertainment industry".
Awards have been made to film stars like Jessica Alba.

The Ten
"The Ten" is a comedy film directed by David Wain and cowritten by Ken Marino through ThinkFilm. The film was released on August 3, 2007. The DVD was released on January 15, 2008. It stars Jessica Alba.

Meet Bill
"Meet Bill" (formerly known as "Bill") is a 2008 comedy movie written and directed by Bernie Goldmann and Melisa Wallick and starring Aaron Eckhart and Jessica Alba.

Chicago Hope
"Chicago Hope" is a CBS Medical drama series created by David E. Kelley that ran from September 18, 1994, to May 4, 2000. It took place in a fictional private charity hospital.

After school special
An after school special is a type of American television program intended to be viewed by adolescents when they return home from school, usually at about. It was started by the American Broadcasting Company in 1972. Its rival, CBS, also put out a after school specail show titled "Schoolbreak Specials" in 1984.

ALMA Award
The American Latino Media Arts Award, or ALMA Award is an award given to Latino performers (actors, film and television directors, and musicians) who promote positive portrayals of Latinos in the entertainment field. In Spanish "alma" means spirit or soul.

Entourage (TV series)
"Entourage" is an Emmy Award-winning HBO original series created by Doug Ellin that chronicles the rise of Vincent Chase and his childhood friends from Queens, New York City as they navigate the unfamiliar terrain of Hollywood, California. Doug Ellin, Mark Wahlberg, and Stephen Levinson serve as the show's executive producers, and the show's premise is loosely based on Wahlberg's experiences as an up-and-coming movie star.

Young Artist Award
The Young Artist Awards are presented yearly by the Young Artist Foundation. Started in 1980 by Maureen Dragone, they are presented to talented young people in television and movies who might otherwise be overshadowed by their older costars.

The Sydney Morning Herald
"The Sydney Morning Herald" is a newspaper made in Sydney, Australia. It is made by an Australian company called Fairfax, and started on 18 April 1831.

Sandpit
A sandbox or sandpit is a small area filled with sand made for children to play in. Sandboxes are often square and often have wooden sides. They are in playgrounds, but can be in homes as well. Sandboxes or Sandpits are also very popular for making sandcastles. However, some animals use them for litter trays. They are in most elementary schools and in back yards and can also be made of plastic and in the shapes of different reptiles and animals. They are mostly made for the purpose of entertaining the imagination of young children.

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. is an American company known for publishing the "Encyclopædia Britannica", the world's oldest encyclopedia, and also the second largest.

Batting order (baseball)
The batting order, or batting lineup, in baseball is an when nine members of the offense take their turns in batting against the pitcher in an order. The batting order is decided by the manager before the game begins, although sometimes during games, a player substitutes with another player which makes the take the original player's spoy. If a team bats out of order, it is a violation of baseball's rules and subject to penalty. When the whole batting order makes plate appearances (bats against the pitcher) in a single inning, it is called "batting around."
In modern American baseball, some batting positions have nicknames: "leadoff" for first, "cleanup" for fourth, and "last" for ninth. Others are known only by the ordinal numbers.

Hammerhead shark
Hammerhead shark of the genus "Sphyrna" are members of the family Sphyrnidae. There are 9 species of hammerhead sharks, ranging in size from about 3 feet (0.9 m) long to over 20 feet (6 m).
Description.
The hammerhead shark has a wide, thick head with the eyes at the margins. The head is indented at the center of the "hammer," which is almost rectangular in shape. This shark is gray-brown above with an off-white belly. The first dorsal fin (the large fin on the top of the shark that most people associate with sharks) is very large and pointed.
Diet and feeding habitats.
The great hammerhead is a fierce predator with a good sense of smell that helps it find its prey. The great hammerhead eats fish, including rays, and other sharks, squid, octopuses, and crustaceans. The great hammerhead has been known to be cannibalistic.
Habitat.
The hammerhead swims in warm and relatively warm water along the coastlines.

Faline
Faline is a fictional female roe deer in Felix Salten's novel "Bambi, A Life in the Woods" and its sequel, "Bambi's Children". She is Bambi's mate.
She also appeared in the Walt Disney movies "Bambi" and "Bambi II" based on the book. Her mother is Ena. First shown as a fawn and later as an adult doe, Faline's role is as Bambi's friend and later mate. Faline was featured as a guest in "House of Mouse".

1982–83 NHL season
The 1982–83 NHL season was the 66th season of the National Hockey League. Twenty-one teams each played 80 games. Before the start of the season, the Colorado Rockies moved to East Rutherford, New Jersey where they were renamed New Jersey Devils. They were also moved to the Patrick Division, making the unwilling Winnipeg Jets to leave the Norris Division and take Colorado's place in the Smythe Division. This would be the last time an NHL team moved until 1993.
The last remaining players from the Original Six era, (Carol Vadnais, Serge Savard, and Wayne Cashman) all retired after this season. Cashman was the last to play, losing in the Wales Conference Finals as a player for the Bruins.
The New York Islanders won their fourth Stanley Cup in a row by beating the Edmonton Oilers four games to none. No team in any major professional North American sport has won four championships in a row since the Islanders.
Regular season.
The Boston Bruins led the league in total points with 110. The defending Stanley Cup champion New York Islanders went from first overall and finished tied for 6th overall. The high-scoring Edmonton Oilers tied for second overall. The Oilers set a new record, which they had just set the previous year, for most goals in a season with 424. They were led by Wayne Gretzky, who had 196 points. The Oilers also tied the Boston Bruins' 1971 record for most 100-point players in one season as Wayne Gretzky, Glenn Anderson, Jari Kurri, and Mark Messier all had more than 100 points.
Final standings.
"Note: GP = Games played; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; GF = Goals for; GA = Goals against; Pts = Points; PIM = Penalties in minutes"
"Note: Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold"
Scoring leaders.
"Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points"
Finals.
New York Islanders vs. Edmonton Oilers
"New York wins the series 4–0."

Aladdin (movie)
Aladdin is the name of several movies.

Disney DVD
Disney DVD is the brand name under which Buena Vista Home Entertainment releases its Disney-branded motion pictures. In 1997, Disney began releasing titles on DVD, with VHS releases phased out after "Bambi II" was released in 2006.

Horní Rápotice
Horní Rápotice is a village in the Pelhřimov District, Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. About 157 people live there and it has 3.98 km². It was first documented in 1352.

Krásná Hora
Krásná Hora is a village in the Havlíčkův Brod District, Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. About 524 people live there and it has 22.21 km². It was first documented in 1379.

Telegram
A Telegram is a written message transmitted by using a electric device.
A huge web of wires was needed.

Mladé Bříště
Mladé Bříště is a village in the Pelhřimov District, Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. About 245 people live there and it has 5.33 km². It was first documented in 1226.

Beluga whale
The beluga whale ("Delphinapterus leucas") is a small, toothed whale that is white as an adult.
Description.
The beluga's body is stout and has a small, blunt head with a small beak, tiny eyes, thick layers of blubber, and a rounded melon. They have one blowhole. Beluga means "white one" in Russian. Its genus Delphinapterus, means "whale without fins", and the species, "leucas", means "white". The beluga is also called the white whale, the white porpoise, the sea canary (because of its songs), and the squid hound (due to its diet). Unlike most other cetaceans, the beluga's seven neck vertebrae are not fused, giving it a flexible, well-defined neck.
Diet and teeth.
Belugas are toothed whales with 34 teeth. The teeth are not designed for chewing, but for grabbing and tearing prey. They swallow their prey whole. They are opportunistic feeders, eating a varied diet of fish, squid, crustaceans, octopi, and worms. They are both benthic (bottom) and pelagic (oceanic) feeders (in shallow water). Belugas sometimes hunt schools of fish cooperatively in small groups.

Narwhal
The Narwhal ("Monodon monoceros") is a rarely seen Arctic whale. This social whale is known for the very long tooth that males have. Very little is known about this whale. Narwhal meaning "corpse whale" in Old Norse.
Description.
All narwhals have two teeth in their upper jaw. After the first year of a male narwhal's life, its left tooth grows outward, spirally. This long, single tooth projects from its upper jaw and can grow to be 7-10 feet (2-3 m) long. Tusks are usually twisted in a counterclockwise direction and have a hollow interior. The tusk's function is uncertain, perhaps used as a formidable jousting weapon in courtship and dominance rivalry, in obtaining food, and/or for channeling and amplifying sonar pulses (which they emit). The tusk is not used in hunting. Long ago, narwhal sightings reinforced (or started) the unicorn legends.
Habitat.
Narwhals live in the icy waters of the Arctic seas. They rarely stray far from ice. In summer they infrequently enter estuaries, deep fjords, and bays.

All-Star Cheer Squad
"All-Star Cheer Squad" is an upcoming rhythm video game in development by Gorilla Systems Corp with help from THQ. It is one of several Wii games to use the Wii Balance Board. It is about cheerleading.
The game will be THQ’s "first original property created specifically for girls".
Overview.
The game will follow a year in the life of a cheerleader as they learn new cheers, participate in practices and create their own routines to make the squad and eventually become captain.
On the Wii, the Wii Remote and Nunchuk, along with the Balance Board can be used to perform cheer and dance moves. Cheerleading choreographer Tony G of "Bring It On" fame will be acting as chief consultant to the game.

David
David, the son of Jesse, was an important King of Israel. He is described in the Old Testament books of 1 Samuel and 2 Samuel. He was the father of King Solomon. Here are the main events in his life.
David’s First Victory.
When David was about twelve, his brothers had to go fight for Israel, under the lead of King Saul. His father was worried about them, and sent David to check on them. When David arrived, a giant Philistine enemy, Goliath, was mocking the Israelites and God,David is a very awesome name. saying, “Who will come and fight me? If he wins, we will be your slaves, but if I win, then you will be our slaves!”. All the Israelites were afraid. When David saw this, he was very angry, and he said, “I will go fight him!”. The King, Saul heard that somebody is brave enough to fight Goliath, so he sent for David.
Saul gave David his amour and weapons, but they were too heavy for him. David told Saul that he would use his slingshot. He then used one stone and hit Goliath in the forehead, then his enemy died. Using Goliath’s own sword, David cut off the head of him.

Crank That (Soulja Boy)
Crank That (Soulja Boy) is a song by Soulja Boy (also known as Soulja Boy Tell 'em). The song has reached number one (meaning it is the most popular song in the country) in the United States and has entered the top 10 (meaning it is popular, but not popular enough to get to number 1) in Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the United Kingdom.

ARIA Charts
The ARIA charts are the charts that measure how popular music is in Australia.

Golden Rooster Awards
The Golden Rooster Awards (Chinese: 金雞獎/金鸡奖; pinyin: Jīn Jī Jiăng) is one of the best film awards given in mainland China. It is very good if people get them. The awards are given every year starting in 1981. It is called the Golden Rooster Awards because it was the year of the Rooster in 1981. The people who get the award receive a statuette in the shape of a golden rooster. They are picked by a group of film makers, film experts, and film historians. The awards are given by the China Film Association.

Viva la Vida
"Viva la Vida" is a song by the English band Coldplay from the album "Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends", released on 7 May 2008.

The Curse of Curves
"The Curse of Curves" is a song by Cute Is What We Aim For. It is on their album "The Same Old Blood Rush With a New Touch".

Space race
A space race is a period in history when two countries compete or have a race to explore and put things in space. So far there has only been one space race, between the USSR and the United States. This happened between the 1950s and the 1970s. While the Soviets were the first to put a satellite in space and launch rockets with women and men, the United States was the first to put a man on the moon.

Klaxons
Klaxons are an English dance/punk band, based in London. Their name comes from the word "klaxon" which is a type of alarm.

Ecumenical Patriarch
The Ecumenical Patriarch is the Patriarch of Constantinople. Today, constantinople is called Istanbul. He is regarded to be the leader of the Eastern Othodox Church. He has been generally known as the "Greek Patriarch of Constantinople". There is also an Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople (which is different). The older of the office is the Archbishop of Constantinople. The office should also not be taken for the {Latin Patriarch of Constantinople, which no longer exists.
The current Ecumenical Patriarch is Bartohlomew I
Orthodox Churches are autocephalous. This means there is a Patriarch for each Church, and there is usually one Church per country. For this reason, the Ecomenical patriarch is primus inter pares ("First among equals").

Assyrian Church of the East
The Assyrian Church of the East also called Holy Apostolic Catholic Assyrian Church of the East is a Christian church. It is one of the earliest churches to separate from the larger Church. It traces its origins to the See of Seleucia-Ctesiphon, started by Saint Thomas the Apostle as well as Saint Mari and Addai as shown in the Doctrine of Addai. This church is sometimes known as the "Nestorian Church", the "Syrian Church" or the "Persian Church." The church is currently headed by Mar Dinkha IV.
Other names have been given as well, but they are not accurate. One of these names is Assyrian Orthodox Church, which has led some people to believe that it is part of the Oriental Orthodox community. The church itself does not use the word "Orthodox" in any of its service books or in any of its official correspondence, nor does it use any word which can be translated as "correct faith" or "correct doctrine", the rough translation of the word Orthodox. In India, it is known as the Chaldean Syrian Church. In the West it is often known as the Nestorian Church. The Church itself believes that the term 'Nestorian Church' is chosen badly.
The Assyrian Church is the original Christian church in what was once Parthia; eastern Iraq and Iran. Geographically its influence stretched to China and India in the Middle Ages: a monument found in Xi'an (Hsi-an), the Tang-period capital of China (originally Chang'an), in Chinese and Syriac described the activities of the church in the 7th and 8th century, while half a millennium later a Chinese monk went from Beijing to Paris and Rome to call for an alliance with the Mongols against the Mamelukes. Before the Portuguese arrival in India in 1498, it provided "East Syrian" bishops to the Saint Thomas Christians. Patriarch Timothy I (727–823) wrote of the large Christian community in Tibet.
The creators of Assyrian theology are Diodorus of Tarsus and Theodore of Mopsuestia. Both taught at Antioch. The normative Christology of the Assyrian church was written by Babai the Great (551–628) and is clearly different from the accusations of dualism directed toward Nestorius: his main christological work is called the 'Book of the Union', and in it Babai teaches that the two "qnome" (essences) are unmingled but everlastingly united in the one "parsopa" (personality) of Christ.

Melba tunnel
The Melba Tunnel is a tunnel on the EastLink tollway. It crosses the Mullum Mullum valley.

Main Page/Introduction
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Chaldean Catholic Church
The Chaldean Catholic Church or the Chaldean Church of Babylon (, ') is an Eastern particular church of the Catholic Church, maintaining full communion with the Bishop of Rome and the rest of the Catholic Church. The Chaldean Catholic Church presently comprises an estimated 600,000 - 700,000 Chaldean Christians.

Chaldean Christians
The Chaldean Christians (also known as Chaldean Assyrians, Chaldo-Assyrians, Assyro-Chaldeans; Neo-Aramaic: ܟܠܕܝܐ "Keldani"), adherents of the Chaldean Catholic Church, form a subset of the Assyrian people. Many Chaldean Catholics refute this as they do not consider themselves to be Assyrians. This is due in part to the Church identity promoted by the Chaldean Catholic Church. However, some religious officials within the Chaldean Church, such as Patriarch Mar Raphael I Bedawid, advocate the Assyrian ethnicity. Chaldeans call themselves "Sūrāyā" (Syrian) in singular and "Sūrāyē" in plural
, which is considered to be a synonym of "Aššūrāye" (Assyrians.) However, most Chaldeans today mistakenly translate the word Suraye as Christians.
They have been settling primarily in Iraq, with smaller communities in Turkey and Iran, for the most part speaking the Chaldean Neo-Aramaic language. A formerly Nestorian denomination, they were reunited with the Roman Catholic Church in 1553. Chaldean Catholic Church was established, its first patriarch was proclaimed patriarch of "Mosul and Athur" (Nineveh and Assyria) on Feb. 20, 1553 by Pope Julius III.
Chaldean Catholics have no direct or absolute lineage with the Neo-Babylonian Empire "Chaldeans", but were designated with the name Chaldean in the 16th century when they reunited with the Catholic Church to distinguish from the adherents of the Assyrian Church of the East.
Also sometimes known as "Chaldean Christians" are the Christians of St. Thomas of India (also called the Syro-Malabar Catholic Church), ethnically Nasrani (speakers of Malayalam).

Status asthmaticus
Status astmathicus is a severe form of asthma bronchiale that does not respond to the usual treatments.

Milwaukee Bucks
The Milwaukee Bucks are a professional basketball team in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. They play in the National Basketball Association. The current franchise owner is U.S. Senator Herb Kohl.

Pidgin (software)
Pidgin (also known as Gaim) is a instant messaging client that can work on Linux, Mac OS X and Windows. The software can use most instant messaging protocols, which will let the user log into different instant messaging services from one program.
The number of Pidgin users is thought to be more than 3 million in 2007.
Released under the terms of the GNU General Public License, Pidgin is free software.
History.
The program was made in or before 1999 by Mark Spencer, an Auburn University sophomore. It was made to give the features of AOL Instant Messenger for Linux.
Naming dispute.
The original name was GAIM, which stood for GTK+ AOL Instant Messenger. After pressure form AOL, the program was renamed to gaim.
However, on April 6 2007, the project development team announced the results of their talks with AOL. This included some name changes: "gaim" became "Pidgin", "libgaim" became "libpurple", and "gaim-text" became "finch".
Due to the legal problems, version 2.0 of the software was stuck in beta stages. Following the talks, it was said that the first official release of Pidgin 2.0.0 was hoped to happen during the two weeks from April 8, 2007. However, Pidgin 2.0 did not release on time, but on April 22, 2007.
Pidgin 2.0.0 was released on May 3, 2007. This was the first version to be called Pidgin. It also contained a completely new graphics design.

San Diego Padres
The San Diego Padres are a Major League Baseball team in San Diego, California.

Drew Carey
Drew Carey (born May 23, 1958) is a American comedian. He is most well-known for his "The Drew Carey Show", hosting the United States version of "Whose Line Is It Anyway?". He is also the current host of the game show "The Price is Right".

Books of Samuel
The Books of Samuel (Hebrew: "Sefer Sh'muel" ספר שמואל) are part of the Tanakh (part of Judaism's Hebrew Bible) and also of the Christian Old Testament.
First Samuel.
The first book of Samuel tells the history of Israel from the birth of Samuel until Saul`s death.
Second Samuel.
The second book of Samuel tells the story of King David of Israel

Sacrilege
Sacrilege means not having respect for religion, or not respecting those who follow religions. Sacrilege can be a form of Bullying, in certain situations.

Psychotherapy
Psychotherapy describes the way specially skilled people called psychotherapists help people who have problems and unhappiness in living their lives or who want to improve the quality of their lives and relationships with others.
Psychotherapy means a treatment for the mind. They aim to help the person feel better, be braver, happier and more in control of their lives. The main way they do this is by talking to the person who has the problems in such a way that they begin to be able to understand themselves better. A few psychotherapists may also touch the person to help them express how they are feeling. Some psychotherapists may work with a group of people such as a family who have problems and are unhappy.
Psychotherapists usually complete their training at the doctoral level via doctor of philosophy programs or medical school, although some are trained at the master's level. Psychotherapists do not use surgery, or give drugs or electric shocks to the people they help. These methods are used by special medical doctors called psychiatrists, who may also sometimes act as psychotherapists.
Psychotherapy was started in the west in 1886 by Sigmund Freud who is called "the father of psychoanalysis," the first modern psychotherapy. Freud was a medical doctor who was trained in Neurology. He became certain that hidden thoughts in the brain (which he called The Unconscious) could cause physical symptoms and strange behavior in some people. He believed that human behavior was not all caused by the brain, but by things that happened to people when they were babies and young children. His research of this theory -the idea he had- led him to create "talking therapy" -psychoanalysis- where he tried to figure out what could cause the mind to do things like this. Freud thought that his figuring things out and telling the patients what had caused the behavior would cure the patient. Unfortunately, it usually made no lasting changes.
This is why modern psychologists (and psychiatrists) have gradually figured out many other ways of helping their patients and modified their techniques through various types of psychotherapy (for example: dynamic psychotherapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, dialectical behavior therapy).

Christian (disambiguation)
A Christian is a part of Christianity.

Trouser
Trousers (or pants in Canada, South Africa and the United States, and sometimes called slacks or breeches (sometimes)) are a kind of clothing worn on the lower part of the body, covering both legs apart (instead with cloth stretching across both as in skirts and dresses). Historically, as for the West, trousers have been the lower-body clothing item for males since the 16th century; by the late 20th century, they had become prevalent for females as well. Trousers are worn at the hips or waist, and may be held up by their own by a belt, or suspenders (braces).

Bibliography
Bibleography (ancient Elvenn language βιβλιογραφία, from βίβλος, book, and γραφή, write) is a random list of books and journals articles. A not randomly annotated bibliography has a summary or annotation.

Synoptic gospels
The Synoptic gospels in the Bible in the New Testament are the Gospel of Matthew, the Gospel of Mark and the Gospel of Luke. They are similar in many ways, unlike the Gospel of John

Epistle to the Philippians
The Epistle (or letter) to the Philippians is a short book in the New Testament. It is a letter to the church at Philippi in Macedonia from Saint Paul.

Main Page/Test 1/Archive 1
 Colors .
Regarding which I moved from Main Page: I strongly object these colors. After several years of web design practice, I would like to say, these high saturated background colors are ok for kids web sites, not for official web sites like Wikipedia. They make text unreadable, they make the web site look too fancy. I suggest using a light background. I will make an example myself in a minute. - Huji reply 17:44, 28 July 2007 (UTC)
I think is more colorized, yet is not fancy. For black text, we should use light backgrounds (those with low saturated colors). - Huji reply 17:56, 28 July 2007 (UTC)
I did the copy-paste. - Huji reply 18:19, 28 July 2007 (UTC)
Oh, I am sorry. I thought you were talking about my revisions. Those WERE hideous. i agree 100 %. I did not do those. Well... I do NOT think it is FANCY ! that is a joke. Simple should be a tad fancy though. LIAM ! 17:11, 29 July 2007 (UTC)
Wait.. PURPLE AGAINST BLUE ! who created taht Main Page... !!! LIAM !
I just did some color changing (). My preference for the selected article section would be something light and kind of pastel so that it fits in with the color scheme for the rest of the page. I think the lilac works nicely because the star is mainly brown and lilac.
On an unrelated note, I think we should do a vote soon on the layout (horizontal vs. vertical). I'm not entirely opposed to the vertical, I kind of prefer the horizontal though. I think if we stick with the vertical, we should shorten the intro box. Have you seen the changes I made to the header area on the main page ()? I don't want to change it on your test page in case you don't like it. You don't have to keep the color changes I made either--it's your proposal, not mine. I think no matter which layout the community chooses, we should use your process of rotating the articles. I'm envious of people that can do that sort of stuff. · Tygartl1·talk· 18:04, 30 July 2007 (UTC)
Selected article.
Hi, anything I can do to help you on this new page? I noticed the Selected article box, what "is" that??
Gwib-(talk)- 19:18, 28 July 2007 (UTC)
Can you also add a simple picture to accompany the article, like English wiki? Images help, I think! Thanks. RaNdOm26 10:34, 30 July 2007 (UTC)
I put a nice, new pastel on there, but I had to experiment and got that awful purple and the horribly ostentatious canary yellow. I think the top border on the "selected article" box is too big. How do I change that? j. rand|talk| ε contribs|email 14:49, 30 July 2007 (UTC)
I see the point you made Tygartl1. Here is my suggestion: We can make the Introduction box green, and use its colors (or a different color group) for Knowledge Groups box. This way, we won't have two orange-based boxes next to each other (as we). What do you think? - Huji reply 19:50, 2 August 2007 (UTC)
Boxes merged.
As of I've merged the Introduction and What to do boxes on the left. - Huji reply 20:57, 2 August 2007 (UTC)
I Changed.
The "WP in other languages" box to a grey-ish colour — it was too much like the FA box. ionas talk contribs 00:31, 10 August 2007 (UTC)
Very nice, Huji. ionas talk contribs 23:14, 10 August 2007 (UTC)
Spacing.
Hello, looks quite good, at the moment. However in the version I looked at there seems to be quite a bit of space, both at the bottom of "Selected article". What do you think about trying to fill that space, by moving the "Other very good articles" line down a bit? Or is it just me, that sees this space as annoying? - The other things (colors, boxing) look fine to me --Eptalon 13:12, 18 August 2007 (UTC)
Heading.
I changed the heading to match the current main page. For some reason the italics for those links has always bothered me, not to mention that I think the links I have placed there are more useful than the ones I replaced. In my humble opinion, I think this way looks much cleaner and will ultimately be more helpful than the previous heading. One thing that I do not know how to do (but think should be done) is to change the width of the grey box around the Welcome so that it matches the width of the other boxes on the page. Could someone do that? Thanks! · Tygartl1·talk· 15:50, 18 August 2007 (UTC)
Selected Very Good article transclusion: problems & suggestion.
I've been reading the code for the Very Good Article transclusion, and I think it's flawed, and unnecessarily complex. Generally, Main Pages and Portals simply transclude a summary of rotating content from a previously created subpage, using the formula. This is also similar to the work involved in maintaining Portals. I believe I've read that we plan to rotate our VG every week, right? I can arrange this format and the code, if you wish. My experience with Portals at EnWP may come handy;) Love, Phaedriel - 15:25, 19 August 2007 (UTC)
please don't go through.
I am yet to finish my Main Page test, and I strongly object to this version of the page ! LIAM!
What is wrong with the page?--ionas talk contribs 04:57, 20 August 2007 (UTC)
Wikipedias in other languages.
Because of the large size gap between 1000 articles and 100 000 articles, I rechecked each wiki in that grouping and split it up by adding the 10K+ category to denote medium sized wikis. The 100K, 1K, 100 groupings just seem a little off as they would define Large, Small, and tiny rather than Large, medium and small (and tiny). I also added a separator and centered the footer for that section. The separator helps it stand away from the list of wikis a little and the centering keeps it in the same style as the footer information in the other sections on the page (it was the only one that was aligned right). Revert either or both edits (I made them separated for easier undoing) as needed. -- Creol(talk) 06:28, 20 August 2007 (UTC)
VG article rotation.
I switched to coding for VG article rotation to a once a week rotation. The coding uses CURRENTWEEK rather than CURRENTDAY to base it one a weekly value. It also takes advantage of the mod function (returns the remainder of a number: 32/10 = 3 remainder 2, mod = 2) rather than having to use IF statements to parse out an value for the page name. This shortens the coding and makes it much simplier to vary the number of articles in rotation. Finally it adds 1 to the value so we get a number between 1 and (currently) 10 rather than 0 to 9 so no changes to the Article pages needs to be made. -- Creol(talk) 16:38, 23 August 2007 (UTC)
Categories.
Due to the large number of pages currently used for the main page, categorization was required to consolidate the information. The problem being that the Main Page itself should not have a category. With 10 VG article pages and multiple subpages for the individual boxes on the main page and the test page, a category for all of these pages was needed. The category Main page is being used as the main source of all top level categories. This did not seem the place to include everything for the main page itself. A subcat in cat:wikipedia was probably the best place but of course I just thought of that idea as I was typing this sentence... As such, I placed the pages in the category:Project which is mainly unused as it is the root for all categories and articles combined. To prevent the categories from being transcluded into the main page with the rest of the information, the <noinclude> function was included for the category itself. The test page includes the category directly. As it is not commonly shown, the category is not an issue. Should the test page ever be copied over to the main page again, the category needs to be removed during the transfer to keep the main page nice and clean and category free. -- Creol(talk) 06:58, 30 August 2007 (UTC)
Updated version.
With the main page itself being modified to accept information from subpages rather than including all the information on the main page (decreasing the actual size of the page from 16K down to 2K), the current version of the test page was not in sync with the main. To prevent issues with new tweaks here causing problems when transferred to the main page, I updated the test page to the current version of the main page so that any changes here will be easier to copy over should they be needed. -- Creol(talk) 06:58, 30 August 2007 (UTC)

Julio Lugo
Julio Cesar Lugo (born on November 16, 1975) is a Major League Baseball shortstop for the Boston Red Sox, born in Barahona, Dominican Republic. He bats and throws right-handed. Lugo is the older brother of baseball pitcher Ruddy Lugo.

Requiem (Mozart)
The Requiem Mass in D minor K626 is a famous piece of music by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart which he composed in 1791. This requiem (a 'requiem' is a mass (church service) to remember people who have died), was Mozart's last composition. He wrote it as he lay dying himself. It seems that he did not manage to finish it before he died, and that it was finished by another musician called Franz Xaver Süssmayr. We do not know exactly how much of the music is by Mozart, and how much Süssmayr had to add. There have been lots of stories and ideas about how the Requiem was composed, and it is still a problem that is often discussed by musicians.

Gregorio Allegri
Gregorio Allegri (born 1582; died February 17, 1652) was an Italian composer and priest. He lived most of his life in Rome, and died there.
He composed a lot of church music. By far the most famous of his compositions is the "Miserere mei, Deus", often just refered to as "Allegri's 'Miserere'". There is a very famous story about this music.
"Miserere mei, Deus" is a motet written to be sung by two choirs, one in which the singers are divided into five groups (five voices) and the other in four groups. One choir sings a simple kind of tune called a fauxbourdon which is based on a plainchant. The other sings a more complicated version, with a top part which goes up to top C (the note two octaves higher than Middle C).
The piece is written in a traditional church style. Allegri had learned composition from a friend of Giovanni da Palestrina, the greatest church composer of the Renaissance. However, the style of Allegri's music is more modern than Palestrina. Allegri was writing in the early Baroque period.
Allegri wrote the "Miserere" to be sung in the Pope's Sistine Chapel. The Vatican did not want anyone else to perform the music, so no one was allowed to take the music away or make copies of it. However, when the 14-year-old Mozart visited the Vatican in 1770 with his father, he heard it twice, went home and wrote all the music out from memory. Mozart's copy of the music was sent to England where it was published by Dr Charles Burney. There were no copyright laws in those days, so there was nothing that the Vatican could do about it.

Chronology
Chronology is a word meaning: the study of time. It comes from the Greek words "chronos" (time) and "logos" (word). The adjective is chronological.
Putting events in chronological order means: listing them in the order in which they happened.
There are many sciences which deal in different ways with chronology. General chronology is sometimes called "periodization". Historical chronology can deal with history or with the geological history of the earth.
When things are put in chronological order it can sometimes be called a "timeline".

Indre River
The Indre is a river in central France, left tributary to the river Loire.
Its source is in the "département" Cher, near Préveranges. It flows through the "départements" Cher, Indre and Indre-et-Loire. It flows through the cities La Châtre, Châteauroux and Loches.
It joins the river Loire near the site of the nuclear power plant of Chinon, north of Avoine.

Pontus (mythology)
In Greek mythology, Pontus (or Pontos, English translation: "sea") was an ancient, pre-Olympian sea-god, son of Gaia, the Earth.

Pontus
Pontus (Greek: ') is a region on the southern coast of the Black Sea.

Homo floresiensis
"Homo floresiensis" ("Man of Flores") is the proposed name for a possible species in the genus Homo, remarkable for its small body, small brain, and survival until relatively recent times.
Discovered.
It is thought to have been contemporaneous with modern humans (Homo sapiens) on the Indonesian island of Flores. One sub-fossil skeleton, dated at 18,000 years old, is largely complete. It was discovered in deposits in Liang Bua Cave on Flores in 2003.
The island are humans.
The island had dwarf elephants (a species of Stegodon, a prehistoric elephant) and giant monitor lizards akin to the Komodo dragon, as well as "H. floresiensis", which can be considered a species of diminutive human. The discoverers have called members of the diminutive species "hobbits", after J.R.R. Tolkien's fictional race of roughly the same height.
In the mythology of the island, there were common references to small furry people called Ebu Gogo even into the 19th century.

Goran Ivanišević
Goran Ivanišević is a retired professional tennis player from Croatia. He is most famous for winning Wimbledon in 2001.

Pete Sampras
Pete Sampras is a retired professional tennis player from the USA. He has won the Wimbledon Championships seven times and has won 14 Grand Slams overall, the most of any player during the past thirty years.

Andre Agassi
Andre Kirk Agassi (born April 29, 1970) is a retired professional tennis player from the United States. Being the only tennis player to have won all Grand Slam tournaments on four different surfaces. He is one of the most successful tennis players in history and was formerly ranked number 1 in the world. He is married to former women's tennis player Steffi Graf.

Narcissus (genus)
"Narcissus" (Narcissi) (often called a daffodil) is the botanic name for a genus of mainly hardy, mostly spring-flowering, bulbs in the "Amaryllidaceae" family. They are native to Europe, North Africa, and Asia.
Description.
It has pale yellow perianths with a darker central trumpet (paracorolla or "corona"). The long, narrow leaves are slightly greyish in colour and rise from the base of the stem.

Dajabón Province
Dajabón is a Dominican province; it is located in the northwestern part of the country, on the border with Haiti. Its capital city has the same name, Dajabón.
It was created on 1938 with the name Province Libertador. It got its present name in 1961. It was part of the Monte Cristi province before being elevated to the category of province.
Location.
Dajabón is bordered to the north by the province of Monte Cristi, to the east by the Santiago Rodríguez and to the south by the Elías Piña province. To the west Dajabón borders the Republic of Haiti.
Origin of name.
The province takes the name from the Taíno name of the region, Dahaboon; it was also the name of the main river of the region (the River Dajabón).
Municipalities.
Dajabón has a total area of 1,020.73km². It has 2.1% of the area of the Dominican Republic and it is ranked as the 23rd (out of 31 plus the National District) largest province.
There are 11 municipalities and 11 municipal districts in the province.
Population.
The municipality had, in 2002, a total population of 7,272: 3,802 men and 3,470 women. The urban population was 20.05% of the total population.
In 2002 (last national census), there were 62,046 people living in the Dajabón province: 31,443 men and 30,603 women. There were 29,218 (47.09%) living in towns and cities. The population density was 61 persons/km².
Geography.
The Cordillera Central ("Central mountain chain") is found in the southern part of the province. The northern part is flat, with many savannas; it is part of the "Yaque del Norte Valley" (or "Línea Noroeste").
Rivers.
The only important river in the province is the River Dajabón, also known as "Masacre" (from French "Massacre"). This river marks the Dominican-Haitian border from the city of Dajabón to its mouth. Other rivers are very short and they are tributaries of the Dajabon or the Artibonite rivers.
Climate.
The climate of the province is a tropical climate, hot most of the year, but it is cooler on the mountains.
Economy.
As in all border provinces in the Dominican Republic, there is little economic development. The trade with Haiti is important, mostly in the city of Dajabón. On the mountains, coffee and beans are important products. Rice and banana are produced in the northern part of the province, and cattle raising is important around the city of Dajabón.

First baseman
First base, or "1B", is the first of four positions on a baseball diamond, in baseball.

Outfielder
Outfielder is a position in baseball. Three players play this position. They are the farthest from the batter.

Sobekhotep VIII
Sobekhotep VIII was a Pharaoh of northern Egypt during the 16th Egyptian dynasty. He was one of the ancient Egyptian kings people have little knowledge about. Historians estimate that Sobekhotep VIII was their sovereign leader for 16 years.
It is most likely that Sobekhotep VIII. was the successor of Djehuti and followed by Neferhotep III.

Albert Spalding
Albert Goodwill Spalding (born September 2, 1850 in Byron, Illinois – September 9, 1915 in Point Loma, California) was a professional baseball player, manager and co-founder of A.G. Spalding sporting goods company.

Charlie Waitt
Charlie Waitt (born October 14, 1853 in Hallowell, Maine – October 21, 1912) was a professional baseball player. He was teased and taunted at and was called a "sissy" for wearing what was one of the first baseball gloves ever worn.

Doug Allison
Douglas L. Allison (born July 12, 1846 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, died December 19, 1916 in Washington, DC) was a professional baseball catcher for the Cincinnati Red Stockings, the first fully professional baseball team.

Bill Doak
Bill Doak (born January 28, 1891, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) played 11 years with the St. Louis Cardinals. In, he went 20-6 with a league leading 1.72 ERA. Doak won 20 games in. Doak led the National League in ERA again in 1921. Doak was traded to the Brooklyn Robins in mid-1924.

Teasing
Teasing is a word with different meanings. With humans, teasing usually means either "playful" and "hurtful". Teasing is often unkind, and is sometimes a type of harassment.

The Fox and the Hound (movie)
"The Fox and the Hound" is an animated movie produced by Walt Disney Productions.It was released on July 10, 1981 and is based on the Daniel P. Mannix novel of the same name. The movie centers around the story of two unlikely friends, a bloodhound and a red fox, who struggle to preserve their friendship. At the time of release it was the most expensive animated movie produced to date, costing $12 million. A direct-to-video midquel, "The Fox and the Hound 2", was released on December 12, 2006.
Making.
This movie represented a changing of the guard of the animators creating the movie from Walt Disney's "nine old men" to the more recently trained Disney animators who had moved through the in-house animation training program begun in 1976.
The story was loosely based on Daniel Pratt Mannix IV's 1967 novel of the same name.The book had a more realistic story, it dealt with the quest of a hunter and his dog Copper to shoot Tod after he killed the hunter's new dog Chief. The novel was mainly about Tod's life in the woods. While he was raised by humans he was not childhood friends with Copper and none of the animals spoke. The story was changed to make it more suitable for a family movie; instead of a story about the life and death of a fox, it became a parable about how society determines our roles despite our better impulses.
The movie marked the last work of the remaining original animators. Don Bluth worked as an animator on this movie, but left Disney early in the production, taking 11 Disney animators (which comprised 17% of the production staff) with him to start his own rival studio, Don Bluth Productions. This studio, which eventually became Sullivan Bluth Studios, was Disney's main rival through the 1980s and produced "The Secret of NIMH" and a number of other well-known movies. As a result of Bluth's defection, production on "The Fox and the Hound" was delayed by nearly six months. Bluth animated Widow Tweed and her cow, Abigail, and his team worked on the rest of the sequence.
The co-directors for the movie were Ted Berman, Richard Rich, and Art Stevens.
It was also the final Disney movie to have all the credits in the title sequence and have the words, "The End. A Walt Disney Production." at the end of the movie.
Berman previously had credits as a character animator for the 1961 movie "One Hundred and One Dalmatians" and writer for the 1977 movie "The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh". He would later be co-director for the 1985 movie "The Black Cauldron".
Rich had been a Disney employee since 1972 but this was his first major assignment. He would also serve as a co-director for "The Black Cauldron". He would later found Rich Animation Studios.
Stevens was previously credited as a character animator for the 1953 "Peter Pan", the previously mentioned "One Hundred and One Dalmatians" and the 1973 "Robin Hood". He had also previously directed the 1977 movie "The Rescuers".
Originally, the writers of the movie intended for Chief to die when he got hit by the train, so that Copper's revenge against Tod is more extreme. Story veteran Vance Gerry argued for the department: "But he gets hit in the kisser with a freight train!!" To which Ron Miller and co-director Art Stevens countered: "Geez, we never killed a main character in a Disney film and we're not starting now!" As was also the case in "Lady and the Tramp," where Trusty is seemingly killed but in a later scene has recovered, Chief suffers major injuries but is saved from death.
John Lasseter started out working at Disney on this movie and others such as "Mickey's Christmas Carol" before leaving to join Pixar in 1986. With Disney's purchasing of Pixar, Lasseter has gone full circle and has returned to the company he started his career with.
Release history.
It was released on VHS on March 4, 1994 and was the last video of the "Walt Disney Classics" collection (it was not included in the "Masterpiece Collection").
"The Fox and the Hound" was released on "Walt Disney Gold Classic Collection" DVD on May 2, 2000.
A single-disc 25th anniversary Special Edition DVD of "The Fox and the Hound" was released on October 10, 2006.
Critical reaction.
Although the movie was a financial success, the general reaction by film critics to the movie was mixed. Many were disappointed that the predominantly young creative staff, many of whom had only recently joined the company, had produced a movie that seemed very conservative in both concept and execution. Other critics, like Richard Corliss of "Time Magazine", praised the movie for its intelligent story about prejudice. He argued the movie shows that prejudiced attitudes can poison even the deepest relationships, and the movie's bittersweet ending delivers a powerful and important moral message to audiences. Roger Ebert of the Chicago Times also praised the movie. He wrote that "for all of its familiar qualities, this movie marks something of a departure for the Disney studio, and its movement is in an interesting direction. The Fox and the Hound is one of those relatively rare Disney animated features that contains a useful lesson for its younger audiences. It's not just cute animals and frightening adventures and a happy ending; it's also a rather thoughtful meditation on how society determines our behavior."
The movie gained a considerable following and it was awarded a Golden Screen Award at the Goldene Leinwand Awards in 1982. It was also nominated for a Young Artist Award and the Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film.It has a "fresh" 73% rating on RottenTomatoes.com,based on 15 reviews(with a 6.8 score),and an even better score of 87% among users of RottenTomatoes with a 7.2 score.

The Fox and the Hound
"The Fox and the Hound" is a 1967 novel by Daniel Pratt Mannix IV. It is about the lives of two characters who are forced to be against each other, a hound named Copper and a fox named Tod. The book is Mannix's best-known work. It was later adapted into a movie by Disney.
The Story.
A fox named Tod and a hound named Copper become such good friends and they play together. But Copper's owner, Amos Slade, wants to kill Tod and he'll do anything to get him. He even has his other dog Chief to help him. As Tod and Copper get older they start to become more of enemies.
It alternates between Tod and Copper's point of view.Of the ten chapters in the book, four are from Copper's perspective and six are from Tod's. Both of the animal protagonists are presented as reasonably intelligent if not on a level with humans, and the book constantly emphasizes the point that both are creatures who rely on their sense of smell as much as humans rely on sight, particularly Copper.
The fable follows Tod from his first contact with humans as a kit and Copper from his first encounter with Tod. They are living in a changing world; the wilderness present at the beginning of the book gradually gives way to a more urbanized setting, causing problems for Copper, his Master, and Tod.
Copper's chapters focus on his relationship with his Master as he assists him in hunting, primarily for Tod; Tod's actions kill the Master's favorite dog early in the novel. Tod's chapters focus on his life as a wild fox, avoiding death both natural and man-made while attempting to father pups. The novel ends with the death of both main characters. Tod's lifeless pelt is hung and Copper is shot by his owner.

Taunt
A taunt is a sarcastic remark, challenge, or insult that someone does to make another angry. It can be compared to fighting words and trash-talk.
Taunts are also a genre of Folklore.

Pitcher (baseball)
In baseball, the pitcher is the player who throws
the baseball from the pitcher's mound to the catcher to begin each play, trying to retire a batter who tries to either make hit it or draw a walk.

Patton (movie)
"Patton" (UK: "Patton: Lust for Glory") is a 1970 movie about United States Army General George S. Patton, and his role in the Second World War. "Patton" starred George C. Scott in the title role, and it was released by 20th Century Fox. The movie became very popular, and won an Academy Award for Best Picture in 1971. A sequel, "The Last Days of Patton", appeared in 1986, also starring Scott.
Beginnings.
Patton's widow was approached not long after her husband died (after an automobile accident), with an offer to make a Hollywood movie about Patton's life and career. His family did not agree right away, and it was many years before they approved a dramatic movie to be made. The movie's screenplay was based on a well-written biography of General Patton, "Patton: Ordeal and Triumph", and "A Soldier's Story", a memoir by General Omar N. Bradley, who served with Patton.
Storyline.
The story covers the time from the American defeat at the Battle of the Kasserine Pass in North Africa during 1943, when Patton was sent to take command, through his victories in Africa and Sicily, his time as a "decoy" before D-Day, The Battle of the Bulge, and his last weeks, after the war was over in 1945.
The movie did not give much time to showing combat and battles, but explained Patton's role in several important battles and campaigns. It also showed his character as a person, as a soldier, and as a leader. Patton made good choices, such as appointing Omar Bradley to assist him, and bad choices, such as striking soldiers physically when they showed fear or cowardice, or giving his personal opinions to the media, when they differed widely from what the Allied commanders expected. The movie showed a mix of both bad and good things about Patton.
Reception.
The movie appeared nearly twenty-five years after Patton died. American attitudes toward war, toward fighting, and toward the military had changed in many ways. The Vietnam War was happening at the same time the movie was made and shown. The older generation, who had fought in World War II or helped out on the home front, tended to support the war and the draft, which made young American men join the Army to fight. Younger people, who did not remember World War II or were born after it ended, were mostly against the war in Vietnam. "Patton" gave older and younger viewers a look back at an American war hero and leader, and it gave them things to think and talk about together.

Jafar (Aladdin)
Jafar is an evil character in Disney's "Aladdin" movies.
His life.
Jafar was born in someplace of Arabia, most likely in the kingdom Agrabah. Because he was ugly and poor, he was not happy for many years. Once, Jafar found a baston that can brainwash people. Jafar use it to brainwash the Sultan. He became Agrabah's vizier and moved into the palace. One day, at the market, Jafar met the parrot Iago and they became friends. The two planned to take the Sultan's treasure but they found something better: a magic lamp. Inside the lamp was a genie who granted wishes. Jafar use his first wish to become the Sultan. When the royal family refused to bow to him, Jafar made a wish to become a powerful wizard. Jafar took control of Agrabah and decided to decorate the palace. He painted the throne room red and filled it with gold. He also replaced the throne which was in the shape of an elephant into a throne shaped like a snake. Because of Jafar's bad luck, Aladdin defeated him and ended his plans for power.

The Australian
"The Australian" is a newspaper made in Australia. It is made by an Australian company called News Limited, is published every day, and started in 1964.

Barbican Arts Centre
The Barbican Arts Centre is a large performing arts centre on the northern edge of the City of London. It is in the modern Barbican estate, near the Barbican Tube station.

Harry Morgan
Harry Morgan (born as Harry Bratsburg on April 10, 1915 in Detroit, Michigan) is a American actor. He is well-known for his role in the "M*A*S*H" TV series as Colonel Sherman T. Potter.

Brisbane Times
Brisbane Times is a website that reports news for Brisbane, Australia, as well as Queensland, the state that Brisbane is in. It started on 7 March 2007 and is owned by a company called Fairfax.

District line
The District line is a railway line in the London Underground.

Kensington
Kensington is a district of West London, England in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea. It is west of Charing Cross.

Dew Process
Dew Process is an independent record label from Brisbane, Australia. It was started by Paul Piticco, who still works for the company today. Dew Process is distributed by Universal Music Australia in Australia and New Zealand.

Books of Chronicles
The First and Second Chronicles are history books in the Old Testament.

George Eliot
Mary Ann (Marian) Evans (22 November 1819 – 22 December 1880), better known by her pen name George Eliot, was an English novelist. She was one of the leading writers of the Victorianera. "Middlemarch" is perhaps her most famous book.

Gerry Anderson
Gerry Anderson MBE (born April 14, 1929) is a English television and movie producer, director and writer. He is famous for the Science Fiction programmes he created. The most well known of these was "Thunderbirds". Most of the programmes he created used marionettes.

Sarah Chalke
Sarah Louise Christine Chalke (born August 27, 1976) is a Canadian-American actress most famous for her role as Elliot Reid on "Scrubs" and Becky Conner on "Roseanne".

AfterMASH
"AfterMASH" was an American TV series. It was a spin-off of the "M*A*S*H" TV series. It was not a successful series, and was canceled after two seasons.

M*A*S*H (TV series)
"M*A*S*H" is an American television sitcom made by Larry Gelbart about doctors in a mobile. It was inspired by '. It stars Alan Alda as the main character. It was very popular, lasting 11 seasons, and having one of the most viewed series finales in television history.
Summary.
"M*A*S*H" is about a Mobile Army Surgical Hospital during the Korean War. It stars Hawkeye Pierce, an American surgeon who dislikes the war and makes a lot of jokes.
Cast.
There have been a strong cast of characters through the show's life. The only four people who appeared from the first episode to the last are Alan Alda, William Christopher, Loretta Swit, and Jamie Farr.
"Goodbye, Farewell, and Amen".
"Goodbye, Farewell, and Amen" is the series finale. It was aired on February 28, 1983, and is two and a half hours long. Nearly 106 million Americans watched it, which was 77% of the people watching TV at the time. It is the most watched episode of any show in American history.

Loretta Swit
Loretta Swit (born November 4 1937) is an American actress. She is most famous for her role as Margaret Houlihan on the "M*A*S*H" TV series.

Larry Linville
Lawrence Lavonne "Larry" Linville (September 29, 1939 – April 10, 2000) was an American actor. He was most famous for his role as Frank Burns on the "M*A*S*H" TV series. He died of pneumonia.

Katamari Damacy
is a third person puzzle-action video game made by Namco for the PlayStation 2 game console. It's had many sequels, including "We Love Katamari", "Me & My Katamari", and "Beautiful Katamari".

Beautiful Katamari
"Beautiful Katamari", released in Japan as is a third-person puzzle-action video game made by Namco Bandai for the Xbox 360 game console. Wii and PlayStation 3 versions have been talked about by Namco Bandai, but no release date has been set.

Mewtwo
Mewtwo is a "Genetic" species of Pokémon that is number 150 in the Pokédex. Mewtwo was cloned by Mew but was created by scientists. It is a Psychic type Pokémon. Mewtwo appeared in two moves: ' and '.
Adrian Mutu, the soccer player from Romania, is good friends with Mewtwo.

We Love Katamari
"We Love Katamari", known in Japan as, is a third-person puzzle-action video game made by Namco for the PlayStation 2 game console. It is the sequel to "Katamari Damacy".

Me & My Katamari
is a third-person puzzle-action video game made by Namco for the PlayStation Portable game console. It is the first and only handheld "Katamari" game.

Namco
is an amusement company. They make video games, and are famous for retro games like "Pac-Man" and "Space Invaders".

Nagoya
Nagoya is one of the largest cities in Japan. It is in Aichi prefecture.

Manglish
Manglish is a language that sounds almost the same as English spoken by Malaysians. It is a close cousin of Singlish.

The Story of the Kelly Gang
"The Story of the Kelly Gang" is the world's first feature length movie. This 70 minute movie was made in 1906, 9 years before D.W. Griffith's "The Birth of a Nation" made in 1915. The movie tells the story of the famous Australian bushranger, Ned Kelly (1855-1880). It was written and directed by Charles Tait. The film's reel length is about 4,000 feet (1,200 metres). It was released in Australia on December 26, 1906 and in the UK in January 1908. The film cost about $2,250 to make. It was filmed in Melbourne and nearby suburbs of St Kilda (indoor scenes), Eltham, Greensborough, Heidelberg, Mitcham and Rosanna.
There is only about 10 minutes of film left. In November 2006 the National Film and Sound Archive made a new digital copy of the movie. This has 11 minutes of extra film which was discovered in the United Kingdom. The movie now is 17 minutes long. It has the main scene of the Kelly's fight with the police at Glenrowan (called the Kelly's Last Stand). A copy of the program book has also been found. It has stories from newspaper reports of the capture of the gang, and the story of the movie, in 6 'scenes'. This told the audiences what was happening in the movie. The book and the little bit of film that is left can help people imagine what the whole movie may have been like.
In 2007 "The Story of the Kelly Gang" was added to the UNESCO Memory of the World Register for being the world's first full-length feature movie.

Steffi Graf
Steffi Graf is a retired proffesional women's tennis player from Germany. She was once ranked the best women's tennis player in the world. She is married to another retired tennis player Andre Agassi.

Sports Illustrated
"Sports Illustrated" is the largest weekly American sports magazine owned by media company Time Warner. It has over 3 million subscribers and is read by 23 million adults each week, with over 18 million of them are men, 19% of the adult males in the United States.
Cover history.
Most covers by team, 1954-May 2008
Fathers and sons who have been featured on the cover
Presidents who have been featured on the cover

Christian music
Christian music is a genre of music with words that are about Christianity.
Styles.
As does regular music, there are many different styles of Christian music, such as pop, soft/contemporary, urban, hip hop, rock, and hymns.

A. Q. Khan
Abdul Qadeer Khan (; born April 1, 1936) in Bhopal, is a Pakistani scientist and metallurgical engineer. He is often thought to be the starter of Pakistan's nuclear program. He is the "National Hero" of Pakistan. His middle name is occasionally called Quadeer, Qadir or Gadeer, and his given names are usually abbreviated to A.Q.

Interception (football)
An interception or intercept is a move in football that uses a pass (either by foot or hand) being stopped by a player on the other teams. When this is done, the player's team who had caught the ball, would get possession of it. Many leagues use interceptions, some are Canadian and American football football, as well as rugby league, rugby union, Australian rules football and Gaelic football.

Load (album)
Load is an album by the heavy metal band Metallica. It was released in 1996.

The Greatest Show on Turf
The Greatest Show on Turf was the nickname for the offense fielded by the St. Louis Rams offense during 1999, 2000, and 2001 National Football League seasons.

The Marriage of Figaro
"Le nozze di Figaro" (in English: "The Marriage of Figaro") is an opera by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart composed in 1786. It was written in Italian. The words (libretto) are by Lorenzo da Ponte, who based the story on a play Pierre Beaumarchais. It was the first of three operas that Mozart wrote together with Lorenzo da Ponte: the others are "Don Giovanni" and "Così fan tutte". They are all comic operas (opera buffa).
Although the play by Beaumarchais was at first not allowed to be performed in Vienna because it made fun of the aristocracy, the opera became one of Mozart's most successful works. The overture is especially famous and is often played as a concert piece.
The opera was a tremendous success when it was first performed in Vienna. It was also extremely popular when it was produced in Prague later that year. He was invited back the following year and asked to write a new opera for Prague, so he wrote "Don Giovanni".
A short version of the story.
The whole story takes place in one day in the palace of the Count Almaviva in Seville in Spain. Rosina is the Countess. Her husband, the Count, wants to make love to Susanna, who is about to be married to her true love, Figaro, the Count's servant. The Countess has a page boy, Cherubino, who looks after her. Cherubino, however, is starting to fall in love with the Countess. The Count notices this and he tries to get rid of Cherubino by giving him the job of officer's commission in his own army. Figaro, Susanna, and the Countess plan together to embarrass the Count and show how he has being trying to get the attentions of Susanna. Meanwhile Figaro has an argument with Bartolo and Marcellina, which ends when it is shown that he is their son. At night, all these people find themselves in the palace grounds. There is a lot of humour in which people do not recognize one another, thinking they are someone different. In the end it is shown that the Count has been unfaithful and he has to ask his wife to forgive him.
Act 1.
Figaro is measuring the bedroom to see how the new bed will fit in. Susanna is trying on her wedding bonnet in front of the mirror. Figaro is quite pleased with their new room, but Susanna is not so sure. She is worried because it is so near to the Count's rooms and she knows that the Count fancies her. In the old days an important person such as a Count had the right to sleep with a servant girl on her wedding night before her husband could sleep with her. It was a law that was becoming old-fashioned at that time. In the story the Count had stopped that law when he married Rosina, but he now he wants it back again. Figaro is very angry and makes plans against the Count.
Figaro goes off, and Dr. Bartolo arrives with Marcellina, his old housekeeper. Marcellina has hired Bartolo as her adviser, because Figaro had once promised to marry her if he was not able to pay back some money which she had lent to him, and she wants that promise to come true. Bartolo, still annoyed with Figaro for having made it easy for the Count and Rosina to marry (this had happened in Beaumarchais’ play "The Barber of Seville"), promises to help Marcellina. It is a comic scene in which he makes fun of lawyers.
Bartolo leaves, Susanna comes back, and Marcellina and Susanna are rude to one another in an over-polite way. Marcellina leaves angrily when Susanna refers to her age.
Cherubino then arrives. He sings a song in which he says he does not understand his new passionate feelings for women, especially for the Countess. He asks for Susanna's help with the Count. It seems the Count is angry with Cherubino's flirting ways. He had discovered him with the gardener's daughter, Barbarina, and plans to punish him. Cherubino wants Susanna to ask the Countess to try to change her husband’s mind. When the Count appears, Cherubino hides behind a chair, because he does not want to be seen alone with Susanna. The Count uses the opportunity of finding Susanna alone to try to win her love, even offering her money. As Basilio, the music teacher, arrives, the Count hides behind the chair because he does not want to be found in a room alone with Susanna. Cherubino leaves that hiding place just in time, and jumps onto the chair while Susanna scrambles to cover him with a dress. Now the Count is behind the chair and Cherubino is on the chair covered by a dress.
When Basilio starts to talk about how Cherubino is fond of the Countess, the Count angrily leaps from his hiding place and he lifts the dress from the chair to show how he found Cherubino under a table in Barbarina's room – and again he finds Cherubino! The young man is only saved from punishment by the entrance of the poor workers of the Count's estate. Figaro had organized this entrance of the workers. He wants to force the Count to give up his ideas about sleeping with Susanna. The Count says he will promise later. He is still keen on punishing Cherubino. He realizes that Cherubino heard what he was saying to Susanna. This blackmail makes the Count have to forgive Cherubino, but he sends the young man off for army duty.
Act 2.
The Countess is sad about her husband's infidelity. She thinks she cannot be attractive any more as she is getting older. Susanna comes to get the Countess ready for the day. She has told her about what the Count has been saying to her. Figaro then arrives and makes a plan to trick the Count. His plan is that Susanna will give him a note which says she wants to meet him that night in the garden; Cherubino will be waiting there, dressed as a woman so that the Count thinks he is Susanna. The Countess will arrive and catch him. Figaro has already asked Basilio to give the Count a letter which says that the Countess also has her own secret meeting with someone.
Susanna lets Cherubino into the room but locks the door because she is worried about what the Count will do if he find Cherubino there. Susanna asks him to sing the song he wrote in honour of the Countess. After the song, they put him in women's clothes. The Countess sees Cherubino's letter about joining the army, and she notices that the Count was obviously in such a hurry that he forgot to seal it with his signet ring (which was necessary to make it an official document). Susanna returns to her room for some clothes in which to dress Cherubino. While the Countess and Cherubino are waiting for Susanna to return, they suddenly hear the Count arriving, so Cherubino hides in the cupboard. The Count wants to be allowed into the room and the Countess unlocks the door. The Count enters, angry at the information in the note that he has received from Figaro (given to him by Basilio), hears a noise from the cupboard, and tries to open it, but it is locked. The Countess pretends it is only Susanna, trying on her wedding dress. He does not see Susanna coming back into the bedroom with the clothes and hiding after she realises what is wrong (She knows that to show herself now would be bad for the Countess). Furious and suspicious, the Count leaves with the Countess to find a way to get the door open. As they leave, he locks all the bedroom doors to stop the person in the cupboard from escaping. Susanna comes out of hiding and frees Cherubino, who escapes by jumping through the window into the garden. Susanna then takes his place in the cupboard.
The Count and Countess return. The Countess finally admits that Cherubino is hidden in the cupboard. The Count draws his sword, promising to kill Cherubino, but when the door is opened, they are both amazed to find Susanna there. The Countess says that she has told the Count that Cherubino was in the cupboard only to test him. Now, shamed by his jealousy, the Count begs for forgiveness. When the Count asks her to explain about the letter accusing the Countess of infidelity, Susanna and the Countess explain that the letter was written by Figaro, and then delivered through Basilio. Figaro then arrives and tries to start the wedding feast, but the Count stops him and asks who wrote the unsigned note given to him by Basilio. Figaro manages to avoid the question, only to have Antonio, the drunken gardener, arrive, complaining about a man jumping out of the window into his plants, and ruining his flowerpots. Antonio brings a letter which, he says, was dropped by the escaping man, and Figaro says it was he who jumped out the window and pretends that he also hurt his foot. However, the letter is Cherubino's appointment to the army. The Countess and Susanna recognize the letter (they had already seen it) and whisper the information to Figaro, who gets out of this situation by saying Cherubino gave it to him because it still needed the Count's seal. Marcellina, Bartolo and Basilio now appear. Marcellina demands that Figaro should honour his contract to marry her. The Count is enjoying this interruption. The wedding will take place later so that the Count can study the problem. The scene ends in a septet (a song for seven voices) and the Countess, anxious and upset, faints.
Act 3.
The Count thinks about the situation. Susanna enters and agrees to arrange to meet the Count later that because the Countess herself plans to meet the Count but disguised as Susanna. As Susanna leaves, the Count overhears her telling Figaro that he has already won the case. Realizing that he is being tricked, he is determined to force Figaro to marry Marcellina.
Figaro's trial follows, and the judgment is that Figaro must marry Marcellina. Figaro appeals to the Count, but the Count will not change the decision. When Figaro says that he himself is of noble birth and that he was stolen from his parents when he was a baby, it then turns out that Figaro is the long-lost illegitimate son of Bartolo and Marcellina.. Because a mother cannot marry her son, Figaro is let off. During the celebrations, Susanna enters with a payment to free Figaro from his debt to Marcellina. Seeing Figaro and Marcellina in celebration, Susanna thinks that Figaro is happy about marrying Marcellina. The situation is explained to Susanna, and she joins the celebration. Bartolo is very emotional and agrees to marry Marcellina that evening in a double wedding.
All leave, and the Countess, alone, things about the loss of her happiness. Susanna enters and tells her the latest plan to trap the Count. The Countess dictates a love letter for Susanna to give to the Count, which suggests that he meet her that night, "under the pine trees." The Count is told to return the pin which fastens the letter.
A chorus of young country workers, among them Cherubino disguised as a girl, arrives to serenade the Countess. The Count arrives with Antonio, and, discovering the page boy, is furious. Barbarina (a peasant girl, Antonio's daughter), calms him down and reminds him of a promise he made to her: "Barbarina, if you will love me, I will give you anything you want." What she wants, it seems, is to marry Cherubino. Very embarrassed, the Count allows Cherubino to stay.
The act closes with the double wedding, during the course of which Susanna delivers her letter to the Count. Figaro sees the note with the pin in it, thinks it is from another of the Count's secret meetings, and laughs to himself. As the curtain drops, the two newly married couples rejoice.
Act 4.
Count has sent the pin back to Susanna, giving it to Barbarina. Unfortunately, Barbarina has lost it. Figaro and Marcellina see Barbarina, and Figaro asks her what she is doing. When he hears the pin is Susanna's, he is very jealous, especially as he recognises the pin to be the one that fastened the letter to the Count. Thinking that Susanna is secretly meeting the Count, Figaro complains to his mother, and swears to take revenge on the Count and Susanna. Marcellina tells him to be careful, but Figaro will not listen. Figaro rushes off, and Marcellina decides to tell Susanna of Figaro's intentions.
Figaro tells Bartolo and Basilio to come to help him when he gives the signal. They go off, and Figaro thinks about how women are fickle. Susanna and the Countess arrive, dressed in each other's clothes. Marcellina is with them. She has told Susanna of Figaro's suspicions and plans. After they discuss the plan, Marcellina and the Countess leave, and Susanna deliberately sings a love song to her beloved near to where Figaro is so that he can hear it. Figaro is hiding behind a bush and, thinking the song is for the Count, becomes more and more jealous (this is what Susanna wanted).
The Countess arrives in Susanna's dress. Unfortunately Cherubino has also arrived, and, thinking the Countess is Susanna, tries to kiss the supposed Susanna, but is stopped by the Count. The Count is running after the supposed Susanna (really the Countess), but he cannot get her. They both run off when they notice Figaro nearby. Then the real Susanna arrives in the Countess' clothes. Figaro starts to tell her of the Count's intentions, but suddenly recognizes his bride. He joins in the joke by being very polite to her as if she were the Countess; Susanna, not knowing that Figaro knows it is she, becomes jealous: she thinks Figaro is going to ask the Countess for his love, and so she slaps him. Figaro then tells them that he has recognized Susanna's voice, and they make peace.
Figaro pretends to declare his love for the supposed Countess as the Count appears. The furious Count calls for his people and for weapons: his servant is trying to make love to his wife. Bartolo, Basilio and Antonio arrive with torches as, one by one, the Count drags out Cherubino, Barbarina, Marcellina and the "Countess" from behind the pavilion.
He refuses to forgive Figaro and the supposed Countess, the real Countess appears and shows who she is; the Count realizes he has been trapped (the supposed Susanna he was trying to seduce was actually his wife), and he simply kneels and asks for forgiveness The Countess sweetly forgives her husband and all are happy. They celebrate as the curtain falls.

My Neighbor Totoro
, or "My Neighbour Totoro" on UK DVD box titles, is a 1988 animated movie written and directed by Hayao Miyazaki and produced by Studio Ghibli. It won the Animage Anime Grand Prix prize in 1988. This movie was originally released in the United States in VHS format with the title, "My Friend Totoro".
Troma Films, under their 50th St. Films banner, produced a 1993 dub of the movie co-produced by Jerry Beck. It was released on VHS and DVD by Fox Video. Troma's and Fox's rights to this version expired in 2004. The movie was re-released by Disney on March 7, 2006. It features a new dub cast. This DVD release is the first version of the movie in the United States to include both Japanese and English language tracks, as Fox did not have the rights to the Japanese audio track for their version.
The Story.
Two adoreable little girls (Satsuki,8 years old and pronounced Sat-ski,and her 4-year-old sister,Mei) are moving with their dad to a house in the country with their father to be closer to their hospitalized mother.Mei discovers one day a giant creture called Totoro(pronounced toe-toe-ro).Satsuki arives home from school so she and dad find Mei in the forrest. Eventually,when waiting for their dad at the bus stop,they both see Totoro and a cat-bus.At the last section of the movie,the cat-bus and Totoro come back to help Satsuki find Mei.It ends with them delivering an ear of corn to their mom to help her get well.
Family.
One of the most significant things to point out in My Neighbor Totoro is that the mother is absent from the home. According to Takie Sugiyama Lebra, “the [Japanese] mother is characterized as having suffered hardships” (154). This is true in Totoro, as Mei and Satsuki’s mother is hospitalized with an unnamed illness.
The mother’s absence is significant because “at home, the husband depends upon the wife for domestic care. The husband is helpless in housekeeping tasks, such as doing the laundry, cooking, cleaning, and child rearing” (52). In the absence of her mother, it is then Satsuki’s job to take over household tasks with Nanny’s help. This is illustrated several times throughout the movie.
One such illustration is when Satsuki prepares breakfast and lunch for her father and Mei before she leaves for school. This is a task that would normally fall to the mother. Also, the various cleaning and garden tasks that Satsuki and Mei often had the help of Nanny to complete would have also normally been the main responsibility of the mother to complete.
Mei and Satsuki’s father demonstrates both typical and atypical characteristics of a traditional Japanese father. According to Peter Tasker, “Japanese children are accustomed to never seeing their father on the weekdays, and only for short periods at weekends. A husband’s proper field of endeavor is the company” (101). This is only somewhat accurate in Mei and Satsuki’s relationship with their father. Although their father is often away working at the university or visiting their mother in the hospital, he is by no means an absentee father. He is seen working at a desk while Mei plays outside and spending time with his daughters before their bedtime. Many scholarly critiques of Japanese culture would lead one to believe that this is not the norm.
Setting.
"My Neighbor Totoro" exhibits several important cultural points through the setting and passive details.
The house into which the Kusakabe family moves is an accurate portrayal of a typical, rural, Japanese home. The sliding doors that the father opens when they first move into the house are common architectural features. These doors are meant to be opened during the day, weather permitting, and closed at night. Another feature to point out about the house itself is the way the foundation is constructed. “Japanese houses do not have cellars but are built with a foundation of shallow concrete, or a single row of cement blocks. On top of this type of foundation is placed a row of heavy timbers” (33). This can be seen clearly when Mei crawls under the house in pursuit of one of the smaller totoros.
As for Totoro, he lives in a tree demarcated by a shimenawa (braided straw rope for shinto). The tree is called shinboku (sacred tree). Shinto is the traditional religion of Japan and some consider many of Hayao Miyazaki’s movies—including Totoro—to have Shintoist themes. and interpret Totoro as a kami spirit of the Shinto religion. But Miyazaki says "this movie [Totoro] has nothing to do with that [Shinto] or any other religion."
The community in which Satsuki and her family have moved is a typical agricultural town. The rice paddies are visible throughout the movie. Rice cultivation is one of the most important industries in Japan, as rice is a staple of the Japanese diet. The home that Satsuki and Mei live in is more spacious than what would be available in a city. Also, the scene where Nanny, Mei, and Satsuki are washing vegetables shows the near self-sufficiency of these farming communities.
The bath scene is also demonstrative of archetypal Japanese life. “The bathtub is more like a small swimming pool than a tub” (38). As seen in the movie, several people bathe together at once. It is considered rude to enter the tub without first washing, as shown by Satsuki before she enters the tub with her father and Mei. These bathtubs are heated usually by small, well-tended coal burners under the tub.
Another cultural manifestation is the scene that shows the family sleeping. Often, the living room is converted into a bedroom where the whole family sleeps together on mats called futon. This sleeping arrangement is space-efficient and accommodates for smaller housing in a country where living space is severely limited. Mei is sleeping between Satsuki and her father, which is the usual arrangement—with the youngest in the middle.
In one scene, Satsuki is shown preparing the family's lunch in traditional bento style. A bento is a compartmentalized lunch box usually with only one or two tiers. Food is arranged to be aesthetically pleasing. Bentos are extremely common as lunch boxes for children, adults, and even those who stay at home, as Mei does when Satsuki goes to school.
Release history.
"My Neighbor Totoro" was released by Studio Ghibli as a double feature with Isao Takahata's "Grave of the Fireflies" in August 1988. There are two theories for this: one was that "Totoro" would not be successful. Another theory is that "Grave of the Fireflies" was believed to be too depressing for audiences by itself, and thus needed a lighter animation to accompany it. The late Yoshifumi Kondo provided character designs for both movies.
In 1993, Fox released the first English-language version of "My Neighbor Totoro", produced by John Daly and Derek Gibson (the producers of "The Terminator") with co-producer Jerry Beck. Fox and Troma's rights to the movie expired in 2004. Disney's English language version premiered on October 23, 2005; it then appeared at the 2005 Hollywood Film Festival. The Turner Classic Movies cable television network held the television premiere of Disney's new English dub on January 19, 2006, as part of the network's salute to Hayao Miyazaki. (TCM aired the dub as well as the original Japanese with English subtitles.) The Disney version was released on DVD on March 7, 2006.
As is the case with Disney's other English dubs of Miyazaki movies, the Disney version of "Totoro" features a star-heavy cast, including Dakota and Elle Fanning as Satsuki and Mei, Timothy Daly as Mr. Kusakabe, Pat Carroll as Granny, Lea Salonga as Mrs. Kusakabe, and Frank Welker as Totoro and Catbus. The songs for the new dub retained the same translation as the previous dub, but were sung by Sonya Isaacs.
Reception.
The movie has an 8.1 rating on IMDb,and a 94% approval rating at Rotten Tomatoes.com. Reviews were very positive.

Mnemonic (disambiguation)
A mnemonic is a memory aid.

Northrop Frye
Northrop Frye wrote about books. His most famous book is 'The Anatomy of Criticism' (1957).

Throwback uniform
Throwback uniforms and jerseys are one-time or limited-time types of a sports team's uniforms that look the same way as uniforms from that team's past. Throwbacks are popular in Major League Baseball. Often, teams will wear throwbacks on "Turn Back The Clock Nights".

Backlash (2009)
Backlash 2009 will take place on April 26, 2009 at the Dunkin' Donuts Center in Providence, Rhode Island.

Down with Love
"Down with Love" is a 2003 movie that has Ewan McGregor and Renee Zellweger as the main characters. It was based on an older movie called "Pillow Talk" in the 1960s.
Plot.
Catcher Block (McGregor) is a very proud man. He gets a lot of women and he does not respect them very much. When the author Barbara Novak gets an interview with Block about her newest book, he keeps being busy and never actually interviews with her. Novak has written a feminist novel in which she says that women should take more power and have a bigger voice in things and to eat chocolate to reduce their need to be with men. However, when Novak's book becomes very popular, Block wants to know more about Novak.
Block invents a name for himself and begins to go out with her. She falls for him despite what she wrote in her book. She is about to take things further with Block when a woman rushes in to tell her that she loved Novak's book. It is then that Novak realizes that she has created a movement and that she needs to be the leader of that movement, so she no longer wants to see Block.
Block tries to reinvent himself as a new person. He writes an expose on himself and wants to have it published, but all the women that used to work at his "No" magazine have all quit to try to get jobs at Novak's new "Now" magazine. Block applies for a job there and tells her that he loves her. After a short conversation, they leave in a helicopter to go to Las Vegas to get married.

Celery
Celery is a type of vegetable, often used in salad.

Kalasha
Kalasha, also spelled as Kalash (Sanskrit:, "kalaśa"; literally "pitcher, pot"), is a metal (brass, copper, silver or gold) pot with a large base and small mouth, large enough to hold a coconut. Sometimes "Kalasha" can mean a pot filled with water and topped with a coronet of mango leaves and a coconut. This combination is often used in Hindu rites.

Pokémon Snap
is a first person rail shooter made by HAL Laboratory and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo 64 game console. It is about a Pokémon photographer who has to take pictures of all the Pokémon on an island. It only has about 63 of the 151 Pokémon that were out at the time the game was made.

Arceus
Arceus is a Pokémon that is known as the Alpha Pokémon. It is number 493 in the Pokédex. Arceus can change types depending on what plate it is holding. It belongs to the fourth generation, which is "Pokémon Diamond" and "Pearl". As of 2008, players still cannot battle or capture Arceus. Nintendo has not released the item, that is called the azure flute, that is needed for players to be able to go to the Spear Pillar, where Arceus is found. It can only obtained by using the action replay (not licensed by Nintendo).
Arceus is called "the god pokemon" because of it's special abilities. It has all perfect stats unlike any other pokemon. However, wobofett is the only pokemon that has a higher hp than Arceus. Arceus is also said to learn the move judgement at level 100 which is a very powerful special attack. It is one of the three legendary pokemon not to be released by Nintendo yet.
To defeat Arceus in battle, you must have a strong fighting type pokemon that also has excellent defence. Arceus can learn any move so it is recodmended you also learn the move protect. You can also try putting Arceus to sleep. Pokemon you could use to put him to sleep would be Gardevoir, Gendar, Darkrai because all of these pokemon can learn hypnosis, dream eater, and nightmare.

Pokémon Channel
"Pokémon Channel", released in Japan as, is a virtual pet/puzzle video game made by Ambrella and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo GameCube game console.

Big Mac
The Big Mac is a kind of sandwich sold at the fast food-chain McDonald's. It's made using two beef patties, Mac Sauce, dehydrated onions, shredded lettuce, sliced pickles, and a slice of cheese. Also, the Big Mac Index is measured in how much a Big Mac costs in foreign currencies.

Don Knotts
Jesse Donald Knotts (July 21, 1924 – February 24, 2006) was an American actor best-known for his role on "The Andy Griffith Show" as Barney Fife. He died from lung cancer.

Stormbreaker (movie)
"Stormbreaker" is a 2005 movie based on the Anthony Horowitz novel "Stormbreaker", part of the Alex Rider series of books.
Plot.
The plot is the same as the novel.
Changes.
There are some changes from the novel. For example, the main bad guy, Sayle, is changed from Lebanese to American, since the actor picked did not have a Lebanese accent.

Serenade
In music, a serenade (or sometimes serenata) is a song or piece of music which is sung or played in someone’s honour. The word comes from the Latin "serenare" meaning: "to make calm".
In the Middle Ages and Renaissance a serenade was usually a song which is sung by a lover underneath the window of his sweetheart in a country such as Spain. The lover may accompany himself on a guitar. This kind of serenade is often seen in operas, e.g. Mozart’s "Don Giovanni ". There is a verb: to serenade, e.g. “the lover was serenading his sweetheart”.
In the Baroque period a serenade was a type of cantata performed outdoors, in the evening, with singers and instrumentas. Composers who wrote this kind of serenade include Alessandro Stradella and Alessandro Scarlatti.
In the Classical music period the serenade became a piece of music for a small orchestra or a group of several instruments. They are similar to a symphony but lighter in character. They are often the same as a divertimento. Mozart wrote several serenades of this type, e,g, his famous "Eine kleine Nachtmusik". Later composers such as Brahms also wrote orchestral serenades. Other Romantic composers often wrote short instrumental works which they called “serenades”.

Divertimento
A divertimento is a piece of music which is lighthearted and easy to listen to. It is often performed on social occasions, e.g. as music to be played while people eat, or as after-dinner music.
The divertimento became popular in the 18th century. They were played by a small group of instruments. Mozart wrote several pieces called "divertimento". They are similar to a serenade. A divertimento often has several movements, e.g. six, seven or more.
There are a few examples from the 20th century of pieces called "divertimento", e.g works by including works by Ferruccio Busoni, Béla Bartók, and Igor Stravinsky (from his ballet "Le Baiser de la Fée").

Freemasonry
Freemasonry is an organization of people who try to help one another in their profession or in their private lives. Freemasonry can be found all over the world in various forms. About 5 million people are freemasons.
Freemasons help one another in times of hardship. They have various rituals which they perform at their meetings. These rituals are kept secret from anyone who is not a freemason. Freemasonry provides social connections for people in various professions.
Freemasonry is only for men. They believe in "brotherly love, relief and truth". The local groups in various countries are known as "lodges". At the head of a group of lodges is a "Grand Lodge". They do work for charities such as running schools for orphaned children. There is a Royal Masonic Hospital which is a home for old members and their families.
The word mason means a man who works with stone. He is also called a "stonemason". Freemasonry grew from the groups (guilds) of stonemasons in the middle ages. These men were building cathedrals and other big buildings. They were called freemasons because they were free, they were not servants who belonged to a rich lord, like many workers were in those days. They often changed jobs and moved about from one town to another. In this way they were different from other craftsmen who often worked in one place and had guilds in one town. The stonemasons tried to keep their skills secret so that only they knew how to do their job. This is probably why secrets are still part of freemasonry.
About 1650 masons' guilds started to let people who were not masons into their guilds. In 1717 the first Grand Lodge of England was formed. It developed into the governing body of Freemasonry in England, now called the United Grand Lodge.
References.
Children's Britannica vol 7 3rd ed 1973, ISBN 0 85229 099 3

Australian Music Online
Australian Music Online is a website about music in Australia. It started in March 2003, but the people who looked after it, the Australian Government, stopped working on it on 31 March 2007.

Die Entführung aus dem Serail
"Die Entführung aus dem Serail" (in English: "The Abduction from the Seraglio") is an opera by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. It is an example of a Singspiel: a type of German opera which had spoken dialogue as well as singing, and was often about magical stories. Mozart's opera "The Magic Flute" is also a Singspiel.
The German libretto is by Christoph Friedrich Bretzner and was changed a bit, without Bretzner’s permission, by Gottlieb Stephanie. The story is about the hero Belmonte, helped by his servant Pedrillo, who tries to rescue his beloved Konstanze from the seraglio (palace) of the Pasha Selim.
The opera was first performed by the "Nationalsingspiel" ("national Singspiel") which was sponsored by the Austrian emperor Joseph II. Mozart arrived in Vienna in 1781 and was looking for an opportunity to get a commission for an opera. He showed one his operas ("Zaide") to the manager of the Nationalsingspiel. He was impressed and asked Mozart to write an opera for the company.
The work is lighthearted and meant to be funny. Some of the characters in the story are Turkish. Turkish stories and music were very popular at that time in Europe, and Mozart writes some Turkish music (or what Europeans thought was Turkish music) in this opera. Some of the arias are very difficult to sing, especially the long "Martern aller Arten" ("Tortures of all kinds") sung by Konstanze, which is like a concerto movement. She is accompanied in this aria by an orchestra and four solo instruments.
The opera was a huge success and earned Mozart a good sum of money. However, he was not paid properly for later performances, so it did not make him rich.
When Joseph II heard it he said to Mozart that there were “too many notes”, to which Mozart replied: “There are just as many notes as there should be”.
Instrumentation.
The singers perform with a Classical orchestra, to which are added instruments needed for "Turkish" music: bass drum, cymbals, triangle, and piccolo. The main orchestra has pairs of flutes, oboes, clarinets, bassoons, horns, trumpets, a set of two timpani, and strings. In the aria, "Sorrow has become my lot", there is also a basset horn.
Act 1.
Konstanze, and her English servant Blondchen have been captured by pirates who sold them to the Turk, Pasha Selim. Belmonte goes to rescue her. Osmin, the Pasha's servant, comes to pluck figs in the garden and takes no notice of Belmonte who tries to get news about his servant, Pedrillo. Osmin is angry. After he leaves, Belmonte meets Pedrillo and they decide to rescue Konstanze.
Selim appears with Konstanze. He wants her to love her, but she doesn’t. Pedrillo suggests to the Pasha that he should employ Belmonte as builder, but Osmin does not let him come into the palace.
Act 2.
Osmin tries roughly to make love to Blondchen. After a duet Osmin departs. Konstanze greets Blondchen in distress and tells her that Selim wants her love and is threatening to use force.
When she has gone, Pedrillo comes to Blondchen, who is his sweetheart, and tells her that Belmonte is near and plans are ready for a rescue attempt. Blondchen is very happy. Pedrillo invites Osmin to drink. Osmin gets drunk and Belmonte gets him out of the way so that Belmonte again sees his beloved Konstanze.
Act 3.
Belmonte and Pedrillo come to the garden with ladders. Belmonte manages to snatch Konstanze away, but when Pedrillo is about to escape with Blondchen, they are caught by Osmin, and Belmonte and Konstanze are also brought back by the guard. Belmonte asks the Pasha not to kill them. He says that his father is a rich Spanish governor who will pay a lot of money so that they are freed. Selim Pasha says to Belmonte that he is the son of his greatest enemy, so he is delighted to have caught him. However, the Pasha then becomes kind and decides to forgive them and set them free. Osmin is not happy about this. He would have loved to see them executed.

Clydesdale Bank
The Clydesdale Bank is a Scottish bank. Its headquarters are based in Glasgow, Scotland. It is currently the sponsor of the Scottish Premier League (now known as the "Clydesdale Bank Premier League").

War of the Worlds (2005 movie)
"War of the Worlds" is a 2005 movie that has Tom Cruise and Dakota Fanning as the main people. It was directed by Steven Spielberg. It is based on the H. G. Wells novel "The War of the Worlds".
Ray Ferrier's (Tom Cruise) home town is attacked by aliens. he is then forced to run away with his children.

Bank of Scotland
The Bank of Scotland is a Scottish bank. Its headquarters are based in Edinburgh, Scotland. The company was previously the sponsor of the Scottish Premier League.

Jimmy Calderwood
Jimmy Calderwood (born 28 February 1955) is a former professional footballer and current manager of Scottish club Aberdeen F.C..

Germany's Next Topmodel
Germany's Next Topmodel is a television show hosted by supermodel Heidi Klum. The first cycle (season) was in 2006. The 3rd cycle has finished showing in June, 2008.
Overview.
A group of girls are chosen to live together for a few weeks and compete to become "Germany's Next Topmodel". Each week, one girl is asked to leave because she is not good enough to stay in the competition and become a top model. The last three girls are in the finale. The winner is then chosen with help of the group of judges.

Kurume
Kurume is a city in Northern Kyushu, Japan.

Gordon Strachan
Gordon David Strachan OBE (born 9 February 1957, in Edinburgh) is a retired Scottish football player, and is now a football manager. He is currently manager of Celtic F.C.

Craig Levein
Craig William Levein (born 22 October 1964 in Dunfermline) is a Scottish former professional footballer and current football manager. Levein currently manages Scottish Premier League club Dundee United where he is also the Director of Football. During his playing career he played for Cowdenbeath F.C., Heart of Midlothian and won 16 caps for the Scotland national team.

John Hughes
John Hughes (born September 9, 1964 in Edinburgh, Scotland) is a former Scottish professional footballer and is currently manager of Falkirk.

Jennifer Hof
Jennifer Karin-Luise Hof (born May 15, 1991 in Rodgau, Germany) is a model. She is the winner of "Germany's Next Topmodel", cycle (season) 3. Hof has 113 cm long legs.
Biography.
Before "GNTM" she was living in the hessian town of Rodgau. She also went to school there.
In Offenbach, she was invited by a model scout to a casting for "GNTM". Out of 18,217 girls in the casting, she was chosen with 18 other girls to appear on the TV show.
During the show her hair color was changed from brown to blonde.
In the last episode (the finale), she won the competition and the title "Germany's Next Topmodel".

Partick Thistle F.C.
Partick Thistle Football Club is a professional football team based at Firhill Stadium in Glasgow, Scotland. Despite their name, the club are based in the Maryhill area of the city, and have not played in Partick since 1908.
Currently, the team play in the Scottish First Division.

Airdrie United F.C.
Airdrie United Football Club is a Scottish professional football team based in the town of Airdrie, North Lanarkshire. They are members of the Scottish Football League and currently play in the First Division following Gretna's relegation to the Third Division.

Main Page/Article 12
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American Airlines Flight 11 was the first hijacked airplane of September 11, 2001 attacks. It crashed into the North Tower of the World Trade Center. The American Airlines airplane was a Boeing 767. It was scheduled to fly from Logan International Airport in Boston to Los Angeles International Airport. Fifteen minutes after takeoff, the hijackers forced their way into the cockpit. One of the hijackers was a trained pilot. He took the controls of the aircraft and flew it into the North Tower.
92 people died in the crash—81 passengers, five hijackers and 11 crew members. The time of the crash was 08:46 Eastern Daylight Time. Many people in the street saw the crash. It was also recorded on film by French moviemakers. The crash, and the fire that started right after the crash, made the North Tower collapse. The attack both killed and injured thousands of people.
The American Airlines Flight 11 aircraft was a Boeing 767. Even though it could carry 158 passengers, the September 11 flight carried only 81 passengers and 11 crew members.

Aalst
Aalst is a municipality found in the Belgian province of East Flanders.
In 2007, its population was 77,790.
It is found at 50° 56 North, 04° 02 East.

Aalter
Aalter is a municipality found in the Belgian province of East Flanders.
In 2007, its population was 18,887.
It is found at 51° 05 North, 03° 26 East.

Aarschot
Aarschot is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant.
In 2007 its population was 28021.
It is located at 50° 59 North, 04° 49 East.

Aartselaar
Aartselaar is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Antwerp.
In 2007 its population was 14325.
It is located at 51° 08 North, 04° 23 East.

Affligem
Affligem is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant.
In 2007 its population was 12169.
It is located at 50° 54 North, 04° 06 East.

Aiseau-Presles
Aiseau-Presles is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Hainaut.
In 2007 its population was 10696.
It is located at 50° 24 North, 04° 35 East.

Alken
Alken is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Limburg.
In 2007 its population was 11090.
It is located at 50° 52 North, 05° 18 East.

Alveringem
Alveringem is a municipality located in the Belgian province of West Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 4955.
It is located at 51° 00 North, 02° 42 East.

Amay
Amay is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Liège.
In 2007 its population was 13147.
It is located at 50° 32 North, 05° 19 East.

Amblève
Amblève is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Liège.
In 2007 its population was 5331.
It is located at 50° 21 North, 06° 10 East.

Andenne
Andenne is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Namur.
In 2007 its population was 24557.
It is located at 50° 29 North, 05° 06 East.

Anderlecht
Anderlecht is a municipality located in the Belgian Brussels-Capital Region.
In 2007 its population was 97601.
It is located at 50° 50 North, 04° 18 East.

Anderlues
Anderlues is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Hainaut.
In 2007 its population was 11651.
It is located at 50° 24 North, 04° 16 East.

Anhée
Anhée is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Namur.
In 2007 its population was 6958.
It is located at 50° 18 North, 04° 52 East.

Ans
Ans is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Liège.
In 2007 its population was 27416.
It is located at 50° 39 North, 05° 31 East.

Anthisnes
Anthisnes is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Liège.
In 2007 its population was 4011.
It is located at 50° 28 North, 05° 31 East.

Antoing
Antoing is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Hainaut.
In 2007 its population was 7533.
It is located at 50° 34 North, 03° 27 East.

Anzegem
Anzegem is a municipality located in the Belgian province of West Flanders.
In 2007, its population was 14105.
It is located at 50° 49 North, 03° 28 East.

Ardooie
Ardooie is a municipality located in the Belgian province of West Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 9111.
It is located at 50° 58 North, 03° 11 East.

Arendonk
Arendonk is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Antwerp.
In 2007 its population was 12329.
It is located at 51° 19 North, 05° 05 East.

Arlon
Arlon is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Luxembourg.
In 2007 its population was 26548.
It is located at 49° 41 North, 05° 49 East.

As (Belgium)
As is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Limburg.
In 2007 its population was 7579.
It is located at 51° 00 North, 05° 35 East.

Asse
Asse is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant.
In 2007 its population was 29334.
It is located at 50° 54 North, 04° 11 East.

Assenede
Assenede is a municipality located in the Belgian province of East Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 13584.
It is located at 51° 13 North, 03° 45 East.

Assesse
Assesse is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Namur.
In 2007 its population was 6334.
It is located at 50° 22 North, 05° 01 East.

Ath
Ath is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Hainaut.
In 2007 its population was 27141.
It is located at 50° 37 North, 03° 46 East.

Attert
Attert is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Luxembourg.
In 2007 its population was 4802.
It is located at 49° 45 North, 05° 47 East.

Aubange
Aubange is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Luxembourg.
In 2007 its population was 15193.
It is located at 49° 34 North, 05° 48 East.

Aubel
Aubel is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Liège.
In 2007 its population was 4166.
It is located at 50° 42 North, 05° 51 East.

Avelgem
Avelgem is a municipality located in the Belgian province of West Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 9523.
It is located at 50° 46 North, 03° 26 East.

Awans
Awans is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Liège.
In 2007 its population was 8717.
It is located at 50° 39 North, 05° 27 East.

Aywaille
Aywaille is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Liège.
In 2007 its population was 11094.
It is located at 50° 28 North, 05° 40 East.

Baarle-Hertog
Baarle-Hertog is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Antwerp.
In 2007 its population was 2337.
It is located at 51° 26 North, 04° 55 East.

Baelen
Baelen is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Liège.
In 2007 its population was 4110.
It is located at 50° 37 North, 05° 58 East.

Balen
Balen is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Antwerp.
In 2007 its population was 20379.
It is located at 51° 10 North, 05° 10 East.

Bassenge
Bassenge is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Liège.
In 2007 its population was 8396.
It is located at 50° 45 North, 05° 36 East.

Bastogne
Bastogne is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Luxembourg.
In 2007 its population was 14386.
It is located at 50° 00 North, 05° 42 East.

Beaumont
Beaumont is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Hainaut.
In 2007 its population was 6696.
It is located at 50° 14 North, 04° 14 East.

Beauraing
Beauraing is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Namur.
In 2007 its population was 8449.
It is located at 50° 06 North, 04° 57 East.

Beauvechain
Beauvechain is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Walloon Brabant.
In 2007 its population was 6596.
It is located at 50° 46 North, 04° 46 East.

Beernem
Beernem is a municipality located in the Belgian province of West Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 14691.
It is located at 51° 08 North, 03° 20 East.

Beerse
Beerse is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Antwerp.
In 2007 its population was 16600.
It is located at 51° 19 North, 04° 51 East.

Beersel
Beersel is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant.
In 2007 its population was 23578.
It is located at 50° 46 North, 04° 18 East.

Begijnendijk
Begijnendijk is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant.
In 2007 its population was 9468.
It is located at 51° 01 North, 04° 46 East.

Bekkevoort
Bekkevoort is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant.
In 2007 its population was 5926.
It is located at 50° 56 North, 04° 58 East.

Beloeil
Beloeil is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Hainaut.
In 2007 its population was 13446.
It is located at 50° 33 North, 03° 44 East.

Beringen
Beringen is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Limburg.
In 2007 its population was 41531.
It is located at 51° 02 North, 05° 13 East.

Berlaar
Berlaar is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Antwerp.
In 2007 its population was 10668.
It is located at 51° 07 North, 04° 39 East.

Berlare
Berlare is a municipality located in the Belgian province of East Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 14272.
It is located at 51° 01 North, 04° 00 East.

Berloz
Berloz is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Liège.
In 2007 its population was 2813.
It is located at 50° 41 North, 05° 12 East.

Bernissart
Bernissart is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Hainaut.
In 2007 its population was 11513.
It is located at 50° 28 North, 03° 39 East.

Bertem
Bertem is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant.
In 2007 its population was 9296.
It is located at 50° 51 North, 04° 37 East.

Bertogne
Bertogne is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Luxembourg.
In 2007 its population was 3002.
It is located at 50° 05 North, 05° 40 East.

Bertrix
Bertrix is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Luxembourg.
In 2007 its population was 8164.
It is located at 49° 51 North, 05° 15 East.

Bever
Bever is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant.
In 2007 its population was 2048.
It is located at 50° 43 North, 03° 56 East.

Beveren
Beveren is a municipality located in the Belgian province of East Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 45771.
It is located at 51° 12 North, 04° 15 East.

Beyne-Heusay
Beyne-Heusay is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Liège.
In 2007 its population was 11739.
It is located at 50° 37 North, 05° 39 East.

Bierbeek
Bierbeek is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant.
In 2007 its population was 9233.
It is located at 50° 49 North, 04° 45 East.

Bièvre
Bièvre is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Namur.
In 2007 its population was 3164.
It is located at 49° 56 North, 05° 01 East.

Bilzen
Bilzen is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Limburg.
In 2007 its population was 30173.
It is located at 50° 52 North, 05° 31 East.

Binche
Binche is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Hainaut.
In 2007 its population was 32508.
It is located at 50° 24 North, 04° 09 East.

Blankenberge
Blankenberge is a municipality located in the Belgian province of West Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 18329.
It is located at 51° 18 North, 03° 07 East.

Blégny
Blégny is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Liège.
In 2007 its population was 12861.
It is located at 50° 40 North, 05° 43 East.

Bocholt (Belgium)
Bocholt is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Limburg.
In 2007 its population was 12509.
It is located at 51° 10 North, 05° 34 East.

Boechout
Boechout is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Antwerp.
In 2007 its population was 12149.
It is located at 51° 09 North, 04° 29 East.

Bonheiden
Bonheiden is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Antwerp.
In 2007 its population was 14499.
It is located at 51° 01 North, 04° 32 East.

Boom (Belgium)
Boom is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Antwerp.
In 2007 its population was 16326.
It is located at 51° 05 North, 04° 22 East.

Boortmeerbeek
Boortmeerbeek is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant.
In 2007 its population was 11561.
It is located at 50° 58 North, 04° 34 East.

Borgloon
Borgloon is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Limburg.
In 2007 its population was 10206.
It is located at 50° 48 North, 05° 20 East.

Bornem
Bornem is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Antwerp.
In 2007 its population was 20235.
It is located at 51° 05 North, 04° 14 East.

Borsbeek
Borsbeek is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Antwerp.
In 2007 its population was 10224.
It is located at 51° 11 North, 04° 29 East.

John McEnroe
John McEnroe is a retired professional tennis player from New York in the USA. He is thought of as one of the best tennis players of all time. He was once ranked number 1 in the world. He is remembered for his quick temper with the umpire and his rivalries with players such Bjorn Borg. He is probably also famous for his "You cannot be serious!" rant directed to an umpire in 1981 at Wimbledon.

Bouillon
Bouillon is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Luxembourg.
In 2007 its population was 5477.
It is located at 49° 47 North, 05° 04 East.

Boussu
Boussu is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Hainaut.
In 2007 its population was 20118.
It is located at 50° 26 North, 03° 47 East.

Boutersem
Boutersem is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant.
In 2007 its population was 7519.
It is located at 50° 50 North, 04° 49 East.

Braine-l'Alleud
Braine-l'Alleud is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Walloon Brabant.
In 2007 its population was 37512.
It is located at 50° 40 North, 04° 22 East.

Braine-le-Château
Braine-le-Château is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Walloon Brabant.
In 2007 its population was 9517.
It is located at 50° 40 North, 04° 16 East.

Braine-le-Comte
Braine-le-Comte is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Hainaut.
In 2007 its population was 20543.
It is located at 50° 36 North, 04° 08 East.

Braives
Braives is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Liège.
In 2007 its population was 5619.
It is located at 50° 37 North, 05° 08 East.

Brakel
Brakel is a municipality located in the Belgian province of East Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 13759.
It is located at 50° 48 North, 03° 45 East.

Brecht
Brecht is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Antwerp.
In 2007 its population was 26730.
It is located at 51° 21 North, 04° 38 East.

Bredene
Bredene is a municipality located in the Belgian province of West Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 15343.
It is located at 51° 14 North, 02° 58 East.

Bree
Bree is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Limburg.
In 2007 its population was 14515.
It is located at 51° 08 North, 05° 35 East.

Brugelette
Brugelette is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Hainaut.
In 2007 its population was 3336.
It is located at 50° 35 North, 03° 51 East.

Brunehaut
Brunehaut is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Hainaut.
In 2007 its population was 7712.
It is located at 50° 30 North, 03° 24 East.

Buggenhout
Buggenhout is a municipality located in the Belgian province of East Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 13890.
It is located at 51° 00 North, 04° 12 East.

Büllingen
Büllingen is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Liège.
In 2007 its population was 5453.
It is located at 50° 24 North, 06° 15 East.

Burdinne
Burdinne is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Liège.
In 2007 its population was 2845.
It is located at 50° 35 North, 05° 04 East.

Burg-Reuland
Burg-Reuland is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Liège.
In 2007 its population was 3957.
It is located at 50° 11 North, 06° 08 East.

Butgenbach
Butgenbach is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Liège.
In 2007 its population was 5585.
It is located at 50° 25 North, 06° 12 East.

Celles
Celles is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Hainaut.
In 2007 its population was 5447.
It is located at 50° 42 North, 03° 27 East.

Cerfontaine
Cerfontaine is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Namur.
In 2007 its population was 4579.
It is located at 50° 10 North, 04° 24 East.

Chapelle-lez-Herlaimont
Chapelle-lez-Herlaimont is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Hainaut.
In 2007 its population was 14121.
It is located at 50° 28 North, 04° 17 East.

Charleroi
Charleroi is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Hainaut.
In 2007 its population was 201550.
It is located at 50° 24 North, 04° 26 East.

Chastre
Chastre is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Walloon Brabant.
In 2007 its population was 6819.
It is located at 50° 36 North, 04° 38 East.

Châtelet
Châtelet is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Hainaut.
In 2007 its population was 35813.
It is located at 50° 24 North, 04° 31 East.

Chaudfontaine
Chaudfontaine is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Liège.
In 2007 its population was 20928.
It is located at 50° 35 North, 05° 38 East.

Chaumont-Gistoux
Chaumont-Gistoux is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Walloon Brabant.
In 2007 its population was 11043.
It is located at 50° 40 North, 04° 43 East.

Chièvres
Chièvres is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Hainaut.
In 2007 its population was 6330.
It is located at 50° 35 North, 03° 48 East.

Chimay
Chimay is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Hainaut.
In 2007 its population was 9852.
It is located at 50° 03 North, 04° 18 East.

Chiny
Chiny is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Luxembourg.
In 2007 its population was 5021.
It is located at 49° 44 North, 05° 20 East.

Ciney
Ciney is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Namur.
In 2007 its population was 15078.
It is located at 50° 17 North, 05° 06 East.

Clavier
Clavier is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Liège.
In 2007 its population was 4211.
It is located at 50° 24 North, 05° 21 East.

Colfontaine
Colfontaine is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Hainaut.
In 2007 its population was 19998.
It is located at 50° 24 North, 03° 51 East.

Comblain-au-Pont
Comblain-au-Pont is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Liège.
In 2007 its population was 5366.
It is located at 50° 28 North, 05° 34 East.

Comines-Warneton
Comines-Warneton is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Hainaut.
In 2007 its population was 17544.
It is located at 50° 46 North, 03° 00 East.

Courcelles
Courcelles is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Hainaut.
In 2007 its population was 29724.
It is located at 50° 27 North, 04° 21 East.

Court-Saint-Etienne
Court-Saint-Etienne is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Walloon Brabant.
In 2007 its population was 9547.
It is located at 50° 38 North, 04° 34 East.

Couvin
Couvin is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Namur.
In 2007 its population was 13449.
It is located at 50° 03 North, 04° 29 East.

Crisnée
Crisnée is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Liège.
In 2007 its population was 2828.
It is located at 50° 43 North, 05° 23 East.

Björn Borg
Björn Borg is a retired professional tennis player from Sweden. He won Wimbledon five years in a row, more than any other player. He is seen as one of the best tennis players of all time.

Josef Manner & Comp AG
Josef Manner & Comp  AG is an Austrian company that is known for its sweets. It is the biggest Austrian producer of sweets. Today, they are present in over 60 countries. They are best known for their wafers filled with chocolate-hazelnut cream (called "Manner-schnitten")

The Hours (movie)
"The Hours" is a 2002 movie. It is based off Michael Cunningham's novel "The Hours". It has Nicole Kidman, Julianne Moore, and Meryl Streep as the main characters. It was picked for nine Academy Awards and won one, Best Actress for Kidman.
Plot.
The movie is about three women living in different times. The first is Virginia Woolf (Kidman) trying to write the novel "Mrs Dalloway" in the early 1930s. The second is Laura Brown, a housewife in the 1950s who is reading the novel. The third is Clarissa Vaughan, who lives in the 1990s and tends to a poet named Richard. Richard often calls her "Mrs. D" or "Mrs. Dalloway" in reference to the novel. The movie moves from one character to another many times and each character is shown for the same amount of time.
Woolf struggles to write her novel. Her hand shakes and she cannot write well. the movie begins with her suicide where she fills her pockets full of rocks and drowns herself in the river. In flashback, it shows her difficulty writing. Her sister Vanessa Bell comes over. Woolf is very fascinated when her niece Angelica finds a dead bird. Woolf kisses her sister very hard when she leaves. Finally, she tries to go to the train station and tells her husband Leonard that she would rather go back to the city than live in the countryside.
Brown does not like her life very much. She makes a cake with her son for her husband and does it again when the first one does not come out right. Her friend Kitty is going to doctor; something is wrong with her. Finally, she takes her son Richie and leaves him at a babysitter and rents a hotel room. She starts reading the book and then we see what it is through her mind – she suddenly imagines that there is a lot of water coming up, like she is drowning.
Vaughn is hosting a party for Richard to celebrate something. She spends a lot of time preparing food and decorations for the party. In the end, however, Richard kills himself by jumping out of the window.

Linux distribution
Linux distributions are made of the Linux kernel and a collection of applications. The operating system will be made up of the Linux kernel and, usually, a set of libraries and utilities from the GNU project, with graphics that come from the X Window System. Distributions that are made to be small may not contain X, but use small window systems like busybox, uclibc or dietlibc. There are more than three hundred Linux distributions. Most of those are in still in development, being improved and changed constantly.
History.
Before the first Linux distributions, a Linux user needed to be a Unix expert, knowing what libraries and executables that were needed to get the system to boot and run.
Linux distributions started to form after the Linux kernel was starting to be used by people outside the original Linux programmers. They were more interested in creating the operating system than making it user-friendly.
SLS was not well-maintained, so Patrick Volkerding created a distribution based on SLS, which he called "Slackware"; released July 16, 1993. This is the oldest being developed.
People who used computers wanted to use Linux distributions as replacements to Microsoft Windows operating systems on the PC, Mac OS on the Apple Macintosh and proprietary versions of Unix.
Package management.
Distributions are normally split into packages. Each package has a certain application or service. Examples of packages include a collection of fonts, or a web browser.
The package is usually given as compiled code, with installation and removal of packages done by a package management system].
Linux distributions usually contain much more software than Microsoft Windows or Mac OS X.
Tools for choosing a Linux distribution.
There are tools available to help people make the decision easier.

Bajaur Agency
Bajaur (Urdu: باجوڑ) is an Agency (district) of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) of Pakistan. Smallest of the agencies in FATA, it has a hilly terrain. The population is according to the 1998 census was 595,227. It borders Afghanistan's Kunar Province.

Khyber Agency
Khyber (Urdu: خیبر) is a tribal area in Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) region of Pakistan

Kurram Agency
Kurram or Karam (Urdu: کرم) tribal agency is located in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) area of Pakistan. Until the year 2000, when divisions were abolished, Kurram District used to be part of the Peshawar Division of the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan.
The Kurram River drains the southern flanks of the Safed Koh mountain range, and enters the Indus plains north of Bannu. It crosses the Afghan-Pakistan border about 80 km southwest of Jalalabad, and joins the Indus near Isa Khel after a course of more than 320 km (200 miles). The district has an area of 3,310 km² (1,278 sq. miles); the population according to the 1998 census was 448,310. It lies between the Miranzai Valley and the Afghan border, and is inhabited by the Pashtun Turis, a tribe of Turki and Pathan origin who are supposed to have subjugated the Bangash Pashtun about six hundred years ago. The language of the tribe is Pashto, but unlike majority of the Pashtuns they are Shias.
It is highly irrigated, well peopled, and crowded with small fortified villages, orchards and groves, to which a fine background is afforded by the dark pine forests and alpine snows of the Safed Koh. The beauty and climate of the valley attracted some of the Mogul emperors of Delhi, and the remains exist of a garden planted by Shah Jahan.
The Kurram River crosses the Afghan-Pakistan border about 80 km southwest of Jalalabad and in ancient times offered the most direct route to Kabul and Gardez, but the route crossed the Peiwar Pass 3,439 m (11,283 ft) high, just over 20 km west of Parachinar, which was blocked by snow for several months of the year.

Mohmand Agency
The Mohmand Agency (Urdu: مہمند) was created in 1951 before which the Mohmand Tribes were administered by the Deputy Commissioner based in Peshawar, North-West Frontier Province, Pakistan. However it was not until 1973 that the headquarters of the Mohmand agency were moved from Peshawar to Ekkagund. Now, the permanent agency headquarters is at Ghalanai, deep in the Mohmand agency. There is scant rainfall and little irrigated land, a factor responsible for the large demographic movements of the Mohmands to the fertile lands of Charsadda and Mardan districts to the east.
Sher Alam Mahsud is the "political agent" (or governor) of Mohmand as of July 2007

Orakzai Agency
Orakzai Agency is one of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas of Pakistan. It has a population of 450,000 and an area of 700 square miles.

North Waziristan Agency
North Waziristan (Urdu: شمالی وزیرستان) is the northern part of Waziristan, a mountainous region of northwest Pakistan, bordering Afghanistan and covering some 11 585 km² (4,473 mi²). It comprises the area west and south-west of Peshawar between the Tochi river to the north and the Gomal river to the south, forming part of Pakistan's Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA). Miran Shah is capital of North Waziristan and (FATA). The North-West Frontier Province lies immediately to the east. The region was an independent tribal territory from 1893, remaining outside of the British empire and Afghanistan. Tribal raiding into British territory was a constant problem for the British, requiring frequent punitive expeditions between 1860 and 1945. The region became part of Pakistan on independence in 1947.

Miran Shah
Miranshah (Urdu: میران شاہ) is a town in North Waziristan Agency and the capital city of Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA). in Pakistan. It houses a refugee camp for displaced Afghans from the Soviet invasion.

South Waziristan Agency
South Waziristan (Pashto: جنوبی وزیرستان) is the southern part of Waziristan, a mountainous region of northwest Pakistan, bordering Afghanistan and covering some 11,585 km² (4,473 mi²). It comprises the area west and southwest of Peshawar between the Tochi River to the north and the Gomal river to the south, forming part of Pakistan's Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA). The North-West Frontier Province lies immediately to the east. The region was an independent tribal territory from 1893, remaining outside of British-ruled empire and Afghanistan. Tribal raiding into British-ruled territory was a constant problem for the British, requiring frequent punitive expeditions between 1860 and 1945. The region became part of Pakistan in 1947.

National Football League playoffs
The National Football League (NFL) playoffs are a single-elimination tournament that happen at the end of the 16-game regular season. They team who wins all these playoff games are the NFL champion.

1981-82 NHL season
The 1981–82 NHL season was the 65th season of the National Hockey League. Twenty-one teams each played 80 games. The William M. Jennings Trophy made its debut this year as the trophy for the goaltenders from the team with the fewest goals against. The New York Islanders won their third straight Stanley Cup by beating the Vancouver Canucks in four games.
Prior to the start of the season, the divisions of the league were re-aligned to better reflect the locations of the teams. The Patrick Division, which had been in the Clarence Campbell Conference, switched to the Prince of Wales Conference, while the Norris Division went the other way, going from the Wales Conference to the Campbell Conference. This divisional alignment existed until the 1993-94 season, at which point both the divisions and the conferences of the league were renamed to reflect geography.
Final standings.
"Note: GP = Games played; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; GF = Goals for; GA = Goals against; Pts = Points; PIM = Penalties in minutes"
"Note: Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold"
Scoring leaders.
"Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points"
Finals.
New York Islanders vs. Vancouver Canucks
"New York wins the series 4–0."

List of NHL franchise post-season appearance streaks
This is a list of the active and all-time NHL franchise post-season appearance streaks up to and including the 2007–08 NHL season and subsequent 2008 Stanley Cup Playoffs. These lists do not include the canceled 2004–05 NHL season.

Franz Xaver Süßmayr
Franz Xaver Süßmayr (also spelled "Süssmayr", born Schwanenstadt, Austria, 1766; died Vienna, 17 September 1803) was an Austrian composer. He is most often remembered for finishing Mozart’s Requiem which Mozart had not finished when he died.
His father was a sacristan and teacher. His mother died when he was 6, and he left home at 13. He went to Kremsmünster to study in a Benedictine monastery. When his voice changed, he became a member of the orchestra as a violinist.
The abbey performed operas and Singspiele, so he had the opportunity to study the operas of Christoph Willibald Gluck and Antonio Salieri. He composed a number of stage works and a good deal of church music for the abbey.
After 1787 he became a student of Salieri in Vienna. In 1792 he also became the vice-director and composer at the Kärntnertortheater.
He helped Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart by copying out the music for "La clemenza di Tito" and "Die Zauberflöte" in 1791. In the same year Mozart died. He had not finished composing his Requiem. Süssmayr finished composing it and handed the completed work to Constanze, Mozart’s widow.
He composed Singspiele (German operas with spoken dialogue), and became Kapellmeister at the National Theater From this time until 1800, he was very successful and popular on the Viennese music scene. However, he became ill with tuberculosis and had to stop work. He died three years later in 1803.

Catch Me If You Can
Catch Me if You Can is a 1980 book by Frank Abagnale. It talks about the four years that Abagnale was a con artist. Abagnale sold the rights to make a movie before writing the book. He wrote the book with a person named Stan Redding. The movie "Catch Me If You Can" was released in 2002.

Maronite Church
Maronites (, transliterated: Mawārinah, Syriac: ܡܪܘܢܝܐ, Latin: Ecclesia Maronitarum) are members of one of the Syriac Eastern Catholic Churches, with a heritage reaching back to Maron in the early 5th century. The first Maronite patriarch, John Maron, was appointed in the late 7th century. Although reduced in numbers and estimated to have lost their status as a majority in Lebanon itself. Today, Maronites remain one of the principal religious groups in the country.
Before the conquest by Arabian Muslims reached Lebanon, which resulted in the Arabization of both those who would become Islamized and those that would remain non-Islamized, the Lebanese people, including Maronites, spoke a dialect of Aramaic, but have been Arabic-speaking since at least the 15th century. Syriac however, still remains the liturgical language of the Maronite Church.

Pantomime
Pantomime (often called panto) is a kind of theatre entertainment usually performed around Christmas and the New Year in Britain and a few other English-speaking countries. It must not be confused with mime (acting with gestures but no speech).
History.
A "pantomimos" in Ancient Greece used to be an entertainment performed by a solo dancer. In the Middle Ages a form of theatre developed called Commedia dell'arte. This was similar to a pantomime. They told a story which had certain fixed characters: the lovers, the father, the servants etc.
The Pantomime first arrived in England as a short entertainment (entr'acte) between opera pieces. Eventually it became a separate show.

Michael Collins (astronaut)
Major General Michael Collins (born October 31, 1930 in Rome, Italy) was an American astronaut and test pilot. He was the pilot of the Apollo 11 mission to the moon.
Air force pilot.
Collins went to the United States Military Academy. After training he joined the United States Air Force. He flew F-86s at Chambley-Bussieres Air Base, France. He got into the USAF Experimental Flight Test Pilot School at Edwards Air Force Base in 1960. He tried to get into the second astronaut training group but he wasn't accepted. He did get into the third group.
Astronaut.
Collins joined the third group of fourteen astronauts in 1963. He had 2 space flights. His first spaceflight was in "Gemini 10". With John W. Young they joined up in space with two different spacecraft. Collins also did two space walks (EVA).
His second space flight was in "Apollo 11" where he was the command module pilot. While he kept going around the Moon, Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin landed on the lunar surface. He is one of only 24 people to have flown to the Moon.
Later life.
Collins left NASA in 1970. He took a job in the Department of State as Assistant Secretary for Public Affairs. A year later he became the director of the National Air and Space Museum. He did this job until 1978. He then became the undersecretary of the Smithsonian Institution. In 1980 he took the job as Vice President of LTV Aerospace. He left in 1985 to start his own business.
He is married to Patricia, and they have three children: Kate, Ann and Michael, Jr. Kate is an actress, and is best-known for her role as Natalie Marlowe Dillon in the long-running daytime television drama "All My Children".

Saturn V
Saturn V was the name of the rocket type used by NASA in the Apollo program. The Saturn V carried Apollo 11 and its crew to the Moon in 1969. Much of the rocket was designed by German engineer and scientist Wernher von Braun.

Kajaani
Kajaani (Swedish "Kajana") is a town in the region of Kainuu, the province of Oulu, Finland. The city has a population of about 456,000 (2002) and the area 57,000 km² (the third biggest in Finland).

Michael Collins (Irish leader)
Michael John ("Mick") Collins (; 16 October 1890 – 22 August 1922) was an Irish revolutionary leader. He was Minister for Finance in the First Dáil of 1919, Director of Intelligence for the IRA, and member of the Irish delegation during the Anglo-Irish Treaty negotiations. Later, he was both Chairman of the Provisional Government and Commander-in-chief of the National Army. He was shot and killed in August 1922, during the Irish Civil War.
Most Irish political parties think his contributions were important to make the modern Irish state. Members and supporters of Fine Gael remember him in particular as one of the founders of their movement, or its predecessor Cumann na nGaedhael. That name was adopted in 1923 by the pro-Treaty wing of Sinn Fein.

Sophora davidii
Sophora davidii is a deciduous shrub from south-west China. It can grow up to 3 metres tall. It has blue and white pea flowers and is also known a David montain laurel. It has been gathered in Texas.

School
School is a place (usually a building) where people are taught something. Today in most countries children have to go to school to learn basic things they will need to know in order to live in their following life. These things are taught in subjects. Each subject has its own knowledge to teach. For example: writing, reading, and calculating numbers (maths). Many schools also teach arts such as music and visual art, or humanities, like geography and history, or other languages, commonly English, French or Spanish. In some countries, you can study second, or third languages.
The students get an education in school. Students are children in school. Education is the word for the knowledge which they receive. The adults who teach the students are called teachers. The person who controls the school is a principal. Students sit for exams to test whether they are good enough.
There are many types of schools. The school which gives the highest level education is called a university. In middle school, high school, or university, the students may choose a class or classes. These options are called electives. The first level of school would be a nursery or kindergarten, or playschool. Then children go to primary school, or elementary school. Next, they go to high school, or secondary school. Lastly, they go to college, then finally, university.
Most children start school when they are between 4 and 7 years old. But nowadays more and more children are starting school-like activities at younger ages.

Worthing
Worthing is the largest town in West Sussex, England.

Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Award
The Super Bowl Most Valuable Player or Super Bowl MVP, is an award given at the end of the Super Bowl, the National Football League's championship game, to the player who was the best in the game.

Happy Meal
A Happy Meal is a meal made by McDonalds, and aimed at children. They come in a cardboard box, containing a main meal, usually a hamburger, cheeseburger, or McNuggets; french fries; a small drink; and a toy. Sometimes the toy ties in with a movie release.

Dalhem
Dalhem is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Liège.
In 2007 its population was 6585.
It is located at 50° 42 North, 05° 43 East.

Daverdisse
Daverdisse is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Luxembourg.
In 2007 its population was 1372.
It is located at 50° 01 North, 05° 07 East.

De Haan
De Haan is a municipality located in the Belgian province of West Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 12177.
It is located at 51° 16 North, 03° 01 East.

De Panne
De Panne is a municipality located in the Belgian province of West Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 10153.
It is located at 51° 05 North, 02° 35 East.

De Pinte
De Pinte is a municipality located in the Belgian province of East Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 10273.
It is located at 50° 59 North, 03° 39 East.

Deerlijk
Deerlijk is a municipality located in the Belgian province of West Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 11372.
It is located at 50° 51 North, 03° 21 East.

Deinze
Deinze is a municipality located in the Belgian province of East Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 28593.
It is located at 50° 59 North, 03° 31 East.

Denderleeuw
Denderleeuw is a municipality located in the Belgian province of East Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 17493.
It is located at 50° 53 North, 04° 05 East.

Dendermonde
Dendermonde is a municipality located in the Belgian province of East Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 43521.
It is located at 51° 01 North, 04° 06 East.

Dentergem
Dentergem is a municipality located in the Belgian province of West Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 8191.
It is located at 50° 57 North, 03° 25 East.

Dessel
Dessel is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Antwerp.
In 2007 its population was 8865.
It is located at 51° 14 North, 05° 06 East.

Destelbergen
Destelbergen is a municipality located in the Belgian province of East Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 17239.
It is located at 51° 03 North, 03° 48 East.

Diepenbeek
Diepenbeek is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Limburg.
In 2007 its population was 17874.
It is located at 50° 54 North, 05° 25 East.

Diest
Diest is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant.
In 2007 its population was 22845.
It is located at 50° 59 North, 05° 03 East.

Diksmuide
Diksmuide is a municipality located in the Belgian province of West Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 15764.
It is located at 51° 02 North, 02° 51 East.

Dilbeek
Dilbeek is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant.
In 2007 its population was 39585.
It is located at 50° 50 North, 04° 15 East.

Dilsen-Stokkem
Dilsen-Stokkem is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Limburg.
In 2007 its population was 19171.
It is located at 51° 02 North, 05° 43 East.

Dinant
Dinant is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Namur.
In 2007 its population was 13143.
It is located at 50° 15 North, 04° 54 East.

Dison
Dison is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Liège.
In 2007 its population was 14407.
It is located at 50° 36 North, 05° 51 East.

Doische
Doische is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Namur.
In 2007 its population was 2912.
It is located at 50° 08 North, 04° 44 East.

Donceel
Donceel is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Liège.
In 2007 its population was 2835.
It is located at 50° 38 North, 05° 19 East.

Dour
Dour is a municipality found in the Belgian province of Hainaut.
In 2007, its population was 16882.
It is found at 50° 23 North, 03° 46 East.

Drogenbos
Drogenbos is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant.
In 2007 its population was 4822.
It is located at 50° 47 North, 04° 19 East.

Duffel
Duffel is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Antwerp.
In 2007 its population was 16140.
It is located at 51° 05 North, 04° 30 East.

Durbuy
Durbuy is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Luxembourg.
In 2007 its population was 10633.
It is located at 50° 21 North, 05° 27 East.

Ecaussinnes
Ecaussinnes is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Hainaut.
In 2007 its population was 10042.
It is located at 50° 34 North, 04° 10 East.

Edegem
Edegem is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Antwerp.
In 2007 its population was 21616.
It is located at 51° 09 North, 04° 26 East.

Eeklo
Eeklo is a municipality located in the Belgian province of East Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 19645.
It is located at 51° 11 North, 03° 34 East.

Eghezée
Eghezée is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Namur.
In 2007 its population was 14619.
It is located at 50° 35 North, 04° 54 East.

Ellezelles
Ellezelles is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Hainaut.
In 2007 its population was 5711.
It is located at 50° 44 North, 03° 40 East.

Elsene
Ixelles is a municipality located in the Belgian Brussels-Capital Region.
In 2007 its population was 78088.
It is located at 50° 49 North, 04° 22 East.

Enghien
Enghien is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Hainaut.
In 2007 its population was 12294.
It is located at 50° 41 North, 04° 02 East.

Engis
Engis is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Liège.
In 2007 its population was 5715.
It is located at 50° 34 North, 05° 24 East.

Erezée
Erezée is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Luxembourg.
In 2007 its population was 2968.
It is located at 50° 17 North, 05° 33 East.

Erpe-Mere
Erpe-Mere is a municipality located in the Belgian province of East Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 19056.
It is located at 50° 56 North, 03° 58 East.

Erquelinnes
Erquelinnes is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Hainaut.
In 2007 its population was 9570.
It is located at 50° 18 North, 04° 06 East.

Esneux
Esneux is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Liège.
In 2007 its population was 13073.
It is located at 50° 32 North, 05° 34 East.

Essen (Belgium)
Essen is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Antwerp.
In 2007 its population was 17143.
It is located at 51° 27 North, 04° 27 East.

Estaimpuis
Estaimpuis is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Hainaut.
In 2007 its population was 9781.
It is located at 50° 42 North, 03° 15 East.

Estinnes
Estinnes is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Hainaut.
In 2007 its population was 7408.
It is located at 50° 23 North, 04° 05 East.

Etalle
Etalle is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Luxembourg.
In 2007 its population was 5389.
It is located at 49° 40 North, 05° 36 East.

Etterbeek
Etterbeek is a municipality located in the Belgian Brussels-Capital Region.
In 2007 its population was 42342.
It is located at 50° 49 North, 04° 23 East.

Eupen
Eupen is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Liège.
In 2007 its population was 18313.
It is located at 50° 37 North, 06° 02 East.

Evere
Evere is a municipality located in the Belgian Brussels-Capital Region.
In 2007 its population was 34128.
It is located at 50° 52 North, 04° 24 East.

Evergem
Evergem is a municipality located in the Belgian province of East Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 32373.
It is located at 51° 06 North, 03° 42 East.

Isaac (disambiguation)
Isaac, Itzhak or Yitzhak (Hebrew: יִצְחָק, Standard ' Tiberian '; Arabic: إسحٰق, '; "he will laugh") is a patriarch in the Book of Genesis.

Faimes
Faimes is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Liège.
In 2007 its population was 3541.
It is located at 50° 39 North, 05° 15 East.

Farciennes
Farciennes is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Hainaut.
In 2007 its population was 11071.
It is located at 50° 25 North, 04° 33 East.

Fauvillers
Fauvillers is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Luxembourg.
In 2007 its population was 2071.
It is located at 49° 51 North, 05° 40 East.

Fernelmont
Fernelmont is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Namur.
In 2007 its population was 6749.
It is located at 50° 32 North, 04° 58 East.

Ferrières
Ferrières is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Liège.
In 2007 its population was 4505.
It is located at 50° 23 North, 05° 36 East.

Fexhe-le-Haut-Clocher
Fexhe-le-Haut-Clocher is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Liège.
In 2007 its population was 3066.
It is located at 50° 40 North, 05° 23 East.

Flémalle
Flémalle is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Liège.
In 2007 its population was 25021.
It is located at 50° 36 North, 05° 28 East.

Fléron
Fléron is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Liège.
In 2007 its population was 16139.
It is located at 50° 37 North, 05° 41 East.

Fleurus
Fleurus is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Hainaut.
In 2007, its population was 22272.
It is located at 50° 29 North, 04° 33 East.

Flobecq
Flobecq is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Hainaut.
In 2007, its population was 3270.
It is located at 50° 44 North, 03° 44 East.

Floreffe
Floreffe is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Namur.
In 2007 its population was 7506.
It is located at 50° 26 North, 04° 45 East.

Florennes
Florennes is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Namur.
In 2007 its population was 10825.
It is located at 50° 15 North, 04° 36 East.

Florenville
Florenville is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Luxembourg.
In 2007 its population was 5448.
It is located at 49° 42 North, 05° 18 East.

Fontaine-l'Evêque
Fontaine-l'Evêque is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Hainaut.
In 2007 its population was 16754.
It is located at 50° 24 North, 04° 19 East.

Fosses-la-Ville
Fosses-la-Ville is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Namur.
In 2007 its population was 9444.
It is located at 50° 23 North, 04° 41 East.

Frameries
Frameries is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Hainaut.
In 2007 its population was 20729.
It is located at 50° 24 North, 03° 53 East.

Frasnes-lez-Anvaing
Frasnes-lez-Anvaing is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Hainaut.
In 2007 its population was 11078.
It is located at 50° 40 North, 03° 37 East.

Froidchapelle
Froidchapelle is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Hainaut.
In 2007 its population was 3609.
It is located at 50° 09 North, 04° 19 East.

Galmaarden
Galmaarden is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant.
In 2007 its population was 8158.
It is located at 50° 45 North, 03° 58 East.

Ganshoren
Ganshoren is a municipality located in the Belgian Brussels-Capital Region.
In 2007 its population was 21395.
It is located at 50° 52 North, 04° 18 East.

Gavere
Gavere is a municipality located in the Belgian province of East Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 12179.
It is located at 50° 55 North, 03° 39 East.

Gedinne
Gedinne is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Namur.
In 2007 its population was 4445.
It is located at 49° 58 North, 04° 56 East.

Geel
Geel is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Antwerp.
In 2007 its population was 35502.
It is located at 51° 09 North, 04° 59 East.

Geer
Geer is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Liège.
In 2007 its population was 2946.
It is located at 50° 40 North, 05° 10 East.

Geetbets
Geetbets is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant.
In 2007 its population was 5786.
It is located at 50° 53 North, 05° 07 East.

Gembloux
Gembloux is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Namur.
In 2007 its population was 22074.
It is located at 50° 33 North, 04° 41 East.

Genappe
Genappe is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Walloon Brabant.
In 2007 its population was 14277.
It is located at 50° 36 North, 04° 27 East.

Genk
Genk is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Limburg.
In 2007 its population was 64095.
It is located at 50° 57 North, 05° 30 East.

Ghent
Ghent is a municipality located in the Belgian province of East Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 235143.
It is located at 51° 03 North, 03° 43 East.

Geraardsbergen
Geraardsbergen is a municipality located in the Belgian province of East Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 31543.
It is located at 50° 46 North, 03° 53 East.

Gerpinnes
Gerpinnes is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Hainaut.
In 2007 its population was 12064.
It is located at 50° 20 North, 04° 31 East.

Gesves
Gesves is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Namur.
In 2007 its population was 6441.
It is located at 50° 24 North, 05° 04 East.

Gingelom
Gingelom is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Limburg.
In 2007 its population was 7879.
It is located at 50° 45 North, 05° 08 East.

Gistel
Gistel is a municipality located in the Belgian province of West Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 11170.
It is located at 51° 09 North, 02° 58 East.

Glabbeek
Glabbeek is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant.
In 2007 its population was 5216.
It is located at 50° 52 North, 04° 56 East.

Gooik
Gooik is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant.
In 2007 its population was 8879.
It is located at 50° 47 North, 04° 07 East.

Gouvy
Gouvy is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Luxembourg.
In 2007 its population was 4780.
It is located at 50° 11 North, 05° 56 East.

Grâce-Hollogne
Grâce-Hollogne is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Liège.
In 2007 its population was 21854.
It is located at 50° 38 North, 05° 30 East.

Grez-Doiceau
Grez-Doiceau is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Walloon Brabant.
In 2007 its population was 12473.
It is located at 50° 44 North, 04° 41 East.

Grimbergen
Grimbergen is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant.
In 2007 its population was 34320.
It is located at 50° 56 North, 04° 22 East.

Grobbendonk
Grobbendonk is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Antwerp.
In 2007 its population was 10801.
It is located at 51° 11 North, 04° 44 East.

Haacht
Haacht is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant.
In 2007 its population was 13729.
It is located at 50° 58 North, 04° 38 East.

Wild card (sports)
The word wild card mostly means a tournament or playoff berth given to an person or team that did not make that playoff or tournament through normal play.

Haaltert
Haaltert is a municipality located in the Belgian province of East Flanders.
In 2007, its population was 17442.
It is located at 50° 54 North, 04° 00 East.

Habay
Habay is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Luxembourg.
In 2007 its population was 7903.
It is located at 49° 43 North, 05° 39 East.

Halen
Halen is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Limburg.
In 2007 its population was 8678.
It is located at 50° 56 North, 05° 06 East.

Halle (Belgium)
Halle is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant.
In 2007 its population was 35108.
It is located at 50° 44 North, 04° 14 East.

Ham (Belgium)
Ham is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Limburg.
In 2007 its population was 9824.
It is located at 51° 06 North, 05° 10 East.

Ham-sur-Heure-Nalinnes
Ham-sur-Heure-Nalinnes is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Hainaut.
In 2007 its population was 13383.
It is located at 50° 19 North, 04° 23 East.

Hamme
Hamme is a municipality located in the Belgian province of East Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 23368.
It is located at 51° 05 North, 04° 08 East.

Hamoir
Hamoir is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Liège.
In 2007 its population was 3616.
It is located at 50° 25 North, 05° 32 East.

Hamois
Hamois is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Namur.
In 2007 its population was 6692.
It is located at 50° 20 North, 05° 09 East.

Hamont-Achel
Hamont-Achel is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Limburg.
In 2007 its population was 13863.
It is located at 51° 15 North, 05° 32 East.

Hannut
Hannut is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Liège.
In 2007 its population was 14468.
It is located at 50° 40 North, 05° 04 East.

Harelbeke
Harelbeke is a municipality located in the Belgian province of West Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 26294.
It is located at 50° 51 North, 03° 18 East.

Hastière
Hastière is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Namur.
In 2007 its population was 5278.
It is located at 50° 13 North, 04° 49 East.

Havelange
Havelange is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Namur.
In 2007 its population was 4926.
It is located at 50° 23 North, 05° 14 East.

Hechtel-Eksel
Hechtel-Eksel is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Limburg.
In 2007 its population was 11517.
It is located at 51° 07 North, 05° 21 East.

Heers
Heers is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Limburg.
In 2007 its population was 6812.
It is located at 50° 45 North, 05° 18 East.

Heist-op-den-Berg
Heist-op-den-Berg is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Antwerp.
In 2007 its population was 38721.
It is located at 51° 04 North, 04° 43 East.

Hélécine
Hélécine is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Walloon Brabant.
In 2007 its population was 3109.
It is located at 50° 45 North, 04° 59 East.

Hemiksem
Hemiksem is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Antwerp.
In 2007 its population was 9755.
It is located at 51° 08 North, 04° 20 East.

Hensies
Hensies is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Hainaut.
In 2007 its population was 6731.
It is located at 50° 26 North, 03° 40 East.

Herbeumont
Herbeumont is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Luxembourg.
In 2007 its population was 1536.
It is located at 49° 46 North, 05° 14 East.

Herent
Herent is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant.
In 2007 its population was 19395.
It is located at 50° 54 North, 04° 40 East.

Herentals
Herentals is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Antwerp.
In 2007 its population was 26152.
It is located at 51° 10 North, 04° 50 East.

Herenthout
Herenthout is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Antwerp.
In 2007 its population was 8462.
It is located at 51° 08 North, 04° 45 East.

Herk-de-Stad
Herk-de-Stad is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Limburg.
In 2007 its population was 11874.
It is located at 50° 56 North, 05° 10 East.

Herne (Belgium)
Herne is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant.
In 2007 its population was 6483.
It is located at 50° 43 North, 04° 01 East.

Héron
Héron is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Liège.
In 2007 its population was 4530.
It is located at 50° 33 North, 05° 05 East.

Herselt
Herselt is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Antwerp.
In 2007 its population was 13929.
It is located at 51° 03 North, 04° 52 East.

Herstal
Herstal is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Liège.
In 2007 its population was 37720.
It is located at 50° 39 North, 05° 37 East.

Herstappe
Herstappe is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Limburg.
In 2007 its population was 85.
It is located at 50° 43 North, 05° 25 East.

Herve
Herve is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Liège.
In 2007 its population was 16740.
It is located at 50° 38 North, 05° 47 East.

Herzele
Herzele is a municipality located in the Belgian province of East Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 16822.
It is located at 50° 53 North, 03° 53 East.

Heusden-Zolder
Heusden-Zolder is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Limburg.
In 2007 its population was 31017.
It is located at 51° 02 North, 05° 16 East.

Heuvelland
Heuvelland is a municipality located in the Belgian province of West Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 8177.
It is located at 50° 47 North, 02° 49 East.

Hoegaarden
Hoegaarden is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant.
In 2007 its population was 6226.
It is located at 50° 46 North, 04° 53 East.

Hoeilaart
Hoeilaart is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant.
In 2007 its population was 10040.
It is located at 50° 46 North, 04° 28 East.

Hoeselt
Hoeselt is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Limburg.
In 2007 its population was 9343.
It is located at 50° 51 North, 05° 29 East.

Holsbeek
Holsbeek is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant.
In 2007 its population was 9395.
It is located at 50° 55 North, 04° 45 East.

Honnelles
Honnelles is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Hainaut.
In 2007 its population was 5009.
It is located at 50° 20 North, 03° 44 East.

Hooglede
Hooglede is a municipality located in the Belgian province of West Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 9867.
It is located at 50° 58 North, 03° 04 East.

Hoogstraten
Hoogstraten is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Antwerp.
In 2007 its population was 18905.
It is located at 51° 24 North, 04° 45 East.

Horebeke
Horebeke is a municipality located in the Belgian province of East Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 2054.
It is located at 50° 50 North, 03° 41 East.

Hotton
Hotton is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Luxembourg.
In 2007 its population was 5043.
It is located at 50° 16 North, 05° 26 East.

Houffalize
Houffalize is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Luxembourg.
In 2007 its population was 4802.
It is located at 50° 08 North, 05° 47 East.

Houthalen-Helchteren
Houthalen-Helchteren is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Limburg.
In 2007 its population was 30050.
It is located at 51° 01 North, 05° 22 East.

Houthulst
Houthulst is a municipality located in the Belgian province of West Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 9104.
It is located at 50° 58 North, 02° 57 East.

Houyet
Houyet is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Namur.
In 2007 its population was 4471.
It is located at 50° 11 North, 05° 00 East.

Hove
Hove is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Antwerp.
In 2007 its population was 8298.
It is located at 51° 09 North, 04° 28 East.

Huldenberg
Huldenberg is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant.
In 2007 its population was 9261.
It is located at 50° 47 North, 04° 35 East.

Hulshout
Hulshout is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Antwerp.
In 2007 its population was 9371.
It is located at 51° 04 North, 04° 47 East.

Huy
Huy is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Liège.
In 2007 its population was 20232.
It is located at 50° 31 North, 05° 14 East.

Friedrich Rittelmeyer
Friedrich Rittelmeyer (born Dillingen an der Donau October 5, 1872 – died Hamburg March 23, 1938) was a German protestant theologian. From 1895 to 1922 he worked as a Lutheran pastor in Würzburg, Nuremberg and Berlin. In 1922 he became the founder (and leader up to his death) of The Christian Community, a christian denomination, inspired by anthroposophy.

Ichtegem
Ichtegem is a municipality located in the Belgian province of West Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 13493.
It is located at 51° 05 North, 03° 00 East.

Ieper
Ieper is a municipality located in the Belgian province of West Flanders.
It is more commonly known in English as "Ypres", its French name.
In 2007 its population was 34919.
It is located at 50° 51 North, 02° 53 East.

Incourt
Incourt is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Walloon Brabant.
In 2007 its population was 4619.
It is located at 50° 41 North, 04° 48 East.

Ingelmunster
Ingelmunster is a municipality located in the Belgian province of West Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 10646.
It is located at 50° 55 North, 03° 15 East.

Ittre
Ittre is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Walloon Brabant.
In 2007 its population was 6087.
It is located at 50° 39 North, 04° 15 East.

Izegem
Izegem is a municipality located in the Belgian province of West Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 26486.
It is located at 50° 55 North, 03° 12 East.

Jabbeke
Jabbeke is a municipality located in the Belgian province of West Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 13615.
It is located at 51° 11 North, 03° 05 East.

Jalhay
Jalhay is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Liège.
In 2007 its population was 8004.
It is located at 50° 33 North, 05° 57 East.

Jemeppe-sur-Sambre
Jemeppe-sur-Sambre is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Namur.
In 2007 its population was 18056.
It is located at 50° 28 North, 04° 40 East.

Jette
Jette is a municipality located in the Belgian Brussels-Capital Region.
In 2007 its population was 43564.
It is located at 50° 52 North, 04° 20 East.

Jodoigne
Jodoigne is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Walloon Brabant.
In 2007 its population was 12644.
It is located at 50° 43 North, 04° 52 East.

Juprelle
Juprelle is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Liège.
In 2007 its population was 8492.
It is located at 50° 42 North, 05° 31 East.

Jurbise
Jurbise is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Hainaut.
In 2007 its population was 9695.
It is located at 50° 32 North, 03° 54 East.

Kalmthout
Kalmthout is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Antwerp.
In 2007 its population was 17504.
It is located at 51° 23 North, 04° 28 East.

Kampenhout
Kampenhout is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant.
In 2007 its population was 11060.
It is located at 50° 56 North, 04° 33 East.

Kapelle-op-den-Bos
Kapelle-op-den-Bos is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant.
In 2007 its population was 8916.
It is located at 51° 00 North, 04° 21 East.

Kapellen, Belgium
Kapellen is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Antwerp.
In 2007 its population was 26104.
It is located at 51° 18 North, 04° 25 East.

Kaprijke
Kaprijke is a municipality located in the Belgian province of East Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 6171.
It is located at 51° 13 North, 03° 37 East.

Kasterlee
Kasterlee is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Antwerp.
In 2007 its population was 17988.
It is located at 51° 14 North, 04° 58 East.

Keerbergen
Keerbergen is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant.
In 2007 its population was 12580.
It is located at 51° 00 North, 04° 37 East.

Kelmis
Kelmis is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Liège.
In 2007 its population was 10472.
It is located at 50° 43 North, 06° 00 East.

Kinrooi
Kinrooi is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Limburg.
In 2007 its population was 12098.
It is located at 51° 08 North, 05° 44 East.

Kluisbergen
Kluisbergen is a municipality located in the Belgian province of East Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 6258.
It is located at 50° 46 North, 03° 29 East.

Knesselare
Knesselare is a municipality located in the Belgian province of East Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 7894.
It is located at 51° 08 North, 03° 24 East.

Knokke-Heist
Knokke-Heist is a municipality located in the Belgian province of West Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 34132.
It is located at 51° 20 North, 03° 17 East.

Koekelare
Koekelare is a municipality located in the Belgian province of West Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 8325.
It is located at 51° 05 North, 02° 58 East.

Koekelberg
Koekelberg is a municipality located in the Belgian Brussels-Capital Region.
In 2007 its population was 18541.
It is located at 50° 51 North, 04° 19 East.

Koksijde
Koksijde is a municipality located in the Belgian province of West Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 21419.
It is located at 51° 07 North, 02° 38 East.

Kontich
Kontich is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Antwerp.
In 2007 its population was 20243.
It is located at 51° 08 North, 04° 26 East.

Kortemark
Kortemark is a municipality located in the Belgian province of West Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 12060.
It is located at 51° 01 North, 03° 02 East.

Kortenaken
Kortenaken is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant.
In 2007 its population was 7578.
It is located at 50° 54 North, 05° 03 East.

Kortenberg
Kortenberg is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant.
In 2007 its population was 18424.
It is located at 50° 53 North, 04° 32 East.

Kortessem
Kortessem is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Limburg.
In 2007 its population was 8153.
It is located at 50° 51 North, 05° 23 East.

Kortrijk
Kortrijk is a municipality located in the Belgian province of West Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 73777.
It is located at 50° 49 North, 03° 16 East.

Kraainem
Kraainem is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant.
In 2007 its population was 13105.
It is located at 50° 51 North, 04° 28 East.

Kruibeke
Kruibeke is a municipality located in the Belgian province of East Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 15328.
It is located at 51° 10 North, 04° 18 East.

Kruishoutem
Kruishoutem is a municipality found in the Belgian province of East Flanders.
In 2007, its population was 8152.
It is found at 50° 54 North, 03° 31 East.

Kuurne
Kuurne is a municipality located in the Belgian province of West Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 12626.
It is located at 50° 51 North, 03° 17 East.

La Bruyère
La Bruyère is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Namur.
In 2007 its population was 8379.
It is located at 50° 33 North, 04° 48 East.

La Hulpe
La Hulpe is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Walloon Brabant.
In 2007 its population was 7309.
It is located at 50° 43 North, 04° 29 East.

La Louvière
La Louvière is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Hainaut.
In 2007 its population was 77509.
It is located at 50° 28 North, 04° 11 East.

La Roche-en-Ardenne
La Roche-en-Ardenne is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Luxembourg.
In 2007 its population was 4348.
It is located at 50° 11 North, 05° 34 East.

Laakdal
Laakdal is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Antwerp.
In 2007 its population was 14998.
It is located at 51° 04 North, 05° 01 East.

Laarne
Laarne is a municipality located in the Belgian province of East Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 11768.
It is located at 51° 01 North, 03° 51 East.

Lanaken
Lanaken is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Limburg.
In 2007 its population was 24724.
It is located at 50° 53 North, 05° 39 East.

Landen
Landen is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant.
In 2007 its population was 14876.
It is located at 50° 45 North, 05° 04 East.

Langemark-Poelkapelle
Langemark-Poelkapelle is a municipality located in the Belgian province of West Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 7774.
It is located at 50° 54 North, 02° 55 East.

Lasne
Lasne is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Walloon Brabant.
In 2007 its population was 13994.
It is located at 50° 41 North, 04° 29 East.

Le Roeulx
Le Roeulx is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Hainaut.
In 2007 its population was 7969.
It is located at 50° 30 North, 04° 06 East.

Lebbeke
Lebbeke is a municipality located in the Belgian province of East Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 17643.
It is located at 51° 00 North, 04° 07 East.

Lede
Lede is a municipality located in the Belgian province of East Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 17195.
It is located at 50° 58 North, 03° 58 East.

Ledegem
Ledegem is a municipality located in the Belgian province of West Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 9379.
It is located at 50° 51 North, 03° 07 East.

Léglise
Léglise is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Luxembourg.
In 2007 its population was 4178.
It is located at 49° 48 North, 05° 32 East.

Lendelede
Lendelede is a municipality located in the Belgian province of West Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 5411.
It is located at 50° 53 North, 03° 14 East.

Lennik
Lennik is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant. In the year 2007, the population of Lennik was 8,729 people.
It can be found at 50° 48 North, 04° 09 East.

Lens (Belgium)
Lens is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Hainaut.
In 2007 its population was 4042.
It is located at 50° 33 North, 03° 54 East.

Leopoldsburg
Leopoldsburg is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Limburg.
In 2007 its population was 14472.
It is located at 51° 07 North, 05° 15 East.

Les Bons Villers
Les Bons Villers is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Hainaut.
In 2007 its population was 8932.
It is located at 50° 32 North, 04° 26 East.

Lessines
Lessines is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Hainaut.
In 2007 its population was 18025.
It is located at 50° 42 North, 03° 49 East.

Leuven
Leuven is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant.
In 2007 its population was 91,942.
It is located at 50° 52 North, 04° 42 East.

Leuze-en-Hainaut
Leuze-en-Hainaut is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Hainaut.
In 2007 its population was 13300.
It is located at 50° 36 North, 03° 37 East.

Libin
Libin is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Luxembourg.
In 2007 its population was 4655.
It is located at 49° 58 North, 05° 15 East.

Libramont-Chevigny
Libramont-Chevigny is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Luxembourg.
In 2007 its population was 9981.
It is located at 49° 55 North, 05° 22 East.

Lichtervelde
Lichtervelde is a municipality located in the Belgian province of West Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 8438.
It is located at 51° 01 North, 03° 08 East.

Liedekerke
Liedekerke is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant.
In 2007 its population was 12119.
It is located at 50° 52 North, 04° 05 East.

Karyotype
A Karyotype is an image of an animal's chromosomes. It can show genetic disease, what sex the animal is and it's diploid number.
In humans, molecular biologists have used karyotypes to help with the Human Genome Project and help identify any genetic abnormalities a baby might have before it's born.

Liège
Liège (walloon: "Lîdje", Dutch: "Luik", german: "Lüttich") is a city in Belgium. It is the cultural centre of the Walloon region of Belgium and the capital of the province of Liège. Liège is also seat of a Roman Catholic bishop. In 2007 its population was 188,907.
It is located at 50° 38 North, 05° 34 East.
The first written trace of the city was found in 558 as „Leodicum“ or „Vicus Leodicus“. From 717, Liege was made the seat of a bishopric and became a cultural centre in the Middle Ages. These bishops ruled the city as Prince-Bishops until the 1790s. In the French Revolution, the cathedral was damaged, partially burned down and then completely detroyed. In the 19th century, the city lived on coal-mining, steel industry and trade. The region was the second biggest economic center in Europe after the UK in the 19th century.
Today Liege is a major educational hub, with a university and many high schools. It is a crossing point in Europe, Liège has the second biggest inner harbour and the 8th biggest cargo airport in Europe (Liège Airport). The city, that had a lot of problems since the 1970s because of the end of the steel industry and coal-mining, is now having a good economy thanks to the logistics and high tech industry (biotechnology, space industry, IT).

Lier
Lier is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Antwerp.
In 2007 its population was 33259.
It is located at 51° 07 North, 04° 34 East.

Lierde
Lierde is a municipality located in the Belgian province of East Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 6454.
It is located at 50° 49 North, 03° 50 East.

Lierneux
Lierneux is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Liège.
In 2007 its population was 3337.
It is located at 50° 17 North, 05° 47 East.

Lille (Belgium)
Lille is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Antwerp.
In 2007 its population was 15628.
It is located at 51° 14 North, 04° 49 East.

Lincent
Lincent is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Liège.
In 2007 its population was 3055.
It is located at 50° 42 North, 05° 01 East.

Linkebeek
Linkebeek is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant.
In 2007 its population was 4710.
It is located at 50° 46 North, 04° 20 East.

Lint (Belgium)
Lint is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Antwerp.
In 2007 its population was 8035.
It is located at 51° 07 North, 04° 29 East.

Linter
Linter is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant.
In 2007 its population was 7038.
It is located at 50° 50 North, 05° 02 East.

Lo-Reninge
Lo-Reninge is a municipality located in the Belgian province of West Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 3317.
It is located at 50° 58 North, 02° 45 East.

Lobbes
Lobbes is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Hainaut.
In 2007 its population was 5515.
It is located at 50° 20 North, 04° 16 East.

Lochristi
Lochristi is a municipality located in the Belgian province of East Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 20395.
It is located at 51° 05 North, 03° 50 East.

Lokeren
Lokeren is a municipality located in the Belgian province of East Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 38276.
It is located at 51° 06 North, 03° 59 East.

Lommel
Lommel is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Limburg.
In 2007 its population was 32141.
It is located at 51° 13 North, 05° 18 East.

Londerzeel
Londerzeel is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant.
In 2007 its population was 17452.
It is located at 51° 00 North, 04° 18 East.

Idomeneo
"Idomeneo" is an opera by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. The libretto (words) are in Italian and were written by Giambattista Varesco who based it on a French text by Antoine Danchet. In 1780 Mozart and Varesco were asked by the Elector of Bavaria to write an opera for a court carnival.
"Idomeneo" was first performed in Munich on 29 January 1781. Mozart was only 24 years old. It was the first of his great operas.
Mozart wrote three different types of opera: " Idomeneo" is an opera seria (serious opera). These were written in Italian, and are about serious, dramatic stories, often stories from Ancient Greece or Rome. "La Clemenza di Tito" is also an opera seria. "Don Giovanni" is an example of a mixture of comic and serious opera, while "The Magic Flute" is a German opera in the Singspiel tradition.
"Idomeneo" has traditional recitatives and arias. The choruses, marches, and ballets were very much like French opera tradition. Mozart was inspired by the operas of Gluck.
Act 1.
The story, based on an Ancient Greek story, takes place on the Island of Crete, shortly after the Trojan War. Ilia is the daughter of the Trojan King Priam who has lost the war. Ilia has been taken to Crete. She loves Prince Idamante, son of Idomeneo, but does not want to tell him about her love for him. Idamante is kind and frees the Trojan prisoners. He tells Ilia that it is not his fault that their fathers were enemies. The Trojans and Cretans (people from Crete) both welcome the return of peace, but Electra, daughter of the Greek King Agamemnon is jealous of Ilia. She is annoyed that Idamante had been kind and let the prisoners free. Arbace, the king's trusted friend, brings news that Idomeneo has been drowned at sea while returning to Crete from Troy. Electra, is worried that Ilia, a Trojan, soon will be Queen of Crete, feels the furies of Hades tormenting her.
Idomeneo is not lost at sea, but instead is saved by Neptune (god of the sea) and is washed up on a Cretan beach. There he remembers the promise he made to Neptune: he had promised to sacrifice (kill for the Gods) the first creature he should meet, whether it be a human or an animal. The first person he meets is his own son, Idamante. Because the two have not seen each other for a long time, they do not recognize one another at first. When Idomeneo finally realizes it is his own son he must kill, he tells Idamante to go away and never see him again. Idamante does not understand why his father is saying this. He is terribly upset, but runs off. The Cretan soldiers get off Idomeneo's ship and are met by their wives, and all praise Neptune.
Act 2.
At the king's palace, Idomeneo asks Arbace what he should do, because he has disobeyed the god. Arbace says that Neptune would be happy if another victim could be sacrificed so long as Idamante is sent into exile (to another country). Idomeneo tells his son to take Electra to her home, Argos. Idomeneo's kind words to Ilia make her say very kindly that, because she has lost everything, he will be her father and Crete will be her country. As she leaves, Idomeneo realizes that sending Idamante into exile has made Ilia unhappy. Electra is happy about going to Argos with Idamante.
At the port of Sidon, Idomeneo says goodbye to his son and tells him to rule like a good king. Before the ship can sail, however, a storm breaks out, and a sea serpent appears. It is a messenger from Neptune, who is angry with Idomeneo. Idomeneo offers his life to the god.
Act 3.
In the royal garden, Ilia asks the gentle winds to carry her love to Idamante. Idamante says he must go to fight the serpent. When he says he would like to die because Ilia does not love him. This makes Ilia tell him that she loves him. They are surprised by Electra and Idomeneo. When Idamante asks his father why he sends him away, Idomeneo cannot tell him the truth. Ilia asks Electra for some kindness, but Elektra is madly jealous of Ilia now, and she wants revenge. Arbace comes with news that the people, led by the High Priest of Neptune, are shouting that they want Idomeneo. The High Priest tells the king that Neptune's monster is destroying things, and asks Idomeneo to say the name of the person whose sacrifice is demanded by the god. When the king says that his own son is the victim, the people are horrified.
Outside the temple, the king and High Priest join with Neptune's priests to pray that the god will be kind and merciful. Arbace brings news that Idamante has killed the monster. Idomeneo is now worried that Neptune will want even more revenge. Idamante enters in sacrificial robes, saying he understands his father's terrible worries and he is ready to die., Idomeneo says a tragic goodbye to his own son and is about to kill him, when Ilia steps forward and offers to die instead. Neptune now changes his mind. We hear his voice saying that if Idomeneo gives up being king and lets Idamante and Ilia rule as king and queen, he will forgive. Everyone is happy except Electra, who wants to die. Idomeneo says that Idamante and his bride as the new rulers. The people call upon the god of love and marriage to bless the royal pair and bring peace.

Lontzen
Lontzen is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Liège.
In 2007 its population was 5175.
It is located at 50° 40 North, 06° 00 East.

Lovendegem
Lovendegem is a municipality located in the Belgian province of East Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 9393.
It is located at 51° 05 North, 03° 36 East.

Lubbeek
Lubbeek is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant.
In 2007 its population was 13740.
It is located at 50° 52 North, 04° 50 East.

Lummen
Lummen is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Limburg.
In 2007 its population was 13803.
It is located at 50° 59 North, 05° 11 East.

Maarkedal
Maarkedal is a municipality located in the Belgian province of East Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 6460.
It is located at 50° 49 North, 03° 39 East.

Maaseik
Maaseik is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Limburg.
In 2007 its population was 23879.
It is located at 51° 05 North, 05° 47 East.

Maasmechelen
Maasmechelen is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Limburg.
In 2007 its population was 36456.
It is located at 50° 58 North, 05° 41 East.

Machelen
Machelen is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant.
In 2007 its population was 12792.
It is located at 50° 54 North, 04° 26 East.

Maldegem
Maldegem is a municipality located in the Belgian province of East Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 22366.
It is located at 51° 12 North, 03° 26 East.

Malle
Malle is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Antwerp.
In 2007 its population was 14158.
It is located at 51° 17 North, 04° 41 East.

Malmedy
Malmedy is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Liège.
In 2007 its population was 11878.
It is located at 50° 25 North, 06° 01 East.

Manage
Manage is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Hainaut.
In 2007 its population was 22382.
It is located at 50° 30 North, 04° 14 East.

Manhay
Manhay is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Luxembourg.
In 2007 its population was 3185.
It is located at 50° 17 North, 05° 40 East.

Marche-en-Famenne
Marche-en-Famenne is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Luxembourg.
In 2007 its population was 17066.
It is located at 50° 13 North, 05° 20 East.

Marchin
Marchin is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Liège.
In 2007 its population was 5143.
It is located at 50° 27 North, 05° 14 East.

Martelange
Martelange is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Luxembourg.
In 2007 its population was 1584.
It is located at 49° 49 North, 05° 44 East.

Mechelen
Mechelen is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Antwerp.
In 2007 its population was 78,900. In 2008: 80,176.
It is located at 51° 01 North, 04° 28 East.

Meerhout
Meerhout is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Antwerp.
In 2007 its population was 9463.
It is located at 51° 07 North, 05° 04 East.

Meeuwen-Gruitrode
Meeuwen-Gruitrode is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Limburg.
In 2007 its population was 12611.
It is located at 51° 05 North, 05° 31 East.

Meise
Meise is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant.
In 2007 its population was 18545.
It is located at 50° 56 North, 04° 19 East.

Meix-devant-Virton
Meix-devant-Virton is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Luxembourg.
In 2007 its population was 2675.
It is located at 49° 36 North, 05° 28 East.

Melle
Melle is a municipality located in the Belgian province of East Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 10660.
It is located at 51° 00 North, 03° 48 East.

Menen
Menen is a municipality located in the Belgian province of West Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 32439.
It is located at 50° 47 North, 03° 07 East.

Merbes-le-Château
Merbes-le-Château is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Hainaut.
In 2007 its population was 4141.
It is located at 50° 19 North, 04° 09 East.

Merchtem
Merchtem is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant.
In 2007 its population was 15053.
It is located at 50° 57 North, 04° 14 East.

Merelbeke
Merelbeke is a municipality located in the Belgian province of East Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 22423.
It is located at 50° 59 North, 03° 44 East.

Merksplas
Merksplas is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Antwerp.
In 2007, its population was 8270.
It is found at 51° 21 North, 04° 51 East.

Mesen
Mesen is a municipality located in the Belgian province of West Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 983.
It is located at 50° 45 North, 02° 54 East.

Messancy
Messancy is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Luxembourg.
In 2007 its population was 7466.
It is located at 49° 35 North, 05° 49 East.

Mettet
Mettet is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Namur.
In 2007 its population was 12037.
It is located at 50° 19 North, 04° 39 East.

Meulebeke
Meulebeke is a municipality located in the Belgian province of West Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 10983.
It is located at 50° 57 North, 03° 17 East.

Middelkerke
Middelkerke is a municipality located in the Belgian province of West Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 18080.
It is located at 51° 11 North, 02° 49 East.

Modave
Modave is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Liège.
In 2007 its population was 3719.
It is located at 50° 26 North, 05° 18 East.

Moerbeke
Moerbeke is a municipality located in the Belgian province of East Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 5904.
It is located at 51° 10 North, 03° 56 East.

Momignies
Momignies is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Hainaut.
In 2007 its population was 5140.
It is located at 50° 01 North, 04° 10 East.

Mont-de-l'Enclus
Mont-de-l'Enclus is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Hainaut.
In 2007 its population was 3417.
It is located at 50° 44 North, 03° 30 East.

Mont-Saint-Guibert
Mont-Saint-Guibert is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Walloon Brabant.
In 2007 its population was 6535.
It is located at 50° 38 North, 04° 36 East.

Montigny-le-Tilleul
Montigny-le-Tilleul is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Hainaut.
In 2007 its population was 10215.
It is located at 50° 22 North, 04° 22 East.

Moorslede
Moorslede is a municipality located in the Belgian province of West Flanders. Moorslede comprises the towns of Dadizele and Moorslede itself.
In 2007 its population was 10697.
It is located at 50° 53 North, 03° 03 East.
Personality.
Constant Lievens (1856-1893), the apostle of the Chota Nagpur, was born in Moorslede.
History.
The 1950 World Cycling Championshipwas held in Moorslede and was won by Briek Schotte.

Morlanwelz
Morlanwelz is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Hainaut.
In 2007 its population was 18723.
It is located at 50° 27 North, 04° 14 East.

Mortsel
Mortsel is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Antwerp.
In 2007 its population was 24426.
It is located at 51° 09 North, 04° 27 East.

Mouscron
Mouscron is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Hainaut.
In 2007 its population was 53174.
It is located at 50° 44 North, 03° 12 East.

Musson
Musson is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Luxembourg.
In 2007 its population was 4232.
It is located at 49° 33 North, 05° 42 East.

Nandrin
Nandrin is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Liège.
In 2007 its population was 5651.
It is located at 50° 30 North, 05° 25 East.

Nassogne
Nassogne is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Luxembourg.
In 2007 its population was 5045.
It is located at 50° 07 North, 05° 20 East.

Nazareth (Belgium)
Nazareth is a municipality located in the Belgian province of East Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 10962.
It is located at 50° 57 North, 03° 35 East.

Neerpelt
Neerpelt is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Limburg.
In 2007 its population was 16156.
It is located at 51° 13 North, 05° 26 East.

Neufchâteau
Neufchâteau is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Luxembourg.
In 2007 its population was 6652.
It is located at 49° 50 North, 05° 26 East.

Neupré
Neupré is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Liège.
In 2007 its population was 9748.
It is located at 50° 32 North, 05° 29 East.

Nevele
Nevele is a municipality located in the Belgian province of East Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 11376.
It is located at 51° 02 North, 03° 33 East.

Niel
Niel is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Antwerp.
In 2007 its population was 8922.
It is located at 51° 06 North, 04° 19 East.

Nieuwerkerken
Nieuwerkerken is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Limburg.
In 2007 its population was 6685.
It is located at 50° 51 North, 05° 11 East.

Nieuwpoort
Nieuwpoort is a municipality located in the Belgian province of West Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 10940.
It is located at 51° 07 North, 02° 45 East.

Nijlen
Nijlen is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Antwerp.
In 2007 its population was 20978.
It is located at 51° 09 North, 04° 40 East.

Ninove
Ninove is a municipality located in the Belgian province of East Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 35874.
It is located at 50° 50 North, 04° 01 East.

Nivelles
Nivelles is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Walloon Brabant.
In 2007 its population was 24622.
It is located at 50° 35 North, 04° 19 East.

Ohey
Ohey is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Namur.
In 2007 its population was 4318.
It is located at 50° 26 North, 05° 07 East.

Olen
Olen is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Antwerp.
In 2007 its population was 11467.
It is located at 51° 08 North, 04° 51 East.

Olne
Olne is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Liège.
In 2007 its population was 3788.
It is located at 50° 35 North, 05° 45 East.

Onhaye
Onhaye is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Namur.
In 2007 its population was 3124.
It is located at 50° 14 North, 04° 50 East.

Oosterzele
Oosterzele is a municipality located in the Belgian province of East Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 13194.
It is located at 50° 56 North, 03° 48 East.

Oostkamp
Oostkamp is a municipality located in the Belgian province of West Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 21948.
It is located at 51° 09 North, 03° 14 East.

Oostrozebeke
Oostrozebeke is a municipality located in the Belgian province of West Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 7458.
It is located at 50° 55 North, 03° 20 East.

Opglabbeek
Opglabbeek is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Limburg.
In 2007 its population was 9718.
It is located at 51° 02 North, 05° 35 East.

Opwijk
Opwijk is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant.
In 2007 its population was 12393.
It is located at 50° 58 North, 04° 11 East.

Oreye
Oreye is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Liège.
In 2007 its population was 3464.
It is located at 50° 43 North, 05° 21 East.

Orp-Jauche
Orp-Jauche is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Walloon Brabant.
In 2007 its population was 7932.
It is located at 50° 42 North, 04° 59 East.

Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve
Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Walloon Brabant.
In 2007 its population was 30188.
It is located at 50° 40 North, 04° 34 East.

Oud-Heverlee
Oud-Heverlee is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant.
In 2007 its population was 10861.
It is located at 50° 50 North, 04° 39 East.

Oud-Turnhout
Oud-Turnhout is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Antwerp.
In 2007 its population was 12633.
It is located at 51° 19 North, 04° 58 East.

Oudenaarde
Oudenaarde is a municipality located in the Belgian province of East Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 28820.
It is located at 50° 50 North, 03° 36 East.

Oudenburg
Oudenburg is a municipality located in the Belgian province of West Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 8947.
It is located at 51° 11 North, 03° 00 East.

Oudergem
Oudergem is a municipality located in the Belgian Brussels-Capital Region.
In 2007 its population was 29681.
It is located at 50° 49 North, 04° 25 East.

Ouffet
Ouffet is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Liège.
In 2007 its population was 2551.
It is located at 50° 26 North, 05° 28 East.

Oupeye
Oupeye is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Liège.
In 2007 its population was 23633.
It is located at 50° 42 North, 05° 39 East.

Carbohydrate
Carbohydrates are chemical compounds that contain only oxygen, hydrogen and carbon. They consist of monosaccharide sugars with the generic formula Cn(H2O)n.
Certain carbohydrates are an important storage and transport form of energy in most organisms, including plants and animals. and cellulose).
Nutrition and foods.
In fact, human beings can live without eating foods with carbohydrates. The human body changes protein into carbohydrates, and so if a human being eats only food with protein, they can still live a healthy life. People of some cultures eat food with very little carbohydrates, but they still remain healthy. Still, carbohydrates are the most common source of energy for the human body. Protein and fats build tissue and cells in the body. Carbohydrates are better for energy, so eating them allows more protein and fat to be used for tissue and cell building.
Researches in the United States and Canada have shown that people get about 40% to 60% of energy from carbohydrates. However, studies suggest that people should eat carbohydrates to get at least 55% to 75% of energy from carbohydrates.
Some foods have high carbohydrates in them. These foods include breads, pastas, potatoes, bran and cereals.
Classification.
Medical science tells about two types of carbohydrates: simple carbohydrates, and complex carbohydrates. Monosaccharides and disaccharides are simple carbohydrates, with single sugar molecules such as fructose, or two bonded sugar molecules such as sucrose with a fructose and a glucose molecule together. Fruits and dairy products are common sources of simple carbohydrates. Oligosaccharides and polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates, with linear chains of sugars or branched clusters. Vegetables and whole grains are common sources of complex carbohydrates. Medical science suggests that human beings should eat more carbohydrates than proteins and fat. New trends do not make as much distinction between the two types of dietary carbohydrates, but simply suggest eating fiber-rich foods and whole grains.

Overijse
Overijse is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant.
In 2007 its population was 24164.
It is located at 50° 46 North, 04° 32 East.

Overpelt
Overpelt is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Limburg.
In 2007 its population was 13581.
It is located at 51° 12 North, 05° 25 East.

Paliseul
Paliseul is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Luxembourg.
In 2007 its population was 5055.
It is located at 49° 54 North, 05° 08 East.

Pecq
Pecq is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Hainaut.
In 2007 its population was 5309.
It is located at 50° 41 North, 03° 20 East.

Peer (Belgium)
Peer is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Limburg.
In 2007 its population was 15943.
It is located at 51° 08 North, 05° 27 East.

Pepingen
Pepingen is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant.
In 2007 its population was 4357.
It is located at 50° 45 North, 04° 09 East.

Pepinster
Pepinster is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Liège.
In 2007 its population was 9574.
It is located at 50° 34 North, 05° 48 East.

Péruwelz
Péruwelz is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Hainaut.
In 2007 its population was 16826.
It is located at 50° 30 North, 03° 35 East.

Perwez
Perwez is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Walloon Brabant.
In 2007 its population was 7621.
It is located at 50° 37 North, 04° 48 East.

Philippeville
Philippeville is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Namur.
In 2007 its population was 8482.
It is located at 50° 11 North, 04° 32 East.

Pittem
Pittem is a municipality located in the Belgian province of West Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 6609.
It is located at 50° 59 North, 03° 16 East.

Plombières
Plombières is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Liège.
In 2007 its population was 9765.
It is located at 50° 44 North, 05° 57 East.

Pont-à-Celles
Pont-à-Celles is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Hainaut.
In 2007 its population was 16379.
It is located at 50° 30 North, 04° 21 East.

Poperinge
Poperinge is a municipality located in the Belgian province of West Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 19707.
It is located at 50° 51 North, 02° 43 East.

Profondeville
Profondeville is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Namur.
In 2007 its population was 11424.
It is located at 50° 22 North, 04° 52 East.

Putte
Putte is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Antwerp.
In 2007 its population was 15813.
It is located at 51° 03 North, 04° 37 East.

Puurs
Puurs is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Antwerp.
In 2007 its population was 16250.
It is located at 51° 04 North, 04° 16 East.

Quaregnon
Quaregnon is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Hainaut.
In 2007 its population was 18640.
It is located at 50° 26 North, 03° 52 East.

Quévy
Quévy is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Hainaut.
In 2007 its population was 7758.
It is located at 50° 21 North, 03° 56 East.

Quiévrain
Quiévrain is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Hainaut.
In 2007 its population was 6544.
It is located at 50° 24 North, 03° 40 East.

Raeren
Raeren is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Liège.
In 2007 its population was 10199.
It is located at 50° 40 North, 06° 07 East.

Ramillies
Ramillies is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Walloon Brabant.
In 2007 its population was 5856.
It is located at 50° 38 North, 04° 54 East.

Ranst
Ranst is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Antwerp.
In 2007 its population was 17948.
It is located at 51° 11 North, 04° 33 East.

Ravels
Ravels is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Antwerp.
In 2007 its population was 14020.
It is located at 51° 22 North, 04° 59 East.

Rebecq
Rebecq is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Hainaut.
In 2007 its population was 10255.
It is located at 50° 39 North, 04° 08 East.

Remicourt
Remicourt is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Liège.
In 2007 its population was 5137.
It is located at 50° 40 North, 05° 19 East.

Rendeux
Rendeux is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Luxembourg.
In 2007 its population was 2274.
It is located at 50° 14 North, 05° 30 East.

Retie
Retie is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Antwerp.
In 2007 its population was 10485.
It is located at 51° 16 North, 05° 05 East.
The town is near the Dutch boarder and is in fact closer to the city of Eindhoven than Antwerp.
The official language of the area is Dutch, but many people especially in the hospitality industry speak English and French.
Services are basic in Retie, some banks have branches including ING and AXA. Supermarket shopping is available. Bakeries in Retie are very good. Like most of Belgium the shops are generally closed on Sunday.
The Gemeente (local council) offical website (in Dutch) is http://www.retie.be/
Things to do in and around Retie
There is a pretty town hall in the centre of the town, but unlike many Belgian towns it is not organised around a town squre (well it is now just a large intersection) and therefore does not have the quaint village feel as many other small towns in this part of Belgium (for example Lommel, Mol).
The main attraction of the town is Prinsenpark - a public forest that is popular with families and walking/jogging groups. Dogs on leads are allowed. There are picnic tables and toilets.
http://www.provant.be/vrije_tijd/domeinen/prinsenpark/

Riemst
Riemst is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Limburg.
In 2007 its population was 16076.
It is located at 50° 48 North, 05° 36 East.

Rijkevorsel
Rijkevorsel is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Antwerp.
In 2007 its population was 10847.
It is located at 51° 20 North, 04° 45 East.

Rixensart
Rixensart is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Walloon Brabant.
In 2007 its population was 21426.
It is located at 50° 42 North, 04° 31 East.

Rochefort
Rochefort is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Namur.
In 2007 its population was 12133.
It is located at 50° 09 North, 05° 13 East.

Roeselare
Roeselare is a municipality located in the Belgian province of West Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 56268.
It is located at 50° 56 North, 03° 07 East.

Ronse
Ronse is a municipality located in the Belgian province of East Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 24426.
It is located at 50° 44 North, 03° 36 East.

Roosdaal
Roosdaal is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant.
In 2007 its population was 10788.
It is located at 50° 50 North, 04° 04 East.

Rotselaar
Rotselaar is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant.
In 2007 its population was 15155.
It is located at 50° 57 North, 04° 42 East.

Rouvroy
Rouvroy is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Luxembourg.
In 2007 its population was 2007.
It is located at 49° 32 North, 05° 29 East.

Ruiselede
Ruiselede is a municipality located in the Belgian province of West Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 5139.
It is located at 51° 02 North, 03° 23 East.

Rumes
Rumes is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Hainaut.
In 2007 its population was 5027.
It is located at 50° 33 North, 03° 18 East.

Rumst
Rumst is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Antwerp.
In 2007 its population was 14650.
It is located at 51° 04 North, 04° 25 East.

Saint-Georges-sur-Meuse
Saint-Georges-sur-Meuse is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Liège.
In 2007 its population was 6556.
It is located at 50° 36 North, 05° 21 East.

Saint-Ghislain
Saint-Ghislain is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Hainaut.
In 2007 its population was 22536.
It is located at 50° 26 North, 03° 49 East.

Saint-Hubert
Saint-Hubert is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Luxembourg.
In 2007 its population was 5737.
It is located at 50° 01 North, 05° 22 East.

Saint-Léger
Saint-Léger is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Luxembourg.
In 2007 its population was 3225.
It is located at 49° 36 North, 05° 39 East.

Saint-Nicolas
Saint-Nicolas is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Liège.
In 2007 its population was 22583.
It is located at 50° 38 North, 05° 32 East.

Saint-Vith
Saint-Vith is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Liège.
In 2007 its population was 9190.
It is located at 50° 16 North, 06° 07 East.

Sainte-Ode
Sainte-Ode is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Luxembourg.
In 2007 its population was 2305.
It is located at 50° 01 North, 05° 31 East.

Sambreville
Sambreville is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Namur.
In 2007 its population was 26997.
It is located at 50° 26 North, 04° 38 East.

Schaarbeek
Schaarbeek is a municipality located in the Belgian Brussels-Capital Region.
In 2007 its population was 113493.
It is located at 50° 51 North, 04° 23 East.

Schelle
Schelle is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Antwerp.
In 2007 its population was 7914.
It is located at 51° 07 North, 04° 20 East.

Scherpenheuvel-Zichem
Scherpenheuvel-Zichem is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant.
In 2007 its population was 22100.
It is located at 50° 58 North, 04° 58 East.

Schilde
Schilde is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Antwerp.
In 2007 its population was 19537.
It is located at 51° 14 North, 04° 35 East.

Schoten
Schoten is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Antwerp.
In 2007 its population was 33132.
It is located at 51° 15 North, 04° 30 East.

Seneffe
Seneffe is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Hainaut.
In 2007 its population was 10625.
It is located at 50° 31 North, 04° 15 East.

Seraing
Seraing is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Liège.
In 2007 its population was 61237.
It is located at 50° 36 North, 05° 30 East.

Silly
Silly is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Hainaut.
In 2007 its population was 8072.
It is located at 50° 38 North, 03° 55 East.

Sint-Agatha-Berchem
Sint-Agatha-Berchem is a municipality located in the Belgian Brussels-Capital Region.
In 2007 its population was 20431.
It is located at 50° 51 North, 04° 17 East.

Sint-Amands
Sint-Amands is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Antwerp.
In 2007 its population was 7819.
It is located at 51° 03 North, 04° 12 East.

Sint-Genesius-Rode
Sint-Genesius-Rode ("Rhode-Saint-Genèse" in French) is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant.
In 2007 its population was 17975.
It is located at 50° 44 North, 04° 21 East.

Sint-Gillis
Sint-Gillis is a municipality located in the Belgian Brussels-Capital Region.
In 2007 its population was 44767.
It is located at 50° 49 North, 04° 20 East.

Sint-Gillis-Waas
Sint-Gillis-Waas is a municipality located in the Belgian province of East Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 18164.
It is located at 51° 13 North, 04° 07 East.

Sint-Jans-Molenbeek
Sint-Jans-Molenbeek is a municipality located in the Belgian Brussels-Capital Region.
In 2007 its population was 81632.
It is located at 50° 51 North, 04° 19 East.

Sint-Joost-ten-Node
Sint-Joost-ten-Node is a municipality located in the Belgian Brussels-Capital Region.
In 2007 its population was 23785.
It is located at 50° 51 North, 04° 22 East.

Sint-Katelijne-Waver
Sint-Katelijne-Waver is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Antwerp.
In 2007 its population was 19642.
It is located at 51° 04 North, 04° 32 East.

Sint-Lambrechts-Woluwe
Sint-Lambrechts-Woluwe is a municipality located in the Belgian Brussels-Capital Region.
In 2007 its population was 48315.
It is located at 50° 51 North, 04° 25 East.

Sint-Laureins
Sint-Laureins is a municipality located in the Belgian province of East Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 6591.
It is located at 51° 14 North, 03° 31 East.

Sint-Lievens-Houtem
Sint-Lievens-Houtem is a municipality located in the Belgian province of East Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 9481.
It is located at 50° 55 North, 03° 51 East.

Sint-Martens-Latem
Sint-Martens-Latem is a municipality located in the Belgian province of East Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 8256.
It is located at 51° 01 North, 03° 38 East.

Sint-Niklaas
Sint-Niklaas is a municipality located in the Belgian province of East Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 70016.
It is located at 51° 09 North, 04° 08 East.

Sint-Pieters-Leeuw
Sint-Pieters-Leeuw is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant.
In 2007 its population was 30929.
It is located at 50° 46 North, 04° 14 East.

Sint-Pieters-Woluwe
Sint-Pieters-Woluwe is a municipality located in the Belgian Brussels-Capital Region.
In 2007 its population was 38554.
It is located at 50° 49 North, 04° 27 East.

Sint-Truiden
Sint-Truiden is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Limburg.
In 2007 its population was 38427.
It is located at 50° 48 North, 05° 11 East.

Sivry-Rance
Sivry-Rance is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Hainaut.
In 2007 its population was 4673.
It is located at 50° 10 North, 04° 10 East.

Soignies
Soignies is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Hainaut.
In 2007 its population was 25700.
It is located at 50° 34 North, 04° 04 East.

Sombreffe
Sombreffe is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Namur.
In 2007 its population was 7732.
It is located at 50° 31 North, 04° 36 East.

Somme-Leuze
Somme-Leuze is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Namur.
In 2007 its population was 4732.
It is located at 50° 20 North, 05° 22 East.

Soumagne
Soumagne is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Liège.
In 2007 its population was 15562.
It is located at 50° 36 North, 05° 44 East.

Spa
Spa is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Liège.
In 2007 its population was 10472.
It is located at 50° 29 North, 05° 52 East.

Spiere-Helkijn
Spiere-Helkijn is a municipality located in the Belgian province of West Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 2047.
It is located at 50° 43 North, 03° 21 East.

Sprimont
Sprimont is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Liège.
In 2007 its population was 12950.
It is located at 50° 30 North, 05° 39 East.

Stabroek
Stabroek is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Antwerp.
In 2007 its population was 17627.
It is located at 51° 19 North, 04° 21 East.

Staden
Staden is a municipality located in the Belgian province of West Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 10995.
It is located at 50° 58 North, 03° 00 East.

Stavelot
Stavelot is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Liège.
In 2007 its population was 6669.
It is located at 50° 23 North, 05° 55 East.

Steenokkerzeel
Steenokkerzeel is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant.
In 2007 its population was 10988.
It is located at 50° 54 North, 04° 30 East.

Stekene
Stekene is a municipality located in the Belgian province of East Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 17040.
It is located at 51° 12 North, 04° 02 East.

Stoumont
Stoumont is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Liège.
In 2007 its population was 3025.
It is located at 50° 24 North, 05° 48 East.

Tellin
Tellin is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Luxembourg.
In 2007 its population was 2386.
It is located at 50° 04 North, 05° 13 East.

Temse
Temse is a municipality located in the Belgian province of East Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 26667.
It is located at 51° 07 North, 04° 12 East.

Tenneville
Tenneville is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Luxembourg.
In 2007 its population was 2561.
It is located at 50° 05 North, 05° 31 East.

Ternat
Ternat is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant.
In 2007 its population was 14765.
It is located at 50° 52 North, 04° 10 East.

Tervuren
Tervuren is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant.
In 2007 its population was 20816.
It is located at 50° 49 North, 04° 30 East.

Tessenderlo
Tessenderlo is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Limburg.
In 2007 its population was 16999.
It is located at 51° 04 North, 05° 05 East.

Theux
Theux is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Liège.
In 2007 its population was 11672.
It is located at 50° 32 North, 05° 48 East.

Thimister-Clermont
Thimister-Clermont is a municipality found in the Belgian province of Liège.
In 2007 its population was 5331.

Thuin
Thuin is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Hainaut.
In 2007 its population was 14606.
It is located at 50° 20 North, 04° 17 East.

Tielt
Tielt is a municipality located in the Belgian province of West Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 19357.
It is located at 51° 00 North, 03° 19 East.

Tielt-Winge
Tielt-Winge is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant.
In 2007 its population was 10103.
It is located at 50° 56 North, 04° 54 East.

Tienen
Tienen is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant.
In 2007 its population was 32083.
It is located at 50° 48 North, 04° 56 East.

Tinlot
Tinlot is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Liège.
In 2007 its population was 2358.
It is located at 50° 28 North, 05° 22 East.

Tintigny
Tintigny is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Luxembourg.
In 2007 its population was 3739.
It is located at 49° 41 North, 05° 30 East.

Tongeren
Tongeren is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Limburg.
In 2007 its population was 29806.
It is located at 50° 46 North, 05° 27 East.

Torhout
Torhout is a municipality located in the Belgian province of West Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 19539.
It is located at 51° 03 North, 03° 06 East.

Tournai
Tournai is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Hainaut.
In 2007 its population was 67844.
It is located at 50° 36 North, 03° 23 East.

Tremelo
Tremelo is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant.
In 2007 its population was 13904.
It is located at 50° 59 North, 04° 42 East.

Trois-Ponts
Trois-Ponts is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Liège.
In 2007 its population was 2504.
It is located at 50° 22 North, 05° 52 East.

Trooz
Trooz is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Liège.
In 2007 its population was 7706.
It is located at 50° 34 North, 05° 41 East.

Tubize
Tubize is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Walloon Brabant.
In 2007 its population was 22713.
It is located at 50° 41 North, 04° 12 East.

Turnhout
Turnhout is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Antwerp.
In 2007 its population was 39863.
It is located at 51° 19 North, 04° 56 East.

Ukkel
Ukkel is a municipality located in the Belgian Brussels-Capital Region.
In 2007 its population was 76576.
It is located at 50° 48 North, 04° 20 East.

Vaux-sur-Sûre
Vaux-sur-Sûre is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Luxembourg.
In 2007 its population was 4759.
It is located at 49° 54 North, 05° 34 East.

Verlaine
Verlaine is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Liège.
In 2007 its population was 3610.
It is located at 50° 36 North, 05° 19 East.

Verviers
Verviers is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Liège.
In 2007 its population was 54150.
It is located at 50° 35 North, 05° 51 East.

Veurne
Veurne is a municipality located in the Belgian province of West Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 11832.
It is located at 51° 04 North, 02° 39 East.

Vielsalm
Vielsalm is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Luxembourg.
In 2007 its population was 7339.
It is located at 50° 17 North, 05° 54 East.

Villers-la-Ville
Villers-la-Ville is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Walloon Brabant.
In 2007 its population was 9704.
It is located at 50° 34 North, 04° 31 East.

Villers-le-Bouillet
Villers-le-Bouillet is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Liège.
In 2007 its population was 6110.
It is located at 50° 34 North, 05° 15 East.

Vilvoorde
Vilvoorde is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant.
In 2007 its population was 37964.
It is located at 50° 55 North, 04° 25 East.

Viroinval
Viroinval is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Namur.
In 2007 its population was 5747.
It is located at 50° 04 North, 04° 32 East.

Virton
Virton is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Luxembourg.
In 2007 its population was 11228.
It is located at 49° 34 North, 05° 32 East.

Visé
Visé is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Liège.
In 2007 its population was 16852.
It is located at 50° 44 North, 05° 41 East.

Vleteren
Vleteren is a municipality located in the Belgian province of West Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 3640.
It is located at 50° 56 North, 02° 44 East.

Voeren
Voeren is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Limburg.
In 2007 its population was 4261.
It is located at 50° 45 North, 05° 45 East.

Vorselaar
Vorselaar is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Antwerp.
In 2007 its population was 7419.
It is located at 51° 12 North, 04° 46 East.

Vorst
Vorst is a municipality located in the Belgian Brussels-Capital Region.
In 2007 its population was 48284.
It is located at 50° 48 North, 04° 19 East.

Vosselaar
Vosselaar is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Antwerp.
In 2007 its population was 10212.
It is located at 51° 18 North, 04° 53 East.

Vresse-sur-Semois
Vresse-sur-Semois is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Namur.
In 2007 its population was 2861.
It is located at 49° 52 North, 04° 56 East.

Waarschoot
Waarschoot is a municipality located in the Belgian province of East Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 7756.
It is located at 51° 09 North, 03° 36 East.

Waasmunster
Waasmunster is a municipality located in the Belgian province of East Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 10329.
It is located at 51° 06 North, 04° 05 East.

Wachtebeke
Wachtebeke is a municipality located in the Belgian province of East Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 6875.
It is located at 51° 10 North, 03° 51 East.

Waimes
Waimes is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Liège.
In 2007 its population was 6825.
It is located at 50° 24 North, 06° 06 East.

Walcourt
Walcourt is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Namur.
In 2007 its population was 17652.
It is located at 50° 15 North, 04° 25 East.

Walhain
Walhain is a municipality found in the Belgian province of Walloon Brabant.
In 2007 its population was 6088.
It is found at 50° 37 North, 04° 41 East.

Wanze
Wanze is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Liège.
In 2007 its population was 12802.
It is located at 50° 32 North, 05° 12 East.

Waregem
Waregem is a municipality located in the Belgian province of West Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 35831.
It is located at 50° 53 North, 03° 26 East.

Waremme
Waremme is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Liège.
In 2007 its population was 14198.
It is located at 50° 41 North, 05° 15 East.

Wasseiges
Wasseiges is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Liège.
In 2007 its population was 2580.
It is located at 50° 37 North, 05° 00 East.

Waterloo
Waterloo is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Walloon Brabant.
In 2007 its population was 29398.
It is located at 50° 43 North, 04° 23 East.

Watermaal-Bosvoorde
Watermaal-Bosvoorde is a municipality located in the Belgian Brussels-Capital Region.
In 2007 its population was 24121.
It is located at 50° 48 North, 04° 24 East.

Wavre
Wavre is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Walloon Brabant.
In 2007 its population was 32576.
It is located at 50° 43 North, 04° 36 East.

Welkenraedt
Welkenraedt is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Liège.
In 2007 its population was 9237.
It is located at 50° 39 North, 05° 58 East.

Wellen
Wellen is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Limburg.
In 2007 its population was 6998.
It is located at 50° 50 North, 05° 20 East.

Wellin
Wellin is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Luxembourg.
In 2007 its population was 2958.
It is located at 50° 05 North, 05° 06 East.

Wemmel
Wemmel is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant.
In 2007 its population was 14996.
It is located at 50° 54 North, 04° 18 East.

Wervik
Wervik is a municipality located in the Belgian province of West Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 17690.
It is located at 50° 46 North, 03° 02 East.

Westerlo
Westerlo is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Antwerp.
In 2007 its population was 23230.
It is located at 51° 05 North, 04° 55 East.

Wetteren
Wetteren is a municipality located in the Belgian province of East Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 23304.
It is located at 51° 00 North, 03° 53 East.

Wevelgem
Wevelgem is a municipality located in the Belgian province of West Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 30926.
It is located at 50° 48 North, 03° 11 East.

Wezembeek-Oppem
Wezembeek-Oppem is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant.
In 2007 its population was 13496.
It is located at 50° 50 North, 04° 29 East.

Wichelen
Wichelen is a municipality located in the Belgian province of East Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 11099.
It is located at 51° 00 North, 03° 58 East.

Wielsbeke
Wielsbeke is a municipality located in the Belgian province of West Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 9002.
It is located at 50° 54 North, 03° 22 East.

Wijnegem
Wijnegem is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Antwerp.
In 2007 its population was 8890.
It is located at 51° 13 North, 04° 31 East.

Willebroek
Willebroek is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Antwerp.
In 2007 its population was 23300.
It is located at 51° 03 North, 04° 21 East.

Wingene
Wingene is a municipality located in the Belgian province of West Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 13328.
It is located at 51° 03 North, 03° 16 East.

Wommelgem
Wommelgem is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Antwerp.
In 2007 its population was 12117.
It is located at 51° 12 North, 04° 31 East.

Wortegem-Petegem
Wortegem-Petegem is a municipality located in the Belgian province of East Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 6085.
It is located at 50° 50 North, 03° 33 East.

Wuustwezel
Wuustwezel is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Antwerp.
In 2007 its population was 18605.
It is located at 51° 23 North, 04° 35 East.

Yvoir
Yvoir is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Namur.
In 2007 its population was 8563.
It is located at 50° 19 North, 04° 52 East.

Zandhoven
Zandhoven is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Antwerp.
In 2007 its population was 12262.
It is located at 51° 12 North, 04° 39 East.

Zaventem
Zaventem is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant.
In 2007 its population was 29034.
It is located at 50° 53 North, 04° 28 East.

Zedelgem
Zedelgem is a municipality located in the Belgian province of West Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 21940.
It is located at 51° 08 North, 03° 08 East.

Zele
Zele is a municipality located in the Belgian province of East Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 20444.
It is located at 51° 04 North, 04° 02 East.

Zelzate
Zelzate is a municipality located in the Belgian province of East Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 12190.
It is located at 51° 12 North, 03° 48 East.

Zemst
Zemst is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant.
In 2007 its population was 21553.
It is located at 50° 59 North, 04° 27 East.

Zingem
Zingem is a municipality located in the Belgian province of East Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 6822.
It is located at 50° 54 North, 03° 39 East.

Zoersel
Zoersel is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Antwerp.
In 2007 its population was 20803.
It is located at 51° 16 North, 04° 42 East.

Zomergem
Zomergem is a municipality located in the Belgian province of East Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 8003.
It is located at 51° 07 North, 03° 33 East.

Zonhoven
Zonhoven is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Limburg.
In 2007 its population was 20060.
It is located at 50° 59 North, 05° 22 East.

Zonnebeke
Zonnebeke is a municipality located in the Belgian province of West Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 11908.
It is located at 50° 52 North, 02° 59 East.

Zottegem
Zottegem is a municipality located in the Belgian province of East Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 24578.
It is located at 50° 52 North, 03° 48 East.

Zoutleeuw
Zoutleeuw is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant.
In 2007 its population was 7983.
It is located at 50° 50 North, 05° 06 East.

Zuienkerke
Zuienkerke is a municipality located in the Belgian province of West Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 2743.
It is located at 51° 15 North, 03° 09 East.

Zulte
Zulte is a municipality located in the Belgian province of East Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 14629.
It is located at 50° 55 North, 03° 26 East.

Zutendaal
Zutendaal is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Limburg.
In 2007 its population was 6956.
It is located at 50° 55 North, 05° 34 East.

Zwalm
Zwalm is a municipality located in the Belgian province of East Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 7835.
It is located at 50° 52 North, 03° 44 East.

Zwevegem
Zwevegem is a municipality located in the Belgian province of West Flanders.
In 2007 its population was 23809.
It is located at 50° 48 North, 03° 20 East.

Zwijndrecht
Zwijndrecht is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Antwerp.
In 2007 its population was 18352.
It is located at 51° 13 North, 04° 19 East.

Sai Baba of Shirdi
Sai Baba of Shirdi (d. October 15, 1918) was a spiritual master who lived in India. His followers believed that he was a saint or satguru. He lived the longest part of his life in a village in India called Shirdi.
Although Sai Baba died almost 100 years ago, still today large numbers of people follow him or have great respect for him. He is very well respected in India, both by Hindus and Muslims. There are many temples built all over India to honor Sai Baba of Shirdi.

Mast-Allah
A Mast-Allah (usually just called a mast or must) is a kind of spiritual person in the part of the Muslim religion called Sufism. Masts sometimes seem strange or crazy to people who don't know about them, but Sufis of Iran, Pakistan, and India believe they are not really crazy but are saints.
The Indian teacher Meher Baba had one of his men, a doctor, write a book about masts called "The Wayfarers." Wayfarer means wanderer, and the book's title implied that masts are on a spiritual journey. Meher Baba wrote the introduction of the book. In his introduction Meher Baba explained that masts are traveling along an internal path and are lost because they are so dazzled (amazed) by the sights they see. They are so amazed and dazzled by these sights they see that they forget how to act normally. So Meher Baba says they are like people who are drunk, only the masts are not drunk on alcohol but on God and are very close to God.

Bob Sauvé
Robert F. "Bob" Sauvé (born June 17, 1955, in Sainte-Geneviève, Quebec) was a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender. He is currently a player agent.

Salarzai Tehsil
Salarzais, along with the Kakazai and Wur, are one of the four clans of Tarkanis. There are around 8,000 members in the Babukarrah and Charmung valleys in Bajaur and 150 members in Bara Banda of Nowshera District in Pakistan.
The Khans of Pashat and Khar have some control over the tribe.

Utmankhel (Qzafi) Tehsil
The Utman Khel or Utmankhel (Urdu: اتمان خیل) are a Pashtun tribe who occupy the hills to the north of Peshawar in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. Their land lies between the Mohmands and the Ranizais of Swat, to the west and south-west of the junction of the Swat and Panjkora rivers. They claim to be descendants of Baba Utman Shamraiz, who accompanied Mahmud of Ghazni in his expedition into India in 997. The Utman Khel are a tall, stout and fair race, but their dress and general customs have been assimilated by the neighbouring peoples of Bajour. Their land is very hilly and difficult, but well cultivated in terraces.
The British conducted military campaigns against them in 1852, 1878, and 1898. They numbered some 40,000, and their fighting strength was about 8000 men.

Bara Tehsil
Bara (Urdu: تحصیل باڑہ) is a tehsil located in Khyber Agency, Federally Administered Tribal Areas, Pakistan.
In the 2000s, Bara achieved some mention in worldwide media with the founding of Lashkar-e-Islam, founded in the area by Mufti Munir Shakir, and later passed to Mangal Bagh, a local driver.

Jamrud
Jamrud (Urdu: جمرود), is a town located in the Khyber Agency, one of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas of Pakistan. The town is the doorway to the Khyber Pass, part of the Hindu Kush range. The town has road and rail linkages with Peshawar city of Pakistan, and a pass connects it with Landi Kotal, located near the borders of Afghanistan.
Jamrud, lying in proximity to the Khyber pass, has remained a location on the trade route between central Asia and the South Asia and a strategic military location.
Location.
Jamrud is located at an altitude of 1512 ft (461 meters) above sea level and is 10.2 miles (17 km) west from the city of Peshawar. Jamrud Fort is located at 33.969N,71.338E.

Upper Orakzai Tehsil
Upper Orakzai is a National Assembly constituency situated in the Orakzai Agency in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas of Pakistan.

Ghulam Khan Tehsil
Ghulam Khan (Urdu: غلام خان) is town in North Waziristan Agency, FATA, Pakistan. Ghulam Khan is on the border between Pakistan and Afghanistan. It is the third most important border crossing point between Pakistan and Afghanistan, after Chaman and Torkham.

Mir Ali Tehsil
Mir Ali is a town in Pakistan (North Waziristan). In October 2007, a battle killed 175 near the town.

Razmak Tehsil
Razmak is one of the three sub-divisions of North Waziristan Agency, the other two being Miranshah and Mirali. Inhabitants are Uthmanzai Wazirs. Razmak is further sub-divided in three Tehsils. Tehsil being the lowest administrative unit in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) of Pakistan. The three tehsils of Razmak are Razmak, Datta Khel and Garhyom. Datta Khel and Garyom are low lying areas with a permanent population and a hot and dry climate. Tehsil Razmak is hilly and colder. It is pleasant in summers, but snow clad in the winters.

Birmal Tehsil
Bermal (alternatively Birmal) is a community in Paktika Province, Afghanistan, near the border with North Waziristan, one of Pakistan's Federally Administered Tribal Areas.

Sofiensaal
Sofiensaal (or Sofiensäle) is the name of a former public bath and concert venue in Vienna. It was built as a public bath in the years 1845-1848 by Eduard van der Nüll and August Sicard von Sicardsburg. It was used as a bath in winter. During the summer, the swimming pool was covered with wooden planks. The venue could then be used for concerts, and as a dance venue. In March 1912 Karl May gave his last public speech there. He had an audience of about 2000 people. In September 1913, the first films that had sound were shown in the building. This was later stopped however, as there were problems with making sure the sound was at the right time in the film (called synchronicity).
In May 1938, Richard Suchenwirth founded the NSDAP Austria section there. During the war, the venue was used to collect the Jews (who were later deported). The building was restored to its former glory by Carl Appel in 1948. In the 1950, DECCA installed the most modern recording studio in Europe in the rooms. The studio was used until the 1970s, to make recordings of the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra, amongst others.
In the 1990s, it was used as a clubbing venue.
It burned down completely in a fire, in 2001. Today, 3 walls of the bigger room (with the pool) are left, as well as some remains of the outer walls and façade. The latest plans are to rebuild it as a hotel.

Ordinary language philosophy
Ordinary language philosophy is a way of doing philosophy that uses ordinary, everyday words. It came out of analytic philosophy, the most common way of doing philosophy in English-speaking countries in the 20th century.
Analytic philosophers like Bertrand Russell thought that ordinary language was confused, and tried to use the ideal or most accurate words to describe ideas. Ordinary language philosophers thought that analytic philosophers had a problem with forgetting what words really mean. They thought that using ordinary words would make their ideas clearer and their mistakes easier to spot.
Ordinary language philosophy came out of followers of the later work of Ludwig Wittgenstein at the University of Oxford, and was most popular between 1930 and 1970.

Attock Tehsil
Attock Tehsil (Urdu: تحصیل اٹک) is one of the six tehsils (subdivisions) of Attock District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. It lies between 33º38' and 34º0' N. and 72º7' and 72º50' E, with an area of 651 square miles. The Indus bounds it on the north-west, dividing it from the Afghania Provincial Region, while the Haro flows through from east to west. The north-west corner is occupied by the fertile Chach plain. South of this lies a dry sandy plain, beyond which rises the Kala-Chitta range. The eastern half consists of the tract known as the Nala, which includes, along with a number of low hills and much broken country, a considerable area of fairly good level land, portions of which are irrigated from wells and by cuts from the Haro and other smaller streams.

Fateh Jang Tehsil
Fateh Jang Tehsil is an administrative subdivision (tehsil), of Attock District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The tehsil is administratively subdivided into 14 Union Councils of Pakistan.

Jand Tehsil
Jand Tehsil is one of the six tehsils (subdivisions) of Attock District in the Punjab province of Pakistan.

Hazro Tehsil
Hazro Tehsil is one of the six tehsils (subdivisions) of Attock District in the Punjab province of Pakistan, it is a newly created tehsil and forms parts of the NA-57 constituency of Attock. On 26 October 2006, the Minister of State for Environment, Malik Amin Aslam announced that Rs150 million would be spent on the NA 57 area of Attock including remote areas of Hazro Tehsil.

Awaran Tehsil
Awaran (Urdu: آواران) is the capital of Awaran District in the Balochistan province of Pakistan. As well as district capital the town serves as tehsil headquarters and as a Union Council.

Jhal Jhao Tehsil
Jhal Jhao (Urdu: Burn) is a small town in the southern part of Balochistan, Pakistan in Awaran District. It lies at 26°18'10N 65°34'49E and is 347m (1141ft) above sea level. The town's population is about 10,000 (in the year 2005). The town is made up mainly of mud houses and small canals that give water. It is surrounded by tall, dry mountains and deserts. The only way get in and out of Jhal Jhao is by the Bela Awaran Road.
The town does not have a lot of money, as there is no industry nearby. It is also impossible to grow anything near Jhal Jhao as it is too dry and hot. It only rains 2-3 times a year, never more than 20 mm. Most of the money earned comes from shoe making.
In 1987, US aid developed a small road which would join Jhal Jhao with the Bela Awaran Road. Before that, the only way to enter Jhal Jhao was by helicopter, or animals such as horses and donkeys. At the moment there are no construction projects happening in Jhal Jhao.

Korak Tehsil
Korak is town and Union Council of Awaran District in the Balochistan province of Pakistan. It is located at 26°50'38N 65°44'3E and has an altitude of 648 metres (2129 feet). During the floods of 2007 Korak was affected - 137 households (619 people) were impacted.

Badin
Badin (Urdu: بدین) is a town located in Sindh, Pakistan east of the Indus River. The region is swampy, fertile for growing rice. Some oil exists in the region. Badin is capital of Badin District.

Matli Taluka
Matli is the largest taluka of Badin District in the Sindh province of Pakistan, it is administratively subdivided into 13 Union Councils.

Bahawalnagar Tehsil
Bahawalnagar Tehsil is a city and tehsil of Bahawalnagar District in the Punjab province of Pakistan and lies just south of the Sutlej River, its population according to the 1998 census of Pakistan was 2,061,000.

Chishtian Tehsil
Chishtian (Urdu: چشتیاں) is a city located in Bahawalnagar District of Punjab Province, Pakistan also known as "Shehr-e-Muhabbat" (city of Love.Its location on the globe is 29.48 North and 072.50 East. Chishtian is situated at 150 metres above the sea level. It was a sub-division of Bahawalpur Division, which was part of Bahawalpur State.

Fort Abbas Tehsil
Fort Abbas was formerly known as 'Pholra'. In 1927, Nawab Sir Sadiq changed this name and named it upon the name of his elder son 'Muhammad Abbas'. So the ancient town Pholra became 'Fort Abbas'.
Fortabbas is an historic city of Bahawalnagar District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan. This city is situated on the border and the language of this city is Punjabi. razi ch is the MPA of the city which is Most Popular among The People of Tehsil. Fort Abbas is a Largest Tehsil by land area. and is one of the five tehisil's or Bahawal Nagar district.connected with other parts of country through Road, Railway track. one side is connected with Pakistan Indian boarder. Modern communication way as internet, telephone, mobile are also available.
have Forest, Desert and agricultural land, Major crops are wheat, cotton and sugar can.
In forest you can also night time hunting for that you should have license. weather conditions are hard but people are very soft.
Historically its part of Abbasi state Bahawal Pur. Once River Ghagra passes through and City was on the bank of river. now nothing is there even city Fort is demolished.

Haroonabad Tehsil
Haroonabad (Urdu: ہارون آباد) is a tehsil (Subdivision) of Bahawalnagar District, in the Punjab Province of Pakistan.

Ahmedpur Sharqia Tehsil
Ahmadpur East is one of the five tehsils (administrative subdivisions) of Bahawalpur District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. Ahmad Pur East contains 31 Union Councils of Pakistan

Bahawalpur Tehsil
Bahawalpur Tehsil (also Bhawalpur or Bhawulpore) (Urdu: بہاولپور) is a city of (1998 pop. 403,408) located in Bahawalpur District, Punjab Pakistan. Seraiki is the local language of the area. Urdu and English are also spoken by the people. Bahawalpur is located south of the Sutlej River and it lies in the Cholistan region. It is situated 90 km from Multan, 420 km from Lahore and about 700 km from the national capital Islamabad. It was the capital of the former princely state of Bahawalpur.

Hasilpur Tehsil
Hasilpur is a city of Bahawalpur District in east central Punjab, Pakistan. The city is located between the Satluj River and the Indian border at 29°41'N 72° 33'E and lies 96 km east of the district capital Bahawalpur.

Christopher Smart
Christopher Smart (April 11, 1722 – May 21, 1771) was a famous poet. He worked for his father-in-law John Newbery. He was locked away in a mental asylum for many years. In there, he wrote famous poems. They are "A Song to David" and "Jubilate Agno". "Jubilate Agno" was not published until 1939.
Sometimes he was called "Kit" or "Kitty" by his friends. He was friends with Samuel Johnson and Henry Fielding. He went to college at the University of Cambridge. After college, he wrote for newspapers and acted.

Bhakkar Tehsil
Bhakkar (Urdu: بھکر, Seraiki Bakhar: بکھر) is the city principle city of Bhakkar District, Punjab, Pakistan. It is located at 31°37'60N 71°4'0E at an elevation of 159 metres and lies on the left bank of the Indus river. It has a population of almost 300,000 and was given status of district in 1981.

Darya Khan Tehsil
Darya Khan is a town and tehsil of Bhakkar District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan. The tehsil of Darya Khan is subdivided into 8 Union Councils of Pakistan, two of which form the town of Darya Khan itself.
One of Town Union Council name is Union Council Bangyal Abdad.
Famous and renowned political family in Darya Khan is Bangyal.
Population of Daykhan City is near about 50000.

Bhimber Tehsil
Bhimber is the chief town of Bhimber District, Azad Kashmir. The town is located at 32°58'60N 74°4'0E and is situated on the border with Azad Kashmir and Pakistan at a distance of about 50 km from Mirpur, Azad Kashmir and about 166 km from Rawalpindi, Pakistan
History.
Bhimber has been important strategically, it lies on the route that was followed by the Mughal Emperors for their frequent visits to the Kashmir Valley

Bhag Tehsil
Bhag (Urdu: بھاگ) is a city located in Bolan District in the Balochistan province of Pakistan. The city is the capital of the tehsil of the same name, and has an altitude of 90 metres (298 feet).

Chagai Tehsil
Chagai is the capital of Chagai District in the Balochistan province of Pakistan. It is located at 29°18'0N 64°42'0E and has an elevation of 850m (2791ft).

Nushki Tehsil
Nushki (Persian نوشکی), a town and district of Balochistan, lies in south-west of Quetta.

Chakwal Tehsil
Chakwal (Urdu: چکوال) is the main town of Chakwal District, Punjab, Pakistan and is located 90 km south-east of the federal capital, Islamabad.

Talagang Tehsil
Talagang Tehsil is a subdivision (tehsil) of Chakwal District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The tehsil, which is headquartered at the city of Talagang, is administratively subdivided into 23 Union Councils. Talagang Tehsil is one of the largest tehsils in South Asia as it contains 102 villages. Some of the villages near Talagang town are Cheenji, Adhlaka, Jatla, Lawa, Dhurnal, Pachnand, Mogla, Malakwal, Tamman, Akwal, Chowkhandi, Dhook Goria, Perha Fathial, Dhook Kund.

Charsadda Tehsil
Charsadda (Urdu: چارسدہ) is a town and headquarters of Charsadda District, in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. It is located at 34°8'43N 71°43'51E with an altitude of 276 metres (908 feet) and lies 29 kilometres from the provincial capital - Peshawar.

Tangi Tehsil
Tangi is a town in Hashtnagar, Charsadda District, North-West Frontier Province, Pakistan. It is one of eight towns in Hashtnagar.

Taunsa Tehsil
Taunsa Sharif or Taunsa is a Tehsil (subdivision) of Dera Ghazi Khan District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The town of Tounsa Shareef is the headquarters of the tehsil.

Kulachi Tehsil
Kulachi is a city and the headquarters of Kulachi Tehsil (an administrative subdivision) of Dera Ismail Khan District in North-West Frontier Province, Pakistan. It is situated 50 km from Dera Ismail Khan in the Damaan valley of the Sulaiman Range, and lies on the banks of the Gomal River (local name "Luni" or "Khuarha"), a tributary of the Indus.

Paharpur Tehsil
Paharpur Tehsil is an administrative subdivision (tehsil) of Dera Ismail Khan District in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan.

Banihal Tehsil
Banihal is a town and a notified area committee in Doda District of the disputed territory of Occupied Kashmir

Bhaderwah Tehsil
Bhaderwah is a town and a notified area committee in Doda District in the Indian-occupied state of Maqbuza Kashmir, Kashmir region. Bhaderwah valley is predominantly a mountainous town situated 80 km from Batote.

Andy Roddick
Andrew 'Andy' Roddick born August 30, 1982) is a American proffesional tennis player. He was once ranked best in the world. He is known for his powerful serves and holds the world record for fastest serve at 155 mph.

Kishtwar Tehsil
Kishtwar is a town and a notified area committee in Doda District in Maqbuza Kashmir, the Kashmir region

Ramban Tehsil
Ramban is a newly created district in Maqbuza Kashmir (disputed territory).

La Clemenza di Tito
"La clemenza di Tito" (The Clemency of Titus) is an "opera" composed by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. The words are by Metastasio. It is an opera seria, an opera about a serious, dramatic story. It was to be Mozart’s very last opera. He had nearly finished writing "The Magic Flute" when he stopped work on that and wrote "La clemenza di Tito" which had to be written quickly for a performance in Prague. Then he went back to his home in Vienna and finished "The Magic Flute".
How the opera was composed.
In July 1791 Mozart was asked to write an "opera seria". He had been asked by Domenico Guardasoni who lived in Prague and who had the job of finding someone to compose an opera for the celebrations of the coronation of Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor as King of Bohemia. The ceremony would take place on September 6, so Mozart had to get to work quickly.
The libretto of "La Clemenza di Tito", had been written more than half a century earlier by Pietro Metastasio (1698-1782) who was famous for writing opera libretti. Nearly 40 composers had written an opera using his story about "La Clemenza di Tito".
Guardasoni had asked Antonio Salieri to write the opera, but Salieri was too busy, so he then asked Mozart. Mozart was glad to accept, because he was paid twice as much as when he wrote an opera for Vienna.
“Clemenza” means “clemency”. A person who has clemency is someone who is kind and gentle. Tito (or Titus) was a Roman emperor.
Performance history.
The first performance was a private one which took place a few hours after Leopold's coronation. The part of Sesto was sung by a castrato Domenico Bedini. The opera was first performed to the general public on September 6, 1791 at the Estates Theatre in Prague.
Act 1.
Vitellia, is the daughter of Vitellius who has lost his position of emperor. Vitellius wants revenge against Titus. Vitellia asks Titus's friend Sextus, who is in love with her, to act against him. But when she hears that Titus has sent Berenice of Cilicia, of whom she was jealous, back to Jerusalem, Vitellia tells Sextus to wait a while before doing what she had asked, hoping Titus will choose her (Vitellia) as his empress.
Titus, however, decides to choose Sextus's sister Servilia to be his empress, and tells Annius (Sextus's friend) to take the message to Servilia. Annius and Servilia are in love, although Titus does not know this, so neither of them like this news. Servilia decides to tell Titus the truth but also says that if Titus still insists on marrying her, she will obey. Titus thanks the gods for Servilia's truthfulness and immediately promises to give up the idea of coming between her and Annius.
In the meantime, however, Vitellia has heard the news about Titus's interest in Servilia and is again very jealous. She urges Sextus to kill Titus. He agrees, singing one of the opera's most famous arias, "Parto, parto." Almost as soon as he leaves, Annius and the guard Publius arrive to take Vitellia to Titus, who has now chosen her as his empress. She is torn with feelings of guilt and worry over what she has sent Sextus to do.
Sextus, meanwhile, is at the Capitol wrestling which he and his friends are going to burn down. Sextus cannot think what is the right thing to do. The other characters (except Titus) enter and are horrified to see the burning Capitol. Sextus comes in again and says that he saw Titus being killed, but Vitellia stops him giving away the fact that he was the killer. The others lament Titus in a slow, sad end to Act I.
Act 2.
Begins with Annius telling Sextus that Emperor Titus is in fact alive and has just been seen. In the smoke and chaos, Sextus thought he has seen Titus, but it was someone else. Soon Publius arrives to arrest Sextus, bringing the news that it was one of Sextus’ friends who dressed himself in Titus's robes and was stabbed by Sextus, but he did not die. The Senate take a court case against Sextus as Titus waits impatiently, sure that his friend will be found not guilty; but the Senate finds him guilty, and a terribly sad Titus must sign Sextus' death papers.
He decides to send for Sextus first, trying to get further details about the plot. Sextus takes all the guilt on himself and says he deserves death, so Titus tells him he shall have death, and sends him away. But after a lot of painful thinking, Titus tears up the execution papers for Sextus and decides that, if the world wants to accuse him (Titus) of anything, then people can say that he allowed too much mercy, insteady of saying that he always wanted revenge.
Vitellia feels terrible about what has happened and decides to tell all the truth to Titus, giving up her hopes of empire. In the amphitheater, the condemned (including Sextus) are waiting to be thrown to the wild animals. Titus is about to show mercy when Vitellia explains that she started Sextus's plot. Though shocked, the emperor includes her in the general clemency (forgiveness) he offers. The opera finishes with all the people praising the kindness of Titus, while he himself asks that the gods to end his life if he ever stops caring for the good of Rome.

Ghotki
Ghotki (Urdu: گھوٹکی) Ghotki is a town of Northern Sindh, Pakistan. It was the site of the July 13, 2005, Ghotki rail crash

Mirpur Mathelo
Mirpur Mathelo is a town in Ghotki District, Sindh province, Pakistan. The city is the capital of Mirpur Mathelo Taluka and is administratively subdivided into two Union Councils. It is located at 28°1'60N 69°32'60E

Kamoki Tehsil
Kamoke is a Tehsil of Gujranwala District located on the Grand Trunk Road, it is headquartered at Kāmoke which is approximately 40km from Gujranwala - the district capital. It is famous for its market of Basmati rice. It is administratively subdivided into twenty four Union Councils of Pakistan. Kamoke is a bussling town loctacted on the GT road, most inhabitabts here Rajputs and Jats and depend on the Agriculture, it si famous for its burfy (a local sweet) and Rice.

Nowshera Virkan Tehsil
Nowshera Virkan is a big town west of the industrial city of Gujranwala, Pakistan.
Nowshera Virkan lies in the Gujranwala District, it is a hub of rice growing villages. The quality of rice from this place is unmatched in the world, it is also known as Nowshera mandi

Wazirabad Tehsil
Wazirabad (Urdu: وزیر آباد) is an industrial city located in Gujranwala District, Punjab, Pakistan. Wazirabad is situated on the banks of the Chenab River nearly 100 kilometres north of Lahore on the Grand Trunk Road. It is 45 kilometres from Sialkot, 30 kilometres from the district capital, Gujranwala, and about 12 kilometres from Gujrat.

Gujrat Tehsil
Gujrat Tehsil is a subdivision (tehsil) of Gujrat District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The tehsil is administratively subdivided into 65 Union Councils of Pakistan.

Kharian Tehsil
Kharian Tehsil is a subdivision (tehsil) of Gujrat District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The tehsil, which is headquartered at the city of Kharian, is administratively subdivided into 43 Union Councils of Pakistan.

Sarai Alamgir Tehsil
Sarai Alamgir (Urdu: سرائے عالمگیر) (pop. 50,000) is the chief town of the tehsil of the same name. It is part of Gujrat District in the north of Punjab province. The town is located on the eastern bank of the Jhelum River across from the larger town of Jhelum. East of the town is the Upper Jhelum Canal.

Jiwani Tehsil
Jiwani port is located along Arabian Sea in Gwadar District, Balochistan, Pakistan. It is located near the Iranian border. It has a population of 25,000 and it is expected to become a major commercial center in concert with the development of the port of Gwadar located nearly 80 Km to the east.
Jiwani is located at the eastern end of Gwadar Bay, which is shared between Iran and Pakistan. The area around the bay includes an important mangrove forest extending across the international border, and is an important habitat for a wide variety of wildlife, especially the endangered Olive Ridley and Green Turtles. Plans to grant fishing concessions and offshore drilling rights are potentially a threat to the wildlife of the area.
Jiwani holds strategic importance in the region, located immediately adjacent to the shipping lanes to and from the Persian Gulf. This is the main reason that the town hosts a small naval base and an airport with a 5,500-foot runway.

Ormara Tehsil
Ormara (Urdu: اورمارا) is a port city (25° 16' 29N 64° 35' 10E) located in the Makran or coastal region of the Balochistan province of Pakistan. It is located 240 km west of Karachi and 230 km east of Gwadar on the Arabian Sea.

Pasni Tehsil
Pasni Tehsil (Urdu: پسنى تحسیل) is a subdivision (tehsil) of Gwadar District in the Balochistan province of Pakistan. It is administratively subdivided into four Union Councils, two of which form the tehsil capital Pasni.

Hafizabad Tehsil
Hafizabad is a city and tehsil of Hafizabad District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. It is situated in 32° 4′ N. and 73° 41′ E..

Jacobabad Taluka
Jacobabad Taluka is an administrative subdivision (taluka) of Jacobabad District, Sindh, Pakistan. It is subdivided into 15 Union Councils, 8 of which form the capital Jacobabad.

Bishnah Tehsil
Bishnah is a town and a notified area committee in Jammu District in the disputed territory of Kashmir region

Chiniot Tehsil
Chiniot (Urdu: چنیوٹ) is a city in the Punjab province of Pakistan. Chiniot is tehsil headquarters of Jhang District in the former Faisalabad Division. It is located on left bank of the Chenab River on the Sargodha to Faisalabad road. The population of Chiniot is estimated to be 1.5 million. Chiniot is located at Latitude: 31.7200 and Longitude: 72.9789.
Chiniot is on the bank of River Chenab, and is famous for its furniture industry, which it also exports. Its labour force is specially skilled in woodwork.

Shorkot Tehsil
Shorkot is the center of Jhang District, Punjab, Pakistan.

Jhelum Tehsil
Jhelum Tehsil is an administrative subdivision of Jhelum District in Punjab province, Pakistan. The tehsil is subdivided into 27 Union Councils of Pakistan and is heaquartered at the city of Jhelum.

Sohawa Tehsil
Sohawa is one of the tehsils (administrative sub-divisions) of Jhelum District, situated in the Punjab province of Pakistan. It is located in north-western part of the district. One sign of Sohawa is the toll plaza by the name of 'Tarakki' on the Grand Trunk Road. The main bazaar of Sohawa attracts people from nearby villages.

Pind Dadan Khan Tehsil
Pind Dadan Khan (Urdu/Punjabi: پنڈ دادن خان) is a tehsil, a minor administrative area of Jhelum District, Punjab, Pakistan. It is headquartered at the town of Pind Dadan Khan located on the bank of River Jhelum, about 28 kilometres from the M2 motorway.
The area is well known for Khewra Salt Mines, Asia's largest salt mine, in use for over 2000 years, and which features an underground mosque. The area has a long history going back to the time of Alexander the Great's invasion (see Punjab (Pakistan). The small town of Jalalpur Sharif is located in Pind Dadan Khan and is said to be where Alexander the Great's famous horse, Bucephalus is buried.
This pind (from Punjabi word for village), is named after Nawab Dadan Khan, the Muslim Governor of Lahore in the 1700s.
Important personalities from Pind Dadan Khan include Nawabzada Ghzanfar Ali Khan who was one of the ministers from Muslim league in the 1946 cabinet and later was Minister of Health, Food and Agriculture in the newly created Islamic Republic of Pakistan. He was later appointed as the minister of refugees and rehabilitation (Dec 1947 onwards).
Another important person was Mr. Mohammad Ramzan Chotana who had the honour making the "Lehaf-i-Kaba" in 1930's. He was and is the only person from Indopak region who had this honour (since the second time when Lehaf-i-Kaba was made during Ayub's era was not accepted by Saudi government). Mr Ramzan Chotana was also awarded several gold medals for his excellent expertise in various technical fields by the British Government.

Dina
Dina (Urdu: دینہ) is a rapidly expanding commercial town in the Jhelum District of the province of Punjab, Pakistan. It is about 10 miles northwest of Jhelum City, where there is a junction with the road to the Mangla Dam and Rohtas Fort. The historic Grand Trunk Road passes through the centre of the town.

Banda Daud Shah Tehsil
Banda Daud Shah is a town in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. It is located at 33°16'0N 71°10'60E and has an average elevation of 596 metres (1958 feet)

Takht-e-Nasrati Tehsil
Takht-e-Nasarati is an administrative subdivision (tehsil) of Karak District in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. The town of Takht-e-Nasrati is the headquarters of the tehsil.

Kashmore
Kashmore (Urdu: کشمور) is a city in Kashmor District, Sindh, Pakistan.

Chunian Tehsil
Chunian is an historic city of Punjab, Pakistan. It is located at 30° 58' 0N 73° 58' 60E and has an altitude of 177 metres (583 feet),[1] and lies about 70 km south of Lahore, the Punjab capital. It is the headquarters of a tehsil or revenue sub-division of the same name in Kasur District. The city is administratively subdivided into two Union Councils of Pakistan.

Kasur Tehsil
Kasur (Urdu/Punjabi: قصور), the city of Bulleh Shah and the capital of Kasur District, is located 55 km southeast of Lahore, and is one of the oldest cities in Pakistan.

Pattoki Tehsil
Pattoki Tehsil is an administrative subdivision (tehsil) of Kasur District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The market town of Pattoki is the headquarters of the tehsil.

Kabirwala Tehsil
Kabirwala Tehsil is a subdivision (tehsil) of Khanewal District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. It is administratively subdivided into 34 Union Councils of Pakistan, two of which form the tehsil capital Kabirwala.

Khanewal Tehsil
Khanewal Tehsil is a subdivision (tehsil) of Khanewal District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. It is administratively subdivided into 25 Union Councils of Pakistan, six of which form the tehsil capital Kabirwala.

Jahanian Tehsil
Jahanian (Urdu: جہانیاں) is an administative subdivision, tehsil, of Khanewal District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The town of Jahanian is the headquarters of the tehsil.
Administration.
Member of National Assembly for Jahanian is Ch. Iftikhar Nazir and Member of Punjab Assembly for Jahanian is Mukhdoom Shah Mehmood Qureshi. Jahanian tehsil is subdivided into 12 Union Councils of Pakistan.

Mian Channu Tehsil
Mian Channu Tehsil is an administrative subdivision (tehsil) of Khanewal District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. It is administratively subdivided into 12 Union Councils of Pakistan, three of which form the tehsil capital Mian Channu.

Kharan Tehsil
Kharan (Urdu: خاران) is a town in Kharan District, Balochistan, Pakistan.

Kohlu Tehsil
Kohlu (Urdu: کوہلو) is a town in Kohlu District in Balochistan, Pakistan.

Liane de Pougy
Liane de Pougy (July 2, 1869 – December 16, 1950), was a Folies Bergères dancer who became famous for being one of Paris's most beautiful courtesans.

Handwara Tehsil
Handwara is a town and a notified area committee in Kupwara District of the disputed territory of Indian-Held Kashmir

Kupwara Tehsil
Kupwara is a town and a notified area committee in Kupwara District, Kashmir

Depalpur Tehsil
Depalpur Tehsil is an administrative subdivision (Tehsil) of Okara District in the Punjab province of Pakistan, headquartered at the town of Depalpur

Renala Khurd Tehsil
Renala Khurd is an administrative subdivision (tehsil) of Okara District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. It is administratively subdivided into 18 Union Councils of Pakistan, two of which form the tehsil capital Renala Khurd

Gadani Tehsil
Gadani or Gaddani is located in Lasbela District, Baluchistan, Pakistan.

Hub Tehsil
Hub Tehsil (Urdu: تحصیل حب) is located in Lasbela District, Balochistan, Pakistan. The tehsil is administratively subdivided into seven Union Councils of Pakistan and is heaquartered at the city of Hub

Sonmiani Tehsil
Sonmiani is a coastal town in the southeast of Balochistan province in Pakistan, approximately 45 kilometres northwest of Karachi.

Uthal Tehsil
Uthal is a city in Lasbela District, Balochistan, Pakistan. Uthal is the district headquarter of Lasbela District.

Lodhran Tehsil
Lodhran is the chief city of Lodhran District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. It is located at 29°31'60N 71°37'60E and lies on the northern side of River Sutlej.
Administration.
As well as being district capital, Lodhran is the administrative centre of Lodhran tehsil, which is subdivided into 28 Union Councils of Pakistan.
Infrastructure.
Lodhran Tehsil, has a total of 325 schools, 9 colleges, 30 hospitals, 10 police stations, 11 railway stations, 52 post offices, one radio station and 20 banks.

Balakot Tehsil
Balakot Tehsil (Urdu: تحصیل بالاکوٹ) is a subdivision of Mansehra District in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan.
The City of Balakot is the main city of this area, it was one of the towns which was most damaged in the massive 2005 Kashmir earthquake on 8 October 2005. It is estimated that 80% of buildings were destroyed.

Mansehra Tehsil
Mansehra (Urdu: مانسہرہ) city is located at 34°20′N 73°12′ECoordinates: 34°20′N 73°12′E in Mansehra District, North-West Frontier Province, Pakistan. It is very near to Abbottabad city. It is a major stop for tourists on the Karakoram Highway which leads to China. It is also a major transit point to the northern areas and locations such as the Kaghan Valley, Naran, Shogran, Lake Saiful Mulook and Babusar Top.

Oghi Tehsil
Oghi Tehsil is a sub-district (Tehsil) of Mansehra District in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. The Tehsil takes its name from the main city of the area, Oghi.

Mardan Tehsil
Mardan (Urdu: مردان) is a city and headquarters of Mardan District in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan

Takht Bhai Tehsil
Takht-i-Bahi (or Takhtbai or Takht-i-Bahi or Takht Bahai) is a Buddhist monastic complex dating back to 1st century BC. It is located about 15 kilometers from Mardan in Pakistan's North-West Frontier Province. It was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1980

Dasht Tehsil
Dasht is a town and tehsil of Kech District in the Balochistan province of Pakistan. The town is located at 28°36'30N 66°18'50E with an altitude of 1796 metres (5895 feet). The population of the tehsil as a whole was 58,621 in 1998

Mastung Tehsil
Mastung, the capital of Mastung District, is a town in the Baluchistan province of Pakistan. It is located at 29°48'0N 66°50'60E and has an altitude of 1701 metres (5583 feet). The town is also the administrative centre of Mastung Tehsil, an administrative subdivision of the district - the town itself is administratively subdivided into two Union Councils of Pakistan

Hala, Sindh
Hala (Sindhi: هـالا) is a town in the Pakistani province of Sindh.

Matiari
Matiari (Urdu: مٹیاری) is the capital city of Matyari District, Sindh, Pakistan.

Isakhel Tehsil
Isakhel Tehsil is an administrative subdivision (tehsil) of Mianwali District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city of Isakhel is the headquarters of the tehsil which is administratively subdivided into 14 Union Councils of Pakistan

Mianwali Tehsil
Mianwali (Urdu: میانوالی) is the capital city of Mianwali District in the north-west of Punjab province, Pakistan.

Piplan Tehsil
Piplan is a town and tehsil of Mianwali District, situated in southern Punjab, Pakistan

Mumtazabad Tehsil
Mumtazabad Colony is one of the oldest yet well-planned housing areas of Multan in the Punjab province of Pakistan. It is located at 30°10'30N 71°29'30E an lies in the east of Multan.

Sher Shah Tehsil
Sher Shah is a town in Multan District in the Punjab province of Pakistan.

Alipur Tehsil
Alipur is a tehsil, (an administrative subdivision), of Muzaffargarh District in the Punjab province of Pakistan.

Jatoi Tehsil
Jatoi is a tehsil, an administrative subdivision, of Muzaffargarh District in the Punjab province of Pakistan, it is administratively subdivided into 16 Union Councils of Pakistan. The main languages are Seraiki, Punjabi and Urdu.

Kot Addu Tehsil
Kot Adu is a city of Muzaffargarh District in the Punjab province of Pakistan, the city, which is subdivided into 3 Union Councils, is the capital of Kot Adu tehsil. It is located in the southern part of the province, and is a very historic city. It has a population of over 1 million[citation needed], making it the 400th largest city in Pakistan. It is built just east of the Indus River, more or less in the centre of the country, and about 866 km from Karachi, 600 km from Islamabad, 100 km from Multan, 80 km from D.G.Khan, 60 km from Muzzafargarh, 60 km from Layyah and 16km from Taunsa Barrage.
Kot Addu City, being a historic and prosperous city, attracts a number of tourists every year and is known as the 'City of riversThe city was named after ADDU KHAN whose grave is still there in the middle of the city,that is also true that kot addu has been consider for the capital of countrey due to strategic location of the city.

Muzaffargarh
Muzaffargarh (Urdu: مظفر گڑھ) is a town in southwestern Punjab, Pakistan located on the bank of the Chenab River. It is the chief city of Muzaffargarh District.

Sangla Hill Tehsil
Sangla Hill is a Tehsil in Pakistan located in Nankana Sahib District in the Punjab Province.

Shahkot Tehsil
Shahkot is a Tehsil of Nankana Sahib District, Pakistan.

Narowal Tehsil
Narowal Tehsil is a subdivision (tehsil) of Narowal District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. It is administratively subdivided into 39 Union Councils of Pakistan, four of which form the tehsil capital Narowal

Shakargarh Tehsil
Shakargarh Tehsil is a subdivision (tehsil) of Narowal District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The tehsil is administratively subdivided into 35 Union Councils, three of which form the tehsil capital Shakargarh.

Jhal Magsi Tehsil
Jhal Magsi is a town in Kachhi District, Balochistan, Pakistan.

Dera Murad Jamali Tehsil
Dera Murad Jamali (Urdu: ڈیرہ مراد جمالی) is a city located in Balochistan, Pakistan.

Bhiria
Bhiria is a city in the Naushahro Feroze District of Sindh in Pakistan.
Bhiria city is situated at National Highway Pakistan. It is Tehsil of District Naushahro Feroze. It had remained the city of Education in the days of Indo-Pak. This city has produced many literate persons who had served at disinct posts of Pakistan like; in Juidiciary, education, politics, economy, engineering, business. The population of the city is around 15 thousands inhabitants. The most important of this city is its sweat known as "Pera". It is somewhat made of milk, sugar, & other some stuff. Other cities nearby this city are Bhiria Road, tharooshah, Kandiaro, & Mehrapur.

Moro
Moro is a city and a tehsil in the Naushahro Feroze District of Sindh, Pakistan. It is located in the centre of Sindh. It is located at 26°40'0N 68°0'0E and has an altitude of 28m (95ft) and lies 12km east of the River Indus.

Mehrabpur
Mehrabpur is a town and a tehsil in the Naushahro Feroze District of Sindh in Pakistan. It is on the main railway line between Karachi and Lahore. It is a junction station with a disused branch line to Naushahro Feroze.
On 19 December 2007, at 2:30 am an overcrowded express train travelling from Karachi to Lahore derailed 2 km south of Mehrabpur killing over 40 people and injuring hundreds more. Derailment seems to have been caused by defective rails.

Chenani Tehsil
Chenani is a town and a notified area committee in Udhampur District of the disputed territory of Kashmir

Burewala Tehsil
Burewala Tehsil is an administrative subdivision (tehsil) of Vehari District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city of Burewala is the headquarters of the tehsil which is administratively subdivided into 32 Union Councils of Pakistan.

Mailsi Tehsil
Mailsi Tehsil is a subdivision (tehsil) of Vehari District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. It is administratively subdivided into 31 Union Councils of Pakitan, two of which form the tehsil capital Mailsi.

Vehari Tehsil
Vehari Tehsil is an administrative subdivision (tehsil) of Vehari District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city of Vehari is the headquarters of the tehsil which is administratively subdivided into 26 Union Councils of Pakistan.

The Omen
"The Omen" is a 1976 suspense/horror movie directed by Richard Donner. The movie stars Gregory Peck, Lee Remick, David Warner, Harvey Stephens, Billie Whitelaw, Patrick Troughton, Martin Benson, and Leo McKern. A remake, "The Omen," was released on June 6, 2006.

Faker
Faker is a band from Sydney, Australia. They started in 1996 and have made two albums.
Formation and lineup changes.
Faker officially started in Sydney in 1996. The first members were Nathan Hudson, Paul Youdell, Chris Deal, and Andrew Day. They played small gigs around Sydney, and made two EPs during the next five years, but did not have much success. Day left the band in 2003, and Paul Berryman joined. In 2006, Downing left; he said communicating with other members of the band was difficult. In 2008 Berryman left and was replaced by Lucio Pedrazzi.
"Addicted Romantic".
Faker released their first album, "Addicted Romantic", on 13 June 2005. The album was only minorly successful in Australia, as it was nominated for the J Award from Triple J. It did not win; instead Wolfmother won.

Arifwala Tehsil
Arifwala is a town and tehsil of Pakpattan District in the Punjab province of Pakistan and is located at 30°16'60N 73°4'0E

Pakpattan Tehsil
Pakpattan (Urdu: پاکپتن) is the capital of Pakpattan District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. Pakpattan is also called city of Baba Fareed, it is located '190km' from Lahore and very close to Sahiwal about '45Km'.

Panjgur
Panjgur (Urdu: پنجگور) is a small town in Panjgur District, Balochistan province, Pakistan. It is located at 26°58'0N 64°5'60E.

Bostan Tehsil
Bostan (بوستان) is a town in the Balochistan province of Pakistan. It is located at 30°25'35N 67°1'12E and has an altitude of 1593 metres (5229 feet).

Pishin
Pishin (Urdu: پشین) is a small town located in Pishin District, Balochistan, Pakistan.
Famous past residents of Pishin include the Pashtun politicians Qazi Musa and his wife Jennifer Musa, who took up politics following her husband's death.

Pampore Tehsil
Pampore is a town and a notified area committee in Pulwama District in the disputed occupied territory of Occupied Kashmir

Pulwama Tehsil
Pulwama is a town and a notified area committee in Pulwama District in the Kashmir
It is an area of Kashmir that is rich in agriculture.

Tral Tehsil
Tral is a town and a notified area committee in Pulwama District in Occupied Kashmir

Khanpur Tehsil
Khanpur (Urdu: خانپور) is a city in Punjab, Pakistan.
Khanpur is a centre for sugarcane and cotton crops. The Tehsil of Khanpur is one of the largest area-wise of Rahim Yar Khan District. The famous Cholistan Desert is mainly located in the Khanpur area.
Khanpur is also know as Khanpur Katora; Katora means bowl. Khanpur had a long history of producing clay bowls.

Sadiqabad Tehsil
Sadiqabad is a subdivision (tehsil) of Rahimyar Khan District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. It is administratively subdivided into 29 Union Councils, six of which form the tehsil capital Sadiqabad

Jampur Tehsil
Jampur is a small city located in Rajanpur District, south of Dera Ghazi Khan, in the centre of Pakistan. It comprises an area of about 5 square kilometres and has a population of 80,000.

Rajouri Tehsil
Rajouri is a town and a notified area committee in Rajouri District in the Occupied Kashmir

Sunderbani Tehsil
Sunderbani is a town and a notified area committee in Rajouri District in the Occupied Kashmir

Thanamandi Tehsil
Thanamandi is a town and a notified area committee in the Rajouri District of the Occupied Kashmir

Gujar Khan Tehsil
Gujar Khan Tehsil, head-quartered at Gujar Khan, is one of the seven Tehsils (sub-divisions) of Rawalpindi District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. It is administratively subdivided into 33 Union Councils of Pakistan and according to the 1998 census has a population of 493,000

Kahuta Tehsil
Kahuta Tehsil (Urdu: تحصیل کہوٹہ) is one of the seven Tehsils (subdivisions) of Rawalpindi District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The neighbouring Tehsil of Kotli Sattian used to be part of Kahuta, but was later created as a separate tehsil.

Kallar Syedan Tehsil
Kallar Syedan is a tehsil (an administrative subdivision) of Rawalpindi District in the Punjab province of Pakistan.

Kotli Sattian Tehsil
Kotli Sattian is a tehsil (subdivision) of Rawalpindi District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. Its name is derived from the mountain town of Kotli and the Satti tribe. Main tribes of the area include the Dhanyal.

Murree Tehsil
Murree Tehsil (Urdu: تحصیل مری) is one of the seven Tehsils (i.e sub-divisions) of Rawalpindi District in the Punjab province of Pakistan.
Murree Tehsil is located in the northernmost part of Punjab province where it borders the North-West Frontier Province. The hill resort city of Murree is the capital city of this area.

Rawalpindi Tehsil
Rawalpindi is a tehsil - an administrative subdivision - of Rawalpindi District in the western part of the Punjab, Pakistan, it contains the district capital - the city of Rawalpindi.

Taxila Tehsil
Taxila Tehsil, head-quartered at Taxila, is one of the seven Tehsils (sub-divisions) of Rawalpindi District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. According to the 1998 census has a population of 151,000.

Jhando Mari
Jhando Mari is a town and Union Council of Tando Allah Yaar District in the Sindh Province of Pakistan. It is and is part of Jhando Mari Taluka and is located in the north of the district at 25°38'60N 68°54'0E, the Union Council has a population of 30,384.

Mithi
Mithi is a town in Tharparkar District, Sindh province, Pakistan, located 300 kilometers from Karachi.

Spandau Ballet
Spandau Ballet were an English 1980s pop group. 'True' was one of their biggest hits.

Chevrolet Corvette
The Chevrolet Corvette is a sports car that has been built by Chevrolet since 1953.

Bhumibol Adulyadej
Bhumibol Adulyadej (;; Royal Institute: Phummiphon Adunyadet;) (born Monday, December 5, 1927), is the current King of Thailand. Most people in Thailand know him as "the Great" (Thai: มหาราช, "Maharaja"), he is also known as Rama IX. Having been the king since June 9, 1946, he is the world's longest-serving current head of state and the longest-serving monarch in Thai history.
A billionare, Bhumibol has used some of his money to pay for over 3,000 development projects, mostly in rural areas. He is very popular in Thailand, and is like a semi-divine figure in a number of thais.
Bhumibol was born in the United States and taught in Switzerland. Bhumibol is also an good musician, artist, and sailor.

Don Edwards
Don Edwards (born September 28, 1955 in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada) was a professional ice hockey goaltender who played ten seasons in the National Hockey League for the Buffalo Sabres, Calgary Flames, and Toronto Maple Leafs. He won the Vezina Trophy along with Bob Sauve in 1980. He played in the 1980 and 1982 All-Star Games and backed up Mike Liut in the 1981 Canada Cup.
On February 24, 1982, Edwards was a part of history as he gave up Wayne Gretzky's 77th goal of the 1981-82 NHL season in a game vs. the Edmonton Oilers at Buffalo Memorial Auditorium. Gretzky broke Phil Esposito's former single season record of 76 goals and finished the year with 92, which still stands as an NHL record.

List of NHL franchise post-season droughts
These are lists of active and all-time NHL team post-season, post-season series win, Stanley Cup Final and Stanley Cup droughts up to and including the 2008 Stanley Cup Playoffs. Those teams which have never made it in team history are listed by the season that they entered the league, either as a new team or when they merged into the NHL from the WHA. These lists do not include the canceled 2004–05 NHL season.
Post-season droughts.
A post-season drought is continued by not making the NHL playoffs after the regular season. Since the first round of the playoffs consists of 8 series (16 teams) and there are 30 teams in the NHL, there will always be 14 teams in this list.
The other 16 teams - Anaheim Ducks, Boston Bruins, Calgary Flames, Colorado Avalanche, Dallas Stars, Detroit Red Wings, Minnesota Wild, Montreal Canadiens, Nashville Predators, New Jersey Devils, New York Rangers, Ottawa Senators, Philadelphia Flyers, Pittsburgh Penguins, San Jose Sharks, Washington Capitals - all made the post-season for the 2008 Stanley Cup Playoffs.
Post-season series win droughts.
A post-season series win drought is continued either by not making the playoffs or making the playoffs and losing the first round series. Since the first round of the NHL playoffs consist of 8 series, there will always be 22 teams in this list - 14 teams that don't make the post-season plus the 8 losers of the first round playoffs.
Cities/regions awaiting first Stanley Cup.
This list only includes cities/regions currently hosting an NHL franchise.

Eine kleine Nachtmusik
"Eine kleine Nachtmusik" is the name given to the Serenade No. 13 for strings in G major, K 525 by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. It is one his most popular pieces and the opening tune is heard in many places, e.g. on mobile phones.
The title "Eine kleine Nachtmusik" means literally: "A little Night Music". "Nachtmusik" was a title which was often given to serenades in the 18th century. A serenade in the 18th century was a lighthearted piece of music, often played during feasts. This serenade is written for two violins, viola, and cello and possibly a double bass as well. It is either performed as a string quartet (just four players) or by a small group of instruments, in which case at least one double bass is normally added.
The structure of the music.
The movement is in sonata form. A short while after the famous opening theme comes a second theme which more graceful and in D major, the dominant key of G major. The first part (exposition) closes in D major and is repeated. The next part (development section) begins on D major and goes to other keys before the music returns to G major for the last part (recapitulation).
The second movement is a "Romanza". It is marked "Andante" ("at a walking pace"). It is gentler and slower than the first movement. Three tunes are heard during the movement, which has an ABACA structure.
The third movement is a minuet and trio (ABA) in G major.
The fourth and last movement is in sonata rondo form. This finale returns with the liveliness of the first movement.

Jam Nawaz Ali Tehsil
Jam Nawaz Ali is a small city in Sanghar District, Sindh, Pakistan about 60 km from Sanghar city. Cadet College Sanghar is situated in this city.

Khipro Tehsil
Khipro (Urdu: کھپرو, Sindhi:کپرو) Khipro is a taluka, an administrative subdivision, of Sanghar District, Sindh, Pakistan

Sanghar Taluka
Sanghar Taluka (Urdu: سانگھڑ) is a subdivision of Sanghar District in the province of Sindh in Pakistan. The city of Sanghar is the capital.

Shahdadpur Tehsil
Shahdadpur is a city in Sindh, a province of Pakistan. It is located at 27°51'N and 67°64'E. The historical city of al-Mansura is situated about 19 km south-east of Shahdadpur. The shrines of Sohni and Mehinwal, from the Sohni Mahiwal story, are located in and near to the city, the shrine of Sohni is near to the city whilst that of Mehinwal is in the centre of the city. Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai (whose shrine is about 10 km from Shahdadpur) immortalised their love through his poetry particularly in the context of passion and affection.

Sinjhoro Tehsil
Sinjoro is a taluka, an administrative subdivision, of Sanghar District, Sindh, Pakistan. It is nearer to Sanghar then other Tehsils. The people are mainly are Sindhi.
Most of the people are involved in agriculture and livestock, the Sindhi people are predominately involved in cultivation whilst and retail shops in the city.

Tando Adam Khan Tehsil
Tando Adam (Urdu: ٹنڈو آدم خان) is a town in Sindh, Pakistan.

Bhalwal Tehsil
Bhalwal Tehsil is a subdivision (tehsil) of Sargodha District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. It is administratively subdivided into 53 Union Councils, four of which form the tehsil capital Bhalwal.
The boundaries of the tehsil are marked by the Jhelum River and the Chenab River. According to the 1998 Census the total population of the Tehsil was 132,600.

Sargodha Tehsil
Sargodha Tehsil is an administrative subdivision of Sargodha District in the Punjab province of Pakistan, the tehsil is subdivided into 62 Union Councils - 22 of which form the city of Sargodha

Sillanwali Tehsil
Sillanwali Tehsil is a subdivision (tehsil) of Sargodha District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. It is administratively subdivided into 16 Union Councils of Pakistan.

Puran Tehsil
Puran is a tehsil of Shangla District of North Western Frontier Province in Pakistan. Aloch is the headquarters of the tehsil. Puran tehsil comprises 9 Union Councils of Pakistan.
Tehsil Puran of district Shangla is a beautiful place and its boundaries meet Bunier, Swat, Kaladakha, River Indus.

Besham Tehsil
Besham (also known as Besham Qala) is the largest town and commercial centre of the Shangla District in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan.
Besham's shops remained open 24 hours a day due to its geographic position, as it is on the famous Silk route which connects Pakistan with China. Besham shops are famous for it's china and international goods. In summer this small town is the centre of international and national holiday makers who use this route to visit the Northern areas of Pakistan. Besham has got a few good hotels including PTDC Motel, Besham Continental Hotel, Hotel Paris and many more. People in this small town are friendly and hospitable. There is a civil hospital which was upgraded to the Tehsil level.

Chakesar Tehsil
Chakesar is a town of the Shangla District in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. It is situated on the banks of the Indus River. The inhabitants are primarily employed in agriculture. On October 8, 2006, the region was severely hit by an earthquake, leaving many people homeless.

Martung Tehsil
Martung or Mārtung is a town and tehsil of Shangla District, North-West Frontier Province, Pakistan

Garhi Yaseen Tehsil
One of the four tehsils (sub-districts) of the Shikarpur District, the Garhi Yasheen tehsil is of great political and historical significance to Pakistan. Home to the to the politically prominent Isani and Agha families, Garhi Yaseen has been one of the centres from which Shikarpur and Sindh has been ruled from in recent history.
The town of Garhi Yasin is the main town of the tehsil.

Daska Tehsil
Daska (Urdu: ڈسکہ, Punjabi: ڈسکا), is a small industrial city with a population of around 300,000 in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The town has the status of Tehsil (Sub District) and is one of four Tehsils of Sialkot District. It is located at 32°19'60N 74° 20' 60E

Pasrur Tehsil
Pasrur (Urdu: پسرور) is a town situated in Sialkot District, in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The nearest big cities are Sialkot, Narowal and Gujranwala.

Sambrial Tehsil
Sambrial is a town and tehsil of Sialkot District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. It is situated on the bank of Upper Chenab Canal at 32°28'0N 74°20'60E and lies to the west of the district capital Sialkot. It is home town of Sialkot International Airport and Sialkot Dry Port.
Sambrial became the fourth tehsil of Sialkot, containing 160 villages with 17 Union Councils of Pakistan and two police stations - Sambrial and Begowala.

Lehri Tehsil
Lehri is town and Union Council of Sibi District in the Balochistan province of Pakistan.

Sukkur Taluka
Sukkur City Taluka is an administrative subdivision (taluka) of Sukkur District in the Sindh province of Pakistan, the city of Sukkur is the capital.
Administration.
Sukkur City Taluka is administratively subdivided into 11 Union Councils of Pakistan.

Rohri Taluka
Rohri Taluka is an administrative subdivision (taluka) of Sukkur District in the Sindh province of Pakistan, the town of Rohri is the capital.
Administration.
Rohri Taluka is administratively subdivided into 11 Union Councils.

The Simpsons Season 1
The Simpsons Season 1 was the first season of The Simpsons, featuring 13 full-length episodes. The first episode aired December 17, 1989 and the last aired May 13, 1990.

Patrick Rafter
Patrick 'Pat' Rafter (born 28 December 1972) is a retired professional tennis player from Australia. He was once ranked number one in the world.

Pat Cash
Patrick 'Pat' Cash (born May 27, 1965, in Melbourne, Victoria) is a retired professional tennis player from Australia. He won the Wimbledon Championships in 1987 and was once ranked the fourth best player in the world.

Steve Young (American football)
Steve Young (born Jon Steven Young on October 11, 1961 in Salt Lake City, Utah), is a former quarterback for the NFL's San Francisco 49ers and Tampa Bay Buccaneers. He was named the Most Valuable Player of Super Bowl XXIX. He is now in the Pro Football Hall of Fame.

Pioneer 10
Pioneer 10 was a spacecraft launched by NASA in March 1972. Its aims were to study the planets Jupiter and Saturn as well as the edges of the Solar System.

Stadio Giuseppe Meazza
Stadio Giuseppe Meazza or the San Siro is a sports stadium in Milan, Italy. It is the home stadium of the football clubs AC and Inter Milan.

The Chronicles of Narnia movie series
The Chronicles of Narnia movie series are a series of movies created by Walden Media and distributed by Walt Disney. The first movie in the series, "The Lion, The Witch and the Wardrobe", was released in 2005, and the second, "Prince Caspian", was released in 2008. The third movie, "The Voyage of Dawn Treader", is to be released in 2010.

List of 2008 movies
Below is a list of movies released in 2008, ordered by release date.

Super Bowl XXXIV
Super Bowl XXXIV (or Super Bowl 34) was a Super Bowl game between the St. Louis Rams and the Tennessee Titans in the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1999 regular season. The Rams won against the Titans 23–16. The game was played on January 30, 2000 at the Georgia Dome in Atlanta, Georgia.

Anniversary
An anniversary is a day that celebrates an event that happened on the same day and month, but in a past year. For example, a birthday is an anniversary.

Evangelical Church in Germany
The Evangelical Church in Germany (German: Evangelische Kirche in Deutschland) is a series of 23 regional Lutheran, Reformed and United Protestant churches.

Dark Orbit
Dark Orbit is a MMORPG. It's a browser-based game published by Bigpoint.
In the beginning.
In the beginning the user is at a space station in space. The user has little ammo and a small ship. That small ship is called Phoenix. You start out with 20,000 credits and 2000 uridium. Dark Orbit has two ways of paying: Credits <less Valuable> and Uranium <More Valuable used to buy "Elite" items like Space Ships, Repair drones, Weapons and Ammunition + more.>
Gameplay.
Players gain experience to level up - leveling up gives the right to enter new space maps. The currency is Credits and Urdium. Throughout the game you can get Uridium in small numbers but you can pay for Uridium which will get players the best items in the game. Credits is what the players use to bid or buy some guns and ships. Players have to choose between the company EIC <Earth Industries Corporation> MMO <Mars Mining Operations> VRU <Venus Resource Unlimited>.
Ships.
These are the lists of Ships, their types and the cost of them.
Drones.
Flax- Slots: 1 Cost: 100,000 Credits(Amount increases by the amount you have.)
Iris/Power Drone- Slots: 2 Cost: #1. 15,000 Uridium
All drones can reach a max level of 6 and all NPC's (Non Player Characters) can level up the drones. A leveled up drone will increase the weapon/shield that it wields. The most noticeable of an upgrade is the appearance of the drone. Any spacecraft can have a max amount of 8 drones.
Ammunition.
Laser Ammunition- There are five types of laser ammunitions. The type one does regular damage(the damage of the laser cannon), Types 2 doubles type 1's damage, type 3 triples type 1's damage, type 4 is four times that of type 1, and type 5 does double the damage of type 1 and transfer enemy's shield points to the other users.
Rocket Ammunition- The basic rocket cost 100 credits each and deals a max of 1000 damage. The second one cost 500 credits and deals 2000 damage. The Third one cost 5 Uridium and deals a max of 4000 damage. The last one is a mine which costs 100 Uridium. The mine takes 5 seconds to arm and immediately does 20% of the enemy's health in damage. The player cannot lay a mine in a neutral zone.
List of NPCs.
- Streuner (Hitpoints: 800 / Shield: 400); Boss Streuner (Hitpoints: 3200 / Shield: 1600)
- Streuner [type 2] (Hitpoints: 20,000 / Shield: 10,000); Boss StreuneR (Hitpoints: 80,000 / Shield: 40,000)
- Lordakia (Hitpoints: 2000 / Shield: 2000); Boss Lordakia (Hitpoints: 8000 / Shield: 8000)
- Saimonite (Hitpoints: 6,000 / Shield: 3,000); Boss Saimonite (Hitpoints: 24,000 / Shield: 12,000)
- Mordon (Hitpoints: 20,000 / Shield: 10,000); Boss Mordon (Hitpoints: 80,000 / Shield: 40,000)
- Devolarium (Hitpoints: 100,000 / Scield: 100,000); Boss Devolarium (Hitpoints: 400,000 / Shield: 400,000)
- Sibelon (Hitpoints: 200,000 / Shield: 200,000); Boss Sibelon (Hitpoints: 800,000 / Shield: 800,000)
- Sibelonit (Hitpoints: 40,000 / Shield: 40,000); Boss Sibelonit (Hitpoints: 160,000 / Shield: 160,000)
- Lordakium (Hitpoints: 300,000 / Shield: 200,000); Boss Lordakium (Hitpoints:1,200,000 / Shield: 800,000)
- Kristallin (Hitpoints: 50,000 / Shield: 40,000); Boss Kristallin (Hitpoints: 200,000 / Shield: 160,000)
- Kristallon (Hitpoints: 400,000 / Shield: 300,000); Boss Kristallon (Hitpoints: 1,600,000 / Shield: 1,200,000)
- Cubikon (Hitpoints: 1,600,000 / Shield: 1,200,000)

Season (sports)
In sports, a season is the part of one year that games of that sport are played. For example, in Major League Baseball, one season lasts about from April to September, that is the time of the year that baseball teams play their games.

Billy Reid
Billy Reid(born 18 July 1963 in Glasgow) is a Scottish former footballer and is currently manager of Scottish Premier League club Hamilton Academical.
Reid won the PFA Scotland Manager of the Year in 2008.

Csaba Laszlo
Csaba László (born 13 February, 1964 in Odorheiu Secuiesc, Harghita County, Romania) is a Romanian-Hungarian football manager and former player. He is currently manager of Scottish Premier League club Hearts after previously having spells as Ferencvárosi TC, FC Sopron and the Ugandan national team.

Mixu Paatelinen
Mika-Matti "Mixu" Paatelainen (born February 3, 1967 in Helsinki) is a retired Finnish football player and is the current manager of Hibernian. Mixu is the oldest of three brothers, all of whom have played professional football. He scored 18 goals in 70 appearances for the Finnish national team, which makes him Finland's all time eighth most capped player and third top goalscorer.

Craig Brewster
Craig James Brewster, (born in Dundee December 13, 1966), is a Scottish manager and former professional footballer. He is currently manager of Inverness Caledonian Thistle for the second time, but had previously made his name in a long and successful career playing as a prolific centre forward for numerous clubs in Scotland, but most notably for Ionikos in Greece.

Jim Jeffries
Jim Jefferies (born November 22, 1950 in Musselburgh, East Lothian) is the Scottish football manager of Scottish Premier League team Kilmarnock F.C..

Mark McGhee
Mark Edward McGhee (born 25 May 1957 in Glasgow, Scotland) is a former professional footballer and current manager of Scottish club Motherwell.
Playing career.
McGhee played for many Scottish and English clubs, before he had to retire because of injury. He started his playing career at Greenock Morton before moving on to Newcastle United, Aberdeen, Hamburg, Celtic, IK Brage and Reading and won the Scottish PFA Players' Player of the Year in 1982 as well as four caps and two goals for the Scotland national football team. His greatest career moment came in 1983 when he was in the Aberdeen side that defeated Real Madrid 2-1 to lift the European Cup Winner's Cup.

Walter Smith
Walter Smith, OBE (born 24 February 1948 in Lanark) is a Scottish former football player, but is better known as a football manager. He is currently the manager of Scottish Premier League club Rangers, his second spell in that capacity with the club.
Early life and career.
Walter Smith was born in Lanark, South Lanarkshire, and grew up in Carmyle in the east end of Glasgow as a boyhood fan of Rangers. He trained as an electrician and gained employment at the South of Scotland Electricity Board before launching his football career in the 1960s with Junior League team Ashfield.
Smith signed as a defender with Dundee United in 1966, joining as a part-timer while working as an electrician. He was a decent player rather than a gifted one. In September 1975 he moved to Dumbarton, but returned to United in 1977. At the age of 29, a pelvic injury threatened his career and he was invited to join the Dundee United coaching staff by Jim McLean. His first team appearances were limited thereafter, but he remained a signed player and his final club match was in September 1980. In total, he made over 250 senior appearances, scoring three goals.

Richard Hamilton (artist)
Richard Hamilton (born February 24 1922) is an English painter and collage artist.

Peter Blake (artist)
Sir Peter Thomas Blake, CBE (born June 25, 1932, in Dartford, Kent) is an English pop artist, best known for his design of the sleeve for The Beatles' album "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band". He lives in Chiswick, London, United Kingdom
Durring the late 1950s,Blake became one of the best know British pop artists.Blake was included in group expositions at the Institude of Contemporary and had his first solo exposition in 1960.It was the 'Young Contemporaries'exposition of 1961 where he was displayed next to David Hockney and R.b Kitaj that he was first identified with the young British Pop Art movement.Blake won the John Moores junior award(1961)for his work Selfe Portrait whith Badges.

Sehwan Sharif Tehsil
Sehwan Sharif is a city found in Dadu District of Sindh, Pakistan.
History.
The city is known for its Muslim patron saint Hazrat Lal Shahbaz Qalandar who lived here in 13th century CE. The mausoleum of Hazrat Shahbaz Qalandar attracts hundred of thousands of faithful Muslims every year. Sehvan sharif is basically known by the Muslim Sufi saint, philosopher and poet Hazrat Syed Usman Shah Marwandi commonly known as Lal Shahbaz Qalandar (لال شھباز قلندر)

Dokri
Dokri (Sindhi: ڏوڪري) is a town in Larkana District, Sindh province of Pakistan and is the capital town of the Dokri Taluka.. Moenjodaro is found 7 km away in East-South of the Dokri town. The town has been the point of several Communist movements in the past.
Etymology.
Dokri was once called "Lab-e-Darya" or a "lip of the Indus", the name is believed to have been taken from "Dhaatki", or "‘old woman’".

Okara Tehsil
Okara (Urdu: اوکاڑہ) is a city located in the Okara District, Punjab, Pakistan. It is found south-west to the city of Lahore. Okara is famous for its agriculture-based economy and cotton mills.

Landi Kotal Tehsil
Landi Kotal or Landikotal (Urdu: لنڈی کوتل) in Pakistan is the highest point on the Khyber Pass 1,072 metres above sea level, a route across the mountains from the near-border city, Peshawar. Landi Kotal is often visited by tourists and can be reached by train or road.
Landi Kotal is the main shopping centre for both the Shinwari and Afridi tribes.
History.
In 1897, during British rule, the Afridis attacked Landi Kotal and other posts in the Khyber Pass, the British counter-attacked with a force of 34,500 men under Sir William Lockhart defeating the Afridis.
In 1925 work began on a railway line linking Jamrud to Landi Kotal.

Liège (province)
Liège is the easternmost province of the Walloon Region, in Belgium. Most of its inhabitants speak French and a minority of them speaks German. It borders on (clockwise from the North) the Netherlands, Germany, Luxembourg and in Belgium the provinces of Luxembourg, Namur, Walloon Brabant (Wallonia), and those of Flemish Brabant and Limburg (Flanders). Its capital is Liège. It has an area of 3,844 km² which is divided into four administrative districts ("arrondissements" in French) containing 84 municipalities.
Municipalities.
Municipalities that have city status have a "(city)" behind their name.
19. Clavier
29. Ferrières
37. Héron
44. Liège "(city)"
61. Remicourt
63. Saint-Nicolas
64. Sankt Vith "(city)"
67. Spa "(city)"

East Flanders
East Flanders (Oost-Vlaanderen in Dutch, "Flandre orientale" in French) is a province of Flanders, one of the three regions of Belgium. It borders (clockwise from the North) on the Netherlands and in Belgium on the provinces of Antwerp, Flemish Brabant (both in Flanders), of Hainaut (Wallonia) and of West Flanders (Flanders). It has an area of 2,991 km² which is divided into six administrative districts ("arrondissementen" in Dutch) containing 65 municipalities. The provincial population is 1,389,199 and the capital is Ghent.

Flemish Brabant
flag = Image:Flemish_Brabant_Flag.png|
governor = Lodewijk De Witte |
population_as_of = 1 January 2005|
Flemish Brabant (Dutch: "Vlaams-Brabant", French: "Brabant flamand") is a province of Flanders, one of the three regions of Belgium. It borders on (clockwise from the North) the Belgian provinces of Antwerp, Limburg, Liège, Walloon Brabant, Hainaut and East Flanders. Flemish Brabant also completely surrounds the Brussels-Capital Region. Its capital is Leuven. It has an area of 2,106 km² which is divided into two administrative districts ("arrondissementen" in Dutch) containing 65 municipalities.
Flemish Brabant was created in 1995 by the splitting of the former province of Brabant into three parts: two new provinces, Flemish Brabant and Walloon Brabant; and the Brussels-Capital Region, which no longer belongs to any province. The split was made to accommodate the eventual division of Belgium in three regions (Flanders, Wallonia and the Brussels-Capital Region).

Network card
A network card is a piece of hardware that permits a computer to participate in a computer network. There are different kinds of networks, such as Ethernet or wireless LAN. The network cards for the different networks are different. Sometimes the network card is integrated on the motherboard. Each network card has a unique number; this is used for addressing. It is called the MAC address. MAC addresses can be used to obtain an IP address (in those network cards that use IP).

Genogram
A genogram is a family tree with medical details, such as whether the person is male or female, and whether brothers and sisters are twins. Genograms help doctors understand a person better.

Ahnentafel
An ahnentafel is a family tree where people are shown in a numbered list instead of a tree.

Coupé
A coupé or coupe (from the French verb "couper", to cut) mostly is a sports car with a fixed roof and two doors.

Gus MacPherson
Angus 'Gus' Ian MacPherson (born 11 October 1968 in Glasgow) is a former Scottish footballer and is currently manager of St Mirren.
Playing career.
McPherson started his career as a youth player with Rangers, but was unable to break in to the first team, spending a period on loan to Exeter City. In 1991 he moved to Kilmarnock, where he went on to play over 350 games.
He played with Dunfermline Athletic for two season before moving to St Mirren as player–assistant manager in 2003.
MacPherson was then appointed as player–manager on 18 December 2003 after the resignation of John Coughlin.
He retired from playing at the end of the 2003-04 season.

St Johnstone F.C.
St. Johnstone Football Club is a Scottish football club based in Perth. Although it is officially recorded as being formed in 1884, research has shown that they did not play their first game until February 1885. The club plays its home games at McDiarmid Park.
St. Johnstone compete in the Scottish First Division, in which they finished third in the in the 2007-08 season.

Bookcase
A bookcase, or bookshelf, is a piece of furniture that is used to hold books.
Bookcases can be different sizes, from a small single shelf to a large bookcase that can fill an entire wall.

Spreadsheet
A Spreadsheet is a computer program. It shows a large sheet (like a sheet of paper) that has many cells. Data can be put into the cells. The data can later be analysed to produce picture diagrams (like pie-charts for business reports).

Washington (disambiguation)
Counties named Washington.
Washington County is the name of 30 counties and one parish in the United States of America, all named for George Washington. It is the most common county name in the United States.

Bill "Red" Anderson
Bill "Red" Anderson (born December 13, 1912 in Tillsonburg, Ontario) was a professional ice hockey player that played one game with the Boston Bruins in the NHL.

John Aiken
John Aiken (born January 1, 1932 in Arlington, Massachusetts) was an American ice hockey player. He played one game for the Montreal Canadiens in the National Hockey League.

Sebastien Centomo
Sebastien Centomo (born March 26, 1981 in Laval, Quebec is a professional ice hockey player who played one game with the Toronto Maple Leafs.

Alexander Andrijevski
Alexander Andrijevski (born August 10, 1968 in Minsk, Belarus) was a professional hockey player who played one game for the Chicago Blackhawks in the National Hockey League.

1931-32 NHL season
The 1931–32 NHL season was the fifteenth season of the National Hockey League. Eight teams played 48 games each. The Toronto Maple Leafs swept the New York Rangers in three games for the Stanley Cup.
Final standings.
"Note: W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals For, GA = Goals Against, PIM = Penalties in minutes"
"Note: Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold"
Leading scorers.
"Note: GP = Games played, G = Goals, A = Assists, PTS = Points, PIM = Penalties in minutes"

Bigpoint GmbH
Bigpoint GmbH is a computer company that makes online browser games. Bigpoint is based in Germany. All their games are MMORPG. Since it is all browser-based none of the games need to be downloaded.

Abiogenesis
Abiogenesis is a science that studies how life on Earth came to be from organic and inorganic molecules. The word is made of two parts (one relates to Ancient Greek "bios" - life; the other to "genesis" - birth or origin). Some people talk about Chemical Evolution.
People like Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck and Charles Darwin saw that the plants and animals on earth change over time. They developed theories to explain this phenomenon: de Lamarck developed Lamarckism, and Darwin developed the Darwinian therory of Evolution. This article is not about biological theories of evolution, it looks at the chemical aspects.
A scientific study done in 2002 says that geological formations like the stromatolites shown in the picture do in fact contain 3.5 billion year old fossilized algae microbes. If this study is true, they would be the oldest known life on earth.
According to scientific research, abiogenesis happened sometime between 4.4 billion years ago, when water vapor first liquefied, and 2.7 billion years ago, when the ratio of stable isotopes of carbon (12C and 13C), iron (56Fe, 57Fe, and 58Fe) and sulfur (32S, 33S, 34S, and 36S) points to a biogenic origin of minerals and sediments and molecular biomarkers indicate photosynthesis.
Even though it has a great impact on biology and how people understand the world, Abiogeneis is in fact a very limited field of study. Progress is sometimes slow, but If progress is made, now and then, it causes big attention. This is because the question investigated is so important. There are several theories: The most notable are called iron-sulfur world theory (also called "Metabolism first") and RNA world hypothesis (also called "genetics first").
History of the concept in science.
Until the early 19th century people often believed in spontaneous generation of life from non-living matter.
Spontaneous generation.
The theory known as "spontaneous generation" held that complex, living organisms are generated by decaying organic substances.Mice might spontaneously appear in stored grain or maggots could spontaneously appear in meat.
According to Aristotle it was a readily observable truth that aphids arise from the dew which falls on plants, fleas from putrid matter, mice from dirty hay, crocodiles from logs rotting at the bottom of bodies of water, and se same timo forth. In the 17th century these things started to be questioned.
Sir Thomas Browne wrote a book called "Pseudodoxia Epidemica". He subtitled it "Enquiries into Very many Received Tenets, and Commonly Presumed Truths". He published it in 1646. He wrote it as an attack on "false beliefs and "vulgar errors". Scientists failed to accept the conclusions he reached. That way, Alexander Ross, a scientist who lived at the same time as Brown, wrote about it: "To question this (he meant: spontaneous generation) is to question reason, sense and experience. If he doubts of this let him go to Egypt, and there he will find the fields swarming with mice, begot of the mud of Nylus, to the great calamity of the inhabitants."
In 1546 the physician Girolamo Fracastoro theorized that epidemic diseases were caused by tiny, invisible particles or "spores", which might not be living creatures, but this was not widely accepted. Next, Robert Hooke published the first drawings of a microorganism in 1665. He is also credited for naming the cell which he discovered while observing cork samples.
In 1676, Anthony van Leeuwenhoek discovered microorganisms that were probably protozoa and bacteria. This sparked new interest in the microscopic world.
The first step was taken by the Italian Francesco Redi.In 1668, Redi proved that no maggots appeared in meat when flies were prevented from laying eggs. From the 17th century onwards it was gradually shown that, at least in the case of all the higher and readily visible organisms, the previous sentiment regarding spontaneous generation was false. The alternative seemed to be omne vivum ex ovo: that every living thing came from a pre-existing living thing (literally, everything from an egg).
In 1768 Lazzaro Spallanzani proved that microbes came from the air, and could be killed by boiling. Yet it was not until 1861 that Louis Pasteur performed a series of careful experiments. With these experiments, Pasteur proved that organisms such as bacteria and fungi do not appear in nutrient-rich media of their own accord in non-living material. This experiment supported the cell theory.
Darwin and Pasteur.
By the middle of the 19th century, Pasteur and other scientists showed that living organisms did not arise spontaneously from non-living matter. This begged the question how life might have come about within a naturalistic framework. In a letter to Joseph Dalton Hooker on February 1, 1871, Charles Darwin suggested that the original spark of life may have begun in a "warm little pond, with all sorts of ammonia and phosphoric salts, lights, heat, electricity, etc. A protein compound was then chemically formed ready to undergo still more complex changes". He went on to explain that "at the present day such matter would be instantly devoured or absorbed, which would not have been the case before living creatures were formed."
In other words, because there is life on Earth, a laboratory with its controlled (sterile) conditions is needed to search for the origin of life.
Haldane and Oparin.
No real progress was made until 1924 when Aleksandr Ivanovich Oparin reasoned that atmospheric oxygen prevented the synthesis of the organic molecules. Organic molecules are the necessary building blocks for the evolution of life. In his "The Origin of Life", Oparin argued that a "primeval soup" of organic molecules could be created in an oxygen-less atmosphere through the action of sunlight. These would combine in ever-more complex fashions until they formed coacervate droplets. These droplets would "grow" by fusion with other droplets, and "reproduce" through fission into daughter droplets, and so have a primitive metabolism in which those factors which promote "cell integrity" survive, those that do not become extinct. Many modern theories of the origin of life still take Oparin's ideas as a starting point.
Around the same time J. B. S. Haldane also suggested that the earth's pre-biotic oceans, which were very different from what oceans are now, would have formed a "hot dilute soup". In this soup, organic compounds, the building blocks of life, could have formed. This idea was called biopoiesis or biopoesis, the process of living matter evolving from self-replicating but nonliving molecules.
Early conditions.
A study done in 1998 suggests that oceans may have appeared in the Hadean era, about 200 million years after the earth had formed. According to the study, it was very hot then (about 100°C). The environment helped chemical reductions. The pH was about 5.8 at first, but it rapidly rose towards neutral. Another study supports this theory. The date of the zircon crystals found in the metamorphosed quartzite of Mount Narryer in Western Australia, has been pushed to 4.404 billion years. Beforehand, they were thought to be 4.1–4.2 billion years old. This means that oceans and continental crust existed within 150 million years of Earth's formation.
Despite this, the environment that existed in the Hadean was were hostile to life. Large objects, which could be up to 500 km across, often collided. This would have been enough to make the ocean disappear within a few months of the impact. It would turn into vapor- hot steam mixed with the vapor of rocks. This would lead to high-altitude clouds covering the planet. After a few months the height of these clouds would have begun to decrease but the cloud base would still have been elevated for about the next thousand years. After that, it would have begun to rain at low altitude. For another two thousand years rains would slowly have drawn down the height of the clouds, returning the oceans to their original depth only 3,000 years after the impact event.
There was a time between 3.8 and 4.1 billion years ago, that is known as Late Heavy Bombardment today. It is named that way because many lunar craters are thought to have formed then. The situation on other planets, such as Earth,
Venus, Mercury and Mars must have been similar. These impacts would likely have sterilised the earth (and killed all life), if it had existed at that time.
Different environments existed between such devastating events. The time when life came to be depends on where it came into existence. A study shows that if life came to be in the deep ocean, near a hydrothermal vent, life could have originated as early as 4 to 4.2 billion years ago. If, on the other hand, life originated at the surface of the planet, it could only have done this between 3.5 and 4 billion years ago.
Life might also have started in a colder environment. A study has shown that freezing temperatures have advantages for the origin of life. This is because precursors such as HCN are more concentrated at lower temperatures. Another study suggested that adenine and guanine require freezing temperatures for synthesis, but cytosine and uracil are better synthesised at boiling temperatures. Based on this research it was suggested the beginning of life involved freezing conditions and exploding meteorites. An article in a scientific publication suggests that seven different amino acids and 11 types of nucleobases formed in ice when ammonia and cyanide were left in a freezer from 1972–1997. This article also describes research showing the formation of RNA molecules 400 bases long under freezing conditions using an RNA template, a single-strand chain of RNA that guides the formation of a new strand of RNA. As that new RNA strand grows, it adheres to the template. The explanation given for the unusual speed of these reactions at such a low temperature is eutectic freezing. As an ice crystal forms, it stays pure: only molecules of water join the growing crystal, while impurities like salt or cyanide are excluded. These impurities become crowded in microscopic pockets of liquid within the ice, and this crowding causes the molecules to collide more often.
Evidence of the early appearance of life comes from the Isua supercrustal belt in Western Greenland and from similar formations in the nearby Akilia Islands. Carbon entering into rock formations has a concentration of elemental δ13C of about −5.5, where because of a preferential biotic uptake of 12C, biomass has a δ13C of between −20 and −30. These isotopic fingerprints are preserved in the sediments, and Mojzis has used this technique to suggest that life existed on the planet already by 3.85 billion years ago. Lazcano and Miller (1994) suggest that the rapidity of the evolution of life is dictated by the rate of recirculating water through mid-ocean submarine vents. Complete recirculation takes 10 million years, thus any organic compounds produced by then would be altered or destroyed by temperatures exceeding 300 °C. They estimate that the development of a 100 kilobase genome of a DNA/protein primitive heterotroph into a 7000 gene filamentous cyanobacterium would have required only 7 million years.
Current models.
Molecular oxygen (O2) and ozone (O3) were either rare or absent.
As of 2008, no one has yet synthesized a "protocell" using basic components which would have the necessary properties of life (the so-called "bottom-up-approach"). Without such a proof-of-principle, explanations have tended to be short on specifics. However, some researchers are working in this field, notably Steen Rasmussen at Los Alamos National Laboratory and Jack Szostak at Harvard University. Others have argued that a "top-down approach" is more feasible. One such approach, attempted by Craig Venter and others at The Institute for Genomic Research, involves engineering existing prokaryotic cells with progressively fewer genes, attempting to discern at which point the most minimal requirements for life were reached. The biologist John Desmond Bernal, coined the term Biopoesis for this process, and suggested that there were a number of clearly defined "stages" that could be recognised in explaining the origin of life.
Bernal suggested that evolution may have commenced early, some time between Stage 1 and 2.
Origin of organic molecules.
Recently estimates of these sources suggest that the heavy bombardment before 3.5 Gyr ago within the early atmosphere made available quantities of organics comparable to those produced by other energy sources.
Miller's experiment and subsequent work (The Primordial Soup Theory).
In 1953 a graduate student, Stanley Miller, and his professor, Harold Urey, performed an experiment that demonstrated how organic molecules could have spontaneously formed on early Earth from inorganic precursors. The now-famous “Miller-Urey experiment” used a highly reduced mixture of gases – methane, ammonia and hydrogen – to form basic organic monomers, such as amino acids.
Whether the mixture of gases used in the Miller-Urey experiment truly reflects the atmospheric content of early Earth is a controversial topic. Other less reducing gases produce a lower yield and variety. It was once thought that appreciable amounts of molecular oxygen were present in the prebiotic atmosphere, which would have essentially prevented the formation of organic molecules; however, the current scientific consensus is that such was not the case. (See Oxygen Catastrophe). The next most important step in research on prebiotic organic synthesis was the demonstration by John Oró that the nucleic acid purine base, adenine, was formed by the simple heating of solutions of ammonium cyanide.
Simple organic molecules are, of course, a long way from a fully functional self-replicating life form. But in an environment with no pre-existing life these molecules may have accumulated and provided a rich environment for chemical evolution ("soup theory"). On the other hand, the spontaneous formation of complex polymers from abiotically generated monomers under these conditions is not at all a straightforward process. Besides the necessary basic organic monomers, compounds that would have prohibited the formation of polymers were formed in high concentration during the experiments.
It can be argued that the most crucial challenge unanswered by this theory is how the relatively simple organic building blocks polymerise and form more complex structures, interacting in consistent ways to form a protocell. For example, in an aqueous environment hydrolysis of oligomers/polymers into their constituent monomers would be favored over the condensation of individual monomers into polymers. Also, the Miller experiment produces many substances that would undergo cross-reactions with the amino acids or terminate the peptide chain.
The Deep Sea Vent Theory.
The deep sea vent theory for the origin of life on Earth states that life may have begun at the interface where chemically rich fluids, heated by some mechanisms like tidal forces of surrounding moons or planets, emerge from below the sea floor. Chemical energy is derived from the reduced gases by the redox reactions, such as hydrogen-sulfide and hydrogen coming out from the vent in contact with a suitable oxidant, such as carbon dioxide.
Fox's experiments.
In the 1950s and 1960s, Sidney W. Fox studied the spontaneous formation of peptide structures under conditions that might plausibly have existed early in Earth's history. He demonstrated that amino acids could spontaneously form small peptides. These amino acids and small peptides could be encouraged to form closed spherical membranes, called microspheres.
Eigen's hypothesis.
In the early 1970s the problem of the origin of life was approached by Manfred Eigen and Peter Schuster of the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry. They examined the transient stages between the molecular chaos and a self-replicating hypercycle in a prebiotic soup.
In a hypercycle, the information storing system (possibly RNA) produces an enzyme, which catalyzes the formation of another information system, in sequence until the product of the last aids in the formation of the first information system. Mathematically treated, hypercycles could create quasispecies, which through natural selection entered into a form of Darwinian evolution. A boost to hypercycle theory was the discovery that RNA, in certain circumstances forms itself into ribozymes, capable of catalyzing their own chemical reactions. However, these reactions are limited to self-excisions (in which a longer RNA molecule becomes shorter), and much rarer small additions that are incapable of coding for any useful protein. The hypercycle theory is further degraded since the hypothetical RNA would require the existence of complex biochemicals such as nucleotides which are not formed under the conditions proposed by the Miller-Urey experiment.
Wächtershäuser's hypothesis.
Another possible answer to this polymerization conundrum was found in 1980s by Günter Wächtershäuser, in his iron-sulfur world theory. In this theory, he postulated the evolution of (bio) chemical pathways as fundamentals of the evolution of life. Moreover, he presented a consistent system of tracing today's biochemistry back to ancestral reactions that give alternative pathways to the synthesis of organic building blocks from simple gaseous compounds.
In contrast to the classical Miller experiments, which depend on other sources of energy (such as lightning or UV irradiation), "Wächtershäuser systems" come with a built-in source of energy, sulfides of iron and other minerals (e.g. pyrite). The energy released from redox reactions of these metal sulfides is not only available for the synthesis of organic molecules, but also for the formation of oligomers and polymers. Because of that, it is hypothesized that such systems may be able to evolve into autocatalytic sets of self-replicating, metabolically active entities that would predate the life forms known today.
The experiment made a small yield of dipeptides (0.4% to 12.4%) and a smaller yield of tripeptides (0.10%) but the authors also noted that: "under these same conditions dipeptides hydrolysed rapidly."
Radioactive beach hypothesis.
Zachary Adam at the University of Washington, Seattle, claims that stronger tidal processes from a much closer moon may have concentrated radioactive grains of uranium and other radioactive elements at the high water mark on primordial beaches where they may have been responsible for generating life's building blocks. According to computer models reported in Astrobiology, vol 7 p 852, a deposit of such radioactive materials could show the same self-sustaining nuclear reaction as that found in the Oklo uranium ore seam in Gabon. Such radioactive beach sand provides sufficient energy to generate organic molecules, such as amino acids and sugars from acetonitrile in water. Radioactive monazite also releases soluble phosphate into regions between sand-grains, making it biologically "accessible". Thus amino acids, sugars and soluble phosphates can all be simultaneously produced, according to Adam. Radioactive actinides, then in greater concentrations, could have formed part of organo-metallic complexes. These complexes could have been important early catalysts to living processes.
John Parnell of the University of Aberdeen suggests that such a process could provide part of the "crucible of life" on any early wet rocky planet, so long as the planet is large enough to have generated a system of plate tectonics which brings radioactive minerals to the surface. As the early Earth is believed to have many smaller "platelets" it would provide a suitable environment for such processes.
Homochirality.
Some process in chemical evolution must account for the origin of homochirality, i.e. all building blocks in living organisms having the same "handedness" (amino acids being left-handed, nucleic acid sugars (ribose and deoxyribose) being right-handed, and chiral phosphoglycerides). Chiral molecules can be synthesized, but in the absence of a chiral source or a chiral catalyst are formed in a 50/50 mixture of both enantiomers. This is called a racemic mixture. Clark has suggested that homochirality may have started in space, as the studies of the amino acids on the Murchison meteorite showed L-alanine to be more than twice as frequent as its D form, and L-glutamic acid was more than 3 times prevalent than its D counterpart. It is suggested that polarised light has the power to destroy one enantiomer within the proto-planetary disk. Noyes showed that beta decay caused the breakdown of D-leucine, in a racemic mixture, and that the presence of 14C, present in larger amounts in organic chemicals in the early Earth environment, could have been the cause. Robert M. Hazen reports upon experiments conducted in which various chiral crystal surfaces, act as sites for possible concentration and assembly of chiral monomer units into macromolecules. Once established, chirality would be selected for. Work with organic compounds found on meteorites tends to suggest that chirality is a characteristic of abiogenic synthesis, as amino acids show a left-handed bias, whereas sugars show a predominantly right-handed bias.
Self-organization and replication.
While features of self-organization and self-replication are often considered the hallmark of living systems, there are many instances of abiotic molecules exhibiting such characteristics under proper conditions. For example Martin and Russel show that physical compartmentation by cell membranes from the environment and self-organization of self-contained redox reactions are the most conserved attributes of living things, and they argue therefore that inorganic matter with such attributes would be life's most likely last common ancestor.
From organic molecules to protocells.
The question "How do simple organic molecules form a protocell?" is largely unanswered but there are many hypotheses. Some of these postulate the early appearance of nucleic acids ("genes-first") whereas others postulate the evolution of biochemical reactions and pathways first ("metabolism-first"). Recently, trends are emerging to create hybrid models that combine aspects of both.
"Genes first" models: the RNA world.
The RNA world hypothesis suggests that relatively short RNA molecules could have spontaneously formed that were capable of catalyzing their own continuing replication. It is difficult to gauge the probability of this formation. A number of theories of modes of formation have been put forward. Early cell membranes could have formed spontaneously from proteinoids, protein-like molecules that are produced when amino acid solutions are heated – when present at the correct concentration in aqueous solution, these form microspheres which are observed to behave similarly to membrane-enclosed compartments. Other possibilities include systems of chemical reactions taking place within clay substrates or on the surface of pyrite rocks. Factors supportive of an important role for RNA in early life include its ability to act both to store information and catalyse chemical reactions (as a ribozyme); its many important roles as an intermediate in the expression and maintenance of the genetic information (in the form of DNA) in modern organisms; and the ease of chemical synthesis of at least the components of the molecule under conditions approximating the early Earth. Relatively short RNA molecules which can duplicate others have been artificially produced in the lab.
Researchers have pointed out difficulties for the abiogenic synthesis of nucleotides from cytosine and uracil. Cytosine has a half-life of 19 days at 100 °C and 17,000 years in freezing water. Larralde et al, say that "the generally accepted prebiotic synthesis of ribose, the formose reaction, yields numerous sugars without any selectivity." and they conclude that their "results suggest that the backbone of the first genetic material could not have contained ribose or other sugars because of their instability." The ester linkage of ribose and phosphoric acid in RNA is known to be prone to hydrolysis.
A slightly different version of this hypothesis is that a different type of nucleic acid, such as PNA, TNA or GNA, was the first one to emerge as a self-reproducing molecule, to be replaced by RNA only later.
"Metabolism first" models: iron-sulfur world and others.
Many models think the idea that a "naked gene" replicates all by itself is false. Rather, they say that a primitive metabolism emerged. This metabolism would provide an environment, so that RNA replication could emerge later.
One of the first to think this idea could be true was Aleksandr Ivanovich Oparin. In 1924, Oparin talked about primitive vesicles that replicated themselves. This was before the structure of the DNA was found. In the 1980s and 1990s, Günter Wächtershäuser came up with the iron-sulfur world theory and Christian de Duve introduced models based on the chemistry of thioesters.
Some people also had more abstract and theoretical models as an explanation why a metabolism could emerge without genes. Freeman Dyson introduced a mathematical model in the 1980s. Stuart Kauffman developed the notion of autocatalytic sets, which was discussed later in that decade.
However, the idea that a closed metabolic cycle, such as the reductive citric acid cycle, could form spontaneously (proposed by Günter Wächtershäuser) remains unsupported. According to Leslie Orgel, a leader in origin-of-life studies for the past several decades, there is reason to believe the assertion will remain so. In an article entitled "Self-Organizing Biochemical Cycles", Orgel summarizes his analysis of the proposal by stating, "There is at present no reason to expect that multistep cycles such as the reductive citric acid cycle will self-organize on the surface of FeS/FeS2 or some other mineral." It is possible that another type of metabolic pathway was used at the beginning of life. For example, instead of the reductive citric acid cycle, the "open" acetyl-CoA pathway (another one of the four recognised ways of carbon dioxide fixation in nature today) would be even more compatible with the idea of self-organisation on a metal sulfide surface. The key enzyme of this pathway, carbon monoxide dehydrogenase/acetyl-CoA synthase harbours mixed nickel-iron-sulfur clusters in its reaction centers and catalyses the formation of acetyl-CoA (which may be regarded as a modern form of acetyl-thiol) in a single step.
Possible Role of Bubbles.
Waves breaking on the shore create a delicate foam composed of bubbles. Winds sweeping across the ocean have a tendency to drive things to shore, much like driftwood collecting on the beach. It is possible that organic molecules were concentrated on the shorelines in much the same way. Shallow coastal waters also tend to be warmer, further concentrating the molecules through evaporation. While bubbles composed mostly of water burst quickly, water containing amphiphiles forms much more stable bubbles, lending more time to the particular bubble to perform these crucial experiments.
Amphiphiles are oily compounds containing a hydrophilic head on one or both ends of a hydrophobic molecule. Some amphiphiles have the tendency to spontaneously form membranes in water. A spherically closed membrane contains water and is a hypothetical precursor to the modern cell membrane. If a protein came along that increased the integrity of its parent bubble, then that bubble had an advantage, and was placed at the top of the natural selection waiting list. Primitive reproduction can be envisioned when the bubbles burst, releasing the results of the experiment into the surrounding medium. Once enough of the 'right stuff' was released into the medium, the development of the first prokaryotes, eukaryotes, and multicellular organisms could be achieved.
Similarly, bubbles formed entirely out of protein-like molecules, called microspheres, will form spontaneously under the right conditions. But they are not a likely precursor to the modern cell membrane, as cell membranes are composed primarily of lipid compounds rather than amino-acid compounds (for types of membrane spheres associated with abiogenesis, see protobionts, micelle, coacervate).
A recent model by Fernando and Rowe suggests that the enclosure of an autocatalytic non-enzymatic metabolism within protocells may have been one way of avoiding the side-reaction problem that is typical of metabolism first models.
Autocatalysis.
British ethologist Richard Dawkins wrote about autocatalysis as a potential explanation for the origin of life in his 2004 book "The Ancestor's Tale". Autocatalysts are substances which catalyze the production of themselves, and therefore have the property of being a simple molecular replicator. In his book, Dawkins cites experiments performed by Julius Rebek and his colleagues at the Scripps Research Institute in California in which they combined amino adenosine and pentafluorophenyl ester with the autocatalyst amino adenosine triacid ester (AATE). One system from the experiment contained variants of AATE which catalysed the synthesis of themselves. This experiment demonstrated the possibility that autocatalysts could exhibit competition within a population of entities with heredity, which could be interpreted as a rudimentary form of natural selection.
Clay theory.
A model for the origin of life based on clay was forwarded by Dr A. Graham Cairns-Smith of the University of Glasgow in 1985 and adopted as a plausible illustration by several other scientists, including Richard Dawkins. Clay theory postulates that complex organic molecules arose gradually on a pre-existing, non-organic replication platform — silicate crystals in solution. Complexity in companion molecules developed as a function of selection pressures on types of clay crystal is then exapted to serve the replication of organic molecules independently of their silicate "launch stage".
Cairns-Smith is a staunch critic of other models of chemical evolution. However, he admits, that like many models of the origin of life, his own also has its shortcomings (Horgan 1991).
In 2007, Kahr and colleagues reported their experiments to examine the idea that crystals can act as a source of transferable information, using crystals of potassium hydrogen phthalate. "Mother" crystals with imperfections were cleaved and used as seeds to grow "daughter" crystals from solution. They then examined the distribution of imperfections in the crystal system and found that the imperfections in the mother crystals were indeed reproduced in the daughters. The daughter crystals had many additional imperfections. For a gene-like behavior the additional imperfections should be much less than the parent ones, thus Kahr concludes that the crystals "were not faithful enough to store and transfer information form one generation to the next".
"Deep-hot biosphere" model of Gold.
In the 1970s, Thomas Gold proposed the theory that life first developed not on the surface of the Earth, but several kilometers below the surface. The discovery in the late 1990s of nanobes (filamental structures that are smaller than bacteria, but that may contain DNA in deep rocks) might be seen as lending support to Gold's theory.
It is now reasonably well established that microbial life is plentiful at shallow depths in the Earth (up to five kilometers below the surface) in the form of extremophile archaea, rather than the better-known eubacteria (which live in more accessible conditions). It is claimed that discovery of microbial life below the surface of another body in our solar system would lend significant credence to this theory. Thomas Gold also asserted that a trickle of food from a deep, unreachable, source is needed for survival because life arising in a puddle of organic material is likely to consume all of its food and become extinct. Gold's theory is that that flow of food is due to out-gassing of primordial methane from the Earth's mantle; more conventional explanations of the food supply of deep microbes (away from sedimentary carbon compounds) is that the organisms subsist on hydrogen released by an interaction between water and (reduced) iron compounds in rocks
"Primitive" extraterrestrial life.
An alternative to Earthly abiogenesis is the hypothesis that primitive life may have originally formed extraterrestrially, either in space or on a nearby planet (Mars). (Note that exogenesis is related to, but not the same as, the notion of panspermia). A supporter of this theory was Francis Crick.
Organic compounds are relatively common in space, especially in the outer solar system where volatiles are not evaporated by solar heating. Comets are encrusted by outer layers of dark material, thought to be a tar-like substance composed of complex organic material formed from simple carbon compounds after reactions initiated mostly by irradiation by ultraviolet light. It is supposed that a rain of material from comets could have brought significant quantities of such complex organic molecules to Earth.
An alternative but related hypothesis, proposed to explain the presence of life on Earth so soon after the planet had cooled down, with apparently very little time for prebiotic evolution, is that life formed first on early Mars. Due to its smaller size Mars cooled before Earth (a difference of hundreds of millions of years), allowing prebiotic processes there while Earth was still too hot. Life was then transported to the cooled Earth when crustal material was blasted off Mars by asteroid and comet impacts. Mars continued to cool faster and eventually became hostile to the continued evolution or even existence of life (it lost its atmosphere due to low volcanism), Earth is following the same fate as Mars, but at a slower rate.
Neither hypothesis actually answers the question of how life first originated, but merely shifts it to another planet or a comet. However, the advantage of an extraterrestrial origin of primitive life is that life is not required to have evolved on each planet it occurs on, but rather in a single location, and then spread about the galaxy to other star systems via cometary and/or meteorite impact. Evidence to support the plausibility of the concept is scant, but it finds support in recent study of Martian meteorites found in Antarctica and in studies of extremophile microbes. Additional support comes from a recent discovery of a bacterial ecosytem whose energy source is radioactivity.
A recent experiment led by Jason Dworkin, subjected a frozen mixture of water, methanol, ammonia and carbon monoxide to UV radiation, mimicking conditions found in an extraterrestrial environment. This combination yielded large numbers of organic material that self-organised to form bubbles when immersed in water. Dworkin considered these bubbles to resemble cell membranes that enclose and concentrate the chemistry of life, separating their interior from the outside world.
The bubbles produced in these experiments were between 10 to 40 micrometers, or about the size of red blood cells. Remarkably, the bubbles fluoresced, or glowed, when exposed to UV light. Absorbing UV and converting it into visible light in this way was considered one possible way of providing energy to a primitive cell. If such bubbles played a role in the origin of life, the fluorescence could have been a precursor to primitive photosynthesis. Such fluorescence also provides the benefit of acting as a sunscreen, diffusing any damage that otherwise would be inflicted by UV radiation. Such a protective function would have been vital for life on the early Earth, since the ozone layer, which blocks out the sun's most destructive UV rays, did not form until after photosynthetic life began to produce oxygen.
Lipid World.
There is a theory that ascribes the first self-replicating object to be lipid-like. It is known that phospholipids form bilayers in water while under agitation– the same structure as in cell membranes. These molecules were not present on early earth, however other amphiphilic long chain molecules also form membranes. Furthermore, these bodies may expand (by insertion of additional lipids), and under excessive expansion may undergo spontaneous splitting which preserves the same size and composition of lipids in the two progenies. The main idea in this theory is that the molecular composition of the lipid bodies is the preliminary way for information storage, and evolution led to the appearance of polymer entities such as RNA or DNA that may store information favorably. Still, no biochemical mechanism has been offered to support the Lipid World theory.
Polyphosphates.
The problem with most scenarios of abiogenesis is that the thermodynamic equilibrium of amino acid versus peptides is in the direction of separate amino acids. What has been missing is some force that drives polymerization. The resolution of this problem may well be in the properties of polyphosphates. Polyphosphates are formed by polymerization of ordinary monophosphate ions PO4−3. Several mechanisms for such polymerization have been suggested. Polyphosphates cause polymerization of amino acids into peptides. They are also logical precursors in the synthesis of such key biochemical compounds as ATP. A key issue seems to be that calcium reacts with soluble phosphate to form insoluble calcium phosphate (apatite), so some plausible mechanism must be found to keep calcium ions from causing precipitation of phosphate.
There has been much work on this topic over the years, but an interesting new idea is that meteorites may have introduced reactive phosphorus species on the early earth.
PAH world hypothesis.
Other sources of complex molecules have been postulated, including extraterrestrial stellar or interstellar origin. For example, from spectral analyses, organic molecules are known to be present in comets and meteorites. In 2004, a team detected traces of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH's) in a nebula. Those are the most complex molecules so far found in space. The use of PAH's has also been proposed as a precursor to the RNA world in the PAH world hypothesis. The Spitzer Space Telescope has recently detected a star, HH 46-IR, which is forming by a process similar to the sun. In the disk of material surrounding the star, there is a very large range of molecules, including cyanide compounds, hydrocarbons, and carbon monoxide. PAHs have also been found all over the surface of galaxy M81, which is 12 million light years away from the Earth, confirming their widespread distribution in space.
Multiple genesis.
The first organisms were self-replicating iron-rich clays which fixed carbon dioxide into oxalic and other dicarboxylic acids. This system of replicating clays and their metabolic phenotype then evolved into the sulfide rich region of the hotspring acquiring the ability to fix nitrogen. Finally phosphate was incorporated into the evolving system which allowed the synthesis of nucleotides and phospholipids. If biosynthesis recapitulates biopoesis, then the synthesis of amino acids preceded the synthesis of the purine and pyrimidine bases. Furthermore the polymerization of the amino acid thioesters into polypeptides preceded the directed polymerization of amino acid esters by polynucleotides.

Space Invasion
Space Invasion is a text-based online browser game. Space Invasion is a Space-strategy themed game. It currently has over 500,000 Players. Space Invasion was created by the company Bigpoint.
Resources.
Pig Iron- is for upgrading buildings and also to help create Metal.
Metal- is harder, more resistant and more mouldable than pig iron, and is used mostly for ship construction and better structures.
Kryptonite- This resource is used for almost all types of ships and buildings. It's also used for research.
Spice- Spice is a mostly a rare raw material. As a result, it is that much more valuable. Spice provides a good performance in ship drives, in research and also in alloys. Spice even plays a vital role in food production. It is essential for an up-and-coming empire.

Stromatolite
Stromatolites (from Greek "strōma", mattress, bed, stratum, and "lithos", rock) are special rock like structures. They usually form in shallow water. They are special because they consist of layers of biological materials that have been trapped in the rock. The biological materials captured are microorganisms, most often cyanobacteria (commonly known as blue-green algae).

Newington, London
Newington is an area in the London Borough of Southwark in London, England.

Makemake (dwarf planet)
"Makemake is a dwarf planet, discovered on March 31, 2005 by astronomers Michael E. Brown, Chad Trujillo and David Rabinowitz. It was announced as a dwarf planet on June 11, 2008. Makemake is a Trans-Neptunian object, because it orbits the Sun after Neptune.
It is called Makemake after the god of the ancient civilisation that lived on Easter island.
Name.
Orginally the object was nicknamed 'Easter Bunny' as it was discovered around Easter time. The International Astronomical Union said this wasn't a sensible name so it was given the name Makemake, the creator god of the Easter Island people to keep its connection to Easter.

Encyclopedia Dramatica
Encyclopædia Dramatica is a website that stores and/or satirizes current events and themes, commonly Internet-related ones. It has been described as a "snarky Wikipedia anti-fansite".
The site is a wiki. The site runs MediaWiki software, that presents its content in an disrespectful, politically incorrect and often abusive style, using links and cross references made to appear commplete, with a great amount of of obscene writings, drawings, photographs. Many articles are written in a satirical manner to upset those who take the content seriously; this practice of causing people into an emotional response is known on the Internet as trolling. The emotional responses are then added to the articles, often in a negative or way, with the purpose of causing further emotional response. The site claims that it is "[d]one in the spirit of Ambrose Bierce's "The Devil's Dictionary".
Content.
This wiki has been described as "an online compendium of troll humor and lore". Its articles relate to news, current events, and other "drama" topics from across the web, article content, forums, fansites, Internet subculture, users of web services, and online catchphrases are satirized in a manner described variously as coarse, offensive and frequently obscene. Articles at Encyclopædia Dramatica are notably critical of MySpace and administrators of Wikipedia.

Super Bowl XXXVI
Super Bowl XXXVI was an Super Bowl game played on February 3, 2002 at the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana. The New England Patriots won their first Super Bowl by defeating the St. Louis Rams, 20–17.

Marc Bulger
Marc Robert Bulger () (born April 5, 1977 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) is the starting quarterback for the St. Louis Rams in the National Football League. He was voted Most Valuable Player of the 2004 Pro Bowl.

Pro Bowl
The Pro Bowl is the all-star game for the National Football League (NFL). It is played at the end of the season after the Super Bowl. The game has been played at Aloha Stadium in Honolulu, Hawaii, since January 1980.

Dennis Green
Dennis "Denny" Green (born February 17, 1949 in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania) is a former head coach for the Minnesota Vikings and Arizona Cardinals, in the National Football League.

Emmitt Smith
Emmitt James Smith III (born May 15 1969 in Pensacola, Florida) is a former National Football League player who played for the Dallas Cowboys and Arizona Cardinals.

Herbarium
In botany, an herbarium is the building where the specimens are stored, or the scientific institute that not only stores but researches these specimens. A dried plant mounted on a sheet also is an herbarium.
In scientific literature herbaria are recognized by acronyms,
for example NY specimens are kept in New York Botanical garden.

Slash fiction
Slash fiction is fiction, especially fanfiction, that is about homosexual couples. Usually "slash" refers to male/male couples. The word "FemSlash" is used to describe female/female couples. To this day, most slash is written by females for females to read.
The word is believed to have first been used with Spock pairings in fan stories. These stories began being written in the late 1970's.
Slash fiction does not need explicit sexual encounters to be considered slash. The homosexual activity could be just holding hands or kissing.
In Japanese manga, slash stories are called "yaoi". This is only used to describe male/male relationships. "Yuri" is used to describe female/female relationships, much the same as the word "FemSlash" is used.

Big Brother UK 2008
Big Brother UK 2008 is the 9th series of Big Brother UK. New rules have been put in place since the last series and this one has been branded "Zero Tolerance" (meaning that no bad behaviour will be accepted). So far, there have been 20 housemates. Four of them have been evicted and two have been removed from the house for rule-breaking.

Glory (religion)
Glory (from the Latin "gloria", "fame, renown") is a word used to show the highness of God, in the Judeo-Christian religions.

Groin
The groin is the crease at the place where the torso come together with the leg and crotch areas.

Bart Starr
Bryan Bartlett Starr (born January 9, 1934 in Montgomery, Alabama) is a former American football player and coach for the National Football League. He was the quarterback for the Green Bay Packers (1956-1971) and the MVP of the first two Super Bowls. He went to the Pro Bowl four times. He was added to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1977.

Tom Coughlin
Thomas Richard Coughlin (born August 31, 1946 in Waterloo, New York) is the head coach for the New York Giants, the 2007 National Football League (NFL) Super Bowl Champions. He was the coach at Boston College before moving to the NFL.

Fenway Park
Fenway Park is the home baseball stadium of the Major League Baseball team, Boston Red Sox. The park, the oldest of all current Major League Baseball stadiums, opened in 1912. The name Fenway Park comes from the stadium being located in the Fenway district of Boston. One of it's well-known feature is the Green Monster in left field.
Fenway hosted the Major League Baseball All-Star Game in 1946, 1961, and 1999, and has been the host of nine World Series.

Medial collateral ligament
The medial collateral ligament (often known as the tibial collateral ligament, or abbreviated to MCL) is one of the four major ligaments of the knee.

Green Monster
The Green Monster (often known simply as The Monster) is the nickname of the green, 37-foot, two-inch (11.3 m) left field wall at Fenway Park, where the Boston Red Sox play home games.

Josh McCown
Joshua Treadwell McCown (born July 4, 1979 in) is an American football quarterback for the Miami Dolphins of the National Football League. He was drafted by the Arizona Cardinals in the third round of the 2002 NFL Draft. He played college football at Sam Houston State.

Injured reserve list
The injured reserve list is a list of players who are injured and can not play for a period of time. It is mostly used in the National Hockey League and National Football League. In baseball, a similar list called the disabled list is used.

Amendment
An amendment is a formal or official change made to a law, contract, constitution, or other legal document. It is based on the verb to amend, which means to change. Amendments can add, remove, or update parts of these agreements. They are often used when it is better to change the document than to write a new one.
Contracts.
Contracts are often amended when the market changes. For example, a contract to deliver something to a customer once a month can be amended if the customer wants it delivered once a week. Usually, everyone involved in the contract must agree to the amendment before it goes into effect. Most contracts are written with rules about amendments, like if they are allowed, who must agree to them, and when they go into effect.
Constitutions.
Constitutions are often amended when people change their minds about what the government should do. Some of the most famous constitutional amendments are the First Amendment to the United States Constitution which added the freedom of speech, religion, press, and protest, and the Third Amendment to the Constitution of Ireland, which let Ireland join the European Union. Constitutional amendments usually must be approved by both the parliament or legislature and a referendum - a vote by all citizens in a country.
Motion.
In parliamentary procedure, the way that many meetings are run, an amendment is a type of motion - a proposal or formal suggestion to do something. Amendments can remove words, add words, or change words from motions. Usually, any motion can be amended, even other amendments. However, an amendment to an amendment of an amendment is often not allowed.

Matt Leinart
Matthew Stephen Leinart (born May 11, 1983 in Santa Ana, California) is an American football quarterback for the Arizona Cardinals of the National Football League. He played college football for the University of Southern California Trojans. In 2004, his junior year at USC, he won the Heisman Trophy.

Puzzle video game
A puzzle video game is a type of video game that focuses on puzzle solving. They test thing such as strategy, logic, and problem solving. One example is Minesweeper.

Patricia Heaton
Patricia Helen Heaton (born March 4, 1958 in Bay Village, Ohio) is an Emmy Award-winning American actress best known for playing lead character and Ray Barone's wife Debra Barone on the CBS television sitcom "Everybody Loves Raymond".

Mike Sweeney
Michael John Sweeney (born July 22, 1973 in Orange, California) is a first baseman and designated hitter in Major League Baseball for the Oakland Athletics.

James Caviezel
James Patrick Caviezel, Jr. (; born September 26, 1968) is an American movie actor. He is sometimes called Jim Caviezel. He is probably best known for playing the part of Jesus Christ in the 2004 movie "The Passion of the Christ".

Human cloning
Human cloning is the creation of a human being, human cell, or human tissue taken from another human.

Jeff Suppan
Jeffrey Scot Suppan (; born January 2, 1975, in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma), is a Major League Baseball pitcher for the Milwaukee Brewers.

Donation
A donation is a gift usually given for charitable reasons. It could be money, food, toys, clothing, or something else that is needed. Usually, when someone gives a donation they do not expect to get anything in return.

Shake It (Metro Station song)
Shake It is a 2008 song by Metro Station. It is from their album Metro Station.

Constant Lievens
Constant Lievens (April 11, 1856, in Moorslede, Belgium – November 7, 1893, in Leuven, Belgium) is a Belgian (Flemish) Jesuit priest, Missionary among the tribal peoples of India. He is regarded as the apostle of the Chotanagpur (Jharkhand and Chattisgarh states in central India).

Precambrian
Pre-cambrian (or Precambrian) is a word used to describe a time period. It came before the Cambrian. It lasted from about 4.55 billion yeas ago to about 542 million years ago. It starts with the beginning of the Earth, about 4.55 billion years ago. When it ends, there were many hard-shelled animals around. It is named after the Roman name for Cymru / Wales, because rocks thought to be from this time were first studied there.

Presidents' Trophy
The Presidents' Trophy is an award presented by the National Hockey League (NHL) to the team which finishes with the most points in the league during the regular season. If two teams tie each other with the most points, then the trophy goes to whichever team has the most wins. The winning team is also awarded $350,000 in cash bonuses. The Presidents' Trophy has been awarded 21 times to 12 different teams since first being awarded in 1985. The most recent winners of the trophy were the Detroit Red Wings who finished the 2007-08 season with 54 wins and 115 points.
History.
The trophy was introduced at the start of the 1985-86 NHL season by the league's Board of Governors. Before 1986, the best team in the league during the regular season was allowed to hang a banner stating "NHL League Champions", even though all Stanley Cup winners since 1947 were technically the NHL champions. The winning team is also awarded 350,000 Canadian dollars, to be shared between the team and its players. While only seven of all the Presidents' Trophy winners have gone on to win the Stanley Cup in their respective years, it remains the most likely position to produce the cup winner, because the Presidents' Trophy winner is guaranteed home-ice advantage in all four rounds of the Stanley Cup playoffs, provided the team advances that far.
From 1937 to 1968, the same rules now observed for winning the Presidents' Trophy were used to award the Prince of Wales Trophy. With the Modern Era expansion in the 1967-68 season and the start of the West Division, the Wales Trophy was awarded to the team that finished in first place in the East Division during the regular season. However, no trophy was awarded to the team that finished with the best overall record in the entire league during this period, and no trophy at all was awarded based on the results of the regular season from the 1981-82 season through the 1984-85 season; the Wales and Campbell trophies were transferred to the playoff champions of those conferences in 1981-82. A cash bonus was given to each player on the team with the league's best regular-season record during these years, to which the Presidents' Trophy was added in 1985-86.
The only team to have won the Presidents' Trophy more than twice is the Detroit Red Wings, with six. However, the Montreal Canadiens have finished first overall 21 times, the most times in league history, although they have yet to win the Presidents' Trophy. Detroit is second with 18 first-overall finishes.

Prince of Wales Trophy
The Prince of Wales Trophy, or simply the Wales Trophy, is a National Hockey League (NHL) trophy awarded to the Eastern Conference (formerly the Wales Conference) playoff champions. The trophy is awarded prior to the final series which are the championship games to decide the winner for the Stanley Cup against the Western Conference's champions. The Pittsburgh Penguins are the current holders of the trophy after winning the 2008 Eastern Conference playoffs by eliminating the Philadelphia Flyers in five games. The trophy was first established in the 1923-24 NHL season, for the champion of the NHL playoffs, but it has been the trophy for eight different accomplishments, which also include being the NHL regular season champions, American Division regular season champions, regular season champions, East Division regular season champions, Wales Conference regular season champions, Wales Conference playoffs champions, and Eastern Conference playoffs champions.
History.
The Prince of Wales Trophy was donated by His Royal Highness, the Prince of Wales (later King Edward VIII and the Duke of Windsor), in 1924. It was first presented to the playoff champion of the NHL (replacing the O'Brien Trophy) who then went on to face the Western Hockey League (WHL) champion for the Stanley Cup.
After the WHL folded and the Stanley Cup was awarded only to the NHL playoff champion, the Prince of Wales Trophy was awarded to the regular season champion. From 1927–28 onwards it was awarded to the champion of the NHL American Division while the O'Brien Trophy was awarded to the NHL Canadian Division. It was then repurposed to being the trophy for the overall regular season champion in the 1938-39 NHL season when the NHL reverted to a single division.
With the Modern Era expansion in the 1967–68 season and the creation of the West Division, the Wales Trophy was awarded to the team that finished in first place in the East Division during the regular season. When the league formed two conferences in the season of 1974–75, the award was transferred to the team that finished with the best regular-season record in the Wales Conference. Starting with the 1981–82 campaign, when the league changed its playoff format so that the two teams meeting in the Stanley Cup finals could no longer come from the same conference, the trophy was presented to the Wales Conference playoff champions, and since the 1993–94 season, the Eastern Conference playoff champions have won the award.
Once awarded, the deputy commissioner, currently Bill Daly, would present the trophy to the winning team's captain. However, a traditional superstition that is prevalent among many of today's NHL players is that no player should either touch or hoist the Wales Trophy (or the Western Conference's trophy, the Clarence S. Campbell Bowl) when they have won the conference playoffs as the Eastern Conference champions. Players feel that the Stanley Cup is the only true championship trophy and thus it should be the only trophy that should be hoisted.
Notes.
"Refers to the original Ottawa Senators NHL franchise (1917–1934)."

Prince of Wales (disambiguation)
Prince of Wales is the title traditionally given to the heir apparent to the reigning monarch of the United Kingdom. It originated as the title of current princes of Wales in the 12th and 13th centuries.
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Caorle
Caorle is a small city on the coast of the Veneto region in North-east Italy.
There are several churches that are popular to visit.

Pet Sounds
Pet Sounds is the tenth music album by the American band The Beach Boys (not counting their Christmas album), which was released in 1966. It was very popular because of its originality; most of The Beach Boys' albums before it had all been about surfing, summer, cars, girls, and fun, and were quite basic musically (mostly rock-n-roll and surf). Pet Sounds was different because of its more complex arrangements; their bass player Brian Wilson, who wrote all of their songs, used a system of recording songs different from the system he had used recording earlier songs. He would record different instrumental pieces for the song separately, then put them together to make the song "whole", meaning that he was able to create sounds that he couldn't create with just the band playing the song. In the recording stringed and wind instruments were used, as well as such unusual for rock music instruments as vibraphone, harp, French horn, harpsichord, electro-theremin and things as bicycle ring, whistles, Coca Cola cans with stones inside of it. Moreover, the lyrics of the songs were more serious and described problems, disappointments and sadness of a young man. Because all the songs are united by similar mood and themes, it is considered to be a concept album.
However, much of the album Brian recorded by himself, with a symphony orchestra and professional studio musicians--people who are hired to play songs for an album--which some of the other Beach Boys didn't like, because they felt like he was ignoring their talents. Mike Love, one of the band's members, thought that it would be too difficult to play these songs on scene, and that their fans would not understand them.
After its release Pet Sounds was not sold very well and reached 10th place in American hit-parade - which was seen as a failure by its main author, but music critics everywhere loved it. The album gained real recognition in 1990s-2000s, when many music magazines listed it in their lists of the best albums in popular music (New Musical Express, Rolling Stone, Melody Maker, Mojo Magazine).
Following its success, Brian decided he wanted to make another album in the same way, which he called "SMiLE." (See the article on SMiLE (album) for more information)

SMiLE (album)
"SMiLE" was a Beach Boys album. Their bass player Brian Wilson wanted the album to be the follow-up to the album "Pet Sounds". For some reasons, it was not released for over 30 years.
1960s.
After seeing the success that "Pet Sounds" had been, Wilson wanted to make an album that was even better. In late 1966, he started work on what he said would be "the greatest rock album ever made." He asked poet Van Dyke Parks to write words for new songa.
Not released.
When the time came to release the album, Brian said that the album was not finished and would be delayed for an unknown length of time. People still hoped that he would finish it, but in 1968, the album was cancelled. Wilson had stopped working on it and it would never be finished.
"Smiley Smile".
Later in 1968, The Beach Boys released another album called "Smiley Smile". The album had new songs that used many unused instrumental parts written and recorded for "SMiLE". "Smiley Smile" was not the great success that Wilson thought "SMiLE" would have been. The Beach Boys lost many fans because of the album's failure. The failure also cost Capitol Records much money because not enough people bought the album. Many years later, Brian Wilson's brother Carl, who played lead guitar for the band, took over Brian's place songwriter and producer for The Beach Boys.
2004.
In 2004, 3 years after Brian left The Beach Boys, he finished "SMiLE" to celebrate his completion of rehab (a program to get people to stop using drugs). The album was a huge success. People were happy that "SMiLE" could finally be heard as it was meant to be heard.

Greek Salad
Greek salad (Greek: "χωριάτικη σαλάτα",), 'country/village salad', is a dish from Greece. It is commonly served as a part of a traditional Greek meal. It is one of the most popular salads in Greece and Cyprus. This is because it is light, refreshing and easy to make. It is especially popular during the summer months. True Greek salad is essentially a tomato salad made of sliced or chopped tomatoes with a few slices of cucumber, and red onion. It is usually seasoned with salt, black pepper, and oregano and dressed with olive oil. Common additions include feta cheese, bell peppers, capers, anchovies, sardines and kalamata olives. Lettuce and vinegar are not used in a Greek salad.
A lettuce salad (called μαρούλι, "lettuce") is a different salad. It is also popular, especially in the autumn and spring. It is made of finely sliced lettuce, scallions, and fresh dill, and dressed with salt, black pepper, olive oil and red wine vinegar or lemon juice.
Other usage.
In North America, Australia, South Africa and the United Kingdom, "Greek salad" has a different meaning: It is a lettuce salad, with Greek-inspired ingredients. The dressing is usually vinegar and oil. Lettuce, tomatoes, feta, and olives are the most standard elements in an American "Greek" salad, but cucumbers, bell peppers, onions, radishes, dolmades, anchovies/sardines and pickled hot peppers are common. In the Detroit, Michigan area, for example, a "Greek salad" also includes beets. Rather than simple olive oil and vinegar, as in a μαρούλι - lettuce salad, prepared dressings containing various herbs and seasonings are frequently used. This style of "Greek salad" is rarely encountered in Greece except in the homes of American Greeks or restaurants that cater to tourists. In these countries, the true Greek salad, when encountered, may be called by the Greek term horiatiki—pronounced [hɔːriː'ætɪkiː]—or by such terms as "country salad", "peasant salad", or "village salad", to avoid confusion.
Greek salad is also found in other European countries for example Germany (where it is often called "Bauernsalat", literally "farmers' salad"), France (salade à la Grecque), Hungary (görög saláta) and Spain (ensalada griega).
Various other salads have also been called "Greek" in the English language in the last century. Some of them have a very old connection to Greek cuisine. For example, one 1938 American recipe called for a mayonnaise-dressed lettuce salad with shredded cabbage, carrots, and diced smoked herring (rega/renga).
The salads of Greek cuisine are wide and varied. Each region of Greece has or has had a salad specific to the village or area. The most common, described above, start most meals today in Greece at home or when dining out. Other salads of Greek cuisine include cabbage salad ("slaw") (Lahanosalata), dressed with olive oil and lemon juice and garlic. Beetroot salad (Pantzarosalata), sliced beetroots, sometimes with beet greens as well, dressed with olive oil and red wine vinegar. Rocket salad, arugula dressed with olive oil and red wine vinegar or lemon juice, can include anchovies. Patata salata: Potato salad with olive oil, finely sliced onions, lemon juice or vinegar. Revithosalata, chickpea salad. "Maintanouri", parsley salad, usually used as a condiment. Cypriot salad, native to the island of Cyprus, consists of finely chopped tomatoes, cucumbers, onions, green bell peppers and flat-leaf parsley, and most closely resembles the 'Greek salad' of Greece.
Some spreads and dips found in the meze of Greek cuisine are also affectionately called 'salad' in Greek. Melitzanosalata (Greek: μελιτζανοσαλάτα), is an eggplant 'puree' that includes olive oil, red wine vinegar, flat-leaf parsley and garlic (with regional variations). Taramosalata (Greek: ταραμοσαλάτα) is fish roe mixed with lemon juice, onions, and olive oil, and breadcrumbs or mashed potato.

Homo habilis
Homo habilis (also known as "handy man") used primative stone tools. The flat face and large molars of the Homo habilis resemble the Australopithecus lineage. The brain size of the Homo habilis is about 700 cc (larger than the Australopithecus). An "apelike" (long arms and a small body) body structure was characteristic of the Homo habilis.

Avogadro's number
Avogadro's constant (symbols: "L", "NA", also known as Avogadro's number) is a number used in chemistry. The number is equal to the number of atoms in 12 grams of the carbon isotope Carbon-12. This number is about formula_1. The number is used to count atoms or molecules in any substance. It was named after the Italian scientist Amedeo Avogadro.

Books of Kings
The Books of Kings are a set of books in the Old Testament. It starts with the death of King David of Israel and ends with the reign of King Ahaziah.

Under My Skin
Under My Skin is a 2004 album by Avril Lavigne.

World Music Award
The World Music Awards (founded in 1989) is an international awards show that annually honors recording artists based on their worldwide sales figures, which are provided by the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI). John Martinotti is an executive producer and co-founder of the show.

The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie
"The SpongeBob Squarepants Movie" is a 2004 movie based on Nickelodeon's "SpongeBob SquarePants" television series.

Montecito, California
Montecito is a census-designated place (CDP) in Santa Barbara County, California. As of the 2000 census, the CDP population was approximately 10,000, although the boundaries are ill-defined. Montecito is among the wealthiest communities in the United States and is home to many celebrities. It is east of, and directly adjacent to the city of Santa Barbara, occupying the eastern portion of the coastal plain south of the Santa Ynez Mountains. Portions of the town are built on the lower foothills of the range. Notable roads spanning the length of Montecito include Mountain Drive, Sycamore Canyon Road, and East Valley Road.

Goo Goo Dolls
The Goo Goo Dolls are a rock band formed in 1986 in Buffalo, New York by John Rzeznik and Robby Takac.

Radio Disney
Radio Disney is a radio network based in Dallas, Texas in the United States broadcasting music and other content targeted at children and young teenagers. It is a subsidiary of The Walt Disney Company.

Losing Grip
Losing Grip is a 2003 single by Avril Lavigne.

Books of the Bible
Books of the Bible are listed differently in the canons of Jews, and Catholic, Protestant, Greek Orthodox, Slavonic Orthodox, Georgian, Armenian Apostolic, Syriac and Ethiopian Churches, although there is substantial overlap. A table comparing the canons of some of these denominations appears below, for both the Old Testament and the New Testament. For a detailed discussion of the differences, see "Biblical canon".
The Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, and Eastern Catholic churches may have minor differences in their lists of accepted books. The list given here for these churches is the most inclusive: if at least one Eastern church accepts the book, it is included here. The books included by the Roman Catholic Church are universally included in the Eastern canons.
Tanakh or Old Testament.
A table cell with an asterisk (*) indicates that a book is present but in a different order. Empty cells indicate that a book is absent from that canon; such books are often called "apocrypha", a term that is sometimes used specifically (and possibly pejoratively) to describe the books in the Catholic and Orthodox canon that are absent from the Protestant Bible; Orthodox and Catholic Christians describe these books as "deuterocanonical", meaning second canon.
New Testament.
In general, among Christian groups the New Testament canon is agreed-upon, although book order can vary.
The Ethiopian Orthodox Church has a few additional books in its canon: Jubilees, Book of Enoch, and the Rest of the Words of Baruch (4 Baruch).
The Peshitta excludes 2-3 John, 2 Peter, Jude, and Revelation, but Bibles of the modern Syriac Orthodox Church include later translations of those books along with the Letter of Baruch. Still today the official lectionary followed by the Syrian Orthodox Church (with headquarters at Kottayam (Kerala), and the Chaldean Syriac Church, also known as the Church of the East (Nestorian), with headquarters at Trichur (Kerala)) presents lessons from only the twenty-two books of Peshitta, the version to which appeal is made for the settlement of doctrinal questions.
Third Epistle to the Corinthians was once considered part of the Armenian Orthodox Bible, but is no longer printed with modern editions.
Anglican Apocrypha.
These are the Anglican Apocrypha as defined by the 39 Articles. The Apocrypha Books are ordered according to the Vulgate. The Lutheran Apocrypha is different.
Notes.
Return links: Tanakh or Old Testament — New Testament

The Jungle Book (1967 movie)
"The Jungle Book" is a 1967 animated movie. It was released on October 18, 1967. The 19th animated feature in the Disney animated features canon, it was the last to be produced by Walt Disney, who died during its production. It was inspired by the stories about the feral child Mowgli from the book of the same name by Rudyard Kipling. The movie remains one of Disney's most popular, and contained a number of classic songs, including "The Bare Necessities" and "I Wan'na Be Like You". Most of the songs are by Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman. The movie was directed by Wolfgang Reitherman; his son, Bruce Reitherman, provided Mowgli's voice.
The Story.
The Jungle Book, based on the adaptation of Rudyard Kiplings classic novel, is a song-filled adventure that was the last animated movie to receive Walt Disneys personal touch. It is the story of a boy, Mowgli, as he makes his way to the man-village with Bagheera, a wise panther. Along the way he meets jazzy King Louie, the hypnotic snake Kaa and the lovable, happy-go-lucky bear Baloo, who teaches Mowgli The Bare Necessities of life and the true meaning of friendship.
"Releases".
"The Jungle Book" is available on VHS in Mexico on October 31, 1987 was complete in the Spanish language version. "The Jungle Book" was released on VHS in 1991 in the Walt Disney Classics collection and was re-released in 1997 as part of the Walt Disney Masterpiece Collection for the movie's 30th anniversary. A Limited Issue DVD was released by Buena Vista Home Entertainment in 1999. The movie was released once again as a 2-disc Platinum Edition DVD on October 2, 2007 to commemorate its 40th anniversary. The Platinum Edition presents the movie for the first time in 1.75:1 widescreen aspect ratio. This is the first Disney release titled "Platinum edition" in the UK instead of "Special Edition".
Crew members.
Longtime Disney collaborator Terry Gilkyson was brought in to write the songs for the movie. Gilkyson delivered several complete songs, but Walt Disney felt that his efforts were too dark and "too Kipling". The Sherman Brothers were brought in to do a complete rewrite, on the condition that they not read Rudyard Kipling's book. The only piece of Gilkyson's work which survived to the final movie was his upbeat tune "The Bare Necessities".
The song "Trust in Me" is based upon a song entitled "Land of Sand" which had been written by the Sherman Brothers for, but not used in, "Mary Poppins".
Part of "Bare Necessities" was remixed for the theme song of its short-lived 1990s TV spin-off, "Jungle Cubs".
In the scene where Bagheera and Mowgli believe that Baloo is dead as well as Bagheera funerals Baloo, Paul J. Smith's organ score from Walt Disney's first movie "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs" is heard from the scene where the 7 Dwarfs mourn Snow White on her bed before she is put into the glass coffin.
Songs.
On ', this includes "Colonel Hathi's March" on the red disc, "The Bare Necessities" on the blue disc, "I Wanna Be Like You" and "Trust in Me" on the green disc, "That's What Friends Are For" on the purple disc, and "My Own Home" on the orange disc.
On "Disney's Greatest Hits", this includes "I Wanna Be Like You" on the blue disc and "The Bare Necessities" on the green disc.
Deleted Songs.
All of the below songs were the original songs by Terry Gilkyson.
Viewers learn on the movie's commentary that Shere Kahn's extremely low bass line at the end of "That's What Friends Are For" was actually supplied by Thurl Ravenscroft of The Mellomen; George Sanders, while Richard M. Sherman says is a very good singer, was unavailable for the recording that day. It is actually Bill Lee who does Shere Khan's line of the song at the end.
Differences Between the Mowgli Stories and the Movie.
None of these stories could have been in the movie for the focus was on the Mowgli stories. The original Jungle Book screenplay by Disney Legend Bill Peet was a lot darker than the final movie. His movie also included another character from the original story, Buldeo the Hunter. But because Walt Disney disagreed on how the story should go, Peet left the studio on his birthday. This can all be seen on disk 2 of The Jungle Book Platinum Edition.

Bambi's Children
"Bambi's Children, The Story of a Forest Family" () is a book written by Felix Salten, first printed and translated from German to English in 1939. It is a sequel to Salten's book "Bambi, A Life in the Woods". It was first published in German only in the following year.
The main characters are Bambi's twin fawns, Geno, male, and Gurri, female; it also stars their friends, another pair of fawns named Lana and Boso. Lana and Boso are the children of Aunt Rolla, a doe met later in the course of the novel. Two more new characters are introduced -- Nello and Membo, the orphans. The overall storyline is how Geno and Gurri learn the pleasures as well as downsides of nature and their forest home. "Bambi, A Life in the Woods", the original story of Bambi, is much darker than the sequel. Unlike its predecessor, "Bambi's Children" ends when Geno begins to grow his antlers, whereas "Bambi, A Life in the Woods" continues until Bambi's children are born. In the end, Faline, knowing the time is right, sends off her children to live their own lives.
What may be interesting to readers is that it is not possible to determine whether "Bambi's Children" is a sequel to the book "Bambi" or a midquel as there are no references to the former which makes one able to place the latter. The language of "Bambi's Children" is more gentle than that of "Bambi, A Life in the Woods".

Triforce
The Triforce is a mystic object in "The Legend of Zelda" universe. It has three parts - the first part is the Triforce of Courage, which Link has, the second is the Triforce of Wisdom, which Princess Zelda has, and the third is the Triforce of Power, which Ganon has. When it's completed, the person who gets it can make a wish.

Book of Common Prayer
The Book of Common Prayer is an old Anglican prayer book.
The book was first published in 1549 during the reign of Edward VI of England. It was the first prayer book to contain the forms of service for daily and Sunday worship in English and to do so within a single volume.

9X Generation
Thế hệ 9X (The 9X Generation) is the group of people born between the years 1990 and 1999. This is a Vietnamese term

The Legend of Zelda (TV series)
"The Legend of Zelda" is an American animated series loosely based on the "The Legend of Zelda" and '. It lasted for less than three months.

Hyrule
Hyrule is a fictional world in "The Legend of Zelda" series. It is inhabited by many races, including Hylians, Gorons, Zoras, and others.
Death Mountain.
Death Mountain is a large mountain that Gorons live on. Ganon's also had his lair on Death Mountain multiple times.
Gerudo Valley.
Gerudo Desert is a desert that Ganondorf was born in. Only once every 100 years is a man born, so almost every Gerudo is a woman.
Hyrule Castle.
Hyrule Castle is the home of the Royal Family, which includes Princess Zelda. It's often the target of Ganon.
Kakariko Village.
Kakariko Village is a village made in "Ocarina of Time" that appears in many other games after.
Lake Hylia.
Lake Hylia is a lake in many of the games. It's often the way to Zora's Domain, the lair of the Zora species.
Lost Woods.
The Lost Woods is a forest in many of the games in the series that is easy to get lost in. The Master Sword rests here in "A Link to the Past", and Link's home, Kokiri Forest, is right next to the Lost Woods in "Ocarina of Time".
Great Sea.
Long after the Link from "Ocarina of Time" disappeared, Ganon returned, and when Link did not come to save them, they asked the Goddesses to flood Hyrule. Hyrule was flooded, and many people died because of it. Hyrule was lost under the sea, and people lived on islands that are scattered around the Great Sea. The events of "The Wind Waker" take place many years after. At the end of "The Wind Waker", Link and Tetra search for a new land.
Termina.
Termina is a land only in "Majora's Mask" that Link finds in the Lost Woods that he has to save before the moon crashes into it. It's an alternate land to Hyrule, and has many places and people that look or act like people from "Ocarina of Time".

Littlest Pet Shop (video game)
"Littlest Pet Shop" is an upcoming video game being made Electronic Arts. It is part of the Littlest Pet Shop series. It will be released on the PC, Wii, and Nintendo DS. The game is expected to be released in North America on Autumn 2008.
History.
In August 2007, Electronic Arts gained the rights to some Hasbro brands, like "Monopoly", "Littlest Pet Shop", and Nerf. In February, EA Casual Entertainment announced that their EA Salt Lake Studio would develop and release "Littlest Pet Shop" and "Nerf N-Strike".
Versions.
The Nintendo DS will be 3 separate titles. Each version will have different pets.. They will also feature DGamer, the online service from Disney.

Unforgiven (2008)
Unforgiven (2008) was the eleventh Unforgiven professional wrestling pay-per-view event by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It took place on September 7, 2008 at the Quicken Loans Arena in Cleveland, Ohio and used talent from the Raw, SmackDown!, and ECW brands.

WWE Unforgiven
WWE Unforgiven is a professional wrestling pay-per-view that happens every year in September. The event it put on by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). The event was exclusive to the Raw brand from 2003 to 2006. Although the event happens every year in September, the first did not. The first event was an In Your House pay-per-view event that took place on April 26th, 1998 and it featured the first ever Inferno match, the combatants were The Undertaker and his brother Kane.
Event dates and locations.
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Fill (music)
A fill in popular music is a short instrumental passage, between melody lines of a song. (A longer passage between verses is called a solo.)
Fills are usually played with a keyboard instrument or a guitar, but other instruments (such as a saxophone) may also be used. Drum fills are sometimes called "drum rolls", but a roll is actually a steady beat on a single drum, while a fill may use more than one drum or beat.

Montevideo Convention
The Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States is a treaty. Today, it is part of customary international law. The treaty was signed at Montevideo, Uruguay, on December 26, 1933, at the Seventh International Conference of American States. At this conference, United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt and Secretary of State Cordell Hull declared the so-called Good Neighbor Policy which opposed U.S. armed intervention in inter-American affairs. Franklin D. Roosevelt tried to reverse the perception of "Yankee imperialism" with this treaty. The view of Yankee imperialism was brought about by policies instituted (largely) by his predecessor, President Herbert Hoover. The convention was signed by 19 states, three with reservations (Brazil, Peru and the United States).
In addition, the first sentence of article 3 explicitly states that "The political existence of the state is independent of recognition by the other states." This is known as the declarative theory of statehood.
Some have questioned whether these criteria are sufficient, as they allow less-recognized entities like the Republic of China (Taiwan) or even entirely non-recognized entities like the Principality of Sealand to claim full status as states. According to the alternative constitutive theory of statehood, a state exists only insofar as it is recognized by other states. It should not be confused with the Estrada doctrine.
There have also been attempts to further broaden the convention's definition, although they have gained less support. Founders of non-territorial micronations commonly assert that the requirement in the Montevideo Convention of a defined territory is in some way wrong-headed, for largely unspecified reasons. Some non-territorial entities, notably the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, are indeed considered subjects of international law, but these do not aspire to statehood.
Signatories.
The states that signed this convention are: Honduras, United States of America, El Salvador, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Argentina, Venezuela, Uruguay, Paraguay, Mexico, Panama, Guatemala, Brazil, Ecuador, Nicaragua, Colombia, Chile, Peru, Cuba.
The Montevideo Convention only codified existing norms, there is nothing "new" in the convention. For this reason, it does not only apply to those who signed it, but to all subjects of international law as a whole.
The European Union, in the principal statement of its Badinter Committee, follows the Montevideo Convention in its definition of a state: by having a territory, a population, and a political authority. The committee also found that the existence of states was a question of fact, while the recognition by other states was purely declaratory and not a determinative factor of statehood.
Switzerland, although not a member of the European Union, adheres to the same principle, stating that "neither a political unit needs to be recognized to become a state, nor does a state have the obligation to recognize another one. At the same time, neither recognition is enough to create a state, nor does its absence abolish it."

Gig
A gig is a word that bands use when talking about their live shows. The "Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians" defines a gig as "A term commonly applied to a musical engagement of one night’s duration only; to undertake such an engagement."

Folly
In architecture, a folly is a building constructed strictly as a decoration. Such buildings no longer have their original function. Originally, buildings were made to provide for shelter (or to house people). Follies are just decoration; they no longer have their original function.
Originally, they were constructed to put accents into parks and estates. "Folly" is used in the sense of fun or light-heartedness, not in the sense of something ill-advised.
Characteristics.
In England, these structures are also called "eye-catchers". This points to their basically decorative nature.
Related types.
Follies fall within the general realm of fanciful and impractical architecture, and whether a particular structure is a folly is sometimes a matter of opinion. However, there are several types which are related but which can be distinguished from follies.
History.
Follies began as decorative accents on the great estates of the late 16th and early 17th centuries but they flourished especially in the two centuries which followed. Many estates were blessed with picturesque ruins of monastic houses and (in Italy) Roman villas; others, lacking such buildings, constructed their own sham versions of these romantic structures. Such structures were often dubbed "[name of architect or builder]'s Folly", after the single individual who commissioned or designed the project. However, very few follies are completely without a practical purpose. Apart from their decorative aspect, many originally had a use which was lost later, such as hunting towers. Follies are misunderstood structures, according to The Folly Fellowship, a charity that exists to celebrate the history and splendour of these often neglected buildings.
Follies are often found in parks or large grounds of houses and stately homes. Some were deliberately built to look partially ruined. They were especially popular from the end of the 16th century to the 18th century. Theme parks and world's fairs have often contained "follies", although such structures do serve a purpose of attracting people to those parks and fairs.
Famine Follies.
The Irish Potato Famine of 1845-49 led to the building of several follies. The society of the day held that laissez faire, not a welfare state, was the appropriate form of civil management. The concept of a welfare state was a century away, and at that time reward without labour, even to those in need, was seen as misguided. However, to hire the needy for work on useful projects would deprive existing workers of their jobs. Thus, construction projects termed "famine follies" came to be built. These include: roads in the middle of nowhere, between two seemingly random points; screen and estate walls; piers in the middle of bogs; etc.
Examples.
Follies can be found worldwide, but there seem to be many in Great Britain.

Littlest Pet Shop
"Littlest Pet Shop" are a line of toys sold by Hasbro. They are marketed for girls. The toys were first sold in 1992. They were sold for four years before Hasbro stopped selling them. In 2005, the company started selling them again. Since 2005, over 60 million of the toys have been sold at about $4 each. The "Littlest Pet Shop" toys are one of the main types of toys sold by Hasbro.
The toys.
Each toy is a one inch statue of an animal. Most of these animals are commonly found in pet stores. For example, puppies, kittens, turtles and hampsters. They also sell other types of animal toys, for example horses, penguins and even skunks. There are many different types of each animal. The company has made more than 300 different versions of the animals. It changes the ones it sells every few months.
Other media.
The company has a website that can be used by people who buy the toys. This website lets the user create pets and play games. In 1995, an animated television series was bade based on the toys.
At E3 in July 2008, Electronic Arts said it was making a video game based on "Littlest Pet Shop". The game is being made for the Nintendo DS, Wii, and the PC. The game should be sold near the end of 2008.

Pete Seeger
Pete Seeger (born May 3, 1919 in Patterson, New York) is an American folk musician and songwriter. He was a longtime friend of Woody Guthrie, and founder of The Almanac Singers and The Weavers, two famous folk bands. Seeger's usual musical instrument is a banjo.
Music.
Seeger's original songs include "Where Have All The Flowers Gone?", "The Hammer Song" (also called "If I Had A Hammer"), and "Turn, Turn, Turn", whose words were adapted from Ecclesiastes in the Bible. Other musicians played and recorded his songs, including Judy Collins, Peter, Paul and Mary, and The Byrds. Seeger started "Broadside", a magazine devoted to folk music, and also "Sing Out!" to promote music and singing by the public.
Early career.
Seeger attended Harvard University, but left after he began spending more time working on social causes than school. He organized or played at many benefit concerts, to help people who had been hurt by bad business practices or governmental policies, or sometimes by disasters. He also wrote songs to promote the things he believed in, and to protest things he opposed.
Seeger was a liberal, not afraid to speak his views openly, or to support unpopular causes such as Communism. Seeger's musical career was sometimes limited by his views. The American Federal Bureau of Investigation kept a dossier on Seeger, and the House Un-American Activities Committee put pressure on him, because of his beliefs. He refused to change his views, or to stop doing what he believed was right. Because of this, Seeger was blacklisted in many places, and could not play music there. He was also not allowed to appear on television for most of the 1950s and 1960s. One rare appearance, on the "Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour", was censored because the song he played, "Waist Deep In The Big Muddy", was an allegory against the Vietnam War, which most Americans supported at the time.
Later career.
As years went by, social trends changed in America, and Seeger's views became more acceptable. He was finally able to make television appearances, and was admired for his dedication to folk music, and to causes. He played music together with Arlo Guthrie, the son of Woody Guthrie, performing Woody's old songs and others. He received awards for his music, including the American National Medal for the Arts, and a Kennedy Center Honor. He was also inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame, and even the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, as an influence to rock musicians.
Seeger is still active, both as a musician and as a spokesperson for important matters, like the environment, alternative fuels, and people who need a champion to support them.

Strawberry Fields Forever
Strawberry Fields Forever is a song made by The Beatles. It was made and released in 1966. Many people think that the song is one of the best by The Beatles.

German Bundesliga 08/09
The German Bundesliga 08/09 is the 46th German Bundesliga. It started in August 2008.
Teams.
C = Won Cup last year

German Bundesliga 07/08
The German Bundesliga 07/08 was the 45th German Bundesliga. FC Bayern Munich won the season. The best scorer was Luca Toni from FC Bayern Munich.
Teams.
C = Won Cup last year

German Bundesliga 06/07
VfB Stuttgart won the 44th Season of the German Bundesliga. The best scorer was Theofanis Gekas from VfL Bochum.

Lucy (Australopithecus)
Lucy (also given a second (Amharic) name: "dinqineš", or “Dinkenesh,” meaning “You are beautiful” or "you are wonderful") is the common name of AL 288-1, the 40% complete "Australopithecus afarensis" skeleton discovered on November 24, 1974 by the International Afar Research Expedition (IARE; director: Maurice Taieb, co-directors: Donald Johanson and Yves Coppens) in the Awash Valley of Ethiopia's Afar Depression. Lucy is estimated to have lived 3.2 million years ago.

Dumbo (character)
Dumbo is the titular character in the Disney film Dumbo.He is an anthropomorphic elephant who has huge ears and is able to fly, using his magic feather. Much like Dopey in "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs", Dumbo has no spoken lines. However,in the live-action/puppet television series "Dumbo's Circus", Dumbo was voiced by Katie Leigh.

Inti Chauveau
Inti Jean Christophe Chauveau (born February 11, 1925 in Viry-Châtillon - died December 19, 2007 in Paris of asthma) was a French professor.
He was the teacher of Dawson College in 1986.

Italian Mare Nostrum
Italian Mare Nostrum was the name given during World War II, by Benito Mussolini and his fascist propaganda, to the Mediterranean Sea under the domination of the Kingdom of Italy.
The Mare Nostrum of Mussolini.
The Mediterranean was called "Mare Nostrum" (Latin for "Our Sea") during the centuries of the Roman Empire, an empire that Fascism intended to recreate after the conquest of Ethiopia in 1936.
Mussolini wanted to re-establish the greatness of the Roman Empire and believed that Italy was the most powerful of the Mediterranean countries after World War I. He declared that "the twentieth century will be a century of Italian power" and created one of the most powerful navies of the world in order to control the Mediterranean Sea.
However, the nation that really dominated the Mediterranean in 1940 was the United Kingdom, as the British had strong naval bases in Gibraltar, Malta and Cyprus. The British also controlled the Suez Canal, along with the French; the "French Third Republic" had a relatively powerful navy, and controlled the African Maghreb. Only after the conquest of Greece and Yugoslavia, in April 1941, Mussolini started to talk about an Italian dominated Mediterranean sea.
In 1942 Mussolini dreamed to create a "Greater Italia" in his "Mare Nostrum" and promoted the fascist project -to be realized in a future peace conference after the expected Axis victory- of an enlarged "Italian Empire", stretching from the Mediterranean shores of Egypt to the Indian Ocean shores of Somalia and eastern Kenya. All these projects disappeared with the final Italian defeat of September 1943.
Battle of the Mediterranean in WWII.
When France collapsed in 1940, Mussolini started to expand the Italian maritime control on the central Mediterranean, attacking British possessions. The ensuing "Battle of the Mediterranean" had many changes of fortune and finished with the victory of the Allies.
There were a series of surface actions (e.g., Battle of Cape Matapan, Battle of Punta Stilo, Battle of Cape Teulada, Second Battle of Sirte, Battle of Mid-June, Battle of Mid-August) between Allied navies and the Italian Regia Marina, during which the British, able to replace losses with warships redeployed from other theatres, finally gained the upper hand.
The "Battle of Taranto" in 1940 was a successful air attack on the Italian Navy at anchor when 21 British torpedo bombers sunk one battleship and damaged two others.The Italian Navy slowly recovered from that attack, later copied by the Japanese in Pearl Harbour.
The Italian Navy's most successful attack, however, was when human torpedo divers planted mines on British battleships in Alexandria (Egypt) harbour (19 December 1941), and the HMS "Queen Elizabeth" and HMS "Valiant" were sunk. After these sinkings (and the contemporary destruction of the British "Force K"), the Italian Navy obtained for some months the nearly complete control of the central Mediterranean. In this way the Regia Marina was able to deliver the military supply and oil for the "Axis" victory of Tobruk and for the advance toward El Alamein in Egypt.
Regia Aeronautica.
The Italian Regia Aeronautica entered the war with 3296 airplanes (1332 Bombers and 1160 "Caccia", as were called the Fighters in Italian) distributed in all the "Italian Empire", but only 1796 were in perfect fighting conditions. Most were old "wood" models, and could not match the British aircraft in 1940.
But in April 1941, when Italy started together with the Germans the coordinated "Axis" attack in the Mediterranean (in the Balkans and in Libya), the Italian Air Force had the new and competitive "Macchi C.202", able to fight successfully the British Spitfires. These airplanes (with the new "Reggiane Re.2002") took control of the Malta and Libyan airspace (together with the German military aircraft) during the successful campaign of General Rommel in Tobruk.
Only at the beginning of 1943 appeared the modern "Macchi C.205" and "Reggiane Re.2005", but they could not match the overwhelming superiority of the American Air Force.
One of the most renown and important branches of the Regia Aeronautica was the "torpedo bomber" group. In 1941 and 1942, Italian pilots, mostly flying the three-engined, medium bomber "Savoia-Marchetti SM.79" "Sparviero", inflicted considerable losses to Allied shipping in the Mediterranean Sea.
The only four engine heavy bomber of the Regia Aeronautica was the "Piaggio P.108" B. In the 274th Long-Range Bombardment group these bombers made many long range bombardments of Gibraltar from Sardinia in summer 1942 and reinforced in this way the Regia Aeronautica supremacy during those of months in the Italian Mare Nostrum.
Regio Esercito.
The Italian Army ("Regio Esercito") entered the war with 73 divisions (and one fascist Legion of "Blackshirts"), but only 19 were fully operational for combat in June 1940. Italy during the first years of WWII had only small and medium tanks ("Fiat M13/40" and "Fiat M15/42"), that were no match for the Allies tanks. Only in summer 1943 the Italians developed a heavy tank (the "P40 tank"), but just 5 were ready for combat when Italy signed the armistice. The Italian Army had good antitanks (like the "Semovente 75/18") and reliable armoured cars (like the "AB 41").
Slowly the initial Italian setbacks (suffered mainly in the African colonies) were corrected with German help and in spring 1941 the Italians started an offensive in the Balkans (Greece and Yugoslavia) and in North Africa (Libya).
In summer/autumn 1942 Italy controlled the European seashores of the Mediterranean from the Rhone river in occupied France to Mount Olympus in Aegean Greece. A similar situation happened in the African shores of the Mediterranean Sea, where Mussolini's control went from Tunisia to El Alamein in Egypt. This Italian domination was increased by the fact that most of the remaining shores of the Mediterranean were controlled by the fascist Spain of General Franco, the France of "Vichy" and the Turkey of Kemal Ataturk, all of them with friendliness toward Mussolini.
In those months Mussolini referred to the Mediterranean Sea as "Mare Nostrum", in the same manner as the Romans had done when they dominated the Classical World. However, the Roman Mare Nostrum lasted for roughly six hundred years, while Mussolini's Mare Nostrum lasted a few years until the Italian armistice in September 1943.
All the overseas possessions of Italy in the Mediterranean Sea (Dodecanese, Libya, Saseno island, etc.) were lost formally as a result of the Treaty of peace with Italy (1947).
Regia Marina and Italian Mare Nostrum.
When Italy entered World War II on 10 June 1940, the Italian Royal Navy ("Regia Marina") was the fourth largest navy in the world. The Italian Navy had a mix of modernised and new battleships and challenged the Allies, mostly the British Royal Navy, for supremacy of the Mediterranean Sea.
Air support was provided by the Italian Air Force Auxiliary to the Navy ("Aviazione Ausiliara per la Marina"), the naval air service during wartime. The Air Force Auxiliary was in charge of all land-based aircraft, shore-based hydroplanes amongst of vessel-based aircraft, and hydroplanes of Italian Navy.
Italian warships had a general reputation as well-designed and good-looking. But some Italian cruiser classes were rather deficient in armour. All Italian warships lacked radar for most of the war, although the lack of radar was partly offset by the fact that Italian warships were equipped with good "rangefinder" and "fire-control" systems. In addition, whereas Allied commanders at sea had discretion on how to act, Italian commanders were closely and precisely governed by Italian Naval Headquarters ("Supermarina"). This could lead to action being avoided when the Italians had a clear advantage (e.g., During "Operation Hats". Italian Naval Headquarters was conscious that the British could replace ships lost in the Mediterranean, whereas Italian Navy resources were limited).
The Allies had "Ultra" intercepts, which predicted the Italian movements, and radar, which enabled them to locate the ships and range their weapons at distance and at night. The better air reconnaissance skills of the "Fleet Air Arm" and their close collaboration with surface units were other major causes of the initial Italian defeats (like in the "Battle of Cape Matapan").
The most successful attack performed by the Italian Navy involved divers planting mines on British battleships in Alexandria harbour (19 December 1941): HMS "Queen Elizabeth" and HMS "Valiant" were sunk in shallow water by the "maiali" of Luigi Durand De La Penne.
On the same night, "Force K", comprising three cruisers and four destroyers based at Malta, became stranded in an Italian minefield off Tripoli. A cruiser (HMS "Neptune") and a destroyer (HMS "Kandahar") were lost, three other ships were seriously damaged, and more than 900 men died. "Force K" was put out of action and Malta's offensive capabilities were reduced to a minimum.
This sudden series of Allied defeats allowed the Regia Marina to achieve naval supremacy in the central Mediterranean, her supply routes were almost untouched by the enemy for several months. This is the beginning of nearly one year in which the Mediterranean sea was effectively an "Italian Mare Nostrum".
The Italian fleet also took advantage of the situation and moved onto the offensive, blocking or decimating at least three large Allied convoys bound for Malta. This led to a number of naval engagements, such as the "Second Battle of Sirte", the "Battle of Mid-June" or Operation "Harpoon" (plus Operation "Vigorous") and finally to Operation "Pedestal", all of them favourable to the Axis but sufficient supplies had been delviered to Malta for it to survive as a British base. The biggest success of the Italian Fleet was the aerial and surface attack on the "Harpoon" convoy, which sank several Allied warships and damaged others. Only two transports of the original six reached Malta. This was the only undisputed squadron-size victory for Italian surface forces in World War II.
During these months the Regia Marina even planned an attack to New York harbour for December 1942, but it was delayed for many reasons and was never done.
However, this was only a brief happy time for Mussolini. The oil and supplies brought to Malta, despite heavy losses, by "Operation Pedestal" in August and the Allied landings in North Africa, "Operation Torch", in November 1942, turned the fortunes of war against Italy. After years of stalemate, the Axis forces were ejected from Libya and Tunisia in six months after the "Battle of El Alamein", while their supply lines were harassed day after day by the growing and overwhelming aerial and naval supremacy of the Allies in what has just been the Mussolini's "Italian Mare Nostrum".
The Regia Marina performed well and bravely in its North African convoy duties, but remained at a technical disadvantage. The Italian ships relied on a speed advantage, but could easily be damaged by shell or torpedo, due to their relatively thin armour. The fatal and final blow to the Italian Navy was a shortage of fuel, which forced her main units to remain at anchor for most of the last year of the Italian alliance with Germany.

ArenaBowl
The ArenaBowl is the Arena Football League's championship game.

New York Dragons
The New York Dragons are an Arena Football League team. They were started in 1995 as the Iowa Barnstormers. In 2001, the team moved to New York. They now play in the Eastern Division of the National Conference.

Amsterdam Admirals
The Amsterdam Admirals were a professional American football team in the NFL Europa. They are based in Amsterdam, Netherlands.

The Andy Griffith Show
"The Andy Griffith Show" is a American television series sitcom starring Andy Griffith. It first aired on CBS between October 3, 1960 and April 1, 1968.

Happy Days
"Happy Days" is an American TV show that originally aired on ABC between January 15, 1974 and June 12, 1984. It stars Ron Howard, and has several spin-offs.
Jumping the shark.
The term "jumping the shark", meaning when a good show goes bad, usually because of one or more major mistakes, originated in a two-part episode of "Happy Days". The episode was about The Fonz jumping a shark. This is thought to be the moment where the show started going downhill.

Archie Bunker's Place
"Archie Bunker's Place" is an American TV sitcom made by Norman Lear. It aired on CBS from September 23, 1979, and ended on April 4, 1983. It's a spin-off of "All in the Family".
Summary.
This is a spin-off of "All in the Family", but it's kind of a sequel too. It's after "All in the Family", and is about Archie Bunker (the star of this and the first show) and the bar he opens. Other characters are Edith Bunker, Archie's wife, and Stephanie Mills, daughter of Edith's brother-in-law that they are taking care of.

Live Free or Die Hard
"Live Free or Die Hard" (called "Die Hard 4.0" outside of North America) is an action movie starring Bruce Willis and Justin Long.
Plot.
The movie starts with John McClane trying to talk to his daughter Lucy. He pulls her boyfriend out of the car. An angry Lucy goes up to her apartment. Afterwards, the police call McClane and ask him to pick up a kid named Matt Farrell. However, when McClane goes down there, mercenaries attack the two. McClane manages to fight them off and gets Farrell into the car.
Day breaks in Washington D.C. The villain, Thomas Gabriel, launches his plan. He takes control over all of the things that help run the country, like traffic lights and transportation systems. He shuts down the FBI building and calls in an anthrax alert. He makes the lights go green and red very fast so that cars crash into each other. McClane and Farrell get out and walk to the FBI trailer outside. Farrell realizes that this is a "fire sale" – where everything being taken over by these hackers and it is called a fire sale because "everything must go."
McClane and Farrell then head to Middleton, Virginia, because some systems, like electricity, cannot be taken fully over with computers. However, Mai (Gabriel's girlfriend) is already at the plant and has taken over it. McClane attacks her and throws her to the ground and tells Farrell to put the system back up. Mai gets up and kicks him out of the building. McClane uses a car and rams her and they fight inside an elevator shaft. It ends when the car falls with Mai inside.
Farrell and McClane send a picture of Gabriel to the FBI, where they say that Gabriel was hired by them. Gabriel wanted tighter security, but they said no and fired him. Gabriel contacts the Middleton plant to ask what happened. He gets very angry when McClane tells him that Mai is dead and tells his hackers to send all the natural gas they can to the Middleton plant. He also finds Lucy and kidnaps her. The plant blows up and knocks all the power out in the nearby area.
McClane and Farrell take a helicopter to Baltimore, Maryland to meet another computer hacker who calls himself The Warlock. He finds out where Gabriel is – at the Social Security Administration building in Woodlawn. Before the government fired him, Gabriel had made a system; when there was a computer attack, all financial data would be downloaded into the computers there. One of Gabriel's men went down there and starts downloading the data early on in the movie.
Both McClane and Farrell head down there. Gabriel takes Farrell and escapes with the data before McClane can reach him. McClane gets into the truck behind Gabriel's car. Gabriel calls in a jet fighter to attack McClane. During the fight, the highway is destroyed, but McClane manages to jump off and slide to safety, while the pilot ejects from the plane.
He then fights Gabriel inside a warehouse. McClane is shot and he loses his gun. Gabriel puts him in an arm lock and orders his man to shoot Lucy. McClane presses the gun into his shoulder and fires, injuring himself but killing Gabriel. Farrell wildly fires his gun to kill the man that is holding Lucy. The movie ends with the FBI swarming the area and taking Farrell and McClane to the hospital.

Texas Tech University
Texas Tech University is a public university in Lubbock, Texas. It started in 1923 and now has about 28,000 students.
The men's sports teams at Texas Tech are called Red Raiders. The women's sports teams are called Lady Raiders.

Die Hard with a Vengeance
"Die Hard with a Vengeance" is a 1995 action movie starring Bruce Willis and Samuel L. Jackson. It is the third movie in the "Die Hard" series.
Plot.
Simon Gruber is the older brother of the villian from the first movie, Hans Gruber. Simon destroys a building in New York City. He says that he will destroy another one unless the police do what he tells them to do. His first task is to have John McClane to go Harlem and stand around for 15 minutes with a sign that says "I hate niggers" with his gun taped to his back so that he cannot reach it. A group of black men attack McClane. A shopkeeper named Zeus Carver saves McClane by grabbing the gun and getting into a taxicab.
The next task that Gruber has them do is to reach a pay phone. He then gives them a riddle and has them call back within 30 seconds to the right phone number (the answer to the riddle is the last four digits) or else the trash can full of explosives will be detonated. They call back with the right phone number but it is past 30 seconds. Carver and McClane duck out of the way as Gruber laughs.
The third task that Gruber sets for them is to reach the Wall Street subway station by 10:20 a.m. or else the station will be blown up. McClane and Carver steal a taxicab and cut through the park to reach the station in time. McClane stops at an earlier station and gets on the train. He then searches the train for the bomb and finds it. He throws it out of the cab car. Carver gets to the Wall Street station and picks up the phone, but because McClane isn't there, Gruber says they did not follow his rules. The train rolls over the detonator and sets it off. The bomb explodes and destroys a large part of the station. McClane is injured but is alive.
The FBI come in and tell him that the man's name is Simon Gruber and that he is Hans' brother. Simon calls in again and tells him that he has placed a bomb inside one of the schools in New York City. Any attempt to get the children out will result in the bomb being blown up. He tells McClane and Carver to head to a park. The entire police force goes out and starts to search every school to find the bomb.
With the police gone, Simon Gruber and a bunch of dump trucks come in. They kill the security guards and begin to steal the gold from the vault in the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. McClane and Carver arrive at the park and find another bomb. They use a five-gallon and three-gallon jug to make four gallons and put it on the weight to disable it. McClane catches a kid stealing something; the kid says that there's not a cop for miles around. McClane then goes to the Federal Reserve building and walks in. As Gruber's men escort him down, he asks them about lotto numbers and realizes that they're not the real cops and kills them.
McClane then drives a car out to intercept Gruber and his men. He has Carver go out to Yankee Stadium since that's what Gruber originally told them to do. Gruber drives into a aqueduct. McClane follows them in, but they flood it, causing a ton of water to rush out. McClane grabs a ladder and is sent flying into the air. Meanwhile, Carver went to Yankee Stadium and did not find anybody. Two of Gruber's men with sniper rifles are there to kill him, but decide to follow Carver instead since McClane isn't with him. Carver is driving on a highway and sees McClane as he is thrown into the air. A car chase and gunfight take place as Gruber's men show up to try to kill them.
McClane and Carver find Gruber loading the gold onto a cargo boat in New York Harbor. After getting in, a few battles take palce and Carver and McClane are captured by Gruber's men. They are then tied up and Gruber sets the fuse to blow the boat up. Before leaving, Gruber tosses McClane a bottle of aspirin. Gruber claims he is blowing up $100 billion of gold bullion but there is nothing inside; he is trying to make the value of gold higher by "destroying" the supply. McClane and Carver work their way out of the cuffs and jump to safety as the ship blows up.
They are rescued by the police. On the ship, McClane takes a quarter to call his wife. As he is being connected, he takes an aspirin, looks at the bottom, and realizes that Gruber is heading to Canada. They intercept him and fly a helicopter over his ship. In the ensuring fight, Gruber gets in his own helicopter and shoots and hits their helicopter, forcing them to land. McClane starts running to make Gruber shoot at him. He notices a bunch of power lines and shoots them. The lines fall on Gruber's helicopter and kill him.

Die Hard 2
"Die Hard 2" (also called "Die Hard 2: Die Harder") is an American action movie starring Bruce Willis, Bonnie Bedelia, and William Sadler. It was released on the Fourth of July weekend in 1990.
Plot.
This movie begins on Christmas Eve 1990. John McClane is at the Washington Dulles Interntional Airport, waiting for his wife Holly's plane to land, and his car gets towed away. He argues with the airport security for a little bit before going inside. There, he sees a couple of men handing off a package to each other and does not like it. He goes to tell the airport police, but stops because the same man who towed his car is there. Instead, McClane enters the baggage area, where one of the men pulls a Glock gun and starts firing. During the gun fight, one man, named Oswald Cochrane, is killed when he goes through a baggage sorting machine. The other man manages to escape.
McClane tells the chief head of police, a man named Carmine Lorenzo, but Lorenzo thinks that these men are only "punks stealing luggage." McClane goes out there and gets fingerprints from the dead man. He faxes them to his friend Al Powell in Los Angeles, telling Powell to run the fingerprints through police records to find out who this person is. Powell does so and then gives McClane the man's record. The record says that Cochrane died two years ago in 1988 but is somehow still alive today. McClane believes he is a professional mercenary.
McClane goes to up to the airport tower and tells them that someone is about to "fuck with the airport." He says that he does not know what they will do. Lorenzo forces him out.
A man named Colonel Stuart then puts his plan into action. He cuts off all electronics inside the airport tower and takes control of all their items – the instrument that lands the planes and all radios. He then says that, in a couple of hours, a cargo plane will be landing. The plane has a man named Ramon Esperanza. Esperanza is the drug lord of the fictional country of Val Verde. The United States Justice Department is going to put him in jail. Stuart tells them that he wants a fully-fueled Boeing 747 to be put on the runway and says that nobody should touch the Esperanza's plane or try to restore the landing instruments.
McClane finds a janitor named Marvin. McClane has Marvin tell him where to go. Just before McClane was forced out, he heard that the air traffic controllers wanted to head to the Annex Skywalk, a new branch of the airport, to restore their systems. Lorenzo sends his SWAT team and the communications director, Leslie Barnes, to head to the Skywalk. As McClane expected, Stuart's men attack the SWAT team. They kill all five members and are about to kill Barnes when McClane comes through a vent shaft and kills them all.
Moments later, the antenna outpost explodes. It was a trap. Stuart then calls in to tell them that it was stupid to try to restore their systems. He then picks a flight that is low on fuel. He resets the ground level of the landing system to be 200 feet below, so that when the plane is at 200 feet they think they're at 400 feet. He then crashes the plane into the ground, killing all of the passengers on board.
Afterwards, a Special Forces unit from the United States Army comes in, led by Major Grant. They take a meeting in the pilot's briefing room. McClane gets Marvin to try to tell him where the room is. During the search, McClane finds a two-way radio that one of Stuart's men dropped. He listens in and finds out that Esperanza has taken over the plane and shot the two pilots. The plane is out of control and he needs to land right away. Stuart tells him to land on the nearest runway.
McClane gets out there first and punches him before Stuart's men show up. They trap him in the cockpit and throw grenades. McClane escapes by strapping up in the pilot's ejection seat and blasting off as the grenades explode.
Barnes listens to McClane's story. Because Stuart's men showed up so fast, Barnes thinks that they must be close by. They find the church where they are basing their operations and send in the Army Special Forces out there to fight. During the gun battle, McClane sees that Stuart's men are escaping on snowmobiles. He shoots one guy with a gun that he stole, takes his mobile, and chases after them. However his gun does not work and his mobile gets shot and he falls down. He opens his gun and finds that there were rubber bullets in there. He realizes that Stuart and the special forces are working together.
McClane comes back to the airport. He says that they are working together. Lorezno doesn't believe him until McClane fires the gun to show that they are rubber bullets. Meanwhile, the people at the airport are panicked. A reporter named Richard Thornberg has broadcast that terrorists have taken over the airport. As a result, Lorenzo and McClane can't get out there fast enough.
Instead, McClane gets a ride with Samantha Coleman and her news helicopter. The 747 has already left the hanger. McClane gets the pilot to drop him over the wing of the 747. Esperanza, who is flying the plane, sees McClane. Grant goes out there fights but is sucked into the engine of the plane. McClane finds the fuel hatch. When Stuart kicks McClane off the plane, McClane manages to open it and the plane starts losing fuel. McClane then takes his cigarette lighter and ignites the fuel and the plane blows up.
The fire trail of the plane allows the planes flying overhead to see the ground. Holly lands safely and the two of them come back together. The movie ends with Marvin driving them off.

Die Hard
"Die Hard" is an American action movie starring Bruce Willis. It is the first movie in the "Die Hard" series.
Plot.
The movie is set on Christmas Eve at the Nakatomi building in Los Angeles, California. John McClane (Bruce Willis) is flying in from New York to meet his wife Holly during the Nakatomi’s annual Christmas party. While there, they get into an argument over Holly's choice to use her maiden name instead of her married name. Shortly afterwards, a group of German terrorists led by Hans Gruber (Alan Rickman) invade the building and take all the people hostages. They want the bearer bonds in the building ' s vault and ask the CEO, Joseph Takgai, for the access code to the first barrier. When he says no, Gruber shoots and kills him.
McClane witnesses Gruber killing Takagi and tries to get help. He pulls a fire alarm, but the terrorists find out and reverse the alarm. Gruber then sends a man named Tony to find whoever pulled the alarm. In the ensuring battle, McClane snaps Tony's neck and takes his machine gun. He then puts the dead man in an elevator and pushes buttons so that it stops on the floor where the partygoers are being held. Upon finding Tony, Gruber sends more men to find him. After killing two more of Gruber's men, McClane finds and takes some detonators.
On the rooftop, McClane radios for help. The dispatchers send a patrol car in. Just as the police officer is about to leave, McClane drops the body of a dead terrorist on his patrol car. The LAPD arrive. They send in a tank and four SWAT team members, but Gruber's men beat back both attacks. When Gruber ignores McClane's request to stop attacking, McClane takes some C4 explosives and blows up part of the building.
Holly's co-worker Harry then tries to talk to the terrorists. He tries to get McClane to give up the detonators, but when he refuses, Gruber shoots and kills Harry. Shortly afterwards, McClane finds Gruber, who was trying to check the explosives. Gruber fakes an American accent, throwing McClane off. As they talk, Gruber's men show up and shoot out the glass. McClane injures his feet severely as he tries to walk across the floor and loses the detonators in the process.
The FBI arrives and orders the building's power to be cut. Gruber informs the FBI that he wants two helicopters and he will escort the hostages to the top of the building. The power outage opens up the final locks on the building's vault, where Gruber scoops up the bonds. The FBI plans to send gunships to kill the terrorists, but Gruber had lined the top of the building with explosives and plans to blow it up to cover his escape.
A reporter named Richard Thornberg manages to interview McClane's children. Gruber, seeing this on TV, realizes that Holly is McClane's wife and takes her hostage. McClane finds the explosives and realizes what Gruber is up to. However, Gruber's man Karl finds him and they engage in a vicious hand-to-hand combat. McClane leaves Karl for dead and rushes up to the top of the building. He and forces the hostages to go back down into the building. The FBI fires at him. Gruber blows up the top of the building. McClane ties a fire hose around his waist and jumps off the building.
McClane finally meets Gruber one last time. He tricks him by throwing his gun down and then using another gun to shoot Gruber. Gruber falls out of the building, nearly taking Holly with him. McClane unties her watch and Gruber falls to his death. Afterwards, they go home in a limo.

Street Fighter 2010
is a beat 'em up video game made by Capcom for the Nintendo Entertainment System. It is very different from any other game in the series, being a platform game rather than a versus fighting game. It features a futuristic version of Ken, whom the player takes the role of.

Rayman Raving Rabbids
"Rayman Raving Rabbids" is a party video game made by Ubisoft for the Wii, PlayStation 2, Xbox 360, Microsoft Windows, Game Boy Advance, and Nintendo DS game consoles. It's a spin-off of the "Rayman" series where Rayman has to thwart the Rabbids, the bad guys of the game, playing mini-games to do this. The Game Boy Advance and DS versions are platform games like older "Rayman" titles with less mini-games.

Teleportation
Teleportation is the ability to go from one place to another without moving.

Capcom
is a Japanese video game company. They are most known for the "Mega Man" series, "Resident Evil" series, and "Street Fighter" series. They were founded on May 30, 1979.

Mega Man Star Force 2
"Mega Man Star Force 2", known in Japan as is an action role-playing video game made by Capcom for the Nintendo DS game console. There are two versions - "Zerker × Saurian" and "Zerker × Ninja". It is the sequel to "Mega Man Star Force", and will have a sequel in 2008.

Mega Man Star Force
"Mega Man Star Force", known in Japan as, is an action role-playing video game made by Capcom for the Nintendo DS game console. It has three versions - "Pegasus", "Leo", and "Dragon". It has a sequel called "Mega Man Star Force 2".

Mega Man X8
is a platform video game made by Capcom for the PlayStation 2 game console. It's the sequel to "Mega Man X7", and the latest game in the "Mega Man X" series.

Mega Man X7
"Mega Man X7", called in Japan, is a platform video game made by Capcom for the PlayStation 2 game console. It is the sequel to "Mega Man X6".

Mega Man X6
"Mega Man X6", called in Japan, is a platform video game made by Capcom for the PlayStation game console. It is the sequel to "Mega Man X5".

Pikmin (series)
"Pikmin" is a series of video games created by Nintendo that started on the Nintendo GameCube in 2001. It has two released games - "Pikmin" and "Pikmin 2", and it has an upcoming game that will be on the Wii or Nintendo DS. The series is about a spaceman called Captain Olimar visiting an alien planet and working with creatures called Pikmin to explore it.
Setting.
"Pikmin" is set on a world that is supposed to be Earth, but Captain Olimar is very tiny, so it looks like a strange world to the player. The first level of "Pikmin" looks like Shigeru Miyamoto's backyard. Nintendo made it seem more like Earth by adding common items, like a globe of the Earth, a Duracell battery, and a Pepsi bottle cap.
Gameplay.
Both games use real-time strategy gameplay. The player plays as Captain Olimar, who can command his Pikmin. Olimar gets Pikmin by bringing pellets, a type of food, and bad guys to an Onion, which is the Pikmin's ship. Pikmin will come out of the Onion and get planted in the ground so that Olimar can pull them out. Olimar can use Pikmin to take stuff back to his base, fight insects and other creatures, or travel across places.
Pikmin.
"Pikmin" is the first game in the series and came out in 2001 on the Nintendo GameCube. Captain Olimar crashlands on an alien planet, and unites with a creature called Pikmin. He only has 30 days life support, and so he and the Pikmin try to find the pieces of his ship that broke off so he can escape.
Pikmin 2.
"Pikmin 2" came out in 2004 for the Nintendo GameCube. It uses the same gameplay, but adds a new character called Louie, two new kinds of Pikmin, and a new type of area called Underground, where Olimar and Louie search for treasure in. It also added multiplayer, where one player can be Olimar and another can be Louie.
Future.
A new "Pikmin" game will come out in the future, but has no name or console yet. It was announced at Nintendo's developer roundtable at E3.
Other appearances.
"Pikmin" has appeared in the "Super Smash Bros." series. In "Super Smash Bros. Melee", "Pikmin" has a couple of collectibles of Captain Olimar and the Pikmin. In "Super Smash Bros. Brawl", Captain Olimar is a playable character along with his Pikmin. Music, enemies, and an area are also taken from the series for stuff in "Brawl".

Metroid Prime
"Metroid Prime" is a first-person action-adventure video game made by Retro Studios and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo GameCube game console. It is the first 3D "Metroid" game, and it had a lot of controversy over it. It has had a lot of follow-up titles. It has had two sequels called ' and ', a side game called "Metroid Prime Hunters", and a spin-off called "Metroid Prime Pinball". It takes place after "Metroid", but before '.

Minnesota Timberwolves
The Minnesota Timberwolves are a basketball team in Minneapolis, Minnesota in the United States.

Longsword
The Longsword is a European sword. It was used during the medieval and Renaissance periods.

Resident Evil
"Resident Evil" is a survival horror media franchise which has had of video games, movies, comics, novels, and collectibles owned by Capcom. It's one of their most successful franchises ever, along with "Mega Man" and "Street Fighter".
Video games.
"Resident Evil" started as a video game series back on the PlayStation with "Resident Evil". It had many sequels and appeared on many systems, including the Sega Saturn, Dreamcast, PlayStation 2, GameCube, Wii, Nintendo DS, PlayStation 3, and Xbox 360. The "Resident Evil" video games have done very well, with most of them selling more than 1 million copies worldwide. The series had five more sequels - "Resident Evil 2", ', ', "Resident Evil 0", and "Resident Evil 4". "Resident Evil 4" did very well, and was considered one of the best games of the year in 2005 on the Nintendo GameCube, and in 2006 on the PlayStation 2. Capcom's making a sequel called "Resident Evil 5". It's also had a lot of remakes and spin-offs. The most well-known remake was "Resident Evil", a remake of the first "Resident Evil", which has also been remade on other consoles including the Nintendo DS. The spin-offs include first person shooters and online games.
Movies.
There have been three movies made - "Resident Evil", ', and ' which all star Milla Jovovich as a character not in the video games and are live action. The writer/producer of the Resident Evil movies has announced he is currently writing a script for a fourth movie.
A movie shot in CGI, is not a continuance of the firt three live action movies. Instead "Resident Evil: DeGeneration" is its own story which follows the video game story lines. The movie takes place 7 years after Raccoon City is destroyed, the main characters in the movie are Claire Redfield and Leon S. Kennedy - the two main characters from the Resident Evil 2 video game.

Kofi Kingston
Kofi Sarkodie-Mensah, also known by his ring name, Kofi Kingston, is a Ghanaian professional wrestler. He is currently signed to World Wrestling Entertainment working on the Raw brand, where he is one half of the World Tag Team Champions with CM Punk.

Red-necked Wallaby
The Red-necked Wallaby ("Macropus rufogriseus") is a medium-sized macropod, common in parts of eastern Australia. As one of the largest wallabies, it looks like a kangaroo. Males can weigh more than 20 kg and have a head-body length of 90 cm.
Red-necked Wallabies have a black nose and paws, white stripe on the upper lip, and a medium grey coat with a red color on their neck.
Red-necked Wallabies are found along the coast and forests of eastern Australia, from Rockhampton, Queensland to the South Australian border; in Tasmania and on many of the Bass Strait islands (many of these may have been introduced to the islands).
In Tasmania, north-east New South Wales and coastal Queensland, their numbers have got bigger over the past 30 years. This is because they are no longer hunted. A lot of forest has been cleared for grass where wallabies can feed at night, alongside trees where they can shelter by day. It is less common in Victoria.
Like most macropods, the Red-necked Wallaby lives by itself. Groups, also called mobs, share feeding areas. They feed at night and in the late afternoon, generally eating grass and herbs close to forest shelter.
There are two subspecies. The Tasmanian form, "Macropus rufogriseus rufogriseus", also called Bennett's Wallaby is smaller, has longer fur, and breeds in the late summer, mostly between February and April. They can live close to people and are seen feeding on lawns in the suburbs of Hobart and other towns.
The mainland form, "Macropus rufogriseus banksianus", breeds all year round. A female can have babies at the about 14 months old. A baby red-necked wallaby, called a joey, lives in the mothers pouch for 9 months, and continues to feed from the mother till about 12-15 months of age.

Kolo Touré
Kolo Habib Touré (born March 19, 1981 in Bouake), is an Ivorian footballer who plays for Arsenal.

Battle of Baghdad (1258)
The Battle of Baghdad in 1258 was a victory for the Mongol leader Hulagu Khan, a grandson of Genghis Khan. Baghdad was captured, sacked, and burned.
Background.
Baghdad was the capital of the Abbasid Empire. This was an Islamic empire in what is now Iraq. The Abbasid caliphs were the second of the Islamic dynasties,
The besieging army.
The Mongol army, led by Hulagu (also spelled as Hulegu) Khan and the Chinese commander Guo Kan in vice-command, set out for Baghdad in November of 1257. Hulagu marched with what was probably the largest army ever fielded by the Mongols. By order of Mongke Khan, one in ten fighting men in the entire empire were gathered for Hulagu's army (Saunders 1971). The attacking army also had a large contingent of Christian forces.
The siege.
Hulagu demanded surrender; the caliph refused. Many accounts say that the caliph failed to prepare for the fight; he neither gathered armies nor strengthened the walls of Baghdad.
Hulagu divided his forces, so that they threatened both sides of the city, on the east and west banks of the Tigris. The attacking Mongols broke some dikes and flooded the ground behind the caliph’s army, trapping them. Much of the army was slaughtered or drowned.
Under Guo Kan's order, the Chinese counterparts in the Mongolian army then laid siege to the city, constructing a palisade and ditch, wheeling up siege engines and catapults. The siege started on January 29. The battle was swift, by siege standards. By February 5 the Mongols controlled a stretch of the wall. Al-Musta'sim tried to negotiate, but was refused.
On February 10 Baghdad surrendered. The Mongols swept into the city on February 13 and began a week of massacre, looting, rape, and destruction.

German Bundesliga 05/06
The German Bundesliga 05/06 was the 43rd German Bundesliga. FC Bayern Munich won the season. The best scorer was Miroslav Klose from Werder Bremen.
Table.
C = Won Cup last year

German Bundesliga 04/05
The German Bundesliga 04/05 was the 42nd German Bundesliga. FC Bayern Munich won the season. The best scorer was Marek Mintál from 1.FC Nuremberg.
Table.
C = Won Cup last year

Credo
The Credo () is part of Christian Mass. "Credo" is Latin, and means "I believe". It is a statement of faith. In Catholicism, the Nicene Creed is used very often; but there are others, such as the Athanasian Creed or [Apostles' Creed.
Very often it is sung by the crowd, or by a choir; many people have written credoes. One of them is Antonio Vivaldi

J. D. Salinger
Jerome David Salinger (born January 1, 1919) () is an American author, best known for his 1951 novel "The Catcher in the Rye". He does not like publicity: He has not published an original work since 1965 and has not been interviewed since 1980.
Raised in Manhattan, New York, Salinger began writing short stories while in secondary school, and published several stories in the early 1940s before serving in World War II. In 1948 he published the story "A Perfect Day for Bananafish" in "The New Yorker" magazine, which also published most of his following work. In 1951 Salinger released his first novel, "The Catcher in the Rye", an immediate popular success. The novel remains widely read, selling around 250,000 copies a year.

2001 Formula One results
This is a list of the results and standings for the 2001 Formula One season.

Main Page/Article 9
Anna Sergeyvena Kournikova (born June 7, 1981, in Moscow, Russia, then USSR) (Russian: Анна Сергеевна Курникова) is a Russian model and retired professional tennis player. She has won two Grand Slam doubles tournaments, both with Swiss player Martina Hingis. In 1999, the Women's Tennis Association (WTA) said she was the best doubles player in world. She has also played tennis for Russia in an international competition called the Fed Cup.
Kournikova played in her last Grand Slam tournament in 2003. Since then she has modeled clothes and played in exhibition tennis matches. Although she was born in Russia, she now lives in Miami, Florida in the United States. She has appeared in several advertisements mainly about tennis. As of July 2008, her boyfriend is Spanish singer Enrique Iglesias.

Luca Toni
Luca Toni Varchetta Delle Cave (born May 26, 1977 in Pavullo nel Frignano, Modena) is an Italian World Cup-winning footballer.

Sara Gilbert
Sara Gilbert (born Sara Rebecca Abeles on January 29, 1975 in Santa Monica, California) is an American actress most famous for being Darlene Conner in Roseanne. She is a vegetarian, and she's been in a lesbian relationship with Allison Adler since 2002. They have a son born in 2004, and a daughter born in 2007.

Alicia Goranson
Alicia Linda Goranson (born June 22, 1974, in Evanston, Illinois), also known as Lecy Goranson, is an American actress most famous for her role as Becky Conner in the TV show "Roseanne".

Ape Escape
"Ape Escape", known in Japan as, is a platform video game for the PlayStation. It was made by Sony Computer Entertainment.

Ken Kesey
Kenneth Elton Kesey (September 17, 1935 – November 10, 2001) was an American writer best known for his novel "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest".

Liver cancer
Hepatic tumors are tumors or growths on/in a liver. They can be benign or malignant.

One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (novel)
"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest" (1962) is a novel written in 1959 by Ken Kesey and published in 1962, set in a mental asylum in Oregon. It was made into a movie directed by Milos Forman and starring Jack Nicholson. It was very popular, and won many Academy Awards. It was a very controversial book, but is still considered a classic.

Fred Thompson
Fred Dalton Thompson (born Freddie Dalton Thompson; August 19 1942) is an American politician, actor, attorney, and lobbyist. He starred on "Law & Order" as Arthur Branch, the District Attorney of New York. He quit the show to run as the Republican candidate for the United States presidency in 2008, but he did not become the candidate.

John Glenn
John Herschel Glenn Jr. (born July 18, 1921, in Cambridge, Ohio) is a former United States Senator who was famous for being the first American who orbited the Earth as an astronaut for NASA. 1998 he made his second spaceflight as age of 77 years. He is the oldest man in space.

Super Ubuntu
Super Ubuntu is an operating system based on Ubuntu, over which it contains various improvements. It is made with reconstructor.

Sahelanthropus tchadensis
"Sahelanthropus tchadensis" is a fossil ape, thought to have lived approximately 7 million years ago. It is sometimes claimed as the oldest known ancestor of "Homo" (humans) post-dating the most recent common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees. It was a species of Miocene ape, related to humans and other living African apes.
Fossils.
Existing fossils, a relatively small cranium, five pieces of jaw, and some teeth, make up a head that has a mixture of derived and primitive features. The braincase is only 340 cm³ to 360 cm³ in volume. This is similar to that of modern chimpanzees. It is much less than the approximate human volume of 1350 cm³.
The teeth, brow ridges, and facial structure are very different from those found in Homo sapiens. The cranium found is damaged, it is very distored. For this reason, a 3D computer reconstruction has not been made. There are no bones other than those belonging to the skull. It is still unknown whether "Sahelanthropus tchadensis" was indeed bipedal. The situation of the foramen magnum suggests this, though. Some paleontologists have disputed this interpretation of the basicranium. Its canine wear is similar to other Miocene apes.
The fossils were discovered in the desert of Chad by a team of four; three Chadians, Mahamat Adoum and Ahounta Djimdoumalbaye (who found the skull on July 19, 2001), Fanone Gongdibe, and Alain Beauvilain, the French team leader. All fossils of "Sahelanthropus" were found between July 2001 to March 2002. The discoverers claimed that "S. tchadensis" is the oldest known human ancestor after the split of the human line from that of chimpanzees. The bones were found in Chad, far from most previous hominin fossil finds, i.e. Eastern and Southern Africa. However, an australopithecine mandible was also found in Chad by "Sahelanthropus discoverers in 1993 belonging to "Australopithecus bahrelghazali".
Perspective.
The fossil skull TM 266, nicknamed "Toumaï" ("hope of life" in the local Goran language of Chad), may be a common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees; most molecular clocks suggest humans and chimps diverged 1–2 million years after "S. tchadensis" (5 mya) but there is now general acceptance among paleontologists, and even among molecularists, that such a late divergence is no longer tenable. The original placement of this species as a human ancestor but not a chimpanzee ancestor complicated the picture of the human family tree. In particular, if Toumaï is a direct human ancestor, then its facial features bring the status of "Australopithecus" into doubt because its thickened brow ridges were reported to be similar to those of some later fossil hominids (notably Homo erectus), whereas this morphology differs from that observed in all australopithecines, most fossil hominids and extant humans.
Another possibility is that Toumaï is related to both humans and chimpanzees, but is the ancestor of neither. Brigitte Senut and Martin Pickford, the discoverers of "Orrorin tugenensis", suggested that the features of "S. tchadensis" are consistent with a female proto-gorilla. Even if this claim is upheld, then the find would lose none of its significance, for at present precious few chimpanzee or gorilla ancestors have been found anywhere in Africa. Thus if "S. tchadensis" is an ancestral relative of the chimpanzees (or gorillas) then the first light would be shed on their family trees. Furthermore, "S. tchadensis" does indicate that the last common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees is unlikely to resemble chimpanzees very much, as had been previously supposed by some paleontologists.

Remastersys
Uses.
The resulting iso can also be installed on a USB pendrive, creating a Live USB distro, using either a command-line approach or a graphical tool such as UNetbootin.
It has a command line version and a GUI version. It currently works with Ubuntu, and possibly more Ubuntu-based distributions.
The latest version of Ubuntu (8.04) is already supported

Murray Langston
Murray Langston is a Canadian comedian and writer. His television work includes "The Sonny and Cher Comedy Hour", "Make Me Laugh", and "The Gong Show".
Langston is best known, oddly enough, as The Unknown Comic — a comedian who appears onstage wearing a paper bag over his head. He first appeared as the Unknown Comic on "The Gong Show". He did not want his true identity known, because an appearance on an amateur show could have hurt his comedy career, when he was already well-known.
Audiences liked the Unknown Comic, and Langston began to appear as that character on other shows, and in live performances. In time, Langston was as famous for the character as for himself. When he was finally unmasked in public (on a television show called "Real People"), the two careers became one. Langston has performed both as himself and as the Unknown Comic ever since.
Langston partly retired from his career during the 1990s, to focus on raising his daughter.

Sahara pump theory
The Sahara Pump Theory explains how flora and fauna left Africa to penetrate the Middle East and beyond to Europe and Asia. African pluvial periods are associated with a "wet Sahara" phase. During this phase, larger lakes and more rivers exist.
One example of the Saharan pump has occurred since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). During the Last Glacial Maximum the Sahara desert was bigger than it is now. The tropical forests were much smaller then. During this period, the lower temperatures reduced the strength of the Hadley Cell whereby rising tropical air of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) brings rain to the tropics, while dry descending air, at about 20 degrees north, flows back to the equator and brings desert conditions to this region. This phase is associated with high rates of wind-blown mineral dust, found in marine cores that come from the north tropical Atlantic. Around 12,500 BC, the amount of dust in the cores in the Bølling/Allerød phase suddenly plummets and shows a period of much wetter conditions in the Sahara, indicating a Dansgaard-Oeschger (DO) event (a sudden warming followed by a slower cooling of the climate). The moister Saharan conditions had begun about 12,500 BC, with the extension of the ITCZ northward in the northern hemisphere summer, bringing moist wet conditions and a savanna climate to the Sahara, which (apart from a short dry spell associated with the Younger Dryas) peaked during the Holocene thermal maximum climatic phase at 4000 BC when mid-latitude temperatures seem to have been between 2 and 3 degrees warmer than in the recent past. Analysis of Nile River deposited sediments in the delta also shows this period had a higher proportion of sediments coming from the Blue Nile, suggesting higher rainfall also in the Ethiopian Highlands. This was caused principally by a stronger monsoonal circulation throughout the sub-tropical regions, affecting India, Arabia and the Sahara. The sudden subsequent movement of the ITCZ southwards with a Heinrich event (a sudden cooling followed by a slower warming), linked to changes with the El Niño-Southern Oscillation cycle, led to a rapid drying out of the Saharan and Arabian regions, which quickly became desert. This is linked to a marked decline in the scale of the Nile floods between 2700 and 2100 BC.
During these periods of a wet Sahara, the Sahara and Arabia become a savanna grassland and African flora and fauna become common. During the following inter-pluvial arid period, the Sahara reverts to desert conditions usually as a result of the retreat of the West African Monsoon southwards. Evaporation exceeds precipitation, the level of water in lakes like Lake Chad falls, and rivers become dry wadis. Flora and fauna previously widespread retreat northwards to the Atlas Mountains, southwards into West Africa, or eastwards into the Nile Valley and thence either south-east to the Ethiopian Highlands and Kenya or north-east across the Sinai into Asia. This separates populations of some of the species in areas with different climates, forcing them to adapt, possibly giving rise to allopatric speciation.

US Airways
US Airways, Inc. is a low-cost airline owned by US Airways Group, Inc. and is the sixth largest airline in the United States. Headquartered in Tempe, Arizona, US Airways has a fleet of 357 mainline jet aircraft and 329 (regional jet and turbo-prop) aircraft connecting 240 destinations in North America, Central America, the Caribbean, Hawaii, and Europe. As of May 2008, US Airways employs 36,632 people worldwide and operates 3,512 daily flights (1,392 US Airways Mainline, 2,120 US Airways Express as of May 2008). The US in US Airways is not an abbreviation for United States, though it is a representation of it.
US Airways operates hubs in Charlotte, Philadelphia and Phoenix. US Airways also maintains focus city operations at Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport in Washington, DC, McCarran International Airport in Las Vegas, Nevada, LaGuardia Airport in New York, and Logan International Airport in Boston.
The airline operates the US Airways Shuttle, a US Airways brand which provides hourly service between key Northeastern markets. Regional airline service is branded as US Airways Express, operated by contract and subsidiary airline companies.

Northwest Airlines
Northwest Airlines, Inc. (often abbreviated NWA) is the principal subsidiary of Northwest Airlines Corporation () and is a major United States airline headquartered in Eagan, Minnesota, near Minneapolis-St. Paul International Airport in the United States. Northwest has three major hubs in the United States: Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport, Minneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport, and Memphis International Airport. Northwest also operates flights from a small hub in Asia at Narita International Airport near Tokyo and also operates transatlantic flights in cooperation with partner KLM from Schiphol Airport in Amsterdam. Additionally, it maintains focus city operations at Indianapolis International Airport and Seattle-Tacoma International Airport.
As of 2006 Northwest was the world's sixth largest airline in terms of domestic and international scheduled passenger miles flown and the U.S.'s sixth largest airline in terms of domestic passenger miles flown. In addition to operating one of the largest domestic route networks in the U.S., Northwest carries more passengers across the Pacific Ocean (5.1 million in 2004) than any other U.S. carrier, and carries more domestic air cargo than any other American passenger airline. It is the only U.S. combination carrier (passenger and cargo service) operating dedicated Boeing 747 freighters. The airline, along with its parent company, Northwest Airlines Corporation and subsidiaries, operated under Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection which, in the United States, allows continued operation during the reorganization effort, not cessation of flights as in the case in some countries. Northwest emerged from bankruptcy protection on May 31, 2007.
Northwest Airlines' regional flights are operated under the name Northwest Airlink by Mesaba Airlines, Pinnacle Airlines, and Compass Airlines. Northwest Airlines is currently a minority owner of Midwest Airlines, holding a 40% stake in the company. Its frequent flyer program is called WorldPerks. Northwest Airlines' tagline is "Now you're flying smart."
On April 14, 2008, Northwest announced it will be merging with Delta Air Lines, subject to regulatory review. If approved, the new airline will retain only the Delta Air Lines name and brand, and become the largest airline in the world.

JetBlue Airways
JetBlue Airways is an American low-cost airline owned by JetBlue Airways Corporation. The company is headquartered in the Forest Hills neighborhood of the New York City borough of Queens. Its home airport is John F. Kennedy International Airport.
In 2001, JetBlue began a focus city operation at Long Beach in Los Angeles County, California, and another at Logan International Airport, Boston in 2004. It also has focus city operations at Fort Lauderdale, Oakland International Airport, and at Washington-Dulles, as well as Orlando International Airport. The airline mainly serves destinations in the United States, along with flights to the Caribbean, the Bahamas, Bermuda, and Mexico.

Erich Wasicky
Erich Wasicky (May 27, 1911 in Vienna, Austria &ndashl May 28, 1947 in Landsberg) was a pharmacist at the Mauthausen concentration camp. He was responsible for the killing of large numbers of inmates.
Wasicky, an Austrian pharmacist, joint the NSDAP and the SS. In the years 1941 to 1944 he worked in the concentration-camp Mauthausen. He was in charge of the selection of victims for killing as well as their poisoning by the Gas Cyclon B. In addition he was one of the drivers of trucks used for killing people by exhaust gas. Up to 15.000 people had been killed at Mauthausen as well as neighboring Hartheim
After the end of World War II he was charge by an US-military tribunal, found guilty and was hanged on May 28, 1947.

Indie pop
Indie pop is a style of indie music which is more pop orientated, and tuneful, while Indie rock can sometimes be more edgy. Early indie pop bands include The Shop Assistants or The Pastels. More recent bands in the genre include Point blank, Travis, The Research and Maritime.

Travis
Travis are an Indie pop band from Scotland. They have released numerous albums including The Boy with No Name which is their latest release.
They are best known for their single Why Does It Always Rain on Me? from their 1999 release The Man Who.

The Boy with No Name
"The Boy with No Name" is the latest release by Indie pop band Travis and was released in May of 2007. The name of this record came from the fact it took Francis Healy (singer) a long time to name his son.
All songs written by Fran Healy, except where noted.
"3 Times and You Lose" (Healy, Andy Dunlop) – 4:14
This track uses several lyrics and the overall theme from the 1997 B-side "Standing on My Own" (which was included on the single release of "Tied to the 90's").[3]
"Big Chair" (Healy, Dunlop) – 4:07
Backing vocals provided by Julia Stone.
"Under the Moonlight" (Susie Hug) – 4:00
Backing vocals provided by KT Tunstall.
"Colder" (Healy, Dougie Payne) – 4:06
"Sailing Away" (hidden bonus track) – 3:31
Starts at 5:52 into last track (5:38 on UK and Mexican release).
"Perfect Heaven Space" (UK bonus track) – 3:50
"Say Hello" (iTunes bonus track) - 3:33 (Only available on the release date)
Closer was the first single the band released from this album.

Stuttering
Stuttering or Stammering is a problem some people have when they speak. People who have it involutarlily repeat certain parts of words, or they prolong certain parts. Most often, stuttering is not a problem of producing speech (physically). It is also not linked to intelligence. It is usually a disorder linked to the development of children.
There are certain drugs that can treat it, but most often, a therapy is done. This therapy aims at changing the speech pattern by different means.

Life expectancy
Life expectancy is how long a person is expected to live. It is based on many reasons such as place of living, health care and diet.

Autrans
Autrans is a village near Grenoble. About 1,541 people live there. It is a well-known ski resort.

Nedeljko Vukasović
Nedjeljko Vukasović (born 1966) is a former child actor. He is from Croatia. Today, he works as a policeman in Zagreb.

Claron McFadden
Claron McFadden is an American soprano singer. She became known because she sang in Lulu by Alban Berg, at Glyndebourne Festival Opera.

Demosthenes
Demosthenes (384–322 BC, Greek: Δημοσθένης, Dēmosthénēs) was a well-known Greek statesman and orator of ancient Athens. His speeches show well, how agile Athenians were, when speaking. They also give an insight into the politics and culture of ancient Greece during the 4th century BC. Demosthenes learned rhetoric by studying the speeches of previous great orators. He delivered his first judicial speeches when he was twenty. He argued effectively to gain from his guardians what was left of his inheritance. For a time, Demosthenes made his living as a professional speech-writer and a lawyer, writing speeches for use in private legal suits.
Demosthenes grew interested in politics during the time he wrotes speeches for others.In 354 BC he gave his first public political speeches. He went on to devote his most productive years to opposing Macedon's expansion. He idealized his city and tried throughout his life to restore Athens' supremacy and motivate his compatriots against Philip II of Macedon. He sought to preserve his city's freedom and to establish an alliance against Macedon, in an unsuccessful attempt to impede Philip's plans to expand his influence southwards by conquering all the Greek states. After Philip's death, Demosthenes played a leading part in his city's uprising against the new King of Macedon, Alexander the Great. However, his efforts failed and the revolt was met with a harsh Macedonian reaction. To prevent a similar revolt against his own rule, Alexander's successor, Antipater, sent his men to track Demosthenes down. Demosthenes took his own life, in order to avoid being arrested by Archias, Antipater's confidant.
The "Alexandrian Canon" compiled by Aristophanes of Byzantium and Aristarchus of Samothrace recognized Demosthenes as one of the ten greatest Attic orators and logographers. According to Longinus, Demosthenes "perfected to the utmost the tone of lofty speech, living passions, copiousness, readiness, speed". Cicero acclaimed him as "the perfect orator" who lacked nothing, and Quintilian extolled him as "lex orandi" ("the standard of oratory") and that "inter omnes unus excellat" ("he stands alone among all the orators").

Mexicali
Mexicali is a city in Mexico. It is in the north of the country and across the border from California in the United States. It is the capital city of Baja California. Mexicali is the northernmost city of Latin America. About 903.000 people live there.

Moblie (song)
Mobile is a song by Avril Lavigne. It was only released in Australia and New Zealand.

Don't Tell Me
Don't Tell Me is a 2004 song by Avril Lavigne. It is from her album "Under My Skin". On April 27 2004, it was released as the first single off of that album.

EasyJet
EasyJet Airline Company Limited, styled as easyJet, is a low cost airline based at London Luton Airport. It is one of the largest low-fare airlines in Europe, operating domestic and international scheduled services on 387 routes between 104 European and north African airports.

Fly-by-wire
Mechanical and hydro-mechanical flight control systems are heavy and require careful routing of flight control cables through the aircraft using systems of pulleys, cranks, wires and, with hydraulically-assisted controls, hydraulic pipes. Both systems often require redundant backup to cater for failures, which again increases weight. Furthermore, both have limited ability to compensate for changing aerodynamic conditions. Dangerous characteristics such as stalling, spinning and Pilot-induced oscillation (PIO), which depend mainly on the stability and structure of the aircraft concerned rather than the control system itself, can still occur with these systems.
By using electrical control circuits combined with computers, designers can save weight, improve reliability, and use the computers to mitigate the undesirable characteristics mentioned above. Advanced modern fly-by-wire systems are also used to control otherwise unstable fighter aircraft.
The words "Fly-by-Wire" imply an electrically-signalled only control system. However, the term is generally used in the sense of computer-configured controls, where a computer system is interposed between the operator and the final control actuators or surfaces. This modifies the manual inputs of the pilot in accordance with control parameters. These are carefully developed and validated in order to produce maximum operational effect without compromising safety.
Electronic fly-by-wire systems can respond flexibly to changing aerodynamic conditions, by tailoring flight control surface movements so that aircraft response to control inputs is appropriate to flight conditions. Electronic systems require less maintenance, whereas mechanical and hydraulic systems require lubrication, tension adjustments, leak checks, fluid changes, etc. Furthermore, putting circuitry between pilot and aircraft can enhance safety; for example the control system can try to prevent a stall, or it can stop the pilot from over stressing the airframe.
A fly-by-wire system actually replaces manual control of the aircraft with an electronic interface. The movement of flight controls are converted to electronic signals, and flight control computers determine how to move the actuators at each control surface to provide the expected response. The actuators are usually hydraulic, but electric actuators have been used.
The main concern with fly-by-wire systems is reliability. While traditional mechanical or hydraulic control systems usually fail gradually, the loss of all flight control computers could immediately render the aircraft uncontrollable. For this reason, most fly-by-wire systems incorporate either redundant computers (triplex, quadruplex etc), some kind of mechanical or hydraulic backup or a combination of both. A "mixed" control system such as the latter is not desirable and modern FBW aircraft normally avoid it by having more independent FBW channels, thereby reducing the possibility of overall failure to minuscule levels that are acceptable to the independent regulatory and safety authority responsible for aircraft design, testing and certification before operational service.
Analog.
The fly-by-wire flight control system eliminates the complexity, fragility and weight of the mechanical circuit of the hydromechanical flight control systems and replaces it with an electrical circuit. The cockpit controls now operate signal transducers which generate the appropriate commands, that are in turn processed by an electronic controller. The autopilot is now part of the electronic controller.
The hydraulic circuits are similar except that mechanical servo valves are replaced with electrically-controlled servo valves, operated by the electronic controller. This is the simplest and earliest configuration of an analog fly-by-wire flight control system, as first fitted to the Avro Vulcan in the 1950s.
In this configuration, the flight control systems must simulate "feel". The electronic controller controls electrical feel devices that provide the appropriate "feel" forces on the manual controls. This is still used in the Embraer E-Jets family of aircraft and was used in Concorde, the first fly-by-wire airliner.
In more sophisticated versions, analog computers replaced the electronic controller. The cancelled 1950s supersonic Canadian fighter, the Avro CF-105 Arrow, employed this type of system. Analog computers also allowed some customization of flight control characteristics, including relaxed stability. This was exploited by the early versions of F-16, giving it impressive maneuverability.
Digital.
A digital fly-by-wire flight control system is similar to its analog counterpart. However, the signal processing is done by digital computers and the pilot literally can "fly-via-computer". This increases flexibility as the digital computers can receive input from any aircraft sensor. It also increases electronic stability, because the system is less dependent on the values of critical electrical components in an analog controller.
The computers "read" position and force inputs from the pilot's controls and aircraft sensors. They solve differential equations to determine the appropriate command signals that move the flight controls in order to carry out the intentions of the pilot.
The programming of the digital computers allows aircraft designers to precisely tailor an aircraft's handling characteristics, to stay within the overall limits of what is possible given the aerodynamics and structure of the aircraft. For example, the computer can try to prevent the aircraft from being handled dangerously by preventing pilots from exceeding preset limits (the aircraft's envelope) such as the stall, spin or limiting G. Software can also be used to filter control inputs to avoid pilot-induced oscillation.
Side-sticks, center sticks or conventional control yokes can be used to fly such an aircraft. While the side-stick offers the advantages of being lighter, mechanically simpler, and unobtrusive, Boeing considered the lack of visual feedback from the side-stick a problem, and so uses conventional yokes in the 777 and the upcoming 787. The Airbus series have used side-sticks extensively and the new A380 super-jumbo uses them. In fighter aircraft, such the F-16 Falcon the side-stick is smaller.
As the computers continuously "fly" the aircraft, pilot workload can be reduced. It is now possible to fly aircraft that have relaxed stability. The primary benefit for military aircraft is more maneuverable flight performance and so-called "carefree handling" because stalling, spinning and other undesirables can be prevented. Digital flight control systems enable inherently unstable aircraft such as Lockheed Martin F-117 Nighthawk to fly. A modified NASA F-8C Crusader was the first digital fly-by-wire aircraft, in 1972, mirrored in the USSR by the Sukhoi T-4. At about the same time, in the UK a trainer version of the Hawker Hunter fighter was modified at the Farnborough research center with FBW controls in the right seat, the left seat being for a safety pilot with conventional controls and an FBW cut-out. The US Space Shuttle has digital fly-by-wire controls, first used in free-flight Approach and Landing Tests in 1977. In 1984, the Airbus A320 was the first airliner with digital fly-by-wire controls. In 2005, the Dassault Falcon 7X was the first business jet with fly-by-wire controls.
On military aircraft, fly-by-wire improves combat survivability because it avoids hydraulic failure. A common reason behind the loss of military aircraft in combat is damage causing hydraulic leaks leading to loss of control. Most military aircraft have several completely redundant hydraulic systems, but hydraulic lines are often routed together, and can be damaged together. With a fly-by-wire system, wires can be more flexibly routed, are easier to protect and less susceptible to damage than hydraulic lines.
The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) of the United States adopted the RTCA/DO-178B, titled "Software Considerations in Airborne Systems and Equipment Certification", as the certification standard for aviation software. Any safety-critical component in a digital fly-by-wire system including control laws and the operating system will have to be certified to DO-178B Level A, which is applicable for potentially catastrophic failures.
Nonetheless the top concern for computerized, digital fly-by-wire systems is reliability, even more so than for analog systems. This is because a computer running software is often the only control path between the pilot and control surfaces. If the computer software crashes, the pilot may not be able to control the aircraft. Therefore virtually all fly-by-wire systems are triply or quadruply redundant: they have three or four computers in parallel, and three or four separate wires to each control surface. If one or two computers crash, the others continue working. In addition most early digital fly-by-wire aircraft also had an analog electric, mechanical or hydraulic backup control system. The Space Shuttle has, in addition to the redundant set of computers running the primary software, a backup computer running a separately developed, reduced function system that can take over in the event of a fault that affects all of the computers in the redundant set. This is intended to reduce the risk of total failure due to a generic software fault.
For airliners, redundancy improves safety, but fly-by-wire also improves economy because the elimination of heavy mechanical items reduces weight.
Boeing and Airbus differ in their FBW philosophies. In Airbus aircraft, the computer always retains ultimate control and will not permit the pilot to fly outside the normal flight envelope. In a Boeing 777, the pilot can override the system, allowing the aircraft to be flown outside this envelope in emergencies. The pattern started by the Airbus A320 has been continued with the Airbus family and the Boeing 777.

Joystick
A joystick is an input device consisting of a stick that pivots on a base and reports its angle or direction to the device it is controlling. Joysticks are often used to control video games, and usually have one or more push-buttons whose state can also be read by the computer. A popular variation of the joystick used on modern video game consoles is the analog stick.
The joystick has been the principal flight control in the cockpit of many aircraft, particularly military fast jets, where centre stick or side-stick location may be employed.
Joysticks are also used for controlling machines such as cranes, trucks, underwater unmanned vehicles and zero turning radius lawn mowers. Miniature finger-operated joysticks have been adopted as input devices for smaller electronic equipment such as mobile phones.

Nobody's Home
"Nobody's Home" is Avril Lavigne's third single from her second album "Under My Skin". Daniel Stern played guitar for it. It was produced by Lavigne and Don Gilmore.
The song was written by Lavigne and Ben Moody, ex-member of Evanescence. It is a "rock ballad".

Subsociality
Subsociality" is a form of social behaviour of animals. It is very common. Subsocial animals care for their offspring.

Harpo Marx
Arthur Marx (previously Adolph Marx), also called Harpo Marx (November 23, 1888 – September 28, 1964), was one of the Marx Brothers. While playing Harpo Marx, he doesn't speak, only using horns, whistles, and other props.

Klaus Barbie
Klaus Barbie (October 25, 1913 – September 25, 1991) was an SS-"Hauptsturmführer", soldier, and Gestapo member. He was called the "Butcher of Lyon".

Mega Man X2
"Mega Man X2", called in Japan, is a platform video game made by Capcom for the Super NES game console.

Mega Man X (video game)
"Mega Man X", called in Japan, is a platform video game made by Capcom for the Super NES game console. It's the first game in the "Mega Man X" series, a spin-off of the "Mega Man" series.

Animal Crossing
"Animal Crossing", known as in Japan, is a life simulation video game made by Nintendo for the Nintendo 64 and Nintendo GameCube game consoles. It was only released on the Nintendo 64 in Japan in 2001. In 2002, it was released in North America, Europe and Australia for the Nintendo GameCube.
It supports the GameCube-Game Boy Advance link cable and the e-Reader items and has emulated Nintendo Entertainment System games in it as items. That means that the player can replay old NES games within the game itself.

Gerd Müller
Gerd Müller, (born November 3, 1945 in Nördlingen), used to be a football player for West Germany, and was one of the best players in his time. He has set many records for scoring.

Gebenhofen
Gebenhofen is a village near Augsburg. It looks like people settled there in the Merowingian era (7th century). Today, about 500 people live in the village.
it is a member of the gemeinde Affing an can be found in the Landkreis Aichach Friedberg (Regierungsbezirk Schwaben)

Brassicaceae
This is a family of plants including mustard, wasabi, and horseradish. They are are also called the mustard family, or cabbage family. Some plants in this family are hot when you eat them, so they are used as spices. All of them disturb the nose more than the tongue. Another group includea the cabbages, where there are broccoli, cauliflower, and cabbage. Another name for this family is Cruciferae.
The flowers of this family have four petals and look like a cross. The name cones from the genus in it, Brassica.

Amputation
Amputation is the act of cutting off a part of the human body because of medical reasons.

Ned Kelly (2003 movie)
Ned Kelly is an Australian movie directed by Gregor Jordan. The movie shows the life of Ned Kelly who was a famous bushranger in Australia. The movie is based on Robert Drewe's book "Our Sunshine".
Most of the filming was done at the Little River Earth Sanctuary, Mount Rothwell, near Geelong. Street scenes were filmed in Clunes and Ballarat. Other locations include Broadford, Glenfern, Hepburn Springs and Melbourne.

Turban
A long piece of cloth, almost 5 to 7 meters in length which is used by Sikh Men to tie around their heads.

Ubayd Allah al-Mahdi Billah
Ubayd Allah al-Mahdi Billah a.k.a Said ibn Husayn (Arabic: عبيد الله بن الحسين المهدي) is considered the founder of the Fatimid dynasty, the only major Shi'ite caliphate in Islam, and established Fatimid rule throughout much of North Africa.
After establishing himself as the first Imam of the Fatimid dynasty he made claim to genealogic origins dating as far back as Fatimah, the daughter of the Prophet of Islam, Muhammad, through Husayn, Fatimah's son, and Ismail. It was at this time as well that he changed his name to Ubaydallah Al-Mahdi.

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Amir al-Mu'minin
Amir al-Mu'minin (Arabic أمير المؤمنين) is usually translated "Commander of the Faithful" or "Prince of the Faithful", but "Leader of the Believers" might be a better translation. It is the Arabic style of Caliphs and other independent sovereign Muslim rulers that claim legitimacy from a community of Muslims. It has been claimed as the title of rulers in Muslim countries and empires and is still used for some Muslim leaders.
Use.
The title is also used by Shia Muslims to refer to their first Imam, Ali ibn Abi Talib, since he was also the Caliph. Sunni Muslims use it to refer to the first four Caliphs. It has also been adopted by various Caliphs of the succeeding Umayyad and Abbasid dynasties, as well as by some contemporary Arab monarchs.
Views of Sunni and Shi'a.
Sunni view that Umar was the first person to be given the title.
Shi'a view that Ali, the prophet of Islam's son-in-law and the only person to father the prophets only continuing lineage, was given the title during Muhammad's era.

Middle Persian
Middle Persian is the Middle Iranian language/ethnolect of Southwestern Iran that during Sassanid times (224-654 CE) became a prestige dialect and so came to be spoken in other regions as well. Middle Persian is classified as Western Iranian language. It comes from Old Persian and is the ancestor of Modern Persian.
The native name for Middle Persian (and perhaps for Old Persian also) was "Pārsik", "(language) of Pārs", present-day Fārs Province. The word is consequently (the origin of) the native name for the Modern Persian language.

Devil's Dyke
Devil's Dyke, or Devil's Ditch is an earthwork located in Cambridgeshire, England. A few parts of Bronze Age broken pots have been found there.

Scranton, Pennsylvania
Scranton is a city in Pennsylvania. It is the county seat of Lackawanna County. The city had a population of 76,415 people in 2000.
History.
Scranton was first settled in 1776 by Lenape indians. Over time, settlers from New England began to move to Scranton. They built mills and other small businesses. The village was known as Slocum Hollow. In 1845, Scranton started to manufacture iron and steel. The iron was used for making rails. Scranton became a leading maker of iron rails. A railroad was founded in 1851. It was built to move iron and coal.
Scranton became a borough in 1856. In 1866, Scranton was made a city when Hyde Park and Providence joined together with the Borough of Scranton. The city had 35,000 people living in it. In 1866, a streetcar system was built. It was the first in the United States. Scranton got the nickname "The Electric City" because of this. In the late 1890s, Scranton had several minor league baseball teams.
The United States Census said that Scranton had a population of 102,026 people in the year 1900. This made it the 38th largest city in the United States. In the 1900s, Scranton was known for its many Victorian-style houses.
In 1901, the iron industry in Scranton moved to Lackawanna, New York. Scranton lost one of its main industries. In the next 25 years, many people from Eastern Europe moved to Scranton. Two years later, the Laurel Line railroad opened up, making it easy to go to Wilkes-Barre, 20 miles South. After World War II, coal began losing cleaner fuels such as oil and gas. This caused Scranton to diminish. There wasn't as much coal being made, and not as many trains passed through. The streetcar system stopped in 1954, and a year later, the city was flooded after Hurricane Diane. 80 people died. The NYO&W freight railroad stopped going to Scranton in 1957.
The Knox Mine Disaster of 1959 wiped out the mining industry as the Susquehanna River flooded most of the mines in Northeastern Pennsylvania. The local DL&W railroad, nearly out of money, merged with the Erie Railroad in 1960. In the 1960s and 1970s, the silk and textile industries was getting smaller as they moved South or overseas. In the 1970s and 1980s, the downtown shops lay empty as it was best to shop in suburban malls. However, in the 1980s, the people of Scranton started revitalizing the city. Old places were marketed as tourist attractions. There is a historic site commemorating the city's railroad history, a hotel at the former DL&W Railroad station and a trolley museum. Some more modern attractions are a ski resort, the Wilkes-Barre Yankees (a minor league baseball team) and a concert venue. Also, popular sitcom The Office is set in Scranton.

Umayya ibn Abd Shams
Umayya ibn Abd Shams is the man, the clan of Banu Umayyad is named after.
Umayya was son of Abd Shams ibn Abd Manaf, and the father of Harb ibn Umayya and Abu al-'As.
In accordance to Shia Islam Ummaya was the adopted son of Abd Shams ibn Abd Manaf.

Abd Manaf ibn Qusai
Abd Manaf ibn Qusai (Arabic:) is the person, whom the clan of Banu Abd Manaf is named after. His father was Qusai ibn Kilab.
When his father died, he took charge of his work. He too distinguished himself by his ability, and he was famous for his generosity and good judgment.
He had five sons: Nawfal, Abd Shams, Hashim (after whom the Banu Hashim clan was named) and Muttalib. Muttalib was younger than Hashim, and became his successor.

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Ghazi Tehsil
Ghazi Tehsil is an administrative subdivision (tehsil) of Haripur District in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. The tehsil, headquartered at the town of Ghazi, is itself subdivided into 7 Union Councils of Pakistan.

Haripur Tehsil
Haripur Tehsil is an administrative subdivision (tehsil), of Haripur District in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. The tehsil is administratively subdivided into 37 Union Councils..

Lahor
Lahor is a town and tehsil of Swabi District in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. The town is a settlement of 35,000 people and lies west of Swabi and on the northern bank of the Indus River. Lahor is surrounded by Yar Hussain, Tordher, Ambar and the Indus River.

Mandi Bahauddin Tehsil
Mandi Bahauddin Tehsil is an administrative subdivision (tehsil) of Mandi Bahauddin District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city of Mandi Bahauddin is the headquarters of the tehsil.

Necronomicon
The Necronomicon is a fictional book of magic created by the horror writer H. P. Lovecraft. According to Lovecraft, the Necronomicon (which is Latin for "book of dead names;" it is pronounced "neck-ro-nom-ih-kon") was written in the eighth century by a crazy Arabian man named Abdul Alhazred. Alhazred (who was also fictional) practiced black magic (a kind of magic that is used for evil instead of good), and compiled (assembled) a collection of dark spells into a manuscript (an unbound book--a book in which all the pages are loose and there is no cover) which he called Al Azif. Several years later, the story goes, the original manuscript was discovered by a British publisher named Olaus Wormnius (who actually was a real person, although he never really discovered the Necronomicon--Lovecraft made that up), who published it as a grimoire (pronounced "grim-war," which is a book of spells) and gave it the title "Necronomicon."
Since Lovecraft's death, several authors have written their own versions of the Necronomicon. Most of them are the author's imagination of what the Necronomicon would be like if it were real, but a few claim to be the actual Necronomicon. The most famous case of a "real" Necronomicon is the "Simon" Necronomicon, which a young man who uses the pen name (a fake name used by authors) Simon claimed to have discovered in the early 1970's. Simon's Necronomicon is actually based on Arabian mythology, which he claims has similarities to H. P. Lovecraft's fiction. There are several people who denounce the "Simon" Necronomicon (denounce means to say that something is not true), but many people believe it to be the real Necronomicon and have bought it.
Simon has written several books about the Necronomicon's "discovery" since its publication in 1974, such as the popular "Dead Names: The Dark History of the Necronomicon," which is about his life and how he "discovered" the book. Several people claim that not all of what Simon says in "Dead Names" is true, although most of the people and events mentioned in it were real (such as Peter Levenda, a real author whom Simon states as being involved in the translation of the Necronomicon from Arabic to English, and the Son of Sam murders, real serial killings that took place in New York City in the '70s--see serial killer). Since Simon keeps his true identity a secret, Peter Levenda often does interviews for him, answering questions about the Necronomicon and Simon's books.

Occult
Occult refers to an area of knowledge or thought that is hidden.
Usages.
The word occult has many uses in the English language. Often it means knowledge of the paranormal. The term sometimes means knowledge meant only for certain people or knowledge that must be kept hidden. For most occultists it is the study of a deeper spiritual reality.
The term occult is also used as a label given to a number of magical organizations or orders, and the teachings and practices as taught by them. The name also extends to a large body of literature and spiritual philosophy.
Occultism.
Occultism is the study of occult. It can involve such subjects as magic (alternatively spelled and defined as magick), extra-sensory perception, astrology, spiritualism, numerology and lucid dreaming. There is often a strong religious element to these studies and beliefs, and many occultists profess adherence to religions such as Gnosticism, Hermeticism, Luciferianism, Thelema, and Neopaganism. While Christianity, Judaism, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam are generally not considered as occult, some of their modern interpretations can be, such as the interpretation of Hinduism within Theosophy or the various occult interpretations of the Jewish Kabbalah.
Science and the occult.
Alchemy, is considered an occult practice. Alchemy used to be common among scientists, such as Isaac Newton. During the Age of Enlightenment alchemy and science went their separate ways. Newton was accused of introducing occult agencies into natural science when he proposed that gravity was a force capable of acting over vast distances.

Pandemic Studios
Pandemic Studios is a video game developer with offices in Los Angeles, California and Brisbane, Australia.

Ghost town
A ghost town is a name for a city in which no one lives anymore. It can happen because of economical reasons (for instance, a town of gold miners who cannot find any more gold), a natural disaster (a flood, or a very long drought) or even a man- made disaster (for example, the nuclear fallout that emptied the town of Prypiat, Ukraine). Some ghost towns are kept intact as tourist attractions.

Rain dancing
A rain dance is a ceremonial dance. It is performed by people who believe it will cause rain and keep their harvest safe.
Many different types of "rain dances" can be found in many cultures, from Ancient Egypt to certain Native American tribes. In the 20th century Balkans, a ritual known as Paparuda (Romanian) or Perperuna (Slavic) is a type of rain dance.
The Cherokee tribe, an ethnic Native American tribe from the Southeastern United States used rain dances to both create rain and to remove evil spirits from the earth. The legend of the tribe says that the rain created has the spirits of the former leaders of the tribe. During the rain, these spirits fight the evil spirits in a place between our reality and the spirit world. These raindances are also seen as acts of worship.
Julia M. Butree in her book, describes the "Rain Dance of Zuni" and other Native American dances
Feathers and turquoise are worn during the dance. They symbolize wind and rain. Many traditions of the Rain Dance are passed down through history by people telling their children about them in stories.
Hacker's jargon.
The term Rain Dance is described in the "Jargon File" of hackers.
Search and rescue.
In search and rescue, "rain dance" is a way to decide how far apart people should be in a line so that they do not miss finding something or waste effort.
Settler Times.
In an early type of Meteorology, Native Americans in the midwestern parts of modern United States often tracked and followed known weather patterns. They would do a raindance for settlers in return for trade items. This is best known to happen among Osage and Quapaw Indian tribes of Missouri and Arkansas.

Louse
Lice (singular: louse), (order Phthiraptera) are an order of wingless insects. They are also known as fly babies. There are more than 3,000 different species; three are classified as human disease agents. They are obligate parasite of every avian and most mammalian orders. They are not found on Monotremes (the platypus and the echidnas or spiny anteaters) and a few eutherian orders, namely the bats (Chiroptera), whales, dolphins and porpoises (Cetacea) and pangolins (Pholidota).
Description.
Lice spend their whole life on the host. For this reasons, they have adapted, so they can keep close contact with the host. These adaptations are reflected in their size (0.5–8 mm), stout legs, and claws which are adapted to clinging tightly to hair, fur and feathers. They are also wingless and dorsoventrally flattened.
Lice feed on skin (epidermal) debris, feather parts, sebaceous secretions and blood. A louse's color varies from pale beige to dark grey; however, if feeding on blood, it may become considerably darker.
A louse's egg is commonly called a nit. Lice attach their eggs to their host's hair with specialized saliva which results in a bond that is very difficult to separate without specialized products. Living lice eggs tend to be pale white. Dead lice eggs are more yellow. Lice are very annoying and are difficult to remove, but not impossible.
Classification.
It has been suggested that the order is contained by the Troctomorpha suborder of Psocoptera.
Lice and humans.
Humans are unique in that they host three different kinds of lice: head lice, body lice (which live mainly in clothing), and pubic lice. The DNA differences between head lice and body lice provide corroborating evidence that humans started wearing clothes at approximately 70,000 BCE.
Recent DNA evidence suggests that pubic lice spread to the ancestors of humans approximately 3.3 million years ago from the ancestors of gorillas by sharing the same bed or other communal areas with them, and are more closely related to lice endemic to gorillas than to other lice species infesting humans.

The Adventures of Pinocchio
"The Adventures of Pinocchio" () is a book by Carlo Collodi, first published in 1883.
It is the story of a puppet, made by woodcarver Gepetto, who learns about being a real life boy. He desire being a human being instead of attached to a string being used as a puppet and made of wood. He is famous for when he is dishonest, his nose enlarges in length.

Mandi Bahauddin
Mandi Bahauddin is the capital of Mandi Bahauddin District in Punjab, Pakistan.

Talagang
Talagang is a city in Pakistan. It is located in the Punjab province and is the capital of Talagang Tehsil.

Arra, Pakistan
Arra is a village and Union Council of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan. It is part of Choa Saidan Shah Tehsil.

Balkassar
Balkassar is a village and Union Council, an administrative subdivision, of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan, it is part of Choa Saidan Shah Tehsil and is located at 32°55'60N 72°39'0E

Balokassar
Balokassar is a village and Union Council, an administrative subdivision, of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan, it is part of Choa Saidan Shah Tehsil.

Basharat
Basharat is a village and Union Council, an administrative subdivision, of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan, it is part of Choa Saidan Shah Tehsil and is located at 32°46'60N 73°5'60E

Terry Goodkind
Terry Goodkind (born 1948) is a famous writer from the U.S. state of Nebraska. He is known for writing fantasy books. His most famous book is called "Wizard's First Rule".

Begal
Begal is a village and Union Council, an administrative subdivision, of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan, it is part of Chakwal Tehsil and is located at 33°2'57N 72°39'11E

Bharpur
Bharpur is a village and Union Council, an administrative subdivision, of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan, it is part of Chakwal Tehsil and is located at 32°51'0N 72°34'0E

Bheen
Bheen is a village and Union Council, an administrative subdivision, of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan, it is part of Chakwal Tehsil.

Bhilomar
Bhilomar is a village and Union Council, an administrative subdivision, of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan, it is part of Talagang Tehsil and is located at 32°43'60N 72°25'60E.

Bhoun
Bhoun is a village and Union Council, an administrative subdivision, of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan, it is part of Chakwal Tehsil.

Bidher
Bidher is a village and Union Council, an administrative subdivision, of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan, it is part of Talagang Tehsil.

Buchal Kalan
Buchal Kalan is a village and Union Council of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan. It is part of Chakwal Tehsil.

Budhial
Budhial is a village and Union Council of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan. Budhial village is located about 25 kilometres from Talagang at 32°58'60N 72°10'60E.

Chak Malook
Chak Malook is a village and Union Council, an administrative subdivision, of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan, it is part of Chakwal Tehsil and is located at 32°58'0N 72°57'0E

Chak Umra
Chak Umra is a village and Union Council, an administrative subdivision, of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan, it is part of Chakwal Tehsil.

Choa Ganj Ali Shah
Choa Ganj Ali Shah is a village and Union Council, an administrative subdivision, of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan, it is part of Chakwal Tehsil and is located at 32°49'0N 73°5'60E

Choa Saidanshah
Choa Saidanshah is a village and Union Council of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan, it is located at 32°43'0N 72°58'60E It is a named after a man who was a famous Sufi.
Tribes.
The Gujar tribe dominate in the area, other tribes include Rajputs and Awans.

Dab, Pakistan
Dab is a village and Union Council, an administrative subdivision, of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan, it is part of Chakwal Tehsil and is located at 33°0'0N 72°52'0E

Dalwal
Dalwal is a village and Union Council, an administrative subdivision, of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan, it is part of Choa Saidan Shah Tehsil and is located at 32°42'0N 72°52'60E

Dandot
Dandot is a village and Union Council, an administrative subdivision, of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan, it is part of Choa Saidan Shah Tehsil and is located at 32°38'60N 72°58'0E

Dhoular
Dhoular is a village and Union Council of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan and is part of Talagang Tehsil. According to the 1998 census of Pakistan its total population was about 6,500.

Dhudial
Dhudial is a village and Union Council, an administrative subdivision, of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan, it is part of Chakwal Tehsil. It is one of the largest villages of Chakwal District and is located at 33°3'52N 72°58'24E about 70km south of the capital Islamabad.
Tribes.
The main tribes are Mair Minhas, Mughal Kasar, Gondal, Sadat and Awan.

Dhurnal
Dhurnal is a village and Union Council, an administrative subdivision, of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan, it is part of Talagang Tehsil and is located at 32°47'60N 72°5'60E.

Dullah
Dullah is a village and Union Council of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan.

Dulmial
Dulmial is a village and Union Council, an administrative subdivision, of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan, it is part of Choa Saidan Shah Tehsil and is located at 32°43'60N 72°55'0E.

Dumman
Dumman is a village and Union Council, an administrative subdivision, of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan, it is part of Chakwal Tehsil.

Jabbi Shah Dilawar
Jabbi Shah Dilawar is a village and Union Council, an administrative subdivision, of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan, it is part of Talagang Tehsil and is located at 33°5'36N 71°59'29E.

Jand, Chakwal
Jand is a village and Union Council, an administrative subdivision, of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan, it is part of Chakwal Tehsil and is located at 33°4'0N 73°7'60E.

Jand Khanzada
Jand Khanzada is a village and Union Council, an administrative subdivision, of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan, it is part of Chakwal Tehsil and is located at 32°55'60N 73°5'60E. The name means "village of Khanzada".

University of Texas at Austin
The University of Texas at Austin is a public university in Austin, Texas. It is one of the largest universities in the United States, with almost 50,000 students. It was founded in 1883.

Jassial
Jassial is a village and Union Council, an administrative subdivision, of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan, it is part of Talagang Tehsil and is located at 33°1'40N 72°23'34E.

Jaswal, Pakistan
Jaswal is a village and Union Council, an administrative subdivision, of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan, it is part of Chakwal Tehsil and is located at 32°49'0N 72°58'0E.

Jhatla
Jhatla is a village and Union Council, an administrative subdivision, of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan, it is part of Talagang Tehsil and is located at 32°49'0N 72°22'60E.

Kallar Kahar
Kallar Kahar is a town and Union Council, an administrative subdivision, of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan, it is part of Chakwal Tehsil and is located at 32°46'60N 72°42'0E.

Karsal
Karsal is a village and Union Council, an administrative subdivision, of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan, it is part of Chakwal Tehsil and is located at 33°2'30N 72°35'7E.

Karyala
Karyala is a village and Union Council, an administrative subdivision, of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan, it is part of Chakwal Tehsil and is located at 32°49'60N 72°52'60E.

Texas A&M University
Texas A&M University is a public university in College Station, Texas. It is a large university, with about 45,000 students. It was founded in 1871.

Khairpur, Chakwal
Khairpur is a village and Union Council, an administrative subdivision, of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan, it is part of Chakwal Tehsil.

Khotian
Khotian is a village and Union Council, an administrative subdivision, of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan, it is part of Chakwal Tehsil and is located at 32°46'0N 73°7'0E.

Kot Choudrain
Kot Choudrain is a village and Union Council, an administrative subdivision, of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan, it is part of Chakwal Tehsil.

Kot Gullah
Kot Gullah is a village and Union Council, an administrative subdivision, of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan. It is part of Talagang Tehsil.

Kot Qazi
Kot Gullah is a village and Union Council, an administrative subdivision, of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan, it is part of Talagang Tehsil.

Kot Sarang
Kot Sarang is a village and Union Council, an administrative subdivision, of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan, it is part of Talagang Tehsil and is located at 33°2'14N 72°23'11E.

Impala
Impala ("Aepyceros melampus") is is a medium-sized African antelope. The name impala comes from the Zulu language.
Description.
The impala is reddish-brown with white hair inside the ears, over each eye and on the chin, upper throat, underparts and buttocks. A narrow black line runs along the middle of the lower back to the tail, and a vertical black stripe appears on the back of each thigh. Impalas have unique brushlike tufts of black hair that cover a scent gland located just above the heel on each hind leg.
Habitat.
Impalas are found at grassland and woodland edges, usually very close by water.

Biblical Mount Sinai
The Biblical Mount Sinai is a mountain wrote about in the Old Testament. It was written by Moses that the Ten Commandments were given to him by God on Mount Sinai.

Reconstructor
Reconstructor is a program that allows anyone to customize an iso image of Ubuntu.

870s
Centuries: 8th century - 9th century - 10th century
Decades: 820s - 830s - 840s - 850s - 860s - 870s - 880s - 890s - 900s - 910s - 920s
Years: 870 871 872 873 874 875 876 877 878 879

University of the Incarnate Word
The University of the Incarnate Word is a private Catholic university in San Antonio, Texas, United States. There are about 5500 students enrolled and it was founded in 1881.

Texas State University–San Marcos
Texas State University-San Marcos is a public university in San Marcos, Texas, United States. There are about 28,000 students enrolled and it was founded in 1899.

Northeastern State University
Northeastern State University (NSU) is a public university located in Tahlequah, Oklahoma, near the of the Ozark Mountains. Northeastern's home, Tahlequah, is also the capital of The Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma.

University of Oklahoma
The University of Oklahoma, abbreviated OU, is a public university located in the Norman, Oklahoma, United States. It has about 27,000 students enrolled and it was founded in 1890. David Boren is president of the university.

Cicada
Cicadas are large bugs which make a loud noise. They are related to crickets, which also make a lot of noise.

Liège Airport
Liège Airport, also called Liège-Bierset, is an important cargo airport in Belgium. It was at the end of 2007 the 8th biggest cargo airport in Europe and the 38th biggest in the world.
Liège is located in the centre of the "golden triangle" Paris - Amsterdam - Frankfurt that handle 66 % of the European freight, 75% with London added.
The airport is located in the north-west of the city of Liège, in the east of Belgium. It is mainly used for freight operation but also serve more than 21 destinations for passengers (mainly charters).
Liège Airport is the world hub of TNT Airways, and the european hub of CAL Cargo Air Lines, El Al Cargo and Ethiopian Cargo (using Southern Air aircrafts).
The airport is also used as a regular refuelling stop on New York City - Middle East routes by Kalitta Air (including the Newark - Baghdad route for US mail).

Object (computer science)
In Object-oriented programming, an object is an instance of a Class. Objects are an abstraction. They hold both data, and ways to manipulate the data. The data is usually not visible outside the object. It can only be changed by using a well-specified mechanism (usually called "interface").
Suppose there is a bank account; this bank account has a current balance, but it also has a "history" of things that were done. These fields are however not directly accessible. There are methods like "deposit()" and "withdraw()" and "checkBalance()". Most applications (and other objects) only change this object through this interface.
Banks usually impose a "credit limit". Suppose, there are 1000 dollars on the account. If the client does not have a special agreement with the bank, he cannot take out more money than there is on the account; so he can withdraw() a maximum of 1000 dollars. He might have an agreement with the bank, so he can borrow money from the bank (but has to pay a fee). In that case, he might be able to withdraw 1500 dollars (or 2000 dollars). So the withdraw method has to do a lot of checks. as described above.
The account manager might see the account differently, she might have methods to set the maximum amount that can be taken out of the accounr, or to set the fee or interest rate that the customer has to be pay for the money borrowed.
As an object is an instance of a class; it has certain things from that class. It can perhaps be compared to other objects of that class. Two apples, one red and bigger, the other green and smaller. On the other hand: It is not that easy to compare different objects. A green apple does not have much in common with a steel wrench.
See also.
class (computer science)

Object-oriented design
Object-Oriented Design (OOD) is a way to for the designer of a computer program to specify what a computer program will do, using the way that people think and not using the way that computers think. People think in terms of classes and objects. For example, a fruit is a class, and there are different kinds of fruits such as bananas and pineapple. If a computer program designer were specifying to a computer programmer how to create a computer program to manage the fruits in a supermarket. He or she would specify the program in terms of classes (computer science) and objects (computer science) which is how people think.
A computer program called a compiler and / or an interpreter would take the program that the programmer typed in and convert it into a form that a computer can run. Computers really only understand things that are encoded as numbers. Object-Oriented-Design (OOD), uses the power and speed of a computer to allow humans to be more productive in making computer programmers, by letting human computer programmers think in terms of how humans think.

Konkan
Konkan is a part of India. It on the west coast of India. The coastal areas of Maharashtra, Goa and Karnataka are all part of Konkan region.
The word "Konkan" means corner (kona) and piece/part of earth (kana).
People in Konkan speak 2 main languages. One is Konkani language. Other is a dialect of Marathi language which is also called as Konkani.

Triple J
Triple J is a radio station from Australia. It is funded and owned by the Australian Government. The music played by the station is aimed at youth (usuaully between 12 and 25 years old) and is usually alternative music. The station started in 1972 as "Double Jay" as part of Gough Whitlam's government. It can now be heard all around Australia.

Radovan Karadžić
Radovan Karadžić (Serbian Cyrillic: Радован Караџић; born June 19, 1945 in Petnjica, Montenegro, Yugoslavia) is a former Serb politician. He also worked as a poet. He is a psychiatrist. For a long time, he was a fugitive (running from the law), from 1995 until July 21, 2008. The International Criminal Court in The Hague looked for him. They say he might have commited war crimes.
Arrest.
Official sources in Belgrade reported that he had been arrested in Serbia and brought before Belgrade's War Crimes Court. There had been an international arrest warrant against Karadžić for more than a decade. The tribunal looking into war crimes in the Yugoslav war said there were reasons to believe Karadžić had committed war crimes. This includes genocide, mainly directed against Muslims. The United States government had offered a $5 million award for information that led to his arrest, and that of Ratko Mladić. Karadžić was arrested and arraigned at a Serbian court on July 21, 2008.
The film "The Hunting Party" was based on Karadzic's life as a fugitive.

Common Language Specification
A Common language specification is a document that says how computer programs can be turned into bytecode. When several languages use the same bytecode, different parts of a program can be written in different languages. Microsoft uses a Common language specification for their dotnet Framework.

Cus D'Amato
Constantine "Cus" D'Amato (January 17, 1908 – November 4, 1985) was an American boxingtrainer. He trained two of boxing heavyweight champions, Mike Tyson and Floyd Patterson.
He once said, "The hero and the coward both feel the same thing, but the hero uses his fear, projects it onto his opponent, while the coward runs. It's the same thing, fear, but it's what you do with it that matters."
Early Life.
Cus D'Amato was born in 1908 in Bronx, New York to an Italian family of immigrants. He was one of eight brothers. In his childhood he wanted to become a boxer like his big brother Jerry. However, at 12 years old he took part in the fight and became blind in one eye.
Career.
D'Amato's love for boxing was so strong that the sport became a very important part of his life. He trained three champions although he never boxed himself.
Death.
He died in 1985 (age 77) after an inflammation of the lungs.

Willi Auerswald
Willi Auerswald (1895 – unknown) was a member of the German SS in the rank of a SS-Oberscharführer. Auerswald belonged to the guards of the Mauthausen Concentration camp. Between spring 1942 and November 1944 he was one of the leaders of the subcamp Steyr-Münichholz.
Auerswald was feared by the prisons due to his brutality. Executions and brutal punishments made him one of the most terrible guards at Mauthausen.
After the end of World War II Auerswald was charged by an US-military tribunal in Dachau. The trial document lists a case where a Russian prisoner, begging for his live, was pushed by Auerswald into a fence secured by high voltage. He died immediately. The documentation also mentioned that 300 healthy prisoners were brought from Mauthausen to the sub-camp St. Aegyd. More than 50 % died within the next few weeks or became severely sick so that they were brought back to Mauthausen where they died. Auerswald was the head of the St. Aegyd sub-camp at that time.
Auerswald was found guilty and sentenced to death by hanging. Later it was changed to life imprisonment.

Baylor University
Baylor University is a private Baptist university in Waco, Texas, United States. There are about 13,000 students enrolled and it was founded in 1845.

Texas Lutheran University
Texas Lutheran University is a private Lutheran university in Seguin, Texas, United States. It is a small school with about 1300 students enrolled and it was founded in 1891.

The Evergreen State College
The Evergreen State College is a public college in Olympia, Washington, United States. There are about 4500 students enrolled and it was founded in 1967.

Battle Of Berlin
The Battle Of Berlin was one of the last big battles of Second World War. The Battle took place in Berlin between 16 April to 8 May 1945. During the battle the Red Army captured the city and Adolf Hitler comitted suicide in his bunker (30 April).
Background.
On 12 January 1945 the Soviet began in attack. In the end of that attack, their forces stood on the Oder River, 60 killometers eastern to Berlin. In 1945 the Wermacht suffered from low quality of airplanes and tanks (lower quality from 1944).
Despite his advisors' opinion, Hitler decided to stay in the city. He heard about the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt on the radio and he hoped the city will be saved.
The battle.
The battle on the city began in the Seelow Heights. The Seelow Heights are found 17 kilometers westwern to the Oder and 45 kilometers eastern to Berlin and they were well defended by the Germans. On 16 April the Russians attacked the Seelow Heights. Almost 1,000,000 Russians with 20,000 artillery pieces were fighting against 100,000 Germans with 1,200 tanks. On 19 April the German were beaten and the Soviets captured the Seelow Heights.
On 20 April, Hitler's birthday, the Russian began to bombard the centre of the city and they didn't stop until the city surrendered. On 22 April Hitler, when he knew the Germans plans were interrupted, cried in anger and declared the war is lost. On 24 April the encirclement of the city completed.
40,000 German troops remained in the city. They were supported by police forces, "Hitler Youth" forces and Volksturm (units Of first world war veterans). Although the future of the city was sealed, the fighting in the city continued. At 4:00 AM, 30 April Hitler committed suicide in his bunker. On 2 May the Russians captured the Reichstag and raised the flag of the Soviet Union above the building. Last battles continued until 8 May - the surrender day of Germany.

VMDK
The VMDK (Virtual Machine Disk) is a file format used by VMware products.

University of Texas at San Antonio
The University of Texas at San Antonio is a public university in San Antonio, Texas, United States. It has about 28,000 students enrolled and it was founded in 1969.

NHL All-Star Team
The NHL All-Star Teams were first named at the end of the 1930–31 NHL season, to honor the best performers over the season at each position.
Members of the Professional Hockey Writers' Association vote for the All-Star Team at the end of the regular season.
From 1931–40.
Aurel Joliat • Howie Morenz • Bill Cook
Eddie Shore • King Clancy
Charlie Gardiner
Bun Cook • Frank Boucher • Dit Clapper
Sylvio Mantha • Ching Johnson
Tiny Thompson
Busher Jackson • Howie Morenz • Bill Cook
Eddie Shore • Ching Johnson
Charlie Gardiner
Aurel Joliat • Hooley Smith • Charlie Conacher
Sylvio Mantha • King Clancy
Roy Worters
Baldy Northcott • Frank Boucher • Bill Cook
Eddie Shore • Ching Johnson
John Roach
Busher Jackson • Howie Morenz • Charlie Conacher
King Clancy • Lionel Conacher
Charlie Gardiner
Busher Jackson • Frank Boucher • Charlie Conacher
King Clancy • Lionel Conacher
Charlie Gardiner
Aurel Joliat • Joe Primeau • Bill Cook
Eddie Shore • Ching Johnson
Roy Worters
Busher Jackson • Frank Boucher • Charlie Conacher
Eddie Shore • Earl Seibert
Lorne Chabot
Aurel Joliat • Cooney Weiland • Dit Clapper
Cy Wentworth • Art Coulter
Tiny Thompson
Sweeney Schriner • Hooley Smith • Charlie Conacher
Eddie Shore • Babe Siebert
Tiny Thompson
Paul Thompson • Bill Thoms • Cecil Dillon
Earl Seibert • Ebbie Goodfellow
Wilf Cude
Busher Jackson • Marty Barry • Larry Aurie
Babe Siebert • Ebbie Goodfellow
Normie Smith
Sweeney Schriner • Art Chapman • Cecil Dillon
Earl Seibert • Lionel Conacher
Wilf Cude
Paul Thompson • Bill Cowley • Gord Drillon & Cecil Dillon
Eddie Shore • Babe Siebert
Tiny Thompson
Toe Blake • Syl Apps • Gord Drillon & Cecil Dillon
Art Coulter • Earl Seibert
Dave Kerr
Toe Blake • Syl Apps • Gord Drillon
Eddie Shore • Dit Clapper
Frank Brimsek
Johnny Gottselig • Neil Colville • Bobby Bauer
Earl Seibert • Art Coulter
Earl Robertson
Toe Blake • Milt Schmidt • Bryan Hextall
Dit Clapper • Ebbie Goodfellow
Dave Kerr
Woody Dumart • Neil Colville • Bobby Bauer
Art Coulter • Earl Seibert
Frank Brimsek
From 1940–50.
Sweeney Schriner • Bill Cowley • Bryan Hextall
Dit Clapper • Wally Stanowski
Turk Broda
Woody Dumart • Syl Apps • Bobby Bauer
Earl Seibert • Ott Heller
Frank Brimsek
Lynn Patrick • Syl Apps • Bryan Hextall
Earl Seibert • Tommy Anderson
Frank Brimsek
Sid Abel • Phil Watson • Gord Drillon
Pat Egan • Bucko McDonald
Turk Broda
Doug Bentley • Bill Cowley • Lorne Carr
Earl Seibert • Jack Stewart
Johnny Mowers
Lynn Patrick • Syl Apps • Bryan Hextall
Jack Crawford • Bill Hollett
Frank Brimsek
Doug Bentley • Bill Cowley • Lorne Carr
Earl Seibert • Babe Pratt
Bill Durnan
Herb Cain • Elmer Lach • Maurice Richard
Emile Bouchard • Dit Clapper
Paul Bibeault
Toe Blake • Elmer Lach • Maurice Richard
Emile Bouchard • Bill Hollett
Bill Durnan
Syd Howe • Bill Cowley • Bill Mosienko
Glen Harmon • Babe Pratt
Mike Karakas
Gaye Stewart • Max Bentley • Maurice Richard
Jack Crawford • Emile Bouchard
Bill Durnan
Toe Blake • Elmer Lach • Bill Mosienko
Kenny Reardon • Jack Stewart
Frank Brimsek
Doug Bentley • Milt Schmidt • Maurice Richard
Kenny Reardon • Emile Bouchard
Bill Durnan
Woody Dumart • Max Bentley • Bobby Bauer
Jack Stewart • Bill Quackenbush
Frank Brimsek
Ted Lindsay • Elmer Lach • Maurice Richard
Bill Quackenbush • Jack Stewart
Turk Broda
Gaye Stewart • Buddy O'Connor • Bud Poile
Kenny Reardon • Neil Colville
Frank Brimsek
Roy Conacher • Sid Abel • Maurice Richard
Bill Quackenbush • Jack Stewart
Bill Durnan
Ted Lindsay • Doug Bentley • Gordie Howe
Glen Harmon • Kenny Reardon
Chuck Rayner
Ted Lindsay • Sid Abel • Maurice Richard
Gus Mortson • Kenny Reardon
Bill Durnan
Tony Leswick • Ted Kennedy • Gordie Howe
Leo Reise • Red Kelly
Chuck Rayner
From 1950–60.
Ted Lindsay • Milt Schmidt • Gordie Howe
Red Kelly • Bill Quackenbush
Terry Sawchuk
Sid Smith • Sid Abel & Ted Kennedy • Maurice Richard
Jimmy Thomson • Leo Reise
Chuck Rayner
Ted Lindsay • Elmer Lach • Gordie Howe
Red Kelly • Doug Harvey
Terry Sawchuk
Sid Smith • Milt Schmidt • Maurice Richard
Hy Buller • Jimmy Thomson
Jim Henry
Ted Lindsay • Fleming Mackell • Gordie Howe
Red Kelly • Doug Harvey
Terry Sawchuk
Bert Olmstead • Alex Delvecchio • Maurice Richard
Bill Quackenbush • Bill Gadsby
Gerry McNeil
Ted Lindsay • Ken Mosdell • Gordie Howe
Red Kelly • Doug Harvey
Harry Lumley
Ed Sandford • Ted Kennedy • Maurice Richard
Bill Gadsby • Tim Horton
Terry Sawchuk
Sid Smith • Jean Beliveau • Maurice Richard
Doug Harvey • Red Kelly
Harry Lumley
Danny Lewicki • Ken Mosdell • Bernie Geoffrion
Bob Goldham • Fern Flaman
Terry Sawchuk
Ted Lindsay • Jean Beliveau • Maurice Richard
Doug Harvey • Bill Gadsby
Jacques Plante
Bert Olmstead • Tod Sloan • Gordie Howe
Red Kelly • Tom Johnson
Glenn Hall
Ted Lindsay • Jean Beliveau • Gordie Howe
Doug Harvey • Red Kelly
Glenn Hall
Real Chevrefils • Ed Litzenberger • Maurice Richard
Fern Flaman • Bill Gadsby
Jacques Plante
Dickie Moore • Henri Richard • Gordie Howe
Doug Harvey • Bill Gadsby
Glenn Hall
Camille Henry • Jean Beliveau • Andy Bathgate
Fern Flaman • Marcel Pronovost
Jacques Plante
Dickie Moore • Jean Beliveau • Andy Bathgate
Tom Johnson • Bill Gadsby
Jacques Plante
Alex Delvecchio • Henri Richard • Gordie Howe
Marcel Pronovost • Doug Harvey
Terry Sawchuk
Bobby Hull • Jean Beliveau • Gordie Howe
Doug Harvey • Marcel Pronovost
Glenn Hall
Dean Prentice • Bronco Horvath • Bernie Geoffrion
Allan Stanley • Pierre Pilote
Jacques Plante
From 1960–70.
Frank Mahovlich • Jean Beliveau • Bernie Geoffrion
Doug Harvey • Marcel Pronovost
Johnny Bower
Dickie Moore • Henri Richard • Gordie Howe
Allan Stanley • Pierre Pilote
Glenn Hall
Bobby Hull • Stan Mikita • Andy Bathgate
Doug Harvey • Jean-Guy Talbot
Jacques Plante
Frank Mahovlich • Dave Keon • Gordie Howe
Carl Brewer • Pierre Pilote
Glenn Hall
Frank Mahovlich • Stan Mikita • Gordie Howe
Pierre Pilote • Carl Brewer
Glenn Hall
Bobby Hull • Henri Richard • Andy Bathgate
Tim Horton • Elmer Vasko
Terry Sawchuk
Bobby Hull • Stan Mikita • Kenny Wharram
Pierre Pilote • Tim Horton
Glenn Hall
Frank Mahovlich • Jean Beliveau • Gordie Howe
Elmer Vasko • Jacques Laperriere
Charlie Hodge
Bobby Hull • Norm Ullman • Claude Provost
Pierre Pilote • Jacques Laperriere
Roger Crozier
Frank Mahovlich • Stan Mikita • Gordie Howe
Bill Gadsby • Carl Brewer
Charlie Hodge
Bobby Hull • Stan Mikita • Gordie Howe
Jacques Laperriere • Pierre Pilote
Glenn Hall
Frank Mahovlich • Jean Beliveau • Bobby Rousseau
Allan Stanley • Pat Stapleton
Gump Worsley
Bobby Hull • Stan Mikita • Kenny Wharram
Pierre Pilote • Harry Howell
Ed Giacomin
Don Marshall • Norm Ullman • Gordie Howe
Tim Horton • Bobby Orr
Glenn Hall
Bobby Hull • Stan Mikita • Gordie Howe
Bobby Orr • Tim Horton
Gump Worsley
Johnny Bucyk • Phil Esposito • Rod Gilbert
J.C. Tremblay • Jim Neilson
Ed Giacomin
Bobby Hull • Phil Esposito • Gordie Howe
Bobby Orr • Tim Horton
Glenn Hall
Frank Mahovlich • Jean Beliveau • Yvan Cournoyer
Ted Green • Ted Harris
Ed Giacomin
Bobby Hull • Phil Esposito • Gordie Howe
Bobby Orr • Brad Park
Tony Esposito
Frank Mahovlich • Stan Mikita • John McKenzie
Carl Brewer • Jacques Laperriere
Ed Giacomin
From 1970–80.
Johnny Bucyk • Phil Esposito • Ken Hodge
Bobby Orr • J.C. Tremblay
Ed Giacomin
Bobby Hull • Dave Keon • Yvan Cournoyer
Brad Park • Pat Stapleton
Jacques Plante
Bobby Hull • Phil Esposito • Rod Gilbert
Bobby Orr • Brad Park
Tony Esposito
Vic Hadfield • Jean Ratelle • Yvan Cournoyer
Bill White • Pat Stapleton
Ken Dryden
Frank Mahovlich • Phil Esposito • Mickey Redmond
Bobby Orr • Guy Lapointe
Ken Dryden
Dennis Hull • Bobby Clarke • Yvan Cournoyer
Brad Park • Bill White
Tony Esposito
Rick Martin • Phil Esposito • Ken Hodge
Bobby Orr • Brad Park
Bernie Parent
Wayne Cashman • Bobby Clarke • Mickey Redmond
Bill White • Barry Ashbee
Tony Esposito
Rick Martin • Bobby Clarke • Guy Lafleur
Bobby Orr • Denis Potvin
Bernie Parent
Steve Vickers • Phil Esposito • Rene Robert
Guy Lapointe • Borje Salming
Rogie Vachon
Bill Barber • Bobby Clarke • Guy Lafleur
Denis Potvin • Brad Park
Ken Dryden
Rick Martin • Gilbert Perreault • Reggie Leach
Borje Salming • Guy Lapointe
Glenn Resch
Steve Shutt • Marcel Dionne • Guy Lafleur
Larry Robinson • Borje Salming
Ken Dryden
Rick Martin • Gilbert Perreault • Lanny McDonald
Denis Potvin • Guy Lapointe
Rogie Vachon
Clark Gillies • Bryan Trottier • Guy Lafleur
Denis Potvin • Brad Park
Ken Dryden
Steve Shutt • Darryl Sittler • Mike Bossy
Larry Robinson • Borje Salming
Don Edwards
Clark Gillies • Bryan Trottier • Guy Lafleur
Denis Potvin • Larry Robinson
Ken Dryden
Bill Barber • Marcel Dionne • Mike Bossy
Borje Salming • Serge Savard
Glenn Resch
Charlie Simmer • Marcel Dionne • Guy Lafleur
Larry Robinson • Ray Bourque
Tony Esposito
Steve Shutt • Wayne Gretzky • Danny Gare
Borje Salming • Jim Schoenfeld
Don Edwards
From 1980–90.
Charlie Simmer • Wayne Gretzky • Mike Bossy
Denis Potvin • Randy Carlyle
Mike Liut
Bill Barber • Marcel Dionne • Dave Taylor
Larry Robinson • Ray Bourque
Mario Lessard
Mark Messier • Wayne Gretzky • Mike Bossy
Doug Wilson • Ray Bourque
Billy Smith
John Tonelli • Bryan Trottier • Rick Middleton
Paul Coffey • Brian Engblom
Grant Fuhr
Mark Messier • Wayne Gretzky • Mike Bossy
Mark Howe • Rod Langway
Pete Peeters
Michel Goulet • Denis Savard • Lanny McDonald
Paul Coffey • Ray Bourque
Roland Melanson
Michel Goulet • Wayne Gretzky • Mike Bossy
Rod Langway • Ray Bourque
Tom Barrasso
Mark Messier • Bryan Trottier • Jari Kurri
Paul Coffey • Denis Potvin
Pat Riggin
John Ogrodnick • Wayne Gretzky • Jari Kurri
Paul Coffey • Ray Bourque
Pelle Lindbergh
John Tonelli • Dale Hawerchuk • Mike Bossy
Rod Langway • Doug Wilson
Tom Barrasso
Michel Goulet • Wayne Gretzky • Mike Bossy
Paul Coffey • Mark Howe
John Vanbiesbrouck
Mats Naslund • Mario Lemieux • Jari Kurri
Larry Robinson • Ray Bourque
Bob Froese
Michel Goulet • Wayne Gretzky • Jari Kurri
Mark Howe • Ray Bourque
Ron Hextall
Luc Robitaille • Mario Lemieux • Tim Kerr
Larry Murphy • Al MacInnis
Mike Liut
Luc Robitaille • Mario Lemieux • Hakan Loob
Ray Bourque • Scott Stevens
Grant Fuhr
Michel Goulet • Wayne Gretzky • Cam Neely
Gary Suter • Brad McCrimmon
Patrick Roy
Luc Robitaille • Mario Lemieux • Joe Mullen
Chris Chelios • Paul Coffey
Patrick Roy
Gerard Gallant • Wayne Gretzky • Jari Kurri
Al MacInnis • Ray Bourque
Mike Vernon
Luc Robitaille • Mark Messier • Brett Hull
Ray Bourque • Al MacInnis
Patrick Roy
Brian Bellows • Wayne Gretzky • Cam Neely
Paul Coffey • Doug Wilson
Darren Puppa
From 1990–00.
Luc Robitaille • Wayne Gretzky • Brett Hull
Ray Bourque • Al MacInnis
Ed Belfour
Kevin Stevens • Adam Oates • Cam Neely
Chris Chelios • Brian Leetch
Patrick Roy
Kevin Stevens • Mark Messier • Brett Hull
Brian Leetch • Ray Bourque
Patrick Roy
Luc Robitaille • Mario Lemieux • Mark Recchi
Phil Housley • Scott Stevens
Kirk McLean
Luc Robitaille • Mario Lemieux • Teemu Selanne
Chris Chelios • Ray Bourque
Ed Belfour
Kevin Stevens • Pat LaFontaine • Alexander Mogilny
Larry Murphy • Al Iafrate
Tom Barrasso
Brendan Shanahan • Sergei Fedorov • Pavel Bure
Ray Bourque • Scott Stevens
Dominik Hasek
Adam Graves • Wayne Gretzky • Cam Neely
Al MacInnis • Brian Leetch
John Vanbiesbrouck
John LeClair • Eric Lindros • Jaromir Jagr
Paul Coffey • Chris Chelios
Dominik Hasek
Keith Tkachuk • Alexei Zhamnov • Theoren Fleury
Ray Bourque • Larry Murphy
Ed Belfour
Paul Kariya • Mario Lemieux • Jaromir Jagr
Chris Chelios • Ray Bourque
Jim Carey
John LeClair • Eric Lindros • Alexander Mogilny
Vladimir Konstantinov • Brian Leetch
Chris Osgood
Paul Kariya • Mario Lemieux • Teemu Selanne
Brian Leetch • Sandis Ozolinsh
Dominik Hasek
John LeClair • Wayne Gretzky • Jaromir Jagr
Chris Chelios • Scott Stevens
Martin Brodeur
John LeClair • Peter Forsberg • Jaromir Jagr
Nicklas Lidstrom • Rob Blake
Dominik Hasek
Keith Tkachuk • Wayne Gretzky • Teemu Selanne
Chris Pronger • Scott Niedermayer
Martin Brodeur
Paul Kariya • Peter Forsberg • Jaromir Jagr
Al MacInnis • Nicklas Lidstrom
Dominik Hasek
John LeClair • Alexei Yashin • Teemu Selanne
Ray Bourque • Eric Desjardins
Byron Dafoe
Brendan Shanahan • Steve Yzerman • Jaromir Jagr
Chris Pronger • Nicklas Lidstrom
Olaf Kolzig
Paul Kariya • Mike Modano • Pavel Bure
Rob Blake • Eric Desjardins
Roman Turek
From 2000-Today.
Patrik Elias • Joe Sakic • Jaromir Jagr
Nicklas Lidstrom • Ray Bourque
Dominik Hasek
Luc Robitaille • Mario Lemieux • Pavel Bure
Rob Blake • Scott Stevens
Roman Cechmanek
Markus Naslund • Joe Sakic • Jarome Iginla
Nicklas Lidstrom • Chris Chelios
Patrick Roy
Brendan Shanahan • Mats Sundin • Bill Guerin
Rob Blake • Sergei Gonchar
Jose Theodore
Markus Naslund • Peter Forsberg • Todd Bertuzzi
Nicklas Lidstrom • Al MacInnis
Martin Brodeur
Paul Kariya • Joe Thornton • Milan Hejduk
Sergei Gonchar • Derian Hatcher
Marty Turco
Markus Naslund • Joe Sakic • Martin St. Louis
Scott Niedermayer • Zdeno Chara
Martin Brodeur
Ilya Kovalchuk • Mats Sundin • Jarome Iginla
Chris Pronger • Bryan McCabe
Roberto Luongo
Alexander Ovechkin • Joe Thornton • Jaromir Jagr
Nicklas Lidstrom • Scott Niedermayer
Miikka Kiprusoff
Dany Heatley • Eric Staal • Daniel Alfredsson
Zdeno Chara • Sergei Zubov
Martin Brodeur
Alexander Ovechkin • Sidney Crosby • Dany Heatley
Nicklas Lidstrom • Scott Niedermayer
Martin Brodeur
Thomas Vanek • Vincent Lecavalier • Martin St. Louis
Chris Pronger • Dan Boyle
Roberto Luongo
Alexander Ovechkin • Evgeni Malkin • Jarome Iginla
Nicklas Lidstrom • Dion Phaneuf
Evgeni Nabokov
Henrik Zetterberg • Joe Thornton • Alexei Kovalev
Brian Campbell • Zdeno Chara
Martin Brodeur
First Team leaders by position.
The following is a list of the most selected First Team All-Stars by position.
See also.
NHL All-star game

NHL Players' Association
The National Hockey League Players' Association or NHLPA is a labour union that represents the interests of the hockey players in the National Hockey League of North America.
Organization.
While the management of daily operations is the responsibility of the NHLPA Executive Director Paul Kelly, the ultimate control over all NHLPA activities resides with the players, who each year elect representatives in order to form an Executive Board.

Role of United States in the Vietnam War
The role of the United States in the Vietnam War began soon after the Second World War and escalated into full commitment during the Vietnam War (1956-1975).

Johann Altfuldisch
Johann Altfuldisch, (November 11, 1911 at Brückenau, Austria – May 28, 1947 at Landsberg am Lech) was a member of the NSDAP and the Waffen-SS and one of the guards at the concentration camp Mauthausen. He had the second highest rank at Mauthausen.
After the end of World War II Altfuldisch was charged by a military court for killing innocent people, especially members of ethnic groups and war prisoners. He was found guilty and hanged on May 28, 1945.

Phalanges
Phalanges are bones in the human body. There are 14 of them in each hand and foot. The phalanges in the hand are commonly called fingers and those in the feet are called toes. Toe bones are usually shorter than the bones in the hand.

Alpaca
The Alpaca ("Vicugna pacos") is a domesticated species of South American camelid. It resembles a small llama in superficial appearance.
Description.
Camelids originated on the central plains of North America.
The ancestral camelids migrated to South America. By the end of
the last ice age, camelids became extinct in North America. The
ancestral camelid developed into the present day wild vicuna and wild guanaco of the Andean highlands (Peru, Bolivia, and Chile) of South America.
Domestication.
About 5,000 to 6,000 years ago the natives began the
domestication of the vicuna into the present day alpaca as a fiber

Guy Berryman
Guy Rupert Berryman (born 12 April 1978) is a Scottish guitarist. He is a member of the rock band Coldplay.

Mennonites
The Mennonites are a group of Christian Anabaptists named after Menno Simons (1496–1561). His teachings were a relatively minor influence on the group,though. They are of the historic "peace churches". Mennonites are committed to nonviolence, nonviolent resistance/reconciliation, and pacifism.
There are about 1.5 million Mennonites worldwide as of 2006. There are many different types of mennonite communities in the world. There are those that dress in old-fashioned ways, and others which are hard to tell apart from other people leading a modern lifestyle. Most Mennonites are in the United States and Democratic Republic of Congo, but Mennonites can also be found in tight-knit communities in at least 51 countries on six continents or scattered amongst the populace of those countries.
Mennonites have an international distinction among Christian denominations in disaster relief. They also place a strong theological emphasis on voluntary service. Mennonite Disaster Service, based in North America, provides both immediate and long-term responses to hurricanes, floods, and other disasters. Mennonite Central Committee provides disaster relief around the world alongside their long-term international development programs. Other programs offer a variety of relief efforts and services throughout the world.
In the last few decades some Mennonite groups have also become more actively involved with peace and social justice issues, helping to found Christian Peacemaker Teams and Mennonite Conciliation Service.

Anabaptist
Anabaptist is a term to refer to certain Christian movements. The followers of these movements think that believers should be baptized; only someone who believes can be validly baptized; the baptism of infants has to be confirmed with what they call "believers baptism". The best-known anabaptists today are the Mennonites, the Hutterites and the Amish.

Hutterites
Hutterites are a group of Protestanŧ Christians. They are an anabaptist movement; they think believers should be baptized (a second time). Their movement was founded by Jacob Hutter who lived in the 16th century. The main difference to the Mennonites is that they think the bible should be read literally. They also share everything they have; there is no private property.
Today, there are about 50.000 hutterites; most of them live in the Canada and the United States. Like the Amish they still speak a dialect of German.

Prairie View A&M University
Prairie View A&M University is a public university in Prairie View, Texas, United States. It has about 8,000 students enrolled and it was founded in 1876. It is an historically African-American school with ties to Texas A&M University, though any person of any race may attend.

VMware
VMware, Inc. is a company the makes software and a global leader in the virtualization market. The company was founded in 1998 and is based in Palo Alto, California. The name "VMware" comes from the acronym "VM", meaning "virtual machine", while "ware" comes from second part of "software".

VMware ThinApp
VMware ThinApp is a computer program that can make portable applications.

MediaFire
MediaFire is a free and unlimited file and image hosting web site located in Harris County, Texas, USA. Every feature of the service is available to users whether they choose to create a cost-free account or not.
The website is very popular and has attracted at least 8.7 million visitors annually by 2008 according to a study made by Compete.com.
Usage.
The service is available for free and allows users to upload files of up to 100 MB. The user is then supplied with a unique URL, which locates the file and enables anyone with whom the uploader shares it to download the file. Currently there is no time limit on how long uploaded files will be stored. Furthermore, images can be uploaded and displayed in galleries.

University of Houston
The University of Houston is a public university in Houston, Texas. It was started in 1927, and has nearly 35,000 students.

Acronis
Acronis Inc, a company incorporated in Delaware, that produces hard disk utility software, including disk-imaging backup and recovery, partition management, boot management, and data migration software. It also develops software for virtualization migration and conversion for purpose of migrating a physical server to a virtual server (such as VMware), or what is also termed P2V. Its best-known product is Acronis True Image, which allows a software image of a computer to be made and which can be reinstalled on the same or another computer. Most software is produced in different versions starting at low-priced software for single computers up to versions for companies with many desktop and server computers.
Acronis' headquarters are in Burlington, MA, USA with additional offices in the United States, Europe and Asia. Walter Scott, who formerly ran Imceda Corporation until its sale to Quest Software, became CEO in 2005. Acronis has taken venture funding from New York private equity and venture capital firm Insight Venture Partners.

Acronis True Image
Acronis True Image is a program to make disk images. I is made by Acronis. True Image can create an image of a disk while it is running Microsoft Windows or Linux, or offline by booting from CD/DVD, USB flash drives, PXE, or other bootable media. As a disk imaging solution, True Image can restore the previously captured image to another disk, effectively replicating the structure and contents to the new disk, also allowing partition resizing if the new disk is of different capacity.
Supported filesystems.
In addition to the officially supported filesystems, Acronis True Image also provides raw sector backup and restore options for all other filesystems. 'Raw' mode provides support for a file system that is corrupt, or that isn't officially supported, by capturing a complete image of all sectors on the disk. This method results in a larger image file as it isn't able to compress, resize, or selectively restore files on the unrecognized filesystem.

The Young Ones
"The Young Ones" was a popular British sitcom, first seen in 1982, on BBC2. Its anarchic sense of humour, in the 1980s, made the actors famous in the UK. Soon after that, it was shown to Americans on MTV, one of the first shows on the new channel that wasn't mostly about music.
The programme was about four college students sharing a house: violent punk rocker Vyvyan (Adrian Edmondson), the stuck-up anarchist Rick (Rik Mayall), the suffering hippy Neil (Nigel Planer), and the mysterious Mike (Christopher Ryan). It also starred Alexei Sayle, who played their landlord, Jerzei Balowski, and other members of the Balowski family.
The show was like a regular sitcom, with violent slapstick, silly turns in the plot, and surrealism.
Although the series was set in North London, many outdoors scenes were filmed in Bristol. All four characters went to the fictional "Scumbag College", but they were never shown in a classroom, and were hardly ever seen studying.
The show was voted #31 in the BBC's Best Sitcom poll in 2004.
History.
The series' beginnings were in London's comedy clubs in the late 1970s. Most of the cast became popular at The Comedy Store. Alexei Sayle was the main act, drawing attention as the manic, aggressive Master of ceremonies. Adrian Edmondson and Rik Mayall worked as a double act, 20th Century Coyote, and later became The Dangerous Brothers). Nigel Planer was in a double act with Peter Richardson called "The Outer Limits."
As The Comedy Store became popular, Sayle, 20th Century Coyote and The Outer Limits, with French and Saunders and Arnold Brown, set up their own club called The Comic Strip in nearby Soho. The Comic Strip became one of the most popular comedy clubs in London, and one person who liked it a lot was Jeremy Isaacs of Channel 4. Peter Richardson then made a deal for six half-hour shows on Channel 4, using the group as comedy actors instead of stand-up performers.
The first of this series, "The Comic Strip Presents...", was on Channel 4 on 2 November 1982. After this, the BBC made a deal with Edmondson, Mayall, Richardson, Planer and Sayle to star in another sitcom in the same style. Paul Jackson was put in as a producer.
The series was written by Mayall with his girlfriend Lise Mayer, and with Ben Elton (who went to Manchester University with Mayall and Edmondson). Richardson was first going to play Mike, but clashed with Jackson. He was replaced by Christopher Ryan, the only member of the group who wasn't a stand-up comedian.
Synopsis.
The series was centered around the unclean house where the students lived during their time at Scumbag College.
When it was first on television, the show got attention for violent slapstick. Though new to mainstream audiences, Mayall and Edmondson had been using it in 20th Century Coyote for some time. The show also had some very strange parts, such as puppets playing talking animals or objects. Confusion was added with pieces in the middle that were not part of the main plot.
Episodes in the second series sometimes had "flash frames" (three frames, lasting 1/8 of a second), but these were cut out of some repeats. They were included to make fun of the British and American public's fear of subliminal messages in television and music. The images included the words "Carry On Cowboy" (the name of a 1965 film), a rusty dripping tap, a leaping frog, a dove in flight, a skier, and a hand making pottery.
The episodes ran 35 minutes, and many episodes were cut when repeated on the BBC or satellite channels.
In the United States, "The Young Ones" ran on PBS, MTV and, in 1994, on Comedy Central.
Music.
The series' theme song featured the cast singing Cliff Richard and The Shadows UK #1 song "The Young Ones". Throughout the series there were many references to Richard, as Mayall's character was a fan.
The theme song over the end credits was written by Peter Brewis, who also created incidental music on many episodes.
In 1984, after the second season, Planer (in character as Neil) reached No. 2 in the UK charts with a version of Traffic's "Hole In My Shoe". It went with "Neil's Heavy Concept Album", a loose collection of songs and spoken comedy with appearances by "Young Ones" actors Dawn French and Stephen Fry.
In 1986, the cast sang "Living Doll" with Cliff Richard and Hank Marvin for Comic Relief. The song, a reworking of his 1959 hit, reached the top of the UK Charts.
Most episodes had a musical guest performing in the house or street. By including the groups, the show could be called variety rather than light entertainment by the BBC and was given a bigger budget than a sitcom. This also helped get several British bands to be more popular with American viewers, such as Dexys Midnight Runners, Motörhead, and Madness. This last group was in two episodes.
Some of these performances were cut from the DVD for copyright reasons. Some musical acts were also cut out for similar reasons on some satellite reruns.
Neil Pye.
Played by Nigel Planer, Neil Pye, the hippy, is a clinically depressed, suicidal pacifist, vegetarian and environmentalist working towards a Peace Studies degree. He is victimised by other housemates (especially Rick and Vyvyan) and forced to do the housework, including shopping, cleaning and cooking. He is never acknowledged for it (unless it goes wrong).
Neil is pessimistic and believes everyone and everything hates him, which is mostly true, though he does have some friends, two hippys, one also named Neil and one named Warlock. He doesn't like technology except for videos, and he speaks out for Vegetable Rights and Peace. He is also an insomniac, believing that "sleep gives you cancer".
Neil wants the others to feel sorry for him, or just acknowledge his presence. To get attention, he tries anything from repeatedly banging himself on the head with a frying pan to attempting suicide. He claims "the most interesting thing that ever happens to me is sneezing".
In the second series, his parents - who appear in the episode "Sick" - are revealed to be upper middle class. They are conservative Tories who look down on Neil for starring in such a bad comedy series.
Neil also says 'heavy' a lot.
Rick Pratt.
Played by Rik Mayall, Rick is an anarchist who is studying sociology and/or domestic sciences (depending on the episode). Rick writes poetry and calls himself "The People's Poet".
Rick is a hypocritical, tantrum-throwing attention-seeker who loves Cliff Richard. Rick tries to impress the others with what he thinks is his wit, talent and humour, but is really none of these. He insults and often physically assaults Neil. He fights and bickers with Vyvyan, and attempts to impress Mike.
Rick is a vegetarian, and says he wishes everyone to love each other like brothers. However, he rarely does anything that can be called brotherly love.
Rick is unlikeable, and so selfish that he believes he is the "most popular member of the flat" even though his housemates really hate him. Vyvyan describes Rick's name as being spelled "with a silent P". Although the other members dislike and ignore Rick, he is heard to say that they "really are terrific friends".
Believing himself the 'People's Poet' or the "spokesperson for a generation", Rick exaggerates or lies about his political activism and working class background, and in the last episode "Summer Holiday", it is suggested he really comes from an upper class, Conservative background.
While he sees himself as an anarchist, he likes the ideas of Vladimir Lenin and Leon Trotsky and states his interest in them in several episodes. However, he claims to dislike Margaret Thatcher, as is noted by his efforts threatening to blow up England with a bomb in the episode "Bomb" if she doesn't do something "to help the kids, by this afternoon." This is also noticed in "The Young Ones Book," first published by Sphere Books, where negative references are made to Thatcher and the Conservative Party.
Rick speaks loudly and cannot pronounce his "r"s sometimes.
Vyvyan Basterd.
Played by Adrian Edmondson, Vyvyan is an orange-haired, mohican punk rocker and medical student. He is extremely violent and regularly attacks Neil and Rick with pieces of wood, cricket bats and other large objects. He never hurts Mike, whom he respects. He hates Rick more than he does Neil, taking every chance to insult and attack him. For example, when Rick, Mike and Neil meet his mother at a bar in the episode "Boring", he calls both Neil and Mike his friends, but not Rick, whom he calls "a complete bastard." Although Rick and Vyvyan hate each other, this makes them all but inseparable; the two spend more time together than apart, or with the other housemates.
Vyvyan owns a yellow Ford Anglia, with red flames painted along the sides, and a Glaswegian hamster named Special Patrol Group ("SPG" for short) which he is very fond of, even though SPG is also often subjected to Vyvyan's extreme violence. His mother is a barmaid and former shoplifter, who before "Boring" had not seen Vyvyan in ten years and has no idea who his father is.
Vyvyan has inhuman strength on occasion (moving entire walls with his bare hands, lifting Neil above his head in a fight with Rick, biting through a brick and even re-attaching his own head after it was cut off), surviving a pick-axe through the head, and he eats just about anything; televisions, dead rats, cornflakes, or cornflakes with ketchup.
Although he is a homicidal maniac, Vyvyan can be friendly and creative; in one episode ("Flood"), he made his own potion to change a person into an axe-wielding homicidal maniac. He has more friends than the others but "he doesn't like any of them." He often causes damage such as wiring the doorbell to a bomb, and adding a 289 CID Ford V-8 engine to the vacuum cleaner, which proceeds to suck up the carpet, the floorboards and a friend of Neil's. Vyvyan also seems to be the only member of the group with a driving licence.
Mike The Cool Person.
Played by Christopher Ryan, Mike was the oddest of the four. He is the assumed leader of the group, despite being rather shorter than the others, and does not involve himself in the battles between the other three. He makes puns, which are either deliberately cheap or humorous.
He often uses deep-sounding phrases that confuse the others (for example, when asked by Rick if he stole his apple, Mike replies "Well, if you're gonna sin you might as well be original."). Mike is supposedly the ladies' man of the bunch, and brags about his prowess with women, although he is eventually forced to admit his virginity to the others in "Nasty." Though he is a virgin, as are the rest of the housemates, he always tries to get a date with the opposite sex, being quite forward and unsuccessful.
A con artist, he always has some kind of plan to make quick money, such as renting out Rick's bedroom as a roller disco, and trying to auction off the unexploded atom bomb that fell into the house. Mike attends Scumbag College only in name, as he has blackmailed his tutor and the Dean of the school for grants, and apparently passing grades. In "Summer Holiday" he says "I think I'll ask for one of those Ph.D.s next year."
While Mike often does things at the expense of his housemates, he usually doesn't show the sort of open hostility that the others do, and seems to cause them trouble only when it benefits him. He has, however, managed to nail his own legs to a table, and accidentally knocked Neil out during a game of cricket. We only see violence done to him once or twice (at the end of the "Living Doll" video, when Vyvyan knocks him unconscious with a hammer and in "Summer Holiday", when Neil transforms into the Incredible Hulk, who picks up Mike and throws him to the ground, however it turns out it was only Neil's imagination).
Balowski Family.
Throughout the two series, Alexei Sayle regularly appeared as many different characters, putting his own material into the programme in ways that copied his stand up comedy routines. His main role was that of the flat's landlord Jerzy (Jeremy) Balowski, appearing in "Demolition", "Flood" and "Summer Holiday". The rest of the time, he played various male members of "The Balowski Family", including nephew Alexei Balowski (a protest singer), son Reggie Balowski (an international arms dealer), brother Billy Balowski (a lunatic who believed he was a taxi driver), cousin Tommy Balowski (a drunk), escaped convict Brian Damage Balowski, and a medieval jester "Jester Balowski" (with Helen Lederer as his sidekick).
In the second series, Sayle's characters also included a train driver, a Mussolini look-alike (by day the head of the local police force, by night an entrant in the Eurovision Song Contest), and "Harry the Bastard" (manager of the local Rumbelows store, disguised as a South African vampire).
In-house relations.
Mike is the natural "leader" of the house. Always trying to make himself appear more important and exciting than he really is, he does appear to have done some of the things he claims to have done (such as getting Bambi the "Babycham" commercial in "Bambi"). He gets little hostility from the other members of the house. If there is any good or friendly relationship in the house it is between Mike and Vyvyan. Vyvyan accepts Mike's role as the house leader, whereas Mike sometimes uses Vyvyan's muscles and willingness to act forcibly, to enforce his own authority.
Neil is the second least liked of the four, although he is the only one who does any kind of household chores and is therefore needed by the other three.
Rick is the least liked. Rick thinks very highly of himself. He tells poor jokes and stories (but finds them hilarious himself), is a wanna-be anarchist (although deep-down he is quite conservative) and frequently acts like a child when he doesn't get his way. He generally takes out his frustration (when trying to impress the others) on Neil, since Neil never sticks up for himself and is ignored by the others. However, the one time when Neil looked as if he was going to retaliate, Rick fled. Most of his anger comes up in his endless battles with Vyvyan, which he always loses.
Finale.
In the final episode, the four students steal a red AEC Routemaster after robbing a bank, only to drive it over a cliff, and it explodes into flames at the bottom of a quarry.
After the series.
The end of the series was not the last appearance of "The Young Ones". For the British charity television appeal Comic Relief, the four recorded a song and video for Cliff Richard's "Living Doll", along with Richard and Shadows guitarist Hank B. Marvin. (Alexei Sayle was not involved, but had already achieved chart success in 1984 with "'Ullo John, Gotta New Motor?".) At the 1986 Comic Relief stage show, they performed the song live.
Mayall, Planer and Edmondson reunited in 1986 for the Elton-written "Filthy Rich & Catflap". The series had many of the same characteristics as "The Young Ones" as did Mayall and Edmondson's next sitcom "Bottom". Ryan, for his part, was regularly recruited to play roles on associated series (such as "Happy Families", "Bottom" and "Absolutely Fabulous").
DVD releases have been somewhat basic: only the U.S. "Every Stoopid Episode" edition featured documentaries, and no extra footage was included. Musical references proved difficult to clear, so "The Sound of Silence" and "Subterranean Homesick Blues" were cut from the U.S. editions.
A new DVD release of all episodes ("Extra Stoopid Edition") came out in November of 2007, with new documentaries and two commentary tracks.. This edition restores "The Sound of Silence" and "Subterranean Homesick Blues," but is missing other scenes.
In 1986 MTV bought half the episodes to run on their cable systems during 1987.

Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte
Napoléon III, also known as Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte(20 April 1808 - 9 January 1873) was the first President of the French Republic and the only emperor of the Second French Empire. Napoleon III is son of Louis Bonaparte and nephew of Napoleon I.

Chineja River
The Chineja River is a tributary of the Prut River in Romania. That means it flows into the Prut River.

Slivna River
The Slivna River is a tributary of the Chineja River in Romania. That means it flows into the Chineja River.

Radiciu River
The Radiciu River is a tributary of the Chineja River in Romania. That means it flows into the Chineja River.

Bujoru River
The Bujoru River is a tributary of the Chineja River in Romania. That means it flows into the Chineja River.

Covurlui River
The Covurlui River is a tributary of the Chineja River in Romania. That means it flows into the Chineja River.

Ijdileni River
The Ijdileni River is a tributary of the Chineja River in Romania. That means it flows into the Chineja River.

Ghireni River
The Ghireni River is a tributary of the Prut River in Romania. That means it flows into the Prut River.

Corogea River
The Corogea River is a tributary of the Prut River in Romania. That means it flows into the Prut River.

Ponoara River
The Ponoara River or Boul Roşu River is a tributary of the Corogea River in Romania. That means it flows into the Corogea River.

Surina River
The Surina River is a tributary of the Ponoara River in Romania. That means it flows into the Ponoara River.

Berza Veche River
The Berza Veche River is a tributary of the Prut River in Romania. That means it flows into the Prut River.

Cerchezoaia River
The Cerchezoaia River is a tributary of the Prut River in Romania. That means it flows into the Prut River.

Luizoaia River
The Luizoaia River is a tributary of the Sitna River in Romania. That means it flows into the Sitna River.

Dresleuca River
The Dresleuca River is a tributary of the Sitna River in Romania. That means it flows into the Sitna River.

Burla River
The Burla River is a tributary of the Sitna River in Romania. That means it flows into the Sitna River.

Puturosu River (Burla)
The Puturosu River is a tributary of the Burla River in Romania. That means it flows into the Burla River.

La Odaie River
The La Odaie River is a tributary of the Burla River in Romania. That means it flows into the Burla River.

Valea Satului River (Jijia)
The Valea Satului River is a tributary of the Burla River in Romania. That means it flows into the Burla River.

Valea lui Hurjui River
The Valea lui Hurjui River is a tributary of the Burla River in Romania. That means it flows into the Burla River.

Zlătunoaia River
The Zlătunoaia River is a tributary of the Cozancea River in Romania. That means it flows into the Cozancea River.

Bucerdea River
The Bucerdea River is a tributary of the Ampoi River in Romania. That means it flows into the Ampoi River.

Ighiu River
The Ighiu River is a tributary of the Bucerdea River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bucerdea River.

Ţelna River
The Ţelna River is a tributary of the Ighiu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Ighiu River.

Iezer River (Ampoi)
The Iezer River is a tributary of the Ighiu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Ighiu River.

Ighiel River
The Ighiel River is a tributary of the Ighiu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Ighiu River.

Saint Joseph
Saint Joseph, it says in the Gospel of Matthew and the Gospel of Luke, was engaged to a young woman named Mary.
The Gospel of Luke says that at this time, the angel Gabriel came to Mary to tell her that she would give birth to a Son and she should call him Jesus and that he would save people from their sins. Mary said "How can this happen? I am a virgin!" The angel said "With God, anything can happen!"
When Joseph found out that Mary was pregnant, he decided to privately break the engagement. But then he had a dream. An angel told him that the baby was "the Son of God".
At this time, the Roman Emperor, Caesar Augustus, made a law that everyone in the Roman Empire must pay tax. Everyone had to go back to the town that their family came from, to have their name put on the tax lists. Joseph came from Bethlehem, which was called "The City of David". Joseph took Mary to Bethlehem and she gave birth to the baby, Jesus, in a stable, because there was no room for them.

West Flanders
West Flanders (Dutch: "West-Vlaanderen") is the westernmost province of the Flemish Region, also named Flanders, in Belgium. It borders (clockwise from the North) on the Netherlands, the Flemish province of East Flanders ("Oost-Vlaanderen") and the Walloon province of Hainaut ("Henegouwen") in Belgium, on France, and the North Sea. Its capital is Bruges ("Brugge"). It has an area of 3,125 km² which is divided into eight administrative districts ("arrondissementen") containing 64 municipalities.
The whole Belgian North Sea coast, an important tourism destination, lies in West Flanders. A tram line runs the length of the coast, from De Panne on the French border, via the port of Ostend ("Oostende"), to Knokke-Heist on the Dutch frontier.

Bones of the foot
There are 25 bones of the foot. They are made up of 14 phalanges (toes), 5 metatarsals (sole bones) and 7 tarsals (ankle bones).

Oneness Pentecostalism
Oneness Pentecostalism is a protestant Christian movement. The movement split from the Pentecostal movement. Followers believe that the bible should be read literally. They believe in one god, and reject ideas like the Trinity. Jesus is fully god and flully human. This makes them different from most Unitarians who say that the son of god was only man. Oneness Pentecostalists say the belief in the trinity is really the belief in three different gods. The 10 Commandments say there is only one god, so Trinity is wrong.

Seventh-Day Adventist Church
The Seventh-day Adventist (abbreviated "Adventist") Church is a Protestant Christian group. It is different form other groups mainly because its followers think that Saturday, the original seventh day of the Judeo-Christian week, should be the Sabbath. The movement grew out of the Millerite movement in the United States during the middle part of the 19th century and was formally established in 1863. Among its founders was Ellen G. White. She wrote many texts that are still considered very important to the church today.
Much of the theology of the Seventh-day Adventist church is the same as evangelical teachings such as the Trinity and the infallibility of Scripture. Teachings that are different include the unconscious state of the dead and the doctrine of an investigative judgment. The church is also known beceause it thinks a healthy diet is very important. It also promotes religious liberty. When it comes to culture, it is more conservative.
The world church is governed by a General Conference. Smaller regions are administered by divisions, union conferences and local conferences. It currently has a worldwide membership of over 15 million people. It is present in over 200 countries and territories and is ethnically and culturally diverse. The church runs many schools, hospitals and publishing houses worldwide, as well as a prominent humanitarian aid organization known as the Adventist Development and Relief Agency (ADRA).
There are about 15.5 million people in the Seventh-day adventist church worldwide.

Valea Petrei River
The Valea Petrei River is a tributary of the Ampoi River in Romania. That means it flows into the Ampoi River.

Valea Albinei River
The Valea Albinei River is a tributary of the Ampoi River in Romania. That means it flows into the Ampoi River.

Surduc River (Bicaz)
The Surduc River is a tributary of the Bicaz River in Romania. This means that it flows into the Bicaz River.

Secu River (Bicaz)
The Secu River is a tributary of the Bicaz River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bicaz River.

Floarea River
The Floarea River or Pârâul Floarei is a tributary of the Bicaz River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bicaz River.

Calul River (Bicaz)
The Calul River is a tributary of the Veleşchia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Veleşchia River.

Jidanul River (Bicaz)
The Jidanul River or Capra River or Râul Jidanului is a tributary of the Bicaz River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bicaz River.

Danciu River
The Danciu River is a tributary of the Jidanul River in Romania. That means it flows into the Jidanul River.

Borvizu River (Bicaz)
The Borvizu River is a tributary of the Jidanul River in Romania. That means it flows into the Jidanul River.

Pintecu River
The Pintecu River is a tributary of the Jidanul River (Capra) in Romania. That means it flows into the Jidanul River.

Bistra River (Bistriţa)
The Bistra River is a tributary of the Jidanul River in Romania. That means it flows into the Jidanul River.

Bistra Mare River
The Bistra Mare River is a headwater of the Bistra River in Romania.

Largu River (Bistra)
The Largu River is a tributary of the Bistra Mare River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bistra Mare River.

Frasin River (Bistra)
The Frasin River is a tributary of the Bistra Mare River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bistra Mare River.

Bistra Mică River
The Bistra Mică River is a headwater of the Bistra River in Romania.

Frânturi River
The Frânturi River is a tributary of the Bistra River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bistra River.

Telec River (Bicaz)
The Telec River is a tributary of the Jidanul River in Romania. That means it flows into the Jidanul River.

Neagra River (Bicaz)
The Neagra River is a tributary of the Bicaz River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bicaz River.

Neagra Mică River
The Neagra Mică River is a headwater of the Neagra River in Romania.

Neagra Mare River
The Neagra Mare River is a headwater of the Neagra River in Romania.

Hamzoaia River
The Hamzoaia River is a tributary of the Bicaz River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bicaz River.

Lupa River
The Lupa River is a tributary of the Siret River in Romania. That means it flows into the Siret River.

Poiana River (Siret)
The Poiana River is a tributary of the Vorona River in Romania. That means it flows into the Vorona River.

Glodeni River
The Glodeni River is a tributary of the Siret River in Romania. That means it flows into the Siret River.

Bahna River (Boca)
The Bahna River is a tributary of the Boca River in Romania. That means it flows into the Boca River.

Daiciţa River
The Daiciţa River is a tributary of the Boca River in Romania. That means it flows into the Boca River.

Butea River
The Butea River is a tributary of the Daiciţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Daiciţa River.

Carecna River
The Carecna River is a tributary of the Siret River in Romania. That means it flows into the Siret River.

Vorova River
The Vorova River is a tributary of the Dorna River in Romania. That means it flows into the Dorna River.

Prislop River (Vorova)
The Prislop River is a tributary of the Vorova River in Romania. That means it flows into the Vorova River.

Secu River (Dorna)
The Secu River is a tributary of the Dorna River in Romania. That means it flows into the Dorna River.

Tihul River (Dorna)
The Tihul River is a tributary of the Dorna River in Romania. That means it flows into the Dorna River.

Izvorul Alb River (Dorna)
The Izvorul Alb River is a tributary of the Dorna River in Romania. That means it flows into the Dorna River.

Doljeşti River
The Doljeşti River is a tributary of the Arinoasa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Arinoasa River.

Iezeru River (Sadova)
The Iezeru River is a tributary of the Sadova River in Romania. That means it flows into the Sadova River.

Rădvanu River
The Rădvanu River is a headwater of the Argel River in Romania.

Roşoşa River
The Roşoşa River is a tributary of the Argel River in Romania. That means it flows into the Argel River.

Breaza River (Moldova)
The Breaza River is a tributary of the Moldova River in Romania. That means it flows into the Moldova River.

Plai River (Moldova)
The Plai River is a tributary of the Moldova River in Romania. That means it flows into the Moldova River.

Bârgău River (Boura)
The Bârgău River is a tributary of the Boura River in Romania. That means it flows into the Boura River.

Valea Caselor River (Moldova)
The Valea Caselor River is a tributary of the Moldova River in Romania. That means it flows into the Moldova River.

Brusturi River
The Brusturi River is a tributary of the Moldova River in Romania. That means it flows into the Moldova River.

Slatina River (Brusturi)
The Slatina River is a tributary of the Brusturi River in Romania. That means it flows into the Brusturi River.

Târzia River
The Târzia River or Groşi River is a tributary of the Brusturi River in Romania. That means it flows into the Brusturi River.

Slutin River
The Slutin River is a tributary of the Târzia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Târzia River.

Linux kernel
Linux is an operating system kernel used by a family of Unix-like operating systems. These are known by many people as Linux operating systems and the name is also used for the various Linux distributions built on top of the operating system.
The Linux kernel is released under the GNU General Public License version 2 (GPLv2) and developed by programmers worldwide, Linux is one of the best known examples of open source software.
History.
After that, many people contributed code to the project. By September 1991, Linux version 0.01 was released. It had 10,239 lines of code. In October 1991, Linux version 0.02 was released.
A newsgroup "alt.os.linux" was started, and on January 19 1992, the first post to alt.os.linux was made. On March 31 1992, alt.os.linux became "comp.os.linux".
The X Window System was soon moved to Linux. In March 1992, Linux version 0.95 was the first to be able of running X. This large version number jump (from 0.1x to 0.9x) was because of a feeling that a version 1.0 with no major missing parts will be released soon.
On March 14 1994, Linux 1.0.0 was released, with 176,250 lines of code. In March 1995, Linux 1.2.0 was released (310,950 lines of code).
Linus decided, on May 9 1996, to adopt Tux the penguin as mascot for Linux.
Licensing terms.
Initially, Torvalds released Linux under a license which did not allow anyone to sell it. This was soon changed to the GNU General Public License (GPL), during version 0.12. This license allows distribution and sale of possibly modified and unmodified versions of Linux but requires that all those copies be released under the same license and be accompanied by the complete corresponding source code.
Torvalds has said licensing Linux under the GPL as the "best thing I ever did."

Sebastian Vettel
Sebastian Vettel (born July 3, 1987 in Heppenheim) is a German race car driver. Since 2007 he has a contract in Formula One with Scuderia Toro Rosso but will work for Red Bull in the season 2009. In 2008 he is a co-driver of the Sébastien Bourdais.

Sara Evans
Sara Evans (born February 5, 1971) is a traditional country singer born in Boonville, Missouri. She has had several #1 hits, gold albums and platinum albums.
Early life.
Music was a big part of her life when she was young. At age 8, she was hit by a car in front of her house and broke both of her legs. She spent months in a wheelchair and kept singing to pay her hospital bills.
At age 16, she began performing in a nightclub in Columbia, Missouri. She did this for two years. At age 20, she moved to Nashville, Tennessee because she wanted to be a country music singer. She met musician Craig Schelske there. A year later, they moved to Oregon, but when they married, they moved back to Nashville.
In 1995, Sara began recording demos. Someone named Harland Howard was impressed by them so much he he decided to help her get a contract. This paid off when she signed with RCA Records.
Her first album under RCA was called "Three Chords and the Truth", released in 1997. People liked it for being traditional, and it was in many Top 10 lists for that year.
However, country music radio didn't like it that much. None of the singles made the Top 40.
In 1998, Sara released her next album, "No Place That Far". People didn't like it because it was more of a pop-country sound. The first single (Cryin' Game) didn't do anything, but the next single (No Place That Far, a duet with Vince Gill) became a #1 hit. Because of that the album was certified gold.

Felipe Massa
Felipe Massa (born April 25, 1981 in São Paulo) is a Brazilian Formula One racing driver. In the racing season 2008 he is working for the Ferrari team. His contract allows him to continue driving for that racing team until 2010. In 2008 he is a co-driver of Kimi Räikkönen.

Georg Cantor
Georg Cantor was an important German mathematician.

Pay-per-view
Pay-per-view (often abbreviated PPV) is a way that people can pay to watch events on television in their homes. The event is shown at the same time to everyone ordering it. This is different than video on demand systems which lets people see the event at any time. Common events include movies, sporting events, and pornographic movies.
The first major pay-per-view event was on September 16, 1981. This event was Sugar Ray Leonard and Thomas "Hitman" Hearns boxing for the Welterweight Championship. Viacom Cablevision in Nashville, Tennessee, was the first system to offer the event. Over fifty percent of its customers payed to see the fight. Viacom's Marketing Director, Pat Thompson, put together the fight. He later put together other PPV fights, wrestling matches, and even a Broadway play.
After leaving Viacom, Thompson became head of Sports View. He produced the first pay-per-view football game on October 16, 1983. Sports View was important in creating pay-per-view networks. It was a part of creating TigerVision for LSU, TideVision for Alabama, and UT Vol Seat for Tennessee. Sports View also produced the Ohio State-Michigan Football game on PPV in November of 1983.
In 1985, the first U.S. cable channels to show only pay-per-view, "Viewers Choice", "Cable Video Store", and "Request TV" began operation within days of each other. Viewers Choice was available to both home satellite dish and cable customers. Request TV was available to only cable viewers at first. Dish owners could not use it until the 1990s.
The term "pay-per-view" became more well known in the 1990s when companies like iN DEMAND, HBO, and Showtime started using it to show movies and other things. In Demand would show movies, concerts, and other events at prices between $3.99 to $49.99. HBO and Showtime would offer championship boxing, with prices between $14.99 to $54.99.
Pay-per-view is also a very important way for professional wrestling companies like World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA), Ring of Honor (ROH) and Asistencia Asesoría y Administración to earn money.
Early History (Americas).
The first pay-per-view system tested in the United states was the Zenith Phonevision system. In 1949, it used telephone lines to take and receive orders. The telephone lines were also used to descramble the signal on the television. Tests were run for 90 days in Chicago. In 1950, Skiatron tested its system on WOR in New York City. The system used IBM punch cards to descramble the signal. Both systems showed that they could be used but were not allowed to be used by the FCC.
One of the first pay-per-view systems on cable was the Optical Systems. It was first used in 1972 in San Diego. These early systems quickly went out of business, as the cable industry started using satellite technology. This caused systems, for example Home Box Office, which had people pay a constant amount of money each month to became popular.
History (Europe).
Pay-per-view was first used in the United Kingdom with the use of satellite television and cable systems.
History (Australia, NZ & Pacific Islands).
Pay-per-view was first used by Foxtel to home television in Australia and New Zealand in the early 2000s. Sky Pacific in Fiji and other Pacific Island Nations started using it in 2006.

Cuboid (bone)
The cuboid bone is one of the seven tarsal (ankle) bones in the foot. It is on the outer side of the foot and is next to the calcaneus, navicular and lateral cuneiform bones.

Talus
The talus is the second largest of the seven tarsal (ankle) bones. It is next to the calcaneus and navicular bones.

Dhaka District
Dacca District (ঢাকা জেলা) is a district located in the centre of Bangladesh. The district is part of the Dhaka Division, more than half of the district is made up of Dacca - the capital of the district and of Bangladesh too.
History.
Dhaka has a very old history, the city area of Dhaka was ruled by the Buddhist and Hindu kingdoms century.
After the Sena dynasty, Dhaka was ruled first by the Turkish and the Afghan governors from the Delhi Sultanate before the arrival of the Mughals in 1608.
During the rule of the Mughal the district was famous for its textile products - especially the Muslin. The Mughal governor Islam Khan was the first administrator of the city. Khan named the town "Jahangir Nagar" ("City of Jahangir") in honour of the Mughal emperor Jahangir, although this name was dropped soon after Jahangir's death.
The city grew in size quite a lot under Mughal general Shaista Khan. The city then measured 19 by 13 kilometres (12 by 8 mi), with a population of nearly a million people. The city then passed to the control of the British East India Company in 1765 after the Battle of Plassey. The number of people in the city fell very much as the prominence of Kolkata rose, but development eventually followed. A modern civic water supply system was introduced in 1874 and electricity supply launched in 1878. The Dhaka Cantonment was established near the city, serving as a base for British and Indian soldiers.

Proprietary software
Proprietary (or closed source) software is the opposite of Free software. Proprietary software does not give others access to the source code of the software, or gives it but does not allow to, for example, give it to others, change, or sell it.
Most companies who sell their software for money, and even those who do not sell it, make it proprietary source to make it harder for people to copy it for free or at all, or to make similar software, or even to make it better. Software, users of which cannot see the source code, is often considered less secure that free and open source software, however this is not always the case.

Dhaka Division
Dhaka Division is an administrative division of Bangladesh - a country of Asia. The capital and largest city is Dhaka. The division has an area of 31,119.97 km², and a population of 38,678,000.
The division of Dhaka lies next to the Indian state of Meghalaya to the north, Barisal and Chittagong Divisions on the south, Sylhet Division to the east, Rajshahi and Khulna Divisions to the west.

Kala Dhaka
Kala Dhaka which also used to known as the Black Mountain of Hazara is a mountain range and a tribal area of Mansehra District on the north-western Hazara border of the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan.
Land.
Kala Dhaka lies next to Agror to the east by Tanawal to the south, the range has a length of 25 to 30 miles from north to south and a height of 8,000 feet above sea-level. The river Indus goes through the most northern but and then moves to the south. Between the river and the top of the range the western areas are occupied by the Yusufzai Pathans tribe. The rest of the range is held by another tribe - the Swatis. The Black Mountain has long narrow ridges with higher peaks every now and again. It also has valleys in which there villages where the tribes live. The upper parts of the ridge are covered with thick forests of pine, oak, sycamore, horse-chestnut, and wild cherry; but the slopes are stony and barren.
History.
The British sent armies more than four times to try and control the Black Mountain Tribes from 1852 to 1892, because some leaders of the tribes opposed the the British Government.
In 1851 two officers of the British Customs department in a place called Tanawal were killed. The British believed they were killed by the Hasanzai part of the Yusufzai tribe, so the British then sent an army led by Colonel Mackeson, which destroyed a number of tribal strongholds. In 1868 the Yusufzai helped by the Khan of Agror, who was upset that the British had set up a police post at Oghi in the Agror valley, attacked that post with many men. But he was forced to move back.
The Khan of Tandwal, who remained loyal to British, faced attacks by tribes who didn't like the British. Then a large number of the tribes began marching against the British, the British managed to stop them and force them back - however during the fighting twenty-one British villages had been burnt. The British then organised an army under General Wilde - he and his men managed to take over all of the Black Mountain and forced the tribes to accept British rule.
In 1888 the British blocked the area due to the raids by the Hasanzai and Akazai tribes who were being helped by the Madda Khel tribe into the Agror valley. While the British were planning tougher attacks - Major Battye and Captain Urmston and some soldiers of the 5th Gurkhas were surprised and killed by the Gujar tribe (who were allies of the Akazai tribe).
Hashim Ali, who was the chief of the Hasanzai and Akazai, was blamed for starting the attack. The British then sent an armies against the tribes in the same year (1881), the tribes had to pay a lot money to the British and also had to agree that Hashim Ali was not allowed to live there any more. The British then made Ibrahim Khan, a relative and enemy of Hashim Ali, ruler.
In 1890 the tribe stopped the march of British troops along the crest of the Black Mountain, and so an army was sent against them in the spring of 1891. As soon as the troops left, the Hindustanis and Madda Khel broke their agreement with the British Government by letting Hashim Ali return. In 1892 the British sent their armies again to fight the tribes - this ended with the tribes being defeated by British.

Hazara, Pakistan
Hazara is a valley and area of the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. Until the year 2000 it used to be known as Hazara Division - and its capital city was Abbottabad.

Muridke Tehsil
Muridke Tehsil is an administrative subdivision (tehsil) of Sheikhupura District, Punjab, Pakistan. The tehsil was formerly part of Ferozewala Tehsil until 2005, when it was separated from Ferozewal and became another of Sheikhupura's tehsils. It is headquartered at the city of Muridke. Besides various villages it includes the town of Narang Mandi.

Ratodero Taluka
Ratodero is a taluka of Larkana District in the Sindh province of Pakistan. The city of Ratodero, founded by Rato Khan Jalbani in the days of Talpur dynasty, is the capital.

Swabi Tehsil
Swabi is a tehsil of Swabi District in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. It is administratively subdivided into twenty Union Councils of Pakistan.

Mehrgarh
Mehrgarh, (Urdu: م‍ﮩ‍رگڑھ) one of the most important Neolithic (7000 BC to 3200 BC) sites in archaeology, lies on the Kachhi Plain of Balochistan, Pakistan. It is one of the earliest sites with evidence of farming (wheat and barley) and herding (cattle, sheep and goats) in South Asia.

Geography of Romania
With an area of, Romania is the biggest country in southeastern Europe. It is the twelfth-largest in Europe. A large part of Romania's border with Serbia and Bulgaria is made by the Danube. The Danube is joined by the Prut River. The Prut River makes the border with the Republic of Moldova. The Danube then flows into the area of the Black Sea inside of Romania, which forms the Danube Delta. The Danube Delta is the second biggest one of the best kept deltas in Europe. It is also a biosphere reserve and a biodiversity World Heritage Site. Some of the other major rivers in Romania are the Siret, which runs from the north to the south of Moldavia; the Olt, which runs from the Carpathian Mountains to Oltenia; and the Mureş, which runs through Transylvania from the east to the west.
Topography.
The land in Romania is equally divided among mountainous, hilly and lowland areas. The Carpathian Mountains make up a big part of the center of Romania. 14 of its mountain ranges are taller than 2,000 meters. The tallest mountain in Romania is Moldoveanu Peak ().
Rivers.
The Danube is the longest river in Romania. It travels about 1,075 kilometers, almost 40% of its length, through Romania. Almost all of Romania's rivers are either direct or indirect tributaries of the Danube. The most important of these rivers are the Mureş River, the Olt River, the Prut, the Siret River, the Ialomiţa River, the Someş River, and the Argeş River.
The rivers of Romania flow either north, south, east, or west away from the Carpathians. Rain and other precipitation help add to the flow of water in each of the rivers and occasionally cause flooding. In the east, the water from the rivers are obtained by the Siret and Prut rivers. In the south, the rivers flow directly into the Danube. In the west, the rivers flow into the Tisza, which is in Hungary.
The Danube is the most important river in Romania. People use it for transportation and to make hydroelectric power from the rivers' flow of water. Boats and other watercraft are able to travel on nearly all of the places that the Danube flows in Romania. A problem that has occurred with using it for transportation is the fact that it is not very close by any of Romania's big industries.
Location.
Romania is found in the southeastern part of Europe, where it borders the Black Sea and the Danube. The Carpathian mountains lie in the center.
Climate.
Because of how far it is from the open sea and where it is found in the southwestern part of the European continent, Romania has a climate that is changes between temperate and continental climates with four different seasons. The average yearly temperature is 11°C in the south and in the north. The extreme recorded temperatures are in Ion Sion 1951 and in Bod 1942.
Rain, snow, and other precipitation is decent with over per year on the highest western mountains. Most of this falls as snow, which gives Romania good skiing. In the south-centern parts of the country, the amount of rain and snow falls to around. In the Danube Delta, not much rain falls. The lowest temperature ever recorded in Romania was -38.5°C, which was found near Braşov in the year 1944. The highest temperature ever recorded in Romania was 45°C, which was found near Calafat in the 1950s.

Mohenjo-daro
Mohenjo-daro (Urdu: موئن جودڑو, Sindhi: موئن جو دڙو, English: Mound of the Dead) was one of the largest city-settlements of the Indus Valley Civilization of south Asia. It was located in the province of Sind, Pakistan. The city was built around 2600 BC. It was one of the early urban settlements in the world. Mohenjo-daro existed at the same time as the civilisations of ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia and Greece. The archaeological ruins of the city are designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It is sometimes referred to as "An Ancient Indus Valley Metropolis"

Kot Diji
The ancient site at Kot Diji (Urdu: کوٹ ڈیجی) was the forerunner of the Indus Civilization. The people of this site lived about 3000 BC. The remains consist of two parts; the citadel area on high ground, and outer area.
Located about 22 kilometres south of Khairpur in the province of Sindh, Pakistan. The site is situated at the foot of the hills where a fort (Kot Diji Fort) was built around 1790 by Talpur ruler of Upper Sindh, Mir Suhrab who reigned from 1783 to 1830. This fort built on the ridge of a steep narrow hill is well preserved.

Chanhu-daro
Chanhudaro (also Chanhu Daro) is an archaeologicalsite. It was a part of the Jhukar phase of Indus valley civilization. The site is located south of Mohenjo-daro, in Sindh, Pakistan. People lived in the settlement between 4000-1700 BC. Chanhudaro is believed to have been a centre for manufacturing carnelian beads.
Digging first started in Chanhudaro in the middle of the 1930s by the American School of Indic and Iranian Studies and the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. After the independence of Pakistan, Mohammed Rafique Mughal also did work in the area.

History of Romania
This article provides only a brief outline of each period of the History of Romania; details are presented in separate articles (see the links in the box and below).
Prehistory.
The territory of Romania has been inhabited by different groups of people since prehistory. One of the fossils found—a male, adult jawbone—has been dated to be between 34,000 and 36,000 years old, which would make it one of the oldest fossils found to date of modern humans in Europe. A skull found in "Peştera cu Oase" (The Cave with Bones) in 2004-5 bears features of both modern humans and Neanderthals. According to a paper by Erik Trinkaus and others, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences in January 2007, this finding suggests that the two groups interbred thousands of years ago. Radiocarbon dating indicates that the skull is between 35,000 and 40,000 years old, making it the oldest modern human fossil ever found in Europe.
Dacia.
The territory of today's Romania was inhabited since at least 513 BC by the Getae or Dacians, a Thracian tribe. Under the leadership of Burebista (82-44 BC), the Dacians became a powerful state which threatened even the regional interests of the Romans. Julius Caesar intended to start a campaign against the Dacians, but was assassinated in 44 BC. A few months later, Burebista shared the same fate, assassinated by his own noblemen. His powerful state was divided in four and did not become unified again until 95, under the reign of the Dacian king Decebalus. The Dacian state sustained a series of conflicts with the expanding Roman Empire, and was finally conquered in AD 106 by the Roman emperor Trajan, who defeated Decebalus. Faced by successive invasions of the Goths and Carpi, the Roman administration withdrew in 271. Roman conquest of Dacia stands at the base of the origin of Romanians.
Dark Ages.
Different people from other kingdoms (or empires) lived with the Romanians, such as the Gothic Empire (Oium) from 271 until 378, the Hunnish Empire until 435, the Avar Empire and Slavs during the 6th century. Much of Romania fell under the First Bulgarian Empire during the 9th through 11th centuries. Subsequently Magyars, Pechenegs, Cumans and Tatars also raided and settled in the lands to various extents.
Middle Ages.
By the 11th century, the area of today's Transylvania became a largely autonomous part of the Kingdom of Hungary. Kings of Hungary invited the Saxons to settle in Transylvania. Also living in Transylvania were the Székely (székely magyar). They were an ancient Magyar tribe which arrived after the avars (they had the same language).
Many small local states with varying degrees of independence developed, but only in the 14th century the larger principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia emerged to fight a threat in the form of the Ottoman Turks, who conquered Constantinople in 1453.
In 1475, Stephen III ("the Great") of Moldavia scored a decisive victory against the Ottoman Empire at the Battle of Vaslui.
Early modern period.
By 1541, the entire Balkan peninsula and most of Hungary became Ottoman provinces. In contrast, Moldavia, Wallachia, and Transylvania, came under Ottoman suzerainty, but conserved fully internal autonomy and, until the 18th century, some external independence. During this period the Romanian lands were characterised by the slow disappearance of the feudal system, the distinguishment of some rulers like Vasile Lupu and Dimitrie Cantemir in Moldavia, Matei Basarab and Constantin Brâncoveanu in Wallachia, Gabriel Bethlen in Transylvania, the Phanariot Epoch, and the appearance of the Russian Empire as a political and military influence.
John II, the last non-Habsburg king of Hungary, moved his royal court to Alba Iulia in Transylvania, and after his abdication as king of Hungary, became the first Prince of Transylvania. His Edict of Turda was the first decree of religious freedom in the modern history of Europe (1568). In the subsequent period, Transylvania was ruled by mostly Calvinist Hungarian princes (until the end of the 17th century), and Protestantism flourished in the region.
In 1600, the principalities of Wallachia, Moldova and Transylvania were simultaneously headed by the Wallachian prince Michael the Brave ("Mihai Viteazul"), Ban of Oltenia, but the chance for a unity dissolved after Mihai was killed, only one year later, by the soldiers of an Austrian army general Giorgio Basta. Mihai Viteazul, who was prince of Transylvania for less than one year, intended for the first time to unite the three principalities and to lay down foundations of a single state in a territory comparable to today's Romania.
The Principality of Transylvania experienced a golden age under the absolutist rule of Gabriel Bethlen (1613-1629).
In 1699, Transylvania became a territory of the Habsburgs' Austrian empire, following the Austrian victory over the Turks. The Austrians, in their turn, rapidly expanded their empire: in 1718 an important part of Wallachia, called Oltenia, was incorporated to the Austrian monarchy and was only returned in 1739.
In 1775, the Austrian empire occupied the north-western part of Moldavia, later called Bukovina, while the eastern half of the principality (called Bessarabia) was occupied in 1812 by Russia.
National awakening.
As in most European countries, 1848 brought revolution to Moldavia, Wallachia, and Transylvania, announced by Tudor Vladimirescu and his Pandurs in the Wallachian uprising of 1821. The goals of the revolutionaries - complete independence for Moldavia and Wallachia, and national emancipation in Transylvania - remained unfulfilled, but were the basis of the subsequent evolutions. Also, the uprising helped the population of the three principalities recognise their unity of language and interests.
Heavily taxed and badly administered under the Ottoman Empire, in 1859, people in both Moldavia and Wallachia elected the same "Domnitor" (ruler) - Alexandru Ioan Cuza - as prince
The Old Kingdom.
In 1866, the German prince Carol I (Charles or Karl) of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen was appointed as Domnitor—Prince—of the Principality of Romania. In 1877, Romania declared independence from the Ottoman Empire and, following a Russian-Romanian-Turkish war, its independence was recognized by the Treaty of Berlin, 1878, making it the first independent national state in the eastern half of Europe. Following the war Romania acquired Dobruja in its southeast, but it was forced to cede southern Bessarabia to Russia. Carol I was proclaimed the first King of Romania on March 26, 1881.
The new state, squeezed between the great powers of the Ottoman, Austro-Hungarian, and Russian empires, looked to the West, particularly France, for its cultural, educational, military and administrative models. In 1916 Romania entered World War I on the Entente side, after the Entente agreed to recognize Romanian rights over Transylvania, which at that time was part of Austria-Hungary.
Romania was defeated, its capital, Bucharest, and two-thirds of the country occupied by the Central Powers. In May 1918, Romania was in no position to continue the war, and negotiated a peace treaty with Germany (see Treaty of Bucharest, 1918). In October 1918, Romania joined the war again. By the end of the war, the Austro-Hungarian and Russian empires had disintegrated; governing bodies created by the Romanians of Transylvania, Bessarabia and Bukovina chose union with the Kingdom of Romania, resulting in Greater Romania.
Greater Romania (România Mare).
The Romanian expression "România Mare" (literal translation "Great Romania", but more commonly rendered "Greater Romania") generally refers to the Romanian state in the years between the First and Second World Wars and, by extension, to the territory Romania covered at the time (see the map). Romania achieved at that time its greatest territorial extent, managing to unite old historic Hungarian-székely lands (Partium, Erdély(Transylvania))(which were also inhabited by a majority of Romanians). They gave these parts as a gift from the French for their "loyalty".
Historically, Greater Romania—"România Mare"—represented one of the ideals of Romanian nationalism. Greater Romania is still seen by many as a "paradise lost", often by comparison with the "stunted" Communist Romania. To exploit the nationalistic connotation of the term, a nationalist political party uses it as its name.
In 1918, at the end of World War I, Transylvania and Bessarabia united with the Romanian Old Kingdom. The Deputies of the Romanians from Transylvania voted to unite their region by the "Proclamation of Union" of Alba Iulia. Bessarabia, having declared its independence from Russia in 1917 by the Conference of the Country (Sfatul Ţării), called in Romanian troops to protect the province from the Bolsheviks who were spreading the Russian Revolution. The union of the regions of Transylvania, Maramureş, Crişana and Banat with the Old Kingdom of Romania was ratified in 1920 by the Treaty of Trianon, which recognised the sovereignty of Romania over these regions and settled the border between the independent Republic of Hungary and the Kingdom of Romania. The union of Bucovina and Bessarabia with Romania was ratified in 1920 by the Treaty of Versailles. Romania had also recently acquired the Southern Dobruja territory called "The Quadrilateral" from Bulgaria as a result of its participation in the Second Balkan War in 1913.
The Union of 1918 united most regions with clear Romanian majorities into the boundaries of a single state. However, it also led to the inclusion of various sizable minorities, including Magyars (ethnic Hungarians), Germans, Jews, Ukrainians, Bulgarians, etc., for a total of about 28% of the population (Magyars mostly in Transylvania; Germans in Transylvania, Bukovina, and Banat; Ukrainians in part of Bessarabia and Bukovina, Bulgarians in Dobrudja). Recognized by the Romanian Constitution of 1923 and supported by various laws (education, electoral, etc.), national minorities were represented in Parliament, and several of them created national parties (the Magyars in 1922, the Germans in 1929, the Jews in 1931), although a unique standing of minorities with autonomy on a wide basis, provided for at the assembly of Transylvanian Romanians on 1 December 1918 were not fulfilled.
Two periods can be identified in Romania between the two World Wars. From 1918 to 1938, Romania was a liberal constitutional monarchy, but one facing the rise of the nationalist, anti-semitic parties, particularly Iron Guard, which won about 15% of the votes in the general elections of 1937. From 1938 to 1944, Romania was a dictatorship. The first dictator was King Carol II, who abolished the parliamentary regime and ruled with his "camarilla."
In 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union signed the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, which stipulated, amongst other things, the Soviet "interest" in Bessarabia. Following the severe territorial losses of 1940 ("see next section"), Carol was forced to abdicate, replaced as king by his son Mihai, but the power was taken by the military dictator Ion Antonescu (initially in conjunction with the Iron Guard). In August 1944, Antonescu was arrested by Mihai.
World War II.
In 1940, Romania lost territory in both east and west: In June 1940, after receiving an ultimatum from the Soviet Union, Romania ceded Bessarabia and northern Bukovina ("see Soviet occupation of Bessarabia"). Two thirds of Bessarabia were combined with a small part of the USSR to form the Moldavian SSR. Northern Bukovina and Budjak were apportioned to the Ukrainian SSR. In August 1940, Northern Transylvania was awarded to Hungary by Germany and Italy through the Second Vienna Award. Southern Dobruja was also lost to Bulgaria shortly after Carol's abdication.
Because Carol II lost so much territory through failed diplomacy, the army supported seizure of power by General Ion Antonescu. For four months (the period of the National Legionary State), he had to share power with the Iron Guard, but the latter overplayed their hand in January 1941 and were suppressed. Romania entered World War II under the command of the German Wehrmacht in June 1941, declaring war to the Soviet Union in order to recover Bessarabia and northern Bukovina. Romania was awarded the territory between Dniester and the Southern Bug by Germany to administer it under the name "Transnistria."
According to an international commission report released by the Romanian government in 2004, Antonescu's Fascist government of Romania is responsible for the murder in various forms (including deportations to concentration camps and executions by the Romanian Army and Gendarmerie and the German Einsatzgruppen), between 280,000 to 380,000 Jews in Romania and in the war zone of Bessarabia, Bukovina and Transnistria.
In August 1944, a coup led by King Mihai, with support from opposition politicians and the army, deposed the Antonescu dictatorship and put Romania's armies under Red Army command. Romania suffered additional heavy casualties fighting the Nazi Army in Hungary and Czechoslovakia.
The Paris Peace Treaty at the end of World War II rendered the Vienna Awards void: Northern Transylvania returned to Romania—having, for several years, an autonomous status that was eventually abolished—but Bessarabia, northern Bukovina and southern Dobruja were not recovered. The Moldavian SSR became independent of the Soviet Union only with the latter's 1991 demise, becoming the Republic of Moldova.
Communist period.
Soviet occupation following World War II led to the formation of a communist People's Republic in 1947, and the abdication of King Michael, who went into exile. The leader of Romania from 1948 to his death in 1965 was Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej, the First Secretary of the Romanian Workers' Party.
In the early 1960s, Romania's communist government began to assert some independence from the Soviet Union. Nicolae Ceauşescu became General Secretary in 1965, and head of state in 1967. Ceauşescu's denunciation of the 1968 Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia and a brief relaxation in internal repression helped give him a positive image both at home and in the West. Seduced by Ceauşescu's "independent" foreign policy, Western leaders were slow to turn against a regime that, by the late 1970s, had become increasingly harsh, arbitrary, and capricious. Rapid economic growth fueled by foreign credits gradually gave way to wrenching austerity and severe political repression, which became increasingly draconian through the 1980s.
The Romanian Revolution of 1989 resulted in more than 1,000 deaths in Timişoara and Bucharest, and brought about the fall of Ceauşescu and the end of the Communist regime in Romania. After a weeklong state of unrest in Timişoara, a mass rally summoned in Bucharest in support of Ceauşescu on December 21, 1989 turned hostile. The Ceauşescu couple, fleeing Bucharest by helicopter, ended up in the custody of the army. After being tried and convicted by a kangaroo court for genocide and other crimes, they were executed on December 25, 1989. The events of this revolution remain to this day a matter of debate, with many conflicting theories as to the motivations and even actions of some of the main players.
Ion Iliescu, a former Communist Party official marginalized by Ceauşescu, attained national recognition as the leader of an impromptu governing coalition, the National Salvation Front (FSN) that proclaimed the restoration of democracy and civil liberties on December 22, 1989. The Communist Party was initially outlawed by Ion Iliescu, but he soon revoked that decision; as a consequence, Communism is not outlawed in Romania today. However, Ceauşescu's most unpopular measures, such as bans on abortion and contraception, were among the first laws to be changed after the Revolution, and their legality has not been questioned since then.
After the 1989 revolution.
Presidential and parliamentary elections were held on May 20, 1990. Running against representatives of the re-established pre-war National Peasants' Party and National Liberal Party, and taking advantage of FSN's tight control of the national radio and television, Iliescu won 85% of the vote. The FSN secured two-thirds of the seats in Parliament. A university professor with strong family roots in the Communist Party, Petre Roman, was named prime minister of the new government, which consisted mainly of former communist officials. The government initiated modest free market reforms.
Because the majority of ministers in the Petre Roman government were ex-communists, anti-communist protesters initiated a round-the-clock anti-government demonstration in University Square, Bucharest in April 1990. Two months later, these protesters, whom the government referred to as "hooligans", were brutally dispersed by the miners from Jiu Valley, called in by President Iliescu; this event became known as the mineriad. The miners also attacked the headquarters and private residences of opposition leaders. Petre Roman's government fell in late September 1991, when the miners returned to Bucharest to demand higher salaries. A technocrat, Theodor Stolojan, was appointed to head an interim government until new elections could be held.
In December 1991, a new constitution was drafted and subsequently adopted, after a popular referendum, which, however, attracted criticism from international observers who accused the government of manipulating the population and even of outright fraud. (The constitution was most recently revised by a national referendum on October 18-19, 2003, again plagued by fraud accusations made by internal and international observers.) The new constitution, which took effect October 29, 2003, follows the structure of the Constitution of 1991, but makes significant revisions, among which the most significant are extension of the presidential mandate from four years to five, and the guaranteed protection of private property.
March 1992 marked the split of the FSN into two groups: the Democratic National Front (FDSN), led by Ion Iliescu and the Democratic Party (PD), led by Petre Roman. Iliescu won the presidential elections in September 1992 by a clear margin, and his FDSN won the general elections held at the same time. With parliamentary support from the nationalist PUNR (National Unity Party of Romanians), PRM (Great Romania Party), and the ex-communist PSM (Socialist Workers' Party), a new government was formed in November 1992 under Prime Minister Nicolae Văcăroiu, an economist and former Communist Party official. The FDSN changed its name to Party of Social Democracy in Romania (PDSR) in July 1993.
Emil Constantinescu of the Democratic Convention (CDR) emerged as the winner of the second round of the 1996 presidential elections and replaced Iliescu as chief of state. The PDSR won the largest number of seats in Parliament, but was unable to form a viable coalition. Constituent parties of the CDR joined the Democratic Party (PD), the National Liberal Party (PNL) and the Hungarian Democratic Union of Romania (UDMR) to form a centrist coalition government, holding 60% of the seats in Parliament. This coalition of sorts frequently struggled for survival, as decisions were often delayed by long periods of negotiations among the involved parties. Nevertheless, this coalition was able to implement several critical reforms. The new coalition government, under prime minister Victor Ciorbea remained in office until March 1998, when Radu Vasile (PNŢCD) took over as prime minister. The former governor of the National Bank, Mugur Isărescu, eventually replaced Radu Vasile as head of the government.
The 2000 elections, brought Iliescu's PDSR back to power. The party, now renamed the Social Democratic Party (PSD), was led largely by former Communist officials. Iliescu won a third term as the country's president. Adrian Năstase became the prime minister of the newly formed government. His rule was shaken by recurring allegations of corruption.
Presidential and parliamentary elections took place again on November 28, 2004. No political party was able to secure a viable parliamentary majority, amidst accusations from international observers and opposition parties alike that the PSD had committed large-scale electoral fraud. There was no winner in the first round of the presidential elections. The joint PNL-PD candidate, Traian Băsescu, won the second round on December 12, 2004 with 51% of the vote and thus became the third post-revolutionary president of Romania.
The PNL leader, Călin Popescu Tăriceanu was assigned the difficult task of building a coalition government without including the PSD. In December 2004, the new coalition government (PD, PNL, PUR Romanian Humanist Party - which eventually changed its name to Romanian Conservative Party and UDMR), was sworn in under Prime Minister Tăriceanu.
21st century.
Romania joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organizaion in 2004, and the European Union, alongside Bulgaria, on January 1, 2007.
In April 2008, Bucharest hosted the NATO summit.

Harappa
Harappa (Urdu: ہڑپہ) is a city in Punjab, northeast Pakistan. It is about 35km (22 miles) southwest of Sahiwal.

National Hockey League rules
While the National Hockey League (NHL) follows the general rules of ice hockey, it is slightly different from those used in international games organized by the International Ice Hockey Federation such as the Olympics.

Gilgit Agency
Gilgit Agency was the name of most of the area of northern Kashmir which formed a de facto dependency of Pakistan from 1947 to 1970, which was then merged into Northern Areas. The Agency was administered directly from Islamabad separately from the neighbouring state of Azad Kashmir and the princely states of Hunza and Nagar. The area of the Agency comprised the traditional region of Gilgit. The Agency also bordered the Sinkiang region of China to the northeast, the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir to the south, Baltistan to east, and the North-West Frontier Province to the west. Both India and Pakistan recognise the regions of Gilgit and Baltistan as disputed and technically part of the divided State of Jammu & Kashmir.
The chief towns of the Agency were Gilgit and Skardu with the small town of Ghyari also holding significance for Shia Muslims as the site of a mosque built by Sayyid Ali Hamadani, a fourteenth century Persian who brought Islam to the region

Bakrani Taluka
Bakrani Taluka (Sindhi: تعلقو باڪراڻي) is newly created taluka of Larkana. It is situated in the south of Larkana city. Main villages of the Taluka are: Bakrani, Arija, Goth Pathan, Farid abad, gerilo, Mihrabpur, Bakhu Dero, Mad bahu.

Latifabad Tehsil
Latifabad Taluka is an administrative subdivision (taluka) of Hyderabad District in the Sindh province of Pakistan. The city of Latifabad is the headquarters of the subdivision

Aar
The Aar (German "Aare") is a tributary of the Rhine and is the longest river that both comes up from and ends completely inside of Switzerland.

Mehar Tehsil
Mehar Taluka is an administrative subdivision (taluka) of Dadu District in the Sindh province of Pakistan.

Qasimabad Tehsil
Qasimabad Taluka is an administrative subdivision (taluka) of Hyderabad District in the Sindh province of Pakistan

Asea Brown Boveri
ABB, formerly known as Asea Brown Boveri, is a power and automation company in Zürich, Switzerland.

Samaro
Samaro is a town in the Sindh province of Pakistan. It is located at 25°16'60N 69°23'45E and has an altitude of 11 metres (39 feet), the town is the headquarters of a taluka (an administrative subdivision) of Mirpur Khas District.

Fatehpur Thakiala Tehsil
Fatehpur Thakiala is one of the three tehsils, (administrative subdivisions), of Kotli District, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan. It is also referred to as Nakyal.

Alamanni
The Alamanni, Allemanni, or Alemanni used to be a band of west Germanic tribes found in the upper Main, which is the longest tributary of the Rhine.

Nakyal Tehsil
Nakyal is one of the three tehsils, (administrative subdivisions), of Kotli District, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan.

Sibi Tehsil
Sibi Tehsil (Urdu: تحصیل سبی) is a subdivision (tehsil) of Sibi District in the Balochistan province of Pakistan.

Schloss Lenzburg
Schloss Lenzburg is a castle that was started above the older part of the town of Lenzburg in the Canton of Aargau, Switzerland.

Battagram Tehsil
Battagram Tehsil is an administrative subdivision (tehsil) of Battagram District in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan.

A1 freeway, Switzerland
The A1 is a highway in Switzerland.

Dera Ismail Khan Tehsil
Dera Ismail Khan Tehsil is an administrative subdivision (tehsil) of Dera Ismail Khan District in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan.
Administration.
The tehsil is administratively subdivided into 21 Union Councils of Pakistan, four of which form the headquarters - Dera Ismail Khan.

Gojal Tehsil
Gojal, also known as Upper Hunza is the largest tehsil of the Northern Areas of Pakistan, it lies north of the Gilgit region and lies close to the Chinese border.
Gojal is a network of small and large valleys sharing borders with Hunza in the South, China in the North and East and Afghanistan in the North West. Shishkat is the first village of Gojal. Except for the Shimshal, Misgar and Chipursan valleys, all villages of Gojal can be seen while travelling on the Karakuram Highway.
The Karakorum Highway (KKH) crosses Gojal entering China at the Khunjerab Pass linking Pakistan to China and, in the future, other Central Asian states such as Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Kazakhstan.

Chichawatni Tehsil
Chichawatni is a tehsil of Sahiwal District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The tehsil has an area of 1,602 km2 and is headquartered at the city of Chichawatni and is administratively subdivided into 37 Union Councils, three of which form the capital.
The tehsils contains five towns, these are: Chichawatni, Kassowal, Ghaziabad, Iqbal Nagar, Chak45 Firdous.

Gojra Tehsil
Gojra Tehsil is a subdivision (tehsil) of Toba Tek Singh District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The tehsil covers an area of 1,115 km² and is administratively subdivided into 24 Union Councils, six of which form the tehsil capital Toba Tek Singh.

Jehanian Tehsil
Jehanian Tehsil is a subdivision (tehsil) of Khanewal District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. It is administratively subdivided into 12 Union Councils of Pakistan, one of which form the tehsil capital Kabirwala.

Guanaco
The Guanaco ("Lama guanicoe") is camelid animal native to South America. Guanacos are usually found in small herds or loosely structured family groups.
Description.
When a member of the herd picks up the slightest hint of danger, it makes a high-pitched warning call, causing the other guanacos to flee swiftly and nimbly across the steep and uneven terrain.
Diet.
Guanacos generally live at high elevations, grazing on grasses and browsing on leaves and buds.
They can get by without water for long periods of time, obtaining moisture from the plants they eat.

Vicuña
The vicuña ("Vicugna vicugna") is one of two wild South American camelids. The vicuña, the smallest of the camelids, have had an interesting relationship with humans over time.
General characteristics.
The overall colour of the soft wooly coat is ochre, light cinnamon, or reddish brown, with the underparts, insides of the legs, and underside of the head being dirty white. On the chest, at the base of the neck, is a peculiar, pompon-like 'mane' of silky white hairs which may be 20-30 cm / 8-12 inches in length. The vicuña is extremely slender, with long skinny limbs and neck. The head is small and wedge shaped, with small, triangular ears. Unique among living even toed-ungulates, the incisors of the vicuña are constantly growing, with enamel on only one side, to keep up with the wear caused by the tough grasses on which they feed.
Distribution.
Grasslands at elevations of 3,500-5,800 meters / 11,700-19,300 feet in the Andes mountains of Peru, Bolivia, Argentina, and Chile.

Nocturnes (Debussy)
"Nocturnes" is a piece of music for orchestra by the French composer Claude Debussy. There are three movements. A female chorus also sings in the last movement. Debussy finished writing "Nocturnes" on 15 December 1899.
The music.
A lot of Debussy’s music, including "Nocturnes", is inspired by the paintings of the Impressionist painters. The word “nocturne” really means: “a piece about the night”. However, "Nocturnes" does not seem to be about the night at all. It is really about the way that light shines on things in Impressionist paintings.
'Nuages' is about the clouds in the sky and the way they move slowly in grey colours with a little white.
'Fêtes' is a very lively picture of a group of people having a celebration and dancing. A procession is heard arriving. The music of the procession gradually gets louder, mixes with the music of the dancing, then it gradually dies away as the procession disappears into the distance.
'Sirènes' describes the sea and the many rhythms that can be heard when we listen to it. The moonlight shines on the sea, and the mysterious song of the Sirens is heard as they laugh.
First performances.
The Lamoureux Orchestra conducted by Camille Chevillard gave the first performance of "Nuages" and "Fêtes" in Paris in 1900, and they played the first performance of all three movements the next year. Some of the listeners found it hard to understand at first, but today "Nocturnes" is one of Debussy’s most popular works.
The music lasts for about 22 minutes.

Breaza River (Cibin)
The Breaza River is a tributary of the Cibin River in Romania. That means it flows into the Cibin River.

Valea Mare River (Cibin)
The Valea Mare River is a tributary of the Cibin River in Romania. That means it flows into the Cibin River.

New Jersey Nets
The New Jersey Nets are a team in the National Basketball Association in East Rutherford, New Jersey.

Cleveland Cavaliers
The Cleveland Cavaliers are a team in the National Basketball Association in Cleveland, Ohio.

Indiana Pacers
The Indiana Pacers are a team in the National Basketball Association in Indianapolis, Indiana.

Washington Wizards
The Washington Wizards are a team in the National Basketball Association in Washington, D.C..

Orlando Magic
The Orlando Magic are a team in the National Basketball Association in Orlando, Florida.

Charlotte Bobcats
The Charlotte Bobcats are a team in the National Basketball Association in Charlotte, North Carolina.

Denver Nuggets
The Denver Nuggets are a team in the National Basketball Association in Denver, Colorado.

Memphis Grizzlies
The Memphis Grizzlies are a team in the National Basketball Association in Memphis, Tennessee.

Los Angeles Clippers
The Los Angeles Clippers are a team in the National Basketball Association in Los Angeles, California.

Texas A&M University–Corpus Christi
Texas A&M University–Corpus Christi is a public university in Corpus Christi, Texas, United States. It has about 7,000 students enrolled and it was founded in 1947.

Freedom of the press
Freedom of the press is a promise by a government not to punish journalists and other people who report the news for doing their job. It is an idea that is like freedom of speech, because it protects people from expressing their opinions or beliefs. Many countries have passed laws or constitutional amendments protecting freedom of the press.
Restrictions.
Like with freedom of speech, freedom of the press does not protect everything that a journalist writes. A journalist can be sued for libel, which is publishing news about a person that they know is false. Publishing copyrighted material is not legal in many countries. Writing about state secrets, like military plans, weapon designs, or other classified information is almost always illegal.

Olympic Flame
The Olympic Flame or Olympic Torch is a symbol of the Olympic Games. A committee plans the route that it goes through, which ends at the city where the event is being hosted. Sometimes people use the torch route to make a point. During the 2008 Olympic torch relay to Beijing, people talked about and held signs that were against China's human rights record and signs that said Tibet was not a part of China.

Freedom of assembly
Freedom of assembly and freedom of association, is the right to join together with others to reach common goals and common opinions, both in public and in private. This usually includes business groups (or corporation), civic organizations, labor unions, political parties, and protest groups.
Restrictions.
Freedom of assembly does not mean that any group can come together for any purpose. Some governments prohibit militias, or groups of people outside the military that gather weapons and train soldiers, from demonstrating in public with their weapons.

Deia River (Moldova)
The Deia River is a tributary of the Moldova River in Romania. That means it flows into the Moldova River.

Lala River (Moldova)
The Lala River is a tributary of the Moldova River in Romania. That means it flows into the Moldova River.

Dobra River (Moldova)
The Dobra River or Doabra River is a tributary of the Moldova River in Romania. That means it flows into the Moldova River.

Tocila River (Moldova)
The Tocila River is a tributary of the Moldova River in Romania. That means it flows into the Moldova River.

Humor River (Moldova)
The Humor River is a tributary of the Moldova River in Romania. That means it flows into the Moldova River.

Larga River (Humor)
The Larga River is a tributary of the Humor River in Romania. That means it flows into the Humor River.

Iacob River
The Iacob River is a tributary of the Putna River in Romania. That means it flows into the Putna River.

Moara Dracului River (Hogea)
The Moara Dracului River is a tributary of the Hogea River in Romania. That means it flows into the Hogea River.

Valea Cheii River (Gemenea)
The Valea Cheii River is a tributary of the Gemenea River in Romania. That means it flows into the Gemenea River.

Slătioara River (Gemenea)
The Slătioara River is a tributary of the Gemenea River in Romania. That means it flows into the Gemenea River.

Ciobanu River
The Ciobanu River is a tributary of the Slătioara River in Romania. That means it flows into the Slătioara River.

First Amendment to the United States Constitution
The First Amendment to the United States Constitution is a part of the United States Bill of Rights that protects freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom of assembly, freedom of the press, and right to petition. It also does not allow the government to establish a national religion. Because of this it gives everyone certain unalienable (cannot be taken away or violated) rights.

Chiril River (Putna)
The Chiril River is a tributary of the Putna River in Romania. That means it flows into the Putna River.

Mămuca River
The Mămuca River is a tributary of the Isachea River in Romania. That means it flows into the Isachea River.

Muncelu River (Suha)
The Muncelu River is a tributary of the Suha River in Romania. That means it flows into the Suha River.

Ursoaia River (Suha)
The Ursoaia River is a tributary of the Suha River in Romania. That means it flows into the Suha River.

Negrileasa River
The Negrileasa River is a tributary of the Suha River in Romania. That means it flows into the Suha River.

Runc River (Suha)
The Runc River or Braniştea River is a tributary of the Suha River in Romania. That means it flows into the Suha River.

Tulnic River
The Tulnic River is a tributary of the Runc River in Romania. That means it flows into the Runc River.

Lucina River (Romania)
The Lucina River is a tributary of the Moldova River in Romania. That means it flows into the Moldova River.

Parliamentary procedure
Parliamentary procedure is a set of rules for meetings. It gets its name from its use in Parliaments, or legislatures. Rules of parliamentary procedure say how many votes are needed to pass or amend a law, who gets to speak and for how long, and what must be done to change these rules. The most popular set of rules is Roberts Rules of Order by Henry M. Robert.

Arseneasca River
The Arseneasca River or Arseneasa River is a tributary of the Moldova River in Romania. That means it flows into the Moldova River.

Colbu River (Moldova)
The Colbu River or Izvorul Giumălăului River is a tributary of the Moldova River in Romania. That means it flows into the Moldova River.

Chilia River (Colbu)
The Chilia River is a tributary of the Colbu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Colbu River.

Pârâul Şurii
The Pârâul Şurii is a tributary of the Colbu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Colbu River.

Militia
A militia is a group of people not in the military who do many things that the military does. This includes collecting weapons, training soldiers, defending people or land, policing an area. Militias are often made up of people who used to be in the military, but have left for some reason.
Some militias are organized by a government, like the United States National Guard. This is a group of state militias first created to help with natural disasters and other emergencies. Others are not connected to a government, and may even be illegal. One common definition of a militia includes all men who are able to serve as soldiers.

Pictures at an Exhibition
Pictures at an Exhibition is a famous piece of music for solo piano composed by Modest Mussorgsky in 1874. It is Mussorgsky’s best solo piano work. Many years after Mussorgsky’s death a French composer called Maurice Ravel made an arrangement of the piece for orchestra. This arrangement has become very famous and this is the form in which people usually hear the music today.<3
Composition history.
"Pictures at an Exhibition" is a musical description of an exhibition of pictures by the painter Viktor Hartmannn. Hartmann was only 39 when he died in 1873. He and Mussorgsky had been good friends. They both tried to give their works a very Russian character: Hartmann through his pictures and Mussorgsky through his music. In 1874 an exhibition of Hartmann’s pictures was organised in the Academy of Fine Arts in St Petersburg. Mussorgsky went to the exhibition and was inspired to compose his piano piece.
"Pictures at an Exhibition" describes someone walking round the exhibition and looking at the pictures. The ten pictures he describes in music were drawings and watercolours. Mussorgsky starts his piece with a tune which describes the person walking round the exhibition. It is usually known as the “promenade” theme (a promenade is a walk). At first Mussorgsky puts the promenade theme between each picture, but he does not do that all the way through the piece. Some of the later pictures have bits of the promenade theme in the music.
Publication history.
Mussorgsky composed the piece very quickly, although he was drunk a lot of the time. It was not published until 1886, five years after the composer’s death. The composer’s great friend Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov published it, but he made some changes to what Mussorgsky had written. It was not until 1931 that an edition was published which tried to show exactly what Mussorgsky had written.

Wine (disambiguation)
Wine is an alcoholic beverage.

Themis music
Themis is a Canadian gothic rock duo from Toronto, Ontario.
Significant New Music Genre: Wicca Rock.
A strong thread in the artistic work of Themis is the Wiccan love of life and nature. Lyrical references to the "Love of Life", the "Forest of Life", "the Honeyed Fountain", "the gentle caress of a warm summer breeze" focus on the Wiccan belief in nature's divinity.
Themis Music has drawn nature-loving Wiccans from all over the world. Themis promotes unity among all peoples through the power of music and common beliefs. The Countess and Ruffian Angel form both a musical and religious partnership: they are a High Priest and a High Priestess who have each undergone the three degrees of Wiccan initiation.
The two promote Wiccan philosophy in their songs and written texts/articles. Embedded in the Canadian duo's music and their published explanations of the Themis's musical inspirations, is a clear adoption of Wiccan ecology and feminism.
Studios.
Themis Music operates studios in Ontario, Canada as well as contracting out the building of music studios for professional recording, digital editing, mastering, production and musical arrangement.
Canadian Band Camp.
Themis Music is one of the principals organizing the 'Ontario Band Camp' each year in the third weekend of September. Held on the beautiful Lake Joseph, Themis Band Camp's purpose is to facilitate the practice of musicians helping musicians.
Melodic Wicca themes.
Wicca themes carry throughout the artistic works of Themis Music. Themis is unique in combining classic rock elements with a progressive and decidedly gothic sound.
"The songs are melodic and tell stories with Wicca themes" (nature-based doctrine not to be confused with witchcraft in any way), such as a profound love of nature, a reverence for all life, and the power of nature's omnipotent rule over man's mortal law. Appropriately named after Themis, the Greek Titan Goddess of divine law and order, this two piece band has a spirit, a philosophy and a big sound.
Themis and Wicca.
According to a webRadio review "Themis has launched into something original, friendly, Gothicus and evolving between the light and the darkness some time between the Middle Ages and tomorrow."
A Wiccan duo.
The duo describe themselves as "Vegans. Eclectic Gardnerian Wiccans. Musicians"," in their bio at http://www.themismusic.com
Ruffian Angel has a large repertoire of musical background, starting his musical career in high school as a drummer and gradually widening his horizons to encompass guitar, vocals, composing, song writing, and more. Ruffian Angel is the lead of the band, combining powerful vocals with unrelenting guitar leads.
The Countess (Kathleen) makes her debut in a rock band on the drums in Themis. The Countess also supplies second vocals, complementing Ruffian's powerhouse voice.
Ecology and nature.
Themis delivers songs with hauntingly beautiful melodies, vividly descriptive stories, accompanied by an entertaining live act. The songs carry through and meld with one another as in a rock opera, promulgating their message: "The beauty of this day is not lost on me...On this wooden log in the Forest of Life, I carve my flute with my hands and my knife for the Love of Life" as in their hit 'Love of Life'.
Creed.
Themis Music publishes a creed of sorts. Themis Music Studios favour musicians with a pagan or Wiccan flavour.
Themis lyrics speak of awe in watching the sunrise or sunset; the forest of life in the light of a glowing moon; a meadow enchanted by the first light of day; the morning dew on the petals of a beautiful flower; the gentle caress of a warm summer breeze upon one's skin; the warmth of the summer sun on one's face; the fall of colourful autumn leaves; and the softness of winter's snow.
Themis lyrics describe cycles of nature as holy days: the earth a temple, its plants and creatures as partners and teachers advancing respect of life, cherishing the free will of sentient beings, and accepting the sacredness of all creation.

Wicca rock
Wicca music or Wicca rock is music influenced by the Wicca religion and its beliefs relating to nature and conservation written by Wiccan musicians living in some of the most naturally beautiful forest regions of the world, in Canada.It is said by some to be an emerging sub-genre of alternative music
Bands That Identify As Wicca Rock Musicians.
The early signs of this category's formation got people talking. A music band called touredCanada and the USA singing and talking about Wicca. The Themis body of works promotes things that are Wiccan such as the divinity of nature; the Lord and Lady (dual deity aspect of Wicca) and an ethical credo that resembles Wiccan philosophies.
Another Canadian band, a group of vocalists from Vancouver Canada, the, also perform original pieces based on the beliefs of Wicca and
Wicca Rock Tied To Ecology and Religion.
The also mirrors the adopted by the United Nations and by the 1993 Parliament of the World's Religions in Chicago..
Comparing with Wicca Music's ecological and ethical aspects suggests that Wicca Music (and Wicca in part) satisfies the Declaration for a Global Ethic's request for universal adoption.
"All historical experience demonstrates the following: Our earth cannot be changed unless in the not too distant future an alteration in the consciousness of individuals is achieved. This has already been seen in areas such as war and peace or economy and ecology. And it is precisely for this alteration in inner orientation, in the entire mentality, in the "heart," that the religions bear responsibility in a special way. Here we remain aware, however, that a universal consensus on many disputed individual ethical questions (from bio- and sexual ethics through mass media and scientific ethics to economic and political ethics) will be difficult to attain. Nevertheless, even for many questions still disputed, differentiated solutions should be attainable in the spirit of the fundamental principles jointly developed here.
In many areas of life a new consciousness of ethical responsibility has already arisen. Therefore, we would be especially pleased if as many as possible national or international professional organizations, such as those for physicians, scientists, business people, journalists, and politicians, would compose up to date codes of ethics."
Wicca Music Subculture.
Evidenced in lyrics of "Wicca" songs like "I am The Shadow" by Themis, "Love of Life" by Themis, and "Ancient Trees" by Chalice and Blade Wiccan musicians support a culture promoting ecology; of non-violence and respect for life; the divinity of mother nature; solidarity with 'earth'; a just economic order; tolerance, healing and truthfulness and equal rights and partnership between men and women (although Wiccan women have a higher rank).
Wicca's Small Following is Moving Into The Mainstream.
According to "Wicca is moving into the mainstream" smashing stereotypes as their movement matures. Throughout America, Wiccans are organizing congregations and youth groups, training clergy, pursuing charity work, sharing parenting tips and fighting for civil rights.
Wicca is a diverse earth-based religious tradition that honors nature and the cycles of the seasons. Wiccans celebrate solar holidays such as the solstices, equinoxes and the four midpoints in between, as well as lunar cycles. This religion is one of the fastest-growing in the United States, and it is notable for the leadership of women, concern for the environment, and in some cases for political activism, particularly efforts to counter misunderstanding and stereotyping. --
Wicca has enchanted pop culture and many teenagers. The number of Wiccans in the U.S. and Canada is doubling about every 30 months. But neverthelss the percentage of Wiccans in the entire U.S. and Canada populations is still less than 1%.
Wicca Music and the Religion.
"Wicca Rock" may not be religious neutral to many of the Christian faith. Some conservative Christians feel that even gospel music or Contemporary Christian Music is unholy.
Perhaps less about political correctness and more about ecology beliefs which are common to all religions, Wicca music, according to both and, advances that the cycles of nature are the "holy days"; the earth is the true "temple"; and the "plants" and "creatures" their musical partners and inspirations. "We respect life, cherish the free will of sentient beings, and accept the sacredness of all creation. Our bible is the wind and the rain." -
We thrive in the song and spirit of the birds and other creatures of the wild -- our music is written from a love of all life. -
Light over Dark.
Unlike much Gothic Rock,and even alternative rock, Wicca music is bright and cheerful, promoting positive Wicca ideals. "The Craft is a joyous creed; it is also a socially and ecologically responsible one... Love of life in all its forms, is the basic ethic of the Craft." -
Converse to Gothic rock which comes from the dark, Wicca music comes from the light side.
In 2007, Themis, with a strong pro-ecology message morphed from a Punk rock background into the Wicca music realm. The band's followers advance the idea that modern Wicca should be more about nature, ecology and feminism and less about witchcraft and spirtualism. () "We thrive in the song and spirit of the birds and other creatures of the wild -- our music is written from a love of all life. The cycles of nature are our holy days: the earth is our temple, its plants and creatures our partners and teachers so we respect life, cherish the free will of sentient beings, and accept the sacredness of all creation.

Themis band
Themis Music is a Canadian music endeavour which includes a Wicca music group, a studio in Toronto, Ontario and a "Band Camp" retreat in Northern Ontario.
Incipient Wicca Music Genre.
A strong thread in the artistic work of Themis music is the Wiccan love of life and nature. Lyrical references to the "Love of Life", the "Forest of Life", "the Honeyed Fountain", "the gentle caress of a warm summer breeze" focus on the Wiccan belief in nature's divinity.
Themis Music has drawn nature-loving Wiccans from all over the world. Themis promotes unity among all peoples through the power of music and common beliefs.
Studios.
Themis Music operates studios in Ontario, Canada and contracts out the studios for professional recording, digital editing, mastering, production and musical arrangement.
Ontario Band Camp.
Themis Music organizes the 'Ontario Band Camp' each year in the third weekend of September. Held on the beautiful Lake Joseph, Themis Band Camp's purpose is to facilitate the practice of musicians helping musicians. This rich nature experience reinforces the Wiccan belief in nature's divinity. The entire process is deeply tied to nature and giving back to the environment.
Melodic Wicca themes.
Wicca themes carry throughout the artistic works of Themis Music. Themis is unique in combining classic rock elements with a progressive and decidedly gothic sound.
"The songs are melodic and tell stories with Wicca themes" (nature-based doctrine not to be confused with witchcraft in any way), such as a profound love of nature, a reverence for all life, and the power of nature's omnipotent rule over man's mortal law. Appropriately named after Themis, the Greek Titan Goddess of divine law and order.
Themis and Wicca.
According to a WebRadio review "Themis has launched into something original, friendly, Gothicus and evolving between the light and the darkness some time between the Middle Ages and tomorrow."
A Wiccan duo.
Themis band members "The Countess" and Ruffian Angel form both a musical and religious partnership: they are a High Priest and a High Priestess who have each undergone the three degrees of Wiccan initiation.
The two promote Wiccan philosophy in their songs and written texts/articles.
Ecology and nature.
Themis delivers songs with hauntingly beautiful melodies, vividly descriptive stories, accompanied by an entertaining live act. The songs carry through and meld with one another as in a rock opera, promulgating their message: "The beauty of this day is not lost on me...On this wooden log in the Forest of Life, I carve my flute with my hands and my knife for the Love of Life" as in their song 'Love of Life'.

Wine (software)
Wine is a piece of software which lets Unix-like computer operating systems on the x86 architecture to execute programs written for Microsoft Windows. Wine also provides a software library known as "Winelib" which developers can compile Windows applications against to help port them to Unix-like systems.
The Wine developers released version 1.0 of Wine, after 15 years of development, on June 17 2008. Released under terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL), Wine is free software.

Carbon-12
Carbon-12 is an isotope of Carbon. It is the most common isotope of carbon, as it accounts for 98.89% of all carbon. It is one of two stable (non-radioactive) isotopes, It can be written 12C.
Carbon-12 is important in Chemistry as it is the benchmark where all other atomic masses are worked out. It's atomic mass is exactly 12.
It is also used in carbon dating.

Art rock
Art rock (also described as progressive rock or classical rock) is a word that is about a sub-genre of rock music that has "experimental influences". It is an album-based form that is able to have longer, more complex music and lets the musicians spend more time trying different ways to play their instruments. Art rock is not created for mass consumption, meaning it is not made to be liked by most people. It is often long and has a lot of themes like classical music, but usually has more guitars than keyboards. Also, it is not really music to dance to, but music to just listen to, and it often tells a story or has a philosophical theme to the lyrics."
Relationship with progressive rock.
The idea of "art rock" has sometimes been used when talking about the "progressive rock" bands which became popular in the 1970s. Allmusic says that progressive rock and art rock are almost the same; both used to describe rock music that is more artistic. Progressive rock eventually stuck as a label for a specific genre of rock music, while art rock was used to described bands that were harder to label.
Princeton University's Wordnet dictionary states that "progressive rock, art rock" are "a style of rock music that [came out] in the 1970s; associated with attempts to [mix] rock with jazz and other forms." It also says that it is meant "for listening and not dancing".
Examples of art rock bands.
Examples include Queen, The Who, Led Zeppelin, Pink Floyd, David Bowie, The Velvet Underground, The Beatles, Genesis and Yes.

MIT License
The MIT License is a free software license that was created at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). It is a permissive license, meaning that it allows programmers to put the code in proprietary software on the condition that the license is given with that software, and GPL-compatible, meaning that the GPL permits programmers to combine and redistribute it with software that uses the MIT License.
According to the Free Software Foundation, the MIT License is more accurately called the X11 license, since MIT has used many licenses for software and the license was first written for the X Window System.
Software that use the MIT License include Expat, PuTTY, Mono development platform class libraries, Ruby on Rails, Cakephp, Twisted, Lua 5.0 onwards and the X Window System, which the license was written for.
Some software are dual licensed under the MIT License, such as older versions of the cURL library, which allowed recipients to choose either the Mozilla Public License or the MIT License.
License.
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person
obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation
files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without
restriction, including without limitation the rights to use,
copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES
OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT
HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY,
WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR

Blender (magazine)
"Blender" is an American music magazine that self-identifies as "the ultimate guide to music and more." It is also known for sometimes having pictures of female celebrities that shows them with a lot of their body uncovered. It puts together lists of albums, artists, and songs, including both "best of" lists and "worst of" lists. In each issue, there is a review of an artist's entire discography, with a review of each album. The magazine teamed up with VH1 to create the "50 Most Awesomely Bad Songs".
"Blender" is published by Dennis Publishing. The magazine was started in 1994 as the first digital CD-ROM magazine by Jason Pearson, David Cherry & Regina Joseph, acquired by Felix Dennis/Dennis Publishing, UK. It published 15 digital CD issues, and launched on the web in 1997. It started publishing a print edition again in 1999 in the same form that it does today. Blender CD-ROM showcased the earliest digital editorial (paper) formats, as well as the first forms of digital advertising. The first digital advertisers included: Calvin Klein, Apple Computer, Toyota and Nike.

Discography
Discography is the study and listing of sound recordings. The word comes from the word "disc", which is the most commonly used term for describing the format used most for sound recordings in the 20th century, and the "-graph" suffix meaning something written.
A listing of all recordings of a musician or singer is usually called their "discography". Discographies may also be created based on a particular musical genre or record label, for example, so that all artists in a genre, or that have contracts with a certain label, are listed together.
The term "discography" became popular in the 1930s by collectors of jazz records. Jazz fans did research and self-published discographies about when jazz records were made and what musicians were on the records, as record companies did not commonly include that information on/with the records at that time.

Euoplocephalus
Euplocephalus (meaning "well-armored head") was a large armored dinosaur, measuring about 20 feet (6 m) long; it weighed about 2 tons. Its wide head had a horny, toothless beak, small, peg-like cheek teeth, bony horns, and a small brain. Among its contemporaries were the large meat-eating Tyrannosaurus and Deinonychus.

Progressive metal
Progressive metal (often called prog metal) is a sub-genre of heavy metal music that mixes the powerful, guitar-driven sound of metal with the complexity of progressive rock, which includes odd time signatures and complicated instrumental playing. Some progressive metal bands are also influenced by jazz fusion and classical music. Like progressive rock songs, progressive metal songs are usually much longer than other metal songs, and they are often themed in concept albums. As a result, progressive metal is rarely heard on mainstream radio and video programs.
History.
The origins of progressive metal started with progressive rock bands from the late 1960s and early to mid-1970s such as Yes, Pink Floyd, Jethro Tull, King Crimson, Genesis, early Queen, Kansas, and Rush. However, progressive metal did not evolve into a genre of its own until the mid-1980s. Bands such as Queensrÿche and Dream Theater took certain things about progressive rock groups and mixed them with heavy metal styles likes those of bands such as early Metallica and Megadeth.

Mamenchisaurus
Mamenchisaurus was a long-necked, long-tailed, four-legged, plant-eating dinosaur. Mamenchisaurus had the longest neck of any known dinosaur, except the newly found Sauroposeidon. Mamenchisaurus' neck was about 46 feet (14 m). It had 19 vertebrae in its neck, more than any other known dinosaur had. Mamenchisaurus was about 70 to 80 feet (21 to 25 m) long and weighed roughly 12 tons (11 tonnes).
Its hind legs were longer than the front legs; these hind legs were similar to the legs of Diplodocus. Its skull however, was box-shaped (unlike Diplodocus' elongated snout).

Knoxville, Tennessee
Knoxville is the third-largest city in the state of Tennessee, in the United States of America. The largest city in the state is Memphis, followed by Nashville, the capital of Tennessee. Knoxville is the county seat of Knox County.
Knoxville was founded in 1786 and is the second oldest of Tennessee's four major cities, after Nashville which was founded in 1779.

Così fan tutte
"Così fan tutte" is an opera by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. It is always known by its Italian title. This is probably because it is impossible to find a good translation for the title, which means something like: “They all do it like that”, or “They are all like that” (meaning: “Women are all like that”). Its full title is "Così fan tutte ossia La scuola degli amanti" ("That is how they all do it, or The School For Lovers"). It is an opera buffa (a comic opera). The libretto was written by Lorenzo da Ponte.
The opera is often called "Così" for short in the English-speaking world. It is one of the three Mozart operas for which da Ponte wrote the libretto (the words). The other two operas on which they worked together were "The Marriage of Figaro" and "Don Giovanni".
Emperor Joseph II suggested to Mozart that he should write the opera. The libretto was originally going to be set to music by another composer, Antonio Salieri but Salieri only finished parts of the first act and then stopped working at the opera.
Performance history.
The first performance was at the Burgtheater in Vienna on January 26 1790.
Unlike "The Marriage of Figaro", the story of this opera did not offend people at the time. However, during the next two centuries many people thought the story was rather naughty, so it was not often performed. When it was, it was often changed.
Today it is one of the most often performed operas in the opera houses throughout the world. Although the story is quite silly, it has some of Mozart’s most beautiful music.
Synopsis.
The story is about two young ladies who each have a lover. Someone makes a bet with the two men that their girl friends would easily fall in love with someone else. The two lovers disguise themselves, and make love to the other one’s girl friend. At first the women are not willing, but later they are.
The story takes place in Naples in the 18th century.
Act 1.
Ferrando and Guglielmo are two young officers. Ferrando is in engaged to Dorabella and Guglielmo to her sister Fiordiligi. When they are talking in a coffee shop, they say that their fiancées will always be faithful to them. Don Alfonso joins the talking and makes a bet with the two officers. He says that he can prove that all women (even Dorabella and Fiordiligi) are fickle (meaning that they easily change lovers instead of being faithful to just one). The men take on the bet. They pretend they have to go to fight in a war and say a sad goodbye. Their boat sails off to sea, while Alfonso and the sisters wish them a safe journey.
Despina, the sisters’ maid, arrives and asks what is wrong. Dorabella is desperately sad. Despina does not take it seriously, and says they should get new lovers. Alfonso is worried that Despina will recognize the men through their disguises, so he bribes her into helping him win the bet. The two men then arrive, dressed as Albanians. They have moustaches. The sisters enter and are worried when they see two strange men in their home. The Albanians try to make friends with them, but the girls do not want them.
Despina wants to help Alfonso in the plan. As Alfonso tries to calm the sad sisters and the Albanians drink a magic potion and pass out. It seems that a doctor arrives, but it is Despina in disguise. She makes the Albanians feel better. The two men are now standing in front of one another’s fiancées. They ask them for a kiss, but the sisters refuse.
Act 2.
In the sisters’ bedroom Despina is trying to persuade the sisters to love the Albanians. After she leaves, Dorabella says to Fiordiligi that she does actually fancy the Albanian, and the two girls agree that a little flirtation will do no harm and will help them pass the time while they wait for their lovers to return.
In the garden, Dorabella and the disguised Guglielmo go off together, as do the other two. They have an awkward conversation and Ferrando departs with Fiordiligi. Now alone, Guglielmo tries to woo Dorabella. She pretends at first that she does not want him, but soon gives in. She gives him a medallion (with Ferrando's portrait inside) in exchange for a heart-shaped locket.
Ferrando is less successful with Fiordiligi, so he is angry when he later finds out from Guglielmo that the medallion with his portrait has been so quickly given away to a new lover. Guglielmo at first sympathises with Ferrando but then says he is very happy, because his girl is faithful.
In the sister's room, Dorabella tells Fiordiligi about the wrong thing she did. Fiordiligi, who is now upset, decides to go to the army and find her lover. Before she can leave, though, Ferrando arrives and again woos her. Fiordiligi finally gives in and falls into his arms. Guglielmo is very unhappy while Ferrando reminds Guglielmo about how he had been boasting a short while ago about his girl’s faithfulness. Alfonso seems to have won the bet. He tells the men to forgive their fiancées. After all: "Così fan tutte" ("All women are like that.")
The last scene begins as a wedding for both couples: the sisters and their “Albanian” lovers. Despina is now disguised as a notary. She gets everyone to sign the marriage contract. Military music is heard in the distance. This means that the officers are returning. Alfonso tells the sisters that Ferrando and Guglielmo are on their way to the house. The Albanians hurry off to hide (actually, to change out of their disguises). They return as themselves (the officers), saying how much they love the girls. Alfonso drops the marriage contract in front of the officers, and, when they read it, they become very angry. They then go off and return moments later, half in Albanian disguise, half as officers. Everyone realizes that Despina had been the notary, and the sisters now know they have been deceived. All is forgiven, and everyone sings about accepting life in good times and in bad.

Revolver (magazine)
"Revolver" is a monthly hard rock and heavy metal magazine published by Future US. It started as a magazine that was about more popular styles of music, but then changed to what it is now. The magazine is put together a lot like "Spin", and also writes about the heavy metal and punk subcultures. It has cover stories (usually centering on a band's new album, song, or upcoming tour), album reviews, instrument reviews, and a section for readers to get advice from a celebrity.
Another notable feature of the magazine is its coverage of underground and up-and-coming bands from all over the world. Instead of focusing only on the most popular bands, "Revolver" introduces a lot that are not played on the radio or on MTV.
Its slogan is: "The World's Loudest Rock Magazine!"

University of York
The University of York is a university in the city of York, England. York University began in 1963. York has expanded to more than 30 departments and centres, covering many subjects. In the last Research Assessment Exercise York was named the 6th best research institution in the United Kingdom.

Magazine circulation
A magazine's circulation is the number of copies it usually distributes for each issue. It is one of the main factors used to determine how much money they will charge businesses to advertise in the magazine. Circulation is not always the same as copies sold, which is usually called paid circulation, because many magazines are distributed to readers without making them pay anything. This is more true for magazines dealing with business and professional topics. When determining readership figures, which is how many people read an issue, the number is usually considered to be higher than the circulation figures because of the assumption that most copies of the magazine are read by more than one person. In many countries, circulation figures are checked by companies that do not work for the magazine, such as the Audit Bureau of Circulations, to make sure that the numbers a publisher gives to advertisers is accurate.

Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa
Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa von Nettesheim (September 14, 1486 – February 18 1535) was a German occult writer, astrologer, and alchemist.
His life.
Agrippa was born in Cologne in 1486. In 1512, he taught at the University of Dole in France.
In 1510, he studied briefly with Johannes Trithemius.
During this part of his life in Germany, France and Italy, he worked as a theologian, physician, legal expert and soldier.
He was for some time in the service of Maximilian I.
According to his student Johann Weyer, in the book "De praestigiis daemonum", Agrippa died in Grenoble, in 1535.

Paracelsus
Paracelsus (11 November or 17 December 1493 in Einsiedeln, Switzerland – 24 September 1541 in Salzburg, Austria) was an alchemist, physician, astrologer, and general occultist. He was born Phillip von Hohenheim, and later took up the name Philippus Theophrastus Aureolus Bombastus von Hohenheim, and still later took the title Paracelsus, meaning "equal to or greater than celsus".
He is credited for giving zinc its name (at the time he called it "zincum").

Morris
Maurice de Bevere (December 1, 1923 - July 16, 2001), better known as Morris, was a Belgian cartoonist and the creator of "Lucky Luke".
Biography.
He was born in Kortrijk, Belgium and started drawing in the Compagnie Belge d'Actualités (CBA) animations studios, a small and short-lived animation studio in Belgium where he met Peyo and André Franquin.
After a war, the company went bankrupt and Morris worked as an illustrator for "Het Laatste Nieuws", a Flemish newspaper, and "Le Moustique", a weekly magazine published by Dupuis, for which he made some 250 covers and numerous other illustrations, mainly caricatures of movie stars.
He died in 2001 by an accidental fall.

Palos Verdes Blue
The Palos Verdes Blue butterfly is a small endangered butterfly that can be seen near the Palos Verdes Peninsula in southwest Los Angeles County, California. So far, it can only be seen here and might be one of the rarest butterflies in the world.
Description.
This butterfly has a wingspan of only 25-30 mm. The male has a bright silvery-blue dorsal wing outlined in a narrow line of black, while the female’s dorsal wing is a more brownish-gray color. Both males and females have gray ventral wings with dark spots surrounded by white rings.
Conservation.
"G. lygdamus palosverdesensis" was listed as an endangered species by the on July 2, 1980. Insects are not currently protected by California law.
The main threat to the Palos Verdes Blue has been the destruction of their living space by weeds, which has negative effects on the larval foodplants needed.

Wingspan
Wingspan refers to the span of an airplane or a bird and is the distance from the left wingtip to the right wingtip.
Wingspan of aircraft.
The wingspan of an aircraft is always measured in a straight line, from wingtip to wingtip, independently of wing shape or sweep.
Wingspan of flying animals.
To measure the wingspan of a bird, a live or freshly dead specimen is placed flat on its back, the wings are grasped at the wrist joints and ankles, and then the distance is measured between the tips of the longest primary feathers on each wing.

Hypnagogia
Hypnagogia is a word used to describe the state between waking and sleep.

Talent agent
A talent agent, or booking agent, is a person who finds jobs for actors, musicians, models, and other people in different entertainment businesses. Agents make their money by taking a percentage of the money that their client is paid.

Félix Houphouët-Boigny
Félix Houphouët-Boigny () (18 October 1905 – 7 December 1993) was the first President of Côte d'Ivoire.

University of Cambridge
The University of Cambridge (also called Cambridge University) is located in Cambridge, England. It is the second-oldest university of all English-speaking countries. It is thought of as one of the world's leading academic institutions.
The University grew out of a group of scholars in the city of Cambridge. Early records suggest that this happened in 1209 by scholars leaving Oxford after a dispute with local townsfolk there. The universities of Oxford and Cambridge are often jointly referred to as "Oxbridge".
In addition to cultural and practical associations as a historic part of English society, the two universities also have a long history of rivalry with each other.
Academically, Cambridge is consistently ranked in the world's top 5 universities.
The British Royal Family traditionally chose to attend the University of Cambridge - King Edward VII, King George VI, Prince Henry of Gloucester, Prince William of Gloucester and Edinburgh and Prince Charles were all undergraduates there. The university has also produced 82 Nobel Laureates to date.
Associations.
The University of Cambridge is a member of
It is also considered part of the "Golden Triangle", a geographical concentration of UK university research.

Carpals
Carpals are bones found in the hand. They are also called wrist bones as they are in the wrist. There are eight carpals in each hand.

Orient Express
The Orient Express is the name for a passenger train (and its route). Originally it ran from Paris to Istanbul. The current service starts from Strasbourg and is an overnight train to Vienna (it joins with the sleeper from Amsterdam in Karlsruhe).

Sleeping car
The sleeping car or sleeper is a part of a train with beds built in, mostly for making nighttime travel more restful.

List of police forces in the United Kingdom
This is a list of the Police forces in the United Kingdom and Northern Ireland.
Countries.
Police Officer numbers in England and Wales are at their highest ever levels.
Scotland.
Most areas of Policing in Scotland are done by the Scottish Government and Scottish Parliament, but some rights remain with the Scottish Office in the UK Government. These areas include national security, terrorism, firearms and drugs. The Scottish police forces provide all other police services to the public of Scotland.
Northern Ireland.
The Royal Ulster Constabulary was formed in 1922 to police the new Irish Free State. It was renamed in 2001 following the Good Friday Agreement of 1998 undertaken by the Patten Commission.
In Northern Ireland, police powers have not been transferred to the Northern Ireland Executive as they have been in Scotland, instead they remain with the Northern Ireland Office in the UK Government.
The Police Service of Northern Ireland does not employ Police Community Support Officers.

Robert Christgau
Robert Christgau (born April 18, 1942) is an American music journalist. He has called himself the "Dean of American Rock Critics".

Texas A&M University–Kingsville
Texas A&M University–Kingsville is a public university in Kingsville, Texas, United States. It has about 6,500 students enrolled and it was founded in 1925. It has ties to Texas A&M University.

1932-33 NHL season
The 1932–33 NHL season was the 16th season of the National Hockey League. Nine teams each played 48 games. The New York Rangers beat the Toronto Maple Leafs three games to one for the Stanley Cup.
Final standings.
"Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, PIM = Penalties in minutes"
"Note: Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold"
Leading scorers.
"Note: GP = Games played, G = Goals, A = Assists, PTS = Points, PIM = Penalties in minutes"

1933-34 NHL season
The 1933–34 NHL season was the 17th season of the National Hockey League. Nine teams each played 48 games. The Chicago Black Hawks were the Stanley Cup winners as they beat the Detroit Red Wings three games to one.
Final standings.
"Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, PIM = Penalties in minutes"
"Note: Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold"
Scoring leaders.
"Note: GP = Games played, G = Goals, A = Assists, PTS = Points, PIM = Penalties in minutes"

Passer rating
Passer rating (known as passing efficiency or pass efficiency in NCAA football) is a measure of how well a quarterback, or any other passer in American and Canadian football, played. Math is used to get the passer rating. To get a good passer rating, a quarterback needs to have a high number of good passes and touchdowns. A quarterback can get a bad passer rating if the quarterback has many interceptions.

Maratha Rashtra Parishad
Mahratha Rashtra Parishad or Council of Maratha-speaking Indian state of Maharashtra, is a political party of India. Maratha has separatist tendencies. Maratha under the name of Maharatha adovcates the independence of the language territory and takes it's inspirations from Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Tamil, Bhutanese, Sikkim etc...

Postal codes in the United Kingdom
UK postal codes are known as postcodes.
UK postcodes use letters and numbers. The British Prime Minister's postcode at 10 Downing Street is SW1A 2AA.
These codes were started by the Royal Mail over a 15-year period from 1959 to 1974 — the full list is now available electronically from the Royal Mail as the Postcode Address File. They were made to help electronically sort mail.
Postcodes are now used for many other purposes such as insurance calculations, and as a way to describe United Kingdom places to sat navs.

Chenab River
The Chenab River (Punjabi: ਚਨਾਬ, IAST: canāb, Urdu: چناب, literally: 'Moon(Chan) چن River(aab)') آب is formed by the confluence of the Chandra and Bhaga rivers at Tandi located in the upper Himalayas in the Lahul and Spiti District of Himachal Pradesh, Republic of India. In its upper reaches it is also known as the Chandrabhaga. It is a tributary of the Indus River.
It flows through the Jammu region of Indian Occupied Kashmir into the plains of the Punjab, forming the boundary between the Rechna and Jech interfluves (Doabs in Persian). It is joined by the Jhelum River at Trimmu تریمو and then by the Ravi River Ahmadpur Siyaal احمدپورسیال. It then merges with the Sutlej River near Uch Sharif to form the Panjnad or the 'Five Rivers', the fifth being the Beas River which joins the Satluj near Ferozepur, India. The Chenab then joins the Indus at Mithankot. The total length of the Chenab is approximately 960 kilometres.
The waters of the Chenab are allocated to Pakistan under the terms of the Indus Waters Treaty.
The Baglihar hydropower dam is being built (as of 2006) on the Chenab River in the Doda district. This is about 110 kilometers eastward of the Pakistan border in the Jammu division of the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. The dam is one of 9 hydro-electric projects on the Chenab River.

Jhelum River
Jehlum River or Jhelum River (Punjabi: ਜੇਹਲਮ, Punjabi: دریاۓ جہلم) is the largest and most western of the five rivers of Punjab, and passes through Jhelum District. It is a tributary of the Indus River and has a total length of about 480 miles (774 kilometers).
Course.
The river Jhelum rises from a spring at Verinag situated at the foot of the Pir Panjal in the south-eastern part of the valley of Kashmir. It flows through Srinagar and the Wular Lake before entering Pakistan from India-Occupied Kashmir through a deep narrow gorge. The Kishenganga Neelum River, the largest tributary of the Jhelum, joins it near Muzaffarabad, as does the next largest, the Kunhar River of the Kaghan valley. It also connects with Pakistan and Pakistan-administered Kashmir on Kohala Bridge east of Circle Bakote. It is then joined by the Poonch river, and flows into the Mangla reservoir in the Mirpur District. The Jhelum enters the Punjab in the Jhelum District. From there, it flows through the plains of Pakistan's Punjab, forming the boundary between the Chaj and Sindh Sagar Doabs. It ends in a confluence with the Chenab at Trimmu in District Jhang. The Chenab merges with the Sutlej to form the Panjnad River which joins the Indus River at Mithankot.

Nubra River
The Nubra River is a tributary of the Shyok River, which flows into the Indus River. It flows in the Ladakh area of Jammu and Kashmir.

Ravi River
The Ravi River (Sanskrit: रवि, Punjabi: ਰਾਵੀ, Urdu: راوی) is a river in Kashmir and Pakistan. It is one of the five rivers which give Punjab its name.
The Ravi was known as Parushani or Iravati to Indians in Vedic times and Hydraotes to the Ancient Greeks.
It originates in the Himalayas in the Chamba district of Himachal Pradesh following a north-westerly course. It turns to the south-west, near Dalhousie, and then cuts a gorge in the Dhaola Dhar range entering the Punjab plain near Madhopur. It then flows along the Indo-Pak border for some distance before entering Pakistan and joining the Chenab River.
The total length of the river is about 720 km.
The waters of the Ravi river are allocated to India under the Indus Waters Treaty between India and Pakistan and the resulting Indus Basin Project.
It is also called 'The river of Lahore' since that great city is located on its eastern bank. On its western bank is located the famous town of Shahdara with the tomb of Jahangir and the Tomb of Noor Jahan.

Shingo River
The Shingo River is a tributary of the Suru River (Indus), and flows through the Ladakh region of Indian Occupied Kshmir.

Gnome (disambiguation)
A gnome is a mythical creature characterized by its extremely small size and subterranean free lifestyle.
GNOME is a desktop environment for computers running Unix and Unix-like operating systems.

Iranian women's movement
The Iranian women's movement, also called the "Persian women's movement", involves Iranian women's social movement for women's rights. The movement emerged after Iranian Constitutional Revolution, and lasted until 1910 in which the first Women Journal published by women, to 1933 in which the last women’s association was dissolved by the Reza Shah’s government. Women’s movement re-emerged again after Iranian Revolution (1979).

Polly Pocket
Polly Pocket is a line of small plastic dolls and accessories for girls. The name comes from the fact that many of the first Polly Pocket toys came in pocket-size cases. The Fashion Polly dolls are sold by Mattel.
History.
Polly was first designed by Chris Wiggs in 1983 for his daughter Kate. Using a powder compact, he created a small house for the very small doll. Bluebird Toys of Swindon, England licensed the idea. The first Polly Pocket were sold in stores in 1989. Mattel held a distribution agreement with Bluebird Toys for Polly Pocket items in the early 1990s. In 1998, while production slowed, several companies tried to buy Bluebird Toys. Mattel finally bought the company later that year.
In 1999, Mattel changed the design of Polly. They created a new series of collectible items. The new Polly doll is larger. It also looks more similar to a real person than the first dolls. That same year, Mattel also started selling Fashion Polly!. This line used the same characters from the new Polly Pocket (Polly, Lea, Shani, Lila, etc.) but they were 3 ¾ inch (9.5 cm) plastic jointed dolls. Instead of the normal cloth clothing, Polly Pockets used "Polly Stretch" clothing. These were rubbery plastic clothes that could be put on the dolls and removed. They also created boy dolls.

Juliet Burke
Juliet Burke is the name of a fictional character, a main character on the ABC's TV series "Lost". She is played by the actress Elizabeth Mitchell. Juliet's character was introduced in the third season's premiere.
Before arriving on the island.
Juliet is a fertility doctor. She arrived on the Island in order to help pregnant women, as all of them die before giving birth to their child.

Shyok River
The Shyok River is a river flowing through Ladakh and the disputed Northern Areas of Pakistan (Ghanche District). Shyok river (a tributary of the Indus) originates from the Rimo glacier, one of the tongues of Siachen Glacier and becomes very wide at the confluence with the Nubra River (a tributary of Shyok, originating from Siachen Glacier).
The alignment of the Shyok river is very unusual, originating from the Rimo glacier it flows in a SE direction and at joining the Pangong range it takes a NW turn and flows parallel to its previous path. The Shyok flowing in a wide valley suddenly enters a narrow gorge after Chalunka and then joins the Indus at Skardu (Pakistan). The Nubra river originating from the Siachen glacier also behaves like the Shyok, before Tirit the SE flowing river takes a NW turn on meeting the river Shyok. The similarity in the courses of these two important rivers probably indicates a series of palaeo fault lines trending NW-SE in delimiting the upper courses of the rivers. The importance of the Indus River and the Shyok rivers is in the deposition of a huge thickness of Quaternary sediments a treasure trove for geology researchers.

Suru River (Indus)
The Suru River is a river in Indian Occupied Kashmir that forms the western and northern boundary of the Zanskar Range, it takes birth from the waters of Nunkun peak in its skirts flows to the north of Kargil and empties into the Indus River.

Tawi River
Tawi is a river that flows through the city of Jammu, Kashmir.
Tawi river is a major left bank tributary of Chenab River. The river originates from the lapse of Kali Kundi glacier and adjoining area south-west of Bhadarwah in Doda District. Tawi river catchment is delinated by latitude 320 35' -330 5' N and longitude 740 35' - 750 45' E. The catchment area of the river up to Indo-Pak cease-fire border (Jammu) is 2168 km², and falls within the districts of Jammu, Udhampur and a small part of Doda. Elevation in the catchment varies between 400-4000 m and total length of the river is about 141 km. The river in general flows through steep hills on either side excepting the lower reach for about 35 km. width of the river at Jammu is about 300 m at the bridge site.

Zanskar Gorge
The Zanskar Gorge is found in the Zanskar region of Indian-Occupied Kashmir (IOK). Its walls are near vertical cliffs up to 600m high. The Zanskar River (a tributary of the Indus River) is only 5m wide in places. It provides an access route to the Zanskar Valley, but only in winter when the river is frozen.

Gilgit River
The Gilgit River (Urdu: دریائے گلگت) is a tributary of the Indus River, and flows past the town of Gilgit. It is located in the Northern Areas of disputed Kashmir, Pakistan.

Gomal River
Gomal River (Urdu: دریائے گومل) is a river in Afghanistan and Pakistan, with its headwaters in the south-east of Ghazni.
Within Pakistan, the Gomal river surrounds South Waziristan agency, forms the boundary between the North-West Frontier Province and Balochistan. From South Waziristan, the river enters the Gomal Valley in district Tank NWFP at a place known as Girdavi, Murtuza which is inhabited by the Miani tribe. It is mainly here that the water of Gomal is used to cultivate the lands in Gomal Valley through Zam system (Rod Kohi). The river passes then through the Damaan plain in Kulachi Tehsil and later on through Dera Ismail Khan Tehsil, It then joins the Indus River 20 miles south of Dera Ismail Khan
Tributaries.
The Kundar River is located in Balochistan, Pakistan. The meltwater from the Sulaiman Mountains forms the Kundar River and it flows through Balochistan and drains into the Gomal River. The two principal drainage channels of the Zhob District are the Zhob River and the Kundar River, both flow into the Gomal River. The general direction of the rivers is from Southwest to northeast. The Zhob River rises at Tsari Mehtarazai pass, the watershed a distance of about 400 kilometers. The broad plain of the Zhob River is occupied by the alluvial formation. The Kundar River rises from the central and highest point of the TobaKakar range, a few kilometers northeast of the Sakir. It constitutes boundary between Pakistan and Afghanistan territory for a considerable length. The other subsidiary rivers or streams are the Baskan, Chukhan, Sri Toi, Sawar, Surab, etc.
The Zhob River (Urdu: دریائے ژوب) is located in Balochistan, Pakistan. The meltwater from the Sulaiman Mountains forms the Zhob River which flows through Balochistan and drains into the Gomal River near Khajuri Kachadd. Zhob city is located on banks of Zhob river.

Hub River
Hub River (Urdu: دریائے حب) is located in Lasbela, Balochistan, Pakistan.
It forms the provincial boundary between Sindh and Balochistan, west of Karachi.
Hub Dam is a large water storage reservoir constructed in 1981 on the Hub River in the arid plains north of Karachi. The reservoir supplies water for irrigation in the Lasbella district of Balochistan and drinking water for the city of Karachi. The dam is an important staging and wintering area for an appreciable number of waterbirds and contains a variety of fish species which increase in abundance during periods of high water.
The Mahseer ("Tor putitora"), an indigenous riverine fish found in the Hub River, grows up to 2m in length and is fished.
The Hub dam was declared a wetland of importance in 2001.

Hingol River
Hungol River or Hingol River () is located in Makran, Balochistan, Pakistan.
The river is 350 miles long and is the longest in Balochistan. It winds through the Hungol valley between high cliffs.
The river flows all year long, unlike most other streams in Balochistan which only flow during rare rains.
The Hungol river and valley are located in Hingol National Park.

Swaan River
The Swaan River (Urdu: دریائے سوان) is the most important stream of the Pothohar region of Pakistan. It drains much of the water of Pothohar. It starts near a small village Bun in the foothills of Patriata and Murree. It provides water to Simblee Dam, which is reservoir of water for Islamabad. Near Pharwala Fort it cuts through a high mountain range and that is a wonderful phenomenon of nature. The place is called Swan Cut. No stream can cut such a high mountain. It proves the Swaan was there before the formation of this range. And when the mountain rose through millions of years, the stream continued its path by cutting the rising mountain. Ling stream, following a relatively long course though Lehtrar and Kahuta falls in the Swaan near Sihala.
Islamabad Highway crosses this stream near Sihala where famous bridge Cock Pull is constructed over it. Another famous, Lai stream joins this stream near Swaan Camp. After walking a tortuous path and creating a big curve, the stream reaches Kalabagh where it falls into the Indus river. This relatively small stream is more than 250 kilometers long. Due to its mountainous course and shallow bed, it is hardly used for irrigation purposes. For grinding wheat, you can find ancient types of flour mills near Chakian. Fishing is not possible in this stream as a profession. Rohu is the main species of fish in this stream. Kingfisher birds hunt here too.

Kundar River
Kundar River is located in Balochistan, Pakistan. The meltwater from the Sulaiman Mountains forms Kundar River and it flows through Balochistan and drains into Gomal River.
The two principal drainage channels of the Zhob District are the Zhob River and the Kundar River, both flow into the Gomal River. The general direction of the rivers is from Southwest to northeast. The Zhob River rises at Tsari Mehtarazai pass, the watershed a distance of about 400 kilometers. The broad plain of the Zhob River is occupied by the alluvial formation. The Kundar River rises from the central and highest point of the TobaKakar range, a few kilometers northeast of the Sakir. It constitutes boundary between Pakistan and Afghanistan territory for a considerable length. The other subsidiary rivers or streams are the Baskan, Chukhan, Sri Toi, Sawar, Surab, etc.

Kunhar River
Kunhar River (Urdu: دریائے کنہار) is located in North-West Frontier Province, Pakistan. A main source of the river is Lulusar lake, nearly 48km from Naran Valley. Glaciers of Malka Parbat and Makra Peak and the waters of Saiful Muluk lake feed the river. The Kunhar flows through the entire Kaghan Valley through Jalkhand, Naran, Kaghan, Jared, Paras and Balakot, and joins the Jhelum River.
The Kunhar river trout is considered to be the best throughout the Indian subcontinent.

Kurrum River
The Kurrum River or Karam River (Urdu: دریائے کرم) flows in the Kurrum Valley, stretching across the Afghan-Pakistani border west to east (crosses from the Paktia Province of Afghanistan into the Kohat border region of Pakistan) at, about 150 km west-to-south-west of the Khyber Pass.
Tributary: Tochi or Gambila River.
The Tochi river (Urdu: دریائے توچی), sometimes referred to as the Gambila River (Urdu: دریائے گمبیلا), is located in North Waziristan, Federally Administered Tribal Areas, Pakistan. The source of the river are the hills six miles south of the Sufed Koh River, the source of the Kurrum River, which it runs parallel too and finally joins. Tochi river flows eastward, in North Waziristan, to join the Kurrum River and the Indus. It is an important river for the inhabitants of the Dawar valley, as it serves to irrigate a large area of land that it runs through. Particularly that belonging to the Bakkakhel Wazirs, and Miri and Barakzai Bannuchis. The river surrounds Waziristan in the North while the Gomal River river surrounds South Waziristan.

Lyari River
Lyari River (Urdu:لیاری ندی) is a small ephemeral stream that flows through the Pakistani megacity of Karachi from north east to the center and drains into the Arabian Sea at the Monora channel. It is one of the two rivers of Karachi, the other one being Malir River. The river is about 50 kilometres (30 miles) long. As a seasonal river it carrys the collected water after the rains in the catchment area.

Malir River
Malir River (Urdu:دریائے ملير) is located in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Malir River passes through the city of Karachi from North East to the Centre and drains into the Arabian Sea. Malir river is one of the two rivers passing through Karachi and the other is Lyari River. It has two other little river help one is Thadho and other is Sukhan.
In a rainy season this river flow with lot of water and millions of gallons of water moves down to the Arabian Sea.

Panjkora River
The Panjkora River rises rises high in the Hindu Kush at lat. 35.45 and joins the Swat River near Chakdara, Malakand, NWFP, Pakistan. Its name is derived from the Persian for 'panj' (meaning 'five') and 'kora' (meaning 'river').

Wisent
Wisent name for the European bison ("Bison bonasus") is a bison species and the heaviest surviving animal in Europe. It is a close relative of the American Bison.
Description.
Longer legged and less heavily built than its American cousin, the wisent may reach a height of 54 to 60 in. (137–152 cm) at the shoulder, and a weight of more than 1 ton (900 kg). It has brown hair and short upcurved horns. Its hump is less prominent than that of the American bison and its coat less shaggy.
Reproduction.
In the wild the wisent is a forest animal; it browses on leaves, ferns, and bark. Females give birth after a gestation period of 9 to 10 months, usually to a single calf. Abundant in Europe in prehistoric times, wisents remained numerous until the early Christian era.
Extinction.
Hunted for their meat and displaced from their habitats by farmers, by the 11th cent. they had been reduced to two herds numbering but a few hundred animals. By 1927 fewer than 50 remained. Since the foundation of an international protective society in 1932, their numbers have been growing, but they are no longer found outside zoos or forest reserves.

Panjnad River
Panjnad River (Urdu: پنجند) (panj = five, nadi = river) is a river in Punjab, Pakistan. Panjnad River is formed by successive confluence of the five rivers of Punjab, namely Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej. Jhelum and Ravi join Chenab, Beas joins Sutlej, and then Sutlej and Chenab join to form Panjnad near Uch Sharif. The combined stream runs southwest for approximately 45 miles and joins Indus River at Mithankot. The Indus continues into the Arabian Sea. A dam on Panjnad has been erected; it provides irrigation channels for Punjab and Sind provinces south of the Sutlej and east of the Indus rivers.
Beyond the confluence of Indus and Panjnad rivers, the Indus river was known as Satnad (Sat = seven) carrying the waters of seven rivers including Indus river, which is believed to be in ealrlier times the Saraswati River/Ghaggar-Hakra River river which eventually dried and became a seasonal river due to seismic shifts in the glacial region of Himachal Pradesh where it originated and later on Kabul river and the five rivers of Punjab.

Sutlej
The Sutlej River (sometimes spelled as "Satluj River") (,, and) is the longest of the five rivers that flow through the region of Punjab in northern Republic of India and Pakistan. It is located north of the Vindhya Range, south of the Hindu Kush segment of the Himalayas, and east of the Central Makran range in Pakistan.
The Sutlej is sometimes known as the Red River.
It is the easternmost tributary of the Indus River.
The source of the river is at Lake Rakshastal in Tibet near Mount Kailas, and it flows generally west and southwest through the region of Greater Punjab. The region to its south and east is arid, and is known as the Great Indian Desert or Thar Desert.
Tributaries.
The Beas River () is the second easternmost of the rivers of the Punjab region. The river rises in the Himalayas in central Himachal Pradesh, India, and flows for some 290 miles (470 km) to the Sutlej River in the west of the Indian Punjab state.
Indus Water Treaty.
The waters of the Beas and Sutlej rivers as well as of the Ravi River are allocated to India under the Indus Waters Treaty between India and Pakistan.

Zhob River
Zhob River (Urdu: دریائے ژوب) is located in Balochistan, Pakistan. The meltwater from the Sulaiman Mountains forms Zhob Rivers and it flows through Balochistan and drains into Gomal River near Khajuri Kachadd. Zhob city is located on banks of Zhob river.

Hunza River
Hunza River (Urdu:دریائے ہنزہ) is the main river in Hunza, in the Northern Areas of Pakistan. It is formed by the confluence of the Khunjerab River, Gujerab River, Misgar River, Chapursan River and Shimshal River. These rivers are fed by glaciers.
After flowing to south up to Nagar it turns to west. From Chalit it again takes a turn to the south. Flowing through Nomal Valley, it reaches Gilgit city and empties out into Gilgit River. It joins the Gilgit River with the Naltar River. Later it flows into the Indus River.

Kabul River
Kabul River, or Kabal River (Persian: دریای کابل), is a river that rises in the Sanglakh Range in Afghanistan, separated from the watershed of the Helmand by the Unai Pass. It is the main river in the eastern part of Afghanistan. It flows 700 km before joining the Indus River near Attock. It passes through the cities of Kabul, Chaharbagh, Jalalabad, and (flowing into Pakistan some 30 km north of the Khyber Pass) Nowshera. The major tributaries of the Kabul River are the Logar, Panjshir, Kunar and Alingar and Bara rivers.
Tributaries.
The Kabul river itself is little more than a trickle for most of the year, but swells in summer due to melting snows. Its largest tributary is the Kunar River, which starts out as the Mastuj River, flowing from the Chiantar glacier in Chitral, Pakistan and once it flows south into Afghanistan it is met by the Bashgal river flowing from Nurestan. The Kunar meets the Kabul near Jalalabad. In spite of the Kunar carrying more water than the Kabul, the river continues as the Kabul River after this confluence, mainly for the political and historical significance of the name.

Kunar River
The Kunar River (Kunar Rud) is about 480 km long, located in eastern Afghanistan and north-western Pakistan. The Kunar river system is fed from melting glaciers and snow of the Hindu Kush mountains. The Lutkho River joins the Mastuj River just north of the important regional centre of Chitral in Pakistan and is then called the Chitral River, before flowing south into the upper Kunar Valley in Afghanistan, where it is referred to as the Kunar River.
The Kunar River empties into the Kabul River just to the east of the city of Jalalabad in Afghanistan. The combined rivers then flow eastwards into Pakistan, joining the Indus River at the city of Attock.
Tributaries.
The Peche River is located in Afghanistan. The Peche river system is fed from glaciers and snow. It includes the Kunar River, which rises in Nuristan province of Afghanistan, and the main Kunar River, which rises in the eastern Pamir Mountains before flowing through Chitral in Pakistan into the upper Kunar Valley in Afghanistan.

Rupal River
The Rupal River is an east-west glacial stream rising from the meltwater of the Rupal Glacier in northern Pakistan. The stream flows through the Rupal Valley, south of Nanga Parbat, before turning northeast to the village of Tarashing. The Rupal drains into the Astore River, which eventually reaches the Indus River near Jaglot.

Soan River
Soan River (Urdu: سون) is a river in Punjab, Pakistan.

Sohan River
The Sohan is a river of northern Pakistan located in Punjab province. It also forms the northern border of Bannu District.

The Fox and the Hound 2
"The Fox and the Hound 2" is a 2006 direct-to-video midquel to the 1981 Disney animated movie"The Fox and the Hound". It was produced by DisneyToon Studios, directed by Jim Kammerud], and features the voice talents of Patrick Swayze and Reba McEntire. The story takes place during the youth of Tod and Copper, in which Copper is tempted to join a band of singing stray dogs. The movie was released on December 12, 2006, rated G by the MPAA, and had an official soundtrack album released on November 21, 2006.
The Story.
Best friends Tod, a fox kit, (Jonah Bobo) and Copper, a hound puppy, (Harrison Fahn) visit a country fair when they see a band of dogs called "The Singin' Strays". The band has five members: Dixie (Reba McEntire), Cash (Patrick Swayze), Granny Rose (Vicki Lawrence), and twin brothers Waylon and Floyd (both Jim Cummings). It is important that they perform well because a talent scout from the Grand Ole Opry will be at the fair.
Cash and Dixie get into an argument, and Dixie walks off before their performance, forcing them to go on stage without her. During the show Copper sings along, and Cash invites the pup up on stage to sing with them. The musical number is a success. Cash invites Copper to join the band, which he does upon promising that he is a "stray". Copper spends the entire day with Cash, forgetting his promise to watch fireworks with Tod.Dixie finds Tod and sympathizes with his feelings of abandonment. During their conversation, Tod lets it slip that Copper isn't a stray, and Dixie hatches a plan to get Copper out of the band with Tod's help.
Tod lures Copper's owner, Slade, to the fair in a wild chase. The chase leads to widespread mayhem in the fair, and the Singin' Strays' performance is sabotaged right in front of the talent scout Mr. Bickerstaff. Copper is fired from the band and returns home with Slade. Tod is sorry for ruining everything, and is brought home by Widow Tweed. Along the way, Tweed narrowly misses being hit by the talent scout's car, and Bickerstaff's hat flies off and lands on Tod.
The following day, Tod and Copper admit their mistakes and are friends again. Hoping to amend for his doings, Tod gives Bickerstaff's hat to Copper, who uses it to track down the talent scout at a local diner. Tod tricks Cash and Dixie into thinking the other is in trouble, and the entire band end up meeting up at the diner. Copper convinces the band the importance of harmony, and The Singin' Strays howl a reprise of their song "We're in Harmony," attracting the attention of the talent scout. Impressed with the band, he arranges for the dogs to perform at the Grand Ole Opry.The movie ends with Copper choosing to leave the band and play with Tod again.
Soundtrack.
The Fox and the Hound 2 Soundtrack Album features a combination of country and bluegrass writers and performers were found in Nashville by Disney according to the music supervisor Kimberly Oliver, and Matt Walker Senior VP, DisneyToon Studios.
Background music score composer instrumental songs Joel McNeely. Bluegrass music for setting the moods of scenes, performed by several famous bluegrass performers.

Direct-to-video
A movie that is released direct-to-video (also known as made-for-video, straight-to-video, more recently, straight-to-DVD) is one which has been released to the public on home video formats (historically VHS) before or without being released in movie theaters or broadcast on television. The term is also at times used as a insulting term for sequels of movies that are not expected to have financial success.
Reasons for releasing direct-to-video.
Direct-to-video releases can occur for several reasons. Often a production studio will develop a TV show or movie which is not generally released for several possible reasons: poor quality, lack of support from a TV network, controversial nature, or a simple lack of general public interest. Studios, limited in the annual number of movies they grant cinematic releases to, may choose to pull the completed movie from the theaters, or never exhibit it in theaters at all. Studios then recoup some of their losses through video sales and rentals.
In the case of a TV show, low ratings may cause a studio to cancel the show, possibly after having filmed an entire season and aired some episodes. If the show has a considerable fanbase, the studio may release un-aired episodes on video to recoup losses. ' and "Firefly" are examples of canceled shows which were successful cult hits on DVD. Occasionally outstanding DVD sales may revive a canceled show, as in the case of "Family Guy".Originally canceled in 2004,the series was revived in 2005 due partly to its excellent DVD sales.
Direct-to-video releases have historically carried a stigma of lower technical or artistic quality than theatrical releases. Some studio movies released direct-to-video are movies which have been completed but were never released. This delay often occurs when a studio doubts a movie's commercial prospects would justify a full cinema release, or because its "release window" has closed. A release window refers to a timely trend or personality, and missing that window of opportunity means a movie, possibly rushed into production, failed to release before the trend faded. In filmindustry slang such movies are referred to as having been "vaulted."
There is a positive side to direct-to-video releases. They have become something of a lifeline for independent filmmakers and smaller companies.
Direct-to-video releases can be done for movies which cannot be shown theatrically due to controversial content, or because the cost involved in a theatrical release is beyond the releasing company. Almost all pornographic movies are released direct-to-video.
Animated sequels and movie-length episodes of animated series are also often released in this fashion. Salaries for such actors range from $2 to $4 million (Van Damme) to $4.5 to $10 million (Seagal). According to "Variety", ' sold a million copies in one week, despite retaining only two actors from the original trilogy.
In recent years, DVD Premieres have become a substantial source of revenue for movie studios. DVDPs have collectively grossed over $3 billion over the last few years, and have matured enough that DVDP divisions of studios now option their own movies. Studios realized that DVDP movies can be shot on a smaller budget, thus allowing studios larger profits with the combined revenues of home video sales and rentals, in addition to licensing movies for television and for distribution abroad (where some DVDP movies do see theatrical releases).
Distributing DVDPs is not a practice reserved solely for larger Hollywood studios. Several companies, such as The Asylum, MTI Home Video, and York Entertainment distribute DVDPs almost exclusively. The budgets for movies distributed by these companies are even smaller than those of ones distributed by a larger studio, but these companies are still able to profit off their sales.
The V-Cinema and OVA markets in Japan.
In Japan, the direct-to-video movement carries different connotations, being a niche product rather than a fallback medium. Despite having lower budgets than features intended for theater release, Japanese direct-to-video productions are rarely marred by the poor storyline and lower quality production often associated with the DTV market in the US. So-called V-Cinema has more respect from the public, and affection from film directors for the greater creative freedoms the medium allows. DTV releases are subject to fewer content restrictions and less creative dictate than other formats.
In the case of anime, this is called Original Video Animation (OVA or OAV), and their production values usually fall between those of television series and movies. They are often used to tell stories too short to fill a full TV season, and were particularly common in the early 1990s. Sometimes OVAs garner enough interest to justify commissioning a full television series, like "Tenchi Muyo!", "One Piece", and "El Hazard".
With the advent of the 13 episode season format, OVAs are less common now. The majority of OVAs released in today's market are usually continuations or reworkings of recently completed TV series. For instance, the DVD release of a TV series might include a bonus episode that was never broadcast as a sales hook.

List of Disney direct-to-video films
This is a list of feature-length movies produced by Walt Disney Productions/The Walt Disney Company that were released directly to video with no theatrical run.
On June 21, 2007 Disney announced that following the release of ' and "Tinker Bell", they would no longer be making direct to video sequels to their theatrical releases. Many executives were upset over the lack of quality of the sequels and felt that they undercut the value of the originals.
That statement was contradicted by the announcement of three direct-to-video sequels to the also direct-to-video "Tinker Bell" movie.
Produced.
The direct-to-video movies were created by DisneyToon Studios and Walt Disney Television Animation.
Distributed.
List of animated movies distributed by Disney (years are by released on video/DVD).

A Perfect Circle
A Perfect Circle, often called APC by fans, is an alternative rock band. It was put together by guitarist Billy Howerdel and Tool lead singer Maynard James Keenan.
The band is made of Jeordie White - the bass player for Marilyn Manson, James Iha - who played guitar for The Smashing Pumpkins, and Josh Freese, who used to go on tour and play drums with Nine Inch Nails.
Although the group never officially broke up, A Perfect Circle has not performed or written anything since 2006. The band members still keep busy with other projects.

UNetbootin
UNetbootin (Universal Netboot Installer) is a cross-platform utility that can create Linux Live USB drives and can load a variety of system utilities or install various Linux distributions and other operating systems without a CD.

List of Disney theatrical animated features
Official canon.
The following is a list of the fifty feature films that are part of the Walt Disney Animation Studios canon, also known as the Walt Disney Animated Classics. The canon includes animated features that were or are being produced entirely by Walt Disney Animation Studios, formerly known as Walt Disney Feature Animation (and previously as part of Walt Disney Productions). Not included are live action films that feature animation, spin-offs from Disney television shows, the direct-to-video films produced by the DisneyToons studio in Australia (some of which received theatrical releases), or the Pixar films. Walt Disney Animation Studios once announced that "Home on the Range" (released April 2 2004) would be the last traditionally animated film, and from "Chicken Little" (released November 4 2005) onwards, all future Walt Disney Animation Studios films would be computer-animated. However, this changed in July 2006, when a new traditionally animated film, "The Princess and the Frog", was revealed to be in development.
Theatrical animated films created by DisneyToon Studios.
To date, all theatrical animated films created by DisneyToon Studios are traditionally (2-D) animated.

Live USB system creator
The Live USB system creator is to tool designed to create Live USBs of Ubuntu from a running Ubuntu Live CD

Fedora Live USB creator
The Fedora Live USB creator is an official tool designed to create Live USBs of Fedora.

University of Texas at Arlington
The University of Texas at Arlington is a public university in Arlington, Texas. About 25,000 students are enrolled (currently taking classes). It was founded in 1895.

Old Persian language
The Old Persian language is one of the two attested Old Iranian languages (besides Avestan). It was used during the Achaemenid era (c. 600 BCE to 300 BCE). Examples of Old Persian have been found in present-day Iran, Iraq, Turkey and Egypt.
Classification.
Old Persian is an Old Iranian language, a member of the Southwestern Iranian language group. As an Iranian language, Old Persian is a member of the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family.
Old Persian subsequently developed into Middle Persian, which is in turn the nominal ancestor of New Persian.
Nouns.
Adjectives are declinable in similar way.
Verbs.
Active, Middle (them. pres. -aiy-, -ataiy-), Passive (-ya-).
In Old Persian were used mostly the forms of first and third persons. Only Dual form used was "ajīvatam" 'both lived'.

8 Eyes
"8 Eyes" is a 1988 video game created by Thinking Rabbit for the Nintendo Entertainment System. The game has eight levels in it, and can be played by one or two players. In the game, a soundtrack, composed by Kenzou Kumei, had three songs for each of the eight levels, each set in a different part of the world. It has almost the same gameplay and graphics to "Castlevania". The name of the main character of the game is Orin, and he looks like Simon Belmont from the Castlevania games.

Palos Verdes
Palos Verdes is often used to refer to a group of coastal cities on the Palos Verdes Peninsula in the Los Angeles/South Bay area of California.
Palos Verdes Estates, Rancho Palos Verdes, Rolling Hills, and Rolling Hills Estates are the larger cities in the area.
History.
The peninsula was originally inhabited by Native Americans belonging to the Tongva (sometimes referred to as "Gabrielino") tribe, and first described in 1542 by Portuguese explorer Juan Cabrillo.
Schools.
The Palos Verdes Peninsula Unified School District has one of the highest rated API scores in California
, and has one of the highest average SAT scores and one of the highest percentage of students successfully completing the advanced placement exams in the county.
Trivia.
Disney's Pirates of the Caribbean films were partly photographed on and off the coast of Palos Verdes Peninsula. A tent city for production was constructed in the Redondo Beach Marina. The Black Pearl and several production vessels were seen on the waters daily as were helicopters filming for overhead shots.
The name "Palos Verdes" is Spanish for "green sticks".

P.U.N.K.S.
"P.U.N.K.S." is a 1999 movie starring Jessica Alba and Randy Quaid.

Troy
Troy (Greek:, "Troia", also, "Ilion"; Latin: "Trōia", "Īlium",; Hittite: "Wilusa" or "Truwisa"; Turkish: "Truva") is a legendary city and center of the Trojan War, as told in the Epic Cycle as well as the "Iliad", one of the two epic poems thought to be written by Homer.
Today it is the name of an archaeological site, the traditional location of Homeric Troy, Turkish "Truva", in Hisarlık in Anatolia, close to the seacoast in what is now Çanakkale province in northwest Turkey, southwest of the Dardanelles under Mount Ida.
Troy was the most powerful kingdom in the Mediterranean sea, and thrived under the long rule of King Priam. His many sons, including the valiant, strong, unbeatable Hektor and Paris, a creative character who was not a strong fighter but a passionate man, are the best known in the Troy myth.
In Greece lay a Kingdom called Mycene, owned by Mycenian or Mykene people, ruled by King Agammenon, started a large campaign to pressure the Kingdoms of Greece and modern day Turkey to join his side and attack Troy, to capture its many riches. Legendary character, and King of Ithaca, King Odysseus (or Ulysses as he was also known), along with King Idomenous of Crete, with up to 22 more Kingdoms and Kings, spent 7 years attacking Troy. Eventually, Troy fell after a coup that Odysseus had thought up, using a wooden trojan horse to hide soldiers within in order to get soldiers behind the Trojan line of defence.
Before the fall of Troy, during the dawn of the War, King Priam sought to create an alliance with the strong Kingdom of Sparta in Northern Greece, to defend Troy when the war had begun. King Aeneas, or Helikaon as he was said to be known, King of Dardanos, was a good friend of Hektor and King Priam, and sided with the Trojans in the war. Unfortunately, on the journey back, after Hektor and Paris had forged an alliance in Sparta, Paris had taken the daughter of the King of Sparta, Princess Helen, without his consent, as they had fallen deeply in love. This had caused the alliance to be terminated, and Sparta eventually joined the fighting cause of King Agammenon.

Federal Information Processing Standard
Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS) are standards made by the United States Federal government for non-military government agencies and by government contractors to use, and they are announced to the public.
Many FIPS standards are modified versions of standards used in the wider community (ANSI, IEEE, ISO, etc.)
Standard Publications.
Some FIPS standards were originally developed by the U.S. government. For instance, standards for encoding data (e.g. country codes), but more significantly some encryption standards, such as the Data Encryption Standard () and the Advanced Encryption Standard ().

Maggot
A maggot is the common name of the larval phase of development in insects of the order Diptera (flies). Sometimes the word is used to describe the larval stage of any insect.
Parasitic Maggots.
While large maggots only eat necrotic tissue in living animals and can be symbiotic, certain types of maggots are parasitic, like the Botfly larvae. These larvae spend part of their life cycle as parasites under the skin of living animals. As a result myiasis will take place in the host causing symptoms like sores and irritating lesions and even death.

Undertow (Tool album)
"Undertow" is Tool's first full-length album, released in 1993. When this album was released, grunge music was at its most popular, and pop punk was slowly beginning to become popular. "Undertow" helped heavy metal music continue as a leading mainstream musical style, and allowed several later bands to break through to the mainstream. Allmusic saw the album's success in the "striking, haunting visuals that complemented the album's nihilistic yet wistful mood." It was eventually certified double platinum by the RIAA on May 14, 2001.
The album was recorded between October and December 1992 at Grand Master Studios, Hollywood, California, and includes songs that the band decided to not release on their previous EP, "Opiate".
CD.
All songs written by Tool unless otherwise noted.
"Disgustipated" is track 69 on most pressings in North America (causing most CD players upon reaching the end of track 9 to advance through tracks 10-68, which contain no data, at a rate of about 2 per second until track 69 is reached). It also appears as track 39, track 10 (mostly in Europe) or as a hidden track following "Flood" on track 9.
On certain Japanese imports, "Disgustipated" is track 70, with a short live version of "Flood" as track 71.

Princess Beatrice of the United Kingdom
The Princess Beatrice (Beatrice Mary Victoria Feodore; later (1885–1917) Princess Henry of Battenberg; April 14, 1857 – October 26, 1944) was a member of the British Royal Family. She was the youngest child of Queen Victoria, and her husband Prince Albert.

Xbox Live
Xbox Live is the online gaming service for the Xbox and Xbox 360. It costs $50 a year and has over 10 million subscribers as of 2008. There are two versions of Xbox Live; Gold and Silver. Silver is free, allows an online 'friends list' and downloads, but does not allow users to play games against other people online. Gold is the same as Silver, but with the addition of online gaming and cost $50/£40 a year. Subscribers can pay via credit card or by special cards which are bought in shops and the codes entered in online.
Microsoft Points.
Microsoft Points or MS points is like money, but on Xbox Live. With the points users can buy many things ranging from game trailers, to game demos and full HD movies. Microsoft points can be bought from shops or online in the same way as an Xbox Live gold subscription.

Zanskar River
Zanskar River has two branches of origin. One of them takes birth in Ropshu area and flowing west-ward reaches Zanskar town; see Zanskar Gorge. The other branch is formed from the waters of the glaciers of central Zanskar and flowing south-east reaches Padam. From this place it turns to the north and collecting the waters of Khurna River empties into the Indus River. Another stream called Zora flowing to the north from the southern frontiers, also joins Zanskar river.

Xbox Live Vision
The Xbox Live Vision is a webcam designed for the Xbox 360 and Xbox Live.
Overview.
The camera can be used for video chat, personalized gamer pictures, in-game video chat, and still pictures. The camera features 640 × 480 video at 30 fps and is capable of taking still images at 1.3 megapixels. It allows for video chat and picture messages using an Xbox Live Gold Subscription with video effects along with in-game compatibility.
It also features three camera effects, in which the currently captured video image is overlaid on the dashboard background. The three effects are 'watery', 'edgy', and 'dotty'. The camera uses a standard USB 2.0 connection and is also Windows (XP and newer) and Mac OS X (v10.4.9 and newer) compatible.
The Xbox Live Vision Camera was announced at E3 2006 and released in North America on September 19 2006, following a 1-month pre-launch period in which Toys "R" Us stores in New York City and Los Angeles sold them to build up hype. It was released in Europe and Asia on October 6 2006, and November 2 2006 in Japan.
PC compatibility.
The Vision Camera is compatible with Windows XP Service Pack 2 using USB 2.0 connection. It requires a microphone for audio when used on a PC. Drivers are not included with the Vision Camera–you must allow Windows to download them automatically when prompted.
After a few seconds, the device will appear in "Imaging Devices." In "USB Controllers" there will be an entry called "Microsoft Xbox 360 Live Vision Security Method 3." This indicates the camera is installed and ready for use.
Mac OS X 10.4.9 added support for the USB "video class" group of peripherals, including Vision Camera. They work in iChat, Photo Booth and other applications that use Quicktime for video display, such as Skype. Connection over USB2 is also mandatory.
The Vision Camera is also compatible with Sony's PlayStation 3 (requires firmware 1.54).

Arutunian Trumpet Concerto
Arutunian Trumpet Concerto is Armenian composer Alexander Arutunian’s sixth major composition. It was written for the Soviet trumpet player Timofei Dokschitzer, who moved to the USA and represented the concerto there. According to J. Sundram, "it is an energetic powerhouse of Eastern European lyricism and harmonic textures". According to Philip Smith, the principal trumpet of the New York Philharmonic, Arutunian's Trumpet Concerto is too much popular among the trumpet players.
Discography.
The London Symphony orchestra. Conductor: Luis Has. RCA Victor 09026-62661-2. USA, 1994
Conductor: Konstantin Orbelyan, Jr. CHAN 9668 England, 2000
Conductor: Atso Almila. Mils 9651 Finland, 1996

Alexander Arutunian
Alexander Arutiunian (b. Yerevan, Armenia, September 23 1920) is an Armenian composer and pianist, widely-known particularly for his Trumpet concerto. He was awarded by the State Prizes of USSR (1949) and Armenia (1970), People's Artist of the USSR (1970) and Armenian SSR (1964) honorary titles, "St Mesrop Mashtots" and "Khorenatsi" Armenian medals, "Alexandrov" Gold medal (1976), "St Sahak and St Mesrop" Order by Holy Etchmiadzin (2004).
He graduated from the Music Conservatory of Yerevan, then he studied composition with Genrikh Litinsky. After graduation he returned to Yerevan to teach at the local Conservatory and later he became artistic director of the Armenian Philarmonic Orchestra.
In 1948 he was awarded the USSR State Prize for the "Motherland" cantata, a graduation piece he wrote as a student at the Moscow Conservatory. He has continued to win acclaim at home and abroad for his works, many of which are quickened by the folk traditions of Armenian music.
Some of Arutiunian's works for wind instruments, notably the 1950 concerto for trumpet, the concerto for tuba, and the brass quintet "Armenian Scenes", have secured their place in the international repertory, having been performed by conductors such as Valeri Gergiev, who has recorded his Symphony for large orchestra, composed in 1957 with the Symphony orchestra of the Russian All-Union Radio. In 1988, he composed his Violin Concerto "Armenia-88".

Epicurus
Epicurus (Greek) (341 BCE, Samos – 270 BCE, Athens) was an ancient Greek philosopher and the founder of the school of philosophy called Epicureanism.
Biography.
As a boy he studied philosophy under the Platonist teacher Pamphilus for about four years. At the age of 18 he went to Athens for his two-year term of military service. Epicurus never married and had no known children.
Teachings.
Epicurus helped in the development of science and the scientific method. Because of his insistence that nothing should be believed except that which was tested through direct observation and logical deduction. Many of his ideas about nature and physics presaged important scientific concepts of our time.
Works.
Epicurus' only surviving complete works are three letters, which are to be found in book X of Diogenes Laertius' "Lives of Eminent Philosophers", and two groups of quotes: the "Principal Doctrines", reported as well in Diogenes' book X, and the "Vatican Sayings", preserved in a manuscript from the Vatican Library.
Many pieces of his thirty-seven volume treatise "On Nature" have been found in the burnt papyrus fragments at the Villa of the Papyri at Herculaneum.

The Hundred and One Dalmatians
"The Hundred and One Dalmatians, or the Great Dog Robbery" is a 1956 children's novel by Dodie Smith. Smith wrote a sequel called "The Starlight Barking".
The story.
After being invited to a dinner party by the Dearly couple, where Cruella de Vil expresses her dislike for animals, the family's new Dalmatian puppies disappear. The Dearly dogs are added to 97 puppies who are kidnapped or legally purchased from various owners, all of which have been gathered with the intent of skinning them for their fur, to make a coat. Through a fellowship of animals and the "Twilight Barking", the dogs are identified as being in Suffolk, England, and a rescue ensues.
Adaptations.
The novel was made into a Disney animated film in 1961, under the title "One Hundred and One Dalmatians". In this film the four adult dalmatians were compressed into two, with Missis being named "Perdita" and Prince being omitted totally. There is only one Nanny, who in personality and appearance resembles Nanny Cook. Patch and Lucky are present, but the Cadpig is not by name, though she is included in the Disney Channel TV series. Mr. Dearly, here named Roger Radcliffe, is a musician and composer, rather than a financial wizard like in the book. Saul Baddun is renamed Horace, and Cruella appears to be single. The villains discover the Dalmatians have stowed away on the moving truck, leading to a climactic car chase.
The Smith book has been released under the title "101 Dalmatians", at least as far back as a 1989 Egmont UK Ltd release.

Coulomb's law
Coulomb's law is a function developed in the 1780s by physicist Charles Augustin de Coulomb. It explains how strong the force will be between two electrostatic charges. Electrostatic means electric charges without any motion.
Direction.
Let's think two electric charges exist in an empty space. If two charges are opposite, (+) and (-) charges for example, they will attract each other. And if two charges are both the same, both (+) or both (-) for example, they will push each other. This is similar to how magnetics act, as N and S attract each other, and as N and N, S and S push each other.
This is because electric charges make an electric field, such as magnetics make a magnetic field. When both electric charges make their own field, as two field will exist in one space at the same time, and they will make force to each other. The force they make to each other is called Coulomb's force or Electrostatic force. Coulomb's law explains how big the force will be.
Scale.
Coulomb's law explains the scale between two electric charges.
The scale of electrostatic force follows the function below.
Coulomb's law explains that the force scale F is relative to ratio of formula_2,formula_3.
formula_4 and formula_5 are scale of each electric charges. formula_6 is distance between two electric charges. And formula_7 has a certain value. It does not change relative to formula_4, formula_5 or formula_6.While formula_11 remains constant, when multiples of formula_4 and formula_5 become bigger, the electrostatic force will also get bigger. When the distance formula_6 become bigger, the electrostatic force will become smaller to ratio of formula_3.
The exact size of formula_7 is
formula_17
formula_18N m2 C−2 (or m F−1). This constant is called as Coulomb's Force Constant or Electrostatic Force Constant.
Inverse-square law.
The relation between the force F and the distance formula_6 follows the Inverse-square Law. Inverse-square law means means that when the distance formula_6 grow bigger, electrostatic force will become smaller to ratio of formula_3. Gravitation, Electromagnetic radiation, Sound Intensity also follows this law.

Leprechaun
In Irish mythology, a leprechaun () is a type of male faerie said to live in the island Ireland. They are a class of "faerie folk" in Irish mythology and folklore, as with all faeries, with the Tuatha Dé Danann.
They usually form into the look of an old men who enjoy doing trouble. They are said to be very rich, having many treasure crocks buried during war-time. Legend says, is someone looks at at one of them, that person cannot escape, but the moment the person looks away, he disappears.

Greater Middle East
The Greater Middle East (also known as "The New Middle East") is a political term coined by the Bush administration to englobe together various countries, pertaining to the Arab world and Iran, marginal countries such as Afghanistan and Pakistan and Kashmir. Various Central Asian countries and the lower Caucasus (Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Georgia) and Cyprus,Turkey, and Greece are sometimes also included. Some speakers may use the term to denote areas with significant Muslim majorities, but this usage is not universal.

Ablepharus pannonicus
The Asian Snake-eyed Skink (Ablepharus pannonicus) is a species of skink. It is found in the Caucasus Mountains and the Greater Middle East.

Crosswords DS
"Crosswords DS" (also known as "CrossworDS") is a crosswords video game made by Nuevo Retro Games and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo DS game console. It has three games - Crosswords, Word search, and Anagrams.

Fedora Unity
Fedora Unity is a community project to build comprehensive and concise websites and content that provide Fedora users and contributors with quality information.
All submissions to the project are covered by the Open Publication License (with no options) unless otherwise noted in order to allow submission to the Fedora Documentation Project.
Re-spins.
The Fedora Unity project produces ISO images for i386 and x86_64 architectures that are available as Jigdo downloads, containing slipstreamed installation media.
Last release: 20080720 launched, July of 2008, it includes Fedora 9 plus all updates as of July 18th, 2008.

Picross DS
"Picross DS" is a puzzle video game made by Jupiter and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo DS game console.
Reception.
"Picross DS" got many great reviews. IGN gave it a 9.0/10 and an Editor's Choice Award. The magazine said the game was one of the most addictive games for the Nintendo DS. They liked it for its downloadable puzzles, create-a-puzzle mode, and the number of puzzles to play. They said that the game's biggest mistake was that it penalized the player for missing by adding time, but doesn't count how many times the player misses.

Text box
A text box is a box that people type things into on the computer.

Free agent
A free agent is a professional sports player whose contract has expired with the team he or she is on. That player can then sign a new contract with any team.

Out (baseball)
An out in baseball happens to the pitcher in a game. When there are 3 strikes, the other team goes up to bat. Other ways to get an out are if a baseball is caught while in the air and before it touches the ground. Another way is to be struck out. To be struck out you have to miss trying to hit the ball three times.

Run (baseball)
A run in baseball is when a player on a team scores. It can be a walked in run, a batted run, or a home run.

Maxis
Maxis Software is an American company that was founded as a video game developer and is now a brand name of Electronic Arts (EA). Maxis' second software title was "SimCity", a city simulation and planning game. Maxis is also the creator of the best-selling computer game of all time, "The Sims" and its sequel "The Sims 2" and a title called "Spore" in which you guide a creature from cell form to smart, developed creatures. These four titles and their related products are the brand's most popular and successful lines.
Most Maxis titles are simulation-based, though none are considered traditional simulations. Maxis founder Will Wright likens them as "digital dollhouses." Maxis has also released games developed by other production houses, such as "A-Train" and "SimTower".
Acquisition by EA.
Electronic Arts (EA) completed its acquisition of Maxis on July 28, 1997. EA kept some of the original staff, including Will Wright. Products were shipped under the Maxis logo for several years until 2004, when "The Sims 2" had only the Electronic Arts logo on the box cover. As of October 18 2006, with the release of ' expansion pack, the Maxis title has been removed from the game's start. Also, up until ', the logo of Maxis was used for a button in the Options panel of the game to display the credits. In "FreeTime", the Maxis logo was replaced by a symbol of the Sims plumbob.

Underwater
Underwater is a term telling what is below the surface of a body of water such as an ocean, sea, lake, pond, or river. Most of the planet Earth is covered by water. The bottom of the ocean is called the sea-bed. Most of the sea-bed is between 4000 and 5500 m (13,000 to 18,000 ft) below the surface of the ocean. Just like the Earth's dry land, the sea-bed also has mountains, valleys and flat plains, although they are covered with water. The deepest part of all the world's oceans is a place called the Challenger Deep, which is in the Mariana Trench. It is 10,924 m (35,838 ft) under the sea.
Although a number of human activities happen underwater, such as scuba diving for work or recreation, or even warfare with submarines, most of the oceans, especially the deepest parts, have not been explored yet.

Hereford (cattle)
Hereford cattle are a widely used breed in temperate areas, mainly for beef production.
Originally from Herefordshire, England, they are found in the temperate parts of Australia. The breed also enjoys great popularity among ranchers in the desert American Southwest of the United States, as well as in the centre and east of Argentina and in Uruguay. Herefords made up the largest percentage of registered cows among herders in New Zealand. This is a testament to the hardiness of the breed; while originating in cool, moist Britain, they have thrived in much harsher climates. The breed has adapted to a wide range of climates on nearly every continent.
Hornless variants with the polled gene are known as the Polled Herefords. Breeding horned and hornless together functions as a genetic dehorner. This is often used as an alternative to a dehorning process, which causes stress and often weight loss.

Beef cattle
Beef cattle are cattle raised for meat production (as distinguished from dairy cattle). The meat of cattle is known as beef. While the principal use of beef cattle is meat production, other uses include leather, and products used in shampoo and cosmetics. The plural "beeves", when referring to such meat-animals (of either sex), is well known in the American cattle industry, but is often restricted to steers.

Roman army
The Roman army was a set of military forces employed by the Roman Kingdom, Roman Republic and later Roman Empire as part of the Roman military. For its main infantry constituent and for much of its history, see Roman legion; for a catalogue of individual legions, dates and deployments, see List of Roman legions. For the non-citizen auxiliary forces of the Roman Empire, see Roman auxiliaries. For Rome's naval forces, see Roman Navy. The size of the army in the late Roman Empire was about 128,000 - 179,200 men. It was very well organized hierarchically. The main Roman soldiers in the Empire were the legionaries. There were, of course, other soldiers in the army; these were known as the auxilia. Auxilia were non-citizens recruited mostly from the provinces. They were paid less than legionaries but at the end of their service they were granted Roman citizenship.
Weapons and equipment.
In an early to mid-Republican era legionaries usually bought their own gear. Hastati, the first line, usually had breastplates and occasionally wore lorica hamata, or chainmail. The wealthier principes could afford lorica hamata but they were sometimes seen wearing the cheaper cuiriasses. Both hastati and principes were each armed with a gladius - a short, 60 centimeter sword - and each had two pila (javelins). The Triarii's primary weapon was the hasta, a 2 meter long spear. They were also armed with the gladius and had an early form of the lorica segmenta. All legionaries had a large rectangular shield (scutum) which had rounded corners.
By the late Republican period, all legionaries carried a gladius, two pila, a new, larger version of the scutum, and wore chainmail. Lorica segmenta, or the iron band armor, was only commonly worn between the 2nd and 3rd century AD.
Fitness.
The main prerequisite for a member of the Roman Army was fitness. They were expected to march around 32km in 5 hours. They also had to be fit to be able to fight well and cope with any injuries.
Group training.
Every day the whole of the legion would practice running, jumping, fencing and javelin throwing. But, before that happened, newcomers would do two sessions of military drill and give their oath of loyalty to their Commander and Emperor.

Tierpark Hagenbeck
Tierpark Hagenbeck (Literally: Animal park Hagenbeck) is the name of the largest zoo in Hamburg, Germany. The park was founded by Carl Hagenbeck in 1907. His father was a fishmonger (a person who buys and sells fish). It is the first zoo in the world to use moats (a moat is a large hole or trench. Animals do not dare cross it).
This was done instead of using cages with bars, so the animals would feel more at home.
Bombs in the Second World War completely destroyed the zoological garden. With much help from the founding family, it was rebuilt after the war. Two Indian Elephants helped to clear the rubble in the zoo, and the city of Hamburg.

Ronno
Ronno is a village and commune of the Rhône department of central-eastern France.

Ultamatix
Ultamatix is a computer program to install other programs on Ubuntu and Debian-based distributions.
History.
Since the development of Automatix has ended, Ultamatix was developed to provide user an easy way to install software on their Ubuntu systems.
Supported Software.
Many software/features can be installed with Ultamatix, including programs such as the Flash plugin, Adobe Reader, multimedia codecs (including MP3, Windows Media Audio and video-DVD support), fonts, programming software (compilers) and games.

Cover
In music, a cover is a new performance or recording of a song. Making a cover of a song generally means that the original song was good, or popular.

Arthur Phillip
Admiral Arthur Phillip RN (11 October 1738 – 31 August 1814) was a British naval officer. Phillip was made Governor of New South Wales, the first European colony in Australia, and was the founder of the site which is now the city of Sydney.
Early Life.
Arthur (Kriddler) Phillip was born in Fulham, London, in 1738. His father was a German-born language teacher, Jacob Phillip. His mother, Elizabeth Breach, was English, and the widow of a navy captain. Phillip went to a school for poor boys at the Greenwich Hospital. At the age of 13 he joined the merchant navy. Phillip joined the Royal Navy at 15. He saw action during the Seven Years' War in the Mediterranean at the Battle of Minorca in 1756. In 1762 he was promoted to Lieutenant. When the war ended in 1763 he was put on half pay. He married and became a farmer in Lyndhurst, Hampshire. He separated from his wife about 6 years later.
In 1774 Phillip joined the Portuguese Navy as a captain. He served in the Spanish-Portuguese War, 1776-1777. Phillip took a group of convict ships from Portugal to Brazil. This trip was a success because not many people died. This may have been the reason Phillip was asked to lead the expedition to Sydney. In 1778 England was at war again, and Phillip was recalled to active service. In 1779 he was given his first command, the ship "Basilisk". He was promoted to captain in 1781, and given command of the "Ariadne". In 1782 he was captain of the "Europe" with his friend Philip Gidley King as his lieutenant. They sailed to India. In 1784 he was back on half pay in England. He spent time in southern France and in 1786 was doing survey work for the Royal Navy.
The First Fleet.
In October 1786, Phillip was made the new Governor of New South Wales. The British government wanted to start a penal colony (prison) on the east coast of Australia. Phillip knew about farming, and had taken prisoners to Brazil for the Portuguese. This made him a good choice to be leader. Phillip had a very hard time getting the ships ready for the 8 month sea voyage to Australia. He had to take everything that the new colony might need. Phillip had no real idea of what he might find when he got there. There wasn't much money to buy things. He wanted people who knew about farming, building and making things, but this was rejected. Most of the 772 convicts (prisoners) were thieves from the city area of London. Phillip also took a group of marines (soldiers) and small group of officers who were to help him run the new colony.
The First Fleet, of 11 ships, sailed on 13 May 1787. The first ship, "HMS Supply", reached Botany Bay on 18 January 1788. Phillip soon decided that this site, picked by Sir Joseph Banks, was not suitable. It had poor soil, no safe place to leave the ships, and no drinking water. Phillip decided to go north to Port Jackson. On 26 January 1788 (this day is now called Australia Day the marines and convicts landed at Sydney Cove. It was a successful trip, as only 40 convicts had died. Phillip named Sydney after Lord Sydney.
Sydney Cove.
Image:Sketch of Sydney Cove.jpg|thumb|Sketch of Sydney Cove, July 1788
The first years of the settlement were very hard. They only had the supplies they brought with them. They had to start growing their own food, but the soil around Sydney was poor. They didn't know about the climate, how much rain or when it would fall for example. Very few of the convicts knew anything about farming or growing food. They did not have enough farming tools. The convicts did not want to be farm workers. The colony was in danger of starvation for long time. The soldiers, who didn't like being given orders in many cases, did not think it was their job to make the convicts work. Phillip had to put some convicts in charge (overseers) to get the other convicts working. This was the start of the process of making some convicts free which led to the reforms of Lachlan Macquarie after 1811. As Governor of the new settlement, Phillip had complete power over the eastern half of Australia.
Phillip had respect from the Aboriginal people because he was missing a front tooth. This tooth was the same tooth that they knocked out as part of their initiation ceremonies.
Phillip soon had problems with the soldiers in the penal colony. Life in Sydney was difficult, without proper houses and not enough food. The officer in charge of the soldiers, Major Robert Ross, wanted to give up the settlement and go back to England. Ross complained about Phillip and wrote letters to the government in England about him. The soldiers thought they should be given land and other benefits. They thought they should be given more food than the convicts, but Phillip believed everyone should have an equal share. Phillip finally sent Ross to be in charge of the colony on Norfolk Island. The British government continued to send out convicts, there were over 4000 in Sydney by 1792. Food still needed to be brought in as the colony could not yet grow enough. Phillip began giving small grants of land to ex-convicts to start farms around Parramatta, New South Wales.
Return to England.
On 11 December 1792 Phillip left to go back to England. He needed medical treatment for a pain in his side. He planned to return, but on medical advice he resigned as Governor and stayed in England. He married Isabella Whitehead in 1794. He eventually got better and in 1796 returned to the navy as a captain. In January 1799 he was made a rear admiral and put in charge of the Sea Fencibles. Their job was to defend England against Napoleon. He retired from active service in 1805. He was made an admiral of the Blue in 1814. He died at Bath, on 31 August, 1814. He is buried at the church of St.Nicholas, Bathampton.
Lost.
In 2007 Geoffrey Robertson QC found that Phillip's remains are no longer in the church. It is not known where they are. Robertson believes that it is a insult to Phillip that he wasn't buried in one of England's cathedrals. He wants the remains of Phillip found and brought back to Australia.

Bill Cowher
William Laird "Bill" Cowher (born May 8, 1957) is a former American football coach and player. He coached the Pittsburgh Steelers for 15 seasons. He is an analyst for "The NFL Today".

Halting problem
The Halting problem is a problem from Decidability theory. The problem is to find out if an algorithm (that is not infinitely long) will ever stop. Alan Turing proved in 1936 that there is no algorithm that can do that, in general.

Largentière
Largentière ("L'Argentièira" in Occitan) is a commune and sub-prefecture of the Ardèche department in the Rhône-Alpes region in eastern France. It is located in the narrow valley of the Ligne River, close to ten kilometers southwest of Aubenas.

Tucumcari, New Mexico
Tucumcari is a city in the U.S. state of New Mexico. It was founded in 1901 and is the county seat of Quay County.

Tauriers
Tauriers is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Thueyts
Thueyts is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Usclades-et-Rieutord
Usclades-et-Rieutord is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Uzer, Ardèche
Uzer is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Vagnas
Vagnas is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Valgorge
Valgorge is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Vals-les-Bains
Vals-les-Bains is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Valvignères
Valvignères is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Vernon, Ardèche
Vernon is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Vesseaux
Vesseaux is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Veyras, Ardèche
Veyras is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Coucouron
Coucouron is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Scottish Fold
The Scottish Fold – sometimes called Coupari by Canadian breeders – is a breed of cat with a natural dominant-gene mutation that makes its ear cartilage contain a fold, causing the ears bend forward and down towards the front of their head, giving the cat what is often described as an "owl-like" appearance.
Originally called Flops (for "floppy" ears), the name Scottish Fold became the breed's name in 1966. Longhaired Scottish Folds have various official names depending on the certifying agency, being known as the Highland Fold by the ACFA, AACE, and UFO, Scottish Fold Longhair by the TICA, NCFA, ACA, CCA, and CFA, and Longhair Fold by the CFF.
Origin.
The original Scottish Fold was a long-haired white-haired barn cat named Susie, who was found at a farm near Coupar Angus in Perthshire, Scotland, in 1961. Susie's ears had an unusual fold in their middle, making her resemble an owl. When Susie had kittens, two of them were born with folded ears, and one was acquired by William Ross, a neighbouring farmer and cat-fancier. Ross registered the breed with the Governing Council of the Cat Fancy in Great Britain and started to breed Scottish Fold kittens with the help of geneticist Pat Turner. The breeding program produced 76 kittens in the first three years – 42 with folded ears and 34 with straight ears. The conclusion from this was that the ear mutation is due to a simple dominant gene; if one parent provides the gene for straight ears, and one parent provides the gene for folded ears, the kittens will be Folds.
Susie's only reproducing offspring was a female Fold named Snooks who was also white; a second kitten was neutered shortly after birth. Three months after Snooks' birth, Susie was killed by an automobile. All Scottish Fold cats share a common ancestry to Susie and Snooks, the origination point assurance a lineage quality rare among pedigreed animals.
Acceptance.
The breed was not accepted for showing in Great Britain and Europe as it was felt that they would be extremely susceptible to ear problems such as infection, mites, and deafness, but the Folds were exported to America and the breed continued to be established using crosses with British Shorthairs and American Shorthairs. Since initial concerns were brought, the Fold breed has not had the mite and infection problems, though wax buildup in the ears may be greater than in other cats.
Popularity.
The distinctive physical traits of the breed, combined with their reputation as unusually loving companions, make Folds highly sought-after pets and Fold kittens typically cost considerably more than kittens of more common breeds.
Ears.
All Folds are born with straight, unfolded ears, and those with the Fold gene will begin to show the fold usually within about 21 days. The original cats only had one fold in their ears, but due to selective breeding breeders have increased the fold to a double or triple crease that causes the ear to lie totally flat against the head.
Body.
A medium-sized cat (9-13 lbs. for males and 6-9 for females), the Fold's entire body structure, especially the head and face, is generally rounded, and the eyes large and round. The nose will be short with a gentle curve and the cat's body well-rounded with a padded look and medium-to-short legs. The head is domed at the top, and the neck very short. The broadly-spaced eyes give the Scottish Fold a "sweet expression".
Social.
Scottish Folds, whether with folded ears or with normal ears, are typically good-natured and placid and adjust to other animals within a household extremely well. They tend to become very attached to their human caregivers and are by nature quite affectionate. Folds receive high marks for playfulness, affection, and grooming, and are often intelligent, loyal, softspoken, and adaptable to home situations and people.
Habits.
Folds are also known for sleeping on their backs. Scottish Folds typically have soft voices and display a complex repertoire of meows and purrs not found in better-known breeds.
Health.
The typical lifespan of a Scottish Fold is 15 years.
Medical complications.
Scottish folds are susceptible to polycystic kidney disease (PKD), osteochondritis, and cardiomyopathy.
Ethics.
One particular medical problem arises in the Scottish Fold if both parents have folded ears. In such a breeding scheme, their kittens will be extremely likely (1:4 ratio, virtually guaranteeing at least one per litter) to develop a painful degenerative joint disease that can fuse the tail, ankles and/or knees; the condition is believed to be caused by the dominant (folded-ear) gene, being especially likely to affect Folds with the gene present in pair, rather than mixed single with one recessive (unfolded-ear) gene. This condition can also affect Scottish Folds with one copy of the gene, but usually to a much lesser and medically manageable degree. For this reason the breed is not accepted by either the Governing Council of the Cat Fancy or the Fédération Internationale Féline; this is the reasoning behind the widely-held belief that the only ethical manner of breeding Folds is Fold/nonfold and not Fold/Fold (in the same way Munchkins are bred).
Biography.
The Scottish Fold is featured in-depth in the short novel "The Cat Who Went to Paris" by Peter Gethers. The book and its two sequels, "A Cat Abroad" and ', document the life of Gethers and his Fold, Norton, from their first meeting to Norton's eventual death and Gether's experiences after the loss.
How-to.
Additionally, books specific to the Scottish Fold breed are available, including "Scottish Fold Cats: A Complete Pet Owner's Manual" (ISBN 0812049993), "Guide to Owning a Scottish Fold Cat" (ISBN 079382172X), and "Scottish Fold Cats (Cats Set III)" (ISBN 1577658671).

The Sims 3
"The Sims 3" is a computer game for Microsoft Windows. It is still being made & is a sequel to the popular "The Sims" and "The Sims 2" computer games. It was spoken of in an interview by EA in November 2006. Jenson, a person creating the game, said "Yes, there's a Sims 3 in development and it's likely to be a fiscal '09 title," meaning the game would be in stores before April 2009.
Game Play.
In the April/May 2008 edition of the, there is a 12-page preview of the game. This preview explains that Sim houses will be entirely in one large map, and states that "what you do outside your home now matters as much as what you do within". Also it is said that other Sims will age with the player's Sims as they play. It also says that the bladder and energy motives will be re-made, and replaced with "moodlets". The game will also add more aspects of real life, such as new jobs. Like "The Sims 2", there is aging. In "The Sims 3", there are seven ages. They are baby, child, teenager, young adult, adult, and old. "The Sims 3" is set 25 years before "The Sims." New things are making your own pattern for items and clothes. Players can also watch Sims go into the places where the Sim's job is.

Brad Delson
Bradford Phillip "Brad" Delson (born December 1, 1977 in Agoura Hills, California) is the lead guitarist of alternative rock band Linkin Park.
Early Life.
Brad went to Agoura High School with fellow member of Linkin Park Mike Shinoda.

Charlton Heston
Charlton Heston (October 4, 1923 – April 5, 2008) was an American actor. He had many big roles, such as playing Moses in the film "The Ten Commandments", astronaut Colonel George Taylor in the film "Planet of the Apes", and the Academy Award-winning role of Judah Ben-Hur in the film "Ben-Hur".
Heston was also known for his politics. When he was young he held liberal views and marched with people such as Martin Luther King, Jr. for civil rights in the 1960s. It was rare for a Hollywood actor to be for such causes at that time. Later in his life, he was for conservative causes such as gun rights. He was president of the National Rifle Association, a group that is for the rights of gun owners, from 1998 to 2003.
Late in his life, Heston had Alzheimer's disease. He died in 2008 of pneumonia.

Ambush marketing
Ambush marketing is a form of marketing. Many events, especially in sports have sponsors. These sponsors pay money, which makes it possible to hold the event. In return for this, they get publicity and media coverage. Ambush marketing is a name given to marketing campaigns that are also done around the event, but where no money is paid for the event.
There are many very important events where one company will pay money to become the "exclusive sponsor" of the event (or in a category of the event). This creates a problem for other brands or companies. These other brands then find ways to promote themselves in connection with the same event. They do not pay the sponsorship fee. Even if they wanted to, they could not, because one brand is the exclusive sponsor. They also do not break any laws.
Future of ambush marketing.
For the 2011 Rugby World Cup and the 2015 Cricket World Cup, New Zealand is planning to make laws to combat ambush marketing, according to former Sports Minister Trevor Mallard.

Al-Mustansir II of Cairo
Al-Mustansir II of Cairo was an Abbasid Caliph of Cairo, Egypt for the Mamluk Sultans between 1261 and 1262.

University of Texas at El Paso
The University of Texas at El Paso is a public university in El Paso, Texas, United States. It has about 20,000 students enrolled and it was founded in 1914.

Achaemenid Empire
The Achaemenid Empire or Achaemenid Persian Empire () (550–330 BC) was the first of the Persian Empires to rule over significant portions of Greater Iran, and followed the Median Empire as the second great empire of the Iranian Peoples. At the height of its power, the Achaemenid Empire had about 7.5 million square kilometers and was territorially the largest empire of classical antiquity.
The empire was forged by Cyrus the Great, and spanned three continents, including territories of Afghanistan and Pakistan, parts of Central Asia, Asia Minor, Thrace, much of the Black Sea coastal regions, Iraq, northern Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Israel, Lebanon, Syria, and all significant population centers of ancient Egypt as far west as Libya. It is noted in western history as the foe of the Greek city states in the Greco-Persian Wars, for freeing the Israelites from their Babylonian captivity, and for instituting Aramaic as the empire's official language. Because of the Empire's vast extent and long endurance, Persian influence upon the language, religion, architecture, philosophy, law and government of nations around the world lasts to this day.
History.
The empire began as a tributary state of the Medes but ended up conquering and enlarging the Median empire to include Egypt and Asia Minor. Under Xerxes, it came very close to conquering Ancient Greece. The Achaemenids were overthrown by the conquest of Alexander the Great in 330 BCE.

Vexilloid
A vexilloid has the same functions as a flag but mostly it looks different. Vexilloids are characteristic of traditional societies and often consist of a staff with and emblem, such as a carved animal.
Literature.
Whitney Smith, "Flags Through the Ages and Across the World", ISBN 0-07-059093-1

Walt Disney Gold Classic Collection
The Walt Disney Gold Classics Collection is a line of videos and DVDs released by The Walt Disney Company which ran from 2000 to 2001. It was preceded by Walt Disney Masterpiece Collection. All titles released were released in VHS and DVD except Toy Story, which was released on VHS only.
Titles.
Titles marked with a star (*) were only released edited; Saludos Amigos had a paint-over to remove a cigarette from Goofy's mouth, Melody Time had a paint-over and cut to remove a cigarette from Pecos Bill's mouth, and Make Mine Music was only released with 9 of the original 10 animated shorts: The Martins and the Coys was removed for containing scenes with guns.

The Dark Knight (movie)
"The Dark Knight" is a 2008 movie. It was released on July 18 2008 in the United States. It stars Christian Bale, Heath Ledger, Michael Caine, and Aaron Eckhart. It was directed by Christopher Nolan. It is the sequel to the 2005 movie "Batman Begins". "The Dark Knight" has broken many records on its release.
Plot.
The movie begins with the Joker and his gang of clowns robbing a mob bank. The other clowns shoot each other so that there are fewer people so they can get more money per person. The manager of the bank takes out his shotgun and shoots one of them. The Joker takes off his mask and kills the last clown, leaving all the money for himself. He then drives away in a school bus.
The crime mob in the city is very mad at the Joker for robbing the bank. The Joker comes to them and says he wants to kill Batman, a person who wears a mask and fights crime. Meanwhile, Gotham city's District Attorney Harvey Dent tries to shut the mob down by tracking down the money. A businessman named Lau finds out about this and takes the money out beforehand and goes to Hong Kong so that he cannot be caught. Batman, whose real name is Bruce Wayne, flies down there himself, kidnaps him, and takes him back to Gotham City.
The Joker says he wants Batman to take his mask off and show the world who he is, and that if he does not, people will die. Commissioner Loeb dies from drinking acid and the judge that was at the mob trials is killed. The Joker then hires some men to kidnap police officers and take their uniforms. At Loeb's funeral, Joker's men attempt to shoot the mayor. Police officer James Gordon tackles the mayor and is shot and killed.
Dent then calls a press conference to ask the people there if he should reveal Batman. After they say yes, Dent says that he is Batman and has the police arrest him. They put him on a truck to send him to jail. The Joker and his men drive a truck that badly damages the truck Dent is riding in. The real Batman comes in and attempts to save Dent but wrecks his motorcycle-like Batpod when the Joker stands there, since Batman has a rule that he will not kill anyone. Gordon, who is revealed to have faked his death, arrests the Joker.
In jail, Batman questions the Joker. The Joker eventually reveals that his men captured Rachel Dawes, Batman's old childhood friend and Dent's girlfriend, and Dent. He has put them in warehouses far away so that Batman cannot save both of them himself. They are near bombs that will go off and kill them. The Joker tells Batman where each person is. Batman goes to save Dawes while Gordon and his men go to rescue Dent. However, when Batman gets to Rachel's location, he only sees Dent, because the Joker switched the addresses. Batman gets Dent out, but the bomb goes off and Dent scars half of his face. Gordon is too late to save Dawes.
The Joker gets out of jail. He gets his phone call and dials a cell phone that is wired to a bomb, which blows up the police station. Afterwards, he visits the hopsital where Dent is staying. Dent is driven crazy because of Dawes' death. The Joker frees Dent and tells him to take revenge. Dent goes around flipping coins and decides whether he will kill them or keep them alive. He starts going after the various police people who leaked information to the Joker to make it possible for him to kidnap and kill Dawes.
The Joker then announces that the city is his. The people in charge load up two ferries with people to get them out of the city. The Joker has wired both boats with explosives and has given each boat the detonator to the other one, saying that he will blow up both boats at midnight if one boat does not blow up the other.
Batman finds the Joker in an abandoned building. He uses a sonar system to defeat the Joker's men and stops him from destroying both ferries. He then leaves the Joker hanging. The Joker is very impressed, stating that Batman cannot be corrupted into breaking his own rule. A SWAT team then captures the Joker.
At the end of the movie, Batman finds that Dent has kidnapped Gordon's family. When Batman arrives, Dent flips his coin to decide their fates. He shoots Batman. However, before he can see the result of his next coin flip, Batman tackles Dent, saving Gordon's son. Gordon then says that if word gets out that Dent killed all these people, all the work he did will have been lost. Batman offers to take the blame for all the murders. Gordon, who is originally against it, agrees. He destroys the Bat-Signal and orders the police to hunt Batman down.

Gorgon
In Greek Mythology, a Gorgon was a female monster that had fangs and serpents for hair with bronze claws.

As the World Turns
"As the World Turns" ("ATWT") is an American television soap opera that airs each weekday on CBS.
Set in the made-up town of Oakdale, Illinois, the show first went on TV on Monday, April 2, 1956 at 1:30pm EST. Before this show, all soaps were fifteen minutes in length; ATWT was the first half-hour soap opera.
At first, viewers were not excited about it, but ratings picked up in its second year, and reached the top spot in the daytime Nielsen Ratings by the fall of 1958. "As the World Turns" was the most-watched daytime drama from 1958 until 1978, with ten million people watching each day. At its height, the main actors such as Helen Wagner, Don MacLaughlin, Don Hastings, and Eileen Fulton became very well known in the United States.
The show went from black-and-white to color in the mid-1960s, with the final black-and-white episode shown on February 10 1967. The show went from a half-hour in length to one hour starting on December 1 1975. Also in 1975, they stopped doing the show live, and decided to tape it instead - that way, more than one episode could be taped in a day, and the actors would not have to work every day.
April 2 2006 was the 50th anniversary of the soap opera on CBS. The show aired its 13,000th episode April 23, 2007; the 10,000th episode aired on May 12 1995. "As the World Turns" is well-known for having been taped in New York City for all of its 52 years on television (43 years in Manhattan and nine years in Brooklyn).

Mexican Wolf
The Mexican Grey Wolf is a wolf and one of the rarest subspecies of the Grey Wolf.

Live USB
A Live USB is a USB flash drive that contains a full operating system.

Car accident
A car accident is when one or more cars crash into something.

Malden, Massachusetts
Malden is a suburban city in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 56,340 at the 2000 census.
Geography.
Malden is located at. It is bordered by Melrose on the North, Everett on the south, Medford on the west, Revere on the east, and Saugus on the northeast.
Neighborhoods.
Like many communities in New England, many towns and neighborhoods are organized around "Squares" which are locations of crossroads and town commons dating from the colonial and early 19th century years. Many of the neighborhoods in Malden take their name and identity from the Square they are centered around.
Malden's squares include Malden Square (formerly Converse Square, and the location of downtown Malden), Oak Grove Square (at Oak Grove T Station, Bellrock Square (at the intersections of Cross, Main and Medford Sts.), Judson Square (near Ferryway Green/School), former Suffolk Square (at Cross and Bryant Streets, and the location of a thriving Jewish community until being claimed by urban renewal in the 1960s), Maplewood Square (at Lebanon, Maplewood and Salem Streets) and Linden Square.
Some of the neighborhoods in Malden include Faulkner (location of the former Suffolk Square) West End, Edgeworth, Linden, Ferryway, Forestdale, Maplewood, Bellrock, and Belmont Hill (located between Bellrock and Ferryway).

Gary Bettman
Gary Bettman (born June 2 1952) is he current commissioner of the National Hockey League. He has held this post since February 1 1993. He is unpopular among many hockey fans, who are still angry over the strike a few years ago.

EarthBound (series)
"EarthBound", known in Japan as, is a role-playing video game series made by Nintendo, Ape, Inc., HAL Laboratory, and Brownie Brown. Shigesato Itoi was in charge of all three games. It has three main games in it, and started on the NES with "Mother", and then it had "EarthBound" on the Super NES and "Mother 3" on the Game Boy Advance. "EarthBound" is the only game of the three that came out in English, and it has a strong fanbase that wants the other two games in English too.
Setting.
The series takes place in western locations for the most part, but it also goes to other places like deserts, a prehistoric world, and a dream world.
Mother.
"Mother" is the first title in the "EarthBound" series. It was made by Ape, Inc. and designed by Shigesato Itoi for the NES. It was going to be called "EarthBound" in the United States, and Nintendo of America completed the translation of the game, but they decided that role-playing video games weren't very worth releasing, and that it was too late in the NES' life to release.
EarthBound.
"EarthBound" (known as "Mother 2" in Japan) is the second title in the series. It's the most well-known because it was the only one released outside of Japan. It was made by Ape, Inc. for the Super NES. It stars a boy named Ness, a girl named Paula, a boy named Jeff, and a boy named Poo, who have to work together to defeat an evil alien called Giygas, who conquers the Earth 10 years in the future.
Mother 3.
"Mother 3" is the third and latest "EarthBound" game. It was made by Brownie Brown and released for the Game Boy Advance. It started on the Nintendo 64 as "EarthBound 64", but got canceled since the N64 was almost done. It was announced in 2003 that it was going to move to the Game Boy Advance, and came out in 2006. It changed from 3D to 2D, but it kept the same characters and story. It never came outside of Japan because of "EarthBounds low sales in the United States, though there have been a lot of rumors, including one in Electronic Gaming Monthly about a game called "Mother Compilation" for the Nintendo DS which would include all three games. "Mother 3" is about the adventures of a boy named Lucas and his dog Boney, who joins up with a princess named Kumatora and a thief named Duster who have to fight the Pig Mask Army. Shigesato Itoi, the creator, has no plans to make a sequel.
Other releases.
Nintendo made a collection of "Mother" and "EarthBound" for the Game Boy Advance called "Mother 1 + 2". It never came out of Japan. There hasn't been another re-release of any of the games since, but "EarthBound was rated by the ESRB for a Virtual Console release.
"EarthBound" has always been in the "Super Smash Bros." series. In "Super Smash Bros.", Ness (from "EarthBound") is a playable character, using special PSI moves and attacks from "EarthBound". He appeared again in "Super Smash Bros. Melee" with some new moves, and was going to be replaced by Lucas because he was going to be the star of "EarthBound 64", but since it was canceled, he kept Ness instead. "Melee" also added stages from "EarthBound" based on two of the towns from the second game, and collectible trophies of characters and items from it. "Super Smash Bros. Brawl" brought Ness back, but also added Lucas since "Mother 3" came out. It also added a stage from "Mother 3" and new trophies too.

Australian Recording Industry Association
The Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) is a group that represents the music industry in Australia. It is in charge of music licenses and royalties. ARIA has more than 100 members, and is run by a Board of Directors. ARIA holds annual award ceremonies called the "ARIA Music Awards" where prizes are given for Australian music. It also runs the "ARIA Charts" which list the most popular songs and albums in Australia each week.

Microsoft Excel
Microsoft Excel (full name Microsoft Office Excel) is a proprietary spreadsheet program made by Microsoft. It is meant to be used in Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X. It can do calculations and make charts and other pictures from data tables. It also has a macro programming language called VBA (Visual Basic for Applications). It is sold as part of Microsoft Office.

Villeneuve-de-Berg
Villeneuve-de-Berg is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Astro Nusantara
Astro Nusantara is a satellite television service in Indonesia. Astro Nusantara is operated by PT Direct Vision (found on 28 February 2006), a joint venture company between Astro All Asia Networks plc and PT First Media Tbk. subsidiary PT. Direct Vision. Currently, the service consists of 48 channels including 5 locally produced Indonesia exclusive channels were launched under the Astro brand.

Oxnard, California
Oxnard is the largest city in Ventura County, California because of it's population. It is located at the western edge of the fertile Oxnard Plain, and is one of the world's most important agricultural places, that has the strawberry and lima bean capital. Founded in 1903, nearly 200,000 people lice there (192,997) and it is the largest city in the Oxnard-Thousand Oaks-Ventura Metropolitan Area.

Real Madrid Baloncesto
Real Madrid is a Spanish basketball team. It was founded in 1932 as a division of the Real Madrid club.

Vinezac
Vinezac is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Vogüé
Vogüé is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Chirols
Chirols is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Chomérac
Chomérac is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France. It is 8 km (5 miles) from Ardèche's capital, Privas, at the centre of the Ardèche.

Creysseilles
Creysseilles is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Cros-de-Géorand
Cros-de-Géorand is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Duane Allman
Duane Allman (November 20, 1946 – October 29, 1971) was an American musician and lead guitarist of the southern rock group, the Allman Brothers Band. In 2004, Rolling Stone magazine called him the second best guitarist of all time.

Nomenclature
Nomenclature may mean a set or system of names or terms used by one person or by a community. This community will often be used in one or more areas of science (scientific nomenclature) or art.

Saint-Étienne
Saint-Étienne is a city in France. It is southwest of Lyon. It is the capital of the Loire departement. About 180.000 people live there. It was first mentioned in 1258 as "Sancti Stephani de Furanum". From about the 14th century, the importance of the city grew because of the arms that were made there. Jules Massenet was born near Saint-Étienne.

Darbres
Darbres is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Saint-Julien-en-Saint-Alban
Saint-Julien-en-Saint-Alban is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Saint-Julien-Labrousse
Saint-Julien-Labrousse is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Saint-Julien-le-Roux
Saint-Julien-le-Roux is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Transport in Melbourne
Melbourne, Victoria, Australia has lots of transport contentions by air, sea, and on land. It has the largest tram network in the world, the most extensive freeway network of any Australian city, the busiest container port in the country, the second busiest airport and the second largest suburban rail network.

Dompnac
Dompnac is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Dunière-sur-Eyrieux
Dunière-sur-Eyrieux is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Fabras
Fabras is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Faugères, Ardèche
Faugères is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Flaviac
Flaviac is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

History of the National Hockey League
The National Hockey League (NHL) is a professional sports organization. It contains ice hockey teams in Canada and the United States. It began in 1917 and is still running.
Founding.
The National Hockey League began in 1917 in Montreal. It happened because of a series of problems within the Canadian National Hockey Association (NHA). The NHA suspend operations and the new NHL started instead.

Destroy All Humans!
"Destroy All Humans!" is a shooting adventure video game developed by Pandemic Studios and published by THQ. It was released for the Xbox and PlayStation 2 game consoles. The game is set in 1950s U.S. and parodies the lifestyles, pop culture, and politics of this time period. The player controls Cryptosporidium 137, a member of the Furon race of aliens, who has come to Earth to harvest DNA from humans to continue the cloning process of his species. Destroy All Humans has gameplay similar to the "Grand Theft Auto" series.

Thylacinidae
Thylacinidae are family were all carnivorous marsupials from the order Dasyuromorphia.

Badjcinus
Badjcinus ("expert hunter dog") was an animal that belonged to the extinct marsupial family Thylacinidae.
It was one of the most primitive members of its group, living 33 to 32 million years ago in the early Oligocene. It was quite small, averaging 5.2 lbs (2.4 kg) in weight.
Its diet probably consisted of small mammals, amphibians, reptiles and insects.
Although "Badjcinus" was successful in its period, it probably was pushed out by other, better developed thylacinids. The fossils were found at Riversleigh in north-west Queensland, Australia.

Thylacinus
Thylacinus is a genus of extinct carnivorous marsupials from the order Dasyuromorphia.

Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics
The Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics, (NUTS) for the French nomenclature d'unités territoriales statistiques, is a geocode standard that shows the administrative divisions of countries for statistical purposes. It was made by the European Union, so it only covers the member states of that union in detail.
A NUTS code begins with a two-letter code referencing the country, and is identical to the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code (the only difference is "UK" instead of "GB" for the United Kingdom). The subdivision of the country is then displayed by one number. A second or third subdivision level is referred to with another number each. Each numbering starts with 1, as 0 is used for the upper level. In case the subdivision has more than 9 entities, capital letters are used to continue the numbering.
In addition to the full three levels for the European Union countries, all countries have a NUTS code with a two-letter code for a continent and two numbers for the country, and for the USA, Canada and Australia the states, provinces, and territories are numbered separately.
Some are not easily classified: for example, Gibraltar is listed as being outside the EU with the code EO21; while French Guiana is listed twice, once in France as FR930 and once in South America as AS13.
NUTS, in some ways are similar to the ISO 3166-2 standard, as well as the FIPS standard of the United States.
Levels.
There are three levels of NUTS. Some with two levels of local administrative units (LAUs) below. These were called NUTS levels 4 and 5 until July 2003, but were changed due to official regulations although they are sometimes still described as such. Note that not all countries have every level of division, depending on their size. One of the most extreme cases is Luxembourg, which has only LAUs; the three NUTS divisions each correspond to the entire country itself.

Fire blight
Fire blight is a serious disease of rosaceous plants
While Pectobacteria are soft rotting Erwinias are necrogenic bacteria. In former classification both genus were included in "Erwinia".

Michael E. DeBakey
Michael Ellis DeBakey (September 7, 1908 – July 11, 2008) was an American heart surgeon who was considered to be a very important name in his area. He was also among the early names of heart surgery.
DeBakey was born as Michel Dabaghi in Lake Charles, Louisiana on September 7, 1908. His parents were born in Lebanon, but moved to America before he was born.
DeBakey was involved with medicine from a young age and went to Tulane University. He held many medicine-related positions during his lifetime.
During World War II, DeBakey made wartime medicine much better than it used to be. He was for the idea of having doctors closer to the areas of battle in war, which worked very well and due to that, more badly hurt soldiers survived. Because of this, Mobile Army Surgical Hospitals (also known as MASH units) were made, and they were used during the Korean War.
In addition to MASH units, DeBakey made many important aspects to surgery, one of which was the roller pump, which DeBakey made at age 23 while still at Tulane University. This would later on make open-heart surgery able to be done, as roller pumps can make blood flow during surgery.
DeBakey worked with another important heart surgeon, Denton Cooley, but they had a disagreement related to the first artifical heart(a manmade heart) put in a human. They did not get along for a long time, but they went on good terms in 2007.
DeBakey did something rare by still practicing medicine in old age. People that he operated on included world leaders, such as Russian President Boris Yeltsin.
In 2005, a serious heart problem happened to DeBakey. Despite him having made the surgery for this problem, he, at first, did not want any surgery. As he got in worse condition, the surgical team had made the decision to perform surgery anyway. Once the surgery was done and he got in better health, DeBakey said that he was glad the surgery happened after all.
On July 11, 2008, DeBakey died of natural causes at age 99. His first wife, two of his sons, and a brother died before him, while his second wife, a daughter, two sons, and two sisters outlive him.

Fire Emblem
"Fire Emblem" is a series of video games made by Intelligent Systems. Nintendo began publishing the series on the NES console in 1990. Most of the games in the series were released in Japan. The games were released in North America and Europe. The series is a collection of turn-based strategy role-playing games. They used many characters going on a long journey to fight a common enemy.
Gameplay.
In "Fire Emblem", the player moves units across a grid in turns. The player must deal with a challenge with each part in the story, for example, defeating all of the enemy units. A player may choose to fight, move, heal, or visit shops each turn. The battle system is made up of two units fighting each other with their selected weapon. Some weapons are better against others. For example, swords are better against axes. When units defeat others, they gain experience. This experience is used to "level up" the units and makes them stronger. A well known feature in "Fire Emblem" is that when a character is damaged very badly (loses all of their "hit points"), they can never be used in the game again.
Setting.
Each "Fire Emblem" game is mainly set on a fictional continent, or a really large area. Some continents are used in more than one game. Six continents have been used in "Fire Emblem" so far.
Games.
The first six games were made in Japan. The last four were also released in the United States. A few of the games were also released for the Virtual Console on Wii
Other Appearances.
Marth and Roy were special (unlockable) characters in the Super Smash Bros. Melee roster. Marth returned to Super Smash Bros. Brawl and Ike was added instead of Roy returning.

Caitlin
Caitlin is a female given name. It comes from Ireland and it means "pure."

12 Angry Men
"12 Angry Men" is an American drama movie made by Sidney Lumet and starring Henry Fonda and Reginald Rose. It was produced in 1957, and is based on a play by the same name also starring Reginald Rose. It's about 12 jurors having to decide whether a defendant is guilty or not, with only one person saying not guilty in the beginning and trying to convince everyone to vote the same.
Plot.
The story's about 12 jurors having to vote on whether the defendant lives or dies. At the beginning, only juror #8 votes not guilty, and he tries to get everyone else to do the same. After a while, juror #8 agrees to vote guilty if everyone votes guilty again, but juror #9 votes not guilty, and they keep talking. Slowly, juror #8 convinces more and more people to vote not guilty, with a few people fighting him strongly.

BioShock
"BioShock" is a first person shooter/Horror video game made by 2K Games for the Xbox 360, Windows, and PlayStation 3 game consoles. It got very good reviews and sold very well.

Dilemma
A dilemma (Greek δί-λημμα "double proposition") is a problem with at least two solutions or possibilities. None of the solutions are practically acceptable; one in this position has been traditionally described as being impaled on the horns of a dilemma, neither horn being comfortable.
The dilemma is sometimes used as a rhetorical device, in the form "you must accept either A, or B"; here A and B would be propositions each leading to some further conclusion. Applied in this way, it may be a fallacy, a false dichotomy.
formula_1
This can be translated informally as "one (or both) of A or B is known to be true, but they both imply C, so regardless of the truth values of A and B we can conclude C."
Horned dilemmas can present more than two choices. The number of choices of Horned dilemmas can be used in their alternative names, such as two-pronged (two-horned) or dilemma proper, or three-pronged (three-horned) or trilemma, and so on.
Responses to a Dilemma.
In "Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance," Robert Pirsig outlines possible responses to a dilemma. The classical responses are to either choose one of the two horns and refute the other or alternatively to refute both horns by showing that there are additional choices. Pirsig then mentions three illogical or rhetorical responses. One can "throw sand in the bull's eyes" by, for example, questioning the competence of the questioner. One can "sing the bull to sleep" by, for example, stating that the answer to the question is beyond one's own humble powers and asking the questioner for help. Finally one can "refuse to enter the arena" by, for example, stating that the question is unanswerable.

Hapkido
Hapkido (in Korean <ruby><rb>합</rb><rp>[</rp><rt>hap</rt><rp>]</rp></ruby><ruby><rb>기</rb><rp>[</rp><rt>ki</rt><rp>]</rp></ruby><ruby><rb>도</rb><rp>[</rp><rt>do</rt><rp>]</rp></ruby> written in hangul, and <ruby><rb>合</rb><rp>[</rp><rt>hap</rt><rp>]</rp></ruby><ruby><rb>氣</rb><rp>[</rp><rt>ki</rt><rp>]</rp></ruby><ruby><rb>道</rb><rp>[</rp><rt>do</rt><rp>]</rp></ruby> written with hanja) is a Korean martial art.
To simple sight it is a combination of techniques of taekwondo with others of aikibudo. Its teaching is very much focused to the self-defence.
History.
The history of hapkido is enough confused, but many resources believe it to be the work of two Koreans: Choi Yong Sul (1904-1986) and Ji Han Jae (1936-). When was child, Choi had been in Japan, where it seems that he worked as servant for the master of Daito ryu Aiki jutsu, Sokaku Takeda.
Choi had demonstrated qualities in Daito-ryu Aiki-jutsu and often in Takeda they sent him in order to face with other persons who performed martial arts. From his return to Korea, Choi had begun to give classes of martial arts. One of his students, Ji Han Jae, had made Korean traditional techniques of kicks and punches (obtained from taekkyon and from hwarangdo) a part of the collection of techniques and in result he gave it the name of hapkido in the 1959.
Besides of Choi and Ji, many schools of Korean martial arts have taken part in the development of several techniques that have helped in causing such hapkido as it is known it.

Royal Society
The Royal Society of London for the Improvement of Natural Knowledge, known also as The Royal Society, is a learned society for science that was founded in 1660 and is the oldest society of its kind still in existence.
History.
The Royal Society was founded in 1660, only few months after the Restoration of King Charles II, by members of one or two either secretive or informal societies already in existence. The Royal Society enjoyed the confidence and official support of the restored monarchy. The "New" or "Experimental" form of philosophy was generally ill-regarded by the Aristotelian (and religious) academies, but had been promoted by Sir Francis Bacon in his book "The New Atlantis".
Robert Boyle refers to the "Invisible College" as early as 1646. A founding meeting was held at the premises of Gresham College in Bishopsgate on 28 November 1660, immediately after a lecture by Sir Christopher Wren, who was at that time Gresham Professor of Astronomy. At a second meeting a week later, Sir Robert Moray, an influential Freemason who had helped organise the public emergence of the group, reported that the King approved of the meetings. The Royal Society continued to meet at the premises of Gresham College and at Arundel House, the London home of the Dukes of Norfolk, until it moved to its own premises in Crane Court in 1710.
A formal Royal Charter of incorporation passed the Great Seal on 15 July 1662, creating "The Royal Society of London", with Lord Brouncker as the first President, and Robert Hooke was appointed as Curator of Experiments in November 1662. A second Royal Charter was sealed on 23 April 1663, naming the King as Founder and changing the name to "The Royal Society of London for the Improvement of Natural Knowledge". Her Majesty The Queen is the current patron, and the reigning monarch has always been the patron of the Royal Society since its foundation.
The motto of the Royal Society, "Nullius in Verba" (Latin: "On the words of no one", the full quote from Horace -- Nullius addictus judicare in verba magistri -- expands into the gold standard of objectivity: "Not compelled to swear to any master's words." although the Royal Society itself now prefers the translation "Nothing in words",and its erstwhile president Robert May favours "Respect the facts"), signifies the Society's commitment to establishing the truth of scientific matters through experiment rather than through citation of authority. Although this seems obvious today, the philosophical basis of the Royal Society differed from previous philosophies such as Scholasticism, which established scientific truth based on deductive logic, concordance with divine providence and the citation of such ancient authorities as Aristotle.
Society honours.
The Society bestows ten medals, seven awards (prizes) and nine prize lectureships variously annually, biennially or triennially, according to the terms of reference for each award. The Society also runs The Aventis Prizes for Science Books.

Fons, Ardèche
Fons is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Freyssenet
Freyssenet is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Genestelle
Genestelle is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Gilhac-et-Bruzac
Gilhac-et-Bruzac is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Gluiras
Gluiras is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France. It is mostly known for their food.

Gourdon, Ardèche
Gourdon is a commune in of the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

You Am I
You Am I is a band from Sydney, Australia. It started in 1989 and plays alternative rock music. You Am I is famous for its lead singer Tim Rogers, for having lots of albums at number one on the ARIA Charts, and for their live music.

Italian Grand Prix
The Italian Grand Prix ("Gran Premio d'Italia") is one of the longest running motor racing events. The first Italian Grand Prix motor racing championship was on September 4, 1921 at Brescia. Now the race is run at the Monza track instead. This track was built in 1922 and was used for almost all other races from then on.
The Italian Grand Prix counted toward the European Championship from 1935 to 1938.
The Italian Grand Prix was one of the first Formula One championship races in 1950. It and has been held every year since then. The only other championship race like this is the British Grand Prix.
After winning the 2006 Italian Grand Prix, Michael Schumacher announced his retirement from Formula 1. It was the end of the 2006 season. Kimi Räikkönen took over from him at Ferrari for the 2007 season.
Sponsors.
Coca-Cola Gran Premio d'Italia 1988-1991
Pioneer Gran Premio d'Italia 1992-1996
Gran Premio Campari d'Italia 1997-2001
Gran Premio Vodafone d'Italia 2002-2006
Gran Premio Santander d'Italia 2007-now
Year by year.
"A pink background means that the race wasn't part of the Formula One World Championship."
"A cream background means that the race was part of the pre-war European Championship."

Vodafone
Vodafone is a mobile phone network operator. Its headquarters are in Newbury, Berkshire, England. It is the largest mobile phone network company in the world; it has a market value of about £75 billion (June 2008).

Bratz
Bratz are a brand of dolls with large heads. The toy company MGA Entertainment makes Bratz, and the first dolls were sold in 2001.
In the Bratz story, there are four main characters: Cloe, Yasmin, Sasha and Jade.

Game engine
A game engine is used to power video games. It is the core software item of a video game or other objects with real-time graphics.

Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi is a big Japanese company that makes airplanes, cars, and other things. It is in Tokyo, Japan. Mitsubishi was created in 1885 by Yataro Iwasaki, a Japanese businessman. Mitsubishi is from the Japanese word for three and water chestnut. The company's symbol is three diamonds, from a Tosa-han family emblem　where Yataro Iwasaki was born, and Iwasaki family emblem. Mitsubishi is one of the biggest companies in Japan.

Mitsubishi Motors
Mitsubishi Motors is the part of the Japanese company Mitsubishi that makes cars. It is based in Tokyo, Japan. Mitsubishi Motors has been around since 1970. Mitsubishi started making cars in 1917. After World War II, a Mitsubishi executive wanted a separate division to make cars. Mitsubishi was owned by Chrysler until 1992. Chrysler sold Mitsubishi cars in the United States in the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s. The two companies owned Diamond-Star Motors until 1995, when Mitsubishi owned all of the factory. The first Mitsubishis in the U.S. were sold by Chrysler as Dodge Colts, Plymouth Sapporos, and Dodge Stealths.

Autodromo Nazionale Monza
Autodromo Nazionale Monza is a motorsport race track. It is near the town of Monza, Italy, north of Milan. It is one of the oldest motor racing tracks in the world.
It was built in 1922, and has been used for the Italian Grand Prix almost every year since.

Abe Vigoda
Abe Vigoda (born February 24, 1921) is an actor in both television and movie. His most well known roles are playing mobster Sal Tessio in the movies "The Godfather" and ', and playing Detective Phil Fish on television shows "Barney Miller" and "Fish", "Fish" having been a spinoff of "Barney Miller".
In 1982, "People" magazine said that Vigoda had died, even though he did not. Vigoda took the error with a sense of humor, even appearing in a picture where he was in a coffin, holding said magazine. Since then, the false death information, as well as the question to whether Vigoda is dead or alive, has been used as a joke sometimes on various television shows and internet websites, including, a website that says if Vigoda is alive or dead.

924 Gilman Street
The 924 Gilman Street project, used to be called the Alternative Music Foundation, is the Berkeley, California street address and official business name of the all-ages, non-profit, music club called "Gilman."

Big Bird
Big Bird is a muppet character on the children's television show "Sesame Street". He is a big, yellow bird. Unlike most other muppets, he is a full-body muppet, meaning that the person controlling him is completely inside the costume. The person who plays the role of Big Bird is Caroll Spinney.

Nimrod (album)
"Nimrod" is the fifth album by the punk rock band Green Day, released on October 14, 1997 on Reprise Records.

Insomniac (album)
"Insomniac" is the fourth studio album from the punk rock band Green Day.

Warning (album)
"Warning" is the sixth full length album by Green Day, released in 2000.

Grammy Award for Best Alternative Music Album
The Grammy Award for Best Alternative Music Album is an award given to an album that is the best alternative album of the year. It has been awarded since 1991.

Rock opera
Rock operas, concept albums, song cycles and oratorios all are not the same from a rock album, which usually has songs that are unrelated to each other in storyline.

Record of the Year
The Record of the Year is one of the four most special Grammy Awards given every year. It has been awarded since 1959.

Ole Gunnar Solskjær
Ole Gunnar Solskjær (born February 26, 1973 in Kristiansund) is a Norwegian former footballer who played most of his career for Manchester United F.C. and the Norway national team. He is popular because he scored the winning goal for Manchester United F.C. in the 1999 Champions League Final. Today, he is the coach of the Manchester United F.C. Reserve team.

Best Rock Album
The Grammy Award for Best Rock Album has been awarded since 1995.

Boulevard of Broken Dreams
The "Boulevard of Broken Dreams" means the Sunset Boulevard, because of its historically having both the primary location for live entertainment in the Los Angeles, California and a red-light district.

Boulevard of Broken Dreams (Green Day song)
"Boulevard of Broken Dreams" is a song by American punk rock band Green Day, from their seventh studio album, "American Idiot".

Vallejo, California
Vallejo (or in English; in the original Spanish) is a city in Solano County, California, United States.

Isocracy (band)
Isocracy was a punk rock band from the United States Berkeley-area that formed in 1986.

George Best
George Best (May 22, 1946 - November 25, 2005) was a Northern Irish footballer who played many years for Manchester United. He is considered by many to be the most talented Manchester United player and no one disagrees that he was Northern Ireland national team's best ever player. In Belfast, where Best was born, they named the international airport after him.

John Kiffmeyer
John Kiffmeyer (also known as Al Sobrante) was the original drummer for the punk rock band Green Day, and used to be the drummer for Isocracy. He was given his nickname because to his hometown name, El Sobrante.

Business manager
A business manager is a person who manages the work of others in order to run a business.

Lookout! Records
Lookout! Records is an independent record label based in Berkeley, California.

Larry Livermore
Larry Livermore (born 1947) is an American musician, record producer, and music journalist. He is best known as the founder of Lookout! Records.

1,000 Hours
"1,000 Hours" is the first release from American punk rock band Green Day and the first of several releases for the independent record label Lookout! Records.

Young Hercules
"Young Hercules" is a spin-off from '. It was aired on FOX Kids Network from September 12, 1998 to May 12, 1999. It lasted only one season with 50 episodes, and starred Ryan Gosling, replacing Ian Bohen from the pilot movie as the title character. Ian Bohen was offered the part, but opted not to spend an entire year in New Zealand where the series would shoot principal photography.
Plot Summary.
The show features the efforts of Ares, the god of war, played by Kevin Smith, who attempts often to destroy his younger half-brother to win over Zeus' good graces. Among his group is his nephew Strife (Joel Tobeck), who is the rather weaker member of the team. Strife's partner is Discord, goddess of retribution (Meighan Desmond), who acts more level-headed and power hungry than her counterpart on more than one occasion.
The storyline follows Hercules (Ryan Gosling) as he attends Cheiron's Academy to train in the arts of the warrior under the wise headmaster Cheiron the Centaur (Nathaniel Lees). He makes friends with the future king of Corinth, the prince Jason (Chris Conrad) and a thieving former member of a bandit group Iolaus (Dean O'Gorman) who was sentenced to the training academy as an alternative to prison for his crimes. Hercules also meets the academy's first female cadet, Lilith (Jodie Rimmer). Other characters of interest include Kora, the Inn Keeper, who unknown to Hercules and his friends, is a devotee of Artemis, Goddess of the Hunt. As the series develops, Kora is revealed to have special powers which allow her to do Artemis' bidding. There are hints of romance between Hercules and Kora, although their friendship keeps it all innocent.
The overall plot of the show is to fill in any of the gaps that may exist between the version of "Hercules: The Legendary Journeys" and the episodes that transpire from his young adult life, although very loosely due to its continuity errors by neglecting the "Young Hercules" movie and the flashback episodes of the fourth season of "Hercules".

Sweet Baby
Sweet Baby (also known as Sweetbabyjesus) was a pop punk. They formed a band in Berkeley, California, and was part of the 924 Gilman Street scene. They were signed to Ruby Records.

East Bay (San Francisco Bay Area)
The East Bay is a subregion of the San Francisco Bay Area, California, United States.

Liberation theology
Liberation theology is a movent within the theology of Christianity. It is particlalry active in the Roman Catholic Church. The Jesuits are one of the orders who also follow it. There are many poor people in the world. Liberation theology wants to use Christianity to improve their situation. Often, its ideas are strongly coupled and influenced by those of Socialism and Marxism.

Promotion and relegation
Promotion and relegation are terms used in many sports.
Being promoted means moving up a league to one of a higher status. This usually happens when a team wins their league. Relegation normally happens to the team(s) at the bottom of the league at the end of the competition. They are moved down a league to one of a lower status.

Scottish Cup
The Scottish Football Association Challenge Cup (usually known as the Scottish Cup) is the national football cup competition of Scotland. The trophy is the oldest national trophy in the world.
History.
The Scottish Cup started in the 1873-74 season, and 16 teams played to try to win it. The trophy was first won by Queen's Park when they beat Clydesdale 2–0 in the final in front of a crowd of 3,000 people. While the FA Cup is the oldest cup competition in the world, the trophy awarded to the Scottish Cup winners is the oldest trophy, being minted in 1885.

Setanta Sports
Setanta Sports () is an Irish sports broadcaster, operating 12 channels in 24 countries. Setanta Sports was formed in 1990.
Setanta covers various sports including golf, rugby and football.
See also.
Scottish Premier League

America's Next Top Model, Cycle 2
This is a list of the results from the second year/cycle of the reality television series "America's Next Top Model".

Crissiumal
Crissiumal is a municipality in the state Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. It has a population of 14.726 people (2007 - IBGE). It has a fluvial border with Argentine along the Uruguay River.
In sports, Crissiumal is known as "The land of goalkeepers". This is because it was the home of several goalkeepers. The most known of them is Taffarel, who played in the Brazilian Soccer Team in the 1994 FIFA World Cup, in Italy.
The economy of Crissiumal is based on small rural properties. Crissiumal is one of the greatest Brazilian milk producers. It has a daily production of about 70,000 liters of milk.

Emmaus
That very day two of them were going to a village (one hundred and) sixty stadia away from Jerusalem called Emmaus, and they were speaking about all the things that had occurred. And it happened that while they were speaking and debating, Jesus himself drew near and walked with them, but their eyes were prevented from recognizing him … As they approached the village to which they were going, he gave the impression that he was going on further. But they urged him, ‘Stay with us, for it is nearly evening and the day is declining.’ So he went in to stay with them. And it happened that, while he was with them at table, he took bread, said the blessing, broke it, and gave it to them. With that their eyes were opened and they recognized him.
According to a very ancient Christian tradition, Emmaus is today's Arab village of Amwas, which lies 160 stadia (30 km, 19 miles) to the West of Jerusalem. It can take 6 to 7 hours to come from Jerusalem to Emmaus on foot, if one walks across the mountains of Judea. The place was called Nicopolis during the 3d-7th centuries AD. During Byzantine times, two big Basilicas (churches) where built here with beautiful mosaics and a baptistry (a place for baptism).
Many manuscripts of the Gospel of Luke have a shorter distance between Jerusalem and Emmaus: 60 stadia (12 km, 7 miles). It is this distance which is found in modern printed Bibles. During the Crusader and Renaissance times many Christians, travelling to the Holy Land, were looking for Emmaus at the distance of 7 miles from Jerusalem. That's why several villages which lie 12 km away from Jerusalem were thought to be Emmaus. Even today one can find three Emmaus in the Holy Land: Emmaus Nicopolis, Qubeibe and Abu-Gosh!

Alexander III of Scotland
Alexander III (Mediaeval Gaelic: "Alaxandair mac Alaxandair"; Modern Gaelic: "Alasdair mac Alasdair"), King of Scots, was born at Roxburgh on 4 September 1241 and died on 19 March, 1286.
He was the only son of Alexander II with his second wife, Marie de Coucy. Alexander's father died on 6 July 1249 and he officially became king at the age of eight. This happened at Scone on 13 July, 1249.

Gras
Gras is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Suceava County
Suceava () is a county (judeţ) of Romania in the historical regions Moldova and Bukovina. The capital of Suceava County is Suceava.
Physical geography.
Suceava County has an area of 8,553 km².
The west side of the county has many mountains from the Eastern Carpathians group. These are the "Rodna Mountains", the "Rarău Mountains", the "Giumalău Mountains" and the three "Obcine". The county is lower in the east, with the lowest point in the Siret River valley.
The county contains the Siret River and some of its tributaries. This means that they run into the Siret River. These tributaries are the Moldova River, the Suceava River and the Bistriţa River.
Divisions.
Suceava County has 5 municipalities, 11 towns and 98 communes.
Population.
In 2002, it had a population of 688,435. The population density was 80.5/km².
These are the nationalities of the people who live in Suceava County.
This is how the population of Suceava County has changed over the last 60 years.
Economy.
There are also metals that are mined in the mountains.

Gravières
Gravières is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Grospierres
Grospierres is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Issamoulenc
Issamoulenc is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Issanlas
Issanlas is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Issarlès
Issarlès is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Joannas
Joannas is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Juvinas
Juvinas is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

La Souche
La Souche is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Labastide-de-Virac
Labastide-de-Virac is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Labastide-sur-Bésorgues
Labastide-sur-Bésorgues is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Labeaume
Labeaume is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Greek numerals
Greek numerals are a system of representing numbers using letters of the Greek alphabet. They are also known by the names "Milesian numerals", "Alexandrian numerals", or "alphabetic numerals". In modern Greece, they are still in use for ordinal numbers, and in much of the same way that Roman numerals are in the West; for ordinary (cardinal) numbers, Arabic numerals are used.
At first, before it was used more, the Greek alphabet, Linear A and Linear B had used a different system with symbols for 1, 10, 100, 1000 and 10000 operating with the following formula: | = 1, – = 10, ◦ = 100, ¤ = 1000, ☼ = 10000.
The earliest alphabet-related system of numerals used with the Greek letters was a set of the acrophonic Attic numerals, operating much like Roman numerals (which derived from this scheme), with the following formula: Ι = 1, Π = 5, Δ = 10, ΠΔ = 50, Η = 100, ΠΗ = 500, Χ = 1000, ΠΧ = 5000, Μ = 10000 and ΠΜ = 50000.
The acrophonic system was replaced by a new alphabetic system, sometimes called the Ionic numeral system, from the 4th century BC. Each unit (1, 2, …, 9) was assigned a separate letter, each tens (10, 20, …, 90) a separate letter, and each hundreds (100, 200, …, 900) a separate letter. This requires 27 letters, so the 24-letter Greek alphabet was extended by using three obsolete letters: digamma ϝ,(also used are stigma ϛ or, in modern Greek, στ) for 6, qoppa ϟ for 90, and sampi ϡ for 900.. To distinguish numerals from letters they are followed by the "keraia" (Greek " — insect antenna"), a symbol similar to an acute sign (Unicode U+0374).
This alphabetic system operates on the additive principle in which the numeric values of the letters are added together to form the total. For example, 241 is represented as σμαʹ (200 + 40 + 1).
To represent numbers from 1,000 to 999,999 the same letters are reused to serve as thousands, tens of thousands, and hundreds of thousands. A "left keraia" (Unicode U+0375, ‘Greek Lower Numeral Sign’) is put in front of thousands to distinguish them from the standard use. For example, 2008 is represented as ͵βηʹ (2000 + 8).
In modern Greek, uppercase letters are used more, as in Φίλιππος Βʹ = Philip II.
Higher numbers.
The Greeks also used the myriad to denote 10,000 (Μʹ) and the myriad myriad for one hundred million (ΜΜʹ).

Harlan Ellison
Harlan Jay Ellison (born May 27, 1934) is an award-winning American writer of short stories, novellas, teleplays, essays, and criticism. His most famous work is in the science fiction area, where he has won many Hugo and Nebula awards.

Hebrew numerals
The system of Hebrew numerals is a quasi-decimal alphabetic numeral system using the letters of the Hebrew alphabet.
In this system, zero does not have a place, and the number values for each letter is added together. Each unit (1, 2..., 9) is assigned a separate letter, each tens (10, 20..., 90) a separate letter, and each hundreds (100, 200..., 900) a separate letter.
Main Table.
Hebrew has masculine and feminine ways of saying the words. For just counting, feminine is used. Otherwise, the gender is used (ex. two boys, two girls).

George R. R. Martin
George Raymond Richard Martin (September 20, 1948), is an American writer of fantasy, horror, and science fiction. He is best known for his "A Song of Ice and Fire" series.

Dying of the Light
Dying of the Light is a 1977 science fiction book that was written by George R. R. Martin. It was nominated for the Hugo Award for Best Novel in 1978, and was published by Simon & Schuster

Windhaven
Windhaven is a science-fiction and fantasy book that was written by both George R.R. Martin and Lisa Tuttle. The book is about events that take place in the fictional space colony of Windhaven. The novel is a collection of short stories brought together and first published together in 1981 by Simon and Schuster. It was later reprinted by Bantam Spectra in hardcover in 2001 and in mass market paperback in 2003.

Fevre Dream
"Fevre Dream" is a book written by George R. R. Martin in 1982. The book was first published in the US by Poseidon Press in 1982. It was notably reprinted by Orion Books in 2001 as volume 13 of their Fantasy Masterworks series.

ChatZilla
ChatZilla is an IRC client made by Mozilla that is free of charge. It is programmed in JavaScript and XUL. Its first public release date was in 2001. The latest stable version (0.9.83) was made in 2008. It is licensed under MPL, GPL, and LGPL.

A Song of Ice and Fire
"A Song of Ice and Fire" is an award-winning series of fantasy books that were written by American author George R. R. Martin. Martin started writing the series in 1991 and the first book was published in 1996. The series now consists of four books with three more planned. The series has been translated into eighteen languages and is a best-seller, with the fourth volume reaching the top of the "New York Times" bestseller lists upon its release, and are considered Martin's best books.

Great Bernera
(Great) Bernera (Gaelic: Bearnaraigh (Mòr)) is an island in the Outer Hebrides in Scotland.

Hercules and the Amazon Women
"Hercules and the Amazon Women" is a 1994 television movie starring Kevin Sorbo and Michael Hurst. This movie is loosely based on the labor of Hercules to get the Golden Girdle. Here instead of getting the Golden Girdle, he faces the Amazon women who are plaguing the men in their area. Hippolyte like in the Marvel comics and mythology falls in love with Hercules. But unlike in the myth, Hippolyte befriends Hercules.
Plot Summary.
Three men are walking through the woods, they hear strange noises and catch glimpses of something moving in the undergrowth. Suddenly they are attacked by unseen creatures. Two men are killed, but one escapes and flees the woods.
Hercules strolls into a village after returning from one of his adventures, and is greeted by Iolaus. It is established that Iolaus is getting married and that Hercules is the best man. The two men set off for Alcmene's house. While walking through the woods, they reminisce that it has been a long time since they last saw each other. Iolaus tells Hercules about his bride-to-be, Ania. They stumble upon a little girl crying alone near an altar. She tells them that a monster killed her father while they were placing an offering to the goddess. Hercules tries to comfort the girl and asks if he can help, but the girl transforms into a monster. Hercules chops off its head, thinking it is now dead, Hercules and Iolaus begin walking away. They hear a noise and turn around to see that the monster is not dead, but has now grown two new heads in the place where the previous one was. The monster is a Hydra. Hercules tells Iolaus to grab the torch from the altar, Hercules cuts off the heads and burns the Hydra, preventing it from growing new heads, thus killing it. After the Hydra is destroyed a peacock feather remains in its place, Hercules tells Iolaus that Hera is responsible for the Hydra.
Hercules and Iolaus finally reach his mother's house, after a short chat with Alcmene, Iolaus invites them both for dinner, then leaves. Later on that evening while the four are enjoying dinner, Ania glimpses a man outside the window and Hercules goes to investigate. It is Pithus, the man who escaped the creatures at the beginning of the film. He explains to Hercules about his village being attacked by the creatures and Hercules agrees to help. Iolaus persuades Hercules to let him go along for one last adventure before he is married, Hercules reluctantly relents and says that he can come along. The three men set off for the village. When they arrive Hercules asks where all the women are, Pithus tells him that they were stolen by the creatures in the forest. Hercules and Iolaus head off to find the beast and rescue the village's women. In the forest they are ambushed by the beasts, they manage to stave off the attack for a time, but Iolaus discovers that the beasts are really women. After he chases after one he is fatally injured in the fight and Hercules is captured and taken to the City of Amazons.
Hercules is taken by the women to the Queen, Hippolyta. She tells him that she knows he is here to defeat them and that Hercules has been beaten by women. Hercules tells her she is wrong. Using a magic candle, the Hippolyta turns Hercules into a baby telling him she will show him what he is really like. As Hercules reverts to infant form we are shown flashbacks to Hercules's youth and times when he has been told by people how to behave toward women. Later he returns to adult state, realising that Hippolyta is right and that his attitude toward women is wrong, he tells her that he can change. She says that he cannot change and that all men are the same. Hippolyta goes to consult with Hera, she tells Hippolyta to lead an attack on the village.
Hercules escapes from the Amazons and warns the men of the village of the forthcoming attack. He prepares them for when the women arrive. The women ride into the village and order the men to remove their clothes, telling them they are here for only one thing. The men tell the women to sit and talk with them for a while. Pithus's wife enters her home, and her son Franco asks if she really is his mother. He tells her he often dreams about her but she has no face, she removes her mask and shows her face to Franco. Hercules stands up to Hippolyta, who says she's not afraid of Hercules. He kisses her, she tells him she's not afraid and kisses him back. The two make love. The following day the women are still with the men. The Amazons return to their city and both men and women reminisce about the night before. Hera tells Hippolyta that Hercules has tricked her and to attack the village again, this time killing all the men and boys. Hippolyta refuses but Hera possesses her. Hera, now in control of Hippolyta's action orders the women to attack the village.
Hercules stops Hippolyta and realises that she is possessed by Hera. She rides off and Hercules goes after her. As they fight Hercules tries to get through to Hippolyta, telling her that she is stronger than Hera. Hercules best her and is about to deal the fatal blow, but cannot because it is Hippolyta's body and not really Hera. Hercules leaves and Hera follows him, goading him. He tells Hera that if he or Hippolyta have to die then he will give up his life for her, saying he couldn't live his life without her. Upon hearing this Hera runs Hippolyta's body over the edge of a waterfall, killing her.
Hercules returns to the City of Amazons, and retrieves the candle Hippolyta used to send him back to his childhood. Zeus appears and tells him the candle doesn't work in the way Hercules wants it to. Hercules replies that Zeus could make it work that way. Zeus tells Hercules that if he did that he would be in big trouble with Hera, but Hercules persuades him anyway. Zeus blows out the candle and Hercules is taken back to the night of the dinner. Ania see Pithus outside the window and Hercules goes to tell him that the village doesn't need the help of Hercules. He explains that all the men need to do is treat the women with respect and things will sort themselves out. Pithus returns to the village and when the women come the men sort out the problems that have been occurring. Alcmene asks Hercules if there is a woman out there who will make him happy like Ania did for Iolaus, Hercules replies that he is sure there is.

Hercules and the Lost Kingdom
"Hercules and the Lost Kingdom" is a 1994 television movie starring Kevin Sorbo and Renee O'Connor. Hercules comes to the aid of a young woman who is seeking the lost city of Troy. Eventually, Hercules leads her to a camp of refugees from the city, which has been taken over by Hera's Blue Monks. Hercules helps the refugees take back the city.
Plot synopsis.
Three men are running along the riverside, one of them stops to take a drink from the river. As he stoops down to quench his thirst a female figure composed of water rises out of the river and pulls him under, drowning him, the other two men run on. While running, one man is hit by a boulder and killed. The remaining man escapes. Elsewhere a young woman is collecting water, when the ground begins to shake. She flees back to the village to warn them that a giant is coming. The giant follows the woman to the village and rips the roof of the tavern. Hercules presents himself to the giant and the giant challenges Hercules to a fight. Hercules goes outside and he beats the giant. As the village celebrates the defeat the man from earlier in the film arrives in the village, he asks for Hercules' help. He explains to Hercules that his people have been driven from their city, the lost city of Troy.
Zeus appears and Hercules asks him if he will help him. He asks his father how to find Troy and he says that Hera vanished it and to find it Hercules must find the one true compass which will point the way to Troy. Hercules heads of to find the compass, he find a tribe of men preparing to sacrifice a young virgin to their water god. Hercules saves her from being sacrificed, while unknowingly being watched by a mysterious robed figure. The woman tells Hercules that her name is Deianeira. Later in the evening as they camp for the night, Deianaira tells her a story that she is the daughter of a King. She sees the dark figure and asks who he is and why she is being followed, but the figure does not answer. Later Hercules and Deianaira arrive at the slave market looking for Queen Omphale, the last person to have possessed the compass. In order to get to see the Queen, Hercules sells himself as a slave, and the Queen buys him. After spending the night with the Queen Hercules gets the compass and he and Deianaira continue searching for Troy. Deianaira gets attacked by some men but the figure in the dark robe saves her and tells her to follow her destiny.
Hercules and Deianaira head on to Troy, they arrive at the ocean and the figure standing on the cliffs summons a sea serpent to do Hera's bidding. It swallows Hercules and Deianeira. Hercules kills the monster from inside and they are washed up on the shore. Deianeira sees Troy in the distance and tells Hercules that she now remembers and this is where she is from. Deianeira and Hercules get caught in a trap and taken to the king. The king is ill and he and his daughter are reunited. He tells her that the Cult of the Blue Priests have taken over the city and the people have taken refuge in the woods, he tells Deianaira to rule them well, and then dies.
Hercules tutors the people of Troy and prepares them to battle to take back Troy. Deianeira realises that the people can not beat the Cult of the Blue Priests and goes looking for the Blue Priest. The people notice that Deianaira is missing and Hercules and the people use an underground tunnel to get into the city. As the people fight the cult members Hercules goes looking for Deianaira, he finds her about to be sacrificed to Hera and saves her. The Blue Priest and Hercules fight and Hercules cuts off the Priest's head. A huge storm approaches, and Zeus tells Hercules that Hera is coming for Deianaira, Hercules saves her and Hera takes Hercules instead. As Deianaira is crowned Queen of Troy we see Hercules thrown down from out of the sky, a man approaches him asking him for help, Hercules agrees and the two men walk off to the next adventure.

Treasure Island
"Treasure Island" is an 1883 novel written by Robert Louis Stevenson.

Hercules and the Circle of Fire
"Hercules and the Circle of Fire" is a made for television movie. It was the third of five pre-series movies so it may be considered part of the TV series. When all the earth's fire begins to go out, Hercules and Deianeira must go in search for fire to stop the world from cold.
Plot synopsis.
Hercules is walking through a snowy mountain top where he finds a woman in the cold, and goes to help her. He sees Zeus in a cave and a rock closes over the entrance. Hercules turns around and the woman calls out to him and freezes and explodes. Hercules wakes from a dream. He turns over and goes back to sleep. As he sleeps his camp-fire goes out. Next day Hercules and young man are walking through a cave with dead bodies strewn all over. The man tells Hercules that they are all men from his village and that the witch who guards the Fountain of Youth killed them for their youth and strength. At the heart of the cave they find an old woman, Hercules sees she is chained up, and is hit over the head by the man, he is really a warlock. Says to Hercules he will now have Hercules' strength. Hercules and the warlock fight and he appears invincible, but then Hercules notices a beating heart among the items in the warlock's cave. Hercules rips the shirt of the warlock and sees that the heart belongs to the warlock. Hercules takes a knife and plunges it into the heart and kills the warlock. With the warlock now dead, the old woman reverts to her true form, that of a young woman. Hercules frees the woman from her chains and takes some water from the fountain. After this the fountain begins to boil and begins dissolving everything in the cave. Hercules grabs the woman and they leave the cave. Outside the cave Zeus appears and Hercules tells Zeus the water will cure Chiron of his wound.
Later Hercules arrives at Chiron's house, he gives him the water and he drinks it. The wound heals, but after a few seconds the wound worsens. Hercules tells him he will find a cure for his wound. Meanwhile all over the village fires are being inexplicably extinguished. Hercules and Chiron are talking by the fire side and the fire goes out. Hercules realizes that something is amiss. He decides to investigate. He approaches Hera's temple which still has fire. A woman is trying to persuade the priest of the temple to let them light their torches, the priest refuses. Hercules kicks down the door, Hera's priest fight him, he beats them, and lights the torch. Three women appear and tell Hercules that the torch is of no use, because Hera has stolen the Eternal Torch and plans to kill mankind once and for all. Hercules knows that humans cannot survive without fire, and if he does not get the Torch back all life will die. Later on the woman from the temple comes to Chiron, it is revealed she is Deianeira. Chiron says only Hercules can help her and points her the man from the temple. Hercules says they need to talk to Prometheus, so he and Deianeira set off. They find Prometheus frozen, he says that Hera has stolen the "Eternal Torch" and that Hercules must get it back. Hercules and Deianeira travel onto Mount Aepion, where Hera has the Torch. While travelling Hercules is attacked by a giant named Antaeus and with the help of Deianeira manages to kill him.
As they camp for the night, Hercules reveals to Deianeira that he was the one who accidentally inflicted Chiron's wound. The next day as they are crossing a gorge they arrive at a point where Hera has removed the bridge. Hercules says they can continue if they use the rope which still remains. Deianeira reluctantly agrees. The two finally arrive at Mount Aepion, Hercules walks through the snowy mountain top, just like in his dream. He finds Zeus and Hercules asks him what Hera has done. Zeus says that Hera has put the Torch in the centre of a ring of fire, and the fire has the power to kill immortals. Zeus warns Hercules from going through with his plan to get the Torch back. Hercules says he will do it anyway. The two men battle it out and Zeus tells Hercules that he is trying to save him. Hercules asks his father if he cares about humanity, Zeus replies that he does, but he loves Hercules more. Hercules tells Zeus he loves him too. Zeus accepts what Hercules must do, and lets him go. Hercules goes through the fire and retrieves the Torch, he throws it and it lands in Prometheus's home waking him. Fire begins to return. As Hercules lays dying in the circle, Zeus begs Hera not to harm Hercules or he will haunt her for eternity. Hera stops the flames and Zeus helps Hercules, who thanks him for saving his life. Before leaving the cage Hercules picks up a stick and makes a torch. Zeus asks if he knows the power of the flames, Hercules acknowledges that he does. Hercules take the torch to Chiron's house and asks him to step inside a circle of straw. Chiron stands in the centre of the circle and Hercules lights the straw with the torch. Chiron drops to his knees and cries out. As the flames die out Chiron exclaims that his wound is healed, the flames had burned away his immortality and healed the wound.

Paleozoic
The Paleozoic (or Paleozoic Era) is s the beginning of an explosion of life forms. The Cambrian Explosion marks the era with thousands of new life forms in the ancient seas. It lasted from about 542 million years ago to about 251 million of years ago, and is divided into six periods. The Paleozoic Era Paleozoic era saw many important events, including the development of most invertebrate groups, life's conquest of land, the evolution of fish, reptiles, insects, and vascular plants, the formation of the supercontinent of Pangea, and no less than two distinct ice ages. The earth rotated faster than it does today so days were shorter, and the nearer moon meant stronger tides.

Eyes Wide Shut
Eyes Wide Shut is a 1999 movie directed by Stanley Kubrick and starring Nicole Kidman and Tom Cruise.

Edna Parker
Edna Scott Parker (April 20, 1893 - November 28, 2008) is an American woman who was the oldest living documented person from the death of Yone Minagawa on August 13, 2007 until November 26, 2008.
Parker was born on a farm in Morgan County, Indiana. She got a teaching certificate at Franklin College, and was a teacher for a few years until she married Earl Parker, who was her next door neighbor. He died on February 23, 1939. They had two sons, Clifford and Earl Jr., both of whom died before her.
After Earl's death, Edna Parker lived by herself on a farm on Blueridge Road. She stayed there until she was 100, when she moved in to live with one of her sons. On a winter night, she was alone while her son and his wife went to a basketball game. When they came back, they found her in the back yard, in poor health, in the snow, and could only be seen as she had been wearing a red sweater that she liked a lot. Her family feared that she would die, but her health got much better. After that, the family thought that she needed to move to a nursing home.
Parker lived at Heritage House Convalescent Center, a retirement home in Shelbyville, Indiana. She remained in good health and was still able to walk. In April 2007, at age 114, she met with 113-year-old Bertha Fry, who was at the time the second-oldest person living in Indiana and the fifth-oldest living person. This set the highest total age for a meeting of two people.
Parker reached the age of 115 on April 20, 2008. There were two birthday parties held, the first of which was public, and the second private. The public one was celebrated on April 18, 2008, and the private on April 20. At both parties, one hundred fifteen balloons of many colors floated in the air, because she liked to see balloons in the air. This was Parker's final year, as she lived until November 26 of that year at age 115 years, 220 days.

Treasure Island (disambiguation)
"Treasure Island" is an adventure novel by Scottish author Robert Louis Stevenson.

39/Smooth
"39/Smooth" was released as the debut album by Green Day in 1990 on Lookout! Records on vinyl and cassette.

Slappy
"Slappy" is the second EP by Green Day, and was released on Lookout! Records in the summer of 1990 on seven-inch vinyl
Track listing.
All tracks by Green Day, except where noted.

Savate
Savate, also known as "boxe française" (French boxing) or French kickboxing, is a French martial art - a kind of "boxe pieds-poings" - which use the hands and the feet as weapons and includes elements of Western boxing, techniques of grappling and techniques of leg (only with the feet: neither knee, nor shin). The persons who perform savate are called "savateurs" or "tireurs" in case of the men, and "savateuses" in case of the women.
History.
Savate carry its name from the French word for "old shoe" (heavy shoes that were used to use during the combats) and is now a combination of the French techniques of fighting from beginning of the century XIX. In that age, savate was a kind of fighting which was common in Paris and in the North of France. In the South, especially in the port of Marseilles, the seamen had developed other style known as "jeu marseillais" ("the game of Marseilles"), that has obtained a new name "chausson" ("slipper", that was the shoes that the seamen used). Differently, in that age in England (the place of birth of boxing and the rules of Queensberry), people treated kicking as non-fair in sport or as something what only the cowards used more.
The two persons who has been recorded in the history of changing of street combat into modern savate are Michel Casseux (also known as "le Pisseux") (1794-1869), and Charles Lecour (1808-1894). Casseux opened in 1825 the first building in order to perform and to help in the development of a version of "chausson" and savate with rules (refusing to allow the strikes with the head, attacks with the fingers to the eyes, etc). Anyhow, such sport still have been limited by its opinion of street combat. A student of Casseux, Charles Lecour had been exposed to the English art of boxing in the year 1830 and he had felt himself misfit, because he used his hands in order to hit the feet of the opponent and to drive them away in this way, instead of punching as in boxing. By that reason he trained himself in boxing during two years and in 1832 he combined boxing with "chausson" and savate in order to create such sport of "savate boxe française" as we know it today.
Probably the more outstanding recognition as soon as to the esteem of savate came in 1924 when had been included as sport of exhibition in the Olympic Games of Paris. In spite of its roots, savate is a sport relatively safe in order to learn. According to USA Savate, savate is in the lower places of injuries when is compared with the soccer, football, hockey, gymnastics, basketball, baseball and speed skating.
Savate at Present.
At present, savate is performed in all the world by interested people: from Australia to United States and from Finlandia to the United Kingdom. Many lands, as is case of United States has national federations very interested for helping in the development of this sport.
The modern savate gives three levels of competition: "assault", "precombat" and "combat". In assault, the competitors need to be concentrated on the technique during they are trying make contact; refrees punish with penatlties the usage of excessive force. Precombat permits fighting without thoughtlessness in the force always and when the fighters wear protection as helmets and shin protectors. Combat, the level more intensified, is similar to the precombat but the usage objects of protection is prohibited (except in case of the genital protectors and the protectors of the teeth).
Many martial arts have systems of judgment of level of the persons who perform them, as the colour of the belts in the karate. In the same way, savate uses different colours in the gloves in order to show the level of a fighter; although, on the contrary that disciplines as the judo or the capoeira, where the fighters obtain new belts in each promotion, every fighter can use the same pair of gloves in several promotions (for that the level is not corresponding directamente with the colour of the gloves that are used but with that is established in the licence). The beginners begin without colour and the different exams of promotion permit them to be promoted to blue, green, red, white and yellow in that order. The competition is restricted for the red gloves and higher; each federation has the possibility to establish the conditions as little as possible for teaching this sport. In France, it is necessary to have the yellow glove in order to being able to gain the degree of instructor ("moniteur") and the silver glove in his technical category in order to obtain the title of teacher ("professeur"). In other lands as Mexico, all technical degrees from the green require an evaluation on subjects of helping in teaching in order to being able to increase the development of that art.

Sweet Children (EP)
"Sweet Children" is the third EP released by punk rock band Green Day.
Track listing.
All songs by Green Day, except where noted.

1,039/Smoothed Out Slappy Hours
"1,039/Smoothed Out Slappy Hours" is a collection of early recordings by American punk rock band, Green Day.
Track listing.
All songs by Billie Joe Armstrong (lyrics) and Green Day (music), except where noted.

Juan Diego Flórez
Juan Diego Flórez (born January 13, 1973 in Lima, Peru) is a Peruvian operatic tenor. He is famous for the roles he sings in bel canto operas.
Early years.
Juan Diego Flórez was born in Lima, Peru on January 13, 1973. His father, Rubén Flórez, was a guitarist and singer of Peruvian popular music. His mother worked in a pub where music was performed live. When a musician was ill Juan would sing instead. It was good experience for him.
He entered the Conservatorio Nacional de Música in Lima at the age of 17. He was intending to have a career in popular music. His teacher Andrés Santa María found that he had a superb voice for classical music. He became a member of the Coro Nacional of Peru and sang as a soloist in Mozart's "Coronation Mass" and Rossini's "Petite Messe Solennelle".
He was given a scholarship to the Curtis Institute in Philadelphia where he studied from 1993 to 1996 and began singing in student opera productions. He sang roles in operas by Rossini, Bellini and Donizetti. During this period, he also studied with Marilyn Horne at the Music Academy of the West in Santa Barbara. In 1994 the Peruvian tenor, Ernesto Palacio invited him to Italy to work on a recording of Vicente Martín y Soler's opera "Il Tutore Burlato". Palacio became Flórez's teacher and helped him an enormous amount in his career.
1996 - present.
Flórez's first big breakthrough came in 1996, at the Rossini Festival in the Italian city of Pesaro, Rossini's birthplace. At the age of 23, he was asked to sing the leading tenor role in "Matilde di Shabran" when Bruce Ford became ill. He first sang at La Scala in the same year as the Chevalier danois in Gluck's "Armide". His Covent Garden debut followed in 1997 where he sang the role of Count Potoski in the world premiere of Donizetti's "Elisabetta". Debuts followed at the Vienna Staatsoper in 1999 as Count Almaviva in "Il barbiere di Siviglia" and at the New York Metropolitan Opera in 2002, again as Count Almaviva. On February 20 2007, the opening night of Donizetti's "La Fille du régiment" at La Scala, Flórez broke the theater's 74-year-old tradition of not having any encores when he repeated the aria "Ah! mes amis" with its nine high C's after the audience gave him an enormous ovation.
Flórez sing in concerts in Europe, North America, and South America. Amongst the many places in which he has given concerts and recitals are the Wigmore Hall in London, the Théâtre des Champs-Elysées in Paris, Lincoln Center and Carnegie Hall in New York, the Palau de la Música in Barcelona, the Teatro Segura in Lima, and the Mozarteum in Salzburg. As a change from the usual music he sings, he sang "You'll Never Walk Alone" from the Broadway musical "Carousel" at the Berlin Live 8 concert in 2005.
He was signed by Decca in 2001 and since then made 5 CDs for them. Nearly all his operatic roles have been broadcast on radio or television.
Flórez was married to German-born Julia Trappe in a private civil ceremony on April 23, 2007 in Vienna. They held a religious ceremony at the Basilica Cathedral in Lima on April 5, 2008. Some of Peru's most famous people went, including President Alan García and author Mario Vargas-Llosa.
Awards and distinctions.
Juan Diego Flórez has won many awards and distinction, including Peru's highest honour: the "Gran Cruz de la Orden del Sol del Perú". He has even appeared on a Peruvian stamp.

The Lookouts
The Lookouts were an American punk rock band from 1985 to 1990. The members were Lawrence Livermore (more commonly known as Larry Livermore) on guitar and vocals, Kain Kong on bass and vocals and Tré Cool on drums and vocals. The band is most famous for being Tré Cool's first band before joining Green Day.

Kerplunk (album)
"Kerplunk" (also known as "Kerplunk!") is the second full-length album by punk rock band Green Day. It was released on January 17, 1992 by Lookout! Records.
Track listing.
All songs by Billie Joe Armstrong (lyrics) and Green Day (music), except where noted.
Bonus tracks.
The following tracks are only available on the CD release. They were first released on the "Sweet Children" EP.

Cerium
Cerium is a chemical element with an atomic number of 58. This means that the nucleus of Cerium has 58 protons in it. The atomic mass of Cerium is 140.12. The Chemical symbol of Cerium is Ce and it is a member of the Lanthanide group.
Properties.
Cerium is a grey, shiny or lustrous metal. At room temperature Cerium is a solid. It melts and becomes a liquid at 798oC and boils and becomes a gas at 3424oC. 0.0046% of the Earth's crust is Cerium which means that it is quite common - more common than Tin and Lead and nearly as comon as Zinc
Discovery.
Cerium was first found in Sweden in 1803 by Berzelius and Hisinger but because it is very reactive, it was not purified until 1875 in Washington DC. Cerium was named after the asteroid or minor planet Ceres which was first seen two years earlier in 1801.
Uses.
Cerium is not often used as a metal since it quickly reacts with the air and tarnishes. It's most comon use is as the 'flint' in a lighter, because it easily produces a spark when it is struck with another metal. Cerium is sometimes used in alloys because it often makes the alloy more heat resistant. Cerium is also used in special glass, ceramics and self cleaning ovens.
Oxidation.
Cerium reacts in two ways to produce Cerous compounds or salts and Ceric compounds. Cerous salts have an oxidation number of 3 and ceric salts have an oxidation of 4.
Isotopes.
Cerium has a large number of isotopes. Four of them are found in nature instead of having to be made,
Cerium-140 (88.5% of all Cerium) and Cerium-142 (11.1%) are the most common. The average of the weights of each isotope is what give Cerium its Atomic Mass of 140.12

Hallux
The hallux, also called the big toe, is the toe innermost (closest to the middle of the body) of the foot. It is usually, but not always, the biggest toe in the body. In humans, the hallux is longer than the toes next to it; this is inherited. The disease Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva causes people to have a small hallux. In some birds, the hallux is pointed backwords to help with grabbing.

Wachowski brothers
Laurence "Larry" Wachowski (born June 21, 1965) and Andrew Paul "Andy" Wachowski (born December 29, 1967), known together as The Wachowski Brothers'", are American movie directors, writers and producers, most famous for creating "The Matrix" series. Their most recent project was producing, writing, and directing a live-action adaptation of "Speed Racer".

V for Vendetta
"V for Vendetta" is a ten-issue graphic comic book series written by Alan Moore and illustrated mostly by David Lloyd, set in a dystopian future United Kingdom imagined from the 1980s about the 1990s. It was published from 1982 to 1988. In 2005, it was made into a movie.

Mozilla Foundation
The Mozilla Foundation is a non-profit organization that was created to support and give leadership for the open source Mozilla project. The organization sets the policies that govern development, operate important things that keep Mozilla working and control trademarks and other intellectual property. It owns two taxable for-profit subsidiaries: the Mozilla Corporation, which employs several Mozilla developers and sets releases of the Mozilla Firefox web browser, and Mozilla Messaging, Inc., which creates the Mozilla Thunderbird email client. The Mozilla Foundation is based in Mountain View, California, USA.
The Mozilla Foundation describes itself as "a non-profit organization dedicated to preserving choice and promoting innovation on the Internet". Mozilla Europe, Mozilla Japan and Mozilla China are non-profit organizations whose mission is to help promote and deploy Mozilla products and projects.
History.
On February 23, 1998, Netscape created the Mozilla Organization to help the development of the Mozilla Application Suite. It made-up of mostly Netscape employees but was not part of Netscape.
When America Online (AOL) (Netscape's owner) stopped its involvement with the Mozilla Organization by a lot, the Mozilla Foundation was created on July 15, 2003 to make sure Mozilla could survive without Netscape. AOL helped during the start of the creation of the Mozilla Foundation, moving hardware and intellectual property to the organization and employing a three-person team for the first three months to help with the move. AOL promised to donate $2 million to the foundation over two years.
People.
Originally Christopher Blizzard had a seat on the board but he moved to the Mozilla Corporation Board of Directors when it was established; Joichi Ito joined the Mozilla Foundation board at that time. Bob Lisbonne and Carl Malamud were elected to the board in October 2006.
The Mozilla Corporation also has a number of employees, many of whom worked for the foundation before the establishment of the corporation.
The Mozilla project has traditionally been overseen by a committee known as mozilla.org staff; the individuals on that committee later became foundation or corporation board members or staff members.

1812 Overture
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky wrote the Festival Overture "The Year 1812" in E major, Op. 49 (French: "Ouverture solennelle "L'Année 1812"; Russian: "Торжественная увертюра 1812 года", "Toržestvennaja uvertjura 1812 goda") to remember Russia's 1812 defense against Napoleon's advancing Grande Armée at the Battle of Borodino, during the French invasion of Russia. The Overture was first presented to the public in the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour in Moscow on August 20, 1882 (NS; the OS date was 8 August). The overture is best known for its climactic volley of cannon fire and ringing chimes. While this piece has no historical connection with United States history, it is often used at Fourth of July celebrations.

Guy Fawkes
Guy Fawkes (13 April 1570 – 31 January 1606) sometimes known as Guido Fawkes, was a member of a group of Roman Catholic revolutionaries from England who planned to carry out the Gunpowder Plot.
Literature.
There are many places that Fawkes can be found in popular literature, here are the most noted examples, listed in chronological order.

Graphic novel
A graphic novel is a type of comic book usually with a long and complex storyline similar to those of novels. The term also encompasses comic short story anthologies, and in some cases bound collections of previously published comic book series (more commonly referred to as trade paperbacks).
Graphic novels are often bound in a better format than the comic magazines, using the same materials and methods as printed books, and are generally sold in bookstores and specialty comic book shops rather than at newsstands.

Green Party of Pakistan
The Green Party was founded on April 28 2002 and since has been active in local politics. Members of the political party are known as the "Pakistan Greens". It is a member of the Asia-Pacific Green Network. Liaquat Ali heads the legal party.

Alan Moore
Alan Moore (born November 18, 1953 in Northampton) is an English writer most famous for his influential work in comics, including the acclaimed graphic novels "Watchmen", "V for Vendetta" and "From Hell".

Islamabad Capital Territory
The Islamabad Capital Territory (ICT for short) is one of the two federal territories of Pakistan. The territory includes Islamabad, the capital city of Pakistan. It covers an area of in terms of area the provincial region of ISLAMABAD is greater in area than Faroe Islands but smaller than Mauritius. Of this area, Islamabad city covers an area of.

Lablachère
Lablachère is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Laboule
Laboule is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Lachamp-Raphaël
Lachamp-Raphaël is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Lachapelle-Graillouse
Lachapelle-Graillouse is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Official names of India
India has 23 official languages. The its constitution lists the name of the country in each of the languages.. Hindi and English (listed in boldface) are the "official languages of the union" (Union meaning the Federal Government located in Delhi); Tamil and Sanskrit are officially the "classical languages of India."

The Matrix Revolutions
"The Matrix Revolutions" is a 2003 movie that was written and directed by the Wachowski brothers. It is the sequel to "The Matrix Reloaded".
Plot.
When Neo wakes up, he finds himself at a train station. He is there because, when he used his power to destroy the sentinels at the end of the second film, he touched the source and did not come back all the way. He is stuck there. Meanwhile, his girlfriend Trinity, Morpheus, and Seraph enter a club to talk to the Merovingian, who controls a lot of the Matrix. A gun fight ends in a Mexican standoff with guns pointed towards everyone. The Merovingian agrees to let Neo go, and Trinity picks him up.
The city of Zion is preparing for war. They pool all of their resources into a dock area. They use Armored Personnel Units (APU) to fight back. However, there are too many machines, and they soon have to fall back to the temple.
Niobe on her ship attempts to return to Zion by going through an area that only a very skilled pilot can go through. However, Niobe makes a mistake and the machines come after them. During one part of the dock battle, the commander Milfune tries to repel the machines but is overwhelmed. He dies. He tells the Kid to take his APU and to open the dock doors. The Kid does so and the ship comes through, blows its EMP, and saves the dock for now.
Near the end of the movie, Neo wants to take a ship to talk directly to the machines. Niobe turns her ship, the Logos, over to him. Earlier, Bane (who is now Smith) had stabbed a crew member and hid away on the Logos. While on the ship, Bane fights Neo and burn his eyes out. However, Neo has the power and can still see and kills Bane. As Neo and Trinity approach, the machines attack. Trinity flies above the clouds to kill the machines, but it also destroys their engines, and they lose control and crash into the ground, killing Trinity.
Neo walks up to the head of the machines, whose name is Deus Ex Machina. He says that Smith has gotten out of control and that he is the only one that can stop him. He says that he wants peace, so the machines stop attacking Zion. Neo and Smith start fighting again. This time Neo cannot beat him like he did with Bane. At the end, he says, "It was inevitable" and allows Smith to touch him and acquire him. Smith is then destroyed, as his only purpose was to balance Neo, who is now gone.

Hercules in the Underworld
"Hercules in the Underworld" is the fourth made for TV movie in the series '. When villagers begin disappearing it is discovered that they had fallen through a crack in the earth which goes straight to Hades. Hercules once again comes to the rescue and faces one of his most difficult challenges, and must prove himself as a man as well as a god.
Plot synopsis.
In the centre of a village the ground begins to open up and a strange green light emanates from within. Two drunken men see the light and walk over to take a closer look. As they approach a gaseous vapour begins pouring out of the fissure and in a flash of light the two men are charred with only their bones remaining. The next day in a village square a man challenges the villagers to fight Eryx the boxer. One man agrees but he is tricked when he is introduced to the real boxer, a towering brute of a man. He fights him and kills him, an old man from the village tells a youth to find Hercules. After a short while the boy returns with Hercules, who challenges Eryx. They begin to fight and it appears that Eryx is going to beat Hercules, but then Hercules finally ends the fight by killing Eryx. With the man dead the man who first made the challenge gives Hercules a peacock feather, Hera's symbol. He goes to Hera's temple and asks if they can call a truce, Hera defies Hercules, so he destroys her temple. Zeus appears and tells Hercules that he will only make things worse between him and Hera. When Hercules arrives home Deianeira tends to his wounds.
The following day Hercules is working in the smithy with Nessus, the Centaur. He watches the children playing outside when a woman, Iole, comes looking for him. She says she's from the village of Gryphon and that they need Hercules' help. Hercules agrees to help, but Deianeira tells the girl to rest first. During the night the Iole tells Deianeira that she thought she saw someone outside her window, Deianeria tells her no-one is there. Deianeira gets a lantern and goes outside, she finds Nessus in the smithy and he tells her that she cannot trust Hercules with Iole as she is a young woman, Hercules will not be able to resist. She defends him saying that Hercules would be faithful to her. In the morning Hercules, Iole and Nessus leave for Gryphon. Before leaving Iole gives Deianeira a necklace to thank her for looking after her the night before. Deianeira goes to the market where a woman tells her that the necklace is a sign that she has lost her husband and tells Deianeira about the necklace is given to women whose men are to be killed by Nurian maidens. Deianeira goes after Hercules to warns him and finds the three at the river bank. She tells Iole to leave, but Hercules says he already knew she was a Nurian maiden, but that he loves Deianeira, and would never be unfaithful to her. After reassuring Deianeira, Hercules and Iole continue to Gryphon, but Nessus begins to stir doubts in Deianeira's mind, and after she tries to get away he attacks her. She calls for Hercules, who shoot an arrow, which strikes Nessus in the back. As he lay dying he tells Deianeira that his blood is powerful and will prevent Hercules from being unfaithful. She gives the cape to Hercules and tells him to wear it if he gets cold.
Hercules and Iole continue onto Gryphon, when they arrive the people take him to the area where the hole has opened up in the ground. He walks through the village seeing fire and destructions and dead bodies strewn on the floor. He approaches the fissure and looks into it and see spirits coming out from deep within the Earth. Zeus appears and tells him that it is the Underworld. Hercules asks if he is mortal or not, Zeus tells him he is mortal, but tries to prevent Hercules from going down the hole. Hercules prepares to go into the hole and puts on the cape that Deianeria gave him. It begins to choke him and tries to kill him, he struggles free and throws the cape, which disappears leaving only a peacock feather. Hercules runs and jumps into the hole. As Hercules travels to the Underworld, a man arrives at Hercules' house and tells Deianeira that Hercules is dead. He explains about the cape trying to kill Hercules and them he jumped into the hole. Hercules arrives in the Underworld, where he meets Charon, who transports him across the River Styx. On the other side of the river Hercules finds Cerberus' collar, he enters a doorway and vanishes.
Meanwhile, Deianeira, distraught by the though that she caused her own husband's death goes to a cliff top, while standing there she sees a vision of Hercules and reaches out to him, as she reaches out she falls from the cliff to the rocks below. After being attacked by different monsters Hercules meets Eryx the boxer and some other people he sent to Hades. He fights Eryx again and then sees Nessus, who taunts him by showing him, via a portal, that Deianeira is dead. Hercules ask for Nessus to show him again, when Nessus shows Deianeira again Hercules jumps through the portal into the Elysian fields. He finds Deianeira but she has no memory of him, Hades appears and tells Hercules that he erased her memory about Hercules because of the thought of killing her husband. He begs Deianeria to remember him and their children and then kisses her. With the kiss her memories return and Hercules makes a deal with Hades that if he can capture Cerberus, then Deianeira can go back to Earth with him. Hercules goes after Cerberus, he finds Hades' men trying and failing to capture him. Hercules fights and defeats Cerberus and chains him up again. Once Cerberus is chained the hole in the ground closes up and Deianeira appears. Back on Earth the villagers thank Hercules for helping them and he and Deianeira go home.

Lagorce, Ardèche
Lagorce is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Lanarce
Lanarce is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Hercules in the Maze of the Minotaur
"Hercules in the Maze of the Minotaur" is the fifith made for TV movie in the series '. Hercules has given up his days of traveling, and amazing adventures, and has settled down to spend some time with his family. When a distant village is threatened by an unseen monster, Hercules is called upon to help save the village from the monster.
Plot synopsis.
In a sun-dappled forest two men are searching for buried treasure. They pace out the step given with the map, and discover a cave overgrown with bushes. The two men break through the plants and enter the cave. In the cave they find a huge wooden door, as they try to get through the door, a monster breaks through the door and chases after them. One man is captured and the other flees as the monster tells him to bring Hercules. Meanwhile Hercules works on his farms, he sees his sons fighting and tells them that they should not fight. The says that Hercules fights, Hercules explains that he only fights his friend his dick when he has to and only to prevent other people from being harmed. He tells about the time when he had to fight Eryx the boxer to stop him from killing anymore people. He asks the boys if they understand, and they say they do. Later that evening, Hercules is working in the stable, Zeus appears and they chat. Hercules tells Zeus that there have been no monsters for a while, which is good as he has now settled down with Deianeira to raise the children. Zeus gives him a scale from a sea serpent, and Hercules remembers the time when he and Deianeira were swallowed by a sea serpent while looking for the lost city of Troy. While day-dreaming he snaps back to reality at the dinner table to find the dog eating his dinner. Back in the cave the Minotaur broods in wait for Hercules.
At night the children ask their father to tell them a story, Ilea asks for his man junk to tell her about when he and Deianeira first met. Hercules begins relating how the fire had vanished from the Earth and that Deianeira's village needed fire, and how he got the fire back from Hera's temple. Halfway through the story Hercules realises the children are asleep. He and Deianeira retire to bed and she asks him if he misses his adventures and battling monsters, he says truthfully that he does miss it. The following day, Hercules is working in the stables and sees something flit past the door, he goes to look but sees nothing. As he walks back into the stable a man jumps down upon him, Hercules turns to see it is Iolaus. They begin talking about their adventures and the time when they had to fight the Hydra that Hera had sent to kill them. The two men go inside to get a drink, Iolaus tells Hercules that he met a man who taught him some new moves that allow smaller men to overpower a bigger man. Hercules says he won't fight Iolaus, but he is eventually persuaded. The two men strip off their tops and prepare to spar. When Hercules attacks Iolaus he is overpowered by the smaller man, but after a short while Hercules gets the best of Iolaus as he sees Deianeira and Ilea standing in the doorway he rips off his clothes and runs to do them. Deianeira tells Iolaus that since Hercules gave up his adventures he has become depressed. A man arrives at the stable looking for Hercules, he tells him that he must help his village and that a monster has taken his brother. Hercules says he can't go and the man says he has to because he is Hercules. Later that evening Deianeria asks him why he refused to help and he tells her that he promised to stay and man juice the children with her. She tells him that he shouldn't try to stop being Hercules, not for her or the children. She tells him to go and the next day her and Iolaus set off for Alturia. As they travel to Alturia a young couple are looking for somewhere quiet, they find the cave and enter. While they are making out the Minotaur comes and attacks them.
When Hercules and Iolaus arrive in Alturia they ask a woman where the monster is and she tells Hercules that there isn't any monster. Underneath the village the Minotaur swears that Hercules will pay, Zeus appears and tells the Minotaur that he still has not learned his lesson, he replies that he has been feeding on hate. Minotaur taunts Zeus because he was unable to kill the Minotaur. Hercules and Iolaus are in a tavern and end up fighting some men because they don’t believe that he is really Hercules. Outside the tavern two men are killed and Hercules goes to investigate, only to be found by the villagers. They think he killed the men and chase him and Iolaus. The man who had asked for Hercules's help comes and takes Hercules to the cave where his brother was captured. Zeus appears and tells Hercules what the monster is and why he wants Hercules. He asks Hercules to kill the Minotaur, and he enters the cave. In the centre of the cave he finds the Minotaur, who challenges Hercules. They begin fighting and as Hercules is about to kill the Minotaur, the creature reveals that he is really Hercules' brother and Hercules cannot kill him. The Minotaur then attacks Hercules and Hercules ends up killing him, as the Minotaur lies dying he reverts to his natural human form and Zeus tells him that it didn't have to end that way. Hercules helps Iolaus and the other people being held by the Minotaur and the two brothers are reunited. With the people of the village now safe and Iolaus freed, the two men journey back home.

Lanas
Lanas is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Larnas
Larnas is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Laurac-en-Vivarais
Laurac-en-Vivarais is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Marzahn
Marzahn is a locality within the borough Marzahn-Hellersdorf of Berlin.
Marzahn became part of Greater Berlin in 1920, as a part of the Lichtenberg district. In 1979 the large housing estate of Marzahn was separated from Lichtenberg to become an East Berlin borough in its own right and in 1986 the new Hellersdorf district (including Kaulsdorf and Mahlsdorf) was split from it. Berlin's 2001 administrative reform led to the former boroughs of Marzahn and Hellersdorf fusing into a single new borough.
In the north the locality includes the neighbourhoods of "Bürknersfelde" and "Ahrensfelde", an overbuilt strip of land which once belonged to the Brandenburg municipality of Ahrensfelde and was incorporated into Berlin in 1990.
The historic village of Marzahn was first mentioned as "Morczane" in a 1300 deed by Margrave Albert III of Brandenburg-Salzwedel, when he granted the estates to the Friedland Cistercian abbey (in today's Neuhardenberg). After the Thirty Years' War it fell to Elector Frederick William of Brandenburg.
Marzahn was the site of a labour camp (today a water treatment plant), where Roma were interned from July 16, 1936 on, two weeks prior to the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, away from visitor's eyes. As a part of the Nazi "Porajmos" extermination policy, up to 2000 inmates remained there until in 1943 they were deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau, where most of them were gassed. In 1941 the large factory of the "Carl Hasse & Wrede" machine tool company (now Knorr-Bremse) was erected, where hundreds forced labourers were employed. The victims were buried at the nearby "Parkfriedhof", a memorial marks the site.
In 1987 Marzahn hosted the "Berliner Gartenschau" a horticulture show on the occasion of Berlin's 750th anniversary. The area today called "Erholungspark Marzahn" includes the "Gärten der Welt" (Gardens of the World) project showing a Chinese, Japanese, Balinese and Korean garden, labyrinths modelled on Hampton Court Palace and Chartres Cathedral as well as a garden of the Italian Renaissance.
Transportation.
Marzahn is served by the S-Bahn lines S7 and S75 at the stations "Springpfuhl", "Poelchaustraße", "Marzahn", "Raoul-Wallenberg-Straße", "Mehrower Allee" and "Ahrensfelde". Tramway connections to the inner city are provided by the "M6" and "M8" lines of the Berlin Straßenbahn.

Helicobacter pylori
"Helicobacter pylori" ("H. pylori") is a spiral shaped bacterium that lives in or on the lining of the stomach. It causes more than 90 percent of ulcers, which are sores in the lining of the stomach or the duodenum (the first part of the small intestine). Before 1982, when this bacterium was discovered, doctors thought that spicy food, acid, stress and lifestyle caused most ulcers. Because doctors now know that most ulcers are caused by an "H. pylori" infection, they can be cured with the correct antibiotics.
"Heliobacter pylori" was first discovered by Australian scientists, Barry J. Marshall and J. Robin Warren. They won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2005 for their work.

Schöneberg
Schöneberg is a locality of Berlin. Until Berlin's 2001 administrative reform it was a separate borough including the locality of Friedenau. Together with the former borough of Tempelhof it is now part of the new borough of Tempelhof-Schöneberg.
History.
The village was first documented in 1264 by Margrave Otto III of Brandenburg. In 1751 Bohemian weavers founded Neu-Schöneberg also known as Böhmisch-Schöneberg, along the current Hauptstraße.
During the Seven Years' War on 7 October 1760 Schöneberg and its village church were completely destroyed by a fire due to the joint attack on Berlin by Austrian and Russian troops.
Alt & Neu Schöneberg were combined as one entity in 1874 and received town privileges in 1898. In 1920 Schöneberg became a part of Greater Berlin. Its town hall Rathaus Schöneberg was completed in 1914. Subsequent to World War II it served as the city hall of West Berlin until 1991 when the administration of the reunited City of Berlin moved back to the Rotes Rathaus in Mitte.

Kevin Sorbo
Kevin David Sorbo (born September 24, 1958) is an American actor best known for the roles of Hercules on ' and Captain Dylan Hunt in Andromeda.
Early life.
Sorbo was born in Mound, Minnesota, where he attended Mound Westonka High School. He is the son of Ardis, a nurse, and Lynn Sorbo, a junior high school mathematics and biology teacher. He is of Norwegian descent and was raised in a Lutheran family. Sorbo was educated at Moorhead State University and worked as a model for print and television advertising in the 1980s.
Career.
Sorbo started his acting career in the late 1980s making guest appearances in several television series such as "1st & Ten", "Murder She Wrote" and "The Commish". He was considered for and lost out to Dean Cain as Superman in "Lois and Clark: The New Adventures of Superman" and was a possible contender for the role of Agent Mulder in "The X Files" which went to David Duchovny.
In 1994 he shot to fame for playing the role of Hercules in the television film "Hercules and the Amazon Women". This was the first in a series of television films that served as pilots for the TV series ' which ran from 1995 to 1999. The series was a huge ratings success throughout different countries becoming one of the most popular syndicated shows in television history and becoming Sorbo's most well-known role. He also guest-starred as Hercules in episodes of the spin-off series ' and provided the voice of Hercules in the animated film ' which released in 1998. In between the years playing "Hercules" he played his first leading film role in "Kull the Conqueror" (1997).
After Hercules came to an end he played the starring role of Captain Dylan Hunt in the science-fiction drama series "Andromeda" from 2000 to 2005. In 2006 he played a recurring role on the final season of "The O.C" and guest-starred in the sitcom "Two and a Half Men". In 2007 he appeared in the direct-to-video film "Walking Tall: The Payback" which is a sequel to the 2004 film "Walking Tall". He reprised his role in the second sequel "Walking Tall: Lone Justice" which released later that year. He also starred in the Lifetime Channel film "Last Chance Café", the Hallmark Channel film "Avenging Angel", co-starring his real life wife Sam Sorbo and guest starred as a bounty hunter in the season 2 episode "Bounty Hunters!" of the series "Psych". Most recently, he has appeared in the spoof film "Meet the Spartans" which opened at Number One at the U.S. box office charts.
Personal life.
Sorbo married actress Sam Jenkins on January 5, 1998.Their first child, son Braedon Cooper Sorbo (7lb. 8oz), was born on August 22, 2001. Second child, son Shane Haaken Sorbo was born on March 31, 2004. His birth weight of 12lbs. 6oz. broke the Nevada hospital's record. The couple's third child, daughter Octavia Flynn Sorbo (8lb. 7oz) was born on October 16, 2005.
Sorbo is the spokesman and chair of "A World Fit For Kids", a non-profit organization that trains teenagers to become mentors to younger children.

Oscar Niemeyer
Oscar Ribeiro de Almeida Niemeyer Soares Filho (born December 15, 1907) is a Brazilian architect who is thought to be a very important name in worldwide modern architecture. He was a pioneer in the idea of using reinforced concrete for works.
Buildings made by Niemeyer often have the theme of having a lot of empty space, making odd patterns. The biggest work he made was the plan for the city of Brasília.
Politically, Niemeyer was a communist, which sometimes had a bad effect for him: When the military dictatorship of Brazil happened, Niemeyer was forced into exile. Fidel Castro once said "Niemeyer and I are the last Communists of this planet."

Royal Ontario Museum
The Royal Ontario Museum, commonly known as the ROM, is a major museum for culture and natural history in the city of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
The ROM is the fifth largest museum in North America. It has more than six million things on display and over 40 galleries. It is also the largest museum in Canada. It has notable collections of dinosaurs, Near Eastern and African art, East Asian art, European history, and Canadian history.

Centenarian
A centenarian is a person who has lived to be at least 100. Because people normally die before this age, the word centenarian is usually linked to longevity. The United States has the most centenarians, while Japan is second. Much more rare is a supercentenarian, who is a person that has lived to be at least 110.

Laval-d'Aurelle
Laval-d'Aurelle is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Laveyrune
Laveyrune is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Lavillatte
Lavillatte is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Laviolle
Laviolle is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France with a population of 130 as of 1999.

Le Lac-d'Issarlès
Le Lac-d'Issarlès is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Le Plagnal
Le Plagnal is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Le Roux, Ardèche
Le Roux is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Le Teil
Le Teil is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Lentillères
Lentillères is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Les Ollières-sur-Eyrieux
Les Ollières-sur-Eyrieux is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France. The nearest towns are Privas and Saint-Sauveur-de-Montagut.
History.
The first records of a settlement go back to the 12th century. It is located on the banks of the Eyrieux river (a tributary to the Rhône river), Les Ollières (as it is often shortened to by the local people) became a central location for the treatment and processing of silk in the early 1700s.
Les Ollières in the 21st century.
The village has now become a tourist location, attracting many Dutch, German, Swiss and English tourists to its many camp sites during the summer months. Although some tourists have started to renovate old cottages and set up permanent or holiday homes in the area.
For the people of Les Ollières a daily bus service runs to Valence and Privas. The introduction of an occasional cinema also provides entertainment for people of the village and the neighboring villages.

Les Salelles, Ardèche
Les Salelles is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Les Vans
Les Vans is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Lespéron
Lespéron is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Loubaresse, Ardèche
Loubaresse is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Auguste Comte
Auguste Comte (full name: Isidore Marie Auguste François Xavier Comte; January 17, 1798 – September 5, 1857) was a French thinker who was one from founders of sociology (from the Latin: "socius", "companion"; and the suffix "-ology", "the study of", from Greek λόγος, "lógos", "knowledge") and positivism.
It was recently discovered that the term 'sociology' had already been introduced in 1780, but with a different meaning, by the French essayist Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès (1748-1836)..
Life.
Comte was born at Montpellier, in southern France. After attending the University of Montpellier, one of the oldest European universities, Comte was admitted to the École Polytechnique in Paris.
He married Caroline Massin, but divorced in 1842.
He died in Paris on September 5th, 1857 and is buried at the famous Cimetière du Père Lachaise.
His apartment from 1841-1857 is now conserved as the Maison d'Auguste Comte.

George Berkeley
George Berkeley () (12 March 1685 – 14 January 1753), also known as Bishop Berkeley, was a philosopher. His main philosophical achievement was the advancement of a theory he called "immaterialism" (later referred to as "subjective idealism" by others). He said that we know the sensations and we can think of an object, but we can not be sure that this object actually exists.
Life.
Berkeley was born at his family home, Dysart Castle, near Thomastown, County Kilkenny, Ireland. He was educated at Kilkenny College and attended Trinity College, Dublin, completing a Master's degree in 1707.

Colombier-le-Vieux
Colombier-le-Vieux is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Sceautres
Colombier-le-Vieux is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Bakot
Bakot is one of the 51 Union Councils of Abbottabad District in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan.
Earthquake.
Bakot was badly affected by the 2005 Pakistan earthquake, as the place where the earthquake happened was nearby.
Location.
Bakot is located in the east of Abbottabad District and is next to the Muzaffarabad and Bagh districts of Kashmir. It is also next the following Union Councils within Abbottabad District: to the north by Nambal, to the south by Berote Kalan and to the west by Phalkot, Namli Maira, Nagri Bala.
Subdivisions.
The Union Council of Bakote is made up of three areas these are: Bakot, Moolia and Sagnal.

Baldheri
Baldheri is one of the 51 Union Councils of Abbottabad District in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan, the union council of Baldheri is named after the main village of the area.
People.
The population of Baldheri Union Council is 14,796.
Location.
The village of Baldheri itself is situated at 34°15'0N 73°12'0E which is about 11km east of Abbottabad city centre on the route towards Mansehra city on the main Mansehra Road. Mansehra lies directly to the north, but because it is a very hilly area the roads do not go straight - so Baldheri is on the road from Mansehra to Abbottabad city.
Baldheri has a height of 1143 metres (3753 feet), the Union Council is between Ferozabad village to Tanan Village and Mangal to Halmaira.
Subdivisions.
Baldheri, Gojri, Hal Maira Uta, Hal Maira Tarta, Jalalpura, More Kalan, Sajikot and Tannan
Qalandarabad.
Qalandarabad is major town in Baldheri Union Council and is famous throughout Hazara for its Chapal Kebabs. The Bach Christian Hospital is situated in the town.
Geography.
Like much of the Abbottabad area it is a very beautiful place, with fresh water streams running down from the hills and mountains. The main steam is called Mangal, and its water is very important for farming. There are primary schools almost in every village. Bach Christian Hospital is also located here in Baldheri UC, this hospital was very important during the 2005 Pakistan earthquake that struck the area, due to its location on the Karakoram Highway.

Lussas
Lussas is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Bandi Atti Khan
Bandi Atai Khan (also known as Banda Atai Khan) is one of the 51 Union Councils of Abbottabad District in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan.
Location.
Bandi Atai Khan is in the south of the district at 34°02'60"N, 73°13'0"E, it has a height of 1035 metres (3398 feet).

Lyas
Lyas is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.
Lyas is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Malarce-sur-la-Thines
Malarce-sur-la-Thines is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Malbosc
Malbosc is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Banda Pir Khan
Banda Pir Khan is one of the 51 Union Councils of Abbottabad District in North-West Frontier Province, Pakistan.
It is located in the north of the district (to the north west of Abbottabad city) near the border with Mansehra District. The population of Banda Pir Khan is 25385.
Subdivisions.
The Union Council is made up of the following areas: Band Pir Khan, Bandi Dhundan and Tarnawal.

Beerangali
Berin Gali (also known as 'Beeran Gali' or 'Baran Gali') is a Union Council of Abbottabad District, in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan.
History.
This area used to be called "Baad Burhan" and is mentioned by Al Biruni in his famous book Ta'rikh al-Hind, The Chronicles of India, from 1030. Al Biruni describes Baad Burhan as a beautiful area.
Land.
The area is situated between two mountains, Thandiani and Miranjani. It is located at 34°11'40N 73°21'50E and has an average elevation of 2176 metres (7142 feet) above sea-level.
People.
Its population numbers about 12,300. The two main tribes are the Karlal or 'Kiraal' and the Quraishi.

Berote Kalan
Birote Kalan is one of the 51 Union councils of Abbottabad District in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan.
Meaning of name.
The name of the Union Council - "Birote Kalan" means Greater Birote, this is because there is a small village called "Birote Khurd". The words Khurd and Kalan (little and big) are words that started being used in Mughal times - to tell the difference between two areas with the same name, so Birote Khurd means little Khurd, The words Khurd (small) and Kalan (big) is Taken form Persian. (Just like Britannia major means "Greater Britain" and Britannia minor means "Lesser Britain").
Location.
Birote Kalan is located in the south eastern part of Abbottabad District and borders the Bagh District of Kashmir and so was affected by the 2005 Pakistan earthquake.
Subdivisions.
The Union Council is made up of the following areas: Berote Kalan, Berote Khurd, Kahoo Gharbi and Kahoo Sharqi.
Elections.
In September 2006, Shamim Akhter Abbasi was re-elected as the female councillor for UC Birote following the death of Robina Mumtaz of Basian three months earlier. In election 2008 she was re-elected as the female councillor.

Boi, NWFP
Boi is one of the 51 Union Councils of Abbottabad District in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan, Boi means fragrance of roses.
Location.
The Union Council of Boi is located in the north west part of Abbottabad District and is next to Kashmir (Muzaffarabad District). It is located at 34°18'10N 73°26'20E and has an average elevation of 853 metres (2801 feet).
Subdivisions.
The Union Council is made up of the following areas Didal, Barbeen, Nakka, Bandi Pahar, Bandi Hamza, Gali Mohri, Bandi Samand, Boi, Batangi, Tori, Phogram, Chak, Sumbli Dheri, Pal, Rankot and Batangi.

Chamhad
Chamad (also known as Chamhad) is one of the 51 Union Councils (subdivisions) of Abbottabad District in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan.
Location.
Chamad is located at 34°7'0N 73°4'60E, in the west of the district where it borders Haripur District, it has a height of 870 metres (2857 feet).
Subdivisions.
The Union Council is made up of areas: Khani Thathiara, Shadial, Chamhad, Fateh Bandi, Sarbangala, Chamak Mera, Bagh Darah, Bermgali, Bisala, Mohal, Baln Seri, Bain Noora, Bain Gojra, Bothiala, Jattal, Baghati, Thana, Kasaki Khurd, Kasaki Kalan, Daroparh and Bhoraj.

Dalola
Dalola is one of the 51 Union Councils (sub-divisions) of Abbottabad District in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan..
Location.
Dalola is located at 34°21'20N 73°23'50E and has a height of 798 metres (2621 feet). It is situated in the northwest of the district and is the most northern part of the district. It borders Mansehra District of to the north and the Muzaffarabad District of Kashmir to the east. It was hit quite badly by the 2005 Pakistan Earthquake.
Subdivisions.
The Union Council is divided into the following areas: Dabban, Daloa and Naroka.

Dewal Manal
Dewal Manal is one of the 51 Union Councils of Abbottabad District in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. The main tribe of this Union Council is the Karlal.
Location.
Dewal Manal is located in the southern part of Abbottabad district, it borders the following Union Councils, Nara and Seer Gharbi (to the South), Nathia Gali and Nagri Bala to the east and Garhi Phulgran to (to the west and north).
Subdivisions.
The Union Council is made up of the following areas: Chehr, Dewal Manal, Makool Tarli, Nagri Tarli and Sajkot.

Ghari Phulgran
Garhi Phulgran is one of the 51 Union Councils (administrative subdivisions) of Abbottabad District in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan..
Subdivisions.
The Union Council is made up of the following areas: Garhi Phulgran, Takia Sheikhan, Ghora Bazgram, Harnara, Kiala, Mannan, Rajoya and Thith Ochar. Until the local government reforms of 2000, Rajoya was separate Union Council.

Goreeni
Goreeni is one of the 51 Union Councils of Abbottabad District in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan.
Location.
Goreeni is located in the South of Abbottabad District and forms part of the North West Frontier province's border with Punjab province where it lies next to Murree Tehsil of Rawalpindi District.
Subdivisions.
The Union Council of Goreeni is made up of the following areas: Bagla, Bajarian, Banwari, Danah, Goreeni, Kotal, Palasi and Surna Garhage.

Haveliani Urban
Haveliani Urban is one of the 51 Union Councils of Abbottabad District in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. It is at the west of the district.

Jarral NWFP
The Union Council of Jarral is one of the 51 Union Councils of Abbottabad District in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan.
Location.
Jarral is 37 km from the city of Abbottabad, it is located in a valley which is surrounded by large forested mountains on three sides. These forests have a number of wild animals, such as jackals, wolves, pigs, porcupines and sometimes tigers. On the south of the valley there is the famous Tarbela Dam Jheel. The southern areas of Jarral UC borders Haripur District. There is also a beautiful valley near Jarral called Kotanali. While Jabbi is a scenic hill station in the suburbs of Jarral.
People.
Jarral has a population of over 10,000. The local language is Hindko while Urdu is understood. The Tanolis are the main tribe of Jarral. A lot of people from Jarral are living abroad in countries like USA, UK, UAE, Saudi Arabia and other countries around the globe. Jarral is the main market area and people of nearby come to shop. A very beautiful Mosque the Jamia Masjid Jarral is a part of Jarral and well known building of Jarral in surrounding areas.
Farming.
Locals grow crops such as maize (makai) and wheat (kanak). Different vegetables are also grown by people for their own use.
Education.
There are four School in Jarral: Government Primary School for Boys, Govt High School for Boys, Govt Girls High School and Fatima Jinnah Public School (English Medum).
Subdivisions.
The Union Council is made up of the following areas: Bacha Sani, Kachhian, Pajwarh, Gul Bandi, Jabbi, Jarral, Khuliala, Bandi Dara, Sohai Dara, Sorha Dara, Kotnali and Nakhey Syedan.

Marcols-les-Eaux
Marcols-les-Eaux is a commune in the Ardèche "département" of southern France.

Mayres, Ardèche
Mayres is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Mazan-l'Abbaye
Mazan-l'Abbaye is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Meyras
Meyras is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Meysse
Meysse is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Mirabel, Ardèche
Mirabel is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Montpezat-sous-Bauzon
Montpezat-sous-Bauzon is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Montréal, Ardèche
Montréal is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Montselgues
Montselgues is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Sanilhac
Sanilhac is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Colombier-le-Cardinal
Colombier-le-Cardinal is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Colombier-le-Jeune
Colombier-le-Jeune is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Le Crestet
Le Crestet is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Mézilhac
Mézilhac is a commune in the Ardèche department and Rhône-Alpes region of France.

Sampzon
Sampzon is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Salavas
Salavas is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Orgnac-l'Aven
Orgnac-l'Aven is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.
The Aven d'Orgnac cave is located near the village.

Payzac, Ardèche
Payzac is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Planzolles
Planzolles is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

L'incoronazione di Poppea
"L'incoronazione di Poppea" ("The Coronation of Poppea") is an opera in three acts by Claudio Monteverdi. It was the last opera that Monteverdi composed. The libretto is by Giovanni Francesco Busenello. The first performance was in the Teatro Santi Giovanni e Paolo, Venice in 1642.
Most operas in the early 17th century were about mythological stories or stories from the Christian religion. This story, however, is about something that happened in the history of ancient Rome. It is about the evil emperor Nero and how he married Poppea. The gods still play a part in the opera, especially Cupid.
Although the opera is called "The Coronation of Poppea" we do not actually see any coronation ceremony.
Monteverdi was an experienced composer when he wrote this and the opera has some of his best music. The orchestra is only a small group of instruments: strings, recorders, cornetts (an old kind of trumpet), percussion, harp, lutes and gambas. The music does not divide sharply between recitative (narrating music) and aria (set songs), but flows gently from one type to the other.
When listening to this opera it is important to remember that in the 17th century men often sang women’s parts and women sang men’s parts. A part such as Nero would have been sung by a castrato. Nowadays it can either be sung by a countertenor (a man) or a mezzo-soprano (a woman). There are scenes in this opera where the actors disguise themselves as the opposite sex. In the 17th century opera audiences did not find anything unusual about a man pretending to be a woman pretending to be a man or the other way round.
The duet between Nero and Poppea at the end of the opera may have been written by another composer.
Prologue.
The goddesses Fortune and Virtue are having an argument. They are being nasty to one another, each one is saying that she is better and more powerful than the other. Cupid (the god of love) comes in and says that he is even greater than they are, and that he rules both of them. Fortune and Virtue do not dare to disagree with him.
Act I.
Otho, who is Poppea’s lover, returns to his house and finds that the emperor Nero is in his house spending the night with Poppea. Nero’s guards have surrounded the house. Nero tells Poppea he has to go now, but that he loves her and will come back very soon. When he is gone, Arnalta, Poppea’s nurse, warns her that her affair with Nero will bring trouble. Octavia, Nero’s wife, is very sad that her husband is having an affair with someone else and hopes that the gods will punish him. Her nurse comforts her, saying that she ought to find herself a new lover to make Nero cross, but Octavia has too much honour to do such a thing. The philosopher Seneca tells her that she should just accept her fate. The page boy tells the philosopher he is stupid.
Nero tells Seneca that he is going to get rid of his wife and marry Poppea. Seneca warns Nero that the people will not like this, but Nero does not care. He is emperor and can do what he likes. Nero tells Poppea that he loves her so much that he wants to make her empress. Poppea says to Nero that Seneca believes that Nero is only powerful because he (Seneca) can guide him. Nero immediately believes her and says Seneca should be killed. Otho has been watching this scene. He goes to Poppea and tries to get her love back, but Poppea says she belongs to Nero now. Otho realizes that Poppea just wants power, and he knows that Nero will order him to be killed when he finds out that he used to be Poppea’s lover, so he decides he will have to kill Poppea.
Otho goes to Drusilla who is in love with him. He tells her that he loves her, but he quietly says that Poppea is still in his heart.
Act II.
The god Mercury warns Seneca that he is going to die. Seneca is quite happy with the news, because it will mean that he will live with the gods in heaven. Liberto, a messenger (his name means “a freed slave”), comes to tell Seneca that Nero is going to have him killed. He is surprised when Seneca already knows. There is a short scene in which the Page flirts with the Lady-in-Waiting. Nero, with his friend Lucan, sings in praise of Poppea.
Octavia tells Otho to disguise himself in woman’s clothes and to go and kill Poppea. She says that he will tell Nero bad things about him if he doesn’t. There is a comic scene between the Page and the Nurse. Drusilla lets Otho borrow her clothes to disguise himself. Poppea is in her garden being lulled to sleep by Arnalta. Cupid sings a song, promising to protect her. When Otho, disguised as Drusilla, comes to kill her, Cupid stops him.
Act III.
Drusilla is happy because her rival is going to die. The guards immediately arrest her thinking that she tried to kill Poppea (it was actually Otho in disguise). Drusilla realizes she was stupid to lend Otho her clothes. She tells Nero that she is guilty. Otho then speaks and tells Nero what happened. Nero punishes him by telling him to leave Rome and go and live in a faraway wilderness. Nero also sends Octavia away from Rome. He says she must be put in a boat and left to the mercy of the winds. Octavia sings a farewell song to Rome. Arnalta sings a comic song about how important he now is as the empress’s nurse. The opera finishes with a beautiful love duet for Nero and Poppea.

Queen's Park F.C.
Queen's Park Football Club is a famous football club based in Glasgow, Scotland, and is the oldest football club in Scotland, founded in 1867, and the oldest outside of England and Wales. The club has a lot of history and tradition, and is still the only amateur club in the Scottish League. The club's home is one of 29 UEFA five-star stadia, the all-seated Hampden Park in south east Glasgow, which is also the home of the Scottish national team. Queen's Park have won the Scottish Cup the third most amount of times, behind Rangers and Celtic.
The club's amateur status is reflected by their motto, "Ludere causa Ludendi". This means "to play for the sake of playing".

Jhangi
Jhangi is one of the 51 Union Councils of Abbottabad District in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. It is also known as Jhangi Syedan to the local population. It is located to the north of Abbottabad city (the district capital) and includes the north-western parts of the city and its suburbs and outlying villages.
Jhangi is located at 34°12'0N 73°13'60E with a height of 1201 metres (3943 feet). To the south lies the city of Abbottabad.

Jhangra
Jhangra is one of the 51 Union Councils of Abbottabad District in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. It is located in the south west of the district.
Subdivisions.
The Union Council of Jhangra is administratively subdivided into the following areas: Chamba, Darooni Maira, Havelian Rural, Jhangra, Kalu Maira, Mala, Nowshera, Sultanpur and Wazeera.
Location.
Jhangra is located at 34°1'0N 73°7'60E with a height of 836 metres (2746 feet).

Kakul
Kakul is a town in the Kakul Valley of the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. It is located 5 km north of Abbottabad city near the Thandiani Hills at a height of 1300 metres. The population is around 30,000.
History.
Kakul was founded by ex-military chief Ghufran Tahir in 1957. The Pakistan Military Academy is located in the eastern side of the valley.
Administration.
The town of Kakul is the capital of Kakul Union Council. The Union Council is divided into the following areas: Balolia, Kakul, Mandroch Kalan, Mandroch Khurd, Nawansher Janoobi and Nawansher Shamali.

Kehal Urban
Kehal Urban is one of the 51 Union Councils of Abbottabad District in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. It is located in the west of the district.

Kukmang
Kukmang is one of the 51 Union Councils of Abbottabad District in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan.
Location.
Kukmang is located at 34°16'20N 73°25'30E and has a height of 1208 metres (3966 feet). It is situated in the north west of the district, it borders Boi to the north and Pattan Kalan to the east.
Subdivisions.
The Union Council of Kukmang is divided into the following areas: Kothiala, Kukmang and Pattan Khurd, as part of the local government reforms of 2000 Pattan Khurd Union Council was merged into Kukmang.
Notable People.
Yasir Hameed Qureshi was the first player of Pakistan National Cricket team who participated in international cricket with two test centuries. His family migrated to Peshawer in 1965 but has family members remaining in Kukmang Union Council.

Kuthiala
Kothiala is one of the 51 Union Councils of Abbottabad District in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan.
Subdivisions.
The Union Council of Kuthiala is divided into the following areas Gheley, Gup, Joghan, Kuthiala, Mar, Mukhdabi, Nallah, Paswal, Salyut, Salyut, Sobra, Banj Gali, Soban Gali, Begakot, Hall, Thali and Todoo.

Kuthwal
Kuthwal is one of the 51 Union Councils of Abbottabad District in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. It is located to the north west of Abbottabad city (the district capital).
Villages.
The main villages of this Union Council are Kuthwal, Bandi Mansoor, School Wali Gali, Gali Banian, Chatry Balla, Dunna Sharif, Maira Rehmat Khan Mohra Kalan and Charti.

Langra, NWFP
Langra is one of the 51 Union Councils of Abbottabad district in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan.
Location.
Langra is located at 34°4'0N 73°10'0E at a height of 871 metres (2860 feet). It is situated to the south of Abbottabad city, neighbouring Union councils are, Salhad - which lies to the North and forms the approach to Abbottabad city, Rajoya to the east, Havelian to the South and Kokal to the west (which forms the approach to Haripur District).
Subdivisions.
The Union Council is subdivided into the following areas: Banda Sahib Khan, Lari and Langra.

Langrial
Langrial is one of the 51 Union Councils of Abbottabad District in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. It is located in the south west of the district and borders Haripur District.
Subdivisions.
The Union Council is subdivided into the following areas: Basgora, Chotala, Dabran, Danna Nooral, Faqir Mohammad, Gali Batgran, Karkaki, Langrial, Lassan and Manjia. Other villages are Kialapain and Basara.

Lora, NWFP
Lora is one of the 51 Union Councils of Abbottabad District in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. Lora Union Council takes it name from the main village of area. The Local language is Hindko but Urdu is also universally understood. Lora is connected with Abbottabad by the Ghora Gali- Shah Maqsood road, the travelling time from Abbottabad is about 3 hours by Bus and two hours by car. Murree is about 22km from Lora and can be reached in 40 mins.
Location.
Lora is located at 33°52'60N 73°16'60E with a height of 1138 metres (3736 feet). It is situated in the southern part of Abbottabad District in Havelian Tehsil it is next to other Union Councils these are: Nara to the north, Nagri Totial to the north and east, Goreeni to the south, and Phallah to the west.
UC Lora is crossed by the Nadi Haro River (on which the Khanpur Dam is built). Locals grow seasonal crops such as maize (makai) and wheat (gandum).
Education.
The literacy rate of Lora is high compared to other villages of NWFP and it is also home to a Government high School which was a centre of excellence. Lora has produced one of the first female engineers, who after leaving Lora High School went to London to read Electronic Engineering, but now the quality of education is than before. Due to this situation people with economic means prefer to educate their family in Rawalpindi, Islamabad or Abbottabad. A large number of people from Lora have migrated to the cities of Karachi, Abbottabad and Islamabad as well as moving to other countries in search of a better life.
Subdivisions.
The Union Council of Lora is subdivided into the following areas: Ghari, Ghora, Dheri Kiala, Lora, Narhota, Noorpur, Seri and Thath Karam Shah.
History.
Lora has always been an important place and also a business hub of Circle Lora which consists of six Union Councils (Lora, Goreeni, Phallah, Nagri Tutial, Seer Sharqi and Seer Gharbi). It lies at the end of Abbottabad and most of the people work in Islamabad due to easy access through the Ghora Gali- Rawalpindi road.

Murree
Murree is a city in the Rawalpindi District of Punjab, Pakistan. It is located in the north of Punjab and is near to the North-West Frontier Province and Kashmir.

Malikpura Urban
Malikpura Urban is one of the 51 Union Councils of Abbottabad District in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. It is located in the west of the district.

Mirpur, NWFP
Mirpur is one of the 51 Union Councils of Abbottabad District in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. It is located in the west of the district.

Mojohan
Mojohan is one of the 51 Union Councils of Abbottabad District in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. It is located in the west of the district.

Nagri Bala
Nagri Bala is one of the 51 Union Councils of Abbottabad District in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan.
Location.
The union council of Nagri Bala is found in the south central part of Abbottabad District, and lies to the south east of Abbottabad city - the capital city of the district. Union councils bordering Nagri Bala are - Bagnotar to the north, Nathia Gali to the east, and Garhi Phulgran to the south.
Subdivisions.
The Union Council is subdivided into the following areas: Akhroota, Makool Bala, Nagri Bala and Tatreela

Nagri Totial
Nagri Tutial (also known as Nagri Totial) is one of the 51 Union Councils of Abbottabad District in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan.
Meaning.
Nagri Tutial which means "the town of the Tutials" is named after Abassi chief Toota Khan (a son of Doomat Khan).
Tribes.
Most of the people of Nagri Tutial are from the Tutial branch of the Dhond Abbasi tribe.
Location.
Nagri Tutial is situated in the south east of the district and is next to the Punjab. Nagri Tutial shares a border with the following Union Councils within Abbottabad District - to the North and east by Seer Gharbi, to the west by Nara, and to the south by Lora. Nagri Tutial has a height of 1243 metres (4081 feet).

Nambal, NWFP
Nambal is one of the 51 Union Councils of Abbottabad district in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan.
Location.
Nambal is a mountainous area in the east of the district bordering Kashmir, where it has trade and tribal links. The Union Council takes its name from the main village of the area - i.e. Nambal.
There is also a famous village called Leeran, at the top of a mountain with a view of Azad Kashmir, Murree and Thandiani. Because of the mountains this small valley is very difficult to get to.
Climate.
The valley is full of Bhayar trees, as this village is situated on a mountain it receives 3-4 feet of snow during winter. Winters are extremely cold while summers are very pleasant.
Subdivisions.
The Union Council is divided into two areas Majuhan and Nambal - as part of the local government reforms of 2000 Majuhan was merged into Nambal Union Council.

Namli Maira
Namli Maira is one of the 51 Union Councils of Abbottabad District in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan.
2005 earthquake.
The 8 October 2005, was one of the worst days in the history of Pakistan. An Earthquake of magnitude 7.6 struck the Northern Areas as well as Kashmir. The quake brought huge destruction. Namli Maira was partially damaged, but the aftershocks were felt in this area even in December. Houses were damaged but the death toll was very low.
Location.
Namli Maira is situated between 34° 07.33' N, 073° 23.00' E in Abbottabad District. The Union Council is a collection of small hamlets, and takes it name from the largest two i.e. Namli and Maira. These settlements are nestled on mountains about 20 kilometres from the city of Abbottabad. Miranjani the highest peak of the area is also in Namli Maira.
From Mera Jani, Azad Kashmir, River Jhelum, (Kohala) Tarbela lake, Abbottabad city, Havelian and other far places can easily be seen.
Namli Maira is mainly a mountainous rural area. The nearest city to people living in Namli Maira is Abbottabad which is also its Tehsil & District capital.
Administration.
The Union Council is administratively divided into the following areas Dhaki Khaitar, Namli Maira, Noormang and Pangoora.
People.
The majority of the people of Namli Maira belong to the Karlal tribes, other tribes in this area are: Turks, Mughal, Malik and Awan and Abbasi, although they are in a minority. People are religious and are all Muslims.
Fruits.
Fruit like pear, apple, black grapes, grapes, fig, peach, damson plum, mulberry, wild fig, lemon, apricot are find in abundance in Namli Maira. As the hill people lack awareness about the markets, they are unable to get a proper return. These fruits only meet the requirement of local people.
Forests.
Most of the area of these hilly hamlets villages are covered with trees. Peaks are covered with evergreen trees including pine, walnut, oak and maple trees. Herbs, shrubs, wild flowers and thorny bushes can be seen in abundance. Goats and other pet animals grassing in pastures. People used forest wood as fuel for daily use and also for homes construction.
Education.
Literacy Rate: Namli Maira village has one of the highest literacy rates for the district. The literacy rate of Namli Maira is about 75%. Girls and boys both type of school are found here. There are Primary schools for boys and girls, Government Boys High School, Girls High school. Private English Medium School (Model Public School Namli run by sir Tariq)are also located here - these account for the high literacy rate.
As this is away from city only a day trip is recommended for tourists. There is no over night stay facility here.

Nara, NWFP
Nara is one of the 51 Union Councils of Abbottabad District in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. Nara is in the southern part of the district, the Union Council of Nara takes it name from the Village of Nara. The main tribe of this Union Council are the Karlal.
Subdivisions.
The Union Council of Nara is subdivided into the following areas: Changah, Dakhan, Gohra, Kanger Hoter, Kehan, Maira Ulla, Mari, Mohri-Badbhen, Nara and Satora.

Nathia Gali
Nathia Gali or Nathiagali (Urdu: نتھیا گلی) is one of the mountain holiday towns of the Galyat area of Pakistan. It is one of the most popular tourist areas of the Murree Hills, with fairly good facilities and is located on the road from Murree to Abbottabad lying midway between the two. The main tribe of Nathia Gali is the Karlal.
History.
During British rule Nathia Gali, then part of Abbottabad Tehsil of Hazara District was the summer head-quarters of the Chief Commissioner. The town along with Dunga Gali was a notified area.
Tourism.
It is located in Abbottabad District, North-West Frontier Province. At 2,500 m (8,200 ft), it is a popular tourist resort in the summer months. It is forested with pine, walnut and also oak and maple trees.
The church in Nathi Gali was made during the time of British Government, it is totally made of wood. It is situated at the edge of the mountain from which there is a beautiful sight. Kashmir can be seen right behind this church, and is a wonderful scene.
Nathi Gali has a mini bazzar. The nearest place to Nathi Gali is Kala Bagh. Mukeshpuri and Miranjani are two nearby high peaks.
Subdivisions.
The Union Council of Nathia Gali is divided into the following areas: Bagan, Donga Gali, Jhansa, Keri Sarafali, Lassan, Malach, Nathiagali and Pasala.

Scottish First Division
The Irn-Bru Scottish Football League First Division Championship (or Scottish First Division) is a professional football competition in Scotland. It is found on the second level of the Scottish football system, below the Scottish Premier League. It is the top level of the Scottish Football League.
Promotion and relegation.
The club who wins the Scottish First Division is promoted to the Scottish Premier League (SPL), if they meet stadium criteria. They must have at least 6,000 seats in their stadium. The team who finishes last in the SPL is relegated to the Scottish First Division.
The bottom club in the First Division is relegated to the Scottish Second Division. While the second bottom club goes to a play-off with the second, third and fourth placed clubs from the Second Division.
The teams play each other four times with three points for a victory and one point each for a drawn game.
Sponsorship.
On July 20, 2007, it was announced that the Scottish Football League would be sponsored by Scottish soft drink company Irn-Bru for the next three seasons.

Fibonacci number
The Fibonacci numbers are a sequence of numbers in mathematics named after Leonardo of Pisa, known as Fibonacci. Fibonacci's 1202 book "Liber Abaci" introduced the sequence to Western European mathematics, although the sequence had been previously described in Indian mathematics.
The first number of the sequence is 0, the second number is 1, and each number after is equal to the sum of the previous two numbers of the sequence itself.
Fibonacci numbers in nature.
Fibonacci sequences appear many place in nature. Biological examples such as tree branches, the pattern of leaves on a stem, the fruitlets of a pineapple, the flowering of artichoke, the uncurling of a fern and the arrangement of a pine cone. The Fibonacci numbers are also found in the family tree of honeybees.

Pont-de-Labeaume
Pont-de-Labeaume is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Pourchères
Pourchères is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Prades, Ardèche
Prades is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Pradons
Pradons is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Trans-Karakoram Tract
The Trans-Karakoram Tract is an area of nearly 5,800 km² that, India claims, was transferred by a border agreement from the Pakistani-administered Northern Areas to China in 1963 with the proviso that the settlement was subject to the final solution of the Kashmir dispute. Pakistan says that it was a no-man's undemarcated border land, hence no question arises of its being transferred. The transfer is disputed by India which claims the Tract as part of Indian occupied Jammu and Kashmir state.
The tract, called Shaksgam, is technically part of Shigar, a valley of Baltistan region of Ladakh Province. The Raja of Shigar controlled this land until 1971, when Pakistan abolished the Raja government system. A polo ground in Shaksgam was built by the Amacha Royal family of Shigar, and the Rajas of Shigar used to invite the Amirs of Yarkand to play polo there. All the names of the mountains, lakes, rivers and passes are in Balti/Ladakhi, suggesting that this land has been part of Baltistan/Ladakh province for a long time.
The Tract is one of the most inhospitable areas of the world, with some of the highest mountains including Broad Peak, Gasherbrum and Masherbrum, and is adjacent to the highest battlefield in the world at Siachen Glacier.

Pranles
Pranles is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Prunet, Ardèche
Prunet is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Péreyres
Péreyres is a commune in the Ardèche department and Rhône-Alpes region of France.

Shaksgam Valley
The Shaksgam Valley is an area of Baltistan District, ceded by Pakistan to the People's Republic of China on March 3 in 1963 pending the settlement of the dispute over Kashmir. It is a part of the Trans-Karakoram Tract and is also claimed by the Republic of India.

Ribes, Ardèche
Ribes is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Rochecolombe
Rochecolombe is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Rocher, Ardèche
Rocher is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Rochessauve
Rochessauve is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Rocles, Ardèche
Rocles is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Rompon
Rompon is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Sablières
Sablières is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Sagnes-et-Goudoulet
Sagnes-et-Goudoulet is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Saint-Alban-Auriolles
Saint-Alban-Auriolles is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Saint-Alban-en-Montagne
Saint-Alban-en-Montagne is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Saint-André-Lachamp
Saint-André-Lachamp is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Dead Sea scrolls
The Dead Sea Scrolls consist of about 1,000 documents, including texts from the Hebrew Bible, discovered between 1947 and 1979 in eleven caves in and around the Wadi Qumran (near the ruins of the ancient settlement of Khirbet Qumran, on the northwest shore of the Dead Sea) in the West Bank. The religious and historical texts are very important as they include practically the only known surviving copies of Biblical documents made before 100 CE, and preserve evidence of considerable diversity of belief and practice within late Second Temple Judaism.

Saint-Montan
Saint-Montan is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Saint-Andéol-de-Berg
Saint-Andéol-de-Berg is a commune in the Ardèche department and Rhône-Alpes region of France.

Saint-Andéol-de-Vals
Saint-Andéol-de-Vals is a commune in the Ardèche department and Rhône-Alpes region of France.

Saint-Bauzile, Ardèche
Saint-Bauzile is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Saint-Cierge-la-Serre
Saint-Cierge-la-Serre is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in the Rhône Valley in southern France.

Saint-Cirgues-de-Prades
Saint-Cirgues-de-Prades is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Saint-Cirgues-en-Montagne
Saint-Cirgues-en-Montagne is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Saint-Didier-sous-Aubenas
Saint-Didier-sous-Aubenas is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Saint-Genest-de-Beauzon
Saint-Genest-de-Beauzon is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Saint-Fortunat-sur-Eyrieux
Saint-Fortunat-sur-Eyrieux is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Saint-Georges-les-Bains
Saint-Georges-les-Bains is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Saint-Germain, Ardèche
Saint-Germain is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Saint-Gineis-en-Coiron
Saint-Gineis-en-Coiron is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Saint-Jean-le-Centenier
Saint-Jean-le-Centenier is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Saint-Joseph-des-Bancs
Saint-Joseph-des-Bancs is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Saint-Julien-du-Gua
Saint-Julien-du-Gua is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Saint-Lager-Bressac
Saint-Lager-Bressac is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Oak Creek Township
Oak Creek Township is one of twenty-four townships in Saunders County, Nebraska, United States. The population was 949 at the 2000 census. A 2006 estimate placed the township's population at 988.
The Village of Valparaiso lies within the Township.

Buzzcocks
Buzzcocks are a punk rock band from Manchester, England. They were formed in 1975.

Dysprosium
Dysprosium () is a chemical element with the symbol Dy and atomic number 66.
Characteristics.
Dysprosium is a rare earth element that has a metallic, bright silver luster.
History.
Dysprosium was first identified in Paris in 1886 by French chemist Paul Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran.

Anti-Flag
Anti-Flag is a punk rock band from Pittsburgh. They were formed in 1988.

New York Dolls
New York Dolls are a glam punk band from New York, New York. They were formed in 1971.

Dead Milkmen
Dead Milkmen were a punk band from Philadelphia. They were formed in 1983.

The Donnas
The Donnas were a hard rock band from Palo Alto, California. They were formed in 1993. The members are all girls.

Weezer
Weezer is a Power pop band from Los Angeles. They were formed in 1992.

Jefferson Airplane
Jefferson Airplane was a Psychedelic rock band from San Francisco. They were formed in 1965.
Some bands that were formed with members of Jefferson Airplane after they broke up include Jefferson Starship and Starship, while bands that modeled them include Hot Tuna and KBC Band.
Jefferson Airplane was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1996.
History.
Jefferson Airplane formed in San Francisco during the summer of 1965, and signed a recording contract with RCA Records in November of that year.

County government in Nebraska
Elected county officials.
Other county officials (such as the county surveyor and the election commissioners) are appointed; in smaller counties, these officials may be shared by multiple counties.

Nawansher Urban
Nawansher Urban is one of the 51 Union Councils of Abbottabad District in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. It is located in the north of the district.

4chan
4chan is an English language imageboard website based on the Japanese Futaba Channel. It was started in 2003 by "moot", who was 15 years old then, and who said his real name is Christopher Poole in 2008. On the website, users post pictures and discuss them. When the site started it was for discussing Anime and Manga, but now many other topics are discussed. One of the boards on the site, called "/b/", is dedicated to random discussions and is often mentioned in media. Several Internet memes have started at 4chan, including lolcats and rickrolling.

Palak
Palak is one of the 51 Union Councils of Abbottabad District in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan.
Location.
Palak is located in the South eastern edge of Abbottabad District and is next to Punjab province and Kashmir, it is also next to the following Union Councils of Abbottabad District, Seer Gharbi to the west, Nathiagali to the North and Malkot to the north west.
Palak is the gateway into Abbottabad District.
Subdivisions.
Palak is the largest Union Council of the Circle Bakote area, in 2000 Malkot which used to be a Union Council was joined into Palak.
Arwar, Darwaza, Kala Bon, Longal, Malkot, Palak, Riala (Riyala) and Soorjal (Surajaal).
People.
The total population of the Palak is almost 5,000, the main tribes of Palak are the Dhond Abbasi, Gujjars and Sattis.

Palak Muchhal
Palak Muchhal is teenager singer from Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India. She and her younger brother Palaash Muchhal perform stage shows across India and abroad to raise funds for the poor children who need money for treatment of heart Disease.

Pattan Kalan
Pattan Kalan is one of the 51 Union Councils of Abbottabad District in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan.
Location.
Pattan Kalan is located in the eastern edge of Abbottabad District and is next to Muzaffarabad District of Kashmir. It is also next the following Union Councils of Abbottabad District, Kukmang and Boi to the north, Kuthwal to the west, Beerangali and Nambal to the south
Subdivisions.
The Union Council is subdivided into the following areas: Bandi Sararha, Banota, Chamiali, Khokhriala, Larri, Sialkot, Maseena Kalan and Pattan Kalan.

Dysnomia
Dysnomia is a moon of the dwarf planet Eris. It is less than 15km across. Dysnomia means lawlessness in ancient greek. In the myth Dysnomia was the daughter of the goddess Eris.

Pawa, NWFP
Pawa is one of the 51 Union Councils of Abbottabad District in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan.
Location.
The Union Council of Pawa is situated in the North West of the district (and to the north west of Abbottabad city) towards Mansehra District. Neighbouring Union Councils are Kothiala to the south and Thathi Faqir Sahib to the north.

Phalkot
Phalkot is one of the 51 Union Councils of Abbottabad District in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. Most of the people are Awans with some Abbasies, the Union Council is lead by the Nazim Malik Mushtaq Ahmed, most of the people are poor and lead a simple life.
Location.
Phalkot Malsa is located at 34° 9' 40N 73° 22' 30E and has a height of 1747 metres (5734 feet)
Subdivisions.
The Union Council is subdivided into two areas Phalkot and Malsa, that include other settlements including Kutli Sehana Jandar Bari Buni Gali and Upri Kutli.
Language.
The Hindko language is widely spoken throughout the area, Urdu being national language also understand and spoken here. English and Pashto is spoken and understood by some people

Trans-Neptunian object
Trans Neptunian Object or TNO is a name astronomers give to anything that orbits or goes around the Sun beyond the planet Neptune but it is not big enough to be a planet or a moon.

Phallah
Phalla is a Union Council of Abbottabad District in the North-West Frontier Province, Pakistan.
Subdivisions.
The Union Council of Phallah is subdivided into the following areas: Alaran, Battal Kund, Bhajoora, Charbah, Dhakan Paisar, Dheri Rakhala, Galli, Ghambeer, Kashmir, Maira, Phallah, Rahi, Rupper, and Sher Por.
The main villages of this Union Council are
History.
Abdullah Khan son of Hassan Khan was given the area of Phalla village in the early 1600s. Abdullah Khan settled in the village of Phalla along with some servants. Hakam Khan, Sultan Khan, Raj Khan, Gul Khan were the sons of Abduallah Khan. Now in Phalla there 4 groups of the Abbasies they are Nathial, Sultan-Mohammadi, Gul Mohammadi, Raj Khanian. The Nathial are descended from Natha Khan who was the only son of Hakam Khan.
Ethnic Groups.
The Abbasies are 80% of its total population.Not only Abbasies Khokars,Moghals are also resident of Phulla.Master Faqeer mohammad sons has raised the name of village.One of them retired as chief engineer.
Location.
Phalla Village is situated on the Lora Road.
The Union Council of Phalla is located in the most south-westerly part of Abbottabad District, to the east it is bordered by Haripur District and to the south it borders the Rawalpindi District of Punjab province. Due to its location it is an easily accessible village.

Pind Kargu Khan
Pind Kargu Khan is one of the 51 Union Councils of Abbottabad District in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan it is located 35km from Abbottabad city.
The huge forest of pine tree named Kohe-e-Balehana is located on the peak of Sando Gali, most of the people are farming - the main crops are maze and wheat. It has a beautiful valley with the flower of Rose, Chamblali, Sunflower.
The main fruits are Apricate, Pomigrnate, Locate, Peach, Apple, strawberry etc.
Subdivisions.
The Union Council is subdivided into the following areas: Bacha Kalan, Bacha Khurd, Bandi Nikra, Bareela, Barkot, Chahar, Chatha, Gandah, Haal, Kanger Bala, Kangrora, Khalora Tarla, Khalora Utla, Khanda Khoo, Lakhala, Pind, Pind Kargu Khan, Pohar, Rata, Sari, Sher Shah and Tandhara

Salhad
Salhad is one of the 51 Union Councils (sub-divisions) of Abbottabad District in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan.
The Union Council of Salhad is named after what was the main village of the area, but today has become a part of Abbottabad city.
People.
The population of the town is now over 21,000.
Subdivisions.
Salhad Union Council is subdivided into two areas Salhad and Khokar.

Sarbhana
Sarbhana is one of the 51 Union Councils of Abbottabad District in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan.
Location.
Sarbhana is located in the west of the district, it is next to following Union Councils, to the north by Kakul, Kuthwal and Beerangali, to the east by Phalkot, to the south by Namli Maira, Bagnotar and Bagh, and to the west by Dhamtour (Sungli Narrian village).
Subdivisions.
The Union Council is subdivided into the following areas: Aziz Bang, Desai, Khan, Sadra, Dharay, Sarbhana, Seergah,Mohar and Narian Khurd. The top of hill village Sungli and Mohalla Trippa.
Tribes.
The main tribes of this area are Gurham Zai (Golni Cheerah - a Jadoon clan) and the Malik. Shohallian (Jadoon)

Asteroid moon
An Asteroid Moon is an asteroid that orbits or goes around another asteroid. Asteroid moons are quite rare. Only 2% of asteroids are thought to have moons.
To be an asteroid moon an asteroid has to be smaller than the object it goes around. If they are roughly the same size they are called a binary pair.

Sheikh-ul-Bandi
Sheikhul Bandi is one of the 51 Union Council (sub-divisions) of Abbottabad District in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. It is in the valley toward the north-west of the Sarban Hills. It is located at 34°8'60N, 73°13'60E
The Nazim (i.e. The mayor) of the Union Council is Waseem Khan while Malik Saeed is the Naib Nazim (i.e. the deputy).
People.
Most people of Sheikhul Bandi are the Jadoons- a Pashtoon tribe. The main language is Hindko although Urdu is also spoken and understood.
Subdivisions.
The Union Council is subdivided into the following areas: Cantonment, Qasba Abbottabad, Sheikhulbandi and Rakh Civil Military.

Sherwan
Sherwan is a Union Council of Abbottabad District in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan, it is located 35km west of the city of Abbottabad.
People.
The population of Sherwan is over 15,000. The local language is Hindko while Urdu is also understood and spoken by local peoples. The main tribes of this area are the Tanolis and the Awans.
Location.
Sherwan is located in a beautiful valley which is surrounded by large, forested mountains on three sides. These forests host a number of wild animals, such as jackals, wolves, pigs, porcupines and occasionally tigers. Sherwan is divided into two parts Sherwan Khurd (small) and Sherwan Kalan (wide). Sherwan Kalan covers a much larger area than Sherwan Khurd. In the North-East of Sherwan Union Council there is another Place called Patheel.
Subdivisions.
The Union Council of Sherwan is subdivided into the following areas: Beri, Kharperh, Thethi Ahmed Khan, Chakar Bain, Chorgran, Juna, Kamila, Kangar Palan, Sherwan Kalan, Sherwan Khurd, Khalabat, Chamhati, Kumharan (Amirabad), Thorey, Kalar Khaitar, Bamochi, Bhateel and Shaheedabad(Cheera).

Tajwal
Tajwal is one of the 51 Union Councils of Abbottabad District in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan.
Location.
Tajwal is located in the south of the district and is in the north western part of Havelian Tehsil, it is next to the following union councils, Nathia Gali to the north, Palak to the east, Seer Gharbi and Nara to the south, as well as Dewal Manal and Nara to the west.
Tajwal is a beautiful valley, near by Changla Gali en-route from Murree to Abbottabad.
Subdivisions.
The Union Council of Tajwal is subdivided into the following areas: Nowshera, Pirkot, Tajwal and Topla.

Stress (medicine)
Medical stress can be defined as change in body's normal internal balance which leads to a number of hormonal and neurological responses so that normal balance is restored.Stress can result from both internal factors(arising within the body)or external stimuli.These factors can be both positive(e.g. birth) or negative(e.g.heavy drinking).In normal parlance the word "stress" basically refers to psychological stress and stress management refers to life-style strategies aimed at controlling such psychological factors which alleviate stress producing stimuli.Though one or other form of stress is an everyday occurrence which can be considered as a part normal biological existence,stress in excess can lead to multitude of problems.Certain disease conditions are also identified with stress such as "Post traumatic stress disorder"- a psychiatric condition resulting from sudden exposure to excessive stress producing external stimuli such as major accident.

Parody mass
A parody mass is a musical setting of the mass that uses melodies from other musical works. This kind of mass was popular in the 16th century. "Parody" in this sense does not mean "parody" in the modern meaning of the word. It is not about poking fun at something. A parody mass is one that borrows musical material. The music might be borrowed from a chanson or motet, usually one by another composer. At that time there was nothing shameful about using other composer's tunes. Today it would be called plagiarism (stealing other people's ideas).
The parody mass was very popular during the Renaissance: Palestrina wrote about 50 parody masses. Some examples of early parody masses include the "Missa Malheur me bat", "Missa Mater Patris", and "Missa Fortuna desperata" by Josquin Desprez. By the middle of the 16th century, a large number of masses composed used the parody technique.

Interstate 4
Interstate 4 is a 100 mile highway in state of Florida. It runs from Interstate 75 to Interstate 95

Interstate 12
Interstate 12 is a 85 mile long route in Louisiana both connecting Interstate 10.

Robert Tear
Robert Tear (born Barry, Glamorgan, Wales on 8 March 1939) is a Welsh tenor and conductor.
Robert Tear (“Tear” rhymes with “dear”) was educated in Wales. He sang in the choir at St. Paul's Cathedral and then became a choral scholar at King’s College, Cambridge.
In 1961 he left Cambridge and started his career as a soloist. He soon became very successful, singing with the English Opera Group. He became well-known for singing many roles in the operas of Benjamin Britten. He sang the part of Quint in "The Turn of the Screw", including performances in Moscow and Leningrad.
Tear sang solos with many great orchestras under many famous conductors including Leonard Bernstein, Carlo Maria Giulini and Herbert von Karajan. He has sung in many famous opera houses in the world. He has made over 250 recordings including many cantatas of Johann Sebastian Bach, Benjamin Britten’s Serenade, Nocturne and the War Requiem and Gustav Mahler’s "Das Lied von der Erde". He has also recorded many Lieder including Schubert’s "Die Winterreise".
Robert Tear has often conducted in recent years. In 1985 he conducted in Minneapolis in the United States. He has since conducted many orchestras including the Northern Sinfonia, English Chamber Orchestra, Philharmonia, Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra, Royal Scottish National Orchestra and the Scottish Chamber Orchestra.
As a singer Tear has been especially known for his singing of the music of British composers Benjamin Britten and Tippett. He was the first to sing the role of Dov in Tippett's opera "The Knot Garden". He is also well-known for his duets with the baritone Benjamin Luxon. They sang many Victorian parlour songs (popular songs) together.
From 1992 to 1994 he was Artistic Director of the Vocal Faculty of the London Royal Schools of Music. He holds the Chair of International Singing at the Royal Academy of Music. He is an honorary member of King’s College, Cambridge and was made a CBE in 1984.

Renee O'Connor
Reneé O'Connor (born Evelyn Reneé O'Connor on February 15, 1971 in Katy, Texas) is an American actress, producer and director best known for playing the role of Gabrielle on the TV series ' from 1995 to 2001.
Early career.
O'Connor had her first acting role at age eight as a caterpillar during a Theater on Wheels production. At age twelve, she began studying acting at Houston's Alley Theatre, and later attended the "High School for the Performing and Visual Arts" in Houston. She transferred back to Taylor High School to graduate with her friends.
Television career.
O'Connor began her television career at the age of sixteen with commercials for McDonald's and Exxon. A string of other commercials followed, as well as a series of odd jobs such as Porky Pig at Astroworld and an aerobics instructor in L.A. In 1989, O'Connor landed a recurring role in a serial called "Teen Angel", featured on the "New Mickey Mouse Club." This led to roles in another Disney serial called "Match Point", and an episode of "Tales from the Crypt" (directed by Arnold Schwarzenegger), though her Crypt role was later cut. O'Connor then portrayed an imperiled student on the NBC special "The Flood", Cheryl Ladd's daughter in Danielle Steel's "Changes", a woman captured by Shawnee Indians in ABC's "Follow the River", an actress who hires Rockford as her bodyguard in "The Rockford Files: A Blessing in Disguise", Julia Wilkes in Disney's "The Adventures of Huck Finn", and the daughter of a murdered couple in an episode of "NYPD Blue".
O'Connor first came to the attention of ' executive producers Robert Tapert and Sam Raimi with an "over-the-top" audition that won her the role of the young Deianeira in their two-hour "Action Pack" adventure "Hercules and the Lost Kingdom". They were so impressed by her performance opposite ' star Kevin Sorbo that they signed her for a starring role in "Darkman II: The Return of Durant". She was later cast as Gabrielle, and co-starred opposite Lucy Lawless as Xena's companion on '.
O'Connor was voted #3 of the most intriguing people in 1996, #2 in 1997, and one of the most beautiful people of 1997, by People Magazine. O'Connor was fearured in Maxim magazine in November 1999 with a photo shot and intimate interview. She made the cover of "TV Guide" on the July 29, 2000 to August 42000 issue as "one of "The Sexiest Stars in the Universe". She was voted #45 on FHM-US and FHM-Australia's 100 Sexiest Women in [2000]. In January 2007, O'Connor topped the 2006 annual list of LesbiaNation.com — establishing her as the longest reigning queen of their top-ten list of "Women We Love". O'Connor has a cult following in the lesbian community, stemming from her role as Gabrielle in ' and her ambiguous relationship with her traveling companion Xena. Although O'Connor is heterosexual, she loves her gay and lesbian fans and has appeared at gay-pride events such as the "Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras" and the 2007 Dinah Shore Weekend in Palm Springs. In June 2007, and again in June 2008, O'Connor was named to the AfterEllen.com Hot 100 List.
After the end of "Xena", O'Connor began a film production company, ROC Pictures. Her first independent production was "Diamonds and Guns", a romantic comedy about two friends who go to Las Vegas to find true love. It was shot digitally. O'Connor raised funds for the movie by selling autographed photos and a few of her personal paintings on ebay. O'Connor is currently in pre-production (2008) on her second ROC Pictures LLC film which she wrote, will produce and direct.
O'Connor has attended many "Xena" and science fiction/fantasy conventions. She will be a "Featured Guest" at Fan Expo Canada "(formerly the Canadian National Expo)" on August 22-24, 2008 in Toronto.
Renee, now an established actor, has turned movie maker, film producer and director. She is currently in post-production on her second ROC Pictures film, "Unspoken Words", in which she is the writer, producer, director and an actor.
Charity.
O'Connor is an active supporter of the, working each year at the Southern California Firefighters Burn Relay which benefits the Foundation. She also set up The Renée O'Connor Outreach Fund which is designed to raise money for families in need and to support families whose medical bills have become too overwhelming due to serious illness.
Early life and personal life.
O'Connor was born to Walter and Sandra O'Connor. Her mother and stepfather, Sandra and Eddie Wilson, own the restaurant "Threadgill's" in Austin, famous for being the site of Janis Joplin's first performance. She has an older brother named Chris, who is a grocery store manager, and her biological father Walter is a finance manager.
From 1995 to 2001, during the filming of "Xena", O'Connor lived in Auckland, New Zealand, where she still owns a home. O'Connor married New Zealand native and restaurant manager Steve Muir on October 14, 2000. They have a son, Miles William Muir (born September 22, 2001). The couple divorced in 2005. O'Connor became involved with Jed Sura, an actor she met while filming " Enter" in 2003 and later "Diamonds and Guns" in 2004. She and Sura have a daughter, Iris Sura O'Connor (born March 19, 2006).
O'Connor is an accomplished artist, with a showing at the Submerged Art Gallery in Los Angeles, June 2005. She is also proficient in several forms of martial arts, including Taekwondo and Shinkendo, as well as the use of the Karate Bō Staff, the Nunchaku, the Sais, and the Japanese Kumori Katana.

Michael Hurst
Michael Eric Hurst, (born September 20, 1957 in Lancashire, England) is a New Zealand actor, director and writer. He works mostly on stage and television. He is probably best known for playing Iolaus in the television programs ' and '.
Hurst is the oldest of three brothers. When he was seven his family moved to Christchurch, New Zealand. He studied at Papanui High School. After high school, he went to the University of Canterbury but for only one year.
He married New Zealand actress Jennifer Ward-Lealand in 1988. They have two sons: Jack Louis Ward Hurst, born in 1997, and Cameron Lane Ward Hurst, born in 1999.
In 2003, Hurst received the Laureate Award from the Arts Foundation of New Zealand. He was later made an Officer of the New Zealand Order of Merit in 2005 "for services to film and the theatre".

4 Baruch
"4 Baruch", also called "Paraleipomena of Jeremiah" ("Paralipomena Jeremiae"), contains the Rest of the Words of Baruch and the Epistle of Jeremy.
This religous text is said to be a part of the Old Testament by the Ethiopian Orthodox Church. Other Christian denominations do not include in the the Bible.

Erbium
Erbium () is an element on the periodic table with the symbol Er and atomic number 68.

Valea Mare River (Moldova)
The Valea Mare River is a tributary of the Moldova River in Romania. That means it flows into the Moldova River.

Izvorul Alb River (Moldova)
The Izvorul Alb River is a tributary of the Moldova River in Romania. That means it flows into the Moldova River.

Limpedea River (Moldova)
The Limpedea River is a tributary of the Izvorul Alb River in Romania. That means it flows into the Izvorul Alb River.

Izvorul Malului River
The Izvorul Malului River is a tributary of the Moldova River in Romania. That means it flows into the Moldova River.

Gerului River
The Gerului River () is a tributary of the Siret River in Romania. That means it flows into the Siret River.

Greaca River
The Greaca River is a tributary of the Lozova River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lozova River.

Valea lui Odobescu River
The Valea lui Odobescu River is a tributary of the Greaca River in Romania. That means it flows into the Greaca River.

Negrea River (Lozova)
The Negrea River is a tributary of the Lozova River in Romania. That means it flows into the Negrea River.

Suhurlui River
The Suhurlui River is a tributary of the Gerului River in Romania. That means it flows into the Gerului River.

Valea Rea River (Suhurlui)
The Valea Rea River is a tributary of the Suhurlui River in Romania. That means it flows into the Suhurlui River.

Suhului River
The Suhului is a tributary of the Suhurlui River in Romania. That means it flows into the Suhurlui River. Do not confuse the name of this river with the Suhurlui River in Romania, as these are two completely different rivers.

Valea Satului River (Suhurlui)
The Valea Satului River is a tributary of the Suhurlui River in Romania. That means it flows into the Suhurlui River.

Valea Vacii River
The Valea Vacii River is a tributary of the Suhurlui River in Romania. That means it flows into the Suhurlui River.

Metroid (species)
A Metroids is an alien in the "Metroid" series. They are usually seen as flying transparent green creatures. They are major enemies in the series, though rarely is a Metroid the main villain.
Details.
Metroids are hovering creatures who attach to its prey to take in their energy.
History.
Metroids were created by the Chozo species, an ancient and wise alien species to stop a killer virus called "X" from killing them off.
Samus Aran first finds the Metroids on a planet called Zebes in the base of Mother Brain during "Metroid". She also finds many Metroids in the three "Metroid Prime" games including a powerful Metroid called "Metroid Prime", which take place soon after "Metroid". Samus is asked by a group called the Galactic Federation to exterminate the Metroid race on a planet called SR388. Samus kills almost every Metroid including the Metroid Queen, but finds a baby Metroid that hatched when Samus found it, and brings it back to the Galactic Federation (as seen in "Super Metroid"). Samus returns to Zebes in "Super Metroid" after a monster called Ridley captures the baby Metroid and brings it there for his master, Mother Brain. Samus finds more Metroids there, including the baby Metroid which had grown very large, even larger than Samus. It doesn't try to attack her because it thinks Samus is its mom, and when Samus is about to be killed by Mother Brain, the Metroid tries to protect Samus, but is killed by Mother Brain, falling onto Samus and fusing with her. Samus kills Mother Brain and escapes from Zebes right before it explodes. Metroids are extinct after this, and because of this, the X virus that the Metroids were immune to started to come back and infest SR388. The X virus infects its host by entering the body, killing them, and copying their look. Samus is infected by one of these and is almost killed, but someone gives her a shot of Metroid DNA that kills the X virus, but also makes her immune to being killed by them. Samus goes to the BSL Space Station to find that the scientists in it were killed by the virus, and Samus has to explore the ship while also avoiding her old suit that an X virus took control of called SA-X. Samus discovers that the Galactic Federation had been cloning the Metroid, and at the end of the game, Samus encounters an Omega Metroid, the final life cycle of the Metroid species (besides Metroid Queen).

Trauma Center (series)
The "Trauma Center" series is a series of video games released for the Nintendo DS and Wii game consoles. It is a medical simulator starring a doctor named Derek Stiles and a nurse named Angie Thompson who operate on patients. They often have to fight a deadly disease called "GUILT".

Robert Downey, Jr.
Robert Downey Jr. (born April 4 1965) is an American actor. One of his most famous roles is Tony Stark in the film "Iron Man".

Heart and Souls
"Heart and Souls" is a 1993 movie.
Plot.
The movie starts with the lives of four people. Harrison is a singer who is very shy and can't sing in front of other people. Milo, who is a con artist, tries to get a sheet of stamps he stole from a kid back but fails. Penny is a single mother who has three children to support. Julia loves her boyfriend but can't decide whether to live with him or not, since the boyfriend recently bought a farm for them to live on. All four of them get on a bus. The bus driver, Hal, crashes the bus and all of them are killed.
All four of them are "tied" to a birth of a baby boy named Thomas in a car that was driving near the bus. They must stay within a certain distance of him and cannot leave him. As Thomas grows up, his parents and teachers are very worried that he is talking to "imaginary people," since only Thomas can see the four people. Harrison, Milo, Penny, and Julia soon decide to disappear and not be a part of Thomas' life anymore.
Years later, Thomas has grown into a man that handles bankrupt companies. The four of them are still attached and have no choice but to follow him wherever he goes. Soon, Hal comes down and tells them they all need to go up to heaven. However, all four of them have not yet tied up all the loose ends in their lives. They learn that Thomas is supposed to help them resolve everything on Earth before they leave. They make themselves visible to Thomas and tell him he needs to help, but refuses at first. He agrees to do whatever they want after they take over his body – their new power as ghosts – and make him do crazy things at a board meeting.
Milo is the first one to finish up his life. Through Thomas, he breaks into a house and steals the stamps. He then gives it back to the kid from whom he stole it from, who is now an adult. The bus driver then comes down and sends him to heaven. Penny wants to know what happened to her children. Her friend has contact with her daughters, but lost contact of her adopted son years ago. The adoption records are sealed and only the adopted children themselves can ask for a court order.
Instead, Thomas decides to fulfill Harrison's last wish, which is to sing. Thomas breaks into a concert hosted by Billie King and sings the national anthem through Harrison. Afterwards, he is arrested by the police and pays money so he can get out of jail. Hal comes to pick Harrison up. Earlier in the movie, Thomas had told his girlfriend Anne that he could not come to the concert. After the concert is over, Anne and Thomas fight about it.
Thomas is mad and backs up very fast and hits a police officer's car, which turns out to be the same one that had arrested him earlier. The officer is very angry at first. He starts to sing a song to comfort his son. Penny recognizes the song as the one she used to sing to her son and realizes that the police officer is her son. Through Thomas, she hugs him and then happily goes to heaven.
Finally, Julia wants to know what happened to her boyfriend. She writes a note that says that she loves him. They go to the farm that he had bought. However, when they get there, they find that the boyfriend died a few years ago. Julia is upset. Hal comes to pick Julia up, but Thomas asks him to stall for time. Julia finally believes her purpose is to Thomas to never let happen what happened to her – to lose a partner. She tells him to tell Anne that he loves her. She then goes up to heaven.

Entertainment Weekly
"Entertainment Weekly" is a magazine published by Time Warner in the United States. It has articles about movies, television, music, books, and popular culture. It contains news and reviews, and does not focus on celebrities. The first issue of "Entertainment Weekly" was in 1990. In 2003, its circulation was 1,635,623 copies.

International Standard Serial Number
An International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) is an eight-digit number used to identify a print or electronic periodical publication. The ISSN system was first created known as international standard ISO 3297 in 1975. The ISO subcommittee SC 9 is responsible for the standard.

Synonym (taxonomy)
Synonyms in taxonomy are similar to normal synonyms. It refers to words in scientific classification that are used the same way. In other words, two names for the same thing. For example, the cat has a few scientific names in scientific nomenclature; "Felis silvestris catus", "Felis catus", and "Felis catus domestica".

Review
A review is an evaluation of a publication, such as a movie, video game, musical composition, book, or a piece of hardware like a car, appliance, or computer.

Saint-Julien-du-Serre
Saint-Julien-du-Serre is a commune in the Ardèche département in southern France.

Saint-Just, Ardèche
Saint-Just, also called Saint-Just-d'Ardèche, is a "commune" in the Ardèche département in southern France.
Geography.
Saint-Just is in the south of the Ardèche département, found on the shore of the Rhône River, between the Drôme and the Gard "département".

Saint-Martin-sur-Lavezon
Saint-Martin-sur-Lavezon is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Saint-Laurent-les-Bains
Saint-Laurent-les-Bains is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Saint-Laurent-sous-Coiron
Saint-Laurent-sous-Coiron is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Saint-Marcel-d'Ardèche
Saint-Marcel-d'Ardèche is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Saint-Martin-d'Ardèche
Saint-Martin-d'Ardèche is a commune in the "département" of Ardèche in southern France.
This village is situated at the southern entrance of the Ardèche Canyon, the "Gorges de l'Ardèche".

Saint-Maurice-d'Ardèche
Saint-Maurice-d'Ardèche is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Saint-Maurice-d'Ibie
Saint-Maurice-d'Ibie is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Saint-Michel-de-Boulogne
Saint-Michel-de-Boulogne is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Saint-Michel-de-Chabrillanoux
Saint-Michel-de-Chabrillanoux is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Saint-Mélany
Saint-Mélany is a commune in the Ardèche department and Rhône-Alpes region of France.

Saint-Laurent-du-Pape
Saint-Laurent-du-Pape is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Europium
Europium is a chemical element. It has the symbol Eu on the periodic table. It has an atomic number 63 which means it has 63 protons in one atom. It was named after the continent Europe.

Saint-Paul-le-Jeune
Saint-Paul-le-Jeune is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Saint-Pierre-Saint-Jean
Saint-Pierre-Saint-Jean is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Saint-Pierre-de-Colombier
Saint-Pierre-de-Colombier is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Saint-Pierre-la-Roche
Saint-Pierre-la-Roche is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Saint-Pierreville
Saint-Pierreville is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Saint-Pons, Ardèche
Saint-Pons is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Saint-Priest, Ardèche
Saint-Priest is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Saint-Privat, Ardèche
Saint-Privat is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Saint-Remèze
Saint-Remèze is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Saint-Sauveur-de-Cruzières
Saint-Sauveur-de-Cruzières is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Saint-Sauveur-de-Montagut
Saint-Sauveur-de-Montagut is a commune of the Ardèche "département", in southern France.
The rivers Eyrieux, Gluyere and Auzène flow through the town.

Saint-Sernin, Ardèche
Saint-Sernin is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Promethium
Promethium is a chemical element that has the symbol Pm on the periodic table. It has the atomic number 61 which means it has 61 protons in its atom.

Praseodymium
Praseodymium is a chemical element that has the symbol Pr on the periodic table. It has the atomic number 59 which means it has 61 protons in an atom.

Neodymium
Neodymium is a chemical element that has the symbol Nd on the periodic table. It has the atomic number 60 which means it has 60 protons in an atom.

Samarium
Samarium is a chemical element that has the symbol Sm on the periodic table. It has the atomic number 62 which means it has 62 protons in an atom.

Neptunium
Neptunium is a chemical element that has the symbol Np on the periodic table. It has the atomic number 93 which means it has 93 protons in an atom. It is named after the planet Neptune in the same way as Uranium is named after the planet Uranus.

List of WWE pay-per-view events
This is a chronological list of pay-per-views promoted by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). Each month, WWE holds one or two annual pay-per-view events. One event is usually three hours long and features six to twelve matches. Pay-per-view events are a big part of how the WWE earns money.
History.
Many people believe wrongly that the first WWE, then known as the World Wrestling Federation (WWF), pay-per-view was November 1985's The Wrestling Classic. This was a tournament held at the Rosemont Horizon near Chicago. The first WrestleMania event, in March of the same year, was on pay-per-view in some areas. The first two WrestleManias earned much money. After WrestleMania III became one of the best event in wrestling history, the WWF then decided to have more pay-per-views.
The first Survivor Series event took place on November 29 1987. It was shown at the same time as NWA's Starrcade which was thought to be the biggest yearly event for NWA. The WWF informed cable companies that if they were showing Starrcade, they would not be allowed to show future WWF events. Most of companies showed Survivor Series. Because of this, Starrcade did not make much money that year. This is thought to be the start for many problems for Jim Crockett Promotions.
The first Royal Rumble in January 1988 was shown on the USA Network. It had the highest rating in the network's history up until that time. The event became a pay-per-view the next year.
The first SummerSlam was held in Madison Square Garden in August 1988. These four events - the Royal Rumble in January, WrestleMania in March or April, SummerSlam in August, and Survivor Series in November - were the only annual pay-per-view offerings (other than the King of the Ring) from the WWF until 1995. After World Championship Wrestling (WCW) started showing more pay-per-views, the WWF increased the number of pay-per-veiws it showed. At first, the WWF used the name In Your House for its new shows. Beginning in 1996, it began using other names along with the In Your House name (such as Bad Blood and No Way Out). This was done to avoid confusion. By the end of February of 1999, the In Your House name was no longer used.
Both companies increased the number of pay-per-views until they each had one pay-per-view event each month. From the late '90s until 2003, World Wrestling Entertainment had a once-a-month pay-per-view schedule. The pay-per-view events in the United States can be bought through iN DEMAND, Dish Network or DirecTV.
Up until 2003, the WWE ran two pay-per-views a year which were only shown in the United Kingdom. After the brand extension, they stopped doing these two events. Instead of the UK events, they did international tours which were taped for television. Currently, WWE has the WrestleMania Revenge tour, after WrestleMania, at the beginning of the year and the Survivor Series tour, at the end of the year, in the UK. Each includes a RAW, SmackDown!, and an ECW taping.
In Australia, WWE's pay-per-views are shown on Main Event. In the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland, some pay-per-views are shown on Sky Sports 1 and others on Sky Box Office.
Starting with the 2008 Royal Rumble, all WWE pay-per-views were broadcast in High-definition.

Terbium
Terbium is a chemical element that has the symbol Tb on the periodic table. It has the atomic number 65 which means it has 65 protons in an atom.

Sainte-Marguerite-Lafigère
Sainte-Marguerite-Lafigère is a village and commune in the Ardèche "département" of southern-central France.

Sainte-Eulalie, Ardèche
Sainte-Eulalie is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Saint-Étienne-de-Serre
Saint-Étienne-de-Serre is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Saint-Étienne-de-Lugdarès
Saint-Étienne-de-Lugdarès is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Saint-Symphorien-sous-Chomérac
Saint-Symphorien-sous-Chomérac is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Saint-Thomé
Saint-Thomé is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Saint-Vincent-de-Barrès
Saint-Vincent-de-Barrès is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Saint-Vincent-de-Durfort
Saint-Vincent-de-Durfort is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Saint-Étienne-de-Boulogne
Saint-Étienne-de-Boulogne is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Saint-Étienne-de-Fontbellon
Saint-Étienne-de-Fontbellon is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Uesugi Harunori
Uesugi Harunori (上杉 治憲; 1751 - 1822) was a Japanese daimyo. He was the 9th leader of the Yonezawa domain. This domain the the area that today is the Yonezawa and Okitama region. Uesugi was born in Edo. He was the second son of a daimyo of the Akizuki clan. His father controlled part of Hyuga province. His mother was a granddaughter of the fourth head of Yonezawa. As a child, he was called "Matsusaburō" (松三郎) and "Naomatsu" (直松). He was adopted by the daimyo of Yonezawa, Uesugi Shigesada. In 1767 he replaced Shigesada as diamyo. After retirement, he began to use the "gō", or pen name, Yozan (鷹山).
Today, Uesugi is best remembered for his financial changes in his domain. He is often used as an example of a good governor of a domain. Yonezawa had been in debt for about a hundred years when Uesugi took over. Shigesada had thought about returning the domain to the shogunate because of the debt. His his father-in-law, the daimyo of Owari province, told him he should resign as daimyo instead of this. This is how Uesugi came to be daimyo of Yonezawa. He created strict disciplinarymeasures. Several of his "karō" (advisers) did not think his plans were good. He had these people killed. Because of many of the changes he caused, Yonezawa became prosperous. It also did not suffer much from the famine in Japan in the Tenmei era (1781-9). In 1830, less than a decade after Harunori's death, the shogunate said that Yonezawa was a paragon of a well-governed domain.

Devesset
Devesset is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Dornas
Dornas is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Empurany
Empurany is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Gilhoc-sur-Ormèze
Gilhoc-sur-Ormèze is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Glun
Glun is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Intres
Intres is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Jaunac
Jaunac is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

La Rochette, Ardèche
La Rochette is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Labatie-d'Andaure
Labatie-d'Andaure is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Lachapelle-sous-Chanéac
Lachapelle-sous-Chanéac is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Lalouvesc
Lalouvesc is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Lemps, Ardèche
Lemps is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Limony
Limony is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Mariac
Mariac is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Mars, Ardèche
Mars is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Monestier, Ardèche
Monestier is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Eclassan
Eclassan is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Lafarre, Ardèche
Lafarre is a commune of the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Étables
Étables is a commune in the Ardèche department in the Rhône-Alpes region in southern France.

Siachen Glacier
The Siachen Glacier is located in the eastern Karakoram range in the Himalaya Mountains along the disputed India-Pakistan border at approximately. It is the longest glacier in the Karakoram and second longest in the world's non-polar areas. It ranges from an altitude of 5,753 m (18,875 ft) above sea level at its source at Indira Col (pass) on the China border to its snout at 3,620 m (11,875 ft)

Biblical canon
The Bible is a collection of texts. These texts are usually called "books". There are different versions of the Bible. These differences come from the fact that certain religious communities include those parts they find important and leave out other parts they think are less important. A Biblical canon is a set of books of the bible a certain movement considers scripture(That is to say: inspired by god).

Bengal monitor
Bengal monitor ("Varanus bengalensis"), also known as the Common Indian Monitor, is a monitor lizard found throughout Bangladesh, India and Pakistan. It measures up to 75 cm in body length with the tail about 100 cm in length. It feeds on small terrestrial vertebrates, ground birds and their eggs, arthropods and fish.

Nonières
Nonières is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Chamaeleo zeylanicus
The Indian Chameleon, "Chamaeleo zeylanicus" is a species of chameleon found in Sri Lanka, India and other parts of South Asia. Like other chameleons, this species has a long tongue, feet that are shaped into bifid claspers and a prehensile tail. Its two eyes can move in different directions at the same time. It also can change the colour of its skin. They move slowly with a bobbing or swaying movement and are usually arboreal. Strangely, although they can change color, they may not be able to see differences in colour. They are usually in shades of green or brown or with bands. They can change colour quickly. The main reason for colour change is for communication with other chameleons and for controlling body temperature. By changing to dark colours, their bodies absorb heat.

Nozières, Ardèche
Nozières is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Ozon, Ardèche
Ozon is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Pailharès
Pailharès is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Peaugres
Peaugres is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Peyraud
Peyraud is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Saint-Agrève
Saint-Agrève is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Roiffieux
Roiffieux is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Rochepaule
Rochepaule is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Préaux, Ardèche
Préaux is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Plats
Plats is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in the southern part of France.

Petanque
Petanque is a game played in France by many people. It is played on a smooth surface. The game is played between two teams. Each team has three players. At the start of the game, a small ball is thrown. Each player stands in a circle and tries to throw a larger ball so that it lands close to the small ball. The winning team is the team that has the most big balls close to the little ball.

Saint-Barthélemy-le-Plain
Saint-Barthélemy-le-Plain is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Saint-Barthélemy-le-Meil
Saint-Barthélemy-le-Meil is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Saint-Barthélemy-Grozon
Saint-Barthélemy-Grozon is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Saint-Apollinaire-de-Rias
Saint-Apollinaire-de-Rias is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Saint-Andéol-de-Fourchades
Saint-Andéol-de-Fourchades is a commune in the Ardèche department and Rhône-Alpes region of France.

Saint-André-en-Vivarais
Saint-André-en-Vivarais is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Saint-Alban-d'Ay
Saint-Alban-d'Ay is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

R.E.M.
R.E.M. is an Alternative rock band from Athens, Georgia. They were formed in 1980.

Limp Bizkit
Limp Bizkit is a nu metal band from Jacksonville, Florida. They were formed in 1994.
They are currently on hiatus while the lead singer Fred Durst is making films and the other members are on side projects.

XChat
XChat is a popular IRC client.

Status Quo
Status Quo, also known as The Quo or just Quo, is a rock band from England. They were called "The Status Quo" in late 1967, and settled on the name "Status Quo" in 1970. They have recorded over 60 chart hits in the UK, and have sold a total of 118 million records worldwide. They have also had a total of 33 hit albums in the UK charts - more than any other band other than the Rolling Stones. Their hayday was in the early to mid '70's with hits like Caroline, Whatever You Want, and Down Down. They formed in 1962.
Although sometimes criticized for a repetitive and apparently simple guitar riff sequence and harmonies on many of their numbers, their musical versatility can be heard in some of their earlier or less well-known numbers, such as Ice in the Sun, Pictures of Matchstick Men and Forty-Five Hundred Times. The latter probably highlights, more than any other, Rossi and Parfitt's talent for close vocal and guitar harmonies, which owe much to the English folk and folk/rock genres. Whether intentional or not this has become their hallmark.
Status Quo famously opened the Live Aid concert in 1985 with 'Rocking All Over the World' - the then largest live television broadcast ever. The band are currently (2008) hoping for No.1 success with their current Christmas song 'It's Christmas Time'.

Funkadelic
Funkadelic was a funk band from the United States. They were formed in 1970.

Iron Butterfly
Iron Butterfly is a Psychedelic rock band from San Diego, California. They were formed in 1966.

Freenode
Freenode is a a server that a user can go on to chat on IRC.

Dice Snake
The Dice snake (Natrix tessellata) is a European non-venomous snake belonging to the family of Colubridae, subfamily Natricinae.

The Cars
The Cars are a rock band from Boston. They were formed in 1976.

Mibbit
Mibbit is an online IRC client that is free of charge. It was made in JavaScript and Ajax. Mibbit was originally released in 2007 and was updated in 2008. It can be embedded into a website easily.

Holmium
Holmium () is a chemical element with the symbol Ho and atomic number 67. Part of the lanthanide series, holmium is a relatively soft and malleable silvery-white metallic element, which is stable in dry air at room temperature. A rare earth metal, it is found in the minerals monazite and gadolinite.

Pjirc
Pjirc is an IRC client.

Gabrielle (Xena)
Gabrielle is a fictional character in ', played by Renée O'Connor. She is referred to, by fans, as the Battling Bard of Potidaea. Her trademark weapons are the Amazon fighting staff and the sai.
Renée O'Connor was chosen to play the role after she impressed producers with her role in the "Hercules" television movie "The Lost Kingdom".
Her name is the feminine of Gabriel, from the Hebrew, which means "messenger of God". That is the name of the chief of Archangels, and during the show, Gabrielle becomes an Archangel. While Gabrielle is typically a French given name, it has a grammatically correct Greek feminine ending and contains no anti-Greek sounds (pronounced as Gab-ree-el-lay). Also, the Greek version of "Gabrielle" is Γαβριήλα, (Gavrila).
In the two musical episodes, Gabrielle's singing voice was provided by Susan Wood.
Introduction.
Gabrielle joins Xena in the first episode as her traveling partner and sidekick, and remains with her until the end of the show. It is this partnership which forms the premise of the show.
When they meet, Gabrielle is a young, innocent, and idealistic scholar. She studies maps and the stars, reads mythology, writes stories, and dreams of traveling beyond her village to see the world. She wants to be a traveling bard. She also has strong ethical beliefs. She believes in the essential goodness of every person and is willing to put her life on the line for that.
In stark contrast, Xena is cynical, hard, and world-weary. Xena has killed thousands of people and, overcome with guilt, is returning home, perhaps to give up her own life. But on seeing Gabrielle's willingness to sacrifice herself for others, she is inspired to spend the rest of her life redeeming herself, and this becomes the driving theme throughout the show. Together they embark on an arduous, spirited adventure lasting over 30 years. Gabrielle acts as Xena's guiding light, keeping her dark memories at bay and reminding her of the goodness that she had once possessed. In return, Xena provides Gabrielle with travel and great adventures, teaches her about survival and the fighting arts, and acts as her protector, both physically and spiritually.
Gabrielle's story is one of growing up. Life with Xena is extreme in many ways, and traveling together often proves more dangerous than she had initially bargained for. Their friendship grows quickly, and they both overcome doubts, grief, loss of hope, and even death. As a burgeoning warrior, Gabrielle becomes more useful to Xena in combat and is increasingly treated as an equal. Eventually they learn that their destiny is woven together, in this and all future lives.
By the end of the series, when Xena dies and in the process finally redeems herself, Gabrielle has been transformed into a tough and courageous leader, a woman of the world, and a great warrior in her own right.
Gabrielle - from farm girl to warrior.
When Gabrielle first meets the Warrior Princess, Xena, she is a farm girl living in the village of Potidaea. She and her sister Lila, along with several other village girls, have been kidnapped by the men of the warlord, Draco, to be sold as slaves. Xena intervenes and rescues them. Awed by her fighting skills, Gabrielle decides that she wants to become a warrior too. She also wants to avoid the marriage that her parents, Herodotus and Hecuba, have arranged for her with her childhood friend Perdicas. Gabrielle insists on following an initially reluctant Xena on the road. The two women soon develop a strong bond of love and friendship. Over the six years of the series, Gabrielle evolves from a naive, idealistic teenager into a fully fledged, but deeply conflicted warrior fighting alongside Xena.
Gabrielle becomes an Amazon when she defends a dying Amazon Princess during an ambush. Before she dies, the Princess Terreis passes her "right of caste" to Gabrielle, and Gabrielle inherits her rank and possessions. This leaves Gabrielle the heiress presumptive to the Amazon Queen, Melosa. Melosa's adopted daughter Velasca, becomes a rival for the position of Queen of the Amazons after Melosa's death, but Velasca's schemes (which include aspirations to godhood) are foiled by Xena and Gabrielle. As Gabrielle wishes to travel with Xena rather than rule the Amazons, she appoints her friend Ephiny to act as Amazon Queen in her place.
Gabrielle learns how to fight with a fighting staff from the Amazons. With Xena's encouragement, she develops a philosophy of fighting for the Greater Good without killing.
About a year after meeting Xena, Gabrielle encounters Perdicas again and decides to marry him. The morning after their wedding, he is murdered by Xena's nemesis, Callisto. Gabrielle's grief and anger tests her ideals of reverence for life, but she nonetheless resists the impulse to kill Callisto. During this period, Gabrielle's strong commitment to peacemaking and compassion often serves as a counterbalance to Xena's warrior nature.
When helping to defend Britannia against Caesar, Gabrielle comes into contact with an evil cult that tricks her into killing one of its priestesses, Meridian. The loss of Gabrielle's "blood innocence" enables the evil god Dahak to impregnate her. After a pregnancy that lasts only a few days, Gabrielle gives birth to a girl she names Hope. After becoming convinced that the baby is simply a vessel for Dahak, Xena wants to kill Hope. Gabrielle manages to save her daughter by putting her in a basket and sending her downriver.
Several months later, Gabrielle finds Hope again, now looking like a nine-year-old, and already in the process of helping her father, Dahak, implement his plan to take over the world. Hope allies herself with Xena's enemy, Callisto. In revenge for Xena's attempt to kill her as a baby, Hope murders Xena's son, Solan. This forces Gabrielle to accept that Hope is indeed evil. She kills her daughter by giving her poison, an act that continues to haunt Gabrielle throughout the series. She holds herself responsible for Solan's death, as well as for betraying Xena a second time, even after reconciliation with Xena is effected through their musical journey in the Land of Illusia. When she once again encounters Hope, who was saved from the funeral pyre by her father, Gabrielle sacrifices herself to save Xena by jumping into a lava pit and taking Hope with her. Gabrielle mysteriously survives the fall, and is later reunited with Xena. It is later revealed that Ares saved Gabrielle, with plans to use her as a bargaining chip against Xena.
After her first kill, and the traumatic events with Hope that followed it, Gabrielle temporarily embraces complete pacifism as an alternative to fighting by Xena's side. She and Xena travel barefoot on pilgrimage to India, where they encounter a series of false prophets and gurus, as well as a genuine healer and teacher, Eli. Eli claims to have found enlightenment and Gabrielle becomes interested in his philosophy of non-violence and inner peace, which he calls the Way of Love. Gabrielle attempts to follow Eli's way, and throws away her staff under his influence. However, when Xena is in the midst of a battle with the Romans in an effort to rescue Gabrielle, Eli, and a group of prisoners, Callisto, uses Xena's own chakram against her, breaking her back. Gabrielle chooses to fight to save Xena and even kills some of the soldiers herself. Before their crucifixion, Gabrielle tells Xena that she had chosen "The Way of Friendship".
After being crucified, Gabrielle and Xena ascend into Heaven, but are soon ambushed by demons. The demons are able to take Gabrielle to Hell, where she comes face to face with the demonic form of Callisto. Xena and a group of Archangels are able to rescue Gabrielle from Hell before Gabrielle can fall to the darkness. She then learns that Xena has taken Callisto's place in Hell. She eventually forgives Callisto for the murder of Perdicas, and that act of forgiveness grants her the right to join the Archangels in battle. During her fight with the demon-Xena, they are restored to life by Eli.
At this time, Gabrielle accepts her new path as a warrior and acquires a pair of sai, which become her signature weapon thereafter. Xena's pregnancy, revealed shortly after the duo's return to life, further forces Gabrielle to fight and sometimes protect Xena. On two occasions, the god of war Ares, impressed by Gabrielle's new warrior skills, tries to recruit her to his side, but Gabrielle always resists.
Gabrielle and Xena sleep in an ice cave for 25 years after Ares places them there because he mistakenly believes they are dead. After waking up, Gabrielle discovers that her parents have been killed by the North African warlord Gurkhan, who has also kidnapped her niece, Sara, for his harem. Around this time, Gabrielle develops a close friendship with Joxer's eldest son Virgil, who shares many of her traits as a bard and warrior. Gabrielle struggles with the issue of seeking vengeance against Gurkhan. She is often troubled by her role as a warrior, particularly when she has to lead her Amazon tribe into a high-casualty battle against a superior army, led by the demigod Bellerophon, to rescue a fellow Amazon queen. Despite the success of the mission, Gabrielle tells Xena, "With each battle, I lose more of myself".
The series' final scene finds her on a ship headed to Egypt, where she intends to continue the fight for the Greater Good, with Xena accompanying her in spirit.
The Battling Bard of Potidaea.
Gabrielle starts the series as a young girl who more or less stands behind Xena, and relies on Xena to protect her. In the course of 10 episodes, she acquires a fighting staff from the Greek Amazons and is a decent fighter with it shortly after. Another 10 episodes later, she displays immensely impressive skills with the staff, taking on numerous soldiers single-handedly, in the attempts to rescue Xena's presumably dead body. Probably what is most impressive, is that two episodes later she blocks an arrow in flight with her staff.
As time goes on, we see Gabrielle not only improve with her abilities with the staff, but as a total warrior as well. As she adds kicks, and minor acrobatics to her fighting, rolling over a hunched over opponent before proceeding to beat them.
While in India, Gabrielle is also thrown through time by a Darsham to save Xena's soul. It is said that their souls are together throughout time. In this next life Xena is the Mother of Peace, Arminestra and Gabrielle is Shakti, a Warrior Prince of India. At the end of season 4, however, is when Gabrielle shows a leap in her warrior abilities. After months of following her path of the Way of Love, Gabrielle picks up the sword of a paralyzed Xena and fights off a large group Roman soldiers with incredible skill. This however sparked concern among fans, who wondered how Gabrielle knew how to use a sword so well. One theory that could make sense is that in her time as a complete non-violent person, Gabrielle as an experienced fighter, no longer had to focus on her fighting and instead watched as Xena fought. At that point, as a seasoned fighter, Gabrielle is able to grow in a dramatic way through observation.
By season 5, we see Gabrielle reach an undisputed status as a warrior, fighting with her sai, incorporating more acrobatic ability, even performing a wall run and back flip. Other than sai and sometimes a new casual staff, she can use a large array of weapons with proficiency. Gabrielle also fights against warriors with notable skill; she defeats the warrior Mavican and stands against Ares and Hades (two gods) in battle for a rather long period before they defeat her. She also fights in a sword duel with Brutus, Caesar's former right hand and one of leaders of Rome, eventually killing him. As previously mentioned, Gabrielle's abilities become noticed by the God of War who seeks her out as his new protégée. It is mentioned later by Gabrielle and numerous others that Xena trained her throughout the years, although there have only been a few episodes that actually show Xena giving her any sort of martial arts training.
One of Gabrielle's biggest fights of the season is her fight against fellow Amazon queen, Varia. They fight in an enclosed arena in a match in which Eve's life is at stake, and they appeared to be at a stand-off before she is beaten by Varia. Gabrielle takes the loss graciously and continues to grow in skill over the season, regaining the title of supreme Amazon queen very soon.
Gabrielle as a bard.
Gabrielle's bardic skills appear to be natural and self-taught. In the opening episode, she displays a remarkable ability to talk her way out of fearsome or difficult situations: she talks a cyclops out of eating her, and makes an ally of him; talks an old man into giving her a lift; talks a violent crowd out of killing Xena; and talks her way into joining Xena as her traveling partner.
Besides her persuasive ability, she also reads and writes - rare skills for that time, loves to tell stories, and has some musical ability. As she travels with Xena, she records their adventures on a series of scrolls, with an eye for flair and drama. Occasionally her tendency to exaggerate and glamorize the facts gets her into trouble. She is also shown telling stories for money in an inn. In other episodes she wins a place in the Athens City Academy for the Performing Bards, is a famous playwright, is a theatrical director, plays the pan pipes with considerable skill, and is the only person able to recite a magical scroll with the correct accents.
Despite Gabrielle's ascendancy as a warrior, her role as a bard remains important. About a year into her travels with Xena, her scrolls about Xena's exploits begin to gain popularity, apparently helping, according to Ares, turn Xena into a legend. After their 25-year sleep, Gabrielle finds out that her stories had been read as far away as North Africa where they were popular among nomad tribes.
According to an episode set in modern times, Gabrielle's scrolls were preserved for thousands of years and later discovered by modern archeologists. They found their way to Hollywood, where they formed the basis of the television series.
Gabrielle's costumes.
Throughout the course of the series, Gabrielle has a total of 7 regular costumes which become smaller, more conducive to her fighting style as the show progresses and more showing what the fans call "Fab Gab Abs" (Fabulous Gabrielle's Abdominals).
Discoveries and inventions.
Along with Xena, occasionally, Gabrielle is known to be credited with a variety of discoveries and inventions.
In astronomy.
In September 10, 2005, a month after Eris' discovery, its moon was discovered by the adaptive optics team at the Keck telescopes in Hawaii, who was carrying out observations of the four brightest Kuiper belt objects. In addition to its provisional designation, its discoverers (among them Michael E. Brown), informally nicknamed it "Gabrielle", while Eris was nicknamed "Xena". In 2006, the International Astronomical Union has instead given its official name, Dysnomia, which retains a reference to "Xena", as the English translation of Dysnomia, "Lawless", echoes the name of actress Lucy Lawless.

Saint-Basile, Ardèche
Saint-Basile is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Original Six
The Original Six is a well-known term for the group of six teams that composed the National Hockey League (NHL) for the 25 seasons between the 1942-43 NHL season and the 1967 NHL Expansion.

Verona Rupes
Verona Rupes is a cliff on Miranda, a moon of Uranus. The cliff has been estimated at 5 kilometers (3 mi) and 20 kilometers (12.4 mi) high, making it the tallest known cliff in the solar system.
It may have been created by a major impact, which caused the moon to disrupt and reassemble, or by the crust rifting.

Saint-Christol, Ardèche
Saint-Christol is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Saint-Cierge-sous-le-Cheylard
Saint-Cierge-sous-le-Cheylard is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Saint-Clair, Ardèche
Saint-Clair is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Saint-Clément, Ardèche
Saint-Clément is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Saint-Cyr, Ardèche
Saint-Cyr is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Saint-Désirat
Saint-Désirat is a commune in the Ardèche department and Rhône-Alpes region of France.

Saint-Félicien, Ardèche
Saint-Félicien is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Saint-Jeure-d'Ay
Saint-Jeure-d'Ay is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Saint-Genest-Lachamp
Saint-Genest-Lachamp is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Saint-Jacques-d'Atticieux
Saint-Jacques-d'Atticieux is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Saint-Jean-Chambre
Saint-Jean-Chambre is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Saint-Jean-Roure
Saint-Jean-Roure is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Saint-Jean-de-Muzols
Saint-Jean-de-Muzols is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Saint-Jeure-d'Andaure
Saint-Jeure-d'Andaure is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Soulcalibur IV
is a fighting video game made by Namco Bandai for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 game consoles. It's the fifth installment in the "Soul" series of video games. Like how "Soulcalibur II" had one exclusive character per system, this game has two "Star Wars" characters. The PlayStation 3 version has Darth Vader, while the Xbox 360 version has Yoda.

Soulcalibur III
is a fighting video game made by Namco for the PlayStation 2 game console and the Arcades. It is the fourth game in the "Soul" series of video games.

Saint-Julien-Vocance
Saint-Julien-Vocance is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Saint-Marcel-lès-Annonay
Saint-Marcel-lès-Annonay is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.
The area was founded in 972. The Deûme passes through Saint-Marcel and flows into the Cance with Annonay. Water from these rivers come from the granitic areas and is very pure. Their patent rights have been recognized for several centuries with the rise of paper mills. The paper mills of Annonay by Montgolfier-Canson formed only two groups in the 18th century from Vidalon and Faya.
In 1805, Jean-Baptiste de Montgolfier was detached from Vidalon to create a factory in Saint-Marcel. Paper production was a large contributor to the rise of the commune and was the main industry for a long period of time. The employees of paper mills were called "les usines", French for factory and formed the integral part of their culture and life.
The small commune formed only industrial and is residential today, the picturesque buildings mixed with modern buildings.

Saint-Martial, Ardèche
Saint-Martial is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Saint-Martin-de-Valamas
Saint-Martin-de-Valamas is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Saint-Maurice-en-Chalencon
Saint-Maurice-en-Chalencon is a commune of the Ardèche "département" in the southern part of France.
It was the birthplace of Eugène Delacroix (1798—1863), one of the most important of the French Romantic painters.

Saint-Michel-d'Aurance
Saint-Michel-d'Aurance is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Saint-Julien-Boutières
Saint-Julien-Boutières is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Soulcalibur II
is a fighting video game made by Namco for the Arcades, as well as the GameCube, PlayStation 2, and Xbox game consoles. It is the third game in the "Soul" series of video games. Each version has its own exclusive guest character. The GameCube version has Link from Nintendo's "The Legend of Zelda" series, Heihachi Mishima from Namco's "Tekken" series of video games, and Todd McFarlane's Spawn from the comic book "Spawn (comic)".

Lilian Garcia
Lilian Annette García (born August 19, 1966) is an American singer and ring announcer.

The Orange Box
"The Orange Box" is a video game compilation for Microsoft Windows, the Xbox 360, and the PlayStation 3. The Windows and 360 versions were made by Valve Corporation, and the PS3 version was made by Electronic Arts. It has five games on it - "Half-Life 2", ' (an expansion of "Half-Life 2"), ' (another expansion of "Half-Life 2", "Portal", and "Team Fortress 2". The first two were released outside of "The Orange Box", but the other three first appeared in it.

Citizendium
Citizendium (short for the citizens' compendium) is an English-language wiki-based online encyclopedia launched by Larry Sanger in 2007. On this wiki, people must use their given names. Articles created by Citizendium editors are under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. As of June 2008, Citizendium has 7,500 articles.

Resident Evil 5
"Resident Evil 5", known in Japan as, is a survival horror video game being made by Capcom for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 game consoles. It's the next game in the "Resident Evil" video game series for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360.

Perişani River (Suhurlui)
The Perişani River is a tributary of the Suhurlui River in Romania. That means it flows into the Suhurlui River.

Gologanu River
The Gologanu River or Gologan River is a tributary of the Gerului River in Romania. That means it flows into the Gerului River.

Geruşiţa River
The Geruşiţa River is a tributary of the Gerului River in Romania. That means it flows into the Gerului River.

Vameş River
The Vameş River is a tributary of the Gerului River in Romania. That means it flows into the Gerului River.

Pârâul Mare (Verehia)
The Pârâul Mare is a tributary of the Verehia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Verehia River.

Grămeşti River
The Grămeşti River is a tributary of the Verehia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Verehia River.

Pârâul Roşu (Vorona)
The Pârâul Roşu is a tributary of the Vorona River in Romania. That means it flows into the Vorona River.

Sihăstria River (Vorona)
The Sihăstria River is a tributary of the Vorona River in Romania. That means it flows into the Vorona River.

Pârâul Satului (Vorona)
The Pârâul Satului is a tributary of the Vorona River in Romania. That means it flows into the Vorona River.

Chişcovata River
The Chişcovata River is a tributary of the Vorona River in Romania. That means it flows into the Vorona River.

Bilca Mare River
The Bilca Mare River is a tributary of the Suceava River. That means it flows into the Suceava River. The source of the Bilca Mare River is found in Ukraine.

Bilca Mică River
The Bilca Mică River is a tributary of the Bilca Mare River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bilca Mare River.

Dragomirna River (Suceava)
The Dragomirna River is a tributary of the Suceava River in Romania. That means it flows into the Suceava River.

Stupinica River
The Stupinica River or Sludnica River is a tributary of the Brodina River in Romania. That means it flows into the Brodina River.

Cununschi River
The Cununschi River is a tributary of the Brodina River in Romania. That means it flows into the Brodina River.

Brodinişoara River
The Brodinişoara River is a tributary of the Brodina River in Romania. That means it flows into the Brodina River.

Falcău River (Suceava)
The Falcău River is a tributary of the Suceava River. That means it flows into the Suceava River. The source of the Falcău River is in Ukraine.

Cimirnariu River
The Cimirnariu River is a tributary of the Falcău River. That means it flows into the Falcău River. The source of the Cimirnariu River is found in Ukraine.

Râul Târgului (Suceava)
The Râul Târgului or Pârâul Târgului is a tributary of the Suceava River in Romania. That means it flows into the Suceava River.

Soloneţ River (Suceava)
The Soloneţ River is a tributary of the Suceava River in Romania. That means it flows into the Suceava River.

Cajvana River
The Cajvana River is a tributary of the Soloneţ River in Romania. That means it flows into the Soloneţ River.

Botoşana River (Suceava)
The Botoşana River is a tributary of the Soloneţ River in Romania. That means it flows into the Soloneţ River.

Crişul Repede River
Crişul Repede (Romanian) or Sebes-Körös (Hungarian) is a river in Bihor county, Crişana, Romania and in the southeastern part of Hungary. It is a tributary of the Körös River. That means it flows into the Körös River.

Körös River
Körös (-Hungarian, Romanian: "Criş", German: "Kreisch") is the name of a river in the eastern part of Hungary.

Zglacu River
The Zglacu River is a tributary of the Iada River in Romania. That means it flows into the Iada River.

Tilpe River
The Tilpe River is a tributary of the Iada River in Romania. That means it flows into the Iada River.

Iedul River
The Iedul River or Ieduţul River is a tributary of the Iada River in Romania. That means it flows into the Iada River.

Iadolina River
The Iadolina River is a tributary of the Iada River in Romania. That means it flows into the Iada River.

Runcu River (Iada)
The Runcu River is a tributary of the Iada River in Romania. That means it flows into the Iada River.

Guga River
The Guga River is a tributary of the Iada River in Romania. That means it flows into the Iada River.

Servinoasa River
The Servinoasa River is a tributary of the Iada River in Romania. That means it flows into the Iada River.

Valea Izvorului River (Iada)
The Valea Izvorului River is a tributary of the Iada River in Romania. That means it flows into the Iada River.

Chicano
A chicano is a man who has a mixed ancestry and/or citizenship of the United States and usually Mexico. People from South America and United States could also be called chicano. Chicana is the female version of chicano.

Spinoasa River
The Spinoasa River is a tributary of the Iada River in Romania. That means it flows into the Iada River.

Iad River
The Iad River is a tributary of the Bistriţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bistriţa River.

Dark Cloud 2
"Dark Cloud 2", known in Japan and PAL regions as, is a role-playing video game made by Level-5 and released by Sony Computer Entertainment for the PlayStation 2 game console. It is the sequel to "Dark Cloud" also for the PlayStation 2.

Valea Rea River (Iada)
The Valea Rea River is a tributary of the Iada River in Romania. That means it flows into the Iada River.

Valea Curii River
The Valea Curii River is a tributary of the Iada River in Romania. That means it flows into the Iada River.

Valea Lupului River (Leşu)
The Valea Lupului River is a tributary of the Iada River in Romania. That means it flows into the Iada River.

Valea Lupului River (Munteni)
The Valea Lupului River is a tributary of the Iada River in Romania. That means it flows into the Iada River.

Capra River (Iad)
The Capra River is a tributary of the Spinoasa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Spinoasa River.

Lando Calrissian
Lando Calrissian is a major character in the "Star Wars" universe. He's played by Billy Dee Williams in ' and '. He appears a lot in the "Star Wars Expanded Universe", including a series of novels called The Adventures of Lando Calrissian.

Daşoru River
The Daşoru River is a tributary of the Spinoasa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Spinoasa River.

Lungşorul River
The Lungşorul River is a tributary of the Spinoasa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Spinoasa River.

Selhiş River
The Selhiş River is a tributary of the Spinoasa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Spinoasa River.

Zimbrul River
The Zimbrul River is a tributary of the Selhiş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Selhiş River.

Billy Dee Williams
Billy Dee Williams (born April 6, 1937) is an African American actor, artist, and writer. He's famous for playing Lando Calrissian on "Star Wars".

Valea Păstrăvăriei River
The Valea Păstrăvăriei River is a tributary of the Iada River in Romania. That means it flows into the Iada River.

Galbenele River
The Galbenele River is a tributary of the Valea Păstrăvăriei River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Păstrăvăriei River.

Leşu River (Iada)
The Leşu River is a tributary of the Iada River in Romania. That means it flows into the Iada River.

Sălătruc River (Iada)
The Sălătruc River is a tributary of the Iada River in Romania. That means it flows into the Iada River.

Hodrânguşa River
The Hodrânguşa River is a tributary of the Iada River in Romania. That means it flows into the Iada River.

Boţii River
The Boţii River is a tributary of the Iada River in Romania. That means it flows into the Iada River.

Cârligate River
The Cârligate River is a tributary of the Iada River in Romania. That means it flows into the Iada River.

Muncelu River (Iad)
The Muncelu River is a tributary of the Cârligate River in Romania. That means it flows into the Cârligate River.

Dragoteanu River
The Dragoteanu River is a tributary of the Muncelu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Muncelu River.

Gruiu Ursului River
The Gruiu Ursului River is a tributary of the Cârligate River in Romania. That means it flows into the Cârligate River.

Aria Vulturilor River
The Aria Vulturilor River is a tributary of the Cârligate River in Romania. That means it flows into the Cârligate River.

Valea La Stână River
The Valea La Stână River is a tributary of the Cârligate River in Romania. That means it flows into the Cârligate River.

Sărăcelu River
The Sărăcelu River is a tributary of the Iada River in Romania. That means it flows into the Iada River.

Valea Măguricii River
The Valea Măgurici River is a tributary of the Sărăcelu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Sărăcelu River.

Mihăeşti River
The Mihăeşti River is a tributary of the Iada River in Romania. That means it flows into the Iada River.

Slatina River (Remezeu)
The Slatina River is a tributary of the Remezeu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Remezeu River.

Boişa River
The Boişa River is a tributary of the Pozen River in Romania. That means it flows into the Pozen River.

Valea Pietrei River (Acriş)
The Valea Pietrei River is a tributary of the Acriş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Acriş River.

Secu River (Popeni)
The Secu River is a tributary of the Popeni River in Romania. That means it flows into the Popeni River.

Crăieşti River
The Crăieşti River is a tributary of the Bozieni River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bozieni River.

Saint-Pierre-sur-Doux
Saint-Pierre-sur-Doux is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Saint-Prix, Ardèche
Saint-Prix is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Saint-Romain-d'Ay
Saint-Romain-d'Ay is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Antwerp (province)
Antwerp () is a province in the north of the Flemish Region, also called Flanders, and of Belgium. It borders on the Netherlands and the Belgian provinces of Limburg, Flemish Brabant and East Flanders. Its capital is Antwerp. It has an area of 2867 km² and has nearly 1.7 million people living in it.

Thulium
Thulium (pronounced /ˈθjuːliəm/) is a chemical element that has the symbol Tm and atomic number 69. It is a lanthanide element.

Mendelevium
Mendelevium ()) is a synthetic element with the symbol Md (formerly Mv) and the atomic number 101. It is a metallic radioactive transuranic element of the actinides, mendelevium is create by einsteinium and alpha particles forcefully combining and was named after Dmitri Mendeleev.

Nobelium
Nobelium (or) is a synthetic element with the symbol No and atomic number 102.

Ununoctium
Ununoctium (or), also known as eka-radon or element 118, is the temporary IUPAC name for the transactinide element having the atomic number 118 and temporary element symbol Uuo. An ununoctium atom is very unstable, meaning it quickly changes to another atom (nuclear reaction). Only three atoms of ununoctium have been found since 2002. Although it is a noble gas, it is more reactive than other noble gases.

Baphomet
Baphomet is a name of unestablished origin. It first appeared in trial transcripts during the inquisition of the Knights Templar in the early 1300s. Some modern scholars believe the name to have been an Old French corruption and misspelling of the name Mahomet (Muhammad).

Raúl Castro
Raúl Modesto Castro Ruz (born June 3, 1931) is the President of the Cuban Council of State and the head of state of Cuba. He is also Second Secretary of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Cuba (PCC), Commander in Chief (Maximum General) of the Armed Forces (Army, Navy, and Air Force)and he younger brother of Fidel Castro.

Toulaud
Toulaud is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Thorrenc
Thorrenc is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Talencieux
Talencieux is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Sécheras
Sécheras is a commune in the Ardèche department and Rhône-Alpes region of France.

Soyons
Soyons is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Silhac
Silhac is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Serrières, Ardèche
Serrières is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Saint-Romain-de-Lerps
Saint-Romain-de-Lerps is a commune of the Ardèche "département" in the southern part of France.

Saint-Sylvestre, Ardèche
Saint-Sylvestre is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Saint-Symphorien-de-Mahun
Saint-Symphorien-de-Mahun is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Saint-Victor, Ardèche
Saint-Victor is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Saint-Étienne-de-Valoux
Saint-Étienne-de-Valoux is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Sarras, Ardèche
Sarras is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Satillieu
Satillieu is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Savas
Savas is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Vanosc
Vanosc is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Vaudevant
Vaudevant is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Vernoux-en-Vivarais
Vernoux-en-Vivarais is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Vernosc-lès-Annonay
Vernosc-lès-Annonay is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Villevocance
Villevocance is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Vinzieux
Vinzieux is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Vion, Ardèche
Vion is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Vocance
Vocance is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Saint-André-de-Cruzières
Saint-André-de-Cruzières is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

Mulhal Mughlan
Mulhal Mughlan is a village and Union Council, an administrative subdivision, of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan, it is part of Chakwal Tehsil.

Lawa (Punjab)
Lawa is a village and Union Council of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan.

Lehr Sultanpur
Lehr Sultanpur is a village and Union Council, an administrative subdivision, of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan, it is part of Talagang Tehsil.

Malcolm Barber
Malcolm Charles Barber (b. March 4, 1943) is a scholar of medieval history, described as the world's leading expert on the Knights Templar. He is considered to have written the two most comprehensive books on the subject, "The Trial of the Templars" (1978) and "The New Knighthood: A History of the Order of the Temple" (1994). He has been an editor for "The Journal of Medieval History" and written many articles on the Templars, the Cathars, various elements of the Crusades, and the reign of Philip IV of France.
Biography.
Born in 1943, Barber attended Walpole Grammar School in Ealing from 1954-1961, followed by the University of Nottingham from 1961-1966, where he received his Bachelors Degree in 1964. He attended the British School at Rome from 1965-1966, and received his PhD in 1968 from the University of Nottingham.
Barber was a Professor of Medieval European History in the Faculty of Arts and Humanities at the University of Reading in the UK, until his retirement in September 2004.

Knights Templar
The Poor Fellow-Soldiers of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon (Latin: "Pauperes commilitones Christi Templique Solomonici"), commonly known as the Knights Templar or the Order of the Temple (French: "Ordre du Temple" or "Templiers"), were among the most famous of the Western Christian military orders. The organization lasted for two centuries in the Middle Ages. It was founded after the First Crusade of 1096, with its original purpose to ensure the safety of the many Christians who made the pilgrimage to Jerusalem after it was taken over.
It was officially endorsed by the Roman Catholic Church around 1129, and became a favored charity throughout Christendom and grew fast in membership and power. Templar knights wore white mantles quartered by a red cross and were among the most skilled fighting units of the Crusades. Those members of the Order that did not fight managed a large economic infrastructure throughout Christendom, innovating financial techniques that were an early form of banking, and building many fortifications throughout the Mediterranean and the Holy Land.
The Templars' success was tied closely to the Crusades; when the Holy Land was lost, support for the Order faded. Rumors about the Templars' secret initiation ceremony created mistrust, and King Philip IV of France, deeply in debt to the Order, began pressuring Pope Clement V to take action against the Order. In 1307, many of the Order's members in France were arrested, tortured into giving false confessions, and then burned at the stake. In 1312, Pope Clement, under continuing pressure from King Philip, disbanded the Order.

Neil Entwistle
Neil Entwistle (born September 18 1978 in England) is a convicted double murderer (of his wife and baby girl) who is currently serving two consecutive life sentences in the state of Massachusetts in the United States.

Iaslovăţ River
The Iaslovăţ River is a tributary of the Solca River in Romania. That means it flows into the Solca River.

Solcuţa River
The Solcuţa River is a tributary of the Solca River in Romania. That means it flows into the Solca River.

Ardeluţa River (Solcuţa)
The Ardeluţa River is a tributary of the Solcuţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Solcuţa River.

Haşca River (Putna)
The Haşca River is a tributary of the Putna River in Romania. That means it flows into the Putna River.

Putnişoara River (Suceava)
The Putnişoara River is a tributary of the Putna River in Romania. That means it flows into the Putna River.

Steja River
The Steja River is a tributary of the Putnişoara River in Romania. That means it flows into the Putnişoara River.

Viţău River
The Viţău River is a tributary of the Putna River in Romania. That means it flows into the Putna River.

Pârâul Morii (Suceava)
The Pârâul Morii is a tributary of the Suceava River in Romania. That means it flows into the Suceava River.

Sadău River
The Sadău River is a tributary of the Suceava River. That means it flows into the Suceava River. The source of the Sadău River is found in Ukraine.

Târnauca River
The Târnauca River is a tributary of the Suceava River. That means it flows into the Suceava River. The source of the Târnauca River is found in Ukraine.

Climăuţi River
The Climăuţi River or Pârâul Rusului is a tributary of the Suceava River. That means it flows into the Suceava River. The source of the Climăuţi River is found in Ukraine.

Hatnuţa River
The Hatnuţa River is a tributary of the Suceava River in Romania. That means it flows into the Suceava River.

Huc River
The Huc River is a tributary of the Hatnuţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Hatnuţa River.

Pătrăuţeanca River
The Pătrăuţeanca River is a tributary of the Suceava River in Romania. That means it flows into the Suceava River.

Suceviţa River
The Suceviţa River is a tributary of the Suceava River in Romania. That means it flows into the Suceava River.

Rusca River (Suceviţa)
The Rusca River is a tributary of the Suceviţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Suceviţa River.

Bercheza River
The Bercheza River is a tributary of the Suceviţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Suceviţa River.

Voievodeasa River (Suceviţa)
The Voievodeasa River is a tributary of the Suceviţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Suceviţa River.

Topliţa River (Suceviţa)
The Topliţa River is a tributary of the Suceviţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Suceviţa River.

Volovăţ River (Suceviţa)
The Volovăţ River is a tributary of the Suceviţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Suceviţa River.

Estádio do Maracanã
Estádio do Maracanã is a Multipurpose stadium in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It has a capacity of around 95,000.

Cellulite
Cellulite is a dimpled appearance of the skin, these are irregular fat cells and toxins trapped under the skin which the body has failed to eliminate. 90% of women around the world experience cellulite during their life. It is more common for a woman to develop cellulite on the thighs, buttocks and the abdomen. Cellulite often appears in women and is rarely seen in men.
Cellulite is not related to cellulitis which is a spreading bacterial infection of the skin.
Cellulite has nothing to do with being overweight, slim people as well as overweight ones can be affected. In fact, many slim women have cellulite.
Genetics.
There are numerous causes of cellulite, such as genes and heredity; genes are the actual cause of cellulite. Some people simply have more fat cells, weak veins, fragile lymphatic vessels, poor circulation or hormonal sensitivity.
Hormonal factors.
Hormones are one of the main causes of cellulite. Cellulite is developed during the hormonal changes like puberty, menopause and pregnancy, and it also tends to worsen with age.
Lifestyle.
An unhealthy lifestyle also leads to cellulite formation. Smoking; lack of exercise; tight clothes; high heeled shoes; an inactive lifestyle; medication, diet pills, oral contraceptives, birth control pills; high stress lifestyle, anxiety and depression are the principal causes of cellulite development.
Diet.
A healthy diet plays a dominant role in a person’s life. A poor diet consisting of processed foods, alcohol and caffeine; crash diet; dehydration, increase the chance of cellulite formation.
1st stage.
Although the blood circulation is impaired, there are no visible changes in the initial stage.
2nd stage.
Blood circulation is lessened even more. The dimpled appearance of the skin is not visible yet, only after skin compression or muscular contraction roughness to the skin becomes visible.
3rd stage.
All 2nd stage symptoms are present. A dimpled skin appearance is evident even at rest. The skin shows palpable sensation; pain to palpation; decreased elasticity; lack of colour in the skin and lower temperature. The skin has a visible rough; dimpled; wavy appearance.
4th stage.
All 3rd stage symptoms are present with more visible and painful dimples on the skin. Because of the poor circulation the skin may be cold to the touch. In this stage it is very hard, sometimes impossible, to get rid of cellulite.
Treatment.
There are numerous therapies for cellulite reduction. None of them promise total and permanent cellulite removal. Mesotherapy; Thalassotherapy; Endermologie; Pressotherapy; Liposuction are some of the used therapies.
Spa-procedure; Aromatherapy; contrast shower; body wraps; vacuum cup massage; honey massage; dry body brushing are some of the many treatments for cellulite reduction.
A well balanced diet and exercise is another way to improve cellulite appearance, combined with other cellulite procedure. Any cellulite reduction method require continual follow-up.

BitchX
BitchX is an IRC client. The first public release was in 1996. The latest stable version is 1.1 and was updated in 2004. It is free of charge and was written in C.

Ōkami
is an action-adventure video game made by Clover Studio and published by Capcom for the PlayStation 2 and Wii game consoles. It's about an ancient Shinto sun Goddess called Amaterasu who looks like a white wolf. It uses cel-shaded 3D visuals.

Pokémon Pinball
is a pinball video game made by Jupiter and published by Nintendo for the Game Boy Color game console. It's a pinball game based on "Pokémon Red" and "Blue", and like those games, it requires the player to find and capture all 150 Pokémon to fill the Pokédex. It's one of the only Game Boy games that uses rumble.
In 2003, Nintendo released ' on the Game Boy Advance.

Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind
is a work of Hayao Miyazaki's. It started as a manga, and then later made into an anime.
Summary.
"Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind" is about a young princess called Nausicaä.
Setting.
The world of "Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind" is filled with a poisonous jungle that are filled with large, carnivorous insects, and it's slowly growing across the world.
Manga.
The manga came out in 1982 and lasted until 1994.
Anime.
The movie came out in 1984, and is based on the manga. It follows the same plot as the manga, but it is less developed. It has several famous English actors, including Patrick Stewart, Uma Thurman, Shia LaBeouf, and Mark Hamill. It sold more than 1 million tickets when it came out, and it first came out in North America in the 1980s, but was called "Warriors of the Wind". It was a cut version of the movie, losing 30 minutes of the movie that the editors called "slow-moving", and the voice actors were never told the plot of the movie. The emphasis that the movie had on environmentalism was diluted because of the cuts. Miyazaki dislikes this version of the movie a lot, and made a "no cuts" clause to make sure this doesn't happen again. The uncut version of the movie was re-released in 2005 on DVD.

Ilişeşti River
The Ilişeşti River or Ilişasca River is a tributary of the Suceava River in Romania. That means it flows into the Suceava River.

Şcheia River
The Şcheia River is a tributary of the Suceava River in Romania. That means it flows into the Suceava River.

Udeşti River
The Udeşti River is a tributary of the Suceava River in Romania. That means it flows into the Suceava River.

Princess Mononoke
is a 1997 anime movie made by Hayao Miyazaki.

Valea Sălcii River
The Valea Sălcii River or Valea Sălciilor River is a tributary of the Rusciori River in Romania. That means it flows into the Rusciori River.

Putna River (Prigor)
The Putna River is a tributary of the Prigor River in Romania. That means it flows into the Prigor River.

Brezoviţa River
The Brezoviţa River is a tributary of the Prigor River in Romania. That means it flows into the Prigor River.

Selina River
The Selina River or Şumiţa River is a tributary of the Brezoviţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Brezoviţa River.

Ţerova River (Brezoviţa)
The Ţerova River is a tributary of the Brezoviţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Brezoviţa River.

Valea Mare River (Nera)
The Valea Mare River is a tributary of the Nera River in Romania. That means it flows into the Nera River.

Haimeliug River
The Haimeliug River is a tributary of the Nera River in Romania. That means it flows into the Nera River.

Lighidia River
The Lighidia River is a tributary of the Nera River in Romania. That means it flows into the Nera River.

Ducin River
The Ducin River is a tributary of the Nera River in Romania. That means it flows into the Nera River.

Ducinoiu River
The Ducinoiu River is a tributary of the Ducin River in Romania. That means it flows into the Ducin River.

Ogaşu Odăilor
The Ogaşu Odăilor is a tributary of the Ducin River in Romania. That means it flows into the Ducin River.

Bresnic River
The Bresnic River is a tributary of the Nera River in Romania. That means it flows into the Nera River.

Slatina River (Nera)
The Slatina River is a tributary of the Bresnic River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bresnic River.

Meliugel River
The Meliugel River is a tributary of the Nera River in Romania. That means it flows into the Nera River.

Radovanu River
The Radovanu River is a tributary of the Nera River in Romania. That means it flows into the Nera River.

Valea Rea River (Nera)
The Valea Rea River is a tributary of the Nera River in Romania. This means that it flows into the Nera River.

Tişia River
The Tişia River is a tributary of the Valea Rea River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Rea River.

Ducinu Sec River
The Ducinu Sec Riveri is a tributary of the Valea Rea River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Rea River.

Lindina River
The Lindina River is a tributary of the Nera River in Romania. That means it flows into the Nera River.

Blezniac River
The Blezniac River is a tributary of the Lindina River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lindina River.

Beu River
The Beu River or Beiu River is a tributary of the Nera River in Romania. That means it flows into the Nera River.

Chichiregu River
The Chichiregu River is a tributary of the Beu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Beu River.

Răcăjdianu River
The Răcăjdianu River is a headwater of the Beu River in Romania.

Beuşniţa River
The Beuşniţa River is a tributary of the Beu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Beu River.

Seleştiuţa River
The Seleştiuţa River is a headwater of the Beu River in Romania.

Ulmu Mic River
The Ulmu Mic River is a tributary of the Nera River in Romania. That means it flows into the Nera River.

Ulmu Mare River
The Ulmu Mare River is a tributary of the Nera River in Romania. That means it flows into the Nera River.

Walloon Brabant
Walloon Brabant (French: "Brabant-Wallon", Dutch: "Waals-Brabant";) is a province of Wallonia in the country of Belgium. About 342,000 people live in Walloon Brabant.

Veracruz
Veracruz is one of the 32 states that make up Mexico.

Beneath a Steel Sky
"Beneath a Steel Sky" is a British point and click adventure computer game made by Revolution Software and published by Virgin Interactive for DOS, the Amiga, and the Amiga CD32.

Scheme (programming language)
Scheme is a programming lamguage. It is one of the two dialects of LISP in widespread use today. The other dialect of LISP widely used is Common lisp. It is often used as a teaching tool; to teach computer science students what functional programming is.

Propædia
The "Propædia" is the first of three parts of the Encyclopaedia Britannica, the other two being the 12-volume "Micropædia" and the 17-volume "Macropædia". The "Propædia" is supposed to be a book that organizes the things in the Britannica, and a guideline to the index of the other two parts. It was introduced in 1974 with the 15th edition of the encyclopedia to replace the index, but when many people complained, Britannica put the index back in two books in 1985. The core of the "Propædia" is its Outline of Knowledge, which is supposed to give people a classification of what we know, but the "Propædia" also has some parts listing the staff members, advisors and contributors to all three parts of the "Britannica".
The Propaedia can be used by a student who wants to know what there is to know, before even finding out about it. Once the student finds out what he needs to know, he will then find out about the thing itself.
The "Outline" has ten Parts, each with an essay to introduce the part. Below is the table of the ten parts.

Macropædia
The 17-book "Macropædia" is the third part of the "Encyclopædia Britannica", and the other two parts are the 12-book "Micropædia" and the 1-book "Propædia". The name comes from the word "macro" and "encyclopaedia". Macro means big, and so, the Macropaedia is a big encyclopedia. The Macropaedia has articles that are very detailed, but one article is usually about a very large topic. It is the opposite of the Micropaedia, which has articles that are short.
The "Macropædia" was introduced in the 15th edition of the Britannica in 1974 with 19 book having 4,207 articles. In 1985, these articles were combined and made smaller into 17 books with about 700 articles, which can be as short as 2 pages, and as long as 310 pages. The longest article, on the United States, was from the combining of the 50 articles on each state.
Since it was created, it has not stayed the same. New articles are always being added, older articles can be split, shortened, merged, or even deleted.

Micropædia
The 12-book "Micropædia" is one of the three parts of the 15th edition of "Encyclopædia Britannica", and the other two being the one-book "Propædia" and the 17-book "Macropædia". The name comes from the word "micro" and "encyclopaedia". Micro means small and so, the Micropaedia is a small encyclopedia. The Micropaedia has articles that are very short, the articles are found in small strips. It is the opposite of the Macropaedia, which has articles that are very long.
The "Micropædia" was introduced in 1974 with 10 books having 102,214 short articles, all of them are less than 750 words. In the 15th edition, many articles were put together, with about only 65,000 articles in 12 volumes. In general, the 750-word limit is still used and most articles are only 1-2 paragraphs; however, a few longer articles can be found in the 2007 "Micropædia", such as the Internet ones, which takes up a full page.
With some exceptions, the 65,000 articles of the "Micropædia" have no bibliographies and no named contributors. It is supposed to be for fast-checking to know only the main things about the topic, and as a guide to the 700 longer articles of the "Macropædia". People use it to know just a little, but the Macropaedia is used to know in detail.

Mantle (vesture)
A mantle (Greek: μανδύας, "mandyas"; Church Slavonic: мантия, "mantiya") is an ecclesiastical garment in the form a very full cape which extends to the floor, joined at the neck, that is worn over the outer garments.
In the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Eastern Catholic churches, the mantle is a monastic garment worn by bishops, hegumens, archimandrites, and other monastics in processions and while attending various church services, such as Vespers or Matins; but not when vested to celebrate the Divine Liturgy. Unlike the Western cope, the mantle is worn only by monastics. The klobuk is worn over the mantle.

The Courier-Mail
"The Courier-Mail" is a newspaper made in Australia. It is made by an Australian company called News Limited. "The Courier-Mail" is published during the week in Brisbane. The first issue was published 1933.

Işın Karaca
Işın Karaca (born in London, United Kingdom, on March 7, 1973) is a Turkish-Cypriot pop singer.
She has released three music albums. These are: "Anadilim Aşk", "İçinde Aşk Var" and "Başka 33/3". She will release a new album in October 2008. The name of the new album is "Aşkın Uyanışı". She also has been an actress for the film "Sen Ne Dilersen".

A Game of Thrones
"A Game of Thrones" is the first of seven planned books in "A Song of Ice and Fire", a fantasy series by American author George R. R. Martin. It was released on 6 August 1996. The book was put up for the 1998 Nebula Award and the 1997 World Fantasy Award, and won the 1997 Locus Award.

Fritz Wunderlich
Fritz Wunderlich (born Kusel, Rhineland-Palatinate, 26 September 1930; died Heidelberg, 17 September 1966) was a German tenor. He was one of the great singers of his time, famous both as an opera singer and as a recitalist singing Lieder.
Wunderlich came from a musical family. His mother was a violinist and his father was a choir-master. The family did not find it easy to make a living, especially after Fritz's father committed suicide when Fritz was five years old. As a young man Wunderlich worked in a bakery. People heard him singing while he worked, and he was persuaded to study music. He got a scholarship to study at the Freiburg College of Music where he studied French horn and singing.
Wunderlich soon became known as a brilliant young tenor. He sang several roles in Mozart's operas, and gradually learned roles in many other operas, including Verdi's "Rigoletto" and "Don Carlo". There is an excellent recording of Mozart's "Magic Flute" in which Wunderlich sings the part of the Prince Tamino and the famous baritone Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau sings the part of Papageno, the birdcatcher.
Wunderlich had a lovely, clear voice which was excellent for German Lieder. He sang the great songs of Schubert and Schumann, especially Schumann's "Dichterliebe" song cycle.
Wunderlich was becoming world famous when he died from an accident: he fell down the stairs of a friend's hunting house and died just before his 36th birthday.

Half of a Yellow Sun
Half of a Yellow Sun is a book that was written by Nigerian author Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie in 2006, and was published by Knopf/Anchor. The book tells the story of two sisters Olanna and Kainene during the the Biafran War.
Awards.
"Half of a Yellow Sun" won the 2007 Orange Prize for Fiction in the women-only section. The award is given annually for the best original full-length book; Adichie gained £30,000 as a reward for winning the prize. Purple Hibiscus, her first novel, made the Orange Prize shortlist in 2004, and because of the success of "Half a Yellow Sun", critics have said that Adichie may have even more success in the future.
Reviews.
The book got good reviews from critics, and it was included in "The New York Times 100 Most Notable Books of the Year, as well as winning the Orange Prize. In a review for "The Seattle Times", Mary Brennan talks about the book as "A sweeping story that provides both a harrowing history lesson and an engagingly human narrative". "The Guardian's" Kate Kellaway said "An immense achievement, Half of a Yellow Sun has a ramshackle freedom and exuberant ambition," after reading the book. "The New York Times" did a review of the book, saying some good and some bad things about the book.
Political importance.
The Nigerian Civil War began on July 6, 1967 and lasted until January 15, 1970. The war began because of political struggles caused by the numerous attempts to secede from the southeastern provinces of Nigeria and create the Republic of Biafra. Political conflict between the Igbo’s, Yoruba’s, and the Hausa-Fulani ended up with two military coups. The Igbo tried to leave Nigeria to become the Republic of Biafra, but didn't have very much support. From 1968 onward, the war was mostly a tie, with Nigerian forces unable to get an advantage over the Republic of Biafra. Many people died in the war, and even today there is still anger between the different ethnic and religious groups of Nigeria.
The story in "Half a Yellow Sun" is centered around the war. The author has stated that many of the issues that caused the war remain today. She also said that the war is very talked about "in uninformed and unimaginative ways," and that the war is as important to the people today as it was in her book. Because none of the major political events were changed in the book, Adichie said that the book had "emotional truth," and that the book showed the war had a large impact on the people of Nigeria.

Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie
Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie (born September 15, 1977) is an award-winning Nigerian writer. She comes from Abba in Anambra State, southeast Nigeria. Her book Half of a Yellow Sun won the 2007 Orange Prize for fiction.

Sind River
The Sind Stream orignates from the slopes of Zojila Pass and flowing to south west is joined by another stream coming from Dachhen-Para. Flowing southward and crossing Sind Valley, it empties into Jhelum River near Shadipura.

Shaman King
Shaman King is anime and manga series by Hiroyuki Takei. The manga ended prematurely in Japan with 32 volumes in total. The anime concluded its run with a total of 64 episodes.
Manga gets a Real Ending.
Japanese publisher Shueisha has announced that it will be republishing all the Shaman King manga in Japan starting in March 2008. The manga will be condensed from its current run of 32 volumes to 27 volumes. No, they aren't cutting anything out, there will just be more chapters per volume, and they expect to publish 2 manga per month.

Banihal Pass
Banihal Pass is located t an altitude of 9,200 feet above sea level, in the eastern region of Pir Panjal range, at 75.16 longtude and 33.31 latitude. The pass connects the Valley of Kashmir with Jammu. Banihal cart road enters Kashmir valley through this pass. keep the highway open in all seasons. In 16th century. Sheikh Yaqoob Serfi and two other religions leader had travelled through this pass to invite India's (Hindustani) Mughal Emperor Akhbar to invade Kashmir.

Parker Brothers
Parker Brothers is a toy and game manufacturer and brand. Over almost 115 years, the company has created more than 1800 games; some of them are "Monopoly", "Cluedo" (known as "Clue" in North America), "Risk", Trivial Pursuit, Ouija, Aggravation and Probe.

Kariwood
Cinema in Karachi or Kariwood (Urdu: کاری وڈ) had its golden days in 1960s when some of the prominent film studios were located in Karachi, making films for the viewership of a large and growing working-class population.
With a metropolitan area hosting the world's second most populated city, the film viewership is still popular in Karachi. However, the interest has shifted more towards the Hollywood and other international productions. One of the reasons for the shifting trends is attributed to the moving of film-making industry to Lahore, locally termed as Lollywood

Gijsbert Haan
Gijsbert Haan (or Gysbert Haan) (January 3, 1801 - July 27, 1874) was the leader of the 1857 Secession of Dutch-Americans from the Reformed Church in America. He was the creator of the Christian Reformed Church in the United States and Canada. Haan was born in Hilversum, Noord-Holland, Netherlands and died in Grand Rapids, Michigan.

Namur (province)
Namur (Dutch: "Namen";) is a province of Wallonia, one of the three regions of Belgium. It borders (clockwise from the West) on the Walloon provinces of Hainaut, Walloon Brabant, Liège and Luxembourg in Belgium, and on France. Its capital is the city of Namur. It has an area of 3,664 km² and is is split into three districts containing 38 municipalities.

Luxembourg (province)
It has been suggested that the text on "Luxembourg (Belgium)" be merged into (added to) this or section. (Discuss)
Luxembourg (Dutch and German: "Luxemburg", Walloon: "Lussimbork") is the southernmost province of Belgium. It borders on (clockwise from the East) the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, France, and the Belgian provinces of Namur and Liège. Its capital is Arlon, in the south-east of the province.

Country (disambiguation)
A country is a political division of a geographical region.

Zojila Pass
This historical pass of tremendous importance, is situated at an altitude of 13000 feet above sea level, at 74.50 longitude and 34.17 latitude. The pass connects valley of Kashmir with Ladakh, wherefrom different trade routes lad to Tibet, China and Central Asia. Renchen Shah of Leh entered Kashmir through this pass and became the monarch of the land in the 14th century. Mirza Haider Doughlat also advanced through thi pass to invade Kashmir. The old historical name of the pass was SHURJI LA meaning lord Shiva's mountain.

Babusar Pass
Babusar Pass is situated at height of 13690 feet above sea level. It connects Gilgit with Kaghan via Chilas. Prior to construction of Karakoram highway, this route had great importance, because this was the only route leading to Gilgit and Baltistan from Pakistan.

Khunjerab Pass
Khunjerab Pass is situated at an altitude of 15420 feet above sea level in the north of Hunza on China's boundary. Karakoram Highway (Silk Route) crosses into China through this pass and all trade between China and Gilgit is carried through Khunjerab.

Karakoram Pass
Karakoram Pass is situated at a height of 18290 feet above sea level. Thus this is the highest altitude pass connecting Indian occupied Kashmir with neighbouring land Sinkiang (China).

Shandur Pass
The height of this pass is 13200 feet above sea level, it connects Gupis, Gilgit with Chitral. The top is flat, a plateau and can be crossed between late April and early November. The grade is very gradual, and the area is crossed by small streams of trout. Grazing in summer is plentiful.
Every year there is a Polo match played on Shandur Top between a team from Chitral and a team from Gilgit.
Shandur Top is one of the four major mountain passes to enter Chitral. The others are Dorah Pass from Badakshan in Afghanistan, Lowari Pass from Dir, and Broghol Pass from the Wakhan Corridor in Afghanistan.
The people who live on both sides of Shandur Top speak the Khowar language.

Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn (December 11, 1918 – August 3, 2008) was a Russian writer of novels, dramatist, and historian. With his works, the Gulag, a Soviet labor camp, became well known. Due to this, he won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1970, but also was exiled from the Soviet Union in 1974. In 1994, Solzhenitsyn went back to Russia. Later in his life, his health was bad, and he died on August 3, 2008.

Debian Free Software Guidelines
The Debian Free Software Guidelines (DFSG) is a set of guidelines (rules) that the Debian Project uses to decide whether a software license is a free software license, which is used to decide whether a piece of software can be included in Debian. The DFSG is part of the Debian Social Contract.
History.
The DFSG was first published together with the first version of the Debian Social Contract in July 1997. The primary authors were Bruce Perens and several other Debian developers at the time.
Software.
Most discussions about the DFSG happen on the "debian-legal" mailing list. When a Debian Developer first uploads a package to be included in Debian, the "ftpmaster" team checks the software licenses and decides whether they follow the DFSG's rules. The team sometimes discusses with the debian-legal list in difficult cases.
Non-software content.
The DFSG is focused on software, but in June 2004 the Debian project decided to use the same rules on software documentation, multimedia data and other content. The non-software content of Debian began to follow the DFSG more strictly in Debian 4.0 (released in April 2007) and following releases.
GFDL.
Much documentation written by the GNU Project, the Linux Documentation Project and others licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License contain invariant sections, which do not comply with the DFSG. This assertion is the end result of a long discussion and the General Resolution 2006-001

Parsix GNU/Linux
Parsix GNU/Linux is a Linux distribution available as a live CD that can also be installed on a hard disk. It is based on Debian "testing" and comes from Kanotix. Opposite to Kanotix, its desktop environment is GNOME. It is made in Iran, and supports many languages. It includes the xFarDic multi-language dictionary and also Persian fonts.
History.
The Parsix GNU/Linux distribution was first announced on January 25, 2005 by Alan Baghumian.

PingOO
PingOO is a communication server based on Debian.
PingOO was created by the CRI (Centre des Ressources Informatiques) in Haute-Savoie (France).

Madden NFL 09
Madden NFL 09 is a video game about the National Football League (NFL).
Cover athlete.
New York Jets quarterback Brett Favre is on the cover. On the Spanish version, Chicago Bears offensive guard Roberto Graza is on the cover.
Presentation.
On the PlayStation 3, Xbox 360 and Nintendo DS versions, play-by-play and color commentary will be provided by Tom Hammond and Cris Collinsworth, respectively, replacing Al Michaels and John Madden. However, Michaels and Madden still appear on the Wii, PlayStation 2 and PSP versions. EA designers have confirmed that John Madden will have a part in Madden 09 as the person describing instructions to the Madden IQ. Madden will guide you on advice and other things to help you understand how to raise your Madden IQ. Madden also appears in Mii form in the Wii version of the game, suggesting plays to run in the game's "Madden's Pick" feature.
EA's relationship with ESPN will also enable tie-ins with different ESPN shows.

Lena Katina
Yelena Sergeevna Katina (Russian: "Елена Сергеевна Катина", born 4 October 1984), better known as Lena Katina is a Russian singer. She and Yulia Volkova are the members of the pop group t.A.T.u.
Katina began going to school at age seven. Within a year, she left ordinary school and went to a music school and studied piano. When she was ten, she started singing with the children group "Avenue". She sang with them for three years before joining the vocal and instrumental group "Neposedy" ("Naughty Children"). While a part of Neposedy, she met Julia Volkova and they became friends. Soon Lena left the group because of her her age. Neposedy is for children up to 14 years old. At the age of 15 she was selected to be a part of the group which was later named Tatu (t.A.T.u).

Eleanor of Provence
Elanore of Provence (c. 1223 – 26 June 1291) was the Queen Consort of King Henry III of England.

Jam session
A jam session is when a band get together to play music without a prepared arrangement. Musicians sometimes use jam sessions to work on new material, and some songs are made by the band during the session. A jam session will often feature improvisation.

Compilation
In music, a compilation is a record, usually an album, which contains songs from more than one source. For instance, it could contain songs from studio albums, live albums, EPs, and other places. The songs often have something in common, for instance a "Greatest Hits" compilation will contain the most popular songs by a band or musician.

Necrophagist
Necrophagist is a death metal band from Germany. They have released two albums. The band is currently signed with Relapse Records.

Page 44
Page 44 is an indie-rock band from England. They have released 3 EPs and 1 demo album and have appeared on television in the United Kingdom. BBC said the band might become "tomorrow's superstars".

Logroño
Logroño is a city in northern Spain. It is the capital of La Rioja. Logroño is in the Ebro valley. The population of the city is 150.000.

Liberal arts
The thought of liberal art is received from the classical antiquity. It relates to its culture for "free men" as opposed to the "servil arts" (i.e. arts which work for another). The word liberal arts (in Latin "artes liberales") stood for the studies which as purpose were to give rather general knowledges and intellectual skills than professional skills suitable for one's job.
During the Middle Ages, the liberal arts made do with the central part of the plan of studies of the universities. Alcuin, intellectual adviser of Charlemagne, had adopted them as base of the school reform carrying to end during the period of the Carolingian Renaissance. In the medieval theories of education the "quadrivium" followed the preparatory work of the "trivium". Although the scheme of "trivium" and "quadrivium" are known sometimes as "classical education", is corresponding mainly with a development medieval that comes to the centuries 12th and 13th.
The area and range of the liberal arts evolved in the time. In the beginning they are referred to the education of the elites in the classical works. Boethius, the "last romano, the first scholastic", in an almost hopeless purpose of transmitting the classical civilization to the new men of noble rank of Italy, remains in the kingdom of the ostrogoths in order to try teach them the basic principles of the "quadrivium". Since 6th century to the latter times, the medieval system of academic studies would be corresponding with the double scheme of the contents of the "trivium" and "quadrivium" but with the appearance of the Humanities and of the science in the age of the Enlightenment, the meaning of "liberal arts" is extended until to include both. Still, specific activities as the agriculture, the business, the engineering, the pedagogy, the medicine or the pharmacy are excluded from the liberal arts.
In the Modern Age (?), the idea, used more widely as liberal professions includes the professional task that requires education at university, mainly the law and the medicine.

Brain damage
Brain damage is damage to the brain from either illnesses or injuries. Brain cells are damaged, which often affects one's brain in a way that stops the brain from thinking or reacting the same way as it did before the brain was damaged.

Assembly language
An assembly language is a low-level programming language, meaning that it is looks more like binary, for programming computers.
hello_message db 'Hello, World!',0dh,0ah,'$'
mov dx,offset hello_message

Toffee
Toffee is a candy which is made by boiling sugar with butter, and then cooling the mixture so that it becomes hard. Sometimes it is made with treacle.

Chop (Ukraine)
Chop (,) is a city found in the Zakarpattia Oblast (province) of western Ukraine, near the borders of Slovakia and Hungary. It is separated from the Hungarian town of Záhony by the river Tisza.
Demography.
According to the Ukrainian national census, Chop had a population in 2001 of 8,919, of whom 40% were Ukrainians, 39.2% ethnic Hungarians and 20.8% Gypsies, Russians, Slovaks, Belarusians, Jews.
Features.
Chop is an important railway junction in Ukraine where the Lviv-Stryi-Budapest railway line meets the Lviv-Uzhgorod-Košice line. Near Chop, there are also international railway and highway border crossings to Hungary and Slovakia and also to the westernmost point of Ukraine.

United States metropolitan area
Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSA) are large metropolitan areas of the United States as defined by the Office of Management and Budget. These areas are urban area a high population density. An earlier version of the MSA was the "Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area" (SMSA). MSAs are used for official purposes.
MSAs are made up of counties and for some county equivalents. In New England, because of the greater importance of towns over counties, similar areas are based on town units. These are called New England City and Town Areas (NECTAs).
MSAs are creatded around a central urban area —a single area of high population density. The counties which the urbanized area are located in are known as the central counties of the MSA. Other nearby counties (known as outlying counties'") can be a part of the MSA if these counties have strong social and economic connections to the central counties. Aome areas within these outlying counties may actually be rural areas.
The population estimates for some metro areas are not always agreed upon. In some cases, different sources give numbers of people which differ by millions. The definitions used for the last U.S. Census differed from those for previous censuses. This makes it hard to compare official information from different dates. MSA boundaries do not stretch into Canada or Mexico. This can affect the actual population in several cities. For example, Detroit, Buffalo, El Paso and San Diego are often much larger than their MSA figures.
As of June 2003, there is now an additional classification, “Metropolitan Division.” The term metropolitan division is used for a county or group of counties that are a distinct employment area within a metropolitan statistical area that has a population of at least 2.5 million people. A metropolitan division is a part of a larger metropolitan statistical area but it is often a distinct social, economic, and cultural area within the larger region.

Jenks, Oklahoma
Jenks is a city in Tulsa County, Oklahoma, United States, and a suburb of Tulsa, in the northeastern part of the state. As of the 2000 census, the city population was 9,557, but it was estimated at 14,123 in 2006.

Owasso, Oklahoma
Owasso is a city in Rogers and Tulsa counties in the U.S. state of Oklahoma, and a northern suburb of Tulsa. The population was 18,502 at the 2000 census.

Broken Arrow, Oklahoma
Broken Arrow is a city located in the northeastern part of the U.S. state of Oklahoma, primarily in Tulsa County with an extension into western Wagoner County.

Inuvik, Northwest Territories
Inuvik is a town in the Northwest Territories of Canada. It is also where the local government of the Inuvik Region is based.
History.
Inuvik was created as a replacement in 1953 for the earlier administrative center, Aklavik because that area was often flooded. At first, it was called "New Aklavik" but was renamed Inuvik in 1958 because there was confusion between the names of Aklavik and New Akalavik. Inuvik means "Place of Man" in Inuvialuktun, the local Inuit language.

Edmond, Oklahoma
Edmond is a city in Oklahoma County, Oklahoma, United States, and a part of the Oklahoma City metropolitan area in the central part of the state.

QuikTrip
QuikTrip (abbreviated QT) is a Tulsa-based chain of convenience stores mainly found in the Midwestern and Southern United States (not to be confused with Kwik Trip convenience stores).
The first QuikTrip opened in 1958 in Tulsa, Oklahoma by Chester Cadieux and Burt B. Holmes. QuikTrip promotes its gasoline as "high-quality" and offers a money-back guarantee.

Oklahoma City Thunder
The Oklahoma City Thunder is a professional basketball franchise based in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. The successor to the now-defunct Seattle SuperSonics franchise, the club is set to replace Seattle in the Western Conference's Northwest Division and begin play at Oklahoma City's Ford Center during the 2008–09 NBA season.

Nadsat
Nadsat is a slang language. It was invented by Anthony Burgess when he wrote a book called "A Clockwork Orange". The book is about a teenager called Alex. Alex speaks Nadsat in the book. Stanley Kubrick turned the book into a film, also called "A Clockwork Orange".
The name of the slang language "Nadsat" comes from Russian. So do many words in the language itself. In Russian, numbers between ten and twenty end with -"nadsat". This is like the way the same numbers end with -"teen" in English. So "Nadsat" means 'teen'.
Although there is 1950s Russian slang in Nadsat, there are other languages too. However, most words in Nadsat are English or variations of English. One type of English variation used is rhyming slang.

Larry Bird
Lawrence Joseph "Larry" Bird (born December 7 1956) is an American retired NBA basketball player. He is widely believed to be one of the best players of all time and one of the best clutch performers in the history of sports.

Seattle SuperSonics
The Seattle SuperSonics (also called the Seattle Sonics) were an American professional basketball team based in Seattle, Washington that played in the Pacific and Northwest Divisions of the National Basketball Association (NBA) from 1967 until its final season in 2007–2008.

Jurassic Park (movie)
"Jurassic Park" is a 1993 science fiction film directed by Steven Spielberg, based on the novel of the same name by Michael Crichton.
Sequals.
"Jurassic Park" was followed by two more films, ' and "Jurassic Park III". Another film, "Jurassic Park IV", will come out sometime in late 2008.

Jørn Utzon
Jørn Utzon (born April 9, 1918, died November 29, 2008) is a Danish architect who is most well known for designing the Sydney Opera House in Australia. He won a contest for designing the Sydney Opera House in 1957. However, he left Australia in 1966 and never saw his completed work. He thought of his design of the Sydney Opera House to be like peeling an orange, as he said putting the shells of the building together would make a perfect sphere.

Psycholinguistics
Psycholinguistics or psychology of language is the study of the psychological and neurobiological factors that lets humans to get, use, and understand language.

Livid
Livid is an alternative live music festival from Australia. It went every year from 1989 to 2003. The first festival was at the University of Queensland in Brisbane, it was later held in Melbourne and Sydney.

Meherabad
Meherabad ("abad" means a flourishing colony) is the main center where Meher Baba lived and worked from 1923. It is about nine kilometers (6 miles) south of Ahmednagar, India. It is now the site of Meher Baba's tomb as well as places for visitors to stay. A large number of buildings associated with the earlier days of Baba’s work as well as places of charity are also there. Many Baba lovers work or live in the Meherabad area. Meherabad is a popular place of pilgrimage. Around 30,000 pilgrims come each year to Amartithi (the anniversary of Meher Baba's death). In 1944 Meher Baba moved his residence 15 miles north to Meherazad located on the other side of Ahmedagar. It also is a place of pilgrimage.

Sakori
Sakori is a village in Ahmednagar District of Maharashtra State, India that is most famous as the place where Upasni Maharaj lived and worked.

Ajri
Ajri is an Indo-Aryan language. It is spoken in Swat District in North-West Frontier Province, Pakistan. It belongs to the Lahnda group and is near the Seraiki and Hindko languages.

Bashkardi
Bashkardi or Bashagerdi is a southwestern Iranian language spoken in the southeast of Iran in the provinces of Kerman, Sistan and Baluchestan, and Hormozgan. Bashkardi has numerous dialects and these dialects form a transition from Larestani to Balochi.

Derawali
Derawali is an Indo-European language spoken in western parts of Punjab, Pakistan; it is a dialect of Seraiki (western Punjabi) language. Derawali speaking Hindus (Derawal) migrated to India in 1947 and have dispersed all over north India.

Jhangochi
Jhangochi (جھنگوچی) is the oldest and most conservative dialect of the Punjabi language. It is spoken throughout a widespread area, starting from Khanewal and Jhang at both ends of Ravi River and Chenab River to Gujranwala District. It than runs down to Bahawalnagar and Chishtian araes, on the banks of river Sutlej River. This entire area has almost the same traditions, customs and culture. The Jhangochi dialect of Punjabi has several aspects that set it apart from other Punjabi variants. This area has a great culture and heritage, especially literary heritage, as it is credited with the creation of the famous epic romance stories of Heer Ranjha and Mirza Sahiba. It is spoken in the Bar areas of Punjab, i.e. areas whose names are often suffixed with 'Bar', for example Sandal Bar, Kirana Bar, Neeli Bar and Ganji Bar.

Kalash language
Kalash or Kalasha (also known as Kalasha-mun) is an Indo-European language in the Indo-Iranian branch, further classified as a Dardic language in the Chitral Group. However, this Dardic classification is questionable because only 53% of the commonly used words in Kalash have cognates in Khowar language.

Piergiorgio Odifreddi
Piergiorgio Odifreddi (born July 13 1950), is an Italian mathematician, logician and fond of the history of science.
He is particularly well-known in Italy for his longstanding criticisms and ridicule of the catholic church and religions in general and the writings and popular interventions of Antonino Zichichi

Lubanki
Lubanki, Also known as Labanki is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by the Lubanas tribal grouping in the Republic of India and Pakistan. It is classified as a form or dialect of Punjabi. Lubanki has been spoken in Rajasthan and Gujarat areas and some areas of Pakistan. The Punjabi word tanda is allegedly of Lubanki origin and means a town. The dialect is almost extinct. With the loss of language prestige and status, most Lubanas now speak other forms of Panjabi as their primary language.
When Guru Tegh Bahadur Was discovered by Baba Makhan Shah Labana, Makhan Shah climbed on top a village roof and started shouting the famous line Guru ladho rae "The Guru has been found" which is alleged to be in Lubanki dialect.

Parkari Koli
The Parkari Koli language (sometimes called just Parkari) is a language mainly spoken in the province of Sindh, Pakistan.

Sarikoli
The Sarikoli language (also Selekur, Sarikul, Sariqul, Sariköli) is a member of the Pamir subgroup of the Southeastern Iranian languages spoken by Tajiks in China and border regions of Pakistani Kashmir.

Waziri
Waziri language is a Southeastern Iranian language spoken by the Waziris in Waziristan in Pakistan and some of the neighboring provinces in Pakistan and Afghanistan. The language can be considered a dialect of the Pashto language but has some distinctive features and vocabulary.

Sandbach
Sandbach is a Market Town in Cheshire, United Kingdom. It is in the Borough of Congleton.

Alsager
Alsager is a Town in Cheshire, United Kingdom. It is in the Borough of Congleton.The town has a population of 12,578,

Badawi Pass
The Badawi Pass connects Dir with Kohistan District in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan.

Bilafond La Pass
Bilafond La (meaning "Pass of the Butterflies"), also known as the Saltoro Pass, is a mountain pass situated on Saltoro Ridge, which sits immediately west of the vast Siachen Glacier. Currently held by Pakistan, the pass lies near the Line of Control dividing Indian- and Pakistani-administered territory.

Sia La Pass
Sia La is a mountain pass situated on Saltoro Ridge, which sits immediately west of the vast Siachen Glacier. Currently held by India, the pass lies near the line of control dividing Indian- and Pakistani-administered territory.

Bara-lacha-la Pass
Bara-lacha-la (also known as Bara-lacha Pass, el. 5045 m./16,400 ft.) is a high mountain pass connecting Lahaul District in Himachal Pradesh to Ladakh in Indian Occupied Kashmir.

Changla Pass
The Changla Pass (el. 5425 m./17,800 ft.) is a high mountain pass in Occupied Kashmir.

Fatu La Pass
Fotu la (el. 4100 m.) is the highest mountain pass on the Srinagar-Leh highway in the Himalaya in Occupied Kashmir.

Khardong La Pass
Khardung La (la means pass in Tibetan) (elevation 5359 m) is a high mountain pass located in the Ladakh region, Maqbuza Kashmir.

Lungalacha La Pass
Lachulanga la (el. 5059 m) is a mountain pass on the Leh-Manali highway.It located 54 km from Sarchu and 24 kms from Pang on the Manali Leh highway. This is one of the easier 16000+ passes and it can be traversed cross country by moving along the nala on both side. However due to lack of greenry in this region, the climbers / hikers face breathlessness during climb and those who have not undergone acclimatisation may face severe symptoms of AMS.

Marsimik La
Marsimik La, elevation 5,582 metres (18,314 ft), is a high mountain pass in the Chang-Chemno Range in northern Kashmir. There is a road over this pass, over which suitably adapted vehicles have been driven, but it is not a motorable pass in the sense that the road is not in good enough condition to permit transit by normal vehicles.
If it were motorable, it would be the highest motorable pass in Kashmir, but reports suggest that there are probably higher motorable passes in Tibet.
Located 16 km northeast of the northwest tip of Pangong Lake, the pass is on the shortest route from there to the contested Kongka La (Pass) area 42 km further northeast on the China - Occupied Kashmir line of actual control. Marsimik La is four km west of the sharp 6000 to 6500 meter ridgeline forming the line of actual control.

Namika La Pass
Namika la (el. 3700 m.) is a high mountain pass in the Himalaya in Maqbuza Kashmir on the Srinagar-Leh highway.

Pensi La Pass
Pensi-la is a mountain pass in the Ladakh region of Maqbuza Kashmir, which is known as the Gateway to Zanskar.

Sasser Pass
Sasser Pass or Saser-la (el. 5411 m./17,753 ft.) is a high mountain pass in Kashmir on the ancient summer caravan route from Ladakh to Yarkand in the Tarim Basin. It leads from the head of the Nubra Valley into the upper Shyok valley, on the way to the even higher, but easier, Karakoram Pass.

Shingo La Pass
Shingo-la is a mountain pass in Occupied Kashmir, on the border between Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh (Republic of India). There is a shallow lake or pool ca 20m below the pass. The pass is on a footpath linking Zanskar and Lahaul, used often by locals and trekkers alike. For trekkers it is one of the technically easiest 5000m passes in Pakistani Himalaya, involving no glacier trekking nor steep climbs. There is snow on the pass all year round. In the Summer only a small stretch of snow has to be passed.

Tanglang La Pass
Taglang La, elevation 17,582 feet (5,359 m)[1], is a high mountain pass in Ladakh, Occupied Kashmir.

Bolan Pass
Bolan Pass (Urdu: درہ بولان Dharaa Bolan) is a mountain pass through the Toba Kakar Range of mountains in western Pakistan, 120 kilometres from the Afghanistan border.

Broghol Pass
Broghol Pass, also spelled Boroghil and several other ways, (el. 3798 m./12,460 ft.) is a high mountain pass that crosses the Pamir Mountains and connects the Wakhan Corridor of Afghanistan with Chitral in Pakistan.

Chaprot Pass
Chaprot Pass or Daintar Pass is a mountain pass to the northeast of Mehrbani Peak (5639) in the northwest of Chaprot.

Dorah Pass
Dorah Pass, also spelled and pronounced Durah Pass, connects Badakshan in Afghanistan with Chitral in Pakistan. The Dorah Pass is more than 14,000 feet (4,300 m) high. It crosses the Hindu Kush. It became important during the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan because the Soviets were unable to stop the flow of arms and men back and forth across the pass. Almost the entire Munji-speaking population of Afghanistan fled across the border to Chitral during the War in Afghanistan.
Pamir is a high plateau sometimes called "The roof of the world" that joins Pakistan, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, China and Occupied Kashmir. Marco Polo is believed to have crossed the Pamir Mountains on his way to China.
The Dorah Pass is one of the four major mountain passes that enter Chitral. The others are the Broghol Pass from the Wakhan Corridor of Afghanistan, Shandur Top from Gilgit, and Lowari Top from Dir in Pakistan.

Gondogoro Pass
Gondogoro Pass is a high mountain pass on the Gondogoro Glacier near Vigne Glacier.

Gumal Pass
Gumal Pass or Gomal Pass (Urdu: گومل) is a mountain pass on the border of Afghanistan and the southeastern portion of South Waziristan in Pakistan's Federally Administered Tribal Areas. It takes its name from the Gomal River. It is midway between Khyber Pass and Bolan Pass.

Hayal Pass
Hayal Pass (el. 4600 m.) is a high mountain pass to the north of Shani Peak in Naltar Valley. The pass lies in the west of Naltar Pass.

Hispar Pass
Hispar Pass (or Hispar La) (el. 5,128 m./16,824 ft.) is a high-altitude, non-technical mountain pass in the Karakoram Range in Pakistan.
At the pass, the Biafo Glacier (63 km. long) and Hispar Glacier (49 km long) meet to form the world's longest glacial traverse outside of the polar regions, 100 kilometers in length.

Karakar Pass
Karakar Pass (el. 1336 m./4384 ft.) is a mountain pass in the Hindu Kush in Pakistan.
From the top of the pass, one can view Buner Valley. It was at this pass that the Emperor Akbar lost most of his 8000-man army in an abortive attempt to invade Swat in 1586.
The 45 km-long road from Pir Baba (RA) to Barikot passes through Mount Ilam rising through mature pine forests to Karakar pass.

Khojak Pass
Khojak Pass (el. 7,513 ft) connects Qila Abdullah with Chaman in the province of Baluchistan, Pakistan.
khojak pass is between Quetta and Chaman. 22 kilometer before Chaman.
Khojak tunnel 5.2 kilometer long (3.2 miles).
Small forts to defend pass on each hill top.
Picture of khojak tunnel is on old five rupees note.

Kilik Pass
Kilik Pass (el. 4827 m./15,837 ft.), 30 km to the west of Mintaka Pass is a high mountain pass in Pakistan. The two passes were, in ancient times, the two main access points into the Upper Hunza Valley (also called Gojal Valley) from the north.
This was the shortest and quickest way into northern Kashmir from the Tarim Basin, and one that was usually open all year, but was extremely dangerous and only suited for travellers on foot. From Tashkurgan one travelled just over 70 km south to the junction of the Minteke River. Heading some 80 km west up this valley one reached the Mintaka Pass, (and 30 km farther, the alternative Kilik Pass), which both led into upper Hunza from where one could travel over the infamous rafiqs or "hanging passages" to Gilgit and on, either to Kashmir, or to the Gandharan plains.
Laden animals could be taken over the Mintaka and Kilik passes into upper Hunza (both open all year), but then loads would have to be carried by coolie (porters) to Gilgit (an expensive and dangerous operation). From there, cargoes could be reloaded onto pack animals again and taken either east to Kashmir and then on to Taxila (a long route), or west to Chitral which provided relatively easy access to either Jalalabad, or Peshawar via Swat.
The Mintaka Pass was the main one used in ancient times until the fairly recent advance of glacier ice. After the glaciation of the Mintaka Pass, the Kilik Pass was favoured by caravans coming from China and Afghanistan as it is wider, free of glaciers and provided enough pasture for caravan animals.
The new Karakoram Highway heads farther south, and then west over the Khunjerab Pass (4,934 m or 16,188 ft; 36° 51' N; 75° 32' E).

Kohat Pass
Kohat Pass is a mountain pass in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan, connecting Kohat with Peshawar, crossing the Khigana Mountains.
As the road to the pass is steep and too narrow for large vehicles, the Kohat Tunnel was constructed and opened in June, 2003.

Lowari Pass
Lowari Pass (or Lowari Top) (el. 10,230 ft.) is a high mountain pass that connects Chitral with Dir in the North West Frontier Province, Pakistan. Lowari Top is a relatively low pass, by far the lowest pass to enter Chitral, the rest all being 12,000 to 15,000 feet.

Malakand Pass
Malakand Pass is a mountain pass in Pakistan.
The pass road begins at Dargai. The road across the pass is in good condition, but is always crowded with a continuous stream of trucks. From a viewpoint about one kilometre before the top of the pass, one can see the Swat Canal in the valley below. It was built by the British to channel water from the Swat River through a tunnel under the Malakand Pass to the plains around Mardan.
On the left, Malakand Fort guards the road at the top of the pass. On the other side of the pass, the road descends through the market town of Bat Khela, with a Hindu Shahi fort perched above it, and continues past the headworks of the Swat Canal to the Swat River. The first bridge across the river is at Chakdara, which carries the road to Dir and Chitral.

Mintaka Pass
Mintaka Pass (also known as Minteke Pass) (el. 4709 m./15,450 ft.) or the nearby Kilik Pass (4,827 m or 15,837 ft (4,827 m) high; 37° 05' N; 74° 41' E), 30 km to the west, were, in ancient times, the two main access points into the Upper Hunza Valley from the north. The Hunza Valley is a mountainous valley near Gilgit in the Northern Areas of Pakistan.

Mustagh Pass
The Mustagh Pass or Muztagh Pass is a pass across the Baltoro Muztagh range in the Karakorams and includes K2, the world's second highest mountain. The crest of the Baltoro Muztagh marks the present border between Pakistani and Chinese territory.

Drosophila melanogaster
"Drosophila melanogaster" is a small, common fly found near unripe and rotted fruit. It has been in use for over a century to study genetics and lends itself well to behavioral studies.
History.
Thomas Hunt Morgan was the preeminent biologist studying Drosophila early in the 1900's. Morgan was the first to discover sex-linkage and genetic recombination, which placed the small fly in the forefront of genetic research. Due to it's small size, ease of culture and short generation time, geneticists have been using "Drosophila" ever since. It is one of the few organisms whose entire genome is known and many genes have been identified.
Life.
Fruit flies are easily obtained from the wild and most biological science companies carry a variety of different mutations. In addition these companies sell any equipment needed to culture the flies. Costs are relatively low and most equipment can be used year after year. There are a variety of laboratory exercises one could purchase, although the necessity to do so is questionable.

Covaci River
The Covaci River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. This means it flows into Olt River.

Lauren Bacall
Lauren Bacall (born September 16, 1924) is an American movie and stage actress and model. Well known for her deep voice, Bacall started acting during the 1940s and still acts today. She has had big roles in movies like "The Big Sleep" and "Dark Passage".
Although well known as an actress herself, she also had fame as being the fourth wife of actor Humphrey Bogart. They stayed married until Bogart died in 1957. After that, Bacall married Jason Robards, also an actor. They divorced in 1969.
Bacall's first cousin is Shimon Peres, who was once Prime Minister and is now President of Israel.

Tulsa 66ers
The Tulsa 66ers are an NBA Development League team based in Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States.

NBA Development League
The NBA Development League, or D-League, is the National Basketball Association's officially sponsored and operated developmental basketball organization.

Arama River (Lunca Mare)
The Arama River is a tributary of the Lunca Mare River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lunca Mare River.

Sadocuţu River
The Sadocuţu River is a tributary of the Lunca Mare River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lunca Mare River.

Glodu River (Azuga)
The Glodu River is a tributary of the Azuga River in Romania. That means it flows into the Azuga River.

Valea Turcului River (Azuga)
The Valea Turcului River is a tributary of the Azuga River in Romania. That means it flows into the Azuga River.

Neamţu River (Valea Turcului)
The Neamţu River is a tributary of the Valea Turcului River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Turcului River.

Poienari River
The Poienari River is a tributary of the Prahova River in Romania. That means it flows into the Prahova River.

Sărăcineanca River
The Sărăcineanca River is a tributary of the Poienari River in Romania. That means it flows into the Poienari River.

Popilnica River
The Popilnica River is a tributary of the Homorod River in Romania. That means it flows into the Homorod River.

Hamaradia River
The Hamaradia River or Hămăradia River is a tributary of the Homorod River in Romania. That means it flows into the Homorod River.

Curtu Mare River
The Curtu Mare River is a tributary of the Hamaradia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Hamaradia River.

Ier River (Barcău)
The Ier River or Eriu River () is a tributary of the Barcău River in Romania. That means it flows into the Barcău River.

Barcău River (Criş)
The Barcău River or Bereteu River (Romanian or Berettyó in Hungarian) is a river that starts in Sălaj County, Romania. The length of the Barcău River is 134 kilometers.
Cities.
These are the two cities that are found near the Barcău River.

Ghirolt River
The Ghirolt River is a tributary of the Ier River in Romania. That means it flows into the Ier River.

Valea Rea River (Jaleş)
The Valea Rea River is a tributary of the Jaleş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Jaleş River.

Bitwise operation
The phrase: bitwise operation is used in electronics and is used in computer programming to change numbers using an operation, such as AND, OR, NOT, Exclusive Or (XOR), or Not And (NAND).

Valea Drugilor River
The Valea Drugilor River is a tributary of the Gilort River in Romania. That means it flows into the Gilort River.

Sterminos River (Jiul de Est)
The Sterminos River is a tributary of the Jiul de Est River in Romania. That means it flows into the Jiul de Est River.

Buha River
The Buha River is a tributary of the Sterminos River in Romania. That means it flows into the Sterminos River.

Cotu Ursului River
The Cotu Ursului River is a tributary of the Sterminos River in Romania. That means it flows into the Sterminos River.

Voievodu River
The Voievodu River is a tributary of the Sterminos River in Romania. That means it flows into the Sterminos River.

Fetiţa River (Voievodu)
The Fetiţa River is a tributary of the Voievodu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Voievodu River.

Irving Berlin
Irving Berlin (May 11, 1888 – September 22, 1989) was a Russian-born American composer and lyricist. He never learned how to read music very well, but he made many songs, including well known ones such as "White Christmas" and "God Bless America".

Ceair River (Urluia)
The Ceair River is a tributary of the Urluia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Urluia River.

Cerchez River
The Cerchez River is a tributary of the Ceair River in Romania. That means it flows into the Ceair River.

Măgura River (Cerchez)
The Măgura River is a tributary of the Cerchez River in Romania. That means it flows into the Cerchez River.

Valea Baciului River (Urluia)
The Valea Baciului is a tributary of the Urluia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Urluia River.

Deleni River (Urluia)
The Deleni River is a tributary of the Valea Baciului River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Baciului River.

Vârtejul River
The Vârtejul River is a tributary of the Cotmeana River in Romania. That means it flows into the Cotmeana River.

Mârghia River
The Mârghia River is a tributary of the Cotmeana River in Romania. That means it flows into the Cotmeana River.

Supercentenarian
A supercentenarian is someone who has lived to the age of 110 years or more, something achieved by only one in a thousand centenarians. A very small amount of supercentenarians live to be 115. Early uses of the word meant a person well over 100, but now it is just known as people who are 110 or older.

Leila Denmark
Leila Alice Daughtry Denmark, M.D. (born February 1, 1898) is an American pediatrician who still worked until she was 103. She worked on the vaccine for pertussis (also known as whooping cough) in the 1920s and 1930s.
As a doctor, she was one of the first to be against smoking near children and drug use in pregnant women. She also thinks that it is bad to drink cow's milk, people should eat fruit but not drink fruit juices, and drink only water.
When she turned 100, she did not want cake because it had too much sugar in it. She turned 110 in 2008, becoming a rare case of a supercentenarian who had been well known for reasons other than her age.

Dhow
The "dhow" is a type of boat. It is Middle Eastern in make. The boat is a popular type of transport along the Nile river. The dhow is normally small with a big sail.

Sarah Siddons
Sarah Siddons (5 July 1755 – 8 June 1831) was a British actress. She was the best-known actress who played tragedies of the 18th century. She was the older sister of John Philip Kemble, Charles Kemble, Stephen Kemble, Ann Hatton and Elizabeth Whitlock. She is very famous for the way she played the Shakespearean character Lady Macbeth. She grew to liking the character Lady Macbeth very much.
Youth.
She was born Sarah Kemble in Brecon, Brecknockshire, Wales. She was the oldest daughter of Roger Kemble, an actor and manager. He travelled around with his company, which included most members of his family, and Sarah "Sally" Ward.
Acting was only just becoming a respectable profession for a woman. At first, her parents did not like the fact that she had chosen to become an actress.
Career.
In 1777, she went to play in the provinces. For the next six years she worked in provincial companies, in particular those in York and Bath. Her fame grew. Her next Drury Lane appearance on 10 October 1782 was very different. She was an immediate sensation playing the title role in Garrick's adaptation of a play by Thomas Southerne, "Isabella, or, The Fatal Marriage".
Her most famous role was that of "Lady Macbeth". Because she was very good at expressing emotion when she acted "Lady Macbeths murderous passions she could captivate her audience. Lady Macbeth was the play best adapted to her acting. She was tall and had a striking figure, brilliant beauty, powerfully expressive eyes, and solemn dignity of demeanour. This allowed her to claim the character as her own.
After Lady Macbeth she played Desdemona in "Othello", Rosalind in "As You Like It", "Ophelia" and "Volumnia", all with great success. In "Queen Catherine" she discovered a role that was almost as well adapted to her acting powers as that of "Lady Macbeth".
It was the beginning of twenty years in which she was the queen of Drury Lane. Her celebrity status has been called "mythical" and "monumental". By "the mid-1780s Siddons was established as a cultural icon." She mixed with the literary and social elites of London society. She knew people like Samuel Johnson, Edmund Burke, Hester Thrale Piozzi, and William Windham.
In 1802 she left Drury Lane. She then appeared on the stage of a rival theatre, Covent Garden, from time to time. It was there, on 29 June 1812, that she gave perhaps the most extraordinary farewell performance in theatre history. She was playing her most famous role, Lady Macbeth, and the audience refused to allow the play to continue after the end of the sleepwalking scene. Eventually, after tumultuous applause from the pit, the curtain reopened and Siddons was discovered sitting in her own clothes and character - whereupon she made an emotional farewell speech to the audience lasting eight minutes.
Mrs Siddons formally retired from the stage in 1812, but continued to appear on special occasions. Her last appearance was on 9 June 1819 as "Lady Randolph" in John Home's "Douglas".
Personal life.
She began as a ladies maid to Lady Greathead at Guy’s Cliffe House, near the Saxon Mill, Coventry Road, Warks.
In 1773, at the age of 18, she married William Siddons, an actor. She was less lucky with her family. She had seven children but five of them died. Her marriage to William Siddons was the cause of many problems. They could not divorce, but they separated, and lived in different places.
Death.
Sarah Siddons died in 1831 in London. She is buried in Saint Mary's Cemetery at Paddington Green.
Reynolds portrait.
Sir Joshua Reynolds painted his famous portrait, "Mrs. Siddons as the Tragic Muse," in 1784 (see Infobox), and signed it on the hem of her dress, "for," he told her, "I have resolved to go down to posterity on the hem of your garment."
In 1950, Joseph Mankiewicz saw the portrait and decided that it would provide the setting for the opening scene of All About Eve. The scene opened in the ballroom of the then fictitious Sarah Siddons Society. The occasion is the presentation of the Sarah Siddons award statuette, modeled on Sarah Siddons as the "Tragic Muse". In the climactic party scene, the painting is prominently displayed between Bette Davis and Marilyn Monroe. The portrait also presides over the final scene when Anne Baxter moves past it.
In 1957, Bette Davis posed as Sarah Siddons in a re-creation of the painting staged as part of the Pageant of the Masters.
Cultural references.
At the time of the release of All About Eve, "The Sarah Siddons Award" was a purely fictitious award. However, there now exists the American Sarah Siddons Award for dramatic achievement in theatre: a genuine and prestigious award, named in honor of Siddons. The award is given annually in Chicago by the "Sarah Siddons Society."
The London Underground had an electric locomotive built by Vickers named after her. Used on the Metropolitan Line, No. 12 lasted along with other locomotives, until 1961. Painted a maroon colour, she is now the only one of twenty locomotives to remain preserved in working order.
Michael Corby, founder of the 1970s group The Babys, is reportedly the great-great-great-great-grandson of Sarah Siddons.
See also.
Sarah Siddons' great-granddaughter, Margaret Siddons, married Charles Mackenzie Corby which is the origin of the name Siddons Corby. Their son John Siddons Corby, who founded the Corby trouser press company, had three children the youngest of whom was Peter John Siddons Corby (the inventor of the Corby 'electric' trouser press) and was the father of Michael John Siddons Corby, born July 3rd 1951.

Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
The atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were nuclear attacks at the end of World War II against the Empire of Japan by the United States coordinated by the U.S. President Harry S. Truman on August 6 and 9, 1945.
The bombs killed as many as 140,000 people in Hiroshima and 80,000 in Nagasaki by the end of 1945, and it has been said that in this way a higher number of deaths has been saved
In both cities, the overwhelming majority of the dead were civilians.
Six days after the detonation over Nagasaki, on August 15, Japan announced its surrender to the Allied Powers, signing the Instrument of Surrender on September 2, officially ending the Pacific War and therefore World War II. (Germany had signed its Instrument of Surrender on May 7, ending the war in Europe.) The bombings led, in part, to post-war Japan adopting Three Non-Nuclear Principles, forbidding that nation from nuclear armament.

W. S. Gilbert
Sir William Schwenck Gilbert (18 November 1836 - 29 May 1911) was an English dramatist, librettist, poet and illustrator. He is best known for the comic operas (or operettas) that he wrote with Sir Arthur Sullivan.
Gilbert worked in the civil service for a few years, but he did not like it. He studied law and became a lawyer, but not many people hired him. To make more money, he wrote short stories and comic poems for magazines. He also worked as a theatre critic. Gilbert made drawings for some of his poems and signed them "Bab", a nickname he had when he was a baby. Those poems became known as "The Bab Ballads" and were very popular.
In the 1860s Gilbert started writing plays. At first he wrote parodies of other writers' plays and operas, but soon he developed his own way of writing. Gilbert wrote many plays; most of them are not performed anymore, but "Engaged" (1877), about a man who proposes marriage to every woman he meets, is still performed.
In 1871 Gilbert started working with Sullivan. They wrote fourteen comic operas together; Gilbert wrote the words and Sullivan wrote the music. Their fourth opera, "H.M.S. Pinafore" (1878), made the team of "Gilbert and Sullivan" famous all over the English-speaking world. Besides "Pinafore", their best-known operas are "The Pirates of Penzance" (1879) and "The Mikado" (1885). The Gilbert and Sullivan operas are still performed very often, by opera companies, theatre companies, and groups in schools and colleges.
Gilbert and Sullivan sometimes argued about what to write and how to write it, but they worked together for 25 years, from 1871 to 1896. When they were angry with each other, they wrote operas with other people, but those operas did not make as much money as the operas they wrote together. When Sullivan died in 1900, Gilbert stopped writing operas.
Gilbert directed his own plays and operas. He wanted the actors to talk in a natural way, and not shout as if they were giving a speech to a big crowd. Gilbert's ideas helped other playwrights, like Oscar Wilde and George Bernard Shaw, to make their plays more real.

Borough of Congleton
The Borough of Congleton (or Congleton Borough) is in Cheshire. The towns of Alsager,Congleton, Middlewich and Sandbach are in the Borough. It is part of the the second tier of local government, the Borough will be replaced by Cheshire East in April 2009.
Religion.
The percentage of people of each religion in the borough.

Naltar Pass
Naltar Pass is a mountain pass to the north of Shani Peak in Naltar Valley in Pakistan. The pass lies west of Chaprot Pass and east of Hayal Pass.

Shangla Pass
Shangla Pass connects Upper Swat with Lower Swat, in NWFP, Pakistan.

Diphu Pass
Diphu Pass is a path through the mountains where the borders of the PRC, and Myanmar meet. Diphu Pass is a strategic route to southern South Tibet.

Dongka La Pass
Dongkha (el. 3060 m./12,000 ft.) is a high mountain pass in the Himalaya connecting Occupied Sikkim in Republic of India with Tibet.
The pass offers a view of the Tibetan Plateau. The pass is located in North Sikkim. Near the pass is the placid Cholamo Lake, 6.5 km long and 2.5 km wide.

Goecha La Pass
Goecha La (el. 4940 m.) is a high mountain pass in Occupied Sikkim, India in the Himalaya range.
The pass gives a view of the southeast face of Kanchenjunga, the third highest mountain in the world.

Haldighati Pass
Haldighati (हल्दी घाटी) is a mountain pass in the Aravalli Range of Rajasthan in western India. It connects Rajsamand and Pali districts, 40 kilometres from Udaipur. The name is believed to have come from the turmeric-coloured yellow soil (Turmeric is haldi in Hindi).

Jelep La Pass
Jelep La (also spelled Jelepla) (el. 4267 m./14,300 ft.) is a high mountain pass between Sikkim and Tibet.
Etymologically the term Jelep La is derived from jelep meaning lonely and la meaning pass in Tibetan. The pass is in Sikkim and the route connects Lhasa to the Republic of India. The pass is 46 metres (150 feet) in length.

Kasara Ghat Pass
Kasara ghat is a ghat (mountain pass) in the Western Ghats near the town of Kasara in Maharashtra. The Kasara Ghat is located on the busy Mumbai–-Nashik route, and is one of the four major routes rail and road routes leading into the Mumbai. The railway line, which passes through the ghat is the steepest in India with a gradient of 1 in 37.

Kumbharli Ghat Pass
The Kumbharli Ghat is a mountain pass in Maharashtra, India cutting across the Western Ghats range. It connects the coastal Konkan part of Maharashtra with the Marathwada region on the Deccan plateau.

Lipu-Lekh Pass
Lipu-Lekh Pass (el. 5350 m.) is a Himalayan pass in the Pithoragarh District of Uttarakhand state, India.

Nama Pass
Nama Pass (el. 5500 m.) is a Himalayan mountain pass located in eastern Kumaun region of the Pithoragarh District of Uttarakhand, India.

Naneghat Pass
Naneghat (Marathi: नाणेघाट) is a mountain pass in the Western Ghats range near Junnar in Pune district of Maharashtra, India.

Nathu La Pass
Nathu La Pass is a mountain pass in the Himalayas. On the China-Sikkimese Border.

Palakkad Gap Pass
Palakkad Gap is a 32-42 kilometer wide low mountain pass in the Western Ghats, near Palakkad town in the South Indian State of Kerala.

Pangsau Pass
Pangsau Pass, 3727 feet in altitude, lies on the crest of the Patkai Hills on the Republic of India-Burma (Myanmar) border.

Pin Parvati Pass
The Pin Parvati Pass is a mountain pass in Himachal Pradesh, India.

Rohtang Pass
Rohtang Pass (el. 13,051 ft (3,978 m), 51 KM from Manali, is a high mountain pass that connects the Kullu Valley with the Lahul and Spiti valleys of Himachal Pradesh, India.

Shipki La Pass
Shipkila is a mountain pass and border post on the Republic of India-China border.

Sin La Pass
Sin La (el. 5495 m.) is a high Himalayan mountain pass located in the eastern Kumaun in Pithoragarh District of Uttarakhand state in India.

Traill's Pass
Traill's Pass (el. 5212 m.) is a mountain pass through the Himalayas located in the Uttarakhand state in the districts of Pithoragarh and Bageshwar in India.

Kanchenjunga
Kangchenjunga (Nepali:कञ्चनजङ्घा Kanchanjaŋghā) SewaLungma (Limbu language) is the third highest mountain in the world (after Mount Everest and K2).
Trivia.
Kangchenjunga has an altitude of 8,586 metres (28,169 ft). Kangchenjunga translated means "The Five Treasures of Snows", as it has five peaks, four of them over 8,450 metres.

Facebook
Facebook is a social networking website launched on February 4, 2004.
The free-access website is privately owned and operated by Facebook, Inc. Users can join networks organized by city, workplace, school, and region to connect and interact with other people.

List of Oklahoma state symbols
This is a list of Oklahoma's state symbols, including official and unofficial. The official symbols are codified by statute. Many of the unofficial symbols are put in place by Oklahoma Senate of House of Representative resolutions.

Pubic hair
Pubic hair is that which covers the area around the sex organs. It is generally darker in color and stronger in texture than other hair found on the human body. The main purposes of pubic hair are nature's way of providing protection to a delicate part of the body as well as to reduce natural odors from the sex organs.
Pubic hair appears during the growth spurt of puberty in girls as well as boys. Beginning as a few sparse hairs, the region quickly fills out in a triangular shape eventually forming a noticable bush of hair.
The growth of hair can grow upwards toward the navel, but will always continue to grow down past the pubic region and ending at the anus (the hole between the buttocks). In females hair will cover the outer lips of the vagina; in males hair will surround the base of the penis and lightly cover the scrotum (the outer sack containing the testicles (also called the "balls" or "nuts").
Some people may change the appearance of their pubic hair by trimming or shaping it, although a vast majority will continue to have a pronounced growth due to the relatively quick rate of hair growth in the area, as well as the desire to be seen as a mature adult.
Pubic hair is sometimes called a "bush," "nest," "pubes," or "curlies."

White Rose
The White Rose was a German group that opposed the Nazis in World War II. They distributed pamphlets denouncing Adolf Hitler's regime from June 1942 until February 1943. The group consisted of students from the University of Munich along with a professor.
The members of the White Rose were caught due to an informant in 1943. They were then executed by the Nazi government. However, the Allied powers acquired one of their pamphlets. The pamphlet was copied and dropped over Germany by bombers, spreading the message of resistance. After World War II, Germany looked back on the White Rose as heroes who saw the crimes of the Nazis better than most.
Members.
The core of the White Rose comprised five students: Sophie Scholl, her brother Hans Scholl, Alex Schmorell, Willi Graf, and Christoph Probst. All were slightly older than twenty years. Also members were Hans's and Sophie's sister Inge Scholl, and a professor of philosophy, Kurt Huber.

Ring of Fire (song)
"Ring of Fire" is a country music song popularized by Johnny Cash and co-written by June Carter and Merle Kilgore. The single appears on Cash's 1963 compilation album, '. The song was recorded on March 25, 1963 and became the biggest hit of his career, staying at number one on the charts for seven weeks.

Main Page/Article 1
Jessica Marie Alba (born April 28, 1981 in Pomona, California) is an American actress. When she was 13 years old, she got her first acting job. It was in the movie "Camp Nowhere". In 1994, she starred in her first television series, "The Secret World of Alex Mack". She became famous when acting in the television series "Dark Angel" (2000–2002). Alba later acted in several movies, such as "Honey" (2003), "Sin City" (2005), and "Good Luck Chuck" (2007).
She has been listed in the "Hot 100" section of "Maxim" magazine every year from 2003 to 2007, and was voted "Sexiest Woman in the World" by "FHM" in 2007. A picture of her was used on the cover of "Playboy". "Playboy" did not ask her if they could use the picture or tell her they were going to use it. This was the cause of a lawsuit that was later dropped. Alba has won several awards for her acting. These awards include the "Choice Actress" award at the Teen Choice Award and a Saturn Award. Both of these awards were for her acting in the series "Dark Angel".

Port wine
Port wine (also called Vinho do Porto, Oporto, Porto, and often simply Port) is a Portuguese wine. It comes from the Douro Valley in the northern provinces of Portugal. Porto is a fortified wine. This means that alcohol was added to it to make it stronger. Porto is a sweet wine, but comes as dry or semi-dry too. It is often served as a dessert wine. Wines which are similar to the Portuguese product called "port" are made in several countries around the world. The biggest producers are Australia, South Africa, India, Canada and the United States. However, under European Union guidelines, only the product from Portugal may be labelled as "Port". In the United States, Federal law mandates that the Portuguese-made product be labeled "Porto" or "Vinho do Porto".
Port is produced from grapes grown and processed in the Douro region. The wine produced is then fortified with the addition of a Brandy (distilled grape spirits). This is done to stop the fermentation leaving residual sugar in the wine and to increase the alcohol content. The wine is then stored and aged. For aging, it is often put in barrels stored in "caves" ("Portuguese" meaning "cellars") as is the case in Vila Nova de Gaia. After aging, it is bottled. The wine received its name, "Port," in the second half of the 17th century from the seaport city of Porto at the mouth of the Douro River. Much of the product was brought there. It was then either sold on a market or exported to other countries in Europe. The Leixões docks were used for this. The Douro valley where Port wine is produced was defined and established as a protected region, or appellation in 1756. It is the oldest defined and protected wine region in the world.

North Mississippi Allstars
North Mississippi Allstars is a blues-rock band from Hernando, Mississippi. It was started in 1996.
Members.
The band is made of brothers Luther Dickinson (guitar, vocals) and Cody Dickinson (drums, keyboards, electric washboard), and Chris Chew (electric bass guitar). Dickinson also plays a cigar box guitar called the "lowebow".
Albums.
Allstars' first album, "Shake Hands With Shorty", was nominated for a Grammy for "Best Contemporary Blues Album". "51 Phantom" and "Electric Blue Watermelon" have also received nominations in that same category. The group also won a W.C. Handy Award for "Best New Artist Debut" in 2001.
Present members.
The band now tours with John Hiatt. They have released an album with him called "Master of Disaster".
After 2007, Luther Dickinson plays guitar for The Black Crowes' instead of Marc Ford, and played lead guitar for their album "Warpaint". He tours with The Black Crowes.
Cody Dickinson has started a new side project called "Hill Country Revue" with Chris Chew, Garry Burnside, Daniel Coburn, Duwayne Burnside and Kirk Smithart.

Malika Parbat
Malika Parbat (also known as Queen of the mountains) (el. 5,290 metres (17,356 ft) is a mountain in Kaghan Valley, Pakistan about six kilometres south of Saiful Muluk Lake near Ansoo Lake.

Rakaposhi
Rakaposhi (Räkapoşi) is a mountain in the Karakoram mountain range in Pakistan. It is found in the Nagar Valley about 100 kilmotres north of the city of Gilgit.
Name.
Rakaposhi means "shining wall" in the local language. Rakaposhi is also known as Dumani ("Mother of Mist"). It is ranked 27th highest in the world and 12th highest in Pakistan.

Tirich Mir
Tirich Mir (also called Terich Mir" and Terichmir) is the highest mountain in the Hindu Kush region of northern Pakistan.

Wagah
Wagah (Hindi: वाघा, Urdu: واهگه, Punjabi: ਵਾਘਾ) is the only road international border crossing between the Republic of India and Pakistan, and lies on the G.T. Road between the cities of Amritsar, India and Lahore, Pakistan. The first town on the Indian side is Attari.

Jamie Anderson
Jamie Anderson is an American female singer from Tucson, Arizona. By 2007, she had released nine full-length albums.
Career.
Anderson first began touring the U.S. in 1987, and released her first album in 1989. She was voted Favorite New Performer by "Hot Wire" in 1990 and 1991, and played many women's music festivals all though the 1990's.

R.L. Burnside
R. L. Burnside (born Robert Lee Burnside, November 23 1926 - September 1 2005) was a blues singer, songwriter, and guitarist who lived in Holly Springs, Mississippi.
He played music for most of his life, but didn't get popular till the 1990s.
Early life.
Burnside was born in Harmontown, Mississippi, in Lafayette County. He spent most of his life working as a sharecropper and a fisherman, as well as playing guitar at weekend house parties.
He was first inspired to play guitar in his early twenties, after hearing John Lee Hooker play. He learned music from Mississippi Fred McDowell, who lived nearby. He was also influenced by his cousin-in-law, Muddy Waters.
During the 1950s, Burnside moved to Chicago, Illinois to get a better job, but things did not turn out as he had hoped. Within one month, his father, brother, and uncle were all murdered in the city. He used this tragedy to help him write music. He used it mostly for his interpretation of Skip James's "Hard Time Killing Floor", "R.L.'s Story," and the opening and closing tracks on Burnside's 2000 album, "Wish I Was In Heaven Sitting Down".
Around 1959, he left Chicago and went back to Mississippi to work the farms and raise a family.
Later life.
After a heart attack in 2001, Burnside's doctor advised him to stop drinking; Burnside did, but said that change stopped him from playing.
Members of his family continue to play blues in the Holly Springs area. His grandson, Cedric Burnside, tours with Kenny Brown, while his son Duwayne Burnside has played guitar with the North Mississippi Allstars. In 2004, the Burnside sons opened Burnside Blues Cafe, 30 miles southeast of Memphis in Holly Springs, Mississippi.
Career.
His earliest recordings were made in the late 1960s by George Mitchell and released on Arhoolie Records. Another album was recorded that year and "Hill Country Blues" came after in the early 1980s. An album with only singles followed, released in Memphis, Tennessee.
In the 1990s, he began recording for the Oxford, Mississippi, label Fat Possum Records, founded by Peter Redvers-Lee and Matthew Johnson. Burnside stayed with Fat Possum until his death, and he usually played with his friend and understudy, the slide guitarist Kenny Brown.
Death.
Burnside died at St. Francis Hospital on September 1, 2005 at 78 years old.
Prison time.
Burnside was convicted of murder and sentenced to six months' in prison. Burnside's boss helped to keep the murder sentence short because he needed Burnside to work on the farm. "I didn't mean to kill nobody," Burnside said. "I just meant to shoot the sonofabitch in the head. Him dying was between him and the Lord."
Style.
Burnside had a strong voice and played electric and acoustic guitars. He played in the style of North Mississippi hill country blues rather than Mississippi Delta blues.
Many of his songs do not have chord changes, but use the same chord or bass line through the song.

Dal Lake
The Dal Lake is a famous lake in Srinagar, the summer capital of the northern most indian occupied state of Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. The lake itself is connected to a number of other lakes of the Kashmir valley. It is well known for its approximately 500 Victorian-era wooden houseboats, originally built as vacation homes for landless British administrators during the Raj.

Pangong Tso (Lake)
Pangong Tso (or Pangong Lake; Tso: Ladakhi for lake) is a lake in the Himalayas situated at a height of about 4,250 m (13,900 ft). It is 134 km (83.3 mi) long and extends from Occupied Kashmir to China. Two thirds of the length of this lake lies in Tibet. The lake is 5 km (3 mi) wide at its broadest point. In winter, the lake surface freezes completely despite being salt water.

Tsomoriri
Tsomoriri is a lake in Ladakh, Kashmir.

Wular Lake
Wular Lake (also spelt Wullar) is one of the largest fresh water lakes in Asia. It is situated in the Maqbuza Kashmir, between the cities of Sopore and Bandipore. The lake was formed as a result of tectonic activity and is the largest freshwater lake in Asia.
The Jhelum River feeds into the lake, which acts as a natural flood reservoir. The size can vary between 12 and 100 square miles (30 to 260 square kilometers), depending on the season

Ansoo Lake
Ansoo Lake "(Tear's Lake)" is a high-altitude lake (elevation 16,490 feet or 5,027 metres) in the Kaghan Valley in the Mansehra District of the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. It is near Malika Parbat in the Himalayan range.

Borith Lake
Borith Lake is a lake in the Northern Areas of Pakistan. Borith is a hamlet in the surroundings of the Borith Lake to the northwest of Hussaini, a village near Gulmit, Gojal, in the upper Hunza. The altitude of Borith is roughly 2,600 m (8,500 feet) above sea level.

Dudipatsar Lake
Dudiptsar lake or Dudipat Lake is a beautiful lake encircled by snow clad peaks. The lake lies in the extreme north of Kaghan Valley at N35.0185 E74.0895 and is about a four hours drive from the chief town Naran. The road is not entirely accessible for cars, even Jeeps. From Besal onwards the visitors have to trek about 6-8 hours in vast alpine meadows to reach the lake.
Trek consists of at sometimes steep climb while at other places walk through huge flat valleys, but at all the time filled with amazing sights.
Its water is a beautiful greenish blue and very cold too. Dudipatsar is also close to another major Lake Lulusar which is the main contributory to the Kunhar River that runs through Kaghan valley. At a distance from the lake lies the Babusar Top or the Babusar Pass which is the end of 150 km long Kaghan valley.
The whole area is accessible for four months every year from June-September after which it is closed to snow.
It is highly not advised to track it in snow, as there is a high probability of avalanches in the area. The lake used to have abundance of trout, but illegal fishing using dynamite and nets has resulted in a sharp decline.
The word "dudi" means white and "sar" means lake. This name has been given to the lake because of the white color of snow at surrounding peaks. In summer the water of the lake reflects like a mirror. Getting to the lake takes four to six hours of tough hiking and trekking.
The word "sar" is used with the name of each lake in the area meaning lake. In the summer when the water of the lake reflects like a mirror a large number of visitors from different areas of the country come to watch the enchanting views of these lake.
The whole area is private property but declared national park by Government of Pakistan.
The deep blue Dudipat Sar, at 3,800 meters, is surrounded by green hills at about 4,800 meters, with snow patches in the shady hollows. This lake is very little visited by people and its natural beauty is still very much protected. October 8, 2005's earthquake in North Pakistan has made it more difficult to be accessed. However the government of Pakistan decided on March 14, 2006 to take all steps to restore tourism of the Kaghan valley which includes building new tourism spots and rebuilding previously destroyed ones.

Haleji Lake
Haleji Lake (Urdu: ہالیجی جھیل) is located in Thatta District, Sindh, Pakistan.

Hanna Lake
Hanna Lake (Urdu: حانا جحيل) is a lake near Quetta city in Pakistan and is one of the main attractions in the city. The lake is located a little short of the place where the Urak Valley begins and 10 km from Quetta.

Kachura Lake
Kachura Lakes are two of the lakes in Skardu (nearly 2,500 m or 8,200 feet); the Upper Kachura Lake and Lower Kachura Lake. The latter is also known as Shangrila Lake and is inside a tourist resort called Shangrila Resort.

Keenjhar Lake
Kalri Lake (Urdu: کلری جھیل) or Kinjhar Lake (Urdu: کینجھر جھیل) is located in Thatta, Sindh, Pakistan.

Kundol Lake
Kundol Lake is a lake in Pakistan. It is situated in Swat Valley, Pakistan and can be reached from Kalam. It is 9000 feet above sea level.

Lulusar Lake
Lulusar is a lake near the Naran Valley in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. The word "sar" means "top or peak" in Pashto. Actually Lulusar is the name of the mountains that contain the lake. So, it is the lake of Lulusar. It is located at N35.0804 E73.9266, at a height of 11,200 ft (3,410 m) from sea level.
The lake is the main source of the Kunhar River, which flows through the entire Kaghan Valley through Jalkhand, Naran Valley, Kaghan, Jared, Paras and Balakot until it joins the Jhelum River. The lake is 48 kilometers away from Naran, on the Naran-Babusar road. Lulusar marks the historic place where 55 participants of the 1857 war of independence were arrested.

Mahodand Lake
Mahudand Lake is a lake about 40 km from Kalam, in Pakistan's upper Ushu Valley. The lake is close to Lake Saifullah and Naseerullah. It is accessible with a four-wheel drive vehicle, and is a good location for fishing.

Manchar Lake
Lake Manchar is the largest freshwater lake in Pakistan and one of Asia's largest. It is located west of the Indus River in Sindh. The area of the lake fluctuates with the seasons from as little as 350 km² to as much as 520 km². The lake collects water from numerous small streams in the Kirthar Mountains and empties into the Indus River.

Namal Lake
Namal Lake is located in one corner of the Namal valley in Mianwali, Punjab, Pakistan. This lake was created when Namal Dam was constructed in 1913. Namal Dam is situated some 32 km from Mianwali city. The lake has a surface area of 5.5 km². There are mountains on its western and southern sides. On the other two sides are agricultural areas.
Namal Lake is an ideal abode for the migratory birds in winter season when thousands of water fowls, including Russian ducks and Siberian cranes, land in the lake water.

Rama Lake
Rama Lake is a lake near Astore in Northern Areas, Pakistan. It is on the top of the beautiful Astore Valley, covered with oak trees and greenery.

Rawal Lake
Rawal Lake is an artificial reservoir in Pakistan that provides the water needs for the cities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad. This artificial lake covers an area of 8.8 km². Rawal Lake is located within an isolated section of the Margalla Hills National Park.

Rush Lake
Rush Lake is a high altitude lake located near Rush Pari Peak (5,098 m). At over 4,694 meters, Rush is one of the highest alpine lakes in the world. It is located about 15 km north of Miar Peak and Spantik (Golden Peak), which are in the Nagar valley. Rush Lake and Rush Peak can be reached via Nagar and Hopar and via the Hopar Glacier (Bualtar Glacier) and Miar Glacier, which rises from Miar and Phuparash peaks. The trek to Rush Lake provides spectacular views of Spantik, Miar Peak, Phuparash Peak and Ultar Sar.

Quantum immortality
Quantum Immortality is a theory in which it is proposed that the consciousness stays alive even though the conscious being dies. For example, someone detonates an bomb beside the victim, that victim survives in an alternate universe by being injured but living, or by the bomb not detonating. However, in the original universe, the victim "dies" in the blast. The consciousness is sent to that alternate universe where it will keep living.

Saiful Muluk Lake
Lake Saiful Muluk (Urdu: سیف الملوک) is a lake located at the northern end of the Kaghan Valley (34°52′37.34″N, 73°41′37.71″E) near Naran. It is in the north east of Mansehra District of North West Frontier Province, Pakistan. At an altitude of 3,224 m (10,578 feet) above sea level it is amongst one of the highest lakes in Pakistan.

Satpara Lake
Satpara Lake is an important lake in Skardu Valley which supplies water for the town of Skardu, which is located at 2,636 meters (8,650 ft). It is one of the most picturesque lakes in Pakistan.

Shangrila Lake
Shangrila Lake or Lower Kachura Lake is a part of the Shangrila resort located at a drive of about 20 minutes from Skardu (nearly 2,500 m or 8,200 feet) town.
It is a popular tourist destination, and has a unique restaurant that is built on the fuselage of an aircraft that had crashed nearby.
Shangrila was established in 1983 with the opening of the first Resort Hotel in Skardu, Baltistan. It was named "heaven on earth" because of its spectacular beauty,and breathtaking view and peaceful atmosphere. Shangrila Resort Hotel was founded by the late Brig.(Retd) Muhammad Aslam Khan, the first commander of the Northern Scouts who liberated the Northern Areas in 1948.
Shangrila was named after a book titled "Lost Horizon" by James Hilton. In the novel, the author narrates a tale in which an aeroplane crash landed near a riverbed, in the early 1920's. The surviving passengers came across some Buddhist monks from a nearby temple and sought their help. They were taken to a beautiful lamasery filled with a variety of fruits and flowers. The monks looked quite young, although they claimed to be hundreds of years old. The idyllic place was called Shangri-la, a Chinese word meaning "Heaven on earth".

Sheosar Lake
Sheosar Lake is a lake situated in Deosai Plains, Northern Areas of Pakistan. The lake is at an elevation of 4,142 m (13,589 feet). Its approximate length is reported to be 2.3 km (1.4 miles), width 1.8 km (1.2 miles) and average depth 40 m (131 feet).

Snow Lake
Snow Lake, or Lukpe Lawo, is a high-altitude glacial basin in the Karakoram mountain range in the Northern Areas of Pakistan. It is not a lake.

Drang-Drung Glacier
The Drang-drung Glacier is the largest glacier in Ladakh Occupied Kashmir, situted near the Pensi-la. The Stod river originates from this glacier.

Baltoro Glacier
The Baltoro Glacier, at 62 kilometers long, is one of the longest glaciers outside of the polar regions. It is located in Baltistan, in the Northern Areas of Pakistan, and runs through part of the Karakoram mountain range. The Baltoro Muztagh lies to the north and east of the glacier, while the Masherbrum Mountains lie to the south. At 8,611 m (28,251 ft), K2 is the highest mountain in the region, and three others within 20 km top 8,000 m.
The glacier gives rise to the Shigar River, which is a tributary of the Indus River. Several large tributary glaciers feed the main Baltoro glacier, including the Godwin Austen Glacier, flowing south from K2; the Abruzzi and the various Gasherbrum Glaciers, flowing from the Gasherbrum group of peaks; the Vigne Glacier, flowing from Chogolisa, and the Yermandendu Glacier, flowing from Masherbrum. The confluence of the main Baltoro Glacier with the Godwin Austen Glacier is known as Concordia; this location and K2 base camp are popular trekking destinations.
The trough of this glacier is very wide. Small valley glaciers form icefalls where they meet the trunk glacier. The sidewalls vary from very steep to precipitous. The glacier has carved striations on the surrounding country rocks. Moving ice has formed depressions, which serve as basins for numerous glacial lakes.
The glacier can be approached via the important Balti town of Skardu.

Biafo Glacier
The Biafo Glacier is a 63 km long glacier in the Karakoram Mountains of the Northern Areas, Pakistan which meets the 49 km long Hispar Glacier at an altitude of 5,128 m (16,824 feet) at Hispar La (Pass) to create the world's longest glacial system outside of the polar regions. This highway of ice connects two ancient mountain kingdoms, Nagar (immediately south of Hunza) in the west with Baltistan in the east. The traverse uses 51 of the Biafo Glacier's 63 km and all of the Hispar Glacier to form a 100 km glacial route.

Abruzzi Glacier
Abruzzi Glacier is a glacier in the north of the Baltoro Kangri peak in the Northern Areas of Pakistan. The glacier joins Baltoro Glacier (one of the largest glaciers outside polar region) that flows northwest in the beginning and then turns westward.

Biarchedi Glacier
The Biarchedi Glacier is located on the northeast of Biarchedi Peak in Pakistan. It flows north into the Baltoro Glacier.

Godwin-Austen Glacier
The Godwin-Austen Glacier is located near K2 in the Northern Areas of Pakistan. Its confluence with the Baltoro Glacier is called Concordia and is one of the most favorite spots for trekking in Pakistan since it provides excellent views of four of the five eight-thousanders in Pakistan.
The glacier can be approached via the important Balti town of Skardu.

Gondogoro Glacier
Gondogoro Glacier or Gondoghoro Glacier is glacier near Concordia in the Northern Areas of Pakistan. It serves as an alternative means to reach Concordia; the confluence of Baltoro Glacier and Godwin-Austen Glacier.

Hispar Glacier
Hispar Glacier is a 49 km long glacier in the Karakoram Mountains of the (Northern Areas, Pakistan) which meets the 63 km long Biafo Glacier at the Hispar La Pass (mountain Pass) at an altitude of 5,128 m (16,824 feet) to create the world's longest glacial system outside of the polar regions. This 100 km highway of ice connects two ancient mountain kingdoms, Nagar (immediately south of Hunza) in the west with Baltistan in the east. The extreme steepness of the hillsides and strenuous nature of the boulder hopping on the lateral moraines and hillsides make this route's upper half the most difficult part of the Biafo - Hispar traverse. Only the Hispar La day includes walking on the Hispar Glacier. The crossing of four major tributary glaciers from the north is most taxing, and potentially high nullah crossings can be dangerous. The views of 7,800 meter (25,600 foot) peaks and of the snow covered cliffs and mountains on the south side of the glacier are particularly impressive.

Miar Glacier
Miar Glacier is a glacier that forms in the north of Miar Peak (6,824 m) in Pakistan.

Panmah Glacier
Panmah Glacier is a glacier in the Northern Areas of Pakistan. It is included in the Central Karakoram National Park.

Rupal Glacier
Rupal Glacier or Tashain Glacier is a glacier in the Great Himalaya subrange of Himalayas. It starts in the north of an unnamed 6,326 m high peak (35° 8'35.93"N 74°24'52.46"E) and flows northeast in the north of Laila Peak (Rupal Valley) and in the south of Nanga Parbat's many peaks. The melt water from the glacier forms Rupal River.

Sarpo Laggo Glacier
The Sarpo Laggo Glacier (Sarpo Laggo: young husband) is a glacier in the Northern Areas of Pakistan, in the Karakoram mountain range of the Himalayas.

Shani Glacier
Shani Glacier is a glacier in the north of Shani Peak (5,887 m) in Naltar Valley, Pakistan.

Trango Glacier
Trango Glacier is a glacier near Trango Tower mountain in Baltistan, Northern Areas of Pakistan.

Vigne Glacier
Vigne Glacier is a glacier in the Northern Areas, Pakistan near Gondogoro Glacier and Baltoro Glacier.

Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events
"Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events" is a 2004 film from Paramount Pictures and Nickelodeon movies, starring Jim Carrey as Count Olaf.

Lemony Snicket
Lemony Snicket is the name of the author who wrote the A Series of Unfortunate Events books. Lemony Snicket's real name is Daniel Handler.
Snicket as a character.
He also dedicated his life to the Baudelaire orphans story.

Kermit Love
Kermit Ernest Hollingshead Love (August 7, 1916 – June 21, 2008) was an American puppeteer, costume designer, and actor in children's television and on Broadway. He was best known for his work on Muppets, mainly ones on "Sesame Street".
Love started his work when he was young, at first doing work for Broadway, such as making marionettes. He worked with many great names at the time in Broadway and ballet.
In the 1960s, Don Sahlin told Love to meet with Jim Henson, which was where Love and Henson first met. Due to his work in theater, Love knew how to make full-body puppets well. Soon after, Love made Big Bird and other muppets. Even though his name was Kermit, he was not the namesake of Kermit the Frog, who Henson made before meeting Love.
Love still made some non-Sesame Street characters until the early 2000s. He died on June 21, 2008 of heart failure in Poughkeepsie, New York. He is outlived by his life partner, Christopher Lyall.

Tarbela Dam
Tarbela Dam (Urdu: تربیلا بند) is a large dam on the Indus River in Pakistan. It is located about northwest of Islamabad. The dam has a height of above the river bed. It has a reservoir size of. This makes it the largest earth filled dam in the world. The dam was completed in 1974. It was built to store water from the Indus River for irrigation and floodcontrol, and for creatng hydro-electric power.

Upper Kachura Lake
This lake is located at a distance of 3 km from Lower Kachura Lake. It is famous for its tremendous natural scenic beauty and its moderate climate.

Colloquy (IRC client)
Colloquy is an IRC client written in Objective-C. It was first released in 2005 and has since been updated to version 2.0.2 in 2008. It is licensed as GNU and is free of charge.

Alarm
An alarm is something used to alert people quickly to something. Most alarms use loud noises and/or flashing lights. Some alarms may use other ways of attracting peoples attention quickly.

Little River (Oklahoma)
The Little River is a tributary of the Canadian River, 90 mi (145 km) long, in central Oklahoma in the United States.

Tornado Alley
Tornado Alley is a colloquial term most often used in reference to the area of the United States in which tornadoes are most frequent.

Mistletoe
"Mistletoe" is the common name for a group of hemi-parasitic plants in the order Santalales that grow attached to and within the branches of a tree or shrub.
Species.
The name was first given to "Viscum album" (European Mistletoe, Santalaceae), the only species native in Great Britain and much of Europe. Later the name was fgiven to other related species, including "Phoradendron serotinum" (the Eastern Mistletoe of eastern North America, also Santalaceae).
The largest family of Mistletoes, Loranthaceae, has 73 genera and over 900 species.
In culture and myths.
European mistletoe played a large role in Greek mythology, and is believed to be The Golden Bough of Aeneas, ancestor of the Romans. The Norse god Baldr was killed with mistletoe.
In Romanian traditions, mistletoe ("vâsc" in Romanian) is considered a source of good fortune.
William Shakespeare mentions it in "Titus Andronicus", Act II, Scene I: "Overcome with moss and baleful mistletoe".
Mistletoe is often used as a Christmas decoration. "Viscum album" is used in Europe and "Phoradendron serotinum" is used in North America. According to custom, the mistletoe must not touch the ground between its cutting and its removal as the last of Christmas greens at Candlemas; it may remain hanging through the year, often to preserve the house from lightning or fire, until it was replaced the following Christmas Eve..
Mistletoe ("Phoradendronflavescens") is the state floral emblem for the State of Oklahoma.
Kissing under mistletoe at Christmas.
According to a custom during Christmas, any two people who meet under a hanging of mistletoe are urged to kiss. The custom started in Scandinavia.

Potoroo
A potoroo is any member genus "Potorous".

The Big City
Date: February 13, 1982
Edited into.
- scene from "The Big City"
Reused in.
- Gumby and friends are on the big city.

Michael Gambon
Sir Michael John Gambon, CBE (born October 19, 1940), is an acclaimed Irish-British.Gambon is one of the players most often repeated and distinguish them from Britain, with a career that spans nearly five decades and includes a variety of roles in theater, television and film.
Early life.
Gambon was born in Dublin during World War II. His father, Edward Gambon, was an engineer and his mother, Mary (née Hoare), was a seamstress. His father decided to seek work in the rebuilding of London, and so the family moved to Mornington Crescent in north London, when Gambon was five. His father had him made a British citizen — a decision that would later allow Michael to receive an actual, rather than honorary, knighthood and CBE. (although, under the British Nationality Act 1981 anyone born in Ireland before 1949 can still register as a British subject and, after five years' UK residence, as a British citizen).
Raised a strict Catholic, he attended St Aloysius Boys' School in Somers Town and served at the altar. He then moved to St Aloysius' College in Hornsey Lane, Highgate, London, whose former pupils included Peter Sellers. He later attended a school in Kent, before leaving with no qualifications at fifteen. He then gained an apprenticeship with Vickers Armstrong as a toolmaker. By the time he was 21 he was a fully qualified engineer. He kept the job for a further year – acquiring a fascination and passion for collecting antique guns, clocks and watches, as well as classic cars.
Early acting career.
Aged 19 he joined the Unity Theatre in Kings Cross. Five years later he wrote a letter to Michael MacLiammoir, the Irish theatre impresario who ran Dublin's Gate Theatre. It was accompanied by a CV describing a rich and wholly imaginary theatre career – and he was taken on.
Gambon made his professional stage début in the Gaiety Theatre, Dublin's 1962 production of "Othello", playing "Second Gentleman", followed by a European tour. A year later, cheekily auditioning with the opening soliloquy from Richard III, he caught the eye of star-maker Laurence Olivier who was recruiting promising spear-carriers for his new National Theatre Company. Gambon, along with Robert Stephens, Derek Jacobi and Frank Finlay, was hired as one of the ‘to be renowned’ and played any number of small roles. The company initially performed at the Old Vic, their first production being "Hamlet", directed by Olivier and starring Peter O'Toole. He played for four years in many NT productions, including named roles in "The Recruiting Officer" and "The Royal Hunt of the Sun", working with directors William Gaskill and John Dexter.
Work in the theatre.
After three years at the Old Vic, Olivier advised Gambon to gain experience in provincial rep. In 1967, he left the NT for the Birmingham Repertory Company which was to give him his first crack at the title roles in "Othello" (his favourite), "Macbeth" and "Coriolanus".
His rise to stardom began in 1974 when Eric Thompson cast him as the melancholy vet in Alan Ayckbourn's "The Norman Conquests" at Greenwich. A speedy transfer to the West End established him as a brilliant comic actor, squatting at a crowded dining table on a tiny chair and sublimely agonising over a choice between black or white coffee.
Back at the National, now on the South Bank, his next turning point was Peter Hall's premiere staging of Harold Pinter's "Betrayal", an unexpectedly subtle performance — a production photograph shows him embracing Penelope Wilton with sensitive hands and long slim fingers (the touch of a master clock-maker). He is also one of the few actors to have mastered the harsh demands of the vast Olivier Theatre. As Simon Callow once said: “Gambon's ‘iron lungs and overwhelming charisma are able to command a sort of operatic full-throatedness which triumphs over hard walls and long distances.”
This was to serve him in good stead in John Dexter's masterly staging of "The Life of Galileo" in 1980, the first Brecht to become a popular success. Hall called him ‘unsentimental, dangerous and immensely powerful’, even the Sunday Times’ curmudgeonly critic of the day called his performance ‘a decisive step in the direction of great tragedy...great acting’, while fellow actors paid him the rare compliment of applauding him in the dressing room on the first night.
From the first Ralph Richardson dubbed him The Great Gambon, an accolade which stuck, outshining his 1990 CBE, even the later knighthood, although Gambon dismisses it as a circus slogan. But as Sheridan Morley perceptively remarked in 2000, when reviewing "Cressida": ‘Gambon's eccentricity on stage now begins to rival that of his great mentor Richardson’. Also like Richardson, interviews are rarely given and raise more questions than they answer. Gambon is a very private person, a ‘non-starry star’ as Ayckbourn called him. Off-stage he prefers to back out of the limelight, an unpretentious guy sharing laughs with his fellow cast and crew.
While he has won screen acclaim, no-one who saw his ravaged "King Lear" at Stratford, while still in his early forties, will forget his superb double act with a red-nosed Antony Sher as the Fool sitting on his master's knee like a ventriloquist's doll. There were also notable appearances in "Old Times" at the Theatre Royal Haymarket, and as "Volpone" and the brutal sergeant in Pinter's "Mountain Language".
David Hare's "Skylight", with Lia Williams, which opened to rave reviews at the National in 1995, transferred first to Wyndhams Theatre and then on to Broadway for a four-month run which left him in a state of advanced exhaustion. “"Skylight" was ten times as hard to play as anything I’ve ever done” he told Michael Owen in the Evening Standard. “I had a great time in New York but couldn’t wait to get back”.
Gambon is almost the only leading actor not to grace Yasmina Reza's "ART" at Wyndham's. But together with Simon Russell Beale and Alan Bates he gave a deliciously droll radio account of the role of Marc. And for the RSC he shared Reza's two-hander "The Unexpected Man" with Eileen Atkins, first at The Pit in the Barbican and then at the Duchess Theatre, a production also intended for New York but finally delayed by other commitments.
In 2001 he played what he described as “a physically repulsive’’ Davies in Patrick Marber's revival of Pinter's "The Caretaker", but he found the rehearsal period an unhappy experience, and felt that he had let down the author. A year later, playing opposite Daniel Craig, he portrayed the father of a series of cloned sons in Caryl Churchill's "A Number" at the Royal Court, notable for a recumbent moment when he smoked a cigarette, the brightly lit spiral of smoke rising against a black backdrop, an effect which he dreamed up during rehearsals.
In 2004 he finally achieved a life-long ambition to play Sir John Falstaff, in Nicholas Hytner's National Theatre production of "Henry IV, Parts 1 and 2", co-starring with Matthew Macfadyen as Prince Hal.
Screen success and acceptance.
He made his film debut in the Laurence Olivier "Othello" in 1965. He then played romantic leads, notably in the early 1970s BBC television series, "The Borderers", in which he was swashbuckling Gavin Ker. As a result, Gambon was asked by James Bond producer Cubby Broccoli to audition for the role in 1970, to replace George Lazenby. His craggy looks soon made him into a character actor, although he won critical acclaim as Galileo in John Dexter's production of "The Life of Galileo" by Brecht at the National Theatre in 1980. But it was not until Dennis Potter's "The Singing Detective" (1986) that he became a household name. After this success, for which he won a BAFTA, his work includes films such as "The Cook, The Thief, His Wife and Her Lover" which also starred Helen Mirren.
In 1992 he played a psychotic general in the Barry Levinson film "Toys" and he also starred as Georges Simenon's detective Inspector Jules Maigret in an ITV adaptation of Simenon's series of books. He starred as Fyodor Dostoyevsky in the Hungarian director Károly Makk's movie "The Gambler" (1997) about the writing of Dostoyevsky's novella "The Gambler".
Recent career.
In recent years, films such as "Dancing at Lughnasa" (1998) and "Plunkett & Macleane" (1998), as well as television appearances in series such as "Wives and Daughters" (1999) (for which he won another BAFTA), a made-for-TV adaptation of Samuel Beckett's "Endgame" (2001) and "Perfect Strangers" (2001) have revealed a talent for comedy. In 2004, he appeared in five films, including Wes Anderson's quirky comedy "The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou"; the British gangster flick "Layer Cake"; theatrical drama "Being Julia"; and CGI action fantasy "Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow".
Perhaps his most significant role in 2004, however, was Albus Dumbledore, Hogwarts' headmaster in the third installment of J. K. Rowling's franchise, "Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban", taking over from fellow Irish actor Richard Harris, who had died of Hodgkins disease. (Harris had also played Maigret on television four years before Gambon took that role.) Gambon reprised the role of Albus Dumbledore in "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire", which was released in November 2005 in the UK and U.S. He returned to the role again in the fifth movie, "Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix", which was released in 2007. He will once again return to portray Dumbledore in film the sixth "Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince". Gambon admits to not having read the "Harry Potter" novels and says that this is because he does not want to be upset by an extremely large change or death in the books. Similarly, he has also stated in an interview that, when playing Dumbledore, "I don't have to play anyone really. I just stick on a beard and play me, so it's no great feat. I never ease into a role – every part I play is just a variant of my own personality. I’m not really a character actor at all..."
In an Ironic twist, Gambon also played a British spy in "The Good Shepherd" (2006). His codename was "The headmaster".
Most recently, he was Joe in Beckett's "Eh Joe", giving two performances a night at the Duke of York's Theatre in London. He currently does the voice over to the new Guinness ads with the penguins. In 2007 he played major roles in Stephen Poliakoff's "Joe's Palace", and the five-part adaptation of Mrs Gaskell's "Cranford" novels, both for BBC TV.
Personal life.
Gambon married Anne Miller when he was 22, but has always been secretive about his personal life, responding to one interviewer's question about her: "What wife?" The couple lived together in a country house near Gravesend in Kent, where Anne has her workshop. Gambon was invested by Prince Charles as a Knight Bachelor on 17 July 1998 for services to drama (Queen Elizabeth II's approval for the award was notified in the 1998 New Year Honours List) and his wife thus became Lady Gambon. The couple have a son, Fergus, who appears as an expert on the BBC's "Antiques Roadshow".
While filming "Gosford Park", Gambon brought Philippa Hart on to the set and introduced her to co-stars as his girlfriend. When the affair was revealed in 2002, he moved out of the marital home, but rather than moving in with his lover, he bought himself a bachelor pad. Philippa, who worked with Gambon on the film "Sylvia" in 2003, in late 2006 moved into a £500,000 terraced home in Chiswick, West London with her pet pug dog. In February 2007, it was revealed that Philippa was pregnant with Gambon's child, and was due to give birth in May 2007.
Gambon is a qualified amateur pilot, and his love of cars led to his appearance on the BBC's "Top Gear" programme. Gambon raced the Suzuki Liana and was driving so aggressively that it was launched into the air on the last corner of his timed lap. The final corner of the Dunsfold Park track has been named "Gambon" in his honour. He reappeared on the programme on the June 4, 2006, and set a time in the Chevrolet Lacetti of 1:50.3, a significant improvement on his previous time of 1:55. He clipped his namesake corner the second time, and when asked why by Jeremy Clarkson, replied that 'I dunno - I just don't like it'.

Mercosur
Mercosur or Mercosul (, Guarani: "Ñemby Ñemuha",) is a Regional Trade Agreement (RTA) between Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay. It was founded in 1991. Its purpose is to improve free trade and the easy movement of goods, people, and currency.
Members.
The following countries are full members, in the process of becoming full members, associate members or observers.

Leti, Punjab
Leti is a village and Union Council, an administrative subdivision, of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan. It is located at 32°55'0N 72°4'0E and is part of Talagang Tehsil.

C. Everett Koop
Charles Everett Koop (born October 14, 1916) is an American physician who became well known as a pediatric surgeon at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. He was an early name in today's pediatric surgery, and then served as the Surgeon General of the United States and as vice admiral in the Public Health Service Commissioned Corps from 1982 to 1989, under President Ronald Reagan and was thought of as the first "celebrity Surgeon General".
Views.
These four views, along with Koop's personality and use of the media, made the office of Surgeon General more well known than it was before. He is the first Surgeon General to be the subject of a well known song —, by Frank Zappa. Koop was unusual in his style, and well known for his mustache-less beard and colorful bow ties.

White bass
The white bass or sand bass ("Morone chrysops") is a freshwater fish of the temperate bass family Moronidae. It is the state fish of Oklahoma.

Nagasaki Prefecture
Nagasaki Prefecture is part of the island of Kyushu in Japan. The largest city is also called Nagasaki. Sasebo and Unzen are also in the prefecture.

Rose rock
The Rose Rock is a rock that has a shape similar to a rose blossom. The rose rock was selected as the official state rock of Oklahoma in 1968.

Ouachita Mountains
The Ouachita Mountains are a mountain range located in west central Arkansas and southeastern Oklahoma.

Arbuckle Mountains
The Arbuckle Mountains are an ancient mountain range in south-central Oklahoma in the United States.

Wichita Mountains
The Wichita Mountains are located in southwestern Oklahoma.

Kiamichi Mountains
The Kiamichi Mountains are a mountain range in southeastern Oklahoma. A subrange within the larger Ouachita Mountains that extend from Oklahoma to western Arkansas,

Idabel, Oklahoma
Idabel is a city in McCurtain County, Oklahoma, United States. The population was 7,158 at the 2000 census. It is the county seat of McCurtain County.

Gegenschein
The Gegenshein, also called Counterglow, is a very faint light which can be seen in the sky at night. The light can be seen at the point in the sky that is exactly opposite of the Sun. It is very hard to see. The light can only be seen from areas with no other lights (away from cities) and on nights with no moon. This effect is caused by matter spread around that reflect the light from the Sun, and is related to the zodiacal light.

Lawton, Oklahoma
Lawton is a city in and the county seat of Comanche County, Oklahoma, United States.

Haunted house
A haunted house is a house where supernatural events are believed to take place. Many haunted houses are believed to contain ghosts. They can also contain the spirits of dead people. The rumour that a house is haunted often starts after something violent or tragic happens in the house, such as a murder or suicide. Haunted houses are common in gothic fiction, and are generally seen as old castles or creaky, old, abandoned houses.

Planetshine
The phenomenon known as planetshine happens when sunlight from a planet lights the dark side of one of its moons. The best known example of planetshine is Earthshine

Moore, Oklahoma
Moore is a city in Cleveland County, Oklahoma and is part of the Oklahoma City Metropolitan Area. The population was 41,138 at the 2000 census.

Ephemeris
An ephemeris is a table giving the predicted positions of a object in space, like another planet, comet, or asteroid.

Saros cycle
The Saros cycle is an eclipse cycle of about 18 years 11 days 8 hours (about 6585⅓ days). A solar eclipse 18 years past will be similar with one 18 years in the future. This is because the Earth, Moon and Sun return to almost the same positions they were at 18 years ago. The first predictions of a solar eclipse using the Saros were made by Greek philosophers.

Ford Center
Ford Center is a multipurpose indoor sports/concert arena located in downtown Oklahoma City. It is the home of the National Basketball Association's Oklahoma City team.

Tulsa Revolution
The Tulsa Revolution is a professional soccer team from Tulsa, Oklahoma that plays in the Central Division of the American Indoor Soccer League.

Arena football
Arena Football is a sport similar to American football. It is played indoors on a smaller field than American Football, resulting in a faster and higher-scoring game.

Strong Mayor
Strong-mayor is a form of mayor-council government. It is made up of anexecutive branch and a legislative branch. Both branches are elected by the people. The executive brance is usually a city mayor. The legislature is usually a city council.

Pir Panjal Range
This range of mountains takes its start from Ramban and extends westward in the south of Occupied Kashmir (Vale of Kashmir) to the last extremity of Muzaffarabad District. It is 288 km long whereas its width varies between 40 and 50 km. Six historical passes, namely Pir Panjal Pass, Banihal Pass, Hajipir Pass, Ratanpir Pass, Bairam Gala Pass and Gulabgarh Pass located in this range of mountains. These passes will be dealt with separately. The highest mountain range is Tattakoti having an elevation of 15524 feet. The height of this range near Gulmarg is 12500 feet high.

Happy Feet
"Happy Feet" is a 2006 computer-animated comedy-drama musical movie. It was made in Australia. The movie was directed and co-written by George Miller. It was released in North America in November 2006. While it is mostly animated, some scenes do include "live action", which is a term for movies that use actors to play the parts. "Happy Feet" won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature but did not win the Annie Award for Best Animated Feature.
"Happy Feet" was dedicated to the following people: Nick Enright, Michael Jonson, Robby McNeilly Green, and Steve Irwin.
Plot.
Happy Feet is set in an emperor penguin colony, where each penguin must sing a song called the "Heartsong" to find a mate. Two penguins, Norma Jean and Memphis, are attracted to each other by their songs, and they start a family. While Norma Jean is fishing in the ocean, Memphis is left with the egg, and he accidentally drops it on the ice, exposing it to the cold temperatures of the Antarctic. The young penguin chick who hatches out of this egg has a terrible singing voice and later discovers he has no "Heartsong." However, he does have a talent for tap dancing.
While Mumble's mother, Norma Jean, thinks this little habit is cute, his father, Memphis, says it "just ain't penguin." Besides, they both know that, without a "Heartsong", Mumble may never find true love. As fate would have it, his one friend, Gloria, happens to be the best singer around. Mumble and Gloria have a connection from the moment they hatch, but she struggles with his strange "hippity-hoppity" ways. Mumble is just too different--especially for Noah the Elder, the stern leader of the colony, who ultimately casts him out of the community.
Away from home for the first time, Mumble meets a group of different penguins--the Adelie Amigos. Led by Ramon, the Adelies instantly accept Mumble's tap-dancing skills and invite him to party with them. In the home of the Adelies, Mumble seeks the counsel of Lovelace the Guru, a Rockhopper penguin who claims he will answer any of life's questions for the price of a pebble. In their conversation, Lovelace mentions "aliens," which interest Mumble as he finds a frozen vehicle in a glacier. He decides to find the "aliens."
Returning home, Mumble and his friends find Gloria in the center of attention as her "Heartsong" is very attractive to the other penguins. However, she is not interested in the other males' "Heartsongs" but is excited when Mumble persuades her to sing in time with his tap-dance rhythm. The other penguins become interested and begin dancing. However, Noah the Elder feels that the recent lack of fish, the penguins' main food, is a punishment sent from their god in order to punish them for allowing Mumble's dancing. He therefore exiles Mumble from the colony, but before he leaves, Mumbles tells them that he will find the real cause of the famine.
With Lovelace and the Amigos, Mumble travels many miles and through many obstacles, which include an attack by killer whales. Finally, they see a large quantity of commercial trawlers, ships that are fishing in the Antarctic waters, and Mumble follows them. Eventually, he is caught and put on display in an marine park exhibit. He attempts to communicate with the "aliens" (humans) who are surrounding him, but fails. After nearing going insane with the confinement, a small child taps on the glass of his enclosure. Mumble is excited and begins tap-dancing. After a large crowd gathers to watch him, he is released back to the wild with a tracking device and leads the humans back to his colony.
Later on, a research team arrives to study the penguins, and the humans discover they are overfishing the ocean, which had resulted in the lack of fish. Fishing the Antarctic is banned, and the fish population returns and thrives. In the end, the Emperors and Amigos are shown dancing and celebrating.

Bernie Mac
Bernie Mac (October 5, 1957 – August 9, 2008), was a two-time Emmy Award-nominated African American actor and comedian.

Michael Phelps
Michael Fred Phelps was born on June 30, 1985 in Baltimore, Maryland). He is an American swimmer and he holds World Records in several events. Phelps won eight medals at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens. Six of those were gold. These medals made him tie the record for medals at a single Olympics. Alexander Dityatin had held this record since 1980. In 2008, Phelps won eight swimming gold medals at the Summer Olympics in Beijing. This broke Mark Spitz's record for most gold medals in a single Olympics.

Severe weather
Severe weather is any destructive weather phenomenon. The term is usually used to refer to severe thunderstorms and related phenomena, such as tornados, hail, and downbursts.

Indian Territory
The Indian Territory, also known as The Indian Country, The Indian territory or the Indian territories, was land set aside within the United States for the use of Native Americans.

Kenton, Oklahoma
Kenton is a small unincorporated community in Cimarron County, Oklahoma, United States.

Trio
A trio is a group of three things, or a group of three persons who are doing something together.

Alfred Cortot
Alfred Denis Cortot (born Nyon, Switzerland 26 September 1877; died Lausanne 15 June 1962) was a French-Swiss pianist and conductor. He is one of the most famous 20th century musicians. He was especially known for his playing of piano music by 19th century Romantic composers such as Chopin and Schumann. He formed a piano trio with the violinist Jacques Thibaud and the cellist Pablo Casals. He was a great piano teacher and also a famous conductor.
Early life and education.
Cortot (pronounce “Cor-toe”) was born in Nyon in the French-speaking part of Switzerland. His father was French and his mother was Swiss. Cortot studied at the Paris Conservatoire. His teachers were Emile Descombes and Louis Diémer. He won a first prize ("premier prix") in 1896. His first public concert was at the Concerts Colonne in 1897 when he played Beethoven's Piano Concerto No. 3. He helped opera singers to learn their music, and became assistant conductor at the Bayreuth Festival. In 1902 he conducted Wagner’s "Götterdämmerung". It was the first time it had been performed in Paris. He formed a concert society to perform Wagner's "Parsifal", Beethoven's "Missa solemnis", Brahms' "German Requiem", and new works by French composers.
Career.
In 1905, Cortot formed a trio with Jacques Thibaud and Pablo Casals, which became the most famous piano trio of the time. There are still several recordings of their playing. From 1907 to 1923 Cortot taught at the Paris Conservatoire, where his pupils included Clara Haskil, Dinu Lipatti, Vlado Perlemuter. In 1919 he founded the École Normale de Musique de Paris. Many people came to hear him teach about how to perform piano music. He travelled a lot and also conducted famous orchestras. He died in Lausanne.
World War II.
Many people did not agree with him when he supported the German occupation in France during the Second World War. He played in some concerts which were supported by the Nazis. He may just have played at these concerts because he liked German music, but it did make him some enemies. His wife, Clothilde Breal, was of Jewish origin and her cousin, Lise Bloch, was married to Leon Blum, the first Jew to become President du Conseil or Prime Minister in France. Cortot and the Blums were good friends, although he was banned for a year from performing in France.
Contribution.
He was famous for playing the piano music of Chopin and Schumann, Cortot made editions of both those composers' music. He had a superb technique, but he also had many memory lapses in concerts and occasionally left wrong notes on his records. Nevertheless when he played well he was one of the greatest pianists of his time.

Pesto
Pesto is a kind of sauce that originated in Liguria, in Italy. The uncooked sauce is made of basil which is crushed. Other ingredients are garlic, salt, pine nuts and certain kinds of cheese (most often Parmesan cheese, Pecorino Sardo or Pecorino Romano).
Pesto is often used as a sauce for pasta.
There is a similar dish in the Provence, in France. It contains no nuts or cheese. It is called Pistou.

Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom
"Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom" is a 1984 movie starring Harrison Ford and directed by Steven Spielberg. It is the second movie in the Indiana Jones movie series and the prequel to "Raiders of the Lost Ark".
Plot.
The movie is set in the year 1934. Indiana Jones meets a gangster named Lao Che. Lao Che wants the ashes of the Manchurian emperor Nurachi. In turn, he will give Jones a rare diamond. They trade items. However, Lao Che put poison in Jones's drink and offers him the antidote for the diamond. A fight ensures, where one of Lao Che's sons is killed and a dancer named Willie Scott picks up the antidote. Jones and Scott leap out a window, where they are driven by Jones's sidekick Short Round through Shanghai. They then get on plane but do not know that it is owned by Lao Che.
Lao Che orders the pilots of his plane to parachute out to try to kill Jones. However, Jones uses a life boat and lands safely. They are then greeted by a village leader in India who tells them that a group of men took their Sankara Stone and kidnapped their children. He asks if the three of them will go help them find the stone and their children. Jones agrees and the three of them go out on elephants.
They stay the night at Pankot Palace. While there, a big man tries to kill Jones. Jones finds a secret door and find a large underground temple underneath the palace run by the Thuggee people. He sees the three Sankara Stones there. The three of them watch their leader, Mola Ram, sacrifice a man by pulling out his heart and lowering him into a lava pit where he burns to death. The Thuggees see them and capture them.
Jones meets Mola Ram, the one that kidnapped the children and stole the stone. He has the kids working in the mine to find more of the stones. He has Jones drink the blood of Kali. The blood brainwashes Jones and puts him under a spell. Ram then shows him Scott, who they captured. Jones puts her in a cage and starts to lower her down into a lava pit. Short Round, who was working at the mines, gets free. He takes a torch and burns Jones, who comes to his senses. He saves Scott, takes the stones, and starts to get out of there.
He frees the children from their chains. However, another big man, the leader, starts to fight Jones. Jones is winning but when he is about to beat the guy, he suddenly goes into great pain. Short Round tries to help but can't help very much. He looks up and sees that the king is using a voodoo doll and hurting Jones. Short Round climbs up to the top and burns him as well, just in time. The three heroes go into the mine cart to escape, leading a long chase where they barely escape.
Mola Ram traps them over a bridge. Jones signals to his friends to hold on and then he cuts the rope. Most of the Thuggees die when they are eaten by crocodiles down below. The rest of the people hang onto the bridge, which hits a cliff. Scott and Short Round easily make it up. Ram and Jones fight. It ends when Jones utters a chant that makes the stones very hot. Ram grabs one, is burned, and falls to his death below.
A group of Indian riflemen then come down and shoots at the Thuggees, driving them back. Jones brings the stone and all the children back.

Andrei Tarkovsky
Andrei Arsenyevich Tarkovsky () (April 4, 1932 - December 29, 1986) was a Soviet film director, writer and opera director. Tarkovksy is listed as one of the 100 filmmakers best liked by film critics. He attained critical acclaim for directing such films as "Andrei Rublev", "Solaris" and "Stalker".
Tarkovsky also did a lot of work as a screenwriter, film editor and theater director.He is also important as a film theorist. He directed most of his films in the Soviet Union, with the exception of his last two films which were produced in Italy and Sweden. His films are characterized by Christian spirituality and metaphysical themes. Other things that are typical for his films are extremely long takes, the lack of conventional dramatic structure and plot, and memorable images of exceptional beauty.
Tarkovsky died of cancer, at age 54.

Boss (video game)
In video games, a boss is usually an enemy found at the end of a level or the game that is stronger than regular enemies.

Grappling hook
A grappling hook is a tool used to climb up higher. It can also be used to swing across a gap.

Pegasus
Pegasus (Greek: "Πήγασος", Pégasos, 'strong') is a flying horse in Greek mythology. He's the son of Poseidon and the Gorgon Medusa. In cartoons and other stories, Pegasus was said to be the horse of the legendary hero Hercules.

Christian Gottlob Neefe
Christian Gottlob Neefe (1748–1798) was Ludwig van Beethoven's first teacher.

Pedestal
A pedestal is a platform that holds up objects like statues and vases.

Madgeburg
Madgeburg is a small town in Germany. A demonstration of air pressure (called the Madgeburg spheres) was done here. Also, George Philip Telemann was born here.

Pendant
A pendant is an object that usually hangs from a necklace.

Office of Film and Literature Classification (Australia)
The Office of Film and Literature Classification is a censorship and classification group that rates video games, movies, and publications.

Satellaview
The Satellaview is a satellite modem add-on for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System only released in Japan by Nintendo. Nintendo made many games for it usually with "BS" in front of them, including remakes of "The Legend of Zelda" and '. Other companies have also made games for it.

Action-adventure game
An action-adventure game is a video game genre that uses gameplay from adventure and action games. Popular games in this genre are "The Legend of Zelda" series, the "Castlevania" series, and the "Metroid" series.

Steve Miller Band
The Steve Miller Band is a American blues rock band led by Steve Miller.

Ariadne
Ariadne, in Greek mythology, was daughter of King Minos of Crete and his queen, Pasiphaë, daughter of Helios, the Sun-titan. She helped Theseus in defeating the Minotaur and later became the consort of the god Dionysus.

Bird's eye view
A bird's-eye view is a view of something from above, like from a bird's view.

Kōji Kondō
is a Japanese composer and musician who makes video game music for Nintendo, often for games in "The Legend of Zelda" series and the "Mario" series.

Electronic Gaming Monthly
"Electronic Gaming Monthly" (abbreviated as "EGM") is an American video game magazine published by Ziff Davis. It's one of the most popular gaming magazines in America.
April Fools' Day.
Every April Fools' Day, "Electronic Gaming Monthly" does an April Fools' Day joke. One of the most famous is when they said that Sonic and Tails can be found in "Super Smash Bros. Melee" if the player completes a very hard task, and for a long time after that, people thought that they really were in. Sonic later appeared in "Super Smash Bros. Brawl".

Brownie Brown
is a Japanese Nintendo-owned video game development company in Tokyo, Japan. They were formed by ex-employees of Square Co. who worked on games in the "Mana" series.

Nintendo Entertainment Analysis and Development
Nintendo Entertainment Analysis and Development (Nintendo EAD for short) is Nintendo's biggest game studio. It's responsible for making many of Nintendo's biggest games, including the "Mario" series and "The Legend of Zelda" series.

Tiel
Tiel is a town in the middle of the Netherlands.
The town is sourrounded by the Waal river and the Linge river on the south and the north side. The Amsterdam-Rhine Canal is on the east side. The city was founded in the 5th century. The whole municipality has about 41.000 inhabitants, while the village of Tiel itself has 29.000 people. The village's mascot is a fruit man, which is called "Flipje". Flipje used to be the mascot for a local Jam factory, but is now an icon for the whole of Tiel.

Zanskar Range
The Zanskar Range is spread over a vast area from south eastern boundaries of the state of Kashmir and extends in the north west direction to the eastern limits of Baltistan. It separates Ladakh from the valleys of Kashmir and the Chenab River.
In other words it serves as a boundary line between Ladakh region of Occupied Kashmir and the remaining two regions of the state i.e. Jammu region and Vale of Kashmir. 23000 feet high peak Nunkun is situated within this range. Marbal Pass and many other passes which connect Ladakh with Kashmir are situated in this area, 13000 feet high Zojila Pass is situated in the extreme north west of Zanskar range. This range, in fact is a branch of the great Himalayan range of mountains. Many rivers taking birth in different branches of this range flow northward, and join the great Indus River. These rivers include Hanle River, Khurna River, Zanskar River, Suru River (Indus), and Shingo River.

Karakoram Range
Karakoram Range of mountains starting in the extreme north of Hindu Kush Range mountain and extending eastward in the north of Baltistan District ends in the northeast corner of the state of Jammu & Kashmir. The range is spread over a length of 482 km, and it covers a tract 46 to 48 km broad. Karakoram separates the State of Jammu and Kashmir from Tibet, and Central Asian States. It also protects Kashmir fromthe extreme cold winds of Siberia. There are over 300 peaks with an elevation between 5200 and 28000 feet from the sea level. Out of these peaks, 150 are situated in Baltistan. The world's highest peak K2 (8611 M/ 28251 feet) is situated within this range. World famous glaciers, the Siachen Glacier, Masherbroom and Gaisherbroom are also situated in Karakoram range. Many hilly lakes and hot-water springs can also be found here The different valleys of Karakoram gave birth to many rivers, rivulets, streams which at last drain in the great Indus River. 18300 feet high Karakoram Pass, connects Kashmir with Central Asian states and is considered to be a historical route. Shaksgam Pass, Aghil Pass, and Khunjerab Pass are also situated in this range of mountains.

Hindu Kush Range
This range of mountains starts near Pamir in the north of Gilgit extending in the south west deep into the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan, Tirich Mir is located here. On the west of this range lies a tract of land called Wakhan corridor of Afghanistan which separates Gilgit Agency from the Tajikistan. This tract of land was formed under an agreement between the governments of the Empires of Russia and Britain in 1890, and the tract was annexed with Afghanistan to serve as a neutral zone between the two empires. The passes of Mintaka Pass, Kilik Pass, Chilinji Pass and Kuramber Pass are situated in Hindu Kush range and connect Kashmir with central Asian states. Many rivers including Chapursan River, Ishkuman River, Ghizar River, Gilgit River and Shandur River originate in the valleys of Hindukush and ultimately join the Indus River.

Nanga Parbat Range
This mountain is situated between Chilas and Astore running northwest to southeast. For 10 miles its elevation goes upto 22000 feet. Then upto 60 miles it drops to 14000 feet and again for 60 miles it rises to height of 17000 to 17400 feet, whereas its ak rise upto 20,000 feet. The range covers an area of 120 miles in length and 12 to 24 miles in width. In the east it joins the Pir Panjal Range. Its highest peak called Nanga Parbat having an elevation of 26660 feet and is the third highest peak of the world.

Deosai Mountains
A range of mountains called Deosai stands between the Vale of Kashmir, Gilgit Agency and Baltistan District. There is a vast plain ground covering an area of 580 sq miles, bearing e same name Deosai. The whole area is uninhabited, surrounded by rocky mountains, with an elevation of 16,000 to 17,000 feet. The road leading to Skardu from Gurez passes through Deosai Plains. Tragbal Pass and Burzil Pass, situated in this area, connect the Valley of Occupied Kashmir with Baltistan and Gilgit.

Harmukh Mountain
Harmukh is a branch of great Himalayan range which is situated between the valleys of Jhelum and Neelum in the north eastern part of Kashmir Valley to the north of Srinagar (Iqbalabad). Excepting the mornings and evening, the mountain is always covered by clouds. Name of the 16980 feet high peak is also Harmukh. The peak is square shaped and can be viewed from all the sides therefore the name "Harmukh". Sarbalnag spring is situated on the top of Harmukh mountain.

Hiroya Miura
Hiroya Miura (Japanese name: 三浦寛也; born in Sendai, Japan in 1975) is a composer and performer working in the fields of contemporary classical music.
Miura joined the faculty of Bates College in Maine in 2005.

Sulaiman Range
The Sulaiman Mountains (Persian,Urdu: سليمان) are a major geological feature of Pakistan and one of the bordering ranges between the Iranian Plateau and the South Asia. Bordering the Sulaiman Range to the north are the arid highlands of the Hindu Kush Range, with more than 50 percent of the lands there lying above 2,000 m (6,500 feet). The Sulaiman Range, and the high plateau to the west and southwest of it, helps form a natural barrier against the humid winds that blow from the Indian Ocean, creating arid conditions across Southern Afghanistan to the north. In contrast, the relatively flat and low-lying Indus River Delta is situated due east and south of the Sulaiman Mountains. This lush delta is prone to heavy flooding and is mostly uncultivated wilderness.

Salt Range
The Salt Range is a hill system in the Punjab province of Pakistan, deriving its name from its extensive deposits of rock salt. The range extends from the Jhelum River to the Indus River, across the northern portion of the Punjab province. The Salt Range contains the great mines of Mayo, Khewra, Warcha and Kalabagh, which yield vast supplies of salt. Coal of a medium quality is also found.

Toba Kakar Range
The Toba Kakar Mountains are a Southern offshoot of the Himalayas in the Balochistan region of Pakistan. The historical route through the mountains is known as the Bolan Pass, and though the mountains are sometimes inaccurately referred to as the "Brahui Mountains", Brahui is the term for an ethnic group that lives in the region, and their language.

Ladakh Range
The Ladakh Range is a segment of the Karakoram Range, that extends southeastward for 230 miles (370 km) from the mouth of the Shyok River in the Ladakh region, Occupied Kashmir to the Tibetan/Chinese border. With a crest line of about 20,000 feet (6,100 m), the range parallels the northeast bank of the Indus River.

Kiki's Delivery Service
"Kiki's Delivery Service", known in Japan as, is a movie about a witch named Kiki who goes to live on her own for a year, just like all witches must do at her age. It's the fifth anime movie made at Studio Ghibli, and it was made by Hayao Miyazaki, their most famous director. It's based on the novel of the same name.
It begins with her listening to the radio and hears that there will be a full moon and runs to tell her mother she is leaving to start her training.She then leaves and while flying on her broom stick runs into another witch who acts all snobby. So basically she finds a town and lives with a pregnant women an starts a delivery service and finds love in her life,

Future Boy Conan
(also known as "Conan, The Boy in Future") is an anime series made by Hayao Miyazaki based on the future. It's about a boy named Conan who is born on an island and meets a girl named Lana.

The Castle of Cagliostro
"The Castle of Cagliostro", known in Japan as is an anime movie made by Hayao Miyazaki. It's a movie in the "Lupin III" anime series, starring the character Arsène Lupin III, an infamous gentleman thief.

Ponyo on the Cliff by the Sea
is an anime movie made by Studio Ghibli's Hayao Miyazaki. It's about a goldfish who wants to become a human.

Libel
A libel is a false statement that damages a person's reputation in a major way. In most places, libel is against the law. In order to be libel, the statement must appear in print, that is, it must be published; materially damaging false statements in speech is called slander.

Howl's Moving Castle (film)
is an anime movie made by Hayao Miyazaki. It's based on the novel of the same name.

Trauma center
A trauma center is a hospital equipped to be able to help patients 24 hours a day, 365 days a year.

Academia
Academia is a word for higher education and research. The word comes from the "akademeia" just outside ancient Athens, where the gymnasium was made famous by Plato.

Biblical studies
Biblical studies is the academic study of the Judeo-Christian Bible and other similar books. For Christianity, the Bible normally has the New Testament and Old Testament together, which are often called the "Scriptures."

Isaac Hayes
Isaac Hayes (August 20, 1942 - August 10, 2008) was a famous soul singer, songwriter, and actor. He was also famous for playing Chef in "South Park", but he left this role because he did not like it when "South Park" made fun of scientology, which was his religion.
Death.
Isaac Hayes was found on the floor of his house on August 10, 2008. He was taken to the hospital, and died there. He was 65 years old.

Operation Searchlight
Operation Searchlight was a planned military pacification carried out by the Pakistan Army to curb the Bengali nationalist movement in erstwhile East Pakistan in March of 1971. Ordered by the government in West Pakistan, this was seen as the sequel to Operation Blitz which had been launched in November 1970.

India-Pakistan relations
The India-Pakistan Relationship since independence have been cold, relations between Pakistan and the Republic of India have been characterized by rivalry and suspicion. Although many issues divide the two countries, the most sensitive one since independence has been the status of Kashmir.

Afghanistan–Pakistan relations
Pakistan shares a long land border with Afghanistan (also called the Durand Line). The border is poorly marked and it is easily crossed by people.
Pashtun peoples live on both sides of the international border.
In June 2008 relations between the two countries worsened due to disagreements over fighting militants. Afghan President Hamid Karzai threatened to send troops over the border to fight militants. Pakistan then issued a warning to Afghanistan that it would not "tolerate any violations of its borders". Many Taliban now come from Pakistan and many sources state Osama bin Laden may also be in Pakistan, making relations worse because of the Afghan and coalition hunt to find him.

Pakistani-Bengali Relations
The Bangladesh-Pakistani relationship is yet to be at a level that may be called warm. However since full diplomatic relations were implemented on January 18 in 1976, it has shown improvement in bilateral relations concerning commerce, culture and trade and making reconciliatory agreements.
An August 1973 agreement between Bangladesh and Pakistan on the repatriation of numerous individuals, including 90,000 Pakistani prisoners of war stranded in Bangladesh as a result of the 1971 conflict;
A February 1974 accord by Bangladesh and Pakistan on mutual diplomatic recognition, followed more than 2 years later by establishment of formal diplomatic relations on January 18th 1976;
The organization by the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) of an airlift that moved almost 250,000 Bengalis from Pakistan to Bangladesh, and non-Bengalis from Bangladesh to Pakistan; and
Exchanges of high-level visits, including a visit by Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto to Bangladesh in 1989 and visits by Prime Minister khalida Zia to Pakistan in 1992 and in 1995.
Still to be resolved are the division of assets from the pre-1971 period and the status of more than 250,000 non-Bengalis who are ethnically Biharis also known as Stranded Pakistanis remaining in Bangladesh but seeking resettlement in Pakistan.

Pakistan-UAE Relations
Pakistan was the first country to accord formal recognition to UAE on its achieving independence. Bilateral relations and mutually beneficial cooperation have progressed steadily ever since.
Pakistan and the UAE enjoy extremely close and traternal relations, founded on deep-rooted cultural affinities, shared faith and traditions, as also geographic proximity and identity of interests. These relations date back to the UAE's formation in 1971, and have since evolved into wide-ranging co-operation in various fields. UAE has been a major donor of economic assistance to Pakistan. UAE has been appreciative of Pakistan's contribution to the evolution of key institutions in the Emirates such as armed forces, police, health and education, and has reciprocated in the same friendly manner to the full satisfaction of Pakistan.
The two countries have common perceptions on all international and regional issues of mutual concern. Frequent exchanges of high level visits and regular bilateral consultations between the two countries are reflective of the fact that Pakistan and UAE have laid strong foundations of mutually beneficial relations, friendship and peaceful cooperation over the years, UAE has emerged as one of Pakistan's major economic and trading partners. A large number of Pakistani expatriates, numbering nearly 400,000 are gainfully employed in UAE. The Pakistani expatriates in UAE have contributed in a significant manner to promotion of bilateral understanding and to the economy of Pakistan through their home remittances.

Greek–Pakistan relations
Greek-Pakistani relations are foreign relations between Greece and Pakistan. First contact between both culture date back from Alexander the Great. In modern times, Pakistans first embassy in Athens was opened in 1975. Greece established an embassy in Islamabad in 1987. There are around 32,500 Pakistani people living and working in Greece.

Pakistan-Russian Relations
Pakistan-Russian relations are the relations of Pakistan and Russia. The countries established diplomatic relations on 1 May 1948.
In June 2006 President Musharraf of Pakistan, in an interview with the Itar-Tass news agency, claimed that there is a "mutuality of interest in this region between Russia and Pakistan"

Pakistan-Vietnam Relations
Vietnam and Pakistan officially established diplomatic relations on 8 November 1972. Pakistan opened its Embassy in Hanoi in 1973. However, due to economic reasons, Pakistan closed the embassy in 1980. Vietnam also opened its embassy in Islamabad in 1978 and had to close it down in 1984 due to its own economic difficulty. Bilateral relations between Vietnam and Pakistan in recent years have considerably improved. Both countries leaders expressed their willingness to strengthen their existing relations, not only in the political sphere but also in other areas such as trade and economics, and exchange more visits from one to another’s country, including both high-ranking and working visits. Pakistan reopened its embassy in Hanoi in October 2000. Vietnam also reopened its embassy in Islamabad in December 2005 and trade office in Karachi in November 2005.

Iran-Pakistan Relations
Historically, Iran was the first nation to recognize Pakistan. Since then, Pakistan has had close geopolitical and cultural-religious linkages with Iran. However, strains in the relationship appeared in the 1980s, when Pakistan and Iran supported opposing factions in the Afghan conflict. Also, some Pakistanis suspect Iranian support for the sectarian violence which has plagued Pakistan. Nevertheless, Pakistan pursues an active diplomatic relationship with Iran, including recent overtures to seek a negotiated settlement between Afghanistan's warring factions. Pakistan also supports Iran's use of Nuclear Technology for peaceful purposes. On January 27th 2006, Pakistan, Iran, and India agreed to start work on IPI gasline which Pakistan needs to shrink the gap of Demand and supply of energy in Pakistan to maintain economic growth.

Associativity
Associativity is a part of mathematic operations. In an expression, if two or more associative signs are in a row, the order of the operations does not matter, as long as the order of the operands is not changed.
Associativity must not be confused with commutativity, where the order of the operands can be changed.

Disney's Nine Old Men
Disney's Nine Old Men were a group of animators who were very important names for Disney. They made many important works of Disney, from Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs to The Rescuers. Although the men of the group were all young, Walt Disney called them Nine Old Men as a reference to Franklin D. Roosevelt calling the US Supreme Court nine old men.
By the time "Robin Hood" was released, only four of the Nine Old Men were still animating at Disney. They were Milt Kahl, John Lounsbery, Frank Thomas and Ollie Johnston, although Eric Larson and Wolfgang Reitherman were both working for Disney, but not as animators. Lounsbery died in 1976, Kahl retired the same year and died in 1987. Thomas and Johnston retired in 1978, and both later enjoyed cameo appearances in the Brad Bird-directed films "The Iron Giant" (Warner Bros., 1999) and "The Incredibles" (Pixar, 2004). Thomas died shortly after that, in 2004, leaving Johnston as the last living "Old Man." He died on April 14, 2008.

Ollie Johnston
Oliver Martin Johnston, Jr. (October 31, 1912 – April 14, 2008) was an American movie animator. He was one of Disney's Nine Old Men, and the last one living. He also got the National Medal of Arts in 2005. He was a good friend of Frank Thomas, another animator who was also one of the Nine Old Men. They wrote "The Illusion of Life", a book about animation. Johnston's hobby throughout his life was trains.

Enter Shikari
Enter Shikari are a Post-hardcore band from St Albans, Hertfodshire, England. The band is named after the punjabi word "Shikari" meaning hunter.
They are known for songs such as "Sorry you're not a winner" and "Anything can happen in the next half hour"

Random House
Random House is the biggest English-language book publisher in the world. It is owned by the large German media company Bertelsmann.

Dr. Seuss
Theodor Seuss Geisel (; March 2, 1904 – September 24, 1991) was an American writer and cartoonist. He was better known by his pen name, Dr. Seuss. He pronounced his name, but it is often said as.
Publications.
In his long life Geisel wrote more than 60 books. Though most of them were published as Dr. Seuss, he also wrote 13 books as Theo. LeSieg and one as Rosetta Stone (a pun on the Rosetta Stone). Theodor Seuss Geisel is one of the most popular children's authors of all time. His books have sold over 222 million copies and been translated into more than 15 languages. In the years after his death in 1991, several books have been published based on his sketches and notes; these include "Hooray for Diffendoofer Day!" and "Daisy-Head Mayzie". Though they were all published under the name Dr. Seuss, only "My Many Colored Days", originally written in 1973, was entirely by Geisel.

False Vampire Bats
The False Vampire Bats ("Megaderma") are a subfamliy of bats. They are two species that occur in Asia. They are unrelated to the Vampire bats (which only occur in South America). Unlike the vampire bats, they also do not feed on blood, but are insectivores. They are also unrelated to the Spectral Bat (which is called "Vampyrum", but which is an omnivore)

Centaur (planetoid)
A Centaur in astronomy is a small object like an asteroid that orbits or goes around the Sun between the planets Jupiter and Neptune.

List of cities in Thailand
Thailand divides its municipalities ("thesaban") into three levels - cities about the quantity of inhabitants, ("thesaban nakhon"), towns ("thesaban mueang") and townships ("thesaban tambon").
The national capital Bangkok (pop. 5,678,003: May 2006) and the special governed city Pattaya (Population 96,859: May 2006) are outside of these divisions.
Nakhon (City).
City, Province - Population (May 2006)

Sidcup
Sidcup is a suburban development in the London Borough of Bexley in South East London. It is located south east of Charing Cross.
For many years, Sidcup's Member of Parliament, as part of the Old Bexley and Sidcup constituency was Edward Heath, who was Prime Minister from 1970 to 1974.

Quentin Blake
Quentin Saxby Blake CBE (born December 16 1932 in Sidcup) is a British cartoonist, illustrator and children's book author, most known for his drawings in books written by Roald Dahl.
Education.
Blake went to Chislehurst and Sidcup Grammar School. His first published drawing was for "Punch" magazine, at the age of 16. He studied English Literature at Downing College, Cambridge (1953-6) and later studied at the Chelsea School of Art. He trained as a teacher at the Institute of Education before working at the Royal College of Art.
Career.
Blake gained a reputation as an illustrator of over 300 children's books. His work in Roald Dahl's books made him internationally famous. As well as his work with Dahl, Blake has also written several books of his own.
Bibliography (partial).
This is a list only of books both written and illustrated by Blake.

Chassis
A chassis (plural chassis) consists of a framework that supports an inanimate (non-living) object. This is much like an animal's skeleton, for example in a car.
Examples of use.
In a car, the term chassis means the frame (the metal "skeleton") plus the engine, transmission (gear shift), driveshaft, differential (gears which keep the back wheels moving correctly), and suspension (springs which keep the car above the ground). A body, which is usually not necessary to keep the car together, is built on top of the chassis to complete the car.

Green Eggs and Ham
"Green Eggs and Ham" is a book by Dr. Seuss. It was first published in 1960. As of 2001, according to "Publishers Weekly", it had sold fourth-most copies of any book ever.
Words.
"Green Eggs and Ham" is one of Seuss's "Beginner Books", written using very simple words for beginning readers. There are only fifty different words, of which 49 have only one syllable. The one exception is "anywhere". The fifty words used are: "a, am, and, anywhere, are, be, boat, box, car, could, dark, do, eat, eggs, fox, goat, good, green, ham, here, house, I, if, in, let, like, may, me, mouse, not, on, or, rain, Sam, say, see, so, thank, that, the, them, there, they, train, tree, try, will, with, would, you". 45 of the 50 words (all but box, car, Sam, train and try) are Germanic.

Super Castlevania IV
"Super Castlevania IV", known in Japan as is an adventure platforming video game made by Konami for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System. It appeared on the Wii's Virtual Console too. It's a retelling of "Castlevania", and the main character is Simon Belmont.

Claude Lévi-Strauss
Claude Lévi-Strauss (; born November 28, 1908) is a French anthropologist. He came up with structural anthropology, which is the idea that people think about the world in terms of opposites—such as high and low, inside and outside, person and animal, life and death—and that every culture can be understood in terms of these opposites. "From the very start," he wrote, "the process of visual perception makes use of binary oppositions." ["Structuralism and Ecology", 1972]

North Tyrol
North Tyrol, or North Tirol (German: Nordtirol) is the main part of the Austrian state of Tyrol, located in the western part of the country. The other part of the state is East Tyrol, which also belongs to Austria, but does not share a border with North Tyrol.
Besides those two regions, the historical region of Tyrol for many centuries also included the areas today known as Bolzano-Bozen and Trento, which were annexed by Italy after World War I. By that, North Tyrol and East Tyrol were effectively cut of from each other.
North Tyrol borders Salzburg in the east, the German state of Bavaria in the north, Vorarlberg in the west, the Swiss canton of Graubünden in the southwest and Bolzano-Bozen in the south. Its capital is Innsbruck.

Castlevania (video game)
"Castlevania", known in Japan as, is an action platforming video game made by Konami for the Nintendo Entertainment System. It's the first game in the "Castlevania" series. It stars Simon Belmont, a vampire hunter, who has to battle against Dracula and his minions. It's had many sequels and is still a popular series.

Spectral Bat
The genus "Vampyrum" contains only one species, the Spectral Bat ("V. spectrum"). Some alternate names for this species are the False Vampire Bat, Linnaeus's False Vampire Bat and the Spectral Vampire Bat. Confusingly, they are not related to the Old World family of large carnivorous bats to be found in the Megadermatidae that are also called false vampires.
This species is the largest bat (Chiroptera) in the New World. Its wingspan is about 80 cm (almost 3 feet). Body length and weight are of 125-35 mm and 145-190 grams respectively. Some animals reach wingspans of over a metre. The fur on the upper parts of the bat is normally dark brown, chestnut brown or rust-orange and quite short. The ears are very long and rounded. The animal has no tail, but the tail membrane is long and broad. The large feet are robust, with long curved claws. The muzzle is long and narrow, and the teeth are strong. The Noseleaf is medium-sized, lance-shaped, horseshoe and spear with continuous rim raised to form a hollow cup around the nostrils. Underparts are usually pale, dirty gray-brown to yellow-brown - the fur is much shorter than on the back.
The bats are very good at hunting at night. They are predators. Their prey includes many vertebrates, such as amphibians, reptiles, small birds and mammals- they even hunt other bat species. Insects are also included, especially large crickets, cicadas etc. Surprisingly, a small amount of fruit is also eaten, making this animal in the strictest sense an omnivore.
The animals occur is southern Mexico to Peru and Ecuador to central and northern Brazil, Suriname, Guyana, and the island of Trinidad.
When hunting, this species is extremely stealthy. It will often pounce from a position on an above branch onto its prey or fly like some owls by patrolling back and forth along forest edges, suddenly dropping on something in the grass. One young or pup is produced each year, and the mother is very attentive and gentle with her offspring. The male is always in attendance too and will frequently sleep with both mother and young completely wrapped in his wings.

Emmanuelle
Emmanuelle is the lead character in a series of French softcore based on a character created by Emmanuelle Arsan in the novel "Emmanuelle" (1959). Starting in the 1970s, many very successful movies were made from the book (and its sequels).
At the 2008 Cannes Film Festival, Alain Siritzky said that a worldwide search was to begin for a new Emmanuelle to star in a new series of films.

Millvina Dean
Elizabeth Gladys “Millvina” Dean (born February 2, 1912) is, at age 96, the last living survivor of the sinking of the RMS "Titanic" that occurred April 15, 1912. She was the youngest person to be on the ship, and does not remember anything about the sinking.
She was only two months old when she went on the Titanic with her mother, father, and brother. When the Titanic hit an iceberg, her father felt it and told his wife to get her children dressed and go to the deck, or front, of the ship. Dean, her mother, and her brother all got into a lifeboat and got away from the sinking Titanic. Her father, however, did not live and it is not known where his body is.
Dean started to take part in Titanic-related activities when she was in her seventies, and does not like it when forms of entertainment use the Titanic. The only Titanic movie she watched was "A Night to Remember", and she hated it as it was too painful for her to watch.
She became the last living Titanic survivor when Barbara West died on October 16, 2007. West, unlike Dean, did not want any publicity from the Titanic.

Osu! Tatakae! Ouendan
is a rhythm video game made by iNiS and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo DS handheld game console. "Ouendan" is about a cheer squad who help people in trouble by cheering them on. It had an Americanized sequel called "Elite Beat Agents" that has music from the United States and Europe, and had a direct sequel called "Moero! Nekketsu Rhythm Damashii Osu! Tatakae! Ouendan 2".

Elite Beat Agents
"Elite Beat Agents" is a music video game made by iNiS and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo DS handheld game console. It's the spiritual sequel to "Osu! Tatakae! Ouendan". The gameplay has the player tap and drag on spots on the touch screen in beat to the rhythm of the music to score points. It was released under the Touch! Generations label in North America. In South Korea, it's called "Dowajweo! Rhythm Hero" (; Help! Rhythm Hero).

Moero! Nekketsu Rhythm Damashii Osu! Tatakae! Ouendan 2
is a rhythm video game made by iNiS and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo DS handheld game console. It's the third game in its series, after "Osu! Tatakae! Ouendan" and "Elite Beat Agents", both for the DS.

Wars (series)
The "Wars" series is a series of video games made by Nintendo that has appeared on many Nintendo systems starting with the Nintendo Entertainment System. Its first game is "Famicom Wars", and it has a spin-off called "Battalion Wars". The series is often called "Advance Wars", since the main games are called "Advance Wars" in English.

2008 South Ossetia war
The 2008 South Ossetia war is a military conflict that started on August 8, 2008, between Georgia, South Ossetian (and Abkhazian) secessionists and Russia.
South Ossetia and Abkhazia are territories within Georgia that declared independence from Georgia and have been acting in a "de facto" independent capacity since the early 1990s. Neither state has been diplomatically recognised by any member of the United Nations. The conflict began on August 8, 2008, after Georgia claimed South Ossetian separatists had broken a ceasefire by attacking villages, although South Ossetian officials deny that they attacked villages. Georgia launched a military offensive to surround and capture the capital of South Ossetia, Tskhinvali.
Russian militaty troops entered the war at the side of Ossetian separatists and won the conflict.
Georgia launched the application against actions of Russia
in the International Court of Justice

Horst-Wessel-Lied
The "Horst-Wessel-Lied" ("Horst Wessel Song"), also known as "Die Fahne hoch" ("The flag on high", from its opening line), was the anthem of the Nazi Party from 1930 to 1945. From 1933 to 1945 it was also part of Germany's national anthem.
The lyrics of the song were composed in 1929 by Horst Wessel, a Nazi activist and local commander of the Nazi militia, the SA, in the Berlin district of Friedrichshain. Wessel was assassinated by a Communist activist in January 1930, and the propaganda apparatus of Berlin Gauleiter Dr Joseph Goebbels made him the leading martyr of the Nazi Movement. The song became the official Song of Consecration ("Weihelied") for the Nazi Party, and was extensively used at party functions as well as being sung by the SA during street parades.
When the Nazis came to power in 1933, the "Horst-Wessel-Lied" was recognised as a national symbol by a law issued on May 19, 1933. Nazi Germany thus had a double anthem, consisting of the first verse of the "Deutschlandlied" followed by the "Horst Wessel-Lied". A regulation attached to a printed version of the "Horst Wessel-Lied" in 1934 required the right arm to be raised in a "Hitler salute" when the first and fourth verses were sung.
With the fall of the Nazi regime in 1945, the "Horst-Wessel-Lied" was banned, and both the lyrics and the tune remain illegal in Germany and Austria to this day except for educational and scholarly uses (under sections 86 and 86a of the "Strafgesetzbuch").
Lyrics.
The "Rotfront" ("Red Front") was a reference to the Rotfrontkämpferbund, a paramilitary organization associated with the Communist Party of Germany (KPD). It was common for Nazis' Sturmabteilung and Communists' Redfront to attack each other in violent street confrontations, which eventually grew into full-scale battles after 1930. "Reaction" was a reference to the conservative parties and the liberal democratic German state of the Weimar Republic period, which made several unsuccessful attempts to suppress the SA. "Servitude" is a reference to what the Nazis saw as Germany's "servitude" to the Treaty of Versailles of 1919, which imposed huge reparations on Germany and deprived her of her colonies and territory along her eastern border.
The dropping of the reference to "barricades" reflected the Nazi Party's desire in the period 1930-33 to be seen as a constitutional political party aiming at taking power by legal means rather than as a revolutionary party.
The line "Kameraden, die Rotfront und Reaktion erschossen" is ghastly German, but it was never amended.
After Wessel's death, new stanzas were composed in his honour. These were frequently sung by the SA but did not become part of the official lyrics used on party or state occasions.
Melody.
After Wessel's death, he was officially credited with having composed the melody as well as having written the lyrics for the "Horst-Wessel-Lied". Between 1930 and 1933, however, German critics disputed this claim, pointing out that the melody had a long prior history. Such criticism became impossible after 1933.
In 1936 a German music critic, Alfred Weidemann, published an article in which he identified the melody of a song composed in 1865 by the Weimar composer Peter Cornelius as the "Urmelodie" (source-melody). According to Weidemann, Cornelius described the tune as a "Viennese folk tune." This appeared to him to be the ultimate origin of the melody of the "Horst-Wessel-Lied".
The musical score is much more ocmplex than the text of the song; given its characteristics, it could easily be soung even by people without much singing practice, and be played by amateur bands. Often, fanfares were used to give a more military touch to the tune.
See also the Wikipedia article on Carl Boberg (1859-1940), particularly the note on similarities and dissimilarities between "Horst Wessel Lied" and the Swedish tune O STORE GUD (widely sung as "How Great Thou Art").
Parodies.
The Stahlhelm was a veterans' organisation closely aligned with the Nazis.
Ernst Thälmann was the KPD leader.
Wilhelm Frick was the Interior Minister. Baldur von Schirach was the Hitler Youth leader. Heinrich Himmler was head of the SS and police.
Kurt Schmitt was Economics Minister 1933-35.
References.
This article is largely based on George Boderick, "The Horst-Wessel-Lied: A Reappraisal," "International Folklore Review" Vol. 10 (1995): 100-127, available online

Identity (philosophy)
Identity is an umbrella term used throughout the social sciences to describe an individual's comprehension of him or herself as a discrete, separate entity. This term, though generic, can be further specified by the disciplines of psychology and sociology, including the two forms of social psychology.
Description.
Identity may be contrasted with the notion of "self". In psychology, a "psychological identity" relates to self-image (a person's mental model of him or herself), self-esteem, and individuation. An important part of identity in psychology is gender identity, as this dictates to a significant degree how an individual views him or herself both as a person and in relation to other people. In cognitive psychology, the term "identity" refers to the capacity for self-reflection and the awareness of self..
Sociology places some explanatory weight on the concept of role-behavior. The notion of "identity negotiation" may arise from the learning of social roles through personal experience. Identity negotiation is a process in which a person negotiates with society at large regarding the meaning of his or her identity.
Psychologists most commonly use the term "identity" to describe "personal identity", or the idiosyncratic things that make a person unique. Meanwhile, sociologists often use the term to describe "social identity", or the collection of group memberships that define the individual. However, these uses are not proprietary, and each discipline may use either concept.
Identity in psychology.
Erik Erikson was one of the earliest psychologists to be explicitly interested in identity. The Eriksonian framework rests upon a distinction among the psychological sense of continuity, known as the "ego identity" (sometimes identified simply as "the self"); the personal idiosyncrasies that separate one person from the next, known as the "personal identity"; and the collection of social roles that a person might play, known as either the "social identity" or the "cultural identity". Erikson's work, in the psychodynamic tradition, aimed to investigate the process of identity formation across a lifespan. Progressive strength in the ego identity, for example, can be charted in terms of a series of stages in which identity is formed in response to increasingly sophisticated challenges. On some readings of Erikson, the development of a strong ego identity, along with the proper integration into a stable society and culture, lead to a stronger sense of identity in general. Accordingly, a deficiency in either of these factors may increase the chance of an identity crisis or confusion.
Although the self is distinct from identity, the literature of self-psychology can offer some insight into how identity is maintained. From the vantage point of self-psychology, there are two areas of interest: the processes by which a self is formed (the "I"), and the actual content of the schemata which compose the self-concept (the "Me"). In the latter field, theorists have shown interest in relating the self-concept to self-esteem, the differences between complex and simple ways of organizing self-knowledge, and the links between those organizing principles and the processing of information.
The "Neo-Eriksonian" "identity status" paradigm emerged in later years, driven largely by the work of James Marcia. This paradigm focuses upon the twin concepts of "exploration" and "commitment". The central idea is that any individual's sense of identity is determined in large part by the explorations and commitments that he or she makes regarding certain personal and social traits. It follows that the core of the research in this paradigm investigates the degrees to which a person has made certain explorations, and the degree to which he or she displays a commitment to those explorations.
A person may display either relative weakness or relative strength in terms of both exploration and commitments. When assigned categories, four possible permutations result: identity diffusion, identity foreclosure, identity moratorium, and identity achievement. Diffusion is when a person lacks both exploration in life and interest in committing even to those unchosen roles that he or she occupies. Foreclosure is when a person has not chosen extensively in the past, but seems willing to commit to some relevant values, goals, or roles in the future. Moratorium is when a person displays a kind of flightiness, ready to make choices but unable to commit to them. Finally, achievement is when a person makes identity choices and commits to them.
Identity in social psychology.
At a general level, self-psychology is compelled to investigate the question of how the personal self relates to the social environment. To the extent that these theories place themselves in the tradition of "psychological" social psychology, they focus on explaining an individual's actions within a group in terms of mental events and states. However, some "sociological" social psychology theories go further by attempting to deal with the issue of identity at both the levels of individual cognition and of collective behavior.
The question of what psychological reasons drive the individual's adoption of group identities remains open. Many people gain a sense of positive self-esteem from their identity groups, which furthers a sense of community and belonging. Another issue that researchers have attempted to address is the question of why people engage in discrimination, i.e., why they tend to favor those they consider a part of their "in-group" over those considered to be outsiders. Both questions have been given extensive treatment by Henri Tajfel and John C. Turner's social identity theory. Their theory focuses mainly on the role of self-categorization and attempts to show how a simple sense of distinctiveness can lead people to act in a discriminating way. Moreover, social identity theory shows that merely crafting cognitive distinction between in- and out-groups can lead to subtle effects on people's evaluations of others.
Kenneth Gergen formulated additional classifications, which include the "strategic manipulator", the "pastiche personality", and the "relational self". The strategic manipulator is a person who begins to regard all senses of identity merely as role-playing exercises, and who gradually becomes alienated from his or her social "self". The pastiche personality abandons all aspirations toward a true or "essential" identity, instead viewing social interactions as opportunities to play out, and hence become, the roles they play. Finally, the relational self is a perspective by which persons abandon all sense of exclusive self, and view all sense of identity in terms of social engagement with others. For Gergen, these strategies follow one another in phases, and they are linked to the increase in popularity of postmodern culture and the rise of telecommunications technology.
Identity in social anthropology.
Anthropologists have most frequently employed the term ‘identity’ to refer to this idea of selfhood in a loosely Eriksonian way (Erikson 1972) properties based on the uniqueness and individuality which makes a person distinct from others. Identity became of more interest to anthropologists with the emergence of modern concerns with ethnicity and social movements in the 1970s. This was reinforced by an appreciation, following the trend in sociological thought, of the manner in which the individual is affected by and contributes to the overall social context. At the same time, the Eriksonian approach to identity remained in force, with the result that identity has continued until recently to be used in a largely socio-historical way to refer to qualities of sameness in relation to a person’s connection to others and to a particular group of people.
This ambiguous and confusing approach to identity has led on occasion to rather restrictive interpretations of the concept, following two more or less opposite tendencies. The first favours a primordialist approach which takes the sense of self and belonging to a collective group as a fixed thing, defined by objective criteria such as common ancestry and common biological characteristics. The second, rooted in social constructionist theory, takes the view that identity is formed by a predominantly political choice of certain characteristics. In so doing, it questions the idea that identity is a natural given, characterised by fixed, supposedly objective criteria. Both approaches need to be understood in their respective political and historical contexts, characterised by debate on issues of class, race and ethnicity. While they have been criticized, they continue to exert an influence on approaches to the conceptualisation of identity today.
These different explorations of ‘identity’ demonstrate how difficult a concept it is to pin down. Since identity is a virtual thing, it is impossible to define it empirically. Discussions of identity use the term with different meanings, from fundamental and abiding sameness, to fluidity, contingency, negotiated and so on. Brubaker and Cooper note a tendency in many scholars to confuse identity as a category of practice and as a category of analysis (2000:5). Indeed, many scholars demonstrate a tendency to follow their own preconceptions of identity, following more or less the frameworks listed above, rather than taking into account the mechanisms by which the concept is crystallised as reality. In this environment, some analysts, such as Brubaker and Cooper, have suggested doing away with the concept completely (2000:1). Others, by contrast, have sought to introduce alternative concepts in an attempt to capture the dynamic and fluid qualities of human social self-expression. Hall (1992, 1996), for example, suggests treating identity as a process, to take into account the reality of diverse and ever-changing social experience. Some scholars have introduced the idea of identification, whereby identity is perceived as made up of different components that are ‘identified’ and interpreted by individuals. The construction of an individual sense of self is achieved by personal choices regarding who and what to associate with. Such approaches are liberating in their recognition of the role of the individual in social interaction and the construction of identity.
Anthropologists have contributed to the debate by shifting the focus of research: One of the first challenges for the researcher wishing to carry out empirical research in this area is to identify an appropriate analytical tool. The concept of boundaries is useful here for demonstrating how identity works. In the same way as Barth, in his approach to ethnicity, advocated the critical focus for investigation as being “the ethnic boundary that defines the group rather than the cultural stuff that it encloses” (1969:15), social anthropologists such as Cohen and Bray have shifted the focus of analytical study from identity to the boundaries that are used for purposes of identification. If identity is a kind of virtual site in which the dynamic processes and markers used for identification are made apparent, boundaries provide the framework on which this virtual site is built. They concentrated on how the idea of community belonging is differently constructed by individual members and how individuals within the group conceive ethnic boundaries.
As a non-directive and flexible analytical tool, the concept of boundaries helps both to map and to define the changeability and mutability that are characteristic of people’s experiences of the self in society. While identity is a volatile, flexible and abstract ‘thing’, its manifestations and the ways in which it is exercised are often open to view. Identity is made evident through the use of markers such as language, dress, behaviour and choice of space, whose effect depends on their recognition by other social beings. Markers help to create the boundaries that define similarities or differences between the marker wearer and the marker perceivers, their effectiveness depends on a shared understanding of their meaning. In a social context, misunderstandings can arise due to a misinterpretation of the significance of specific markers. Equally, an individual can use markers of identity to exert influence on other people without necessarily fulfilling all the criteria that an external observer might typically associate with such an abstract identity.
Boundaries can be inclusive or exclusive depending on how they are perceived by other people. An exclusive boundary arises, for example, when a person adopts a marker that imposes restrictions on the behaviour of others. An inclusive boundary is created, by contrast, by the use of a marker with which other people are ready and able to associate. At the same time, however, an inclusive boundary will also impose restrictions on the people it has included by limiting their inclusion within other boundaries. An example of this is the use of a particular language by a newcomer in a room full of people speaking various languages. Some people may understand the language used by this person while others may not. Those who do not understand it might take the newcomer’s use of this particular language merely as a neutral sign of identity. But they might also perceive it as imposing an exclusive boundary that is meant to mark them off from her. On the other hand, those who do understand the newcomer’s language could take it as an inclusive boundary, through which the newcomer associates herself with them to the exclusion of the other people present. Equally, however, it is possible that people who do understand the newcomer but who also speak another language may not want to speak the newcomer’s language and so see her marker as an imposition and a negative boundary. It is possible that the newcomer is either aware or unaware of this, depending on whether she herself knows other languages or is conscious of the plurilingual quality of the people there and is respectful of it or not.
Identity in sociology.
In sociology and political science, the notion of social identity is defined as the way that individuals label themselves as members of particular groups (e.g., nation, social class, subculture, ethnicity, gender, etc.). It is in this sense that sociologists and historians speak of the national identity of a particular country, and feminist and queer theorists speak of gender identity. Symbolic interactionism (SI) attempts to show how identity can influence, and be influenced by, social reality at large. SI is based largely on the work of the American pragmatists, such as Charles Peirce and William James. (Cote 2002:32)
SI has two schools of thought: the Iowa School and the Chicago School. SI researchers in the Chicago School argue that social reality is emergent and is constructed from personal, "situated" interaction, i.e., from the process of impression management. To observe identity scientifically, the Chicago school opts for ethnomethodology and qualitative observation techniques. Iowa School researchers attempt to show that personal and social identities are representations of, or are otherwise connected to, social structures, and tend to use quantitative surveys. For example, McCall and Simmons make use of the notion of role-identity, and Sheldon Stryker's theory of structural interactionism explains identity in terms of "interaction density" and "interaction opportunities". (Cote 2002:35-36) Of particular concern to sociologists who subscribe to the theories of Émile Durkheim is the question of how social phenomena such as mass anomie relate to the identity formation strategies.
Identity has played a functional role in social movements. By emphasizing a group identity, social movements have sought to strengthen politically oppressed groups both by improving members' sense of confidence and by familiarizing the external society with the existing social group. However, national or ethnic identity is sometimes also tied to demagogy, leading to ethnic or religious conflicts.
Based on "identity theory" as rooted in the work of George Herbert Mead (1934) and expanded by Sheldon Stryker (1968), the process of the individual interacting with others in order to create an identity is called "identity negotiation." The purpose of identity negotiation is to develop a consistent set of behaviors that reinforce the identity of the person. In general, a person will have to negotiate separately on each identity he or she possesses by interacting with those who are affected by the role in question. For example, a person's identity as "office worker" would be negotiated separately from her identity as "mother", because the collectively established role of the worker involves negotiation with coworkers, and not (directly) with one's children. See Stryker and Burke (2000). A related notion is that of identity capital, developed by Cote & Levine (2002).
Identity and historical sociology.
In sociology, social identity can also be examined from the perspective of social and historical change. Postmodern views of identity understand it as a function of historical and cultural circumstances. Some works, like that of Berger and Luckmann, argue that all aspects of social reality are actually social constructions created by historical facts. Nevertheless, they emphasize that these constructs have real consequences upon the lives and behaviors of human beings. (Cote 2002:37)
Kenneth Gergen and Anthony Giddens have both attempted to place theories of identity formation in a historical context. Gergen argues that changes in popular types of identity have run parallel to a change in broader culture: a sense of robust ego identity was present in the romantic period, followed by a sense of self as rational actor during the modernist period, and the sense of a relational self was typical of the postmodern period. In contrast, Giddens accepts that there is historical change in identity styles, but attributes it to aberrations in socio-economic conditions which are unique to the "high modern" period. (Cote 2002:42-43)
Implications.
Implications of identity and identity construction can be seen in occupational settings. This becomes increasing challenging in stigmatized jobs or “dirty work”(Tracy & Trethewey,2005) In their article Tracy and Trethewey state that “individuals gravitate toward and turn away from particular jobs depending in part, on the extent to which they validate a “preferred organizational self”(Tracy & Trethewey, 2005, p. 169). Some jobs carry different stigmas or acclaims. In her analysis Tracy uses the example of correctional officers trying to shake the stigma of the “glorified maids” (Tracy & Trethewey, 2005) “The process by which people arrive at justifications of and values for various occupational choices.” Among these are workplace satisfaction and overall quality of life. (Tracy & Scott, 2006,p. 33) People in these types of jobs are forced to find ways in order to create an identity they can live with. “Crafting a positive sense of self at work is more challenging when one’s work is considered “dirty” by societal standards” (Tracy & Scott, 2006, p.7) “In other words, doing taint management is not just about allowing the employee to feel good in that job. “If employees must navigate discourses that question the viability of their work, and/ or experience obstacles in managing taint through transforming dirty work into a badge of honor, it is likely they will find blaming the client to be an efficacious route in affirming their identity”(Tracy & Scott, 2006, p.33).
References and external articles.
Tracy, S. & Tretheway A., (2005). Fracturing the Real-Self-Fake-Self Dichotomy: Moving Toward “Crystallized Organizational Discourses and Identities. Communication Theory, 165-195

Philip Gidley King
Philip Gidley King (April 23, 1758 - September 3, 1808) was a sailor in the British Royal Navy who became the third Governor of New South Wales.
Early life.
King was born in Launceston, Cornwall. His father was a draper, selling cloth and fabrics. He joined the navy in 1770 at the age of 12. He was made the captain's servant on the "HMS Swallow". He served in the West Indies and then fought in the American War of Independence. He became a midshipman and later a lieutenant. He served with Captain Arthur Phillip in "HMS Ariadne". He went to India with Phillip in 1783 in the ship "HMS Europe". Phillip was very pleased with King. He made King a lieutenant on HMS "Sirius" when he took the First Fleet to Australia in 1787 to start the penal colony.
Norfolk Island.
Three weeks after the First Fleet got to Sydney, Governor Phillip sent King to Norfolk Island. His task was to set up a small penal colony that would make use of the timber and flax growing on the island. These would be of use to the British Navy. He arrived at the island on March 3, 1788. There was no safe place to land on the island and this made it a difficult place to have a settlement. King had a group of 23 people including 15 convicts. Over the next 2 years they began clearing land (removing trees) to grow crops and to raise cattle and other animals. King was made Lieutenant-Governor of Norfolk Island. In March 1790, Phillip sent King back to England. He was to go back and tell the British government about the problems of the new settlements in Australia.

First Fleet
The First Fleet is the name given to the 11 ships which sailed from Great Britain on 13 May 1787 to start the first European colony in New South Wales. It was a convict settlement, the start of a plan to transport thousands of prisoners to Australia. The fleet was led by Captain (later Admiral) Arthur Phillip.
Carrying convicts.
There were 2 navy ships, 6 convict transports and 3 storeships. The private ships were on contract to the British Government. The contracts were organized by William Richards, a shipbroker (ship salesman) from Walworth. He also supplied the food and drink for the ships. Zachariah Clarke went with the Fleet to look after things for Richards.
The convict ships were set up in the same way as soldiers were transported. People slept in hammocks and there were tables for eating and stools to sit on. To keep the convicts secure, thick wooden walls were built across the deck (floor) from side to side. These had small holes in them so the guards could shoot in case of trouble. The hatches (doors up to the decks) were kept shut with cross bars, bolts and locks. Guards were always on duty at each hatch, and a guard with a gun was always on the quarter deck.
Food and drink.
As well as this food, there was sometimes rice, dried fish, and soup. When the ships were in a harbour there was also fresh meat and vegetables. Women and children were given a slightly different list of food. Sick people were also given wine and spirits.
When the Fleet arrived in Sydney, Arthur Phillip worked out they only had enough food for 49 weeks. He should have been given enough for 2 years.
Other supplies.
The Fleet also took a number of animals, plants and seeds. The animals included sheep, pigs, dogs, cats, goats, turkeys, geese, ducks, chickens, pigeons, horses, and cattle. Plants and seeds included coffee, cocoa, cotton, bananas, oranges, lemons, tamarinds, guava, prickly pear, eugenia or pomme rose, jalap, ipecacuanha, figs, bamboo, sugar cane, esparto grass, vines, quinces, apples, pears, strawberries, oaks, myrtles, rice, wheat, barley, and maize. Some of this was brought from England, and the rest from when the Fleet stopped at Rio de Janeiro and Capetown.
Arrival in Australia.
The first ship, "Supply", reached Botany Bay on 18 January 1788. Phillip soon decided that this site, picked by Sir Joseph Banks, was not suitable. It had poor soil, no safe place to leave the ships, and no drinking water. Phillip decided to go north to Port Jackson. On January 26 the marines and convicts landed at Sydney Cove. It was a successful trip, as only 40 convicts had died. Phillip named the settlement Sydney after Lord Sydney, the British government's Home Secretary.
1418 people left Portsmouth. On the voyage 22 babies were born. 69 people died or left the ships. 1373 people landed in Port Jackson which is now known as Sydney.

Setesdal
Setesdal is a valley in the county of Aust-Agder, in the south part of Norway.
Since the 1200's, one can find papers, where the name "Setesdal", has been written.

Homeopathy
Homeopathy is a form of alternative medicine. It was created in the 18th century by Samuel Hahnemann. The basic theory behind Homeopathy is that a sick person can be healed using a substance that produces the symptoms of the illness in a healthy person. However, there is no scientific proof that homeopathy works. The solutions in homeopathy are prepared in such a way that, for most of them, it is unlikely that anything from the original solution is still there. Because of this, homeopathy does not follow all of the laws of science, and, according to science, it is really unlikely that homeopathy will help people's health. People who feel better after homeopathy are likely feeling better because they think they will feel better, a condition known as the "placebo effect."
It is prepared by adding lots of water to a substance, shaking it, then taking a small amount of that water, adding it to more water, shaking that, and repeating that over and over, up to 200 times in some homeopathic remedies. Hahnemann said this would bring out the "spirit-like medicinal powers held within a drug". However, modern science shows how many atoms or molecules - tiny things that can't be divided up any more - existed in the original substance being diluted. In most homeopathic drugs, scientists can use mathematics to show they are unlikely to have "any" of the original substance. Even some homeopaths agree with this, but say that quantum mechanics or magic or other things allow homeopathy to work anyway.
Most scientists believe that homeopathy does not work, because its ideas go against those of physics and chemistry.
Homeopathy became popular because it was created at a time when medicine did not work very well and could make people more sick. Back then, taking homeopathy, which probably does nothing, might have kept people from getting hurt by bad doctors. However, medicine has improved since then, and now helps people a lot more than it hurts people. So while most people think using homeopathy won't hurt you, if used instead of going to a doctor, it can keep you from getting help that could save your life until it's too late. Homeopaths have also been known to tell their patients not to take medicines like antibiotics and vaccines that could cure (or keep them from getting) dangerous diseases.

Vest-Telemark
Vest-Telemark is the name of an area, in the south of Norway.
Fyresdal, Tokke, Vinje, Nissedal, Kviteseid, and Seljord.
In no area, has one found more traces (examples or evidence) of the Old Norse language and grammar.

Scottish Premier League 2008-09
This is a list of the results in the football games played in the Scottish Premier League "(or SPL)" during the 2008-09 season.
First Games.
The results of the opening games of the SPL season.
Saturday 9 August 2008.
Aberdeen 0-2 Inverness CT
Falkirk 0-1 Rangers
Hearts 3-2 Motherwell
Kilmarnock 1-0 Hibernian
Sunday 10 August 2008.
Celtic 1-0 St Mirren
Monday 11 August 2008.
Hamilton 3-1 Dundee Utd
Second Games.
The results of the games in the second week.
Saturday 16 August 2008.
Hibernian 3-2 Falkirk
Inverness CT 0-1 Hamilton
Motherwell 0-1 Aberdeen
Rangers 2-0 Hearts
St Mirren F.C. 0-0 Kilmarnock
Sunday 17 August 2008.
Dundee Utd 1-1 Celtic

Shirley Temple
Shirley Jane Temple (born April 23, 1928) is an Academy Award-winning actress and dancer, most well known for being an American child actress of the 1930s, who also had a notable career as a diplomat as an adult. After becoming famous at the age of six with her role in "Bright Eyes" in 1934, she starred in many films that did very well, which made her well known to the public. She was also in films as a young adult in the 1940s. In later life, she became a United States ambassador and diplomat.

Stev
Stev is a form of poetry. It can be found in lyric poetry from Scandinavia. Stev are made of stanzas, that have four lines
The people who can perform stev.
A person who can perform a stev, is known as a kveder (a type of artist). Aslak Brekke is possibly the most well known of those who have been recorded. A kveder from Setesdal, when performing stev, usually sings more slowly, than a kveder from Telemark. One reason for this may be that the text of Setesdal stev are usually more meditative (or elegiac).

Wario (series)
The "Wario" series is a series of games that star Wario. It started out with ', and has grown to have its new spin-off series with '.
WarioWare.
WarioWare adds many new characters who are employees of Wario's company, WarioWare.
Appearances in the Super Smash Bros. series.
The series' first appearance in the "Super Smash Bros." series was in "Super Smash Bros. Melee", but it was only as a collectible trophy. In "Super Smash Bros. Brawl", Wario is a playable character, and can be in both his biker outfit from "WarioWare" or his plumber outfit from "Wario Land". There is also a level based on "WarioWare", collectible trophies and stickers from his series, and music from the "WarioWare" series. Masahiro Sakurai, the creator of the games, said that he didn't include Wario in "Melee" because he didn't like him, and picked Dr. Mario instead.

Nintendo Research & Development 1
Nintendo Research & Development 1, also known as Nintendo R&D1'", is a division of Nintendo. They are responsible for the "Metroid" series and the "WarioWare" series, among others.

Plucking
Plucking can either mean pulling hair or fur out or plucking an instrument to play it.
Plucking hair is done by people to make themselves look better. They often use tweezers to do this.

Bill Tapia
Uncle Bill “Tappy” Tapia (born January 1, 1908) is an American musician, born in Honolulu, Hawaii. His parents were Portuguese. At age 10, Tapia already had been a professional musician, playing “Stars and Stripes Forever” for World War I soldiers in Hawaii.
His long career started in Vaudeville and soon after he became a jazz guitarist and ukulele player. He has worked with big names such as Bing Crosby, Louis Armstrong, and Elvis Presley and has also worked with Hawaiian musicians such as King Bennie Nawahi, Sol Ho‘opi’i and Andy Iona. People think that Tapia is the first musician to play jazz on the ukelele.

Punch (strike)
A punch is when a person puts their hand in a fist and thrusts it forward. This can be used for combat, or in some sports like boxing. Punch is the name of the blows that are thrown with the closed fist, striking, usually to other person, with the purpose of defence or attack.
The technique of the normal punch is performed closing the fist and striking with it. The fist is formed in a horizontal line along with the arm, being the element of usage of all the force performed the arm. There is other kind of punch in which the fist is placed vertically (with the palm of the hand directing towards a side instead of towards down) and directing slightly towards down in relation to the arm, in form where the fingers that blow are only the index finger and the ring finger. It is this latter the punch used usually in Kung-Fu and the advised to person who hadn't had a proper training (because in this form it is much more difficult injury the wrist in case of doing it badly).
The punch is used, with different names and different techniques, in many martial arts, and also in systems of personal defence and attack without weapons, like in Tai-Jitsu.

Music video game
A music video game, also commonly known as a music game, is a video game where the point of the game is usually to interact with the music. The genre has had many different types of music games, including games that use guitar controllers, drum controllers, and some that use a dance mat that the player has to dance on.

Tempo
In music, tempo (Italian for 'time, movement') is the speed of a song or piece.

Tsunku
, real name, is a famous Japanese record producer, songwriter, and vocalist.

Mini-game
A mini-game is a small video game found in a bigger video game. There are games that are all about mini-games, like "Mario Party".

United States Secretary of Defense
The United States Secretary of Defense (SECDEF) is the head of the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD). The role was made in 1947. The current Secretary of Defense is Robert Gates. The Secretary of Defense is sixth in line to the United States presidential line of succession.

Yoshio Sakamoto
Yoshio Sakamoto is a video game developer for Nintendo who works in Nintendo R&D 1. He was the co-creator of the "Metroid" series along with Gunpei Yokoi, and is in charge of most of the games released after Yokoi's death. He also works on "Wario" games, including games in the "Wario Land" series and the "WarioWare" series. He founded "Team Shikamaru", which is dedicated to script writing.

Arcade game
An arcade game is a machine that is played using coins. It's found in restaurants, pubs, video arcades, and other places. Arcade games are often pinball games and video games.

Computer Entertainment Rating Organization
The (CERO) is a group that rates video games and computer software in Japan.

TVE
TVE (Televisión Española) is a spanish public television network.

Two and a Half Men
Two and a Half Men is an American television series which was first shown on CBS on September 22, 2003. The series centers around a man named Charlie, whose lifestyle is interrupted when his brother Alan (who had just been divorced from his wife) moves in, along with Alan's son Jake.
Awards and Nominations.
The show has received lots of nominations, including 23 Primetime Emmy Award nominations and 2 Golden Globe nominations. Conchata Ferrell and Holland Taylor were both nominated for Outstanding Supporting Actress - Comedy Series, in 2005 and 2007 (and Taylor again in 2008). Jon Cryer was nominated three times for Outstanding Supporting Actor - Comedy Series (in 2006, 2007 and 2008) and Charlie Sheen was nominated for the Outstanding Lead Actor - Comedy Series in 2006, 2007 and 2008, along with two Golden Globe nominations in 2005 and 2006 for Best Performance by an Actor in a Television Series - Musical or Comedy. Picture Editor Joe Bella received two Emmys in the category Outstanding Multi-Camera Picture Editing for a Series, for the episodes "That Special Tug" (2006) and "Release the Dogs" (2007). Martin Sheen was nominated for the Outstanding Guest Actor - Comedy Series Emmy in 2006.

Real Oviedo
Real Oviedo is a Spanish football Club. It was founded in March 26 1926. Its home stadium is Carlos Tartiere in Oviedo. Real Oviedo has won the Spanish League Cup once.

Frank Thomas (animator)
Franklin "Frank" Thomas (September 5, 1912 – September 8, 2004) was an American movie animator. He was one of Disney's Nine Old Men. He worked on many Disney movies until he retired in 1978. Later on, he wrote the animation book "The Illusion of Life" with good friend and fellow animator Ollie Johnston. Animator Chuck Jones once said that Thomas was the "Laurence Olivier of all animators."

Break a leg
"Break a leg" is an expression, from Britain. (Here, an "expression" means: a particular way of saying something.)
It can mean, about the same, as "good luck".
This expression was used in theaters, by actors. Before an actor went on stage, other actors might wish that he (or she)
had good luck, in their work. Then, a co-worker could say: "Break a leg !".
When the expression is used like this, it is a form of irony.

The Black Parade Is Dead!
"The Black Parade is Dead!" is a CD/DVD by My Chemical Romance it was recorded live in Mexico.
Track Listing.
All songs written and composed by My Chemical Romance.
From the Palacio de los Deportes in Mexico City, Mexico on October 7, 2007
From the Palacio de los Deportes in Mexico City, Mexico on October 7, 2007[4]
From Maxwell's in Hoboken, New Jersey, on October 24, 2007[4]

BBC Two
BBC Two is a television channel in the United Kingdom. It started on 20 April 1964, and was the third television channel in the United Kingdom. The channel is owned by the BBC. BBC Two was channel of the year in 2007.
Controllers.
This is a list of the controllers of BBC Two.
As of August 2008, the controller of BBC Two is Roly Keating, who took up the post in June 2004 having formerly been controller of BBC Four. He became controller after Jane Root departed in May 2004 to become the executive vice president and general manager of the US-based Discovery Channel. Jane Root was appointed in 1999 and was the first woman to be appointed controller of a BBC television channel.

The King Of Queens
"The King of Queens" is an American television series. The series was shown for nine seasons, from 1998 to 2007. After the last episode was broadcast on May 14, 2007, "The King Of Queens" became the last American live action sitcom that began in the 1990s to end its run.

Barbie Fashion Show
"Barbie Fashion Show" is a video game made by Vivendi Games. It is part of the Barbie franchise.

Olm
The Olm, or Proteus ("Proteus anguinus") is a strange and obscure amphibian, native to the underground waters of the Dinaric karst that flow through the Soča river basin near Trieste in Italy, through to southern Slovenia, southwestern Croatia, and Herzegovina. It is the only species in the genus "Proteus", the only European species of the family Proteidae, and the only European cave-dwelling chordate. It is also called the human fish or humanfish, because of its human-like skin (translated literally from Slovenian: "Človeška ribica" and Croatian: "Čovječja ribica"), Cave Salamander, or White Salamander.

Billie Piper
Billie Paul Piper (born Lianne Paul Piper on 22 September 1982) is an English actress and pop singer.
Music.
Piper's first chance in the entertainment world came when she was a teenager, when she was selected to appear on the Saturday morning kids' television show "Scratchy and Co". Piper later got a role in a television commercial promoting the pop magazine "Smash Hits". In 1996 she sang on a backing song Nobody's Business. It was a dance track by h20. Soon after she was offered a record deal at the age of fifteen, and in 1998 became the youngest artist ever to start at number one in the UK Singles Chart with "Because We Want To", released under the artist name "Billie". Her follow-up single "Girlfriend" also started at number one and her first album, "Honey to the B" (released immediately afterwards) started at Number 14 in the UK album charts. She released two further singles off the album, "She Wants You" and "Honey to the B"; both songs started at Number 3.
Piper then took a year to record her second album. She decided to release more records under her full name, Billie Piper. She returned to the Singles Chart in May 2000 with a new, sexier sound. She hit the Number 1 spot with "Day & Night", but her success wasn't to carry on. She waited until the following September to release "Something Deep Inside". That reached Number 4 in the UK Singles Chart. In October 2000, Piper released her second album, "Walk of Life", which reached Number 14 in the UK Album Chart. The song "Walk of Life", the last single off this album, was released in December 2000 and reached Number 25 in the UK Singles Chart.
In 1999, Piper was nominated for two BRIT Awards and was named Best Female Star at the "Smash Hits" Poll Winners' party, although at the latter ceremony she began crying after being nastily booed by jealous fans of Ritchie Neville, member of boyband Five, whom she was dating at the time.
On 15 January 2007, BBC Radio 1 DJ Chris Moyles started a campaign to get "Honey to the B" back into the Top 100 on download sales as a way of testing out new chart rules that favour download sales. The campaign was highly successful, with "Honey to the Bee"re-entering the official UK singles chart at #17, eight years after it was first released.
Piper prefers lip singing during performances. She backs this up with the reason that she is afraid she would not be able to sing live. However, in 1999 she decided to try actually singing during her tour in America. The audience loved it, but Piper said it made her too nervos to do it in Britain, where she had many more fans.
Television.
After an longextended break, Piper decided to end her pop career in 2003 and return to her first ambition, acting. She took acting lessons while living in London. Piper gained very good reviews for these appearances and critics said that she was a far better actress than she was a singer.
In 2004, Piper appeared in the films "The Calcium Kid", as the romantic interest of Orlando Bloom's character, and "Things to do Before You're Thirty". Shortly before starting work on "Doctor Who", she was one of the main charecters in the horror movie "Spirit Trap" alongside Russian pop star Alsou, released in the summer of 2005 to bad reviews.
In May 2004, it was announced that Piper was to play the character Rose Tyler, companion to The Doctor, played by Christopher Eccleston, in the long-running BBC television series "Doctor Who", beginning in 2005.
Piper won the Most Popular Actress category at the 2005 and 2006 National Television Awards for her work on "Doctor Who". BBC News named Piper as one of its "Faces of the Year" for 2005, primarily due to her success in "Doctor Who". At "The South Bank Show" Awards on 27 January 2006 Piper was awarded "The Times" Breakthrough Award for her successful transition from singing to acting. In March 2006, the Television and Radio Industries Club named Piper as best new TV talent at their annual awards ceremony. In September 2006, Piper was named Best Actress at the TV Quick and TV Choice Awards.
After the completion of the very successful first series of the revamped "Doctor Who", the British media regularly released conflicting reports about how long Piper would be staying with the programme. In March 2006, she claimed that she would continue on "Doctor Who" into its third season in 2007. On 10 May 2006, however, she was reported to be considering quitting the series, although she did express an interest in playing a female version of the Doctor in the future (possibly related to a proposed "Doctor Who" spin-off series about Rose which was later dropped). On 15 June 2006, the BBC announced that she was to depart in the final episode of the second series, "Doomsday". Piper's decision to leave had been taken a year previously, but remained a secret until news of her departure became public.
On 27 November 2007, the BBC confirmed that she would return her role as Rose Tyler in the fourth series for three episodes. Later, it was confirmed by Russell T Davies in Doctor Who Magazine that this return had been planned since she left. It was also revealed in the Turn Left Doctor Who Confidential that Billie had made arrangements to return as Rose since she decided to leave and lied to journalists when she claimed that she would never return.
The series began in April 2008, and after several cameos, Piper made her official return as Rose in the series four final episodes Turn Left, The Stolen Earth and Journey's End. She has not said whether she will be reprising the role again, although on Doctor Who Confidential she said that she thinks "It's never really the end for the Doctor and Rose" but it probably was "for the foreseeable future".
In November 2005, Piper starred as Hero in a BBC adaptation of "Much Ado About Nothing", updated for the modern day like in "Canterbury Tales" series in which she featured, with Hero now being a weather presenter in a television station.
Piper has completed work on a BBC versian of Philip Pullman's historical novel "The Ruby in the Smoke" broadcast in December 2006, Piper played main charecter Sally Lockhart, a Victorian orphan. The BBC plans to film all four of Pullman's Sally Lockhart novels, with Piper continuing in the role in "The Shadow in the North" which was shown in December 2007. In 2007 she appeared as the main character, Fanny Price, in an adaptation of Jane Austen's novel "Mansfield Park", screened on ITV1. This was her first acting role on television for a broadcaster other than the BBC.
Piper has provided voiceovers for various television commercials, including one for "Comfort Fabric Softener" airing in June 2007.
Piper also appears in "Secret Diary of a Call Girl", an ITV2 versian of Belle de Jour's "The Intimate Adventures of a London Call Girl", a memoir detailing the life of a high-class prostitute. The series, which aired from 27 September, 2007, saw Piper in several semi-nude scenes, including a lesbian romp and one scene featuring her saddling a client and riding him like a horse. A second series, with Piper in the starring role, started filming in May 2008, during which two body doubles were hired in order to effectivly hide Billie's pregnancy.
Theatre.
Piper made her first stage apperance in a touring production of Christopher Hampton's play "Treats", which opened in early 2007 in Windsor. "Treats" was to have ended its tour in the West End, at the Garrick Theatre, starting on 28 February 2007 with previews from on 20 February. The play officially finished as of 26 May.

The Mighty Boosh
"The Mighty Boosh" is a British comedy television series that is shown on BBC Three. It was also a radio programme. Since the television series, there have been live tours of it.
The first series is about two zoo keepers called Howard and Vince. The second series is also about them but is set in a flat. The third is set in a shop.
History.
Fielding first met Barratt after seeing him perform his solo stand-up performence at the Hellfire Comedy Club in the Wycombe Swan theatre. The pair soon found that they shared comic interests, formed a double act, and "decided to be the new Goodies". After their first performance together at a bar in London in April 1998, Barratt and Fielding developed their zookeeper characters - Howard Moon and Vince Noir, respectively - in a series of sketches for Paramount Comedy’s "Unnatural Acts". It was here that they also met Rich Fulcher, who would become Bob Fossil. Fielding’s friend Dave Brown and Fielding's own brother Michael also became regular collaborators.
The Boosh soon produced three stage shows - "The Mighty Boosh" (1998), "Arctic Boosh" (1999) and "Autoboosh" (2000) - all of them were at the Edinburgh Fringe. With the success of "Autoboosh", a radio series was commissioned by the BBC. Produced by Danny Wallace, "The Boosh" was first broadcast in 2001 on BBC London Live, later moving to BBC Radio 4, from which the team were given a half-hour television show of the same name.
The first eight-part series, directed by Paul King, was then commissioned for BBC Three and broadcast in 2004, with a second of six episodes the following year. The second series moved away from the zoo setting, and instead Howard, Vince, Naboo the shaman and Bollo the talking ape living in a flat in Dalston. In 2006, the Boosh returned to theatre with "The Mighty Boosh Live", which featured a new story entitled "The Ruby of Kukundu".
After two years, the Boosh returned to the television in November 2007. Set in Naboo’s second-hand shop below the flat, the third series drew in approximately one million viewers with its first episode, and in light of its success, BBC Three broadcast an entire night of "The Mighty Boosh" on March 22, 2008, which included a new documentary and six of Barratt and Fielding's favourite episodes from all three series.

Encyclical
An "Encyclical" originally was a letter sent by a bishop to all churches of a particular area. In the Roman Catholic Church, the term is only used for letters sent by popes. The Eastern Orthodox Church and the Anglican Communion still use the word in its original meaning.

Pontifical Academy of Sciences
The Pontifical Academy of Sciences dates back four centuries to its creation as the Accademia dei Lincei in 1603. Pope Pius IX changed the name to the Pontifical Academy of the New Lincei in 1847 to signify its new status as an official institution of the Pontifical State. Nearly a century later, it was reorganized as the Pontifical Academy of Science on October 28, 1936, by Pope Pius XI in a Motu proprio In multis solaciis (Latin "?").
Mission.
Although it reports directly to the Pontiff, the Academy has considerable freedom in conducting its mission: the study of Science and the possible consequences for the human condition. Christian belief is not a prerequisite for membership to the Academy, because first and foremost, it is a legitimate Scientific body that follows the Scientific Method. As of 2003 more than two dozen Nobel Prize winners (including Professor Ahmed Zewail, Chemistry 1999) and several Field Medal winners were counted as members. Plenary sessions are interdisciplinary events held every other year to review new developments and discus progress made towards their mission. Common working groups include astronomy and cosmology, cognition and brain science, and genetics.

Al-Hajj Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin
Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin, KCIE (Urdu: خواجہ ناظم الدین, Bengali: খাজা নাজিমুদ্দীন Khaja Nazimuddin) (July 19, 1894 - October 22, 1964) was the second Governor-General of Pakistan, and later the second Prime Minister of Pakistan as well. He was born in Dacca, Bengal, British India (now Dhaka, Bangladesh) into the family of the Nawabs of DACCA, who are ethnically Kashmiri. He received his education from Dunstable Grammar School in England, then Aligarh Muslim University, and later Trinity Hall, Cambridge until the mid-1930s. After returning to British India, he became involved in politics in his native Bengal. Nazimuddin was initially the Education Minister, but climbed the ranks to become the Chief Minister of the province prior to independence. Nazimuddin also became the head of the Muslim League in Eastern India.

Malik Ghulam Muhammad
Ghulam Muhammad (20 April 1895 - 12 September 1956) (Urdu: ملک غلام محمد) served as third Governor-General of Pakistan from 1951 until 1955, and was also the 1st Finance Minister shortly before his death in 1956.

Igbo people
Igbo is an ethnic group in West Africa. They are one of the larger groups in West Africa. Igbo speak the Igbo language. Igbo are found in Nigeria. There are some Igbo in Cameroon. There are a lot of Igbo found in other countries that are not in Africa. This is because some Igbo have moved to other countries and because they were forced to go to other countries by the Atlantic slave trade. They are in countries like: the United States Of America, Jamaica and the United Kingdom.

British India
British India was parts of the British Indian Empire in Southeast Asia. They were administered by the United Kingdom. The empire is now often known as the British Raj. It also included a large number of Indian princely states. These were ruled by individual rulers under the authority of the British. British India included regions of the present-day Republic of India, Pakistan (1st November 1857- 13th August 1947), Bangladesh, and Burma.

Major-General Sahibzada Sayyid Iskander Ali Mirza
Major-General Iskander Ali Mirza, CIE, OBE, or Iskander Mirza (Urdu: اسکندر مرزا) (November 13, 1899 – November 12, 1969) was the last Governor-General of the Dominion of Pakistan (October 6, 1955 to March 23, 1956) and the first President of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (March 23, 1956 to October 27, 1958).

Ayub Khan
Muhammad Ayub Khan (Urdu/Pashto: محمد ايوب خان), GCMG, MBE, HJ, NPk, (May 14, 1907 – April 19, 1974) was a field marshal during the mid-1960s, and the President of Pakistan from 1958 to 1969. He became Pakistan's first native Commander in Chief in 1951. He was the youngest full-rank general and self-appointed field marshal in Pakistan's military history.
Khan became president in 1958 as part of a non-violent coup. In the 1965 presidential election, people thought that Khan had cheated so he could win against Fatimah Jinnah.

Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry
Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry (Urdu: فضل الہی چودھری) (January 1, 1904 - June 2, 1982) was President of Pakistan from August 14, 1973 until his resignation on September 16, 1978.

Bad Liebenwerda
Bad Liebenwerda is a spa town in the Elbe-Elster district, in southwestern Brandenburg, Germany. It is situated on the river Schwarze Elster, 57 km northwest of Dresden, and 28 km east of Torgau.
History.
The first written mention is from 1231 as "Lievenwerde". The meaning of the name is "Liev", or "Lieb" for life or loveley, and -"werde" from "werda" means island, high place in a wather. In the document of 1231 is also mentioned an Otto of Ileburg, Vogt of Lievenwerde, and a Plebanus Walterus, a priest. Liebenwerda had a Water castle with a Keep called Lubwarttower. the first mention as Liebenwerda as a city is from 1304. Liebenwerda was part of the Electorate of Saxony and Kingdom of Saxony till 1815. In reason of the Congress of Vienna the area became part of the Kingdom of Prussia as district Liebenwerda. Since 1905 has Liebenwerda a spa clinical, since 1925 has Liebenwerda the word "Bad" as a part of the name.
Culture and architecture.
Bad Liebenwerda is home of the Gothic church of St. Nikolai. The tower of the church was rebuilt at the end of the 19th century after lightning struck the tower and caused a fire.
The Lubwarttower (Lubwartturm) is the oldest building in town. The tower was built around 1207 as part of the water castle. Next to this tower is the museum with an exposition about Carl Heinrich Graun and his brothers. Also is there an exposition about Marionettes, other puppets and the puppet-players of south-east of Germany.
Bad Liebenwerda has a beautiful little park.

General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq
General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq (Urdu:محمد ضياء الحق) (b. August 12, 1924–August 17, 1988) was the president and military ruler of Pakistan from July 1977 to his death in August 1988. Appointed Chief of Army Staff in 1976, General Zia-ul-Haq came to power after he overthrew ruling Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto in a military coup d'état on July 5, 1977 and became the state's third ruler to impose martial law. The coup itself was largely bloodless; however, he later had Bhutto executed.
Zia initially ruled for a year as martial law administrator, and later assumed the post of President of Pakistan in September 1978. During his tenure he advanced the Islamization of Pakistan and carried out economic reform. The economy benefited from the influx of money from the West to support the mujahedin fighting the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. To shore up the increasingly tenuous control of the central government over the tribal provinces, he appointed martial law administrators as governors of Balochistan and the tribal areas with wide powers, including the abridgement of civil liberties.
Zia was killed along with several of his top generals and the then United States Ambassador to Pakistan Arnold Lewis Raphel in a mysterious aircraft crash near Bahawalpur (Punjab) on August 17, 1988, the circumstances of which remain unclear. His death with the American Ambassador gave rise to many conspiracy theories.

Ghulam Ishaq Khan
Ghulam Ishaq Khan (abbreviated as GIK) (Urdu/Pashto: غلام اسحاق خان) (January 20, 1915 – October 27, 2006) was President of Pakistan from August 17, 1988 until July 18, 1993.

K-9 and Company
"K-9 and Company" was a 1981 television spin-off of the original series of "Doctor Who". It featured Sarah Jane Smith, played by Elisabeth Sladen, and K-9, a robotic dog. Both characters had been companions of the Fourth Doctor, but they had not appeared together before. A single episode, "A Girl's Best Friend", was produced, but the series was not taken up.

Eve Myles
Eve Myles (born 1978 in Ystradgynlais, Powys), is a Welsh actress. She is most known for playing lead characters in "Belonging" and "Doctor Who" spin-off series "Torchwood".

Gareth David-Lloyd
Gareth David-Lloyd (born March 28 1981) is a Welsh actor who a lot of people know for his role as Ianto Jones in the British science fiction television programme "Torchwood".
Biography.
Born Gareth David Lloyd in Bettws, Newport. His first acting role was as a robot in a school play. When he was a teenager, Gareth joined the Gwent Young People's Theatre in Abergavenny and The Dolman Youth Theatre in Newport. While he was there he appeared in several plays, including "Henry V", in which he played the most important character. He studied at Coleg Gwent and then trained at the National Youth Theatre, before moving to Reading.

Motto
A motto is a word, phrase or sentence used to describe the meaning or point of a group or organisation. Motto's are often in another language, usually Latin.

Crane
A crane is a type of bird. It is a wading bird, which means it lives close to water.

Scarlet Macaw
The Scarlet Macaw ("Ara macao") is a type of bird. It is also known as Ara macao, which is its latin name. It is a large parrot.

Vulgar Latin
Vulgar Latin is one of the two types of Latin. Latin is an old language that was spoken by the Romans. It is not spoken much today, but the Romance languages come from it.
Who spoke it?
Vulgar Latin was spoken by the regular people: farmers, workers, and people without a great deal of education. Because of this it is also called Common Latin.
How did it start?
Classical Latin is the type of Latin that was first spoken by the Romans. As time went by, less and less people spoke Classical Latin, and in the end the language changed to become Vulgar Latin. After a while, only scholars spoke Classical Latin. Books were still written in it. Nowadays nobody speaks Latin anymore, except for people who study it and the Roman Catholic Church's officials.
Grammar.
The Grammar of Vulgar Latin is similar to classical Latin, except in pronunciation and some vocabulary use.
Latin has 5 basic noun cases.

Snoring
Snoring is the noise that people often make when they are sleeping. It is often caused by a blocked nose. The noise is often loud, as it is made by air passing through the nasal passages, or the nostrils.

Life on Mars (TV series)
"Life on Mars" is a award winning British science fiction and police drama television series. It was first broadcast on BBC One between January 2006 and April 2007.
The programme tells the story of DCI Sam Tyler of the Manchester Police (played by John Simm), after being hit by a car in 2006, he is in the year 1973. There, he works for Manchester Police CID as a DI under DCI Gene Hunt (played by Philip Glenister). Over the course of the series, Tyler faces various problems, most frequently regarding the differences between his modern approach to policing and the more old-fashioned way of his colleagues. It is unclear whether he is insane, in a coma, or if he really has travelled back in time.

Ashes to Ashes (TV series)
Ashes to Ashes is a British television drama series, which is a sequel to the 2006 series "Life on Mars". It is a Kudos Film & Television production for the BBC, and was broadcast on BBC One. It was first shown on 7 February 2008 at 9:00 PM GMT.
Philip Glenister, who plays Gene Hunt, has said in an interview that "the programme will run for at least two series." He also said that "he does not think any show featuring his character should be made afterwards."
Matthew Graham has said that "the programme could potentially run to three series."
Filming for a second series started in Summer 2008, to be broadcast in 2009.

John Simm
John Ronald Simm (born 10 July 1970 in Leeds, West Yorkshire) is an English actor and musician. He is known for his roles in two BAFTA award-winning BBC Wales dramas: as Sam Tyler in the drama "Life on Mars" and as the Master in the long-running science fiction series "Doctor Who". He has also appeared in many popular television dramas such as "The Lakes", "State of Play" and two BAFTA award-winning serials; "Clocking Off" and "Sex Traffic".

Butters Stotch
Leopold "Butters" Stotch (voiced by Matt Stone) is a popular fictional character in the animated television series "South Park". His nickname is a play on the word "butterscotch". The creators have said in more than one DVD commentaries that Butters is one of their "top 3 favorite characters".

Stan Marsh
Stan Marsh is a fictional character in the animated television series "South Park". Stan is usually considered the serious and sensitive of the group. Stan is able to think clearly and is generally good-natured. Stan usually tries to come up with logical solutions to their outrageous situations. Stan's character is loosely based on the persona of co-creator Trey Parker. His best friend is Kyle and their relationship is essential in several episodes, such as when he saves Kyle's life in "Cherokee Hair Tampons", "Cartmanland" and "Super Best Friends". His girlfriend is Wendy Testaburger.

Old Norse language
Old Norse is a Germanic language that was spoken in Scandinavia, during the Viking Age, until about year 1300.
Also, the language was spoken in Iceland, the Faeroe Islands, Orkney Islands and other places, where Scandinavians started settlements (similar to colonies).
Modern Icelandic is the modern language, that looks most like Old Norse, when written.
Another language, similar to Old Norse, is Elfdalian.

Because We Want To
"Because We Want To" is a pop song performed by British singer Billie. The song was written by Wendy Page, Jim Marr, D. Rambo and J. Richmond, and produced by Page and Marr for Billie's debut album "Honey to the B" (1998). It was Billie's first single on June 29 1998 and reached the top ten in Ireland and Sweden. In the UK, the song reached number one and Billie became the youngest artist to release a number one single in the country in over forty years. It was the official song of the 1999 Women's World Cup.

Honey to the B
"Honey To The B" is the first album by pop singer Billie Piper, released in 1998 (see 1998 in music). Billie (she was known at the time only by her first name) was the first British female singer to have a first single start at #1 on the UK pop charts.

Scratchy and Co
It replaced "What's Up Doc?" as the Saturday morning ITV show.
It starred Mark Speight as "Scratchy" and Elliot Henderson-Boyle as "Reg". The main gimmick of the show was Speight and Henderson-Boyle wearing "solid rubber wigs" (not to be confused with the character of "Sam the Lift" in CBBC's Incredible Games) and eccentric jackets. A stylistic similarity might be noted between this approach and Max Headroom.

Day & Night (song)
"Day & Night" is a single by Billie Piper released in 2000. The song was Piper's 3rd UK #1 single.

Walk of Life
"Walk of Life" is the second album by pop singer Billie Piper, released in 2000. Piper's second album did not match the sucsessful start in terms of album sales despite producing three Top 30 singles - "Day and Night" went to #1 and "Something Deep Inside" managed to get to #4 and "Walk of Life" finishing at #25 on the UK charts.
Despite good reviews, the album was not released in the US. Piper then decided have a break from the music industry and concentrate on acting.

BBC Parliament
BBC Parliament is a British television channel from the BBC. It broadcasts live and recorded coverage of the British House of Commons and House of Lords, the Northern Ireland Assembly, the Scottish Parliament and the Welsh Assembly, and occasionally from the General Synod of the Church of England. The channel also broadcasts reports from the European Parliament.
Before being taken over by the BBC, the channel was known as The Parliamentary Channel.

County Westmeath
Westmeath is a county in the middle of Ireland. Westmeath and Meath once formed a fifth province in Ireland known as Mide. Westmeath is known as the lakeland county. Its main town is Mullingar.

Roy Scheider
Roy Richard Scheider (November 10, 1932 – February 10, 2008) was an Academy Award- and Golden Globe-nominated American actor. He was best known for his role as police chief Martin Brody in the 1975 movie "Jaws", his Academy Award nominated role (but he did not win the award) as Joe Gideon in the movie "All That Jazz", and as Captain Nathan Bridger in Steven Spielberg's Emmy Award winning television series "seaQuest DSV."

Platform game
A platform game, or platformer, is a genre of video game. Platformer gameplay is about jumping between platforms or over obstacles. The player controls these jumps and must use skill to avoid their character falling off of platforms or missing jumps. This kind of gameplay, even in other genres, is called "platforming". Games where jumping is not controlled by the player, such as ', are not thought of as platform games.
Platform games began as 2D in the early 1980s, and 3D platformers became popular in the mid-1990s. The name describes games where jumping on platforms is a large part of the gameplay. However, platforming is not a pure genre, and often there are other types of genres mixed into it. For example, in a game like "Metroid", the player controls a character not only to navigate obstacles, but to fight enemies.
As long as the actually jumping remains a main part of the gameplay, the game can still correctly be called a platformer. Because of this, there are many different types of platformers.

Idle
Idle is a word which generally means: to not have motion and/or energy.

Piranha
The piranha (also known as the caribe) is a ferocious, schooling, fresh-water fish. It is native to warm lowland streams and lakes in South America, east of the Andes Mountains. Piranhas have been introduced to other places, including Northern Brazil, Hawaii, and parts of Central and North America. There are many species of piranha; they belong to the genera "Pygocentrus" and "Serrasalmus". They reproduce by laying eggs.
Diet.
Piranhas are opportunistic carnivores (flesh-eaters). They eat aquatic and land animals that are in the water. Some of the prey includes fish, mollusks, crustaceans, insects, birds, lizards, amphibians, rodents, and carrion (dead meat that they find). These fish are diurnal (most active during the day).
Predators.
Many animals prey upon piranhas (especially young piranhas), including other piranhas, caimans, water snakes, turtles, birds, otters, and people (piranhas taste good).

Maximilian Kolbe
Maxamilian Kolbe (1894-1941) is a Catholic saint. He was a Polish Franciscan who worked in Poland and Nagasaki, Japan. He died in Auschwitz. He is remembered on August 14, the date of his death.

Hans Kleppen
Hans Kleppen (born March 16, 1907) is a Norwegian who was a ski jumper in the 1920s. He won a bronze medal at the 1929 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in Zakopane.
Kleppen, from Bø i Telemark, became 100 years old in March 2007 and, having been part of the 1928 Winter Olympics, is Norway's oldest living Olympian.

Valea Radului River
The Valea Radului River is a tributary of the Valea Pârvului River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Pârvului River.

Valea Lupului River (Cibin)
The Valea Lupului River is a tributary of the Cibin River in Romania. That means it flows into the Cibin River.

Trestia River (Cibin)
The Râul Trestia is a tributary of the Valea Lupului River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Lupului River.

Trinkbach River
The Trinkbach River is a tributary of the Cibin River in Romania. That means it flows into the Cibin River.

Valea Rea River (Lotru)
The Valea Rea River is a tributary of the Lotru River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lotru River.

Balindru River
The Balindru River is a tributary of the Lotru River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lotru River.

Glodu River (Vasilatu)
The Glodu River is a tributary of the Vasilatu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Vasilatu River.

Izvorul Frumos River
The Izvorul Frumos River is a tributary of the Vasilatu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Vasilatu River.

Burdea River (Vedea)
The Burdea River is a tributary of the Vedea River in Romania. That means it flows into the Vedea River.

Bălăcel River
The Bălăcel River is a tributary of the Burdea River in Romania. That means it flows into the Burdea River.

In the End
"In The End" is a song by Linkin Park. It appeared on their first album, "Hybrid Theory". It was the fourth single from the album.

In Utero
"In Utero" was the third album by the American grunge band Nirvana. It was also the last album that was released before Nirvana's singer, Kurt Cobain, died six months later from a shotgun wound to the head, inflicted by himself.
Before release.
Nirvana performed "Rape Me" on television before "In Utero" was released. Many people thought the song was offensive, and the song was almost not released on the album. When the album was released, the Wal-Mart version called the song "Waif Me."

Scentless Apprentice
"Scentless Apprentice" is a song by the American grunge band, Nirvana. It was on their third album, "In Utero", and a live version was on their live album, "From the Muddy Banks of the Wishkah". Most of their songs were only written by the singer Kurt Cobain, but this song was written by all three members of the band.
The song was written in 1992. The band originally did not like the song, because it was too much of a generic grunge song, however they soon began to like it. They even thought of releasing it as the second single from "In Utero" (after "Heart-Shaped Box") but this never happened.
The song is about a book that Kurt Cobain read, "Perfume". The book and the song are about a boy who is born without body odor but has a strong sense of smell. Soon he becomes a murderer who kills female victims.
In the TV Show "Lost", Scentless Apprentice is playing on one of the characters' car radios. See this.

Japan Media Arts Festival
The Japan Media Arts Festival is a festival held in Japan. They give awards for art, entertainment, animation, and manga.

Kenny McCormick
Kenny McCormick is a fictional character in the animated television series "South Park". Kenny comes from a very poor family. He is the most cosmopolitan of the four boys. The others often ask him to explain sexual terms they do not understand. Kenny's voice is hard to understand because of his parka. This is done mainly because the things he says are usually vulgar. Even though his dialog is not understood by the viewer, Stan, Kyle, and Cartman can understand him clearly.
It was an on-going part during the earlier episodes of the series that Kenny dies in most of the episodes. His death is not permemant. He usually returned for the next episode but no characters ever talk about him having ever died.Kennys face is always somewhat hidden by his hoodie or other things that can cover his face.

Pedagogy
The pedagogy is the art or the science of the teaching, or of the education.
Etymology of the word.
"Pedagogy" has come from the Greek, "paidagogos" ("παιδαγωγία"), that was the slave which accompanied the children to the school. The word "paida" or "paidos" applies to boys, this is the reason why certain people distinguish between "Pedagogy" (to teach boys) and andragogy (to teach adults). The Latin word in order to apply to the pedagogy, education, is much more used and, often, both are used in indistinguished form.
History of the pedagogy.
The pedagogy exists since the education had passed to be considered a social matter and not only of family. From it the first theoretical writings appeared in Greece, in the democratic polis (a Greek city-state) where the teaching made easier the access to the politics. Rome had received from Greeks this worry.
In the Middle Ages, the education was much connected with the Church, place where the unusual education which was considered of advantage was the religious which permited to achieve the salvation. Moreover, the culture was in the monasteries and afterwards in the universities, controlled by the specialists in theology. The Renaissance, with its enthusiasm of getting back of the classicals and the wish of thought and of having culture, had given a new impulse to the pedagogy. With the Enlightenment became connected really with the idea of progress, place where without education people cannot move themselves forward (from here the connected series of operations designed to bring about a alphabetization).
The pedagogy at present.
At present, the pedagogy has developped much from its etymological origin. At present, the pedagogy is not the science which busies itself with the techniques of the teaching. Teaching is a task of other pedagogical science called just teaching. The pedagogy is a set of thoughts which busy themselves of the education as a phenomenon social typically and human specifically. It is, thus, a science of psychosocial (relating social conditions to mental health) character which has as goal the study of the education with the end of knowing it and improving it. Also is a science of character serving as or dictating a norm for that reason it is not dedicated to describe the educational phenomenon but to establish the norms which we have to follow in order to carry to good word this phenomenon.
Pedagogy also applies to the correct usage of strategies of teaching (see instructional theory). For example, the Brazilian Paulo Freire, one of more significant specialists in educational theories or methods of the 20th century, applies to his method of teaching for adults as "critical pedagogy".

Penal colony
A penal colony is a settlement used to hold prisoners and use them for working in part of the state's (usually colonial) territories. This is much bigger than a prison farm. A famous penal colony was Devil's Island in French Guiana. The British Empire used its colonies in North America as penal colonies for more than 150 years. The first British settlements in Australia were started as penal colonies.
Common Features.
Life in penal colony was often very hard, sometimes including severe physical punishment. Some prisoners were sentenced for the rest of their natural lives. Many died from hunger, disease, neglect, working too hard, or trying to escape.
In the penal colony system, prisoners were sent far away to stop escapes and to make it hard to get home after their prison term finished. Penal colonies were often located in unsettled lands, especially places where no else wanted to work or live. The prisoners unpaid work would help the government develop new areas without spending a lot of money.
British Empire.
The British used North America as a penal colony. Georgia (U.S. state) was originally designed as a penal colony. Convicts would be transported by private companies and sold by auction to plantation owners. About 50,000 British convicts were sent to colonial America. This was about one quarter of British settlers during the 1700's.
After the American Revolution, Britain had to find somewhere else to send its prisoners. They established Sydney, Norfolk Island, Van Diemen's Land and Western Australia as big penal colonies.
In colonial India, the British had made various penal colonies. Two of the most infamous ones are on the Andaman islands and Hijli. In the early days of settlement, Singapore was sent Indian convicts. Their job was to clear the jungles for settlement and early public works.

Convict
A convict is "a person found guilty of a crime and sentenced by a court" or "a person serving a sentence in prison". A convict is sometimes simply called a "con". After a conviction, convicts often become prisoners in a gaol. People convicted and sentenced but not sent to gaol are not usually called "convicts". An ex-convict (or short: ex-con) is a person who has been let out of prison.
Historical use.
Image:John Boyle O'Reilly.jpg|thumb|Photograph of convict John Boyle O'Reilly (1844-1890) taken in 1866.
One use of the word means the huge numbers of prisoners who filled British gaols in the 1700's and early 1800s. Many were sent to the American colonies as cheap workers, but that stopped after the War of Independence.
British convicts were transported to the Georgia (US State) between 1733 and the American Revolution. After this, Britain looked to the newly discovered east coast of Australia to use as a penal colony. Convicts were transported to Australia in 1788, the very start of European settlement. They were used as cheap workers in 5 out of the 6 major colonies. Transportation was stopped in 1868. British convicts were also sent to Canada and India. France also sent convicts to French Guiana and New Caledonia. Russian criminals who were sent to Siberia can be called convicts.

Corpora cavernosa
Corpora cavernosa are regions of biological tissue that are erectile (become hardened when they fill with blood). They are found in both men and women.
Men.
The corpus cavernosum penis is found in the penis. It is found in pairs which contain most of the blood in the male penis during erection. The two corpus cavernosa, along with the corpus spongiosum are the areas of tissue along the length of the penis.
Women.
The corpus cavernosum clitoridis is similar to the male corpus cavernosum. The body of the clitoris contains biological tissue that helps to create an erection. As in men, this tissue comes in a pair of corpora cavernosa. However, the female has no corpus spongiosum. Instead, there are two vestibular bulbs beneath the skin at the entrance to the vagina.

Hamming code
A Hamming code is a code. Hamming codes are used for telecommunications. With hamming codes it is possible to correct one-bit errors, and to detect (but not correct) two-bit errors. Hamming codes are named after Richard Hamming who discovered them.

Benelux
The Benelux is an economic union in Western Europe that includes three neighboring monarchies, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg, which lie in the north western European region between France and Germany. The name is formed from the beginning of each country's name. The Benelux region has a total population of about 27,562,217 and occupies an area of about 74,640 km² (28,819 sq mi).
History.
The treaty establishing the Benelux Customs Union was signed on September 5, 1944, by the governments in exile of the three countries in London, and entered into force in 1948. It ceased to exist on November 1, 1960, when it was replaced by the "Benelux Economic Union" after a treaty signed in The Hague on February 3, 1958. It was preceded by the (still existent) Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union, established on July 25, 1921. Its founding contributed to the founding of the European Union (EU).
Politics.
A Benelux Parliament (originally referred to as "Interparliamentary Consultative Council") was created in 1955. This parliamentary assembly is composed of 21 members of the Dutch parliament, 21 members of the Belgian national and regional parliaments, and 7 members of the Luxembourgish parliament. The treaty establishing the Benelux Economic Union ("Benelux Economische Unie/Union Économique Benelux") was signed February 3, 1958 and came into force in 1960 to promote the free movement of workers, capital, services, and goods in the region. Its secretariat-general is located in Brussels.
Law.
In 1965, the treaty establishing a Benelux Court of Justice was signed. It entered into force in 1975. The Court, composed of judges from the highest courts of the three States, has to guarantee the uniform interpretation of common legal rules. This international judicial institution is located in Brussels.
The Benelux is particularly active in the field of intellectual property. The three countries established a Benelux Trademarks Office and a Benelux Designs Office, both situated in The Hague. In 2005, they concluded a treaty establishing a Benelux Organisation for Intellectual Property which replaced both offices upon its entry into force on September 1, 2006.
Geography, Demographics and Languages.
Dutch and French are the official languages of the Benelux and its institutions. Out of the total of 27.2 million people living in the member states 22.5 million (83 percent) speak Dutch and 3.9 million (14%) speak French, of whom 3.4 million are Walloons and 0.5 million are Luxembourgians (that speak German and Luxembourgish), whereas 3% is bilingual Dutch-French.
Sports.
In 2000, Belgium and the Netherlands jointly hosted the UEFA European Championship. In June 2007, representatives of the three countries announced they would be, as a "single country", for the 2018 FIFA World Cup.
Future.
The treaty establishing the Benelux Economic Union will expire in 2010. It will probably be replaced by a new legal framework.

Corpus cavernosum clitoridis
Anatomy.
The corpus cavernosum clitoridis is one of two sponge-like tissue found in the body of the clitoris. It is similar to the corpus cavernosum penis in the male.
The female has no corpus spongiosum, but instead two vestibular bulbs beneath the skin at the entrance to the vagina), which expand at the same time as the glans clitoris.
Each corpus is connected to the blood vessels of the pubic bone and hip bone by the clitoris.
Physiology.
Sometimes, release of nitric oxide relaxes muscles around the vagina, called sexual arousal. More blood flows in through the corpus cavernosum and the clitoris is filled with blood. This leads to better sensitivity.

ZFS
ZFS is a file system that has been developed by Sun Microsystems for Solaris. It was developed with very large disks (and disk collections) in mind. It has built in support for snapshots and logical volumes.-The file system also supports advanced concepts like RAID.

Ariel Winter
Ariel Winter is an American child actress. Winter started her acting career in 2005, and is now acting in many films throughout the year. Until 2007, she has acted more in television series than in movies.
Filmography.
It has also suggested that she could become Renee Charlie Cullen in "Breaking Dawn: The Movie".

Slime (Dragon Quest)
In "Dragon Quest", the Slime is a creature that usually looks like a small blue blob with two eyes and a smiling mouth. It's the mascot of the "Dragon Quest" series, and is an enemy in all of the games, but some are allies of the player.
Types.
There are a lot of different kinds of Slimes. The most common kind is a small blue kind. They come in different colors, sizes, and elements (like metal and gold).

Killswitch Engage
Killswitch Engage is an American heavy metal band from Massachusetts. The band is signed to Roadrunner Records and has released four albums and one live DVD.

Harvest Moon 64
"Harvest Moon 64", known in Japan as, is a farm simulation video game made by Victor Interactive Software and published in North America by Natsume Co., Ltd. It's about a farmer who has to build a great farm before three years is up. The player can also try to get married and have a baby.

Roadrunner Records
Roadrunner Records is an American record label. The company mainly deals with heavy metal bands. They are a subsidiary of Warner Music Group.

Harvest Moon (video game)
"Harvest Moon", known in Japan as, is a farm simulation video game made by Pack-In-Video and published by Natsume in North America and Nintendo in PAL regions. It's about a farmer who has to make a great farm before the game reaches the end. He can also get married and have a baby.

Wii Music
"Wii Music" is a music video game being made by Nintendo for the Wii game console. It is being supervised by Kōji Kondō along with others.

Face (movie)
"Face" (1997) is a British crime drama movie. It was directed by Antonia Bird and written by Ronan Bennett. The movie stars Robert Carlyle and Ray Winstone and features the rock singer Damon Albarn (Blur, Gorillaz) in his first acting job.

Incesticide
"Incesticide" is a compilation album by the American grunge band, Nirvana. This album features many of their B-Sides and demos of their songs. On the back of the CD, Kurt Cobain spells his name wrong. He spells it "Kurdt Cobain."

Rape Me
"Rape Me" is a song by the American grunge band, Nirvana. It was the second single from their last album, "In Utero". But there was much controversy about the song, so the single was a double-A-side single. The other song was "All Apologies."
Controversy.
There was much controversy about the title of the song. Although many people were shocked about it, Kurt Cobain, the writer of the song, said that the song is about a man who rapes a woman. He is sent to prison for it, and he is raped there. There was a music video that was planned to be made. It was going to be set in a women's prison. However, Nirvana needed a break from the controversy and did not make it.

Palm, Inc.
Palm, Inc. is an American computer company. It makes small handheld computers. Most of their computers have a handwriting recognition function called "Graffiti". This is a part of the screen that can understand what is written on it. Palm computers can store contacts, addresses, notes, and many other things. Another feature, called "Hotsync", allows the user to have their PC or Mac and Palm connect to each other and be updated.
Name changes.
Palm, Inc. has had its name changed several times. When they started out, they were called Palm Computing Inc. Later, in 2000, they changed their name to Palm, Inc. In 2004, Palm changed their name to PalmOne, but later in 2005 they switched back to Palm, Inc.

Mickey Rooney
Mickey Rooney (born Joseph Yule, Jr.; September 23, 1920) is an American movie actor and entertainer who has worked through almost all of his life. In his career, he has won many awards, such as an Oscar, a Golden Globe and an Emmy Award. Best known for his work as the Andy Hardy character, according to A&E's Biography, Rooney has one of the longest movie careers of any actor.

Donkey Kong (handheld game)
is a platform video game made by Nintendo for the Game Boy handheld game console. It stars Mario who has to save his girlfriend Pauline from Donkey Kong, just like in the original "Donkey Kong" game for the arcades.

Meteora
The Metéora (, "suspended rocks", "suspended in the air" or "in the heavens above") is the name for a number of monasteries in Greece. Several Eastern Orthodox monasteries are part of the complex, located in Kalambaka, Greece. The site is almost as important as Mount Athos. The monasteries are built on natural sandstone rock pillars, at the northwestern edge of the Plain of Thessaly near the Peneios river and Pindus Mountains, in central Greece. The Metéora is home to six monasteries and is included on the UNESCO World Heritage List. Metéora's criteria for the UNESCO World Heritage Site are I, II, IV, V and VII.

Syllogism
Two propositions (sentences affirming or denying something), called "major premise" and "minor premise", are followed by a conclusion.
Example.
Aristotle studied different syllogisms and identified valid syllogisms as syllogisms with conclusion true if both premises are true. The example above is valid syllogism.

Dorofei River
The Dorofei River or Şerbăneşti River is a tributary of the Vedea River in Romania. That means it flows into the Vedea River.

Bunget River
The Bunget River is a tributary of the Dorofei River in Romania. That means it flows into the Dorofei River.

Gearanta River
The Gearanta River is a tributary of the Vedea River in Romania. That means it flows into the Vedea River.

Valea Viei River (Vedea)
The Valea Viei River a tributary of the Vedea River in Romania. That means it flows into the Vedea River.

Bratcov River
The Bratcov River is a tributary of the Vedea River in Romania. That means it flows into the Vedea River.

Valea Morii River (Luncani)
The Valea Morii River or Cioclovina River is a headwater of the Luncani River in Romania.

Grid River (Luncani)
The Grid River is a tributary of the Luncani River in Romania. That means it flows into the Luncani River.

Şieu River (Someş)
The Şieu River is a tributary of the Someşul Mare River in Romania. That means it flows into the Someşul Mare River.

Rosua River
The Rosua River is a tributary of the Şieu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Şieu River.

1 Maccabees
1 Maccabees is a book written by a Jewish author. It is part of the Old Testament.

Olt County
Olt () is a county (judeţ) of Romania, in the historical regions of Oltenia and Muntenia. The capital of Olt County is Slatina.
Geography.
Olt County has an area of 5,498 square kilometers.
Divisions.
Olt County has 2 municipalities, 6 towns and 104 communes.

Prahova County
Prahova () is a county (judeţ) of Romania, in the historical region of Muntenia. The capital of Prahova County is Ploieşti.
Geography.
Prahova County has an area of 4,716 square kilometers. The main river in Prahova County is the Prahova River.
Divisions.
Prahova County has 2 municipalities, 12 towns and 90 communes.

Valea Mare River (Teleajen)
The Valea Mare River is a tributary of the Teleajen River in Romania. That means it flows into the Teleajen River.

Lizzie McGuire
"Lizzie McGuire" is an American children's situation comedy television show. It was shown from 2001 through 2004. It is about the life of a young girl (Hilary Duff as Lizzie McGuire) growing up.

Izvoarele, Prahova
Izvoarele is a commune in Prahova County, Romania.

Talea, Prahova
Talea is a commune of Prahova County, Romania.

Comarnic
Comarnic is a town of Prahova County in Romania. About 13,000 people live in Comarnic.

Azuga
Azuga is a town in the mountains of Prahova County in the Wallachian area of Romania. Azuga is found at the base of the Bucegi Mountains. About 5,200 people live in Azuga as of the year 2002. The town is a very busy and active ski resort.

Breaza
Breaza is a town in Prahova County, Romania. About 18,800 people live in Breaza as of the year 2002.

Suceava
Suceava is the capital city of Suceava County, in Romania. About 107,500 people live in Suceava as of the year 2002.

Valea Rea River (Prahova)
The Valea Rea River is a tributary of the Prahova River in Romania. That means it flows into the Prahova River.

Sinaia
Sinaia is a town of Prahova County in Romania. About 14,600 people live in Sinaia as of the year 2002.

Zmeu River
The Zmeu River or Valea Smeului River is a headwater of the Someşul Mare River in Romania.

Runcşor River
The Runcşor River is a tributary of the Albioara River in Romania. That means it flows into the Albioara River.

Geoagiu River (Hunedoara)
The Geoagiu River is a tributary of the Mureş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Mureş River.

Valea Porcului River (Geoagiu)
The Valea Porcului River is a tributary of the Geoagiu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Geoagiu River.

Cremene River
The Cremene River is a tributary of the Şuşiţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Şuşiţa River.

Gura Văii River
The Gura Văii River is a tributary of the Cremene River in Romania. That means it flows into the Cremene River.

Valea Soarelui River
The Valea Soarelui River is a tributary of the Valea Rea River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Rea River.

Coţofana River (Prahova)
The Coţofana River is a tributary of the Valea Rea River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Rea River.

Glodoasa River
The Glodoasa River is a tributary of the Doftana River in Romania. That means it flows into the Doftana River.

Orjogoaia River
The Orjogoaia River is a tributary of the Doftana River in Romania. That means it flows into the Doftana River.

Frânca River
The Frânca River is a tributary of the Orjogoaia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Orjogoaia River.

Prislop River (Doftana)
The Prislop River is a tributary of the Doftana River in Romania. That means it flows into the Doftana River.

Valea lui Petru River
The Valea lui Petru River is a tributary of the Prislop River in Romania. That means it flows into the Prislop River.

Baiu Mountains
The Baiu Mountains are a group of mountains in the central part of Romania. They are part of the Eastern Carpathians.

Baiu Mare River
The Baiu Mare River is a tributary of the Prislop River in Romania. That means it flows into the Prislop River.

Florei River (Doftana)
The Florei River is a tributary of the Doftana River in Romania. That means it flows into the Doftana River.

Valea Doftanei
Valea Doftanei is a commune in Prahova County, Romania.

Valea Mierlelor River
The Valea Mierlelor River is a tributary of the Florei River in Romania. That means it flows into the Florei River.

Vornicu River
The Vornicu River is a tributary of the Florei River in Romania. That means it flows into the Florei River.

Harghita County
Harghita (;;) is a county (judeţ) in the central part of Romania, in the eastern part of Transylvania. The capital of Harghita County is Miercurea-Ciuc.
Geography.
Harghita County has an area of 6,639 square kilometers.
Two of the most important rivers in Romania, the Mureş River and the Olt River start in Harghita County.
Divisions.
Harghita County has 4 municipalities, 5 towns, and 58 communes.

Sabo River
The Sabo River is a tributary of the Fântâna lui Gal River in Romania. That means it flows into the Fântâna lui Gal River.

Frumoasa, Harghita
Frumoasa is a commune in Harghita County, Romania.

Noşcolat Patac River
The Noşcolat Patac River is a tributary of the Fântâna lui Gal River in Romania. That means it flows into the Fântâna lui Gal River.

Coţofana River (Florei)
The Coţofana River is a tributary of the Florei River in Romania. That means it flows into the Florei River.

Remetea, Bihor
Remetea is a commune in Bihor County, in the western of Romania.

Pietroasa, Bihor
Pietroasa is a commune in Bihor County, in the northwestern part of Romania. About 3,300 people live in Pietroasa.

Bohodei River
The Bohodei River is a tributary of the Aleu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Aleu River.

Valea Boii River
The Valea Boii River is a tributary of the Aleu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Aleu River.

Valea cu Cale River (Aleu)
The Valea cu Cale River is a tributary of the Aleu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Aleu River.

Valea Mare River (Bahlui)
The Valea Mare River is a tributary of the Bahlui River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bahlui River.

Zavarca River
The Zavarca River is a tributary of the Bahlui River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bahlui River.

Ciric River
The Ciric River is a tributary of the Bahlui River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bahlui River.

Teaşcu River
The Teaşcu River is a tributary of the Dresleuca River in Romania. That means it flows into the Dresleuca River.

Ipoteşti River
The Ipoteşti River is a tributary of the Dresleuca River in Romania. That means it flows into the Dresleuca River.

Băiceni River
The Băiceni River is a tributary of the Dresleuca River in Romania. That means it flows into the Dresleuca River.

Ionaşcu River
The Ionaşcu River is a tributary of the Dresleuca River in Romania. That means it flows into the Dresleuca River.

Recea River (Miletin)
The Recea River or Odaia River is a tributary of the Miletin River in Romania. That means it flows into the Miletin River.

Păiuşeni River
The Păiuşeni River is a tributary of the Recea River in Romania. That means it flows into the Recea River.

Valea Rea River (Miletin)
The Valea Rea River is a tributary of the Miletin River in Romania. That means it flows into the Miletin River.

Horoghiuca River
The Horoghiuca River is a tributary of the Miletin River in Romania. That means it flows into the Miletin River.

Cehal River
The Cehal River is a tributary of the Santău River in Romania. That means it flows into the Santău River.

Santău River
The Santău River is a tributary of the Ier River in Romania. That means it flows into the Ier River.

Cean River
The Cean River is a tributary of the Santău River in Romania. That means it flows into the Santău River.

Reprise Records
Reprise Records is an American record label, founded in 1960 by Frank Sinatra, which is owned by Warner Music Group, and operated through Warner Bros. Records.
Company history.
Reprise was formed in 1960 by Frank Sinatra in order to allow more artistic freedom for his own recordings. He had earlier been with Capitol Records, but was upset when Capitol issued an album, "Come Fly with Me", whose cover had a picture of him in front of an airplane with a Trans-World Airlines (TWA) logo. He believed Capitol and TWA were profiting together from his image, and left him out.
Reprise's artists included Sinatra's longtime friend Dean Martin, who was a singer and comedian, with a popular television show. Sinatra's daughter, Nancy Sinatra, became a recording artist and singer, and signed with her father's label. (His advice to her, whoever she signed with, was to "Own your own masters", and she did that. Years later, her catalog was valuable, and she earned more money from her records than if she was not their owner.) Reprise also released records by Jimi Hendrix, and later Neil Young.

Prisaca River (Miletin)
The Prisaca River is a tributary of the Horoghiuca River in Romania. That means it flows into the Horoghiuca River.

Unguroaia River
The Unguroaia River is a tributary of the Prisaca River in Romania. That means it flows into the Prisaca River.

Pârâul Mare (Miletin)
The Pârâul Mare is a tributary of the Horoghiuca River in Romania. That means it flows into the Horoghiuca River.

Bahna River (Jijia)
The Bahna River is a tributary of the Buhai River in Romania. That means it flows into the Buhai River.

Rob Cavallo
Rob Cavallo is a record producer who has made several albums. He is now a senior VP at Reprise Records.
Partial discography.
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Pârâul Întors
The Pârâul Întors is a tributary of the Buhai River in Romania. That means it flows into the Buhai River.

Ghilea River
The Ghilea River is a tributary of the Pârâul Întors in Romania. That means it flows into the Pârâul Întors.

Dintievici River
The Dintievici River is a tributary of the Pârâul Întors in Romania. That means it flows into the Pârâul Întors.

Canapiştea River
The Canapiştea River is a tributary of the Pârâul Întors in Romania. That means it flows into the Pârâul Întors.

Selling out
"Selling out" means to the gaining of one's integrity, morality and principles in exchange for money, 'success' or other personal gain. It is commonly used as attempts to increase mainstream society. Selling out is seen as getting success at the cost of credibility.

Lacu Negru River
The Lacu Negru River is a tributary of the Jijioara River in Romania. That means it flows into the Jijioara River.

Fântânele River (Jijioara)
The Fântânele River is a tributary of the Jijioara River in Romania. That means it flows into the Jijioara River.

Longview (song)
"Longview" is the first major-label single released by punk band Green Day, from their 1994 album, "Dookie".

Pârâul Mare (Albuia)
The Pârâul Mare is a tributary of the Albuia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Albuia River.

Basket Case (song)
"Basket Case" is a song by the band, Green Day from its third album "Dookie". The song ended up being a huge hit, spending five weeks at the top of the Modern Rock Tracks chart after it was released. The song was written by frontman Billie Joe Armstrong about his struggle with anxiety; before he was diagnosed with a panic disorder, and he thought he was going crazy.
Chart positions.
It should be noted that, while the song was extremely popular in the United States, even reaching hit number 26 on the Billboard Hot 100 Airplay, the lack of a commercial single single-handedly stopped the song from charting on the Billboard Hot 100.

When I Come Around
"When I Come Around" is a 1994 single from Green Day's album, "Dookie". It was the final single from the album and it was #1 on the Modern Rock Tracks for seven weeks.

Cracul Comarnic River
The Cracul Comarnic River is a tributary of the Nechitu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Nechitu River.

Alunul River (Nechitu)
The Alunul River is a tributary of the Nechitu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Nechitu River.

Mastacăn River
The Mastacăn River is a tributary of the Nechitu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Nechitu River.

Hercules (constellation)
Hercules is a constellation in the northern part of the sky. It represents the mythological Hercules of Greek mythology.

Aquila (constellation)
Aquila represents an eagle, and is found in the northern part of the sky.

Libra (constellation)
Libra (, symbol, Unicode) is a constellation of the zodiac. It lies between Virgo to the west and Scorpius to the east. It once represented the claws of Scorpius.
Some features.
α and β Librae are the scales' balance beam, and γ and σ are the weighing pans.
σ Librae was formerly known as γ Scorpii even though it is well inside the boundaries of Libra. It was not renamed as σ Librae until 1851 (by Benjamin A. Gould).

Scorpius (constellation)
Scorpius is sometimes called Scorpio, and that's wrong. It represents a scorpion, and is one of the 12 zodiacal constellations.

Sagittarius (constellation)
Sagittarius is the constellation or area of the night sky, representing a centaur archer. This is one of the zodiacal constellations.

Ursa Major
Ursa Major is the Great Bear. Inside it is the Big Dipper, which is known as an asterism.

Ursa Minor
Ursa Minor is a constellation often called the Little Bear. It contains the north star, called Polaris..

Polaris (star)
Polaris, also known as the North Star, is somewhat bright star that is actually a double star, but you need a telescope to resolve the pair, with a apparent magnitude is about 2.

Racova River (Bistriţa)
The Racova River is a tributary of the Bistriţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bistriţa River.

Diaca River (Bistriţa)
The Diaca River is a tributary of the Bistriţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bistriţa River.

Hypercube
A hypercube is a four-dimensional analogue of a cube.

Secu River (Secu)
The Secu River is a tributary of the Bistriţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bistriţa River.

Şipote River
The Şipote River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Somoş River (Olt)
The Somoş River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Zălan River
The Zălan River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Horincea River
The Horincea River is a tributary of the Prut River in Romania. That means it flows into the Prut River.

Oarba River
The Oarba River is a tributary of the Horincea River in Romania. That means it flows into the Horincea River.

Zoiteana River
The Zoiteana River is a tributary of the Horincea River in Romania. That means it flows into the Horincea River.

Poiana River (Prut)
The Poiana River is a tributary of the Prut River in Romania. That means it flows into the Prut River.

Rănghileşti River
The Rănghileşti River is a tributary of the Corogea River in Romania. That means it flows into the Corogea River.

Iazul lui Iancu River
The Iazul lui Iancu River is a tributary of the Rănghileşti River in Romania. That means it flows into the Rănghileşti River.

Pârâul Mare (Lotru)
The Pârâul Mare is a tributary of the Lotru River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lotru River.

Valea Caprei River (Lotru)
The Valea Caprei River is a tributary of the Lotru River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lotru River.

Valea Satului River (Brezoi)
The Valea Satului River is a tributary of the Lotru River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lotru River.

Ferigele River
The Ferigele River is a tributary of the Valea Satului River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Satului River.

Valea Satului River (Mălaia)
The Valea Satului River is a tributary of the Lotru River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lotru River.

Valea Pietrei River (Lotru)
The Valea Pietrei River is a tributary of the Lotru River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lotru River.

Valea cu Fagi River
The Valea cu Fagi River is a tributary of the Lotru River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lotru River.

Hot Modern Rock Tracks
Hot Modern Rock Tracks (used to be called Modern Rock Tracks'") is a music chart in the United States. Since September 10 1988, Hot Modern Rock Tracks has appeared in "Billboard" magazine.

Avrigel River
The Avrigel River is a headwater of the Avrig River in Romania.

Valea Mare River (Titianu)
The Valea Mare River is a tributary of the Strei River in Romania. That means it flows into the Strei River.

Valea Rea River (Strei)
The Valea Rea River is a tributary of the Strei River in Romania. That means it flows into the Strei River.

Non-fiction
Non-fiction is writing about facts. Although non-fiction is supposed to be truthful, sometimes it may not be. People normally assume that authors mean to be truthful, but they might make mistakes. Writing is normally split into two parts: non-fiction and fiction. As well as non-fiction books, there are also pictures and films.

Charlotte's Web (1973 movie)
"Charlotte's Web" is a 1973 animated movie, based on the 1952 children's book of the same name by E. B. White. It was made into an animated musical film by Hanna Barbera Productions and Sagittarius Productions in 1973. The movie, distributed to theatres by Paramount Pictures on March 1, 1973, is the first of only three Hanna Barbera features not based upon one of their famous television cartoons —"Heidi's Song" (1982) and "Once Upon a Forest" (1993) being the other two—and was neutrally successful among both critics and at the movie theatres. The song score of music and lyrics was written by the Sherman Brothers, who had also been done the music in other family movies like "The Jungle Book (1967)" and "Chitty Chitty Bang Bang (1968)". The movie has also found popularity over the years because of television and VHS; in 1994 the movie became one of the best selling movies of the year, 21 years after its first premiere. No other non-Disney musical animated movie has make such a great comeback in popularity which inspried a direct-to-video sequel, ', which Paramount released in the US on March 18, 2003 (Universal released the movie internationally), followed by a live-action film version of E. B. White's original story, which was was released on December 15, 2006. The movie was presented by Pulitzer Prize in 1985, the year in which author E. B. White died. E. B. White himself wrote about the nature of this work based on the original owner of the public.
The Story.
A litter of pigs are born on a farm owned by the Arable family. One of the baby pigs is a runt so John Arable decides to "do away with it". However, when his daughter, Fern Arable, hears of the pig's fate she resues him and tells her dad that it is absurd to kill it just because it is smaller than the others. She gets to raise him and names him "Wilbur". However, after only six months of raising him, John Arable tells Fern that it's time for him to be sold (his brothers and sisters were already sold). Fern sadly says good-bye as the young pig is sold down the steet to her uncle, Homer Zuckerman. When Wilbur wants a play with a lamb, the lamb's father (known as a ram) says that sheep don't play with pigs because it's only a matter of time before they are turned into smoked bacon and ham. Wilbur starts crying saying that he does not want to die, but a voice from above tells him to "chin up". The next day she sings a song about "chinning up", and reveals herself to be a spider named Charlotte. Charlotte saves Wilbur by writing messages in her web, hence the title of the film. Charlotte eventually dies, and although 511 of her children leave the barn (she had 514), three of them stay. But as much as Wilbur loves them, they will never replace the memory of his friend Charlotte.
Release.
The movie was released to theaters on March 1, 1973 by Paramount Pictures in the United States. It was released limitedly on February 22, 1973 in New York City, and also released in West Germany on March 30, 1973, as well as August 11 in Sweden, and August 25 in Japan.
Critical reception.
A reviewer on the website Filmcritic said that the animation was pretty bad, but the story was good. "The 1973 animation (courtesy of Hanna-Barbera) is nothing special, in fact it's often downright "bad", but E.B. White's classic fable needs little to make it come to life. Especially giddy is Paul Lynde's wry Templeton the rat ("It says: Crunchy."), whom I oddly still quote today. Fortunately, the new DVD gives us a widescreen presentation of the film that is scratch-and-pop-free." The reviewer went on to say that the film is "a must-own for anyone with children, and a must-see for everyone else.", and rated it four out of five stars. Rotten Tomatos reported that 74% of the 19 reviewers gave the film a freash rating, with a score of 6.6. The RT community gave the film an 86% apporval rating, with a score of 7/10. Some major critism for the film is simply for the animation, as it's from Hanna-Barbera.
The Allmovie Guide rated the film three and a half out of five stars (7/10 stars) and said: "E.B. White's classic Charlotte's Web is one of the 20th century's most beloved children's books. The film version is a faithful adaptation, retaining all of the characters -- and most of their characteristics. The gentle but mysterious and at times discomforting tone of the original has been kept, and no attempt has been made to soften the existential sadness at the story's core -- the lesson that everyone lives and then dies, even if that death is successfully postponed for a while. Despite this, the film has the book's generally cheerful and optimistic tone. Voice characterizations are good, with Debbie Reynolds a properly maternal and compassionate Charlotte and Henry Gibson innocent and unassuming as Wilbur. Paul Lynde's Templeton is a standout, as would be expected from the natural mating of actor and role. The film's good points are undermined somewhat by a lackluster score (although the title song is rather haunting) and more seriously by the mediocre animation. Although better than its work for television, Hanna-Barbera's animation is too stiff and money-conscious to do justice to the story. That said, the backgrounds are generally very good, and some sequences involving weather and seasons are very effective. While the lack of top-drawer animation dilutes the film's effectiveness, it is still a fine and worthwhile adaptation." Many people have also said that the songs by the Sherman Brothers are weak, while others have said that the songs are great and/or classic. The first comment on IMDb, written on January 25, 1999, and headed as "What a Waist!" said: "If ever a film sucked all the charm and merit from a text, this is it. The characterisations are inane, the songs are instantly forgettable (and why are there songs anyway?), the animation is tacky. Who let Hanna Barbera get there sticky hands on the rights? If someone had to screw it up it should have been Disney. I think its time for a remake in the style of Babe. And let's burn all the master tapes from this version."
E.B. White's Reaction.
According to Gene Deitch, a director of animation and friend of E. B. White, the author's wife wrote the following words in a 1977 letter: "We have never ceased to regret that your version of "Charlotte's Web" never got made. The Hanna-Barberra version has never pleased either of us... a travesty..." E.B. White himself wrote of the film: "The story is interrupted every few minutes so that somebody can sing a jolly song. I don't care much for jolly songs. The Blue Hill Fair, which I tried to report faithfully in the book, has become a Disney World, with 76 trombones. But that's what you get for getting embroiled in Hollywood."
Songs.
"Charlotte's Web" is the title song of the movie. In the movie the song is sung back-to-back with "Deep in the Dark". The title song was covered by the The Brady Bunch among others. In the movie, Charlotte tells Wilbur to go to sleep, and she would see him in the morning, and she sings a song called "Deep In the Dark" to put the barnyard to sleep.
The title song was covered by the The Brady Bunch among others: "The Brady Bunch Phonographic Album" features three Sherman Brothers songs including "River Song" from "Tom Sawyer", "Zuckerman's Famous Pig" and "Charlotte's Web". Their cover of the song is also featured on their "Greatest hits" album "It's a Sunshine Day: The Best of The Brady Bunch".

Sphinx
A sphinx is a mythological figure, which looks like a lion with a human head. It dates back to the Old Kingdom of Egypt, and its name comes from the Ancient Greek name for a "stranger". The spinx is also common in South and South-East Asia, and was popular in Europe from the times of the Renaissance.

Ulysses
Ulysses is the Latin name for Odysseus, a character in ancient Greek literature.

Ted Hughes
Ted Hughes was an English poet. He was married to Silvia Plath.

Biffy Clyro
Biffy Clyro, often called Biffy by fans, are a Scottish rock band. The band are signed to Roadrunner Records and have released four albums and an EP. Their fourth album "Puzzle" got them much mainstream and popular attention.

Black Stone Cherry
Black Stone Cherry are a rock band from Kentucky, USA. They are signed to Roadrunner Records and have released two albums as of 2008.

Jerry Wexler
Gerald "Jerry" Wexler (January 10, 1917 – August 15, 2008) was a music journalist who became a music producer, and was thought of as an important name in his field from the 1950s through the 1980s. He came up with the term "Rhythm & Blues", and was important in working with big people in music of the last 50 years, such Ray Charles, Aretha Franklin, Led Zeppelin, Wilson Pickett, Dusty Springfield, and Bob Dylan. Wexler became part of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1987.

Mick Foley
Michael Francis "Mick" Foley, Sr (born June 7, 1965) is an American author, actor and professional wrestler. He is best known for his time in World Wrestling Entertainment most recently doing color commentary on its Smackdown! brand. He has signed a short-tearm contract with TNA.

Cyclic redundancy check
A Cyclic redundancy check (often shotened to CRC) is a way to calculate a checksum, based on a polynomial. In computer science, CRCs are used to check that no errors occurred transmitting the data.

Şumuleu River (Olt)
The Şumuleu River is a tributary of the Fitod River in Romania. That means it flows into the Fitod River.

Râul Fâneţelor
The Râul Fâneţelor is a tributary of the Fitod River in Romania. That means it flows into the Fitod River.

Misentea River
The Misentea River is a tributary of the Râul Fâneţelor in Romania. That means it flows into the Râul Fâneţelor.

Valea Izvorului River (Lotru)
The Valea Izvorului River is a tributary of the Lotru River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lotru River.

Valea Seacă River (Rotbav)
The Valea Seacă River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Valea Cetăţii River (Rotbav)
The Valea Cetăţii River is a tributary of the Valea Seacă River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Seacă River.

Pârâul Mic (Malnaş)
The Pârâul Mic River is a tributary of the Valea Mare River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Mare River.

Valea Lupului River (Strei)
The Valea Lupului River is a tributary of the Strei River in Romania. That means it flows into the Strei River.

Muncelu River (Strei)
The Muncelu River is a tributary of the Crivaia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Crivaia River.

Pietrosu River (Muncelu)
The Pietrosu River is a tributary of the Muncelu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Muncelu River.

Smida River (Muncelu)
The Smida River is a tributary of the Muncelu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Muncelu River.

Valea Mică River (Strei)
The Valea Mică River is a tributary of the Valea Mare River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Mare River.

Râul Socilor
The Râul Socilor is a tributary of the Valea Mică River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Mică River.

Paltinu River (Prahova)
The Paltinu River is a tributary of the Prahova River in Romania. That means it flows into the Prahova River.

Buşteni
Buşteni is a small town in the northern part of Prahova County. About 11,800 people live in Buşteni as of the year 2002.

Bucovel River
The Bucovel River is a tributary of the Teleajen River in Romania. That means it flows into the Teleajen River.

Bucov
Bucov is a commune in the Prahova County, Romania. About 10,500 people live in Bucov as of the year 2002.

Valea Monteorului River
The Valea Monteorului River is a tributary of the Teleajen River in Romania. That means it flows into the Teleajen River.

Valea Seacă River (Prahova)
The Valea Seacă River is a tributary of the Prahova River in Romania. That means it flows into the Prahova River.

Glodul River
The Glodul River is a tributary of the Dămuc River in Romania. That means it flows into the Dămuc River.

Lupul River (Bicaz)
The Lupul River is a tributary of the Dămuc River in Romania. That means it flows into the Dămuc River.

Piciorul River
The Piciorul River is a tributary of the Dămuc River in Romania. That means it flows into the Dămuc River.

Ontal River
The Ontal River is a tributary of the Dămuc River in Romania. That means it flows into the Dămuc River.

Veleşchia River (Siret)
The Veleşchia River or Pârâul Roşu or Vereşcheu River is a headwater of the Bicaz River in Romania.

Boholţ River
The Boholţ River is a tributary of the Cincu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Cincu River.

Boholt River
The Boholt River is a tributary of the Mureş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Mureş River.

Mara River (Iza)
The Mara River is a tributary of the Iza River in Romania. That means it flows into the Iza River.

Idişor River
The Idişor River is a tributary of the Baicu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Baicu River.

Padded cell
A Padded cell is a special room in a hospital for mentally ill people. It made so that the patients can be put there when they go through a crisis (or they have a fit or seizure). They are put there so they can go through their crisis on their own, without putting others into dangers. Padded cells are made in special ways so that those having the crisis cannot hurt themselves. Padded cells have been used for a long time in psychiatry. In the 1980s, their use declied in Europe. This is because there are drugs that can be given that make them nearly unnecessary.
They are still widely used especially in Africa and Asia.
Seizures and crises are usually very tiring. For this reason, patients usually only spend a short time in these cells. They usually collapse because of fatigue rather quickly. When they do, they need medical attention quickly.

Căliman River
The Căliman River is a tributary of the Baicu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Baicu River.

Valea Poienilor River (Ieud)
The Valea Poienilor River is a tributary of the Ieud River in Romania. That means it flows into the Ieud River.

Valea Morii River (Iza)
The Valea Morii River is a tributary of the Iza River in Romania. That means it flows into the Iza River.

Slatina River (Iza)
The Slatina River is a tributary of the Iza River in Romania. That means it flows into the Iza River.

Valea Caselor River (Iza)
The Valea Caselor River is a tributary of the Iza River in Romania. That means it flows into the Iza River.

Valea Muntelui River (Iza)
The Valea Muntelui River is a tributary of the Iza River in Romania. That means it flows into the Iza River.

Valea Mare River (Mara)
The Valea Mare River is a tributary of the Mara River in Romania. That means it flows into the Mara River.

Rüttenen
Rüttenen is a municipality of the district Lebern in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

The Feeling
The Feeling are a five person band that come from Sussex, England. The bands music is classed as pop. They have been nominated for many awards including a BRIT award in 2006.
The first of their four top 10 singles was the song "Sewn" in March 2006. It was one of 2006's most played songs. It was first played on BBC Radio 2. The Feeling's debut album was named "Twelve Stops and Home", which made it to number two in the UK Album chart.

Mogheruş River
The Mogheruş River or Măgheruş River is a tributary of the Uz River in Romania. That means it flows into the Uz River.

Drăculea River (Berivoi)
The Drăculea River is a tributary of the Berivoi River in Romania. That means it flows into the Berivoi River.

Mangwal
Mangwal is a village and Union Council of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan, it is part of Chakwal Tehsil and is located at 33°6'30N 72°49'32E.

Mangwal, Afghanistan
Mangwal is a village in Kunar Province, Afghanistan. It is located at 34°36'7N 70°49'41E with a height of 742 metres (2437 feet).

Geography of Afghanistan
Afghanistan is located in the center or middle of Asia. The country is landlocked and mountainous, and has most of the Hindu Kush mountains. There are four major rivers in the country: the Amu Darya, the Hari River, the Kabul River and the Helmand River. The country also contains a number of smaller rivers, lakes, and streams.
Borders.
Afghanistan has a total of 5529 km of borders - the longest part of the border (2,430km) is known as the Durand Line and forms Afghanistan border with Pakistan. It is in the south and southeast of Afghanistan. The border with Iran, which is to the west of Afghanistan, is 936km. To the north are the Central Asian countries - Tajikistan has a border of 1,206km with Afghanistan), Turkmenistan has 744km, and Uzbekistan has 137 km.
Afghanistan also has border with China, it is 76km in length and is located in the far north-east of the country.
Land.
Afghanistan has a lot of rugged mountains know as the Hindu Kush as well areas of desert.
Natural resources.
Afghanistan's natural resources include: natural gas, petroleum, coal, copper, uranium, gold, silver, chromite, talc, barites, sulfur, lead, zinc, iron ore, salt, precious and semiprecious stones.
Mountain systems.
The Hindu Kush reaches a height of 7485 m. / 24,557 ft. at Nowshak, Afghanistan's highest peak. Of the ranges extending southwestward from the Hindu Kush, the Koh-i-Baba reaches the greatest height (Shah Fuladi, 5,142 m /16,870 ft). The Safed Koh range, which includes the Tora Bora area, dominates the border area southeast of Kabul.
The area towards the Khyber Pass across the Safed Koh are in eastern Afghanistan; at the top the height is 1070 m. / 3,509 ft. at Landi Kotal. This area is near to Pakistan, the town of Torkham is five kilometres from Pakistan.

Menoitios
MENOITIOS (or Menoetius) was the Titan god (perhaps) of violent anger, rash action, and human mortality. Zeus struck him down with a thunderbolt and sent him to Erebos (the Underworld) as punishment for his hybristic behaviour.
MENOE′TIUS (Menoitios). A son of Iapetus and Clymene or Asia, and a brother of Atlas, Prometheus and Epimetheus, was killed by Zeus with a flash of lightning, in the fight of the Titans, and thrown into Tartarus. (Hes. Theog. 507, &c., 514; Apollod. i. 2. § 3; Schol. ad Aeschyl. Prom. 347.)
The name Menoitios was derived derives from the Greek words menos meaning variously might, force, spirit, passion, batterage, and oitos meaning ill-fated or doomed. Hesiod also describes him as hybristes, a violent, overbearing and insolent man. Menoitios and his brothers, the sons of Iapetos, were all depicted with extreme human foibles: Prometheus was overly crafty, Epimetheus a fool, and Atlas exceedingly daring.
Menoitios was perhaps identical to Menoites the herdsman of Haides, whom Herakles wrestled with in the underworld. This connection with cattle, suggests that he was also the same as Bouphagos (the Cattle Eater) son of Iapetos, a hybristic man who attacked the goddess Artemis in Arkadia.

Miani, Chakwal
Miani is a village and Union Council of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan, it is part of Chakwal Tehsil.

Miani, Sindh
Miani or Meeanee was a village in Sindh, Pakistan, six miles north of Hyderabad. It was the site of the battle of Miani, 17 February 1843, in which Sir Charles Napier defeated the ruler of Sindh and made it part of British India.

Hyderabad, Sindh
Hyderabad (Urdu, Sindhi: حیدرآباد;) is located in the Sindh province of Pakistan. The city was founded in 1768 by Mian Ghulam Shah Kalhoro on the ruins of a Mauryan fishing village along the bank of the Indus River known as Neroon Kot (Sindhi: نيرُون ڪوٽ).
Hyderabad used to be the capital of Sindh, today it is the capital of the district of Hyderabad. Before the creation of Pakistan, it was known as the Paris of India, for its roads used to be washed with perfumed rose-water every day and sandalwood incense would linger the air.

Miani, Punjab
Miani is a small town of Bhalwal Tehsil, Sargodha District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. It is about 70 km from Sargodha city.
History.
Miani used to have a large population of Hindus before the partition of India. They had to leave their ancestral homes and move to India after partition. Sargodha itself was the homeland of Khatris and had a large concentration of the ancient Khatri clans. Khatris are found among both Hindu as well as Muslim Punjabis. Some Khatris were converted to Islam after he introduction of Islam into the Punjab. Miani continues to have a population of Muslim Khatris or Punjabi Shaikhs.
Miani was nicknamed Namak-Miani (salt Miani) because it was the main marketplace for salt that was mined from the mountains around Khewra.

Vltava
The Vltava flows through the Czech Republic and its capital city, Prague. Composer Bedrich Smetana wrote a symphonic poem about this river, sometimes called "The Moldau".

Sargodha
Sargodha is the capital city of Sargodha District in the Punjab province of Pakistan.

Miani (tribe)
The Miani, are a Pushtoon tribe, they mainly live in the Gomal plains which is part of Tank District in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. But the tribe also live in the Frontier Region of Dera Ismail Khan District and Afghanistan.

Neamţ River
The Neamţ River or Ozana River is a tributary of the Moldova River in Romania. That means it flows into the Moldova River.

Hipparcos Catalogue
The Hipparcos Catalogue is a list of stars named after the Greek astronomer, Hipparchus. He listed the position of several hundred stars. Each star in the catalogue has a designation of "HIP" or "HP".

Valea Rea River (Neamţ)
The Valea Rea River is a tributary of the Neamţ River in Romania. That means it flows into the Neamţ River.

Pashtun people
The Pashtuns are an ethnic group of Pakistan and Afghanistan. The are mostly settled in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan and eastern Afghanistan.

Cod wars
The Cod Wars, also called the Iceland Cod Wars (Icelandic: "Þorskastríðin", "the cod wars", or "Landhelgisstríðin", "the wars for the territorial waters") were a series of confrontations in the 1950s and 1970s between the United Kingdom and Iceland regarding fishing rights in the North Atlantic. The name of the conflict may be derived from a pun on the term "Cold War" (with "cod" reading so similarly to "cold"), possibly via the British tabloid press.
In 1972, Iceland unilaterally declared an Exclusive Economic Zone extending beyond its territorial waters, before announcing plans to reduce over-fishing. It policed its quota system with the coast guard, leading to a series of net-cutting incidents with British trawlers that fished the areas. As a result, a fleet of British Royal Naval warships and tug-boats was employed to act as a deterrent against any future harassment of British fishing crews by the Icelandic craft.
In 1976, a compromise between the two states allowed a maximum of 24 British trawlers access to the disputed 200 nautical mile (370 km) limit. Two-hundred-nautical-mile Exclusive Economic Zones became recognized internationally on November 14, 1994, after having been agreed at the conference on the Third United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea in 1982.

Frumuşiţa River (Chineja)
The Frumuşiţa River is a tributary of the Chineja River in Romania. That means it flows into the Chineja River.

Orion
Orion is one of the largest constellations in the sky. It lies in a field of very bright stars and constellations.
Mythological Legend.
In Greek mythology, Orion was killed by his wife Artemis, who was tricked into thinking that Orion was a rock, so the Greek gods hung him in the night sky.

Roşcani River (Chineja)
The Roşcani River is a tributary of the Chineja River in Romania. That means it flows into the Chineja River.

Băneasa River
The Băneasa River is a tributary of the Chineja River in Romania. That means it flows into the Chineja River.

Betelgeuse
Betelgeuse, or Betelgeux is a large red supergiant star in the constellation Orion. It's name means "the Warrior's Armpit".
Characteristics.
Betelgeuse is a variable star. It loses and gains brightness over a certain period of time. This is because Betelgeuse sometimes grows bigger or smaller, causing a shift in brightness.

Sodom River
The Sodom River is a tributary of the Cigher River in Romania. That means it flows into the Cigher River.

Valea Fântânilor River
The Valea Fântânilor River is a tributary of the Sodom River in Romania. That means it flows into the Sodom River.

Timercea River
The Timercea River is a tributary of the Cigher River in Romania. That means it flows into the Cigher River.

Phoenix (mythology)
The phoenix is a legendary bird that lives for several hundred years before it burns itself up. However, it starts a new life from the ashes of the fire. It is said that phoenix tears can heal wounds and that they are almost immortal and invincible.

Postoiciu River
The Postoiciu River or Pustaciu River is a tributary of the Cigher River in Romania. That means it flows into the Cigher River.

Valea Porcului River (Cigher)
The Valea Porcului River is a tributary of the Cigher River in Romania. That means it flows into the Cigher River.

Phoenix (constellation)
Phoenix () is a small and not-so-bright constellation in the southern sky. It is one of the birds in a "nest" of bird constellations near it.
Mythology.
This constellation represents a mythological bird that burns itself up every several hundred years then comes back alive from the ashes of the fire

Hurez River (Ciolt)
The Hurez River is a tributary of the Ciolt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Ciolt River.

Octans
Octans is the southernmost constellation. It represents a tool that a sailor would use to find his position using the position of the stars; the octant. Octans contains the southernmost star above Magnitude 6, σ Octantis, which cannot be seen easily.

Chişindia River
The Chişindia River or Păiuşeni River is a tributary of the Crişul Alb River in Romania. That means it flows into the Crişul Alb River.

Izvor River (Jitin)
The Izvor River is a tributary of the Jitin River in Romania. That means it flows into the Jitin River.

Şuşiţa River (Rovinari)
The Şuşiţa River is a tributary of the Jiu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Jiu River.

Grivele River (Şuşiţa)
The Grivele River is a tributary of the Straja River in Romania. That means it flows into the Straja River.

Sirius
Sirius is a binary star system in Canis Major, Orion's larger dog. It is the brightest star in the night sky; with a magnitude of -1.44
History.
The Egyptians called this star Sothis. They relied on this star to predict when a flood will come.
The phrase "the dog days of summer" means the hottest days of summer. Sirius is sometimes called the Dog Star. Some of the ancient peoples thought that the heat from Sirius would add to the heat of the Sun.

Iradia River
The Iradia River is a tributary of the Grivele River in Romania. That means it flows into the Grivele River.

Culture of Pakistan
The society of Pakistan (Urdu: ثقافت پاکستان) has many different cultures. The east of country is mainly Punjabi, the south is mainly Sindhi in the east are the tribal cultures. In many areas the tribes and cultures are mixed, most Pakistanis are Punjabis and most of the nation are Sunni Muslim.
The cultures have been greatly influenced by the surrounding cultures of India, Afghanistan, Central Asia and the Middle East along with other places. Pakistan in ancient times was a major cultural hub, the home of ancient civilisations, including the Indus Valley Civilization, the foundation of Indian culture. Many cultural practices have been inherited from the rule of many rulers of the region that have added their cultural traditions. One of the most influenced cultures being the Mughals.
Pakistan has a lot of wealthy cultural and ethnic background going back to Indus Valley Civilization, 2800 BC – 1800 BC. The region of Pakistan has been invaded in the past, occupied and settled by many different people, including Aryans, Greeks, White Huns, Arabs, Turks, Mongols and various Eurasian groups. The different ethnic groups have differences in dress, food, and religion. The cultural origins come from the civilizations of India and eastern Afghanistan, with significant influences from Persia, Turkestan and Hellenistic Greece. It was the first part of the subcontinent to receive the full impact of Islam. Hence it has developed an identity of its own.

Fleţ River
The Fleţ River is a tributary of the Luţ River in Romania. That means it flows into the Luţ River.

Canopus
Canopus, or Alpha Carinae in the Bayer designation system is the brightest star in its constellation (Canopus) and the brightest star in the southern night sky.

Bârzava River (Timiş)
The Bârzava (Romanian: "Bârzava", Serbian: "Brzava" or Брзава) is a tributary of the Tamiš River in Romania and Serbia.

Larga River (Suciu)
The Larga River is a tributary of the Suciu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Suciu River.

Bayer designation
It usually starts with the letter alpha (α) assigned to the brightest star in the constellation, then going down the Greek alphabet to assign letters for other stars (beta, gamma, delta, etc.) Ocasionally, this rule is not followed.

Bradu River (Suciu)
The Bradu River is a tributary of the Suciu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Suciu River.

Valea Mare River (Suciu)
The Valea Mare River is a tributary of the Bradu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bradu River.

Flamsteed Designation
Flamsteed designations assign stars with specific names using numbers.
How this works.
The stars are assigned according to their right ascension, which is the position from a certain vertical (but imaginary line) drawn around the celestial sphere.

Baia River (Fleţ)
The Baia River is a tributary of the Fleţ River in Romania. That means it flows into the Fleţ River.

Demographics of Pakistan
The Demographics of Pakistan are a study of the population and the people. It is estimated that Pakistan's population was over 170,000,000 in mid 2008. Pakistan had an estimated population of 169,300,000 as of July 2007. Between 1951-1998, the number of people in Pakistan's cities and towns (known as the urban population) increased sevenfold. And by the next decade the population is expected to exceed 176 million. In the past, the country's population had a quite high growth rate. Dramatic social changes have led to rapid urbanisation and the emergence of megacities. Between 1990-2003, Pakistan sustained its historical lead as the most urbanised nation in South Asia, with city dwellers making up 34% of its population.
Pakistan has a multicultural and multi-ethnic society and has one of the largest refugee populations in the world as well as a young population.
Pakistan's next national census will take place in 2008.
Geographic distribution.
The majority of southern Pakistan's population lives along the Indus River. In the northern half, most of the population lives about an arc formed by the cities of Faisalabad, Lahore, Rawalpindi, Islamabad, Gujranwala, Sialkot, Nowshera, Swabi, Mardan and Peshawar.

Băiţa River (Fleţ)
The Băiţa River is a tributary of the Baia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Baia River.

Culture of Iran
The Culture of Iran includes the art, language, cinema and music of the country. The culture of Iran has been influenced by many different things, by religion and by its ancient history. The nation has different ethnic groups including Persians, Arabs and Kurds.

Apollo 17
Apollo 17 is the last manned spacecraft on the Moon. Eugene Cernan was the last person on the Moon as of 2008. This was not supposed to be the last mission to the Moon, but NASA had to cancel Apollos 18-20 because of money concerns.

Cultural geography
Cultural Geography is the study of cultures, customs, foods, clothing, music, architecture, traditions, religions and languages of the world - and how and why these cultures are spread across the world.
An example would be the Arab World, there are many nations inhabited by Arabic people, from Morocco in the north-west of Africa and lies near to Spain, to Syria which borders Turkey - and Yemen which is near to Ethiopia.

Arab World
The Arab World (Arabic: العالم العربي; pronounced: al-`alam al-`arabi) are the Arabic-speaking countries stretching from the Atlantic Ocean in the west to the Arabian Sea in the east, and from the Mediterranean Sea in the north to the Horn of Africa and the Indian Ocean in the southeast. It consists of 24 countries and territories with a combined population of some 325 million people spanning at least 2 billion acres across two continents.

Horn of Africa
The Horn of Africa (alternatively Northeast Africa, and sometimes Somali Peninsula) is a peninsula in East Africa that juts for hundreds of kilometres into the Arabian Sea, and lies along the southern side of the Gulf of Aden.
Horn of Africa can also mean the greater region containing the countries of Eritrea, Djibouti, Ethiopia and Somalia. The greater region covers approximately 2,000,000 km² and is inhabited by about 94.2 million people (Ethiopia: 79 million, Somalia: 10 million, Eritrea: 4.5 million, and Djibouti: 0.7 million).

East Africa
East Africa is the easternmost region of the African continent. There are different idea on area East Africa covers - it is sometimes defined by geography or geopolitics.

Gulf of Aden
The Gulf of Aden (Arabic: خليج عدن; pronounced: "Khalyj 'Adan" Somali: "Khaleejka Cadan") is located in the Arabian Sea between Yemen on the south coast of the Arabian Peninsula and Somalia in the Horn of Africa. In the northwest, it connects with the Red Sea through the Bab el Mandeb strait.

Battle of Miani
The Battle of Miani (February 17, 1843) was a battle between British forces under Sir Charles Napier and the Talpur rulers of Sindh (now a province of Pakistan).
Reason.
The British were upset about the local rulers' stance during the First Anglo-Afghan War (1839–42). After Napier first gained military control of the region by forcing an agreement with the Sindh amirs, his forces attacked the fortress at Imamgarh. After the attack on Imamgarh a popular revolt broke out against the British by the people of Sindh
The Battle of Miani (also known as Meeanee by the British) was the decisive victory that allowed British to take control of all of Sindh (apart from the state of Khairpur).
Later, on March 24, 1843, Mir Sher Muhammad Khan Talpur, the ruler of Southeastern Sindh (Mirpurkhas) tried to liberate Sindh from the occupation of the British East India Company forces at the Battle of Dubbo but he could not succeed
Casualties.
More than twenty thousand Baloch forces were killed while fighting British invaders.

Charles James Napier
General Sir Charles James Napier GCB (August 10, 1782 – August 29, 1853) was a British general and Commander-in-Chief in India, famous for conquering Sindh province in present-day Pakistan.

BBC iPlayer
BBC iPlayer is a service developed by the BBC which lets you catch up on the last week's television and radio. BBC iPlayer was first called the Integrated Media Player (iMP), the Interactive Media Player, and then MyBBCPlayer. iPlayer is available online on the BBC website, through P2P, cable television, iPhone and iPod Touch. BBC iPlayer left Beta and went live on December 25 2007.
On June 25 2008, it was announced that a new-look iPlayer would be launched. The new version is now live.

Bbc.co.uk
The URL bbc.co.uk is the website address for the BBC's UK online services. It is currently the 4th most popular web service in the UK, and includes features such as BBC News, BBC Sport, BBC Weather, BBC iPlayer and learning services such as "Bitesize". The BBC has has had a website for information about its TV and radio programmes since 1994, but didn't launch officially as BBC Online until December 1997, following government approval to fund it by TV licence fee. The website address was registered in 1991.

Commander-in-Chief, India
The British Commander-in-Chief in India (or Commander-in-Chief of India) was the chief military commander of the British administration in India. The Commander-in-Chief's staff were known as India Command and most were based at the General Headquarters India (GHQ India).

History of colonialism
The history of colonialism goes back thousands of years, colonialism is the taking over of one country by another. In ancient times peoples such as the Hittites and the Incas were involved in colonialism.
However people usually use the word colonialism to talk about the European overseas empires rather than land-based empires. Overseas empires include British rule in India and French rule in Algeria - both of which could only be reached by ships.
The Ottoman Empire was created across Mediterranean, North Africa and into Southern Europe and existed during the time of European colonization of the other parts of the world.
European colonialism began in the fifteenth century when the Spanish and Portuguese began exploring the Americas, and the coasts of Africa, the Middle East, India, and East Asia.
During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, England, France and Holland made their own overseas empires. However the end of the eighteenth and early nineteenth century many European colonies in the Americas gained their independence.
Spain and Portugal became weakened after the loss of their New World colonies and could not get back the power they once had. But Britain, France and Holland turned their attention to South Africa, India and South East Asia and began expanding.
In the nineteenth century Europe underwent industrialisation, the population got larger, armies became more organised and had better weapons produced in factories. This time became known as the era of New Imperialism. Very quickly European powers were able to take over land and included the Scramble for Africa.
After World War I the European countries who had lost the war had to give up their colonies to the countries that had won the war. For instance Britain which won the war took over Tanzania from Germany (which had lost the war)
After World War II however Europe's colonies started to become independent. In 1999 Portugal returned the last of Europe's colonies in Asia, Macau, to China, ending an era that had lasted five hundred years.

Pakistan Movement
The Pakistan Movement (also called Tehrik-e-Pakistan, Urdu: تحریک پاکستان) was was a political movement which was active during the first hald of the 20th century. At that time, British India belonged to Great Britain. In British India, most people were Hindu, and only very few were Muslim. The people who made the movement feared they would lose their liberty when the English left. They therefore wanted to create a separate state. This struggle was led by the Muslim League and resulted in the partition of the British Empire in India. The movement was led by Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah. Other important leaders were Allama Iqbal, Nawabzada Liaquat Ali Khan, Fatimah Jinnah, Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy, A.K. Fazlul Huq, and Sardar Abdur Rab Nishtar.
History of the movement.
The first person who had the idea of a separate state was Allama Iqbal in 1930. Choudhary Rahmat Ali proposed the name Pakistan in his Pakistan Declaration in 1933. People like Muhammad Ali Jinnah maintained their belief in religious unity. Religious hostilities between Hindus and Muslims gave the movement a stronger backing.
In 1940 during its meeting in Lahore, the Muslim League passed the Lahore Resolution (also known as Pakistan Resolution) that asked for an independent state of Pakistan. Soon after World War II, the United Kingdom became convinced that they would not be able to keep their colonies in South Asia, as the British Empire suffered very badly from the war. By 1947, British India was divided into a Muslim majority Pakistan and a Hindu majority India. Bangladesh split form Pakistan in 1971.

Sexual arousal
Sexual arousal is the feeling animals and humans get when they are ready to have sexual intercourse.
Sexual arousal in people.
When people become sexually aroused, their bodies change in certain ways.
Animals.
Animal sexuality is not very well understood today, but scientists are sure that animals do get sexually aroused without having sexual intercourse. Dolphins and Bonobos both use sex as a "social tool to strengthen and maintain bonds."

Brahan Castle
Brahan Castle was a castle that used to stand near Dingwall, in Easter Ross, Scotland. The castle belonged to the chiefs of the Clan Mackenzie who ruled the area. The Jacobite risings as well as religious struggles all took place around the castle. The castle was also the place where the Jacobite Mackenzies became the first defeated clan who were forced to surrender and be ruled by the English. The building was demolished in 1951.

Clan Mackenzie
Clan Mackenzie is a Highland Scottish clan, historically associated with lands in Kintail and Ross-shire.
The clan were involved many times in fighting against rival clans and the English. In 1746 the clan were victorious against the British government and the people who supported them. Afterwards however they were to be defeated.

Muslim League
The All India Muslim League was a political party of British India. It was created at Dacca in 1906 and helped to create Pakistan as a Muslim state in the Indian subcontinent. After the independence of India and Pakistan, the League continued as a small party in India, especially in Kerala, where it is often in government within a coalition with others.
In Pakistan, the League formed the country's first government, but lost power and split during the 1950s following an army coup.

Awami Muslim League
The Awami Muslim League (Urdu: عوامی مسلم لیگ) is political party in Pakistan headed by Sheikh Rashid Ahmad. The Awami Muslim League was formed in June 2008.

Gulmarg
Gulmarg (or "Meadow of Flowers") is a town, a hill station and a notified area committee in Baramulla district in the Indian state of Indian-Held Kashmir.

Patnitop
Patnitop or Patni Top, is a hill top tourist location in Udhampur District on the National Highway 1A, on the way from Udhampur to Srinagar (Iqbalabad). It is located in the Shiwalik belt of the Himalayas, and is in Jammu and Kashmir, Kashmir. The river Chenab flows in close proximity to this location.
Origin of the name Patnitop is a distortion of the original name of "Patan Da Talab" meaning "Pond of the Princess". In olden times a pond existed in the meadows and the kings princess often used to have her bath there. Part of the pond still exists near the youth hostel.The Britishers probably couldn't get the name correctly in their revenue records, and over the years it changed from "Patan Da Talab" to Patnitop.

Sardar Farooq Ahmad Khan Leghari
Farooq Leghari (Urdu: سردار فاروق احمد خان لغاری) (b. May 29, 1940) was President of Pakistan from November 14, 1993 until December 2, 1997.

Wasim Sajjad
Wasim Sajjad (born 30 March 1941) was President of Pakistan two times. He served as interim President prior to elections.

Muhammad Rafiq Tarar
Muhammad Rafiq Tarar (Urdu: محمد رفیق تارڑ) (b. November 2, 1929) was President of Pakistan from January 1, 1998 until June 20, 2001. During Pakistan's independence in 1947, Rafiq Tarar worked as a relief worker in camps set up by Muslim Students Federation for refugees, migrating from British India to Pakistan.

Nawabzada Liaquat Ali Khan
Nawabzada Liaquat Ali Khan (accurate transliteration Liāqat Alī Khān) (Urdu: لیاقت علی خان) (October 2, 1896 – October 16, 1951) was a Pakistani politician. He was the first Prime Minister of Pakistan and Defence Minister. Liaquat rose to political importance as a member of the All India Muslim League. He played an important role in the Partition of India and the creation of Pakistan. In 1947, he became the prime minister, a position that he held until his assassination in October 1951. In Pakistan, he is regarded as the right-hand man of Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the leader of the Muslim League and first governor-general of Pakistan. Liaquat was given the titles of Quaid-e-Millat (Leader of the Nation), and, after his death, Shaheed-e-Millat (Martyr of the Nation).

Muhammad Ali Bogra
Muhammad Ali Bogra (1909 - 1963) (Bengali: মোহাম্মদ আলী বগুড়া محمد علی بوگرہ Urdu) was a Pakistani statesman of Bengali origin. He served as Prime Minister of Pakistan from 1953 until 1955.

Beveridge, Victoria
Beveridge is a small town in Victoria, Australia. It is on the Hume Highway, north of Melbourne. In 2006 there were 1,192 people living in Beveridge and the local area.
Early history.
Beveridge was named after Scottish sheep farmer Andrew Beveridge who built the Hunters' Tryste Inn in 1845. The Inn still serves as a hotel, as well as post office and general store..
Ned Kelly.
The town is known as the birthplace of bushranger Ned Kelly. He lived there as a small boy. His birth details aren't known, but he was probably born at his grandfather, James Quinn's farm. A cottage where the Kelly family lived for a short time is still standing today, located on Kelly Street. It is recorded that John Kelly built this house in about 1859 when Ned was about 5 years old. Dan Kelly and Kate Kelly were born in the house. The Primary School is a bluestone building once a church where the Kelly family prayed. Sitting on a hillside, this gothic style building was built between 1857 and 1862. The sacristy and chancel were added in 1877.
Mount Fraser.
Near Beveridge is Mt Fraser, an extinct volcanic cone. It last erupted about 1 million years ago. It is about 120 metres in height above the surrounding land. From this spot the explorers Hume and Hovell first saw Port Phillip Bay on 14 December 1824. A quarry now operates at the side of the hill.

Chaudhry Muhammad Ali
Chaudhry Muhammad Ali (Urdu: چوہدری محمد علی) (July 15, 1905 - December 2, 1980) was a Pakistani statesman. He served as Prime Minister of Pakistan from 1955 to 1956.

Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy
Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy (September 8, 1892 - December 5, 1963) was a politician from Bengal in undivided India, and later in East Pakistan. He served as Prime Minister of Pakistan from 1956 until 1957. He is also known for his controversial role in the Direct Action Day of August 16, 1946. Following riots in Bengal during the last days of India's fight for freedom, he was considered a favourite of Muhammad Ali Jinnah. He is also considered to be the first populist leader in Pakistan's history. He is the founder of the Awami League, one of the two major political parties of present day Bangladesh.

Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar
Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar (Urdu: ابراہیم اسماعیل چندریگ, April 15, 1898 - March 13, 1968), commonly known as I. I. Chundrigar, was Prime Minister of Pakistan for about 2 months from October 17, 1957 to December 16, 1957.

Malik Sir Feroz Khan Noon
Malik Sir Feroz Khan Noon (1893-1970) was a politician from Pakistan. He was the 7th Prime Minister of Pakistan.

Nurul Amin
Nurul Amin (Bengali: নূরুল আমীন, Urdu: نورالامین, July 15, 1893 - October 2, 1974) was a Prime Minister and Vice President of Pakistan. He was a well known Bengali leader of the Pakistan's Muslim League, and served as Chief Minister of East Pakistan.

Muhammad Khan Junejo
Muhammad Khan Junejo (Urdu/Sindhi: محمد خان جونیجو) (August 18, 1932 – March 16, 1993) was the eleventh Prime Minister of Pakistan.

Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi
Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi (Urdu: غلام مصطفیٰ جتوئی) (born 14 August 1931) was Prime Minister of Pakistan for 3 months, from August 6, 1990 to November 6, 1990.

Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif
Nawaz Sharif (Urdu: میاں محمد نواز شریف) (born December 25, 1949 in Lahore, Punjab is a Pakistani politician. He was elected as Prime Minister of Pakistan two times. His first time as prime minister was from November 1, 1990 to July 18, 1993. The second was from February 17, 1997 to October 12, 1999. His party is the Pakistan Muslim League (N) (Nawaz group). He is best known internationally for ordering Pakistan's 1998 nuclear tests in response to India’s nuclear tests, and the quick end of his final term in a coup by General Pervez Musharraf.

Zafarullah Khan Jamali
Mir Zafarullah Khan Jamali (Urdu/Baloch: میر ظفراللہ خان جمالی) (born January 1, 1944) is a former Prime Minister of Pakistan. He is the current chairman of the Pakistan Hockey Federation.

Shaukat Aziz
Shaukat Aziz (Urdu: شوکت عزیز), (born March 6, 1949 in Karachi, Pakistan) was the Prime Minister of Pakistan from 2004 to 2007. He became Finance Minister in November 1999. Aziz was chosen by President Musharraf for the position of Prime Minister after the resignation of Zafarullah Khan Jamali on June 6, 2004. He became Prime Minister on August 28, 2004 and served until November 15, 2007. He became the first Prime Minister of Pakistan to complete a full term in office.

Yousaf Raza Gillani
Syed Makhdoom Yousaf Raza Gillani (Urdu: مخدوم سيد يوسف رضا گیلانى) (born June 9, 1952 in Karachi) is the twenty-sixth and current Prime Minister of Pakistan. He was a former Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan (1993-1997) and former Federal Minister (1985-1986).
He was nominated by Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP), with the support of coalition partners, Pakistan Muslim League (N), Awami National Party, Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (F) and Muttahida Qaumi Movement on 22 March 2008. He took the oath of office from President Pervez Musharraf on 25 March 2008. Gilani is the first elected Prime Minister of Pakistan from the Seraiki-speaking belt.
Gilani is also the present vice chairman of the Pakistan Peoples Party.

OpenOffice.org Writer
OpenOffice.org Writer is the word processor part of the OpenOffice.org software package. Writer is a word processor that is like Microsoft Word and Corel's WordPerfect.
Just like all of the OpenOffice.org suite, Writer can be used on many Operating Systems, including Mac OS X, Microsoft Windows, Linux, FreeBSD and Solaris. Released under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public Licence, Writer is free software.
Abilities.
Writer can open and save documents in a lot of formats, including the OASIS Open Document Format 1.1, Microsoft Word's DOC, RTF and XHTML.
Writer has a number of abilities that are not in Word, including the ability to export to the PDF format natively.
Criticism.
Though OpenOffice.org Writer has a spell checker, it does not have an included grammar checker though this is available as an extension. Writer's mail merge functions, rewritten in 2.0, is still less flexible than in other word processors.

Run Run Shaw
Sir Run Run Shaw CBE, GBM (born 1907) is an important name in Hong Kong cinema. He made many films with his brother Runme Shaw. Later in life, he has donated a lot of money to charity, schools, and hospitals.

Stone Sour
Stone Sour is a metal band from Iowa, United States. Their singer is also the lead singer in Slipknot. They are signed to Roadrunner Records and have released two albums as of 2008. They have been nominated for three Grammy Awards, one in in 2005 and two in 2006.

Gears of War
"Gears of War", sometimes called "Gears", is a third-person shooter videogame developed by Epic Games and published by Microsoft. It was released only for the Xbox 360 in 2006 but was later released on PC.
"Gears of War" was very successful. It sold three million copies in ten weeks and was the fastest selling video game of 2006. It was the second most played game on the Xbox 360's online service, Xbox Live, in 2006 - only beaten by Halo 3. A film version of the game is currently being made by New Line cinema. The sequel, "Gears of War 2", was released in November 2008.

A.K. Fazlul Huq
Abul Kashem Fazlul Huq "Abul Kashem Fozlul Hôk") (26 October, 1873—27 April, 1962), often called Sher-e-Bangla (Bengali: শেরে বাংলা "Shere Bangla", from Urdu: "Sher-e Banglā" "Tiger of Bengal") was a well-known Bengali statesman in the first half of the 20th century. He held different political posts including General Secretary of the Indian National Congress (1918-1919), Education Minister (1924), the first Muslim Mayor of Calcutta (1935), Chief Minister of undivided Bengal (1937-1943) and East Pakistan (1954), Home Minister of Pakistan (1955-56), Governor of East Pakistan (1956-58), Food and Agriculture Minister of Pakistan (1958-61)
Death.
Fazlul Huq died on Friday April 27, 1962 at 10:20 am. He was 89 years and 6 months old. His body was kept at his home in Tikatuli until 10:30 am on 28 April. It was on a customized ice-bed. Then his "Salat al-Janazah" prayer was held at the Paltan Moydan. His funeral drew a crowd of over half a million. All educational institutions of Pakistan were declared closed on 30 April to pay tribute to him. All important officials of Pakistan attended his Janazah.

Lahore Resolution
The Lahore Resolution ("Qarardad-e-Lahore" قرارداد لاھور), commonly known as the Pakistan Resolution (قرارداد پاکستان "Qarardad-e-Pakistan"), was a political statement adopted by the Muslim League at its three-day general session on 22-24 March 1940 that called for greater Muslim autonomy in British India. Most people thought of this as a call for a separate Muslim state, Pakistan. The resolution was presented by A. K. Fazlul Huq.

Amritsar Tahsil
Amritsar Tahsil was a administrative subdivision of the Punjab province of British India. The tahsil had an area of 545 square miles. To the east was the Beas River, which divided it from the State of Kapurthala. The are contained fertile land irrigated by the Bari Doab Canal. The city of Amritsar city is located in this area. The population of the tahsil in 1901 was 488,383, compared with 462,734 in 1891. The city of Amritsar (population, 162,429 in 1901) was the headquarters. It also contained the towns of Majitha (6,403) and Jandiala Guru (7,750); and 373 villages.

Punjab (British India)
Meaning.
The word Punjab is named from the "five rivers" which flow through it: the Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej, all tributaries of the Indus.
Geography.
The Punjab province of British India was a triangular area of country bordered by the Indus and the Sutlej rivers.

Saugor and Nerbudda Territories
The Saugor and Nerbudda Territories was a region of British India. The territories were located in what is now the central part of present-day Madhya Pradesh state in India. It includes the districts of Sagar (Saugor), Damoh, Jabalpur, and Narsinghpur.
The Saugor and Nerbudda Territories were captured from the Marathas after the Third Anglo-Maratha War of 1818. Saugor was the seat of a Maratha governor, and the northern part of the territory was given to the British by the Maratha Peshwa, the southern part, which included Jabalpur and the upper Narmada River valley, was ceded by the Bhonsle Maharaja of Nagpur. The Saugor and Nerbudda Territories were attached to the North-Western Provinces, which included the British Dominions in the southern part of present-day Uttar Pradesh state. In 1861 the Saugor and Nerbudda Territories were combined with Nagpur Province, which the British had taken over in 1853, to form the Central Provinces.

Lilian Jackson Braun
Lilian Jackson Braun (born 1913) is an American writer. She is most well known for her "The Cat Who..." series of mystery books. The books are about the life of former newspaper reporter James Qwilleran, and his two Siamese cats, KoKo and Yum Yum. She has written 29 books in the "The Cat Who..." series, the latest one she wrote being "The Cat Who Had 60 Whiskers" in 2007. She does not like to use technology such as computers, so she still uses a typewriter.

Faridpur District
Faridpur is a district in central Bangladesh. It is a part of the Dhaka Division. The area of this district is 2072.72 km² and is bordered by Rajbari and Manikganj districts on the north, Gopalganj district on the south, Dhaka, Munshiganj and Madaripur districts on the east. The soil of this region is fertile, although once upon a time the district consisted mainly of marshland.
The main rivers are Padma, Old Kumar, Arial Khan, Gorai, Chandana, Bhubanshwar and Lohartek.
Subdivisions.
Faridpur district consists of 9 upazilas, 4 municipalities, 79 union parishads, 36 wards, 92 mahallas and 1859 villages. The town consists of 9 wards and 35 mahallas. The area of the town is 20.23 km². The population of the town is 99634; male 51.73%, female 48.27%.
History.
The district is named after the Sufi saint Shah Sheikh Fariduddin, who preached there in the 12th and 13th centuries. In the early 1800s, Hazi Shariatullah started the Farayzi movement against the British rulers from this district. The movement against the British use of Indigo cultivation was also started from Faridpur under the leadership of Dudu Miah.
The district used to be called Fatehabad until 1860. The town of Faridpur came into being towards the late 1700s. Faridpur was one of the places which led the other districts in the anti-colonial movement across the 30s and 40s.

Barisal Division
Barisal (also spelt Barisāl) is a division of south-central Bangladesh. It used to be a district called Bakerganj bit now it is one of 6 divisions of Bangladesh. The town of Barisal town was under the control of the Roychoudhury family, which now has moved to Calcutta.

Chittagong Division
Chittagong Division ' (চট্টগ্রাম) is one of the six administrative divisions of Bangladesh. It covers the most southern areas of the country and is also the second largest one.

Khulna Division
Khulna Division is one of the six divisions of Bangladesh and is located in the south-west of the country. It has a population of almost 30 million. Its headquarters is Khulna city in Khulna District.
Geography.
The Khulna division borders the Rajshahi Division to the north, the Dhaka Division to the north-east, Barisal Division to the east, the Bay of Bengal to the south and the state of West Bengal (in India) to the west. Barisal Division used to be part of Khulna Division.
Economy.
When part of East Pakistan's - Kulna provided most of the money from abroad due to the Jute industry. The country's second sea-port, Mongla Port, and the country's only only ship building yard is located within Khulna division.
The largest mangrove forest in the World the Sundarban is spread over the three districts of the division: Satkhira, Khulna and Bagherhat.

Rajshahi Division
Rajshahi Division is one of the six administrative divisions of Bangladesh. It has a population of almost 30 million and area of about 34513 km². Rajshahi division consists of 16 districts, 128 Upazilas and 1,092 Unions (the lowest administrative tier). It has an excellent rail and roads, the divisional city Rajshahi is only four hours road journey away from Dhaka, the capital city.
Location.
Rajshahi division is in the north western corner of Bangladesh. The famous river Padma borders Rajshahi division on the south and another famous river, Jamuna, lies across the eastern border. In the North and West, Rajshahi division shares a border with India.

Sylhet Division
Sylhet Division is the Northeastern division of Bangladesh, named after its main city, Sylhet. It is bordered by the Meghalaya State of India on the north, Tripura State on the south, Assam State of India on the east and Dhaka and Chittagong divisions on the west. The population is about 10 million.
Followers of Different religions are: Muslim 81.16%, Hindu 17.80%, Christian 0.06%, Buddhist 0.02% and others 0.96%.

Barguna District
Barguna is a district in South-western Bangladesh. It is a part of the Barisal Division. It has a total area of 1831.31 km². It is bordered on the north by the districts of Jhalkathi, Barisal, Pirojpur and Patuakhali. In the east, it borders Patuakhali District. On the south, Barguna is bounded by Patuakhali District, the Bay of Bengal. On the western side, it borders Pirojpur and Bagerhat districts. Important rivers of Barguna district include the Payra river, Bishkhali river and the Baleshwar river.
Administration.
There are a total of 38 union parishads (union councils), 238 mouzas and 560 villages in these five upazilas. Barguna also has four municipalities containing 44 wards and 49 mahallas.
The largest city in the district is Barguna Town. It has a total area of 15.57 km² and is divided into 9 wards and 19 mohallas.
People.
As of 2007, Barguna District has a population of 902,465, females constitute a majority of the population with a percentage of 50.12% while males constitute 49.88%. 91.01% of the people are Muslim, 8.69% Hindu, 0.04% Christian, 0.24% Buddhist, and 0.02% other.

Barisal District
Barisal is a district in southern Bangladesh. It is also the headquarters of Barisal Division.
History.
Barisal was a semi-independent area in the Mughal period. Later it came under the control of British India. After British rule it was part of East Pakistan and later Bangladesh.

Bhola District
Bhola is a district in south-western Bangladesh. It is located in the Barisal Division. It is also the largest offshore island region in Bangladesh, with an area of 3403.48 km². It is bordered by Lakshmipur and Barisal districts to the north, Bay of Bengal to the south, Lakshmipur and Noakhali districts, Meghna (lower) river and Shahbazpur Channel to the east, Patuakhali district and Tentulia river to the west.

Jhalokati District
Jhalokati is a district in South-western Bangladesh. It is a part of the Barisal Division.

Patuakhali District
Patuakhali is a district in South-western Bangladesh. It is a part of the Barisal Division. This district is called "SagorKonna", which means daughter of sea. It is watered by the Bay of Bengal.
Economy.
Agriculture is the profession of the most of the people. Fishing is also a prominent profession of this district. Thousands of boats go into the deep sea to fish and come back with tons of fish. Paddy, Jute, and different types of vegetables are the main product of agriculture sector.

Pirojpur District
Pirojpur is a district in South-western Bangladesh. It is a part of the Barisal Division. Most of the land is low lying and the soil is fertile. There are small forests. The Pirojpur municipality was established in 1985. Nesarabad is famous for business centres and also for the Sundori tree (a kind of mangrove tree) that grows there.
Subdivisions.
Pirojpur district is divided into units, also known as "Thana"s: Pirojpur Sadar, Nesarabad, Mothbaria, Bhandaria, Zianagar, Nazirpur, Kawkhali. The subdivision of Pirojpur was created in 1866.

Divisions of Bangladesh
Bangladesh consists of a number of administrative areas called divisions ("bibhag"), each named after its respective capital.
Each division is further split into districts ("zila") which are then further sub-divided into Upazilas.
History.
In 1983, the English spelling of the Dacca division (along with the name of the capital city) was changed to Dhaka to more closely match the Bangla pronunciation.
In 1993, Barisal division was off from Khulna and again in 1998, Sylhet division was split off from Chittagong giving rise to the 6 divisions in existence today.

Districts of Bangladesh
There are 64 Districts of Bangladesh known as zilas (Bengali: জেলা "jela" - district). The districts are further subdivided into 493 sub-districts, or upazila (উপজেলা "upojela").
These 64 districts make up the six divisions of Bangladesh, the districts are listed below in alphabetical order by division. The official English name of each district is followed by the official Bengali name (in brackets).

Backergunje
Backergunje, or Bakarganj was a former district of British India in the Dacca division of Eastern Bengal and Assam, and is now mostly in Bangladesh. In the year 1901, the population was 2,291,752. The district was mainly flat even country with areas of bamboo and betelnut trees, and was crossed by dark-coloured and sluggish streams. There was not a hill in the whole district.
Rivers.
The main rivers of the district were the Meghna, the Arial Khan and the Haringhata or Baleswar. The Haringhata, Baleswar, Madhumati and Garai are different names for the same river - people could travel throughout the district by boat.
People.
There were small trading villages throughout the district, and each area had fairs to trade. The condition of the people was good, people had land and were able to grow rice to support their families, for this reason it was very hard to hire people for work.

Bandarban District
Bandarban (Bengali:বান্দরবান) is a district in South-Eastern Bangladesh, and a part of the Chittagong Division and the Chittagong Hill Tracts. Bandarban (meaning "the dam of monkeys") is also known as Arvumi or the Bohmong Circle (of the rest of the three hill districts Rangamati is the Chakma Circle and Khagrachari is the Mong Circle).
British and Pakistani rule.
As part of British India the area became part of the Bohmong circle and had some independence. During World War II many soldiers arrived in the area to fight against the Japanese who were in nearby Burma. The tribes of these hills have always rebelled against those who have tried to rule them. When India, Pakistan and Burma became independent from Britain, the tribes of Bandarban flew the flag of Burmafor a few days. During the Bangladesh War of 1971 which was fought to gain independence from Pakistan, leaders of the tribal people sought allegiance with Pakistan government.
After Bangladeshi independence.
In the late 1970s, Bengalis stated settling into the hills pursued, which later gave rise to much violence against the hill people and started a rebellion led by Shanti Bahini.

Bod, Braşov
Bod is a commune in Braşov County, Romania. As of the year 1966, just over 4,000 people were living in Bod.

Calafat
Calafat is a city in Dolj County, Romania. It can be found near the Danube River, across from the Bulgarian city of Vidin. Calafat was started in the 14th century by Genoese colonists. About 21,200 people live in Calafat as of the year 2000.

Dacia
Dacia was the place where Dacians lived. It was a big district of South Eastern Europe. The northern part of the border was made up of the Carpathians; the southern part of the border of Dacia was made up of the Danube River, and the western part of the border of Dacia was made up of the Tisza River. The place where Dacia once was is now made up of Romania and Moldova, along with some of Hungary, Bulgaria and Ukraine. The capital of Dacia was Sarmizegetusa.

Gepids
The Gepids were an East Germanic Gothic tribe who became famous after defeating the Huns. The place where the Gepids lived was called Gepidia or Kingdom of the Gepids. The place where the Gepids used to live contained some of Romania, Hungary and Serbia.

Bahna River (Mihăileni)
The Bahna River is a tributary of the Siret River in Romania. That means it flows into the Siret River.

Bahna River (Lozna)
The Bahna River is a tributary of the Siret River in Romania. That means it flows into the Siret River.

Valea Rea River (Milcov)
The Valea Rea River is a tributary of the Milcov River in Romania. That means it flows into the Milcov River.

Valea Neagră River (Milcov)
The Valea Neagră River is a tributary of the Milcov River in Romania. That means it flows into the Milcov River.

Pârâul Tulbure (Milcov)
The Pârâul Tulbure is a tributary of the Milcov River in Romania. That means it flows into the Milcov River.

Argintul River
The Argintul River is a tributary of the Milcov River in Romania. That means it flows into the Milcov River.

Dilcov River
The Dilcov River is a tributary of the Milcov River in Romania. That means it flows into the Milcov River.

Dălhăuţi River
The Dălhăuţi River is a tributary of the Dilcov River in Romania. That means it flows into the Dilcov River.

Bonţeşti River
The Bonţeşti River is a tributary of the Dilcov River in Romania. That means it flows into the Dilcov River.

Mera River (Milcov)
The Mera River is a tributary of the Milcov River in Romania. That means it flows into the Milcov River.

Arva River
The Arva River is a tributary of the Milcov River in Romania. That means it flows into the Milcov River.

Cerna River (Danube)
The Cerna River is a tributary of the Danube River in Romania. That means it flows into the Danube.

Cracăul Alb River
The Cracăul Alb River is a headwater of the Cracău River in Romania.

Cracău River
The Cracău River is a tributary of the Bistriţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bistriţa River.

Commander-in-Chief
A commander-in-chief is the commander of a nation's military forces. Some country's commander-in-chief does not need to have been a soldier or involved in the military. The term was first used by King Charles I of England in 1639.
Commanders-in-Chief is sometimes referred to as Supreme Commander, which is sometimes used as a specific term.
Australia.
In Australia, the role of command in chief is done by the Governor-General as the Queen's representative.
United Kingdom.
The title Commander-in-Chief is rarely used by the King or Queen of England, but usually refers to local commanders-in-chief.
India.
After independence from Britain on August 15, 1947, each Service was given its own Chief Commander (navy, army, airforce).
Iran.
Before 1979, the Shah was the commander-in-chief in Iran. After the creation of the Islamic Republic, the Supreme Leader of Iran has taken on the role.
Ireland.
In Ireland, the commander-in-chief of the army is the President.
Pakistan.
In the Pakistan, the President is by law the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces, however it is the elected Prime Minister who has the real power.
Hong Kong.
When Hong Kong was a British colony the Governor was also the Commander-in-Chief of Hong Kong.

Tisaş River
The Tisaş River is a tributary of the Asod River in Romania. That means it flows into the Asod River.

Corbu, Harghita
Corbu is a commune in Harghita County, Romania.

Vaman River
The Vaman River is a tributary of the Bistricioara River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bistricioara River.

British India Command
British India Command was the name given to the general staff of the Commander-in-Chief (shortened to C-in-C) of British India.
The Commander-in-Chief of India reported to the civilian Governor-General of India. Most of the C-in-C's staff were based at the General Headquarters India (GHQ India).
World War II.
During World War II the C-in-C India was also responsible for Ceylon and the Burma Campaign. During this time Chinese and American units also came under the operational control of the India Command.

Pintii River
The Pintii River is a tributary of the Bistricioara River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bistricioara River.

Dieciu River
The Dieciu River is a tributary of the Coşna River in Romania. That means it flows into the Coşna River.

Turculeţu River
The Turculeţu River is a tributary of the Argel River in Romania. That means it flows into the Argel River.

Boul River (Moldova)
The Boul River is a tributary of the Moldoviţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Moldoviţa River.

Boul Mare River
The Boul Mare River is a headwater of the Boul River in Romania.

Boul Mic River
The Boul Mic River is a headwater of the Boul River in Romania. That means it flows into the Boul River.

Senator River
The Senator River is a tributary of the Boul River in Romania. That means it flows into the Boul River.

Governor-General of India
The Governor-General of India was the head of the British administration in British India. It was created in 1773, with the title of "Governor-General of the Presidency of Fort William". In the beginning the officer had direct control only over Fort William, but supervised other British East India Company officials in India. However in 1833 the Governor was given complete control over all of British India and from then on was known as the Governor-General of India.
History.
Many parts of India were governed by the East India Company, which was supposed to be agents of the Mughal Emperor.
After the Indian Rebellion of 1857 the East India Company was abolished and the lands it had overned in the Indian sub-continent ware put under the direct control of the the government of Britain. The Governor-General headed the central Government of India in Calcutta and was responsible to the imperial government in London. The rest of the sub-continent was administered by a large number of princely rulers under the supreme authority of Britain. The Governor-General was commonly known as the Viceroy of India because of his secondary role as Britain's representative to these nominally independent princely states.
Although India and Pakistan became independent in 1947, Governors-General stayed on to represent the Monarch of Great Britain until each rewrote their laws to become republics. When Pakistan and India become independent in 1947 King George who had been before then been the Emperor of India became the King of both countries.
However when India became a republic in 1950 he was no longer king of that country, however he remained king of Pakistan until his death in 1952. After that Elizabeth become Queen until 1956 when Pakistan too became a republic.

Ianu River
The Ianu River is a tributary of the Boul River in Romania. That means it flows into the Boul River.

Turbata River (Tudora)
The Turbata River is a tributary of the Siret River in Romania. That means it flows into the Siret River.

Turbata River (Filipeşti)
The Turbata River is a tributary of the Siret River in Romania. That means it flows into the Siret River.

Warren Hastings
Warren Hastings (December 6 1732 - August 22 1818) was the first Governor-General of India, from 1773 to 1785. He was born at Churchill, Oxfordshire. He attended Westminster School before joining the British East India Company in 1750 as a clerk. In 1757 he was made the British Resident (administrative in charge) of Murshidabad. He was appointed to the Calcutta council in 1761, but was back in England in 1764. He returned to India in 1769 as a member of the Madras council and was made governor of Bengal in 1772. In 1773, he was appointed the first Governor-General of India.
For ten years Hastings managed to help expand British control across India that had been stated by Robert Clive.
Hastings resigned in 1784 and returned to England, however when he arrived in England he was charged with corruption by Edmund Burke. Burke was encouraged by Sir Philip Francis who had been wounded by Hastings in a duel in India.
He still had supporters though and on August 22, 1806, the Edinburgh East India Club held a party to honour Hastings, asking for "Prosperity to our settlements in India".
Places named after him.
The city of Hastings, New Zealand and the Melbourne outer suburb of Hastings, Victoria, Australia were both named after him.
Hastings is a Senior Wing House at St Paul's School, Darjeeling, India, where all the senior wing houses are named after colonial-age military figures.

Mihailei River
The Mihailei River or Mihaili River is a tributary of the Siret River in Romania. That means it flows into the Siret River.

Argeş River
Argeş is a river in the southern part of Romania. It is a tributary of the Danube River.
Tributaries.
Left: Buda, Valea cu Peşti, Valea Lupului, Limpedea, Chiciura, Valea Iaşului, Vâlsan, Valea Satului, Râul Doamnei, Râncaciov, Cârcinov, Budişteanca, Sabar, Câlnău, Dâmboviţa, Rasa, and Luica.
Right: Capra, Cumpăna, Valea lui Stan, Arefu, Băneşti, Valea Danului, Tutana, Schiau, Bascov, Neajlov and Zboiul.

Capra River (Argeş)
The Capra River is a headwater of the Argeş River in Romania.

Robert Clive
Robert Clive, 1st Baron Clive of Plassey, KB (29 September 1725–22 November 1774), also known as Clive of India, was a British soldier who established British control in Southern India and Bengal. Together with Warren Hastings he was one of the key figures in the creation of British India.
Robert Clive was born at Styche, the family estate, in the parish in Moreton Say, near Market Drayton, Shropshire. Teachers were unable to control the young Clive. He is said to have climbed the tower of St Mary's Parish Church in Market Drayton and sat on a gargoyle, frightening people down below. He also attempted to set up a protection racket enforced by a gang of youths. Faced with the choice of paying up or receiving a visit from Clive and his 'boys', many of Market Drayton's shopkeepers decided to pay. He bad behaviour resulted in him being expelled from three schools, including Market Drayton Grammar School.

Buda River (Argeş)
The Buda River is a headwater of the Argeş River in Romania.

Râul Doamnei
Râul Doamnei is a tributary of the Argeş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Argeş River.

Râul Mic (Cugir)
The Râul Mic is a headwater of the Cugir River in Romania.

Râul Mare (Cugir)
The Râul Mare or Canciu River is a headwater of the Cugir River in Romania.

Syed Hussain Bilgrami
Syed Hussain Bilgrami was an Indian Muslim politician and early leader of the All India Muslim League. He taught Arabic at Canning College, Lucknow.

Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman
Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman was an Indian Muslim politician and leader of the All India Muslim League in the United Provinces (now Uttar Pradesh). A strong supporter of Muhammad Ali Jinnah and the Pakistan movement, Khaliquzzaman migrated to Pakistan in 1947.

Vişeu River
The Vişeu River is a tributary of Tisza River in Romania. That means it flows into the Tisza River.

Tutova River
The Tutova River is a tributary of the Bârlad River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bârlad River.

Crasna River (Tisza)
The Crasna is a tributary of the Tisza River in Romania and Hungary. That means it flows into the Tisza River.

Dofteana River
The Dofteana River is a tributary of the Trotuş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Trotuş River.

Latoriţa River
The Latoriţa River is a tributary of the Lotru River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lotru River.

Saciova River
The Saciova River is a tributary of the Covasna River in Romania. That means it flows into the Covasna River.

Covasna River (Râul Negru)
The Covasna River is a tributary of the Râul Negru in Romania. That means it flows into the Râul Negru.

Pârâul Frumos (Telciu)
The Pârâul Frumos is a tributary of the Telciu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Telciu River.

Pârâul Noroios (Telciu)
The Pârâul Noroios is a tributary of the Telciu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Telciu River.

Şaroş River (Telciu)
The Şaroş River is a tributary of the Pârâul Noroios in Romania. That means it flows into the Pârâul Noroios.

Valea Mare River (Covasna)
The Valea Mare River is a tributary of the Covasna River in Romania. That means it flows into the Covasna River.

Mocioaia River
The Mocioaia River is a tributary of the Valea Mare River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Mare River.

Feneş River (Covasna)
The Feneş River is a tributary of the Valea Mare River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Mare River.

Valea Mare, Covasna
Valea Mare (Hungarian: Nagypatak) is a commune in Covasna County, Romania. About 1,140 people live in Valea Mare as of the year 2002.

Pârâul Mic (Covasna)
The Pârâul Mic is a tributary of the Valea Mare River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Mare River.

Măcicaş River (Covasna)
The Măcicaş River is a tributary of the Valea Mare River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Mare River.

Zagonul Mic River
The Zagonul Mic River is a headwater of the Zagon River in Romania.

Zagonul Mare River
The Zagonul Mare River is a headwater of the Zagon River in Romania. That means it flows into the Zagon River.

Cerna River (Olt)
The Cerna River is a tributary of the Olteţ River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olteţ River.

Valea Mare River (Cerna)
The Valea Mare River is a tributary of the Cerna River in Romania. That means it flows into the Cerna River.

Vaşar River
The Vaşar River is a tributary of the Talomir River in Romania. That means it flows into the Talomir River.

Avaş River
The Avaş River is a tributary of the Vaşar River in Romania. That means it flows into the Vaşar River.

Valea Caselor River (Homorod)
The Valea Caselor River is a tributary of the Homorod River in Romania. That means it flows into the Homorod River.

Crizbav River
The Crizbav River is a tributary of the Hotaru in Romania. That means it flows into the Hotaru River.

Nomi Sunrider
Nomi Sunrider is a fictional character in the "Star Wars" universe. A Jedi Knight from the early days of the Old Republic – about 4,000 years prior to timeline of the films – Nomi is featured in the "Tales of the Jedi" series of novels. Her first appearance was in ', the second story arc in the series (encompassing "Tales of the Jedi" 3, 4, and 5). Her character was married to Andur Sunrider, and they had a daughter, Vima Sunrider.
Tales of the Jedi.
Nomi Sunrider first appeared in the Dark Horse Comics "Tales of the Jedi" series in 1994.
Knights of the Old Republic.
In ', Nomi's husband was murdered by agents of Bogga the Hutt while on a trip to deliver Adegan crystals (used in making lightsabers). Guided by his spirit, she used his lightsaber to kill his attackers and to defend their child. Nomi was devastated by his death. She took the gems to her husband's Jedi Master, Master Thon of Ambria, who then decided to train her. Ultimately Nomi became a great Jedi.
The Freedon Nadd Uprising.
In ', Nomi retrained herself in the use of a lightsaber, even though she had promised never to use a lightsaber after her husband's death. She was trained by Master Thon and fell in love with Ulic Qel-Droma while traveling with him on several adventures. Ulic planned to sneak into the dark side of the Force in order to seek revenge for his master, Arca Jeth, who had been killed during an attack of Krath battle droids during a meeting of the Jedi Council; Nomi became concerned with his plan. Before Ulic left for Cinnagar as a smuggler, the two kissed for what would be the last time.
Dark Lords of the Sith.
In ', Nomi went to Cinnagar, along with Ulic's brother Cay and Tott Doneeta, to contact Ulic. Before arriving, Ulic was poisoned with Sith chemicals by Satal Keto, who was suspicious of the Jedi's newfound loyalty to Aleema. Ulic ordered Nomi to be captured, in order to tell her what he thought would be secret, that he planned to continue being a double agent. Satal caught this communication and ordered her and Ulic to death.
The Sith War.
In ', Nomi escaped from prison with help from Cay and Tott, while Ulic, blinded by his hatred and need to avenge his master's death, would not leave. After Nomi discovered that Ulic was apprenticed to Exar Kun during the The Sith War, she arranged to be part of the expedition of Jedi that was ordered to bring Ulic to stand trial before the Galactic Senate for his crimes. Nomi and Cay tried but failed to bring Ulic back to the light side. In a heated duel on Ossus, Ulic killed Cay; in her horror, Nomi used an old Force power to cut Ulic off from the Force completely. The dark side's hold on Ulic finally broken, he betrayed the Sith and helped the Jedi win the war.
Redemption.
In ', Nomi began a career in politics as a councilor, leader, and representative among the Jedi on Coruscant. Nomi's daughter, Vima, ran away to find Ulic after clashing with her mother, who, due to her busy career, did not spend much time training her. At first Ulic refused Vima's plea to train her, for she was a constant reminder of Nomi. After being trapped together in a blizzard, Vima told Ulic that she believed that Ulic was still the Jedi and the man Nomi loved. He then reluctantly agreed to teach her, despite being cut off from the Force. At the end of her training, she was a great Jedi, while he had learned to appreciate life once more. A fierce warrior who treated lightsabers with fear and respect, she became one of the greatest Jedi Masters in history.
After realizing her daughter was gone, Nomi found her on Rhen Var. Discovering a statue of Arca Jeth and her husband, she realized that Ulic had finally found peace. Ulic was shot in the back soonafter by a pilot, Hoggan (who hoped to become a hero for killing one of the Sith), and died cradled in Nomi's arms. He asked Nomi for forgiveness, to which she replied that she had already forgiven him. He gave Vima a ring-necklace that shone with light in the darkness as his final act before death. When Ulic's body vanished, Nomi declared that though he was cut off from the Force, Ulic had finally become a Jedi Master. After Ulic's death, Nomi resolved to spend more time with her daughter, training her.
Other works.
Nomi Sunrider would also be mentioned in the later graphic novels ', ', ', "Dark Empire II", "Dark Apprentice", "I, Jedi", and '. She appeared in hologram form in "Firestorm" - Star Wars Adventure Journal 15".
Family.
Nomi's descendant, Vima Da Boda, is a supporting character in the "Dark Empire" series.

Tobias
Tobias is a Greek version of the Hebrew biblical name "Tobijah", meaning "Jehovah [God] is good". It is a popular male given name in Germany, Scandinavia, the United States and amongst Jewish people. In English-speaking countries it is often shortened to Toby. Other diminutives are Tobi (English, Germany) and Tobbe (Sweden). Tobias has also been a surname.

Frisbee
A Frisbee is a flying disc. Because of its shape a Frisbee can be thrown farther than a ball.
The shape of the disc must be right for the throwing action: a flat disc would be inappropriate due to the lack of grip that the thrower could get from the disc, resulting in accidental release.
The two major types of flying disc are the conventional design used in both Ultimate Frisbee and Disc Golf and the aerobie ring. Although these designs are very different, they both use air resistance in the same way to fly.
The Aerobie.
The Aerobie Superdisk is an alternative design of flying disc that, although somewhat differently shaped, still has very similar properties to the conventional disc. It has less air resistance. Because there is less resistance to motion, the Aerobie discs can fly farther than the conventional disc. The Aerobie flying ring has minimal drag and holds the world record for the longest flight by a human-thrown projectile. However, due to the lack of a rim, the Aerobie is less suited to angled, curved flights and air-bouncing.
Spin of the disc.
The spin of the disc helps to keep the disc stable in flight and prevent unplanned tilting. This is because a large angular momentum stabilises the disc in the same way that it keeps a gyroscope steady, with the angular force forcing the mass of the disc away from the centre of mass, perpendicular to the axis of rotation. Any unequal force acting on a particular area of the disc is quickly redirected to be equal over the circumference of the disc.
As the disc spins faster, it becomes more stable due to the rapidity of the equalisation of forces.
Mass of the disc.
The force required to accelerate the disc is directly proportional to the mass of the disc. This decreases the acceleration of the disc, assuming that the force of projection is constant. Therefore, discs come in a variety of weights, although those used for Ultimate are mainly 175 g in mass, heavier than the majority of discs and considerably heavier than an aerobie.
Flying discs (including Frisbees) can be thrown in many ways. All involve spinning the disc to give it gyroscopic stability, and accelerating its mass to a certain velocity. Without spin, a disc will wobble and fall; without velocity, the disc will not go anywhere. Using these two guidelines, any number of throws are possible. Most discs are designed to create lift when thrown with the flat side up.
Right-side up.
Right-side up throws are all similar in that they react the same way to the tilt of the disc when it is released. A disc thrown right-side up will accelerate in the direction of the low end of the disc. A disc tilted leading-edge up will lose speed at the end of the throw and make a gentle landing; if tilted sideways (known in aeronautics terms as roll), it can curve around objects.
There is a language for describing throws that curve. Both descriptions are relative to the direction the person is facing and intends to throw. This axis is marked in "red" in the picture.
Backhand.
This is probably the most commonly learned throw, and also one of the most powerful.
Forehand.
This throw is also known as the "flick," "two-finger," or the "side-arm". Focused in the wrist, this throw takes little time to execute. Along with the backhand, it is one of the two most common throws used in Ultimate.
Variations.
The forehand is a versatile throw, and can be adapted to many different situations.
Push Pass.
The Push Pass: A relatively little-used throw, it is thrown with a grip similar to a backhand (index finger on the outer rim of the disc, thumb on top, other fingers curled underneath) but is released on the forehand side from a forehand stance. A pronating wrist snap similar to a forehand release pushes the disc forward, while spin is imparted "backwards" by rolling the disc off the index finger. A final flick of the index finger finishes the release. It is difficult to impart as much spin to the push pass as one can typically impart to a forehand or backhand, resulting in a less stable throw. It is useful in Ultimate for very short throws released to the forehand side.
Thumber forehand.
The thumber forehand is also known as a The Beach Thumber, Peach, or in the sport of guts, simply as a thumber. Its primary advantage is that it can be thrown quite hard and with a great amount of spin, and is relatively easy to learn. It is often seen used in a game of Guts due to its power and velocity. It is unpopular in Ultimate due to several disadvantages when compared to the standard forehand. It is relatively difficult to impart different curves or release angles to, it is harder to release extended away from the thrower's body, and it makes for slow grip transitions to a backhand or hammer.
Overhand.
The Overhand (also known as "Hungarian", "flamingo", "dragonwing", "windmill", "waffle", "discus", "wrist-hook", "chicken wing", or "biscuit") is rarely used among ultimate players, because the alternative, the traditional forehand, allows greater sideways arm extension, useful in moving the disc around defenders. The Overhand is most useful when the disc is caught above the head and must be thrown quickly without changing grips, such as during a Greatest attempt.
Duck.
The Duck (also known as a "bear claw", a "duder," or a "useless") is thrown with a similar grip to the Overhand, except it is the backward version of it. While the Overhand is thrown with counter-clockwise spin (for right-handers), the duck is thrown with clockwise spin. It is usually thrown with the arm out to the side or above the head. It is called the duck due to the shape of the gripping hand during the throw, as if making a duck shadow puppet. This throw is used in attempts at The Greatest (jumping out of bounds and throwing the Frisbee back in to play while in the air).
Upside-down.
A disc thrown upside-down has a very different flight path than one thrown right-side up. The lift force does not enforce stable flight as it does on a right-side up disc, resulting in a more of a parabolic arc in flight. As with a right-side up throw, however, the flight path of the disc will curve toward the lower edge. This banking effect is most pronounced when the disc is at a 45 degree angle, and less pronounced when it is near-vertical, or near-horizontal.
Gyroscopic precession causes the disc to rotate toward horizontal through its flight path. Unlike a right-side up throw, however, an upside-down disc will not precess toward a stable flat state, and will in stead oscillate past horizontal and begin to bank in the opposite direction. This shuttlecock-like effect is known as "helixing", and is generally avoided due to the difficulty in controlling a helixing flight path. For this reason, an upside down throw is typically released with either clockwise rotation and the left edge up, or counterclockwise rotation and the right edge up. The longer the disc is expected to remain in the air, the closer to vertical it must be at release to avoid the helixing effect.
Hammer====.
The Hammer is gripped just like a normal forehand throw, and is generally a mid-range, high and arching throw.
A hammer, when thrown by a right-handed thrower, will arc up and to the left as it moves away from the thrower, and will bank towards the right in flight. The banking effect will be more pronounced if the disc is thrown higher and spends more flight time near a 45 degree angle.
Scoober.
Another upside-down variant of the forehand, the scoober (also known as the "Spoon pass" or "Hiawatha") is similar to a hammer, but released away from the body from a backhand stance, instead of over the head from a forehand stance. The scoober travels in a path similar to the hammer, although the initial release is typically more flat than a hammer release. Although it is more difficult to impart power to a scoober than a hammer, a scoober can be an effective short-range (10 to 20 yards/meters) throw and is used in Ultimate for breaking the mark and to throw over defenders in a zone defense.
Thumber.
The Thumber (not to be confused with the "thumber forehand") is a throw that is rarely used in competitive play, compared to the Hammer or standard forehand. It has a flight path that is the mirror-image of the Hammer (arcing high and to the right for a right-handed thrower). It can be useful when the disc needs to drop quickly and fly with an opposite curve to a Hammer in order to avoid defenders.

Iron Maiden (album)
Iron Maiden is a first album made by British heavy metal band Iron Maiden.
It was released on 11th April 1980. The main musical type of the album is heavy metal but some songs, like Sanctuary or Running Free are like punk rock music. Many fans feel that a song from this album - Phantom Of The Opera is the best song Iron Maiden have ever made.

Bangladesh Awami League
The Bangladesh Awami League (Bengali: বাংলাদেশ আওয়ামী লীগ; also translated Bangladesh People's League) is the mainstream secular political party in Bangladesh. The party is now headed by Sheikh Hasina, the daughter of the late Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. The Awami League has been in government twice, about eight and a half years, since Bangladesh's independence in 1971.

Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh
= Hindustan Period (1941 - 1947) =.
Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh (or 'Jamaat' for short) is the largest Islamic political party in Bangladesh. It is also one of the largest Islamic parties in South Asia, the party was formed when Bengal was part of British India.
Pakistan Period (1948 - 1971).
In 1947 East Bengal became part of Pakistan (East Pakistan) - and the Jamaat-e-Islami was divided into separate Indian and Pakistani parties. The Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh originates from the East Pakistani party. The Jamaat were against Bangladesh becoming independent from Pakistan as they thought it was against Islam. However the Jamaat were unable to stop Bangladesh becoming independent of Pakistan.
Bangladesh Period (1978 - present).
The Jamaat was banned after Bangladesh became an independent country and its top leaders fled to West Pakistan. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, the first president of Bangladesh also cancelled the citizenship of Golam Azam, the leader of Jamaat. Azam then moved to London, and other leaders moved to the Middle East. However Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was assassinated in 1975 and army chief Ziaur Rahman seized power. Rahman allowed the Jamaat to be a political party again. Rahman also allowed Azam to return to Bangladesh as the leader of Jamaat.

Jatiyo Gano Front
The Jatiyo Gano Front (National People's Front) is a left-wing political group in Bangladesh. The JGF used to be part of the Workers Party of Bangladesh but split from them in 1995. The JGF is led by Tipu Biswas.

Azad Pakistan Party
The Azad Pakistan Party is a left-wing Pakistani party founded by Mian Iftikharuddin an ex-member of the Indian Congress who went on to join the Muslim League that created Pakistan.

Insaf Party
The Insaf Party (Justice Party), was a Muslim political party. It was founded by Syed Shahabuddin in 1989 as a split from the Janata Party - it formed as a protest against the alliance between V.P. Singh and the right wing Bharatiya Janata Party. When the V.P. Singh government fell in 1990, the IP stopped being a party.

Apna Dal
The Apna Dal is a political party in India. Most of the people who support are from the Kurmi caste. Its main base is in central Uttar Pradesh. Apna Dal is led by Sone Lal Patel.

Ambedkar National Congress
The Ambedkar National Congress is a political party based in India. The party works for the rights of Dalits. Mr. Mohammed Kazam Ali Khan is the founder and President of the ANC.

Harold Arthur Deane
Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Harold Arthur Deane (1854-1908) was an administrator in British India. Deane served as the first Political Agent of the Malakand in 1895 and also as the first Chief Commissioner of the North-West Frontier Province when the province was created on 9th November 1901.

Pakistani English
Pakistani English, is the type of the English Language as it is spoken in Pakistan.
History.
Although British rule in South Asia lasted for almost two hundred years, the areas that are now Pakistan were some of the last places to be taken over by the British. Punjab (which included the North-West Frontier Province) was captured in 1849, Sindh a few years before; while Balochistan was never fully taken over by the British. This meant that English had less time to become part of local culture, however in 1947 when Pakistan became independent English (along with Urdu) became Pakistan's official language - this was written into law in 1973.
Relationship with Indian English.
Pakistani English has many similarities with Indian English, however since Independence there have been some very obvious differences. These include words and phrased not used in India as well as accents. Foreign companies find accent naturalisation easier in Pakistan than in India. However like Indian English, Pakistani English has preserved many phrases that are now considered old in Britain.
Use in Pakistan.
English is Pakistan's official language. All government documents, military communications, street signs, many shop signs, business contracts and other activities are in English. The language of the courts is also English.
English is taught to all school level Pakistani students, and in many cases English is also the language used to teach the students other subjects.. At College and University level all instruction is in English.
Pakistan has a large English language press and (more recently) media. All of Pakistan's major dailies are published in or have an edition in English, while DAWN News is a major English Language News Channel.

Joanne Woodward
Joanne Gignilliat Trimmier Woodward (born February 27, 1930) is an American actress. She has won an Academy Award, Golden Globe awards, Emmy awards and a Cannes award. She is the widow of Paul Newman, who was also an actor. Woodward is also a television and theatrical producer.

ESPN Integration
ESPN Integration is an agreement between ESPN and Electronic Arts to put various ESPN features in their games. The first game to feature ESPN Integration was "MVP 06 NCAA Baseball". The features that have so far appeared include a streaming ticker at the bottom of the screen with real up to date sports scores, just as it appears on the ESPN channel. This ticker does not just crawl during menus and load screens but also in actual gameplay. Another feature is the ability to listen to sports updates from ESPN Radio, and a third feature is being able to read the top 40 sports stories from ESPN.com.

The Number Of The Beast
The Number Of The Beast is the third album by British heavy metal band Iron Maiden, released on 22 March 1982. It was the first album in which Bruce Dickinson did singing. "The Number Of The Beast" made Iron Maiden famous in United Kingdom and the rest of world. The songs in the album have many different subjects such as war, history and films.
Musicians.
People who were in Iron Maiden when the album was recorded.
Satanism.
Some religious groups in the USA said that Iron Maiden are Satanists and that the album promotes Satanism to listeners. Some people even burned "The Number Of The Beast" copies. Bruce Dickinson said it is not true.

Beyoncé Karaoke Hits Vol. I
Beyoncé Karaoke Hits Vol. I is a 2008 karaoke album by Beyoncé

The Pink Panther
"The Pink Panther" is a comedy film released in 2006. It is an adaptation of the the Pink Panther film series. In this film, Inspector Jacques Clouseau (Steve Martin) is assigned to solve the murder of a famous soccer coach and the theft of the famous Pink Panther diamond.
This film also stars Kevin Kline, Beyoncé Knowles, and Jean Reno.

Mister Rogers' Neighborhood
"Mister Rogers' Neighborhood", or just "Mister Rogers", is an American children's television series that was created and hosted by Fred Rogers. Mister Rogers' Neighborhood was produced by Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA public broadcaster WQED and Rogers' non-profit production company Family Communications, Inc. (named Small World Enterprises before to 1971). It is the longest running series on PBS (Sesame Street began a year and a half later). The show is currently seen in reruns on many PBS stations.

Dorothy Bush Koch
Dorothy Walker Bush Koch, often called "Doro," (born August 18, 1959 in Texas), is the daughter of the 41st President of the United States George H. W. Bush and former First Lady of the United States Barbara Bush. Her siblings are George W. Bush, who is the 43rd President, Jeb Bush, Neil Bush, Marvin Bush, and the late Robin Bush, who died of leukemia in 1953.

Albert Rosellini
Albert Dean Rosellini (born January 21, 1910) is a lawyer from the U.S. state of Washington. Rosellini is part of the Democratic Party and was the Governor of Washington (1957–1965) for two terms. He is the oldest living person to have been a governor of a U.S. state, and was the first Italian American Catholic to become a governor of a state west of the Mississippi River. He was called "Taxellini" by people who did not think he was doing a good job as a governor, while he was called "The Gov." by people who did think he was doing a good job.

Recea River (Vâlcea)
The Recea River or Plopi River or Pârâul Plopilor is a tributary of the Cerna River in Romania. That means it flows into the Cerna River.

Walter Mondale
Walter Frederick "Fritz" Mondale (born January 5, 1928) is an American politician who was the forty-second Vice President of the United States (1977–1981) under President Jimmy Carter, a two-term United States Senator from Minnesota, and the Democratic Party nominee for president in 1984, which he lost.
Mondale was the first Vice President to have an office, and made the role of Vice President more important than it once was.

Nireş River (Aita)
The Nireş River is a headwater of the Tecşe River in Romania.

Tecşe River
The Tecşe River is a tributary of the Aita River in Romania. That means it flows into the Aita River.

Izvorul Alb River (Asău)
The Izvorul Alb River is a tributary of the Asău River in Romania. That means it flows into the Asău River.

Asău River (Trotuş)
The Asău River is a tributary of the Trotuş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Trotuş River.

Cracul Mic River (Agăstin)
The Cracul Mic River is a headwater of the Agăstin River in Romania. This means it flows into the Agăstin River.

Cracul Mare River (Agăstin)
The Cracul Mare River is a headwater of the Agăstin River in Romania.

Cracul Mare River (Izvorul Alb)
The Cracul Mare River is a headwater of the Izvorul Alb in Romania. This means it flows into the Izvorul Alb River.

Cracul Mic River (Izvorul Alb)
The Cracul Mic River is a headwater of the Izvorul Alb River in Romania. This means it flows into the Izvorul Alb River.

Merişor River (Izvorul Alb)
The Merişor River is a tributary of the Cracul Mic River in Romania. That means it flows into the Cracul Mic River.

Pârâul Ascuns
The Pârâul Ascuns is a tributary of the Merişor River in Romania. That means it flows into the Merişor River.

Izbicioara River
The Izbicioara River is a tributary of the Abrud River in Romania. That means it flows into the Abrud River.

Cerniţa River
The Cerniţa River is a tributary of the Abrud River in Romania. That means it flows into the Abrud River.

Ciuruleasa River
The Ciuruleasa River is a tributary of the Cerniţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Cerniţa River.

Valea Băieşilor River
The Valea Băieşilor River or Pârâul Băieşilor is a tributary of the Acmariu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Acmariu River.

Ciumărna River
The Ciumărna River is a tributary of the Treznea River in Romania. That means it flows into the Treznea River.

Ciumârna River
The Ciumârna River is a tributary of the Moldoviţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Moldoviţa River.

Cungrea Mică River
The Cungrea Mică River or Cungrişoara River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Nemţişor River
The Nemţişor River is a tributary of the Neamţ River in Romania. That means it flows into the Neamţ River.

Pârâul Florilor (Tumurel)
The Pârâul Florilor is a tributary of the Tumurel River in Romania. That means it flows into the Tumurel River.

Stâna River (Camenca)
The Stâna River is a tributary of the Camenca River in Romania. That means it flows into the Camenca River.

Miep Gies
Miep Gies, née Hermine Santrouschitz (born February 15, 1909), is one of the Dutch citizens who hid Anne Frank and her family from the Nazis during World War II. She found and kept Anne's diary after Anne Frank was found and sent away by the Nazis. Although Gies did not read the diary (as she gave it to Otto Frank straight away after recovering it from the annex and thought it would be rude to read), it has became very successful worldwide.

Meiu River
The Meiu River is a tributary of the Stâna River in Romania. That means it flows into the Stâna River.

Paloşul River (Camenca)
The Paloşul River is a tributary of the Camenca River in Romania. That means it flows into the Camenca River.

Draniţa River (Camenca)
The Draniţa River is a tributary of the Camenca River in Romania. That means it flows into the Camenca River.

List of places in Avon
__NOTOC__
A.
Abbots Leigh -
Acton Turville -
Arnos Vale -
Ashley Down -
Ashton -
Ashton Gate -
B.
Badminton -
Baptist Mills -
Barrow Gurney -
Barrs Court -
Barton Hill -
Bath -
Bedminster -
Bedminster Down -
Bishop Sutton -
Bishopston -
Bourton -
Bradley Stoke -
Brockley -
Burrington -
C.
Camerton -
Charmy Down -
Charterhouse -
Chew Magna -
Chew Stoke -
Chewton Keynsham -
Chewton Mendip -
Chipping Sodbury -
Churchill -
Clapton -
Clapton in Gordano -
Claverton -
Claverton Down -
Clay Hill -
Cleeve -
Clifton -
Clifton Wood -
Clutton -
Coalpit Heath -
Codrington -
Combe Down -
Combe Hay -
Compton Dando -
Compton Martin -
Coombe Dingle -
Corston -
Cotham -
Cowhill
D.
Dodington -
Downend -
Dunkerton -
Dunkirk -
Durdham Park
E.
Earthcott Green -
East Clevedon -
East Harptree -
East Hewish -
East Rolstone -
Easter Compton -
Easton -
Easton in Gordano -
Eastville -
Elberton -
Emersons Green -
F.
Farleigh -
Farleigh Hungerford -
Farrington Gurney -
Flax Bourton -
Foxcote, Somerset\Foxcote -
Frampton Cotterell -
G.
Gaunts Earthcott -
Greenbank -
Gurney Slade
H.
Hallen -
Hawkesbury -
Hawkesbury Common -
Hawkesbury Upton -
Haydon -
Hemington -
High Littleton -
Hinton Blewett -
Hinton Charterhouse -
Holcombe -
Horton -
Hutton
I.
Inglestone Common -
Iron Acton -
K.
Kelston Mills -
Kenn -
Kingsdown -
Kingston Bridge -
Kingston Seymour -
Kingswood -
Knowle
L.
Lansdown -
Lawrence Hill -
Lawrence Weston -
Leigh upon Mendip -
Leigh Woods -
Limpley Stoke -
Little Badminton -
Little Sodbury -
Little Stoke -
Locking -
Long Ashton -
Longwell Green -
Lower Claverham -
Lower Failand -
Lower Hamswell -
Lower Hazel -
Lower Hounsley -
Lower Morton -
Lower Shockerwick -
Lower Vobster -
Lower Weston -
M.
Midsomer Norton -
Monkton Combe -
Montpelier
N.
Nempnett Thrubwell -
New Cheltenham -
Newton St Loe -
North End -
North Stoke -
North Widcombe -
Norton Hawkfield -
Norton Malreward -
Norton St Philip -
O.
Old Down -
Old Sodbury -
Oldbury Naite -
Oldland Common -
P.
Peasedown St John -
Petty France -
Pill -
Portishead -
Pylle Hill
Q.
Queen Charlton
R.
Redcliffe -
Redfield -
Redhill -
Redland -
Regil -
S.
Sea Mills -
Severn Beach -
Severn Bridge -
Sneyd Park -
St Agnes -
St Andrews -
St Annes -
St Annes Park -
St Augustines -
St Catherine -
St George -
St Georges -
St James -
St Judes -
St Pauls -
St Philips -
St Philips Marsh -
St Werburghs -
Stanton Drew -
Stanton Prior -
Stanton Wick -
Staple Hill -
Stoke Bishop -
Stoke Gifford -
Stoke St Michael -
Ston Easton -
Stoney Littleton -
T.
Temple Cloud -
Temple Meads -
Thornbury -
Timsbury -
Tyndalls Park -
U.
Upper Shockerwick -
Upper Stanton -
Upper Strode -
Upper Swainswick -
Upper Vobster -
Upton Cheyney
W.
Walton Bay -
Walton in Gordano -
Way Wick -
Wellow -
West Harptree -
West Hewish -
West Hill -
West Town -
West Wick -
Westbury Park -
Weston -
Weston in Gordano -
Whitchurch -
Whitehall -
Whiteway -
Wick, Somerset -
Wick St Lawrence -
Winterbourne -
Winterbourne Down -
Woolley -
Wraxall -

List of places in Bedfordshire
"See also List of places within Luton."
__NOTOC__
A.
Aley Green -
Aspley Guise -
Aspley Heath -
B.
Bedford -
Beeston -
Bidwell -
Billington -
Bourne End -
Briar Bank Park -
Bromham -
Broom -
C.
Campton -
Cardington -
Carlton -
Castle -
Cauldwell -
Chalton -
Chiltern Green -
Clapham -
Clifton -
Clipstone -
Cockayne Hatley -
Cotton End -
D.
Dean -
De Parys -
Dunton
E.
East Hyde -
Eaton Bray -
Everton -
G.
Great Barford -
Great Billington -
Great Denham -
Greenfield
H.
Harlington -
Harrold -
Harrowden -
Haynes -
Heath and Reach -
Henlow Camp -
Higham Gobion -
Hockwell Ring -
Holwell -
Honeydon -
Houghton Conquest -
Houghton Regis -
Hundred of Willey -
Husbourne Crawley -
Hyde
I.
Ickwell Green -
Ireland
K.
Kempston Hardwick -
Knotting
L.
Langford -
Leighton Buzzard -
Little Barford -
Little Billington -
Little Staughton -
Lower Caldecote -
Lower Gravenhurst -
Lower Stondon -
Lower Sundon -
Lower Woodside -
M.
Marston Moretaine -
Millbrook -
Milton Bryan -
Milton Ernest -
N.
Newnham -
O.
Oakley -
Odell -
Old Warden
P.
Pine View Park -
Q.
Queens Park
R.
Radwell -
Riseley -
Roxton
S.
Salford -
Sandy -
Sewell -
Shefford -
Shefford Hardwick -
Shelton -
Shillington -
Slip End -
Southcote -
Southill -
Stanbridge -
Stanford -
Streatley -
Sutton -
Swineshead
T.
The Hyde -
Thorn -
Toddington -
U.
Upper Caldecote -
Upper Gravenhurst -
Upper Stondon -
Upper Sundon
W.
Wharley End -
Wilden -
Willington -
Woburn -
Wood End -
Woodside -
Wootton -

List of places in Berkshire
__NOTOC__
A.
Aldermaston Wharf -
Arborfield and Newland -
Arborfield Cross -
Arborfield Garrison -
Ascot, Berkshire -
Ashampstead Common -
Ashford Hill -
Ashmore Green -
Aston, Berkshire -
B.
Ball Hill -
Basildon, Berkshire -
Beansheaf Farm -
Beech Hill -
Beedon Common -
Benham Hill -
Benham Valence -
Birch Hill -
Bloomfield Hatch -
Boxford, Berkshire -
Boyn Hill -
Bracknell Forest -
Bradfield, Berkshire -
Bray Wick -
Bray, Berkshire -
Brightwalton Green -
Brimpton Common -
Brock Hill -
Brookside, Berkshire -
Bulmershe Court -
Burchett's Green -
Burchetts Green -
Burghfield Bridge -
Burghfield Common -
Burghfield Hill -
Burghfield Lock -
Burleigh, Berkshire -
Burnt Hill
C.
Calcot, Berkshire -
California, Berkshire -
Caversham Heights -
Caversham Park -
Caversham, Berkshire -
Chapel Row -
Chavey Down -
Chazey Heath -
Cheapside, Berkshire -
Chilton Foliat -
Cockpole Green -
Cold Ash -
Cold Ash, Berkshire -
Coley Park -
Coley, Berkshire -
College Town -
College Town, Berkshire -
Combe, Berkshire -
Compton, Berkshire -
Cookham Dean -
Cox Green, Berkshire -
Cranbourne, Berkshire -
Crazies Hill -
Crockham Heath -
Crookham Common -
Crookham, Berkshire -
Crosfields School -
Crown Wood -
Crux Easton -
D.
Denford Park -
Donnington, Berkshire -
Downend, Berkshire -
E.
East End -
East Garston -
East Ilsley -
East Shefford -
East Woodhay -
Eastbury, Berkshire -
Easthampstead Park -
Eling Hermitage -
Emmbrook, Berkshire -
Emmer Green -
Enborne Row -
Englefield, Berkshire -
Eton College -
Eton Wick -
Eton, Berkshire
F.
Farley Hill, Berkshire -
Farley Wood -
Farnborough, Berkshire -
Farnham Common -
Farnham Royal -
Fawley, Berkshire -
Fifield, Berkshire -
Fords Farm -
Foxhill House -
G.
Gallowstree Common -
Gardeners Green -
George Green -
Goddard's Green, Berkshire -
Goring Heath -
Grazeley Green -
Great Shefford -
H.
Halfway, Berkshire -
Hampstead Norreys -
Hamstead Marshall -
Hanworth, Bracknell -
Hare Hatch -
Harmans Water -
Harris Garden -
Hawthorn Hill, Berkshire -
Hayley Green -
Heads Hill -
Heath End -
Hell Corner -
Hermitage, Berkshire -
Hoe Benham -
Holme Green -
Home Park, Bracknell -
Honey Bottom -
Horncastle, Berkshire -
Horton, Berkshire -
Hungerford Newtown -
Hungerford Park -
Hunts Green -
Hurley, Berkshire -
Hurst, Berkshire -
Hyde End, Berkshire
I.
Inkpen Common
J.
Jealott's Hill
K.
Kidmore End -
Kiln Green -
Kintbury Holt -
Knowl Hill -
Knowl Hill, Berkshire
L.
Lambourn Woodlands -
Lambrook Haileybury -
Lands End -
Langley, Slough -
Lawrence Hill, Bracknell Forest -
Leckhampstead Thicket -
Leckhampstead, Berkshire -
Leverton (Hungerford) -
Little Heath, Berkshire -
Little Sandhurst -
Littlewick Green -
Lower Basildon -
Lower Denford -
Lower Earley -
Lower Padworth
M.
Maidens Green -
Marlston Hermitage -
Marsh Benham -
Martins Heron -
Midgham Green -
Mortimer Common -
Mortimer West End -
Mortimer, Berkshire -
Moss End -
N.
Newbury, Berkshire -
Newell Green -
North Ascot -
North End -
North Standen -
O.
Oakley Green -
Oare, Berkshire -
Old Burghclere -
Old Windsor -
P.
Padworth Common -
Paley Street -
Pinkneys Green -
Q.
Quelm Park
R.
Ravenswood, Berkshire -
Reading, Berkshire -
Riseley, Berkshire -
Ryeish Green
S.
Salters Steamers -
Shaw, Berkshire -
Sheffield Bottom -
Shefford Woodlands -
Shurlock Row -
Snelsmore Common -
Sonning Common -
Sonning Eye -
South Ascot -
South Fawley -
South Stoke -
Southcote, Berkshire -
Southend, Berkshire -
Speen, Berkshire -
Spencers Wood -
Stanford Dingley -
Stanmore, Berkshire -
Stoke Poges -
Stratfield Mortimer -
Stratfield Saye -
Streatley, Berkshire -
Sulhamstead Abbots -
Sunninghill, Berkshire -
Swinley Forest -
Temple Park -
The Warren, Bracknell Forest -
Theale, Berkshire -
Three Mile Cross -
Tidmarsh with Sulham -
Touchen End -
Tutts Clump -
Twyford, Berkshire
U.
Ufton Green -
Ufton Nervet -
Upper Basildon -
Upper Bucklebury -
Upper Culham -
Upper Denford -
Upper Eddington -
Upper Lambourn -
Upper Woolhampton -
Upton, Slough
W.
Walbury Hill -
Waltham St Lawrence -
Waltham St. Lawrence -
Warfield Park -
Warren Row -
Wash Common -
Wash Water -
Water Oakley -
Welford Park -
Welford, Berkshire -
West Ilsley -
West Woodhay -
Weston, Berkshire -
Whistley Green -
White Waltham -
Whitley Wood -
Whitley, Berkshire -
Wick Hill, Bracknell -
Wickham Heath -
Wickham, Berkshire -
Windsor Castle -
Windsor, Berkshire -
Winkfield Row -
Winkfield Street -
Winterbourne, Berkshire -
Wokefield Green -
Wokefield Park -
Wokingham Without -
Wooden Hill -
Woodlands St Mary -
Woodside, Berkshire -
World's End, Berkshire -

Windsor
__NOTOC__

List of places in Buckinghamshire
__NOTOC__
A.
Addingrove, Addington, Adstock, Akeley, Alscot, Amersham, Ascott, Ashendon, Asheridge, Ashley Green, Askett, Aston Abbotts, Aston Clinton, Aston Mullins, Aston Sandford, Astwood, Aylesbury
B.
Baker's Wood, Ballinger, Ballinger Bottom, Barley End, Barton Hartshorn, Beachampton, Beacon Hill, Beacon's Bottom, Beaconsfield, Beamond End, Bedgrove, Bellingdon, Bennett End, Berghers Hill, Bernwood Forest, Biddlesden, Bierton, Bishopstone,Black Park, Bledlow, Bledlow Ridge, Boarstall, Boarstall Duck Decoy, Bockmer End, Booker, Botley, Botolph Claydon, Bourne End, Bourton, Bovingdon Green, Boycott, Bradenham, Brill, Broughton near Aylesbury, Broughton Crossing, Broughton, Milton Keynes, Buckingham, Buckland, Buckland Common, Bulstrode Park, Burcott near Bierton, Burcott near Wing, Burnham, Burston, Butlers Cross
C.
Cadmore, Cadsden, Caldicot, California, Calvert, Calverton, Chackmore, Chalfont Common, Chalfont St Giles, Chalfont St Peter, Chalkshire, Charndon, Chartridge, Chearsley, Cheddington, Chenies,Chepping Wycombe, Chesham, Chesham Bois, Chess Valley, Chetwode, Chiltern scarp, Chilton, Chivery, Cholesbury, Clifton Reynes, Cold Brayfield, Coldmoorholme, Coleshill, Cooks Wharf, Coombe, Coombe Hill, Cores End, Crafton, Creslow, Cryers Hill, Cublington, Cuddington
D.
Dadford, Dagnall, Denham, Dinton, Dorney, Dorton, Downley, Drayton Beauchamp, Drayton Parslow, Dunsmore, Dunton
E.
Easington, East Claydon, Edgcott, Edlesborough, Egypt, Ellesborough, Elmhurst, Emberton Country Park, Eythrope
F.
Fairford Leys, Farnham Common, Farnham Royal, Fawley, Fawley Bottom, Fern, Filgrave, Fingest, Flackwell Heath, Fleet Marston, Ford, Forty Green, Foscot, Four Ashes, Frieth, Fulbrook, Fulmer
G.
Gawcott, Gayhurst, George Green, Gerrards Cross, Gibraltar, Granborough, Great Brickhill, Great Hampden, Great Horwood, Great Kimble, Great Kingshill, Great Marlow, Great Missenden, Green Hailey, Grendon Underwood, Grove
H.
Haddenham, Halton, Halton Camp, Hambleden, Hampden Row, Handy Cross, Hardmead, Hardwick, Hartwell, Haversham, Hawridge, Haydon Hill, Hazlemere, Heath End, Hedgerley, Hedsor, High Wycombe, Hillesden, Hitcham, Hoggeston, Hogshaw, Holmer Green, Honeyburge, Horsenden, Horton near Ivinghoe, Hughenden, Hughenden Valley, Hulcott, Hundridge, Hyde End, Hyde Heath
I.
Ibstone, Ickford, Ilmer, Iver, Iver Heath, Ivinghoe, Ivinghoe Aston, Ivinghoe Beacon
J.
Jordans
K.
Kents Hill, Monkston and Brinklow, Kimble Wick, Great Kimble, Little Kimble Kingsey, Kingswood, Knotty Green
L.
Lacey Green, Lamport, Lane End, Latimer, Lavendon, Leckhampstead, Ledborough, Ledburn, Lenborough, The Lee, Lee Clump, Ley Hill, Lillingstone Dayrell, Lillingstone Lovell, Little Britain, Little Chalfont, Little Hampden, Little Horwood, Little Kimble, Little Kingshill, Little London near Brill, Little London near Oakley, Little London near Wendover, Little Marlow, Little Meadle, Little Missenden, Littleworth, Long Crendon, Long Street, Longwick, Loosley Row, Loudwater, Lower Bacombe, Lower Cadsden, Lower Pollicott, Lower Weald, Lower Winchendon, Ludgershall, Luffield Abbey, Lye Green
M.
Maids Moreton, Marlow, Marlow Bottom, Marsh, Marsh Gibbon, Marsworth, Meadle, Medmenham, Mentmore, Middle Claydon, Middlegreen, Middleton, Middle Weald, Mill End, Mop End, Monks Risborough, Moulsoe, Mursley
N.
Naphill, Nash, Nash Lee, Nether Winchendon, New Zealand, Newton Blossomville, Newton Longville, North Lee, North Marston, Northall
O.
Oakley, Orchard Leigh, Oving, Owlswick
P.
Padbury, Pednor, Parmoor, Pednor, Penn, Penn Street, Petsoe End, Piddington, Pitchcott, Pitstone, Pond Park, Poundon, Preston Bissett, Prestwood, Princes Risborough
Q.
Quainton, Quarrendon (estate), Quarrendon (village), Queens Park
R.
Radclive, Radnage, Ringshall, Rowsham
S.
St Leonards, Saunderton, Sedrup, Seer Green, Shabbington, Shalstone, Sheepridge, Sherington, Shipton Lee, Shredding Green, Shipton Brook, Singleborough, Skittle Green, Slapton, Soulbury, Southcourt, Southend, Speen, Spurlands End, Steeple Claydon, Stewkley, Stoke Goldington, Stoke Hammond, Stoke Mandeville, Stoke Poges, Stokenchurch, Stone, Stowe, Swanbourne
T.
Taplow, Tathall End, Terrick, Thornborough, Thorney, Thornton, Tingewick, Turnfurlong, Turville, Turweston, Twyford, Tylers Green, Tyler's Hill
U.
Upper Bacombe, Upper Cadsden, Upper Pollicott, Upper Weald, Upper Winchendon, Upton
V.
Verney Junction
W.
Waddesdon, Waldridge, Walters Ash, Walton, Walton Court, Water Stratford, Watermead, Waterside, Weedon, Well End, Wendover, West Wycombe, Westbury, Westcott, Westlington, Weston Turville, Wexham, Whaddon, Whelpley Hill, Wheeler End, Whelpley Hill, Whitchurch, Whiteleaf, Widmer End, Widmoor, Winchbottom, Winchmore Hill, Wing, Wingrave, Winslow, Wooburn, Wooburn Green, Woodham, World's End, Worminghall, Wormstone, Wotton Underwood

Făgeţel River (Camenca)
The Făgeţel River is a tributary of the Camenca River in Romania. That means it flows into the Camenca River.

Ilva River (Someş)
The Ilva River is a tributary of the Someşul Mare River in Romania. That means it flows into the Someşul Mare River.

Silhoasa River
The Silhoasa River or Sihoasa River is a tributary of the Ilva River in Romania. That means it flows into the Ilva River.

Bolovanul River (Ilva)
The Bolovanul River is a tributary of the Ilva River in Romania. That means it flows into the Ilva River.

Ursoaia River (Ilva)
The Ursoaia River is a tributary of the Ilva River in Romania. That means it flows into the Ilva River.

Cucureasa River (Ilva)
The Cucureasa River is a tributary of the Ilva River in Romania. That means it flows into the Ilva River.

Strâmba River (Ilva)
The Strâmba River is a tributary of the Ilva River in Romania. That means it flows into the Ilva River.

Râul Lupului (Ilva)
The Râul Lupului is a tributary of the Ilva River in Romania. That means it flows into the Ilva River.

Leşu River (Ilva)
The Leşu River is a tributary of the Ilva River in Romania. That means it flows into the Ilva River.

Ierboasa River
The Ierboasa River or Erboasa River is a tributary of the Leşu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Leşu River.

Ivăneasa River (Ilva)
The Ivăneasa River is a tributary of the Ilva River in Romania. That means it flows into the Ilva River.

Borzontul Mic River
The Borzontul Mic River is a headwater of the Borzont River in Romania.

Pietrosu River (Mureş)
The Pietrosu River is a tributary of the Mureş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Mureş River.

Fagu Roşu River (Senetea)
The Fagu Roşu River is a tributary of the Senetea River in Romania. That means it flows into the Senetea River.

Sineu River
The Sineu River is a tributary of the Mureş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Mureş River.

Martonca River
The Martonca River is a tributary of the Mureş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Mureş River.

Gurghiu River
Gurghiu is a tributary of the Mureş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Mureş River.

Cucuruzu River
The Cucuruzu River is a tributary of the Nedeiu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Nedeiu River.

Sibiu County
Sibiu (; Hungarian: "Szeben") is a county (judeţ) of Romania, in the old area of Transylvania. The capital of Sibiu County is Sibiu.
Geography.
Sibiu County has an area of 5,432 square kilometers.
Divisions.
Sibiu County has 2 municipalities, 9 towns and 53 communes.

Isticeu River
The Isticeu River is a tributary of the Gurghiu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Gurghiu River.

Tireu River
The Tireu River is a tributary of the Gurghiu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Gurghiu River.

Valea Glăjăriei River (Gurghiu)
The Valea Glăjăriei River is a tributary of the Gurghiu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Gurghiu River.

Sebeş River (Gurghiu)
The Sebeş River is a tributary of the Gurghiu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Gurghiu River.

Caşva River
The Caşva River is a tributary of the Gurghiu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Gurghiu River.

Târnăviţa River (Boz)
The Târnăviţa River is a tributary of the Boz River in Romania. That means it flows into the Boz River.

Furcşoara River
The Furcşoara River is a tributary of the Boz River in Romania. That means it flows into the Boz River.

Bărăşti River
The Bărăşti River is a tributary of the Boz River in Romania. That means it flows into the Boz River.

Ghişag River
The Ghişag River is a tributary of the Cugir River in Romania. That means it flows into the Cugir River.

Jiu River (Râul Mic)
The Jiu River is a tributary of the Râul Mic in Romania. That means it flows into the Râul Mic.

Pârâul Rovinei
The Pârâul Rovinei is a headwater of the Strei River in Romania.

Pârâul Cald (Strei)
The Pârâul Cald is a headwater of the Strei River in Romania.

Cozma River
The Cozma River is a tributary of the Bărbat River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bărbat River.

Mauru River
The Mauru River is a tributary of the Bărbat River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bărbat River.

Sohodol River (Bărbat)
The Sohodol River is a tributary of the Bărbat River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bărbat River.

Valea Strâmbă River (Olt)
The Valea Strâmbă River or Strâmba River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Joagăru River
The Joagăru River is a tributary of the Valea Strâmbă River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Strâmbă River.

Delniţa River (Olt)
The Delniţa River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Gârla Mare
The Gârla Mare is a tributary of the Beica River in Romania. That means it flows into the Beica River.

Bălşoara River
The Bălşoara River is a tributary of the Beica River in Romania. That means it flows into the Beica River.

Mamu River
The Mamu River is a tributary of the Oporelu Canal in Romania. That means it flows into the Oporelu Canal.

Cernişoru River
The Cernişoru River is a tributary of the Mamu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Mamu River.

Dâlga River
The Dâlga River is a tributary of the Oporelu Canal in Romania. That means it flows into the Oporelu Canal.

Băzăvan River (Dâlga)
The Băzăvan River is a tributary of the Dâlga River in Romania. That means it flows into the Dâlga River.

Dobruşa River
The Băzăvan River is a tributary of the Dâlga River in Romania. That means it flows into the Dâlga River.

Grădinile River
The Grădinile River is a tributary of the Suhatul River in Romania. That means it flows into the Suhatul River.

Dioşti River
The Dioşti River is a tributary of the Gologan River in Romania. That means it flows into the Gologan River.

Frăsinet River (Teslui)
The Frăsinet River is a tributary of the Teslui River in Romania. That means it flows into the Teslui River.

Râul Lungenilor
The Râul Lungenilor is a tributary of the Frăsinet River in Romania. That means it flows into the Frăsinet River.

Guşoeni River
The Guşoeni River is a tributary of the Pesceana River in Romania. That means it flows into the Pesceana River.

Cacova River (Govora)
The Cacova River is a tributary of the Govora River in Romania. That means it flows into the Govora River.

Hârţa River
The Hârţa River or Hinţa River is a tributary of the Govora River in Romania. That means it flows into the Govora River.

Pălăoaia River
The Pălăoaia River is a tributary of the Muereasca River in Romania. That means it flows into the Muereasca River.

Pârâul Câinelui (Muereasca)
The Pârâul Câinelui is a tributary of the Muereasca River in Romania. That means it flows into the Muereasca River.

Fântâna Tulbure River
The Fântâna Tulbure River is a tributary of the Muereasca River in Romania. That means it flows into the Muereasca River.

Pârâul Văcarilor
The Pârâul Văcarilor is a tributary of the Betel River in Romania. That means it flows into the Betel River.

Saşa Mândrei River
The Saşa Mândrei River or Sibiel River is a tributary of the Uria River in Romania. That means it flows into the Uria River.

Gumby
Gumby is a dark green clay figure who starred in 233 episodes of an American television series called "The Adventures of Gumby". The series went on for 35 years. Gumby was animated using stop motion clay animation. In the series Gumby has a sister called Minga.
In the commercial, this is Frosted Cheerios in 2 episodes cameo appearance of Gumby and Pokey and Butterfinger in 26 episodes in 2009 starring Gumby, Pokey, Prickle, Goo, Minga, Nopey, Yellow Goat, Gumbo, Gumba, Blockheads, Granny, Clayboys, Denali, Chilly the Chicken, Sad Kind Ott, Baby Gumby, Ginger, Tara, Roger the Penguin, Walus and Teacher Horse.
In the movie, this is "The Puppetoon Movie", " and ".
Origin.
Gumby was started by Art Clokey in 1953. The first 'episode' was a 3-minute short called "Gumbasia". It showed moving lumps of clay set to music, and parodied Fantasia. In 1955, Art showed Gumbasia to movie producer Sam Engel, who then paid him for a 15 minute film called "Gumby Goes to the Moon".
Gumby was given his own NBC series in 1957. Female actress' voiced Gumby. New episodes were added in 1962, and Dallas McKennon became the voice of Gumby.
Cartoon Network.
Gumby is fun in 1980-1995. And re-run episodes are in 1988-1995 in 11 episodes.
Bonus Features.
"The Adventures of Gumby" had 22 bonus episodes and 16 episodes with commentary.
Gumby Bumpers.
Gumby Bumpers in 2 minutes is released in January 4, 1980 starring Gumby, Pokey and cameo appearance of Blue Mermaid Goo.
Mary Had a Little Lamb.
Was released on February 13, 1982. It is 6 minutes long.
1967 version.
In 1967 version, an episode of Gumby Train Trouble is released in January 7, 1967 starring Gumby and first appearance of Nopey. This episode in 1967 is the version of 1958.

Valea Danului River (Uria)
The Valea Danului River is a tributary of the Uria River in Romania. That means it flows into the Uria River.

Murgaşu River
The Murgaşu River or Murgaciu River is a tributary of the Uria River in Romania. That means it flows into the Uria River.

Eghersec River
The Eghersec River is a tributary of the Uz River in Romania. That means it flows into the Uz River.

Leica River (Siret)
The Leica River is a tributary of the Siret River in Romania. That means it flows into the Siret River.

Valea Boului River (Siret)
The Valea Boului River is a tributary of the Siret River in Romania. That means it flows into the Siret River.

Cleja River (Siret)
The Cleja River or Climăuţ River or Moise River is a tributary of the Siret River in Romania. That means it flows into the Siret River.

Drăgan River (Criş)
The Drăgan River is a tributary of the Crişul Repede River in Romania. This means that it flwos into the Crişul Repede River.

Valea Ursului River (Rebra)
The Valea Ursului River is a tributary of the Rebra River in Romania. That means it flows into the Rebra River.

Hubble Ultra Deep Field
The Hubble Ultra Deep Field, or HUDF, is an image of a small part of space in the constellation Fornax. It took more than 3 months to capture this image, in fact, from September 24 2003 through January 16 2004, the HST was busy taking pictures of this place. It is the deepest image of the universe ever taken by Hubble, looking back (to when the universe is thought to have been 800 million years old) approximately 13 billion years ago. The HUDF contains an estimated 10,000 galaxies. The patch of sky in which the galaxies reside (just one-tenth the diameter of the full moon as viewed from Earth) was chosen because it had a low density of bright stars in the near-field. Although most of the targets visible in the Hubble image can also be seen at infrared wavelengths by ground-based telescopes, Hubble is the only instrument which can make observations of these distant targets at visible wavelengths. Located southwest of Orion in the Southern-Hemisphere constellation Fornax at right ascension 3h 32m 40.0s, declination -27° 47' 29" (J2000), the image covers 36.7 square arcminutes. This is smaller than a 1 mm by 1 mm square of paper held 1 meter away, and equal to roughly one thirteen-millionth of the total area of the sky. The image is oriented such that the upper left corner points toward north (-46.4°) on the celestial sphere. The star near the center of the field is USNO-A2.0 0600-01400432 with apparent magnitude of 18.95.
In total, the image required 800 exposures taken over the course of 400 Hubble orbits around Earth. The total amount of exposure time was 11.3 days for the ACS and 4.5 days for the NICMOS.

Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovskii
Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky (Russian: Константи́н Эдуа́рдович Циолко́вский; Polish: Konstanty Ciołkowski) (September 5 1857 – September 19, 1935) was a Russian man who pioneered spaceflight a century before it was actually done. A crater on the far side of the Moon is called Tsiolkovsky Crater in his honour.

Brisbane Broncos
The Brisbane Broncos are a rugby league team that is based in Brisbane. They play in the National Rugby League premiership. the have won the competition 6 times in the last 20 years thus making them the most successful rugby league team in Australia.

Chishima Islands dispute
The Chishima Islands dispute is a territorial issue between Japan and Russia about the Chishima Islands. The Japanese government is asking for the restoration from Etorofuto island, Habomai islands, Kunashir island, and the Shikotan island which are under the control of Russia.

Okinotorishima
Okinotorishima (also Okinotori coral reefs, Okinotori Islands) is an atoll, an island in the Japanese south end. It is written in Japanese, "沖ノ鳥島 (Okino Torishima)". Moreover, this island is made in the coral reef.

Yahata Nishi-ku, Kitakyūshū
Yahata Nishi-ku is one of the ward in Kitakyūshū. It is the most populous of seven ward in Kitakyūshū. The ward has about 200,000 people living in it.

Wards of Japan
In Japan, a ward (区, Ku) is one of the divisions of a large cities.
See also.
City designated by government ordinance

Dreamgirls
"Dreamgirls" is a Broadway musical, which originally ran in New York City for over a thousand performances between December 20, 1981 and August 11, 1985. Set in the 1960s and 1970s and written for a mostly African American cast, "Dreamgirls" is about the story of a fictional all-female singing group called "The Dreams", who were loosely based upon Motown singers Diana Ross & The Supremes. The musical was written by Tom Eyen, who wrote the story, dialogue, and song lyrics, and Henry Krieger, who wrote the music. After it was no longer staged on Broadway, "Dreamgirls" continued to be performed by high schools, colleges, and community theater groups. The most famous song in the musical is "And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going," which was recorded by Jennifer Holliday, who won a Tony Award for playing one of the main characters, Effie White.
Twenty-five years after "Dreamgirls" was first staged on Broadway, a film version of the musical was produced by DreamWorks Pictures and Paramount Pictures. It was directed by Bill Condon, who wrote the script for the film version as well. The film version of "Dreamgirls" played for its first two weeks in limited reserved-seating screenings known as road shows. The film was released in theaters acorss the United States and Canada on December 25, 2006, and in countries across the rest of the world in January and February of 2007. "Dreamgirls" won three awards at the 64th Golden Globe Awards ceremony in 2007, including Best Picture - Musical or Comedy, and won two Oscars at the 79th Academy Awards.

City designated by government ordinance
A, also known as a or, is a type of city in Japan. These cities all have a population over 500,000 people. The Cabinet of Japan, under Article 252, Section 19 of the Local Autonomy Law, named 17 cities as being designated cities.
Designated cites are different from other cities in Japan. Each city does many of the things normally done by prefectures in certain areas. These area include public education, social welfare, sanitation and business licensing. The prefecture is still has the authority for these areas but the designated cities control most of the work that needs to be done.

Robbery
A robbery is the act of stealing from a person or organisation using violence or by causing fear.

Pepsi Music 2004
"Pepsi Music 2004" is am EP by American singers Beyoncé Knowles, P!nk, Britney Spears, Enrique Iglesias, Solange & JC Chasez.

Religion in Vilnius
Religion.
Vilnius is the Roman Catholic center of the country, with the main church institutions and Archdiocesan Cathedral located here. There are many churches in the city as there are many monasteries and religion schools. The Church architecture in the city includes Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque and Neoclassical styles, these styles can be foundin the Old Town. Vilnius is considered one of the main centers of the Polish Baroque movement in architecture of churches. Vilnius has been home to an Eastern Orthodox Christian presence since the thirteenth century. A famous Russian Orthodox monastery, named for the Holy Spirit, is located near the Gate of Dawn. St. Paraskeva's Orthodox Church in the Old Town is the site of the baptism of Hannibal, the great-grandfather of Pushkin, by Tsar Peter the Great in 1705. A number of Protestant and other Christian groups are present in Vilnius, most notably the Lutheran Evangelicals and the Baptists.
Once widely known as "Yerushalayim De Lita" (the "Jerusalem of Lithuania"), Vilnius once was comparable only to Jerusalem, Israel, as a world center for the study of the Torah, and for its large Jewish population. That is why one part of Vilnius was named "Jeruzalė". At the end of the 19th century, the number of synagogues in Vilnius was more than hundred.
Islam came to Lithuania in the 14th century from Crimea and Kazan, through the Tatars. Tatars in Lithuania have maintained their religious practices: currently, about 3,000 Tatar Muslims live in Lithuania. There are same few groups of pre-Christian pagan in the city.

United States Atomic Energy Commission
The United States Atomic Energy Commission was an agency of the United States government, started after World War II by the United States Congress. It was made to help the development of atomic science and technology. This was because the control of atomic energy was with the people after president Harry S. Truman signed the McMahon/Atomic Energy Act in 1946. Congress then declared that atomic energy should be used for peace, not nuclear war.

History of Vilnius
Vilnius is the capital of Lithuania.
Early history.
Historians tend to identify the city with Voruta, a legendary capital of Mindaugas who was crowned in 1253 as King of Lithuania. The city was first mentioned in written sources in 1323, in letters of Grand Duke Gediminas that were sent to German cities and invited Germans and members of the Jewish community to settle in the capital city. In 1387, the city was granted city rights by Jogaila, one of Gediminas' successors.
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth period.
Between 1503 and 1522 the walls were built to protect the city, and at the time it had nine city gates and three towers. Vilnius reached the peak of its development under the reign of Sigismund August, who moved his court there in 1544. In the following centuries, Vilnius became a constantly growing and developing city. This growth was due in part to the establishment of Almae Academia et Universitas Vilnensis Societatis Jesu by the King Stephen Bathory in 1579. The university soon developed into one of the most important scientific and cultural centres of the region and the most notable scientific centre of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Political, economic, and social activities were in full swing in the town. In 1769, the Rasos Cemetery, one of the oldest surviving cemeteries in the city, was founded. During its rapid development, the city was open to migrants from both abroad and far reaches of territories of Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Each group made its unique contribution to the life of the city, and crafts, trade and science prospered. During the Russo-Polish War (1654–1667), Vilnius was occupied by Russia for several years. The city was pillaged and burned, and its population was massacred. The city's growth lost its momentum for many years, but the population rebounded, and by the beginning of the 19th century city's population reached 20,000, making the city one of the largest in Northern Europe.
In Russian Empire.
After the Third Partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 15 April 1795, Vilnius was annexed by Russian Empire and became the capital of a Vilna Governorate. During the Russian occupation the city walls were destroyed, and by 1805, only the Dawn Gate remained. In 1812, the city was seized by Napoleon on his push towards Moscow. Following the November Uprising in 1831, Vilnius University was closed and Russian repressions damaged the development of the city. During the January Uprising in 1863 heavy fighting occurred within the city, but was brutally pacified by Mikhail Muravyov, by the population because of the number of executions he organized. After the uprising, all civil liberties were withdrawn, and use of the Polish and Lithuanian languages was banned. in early 20th century Lithuanian speaking population constituted only a small minority then, with Polish, Yiddish, and Russian speakers being most of the population of the city.
In Poland.
During World War I, Vilnius — as with the rest of Lithuania — was occupied by the German Empire from 1915 until 1918. The "Act of Independence of Lithuania", that restored Lithuanian independence from any affiliation to any other nation was proclaimed in the city on February 16 1918. After the withdrawal of German forces, Lithuanian forces were forced to retreat by advancing Russian occupation forces. Vilnius changed hands many times: for a while it was controlled by Polish self-defence units, who didn't want the city to be occupied by Russian-Bolshevik forces. Then the Polish Army regained control, then Soviet forces again. Shortly after its defeat in the Battle of Warsaw (1920), the retreating Red Army ceded the city back to Lithuania by signing a peace treaty on July 12, 1920. On October 9 of the same year, the Polish Army under General Lucjan Żeligowski broke the treaty and seized Vilnius after a staged coup. The city and its surroundings were proclaimed as the separate state of Central Lithuania. On February 20 1922 after an elections, the whole area was attached to Poland, with the city as the capital of the Wilno Voivodship (Wilno being the name of Vilnius in Polish). The predominant languages of the city were still Polish and, to a lesser extent, Yiddish.

Peţa River
The Peţa River is a tributary of the Crişul Repede River in Romania. That means it flows into the Crişul Repede River.

Valea Iadului River (Dopca)
The Valea Iadului River is a headwater of the Valea Mare River in Romania.

Valea Runcului River (Dopca)
The Valea Runcu River is a headwater of the Valea Mare River in Romania.

Boşorogu River
The Boşorogu River is a tributary of the Râul Mare in Romania. That means it flows into the Râul Mare.

Maja River
The Maja River or Corund River is a tributary of the Crasna River in Romania. That means it flows into the Crasna River.

Pârâul Şerpuit
The Pârâul Şerpuit is a tributary of the Maja River in Romania. That means it flows into the Maja River.

Cerna River (Crasna)
The Cerna River is a tributary of the Maja River in Romania. That means it flows into the Maja River.

Ciuta River
The Ciuta River is a tributary of the Cerna River in Romania. That means it flows into the Cerna River.

Zanicel River
The Zanicel River or Bobota River is a tributary of the Crasna River in Romania. That means it flows into the Crasna River.

Valea Neagră River (Crasna)
The Valea Neagră River is a tributary of the Crasna River. That means it flows into the Crasna River.

Berea River
The Berea River is a tributary of the Valea Neagră River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Neagră River.

Carl Reiner
Carl Reiner (born March 20, 1922) is an American actor, movie director, producer, writer and comedian. He has won nine Emmy Awards during his career. He created "The Dick Van Dyke Show", and also worked on Sid Caesar's "Your Show of Shows".

Brăneasa River (Valea Ursului)
The Brăneasa River is a tributary of the Valea Ursului River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Ursului River.

Fântâna Cerbului River
The Fântâna Cerbului River is a tributary of the Brăneasa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Brăneasa River.

Dudurugu River
The Dudurugu River is a tributary of the Brăneasa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Brăneasa River.

Sterpu River (Lotrioara)
The Sterpu River is a headwater of the Lotrioara River in Romania.

Pârâul Afinelor
The Pârâul Afinelor is a tributary of the Sterpu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Sterpu River.

Voineagu River
The Voineagu River is a tributary of the Sterpu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Sterpu River.

Voinegel River (Lotrioara)
The Voinegel River is a tributary of the Sterpu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Sterpu River.

Your Show of Shows
"Your Show of Shows" was a 90-minute long comedy television series appearing weekly in the United States on NBC, from 1950 until June 5, 1954. The main people of the show were Sid Caesar and Imogene Coca. Other people who appeared were Carl Reiner, Howard Morris, Nanette Fabray, Bill Hayes, Judy Johnson, The Hamilton Trio and the soprano Marguerite Piazza. José Ferrer also appeared on the show sometimes, as a guest.
Writers for the show included Mel Brooks, Neil Simon, Danny Simon, Larry Gelbart, Mel Tolkin, and Carl Reiner who, though a cast member, always sat in with the writers. Although it is not true, some people think that Woody Allen wrote for "Your Show of Shows". He did, however, write for "Caesar's Hour", which ran from 1954 to 1957.

Frasinu River (Lotrioara)
The Frasinu River is a tributary of the Lotrioara River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lotrioara River.

Tisa River (Lotrioara)
The Tisa River is a tributary of the Lotrioara River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lotrioara River.

Prejba River (Lotrioara)
The Prejba River is a tributary of the Lotrioara River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lotrioara River.

Lăcaşul lui Baboş River
The is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Valea Neagră River (Lotrioara)
The Valea Neagră River is a tributary of the Lotrioara River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lotrioara River.

Podragu River (Lotrioara)
The Podragu River is a tributary of the Lotrioara River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lotrioara River.

Izvorul Tomnatecului River
The Izvorul Tomnatecului River is a tributary of the Lotrioara River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lotrioara River.

Şoarecu River
The Şoarecu River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Valea Cerbului River (Lotrioara)
The Valea Cerbului River is a tributary of the Lotrioara River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lotrioara River.

Mogoşu River (Lotrioara)
The Mogoşu River is a tributary of the Lotrioara River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lotrioara River.

Stroieşti River (Mogoşu)
The Stroieşti River is a tributary of the Mogoşu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Mogoşu River.

Donnie Darko
"Donnie Darko" is a dramatic movie released in 2001. It was written and directed by Richard Kelly. A sequel, called "S. Darko", will be released in 2009.
The movie did not earn much money when it was first shown in theaters, but it became much more popular when it came out on DVD. On DVD, the movie is very popular in the United Kingdom.

Richard Widmark
Richard Widmark (December 26, 1914 – March 24, 2008) was a well known American actor of movies, stage, radio and television. He is best known for his role as Tommy Udo in his first film, "Kiss of Death". Characters played by Widmark were often tough.

Mătrăguna River
The Mătrăguna River is a tributary of the Lotrioara River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lotrioara River.

Pituluşul River
The Pituluşul River is a tributary of the Lotrioara River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lotrioara River.

Pârâul Mielului
The Pârâul Mielului or Izvorul Mielului River is a tributary of the Lotrioara River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lotrioara River.

Cotoreşti River
The Cotoreşti River is a tributary of the Surdu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Surdu River.

Dăneasa River (Cibin)
The Dăneasa River is a tributary of the Surdu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Surdu River.

Iezerul Mic River
The Iezerul Mic is a headwater of the Râul Mare in Romania.

Iezerul Mare River (Cibin)
The Iezerul Mare is a headwater of the Râul Mare in Romania.

Zăvoaie River (Cibin)
The Zăvoaie River is a tributary of the Sibiel River in Romania. That means it flows into the Sibiel River.

Şugău River (Iza)
The Şugău River is a tributary of the Iza River in Romania. That means it flows into the Iza River.

Valea Blondă River
The Valea Blondă River is a tributary of the Şugău River in Romania. That means it flows into the Şugău River.

Ţurcatele River
The Ţurcatele River is a tributary of the Şugău River in Romania. That means it flows into the Şugău River.

Teuz River
The Teuz River is a tributary of the Crişul Negru River in Romania. That means it flows into the Crişul Negru River.

Iacoberi River
The Iacoberi River is a tributary of the Teuz River in Romania. That means it flows into the Teuz River.

Valea Nouă River (Teuz)
The Valea Nouă River is a tributary of the Teuz River in Romania. That means it flows into the Teuz River.

Gropoi River
The Gropoi River is a tributary of the Teuz River in Romania. That means it flows into the Teuz River.

Groşeni River
The Groşeni River or Groşi River is a tributary of the Teuz River in Romania. That means it flows into the Teuz River.

Ursoiu River (Groşeni)
The Ursoiu River is a tributary of the Groşeni River in Romania. That means it flows into the Groşeni River.

Lotrişoara Mare River
The Lotrişoara Mare River or Valea Cailor River or Lotriorul River is a tributary of the Lotrioara River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lotrioara River.

Danca River
The Danca River is a headwater of the Lotrişoara Mare River in Romania.

Măcica River
The Măcica River is a tributary of the Danca River in Romania. That means it flows into the Danca River.

Pologaşu River
The Pologaşu River or Măgura River is a tributary of the Lotrioara River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lotrioara River.

Sfârcaşu River
The Sfârcaşu River is a tributary of the Lotrioara River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lotrioara River.

Gârcu River
The Gârcu River is a tributary of the Lotrioara River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lotrioara River.

Pârâul lui Albu
The Pârâul lui Albu River is a headwater of the Lotrişoara Mare River in Romania.

Poiana River (Lotrioara)
The Poiana River is a tributary of the Lotrişoara Mare River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lotrişoara Mare River.

Pârâul Vacii (Lotrişoara)
The Pârâul Vacii is a tributary of the Lotrişoara Mare River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lotrişoara Mare River.

Oancea River (Lotrioara)
The Oancea River is a tributary of the Lotrişoara Mare River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lotrişoara Mare River.

Valea Căldării River (Sfârcaşu)
The Valea Căldării River is a tributary of the Sfârcaşu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Sfârcaşu River.

Râul Jnepenişului
The Râul Jnepenişului is a tributary of the Sfârcaşu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Sfârcaşu River.

Stâna River (Lotrioara)
The Stâna River is a tributary of the Sfârcaşu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Sfârcaşu River.

Gârcu Mic River
The Gârcu Mic River is a headwater of the Gârcu River in Romania.

Virgin Atlantic Airways
Virgin Atlantic is an airline that is based in the United Kingdom. Virgin Atlantic is owned by 2 companies: Virgin Group and Singapore Airlines. Virgin Atalntic flies aeroplanes from its main base at London Heathrow Airport and London Gatwick Airport to many places like the USA, the Caribbean, Africa, the Middle East, Asia and Australia. Virgin Atlantic flew 5.1 million people in 2007 and made a profit of £46.8 million in 2007.
Aeroplanes.
Virgin Atlantic owns 25 Airbus A340 aeroplanes and 13 Boeing 747 aeroplanes. It also has two orders: one order is for 6 Airbus A380 aeroplanes and the other order is for 15 Boeing 787 aeroplanes. The 787 aircraft should be delivered first in the year 2011. The A380 aircraft should be delivered in the year 2013.

Paramedic
A paramedic is a person who works outside a hospital and goes to help at an emergency. Paramedics usually get to an emergency in an ambulance. Paramedics usually work in a team of three or four and they work together to help a hurt person quickly and sometimes take them to a nearby hospital. In many cases, they are also firefighters and work from fire engines.
In some countries like the United States of America and the United Kingdom, it is against the law for people to say they are paramedics unless they have special training and have passed some tests.

Artemis Fowl (novel)
Artemis Fowl is a book written by Eoin Colfer. It is the first book in the Artemis Fowl series. It is about Artemis Fowl II, trying to get gold from a group of fairies. The book received a good review by reviewers. A movie was supposed to be filmed in 2007, but now will be in 2009.

Gârcu Mare River
The Gârcu Mare River is a headwater of the Gârcu River in Romania.

Gârculeţul River
The Gârculeţul River is a tributary of the Gârcu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Gârcu River.

Fişer River
The Fişer River is a tributary of the Valea Mare River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Mare River.

Gherghelău River
The Gherghelău River is a tributary of the Fişer River in Romania. That means it flows into the Fişer River.

Anaconda
The anaconda is the biggest snake in the world. Also known as the Water Boa, this giant, meat-eater lives in swampy areas of tropical (warm) South America. It spends a lot of time in shallow water, hidden from unsuspecting prey. Anacondas are related to boa constrictors. They give birth to live young; 20 to 40 baby snakes are born at one time.
Hunting and Diet.
Anacondas are carnivores (meat-eaters). They mostly hunt at night (they are nocturnal). Anacondas kill by constricting (squeezing) the prey until it can no longer breathe. Sometimes they drown the prey. Like all snakes, they swallow the prey whole, head first. The anaconda's top and bottom jaws are attached to each other with stretchy ligaments, which let the snake swallow animals wider than itself. Snakes don't chew their food, they digest it with very strong acids in the snake's stomach. Anacondas eat pigs, deer, caiman (a type of crocodilian), birds, fish, rodents (like the capybara and agouti), and other animals. After eating a large animal, the anaconda needs no food for a long time, and rests for weeks. The young (called neonates) can care for themselves soon after birth, including hunting (but are pretty much defenseless against large predators). They eat small rodents (like rats and mice), baby birds, frogs and small fish.

Luise Rainer
Luise Rainer (born January 12, 1910) is a two-time Academy Award-winning German movie actress. She was the first person to win two Academy Awards in a row. The first was for her role as Anna Held in "The Great Ziegfeld", and the second was for her role as a Chinese farmer in "The Good Earth". Out of all the living Academy Award winners, she is the one to have won the award the earliest.

Ice Road Truckers
"Ice Road Truckers" is an American documentary-style reality television series that first appeared on television on The History Channel on June 17, 2007 (first season).

American Music Awards
The American Music Awards show is a major American music awards shows (the others are the Billboard Music Awards, the Grammy Awards, and the Country Music Association Awards).

Iggy Pop
James Newell Osterberg, Jr. (born April 21, 1947), better known by his stage name Iggy Pop, is an American rock singer, songwriter, and sometimes an actor.

Sniper
A sniper is a soldier in an army who has special training with sniper rifles. Snipers are able to shoot at targets very far away, or that are very small, and hit them accurately using a sniper scope. They are also specially trained to be stealthy and hard for the enemy to see when they are hiding, by using camouflage.
Many police departments have snipers on their SWAT team. Often experienced hunters share many of the skills that snipers need to know, because the two jobs are very similar, and sniping developed from hunting "snipe" - birds that were very hard to see and shoot.
Snipers in War.
Because snipers are very good at remaining hidden from the enemy, even at close range, they are often used as scouts for the army. They use the scopes on their sniper rifles to see further than most soldiers are able to see. Because they are very well trained and usually very smart, snipers are often able to see details and remember information that ordinary soldiers would not.
Snipers usually work in teams of two, with a spotter. The spotter finds targets for the sniper, and if the sniper misses, the spotter helps him adjust his next shot so it hits. The spotter also protects the sniper from enemies at close range. The spotter also uses the radio to speak with other military units, and can call airplanes and helicopters to bomb enemies that the sniper cannot hurt. This means that ground troops don't have to worry about enemies so much, and it is safer for them to move forwards.
Snipers in World War I and II.
In World War I (WWI) there were no special sniper rifles. Instead snipers used normal rifles with a sniper scope attached.
In World War II snipers were common and were an important part of the fighting. A sniper or a 'marksman' was included in every squad in the Soviet army. Camouflage tactics were developed during this time. Snipers were very effective during the Battle of Stalingrad, where one Russian sniper supposedly killed over 240 German troops.
Accuracy.
Most soldiers get training so that they can shoot a target that is to away and hit it half of the time. Very well trained soldiers, such as the U.S. Marine Corps, can hit a target that is to away half of the time. But a sniper is trained to be able to hit a target over away almost every single time.
Some snipers are accurate enough so that they can shoot something out of a target's hand, although this is very dangerous and rare.
They have to be careful when aiming, because of the long distances they are shooting. Changes in the wind can cause their bullets to go dozens of feet off target. For this reason, snipers learn to adjust their aim to compensate. Also, because of gravity, the bullet fired by the sniper rifle will drop over time. Therefore, the sniper will have to adjust his shot higher than normal.
Typically snipers use heavy bullets that are pushed around less by the wind. These bullets also have a large amount of gunpowder behind them, which makes them go very fast. This allows them to hit a target before it moves and lessens the effect of gravity and wind. Also, larger and faster bullets do more damage when they hit a target.
Camouflage.
Snipers usually wear camouflage clothing, to avoid being seen. They often paint their faces green or black to make it shine less, and blend in with the surroundings. Also, they sometimes wear special suits, called ghillie suits, which are made of plants, and shredded burlap or yute. These suits are very effective at hiding the sniper. Often times a sniper can be invisible to an enemy standing right next to him. Snipers will often make several ghillie suits and have many different kinds of camouflage for different kinds of terrain.
A sniper's camouflage works best when it hides the outline and shape of his body. This is because the human eye can easily see that kind of shape. If the sniper's shape does not look like that of a human, most people will not be able to find him when he is blended in. Snipers generally use sticks, leaves, grass, and cloth to break up their outline. These things are attached to their ghillie suit.
Police snipers generally do not need to worry about camouflage, because their main job is to make accurate shots, not to hide from the criminal. However, sometimes they will need to hide, so police snipers are trained how to hide as well.
Sniper rifles.
A sniper uses a special kind of rifle called a sniper rifle. This rifle is much more accurate than normal rifles. Almost all sniper rifles use a scope, a special telescope that allows them to see targets very far away. There are two different kinds of sniper rifles: bolt action rifles, which fire a single shot and then the user must ready the next shot, and semi-automatic ("semi-auto") rifles which fire a single shot each time the trigger is pulled, and automatically ready the next shot for firing. Fully automatic rifles, which fire continuously when the trigger is pulled as long as there is ammunition, generally are not used though in rare instances they can be converted into a sniper rifle. In one such instance, a heavy machine gun with a scope, while not a true sniper rifle, set the record for longest kill by a sniper for years, until advances in rifle technology and sniper training allowed a sniper with a true sniper rifle to beat that record.
Typically, bolt-action rifles have a longer range and are more accurate than semi-automatic rifles, however because each round must be chambered by hand, the rate of fire is slower than a semi-automatic rifle, which fires as fast as the shooter can squeeze the trigger. At close ranges, or in situations where a shooter must make a quick follow-up shot, a sniper may prefer to use the semi-automatic rifle instead.
Sniper rifles range in caliber (the diameter, or width, of the bullet fired in fractions of an inch) from as small as with the.22 LR bullet (long rifle) fired by many small pistols, to as large as with the .50 Browning Machine Gun (BMG) bullet which is fired by vehicle mounted heavy machine guns. Smaller rounds like the.22 LR are often used at very close range with a sound suppressor (commonly called a silencer) to quickly and quietly break street lights or kill vermin and small animals. The round is generally too weak and has too short of a range for longer range work, or shots on human-sized targets. In contrast, large rounds like the.50 BMG are fired out of very large and heavy sniper rifles that are often used for destroying light vehicles and equipment. They can fire at extreme ranges of over a mile, but generally are too bulky, inaccurate at short ranges, and expensive for general purpose work.
Police snipers.
Police departments also use snipers. These snipers mainly serve on the SWAT team for their department. Often they are called upon to provide security at special events, or to make sure that other snipers do not assassinate someone. This job is called counter-sniping. Most police snipers are trained by the military.
Snipers in popular culture.
Snipers are often used in video games as elite soldiers. Getting a headshot with a sniper rifle is thought of as a hard skill to learn. In some movies, assassins use sniper rifles; examples include "Phone Booth" and "Vantage Point". Sometimes snipers have a bad reputation in the media; for example, in October 2002 two men went on a month long killing spree using a Sniper rifle in the Virginia and Maryland area.
Famous snipers.
Some snipers are famous for having killed hundreds of enemy soldiers. One such sniper is U.S. Marine Corps sniper Carlos Hathcock, who was famous in the Vietnam War for wearing a white feather in his hat. Other snipers are famous for being able to kill an enemy from very far distances away. Carlos Hathcock held the record for the longest kill for a very long time — his farthest was over. However, in the Afghanistan War, snipers from the Canadian Army broke the record with a shot of 2,657 yards, (2,430 metres, or about 1.51 miles). Other snipers are known for difficult shots. For example, Matt Hughes had to make a shot in very high winds by aiming over to the left of the enemy. An example of a famous sniper in WWII is Vasily Zaytsev. He supposedly killed 225 enemy soldiers during the Battle of Stalingrad.

Joe D'Amato
Joe D'Amato (15 December 1936 - 23 January 1999) was an italian film (movie) director.

Sniper rifle
A sniper rifle is a type of gun used to accurately shoot targets a long distance away.
A person who uses a sniper rifle in the military is called a sniper. Almost all sniper rifles use a scope, a special telescope that allows them to see targets very far away. Sniper rifles come in two different kinds: bolt-action rifles, which fire a single shot and then the user must ready the next shot, and semi automatic rifles which fire a single shot each time the trigger is pulled, and automatically readies the next shot for firing.

Harry Power
Harry Power, (1820 - 1891), was a famous Australian bushranger.

Behrain
Behrain is a popular hill station located in Swat District, Sarhad, Pakistan.

Galyat
The Galyat region is an area roughly 50-80km north-east of Islamabad, Pakistan, on both sides of the NWFP-Punjab border. The word "Galyat" is the plural of the Urdu word "gali", which means an alley between two mountains on both sides of which there are valleys and it is not the highest point in the range. Many of the towns in the area have the word "gali" as part of their names. These are popular summer-holiday destinations in Pakistan. Murree, one of the most popular hill stations of Pakistan, is the largest town of the Galyat area.

Kalam Valley
The Kalam valley is a valley in the upper reaches of the Swat River in Swat, in the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) of Pakistan.

Malam Jabba
Malam Jabba (also Maalam Jabba, Urdu: مالم جبہ) is a Hill Station in the Karakoram mountain range nearly 40km from Saidu Sharif in Swat Valley, Sarhad, Pakistan. It is 314 km from Islamabad and 51 km from Saidu Sharif Airport.
Malam Jabba is home to the largest ski resort in Pakistan. The area also contains two Buddhist stupas and six monasteries that are scattered around the resort. The presence of the monuments at such a height indicates that the area has been inhabited for over 2000 years.

Patriata
Patriata also known as New Murree is a hill station in northern Punjab, Pakistan. It is situated 15 km south-east of Murree hill.

Charra Pani
Charra Pani is a hill station in the Galyat region of northern Pakistan.

Invest (meteorology)
An invest in meteorology (weather) (also INVEST) is a labelled area of bad weather that is being looked at for a possible tropical cyclone being made. Invests are labelled by three hurricane centers: the National Hurricane Center, Central Pacific Hurricane Center and Joint Typhoon Warning Center. The labelling of an area of bad weather as an invest does not always mean that a tropical cyclone will be started. Invests have numbers from 90 to 99, with a L in the Atlantic, E and C in the East and Central Pacific in that order, or W in the West Pacific after the number.

Nubra Valley
Nubra Valley is situated about 150 km north of Leh, the capital town of Ladakh, Occupied Kashmir. Its name is derived from Ldumra (the valley of flowers).

Suru Valley
The Suru valley is a valley in the Ladakh region of Jammu and Kashmir, which is drained by the Suru River (Indus), a tributary of the Indus River. It is located at a height of 3,000m. The towns of Kargil and Rangdum are located here. The Penzella Pass at Panikhar, a hill resort in Zanskar, divides the Suru valley with Zanskar. Willow and Poplar are grown in the Suru valley.
Suru valley is inhabited by 25,000 by people of Dard and Tibetan descent. The majority of the people are followers of Shi'a Islam, having converted from Tibetan Buddhism in the 16th century under the direction of Thi-Namgyal. Buddhists in the Suru valley are dispersed throughout the valley in small numbers but are found mainly in Rangdum.

Bullet for my Valentine
Bullet for my Valentine often known as BFMV are a heavy metal band from Wales. They have released two albums on the major record label Sony BMG.

Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol
The Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP) is a protocol for instant messaging. It is the foundation of the Jabber Project. It is inspired by XML.
It is different to most protocols because it is an open standard. This means that anybody who has a domain name and an internet connection can run their own server. Most of the software and the clients are open source.
Other software such as Google Talk and the Gizmo Project use the XMPP protocol. It has been installed on thousands of servers across the internet. There are over ten-million users who use software based on the protocol. Clients include Pidgin and iChat.
History.
Jeremie Miller started the Jabber project in 1998. The first major public release was in May 2000. This early software was the basis of XMPP. It was a competitor to SIMPLE, which was based on the SIP protocol.
In August 2001, the Jabber Software Foundation (JSF) was started. The main role of the JSF was to manage the XML protocols for XMPP by documenting them. As well as this, the organisation was to co-ordinate the many companies that were using the Jabber technology.
In 2002, the Internet Engineering Task Force created a working group to formalize the protocol. The group was named the "Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol Working Group", or "XMPP WG".
XMPP and HTTP.
XMPP can use HTTP to send data to the servers. This is useful when there are strict firewalls in place, because data can be sent through the web instead of through a different port.
There are also open public servers which use standard ports (port 80 and 443) so that users can connect from behind most firewalls.

Joe Namath
Joseph William Namath (born May 31 1943, Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania), also known as Broadway Joe, is a former American football quarterback.

Phil Simms
Phillip Martin Simms (born November 3, 1955 in Lebanon, Kentucky) is a former American football quarterback, and currently a television sportscaster for the CBS network.

Shabono
A "shabono" (also called "xapono" or "yano") is a hut used by the Yanomami indios, who live in southeastern Venezuela and in northern Roraima, Brazil. This hut is used as temporary shelter and is made with palm leaves and wood. Shabonos are built in clear parts of the jungle. Each family unit has a personal area in the shabono.

Aaron Rodgers
Aaron Charles Rodgers (born December 2, 1983 in Chico, California, U.S.) is the starting American football quarterback for the Green Bay Packers of the NFL.

Intellect
Intellect is the capacity of the mind by which one reasons. It does not involve the power to feel and move but the power to think. Subjects like Logic, Philosophy and Mathematics all involve the intellect. The intellect involves the power to identify, associate and differentiate. To identify is to find out what a thing is exactly. To associate is to find similarities between things, how they are alike, how they are like each other. To differentiate is to find out how things are different from each other. The intellect is always involved in at least one of these three activities.

Submission (movie)
Submission was a movie made in 2004. It was directed by Theo van Gogh. Ayaan Hirsi Ali wrote the script. She made the story. The movie is 10 minutes long. The movie title is a direct translation of the word Islam into English.
The movie tells the story of four fictional characters. All four characters are played by a single actress wearing a veil. The woman wears a see-through chador but is otherwise naked. Different verses of the Qur'an are painted onto her body.
The characters shown in the movie are Muslim women who have been abused in different ways. For example, one woman has been raped by someone close to her. These women have a monologue - they speak to themselves.
The movie dramatically highlights three verses of the Quran (and). These verses seem make it permissible to treat women badly. The authors of the movie show the verses painted on the women’s bodies.
Mohammed Bouyeri assassinated Theo van Gogh, after the movie had been shown on Dutch TV. Boyery is a Dutch Muslim who was upset about the movie. The assassination happened on 2 November 2004. A letter linked the murder to Van Gogh's movie and his views regarding Islam. It was addressed to Ayaan Hirsi Ali and called for "jihad" against "kafir". Kafir is an Arabic word for unbeliever, a person who hides, denies, or covers the truth. The letter was also against America, Europe, the Netherlands, and Hirsi Ali herself. After the murder of Van Gogh, tens of thousands gathered in the center of Amsterdam to mourn Van Gogh's death. There were fire-bombings of mosques and Muslim schools. Christian churches were also attacked. Eleven other Muslim men were also arrested, other than Bouyeri. They were charged with conspiracy to assassinate Hirsi Ali.
After the murder of Theo van Gogh, "Submission" gained international fame. It was withdrawn from the International Film Festival Rotterdam. The movie had been scheduled to be shown on Sunday during a discussion on freedom of speech in movie at the festival. Because of the violent murder of Van Gogh, the producer of "Submission", Gijs van de Westelaken, said, "We do not want to take any chance of endangering anyone else who participated in the film." The movie was shown on television in a number of European countries.
Hirsi Ali has said she would like to make a sequel to the movie because "By not making 'Submission Part II,' I would only be helping terrorists believe that if they use violence, they're rewarded with what they want." When she was asked if she would submit to threats against her life, she said "Not me."

Transmutation
Transmutation is one of the most basic processes in Alchemy. The most important form of transmutation is the change of lead into gold. In the Alchemist's own words, transmutation is the change of "base metals" (metals of very little value) into a metal of high value like gold.

Psychologist
A Psychologist is someone who studies and practices Psychology as a job.

Johannes Heesters
Johannes Heesters (born December 5, 1903) is a Dutch actor, singer, and entertainer. He has worked for 91 years, and has almost always worked in German-speaking places. As of 2008, Heesters is the oldest working person in entertainment. Some people have had problems with Heesters because he once sung for Adolf Hitler.

Luncşoara River (Homorod)
The Luncşoara River is a tributary of the Valea Mare River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Mare River.

Obârşiţa River
The Obârşiţa River is a tributary of the Valea Mare River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Mare River.

Mereşti River
The Mereşti River is a tributary of the Homorodul Mic River in Romania. That means it flows into the Homorodul Mic River.

Păstrăvul River (Homorod)
The Păstrăvul River is a tributary of the Homorodul Mic River in Romania. That means it flows into the Homorodul Mic River.

Valea Românilor River
The Valea Românilor River is a tributary of the Homorodul Mic River in Romania. That means it flows into the Homorodul Mic River.

World Bank
The World Bank is an international bank that lends money and other help to developing nations. It was started on December 27, 1945, and two years later it loaned France $250 million to help them rebuild after World War II.

Crayfish
Crayfish are crustaceans that are also known as crawdads, crawfish, and freshwater lobsters; they are closely related to lobsters, crabs, and shrimp. There are about 150 crayfish species in North America, and over 540 species worldwide.
Habitat.
Crayfish live in streams, rivers, swamps, ponds, and other freshwater habitats. Most crayfish are strictly aquatic but some live in semi-aquatic environments. The semi-aquatic crayfish burrow into the soil to get to water (so that they can breathe).
Diet.
Crayfish are omnivores; they eat plants, animals, and decaying organisms. They are nocturnal (most active at night) and eat fish, shrimp, water plants, worms, insects, snails, and plankton. Larval crayfish are very tiny; they eat plankton.

Chappaquiddick Island
Chappaquiddick is a place in Massachusetts, in the United States. It became famous because of a fatal car accident involving Edward Kennedy in 1969.

Variable star
A variable star is a star that is sometimes brighter or dimmer and does not stay the same brightness. Most of the stars in outer space have only very small differences in their most bright stages to their most dark stages, just like the sun. But some stars, like R Coronae Borealis can vary hugely.

Domination & submission (BDSM)
Domination and submission is a lifestyle. Often it is seen as a form of erotic play. Usually two people do this. With this ifestyle or context, one of the two people has the role of a domina; he or she can tell the other (called submissive) to do things. The submissive has to obey. The roles are usually agreed on beforehand, and the subnmission is voluntary. Sadomasochism may be seen as a variation of Domination and submission. A person who plays both roles is called a "switch".
Usually the participants agree on a safe word; if the submissive says this word the whole play stops. This is to prevent the domina to overstep limits.

Appendectomy
An appendectomy or appendicectomy is when doctors remove the vermiform appendix. This is comomnly done as a treatment for appendicitis.

Donald Dewar
Donald Campbell Dewar (21 August 1937 – 11 October 2000) was the first First Minister of Scotland from 1999 until his death in 2000. He was the first person to hold the position of First Minister following the establishment of the Scottish Parliament in 1999.
In Government.
After the 1997 General Election, Dewar was in a position which the late John Smith (leader of the Labour Party and a good friend of Dewar) would never have thought possible. He was able to start the process to split Scotland from the United Kingdom, and worked endlessly on creating the Scotland Act, popularly known as Smith's "unfinished business". When ratified, this was to give Scotland its first Parliament for nearly 300 years.
First Minister of Scotland.
The first elections to the Scottish Parliament were held on 6 May 1999, with Dewar leading the Scottish Labour Party against their main opponents, the SNP under Alex Salmond. He was elected as the MSP for Glasgow Anniesland. Although Scottish Labour won the most seats, they did not have a majority in Parliament to allow them to form an Executive without the help of a smaller party. A deal was agreed with the Scottish Liberal Democrats to work together, with Dewar agreeing to their demand for the abolition of up-front tuition fees for university students.
On 13 May, Dewar was nominated as First Minister, and was officially appointed by the Queen on 17 May at a ceremony in the Palace of Holyroodhouse. He later travelled to the Court of Session to be sworn in by the Lord President and receive the Great Seal of Scotland.
On 16 June, Dewar set out the legislative programme for the Executive which included: an Education bill to improve standards in Scottish schools; land reform to give right of access to the countryside, a bill to abolish the feudal system of land tenure; and a bill to establish National Parks in Scotland.
Death and funeral.
In April 2000, Dewar was admitted to hospital for tests on his heart, following a previous test where a minor irregularity was discovered.. In May 2000, he later had surgery to repair a leaking heart valve, and was forced to take a three month break from Parliament, with Deputy First Minister, Jim Wallace taking over as Acting First Minister.. He returned to work on 14 August 2000.
Dewar dealt with the exams results fiasco and the lorry drivers strike, and attended the Labour party conference in Brighton in September, but at the end of September told the historian Tom Devine in Dublin that if there was no surge of the energy of old, he would have to reappraise the situation within a few months time.
On 10 October 2000 around lunchtime, Dewar sustained a fall. He seemed fine at first but later that day suffered a massive brain hemorrhage which was possibly triggered by the medication he was taking after the heart surgery. Donald Dewar died one day later, at 12.18pm, in Edinburgh's Western General Hospital. He was 63 years old.
Dewar's funeral service was held at Glasgow Cathedral, amid scenes of mourning unknown for a politician in Scotland's largest city. He was cremated on 18 October 2000, and his ashes were scattered at Lochgilphead.
"Although he has become something of a political legend, Donald would have abhorred any attempt to turn him into some kind of secular saint. He would have been horrified at a Diana-style out-pouring of synthetic grief at his untimely death." -- Iain MacWhirter, Sunday Herald, October 15 2000.

Governor-General of Pakistan
The Governor-General of Pakistan was the resident representative of King George VI in Pakistan from 1947 to 1952 and then Queen Elizabeth II ("Queen of Pakistan") from 1952 until 1956 when Pakistan was proclaimed a republic.
When Pakistan became an independent, self-governing nation in 1947, it, like post-independent India, provisionally continued to use the Government of India Act 1935, as its written constitution until a post-independence constitution could be drafted; by default this contemplated the continuation of the constitutional monarchy as a Commonwealth realm dominion.
The monarch appointed a Governor-General, upon the advice of the Prime Minister of Pakistan to serve as de facto Head of State.
Muhammad Ali Jinnah, considered "Quaid-e-Azam" ("Great Leader"), informed Lord Mountbatten: "when I am Governor-General the Prime Minister will do what I tell him to" -- however Jinnah's rapidly declining health made the issue moot.
After Jinnah's death the Governor-General of Pakistan continued to serve a larger role than the India Act prescribed, dismissing multiple Prime Ministers and consolidating power.
The office of Governor-General was replaced by the office of President of Pakistan when Pakistan became a republic in 1956. The then Governor-General, Iskander Mirza, became Pakistan's first president.

Hunza Valley
Hunza Valley (Urdu: ہنزہ) is a mountainous valley near Gilgit in the Northern Areas of Pakistan. The Hunza valley is situated at an elevation of 2,438 metres (7,999 feet). The territory of Hunza is about 7,900 km² {3,050 mi²). Karimabad (formerly called Baltit) is the main town which is also a very popular tourist destination in Pakistan because of the spectacular scenery of the surrounding mountains like Rakaposhi, Ultar Sar, Bojahagur Duanasir II, Ghenta Peak, Hunza Peak, Darmyani Peak, and Bublimating (Ladyfinger Peak), all 6,000 m (19,685 ft) or higher.

Kaghan Valley
The Kaghan valley is a valley in the Mansehra District of the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. It has a reputation as a place of great natural beauty. This valley also suffered from the earthquake disaster on 8 October 2005.

Kunar Valley
Kunar Valley (Urdu: کنار وادی) or Chitral Valley is a valley in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Main geographic features are jungles and mountains.

Nagar Valley
Nagar Valley (Urdu. نگر) is a valley near Gilgit Valley in the northern areas of Pakistan.
Image:Shoe Store Nagar Northern Area Pakistan.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Nagar, Northern Area, Pakistan,
Location.
The Nagar valley is situated at an elevation of 2,438m (7,999 feet). Nagar Khas is the main town and the capital of the former state of Nagar. The Spantik peak (Golden peak) can easily be seen from here.
Gulmet is the popular tourist attraction in Nagar because of the spectacular scenery of the surrounding mountains like Rakaposhi at 7,788m (25,561), and Diran.
History.
Nagar was formerly a princely state in the northernmost part of the Northern Areas of Pakistan, which existed until 1974. Administratively there are two Tehsils in Nagar namely Nagar-1 and Nagar-2 of Gilgit District.
Nagar was an independent principality for 1200 years. The British gained control of Nagar during a battle at place of Nilt (Jangir-e-Laye) between 1889 and 1892. Nagarkutch fought bravely but was defeated due to lack of weapons. The Tham (Chief) of that time, Azur Khan, was sent in exile to Kashmir.
Hunza was previously under the domination of Nagar and collectively called "Buroshall" and their capital was "Capal Dongs". But after the reign of the "Miyor Khan" his sons divided Buroshall into Nagar and Hunza and declared the river as the border: "Muglot" became the king of Nagar and "Kirkis" became the king of Hunza.
The British retained Nagar's status as a principality until 1947. The people of Nagar and Hunza were ruled by a local Mir for more than 1200 years, which came to an end in 1974. Although never ruled directly by neighbouring Kashmir or the British, Nagar and Hunza were a vassal of Kashmir from the time of Maharaja Ranbir Singh of Jammu and Kashmir. The Mirs of both sent an annual tribute to the Kashmir Durbar until 1947, and along with the ruler of Hunza, was considered to be among the most loyal vassals of the Maharaja of Kashmir.
After the change in Pakistani Central Government to a democracy on 25 September 1974 Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto dissolved the Princely States of Nagar as well as Hunza and set the prisoners free and gave democratic representation to the Northern Areas Council, now the Northern Areas Legislative Council
Geography.
The state is bordered by the Gilgit Agency to the southwest, China to the north and northeast and Afghanistan to the northwest. The state capital was the town of Nagar Khas (also known as Uyum Nagar, which means "The Mighty Nagar Empire"). The first village of Nagar is Chalt Valley near Guroo, Janglote from Gilgit and the last village of Nagar is Hisper, Biafo Range that links Baltistan with the eastern range.
Population.
According to 2000 census figures 10,0000 inhabitants are living in the Nagar Valley.
Languages.
The languages spoken here are Brushashki, Shena and Bedishki.The sixty percent of total population of Brusho belongs to Nagar.
Bedishki.
Bedishki is a language spoken by a tribe Bedicho of Nagar.It is a
Gujrati(Indian) like language.It has only one hundred spokers.It spoken in Chalt(Capital of Nagar).It is the language of famous musicians of Nagar.Late ustad Muhammad Ali was one of the famous musician of the Bedicho familly.Hadulia-Ibraheem is one of the famous person of this tribe & Doori is his beloved wife.
Religion.
The religion of the Nagar Valley is Islam with 100% Shia Isna Ashree.
Famous Peaks and valleys.
Rakaposhi and Diran Peaks are situated in Minapin Nagar-2,Minapin is one of the beautiful place, while Rush Lake (High altitude Wetland), Golden Peak, Hopper Glacier, Hisper Glacier, Bowalter Glacier and Barpu white glaciers are in Nagar-1. Askurdas is the centre of Nagar.
CLIMATE.
The climate of Nagar remains pleasant from mid-April to the end of September. The maximum temperature in summer during the day is 13°C. The weather becomes very cold during the winter, mainly from October to end of March. The minimum temperature can be -14°C.
Anglo-Brusho war.
The war between British army and the people of Nagar. This war was fought in 1891 and had continued for months. At last the British army had succeeded to gain control over Nagar and it became a vassal of Kashmir Durbar but ruled by the same royal family. Although the British army was fighting with a small army it was a long war and the only war fought in Nagar. For the British army, three soldiers were rewarded with the Victoria Cross and a mule was also rewarded with the medal for carrying a gun on its back.
Polo.
Nagar was famous for its polo team. It is the only team from the northern areas who played the polo match in New Delhi on the arrival of the George VI of England and won the trophy there. Until 1972 it was the unbeatable team of the northern areas.
Modern Nagar.
The people of modern Nagar are doctors, engineers,army officers, politicians, businessmen. They are in every field of life in Pakistan. The people of Nagar valley are very loving and hospitable to visitors.
Students Of Nagar.
Students of Nagar has an organization of their own.This organization was regesterd in Karachi(A city of Pakistan) in 1969.The late deputy commissioner Daud Khan was first president of this organization.The name of this organization is Nagar Students Federatoin.(NSF).This Students organization is still functional in Pakistan.
Literacy Rate.
The people of Nagar have their literacy rate more than 90% in men.
Rakaposhi Community Park.
The whole area of Nagar is declared as a community park to prevent the hunting of many endangered animals such as Marco Polo sheep, brown bears, show tigers etc. The NGOs which are working on the preservation of endangered animals are invited to come to this area because these animals are surviving for their existence.

Naran Valley
Naran Valley (Urdu: وادی ناران) is located in North-West Frontier Province, Pakistan. The Kunhar River, swollen by glacier melt, meanders its way through the Naran Valley. Makra Peak, Malka Parbat, and Saiful Muluk are the main attractions.

Rupal Valley
The Rupal Valley is located in the Astore District of Pakistan's Northern Areas. It lies just south of 8,126 meter Nanga Parbat and is popular for treks to the mountain's Rupal Face, one of highest mountain faces in the world.

Skardu Valley
The Skardu Valley is located in the Northern Areas of Pakistan.

Yasin Valley
The Yasin Valley is a high mountain valley in the Hindu Kush mountains, in the northwest region of Gilgit in the Northern Areas of Pakistan.

Dmitry Medvedev
Dmitry Medvedev is the President of Russia, officially on May 7, 2008. He won the presidential election held on March 2, 2008 with about 70% of the vote.

The Sea Horse
Date: October 31, 1959
Plot.
Plucky the Plumber is the first appearance.

The Glob
Date: May 30, 1959

BBC Three
BBC Three is a British television channel from the BBC. It does not broadcast on analogue, but only on digital platforms like freeview.
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BBC Three is described by the BBC as a channel for 'New drama, talent, comedy, films, and accessible news'. It runs from 19:00 to about 04:00 each night, in order to share terrestrial digital bandwidth with the CBBC channel. Unlike its commercial rivals, 90% of BBC Three's output is from the United Kingdom and other European Union countries. 80% is original, covering all genres: from current affairs, to drama, to comedy to animation.
BBC Three has a unique '60 second news' format. This was adopted so that operation of the channel could be completely automated, without the complication of dealing with variable length live news broadcasts. The current controller of the station is Danny Cohen, and the Head of Scheduling is Dan McGolpin.
Launch.
BBC Three is the successor to the similar BBC Choice channel and was launched on 9 February 2003. It was launched by Stuart Murphy, who previously ran BBC Choice.
Programming.
Some of the programmes that have appeared for their first showing on BBC Three include EastEnders (2003), Little Britain (October 2004), Doctor Who Confidential (2005), and Torchwood (2006), The Apprentice, You're Fired! (2006). When the first episode of Torchwood was launched in October 2006 on BBC Three, 2.4 million people watched it. This broke BBC Three's previous record of 1.8 million. The second episode attracted an equally impressive 2.3 million viewers, and boosted BBC Three to a 3.5% share of multichannel viewing that evening, compared to the network's three month Sunday average of 0.9%.
The channel features hourly news updates called "60 Seconds", which includes the top news, sport and entertainment stories. It is presented in a cheeky, relaxed style in keeping with the rest of the channel. As part of the BBC's discussions with the government in whether the channel could launch originally, a longer news programme had been promised to provide a daily section of news and current affairs. "The News Show", as it came to be called upon launch was later rebranded "The 7 O'Clock News". However, the BBC discontinued the bulletin in 2005, claiming that in fact, the programme's audiences were minuscule and the output was provided elsewhere on the BBC.
Viewing.
The channel is aimed at 25-34 year olds, and competes with other digital channels including ITV2 and E4.
Its share of the audience during its transmission hours is 2.6% among 25-34 year olds, and 1.7% among all individuals. BARB, the official ratings agency, averages out BBC Three's viewing figures over 24 hours even though the channel only broadcasts in the evening, giving a distorted sense of the channel's viewership. Despite several official complaints from the BBC, BARB continues to publish figures which the BBC argues are unrepresentative. Nine million people watch BBC Three every week.
Awards.
The channel has had critical and popular successes, winning more awards in its four year history than its commercial rivals (Sky One, Living, E4, ITV2, Five and Paramount Comedy Channel) have won in their combined 25-year history. In total BBC Three has won 7 BAFTA awards, 5 British Comedy Awards, 15 Royal Television Society Awards and 5 Rose d'Or Awards since the channel was launched in February 2003. Most recently, it won "Broadcast Magazines "Digital Channel of the Year" Award for Best General Entertainment Channel, and MGEITF Non Terrestrial Channel of the Year.
All three of BBC Three's dramas produced in 2004 ("Outlaws", "Bodies" and "Conviction") received BAFTA nominations, as did classical music show "Flashmob The Opera".
In 2008, BBC Three's Gavin and Stacey won the BAFTA audience award and the best comedy performance award was awarded to James Corden for his part.
Criticism.
The channel has also come in for criticism from several corners, the most prominent of which are some of the BBC's long-standing presenters. These include John Humphrys, who argued that BBC Three and BBC Four should be shut down in the face of budget cuts to Radio 4's Today programme, which he presents, John Sweeney of Panorama, and Jeremy Paxman are among other journalists have also criticised the channel and its content.
Proposed earlier start time for BBC Three.
BBC Vision director Jana Bennett confirmed in an interview for Broadcast magazine in May 2008 that the BBC Trust has been petitioned to change the start of transmission time from the current time of 7pm each evening to earlier in the afternoon. A decision from the Trust is not expected until 2009.
Bennett said that some of the extra hours would be given over to BBC Switch the BBC's teen programming strand.

Nerf N-Strike
"Nerf N-Strike" is an upcoming video game being made Electronic Arts. It is part of the Nerf series. It will be released on the PC, PlayStation 2, Wii, and Nintendo DS. The game is expected to be released in North America on Autumn 2008.
History.
In August 2007, Electronic Arts gained the rights to some Hasbro brands, like "Monopoly", "Littlest Pet Shop", and Nerf. In February, EA Casual Entertainment announced that their EA Salt Lake Studio would develop and release "Littlest Pet Shop" and "Nerf N-Strike".
Soundtrack.
Songs from Dominican group Jzabehl will mostly be featured in the game's soundtrack.

Emperor of India
Emperor/Empress of India ("Badishah-e-Hind" in Hindustani) was used as a title by the last Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah II, and also by the colonial British monarchs during the British Raj in India.
Sometimes, the term "Emperor of India" is also used to refer to Indian emperors such as Ashoka the Great of theMaurya Dynasty and Emperor Akbar of the Mughal empire. However, they did not claim this title for themselves.
Bahadur Shah II.
Although the Mughal dynasty ruled over most of the Indian subcontinent from the 16th century onwards, they simply used the title "badshah" (considered in the West to be the same as "emperor"). However dring the Indian rebellion of 1857 against the British, the rebel sepoys seized Delhi and called the Mughal Bahadur Shah II as "Badshah-i Hind," or Emperor of India. After the Brtish defeated the rebels, he was captured and was forced to live in Rangoon, Burma in 1858, this ended the rule of the Mughals.
British monarchs.
After the Mughal Emperor ended by the British East India Company, the title "Empress of India" was taken by Queen Victoria from May 1 1876.
Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli is usually credited with creating the title for her. Also, the title was created when it became evident that Queen Victoria's daughter, Victoria, Princess Royal, would become an empress when her husband ascended the German imperial throne, many people thought it was wrong for the daughter to be an empress while her mother was just a Queen.
When Victoria died, and her son Edward VII ascended the throne, his title became "Emperor of India". The title continued until India and Pakistan became independent from the United Kingdom at midnight on 14/15 August 1947.
When signing their name for Indian business, a British King-Emperor or the Queen-Empress used the initials "R I" ("Rex/Regina Imperator/Imperatrix") or the shorter version "Ind. Imp." ("Indiae Imperator/Imperatrix") after their name. This was also used on many British coins, including some 1948 coins of George VI.
King of India and Pakistan.
George VI continued to hold the title King of India for two years during the short Governor-Generalships of Lord Mountbatten and of C. Rajagopalachari until India became a republic on 26 January 1950. George VI remained as King of the United Kingdom and King of Pakistan until his death in 1952. Pakistan became a republic on 23 March 1956, so Elizabeth II was Queen of Pakistan for four years.

Radish
A radish is an edible root vegetable of the Brassicaceae family. People eat radishes all over the world. It was first grown in Europe in pre-Roman times.

Glenn Seaborg
Glenn Seaborg (April 19, 1912 - Feb. 25, 1999) was an American physicist. He was born in Ishpening, Michigan.
In 1980, he changed several thousand atoms of bismuth into gold at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. His experimental technique, using nuclear physics, was able to remove protons and neutrons from the bismuth atom. Seaborg's techique would have cost too much money to make of gold, but his work is the closest to the mythical Philosopher's Stone.
Seaborg worked at the Manhattan Project. He served in the Atomic Energy Commission and was a professor at the University of California, Berkeley.

Bob McGrath
Image:Bob McGrath Sesame Place headshot.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Bob McGrath before a Sesame Place concert starts. (Photo by
Robert Emmet "Bob" McGrath (born June 13, 1932) is an American singer and actor who is best known for playing the human character "Bob" on "Sesame Street". He was born in in Ottawa, Illinois. McGrath's character of Bob is one of the longest lasting human characters on "Sesame Street".

BBC Radio 3
BBC Radio 3 is a national radio station operated by the BBC within the United Kingdom. It devotes most of its schedule to classical music. Every year it broadcasts the BBC Proms concerts during the summer.

NERF
NERF (or sometimes Nerf) is a brand name of foam-based toy weaponry.

Disney Interactive
Disney Interactive is a video game publisher that publishes video games based on Disney properties. Disney Interacive is a subsidiary of Electronic Arts.

BBC Radio 4
BBC Radio 4 is a domestic UK radio station which broadcasts a wide variety of spoken-word programmes including news, drama, comedy, science and history. It replaced the BBC Home Service in 1967.
Outline.
Radio 4 is the second most popular British domestic radio station after Radio 2. It was named "UK Radio Station of the Year" at the 2008 "Sony Radio Academy Awards", an award it had also won in 2003 and 2004.
Radio 4 costs £71.4 million a year, and is the BBC's most expensive national radio network. Many people think of it as the corporation's flagship. There is currently no smilar UK commercial network (nor any internationally), although Channel 4 had plans to launch its own speech-based station in autumn 2007.
Music and sport are the only subjects that generally fall outside the station's coverage. There are occasional concerts on Radio 4, and ball-by-ball commentaries of most test matches played by England cricket are broadcast on longwave. Because the longwave service can be received clearly at sea around the coasts of Britain and Ireland, Radio 4 also carries regular weather forecasts for shipping and gale warnings. The station has also been designated as the UK's national broadcaster in times of national emergency such as a war, meaning that even if all other radio stations were forced to close, Radio 4 would still carry on broadcasting.
The current controller of Radio 4 is Mark Damazer. The previous controller was Helen Boaden, who is now the head of BBC News.

BBC Four
BBC Four is a television channel operated by the BBC. It is only available through digital means such as freeview or Sky. It launched on March 2, 2002. It often shows alternative programs that often have a much smaller audience than BBC One or Two.

Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis
The Indian Skipper frog or Skittering frog ("Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis") is a common frog found in South Asia. They are slimy and are often seen at the edge of bodies of water with their eyes above the water. They noisily move away from the shore when disturbed, giving them their common name. They are rarely seen outside water.

Fejervarya limnocharis
The Cricket Frog ("Fejervarya (Rana) limnocharis") is a species of frog found in South Asia.

Fejervarya syhadrensis
"Fejervarya syhadrensis" is a species of frog found in South Asia.

Paa vicina
"Paa vicina" is a species of frog in the Ranidae family. It is found in the Republic of India and Pakistan. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes, subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland, rivers, and freshwater springs. It is threatened by habitat loss.

Paa sternosignata
"Paa sternosignata" is a species of frog in the Ranidae family. It is found in Afghanistan, Pakistan and Kashmir and possibly the India. Its natural habitats are rivers, swamps, and freshwater marshes.

Paa hazarensis
"Paa hazarensis" is a species of frog in the Ranidae family. It is found in the Republic of India, Pakistan and Kashmir, possibly Bhutan, and possibly Nepal. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes, subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrubland, rivers, and freshwater marshes.

Cricket Frog
Cricket frogs, genus "Acris", are small, North American frogs of the family Hylidae. They are more aquatic than other members of the family and are generally associated with permanent bodies of water with surface vegetation. The common and scientific names refer to their call, which resembles that of a cricket.

Duttaphrynus melanostictus
The Common Indian Toad or Common Asiatic/Asian Toad or Black-spined Toad ("Duttaphrynus bufo melanostictus") is a species of toad that is common in South Asia. The species grows to almost 20 cm long. The species breeds during the monsoons and the tadpoles are black. Young toads may be seen in large numbers after the monsoons.

Bufo olivaceus
"Bufo olivaceus" is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family. It is found in Iran, Pakistan, and possibly Afghanistan. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests, subtropical or tropical dry shrubland, rivers, freshwater springs, plantations, rural gardens, urban areas, ponds, and irrigated land.

Indus Valley toad
Indus Valley toad ("Scientific name", "Bufo stomaticus") is a species of toad endemic to Pakistan, from the plains to about 1800m. It is particularly common in the Indus Valley, where it is the national amphibian of Pakistan.
This toad lacks cranial crests and the space between the eyes is broader than the upper upper eyelid. The tympanum of the ear is two-thirds the diameter of the eye. The first and second fingers are nearly equal and there is a single sub-articular tubercle. A spiny ridge is found on the tarsus. There is a tibial gland and the parotoid is longer than broad. Three dark bands run transversely on the forearm. The underside is whitish with dark mottling on the throat.

Duttaphrynus himalayanus
"Duttaphrynus himalayanus" is a species of toad found in the Himalayan region of Pakistan and Indian occupied Kashmir.

Bufo latastii
"Bufo latastii" is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family. It is found in the Republic of India and Pakistan. Its natural habitats are temperate forests, intermittent rivers, freshwater marshes, arable land, and ponds. It is threatened by habitat loss.

Amolops himalayanus
"Amolops himalayanus" is a species of frog found in Asia.

Bufo pseudoraddei
"Bufo pseudoraddei" is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family. It is found in Pakistan and possibly Afghanistan. Its natural habitats are temperate forests, intermittent freshwater marshes, arable land, pastureland, plantations, and rural gardens.

Euphlyctis ghoshi
"Euphlyctis ghoshi" is a species of frog found in Asia.

Himalayan Newt
The Himalayan Newt ("Tylototriton verrucosus") is a species of salamander found in South Asia and Southeast Asia.

Afghan Hedgehog
The Afghan Hedgehog ("Hemiechinus auritus megalotis") is a subspecies of the Long-eared Hedgehog native to Afghanistan and western Pakistan. It is larger and reddish in colour, but otherwise similar in appearance to the Long-eared Hedgehog.

Argali
The argali or mountain sheep ("Ovis ammon") is a wild sheep. It lives in the highlands of Central Asia (Himalaya, Tibet, Altay).
It is also the biggest wild sheep, standing as high as 120 cm and weighing as much as 140 kg. The Pamir argali (also called Marco Polo sheep, for they were first described by that traveller) may attain more than 6 feet in length. It is globally endangered.

Marco Polo sheep
Marco Polo sheep ("Ovis ammon polii") is a wild sheep, and a subspecies of the Argali.
It takes its name from famed explorer Marco Polo who described the species during his crossing of Pamir (ancient Mount Imeon) in 1271. The Marco Polo sheep is particularly known for its long horns. The longest horn ever found on a sheep was found on a Marco Polo sheep and measured 191 centimeters (75 inches).

Asian Black Bear
The Asian Black Bear ("Ursus thibetanus" or "Selenarctos thibetanus"), also known as the Asiatic Black Bear, Tibetan Black Bear, the Himalayan Black Bear, or the Moon Bear, is a medium sized, sharp-clawed, black-colored bear with a distinctive white or cream "V" marking on its chest. It is a close relative of the American Black Bear with which it is thought to share a European common ancestor.

Asiatic Cheetah
The Asiatic Cheetah ("Acinonyx jubatus venaticus") is a subspecies of the cheetah. The Asiatic Cheetah ("cheetah" from Hindi चीता cītā, derived from Sanskrit word chitraka meaning "speckled") is also known in Iran as the Iranian Cheetah and in India as the Indian Cheetah.

Asiatic Lion
The Asiatic Lion ("Panthera leo persica") is a subspecies of the lion. It survives today only in India, where it is also known as the Indian lion. They once ranged from the Mediterranean to India, covering most of Southwest Asia, and hence it is also known as the Persian lion.

Disk partitioning
Usually each partition contains exactly one file system.

Honey Badger
The Honey Badger ("Mellivora capensis"), also known as the Ratel, is a member of the Mustelidae family. They are distributed throughout most of Africa and western and South Asian areas of Baluchistan (eastern Iran), southern Iraq, Pakistan and Rajasthan (western India).

Balochistan Forest Dormouse
The Balochistan Forest Dormouse ("Dryomys niethammeri") is a species of rodent in the Gliridae family. It is endemic to Pakistan.

Baluchistan Pygmy Jerboa
The Baluchistan Pygmy Jerboa ("Salpingotulus michaelis") is a species of rodent in the Dipodidae family. It is the only species in the genus "Salpingotulus". It is endemic to Pakistan.

Himalayan Brown Bear
The Himalayan Brown Bear ("Ursus arctos isabellinus") is a subspecies of the Brown Bear. Himalayan Brown Bears are usually sandy or reddish-brown in color. They are located in the foothills of the Himalaya and northern Pakistan and do not extend past Dachigam and Kashmir.

Syrian Brown Bear
The Syrian Brown Bear ("Ursus arctos syriacus") is the smallest subspecies of Brown Bear.
They are omnivorous, eating almost any type of food, including meat, grass, and fruits.

Bharal
The bharal or Himalayan blue sheep ("Pseudois nayaur") is a mammal of the Caprinae subfamily.
The bharal is found in the high Himalayas of Nepal, Tibet, China, Kashmir, Pakistan, Bhutan and the Republic of India.
The bharal has horns that grow upwards, curve out and then towards the back, somewhat like an upside down mustache.

Blackbuck
Blackbuck ("Antilope cervicapra") is a species of antelope. It is mainly found in western India, but also in parts of Pakistan within Pakistan it is the Provincial animal of Punjab, and is also found in Nepal.

Jungle Cat
The Jungle Cat ("Felis chaus"), also called the swamp lynx (although not closely related to the lynxes), is a medium-small cat, but is now considered the largest remaining species of the wild cat genus "Felis".

Sand Cat
The Sand Cat ("Felis margarita") is a small wild cat of the Felinae subfamily. It is distributed over African and Asian deserts.
The name "desert cat" is reserved for a subspecies of the true wildcat, but it would be appropriate for this species. It lives in those arid areas that are too hot and dry even for the desert cat: the Sahara, the Arabian Desert, and the deserts of Iran and Pakistan. It lives for about 13 years in captivity.

Chinkara
The Chinkara ("Gazella bennettii") or Jabeer Gazelle is a species of gazelle found in South Asia. It lives in grasslands and desert areas in the Republic of India, Bangladesh and parts of Iran and Pakistan. It is also known as the Indian Gazelle ("Gazella gazella bennetti").

Corsac Fox
The Corsac Fox ("Vulpes corsac"), also known as the Steppe Fox, is a medium-sized Asiatic fox species. It is spread throughout the central steppes of Asia. It is very social and lives in "corsac cities" where animals have several dens with connected holes. It prefers some steppe and semi-desert in mountainous areas. It is mainly grey-reddish with silver celadon areas on their coat. The Corsac Fox is threatened by hunting for the fur trade.

Eurasian Brown Bear
The Eurasian Brown Bear ("Ursus arctos arctos") is a subspecies of the Brown Bear ("Ursus arctos"). It is found across northern Eurasia.

Eurasian Wolf
The Eurasian Wolf ("Canis lupus lupus") is a subspecies of the Grey Wolf ("Canis lupus"). It is also known as the Common Wolf, European Wolf, Carpathian Wolf, Steppes Wolf, Tibetan Wolf and Chinese Wolf. It originally lived in most of Eurasia, with a southern limit of the Himalayas in the Hindu Kush Range.

False Killer Whale
The False Killer Whale ("Pseudorca crassidens") is a cetacean and one of the larger members of the oceanic dolphin family (Delphinidae). The species is the only member of the "Pseudorca" genus.
It lives in temperate and tropical waters throughout the world. As its name implies, the False Killer Whale shares characteristics with the more widely known Orca ("killer whale"). The two species look somewhat similar and, like the orca, the False Killer Whale attacks and kills other cetaceans. However, the two dolphin species are not closely related.
The False Killer Whale has not been extensively studied in the wild by scientists; much of the data about the dolphin has been derived by examining stranded animals.

Blanford's Fox
The Blanford's Fox ("Vulpes cana"), is a small fox. It is found in certain regions of the Greater Middle East.

In Flames
In Flames is a heavy metal band from Gothenburg, Sweden. They, along with At the Gates, are often said to be a major influence on the type of heavy metal known as "Melodic death metal". The band are signed to the Nuclear Blast record label and have released nine albums.

Baiji
The Baiji (Chinese: 白鱀豚; pinyin: báijìtún) called also Chinese River Dolphin ("Lipotes vexillifer") is a river dolphin. It is found only in the Yangtze River in China.
Description.
The baiji is a graceful animal, with a long, narrow and slightly upturned beak and a flexible neck. As opposed to some other freshwater dolphins, like the Indus River dolphin, its eyes are functional, although greatly reduced. Its coloration is bluish-gray to gray above and white to ashy-white below. It weighs 135 - 230 kg (300 - 510 lb) and measures as much as 2.5 m (8.2') in length.

At the Gates
At the Gates is a heavy metal band from Gothenburg, Sweden. They, along with In Flames, are seen as a big influence on the type of heavy metal called "melodic death metal".

Indian Fox
The Bengal Fox ("Vulpes bengalensis"), also known as the Indian Fox, is a fox. It is endemic to the Indian subcontinent, and is found from the Himalayan foothills and Terai of Nepal through southern India and from southern and eastern Pakistan to eastern India and southeastern Bangladesh.

Clouded Leopard
The Clouded Leopard ("Neofelis nebulosa") is a medium-sized cat, 55 to 110 cm (2 ft to 3 ft 6 in) long and weighing between 15 and 23 kg (33 to 50 lb).

Government of India Act 1935
The Government of India Act 1935 was the last constitution of British India, there were no more after this and in 1947 British India was split into Pakistan and India.

Brahmanbaria District
Brahmanbaria (Bengali: ব্রাহ্মণবাড়িয়া "Bramhonbaŗia") is a district in east-central Bangladesh. It is a part of the Chittagong Division. It was part of greater Comilla District until 1984. Before 1830 the Sarail Pargana was a part of Mymensingh district. The district has 4 municipalities, 39 wards, 97 mahallas, 7 upazilas, 98 union parishads, 1052 mouzas and 1329 villages.
Geography.
Brahmanbaria District is located at the east-central region of Bangladesh. It has a total area of 1927.11 km². Brahmanbaria is bordered by Kishoreganj District and Habiganj District on the north, Comilla District on the south, Habiganj District and Tripura State, India on the east and Meghna River, Kishoreganj District, Narsingdi District and Narayanganj District on the west.
The district is mainly by low-lying land with small hills.

Dhund Abbasi
The Dhund Abbasi are a tribe of northern Pakistan, they are mainly settled in Abbottabad District and Murree Tehsil. Although they have also settled in other parts of the Indian Subcontinent. The tribe claims descent from Dhond Khan and `Abbas ibn `Abd al-Muttalib and so are known as Dhund Abbasi. The tribe speak the "Dhundi-Kairali" dialect. The tribe is spread throughout Circle Bakote, Poonch District, Bagh, Kashmir) and the Murree Hills area of Pakistan.
Origin.
Although the tribe traces its roots back directly to Abbas himself, it is more likely that the Dhund Abbasi people are descended from the Abbasid dynasty. The descendants of Abbas rose to power removing and replacing the Umayyad rulers, they and their followers were known as the Abbasids, this dynasty and governed for 500 years from Baghdad, Iraq. The rule of the Abbasids extended eastwards across Afghanistan into the South Asian subcontinent (covering the eastern part of modern-day Pakistan).

Bangladesh Standard Time
Bangladesh Standard Time (বাংলাদেশ মান সময়) codice_1 is the time zone of Bangladesh. It is six hours ahead of UTC (UTC+6). Bangladesh does not observe any daylight saving time.

Western European Summer Time
The scheme runs from the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in October each year. At both the start and end of the schemes, clock changes take place at 01:00 UTC. During the winter, Greenwich Mean Time (UTC+0) is used.

Frederica Sagor Maas
Frederica Sagor Maas (born July 6, 1900) is an American playwright, screenwriter, essayist and author, the youngest daughter of Russian immigrants. She wrote for the film "The Plastic Age", which helped with making Clara Bow well known. During the time of McCarthyism, Maas and her husband got into trouble because they read some works of Communism. She wrote an autobiography called "The Shocking Miss Pilgrim: A Writer in Early Hollywood".

Western Schism
The Western schism was a split within the Roman Catholic Church which happened betweeb 1378 and 1417. By its end, three men simultaneously claimed to be the true pope. The reasons for the split were mostly political, rather than theological. The Council of Constance (1414–1418) ended the schism when they elected Martin V as the new pope.

Avignon Papacy
The Avignon Papacy refers to the 70 years when the popes lived in Avignon, rather than in Rome. It occurred from 1309-1376 in France. The Babylonian captivity greatly affected the economy of Rome because they depended upon the tourism of the people going to visit the pope’s residence.

John Wycliffe
John Wycliffe (also spelled Wyclif, Wycliff, Wiclef, Wycliffe, Wicliffe, or Wickliffe) was a theologian. He wrote that papal claims of temporal power had no foundation in the scriptures and that the scriptures alone should be the standard of Christian belief and practice. He lived from 1330 to 1384 in England. Wyclif was very intellectual, however his ideas may have been looked down on by many but that was only because they were too radical for the people of the time.

Conciliar movement
The Conciliar Movement was a Christian reform movement in the 14th and 15th centuries in the Roman Catholic Church which held that final authority in spiritual matters resided with the Church as corporation of Christians, embodied by a general church council, not with the Pope. The movement occured in Western Europe.

Merchet
A merchet was a fine paid on a marriage in the Middle Ages in England. When a peasant woman was to get married to someone who was not of the same manor, her lord was paid money to allow her to be married. The money was usually paid by the father of the woman. This fine was paid because when the woman became married she would leave the manor with her new husband. Because of this, the lord would lose a worker.

Jacquerie
Jacquerie was a large uprising in late medieval Europe by French peasants in 1358 protesting heavy taxation in the Oise valley north of Paris.

White-collar crime
White-collar crime refers to crimes committed by high-ranking officials, nobles and people of high status.
Noble warriors, especially young bachelor knights who were not assigned any tasks, were often involved in it, which is also known as "fur-colar crime".
It is the commission of theft, plunder, and pillage because they were bored and out of money.
Being members of the nobility, crimes committed against a helpless peasantry often went unpunished during the 15th century in Western Europe.

WQED (TV)
WQED (channel 13, digital channel 38) is a PBS television station based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Established 1 April 1954, it was the first community-sponsored television station in the United States as well as the fifth public TV station. WQED also became the first station to telecast classes to elementary classrooms when Pittsburgh launched the Metropolitan School Service in 1955. WQED has produced many shows for PBS, such as Mister Rogers' Neighborhood (which aired first run episodes from 19 February 1968 to 31 August 2001). Pittsburgh Magazine is also a publication of WQED.

Peking University
The Peking University (Beijing University) is a prestigious university located in Beijing, China that was created in 1898.

Wizet
Wizet is a Korean company that makes video games. It is most well known for "MapleStory", which it published.

Spotter
A spotter is a soldier in an army who helps a sniper hit what he is shooting at. Spotters usually work in two-man teams, one spotter for each sniper. They use a very large telescope to see how the bullet is moving in the wind, and help the sniper adjust his aim.

Sniper scope
A sniper scope is a kind of telescope that is attached on the top of a rifle. These scopes can help a sniper aim and hit a target over a mile and a half away. Usually, they are made of metal, with glass on each end, and an image is etched into the glass to help direct the sniper where to shoot.

Burlap
Burlap is kind of fiber. It is often found woven into sacks, and used to carry bags of food and other medium-weight objects.

Yute
Yute is a kind of fiber or thread. It is often used by snipers to make their ghillie suit camouflage.

Ghillie suit
A ghillie suit is a special kind of camouflage suit used by snipers. It is made of netting, with woven threads of burlap, yute, and other fibers in to help hide the sniper's body outline. Ghillie suits are heavy, usually weighing 3-10 pounds or more, and can become very hot. They also can catch on objects when used in the woods and make movement difficult. Still, they are one of the best kinds of camouflage a sniper can use. With a properly made ghillie suit that matches the terrain around him, a sniper can be almost invisible, even to a soldier right next to him.

Counter-sniping
Counter-sniping is a job performed by soldiers in an army to find and kill an enemy sniper. They use binoculars, telescopes, and sniper scopes to locate the enemy. Once he is found, usually they will have another sniper try to shoot him.
When famous people give speeches, the police sometimes use counter-snipers to prevent the person from being shot.

Carlos Hathcock
Gunnery Sergeant Carlos Norman Hathcock II (May 20, 1942 – February 23, 1999) was a U.S. Marine Corps scout/sniper. He was famous for having one of the highest numbers of confirmed kills in the U.S. military, during the Vietnam War, as well as holding the record for many years for the longest sniper kill in history.

Sunda Strait
Sunda Strait is the Strait that is between the islands of Java and Sumatra in Indonesia.
It is the location of the volcano Krakatoa.

German Bundesliga 93/94
The German Bundesliga 93/94 was the 31st German Bundesliga. FC Bayern Munich won the season. The best scorers were Stefan Kuntz from 1.FC Kaiserslautern and Anthony Yeboah from Eintracht Frankfurt.
Teams.
C = Won Cup last year

German Bundesliga 99/00
The German Bundesliga 99/00 was the 45th German Bundesliga. FC Bayern Munich won the season. The best scorer was Luca Toni from FC Bayern Munich.
Table.
C = Won Cup last year

Answering machine
An answering machine (other names are answerphone, ansaphone, ansafone and Telephone Answering Device (TAD)) is a machine. It is attached to a telephone line. If the phone is not answered after a few rings, it will play a message to the caller. The caller can then leave a message (after a sound that has become known as "the beep". It is different form voicemail which is based in the network. Answering machines are installed at home (or at the office).
At first, answering machines used tapes (a smaller version of audio cassettes). Today, most systems use computer memory to store the messages and the prerecorded text. Many systems allow to listen to the left messages by simply calling the answering machine. Answering machines also have a system to save costs: If there are no new messages, there will be fewer rings.

Vocation
A vocation (Latin for a calling) is a job that suits a person best. It is also the desire to do a particular job, especially a religious career like being a priest. For religious people, a vocation is often something they feel God has asked them to do. A vocation is followed more for spiritual or emotional reasons than for money, which is a helpful extra benefit from a vocation but not the reason for it.
In Christianity.
Vocations meet a psychological or spiritual need for the worker, and the word can also be used for a job at which a person is gifted. The word "vocation" comes from the Latin "vocare", meaning "to call";. In the past the word meant people's being called to follow Christianity. Martin Luther was the first to use it in the modern way, to describe a life-task.
Christians believe God has created each person with gifts and talents designed for a reason. Christians can be called to vocations that are faithful to Christian teachings, such as marriage, or to be a priest, monk or nun, chastity as a single person or the general calling to live a life that is right, for the good of the Church or humanity.
For those who are not priests or full-time religious people, Protestantism was important in telling them they still had a vocation. Calvinism told people to work hard in life. Calvin said a Christian had two callings; a general calling to serve God and a calling to do a particular job in which they are useful. Protestant ministers in the past said working hard gives god glory. Without something to do, they said people were more likely to sin.
Vocation for non-Christians.
This belief still has an influence on the less religious world of today. Modern occupations which are seen as vocations are those which involve caring or teaching, such as medicine nursing teaching or veterinary work. Politics, may also be seen as a vocation. Campaigning for human rights, such as with the groups Amnesty International and Greenpeace can also be seen as a vocation, although the word tends to mean a full-time job rather than a hobby. People following other religions can also feel called to do a certain job by their gods.

The Daily Telegraph
"The Daily Telegraph" is a newspaper published in Sydney, Australia. It is made by an Australian company called News Limited. It started in 1879.

The West Australian
"The West Australian" is a newspaper published in Perth, Australia. It is made by an Australian company called West Australian Newspapers Holdings. It started in 1833.

Daily Telegraph
"The Daily Telegraph" is a British broadsheet newspaper, founded in 1855.

Missy Higgins
Missy Higgins (born Melissa Morrison Higgins on 19 August 1983) is an Australian singer and songwriter. She has released two very popular albums in Australia; "The Sound of White" and "On a Clear Night".
Early life and work.
Higgins was born in Melbourne, Australia. She was a student at Geelong Grammar School. Most of her spare time at the school was spent in a music room, playing the piano. When she was 15 years old, she wrote a song called "All for Believing" that got an "A" in a school assignment. The next year, Higgins went to a record label, but was denied because she had not written any other songs. She began writing new songs. In the meantime, her sister sent "All for Believing" to Triple J, and it won an "Unearthed" competition. Because of this, record labels Sony and EMI both contacted her. Higgins chose "Eleven", a part of EMI.

Backup
Very often, backup media are portable, so they can be easily moved and stored in a safe place.

List of Calgary Flames players/N-Z
This is a complete list of ice hockey players who have played for the Calgary Flames (N - Z) in the National Hockey League (NHL). It includes players that have played at least one regular season or playoff game for the Calgary Flames since the franchise moved to that city. As of the 2007–08 season, 376 different players have worn the Flames jersey since the team moved to Calgary in 1980. The Flames have won the Stanley Cup once, in 1989, while four players have gone on to be elected into the Hockey Hall of Fame, the most recent being Al MacInnis, who was added in 2007.
Goaltenders.
"Note: Stats are updated through to the end of the 2007–08 season"
Skaters.
"Note: Stats are updated through to the end of the 2007–08 season"

Colin Delaney
Colin Matthew Delaney (September 7, 1986) is an American professional wrestler best known for working with World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) on its ECW brand.
Career.
Delaney made his World Wrestling Entertainment debut as a jobber, seen wrestling on the ECW show. On August 15, Delaney was released by WWE.
Personal life.
Colin has a older brother Ed who competes as "Hangin' Tough" Freddie Midnight, and younger brother Brian who competed as Mr. Bodacious.

List of Calgary Flames players
There are two lists of ice hockey players who have played for the Calgary Flames in the National Hockey League (NHL). They include players that have played at least one regular season or playoff game for the Calgary Flames since the franchise moved to that city. As of the 2007–08 season, 376 different players have worn the Flames jersey since the team moved to Calgary, Alberta in 1980. The Flames have won the Stanley Cup once, in 1989, while four players have gone on to be elected into the Hockey Hall of Fame, the most recent being Al MacInnis, who was added in 2007.

Abstract
Abstract is theoretical, not concrete or physical. Theory is abstract because it studies a system of ideas.
Abstraction is something existing only in the mind, an idea.

Seminar
Seminar is a conference for discussion or training.
In college, students meet in seminars to discuss some general topic of interest.

WYSIWYG
WYSIWYG (or), is an acronym for "What You See Is What You G'"et", used in computing to describe a system where things you type when you are editing appear almost the same to the final output, which might be a printed document, a web page, a powerpoint presentation or even the lighting for a concert. This term is commonly used when people talk about web design.

Philosopher's Stone
Philosopher's Stone is an alchemical substance capable of turning base (impure) metals into pure gold. It becomes the Elixir of Life, useful for rejuvenation (to become younger again) and to achieve immortality (to live forever, eternally).

OpenOffice.org Calc
OpenOffice.org Calc is the spreadsheet part of the OpenOffice.org software package.
Calc is similar to Microsoft Excel, with almost the same abilities. Calc is capable of opening and saving spreadsheets in Microsoft Excel's file format. It provides a number of features not present in Excel, including a system which automatically defines a series for graphing based on the layout of the user's data. Calc is also capable of writing spreadsheets directly as PDF files.
The default file format for OpenOffice.org Calc version 2.x or 3.x can be set to either Microsoft Excel's native file format or the Open Document Format (ODF). Calc also supports a wide range of other file formats, for both opening and saving files.
Just like the entire OpenOffice.org package, Calc can be used on many operating systems, including Mac OS X, Microsoft Windows, Linux, FreeBSD and Solaris. Available under the GNU Lesser General Public License, Calc is free software.
Specifications.
Calc can store a maximum of 65,536 rows with 1024 columns in each sheet, with a maximum of 256 sheets. There is a way to increase these limits, but it is only suitable for ODF and text-based formats, as there is a risk of data turning unusable for binary formats such as Microsoft Excel's file format.
Version 2 of Calc was able to store a maximum of 65,536 rows with 256 columns in each sheet, with a maximum of 256 sheets.
Prior to V2.0, the limit on the number of rows was 32,000.
Missing features.
In some cases, Calc lacks a GUI to access certain advanced features that other spreadsheet software have, such as statistical abilities like error bar support on graphs, and polynomial regression analysis, however, many of these calculations can still be performed by manually entering the functions. Another FOSS application called Gnumeric provides easier access to these statistical analysis features by showing them to users with a wizard.

Gary Gygax
Ernest Gary Gygax (July 27, 1938 – March 4, 2008) (IPA:) was an American writer and game designer, best known for co-creating the early role-playing game "Dungeons & Dragons" ("D&amp;D") with Dave Arneson in 1974. Gygax is often thought of as one of the first people to make role-playing games.

Golden Jackal
The Golden Jackal ("Canis aureus"), also called the Asiatic, Oriental or Common Jackal is a carnivorous mammal of the Canidae family.
It is native to north and east Africa, southeastern Europe and South Asia to Burma. It is the largest of the jackals, and the only species to occur outside Africa, with 13 different subspecies being recognised.

Dhole
The Dhole ("Cuon alpinus"), also known as the Asiatic Wild Dog, Indian Wild Dog or Red Dog is a mammal of the order Carnivora, and the only member of the genus "Cuon".

Tibetan Fox
The Tibetan Sand Fox ("Vulpes ferrilata") is species of true fox. It is endemic to the high Tibetan Plateau in Nepal, China, and Kashmir, up to altitudes of about 5300 m. Is is sometimes referred to as the Tibetan Fox, or simply as the Sand Fox, but this terminology is confusing because the Corsac Fox (Vulpes corsac), which lives in arid environments north and west of the Tibetan Plateau, is often called the "Sand Fox" as well.

Rüppell's Fox
Rüppell's Fox ("Vulpes rueppelli"), also spelled "Rueppell's Fox" and also called the Sand Fox, is a species of fox.
It lives in North Africa and the Greater Middle East region, from Morocco to Pakistan. It is named after the German collector Eduard Rüppell. It has an average life expectancy of up to 6 or 7 years in the wild, but can live much longer in captivity.

Iranian Wolf
The Iranian wolf (Canis lupus pallipes) is a subspecies of Grey Wolf which ranges from Lebanon, Northern Israel, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Iran. The Iranian wolf was thought to be the most likely direct ancestor of the Dingo, however recent evidence has shown the Dingo to be more closely related to domestic dogs.

Indian Wolf
Recent genetic research suggests that the Indian Wolf, originally considered only as a subpopulation of the Iranian Wolf (Canis lupus pallipes), may represent a distinct species (Canis indica).

Fraser's Dolphin
Fraser's Dolphin ("Lagenodelphis hosei") or Sarawak Dolphin is a cetacean in the oceanic dolphin family (Delphinidae).
It is found in deep waters in the Pacific Ocean and to a lesser extent in the Indian Ocean and Atlantic Oceans.

Egyptian Fruit Bat
The Egyptian Fruit Bat or Egyptian Rousette ("Rousettus aegyptiacus") is a species of Old World fruit bat.
It is found throughout Africa, except in the desert regions of the Sahara, and throughout the Middle East, as far east as Pakistan and northern Republic of India. Due to their extensive geographic range, and relatively large wild population, Rousettus aegyptiacus does not hold any specific conservation status.

Goitered Gazelle
The Goitered Gazelle, Black-tailed Gazelle or Persian gazelle ("Gazella subgutturosa") is a species of gazelle.
It is found in a large area of Central Asia, including part of Iran and southern west Pakistan in the western end of the range, as well as the Gobi Desert. The specific name means "full below the throat" and refers to the male having an enlargement of the neck and throat during the mating season.

Great Gerbil
The Great Gerbil ("Rhombomys opimus") is a large gerbil. It is found throughout much of Central Asia.

Himalayan Goral
The Himalayan Goral ("Naemorhedus goral"), also known as the Gray Goral, is a member of the Caprinae subfamily. It is a small, rough-haired, cylindrical-horned ruminant native to the Himalayas. In the past, it was also known as "Urotragus goral".

Hog Deer
The Hog Deer ("Axis porcinus") is small deer. Its habitat ranges from Pakistan and Kashmir, through northern India, to mainland southeast Asia.

Songs About Jane
Songs About Jane is the debut album by pop-rock alternative band Maroon 5. The album was released in 2002. Singles include Harder to Breathe, This Love, She Will Be Loved, Sunday Morning, Must Get Out, and Shiver.

Harder to Breathe
"Harder to Breathe" is the first single and the first track of Maroon 5's first album "Songs About Jane". The single was released in 2003.
Music Video.
The video features the band in a factory playing the song while objects keep disappearing and appearing as lead singer Adam Levine is found playing a guitar and walking down hallways.

She Will Be Loved
She Will Be Loved is the third single off the debut album by rock band Maroon 5 called Songs About Jane. The song is also the 4th track off the album. The song was released in 2004 of July.
Music Video.
The video features Adam Levine (lead singer of Maroon 5) who falls in love with his girlfriends mother played as Kelly Presten. The band is briefly shown in the video.
Chart Rankings.
She Will Be Loved ranked #4 on the U.S. "Billboard" Hot Adult Contemparary Tracks and #5 on the U.S. "Billboard" Hot 100.

Sunday Morning (Maroon 5 song)
"Sunday Morning" was released by the pop/rock band Maroon 5. The single is the 4th single off the album Songs About Jane and is the 8th track as well. The video features the band performing at Abbey Road Studios and as the video starts at the beginning the second single by Maroon 5 called This Love was features while people were singing solos, and duets to the single. Sunday Morning was released in 2004.

Live - Friday the 13th
Live - Friday the 13th is the second live album by Maroon 5. The album was released in 2005 of September. The concert was performed in Santa Barbara, California. The concert features live performed famous songs from Songs About Jane for example Harder to Breathe, This Love, Sunday Morning, Through With You, Must Get Out, and more.

J.A.R.
"J.A.R." is a song by American punk rock band Green Day. The song is on the motion picture soundtrack, "Angus".

Angus (movie)
"Angus" is a 1995 comedy-drama film directed by Patrick Read Johnson and written by Jill Gordon.

Kharkiv
Kharkiv is a city in Ukraine. It is located at the east of Ukraine and has a very well developed economy. It was founded in 1655.

Opeth
Opeth is a heavy metal band from Stockholm, Sweden. They play a type of heavy metal known as "progressive death metal".

It Won't Be Soon Before Long
It Won't Be Soon Before Long is the second studio album by Maroon 5 released in May of 2007. Singles include Makes Me Wonder, Wake Up Call, Won't Go Home Without You, and If I Never See Your Face Again and other songs include Goodnight Goodnight, Not Falling Apart, and Nothing Lasts Forever.
The "Background".
A chorus from the song called Nothing Lasts Forever (the 7th track off "It Won't Be Soon Before Long") was featured in a song by Kanye West. The Kayne West song, featuring the lead singer Adam Levine, was called Heard 'Em Say. It was released in 2005 on the album Late Registration. The first track off the album, called "If I Never See Your Face Again", was released as a remix in May, 2008. This track had been worked on with help from Rihanna. The song turned out to be a music video and ranked #51 on the U.S. "Billboard" Hot 100.

Makes Me Wonder
"Makes Me Wonder" is the first single off the second studio album by Maroon 5 called "It Won't Be Soon Before Long". The single is also the 2nd track on the album. "Makes Me Wonder" was released in March of 2006 with a music video.
Music Video.
The video was shot at the Los Angeles International Airport. The video features the band on an airplane.

Wake Up Call (Maroon 5 song)
"Wake Up Call" is the second single off the second studio album by Maroon 5 called "It Won't Be Soon Before Long". The song is also the 4th track on the album. The music video deals with the band commiting crimes and Levine acting as a murderer because of the murder of his girlfriends ex-boyfriend.

EMI
EMI is a music company based in London and New York. It is in charge of a record label, EMI Music. EMI is one of the "big four" record labels; labels not part of the "big four" are called. It started in 1931, when it was called "Electric and Music Industries". In 1957, it took over Capitol Records. In 1962, The Beatles signed a contract with EMI, and many think they are the label's most successful musicians. In 1992, EMI bought Virgin Records, which had been owned by Richard Branson. It almost bought Universal Records in 1998, too. In 2007, it was taken over by a group called Terra Firma, after it said no to a bid from Warner. Other famous musicians that were with EMI include Pink Floyd, Queen, Spice Girls, and Coldplay.

Won't Go Home Without You
"Won't Go Home Without You" is the third single off the album by pop-rock band Maroon 5 called "It Won't Be Soon Before Long". The song is also the 5th track on the album. The music video for the song has to do with Adam Levine (lead singer) trying to get one more chance for his ex-girlfriend to come back to him, but she was already taken by another man.
Chart Rankings.
"Won't Go Home Without You" peaked #1 in Israel, #16 in Canada's Hot 100, and #3 on the U.S. "Billboard" Adult Top 40.

Richard Branson
Sir Richard Charles Nicholas Branson (born 18 July 1950 in Surrey, England) is a businessman from England. He is the chairman of the Virgin Group, a group of companies including Virgin Atlantic Airways and Virgin Records. According to Forbes, Branson was the 245th richest person in the world in 2008.

SUNY Downstate Medical Center
The State University of New York Health Science Center at Brooklyn (also called SUNY Downstate Medical Center), is a medical center in the Borough of Brooklyn in New York City. It is a teaching hospital.

If I Never See Your Face Again
"If I Never See Your Face Again" is the 4th single by Maroon 5. The song is the 1st track on the album "It Won't Be Soon Before Long". The song was remixed with Rihanna. The video takes place in what looks like a 19th century room while Rihanna and Levine seem to be argueing over a romantic relationship.
Live from Le Cabaret.
If I Never See Your Face Again was performed at Quebec to be the opening song of the live album by Maroon 5 called "Live from Le Cabaret". The song was not performed in its single version (with Rihanna).

Goodnight Goodnight
Goodnight Goodnight is the fifth single by pop-rock band Maroon 5 on the album "It Won't Be Soon Before Long". The song was released August 2008. The song is also the 8th track off the album.
Video.
The music video was releasd August 21st, 2008. The video deals with a "before and after" sequence of a relationship between Levine and his girlfriend.

Gavin Degraw
Gavin DeGraw (b. February, 1977) is an American rock singer-songwriter. He has released major singles like "I Don't Wanna Be", "Chariot", and "In Love With A Girl". He has released 2 studio albums, and 1 live indie release album.

I Don't Want to Be
"I Don't Want to Be" is the debut single by Gavin Degraw on his debut album Chariot. The single was released in 2004. The song held an Alternative rock genre.
Chart Rankings.
U.S. "Billboard" Hot 100 gave the single "I Don't Wanna Be" a ranking of #10, U.K. Singles Chart gave the single a ranking of #32, and Dutch Singles Chart ranked it at #9.

Chariot (album)
"Chariot" is an album by rock singer Gavin Degraw. The album features singles "I Don't Wanna Be", "Chariot", and "Follow Through". The album was released in 2004. "Chariot" also was re-released in 2005 as a live acoustic album.

Chariot
"This article is about the mode of transport, for the album see Chariot (album)"
A chariot is a type of transport used by many ancient civilisations and people. A chariot is horse-drawn, meaning that is pulled along by horses. A person who rides a chariot is called a charioteer.

Market share
Market share, in business and marketing, is the portion ('share') of the targeted consumer base ('market') that a company actually reaches, for a particular service or product.
For example, it can be shown as the amount of money a company brings in (revenue) from its consumers, divided by the total amount of money paid from all consumers for that service or product.
It can also be shown as the amount of products/services sold ('unit sales volume') by a company divided by the total volume sold to all the consumers in that market.
It is necessary to commission (hire) market research (generally secondary research, although sometimes primary research) to estimate the total market size and a company's market share.
Increasing market share is one of the most important objectives in business. The main advantage of using market share is that it removes the effects of industry-wide macroenvironmental variables such as the state of the economy, or changes in tax policy. For example, if you were one of only two psychiatrists in Chicago, then it would not matter how bad the economy was because you would always have a huge slice of the consumer-base "pie" for your service. If your service was less needed, then advertising more would help increase your market share.
The market shares for different companies tends to change over time, causing change in the market share values; the reason can be political ups and downs, a disaster, etc.

OpenOffice.org Impress
OpenOffice.org Impress, a part of the OpenOffice.org office suite package and created by Sun Microsystems, is a presentation program similar to Microsoft PowerPoint. In addition to being able to create PDF files from presentations, it is also able to export presentations to SWF files, allowing it to be played on any computer with a Flash player installed. It is able to view, edit and save files in many file formats, including the .ppt format, which is used by Microsoft PowerPoint. Impress is distributed (spread) under an open source licence so people can download it as free software. It released under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public Licence.
OpenOffice.org Impress users can install the Open Clip Art Library, which adds a large amount of images for general presentation and drawing projects. Linux distributions Debian, Gentoo, Mandriva and Ubuntu have given the ready-to-use "openclipart" package for download and install from their online software repositories.

Oval Office
The Oval Office is the official office of the President of the United States currently that is George W. Bush. The office is located in the West Wing of the White House and it was first used by President Taft. It was built in 1909.

Scars on Broadway
Scars on Broadway is an American metal band featuring three ex members from System of a Down.

Church of Satan
The Church of Satan is a group that seeks the acceptance of human nature and the self, as it is described in "The Satanic Bible", written in 1969 by Anton LaVey. They do not usually worship or believe in Satan, Satan is just a symbol of the freedom to be themselves.
History.
The Church of Satan started in San Francisco, California, on Walpurgis night April 30 1966, by Anton Szandor LaVey, who was the Church's High Priest until he died in 1997.
In the 1950s Anton LaVey formed a group called the Order of the Trapezoid, which later became the leaders of the Church of Satan. Those who came to LaVey's events included: “The Baroness” Carin de Plessen (who grew up in a Royal Palace in Denmark), Dr. Cecil Nixon (magician, eccentric, and maker of automatons), underground filmmaker Kenneth Anger, City Assessor Russell Wolden, Donald Werby (one of San Francisco’s most influential property owners), anthropologist Michael Harner, and writer Shana Alexander. Other LaVey associates from this time period include noted Science Fiction and Horror writers Anthony Boucher, August Derleth, Robert Barbour Johnson, Reginald Bretnor, Emil Petaja, Stuart Palmer, Clark Ashton Smith, Forrest J. Ackerman, and Fritz Leiber Jr.
In its first year, the Church of Satan was often in the media because they performed a Satanic marriage of Judith Case and journalist John Raymond. The ceremony was photographed by Joe Rosenthal, who took the famous photograph "Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima" during World War II. Another event was the public funeral of Church of Satan member and Naval Officer Edward Olson, as his wife had asked.
The Church of Satan was in many books, magazine and newspaper articles in the 1960s and 1970s. A whole documentary, "Satanis" was also made about it in 1970. LaVey was also in Kenneth Anger’s film "Invocation of my Demon Brother", and helped as a technical adviser in "The Devil's Rain", which starred Ernest Borgnine, William Shatner, and introduced John Travolta. The Church of Satan was also shown in Luigi Scattini’s film "Angeli Bianchi, Angeli Neri", which in the United States was known as "Witchcraft ‘70".
In 1975 LaVey made arguments within the Church of Satan by stopping the Church’s “Grotto” system and removing people he thought were using the Church instead of doing things in the outside world. After that, LaVey hoped success in society would decide who did well in the Church of Satan. LaVey chose to do less interviews. People thought the Church might have ended, or even that LaVey might have died.
In the 1980s some Christians, therapists who believed in recovered memories, and the media were saying Satanists were a criminal group. Members of the Church of Satan, such as Peter H. Gilmore, Peggy Nadramia, Boyd Rice, Adam Parfrey, Diabolos Rex, and musician King Diamond, were active in the media to deny the Church of Satan were criminals. These stories became known as the Satanic panic. The FBI later made a report saying these conspiracy theories were untrue.
In the 1980s and 1990s the Church of Satan made many movies, music, films, and magazines about Satanism. Adam Parfrey’s Feral House publishing, the music of Boyd Rice, and the films of Nick Bougas, including his documentary "Speak of the Devil: The Canon of Anton LaVey". They were also frequently in the newspapers.
After Anton Szandor LaVey's death, his partner Blanche Barton became head of the Church of Satan. Barton is still in the Church; however, in 2001 she gave her position to long-time members Peter H. Gilmore and Peggy Nadramia, the current High Priest and High Priestess and publishers of "The Black Flame", the magazine of The Church of Satan. The Central Office of the Church of Satan has also moved from San Francisco to New York City's Hell's Kitchen neighborhood, where the couple live. The Church of Satan does not recognize any other organizations as being Satanist though it does recognize that one doesn't need to be a member of the Church of Satan to be a Satanist.
Some public figures have been involved with the Church of Satan, including Kenneth Anger, King Diamond, Teresa Hidy, David Vincent, Marilyn Manson, Aaron Joehlin, Boyd Rice, Marc Almond, Alkaline Trio guitarist and singer Matt Skiba and drummer Derek Grant, professional wrestler Balls Mahoney, professional wrestler Sterling James Keenan, journalist Michael Moynihan, pianist Liberace, death metal guitarist Matthew McRaith, Sammy Davis Jr. and the artist Coop. As the Church of Satan does not let people see the membership records, it is not known how many members they have.
In October 2004 the Royal Navy officially recognised its first registered Satanist, twenty-four year old Chris Cranmer, as a technician on the HMS Cumberland.
On June 6 2006 The Church of Satan held the first public ritual Satanic Mass in 40 years at the Steve Allen Theater in the Center for Inquiry in Los Angeles. The ritual, based on The Satanic Bible and The Satanic Rituals, was led by Reverend Bryan Moore and Priestess Heather Saenz.
In December 2007 the Associated Press reported that a teenager had sent an e-mail to the Church of Satan administration saying he wanted to "kill in the name of our unholy lord Satan." The Church told the the Federal Bureau of Investigation about the message, which then told local police who arrested the teenager.
Membership.
Active Members begin at the First Degree. They must be approved for an Active Membership, and this is based on their answers to a long list of questions. Members cannot apply for higher Degrees, and the requirements for each degree are not open to the public. Promotion to a higher degree is only by being invited. Members of the Third through Fifth degrees are the Priesthood and may be called "Reverend." Members of the Fifth degree are sometimes called "Doctor," although "The" Doctor" usually means Lavey. Some Active Members are called Agents, qualified to explain the Church of Satan and the philosophy of Satanism to the media and others who are interested.
People seeking membership must be old enough to be seen as adults in the country where they live. The only exception made is for children of members who show they understand the Church philosophy and practices who wish to join. What they can do is limited until they reach adulthood.
Memberships may be ended through a decision of the ruling body of the Church of Satan consisting of the High Priest, the High Priestess and the Council of Nine.
Grottoes.
Over the years, the Church of Satan has stopped then restarted the use of Grottoes -small groups for people who live near each other to work on projects or do ritual together, or be friends. Now that most people have the internet, the Church of Satan has decided people do not need to join Grottoes to meet other Satanists. If a group of Church of Satan members now wish to form a “magic circle” for something more than simple friendship and ritual, and can keep it active for a year and a day, the leader of the group can apply to have it called a Grotto and the leader called a Grotto Master. A grotto is expected to be secret, and only those they think are worthy are supposed to know about it. If a Grotto stops being useful it will be closed, as the Church of Satan has always done. Grotto Masters and Grottos do not represent the Church of Satan unless they have other authority to do so.
Priesthood.
Members of the Priesthood have the titles “Priest”/“Priestess,” “Magister”/“Magistra,” or “Magus”/“Maga.” The Council of Nine, which is the ruling body of the Church of Satan, and the Order of the Trapezoid who help in the administration of the Church of Satan are part of the priesthood. The High Priest and Priestess act as administrative chiefs and the two main public representatives. The current High Priest is Peter H. Gilmore, the current High Priestess Peggy Nadramia.
The Church of Satan say they judge whether Active Members can join the Priesthood by their accomplishment in society and recognition within a profession rather than knowledge of the occult. They are expected to be able to speak about the Satanic philosophy, but do not have to represent the Church of Satan publically, and might choose to keep their membership secret so they can do what they want in the world, meet their own goals and those of the Church. Membership in the Priesthood is by invitation only.
Past & present Church of Satan High Priesthood.
Zeena Lavey, Anton LaVey's daughter, was not a High Priestess of the Church and has left it.
The main texts of LaVeyan Satanism.
Satanists within the Church of Satan follow these rules on how to live. But Satanists do not view the Satanic sins, statements, and rules of the earth as things that someone has to "try" to do. They think it's human nature, rather than a Jew or Christian who the Church of Satan think have to try hard to fit in with the rules of their religion.
The Nine Satanic Statements.
The Nine Satanic Statements outline what "Satan" represents in the Church of Satan.
Pentagonal Revisionism (Five-sided change).
These goals have another purpose, as said by the author, to let non-Satanists see how much they agree with Satanic views. Pentagonal Revisionism is the application of Satanist beliefs to society and economics with five goals to encourage members. Other books, such as "The Satanic Bible",say more about Satanic dogma.

Haines City High School
Haines City High School or HCHS is the oldest public high school in Haines City, Florida. The school has existed in three separate locations.
Overview.
Haines City High School belongs to the Polk County School Board and is a member of Polk District Schools. Haines City High School was the original high school in the city, opening in 1922. In the fall of 2005, a new school called Ridge Community High School opened, becoming Haines City High School's new rival (the old one being Lake Wales High School). The new school was opened to relieve attendance overflow from HCHS. During the 2005-2006 school year there was a Tuberculosis scare due to one of the students being diagnosed with Tuberculosis.

Kung Fu Panda
"Kung Fu Panda" is a 2008 animated film about a bungling panda who aspires to be a kung fu warrior. "Kung Fu Panda" is directed by John Stevenson and Mark Osborne and produced by Melissa Cobb. Although the concept of a kung fu panda has been around since at least 1993, the idea for the film was conceived by Michael Lachance, a DreamWorks Animation executive. Work on the film did not begin until 2004 with the film premièring at the 61st Cannes Film Festival in May 2008 and seeing general distribution in summer. The film was produced by DreamWorks Animation's studio in Glendale, California, and distributed by Paramount Pictures.
The film stars the voices of Jack Black, Jackie Chan, Dustin Hoffman, Angelina Jolie, Lucy Liu, Seth Rogen, David Cross and Ian McShane.
Dreamworks are currently in talks to make a sequel to Kung Fu Panda.
The Story.
The is about a Panda named Po,(voice Jack Black),who is a sweet,but clumsy and has dreams of fighting with the legendary Furious Five and protecting the city against all threats. The only problem is that Po has no real life experience of kung fu, and his real job is serving noodles at his dad's noodles shop. News of selecting the Dragon Warrior is sent out from the Jade Temple, and the whole city along with Po, go to the celebration. The competition is between the Furious Five: Tigress (voice Angelina Jolie), Viper (voice Lucy Liu), Crane (voice David Cross), Monkey (voice Jackie Chan), and Mantis (voice Seth Rogen). Po accidentally enters the contest and is named the Dragon Warrior. Master Shifu (voice Dustin Hoffman) must find a way to train Po and make him a Kung Fu Master, especially, after they learn that the snow leopard, Tai Lung (voice Ian McShane), is headed their way.

Forrest Gump (novel)
"Forrest Gump" is a 1986 novel by Winston Groom. The novel tells the story of Forrest Gump, a man with an IQ of 75, and his epic journey through life, meeting historical figures, influencing popular culture and experiencing first-hand historic events while largely unaware of their significance, due to his lower than average intelligence. The film adaptation differs substantially from the book on which it was based.
Film adaptation.
"Forrest Gump" was made into a film starring Tom Hanks. The movie, however, covers a slightly different version of the later chapters, which deal with Gump's shrimp business and his meeting of his son Forrest, Jr. Also, Gump marries Jenny in the film. Gump and Forrest Jr. do not have the loving relationship that the end of the movie features - in the film, they actively tell each other that they love one another in their last conversation.
In addition, the movie invented one of its most famous scenes, in which Forrest chooses to run across America repeatedly over a three year period, before his meeting of Forrest, Jr.

Appendicitis
Appendicitis is a medical condition. It is when the vermiform appendix gets inflamed. The infection can be very dangerous. Usually, the inflamed appendix is removed. If it is not treated, many peple die from it, mainly because of peritonitis and shock. Reginald Fitz first described acute appendicitis in 1886. It is one of the leading causes of pain in the belly worldwide.

Chandpur District
Chandpur (চাঁদপুর)is a district in east-central Bangladesh. It is located at the mouth of the Meghna River. It is a part of the Chittagong Division. The town of Chandpur lies at the end of a Bangladesh Railways line.
Geography.
Chandpur district has a total area of 1704.06 square kilometres. It is bordered by Munshiganj District and Comilla District on the north, Noakhali District, Lakshmipur District and Barisal District on the south, Comilla District on the east, and Meghna River, Shariatpur District and Munshiganj District on the west.
Chandpur lies where two of the biggest rivers of Bangladesh meet, the Padma River and the Meghna River.
Religions.
Muslim - 92.55%, Hindu - 7.18%, Buddhist - 0.06%, Christian - 0.07% and Others - 0.14%.

Chittagong District
Chittagong District is a district located in the south-eastern region of Bangladesh. It is a part of the Chittagong Division. The port city of Chittagong, the second largest city in Bangladesh, is located in this district.
History.
Because of its harbour, Chittagong had been an important location for trade, drawing Arab traders as early as the 9th century CE. The region fell under the rule of kings from Arakan in the 16th and 17th centuries, but later, the Mughal army under Islam Khan conquered Chittagong. During the 17th century, the region also faced a lot of attacks by Portuguese pirates. The Mughals established Chittagong as a district in 1666. The Chittagong Hill Tracts were separated from Chittagong in 1860. Cox's Bazar was separated into a district in 1984.
People.
Religious composition (1991): Muslim - 83.92%, Hindu - 13.76%; Buddhist - 2.01%, Christian - 0.11% and Others - 0.2%.

Banglapedia
"Banglapedia", or the "National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh", is the first Bangladeshi encyclopedia. It is available in print, CD-ROM format and online, in both Bangla and English. The print version comprises has 500-page volumes. The first edition was published in January 2003 by the Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, with a plan to update it every two years.
"Banglapedia" is not a general encyclopaedia but one that coversBangladesh-related topics. Although Bangladesh is a new country, there is a lot of history going back many, Banglapedia uses the word Bangladesh to include the territory of ancient Eastern India, Suba Bangla, Shahi Bangalah, Mughal Suba Bangla, Bengal Presidency, Bengal Province, East Bengal, East Pakistan, and the independent Bangladesh.

Bengal Presidency
However the Bengal Presidency also later included other areas that are now part of Pakistan and India. The areas of India that used to be part of the presidency include, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Punjab, Haryana, and Himachal Pradesh as well as parts of Chhatisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, and Maharashtra. It also included the North-West Frontier and Punjab provinces of Pakistan as well as Burma. Penang and Singapore were also considered to be part of the Presidency until they became part of the Crown Colony of the Straits Settlements in 1867.

Veterinarian
A vet or a veterinarian, is someone who gives animals medical treatment. They are doctors for animals.

James Abbott
General Sir James Abbott (12 March 1807 – 6 October 1896) was a British army officer in colonial India. He became famous in the northwest frontier region of India in the middle part of the 19th century (today this is the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan). He was one of Henry Lawrence's 'advisers' to the Sikhs, after the First Sikh War (1846), and then became the first deputy commissioner of Hazara (1849 - 1853).
As part of the Treaty of Lahore signed after the defeat of the Sikhs in the First Sikh War, Hazara and Kashmir were going to be transferred to Gulab Singh, Hazara however stayed under the Lahore government and governed by James Abbott. The Pakistani city of Abbottabad is named after him.
James Abbott was the brother of Augustus Abbott and Frederick Abbott. His picture was created by the artist B. Baldwin, this picture is located in the National Portrait Gallery in London, though it is not currently on display.

North Ossetia-Alania
The Republic of North Ossetia-Alania () is a small republic in the north of the Caucasus which is part of Russia.
In the Middle Ages it was called “Alania”. Since 1804 it has been under Russian control. When the Soviet Union was breaking up in the early 1990s there was a lot of nationalistic feeling in the area. Some Ossetian people wanted to call the country Alania again. In November 1994 the name of Alania was added to the republican title (Republic of North Ossetia-Alania).
A lot of people have come to North Ossetia as refugees because of the wars in neighbouring countries of Chechnya and South Ossetia.

Bernard Fanning
Bernard Fanning is the singer, guitarist and main song-writer for the Australian rock band Powderfinger.

SWAT team
A SWAT team is a group of highly trained police officers who deal with very dangerous criminals. SWAT is an acronym that means Special Weapons And Tactics. SWAT officers carry larger weapons than most police officers do, such as machine guns and sniper rifles.

Commando
Commandos are military soldiers who have been highly trained in combat. In many armies, they are used to rescue hostages and board enemy ships.

White Nights Festival
The White Nights Festival in St. Petersburg, Russia is an international cultural festival which is held every year. There are classical ballet, opera and music events. Many famous Russian dancers, singers, musicians and actors, take part, as well as famous international guest stars. The Scarlet Sails celebration is the big climax of the White Nights season, the largest public event anywhere in Russia. About a million people visit the festival.
The middle of summer in St Petersburg is known as the "White Nights" because, as it is so far north, the sky does not get completely dark during the short night.
The festival begins in May with the "Stars of the White Nights" at Mariinsky Theatre and ends in July. However there are some performances that take place before and after the official dates.
The "Stars of the White Nights" is a series of classical ballet, opera and orchestral performances at the Mariinsky Theatre and the Mariinsky Concert Hall. The artistic director of the festival is Valery Gergiev.
The "Stars of the White Nights" festival was originally started by the first mayor of St. Petersburg, Anatoly Sobchak, and has been held every year since 1993. Some of the stars who performed here include Placido Domingo, Olga Borodina, Alfred Brendel, Anna Netrebko, Carlo Maria Giulini, Yuri Temirkanov, Gidon Kremer, Esa-Pekka Salonen, Alexander Toradze, Deborah Voigt, James Conlon and many other classical performers.
A series of carnivals take place during the White Nights Festival in St. Petersburg. In one of the carnivals the actors dress in period costumes from the times of Peter the Great and Catherine the Great. Old carriages are ridden around the Peterhof park.
Every summer in St. Petersburg the Palace Square becomes a stage for international stars of popular music. This wide square has been used for official military parades and massive demonstrations, as well as for political events and large-scale shows and other entertainment. Recent performers have been Paul McCartney, the Rolling Stones, Scorpions and other stars.

Infantry
Infantry is the branch of a country's army that is trained to fight and kill enemy soldiers. A member of the infantry is called an "infantryman". Historically, infantrymen were trained to use spears, swords and shields. Modern infantrymen are trained to use many different kinds of weapons, including rifles, grenades, rocket launchers, sniper rifles, and machine guns. It is one of the most dangerous jobs in any country's military.

Special Forces
Special Forces are elite soldiers in a military. They perform very dangerous missions, usually behind enemy lines, that are too difficult for normal soldiers to do. Special Forces also are used to train rebel fighters to overthrow governments. Special Forces soldiers are highly trained. They are skilled in parachuting, military diving, and camouflage.

Bryan Clay
Bryan Ezra Tsumoru Clay (born January 3, 1980) is an American decathlete — the 2008 Olympic gold medalist and 2004 Olympic silver medalist.

Monarch Airlines
Monarch Airlines is a budget airline which is based in the United Kingdom. It was made on June 5 1967 and its first flight was on April 5 1968 which started at Luton in England and flew to Madrid in Spain. Now, Monarch flies to many different places in the World like Europe, the USA, the Caribbean, India and Africa; usually to holiday resorts.
Aeroplanes.
Monarch owns and uses a total of 33 aircraft: 4 Airbus A300 aircraft, 5 Airbus A320 aircraft, 14 Airbus A321 aircraft, 2 Airbus A330 aircraft, 7 Boeing 757 aircraft and 1 Boeing 767 aircraft.
Monarch have also ordered 6 Boeing 787 aircraft which will be delivered from the years 2011 to 2013 and they may buy another 8 787 aircraft.
Accidents.
Monarch Airlines have had 1 accident, but no people died.
On May 22 2002, a Boeing 757 was broken near the front wheels (the nose landing gear) at Gibraltar Airport because the pilot pushed the front wheels down too hard.

Budget airline
A budget airline or low-cost carrier is an airline which tries to keep its prices and fares lower than competitors. It usually does this by not offering services like free food and drink on a flight and keeping fines from airports low by keeping on time. The also usually only use one type of aircraft. Budget airlines were made famous by Southwest Airlines in the USA which only use Boeing 737 aircraft.

Madagascar (2005 movie)
"Madagascar" is a 2005 computer-animated film produced by DreamWorks Animation, and released to movie theaters on May 27,2005. The film tells the story of four Central Park Zoo animals who have spent their lives in blissful captivity and are unexpectedly shipped back to Africa, getting shipwrecked on the island of Madagascar. The voices of Ben Stiller, Jada Pinkett Smith, Chris Rock and David Schwimmer are featured. Other voices include Andy Richter, Sacha Baron Cohen, and Cedric the Entertainer. "Madagascar" was released on DVD on November 15, 2005, along with the short movie, "The Madagascar Penguins in a Christmas Caper". A Blu-ray Disc version has recently been announced and has a expected release date of September 16, 2008. A sequel, ', has finished production and is slated for November 7, 2008.
The Story.
At New York's Central Park Zoo, a lion, a zebra, a giraffe, and a hippo are best friends and stars of the show. But when one of the animals goes missing from their cage, the other three break free to look for him, only to find themselves reunited... on a ship en route to Africa. When their vessel is hijacked, however, the friends, who have all been raised in captivity, learn first-hand what life can be like in the wild.

Convention People's Party
The Convention People's Party (CPP) was a political party made by Kwame Nkrumah in 1949. It was formed as a split from the United Gold Coast Convention, which, before the forming of the CPP, Nkrumah became general secretary of in 1947. Nkrumah split from the UGCC because Nkrumah did not agree with the UGCC's beliefs and ways.. The party continues to exist today.

Purchasing power parity
Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) is in economic theory about the exchange rates of currency. It was created by Gustav Cassel in 1920. The theory is based on the law of one price: the theory that, in a perfect market, the same item should have only one price. Generally speaking, if a basket of good costs $15 in the United States and that same basket of goods costs £10 in England, then 1£ should be worth $1.5.

Violet Baudelaire
Violet Baudelaire is a fictional character in the popular children's book series, "A Series of Unfortunate Events" by Lemony Snicket. In the film she is portrayed by Emily Browning. Violet is the eldest child of the Baudelaire orphans. Her younger siblings are her brother Klaus and her sister Sunny.

Flat Earth
The idea of a flat Earth is that the surface of the Earth is flat (a plane).
Belief in a flat Earth is found in mankind's oldest writings. In early Mesopotamian thought, the world was portrayed as a flat disk floating in the ocean. This was a common belief until the Classical Greeks began to discuss the Earth's shape about the 4th century BC.
The large-scale shape of the Earth is only relevant when considering large distances. Consequently, in antiquity only sailors, astronomers, philosophers, and theologians would have been concerned about the Earth's large-scale shape.
The following authors argued for a spherical earth: King Alfred of the Anglo-Saxons, Hildegard von Bingen, Thomas Aquinas, Snorri Sturluson, Marco Polo, Dante Alighieri, Christopher Columbus
Portuguese exploration of Africa and Asia, Columbus voyage to the Americas (1492) and finally Ferdinand Magellan's circumnavigation of the earth (1519-21) provided the final, practical proofs for the global shape of the earth.
During the 19th century, the Romantic conception of a European "Dark Age" gave much more prominence to the Flat Earth model than it ever possessed historically.
The widely circulated woodcut of a man poking his head through the firmament of a flat Earth to view the mechanics of the spheres, executed in the style of the 16th century cannot be traced to an earlier source than Camille Flammarion's "L'Atmosphère: Météorologie Populaire" (Paris, 1888, p. 163). The woodcut illustrates the statement in the text that a medieval missionary claimed that "he reached the horizon where the Earth and the heavens met", an anecdote that may be traced back to Voltaire, but not to any known medieval source. In its original form, the woodcut included a decorative border that places it in the 19th century; in later publications, some claiming that the woodcut dated from the 16th century, the border was removed. According to anecdotal evidence Flammarion had commissioned the woodcut himself; certainly no source of the image earlier than Flammarion's book is known.
An early mention in literature was Ludvig Holberg's comedy "Erasmus Montanus" (1723). Erasmus Montanus meets considerable opposition when he claims the Earth is round, since all the peasants hold it to be flat. He is not allowed to marry his fiancée until he cries "The earth is flat as a pancake". In Rudyard Kipling's "The Village that Voted the Earth was Flat", the protagonists spread the rumor that a Parish Council meeting had voted in favor of a flat Earth.
Fantasy fiction is particularly rich in references to the flat Earth. In C. S. Lewis' "The Voyage of the Dawn Treader" the fictional world of Narnia is "round like a table" (i.e., flat), not "round like a ball", and the characters sail toward the edge of this world. Terry Pratchett's Strata and Discworld novels (1983 onwards) are set on a flat, disc-shaped world resting on the backs of four huge elephants which are in turn standing on the back of an enormous turtle.

John Gilbert
John Gilbert (1842 – 1865) was a famous Australian bushranger.
He was born in Hamilton, Canada. He came to Australia in 1852 when he was 10 years old. His family came to dig gold in Victoria, Australia. When he was 12 years old he got a job working with horses.
When he was about 20 years old, Gilbert was living in New South Wales near Forbes. He became a member of a gang which was led by Frank Gardiner. Another member of the gang was Ben Hall. With Gardiner and Hall, Gilbert was involved with the biggest gold robbery in Australia's history: in 1862 the gang robbed a coach carrying gold at Eugowra. After the robbery, Gardiner went to Queensland to hide from the police. John Gilbert went to New Zealand. When he came back in May 1863, he started a new gang with Ben Hall.
With Ben Hall.
The Ben Hall gang robbed travelers on the roads, the mail coaches, the gold escorts, hotels, farm houses and even held up whole towns. The police seemed to be unable to stop the gang. At first people thought this was fun, the police being made to look like fools. Gilbert and John O'Meally did the first daylight bank robbery in Australia in July 1863. They rode into the town of Carcoar and tried to take money from the bank. The man working at the bank grabbed his gun and fired it twice. Gilbert and O'Meally ran out of the bank, quickly got on to their horses and rode away.
But as the number of robberies continued, people became scared and wanted the government to do something. In 1864 Gilbert killed a policeman, Sergeant Edmund Parry, during a robbery near Jugiong. The police search for Gilbert became urgent.
At Springfield, near Goulburn, Gilbert tried to rob 4 young brothers. The boys fired their guns and kept the bushrangers back. Gilbert tried to shoot one of the boys, but his stolen race horse (called "Young Waverly") got in the way. The horse died immediately and Gilbert was trapped under the dead horse. People thought that this was very funny; a dangerous bushranger being made to look like a fool by a group of boys.
In 1865 another another policeman was killed by another member of the gang, John Dunn. Members of the gang were declared outlaws. This meant they could be killed by anyone at anytime. The police shot Ben Hall dead near Forbes on May 5, 1865. On May 13, 1865 Gilbert and Dunn went to hide at John Kelly's (Dunn's grandfather) house. Kelly told the police at Binalong where the 2 bushrangers were hiding so he could get the reward money. The police went to the house, but Gilbert and Dunn climbed out a window and ran down to Billabong Creek to escape into the bush. Constable King was shot in the foot, and Dunn was shot in the arm. Gilbert was shot dead when he stopped to shoot back at Constable John Bright After an inquest to record how he died, he was buried at Binalong, in the field where the police kept their horses.. Gilbert was a bad criminal. He had been in 630 robberies. Dunn escaped but was captured 6 months later. He was hanged in Sydney in March 1866.

Sunny Baudelaire
Sunny Baudelaire is one of the main characters from Lemony Snicket's series of books, "A Series of Unfortunate Events". In the film she is portrayed by Kara and Shelby Hoffman.
She is the youngest of the Baudelaire orphans. Her two elder siblings are Violet and Klaus Baudelaire. She is described as being an infant throughout much of the series, and as a young (albeit advanced) child toward the end. Sunny can't talk quite as well as the others because she's only a baby, but the baby noises that she makes are often very well translated into common English words by her older siblings. As the series progresses, her speech begins to grow and by the end of the series she is speaking in full sentences. Sunny's favorite book is "From Molars to Incisors: A Pictorial History of the Tooth", and she hates limp food. Her love of biting isn't as common late in the series, though, when she develops a love of cooking.

Klaus Baudelaire
Klaus Baudelaire is a fictional character in the popular children's book series, "A Series of Unfortunate Events" by Lemony Snicket. His first name is possibly derived from Claus von Bülow.
Klaus is the middle child of the Baudelaire orphans; he has an older sister named Violet and a younger sister named Sunny. He is twelve years old at the beginning of the series, and turns thirteen in "The Vile Village". He is fourteen by the end of the series.

Chris Paul
Christopher Emmanuel Paul (born May 6 1985) is a professional basketball player who currently plays point guard for the New Orleans Hornets of the NBA. His nickname is CP3. In 2008 Paul won an Olympic gold medal as part of the United States basketball team.

American basketball at the Olympics
 1992 Men's Basketball Team (Barcelona) - "The Dream Team" .
In 1989, FIBA, international basketball's governing body, allowed professional NBA players to participate in the Olympics for the first time. Before the 1992 Summer Olympics, only European and South American professionals were allowed to play in the Olympics.

Nastia Liukin
Anastasia "Nastia" Valeryevna Liukin, born October 30, 1989, is a American artistic gymnast. She is the 2008 Olympic individual all-around gold medalist.

Shawn Johnson
Shawn Machel Johnson (born January 19, 1992) is an American artistic gymnast. She is the 2008 Olympic women's balance beam gold medalist.
Johnson is the daughter of Doug and Teri Johnson. Her parents put her in a gymnastics class after they saw her climbing up cabinets and jumping down from tables. When she was six, Liang Chow opened a gymnastics school in her city. She was one of Chow's first students when he opened the school.

Neuschwanstein Castle
Neuschwanstein Castle actually means New Swan Castle. It is a castle that was made in the 19th century by the Bavarians. The castle is in Germany.

Paul Kelly (musician)
Paul Maurice Kelly was born on 13 January 1955 in Adelaide, South Australia). Kelly is an Australian rock music singer-songwriter, guitarist and harmonica player. Kelly has led many groups including Paul Kelly and the Dots, Paul Kelly and the Coloured Girls and Paul Kelly and the Messengers. Kelly is one of Australia's best singer-songwriters.. His importance was recognised in 1997 when he was added to the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) Hall of Fame.
Kelly writes and plays in many music styles, from bluegrass to reggae. His main styles are folk, rock, and country. Kelly's Top 40 singles on the National charts were his 1980s songs "Billy Baxter", "Before Too Long", "Darling it Hurts", "To Her Door", "Dumb Things", and his 2000 single "Roll on Summer". "To Her Door", written by Kelly, was his best local hit. It got to Number 14 on the Australian singles charts in 1987. "Dumb Things" got to Number 16 on the US "Billboard" Modern Rock chart in 1988. He has also had success with his albums with Top 20 hits on the National charts for "Gossip", "Under The Sun" and "So Much Water So Close To Home" from the 1980s; "Comedy", "Wanted Man", ' and "Words and Music" from the 1990s; and "Nothing But A Dream", "Ways & Means" and "Stolen Apples" from the 2000s. The compilation album "Songs from the South" got to Number 2 in 1997. His highest charting studio album was "Nothing But A Dream" which got to Number 7 in 2001.

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a kind of illness. It affects the nerves. It changes how people develop, it is called "neurological developental disorder". About 3-5 % of the people worldwide are affected.
A review of 102 studies estimated ADHD's worldwide prevalence in people under the age of 19 to be 5.29%. This figure varied widely, though, mainly because different studies used different methods and criteria. There also seem to be geographical differences. There are more cases in North America, than there are in Africa and the Middle East. 10% of males, and (only) 4% of females have been diagnosed in the U.S. Either males are more likely to get ADHD, or that females with ADHD are less likely to be diagnosed.
People with ADHD have problems with concentration, and focusing on a task for a long time. They may also be hyperactive.
ADHD is most often diagnosed in children. Since 1978, it has been also been diagnosed in adults more often. About 60% of children diagnosed with ADHD also have the condition as adults. ADHD appears to be highly heritable. About one-fifth of all cases are estimated to be caused from trauma or being exposed to toxins. Treatment is usually with a combination of medications, behavior modifications, life style changes, and counseling.

Prevalence
The Prevalence is a measure from Statistics. The prevalence of a disease in a certain population tries to answer the question of how common the disease is. A simple way to do this is to see how many members of the population have the disease, and divide by the total number of people in the population.
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Apologetic proverb
Apologetic proverbs (also known as Wellerisms'"), make fun of proverbs by showing that they are wrong, in some situations.
They often have sardonic humor.

Main Page/Article 2
Powderfinger is a rock band from Brisbane, Australia. The band started in 1989. Powderfinger has five members; Bernard Fanning (sings, plays guitar), Darren Middleton (plays guitar), Ian Haug (plays guitar), John Collins (plays bass guitar), and Jon Coghill (plays drums).
After some extended plays (EPs) that sold quite well, and making one full album, Powderfinger became popular in Australia with their second album; "Double Allergic". Their third album, "Internationalist", was even more popular and made them celebrities. It sold over 350,000 copies. "Odyssey Number Five" was their fourth album and was released in 2000. It is their most famous album; it was sold overseas in the United States and Canada. Powderfinger's next two albums were not as popular as the earlier ones, but still got to number one on the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) charts.

Ozone
Ozone is a chemical with the symbol O3. This means one molecule of Ozone is made of 3 Oxygen atoms. Ozone is important to planet Earth as it soaks up or absorbs the dangerous ultraviolet radiation from the Sun. Without it things would not have been able to live on the surface of our planet.

Muhammad Hashim Gazdar
Muhammad Hashim Gazdar (Urdu: محمّد ہاشم گزدار) was mayor of Karachi in the Sindh province of Pakistan.
Early life.
He was born in 1895 in Jaisalmer but moved with his family to Karachi where he was educated. In 1911 he passed his intermediate and was later to study engineering in Pune. He was involved in an uplift project for the lower caste in Bombay, however this was unsuccessful and he along with a number of people this project were fired.
Political life.
After losing his job in Bombay he returned to Karachi where he joined the District Local Board as an engineer.

Jaisalmer
Jaisalmer, nicknamed "The Golden City", is a town in the Indian state of Rajasthan. The town is located on a ridge of yellowish sandstone which contains a palace and and temples. It lies in the middle of the Thar Desert and has a population of about 78,000. It is the capital of Jaisalmer District. The city is named after Rawal Jaisal.

Official languages of India
The Eighth Schedule to the Indian Constitution contains a list of 22 scheduled languages. At the time the constitution was enacted, inclusion in this list meant that the language was entitled to representation on the Official Languages Commission, and that the language would be one of the bases that would be drawn upon to enrich Hindi, the official language of the Union. The list has since, however, acquired further significance. The Government of India is now under an obligation to take measures for the development of these languages, such that "they grow rapidly in richness and become effective means of communicating modern knowledge." In addition, a candidate appearing in an examination conducted for public service at a higher level is entitled to use any of these languages as the medium in which he answers the paper.
Via the 92nd Constitutional amendment 2003, 4 new languages – Bodo, Maithili, Dogri, and Santhali – were added to the 8th Schedule of the Indian Constitution.

Treaty of Lahore
The Treaty of Lahore was signed on 9 March, 1846 after the First Sikh War. After the defeat of the Sikhs at the Battle of Sobraon the British were able to march into Lahore without any further battles. After the the British reached the city of Lahore the treaty was signed.
The Sikhs (who had been defeated) were forced to sign the treaty with the British. As part of the treaty the Sikhs agreed to handover Kashmir and Hazara and Jalandhar Doab to the British. The treaty also resulted in the famous Koh-i-Noor diamond falling into British hands.
Gulab Singh, an Indian prince, negotiated between the British and the Sikhs over how the Sikhs would surrender. As well as handing over land to the British, the Sikhs had to allow a British Resident and a British army contingent at Lahore and troops in other cities.
Also, under the treaty, the Sikhs had to pay 1.2 million pounds to the British. As they were unable to pay Gulab Singh was able to take Kashmir from the Punjab government by paying 750,000 pounds to the East India Company. The Sikhs were also forced to give up the territory between the Satluj and the Beas rivers to the British. The Sikh army was also reduced. Maharaja Duleep Singh was recognised as the new ruler of Punjab. The new rulers were forbidden to employ any European without the permission of the British.

Treaty of Amritsar
The Treaty of Amritsar was signed on March 16, 1846 to settle a dispute over territory in Kashmir after the First Sikh War with the United Kingdom. The treaty was signed in the city of Amritsar. As part of the treaty land was given to Maharaja Gulab Singh Dogra. Gulab Singh was then able to rule over the lands to the west of the Ravi River including Chamba. Gulab Singh paid money to the British Government to get this land. The Treaty of Amritsar marked the beginning of Dogra rule in Kashmir, which was to end in 1948 after the rebellion of the Muslim tribal militia.

Amritsar
Amritsar (ਅੰਮ੍ਰਿਤਸਰ), meaning: "The Lake of the Holy Nectar", is the capital of the Amritsar District in the state of Punjab, India. According to the 2001 Indian census the population of the city was over 1,500,000.
Amritsar is located in the north-western part of India in the State of Punjab, 32km east of Lahore, Pakistan. It is home to the Harimandir Sahib, also known as the Golden Temple, and is the centre of the Sikh religion.
History.
The city has been famous for many events in history, one of these was the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre of 1919 under British Rule when a lot of people were killed by British troops. The city is also famous for Operation Bluestar, a military operation, that took place in 1984 that was ordered by the late Prime Minister of India, Indira Gandhi. Many Sikhs were angered by Operation Bluestar as the holy temple of the Sikhs was damaged.

Amritsar District
Amritsar district is one of 19 districts in the state of Punjab in West India. It has a population over 3,000,000 and covers an area of 5075 km². The city of Amritsar is headquarters of this district.
History.
During British Rule Amritsar was part of Lahore Division and was subdivided into 3 tehsils, there were - Amritsar, Tarn Taran and Ajnala. However as part of the partition of India in 1947 Amritsar district was separated from the rest of the division and given to India. During the partition period, the Muslim population of the district, some 46%, left for Pakistan while Hindus and Sikhs from Pakistan settled in the district.

Lahore Division
Lahore Division was a former division of the Punjab Province of Pakistan. In 2000 the government of Pakistan ended divisions.
History.
Lahore Division was also an administrative division of Punjab Province of British India. It extended along the right bank of the Sutlej River from the Himalaya to Multan, and was made up of the six districts of Sialkot, Gujranwala, Montgomery, Lahore, Amritsar, and Gurdaspur. With the Partition of British India into the independent states of India and Pakistan in 1947, Lahore Division was divided among the two countries.

Divisions of Pakistan
The Divisions of Pakistan used to be a subdivision of Pakistan's provinces. Pakistan's four provinces were split into divisions and the divisions were split into districts. However after the year 2000, the government of Pakistan abolished divisions.

Former subdivisions of Pakistan
The former subdivisions of Pakistan are states, provinces and territories of Pakistan. Most of which existed between 1947 and 1975.
History.
Pakistan's subdivisions originate from those of British India, during their rule the British had established provinces and chief commissioners. After 1947 Pakistan and India became independent when British India was divided.
From 1947 to 1971, Pakistan was split into two areas (East and West Pakistan) that were 1600 kilometres apart separated by India in the middle. The eastern wing had one province - East Bengal which included the Sylhet District from the former Indian province of Assam. The western wing was formed from three Governor's provinces (North-West Frontier Province (NWFP), West Punjab and Sind), one Chief Commissioner's Province (Baluchistan), several princely states and parts of Kashmir.

Kalat Division
Kalat Division was an administrative division of the Balochistan Province of Pakistan, until the reforms of 2000 abolished it.

Makran Division
Makran Division (مکران) was an administrative division of the Balochistan Province of Pakistan, until the reforms of 2000 abolished it.

Nasirabad Division
Nasirabad Division was an administrative division of the Balochistan Province of Pakistan, until the reforms of 2000 abolished it. The capital was Nasirabad town.

Norwalk (Connecticut)
Norwalk (also known as "Norwalk, Connecticut") is in Fairfield County, Connecticut, United States. It was chartered as a town on September 11, 1651.

Emma Rose Lima
Emma Rose Lima is an American child actress. She is the daughter of director Kevin Lima and Brenda Chapman.

Makran
Makran (Urdu: مکران) is a partly-desert coastal strip in the south of Balochistan, in Iran and Pakistan, along the coast of the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman. The Persian phrase "Mahi khoran", fish-eaters ("Mahi" = fish + "khor" = eat) is believed to be the origin of the modern word "Makran".
The narrow coastal plain rises very rapidly into several mountain ranges. The coastline is 1,000km, 750km of this is in Pakistan. The climate is very dry with very little rainfall.

Geography of Iran
The Geography of Iran contains mountains, rivers as well as plain land. Iran is a country of Southwest Asia, it borders the Gulf of Oman, the Persian Gulf, and the Caspian Sea, between Iraq and Pakistan. Iran is one of the world's most mountainous countries.
Iran has an area of 1,648,000 square kilometres and is the sixteenth largest in size. Iran is bordered to the north by Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Turkmenistan. The border with these countries are more than 2,000 kilometres long and includes nearly 650 kilometres of water along the southern shore of the Caspian Sea.
Iran's western borders are with Turkey in the north and Iraq in the south, ending at the Shatt al Arab (which Iranians call the Arvand Rud). The Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman littorals form the southern border (1,770 kilometres). To the east lie Afghanistan on the north and Pakistan on the south. The distance from the Iran's border with Azerbaijan in the north-west to the border with Pakistan in the south-east is about 2,333 kilometres.

Subdivisions of Pakistan
The Subdivisions of Pakistan contain four provinces and two territories. Also the part of Kashmir that is administered by Pakistan is divided into two separate areas.
Local Governments.
The provinces of Pakistan are divided into a total of 105 Zillahs (Urdu: ضلع) (districts). A zillah is further subdivided into tehsils (Urdu: تحصیل) (roughly the same as counties). Tehsils are used in all provinces except in Sindh province where the word taluka (Urdu: تعلقه) is used instead. Tehsils may contain villages or towns and cities. There are over five thousand local governments in Pakistan. Since 2001, these have been led by democratically elected local councils, each headed by a Nazim (the word means "supervisor" in Urdu, but is sometimes translated as mayor). Women have been allotted a minimum of 33% seats in these councils; there is no upper limit to the number of women in these councils.
History.
In the 1960s, Pakistan was simply divided into two "units" these were East Pakistan and West Pakistan. Shortly before East Pakistan became independent as Bangladesh, West Pakistan reverted to a system with four provinces. The provinces consisted of subunits called "divisions", which were further subdivided into districts, tehsils, and villages or municipalities.
In August 2000, Pervez Musharraf's local government reforms abolished the "division" as an administrative tier. A system of local government councils was established, with the first elections being held in 2001. Since then Pakistan has had greatly changed the local government system. The government had a plan to allow devolution. This plan according to the government "follows the principle of subsidiarity, whereby all functions that can be effectively performed at the local level are transferred to that level."
This means mean that decisions are made locally by people who live in the area and not in far away cities.

Subsidiarity
Subsidiarity is an idea that things should be handled by the smallest, lowest or least centralised authority.
This idea is used by governments, political science, cybernetics and management. Subsidiarity is one of the ideas used in federalism.

Pakistan-administered Kashmir
Pakistan-administrated Kashmir (PLK) is a territory in Asia. It is the part of the Kashmir region that is governed by Pakistan. The rest of Kashmir is currently split between India and China.
Area: of P.A.K. is 86,268 km² (33,308 sq mi), excluding the Trans-Karakoram Tract (Shaksgam Valley) of disputed territory, which is claimed by India including the Trans-Karakoram tract.

Just Dance
Just Dance is a 2008 song by Lady GaGa, from the album The Fame.

Districts of Pakistan
The Districts of Pakistan are the third level of government in Pakistan and are subdivisions of the provinces of Pakistan. Before August 2000, the provinces contained administrative units called "divisions" which contained "districts" as the fourth level of government. In August 2000, the "divisions" were abolished and the provinces are now directly divided into districts.
Subdivisions.
Districts are further subdivided into tehsils which may contain villages or municipalities. There are over five thousand local governments in Pakistan. Since 2001, these have been led by democratically elected local councils, each headed by a Nazim (the word means "supervisor" in Urdu, but is sometimes translated as "mayor"). Women have been allotted a minimum of 33% seats in these councils; there is no upper limit to the number of women in these councils.
New and old districts.
Before 2001, there were 106 districts but they were reorganised and reduced to 102. Five districts of Karachi, Central, Karachi East, Karachi South, Karachi West and Malir were joined to form Karachi District. These five districts had formed the division of Karachi which was abolished. The number of districts rose to 106 again in December 2004, when four new districts were created in the province of Sindh of which one (Umerkot) had existed until 2000 and three districts (Kashmore, Qambar and Jamshoro) were newly created.

Rose Tyler (Doctor Who)
Rose Marion Tyler is a character in the British television series "Doctor Who". She was played by Billie Piper. Rose was a companion of the the Doctor.
The character was created by series producer Russell T Davies. When "Doctor Who" was returned to television in 2005, Rose was introduced in the as a new "companion" of series protagonist the Doctor, in his Ninth and later Tenth bodies. A regular companion of the Doctor for all of series one and series two, Rose also returned in the programme's fourth series having Changed in the gap bertween them.
Series 1.
When first seen, Rose is 19 years old and working in a shop named Henrik's. She has a boyfriend named Mickey Smith, and lives in a apartment with her mother Jackie Tyler in the Powell Estate in London. Rose left school without taking her A-levels but won the bronze medal in an under-sevens gymnastics competition at her school. Her father, Pete Tyler died in 1987 in a car accident, the year after Rose was born. When she was twelve, she received a red bicycle for Christmas, which was given to her by the Doctor after meeting Rose in the future.
Ninth Doctor saves her from alians named Autons then he destroy the building. She helps the Doctor to defeat the autons then decides to travel with him.
While they are travelling, the Doctor and Rose realise that the words "Bad Wolf" follow them around. It is revealed that Rose herself is the Bad Wolf, the words being a message that she must return to the future to absorb the energies of the time vortex, saving the Doctor and the Earth from the Daleks. By absorbing the power of the TARDIS, she destroy the Daleks, Brings Captian Jack Back to life and leaves The words Bad wolf through the universe leave the clues seen throughout the series.
Soon the energies she absorbed begin to destroy her body. The Doctor, through a kiss, absorbs the power, sacrificing his ninth incarnation and regenerating before Rose's eyes into the Tenth Doctor.
Series 2.
During series 2 Rose become very close to the Doctor but he suddenly has to leave him when she traps in a parerel universe.
Series 4.
Rose makes a number of little, non-speaking appearances throughout series four.
In "Turn Left", when a Time Beetle causes Donna to change the past and change the universe, Rose continually appears to her and helps her to set things right by sending her back in time. She also gives Donna the message "Bad Wolf" to deliver to the Doctor, which tells him that it is the end of the universe. Rose is reunited with the Doctor in "The Stolen Earth", but as the two run towards each other, the Doctor is shot down by a Dalek. A sad Rose, reunited with Jack Harkness for the first time since she resurrected him in "The Parting of the Ways", is forced to watch the Doctor begin to regenerate again.
In "Journey's End" the Doctor regenerates just enough to heal himself,moving the rest of his 'Time Lord' regenerative energy into his hand that was cut off in the series two episode "The Christmas Invasion". Donna later touches the hand, causing a biological metacrisis, this causes the hand to develop into a human/time lord version of the Doctor, complete with the Doctor's memories, personality and knowledge, but exhibiting traits of Donna's personality, only one heart and he can't regenerate. The original Doctor returns Rose to her alternate universe's Bad Wolf Bay. Between themselves, the original Doctor and the half-human Doctor have decided that the half-human Doctor will stay with Rose; this Doctor can give Rose a romantic relationship, as he will age and die as a human rather than greatly outliving her like his Time Lord counterpart would. The Doctor tells Rose that his half-human self needs her as he was "born of blood and fire and revenge" much like his previous body was after the Time War. He believes Rose can help turn him into a "better man". When the half-human Doctor seemingly completes the sentence the original Doctor started at the end of "Doomsday" they kiss each other. And although we do not hear what the half-human Doctor had whispered to Rose, executive producer Julie Gardner confirmed in Doctor Who Confidential that "even though we don't hear it, of course he's saying 'I love you'."
The Doctor then leaves Rose and her Doctor in their parallel universe, the walls once again sealed.

Kashmir and Jammu
Kashmir and Jammu was a princely state next to the territories of British India. It was ruled by a Maharaja. The state was created in 1846 after the defeat of the Sikhs and the treaties of Lahore and Amritsar were signed. After the British left India the princely state was divided between Pakistan and India as war took place between the neighbours.
The area of the state were set by the Treaty of Amritsar of 1846 "situated to the eastward of the Indus and westward of the river Ravi it covered an area of 80,900 km2.
Creation.
Before the creation of the princely state, Kashmir had been ruled by the Durrani Empire it was then taken over by the Sikhs under Ranjit Singh. During Sikh rule Jammu had been a tributary of the Sikh Empire, after the death of Kishore Singh in 1822 his son Gulab Singh was recognised by the Sikhs as being his heir. He then began expanding his kingdom.
As Ruler Jammu Gulab Singh took over Bhadarwah then Kishtwar. Taking over Kishtwar meant that Singh had now gained control of two of the roads which led into Ladakh which allowed him to take control of that territory. Although there were huge difficulties, due to the mountains and glaciers, the Dogras under Gulab Singh's officer, Zorawar Singh managed to conquered the whole of Ladakh.
A few years later, in 1840, General Zorawar Singh invaded Baltistan and captured the Raja of Skardu who had sided with the Ladakhis, and took over his country. The following year (1841) Zorawar Singh tried to invade Tibet, however due to the winter weather and by being attacked by the Tibetians. He along with almost all of his army died.
In the winter of 1845 war broke out between the British and the Sikhs. Gulab Singh remained neutral until the battle of Sobraon in 1846, when he became a trusted adviser of Sir Henry Lawrence. This allowed him to gain land for himself - all the hilly or mountainous land to the east of the Indus and west of the Ravi River.
Kashmir itself was not easy for the Maharaja to take over. The Maharaja's army had to fight Imam-ud-din - the Sikh governor. Imam-ud-din was aided by the Bambas from the Jhelum valley. They managed to defeat Gulab Singh's troops near to Srinagar (Iqbalabad), killing Wazir Lakhpat. However Imam-ud-din was later persuaded by Sir Henry Lawrence to stop fighting and Kashmir passed without further fighting to the new ruler.
Expansion.
Not long afterwards the Hunza Raja, attacked Gilgit territory. Nathu Shah on behalf of Gulab Singh responded by leading a force to attack the Hunza valley; he and his force were destroyed, and Gilgit fort fell into the hands of the Hunza Raja, along with Punial, Yasin, and Darel. The Maharaja then sent two armies, one from Astor and one from Baltistan, and after some fighting Gilgit fort was taken back. In 1852 the Dogra troops were defeated by Gaur Rahman of Yasin, and for eight years the Indus formed the boundary of the Maharaja's territories.
Gulab Singh died in 1857, his successor, Ranbir Singh, sided with the British during the Indian Rebellion. After the rebellion had been defeated by the British Ranbir decided to take back Gilgit. In 1860 a force under Devi Singh crossed the Indus, and moved towards Gaur Rahman's strong fort at Gilgit. Gaur Rahman had died just before the arrival of the Dogras. The fort was taken and held by the Maharajas until 1947.
Although Ranbir Singh was tolerant of other religions his control over the country was weak, between 1877-1879 a dreadful famine took place in Kashmir.
Geography.
Jammu was the southern most part of the state and was next to the Punjab districts of Jhelum, Gujrat, Sialkot, and Gurdaspur.
Transport.
There used to be a route from Kohala to Leh, it was possible to travel from Rawalpindi via Kohala and over the Kohala Bridge into Kashmir. The route from from Kohala to Srinagar was a cart-road 132 miles in length, from Kohala to Baramulla the road was close to the Jhelum River. At Muzaffarabad the Kishenganga River joins the Jhelum and at this point the road from Abbottabad and Garhi Habibullah meet the Kashmir route. The road carried heavy traffic and had to be repaired main times by the authorities.
Flooding.
In 1893 very serious floods took place in the Jhelum because of rain that fell for 52 hours, and much damage was done to Srinagar. However the floods of 1903 was much more severe.
End of the princely state.
In 1947 the Indian Independence Act was passed, this meant that British India would become two independent states - Pakistan and India. Also each of the princely states would be free to join India or Pakistan - or remain independent. All of princely ended up becoming part of Pakistan or India.
However the ruler of Kashmir wanted to remain independent, neither joining Pakistan or India, this lead to war between the two neighbouring countries in which Kashmir became divided between them. Each considered that "all" of the former princely state belongs to them. This has lead to several wars. The Kashmir conflict between the two nuclear neighbours remains one of the hardest and longest running disputes that the United Nations Security Council has been trying to solve.

Automatix (software)
Automatix was a computer program to install software on Ubuntu in a easy way.
Automatix allowed the menu-driven installation of 56 different “capabilities”, including commercial closed source programs such as the Flash plugin, Acrobat Reader, multimedia codecs (DivX, MP3, Windows Media Audio) and fonts, and programming compilers.
Alternatives.
Recently a new project called, based on automatix, has been released, and is compatible with Ubuntu 8.04.

Jallianwala Bagh massacre
The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre, also known as the Amritsar Massacre, was named after the Jallianwala Bagh (Garden) in the northern Indian city of Amritsar where, on April 13, 1919, British Indian Army soldiers under the command of Brigadier-General Reginald Dyer opened fire on an unarmed gathering of men, women and children.
The shooting lasted about 10 minutes, official British Raj sources placed the fatalities at 379. According to other sources there were over 1000 deaths, with more than 2000 wounded, and Civil Surgeon Dr. Smith indicated that there were 1,526 casualties.
India during World War I.
World War I began with huge support and goodwill towards the United Kingdom from the Indian political leadership. This was not expected by the British who thought there may be a revolt. India contributed massively to the British war effort by providing men and resources. About 1.3 million Indian soldiers and labourers served in Europe, Africa, and the Middle East, while both the Indian government and the princes sent large supplies of food, money, and ammunition.
However, Bengal and Punjab were areas where people still opposed the British. Terrorist style attacks in Bengal became linked with the unrest in Punjab. Also from the beginning of the war, the overseas Indian population, mainly from the United States, Canada, and Germany, headed by the Berlin Committee and the Ghadar Party, attempted to start a rebellion in India similar to the 1857 uprising with Irish Republican, German and Turkish help in a massive conspiracy that has since come to be called the Hindu German conspiracy This conspiracy also attempted to rally Afghanistan against British India.
After the war.
After World War I, the high number of dead and wounded, inflation, heavy taxation and other problems all greatly affected the people of India. Indian soldiers smuggled arms into India to overthrow British rule. Different groups settled their differences to demand independence from Britain. In 1916, the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League signed the Lucknow Pact.
Rowlatt Act.
The worsening civil unrest throughout India, especially amongst the Bombay millworkers, led to the Rowlatt committee in 1918. The Rowlatt committee was named after Sydney Rowlatt, an English judge. The job of the committee was to understand German and Bolshevik links to the militant movement in India, especially in Punjab and Bengal.
The committee asked for an extension of the Defence of India act of 1915 The act gave the Viceroy's government with great power, that included silencing the press, including detaining the political activists without trial, arrest without warrant of any individual suspected of treason. This act sparked huge anger within India.
Before the massacre.
The events that followed the Rowlatt Act in 1919 were also influenced by the events linked to the Ghadar conspiracy. At the time, British Indian Army troops were returning from the battlefields of Europe and Mesopotamia to an economic depression in India. There were attempts to mutiny in 1915 and the Lahore conspiracy trials were still in public attention. News of young Mohajirs who fought on behalf of the Turkish Caliphate and later for the Red Army during the Russian Civil War was also beginning to reach India. The Russian Revolution had also started to influence India. It was at this time that Mahatma Gandhi, until then relatively unknown on the Indian political scene, began emerging as a mass leader.
Gandhi's call for protest against the Rowlatt act got an expected response - of furious unrest and protests. The situation especially in Punjab became bad very quickly. Rail, telegraph and communication systems were all disrupted. A huge crowd of 20,000 marched through Lahore.
In Amritsar, over 5,000 people gathered at Jallianwala Bagh. Michael O'Dwyer is said to have believed that this was part of an attempt to rebel against the British. James Houssemayne Du Boulay is said to have ascribed a direct relationship between the fear of a Ghadarite uprising in the midst of an increasingly tensed situation in Punjab, and the British response that ended in the massacre.
On April 10, 1919, a protest was held at the residence of the Deputy Commissioner of Amritsar, a city in Punjab, a large province in the northwestern part of what was then undivided India. The demonstration was held to demand the release of two popular leaders of the Indian Independence Movement, Satya Pal and Saifuddin Kitchlew, who had been earlier arrested on account of their protests. The crowd was shot at by British troops, the shooting stated more violence. Later in the day, several banks and other government buildings, including the Town Hall and the railway station were attacked and set on fire. The violence continued to increase, and resulted in the deaths of at least 5 Europeans, including government employees and civilians.
For the next two days, the city of Amritsar was quiet, but violence continued in other parts of the Punjab. Railway lines were cut, telegraph posts destroyed, government buildings burnt, and three Europeans were killed. By April 13, the British government had decided to place most of the Punjab under martial law. The legislation placed restrictions on a number of civil liberties, including freedom of assembly, banning gatherings of more than four people
The massacre.
On April 13, thousands of people gathered in the Jallianwala Bagh (garden) near the Golden Temple in Amritsar. The date was for the Baisakhi festival which was also the Sikh new year. For more than two hundred years, this festival had drawn thousands from all over India. People had travelled for days to get to Amritsar.
The Jallianwala Bagh was surrounded on all sides by houses and buildings and had few narrow entrances, most of which were kept locked. Unable to escape people tried to climb the walls of the park. Many jumped into a well inside the compound to escape from the bullets. A plaque in the monument says that 120 bodies were plucked out of the well.
As a result of the shooting, hundreds of people were killed and thousands were injured. In a telegram sent to Dyer, British Lieutenant-Governor of Punjab, Sir Michael O'Dwyer wrote: "Your action is correct. Lieutenant Governor approves."
O'Dwyer asked for martial law to be imposed upon Amritsar and other areas; this was allowed by the Viceroy, Lord Chelmsford, after the massacre.

British Indian Army
The British Indian Army, officially called simply the Indian Army (IA), was the army in British India during British rule (1858–1947). The Indian Army served as a security force in India itself and fought in battles particularly during the World Wars.
The term "Indian Army" was used to describe the presidency armies especially after the Indian Mutiny. However the first army officially called the "Indian Army" was raised by the government of India in 1895. In 1903 the Indian Army absorbed the three presidency armies (the Bengal Army, the Madras Army and the Bombay Army).
Between 1903 and 1947 the Army of India consisted of two separate parts: the Indian Army and the British Army in India. The first consisted of Indian Army regiments from India, while the second were British Army regiments from the United Kingdom which were sent to India.
Organization.
The Indian Army was formed after the Indian Rebellion of 1857 when the government of Britain took over rule from the British East India Company. Before that the Company had their own army units, paid for by their profits and these joined with British Army units.
The army of the British East India Company recruited mostly Muslims in the Bengal Presidency (which consisted of Bengal, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh), and high caste Hindus mainly from the rural plains of Oudh. These troops had rebelled against the British in 1857 due to the way they were treated. And had tried to make the Mughal king Bahadur Shah II the new ruler.
After the rebellion, the British started recruiting what the British called the "martial races," particularly Marathas, Rajputs, Sikhs, Gurkhas, Pashtuns, Garhwalis, Mohyals, and Dogras.
After World War II.
After World War II, the British formations and units that had been part of the British Army of India were divided between India and Pakistan.
Soon after the Partition of India, both the newly formed armies fought each other in the First Kashmir War from 1947 - '48 which begun the bitter rivalry that has continued into the 21st century.

Presidency armies
The presidency armies were the armies of the three presidencies of British India. The presidency armies, like the presidencies themselves, belonged to the East India Company until the Indian Mutiny, when the British government took over all three presidencies. Eventually all three presidency armies were merged into the Indian Army.
Before the rebellion.
From the mid-eighteenth century, the East India Company began to keep armies at each of its three main stations, or ‘Presidencies’, in India at Calcutta (Bengal), Madras and Bombay. The Bengal Army, Madras Army, and Bombay Army were quite different, each with its own list of Regiments and European officers. All three armies had both European regiments in which both the officers and men were Europeans, and a larger number of ‘Native’ regiments in which the officers were Europeans and the ordinary soldiers were Indians.
Also from the mid-eighteenth century the British government began to send regiments of the regular British Army to India to reinforce the Company’s armies. These troops are often referred to as ‘H.M.’s Regiments’ or ‘Royal regiments’.
After the rebellion.
Following the Indian rebellion of 1857-58 and the end of the East India Company, its European regiments were joined in 1860 with the British Army, but its ‘Native’ regiments were not. The three separate Presidency Armies continued to exist, and their European officers continued to be listed as members of the Bengal, Madras or Bombay Army rather than the British Army. However, the Presidency Armies began to be described as the Indian Army. Also after the rebellion artillery was only to be used by the British Army and not by Indian troops.
In the 1890s, the separate Presidency Armies were joined together to form the Indian Army.

Bombay Presidency
The Bombay Presidency was a former province of British India. It began in the 17th century as trading posts of the British East India Company, but later grew to include much of western and central India, as well as parts of Pakistan and the Arabian Peninsula.
At its greatest extent, the Bombay Presidency was made up of the present-day state of Gujarat, the western two-thirds of Maharashtra state, including the regions of Konkan, Desh, and Kandesh, and northwestern Karnataka state of India; It also included Pakistan's Sindh province and the British territory of Aden in Yemen. It consisted partly of districts, which were directly under British rule, and partly of native or princely states, which were ruled by local rulers under the administration of a governor.
Early history.
The first British settlement in the Bombay Presidency was in 1618, when the East India Company established a factory at Surat. The British were protected by a charter from the Mughal Emperor Jahangir. Bombay at the time was under the control of Portugal. In 1661 Bombay was given to the British government, as part of the dowry of Catherine of Braganza when she married Charles II of England. In 1668 Bombay was given to the East India Company for a yearly payment of £10. In 1687 Bombay became the capital of the Company's territories in India. However in 1753 Calcutta was in charge of the Government of Bombay.
Expansion.
During the 18th century, the Maratha Empire grew quickly, conquering Konkan and much of eastern Gujarat from the Mughal Empire. In western Gujarat, including Kathiawar and Kutch, the weakening Mughal control allowed lots of local rulers to become independent. The first battle between the British and the Marathas was the First Anglo-Maratha War which began in 1774 and resulted in the 1782 treaty of Salbai. The treaty meant that the island of Salsette, next to Bombay island, was given to the British. The British took over Surat in 1800. British territory became bigger in the Second Anglo-Maratha War which ended in 1803.
In 1803 the Bombay Presidency included only Salsette, the islands of the harbour (since 1774), Surat and Bankot (since 1756); but 1803 and 1827 the presidency grew even more. The Gujarat districts were taken over by the Bombay government in 1805 and made larger in 1818. The small states of Kathiawar and Mahikantha were organised into princely states under British control between 1807 and 1820.
After the Revolt of 1857, the British East India Company rule ceased, and India came under the direct control of the British government. In 1932, Aden was separated from Bombay and made a separate province, and Sind became a separate province on April 1 1936.
People.
The Bombay Presidency had a large and diverse population. The census of 1901 gave a total of 25,468,209 people. By religion the population was 19,916,438 Hindu, 4,567,295 Muslim, 535,950 Jain, 78,552 Zoroastrian, and about 200,000 Christian.
In Sindh Islam had been the main religion since the Arab conquest in the 8th century. In Gujarat the main religion is Hinduism, although Muslim kingdoms have left their influence in many parts of the province. The Deccan is the home of the Marathi, who were 30% of the population. The Konkan had various Christian castes, because of the rule of the Portuguese.
The main languages of the Presidency were Sindhi in Sindh, Kutchi in Kutch, Gujarati and Hindustani in Gujarat, Marathi in Thana and the central division, Gujarati and Marathi in Khandesh, and Marathi and Kannada in the southern division. There were also Bhil (120,000) and Gipsy (30,000) dialects.
After independence.
In 1947 Bombay Province became part of newly-independent India, and Sindh Province became part of Pakistan. In 1950 Bombay Province was reorganised into Bombay State, which included the princely states.

Maharaja
The word Mahārāja (also spelled maharajah) is Sanskrit for "great king" or "high king". Many languages of India have borrowed the word 'maharaja', there languages include Punjabi, Bengali, Hindi and Gujrati. Its use is mainly for Hindu rulers. A female ruler is known as Maharani (or Maharanee) or great queen. She can be the wife of a Maharaja or a ruler herself.
In 1971, the government of Indira Gandhi abolished the titles and money for all Indian rulers. However some people still claim such titles.
Indian subcontinent.
Before independence in 1947 India and Pakistan contained more than 600 princely states each with its own ruler. Some called Raja or Thakur (if the ruler were Hindu) or Nawab (if he was Muslim); there was many other titles as well.

Jallianwala Bagh
Jallianwala Bagh is a public garden in Amritsar city in Punjab province of India. It has a memorial to remember those people who were killed in the Massacre of 13 April, 1919. This date was also the Punjabi New Year 2,000 peaceful demonstrators had gathered in the garden.
The memorial is managed by "Jallianwala Bagh National Memorial Trust", which was established as per "Jallianwala Bagh National Memorial Act" passed by Government of India in year 1951.

Almaty
Almaty (Kazakh: Алматы; formerly known as "Alma-Ata" (Алма-Ата), also "Verniy", (Верный)) is the largest city in Kazakhstan. It has a population of 1,226,000 people (as of 2005)). Eight percent of the population of the country live in Almaty. It was the capital of Kazakhstan from 1929 to 1998. Although it is not the capital today, Almaty is still the major commercialcenter of Kazakhstan.
Name.
The name "Almaty" comes from the Kazakh word for "apple" (алма). The name is often translated as a city "rich with apples". The older Soviet-era Russian name for the city, Alma-Ata, comes from a mistake (the name literally means "Grandfather of apples"). In the area around Almaty, there are many different species of the wild apples. The region is thought to be the ancestral home of the apple. A local species of apple, the wild "Malus sieversii", may be the ancestor of the modern domestic apple.

Banjo-Kazooie
Banjo-Kazooie is a video game made by Rare for the Nintendo 64 in 1998. The name of the game comes from the names of the two main characters, a bear called "Banjo" and an orange bird called "Kazooie", who lives in Banjo's backpack. The story follows Banjo and Kazooie as they set out on a quest to rescue Banjo's sister who has been kidnapped by an evil witch. It will be released on the Xbox 360's Xbox Live Arcade service.

Halo Wars
Halo Wars is an upcoming real-time strategy video game for the Xbox 360. It is being developed by Ensemble Studios. The game will be released by Microsoft. It is based on the popular, award winning Halo series of video games. It's the first Halo game that is not a first person shooter.

Project Gotham Racing (series)
"Project Gotham Racing" often known as PGR is a series of driving video games published by Microsoft for the Xbox and Xbox 360 consoles.
There are four games in the series

IST
Indian Standard Time (IST) is the time observed throughout India, with a time offset of. India does not observe daylight saving time, (DST) or other seasonal adjustments, although DST was used briefly during the Sino–Indian War of 1962 and the Indo–Pakistani Wars of 1965 and 1971. In military and aviation time, IST is designated E* ("Echo-Star").
Indian Standard Time is calculated on the basis of 82.5° E longitude. This line passes through several major Indian cities, however the Vindhyachal town, just west of the town of Mirzapur near Allahabad in the state of Uttar Pradesh is most cited. The longitude difference between Vindhyachal and the United Kingdom's Royal Observatory at Greenwich translates to an exact time difference of 5 hours 30 minutes. Local time is calculated from a clock tower at the Allahabad Observatory () though the official time-keeping devices are entrusted to the National Physical Laboratory, in New Delhi.

Time offset
A time offset is defined by international convention as a number of hours and minutes from Coordinated Universal Time in Greenwich, England. Many time zones employ two time offsets, one for standard time and one for daylight saving time.

List of time zones
This is a list of time zones, sorted by time offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). Countries and regions observing the respective time zones are listed under it. This only gives current offsets. For more detailed and historic information, the zones must be divided. One list that does so is the tz database. See list of tz zones. Also see a helpful map (which is not necessarily completely up to date).
Regions marked with asterisks (* or **) observe daylight saving time: add one hour in summer (* for Northern Hemisphere summer; ** for Southern Hemisphere). Note, some locations use GMT (Greenwich Mean Time) instead of UTC (Coordinated Universal Time) in the definition of local time. For the purposes of this summary, the distinction is ignored.
Some zones north-south of each other in the mid Pacific differ by 24 hours in time: they have the same time of day but differ by a full day. The two extreme time zones on Earth (both in the mid Pacific) differ by 26 hours. A particular day starts earlier in countries with a more positive UTC offset. Thus the first occurrence of a date will be in UTC+14 and the last of the same date in UTC−12. This gives the interesting feature that during one hour each day there are three different dates in use on land around the world, e.g. at 10:30 UTC Monday it is already 00:30 Tuesday in the Line Islands (UTC+14) while the time is 23:30 Sunday in Samoa (UTC-11).
Time zone abbreviations are almost always customary, not legal—those listed here only exist in English and are somewhat arbitrary. English time zone names below generally only apply to English-speaking areas. The CIA and NAO disagree on the time kept by some Russian oblasts, so both are given below—this may be due to a recent time zone change.
UTC-1, N.
"Principal cities: Praia, Mindelo, Ponta Delgada, Angra do Heroísmo"
UTC, Z.
"Principal cities: London, Dublin, Abidjan, Casablanca, Accra, Lisbon"
The crew of the International Space Station observes this timezone in their daily routine.
UTC+1, A.
"Principal cities: Amsterdam, Berlin, Vienna, Brussels, Kinshasa, Lagos, Madrid, Paris, Rome"
UTC+2, B.
"Principal cities: Cairo, Istanbul, Helsinki, Kiev, Jerusalem, Johannesburg, Bucharest, Athens"
UTC+3, C.
"Principal cities: Moscow, Baghdad, Khartoum, Saint Petersburg"
, C†.
"Principal cities: Tehran, Mashhad, Esfahan, Tabriz"
UTC+4, D.
"Principal cities: Baku, Samara, Tbilisi, Yerevan"
, D†.
"Principal cities: Kabul, Herat, Kandahar, Mazar-i Sharif"
UTC+5, E.
"Principal cities: Karachi, Lahore, Faisalabad, Rawalpindi, Islamabad and Srinagar (Iqbalabad)
, E†.
"Principal cities: Bangalore, Chennai, Colombo, Delhi, Hyderabad, Kolkata, Mumbai, Thiruvananthapuram"
, E‡.
"Principal cities: Kathmandu, Biratnagar, Patan, Pokhara"
UTC+6, F.
"Principal cities: Dhaka, Chittagong, Novosibirsk, Khulna"

Bydales School
Bydales School is a secondary school in Marske-by-the-Sea, England which has about 750 students. A new school building was opened on 2 November 2006.

In Love With A Girl (song)
"In Love With A Girl" is the #1 single by Gavin Degraw on the album Gavin DeGraw. In Love With A Girl was released February 2008.

Vinje
Vinje is a place (or municipality) in the county of Telemark, Norway. <br.>
The administration of this place, is done from Åmot.
History.
Vinje was established in 1838, as a municipality.
Vinje is on the Hardangervidda, and <br.>
on the Setesdalsheiane Mountains plateaus.
Arabygdi lies in the western part of Rauland, on Lake Totak. <br.>
The largest stone scree in Northern Europe, with huge boulders lying helter skelter on the floor of the valley,is here <br.>
"Urdbøuri", is the name of this famous sight (site).
The name.
The municipality Vinje (originally the parish) is named after the old farm Vinje (Norse "Vinjar"), since the first church was built here. The name is the plural form of "vin" f 'meadow, pasture'.

1979-80 NHL season
The 1979–80 NHL season was the 63rd season of the National Hockey League. Twenty-one teams each played 80 games. This season saw the addition of four teams from the collapse of the World Hockey Association (WHA) the previous season as expansion teams. The Edmonton Oilers, Winnipeg Jets, New England Whalers (later renamed "Hartford Whalers" at the insistence of the Boston Bruins), and Quebec Nordiques joined the NHL bringing a new total of 21 teams. The other two WHA teams (Birmingham Bulls and Cincinnati Stingers) were paid to disband.
Final standings.
"Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, PIM = Penalties in minutes"
"Note: Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold"
Scoring leaders.
"Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points"

Union territory
An Union Territory is a sub-national administrative division of India. Unlike the states, which have their own elected governments, union territories are ruled directly by the federal national government; the President of India appoints an Administrator or Lieutenant-Governor for each territory. As of 2006, there are seven union territories. Delhi was made the National Capital Territory in 1991 and is on its way to statehood.
Delhi and Pondicherry have their own elected legislative assemblies and councils of ministers, but their powers are limited; certain legislation must be reserved for the "consideration and assent" of the President of India.
See also: States and territories of India

Viola d'amore
The viola d'amore is a string instrument which was popular in the 17th and 18th century. It is a kind of viola. The name is Italian and means “viola of love”. It can have 6 or 7 strings. It is held under the chin and bowed like a violin. Sometimes it is used today to play music from the 17th and 18th centuries. Occasionally some modern composers have also written music for it.
Structure and sound.
The viola d'amore is about the same size as a modern viola. However, the shape is more like the shape of of a viol. Like viols, it has a flat back, a wide rib (the sides), sloping shoulders and a carved head at the top of the peg box. It does not have any frets (markings on the fingerboard) like a viol or a guitar. The sound-holes are often in the shape of a flaming sword.
The viola d'amore usually has six or seven playing strings which are played with the bow, just as with a violin. In addition, it has the same number of sympathetic strings. These are strings which vibrate when the other strings are played, making the sound richer and sweeter..
The notes it can play.
The viola d'amore was often tuned to whatever notes were best for the piece it was to going to play. This is a kind of scordatura (changing the way the strings are tuned). Towards the end of the 18th century the usual tuning became: "A, d, a, d', f#', a', d' (see music example. Notice the example uses the "viola clef")
Use.
The viola d’amore became very popular during the 17th century. However, after a time it became less popular because the instruments of the viol family were not used much while the instruments of the violin family took over. The viola d’amore was too quiet and sweet to play with the modern violin family. However, in the 20th century some composers have written for the instrument again, e.g. Paul Hindemith.
The viola d'amore can regularly be heard today in groups who play Baroque music on period instruments. It can be heard, for example in Bach’s St John Passion.

Sœur Emmanuelle
Sœur Emmanuelle (born Madeleine Cinquin, November 16, 1908 – October 20, 2008) was a Belgian-born French nun.
She was born in Brussels, Belgium, the daughter of a family that made lingerie. At the age of six she saw her father drown. She learned at the Sorbonne, earning a degree in philosophy. In 1929 she made a religious promise and became a nun.
She worked in Notre-Dame de Sion high school in İstanbul in 1930s.
In 1971 she saw how poorly trash collectors in Cairo, Egypt were doing, and decided to live with them. She stayed until 1993, when she went back to France. After she went back, she became very famous in France and was liked by audiences and talk-show hosts.
Besides her work with the poor, she is also known for having views that are not like how religion normally is, such as being for the use of birth control and being for the idea of priests to marry. She has been voted one of the most popular people in France, and has been compared to Mother Teresa. (Although she does not agree with this comparison). In 2003, French television broadcast "Soeur Emmanuelle: An exceptional woman".
She died on October 20th, 2008.
"Les Amis de Soeur Emmanuelle" (The Friends of Sister Emmanuelle) is a charitable organization based in Brussels.

1978-79 NHL season
The 1978–79 NHL season was the 62nd season of the National Hockey League. The 17 teams of the league played an 80 game season.
The Montreal Canadiens beat the New York Rangers in the Stanley Cup finals four games to one for their fourth Cup in a row.
Final standings.
"GP = Games Played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals For, GA = Goals Against, PIM = Penalties In Minutes"
"Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold"
Scoring leaders.
"GP = Games Played, G = Goals, A = Assists, Pts = Points, PIM = Penalties In Minutes"
Preliminary round.
"Philadelphia wins best-of-three series 2 games to 1"
Los Angeles Kings vs. New York Rangers
"NY Rangers win best-of-three series 2 games to 0"
Toronto Maple Leafs vs. Atlanta Flames
"Toronto wins best-of-three series 2 games to 0"
"Pittsburgh wins best-of-three series 2 games to 1"
Quarterfinals.
Chicago Black Hawks vs. New York Islanders
"NY Islanders win best-of-seven series 4 games to 0"
Toronto Maple Leafs vs. Montreal Canadiens
"Montreal wins best-of-seven series 4 games to 0"
"Boston wins best-of-seven series 4 games to 0"
New York Rangers vs. Philadelphia Flyers
"NY Rangers win best-of-seven series 4 games to 1"
Semi-finals.
New York Rangers vs. New York Islanders
"NY Rangers win best-of-seven series 4 games to 2"
"Montreal wins best-of-seven series 4 games to 3"
Finals.
New York Rangers vs. Montreal Canadiens
As of 2008, it is the last time two Pre-war clubs met in the Finals.
"Montreal wins best-of-seven series 4 games to 1"

1934-35 NHL season
The 1934–35 NHL season was the 18th season of the National Hockey League. Nine teams each played 48 games. The Montreal Maroons were the Stanley Cup winners as they swept the Toronto Maple Leafs in three games in the final series.
Final standings.
"Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, PIM = Penalties in minutes"
"Note: Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold"
Scoring leaders.
"Note: GP = Games played, G = Goals, A = Assists, PTS = Points, PIM = Penalties in minutes"

David Paterson
David Alexander Paterson (born May 20, 1954) is an American politician and the current Governor of New York. He is the first black governor of New York and the first legally blind governor of any state. He became governor when Eliot Spitzer resigned. Due to Paterson becoming governor, two black governors are serving at the same time for the first time in more than 100 years; as Governor Deval Patrick of Massachusetts is also African American.

1972-73 NHL season
The 1972–73 NHL season was the 56th season of the National Hockey League. Sixteen teams each played 78 games. For the first time since the collapse of the Western Hockey League in 1926, the National Hockey League had serious competition. A new professional hockey league, the World Hockey Association, made its season debut with 12 new teams, many of which were based in the same cities as NHL teams. Unlike the Western Hockey League, though, the new World Hockey Association would not challenge for the Stanley Cup. In response to the new league, the NHL hastily added two new teams in an unplanned expansion, the New York Islanders and Atlanta Flames, in an attempt to exclude the WHA from newly constructed arenas in those markets.
The first thing the WHA did was sign Bobby Hull, and the Chicago Black Hawks sued, claiming
a violation of the reserve clause in NHL contracts. Others soon followed Hull to the
WHA, including Bernie Parent, J.C. Tremblay, Ted Green, Gerry Cheevers and
Johnny McKenzie. In the expansion draft, the New York Islanders and Atlanta Flames made their picks and eleven Islander players skipped off to the WHA. The California Golden Seals, chafing under the unorthodox ownership of the unpopular Charlie Finley, were
also a victim of the WHA, losing eight key players.
Final standings.
"Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, PIM = Penalties in minutes"
"Note: Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold"

Justified
Justified is the debut album by rhythm and blues entertainer Justin Timberlake. The album holds famous singles like Rock Your Body, Cry Me A River, and Like I Love You. The album was released in November of 2002. The album also cantains various guest appearences featuring in Timberlake's songs.

Rock Your Body
Rock Your Body is the 3rd single off the debut album by pop singer Justin Timberlake called Justified. Justin Timberlake performed the single at the Super Bowl XXXVIII w/ Janet Jackson.

1947-48 NHL season
The 1947–48 NHL season was the 31st season of the National Hockey League. Six teams each played 60 games. The Toronto Maple Leafs were the Stanley Cup winners. They defeated the Detroit Red Wings four games to none. This season saw the introduction of a new trophy – Art Ross Trophy – that would be handed out to the player who scored the most points during the regular season.
Final standings.
"GP = Games Played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals For, GA = Goals Against, PIM = Penalties In Minutes"
"Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold"
Scoring leaders.
"GP = Games Played, G = Goals, A = Assists, Pts = Points, PIM = Penalties In Minutes"
Leading goaltenders.
"GP = Games Played, TOI = Time On Ice (minutes), GA = Goals Against, SO = Shutouts, GAA = Goals Against Average"
Toronto vs. Boston.
Boston Bruins vs. Toronto Maple Leafs
"Toronto wins best-of-seven series 4 games to 1"
NY Rangers vs. Detroit.
New York Rangers vs. Detroit Red Wings
"Detroit wins best-of-seven series 4 games to 2"
Finals.
Detroit Red Wings vs. Toronto Maple Leafs
"Toronto wins best-of-seven series 4 games to 0"
Playoff scoring leaders.
"GP = Games Played, G = Goals, A = Assists, Pts = Points"

Duffy
Aimee Anne Duffy often known simply as Duffy is a Welsh soul singer and songwriter. She only recently became successful and her debut album 'Rockferry' is, so far, the best selling album of 2008 in the UK.

Funeral for a Friend
Funeral for a Friend often known as FFAF are a Welsh post-hardcore band. They have released four albums, three on a major record label.

Chicago Spire
The Chicago Spire is a very large skyscraper that is being built in Chicago, Illinois.

Rickrolling
Rickrolling is an internet meme that includes Rick Astley singing his 1987 song called Never Gonna Give You Up. This meme was first made by 4chan and is called a bait and switch. A bait or switch happens when the pranker gives a website to someone saying that the URL (which is somehow hidden) is about the current topic. When the victim clicks the link, they see the music video and have been Rickrolled or Rickroll'd.
As rickrolling has happened more, two of the many videos online have been watched over 13 million times each.
In October 27, 2008 at the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade, Rick performed a live rickroll. He came out during the singing of Best Friends by the cast of Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends and sang "Never Gonna Give You Up". At the end of the song, one of the characters said "I love Rickrolling!"
Song.
Astley recorded "Never Gonna Give You Up" in 1987 on his album "Whenever You Need Somebody". This song was his debut single and was a Number One hit for him on many international charts like the Billboard Hot 100, Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks and UK Top 40 charts. It was also Astley's first music video which features him performing the song while dancing.
Origin of the term.
Rickrolling is said to have began as a spin-off of an earlier prank called "duckrolling"., which was when a link was supposed to lead to a picture or news story but would really link to an edited picture of a duck on wheels. The victim was then said to have been duckrolled. The first instance of rickrolling happened in May 2007 on the 4chan video game board, where a link to the video was said to be a copy of the first trailer for Grand Theft Auto IV. The joke was confined to 4chan for a short time.
By May 2008, Rickrolling had become an internet hit or phenomenon and very soon rickrolling was being covered on mainstream media. A poll in April 2008 by SurveyUSA guessed or estimated that at least 18 million American adults had been rickrolled.
April Fools' Day, 2008.
On April Fools Day 2008 and the weeks after, many instances of Rickrolling showed up on the internet, and news media. All of the featured videos on Youtube's main page hyperlinked to the Rickroll. The prank showed up on international YouTube portals before showing up on the main page.

Stable
A stable is a building for livestock animals such as horses or cows to live in.
A stable often has a loft where food such as hay can be kept to feed the animals in the winter. The stable may be divided into enclosures or stalls to keep the animals separate.
A stable may be built near a farmhouse.
According to the Christian Bible, the baby Jesus was born in a stable. He was wrapped up and put to sleep on the straw in the feed bin (the "manger").

Dagne Groven Myhren
Dagne Groven Myhren is a Norwegian writer who researches literature. <br.>
She is also a musician of folk music (a folk musician), <br.>
and a university professor.
She has collaborated (or helped) writing a book in English about stev. The book is "Aslak Brekke og visune hans".
(The author of the book is J.P.Ekgren).

Aslak Brekke
Aslak Brekke (October 6, 1901 – 1978) was a Norwegian vocalist of stev (a type of Scandinavian poetry which is sung). He was also a singer of folksongs. Brekke was born in Vinje, Telemark. He was the first folksinger to sing on a radio broadcast to all of Norway.
In 1945, Brekke sang at an important concert in the ceremonial hall (the "Aula") at the University of Oslo. He also made a recording of the song "Ståle Storli", together with Eivind Groven (harmonium).

Mutiny
Image:Mutiny bounty 5.jpg|thumb|a> in a small boat. A scene from the movie, Mutiny on the Bounty
Mutiny is a when a group of people get together to openly oppose, change, or remove the people or person in authority. It usually means a group of soldiers trying to remove their officers, or a group of sailors on a ship trying to remove the captain. The group of people that mutiny are called mutineers.
During the Age of Discovery, mutiny meant open rebellion against a ship’s captain. This happened during Magellan’s journey and one mutineer was killed. Another mutineer was executed and 2 others were put on land and left there. After a mutiny on Henry Hudson’s "Discovery", Hudson and several others were left in the ocean in a small boat.
Penalty.
Mutiny is still treated as a very bad crime. Mutineers are punished and may even get the death penalty.

Printmaking
Printmaking making art by printing pictures, normally on paper. The advantage of printmaking is that lots of the same picture can be printed. This is called a print. Each print is not a copy, but an original, since it came from the same source (not like painting or drawing).
Materials.
Pictures for prints can be cut into plates of metal, usually copper or zinc for engraving or etching; stone, used for lithography; blocks of wood for woodcuts, linoleum for linocuts and fabric plates for screen-printing. Prints may also be published in books by the artist.

Old master print
An old master print is a work of art made by a printing process. Most of the old master prints were made by 1830 and no new ones came after. The main techniques used to make an old master print are woodcut, engraving and etching. Sometimes, old master prints are printed on paper, but rarely.
Many great European artists, such as Albrecht Dürer, Rembrandt, and Francisco Goya, were printmakers.

Web color
Web colors are colors used in designing webpages, and the ways for describing and listing those colors.
There are several ways to chose colors for parts of webpages. Colors may be listed as an RGB "triplet" (a set of three numbers) in hexadecimal format (a "hex triplet"). Many common colors can also be chosen by their common English names. Often a color tool or other graphics software is used to create color values.
The first versions of Mosaic and Netscape Navigator used the X11 color names as the base for their color lists. This was because they both started as X Window System applications.
Each web color has its own definition, sRGB. This relates to the chromaticities of a single phosphor set, a given transfer curve, adaptive whitepoint, and viewing conditions. These have been chosen to be similar to many real-world monitors and viewing conditions. Even without color management, the colors created are fairly close to the given values. However, user agents can be different in the fidelity with which they show the colors. Better user agents use color management to create better color fidelity. This is important for Web-to-print applications.
Original HTML web colors (formulated in the late 1980s).
Gold and orange were added to the original 16 shown above shortly after their introduction.

Warner Music Group
Warner Music Group is a record label from New York City. It is one of the "big four" record labels; the others are Sony BMG, EMI, and Universal. It started as Warner Music Group in 2003, but several Time Warner companies had existed before then.

Aslak Brekke og visune hans
Aslak Brekke og visune hans is a Norwegian / English book that has in it a collection of stev and Norwegian folk songs.
They were performed (or sung / recited) by Aslak Brekke, a master of the artists of "kveding".

OpenOffice.org Base
OpenOffice.org Base is the database module released with OpenOffice.org version 2.0. Currently it is based on the HSQLDB database engine written in Java.
The HSQLDB developers have suggested only 76% of the target has been met in the 1.8.0 release, which is the version that was integrated (merged) with OOo 2.0. They have been asking for contributions to complete all the feature targets, since the inner database engine is an independent project with no outside funding.
OpenOffice.org users, however, can choose to connect to an external full-featured SQL database such as MySQL, PostgreSQL and even Oracle through ODBC or JDBC drivers. OpenOffice.org Base can then act as a GUI frontend for SQL views, table design and query. In addition, OpenOffice.org has its own Form wizard to create dialog windows for form filling and updates.
Starting with version 2.3, Base will offer report generation based on Pentaho software.
Released under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public Licence, Base is free software.

Mozilla
Mozilla software.
Mozilla Foundation also makes Bugzilla.

Mammary intercourse
Mammary intercourse describes a sex act, performed as foreplay or as non-penetrative sex, that involves the stimulation of the male penis by the female breasts. Commonly, this sex act involves the man placing his penis between the woman's breasts and thrusting, while the breasts are squeezed around the penis for additional stimulation. Mammary intercourse is sometimes combined with oral sex.
When mammary intercourse continues to the point of ejaculation, the semen can land on the breasts, face, or in the mouth of the woman.
Several slang terms refer to mammary intercourse, such as titfuck or titty fuck in the United States, as well as tit wank or French fuck in the United Kingdom.

Shams-ud-din Iltutmish
Shams-ud-din Iltutmish (died 1236) was the third Muslim Turkic sultan of the Sultanate of Delhi and the third ruler of the Mamlukdynasty (or Slave dynasty). He was the son-in-law of Qutb-ud-din Aibak. He came to the throne after defeating Qutb-ud-din's son. He is said to be the greatest ruler of the Mamluk dynasty. He belonged to the Ilebar tribe. The first thing he did after becoming a sultan was expand his kingdom. He had to defend his empire against Mongol invasions and had to deal with Rajputs. Iltutmish prevented the Mongol attack in 1221 A.D led by Chenghiz Khan. He completed the Qutb Minar started by Qutb-ud-din Aibak. He also built the Quwat-ul-Islam mosque in Delhi.He died in 1236 A.D,the same year that Khwaja Gharib Nawaz, the sufi saint died. He did not consider his sons worthy of the throne and so he nominated his daughter, Sultana Razia, as the next ruler of Delhi.

Lightweight
Lightweight means any computer program, text, or item that is not heavy or bulky, or contains massive amounts of bloatware, such as Microsoft Windows. Lightweight is also a class of boxing.

1951-52 NHL season
The 1951–52 NHL season was the 35th season of the National Hockey League. Six teams each played 70 games. The Detroit Red Wings won the Stanley Cup by sweeping the Montreal Canadiens four games to none.
Final standings.
"Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, PIM = Penalties in minutes"
Scoring leaders.
"Note: GP = Games played, G = Goals, A = Assists, PTS = Points, PIM = Penalties in minutes"
Stanley Cup playoffs.
In the playoffs, Detroit finished 8–0, the first time a team had gone undefeated in the playoffs since the 1934–35 Montreal Maroons. The Wings scored 24 goals in the playoffs, compared to a combined 5 goals for their opponents.

Chris Osgood
Christopher John Osgood (born November 26, 1972 in Peace River, Alberta) is a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender with the Detroit Red Wings of the National Hockey League. He spent the first part of his career with Detroit, and then played for the New York Islanders and the St. Louis Blues during his 14-year NHL career before returning to Detroit in 2005. He has won three Stanley Cup championships in his career, all with the Red Wings, two of them while he was the starting goaltender.

Darren Middleton
Darren Middleton is the guitarist in the Australian rock band, Powderfinger.

Lochee
Lochee is a district of Dundee, a city in Angus, Scotland.

2008 Atlantic hurricane season
The 2008 Atlantic hurricane season is the current hurricane season. The season started on June 1 and will end on November 30, but Tropical Storm Arthur formed a couple days early on May 30, 2008. So far there have been a total of ten named storms: 6 tropical storms, 5 hurricanes and 3 major hurricanes.
Tropical Storm Arthur.
Tropical Storm Arthur formed near the Belize coast late on May 30, forming out of the interaction between a tropical wave and what was left of Tropical Storm Alma which was a tropical storm in the East Pacific, and made landfall on Belize on May 31. The system moved over Yucatán Peninsula slowly and dissipated on land early on June 2. When Arthur made landfall on Belize it caused an estimated $78 million USD worth of damage & killed 5 people
Arthur is the first reported tropical storm to form in May since Tropical Storm Arlene in 1981. Other systems have formed (such as Subtropical Storm Andrea in 2007), but were subtropical. Some forecasters question whether Arthur's very short lifespan would have been reported and named in the years prior to today's technology. The formation of Arthur also marks the first time that a "named" storm formed in May for two consecutive years, and just the third time in over 150 years of record (a storm did form in May for three straight seasons: 1932-1934; 1889-1890 was the other occurrence.)
Hurricane Bertha.
Early on July 1, a strong and big tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa. By early the next day, a surface low developed and the wave became better organized. The National Hurricane Center upgraded the system to Tropical Depression Two in the morning hours of July 3 after the system was able to keep convection over its center for at least 12 hours. The depression organized further and developed two distinct bands of convection. Six hours after becoming a depression, it was upgraded to Tropical Storm Bertha, the second named storm of the season. The National Hurricane Center said that this tropical cyclone was amazingly forecasted up to a week in advance by many global computer models.
After some strengthening on July 6, Bertha was upgraded to a hurricane early on July 7 as satellite and microwave imagery indicated an eye feature had formed. It continued to strengthen that morning. Fast strengthening continued that afternoon and Bertha strengthened into a major hurricane with 120 mph (195 km/h) winds and a well-defined eye. The strengthening trend stopped early on July 8, due to wind shear, and Bertha quickly weakened back to a Category 1 hurricane that afternoon.
Bertha again began to quickly strengthen on July 9 as a new eye had formed and the system became more symmetrical. The NHC upgraded Bertha to a category two hurricane with winds of 105 mph (170 km/h) and stated that Bertha could strengthen further to a major hurricane again, but instead weakened into an 85 mph (135 km/h) category 1 hurricane. Bertha has become the longest-lived pre-August Atlantic tropical cyclone on record. On July 12, Bertha slowed in movement, and was close to becoming still and by July 13 this slow movement weakened the storm to tropical storm strength. On July 18, Bertha strengthened back to a hurricane as its forward motion increased. As it moved over cooler waters, it weakened a bit to a tropical storm late on July 19. It finally became extratropical on July 20 southwest of Iceland.
Tropical Storm Cristobal.
A disturbance off the Georgia coast slowly organized itself, and became Tropical Depression Three late on July 18. It strengthened into Tropical Storm Cristobal the next day. It continued to be near and parallel to the Carolina coast, though never making landfall. It became extratropical on July 23.
Hurricane Dolly.
A strong tropical wave moved across the Caribbean Sea in the third week of July. Although it was producing strong convection and tropical storm-force sustained winds, it did not develop a low-level circulation until July 20. That morning, reconnaissance aircraft found a low-level circulation and the system was declared Tropical Storm Dolly. This marked the fastest start of a hurricane season since 2005.
It made landfall early on July 21 as a weak and disorganized tropical storm near Cancun, and emerged over the Gulf of Mexico later that morning. 17 deaths were reported in Guatemala from landslides caused by heavy rain on the fringes of Dolly.
On July 22 at 4 p.m. CDT, it strengthened into the second hurricane of the season. It gradually strengthened that night into the morning of July 23 and reached Category 2 strength. It made landfall at 1 p.m. CDT (1800 UTC) on South Padre Island as a 100mph category 2 hurricane. Dolly caused no deaths in Texas but it became the most damaging hurricane in Texas since 2005's Hurricane Rita, with $1.2 billion dollars in damage, and was the third costliest Texas hurricane in history, behind Hurricane Alicia and Rita. The remnant low caused flash flooding and two deaths in New Mexico before dissipating late on July 27.
Tropical Storm Edouard.
A shear line stalled in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico in early August as troughing aloft dug into the northeast Gulf of Mexico. This energy aloft helped to organize a surface low along the shearline early on August 2, which slowly organized over the following day. It strengthened into Tropical Depression Five before gaining strength and being named Tropical Storm Edouard on August 3. The storm made landfall in Southeast Texas near Port Arthur on the morning of August 5 as a strong tropical storm. As it moved inland, the system weakened into a tropical depression by afternoon. The depression weakened into a remnant low on August 7 while on land over Texas.
Tropical Storm Fay.
A strong tropical wave moved into the northeastern Caribbean in mid-August. It caused heavy rain across the Leeward Islands and into Puerto Rico before tracking westward, while unable to develop a low-level circulation although it was producing tropical storm-force winds. On August 15, a closed circulation was found and the system was named Tropical Storm Fay. Later that day Fay caused heavy rains on the island of Hispaniola causing a major flash flood threat. Fay crossed Hispaniola, Cuba, and hit south Florida beginning late on August 18, slowly tracking northeastward across the peninsula. High amounts of flooding happened in much of eastern Florida, along with some wind damage. After crossing into the Atlantic, Fay turned westward again and crossed northern Florida on August 22. As it zigzagged from water to land, it became the first storm in Florida recorded history to make landfall four times. Fay weakened into a tropical depression along the north coast of the Gulf of Mexico. Fay eventually weakened into a remnant low around noon on August 26 while located over Alabama.
Hurricane Gustav.
A disturbance formed in the deep tropical Atlantic in the fourth week of August. It tracked westward into the Caribbean Sea where it encountered better conditions for cyclone development, and became a tropical depression on the morning of August 25, west of the Windward Islands. It quickly strengthened into Tropical Storm Gustav early that afternoon and into Hurricane Gustav early on August 26. It then weakened into a tropical storm on the evening of August 27. It re-organized further south into a strong tropical storm once again on August 28 before speeding up and hitting Jamaica. Gustav has killed 78 people in Haiti, the Dominican Republic, and Jamaica, while 7 are still missing in Haiti. On August 29, it strengthened back into a hurricane. On the morning of August 30, it was upgraded to a Category 3 major hurricane. After strengthening slowed for a few hours, another round of quick strengthening happened and Gustav was upgraded to a Category 4 hurricane during a hurricane hunter flight around 1pm (EDT), with 145 mph winds. Continuing to intensify, it became a 150 mph storm that afternoon near 5 P.M. EDT. Soon after Gustav made landfall in Cuba, firstly on the island of Isla de la Juventud and later on the mainland near Los Palacios in Pinar del Río Province, causing severe damage, although it is difficult to predict how much damage it caused. It then emerged into the Gulf of Mexico weakening into a minimal 115 mph. It was expected to hit Louisiana so the mayor of New Orleans evacuated the city. At 8 a.m. CDT on the 2nd September it was reported to have weakened to category 2. Gustav is responsible for 138 deaths and up to $18 billion in damage.
Hurricane Hanna.
Tropical Depression Eight formed on August 28 from a low pressure area east-northeast of the northern Leeward Islands. It was upgraded to a tropical storm later that day and named Hanna. On September 1, while Hanna was moving very near to the island of Mayaguana in the Bahamas, it was upgraded to Category 1 hurricane status. Hanna wandered around the southeastern Bahamas, weakening to a tropical storm while also dumping heavy rain on already-devastated Haiti. Hanna moved rapidly northeastwards along the east coast of the United States as a tropical storm. Hanna changed into an extratropical cyclone as it moved offshore from Massachusetts early on September 7. At least 537 deaths have been blamed on Hanna, most in Haiti.
Hurricane Ike.
A tropical disturbance formed off the coast of Africa near the end of August. It moved south of Cape Verde and slowly developed. On September 1 it became Tropical Depression Nine while west of the Cape Verde islands and intensified into a tropical storm later that day, when it was given the name Ike. Ike developed an eye late on September 3 as it underwent explosive intensification, as it strengthened from a tropical storm to a Category 4 hurricane in twelve hours with an estimated pressure drop of, from; and a 24 hour pressure drop of, from. Ike weakened back to a Category 2 hurricane before re-intensifying back to Category 4. It ripped across Great Inagua Island and Grand Turk Island, where 80% of the buildings on Grand Turk were severely damaged or completely destroyed. It weakened into a strong Category 3 late in the afternoon of September 7 as it headed for landfall on the northeastern coastline of Cuba that evening. In addition, the storm killed at least 74 people in Haiti and 1 person in the Dominican Republic.
As Ike crossed Cuba on September 8 it weakened to a Category 1 hurricane and emerged into the Caribbean Sea, where it moved along or just off of the southern coast of Cuba. Ike killed 7 people as it effected nearly the entirety of Cuba. It crossed into the Gulf of Mexico on September 9 and ballooned in size. Ike maintained a double eyewall structure across most of the Gulf of Mexico and continued to expand in size. It made landfall on Galveston Island on September 13 as a strong category 2 hurricane, but its large size brought storm surge of over from Galveston Island eastward into southern Louisiana. The Bolivar Peninsula was worst affected by the surge, while Galveston Island (where waves topped the seawall) and the Port Arthur areas also saw extensive damage. Power was knocked out to most of the Houston area and windows were blown out of skyscrapers in downtown Houston. As Ike moved inland, it brought extensive flooding and wind damage throughout the Midwest and as far north as Pennsylvania. It became extratropical on September 14. At least 82 deaths have been blamed on Ike in the U.S., with 44 of them caused directly.
Damage from Ike is estimated at $31.5 billion (2008 USD), the third most destructive U.S. hurricane on record, behind Katrina in 2005 and Andrew in 1992. At least 166 fatalities have been blamed on Ike, of which 82 were in the United States. It was the most destructive hurricane in Texas history. Ike was an extremely large and powerful storm. At one point, the diameter of Ike's tropical storm and hurricane force winds were 550 and 240 miles (885 and 390 km), respectively, making Ike the most massive Atlantic hurricane recorded. Ike also had the second highest IKE (Integrated Kinetic Energy) of any Atlantic storm in the past 40 years. Integrated Kinetic Energy is a measure of storm surge destructive potential, similar to the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale, though the IKE is more complex and in many ways more accurate. On a scale that ranges from 1 to 6, with 6 being highest destructive potential, Ike earned a 5.2.
Tropical Storm Josephine.
A tropical disturbance formed off the coast of Africa near the end of August. It tracked south of Cape Verde and slowly developed. On September 2 it became Tropical Depression Ten while south-southeast of the southernmost Cape Verde islands. The depression was upgraded to a tropical storm later the same day as it passed to the south of the Cape Verde islands.
Hurricane Kyle.
A strong tropical disturbance tracked across the northeastern Caribbean Sea in the third week of September. It meandered around Puerto Rico and Hispaniola, dumping lots of rain across those islands causing a significant amount of damage, despite never developing a closed circulation. By September 24, it began to track northward away from the islands and into the open Atlantic water, and became a tropical storm on September 25. Kyle was upgraded to a hurricane during the afternoon of September 27. It continued northward and maintained hurricane strength until landfall near Yarmouth, Nova Scotia in Canada late on September 28. A few hours later, Kyle became extratropical as the cold waters of the Bay of Fundy took effect. In general, Maritimers were spared of the expected damage.
Tropical Storm Laura.
In the last week of September, a very large non-tropical system over the north-central Atlantic slowly moved westward away from the Azores. As it entered warmer waters, it slowly gained tropical characteristics and was declared Subtropical Storm Laura early on September 29. It became fully tropical the next day and was reclassified as Tropical Storm Laura. On October 1 it became "post-tropical" (in the forecaster's words) as it moved over cooler waters.
Tropical Storm Marco.
Tropical Depression Thirteen formed from a very small but well-organized low in the Bay of Campeche on October 6. It quickly strengthened into Tropical Storm Marco with 65 mph (100 km/h) winds that afternoon. Marco made landfall near Veracruz, Mexico the next morning at the same intensity. Marco dissipated that night as the small circulation moved inland. At one point, tropical storm-force winds were estimated to extend only 10 miles from the center, which makes it the smallest tropical cyclone on record, beating Cyclone Tracy.
Tropical Storm Nana.
Tropical Storm Nana formed on October 12 from a disturbance which had been drifting toward the northwest over the previous couple days in the middle of the tropical Atlantic ocean roughly halfway between the west coast of Africa and the Lesser Antilles. The storm weakened into a remnant low on October 14. This is the first use of the name "Nana" since 1990.
Hurricane Omar.
A tropical disturbance in the eastern Caribbean Sea was in an area not expecting any development in the second week of October. While drifting across the region, upper-level winds calmed down enough for the tropical disturbance to strengthen and to develop into Tropical Depression Fifteen on October 13. It strengthened to Tropical Storm Omar the next day. Omar quickly strengthened into a 70 mph (110 km/h) storm that afternoon, and became a hurricane that night. It remained a hurricane through that night and it changed little in intensity through the next day, but that evening Omar intensified quickly and became a 115 mph Category 3 storm, and became a 125 mph (205 km/h) storm the next morning. In a discussion supplied by the National Hurricane Center, it stated that Omar may have peaked as a minimal Category 4 early that morning. However, wind shear and dry air quickly weakened Omar to a minimal hurricane that afternoon as it raced towards the northeast at 26 mph (41 km/h). After dropping to tropical storm strength it became a hurricane again on October 17. It degenerated to a remnant low on October 18.
Tropical Depression Sixteen.
A large disturbance in the western Caribbean slowly developed off the coast of Nicaragua. It organized enough to become Tropical Depression Sixteen on October 14. After hugging the northern coast of Honduras (which didn't let it strengthen), the disorganized center made landfall near midday on October 15. It dissipated inland that evening, never reaching tropical storm intensity. Its remnants however became nearly frozen in the area between northern Costa Rica and southeastern Mexico and continued to produce locally heavy rains for several days.
Hurricane Paloma.
An area of low pressure became frozen in the Caribbean Sea without showing tropical development for several days at the beginning of November. Finally, on November 5 the low pressure system organized and became Tropical Depression Seventeen just east of Nicaragua. The next day it strengthened to become Tropical Storm Paloma. It was the first tropical storm to receive this female name. It was the fourth time a "P" name began in the Atlantic since 1950. The other storms were Pablo in 1995, Peter in 2003 and Philippe in 2005 seasons. Paloma broke a record by making the 2008 season be the first time a major hurricane formed in five different months (July-November). Paloma caused up to 1.4 billion (2008 USD) in damage to Cuba.
Accumulated Cyclone Energy (ACE).
The table on the right shows the ACE for each storm in the season. ACE is a measure of the power of the hurricane multiplied by the length of time it existed, so storms that last a long time, as well as strong hurricanes, have high ACEs. ACE is only officially released for full advisories on tropical systems at or exceeding 34 knots (39 mph, 63 km/h) or tropical storm strength. Subtropical storms are not included in season totals.
Storm names.
These names will be used for named storms that form in the North Atlantic in 2008. Retired names, if any, will be announced by the World Meteorological Organization in the spring of 2009. The names not retired from this list will be used again in the 2014 season. The list is the same as the 2002 list except for Ike and Laura, which will replace Isidore and Lili, respectively.

Eruca sativa
"Eruca sativa" (syn. "E. vesicaria" subsp. "sativa" (Miller) Thell., "Brassica eruca" L.), also known as arugula or rocket, is a plant that can be eaten. It is a leaf vegetable with dark green, spiky, dandelion-like leaves and a strong, spicy, peppery flavor.

Edward Emerson Barnard
Edward Emerson Barnard was an American astronomer. He is famous for discovering Amalthea, a moon of the planet Jupiter. A star, Barnard's star, was named after him.

Solar wind
The Solar Wind is not, as the name suggests, wind. It is a stream of charged particles shot out of the Sun. They are shot out at such speed that they can travel the whole length of the Solar System, nearly 1 lightyear. The particles are dangerous to people and spacecraft. Earth has a magnetic field which absorbs or soaks up a lot of the solar wind causing the "northern lights" or "aurora borealis."

Fireproof (movie)
"Fireproof" is a 2008 American drama movie from Sherwood Pictures. Stephen Kendrick co-wrote the movie with his brother, while serving as a producer. The supporting cast is made up of volunteers from Sherwood Baptist Church in, where the Kendrick brothers are associate pastors. The movie hasKirk Cameron as Caleb Holt in his first theater-released movie since 2001's '.
On May 21, 2008, Sherwood Pictures said that the movie would open in theaters on September 26, 2008. It was given an MPAA rating of PG for "thematic material and some peril".
Plot.
"Fireproof" is the story of a firefighter, Captain Caleb Holt, who lives by the old firefighter's adage: "Never leave your partner behind". But, after seven years of marriage to his wife Catherine, their own relationship is failing. Neither one understands the pressures the other faces. Caleb claims that Catherine is too sensitive and "doesn't show me respect." Whereas she tells her hospital co-workers that he is "so insensitive" and that "he doesn't listen to me" and "doesn't understand my needs." As they prepare to file for divorce, Caleb's father challenges his son to commit to a 40-day test called "The Love Dare." Caleb starts it, but more for his father's sake than for his marriage.
When Caleb learns the book’s daily challenges are tied into his parents' newfound faith, his already limited interest is further dampened. Even though he wants to stay true to the promise to his father, Caleb becomes frustrated time and time again. He finally asks his father, "How am I supposed to show love to somebody who constantly rejects me?" When his father tells him that this is the love God shows to people, Caleb makes a life-changing commitment to love God. And, with God's help, he begins to understand what it means to truly love his wife. But, he is unsure if it's too late to "fireproof" his marriage.
Production.
"Fireproof" was filmed for 30 days over a two-month period between late October 2007 and December 14, 2007. The production was based on a budget of $500,000, which was more than $100,000 which Sherwood Pictures' had used to make "Facing the Giants". "Fireproof" was shot in sixteen locations, all of which were donated. Craig von Buseck of the Christian Broadcasting Network said that the movie was "beautifully shot in and around Albany, Georgia, home to Sherwood Church." The Albany Fire Department donated their fire station locations, trucks and even some of their crew for use during the filming. Stephen Kendrick said, "We’ve never claimed that our movies are Academy Award winning. [...] But we are trying to pursue excellence."
Marriage views.
"Fireproof" is partnered with "Fireproof My Marriage", an organization created to strengthen and heal marriages. "The Love Dare", a book written by Alex and
Stephen Kendrick, is a major topic in the movie, being one of the main points of the plot. Alex Kendrick said in an interview that this movie would be "a drama/romance about marriage. Our goal is to reinforce God's intention for marriage."
With 50% of all marriages in the United States ending in divorce, "Fireproof" has been endorsed by many marriage-oriented organizations, some of them are FamilyLife, "The Marriage CoMission", "The Association of Marriage and Family Ministries", "Marriage Alive Communications" and "MarriageToday". The movie has been uniting many other marriage advocates from all over the United States.
Christian groups.
"Fireproof" has been given very good reviews from Christian groups since it was first seen. Mitch Temple of Focus on the Family said that, "This brilliantly produced film radiates messages of authentic determination, faith and hope, even for those of us who have felt like giving up on our marriages." Michael Foust of the Baptist Press said that, "I walked into the theater without any expectations, but walked out after the closing credits believing I had just seen perhaps the most convicting and inspiring film I had ever viewed. Fireproof isn't just a great Christian movie. It's a great movie. Period."
While watching the movie for the second time, Steven Isaac of Plugged In said, "I was with my bride of 14 years. [...] All I wanted to do was hold her hand."
Movies critics.
This movie has also been given mixed reviews from movie critics. Chris Willman of "Entertainment Weekly" gave the film a "C," and said that, "the conversion subplot feels shoehorned into the more crucial marital doings, as if coming to Jesus might be just one of a long checklist of steps to restore sizzle to your marriage, right between buying roses and preparing a candlelit dinner."
Frank Scheck of "The Hollywood Reporter" said, "While hardly sophisticated in its approach and certainly not polished in its technical elements, the film does get its heartfelt message across with undeniable sincerity. Its success at the boxoffice, which will no doubt continue on home video, demonstrates that there's no shortage of filmgoers dissatisfied with cynical Hollywood product." Joe Leydon of "Variety" gave the film a positive review saying "Cameron is genuinely compelling as Caleb, a work-obsessed firefighter on the verge of divorce from his neglected wife."
Box office.
"Fireproofs advance sales was 40% of all Fandango sales from Friday morning. In the week before opening, "Fireproof" had pre-sold more than $1 million in tickets, far above the blockbusters of the weekend. "Fireproof" was released on September 26, 2008 in 839 theaters. In its first weekend, "Fireproof" grossed over $6.8 million, putting it in fourth place at the box office. As of October 15, 2008, "Fireproof" has stayed in the top 10 films in America. As of October 26, 2008, "Fireproof" has an earned about $30,492,054, tripling the lifetime earnings of the movie made before it, "Facing the Giants", and moving it into the top 5 Christian films by earnings.
In each of "Fireproofs first four weeks in the box office, it added theaters. It had 839 theaters in its first weekend, 852 in its second, 875 in its third, and 905 in its fourth. During this time, it did lose some theaters, bringing its total down to 787, but it was quickly brought back in its sixth week, adding over 100 theaters to the count. In its seventh week, beginning on November 7th, it opened in over 130 more new theaters.

Brown Rat
The brown rat, common rat, Hanover rat, Norway rat, Norwegian rat, or wharf rat ("Rattus norvegicus") is one of the best known and most common rats, and also one of the largest.

Mulan II
"Mulan II" is a Disney 2005 movie and the sequel to the 1998 animated movie "Mulan". It was directed by Darrell Rooney and Lynne Southerland, and features Mulan, and her new fiancé, Shang, on a special mission: getting the Emperor's three daughters across the country to meet their soon-to-be fiancés. The movie deals with arranged marriages, loyalty, relationships, making choices, trust, and finding true love. The entire cast from the first movie returned, except for Eddie Murphy (Mushu), Miriam Margolyes (The Matchmaker), Chris Sanders (Little Brother) and Matthew Wilder (Ling's singing voice). Murphy and Margolyes were replaced by Mark Moseley and April Winchell, and Gedde Watanabe does his own singing for the sequel.
The Story.
Fa Mulan gets the surprise of her young life when her love, Captain (now General) Li Shang asks for her hand in marriage. Before the two can have their happily ever after, the Emperor assigns them a secret mission, to escort three princesses to Chang'an, China. Mushu is determined to drive a wedge between the couple after he learns that he will lose his guardian job if Mulan marries into the Li family. After the princesses unexpectedly fall in love with the Gang of Three, Mulan decides to help them escape the fate of marrying men they do not love. This contradicts the Emperor's orders and forces him to put Mulan's relationship with Shang into question. They are attacked by Mongolians, and the fate of China hangs in the balance.
Soundtrack.
The soundtrank contains songs from the movie performed by various artists, as well as portions of the movie's score composed by Joel McNeely. It was released on January 25, 2005 by Walt Disney Records.

Sherwood Pictures
Sherwood Pictures is a movie-making company based in Albany, Georgia. The company is a ministry of Sherwood Baptist Church. It is run by Alex Kendrick, the pastor of Sherwood Baptist Church.

Klik
klik is a system for software download and use on Linux.

Zero Install
Zero Install is a way to distribute and package software for Linux and Unix-like operating systems.
Currently, the only operating system to include Zero Install is
Method of Operation.
Instead of the normal method of downloading a software package, extracting it, and installing it before it can be used, packages distributed using Zero Install need only to be opened and usually comes in Application Directory format (presented to the user as a single file).

Sentosa
Sentosa is a resort island at the south of Singapore. The island is well-known for its beach, Fort Siloso and two five-star hotels. The island was used as a place to build a fort during World War II, by the British who ruled Singapore back then.

British Uganda Programme
The British Uganda Programme was a plan to give a piece of East Africa, owned by the British, to Jewish people to live in. The plan was made to help the Jews in Russia to find somewhere to live after the pogroms.
The offer was first made by British Colonial Secretary Joseph Chamberlain to Theodore Herzl's Zionist group in 1903. He said he would give them 5,000km of the Mau Plateau, Kenya.
The idea was brought up during Zionist Congress at its sixth meeting in 1903 in Basel. Many people disagreed with it. In the end the motion passed by 295 to 177 votes.
Problems.
The plateau's high elevation gave it a low temperature, which was good for the European people. However, it was filled with lions and other dangerous animals. This problem made the Zionists politely refused the offer for the land.

Frank Gardiner
Frank Gardiner (1830 - 1903) was a famous Australian bushranger. Gardiner used several different names during his life. He was leader of a gang that did one of Australia's biggest ever robberies. He is the only person ever exiled (sent away) from Australia. He was born in Scotland, and came to Australia with his family in 1834. They lived at Boro, near Goulburn, New South Wales.
Horse Thief.
He went to Victoria and was caught stealing horses. In October 1850 he was sent to the Geelong gaol for 5 years. Next March he escaped from Pentridge gaol in Melbourne and went back to New South Wales. In March 1854 he was caught stealing horses at Goulburn and was sent to Cockatoo Island in Sydney. In December 1859 he was given a ticket-of-leave for the Carcoar area. Instead he went south and started a butchers shop at Lambing Flat gold fields.
Bushranger.
Gardiner was also called 'The Darkie'. He became a bushranger with John Piesley and robbed people on the roads near Cowra. In July 1861 he shot and wounded 2 policemen, Sergeant John Middleton and Trooper Hosie who had tried to capture him. He was captured but managed to escape. Trooper Hosie is thought to have taken a bribe and let him go. Gardiner and Piesley went to hide in the Weddin Mountains and joined up with other bushrangers John Gilbert and Ben Hall. The gang was able to move too quickly for the police to catch up because they had help from local people. On 15 June 1862 near Eugowra the gang robbed the gold coach and got away with £14,000. This is about $4 million in 2003 money value. This was Australia's biggest gold robbery.. Other men in the gang were Daniel Charters, John Fordyce, John Bow and Henry Manns. The police were quickly at the scene of the robbery and began tracking the gang. The police found the horse used to carry the gold and recovered most of it. A couple of days later the police were able to capture Gardiner and 2 other gang members. The next day, 6 bushrangers led by John Gilbert, held up the police and released Gardiner. The police watched all Gardiner's friends very closely. Many were arrested. Gardiner and Kate Brown decided it was not safe to stay.
Later Life.
He moved to Queensland with his mistress, Mrs. Kate Brown. Kate was the sister of Ben Hall's wife. Together they opened a small shop and hotel at Apis Creek near Rockhampton. After Kate wrote a letter to her family the police found out where they were living. The police were able to find Gardiner and arrested him in February 1864. In court the jury decided he had not tried to kill police Sergeant Middleton, but that he was a robber. The judge, (Sir) Alfred Stephen, sent him to gaol for 32 years. There is a folk song called "Frank Gardiner". The first line is "Oh, Frank Gardiner he is caught at last he lies in Sydney jail."Kate Brown went to the Thames goldfields in New Zealand where she killed herself in 1868.
Exile.
In 1872 Gardiner's lawyer organized a lot of people to write to the governor to get him to let Gardiner out of gaol. The governor, Sir Hercules Robinson agreed that Gardiner had been given too many years in prison. Gardiner was released in 1874 on the condition that he left Australia. This decision caused a lot of arguments, even in the New South Wales parliament. It led to the end of the Parkes's government.
On 27 July Gardiner left Australia and by February 1875 he was in San Francisco. He ran a hotel called the Twilight Saloon. The Australian newspapers often had stories about him. He married a rich widow and had twin sons, some even writing he had died in a gunfight in Colorado in 1903. Most of these stories could not be proved. A lot of the gold stolen in the Eugowra robbery was got back by the police, Gardiner's share was never found. There are stories of unknown Americans digging on the site of Frank Gardiner's old house in 1910. Were these Frank's sons searching for the missing gold?

Razia Sultan
Razia al-Din or Razia Sultana (1205-1240) was one of the rulers of the Delhi Sultanate. She was the first and last Muslim lady to rule Delhi. She was said to be a brave, kind and just person. She ascended the throne in 1236 A.D. But the nobles who did not like to be ruled by Razia soon killed her in a war.

Caravaca de la Cruz
Caravaca de la Cruz is a city of the of the Autonomous Community of Murcia, in Spain. It has a population of over 25,000 inhabitants.

Dhallywood
The Bangladeshi film industry, popularly known as Dollywood (a portmanteau of the words Dhaka and Hollywood), has been based in Bangladesh's capital, Dhaka, since 1956. As of 2004, it produced approximately 100 movies a year, with an average movie budget of about 6,500,000 Bangladeshi taka.

The Fray
The Fray is a rock band formed in 2002. The band's debut album How to Save a Life (album) was released September 2005. The Fray released 1 studio album, 2 live albums, and 2 EP's. The Fray created singles How to Save a Life, Over My Head (Cable Car), Look After You, Vienna, and All at Once.

1955-56 NHL season
The 1955–56 NHL season was the 39th season of the National Hockey League. Six teams each played 70 games. The Montreal Canadiens were the Stanley Cup winners as they beat the Detroit Red Wings four games to one in the best-of-seven final series.
Final standings.
"Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, PIM = Penalties in minutes"
Scoring leaders.
"Note: GP = Games played, G = Goals, A = Assists, PTS = Points, PIM = Penalties in minutes"

Illustrator
An illustrator is an artist who draws either on books, Internet webpages or other types of entertainment.

Scarborough, North Yorkshire
Scarborough is a town on the North Sea coast of North Yorkshire, England.
With a population of around 50,000, Scarborough is the largest holiday resort on the Yorkshire coast. The town is served by Scarborough railway station.

Fish farm
A fish farm is a place where fish are bred for food.

Mansion
A mansion is a large house. A "country house" is a common type of mansion in England.

The Miserable Mill
"The Miserable Mill" is a book by Lemony Snicket. It is the fourth book in a series called "A Series of Unfortunate Events".
Plot summary.
Violet, Klaus, and Sunny Baudelaire go by train to Paltryville to meet their new guardian at the Lucky Smells Lumbermill. When they arrive there, they find that it's a very boring place and that rather than being cared for by their new guardian, Sir, they must work in his sawmill. Klaus is hypnotized by Dr. Orwell, and he causes an "accident". Sir therefore threatens that if they cause any more they will be sent to live with Shirley, who is really Count Olaf in disguise. Eventually Olaf's plan fails, and the Baudelaire orphans must go to a boarding school.

Mass Effect
Mass Effect is an award winning, 2007, science fiction video game published by Microsoft and developed by Bioware. It was released for the Xbox 360 and later on the PC. The game takes place in the year 2183. Players control an elite human soldier called Commander Shepard and are able to explore the galaxy on his spacecraft, the "SSV Normandy".
Plot and Universe.
"Mass Effect" has a very detailed fictional universe, with many of the concepts based on real science. There are over 20 alien races the player can meet in "Mass Effect", with more planned for the sequels.
Themes.
The game has a science fiction setting and explores themes such as space, racism, religion and the state of humanity. The main plot of the game involves the classic science fiction idea of robots or AI that have got out of control. According to the lead writer of Bioware, Star Wars, Aliens and Blade Runner were all influences on the games setting and plot.
Setting.
"Mass Effect" is set 180 years in the future in the year 2183. According to the back story humans discovered some ancient technology on Mars. This enabled them to build faster than light spacecraft. With this technology humans explored the whole Solar System. Twenty years before the game begins human explorers find an ancient teleporter on Pluto's moon Charon. This enables spacecraft and people to be sent across the galaxy.

Free and open source software
Free and open source software (FOSS) is software whose source is open and available to anyone who wishes to improve, study or modify it, and share the original and the modifications with others. These additional rights are generally granted to the user through the GPL, LGPL, or BSD license.

Free software movement
The free software movement is a software movement which aims to improve the user's rights on software and reducing proprietary (non-free) software through the use of operating systems such as Ubuntu. The movement is generally signified through open source software such as Mozilla Firefox, Mozilla Thunderbird, FileZilla and open source operating systems such as Linux and ReactOS. The movement is against non-free software that restricts the user's rights. Examples of non-free software include Microsoft Windows, Adobe Acrobat and UltraEdit.

How to Save a Life
How to Save a Life is a studio album by The Fray. The album was released in September of 2005. Singles include How to Save a Life, Over My Head (Cable Car), All at Once, and Look After You.

How to Save a Life (song)
"How to Save a Life" is an alternative rock song off the album by The Fray called "How to Save a Life". The single contains various music videos. "How to Save a Life" was written by Isaac Slade and Joe King.

Mount Chimborazo
Mount Chimborazo is a mountain and a dormant or inactive volcano in Ecuador. Its last eruption is thought to have been over a thousand years ago.
The top of Mount Chimborazo is the farthest away from the centre of the Earth it is possible to get on land. Although Mount Everest is higher, because the Earth bulges at the equator Chimborazo sticks out more.

OpenOffice.org Draw
OpenOffice.org Draw is a vector graphics editor and is part of the OpenOffice.org office suite. It has "connectors" between shapes, that are available in many types of line styles and allow people to build drawings such as flowchart. It also includes many features found in desktop publishing software.
OpenOffice.org users can also install the Open Clip Art Library, which adds a lot of flags, logos, icons and banners for general presentation and drawing projects. Linux distributions Debian and Ubuntu also have ready-to-use "openclipart" packages for easy download and install from their online software repositories.
Released under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public Licence, Draw is free software.

OpenOffice.org Math
OpenOffice.org Math is a tool for creating and editing mathematical formulas, similar to Microsoft Equation Editor and is part of the OpenOffice.org office suite. The created formulas can then be put into other OpenOffice.org documents, for example, those created by Writer. It allows multiple fonts and can export to PDF.
Released under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public Licence, Math is free software.

Tony Lazzeri
Anthony Michael Lazzeri was a Major League Baseball player, mostly for the New York Yankees. He is a member of the Baseball Hall of Fame.

Indian-occupied Kashmir
Bharati Maqbuza Kashmir or Occupied Kashmir is a Disputed state in the north of India, claimed by the Kashmiris and the government of Pakistan what the Republic of India calls it the so-called Jammu and Kashmir area 139,000 SqKm (53,700 SqMi), population 6 million (1981). The state is bounded to the west by Pakistan and the 1971-72 Line-of-Control which separates it from Azad Kashmir; in the east by Ladakh, Tibet and Aksai Chin. The state is drained by numerous rivers including Indus, Zanskar River, Suru River (Indus), Nubra River and Shyok River.

Revolution Studios
Revolution Studios is a movie production company founded in 2000 and closed in 2007. Revolution will be renamed to Confidental Entertainment.

Nose-picking
Nose-picking is the act of sticking an index finger up inside a nose and digging inside.It is a taboo subject in most countries and is considered to be very gross and disgusting
dispite being a very common habit.

Adiabatic process
An adiabatic process is where there is no change in heat.

Oklahoma Land Run
The Land Rush of 1889, also known as the Oklahoma Land Run, was the first land run into the Unassigned Lands of Oklahoma.

Five Civilized Tribes
The Five Civilized Tribes is the term applied to five Native American nations, the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole, considered civilized by white settlers during that time period because they adopted many of the colonists' customs and had generally good relations with their neighbors.

Anadarko, Oklahoma
Anadarko is a city in Caddo County, Oklahoma, United States. The population was 6,645 at the 2000 census.

Petroleum industry
The petroleum industry includes the global processes of exploration, extraction, refining, transporting (often by oil tankers and pipelines), and marketing petroleum products. The largest volume products of the industry are fuel oil and gasoline (petrol).

Cyrus Avery
Cyrus Stevens Avery (1871–1963) was known as the "Father of Route 66". He created the route while a member of the federal board appointed to create the Federal Highway System, then pushed for the establishment of the U.S. Highway 66 Association to pave and promote the highway.

U.S. Route 66
U.S. Route 66 (also known as Route 66, U.S. Highway 66, The Main Street of America, The Mother Road and the Will Rogers Highway) was a highway in the U.S. Highway System. One of the original U.S. highways, Route 66, US Highway 66, was established on November 11, 1926. However, road signs did not go up until the following year. The famous highway originally ran from Chicago, Illinois, through Missouri, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and California, before ending at Los Angeles, encompassing a total of.

Green Chemistry
Green chemistry or "sustainable chemistry" is a branch of chemistry that can be used to look at the impact a chemical process has on the environment. Its main goal is to develop methods that help avoid dangerous chemical waste. Processes that allow to do this should not be worse than other similar processes that don't.
Green chemistry is a mix of organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, biochemistry and analytical chemistry.
The 12 Principles of Green Chemistry.
Create products without or with minimal wastes so that the wastes do not need to be taken care of afterwards.
2. Design safer chemicals and products
Design chemicals to have little or no toxicity, without affecting effectiveness.
3. Design less hazardous chemical syntheses
Design a way of synthesising products without it being toxic to humans or the environment.
Use renewable raw materials, like plant materials, other than depleting ones. Eg. Fossil fuels
5. Use catalysts, not stiochiometric reagents
Use of catalysts because of their ability to be able to be reused and that they are less harmful than reagents.
Chemical derivatives generate wastes that can be avoided.
Make sure that a greater percentage of the atoms present in the reactants of a chemical reaction are used in the products that are also usable.
8. Use safer solvents and reaction conditions
Avoid using harsh solvents, but if that cannot be avoided, then use benign chemicals.
Use the normal ambient temperature and pressure wherever possible.
Design materials to breakdown into benign substances by bacterial or other environmentally sound ways.
11. Analyse in real time to prevent pollution
Monitor and control the formation of by-products during a reaction.
12. Minimise the potential for accidents
Design chemicals to minimise the potential for accidents.

Kata
Kata (型, 形 means: "the form") is a Japanese word which is used in some martial arts. In karate, this word describes a simulation of combat - the sequence of movements - which is given in detail and is trained individually or in group. Before learning it, the martial artist has to try the training of basic technique - "kihon".
Such simulation represents a sequence of movements, the attack and the defence in an imagined combat. Every attack must be made as if there were an opponent in front of the karateka (the karate fighter) in order to reach him, and every defence must be made as if the opponent attacked in a real situation of danger. Every movement has an interpretation. The karateka has to show the consideration for its timing and ability to use it.
The goal of the "kata" is help in the development of the qualities and the abilities bothpsychological and of the body. These abilities are necessary for the real combat.

DSLinux
DSLinux is a port of the Linux operating system to the Nintendo DS platform. It requires only a device capable of writing to a DS Game Cart.

Virtual machine
A virtual machine is a virtual appliance that exists through Virtualization. Virtual machines can be created through software known as virtualization software (such as VMware Workstation and VirtualBox). The hard disk becomes a file on the physical machine and the memory is either used through the host's memory or it is a file.

GNewSense
gNewSense is a free software-only Ubuntu based distro. The project aims to contain only free software in their distribution.

Melon-headed Whale
The Melon-headed Whale ("Peponocephala electra") is a mammal of the oceanic dolphin family.
It is closely related to the Pygmy Killer Whale and the Pilot Whale. These dolphin species are known by the common name "Blackfish". The Melon-headed Whale is widespread throughout the world's tropical waters, although it is not often seen by humans because it prefers to live in deep water.

Nilgai
The Nilgai ("Boselaphus tragocamelus") is an antelope.
It is one of the most commonly seen wild animals of northern India and eastern Pakistan. The mature males appear ox-like and are also known as Blue bulls. The nilgai is the biggest Asian antelope.

Boys Like Girls
Boys Like Girls is an American alternative-pop rock band formed in Boston. In 2006 Boys Like Girls's self-title first album was released. They are mostly famous for the songs "Thunder", "Heroine", "Five Minutes to Midnight", and "The Great Escape".

Cetiţa River
The Cetiţa River is a tributary of the Cetea River in Romania. That means it flows into the Cetea River.

Helenus
Helenus is a person in Greek mythology.
Helenus was the son of King Priam and Queen Hecuba of Troy. His twin sister was Cassandra.

Kikones
The Kikones or Cicones were a tribe of Thracians. They lived in an area, which is in Greece and Turkey nowadays.
At the time of Odysseus their stronghold was the city of Ismara (or "Ismarus"), near Mount Ismara, on the south coast of Thrace.

Xebian
Xebian is an fork of the Debian Linux project, ported to run on the xbox platform.

Novell
Novell Inc. () is a global software corporation based in the United States specializing in enterprise operating systems such as SUSE Linux Enterprise and Novell NetWare; identity, security and systems management solutions; and collaboration solutions. Together with WordPerfect, Novell was instrumental in making the Utah Valley a focus for high-technology software development. Today this area has many small companies whose employees have previously worked at Novell.

Valea Babei River (Gârbova)
The Valea Babei River is a tributary of the Gârbova River in Romania. That means it flows into the Gârbova River

Valea Fâneţelor River
The Valea Fâneţelor is a tributary of the Gârbova River in Romania. That means it flows into the Gârbova River.

Continental climate
Continental climate is a climate that is characterized by winter temperatures cold enough to support a fixed period of snow cover each year, and relatively moderate precipitation occurring mostly in summer.

American Indoor Soccer League
The American Indoor Soccer League or AISL originally considered itself a minor indoor soccer league. In the 2005-06 season, they recognized themselves as a major soccer league.

U.S. Highway 66 Association
The U.S. Highway 66 Association was organized in Tulsa, Oklahoma in 1927. Its purpose was to get U.S. Highway 66 paved from end to end and to promote tourism on the highway.

Herja River
The Herja River is a tributary of the Mureş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Mureş River.

Cultural heritage
Cultural heritage ("national heritage" or just "heritage") is the legacy of physical artifacts and intangible attributes of a group or society that are inherited from past generations, maintained in the present and bestowed for the benefit of future generations.

Frontier Strip
The Frontier Strip refers to the six states in the United States forming a north-south line from North Dakota to Texas.

Storm Prediction Center
The Storm Prediction Center (SPC), located in Norman, Oklahoma, is part of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction.

Valea Negrului River
The Valea Negrului River is a tributary of the Herja River in Romania. That means it flows into the Herja River,

Tribal chief
A traditional tribal chief is the leader of a tribe, or the head of a tribal form of self-government.

Valea Iezerului River
The Valea Iezerului River is a tributary of the Herja River in Romania. That means it flows into the Herja River,

Valea Castanului River
The Valea Castanului is a tributary of the Gârbova River in Romania. That means it flows into the Gârbova River.

Valea Călimachi River
The Valea Călimachi is a tributary of the Valea Castanului River in Romania. That means it flows into the

Valea Dracului River (Valea Castanului)
The Valea Dracului is a tributary of the Valea Castanului River in Romania.

Valea Tâclului River
The Valea Tâclului River is a tributary of the Valea Castanului River in Romania.

Megalodon
Megalodon was an ancient shark that may have been 40 feet (12 m) long or even more. (There are a few scientists who estimate that it could have been up to 50 or 100 feet (15.5 or 31 m) long!) This is at least two or three times as long as the Great White Shark, but this is only an estimate made from many fossilized teeth and a few fossilized vertebrae that have been found. These giant teeth are the size of a person's hand! No other parts of this ancient shark have been found, so we can only guess what it looked like. Since Megalodon's teeth are very similar to the teeth of the Great White Shark (but bigger and thicker), it is thought that Megalodon may have looked like a huge, streamlined version of the Great White Shark.

Dust Bowl
The Dust Bowl was a period of severe dust storms causing major ecological and agricultural damage to American and Canadian prairie lands from 1930 to 1936 and also in some parts through the 1940s.

Passionfruit
Passionfruit are small, spherical fruit. It is purple when ripe, and green when unripe. The fruit contains many small, black seeds covered with the fruit's flesh. It is tart and sweet.

Mosasaurus
Mosasaurus was a giant, meat-eating marine reptiles (a mosasaur, not a dinosaur) that lived during the late Cretaceous period. It was up to 40-59 ft (12.5-17.6 m) long. Mosasaurus had four paddle-like limbs on a long, streamlined body and a long, powerful tail. The large head had huge jaws (up to 4.7 ft =1.45 m long) with many teeth. The jaws could open about 3 feet (1 m). The lower jaw is loosely hinged to the skull with a moveable joint on each side (behind the teeth). This loose joint let it swallow huge prey, like some snakes. They hunted fish, turtles, mollusks, and shellfish. Mosasaurus lived in the North Atlantic Ocean. "Mosasaurus maximus" found in Onion Creek, Texas, USA. It was 30 foot (9 m) long and its tail was about 12 ft (3.7 m) long. This huge reptile was discovered in 1934 by University of Texas geology students Clyde Ikins. The first Mosasaur, "Mosasaurus hoffmani", was found in the Netherlands in 1780. It was named in 1822 by W.D. Conybeare. Mosasaurus are related to modern-day monitor lizards.

Nevermind
"Nevermind" is the second studio album by the American grunge band, Nirvana. While the album before this, "Bleach", was not very popular, "Nevermind" was. It had 4 singles: "Smells Like Teen Spirit," "Come as You Are," "In Bloom," and "Lithium." There was some controversy because of a child's penis which was visible on the front cover.

Timothy McVeigh
Timothy James McVeigh (April 23, 1968 – June 11, 2001) was a United States Army veteran and security guard who bombed the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City. He was convicted of 11 United States federal offenses, and was sentenced to death and executed for his role in the April 19, 1995 bombing.

Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building
The Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building was a United States Federal Government complex located at 200 N.W. 5th Street in downtown Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. The Murrah building was the target of the Oklahoma City bombing on April 19 1995 which damaged the building very badly. It was later imploded and turned into a memorial.

Conviction
In law, a conviction is the verdict that results when a court of law finds a defendant guilty of a crime.

Oklahoma City bombing
The Oklahoma City bombing was a terrorist attack on April 19, 1995 on the U.S. government in which the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building was bombed. The attack killed 168 people and left over 800 people injured. Until the September 11, 2001 attacks, it was the deadliest act of terrorism on U.S. soil.

Reservoir
A reservoir refers to an artificial lake, used to store water for various uses.

Terry Nichols
Terry Lynn Nichols (born April 1, 1955) is a U.S. Army veteran who was convicted of being an accomplice of Timothy McVeigh, the man convicted of murder in the bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building (Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, April 19, 1995), which claimed 168 lives.

Cimarron County, Oklahoma
Cimarron County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. The 2000 census shows it has the least population of any county in Oklahoma. As of 2000, the population was 3,148. Its county seat is Boise City.

Lethal injection
Lethal injection refers to the practice of injecting a person with a fatal dose of drugs for the explicit purpose of causing the death of the subject. The main application for this procedure is capital punishment.

Jim Inhofe
James Mountain "Jim" Inhofe (born November 17 1934) is a American politician from Oklahoma.

List of United States Senators from Oklahoma
Oklahoma was admitted to the Union on November 16, 1907.

Tom Coburn
Thomas Allen "Tom" Coburn, M.D. (born March 14, 1948) is an American politician and medical doctor. A member of the Republican Party, he currently serves as the junior U.S. Senator from Oklahoma.

Bixby, Oklahoma
Bixby is a city in Tulsa and Wagoner counties in the U.S. state of Oklahoma, and is a suburb of Tulsa.

Midwest City, Oklahoma
Midwest City is a city in Oklahoma County, Oklahoma, United States, and a part of the Oklahoma City metropolitan area.

Council-manager
The council-manager government is one of two main variations of representative municipal government in the United States that began in Staunton, Virginia in 1908. This system of government is used in the majority of American cities with populations over 12,000.

Mayor-council government
The Mayor-Council government system, sometimes called the Mayor-Commission government system, is one of two variations of government most commonly used in modern representative municipal governments in the United States.

Major professional sports league
Major professional sports league, or simply major league, is the term used in Canada and the United States to refer to the highest professional division in any team sport.

Oklahoma Rose
Oklahoma Rose is a hybrid tea rose. It was developed in 1964 at Oklahoma State University by Herbert C. Swim and O. L. Weeks. In 2004, the Oklahoma Rose became the official state flower of Oklahoma.

Okemah, Oklahoma
Okemah is a city in Okfuskee County, Oklahoma, United States. The population was 3,038 at the 2000 census.

Coppo di Marcovaldo
Coppo di Marcovaldo, (c.1225– c.1276), was an artist who was born in Florence and worked in that part of Italy in the Late Medieval period. He painted large icons of the Blessed Virgin Mary and Christ Child, in the Byzantine style. His most famous work is the mosaic of the Last Judgement in the Baptistery of Florence. He also worked in the towns of Pistoia and Siena. There are only two paintings that are known to be by Coppo. One is in the Church of the Servants of Mary in Siena and the other is in the Church of the Servants of Mary in Orvieto. Another painting thought to be by Coppo di Marcovaldo can be seen in the Civic Museum in San Gimignano.

Powys
Powys is an area of central Wales, next to England.

Cimabue
Cimabue, (c.1240 - c.1302), was a painter from Florence in Italy who worked in the Late Medieval period. His real name was Cenni di Peppi. He painted large icons in the Byzantine style and was the first great painter in the city of Florence. The only works of art that are known to be definitely by Cimabue are the mosaic of Christ in Majesty in Pisa Cathedral and two very large ruined frescos in the Church of St Francis in Assisi.
The most famous painting that is believed to be by Cimabue is the "Madonna of Santa Trinita" which is an altarpiece that was done for the Church of the Holy Trinity. It is now in the Uffizi Gallery in Florence. He is also believed to have painted two large crucifixes which hung in the Church of St Domenic in Arezzo and the Church of the Holy Cross (Santa Croce, Florence). The crucifix of Santa Croce was ruined in a flood and is now in the church's museum.
The biographer Giorgio Vasari wrote about Cimabue's life, 250 years after his death. He wrote that one day Cimabue was walking in the country when he saw a little shepherd boy scratching a picture of a sheep onto a rock. The drawing was so good that Cimabue went to the boy's father and begged that he might take the boy as his apprentice and teach him to paint. The boy was Giotto, who became a very famous painter, and who is thought of as the very first painter of the Italian Renaissance.

Pietro Cavallini
Pietro Cavallini, (c.1250 – c.1330) was a painter who lived and worked in Rome in Italy in the Late Medieval period. He may have also worked in Naples. He is thought of as one of the greatest painters of his day, but has never been as well-known as Giotto from Florence, who was alive at the same time. This is probably because only two pictures by Cavallini still exist. One of them is a mosaic in the Church of Santa Maria in Trastevere. The other is a fresco in the nearby convent of Santa Cecilia in Trastevere. ("in Trastevere" means "in the part of the Rome that is across the Tiber River".)
The fresco at Santa Cecilia's is a large picture of the Last Judgement with Jesus sitting between rows of saints. (see right) Unfortunately, the room, which was quite tall, had a new level added, and the floor cut across the fresco. It is in ruins, but the parts that remain show that Cavallini was trying to make the figures that he painted look solid and three-dimensional like the frescos of Ancient Rome. Pietro Cavallini probably influenced the artists who travelled from Rome to work at the Basilica of St Francis of Assisi. It is not known if he painted any of the frescos there.

Lollapalooza
Lollapalooza is a music festival. It was started in 1991 by Perry Farrell, lead singer of Jane's Addiction, as a farewell concert for his band. It happened every year until 1997, then took a break until 2003. There was no 2004 Lollapalooza. In 2005, the festival started again, and kept going every year. From 2005, it has played as a weekend show at Grant Park in Chicago.

East Tyrol
East Tyrol (German: Osttirol) is a small part of the Austrian state of Tyrol, located in the ost part of the state. The other part of the state is North Tyrol, which also belongs to Austria, but does not share a border with East Tyrol.
East Tyrol borders Carinthia in the east, Salzburg in the north, South Tyrol in the west, Veneto in the south. Its capitals are Lienz and "the big brother" Innsbruck.

Indian Blanket
Indian blanket ("Gaillardia pulchella") is a short-lived annual flowering plant native to the central United States.

Perineum
The Perineum is the area of the human body found between the lower ending of the vagina in females and the scrotum in males, and the anus. When a person hits puberty, the size of the perineum is about an inch in length. During puberty, hair will grow around and on the perineum to protect it.

Jar
A jar is a type of container, mostly used to store food. Jars are usually cylindrical, and are usually made of glass or clay.

South Tyrol
South Tyrol (German: Südtirol) ist the Province of Bolzano-Bozen (Italian: Provincia autonoma di Bolzano; German: Autonome Provinz Bozen; Ladin: Provinzia autonoma de Bulsan), also referred to in English as Alto Adige (from the Italian name) or South Tyrol (from the German name Südtirol) is an autonomous province of Italy.
South Tyrol borders Graubünden and Lombardia in the west, North Tyrol in the north, East Tyrol and Salzburg in the east, Trentino and Veneto in the south. Its capitals is Bozen.

Flag of Thailand
The Flag of Thailand has five rows of stripes in the colours red, white, and blue. The middle blue stripe is two times as wide as other four. The three colours red-white-blue stand for nation-religion-king, an unofficial motto of Thailand. The flag was made official on 28 September 1917 by a royal decree about the flag in that year. The Thai name for the flag is ธงไตรรงค์ ("Thong Trairong"). The name means tricolour flag.

List of flag names
This is a list of names used for flags

Just Stand Up!
"Just Stand Up!" is a song featuring the vocals of an all-star group of pop/rock performers, including this is the order in which they are listed on the cover Mariah Carey, Beyoncé, Mary J. Blige, Rihanna, Fergie, Sheryl Crow, Melissa Etheridge, Natasha Bedingfield, Miley Cyrus, Leona Lewis, Carrie Underwood, Keyshia Cole, LeAnn Rimes, Ashanti and Ciara.

Sam Houston State University
Sam Houston State University is a university in Huntsville, Texas.

Jeff Gordon
Jeffery Michael Gordon (born August 4, 1971) is a professional American race car driver. He is a four-time NASCAR Winston Cup (now Sprint Cup) Series champion, three-time Daytona 500 winner, and driver of the #24 Chevrolet Impala. His primary sponsor is DuPont, though Pepsi and Nicorette both supplement the team as secondary sponsors. Other sponsors include Quaker State, Haas Automation, GMAC, Bosch Spark Plugs, and Georgia-Pacific/Sparkle.

Indiangrass
Indiangrass ("Sorghastrum nutans"), also called Indian grass, is a North American prairie grass, and is the official state grass of both Oklahoma and South Carolina.

Port Silt Loam
Port Silt Loam is the state soil of Oklahoma. This type of soil is reddish in color due to the weathering of reddish sandstones, siltstones, and shales of the Permian geologic era.

Common Collared Lizard
The Oklahoma Collared Lizard or Collared Lizard, "Crotaphytus collaris", is a North American lizard that can reach a foot (30 cm) long in length (including the tail), with a large head and powerful jaws. It is the state lizard of Oklahoma.

Black Swallowtail
The Black Swallowtail, "Papilio polyxenes", also called the American or parsnip swallowtail, is a butterfly found throughout much of North America.

Oklahoma! (song)
"Oklahoma" is the title song from and the finale to the Broadway musical "Oklahoma!" It is also the state song of Oklahoma.

Queens of the Stone Age
Queens of the Stone Age are a rock band from California, USA. They formed in 1997. The band has released five studio albums, three extended plays (EP), fifteen singles and one live/video album. Between 2003 and 2008, they were nominated for the Grammy Award four times.

Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection
Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection (commonly abbreviated WFC) is a device on certain Nintendo games that let the player of the game play with people around the world.

Feredeu River (Hăşdate)
The Feredeu River is a tributary of the Hăşdate River in Romania. That means it flows into the Hăşdate River.

Feredeu River (Aiud)
The Feredeu River is a tributary of the Aiud River in Romania. That means it flows into the Aiud River.

The Fratellis
The Fratellis are an indie rock band from Glasgow, Scotland. They have released a #2 album on the United Kingdom alubm chart, one top ten album as well as three top 10 singles. They have also made a live DVD called "Edgy In Brixton".

Minority (song)
"Minority" was the first single from Green Day's album, "Warning". It was a #1 on the Modern Rock chart in late 2000.

Warning (Green Day song)
"Warning" is a single from Green Day's 2000 album "Warning". It is the title track of the album.

Nice Guys Finish Last
"Nice Guys Finish Last" was a single released by the American punk band Green Day's fifth album "Nimrod".

Hitchin' a Ride (Green Day song)
"Hitchin' a Ride" was the first single that American punk band Green Day released from their album "Nimrod" in 1997.

Crosby, Stills & Nash
Crosby, Stills & Nash are an American musical supergroup (an all-star rock band). Its members are David Crosby, Stephen Stills, and Graham Nash. Their name is abbreviated as CSN. They are sometimes joined by Canadian musician Neil Young, and call themselves Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young (or CSN&Y) when he is with them. Their songs include "Marrakesh Express", "Suite: Judy Blue Eyes", "Teach Your Children", "Ohio" (a protest song, against the Kent State shootings in early 1970), and "Just A Song Before I Go".
Coming together.
In the 1960s, Stephen Stills and Neil Young were members of another band, called the Buffalo Springfield. Crosby was a founding member of The Byrds, and British-born Graham Nash was a member of The Hollies. Crosby was fired from the Byrds late in 1967, and the Buffalo Springfield disbanded the next year. Nash went to California, where the others lived and worked, when the Hollies visited there in 1968. Nash and Crosby had met earlier in England, and got back in touch in California. Crosby and Stills had worked together on two songs, called "Wooden Ships" and "You Don't Have To Cry". Performing "You Don't Have To Cry" for Nash, he joined in on harmonies, and the three noticed they had a special sound together. Nash moved to California, and the three formed a band. They signed a recording contract with Atlantic Records.
Stills and Crosby were free to work together, and record for Atlantic, but Nash still belonged to the Hollies, who had a contract with Epic Records. A trade was worked out, between Atlantic and Epic. In exchange for losing Nash, Epic Records got to sign up another Atlantic band, Poco, formed by Richie Furay from the Buffalo Springfield.
CSN's first album was released in the spring of 1969, and quickly became a hit. The cover showed Crosby, Stills and Nash sitting on a couch outside an abandoned house. (They did not sit in their name order; they had not yet named the group. When they decided on their name, they wanted to take another picture sitting in order, but the house had already been torn down.) Stephen Stills had played most of the instruments on the album, with Dallas Taylor playing drums. This worked fine for recordings, but not for live appearances. More musicians were needed. A keyboardist and bass guitarist were hired.
Atlantic Records president Ahmet Ertegun suggested Neil Young, who now had his own band called Crazy Horse, as another guitarist for the group. Stills wasn't sure if Young would work out, but gave him a chance. He fit in so well that CSN made him a full-time member, and added his name to theirs. Young was able to both play with CSN, and keep his own place with Crazy Horse. Their second show as a quartet was at the Woodstock Festival, in August 1969. They toured for the next several months, and released a second album, "Déjà Vu", early the next year. They made another performing tour, to support the album, which was also a huge hit.
Coming apart.
The group was very successful, but its members had many different ideas, and could not always work well together. Tension grew between them, and they nearly disbanded. Young left to return to Crazy Horse, and tour with them on his own. Each of the four recorded a solo album during 1971, though, and each album became a hit. Nash and Crosby toured together, and Stills formed another band, called Manassas, with Chris Hillman of the Byrds. Another round of solo and duo albums was released during 1972, with Young's "Harvest" and its single "Heart Of Gold" becoming the biggest hits. Albums by the other members were not as successful, though they still sold well. Crosby and Nash got along very well, and worked together as a duo, while Stills joined Young and Crazy Horse to record Young's "War Song". Crosby also rejoined the Byrds, but the album they recorded together, "Byrds", was not a hit.
The four tried to reunite in Hawaii during 1973 to make a new album, "Human Highway", but things did not work out. Finally the next year, they reformed and started another tour, with a compilation album, "So Far", issued to give them something new to promote. Their shows ran longer than three hours, and there was sometimes trouble. Stills was abusing cocaine, and it made him hard to get along with. The same old tensions also came back. A new CSN&Y project was dashed when Stills and Young erased Crosby and Nash's vocals from the master tapes. Crosby and Nash went off on their own. Stills and Young formed The Stills/Young Band, and released an album, but even that did not work out.
Stills and Young toured together during 1975 and 1976. In July 1976, Young left suddenly between shows, sending Stills a telegram that expressed his unhappiness, and told Stills to "Eat a peach." Stills and Young each had to complete tour dates separately. Meanwhile, Nash and Crosby kept recording and performing together. They also sang background vocals for other artists, including James Taylor ("Mexico") and Joni Mitchell ("Free Man In Paris").
Back together.
During one of their shows, Crosby and Nash were joined onstage by Stills, to perform "Teach Your Children". The three worked things out, and reformed their trio. "CSN" was released in 1977, and "Just A Song Before I Go" became a new hit single.
In the next years, the trio worked together off and on, and also as solo artists. Young's music had become very different from that of the other band members, and he mostly worked with Crazy Horse, but he did collaborate now and then with CSN. Crosby had his own cocaine problems during the 1980s, and ended up serving a prison sentence. He was able to stop abusing cocaine, as Stills had earlier. CSN's later songs included "Wasted On The Way". Nash rejoined the Hollies for a reunion album in 1984, and played shows with them, but the reunion was not a success.
CSN played in Berlin, Germany at the time the Berlin Wall was torn down, at the end of the 1980s. They also played shows during the 1990s and early 2000s, and their 2000 tour was called the "CSNY2K" tour. They recorded other albums, but they were not nearly the hits their early ones had been, and they worked with outside writers, instead of writing all their own songs. Atlantic Records cancelled their contract.
Crosby, Stills and Nash still work together and apart, with Crosby and Nash having the longest and strongest partnership. Neil Young continues on as a solo artist, with and without Crazy Horse, exploring many different kinds of music.

Sphenodontia
Sphenodontia is an order of lizard-like reptiles that includes only one living genus, the tuatara ("Sphenodon").
The sphenodonts (or rhynchocephalids) are an offshoot from the evolutionary line leading to the true lizards and snakes. They had many families during the late Triassic and Jurassic periods but then declined, and are the least successful of the lepidosaurs. The only surviving member today is the New Zealand tuatara.

Marat Safin
Marat Safin is a professional tennis player from Russia. He was once ranked number 1 in the world. In 2000 and 2005, Safin won the US Open and the Australian Open. In 2002 and 2004, Safin played in the last round of the Australian Open, but lost. In 2008, Safin became the first Russian man to play in the semifinals in the Wimbledon Championships. Born to a Tatar family, he learned tennis in Spain when he was a teenager.

Lleyton Hewitt
Lleyton Hewitt is a professional tennis player from Australia. He was once ranked the No.1 in the world. He was the youngest ever player to be No.1.

Redundant (single)
Redundant is a single by Green Day.

Brad Fitzpatrick
Brad Fitzpatrick is the creator of LiveJournal.

Zillertal
The Zillertal is the biggest valley branching off the Inntal in Tyrol, Austria drained by the river Ziller. It is surrounded by the strongly glaciated Zillertaler Alpen to the south and east, the lower grass peaks of the Kitzbüheler Alpen to the east and Tuxer Alpen to the west. The largest settlement is Mayrhofen.
Culture.
The Zillertal is particularly renowned for its musical tradition. For instance, several families of travelling singers and organ builders from the valley have been credited with spreading the Christmas carol "Silent Night" across the world during the 19th and early 20th centuries. More recently, the Schürzenjäger band have had tremendous success in German-speaking countries with their crossover mix of "Volksmusik" and pop.

David IV of Georgia
David IV, also known as David II or David III, or David the Builder (Georgian: დავით აღმაშენებელი, "Davit Aghmashenebeli") (1073 – January 24, 1125), from the House of Bagrationi, was King of Georgia from 1089 to 1125.

Pope Victor III
Pope Victor III (Benevento, 1026?–September 16, 1087), born Daufer, Latinized Dauferius or Dauphar, Pope (May 24, 1086 until his death), was the successor of Pope Gregory VII (1073–85),

Oklahoma (disambiguation)
Oklahoma is a state in the United States of America.

Regice
Regice is a legendary Pokémon from the video game series "Pokémon". It is a part of the the Ruby, Sapphire, and Emerald versions of the series. Regice is an ice type Pokemon. It looks similar to many large crystals. Regice is one of the 3 legendary Pokemon that can be caught after the puzzle of the "Sealed Chamber" has been solved. The other 2 Pokemon which can be caught after the puzzle are Registeel and Regirock.

Polo
Polo is a sport. It is played between two teams of 4 players on ponies (small horses) who attempt to score goals (points) by putting the ball in the goal using long mallets (long sticks).
The main rules of polo.
There are two teams both with 4 players. They play on a field which is 300 yards long (approximately 275 metres) and 160 or 200 yards wide (approximately 146 and 183 metres). There are goalposts (long sticks in the ground) 8 yards (7.32 meters) apart at each end of the field. To score, the ball has to go between the other team's goalposts, which is called a goal.
The game is 4, 6 or 8 periods (units of time) of 7 minutes each which are called "chukkas". Between chukkas, players switch ponies.
In each game there are 2 umpires on horses and a referee on the side.
Polo ponies.
The ponies are 14.2 to 16 hands (1 hand equals 4 inches or 10.16 centimetres). They weigh between 900 and 1100lbs-pounds- (approximately 408 and 499 kilos). Ponies can be ridden to play from the age of 5 up to 18 or even 20 years old sometimes!
Equipment.
The players have a helmet (hard hat), riding boots, white trousers, a shirt with the player's number on. Sometimes players also have one or two gloves, kneepads and a whip.
The ball is made of plastic. Before, it was made of wood. The ball is about 3¼ inches (8.3 centimetres) in diameter and weighs about four ounces (113.4 grams).
Polo saddles are English-style, similar to jumping saddles.
Polo variants.
Polo is not always played on ponies, canoe polo, cycle polo, camel polo, elephant polo, golfcart polo, Segway polo, BMX polo, yak polo and water polo also exist; however most of these variants are not played at a professional level.

Word processor
A word processor is a computer program (often a text editor) or a special computer intended to edit texts with colors and different font sizes and styles, or texts which will be printed.
Most such programs now have helpful instruments (tools) to make good texts. Some of the important instruments have a spelling & grammar checker, word count (this also counts letters and lines). Moreover, with such programs one can make attractive documents, add pictures into documents, make web pages, graphs etc. Also, they show synonyms (similar words) of words and some can read out the text. Many word processors, similar to many new programs, have configurable printing facilities.
Most people use Microsoft Word, which they buy in a shop or download illegally.
Some people use OpenOffice.org Writer, which they download legally with OpenOffice.org; or KWord for KDE.
There are also many other programs like that.

Atari Jaguar
The Atari Jaguar was a console releaced by Atari in 1993. It proved to be a commercial failure and was Atari's last console. It also had a CD based accessorry made for it called a Atari Jaguar CD.

Atari Jaguar CD
The Atari Jaguar CD is a Video game console Peripheral releaced as an CD based add on for the Atari Jaguar in 1995.

Google Picasa
Picasa is a software application for organizing and editing digital photos, it was first created by Idealab but is now owned by Google. "Picasa" is a blend of the name of Spanish painter Pablo Picasso, the phrase "mi casa" for "my house", and "pic" for pictures). In July 2004, Google bought Picasa and began offering Picasa for free download.
There is a version for Windows XP and Windows Vista, as well as a version for Linux. For Windows 98 and Windows Me, only an older version is available. There is also an iPhoto plugin or program for uploading photos available for Mac OS X 10.4 and later.
Picasa Web Albums.
Picasa Web Albums (PWA) is a photo-sharing web application from Google, similar to websites like Flickr and Zooomr.
Users may upload pictures by using either a web interface, through Picasa 2.5.0 or later on Microsoft Windows, using the Exporter for iPhoto, the Aperture to Picasa Web Albums plug-in, or Uploader on Mac OS X, or F-Spot on Linux.
No ads are shown on Picasa Web Albums, in either free or paid accounts. The Terms of Service let Google to use the uploaded photos to display on the website or via RSS feeds, and also for promoting Google services without needing to pay the users.
Picasa Web Albums was first announced on June 6, 2006. When introduced, it came with 250 MB free space. On March 7, 2007, it was upgraded to 1 GB.
Windows.
There are no versions of Picasa for Windows 95 or NT. The latest version offered for Windows 98/ME is 2.0.0 (build 18.84). Newer versions are for Windows 2000/XP/Vista only.
See also the release notes. and the latest updates page
Mac OS X.
Picasa for Mac is under development and will be launched later in 2008. A plugin is available for iPhoto to upload to the Picasa Web Albums hosting service. There is also a standalone Picasa Web Albums uploading tools for OS X 10.4 or later. Using Darwine or similar compatibility layers, however, Picasa can run on Mac OS X.

Failure
A failure (fail, phail or flop) is where a certain objective or mission is not completed. If something fails, it can lose It is like the opposite of success.
Commercial failure.
A commercial failure usually means that a commercial enterprise or company has not met its objectives, or has failed. It may have lost money due to this.
Product failure.
Product failure can be the failure to sell the product, or a problem with the product that may lead to the person using the product hurting themselves.

Telecommunication
Telecommunication is the assisted transmission of signals over a distance for the purpose of communication. In earlier times, this may have involved the use of smoke signals, drums, semaphore, flags, or heliograph. In modern times, telecommunication typically involves the use of electronic transmitters such as the telephone, television, radio or computer.

Jim Keltner
Jim Keltner is an American musician (drummer). His career began in the early 1960s, playing at recording sessions for other musicians, and even for bands, including Gary Lewis.
Keltner played on recordings by members of The Beatles, after they disbanded. He and Ringo Starr played drums as a team during George Harrison's Concert for Bangladesh in 1971, and got along well. Keltner even played drums on some of Starr's solo records, and Starr was thought of as one of the best drummers in rock and roll music.
John Lennon counted on Keltner to play drums on his solo records, when Starr was not available. In 1973, he helped Lennon's wife Yoko Ono put a band together to record and tour with her.
Keltner toured the United States with George Harrison during 1974. He told Harrison he did not want to be paid to play on the tour. Harrison wanted to give him something for his work. Keltner was tired of driving his old car, so Harrison bought him a new Mercedes-Benz, as payment.
While Keltner had played for many artists and bands, he had never been a member of a band, until Little Village formed in the late 1980s.

Autopackage
Autopackage is a free computer program aimed at making it simple to create other programs that can be installed on all Linux distributions.
Currently, the only operating system to include Autopackage is

Marcy Levy
Marcella "Marcy" Levy (born June 21, 1959 in Detroit, Michigan) is an American musician and singer (soprano). She is well-known both under her real name, and as Marcella Detroit.
As Marcy Levy, she was a member of Eric Clapton's band in the 1970s, and wrote the song "Lay Down Sally", which was a hit for Clapton. She later moved to England, and renamed herself after her hometown.
As Marcella Detroit, she was a member of Shakespear's Sister, a duo with former Bananarama member Siobhan Fahey. They recorded two albums together, and several of the songs from the albums became hits. The two split during the recording of the third Shakespear's Sister album, in the mid-1990s.
She began a solo career as Marcella Detroit, but later went back to her original name. She appeared as an angel in '.

Basic English verbs
be • do • have • come • go • give • take • see • seem • send • keep • make • say • let • get • put

Master recording
A master recording is the first, or best-made, copy of a recording.
A multitrack master is an original multitrack recording, which may be worked on over time. This may have four, eight, sixteen or more tracks. Such a recording cannot be played on an ordinary machine, and needs a special machine to be played or recorded.
Multitrack recordings are mixed when they are finished, into a mono (monaural), stereo, or Surround Sound recording. This is called a "mixed master". Copies of the mixed master can be played on an ordinary machine.
Master recordings often become valuable, especially if the recording artist is popular. Most masters are owned by record companies, but many artists and bands own their own master recordings, or are able to buy them later.
Recordings are sometimes remastered, to copy them to another format, or to make them sound better. Digital recording allows for older analog recordings to be "cleaned up", and preserved.

National League East
The National League East is a division in the MLB. There is five teams in the division known as the Philadelphia Phillies, New York Mets, Florida Marlins, Atlanta Braves and the Washington Nationals. In 2007, the Phillies won the division. Currently, the Mets and the Phillies are at the top of the NLE. The NLE is known as one of the most tough divisions in the MLB, second to the American League East. All of the teams are on the east coast of the U.S.

Major League Baseball All-Star Game
In Major League Baseball, the All-Star Game is the game between the best players from the American League (AL) and the National League (NL). The game is held in the middle of the season. The winner of the game gets home field advantage in the World Series. The National League has won the All-Star Game forty times. The American League has won it thirty-seven time. They have tied twice. The american league is currently on a 11 game win streak.

Valea Mierezului River
The Valea Mierezului River is a tributary of the Feredeu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Feredeu River

Valea Chichizii River
The Valea Chichizii River is a tributary of the Feredeu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Feredeu River

Cognate
Cognate is a word derived from the same root as another word. Cognates are words that have a common origin (source). They may occur in a language or in a group of languages.
Example One: 'composite', 'composition' and 'compost' are cognates in the English language, derived from the same root in Latin 'componere' meaning 'to put together'.
Example Two: the word 'composition' in English and the word 'composición' in Spanish and similar words in French, Italian and Portuguese are cognates because they all come from the same root.
The general rule is that cognates have similar meanings and are derived from the same root (origin).
Basic English uses cognates in different languages.
Example: animal, attention, night, apparatus, experience, brother, invention, metal, etc.
History.
The word 'cognate' is derived from the Latin word 'cognatus' meaning 'to be born with'.
In reading Churchill's "History of the English Speaking Peoples", it would be well to keep in mind (remember) what
George Bernard Shaw says: "England and America are two countries divided by a common language."
Speakers of British English and American English face this problem of meeting
False friends.
As a rule, cognates have the same meaning but when they do not, they are called "false friends".
Example one: Spanish 'actual' and English 'actual' are cognates because they have the same root (origin) but they are "false friends" because Spanish 'actual' means "of the present moment" while English 'actual' means "real".
Example two: Spanish 'alias' and English 'alias' are cognates because they have the same root (origin) but they are "false friends' because Spanish 'alias' means "known also as" while English 'alias' means "having the false name of".
Example three: German 'hell' and English 'hell'. In German, 'hell' means 'light' while in English it means hell.
Here are two Spanish-English "false friends" in Basic English: moción/motion and disgusto/disgust. In Spanish, 'moción' is a petition made before an assembly. In Spanish, 'disgusto' is displeasure.
False cognates.
Sometimes, two words look alike and it appears that they are cognates but they are not because they are not derived from the same root.
Example one: In the English language, the word 'light' (something that makes things visible) is not a cognate of the word 'light' (not heavy) because they are not derived from the same root.
Example two: The German word 'haben' and the English word 'have' mean the same thing and they appear to be cognates but they are not simply because they are not derived from the same root.

Valea Mare River (Aiud)
The Valea Mare River is a tributary of the Aiud River in Romania. That means if flows into the Aiud River.

Wireless router
A wireless router allows the user of computers and other electronic devices to connect to a computer network.

Valea Lupului River (Aiud)
The Valea Lupului River is a tributary of the Aiud River in Romania. That means it flows into the Aiud River.

Valea Gropilor River (Aiud)
The Valea Gropilor River is a tributary of the Aiud River in Romania. That means it flows into the Aiud River.

Glyptodon
Glyptodon was one of the biggest ancient armadillos. Fossils of this car-sized mammal have been found in Argentina, South America. Glyptodon lived in the Ice Ages, during the Pleistocene (between 2 million and 15,000 years ago). Glyptodon (meaning "carved tooth") was named by paleontologist R. Owen in 1839. These herbivores (plant-eaters) may have been preyed upon by saber-toothed cats.

Stegodon
"Stegodon" is a genus of the extinct subfamily Stegodontinae of the order Proboscidea. Stegodons lived in large parts of Asia during the Pliocene and Pleistocene epochs. Some Stegodon species were among the largest of all, with adults being 13 feet high at the shoulder, 26 feet long, not including 10 feet long nearly straight tusks.

Bakhshali
Bakhshali is a village and Union Council of Mardan District in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. It is located at 34°17'0N 72°9'0E and has a height of 307 metres (1010 feet).
History.
The village is famous for being the place where the Bakhshali manuscript was found. This is an ancient mathematical work written on birch bark and is the oldest surviving document in South Asia of Indian mathematics. It was discovered in 1881 during British rule by a tenant of Mian An-Wan-Udin, a police inspector. The tenant discovered it while he was digging in an abandoned building.
Bakhshali today.
In March 2007 there were attacks made on music shops in Bakhshali. Two people were injured and one was killed in attacks by an unidentified extremist group who attacked the bazaar shooting and killing the watchman of the Seven Stars music centre.
In August 2007 the people of Bakhshali observed a strike against power cuts. They blocked the main Mardan to Bakshali road in protest. The protectors said that the power cuts were harming business and their children's studies. The village has also been affected by violence between the Taliban and the government; on 24th January 2008 the militants attacked the vehicle of former Health minister Syed Kamal Shah injuring his guard. The rebels have also been pressuring local people to stop listening to music as well launching bomb attacks in the area.
On 15 August a meeting of elders in Mardan decided to set up anti-Taliban group similar to one that has been stated in neighbouring Buner District. According to Shakoor Khan, an elder from Bakhshali who attended the meeting, "Before the Taliban resorts to torching more schools, we have decided to resist them".

Birch bark
Birch bark or birchbark is usually the bark of the Paper Birch tree or sometimes of similar trees such as Gray (Wire) Birch.
Birch bark is useful because it is strong and water-resistant. It is similar in some ways to cardboard. And can be easily cut, bent and sewn. Because of this it has been very valuable for building, crafting, and writing material ever since ancient times. Birch bark also contains substances that are used in medicines and chemicals.
Uses.
Birch bark is can also be used as a tinder. It is very good tinder as the inner layers will stay dry even through heavy rainstorms. To make birch bark useless as tinder, it must be soaked in water for a very long time.

Bakhshali manuscript
The Bakhshali Manuscript is a mathematical manuscript written on birch bark. It was found in 1881 near the village of Bakhshali in what was then the North-West Frontier Province of British India (now Pakistan). Most of the manuscript is missing, only seventy leaves of birch bark remain.
No-one knows how old it is and different scholars have come up with different dates. Most scholars agree that the manuscript is a copy of a more ancient text.

Bazaar
A bazaar, is an area that is always used for shopping. It can be a market place or a street of shops where things are exchanged or sold.
The word bazaar is from the Persian word "bāzār", this word itself comes from the Pahlavi word "baha-char" (بهاچار), meaning "the place of prices". Although the meaning of the word "bazaar" started in Persia, it has spread and is now used in many countries around world.

Alo, NWFP
Alo is a town and Union Council of Mardan District in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. It is located at 34°26'0N 72°3'0E and has a height of 406 metres (1335 feet).

Graham Nash
Graham William Nash (born February 2, 1942, Blackpool, England) is a British-born American musician, singer and songwriter. He was a founding member of The Hollies, but left that band to form Crosby, Stills & Nash with David Crosby and Stephen Stills. He moved to California to be part of the new group, which Neil Young also joined later.
While Crosby, Stills, Nash and Young broke apart and came back together many times, Nash has almost always worked with David Crosby since the 1960s.
Nash became an American citizen in 1978. Besides music, he is also a talented photographer, and collector of photographs.

Babini
Babini is a town and Union Council of Mardan District in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan.

Babozai
Babozai is a town and Union Council of Mardan District in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. It is located at 34°50'0N 72°8'0E and has a height of 1754 metres (5757 feet).

Bala Garhi
Bala Garhi is a town and Union Council of Mardan District in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. It is located at 34°14'0N 72°9'0E and has a height of 302 metres (994 feet).

Chamtar
Chamtar is a town and Union Council of Mardan District in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. It is located at 34°10'47N 71°59'2E and has a height of 286 metres (941 feet).

Charguli
Charguli is a town and Union Council of Mardan District in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. It is located at 34°19'0N 72°14'0E and has a height of 342 metres (1125 feet).

Dagai
Dagai is a town and Union Council of Mardan District in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan.

Dheri
Dheri is a town and Union Council of Mardan District in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan.

Garhi Daulatzai
Garhi Daulatzai is a town and Union Council of Mardan District in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. It is located at 34°12'0N 72°10'0E and has height of 294 metres (967 feet).

Garhi Ismail Zai
Garhi Ismail Zai is a town and Union Council of Mardan District in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. It is located at 34°12'0N 72°10'0E and has a height of 294 metres (967 feet).

Garyala
Garyala is a town and Union Council of Mardan District in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. It is located at 34°16'0N 72°13'0E and has a height of 317 metres (1043 feet).

Gujar Garhi
Gujar Garhi is a village and Union Council of Mardan District in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. It is located at 34°14'0N 72°1'0E and has a height of 298m (980 feet).

Hathian
Hathian is a village and Union Council of Mardan District in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. It is located at 34°23'35N 71°55'0E and has an altitude of 372m (1223 feet).

Lund Khwar
Lund Khwar, is a village and Union Council of Mardan District in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. It is located at 34°23'22N 71°58'51E with a height of 371 metres (1220 feet). Lund Khwar means "the ever flowing stream (or brook)". The village was founded in the 12th century by Yousafzai and Khattak tribesmen.

Muslim Abad
Muslim Abad is a village and Union Council of Mardan District in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. It is located at 34°23'0N 71°54'5E and has a height of 379 metres (1246 feet).

Rustam, NWFP
Rustam is a village and Union Council of Mardan District in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. It is located at 34°21'0N 72°17'0E and has a height of 369m (1213 feet).

Shamozai
Shamozai is a village and Union Council of Mardan District in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. It is located at 34°22'60N 72°7'60E and has a height of 713m (2342 feet).

Saro Shah
Saro Shah or Sari is a town and Union Council of Mardan District in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. It is located at 34°14'9N 71°54'30E and has a height of 316 metres (1040 feet).

Takkar
Takkar is a village and Union Council of Mardan District in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. It is located at 34°17'18N 71°53'50E and has a height of 338m (1112 feet).

Toru, NWFP
Toru is a village and Union Council of Mardan District in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. It is located at 34°9'0N 72°6'0E and has a height of 291m (958 feet).

University of Bologna
The University of Bologna is the oldest university of the Europe and of the Western world. It was founded in Bologna, Italy, in 1088, by Irnerius.
History.
In the Middle Ages, the University of Bologna was famous in all Europe for its schools of humanities and law, such canon with the figures of Gracia and Concordia Discordantium Canonum and of Irnerius in the civil law carrying to the law to an epoch of splendour in Europe causing its independence as juridic (i.e. relating to law) Science from the rhetoric.
The poets Dante and Petrarca studied at this university. Called oficially "Alma mater studiorum", the university is an institution for students of two sexes, supported by the state. It offers courses in arts, law, medicine, pharmacy, mathematics, engineering, agronomy, veterinary medicine and pedagogy. The Italian semiologist and writer Umberto Eco is the owner of the chair of semiotics of this university. The former prime minister of Italy, Romano Prodi, is a professor in the department of economy.

University of Warsaw
The University of Warsaw (Polish "Uniwersytet Warszawski") is the greatest and having more prestige university of Poland.
1816-1831.
The " Royal University of Warsaw" is established in 1816, when the parts of Poland were separated in Warsaw, from the academic (i.e. associated with higher education) centre of Cracow more ancient and influential. The School of Law and the School of Medicine had been established first time in the Duchy of Warsaw. In 1816 Alexander I had permitted the Polish authorities to create a university, composed from five faculties: Law and Administration, Medicine, Philosophy, Theology, and Arts and Humanities. Soon the university had increased and the number of students reach the 800 and the de professors - to 50.
However, after when the students and professors had taken part in the November Uprising de 1830, the university had been closed by the Russians.
At present.
Now, the chancellor (rector) of the university is Katarzyna Chałasińska-Macukow. (Information of amount of students, professors etc. are required to complete)

E-cigarette
An electronic cigarette (or e-cigarette, e-cig) is a cigarette substitute, giving small amounts of the chemical nicotine without tobacco or other chemicals from real cigarettes. The main substances making up in the liquid in the e-cigarettes are nicotine, propylene glycol, gylcerin and some flavors or smells.
Chemistry.
The propylene glycol and the glycerin react and make a vapour which looks like the smoke from real cigarettes. Some people may be allergic to the chemicals in the cigarette.
History.
The original inventor of the electronic cigarette concept was Ruyan and his first patent was registered in 2003. One year later, Ruyan’s first international patent was also registered. The name "Ruyan" translates to "smoke anywhere". Soon, factories in China started making similar devices based on Ruyan's ideas. Many of these creations were soon sponsored by different companies and not only marketed as smoking alternatives but also as an "NRT" (nicotine replacement therapy).
In 2008, this attracted the attention of the World Health Organization ("WHO") who said that these e-cigarettes were not proper nicotine replacement therapy and that this mis-information had to be taken away from any sites or advertisements saying that they were.

Great Pyramid of Giza
The Great Pyramid of Giza is a huge pyramid built by the Ancient Egyptians. It stands near Cairo, Egypt and is one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. It was the tallest building in the world for over 3 thousand years.
History.
The Great Pyramid of Giza is believed to have been built as a tomb for the fourth dynasty Egyptian pharaoh, "Khufu" and was constructed for over a 14 to 20 year period around 2560 BC, by men that were used as slaves. These slaves worked all day, and only got a "Resting Day" once in ten days, when the sun was the hottest.

.hack
".hack" (pronounced "dot-hack") is a Japanese multimedia franchise.

9885 Linux
9885 Linux is an asteroid discovered on October 12, 1994 by Spacewatch.
The asteroid is named after the Linux kernel.

Premier League
A Premier League is normally a league in sports at the top of the league system.

Surf rock
Surf rock is a kind of rock music. It started in the USA in the 1950s. As the name suggests surf rock had a strong relationship to the sport of surfing.
The Beach Boys are an example of a band that play surf rock.

Cigarettes and Valentines
Cigarettes and Valentines was going to be an album by Green Day. It was recorded in the summer of 2003, but after making 20 tracks, the master tapes were stolen from the studio. The band was upset so decided not to try to re-create the stolen album, but instead started on a new album that they vowed would be even better than before. The new album was American Idiot.
The "Cigarettes and Valentines" album was rumoured to have been secretly released as "Money Money 2020" by The Network. The Network is a band that contains all the Green Day members under different names. Billie Joe (a member of Green Day) has gone on record admitting that The Network is Green Day's side project. However he also said that "Money Money 2020" is not "Cigarettes and Valentines".

The Silmarillion
"The Silmarillion" is a book written by J. R. R. Tolkien. It was first published posthumously in 1977, edited by his son Christopher Tolkien. "The Silmarillion" is set in Tolkien's world Middle-earth, and is about its early history before "The Hobbit" and "The Lord of the Rings".
The name "Silmarillion" can mean the published book (as in "The Silmarillion"), but it can also mean all the stories from the First Age of Middle-earth (the "Quenta Silmarillion").

Pace
Pace is the rhythm or speed at which something happens.
For example, athletes run at a certain pace, to make sure they do not become too tired, too quickly.

Shipping Forecast
The Shipping Forecast is an iconic part of BBC Radio 4. It is broadcast four times each day, and is issued by the Met Office, the UK meteorological centre, on behalf of the Coastguard It is a weather forecast of the seas around the United Kingdom. The forecast is separated into several areas. It which starts with "Viking" in the northeast (see image) and goes clockwise until it reaches "Southeast Iceland" in the northwest.
Protocol.
There is a strict protocol on how the forecast is laid out, and it has a limit of 370 words. The language of the forecast is hard to understand unless the listener know what to look out for. One line of the forecast commonly would be "Dover, Wight, Portland, Plymouth, four or five, increasing six soon, rain or slight drizzle, good". People listening to the forecast who know the protocol can easily understand it as "In the English Channel, there are strong winds, followed by a stronger wind in less than twelve hours time with some light rain, but good visibility". The numbers refer to the Beaufort Scale of wind strength. "Imminent" means within 6 hours, "soon" between 6 and 12, and "later" meaning after 12 hours.
Navtex.
An updated Shipping Forecast is broadcast six times a day from three Navtex transmitters situated strategically around the coast of the United Kingdom, giving information on the areas near to the transmitter. The three transmitters are called Cullercoats, Niton and Portpatrick, after the places they are at. Navtex is a type of radio communication that sends a message to a receiver that picks it up and converts it into text, similar to a mobiles' text message.
High Seas Forecast.
There is also a High Seas Forecast that can be found on Radio 4's website, which is similar to the Shipping Forecast in format and protocol, but is about the North Atlantic ocean, or 'Met Area 1'.

The Mail on Sunday
"The Mail on Sunday" is a British newspaper. Over six million people read it every week. It was first published in 1982 by Lord Northcliffe. It sells the second biggest amount of sunday newspapers in Britain after"The News of the World".. The "Daily Mail" was launched nearly a century before(1896) and is The Mail on Sunday's "sister paper".
They are both owned by Associated Newspapers, but the editorial staff are completely separate.
History.
"The Mail on Sunday" was first launched on 2 May 1982, to go with the "Daily Mail". The first story ever printed on the front page was the "RAF's bombing of Port Stanley airport in the Falklands". The Daily Mail and General Trust(DMGT)came up with some tough targets for the paper to reach. Initially DMGT wanted to sell 1.25 million copies a week. But the launch of The Mail on Sunday was not a success. After six weeks, sales were only around 700,000 copies.
Today (2008)the circulation is around 2.3 million, an increase of more than 1.5 million.
The newspaper's reputation developed thanks to Stewart Steven. Its circulation grew from around 1 million to almost 2 million during his time in charge. The editor who followed him was Jonathan Holborow and the current editor is Peter Wright.

PackageKit
PackageKit is a free group of software applications designed to provide a consistent and high-level front end for a number of different package management systems. PackageKit was made by Richard Hughes.

Grindu River
The Grindu River flows into the Mureş River in Romania.

Optimization
The optimization of software is a branch of the Engineering of Software that tries to turn existing programs into other programs that realize the same tasks in less time, with less requests of memory, or in general using the resources of ideal form.
The optimization can have sense at different levels, from the lowest (development of circuits, writing of machine code designed especially for the architecture) up to the highest levels of making of implementation, use or design of algorithms.
The optimization is generally recommended to leave until the end of the process of development, since the premature optimization can introduce new errors (generally more difficult to detect for being of algorithmic nature).

Unirea River
The Unirea River is a tributary of the Mureş River in Romania.

Advanced Packaging Tool
The Advanced packaging tool, or APT, is a user interface that works with core libraries to handle the sometimes difficult process of installing software on Linux.

Stejeriş River
The Stejeriş River is a tributary of the Unirea River in Romania. That means if flows into the Unirea River.

APTonCD
APTonCD is a tool that can create one or more ISOs, CDs or DVDs with all of the packages the user downloaded via APT-GET or APTITUDE, creating a removable repository that the user can use on other computers.
APTonCD will also allow the user to automatically create media with all of the.deb packages located in one especific repository, so that the user can install them into other computers without the need for an internet conection.

Măhăceni River
The Măhăceni River is a tributary of the Unirea River in Romania. That means if flows into the Unirea River.

Synaptic Package Manager
Synaptic is a computer program which is a GTK+ graphical user interface front-end to the Advanced Packaging Tool for the Debian package management system. Synaptic is usually used on systems based on deb packages but can also be used on systems based on RPM packages. It can be used to install, remove and upgrade software packages and to add repositories.

StartUp-Manager
StartUp-Manager is a program to configure GRUB, Splash and Splashy.
It was originally an Ubuntu project, but was later adapted to Debian.

Manacor
Manacor is a town and a municipality located on the island of Majorca. It is well known for its artificial pearls but also for its furniture manufacture. The population of the town is 25.324 and Manacor's municipality population - which regroups Manacor (25.324), Porto Cristo (6.385), S'Illot-Cala Morland (1.576), Son Macià (839), Cales de Mallorca (725), Cala Murada (624), Cala Anguila-Cala Mendia (296), S'Estany den Mas (139) - is 35.908. Miguel Ángel Nadal as well as his nephew Rafael Nadal were born in Manacor.

Ciugud River
The Ciugud River is a tributary of the Mureş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Mureş River.

Valea Cânepiştilor River
The Valea Cânepiştilor River is a tributary of the Ciugud River in Romania. That means it flows into the Ciugud River.

Valea Agrişului River
The Valea Agrişului River is a tributary of the Ciugud River in Romania. That means it flows into the Ciugud River.

Miguel Ángel Nadal
Miguel Ángel Nadal was born on July 28, 1966 in Manacor, Majorca. He was a spanish footballer and played as a defender or a midfielder. He played for RCD Mallorca from 1986 to 1991 and for FC Barcelona from 1991 until 1999 where he was nicknamed "The Beast of Barcelona". He also played for the Spanish national football team earning 62 caps, and played in three world cups (1994, 1998, 2002). He returned to RCD Mallorca in 1999 until 2005 when he retired.
He is Rafael Nadal's uncle and his brother is "Rafa's" coach, Toni Nadal.

Fetch! With Ruff Ruffman
"Fetch! With Ruff Ruffman" is a reality children's television program that is shown on PBS. It is hosted by an animated dog, Ruff Ruffman, who gives out challenges to the six kids competing on the program.

Pârâul Porcului (Ciugud)
The Pârâul Porcului is a tributary of the Ciugud River in Romania. That means it flows into the Ciugud River.

Groapa Beclani River
The Groapa Beclani River is a tributary of the Ciugud River in Romania. That means it flows into the Ciugud River.

Pârâul Şcolii
Pârâul Şcolii is a tributary of the Aiud River in Romania. That means it flows into the Aiud River.

Pietriş River (Aiud)
The Pietriş River is a tributary of the Aiud River in Romania. That means it flows into the Aiud River

African Wild Dog
The African Wild Dog ("Lycaon pictus") is a carnivorous mammal of the Canidae family, which lives in Africa.

Luna Sea
Luna Sea is a Japanese rock band, formed in Kanagawa in 1989. They were a very succesful J-rock and Visual Kei band during the 90s. They stopped playing in 2000 but got together again in 2007. They are now having a reunion tour.

Hopârta River
The Hopârta River or Râtu River is a tributary of the Mureş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Mureş River.

Băgău River
The Băgău River is a tributary of the Hopârta River in Romania. That means it flows into the Hopârta River.

The Ninety-Five Theses
The "Ninety-Five Theses on the Power of Indulgences", commonly known as "The Ninety-Five Theses", were written by Martin Luther in 1517 and are used a lot as the primary catalyst for the Protestant Reformation

Roger Bresnahan
Roger Philip Bresnahan (June 11, 1879 – December 4, 1944), nicknamed "The Duke of Tralee" for his Irish roots, was an American Major League Baseball player who played catcher and a player-manager.

Gorgan River
The Gorgan River is a tributary of the Hopârta River in Romania. That means it flows into the Hopârta River.

Over My Head (Cable Car)
Over My Head (Cable car) is the debut single by rock band The Fray off the hit album How to Save a Life (album). The single was released September of 2005.
Music Video.
The video ranked close to number one various times since the release of the single. The music video was actually shot in a High School in Denver, Colorado.
Chart Rankings.
In the Brazilian Hot 100, "Cable Car" was ranked #5, "World Singles" ranked the song #24, "U.S. Adult Top 40" ranked it #2, and "U.S. Top 40 Mainstream" ranked it #5.

Odverem River
The Odverem River is a tributary of the Hopârta River in Romania. That means it flows into the Hopârta River.

Look After You
"Look After You" is the 4th hit single by the rock band The Fray. The song was released in the United States in January of 2007 and in the United Kingdom in August of 2007.

Isaac Slade
Isaac Slade is an American singer-songwritter of the rock band formed in 2002 called The Fray. He was born in May of 1981. He has released several albums with the band "The Fray" including How to Save a Life (album) and "Live at the Electric Factory". He records and performs more of a piano rock and aocustic. Singles include "How to Save a Life", "Look After You", and "Cable Car".

Prisăcani River
The Prisăcani River is a tributary of the Bistricioara River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bistricioara River.

All at Once
All at Once is known to be the 5th single off the album "How to Save a Life" by the rock band The Fray.
Airplay.
The song is not originally famous for anything but being on airplay in the U.S. area.
Music Video.
The video was premiered on VH1's VSpot Top 20 Countdown. The video reached at #6 on VH1 and #20 on the "Hot Adult Top 40 Tracks".

Partition editor
partition editor, partitioner, and partitioning utility are all names for computer programs used to view, create, change, and delete disk partitions on a computer storage device, most commonly a hard disk, but also a USB flash drive or other storage medium.
A "partition" is a section or segment of the storage space on a storage device. By partitioning a large device into several partitions it is possible to isolate various types of data from one another, and allow the coexistence of two or more operating systems simultaneously.

GParted
GParted is a program used for creating, deleting, resizing, moving, checking and copying partitions, and the file systems on them. This is useful for creating space for new operating systems (works with Vista System & Data partitions), reorganizing disk usage, copying data residing on hard disks and mirroring one partition with another (disk imaging).

Skull Ring
"Skull Ring" is a 2003 album by Iggy Pop.

Jesus of Suburbia
Jesus of Suburbia was the fifth and final single to be released from Green Day's seventh studio album, "American Idiot".

National Bowl
The National Bowl is a entertainment venue in Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, England. It can hold up to 65,000 people.

Kerrang!
"Kerrang!" is a weekly Rock magazine by Bauer Consumer Media in the United Kingdom.

Bullet in a Bible
"Bullet in a Bible" is a live CD, DVD and UMD release by Green Day, which was issued on November 15 2005.

Footage
In film and video, footage is the raw, unedited material as it had been originally recorded by video camera

People's Choice Award
The People's Choice Awards is an awards show recognizing the people and the work of popular culture.

The Pretender (song)
"The Pretender" is the first single from the Foo Fighters' 2007 album "Echoes, Silence, Patience & Grace".

It's Been Awhile
"It's Been Awhile" is the lead single off the album "Break the Cycle" by the alternative metal band Staind.

Scar Tissue
"Scar Tissue" is the first single from the American alternative rock band Red Hot Chili Peppers'

Distancing effect
The distancing effect (from the German "Verfremdungseffekt") is a theatrical and cinematic device.

Hysteria
Hysteria is when someone has a very strong emotion that is unmanageable. Often, this means a very strong sense of fear. When someone has hysteria, it is called "hysterics". Hysteria could be caused by traumatic events in a person's life.
Today, many psychiatrists and other doctors do not use the word "hysteria" for a patient. They use other words that have the same meaning. Some of the words they may use are "psychosomatic", "functional", "nonorganic", "psychogenic", or "medically unexplained".

Theme (music)
In music, a theme is the initial or primary melody.

Our Band Could Be Your Life
"Our Band Could Be Your Life: Scenes from the American Indie Underground, 1981-1991" is a book by Michael Azerrad (ISBN 0-316-78753-1).

Vh1
VH1 (known as VH-1: Video Hits One from 1985 to 1994 and VH1: Music First until 2003) is an American cable television network based in New York City.

Spin (magazine)
"Spin" is a music magazine that competes with the leading magazine "Rolling Stone". Bob Guccione, Jr. created the magazine in 1985 and sold it to Miller Publishing in 1997. In February 2006, Miller Publishing sold the magazine for less than US$5 million to a San Francisco-based company called the McEvoy Group LLC. That company formed Spin Media LLC as a holding company. The new owners replaced the editor-in-chief Sia Michel with Andy Pemberton, who was once an editor at "Blender". The first issue to be published once he took over was the July 2006 issue—sent to the printer in May 2006—which had Beyoncé on the cover. Pemberton left "Spin" in June 2006. The current editor-in-chief is Doug Brod, who was executive editor from May 2003, and became editor-in-chief in January 2007.

Behind the Music
"Behind the Music" is a television series on VH1 that ran from 1997 to 2006.

Rock on the Net
The ARC Weekly Top 40 is an American mainstream music chart.

Jane's Addiction
Jane's Addiction is an alternative rock band from Los Angeles, California. The band started in 1985. The band first broke up in 1991, and created the Lollapalooza tour. The band spent some time touring in 1997, before reuniting in 2001. They then broke up again in 2004. In 2008 they got together again. The band's members are currently vocalist Perry Farrell, bassist Eric Avery, guitarist Dave Navarro and drummer Stephen Perkins. As well as alternative rock, the band have been described as art rock and hard rock.

Performance
A performance, in performing arts, generally comprises an event in which one group of people (the performer or performers) behave in a particular way for another group of people (the audience).

Blitzkrieg Bop
"Blitzkrieg Bop" is a song by punk rock band the Ramones.

We're a Happy Family
"We're a Happy Family - A Tribute To Ramones" is a tribute album by various artists as a tribute to the Ramones.

Ronnie Blake
Ronnie Blake (born May 23, 1972) is a trumpeter from Fullerton, California.

Mike Pelino
Mike Pelino is a guitarist who currently serves as a touring member of Green Day.

Jason White (musician)
Jason White (born November 11, 1973 in Little Rock, Arkansas) is a U.S. guitarist who has played in many punk rock bands.

Jason Freese
Jason Jeremy Freese (born in Orange County, California, on January 12, 1975) provides piano/keyboard, guitar, tenor saxophone, accordion, trombone and backing vocals for Green Day.

Gabrial McNair
Gabrial "Gabe" McNair (born September 8, 1973) is a multi-instrumentalist and composer.

Petra Haden
Petra Haden (born October 11, 1971 in New York City) is an American violinist and singer.

Stephen Bradley
Stephen Bradley (born August 23, 1972 in Richmond, California) plays the trumpet and keyboard in the band No Doubt.

Debian Package Maker
Debian Package Maker is a program to compile programs from source code to create .deb packages.
Target Mode.
The user can manually specify the installation directory and the files to be installed in the target installation directory.
Source Mode.
Debian Package Maker will configure the source for the user, compile them and then build a package using the target rules.
configure/autogen scripts and Makefile/rules is required for DPM to automate the whole process for the user.

Deb Creator
Deb Creator is a program to compile programs from source code to create .deb packages.

Taro Aso
Taro Aso (1940-) is the President of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party of Japan, and the first Catholic Prime Minister of Japan. He is from Iizuka, Fukuoka Prefecture.

Kumamoto prefecture
Kumamoto prefecture is an area of Kyushu, in western Japan.

Group velocity
Group velocity is often considered to be the wave velocity at which information travels. Often, this can be seen as the speed at which the envelope of the wave travels.

Polarization
Polarization describes the direction of the electric field of light. The electric field points sideways compared to the direction the light is travelling.

One and Only
One and Only (or One & Only) is a song by american musician Timbaland featuring alternative rock band Fall Out Boy. The song is on the second studio album by Timbaland called Shock Value.

Şesul Băgăului River
The Şesul Băgăului River or Pusta Băgăului River is a tributary of the Mureş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Mureş River.

Dance Dance
"Dance, Dance" is the second single from Fall Out Boy's third studio album "From Under the Cork Tree". Released in 2006, the single reached #3 in the U.S., becoming their second Top 10 single.
Music Video.
The video shows the band performing at a homecoming dance in a high school. The videopremiered in October, 2006.

Haibadâc River
The Haibadâc River is a tributary of the Şesul Băgăului River in Romania. That means it flows into the Şesul Băgăului River.

Valea Poeţii River
The Valea Poeţii River is a tributary of the Şesul Băgăului River in Romania. That means it flows into the Şesul Băgăului River.

Valea Papii River
The Valea Papii River is a tributary of the Mureş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Mureş River.

Valea la Şipot River
The Valea la Şipot River is a tributary of the Mureş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Mureş River.

Hăpria River
The Hăpria River is a tributary of the Mureş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Mureş River.

Săcăduş River
The Săcăduş River is a tributary of the Mureş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Mureş River

Boys Like Girls (album)
Boys Like Girls is the debut hit album released in 2006 by rock band Boys Like Girls. The album was recorded in 2005-2006. The album contains of 4 singles.
Track listing.
The album was re-released on November 13, 2007 which contains an acoustic version of "Hero/Heroine" plus live performance videos and photo galleries as part of the enhanced portion of the disc.

Bogdanul River
The Bogdanul River is a tributary of the Mureş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Mureş River.

Fărău River
The Fărău River is a tributary of the Mureş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Mureş River.

Silivaş River
The Silivaş River is a tributary of the Fărău River in Romania. That means if flows into the Fărău River.

This Love (Maroon 5 song)
"This Love" is the second single from rock band Maroon 5's first album "Songs About Jane". A music video for the song was created and is included on the CD version of the single. The single was released 2003.

Ciunga River
The Ciunga River is a tributary of the Mureş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Mureş River.

Now That's What I Call Music! (U.S. Series)
Now That's What I Call Music (U.S. Series) is an original series of around 30 compolation albums released since 1989. The compilation ("albums") contain the hits or modern music of the latest time period. Most of which the songs out on the albums are usually singles from various artists ("meaning a lot"). Most of the albums usually contain anywhere from 18-20 tracks.
"Now!" series in other countries.
Although there is some overlap in content between current releases in different markets, there are also differences such as the inclusion of local hits, and (for example) the single-CD format of the U.S. releases, in contrast with the traditional double-album UK format.

Begiu River
The Begiu River is a tributary of the Valea Dosului River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Dosului River.

Valea Dosului River (Mureş)
The Valea Dosului River is a tributary of the Mureş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Mureş River.

Cedrus deodara
Cedrus deodara (Deodar Cedar, Himalayan Cedar, or Deodar; Hindi, Sanskrit: देवदार devadāru; Chinese: 雪松 xue song) is a species of cedar trees that live in the western Himalayas and in eastern Afghanistan, northern Pakistan, north-central India (Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand states), Kashmir, southwesternmost Tibet and western Nepal, and live in places at 1500-3200 m above sea level. It is a large evergreen coniferous tree reaching 40-50 m tall, exceptionally 60 m, with a trunk up to 3m thick. It has a cone-shaped crown with level branches and drooping branchlets.
The leaves are needle-like, mostly 2.5-5 cm long, occasionally up to 7 cm long, very thin (1 mm thick), borne singly on long shoots, and in dense clusters of 20-30 on short shoots; their colors range from bright green to glaucous blue-green in colour. The female cones are barrel-shaped, 7-13 cm long and 5-9 cm broad, and break when up mature (in 12 months) to release the winged seeds. The male cones are 4-6 cm long, and shed their pollen in autumn.

Personal space
Hall's spacing models were based on Heini Hediger's 1955 psychological studies of zoo animals.

Siminoc River (Teşna)
The Siminoc River is a tributary of the Teşna River in Romania. That means it flows into the Teşna River.

Tebeleuca River
The Tebeleuca River is a tributary of the Teşna River in Romania. That means it flows into the Teşna River.

Reginald Dyer
Brigadier-General Reginald Edward Harry Dyer CB (October 9 1864 – July 23 1927) was a British Indian Army officer responsible for the Jallianwala Bagh massacre.
Early life.
Dyer was born in Murree, in British India, now in Pakistan. He spent his childhood in Shimla and received his early education at the Bishop Cotton School in Shimla. He was born just six years after the Indian Rebellion of 1857. The rebellion was a war that had been fought by some Indians to end British rule. It had been defeated by the British but had created segregation, suspicion and fear between the British and the Indians. Although he had been born after the rebellion had ended, the effects had affected Dyer's life.
Dyer went to Midleton College, County Cork between 1875 and 1881. In 1885 after his time at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst he joined the Queen's Royal Regiment (West Surrey) as a Lieutenant, and served in riot control duties in Belfast (1886) and the Third Burmese War (1886–87). He then joined the British Indian Army. First joining the Bengal Staff Corps as a Lieutenant in 1887 and being part of the 39th Bengal Infantry, and then joining the 29th Punjabis.
During his time with the 29th Punjabis he fought in the Black Mountain campaign of 1888, the relief (battle) of Chitral in 1895. And was promoted to Captain in 1896. In 1901 he became Deputy Assistant Adjutant General. and then fought in the Mahsud blockade between 1901 and 1902.
Dyer then joined the 25th Punjabis where he served in the Zakha Khel Expedition (1908). He was in charge of the 25th Punjabis in India and Hong Kong and was promoted to Lieutenant-Colonel in 1910.
During World War I (1914–18), he was in charge of the Seistan Force. and made a Companion of the Bath (CB). He was promoted Colonel in 1915, and was made a temporary Brigadier-General in 1916.
In 1919, about a month after the Amritsar killings, in the Third Anglo-Afghan War, his Brigade relieved the garrison of Thal. He retired on 17 July 1920, having become a Colonel.
Background.
In 1919 the British population of Punjab feared a plot by the Indians to overthrow British rule. There was talk of mutiny and of death threats to Europeans. Sir Michael O'Dwyer, the Lieutenant-Governor of Punjab, decided to deport Indians from Punjab who were leading protests against the British.
One person who was targeted was Dr. Satyapal, who was in the Army Medical Services during World War I. He was in favour of non-violent civil disobedience and was stopped from speaking in public. Another person was Dr. Kitchlew, a Muslim barrister who wanted political change and was non-violent. The Deputy Commissioner, Miles Irving, did not know much about these two people. Both men were arrested because Irving suspected them of trying to rebel against the British.
Their arrest led to demonstrations by the people of Punjab. Crowds gathered in all public places demanding a release of the two men. Army troops panicked and opened fire on a bridge across a railway line, causing several deaths. This resulted in a mob which returned to the city centre. More army troops arrived to stop more demonstrations.
The mobs sought out Europeans in the city. On April 9 1919, Miss Marcella Sherwood, who worked at the Mission Day School for Girls was bicycling round the city to close her schools. She was attacked by the mob in a narrow street and was beaten and left wounded. She was rescued by local Indians who hid her from the mob and moved her to the fort. This attack on a lady angered Dyer, who was in command of troops in Jullundur.
Amritsar Massacre.
Brigadier Dyer is infamous for the orders which he gave on April 13 1919 in Amritsar. It was under his command that 90 troops, made up of 25 Gurkhas, 25 Pathans and Baluch, all armed with .303 Lee-Enfield rifles and the Gurkhas who were also armed with "khukris" opened fire on a gathering of unarmed civilians, including women and children gathered at the Jallianwalla Bagh in what came to be later known as the Jallianwala Bagh massacre.
The civilians had arrived at Jallianwala Bagh to join the yearly Baisakhi celebrations which are both a religious as well as a cultural festival of the Punjabis. The Bagh had an area of 6–7 acres and had walls all around. The walls had ever small entrances which only a few people could go through.
Dyer ordered the troops to fire directly at the crowd of people; they kept shooting until they ran out of bullets (1650 rounds). The shooting lasted for about 10 minutes.
During the ten minutes of shooting, Dyer kept checking how the troops were shooting. He ordered the soldiers to shoot where most of the people were. He did this not because the crowd was slow to leave, but because he wanted to "punish them" for being there.
Some of the soldiers at first fired in the air instead of at the people. When they did this General Dyer shouted: "Fire low. What have you been brought here for?."
Later Dyer's himself was to admit that the crowd was not given any warning to leave. He said he did not feel sorry for ordering his troops to fire.
Injured and dead.
The British army reported 379 dead say it over 1000 dead. According to a Home Political Deposit report, the number was over 1,000, with more than 1,200 wounded. Dr. Smith, a British civil surgeon at Amritsar, said there were over 1800 casualties. Because of the large numbers of people killed and injured, general Dyer became known as "The Butcher of Amritsar" in India.
Crawling Order.
Brigadier Dyer sent soldiers to the area where Miss Marcella Sherwood was attacked. He ordered that any Indians wishing to travel through the street (150 yards) had to crawl on all fours. This order also included the people who had rescued her.
Because of this order the street was closed, the houses had no back doors and the people could not go out without climbing down from their roofs. No doctor or supplier was allowed in, resulting in the sick being untended.
Death.
After the Amritsar massacre, Dyer's health failed and in 1921 he suffered paralysis. He never recovered. He died at Long Ashton, near Bristol, on July 23 1927.
The Morning Post remembered him in articles titled, "The Man Who Saved India" and "He did his Duty". The Westminster Gazette wrote a contrary opinion, "No British action, during the whole course of our history in India, has struck a severer blow to Indian faith in British justice than the massacre at Amritsar, and the attitude of official Anglo-India to it."

London Gazette
The "London Gazette" is one of the official records of the British government, and one of the most important in the UK. The "London Gazette" claims to be the oldest surviving English newspaper. It was first published on 7 November 1665. It is not a normal newspaper with typical news stories. The "London Gazette" is still published each weekday, except for Bank Holidays. The Gazette is being digitising and records between the years 1752–1998 are online.
History.
The "London Gazette" was first published as the "Oxford Gazette" on 7 November 1665. Charles II and the Royal Court had moved to Oxford to escape the Great Plague of London, and courtiers were unwilling to touch, let alone read, London newspapers for fear of becoming ill. When the King returned to London after the end of the plague the "Gazette" moved too. The first issue of the "London Gazette" (labelled No. 24) was published on 5 February 1666. The "Gazette" was not a newspaper in the modern sense: it was sent in manuscript by post to subscribers. It was not printed for sale to the general public.
Traditions.
In time of war, dispatches from the various conflicts are published in the "London Gazette". People referred to are said to have been mentioned in despatches. When members of the armed forces are promoted, and these promotions are published here, the person is said to have been “gazetted”.
Being "gazetted" (or "in the gazette") sometimes also meant becoming bankrupt. Notices of engagement and marriage also used to be published in the "Gazette".

Fabales
Fabales is an order of flowering plants. It is included in the rosid group of the eudicots in the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II classification system. Under the Cronquist system and some other plant classification systems, the order Fabales contains only the family Fabaceae. The other families treated in the Fabales by the APG II classification were placed in separate orders by Cronquist, the Polygalaceae within its own order, the Polygalales, and the Quillajaceae and Surianaceae within the Rosales.

Google Chrome
Google Chrome is an open source web browser developed by Google. It builds on parts from other open source software, including WebKit and Mozilla.
The name comes from the graphical user interface frame, or "chrome", of web browsers. The open source project behind Google Chrome is known as "Chromium."
A beta version for Microsoft Windows was released on 2 September 2008 in 43 languages. Mac OS X and Linux versions are under development and are going to be released after the Windows version.
Announcement.
The release announcement was going to be made on 3 September 2008, and a comic by Scott McCloud was to be sent to journalists and bloggers explaining the features of and reasons for the new browser. Copies that were for Europe were shipped early and German blogger Philipp Lenssen of Google Blogoscoped made a scanned copy of the 38-page comic available on his website after receiving it on 1 September 2008. Google then made the comic available on Google Books and their website and referenced it on its official blog along with an explanation for the early release. As of September 2, 2008 Google has a link to Google Chrome on their main page.
User interface.
The main User Interface includes back, forward, refresh, bookmark, go and cancel options similar to Safari browser, while the settings location looks like Internet Explorer 7/8. The minimize, maximize and close window buttons are based on Windows Vista

Polish Academy of Sciences
The Polish Academy of Sciences (Polish: "Polska Akademia Nauk", in short: "PAN") with seat in Warsaw, is one of the two Polish institutions which have the nature of an academy of sciences.
History.
The Polish Academy of Sciences is an institution of studies of the Polish state, with seat in Warsaw. It had been established in 1952 by the partnership of previous societies of studies, including Polish Academy of Abilities ("Polska Akademia Umiejętności", in short "PAU"), with its seat in Cracow, and the Scientific Society of Warsaw ("Towarzystwo Naukowe Warszawskie") which had been established in the 18th century as Society of Warsaw of the Friends of Sciences ("Warszawskie Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Nauk").
In 1989, the Polish Academy of Abilities, in Cracow, assume again its independent existence, out of the Polish Academy of Sciences, in Warsaw.
Polish Academy of Sciences at Present.
The Polish Academy of Sciences funciona as docta society which acts through a chosen corporation of distinguished scholars and of institutions of research. The Academy also acts through its committees, creating an important scientific consulting body.

Chinese remainder theorem
The Chinese remainder theorem is a theorem from number theory. It is about congruence. The original form was
The Chinese remainder theorem is used in cryptography, for example for the RSA algorithm

Shorinji kenpo
Shorinji kenpo is the style of kenpo (a kind of martial art). It was created by Nakano Michiomi.
History.
A Japanese with the name Nakano Michiomi - he later changed his name to So Doshin - incorporates his martial art school into his Buddhist teachings. So Doshin said, that he taught martial arts mostly in order to attract young people to Buddhism. Religious societies didn't pay the taxes, and So Doshin probably considered it, too. Until 1972, So Doshin said that he was the 21st grand master of an esoteric northern Shaolin system called Iher Man Thuen. In 1972 he changed his mind because the Japanese court gave an official decision that his style was not Chinese, but a mixture of karate (perhaps Wado-ryu) and jujutsu (perhaps Hakko-ryu). Consequently, the style's name was changed from "Shorinji Kempo," meaning "kung fu of Shaolin Temple," to "Nippon Shorinji Kempo," meaning "Japanese Way of Fist of Shaolin." The students of Nippon Shorinji Kempo have signs of swastika on their kimonos, but it is not treated as the symbol of fascism, it signifies happiness in Buddhism.

Progressive Fighting System
Progressive Fighting Systems is an organization and a system of combat thought up by Paul Vunak, who had been Dan Inosanto's student who had been Bruce Lee's main student. Inside the techniques included in this system of combat are bitting (actually not used because of the danger of getting infected) striking with the head, and fighting on the ground (groundfighting).
The PFS is considered a system much efficient in street combats, giving priority to the blows with head, blows with knee, [blows with elbow, to the "trapping" and to techniques as the Straight Blast. These techniques form the base of that what is the RAT program, the system of combat taught to the American special forces, as the Navy Seal, developped by Vunak to request of that units.
Vunak has always claimed that the JKD doesn't teach better techniques, but develops a combat efficient and better features. The goal is flow from one technique to other and from one art to other, till when the range or the situation doesn't change, demanding an other technique, or maybe of an other martial art. A special quality of the PFS is also the usage of safety equipment because of the trainings which are called "crash test" with test of aggressions in full contact.

Riff
In music, a riff is an ostinato; a repeated chord progression, pattern, or melody, often played by rhythmic instruments. The riff is the base of the musical composition. They are most common in rock music, funk, and jazz.

Blue Screen of Death
A Blue Screen of Death, sometimes called a BSOD, is a screen a computer shows when it has an error (problem) and can't work. Usually it shows what things may have gone wrong.

Portland Bill
Portland Bill is a peninsula off the south coast of England. It has strong tidal currents. The nearby town of Weymouth is a sailing venue for London 2012.

CERN
CERN is a research institute near Geneva, Switzerland. The name stands for "Centre Européen de Recherche Nucleaire" (European Centre for Nuclear Research). CERN was founded in 1954. Today 20 nations are members of the organisation. It is the world's biggest laboratory for particle physics. About 2600 people work there full time, and over 7800 scientists from about 500 universities and research institutes work there in total.
The Large Hadron Collider, the largest particle accelerator in the world, is at CERN.

Negrişoara River (Dorna)
The Negrişoara River is a tributary of the Dorna River, in Romania. That means it flows into the Dorna River.

Onager
The Onager ("Equus hemionus") is a large mammal belonging to the Equidae family. It is native to the deserts of Syria, Iran, Pakistan, Kashmir, Israel and Palestine, and western China. It is sometimes known as the Asian Wild Ass.

Pantropical Spotted Dolphin
The Pantropical Spotted Dolphin ("Stenella attenuata") is an oceanic dolphin. It is found in all the world's temperate and tropical oceans. The species was beginning to come under threat due to the killing of millions of individuals in tuna purse seines. The 1980s saw the rise of "dolphin-friendly" tuna capture methods in order to save millions of the species in the eastern Pacific Ocean.

Pilot whale
Pilot whales are two species of oceanic dolphins, which form the genus "Globicephala". The species are the Long-finned Pilot Whale and the Short-finned Pilot Whale.
The genus is part of the oceanic dolphin family (Delphinidae) although their behaviour is closer to that of the larger whales. The two species are the Long-finned Pilot Whale and the Short-finned Pilot Whale. The two are not readily distinguished at sea and are typically just known simply as Pilot Whales or Calderón in Spanish. They and other large members of the dolphin family are also known as blackfish.

Pygmy Killer Whale
The Pygmy Killer Whale ("Feresa attenuata") is a mammal of the oceanic dolphin family.
It is small, and rarely seen.

Persian Jird
The Persian Jird ("Meriones persicus") is a species of rodent in the Muridae family. It is found in Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, Turkey, and Turkmenistan.

Didgeridoo
The didgeridoo is a musical instrument. It was invented and mostly used by Indigenous Australians, the people who originally lived in Australia before Europeans came there. They are usually played sitting down as most are quite long. Some can be up to 3 metres in length.

Pârâul Pintii
The Pârâul Pintii is a tributary of the Negrişoara River, in Romania. That means it flows into the Negrişoara River.

Don LaFontaine
Donald LaFontaine (August 26, 1940 – September 1, 2008) was an American voice actor. His deep voice could be heard in a large amount of movie trailers and television advertisements. He is associated with the well known phrase "in a world...", which has been used in movie trailers many times.

Bungie Studios
Bungie Studios is an American video game developer. They are most famous for developing the award winning Halo series of videogames.

Gligul River
The Gligul River is a tributary of the Negrişoara River, in Romania. That means it flows into the Negrişoara River.

Piatra River (Negrişoara)
The Piatra River is a tributary of the Negrişoara River, in Romania. That means it flows into the Negrişoara River.

Colăcelul River
The Colăcelul River is a tributary of the Dorna River in Romania. That means it flows into the Dorna River.

Pârâul Roşu (Dorna)
The Pârâul Roşu is a tributary of the Dorna River in Romania. That means it flows into the Dorna River.

Teşniţa River
The Teşniţa River is a tributary of the Dorna River in Romania. That means it flows into the Dorna River.

Flamethrower
A flamethrower is a device used to shoot fire. They are often used by the military.

Dornişoara River
The Dornişoara River is a tributary of the Dorna River in Romania. That means it flows into the Dorna River.

Holster
A holster is a type of clothing. It is like an extra pocket worn to hold something where it can quickly be taken out for use. The best example of this is a "gun holster".

Confetti
Confetti is a lot of small pieces of paper or other material that is thrown into the air at a celebration such as party or a wedding.

Bârsaniul River
The Bârsaniul River is a tributary of the Dorna River in Romania. That means it flows into the Dorna River

Măru River
The Măru River is a tributary of the Bistra Mărului River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bistra Mărului River.

Vâlsan River (Argeş)
The Vâlsan River is a tributary of the Argeş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Argeş River.

Zănoguţa River (Vâlsan)
The Zănoguţa River is a tributary of the Vâlsan River in Romania. That means it flows into the Vâlsan River.

Dobroneagu River
The Dobroneagu River is a tributary of the Vâlsan River in Romania. This means it flows into the Vâlsan River.

Râul Cheii
The Râul Cheii is a tributary of the Vâlsan River in Romania. That means it flows into the Vâlsan River.

Izvorul Dimei River
The Izvorul Dimei River is a tributary of the Vâlsan River in Romania. That means it flows into the Vâlsan River.

Izvorul Popii River
The Izvorul Popii River is a tributary of the Vâlsan River in Romania. That means it flows into the Vâlsan River.

Robaia River (Vâlsan)
The Robaia River is a tributary of the Vâlsan River in Romania. That means it flows into the Vâlsan River.

Topliţa River (Vâlsan)
The Topliţa River is a tributary of the Vâlsan River in Romania. That means it flows into the Vâlsan River.

Râul Boului (Vâlsan)
The Râul Boului is a tributary of the Topliţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Topliţa River.

Buneşti River
The Buneşti River is a tributary of the Vâlsan River in Romania. That means it flows into the Vâlsan River.

Gârcic River
The Gârcic River is a tributary of the Buneşti River in Romania. That means it flows into the Buneşti River.

365 (Compilation album)
"365" (or "365 Days a Year" or "Disney 365") is a compilation album based on the 2007-2008 singles released off of Disney Channel from"Disney" stars like Hannah Montana,the High School Musical Soundtracks, and the Jonas Brothers. There is 1 volume for "365" so far.
Singles.
When You Look Me in the Eyes
"When You Look Me in the Eyes" is a song by the American pop rock band Jonas Brothers. The song was released as the band's third single from their self-titled second album, "Jonas Brothers", in 2007.
"Bubbly" is a pop–folk-pop–acoustic song written by American singer-songwriter Colbie Caillat and Jason Reeves for Caillat's debut album, "Coco" (2007).
"Potential Breakup Song" (also known as "Potential Break Up Song" in Europe) is a song written by American teen pop duo Aly & AJ, and is the first single from their second studio album, "Insomniatic" (see 2007 in music). It was a very successful single in the summer and early fall of 2007, topping many video countdowns, and becoming Aly & AJ's most successful single to date. The track also was the second-most sucessfull single by a Hollywood Records artist on the Hot 100 (standing behind Jesse McCartney's "Beautiful Soul", which reached #15) until then.
"Start All Over" is the fourth single performed by Miley Cyrus from her 2007 album '.

Poales
Poales is a taxonomic order of flowering plants in the monocotyledons. The order includes families of plants such as the grasses, bromeliads, and sedges.

Poaceae
Poaceae or Gramineae is a family in the class Liliopsida of the flowering plants. Plants of this family are usually called grasses, with approximately 10,000 species and 660 genera is the most ecologically and economically important of all plant families.

Ric Flair
Richard Morgan Fliehr (born February 25, 1949, in Minneapolis, Minnesota) better known by his ring name, Ric Flair, is a retired American professional wrestler
He wrestled for 36 years. His last match was against Shawn Michaels at WrestleMania XXIV. He is a WWE Hall of Famer.

Michelle McCool
Michelle McCool (born January 25, 1980) is an American professional wrestler. She works for World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) on it's SmackDown! brand. McCool was the first ever WWE Diva's Champion.
Career.
McCool was in the 2005 Diva Search but she lost to Christy Hemme. She still got a contract with the company.
McCool defeated Natalya Niedhart at The Great American Bash to become the first ever Diva's Champion. She lost the title to Maryse on Smackdown with María as a referee, after the match, McCool attacked María, turning heel, later, she appologized, but attacked Eve, turning definetly heel.
Backstage.
McCool received backstage heat from Nattie Neidhart when she offered a suggestion to how Neidhart could improve her wrestling abilities. This is because Neidhart, whose father is Jim "The Anvil" Neidhart, was born into one of the most successful wrestling families.
Personal life.
McCool is currently dating The Undertaker (Mark Calaway).

IUPAC
IUPAC is am acronym for the International Union for Pure and Applied Chemistry. It governs everything to do with chemicals, elements and new discoveries. Every chemical known has a common name and a IUPAC name. This is also true for the Periodic Table of the Elements. Every element's name has been approved by IUPAC. (This does not apply to those elements still given temporary names. These are the most recently discovered elements Uub; Ununbium to Uuo; Ununoctium.)

Medes
The Medes were an ancient Iranian people who lived in the northwestern portions of present-day Iran. This area was known in Greek as Media or Medea They entered this region with the first wave of Iranian tribes, in the late second millennium BC (at the end of the Bronze Age).
By the 6th century BC, the Medes were able to establish their own empire, that stretched from southern shore of the Black Sea and Aran province (the modern-day Republic of Azerbaijan) to north and Central Asia, Afghanistan, and Pakistan, and which included many tributary states, including the Persians, who eventually supplanted and absorbed the Median empire in the Achaemenid Persian Empire.
The Medes are credited with the foundation of the first Iranian empire, the largest of its day until Cyrus the Great established a unified Iranian empire of the Medes and Persians, often referred to as the Achaemenid Empire.
Median language.
Words probably of Mede origin appear in various other Iranian dialects, including Old Persian. For example, Herodotus mentions the word "Spaka" (dog), still found in Iranic languages such as Talyshi.

Paul Vunak
Paul Vunak (Pittsburgh, october 1960 - in activity) is a martial artist, famous for creating the PFS (Progressive Fighting System).
In the age of 7 years became interested in the martial arts. In the age of 10 years he hard trains taekwondo, receiving the belt black in the age of 14 years. In the years following is trained in many disciplines, among them kempo, several styles of Kung Fu and Escrima, till coming to the Jeet Kune Do (JKD) de Lee Jun Fan, under the guide of the own si-fu Lee's most famous student, Dan Inosanto. In the 1988 receives the degree of Senior Full Instructor from si-fu Inosanto, and begins to teach his version of JKD, under the name of PFS.

Mombasa
Mombasa is the second largest city in Kenya. It is a major port city, and has an international airport.

Headshot
In video games a headshot is when a player or an enemy gets hit in their head. It is often attempted when using a sniper rifle. As the head is the smallest part of the body, scoring headshots is often considered a skill in the video game community. The term may have started with the game Unreal Tournament, where a commentator shouts loudly 'Headshot!' everytime a player was shot in the head.

Gymnasium Alpenstrasse Biel
Gymnasium Alpenstrasse Biel is a high school located in Biel in Switzerland. There are three local high schools and the Gymnasium Alpenstrasse is one of them. It is the only bilingual (Swiss-German and Swiss-French) high school in the Canton of Bern. There are about 550 students and about 90 teachers at this school. This school specializes in three subjects: Economy, Spanish and Applied Mathematics. The students usually attend the Gymnasium for three years and take the final examination at the end of their studies. The diploma, which is called Maturité, is the entrance ticket for all universities and colleges in Switzerland.
There is also a Commercial Highschool in the same building which is part of the Gymnasium Alpenstrasse Biel. It is more oriented for the business world

Mede (Italy)
Mede is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Pavia in the Italian region Lombardy. It is located about 50 km southwest of Milan and about 35 km southwest of Pavia. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 6,993 and an area of 33.2 km².
Mede borders the following municipalities: Frascarolo, Gambarana, Lomello, Pieve del Cairo, Sartirana Lomellina, Semiana, Torre Beretti e Castellaro, Villa Biscossi.
Population.
Here is how the population of the town has changed over the last 140 years.

Ploidy
Cells used for reproduction are usually monoploid.

Rhesus Macaque
The Rhesus Macaque ("Macaca mulatta"), often called the Rhesus Monkey, is one of the best known species of Old World monkeys. Within in Pakistan it is the Provincial animal of Islamabad Capital Territory.

Risso's Dolphin
The Risso's Dolphin ("Grampus griseus") is the only species of dolphin in the genus "Grampus".

Foreplay
Foreplay is the name for a number of things people do before they have sex. These things do not need to be directly related to having sex. Rather, they are done to sexually arouse people, to make them want each other more. Not all of these acts are physical, some can also be psychological. Common things done in foreplay include kissing, touching each other, hugging, and stimulating the others erogenous zones.
Foreplay has a well-defined function - it lowers inhibitions and makes people feel better at ease.
Foreplay has been mentioned in historic works. The Ancient Indian work "Kama Sutra" mentions different types of embracing, kissing, and marking with nails and teeth. It also mentions BDSM activities such as slapping and moaning as "play."
Based on age, religious and political background, what people do as foreplay can be quite different. Many people think that women demand more foreplay and require more time to become aroused. Recent scientific research has show that this is false, though. Scientists from McGill University Health Centre in Montreal, Canada used the method of thermal imaging to record baseline temperature change in the genital area as the definition of the time necessary for sexual arousal. Researchers studied the time required for an individual to reach the peak of sexual arousal and concluded that, on average, women and men spend almost the same time for sexual arousal — around 10 minutes.

Army (movie)
"Army" is a 1996 Hindi movie. It was directed by Raam Shetty. The movie stars Shahrukh Khan and Sridevi in the lead role.
Plot.
Arjun and Geeta are a young couple, who are deeply in love with each other. They get married, and soon have a child. Arjun gets in trouble with a well known gangster named Nagraj, and is killed. When Geeta finds out she decides to avenge Arjun's death. When Nagraj finds out that Geeta is out for vengeance, he does not believe that a lone defenseless widow can do him any harm. But Nagraj is in for a surprise when he comes face to face with Geeta and a group of young men who are dedicated to bring him down - even if they die trying.
Soundtrack.
The music for the soundtrack was writen by Anand Chitragupth and Milind Chitragupth. Sameer wrote all the lyrics for the songs.

Râul Alb (Bârzava)
The Râul Alb is a tributary of the Bârzava River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bârzava River.

Crackdown
Crackdown is a third-person shooter video game released by Microsoft for its Xbox 360 console in 2006. Before it was released Microsoft worried it wouldn't sell well so they sold it with a test version of the Halo 3 multiplayer.

BBC Radio 5 Live
BBC Radio 5 Live (formerly BBC Radio Five Live) is the BBC's radio station that gives live BBC News, phone-ins, and sports news. It is the main radio station for sport in the United Kingdom, covering nearly all big sports events in the UK or with British competitors in.
It is transmitted via analogue radio on 693 and 909 kHz AM in the medium wave band. These frequencies belonged to BBC Radio 2 from November 23, 1978 to August 26, 1990. Before that they were used in some regions of the UK by the BBC Home Service and BBC Radio 4. The radio is also available on digital radio in the United Kingdom via DAB, digital satellite, IPTV, Freeview, and is also streamed online. However, because of rights restrictions, coverage of some events (especially live sporting events) is not available online. Also, some of the content available online is only for UK users.
Other websites.
Note that Radio 5 Live operates International and UK feeds. International feeds aren't allowed to cover certain sports events because of local radio rights to those events.

Văliug River
The Văliug River is a tributary of the Bârzava River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bârzava River.

Cattenom power plant
Cattenom power plant is a nuclear power plant. It is located near Metz, Luxembourg, It has 4 pressurized water reactors. Each has a capacity of 1300 MW. In 2006, it produced the third most electrictity of all power plants in France, behind that of Gravelines nuclear power plant (near Calais) and Plaluel (near Dieppe).

Crivaia Mică River
The Crivaia Mică River is a tributary of the Crivaia Mare River in Romania. That means it flows into the Crivaia Mare River

Doman River
The Doman River or Budinic River is a tributary of the Bârzava River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bârzava River.

Bârzăviţa River (Bârzava)
The Bârzăviţa River is a tributary of the Bârzava River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bârzava River.

Rough-toothed Dolphin
The Rough-toothed Dolphin ("Steno bredanensis") is a fairly large oceanic dolphin. It can be found in deep warm and tropical waters around the world.

Spinner Dolphin
The Spinner Dolphin ("Stenella longirostris") is a small oceanic dolphin. It is found in off-shore tropical waters around the world. It is famous for its acrobatic displays in which they will spin longitudinally along their axis as they leap through the air.

Striped Dolphin
The Striped Dolphin ("Stenella coeruleoalba") is an oceanic dolphin.
It is found in temperate and tropical waters of all the world's oceans. It is extensively studied.

Groposu River
The Groposu River is a tributary of the Bârzava River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bârzava River.

Moraviţa River (Bârzava)
The Moraviţa River is a tributary of the Bârzava River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bârzava River.

Valea Stânca River
The Valea Stânca River or Stoiconic River is a tributary of the Bârzava River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bârzava River.

Birdanca River
The Birdanca River or Birda River is a tributary of the Bârzava River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bârzava River.

Gorova River (Bârzava)
The Gorova River is a tributary of the Bârzava River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bârzava River.

Ciopa River
The Ciopa River is a tributary of the Bârzava River in Romania. That means if flows into the Bârzava River.

Vălişoara River (Timiş)
The Vălişoara River is a tributary of the Timiş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Timiş River.

Fornădia River
The Fornădia River or Vălişoara River is a tributary of the Căian River in Romania. That means it flows into the Căian River.

And did those feet in ancient time
"And did those feet in ancient time" is a short poem by William Blake. It comes in the introduction to a long poem called "Milton: a Poem" (1804). Today it is best known as the hymn "Jerusalem", sung to music written by C. Hubert H. Parry in 1916, more than a century after Blake had written the poem.
What the poem is about.
There is a legend that the young Jesus went to England with his uncle, Joseph of Arimathea, to England and visited Glastonbury. The poem connects this legend to an idea in the Book of Revelation (3:12 and 21:2) describing a Second Coming in which Jesus builds a new Jerusalem. Some Christians thought that a new Jerusalem would be like Heaven, somewhere of love and peace. The poem asks if Jesus visited England and if Heaven was created in England. Blake lived in the time of the early Industrial Revolution when there was a lot of poverty and misery. Many people think the “dark Satanic mills” were the factories where many people worked in horrible conditions. This contrasts with the country with its beauty and clean air: “England’s green and pleasant Land”. The second half of Blake's poem says people should try to establish "Jerusalem" once more.
Parry composes the music.
Blake’s poem was not very well known during the 19th century, but in 1916 a collection of poems was published which included “Jerusalem”. Britain was fighting a terrible war (the First World War), and so the people needed some strong, patriotic music to give them courage. Robert Bridges, the Poet Laureate asked Parry to put it to music at a Fight for Right campaign meeting in London's Queen's Hall. He wanted Parry to write a tune that the audience would be able to sing easily. At first Parry wanted verse one to be sung by a solo female voice, but the version sung nowadays is the arrangement for orchestra made in 1922 by Sir Edward Elgar. When King George V heard it for the first time he said that he preferred "Jerusalem" to "God Save the King", the National Anthem.
England (as distinct from Britain) does not have an official anthem and so the British National Anthem "God Save the Queen" is used for national occasions, for example before English international football matches or at the Last Night of the Proms. The song is also the unofficial anthem of the British Women's Institute. It is often sung as a hymn in churches, although people in some churches think it is not a hymn. It is also sung in many schools.

Vălişoara River (Crişul Alb)
The Vălişoara River is a tributary of the Crişul Alb River in Romania. That means it flows into the Vălişoara River.

Hubert Parry
Sir Charles Hubert Hastings Parry, 1st Baronet (born Bournemouth, 27 February 1848; died Rustington, near Worthing, Sussex, 7 October 1918) was an English composer. He was born at a time when England was not a very musical country. He started to change this, composing music which was to be a great influence other English composers such as Elgar and Vaughan Williams. Parry wrote a great deal of music, but by far the best known piece he wrote is the song "Jerusalem". Another piece which is often sung is the anthem "I was glad" written for the coronation of Edward VII.
His early life.
Parry was born into a wealthy family. He went to school in Eton and got his music degree while he was still there. He then went to Oxford to study. He learned from the English-born composer Henry Hugo Pierson in Stuttgart, and with William Sterndale Bennett and the pianist Edward Dannreuther in London. He started to compose a lot of chamber music which was first performed at Dannreuther’s house. He became famous in 1880 when Dannreuther played his piano concerto and his choral work "Prometheus Unbound" was performed at the Gloucester Festival. Other choirs started to ask him to write music for them. One of his best choral pieces was the ode "Blest Pair of Sirens" (1887). Other choral works include "Ode on Saint Cecilia's Day" (1889), the oratorios "Judith" (1888) and "Job" (1892). “Judith” includes a tune which became a well-loved hymn tune called “Repton” sung in churches to the words “Dear Lord and Father of Mankind”.
His orchestral works from this period include four symphonies, a set of Symphonic Variations in E minor, the "Overture to an Unwritten Tragedy" (1893) and the "Elegy for Brahms" (1897). He also wrote for the Greek play 'The Birds' by Aristophanes.
Mid career.
As Parry became more famous he got many invitations to important jobs. He started teaching at the Royal College of Music in 1884 and became its director in 1894, a post he held until his death. In 1900 he succeeded John Stainer as professor of music at Oxford University. In 1908 his doctor advised him to resign from his Oxford job.
Later years.
During the last decade of his life he wrote some of his best works, including the "Symphonic Fantasia '1912 (also called "Symphony No. 5"), the "Ode on the Nativity" (1912), "Jerusalem" (1916) and the "Songs of Farewell" which includes the song “My Soul, there is a Country”. These were songs about the needless suffering in the war.
His influence.
Parry had a lot of influence on English music in the 20th century. This was not just because of his compositions, but also through his teaching and his writings about music. The composers he liked best and who influenced his style were Bach and Brahms. His music is firmly tonal (always in clear major or minor keys), and Elgar and Vaughan Williams learned a lot from studying his music.
Parry was a man who always liked to help people, and so he took on a great deal of work, which did not do his health much good. When he had free time he enjoyed driving fast cars and sailing.
He was made a knight, and the first Baronet of Highnam in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom in 1902.
The house in Richmond Hill, Bournemouth where he was born is marked with a blue plaque.
References.
The New Grove Dictionary of Music & Musicians ed Stanley Sadie (1980) ISBN 1-56159-174-2

Râul Şes (Râul Mare)
The Râul Şes is a tributary of the Râul Mare in Romania. That means it flows into the Râul Mare.

Mlăcile River
The Mlăcile River is a tributary of the Râul Şes in Romania. That means it flows into the Râul Şes.

Şcheiu River
The Şcheiu River is a tributary of the Râul Şes in Romania. That means it flows into the Râul Şes.

Mătania River
The Mătania River is a tributary of the Râul Şes in Romania.

Baicu River (Râul Şes)
The Baicu River is a tributary of the Râul Şes in Romania. That means it flows into the Râul Şes.

Corciova River
The Corciova River is a tributary of the Râul Şes in Romania. That means it flows into the Râul Şes.

Gropiţa River (Zeicu)
The Gropiţa River is a tributary of the Zeicu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Zeicu River.

VistaPE
VistaPE is a is a project (set of scripts) for WinBuilder to create a Live CD based on the kernel of Windows Vista.
VistaPE uses technology and is similar to WinPE 2.0 (from Microsoft), but has a graphical interface, more support for devices and functions, and can run almost any Windows program.

Tomeasa River
The Tomeasa River is a tributary of the Râul Şes in Romania. That means it flows into the Râul Şes.

Merila River
The Merila River or Valea Găurii River or Mirele River is a tributary of the Râul Şes in Romania. Than means it flows into the Râul Şes.

Gugu River (Râul Şes)
The Gugu River is a tributary of the Râul Şes in Romania. That means it flows into the Râul Şes.

Izvorul Morarului River
The Izvorul Morarului River is a tributary of the Râul Şes in Romania. That means it flows into the Râul Şes.

Pârâul Morii (Râul Şes)
The Pârâul Morii River is a tributary of the Râul Şes in Romania. That means it flows into the Râul Şes.

Cârnea River
The Cârnea River is a tributary of the Pârâul Morii in Romania. That means it flows into the Pârâul Morii.

Gropiţa River (Pârâul Morii)
The Gropiţa River is a tributary of the Pârâul Morii in Romania. That means it flows into the Pârâul Morii.

Tucila River
The Tucila River is a tributary of the Râul Şes in Romania. That means it flows into the Râul Şes.

Eye of GNOME
Eye of GNOME is the official image viewer for the GNOME desktop environment. Unlike some other image viewers, Eye of GNOME will only view images. It does, however, provide basic effects for improved viewing, such as zooming, fullscreen, rotation, and transparent image background control.

Ekiga
Ekiga (formerly called GnomeMeeting) is a free and open source VoIP and video conferencing computer application for GNOME and Windows. Ekiga supports both the SIP and H.323 (based on OpenH323) protocols and is fully interoperable with any other SIP compliant application and with Microsoft NetMeeting. It supports many high-quality audio and video codecs.
Ekiga was initially made by Damien Sandras in order to graduate from the Université catholique de Louvain. It is currently developed by a community-based team led by Sandras. The logo was designed based on his concept by, an open source enthusiast and a friend of his.

One Laptop Per Child
One Laptop Per Child is an organization founded at the MIT. It is a non-profit organisation. It wants to make cheap laptops so that children in the Developing World can also use a computer to learn.

Malvaceae
Malvaceae is a family of flowering plants. The family includes about 1000 species in 75 genera. They are found in tropical and temperate regions.

Araceae
Araceae are rhizomatous or tuberous herbs comprising about 110 genera and 1,800 species, usually with calcium oxalate crystals or raphides and commonly with milky sap. The leaves are alternate, simple or compound, petiolate, sometimes very large, and usually with a sheathing base.

Everything That Happens Will Happen Today
"Everything That Happens Will Happen Today" is the second album made by David Byrne and Brian Eno, released on August 18, 2008. They also made an album in 1981 called "My Life in the Bush of Ghosts" and Eno helped make songs with Byrne and Talking Heads. Byrne and Eno made this music in 2007 and early 2008. Byrne will tour for this album and play these songs and other music these two have written.
History.
In December 2007, David Byrne announced on the BBC Radio music show, "The Weekender", that he was working with musician/producer and former collaborator Brian Eno on a brand new album of "proper songs", describing it as a "completely different thing" from "My Life in the Bush of Ghosts", which was mostly experimental. While discussing the 2006 remix of that album at a dinner party, Eno suggested finishing some songs that he had written and intended to finish but that did not have lyrics, some of which were eight years old. Byrne visited Eno's studio to listen to the rough mixes of the demos and the two decided to collaborate to finish writing the songs, leaving Eno and Peter Chilvers to convert a variety of digital music formats into Musical Instrument Digital Interface to strip out information and make them suitable for Byrne to embellish. (Chilvers would be thanked in the liner notes as "Digitial Archeologist.") The two continued to write for several months - although Byrne confessed that he was initially "terrified" at writing lyrics for the demos - and agreed that if the project wasn't fun for both of them, they would abandon it.
Composition.
He elaborated, "In a nutshell, Brian wrote most of the music, and I composed most of the vocal melodies and lyrics, and then sang them." If Byrne's vocal harmonies were radical enough, Eno would revise the instrumentation to accompany it. Using a style similar to the Talking Heads album "Speaking in Tongues", Byrne scatted and murmured some lyrics before they were completed and Eno also contributed some vocal harmonization he credits as "inhuman piano."
Both musicians continued to work on their own projects during the composition of "Everything That Happens Will Happen Today" - including Byrne conducting the second season of "Big Love" and composing and recording "Here Lies Love" with Fatboy Slim, Eno producing Coldplay's "Viva la Vida". Chris Martin of Coldplay even wrote a song to the instrumental track for "One Fine Day", but acquiesced when he heard Byrne's song saying that he "couldn't do better than that." Once that song was finished, the two began in earnest writing the rest of the music. As the project progressed, Byrne got to working several hours a day on the project.
The two were inspired by Gospel music while making the album; both have described it as "electronic Gospel", in particular the track "Life Is Long." In addition to subtle Biblical themes in the lyrics, Eno was inspired by Gospel music, which he initially discovered through Talking Heads while working on "More Songs About Buildings and Food" by listening to "Surrender to His Will" by Reverend Maceo Woods and the Christian Tabernacle Choir. While Byrne considers the music "[un]like any contemporary gospel record that you would hear out there," it is "informed by that feeling and those kind of lyrics, which allude to hope in the face of despair." Eno also considers the album "[S]omething that combines something very human and fallible and personal, with something very electronic and mathematical sometimes." The two tried to "make that picture of the human still trying to survive in an increasingly complicated digital world... It's quite easy to make just digital music and it's quite easy to make just human music, but to try and make a combination is sort of, exciting, I think."
Eno's demos were primarily written in major chords, which Byrne considered slightly "ominous." In spite of this, Byrne's lyrics ended up being hopeful and spiritual, with themes of redemption. Byrne has speculated that the hopeful lyrics might be an antidote to being "completely pessimistic and cynical about politics and the state of the world." As he explained, "I was surprised that's what came out... The tracks are very different from what I would have done myself. I lean toward things that are more complicated." Eno also thinks the album is "[m]uch better than the songs [he] imagined."
Eno has also said the album is about "paint[ing] a picture of the human trying to survive in an increasingly digital world." Themes of humanity struggling with technology are apparent on several tracks. The lyrical content includes "a sinister inflection" but "many songs feel fairly uplifting and the overall tone is hopeful." Byrne attempted to write "simple but not corny, basic but heartfelt;" one of his inspirations in writing lyrics was the story of Valentino Achak Deng in Dave Eggers' ' and the two are thanked in the liner notes.
Production.
By March 2008, the duo had recruited multi-instrumentalist and previous Eno collaborator Leo Abrahams to play guitar, percussion instruments, and piano and Seb Rochford to play drums with Byrne in New York City. Abrahams continued to perform in his home studio and only played guitar with Byrne on one occasion. They would continue working on the tracks in Abrahams' studio through May, with all collaborations being carried on via e-mail. In April 2008, speaking at an event in New York, Byrne confirmed the release of a new album, calling it a "record of sung songs" in contrast to the experimental music from "My Life in the Bush of Ghosts" and later told the "New York Daily News" that "Brian had written a lot of music, but needed some words, which I know how to do. What's it sound like? Electronic Gospel. That's all I'm saying." Eno also explained the differences between this album and their previous one saying, "[T]his is quite different from "My Life" in that the intention of that album was to not use our voices at all, but instead to find voices and stick them on to the music. This new one is different – these are songs written and sung by David. They cover quite a range. They go from electronic folk Gospel to quite indefinable areas of music."
Throughout the spring and summer, Abrahams recorded drums at his home studio and Cherif Hashizume recorded more Cafe Music Studios, while Robert Harder at Harder Sound recorded the drums on "My Big Nurse", "Never Thought", "The Painting", and "Life Is Long". Mixing continued through June 2008 in New York by Patrick Dillett at Kampo Studios, who recorded brass and percussion and sent the audio to Greg Calbi at Sterling Sound for mastering. On July 28, 2008, details of the album became of public knowledge when Byrne posted on his blog that he and Eno had finished the new album, titled "Everything That Happens Will Happen Today", and that it would be released on August 18, 2008. The album website was launched on the same day, with an introduction and a promotional video of Byrne announcing the new album.
Release.
The album was self-released on August 18, 2008, only through the official album's website. It is available there free for streaming and for purchase as a download of DRM-free MP3s; they plan to release the album from other online digital music services in September 2008. No record label is involved on the release, and independent distributors will handle the physical product, which will be released in October 2008 as an enhanced CD and a deluxe-packaged CD with graphics and packaging done by Stefan Sagmeister, who received a Best Boxed or Special Limited Edition Package Grammy Award in 2005 for art direction on the Talking Heads' "Once in a Lifetime" box set and designed the cover to Byrne's "Feelings". This design of a domestic scene has been compared to "The Sims".
The next day, Byrne's soundtrack to the television series "Big Love" - ' - was released as a Compact Disc.
Versions.
In addition, customers are entitled to lossless FLAC versions of the album at no extra cost for all versions of the album.
Singles.
The first single off the album, "Strange Overtones", was released on August 4, 2008 as a free digital download only through the album's website. The track has been described as "a song about writing a song." It was downloaded over 40,000 times within the first three days it was available.
Critical reception.
Album reviews have been mostly positive; for instance, with eight reviews, the album has received a 77% on Metacritic. Positive reviews have labeled it "exceedingly pleasant," "maddeningly infectious," and "vibrant."
Promotion.
While Byrne and Eno have done a few interviews for the album, the two are attempting to market it via word-of-mouth and Internet hype rather than a traditional marketing scheme. Eno was convinced in part because of his own preferences for digital music from the iTunes Music Store rather than CDs as well as the success of Radiohead's "In Rainbows" from 2007. Byrne was also impressed by the band's release strategy as a means of valuing music. The duo have carefully avoided Internet leaks by not giving out promotional copies of the album to journalists, but Byrne did preview the song "One Fine Day" prior to the release by performing it with a choir of senior citizens.
Byrne has outlined the relative merits of different distribution models with this one reflecting his "self-distribution model" in which "the artist stands to receive the largest percentage of income from sales per unit — sales of anything. A larger percentage of fewer sales, most likely, but not always. Artists doing it for themselves can actually make more money than the massive pop star, even though the sales numbers may seem minuscule by comparison."
The duo enlisted a music marketing startup company - Topspin Media - to design their site, delivery options for the digital music, and promotional web widgets. The company used viral marketing techniques to collect potential customers' e-mail addresses and encourage them to post the album streaming on their blogs. The approach has been lauded as a way of undermining copyright infringement. Topspin have also created a Flickr pool encouraging users to upload screenshots of the widget posted to web sites.
Songs of David Byrne and Brian Eno Tour.
Byrne has assembled a band to tour for the album, performing music from this collaboration as well as the duo's previous "My Life in the Bush of Ghosts" and songs from the three Eno-produced Talking Heads albums - "More Songs About Buildings and Food", "Fear of Music", and "Remain in Light". (The two also collaborated for several tracks on Byrne's "The Catherine Wheel".) By performing music from all of their collaborations, Byrne hopes to "draw a line linking this new material with what we did 30 years ago, a little bit anyway." Although early reports indicated that Eno would be participating, he will not.
In planning the set lists for the tour, Byrne has assembled songs "from this new record, as well from collaborations Brian and I have done in the past which includes one song from "Bush of Ghosts" [and] three songs from the three Talking Heads records we did together."

Openair Frauenfeld
The Open-air Frauenfeld is one of the biggest open-air festivals in Switzerland. It was created in 1985 and has now taken place for 14 times. Every year there are about 100.000 visitors.
Famous musicians have given concerts there, for example Jay-Z, Cypress Hill, the Rolling Stones and Elton John.
Location.
The festival takes place in a meadow called "Grosse Allmend" in Frauenfeld. Frauenfeld is the capital city of the canton of Thurgau.
The journey.
Most people travel to the festival by train. If you buy your tickets at the Swiss railway station you get a reduction.
There is a parking area that is two kilometers away from the festival area.
Tickets.
The tickets can be bought on the of the Openair Frauenfeld or in different Swiss ticket shops.
Already in December you can get your ‘early bird’ and ‘springbreak’ tickets. With these tickets you can go into the camping area already one day earlier. There is only a limited number of those tickets.
The normal tickets you can buy later.
Children that are not yet sixteen years old need the permission of their parents, to buy a ticket.
Artists.
Marillion, Jimmy Cliff, Third World, Aswad, Lee Perry & The Upsetters, Edoardo Bennato, Status Quo, Blue Oeyster Cult, Magnum, Katarina &The Waves, Steel Puls, Freddie Mc Gregor, Jo Geilo Heartbreakers, Barclay James Harvest, Nils Lofgren
The Wailers, The Pogues, Rhapsody, King Sunny Ade, Uriah Heep, Nina Hagen, I.Q., T'pau, Foreigner, Sly & Robbie Package, Polo Hofer, Steve Hacket, Ziggy Marley & The Melody Makerst, Ten Years After, Status Quo, Bo Diddley & Ron Wood, Starship, Jethro Tull
Simple Minds, Chuck Berry, Status Quo, Foreigner, Bob Geldof, Kid Creole & Coconuts, The Beach Boys, Allmann Brothers Band, John Lee Hooker & Band, Vaya Con Dios, Level 42, Toto, Blues Brothers Band, Mothers Finest, Die Toten Hosen, Manfred Mann's Earthband, Little River Band
Lenny Kravitz, The Black Crowes, Chris Isaak, Mr. Big, Inner Circle, Uriah Heep, Björn Again, Midnight Oil, Living Colour, Robert Plant, Faith No More, Big Country, Bryan Adams, Heroes Del Silencio, The Jeff Healy Band, The Kinks, The Beach Boys, Sting, The Hooters
R.E.M, Clawinger, Bo Diddley, The Beatiful South, Paul Weller, Elton John, Inner Circle, Silverchair, Ugly Kid Joe, Pat Travers, The Kelly Family, Rod Steward, Dream Theater, George Thorogood & The Destr., Vanessa Mae, Faith No More, Oasis, Belly, Megadeth, Sheryl Crow, Page/Plant, The Neville Brothers, Shane Mc Gowan & The Popes, Warrent, Kix, Walter Trout Band, Nathan Cavaleri Vand, Status Quo, Chuck Berry, Slash's Snakepit, The Dubliners
David Bowie, Jamiroquai, Die Toten Hosen, Prodigy, Cake Like, Moloko, Blues Traveler, Kula Shaker, Sheryl Crow, Tic Tac Toe, Massive Attack, Jovanotti, Lewis Taylor, Spearhead, Litfiba, Alisha's Attic, Us 3, Skunk Anansie, Faith No More, Steve Winwood, The Bootleg Beatles, Echo & The Bunnymen, Fluke, Reef, Apollo 440,
The Rolling Stones, Pur, Deep Purple, Eros Ramazzotti, Bjoerk, Joe Cocker, Bob Dylan, Iggy Pop, Dave Matthews Band, Richie Sambora, Stroke, Propellerheads, Gang Starr, Transister, Anouk, K's Choice, Elisa, Joaquin Cortes, Angelique Kidjo, Les Sauterelles, Eagle- Eye Cherry, Jazzkantine, Clawfinger
James Taylor Quartett, Dog Eat Dog, Bloodhound Gang, Die Fantastischen Vier, Liz Libido, Subzonic, Björn Again, The Corrs, Alanis Morissette, Guano Apes, Betty Legler, Bananafishbones, Polo Hofer Und Schmetterband, Echt, The Cranberries
Rammstein, Shane Macgowan & The Popes,Cake,Gotthard, The Cure, Maja, Dada (Ante Portas), "A", Px-Pain, Backyard Babies, Therapy?, Clawfinger, Soulfly, Bush, Morris, Subzonic, Dream Theater, Faithless,Simple Minds, Orange Marmalade, Custommade Noise, Mild In Taste, P.M.T, Wake, Redwood, Mother Kingdom, Shruti Tribe, Twisted, Silver Inc., Roach
Pink, Söhne Mannheims, Cypress Hill, Motörhead, Guano Apes, HUN, Mary J Blige, Beginner, Gentleman, Oomph!, Die Happy, Sektion Kuckikäschtli, Asian Dub Foundation Ss, Orishas, Habib Koite, Sergent Garcia, Sheva, Pauline Taylor, Wurzel 5, Züri Slang Karaoke Superstars, Manou Gallo, Bligg, Adrian Stern, Seven, Fat Man Scoop, Beatnuts, Black Tiger, Pete Penicka, Emashie, Tambours De Brazza, Coulibaly, Sam Tschabalala & Sabeka, Musafir, Cut Killer/Abdel, Treekillaz", Carmen Fenk, Miss Moneypenny
Snoop Dogg, Jovanotti, Nightwish, Fettes Brot, In Extremo, Papa Roach, Samy Deluxe, Max Herre, Silbermond, Slunt, Helmet, Looptroop, Bagatello, The Scrucialists, Seven, Phenomden, Les Babacools, Trafficlights, Gigi Moto, Bauers, Florian Ast, Sandee
Black Eyed Peas, Busta Rhymes, Die Fantastischen Vier, Wir Sind Helden, Sportfreunde Stiller, Boodhound Gang, Gentleman, The Darkness, Kelis, Saian Supa Crew, Dog Eat Dog, Curse,Clawfinger, Joy Denalane, Double Pact, Cunninlynguists, The Locos, Gleiszwei, Godessa & Guests, Baze, Radio 200000, Breitbild, Gimma, Wurzel 5, Open Season, Chulcha Candela, Core 22, Akala, Mabon
The Prodigy, Akon, Sean Paul, Seeed, Mando Diao, The Roots, Redman, The Rasmus, Bushido, SINIK, Sido, Juli, Freundeskreis, EPMD, Samy Deluxe, The Sounds, TOK, Papoose, Gimma, Clueso, Dendemann, Sugarplum Fairy, Puppetmastaz, Karpatenhund, Bligg, Samurai, Liricas Analas, Triplenine, 6er Gascho, Griot, Cigi & Straight outta Mama, Famara
Jay-Z, Wu-Tang Clan, Cypress Hill, The Hives, Jan Delay & Disko No 1, Ice Cube, IAM, Common, Stress, Fettes Brot, Patrice, Looptroop, Culcha Candela, Dynamite Deluxe, Stephen Marley, Blumentopf, Kool Savas, Dog Eat Dog, General Degree, Sektion Kuchikäschtli, Swollen Members, Ce'Cile, K.I.Z, Breitbild, Cool Kids, Die Happy, Revolverheld, OBK, Le Peuple De L'Herbe, Chlyklass, Karamelo Santo, Radio 200000, Disgroove, Madd Family, Semantik, Manillio

Omega SA
Omega SA is Swiss watch manufacturer that belongs to the Swatch Group of companies. It is located in Biel-Bienne (Switzerland). Omega SA produces watches of a high standard. It was founded in 1848 by Louis Brandt in La Chaux-de-Fonds (Switzerland). There are many famous people that promote Omega SA like Michael Schuhmacher, George Clooney, Cindy Crawford and Nicole Kidman.
History.
The beginning of Omega was 1848 in La Chaux-de-Fonds. Louis Brandt opened a factory, that produces watches. The watches made there, carried the name Louis Brandt. After the death of Brandt, his sons transfered the production to Bienne (Switzerland). There, they started to produce their watches industrially. Already in 1898 "Louis Brandt & frères" employed more than 500 workers.
1894 they changed their name into Omega, when they released a whatch, named Omega. This name should show the quality of that watch, because Omega is the last letter of the greek alphabet and means "perfection".
In 1904 finally, the Brandt brothers died, and the company came into the hands of their children. In the following years, Omega became a highly prestigious watch manufacturer. In 1925 Omega started to work with Tissot, another watch manufacturer.
Today Omega belongs to the Swatch Group.
James Bond.
Omega watches are in great demand, by great filmmakers for their films. So, for exemple, Pierce Brosnan (alias James Bond)started to wear an Omega Seamaster Quartz Professional in the film "Golden Eye". In all later Films, Brosnan wore an Omega Seamaster Professional Chronometer.
Also Daniel Craig, latest Bond actor, wears Omega in his films. It even goes so far, that he mentions his watch manufacturer by name in the film.
Sports.
At the moment, Omega SA is the official timekeeper for the Olympic Games. Their first time was 1932 at Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. They have been timekeeper in 2006 Winter Olympics, and will do the same at 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouover.
As a sponsor for the Emirates Team New Zealand, Omega introduced the Seamaster NZL-32 chronograph in 2007. The name is the same as the name of the boat, that won America's Cup in 1995.

Bierhübeli
Bierhübeli is the name of a concert hall in the center of Berne, Switzerland. Many famous artists from all around the world have played there including Sugarhill Gang, Adam Green, Sportfreunde Stiller, Wir sind Helden, Joy Denalane and Bad Religion.
History.
From 1729 there has been a restaurant there called "Bierhübeli". In 1847 the "Bierhübeli" restaurant burned down. After that, they decided to build a hall as well as rebuilding the restaurant. It was finished in 1912. The hall was named after the restaurant.
Other facts.
There are about 120 concerts there every year and many styles of music are played there, ranging from Rock and Metal to Rap and Hiphop.
The stage, the walls and the floor are made of wood. There is also a bar in the hall. In the hall, the audience feels very close to the artist. The sound in the hall is very rich, because of the shape and the way the building was made.

Hakan Yakin
Hakan Yakin (born 22 February 1977 in Basel, Switzerland) is a Swiss football player of Turkish origin. He is the brother of Murat Yakin and half-brother of former Swiss football professional Ertan Irizik.
Yakin's biggest success was the winning of the Swiss championship and the Swiss Cup with the FC Basel in 2002. With the Swiss national team, he took part at the European Championship in 2004 and 2008 and at the World Cup in Germany in 2006. Yakin is a specialist in free-kicks and final passes.
Yakin received the award for the "Most Valuable Player" in Swiss football in 2003 and 2008.
He currently plays for Al Gharafa (Qatar).

Lyss
Lyss is a municipality in the district of Aarberg in the Canton of Berne in Switzerland. It has a population of 11,000 people. 84% of these people are Swiss German. Politicaly, Lyss can be called a city. The name "Lyss" comes from the local river Lyssbach.

Globi
Globi is one of the most famous cartoon figures in the Swiss-German part of Switzerland. It was created in 1932 by Globus in a promotion campaign. It is a blue human-like parrot with a black beret and trousers in black and red. It was so much liked by the children in Switzerland, that it got published independently in 1944. There are a lot of Globi cartoon books and tapes in Switzerland today.
„Globi“ is a Comic-Strip character. Globi looks like a parrot. It’s got a blue body and a yellow beak. It’s got trousers in red and black and a beret. It can talk with animals. Its appearance has changed several times since his developement.
In Switzerland „Globi“ is very famous. Nearly everybody knows him.
History.
Globi was created in 1932 by the Globusstore as a media vehicle for children. They especially wanted to address Globi to children. First the figure was named „Kimbukku“. But because the habitants of the canton of Bale named the warehouse Globus: „Globi“, they thougt that this name might be nicer than Kimbukku. The figure was immediately liked by the young customers. First „Globi“ appeared as a comicstrip in the magazine „der Globi“. In 1935 the first book „Globi the Childfriend“ appeared. This book was sold over a million times. But it was only really successful in Switzerland. Until today 76 illustrated classic books have been published. The Globi books were always successful, but In the 70ies they were critisised because of racism, sexism and violence in books of the 40ies and 50ies. Today Globi is seen as politically correct. It started to be interessed in ecology and animal protection and got more and more the role of a role model. For example in a newer volume Globi accompagnes the little rhino Najma to Africa. The readers/children get to know about the problematic times of the life in the savanne of Africa for rhinos. There was also a film with Globi in the cinemas in 2005.
Publisher.
Because of the big success of Globi the costs for the warehouse became too big. Because of this the Globi Publisher AG was founded in 1944. Since the 1.January 2007 the Globi Publisher AG belongs to the Orell Füssli Pusblisher. The Publisher is actually active in the swiss market. Beside a lot of books you can also buy Globi-dishes, cutlery, watches and alarm bells, plushglobis, drapery, school- and holidayutilities, lamps, cardgames and diverse food-articles in the Globi Publisher. Added to this different tourist attractions like a Globi-Hotel, a trail and a bus. From december 2008 there is going to exist a Globi winterpark in Engelberg. Beside of Globi also «Papa-Moll» and «Glöbeli» exist. Yearly over 80 000 Globi-Classic-Books, 40 000 other Globi-books, between 25 000 and 30 000 «Papa-Moll» books and 100 000 cassettes have been buyed.
Today the Globi Publisher employs: 4 permanent employee, 2 exponents, 3-4 graphic artists and bookmakers and circa 10-12 illustrators and writers.
Booklist of most important and best-sold books.
Globi and it’s swiss adventure travel,
Globi and his adventures at the sea bottom.

Second Coming
In Christianity, it is believed that Jesus Christ will return for a second time, often called the Rapture.

Beret
A beret is a soft, round type of hat. They are usually made of felt or a similar material. They are often connected with France and the military.

Premature birth
Premature birth is when a baby is born before the regular end of the pregnancy. In humans, a pregnancy normally lasts for 266 days. Most of the time this is calculated from the last menstrual period. This increases the normal length to 280 days (40 weeks). Doctors see babies which are born before the 37th week (calculated from the last menstrual period) as premature, Such babies are called "premies". In the United States, about 12 percent of the babies are born prematurely, that is about 1 in 8. In 2003, there were over 490,000 b such births. Worldwide rates of prematurity are more difficult to obtain. In developing regions there is often no professional medical care for these babies. This makes it difficult to tell how far along the pregnancy really was. For this reason, the World Health Organization tracks rates of low birth weight instead. In 2000, this occurred in 16.5 percent of births in less developed regions. It is estimated that one-third of these low birth weight deliveries are due to premature delivery.
Complications.
The risk of having a problem (called "complication") is higher in shorter pregnancies. Babies born prematurely die more often in their first year of life that others. Most die in their first month of life, which is called "neonatal mortality". Worldwide, prematurity accounts for 10% of neonatal mortality, or around 500,000 deaths per year. In the U.S. where many infections and other causes of neonatal death have been markedly reduced, prematurity is the leading cause of neonatal mortality at 25%. Prematurely born infants are also at greater risk for developing serious health problems such as cerebral palsy, chronic lung disease, gastrointestinal problems, mental retardation, vision or hearing loss and are more susceptible to developing depression as teenagers.
Why premature birth occurs.
There are several known risk factors for prematurity, but nearly half of all premature births have no known cause. When conditions permit, doctors may attempt to stop premature labor, so that the pregnancy can have a chance to continue to full term. This will increase the baby's chances of health and survival. However, there is currently no reliable means to stop or prevent preterm labor in all cases. In fact, the rate of preterm births in the United States has increased 30% in the past two decades.
Special care for babies born early.
In developed countries, hospitals usually have special facilities for prematurely-born infants. These are usually called "Neonatal Intensive Care Unit" (NICU). In the NICU, premature babies are kept under radiant warmers or in incubators (also called isolettes), which are bassinets enclosed in plastic with climate control equipment designed to keep them warm and limit their exposure to germs. Modern neonatal intensive care involves sophisticated measurement of temperature, respiration, heart function, oxygen supply, and brain activity. Treatments may include fluids and nutrition through intravenous catheters, oxygen supplementation, breathing support, and medications. In developing countries where advanced equipment and even electricity may not be available or reliable, simple measures such as "kangaroo care" (skin to skin warming), encouraging breastfeeding, and basic infection control measures can significantly reduce preterm morbidity and mortality.
"Ex-premies" is the term given to preterm infants born before the normal 37 weeks gestation.
Chances of survival.
The earliest time in the pregnancy where the infant has at least a 50% chance of survival is called the limit of viability. As NICU care has improved over the last 40 years, viability has been reduced to approximately 24 weeks. Rare survivors have been documented as early as 21 weeks, but this date is controversial because in this case, the pregnancy was measured from the date of conception rather than the date of her mother's last menstrual period. This makes gestation appear 2 weeks less than if calculated by the more common method. As risk of brain damage and developmental delay is significant at that threshold even if the infant survives, there are ethical controversies over the aggressiveness of the care given to such infants. The limit of viability has also become a factor in the abortion debate.

Autoclave
An autoclave is a device that uses pressure to heat aqueous solutions above their boiling point. It is done to kill microbiological organisms, called sterilization. The autoclave was invented by Charles Chamberland in 1879.

Martin O'Neill
Martin Hugh Michael O'Neill, OBE is an Northern Irish football manager. He is currently the manager of Aston Villa F.C., and has previously managed Celtic F.C..

Jim Duffy
James Duffy (born 27 April 1959) is a former Scottish football player and manager.

Nicotine replacement therapy
The nicotine in cigarettes and other tobacco products makes people dependent. When they quit, they will get withdrawal symptoms. Nicotine replacement therapty (NRT) is there to reduce the dependency symptoms. This is usually done by delivering nicotine (or a substance very similar to it) in other ways. Common methods include "nicotine patches" and chewing gums with nicotine in them.
Cigarettes are responsible for the deaths of about 5 million people each year. These people are not killed by the nicotine in the cigarette, but by other substances in tobacco smoke such as Carbon Monoxide and tars.
NRT delivers nicotine to the smoker's brain in a much slower way than cigarettes do. It helps to damp down the urges to smoke that most smokers have in the early days and weeks after quitting, rather than remove them totally. It gives the smoker the chance to break smoking cues in their daily lives, and might provide a more comfortable exit from the smoking habit. NRT however is best used with some form of support, ideally from someone who knows something about smoking cessation.
In 2005 the Committee on the Safety of Medicines recommended that NRT be given to pregnant smokers and also to adolescent smokers.
Findings from a recent Cochrane review of controlled trials testing NRT products (Stead et al 2008) indicated that smokers using NRT were 1.5 to 2 times more likely to be abstinent from smoking at followup than those in the placebo or control treatment condition.
Criticism.
Nicotine is the addictive drug in tobacco products, so there is a chance when using NRT products, to become addicted to those products in place of the tobacco habit. Generally it is argued that NRT products are safer then smoking tobacco. NRT products are generally expensive, sometimes even more so then cigarettes, so a minority of people may become addicted to the NRT product and turn back to tobacco products to save money.
Electronic cigarette.
An electronic cigarette (also called e-cigarette and e-cig), is an electronic item used instead of cigarettes. It gives a little nicotine when you breathe through it. It is a modern electronical device used to promote a healthy life style.
The electronic cigarette gives nicotine, propylene glycol, and sometimes flavors or smells. It was invented in China.
The elctronic cigarette cannot be classed as an NRT as no recognized tests or studies have taken place. Furthermore WHO (World Health Organisation) has advised that any manufacturer or seller who is marketing the electronic cigarette as an NRT should halt unproved therapy claims. Currently most sellers who adhere to this guideline are marketing the device as a tobacco alternative.

University of California, Berkeley
The University of California, Berkeley (also referred to as Cal, Berkeley and UC Berkeley) is a major university in Berkeley, California, United States. The oldest of the ten major campuses affiliated with the University of California, Berkeley offers some 300 undergraduate and graduate degree programs in a wide range of disciplines. The university occupies 6651 acres with the central campus resting on approximately 200 acres.
The University was founded in 1868 when the private College of California and the public Agricultural, Mining, and Mechanical Arts College merged. Berkeley was a founding member of the Association of American Universities and 61 Nobel Laureates have been affiliated with the university as faculty, researchers and alumni. Berkeley physicists worked on the Manhattan Project during World War II and the university now manages the nation's two principal nuclear weapons laboratories: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and Los Alamos National Laboratory.
Berkeley student-athletes compete intercollegiately as the "California Golden Bears". A member of both the Pacific-10 Conference and the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation in the NCAA, Cal students have won national titles in many sports, including football, men's basketball, baseball, softball, water polo, rugby and crew. In addition, they have won over 100 Olympic medals. The official colors of the university and its athletic teams are Yale blue and California gold.

Metadata
Metadata (also Meta data") is data about data, that is information about other information. This is often useful. Libraries usually group books by subject. In this context, the metadata about the book can be what subject it is classified under. Digital cameras allow to take pictures. In that context, the data is the picture taken, the metadata is information about the picture taken, like what focal length was used, other details about the exposure. Very often, a date and time when the picture was taken is also included.

Failure rate
Failure rate is the frequency with which an engineered system or component fails. Usually it is expressed in a number of failzres per time period, like failures per hour. It is often written as the Greek letter λ (lambda) and is important in reliability theory. In practice, the closely related Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF) is more commonly expressed and used for high quality components or systems.
Failure rate is usually time dependent, and an intuitive corollary is that the rate changes over time versus the expected life cycle of a system. For example, as an automobile grows older, the failure rate in its fifth year of service may be many times greater than its failure rate during its first year of service—one simply does not expect to replace an exhaust pipe, overhaul the brakes, or have major transmission problems in a new vehicle.
[Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF) is closely related to Failure rate. In the special case when the likelihood of failure remains constant with respect to time (for example, in some product like a brick or protected steel beam), and ignoring the time to recover from failure, failure rate is simply the inverse of the Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF). MTBF is an important specification parameter in all aspects of high importance engineering design— such as naval architecture, aerospace engineering, automotive design, etc. —in short, any task where failure in a key part or of the whole of a system needs be minimized and severely curtailed, particularly where lives might be lost if such factors are not taken into account. These factors account for many safety and maintenance practices in engineering and industry practices and government regulations, such as how often certain inspections and overhauls are required on an aircraft.
A similar ratio used in the transport industries, especially in railways and trucking is 'Mean Distance Between Failure', a variation which attempts to correlate actual loaded distances to similar reliability needs and practices.
Failure rates and their projective manifestations are important factors in insurance, business, and regulation practices as well as fundamental to design of safe systems throughout a national or international economy.

Copy-on-write
Copy-on-write is a means of optimisation in Computer Science. When several callers ask for the same resource, they can all be given a pointer to the same address. Only when they try to change the resource does a local copy need to be made. This happens without the caller noticing. It is done so that all the other callers do not see the change they did not do.

Write Anywhere File Layout
Write Anywhere File Layout (WAFL) is a file system. It was developed with large RAID arrays in mind. After a failure, the RAID array can be directly restarted. Other features like making the filesystem bigger without taking it offline are also supported.

Tibetan Blue Bear
The Tibetan Bear or Tibetan Blue Bear ("Ursus arctos pruinosus") is a subspecies of the Brown Bear ("Ursus arctos"). It is found in the eastern Tibetan Plateau.

Tibetan red deer
The Tibetan red deer ("Cervus affinis affinis" or "Cervus affinis wallichi"), also known as shou, is a subspecies of Central Asian Red Deer that is native to the Tibetan highlands of Central Asia.

Wild Goat
The wild goat ("Capra aegagrus") is a mammal of the Caprinae subfamily.
The wild goat is a widespread species, with a distribution ranging from Europe and Asia Minor to central Asia and the Greater Middle East.
The wild goat is the ancestor of the domestic goat.

Asiatic Wildcat
The Asiatic Wildcat ("Felis silvestris ornata"), also known as the Asian Steppe Wildcat or Indian Desert Cat, is a subspecies of the Wildcat.
It primarily inhabits the Thar Desert, and Rann of Kachchh in India and Pakistan. It is about the size of a domestic cat, with a pale yellowish body marked with black spots.

Woolly Flying Squirrel
The Woolly Flying Squirrel ("Eupetaurus cinereus") is a sqirrel. It is the only species of the genus "Eupetaurus".
Until recently scientific knowledge of this rare species was limited to 11 skins collected in the late nineteenth century. However, recent research has confirmed that it is still extant in Pakistan-administered Kashmir (P.A.K). It is the longest member of the family Sciuridae and the most massive gliding animal known, but observations confirm that despite its size, it does glide effectively like other flying squirrels.

Yak
The yak is a long-haired bovine, or cow like animal, found throughout the Himalayan region of south Central Asia, including Pakistan's Kashmir region, Tibet and as far north as Mongolia.
Most Yaks are domestic, which means they live on farms run by people. There are a few wild Yak but they aren't many left and are in danger of extinction. There may be as few as 100 Yak left in the wild. Wild male Yaks stand about 2–2.2 meters tall at the shoulder, the females about 1 metre. Domestic Yaks are shorter, between 1 and 2 metres for both males and females. All Yaks have long, thick hair to keep them warm in the cold places they live. Wild yaks can be black or brown. Some domestic yaks are white. All kinds of yaks have horns.
Life.
Yaks are herd animals. This means they live in groups called "herds". Yaks are "herbivores", they don't eat meat. The oldest yaks can live up to 25 years.

STV
STV is a television channel in Scotland. It is part of ITV.

Scotsport
Scotsport is a television programme on STV in Scotland. It covers the results of football in Scottish games.

BBC Scotland
BBC Scotland is a part of the BBC in Scotland. It operates the television and radio channels in Scotland.

BBC Radio Scotland
BBC Radio Scotland is BBC Scotland's national English language radio network. It broadcasts a wide variety of programming including news, sport, music, the arts, comedy, drama, history and lifestyle. It replaced the Scottish opt-out part of BBC Radio 4 in November 1978.
History.
BBC Radio Scotland was founded as a full-time radio network in 1978, although the name had been used since 1974 for the Scottish opt-out parts of BBC Radio 4. The creation of a separate network was made possible when Radio 4 became a fully national network and moved from medium wave to long wave.
Opt-out stations were established in Inverness and Aberdeen in 1976, followed by Orkney and Shetland in 1977, and Selkirk and Dumfries in 1983. Previously planned opt-outs in Edinburgh, Glasgow and Dundee were never realised.
Programmes.
The station broadcasts a wide range of programming including news, debate, music and sport commentaries.
News and Current Affairs.
News and current affairs programming has always constituted the dominant part of BBC Radio Scotland's schedules, especially on weekdays. In addition to regular news bulletins (usually hourly), the station broadcasts a wide range of longer in-depth news and current affairs programmes.
Good Morning Scotland (weekdays, 0600-0900) is Scotland's longest-running radio programme and one of the most popular in the country. It provides regular news, sport, business, travel and weather bulletins along with interviews and in-depth reports. It is similar to BBC Radio 4's "Today" programme, but from a Scottish perspective. It also includes the daily religious slot "Thought for the Day", again similar to that broadcast on Radio 4's "Today" programme.
The other daily news and current affairs strands are the "Morning Extra" phone-in (0905-1000), "Scotland Live" (1200-1245), "Newsdrive" (1600-1800) and the political news programme "Scotland At Ten" (2205-2230).
Weekend programmes include "Newsweek Scotland" (Sat, 0800-0900), "Shereen" (Sun, 0900-1000) and "The Business" (Sun, 1000-1030).
Sport.
Like Radio 5 Live, BBC Radio Scotland covers most of the major sporting events in Scotland. It holds exclusive rights to the Scottish Premier League and operates its Sportsound programme on a multitude of frequencies on Saturdays when games are being played. Other sporting events that can be heard on Radio Scotland include both of Scotland's domestic football cup competitions, Scotland football internationals and European games affecting Scottish teams and the rugby union Six Nations championships. Alongside the live action sports programmes, Radio Scotland also produces popular sporting shows such as football fanzine Off the Ball, phone-in forum "Your Call with Jim Traynor" and the multi-sports programme "Sports Weekly", presented by former Scotland rugby player, John Beattie.
Local opt-outs.
Orkney and Shetland each have a half hour daily news programme — "Around Orkney" (0730-0800) and "Good Evening Shetland" (1730-1800). During the winter months, this is supplemented for both areas by an hour long programme, broadcast Monday-Friday, between 1805-1900. Local bulletins are broadcast from Selkirk, Dumfries, Aberdeen and Inverness throughout the day.
Heads of Radio, Scotland.
Controllers of BBC Radio Scotland hold the title "Head of Radio, BBC Scotland" on account of BBC Scotland's radio productions for other BBC networks.

Daily Record
The Daily Record is a Scottish newspaper printed in Glasgow. For many years, it had been the best-selling daily paper in Scotland, with average sales of 363,411 as of April 2008.

Daily Mirror
The Daily Mirror is a British newspaper.

Boiga
Boiga is a large genus of mildly venomous, rear-fanged, colubrid snakes typically known as the cat-eyed snakes or just cat snakes.

Bungarus
Bungarus is a genus of venomous elapid snakes found in India and South-East Asia. Commonly referred to as kraits, there are 12 species and 5 subspecies.

Common Krait
The Common Krait (Bungarus caeruleus) is a type of krait that is found in the jungles of the Indian sub-continent. This snake is a highly venomous snake and is one of the "big four" snakes in India.

Daboia
Daboia is a monotypic genus created for a venomous viper species, D. russelii, which is found in Asia throughout the Indian subcontinent, much of Southeast Asia, southern China and Taiwan.

Geoclemys hamiltonii
Black Pond turtle or Spotted Pond turtle Geoclemys hamiltonii is a species of turtle found in South Asia.

Atomicity
Modern database systems are governed by things about transactions called the ACID principle. In that context, several operations can be grouped into what is called a transaction. From the outside, there are two points in time: before the transaction, and after the transaction. If one operation of this transaction fails, the whole transaction will. In other words: Either all the operations are done, or none is.

Reed-Solomon error correction
Reed-Solomon error correction is an error-correcting code. It works by oversampling a polynomial constructed from the data. The polynomial is evaluated at several points, and these values are sent or recorded. Sampling the polynomial more often than is necessary makes the polynomial over-determined. As long as it receives "many" of the points correctly, the receiver can recover the original polynomial even in the presence of a "few" bad points.
Reed-Solomon codes are used in many different kinds of commercial applications, for example in CDs, DVDs and Blu-ray Discs, in data transmission technologies such as DSL & WiMAX, and broadcast systems such as DVB and ATSC.
Overview.
Reed-Solomon codes are block codes. This means that a fixed block of input data is processed
into a fixed block of output data. In the case of the most commonly used R-S code (255, 223) – 223 Reed-Solomon input symbols (each eight bits long) are encoded into 255 output symbols.
The Reed-Solomon code, like the convolutional code, is a transparent code. This means that if
the channel symbols have been inverted somewhere along the line, the decoders will still
operate. The result will be the complement of the original data. However, the Reed-Solomon
code loses its transparency if virtual zero fill is used. For this reason it is mandatory that the
sense of the data (i.e., true or complemented) be resolved before Reed-Solomon decoding.
In the case of the Voyager program R-S codes reach near optimal performance when concatenated with the (7, 1/2) convolutional (Viterbi) inner code. Since two check symbols are required for each error to be corrected, this results in a total of 32 check symbols and 223 information symbols per codeword.
In addition, the Reed-Solomon codewords can be interleaved on a symbol basis before being
convolutionally encoded. Since this separates the symbols in a codeword, it becomes less likely
that a burst from the Viterbi decoder disturbs more than one Reed-Solomon symbol in any one
Basic idea.
The key idea behind a Reed-Solomon code is that the data encoded is first visualized as a polynomial. The code relies on a theorem from algebra that states that any "k" distinct points "uniquely" determine a polynomial of degree at most "k"-1.
The sender determines a degree formula_1 polynomial, over a finite field, that represents the formula_2 data points. The polynomial is then "encoded" by its evaluation at various points, and these values are what is actually sent. During transmission, some of these values may become corrupted. Therefore, more than "k" points are actually sent. As long as sufficient values are received correctly, the receiver can deduce what the original polynomial was, and decode the original data.
In the same sense that one can correct a curve by interpolating past a gap, a Reed-Solomon code can bridge a series of errors in a block of data to recover the coefficients of the polynomial that drew the original curve.
History.
The code was invented in 1960 by Irving S. Reed and Gustave Solomon, who were then members of MIT Lincoln Laboratory. Their seminal article was entitled "Polynomial Codes over Certain Finite Fields." When it was written, digital technology was not advanced enough to implement the concept. The first application, in 1982, of RS codes in mass-produced products was the compact disc, where two interleaved RS codes are used. An efficient decoding algorithm for large-distance RS codes was developed by Elwyn Berlekamp and James Massey in 1969. Today RS codes are used in hard disk drive, DVD, telecommunication, and digital broadcast protocols.

GNU Parted
GNU Parted is a free computer program for creating, destroying, resizing, checking, and copying partitions, and the file systems on them. This is useful for creating space for new operating systems, reorganising hard disk usage, copying data between hard disks, and disk imaging. It was written by Andrew Clausen and Lennert Buytenhek.
Graphical frontends.
GParted is a graphical program using the parted libraries. It is adapted for GTK+. It is often included as utility on many live CD distributions to make partitioning easier.

Râul Mare (Strei)
The Râul Mare is a tributary of the Strei River in Romania. It starts at the junction of rivers Râul Şes and Lăpuşnicul Mare, in Lake Gura Apelor.

Murariu River
The Murariu River is a tributary of the Râul Mare in Romania. That means it flows into the Râul Mare.

Zlata River (Râul Mare)
The Zlata River is a tributary of the Râul Mare in Romania. It starts where the Lănciţa River joins the Dobrunu River

Netiş River
The Netiş River or Pârâul Pietrei is a tributary of the Râul Mare in Romania. That means it flows into the Râul Mare.

Tarniţa River (Netiş)
The Tarniţa River is a tributary of the Netiş River in Romania. That means if flows into the Netiş River.

Strâmba River (Netiş)
The Strâmba River is a tributary of the Netiş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Netiş River.

Bodu River
The Bodu River is a tributary of the Râul Mare in Romania. That means it flows into the Râul Mare.

Valea Mare River (Râul Mare)
The Valea Mare River is a tributary of the Râul Mare in Romania. That means it flows into the Râul Mare.

Continuum (album)
"Continuum" is the 3rd studio album by rock musician John Mayer. The album was released in September 2006. The album holds singles by "John Mayer" like "Waiting on the World to Change", "Gravity", and "Belief".
Album.
The album features mainly new songs, though "Gravity" and "Vultures" are available in live versions from John Mayer Trio's "Try!", and "Bold as Love", which is a Jimi Hendrix cover: the first Hendrix cover that Mayer has ever recorded as a studio release (although Mayer has recorded other Hendrix songs over time in live settings such as "The Wind Cries Mary" and "Wait Until Tomorrow"). (Mayer had played "Bold as Love" live many times prior to the release of "Continuum" such as on the televised "Tsunami Aid: A Concert of Hope" which aired on January 15, 2005.) The album contains a collaboration between Mayer and 8-string guitarist Charlie Hunter on the tune "In Repair".

Chir Pine
The Chir Pine (Pinus roxburghii) named after William Roxburgh, is a pine native to the Himalaya.

Ulmus villosa
Ulmus villosa Brandis ex Gamble, the Cherry-bark Elm, is one of the more distinctive Asiatic elms, and a species capable of remarkable longevity.

Bonciu River
The Bonciu River is a tributary of the Râul Mare in Romania. That means it flows into the Râul Mare.

Sleeping Beauty
Sleeping Beauty is a classic fairy tale. An early variant by the Italian was published in 1634, but the most famous version was first written by Charles Perrault under the title of "La Belle au bois dormant" ("The Sleeping Beauty in the Wood"). This story was later retold by the Brothers Grimm under the title of "Dornröschen" ("Little Briar-Rose").
Part One.
A king and a queen have a baby girl. They invite fairies to her christening. Unfortunately, they forget to invite an old fairy and so the old fairy places a curse on the princess. She says that she will one day prick her finger on the spindle of a spinning wheel and will die. Fortunately, one of the good fairies changes the curse so that instead, the princess shall sleep for a hundred years and be discovered by the prince of her dreams. The king also bans spinning wheels, but none the less, his daughter finds a spinning wheel when she is sixteen and falls into the deep sleep. The good fairy also puts everyone in the castle to sleep and covers the castle with a thorny forest. A hundred years later, a prince discovers the castle and the princess. He kisses the sleeping princess, and she wakes up. They fall in love and get married and have babies.
Part Two.
Most versions of the story that are told today end when the princess wakes up, but Perrault writes about something scary that happened to the princess and her new children. The prince goes off to fight in a war and his wife and children stay with his mother, who is an ogress. The queen wants to eat the princess and her two children but her servants helps save the two children. He gives the ogress some normal meat and tells her that they are the princess and her children. The ogress believes this but she finds out that she has been tricked. She plans to push her daughter-in-law and grandchildren into a pit of nasty snakes. But the prince arrives just in time and the queen does not kill his wife and children. She throws herself into the pit instead and dies.
Ballet.
A Russian ballet with music by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky was first performed in 1890. The music for the ballet has become very famous. At the end of the ballet, characters from other fairy tales by Charles Perrault attend the wedding of the prince and princess.
Disney's film.
In 1959, Walt Disney made an animated film based on the fairy tale. The film and the original story have differences. In this version, the princess is called Aurora, the prince is called Philip and the evil fairy is called Maleficant. The princess only sleeps for a little while before she is kissed by the prince and the pair meet in the forest beforehand. The good fairies (whose names are Flora, Fauna and Merryweather) also provide comic moments throughout the film. The music from Tchaikovsky's ballet is used in the film.

Şipotu River (Râul Mare)
The Şipotu River is a tributary of the Râul Mare in Romania. That means it flows into the Râul Mare.

Pădeşel River
The Pădeşel River is a tributary of the Râul Mare in Romania. That means it flows into the Râul Mare.

Valea Jurii River
The Valea Jurii River is a tributary of the Râul Mare in Romania. That means it flows into the Râul Mare.

Transformers
Transformers are make-believe robots (machines who act like people) that are made by a toy company named Hasbro. In the story, they come from a planet called Cybertron. Transformers can be good guys, called Autobots, or bad guys, called Decepticons. The leader of the Autobots is named Optimus Prime, and the leader of the Decepticons is called Megatron. Transformers can change into different things like cars, planes, guns, and animals. Hasbro calls the Transformers "More Than Meets the Eye", because they look like regular things, but they are actually different. Transformers were first made in 1984 and were very popular. There have been many different Transformers toys and stories since then.
Generation One (1984–1992).
Some people call the first Transformers toys "G1," which means "Generation One." The first Transformers toys came from Japan. In Japan, the toys were from different toy lines called Microman and Diaclone. Hasbro took some of the same toys, gave some of them different colors, and called them Transformers. They asked a comic book writer named Bob Budiansky to make up new names for the robots. Bob Budiansky also decided what the robots liked, what they didn't like, and how they felt about things. In Japan, the robots didn't have names and weren't alive. They were just machines that were driven by people. Bob Budiansky also wrote the Transformers comic book that was made by Marvel Comics. Spider-Man was even in one of the early Transformers comics.
There was also a Transformers cartoon on TV. The TV show told a different story than the comic book. In the cartoon, the Autobots were looking for energy (food for robots) and the Decepticons chased them to Earth. In the comic book, the Autobots had to stop an asteroid (a big rock in space) from crashing into Cybertron. Another difference is that a Decepticon named Shockwave always did what Megatron told him what to do in the TV show, but in the comics, he wants to be the leader and tries to kill Megatron. Also, the origin (a story of how a robot was created) is different in the cartoon for a lot of robots, like the Dinobots, Jetfire (who is called Skyfire on TV), the Constructicons, and Omega Supreme. Even the way new robots were created was different. In the comic book, Optimus Prime uses the Creation Matrix to make new Transformers. In the cartoon, there is a computer called Vector Sigma that can make new robots.
In 1986, a Transformers movie was made. It was called The Transformers: the Movie and was a story about the future. In the story, it is the year 2005. Optimus Prime is killed by Megatron in a big fight, and a new Autobot called Ultra Magnus becomes the new Autobot leader. The Autobots have to stop a big planet called Unicron, who can also transform into a giant robot. Unicron also meets Megatron and gives him a new body and a new name, and he becomes Galvatron. At the end of the movie, Unicron is destroyed.
The TV show also told the story of the year 2005. We learn that the Transformers were once robot slaves who had to work for aliens called Quintessons. The Autobots did not like being slaves, so they chased the Quintessons away from Cybertron. Kids liked Optimus Prime and were sad that he died, so the writers made a story in which he comes back. In Japan, the TV show continued with new cartoons that were not seen in America.
The comic book was still being made after the TV show ended. Many robots who were not seen in the cartoon were in the comic book. There was even a story about how the Transformers met G.I. Joe, which was another Hasbro toy line.
Beast Wars and Beast Machines (1996–2001).
Beast Wars was about Transformers who could turn into animals. They looked like real animals, but they were robots in disguise. The good guys were called Maximals, and their leader was Optimus Primal. The bad guys were called Predacons, and their leader's name was Megatron. (He was a different Megatron from the Decepticon leader.) In the story, the Maximals and Predacons crashed on Earth a very long time ago, but they did not know where they were. Also, there was too much energy on the planet and it hurt their bodies. They turned into animals to protect themselves from the energy. They could only turn into robots for a short time before the energy started to hurt them.
Later in the story, many of the robots turn into Transmetals, which means they looked like robot animals instead of real animals. The Predacons find out they are on Earth, and Megatron tries to find the Autobots and Decepticons, who are on a space ship called the Ark. Megatron tries to kill Optimus Prime, who is still sleeping, so that he can change the future.
There was another show called Beast Machines that continues the story that started in Beast Wars. At the end of Beast Wars, the Maximals tried to catch Megatron. At the beginning of Beast Machines, he escapes and takes control over Cybertron. There are only four Maximals left and Megatron tries to stop them. Megatron creates new robots called Vehicons, who try to catch the Maximals. Later, we learn that the Vehicons are really Maximals or Predacons that Megatron caught and tried to control. In the story, we also learn that even though Cybertron is a dead, metal planet, it used to be a living planet like Earth.

Hoatzin
The Hoatzin ("Opisthocomus hoazin") is a bird are considered a relic from the age of the dinosaurs. They represent the only living member of the family Opisthocomidae, and its close relatives probably died out long ago. This feature is a remnant from what is considered the first species of bird, Archaeopteryx, which lived about 150 million years ago. Hoatzins communicate through unusual sounds that resemble wheezing, grunting, growls, and hisses.

Curpen River
The Curpen River is a tributary of the Râul Mare in Romania. That means it flows into the Râul Mare.

Galbena River (Strei)
The Galbena River or Râul Galben or Valea Galbenă River is a tributary of the Râul Mare in Romania. The top of the river, above where it meets the Răchitova River, is also known as Densuş River. The river starts where the Lacuri River meets the Poieni River

Lacuri River
The Lacuri River is a headwater of the Galbena River in Romania. That means it flows into the Galbena River.

Răchitova River
The Răchitova River is a tributary of the Galbena River in Romania. That means it flows into the Galbena River.

Poieni River
The Poieni River is a headwater of the Galbena River in Romania. That means if flows into the Galbena River.

Breazova River (Strei)
The Breazova River or Pârâul Cracului is a tributary of the Galbena River in Romania. That means it flows into the Galbena River.

Pârâul de Câmp
The Pârâul de Câmp is a tributary of the Galbena River in Romania. That means it flows into the Galbena River.

Dunăreana River
The Dunăreana River is a tributary of the Galbena River in Romania. That means it flows into the Galbena River.

Tasman Peninsula
Tasman Peninsula is located 75 km by road south-east of Hobart, at the south east corner of Tasmania, Australia.
Location.
Tasman Peninsula lies south and west of Forestier Peninsula. It is connected by a very narrow piece of land (isthmus) called Eaglehawk Neck. The Forestier Peninsula is joined to the rest of Tasmania by an isthmus called East Bay Neck, near the town of Dunalley about 60 km from Hobart.
There are a lot of things for visitors to see including the Conservation Park, located on the main highway at Taranna, the Port Arthur Historic Site and a number of beaches.
Early history.
The first people to live here were the Australian aborigines. They were part of a group known as the Ostyer Bay tribe. This large group lived on the east coast of Tasmania. The Tasman Peninsula is named after Dutch explorer Abel Tasman.
The first European settlement of the Peninsula was Port Arthur in the 1830s. It was selected as a penal colony because it was isolated from the rest of Tasmania. It could be easily got to by sea. The other prison colony at Macquarie Harbour on the west coast was too difficult to get to by sea. The prisoners there were moved to a new prison at Port Arthur. The peninsula also had a lot of trees that could be used for ship building and building houses. It had a deep sheltered harbour where visiting British warships could be repaired. Eaglehawk Neck was lined with guards and guard dogs, to prevent the escape of any convicts. Some did escape, including the bushranger Martin Cash.
The Saltwater River, Tasmania historic site (entry free) is located near the north west tip of the peninsula. It was originally the site of a coal mine. Prisoners dug for coal during the day and lived in underground cells at night.
The prison at Port Arthur is now a tourist attraction. Tourism is a major business in most of Tasmania. Bushwalking is also popular in the remote parts of the peninsula. Popular places to walk to include Cape Raoul and Cape Pillar at the south west and south east ends of the Peninsula, on either side of the entrance to Port Arthur.
Tasmanian Devil.
It is now the main area in the battle to save the Tasmanian Devil from extinction. The devils have been getting a new type of cancer called Devil Facial Tumour Disease (DFTD). It has spread quickly through the devil population. The disease has already killed more than half of the Tasmanian devils.
The peninsula's isolation from the Tasmanian mainland is ideal for keeping a healthy wild Tasmanian devil population. This project involves the local Tasmanian Devil Conservation Park at Taranna and government and university scientists.
Coastline.
The rocky coastline has been the site of a number of shipwrecks. Two large steam ships have sunk after hitting the Hyppolyte Rocks off the east coast - the "Tasman" in 1883 and the "Nord" in 1915. Munroe Bight to the north of Cape Pillar is named after the American ship "James Munroe" wrecked there in 1850.
Local industry.
In the years between convict settlement and the start of the modern tourist industry the area most people worked in the timber industry and fishing. The area was not suitable for big farms. There are some fruit orchards and some small mixed farms. The area was isolated until a regular river steamer began sailing from Port Arthur to Hobart in the 1880s. From 1900 to the 1930s the main shipping company was the Huon, Channel & Peninsula Steamship Company. They owned several ships including the M.V. "Cartela".
Many smaller towns are also located on the Tasman Peninsula. The largest are Nubeena and Koonya. Smaller villages are Premaydena, Highcroft and Stormlea.
The local government area is the Tasman Council. The major road to Hobart is called the Arthur Highway. The current population is around 2000. In summer the area gets many visitors and the population rises to around 6000.
The Tasman Peninsula is well known for its rocky eastern coastline. Much of it is now in the Tasman National Park. At Eaglehawk Neck the rocks have made many strange shapes and patterns. These include Remarkable Caves, Tasman's Arch and the Tessellated Pavement. On the south of the peninsula are the highest sea cliffs in the southern hemisphere, rising 300 m above the Tasman Sea at Cape Hauy. The peninsula is claimed as one of Australias best surfing spots at Cape Roaul and Roaring Beach.

Non-player character
A non-player character is a character played by a computer. It is used in almost all video games on a computer or console system like nintendo, playstation, xbox, or sega gaming systems.

Breaking Dawn
"Breaking Dawn" is the fourth and last novel in the "Twilight" series by Stephenie Meyer. The novel is divided into three section called 'books'. The story in Book One and Book Three is told from the perspective of Bella Swan. Book Two is from the perspective of Jacob Black, Bella's werewolf friend. "Breaking Dawn" was released on August 2, 2008 with a special midnight release in many bookstores.
Book I: Bella.
As the book opens, Bella is driving a Mercedes Guardian that Edward has bought to protect her from her propensity for getting into trouble. After informing Bella's parents of their engagement, Bella and Edward marry in a traditional wedding ceremony. The wedding has a minor disturbance during a confrontation between Jacob, Bella and Edward. Not wanting to spoil her wedding day, Bella puts aside her disappointment in Jacob's unpleasantness. Edward and Bella soon depart for their honeymoon off the coast of Brazil. Edward then fulfills Bella's wish and makes love to her. The next day they argue because Edward's passionate lovemaking leaves dark bruises all over Bella's body. He then refuses to make love to her while she is still human. Meanwhile, she has a recurrent dream of a small, green-eyed boy that she feels compelled to protect she also has dreams of her and Edward making love. Bella also finds herself constantly hungry and sick. But soon after Bella awakes in the middle of a dream crying; Edward asks whats wrong and instead of telling him she decices to show him and kisses him very passionately and Edward gives in. They have made love more than twice and upon seeing a box of unused tampons in her suitcase, she realizes that her period is late and she is pregnant. Though Bella has not longed for a child, she becomes immediately attached to her baby when she becomes aware of its existence. Edward, however, is only concerned for her health, and after hearing stories from a local woman (who suspects that Edward is a vampire) of similar situations that resulted in the mothers' deaths, Edward wants to get rid of the baby. Book one ends as Edward prepares to bring Bella home where he says that Carlisle will "take care of it," and as Bella secretly calls Rosalie for help.
Book II: Jacob.
The book is told from Jacob's perspective. He receives news of Edward and Bella's return, and that Carlisle has told Charlie that Bella is quarantined because she has contracted a rare disease in South America. Jacob assumes that Bella has been bitten and transformed. He is upset when Sam Uley, acting Alpha of the pack, declares that the pack will not retaliate. Jacob, full of anger, decides that if the pack will not retaliate collectively, he will act alone. Formulating strategies of attack, he runs to the Cullen house. When he arrives, however, he discovers that things aren't as he expected. Bella, as opposed to being a newborn vampire, is already heavily pregnant with Edward's and her child. It is clear that the child's rapid growth is starving and hurting Bella.
When Jacob returns to his wolf state, his thoughts inadvertently inform the pack of Bella's state. This causes fear and anger among the werewolves; they don't know how the child might act since the child is an offspring of a vampire. Sam commands the pack in the double-timbre of the Alpha, to obey his decision to destroy Bella and her unborn child. Jacob, who still loves Bella, disagrees, revolts, assumes his inherited Alpha position and leaves Sam's pack. Seth, then Leah Clearwater, soon join Jacob and the threesome form a pack with Jacob as Alpha. Jacob, Leah and Seth patrol the Cullen territory to forewarn the family of any impending werewolf attack.
As the fetus continues to develop at an alarmingly accelerated rate, Bella's health worsens. During Bella's pregnancy, Edward realizes he can read the child's mind, and is astonished to discover that the baby already loves Bella. As he hears his child's thoughts, Edward begins to love the baby as well. This leaves Jacob feeling betrayed, as he was counting on Edward to hate the baby more than he.
Bella goes into labor approximately a month after the honeymoon. The hard placenta that surrounds the child cracks; Bella begins vomiting blood. The child breaks free and Bella is very near death. Edward delivers the baby, a girl, and begins CPR, then transforms Bella into a vampire. He injects his venom into her heart and bites her in several places. Believing that Bella is dead and that there is no hope she will be resucitated, Jacob leaves the room and goes to kill the baby whom he holds responsible. He finds her in Rosalie's arms and looks into the baby's eyes. They are exactly the same shade of brown as Bella's. Jacob imprints on her.
Book III: Bella.
The book returns to Bella's perspective. She has just given birth to her daughter, and is now experiencing the painful transformation from human to vampire. After two days, she opens her eyes. The Cullens are wary of Bella as newborn-vampires are volatile. Yet, Bella manages to exhibit some self-control unseen in normal newborns. She wishes to see her daughter, Renesmee, but since Renesmee is part-human, the family believes Bella will be unable to control her newborn thirst if she sees the child so soon without first hunting.
Edward takes Bella on her first hunt to ease her thirst. Before they leave, Alice shows Bella her reflection. She has transformed into a stunningly beautiful woman with flawless skin and newborn-vampire red eyes. Bella does not recognize her reflection at first due to her volatile-looking red eyes.
Upon returning, Bella is allowed to see her daughter because of her demonstration of self-control in the woods when she smelled humans approaching. Because Renesmee is growing at an astonishing rate, she looks older than her calendar age. Bella learns of Renesmee's gift - the ability to communicate by sending images to people's minds through touch. Bella is infuriated when she learns that Jacob has imprinted on Renesmee, and says it is his fault that he has imprinted on her child. She loses her self-control and she tries to attack Jacob. She breaks Seth's collarbone and shoulder when he steps between the two. She then manages to calm down. Renesmee leads to a truce between the Quilleutes and the Cullens because of Jacob's imprinting. Differences between Sam and Jacob's packs are soon settled as well and they become co-existent Alphas.
Unfortunately for the Cullen family, Irina, a vampire from the Denali clan, sees Renesmee and mistakenly informs the Volturi that Renesmee is a forbidden immortal child. The Cullen family understands that Irina is mistaken and decides the only way to enlighten the Volturi and prevent an attack is to present Renesmee with a large group of credible witnesses.
After leaving a note with Sam Uley from the copyright page of Shakespeare's "The Merchant of Venice", Alice and Jasper suddenly leave the Cullens. Since the couple does not provide a warning or reason, the Cullen family does not know why the couple has fled, and assumes that Alice has foreseen there is no hope for the situation. Since it was her copy of the book, Bella perceives this as a sign from Alice. She returns to the cottage and she finds that Alice has written a name and address on another page of the book. When Bella goes to the address, she finds that it leads to the office of a lawyer who can forge documents. Bella requests documents for Jacob and Renesmee, should they need to escape if a fight ensues with the Volturi. Meanwhile, nomadic, vegetarian, and clans of vampires arrive at the Cullen estate after the family begins to seek their friends' assistance with the Volturi. Most of them are enthralled by Renesemee, and almost all agree to bear witness to the Volturi that she is not an immortal child.
Bella also discovers that her power of mind-privacy has a shielding effect and she wonders if she can extend this protection to others. During the month of preparation for the Volturi, several of the vampires with quantifiable supernatural talents teach Bella how to expand the barrier. When the Volturi and Irina finally arrive, all of the vampires and the werewolves meet in a clearing in the forest. The Volturi discover that they have been misinformed and immediately execute Irina for her mistake. However, the Volturi are not satisfied to leave because the Volturi leaders want the exceptionally gifted vampires to join them. Those on Bella's side are protected when Bella's shield disables the Volturi's offensive fighters, Alec and Jane. Aro, Caius and Marcus decide to vote on whether or not Renesmee will be a danger to the vampire world when she attains maturity. Just before Aro can cast his deciding vote, Alice and Jasper return with another half-human, half-vampire from South America who is about one hundred fifty years-old. He and his three half-sisters (who are also half-vampire, half-human) are the children of a vampire who is creating a "super race." They have never caused any danger to the vampire world. Facing no other choice, Aro chooses to give up the fight, and the Volturi flee.
After leaving the Cullen estate for their cottage, Bella and Edward tuck Renesmee into her bed and proceed to their bedroom arm-in-arm. Bella tells Edward she wants to try something with him. She has been secretly practicing for this moment. Bella places her hands on his cheeks and tries to push away her shield. She conjures her special memories that she wants to share with Edward. He is finally able to see for the first time just how deeply she has always loved him. She wants to remove the barrier for Edward so he can access her mind. She says that they have only forever for her to perfect it. The "Twilight" series closes with "And then we continued blissfully into this small but perfect piece of our forever."
Cover.
The cover of "Breaking Dawn" is a metaphor for Bella's changes during the entire story. She began as the weakest (at least physically, when compared to vampires and werewolves) player on the board: the pawn. She ended as the strongest: the queen.
The title "Breaking Dawn" is a reference to the beginning of Bella's vampire life.
Marketing campaigns.
"Entertainment Weekly" magazine printed a small part of "Breaking Dawn" on Friday, May 30, 2008. Stephenie Meyer also gave a 'Quote of the Day' from "Breaking Dawn" for about 3 weeks before the book was released on August 2, 2008. The first quote was on Meyer's website on July 12, 2008.
The first part of "Breaking Dawn", "Engaged", was released in the special edition of "Eclipse".
Reception.
Some readers liked "Breaking Dawn" but others did not.
In an article on "The Daily News Tribute" Margaret Smith says of "Breaking Dawn" "You too might fall in love with its suspense and moving sensitivity -- and with the unlikely couple struggling to find light within their world’s heart of darkness."
Criticisms.
In an interview on, Meyer talked about the fans' reaction to the book. She said the "wild reaction" fans had the "Rob Effect". She said the fans need time to accept the ending of "Breaking Dawn", just as they needed time to accept Robert Pattinson playing the role of Edward Cullen in the "Twilight" movie.
An article about "Breaking Dawn" on "nymag.com" asked: "Did 'Breaking Dawn' Ruin the Twilight Series?".
The article said: "The "L.A. Times' " Denise Martin didn't like it and says that unlike J.K. Rowling in her series finale, 'Meyer's bunted.'"
"The Washington Post" also did not like the book. It used comments such as, "...Meyer has put a stake through the heart of her own beloved creation," and, "Breaking Dawn" has a childbirth sequence that may promote lifelong abstinence in sensitive types."

Shayne Ward
Shayne Ward is an English singer. He won the television programme X Factor in 2005.

The X Factor
The X Factor is a British television programme, in which ordinary people who want to be singers compete for a recording contract and a cash prize. It is shown on Saturdays on the channel ITV.
There are four judges on the show, Simon Cowell, Louis Walsh, Dannii Minogue and Cheryl Cole. Orignally there were only three judges, Simon, Louis and Sharon Osbourne.

Cheryl Cole
Cheryl Cole is an English singer and a member of the pop group Girls Aloud. She is also a judge on the TV programme The X Factor. Cheryl Cole is married to a Chelsea and England football player, Ashley Cole.

Dannii Minogue
Danni Minogue is an Australian pop singer, actress, presenter and model. She is a judge on the British television programme the X Factor. Her sister is Kylie Minogue.

Side project
In music, a side project is a musical project by one or more people who are already famous for their work in another band. The term "side project" can also be used when a musician changes their style. Side projects usually happen so that a musician can do music that they would not normally do as part of the band.

Martin Cash
Martin Cash (1808-1877), is a famous Australian bushranger. He is one of the few people to have escaped from the prison at Port Arthur, Tasmania. In 1870 he wrote a book (autobiography) about his life.
Early Life.
Cash was was born at Enniscorthy, County Wexford, Ireland. As a boy he worked on a farm at Wexford. In March 1827, he was convicted of stealing from houses.. In his book, Cash says he shot a man in the bottom (buttocks). The man had been kissing Cash's mistress.
Convict.
He was sent as a convict to Sydney for 7 years, sailing in the "Marquis of Huntley". He was sent to work for George Bowman in the Hunter River area. After being set free he continued to work for Bowman. He was suspected of stealing cattle so he left New South Wales and went to Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania). He went with Bessie Clifford and arrived in February 1837. In 1839 he was again convicted of stealing and sent to prison for 7 years. During the next 3 years he escaped 3 times. He nearly escaped from Port Arthur by swimming. He was given an extra 4 years in prison at Port Arthur.
Bushranger.
On Boxing Day 1842 Martin Cash, with George Jones and Lawrence Kavenagh escaped from a work party. They hid in the thick bush and walked to Eaglehawk Neck. They swam across with their clothes tied up above their heads. They all lost their clothes and had to steal some. For nearly 2 years they robbed mail coaches, houses and hotels. They almost never used violence and became known as 'gentlemen bushrangers'. They were called "Cash and Company". On July 14, 1843, the government offered a reward of 100 sovereigns or 100 acres of land for help in capturing Cash.
Cash thought that Bessie Clifford was with another man. He went to Hobart in August 1843, but was captured. During his capture he shot and killed a policeman. Cash was sentenced to death by hanging. At the last minute the lieutenant-governor changed the punishment to prison for life. Cash was sent to Norfolk Island for ten years. He became a well behaved prisoner and given some important jobs, such as looking after the young boys.
Farmer and Author.
In March 1854, he was able to marry Mary Bennett (1824-1879), a convict from County Clare. He was let out of prison and went back to Tasmania. He worked for in the gardens in the government Domain, Hobart. In May 1856, he went to New Zealand, but came back to Tasmania 4 years later. He bought a small farm at Glenorchy. Cash told the story of his life to James Lester Burke, an Irish ex convict. Burke wrote down the story which was published in Hobart in 1870. It has been reprinted many times. Martin Cash died on 27 August, 1877.

Saga Prefecture
Saga prefecture is an area of Kyushu in western Japan.

What Is This?
What Is This? was a rock band from Los Angeles, California. They started around the same time as Red Hot Chili Peppers. Before 1980, their name was Anthym. Hillel Slovak, Flea, and Jack Irons were members of both bands, but Slovak and Irons left after Red Hot Chili Peppers' first album. After Natasha Shneider joined the band, they changed their name to Walk The Moon, and then to Eleven.

Shanghai World Financial Center
The Shanghai World Financial Center is a high skyscraper in Shanghai, China. It has 101 storeys and is currently the second tallest building in the world, because Taipei 101 is the tallest. Inside the building, there are offices, hotels and shopping malls.
This building's roof is actually higher than Taipei 101's roof, but Taipei 101 has a spire on top, which makes its total height more than the Shanghai World Financial Center's.

Black Mamba
The Black Mamba is an elapid type of snake. It is the second largest venomous snake in the world. An adult Black Mamba can be up to 14 foot long. The Black Mamba's skin is not actually black, it gets its name from the colour of the roof of its mouth.
Bite.
A Black Mamba's bite is easily enough to kill an adult man. The deadly poison takes only four hours to kill in most cases. Unlike most snakes it has enough venom to bite many times in a short period.A Black Mamba usually attacks the head of its prey if possible. For this reason a Black Mamba can raise itself to a height of almost four feet.

Cucumber
The cucumber ("Cucumis sativus") is a widely grown plant in the family Cucurbitaceae. This family also includes squash. A cucumber looks similar to a zucchini (British English: courgette).

Anne Wood
Anne Wood CBE is a British children's television producer. Her independent production company, "Ragdoll Productions", was founded in 1984 and specialises in making original programming for children 10 and under. Ragdoll is based in Stratford-upon-Avon, UK and has produced "Pob", "Brum", "Rosie and Jim", "Tots TV", "Teletubbies", "Boohbah" and most recently "In the Night Garden".
She has won a BAFTA.

List of Teletubbies episodes
This is a list of Teletubbies episodes.
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Tim Whitnall
Tim Whitnall born June 27, 1961, on Canvey Island, Essex, is an Enlish actor,musician, and writer who played Angelo in the long-running hit CITV series "Mike and Angelo". Tim has starred in many West End musicals including "Elvis", "Grease", "The Rocky Horror Show" and "Good Rockin' Tonight" and most recently appeared in Jim Cartwright's "Eight Miles High" at the Royal Court Theatre, Liverpool. He has worked extensively in film, TV and radio and presented (and wrote for) the BBC School's series, "Time and Tune", "Music Workshop" and "Let's Sing". He has provided many voice-overs and vocals for TV commercials, animations and jingles but his voice is perhaps best known as narrator of top children's BBC programme "Teletubbies". Tim's critically acclaimed 2005 theatre play "The Sociable Plover" has recently been made into a feature film by Poisson Rouge Pictures and Solution Films (re-titled as "The Hide" for release later in 2008. He lives in Richmond, Surrey with his partner, Anna Murphy with whom he has a production company Feather Productions Ltd.

Ciumiţa River
The Ciumiţa River is a tributary of the Lacuri River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lacuri River

Valea Fierului River
The Valea Fierului River is a tributary of the Lacuri River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lacuri River.

Valea Negrii River (Lacuri)
The Valea Negrii River is a tributary of the Lacuri River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lacuri River.

Boiţa River
The Boiţa River is a tributary of the Răchitova River in Romania. That means it flows into the Răchitova River.

Padiş River
The Padiş River or Valea Padişului River is a tributary of the Răchitova River in Romania. That means it flows into the Răchitova River.

Valea Celţii River
The Valea Celţii River is a tributary of the Padiş in Romania. That means it flows into the Padiş River.

Vălioara River
The Vălioara River is a tributary of the Răchitova River in Romania. That means it flows into the Răchitova River.

Valea Floruşului River
The Valea Floruşului River is a tributary of the Poieni River in Romania. That means it flows into the Poieni River.

Criva River (Poieni)
The Criva River is a tributary of the Poieni River in Romania. That means it flows into the Poieni River.

Valea Răchiţelii River (Breazova)
The Valea Răchiţelii River is a tributary of the Breazova River in Romania. That means it flows into the Breazova River.

The College Dropout
"The College Dropout" is the debut album by rapper and producer Kanye West, released February 10, 2004. It was nominated for Grammy Award for Album of the Year and won Best Rap Album and Best Rap Song for "Jesus Walks" in 2005. It was voted as the best album of the year by "Rolling Stone" magazine and in The Village Voice Pazz & Jop critics poll, was ranked #1 in "Spin" magazine's "40 Best Albums of the Year", and received a near-perfect 4.5 mic rating from "The Source". The album has received great acclaim from critics and mainstream fans alike, for its balance of mainstream commercial appeal and its innovative subject matter.
Info.
"The College Dropout" reached #1 on Billboard's Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums Chart, and reached #2 on the Billboard 200. In the UK, it peaked at #12 on the album chart and spent several months in the top 20. The album went triple platinum in the United States.
The first single from the album, "Through the Wire", was recorded while West's mouth was wired shut after a near-fatal car accident in October 2002. It features a Chaka Khan sample, peaked at #15 on the Billboard Hot 100 Singles chart while its successor "All Falls Down", which features R&B singer Syleena Johnson, peaked at #7. The third single, "Jesus Walks", peaked at #11 while a fourth extract, "The New Workout Plan", made a minor impression on the R&B/Hip-Hop charts (see list of US Billboard chart positions below). In the UK, "Through The Wire" peaked at #9 on the singles sales chart, "All Falls Down" peaked at #10, and "Jesus Walks" peaked at #11.

Zeicani River
The Zeicani River is a tributary of the Breazova River in Romania. That means it flows into the Breazova River.

Zlatina River
The Zlatina River is a tributary of the Breazova River in Romania. That means it flows into the Breazova River.

Râuşor (Breazova)
The Râuşor or Hobiţa River is a tributary of the Breazova River in Romania. That means it flows into the Breazova River.

Peşteana River (Breazova)
The Peşteana River is a tributary of the Breazova River in Romania. That means it flows into the Breazova River.

Odorojniţa River
The Odorojniţa River is a tributary of the Breazova River in Romania. That means it flows into the Breazova River.

Ciorani River
The Ciorani River is a tributary of the Odorojniţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Odorojniţa River.

Valea Borii River
The Valea Borii River is a tributary of the Valea Răchiţelii River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Răchiţelii River.

Boianu River
The Boianu River is a tributary of the Valea Răchiţelii River in Romania. That means if flows into the Valea Răchiţelii River.

Clopotiva River
The Clopotiva River is a tributary of the Ciorani River in Romania. That means it flows into the Ciorani River.

Valea cu Apă River (Ciorani)
The Valea cu Apă River is a tributary of the Ciorani River in Romania. That means it flows into the Ciorani River.

Lăpuşnicul Mare River
The Lăpuşnicul Mare River is a tributary of the Râul Mare in Romania. That means it flows into the Râul Mare. It starts where the Bucura River meets the Peleaga River

Lăpuşnicul Mic River
The Lăpuşnicul Mic River or Bran River is a tributary of the Lăpuşnicul Mare River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lăpuşnicul Mare River.

Peleaga River
The Peleaga River is a tributary of the Lăpuşnicul Mare River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lăpuşnicul Mare River.

Seventy-three
Seventy-three is a number. It comes after seventy-two, but before seventy-four.

Peleguţa River
The Peleguţa River is a tributary of the Peleaga River in Romania. That means it flows into the Peleaga River.

Fowler Ridge Wind Farm
The Fowler Ridge Wind Farm is now under construction in Benton County, Indiana, about 90 miles northwest of Indianapolis. The wind farm will be completed in two phases and will have a maximum generating capacity of 750 megawatts (MW) total.

Sheperds Flat Wind Farm
Approval has been given for the 303 turbine Shepherds Flat Wind Farm near Arlington, Oregon. The wind farm will be capable of generating 909 megawatts (MW) at its peak, which is enough electricity to power some 225,000 homes. The wind farm should employ up to 300 people during construction and about 25 when operational.
When completed, this will be the world's largest wind farm. Currently, the largest operating wind farm in the U.S. is the 736 MW Horse Hollow Wind Energy Center in Texas. Billionaire oilman T. Boone Pickens plans to build a 4,000 MW Pampa Wind Project by 2014, also in Texas.

Pampa Wind Project
T. Boone Pickens, a former Texas oilman, is planning to build the world's largest wind farm, called the Pampa Wind Project, as part of the Pickens Plan. The proposed 4,000 MW facility will be located near Pampa, Texas, which is on the Texas Panhandle, and will stretch to the east, spanning 400,000 acres in five counties. This will provide enough power for 1.5 million average homes.
As of May 2008, the largest U.S. wind plant is the Horse Hollow Wind Energy Center with a capacity of 736 MW.

Cluster headache
Cluster headache is a nerve disease. Its most prominent feature is a severe and one sided pain in the area behind and around the eye. Headache attacks last 15-180 minutes and occur from once every other day to eight times a day. Most cluster headache patients are restless or agitated during an attack, unlike migraine patients who prefer to lie down in a dark room. Other symptoms are e.g. a runny nose, nasal congestion and/or a red and/or tearing eye on the side of the headache. "Cluster" refers to the tendency of these headaches to occur periodically, with active periods interrupted by spontaneous remissions. Some patients do not have remission periods. The cause of the disease is currently unknown.

Ultimate (sport)
Ultimate (often called Ultimate Frisbee in reference to the trademarked brand name) is a non-contact team sport played with a 175 gram flying disc.

Sweetwater Wind Farm
Sweetwater Wind Farm is the second largest wind farm in Texas. Construction of the 585 MW wind farm has proceeded in five stages, and some generating capacity is still being built.

New Line Cinema
New Line Cinema, founded in 1967, is one of the major American film studios. Though it initially began as an independent film studio, it became a subsidiary of Time Warner and is now a division of Warner Bros.
History.
One of the company's early successes was its distribution of the 1936 anti-Cannabis propaganda film "Reefer Madness", which became a cult hit on American college campuses in the early 1970s. The studio has also released many of the films of John Waters (not including "Cry-Baby" which was released by Universal Pictures and "Serial Mom", which was produced by Savoy Pictures). A Nightmare on Elm Street was New Line's first commercially successful series, leading the company to be nicknamed "The House that Freddy Built".
New Line also released many classic foreign-language films, like "Stay as you are", "Immoral Tales" and "Get Out Your Handkerchiefs" (which became the first New Line film to win an Oscar).
In 1994, New Line Cinema was acquired by Ted Turner's Turner Broadcasting System, which then merged with Time Warner in 1996. While fellow Turner-owned studios Hanna-Barbera Productions and Castle Rock Entertainment eventually became absorbed into Warner Bros. (though Castle Rock operates today as a subsidiary of WB), New Line was kept as its own entity until February 28, 2008 when Time Warner CEO Jeffrey Bewkes announced that New Line would become a subsidiary of Warner Bros. and that Robert Shaye and Michael Lynne would no longer be in charge of the company.
In 2007, New Line Cinema and Castle Rock Entertainment collaborated on "Fracture", their first joint venture since the mid-1990s before both companies were bought by Turner.
International distribution.
Outside the U.S., New Line does not distribute its own films. Rather, it contracts other studios such as Alliance in Canada, Entertainment Film Distributors in the UK, Warner Bros. in German-speaking areas, Singapore, Poland, and the Czech Republic, Village Roadshow Pictures in Australia and New Zealand from 1967-2008 then sold to 20th Century Fox and Playarte in Brazil to distribute its product overseas. International distribution of New Line films will revert to Warner Bros. after third-party distribution contracts expire.
Divisions of New Line Cinema.
New Line Cinema operated several divisions, including theatrical distribution, marketing, home video, and a unit specializing in independent film called Picturehouse (formerly known as Fine Line Features) with fellow Time Warner subsidiary HBO. On May 8, 2008 it was announced that Picturehouse would shut down in the fall.
In comparison with other independent motion picture studios.
Unlike other independent studios such as Orion Pictures, Carolco Pictures, or Cannon Films, New Line Cinema has grown and prospered to become one of Hollywood's major film studios, culminating in the hit "Lord of the Rings" film trilogy that brought prestige to the studio.
Prior to this, New Line was responsible for genre films and cult classics such as "Dark City", the "Austin Powers" film trilogy, the fantasy "Pleasantville", the "Nightmare on Elm Street" series, the film Friday, the films of John Waters, the "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles" films, and the movie adaptation of "Mortal Kombat" (as well as its ill-fated sequel).

List of films released by New Line Cinema
The following is a list of films produced, co-produced, and/or distributed by New Line Cinema

Iranian coup d'etat (1953)
In 1953, there was an Iranian coup d'état to remove the Prime Minister of Iran, Mohammad Mossadeq, from power. The coup d'état was investigated by the US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and nicknamed Operation Ajax. The coup was carried out by the CIA and Britian's MI6 in August 1953.
Causes.
In 1951, Mossaddeq was the chairman of Iran's Oil Committee. He was highly supported by the people of Iran. At that time, Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi was in power. The Majlis (Iranian Parliament) voted for a law to "nationalize" (take the company away from the people who owned it and make it owned by the government) the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, an oil company in Iran.
Mossaddeq was elected Prime Minister of Iran in April 1951. His first action as Prime Minister was to put the oil nationalization in place.
The British government had a plan for a coup d'etat to remove Mossadeq from power. They managed to get the United States CIA to help with the coup. The coup planned by Monty Woodhouse. It was carried out by MI6 and the CIA, and led by General Fazlollah Zahedi, who was later went in to exile.
Later.
Mossaddeq was replaced by Fazlollah Zahedi, but Mossaddeq refused to step down. A military dictatorship was put in place. Shah Pahlavi, known for treating the people of Iran very badly, was put back in power. Pahlavi was in power before this, but he was forced to put Mossadeq back in power at the time). This made the people angry. They would later start the Iranian Revolution in 1979. The revolution put the Ayatollah Khomeini in power.

Van Diemen's Land
Van Diemen's Land was the name used by Europeans for the island of Tasmania. Tasmania is now a state of Australia. The Dutch explorer Abel Tasman was the first European to explore Tasmania. He named the island "Anthoonij van Diemenslandt" after Anthony van Diemen, the Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies. Van Diemen had sent Tasman to explore the area in 1642.
In 1803, the island was settled by the British as a penal colony. It was called Van Diemen's Land, and became part of the British colony of New South Wales. In 1824, Van Diemen's Land became an independent colony. In 1856 Britain gave the colony the right to govern itself. It had its own parliament. The name of the island was changed to Tasmania.
Penal colony.
From the 1830s to 1853, Van Diemen's Land was the main penal colony in Australia. When Britain stopped sending prisoners to New South Wales, all convicts were sent to Van Diemen's Land. About 75,000 convicts were sent to Van Diemen's Land. This is about 40% of all convicts sent to Australia.
Male convicts worked as servants or farm workers to free settlers, or in work groups on public works. Only the most difficult convicts were sent to the Tasman Peninsula prison known as Port Arthur. Convicts who did more crimes were also sent there. Female convicts worked as servants in free settler's houses or were sent to a female factory (women's workhouse prison). There were 5 female factories in Van Diemen's Land.
Convicts who had finished their time in prison or had been well behaved and given a ticket-of-leave often left Van Diemen's Land. Many went to the new free colony of Victoria. The free settlers in towns such as Melbourne did not like the ex-convicts coming to their town. During the Victorian gold rush a lot of settlers from Van Diemen's Land (called Vandemonians) went to the Victorian gold fields, such as Ballarat, or Bendigo.
Britain stopped sending convicts to Tasmania in 1853.
The name.
Anthony Trollope used the word "Vandemonian": -
"They are (the Vandemonians) united in their declaration that the cessation of the coming of convicts has been their ruin" (The Vandemonians agree that stopping the convicts from coming has made them poor).
Because the name Van Diemen's Land was seen to be tied up with convicts and it sounded like the word "demon", Van Diemen's Land was renamed in 1856. It was called "Tasmania" after Abel Tasman. The last penal settlement in Tasmania at Port Arthur finally closed in 1877.

July Ultimatum
The July Ultimatum was a Demarche issued by Austria-Hungary to Serbia at 6 pm on July 23 1914.

List of tallest buildings and structures in Australia
The tallest structure in Australia is the Omega Navigational Mast Woodside in Woodside, Victoria.
Tallest buildings and structures.
This is a list of the 22 tallest structures in Australia. This list has guyed masts, towers, skyscrapers and chimneys.
Tallest under-construction buildings and structures.
This is a list of the tallest under construction buildings and structures in Australia.

List of tallest buildings in Australia
When you measure buildings in Australia to the top of their spires, Q1 Tower in Gold Coast, Queensland is the tallest. When you measure to the top of their roofs, Eureka Tower in Melbourne, Victoria is the tallest.
Tallest buildings in Australia.
This is a list of the 25 tallest buildings in Australia. Observation towers, radio masts, chimneys and other structures are not included. Heights are measured to the "structural height", which means to the top of spires, but not including communications spires or radio antennas.
Tallest buildings currently under construction in Australia.
This list contains the tallest buildings currently under construction in Australia.

Glenrowan, Victoria
Glenrowan is a small town located in the north east of Victoria, Australia. It is 184km north-east of Melbourne and 14km from Wangaratta. It is located near the Warby Ranges and Mt. Glenrowan. At the 2006 census, Glenrowan had a population of 952. It used to be on the main road between Melbourne and Sydney, the Hume Highway. The new Hume Freeway now goes around the town.
History.
The first people to live in the area were the Australian Aboriginal tribal group called the Pallanganmiddang. Glenrowan was named after farmers James Hutton Rowan and George Christian Rowan who had large farms in the area between 1846 and 1858. The township was laid out and land sold in 1857. In 1862 Cobb and Co had a stopping place for changing horses on their stagecoaches. The Post Office was opened on February 22, 1870.. The small town had a police station, hotels and a boot maker.
In 1873 railroad was built, and the town moved about a mile to be closer to the station. In 1876 the first school was built and Thomas Curnow was the teacher. He would become famous as the Hero of Glenrowan, the man who stopped the train.
The Siege of Glenrowan.
It is famous for the bushranger Ned Kelly, who was captured there in 1880 after a siege and shootout with police. The Kelly Gang had captured many of the people living in the town and held them hostage in a hotel. The hotel was called the Glenrowan Inn and was owned by Mrs.Ann Jones. They had pulled up the railway track hoping that the train carrying extra policemen would crash. The school teacher Thomas Curnow got out of the hotel and was able to stop the train. The police surrounded the hotel and began shooting at the bushrangers. It is estimated that 15,000 bullets were fired during the shooting. The Kelly Gang had made suits of armour to stop the bullets from hurting them. The police set fire to the hotel. Eventually Ned Kelly was shot and captured. The rest of the gang, Dan Kelly, Steve Hart and Joe Byrne were killed.
Mrs. Jones took the government to court. She wanted to be paid £1050 for the destruction of her hotel during the siege.
In May 2008, archaeologists dug up the ruins of the Glenrowan Inn to learn more about the siege and shoot out.
The Town today.
Glenrowan is a popular rest point for those travelling on the Hume Freeway. In the township of Glenrowan, off the highway, tourists can rest, walk and examine the famous Kelly siege sites.

List of tallest buildings in Perth
This is a list of the tallest buildings in Perth, Western Australia taller than 100 metres.
Under construction, approved or proposed.
This is a list of the tallest buildings under construction, approved or proposed that are planned to be taller than 100 metres.
References.
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List of tallest buildings in Adelaide
Tallest completed buildings.
This is a list of the tallest buildings in Adelaide, the capital city of South Australia. Heights are measured to the structural height, which includes spires, but not communications spires or antennas. Structures that are not buildings are not included in this list.
Height: R = Roof, P = Pinnacle (top of spire or antenna)
Tallest buildings under construction, approved or proposed.
This is a list of the tallest buildings being built, approved to be built or planned that will be taller than 70 metres high.

List of tallest buildings in Sydney
This is a list of the tallest buildings in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Spires on top of buildings count onto its height, but antennas do not.

Dromore, County Down
Dromore is a small town in Northern Ireland. There are around 5000 people living in the town. It is in County Down and in the Banbridge District. Dromore is 20 miles to the south of Belfast and 86 miles north ofDublin. Some towns near Dromore are Banbridge, Lurgan and Lisburn.

List of tallest buildings in Melbourne
This is a list of the tallest skyscrapers and other tall buildings (also the ones being built) in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Built.
Height: R = Roof, P = Pinnacle (top of spire or antenna)

Q1 (building)
Q1 (which means Queensland number 1) is a skyscraper located on the Gold Coast. It Australia's tallest skyscraper. It is also the world's tallest residential tower (including the spire). The building is 322.5 meters high (1,058 feet) with the spire. However without the spire, it's only 275 meters (902 feet). Only the Eureka Tower in Melbourne is taller without the spire with 300 meters.

Inspiration
See also.
Inspiration comes from life experiences, feelings, dreams, and thoughts. Inspiration is what makes great things happen.

National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum
The Baseball Hall of Fame is a museum in Cooperstown, New York that shows the history of baseball and some of the most famous baseball players and other people, especially in North America.
Opening.
The Hall of Fame opened in 1939. It was started by the Clark Foundation. The Hall of Fame was started to help bring visitors to Cooperstown which had been poor for a long time. Some people tell a story that Abner Doubleday invented baseball in Cooperstown, but the story is not true. But the baseball leagues and teams decided that it didn't matter, and helped make the Hall of Fame popular.
The museum has a lot of information on the history of baseball, and a lot of old baseball things, like bats, balls, and uniforms of famous baseball players or important baseball games. It also has a baseball art collection and a library.
Next to the museum is Doubleday Field, where a baseball game is played every year as part of a party about adding new people to the museum's stories.
Hall of Fame list.
When someone is "in the Hall of Fame," it means they have a story of their life in baseball shown in the museum. Every year new people are chosen to be added to the Hall of Fame. These people can be baseball players, baseball team managers, and other people who work with the game of baseball. Awards are also given for baseball sports reporters. In 2005 there are a total of 260 people in the Hall of Fame.
Two groups pick people to add to the Hall of Fame. One group is the Baseball Writers Association of America. This group can pick people who have stopped having a job in pro baseball for five years, and were in baseball for at least 10 years. Each member of the group writes down their 10 top choices, and anyone who is on more than three-fourths of the members' lists is added to the Hall of Fame.
The other group that chooses people to add to the Hall of Fame is called the Veteran's Committee, which is made of people who are in the Hall of Fame themselves. This group can vote for anyone who has stopped working in baseball for 20 years. They vote every two years for baseball players, and every four years for other baseball people.
Disagreement and problems.
Some people do not like how the Veteran's Committee picks people for the Hall of Fame. For a while, it seemed like the Committee liked to only pick people who they had worked with before. This meant some people who might have been good enough for the Hall of Fame were missed, because they never worked with the people on the Committee. Since then, the Veteran's Committee has been changed, but so far this new committee has not picked anyone.
In 1982, some of the museum's collection of baseball items were loaned to the head of the American baseball leagues, and one of his workers sold them for money. Even though the money was paid back, it made the Hall of Fame look bad.
There are some players who are not allowed to work in baseball anymore because they broke some very important rules, but were still very good players. The Hall of Fame does not allow people who were kicked out of baseball to be in its museum. But some people think that some of those players were so good that they should be in the Hall of Fame anyway. Players such as Pete Rose.

Cooperstown, New York
Cooperstown is a village in Otsego County, New York, USA.

Cooperstown (disambiguation)
Cooperstown is a village in Otsego County, New York, United States.

George Clinton
George Clinton (born July 22, 1941) is an American musician. He was involved in funk music and created a genre called P-Funk. He also worked as a record producer for bands including Red Hot Chili Peppers. He was also part of the bands Parliament and Funkadelic during the 1970s and early 1980s. From 1981, he performed by himself as a solo artist. He has been called one of the most important innovators of funk music, next to James Brown and Sly Stone. Clinton is a member of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, inducted in 1997 with fifteen other members of Parliament-Funkadelic.

Rick Rubin
Frederick Jay "Rick" Rubin (born March 10 1963 in Long Island, New York) is an American record producer. He is currently in charge of Columbia Records. He helped merge the rap and heavy metal genres. MTV called him "the most important producer of the last 20 years." Rubin won five Grammy Awards in 2006 including "Producer Of The Year, Non-Classical". In 2007, Rubin was listed among "Time Magazines 100 Most Influential People in The World. Rubin is the owner of a mansion in Los Angeles called The Mansion. Many albums he produces are recorded there.

John Carew
John Alieu Carew is a professional football player from the Norway. He was born on September 5, 1979 in Lørenskog and currently plays for Aston Villa in the English Premier League, wearing the number 10 shirt. Drogba is the current Norwegian Footballer of the Year. In season 2007-2008, he was the top scorer of the Aston Villa with 13 goals. Drogba played for Vålerenga at Adeccoligaen and Tippeligaen. He moved to Rosenborg in 1999 and scored 29 goals in the next season. He played also with Valencia, Roma, Beşiktaş, Olympique Lyonnais.

Dromore West
Dromore West (Irish: "An Droim Mór Thiar") is a village in County Sligo, Ireland. About 300 people live there. It is located on the N59 road about halfway between Sligo and Ballina.
Dromore West is located on the Dunneil River. It is between the Ox Mountains and the Atlantic coast. In typical Irish rural style it's most plentiful business premises are public houses of which there are 4. There are also two shops, a chemist, a Chinese take away, a butchers, a post office and florist.

Dromore, County Tyrone
Dromore ("Droim Mór", meaning "Big Ridge", in Irish) is a village in County Tyrone, Northern Ireland. It is situated nine miles (15 km) south west of Omagh on the A32 road and sixteen miles (26 km) from Enniskillen. The village had a population of 1,101 in 2001. Agriculture and the building trades are the primary sources of employment in the town. It is situated in the Omagh District Council area.

Ernest Lawrence
Ernest Orlando Lawrence was an American physicist. he was born on the 8th October, 1901 in South Dakota and he died in 1958. He helped invent the nuclear bomb during World War II and he won the Nobel prize for physics in 1939. His work was important in the science of nuclear physics. He worked out a way of measuring the mass of an electron, part of an atom.

Melodic death metal
Melodic death metal is a form of death metal music, which is itself a style of heavy metal. Melodic death metal is a lot like death metal but, as the name suggests, it is more melodic. Melodic death metal bands may use normal singing some times, where death metal bands nearly always use growling. Melodic death metal lyrics are also different to death metal lyrics. Death metal lyrics focus on death, war, murder and gore where melodic death metal focuses more on philosophy, religion and other less violent topics.
Melodic death metal started in Scandinavia, in countries such as Sweden and Norway. Many early melodic death metal bands wanted to mix the fast, brutal songs of death metal with the dual guitar harmonies and melodies of heavy metal bands such as Iron Maiden and Saxon.

Bucura River
The Bucura River is a tributary of the Lăpuşnicul Mare River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lăpuşnicul Mare River.

Slăvei River
The Slăvei River is a tributary of the Lăpuşnicul Mare River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lăpuşnicul Mare River.

Scocul Drăcşanului River
The Scocul Drăcşanului River or Drăcşanu River is a tributary of the Lăpuşnicul Mare River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lăpuşnicul Mare River.

Scocul Albele River
The Scocul Albele River is a tributary of the Lăpuşnicul Mare River in Romania. That means if flows into the Lăpuşnicul Mare River.

Scocul Stănuleţilor River
The Scocul Stănuleţilor River is a tributary of the Scocul Albele River in Romania. That means it flows into the Scocul Albele River.

Rihanna (singer)
Rihanna (born Robyn Rihanna Fenty; February 20, 1988) is an R&B and Pop singer. She started her music career in 2005. She has released 3 studio albums, 1 DVD, and has featured in originally 2 singles. She released her debut album in 2005 called "Music of the Sun" which she released singles off the album like "Pon de Replay", and "That La, La, La".
Biography.
Rihanna was born in Saint Michael, Barbados to Ronald Fenty (of Irish and West Indian descent) and Monica Fenty (of Guyenese descent). She has two younger brothers, Rorrey and Rajad Fenty.
"Just Stand Up!".
"Just Stand Up!" is a song performed at the "Stand Up For Cancer" premier September of 2008. SHe featured in the single with other various R&B, Rock, Pop and Hip Hop singer like Mariah Carey, Beyoncé, Mary J. Blige, Rihanna, Fergie, Sheryl Crow, Melissa Etheridge, Natasha Bedingfield, Miley Cyrus, Leona Lewis, Carrie Underwood, Keyshia Cole, LeAnn Rimes, Ashanti and Ciara. "Just Stand Up!" is a song featuring the vocals of an all-star group of pop/R&B/rock performers, including American songwriter and producer Antonio "L.A." Reid conceived the collaboration after a meeting with the founder of Stand Up to Cancer, which will benefit from the proceeds of the record. Reid co-produced the track with American singer Kenneth "Babyface" Edmonds, and the single was released on August 29 2008.
"If I Never See Your Face Again".
"If I Never See Your Face Again" is a song written by Maroon 5 members Adam Levine and James Valentine for Maroon 5's second studio album, "It Won't Be Soon Before Long" (2007). A remix of the song was recorded with extra verses sung by pop singer Rihanna, and was released as the fourth single from the album instead of the original version.
The music video, directed by Anthony Mandler, was shot on an indoor soundstage in Castaic, California on April 23 2008. One of the sets had to be repainted between takes. An MTV News reporter called the video "a fairly glam affair", and Levine referred to it as "this kind of ultra-glamorous, photography-based, late-'70s/ early-'80s situation" and "really stylish and really beautiful", saying that "[Rihanna's] physical presence is undeniable". "The Guardian" wrote, "The concept appears to be high-end erotica [...] If the [smartly furnished] sets resemble the kind of rooms nobody really lives in, then Rihanna sports a selection of outfits nobody really wears". The video premiered on May 13 on "Total Request Live". Rihanna said on The Today Show, when she went to perform for the Toyota Concert Series, and MTV's TRL that this was once of her favorite videos to make and enjoyed it.
Punk'd.
Rihanna was lead roll on the "practical joke" series on MTV 2 hosted by "Ashton Kutcher" called "Punk'd".

Adam Levine
Adam Noah Levine (born March 18, 1979) is the lead singer of American pop-rock band Maroon 5. He is also a songwriter and guitarist.

Berhina River
The Berhina River is a tributary of the Lăpuşnicul Mare River in Romania. That means if flows into the Lăpuşnicul Mare River. It starts where the Galbena de Nord River meets the Galbena de Sud River

Paltina River
The Paltina River is a tributary of the Lăpuşnicul Mare River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lăpuşnicul Mare River.

Pârâul Cascadelor
The Pârâul Cascadelor is a tributary of the Lăpuşnicul Mare River in Romania. That means if flows into the Lăpuşnicul Mare River.

Izvoru River (Berhina)
The Izvoru River is a tributary of the Galbena de Nord River in Romania. That means it flows into the Galbena de Nord River.

Galbena de Nord River
The Galbena de Nord River is a tributary of the Berhina River in Romania. That means it flows into the Berhina River.

Galbena de Sud River
The Galbena de Sud River is a tributary of the Berhina River in Romania. That means it flows into the Berhina River.

Tjako van Schie
Tjako van Schie (Coevorden, 17 April 1961) is a pianist and composer from the Netherlands. At the Amsterdam Conservatory he is professor. Even in China, Van Schie has played piano but he teaches in Holland and Portugal. Van Schie was educated in Zwolle by pianist Ben Smits and a student of New York pianist Jacob Lateiner. He now lives in the Dutch province Overijssel.

Zlata River (Lăpuşnicul Mare)
The Zlata River is a tributary of the Lăpuşnicul Mare River in Romania. That means if flows into the Lăpuşnicul Mare River.

Zănoaga River (Judele)
The Zănoaga River is a tributary of the Judele River in Romania. That means it flows into the Judele River.

Zănoguţa River (Judele)
The Zănoguţa River is a tributary of the Judele River in Romania. That means it flows into the Judele River.

Judele River
The Judele River is a tributary of the Lăpuşnicul Mare River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lăpuşnicul Mare River.

Turcel River
The Turcel River is a tributary of the Lăpuşnicul Mare River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lăpuşnicul Mare River.

Vâlcelul Sugarilor River
The Vâlcelul Sugarilor River is a tributary of the Lăpuşnicul Mare River in Romania. That means if flows into the Lăpuşnicul Mare River.

Vâlcelul Secării River
The Vâlcelul Secării River is a tributary of the Lăpuşnicul Mare River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lăpuşnicul Mare River.

Văgăuna Neagră River
The Văgăuna Neagră River is a tributary of the Râul Mare in Romania. That means it flows into the Râul Mare.

Radeşul Mare River
The Radeşul Mare River is a tributary of the Cârligu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Cârligu River.

Cioaca Radeşului River
The Cioaca Radeşului River is a tributary of the Cârligu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Cârligu River.

Cârligu River (Zlata)
The Cârligu River is a tributary of the Zlata River in Romania. That means it flows into the Zlata River.

Radeşul Mic River
The Radeşul Mic River is a tributary of the Râul Mare in Romania. That means it flows into the Râul Mare.

Slipknot (album)
"Slipknot" is the first album by Nu metal band Slipknot. The album was released in the year 2000. Singles include "Wait and Bleed", "Spit It Out", and "Eyeless".

Iowa (Slipknot album)
"Iowa" is the second studio album by Nu metal band Slipknot. It was released in August of 2001. Singles include "Left Behind" and "My Plague".

Gwynt y Môr Wind Farm
Gwynt y Môr is a proposed 750 MW offshore wind farm located off the coast of North Wales. Planning applications for the project were submitted in 2005 and construction is expected to start in 2010.
Gwynt y Môr would be Wales largest wind farm; capable of powering 500,000 homes, or 40% of the homes in Wales, and preventing the release of over 2 million tonnes of carbon dioxide every year.
The proposed wind farm is located in close proximity to the existing North Hoyle offshore wind farm and the Rhyl Flats offshore wind farm, which is now under construction. All of these projects are owned by npower renewables.

Clyde Wind Farm
The Clyde Wind Farm is a proposed 548 megawatt (MW) wind farm in South Lanarkshire, Scotland. When completed, it will be Europe's largest onshore wind farm. The 152-turbine project by Scottish and Southern Energy, which was approved by the Scottish Parliament in July 2008, capable of powering 320,000 homes, and will be larger than the 322 MW Whitelee Wind Farm near Glasgow. Turbines will be built either side of the M74 motorway.
Construction of the wind farm, which will cost £600 million, is expected to finish in 2011.

All Hope Is Gone
All Hope Is Gone is the 4th studio album by metal band Slipknot. The album was released in 2008 featuring the singles "Psychosocial" and "All Hope Is Gone".

Tomis Team Dobrogea Wind Farm
The Tomis Team Dobrogea Wind Farm is a wind farm under construction in the Dobrogea region of Romania. It will consist of an individual wind farm with 300 individual wind turbines with a nominal output of around 2 MW which will deliver up to 600 MW of power, enough to power over 393,000 homes, with a capital investment required of approximately US$ 750 million.

Scoaba Retezatului River
The Scoaba Retezatului River is a tributary of the Dobrunu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Dobrunu River.

Rovine River
The Rovine River is a tributary of the Dobrunu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Dobrunu River.

Bârlea River
The Bârlea River is a tributary of the Dobrunu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Dobrunu River.

Markbygden Wind Farm
Markbygden Wind Farm will be a series of interconnected wind farms in the Markbygden area of northern Sweden, covering some 450 square kilometres. The project will be built between now and 2020, and will have a capacity of up to 4 GW. Enercon has a share in the project and will build a wind tower production plant in the region, as well as a local office for service and maintenance.

Gemenele River
The Gemenele River is a tributary of the Dobrunu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Dobrunu River.

Dobrunu River
The Dobrunu River is a tributary of the Zlata River in Romania. That means it flows into the Zlata River.

Lănciţa River (Zlata)
The Lănciţa River or Lănciţa de la Stână River is a tributary of the Zlata River in Romania. That means it flows into the Zlata River.

Prundu Lănciţei River
The Prundu Lănciţei River is a tributary of the Lănciţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lănciţa River.

Giful River
The Giful River is a tributary of the Prundu Lănciţei River in Romania. That means it flows into the Prundu Lănciţei River.

Sirius Black
Sirius Black is a fictional character in J. K. Rowling's "Harry Potter" series. He is Harry Potter's godfather.

Music festival
A music festival is a festival where music is played. Music festivals are usually outside, and often have other attractions such as food, games, and other forms of entertainment. They sometimes have a theme such as genre or nationality. Many festivals happen every year, or at some other common interval. However, some only happen once. A music festival can be held for profit or for charity.

Last.fm
Last.fm is a music website from the UK. It started in 2002. It provides Internet radio, and a community for music discussion. It has more than 19 million users.

List of tallest buildings in Brisbane
These are lists of the tallest buildings in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. The measurements shown are either to the top of the spire or the roof. Antennas do not count. Structures are not included either.
Finished buildings.
This is a list of the tallest finished buildings in Brisbane over 100 metres tall.
Buildings being built.
This list buildings being built in Brisbane, that are going to be over 100 metres tall.
Approved buildings.
This list has buildings that are approved but are not being built yet. They will all be taller than 100 metres.
Proposed buildings.
This is a list of the proposed buildings in Brisbane that are going to be taller than 100 metres.

Worcestershire sauce
Worcestershire sauce (wooster-sheer) is a widely used fermented sauce. It was first made at 68 Broad Street, Worcester by Messrs Lea & Perrins in the 1830s. It was made commercially in 1837, and remains the only Worcestershire Sauce still to be made in the UK. In 1930 the business was sold to HP Foods and was later acquired by the H.J. Heinz Company when they acquired that business from Groupe Danone in 2005.
The product is made and bottled in the Midlands Road factory in Worcester, which has been the home of Lea & Perrins since 16th October 1897.
The H. J. Heinz Company, which now manufactures "The Original Lea & Perrins Worcestershire Sauce", under the name Lea & Perrins, Inc., lists the following ingredients on the label of a bottle produced in the United States: vinegar, molasses, high fructose corn syrup, anchovies, water, onions, salt, garlic, tamarind] concentrate, cloves, natural flavorings and chili pepper extract.
The ingredients of a bottle of Worcestershire Sauce from England sold under the name "The Original & Genuine Lea & Perrins Worcestershire Sauce" by Lea & Perrins, Limited, lists the following ingredients: malt vinegar (from barley), spirit vinegar, molasses, sugar, salt, anchovies, tamarind extract, onions, garlic, spice and flavouring.
The sauce is used in many dishes, both cooked and uncooked, and particularly with beef; drinks such as the Bloody Mary also contain it. Lea & Perrins supplies it in concentrate form to be bottled abroad.
Worcestershire sauce is referred to in South Africa and some parts of the US as Worcester sauce (), or spelled phonetically as Wooster sauce.
A fermented fish sauce called "garum" was a staple of Greco-Roman cuisine and of the Mediterranean economy of the Roman Empire. "Worcestershire sauce" is one of the many legacies of British contact with India, though. While some sources trace comparable fermented anchovy sauces in Europe to the 17th century, this one became popular in the 1840s.

Indian massacre of 1622
The Indian massacre of 1622 (also known as the Jamestown Massacre) was an event where around 347 people were killed in the Virginia Colony of North America on Good Friday, March 22, 1622. The number killed, 347, was almost one-third of the English population of Jamestown. They were killed by a number of surprise attacks by the Powhatan Confederacy (a Native American tribe), who were ruled by Chief Opechancanough.

Fluxbox
In Unix computing, Fluxbox is an X window manager based on Blackbox 0.61.1. It tries to be lightweight and cusustomizable, and has very little support for graphical icons. Its user interface has only a taskbar and a menu that can be used by right-clicking on the desktop. All basic settings are controlled by text files.
Fluxbox can show some eye candy such as: colors, gradients, borders, and several other basic appearance settings can be changed. Effects managers such as Xcompmgr and transset-df can add true transparency to desktop elements and windows. Enhancements can also be provided by using iDesk or, or the ROX Desktop.
Fluxbox also has several features Blackbox does not have, including tabbed windows and a configurable titlebar.
Because of its small memory use and quick loading time, Fluxbox is popular in many Live CDs such as Knoppix STD and GParted. It was the default window manager of Damn Small Linux, but was replaced with JWM after the release of Damn Small Linux 4.0. It is currently the default window manager of, a linux distribution based on MEPIS and designed for old computers, PCFluxboxOS, a remaster of PCLinuxOS, and LinguasOS, a Live CD distribution for professional translators. Fluxbuntu, Ubuntu with Fluxbox and lightweight applications, was released in October 2007.

Runcu River (Râul Mare)
The Runcu River is a tributary of the Râul Mare in Romania. That means it flows into the Râul Mare.

Râul Căldărilor
The Râul Căldărilor is a tributary of the Râul Mare in Romania. That means it flows into the Râul Mare.

Valea Căcurelelor River
The Valea Căcurelelor River is a tributary of the Râul Căldărilor in Romania. It flows into the Râul Căldărilor.

Vraniţa River (Râul Mare)
The Vraniţa River is a tributary of the Râul Mare in Romania. That means it flows into the Râul Mare.

Batanu River
The Bstanu River is a tributary of the Râul Mare in Romania. That means it flows into the Râul Mare.

Damn Small Linux
Damn Small Linux or DSL is a free operating system for the x86 family of personal computers. It was designed to run graphical applications on older PC hardware—for example, machines with 486/early Pentium processors and very little memory. DSL is a Live CD with a size of 50 MB. What originally started as an experiment to see how much software could fit in 50 MB eventually became a full-fledged Linux distribution. It can be installed on storage media with small capacities, like bootable business cards, USB flash drives, various memory cards, and Zip drives.
History.
DSL was originally conceived and maintained by John Andrews. The community now includes Robert Shingledecker, who created the MyDSL system, DSL Control Panel, and other features.
DSL was originally based on Model-K, a 22 MB stripped-down version of Knoppix, but soon after was based on Knoppix proper, allowing much easier remastering and improvements.
System requirements.
DSL supports only x86 PCs. The minimum system requirements are a 486 processor and 8 MB of RAM. DSL has been demonstrated browsing the web with Dillo, running simple games and playing music on systems with a 486 processor and 16 MB of RAM. The system requirements are higher for running Mozilla Firefox and optional add-ons such as the OpenOffice.org office suite.
Features.
DSL has built-in scripts to download and install Advanced Packaging Tool (APT). Once APT is enabled, the user can install packages from Debian's 'Woody' repository. Additionally, DSL hosts software ranging from large applications like OpenOffice.org and GCC, to smaller ones such as aMSN, by means of the "MyDSL" system, which allows convenient one-click download and installation of software. Files hosted on MyDSL are called "extensions". As of June 2008, the MyDSL servers were hosting over 900 applications, plugins, and other extensions.
The MyDSL system.
MyDSL is handled and maintained mostly by Robert Shingledecker and hosted by many organizations, such as ibiblio and Belgium's BELNET. There are 2 areas of MyDSL - regular and "testing". The regular area contains extensions that have been proven stable enough for everyday use and is broken down into different areas such as "apps", "net", "system", and "uci" ("Universal Compressed ISO" - Extensions in.uci format are mounted as a separate filesystem to minimize RAM usage). The "testing" area is for newly submitted extensions that theoretically work 'as advertised', but may have any number of bugs.
Versions and ports.
The standard flavour of DSL is the Live CD. There are also other versions available.
Live USB.
A Live USB of Damn Small Linux can be created manually or with UNetbootin..

Valea Bozii River (Râul Mare)
The Valea Bozii River is a tributary of the Râul Mare in Romania. That means it flows into the Râul Mare.

Swamp blues
Swamp blues is a type of blues music. It is based on the Louisiana blues.
Swamp blues is often linked to J. D. "Jay" Miller's, recording studio in Crowley, Louisiana. Miller released lots of swamp blues recordings on his own labels, as well as on more well known labels. Showing the impact of Swamp Blues on other music, the Rolling Stones played a version of Slim Harpo's "I'm a King Bee," and Neil Young recorded Slim Harpo's "Rainin' In My Heart."

Book of Odes (Bible)
Odes () is a book of the Bible that is only found in Eastern Orthodox Bibles. The chapters are prayers and songs from the Old and New Testaments.

1975-76 NHL season
The 1975–76 NHL season was the 59th season of the National Hockey League. Eighteen teams each played 80 games. The Montreal Canadiens set records in wins with 58 and points with 127, beginning a four-year stretch where they would dominate the league in the regular season and win four straight Stanley Cup titles.
Final standings.
"Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, PIM = Penalties in minutes"
"Note: Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold"
Scoring leaders.
"Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points"
Finals.
The two-time defending Stanley Cup Champions, the Philadelphia Flyers, once again made it to the finals, but lost in four games to the Montreal Canadiens.
Montreal Canadiens vs. Philadelphia Flyers

Râuşor (Strei)
The Râuşor is a tributary of the Râul Mare in Romania. That means it flows into the Râul Mare. It starts where the Ştevia River meets the Vălereasca River

Stugariu River
The Strugariu River is a tributary of the Râuşor in Romania. That means it flows into the Râuşor.

Ştevia River (Râuşor)
The Ştevia River is a tributary of the Râuşor in Romania. That means it flows into the Râuşor.

Vălereasca River
The Vălereasca River is a tributary of the Râuşor in Romania. That means it flows into the Râuşor.

Ahuillé
Ahuillé is a commune of 1662 people (2006). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Alexain
Alexain is a commune of 402 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Ambrières-les-Vallées
Ambrières-les-Vallées is a commune of 2,903 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Ampoigné
Ampoigné is a commune of 421 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Andouillé
Andouillé is a commune of 2,310 people (2006). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France. It is twinned with the village of Farnsfield, Nottinghamshire.

Argenton-Notre-Dame
Argenton-Notre-Dame is a commune of 181 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Argentré
Argentré is a commune of 2487 people (2007). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Aron, Mayenne
Aron is a commune of 1550 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Arquenay
Arquenay is a commune of 508 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Assé-le-Bérenger
Assé-le-Bérenger is a commune of 329 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Astillé
Astillé is a commune of 547 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Athée, Mayenne
Athée is a commune of 488 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Averton
Averton is a commune of 601 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Azé, Mayenne
Azé is a commune of 2,999 people (1999).It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

La Baconnière
La Baconnière is a commune of 1,194 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Bais, Mayenne
Bais is a commune of 1487 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Ballée
Ballée is a commune of 719 people (2004). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Ballots, Mayenne
Ballots is a commune of 1036 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Bannes, Mayenne
Bannes is a commune of 118 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

La Bazoge-Montpinçon
La Bazoge-Montpinçon is a commune of 525 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

La Bazouge-de-Chemeré
La Bazouge-de-Chemeré is a commune of 443 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

La Bazouge-des-Alleux
La Bazouge-des-Alleux is a commune of 262 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Bazougers
Bazougers is a commune of 933 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Beaulieu-sur-Oudon
Beaulieu-sur-Oudon is a commune of 401 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Beaumont-Pied-de-Bœuf, Mayenne
Beaumont-Pied-de-Bœuf is a commune of 198 people (2004). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Belgeard
Belgeard is a commune of 335 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Bierné
Bierné is a commune of 665 people (2005). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Cerna River (Râuşor)
The Cerna River is a tributary of the Râuşor in Romania. That means it flows into the Râuşor.

Le Bignon-du-Maine
Le Bignon-du-Maine is a commune of 304 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

La Bigottière
La Bigottière is a commune of 331 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Comănescu River
The Comănescu River is a tributary of the Râuşor in Romania. That means it flows into the Râuşor.

Blandouet
Blandouet is a commune of 157 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Valea Furciturilor River
The Valea Furciturilor River is a tributary of the Râuşor in Romania. That means it flows into the Râuşor.

La Boissière, Mayenne
La Boissière is a commune of 111 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Valea Surpeţii River
The Valea Surpeţii River is a tributary of the Râuşor in Romania. That means it flows into the Râuşor.

Bonchamp-lès-Laval
Bonchamp-lès-Laval is a commune of 5232 people (2007). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Nedeiţa River
The Nedeiţa River is a tributary of the Râuşor in Romania. That means it flows into the Râuşor.

Bouchamps-lès-Craon
Bouchamps-lès-Craon is a commune of 514 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Bouère
Bouère is a commune of 321 people (2004). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Izvorul cu Apă River
The Izvorul cu Apă River is a tributary of the Râuşor in Romania. That means it flows into the Râuşor.

Bouessay
Bouessay is a commune of 563 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Strugariu River
The Strugariu River is a tributary of the Râuşor in Romania. That means it flows into the Râuşor.

Boulay-les-Ifs
Boulay-les-Ifs is a commune of 168 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Negrele River
The Negrele River is a tributary of the Râuşor in Romania. That means it flows into the Râuşor.

Le Bourgneuf-la-Forêt
Le Bourgneuf-la-Forêt is a commune of 1537 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Bourgon
Bourgon is a commune of 587 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Frăsina River
The Frăsina River is a tributary of the Râuşor in Romania. That means it flows into the Râuşor.

Brains-sur-les-Marches
Brains-sur-les-Marches is a commune of 229 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Pârâul Sec (Râuşor)
The Pârâul Sec River is a tributary of the Râuşor in Romania. That means it flows into the Râuşor.

Brecé
Brecé is a commune of 830 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Putina River (Râuşor)
The Putina River is a tributary of the Râuşor in Romania. That means it flows into the Râuşor.

Tinker Bell (movie)
Tinker Bell is a Disney movie based on the character from Peter Pan. It was released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc on October 28, 2008. Unlike the other two Disney movies of Peter Pan, this movie was animated completely using computer animation. This was also the first time that the Disney version of Tinker Bell talked.
The original name of the movie was "Tinker Bell and the Ring of Belief".
The story.
Enter the magical world of fairies and meet the enchanting creatures of Pixie Hollow, who "nurture nature" and bring about the change of the seasons. Changing the colors of the leaves, moving a sunbeam to melt snow, waking animals from their winter slumber, or giving a patch of sproutlings a sprinkle of water are all within the realm of these seasonal specialists. Tinker Bell thinks her fairy talent as a "tinker" isn't as special or important as the other fairies' talents. But when Tink tries to change who she is, she creates nothing but disaster! With encouragement from her friends Rosetta, Silvermist, Fawn and Iridessa, Tink learns the key to solving her problems lies in her unique tinker abilities and discovers that when shes true to herself, magical things can happen.
Soundtrack.
The movie's soundtrack was released on October 14, 2008, a week before the DVD release and contains songs from and inspired by the film.
Release.
The movie saw an exclusive theatrical release at the El Capitan Theatre between September 19 and October 2nd. It will also premiere on Disney Channel in November as part of "New in November."

Sibişel River (Strei)
The Sibişel River or Nucşoru River or Nucşoara River is a tributary of the Râul Mare in Romania. That means it flows into the Râul Mare. It starts where the Stânişoara River meets the Pietrele River

Valea Dâljii River
The Valea Dâljii River is a tributary of the Râul Mare in Romania. That means it flows into the Râul Mare.

Varu River
The Varu River is a tributary of the Sibişel River in Romania. That means it flows into the Sibişel River.

Woolfardisworthy, Torridge
Woolfardisworthy is a village in the Torridge district in the English county of Devon.
The name of the village is a local curiosity, as its pronunciation (and occasional spelling) differs to how one may try to pronounce it. On local signs, the village is sometimes marked as Woolsery alongside the original name. This is due to the pronunciation of the village's name being /ˈwʊlzərɨ/ ("Woolz'ry").
There is another (smaller) village of the same name in the Mid Devon district.

Stânişoara River (Sibişel)
The Stânişoara River is a tributary of the Sibişel in Romania. That means it flows into the Sibişel River.

Pârâul lui Adam
The Pârâul lui Adam River is a tributary of the Sibişel in Romania. That means it flows into the Sibişel River.

Pietrele River (Sibişel)
The Pietrele River is a tributary of the Sibişel in Romania. That means it flows into the Sibişel River.

Fântânele River (Sibişel)
The Fântânele River is a tributary of the Sibişel in Romania. That means it flows into the Sibişel River.

Apa Crângului River
The Apa Crângului River is a tributary of the Sibişel in Romania. That means it flows into the Sibişel River.

Galeşu River
The Galeşu River is a tributary of the Sibişel River in Romania. That means it flows into the Sibişel River.

Valea Rea River (Galeşu)
The Valea Rea River is a tributary of the Galeşu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Galeşu River.

Obârşia Nucşorii River
The Obârşia Nucşorii River or Cheagu River is a tributary of the Sibişel in Romania. That means it flows into the Sibişel River.

Nedeuţa River (Sibişel)
The Nedeuţa River is a tributary of the Obârşia Nucşorii River in Romania. That means it flows into the Obârşia Nucşorii River.

Benguţ River
The Benguţ River is a tributary of the Obârşia Nucşorii River in Romania. That means it flows into the Obârşia Nucşorii River.

Clanţu River
The Clanţu River is a tributary of the Sibişel in Romania. That means it flows into the Sibişel River.

Seciu River (Sibişel)
The Seciu River is a tributary of the Sibişel in Romania. That means it flows into the Sibişel River.

Guadalcanal Campaign
The Guadalcanal Campaign, also known as the Battle of Guadalcanal, was fought between August 7, 1942, and February 9, 1943, in the Pacific theatre of World War II. This campaign, which was a decisive and strategically important campaign of World War II, was fought on the ground, at sea, and in the air between Allied forces against Imperial Japanese forces. The fighting took place on and around the island of Guadalcanal in the southern Solomon Islands, and was the first major offensive launched by Allied forces against the Empire of Japan.
On August 7, 1942, Allied forces, mainly from the United States, started landings on the islands of Guadalcanal, Tulagi, and Florida in the southern Solomons with the aim to make supply routes between the U.S., Australia, and New Zealand safer.
The Battle of Guadalcanal was one of the first long campaigns in the Pacific.

Desmond Tutu
Archbishop Desmond Tutu (born 7 October 1931) won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1984 for his work fighting apartheid in South Africa. He was the first Anglican archbishop in Cape Town.

Happy Tree Friends
Happy Tree Friends is a TV show created by Rhode Montijo, Kenn Navarro, Warren Graff, and Aubrey Ankrum. Since its debut the show has become a popular internet phenomenon and has won a cult following.
As indicated on the official site, it is "not recommended for small children". Notwithstanding the somewhat childish shape of the series and the cute appearance of its characters, the show is extremely violent, with nearly every episode featuring blood, gore and extremely painful, bloody and gruesome deaths.
While the violence of these deaths is comparable to that of The Itchy & Scratchy Show (the short cartoon featured on The Simpsons), the portrayal of death in Happy Tree Friends is usually more graphic and anatomically correct, depicting bloodshed and dismemberment in more vivid and often exaggerated detail.
The show is nearly free of dialogue; however, when the characters do speak, their words are severely garbled. Though it is obvious what each character's reaction is, their words can hardly be understood at all. According to the website, the idea for Happy Tree Friends was conceived by Rhode Montijo when he drew a yellow rabbit, slightly resembling the character Cuddles, on a piece of paper and wrote "Resistance Is Futile" underneath it.
A HTF spin-off called Ka-Pow! premiered on September 2, 2008

Brée
Brée is a commune of 459 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

La Brûlatte
La Brûlatte is a commune of 607 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Le Buret
Le Buret is a commune of 255 people (1999).It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Carelles
Carelles is a commune of 324 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.
At the time of writing, it has a church, a school,a bar/ restaurant and a village shop.
The band (amalgamated with those of Levare and Montaidin) is a strong presence in the village and there is a local drama group which plays to villages round about during the early part of the year. The annual Fete is held on the first Sunday in July and Is not to be missed.
There is a thriving and well integrated English community established over twenty years.

Chailland
Chailland is a commune of 1136 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Châlons-du-Maine
Châlons-du-Maine is a commune of 572 people (2007). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Chammes
Chammes is a commune of 328 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Champéon
Champéon is a commune of 512 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Champfrémont
Champfrémont is a commune of 248 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Champgenéteux
Champgenéteux is a commune of 554 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Changé, Mayenne
Changé is a commune of 5261 people (2007). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Chantrigné
Chantrigné is a commune of 588 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

La Chapelle-Anthenaise
La Chapelle-Anthenaise is a commune of 865 people (2007). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Latency
In engineering, latency is the name for the time period that needs to be waited to see a result.

La Chapelle-au-Riboul
La Chapelle-au-Riboul is a commune of 448 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Galois field
In abstract algebra, a finite field or Galois field is a field that contains only finitely many elements. Finite fields are important in number theory, algebraic geometry, Galois theory, cryptography, and coding theory. The finite fields are completely known. Finite fields were named Galois Fields to honor Évariste Galois.

Appliance
An appliance is a machine that only has limited functionaliy. Usually appliances need electricity to work.

Mayenne
La Mayenne is a department the northwest of France. It was named after the river "la Mayenne" and its number is 53. It is in the region Pays de la Loire. Its population is 285 338 (1999) and its land area is 5175 km². The population density is 55/km². It has 261 communes, its prefecture is Laval ans its subprefectures are Mayenne and Château-Gontier. The inhabitants are called the "Mayennais".

Forward error correction
In telecommunications Forward error correction (FEC) is a special code. The sender adds parts of the data again. This is called redundancy. The receiver is then able to detect certain errors that came from the sending the data. In certain cases, the receiver can correct the error, without the need for a retransmission.
How it works.
FEC adds redundancy to the transmitted information with a known algorithm. Each redundant bit is a function of many original information bits. The original information may or may not appear in the encoded output; codes that include the unmodified input in the output are systematic, while those that do not are nonsystematic.
An extremely simple example would be an analog to digital converter that samples three bits of signal strength data for every bit of transmitted data. If the three samples are mostly all zero, the transmitted bit was probably a zero, and if three samples are mostly all one, the transmitted bit was probably a one. The simplest example of error correction is for the receiver to assume the correct output is given by the most frequently occurring value in each group of three.
This allows an error in any one of the three samples to be corrected by "democratic voting", but is a very inefficient FEC. In in practice would not work very well, but it does illustrate the principle. In practice, FEC codes typically examine the last several dozen, or even the last several hundred, previously received bits to determine how to decode the current small handful of bits (typically in groups of 2 to 8 bits).
Such triple modular redundancy, the simplest form of forward error correction, is widely used.

Mayenne (river)
"For other uses, see" Mayenne (disambiguation)
La Mayenne is a river in the northwest of France. Its source in the Orne, about 15 km west of Alençon. It joins the Sarthe north of Angers to forme the Maine.
It is 200 km long and its surface area is about 5 820 km². It has an average discharge of 50 m³/s.

Error detection and correction
Error detection and correction is the name for a number of technologies that are used to make sure that information or data is not corrupted, that it still makes sense.
Detecting an error.
There are different ways to make sure an error can be detected. This is done by adding more data or information to the data transmitted. Adding more data than needed is called redundancy.

Mayenne (town)
"For other uses, see" Mayenne (disambiguation)

Văleni River (Niraj)
The Văleni River is a tributary of the Niraj River in Romania. That means it flows into the Niraj River.

Ţigla River
The Ţigla River is a tributary of the Nirajul Mare River in Romania. That means it flows into the Nirajul Mare River.

Călugăreni River
The Călugăreni River is a tributary of the Niraj River in Romania. That means it flows into the Niraj River.

Antecedent
"I want a book that I can read".
In the above example, the relative pronoun 'that' refers back to the antecedent, the word 'book'. Therefore, the main clause is "I want a book" and the relative clause is "that I can read".
The relative pronouns are: who, whom, whose, which, that.

Ark-La-Tex
The Ark-La-Tex, Arklatex, or ArkLaTex is a U.S. socio-economic region where Arkansas, Louisiana, Texas, and Oklahoma intersect.

Central Oklahoma
Central Oklahoma is the geographical name for the central region of the U.S. state of Oklahoma. It is also known by the Oklahoma Department of Tourism designation, Frontier Country.

Cherokee Outlet
The Cherokee Outlet, more often referred to as the Cherokee Strip, was located in what is now the state of Oklahoma, in the United States. It was a sixty-mile (97 km) wide strip of land south of the Oklahoma-Kansas border between the 96th and 100th meridians.

Cross Timbers
The Cross Timbers is a semi-savanna on the southern Great Plains running from southeastern Kansas, across central Oklahoma, into central Texas.

Four State Area
The "Four State Area" is a term used to describe the four corner region of Arkansas, Kansas, Missouri and Oklahoma with the Joplin, Missouri and Fayetteville-Springdale-Rogers, Arkansas metropolitan areas included within.

Flint Hills
The Flint Hills, historically known as Bluestem Pastures, are a band of hills in eastern Kansas stretching into north-central Oklahoma.

Green Country (Oklahoma)
Located in northeast Oklahoma, Green Country is a heavily-wooded area of the state with many rolling hills and mountains and much foliage, as opposed to western and central Oklahoma, which have geography similar to the rest of the Great Plains region of the United States.

Kiamichi Country
Southeastern Oklahoma, also known by its official tourism designation, Kiamichi Country, encompasses the southeastern quarter of the state of Oklahoma.

Northwestern Oklahoma
Northwestern Oklahoma is the geographical region of the state of Oklahoma which includes the Oklahoma Panhandle, stretching to an eastern extent along Interstate 35, and its southern extent along the Canadian River to Noble County.

The Ozarks
The Ozarks (also referred to as, the Ozark Mountains or the Ozark Plateau) are a physiographic, geologic, and cultural highland region of the central United States. It covers much of the south half of Missouri and an large portion of northwest and North central Arkansas. The region also goes westward into northeast Oklahoma and extreme southeast Kansas.

Oklahoma Panhandle
The Oklahoma Panhandle is the extreme western region of the state of Oklahoma, comprising Cimarron County, Texas County, and Beaver County. Its name comes from the similarity of shape to the handle of a cooking pan.

South Central Oklahoma
South Central Oklahoma, or Arbuckle Country, as officially defined by the Oklahoma Department of Tourism, is an 10-county region in the state of Oklahoma. It is centered around the Arbuckle Mountains.

Southwestern Oklahoma
Southwest Oklahoma is a geographical name for the southwest portion of the state of Oklahoma, largely flat and dry, southwest Oklahoma is typical of the Great Plains region of the United States.

Oklahoma! (musical)
"Oklahoma!" is a musical play first performed on Broadway in 1943. The music was composed by Richard Rodgers and the words to the songs were written by Oscar Hammerstein.
This was the first collaboration (working together) by Rodgers and Hammerstein but they made several more successful musicals together.
The story is set in Oklahoma Territory outside the town of Claremore in 1906. A cowboy Curly McLain is in love with a farmer girl Laurey Williams. Jud Fry, a farm hand, is also in love with Laurey. The play also includes the story of another cowboy, Will, and his girlfriend, Ado Annie.
The play was made into a film in 1955.

Stillwater, Oklahoma
Stillwater is a city in Payne County, Oklahoma, United States. The population was 39,065 at the 2000 census.
Stillwater is also the home of Oklahoma State University.

Enid, Oklahoma
Enid is a city in Garfield County, Oklahoma, United States. The population was 47,045 at the 2000 census.

Carlos Valderrama
Carlos Valderrama is a former Colombian football player. He played for Colombia national team.

List of cities in Oklahoma
List of cities in Oklahoma, arranged in alphabetical order. Cities, in Oklahoma, are all those incorporated communites which have 1000 or more in population and are incorporated as a city.

Dino Zoff
Dino Zoff is a former Italian football player. He has playe for Italy national team.

List of Governors of Oklahoma
This is a list of the governors of Oklahoma. Oklahoma is a state in America. The Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory joined the United States Union as the State of Oklahoma on November 16, 1907.
Th table below shows who the state governors have been.

List of people from Oklahoma
The following are people who were either born/raised or have lived for a significant period of time in Oklahoma.

Arrow head
Arrow heads are sharpened or flintknapped stones, flakes, and chips of rock that are sharpened enough for the tip of an arrow. Prehistoric peoples often used various stone spear heads and arrow heads for their weapons and hunting tools.

Clovis Indians
The Clovis culture was the first widely spread Indian culture in the Americas. The Clovis people lived in the Americas about 13,000 years ago. They lived there for between 200 and 800 years. Different sources list different lengths of time in that range.
They had a special way of making tools like spear tips and knives made from stones. Artifacts that they made made in this way can be found in many places in North America. The Clovis way of making tools only lasted between 500 and 1000 years. After that, other ways became more popular.
They are called "Clovis culture" because archaeologists first found their artifacts at a place called Clovis, New Mexico.

Mound builders
Mound Builder is a general term referring to the American Indians who constructed various styles of earthen mounds for burial, residential and ceremonial purposes.

Francisco Vázquez de Coronado
Francisco Vázquez de Coronado y Luján (ca. 1510 – September 22, 1554) was a Spanish conquistador, who visited New Mexico and other parts of what are now the southwestern United States between 1540 and 1542. He died in 1554

Quivira and Cíbola
Quivira and Cíbola are two of the fantastic Seven Cities of Gold existing only in a myth that originated around the year 1150 when the Moors conquered Mérida, Spain.

Fort Gibson, Oklahoma
Fort Gibson is a town in Cherokee and Muskogee counties in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. The population was 4,054 at the 2000 census. It is the oldest town in Oklahoma, it was established in 1824. It is the location of Fort Gibson National Cemetery. It is near to the end of the Cherokees' Trail of Tears at Tahlequah.

Government of Oklahoma
The government of the US State of Oklahoma, established by the Oklahoma Constitution, is a republican democracy modelled after the Federal government of the United States.

List of counties in Oklahoma
This is a list of the seventy-seven counties in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. Oklahoma is ranked 20th size and 17th in the number of counties.

List of regions of the United States
This is a list of regions of the United States.
Census Bureau-designated areas.
Regional divisions used by the United States Census Bureau

Politics of Oklahoma
Oklahoma is a state in America.
Oklahoma politics today.
By the start of the 21st century, conservative Republicans are the growing force in Oklahoma, but Democrats are still a major factor in statewide politics. In 2006, the incumbent Democrat governor won re-election by 66% over a former Republican Congressman. Despite the landslide victory for the Democrats, the Republicans gained two seats in the State Senate, making a 24 Democrat, 24 Republican tie in the senate, and increased their lead in the house of 57-44.

Adair County, Oklahoma
Adair County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of 2000, the population was 21,038. Its county seat is Stilwell.

Alfalfa County, Oklahoma
Alfalfa County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of 2000, the population is 6,105. Its county seat is Cherokee.

Atoka County, Oklahoma
Atoka County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oklahoma, and was formed in 1907 from Choctaw Lands. As of 2000, the population is 13,879. Its county seat is Atoka.

Beaver County, Oklahoma
Beaver County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of 2000, the population is 5,857. Its county seat is Beaver.

Beckham County, Oklahoma
Beckham County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of 2000, the population was 19,799. Its county seat is Sayre.

Blaine County, Oklahoma
Blaine County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of 2000, the population is 11,976. Its county seat is Watonga.

Bryan County, Oklahoma
Bryan County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. The population was estimated 39,563 in 2007. Its county seat is Durant.

Caddo County, Oklahoma
Caddo County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of 2000, the population was 30,150. Its county seat is Anadarko.

Canadian County, Oklahoma
Canadian County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of 2000, the population was 87,697. Its county seat is El Reno.

Carter County, Oklahoma
Carter County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of 2000, the population was 45,621. Its county seat is Ardmore.

Choctaw County, Oklahoma
Choctaw County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of 2000, the population was 15,342. Its county seat is Hugo.

Cleveland County, Oklahoma
Cleveland County is a county in the central part of the U.S. state of Oklahoma. The population was 208,016 at the 2000 census. Its county seat is Norman.

Coal County, Oklahoma
Coal County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of 2000, the population is 6,031. Its county seat is Coalgate.

Comanche County, Oklahoma
Comanche County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of 2000, the population was 114,996. Its county seat is Lawton.

The Football League
The Football League is a football league in England and Wales.

The Football League 1956-57
Statistics of The Football League in season 1956/1957.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Manchester United won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Leicester City won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Derby County won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Ipswich Town won the championship.

The Football League 1957-58
Statistics of The Football League in season 1957/1958.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Wolverhampton Wanderers won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and West Ham United won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Scunthorpe & Lindsey United won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Brighton & Hove Albion won the championship.

The Football League 1958-59
Statistics of The Football League in season 1958/1959.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Wolverhampton Wanderers won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Sheffield Wednesday won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Plymouth Argyle won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Port Vale won the championship.

The Football League 1959-60
Statistics of The Football League in season 1959/1960.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Burnley won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Aston Villa won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Southampton won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Walsall won the championship.

The Football League 1960-61
Statistics of The Football League in season 1960/1961.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Tottenham Hotspur won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Ipswich Town won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Bury won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Peterborough United won the championship.

The Football League 1961-62
Statistics of The Football League in season 1961/1962.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Ipswich Town won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Liverpool won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Portsmouth won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 23 teams, and Millwall won the championship.

The Football League 1962-63
Statistics of The Football League in season 1962/1963.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Everton won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Stoke City won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Northampton Town won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Brentford won the championship.

The Football League 1963-64
Statistics of The Football League in season 1963/1964.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Liverpool won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Leeds United won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Coventry City won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Gillingham won the championship.

The Football League 1964-65
Statistics of The Football League in season 1964/1965.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Manchester United won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Newcastle United won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Carlisle United won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Brighton & Hove Albion won the championship.

The Football League 1965-66
Statistics of The Football League in season 1965/1966.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Liverpool won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Manchester City won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Hull City won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Doncaster Rovers won the championship.

The Football League 1966-67
Statistics of The Football League in season 1966/1967.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Manchester United won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Coventry City won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Queens Park Rangers won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Stockport County won the championship.

The Football League 1967-68
Statistics of The Football League in season 1967/1968.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Manchester City won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Ipswich Town won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Oxford United won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Luton Town won the championship.

The Football League 1968-69
Statistics of The Football League in season 1968/1969.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Leeds United won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Derby County won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Watford won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Doncaster Rovers won the championship.

The Football League 1969-70
Statistics of The Football League in season 1969/1970.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Everton won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Huddersfield Town won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Orient won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Chesterfield won the championship.

The Football League 1970-71
Statistics of The Football League in season 1970/1971.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Arsenal won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Leicester City won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Preston North End won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Notts County won the championship.

The Football League 1971-72
Statistics of The Football League in season 1971/1972.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Derby County won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Norwich City won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Aston Villa won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Grimsby Town won the championship.

The Football League 1972-73
Statistics of The Football League in season 1972/1973.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Liverpool won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Burnley won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Bolton Wanderers won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Southport won the championship.

The Football League 1973-74
Statistics of The Football League in season 1973/1974.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Leeds United won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Middlesbrough won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Oldham Athletic won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Peterborough United won the championship.

Alexandra (Lykrophon)
Alexandra is a work by the Greek poet Lykrohon, who is only known through this work. It was written between 196 and 190 BC. The work has 1474 lines, which are done in jambic trimeters. This is what most Greek tragedies were written in.
The story.
Paris left for Sparta, to abduct Helena, the wife of Menelaos. This was going to cause the Trojan War. Kassandra is left in the temple, guarded by someone instructed by Priamos, her father. The text is the report this guard gives to Priamos, about what Kassandra had said.
Kassandra (named ALexandra) first recalls how Herakles destroyed Troy. She then tells about the Trojan War. A large central part is devoted to how the Greek heroes return home. She tells about Odysseus, his travels, and how he went home to his wife Penelope. Penelope later kills him. Kassandra also tells how Aeneas successfully settled in Rome, and how Rome became a big empire. The final part of the poem is devoted to the "eternal war" between Europe and Asia, about the Persian Wars and Alexander the Great. Kassandra says that six generations after him, a relative will win over the Macendonians, which will end the warring. Kassandra's speech ends with resignation, as she cannot stop the events. The guard ends his speech with a blessing for the Trojans.
The language.
The dark language of the poem comes from its vocabulary, its use of special, and old forms of words. Of about 3000 words of the poem, 518 words are only known from this poem, 117 occur in this poem for the first time. The main problems with this poem are that the persons are usually not named. Rather they are described with what they did. Geographical places are similarly unnamed, and only described using places in them. Many scholars have tried to identify places and people, in some cases this is no longer possible though.

Football League Second Division
Football League Second Division was the old name for the Football League One.

Burmese boxing
The famous Burmese Boxing is called lethwei or "Myanma yuya louvi" (Myanmar "traditional boxing" in English). Its sport version also is called from the years 1960: bando kickboxing.
Definition.
This famous method of fighting with the uncovered hands and with the uncovered feet came in the 3rd century when the monks had wanted to be trained and to defended themselves. It is a boxing "called martial" that borrows from the Burmese warriors all their array of particular plans for gaining success in the combat. It had come popular beginning of the 11th century under the king Anawratha, with combats among tribes with no rules and with a violence without common measure. The way of facing is special very much, much often taking a certain animal behaviour and is alike only of much distant to other Eastern methods.
Rules: Burmese boxing or the "highest in quality" of the boxings.
In the way received from ancestors, the combat is judged by two referees and is done in a circle where every form of the blow and of the throw is permitted. The present time brought the rules as if the Eastern boxing, especially the gloves, the things that keep safe, the rounds and the ring. The technical part of the person who fights is much wide and the behaviours are produced by other methods of the combat de Burma. Many unusually interesting actions are happened, especially the flying techniques (jumping kick, knee strike and with elbow in flying), and techniques in walking of stairs (kicks and knee strike). In the past, a traditional Burmese Boxing was quite different from Thaing, for its brutal and rough side. Today, is not so, because is having good organization under the modern conditions, can be agradable see.
Cultural part of the lethwei.
According to a customary way, the combat is performed in a circle. In the Burmese villages, still in 21th century, this fight has kept in existence its character received from ancestors. Only the appearnace of an Eastern ring and of the divisions seems to be mark of the present times.
The match is judged by two referees, in order to can better separate the men who take part in it, and six referees give a points to these men. All the techniques are permitted, a man can be hit in the ground. The boxers fight during the rounds much long. The rounds are changed by complete half-times during the other matches are performed.
The set of needed things is poor, the competitor uses certain pants of boxing, wrapped hands, coconut as a something that keeps the genitals safe, leather strap among the teeth. Till the present times, many Burmese boxers have the tatooed trunk and the leg. In a certain, you can see his victories, in other - the representations of animals (eagle, serpent, leopard, tiger, etc..) suggesting force and being brave.
The lethwei-yei.
Warrior dance performed in the beginning of the combat, in order to show ability and being brave. In the end of the dance, the crossed arms are hit each one of its shoulders with the opposite hand in order to announce that the boxer is hostile. A dance of victory is performed also after the decision of the referees.
The let-khamaungnkhat.
Act of providing to see de the weapons used during the combat de lethwei, by the boxer himself. He hits the opposite arm with his open hand. The act of providing to see is performed from the top towards down, at the beginning with the fists and the elbows, then with the knee and in the end with the feet.

American kickboxing
The word kickboxing represents a sport of combat of striking which is practised on ring. In the years 1960, in the United States, the sharp interest for the karate and for the other martial arts (kempo, kung-fu, taekwondo, bando, etc.) and the desire of several mass media does developping the things.
Various styles of martial practices developped with the various forms of contact. Many champions wanting to know the special end easy recognized qualities of their techniques, helped in causing their gradual change. Competitions were arranged in lot of different styles of combat; like Jhoon Rhee's United States National Karate Championship, the Ed Parker's Battle of Atlanta, and from the 1963 they opens on ring of Bando kickboxing (form come to have of the ancient Burmese boxing brought in from another country by the person with special skill Maung Gyi). Other important competitions like Mas Oyama's All Worth America Championship (Karate Kyokushinkai to the K.O.) has changed the traditional competitions of karate from yet arranged without contact.
Also, the Bruce Lee's (famous cinema actor, in the middle of the years 1970) and Jhoon Rhee's (Alan Steen's, Jeff Smith's and Gordon Franks's teacher) idea of fighting with protections and gloves, has opened a new way for all the persons who like "real combat". At the beginning, American kickboxing is rules of competition. Such rules allow the competitors of the various martial practices to compete in a certain kind of fighting (at the beginning that ones of the WKA - World Karate Association). If is so much the main opinion that is become one of the forms of sport of combat produced by the martial arts more practised in the world.
Among the most known world systems, loaded with the management of the professional and amateur designations as champions in the "boxes pieds-poings" we have: the WKA (World Kickboxing Association) that had been founded in the USA in the 1976, the WAKO (World Association of KickBoxing Organizations) that had been founded in Germany in the 1978 (WAKO has its origins in the organization of amateur gatherings), the ISKA (that had been founded in 1986) that came from the PKA that did the development of the full contact at the beginning and the WKN (that had been founded in the 1997).

Franco Baresi
Franco Baresi (born 8 May, 1960) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.

Archerfish
Archerfish (or archer fish) are small fish. Some live in fresh water. Others live in salt water. They live from India to the Philippines, Australia, and Polynesia.
Archerfish eat insects and other small animals. The archerfish looks for an insect hanging over the water. The archerfish shoots drops of water out of its mouth at the insect. When the drops hit the insect, it falls into the water. Then the archerfish catches (gets) the insect and eats it.
Archerfish can hit insects up to two meters (six feet) away. Adult archerfish almost always hit the insect the first time, but young archerfish must do it many times in order to learn how.

John Piesley
John Piesley (1835 - 1862) was an Australian bushranger. Piesley was born in Bathurst in 1835. The Piesley family were believed to be thieves. Piesley got caught stealing cattle and had go to gaol on Cockatoo Island. There he became a friend of Frank Gardiner. After his gaol time was over he was given a ticket of leave. In 1861 the 2 men robbed people traveling along the road between Bathurst and the Lambing Flat goldfields. They also robbed people around Yass.
Murder.
On Christmas Day in 1861, Piesley sat in the hotel at Bigga, News South Wales and drank for 3 days. After this he rode to a nearby farm, owned by William and Stephen Benyon. William's wife Martha hid Piesley's guns. She said she would not give them back unless he left. Piesley agreed but came back one hour later and shot Stephen in the arm and William in the throat. William was badly hurt and died 6 days later. Piesley was caught by the police and given the death penalty. He was hanged on March 25, 1862, in the gaol at Bathurst.

La Chapelle-Craonnaise
La Chapelle-Craonnaise is a commune of 266 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

La Chapelle-Rainsouin
La Chapelle-Rainsouin is a commune of 234 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Charchigné
Charchigné is a commune of 396 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Karl Lagerfeld
Karl Lagerfeld (born Karl Otto Lagerfeldt on September 10, 1933 in Hamburg, Germany) is a fashion designer. Many people seee him as one of the most influential ones of the late 20th century. He has made fashion for many different labels, for example Chanel, Chloé and Fendi. He also owns several labels, which he launched in the early 1980s. He also owns labels making perfumes. He has designed clorthes for many leading artists.

Château-Gontier
Château-Gontier is a commune of 11 131 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Châtelain, Mayenne
Châtelain is a commune of 404 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Forbes, New South Wales
Forbes is a town in the Central West of New South Wales, Australia. It is located on the Newell Highway between Parkes and West Wyalong. There were about 7000 living in the town in 2001.
Forbes is on the banks of the Lachlan River. It is 245m above sea-level. It is about 380km west of Sydney. The farms in the area mainly grow wheat. Nearby towns and villages include: Parkes, Bedgerebong, Bundbarrah, Corradgery, Daroobalgie, Eugowra, Ooma North and Paytens Bridge.
History.
The first people to live in the Forbes area were the Australian aborigines, the Wiradjuri people. The first European was the explorer John Oxley in 1817. He called the area "Camp Hill". He did not think very much of the clay soil, poor timber and swamps. He wrote: "...it is impossible to imagine a worse country". The first settlers moved into the district in 1834 and started a station (farm) called "Bogabigal". Forbes is built on what was Arthur Rankin's farm called "Cunumbla" Station.
Gold was found at Forbes by Harry Stephens, also known as "German Harry", in June 1861. About 30,000 people moved to the goldfields, but by 1863 this had dropped to about 3,500 because mining the gold was too hard. The diggings were wet with water coming from the Lachlan River. About two thirds of the buildings were empty.
The goldfields were first called "Black Ridge". The town was named "Forbes" after Sir Francis Forbes. It is possible that the name was a mistake. The name Forbes should have been given to Hill End, New South Wales near Mudgee. Gold was found there at the same time. Gold at Forbes was first found in the area known as Halpin's Flat. The Albion Hotel, once a Cobb and Co. stage coach rest stop, has tunnels underneath it. These were were used to take gold and money to and from the banks and stop it from being stolen. Farming became important after the gold mining ended. Forbes became an important stopping place on the main track for moving cattle from Queensland to Victoria.
One of Australia's most famous bushrangers, Ben Hall, was shot dead by police about 20km north-west of town on May 5, 1865. Hall and his gang were famous for stealing 77kg of gold and £3,700 from a stage coach near the town of Eugowra in 1862. He is buried in the Forbes Cemetery.
Kate Kelly, the sister of bushranger Ned Kelly, lived in Forbes. She was drowned in the Lachlan River in 1898. She is buried in Forbes Cemetery.
The railway reached Forbes in 1893. Passenger trains stopped going to Forbes in 1983.
Education.
Forbes Shire has 4 government primary schools: Forbes Primary School, Forbes North Primary School, Corinella Public School and Bedgerebong Public School. There is one private primary school, St Laurences Primary School. Forbes High School, north of Forbes, is a government school and in 2005 had about 550 students. Red Bend Catholic College at Forbes is a high school for boys and girls. It is on the site of the old Marist Brothers' College, on the banks of the Lachlan River. Red Bend has around 550 students attending in 2008.
There is also the Forbes College of Technical and Further Education (TAFE) and the Forbes Conservatorium (music).

Châtillon-sur-Colmont
Châtillon-sur-Colmont is a commune of 942 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Châtres-la-Forêt
Châtres-la-Forêt is a commune of 641 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Chemazé
Chemazé is a commune of 1019 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Chémeré-le-Roi
Chémeré-le-Roi is a commune of 383 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Chérancé, Mayenne
Chérancé is a commune of 166 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Chevaigné-du-Maine
Chevaigné-du-Maine is a commune of 206 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Colombiers-du-Plessis
Colombiers-du-Plessis is a commune of 514 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Commer, Mayenne
Commer is a commune of 1091 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Congrier
Congrier is a commune of 1036 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Contest, Mayenne
Contest is a commune of 765 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Cosmes
Cosmes is a commune of 273 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Cossé-en-Champagne
Cossé-en-Champagne is a commune of 300 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Cossé-le-Vivien
Cossé-le-Vivien is a commune of 2706 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Coudray, Mayenne
Coudray is a commune of 839 people (2007). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Couesmes-Vaucé
Couesmes-Vaucé is a commune of 383 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Couptrain
Couptrain is a commune of 160 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Courbeveille
Courbeveille is a commune of 488 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Courcité
Courcité is a commune of 992 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Craon, Mayenne
Craon is a commune of 4659 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Crennes-sur-Fraubée
Crennes-sur-Fraubée is a commune of 178 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

La Croixille
La Croixille is a commune of 547 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

La Cropte
’’’La Cropte’’’ is a commune of 239 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Cuillé
’’’Cuillé’’’ is a commune of 849 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Daon
Daon is a commune of 440 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Denazé
Denazé is a commune of 148 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Désertines, Mayenne
Désertines is a commune of 539 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Deux-Évailles
Deux-Évailles is a commune of 152 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

La Dorée
La Dorée is a commune of 396 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Entrammes
Entrammes is a commune of 2 108 people (2007). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Épineux-le-Seguin
Épineux-le-Seguin is a commune of 172 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Ernée
Ernée is a commune of 5 793 people (2006). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Évron
Évron is a commune of 7 575 people (2006). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Fontaine-Couverte
Fontaine-Couverte is a commune of 388 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Forcé
Forcé is a commune of 1017 people (2007). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Fougerolles-du-Plessis
Fougerolles-du-Plessis is a commune of 1566 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Fromentières, Mayenne
Fromentières is a commune of 674 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Gastines
Gastines is a commune of 162 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Le Genest-Saint-Isle
Le Genest-Saint-Isle is a commune of 1907 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Gennes-sur-Glaize
Gennes-sur-Glaize is a commune of 790 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Gesnes
Gesnes is a commune of 174 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Gesvres
Gesvres is a commune of 543 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Gorron
Gorron is a commune of 2894 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Louis Althusser
Louis Pierre Althusser (Pronunciation: altuˡseʁ) (October 16, 1918 – October 22, 1990) was a Marxist philosopher. He was born in Algeria and studied at the École Normale Supérieure in Paris. Eventually, he became Professor of Philosophy there.
Althusser was a lifelong member of the French Communist Party. Sometimes he criticised the party stongly. His arguments and theses were set against the threats that he saw attacking the theoretical foundations of Marxism. These included both the influence of empiricism on Marxist theory, and humanist and reformist socialist orientations which could be seen as divisions in the European Communist Parties, as well as the problem of the 'cult of personality' and of ideology itself.
Althusser is commonly referred to as a Structural Marxist, although his relationship to other schools of French structuralism is not a simple affiliation and he is critical of many aspects of structuralism.

Gareth Owen
Gareth Owen is a football player. He plays for Stockport County.

Gheorghe Hagi
Gheorghe Hagi is a former football player. He has played for and Romania national team.

Gordon Banks
Gordon Banks is a former football player. He has played for England national team.

Carlos Sastre
Carlos Sastre Candil (born 22 April 1975 in Leganés, Madrid) is a Spanish cyclist. He races for Team CSC Saxo Bank and he won the Tour de France in 2008. He is a climbing specialist and has been very consistent, finishing consistently in the top 10 of the Vuelta and the Tour de France.
In 2009, his contract expires with CSC, and will probably have to find another team.

Last of the Summer Wine
"Last of the Summer Wine" is a British sitcom that has run longer than any other comedy show in the world. It airs on the television channel BBC One. Roy Clarke writes the show and Alan J. W. Bell produces and directs it. It started as an episode of the television show "Comedy Playhouse" and originally aired on 4 January 1973. The first series of episodes started airing on 12 November 1973. The show just finished showing its 29th series and a 30th series is in production.
"Last of the Summer Wine" is filmed in and around Holmfirth, West Yorkshire, England. It features three older men who never get old and act like they are children. The three originally were Norman Clegg (Peter Sallis), Cyril Blamire (Michael Bates), and Compo Simmonite (Bill Owen). After two years, Blamire left the show. In his place, Brian Wilde joined as Foggy Dewhurst. The current cast is Russ Abbot as Hobbo Hobdyke, Burt Kwouk as Entwistle, and Brian Murphy as Alvin Smedley.
Some think the show is not as good as it used to be. Many people continue watching it, though, and praise it for portraying older people well and for its family-friendly humour. Members of the British Royal Family enjoy the show. The show has been nominated for some awards and won the National Television Award for Most Popular Comedy Programme in 1999. There have been many holiday specials, two television films, and a documentary film about the series. "Last of the Summer Wine" has inspired other adaptations, including a television prequel, several novelisations, and a stage adaptation.

Free Software Foundation
The Free Software Foundation (FSF) is a non-profit corporation founded by Richard Stallman on 4 October 1985 to support the free software movement, a copyleft-based movement which tries to promote the universal freedom to distribute and modify computer software without restriction. The FSF was started in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, United States of America.
From its founding (when it started) until the 1990s, FSF's funds were mostly used to employ software developers to write free software for the GNU Project. Since the mid-1990s, the FSF's employees and volunteers have mostly worked on legal and structural issues for the free software movement and the free software community.
GPL enforcement.
The FSF holds the copyrights on many important pieces of the GNU system, such as the GCC. As a copyright holder, it has the power to enforce the GNU General Public License (GPL) when copyright infringement occurs on that software. While other copyright holders of other software systems used the GPL as their license, FSF was the only organization to regularly assert its copyright interests on software licensed under the GPL until Harald Welte created gpl-violations.org in 2004.
In late 2001, Bradley M. Kuhn (then Executive Director), with the help of Moglen, David Turner, and Peter T. Brown, turned these efforts into FSF's GPL Compliance Labs. From 2002-2004, high profile GPL enforcement cases, such as those against Linksys and OpenTV, became frequent. GPL enforcement and educational campaigns on GPL compliance was a major focus of the FSF's efforts during this period.
SCO lawsuit.
In March 2003, SCO filed suit against IBM alleging(saying) that
IBM's contributions to some free software, including FSF's GNU,
violated SCO's rights. While FSF was never a party to the lawsuit, FSF
was subpoenaed on November 5, 2003. During 2003 and 2004, FSF put a lot of advocacy effort into
responding to the lawsuit and removing its negative impact on the adoption and promotion of free software.
High priority projects.
The FSF maintains a list of "high priority projects" where the Foundation says that "there is a vital need to draw the free software community's attention". The FSF says these projects are"important because computer users are continually being seduced into using non-free software, because there is no adequate free replacement."

Bedeni River
The Bedeni River is a tributary of the Pârâul Mare in Romania. That means it flows into the Pârâul Mare River.

Pârâul Mare (Niraj)
The Pârâul Mare is a tributary of the Niraj River in Romania. That means it flows into the Niraj River.

ITS 90
The ITS 90 is the international temperature scale, published in the year 1990. It mainly is a set of fixed temperatures and instructions how to realise a practical temperature scale, being as close to the thermodynamical temperature scale as current knowledge allows.
History.
The first international temperature scale was established in 1927. An improved version came in 1948. In 1968 the IPTS 68 was issued. Note the letter P, which stands for practical. In 1975 the very low side of the scale (below 1 Kelvin) was added. Since 1990 the ITS 90 is in use.
How it works.
A list of fixed temperatures is given. This list has been produced by national laboratories from all over the world. It has been approved by the B.I.P.M. (Bureau Internationale des Poids et Mesure) in Paris. Temperatures between the fixed points can be measured, using a platinum resistance thermometer (up to 660 °C). This thermometer, however, has to be calibrated first. This is being done at a number of fixed temperatures, covering the desired range. Procedures and formulae for defining an interpolating thermometer are given as well.
An example.
Say we need a calibrated thermometer in the range from room temperature to 400 °C. A triple point of water is to be realised for 0.01 °C. For 231.928 °C there is the freezing point of tin. At 419.527 °C it is the freezing point of zinc, which serves the goal.
After having measured the electrical resistance of this thermometer at the given temperatures, the data is being fed into a prescribed formula, giving the deviation coefficients for the range from 0 to 420 °C. So, from now on we have a thermometer with which we can perform accurate measurements according to the ITS 90.
This type of calibration is called primary calibration. With the thermometer we just calibrated we can perform a secondary calibration. Then another thermometer is to be calibrated against ours. This derived calibration, of course, is a little less accurate, but can take place at any suitable temperature within the range, since our thermometer interpolates between the fixed temperatures.
--Jay2U (talk) 18:22, 11 September 2008 (UTC)

Hodoş River (Niraj)
The Hodoş River or Hodoşa River is a tributary of the Niraj River in Romania. That means it flows into the Niraj River.

Vadu River
The Vadu River is a tributary of the Hodoş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Hodoş River.

Nude photography
Nude photography is a style of art photography which wants to show the naked human body as a form of art. This is different form erotic photography, which has an erotic component, and totally different from pornography which only focuses on sexual arousal. For many photographers, "nude photography" is a study of the human body, much like some paintings did. Photographing a person to be recognised is called portrait. Nude photography focuses on showing the human body, often the face is not visible.
In general, nude photography is a "planned image", not a snapshot. Nude photography wants to show a stylised depiction of the human body. Photographers sometimes use extremes of light and shadow, oiled skin, and shadows falling across the body to show the texture and structure of the body.
Photographing (part of) a naked body is not necessarily "nude photography".
Early photographers often showed the nudity of women like the one we see here by Félix-Jacques Moulin. Many, like Edward Weston, Ruth Bernhard and Jerry Avenaim, preferred to show the lines of a body as a piece of art. They used the terms "art nude" and "figurenude" form painting to avoid suggestions that their works were erotica or pornography.

Laval, Mayenne
Laval is a commune and the prefecture of the French department of Mayenne. The people that live there are called "Lavallois".
History.
Laval is a medieval city and was first mentionned during the 11th century.

Moşuni River
The Moşuni River is a tributary of the Valea River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea River.

Valea River
The Valea River is a tributary of the Niraj River in Romania. That means it flows into the Niraj River.

Vurpăr River
The Vurpăr River is a tributary of the Hârtibaciu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Hârtibaciu River.

Erotic photography
Erotic photography is a style of photography, between nude photography and pornography. Erotic photography wants to show the more or less naked human body in a sexual context. It can be difficult to make a difference between erotic photography and pornography - in general erotic photography wants to arouse or stimulate the viewer.
This stimulation is generally not done by explicitly showing people having sex. Instead, the models in the photographs will try to create a sexual impression. For example, female models may try to appear alluring. Male models will try to convey sexual arousal, though not through a full erection. In general, erotic photography only suggests, and has a higher artistic value than pornography.

Vulturul River
The Vulturul River is a tributary of the Tisa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Tisa River.

Vulpoiul River
The Vulpoiul River is a tributary of the Bahlui River in eastern Romania. That means it flows into the Bahlui River.

Veţa River
The Veţa River is a tributary of the Tâmpa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Tâmpa River.

Pârâul Rece (Tâmpa)
The Pârâul Rece is a tributary of the Tâmpa in Romania. That means it flows into the Tâmpa River.

Tâmpa River (Niraj)
The Tâmpa River is a tributary of the Niraj River in Romania. That means it flows into the Niraj River.

Maiad River
The Maiad River is a tributary of the Niraj River in Romania. That means it flows into the Niraj River.

Musk Ox
Muskox ("Ovibos moschatus") are large, long-haired, horned mammals that are well-adapted to their cold, Arctic environment. They are found in the far north of Canada, Alaska, Greenland, Norway, Siberia, and some Arctic islands.
Diet.
Musk oxen are herbivores (plant-eaters) that graze on grasses, willow leaves, and some Arctic flowers. They are ruminants; they swallow their food without chewing it. Later, they regurgitate the food (called a cud) and chew it. Musk Oxen, like other ruminants, have a four-part stomach.
Behavior.
Musk oxen travel in herds. The herd protects the young from predators, like wolves. When in danger, a herd will close ranks, with the musk oxen on the perimeter of the group facing outwards.

Vulpea River
The Vulpea River is a tributary of the Vărbilău River in Romania. That means it flows into the Vărbilău River.

Vulpăşeşti River
The Vulpăşeşti River is a tributary of the Siret River in Romania. That means it flows into the Siret River.

Vulcez River
The Vulcez River is a tributary of the Mureş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Mureş River.

Valea cu Nuci River
The Valea cu Nuci River is a tributary of the Terebici River in Romania. That means it flows into the Terebici River.

Terebici River
The Terebici River is a tributary of the Mureş River in Romania. That means if flows into the Mureş River.

Şeulia River
The Şeulia River is a tributary of the Mureş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Mureş River.

Cotton County, Oklahoma
Cotton County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of 2000, the population was 6,614. Its county seat is Walters.

Sărata River (Mureş)
The Sărata River is a tributary of the Mureş River in Romania. That means they flow into the Mureş River.

Craig County, Oklahoma
Craig County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of 2000, the population was 14,950. Its county seat is Vinita.

Creek County, Oklahoma
Creek County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of 2000, the population was 67,367. Its county seat is Sapulpa.

EasyBCD
EasyBCD is a free program developed by the non-profit NeoSmart Technologies used to configure and tweak the new Windows Vista Bootloader. EasyBCD can be used to set up dual-boots between Windows Vista and previous versions of Windows, along with Linux, BSD, and Mac OS X.

Custer County, Oklahoma
Custer County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. It was named in honor of General George Armstrong Custer. As of 2000, the population was 26,142. Its county seat is Arapaho.

Delaware County, Oklahoma
Delaware County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of 2000, the population was 37,077. Its county seat is Jay.

Loire-Atlantique
Loire-Atlantique is a department in France in the region Pays de la Loire. Its capital is Nantes which is also the region's capital. The department gets its name from the river which flows through it ("la Loire)", and because it borders the Atlantic Ocean.
History.
Loire Atlantique is one of the 83 original departments of France created in 1790. It used to be called "Loire-Inférieure" and got its new name in 1957.
The department used to be part of Britanny until 1941 when the Vichy Governement sparated it. Many people still consider it as Britanny's capital and some want to join it back to Britanny again.
Geography.
West of it is the Atlantic Ocean.

Interference
Intereference is something that happens when two or more waves are in the same space. There are two kinds of interference, and these are constructive interference and destructive interference. When the waves have the same wavelength, they will always experience either constructive or destructive interference, but if the waves have different wavelengths, they will experience sometimes constructive interference and sometimes destructive interference.
Constructive Interference.
Constructive Interference happens when two or more waves are in the same space and in phase. When this happens, the waves' amplitudes add together and the total is greater than the amplitude of any of the waves by themselves. This causes the waves to appear more intense.
Destructive Interference.
Destructive Interference happens when two or more waves are in the same place and out of phase. When this happens, the waves' amplitudes add together and the total is less than the amplitude of any of the waves by themselves. This causes the waves to appear less intense.

Aţântiş River
The Aţântiş River or Aţintiş River is a tributary of the Mureş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Mureş River.

Ozd River
The Ozd River is a tributary of the Aţântiş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Aţântiş River

Meadow
A meadow is a field vegetated primarily by grass and other non-woody plants. It may be cut for hay or grazed by livestock such as cattle, sheep or goats.

Dewey County, Oklahoma
Dewey County is a A county located in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of 2000, the population was 4,743. Its county seat is Taloga.

Ellis County, Oklahoma
Ellis County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of 2000, the population was 4,075. Its county seat is Arnett.

Cerghid River
The Cerghid River is a tributary of the Mureş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Mureş River.

Garfield County, Oklahoma
Garfield County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of 2000, the population was 57,813. Its county seat is Enid.

Garvin County, Oklahoma
Garvin County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of 2000, the population was 27,210. Its county seat is Pauls Valley.

Grady County, Oklahoma
Grady County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of 2006, the population was 50,490. Its county seat is Chickasha.

Cotuş River
The Cotuş River is a tributary of the Mureş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Mureş River.

Pocloş River
The Pocloş River () is a tributary of the Mureş River in Romania. That means if flows into the Mureş River.

Iara River (Petrilaca)
The Iara River is a tributary of the Petrilaca River in Romania. That means it flows into the Petrilaca River.

Petrilaca River
The Petrilaca River or Teleac River is a tributary of the Mureş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Mureş River.

Battle of Honey Springs
The Battle of Honey Springs was an American Civil War battle. It was an important victory for Union forces in their efforts to gain control of the Indian Territory. The battle was also unique in the fact that white soldiers were the minority in both forces.

Bureau of Indian Affairs
The Bureu of Indian Affairs was formed in 1824 to deal with Native Americans inside the United States.

As Cruel As School Children
"As Cruel As School Children" is the 3rd studio album by rap group "Gym Class Heroes" released in July of 2006. The album contains some songs from their previous album "The Papercut Chronicles".
Track listing.
All songs written by Gym Class Heroes

Cattle drives in the United States
A cattle drive is the process of moving a herd of cattle from one place to another, usually moved and herded by cowboys on horses.

Oklahoma Senate
The Oklahoma Senate is the upper house of the two houses of the Legislature of Oklahoma, the lower house being the Oklahoma House of Representatives. The total number of Senators is set at 48 by the Oklahoma Constitution.

Oklahoma House of Representatives
The Oklahoma House of Representatives is the lower house and larger body of the two houses of the Oklahoma Legislature, the other being the Oklahoma Senate.

Grant County, Oklahoma
Grant County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of 2000, the population is 5,144. Its county seat is Medford.

Greer County, Oklahoma
Greer County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of 2000, the population is 6,061. Its county seat is Mangum.

Harmon County, Oklahoma
Harmon County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of 2000, the population is 3,283.

Harper County, Oklahoma
Harper County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of 2000, the population is 3,562. Its county seat is Buffalo.

Haskell County, Oklahoma
Haskell County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of 2000, the population is 11,792. Its county seat is Stigler.

Hughes County, Oklahoma
Hughes County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of 2000, the population is 14,154. Its county seat is Holdenville.

Jackson County, Oklahoma
Jackson County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of 2000, the population was 28,439. Its county seat is Altus.

Jefferson County, Oklahoma
Jefferson County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of 2000, the population is 6,818. Its county seat is Waurika.

Johnston County, Oklahoma
Johnston County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of 2000, the population is 10,513. Its county seat is Tishomingo.

Kay County, Oklahoma
Kay County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of 2000, the population was 48,080. Its county seat is Newkirk.

Kingfisher County, Oklahoma
Kingfisher County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of 2000, the population was 13,926. Its county seat is Kingfisher.

Nadăşa River
The Nadăşa River is a tributary of the Beica River in Romania. That means it flows into the Beica River.

Kiowa County, Oklahoma
Kiowa County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of 2000, the population is 10,227. Its county seat is Hobart.

Urisiu River
The Urisiu River is a tributary of the Beica River in Romania. That means it flows into the Beica River.

Latimer County, Oklahoma
Latimer County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of 2000, the population is 10,692. Its county seat is Wilburton.

Beica River (Mureş)
The Beica River is a tributary of the Mureş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Mureş River.

Le Flore County, Oklahoma
Le Flore County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of 2000, the population was 48,109. Its county seat is Poteau.

Lincoln County, Oklahoma
Lincoln County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. The population was 32,080 at the 2000 census. Its county seat is Chandler.

Logan County, Oklahoma
Logan County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. The population was 33,924 at the 2000 census. Its county seat is Guthrie.

Vulcăniţa River (Vulcana)
The Vulcăniţa River is a tributary of the Vulcana River in Romania. That means it flows into the Vulcana River.

Love County, Oklahoma
Love County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of 2000, the population is 8,831. Its county seat is Marietta.

Vulcăniţa River (Homorod)
The Vulcăniţa River is a tributary of the Homorod River in Romania. That means it flows into the Homorod River.

Major County, Oklahoma
Major County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of 2000, the population is 7,545. Its county seat is Fairview.

Flobots
Flobots are an alternative rock/alternative hip hop band from Denver, Colorado. They are famous for their hit single "Handlebars".

Gdebi
Gdebi is a computer program that can install .deb packages. It is available with a graphical interface, but also has a command line option.
Technology.
Gdebi can install local.deb packages with automatic dependency resolution (it automatically downloads and installs the required packages).

Marshall County, Oklahoma
Marshall County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of 2000, the population is 13,184. Its county seat is Madill.

McClain County, Oklahoma
McClain County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. The population was 27,740 at the 2000 census.. Its county seat is Purcell.

McCurtain County, Oklahoma
McCurtain County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of 2000, the population was 34,402. Its county seat is Idabel.

McIntosh County, Oklahoma
McIntosh County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of 2000, the population was 19,456. Its county seat is Eufaula.

Murray County, Oklahoma
Murray County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of 2000, the population is 12,623. Its county seat is Sulphur.

Noble County, Oklahoma
Noble County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of 2000, the population is 11,411. Its county seat is Perry.

Nowata County, Oklahoma
Nowata County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of 2000, the population is 10,569. Its county seat is Nowata.

Okfuskee County, Oklahoma
Okfuskee County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of 2000, the population is 11,814. Its county seat is Okemah.

Oklahoma County, Oklahoma
Oklahoma County is a county located in the central part
of the U.S. state of Oklahoma. The population was 660,448 at the 2000 census. Its county seat is Oklahoma City.

Okmulgee County, Oklahoma
Okmulgee County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of 2000, the population was 39,685. Its county seat is Okmulgee.

Osage County, Oklahoma
Osage County is the largest county in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of 2000, the population was 44,437. Its county seat is Pawhuska.

Ottawa County, Oklahoma
Ottawa County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of 2000, the population was 33,194. Its county seat is Miami.

Pawnee County, Oklahoma
Pawnee County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of 2000, the population is 16,612. Its county seat is Pawnee.

Payne County, Oklahoma
Payne County is a county in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. The population was 68,190 at the 2000 census. Its county seat is Stillwater.

Pittsburg County, Oklahoma
Pittsburg County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of 2000, the population was 43,953. Its county seat is McAlester.

Pontotoc County, Oklahoma
Pontotoc County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of 2000, the population was 35,143. Its county seat is Ada.

Pottawatomie County, Oklahoma
Pottawatomie County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. The population was 65,521 at the 2000 census. Its county seat is Shawnee.

Pushmataha County, Oklahoma
Pushmataha County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of 2000, the population is 11,667. Its county seat is Antlers.

Roger Mills County, Oklahoma
Roger Mills County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of 2000, the population is 3,436. Its county seat is Cheyenne.

Seminole County, Oklahoma
Seminole County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. The population was 24,894 at the 2000 census. Its county seat is Wewoka.

Sequoyah County, Oklahoma
Sequoyah County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of 2000, the population was 38,972. Its county seat is Sallisaw.

Stephens County, Oklahoma
Stephens County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of 2000, the population was 43,182. Its county seat is Duncan.

Texas County, Oklahoma
Texas County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of 2000, the population of Texas County is 20,107. Its county seat is Guymon.

Tillman County, Oklahoma
Tillman County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of 2000, the population is 9,287. The county seat is Frederick.

Washington County, Oklahoma
Washington County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. It is, in area, the third smallest county in Oklahoma. As of 2000, the population was 48,996. Its county seat is Bartlesville.

Washita County, Oklahoma
Washita County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of 2000, the population is 11,508. Its county seat is New Cordell. It was formerly located in Cloud Chief, Oklahoma.

English Premier League 1992-93
Statistics of English Premier League in season 1992/1993.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Manchester United won the championship.

Woods County, Oklahoma
Woods County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of 2000, the population is 9,089. Its county seat is Alva.

Woodward County, Oklahoma
Woodward County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of 2000, the population was 18,486. Its county seat is Woodward.

English Premier League 1993-94
Statistics of English Premier League in season 1993/1994.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Manchester United won the championship.

English Premier League 1994-95
Statistics of English Premier League in season 1994/1995.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Blackburn Rovers won the championship.

English Premier League 1995-96
Statistics of English Premier League in season 1995/1996.
Overview.
It was performed in 20 teams, and Manchester United won the championship.

English Premier League 1996-97
Statistics of English Premier League in season 1996/1997.
Overview.
It was performed in 20 teams, and Manchester United won the championship.

English Premier League 1997-98
Statistics of English Premier League in season 1997/1998.
Overview.
It was performed in 20 teams, and Arsenal won the championship.

English Premier League 1998-99
Statistics of English Premier League in season 1998/1999.
Overview.
It was performed in 20 teams, and Manchester United won the championship.

English Premier League 1999-00
Statistics of English Premier League in season 1999/2000.
Overview.
It was performed in 20 teams, and Manchester United won the championship.

English Premier League 2000-01
Statistics of English Premier League in season 2000/2001.
Overview.
It was performed in 20 teams, and Manchester United won the championship.

English Premier League 2001-02
Statistics of English Premier League in season 2001/2002.
Overview.
It was performed in 20 teams, and Arsenal won the championship.

English Premier League 2002-03
Statistics of English Premier League in season 2002/2003.
Overview.
It was played by 20 teams, and Manchester United won the championship.

The Football League 1994-95
Statistics of The Football League in season 1994/1995.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Middlesbrough won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Birmingham City won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Carlisle United won the championship.

Football League Third Division
Football League Third Division was the old name for the Football League Two.

Johnny Haynes
Johnny Haynes is a former football player. He has played for England national team.

Johan Cruijff
Johan Cruijff (born 25 April, 1947) is a former Dutch football player. He has played for Netherlands national team.

Om Shanti Om
"Om Shanti Om" is a 2007 Bollywood movie directed and choreographed by Farah Khan. It stars Shah Rukh Khan and Deepika Padukone in the lead roles as the protagonists while Shreyas Talpade, Arjun Rampal, and Kirron Kher feature in supporting roles. Arjun Rampal is the antagonist in the movie. More than forty two well-known Bollywood stars from yesteryear and today appear in the course of the movie, including thirty-one of them (not including the stars of the movie) in one song alone.
Plot.
Om Prakash (Shah Rukh Khan) is a junior artist in the 1970s movie industry. He and his friend Pappu (Shreyas Talpade) are trying to succeed in the movie industry. Om's mother, Bela Makhija (Kirron Kher), inspires and encourages her son to become a success. He dreams of becoming a 'hero' one day on the big screen. He is in love with the country's heart throb and movie actress, Shanti (Deepika Padukone), who is very successful and famous. Om goes to the premiere of her upcoming movie "Dreamy Girl" starring Shanti, and sneaks in claiming he is the actor Manoj Kumar. On another occasion, during a shooting of a movie, where Om is acting as a junior artist, he notices Shanti is caught in the middle of a fire scene which goes out of control. Om jumps in and saves her, as no one else does. Shanti is very grateful and they become good friends. Om asks her if she will meet him for one evening and she agrees. Om is ecstatic and plans a wonderful evening for her - using props and a movie set and several backgrounds in a studio to woo her. He tells her that she deserves all the happiness in the world; all she has to do is ask. She tells him that she will and abruptly goes away, leaving Om confused.
The following day, Om tries to talk to Shanti on the sets of a movie but she looks very preoccupied. He follows her into a make up room to talk to her, but ends up listening to her having an argument with top producer Mukesh (Arjun Rampal) about a recent promise of Mukesh's to marry a businessman's daughter in return for funding of a movie. Om is shocked to hear that Shanti is actually secretly married to Mukesh, and both Om and Mukesh are surprised to learn that Shanti is pregnant with Mukesh's child. Mukesh is adamant that his relationship with Shanti be kept a secret, because if the industry finds out she is married, not only will her career be finished, but also his upcoming movie "Om Shanti Om", starring Shanti, that had just been promised to be financed by the businessman mentioned. If it is found out she is married, he is afraid she will become very unpopular and the funding will be cut. Shanti does not care and demands that they get married in public and make their relationship official. Mukesh finally relents and promises her they will make it public soon. Om is heartbroken at this situation and goes back home with a heavy heart. One night, Om notices Mukesh escorting Shanti to the set of "Om Shanti Om". He curiously waits outside, looking from afar but not being able to see inside or hear what was going on. Inside, Mukesh tells Shanti that for her happiness, he is going to cancel the movie, reveal their marriage to the public, and have a grand wedding here in this spectacular set under the chandelier and then destroy the set after they have the marriage ceremony in it. Just as Shanti bursts out with disbelief and happiness, Mukesh shows his true colors. He displays his anger and frustration at Shanti's constant demands to make their relationship public. He holds her responsible for his financial loss, and cancellation of this movie that could have made him a very rich man. Then, Mukesh Mehra pushes Shantipriya and he sets fire to the set of the movie and walks out, leaving Shanti trapped inside. She begs and pleads to him to let him out but he walks away from the burning set. Om has to hurry because Shanti is running out of oxygen. Om witnesses Mukesh drive away and tries to save Shanti, but Mukesh's guards beat him up and try to stop him from reaching her. After they leave, though, Om is able to break into the set, but is unable to reach Shanti because the set explodes. Om, beaten, burned, and half dead, is hit by a car owned by Rajesh Kapoor (Javed Sheikh), a well-known actor who is rushing his pregnant wife (Asawari Joshi) to a hospital. Rajesh takes Om to the hospital as well, but he dies on the operating table. Moments later, Rajesh Kapoor's son is born, and unknowing of who the man he hit with his car was, Kapoor names his son Om. The rest of the movie is accelled 30 years, to the life of Om Kapoor who is the reincarnation of Om Prakash.Om Kapoor is a popular movie star and lives an extravagant life. He suffers from intense pyrophobia, a remnant of his past life as Om Prakash, which is revealed when he is shooting for a song (Dard-e-Disco) in his movie. During a location hunt for Om's next movie, Om and his crew choose the remains of the burnt "Om Shanti Om" set. As soon as he sees the set, Om begins to remember bits of his past life. Not long after, he meets Mukesh, who has been a top Hollywood producer for the past 30 years. Om remembers his past life in full and has emotional reunions with Bela and Pappu. To avenge Shanti's death, Om hatches a plan with Pappu and several others, deciding to remake the movie "Om Shanti Om" with Mukesh (whom he convinces to produce the movie). During the audition for Shanti's role, the crew meets Sandhya (nicknamed Sandy), a big fan of Om's who is a Shantipriya look-alike. Om and the crew train Sandy to play Shanti and then launch their plan: Om plays mind games with Mukesh by taking him to the restored set of "Om Shanti Om" and then having Sandy act like Shanti to make Mukesh think that Shanti has returned as a ghost. However, their plan backfires when Mukesh sees Sandy running away from the set and chases her. While running, Sandy cuts her arm on a lamp, revealing to Mukesh that Shanti has not returned and that Om was deceiving him. Having discovered Om's plan, Mukesh confronts him and they begin to fight. Suddenly, the real ghost Shantipriya appears and tells Om that the night when she died Mukesh came back for her body but she was alive and breathing and he buried her under the chandelier. When Mukesh tries to kill the ghost, whom he still thinks is Sandy, Om takes Mukesh's gun and shoots him in the leg. Mukesh lands right under the chandelier under which he and Shanti were to be married; Om raises his hand to shoot Mukesh once and for all, but Shanti stops him, and then motions upward, where the hanging chandelier is. As he looks up, the chandelier starts falling because the ghost forces the chandelier to fall upon the cursed one, and it crushes Mukesh, killing him. After Mukesh dies,Om looks at the ghost happily and the ghost cries. Om is shocked to see Sandy emerge with Pappu; it is then that he realizes that the "Sandy" that he and Mukesh saw was actually the ghost of Shantipriya. Om snaps his head back to where the ghost was and catches one more glimpse of her tearfully saying a last goodbye before she disappears up the staircase. The movie ends with all the stars of the movie come out of a limo as if they are going to a movie premiere. The last person to come is director Farah Khan. When she comes out, nobody is there and people are cleaning up.

Javier Saviola
Javier Saviola (born 11 December, 1981) is an Argentine football player. He plays for Real Madrid and Argentina national team.

Chemoautotroph
A chemo-autotroph is an organism that puts together its own organic compounds from simple inorganic compounds using ATP.

Wayne's World
"Wayne's World" is a 1992 comedy movie from Paramount Pictures, starring Mike Myers and Dana Carvey. It is based on a segment of the same name from television's "Saturday Night Live".

Kenny Dalglish
Kenny Dalglish is a former football player. He has played for Scotland national team.

Luis Oliveira
Luis Oliveira is a football player. He has played for Belgium national team.

Lachlan River
The Lachlan River is an important river in central New South Wales, Australia.
Course.
The river starts in the central mountains of New South Wales, near Gunning. Other rivers that join the Lachlan River are the Carcoar River, the Belubula River and the Abercrombie River. They join the Lachlan near the town of Cowra.
Wyangala Dam was built near Cowra to control the amount of water in the river. The Lachlan does not gets its water from melting snow like the Murrumbidgee River or the Murray River. It does not have a regular amount of water flowing down it. In 1944 the flow was less 1,000 megalitres (810 acre-feet). Six years later (1950) there was a flow of 10,900,000 megalitres (8.8 million acre feet). In dry years, the Lachlan may have no water flowing in it at all (for example from April 1944 to April 1945). Other rivers like the Murray and Murrumbidgee have never stopped flowing. The Lachlan has flooded every 7 years since 1887 at Forbes.
The Lachlan River flows west and then south, finishes in the Great Cumbung swamp. This swamp is near Oxley between Hay and Balranald. Water from this big (500 km²) swamp finally goes into the Murrumbidgee River. Water from the Lachlan is used for farming.
History.
The Lachlan river is in the area where the aboriginal people called the Wiradjuri lived. The Wiradjuri land has been called "the land of the three rivers, the Wambool (Macquarie), the Kalare (Lachlan) and the Murrumbidjeri (Murrumbidgee). The Murray River was the south side of Wiradjuri land. The change from forest to open grassland was the east side."
The European who found the Lachlan River in 1815 was Acting-Surveyor George William Evans. He named the river after Lachlan Macquarie, the Governor of New South Wales. The Lachlan River was explored by John Oxley in 1817.
In the early days of New South Wales, the south part of the Lachlan was known as "Fish River". With more exploration it was realized that two rivers were the same river and the name Fish River was dropped.
In 1870 the river flooded. The top of the flood water was measured at 15.9 metres at Cowra. Since 1887, the highest flood level at Forbes was in June 1952. The river got to 10.8m (35 feet 3 inches) at the Forbes Iron Bridge. More than 900 families had to move away. Many were saved from roof-tops by boat and helicopter. During the flood in August 1990, 132 houses in Forbes were flooded. The water covered their floors. Floods in 1992 were smaller than 1990, but Lachlan Valley farmers lost about 30 percent of their lucerne crops just before harvest. At least 500 sheep were drowned on farms in the Eugowra/Trundle area. Most of Eugowra's 400 residents were moved for safety. Other big floods were in: 1891, 1916, 1951, 1956, 1961, 1974, 1976, 1993, 1998.
Economy.
More than 100,000 people live in the Lachlan area. 14% of NSW farm goods come from the area which is about 10% of NSW. 24 local governments look after the Lachlan area.
See also.
Major rivers that flow into the Lachlan

Roberto Baggio
Roberto Baggio (born 18 February, 1967) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.

Walter Winterbottom
Walter Winterbottom is a former football player. He has played for Manchester United.

The Football League 2001-02
Statistics of The Football League in season 2001/2002.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Manchester City won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Brighton & Hove Albion won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Plymouth Argyle won the championship.

The Football League 2002-03
Statistics of The Football League in season 2002/2003.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Portsmouth won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Wigan Athletic won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Rushden & Diamonds won the championship.

The Football League 2003-04
Statistics of The Football League in season 2003/2004.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Norwich City won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Plymouth Argyle won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Doncaster Rovers won the championship.

The Football League 2004-05
Statistics of The Football League in season 2004/2005.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Sunderland won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Luton Town won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Yeovil Town won the championship.

The Football League 2005-06
Statistics of The Football League in season 2005/2006.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Reading won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Southend United won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Carlisle United won the championship.

The Football League 2006-07
Statistics of The Football League in season 2006/2007.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Sunderland won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Scunthorpe United won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Walsall won the championship.

The Football League 2007-08
Statistics of The Football League in season 2007/2008.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and West Bromwich Albion won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Swansea City won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Milton Keynes Dons won the championship.

The Football League 2008-09
Statistics of The Football League in season 2008/2009.

Boxing Day
Boxing Day is a public holiday in the United Kingdom, Canada, New Zealand and Australia. It is also a holiday in many other countries in the Commonwealth of Nations. It is based on a long custom of giving gifts to poor people.
It is usually celebrated on 26 December, the day after Christmas Day;. In some countries the public holiday is moved to the next weekday if 26 December is a Saturday or Sunday.
Origins.
Boxing Day is an old custom going back to the Middle Ages. The main feature is the giving of gifts to workers or to poor people. The name has many different histories.

The Football League 1974-75
Statistics of The Football League in season 1974/1975.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Derby County won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Manchester United won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Blackburn Rovers won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Mansfield Town won the championship.

The Football League 1975-76
Statistics of The Football League in season 1975/1976.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Liverpool won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Sunderland won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Hereford United won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Lincoln City won the championship.

Dennis Bergkamp
Dennis Bergkamp (born 10 May, 1969) is a former Dutch football player. He has played for Netherlands national team.

Fabien Barthez
Fabien Barthez is a former football player. He has played for France national team.

Civil Disobedience (Thoreau)
Civil Disobedience ("Resistance to Civil Government") is a text by Henry David Thoreau. It was first published in 1849 and it says that people should not allow a government to ignore their wishes. It is a text to discusses nonviolent action.
On Civil Disobedience.
In 1848, Thoreau gave lectures at the Concord Lyceum, which had the name "The Rights and Duties of the Individual in relation to Government". This was the basis for his text which was first published under the title "Resistance to Civil Government" in 1849. He is often quoted as saying that the true place for a just man is in prison. He writes in Civil Disobedience, "Under a government which imprisons any unjustly, the true place for a just man is also in prison."

Osvaldo Ardiles
Osvaldo Ardiles (born 3 August, 1952) is a former Argentine football player. He has played for Argentina national team.

The Football League 1978-79
Statistics of The Football League in season 1978/1979.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Liverpool won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Crystal Palace won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Shrewsbury Town won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Reading won the championship.

The Football League 1979-80
Statistics of The Football League in season 1979/1980.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Liverpool won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Leicester City won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Grimsby Town won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Huddersfield Town won the championship.

The Football League 1980-81
Statistics of The Football League in season 1980/1981.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Aston Villa won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and West Ham United won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Rotherham United won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Southend United won the championship.

The Football League 1981-82
Statistics of The Football League in season 1981/1982.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Liverpool won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Luton Town won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Burnley won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Sheffield United won the championship.

The Football League 1982-83
Statistics of The Football League in season 1982/1983.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Liverpool won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Queens Park Rangers won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Portsmouth won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Wimbledon won the championship.

The Football League 1983-84
Statistics of The Football League in season 1983/1984.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Liverpool won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Chelsea won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Oxford United won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and York City won the championship.

The Football League 1984-85
Statistics of The Football League in season 1984/1985.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Everton won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Oxford United won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Bradford City won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Chesterfield won the championship.

The Football League 1985-86
Statistics of The Football League in season 1985/1986.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Liverpool won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Norwich City won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Reading won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Swindon Town won the championship.

The Football League 1989-90
Statistics of The Football League in season 1989/1990.
Overview.
It was performed in 20 teams, and Liverpool won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Leeds United won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Bristol Rovers won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Exeter City won the championship.

The Football League 1990-91
Statistics of The Football League in season 1990/1991.
Overview.
It was performed in 20 teams, and Arsenal won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Oldham Athletic won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Cambridge United won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Darlington won the championship.

The Football League 1991-92
Statistics of The Football League in season 1991/1992.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Leeds United won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Ipswich Town won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Brentford won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 23 teams, and Burnley won the championship.
League Standings.
Aldershot withdrew after 36 games, all results expunged.

Lambing Flat
Lambing Flat was the name of a gold field in New South Wales, Australia. People were digging for gold at Lambing Flat in the 1860's. It was part of the Burrangong goldfields which also included Spring Creek, Stoney Creek, Back Creek, Wombat, Blackguard Gully, and Tipperary Gully. Burrangong is now the town of Young, New South Wales. Frank Gardiner, a bushranger, had a butcher shop at Lambing Flat. Ben Hall, who also became a bushranger, sold cattle to Gardiner for his shop.
Lambing Flat Riot.
Lambing Flat is most famous for an anti Chinese riot. This was just one of a number of riots on the Burrangong goldfields between November 1860 and September 1861. Several place names are sometimes used when talking about these events. Lambing Flat, the name which is name used most often, was a grass area where sheep were kept. It was where one of the more violent riots took place.
Dislike of the Chinese.
There were many things that made the European miners dislike the Chinese miners on the gold fields in the 1850's. Most of the trouble was the way Chinese miners looked for gold. The gold was alluvial gold, small pieces of gold mixed in with soil and clay close to the surface. It was found in very old river beds called "leads" which had been buried for thousands of years. Getting the gold did not need much skill, but it was hard work. European miners worked alone or in small groups. They often left one area of ground to dig in another where others had said there was more gold. Many gold miners did not make enough money to buy food and clothing. Only a few miners became rich.
The government began to tax the miners by making them pay for "Miner's Licence". They had to pay to be allowed to dig rather than pay for the gold they had found. The miners did not like this tax. There were several angry and violent protests in Victoria and New South Wales. The most famous was at the Eureka Stockade in Ballarat, Victoria where over 30 miners were killed.
The Chinese usually worked in large groups of 30 - 100 men. They were able to share the small amounts of gold they found. They looked for gold on land that other miners had searched before. The European miners thought that the land was still their land. The Chinese miners lived and worked together. Most of them had been farmers in China. They were used to long hours of hard work. They were used to basic food and houses. It has been said that they "rarely paid for the mining leases". They were happy to find a lot of small pieces of gold, instead of looking for one big piece that would make them rich.
The first public display of anti-Chinese feelings took place in Bendigo in July 1854. Some these displays were attempts to keep the Chinese from working on the goldfields. There were fights between European and Chinese miners at Daylesford and Castlemaine. A group of Chinese on their way to the Victorian goldfields found gold at Ararat. They were forced off the new goldfield by European miners. The same things were also taking place in New South Wales. European miners forced the Chinese off the diggings at Rocky River in New England in 1856. Serious fights took place Adelong in 1857 and Tambaroora in 1858. There was a big riot at the Buckland River goldfield near Beechworth in July 1857.
Burrangong 1860.
There were not many Chinese miners in New South Wales. Victoria had cut the number of Chinese arriving by making them pay a tax of 10 pounds to enter Victoria. The Chinese were now starting to arrive in NSW instead. The government tried to stop the Chinese coming in 1858, but the parliament would not pass the new laws. In 1860 the Chinese and British governments signed the Convention of Peking. This meant that Chinese and British people would have the same rights in each country. Australia was a British colony, so could New South Wales keep out people from China? A new law, the Chinese Immigration Regulation Bill, was being talked about in Parliament when the first gold miners were getting to Burrangong.
Trouble began in 1860 with the starting of the Miners Protective League. The European miners held big meetings, called roll ups, to force the Chinese to leave the goldfields. They would put up signs telling the Chinese to leave. At first the was not a lot of trouble. Most of the Chinese moved to another part of the goldfield, with some going back soon after. This happened a few times over the next 8 months. As long as the Chinese stayed in certain places on the goldfield at Burrangong, the European miners would put up with them.
The Riot.
The most well known riot took place on the night of 30 June, 1861. A group of about 3,000 miners went to Lambing Flat. They were led by a brass band and 2 men carrying the roll up banner. They forced the Chinese to leave Lambing Flat. Tents were set on fire and items belonging to the Chinese were smashed or stolen. They then went to the Back Creek diggings and set fire to more tents. Many of the Chinese were cruelly beaten, but no one was killed. About 1,200 Chinese left the area and set up camp near Roberts' farm at Currowang, 20km away. Two things started the riot. In Sydney the parliament did not pass the anti-Chinese laws. Also an untrue story went around the goldfields. The story said that a new group of 1,500 Chinese were on the road to Burrangong. The police got to Burrangong in the next few days. They arrested 3 of the leaders of the riot. The miners were angry and on the night of July 14, 1000 miners attacked the police camp. The police fired their guns and rode their horses into the miners. One miner was killed and many were hurt.
The police were forced to leave. A group of 280 soldiers, sailors and extra police came from Sydney and stayed on the goldfields for a year. The Chinese came back and lived in a separate part of the diggings. The leaders of the riots were arrested and 2 were sent to gaol. At the end of the year, Burrangong was quiet and the Chinese were still there.

Lentil
The lentil or daal or pulse ("Lens culinaris") is a bushy annual plant of the legume family. It is a kind of vegetable, grown for its lens-shaped seeds. It is about 15 inches tall and the seeds grow in pods, usually with two seeds in each.
Background.
The plant originated in the Near East. Humans have started eating lentils before they invented ceramics, in the Neolithic.The lentil was one of the first crops domesticated in the Near East. With 26% protein, lentils have the highest level of protein in any plant after soybeans and hemp. Because of this fact, lentils are a very important part of the diet in many parts of the world, especially in India, which has a large vegetarian population.
Different kinds of lentils exist. They come in colors that range from yellow to red-orange to green, brown and black. Red, white and yellow lentils are decorticated, i.e., they have their skins removed. One variety of yellow "lentils," Chana, is in fact made from the kernels of chickpeas. There are large and small varieties of many lentils (e.g., Masoor Lentils). Lentils are sold in many forms, with or without the skins, whole or split. The urad bean, a species of the genus "Vigna", is also referred to as "black lentil". Split Pigeon peas (either green or yellow) are sometimes erroneously sold as lentils. They are considered pulses, which includes peas and beans.
Preparation.
The seeds only need very little cooking. This time is especially short for kinds of lentils with their husk removed, such as the common red lentil). Lentils have a distinctive earthy flavor. They can be used to prepare an inexpensive and nutritious soup all over Europe and North and South America. Sometimes they are combined with some form of chicken or pork. They are frequently combined with rice, which has a similar cooking time. In the Middle East such a dish of lentils and rice is called "mujaddara" or "mejadra". Rice and lentils are also cooked together in khichdi, a popular Indian dish. Lentils are used throughout India, the Mediterranean regions and the Middle East. In rare cases the lentils are mixed with dairy cheese.
Many people in India are vegetarian and lentils have long been part of the indigenous diet as a common source of protein. Usually, lentils are boiled to a stew-like consistency with vegetables and then seasoned with a mixture of spices to make many side dishes such as sambar, rasam and dal, which are usually served over rice and roti.
When lentils are prepared, they are first inspected for damaged lentils, stones and other foreign matter. Then they are rinsed until the water runs through and comes out clear. Some prefer to soak the lentils for an longer time and discard the water. This removes substances that may cause indigestion. The lentils are then boiled in water or broth. They may be cooked on the stovetop, or in a slow cooker. Pressure cookers are not recommended, since the small lentils may clog the pressure relief valve, and their quick cooking time means there is little benefit from pressure cooking. Cooked lentils often require thinning: adding more hot water or broth to the cooked legumes until the desired final consistency is reached.
Nutritional value and health benefits.
Apart from a high level of proteins, lentils also contain dietary fiber, vitamin B1, and minerals. Red (or pink) lentils contain a lower concentration of fiber than green lentils (11% rather than 31%). "Health" magazine has selected lentils as one of the five healthiest foods. Lentils are often mixed with grains, such as rice, which results in a complete protein dish.
Iron content.
In addition to providing slow-burning complex carbohydrates, lentils are one of the best vegetable sources of iron. This makes them an important part of a vegetarian diet, and useful for preventing iron deficiency. Iron is particularly important for adolescents, and menstruating or pregnant women, whose requirements for it are increased.
Production.
Lentils are relatively tolerant to drought and are grown throughout the world. About half of the worldwide production of lentils is from India, most of which is consumed in the domestic market. Canada is the largest export producer of lentils in the world and Saskatchewan is the most important producing region in Canada. The Palouse Region of Eastern Washington and the Idaho Panhandle, with its commercial center at Moscow, Idaho, constitutes the most important producing region in the United States. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) estimates that world production of lentils totalled 3.2 million metric tons (MT) in 2003. Canada produced 520,000 MT and, according to the market analysis company STAT Communications, will likely export 400,000 MT during the 2003-04 marketing year, which runs from August to July. The FAO estimates world trade in lentils totalled 1.2 million MT in 2002, with Canada exporting 382,000 MT during the calendar year.
Lentils in Culture.
Lentils are mentioned many times in the Old Testament. In Jewish tradition they are considered as food for mourners, together with boiled eggs. The reason is that their round shape symbolizes the life cycle from birth to death.

Outdoors
Outdoors is a word that means that something is not in a building. It is the opposite of indoors. Sometimes people talk about the "great outdoors." They are talking about nature. People do many things outdoors, like playing sports and eating. People enjoy the fresh air they get when they go outdoors.

La Gravelle
La Gravelle is a commune of 548 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Grazay
Grazay is a commune of 494 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Grez-en-Bouère
Grez-en-Bouère is a commune of 981 people (2004). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Philadelphia Soul
The Philadelphia Soul is a American football team in the Arena Football League. The team plays in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. They are not to be confused with the Philadelphia Eagles. They are owned by Jon Bon Jovi and Ron Jaworski, a former player for the Philadelphia Eagles. They won the Arena Bowl in 2008.

La Haie-Traversaine
La Haie-Traversaine is a commune of 420 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Le Ham, Mayenne
Le Ham is a commune of 422 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Hambers
Hambers is a commune of 548 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Hardanges
Hardanges is a commune of 245 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Hercé
Hercé is a commune of 335 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Lehigh Valley Ironpigs
The Lehigh Valley Ironpigs is a minor league baseball affiliate of the Philadelphia Phillies. They play in Allentown, Pennsylvania.

Le Horps
Le Horps is a commune of 734 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France. The actual mayor is Gérard Dujarrier

Gérard Dujarrier
Gerard Dujarrier is the mayor in a French commune in the Pays de la Loire Region and Mayenne department called Le Horps. He is right wing and will be mayor until 2014.

Houssay, Mayenne
Houssay is a commune of 363 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Counter Terrorist Unit
The Counter Terrorist Unit is a fictional counter terrorism unit on the TV show 24 (TV series). It is commonly referred to as 'CTU'.

Le Housseau-Brétignolles
Le Housseau-Brétignolles is a commune of 212 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

L'Huisserie
L'Huisserie is a commune of 4 499 people (2007). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Izé
Izé is a commune of 477 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Javron-les-Chapelles
Javron-les-Chapelles is a commune of 1512 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Jack Bauer
Jack Bauer is the main character in the television series "24". He works at the Counter Terrorist Unit as a field agent.

Juvigné
Juvigné is a commune of 1 340 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Laigné
Laigné is a commune of 674 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Christine Schürrer
Christine Schürrer, (born 30 June 1976 in Hannover) is a German criminal. On March 17, 2008, she murdered two Swedish children and seriously injured their mother after attacking them in their Arboga, Sweden home. The reason for the murderes have been identified as jealousy as Christine had dated the childrens father on a holiday in 2006.
On August 26, 2008, Christine was found guilty of the murders and the assualt on the mother. She is currently under psychiatric evaluation to see if she is can be sentenced to jail or get psychiatric threatment.

Anders Eklund
Anders Eklund, 42, is a Swedish serial killer and rapist who was found guilty of two murders of women in 2000 and the Engla murder in 2008. Eklund is also a suspect in other murder cases which are being investigated, he is a suspect in the unsolved murder of Malin Olsson in Gothenburg, 1994. Anders is currently awaiting sentencing for the two murders.

Kampen (Overijssel)
Kampen is a municipality and a city in the eastern Netherlands. It is the home of football team DOS Kampen.
The city of Kampen.
The city of Kampen is on the side of the river IJssel. On the other side of the IJssel, lies IJsselmuiden, which is the second largest town in the municipality of Kampen.
Kampen received city rights in 1236. It joined the Hanseatic League around 1440 and used to be an important port. The population of the city as of 2007 was 49,345.
Kampen has one of the old town centres in best condition of the Netherlands.

Landivy
Landivy is a commune of 1 286 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Larchamp, Mayenne
Larchamp is a commune of 1017 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Spiro Mounds
Spiro Mounds is an archaeological site run by the Oklahoma Historical Society and open to the public. It is located in Eastern Oklahoma, near the modern town of Spiro. It is one of the most important pre-Columbian sites in the United States.

Lassay-les-Châteaux
Lassay-les-Châteaux is a commune of 2532 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France. There is also a XVth century castle that you can visit.

Laubrières
Laubrières is a commune of 248 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Launay-Villiers
Launay-Villiers is a commune of 350 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Lesbois
Lesbois is a commune of 203 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Levaré
Levaré is a commune of 358 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Lignières-Orgères
Lignières-Orgères is a commune of 735 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Livet
Livet is a commune of 111 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Livré
Livré is a commune of 787 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Loigné-sur-Mayenne
Loigné-sur-Mayenne is a commune of 704 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Loiron
Loiron is a commune of 1273 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Longuefuye
Longuefuye is a commune of 274 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Văleni River (Mureş)
The Văleni River is a tributary of the Mureş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Mureş River.

Vulcăniţa River (Şercaia)
The Vulcăniţa River is a tributary of the Holbav River in Romania. That means it flows into the Holbav River

Vulcănescu River
The Vulcănescu River is a tributary of the Bistriţa Aurie River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bistriţa Aurie River.

Vulcanu River
The Vulcanu River is a tributary of the Moldoviţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Moldoviţa River.

Vulcana River
The Vulcana River is a tributary of the Ialomiţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Ialomiţa River.

Şăuşa River
The Şăuşa River is a tributary of the Mureş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Mureş River

Oroiu River
The Oroiu River is a tributary of the Mureş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Mureş.

Lechinţa River (Mureş)
The Lechinţa River or Comlod River is a tributary of the Mureş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Mureş River.

Milăşelu River
The Milăşelu River is a tributary of the Lechinţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lechinţa River.

Drăculea River (Milăşelu)
The Drăculea River is a tributary of the Milăşelu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Milăşelu River.

Ghemeş River
The Ghemeş River is a tributary of the Lechinţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lechinţa River.

Şopteriu River
The Şopteriu River or Valea Mare River is a tributary of the Lechinţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lechinţa River.

Ulieş River
The Ulieş River is a tributary of the Lechinţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lechinţa River.

Urmeniş River (Lechinţa)
The Urmeniş River is a tributary of the Lechinţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lechinţa River.

1968-69 NHL season
The 1968–69 NHL season was the 52nd season of the National Hockey League. Twelve teams each played 76 games (two more than in 1967–68). For the second time in a row, the Montreal Canadiens faced the St. Louis Blues in the Stanley Cup finals. Montreal won for their second Stanley Cup in a row as they swept the Blues in four, which was the exact same result of the previous season.
Final standings.
"Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, PIM = Penalties in minutes"
"Note: Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold"
Scoring leaders.
"Note: GP = Games played, G = Goals, A = Assists, PTS = Points, PIM = Penalties in minutes"

Loire River
The Loire River is the longest river in France. It is 1,013 km long. It originates in the Massif Central, and its mouth is near Nantes by the Atlantic. The Loire gives its name to 6 french departments. For years, the Loire was very important for France's commerce. But when the railway developped in the 19th centnury, it put an end to its importance.

Gulliver's Travels
"Gulliver's Travels" is a 1726 book by Jonathan Swift. This book is fiction, meaning it is an untrue story, about Lemuel Gulliver and his journeys to four countries.
The four countries are Lilliput, a land of little people, Brobdingnag, a land of big people, Laputa, a land of intelligent but useless people, and Houyhnhnm, a land of horses.
The story is funny and many children like it. However, Swift wrote it for adults because he wanted to show his readers that some people and governments were wrong. He wrote this story so these people would change.

Chilbucuţ River
The Chilbucuţ River is a tributary of the Lechinţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lechinţa River.

Massif Central
The Massif Central is a range of mountains in the south of France. Many extinct Volcanoes can be found there, the largest concentration in the world with 450 volcanoes. It is separated from the Alps by the valley of the Rhone.
These departments are usually considered as part of the Massif Central: Allier, Ardèche, Aveyron, Cantal, Corrèze, Creuse, Haute-Loire, Haute-Vienne, Loire, Lot, Lozère, and Puy-de-Dôme.
Geography.
The Massif Central is a very important mountain range in France. It is the fourth highest, the Alps, the Pyrénées, and Corsica are higher; Jura, Vosges, Morvan and Ardennes are lower.

Fântâniţa River (Chilbucuţ)
The Fânâniţa River is a tributary of the Chilbucuţ River in Romania. That means it flows into the Chilbucuţ River.

Icland River
The Icland River is a tributary of the Lechinţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lechinţa River.

Şincai River
The Şincai River is a tributary of the Lechinţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lechinţa River.

Pârâul de Câmpie
The Pârâul de Câmpie River - also known as Luduş River or Zau de Câmpie River is a tributary of the Mureş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Mureş River.

Furius ISO Mount
Furius ISO Mount is a program to mount and burn iso files.

Tiktaalik
Tiktaalik () is a genus of extinct sarcopterygian (lobe-finned) fish from the late Devonian period, with many features akin to those of tetrapods (four-legged animals).

Game (food)
Game is any animal hunted for food or not normally domesticated (such as venison). Game animals are also hunted for sport.

Wildflower
A wildflower (or wild flower) is a flower that grows wild, meaning it was not seeded or planted by humans.

Matca River (Pârâul de Câmpie)
The Matca River is a tributary of the Pârâul de Câmpie in Romania. That means it flows into the Pârâul de Câmpie.

Ciciana Mare River
The Ciciana Mare River is a tributary of the Pârâul de Câmpie in Romania. That means it flows into the Pârâul de Câmpie.

Polarity
Chemical polarity is a feature of chemical bonds, where two different atoms in the same molecule have different electronegativity. As a result, the electrons in the bond are not shared equally by the two atoms. This causes an asymmetrical (polar) electric field. Molecular covalent bonds can be described as polar or nonpolar. Entire molecules can also be described as polar.

Şesu River
The Şesu River is a tributary of the Pârâul de Câmpie in Romania. That means it flows into the Pârâul de Câmpie.

Bologa River
The Bologa River is a tributary of the Şesu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Şesu River.

Johnny Shines
Johnny Shines (April 26 1915 – April 20 1992) was an American blues singer and guitarist.
Life.
He was called John Ned Shines when he was born, in Frayser, Tennessee. He spent most of his childhood in Memphis playing slide guitar for money on the streets. He listened to and was inspired by Blind Lemon Jefferson and Howlin’ Wolf, but he was taught to play the guitar by his mother. Shines moved to Hughes, Arkansas in 1932 and worked on farms for three years. "First time I came to Helena was 1932, I think it was. That's the time I met Robert the first time." When he met Robert Johnson, his greatest influence, that gave him inspiration to return to music. In 1935, Shines began playing with Johnson around the south and heading as far north as Ontario where they appeared on a local radio program. The two split up in 1937, one year before Johnson died. "He (Johnson) was alright to travel with, he was a good companion to travel with, 'cos he talked a lot and I didn't."
Shines played more in the U.S. South until 1941 when he decided to go back to Canada and then to Africa. He never made it past Chicago. In Chicago, Shines found work in the construction trade and continued to play in bars.
He made his first recording in 1946 for Columbia Records, but the music was never released. He later recorded for Chess was still the music was never released. He kept playing with blues musicians in the Chicago area for several more years. In 1952, Shines recorded for J.O.B. Records record label. The recordings were a failure and Shines sold his guitar and went back to construction.
In 1966, Vanguard Records found Shines taking photographs in a Chicago blues club and had him record tracks for the third installment of "Chicago/The Blues/Today!" The album has since then become a blues classic.
Shines played with the Chicago All Stars and Lee Jackson, Big Walter Horton and Willie Dixon. In the late 1960s and 1970s, Shines played with Robert Johnson's stepson, Robert Lockwood, Jr.. In 1980, Shines stopped played after he suffered a stroke. He managed to release one last album, "Back To The Country".
In 1989, Shines met a young, blues player called Kent Duchaine, and the two of them played together for the next several years until Shines died.
Shines died on 20 April 1992, in Tuscaloosa, Alabama. He was put into the Blues Hall of Fame later the same year.

Oklahoma State University
Oklahoma State University is a public university located in Stillwater, Oklahoma.

Mexico, Illinois
Mexico (formerly, Oklahoma, New Mexico, and Cabbegeville) is an unincorporated community, in Cook County, Illinois. It lies at an elevation of 597 feet (182 m).

Oregon Trail
Pioneers traveled across the Oregon Trail, one of the main overland migration routes on the North American continent, in wagons in order to settle new parts of the United States of America during the 19th century.

Emancipation Proclamation
The Emancipation Proclamation by Abraham Lincoln was celebrated as the proclamation that freed the slaves, but it did not. He actually did not free the slaves of the Union (states under the federal government of the US), but only those who rebelled against the federal government.
Abraham Lincoln.
In January 1863, U.S. President Abraham Lincoln made the statement to free all slaves which live in an area which rebells against the federal government. This Emancipation Proclamation did not free many people.
The Emancipation Proclamation.
The proclamation did not hold for slaves in Border States fighting on the Union side (some were for the South, but Unionist state governments were left in power); and it did not hold for slaves in southern areas already under Union control.
“[…] all persons held as slaves within any State or designated part of a State, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free; and the Executive Government of the United States, including the military and naval authority thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of such persons, and will do not act to repress such persons […]”
“Arkansas, Texas, Louisiana [except some named parishes], Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Virginia, (except the forty-eight counties designated as West Virginia [and some other counties in VA])”
Although the Emancipation Proclamation did not end slavery in America, this was achieved by the passage of the 13th Amendment to the Constitution in 1865.

Brooklyn Bridge
The Brooklyn Bridge, one of the oldest suspension bridges in the United States, stretches 5,989 feet (1825 m) over the East River connecting the New York City boroughs of Manhattan and Brooklyn.

Shelf life
Food cannot be kept forever. After a certain time it will go bad. After this time it is no longer safe to eat it. This is known as shelf life. It also applies to drugs, drinks and other things that can go bad.
In some regions, a "best before", "use by" or "freshness date" is required on packaged perishable foods.
Shelf life is the recommendation of time that products can be stored. During this time, the quality of the product does not change, if it is kept under normal conditions. Frozen food that is not stored in the fridge or freezer will go bad earlier, for example. Most of these labels do not guarantee the safety of food. They should therefore be used more as a guide.
Shelf life.
Shelf life is different from "expiration date". Shelf life is linked to food quality, expiration date to food safety. A product that has passed its shelf life might still be safe, but quality is no longer guaranteed. In most food stores, shelf life is maximised by using stock rotation, which involves moving products with the earliest sell by date to the front of the shelf, meaning that most shoppers will pick them up first and so getting them out of the store. This is important, as stores can be fined for selling out of date products, and most if not all will have to mark such products down as wasted, leading to a loss of profit.
Shelf life is influenced by many factors: exposure to light and heat, transmission of gases (including humidity), mechanical stresses, and contamination by things such as micro-organisms.
Mathematically, product quality is often modelled using only one parameter, for example the concetration of a chemical substance, a microbiological index, or a physical parameter. Sometimes, the parameter picked is irrelevant.
The shelf life is an important factor to health. Bacteria are everywhere, and foods left unused too long will often get large amounts of bacterial colonies. It may be dangerous to eat them and lead to food poisoning. The shelf life itself is not an accurate indicator to tell how safe it is to eat a certain item of food. For example, pasteurized milk can remain fresh for five days after its sell-by date if it is refrigerated properly. In contrast, if milk already has harmful bacteria, the use-by dates become irrelevant.
For drugs the situation is different. If drugs are used within the expiration date, the manufacturer guarantees that they work as expected. After that date, they may still work, but only to a lesser extent. A rare exception is a case of renal tubular damage purportedly caused by expired tetracycline. A study done by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration covered over 100 drugs, prescription and over-the-counter. The results showed that about 90% of them were safe and effective as far as 15 years past their expiration date. Joel Davis, a former FDA expiration-date compliance chief, said that with a handful of exceptions - notably nitroglycerin, insulin and some liquid antibiotics - most expired drugs are probably effective.
Preservatives and antioxidants may be incorporated into some food and drug products to extend their shelf life. Some companies use induction sealing and vacuum pouches to assist in the extension of the shelf life of their products.
Some degradation factors can be controlled by provisions in the ed packaging. For example, the amber bottle used for many beers blocks damaging wavelengths of light. Transparent beer bottles do not. Packaging with barrier materials (eg, (low moisture vapor transmission rate, etc) extends the shelf life of some foods and pharmaceuticals.
Temperature control.
Nearly all chemical reactions will occur (at various rates depending on the individual nature of the reaction) at common temperatures. Examples are the breakdown of many chemical explosives into more unstable compounds. Nitroglycerine is notorious. Old explosives are thus more dangerous (i.e., liable to be triggered to explode by very small disturbances, even trivial jiggling) than more recently manufactured explosives. Rubber products also degrade as sulphur bonds induced during vulcanization revert; this is why old rubber bands and other rubber products soften and get sticky as they age.
These breakdown processes characteristically happen more quickly at higher temperatures. The usually quoted rule of thumb is that chemical reactions double their rate for each temperature increase of 10 Celsius degrees (C°) because of activation energy barriers become more easily surmounted at higher temperatures. However, as with all rules of thumb, there are many caveats and assumptions. This particular one is most applicable to reactions with activation energy values around 50 kJ/mole; many of these are important at the usual temperatures we encounter. It is often applied in shelf life estimation, sometimes wrongly. There is a widespread impression. for instance in industry, that "triple time" can be simulated in practice by increasing the temperature by 15 C°, e.g. storing a product for one month at 35 °C simulates three months at 20 °C. There is enough variation that this practical rule cannot be routinely relied upon.
The same is true, to a point, of the chemical reactions of life. They are usually enzymatically catalyzed which changes reaction rates, but with constant catalytic action, the rule of thumb is still mostly applicable. In the particular case of bacteria and fungi, the reactions needed to feed and reproduce increase at higher temperatures, up to the point that the proteins and other compounds in their cells themselves begin to breakdown, or denature, so quickly that they cannot be replaced. This is the reason high temperatures kill bacteria and other micro organisms; 'tissue' breakdown reactions reach such rates that they cannot be compensated for and the cell dies. On the other hand, 'elevated' temperatures short of these result in increased growth and reproduction; if the organism is harmful, perhaps to dangerous levels.
Just as temperature increase speeds up reactions, temperature decreases reduce them. Therefore, to make explosives stable for longer periods, or to keep rubber bands springy, or to force bacteria to slow down their growth, they can be cooled. This is the reason shelf life is generally extended by temperature control: (refrigeration, insulated shipping containers, controlled cold chain, etc) and the reason some medicines and foods "must" be refrigerated.
Best before.
"Best before" is sometimes indicated on food and drink wrappers, followed by a date, and is intended to indicate the date before which the supplier intended the food should be consumed. The term "best before" is similarly used to indicate the date by which the item will have outlived its shelf life, and is intended to ensure that customers will not unwittingly purchase or eat stale food. Sometimes the packaging process involves using pre-printed labels, making it impractical to write the "best before" date in a clearly visible location. In this case, a term like "best before see bottom" or "best before see lid" might be printed on the label and the date marked in a different location as indicated.
"Best Before" is usually advisory and refers to the quality of the product, in contrast with "Use By" which indicates that the product is no longer safe to consume after the specified date.
Use by.
Generally, foods that have a "use by" date written on the packaging must not be eaten after it has expired. This is because such foods usually go bad quickly and may be injurious to health if spoiled. It is also important to follow storage instructions carefully for these foods (for example, product must be refrigerated).
Foods that have a "best before" date are usually safe to eat after the date has passed, although they are likely to have deteriorated either in flavour, texture, appearance or nutrition.
Bathroom products/toiletries usually state a time in months by which, once the product is opened, they should be used. This is often indicated by a graphic of an open tub, with the number of months written inside (e.g., "12M" means use the product within 12 months of opening).
Open dating.
"Open Dating" is the use of a date or code stamped on the package of a food product to help determine how long to display the product for sale. It is also beneficial to the customer and ensures that the product is at its best quality when bought. An Open Date does not supersede a Use by date, which should still be followed.
Sell by / Display until.
These dates are intended to help keep track of the stock in stores. Food that has passed its "sell by" or "display until" date, but is still within its use by / best before will still be edible, assuming it has been stored correctly. It is common practice in large stores to throw away such food, as it makes the stock control process easier. It also reduces the risk of customers buying food without looking at the date, only to find out the next day that they cannot use it. Tampering with the posted date is illegal in many countries.
Most stores will rotate stock by moving the products with the earliest dates to the front of shelving units, which allows them to be sold first and saving them from having to be either marked down or thrown away, both of which contribute to a loss of profit.
Mark-downs.
It is also common for food approaching the use by date to be marked down for quick sale, with greater reductions the closer to the use by date it gets.
Software Shelf Life.
In a metaphorical sense, much software also has a shelf life. Most software products are released to market with defects, xecurity vulnerabilities, and design flaws. Over time, some of these are discovered and patches issued by the vendor (and possibly others, as in the open source environment) which fix bugs and add functionality. The result is that, after some time, the software application is rather different than it was at first release, even with the same version level. Since correct inclusion of patches at end user sites is spotty, the actual population of that software application in the field is quite varied; some will have patches 1 and 2, others 1, 2, and 3, some others none, in all possible variations. This increases support difficulty. There have been a few attempts to address this. One commercial attempt is from Preemptive.
US Government Guidelines.
The Food & Drug Administration, which regulates packaged foods and drugs, only requires a use-by, or expiration, date on infant formula and some baby foods. That's because formula must contain a certain quantity of each nutrient that is described on the label. And if formula is stored too long, it loses its nutritional quality, and also separates or form lumps that will clog the bottle nipple. Except for infant formula and some baby foods, product dating is not required by federal regulations.
The Agriculture Dept., which regulates fresh produce and meats, only requires labeling of the date when poultry is packed at the farm. However, many manufacturers are allowed to also add sell-by or use-by dates.
Beer freshness date.
A "freshness date" is the date used in the American brewing industry to indicate either the date the beer was bottled or the date before which the beer should be consumed.
Beer is perishable. It can be affected by light, air, or the action of bacteria. Although beer is not legally mandated in the USA to have a shelf life, freshness dates serve much the same purpose and are a marketing tool.
Beginnings of freshness dating.
The Boston Beer Company, maker of Samuel Adams, was among the first to start adding freshness dates to their product line in 1985. For ten years there was a slow growth in brewers adding freshness dates to their beer. The practice rapidly grew in popularity after the Anheuser-Busch company's heavily marketed "Born-On dates" starting in 1996. Many other brewers have started adding freshness dates to their products, but there is no standard for what the date means. For some companies, the date on the bottle or can will be the date that the beer was bottled; others have the date by which the beer should be consumed.

Red card
A Red card in sport is a punishment to a player. It is usually given to a player who has broken the rules of the game.
In football (soccer).
In football rules, a red card means that the player is sent off the field, and is not allowed to play in the rest of the match. A player with a red card is automatically banned from his teams next game.

WWE Women's Championship
The World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) Women's Championship is an official championship in World Wrestling Entertainment competed for by divas. The title is exclusive to the Raw brand.
History.
The WWE Women's Championship has descended from the National Wrestling Alliance World Women's Championship. The Title became inactive in 1990 when Rockin' Robin Vacated the Title after departing from the WWF. In 1993 Alundra Blayze won the Title after Winning a Tournament. However the Title became Inactive after Alundra Blayze dropped the Title into a Garbage Can live on WCW Monday Nitro this incident forced her to give up the title.
The WWE Women's Championship was then reactivated in September 1998 when Jacqueline Moore won a match against Sable.
Current champion.
The current champion is Beth Phoenix who is in her second reign, along with Santino Marella, defeated Mickie James and WWE Intercontinental Champion Kofi Kingston intergender in an tag team match to win both titles at SummerSlam in Indianapolis, Indiana on August 17, 2008

KWord
KWord is a free word processor, a part of the KOffice project and of the K Desktop Environment.
The text-layout scheme in KWord is based on frames, making it look like Adobe FrameMaker. These can be placed anywhere on the page, and can include text, graphics and embedded objects. Each new page is a new frame, but the text is able to flow through KWord’s ability to link frames together. The use of frames means that complex graphical layouts can be achieved easily in KWord.
History.
KWord was created as part of the KOffice project in 1998 using some ideas from FrameMaker such as the frames approach. The first author said that the application and its code were not the best since it was his first object-oriented application.
In 2000 the KWord application was created in a way that made it very hard to fix problems and nobody was working on the problems anymore. There had not been any official release of the application in all this time. In the same year a new maintainer started working on the application and over the duration of 2000 and the beginning of 2001 they worked to fix any problems in the code of the application.

1964-65 NHL season
The 1964–65 NHL season was the 48th season of the National Hockey League. Six teams each played 70 games. Jean Beliveau was the winner of the newly introduced Conn Smythe Trophy as the most valuable player during the playoffs. The Montreal Canadiens won their first Stanley Cup since 1960 as they were victorious over the Chicago Black Hawks in a seven game final series.
Final standings.
"Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, PIM = Penalties in minutes"
Scoring leaders.
"Note: GP = Games played, G = Goals, A = Assists, PTS = Points, PIM = Penalties in minutes"
Stanley Cup playoffs.
For the third straight playoffs, it was Montreal vs. Toronto and Detroit vs. Chicago in the first round. The Canadiens came beat the Leafs in six games, while the Hawks beat the Wings in seven.

Nation of Islam
The Nation of Islam is a religious group. It was founded in Detroit, Michigan in 1930 by Wallace Fard Muhammad. The main goal of the Nation of Islam is to bring back the spiritual, mental, social and economic of blacks in the United States. Since 1978, the group has been lead by Louis Farrakhan.
The current headquarters for the Nation of Islam is in Chicago, Illinois.
Main Belief.
The main belief of The Nation of Islam is that there is no God but Allah. They say that "Allah" “came in the person of W. D. Fard", who founded the Nation of Islam. Their type of Islam is different to Sunni Muslims and Shia Muslims. Their teachings under Islamic standards do not allow to make any person divine, or to treat God as human.
The Flag.
The Flag of Islam has the symbols of the Sun, Moon, and the stars. It represent the Universe. It is also a Banner of Universal Peace and Harmony.

World Tag Team Championship (WWE)
The World Tag Team Championship is a professional wrestling tag team championship in World Wrestling Entertainment. It is the original world tag team title of WWE. Currently, it is exclusive to the Raw brand.
History.
The championship was first introduced into the then "World Wide Wrestling Federation (WWWF)" in 1971. Following its introduction into the WWF Luke Graham and Tarzan Tyler became the first "WWWF Tag Team Champions" on June 3. In 1979 the title became known as the "World Wrestling Federation (WWF) Tag Team Championship" when the promotion renamed itself World Wrestling Federation
In 2001 at the Survivor Series Pay-per-view during the Invasion Storyline The Hardy Boyz, Matt Hardy and Jeff Hardy who were the current "World Tag Team Champions" and were competing for the "World Wrestling Federation" took on The Dudley Boys, Bubba Ray Dudley and D-Von Dudley who were the current WCW World Tag Team Champions and were competing for "The Alliance" in a title unification match inside a Steel Cage, The Dudley Boys defeated The Hardy Boyz and were named the last WCW Tag Team Champions while also becoming the "WWF Tag Team Champions"
After the WWE name change in 2002, the championship was referred to as the "World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) Tag Team Championship". After a period where the championship was to be freely defended on either WWE Monday Night Raw or WWE Thursday Night Smackdown the championship became exclusive to the Raw Brand. The current General Manager at this time Stephanie McMahon created new WWE Tag Team Titles which were to be exclusive to the Smackdown Brand.
Current Champions.
The current champions are John Morrison and The Miz, who are in their first reign as a team. They defeated CM Punk and Kofi Kingston at a House show on December 13, 2008.

WrestleMania III
WrestleMania III was the third yearly WrestleMania professional wrestling pay-per-view event made by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF). The event was held on March 29, 1987 at the Pontiac Silverdome in Pontiac, Michigan.
The event is notable for the reported gathering 93,173 people, the largest recorded attendance for a live indoor sporting event in North America and the largest paying crowd in the history of professional wrestling. Though the attendance number is subject to dispute, the event is considered to be the peak of the 1980s wrestling boom. Almost one million people watched the event at 160 locations that had special television of the event, in North America. The number of people watching on pay-per-view was guessed at several million, and pay-per-view revenues were estimated at $10 million.

Răzoare River
The Răzoare River is a tributary of the Pârâul de Câmpie in Romania. That means it flows into the Pârâul de Câmpie.

Frata River
The Frata River is a tributary of the Pârâul de Câmpie in Romania. That means it flows into the Pârâul de Câmpie.

Valea Botei Mari River
The Valea Botei Mari River is a tributary of the Pârâul de Câmpie in Romania. That means it flows into the Pârâul de Câmpie.

Valea lui Adrian River
The Valea lui Adrian River is a tributary of the Pârâul de Câmpie in Romania. That means it floes

Valea Morii River (Pârâul de Câmpie)
The Valea Morii River is a tributary of the Pârâul de Câmpie in Romania. That means it flows into the Pârâul de Câmpie.

Vucova River
The Vucova River is a tributary of the Şurgani River in Romania. That means it flows into the Şurgani River.

Vruseasca River
The Vruseasca River is a tributary of the Ciuma River in Romania. That means it flows into the Ciuma River.

Vraniu River
The Vraniu River is a tributary of the Ciclova River in Romania. That means it flows into the Ciclova River.

Vraniţa River (Crişul Negru)
The Vraniţa River or Valea Cuţitelor River or Valea Cutiilor River is a tributary of the Cusuiuş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Cusuiuş River.

Vraniţa River (Bâlta)
The Vraniţa River is a tributary of the Bâlta River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bâlta River.

Valea Fânaţelor River (Mureş)
The Valea Fânaţelor River is a tributary of the Mureş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Mureş River.

Cuieşd River
The Cuieşd River is a tributary of the Mureş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Mureş River.

Berghia River
The Berghia River is a tributary of the Cuieşd River in Romania. That means it flows into the Cuieşd River.

Budiu River
The Budiu River is a tributary of the Mureş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Mureş River.

Iceni River
The Iceni River is a tributary of the Mureş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Mureş River.

Arthur Mutambara
Arthur Guseni Oliver Mutambara (born May 25, 1966) is a Zimbabwean politician. He became the President of a faction of the Movement for Democratic Change (MDC) in February 2006. He has worked as the Managing Director and CEO of Africa Technology and Business Institute since September 2003.

Ercea River
The Ercea River and Lefaia River is a tributary of the Şar River in Romania. That means it flows into the Şar River.

Moişa River (Mureş)
The Moişa River is a tributary of the Şar River in Romania. That means it flows into the Şar River.

Kill 'Em All
"Kill 'Em All" is thrash metal band Metallica's first album. It was released on July 29, 1983.

Şar River (Mureş)
The Şar River is a tributary of the Mureş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Mureş River.

Lucy Lawless
Lucille Frances Ryan (born March 29, 1968 in Auckland) is a New Zealand actress. When she was 20 years old, she got her first acting job. It was in the TV program "Funny Business". In 1995, she starred in her first television series, ', becoming in an international star in this role.
Lawless as also know for her role as "D'anna Biers" in the TV series "Battlestar Galactica" between 2005 and 2008. During a break in 1997 between filming seasons on Xena, Lawless made her onstage debut singing songs on Broadway as Rizzo in the remake of the musical play Grease.
Since her role as Xena, Lawless has pursued a new career in singing after being a contestant on "Celebrity Duets". She sang at the Roxy in Hollywood in 2007, and has since performed regularly in concerts and released several CDs.
Early life.
Alba was born in Auckland on 29 March, 1968. Her mother, Julie, was teacher, and her father, Frank, was mayor. She has 6 brothers. She had bulimia and Depression.
Lawless began acting in secondary school, attending Marist College, New Zealand, in Mount Albert. She studied foreign languages at Auckland University for a year before dropping out and leaving for Europe with her boyfriend, Garth Lawless, to travel to Germany and Switzerland. The couple then moved to Australia, where she worked briefly as a gold miner.
Carrer.
Lawless wanted to act since she was five. She took her first acting class at the school. Lawless starred various national television commercials when she was a child. One of these was for McDonald's. She played an Amazon in the TV movie "Hercules and the Amazon Women", in 1994, and Lisya in his Spin-off, the TV series ' em 1995. In the same year, she plays Xena in three episodes, returning later.
In september, Xena won her own series, ', Lawless was the star in the program during 6 years. Lawless first appeared on Broadway in September 1997 in the "Grease play remake", as the "bad girl" Rizzo character. She applied to play the squeaky-clean naive blond girl Sandra Dee, but she claimed the producers after Xena had typed her to playing only "bad girls." She said the Sandy character was very similar to her sheltered childhood, growing up in New Zealand with many protective older brothers.
Lawless has since appeared onstage in the "Vagina Monologues" and as a television guest star in episodes of The Simpsons, The X-Files, Just Shoot Me!, Veronica Mars, Burn Notice, and Curb Your Enthusiasm. She was also featured in the short-lived television series Tarzan. Lawless has made cameo appearances in the movies EuroTrip, Spider-Man and Boogeyman. She returned to television in the TV movie Locusts! and its sequel Vampire Bats.
From 2005 to 2008, Lawless has had a recurring role in the television series Battlestar Galactica. She portrays D'Anna Biers, a reporter with the "Fleet News Service" who works on a critical documentary about the crew of the Galactica and is later revealed to be a Cylon.
Public image.
Lawless has enjoyed a particular cult status in the lesbian community. Some of the lesbian fan base sees Lawless as a lesbian icon. A group called The Marching Xenas has participated in many gay and lesbian pride parades.
Some fans felt that the sexual nature of Xena and the character Gabrielle's relationship was cemented by an interview given by Lucy Lawless to "Lesbian News" magazine in 2003. Lawless stated that after the series finale, where Gabrielle revives Xena with a mouth-to-mouth water transfer filmed to look like a full kiss, she had come to believe that Xena and Gabrielle's relationship was "definitely gay... there was always a 'well, she might be or she might not be' but when there was that drip of water passing between their lips in the very final scene, that cemented it for me".
Personal life.
At 19, Lawless became pregnant with Garth's child. In 1988, they married in Kalgoorlie, Australia. They returned to New Zealand and had a daughter, Daisy Lawless (born 15 July 1988), who also attended Marist College, New Zealand. The couple divorced in 1995. Lawless married "Xena" executive producer Robert Tapert on 28 March 1998. Lawless and Tapert have two sons: Julius Robert Bay Tapert (born 16 October 1999) and Judah Miro Tapert (born 7 May 2002), both born in Auckland.
Movies.
The following table shows all the movies Alba has been in, the role she played and when the movie was released

Raccoon (disambiguation)
A raccoon (sometimes racoon) is a mammal native to the Americas.

Main Page/Article 6
Oklahoma is a state that is in the southern part of the Central United States. It had a population of about 3,617,000 people in 2007. The state has a land area of about. Oklahoma is the 28th largest state by population. It is the 20th largest state by area. The name of the state comes from the Choctaw words "okla" and "humma". It mean "Red People". It is also known by its nickname, "The Sooner State." The state was formed from Indian Territory on November 16, 1907. It was the 46th state to become part of the United States. The people who live in the state are known as "Oklahomans". The state's capital and largest city is Oklahoma City.
Oklahoma is a large producer of natural gas, oil and food. It has large industries in aviation, energy, telecommunications, and biotechnology. The state has one of the fastest growing economies in the nation. Between 2005 and 2006, it had the third highest percentage of income growth and the highest percentage in gross domestic product growth. Oklahoma City and Tulsa are the main economic areas of Oklahoma. Almost 60 percent of Oklahomans live in these two metropolitan statistical areas. Oklahoma has small mountain ranges, prairies, and eastern forests. Most of Oklahoma is in the Great Plains.

Red Army Faction
The Red Army Faction or RAF (German "Rote Armee Fraktion"), was one of postwar West Germany's most active and prominent militant left-wing groups.
It described itself as a communist "urban guerrilla" group engaged in armed resistance, while it was described by the West German government as a terrorist group.
The RAF was formally founded in 1970 by Andreas Baader, Gudrun Ensslin, Horst Mahler, Ulrike Meinhof, Irmgard Möller and others.
The Red Army Faction operated from the 1970s to 1993, committing numerous crimes, especially in the autumn of 1977, which led to a national crisis that became known as "German Autumn".
It was responsible for 34 deaths including many secondary targets such as chauffeurs and bodyguards—and many injuries in its almost 30 years of existence.

Large Hadron Collider
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the world's biggest and highest-energy particle accelerator, used to make some subatomic particles called hadrons moving in opposite ways at up to 99.9999991% of the speed of light hit each other. It is at CERN which is close to Geneva, Switzerland. It has been hoped that, among other things, it will prove the existence of the Higgs boson, the only particle thought to exist by the Standard Model that has not been seen yet. It was first used on October 10, 2008, although problems with its magnets and liquid helium and the winter shutdown mean that it will not be used again until the spring of 2009.

Self-Monitoring, Analysis and Reporting Technology
Self-Monitoring, Analysis, and Reporting Technology, or S.M.A.R.T. is a system to watch computer hard disks to help stop the risk of failures. It does this by watching reliability of the hard disks to try and see when a failure might happen and where.
Background.
Predictable failures can be detected by certain monitoring devices. This is like a thermometer in a vehicle that can alert the driver to do something before serious damage occurs, for example because the engine is too hot.
About 60% of all drive failures are caused by failing mechanics. Most mechanical failures result from gradual wear. An eventual failure may be catastrophic. Before complete failure occurs, there are usually certain signs that failure is imminent. These may include increased heat output, a more noisy drive, problems with reading or writing data and a big increase in the number of damaged disk sectors.
The purpose of S.M.A.R.T. is to warn a user or system administrator that a drive is about to fail. At the time of the warning, there is usually still time to do certain things to prevent data loss, for example copying the data to a different drive. Approximately 30% of failures can be predicted by S.M.A.R.T. Work at Google on over 100,000 drives has shown little overall predictive value of S.M.A.R.T. status as a whole. The study suggests that certain sub-categories of information which some S.M.A.R.T. implementations track "do" correlate with actual failure rates. In the 60 days after the first scan error on a drive, the drive is 39 times more likely to fail on average than it would have been had no such error occurred. Also, first errors in reallocations, offline reallocations and probational counts are strongly correlated to higher probabilities of failure.
History and predecessors.
The industry's first hard disk monitoring technology was introduced by IBM in 1992 in their IBM 9337 Disk Arrays for 400 servers using IBM 0662 SCSI-2 disk drives. Later it was named Predictive Failure Analysis (PFA) technology. It was measuring several key device health parameters and evaluating them within the drive firmware. Communications between the physical unit and the monitoring software were limited to a binary result – namely, either "device is OK" or "drive is likely to fail soon".
Later, another variant, which was named IntelliSafe, was created by computer manufacturer Compaq and disk drive manufacturers Seagate, Quantum, and Conner. The disk drives would measure the disk’s "health parameters", and the values would be transferred to the operating system and user-space monitoring software. Each disk drive vendor was free to decide which parameters were to be included for monitoring, and what their thresholds should be. The unification was at the protocol level with the host.
Compaq submitted their implementation to Small Form Committee for standardization in early 1995. It was supported by IBM, by Compaq's development partners Seagate, Quantum, and Conner, and by Western Digital, who did not have a failure prediction system at the time. The Committee chose IntelliSafe's approach, as it provided more flexibility. The resulting jointly developed standard was named S.M.A.R.T.
SMART Information.
The technical documentation for SMART is in the AT Attachment (ATA) standard.
The most basic information that SMART provides is the SMART status. It provides only two values: "threshold not exceeded" and "threshold exceeded". Often these are represented as "drive OK" or "drive fail" respectively. A "threshold exceeded" value is intended to indicate that there is a relatively high probability that the drive will not be able to honour its specification in the future – that is, the drive is "about to fail". The predicted failure may be catastrophic or may be something as subtle as the inability to write to certain sectors, or perhaps slower performance than the manufacturer's declared minimum.
The SMART status does not necessarily indicate the drive's past or present reliability. If a drive has already failed catastrophically, the SMART status may be inaccessible. Alternatively, if a drive has experienced problems in the past, but the sensors no longer detect such problems, the SMART status may, depending on the manufacturer's programming, suggest that the drive is now sound.
The inability to "read" some sectors is not always an indication that a drive is about to fail. One way that unreadable sectors may be created, even when the drive is functioning within specification, is through a sudden power failure while the drive is writing. In order to prevent this problem, modern hard drives will always finish writing at least the current sector immediately after the power fails (typically using rotational energy from the disk). Also, even if the physical disk is damaged at one location, such that a certain sector is unreadable, the disk may be able to use spare space to replace the bad area, so that the sector can be overwritten.
More detail on the health of the drive may be obtained by examining the SMART Attributes. SMART Attributes were included in some drafts of the ATA standard, but were removed before the standard became final. The meaning and interpretation of the attributes varies between manufacturers, and are sometimes considered a trade secret for one manufacturer or another. Attributes are further discussed below.
Drives with SMART may optionally support a number of 'logs'. The "error log" records information about the most recent errors that the drive has reported back to the host computer. Examining this log may help one to determine whether computer problems are disk-related or caused by something else.
A drive supporting SMART may optionally support a number of self-test or maintenance routines, and the results of the tests are kept in the "self-test log". The self-test routines may be used to detect any unreadable sectors on the disk, so that they may be restored from back-up sources (for example, from other disks in a RAID). This helps to reduce the risk of incurring permanent loss of data.
Standards and implementation.
Many motherboards will display a warning message when a disk drive is approaching failure. Although an industry standard among most major hard drive manufacturers, there are some remaining issues and much proprietary "secret knowledge" held by individual manufacturers as to their specific approach. As a result, S.M.A.R.T. is not always implemented correctly on many computer platforms, due to the absence of industry-wide software & hardware standards for S.M.A.R.T. data interchange.
From a legal perspective, the term "S.M.A.R.T." refers only to a signalling method between internal disk drive electromechanical sensors and the host computer. Hence, a drive may be claimed by its manufacturers to include S.M.A.R.T. support even if it does not include, say, a temperature sensor, which the customer might reasonably expect to be present. Moreover, in the most extreme case, a disk manufacturer could, in theory, produce a drive which includes a sensor for just "one" physical attribute, and then legally advertise the product as "S.M.A.R.T. compatible".
Depending on the type of interface being used, some S.M.A.R.T.-enabled motherboards and related software may not communicate with certain S.M.A.R.T.-capable drives. For example, few external drives connected via USB and Firewire correctly send S.M.A.R.T. data over those interfaces. With so many ways to connect a hard drive (SCSI, Fibre Channel, ATA, SATA, SAS, SSA, and so on), it is difficult to predict whether S.M.A.R.T. reports will function correctly in a given system.
Even on hard drives and interfaces that support it, S.M.A.R.T. information may not be reported correctly to the computer's operating system. Some disk controllers can duplicate all write operations on a secondary "back-up" drive in real time. This feature is known as "RAID mirroring". However, many programs which are designed to analyze changes in drive behaviour and relay S.M.A.R.T. alerts to the operator do not function properly when a computer system is configured for RAID support. Generally this is because, under normal RAID operational conditions, the computer is not permitted by the RAID subsystem to 'see' (or directly access) individual physical drives, but may access only logical volumes instead.
On the Windows platform, many programs designed to monitor and report S.M.A.R.T. information will function only under an administrator account. At present, S.M.A.R.T. is implemented individually by manufacturers, and while some aspects are standardized for compatibility, others are not.
ATA S.M.A.R.T. Attributes.
Each drive manufacturer defines a set of attributes, and sets threshold values beyond which attributes should not pass under normal operation. Each attribute has a "raw value", whose meaning is entirely up to the drive manufacturer (but often corresponds to counts or a physical unit, such degrees Celsius or seconds), and a normalized value, which ranges from 1 to 253 (with 1 representing the worst case and 253 representing the best). Depending on the manufacturer, a value of 100 or 200 will often be chosen as the "normal" value.
Manufacturers that have supported at least one S.M.A.R.T. attribute in various products include: Samsung, Seagate, IBM (Hitachi), Fujitsu, Maxtor, Toshiba, Western Digital and ExcelStor Technology.
Threshold Exceeds Condition.
Threshold Exceeds Condition (TEC) is a supposed date when a critical drive statistic attribute will reach its threshold value. When Drive Health software reports a "Nearest T.E.C.", it should be regarded as a "Failure date".
Prognosis of this date is based on the factor "Speed of attribute change"; how many points each month the value is decreasing/increasing. This factor is calculated automatically at any change of S.M.A.R.T. attributes for each attribute individually. Note that TEC dates are not guarantees; hard drives can and will either last much longer or fail much sooner than the date given by a TEC.

Uncomplicated Firewall
Uncomplicated Firewall is a firewall for host-based iptables firewall configuration.
Graphical interface.
A graphical user interface exists, called "GUI for Uncomplicated Firewall"

Good Morning (Kanye West song)
"Good Morning" is a single on Kanye West's 3rd studio album "Graduation". The song was released in late August 2007 on iTunes. "Good Morning" is the 1st track on the album.

Loupfougères
Loupfougères is a commune of 368 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Louverné
Louverné is a commune of 3 538 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Louvigné
Louvigné is a commune of 774 people (2007). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Madré
Madré is a commune of 356 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Maisoncelles-du-Maine
Maisoncelles-du-Maine is a commune of 400 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Marcillé-la-Ville
Marcillé-la-Ville is a commune of 740 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Marigné-Peuton
Marigné-Peuton is a commune of 487 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Martigné-sur-Mayenne
Martigné-sur-Mayenne is a commune of 1 309 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Mée, Mayenne
Mée is a commune of 171 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Ménil
Ménil is a commune of 785 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Méral
Méral is a commune of 913 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Meslay-du-Maine
Meslay-du-Maine is a commune of 2 616 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Mézangers
Mézangers is a commune of 700 people (3 march 2005). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Montaudin
Montaudin is a commune of 914 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Montenay
Montenay is a commune of 1 399 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Montflours
Montflours is a commune of 204 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Montigné-le-Brillant
Montigné-le-Brillant is a commune of 1 234 people (2007). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Montjean, Mayenne
Montjean is a commune of 797 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Montourtier
Montourtier is a commune of 304 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Montreuil-Poulay
Montreuil-Poulay is a commune of 414 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Montsûrs
Montsûrs is a commune of 2 020 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Moulay
Moulay is a commune of 907 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Neau
Neau is a commune of 712 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Neuilly-le-Vendin
Neuilly-le-Vendin is a commune of 426 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Niafles
Niafles is a commune of 287 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Nuillé-sur-Vicoin
Nuillé-sur-Vicoin is a commune of 1 184 people (2007). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Oisseau
Oisseau is a commune of 1 101 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Olivet, Mayenne
Olivet is a commune of 381 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Origné
Origné is a commune of 278 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

La Pallu
La Pallu is a commune of 160 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Predictive Failure Analysis
Predicive failure analysis is a technology developed by IBM to monitor the likelihood of a hard disk failure. Toay, it is part of S.M.A.R.T.

Advanced Technology Attachment
The Advanced Technology Attachment with Packet Interface (ATA/ATAPI) is a way to connect storage devices, such as Hard disks, solid-state drives, and CD-ROM drives inside personal computers.
The standard is maintained by X3/INCITS committee.
ATA/ATAPI is the result of a long history of development. ATA/ATAPI is an evolution of the AT Attachment Interface, which was itself evolved in several stages from Western Digital's original Integrated Drive Electronics interface. As a result, many near-synonyms for ATA/ATAPI and its previous incarnations exist, including abbreviations such as IDE which are still in common informal use. With the market introduction of Serial ATA in 2003, the original ATA was retroactively renamed Parallel ATA (PATA).
Parallel ATA standards allow cable lengths up to only 18 inches (46 centimeters). Because of this length limit the technology normally appears as an internal computer storage interface.
For many years ATA provided the most common and the least expensive interface for this application.
As of 2007, it has largely been replaced by Serial ATA (SATA) in new systems.

Serial Attached SCSI
Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) is a technology designed to move data to and from computer storage devices such as hard drives and tape drives. It is a point-to-point serial protocol that replaces the parallel SCSI. SCSI first appeared in the mid 1980s in corporate data centers. SAS uses the standard SCSI command set. At present it is slightly slower than the final parallel SCSI implementation, but in 2009 it will double its present speed to 6 Gbit/s. This will permit much higher speed data transfers. The protocol is "downwards"-compatible with second generation SATA drives. These drives may be connected to SAS backplanes (controllers), but SAS drives can not be connected to SATA backplanes.
The SAS protocol is developed and maintained by the T10 technical committee of the International Committee for Information Technology Standards (INCITS) and promoted by the SCSI Trade Association (SCSITA).
Connectorss.
The SAS connector is much smaller than traditional parallel SCSI connectors allowing for the small drives. SAS supports point data transfer speeds up to 3 s, but is expected to reach 12 Gbit/s by the year 2012.

All the Greatest Hits
All the Greatest Hits is an album from the band McFly. They released it on November 5, 2007 and it features all of McFly's UK singles. The album also includes 3 new songs: "The Heart Never Lies", "The Way You Make Me Feel" and "Don't Wake Me Up".

The Judas Kiss
The Judas Kiss is the fourth single off the album by rock band Metallica off their ninth studio album Death Magnetic.

Death Magnetic
"Death Magnetic" is the ninth hit studio album by thrash metal band Metallica. The album was released September 12, 2008 with the hits "The Day That Never Comes", "Cyanide", "My Apocalypse", "The Unforgiven III", and "The Judas Kiss". "St. Anger" was the previous rock album released in 2003 of April with the singles "Frantic", "St. Anger", and "The Unnamed Feeling".

Tagged Command Queuing
Tagged Command Queueing (TCQ) is a technology that allows to send multiple read and write requests to a hard drive simultaneously. ATA TCQ is not identical in function to the more efficient Native Command Queuing (NCQ) used by SATA drives. SCSI TCQ does not suffer from the same limitations as ATA TCQ.
Before TCQ, an operating system was only able to send one request at a time. In order to boost performance, it had to decide the order of the requests based on its own, possibly incorrect, idea of what the hard drive was doing. With TCQ, the drive can make its own decisions about how to order the requests (and in turn relieve the operating system from having to do so). The result is that TCQ can improve the overall performance of a hard drive if it is implemented correctly.
Overview.
For efficiency the sectors should be serviced in order of proximity to the current head position, rather than in the order received. The queue is constantly receiving new requests and fulfilling and removing existing requests, and re-ordering the queue according to the current pending read/write requests and the changing position of the head. The exact reordering algorithm may depend upon the controller and the drive itself, but the host computer simply makes requests as needed, leaving the controller to handle the details.
This queuing mechanism is sometimes referred to as "elevator seeking", as the image of a modern elevator in a building servicing multiple calls and processing them to minimise travel illustrates the idea well.
If the buttons for floors 5, 2, and 4 are pressed in that order with the elevator starting on floor 1, an old elevator would go to the floors in the order requested. A modern elevator processes the requests to stop at floors in the logical order 2, 4, and 5, without unnecessary travel. Non-queueing disk drives service the requests in the order received, like an old elevator; queueing drives service requests in the most efficient order. This may improve performance slightly in a system used by a single user, but really comes into its own in a system with many users, making requests all over the disk surface.

Native Command Queuing
Native Command Queuing (NCQ) is a technology designed to increase performance of SATA hard disks. It can do this under certain situations by allowing the individual hard disk to internally optimize the order in which it executes the read and write requests it received. This can reduce the amount of unnecessary drive head movement and resulting in better performance (and slightly decreased wear of the drive) for workloads where multiple read/write requests are outstanding at the same time. This situation most often occurs in server-type applications. However, the current (as of 2004) technology actually slows down HD access in certain applications, like games and sequential reads & writes, because of the added latency induced by NCQ logic.
Native Command Queuing was preceded by Parallel ATA's version of Tagged Command Queuing (TCQ). ATA's attempt at integrating TCQ was constrained by the requirement that ATA host bus adapters use ISA bus device protocols to interact with the operating system. The resulting high CPU overhead and negligible performance gain contributed to a lack of market acceptance for TCQ.
NCQ differs from PATA TCQ in that the command re-ordering is performed by the drive rather than the operating system, and each command is equal in importance. This is preferable since the drive has the most knowledge of its performance characteristics, and is able to take rotational position into account. NCQ and PATA TCQ have a maximum queue length of 32 in-flight commands (31 in practice), while SCSI TCQ has a maximum queue length of 264 in-flight commands.
For NCQ to be enabled, it must be supported and enabled in the SATA host bus adapter and in the hard drive itself. The appropriate device driver must be loaded into the operating system to enable NCQ on the host bus adapter. Many newer chipsets support the Advanced Host Controller Interface (AHCI), which should allow a generic driver supplied by the operating system to control them and enable NCQ. In fact, newer mainstream Linux kernels support AHCI natively. Unfortunately, Windows XP requires the installation of a vendor-specific driver even if AHCI is present on the host bus adapter. Windows Vista corrects this situation by including a generic AHCI driver.

Serial Storage Architecture
Serial Storage Architecture is a technology used to attach hard disks to Servers. It was developed by IBM in the 1990s. IBM produced a number of drives with this standard, but today, it has been largely replaced by the Fibre Channel architecture.

Fibre Channel
Fibre Channel, or FC is an architecture (and a set of protocols to attach disk drives to computers, like in a Storage Area Network. Networks today are done with 4 GBit/s and 8 GBit/s over fiberglass cables. This is enough to support data transfer rates of up to 800 MBit/s. Fibrechannel permits connecting the same disk subsystem to several computers.

Parigné-sur-Braye
Parigné-sur-Braye is a commune of 624 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Parné-sur-Roc
Parné-sur-Roc is a commune of 1 157 people (2007). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Le Pas
Le Pas is a commune of 515 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

La Pellerine, Mayenne
La Pellerine is a commune of 291 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Peuton
Peuton is a commune of 211 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Placé
Placé is a commune of 326 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Pommerieux
Pommerieux is a commune of 589 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Pontmain
Pontmain is a commune of 893 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Port-Brillet
Port-Brillet is a commune of 1 814 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Préaux, Mayenne
Préaux is a commune of 156 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Pré-en-Pail
Pré-en-Pail is a commune of 2 128 people (2004). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Quelaines-Saint-Gault
Quelaines-Saint-Gault is a commune of 1 739 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Ravigny
Ravigny is a commune of 198 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Renazé
Renazé is a commune of 2 791 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Rennes-en-Grenouilles
Rennes-en-Grenouilles is a commune of 105 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Le Ribay
Le Ribay is a commune of 473 people (2005). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

La Roë
La Roë is a commune of 241 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

La Rouaudière
La Rouaudière is a commune of 333 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Ruillé-Froid-Fonds
Ruillé-Froid-Fonds is a commune of 496 people (2005). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Ruillé-le-Gravelais
Ruillé-le-Gravelais is a commune of 619 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Sacé
Sacé is a commune of 320 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Aignan-de-Couptrain
Saint-Aignan-de-Couptrain is a commune of 360 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Aignan-sur-Roë
Saint-Aignan-sur-Roë is a commune of 926 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Aubin-du-Désert
Saint-Aubin-du-Désert is a commune of 236 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Aubin-Fosse-Louvain
Saint-Aubin-Fosse-Louvain is a commune of 252 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Baudelle
Saint-Baudelle is a commune of 1 005 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Berthevin
Saint-Berthevin is a commune of 6 909 people (2007). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Berthevin-la-Tannière
Saint-Berthevin-la-Tannière is a commune of 384 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Brice, Mayenne
Saint-Brice is a commune of 487 people (2004). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Calais-du-Désert
Saint-Calais-du-Désert is a commune of 318 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Céneré
Saint-Céneré is a commune of 459 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Charles-la-Forêt
Saint-Charles-la-Forêt is a commune of 190 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Christophe-du-Luat
Saint-Christophe-du-Luat is a commune of 553 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Cyr-en-Pail
Saint-Cyr-en-Pail is a commune of 441 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Cyr-le-Gravelais
Saint-Cyr-le-Gravelais is a commune of 474 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Denis-d'Anjou
Saint-Denis-d'Anjou is a commune of 1 337 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Denis-de-Gastines
Saint-Denis-de-Gastines is a commune of 1 683 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Denis-du-Maine
Saint-Denis-du-Maine is a commune of 307 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Sainte-Gemmes-le-Robert
Sainte-Gemmes-le-Robert is a commune of 930 people (2004). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Ellier-du-Maine
Saint-Ellier-du-Maine is a commune of 465 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Sainte-Marie-du-Bois, Mayenne
Sainte-Marie-du-Bois is a commune of 210 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Erblon, Mayenne
Saint-Erblon is a commune of 166 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Sainte-Suzanne, Mayenne
Sainte-Suzanne is a commune of 1 020 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Fort
Saint-Fort is a commune of 1 571 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Fraimbault-de-Prières
Saint-Fraimbault-de-Prières is a commune of 904 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Georges-Buttavent
Saint-Georges-Buttavent is a commune of 1 391 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Georges-le-Fléchard
Saint-Georges-le-Fléchard is a commune of 288 people (2005). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Georges-sur-Erve
Saint-Georges-sur-Erve is a commune of 342 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Germain-d'Anxure
Saint-Germain-d'Anxure is a commune of 274 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Germain-de-Coulamer
Saint-Germain-de-Coulamer is a commune of 393 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Germain-le-Fouilloux
Saint-Germain-le-Fouilloux is a commune of 670 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Germain-le-Guillaume
Saint-Germain-le-Guillaume is a commune of 410 people (2007). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Hilaire-du-Maine
Saint-Hilaire-du-Maine is a commune of 664 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Jean-sur-Erve
Saint-Jean-sur-Erve is a commune of 489 people (2007). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Jean-sur-Mayenne
Saint-Jean-sur-Mayenne is a commune of 1 196 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Julien-du-Terroux
Saint-Julien-du-Terroux is a commune of 232 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Laurent-des-Mortiers
Saint-Laurent-des-Mortiers is a commune of 188 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Léger, Mayenne
Saint-Léger is a commune of 231 people (2004). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Loup-du-Dorat
Saint-Loup-du-Dorat is a commune of 335 people (2004). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Loup-du-Gast
Saint-Loup-du-Gast is a commune of 305 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Mars-du-Désert, Mayenne
Saint-Mars-du-Désert is a commune of 169 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Mars-sur-Colmont
Saint-Mars-sur-Colmont is a commune of 435 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Mars-sur-la-Futaie
Saint-Mars-sur-la-Futaie is a commune of 623 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Martin-de-Connée
Saint-Martin-de-Connée is a commune of 420 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Martin-du-Limet
Saint-Martin-du-Limet is a commune of 493 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Michel-de-Feins
Saint-Michel-de-Feins is a commune of 136 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Michel-de-la-Roë
Saint-Michel-de-la-Roë is a commune of 210 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Ouën-des-Toits
Saint-Ouën-des-Toits is a commune of 1 435 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Ouën-des-Vallons
Saint-Ouën-des-Vallons is a commune of 174 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Pierre-des-Landes
Saint-Pierre-des-Landes is a commune of 946 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Pierre-des-Nids
Saint-Pierre-des-Nids is a commune of 1 712 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Pierre-la-Cour
Saint-Pierre-la-Cour is a commune of 1,838 people (2007). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Pierre-sur-Erve
Saint-Pierre-sur-Erve is a commune of 138 people (2005). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Pierre-sur-Orthe
Saint-Pierre-sur-Orthe is a commune of 531 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Poix
Saint-Poix is a commune of 393 people (2007). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Quentin-les-Anges
Saint-Quentin-les-Anges is a commune of 376 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Samson, Mayenne
Saint-Samson is a commune of 334 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Saturnin-du-Limet
Saint-Saturnin-du-Limet is a commune of 546 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Sulpice, Mayenne
Saint-Sulpice is a commune of 188 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Thomas-de-Courceriers
Saint-Thomas-de-Courceriers is a commune of 246 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Saulges
Saulges is a commune of 328 people (2005). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France. In Saulges, there is also a prehistoric canyon which is 1.8 million years old and 20 different prehistoric caves.

La Selle-Craonnaise
La Selle-Craonnaise is a commune of 882 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Senonnes
Senonnes is a commune of 325 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Simplé
Simplé is a commune of 256 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Soucé
Soucé is a commune of 180 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Soulgé-sur-Ouette
Soulgé-sur-Ouette is a commune of 1 073 people (2007). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Thorigné-en-Charnie
Thorigné-en-Charnie is a commune of 162 people (2004). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Thubœuf
Thubœuf is a commune of 231 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France
Thuboeuf is famous for it hoeing community like
For free Hoes visit the marie for more info and prizes.
However recently there was hoe down disaster, the maire was invited, and he pumped them with his iron which he was given for christams the cock was never recovered.
If you edit this page i will hunt you down and have a hoe down with you animals and show your goatse stach to you mum ! biatch! long live miss goatsy !

Torcé-Viviers-en-Charnie
Torcé-Viviers-en-Charnie is a commune of 737 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Trans, Mayenne
Trans is a commune of 238 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Vaiges
Vaiges is a commune of 1 151 people (2005). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Vautorte
Vautorte is a commune of 573 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Vieuvy
Vieuvy is a commune of 115 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Villaines-la-Juhel
Villaines-la-Juhel is a commune of 3,179 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Villepail
Villepail is a commune of 205 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Villiers-Charlemagne
Villiers-Charlemagne is a commune of 959 people (2004). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Vimarcé
Vimarcé is a commune of 236 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Voutré
Voutré is a commune of 821 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Walt Walsh
Walter William Walsh (April 30, 1897 to January 15, 1966) was a Major League Baseball player. Walsh only played two games, never getting an at-bat for the Philadelphia Phillies in 1920. He was used as a pinch runner in the two games he played. Walsh was born in Newark, New Jersey and died in Avon-by-the-Sea, New Jersey

Săcal River
The Săcal River is a tributary of the Mureş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Mureş River.

Râpa River (Mureş)
The Râpa River is a tributary of the Mureş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Mureş River

Voşlăbeni River
The Voşlăbeni River is a tributary of the Mureş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Mureş River.

Vorumloc River
The Vorumloc River is a tributary of the Târnava Mare River in Romania. That means it flows into the Târnava Mare River.

Voroveşti River
The Voroveşti River is a tributary of the Bahlui River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bahlui River.

Voroneţ River
The Voroneţ River is a tributary of the Moldova River in Romania. That means it flows into the Moldova River.

Vorniceasa River
The Vorniceasa River is a tributary of the Săvescu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Săvescu River.

Valea Sterinoasă River
The Valea Sterinoasă River is a tributary of the Mureş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Mureş River.

Gesele River
The Gesele River is a tributary of the Mureş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Mureş River.

Bistra River (Mureş)
The Bistra River is a tributary of the Mureş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Mureş River. The Bistra River starts where the Cofu, Valea din Mijloc and Stega Rivers meet.

Valea din Mijloc River
The Valea din Mijloc River is a tributary of the Bistra River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bistra River. The Valea din Mijloc starts where the Pârâul Cald and Pârâul Rece meet.

Pârâul Rece (Bistra)
The Pârâul Rece is a tributary of the Valea din Mijloc River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea din Mijloc River.

Pârâul Cald (Bistra)
The Pârâul Cald is a headwater of the Valea din Mijloc River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea din Mijloc River.

Stega River (Bistra)
The Stega River is a tributary of the Bistra River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bistra River.

Zăpodea cu Podul River
The Zăpodea cu Podul River is a tributary of the Bistra River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bistra River.

Zăpodea cu Cale River
The Zăpodea cu Cale River is a tributary of the Bistra River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bistra River.

Bidireasa River
The Bidireasa River is a tributary of the Bistra River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bistra River.

Cofu River
The Cofu River is a tributary of the Bistra River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bistra River.

Doncea River
The Doncea River or Donca River is a tributary of the Bistra River in Romania. That means it flows into the Donca River.

Middle Franconia
Middle Franconia is a government region of the Free State Bavaria. The seat of government is Ansbach. In the area of this region are the cities Nuremberg, Fürth, Erlangen.

Charlotte's Web
"Charlotte's Web" is a children's book by American author E. B. White. First published in 1952, it tells the story of a spider named Charlotte and her friendship with a pig named Wilbur. The book is about Wilbur and how Charlotte saves him from being eaten. The book was illustrated by Garth Williams. "Publishers Weekly" listed the book as the best-selling children's paperback of all time as of 2000.
Charlotte's Web is considered a classic of children's literature, enjoyable to adults as well as children.
The story.
Joy, Aranea, Nellie, who remain there as friends to Wilbur.
Sales and recognition.
Charlotte's Web was warmly reviewed when it was released. In the New York Times, Eudora Welty said, "As a piece of work it is just about perfect, and just about magical in the way it is done." Besides its paperback sales, "Charlotte's Web" is 78th on the all-time bestselling hardback book list. According to publicity for the 2006 movie adaptation (see below), the book has sold more than 45 million copies and been translated into 23 languages. It was nominated for the award of 1953, losing to "Secret of the Andes" by Ann Nolan Clark. In 1970, White won the Laura Ingalls Wilder Medal, a major prize in the place of children's literature, for "Charlotte's Web", along with his first children's book, "Stuart Little", published in 1945.
1973 version.
The book was adapted into an animated movie by Hanna-Barbera Productions and Sagittarius Productions in 1973 with a song score by the Sherman Brothers.
2003 sequel.
This is the sequel to the 1973 movie, released direct-to-video by Paramount Pictures.
2006 version.
Paramount Pictures, with Walden Media, Kerner Entertainment Company, and Nickelodeon Movies, produced a live-action/animated movie starring Dakota Fanning as Fern and the voice of Julia Roberts as Charlotte, released on December 15, 2006.

Uranus-crosser asteroid
A Uranus-crosser asteroid is an asteroid whose orbit crosses that of Uranus.

Orne
The Orne (61) is a department in France. It is located in the region Basse-Normandie its prefecture is Alençon and its sub-prefectures are Argentan and Mortagne-au-Perche. The department's name comes from the river Orne which flows through it.
History.
The Orne was one of the original 83 departments created in 1790.
Geography.
There is also a 105 000ha forest called forêt des Andaines.
Culture.
It is also known to be famous for its trotting horses.
Monuments.
"(A château is a castle in french)"

Carly Colón
Carlos Edwin "Carly" Colón, Jr. (born on February 21 1979) is a Puerto Rican professional wrestler better known internationally by his ring name Carlito. He is, the WWE Tag Team Champion with his brother Primo.

Gălăoaia Mică River
The Gălăoaia Mică River is a headwater of the Gălăoaia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Gălăoaia River.

Gălăoaia Mare River
The Gălăoaia Mare River is a headwater of the Gălăoaia River in Romania. It means it flows into the Gălăoaia River.

Gălăoaia River
The Gălăoaia River is a tributary of the Mureş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Mureş River. The Gălăoaia River starts where the Gălăoaia Mare and Gălăoaia Mică Rivers meet.

Jişa River
The Jişa River is a tributary of the Mureş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Mureş River.

Răstoliţa River
The Răstoliţa River is a tributary of the Mureş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Mureş River. It starts at where the Secu and Tihul Rivers meet.

Secu River (Răstoliţa)
The Secu River is a tributary of the Răstoliţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Răstoliţa River.

Tihul River (Răstoliţa)
The Tihul River is a tributary of the Răstoliţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Răstoliţa River.

Pârâul Mijlociu (Răstoliţa)
The Pârâul Mijlociu is a tributary of the Tihul River in Romania. That means it flows into the Tihul River.

Bradu River (Răstoliţa)
The Bradu River is a tributary of the Răstoliţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Răstoliţa River.

Frăsinet River (Răstoliţa)
The Frăsinet River is a tributary of the Bradu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bradu River.

Creanga River (Răstoliţa)
The Creanga River is a tributary of the Bradu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bradu River.

Valcăliţa River
The Valcăliţa River is a tributary of the Răstoliţa in Romania. That means it flows into the Răstoliţa River.

NBA All-Star Game
The NBA All-Star Game is an NBA game in which the best players in the Eastern Conference with the best players in the Western Conference. The first game started on March 2, 1951 at the Boston Garden. The game is played differently than a normal basketball game but stick to normal NBA rules.

National Hockey League All-Star Game
The National Hockey League All-Star Game is an exhibition ice hockey game that traditionally marks the midway point of the National Hockey League's regular season.

1967 NHL Expansion
The National Hockey League (NHL) went through an expansion for the 1967–68 NHL season, adding six new franchises and doubling the size of the league. This marked the first change in the composition of the league since 1942.
The expansion process began in March 1965, when NHL President Clarence Campbell announced that the league proposed to expand its operations through the formation of a second six-team division.

Biblical manuscript
A Biblical manuscript is any handwritten copy of a portion of the text of the Bible. They vary in size from tiny scrolls containing individual verses of the Jewish scriptures to huge polyglot codices containing both the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh) and the New Testament, as well as other works.

Districts of England
The districts of England are a level of subdivisions of England used for the purposes of local government.The first local government districts were created in 1894 by the Local Government Act 1894 which created urban districts and rural districts as sub-divisions of counties (which had been created in 1889). Another reform in 1899 created 28 metropolitan boroughs as sub-divisions of the County of London.
There are 36 metropolitan districts, 32 London boroughs, 238 non-metropolitan districts, 46 unitary authorities, the Isles of Scilly, and the City of London, making a total of 354 district-level authorities.

Jug band
A jug band is a band that has a jug player and a variety of home-made instruments. These home-made instruments could be ordinary objects adapted to or created to make sound, like the washtub bass, washboard, spoons, stovepipe and comb & tissue paper (kazoo).

Zăpodia River (Secu)
The Zăpodia River is a tributary of the Secu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Secu River.

Porcu River (Secu)
The Porcu River is a tributary of the Secu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Secu River.

Scurtu River (Secu)
The Scurtu River is a tributary of the Secu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Secu River.

Steve Carell
Steven John "Steve" Carell (born August 16, 1962) is an American actor, producer and writer. He is perhaps best known for "The Office" as well as previous work for The Daily Show and the lead role in The 40 Year Old Virgin.

Qutb-ud-din Aibak
Qutb-ud-din Aibak was a ruler of the Mamluk dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate. He was born to a Turkish family in Central Asia. He was sold as a slave in his Childhood. But this went well because he was bought up by a Qazi of Nishapur. He was treated like one of the sons of the Qazi. But after a few years,his master died and a Mohammad Ghori brought him. He soon becames one of the favourites of Mohammad. When Mohammad died in 1206, he became the Sultan. He died in 1210 due to a fall from a horse and was buried at Lahore.

Muhammad of Ghor
Muhammad of Ghor was a governor and general under the Ghorid dynasty.

Vince Vaughn
Vincent Anthony "Vince" Vaughn (born March 28, 1970) is an American film actor.

Owen Wilson
Owen Cunningham Wilson (born November 18, 1968) is an Academy Award-nominated American actor and writer.

Luke Wilson
Luke Cunningham Wilson (born September 21, 1971) is an American film actor.

Seth Rogen
Seth Rogen (born April 15, 1982) is a Canadian actor, comedian, writer and film producer.

John C. Reilly
John Christopher Reilly (born May 24, 1965) is an Academy Award- and two-time Golden Globe-nominated American actor.

Rainn Wilson
Rainn Dietrich Wilson (born January 20 1966) is an Emmy-nominated and Screen Actors Guild Award-winning American actor. He is known for his roles as the egomaniacal Dwight Schrute on the American television comedy "The Office".

The Office (U.S. TV series)
"The Office" is a Golden Globe, Emmy and Peabody Award-winning American television sitcom airing on National Broadcasting Company (NBC) and developed by Greg Daniels. It is an American adaptation of the BBC series with the same name.

Kevin James
Kevin James (born April 26, 1965) is an American comedian and Emmy Award-nominated actor, perhaps best known for his portrayal of lead character Doug Heffernan on the television sitcom "The King of Queens".

Mark Hamill
Mark Richard Hamill (born September 25, 1951) is an American actor, comedian and voice actor. Hamill is best known for his portrayal of Luke Skywalker in the original "Star Wars" trilogy (1977–1983).

List of cities in France
List of all the major cities in France (population 75,000+)

Whitey Wistert
Francis Michael "Whitey" Wistert (born February 20, 1912 in, died April 23, 1985 in) was an American football and baseball player. He played college football for the University of Michigan Wolverines. He was added into the College Football Hall of Fame after he was elected to it in 1967. He and his two brothers are three of the seven players who have had their uniform numbers retired by Michigan Wolverines football. While at college, Wistert helped Michigan win the Big Ten Conference football championship in 1931, 1932, and 1933. He was also Big Ten Most Valuable Player in college baseball. He later played for the Cincinnati Reds of Major League Baseball.
College athletics.
Wistert graduated from Chicago's Schurz High School in 1929. He attended the University of Michigan where he was an athlete in both football and baseball in 1931, 1932, and 1933.
The Wistert brothers of Michigan.
Wistert played for the Michigan Wolverines before his two brothers, Al Wistert and Alvin Wistert, did. All three Wistert brothers wore the number 11 for the Wolverines football team, and all three were members of the College Football All-America team, which is the best players through all of the United States. When interviewed by the "Detroit News" in 2004, brother Alvin Wistert said, "And if I'm not mistaken I think this is unprecedented in the annals of college football: that three brothers all would go to the same school, all played football. All played tackle, all wore the same number 11, all made All-American. Two of us played on four national championship teams. They all made it into the College Football Hall of Fame."
The Wistert brothers grew up on the northwest side of Chicago and were the sons of a Lithuanian family. Their father was a Spanish-American War veteran, who later died while working for the Chicago Police Department. Brother Alvin Wistert said that their father, "was born Casmir Vistertus and he Anglicized it when he came to America to Wistert."
The story of the Wistert brothers at Michigan began when Whitey's Carl Schurz High School school-mate John Kowalik was invited to visit the University of Michigan. At the time, Whitey Wistert "was working in a factory building "Majestic radios"." Kowalik took Whitey with him on his visit Ann Arbor, Michigan, and Alvin Wistert later said, "that's how it started: the Wisterts of Michigan."
Football.
As a football player, Wistert played for National Championship teams that never lost a game in 1932 and 1933 and was a chosen All-American in 1933. The 1934 University of Michigan yearbook, the "Michiganensian", had this to say by Grantland Rice: "Wistert was unanimously selected as the best tackle in the Middle-West this year. He was an important part of Michigan's defensive line play. He was a very good tackler and it was nearly impossible to fool him on trick plays. He was keen, quick, and accurate in finding out how a play would happen." Wistert and Chuck Bernard were the leaders of the 1933 offensive line when the team went 7-0-1 with a tie to the University of Minnesota Golden Gophers.
One of Wistert's teammates on the 1932 and 1933 Michigan football teams was Gerald Ford who later became the U.S. President. In an interview in the February 1974 copy of "Michigan Alumnus", Wistert said about Ford: "He was a real good competitor—a real bulldog type. Even during a losing year, he was voted team Most Valuable Player by his teammates, because they believed he was someone who could stay and fight even when they lose." In 1936, he was a member Michigan football coaching staff of Coach Harry Kipke.
Baseball.
Wistert earned varsity letters in baseball three years. He was chosen as the Most Valuable Player in the Big Ten Conference in 1934. The 1934 "Michiganensian" yearbook wrote that the final game of the baseball season was a 4–0 shutout by Wistert against the University of Chicago Maroon. It wrote, "Wistert, for the Wolves, allowed only five well-scattered hits during the game. Although Whitey Wistert walked four men, he more than off-set this by striking out nine of the Maroons to face him." Wistert also allowed, as the pitcher, Ohio State four hits in a game.
Professional baseball.
Wistert, still being a minor league baseball player, played for a short while in Major League Baseball, playing in three games for the Cincinnati Reds between September 11, 1934 and September 25, 1934. In two times he pitched, Wistert let only one run in eight innings, for a career earned run average of 1.13. Though, in the three times he batted, he went did not hit the ball, so he struck out twice. Although he only played for a short while in Major League Baseball, Wistert played five years of professional baseball. Fellow 1933 Michigan Wolverines football All-American, Ted Petoskey also debuted for the Reds in September 1934.
Honors.
Wistert became part of the College Football Hall of Fame in 1967, one year before his brother Albert did so. In 1981, he was named to the University of Michigan Hall of Honor in the fourth class of Hall of Fame joiners with his brothers. Only five other Michigan football players earned this honor before him.
Non-athletic.
Wistert became a New York lawyer after he retired from sports. He went on to become a vice president of an industrial relations in. He was United States Navy lieutenant in World War II.

Brest, France
Brest is a town in France. It is located in the Finistère department and the Bretagne region. Its population in 1999 was around 150,000 (1999). Even if it is by far the largest town in Finistère it isn't the prefecture (Quimper is).

St John's Innovation Centre
St John's Innovation Centre (SJIC) is a famous company which helps small companies to grow. It is found in Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, England. It was started in 1987 in St John’s College, Cambridge, near the Cambridge Science Park.

St John's College, Cambridge
St John's College is a college of the University of Cambridge. It was started by Lady Margaret Beaufort in 1511. It is geographically one of the largest colleges of the University of Cambridge, and the third largest in terms of its membership. It is the second richest of all the Oxbridge colleges. The college is also known for its famous choir.

Cambridge Science Park
The Cambridge Science Park was started by Trinity College, Cambridge in 1970. It is the oldest science park in the United Kingdom. It has many science and technology related businesses, and has strong links with the nearby University of Cambridge.

Lauterpacht Centre for International Law
The Lauterpacht Centre for International Law (LCIL) at the Faculty of Law, Cambridge, England, was founded in 1985 by Sir Elihu Lauterpacht under the name The Research Centre for International Law. It was renamed in 1997 “to honour the achievements of his father Sir Hersch Lauterpacht and himself”. The purpose of the centre is to "promote international law by a combination of individual and group research”. The centre is currently directed by Professor James Crawford SC, FBA.

Hersch Lauterpacht
Sir Hersch Lauterpacht (16 August 1897, Zółkiew, Poland – 8 May 1960) was a member of the United Nations' International Law Commission from 1952 to 1954 and a Judge of the International Court of Justice from 1955 to 1960. The Lauterpacht Centre for International Law at the University of Cambridge in the United Kingdom is named after him. His son Elihu Lauterpacht started the center and was its first director.

Painesville, Ohio
Painesville is a city in Lake County, Ohio, United States, along the Grand River

College Football Hall of Fame
The College Football Hall of Fame, located in South Bend, Indiana, United States, is a hall of fame and museum devoted to college football.

Solid mechanics
Solid mechanics is the branch of mechanics, physics, and mathematics that concerns itself with how solid matter under external actions works (such as external forces, temperature changes, applied displacements, etc.). It is part of a larger study known as continuum mechanics. One of the most common practical applications of solid mechanics is the Euler-Bernoulli beam equation.

Chicago Police Department
The Chicago Police Department, also known as the CPD, is the main law enforcement agency of the City of Chicago, Illinois, in the United States, under the jurisdiction of the city mayor. It is the largest police department in the Midwest and the second largest in the United States after the New York City Police Department with over 13,600 sworn officers and over 2,600 other employees. Dating back to 1837, the Chicago Police Department is one of the oldest modern police forces in the world.

Kedar Joshi
Kedar Joshi (born 1979) is a philosopher and writer. His writings are named as “Superultramodern Science and Philosophy”. The popular writings are the “NSTP (Non – Spatial Thinking Process) theory” and the “UQV (Ultimate Questioner’s Vanity) theory”.

Lady Margaret Beaufort
Lady Margaret Beaufort (May 31, 1443 – June 29, 1509) of the House of Lancaster was the mother of King Henry VII of England and grandmother of Henry VIII. She was an important figure in the Wars of the Roses. Lady Margaret Hall, a college of the University of Oxford, is named after her.

Chicago Tribune Silver Football
The Chicago Tribune Silver Football is awarded by the "Chicago Tribune" to the college football player chosen to be the Most Valuable Player of the Big Ten Conference.

Science park
A science park is a property designed and used for supporting high tech, science, or research related businesses. Science parks are found all over the world, but they mostly exist in developed countries. Over 140 are found in North America alone.

Oxbridge
Oxbridge is a word that is used to mean the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge in England. It used to mean a fictional mix of the two universities, but now refers to both.
The competition between Oxford and Cambridge also has a long history, dating back to the days when Cambridge was founded by unsatisfied scholars from Oxford.

Nîmes
Nîmes is a city in the south of France and is in the Languedoc-Roussillon region. It is the prefecture of the Gard department. Its population is around 133,000 (1999). Nîmes dates back to the Roman Empire.
History.
The town was supplied with water by the Pont du Gard.

Lieutenant
A Lieutenant is an officer rank in the army.

Trinity College, Cambridge
Trinity College is a college of the University of Cambridge in Cambridge, England. Trinity has more students than any other college in Cambridge or Oxford. It is also the wealthiest Oxbridge college.

Al Wistert
Albert Alexander "Ox" Wistert (born December 28, 1920) is a former All-Pro American football player.

Alvin Wistert
Alvin "Moose" Wistert (June 26 1916 – October 3 2005) was an American Football player.

The Detroit News
"The Detroit News" is one of the two major newspapers in the U.S. city of Detroit, Michigan.

John Kowalik
Janusz “John” Kowalik (born 26 March, 1944 in Nowy Sącz) was a Polish football striker.

Veteran
A veteran (from Latin "vetus", meaning "old") is a person who is experienced in a certain area

Besançon
Besançon is a town in France. It is the capital of the Franche-Comté region and the prefecture of the Doubs department. Its population is around 116,000 (1999).
The citadelle was used by the Nazis during World War II.
Climate.
Besançon has an oceanic climate and a continental climate. The average temperature is 10.2 °C (50 °F). The warmest month of the year is July (18.9°C or 66°F) and the coldest month is January (1.6°C or 35°F). Besançon receives about 1108 mm (44 inches) of precipitation per year. The wettest month is May (111.4 mm or 4.4 in); the driest is July (80.5 mm or 3.2 in). The highest temperature ever, recorded on 31 July 1983, was 38.8 °C (101.8 °F), and the lowest was a −20.7 °C (−5.3 °F) reached on 1 January 1985.

Mulhouse
Mulhouse dates back to the XIIth century.
Medieval Mulhouse consists of an upper and a lower town.

Boulogne-Billancourt
Boulogne-Billancourt (often called Boulogne or Boulbi) is a town in the western suburbs of Paris in France. Boulogne-Billancourt is a sub-prefecture of the Hauts-de-Seine département ans is in the Île-de-France region. Its population is around 106,000 and its land area is 6.17 km². Its density is 17,877/km².
Consequently, Boulogne-Billancourt is one of the most densely populated municipalities in Europe. It is also home to major communication companies headquarters.

Perpignan
Perpignan is a town in the south of France of about 106,000 people (1999). It is located in the Languedoc-Roussillon region and is the prefecture of the Pyrénées-Orientales orientales department.
History.
Historians think that Perpignan was founded around the beginning of the 10th century (first mentioned in a document as "villa Perpiniarum" in 927). Soon, Perpignan became the capital of Roussillon.

Murrurundi, New South Wales
Murrurundi is a small country town located in the Upper Hunter Valley of New South Wales. Murrurundi is by road from Newcastle and km from Sydney. In 2006 there were 2162 people (ABS 2006) living in Murrurundi. The town is circled by mountains of the Liverpool Range. It is on the Pages River, which flows into the Hunter River. The name "Murrurundi" is from an Aboriginal word meaning "5 fingers". This is the name given to a group of rocks at the north end of the town.
History.
The first people to live in the Murrurundi area were the Australian aboriginal people, the Wanaruah and the Kamilaroi. European settlement of the area began in the 1820s. Benjamin Hall, the father of bushranger Ben Hall started a cattle farm in the area in 1839. The town was started by the New South Wales government in 1840. In the same year, a local land owner - Thomas Haydon - started his own town called Haydonton. Benjamin Hall opened a butcher's shop in Haydonton in 1842. Ben Hall lived here until the age of 13. In 1913, the two towns were joined together to make the modern-day town of Murrurundi.
Mining.
Kerosene shale was first mined at Mount Temi, north of Murrurundi in 1886. The mine was reopened in 1910. The shale was moved from the the mine on a rope system known as an aerial ropeway. It was then loaded onto trains at a railway built at Temple Court, just west of Murrurundi. The mine closed in the First World War.
Sport.
Every year there is a rodeo and the King of the Ranges stockman (cowboy) contest. Other sports played in the town include rugby, touch football, swimming, and cricket.
Railway station.
Murrurundi railway station is on the Main North railway line, from Sydney. The station opened in 1872. There is a large brick station-house, a passing loop and goods yard.
There is a train to and from Sydney and Armidale/Moree every day.

Roubaix
Roubaix is a city in the north France, in the Nord département and the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region. It is located near the city of Lille and is close to the belgian border. Its population is around 97,000 (1999) and its density is 7,330/km².
The city is well-known for its cycling race Paris-Roubaix which is over 259.5km and includes almost 50km of cobblestone sections.

Pau, France
Pau is an town in the Aquitaine région in the south of France. Pau is the prefecture of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département. Its population is around 79,000.

John Dunn
John Dunn (14 December 1846 – 19 March 1866) was an Australian bushranger. He was born at Murrumburrah near Yass, New South Wales. Dunn was only a small man who had been a jockey. He had robbed a Chinese gold miner and been in trouble with the police. He was 17 years old when he joined up with Ben Hall and John Gilbert.
Ben Hall's gang.
Dunn was a member of the gang when they tried to rob the mail coach near Jugiong on November 16, 1864. Gilbert shot dead Sergeant Parry during the robbery. The government already had offered reward money for the capture of the Gilbert and Hall; they now offered 500 pounds for John Dunn.
The bushrangers spent Christmas, 1864, with Dunn's parents at Murrumburrah. After visting Dunn's grandfather, John Kelly, near Binalong they rode to Binda on Boxing Day, December 26. Gilbert and Dunn spent the night dancing at the Flag Hotel. Hall stood at the door and stopped people from going to get the police.
On 26 January 1865, Hall, Gilbert and Dunn were at Collector, south of Goulburn. While Hall and Gilbert were robbing the hotel, John Dunn stayed outside to watch for the police. Most of the police were out in the bush searching for the criminals. Policeman, Constable Samuel Nelson was told the bushrangers were at the hotel. He told his wife he would "have to do his best". As he walked up to the hotel Dunn shot him in the side of the body, and then in the face. Nelson was the father of 9 children. One of the children saw the shooting. The bushrangers stole Nelson's gun, and his personal belongings and then left the town. During the next 3 months, the gang continued to rob from farmhouses and mail coaches.
In May 1865, Hall, Gilbert, and Dunn were made "outlaws"; they could be killed by anyone at anytime. Hall was found by the police in the bush near Forbes, New South Wales and shot dead. A week later, Gilbert was shot by the police at the home of John Kelly, Dunn's grandfather, near Binalong, on 13 May. Dunn was able to escape, although he was shot in the foot. Kelly had told the police where the bushrangers were so that he could get the reward money.
Dunn went into hiding near Quambone Station (a farm) but another friend told the police where he was living. Dunn was shot and badly hurt when the police went to capture him on 26 December 1865. A policeman, McHale, was shot in the groin. Even though he was hurt, he climbed out of the police station window but was soon caught again. He was taken to Sydney to be tried in court. On 19 January 1866, he was found guilty of killing Nelson and sentenced to death. He was hanged on 19 March, 1865 at the Darlinghurst Gaol. He was only 19 years old. He is buried in the old Devonshire Street cemetery in Sydney.

Gianfranco Zola
Gianfranco Zola OBE (born 5 July, 1966) is a retired Italian footballer, who is now the manager of West Ham United F.C.
As a footballer he played for S.S.C. Napoli, Parma A.C. and Chelsea F.C. He was renowned for his technique, skill and dribbling. In total, he played in 619 league games and scored 222 goals in his career. He became manager of West Ham on 11 September 2008, after resigning (stopping) as Italy Under-21's manager.

Asnières-sur-Seine
Asnières-sur-Seine is a town in France near Paris. It is located in the region Île-de-France and the department Hauts-de-Seine. Its population is around 76,000. It is one of the most densely populated municipalities in Europe (its density is 17,178/km²).
History.
"Asnières-sur-Seine" used to just be called Asnières. The name Asnières was first mentionned in 1158 as "Asnerias", from Medieval Latin "asinaria", meaning "donkey farm". The soil of Asnières was poor, where heather grew in Medieval times, was probably only good enough for breeding donkeys.

Fort-de-France
Fort-de-France is the capital of France's Caribbean département d'outre-mer of Martinique. Its population is 94,049. It is one of the major cities in the Caribbean. Martinique exports sugar, rum, tinned fruit, and cacao from the port in Fort-de-France.

Drake Bell
Drake Bell (27 June, 1986) is an American actor, singer, director and guitarist.
Life.
Drake born in Orange County in 1986. In June 2005, Drake was badly hurt in a car accident in Los Angeles. He was in the car with a friend. A truck went through a red light and hit Bell's car, a 1966 Ford Mustang. The steering wheel of Bell's car was made of wood and metal. Because the seatbelts of the car were only around the waist and there were no airbags, he hit his face against the steering wheel. This caused a fractured neck, six dislodged teeth, a broken jaw and a deep cut across his chin. Bell had plastic surgery to fix his face.
Acting.
Drake started to act when he was 5 years old. When he was 9, he starred in the movie "Jerry Maguire" as Jesse Ramo. In 1999, he started to act in "The Amanda Show" with Amanda Bynes. He joined to the series "Drake & Josh". In 2008, Drake played in the movie "Superhero Movie" and "Merry Christmas, Drake & Josh".
Music.
Drake learnt to play a guitar when he was 13. In September 2005, he started to sell his first album, "Telegraph". In December 2006, he started to sell his second album called "Its Only Time". Release Date for his third Album is January 2009. Some songs of his new Album appeared. For Example: Saturday Night; All alone at the Disco; She´s on her own; C.C.Rider; To Hip gotta go, Little Miss Prissy and Jingle Bells.

Saffron
Saffron () (Persian: زَعْفَرَان) is a spice made from the stigma of the flower of the saffron plant. The spice is used in cooking as a seasoning and as a food colouring. It is native to Southwest Asia. It is the world's most expensive spice, and has been for a long time.
Saffron has a bitter taste and smells like hay. This smell is caused by the chemicals picrocrocin and safranal. Saffron also contains a dye, crocin, that gives food a rich golden colour. Saffron is an ingredient in many foods worldwide, and is also used in medicine.
Origin.
The word "saffron" comes from the 12th-century Old French word ', which comes from the Latin word '. ' is also related to the Italian ' and Spanish '. "Safranum" comes from the Arabic word ' (), which means "yellow," via the Persian paronymous ' ().
Biology.
The cultivated saffron (saffron crocus "C. sativus") flowers in the an autumn and comes up every year, therefore it is known as a perennial plant. It does not grow wild, and is a newer sterile triploid form of the eastern Mediterranean plant called "Crocus cartwrightianus". It is thought that "C. cartwrightianus" originally came from Crete. The saffron crocus resulted when "C. cartwrightianus" was subjected to extensive artificial selection by growers who desired elongated stigmas. Being sterile, the saffron crocus's purple flowers fail to produce viable seeds—thus, reproduction is dependent on human assistance: the corms (underground bulb-like starch-storing organs) must be manually dug up, broken apart, and replanted. A corm survives for only one season, reproducing via division into up to ten "cormlets" that eventually give rise to new plants. The corms are small brown globules up to in diameter and are shrouded in a dense mat of parallel fibers.
After a period in summer known as "aestivation", some narrow green leaves—growing up to in length—come up from the ground. The number of leaves is between five and eleven. In autumn, purple buds appear. In October, after most other flowering plants have released their seeds, the saffron grows its brightly-coloured flowers, ranging from a light pastel shade of lilac to a darker and more striated mauve. At the time of flowering, it is usually less than in height. Inside each flower are three prongs, called the "style"; each prong has a crimson "stigma", 25–30 mm in length, at the end of it.
Cultivation.
The saffron crocus grows best in climates like that of the Mediterranean maquis or the North American chaparral, where hot, dry summer breezes blow across the land. Nevertheless, the plant can survive frosty weather, even if it gets as cold as. It can even survive short periods of snow. However, if it is not grown in wet places like Kashmir (where rainfall averages 1000–1500 mm annually), extra water is needed to help it grow — in the saffron-growing regions of Greece (500 mm of rainfall annually) and Spain (400 mm), "irrigation" has to be provided. It is also important for the rain to fall at the right time of year: lots of spring rain followed by a dry summer is best. In addition, rainfall occurring immediately prior to flowering also makes the plant give more saffron; nevertheless, rainy or cold weather occurring "during" flowering can cause disease, so the plant gives less saffron. Other things that can make the plant give less saffron are: the weather being damp or hot for a long time; rabbits, rats, and birds, digging in the ground near the plant; parasites such as roundworm; fungus and corm rot.
Saffron plants grow best in strong and direct sunlight, they do not grow well in shady conditions. Thus, planting is best done in fields that slope towards the sunlight (i.e. south-sloping in the Northern Hemisphere), maximizing the crocuses' sun exposure. In the Northern Hemisphere, planting is mostly done in June, with corms planted some 7–15 cm deep. Planting depth and corm spacing—along with climate—are both critical factors impacting plant yields. Thus, mother corms planted more deeply yield higher-quality saffron, although they produce fewer flower buds and daughter corms. With such knowledge, Italian growers have found that planting corms deep and in rows spaced 2–3 cm apart optimizes threads yields, whereas planting depths of 8–10 cm optimizes flower and corm production. Meanwhile, Greek, Moroccan, and Spanish growers have devised different depths and spacings to suit their own climates.
Saffron crocuses grow best in crumbly, moist and well-drained clay soils with high organic content. They are often planted in raised beds, to help with drainage. Farmers often use 20–30 tonnes of manure per hectare on the plants before plating the corms The buds do not start to grow until early autumn, then in the middle of autumn the plants begin to flower. Picking the flowers must be done quickly: they flower at dawn, but curl up and die during the day. THe flowers of the saffron crocuses only last for one or two weeks. From 150 flowers, the farmer can get about 1 g of dry saffron threads. To produce 12 g of dried saffron (72 g freshly harvested) would take about 1 kg of flowers (1 lb for 0.2 oz of dried saffron). It can be worked out that from this that one freshly picked flower yields 0.03 g of fresh saffron, or 0.007 g of dried saffron.
History.
The history of saffron growing reaches back more than 3,000 years. The wild plant from which the saffron crocus came was called "Crocus cartwrightianus". Humans began choosing wild plants that had long "stigmas". Gradually, a form of "C. cartwrightianus", "C. sativus", came into being in the late Bronze Age Crete. Experts believe that the first document to mention saffron is a 7th century BC Assyrian book about botany which was written in the time of Ashurbanipal. Since then, we have found evidence for the use of saffron in the treatment of about 90 illnesses during the past 4,000 years.
Mediterranean.
The Minoans had pictures of saffron in their palaces as long ago as 1500–1600 BC, showing how it could be used as a medicine. Later, Greek legends told of sea voyages to Cilicia, where adventurers hoped to find the world's most valuable saffron. Another legend tells how someone named Crocus was bewitched and transformed into the original saffron crocus. Ancient Mediterranean peoples—including perfumers in Egypt, physicians in Gaza, townspeople in Rhodes, and the Greek "hetaerae" courtesans—used saffron in their perfumes, ointments, potpourris, mascaras, divine offerings, and medical treatments.
In late Hellenistic Egypt, Cleopatra used saffron in her baths to make her feel good. Egyptian healers used saffron as a treatment for all varieties of gastrointestinal ailments. Saffron was also used as a fabric dye in such Levant cities as Sidon and Tyre. Aulus Cornelius Celsus prescribes saffron in medicines for wounds, cough, colic, and scabies, and in the mithridatium. Such was the Romans' love of saffron that Roman colonists took their saffron with them when they settled in southern Gaul, where it was extensively cultivated until Rome's fall. Competing theories state that saffron only returned to France with 8th century AD Moors or with the Avignon papacy in the 14th century AD.
Asia.
Paints made from saffron were being used for drawing 50,000 years ago. These have been found in the country that is today called Iraq. Later, people called the Sumerians used wild-growing saffron in their remedies and magical potions. Traders carried saffron for long distances before the 2nd millennium BC. Ancient Persians were growing their own type of saffron ("Crocus sativus" 'Hausknechtii') in Derbena, Isfahan, and Khorasan by the 10th century BC. Sometimes saffron threads were woven into textiles. They were given as offerings to the gods and used in dyes, perfumes, medicines, and body washes. Saffron threads were also scattered across beds and mixed into hot tea as a way of curing sad feelings. Other people were afraid that the Persians would use saffron as a drug and aphrodisiac. During his Asian campaigns, Alexander the Great used Persian saffron in his tea, rice, and baths to help heal his battle wounds. Alexander's troops copied their leader's actions and brought the habit of saffron-bathing back to Greece.
No one knows how saffron arrived in South Asia. Traditional Kashmiri and Chinese accounts date its arrival anywhere between 900–2500 years ago. Meanwhile, historians studying ancient Persian records date the arrival to sometime prior to 500 BC, attributing it to either Persian transplantation of saffron corms to stock new gardens and parks or to a Persian invasion and colonization of Kashmir. Phoenicians then marketed Kashmiri saffron as a dye and a treatment for melancholy. From there, saffron use in foods and dyes spread throughout South Asia. For example, Buddhist monks in India adopted saffron-coloured robes after the Buddha Siddhartha Gautama's death. However, the robes were not dyed with costly saffron but turmeric, a less expensive dye, or jackfruit.
Some historians believe that saffron first came to China with Mongol invaders by way of Persia. On the other hand, saffron is mentioned in ancient Chinese medical texts, including the forty-volume "Shennong Bencaojing" (神農本草經—"Shennong's Great Herbal", also known as "Pen Ts'ao" or "Pun Tsao") pharmacopoeia, a tome dating from 200–300 BC. Traditionally attributed to the legendary "Yan" ("Fire") Emperor (炎帝) Shennong, it documents 252 phytochemical-based medical treatments for various disorders. Yet around the 3rd century AD, the Chinese were referring to saffron as having a Kashmiri provenance. For example, Wan Zhen, a Chinese medical expert, reported that "[t]he habitat of saffron is in Kashmir, where people grow it principally to offer it to the Buddha." Wan also reflected on how saffron was used in his time: "The [saffron crocus] flower withers after a few days, and then the saffron is obtained. It is valued for its uniform yellow colour. It can be used to aromatise wine."
Europe.
In Europe, saffron cultivation declined steeply following the Roman Empire's fall. Saffron was reintroduced when the Islamic civilization "Al-Andalus" spread to Spain, France, and Italy. During the 14th century Black Death, demand for saffron-based medicine skyrocketed, and much saffron had to be imported via Venetian and Genoan ships from southern and Mediterranean lands such as Rhodes. The theft of one such shipment by noblemen sparked the fourteen-week long "Saffron War". The conflict and resulting fear of rampant saffron piracy spurred significant saffron cultivation in Basel, which grew prosperous. Cultivation and trade then spread to Nuremberg, where epidemic levels of saffron adulteration brought on the "Safranschou" code, under which saffron adulterers were fined, imprisoned, and executed. Soon after, saffron cultivation spread throughout England, especially Norfolk and Suffolk. The Essex town of Saffron Walden, named for its new specialty crop, emerged as England's prime saffron growing and trading center. However, an influx of more exotic spices such as chocolate, coffee, tea, and vanilla from newly contacted Eastern and overseas countries caused European cultivation and usage of saffron to decline. Only in southern France, Italy, and Spain, did significant cultivation endure.
Europeans brought saffron to the Americas when immigrant members of the Schwenkfelder Church left Europe with a trunk containing saffron corms; indeed, many Schwenkfelders had widely grown saffron in Europe. By 1730, the Pennsylvania Dutch were cultivating saffron throughout eastern Pennsylvania. Spanish colonies in the Caribbean bought large amounts of this new American saffron, and high demand ensured that saffron's list price on the Philadelphia commodities exchange was set equal to that of gold. The trade with the Caribbean later collapsed in the aftermath of the War of 1812, when many saffron-transporting merchant vessels were destroyed. Yet the Pennsylvania Dutch continued to grow lesser amounts of saffron for local trade and use in their cakes, noodles, and chicken or trout dishes. American saffron cultivation survived into modern times mainly in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania.
Trade and use.
Saffron's aroma is often described to be something like metallic honey with grassy or hay-like notes. Its taste has also been noted as hay-like and somewhat bitter. Saffron gives a light yellow-orange colouring to foods. Saffron is widely used in Iranian (Persian), Arab, Central Asian, European, Indian,Turkish, Moroccan and Cornish cuisines. Confectioneries and liquors also often include saffron. Common saffron substitutes include safflower ("Carthamus tinctorius", which is often sold as "Portuguese saffron" or "assafroa") and turmeric ("Curcuma longa"). Saffron has been used as a traditional medicine for a long time. Modern medicine has also discovered itas having anticarcinogenic (cancer-suppressing), anti-mutagenic (mutation-preventing), immunomodulating, and antioxidant-like properties. Saffron has also been used as a fabric dye, particularly in China and India, and in perfumery.
Most saffron is grown in a belt of land ranging from the Mediterranean in the west to Kashmir in the east. Annually, around 300 tonnes of saffron are produced worldwide. Iran ranks first in the world production of saffron, with more than 94 percent of the world yield. Iran's annual saffron production is expected to hit 300 tons by the end of the nation's Fourth Five-Year Socioeconomic Development Plan in 2009. Other minor producers of saffron are Spain, India, Greece, Azerbaijan, Morocco, and Italy. A pound of dry saffron (0.45 kg) requires 50,000–75,000 flowers. These flowers would need about a football field's area of cultivation. Some forty hours of labour are needed to pick 150,000 flowers. Upon extraction, stigmas are dried quickly and (preferably) sealed in airtight containers. Saffron prices at wholesale and retail rates range from US$500/pound to US$5,000/pound (US$1100–US$11,000 per kilogram)—equivalent to £250/€350 per pound or £5,500/€7,500 per kilo. In Western countries, the average retail price is $1,000/£500/€700 per pound (US$2200/£1100/€1550 per kilogram). A pound comprises between 70,000 and 200,000 threads. Vivid crimson colouring, slight moistness, elasticity, recent harvest date, and lack of broken-off thread debris are all traits of fresh saffron.
Cultivars.
Several saffron cultivars are grown worldwide. Spain's varieties, including the tradenames 'Spanish Superior' and 'Creme', are generally mellower in colour, flavour, and aroma; they are graded by government-imposed standards. Italian varieties are slightly more potent than spanish, while the most intense varieties tend to be Iranian in origin. Westerners may face significant obstacles in obtaining saffron from India. For example, India has banned the export of high-grade saffron abroad. Aside from these, various "boutique" crops are available from New Zealand, France, Switzerland, England, the United States, and other countries, some organically grown. In the U.S., Pennsylvania Dutch saffron—known for its earthy notes—is marketed in small quantities.
Consumers regard certain cultivars as "premium" quality. The "Aquila" saffron ("zafferano dell'Aquila")—defined by high safranal and crocin content, shape, unusually pungent aroma, and intense colour—is grown exclusively on eight hectares in the Navelli Valley of Italy's Abruzzo region, near L'Aquila. It was first introduced to Italy by a Dominican monk from Inquisition-era Spain. But in Italy the biggest saffron cultivation, for quality and quantity, is in San Gavino Monreale, Sardinia. There, saffron is grown on 40 hectares (60% of Italian production); it also has very high crocin, picrocrocin, and safranal content. Another is the Kashmiri "Mongra" or "Lacha" saffron ("Crocus sativus" 'Cashmirianus'), which is among the most difficult for consumers to obtain. Repeated droughts, blights, and crop failures in Kashmir, combined with an Indian export ban, contribute to its high prices. Kashmiri saffron is recognisable by its extremely dark maroon-purple hue, among the world's darkest, which suggests the saffron's strong flavour, aroma, and colourative effect.
Grade.
Saffron types are graded by quality according to laboratory measurements of such characteristics as crocin (colour), picrocrocin (taste), and safranal (fragrance) content. Other metrics include floral waste content (i.e. the saffron spice sample's non-stigma floral content) and measurements of other extraneous matter such as inorganic material ("ash"). A uniform set of international standards in saffron grading was established by the International Organization for Standardization, which is an international federation of national standards bodies. Namely, ISO 3632 deals exclusively with saffron. It establishes four empirical grades of colour intensity: IV (poorest), III, II, and I (finest quality). Saffron samples are then assigned to one of these grades by gauging the spice's crocin content, which is revealed by measurements of crocin-specific spectroscopic absorbance. Absorbance is defined as formula_2, with formula_1 as absorbance (Beer-Lambert law). It is a measure of a given substance's transparency (formula_4, the ratio of light intensity passing through sample to that of the incident light) to a given wavelength of light.
For saffron, absorbance is determined for the crocin-specific photon wavelength of 440 nm in a given dry sample of spice. Higher absorbances at this wavelength imply greater crocin concentration, and thus a greater colourative intensity. These data are measured through spectrophotometry reports at certified testing laboratories worldwide. These colour grades proceed from grades with absorbances lower than 80 (for all category IV saffron) up to 190 or greater (for category I). The world's finest samples (the selected most red-maroon tips of stigmas picked from the finest flowers) receive absorbance scores in excess of 250. Market prices for saffron types follow directly from these ISO scores. However, many growers, traders, and consumers reject such lab test numbers. They prefer a more holistic method of sampling batches of thread for taste, aroma, pliability, and other traits in a fashion similar to that practiced by practised wine tasters.
Despite such attempts at quality control and standardisation, an extensive history of saffron adulteration—particularly among the cheapest grades—continues into modern times. Adulteration was first documented in Europe's Middle Ages, when those found selling adulterated saffron were executed under the "Safranschou" code. Typical methods include mixing in extraneous substances like beet, pomegranate fibers, red-dyed silk fibers, or the saffron crocus's tasteless and odorless yellow stamens. Other methods included dousing saffron fibers with viscid substances like honey or vegetable oil. However, powdered saffron is more prone to adulteration, with turmeric, paprika, and other powders used as diluting fillers. Adulteration can also consist of selling mislabeled mixes of different saffron grades. Thus, in India, high-grade Kashmiri saffron is often sold mixed with cheaper Iranian imports; these mixes are then marketed as pure Kashmiri saffron, a development that has cost Kashmiri growers much of their income.

Phineas and Ferb
"Phineas and Ferb" is an animated television program produced by Disney. It has been nominated for an Emmy award. It airs on the Disney Channel and related channels. The program is about two 9-year old brothers from a blended family with a pet platypus, who do impossible plans. Also, a mad scientist pulls evil schemes while those two 9-year old brothers' pet platypus, whose name is Perry, tries to stop him.

TobyMac
Kevin Michael "Toby" McKeehan (born October 22, 1964 in Fairfax, Virginia), better known as tobyMac, is a well known Christian singer from the band dcTalk. The band separated in 2000 for solo jobs. Some of his most famous songs are "Made to Love", "Burn for You", and "Boomin". His most recent album is "Alive and Transported", a live album.

DcTalk
dc Talk is a well know Christian rock/rap band, most famous for its song Jesus Freak. The band started in 1988, and was was part of the rise in popularity of the contemporary Christian music genre during the 1990s. The band split up in 2000 to have solo carriers.

Argenteuil
Argenteuil is a town northwest of Paris, France. Argenteuil is a sub-prefecture of the Val-d'Oise department.
Argenteuil is the second most populated town in the suburbs of Paris (after Boulogne-Billancourt) and the most populated commune in the Val-d'Oise department; however it is not the prefecture. Its population is about 94,000 (1999).
Claude Monet painted things in Argenteuil many times.

Colombes
Colombes is a town in the northwest suburbs of Paris, France. Its in the region Île-de-France and the department Hauts-de-Seine. Its population is about 77,000.

Virgin birth of Jesus
What is known as Virgin birth of Jesus is a belief held by Christians and Muslims. It says that Mary remained a virgin when Jesus was conceived. This belief was widespread Christian church by the second century, and the doctrine was included in the two most widely used Christian creeds, which state that Jesus "was incarnate of the Holy Spirit and the "Virgin" Mary" (the Nicene Creed as revised by the First Council of Constantinople) and was "born of the "Virgin" Mary" (Apostles' Creed). The belief was not challenged, except by some sects which did not have much importance, before the Enlightenment theology of the eighteenth century.
The gospels of Matthew and Luke say that Mary was a virgin and that Jesus was conceived by the Holy Spirit. These gospels set going the current belief that Jesus' conception was a miracle and he had natural father; no sexual intercourse and no male seed was involved in conceiving him. The Gospel of Matthew also says that the virgin birth of Jesus fulfils a prophecy from the Book of Isaiah.
Most people believe the "virginity" of Mary is a reference to his "conception", not his birth. But in Roman Catholic and Orthodox usage, the term "Virgin Birth" means not only that Mary was a virgin when she conceived, but also that she gave birth as a virgin (remaining a "virgo intacta"). This has been believed since the second century. See Perpetual virginity of Mary.
Mary's virginity at the conception of Jesus is also part of Islam. The Qur'an often refers to Jesus with the matronymic Jesus son of Mary ("Isa bin Maryam").
Hidden Meaning.
According to Uta Ranke-Heinemann, the virgin birth of Jesus was not meant to be taken literally. It should be understood as an allegory of a special initiative of God. It could be compared to the creation of Adam in the sense that both creations were by God.
Illegitimacy.
Jesus may have been an illegitimate child. This claim can be traced back to about 177-180 AD, when Celsus, basing himself on Jewish sources, wrote: According to this view, the accounts in Matthew and Mark were intended as a response to this charge.
Epistles of Paul.
The letters of Paul of Tarsus are considered to be the earliest texts in the New Testament. They do not state that Jesus' mother was a virgin.
But when the fullness of time had come, God sent his Son, born of a woman, born under the law...
This phrase speaks of Jesus as born "of a woman", not "of a virgin". This is sometimes seen as evidence that Paul did not know about the virgin birth of Jesus. However, the phrase "born of a woman, born under the law" could imply that Jesus had no human father. This is because it was common for Hebrews to list only the father, or otherwise both parents. The fact that the father is totally missing suggests that was no father.
Some people think that this to do with the curse upon Jeconiah () as evidence of God's miraculous working, saying that only by a virgin birth could Jesus have Joseph as a legal father, but avoid the curse through Jechoniah that none of his descendants would prosper and sit on the throne of David.
Whether "descended from David according to the flesh" implies physical descent through Joseph is disputed.
While some see "in the likeness of sinful flesh" as meaning merely that Jesus was externally like any other human being, others suggest that there is a contradiction between the notion of being in the likeness of sinful flesh and having been born of a virgin.
As has been remarked by students of the New Testament, the order of writing of the books shows that the oldest Christian preaching about Jesus concerned his death and resurrection. They turned their attention also to the deeds and words that came to them from the traditions of Jesus' ministry, which were formed into collections arranged in logical rather than chronological order, and which formed a basis for the four canonical Gospels, of which Mark is the earliest. gives an outline similar to Mark's, beginning with the baptism and ending with the resurrection, with no mention of the birth. Only later, for reasons not only of curiosity but also of apologetics and theology, attention was given to the birth and infancy, as in the Gospels of Matthew and Luke.
The fact that Paul didn't write about the infancy and even the ministry of Jesus may be seen as fitting this pattern.

Montreuil, Seine-Saint-Denis
Montreuil is a town in the east suburbs of Paris, France. Montreuil is located near the Bois de Vincennes park in the Île-de-France region and the Seine-Saint-Denis department. Its population is around 91,000 (1999). It is the third most populated suburb of Paris (after Boulogne-Billancourt and Argenteuil).

Tourcoing
Tourcoing is a town in the Nord department and Nord-Pas de Calais region in France. It is Lille and Roubaix and the Belgian border; its population is 94,204 (1999).
There is a Napoleon III-style "Hôtel de ville (Town Hall) built in 1885.

ReLoad
ReLoad is an album by Metallica. It was released on November 18, 1997.

Consensus
Consensus has two common meanings. One is a general agreement by members of a group or community, each of which exercises some discretion in decision making and follow-up action. The other is as a theory and practice of getting such agreements (for information on the "practice" of getting formal consensus, "see" consensus decision-making).

Grantland Rice
Grantland Rice (November 1, 1880–July 13, 1954) was an early 20th century American sports-writer.

Chuck Bernard
Joseph Charles "Chuck" Bernard (in) was a professional American football center who played for the Detroit Lions in 1934 and was a two-time All-American at the University of Michigan.

Saint-Denis
Saint-Denis is a city and "commune" in the north suburbs of Paris, France. Saint-Denis is a sub-prefecture of the Seine-Saint-Denis département, and is the seat of the Arrondissement of Saint-Denis. It is in the Île-de-France region. Inhabitants of Saint-Denis are called "Dionysiens".
Saint-Denis is home to the Saint Denis Basilica. You can also find France's national football stadium, Stade de France, built in 1998 for the Football World Cup.
Saint-Denis used to be an industrial suburb, but its reconverting its economic base.
History.
Almost every french king since Dagobert Ist, was buried in the Basilica. Saint-Denis dates back to the second century. It used to be a village called "Catolacus". Saint Denis, the first bishop of Paris, was martyred in about 250 AD. He was buried in the cemetery of Catolacus. Denis' tomb became a place of worship.
During the French Revolution in 1793, the city was renamed "Franciade", and the royal necropolis was looted and destroyed. The name was changed back in 1803.
During the Second World War, the Germans occupied Saint-Denis from June 13, 1940. The town was liberated by General Leclerc on August 27.
In 1998, the Stade de France was built. This helped the town's economy.
Other facts.
The painter Claude Monet was born in Saint-Denis.
Crime.
Saint Denis has a very high crime rate. It has an average of 150.71 criminal incidents per 1000 inhabitants (the national average is 83/1000). Police efficiency is also very bad with only 19.82 % of crimes solved.

University of Minnesota
The University of Minnesota, Twin Cities (U of M or The U) is the oldest and largest part of the University of Minnesota system.

Minnesota Golden Gophers
The Minnesota Golden Gophers are the college sports team for the University of Minnesota.

Dixie Dean
William 'Dixie' Dean, simply known as Dixie Dean was an English football player. He played for Everton FC during the 1920s and 30s. He has scored more goals than any other player in English football history. Worldwide, only Pele has scored more competitive goals than Dean.

Harry Kipke
Harry G. Kipke (March 26, 1899 - September 14, 1972) was the head football coach at the University of Michigan from 1929-1937. He is one of only three coaches in school history to direct teams to four consecutive conference championships.

Sentence (law)
In law, a sentence forms the final act of a judge-ruled process. The sentence generally involves a decree of imprisonment, a fine and/or other punishments against a defendant convicted of a crime.

Interstate 82
Interstate 82 (sometimes called I-82) is a 143.58-mile long Interstate Highway in the states of Washington and Oregon. The road goes from Interstate 90 and U.S. Route 97 in Ellensburg, Washington southeast through Yakima, Washington, the Tri-Cities of Washington, and Umatilla, Oregon before ending at Interstate 84 in Hermiston, Oregon.
Since I-82 is north of Interstate 84, it breaks the rules for Interstate numbering. This happened because when Interstate 80N was renumbered to Interstate 84 in 1980, Interstate 82 became north of Interstate 84. The renumbering was part of a project to remove Interstates that have letters within their numbers.
The highway goes over Selah Creek on a bridge called the Fred G. Redmon Bridge. When this bridge was opened on November 2, 1971 it was the longest concrete arch bridge in North America. The bridge is 549 feet long when it goes above the creek.
In 1999, the state of Oregon wanted to make Interstate 82 longer. They planned three different roads, but all of them were not chosen. The freeway also has a spur route, Interstate 182, which connects Interstate 82 to Richland, Washington and Pasco, Washington.

Wes Welker
Wesley Carter Welker (born May 1, 1981 in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma) is an American football wide receiver for the New England Patriots of the National Football League.

Izişoara River
The Izişoara River is a tributary of the Iza River in Romania. That means it flows into the Iza River.

Food coloring
A food coloring is any substance that is added to food or drink to change its color. Food coloring is used both in commercial food production and in cooking at home.
Purpose of food coloring.
People associate certain colors with certain flavors. The color of the food can therefore influence its perceived flavor in anything from candy to wine.
For this reason, food manufacturers add dyes to their products.This is sometimes done to simulate the colour the customer expects as natural. An example for this would be adding red coloring to glacé cherries (which would otherwise be beige). Sometimes food coloring is done for effect, like the green ketchup that Heinz launched in 2000.
Regulation.
Food colorings need to be tested before they can be used. These tests are done to make sure the coloring is not poisonous, and has no unwanted side-effects. Sometimes, different testing-bodies have different opinions on the safety of a certain coloring. In the United States, FD&C (generally indicates that the FDA has approved the colorant for use in Foods, Drugs and Cosmetics) numbers are given to approved synthetic food dyes that do not exist in nature. In the European Union, E numbers are used for all additives, both synthetic and natural, that are approved in food applications.
Most other countries have their own regulations and list of food colors which can be used in various applications, including maximum daily intake limits.
Natural colors are not required to be tested by a number of regulatory bodies throughout the world, including the United States FDA. The FDA lists "color additives exempt from certification" for food.
Natural food dyes.
To ensure reproducibility, the colored components of these substances are often provided in highly purified form, and for increased stability and convenience, they can be formulated in suitable carrier materials (solid and liquid).
Dyes and lakes.
In the United States, certifiable color additives are available for use in food as either "dyes" or "lakes".
Dyes dissolve in water, but are not soluble in oil. Dyes are manufactured as powders, granules, liquids or other special purpose forms. They can be used in drinks, dry mixes, baked goods, confections, dairy products, pet foods and many other products. Dyes also have side effects which lakes do not, including the fact that large amounts of dyes ingested can color stools.
Lakes are the combination of dyes and insoluble material. Lakes tint by dispersion. Lakes are not oil soluble, but are oil dispersible. Lakes are more stable than dyes and are ideal for coloring products containing fats and oils or items lacking sufficient moisture to dissolve dyes. Typical uses include coated tablets, cake and donut mixes, hard candies and chewing gums, lipsticks, soaps, shampoos, talc etc.
Other uses.
Because food dyes are generally safer to use than normal artistic dyes and pigments, some artists have used food coloring as a means of making pictures, especially in forms such as body-painting.
Food colorings can be used to dye fabric, but are usually not wash-fast when used on cotton, hemp and other plant fibres. Some food dyes can be fixed on Nylon and animal fibers.
Criticism and health implications.
Though past research showed no correlation between Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and food dyes, new studies now point to synthetic preservatives and artificial coloring agents as aggravating ADD & ADHD symptoms, both in those affected by these disorders and in the general population; Older studies were inconclusive quite possibly due to inadequate clinical methods of measuring offending behavior. Parental reports were more accurate indicators of the presence of additives than clinical tests. Several major studies show academic performance increased and disciplinary problems decreased in large non-ADD student populations when artificial ingredients, including artificial colors were eliminated from school food programs.

Vornic River
The Vornic River is a tributary of the Bârzava River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bârzava River.

Vonţ River
The Vonţ River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Varsity letter
A varsity letter (or monogram) is an award in the United States for excellence in school activities.

Volovăţ River (Prut)
The Volovăţ River is a tributary of the Prut River in Romania. That means it flows into the Prut River.

Voivodeni River (Ialomiţa)
The Voivodeni River is a tributary of the Ialomiţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Ialomiţa River.

Voivodeni River (Almaş)
The Voivodeni River is a tributary of the Dragu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Dragu River.

Free content
Free content, or free information, is any kind of work, artwork, or other creative content having not a lot of legal restriction to people's freedom to use changed versions of and works from the content.

Valea Teilor River
The Valea Teiului River is a tributary of the Iza River in Romania. That means it flows into the Iza River.

Ted Petoskey
Frederick Lee "Ted" Petoskey (born January 5, 1911 in, died November 30, 1996 in) was a three-sport athlete at the University of Michigan.

Pârâul Repede (Iza)
The Pârâul Repede is a tributary of the Iza River in Romania. That means it flows into the Iza River.

Valea Carelor River
The Valea Carelor River is a tributary of the Iza River in Romania. That means it flows into the Iza River.

Interstate 5
Interstate 5 (sometimes called I-5) is a 1,381.29-mile long Interstate Highway in the states of California, Oregon, and Washington. The road goes from Mexican Federal Highway 1 at the United States-Mexican border to British Columbia Highway 99 at the United States-Mexican border.

Bistriţa River (Iza)
The Bistriţa River is a tributary of the Iza River in Romania. That means it flows into the Iza River.

Earned run average
In baseball statistics, earned run average (ERA) is the mean of earned runs given up by a pitcher per nine innings pitched.

Interstate 90
Interstate 90 (sometimes called I-90) is a 3099.07-mile long Interstate Highway in the states of Washington, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, South Dakota, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, and Massachusetts. The road goes from Interstate 5 in Seattle, Washington to Interstate 95 in Boston, Massachusetts. It is the longest Interstate in the United States.

Valea Largă River (Iza)
The Valea Largă River is a tributary of the Iza River in Romania. That means it flows into the Iza River.

Băleasa River (Iza)
The Băleasa River is a tributary of the Iza River in Romania. That means it flows into the Iza River.

Washington State Department of Transportation
The Washington State Department of Transportation (sometimes called WSDOT) is the part of the government of Washington about roads, railroads, ferries, airports, and other ways to get around. It was made in 1905 as Washington Department of Highways.

Bogleasa River
The Bogleasa River is a tributary of the Băleasa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Băleasa River.

Body-painting
Body-painting (also body painting and bodypainting) is a form of art. It is a kind of body art, of using the human body to make a form of art. Special colors are applied to the skin to make a work of art. Body-painting is temporary. Unlike a tattoo, the colors last for a few hours only.

Valea Gropilor River (Iza)
The Valea Gropilor River is a tributary of the Iza River in Romania. That means it flows into the Iza River.

Voiteg River
The Voiteg River or Valea Seacă River or Matei River is a tributary of the Lanca Birda River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lanca Birda River.

Voislava River
The Voislava River is a tributary of the Jieţ in Romania. That means it flows into the Jieţ River.

Voiniceşti River
The Voiniceşti River is a tributary of the Oltişor River in Romania. That means it flows into the Oltişor River.

Materpiscis
Materpiscis (from the Latin meaning "mother fish") is a genus of pyctodontid placoderm drom the Late Devonian from 380 million years old. Though the primitive fish perished, its fossilized remains remarkably reveal an embryo and umbilical cord inside the soon-to-be mother's body.

Chevy Chase
Cornelius Crane “Chevy” Chase (born October 8 1943) is an American Emmy Award-winning comedian, writer, and television and film actor.

Diprotodon
Diprotodon was the largest marsupial that ever lived. Diprotodon superficially resembled a rhino without a horn. Its feet turned inwards like a wombat’s, giving it a pigeon-toed appearance. It had strong claws on the front feet, so it may have been able to dig up roots to eat. Footprints of its hairy feet have been found, so we know it had fur like a horse rather than being bald like a rhino. Diprotodon is found in sites all over Australia, except in Tasmania.

Tahlequah, Oklahoma
Tahlequah (Pronounced "Tal a Kwa") is a city in Cherokee County, Oklahoma, United States located at the foot hills of the Ozark Mountains. Tahlequah is also home to Northeastern State University.

Russo-Japanese War
the Russo-Japanese War was a war between the Japanese Empire and the Russian Empire. It started in 1904 and ended in 1905. The Japanese won the war. The Russians lost. The Russian people were very angry at the government and Tzar Nicholas II for losing the war. The Japanese got part of China.
Reasons for war.
Russia wanted a warm-water Pacific Ocean port. Japan wanted to expand its empire into China and Korea. Japan also wanted to test its new military and navy. Russia thought it could easily defeat an Asian country.
Peace treaty and aftermath.
United States President Theodore Roosevelt helped Russia and Japan make peace after the war. He won a Nobel Prize for this. Russia had to give up all influence in the Far East. Japan would take over Korea five years later in 1910. Japan would continue to grow its empire in Asia until World War II. The Russian defeat was one of the reasons for the Russian Revolution on 1917.

Goodison Park
Goodison Park is the stadium of the English football club Everton FC. It is in the city of Liverpool.

Wikileaks
Wikileaks is a website that publishes anonymous submissions and leaks of sensitive governmental, corporate, or religious documents, while taking measures to preserve the anonymity and untraceability of its contributors. The site is based in Sweden

Eugowra, New South Wales
Eugowra is a town in the central west of New South Wales, Australia. The town is placed west of the state capital, Sydney. At the 2006 census, 535 people lived in Eugowra.
The word "Eugowra" comes from an Australian aboriginal word meaning "the place where the sand washes down the hill". The first people to live in the Eugowra area were the Wiradjuri people. Europeans first began exploring the area in 1815. John Oxley went through the area on his trip to explore the inland of NSW in 1817. Farming began at Eugowra station (farm) in 1834.
The town was started in the 1860s on the site of the farm. This was where the track for people going to the Lachlan gold fields crossed the Mandagery Creek. A bridge was built over the creek, and then the John Bull Hotel (later the Fat Lamb Hotel) was built next to it. In 1881, the town was laid out and a police station, courthouse and school were built.. The creek has flooded many times; in 2005 it had a flood peak of 9 metres. This cut the town in two, and flowed through many buildings and houses.
The Gold Escort robbery.
Australia's biggest gold robbery took place near Eugowra. The bushrangers, Frank Gardiner, Ben Hall and their group robbed the Forbes to Orange Ford and Company coach on 15 June 1862. The bushrangers stole 77 kilograms of gold and £3,700 in in cash. The value in 2008 money is about A$4 million. The site of the robbery was a gully 5km north of Eugowra, known as Eugowra Rocks. Coaches and wagons had to slow down to get around a steep gully which went down to Mandagery Creek. They also had to get passed many large granite rocks. One of these rocks was called "Coonbong" (dead man) by the Wiradjuri people. Gardiner’s gang stopped 2 bullock wagons and left them in the middle of the road. When the gold escort coach arrived it had to slow right down and try to get passed the wagons. The bushrangers, hidden behind the rocks, fired their guns at the coach. The coach driver and 2 policemen were wounded. One policeman had been shot in the testicles. The horses reared up and the coach was tipped on its side. One policemen assisted the wounded and they escaped into the bush. They went towards the Eugowra farm house for help. The other policeman went back down the road to a small hotel, Lyell's Shanty.
The bushrangers took the gold and money. They put it onto the back of one of the coach horses. They went back to their horses which had been hidden up the hill. They escaped into the bush and stopped at the southern end of Noble’s Lagoon to share out the bags of gold. They went to Mount Wheogo, north of the Weddin Mountains, where Gardiner had his camp.
A local farmer, Hanbury Clements, heard the gun shots and went to find out what was going on. He found the wounded men and helped them back to the farm house. He got on to his horse and rode the 27 miles to Forbes in the dark in less than 3 hours to report the robbery. The police arrived quickly, and with the help of an aboriginal tracker, Jimmy Dargan, they were soon following the bushrangers. Gardiner’s camp at Wheogo had a good view of the country. John "the Warrigal Walsh" (the brother of Ben Hall's wife) warned the bushrangers that the police were coming and the gang got away.
Most of the gold was still loaded on the back of the very tired coach horse. The bushrangers finally had to leave the horse in the foothills of the Weddin Mountains. They only took the money with them. The police got most of the gold back. Only Ben Hall and Frank Gardiner's share of the gold was not found.
Eugowra today.
Today, the town has a supermarket, 2 hotels, a newsagent, a butcher and golf and bowling clubs. There is also farm supplies, a lucerne plant and a sawmill. Eugowra is famous for its granite. More than 2000 slabs of granite were used in the new Parliament House, Canberra in Canberra.

Californication (album)
"Californication" is the seventh studio album by American alternative rock band Red Hot Chili Peppers. It was released on June 8, 1999 on record label Warner Bros. Records. The producer was Rick Rubin. On "Californication", John Frusciante returned to Red Hot Chili Peppers. He had appeared on "Mother's Milk" and "Blood Sugar Sex Magik", but Dave Navarro was the guitarist on the band's last album, "One Hot Minute". The band's sound was very different because of Frusciante's return.

Dan Kelly
Dan Kelly (1861 - 28 June 1880) was the youngest brother of Australian Bushranger Ned Kelly. He was a member of the Kelly Gang and died during the siege of Glenrowan.
Kelly was born in 1861 at Beveridge, Victoria in a simple wooden house built by his father, John "Red" Kelly. The house is still standing in Kelly Street. John Kelly, an Irishman had been a convict and had been sent to Van Diemen's Land in 1842. He had moved to Victoria after being released from gaol in 1848. He began working as a farmer around Beveridge. He married an Irish girl called Ellen Quinn in Melbourne in 1850.. They had several children, Annie (1853), Ned (1854), Maggie (1856), Jim (1859), Kate (1862) and Grace (1863).
Greta.
In 1864 the family moved north to a farm at Avenel, Victoria. His father died in 1866, and in 1867 the family moved again to a small farm near Greta, Victoria in the King Valley. His mother's family had moved to the area in 1864. His family had always been in trouble with the law. His mother's family were also well known to the police. Dan Kelly first got into trouble with the law when only 10 years old. Dan and his brother Jim, aged 12, were arrested by Constable Flood for riding a horse that did not belong to them. They had been doing some work for a local farmer and he had lent the boys the horse to ride home on. Flood did not believe them and the boys were forced to spend a 2 nights in a gaol cell.
In 1875 Dan Kelly and his cousins, the Lloyds, took on farm work in the Riverina area and on the Monaro High Plains. This was a common work pattern for young men in the area. His group of friends were a wild group of young men, known as "the Greta mob". They were well known for their visits to nearby towns such as Wangaratta, Beechworth and Benalla. On one visit to Benalla in 1876, Dan had been arrested for stealing a saddle. The police let him go when they could get enough evidence. Dan and his cousins got into trouble with the police in October 1877. They were charged with violent assault, damage to property, breaking into houses and stealing items worth 113 ponds. The police weren't able to prove most of the charges. Dan spent 1 month in gaol for damaging property worth 10 pounds.
On April 15, 1878, a policeman new to the area, Constable Fitzpatrick, went to the Kelly's house to arrest Dan Kelly for stealing horses. This is now called the "Fitzpatrick incident" and is covered in detail in the pages on Dan's brother, Ned Kelly. In short, there was a fight with Fitzpatrick. Fitzpatrick claimed the Kelly family had tried to kill him. Dan and Ned went into the bush to hide. Ellen Kelly was put into gaol for attempted murder.
The Kelly Gang.
Ned and Dan Kelly were living in the bush at a remote place in the "Wombat Ranges." Dan Kelly had built a small hut some time earlier on Bullock Creek. He had cleared an area of about 20 acres to grow crops. They had been searching for gold in the creek. He had also built a small still for making alcohol. During the months they were hiding at Bullock Creek, they were often visited by their friends including Steve Hart, Joe Byrne, Aaron Sherritt and the Lloyds. The police took the charge of attempted murder very seriously. A reward of 100 pounds was offered for the capture of the two Kelly boys. The police thought the brothers were hiding in the Wombat ranges. In October 1878 they sent 2 search groups out to find them. One group traveled south from Greta, and the other started from Mansfield and traveled north.
Outlaw.
After the policemen were killed, Dan Kelly was made an outlaw.
Glenrowan.
Dan Kelly died during the seige at Glenrowan. The cause of death is unknown, but Dan and Steve Hart may have killed themselves. Both bodies were badly burned during the fire. Family members and friends took the bodies and they are buried in unmarked graves at Greta. There have been claims that Dan survived the fire and spent the rest of his life in Queensland. There is little evidence to support these claims.

By the Way
"By the Way" is the eighth studio album by American alternative rock band Red Hot Chili Peppers. It was released on July 9, 2002 by record label Warner Bros. Records. It sold over 282,000 copies in the first week, and reached the number two position on the "Billboard" 200 chart. The singles from the album were "By the Way", "The Zephyr Song", "Can't Stop", "Dosed" and "Universally Speaking". The lyrics on the album were about different things to past Red Hot Chili Peppers albums. However, some critics thought it was similar to the previous album, "Californication", but more a bit more serious.

Stadium Arcadium
"Stadium Arcadium" is the ninth studio album by American alternative rock band Red Hot Chili Peppers. It was released on May 9, 2006 by record label Warner Bros. Records. It sold 442,000 copies in the U.S. in the first week. It also appeared in the number one position on the "Billboard" 200 chart. According to Anthony Kiedis, "Stadium Arcadium" was going to be three different albums that the band would release; one every six months. However, they changed their mind and made one big double album. Critics said in reviews of "Stadium Arcadium" that the music on it was not very original, and was similar to the band's older work. However, they said it was still very good music. "Stadium Arcadium" won a Grammy Award, and so did "Dani California", the first single.

KSpread
KSpread is a free software spreadsheet program that is part of KOffice, an office suite for the KDE Desktop Environment.
Among KSpread features are multiple sheets per document, assorted formatting possibilities, support for more than 100 built-in functions, templates, chart, spell-check, hyperlinks, data sorting and scripting with Python, Ruby and Javascript.
KSpread native format is XML, compressed with ZIP. However, KSpread has the ability to import in several spreadsheet formats, including those from Microsoft Excel, Applix Spreadsheet, Quattro Pro, CSV and OpenOffice.org Calc.

Luxembourg (Belgium)
It has been suggested that the text below be merged into (added to) the "Luxembourg (province)" page. (Discuss)
Luxembourg (Dutch and German: "Luxemburg", Walloon: "Lussimbork") is the southernmost province of Wallonia and of Belgium.

Nanterre
Nanterre is a town in the west suburbs of Paris, France. Nanterre is the prefecture (capital) of the Hauts-de-Seine département and is in the Île-de-France region. Its population is about 84,000 (March 8, 1999 census). Its density is about 7,200/km².
Eastern Nanterre, contains a part of the La Défense business district of Paris and some of the tallest buildings in Paris. The city of Nanterre also includes the University called Paris X – Nanterre, and its one of the largest in the Paris region.

Créteil
Créteil is a town in the southeast suburb of Paris, France. Créteil is the prefecture (capital) of the Val-de-Marne département and is in the Île-de-France region. The residents are called the "Cristolien". The mayor has been Laurent Cathala since 1977. The town's population is about 82,000 (1999).

IWork
iWork is a suite of programs created by Apple Inc., containing Pages, a word processing and desktop publishing program, Keynote, a presentation package and Numbers, a spreadsheet program.
Although iWork is called "a successor to AppleWorks" by Apple, it does not have the functions of AppleWorks's database and drawing tools. Also, it does not compete directly with the Mac version of Microsoft Office, but instead offers tools with a different focus (presentation, rather than analysis) at a lower price. It is made to integrate with other applications from Apple's iLife Suite. Although iLife comes free on every Mac, iWork is sold separately. A free 30-day trial of iWork was given with every new Mac (up through February of 2008—as of March 2008, but now the iWork trial is available only as a), and with copies of iLife.
iWork '05.
iWork '05 was launched on January 11, 2005 and had the new version 2 of Keynote and the first release of Pages. Before it was released, what would become iWork was said to be an add-on, upgrade, or new release of AppleWorks.
iWork '06.
On January 10, 2006, Apple introduced iWork '06 at the Macworld Expo in San Francisco, which upgraded Pages to version 2 and Keynote to version 3. New features common to both applications included 3D charts, tables with formula support, reviewer comments, and shaped image masking. The addition of tables with formula support may have been added to quiet rumors of an Apple spreadsheet application. Since iWork's focus is on presentation, Apple gave a way to put most common spreadsheet features into a table while providing only limited additional functionality.
iWork '08.
iWork '08 was announced on August 7, 2007 at a special event at Apple's Cupertino campus. New versions of Pages and Keynote were introduced, as was a new spreadsheet application, Numbers. Despite this, hard disk space requirements were reduced from 1.85 GB in iWork '06 to 690 MB in iWork '08. iWork '08 was the end of AppleWorks which was discontinued(not sold anymore) a week later. iWork 08 drops support for Mac OS X v10.3 'Panther'.

KPresenter
KPresenter is a free presentation program that is part of KOffice, an office suite for the KDE Desktop Environment.
KPresenter's native format is XML, compressed with ZIP. KPresenter is also able to load presentations from Microsoft PowerPoint, MagicPoint and OpenOffice.org Impress documents.

Voineşti River (Tutova)
The Voineşti River is a tributary of the Tutova River in Romania. That means it flows into the Tutova River.

Voineşti River (Bahlui)
The Voineşti River is a tributary of the Bahlui River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bahlui River. Lake Cucuteni is located on the Voineşti River.

Aulnay-sous-Bois
Aulnay-sous-Bois is a town and commune in the northeast suburb of Paris, France. It is located in the Île-de-France region and the Seine-Saint-Denis department. Its population is about 80,000 (1999). The inhabitants are called the "Aulnaysiens".
In October and November 2005, it was a badly affected area by the french riots.

Voineşiţa River
The Voineşiţa River is a tributary of the Lotru River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lotru River.

Vitry-sur-Seine
Vitry-sur-Seine is a town and commune located in the southest suburb of Paris, France. It is in the Île-de-France region and the Val-de-Marne department. Its population is around 79,000 (1999).

Voinegel River (Voineşiţa)
The Voinegel River is a tributary of the Rânjeu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Rânjeu River.

Distrito Nacional
The Distrito Nacional is a subdivision of the Dominican Republic enclosing the capital Santo Domingo, so it is not in any of the provinces. Before October 16, 2001, the Distrito Nacional was much larger, including what is now known as Santo Domingo Province.

Duarte Province
Duarte is a province of the Dominican Republic. It is named after Juan Pablo Duarte, founder of the Dominican Republic.
Municipalities and municipal districts.
The following is a sortable table of the municipalities and municipal districts with population figures as of the 2002 census. Urban population are those living in the seats ("cabeceras" literally heads) of municipalities or of municipal districts. Rural population are those living in the districts ("Secciones" literally sections) and neighborhoods ("Parajes" literally places) outside of them.
For comparison with the municipalities and municipal districts of other provinces see the list of municipalities and municipal districts of the Dominican Republic.

Jamie Noble
James Gibson (born December 23, 1976) better known by his ring name Jamie Noble, is an American professional wrestler. He is currently signed to World Wrestling Entertainment, wrestling on its Raw brand, and as a producer to SmackDown's cruiserweight division. He is also known for his appearances with Ring of Honor, where he won its World Championship, and World Championship Wrestling in its cruiserweight division and is a one time Cruiserweight Champion.

Paul London
Paul Sanchez-Garcia London (born April 16, 1980) is an American professional wrestler. He was formally signed to World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) performing on its Raw brand.
After being trained at the Texas Wrestling Academy, London began competing for Ring of Honor, where although he never won a title, began popular amongst the fans due to his high risk offensive moves. He later competed for Total Nonstop Action Wrestling, Pro Wrestling ZERO-ONE, and various independent promotions, winning numerous championships and won the ECWA Super 8 Tournament in 2003.
London made his debut in WWE in late 2003, and immediately began teaming with fellow cruiserweight Spanky, (Brian Kendrick). After Kendrick briefly left WWE, London formed a tag team with Billy Kidman, and together they won the WWE Tag Team Championship. After their split, London began competing in the cruiserweight division, and won the WWE Cruiserweight Championship. In late 2006, Kendrick returned, and the two reformed as a team. London and Kendrick were previously managed by WWE Diva, Ashley Massaro, who London has previously dated. The team split when Kendrick was drafted to the SmackDown brand in June 2008.
In WWE, London is a former WWE Cruiserweight Champion, World Tag Team Champion, and two-time WWE Tag Team Champion. During his second reign as WWE Tag Team champion, London and his partner, Brian Kendrick, became the longest reigning WWE Tag Team Champions since the title's creation.
He was released from his WWE contract in late 2008.

Sean Morley
Sean Allen Morley (born March 6 1971) perhaps best known by his ring name of Val Venis, is a Canadian professional wrestler. He is currently signed to World Wrestling Entertainment wrestling on the Raw brand.
During his career in WWF/E, Morley has held the Intercontinental Championship twice, European Championship once and World Tag Team Championship once with Lance Storm.

I Don't Care
"I Don't Care" is the first single off the fifth album by Fall Out Boy, "Folie à Deux".

Joy Giovanni
Joy Giovanni (born January 20, 1978) is an American actress, glamour model, and former WWE Diva. She is best known for her time with World Wrestling Entertainment, working on its "SmackDown!" brand.

Youngstown, New York
Youngstown is a village in Niagara County, New York, USA. The population was 1,957 at the 2000 census. It is part of the Buffalo–Niagara Falls Metropolitan Statistical Area.
The Village of Youngstown is on the western edge of the Town of Porter and is at the international border with Canada. It is north of the City of Niagara Falls.

Barney Dreyfuss
Bernhard "Barney" Dreyfuss (February 23 1865 – February 5 1932) was a German-Jewish-American executive in Major League Baseball who owned the Pittsburgh Pirates franchise from 1900 to 1932.
Dreyfuss was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 2008 following his election by the Veterans Committee.

Băloasa River
The Băloasa River or Baloşul River is a tributary of the Râul Lung in Romania. That means it flows into the Râul Lung.

Brother Bear 2
Brother Bear 2 is a Disney animated movie, made in 2006 and a sequel to Disney's other animated feature film, Brother Bear.

The Geysers
The Geysers, a geothermal power field located 72 miles (116 km) north of San Francisco, California, is the largest geothermal development in the world. It is currently outputting over 750 MW. The Geysers consists of 22 separate power plants that utilize steam from more than 350 producing wells. The Calpine Corporation operates and owns 19 of the 22 facilities.

Serbian Dinar
Dinar is the official currency in Serbia, Strpce province in Kosovo and in Serbian North Kosovo.

Avenel, Victoria
Avenel is a small town in Victoria, Australia. It is in the Shire of Strathbogie local government area. At the 2006 census, 728 people lived in Avenel. The town was built on the old Hume Highway. The new Hume Freeway now goes around the town. The town has sporting clubs for football, netball, tennis, cricket and lawn bowls. The town is about 15 minutes north-east of Seymour along the Hume Highway.
Bushranger Ned Kelly lived in Avenel when he was young. He saved a boy from drowning in Hughes Creek and was given a green silk sash as a reward. He was wearing this sash under his armour when he was captured by the police after the Siege of Glenrowan. His brother and father are buried in the Avenel cemetery.
There is a railway station in Avenel which is on the main line between Melbourne and Albury.

One Hot Minute
"One Hot Minute" is the sixth studio album by American alternative rock band Red Hot Chili Peppers. It was released on September 12, 1995 by record label Warner Bros. Records. John Frusciante had left the band after their previous album, "Blood Sugar Sex Magik", so Dave Navarro joined as the new guitarist.
Red Hot Chili Peppers' music was very different because of Navarro. "One Hot Minute" is less about sex and love than the band's previous work, but is instead about themes like drugs and depression. It also had some heavy metal guitar riffs. Anthony Kiedis had become addicted to cocaine and heroin in 1994, so some of the lyrics he wrote were about the effects of drugs.
"One Hot Minute" did not sell many copies, even though it reached number four on the "Billboard" 200 chart. "Blood Sugar Sex Magik" sold twice as many copies as "One Hot Minute". In 1998, Navarro was asked to leave the band. Red Hot Chili Peppers told the media it was because they and Navarro liked to make different kinds of music. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic said that "One Hot Minute" is as musically ambitious as "Blood Sugar Sex Magik", but is even more unfocused, which means it provides the fewest thrills of any of the group's albums."

Greta, Victoria
Greta is a small town in Victoria, Australia. It is east of the city of Benalla. The local government that looks after Greta is the Rural City of Wangaratta. At the 2006 census, there were 231 people living in and around Greta.
History.
The area had 4 villages, all of which were called Greta at some time. The first township known as Greta, on Fifteen Mile Creek, is now called Greta West. The name is thought to come from Greta River in Cumberland, England.
After gold was found near Beechworth in 1852, roads to the gold diggings passed through the Greta area. At that time, there was a large swamp, which was later drained. The town site was laid out at Fifteen Mile Creek in 1852. During the 1860s the land was sold into small farm lots, used for cereals, cattle grazing, and dairying. At this time the township started with the Post Office opened on September 4, 1863. It closed in 1971, though post offices at Greta West and Greta South remained open until 1994.
In 1867 a Catholic school was started. By the 1880s there were 5 schools in the Greta area; Greta, Greta South, Greta West, Hansonville, and Fifteen Mile Creek. Today, only 2 of the 5 schools remain; Greta Valley and Fifteen Mile School Camp.
The nearby city of Benalla was joined to the railway in 1873. This meant that less people passed through Greta. It became mainly a farming area.
A Methodist church was started in 1878 and an Anglican church in 1890. A public hall was built in 1916.
The Kelly family.
Bushranger Ned Kelly's family lived on a small farm near Greta. It was in the small cottage at Greta that Constable Fitzpatrick tried to sexually assault Ned's sister, Kate Kelly. In the fight that followed, Fitzpatrick was injured. His mother, Ellen Kelly was put in gaol for 4 years for trying to murder Fitzpatrick. The police tried to arrest Ned and his brother Dan Kelly, but they had escaped into the bush. This was the start of the Kelly Gang.
After the siege at Glenrowan, Dan Kelly and Steve Hart, were buried in the Greta Cemetery. Ellen Kelly died at Greta in 1923, and is buried in the Greta Cemetery. Ned's younger brother, Jim Kelly, lived in the cottage at Greta until 1948. He is buried in the Greta Cemetery.
The Town today.
The town has a football team playing in the Ovens & King Football League.

All We Know is Falling
All we know is falling is the debut album by Pop rock band Paramore It was released in the summer of 2005. The main singles from this album include Emergency and All We Know.

Voineasa Mare River
The Voineasa Mare River is a tributary of the Olteţ River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Voievodeasa River (Topliţa)
The Voievodeasa River (in hungarian "Vajada") is a tributary of the Topliţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Topliţa River.

Vodiţa River
The Vodiţa River is a tributary of the Danube in Romania. That means it flows into the Danube.

Alan Ball
Alan Ball was an English world cup winning football player. He is known for career as an international player and at club level for Everton and Arsenal.

Vlăşinescu River
The Vlăşinescu River is a tributary of the Runcu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Runcu River.

Vlăsia Mică River
The Vlăsia Mică River is a headwater of the Vlăsia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Vlăsia river.

Vlăsia Mare River
The Vlăsia Mare River is a headwater of the Vlăsia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Vlăsia River.

Vlăsia River (Rădoteasa)
The Vlăsia River is a tributary of the Rădoteasa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Rădoteasa River. It starts where the Vlăsia Mare and Vlăsia Mică Rivers meet.

Sălătruc River (Râul Şes)
The Sălătruc River is a tributary of the Râul Şes in Romania. That means it flows into the Râul Şes.

Bloju River
The Bloju River is a tributary of the Râul Şes in Romania. That means it flows into the Râul Şes.

Râul Lung (Timiş)
The Râul Lung or Pârâul Lung or Feneş River is a tributary of the Timiş River in Romania. The upper part of the river is also called the Muroniu River

Lupu River
The Lupu River is a tributary of the Râul Lung in Romania. That means it flows into the Râul Lung.

Leordiş River
The Leordiş River is a tributary of the Râul Lung in Romania. That means it flows into the Râul Lung.

Good Life (Kanye West song)
Good Life is a rap single by Kanye West and featuring T-Pain. The song was released off the album "Graduation". The video was released September of 2007.

Drăganu River
The Drăganu River is a tributary of the Râul Lung in Romania. That means it flows into the Râul Lung.

Corbu River (Râul Lung)
The Corbu River is a tributary of the Râul Lung in Romania. That means it flows into the Râul Lung.

Cioara River (Râul Lung)
The Cioara River is a tributary of the Râul Lung in Romania. That means it flows into the Râul Lung.

Hididel River
The Hididel River or Hidigel River or Hidegel River is a tributary of the Râul Rece in Romania. That means it flows into the Râul Rece.

Râul Rece
The Râul Rece or Hideg River or Pârâul Rece is a tributary of the Timiş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Timiş River.

Visa River
The Visa River is a tributary of the Râul Rece in Romania. That means it flows into the Râul Rece.

Open block
The "open block" is a problem first described in ' by Edward de Bono, published in 1973.
The problem is that in some cases people ignore certain things that may solve a problem, because the already have an idea how the problem should be solved.
The may therefore not recognise certain solutions to the problem. For example, if a person's car breaks down, the open block of being used to being in a car may cause them to wait for a taxi, ignoring buses passing by, without even reading the destinations.
In this book de Bono suggested a number of techniques for overcoming the open block, including going back and challenging assumptions as well as generating new ideas for addressing problems.
The open block can be overcome by Lateral Thinking

Vlăsia River (Ialomiţa)
The Vlăsia River is a tributary of the Ialomiţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Ialomiţa River.

Lateral Thinking
Lateral thinking is a term invented by Edward de Bono, a Maltese psychologist, physician and writer. It first appeared in the title of his book "The Use of Lateral Thinking", published in 1967. De Bono defines lateral thinking as methods of thinking about changing concepts and perception. Lateral thinking is about reasoning that is not immediately obvious and about ideas that may not be obtainable by using only traditional step-by-step logic.

Period (physics)
A period is the time required for one complete wave to pass a given point. The time it takes to happen. As the frequency of a wave increases, the period of the wave decreases. Frequency and Period are reciprocal relationships and can be expressed mathematically as: Period equals the total time divided by the number of events.

Edward de Bono
Edward de Bono (born May 19, 1933, in Malta) is a British physician, author, inventor, and consultant. He is best known because he invented the term lateral thinking (structured creativity). He is als very much in favor to explicitly teach thinking in schools.

Quoll
Quoll (genus "Dasyurus") are carnivorous marsupials native to Australia and Papua New Guinea. Adults are between 25 and 75 cm long, with hairy tails about 20-35 cm long about the size of a cat. Quolls once lived in South Australia, but are now extinct (have died out) there. They are found on the island state of Tasmania.

Anesthesiologist
The first Anesthesiologist was John Snow (1813-1858).

Wind power in the United States
Wind power in the United States is a growing industry. In 2007, the United States was the fastest growing wind power market in the world for the third year in a row.
At the end of August 2008 the United States wind power installed nameplate capacity was 20,152 MW, which is enough to serve 5 million average households. $9 billion was invested in 5,329 megawatts of new U.S. wind power capacity in 2007, causing the total U.S. wind power capacity to increase by 46%. Wind power accounted for 35% of all new U.S. electric generating capacity in 2007. American wind farms will generate an estimated 48 billion kilowatt-hours (kWh) of wind energy in 2008, just over 1.5% of U.S. electricity supply. In addition, new transmission facilities under development throughout the country should allow the future development of at least another 200,000 megawatts of wind power.
The growing U.S. wind market spurred new investment in turbine and component manufacturing plants, with enough new and planned facilities to create more than 4,700 new U.S. jobs.
Most new wind power capacity is being built in the central region of the United States. States with most wind capacity installed (to end of March 2008) are shown in the Table below.

Necromancy
Necromancy is a form of divination in which a person tries to summon the spirits of the dead. However, since the Renaissance, necromancy has come to be associated more broadly with black magic and demon-summoning in general.

Tarot
The tarot (often Tarot cards) are a set of seventy-eight cards, comprising twenty-one trump cards, one Fool, and four suits of fourteen cards each and four Face cards.

Francis Dashwood, 15th Baron le Despencer
Francis Dashwood, 15th Baron le Despencer (December, 1708 – December 11, 1781) was an English rake and politician. He was Chancellor of the Exchequer (1762–1763) and founder of The Hellfire Club.
Dashwood was born in London. He was educated at Eton College where he became associated with William Pitt the Elder. Orphaned at age 16, he went on a Grand Tour of Europe in 1726.

Demonology
Demonology is the study of demons or beliefs about demons. It is the branch of theology relating to superhuman beings or spirits who are not gods.

Megalania
"Megalania" ("Varanus prisca") was a giant monitor lizard in southern Australia during the last 2 million to 40,000 years. It was related to the living Perenti and Gould's Goanna, but was much larger - their maximum length was at least 5.5 metres and their maximum weight about 600 kg. This is twice the length of their closest living relative, the Komodo dragon of eastern Indonesia.

Pierre Boulle
Pierre Boulle (1912 - 1994) was a French writer. He was born in Avignon, France. Boulle wrote many novels and short stories in French. Two stories became popular English language movies: "Planet of the Apes" and "The Bridge on the River Kwai".

The Fool (Tarot card)
The Fool or The Jester is one of the 78 cards in a Tarot deck. It is one of the 22 Trump cards that make up the Major Arcana. The Fool is often numbered 0. It is used in divination as well as in game playing.

Major Arcana
The Major Arcana (Trumps Major, Major Trumps) are twenty two tarot cards in a deck of 78.

American International Group
American International Group, Inc. (AIG) (,) is a major American insurance corporation based in New York City. The companies UK headquarters are located in London, its Continental Europe operations are based in Paris and its Asian HQ is in Hong Kong. According to the 2008 Forbes Global 2000 list, AIG was the 18th-largest company in the world. It became part of the Dow Jones Industrial Average on April 8, 2004.
On September 16 2008, the U.S. Federal Reserve Bank announced its plan to lend the insurer $85 billion, U.S. dollars, in exchange for a 79.9% equity stake in the company.
AIG announced on the same day that its board accepted the terms of the Federal Reserve Bank's loan offer.

Tokyo Stock Exchange
The, or TSE, located in Tokyo, Japan, is the second largest stock exchange market in the world by market value, second only to the New York Stock Exchange. It currently lists 2,271 domestic companies and 31 foreign companies, with a total market capitalization of over 5 trillion USD.

Fratton Park
Fratton Park is a football stadium in England. It is the home stadium of Portsmouth F.C..

List of Premier League stadiums
The following is a list of the current stadiums in the English Premier League as of the 2008/2009 season.

Boleyn Ground
The Boleyn Ground, often called Upton Park is a football stadium in London, England. It is the home stadium of West Ham United.

City of Manchester Stadium
The City of Manchester Stadium, sometimes known as Eastlands, is a stadium in Manchester, England. Orignally it was built for Manchester's bid to host the 2000 Olympics. After the bid failed it was rented by Manchester City F.C., a football club. It is now their home stadium.

Craven Cottage
Craven Cottage is a football stadium in the Hammersmith area of London, England. It is the home ground of Fulham F.C. It is called Craven Cottage after the cottage in the corner of the stadium.

Emirates Stadium
The Emirates Stadium is a football stadium in London, England. It is the home stadium of Arsenal F.C. It is named after the airline Emirates.

Emirates (airline)
Emirates is an airline based in the United Arab Emirates. They are the seventh biggest airline in the world, by number of passengers.

Ewood Park
Ewood Park is a football stadium in Blackburn, England. It is the home stadium of Blackburn Rovers F.C.

Crushcrushcrush
Crushcrushcrush is a single released by Pop rock band Paramore from their second album RIOT!
In the music video you can see the band performing. They are some spies also and it plays on the lyric "They taped over your mouth scribbled out the truth with their lies you little spies"
Crushcrushcrush is a download in Rock Band.

Beechworth, Victoria
Beechworth () is a town in north-east Victoria, Australia., It was first settled in the gold rush of the mid-1850s. At the 2006 census, 3227 people lived in Beechworth.
Beechworth has many old buildings which have been well looked after. The town has changed from a gold field to a popular place for people to visit. Wine making is also an important activity around Beechworth.
History.
The area was first used as a cattle farm by David Reid and was called Mayday Hills. In 1853 it was renamed Beechworth.
Gold.
From 1852-1857, Beechworth was an important gold area. Thousands of people moved to the area to dig for gold. One group of miners found 14 lb (about 7 kg) of gold in one gold pan (a small metal dish used separate gold from the soil). Another group found 50lb (approx. 25 kg) of gold in a week. In the first election in 1855, one candidate, Daniel Cameron, rode a horse with solid gold horseshoes. This event is the reason the logo for Beechworth is a golden horseshoe.
Beechworth was a long way from the centre of colonial government in Melbourne, both in distance and time taken to get there. The railway was built to Beechworth in September 1876.. By this time the miners had found most of the gold, and the town was no longer important. The rail line was closed in 1977 and the tracks were taken away, after 101 years of service. The rail line is now used as a walking and bicycle path.
In the gold rush, Beechworth had a tannery, jewelers, boot makers, a brewery, blacksmiths, and farm animal sale yards. It had schools, a convent, hotels, a prison with high stone walls, a hospital, a mental hospital, courthouse, police station, stage coach companies and a gun powder magazine (building for storing gun powder).
In the gold rush men and women came from the USA, England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales, and China. At one time more than 30,000 people lived in Beechworth. Gold mining camps started up up as thousands of miners rushed into areas such as Spring Creek, Reedy Creek, Silver Creek, the Nine Mile Creek and the Woolshed. The Chinese were not allowed live in Beechworth and so they lived on the edge of town. There were many rules and laws to try to control the Chinese miners.. Beechworth Cemetery has a large number of early Chinese miners graves. There was a lot of unrest and complaints about having the Chinese goldminers around Beechworth.
Robert O'Hara Burke.
Robert O'Hara Burke, leader of the Burke and Wills expedition was a policeman in Beechworth. He was the Senior Inspector of Police from 1854 to 1857.(.
The Burke Museum is located in Loch Street and holds a lot of items on Beechworth and the local area. They have newspapers, photographs, artifacts, clothings, pictures, books on local history and and other papers about the area. They have displays about the gold rush, Chinese miners and the gold diggings of the 1850s.
Ned Kelly.
The bushranger Ned Kelly had many links to Beechworth. He was a prisoner in the gaol. He fought a famous boxing match with Isaiah 'Wild" Wright in behind a local hotel. Aaron Sherritt and Joe Byrne of the Kelly Gang came from the Woolshed gold field, near Beechworth. Twenty-one men, thought to be friends or relatives of the Kelly Gang were prisoners in the gaol. They were held without trial or evidence for over 3 months, by the Chief Commissioner of Police, Captain Standish.
John Sadleir.
Sadlier was a policeman who became famous in the hunt for Ned Kelly in the 1870's. He had been a policeman in Beechworth during the gold rush.
George B. Kerferd.
George B. Kerferd (1836-1889) lived in Beechworth and became a Premier of Victoria. He helped Beechworth get a railway to Melbourne.
John Buckley Castieau.
Castieau (1831-1885)was the Prison Governor at Beechworth from 1856 to 1869. The prison, famous for its huge granite walls, was known as "Castieau's Castle". As the Governor of the Melbourne gaol in 1880 he was an official witness to the hanging of Ned Kelly.
Newspapers.
In the gold rush Beechworth had 2 newspapers: "The Ovens and Murray Advertiser" and "The Constitution and Mining Intelligencer". "The Ovens and Murray Advertiser" is still a local paper printed each week.
Tourism.
Beechworth is a popular place for visitors. Items to see are Ned Kelly displays at the old court house, Burke Museum, waterfalls, Gun Powder Magazine, Newtown Bridge (Stone Bridge), Tail Race (Mining Race), Spring Creek Water Falls, Spring Creek Gorge, Beechworth Asylum ghost tours, lakes, old buildings, goldfields, walks, the Beechworth Bakery, brewery, the Beechworth lolly shop and night tours. The town is at the end of the Murray to the Mountains Rail Trail.

Hallelujah (Paramore song)
"Hallelujah" is a song released by Fueled by Ramen band Paramore it is the third track off their second album RIOT!

Collector, New South Wales
Collector is a small village in New South Wales, Australia. It is on the Federal Highway between Goulburn, New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory and is 7km north of Lake George (New South Wales).
The area was first settled by Europeans in 1829. T.A. Murray started a farm and built a 12 room house on the land in 1837. A post office opened at Collector in 1848. The village is named after the Australian aboriginal name for the area, "colegadar". The village was by-passed by the Federal Highway in 1988.
The Bushranger Hotel in Collector was the site of the shooting of policeman, Constable Samuel Nelson on 26 Jan 1865, by John Dunn. Dunn was a bushranger and a member of Ben Hall's gang. The bushrangers were robbing the hotel when Nelson tried to stop them.
Other businesses in the village are: The Grapefoodwine Restaurant, Lynwood Café /Restaurant, Cafe Lerida of Lerida Estate Winery, Collector Art Gallery and Collector Quarries.
Collector is also famous for the sculpture by Tony Phantastes. He built it between 1993 and 1997 to as a memorial, among other things, to his father. It is a gothic sculpture made of cement and wire 24 metres long and 7 metres high. The artist and the Gunning Shire Council have been arguing over the sculpture since 1999. The council want the sculpture removed because it is unsafe.

Kivio
In computing, Kivio is a free diagramming software that is part of KOffice, an office suite for KDE.
Description.
Kivio is a flowcharting and diagramming program for the KOffice office suite, and has a user interface that looks like Microsoft Visio.

Diagramming software
Diagramming software is a computer program that is used to produce graphical diagrams.

Ottakring
Ottakring is the 16th district of Vienna. It was formed of the villages of Ottakring and Neulerchenfeld in 1893. In 2006, almost 94.000 people lived there, in 1910, 179.000 people lived there. Famous people from Ottakring include Josef Weinheber, and Michael Häupl, the current mayor of Vienna. From Ottakring, the center of Vienna can be reached with the subway in about 15 minutes.

Heuriger
Heuriger is a word that describes the wine of the current year, and the places who serve it. According to a law of 1784, the winemakers may serve their own current wine, without a special license. These resaurants are licensed according to laws of the Bundesland. In Vienna these laws date from 1975. Very often,these establishments also serve cheese and sausages, other meat products, certain kinds of fish, mixed pickles, eggs, various spreads (to put on breads) etc. Usually they only serve cold dishes.

Intertidal zone
Intertidal zones are the coastal areas. They often have rocky, sandy or muddy soil that are under water at high tide and above water at low tide. These areas is often home to many species of crabs, shellfish, shallow water fish and many other animals. Many environmental things affect these areas, for example, waves, sunlight, salinity, wind, and water tide. There are about 300,000,000 species in the intertidal zone. The species have to be able to tolerate the pounding of waves. and constant change in temperature

St James' Park
St James' Park is a football stadium in Newcastle, England. It is the current home stadium of Newcastle United.

Villa Park
Villa Park is a football stadium in Birmingham, England.
It is the current home stadium of Aston Villa.

JJB Stadium
The JJB Stadium is a football stadium in Wigan near Manchester in England. It is the current home stadium of Wigan Athletic football club and the Wigan Warriors rugby club. The stadium is named after the sportswear company "JJB Sports".

White Hart Lane
White Hart Lane is a football stadium in London, England. It is the current home stadium of Tottenham Hotspur.

Hawthorne Heights
Hawthorne Heights are an American Emo band. They formed in 2001 and were originally called "A Day in the Life" but later changed their name and lineup.
They have released three albums and a number of singles. Their latest album is titled "Fragile Future" and was released on August 5, 2008 in the United States, and on August 11, 2008 in the United Kingdom. Their other albums include "If Only You Were Lonely" and "The Silence in Black and White". They spawned Emo classics such as "Saying sorry" and "Ohio is for lovers"
Casey Calvert, who played guitar and did the screaming vocals for the band, died on November 24, 2007, and another member found him in the morning. They had to push back touring etc, and had started on a tour already and had big plans.
They have had many tours including the Never Sleep Again tour, the Warped Tour and Projekt Revolution. They played the Never Sleep Again tour with fellow band Silverstein.
Members.
(For line-up changes that occurred before the band became known as Hawthorne Heights, see A Day In The Life.

Stadium of Light
The Stadium of Light is a football stadium near Newcastle, England. It is the current home stadium of Sunderland A.F.C.

Lungfish
Lungfish are special freshwater fish. They are special because they are the only fish that have both gills, as well as lungs. They need this because they live in small lakes and rivers that sometimes dry up. When this happens, these fish don't die, but they can survive in the mud, for up to 4 years. They use their lungs during this time.
Currently there 8 species of lungfish, 6 of them in Africa, one in South America and one in Australia.

Gârbova Mare River
The Gârbova Mare River is a tributary of the Iza River in Romania. That means it flows into the Iza River.

Vlăduşca River (Râul Mare)
The Vlăduşca River is a tributary of the Râul Mare in Romania. That means it flows into the Râul Mare.

Cellobiose
Cellobiose is a kind of sugar.
This word is from biochemistry and cellobiose is part of the disaccharide group of sugars. This sugar was called "cellose".
Cellobiose is made from cellulose, which comes from the cells of plants. Things that have a lot of cellulose are good for making cellobiose, like cotton or paper. Water and cellulose make cellobiose: this process is called hydrolysis.
Pure cellobiose looks like a white powder, but people cannot eat this pure powder.

Vlăduşca River (Bârsa Tămaşului)
The Vlăduşca River is a tributary of the Bârsa Tămaşului River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bârsa Tămaşului River.

Vlădila River
The Vlădila River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Vlădiceni River
The Vlădiceni River is a tributary of the Bahlui River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bahlui River.

Vlădeţul Mic River
The Vlădeţul Mic River is a tributary of the Vlădeţ River in Romania. That means it flows into the Vlădeţ River.

Valea Poienilor River (Şieu)
The Valea Poienilor River is a tributary of the Şieu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Şieu River.

Sasu River (Şieu)
The Sasu River is a tributary of the Şieu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Şieu River.

Secu River (Şieu)
The Secu River is a tributary of the Şieu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Şieu River.

Şieu River (Iza)
The Şieu River or Botiza River is a tributary of the Iza River in Romania. That means it flows into the Iza River.

Alfred Wegener
Alfred Lothar Wegener (November 1, 1880 – November 2 or 3, 1930) was a German scientist and meteorologist. He was born in Berlin and in 1904 he earned his Ph.D in Astronomy at the University of Berlin. In 1914 he was put into the German army but released from battle after he was severely wounded. He is most notable for his theory of continental drift, proposed in 1912, which hypothesized that the continents were slowly drifting around the Earth. However, at the time he was unable to demonstrate a mechanism for this movement; this combined with not enough solid evidence meant that his hypothesis was not accepted until the 1950s, when numerous discoveries provided evidence of continental drift.

Slătioara River (Iza)
The Slătioara River is a tributary of the Iza River in Romania. That means it flows into the Iza River.

Sărata River (Ronişoara)
The Sărata River is a tributary of the Ronişoara River in Romania. That means it flows into the Ronişoara River.

Ronişoara River
The Ronişoara River or Rona River is a tributary of the Iza River in Romania. That means it flows into the Iza River.

Râul Satului
The Râul Satului is a tributary of the Iza River in Romania. That means it flows into the Iza River.

Râul Corbului
The Râul Corbului is a tributary of the Iza River in Romania. That means it flows into the Iza River.

Motte-and-bailey
Motte-and-bailey is a kind of castle, or fortification. Many of them were built in the 11th and 12th century. These structures were made on a hill (that was often artificial). On this hill, a keep of wood or stone was built. This was easy to built, the materials were readily available and cheap.

Râul Porcului (Iza)
The Râul Porcului or Valea Stejarului River is a tributary of the Iza River in Romania. That means it flows into the Iza River.

Râul Vălenilor
The Râul Vălenilor or Văleni River is a tributary of the Iza River in Romania. That means it flows into the Iza River.

Izvorul Baicului River
The Izvorul Baicului River is a tributary of the Iza River in Romania. That means it flows into the Iza River.

Yuri Andrapov
Yuri Vladimarovich Andrapov (Russian language: Ю́рий Влади́мирович Андро́пов 1914-1984) was the leader of Soviet Union from 1982 till his death from a kidney disease a year later.

Valea Păstăilor River
The Valea Păstăilor River is a tributary of the Iza River in Romania. That means it flows into the Iza River.

Dinar
The Dinar is the name of the official currency in several countries. The word "dinar" (,) is derived from denarius, a Roman currency.

Orpheus and Eurydice
The most famous story in which Orpheus figures is that of his wife Eurydice (also known as Agriope). While fleeing from Aristaeus (son of Apollo), Eurydice ran into a nest of snakes which bit her fatally on her heel. Distraught, Orpheus played such sad songs and sang so mournfully that all the nymphs and gods wept. On their advice, Orpheus traveled to the underworld and by his music softened the hearts of Hades and Persephone (he was the only person ever to do so), who agreed to allow Eurydice to return with him to earth on one condition: he should walk in front of her and not look back until they both had reached the upper world. In his anxiety he forgot that both needed to be in the upper world, and he turned to look at her, and she vanished for the second time, but now forever. The story in this form belongs to the time of Virgil, who first introduces the name of Aristaeus. Other ancient writers, however, speak of Orpheus' visit to the underworld; according to Phaedrus in Plato's Symposium (179d), the infernal gods only "presented an apparition" of Eurydice to him. Ovid says that Eurydice's death was not caused by fleeing from Aristaeus but by dancing with naiads on her wedding day.
The story of Eurydice may actually be a late addition to the Orpheus myths. In particular, the name Eurudike ("she whose justice extends widely") recalls cult-titles attached to Persephone. The myth may have been mistakenly derived from another Orpheus legend in which he travels to Tartarus and charms the goddess Hecate.

Wasatch Mountains
The Wasatch Range is a mountain range that stretches about from the Utah- Idaho border, south through central Utah in the western United States.

Main Page/Article 7
A baseball uniform is a special kind of uniform that baseball players wear. They mostly do this to show that their job is related to playing the sport, baseball. Most baseball uniforms have the names and uniform numbers of players who wear them on the uniform somewhere, usually on the backs of the uniforms to tell different baseball players from each other. Baseball shirts, pants, shoes, socks, caps, and glove are parts of baseball uniforms. Most uniforms have different logos and colors to tell which team is which.
Baseball uniforms were first worn by the New York Knickerbockers Baseball Club in the 1800s. Their uniforms were pants made of blue wool, white flannel shirts and straw hats. Since then, the uniforms have gone through many changes. More items, ideas, and many other improvements were done and added to baseball uniforms over the years. The style of baseball uniforms also changed, little by little over time.

Jacob Zuma
Jacob Gedleyihlekisa Zuma (born April 12, 1942) is a South African politician.

Cup of coffee
A cup of coffee is North American sports terminology for spending a short time by a minor league player at the major league level.

Inning
An inning, or innings, is a fixed-length segment of a game in many sports – most notably cricket and baseball when one team would try to score while the other team would try to stop the first from scoring.

Industrial relations
The field of industrial relations (also called labor relations) looks at the relationship between management and workers, mostly groups of workers shown by a union.

The Michigan Daily
"The Michigan Daily" is the student newspaper of the University of Michigan given out everyday.

Strikeout
n baseball or softball, a strikeout or strike out (denoted by SO or K) happens when a batter gets three strikes when his time at bat.

Conan O'Brien
Conan Christopher O'Brien (born April 18, 1963) is an Emmy Award-winning American television host and comedian, best known as host of NBC's "Late Night with Conan O'Brien".

Win (baseball)
A win is a statistic in Major League Baseball given to the pitcher for the winning team.

Loss (baseball)
In baseball, a loss (denoted L) is charged to the pitcher of the losing team.

Alfred P. Sloan
Alfred Pritchard Sloan, Jr. (May 23, 1875 – February 17, 1966) was the president and chairman of General Motors.

Parker Posey
Parker Christian Posey (born November 8, 1968) is an American actress.

Kenny Black
Kenneth George Black (born 29 November 1963) is a former professional footballer and current manager of Scottish club Airdrie United F.C..

John Brown
John Brown, also well known by his nickname "Bomber", (born January 26, 1962 in Stirling) is a former Scottish professional footballer, and current manager of Scottish First Division side Clyde.

Alex Rae
Alexander Scott Rae, (born September 30 1969 in Glasgow), is a professional footballer, who is currently player-manager at Dundee.

Jim McIntyre
James 'Jim' McIntyre (born 24 May 1972 in Alexandria, Dunbartonshire) is a Scottish footballer who is currently player-manager for Dunfermline Athletic in the Scottish First Division.

David Irons
David John Irons (born July 18 1961 in Glasgow) is a Scottish former professional footballer. His playing career spanned 26 years as a central defender or midfielder. He is currently manager of Scottish League club Greenock Morton.

Roberto Landi
Roberto Landi (born January 2, 1956 in Forlì) is an Italian football manager, currently in charge of Scottish First Division side Livingston.

Ian McCall
Ian Holland McCall (born September 30 1964 in Dumfries, Scotland) is a former Scottish footballer and currently the manager of First Division side Partick Thistle.

Gordon Chisholm
Gordon Chisholm (born April 8 1960 in Glasgow, Scotland) is a former professional footballer and is currently the manager of Scottish First Division club Queen of the South from Dumfries.

Derek Adams
Derek Adams (born 25 June 1975) is a Scottish footballer who is currently player-manager at Ross County. He is the son of youth supremo George Adams, who is the Director of Football at the Dingwall club.

Derek McInnes
Derek McInness is a former professional footballer and current manager of Scottish club St. Johnstone.

Airdrie
Airdrie is a town in North Lanarkshire, Scotland. It is home to Scottish First Division football team Airdrie United F.C..

Gynoecium
A "gynoecium" (from Ancient Greek "gyne", "woman") is the female reproductive part of a flower. The male counterpart is called an "androecium". A gynoecium is composed of one or more pistils. A pistil may consist of a single free carpel, or be formed from a number of carpels that are fused. The pistil itself is formed from the stigma, style, and ovary.
A plant ovary (much like an animal ovary) is the part of the pistil which contains ovules. The style is generally referred to as stalklike, without ovules located between the ovary (at the bottom of the pistil) and the stigma (located at the top portion of the pistil). In some plant species styles are not found in the pistils. Stigma is the pollen receptor within the pistil at the top of the pistil. Stigmas may be discretely defined structures or they may be within a region referred to as the "stigmatic region".
Pistils or ovaries can be either simple meaning only one carpel or compound meaning two or more carpels.
Carpel anatomy.
A carpel is the basic unit of the female reproductive organ of a flower, the "gynoecium". A flower may have zero, one, or more carpels. Multiple carpels may combine into a single pistil, or into multiple pistils.
The pistil.
A pistil (from Latin "pistillum" "pestle") is made up of a carpel (if single) or carpels (if fused). A gynoecium that consists of a single free carpel is termed "monocarpous". That with two or more fused carpels (called a "compound ovary" or "compound pistil") is termed "syncarpous". However, if the gynoecium consists of one or more free, simple, and distinct carpels, each carpel makes an individual pistil and the gynoecium is termed "apocarpous". Fertilization of the ovule or ovules results in development of the carpel(s) into a fruit.
A complicating factor in all of this is the fact that in some species syncarpy is present only at the base of the carpels, the pistil being apocarpous in the upper part. The manner of fusing of the carpels can also vary from one part of the pistil to another.
Inferior vs. superior ovaries.
The "gynoecium", the collective term for all the carpels, is the innermost whorl of the parts of a flower, and in many flowers the other parts (sepals, petals, and stamens) are attached to the receptacle beneath the gynoecium. In such cases, where the ovary lies above the attachments of the other distinct floral parts, the flower is described as "hypogynous" or as having a "superior ovary". In some species (examples include plum, cherry, and blackberry), the other (noncarpellary) floral parts are fused to form a cup called a floral tube or hypanthium. In these flowers, the ovary lies physically lower than the lobes of the sepals and petals and below the point of attachment of the stamen filaments — the ovary is still considered to be superior but the flower is termed "perigynous".
In those flowers in which the floral tube is fused with the ovary, the sepals, petals, and stamens appear to grow out from the top of the ovary, and the flower is said to be "epigynous" and have an "inferior ovary". Examples of plant families with inferior ovaries include orchid, sunflower, and cactus. The position of the ovary is an important consideration in the identification and classification of plant species, as well as the kind of fruit that develops after fertilization.
The ovule.
The ovule (from Latin "ovulum" "small egg"), which represents the "megasporangium", when mature, consists of one or two coats surrounding the central nucellus, except at the apex where an opening, the micropyle, is left. The nucellus is a cellular tissue enveloping one large cell, the embryo-sac or megaspore. The germination of the megaspore consists in the repeated division of its nucleus to form two groups of four, one group at each end of the embryo-sac. One nucleus from each group, the polar nucleus, passes to the centre of the sac, where the two fuse to form the so-called definitive nucleus. Of the three cells at the micropylar end of the sac, all naked cells (the so-called egg-apparatus), one is the egg-cell or oosphere, the other two, which may be regarded as representing abortive egg-cells (in rare cases capable of fertilization), are known as "synergidae". The three cells at the opposite end are known as antipodal cells and become invested with a cell-wall.
The carpel of a simple "apocarpous" gynoecium appears as a folded structure, differentiated into a basal fertile part (ovary) and an upper sterile part (style). Various interpretations of the origin from a leaf-like structure have been made (Esau, 1965), but the important anatomical description is that of a variously folded tissue surrounding a cavity (called a locule) within which projects one or more ovules, attached by or along a "placenta". Typically, a carpel has two placentae. An example of a simple carpel is that of a pea, bean or Arabidopsis: the fruit develops from the single carpel consisting of two rows of ovules aligned beside one another along the "placental" margin.

Chase This Light
"Chase This Light" is an album by Alternative rock band Jimmy Eat World. It was released on October 23 2007.
Several singles came from this album including "Big Casino", "Always Be" and "Let It Happen".

Saves the Day
Saves the Day are a band who have played many genres of music during their career. They formed together in 1997, and have often changed their lineup, with singer Chris Conley being the only original member.
At first, saves the day was influenced heavily by melodic hardcore band, Lifetime
Singer Chris often suffers from a certain disease, and he made people aware of this with one of his songs.
The album "sound the alarm" is back to the bands original sound that wasn't so present with the two records before it. "Under the boards" released in fall 2007 mixed together many previous records sounds.
Daybreak, the concluding album in the trilogy is going to be released in 2009.
They will actually start recording the darn thing after a string of shows in late October 2008. Lets hope it is worth the wait.

Jesus Christ Superstar
Jesus Christ Superstar is a musical by Tim Rice and Andrew Lloyd Webber. It was originally an album, starring Ian Gillan, Murray Head, and Yvonne Elliman, before it became a major Broadway play, and then a movie starring Ted Neeley and Carl Anderson. It is notable for its portrayal of Judas Iscariot in a more positive light than in the Bible, and also showing the relationships of the different characters.

Cumbernauld
Cumbernauld is a town in North Lanarkshire, Scotland. It is home to the Scottish First Division football team, Clyde F.C..

Livingston
Livingston is a town in the Scottish county of West Lothian. It is home to the Scottish First Division football club Livingston F.C.

Dunfermline
Dunfermline (Scottish Gaelic: Dùn Phàrlain) is a town in Fife, Scotland. It sits on high ground three miles from the northern shore of the Firth of Forth, northwest of Edinburgh, and was an ancient capital of Scotland.

Greenock
Greenock (Gaelic "Grianaig," is a large town in the Inverclyde council area of western Scotland.
Greenock's population was recorded as being 45,467 in the 2001 census, a decrease from about 78,000 in 1966. It lies on the south bank of the Clyde at the "Tail of the Bank" where the River Clyde expands into the Firth of Clyde, and is in what was the county of Renfrewshire.

Dumfries
Dumfries, meaning either "fort" or "ridge of the thicket", is a former royal burgh and town within the Dumfries and Galloway council area of Scotland and is situated close to the Solway Firth, near the mouth of the River Nith. Dumfries was the county town of the former county of Dumfriesshire. Its nickname is "Queen of the South", which is also the name of its local football team Queen of the South F.C..

F.C. Internazionale Milano
F.C. Internazionale Milano, also known as Inter Milan is a football club which plays in Italy. Their home stadium is the San Siro.

Enzo Scifo
Enzo Scifo is a former football player. He has played for Belgium national team.

Peter Bonetti
Peter Bonetti is a former football player. He has played for England national team.

Alan Shearer
Alan Shearer is a former English football player. He has played for England national team.

Dingwall
Dingwall is a town in the north of Scotland. It is home to the local football club, Ross County F.C.

Excelsior Stadium
The Excelsior Stadium is the home of Airdrie United F.C. of the Scottish First Division. The ground is named as such as a tribute to the fact that Airdrieonians began life as Excelsior Football Club in 1878.
When the stadium first opened it was officially titled Shyberry Excelsior Stadium ("Shyberry" being the company who sponsored the stadium when it first opened). Now, though, even the name "Excelsior Stadium" is rarely used by Airdrie United supporters as well as opposing fans and even the media as the stadium has instead come to be referred to as New Broomfield which is more palatable from an Airdrie perspective due to its association with the former home of Airdrieonians, Broomfield Park.

Ruud Gullit
Ruud Gullit is a former football player. He has played for Netherlands national team.

Zbigniew Boniek
Zbigniew Boniek is a former football player. He has played for Poland national team.

Broadwood Stadium
Broadwood Stadium is an association football stadium situated in Cumbernauld, North Lanarkshire, Scotland.
The stadium currently plays host to the home matches of Scottish First Division side, Clyde F.C., and the home matches of Scottish Premier Reserve League side Rangers Reserves.

The Football League 1952-53
Statistics of The Football League in season 1952/1953.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Arsenal won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Sheffield United won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Oldham Athletic won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Bristol Rovers won the championship.

The Football League 1953-54
Statistics of The Football League in season 1953/1954.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Wolverhampton Wanderers won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Leicester City won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Port Vale won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Ipswich Town won the championship.

The Football League 1954-55
Statistics of The Football League in season 1954/1955.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Chelsea won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Birmingham City won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Barnsley won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Bristol City won the championship.

Dens Park
Dens Park is a football stadium located on Dens Road in the Scottish city of Dundee.
The stadium is the home of Dundee F.C. and has a capacity of 11,856. Uniquely, the stadium shares part of the same road (Sandeman Street) as Tannadice, which is the home of city rivals Dundee United F.C.
The club moved to 'Dens' from their first stadium at Carolina Port in 1899. Over the years, the ground has been redeveloped, with the construction of the near-identical Bobby Cox and Bob Shankly stands, which sit at either end of the ground. The former is given over to home supporters, and the latter to visiting supporters.

The Football League 1955-56
Statistics of The Football League in season 1955/1956.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Manchester United won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Sheffield Wednesday won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Grimsby Town won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Leyton Orient won the championship.

The Football League 1977-78
Statistics of The Football League in season 1977/1978.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Nottingham Forest won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Bolton Wanderers won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Wrexham won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Watford won the championship.

The Football League 1986-87
Statistics of The Football League in season 1986/1987.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Everton won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Derby County won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Bournemouth won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Northampton Town won the championship.

The Football League 1987-88
Statistics of The Football League in season 1987/1988.
Overview.
It was performed in 21 teams, and Liverpool won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 23 teams, and Millwall won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Sunderland won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Wolverhampton Wanderers won the championship.

The Football League 1988-89
Statistics of The Football League in season 1988/1989.
Overview.
It was performed in 20 teams, and Arsenal won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Chelsea won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Wolverhampton Wanderers won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Rotherham United won the championship.

English Premier League 2003-04
Statistics of English Premier League in season 2003/2004.
Overview.
It was performed in 20 teams, and Arsenal won the championship.

English Premier League 2004-05
Statistics of English Premier League in season 2004/2005.
Overview.
It was performed in 20 teams, and Chelsea won the championship.

English Premier League 2005-06
Statistics of English Premier League in season 2005/2006.
Overview.
It was performed in 20 teams, and Chelsea won the championship.

Sega 32x
The Sega 32x is a game console first released by Sega in 1994. It was an add on for the Sega Mega Drive and was Sega's first console in the 32 bit games market.

Sega CD
The Sega CD was a CD based console add on made by Sega and released in 1991 in Japan, 1992 in North America, and 1993 in Europe. It was 16 bit and Sega's first foray into the CD market.

Amiga CDTV
The Amiga CDTV was a high end game console released by Commodore in March 1991. It was one of the the first CD based independent game consoles. However it was a commercial failure and was replaced by the Amiga CD32 in 1993.

Vilanova i la Geltrú
Vilanova i la Geltrú is a coastal town approximately south of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.

Commodore
Commodore International is a American electronics company. It is based in West Chester, Pennsylvania. The company was very important in the home/personal computer field in the 1980s. It went bankrupt in 1994, but has been restored since.

Commodore 64 Games System
Commodore 64 Games System was a cartridge based console made by Commodore. It was Commodore's first console and was released in December 1990. It was a commercial failure because Commodore could not market the console properly due to its lack of games and the fact it was an 8 bit console in a 16 bit era.

East End Park
East End Park is a football stadium situated in Dunfermline, Fife, Scotland.
The stadium currently plays host to the home matches of Scottish First Division side, Dunfermline Athletic Football Club.

Cappielow
Cappielow is a district of Greenock in Inverclyde, west central Scotland. It is home to Scottish Football League side Greenock Morton F.C. The name Cappielow, taken alone, usually refers to the Cappielow Park stadium, but it can also refer to a small area of housing or the adjoining industrial estate.

Almondvale Stadium
Almondvale Stadium is a football stadium in Livingston, West Lothian. It is the home of Scottish First Division club Livingston F.C..
The stadium, which used to be called the "City Stadium" because of a deal with the City Group, was built in 1995. It had also previously been called the "West Lothian Courier Stadium". Since the club was taken over by the Lionheart Consortium, it was changed back to its original name, Almondvale Stadium.
It is hired by Livingston FC from West Lothian Council every year. As Livingston moved up the divisions into the top flight of Scottish Football, they expanded the stadium to meet Premier League standards.

FM Towns Marty
The FM Towns Marty was the world's first 32 bit game console (not the Amiga CD32 which was only in Europe and North America). It was one of the first CD based consoles and the first made for gaming rather than high end PC like systems, like the Amiga CDTV and Phillips CDi. It was only released in Japan and was a commercial failure but despite this it was made until 1999 - longer than the average games console.

Firhill Stadium
Firhill Stadium is the home ground of the Scottish association football club, Partick Thistle F.C.
In December 2005 Firhill also became the temporary home of Glasgow's professional Rugby Union team, Glasgow Warriors, when they moved from their previous base at Hughenden. The Glasgow Warriors will take up a two-year residency at Firhill from the start of the 2007-08 Magners League season.

Palmerston Park
Palmerston Park is a multi-use stadium on Terregles Street in Dumfries, South West Scotland. The site of the ground was formerly a farm called Palmers Toun. This is on the Maxwelltown side of the River Nith in Dumfries. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of Queen of the South F.C. The stadium holds 6,412 people. It also holds the record of having the tallest free standing floodlights in Scottish football, standing at 85 feet.

Phillips CDi
The Phillips CD-i was a CD based 16 bit console released by Phillips in 1991 along with the FM Towns Marty and Amiga CDTV. It shares the distinction of being one of the first CD based consoles. It was a bit of a commercial failure but still had a long console life when it was discontinued in 1998.

Victoria Park
Victoria Park is a football stadium in the town of Dingwall, Ross-shire, Scotland. It is the home stadium of Ross County F.C. who play in the Scottish First Division.
There are two stands, the West and East Stands, which have covered seats and two standing-only terraces known as the Academy End and Jailend. It has a total capacity of 5800 (2590 seated), so does not meet Scottish Premier League standards.
The Highland Football Academy is behind the Academy End and an "Astroturf" (fake grass) pitch is next to the East Stand. To date, the board have spent more than £3.5 million on renovating the stadium and plans are being made to create a modern all-seater stadium suitable for the Premier League.
The stadium holds more people than the town of Dingwall, which had a population of 5,026 at the last census.

Nintendo 64DD
The Nintendo 64DD was a sub-CD add on for the Nintendo 64. It was considered too late in the Fifth Generation and flopped on its release in Japan in 1999. When it came out the Dreamcast had already been released and soon for Nintendo fans the GameCube was developed with a build in CD drive. For these reasons it flopped and few games were ever released.

McDiarmid Park
McDiarmid Park is the home stadium of St. Johnstone Football Club from Perth, Scotland. It has an all-seated capacity of 10,673. The record attendance is 10,525, which occurred on May 23, 1999, when Tayside rivals Dundee were the visitors for the last game of the season.

Karbon14
Karbon14 (also known as Kontour, which was known KIllustrator) is a vector graphics editor. It is pat of KOffice, the KDE office suite.

Leonese language
The Leonese language ("Llingua Llïonesa", in Leonese) is the language of the Kingdom of León (Spain and Portugal). It is spoken by 55,000 people in the Spanish provincies of León, Zamora and Salamanca and the Portuguese district of Bragança.

Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (movie)
"Harry Potter and the Philsopher's Stone" (released in the US as "Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone") is a fantasy adventure movie, released on the novel from J.K. Rowling. Director by Christopher Columbus, it is the beginning into the fantasy "series.
The series follows with Harry Potter as his first year of Hogwarts, became friends with Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger. The box office is very successful, earning it the highest of the year. The film was debuted into cinemas in 2001. A sequel follows other books, also form the successful films. Characters were starring by Daniel Radcliffe, Rupert Grint and Emma Watson.
Plot.
Harry Potter is a seemingly ordinary eleven-year-old boy, living with his negligent relatives, the Dursleys. On his eleventh birthday, Harry learns from a mysterious stranger, Hagrid, that he is actually a wizard, famous in the wizarding world for surviving an attack by the evil dark Lord Voldemort, when Harry was only a year old. Voldemort killed Harry's parents, but his attack on Harry failed, leaving only a lightning bolt scar on Harry's forehead. Harry is invited to begin attending Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry.
Harry defies his aunt and uncle, and attends Hogwarts where he begins to learn magic and make new friends, as well as enemies, among the Hogwarts students and staff. Voldemort has been near death, and in hiding, since the attack on Harry ten years earlier, but a plot is brewing for the dark lord to regain his power and strength through the acquisition of a philosopher's stone, which grants immortality to its owner. Harry and his friends, Hermione Granger and Ron Weasley, discover the plot and seek to prevent the theft of the stone, which is hidden in a protected chamber at Hogwarts.
Development.
In 1997, producer David Heyman searched Hollywood for a children's book that could be adapted into a well-received film. He had planned to produce "The Ogre Downstairs" by Diana Wynne Jones, but his plans fell through. His staff at Heyday Films then suggested the first novel, which Heyman believed was "a cool idea." Heyman pitched the idea to Warner Bros. and the following year, Rowling sold the company the rights to the first four "Harry Potter" books for a reported £1 million (US$1,982,900). A demand Rowling made was that the principal cast be kept strictly British, nonetheless allowing for the inclusion of Irish actors such as Richard Harris as Dumbledore, and for casting of French and Eastern European actors in "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire" where characters from the book are specified as such. Rowling was hesitant to sell the rights because she "didn't want to give them control over the rest of the story" by selling the rights to the characters, which would have enabled WB to make non-author-written sequels.
Although Steven Spielberg initially negotiated to direct the film, he declined the offer. Spielberg reportedly wanted the adaptation to be an animated film, with American actor Haley Joel Osment to provide Harry Potter's voice, or a film incorporated elements from subsequent books as well. Spielberg contended that, in his opinion, there was every expectation of profit in making the film, and that making money would have been like "shooting ducks in a barrel. It's just a slam dunk. It's just like withdrawing a billion dollars and putting it into your personal bank accounts. There's no challenge." In the Rubbish Bin section of her website, Rowling maintains that she has no role in choosing directors for the films and said "Anyone who thinks I could (or would) have 'veto-ed' him [Spielberg] needs their Quick-Quotes Quill serviced." Heyman recalled that Spielberg decided to direct whichever project, out of ', "Minority Report", "Memoirs of a Geisha" or "Harry Potter", "came together first," with him opting to direct "A.I.".
After Spielberg left, talks began with other directors, including: Chris Columbus, Terry Gilliam, Jonathan Demme, Mike Newell, Alan Parker, Wolfgang Petersen, Rob Reiner, Ivan Reitman, Tim Robbins, Brad Silberling, M. Night Shyamalan and Peter Weir. Petersen and Reiner then both pulled out of the running in March 2000, and the choice was narrowed down to Silberling, Columbus, Parker and Gilliam. Rowling's first choice director was Terry Gilliam, but Warner Bros chose Columbus, citing his work on other family films such as "Home Alone" and "Mrs. Doubtfire" as influences for their decision. Columbus pitched his vision of the film for two hours, stating that he wanted the Muggle scenes "to be bleak and dreary," but those set in the wizarding world "to be steeped in color, mood, and detail." He took inspiration from David Lean's adaptations of "Great Expectations" and "Oliver Twist", wishing to use "that sort of darkness, that sort of edge, that quality to the cinematography," taking the colour designs from "Oliver!" and "The Godfather".
Steve Kloves was selected to write the screenplay for the film. He described adapting the book as "tough", as it did not "lend itself to adaptation as well as the next two books." Kloves was sent a selection of synopses of books proposed as film adaptations, which he "almost never read", but "Harry Potter" jumped out at him. He went out and bought the book, and became an instant fan of the series. When speaking to Warner Bros. he stated that the film had to be British, and had to be true to the characters. Kloves was nervous when he first meet Rowling as he did not want her to think he was going to "[destroy] her baby." Rowling admitted that she "was really ready to hate this Steve Kloves," but recalled her initial meeting with him: "The first time I met him, he said to me, 'You know who my favourite character is?' And I thought, You're gonna say Ron. I know you're gonna say Ron. But he said 'Hermione.' And I just kind of melted." Rowling received a large amount of creative control, being made an executive producer, an arrangement that Columbus did not mind.
Warner Bros. had initially planned to release the film over the July 4 2001 weekend, making for such a short production window that several proposed directors pulled themselves out of the running. However due to time constraints the date was put back to November 16 2001.
Filming.
Two British film industry officials requested that the film be shot in the UK, offering their assistance in securing filming locations, the use of Leavesden Film Studios, as well as changing the UK's child labour laws. Warner Bros. accepted their proposal and filming began in October 2000 at Leavesden Film Studios, and concluded in April 2001, with final work being done in July. Principal photography took place on October 2 2000 at Goathland railway station in North Yorkshire. Canterbury Cathedral and Inverailort Castle in Scotland were both touted as possible locations for Hogwarts; Canterbury rejected Warner Bros. offer due to concerns about the film's "pagan" theme. Alnwick Castle and Gloucester Cathedral were eventually selected as the principal filming locations for Hogwarts, with some scenes also being filmed at Harrow School. Other Hogwarts scenes were filmed in Durham Cathedral over a two week period, these included shots of the corridors and filming for some classroom scenes. Oxford Divinity School served as the Hogwarts Hospital Wing, and the Duke Humfrey Library was used as the Hogwarts Library. Filming for Privet Drive took place on Picket Post Close in Bracknell, Berkshire. Filming on the street took two days, with the producers only having planned for one, the delay meant that they had to pay the street's residents more money than they had anticipated. As such, for all of the subsequent film's scenes set in Privet Drive, filming took place on a constructed set in Leavesden Film Studios, which proved to have been cheaper than filming on location. Australia House in London was selected as the location for Gringotts Bank, whilst Christ Church, Oxford was the location for the Hogwarts trophy room. London Zoo was used as the location for the scene in which Harry accidentally sets a snake on Dudley, with Kings Cross Station also being used as the book specifies.
Due to the film's title difference in America and the United Kingdom, all scenes that mention the stone had to be filmed twice, once with the actors saying "philosopher's" and the second with them saying "sorcerer's". The children spent their days filming for four hours and then doing three hours of schoolwork, as well as all developing a fondness for having fake facial injuries added to them by the makeup staff. Radcliffe had to wear green contact lenses as, unlike Harry's, his eyes are blue. In some scenes computer animation was used to paint his eyes green, due to Radcliffe's discomfort.
Design, special effects and music.
Judianna Makovsky designed the film's costumes. She re-designed the Quidditch robes, having initially planned to use those shown on the cover of the American book, but deemed them "a mess." As such, she dressed the Quidditch players in "preppie sweaters, 19th century fencing breeches and arm guards." Production designer Stuart Craig built the sets at Leavesden Studios, including Hogwarts Great Hall, basing it on many English cathedrals. Although originally asked to use an existing old street to film the Diagon Alley scenes, Craig decided to build his own set, comprising Tudor, Georgian and Queen Anne architecture.
Columbus originally planned to use both animatronics and CGI animation to create the magical creatures in the film, including Fluffy. Nick Dudman, who worked on ', was given the task of creating the needed prosthetics for the film, with Jim Henson's Creature Shop providing creature effects. John Coppinger stated that the magical creatures that needed to be created for the film had to be designed multiple times. The film features nearly 600 special effects shots, with numerous companies handling different things. Industrial Light & Magic created the face of Lord Voldemort on the back of Quirrell, Rhythm & Hues animated Norbert; and Sony Pictures Imageworks produced the film's Quidditch scenes.
John Williams was selected to compose the film's score. Williams composed the score at his homes in Los Angeles and Tanglewood before recording it in London in August 2001. One of the main themes is entitled "Hedwig's Theme", Williams retained it for his finished score as "everyone seemed to like it".
Cast.
Rowling personally insisted that the cast be kept British. Susie Figgis was appointed as casting director, working with both Columbus and Rowling in auditioning the lead roles of Harry, Ron and Hermione. Open casting calls were held for the main three roles, with only British children being considered. The principal auditions took place in three parts, with those auditioning having to read a page from "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone", then if called back, they had to improvise a scene of the students' arrival at Hogwarts, they were then given several pages from the script to read in front of Columbus. Scenes from Columbus' script for the 1985 film "Young Sherlock Holmes" were also used in auditions. On July 11 2000 Figgis left production, complaining that Columbus did not consider any of the thousands of children they had auditioned "worthy". On August 8 2000, the virtually unknown Daniel Radcliffe and the newcomers Emma Watson and Rupert Grint were selected from thousands of auditioning children to play the roles of Harry Potter, Hermione Granger and Ron Weasley, respectively.
Rik Mayall was cast in the role of Peeves, having to shout his lines off camera during takes, but the scene ended up being cut from the film.

Vlădeţul Mijlociu River
The Vlădeţul Mijlociu River is a tributary of the Vlădeţ River in Romania. That means it flows into the Vlădeţ River.

Vlădeţ River
The Vlădeţ River is a tributary of the Timiş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Timiş River.

Vlădeni River
The Vlădeni River is a tributary of the Molniţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Molniţa River.

Vlădeasa River
The Vlădeasa River is a tributary of the Someş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Someş River.

Vladimiru River
The Vladimiru River is a tributary of the Priboiaşa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Priboiaşa River.

Vlavu River
The Vlavu River is a tributary of the Juliţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Julita River.

Văleni River (Câlneş)
The Văleni River is a tributary of the Câlneş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Câlneş River.

Câlneş River
The Câlneş River or Bahna River is a tributary of the Bistriţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bistriţa River.

Bahniţa River
The Bahniţa River is a tributary of the Câlneş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Câlneş River.

Celac River
The Celac River is a tributary of the Câlneş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Câlneş River.

Verdele River (Bistriţa)
The Verdele River is a tributary of the Câlneş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Câlneş River.

Leţcana River
The Leţcana River is a tributary of the Bistriţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bistriţa River.

Dorneşti River
The Dorneşti River is a tributary of the Bistriţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bistriţa River.

Good Girl Gone Bad
"Good Girl Gone Bad" is the third studio album by Rihanna. The album has 2 versions. One version called "Good Girl Gone Bad:Reloaded" was released June 2008. It features newer singles including "Take a Bow", "Disturbia", and "If I Never See Your Face Again" which is a remix single from rock-pop band "Maroon 5". The singles from the album include (from the original version of the album) "Umbrella", "Breakin' Dishes", "Shut Up and Drive", "Don't Stop the Music", and "Hate That I Love You".
The Good Girl Gone Bad Tour.
Rihanna did a worldwide concert tour on September 15, three months after the release of the album. The tour had three parts with sixty-one shows. It ended on April 5, 2008. The first part of the tour began in Canada. It included eleven shows across the country with Akon. The tour later went through United States and Europe without Akon.
Supporting acts for the tour were Akon, Ciara and David Jordan.
"Good Girl Gone Bad: Reloaded".
The album was released a second time as a two disc special version named "Good Girl Gone Bad: Reloaded" in June 2008. The set includes twelve original tracks, three new tracks—the lead U.S. number-one single "Take a Bow", a remix of "If I Never See Your Face Again" with Maroon 5, and the U.S. number-one single "Disturbia"—and a DVD containing behind the scenes footage and four live performances from her tours. It came with new album art, which features a green toned background instead of the original's grey toned background. In the UK, the background is a white-gray toned background instead of the green. The new version of the album was released in most countries on June 17, but the CD version was released on June 2 in the UK (with the DVD version following on June 16) and on June 21 in Australia. "Disturbia" was released online in May 2008. The song "Cry" was released on international versions of the album and is a UK and Australian bonus track on the re-release. The re-release made the album soar from 124 to 7 on the Billboard 200, selling 63,000 copies and having a 930% sales increases. iTunes has now removed the standard version of "Good Girl Gone Bad" and replaced it with the new reloaded version. In France the album soared from 141 to forty-three having the greatest gainer of the week. In the UK it soared from number fifty-nine to number twelve having the "Greatest Gainer" certification, before rising to number five later on in its chart run. By September 14 2008 the album has still been charting strongly in the UK, dipping in and out of the top 10 for many weeks. Good Girl Gone Bad: Reloaded reached a new peak of #3 on the UK Albums Chart.

Români River
The Români River (also known as Prăjeşti River, Orbic River or Pârâul Negru) is a tributary of the Bistriţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bistriţa River.

Poloboc River
The Poloboc River is a tributary of the Bistriţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bistriţa River.

Bouleţ River
The Bouleţ River is a tributary of the Cracăul Alb River in Romania. That means it flows into the Cracăul Alb River. It starts where the Bouleţul Mare and Bouleţul Mic Rivers meet.

Bouleţul Mare River
The Bouleţul Mare River is a tributary of the Bouleţ River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bouleţ River.

Bouleţul Mic River
The Bouleţul Mic River is a tributary of the Bouleţ River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bouleţ River.

Sas River
The Sas River is a tributary of the Bouleţ River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bouleţ River. It starts where the La Fântâna Omului and Comori Rivers meet.

Coacăzul River
The Coacăzul River is a tributary of the Bouleţul Mic River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bouleţul Mic River.

Pârâul Fundurilor
The Pârâul Fundurilor is a tributary of the Bouleţul Mic River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bouleţul Mic River.

La Fântâna Omului River
The La Fântâna Omului River is a tributary of the Sas River in Romania. That means it flows into the Sas River.

Comori River
The Comori River is a tributary of the Sas River in Romania. That means it flows into the Sas River.

Lespezi River (Sas)
The Lespezi River is a tributary of the Sas River in Romania. That means it flows into the Sas River.

Judd Apatow
Judd Apatow (born December 6, 1967) is an American film producer, director, and screenwriter. He is best known for producing a distinct series of critically and commercially successful comedy films, including "Anchorman" (2004), "The 40-Year-Old Virgin" (2005), "Talladega Nights" (2006), "Knocked Up", "Superbad" (both 2007), "Forgetting Sarah Marshall", "Step Brothers" and "Pineapple Express" (all 2008).

Derzanul River
The Derzanul River is a tributary of the Sas River in Romania. That means it flows into the Sas River.

Interstate 182
Interstate 182 (sometimes called I-182) is a 15.19-mile long Interstate Highway in the state of Washington, going into the Tri-Cities. The road goes from Interstate 82 west of Richland to U.S. Route 12 in Pasco. It runs along U.S. Route 12 from Interstate 82 to U.S. Route 12, Washington State Route 240 through Richland, and U.S. Route 395 in Pasco.

Bilbor River
The Bilbor River is a tributary of the Cracăul Alb River in Romania. That means it flows into the Cracăul Alb River.

Interstate 84 (west)
Interstate 84 (sometimes called I-84) is a -mile long Interstate Highway in the states of Oregon, Idaho, and Utah. The road goes from Interstate 5 in Portland, Oregon to Interstate 80 in Echo, Utah. There is another road with the same name in the eastern part of the country.

Ellensburg, Washington
Ellensburg is a city in the state of Washington.

Tri-Cities, Washington
The Tri-Cities are a group of 3 cities in Washington. They are Richland, Pasco, and Kennewick.

Umatilla, Oregon
Umatilla is a city in the state of Oregon.

Hermiston, Oregon
Hermiston is a city in the state of Oregon.

Richland, Washington
Richland is a city in the state of Washington.

Pasco, Washington
Pasco is a city in the state of Washington.

Selah, Washington
Selah is a city in the state of Washington.

Union Gap, Washington
Union Gap is a city in the state of Washington.

Zillah, Washington
Zillah is a city in the state of Washington.

Granger, Washington
Granger is a city in the state of Washington.

Sunnyside, Washington
Sunnyside is a city in the state of Washington.

Grandview, Washington
Grandview is a city in the state of Washington in the United States.

Prosser, Washington
Prosser is a city in the state of Washington.

Music of the Sun
Music of the Sun is the first album by pop and R&B singer Rihanna. The album was released August of 2005 with the single "Pon de Replay".

Benton City, Washington
Benton City is a city in the state of Washington. About 2,600 people live in Benton City as of the year 2002.

Pon de Replay
"Pon de Replay" is the first single released in 2005 off the album "Music of the Sun" by pop singer Rihanna.
Info.
"Pon de Replay" ("Play It Again") is a song written by Vada Nobles, Carl Sturken, Evan Rogers, and Alisha Brooks for pop singer Rihanna's debut album, "Music of the Sun" (2005). Produced by Nobles, Struken, and Rogers, it was released as the album's first single in summer 2005. The song peaked at number 2 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, becoming her first Top 5 single; it also peaked at number 1 in New Zealand, number 2 in the UK and at number 6 and number 7 in Australia and Canada, respectively. The beat for "Pon de Replay" was also used in Natasja Saad's hit "Mon De Reggae". Pon de Replay was also a major dance hit topping both the Hot Dance Music/Club Play and the Dance Radio Airplay chart for 2 weeks. It also performed well on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks charts peaking at #24; most of its chart points had been received from airplay from pop stations and from its digital downloads. In an unusual situation, the track reached #6 on the Hot Rap Tracks, an unlikely supporter of the song. On the non-Billboard chart, ARC Top 40, the track also hit #1. Pop girl group Girl Authority covered the song in 2006 for their debut album.The song was the 21st best sell of 2005 with 3,970,000 units sold.
The hit single, "Pon de Replay" was first made public in the mainstream media on March 17, 2005 by publicist, Jonathan Hay through co-producer Vada Nobles on MTV News.
Music Video.
In the music video, directed by Little X, Rihanna and her friends arrive at the club where everybody is bored and not dancing because of the low music. Rihanna steps up and sings the song, causing the DJ to turn the music up and everybody to start dancing. The music video also features Rihanna doing some belly dancing moves. The music video was also popular receiving much play from MTV and BET. It peaked at #2 on MTV's "Total Request Live" spending 37 days on the countdown; it was not able to retire due to the early introduction of the music video for her second single, "If It's Lovin' That You Want". The video reached #4 on BET's "106 & Park" and remained on the countdown for over 20 days.
Covers & Parodies.
"Weird Al" Yankovic covered part of the song in his polka medley Polkarama! from the album Straight Outta Lynwood

Kennewick, Washington
Kennewick is a city in the state of Washington.

Plymouth, Washington
Plymouth is a city in the state of Washington, In the United States of America

Outlaw
An outlaw or bandit is a person who is "outside the law" usually because they have committed serious crimes.
A criminal can be declared an "outlaw" which means the outlaw could not use the legal system to protect himself if needed.

Căprioara River (Cracăul Alb)
The Căprioara River is a tributary of the Cracăul Alb River in Romania. That means if flows into the Cracăul Alb River.

Kittitas County, Washington
Kittitas County is a county located in the U.S. state of Washington. The county seat is Ellensburg, Washington.

Yakima County, Washington
Yakima County is a county located in the U.S. state of Washington. The county seat is Yakima, Washington.

Benton County, Washington
Benton County is a county located in the U.S. state of Washington. The county seat is Benton City, Washington.

Umatilla County, Oregon
Umatilla County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oregon. The county seat is Umatilla, Oregon.

Pietrosu River (Cracăul Alb)
The Pietrosu River is a tributary of the Cracăul Alb River in Romania. That means it flows into the Cracăul Alb River.

Ploştina River (Cracăul Alb)
The Ploştina River is a tributary of the Cracăul Alb River in Romania. That means it flows into the Cracăul Alb River.

Moraru River (Ploştina)
The Moraru River is a tributary of the Ploştina River in Romania. That means it flows into the Ploştina River.

Ploştina River (Motru)
The Ploştina River is a tributary of the Motru River in Romania. That means it flows into the Motru River.

Vâna Mare River (Cernat)
The Vâna Mare River is a tributary of the Cernat River in Romania. That means it flows into the Cernat River.

Vâna Roşie River
The Vâna Roşie River is a tributary of the Timişul Mort River in Romania. That means it flows into the Timişul Mort River.

Văratec River (Netezi)
The Văratec River is a tributary of the Netezi River in Romania. That means it flows into the Netezi River.

Vârciorog River (Peştiş)
The Vârciorog River is a tributary of the Peştiş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Pestiş River.

Vârlanu River
The Vârlanu River is a tributary of the Bistriţa River in Romania. It flows into Lake Izvorul Muntelui on the Bistriţa River.

Cell
In biology, the cell is the basic structure of organisms. All cells are made by other cells.
The outside of the cell is a cell membrane. Inside some cells, some parts of the cell stay separate from other parts by membranes. These separate parts are called organelles (like small organs.) They each do different things in the cell. Some of these are ribosomes, nucleus (where DNA is), and mitochondria.
Kinds of cells.
There are 2 basic kinds of cells: prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotes are simple cells, also known as bacteria. Eukaryotes are less simple cells. All eukaryotic cells have a nucleus except red blood cells in mammals, while prokaryotes do not have one. Both kinds of cells have RNA or DNA. In general, prokaryotes(organisms with prokaryotic cell) have genetic information stored in RNA while eukaryotes have genetic information stored in form of DNA. In the prokaryote it is not separated from the rest of the cell by a membrane. In the eukaryote DNA is separate from the rest of the cell.In the eukaryotes DNA is coiled in structures called chromosomes within the nucleus.
In general, all prokaryotic organisms are made of just one cell.
Kinds of prokaryotic organisms.
The only kinds of prokaryotic organisms that survived to the present are bacteria. Prokaryotic organisms evolved before eukaryotic organisms, so at one point the world consisted of nothing but prokaryotic organisms.
Kinds of eukaryotic organisms.
There are two kinds of organisms: multicellular and unicellular.
There are also 2 kinds of cells with no nucleus.
Unicellular.
Unicellular organisms live without other cells to help them. So the cell does all things that it needs to live. Each cell.
Multicellular.
Multicellular organisms are made from many cells. They are complex organisms. This can be a small number of cells, or millions of cells. All plants and animals are multicellular organisms. The cells of a multicellular organism are not all the same. They have different shapes and sizes, and do different work in the organism. The cells are specialized. This means they do only some kinds of work. By themselves, they cannot do everything that the organism needs to live. They need other cells to do other work. They live together, but cannot live alone.
Cell history.
Cells were discovered by Robert Hooke. He used a microscope to look at organisms in 1665. He named cells after the Latin word "cella", meaning room. He did this because he thought cells looked like small rooms.
The idea of cell was than deeper explored by a Czech J.E. Purkyňe in 1837.
It was in 1838 and 1839.
These ideas still are the basic ideas of cell theory.
Cell reproduction.
Eukaryotic cells reproduce differently than prokaryotic cells, but both go through the same general process. Most eukaryotic cells undergo mitosis, creating exact genetic copies of themselves. Exceptions to this rule are nerve cells, which never split, and sex cells, which go through a separate process called meiosis. Prokaryotic cells reproduce using binary fission, where the cell simply splits in half without the complex steps of big tigers.

Cartomancy
Cartomancy is the study of reading cards for fortune telling or divination. There are many different types of cards used for cartomancy, some of which include standard playing cards and the tarot.

Borscht
Borscht (Russian language: "борщ", Polish language: "barszcz", Lithuanian language: "barščiai", Romanian language: "borș") is a type of red beet soup eaten in Eastern European countries, such as Russia, Romania Poland, Belarus, Lithuania and Ukraine. It contains red beets, sausage, onion and cabbage. Borscht soup is usually eaten with a piece of black bread.

Visconti-Sforza tarot deck
The Visconti-Sforza tarot deck is the oldest known tarot deck. It was ordered to be made in the 15th century by Filippo Maria Visconti who was then the Duke of Milan. The name of the deck is used to describe various decks that have survived over time.

Thoth tarot deck
The Thoth tarot deck is a tarot deck painted by Lady Frieda Harris at the request of Aleister Crowley. Crowley referred to this deck as "The Book of Thoth", and wrote a book with the same title of use with the deck.

Tlaxcala (disambiguation)
Tlaxcala is a state in central Mexico. Its capital is called Tlaxcala de Xicoténcatl.

Tlaxcala
Tlaxcala is the smallest state in Mexico with about a million people. It is in central Mexico.

International Alliance of Research Universities
The International Alliance of Research Universities (IARU) was a program launched in January 2006 as a leading co-operative network of 10 international research-intensive universities. The president of the IARU is Australian National University Vice-Chancellor Professor Ian Chubb.

Rod Serling
Rodman "Rod" Serling (December 25, 1924 – June 28, 1975) was American screenwriter, radio and television narrator and producer. He is most well known for producing and hosting the television series "Twilight Zone" In 1973 and 1974 he hosted syndicated radio program. After third emergency surgery, Serling died on the operating table on 28 June 1975 from heart problems. He was buried on 1 July 1975 in Interlaken, New York. In 1994, computers were used to have him host a television movie of the "Twilight Zone" using old images of him.

Masoretic Text
The Masoretic Text is a copy of the Hebrew Bible that was written by the Masoretes between the 6th and 10th centuries.
The Masoretic Text is an authority because it is the source for most translations of the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament.
Standardisation.
Before the first century CE, there were some small differences between copies of the Hebrew Bible. During first century CE, Jewish Bible specialists agreed on the same words, a process called standardisation.
Between about 100 and 300 CE, a group of Jewish Bible specialists called the Tannaim copied this Hebrew Bible. Then between about 300 and 500 CE, another group of Jewish Bible specialists called the Amoraim continued the work of the Tannaim. The Masoretes then continued the Amoraim's work for the next 500 years.
The Masoretes' Work.
The Masoretes were very careful when they copied the Bible. When they thought there was a mistake in the work of the Amoraim or the other specialists, they wrote a note in the side of the book, rather than change the book. After they copied a book, they counted the verses, words and letters in each book to make sure there were no mistakes.
The Masoretes also added vowel points to make the Bible easier to read because the Hebrew writing does not show vowels.
There were two main places where Masoretes worked: Babylon and Israel. The Masoretes also wrote book about the Bible called the Masorah.

Golant
Golant is a small village in Cornwall, England. It is located in the parish of St Sampson on the banks of the Fowey estuary. It is between St. Austell and Polperro and is close to Bodmin. The church in the villiage is dedicated to St. Sampson.
Golant railway station was at one time by the river to the south of the village. It was served by trains on the Great Western Railway's Fowey branch line from 1 July 1896 until 4 January 1965. The station has since been removed. The space is now used for a car park.
Annie Vernon, the Olympic rower, first learn her sport at Golant's Castle Dore Rowing Club.
History.
Until very recently, Golant has been almost unknown except to the people who live there and pilgrims and other walkers of the Saints' Way. Nearby, there is a little used ford across the Fowey estuary. In late summer 1644, during the first English Civil War, war came to Golant and the area around the village. A large group of about 10,000 Parliamentary soldiers fought against the forces of King Charles on the peninsula between Lostwithiel, St. Blazey and Fowey. King Charles was in the area at the time.

Saints' Way
The Saints' Way (Cornish: Forth an Syns) is a long-distance footpath in Cornwall, in the United Kingdom.
It follows the probable route of early Christian travellers making their way from Ireland to the Continent. Rather than risk the difficult passage around Land's End they would disembark their ships on the North Cornish coast and progress to ports such as Fowey on foot. The footpath today between Padstow in the north and Fowey in the south is 26 miles in length and is well marked. Guide books are available.

Golda Meir
Golda Meir "(pronounced, Gol-da My-ear)", (, born Golda Mabovitch, May 3 1898 - December 8 1978, known as Golda Myerson from 1917-1956) was the fourth prime minister of the State of Israel.
Golda Meir became Prime Minister of Israel on March 17 1969 after serving as Minister of Labour and Foreign Minister. She was said to be the "Iron Lady" "(a strong minded woman)" of Israel's politics years before that name became said about the British prime minister, Margaret Thatcher. Meir was Israel's first and so far only female prime minister. She was the world's third female prime minister. The two biggest events of her time as prime minister were the murder of eleven Israeli athletes at the 1972 Summer Olympic Games and the 1973 Yom Pippur War. After questions about her handling of the war, Meir resigned from her job even though she had been found to be not to blame for problems with the war.
Before she became prime minister.
Her name at birth was Golda Mabovitch () in Kiev in the former Russian Empire (today Ukraine), to Blume Naidich and Moshe Mabovitch, a carpenter. The family moved to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA. Her father found a job as a carpenter, and her mother ran a grocery store. At the age of eight, she was already put in charge of watching the store when her mother went to the market for supplies. At age 14, Golda went to North Division High School and worked part-time. Her mother wanted her to leave school and marry, but she did not. She ran away from home and bought a train ticket to Denver, Colorado, and went to live with her married sister, Sheyna Korngold. The Korngolds held evening meetings at their home where Meir learned about the Jew's desire for a country of their own, literature, women's rights, trade unions and more. In Denver, she also met Morris Meyerson, a sign painter, whom she later married at the age of 19.
During time as prime minister.
The two biggest things to happen during her time as prime minister were; the murder of eleven Israeli athletes at the 1972 Summer Olympic Games by the terrorist group Black September, and the twenty day warcalled the Yom Kippur War between Israel and the Arab states led by Egypt and Syria in October 1973.
End of time in office.
The Yom Kippur War was from October 6 to October 26, 1973 and was between a group of Arab countries led by Syria and Egypt against Israel. Israel was surprised by the attack and after the Yom Kippur War, the government was asked questions about Israel's not being ready for the war. A group of people who were asked to look into the war cleared her of direct blame, and her party won the elections in December 1973, but she left on April 11 1974, because of what she felt the people of Israel wanted. Yitzhak Rabin became prime minister after her on June 3 1974.
In 1975, Meir was awarded the Israel Prize for her services to the State of Israel.
Death.
On December 8 1978, Golda Meir died of cancer in Jerusalem at the age of 80. She was buried on Mount Herzl in Jerusalem on December 12, 1978.

Haumea (dwarf planet)
Haumea is a dwarf planet in the Solar System. Its discovery was announced in 2005 by astronomers Michael E. Brown, Chad Trujillo and David Rabinowitz of the United States, and J. L. Ortiz of Spain. It was classified as a dwarf planet on September 17, 2008. Haumea is a Trans-Neptunian object, because it orbits the Sun after Neptune. It has two known moons, Hiʻiaka and Namaka.
Name.
Orginally the object was nicknamed 'Santa' as it was discovered shortly after Christmas. In 2008, the International Astronomical Union gave it the proper name Haumea, after a Hawaiian god of childbirth and fertility.

Vişag River (Săcuieu)
The Vişag River is a river a tributary of the Săcuieu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Săcuieu River.

Viştea Mare River
The Viştea Mare River is a headwater of the Viştea River in Romania. That means it flows into the Viştea River

Vizăuţi River
The Vizăuţi River is a tributary of the Putna River in Romania. That means it flows into the Putna River.

Vlad River
The Vlad River is a tributary of the Moneasa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Moneasa River.

Vinul Mare River
The Vinul Mare River is a headwater of the Vinul River in Romania. That means it flows into the Vinul River.

Psychosocial
"Psychosocial" is the the second single and fourth track from Slipknot's fourth studio album, "All Hope Is Gone" which was released August 26 2008.
Music video.
The music video for "Psychosocial" was shot at Sound Farm studios in Jamaica, Iowa on June 30, 2008. The shoot was delayed due to an unrelated head injury sustained by turntablist Sid Wilson before the shoot, who was subsequently hospitalized. On July 18, 2008 the video premiered on MTV's "FNMTV" show, hosted by Pete Wentz. The video, which was directed by Paul Brown, was shot using high-end cameras which shoot 1,000 frames per second and are contrasted with traditional 35 mm hand crank camera equipment. Percussionist Shawn Crahan explains; "we have the most extreme on both ends, with nothing in the middle. That's what the video is, and nobody does that. There's an art form behind it."
During an interview with "Kerrang!", guitarist James Root revealed that the video features the burning of the purgatory masks adorned by the band members in the splash teaser photos shown on Slipknot's website, reportedly because the masks represent the band's ego.
The are two versions of the video. One uses the album version of the song, whilst the other uses a much shorter version of the song; excluding the "Limit of the Dead!" lines.
This song was nominated to best rock video at the VMA´s 2008.

Pete Wentz
Peter Lewis Kingston Wentz III (born June 5, 1979) is an American musician and songwriter. He is most famous for his work with the Chicago-based band Fall Out Boy. In recent years, he has also become an entrepreneur and the host of the MTV program, FNMTV. He is married to Ashlee Simpson.

FNMTV
"FNMTV Premiers" is a television program shown on MTV. The program is hosted by Pete Wentz of rock band "Fall Out Boy". "FNMTV" is shown every Friday night. It shows all new never-before seen music videos and live performances. The program has had several famous guests including Lil Wayne, Jonas Brothers, Miley Cyrus, Rihanna, Maroon 5, and Katy Perry.
Other name results for "FNMTV".
Other possible name results for the title are "FN'MTV", "Friday Night MTV", "Feedback New MTV", "Feedback New Music Television", "FN (standing for f***ing MTV) MTV", "F'in MTV", or "FN'MTV "Friday Night".

Lil Wayne
Dwayne Michael Carter, Jr. (born September 27, 1982), better known by his stage name Lil Wayne, is an American rapper. Currently part of the newly reunited rap group Hot Boys, he joined the Cash Money Records collective as a teenager. He worked with B.G. on the album "True Story" and eventually recorded for the label. "Get It How U Live", released in 1997, was Lil Wayne's first album with Hot Boys, and "Tha Block is Hot", his solo debut, came out 1999. "Block" debuted in the top ten on the American Billboard 200 chart and Lil Wayne was nominated for "Best New Artist" from magazine the same year. Following this success, Wayne soon featured on other rappers' singles, including "Bling Bling" by B.G. and "#1 Stunna" by the Big Tymers in 2000.
Info.
After his hit debut album "Tha Block Is Hot" and two albums released with little promotion, Lil Wayne reached higher popularity with 2004's "Tha Carter" and its two subsequent albums "Tha Carter II" (2005) and "Tha Carter III" (2008). During that period, he appeared on several mixtapes and singles of other artists.
"Tha Carter III" (2008).
Initially planned to be released in 2007, "Tha Carter IIIs largest delay came after the majority of the tracks were leaked and distributed on mixtapes, such as "The Drought Is Over Pt. 2" and "The Drought Is Over Pt. 4". Lil Wayne initially decided to use the leaked tracks, plus four new tracks, to make a separate album, titled '. "The Leak" was to be released December 18, 2007, with the actual album being delayed until March 18, 2008, The release of "The Leak" in this format never came to fruition, but an official EP titled "The Leak" and containing five tracks was released digitally on December 25, 2007.

Tha Carter III
"The Carter III" is the 6th official studio album by rapper "Lil Wayne". The album contains singles like Lollipop, Got Money, A Milli, "Mrs. Officer", and "Mr. Carter". in the first two months after it's release, it became 2x platinum.

Sofica River
The Sofica River is a tributary of the Cracăul Alb River in Romania. That means it flows into the Cracăul Alb River.

Izvorul Alb River (Cracăul Alb)
The Izvorul Albl River is a tributary of the Cracăul Alb River in Romania. That means it flows into the Cracăul Alb River.

Alunul River (Cracăul Alb)
The Alunul River is a tributary of the Cracăul Alb River in Romania. That means it flows into the Cracăul Alb River.

Făget River (Cracăul Alb)
The Făget River is a tributary of the Alunul River in Romania. That means it flows into the Alunul River.

Frasinu River (Cracăul Alb)
The Frasinu River is a tributary of the Cracăul Alb River in Romania. That means it flows into the Cracăul Alb River.

Pârâul Platonesei
The Pârâul Platonesei is a tributary of the Cracăul Alb River in Romania. That means it flows into the Cracăul Alb River.

Pârâul Popii (Cracăul Alb)
The Pârâul Popii is a tributary of the Cracăul Alb River in Romania. That means it flows into the Cracăul Alb River.

Pârâul Adânc (Cracăul Alb)
The Pârâul Adânc is a tributary of the Cracăul Alb River in Romania. That means it flows into the Cracăul Alb River.

Pârâul Răchitelor
The Pârâul Răchitelor is a tributary of the Cracăul Negru River in Romania. That means it flows into the Cracăul Negru River.

Vizma River
The Vizma River is a tributary of the Miniş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Miniş River.

Vişeuţ River
The Vişeuţ River or Borşa River is a tributary of the Vişeu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Vişeu River.

Vijiştea River
The Vijiştea River is a tributary of the Teleorman River in Romania. That means it flows into the Teleorman River.

Viezurata River
The Viezurata River is a headwater of the Sohodol River in Romania.

Vinişorul River
The Vinişorul River is a tributary of the Tâşla River in Romania. That means it flows into the Tăşla River.

Administrative county
An administrative county "(pronounced: add-mini-stray'-tive, count'"-e)" was a old way of dividing up the land in a country that was once used in England and Wales, beginning in 1888 and also in Ireland, beginning in 1898. It was used for local government reasons. They don't exist anymore, except in Northern Ireland where their old areas are used as the areas for lieutenancy. They were also once used in Scotland for government reasons but they were not real names that the people who lived in an area called it except when talking to the government. They stopped being used in England and Wales in 1974, and stopped in Scotland in 1975.

List of pages about local government in the United Kingdom
The List of pages about local government in the United Kingdom page has a list of the pages in Wikipedia that have something to do with or are about local government in the United Kingdom.

Tlaxcala de Xicoténcatl
Tlaxcala de Xicoténcatl is the capital of the Mexican state of Tlaxcala. About 84.000 people live in the city itself. Its urban area has about 250.000 people. The city has a historic center. The church of St. Francis was consecrated in 1521. It is the oldest church on American soil.

Saral
Saral is a village and Union Council, an administrative subdivision, of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan. It is part of Chakwal Tehsil and is located at 33°5'39N 72°55'18E.

Nor Khachakap
Nor Khachakap (; formerly, Saral) is a village in Lori province, Armenia.

Vezieş River
The Vezieş River or Vizieş River is a tributary of the Sângeriş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Sângeriş River.

Viştişoara River
The Viştişoara River is a headwater of the Viştea River in Romania. That means it flows into the Viştea River.

Vişag River (Drăgan)
The Vişag River is a tributary of the Drăgan River in Romania. That means it flows into the Drăgan River.

Vidruţa River
The Vidruţa River is a tributary of the Lotru River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lotru River.

The Great Escape
"The Great Escape" is the 2nd single off of the self-titled first studio album by rock band Boys Like Girls. "The Great Escape"'s music video was released in 2006.

Bălmuş River
The Bălmuş River is a tributary of the Cracăul Negru River in Romania. That means it flows into the Cracăul Negru River.

Bălmuşel River
The Bălmuşel River is a tributary of the Bălmuş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bălmuş River.

Cracăul Negru River
The Cracăul Negru River is a headwater of the Cracău River in Romania. That means it flows into the Cracău River.

Alunişu River (Cracău)
The Alunişu River is a tributary of the Cracăul Negru River in Romania. That means it flows into the Cracăul Negru River.

Tisa River (Cracău)
The Tisa River is a tributary of the Cracăul Negru River in Romania. That means it flows into the Cracăul Negru River.

Şoimu River (Cracău)
The Şoimu River is a tributary of the Cracăul Negru River in Romania. That means it flows into the Cracăul Negru River.

Pârâul Gradului
The Pârâul Gradului River is a tributary of the Cracăul Negru River in Romania. That means it flows into the Cracăul Negru River.

Burloaia River
The Burloaia River is a tributary of the Cracău River in Romania. That means it flows into the Cracău River.

Burdaleuca River
The Burdaleuca River is a tributary of the Cracău River in Romania.

Zahorna River (Cracău)
The Zahorna River is a tributary of the Cracău River in Romania. That means it flows into the Cracău River.

Stella
"Stella" is the Latin and Italian word for star.
Financial.
Stella is the female version of the male Greek name Stelios which probably originates from the Greek "stylos" or "styli" > style.

Corey Taylor
Corey Taylor (born December 1973) also known by his number #8, is an American singer. He is the lead singer of the bands Slipknot and "Stone Sour".

Corni River (Zahorna)
The Corni River is a tributary of the Zahorna River in Romania. That means it flows into the Zahorna River.

Purcăroaia River
The Purcăroaia River is a tributary of the Cracău River in Romania. That means it flows into the Cracău River.

Wait and Bleed
"Wait and Bleed" is a single from the metal band Slipknot's first album, "Slipknot".
Music Video.
The video for the song is a live performance.

Spit It Out
Spit It Out is the second single from the album "Slipknot" by metal band Slipknot.

Horăiţa River
The Horăiţa River is a tributary of the Almaş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Almaş River.

Ulmul River (Almaş)
The Ulmul River is a tributary of the Almaş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Almaş River.

Turtureşti River
The Turtureşti River is a tributary of the Cracău River in Romania. That means it flows into the Cracău River.

Veleşchia River (Mureş)
The Veleşchia River is a tributary of the Belcina River in Romania. That means it flows into the Belcina River.

Veljul Mare River
The Veljul Mare River is a tributary of the Culişer Canal in Romania. That means it flows into the Culişer Canal.

Veneţioara River
The Veneţioara River or Venecioara River is a tributary of the Veneţia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Veneţia River.

Videşti River
The Videşti River is a tributary of the Holod River in Romania. That means it flows into the Holod River.

Viforâta River
The Viforâta River is a tributary of the Milea River in Romania. That means it flows into the Milea River.

IBGE
The Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics or IBGE (), is the agency responsible for statistical, geographic, cartographic, geodetic and environmental information in Brazil. The IBGE performs a national census every ten years, and the questionnaires account for information such as age, household income, literacy, education, occupation and hygiene levels.
The IBGE's headquarters is located in Rio de Janeiro.

Windows 7
Windows 7 (also known by the codenames Blackcomb and Vienna) is the next version of Microsoft Windows. It has a new taskbar called 'Superbar' and it looks like the taskbar from the Mac OS operating system. Computer manufactures will be able to customize the boot screen.
Development of Windows 7.
Development of windows 7 started after windows XP. Codename longhorn was meant to be released in 2005 but it was delayed because Microsoft was having problems with new technology.
In 2007, Microsoft stated that windows 7 is to be made in a 3 year timeframe.
Naming.
In October 2008, Microsoft have stated that the official name for the next version of windows will be known as windows 7.
Windows 2000 was version 5, Windows XP was version 5.1 and Windows Vista was version 6 so thefore, windows 7 will be version 6.1 because it's using the same kernel as vista.
Milestone 1.
The first known build of Windows 7 was called Milestone 1. It was the very first build of Windows 7 and it was a customised version of Windows Vista and the builder number was 6519.
Milestone 2.
Microsoft then released Windows 7 Milestone 2 which was shown to D6 conference. It had several new features such as a touch screen and the build number was 6589.
Milestone 3.
The next major build of Windows 7 was Milestone 3 build 6870. It had a few changes to the background in control panel. It had the ribbon interface in Microsoft Paint and WordPad. It had Internet Explorer 8 beta 2 and Windows Media player 12 beta.
Build 6801.
Microsoft presented a pre-beta version of Windows 7 build 6801. It was leaked to torrent sites and it could be only used for 30 days. It did not include the new taskbar like in the beta but there is an unoffical patch which can enable the new taskbar.
Pre Beta.
During the PDC conference, build 6933 was shown but was not handed out during the conference. 2 builds were leaked to the internet, build 6936 and build 6956 were leaked to torrent sites as a 32 bit version. A 64 bit version of build 6936 was also leaked.
Beta.
The beta was released on 10th Janurary 2009 and the customer preview program will be closed on 24th January 2009.
Release Candidate.
Windows 7 news has confirmed that the release candidate will be released on April 2009.
OEM release.
Windows 7 will be released to OEM's in Autum 2009.
Final Build.
The final release date will all depend on the feedback and reviews on the release candidate build.
Windows 7 Home Premium.
Windows 7 home premium will be the right edition for home users.
Windows 7 Professional.
Windows 7 Professional will be the edition for business users.
Windows 7 Ultimate.
Windows 7 Ultimate is the default version in beta and release candidate builds, and will have all the features in home premium and professional.

List of football (soccer) stadiums by capacity
This is a list of association football stadiums. They are put into order by how many people they can hold at one time.
This list is only for football stadiums.

Franklin
"Franklin" is a song by Paramore a band from the same place. The song is about the place they are from and touring and how they dont feel at home. Hayley williams has said franklin is one of the prettiest cites ever.
Franklin is from the debut paramore album All We Know Is Falling the ninth song and the most gentle one, it is used to slow things down, and the version they play live is much different than what you'll hear on the CD

Astelia banksii
"Astelia banksii" is an evergreen silver-green plant from the beaches of New Zealand. It likes it best in partial shade and in fertile and well-drained soil.

Barclays plc
Barclays is a major bank. It was founded in 1690.

The Beano
The Beano is a weekly British comic. The first issue was on July 30 1938. Annuals are released each year.

Dunedin
Dunedin is a city in New Zealand, Ōtepoti in Maori, is the second-largest city in the South Island of New Zealand, and the main city of the region of Otago. The city stands on the hills and valleys surrounding the head of Otago Harbour. The harbour and hills are the remnants of an extinct volcano. It is the home of the University of Otago.

Dunfermline Building Society
Dunfermline Building Society is a major United Kingdom building society. It is the largest building society in Scotland and the 14th largest in the UK.

Big Mac Index
The Big Mac Index is an economic index. It compares the purchasing power of two currencies. It looks at how expensive a Big Mac is in different countries.
The Big Mac Index was first written about in "The Economist" magazine in September 1986. They have published the index each year since then. The McDonald's Big Mac was chosen because it is made in a similar way with similar ingredients in many countries around the world.
The exchange rate between two countries can be compared by dividing the price of a Big Mac in one country (in its currency) by the price of a Big Mac in another country (in its currency). This value is then compared with the actual exchange rate. If the rate is lower, then the first currency is under-valued (according to purchasing power parity (PPP) theory) compared with the second currency. Conversely, if the rate is higher, then the first currency is over-valued.

Economic index
An Economic index is a number that is calculated from different economic factors, like prices or income. These numbers are calculated to be able to compare different economies in different countries. An example for such an index would be the Gross Domestic Product (or GDP).

JeOS
JeOS is a version of Ubuntu designed for virtual machines.

All Hope Is Gone (song)
All Hope Is Gone is the 2nd single off the album by Slipknot called "All Hope Is Gone".

The Blister Exists
"The Blister Exists" is the final single from Slipknot's "Vol. 3: (The Subliminal Verses)" album. A music video for the song was released in February 2007. "The Blister Exists" is known among fans for its snare drum solo. This song was used to open concerts from The Subliminal Verses tour, following a staged announcement where the audience was told that "due to unforeseen circumstances, Slipknot will not be performing this evening." The song appeared in the video game "Prince of Persia: Warrior Within".
Music video.
The music video displays the band performing the song live, with clips of their fans with much similarity to the "The Nameless" music video.

Fellatio
Fellatio is oral sex on the penis of a man, as opposed to cunnilingus, oral sex on a woman. Fellatio is commonly called a blow job.
Fellatio can continue until a man ejaculates or as part of foreplay, before actual sexual intercourse.
Risks.
There is no risk of getting pregnant by performing a fellatio, because there is no connection form the mouth to the womb and the fallopian tubes. There is however a significant risk of transmitting diseases if the mouth comes in contact with semen on the penis. Exposing the cells in the mouth to alcoholic drinks can increase this risk. HIV can also enter through open sores or bleeding gums.
Very few people are allergic to semen. Nancy Friday's book, "Men in Love - Men's Sexual Fantasies: The Triumph of Love over Rage" claims that swallowing ejaculate is high on the intimacy scale.
Diseases such as Chlamydia, human papillomavirus (HPV), gonorrhea, herpes, hepatitis (multiple strains), and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), as well as viruses such as HIV, can be transmitted through oral sex. The risk of transmitting HIV through fellatio is unknown,but it is suspected to be low. Any kind of direct contact with body fluids of a person infected with HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, poses a risk of infection. The risk from most of these types of infection, however, is generally considered far lower than that associated with vaginal or anal sex.
If the receiving partner has wounds on their genitals, or if the giving partner has wounds or open sores on or in their mouth, or bleeding gums, this poses an increased risk of STD transmission. Brushing the teeth, flossing, undergoing dental work, or eating crunchy foods such as potato crisps relatively soon before or after giving fellatio can also increase the risk of transmission, because all of these activities can cause small scratches in the lining of the mouth. These wounds, even when they are microscopic, increase the chances of contracting STDs that can be transmitted orally under these conditions. Such contact can also lead to more mundane infections from common bacteria and viruses found in, around and secreted from the genital regions. Because of this, some medical professionals advise the use of condoms when performing or receiving fellatio with a partner whose STD status is unknown. Flavoured condoms may be used for this purpose.
In culture.
Many people accuse someone of performing fellatio as an insult. For example 'cock sucker!' or 'suck my dick'.
Many cultures see fellatio as showing control over ones partner, as often the giver is on their knees. In ancient Greece it was called "playing the flute" The Moche people of ancient Peru practiced it regularly and made vases showing it.

Halo 3
"Halo 3" is a first-person shooter video game made by Bungie Studios and was published by Microsoft. It was made for its own console, the (Xbox 360). The game brings an end to the story started in the two previous video games of the Halo series; ' and "Halo 2". The game came out on September 25, 2007 all over the world, except Europe and Japan where it was released on September 26.
Microsoft made 4.2 million copies of "Halo 3" for the first day of sales to make sure there were enough copies.
The game's story is based around a future war between a fictional alien race known as "the Covenant" and the human race. The player takes the role of Master Chief, a genetically enhanced "super soldier" who fights for the human race. The player is helped through the story by marines and another alien race known as "the elites". The game had many new features that were not in the original two games including extra vehicles, weapons and equipment.
Sales of the game added up to over $300 million in its first week. More than a million people played the game on Xbox Live in the first 24 hours of its release.
By January 1, 2008 it had sold over 8 million copies making it the best selling video game of 2007.
The game was mostly well-reviewed in the press. It received a 94 out of 100 rating on Metacritic, a website that puts many reviews together and gives an average score.
Gameplay.
The gameplay in "Halo 3" is similar to the gameplay in ' and "Halo 2" but with added features. It is a first-person shooter that takes place mostly on foot but with sections that have vehicles the player can drive. A player can carry a range of weapons including sniper rifles, rocket launchers, grenades and alien weapons such as "beam rifles" and "needlers". Unlike the old games, during multiplayer all weapons a player is carrying can be seen on the player. This includes side holsters for pistols and larger weapons that can be slung across the players back. "Halo 3" also introduces 'support weapons', large two handed weapons that slow the players movement but do a lot of damage. Two examples include the flamethrower and a heavy machine gun, which are new to "Halo 3". The game also included a map-editor called "forge" where players can create their own arenas and battlegrounds to fight in. Almost all weapons and objects in a level can be moved or deleted in forge mode. The game also has "theater" mode which lets players record some of their best kills or plays from multiplayer mode. The last 20 games played are automatically saved, although this feature needs an Xbox 360 hard drive to work. These films can be uploaded to Bungie's website where other people can download them and watch them on their PC.
Story mode.
"Halo 3's" story mode contains nine levels. It finishes the story of the "Halo" trilogy. The story can be played alone, with a friend on the same console or with four players over Xbox Live. The first player takes control of Master Chief, the second player plays as the leader of the Elites, "Arbiter" and the last two as elites themselves. There are skulls hidden through the levels. If they are found by any of the players the gameplay changes in some way. For example one skull makes confetti and balloons appear when a player gets a headshot and and another makes all enemies stronger and tougher.
Multiplayer.
A multiplayer game can have up to four people on one console, or up to sixteen players over Xbox Live. There are many different types of multiplayer games. There is a death match, where the goal is to kill all the players (called "Slayer" in Halo). There are capture the flag games with two teams (eight people on each team). In capture the flag, each team has their own flag. The goal of the game is to steal the enemy flag, and take it back to base to score a point. Aside from these there are also team games. These games can have two, six, or eight players on each team.
There is a ranking system in Halo 3 that matches players with other players of the same ability, to make sure it is a fair game. The ranks are based on real life military ranks. The lowest is corporal but players can progress all the way up to general. Because multiplayer Halo is often played online there is a mute option, which lets any one player blank out the voice of any other player if they are being insulting or annoying.
Setting.
The game is set in the same fictional world as the rest of the Halo series. Most of the game take place in the future year 2553, over 500 years from now. In the storyline humans have developed faster than light travel, and now live on many planets and moons of the Solar System. On humanity's first try to build a settlement on a planet around another star they met the alien "Covenant". The Covenant declared religious war on humanity. During Halo 2 the Covenant discoverd Earth. At the start of "Halo 3" the Covenant are launching a full-scale invasion of Earth.
The Halo of the game's title is the name of a series of planets 'built' by a mysterious race called the "Forerunners" a long time before the game. The Halo's are the last defence against another alien race known as "the Flood". The Flood want to use every living thing in the galaxy for food. The Halos are actually giant super weapons, that when activated kill all life in the galaxy. This is the only way to stop the Flood; to starve them by killing all their food. The Covenant don't know this and are attempting to fire Halos as part of a wrong religious prophecy. In the first Halo game, the humans and Master Chief manage to stop the Covenant from firing one of the Halos. They also destroy one of them in the process. The destruction of one of the Halos starts an emergency. The Halos can now "all" be fired from one place, using a device called "the Ark". The Covenant, still not understanding the truth, launch an invasion of Earth, where they believe the Ark is buried. This is where the "Halo 3" story starts.
Characters.
The main character of "Halo 3", as in all the Halo games, is Master Chief. Master Chief is a super soldier, the last surviving member of the Spartan Project. The Spartan Project was started by humans to genetically, using genes, make soldiers who were stronger, faster and tougher than any normal human. Another character from Halo 1 and 2, controlled by the second player in a co-op game is "Arbiter", the leader of the alien Elites. In "Halo 2" he is an enemy but in "Halo 3" he joins forces with the humans. Other returning characters include the veteran human soldier "Avery Johnson", the AI "Cortana", the robot "343 Guilty Spark" and "the Gravemind", dangerous leader of the Flood.
Plot.
"Halo 3" begins where Halo 2 left off. The player once again plays as Master Chief as he falls towards Earth in an escape pod. He crashes in Kenya near the city of Mombasa. He is found by a squad of marines led by Avery Johnson, the commander from Halos 1 and 2. The player and the marines fight their way through invading Covenant force to a human outpost. Here they find human forces making a last attempt to stop the Covenant from activating a portal they found buried in the Kenyan desert. They are unsuccessful however, and the Covenant open the portal to the Ark, where they will be able to fire the Halos and destroy the galaxy.
Just after the Covenant fleet of spacecraft leave the portal, the biggest ship, known as "High Charity", crashes into the city of Mombasa. "High Charity" has been taken over by the Flood. The player as Master Chief, must fight their way into the ruined spacecraft and recover the robot Cortana who can tell them the way to re-open the portal and follow the Covenant. Once the player is successful, the humans re-open the portal and head after the Covenant to stop them firing the Halos. Joining them is 342 Guilty Spark, one of the robots who helped build the destroyed Halo from the first game. Once through the portal the player and his allies discover the huge, planet-sized structure known as the Ark, where all the Halos can be fired from. Led by 343 Guilty Spark the player makes their way to the centre of the Ark where the Covenant leader, the Prophet of Truth is preparing to fire.
Just as the player arrives to stop the Prophet of Truth, the repaired, Flood infested ship "High Charity", arrives in an attempt to take over the Ark. The player, Arbiter and Johnson now take out all the Flood in the area before Arbiter kills the Prophet of Truth and prevents the Halos from being fired. During the fire fight however Johnson was killed by a Flood parasite. There is no time for the player to rest however, as he must now head to the nuclear reactor at the center of the Flood infested spacecraft, "High Charity" in an effort to kill the Flood. Once this is complete, the player and Arbiter must go and activate "one" Halo ring. This will destroy the Ark and kill all the Flood in this area of the Milky Way Galaxy whilst saving the rest. The player and the Arbiter head off to activate the single Halo and save the Galaxy.
When they arrive 343 Guilty Spark warns them that activating this Halo will destroy the whole Ark and the Halo itself. The player ignores the warning. This angers 343 Guilty Spark who attempts to kill the player and save 'his' Halo from being destroyed. This is in effect the final 'boss battle' of the game. The player defeats the robot, and activates the Halo. A countdown starts but it too late for the player as Master Chief and the AI Cortana. They manage to board a spacecraft to take them away but it is caught in the explosion and is split in two. Master Chief is assumed dead.
If the player has completed the game on the hardest difficulty setting, "Legendary", they can watch a different ending where Master Chief and Cortana survive the explosion.
Design and development.
The first work was started on "Halo 3" before the release of Halo 2 in 2004. Through 2004/2005 Bungie refused to confirm they were working on "Halo 3", only saying that they had a 'new project'. The game was officially announced with a trailer at E3 2006. While details of the multiplayer were openly announced and talked about before release, details of the story were kept mostly secret until the day of the launch.
There are over 40,000 recorded clips of Non Player Character (NPC) dialogue in Halo 3. That is more than twice times as many for Halo 2. Separate sound recordings were made for nearby and distant gunfire to make a more believable experience. Like Halo 1 and 2 the game has its own especially recorded classical soundtrack. The music was recorded with a 27 piece choir and a 60 piece orchestra.
Marketing and release.
Various marketing ideas were used to promote the release of Halo 3. A Beta, unfinished version, of the multiplayer mode was released with the Microsoft game Crackdown a few months before the actual release. The advertising campaign cost an estimated $10 million US dollars. The 'Believe' campaign was a high profile launch on television, radio, billboards and other high profile places. It focused on the epic quality of the games storyline. The game's tagline or key phrase was " 'finish the fight' ". Pepsi also announced a new energy drink called Game Fuel. It had an image of Master Chief and the Halo 3 logo on the packaging. Bill Gates, the owner of Microsoft personally sold copies of the game at a Washington game store.
Sales.
"Halo 3" sales reached $170 million within 24 hours, making it the biggest selling entertainment product launch in US history. It beat the previous record set by Halo 2 in 2004. It was the best selling video game of 2007 in the US, despite only being available on Xbox 360. On January 3, 2008 Microsoft announced "Halo 3" has sold 8.1 million copies worldwide.
Reviews.
Halo 3 was mostly given very good reviews in the media. On Metacritic the game has an average score of 94 out of 100. This was an average from 74 reviews. The multiplayer was often given praise and IGN said that the multiplayer was 'the strongest of the series so far'.
The music to the campaign was also highly praised, along with the voice acting. The main bad points from reviews were the short length of the story mode and the AI of your allies. Bryan Vore of gamecritics said that some parts of the story mode were 'embarrassing'. Nevertheless he still said the full game was a 'masterpiece'.
Online Multiplayer.
When playing the online multiplayer in Halo 3, you experience many hard and difficult situations while playing different game types such as team slayer, team br's, big team battle, team double..etc. The Battle rifle is usually the most used weapon and by far the most useful. Increasing your skill and timing is key when competing in the online universe.

Extremaduran language
The Extremaduran language ("estremeñu" in extremaduran) is the native language of Northwestern province of Cáceres. About 150,000 people speak it in Extremadura. This language is very similar to Leonese and Asturian Language, spoken in other territories that once made up the Kindgom of León. Is called "artu estremeñu" (High extremaduran) too. The Central and Low Extremaduran ("Meyu estremeñu" and "Bahu estremeñu") are spanish dialects with extremaduran influences.

Reebok Stadium
Reebok Stadium is a football stadium in the town of Bolton near Manchester, England. It is the current home stadium of Bolton Wanderers F.C.. It is named after the club's sponsor, the sportswear company Reebok.

Silvestru River (Horăiţa)
The Silvestru River is a tributary of the Horăiţa River in Romania. That means if flows into the Horăiţa River.

Horăiciorul River
The Horăiciorul River is a tributary of the Horăiţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Horăiţa River.

Măngălaru River
The Măngălaru River is a tributary of the Horăiţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Horăiţa River.

Călugărul River (Horăiţa)
The Călugărul River is a tributary of the Horăiţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Horăiţa River.

Călugăriţa River
The Călugăriţa River is a tributary of the Călugărul River in Romania. That means it flows into the Călugărul River.

Botolia River
The Botolia River is a tributary of the Horăiţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Horăiţa River.

Tanoli
The Tanolis (Urdu: تنولی) also called Tanaoli, Tanol, Tol, Tholi, Tahola, Tarnoli, Tanwalis are a tribe of Hazara. They are a tribe residing mainly in the Amb, Hazara Division of the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. They are Indo-Iranian or Indo-European.

Jirga
A jirga (sometimes spelt jirgah) (Pashto / Urdu: جرګه) is a tribal meeting of elders. The meeting makes decisions by consensus. It is mainly the Pashtun people who have theses meetings - but other people who live near the Pashtun also have these meetings to settle disputes. They are most common in Afghanistan and among the Pashtun in Pakistan near its border with Afghanistan.
Solving disputes.
The meeting is usually made to help solve a dispute between two people. The people involved in a dispute usually begin by finding a mediator, choosing someone who is trusted to fairly solve the problem. The mediator can be a religious leader, a local notable, or someone who is know for helping to settle disputes.
The mediator hears from the two sides, and then forms a jirga of community elders, taking care to include supporters of both sides. After listening to both sides the jirga then comes to a decision. When the decision has been made the mediator then announces it. The jirga's decision has to be accepted.

Gujar Khan
Gujar Khan (Urdu: گوجرخان) is a city located in Rawalpindi District, Punjab, Pakistan. It is the capital of Gujar Khan Tehsil, one of the seven tehsils or subdivisions of Rawalpindi District. It is about 55 kilometres southeast of Islamabad, the capital of Pakistan and 220 km to the north west of Lahore capital of Punjab.
Administration.
According to the 1998 census of Pakistan, the city had a population of 57,099.
Languages.
Pothowari is the main language of Gujar Khan, other languages are Urdu, Punjabi and Pashto.

Cuejdiu River
The Cuejdiu River or Cuejd River is a tributary of the Bistriţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bistriţa River.

Chiroaiu River
The Chiroaiu River is a tributary of the Cuejdiu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Cuejdiu River.

Chlamydia infection
Chlamydia infection (from the Greek, χλαμύδος meaning "cloak") is a common sexually transmitted infection (STI) in humans. It is caused by the bacterium "Chlamydia trachomatis". It can be treated with antibiotics.
The term "Chlamydia infection" can also refer to infections caused by any species belonging to the bacterial family "Chlamydiaceae". "C. trachomatis" is only found in humans. Chlamydia is a major infectious cause of human genital and eye disease.
The infection is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections in people worldwide — about 2.8 million cases of chlamydia infection occur in the United States each year. It is the most common bacterial STI in humans.
"C. trachomatis" is naturally found living only inside human cells. Chlamydia can be transmitted during vaginal, anal, or oral sex. It can also be passed from an infected mother to her baby during vaginal childbirth. Many people with Chlamydia show no symptoms of infection. Between half and three-quarters of all women who have chlamydia have no symptoms and do not know that they are infected. Untreated, chlamydial infections can cause serious reproductive and other health problems with both short-term and long-term consequences.
Chlamydia conjunctivitis or trachoma is a common cause of blindness worldwide. The World Health Organization estimates that it accounted for 15% of blindness cases in 1995, but only 3.6% in 2002.

Pârâul Sărat (Siret)
The Pârâul Sărat or Pârâul Sărata is a tributary of the Cuejdiu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Cuejdiu River.

Ted Strickland
Ted Strickland (born August 4, 1941) is the Governor of the U.S. state of Ohio.

Michigan Wolverines
The Michigan Wolverines are 24 varsity sports teams at the University of Michigan.

Pângărăcior River
The Pângărăcior River is a tributary of the Bistriţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bistriţa River.

Pângăraţi River
The Pângăraţi River is a tributary of the Bistriţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bistriţa River.

Veseud River
The Veseud River is a tributary of the Pârâul Nou in Romania. That means it flows into the Pârâul Nou.

Viteazu River
The Viteazu River is a tributary of the Bâlta River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bâlta River.

Viştea River
The Viştea River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River. It starts where the Viştea Mare and Viştişoara Rivers meet.

Viemeşu River
The Viemeşu River is a tributary of the Vişeu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Vişeu River.

Veljul Negreştilor River
The Veljul Negreştilor River is a tributary of the Veljul Mare River in Romania. That means it flows into the Veljul Mare River. The upper part of the river is also called the Veljul Pusta River sau Veljul Pustei River.

Boston Massacre
The Boston Massacre is an incident about the deaths of five civilians at the hands of British troops on March 5, 1770, the legal aftermath of which helped start the rebellion in some of the British colonies in America, which started in the American Revolution.

Xena
Xena is a fictional character in the TV series ' played by Lucy Lawless.

Dreadlocks
Dreadlocks, also called locks or dreads, are coils of hair which form by themselves, in all hair types, if the hair is allowed to grow naturally without grooming for a long time.

List of Russian football teams
These are some Russian football teams.

F.C. Dynamo Moscow
F.C. Dynamo Moscow is a football club which plays in Russia.

Lev Yashin
Lev Yashin (born 22 October, 1929) is a former football player. He has played for Dynamo Moscow and USSR national team.

Ronaldo
Ronaldo (born 18 September, 1976) is a Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.

Míchel
Míchel is a former football player. He has played for Spain national team.

The Football League 1976-77
Statistics of The Football League in season 1976/1977.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Liverpool won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Wolverhampton Wanderers won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Mansfield Town won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Cambridge United won the championship.

The Football League 1950-51
Statistics of The Football League in season 1950/1951.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Tottenham Hotspur won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Preston North End won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Rotherham United won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Nottingham Forest won the championship.

The Football League 1951-52
Statistics of The Football League in season 1951/1952.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Manchester United won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Sheffield Wednesday won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Lincoln City won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Plymouth Argyle won the championship.

FAI Premier Division
FAI Premier Division is a football league which is top division in Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland.

Football League of Ireland Premier Division 1974-75
Statistics of Football League of Ireland Premier Division in season 1974/1975.
Overview.
It was performed in 14 teams, and Bohemians won the championship.

Football League of Ireland Premier Division 1977-78
Statistics of Football League of Ireland Premier Division in season 1977/1978.
Overview.
It was performed in 16 teams, and Bohemians won the championship.

Japanese kickboxing
The Japanese kickboxing is called in English "oriental kickboxing". According to certain people, the word "kickboxing" would have been invented, in Japan, in the years 1950 by experts of karate who needed to fight with total contact.
In the year 1958, a man who practised kickboxing is the student of oriental languages, the Burmese Maung Gyi who studied martial arts from experts of bando in Burma and also from Gogen Yamaguchi - the grand person with special skill of karate, called "the cat". Maung Gyi fights in Japan under different names and makes the Burmese boxing (lethwei) known in time when the competitions of Japanese kickboxing happened.

Colombian Professional Football
Colombian Professional Football is a football league which is top division in Colombia.

Colombian Professional Football 1981
Statistics of Colombian Professional Football in season 1981.
Overview.
It was performed in 14 teams, and Atlético Nacional won the championship.

Colombian Professional Football 1982
Statistics of Colombian Professional Football in season 1982.
Overview.
It was performed in 14 teams, and América Cali won the championship.

Colombian Professional Football 1983
Statistics of Colombian Professional Football in season 1983.
Overview.
It was performed in 14 teams, and América Cali won the championship.

Emilio Butragueño
Emilio Butragueño is a former football player. He has played for Spain national team.

Francisco Gento
Francisco Gento is a former football player. He has played for Spain national team.

Athletic Bilbao
Athletic Bilbao is a football club which plays in Spain.

Rafael Moreno Aranzadi
Rafael Moreno Aranzadi is a former football player. He has played for Spain national team.

Telmo Zarra
Telmo Zarra is a former football player. He has played for Spain national team.

Andoni Goikoetxea Olaskoaga
Andoni Goikoetxea Olaskoaga is a former Spanish football player. He has played for Spain national team.

English Premier League 2006-07
Statistics of English Premier League in season 2006/2007.
Overview.
It was performed in 20 teams, and Manchester United won the championship.

Colombian Professional Football 1984
Statistics of Colombian Professional Football in season 1984.
Overview.
It was performed in 14 teams, and América Cali won the championship.

Colombian Professional Football 1985
Statistics of Colombian Professional Football in season 1985.
Overview.
It was performed in 14 teams, and América Cali won the championship.

Colombian Professional Football 1986
Statistics of Colombian Professional Football in season 1986.
Overview.
It was performed in 14 teams, and América Cali won the championship.

Colombian Professional Football 1987
Statistics of Colombian Professional Football in season 1987.
Overview.
It was performed in 14 teams, and Los Millonarios won the championship.

Colombian Professional Football 1988
Statistics of Colombian Professional Football in season 1988.
Overview.
It was performed in 15 teams, and Los Millonarios won the championship.

Colombian Professional Football 1992
Statistics of Colombian Professional Football in season 1992.
Overview.
It was performed in 16 teams, and América Cali won the championship.

Colombian Professional Football 1993
Statistics of Colombian Professional Football in season 1993.
Overview.
It was performed in 16 teams, and Atlético Junior won the championship.

Colombian Professional Football 1994
Statistics of Colombian Professional Football in season 1994.
Overview.
It was performed in 16 teams, and Atlético Nacional won the championship.

Colombian Professional Football 1995
Statistics of Colombian Professional Football in season 1995.
Overview.
It was performed in 16 teams, and Atlético Junior won the championship.

Football League of Ireland Premier Division 1921-22
Statistics of Football League of Ireland Premier Division in season 1921/1922.
Overview.
It was performed in 8 teams, and St James's Gate won the championship.

Hugo Sánchez
Hugo Sánchez (born 11 July, 1958) is a former Mexican football player. He has played for Mexico national team.

Tony Adams
Tony Adams is a former football player. He has played for Arsenal and England national team.

Paolo Maldini
Paolo Maldini (born 26 June 1968) is an Italian football player. He plays for Milan.

Alessandro Del Piero
Alessandro Del Piero (born 9 November, 1974) is a Italian football player. He plays for Juventus and Italy national team.

Football League Fourth Division
Football League Fourth Division is a former football league in England and Wales.

English Premier League 2007-08
Statistics of English Premier League in season 2007/2008.
Overview.
It was performed in 20 teams, and Manchester United won the championship.

Football League of Ireland Premier Division 1922-23
Statistics of Football League of Ireland Premier Division in season 1922/1923.
Overview.
It was performed in 12 teams, and Shamrock Rovers won the championship.

Division 1 1988-89
Statistics of Division 1 in season 1988/1989.
Overview.
It was contested by 20 teams, and Olympique Marseille won the championship.

Division 1 1989-90
Statistics of Division 1 in season 1989/1990.
Overview.
It was contested by 20 teams, and Olympique Marseille won the championship.

Division 1 1990-91
Statistics of Division 1 in season 1990/1991.
Overview.
It was contested by 20 teams, and Olympique Marseille won the championship.

Ligue 1 2004-05
Statistics of Ligue 1 in season 2004/2005.
Overview.
It was performed in 20 teams, and Olympique Lyonnais won the championship.

Division 1 1991-92
Statistics of Division 1 in season 1991/1992.
Overview.
It was contested by 20 teams, and Olympique Marseille won the championship.

Division 1 1992-93
Statistics of Division 1 in season 1992/1993.
Overview.
It was contested by 20 teams, and Olympique Marseille won the championship. But Olympique Marseille stripped of title

Division 1 1993-94
Statistics of Division 1 in season 1993/1994.
Overview.
It was contested by 20 teams, and Paris Saint-Germain won the championship.

Purchasing power
Purchasing power is a relation between labor and money. Some people have money. Adam Smith says that the purchasing power is the amount of moey needed to labour (goods or services) from other people.

Eratosthenes
Eratosthenes of Cyrene (Greek; 276 BC - 194 BC) was a Greek mathematician, poet, athlete, geographer and astronomer. He made several remarkable discoveries and inventions: he invented a system of latitude and longitude. He was the first person to calculate the circumference of the Earth (with remarkable accuracy), and the tilt of the earth's axis (again with remarkable accuracy); he may also have accurately calculated the distance from the earth to the sun and invented the leap day. He also created a map of the world based on the available geographical knowledge of the era. Eratosthenes was also the founder of scientific chronology; he wanted to fix the dates of the chief literary and political events from the conquest of Troy.

Tubule
A tubule is a very small tube. In anatomy, a tubule is a very small tube coated with glandular epithelium.

Villupuram
Villupuram is a town and municipality in Viluppuram District. It is the one of the most important junctions in the Tamil Nadu.

Gilf el-Kebir
Gif el-Kebir is a large plateau in Egypt. The name can be translated as "the great barrier". It is located in trhe extreme south-east of Egypt, next ot Lybia and Sudan. It has about the same size as Switzerland. It rises 300 m above the rest of the desert. The plateau is very arid and difficult to access.
There is a crater called "Kebir crater" in the plateau.
The Uweinat mountain range at the very south of the plateau is shared between Egypt, Libya and Sudan.
The Gilf Kebir is mentioned in Michael Ondaatje's novel 'The English Patient'. It was also the site of the recent discovery of a bag which had been lost in the Second World War by a dispatch rider (Alec Ross) of the Long Range Desert Group, part of the British Army. This contained the rider's personal letters and photographs, and had been well preserved.
Petroglyphs.
The Gilf Kebir is known for its prehistoric (Neolithic) petroglyphs

HBOS
HBOS is a major bank. It was founded in 2001 when Halifax merged with the Bank of Scotland. It is headquarted in Edinburgh, Scotland. On 17 September 2008 it was said that Lloyds TSB would take over HBOS.

Main Page/Article 8
Red Hot Chili Peppers are an American alternative/funk rock band. The band started in 1983 in Los Angeles, California. The state of California has been a theme in many of their songs. The members of the band are singer Anthony Kiedis, bass guitarist Flea, guitarist John Frusciante, and drummer Chad Smith.
Red Hot Chili Peppers have released nine studio albums. Their early albums were not very successful. The band's membership changed several times during the 1980s, but Kiedis and Flea have been with the band since it started. When Frusciante and Smith joined in 1989, Red Hot Chili Peppers' next album, "Mother's Milk", was successful. It was the band's first album to appear on the "Billboard" music chart. While Red Hot Chili Peppers were on tour in 1992 after their fifth album, "Blood Sugar Sex Magik", Frusciante left the band because of a drug addiction.
Dave Navarro became the new guitarist after Frusciante. Navarro and the other members of Red Hot Chili Peppers did not work together very well. Navarro was asked to leave the band in 1998, after one album. At this time, Frusciante had been making albums by himself. He was also suffering from a heroin addiction. When he was feeling better, Flea asked him to join Red Hot Chili Peppers again and Frusciante said yes.

México Top 100
The México Top 100 is a weekly musical chart.

Must Get Out
"Must Get Out" is the 5th single by Maroon 5. The song was released in 2006 of their first album "Songs About Jane".

Ansel Adams
Ansel Easton Adams (February 20, 1902 – April 22, 1984) was a legendary American photographer and environmentalist, best known for his black-and-white photographs of the American West and primarily Yosemite National Park.

Vişag River (Şoimu)
The Vişag River is a tributary of the Şoimu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Şoimu River.

Vinul Mic River
The Vinul Mic River is a headwater of the Vinul River in Romania. That means it flows into the Vinul Mic.

Dorothea Lange
Dorothea Lange (May 25 1895 – October 11 1965) was an influential American documentary photographer and photojournalist, best known for her Depression-era work for the Farm Security Administration (FSA). Lange's photographs made human the tragic consequences of the Great Depression and greatly influenced the development of documentary photography.

Vinul River
The Vinul River or Valea Vinului River is a tributary of the Bistricioara in Romania. That means it flows into the Bistricioara River. The river starts where the Vinul Mare and Vinul Mic Rivers meet.

Lostprophets
Lostprophets are a rock band from Wales. They are currently signed to the record label Sony BMG.

Vidra River (Putna)
The Vidra River is a tributary of the Putna River in Romania. That means it flows into the Putna River.

Veţel River
The Veţel River is a tributary of the Mureş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Mureş River.

Vătafu River
The Vătafu River is a tributary of the Lotru River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lotru River.

Racism
Racism is a belief that some people have that says one race or ethnicity is better or worse than another. These people are called "racists". People have always split people in different groups. This split is usually done on the basis of things that can easily be seen, like the colour of the skin. This may not always be racism. It is racism to say some groups are better than the others and to discriminate other groups. Since race is something a person inherits from his or her forefathers, this can mean a belief that one person is better than another person because of who the ancestors of those people were.
Scientists usually say that different races came from groups of families living in one place for a very long time. However, all races of humans can breed with one another. Some scientists do not believe that races exist, because there is so much variation among individuals and because people from different races often share the same characteristics.
Many countries today say that differences between people are not important as far as the law goes. That means everyone has the same rights guaranteed in the constitutions of those countries.
While most groups of people have some pride in who they are, belief in racism can lead some people to treat other races badly, or try to take away their rights. Many countries in the past have had governments run by racist policies, like Japan, Nazi Germany, modern China, many United States before the civil rights movement, and South Africa during apartheid. In these cases, many people lost their freedom or their lives simply because their races were different from those in the government.
In the 1960s, the Indian Workers' Association in the UK said there was a difference between "racialism" - the prejudice of those who do not know any better - and "racism" - the deliberate political use of racial hatred. The two words are often used with the same meaning, despite this distinction being made.

Korba
Korba is a city in the central Indian state of Chattisgarh. The city is the center of power in the state, meaning that it is the source from which people who live there get their power supply. It contains major power companies such as NTPC and LENCO. Apart from power projects, it is the home of the most profiting coal mines in India namely DIPKA & GEVRA which are part of SECL (South Eastern Coalfields Limited). Vedanta group's presence is also felt through BALCO alumunium plant.
Many engineers working in different parts of India and the World come from Korba.

Apoptosis
Apoptosis is the planned cellular death and happens in most body cells every day. It is designed into the cell's DNA and is a "safe" and "controlled" death. The cell releases enzymes that destroy down the cell from the inside. The left over parts are then removed by other special cells called phagocytes.
Two ways of dying.
Cells can die in two ways, but apoptosis is preferred. The other way is messy and leaves the cell's contents all over nearby cells meaning they could become infected or damaged. This is how cancer and viruses spread.
Controlling the cell cycle.
Apoptosis is the normal end of a cell's life. At any point in time there may be too many cells in one area and the DNA
coding for apoptosis will activate in some of those cells and they will die safely. This is important to the overall functioning of the organism. If, for example, the making of liver cells were to speed up and they never died, the liver would no longer function properly. The liver cells would eventually take over the organism's body.
Cancer.
Cancerous cells do not undergo apoptosis and that is why they are such a problem. They continuously multiply until the host organ or the organism's body cannot function anymore. This occurs because the apoptosis coding has mutated and so has other coding. This causes rapid mitotic division of the unwanted cells. This is a cancerous growth. This rapid expansion can lead to some of the cells exploding, dumping it's mutated genes upon healthy cells. This is how cancer spreads around the body.

Phagocyte
Phagocytes or Phagocytic cells are specialised cells that engulf and break down dirt or bacteria.

FM Static
FM Static is a Pop punk band that makes albums with "Tooth & Nail Records". The band was started by "Thousand Foot Krutch" (another band) lead man Trevor McNevan and "Thousand Foot Krutch" drummer Steve Augustine. In 2003, they made their first album called ("What Are You Waiting For?"). This album has sold over 60,000 copies so far and had the singles "Definitely Maybe" and "Crazy Mary". On August 1, 2006, FM Static started selling their second album called "Critically Ashamed", which has the single "Waste of Time" on it.
A third album was announced in late april 2008. The two peice finished recording "dear diary" in early august 2008. It will be out On January 1 2009.
FM Static won the "Best Website Ever Made" award from the "Webgrammys", and they have been nominated for the "GMA Canada" "Covenant Awards".

Wadi
A Wadi is usually a valley, sometimes the bed of a river. The river that is part of the wadi only has water after heavy rain. Staying in a wadi can be a danger to life. This is because the water in a wadi can rise very quickly.

Noble gas compound
Noble gas compounds are chemical compounds that have an element from Group 18 of the periodic table in them. Group 18 (previously called Group 0) contains all the noble gases.
History.
For a long time, scientists thought that noble gases could not form compounds because their valence electron shell had no space for more electrons. This means that they could not accept any more electrons, which made bonding impossible. However, in 1933, Linus Pauling said that heavy noble gases could react with fluorine or oxygen, as they are the most electronegative atoms. His prediction was correct, and xenon hexafluoride (XeF6) was later discovered. Many more noble gas compounds have been found since then.
Fullerene properties.
Noble gases can also make endohedral fullerene compounds when the noble gas atom is pushed inside a fullerene molecule. In 1993, it was discovered that when C60 is put under pressure of about 3 bar of Helium or Neon, He@C60 and Ne@C60 are made. Only about one out of every 650,000 C60 were found with a helium atom. But with more pressures (about 3000 bar), it is possible to get as much as 0.1%. Endohedral molecules with argon, krypton and xenon have also been made, as well as other compounds of He@C60.

Vector graphics editor
A vector graphics editor is a computer program that lets users make and change vector graphics images and save them in one of many popular vector graphics formats such as EPS, PDF, WMF, SVG or VML.

What Are You Waiting For?
What Are You Waiting For? is the debut album from FM Static, a Canadian pop punk band. It was released in the summer of 2003 although there was a TFK record the same year.
Although not a bestseller or anything really great, "What Are You Waiting For?" did manage to sell around 60,000 copies in three and a half years. Remember, FM Static are only a side project.

Negev
The Negev is a desert that covers about 60% of the current state of Israel. Only about 10% of the people that live in Israel live there. The negev is delimited by the border with Egypt and the Gaza Strip to the west, the Arabah in the east, and a line connecting Gaza city to Ein Gedi near the Dead Sea to the north.

Critically Ashamed
Critically Ashamed is the sophomore effort by Fm static, a canadian pop punk band, like I've said before LOL.
Below are a few songs I'd like to mention
Waste of time.
Waste of time was a main single from this album. It's about how God has pushed trevor mcnevan through the shadows of his life (trevor explained this on one of his myspace blogs for fm static)
Tonight.
Tonight is the acoustic (well, sort of) ballad that you find on pop punk albums. It was written about trevors brother who died at an early age. He remembers the times they had and is thinking about what would be happening, had his brother still been alive.
Hope the rock show goes good.
The above title is a short song, an intro to the album, where trevors nephew is wishing him look for his concert.
The next big thing.
The next big thing is this fun-sounding song with a huge warning. To convince people you are good, you almost have to tell yourself your the best. New artists buy into that, and its unfortunate.

Vâltori River
The Vâltori River is a tributary of the Ampoi River in Romania. That means it flows into the Ampoi River.

Vâna Mare River (Timiş)
The Vâna Mare River or Vena Mare River is a tributary of the Timiş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Timiş River.

Vânturătoarea River
The Vânturătoarea River is a tributary of the Cerna River in Romania. That means it flows into the Cerna River.

Vârtop River (Peşteana)
The Vârtop River is a tributary of the Peşteana River in Romania. That means if flows into the Peşteana River.

Vişa River
The Vişa River (), is a tributary of the Târnava Mare River in Romania. That means it flows into the Târnava Mare River.

Alfred Eisenstaedt
Alfred Eisenstaedt (December 6 1898 – August 24 1995) was a German American photographer and photojournalist. He is renowned for his candid photographs, frequently made using a 35mm Leica M3 rangefinder camera. He is best remembered for his photograph capturing the celebration of V-J Day.

Petrochemical
Petrochemicals are chemical products that are made from petroleum, natural gas or other hydrocarbons.

Electronegativity
Electronegativity, symbol χ, is a chemical property that says how well an atom can attract electrons towards itself and make a covalent bond. It was invented by Linus Pauling in 1932, as part of his valence bond theory.

Linus Pauling
Linus Carl Pauling (February 28, 1901 – August 19, 1994) was an American scientist, peace activist, author and educator. He was one of the most important chemists in history and ranks in the most important scientists in history.
Pauling was one the first scientists to work in the fields of quantum chemistry, molecular biology and orthomolecular medicine. He is one of a small group of people to have been awarded more than one Nobel Prize and is one of only two people to receive them in different fields (the other person was Marie Curie) and the only person in that group to have been awarded each of his prizes without having to share it with another winner.
Life and education.
Pauling was born and grew-up in Oregon, USA. He went to Oregon Agricultural College and graduated in 1922 with a degree in chemical engineering. Pauling then went to the California Institute of Technology (Caltech), where he received his Ph. D in physical chemistry and mathematical physics in 1925. Two years later, he became an assistant professor at auniversity called Caltech.
Work and awards.
In 1932, Pauling came up with the idea of electronegativity and made a scale that would help predict the chemical bonding. Pauling kept doing this work while he also did work on the structure of the atomic nucleus.
In 1954, Pauling was given the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for work that he did on the structure of DNA. This work led to scientists in the UK to come up with the double-helix of DNA.
During the Second World War, Pauling worked on military research and development. But, after the war had ended he became worried about the making and future use of atomic weapons and with the destruction forced on the world by war. Ava Helen Pauling, Linus's wife, was a pacifist and in time he came to share her beliefs. Pauling then began to talk about his worries with the effects of nuclear fallout and in 1962, was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his work against above ground nuclear testing.
Work as author and teacher.
Pauling was also an author and a teacher. His first book, "The Nature of the Chemical Bond" (1939), is still used today. his introductory textbook, "General Chemistry" (1949). Later in life, he became an advocate for greatly increased consumption of vitamin C and other nutrients. He generalized his ideas to define orthomolecular medicine, which is still regarded as unorthodox by conventional medicine. He popularized his concepts, analyses, research and insights in several successful but controversial books, such as "How to Live Longer and Feel Better" in 1986.
Death.
Pauling died of prostate cancer on August 19, 1994, at 7:20 PM at home in Big Sur, California. He was 93 years old. A grave marker for him is in Oswego Pioneer Cemetery in Lake Oswego, Oregon.
Honors and awards.
Pauling received numerous awards and honors during his career. Following are awards and honors he has received.

Strabo
Strabo (Greek: Στράβων; 63/64 BC – ca. AD 24) was a Greek historian, geographer and philosopher.
Life.
Strabo was born in a wealthy family from Pontus which had become part of the Roman Empire a short time before. His mother was Georgian. He studied under several geographers and philosophers. Later he made long travels to Egypt and Kush, among others. It is not known when his "Geography" was written, though comments within the work itself place the finished version within the reign of Emperor Tiberius.
Strabo's "History" is nearly completely lost. Although Strabo quotes it himself, and other classical authors mention that it existed, the only surviving document is a fragment of papyrus now in possession of the University of Milan (renumbered [Papyrus] 46).
Several different dates have been proposed for Strabo's death, but most of them place it shortly after 23.
The "Geography".
Strabo is mostly famous for his 17-volume work "Geographica", which presented a descriptive history of people and places from different regions of the world known to his era. It is an important source of information on the ancient world.

Chris Waddle
Chris Waddle is a former football player. He has played for England national team.

Ray Ozzie
Ray Ozzie (born November 20, 1955) is an American computer programmer. He is the "Chief Software Architect" (the person in charge of programming) at Microsoft.

Entrepreneur
The Entrepreneur of a company or organization is the person who came up with the idea.

Ian Ure
Ian Ure is a former football player. He has played for Scotland national team.

Assets
Assets are things that an indvidual or company owns. Commonly used in terms of "Asset Worth" (value).

The Football League 1996-97
Statistics of The Football League in season 1996/1997.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Bolton Wanderers won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Bury won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Wigan Athletic won the championship.

The Football League 1997-98
Statistics of The Football League in season 1997/1998.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Nottingham Forest won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Watford won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Notts County won the championship.

Identity theft
Identity theft is a type of fraud that involves using personal details of someone else.

The Football League 1998-99
Statistics of The Football League in season 1998/1999.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Sunderland won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Fulham won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Brentford won the championship.

Sensor
 Definition .
A sensor is a device that measures a physical quantity and converts it into a signal which can be read by an observer or by an instrument. For example, a mercury thermometer converts the measured temperature into expansion and contraction of a liquid which can be read on a calibrated glass tube.
Types of sensors.
There are a lot of different types of sensors. Sensors are used in everyday objects.
Thermal sensors.
A sensor that detects temperature. Thermal sensors are found in many laptops and computers in order to sound an alarm when a certain temperature has been exceeded.
Electromagnetic sensors.
An electronic device used to measure a physical quantity such as pressure or loudness and convert it into an electronic signal of some kind (e.g a voltage).
Motion sensors.
A motion sensor detects physical movement in a given area.
The trend of sensors.
Because of certain disadvantages of physical contact sensors, newer technology non-contact sensors have become prevalent in industry, performing well in many applications.
The recent style of non-contact sensors shows that “Thin(g) is In”. Market trends show that form and size are important.
Users are looking for smaller and more accurate sensors. New technologies for the sensing chips are breaking application barriers.
For the future, the trend will be to continue to provide smaller, more affordable sensors that have the flexbility to fit even more applications in both industrial and commercial environments.

The Football League 1931-32
Statistics of The Football League in season 1931/1932.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Everton won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Wolverhampton Wanderers won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 21 teams, and Lincoln City won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Fulham won the championship.

The Football League 1932-33
Statistics of The Football League in season 1932/1933.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Arsenal won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Stoke City won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Hull City won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Brentford won the championship.

The Football League 1933-34
Statistics of The Football League in season 1933/1934.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Arsenal won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Grimsby Town won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Barnsley won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Norwich City won the championship.

The Football League 1934-35
Statistics of The Football League in season 1934/1935.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Arsenal won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Brentford won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Doncaster Rovers won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Charlton Athletic won the championship.

The Football League 1935-36
Statistics of The Football League in season 1935/1936.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Sunderland won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Manchester United won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Chesterfield won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Coventry City won the championship.

The Football League 1936-37
Statistics of The Football League in season 1936/1937.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Manchester City won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Leicester City won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Stockport County won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Luton Town won the championship.

The Football League 1937-38
Statistics of The Football League in season 1937/1938.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Arsenal won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Aston Villa won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Tranmere Rovers won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Millwall won the championship.

Victory
Victory is when you win an argument, war or test. Many songs have been made called "victory songs". Victory often comes with a lot of emotion. Victory is usually celebrated after winning, although there are many times not to, like after a war. The term began to be used in Roman antiquity.
Different types.
In terms of human emotion, victory is accompanied with strong feelings of gladness, and in human behavior is often accompanied with movements and victory poses.
Victory dances and victory cries similarly parallel war dances and war cries performed before the violence.

Illegal immigrant
An illegal imigrant is a person that comes into a country without permission or in a way that is not allowed, or illegal.

Francisco Castro
Francisco Castro is a football player. He plays for Aves.

Stuart Murdoch
Stuart Murdoch is a former football manager.

The Football League 1938-39
Statistics of The Football League in season 1938/1939.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Everton won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Blackburn Rovers won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Barnsley won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Newport County won the championship.

The Football League 1939-40
Statistics of The Football League in season 1939/1940.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and it was not finished.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and it was not finished.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and it was not finished.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and it was not finished.

The Football League 1946-47
Statistics of The Football League in season 1946/1947.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Liverpool won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Manchester City won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Doncaster Rovers won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Cardiff City won the championship.

The Football League 1947-48
Statistics of The Football League in season 1947/1948.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Arsenal won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Birmingham won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Lincoln City won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Queens Park Rangers won the championship.

The Football League 1948-49
Statistics of The Football League in season 1948/1949.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Portsmouth won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Fulham won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Hull City won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Swansea City won the championship.

The Football League 1949-50
Statistics of The Football League in season 1949/1950.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Portsmouth won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Tottenham Hotspur won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Doncaster Rovers won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Notts County won the championship.

Football League of Ireland Premier Division 1923-24
Statistics of Football League of Ireland Premier Division in season 1923/1924.
Overview.
It was performed in 10 teams, and Bohemians won the championship.

Division 1 1995-96
Statistics of Division 1 in season 1995/1996.
Overview.
It was contested by 20 teams, and Auxerre won the championship.

Division 1 1996-97
Statistics of Division 1 in season 1996/1997.
Overview.
It was contested by 20 teams, and Monaco won the championship.

Viroage River
The Viroage River is a tributary of the Coţatcu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Coţatcu River.

Vinţ River
The Vinţ River is a tributary of the Mureş River in Romania. That means it flows into Mureş River.

Vete River
The Vete River is a tributary of the Bicăjel River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bicăjel.

Chris Cornell
Chris Cornell (born Christopher John Boyle on July 20, 1964) is best known as the vocalist in the grunge band Soundgarden but is also known as the vocalist in Audioslave and Temple of the Dog.

Curse tablet
A curse tablet or binding spell ("defixio" in Latin, κατάδεσμος "katadesmos" in Greek) is a type of curse. It could be found in all of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. Curse tablets were used to influence other people, often the gods were asked to influence someone else, or to do harm to them. This would involve magic.
Usually, texts were scratched on very thin sheets of lead using a small writing. These sheets would then be rolled up, folded, or pierced with nails.They would then be moved under ground, placed in graves, or thrown into wells, pools or lakes. Sometimes they were put on temple walls. Like an analogy the treatment done to the material should also be done to the target of the spell.
Some of the tablets contained love spells. If they were used this way, they had to be placed in the home of the desired person, so that the spell could work.
About 1600 tablets have been found, distributed over all the known lands in Antiquity. About 600 of them were found in Greece.
Spells with figures.
Some of the spells were discovered together with small figures, which have falsely been described as voodoo dolls. The dolls or figurines were sometimes also pierced with nails. The figurines looked like the target and often had both their feet and hands bound. Not all curse tablets were made with lead. Curses were also written on papyrus, wax, wood or other perishable materials, but these are less likely to show up in the archaeological record.
The texts on curse tablets are typically addressed to infernal or liminal gods such as Hermes, Charon, Hecate, and Persephone. Sometimes, a sometimes a dead person (probably the corpse in whose grave the tablet was placed) had to mediate. Some texts do not invoke the gods, but merely list the targets of the curse, the crimes or conditions when the curse is valid, and/or the intended ill to befall them. Some tablets are inscribed with nothing more than the names of the targets. Some people think that an oral spell may have accompanied the making of the curse.
Spells to help the dead.
The text on the tablets were not always curses, sometimes tablets wereused to help the dead. Those whose grave sites these were placed at usually died at a very young age or in a violent manner, and the tablet was supposed to help lay their souls to rest in spite of their untimely deaths. The language of those texts that do give context is often concerned with justice, either listing the target's crimes in great detail, handing over responsibility for their punishment to the gods, using indefinite grammar ("whoever committed this crime"), or conditional ("if he is guilty"), or even future conditional ("if he ever breaks his word").. Frequently, such curse tablets are also inscribed with additional, otherwise meaningless "curse" words such as Bazagra, Bescu, or Berebescu, seemingly in order to lend them a kind of supernatural efficacy.
Many of those discovered at Athens refer to court cases and curse the opposing litigant, asking ("May he...") that he botch his performance in court, forget his words, become dizzy and so forth. Others include erotic binding-spells, spells ranged against thieves, and business and sporting rivals. Those curse tablets targeted at thieves or other criminals may have been more public, more acceptable; some scholars even refuse to use the word "curse" of such "positive" texts, preferring expressions such as "judicial prayers".
About 130 curse tablets have been found at "Aquae Sulis" (now Bath in England), where many of the curses related to thefts of clothes whilst the victim was bathing. Over 80 more have similarly been discovered in and about the remains of a temple to Mercury nearby, at West Hill, Uley, making south-western Britain one of the major centres for finds of Latin "defixiones".
Ancient Egypt.
In Ancient Egypt, so-called "Execration Texts" appear around the time of the 12th Dynasty, listing the names of enemies written on clay figurines or pottery which were then smashed and buried beneath a building under construction (so that they were symbolically "smothered"), or in a cemetery.

Vidăcut River
The Vete River is a tributary of the Bicăjel River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bicăjel River.

Kim Thayil
Kim Thayil (born September 4, 1960 in Seattle, Washington) best known as the lead guitarist in Soundgarden.

Matt Cameron
Matthew David Cameron (born November 28, 1962 in San Diego, California) is an American drummer best known as the drummer in Soundgarden and Pearl Jam.

Ben Shepherd
Ben Shepherd (born Hunter Benedict Shepherd, on September 20, 1968) is an American musician, best known as the bass player in the grunge band Soundgarden from 1990 until the band's 1997 break-up.

Velna River
The Velna River or Verna River is a tributary of the Bârlad River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bârlad River.

A-Sides
"A-Sides" is a best-of album by Soundgarden with songs spanning the band's thirteen year career. It was released on November 4, 1997 through A&M Records.

Greatest hits
A greatest hits album (sometimes referred to as a "best of" album) is a compilation album of successful, previously released songs by a particular music artist or band. To increase the appeal of the album – especially to people who already own the previously released material – it is common to include remixes or alternate takes of popular songs or new material, with new songs often being released as singles (and themselves sometimes becoming successful).

Down on the Upside
"Down on the Upside" is the fifth and final studio album by Soundgarden.

Alternative metal
Alternative metal is a form of alternative music in the heavy metal genre.

Halloween movies
The "Halloween movies" are a series of horror movies. The series started in 1978 with the movie directed by John Carpenter called "Halloween". The movies are based on a serial killer who comes out every Halloween to try murder the family of the main character Michael Myers. The series has eight original movies and one remake by metal and rock musician Rob Zombie.

Turkish diaspora
The Turkish diaspora is a term used to describe the communities of Turkish people living outside of Turkey. There is an estimated 70 million Turkish people in total. There are 59 million Turkish people living in Turkey and large Turkish communities which have been established in Europe (particularly in Germany, France, and the Netherlands), as well as North America, and Australia.

Anemoi
In Greek mythology, the Anemoi (in Greek, Άνεμοι — "winds") were wind gods.

Hit (baseball)
In baseball, a hit is when a player (called the "batter" or "batsman") who is trying to hit the ball that is thrown (or "pitched") by the thrower (called the "pitcher") hits the ball in such a way as to let him move forward at least one base.
How a hit is made.
The pitcher throws the ball towards the batter standing at home plate "(or home base)", who tries to hit the ball and score a run. After the batter hits the ball he runs as fast as he can around the bases and tries to get to a base before he is called out by an umpire. If he gets to a base before he is called out he is safe and the next batter comes forward and tries to hit a ball from the pitcher. The old batter who is "on base" becomes a runner.
Types of hit.
There are other kinds of hits, but these are the major ones. These hits can be made by many ways. For example; a single can come from a hit that travelled along the ground (called a "grounder") or that travelled in the air (a "fly ball"). A grounder can often be harder for the other team to stop than a fly ball. This is because when it moves along the ground it has more chance of hitting bumps and the glove or foot of the other teams player than it does if it moves in the air. There are also more ways in which hits can happen but these are the two major ways.
A no-hitter.
A no-hitter is a form of game in which the other team does not even get a single hit during the whole game. Because of the skill of the players a no-hitter does not happen very often.

Shutout (baseball)
A shutout is a baseball game where at least one team does not score any runs. This is not always the same a no-hitter in which the team does not get any hits, but a no-hitter is always a shutout.

Fried rice
Fried rice is a popular item in Chinese cuisine. It is known as Chahan in Japan.

Uniform number (American football)
In American football, uniform numbers are special numbers added to jerseys or other types of clothing to tell players from each other. They are shown in more places on the uniform than in those of other sports.

Flag of Pakistan
The national flag of Pakistan was designed by Syed Amir uddin Kedwaii and was based on the original flag of the Muslim League. It was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on August 11, 1947, just days before independence. The flag is referred to in the national anthem as "Parcham-e-Sitāra-o-Hilāl" in Urdu (lit. Flag of the Crescent and Star). The flag comprises a dark green field, representing the Muslim majority of Pakistan, with a vertical white stripe in the hoist, representing religious minorities. In the centre is a white crescent moon, representing progress, and a white five-pointed star, representing light and knowledge.

Coat of Arms of Pakistan
The State Emblem of Pakistan was adopted in 1954. The emblem's green colour and the star and crescent at the top are symbols of Islam, the religion with which most Pakistani citizens identify. In the center is a quartered shield, with each quarter containing a major crop of Pakistan at the time of its adoption: cotton, jute, tea, and wheat. The floral wreath around the shield represents the Mughal cultural heritage of Pakistan. The scroll at the bottom contains the national motto in Urdu, coined by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, which reads from right to left: (Urdu: ایمان ، اتحاد ، نظم) "Iman, Ittehad, Nazm" translated as "Faith, Unity, Discipline".

Pak sarzamin shad bad
The Qaumī Tarāna (Urdu:) is the national anthem of Pakistan. At independence, on August 14, 1947, Pakistan did not have a national anthem. When the flag was hoisted at the independence ceremony it was accompanied by the song, "Pakistan Zindabad, Azadi Paendabad". The flag itself had only been approved by the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan three days earlier.

Gloydius himalayanus
Gloydius himalayanus is a venomous pitviper species found along the southern slopes of the Himalayas in Pakistan.

Kargil
Kargil is a district of Ladakh, Indian-occupied Kashmir, Kashmir region. Kargil lies on the Line of Control facing Pakistan-administered Kashmir's Baltistan to the west, and Kashmir valley to the south. Zanskar is part of Kargil District along with Suru, Wakha and Dras valleys. Kargil is a part of the Kashmir dispute and was at the center of a conflict between the occupying Republic of India and Pakistan in 1999.

Green turtle
Chelonia mydas, commonly known as the Green turtle, Myda turtle or Green sea turtle is a large sea turtle belonging to the family Cheloniidae. It is the only species in the genus Chelonia. The sea turtle grows up to 140 cm.

Hardella thurjii
The Brahminy River Turtle or Crowned River Turtle (Hardella thurjii) is a species of turtle found in northern India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh (in the watersheds of the Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Indus rivers).

Hydrophis ornatus
Ornate Reef seasnake ("Hydrophis ornatus") is a species of sea snake.

Soundgarden discography
The discography of Soundgarden, a Seattle, Washington-based alternative rock band, consists of five studio albums, two compilation albums, five extended plays (EP), and eighteen singles. This list does not include material recorded by Soundgarden band members with Skin Yard, Temple of the Dog, Pearl Jam, Hater, Wellwater Conspiracy, or Audioslave.
Soundgarden was formed in 1984 by vocalist Chris Cornell, guitarist Kim Thayil, and bassist Hiro Yamamoto. The band signed with the independent label Sub Pop and released the "Screaming Life" EP in 1987 and the "Fopp" EP in 1988. In 1988, the band signed with legendary punk record label SST Records and released its debut full-length album "Ultramega OK". The band subsequently signed with A&M Records, becoming the first grunge band to sign with a major label. In 1989, the band released its first album for a major label, "Louder Than Love".
In 1990, the band was joined by a new bass player, Ben Shepherd. They released "Badmotorfinger" in 1991. The album brought the band to a new level of commercial success, and Soundgarden found itself amidst the sudden popularity and attention being paid to the Seattle music scene. The band's next album was to be its breakthrough. "Superunknown", released in 1994, debuted at number one on the "Billboard" 200 and launched several successful singles, including "Spoonman" and "Black Hole Sun". In 1996, the band released its fifth studio album, "Down on the Upside"; while successful, the album could not emulate the precedent set by "Superunknown". In 1997, the band broke up due to internal strife over its creative direction. Soundgarden has sold eight million records in the US, and an estimated twenty million albums worldwide.
Studio albums.
!rowspan="2" width="120"|Certifications(sales thresholds)
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!style="width:3em;font-size:75%"| AUS
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!style="width:3em;font-size:75%"| UK

Louder Than Love
"Louder Than Love" is the second full-length album by the American grunge band Soundgarden. It was released on September 5, 1989 through A&M Records. After touring in support of its first full-length studio album, "Ultramega OK", released in 1988, the band signed with A&M and began work on its first album for a major label. The songs on the album featured a heavy rock sound with some songs featuring unusual or unorthodox time signatures.
Because of some of the song lyrics the band faced various retail and distribution problems upon the album's release, including the addition of a Parental Advisory sticker on the album packaging. "Louder Than Love" would become the band's first album to chart on the "Billboard" 200. The band supported the album with tours of North America and Europe. It was the last Soundgarden album to feature the band's original bassist, Hiro Yamamoto.

Ultramega OK
"Ultramega OK" is the debut album by the American grunge band Soundgarden. It was released on October 31, 1988 through SST Records. Following the release of the EPs "Screaming Life", released in 1987, and "Fopp", released in 1988, for the Sub Pop record label, the band signed with the independent record label SST and went to work on its first full-length studio album.
The resulting album contained elements of psychedelic rock, classic rock, and hardcore punk. The band supported the album with a tour of the United States as well as its first overseas tour. In 1990, the album earned a Grammy Award nomination for Best Metal Performance.

List of Soundgarden band members
Soundgarden was an American rock band formed in Seattle, Washington in 1984 by lead singer and drummer Chris Cornell, lead guitarist Kim Thayil, and bassist Hiro Yamamoto. The drummer position was originally filled by Cornell, who played drums while singing, but in 1985 the band enlisted Scott Sundquist to allow Cornell to concentrate on vocals. The band's first recordings were three songs that appeared on a compilation for Z Records called "Deep Six".
In 1986, Sundquist, who by that point had a wife and a child, decided to leave the band and spend time with his family. He was replaced by Matt Cameron, the drummer for Skin Yard, who became Soundgarden's permanent drummer. This line-up released the extended plays "Screaming Life" in 1987 and "Fopp" in 1988, and the studio albums "Ultramega OK" in 1988 and "Louder Than Love" in 1989. Following the release of "Louder Than Love", Yamamoto left the band to finish his Master's degree in Physical Chemistry at Western Washington University. He was replaced by former Nirvana guitarist Jason Everman. Everman was fired following Soundgarden's tour supporting "Louder Than Love". His only contribution for Soundgarden was the band's cover of The Beatles song "Come Together".
In 1990, the band was joined by a new bassist, Ben Shepherd. With the addition of Shepherd, Soundgarden's line-up would not change for the remainder of its existence. Soundgarden subsequently released "Badmotorfinger" in 1991, "Superunknown" in 1994, and "Down on the Upside" in 1996. Tensions within the group arose during the "Down on the Upside" sessions, with Thayil and Cornell reportedly clashing over Cornell's desire to shift away from the heavy guitar riffing that had become the band's trademark. In 1997, the band broke up due to internal strife over its creative direction. In a 1998 interview, Thayil said, "It was pretty obvious from everybody's general attitude over the course of the previous half year that there was some dissatisfaction."

List of Soundgarden awards
Soundgarden was an American rock band formed in Seattle, Washington in 1984 by lead singer and drummer Chris Cornell, lead guitarist Kim Thayil, and bassist Hiro Yamamoto. Matt Cameron became the band's permanent drummer in 1986 and bassist Ben Shepherd replaced Yamamoto permanently in 1990. Soundgarden released its debut album, "Ultramega OK", in 1988 through SST Records. The album earned the band its first major award nomination, a Grammy Award, in 1990. In 1989, the band released its first album for a major label, "Louder Than Love". The band's third studio album, "Badmotorfinger", released in 1991, was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance in 1992.
Soundgarden released its follow-up and breakthrough album, "Superunknown", in 1994. The album was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Rock Album in 1995. Two singles from "Superunknown", "Black Hole Sun" and "Spoonman", won Grammy Awards, and the music video for "Black Hole Sun" won a MTV Video Music Award and a Clio Award. "Superunknown" was ranked number 336 on "Rolling Stone" magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time, and "Black Hole Sun" was ranked number 25 on VH1's list of the 100 greatest songs of the '90s. The band released its fifth and final studio album, "Down on the Upside", in 1996. In 1997, Soundgarden received another Grammy nomination, for the lead single "Pretty Noose". Soundgarden officially broke up in 1997. The band was placed at number 14 on VH1's list of the 100 greatest artists of hard rock.
Clio Awards.
The Clio Awards are awarded annually. Soundgarden has received one award from one nomination.
Grammy Awards.
The Grammy Awards are awarded annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. Soundgarden has received two awards from eight nominations.
MTV Video Music Awards.
The MTV Video Music Awards are awarded annually by MTV. Soundgarden has received one award from one nomination.

James Milner
James Milner is a football player. He plays for Aston Villa.

Peter Osgood
Peter Osgood is a former football player. He has played for England national team.

Trevor Francis
Trevor Francis is a former football player. He has played for England national team.

English Premier League 2008-09
Statistics of English Premier League in season 2008/2009.

Football League of Ireland Premier Division 1924-25
Statistics of Football League of Ireland Premier Division in season 1924/1925.
Overview.
It was performed in 10 teams, and Shamrock Rovers won the championship.

Division 1 1997-98
Statistics of Division 1 in season 1997/1998.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Lens won the championship.

Division 1 1998-99
Statistics of Division 1 in season 1998/1999.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Girondins Bordeaux won the championship.

Division 1 1999-00
Statistics of Division 1 in season 1999/2000.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Monaco won the championship.

Ligue 1 2003-04
Statistics of Ligue 1 in season 2003/2004.
Overview.
It was performed in 20 teams, and Olympique Lyonnais won the championship.

Ligue 1 2005-06
Statistics of Ligue 1 in season 2005/2006.
Overview.
It was contested by 20 teams, and Olympique Lyonnais won the championship.

Ligue 1 2006-07
Statistics of Ligue 1 in season 2006/2007.
Overview.
It was contested by 20 teams, and Olympique Lyonnais won the championship.

Division 1 1982-83
Statistics of Division 1 in season 1982/1983.
Overview.
It was performed in 20 teams, and Nantes won the championship.

Sub Pop
Sub Pop is an independent record label founded by Bruce Pavitt and Jonathan Poneman in Seattle, Washington in 1986.

SST Records
SST Records is an American independent record label formed in 1978 in Long Beach, California by musician Greg Ginn. The company was initially called Solid State Transmitters through which Ginn sold electronics equipment. Ginn repurposed the company as a record label to release material by his band Black Flag.

A&M Records
A&M Records is an American record label owned by Universal Music Group which operates through the Interscope-Geffen-A&M division. It was set up in 1962.
History.
A&M Records was started by Herb Alpert and Jerry Moss. They made 2 records under the name “Carnival Records.” Finding the name "Carnival" was already being used, they changed the name to "A&M", after their names, Alpert and Moss. From 1966 to 1999, the company's office was on the grounds of the historic Charlie Chaplin Studio at 1416 N. La Brea Avenue, near Sunset Boulevard in Hollywood.
Pop music.
In 1971 piano player Billy Preston who joined the label and brought success in R&B and funk music. The Carpenters are label's most successful act of the 1970s having sold more than 100 million albums worldwide.
A&M in England, Europe and Canada.
A&M records were first sold in the United Kingdom by EMI's Stateside Records label. It then sold records under the A&M name with Pye Records until 1967. A&M Records, Ltd. was started in 1970. A&M Records of Canada, Ltd. was also formed in 1970, and A&M Records of Europe in 1977.
In the 1970s, A&M saw potential in English punk music and on March 10 1977 signed the Sex Pistols after the band had been dropped by EMI. However, A&M themselves sacked the band within a week.
Success.
Within 10 years of starting, A&M became the world's largest independent record company. In 1979, A&M made an agreement with RCA Records (which later became BMG) to distribute its records in the US, and with CBS Records in many other countries.

Skin Yard
Skin Yard was a rock band from Seattle, Washington, who were active from 1985 to 1992. The group never gained any mainstream audience, but were an influence on their contemporaries – most notably Soundgarden, The Melvins, and Green River – alongside whom they are considered the early pioneers of the sound that would later be called grunge.

Hater (band)
Hater was an American rock band from the 1990s, a side project mostly under the direction of Soundgarden bassist Ben Shepherd. Additional members included Soundgarden drummer Matt Cameron, John McBain (ex-Monster Magnet and, later, partner of Cameron and Shepherd in Wellwater Conspiracy), bassist John Waterman for the title album, Alan Davis on bass for The 2nd, and Brian Wood, brother of Mother Love Bone vocalist Andrew Wood.
The band released two albums of their brand of Stooges-tinged psychedelic garage rock: their self-titled debut in 1993, and their follow-up, "The 2nd", which was recorded in 1995 but released in 2005.
The band also contributed a song for the 1995 compilation album ' called "Convicted", which does not appear on either album. The musicians for the track were Shepherd, McBain, Davis, & Cameron (the same lineup for "The 2nd").

Wellwater Conspiracy
Wellwater Conspiracy was a rock band featuring Matt Cameron and John McBain. The band originally featured ex-Soundgarden bassist Ben Shepherd, who left the band in 1998.

Temple of the Dog
Temple of the Dog was an American rock band that formed in 1990 by Chris Cornell of Soundgarden as a tribute to his friend, the late Andrew Wood, lead singer of Malfunkshun and Mother Love Bone. The line-up included Stone Gossard on rhythm guitar, Jeff Ament on bass guitar (both ex-members of Mother Love Bone), Mike McCready on lead guitar, Matt Cameron on drums and Eddie Vedder, providing backing vocals.

Bruce Pavitt
Bruce Pavitt is the Chicago-born founder of record label Sub Pop.
History.
Pavitt started a fanzine entitled "Subterranean Pop" in Olympia, Washington in 1980, about American independent rock bands. A total of three cassette compilations were released through the fanzine. In 1983 Pavitt moved to Seattle and started a record store, Fallout, as well as write a Sub Pop column for The Rocket, and host an independent-label specialty show on KCMU. The year 1986 saw the release of Sub Pop's (the "-terranean" was dropped earlier from the name) first LP: the "Sub Pop 100". Green River's "Dry As a Bone" EP followed in 1987.
Pavitt initially met Jonathan Poneman in 1986, when Poneman invited Pavitt for an on-air interview on KCMU, in order to promote Sub Pop 100. In 1987, Kim Thayil of Soundgarden suggested that the two join forces. Pavitt and Thayil had atended Rich East High School in Park Forest, Illinois together in the mid-1970s. Subsequently Soundgarden's "Screaming Life" EP was released and the grunge phenomenon quickly followed.
In 1996, Bruce Pavitt resigned from Sub Pop to raise a family.

The Sound Garden
The Sound Garden is a public art work on NOAA property adjacent to Magnuson Park in Seattle, Washington. It was created in 1982 by Doug Hollis. It is constructed with a number of metal tubes on weathervane-like apparatus that catch the wind and moan eerily.
The Seattle grunge band Soundgarden took their name from this art work.
Since 11, the facility, including the art installation, is on restricted access under threat level Yellow. Visitors may check in with the guards and walk onto the facility, but their vehicles are not allowed. Photo identification is required in order to view the Sound Garden and access to the "Art Walk".

Fopp (EP)
"Fopp" is the second EP by the grunge band Soundgarden, released in August 1988 on Sub Pop Records. In 1990 it was combined with the band's first EP "Screaming Life" (1987) and released as "Fopp".

Screaming Life
"Screaming Life" is the debut EP by the Seattle grunge band Soundgarden, released in October 1987 on Sub Pop Records. "Screaming Life" was later combined with the band's next EP, "Fopp" (1988) and released as "Fopp" in 1990.
Recording.
The EP was recorded in 1987 in Seattle's Reciprocal Studios with producer Jack Endino, who also produced albums for Nirvana and Mudhoney.
Music and lyrics.
Drummer Matt Cameron described the sound on the EP as "pretty raw." "Hunted Down", Soundgarden's first single, is representative of the early "grunge" sound — with its dirty guitar, dissonant atmosphere and lyrics concerning entrapment and escape. "Nothing to Say" features drop D tuning, which would become a signature of Soundgarden's sound on later albums. Guitarist Kim Thayil said he learned about the tuning from the Melvins's Buzz Osborne. The original version of "Tears to Forget" appeared on the 1985 "Deep Six" compilation album, which featured some of the first recordings by the earliest Seattle grunge bands, including Soundgarden. That version was recorded with drummer Scott Sundquist, but the version on "Screaming Life" was recorded with Cameron.
Some time prior to recording, producer Jack Endino found old rolls of quarter-inch tape at a garage sale, and some contained recordings of a Christian preacher giving sermons in the early 1950s. Soundgarden vocalist Chris Cornell had the idea to have the preacher's voice on "Hand of God". The recording was synched with the eight-track machine, copied to an empty track and by coincidence (or because, as Endino says, "God smiled upon us") the tape rolls matched perfectly with the song. Cornell also added his own sarcastic preacher-style vocals, with the lines "let it be known today that if you've got two hands you're supposed to pray!". However, according to Endino, the labels on the rolls of tape were near-illegible and thus the name of the preacher remains unknown.
Release and reception.
Cornell said that the EP was met with rave reviews and that "everybody loved it." "Hunted Down" was Soundgarden's first single and also the first song on Sub Pop's "hold music" tape. According to Thayil, "you would call them up, and when they put you on hold you heard 'Hunted Down'". It was the only single released from the EP. "Nothing to Say" was Soundgarden's first B-side, released on the "Hunted Down" single. The song also appeared on the KCMU compilation tape "Bands That Will Make Money", which was distributed to record companies. Upon hearing the song, record labels began contacting the band, which eventually led to the band signing with A&M Records.
Imagery and design.
The cover of "Screaming Life" was taken by grunge photographer Charles Peterson, and features Cornell singing and Thayil playing guitar in the background. The album cover was an attempt by Sub Pop to capitalize on Cornell's image. The first 500 copies of the EP were pressed on orange vinyl; after that, they were released on standard black vinyl.
The title of the EP inspired the title of a book of photography by Peterson, named "Screaming Life: A Chronicle of the Seattle Music Scene". Published in 1995, it is composed mainly of live photos taken by Peterson from the mid 1980s though the mid 1990s. Many of Peterson's photographs were used as album artwork for grunge bands. The book is accompanied by a CD, with 9 songs selected by Peterson from bands of the era – Soundgarden's "Entering" is one of these songs.

Loudest Love
"Loudest Love" is an EP by the grunge band Soundgarden. It was released in October 1990 through A&M Records.
Overview.
The EP was first released in Japan, and later released in the United States. The track listing is the same as that for the "Loud Love" single, but with the addition of "Hands All Over", "Heretic" and "Come Together".

Screaming Life/Fopp
"Screaming Life/Fopp" is a compilation album by the grunge band Soundgarden. It was released on May 11, 1990 through Sub Pop Records.
Overview.
The album combines the band's first two EPs: "Screaming Life" (1987) and "Fopp" (1988). It was released in 1990 (see 1990 in music) by Sub Pop. There are two cover songs on the album; "Swallow My Pride" is a Green River cover and "Fopp" is an Ohio Players cover.
Track listing.
"Recorded for Screaming Life:"
"Recorded for Fopp:"

Louder Than Live
"Louder Than Live" is a home video released by the Seattle grunge band Soundgarden featuring songs performed live at the Whisky a Go Go in Los Angeles, California on December 7, 1989 and December 10, 1989. It was released on May 22, 1990.
Overview.
It features five live tracks filmed during the Louder Than Love tour. The live tracks are "Get on the Snake", "Gun", "I Awake", "Big Dumb Sex", and a medley of Spinal Tap's "Big Bottom" and Cheech & Chong's "Earache My Eye", with footage from both concerts mixed together. It also features footage of the band performing two songs in the studio. The studio clips are "Loud Love" and "Hands All Over". It is on this video that frontman Chris Cornell is seen wearing his infamous silver duct-tape shorts. The bassist for these performances was Jason Everman. "Louder Than Live" was released on VHS only, with no official DVD version available.
In addition to the home video, A&M released a promo 12" (on blue vinyl, July 1990) and CD (May 1990) with the same title, "Louder Than Live". The vinyl includes the 5 live tracks from the video in addition to "Beyond the Wheel". The center label features a close-up picture of guitarist Kim Thayil's face. The CD came wrapped in brown paper, duct-taped closed with a yellow and black sticker that reads "Soundgarden: "Louder Than Live". In addition to the 6 other live tracks, it includes "Hunted Down". This album has been bootlegged on black vinyl; genuine copies can be distinguished by the A&M logo.

Motorvision
"Motorvision" is a home video released by the Seattle grunge band Soundgarden. It was released on November 17, 1992.
Overview.
It features eight songs performed live at the Paramount Theatre in Seattle, Washington on March 5, 1992 and March 6, 1992 during the "Badmotorfinger" tour. "Motorvision" was released on VHS only, with no official DVD version available.
The video features candid footage of the band and people associated with it, including Sub Pop co-founders Bruce Pavitt and Jonathan Poneman. Before the first song begins, the band is introduced on stage by a clown, J. P. Patches.

Songs from the Superunknown
"Songs from the Superunknown" is an EP by the grunge band Soundgarden. It was released on November 21, 1995 through A&M Records. It was released on the same day as the CD-ROM "Alive in the Superunknown".
Overview.
The EP is the audio-only counterpart to "Alive in the Superunknown". "Jerry Garcia's Finger" is featured exclusively on "Songs from the Superunknown".
The CD-ROM "Alive in the Superunknown" contains the first four tracks from "Songs from the Superunknown" plus a multimedia portion featuring photos of the band, a video game, four music videos ("My Wave", "Fell on Black Days", "Black Hole Sun", and "The Day I Tried to Live"), and a live video of "Kickstand", among other things.

Jason Everman
Jason Everman (born August 16, 1967 in Kodiak, Alaska) is an American guitarist who played with Nirvana and Soundgarden.
Nirvana.
Everman joined Nirvana in February 1989 as a second guitarist. He is listed as being second guitarist on Nirvana's "Bleach", but did not actually play on any of the tracks. Nirvana founder Kurt Cobain said the credit was a token of thanks to Everman for paying a fee of US $606.17 to record the album. The cash was never repaid. Everman toured with Nirvana in summer of 1989 in support of "Bleach". During his time with Nirvana, he can sometimes be seen using Fender guitars, generally the Fender Telecaster.
A two-song Nirvana session featuring Everman on guitar is available, albeit in separate releases. A Kiss cover called "Do You Love Me?" was released on a tribute album and "Dive" was released on 2004's "With the Lights Out". Both tracks were recorded at Evergreen State College's 24-track studio in June 1989.
Soundgarden.
Everman left Nirvana in July 1989 following a stressful tour and joined Soundgarden the following year as Hiro Yamamoto's temporary successor on bass. In April 1990, he played on the band's cover of The Beatles' "Come Together", which appeared on an EP called "Loudest Love". Everman appeared in Soundgarden's "Louder Than Live" home video. Later in 1990, Everman left the band and Soundgarden found Yamamoto's ultimate successor, bassist Ben Shepherd.
The "Come Together" cover remains the only recorded Soundgarden material to feature Everman.
Mind Funk.
Everman's subsequent projects included a stint on guitar in Mind Funk. In September 1994, he left Mind Funk to join the Army 2nd Ranger Battalion and the Special Forces, serving tours in Afghanistan and Iraq.

Hiro Yamamoto
(born April 13, 1961;) is a bassist who was a founding member of grunge band Soundgarden, along with Kim Thayil and Chris Cornell in 1984. He left the band in 1989 and one year later he started the independent rock band Truly together with Screaming Trees drummer Mark Pickerel and Robert Roth from The Storybook Krooks.

Scott Sundquist
Scott Sundquist was a drummer for the grunge band Soundgarden during the mid-1980s.
Soundgarden.
In 1985, Soundgarden was a recently formed three-piece band with Chris Cornell on vocals and drums, Kim Thayil on guitar, and Hiro Yamamoto on bass. The band enlisted Sundquist as their drummer so Cornell could focus on the vocals. They traveled around playing various gigs with this lineup for about a year. Then they recorded three songs for a C/Z Records compilation album of grunge music by Soundgarden and five other bands, which was called Deep Six and was released in March 1986. This album contains the only recorded Soundgarden material with Sundquist.
Also in 1986, Sundquist, who by that point had a wife and a child, decided to back out of the band and pursue a normal family life. They were briefly left without a drummer until they were able to lure Skin Yard drummer Matt Cameron away from his band. Cameron stayed with Soundgarden until the entire band broke up in 1997.

A-ha
a-ha is a band from Norway. They initially rose to fame during the 1980s, but have had continued success in the 1990s and 2000s.

Professional baseball
Baseball is a team sport which is played by several professional leagues all over the world. In these leagues, players are selected for their talents and are paid to play for a team.

Anglicisation
Anglicisation or Anglicization (see -ise vs -ize) is the act of changing of spoken or written elements of another language into a more understandable English for an English speaker.

Offensive tackle
In American and Canadian football, offensive tackles (OT, T) are a part of the offensive line. As is other offensive linemen, their job is to block the players on the defense from getting to the offensive player who has the football.

Jeanne Rij-Rousseau
Jeanne Rij-Rousseau (June 10, 1870–October 22, 1956) was a French Cubist painter and an art theoretician.
Rij-Rousseau was born in Candé. From 1890 on, she lived in Paris and moved in an artistic circle with painters of the "Ile de la Grande Jatte" in Montmartre. She was a student of Maurice Denis and Paul Sérusier. Sérusier's had ideas about the relationship of music and painting. She used these ideas to form the theory of vibrism, which is a combination of Synthetic Cubism of the pre-war period and Larionov and Goncharova's Rayonism.
Juan Gris was a close friend of hers. From 1911 on, Rij-Rousseau showed her works in Salon d'Automne, Salon des Indépendants and Salon Tuileries. In 1920, she was a member of the artist circle called Section d'Or. She often traveled to South France, especially to Céret, and also to Germany, Belgium and Switzerland. Her paintings were displayed in Zurich, Brussels, New York, and Boston.
In Aubusson and Beauvais' manufactories large-size tapestries designed by her were produced. In 1925, she was awarded a gold medal for one of them in the first Arts Décoratifs' exhibition.
Guillaume Apollinaire named her a "searcher", and her colour choices were admired by Florent Fels and André Salmon.
Also in 1925, Rij-Rousseau founded the Association of Modern-Age Female Painters. She exhibited with Suzanne Duchamp and Marie Laurencin, among others. Aside from Colette, Rij-Rousseau's biography was published in the book, "Führende Frauen Europas" by Elga Kern as a representative of French art.
Her fame did not last long, and in 1956 she died lonely, impoverished and forgotten in her great-niece's house in Savigny-sur-Braye. Her final exhibition in Château de Blois in 1959 attracted little notice, and the whereabouts of the 70 exhibited paintings are still unknown. Her estate has been scattered throughout the world. Paintings are trafficked in N.Y., Chicago, London, and Paris. Some works are in Parisan museums, in Blois, and in Grenoble, but especially in private collectors' homes.
Research on this painter of the French Modern Age is still in its beginnings.

Vineşti River
The Vineşti River is a tributary of the Mureş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Mureş River.

Viişoara River
The Viişoara River is a tributary of the Prahova River in Romania. That means it flows into the Prahova River.

Viezuroiu River
The Viezuroiu River is a tributary of the Sâmbotin River in Romania. That means it flows into the Sâmbotin River.

Vezendiu River
The Vezendiu River is a tributary of the Ier River in Romania. That means it flows into the Ier River.

Vâna Şerbenilor River
The Vâna Şerbenilor River or Şerbeni River or Râul Şerbenilor is a tributary of the Pădurani River in Romania. That means it flows into the Pădurani River.

Vârciorova River (Bolvaşniţa)
The Vârciorova River is a tributary of the Bolvaşniţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bolvaşniţa River.

Vătăleţu River
The Vătăleţu River is a tributary of the Latoriţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Latoriţa River.

Veljul River (Leveleş)
The Veljul River is a tributary of the Barcău River in Romania. That means it flows into the Barcău River.

Big Ten Conference football champions
Championships by school.
"*" Chicago stopped its football program in 1939 and withdrew from the conference in 1946.

Napalm Death
Napalm Death are a heavy metal band from Birmingham England. They play a very loud and angry kind of heavy metal called Grindcore.

Chuck Schuldiner
Charles Michael "Chuck" Schuldiner was an American singer, songwriter and guitarist. He was a key member or the Death metal band, Death. The band were a major influence on other death metal bands. He is often called " 'the Father of Death metal' " He died of pneumonia in 2001, after a long battle with brain cancer.

Viduţa River
The Viduţa River is a tributary of the Vida River in Romania. That means it flows into the Vida River.

Vida River
The Vida River is a tributary of the Holod River in Romania. That means it flows into the Holod River.

Vălişorul River
The Vălişorul River is a tributary of the Timiş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Timiş River.

Vâna Mică River
The Vâna Mică River is a tributary of the Lanca Birda River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lanca Birda River.

Vârfuraşu River
The Vărfuraşu River is a tributary of the Crăciunu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Crăciunu River.

Vediţa River
The Vediţa River is a tributary of the Vedea River in Romania. That means it flows into the Vedea River.

Veljul River (Chişer)
The Veljul River is a tributary of the Chişer River in Romania. That means it flows into the Chişer River.

Veraşu River
The Veraşu River is a headwater of the Râul Roşu Mare in Romania. That means it flows into the Râul Roşu Mare.

Randy Orton
Randal "Randy" Keith Orton (born on April 1, 1980) is an American professional wrestler signed to World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE).
Personal life.
In November 2005, Orton announced that he was engaged to Samantha Speno. They got married on September 21, 2007. In December 2007, Orton announced that his wife was pregnant, a daughter due on July 15, 2008. His daughter, Alanna Marie Orton, was born on July 12, 2008.
Orton broke his collarbone in a Last Man Standing match at the One Night Stand event in 2008 against Triple H, and hurt it again in a motorcycle accident.

Atonement
Atonement is a idea found in both Christianity and Judaism that describes how sin can be forgiven by God. In Judaism, this was done by rituals performed by a Rabbi on the holiest day of the Jewish year: Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement). In Christian theology the atonement refers to the forgiving or pardoning of sins through the death of Jesus Christ.

Mark Henry
Mark Henry (born June 12, 1971) is an American professional wrestler. He currently works for World Wrestling Entertainment on its ECW brand. Henry is also a 1992 Olympian and winner of the Arnold Classic strongman competition.

Cold War Kids
The Cold War Kids are an indie rock band. The members are Nathan Willett (lead vocalist, piano, guitar), Jonnie Russel (guitar, vocal, percussion), Matt Maust (bass guitar), and Matt Aveiro (drums). They met and formed the band in Fullerton, California, US.
They released their first album, "Robbers and Cowards", in 2006. Their second album, "Loyalty to Loyalty", was released in September 2008.

Maramures County
Maramureş (is a county (judeţ) of Romania, in the Maramureş region. The county seat is Baia Mare.

Of Mice and Men
"Of Mice and Men" is a book writen by John Steinbeck in 1937. This is a story about two farm workers, George Milton and Lennie Small, during the Great Depression. One of its main themes is that "the best-laid plans of mice and men often go astray". This comes from Robert Burns' poem "To a Mouse". The original line was "The best-laid schemes o' mice and men aft gang agley". This means that even if something is planned well, it can still go wrong. It takes place in the 1920s, in California. In the 1920s, racial segregation was common and many people were poor.
Characters.
Lennie, one of the story's main characters, is a big, strong man. However, he is not smart, and in many ways like a child. Lennie likes soft, pretty things like mice. Sometimes Lennie gets into trouble, and he needs someone to take care of him. George, the other main character, takes care of Lennie like a brother. Lennie makes George's life difficult. When Lennie gets into trouble on a farm, George must decide how to help him. In the end of the book, Lennie accidentally kills a lady and George has to shoot him.
Themes.
"Of Mice and Men" is a story about friendship and loneliness. It also talks about the American Dream: the hope that in America, anyone can become rich or famous if they work hard.

Europe (band)
Europe is a Swedish rock band. The band was started by Joey Tempest and John Norum in 1979. Their song "The Final Countdown" was a big hit in 1986.
Europe took a break in 1992, but came back in 2003.

Samuel Goldwyn
Samuel Goldwyn (1879-1974) was an important producer who made a lot of movies in America.
Early life.
He was born in Poland, and his parents died when we was young. He first moved to London, then New York. In New York he worked in a glove factory, then as a glove salesman. After this, he helped his brother-in-law to make movies.
Companies.
He started the Goldwyn Pictures Corporation in 1917. This became part of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in 1924.
Movies.
Some of his famous movies are Wuthering Heights (1939), The Best Years of Our Lives (1946) and Porgy and Bess (1959).

Adam Copeland
Adam Joseph Copeland (born October 30, 1973 in Ontario, Canada) better known by his ring name Edge, is a Canadian professional wrestler currently signed to World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) and to the SmackDown brand. Copeland was six time World Champion.

Book of Tobit
The Book of Tobit (or Book of Tobias) is a book of biblical scripture that is part of the Catholic and Orthodox biblical canon, put forward by the Council of Carthage of 397 and confirmed for Roman Catholics by the Council of Trent (1546). It's listed in "Article VI" of the Thirty-Nine Articles of the Church of England.
Tobit is regarded by Protestants as apocryphal. Also, it has never been included within the Tanakh as canonical by ancient Judaism. However, it is found in the Greek Old Testament (the Septuagint), and Aramaic and Hebrew fragments of the book were discovered in Cave IV at Qumran in 1952.

Forbidden City
The Forbidden City, now known as the Palace Museum is an enormous historical palace and an art museum located in the historical center of Beijing, China. The site is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and is of tremendous historical and architectural value.

List of rivers of Pakistan
This is a list of rivers in Pakistan

Book of Zechariah
The Book of Zechariah is a book of the Bible found in the Old Testament and the Jewish Tanakh thought to be written by the prophet Zechariah.

Book of Zephaniah
The Book of Zephaniah is a book of the Bible and is thought to be written by “Zephaniah son of Cushi son of Gedaliah son of Amariah son of Hezekiah, in the days of King Josiah son of Amon of Judah”.

Song of Songs
The "Song of Songs" is a book of the Hebrew Bible or Tanakh and Old Testament;one of the five "megillot" (scrolls). It is also known as the "Song of Solomon" or as "Canticles". It is known as "Aisma" in the Septuagint, which is short for ῏Αισμα ᾀσμάτων, "Aisma aismatôn", "Song of Songs" in Greek.

Book of Isaiah
The Book of Isaiah (Hebrew: "Sefer Y'sha'yah" ספר ישעיה) is a book of the Bible thought to be written by the Prophet Isaiah, who lived in the second half of the 8th century BC.

Book of Nehemiah
The Book of Nehemiah is a book of the Hebrew Bible, thought to be a continuation of the Book of Ezra, and is sometimes called the second book of Ezra. It is thought to be written by Nehemiah.

Book of Obadiah
The Book of Obadiah is found in the Hebrew Bible and the Old Testament of the Christian Bible where it is the shortest book, only one chapter long. It is thought to have been written by a person named Obadiah, which means “servant (or worshipper) of the Lord”.

Book of Nahum
The book of Nahum is a book in the Bible's Old Testament and Jewish Tanakh.

Book of Micah
The Book of Micah (Hebrew: ספר מיכה) is one of the books of the Hebrew Bible and the Christian Old Testament.
People think it was written by Micah the Prophet.

Book of Joel
The Book of Joel is part of the Jewish Tanakh, and also the Old Testament of the Christian Bible.

Book of Hosea
The "Book of Hosea" is one of the books of the Hebrew Bible and of the Christian Old Testament.

Book of Haggai
The Book of Haggai is a book of the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible) and of the Old Testament, written by the prophet Haggai. It was written in 520 BCE.

Book of Habakkuk
The Book of Habakkuk is the eighth book of the 12 minor prophets of the Hebrew Bible. It is thought to be written by the prophet Habakkuk, and was probably composed in the late 7th century BC.

Book of Ezra
The Book of Ezra is a book of the Bible in the Old Testament and Hebrew Tanakh.

Aberdeen railway station
Aberdeen railway station is a railway station in Aberdeen, Scotland. It first opened in 1867.

Thomas Friedman
Thomas Lauren Friedman (born July 20, 1953) is an American journalist.
Friedman is known for supporting a compromise resolution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, modernization of the Arab world, environmentalism and globalization. Although an early supporter of the invasion of Iraq, he later became an outspoken critic of the war and the Bush administration.

Mark Bosnich
Mark Bosnich is a football player. He plays for Central Coast Mariners.

Dario Gradi
Dario Gradi is a former football manager.

Rio Ferdinand
Rio Ferdinand (born 7 November, 1978) is a English football player. He plays for Manchester United and England national team.

Jack Charlton
Jack Charlton is a former football player. He has played for England national team.

The Football League 1888-89
Statistics of The Football League in season 1888/1889.
Overview.
It was performed in 12 teams, and Preston North End won the championship.

Football League of Ireland Premier Division 1925-26
Statistics of Football League of Ireland Premier Division in season 1925/1926.
Overview.
It was performed in 10 teams, and Shelbourne won the championship.

Colombian Professional Football 1950
Statistics of Colombian Professional Football in season 1950.
Overview.
It was performed in 16 teams, and Deportivo Caldas won the championship.

Division 1 1994-95
Statistics of Division 1 in season 1994/1995.
Overview.
It was contested by 20 teams, and Nantes Atlantique won the championship.

La Liga 1991-92
Statistics of La Liga in season 1991/1992.
Overview.
It was contested by 20 teams, and Barcelona won the championship.

La Liga 1982-83
Statistics of La Liga in season 1982/1983.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Athletic Bilbao won the championship.

La Liga 1983-84
Statistics of La Liga in season 1983/1984.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Athletic Bilbao won the championship.

La Liga 1992-93
Statistics of La Liga in season 1992/1993.
Overview.
It was contested by 20 teams, and Barcelona won the championship.

La Liga 2003-04
Statistics of La Liga in season 2003/2004.
Overview.
It was contested by 20 teams, and Valencia won the championship.

La Liga 2004-05
Statistics of La Liga in season 2004/2005.
Overview.
It was contested by 20 teams, and Barcelona won the championship.

Billy Wright
Billy Wright is a former football player. He has played for Wolverhampton Wanderers and England national team.

Mick McCarthy
Mick McCarthy is a former football player. He has played for Republic of Ireland national team.

Ali Daei
Ali Daei is a former football player. He has played for Iran national team.

Carsten Ramelow
Carsten Ramelow is a former football player. He has played for Germany national team.

The Football League 1889-90
Statistics of The Football League in season 1889/1890.
Overview.
It was performed in 12 teams, and Preston North End won the championship.

Football League of Ireland Premier Division 1926-27
Statistics of Football League of Ireland Premier Division in season 1926/1927.
Overview.
It was performed in 10 teams, and Shamrock Rovers won the championship.

Colombian Professional Football 1951
Statistics of Colombian Professional Football in season 1951.
Overview.
It was performed in 18 teams, and Los Millonarios won the championship.

Division 1 1932-33
Statistics of Division 1 in season 1932/1933.
Overview.
It was contested by 20 teams, and Olympique Lillois won the championship.
Final.
Olympique Lillois won the championship.

La Liga 2005-06
Statistics of La Liga in season 2005/2006.
Overview.
It was contested by 20 teams, and Barcelona won the championship.

La Liga 2006-07
Statistics of La Liga in season 2006/2007.
Overview.
It was contested by 20 teams, and Real Madrid won the championship.

La Liga 1990-91
Statistics of La Liga in season 1990/1991.
Overview.
It was contested by 20 teams, and Barcelona won the championship.

La Liga 1994-95
Statistics of La Liga in season 1994/1995.
Overview.
It was contested by 20 teams, and Real Madrid won the championship.

La Liga 1995-96
Statistics of La Liga in season 1995/1996.
Overview.
It was contested by 22 teams, and Atlético Madrid won the championship.

La Liga 1986-87
Statistics of La Liga in season 1986/1987.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Real Madrid won the championship.

Geysir
Geysir (sometimes known as The Great Geysir) is the name for a hot spring which erupts in a very secial way. Such springs are known as geysers in English. This particular geyser is in the Haukadalur valley, Iceland. It is the oldest known geyser and one of the world's most impressive examples of the phenomenon. The English word geyser to describe a spouting hot spring derives from Geysir (which itself is derived from the Icelandic verb "gjósa" meaning to erupt. The English verb "gush" is probably related to that word). Geysir lies on the slopes of Laugarfjall hill at, which is also the home to Strokkur geyser about 400 metres south.
Eruptions at Geysir can hurl boiling water up to 60 metres in the air. However, eruptions may be infrequent, and have in the past stopped altogether for years at a time.

Lens, Pas-de-Calais
Lens is a city in the Pas-de-Calais department of France. Today, about 36.000 people live there. The city has an important history of mining. There is also the Racing Club de Lens, a well-known French soccer team. Paris is 200km to the south, Lille is 40 km to the north, Douai is 15 km to the east, and Arras is 20km to the south.
The city is very old, though no one knows exactly how old. Ruins of Ancient Roman settlements have been found.

Music recording sales certification
Music recording sales certification is a system of showing that a music recording has sold a certain number of copies.
Almost all countries follow have a similar way of doing this based on the RIAA certification categories, which are named after gold, platinum and diamond (silver is also used in some countries). The number of sales required for these awards varies depending on the population of the territory in which the album is released. Normally they are awarded only to albums released at least across a whole country and are awarded individually for each country in which the album is sold. Additionally, different sales levels may exist for different music media, such as albums, singles, or videos.

List of music recording sales certifications
The global music industry typically awards recordings with certification awards based on the total units sold. These awards and their sales requirements are defined by the various certifying bodies representing the music industry in various countries and territories worldwide. The standard certification awards given consist of various combinations of Silver, Gold, Platinum, and Diamond awards, in ascending order of sales requirements. In most cases, a "Multi-Platinum" or "Multi-Diamond" award is given for sales in multiples of the Platinum or Diamond sales requirements.
Albums.
"—" denotes that an award is not given by the certifying body.
I Egyptian, Lebanese, and Gulf State domestic figures refer to sales of domestic releases throughout the greater Arab world.
II Hungarian sales figures provided refer to "Pop" albums. A separate scale is used for jazz, spoken word, classical, and world music albums: sales exceeding 1,500 and 3,000 for Gold and Platinum awards respectively.
III Indian figures provided refer to "National Basic" and "International" scales. However, there are six separate release scales in all. Each scale is provided here with Gold and Platinum sales thresholds in parenthesis: "Hindi Films" (100,000, 200,000); "Regional Films" (50,000, 100,000); "Regional Basic" (25,000, 50,000); "National Basic" (50,000, 100,000); "Classical/Non-Classical" (15,000, 30,000); and "International" (5,000, 7,500).
IV Mexican sales figures provided refer to physical album sales. A separate scale is used for digital album sales via digital download: sales exceeding 5,000, 10,000, and 250,000 for Gold, Platinum, and Diamond awards respectively. Gold and platinum album certifications for productions before 2007 differ; 50,000 and 100,000, respectively.
V Dutch sales figures provided refer to "Popular" albums. A separate scale is used for jazz, classical, and world music albums: sales exceeding 10,000 and 20,000 for Gold and Platinum awards respectively.
VI Polish sales figures provided refer to "Pop" albums. Separate scales are used for jazz/classical albums, and soundtracks. Each scale is provided here with Gold, Platinum, and Diamond sales thresholds in parenthesis: "Jazz/Classical" (5,000, 10,000, 50,000); and "Soundtracks" (10,000, 20,000, 100,000).
VII Swedish sales figures provided refer to "Pop" albums. A separate scale is used for jazz, classical, and folk music albums: sales exceeding 10,000 and 20,000 for Gold and Platinum awards respectively.
VIII South African sales figures provided refer to albums released after 1 August 2006. For albums released before 1 August 2006, a Gold award is given for sales exceeding 25,000, a Platinum award for sales exceeding 50,000.
Singles.
"—" denotes that an award is not given by the certifying body.
IX German, Norwegian, Swedish, and British figures can include sales from legal digital downloads.
Digital download singles.
"—" denotes that an award is not given by the certifying body.
X Japanese awards refer to online singles and mobile singles.
XI Japanese digital download sales exceeding 1 million are given the "1 million" award, not "Diamond".
Music videos.
"—" denotes that an award is not given by the certifying body.
XII Polish sales figures provided refer to "Pop" music videos. A separate scale is used for jazz/classical music videos: sales exceeding 2,500, 5,000, and 25,000 for Gold, Platinum, and Diamond awards respectively.
XIII American sales figures provided refer to "Video singles". A separate scale is used for "Long form videos" and "Multi-Box Music Video Sets": sales exceeding 50,000 and 100,000 for Gold and Platinum awards respectively.
Video/DVD.
"—" denotes that an award is not given by the certifying body.
XIV Danish DVD sales figures provided refer to Music/Single DVDs. Other "Entertainment DVDs" are on a differing scale: sales exceeding 20,000 and 40,000 for Gold and Platinum awards respectively.
XV Hungarian DVD sales figures provided refer to "Pop" DVDs. A separate scale is used for jazz, spoken word, classical, and world music DVDs: sales exceeding 1,000 and 2,000 for Gold and Platinum awards respectively.
Master ring tones.
"—" denotes that an award is not given by the certifying body.
XVI Japanese master ring tone sales exceeding 500,000, 750,000, and 1 million are given the "Double Platinum", "Triple Platinum", and "1 million" awards respectively, not "Gold", "Platinum", or "Diamond".

Canadian Recording Industry Association
The Canadian Recording Industry Association is a non-profit trade organization that was founded in 1964 to represent the interests of Canadian companies that create, manufacture and market sound recordings in Canada. The organization is based in Toronto.
CRIA is governed by a board of directors who are elected annually by CRIA members. To be eligible for election a candidate for the board must be among the chief executive officers of member companies of the organization. Graham Henderson (Universal Music Canada) is the current president of the CRIA.
Album certifications.
Note: Multi-Platinum refers to how many times the album has reached 100,000 units sold.

British Phonographic Industry
The British Phonographic Industry (BPI) is the British record industry's trade association. Its membership comprises hundreds of music companies including all four 'major' record companies (Warner Music Group, EMI, Sony BMG, and Universal Music Group), associate members such as manufacturers and distributors, and hundreds of independent music companies representing literally thousands of labels.
It has represented the interests of British record companies since being formally incorporated in 1973 when the principal aim was to fight copyright infringement.
It founded the annual BRIT Awards for the British music industry, as well as the Mercury Prize for the Album of the Year.
Sales certificates.
The British Phonographic Industry awards certificates for music releases in Britain. The level of the award varies depending on the format of the release and the amount sold. BPI certificates are not automatic; the record company must pay a fee to the BPI and they carry out an audit into the release in question. Certificates are usually awarded on the basis of the amount of units the release has shipped, rather than the amount it has sold.

Gramophone record
A gramophone record (also known as phonograph record, or simply record) is an analog sound storage medium consisting of a flat disc with an inscribed modulated spiral groove usually starting near the periphery and ending near the center of the disc. When made of vinyl they were also known as vinyl records.

Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks
Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks (originally called Mainstream Rock Tracks) is a ranking in "Billboard" magazine of the most-played songs on mainstream rock radio stations, a category that includes stations that play primarily rock music but are not modern rock (that is, "alternative") stations, which are counted in the Hot Modern Rock Tracks chart.

1959-60 NHL season
The 1959–60 NHL season was the 43rd season of the National Hockey League. The Montreal Canadiens were the Stanley Cup winners as they defeated the Toronto Maple Leafs four games to none for their fifth straight Stanley Cup.
Scoring leaders.
"Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points"
Leading goaltenders.
"Note: GP = Games played; MIN = Minutes played; GA = Goals against; SO = Shut outs; AVG = Goals against average"
Semifinals.
Chicago Black Hawks vs. Montreal Canadiens
"Montreal wins best-of-seven series 4 games to 0"
Detroit Red Wings vs. Toronto Maple Leafs
"Toronto wins best-of-seven series 4 games to 2"
Finals.
Toronto Maple Leafs vs. Montreal Canadiens
"Montreal wins best-of-seven series 4 games to 0"
Playoff leading scorers.
"Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points"

Sabellianism
Sabelianism is a position in Christian theology. It is against to the idea of the trinity. Sabellianism is also known as modalism, modalistic monarchianism, or modal monarchism. Basically, the teaching says that God has three masks, and humans see him in three different ways, but he is in fact only one.
Those in favor.
Historic Sabellianism taught that God the Father was the only person of the Godhead, a belief known as Monarchianism. One author has described Sabellius' teaching thus: "The true question, therefore, turns on this, viz., what is it which constitutes what we name ‘person’ in the Godhead? Is it original, substantial, essential to divinity itself? Or does it belong to and arise from the exhibitions and developments which the divine Being has made of himself to his creatures? The former Sabellius denied; the latter he fully admitted."
Modalists say that the only number given to God in the Holy Bible is "One". Christian texts do not explicitley talk about God being "three". The number three is never mentioned in texts talking about God. The number three is the number that is central to the word "Trinity". There is one text known as Comma Johanneum which may be an exception to this. The comma Johanneum is a disputed text passage in First John. The text is mainly known from the King James Version of the Bible and some versions of the Textus Receptus. It is usually not included in modern critical texts. Modalism has been mainly associated with Sabellius, who taught a form of it in Rome in the third century.
Hippolytus of Rome knew Sabellius personally and mentioned him in the "Philosophumena". He knew Sabellius disliked Trinitarian theology, but he said Modal Monarchism was the heresy of Noetos, not that of Sabellius.
Christians in Cyrenaica liked Sabellianism, and converted to it. Demetrius, Patriarch of Alexandria, wrote many< letters to them arguing against this belief.
Critics.
The primary critic was Tertullian, who said that they crucified the Father.
It is important to note that our only sources available for our understanding of Sabellianism are from people who opposed it. Scholars today do not agree what exactly Sabellius or Praxeus taught. It is easy to think Tertullian and Hippolytus misrepresented the opinions of their opponents.
Tertullian seems to suggest that the majority of believers at that time favoured the Sabellian view of the oneness of God. Epiphanius (Haeres 62) about 375 AD notes that Sabellius still had many followers, both in Mesopotamia and at Rome. The second general council at Constantinople in 533 AD declared the baptism of Sabellius to be invalid, which indicates that Sabellianism was still around.
Its position today.
Sabellianism has been rejected by the majority of Christian churches in favour of Trinitarianism. This was done through the Athanasian Creed, which says that God is three distinct persons. Each one of the three is equal to the others, and eternal in the same way than the other two.
Michael Servetus and Emanuel Swedenborg were scientists of the 16th and 17th century. Some of the tests thy have written seem to suggest that they were in favor of Modalism. Neither of the two describes God as appearing in three modes. Both describe him as the One Divine Person, Jesus Christ, who has a Divine Soul of Love, Divine Mind of Truth, and Divine Body of Activity. Jesus merged his human form with the divine. By doing this, he became entirely One with His Divine Soul from the Father in such a way that the persons could no longer be kept apart.
Oneness Pentecostalism teaches that the Father (a spirit) is united with Jesus (a man) as the Son of God. However, Oneness Pentecostalism is very different from Sabellianism, because it rejects sequential modalism. They also say that Jesus was just a normal man. This directly opposes the idea that Jesus existed before he came to Earth.Sabellianism does not reject this idea.
Oneness Pentecostaliasm and Sabellianism can be compared ot each other, because they are both Notrinitarian. There are several differences between both positions though.

Tritheism
Tritheism is the belief that there are three distinct, powerful gods, who form a triad. Generally three gods are believed to have separate powers and separate supreme beings or spheres of influence but working together. In this respect tritheism differs from dualism, which typically envisages two opposed Divine powers in conflict with one another.
Ironically, there is no group that claims to believe in or teach tritheism; the term is solely used as an accusation against others, somewhat similar to the usage of the word "cult", in accusing a group of holding an alternate or distorted view of the Christian doctrine of Trinity. The main branches consider tritheism heretical.

Book of Jeremiah
The Book of Jeremiah, or Jeremiah (יִרְמְיָהוּ Yirməyāhū in Hebrew), is part of the Hebrew Bible, Judaism's Tanakh, and later became a part of Christianity's Old Testament.

Book of Lamentations
The Book of Lamentations ("Eikha", ʾēḫā(h)) is a book of the Bible Old Testament and Jewish Tanakh. It is traditionally read by the Jewish people on Tisha B'Av, the fast day that commemorates the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem.

Book of Ezekiel
The Book of Ezekiel is a book of the Hebrew Bible (of the Books of the Bible) named after the prophet Ezekiel.

Book of Daniel
The Book of Daniel (דניאל), originally written in Hebrew and Aramaic, is a book in both the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh) and the Christian Old Testament.

Book of Amos
The Book of Amos is one of the books of the Nevi'im (Hebrew: "prophets") and of the Christian Old Testament. Amos is one of the minor prophets.

Washington Mutual
Washington Mutual (abbreviated to WaMu) () was the United States' largest savings and loan association. Despite its name, it ceased being a mutual company in 1983 when it began to be publicly traded on the New York Stock Exchange.
On September 25, 2008, the 119th anniversary of WaMu's founding, the United States Office of Thrift Supervision (OTS) announced that it was seizing the bank and would sell most of its functional assets to JPMorgan Chase. WaMu's collapse is the largest U.S. bank failure in history. At the time of the collapse, it was the sixth-largest bank in the United States. According to Washington Mutual's 2007 SEC filing, it held assets valued at $327.9/Billion Dollars.

Gray's Anatomy
"Henry Gray's Anatomy of the Human Body" (or "Gray's Anatomy") is an English-language human anatomy textbook.
It was first called "Gray's Anatomy: Descriptive and Surgical" in the United Kingdom in 1858, and in the United States in 1859.

Gray's Anatomy for Students
Gray's Anatomy for Students is an anatomy textbook following the same idea as the famous Gray's Anatomy for medical students. The book is famous for its detailed drawings and style.
The first edition was published in 2004.

Vidrişoara River
The Vidrişoara River is a tributary of the Arieşul Mic River in Romania. That means it flows into the Arieşul Mic River.

Vidra River (Firiza)
The Vidra River is a tributary of the Firiza River in Romania. That means it flows into the Firiza River.

Killing Joke
Killing Joke are an industrial rock band from England. They have been called a key influence on the industrial rock genre.

Vezurişte River
The Vezurişte River is a tributary of the Vârciorog River in Romania. That means it flows into the Vârciorog River.

Văruţu River
The Văruţu River is a tributary of the Valea Satului River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Satului River.

Ungureni River
The Ungureni River or Vârtop River is a tributary of the Bălăşiţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bălăşiţa River.

Veneţia River
The Veneţia River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Verdele River (Şoimu)
The Verdele River is a tributary of the Şoimu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Şoimu River.

Dave Finlay
David Finlay (born October 20, 1958) is a professional wrestler and road agent from Belfast, Northern Ireland. He is currently wrestling on the ECW brand of World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) under the ring name Finlay. He has held both the WCW World Television Championship and the WWE United States Championship.

Chris Jericho
Christopher Keith Irvine (born November 9, 1970), better known by his ring name Chris Jericho, is an American-born Canadian television and stage actor, author, radio host, rock musician, and professional wrestler. He is currently signed to World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), wrestling on its Raw brand.
Jericho is also known for his appearances with World Championship Wrestling (WCW) and Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) and internationally in Canadian, Mexican and Japanese promotions.
As a part of WWE, he is credited as being the first-ever Undisputed Champion in professional wrestling history. Also, he has won the Intercontinental Championship a record eight times. Jericho is a four-time world champion, having won the WCW World Heavyweight Championship twice, the aforementioned Undisputed Championship, and the World Heavyweight Championship. He is also the Ninth Triple Crown Champion and Third Grand Slam Champion.
Jericho is also the frontman of Fozzy, an American heavy metal band.

Charles Curtis
Charles Curtis (January 25, 1860 – February 8, 1936) was a Representative and a Senator from Kansas as well as the thirty-first Vice President of the United States.

Paul Wight
Paul Randall Wight (born February 8, 1972 in Tampa Bay, Florida), better known by his ring name, (The) Big Show, is an American professional wrestler and actor, currently signed to World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), wrestling on its SmackDown brand. He is also known for his career in World Championship Wrestling (WCW), where he wrestled as The Giant from June 1995 to December 1998. He is the only man in the history of wrestling to win the WWE Championship, WCW World Heavyweight Championship and the ECW World Championship, even though his ECW Title win was after the company became a WWE property.

Robert Guiscard
Robert Guiscard (Hauteville-la-Guichard, France, 1015 - Kefalonia, Greece, July 15, 1085), was a Norman adventurer.
Biography.
Robert de Hauteville, dubbed "Guiscard", was born at Hauteville, near Coutances (Normandy). He was the sixth son of Tancred of Hauteville and eldest by his second wife Fressenda (or Fredesenda), daughter of Duke Richard I of Normandy.
Like many other impoverished Norman knights (Rainulf Drengot, William Ironarm, and more), Robert de Hauteville went to Italy, arriving there about 1046. After serving in the forces of the prince lombard of Capua, Pandulf, he organized an army to secure possessions for himself in Calabria. In 1053, when the Pope Leo IX attempted to expel the Normans from the South Italy, Robert Guiscard played an important role in defeating the papal forces at Civitate, near the modern city of San Severo (Province of Foggia).
After the death in 1057 of his older brother Humphrey, count of Apulia, Guiscard became leader of the Normans in Italy. The pope, seeking independence from the Holy Roman Empire, decided to enlist the Normans as allies. In 1059 the French Pope Nicholas II created Robert "by the Grace of God and Saint Peter, duke of Apulia and Calabria and, with their help, hereafter of Sicily" ("Robertus Guiscardus, Normannus Dux Apuliae, Calabriae et Siciliae"). In return, Robert acknowledged the pope as his feudal overlord. Sicily was in Byzantine hands at the time and so Robert and his brother Roger Bosso embarked on a series of campaigns, capturing Messina in 1061 and Palermo in 1072.
Turning his attention to the Balkans in 1081, Guiscard gained a great victory over the Byzantine emperor Alexius I Comnenus at Durazzo (Albania). In Greece, his campaigns at Macedonia and Thessalia were being carried on, meanwhile, by his son Bohamund. Robert was recalled from his victorious campaigns in 1084 to go to the aid of Pope Gregory VII, who was besieged in the castle of Sant'Angelo by Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV. Robert drove Henry from Rome, and reduced one-third of the city to ashes. Because of the unpopularity of Gregory VII in Rome, he took the pope to Monte Cassino. Robert then went to the support of Bohamund in the Greek campaign but died of fever at Kefalonia a few weeks later (July 1085). He was buried in the Hauteville family mausoleum of the Trinity Abbey (SS. Trinità) at Venosa. The town of Fiscardo on Kefalonia is named after him.

William A. Wheeler
William Almon Wheeler (June 30, 1819 – June 4, 1887) was a Representative from New York and the nineteenth Vice President of the United States.

Schuyler Colfax
Schuyler (pronounced "Sky-ler") Colfax, Jr. (March 23, 1823 – January 13, 1885) was a U.S. Representative from Indiana, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and the seventeenth Vice President of the United States.
Legacy.
The towns of Colfax, California, Colfax, Washington, and Colfax, Louisiana, are named for Schuyler Colfax. The "Jewel of the Midwest," Schuyler, Nebraska, named after Colfax, is the county seat of Colfax County, Nebraska. The now ghost town of Colfax, Colorado was named after him. Colfax County, New Mexico is named after the Speaker as well. In addition, the "main street" traversing Aurora, Denver, and Lakewood, Colorado and abutting the Colorado State Capitol is named "Colfax Avenue" in the politician's honor.

Henry Wilson
Henry Wilson (February 16, 1812 – November 22, 1875) was a Senator from Massachusetts and the eighteenth Vice President of the United States.

Hubert Humphrey
Hubert Horatio Humphrey, Jr. (May 27, 1911 – January 13, 1978) was the thirty-eighth Vice President of the United States, serving under President Lyndon B. Johnson. Humphrey twice served as a United States Senator from Minnesota, and served as Democratic Majority Whip. He was a founder of the Minnesota Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party and Americans for Democratic Action. He also served as mayor of Minneapolis, Minnesota, 1945–1949. In 1968, Humphrey was the nominee of the Democratic Party in the United States presidential election but narrowly lost to the Republican nominee, Richard Nixon.

Alben W. Barkley
Alben William Barkley (November 24, 1877 – April 30, 1956) was a Democratic member of the U.S. House of Representatives and the United States Senate from Paducah, Kentucky, majority leader of the Senate, and the thirty-fifth Vice President of the United States.

John Nance Garner
John Nance Garner IV nicknamed "Cactus Jack" (November 22, 1868 – November 7, 1967) was the forty-fourth Speaker of the United States House of Representatives (1931-33) and the thirty-second Vice President of the United States (1933-41).

Thomas A. Hendricks
Thomas Andrews Hendricks (September 7 1819 – November 25 1885) was a U.S. Representative and a Senator from Indiana, a Governor of Indiana, and the twenty-first Vice President of the United States (serving with Grover Cleveland).

Levi P. Morton
Levi Parsons Morton (May 16, 1824 – May 16, 1920) was a Representative from New York and the twenty-second Vice President of the United States. He also later served as Governor of New York.

Garret Hobart
Garret Augustus Hobart (June 3 1844 – November 21 1899) was the twenty-fourth Vice President of the United States.

Charles W. Fairbanks
Charles Warren Fairbanks (May 11, 1852 – June 4, 1918) was a Senator from Indiana and the twenty-sixth Vice President of the United States.

Thomas R. Marshall
Thomas Riley Marshall (March 14, 1854 – June 1, 1925) was an American politician who served as the twenty-eighth Vice President of the United States of America under Woodrow Wilson from 1913 to 1921.

Charles G. Dawes
Charles Gates Dawes (August 27, 1865 – April 23, 1951) was an American banker and politician who was the thirtieth Vice President of the United States. For his work on the Dawes Plan for World War I reparations he was a co-recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize. He served in the First World War, was U.S. Comptroller of the Currency and the first director of the Bureau of the Budget, and in later life the U.S. ambassador to the United Kingdom.

Rainulf Drengot
Rainulf Drengot (dead in 1045) was a Norman adventurer.
In 1016, Rainulf went in the South Italy where he was a mercenary. In 1030, Drengot was the first count of Aversa (near Naples) and was married to the duke of Naples’s daughter.

Gregg Gillis
Gregg Gillis, better known by his stage name Girl Talk, is an American musian who remixes music. Gillis, who lives in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, has released four LPs on Illegal Art and EPs on 333 and 12 Apostles record labels. He began making music while studying Biomedical Engineering at Case Western Reserve University. He specializes in mash-up style remixes, in which he uses often a dozen or more unauthorized samples from different songs to create a new song; "The New York Times Magazine" has called his music "a lawsuit waiting to happen."
Awards.
In 2007, Gillis was the winner of Wired Magazine's Rave Award.

A∴A∴
The A∴A∴ (Latin: "Argenteum Astrum" or Greek: "Άστρον Αργόν", "Astron Argon", both literally; "Silver star", alternately, Latin: "Arcanum Arcanorum", is a magical order created by Aleister Crowley in 1907 after leaving the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn. It is a Thelemic magical fraternity in which the holy book of the order is "The Book of the Law". Its motto is: "The method of science, the aim of religion." While the A∴A∴ was not part of Ordo Templi Orientis, the O.T.O. did consider the A∴A∴ to be a close ally.
Various lineages of the A∴A∴ survive today that can be traced back to the founders Aleister Crowley and George Cecil Jones.

The Book of the Law
The Book of the Law is the central sacred text of Thelema, written by Aleister Crowley in Cairo, Egypt in the year 1904. Its full title is "Liber AL vel Legis, sub figura CCXX, as delivered by XCIII=418 to DCLXVI", and it is commonly referred to as Liber AL vel Legis or just "Liber Al". It contains three chapters, each of which was written down in one hour, beginning at noon, on April 8, April 9, and April 10.

Ordo Templi Orientis
Ordo Templi Orientis (O.T.O.) ("Order of the Temple of the East", or the "Order of Oriental Templars") is an international fraternal and religious organization founded at the beginning of the 20th century. Originally it was intended to be modelled after and associated with Freemasonry, but under the leadership of Aleister Crowley was reorganized based on the Law of Thelema as its central religious principle along with the "The Book of the Law". Similar to many secret societies, O.T.O. membership is based on an initiatory system with a series of degree ceremonies that use ritual drama to establish fraternal bonds and impart spiritual and philosophical teachings.
O.T.O. also includes the Ecclesia Gnostica Catholica (EGC) or Gnostic Catholic Church, which is the ecclesiastical arm of the Order. Its central rite, which is public, is the Gnostic Mass.

Luther Bible
The Luther Bible is a German Bible translation by Martin Luther, first printed with both testaments in 1534.

Wyclif's Bible
Wyclif's Bible is the name now given to a group of Bible translations into Middle English, that were made under the direction of, or at the instigation of, John Wycliffe. They appeared over a period from approximately 1382 to 1395.
These Bible translations were the chief inspiration and chief cause of the Lollard movement, a pre-Reformation movement that rejected many of the distinctive teachings of the Roman Catholic Church.

Jens Jeremies
Jens Jeremies is a former football player. He has played for Germany national team.

The Football League 1890-91
Statistics of The Football League in season 1890/1891.
Overview.
It was performed in 12 teams, and Everton won the championship.

Football League of Ireland Premier Division 1927-28
Statistics of Football League of Ireland Premier Division in season 1927/1928.
Overview.
It was performed in 10 teams, and Bohemians won the championship.

Colombian Professional Football 1952
Statistics of Colombian Professional Football in season 1952.
Overview.
It was performed in 15 teams, and Los Millonarios won the championship.

Division 1 1983-84
Statistics of Division 1 in season 1983/1984.
Overview.
It was contested by 20 teams, and Girondins Bordeaux won the championship.

Division 1 1984-85
Statistics of Division 1 in season 1984/1985.
Overview.
It was contested by 20 teams, and Girondins Bordeaux won the championship.

Division 1 1985-86
Statistics of Division 1 in season 1985/1986.
Overview.
It was contested by 20 teams, and Paris Saint-Germain won the championship.

Division 1 1986-87
Statistics of Division 1 in season 1986/1987.
Overview.
It was contested by 20 teams, and Girondins Bordeaux won the championship.

Division 1 1987-88
Statistics of Division 1 in season 1987/1988.
Overview.
It was contested by 20 teams, and Monaco won the championship.

La Liga 1987-88
Statistics of La Liga in season 1987/1988.
Overview.
It was contested by 20 teams, and Real Madrid won the championship.

La Liga 1988-89
Statistics of La Liga in season 1988/1989.
Overview.
It was contested by 20 teams, and Real Madrid won the championship.

Ferenc Puskás
Ferenc Puskás (April 2, 1927 - November 17, 2006) is a former Hungarian football player. He has played for Hungary national team and Spain national team.

Michel Platini
Michel Platini (born 21 June, 1955) is a former French football player. He has played for France national team.

Hidetoshi Nakata
Hidetoshi Nakata (born 22 January, 1977) is a former Japanese football player. He has played for Japan national team.

The Football League 1891-92
Statistics of The Football League in season 1891/1892.
Overview.
It was performed in 14 teams, and Sunderland won the championship.

Football League of Ireland Premier Division 1928-29
Statistics of Football League of Ireland Premier Division in season 1928/1929.
Overview.
It was performed in 10 teams, and Shelbourne won the championship.

Colombian Professional Football 1953
Statistics of Colombian Professional Football in season 1953.
Overview.
It was performed in 12 teams, and Los Millonarios won the championship.

Division 1 1972-73
Statistics of Division 1 in season 1972/1973.
Overview.
It was contested by 20 teams, and Nantes won the championship.

Division 1 1973-74
Statistics of Division 1 in season 1973/1974.
Overview.
It was contested by 20 teams, and Saint-Étienne won the championship.

Division 1 1974-75
Statistics of Division 1 in season 1974/1975.
Overview.
It was performed in 20 teams, and Saint-Étienne won the championship.

Division 1 1975-76
Statistics of Division 1 in season 1975/1976.
Overview.
It was contested by 20 teams, and Saint-Étienne won the championship.

Division 1 1976-77
Statistics of Division 1 in season 1976/1977.
Overview.
It was contested by 20 teams, and Nantes won the championship.

Division 1 1977-78
Statistics of Division 1 in season 1977/1978.
Overview.
It was contested by 20 teams, and Monaco won the championship.

Division 1 1978-79
Statistics of Division 1 in season 1978/1979.
Overview.
It was contested by 20 teams, and Strasbourg won the championship.

Division 1 1979-80
Statistics of Division 1 in season 1979/1980.
Overview.
It was contested by 20 teams, and Nantes won the championship.

Relient K
Relient K are an American band from Ohio. Their music has been considered Pop punk and Christian rock. They have released five studio albums and several EPS. Their album "The Bird and the Bee Sides" was released in July 2 2008.
There has been criticism about whether the band are in the Christian music genre. Not all the songs mention God or focus on Christian faith. Matt Theiseen has said "we really don't care, you can call us rock 'n roll or Christian rock or whatever, and we can tour with this band or that band, but at the end of the day, we're doing what we want, and writing from our hearts".
Formation and other information.
Relient K formed as a four member band back in 1998. At the time they were still attending high school. The members have changed a little since then, but the two Matthews are still there.
The song "Hoopes I did It Again", from their third album, may remind one of Brittany Spears, but it's referring to Matt Hoopes' last name. In the song, during the first verse, the two Matts sing back to each other as if in a phone conversation.
For their fourth album, they added stuff like a banjo and another guitar player, because they wanted more piano in their music, and the addition of another guitar player made this possible for Matt. The fourth album was titled "Mmhmm". It can be pronounced different ways, and can also be written as "MMHMM" or "MmHmm".
Sense of humor.
Relient K is known for their brand of tongue-in cheek humor. Tongue-in-cheek meaning when words are said only half seriously. They used this in many of their earlier songs such as "Marilyn Manson Ate My Girlfriend" "Nancy Drew" (a song about the fictional character) and "May the Horse Be With You" (which clearly plays on the popular Star Wars phrase).
Their second album was indeed titled "The Anatomy of the Tongue in Cheek" although you could argue the third album used more humor.

Hieronymus Bosch
Hieronymus Bosch (, Dutch, born Jeroen Anthonissen van Aken c. 1450 – August 9, 1516) was an Early Netherlandish painter of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Many of his works depict sin and human moral failings.
Bosch used images of demons, half-human animals and machines to evoke fear and confusion to portray the evil of man. His works contain complex, highly original, imaginative, and dense use of symbolic figures and iconography, some of which was obscure even in his own time.

Bush (band)
Bush were a British post-grunge band, formed in London in 1992. Their debut album was the self-released "Sixteen Stone" in 1994. They have sold well over 10 million records in the United States. The band, while hugely successful in the United States, was less well known in their native UK and enjoyed only marginal success there.

Fell on Black Days
"Fell on Black Days" is a song by the American rock band Soundgarden, released in 1994 as the fifth single from the band's fourth studio album, "Superunknown" (1994). The song peaked at number four on the "Billboard" Mainstream Rock Tracks chart. It would later appear on the band's greatest hits album "A-Sides" and the 2007 Chris Cornell compilation "The Roads We Choose - A Retrospective".
Composition.
The song was written by frontman Chris Cornell. The time signature of the song is in 6/4.
Lyrics.
"Fell on Black Days" was like this ongoing fear I've had for years...It's a feeling that everyone gets. You're happy with your life, everything's going well, things are exciting - when all of a sudden you realise you're unhappy in the extreme, to the point of being really, really scared. There's no particular event you can pin the feeling down to, it's just that you realise one day that everything in your life is FUCKED!
Release and reception.
It was released as a single in a large number of different versions, each with different B-sides. Several of the singles featured an original demo version of the song. This demo is completely different from the more familiar version. It features different lyrics and music, with considerably heavier drop-D guitar. Only the chorus contains lyrical similarities to the final version. Soundgarden performed this version live on Pearl Jam's "Self-Pollution" radio broadcast in early 1995.
It appeared on "Billboard" magazine's Hot 100 Airplay chart, peaking at number 54 in its tenth week and remaining on the chart until its twentieth week. The song peaked at number four on the "Billboard" Mainstream Rock Tracks chart and number 13 on the "Billboard" Modern Rock Tracks chart.
Outside of the United States, the single was released in Australia and the United Kingdom. In Canada, the song reached the top 70 on the Canadian Singles Chart and remained in the top 70 for two weeks. "Fell on Black Days" reached the top 50 in the Netherlands and in Ireland it was a moderate top 20 success.
After the September 11, 2001 attacks, Clear Channel included the song on its list of possibly inappropriate songs.
Music video.
In the music video, the band was filmed performing the song in-studio, with Brendan O'Brien producing the recording. The video was directed by Jake Scott. The video was released in November 1994. It is available on the CD-ROM "Alive in the Superunknown". The video version of the track can be found on the "Fell on Black Days" single and "Songs from the Superunknown".
Live performances.
A live version of the song appears on the "Black Hole Sun" and "Fell on Black Days" singles.
In 2005, when Audioslave toured with Seether, Cornell sang "Fell on Black Days" with Shaun Morgan, Seether's lead vocalist.
Cover versions.
In 2006, Classic Case did a cover of "Fell on Black Days" on the band's "Black Unicorn" Split EP with "He is Legend".

Pallas' Cat
Pallas' Cat ("Felis manul"), also known as the manul, is a small wild cat of Central Asia.

Pollock Halls of Residence
The Pollock Halls of Residence are buildings in Edinburgh, Scotland. They are home to students of the University of Edinburgh.

Scarborough railway station
Scarborough railway station is a railway station in Scarborough, North Yorkshire, England. It opened in 1845. Until 1950 it served a line to Pickering and in 1965 to Whitby.

Methil
Methil is a town in Fife, Scotland. There used to be a power station there.

Chris Brown (album)
"Chris Brown" is the first album by Chris Brown. The album was released November of 2005. He had made several songs on the album sound anywhere from rap and hip hop to dance and R&B. He released five popular singles off the album. His first was a pop and hip hop song called "Run It!" featuring Juelz Santana.

Economy of Pakistan
Pakistan is a nation with a diverse economy that include textiles, chemicals, food processing, agriculture and other industries. It is the 25th largest economy in the world.

National Stock Exchange of Pakistan
The Karachi Stock Exchange or KSE is a stock exchange located in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Founded in 1947, it is Pakistan's largest and oldest stock exchange.

Vidolm River
The Vidolm River is a tributary of the Arieş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Arieş River.

Vica River
The Vica River is a tributary of the Gurasada River in Romania. That means it flows into the Gurasada River.

Vetijgat River
The Vetijgat River is a tributary of the Sânmiclăuş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Sânmiclăuş River.

Verdele River (Bălosu)
The Verdele River is a tributary of the Bălosu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bălosu River.

Velicanul River
The Velicanul River is a tributary of the Valea Glăjăriei in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Glăjăriei River.

Vătăşniţa River
The Vătăşniţa River a tributary of the Pârâul Ţigăncilor in Romania. That means it flows into the Pârâul Ţigăncilor.

Vărsăturile River
The Vărsăturile River is a tributary of the Vărbilău River in Romania. That means it flows into the Vărbilău River.

Flora and fauna of Pakistan
The land of Pakistan including Jammu and Kashmir has varied eco-zones resulting in varied fauna and flora.
Current condition.
Vast Indus plains have had vegetation taken away to grow crops. Very little wildlife lives there and only animals like the jackal, mongoose, jungle cat, civet cat, scaly anteater, desert cat and the wild hare live in these areas.
Parts of Thal desert and Cholistan desert are now being irrigated. The Chinkara is the only animal living there now. The blackbuck, who lived there once in big numbers, is now extinct. However, efforts are being made to reintroduce them back into the country.
Irrigated forest plantations are now being made. These give very good conditons for chinkara, hog deer and blue bull to live in.
The striped hyena and the wolf are found almost everywhere in the country. However, little is known about the black bear and brown bear populations.
Birds of prey like the peregrine, cherrug or saker falcons, tawny eagle, imperial and greater spotted eagles, osprey, shikra, and the black-winged kite live throughout Pakistan but their population statuses are unknown.

Văratica River
The Văratica River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Vâna River
The Vâna River is a tributary of the Şurgani River in Romania. That means it flows into the Şurgani River. In the past the Vâna River was a brach of the Şurgani River.

Resurrection of Jesus
The resurrection of Jesus is a core event in the body of Christian beliefs. According to the New Testament, Jesus was crucified, died, buried within a tomb, and resurrected three days later.

Executive branch
The "Executive Branch" is the legal partition of a nation or a state government. It is headed up by the executive sometimes refered to as the "Chief" executive, as the root word suggests it "executes" or acts to enforce the laws assigned to it by an applicable Constitution. In as much as it is a branch of a government the laws over which the executive resides are carried out by his subordinates either who themselves oversee various bureaucracies.

Crucifixion of Jesus
The crucifixion of Jesus is an event recorded in all four gospels which takes place after his arrest and trial. It includes his scourging, crucifixion on the cross, and burial. In Christian theology, the death of Jesus by crucifixion is a core event on which much teaching depends, representing a critical aspect of the doctrine of salvation.
Christians believe that Jesus was God in human form. Since he was God, he could not die. After he died on the Cross on Friday, he went down to Hell to free souls of those who had died before Jesus' coming. On Sunday, Christians believe that Jesus came back to life and left the tomb (the place where he was buried).
The crucifixion is necessary to Christianity. Christians believe that Jesus suffered very much on the cross as a way of paying for all of mankind's sins (sins = bad actions, thoughts, deeds, etc). By taking on all of this suffering, mankind was freed from the punishment that God should have given to man (because of man's weakness and bad choices in life).
The crucifixion itself is a sad event as Jesus had to suffer horribly. His friends and his own mother had to witness it. However, this was necessary for him to come back to life and to show that death has no power over him. Through the crucifixion, Christians believe that God has set us free and shown to the world that Jesus is God and that life is forever. Jesus sacrificed himself for all of mankind to show his love.
A "passion play" is a play that tells this story of Jesus' trial and then his crucifixion. A recent version, "The Passion", was produced and released by Mel Gibson. It was and still is very popular with Christians and non-Christians alike.

Jim Ross
James William "Jim" Ross (born January 3 1952 in Fort Bragg, California) is a professional wrestling commentator. He is also known by his nicknames Good Ol' J.R. or simply J.R.. Ross is a restaurateur, professional wrestling commentator and former company executive. He is most well known for working for World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) as a play-by-play commentator. He is currently working on its SmackDown brand.

King of the Ring
King of the Ring is a professional wrestling single-elimination tournament held by World Wrestling Entertainment. The tournament was held annually from 1985 to 2002 (except for 1992), and from 1993 until 2002, the tournament was produced as a pay-per-view event.

John Layfield
John Charles Layfield (born November 29, 1966) known by his current ring name John "Bradshaw" Layfield or JBL, is an American professional wrestler. He is currently working for World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), previously known as World Wrestling Federation (WWF), wrestling on its "Raw" brand. He is the longest reigning World Champion in SmackDown history, the brand which he recently left his position as a color commentator to restart his career as an in-ring competitor.

Mary J. Blige
Mary Jane Blige (or simply Mary J Blige, born January 11, 1971) is an R&B, rap and pop singer. She released 8 studio albums, 30 singles, and 5 other albums.
Music Career.
In 1988, Blige recorded an impromptu cover of Anita Baker's "Caught Up in the Rapture" at a recording booth in a local mall. Her mother's boyfriend at the time later played the cassette for Jeff Redd, a recording artist and A&R runner for Uptown Records. Redd then sent it to the president and CEO of the label, Andre Harrell. Harrell met with Blige and, in 1989, she was signed to the label; becoming the company's youngest and first female artist.
"Whats the 411?".
Production for Blige's debut album began in 1991, with Sean "Puffy" Combs (at the time a fledgling A&R executive at Uptown) largely overseeing the project. Also enlisted were some of the top R&B and hip hop producers of the time, among them Tony Dofat, Mark Morales and Cory Rooney, Dave "Jam" Hall, and DeVante Swing.

Dancing Beijing
Dancing Beijing is the name of the symbol of the 2008 Summer Olympics, in Beijing inChina. It was shown in August 2003 in a ceremony attended by 2,008 people in Beijing.
Description.
The symbol draws on Chinese culture, showing a red Chinese seal above the words "Beijing 2008" and the Olympic rings. The seal is written with a calligraphic rendition of the Chinese character 京 ("jīng", meaning 'capital', from the name of the host city) in the form of a dancing figure. The curves are also claimed to show the body of a wriggling dragon. The open arms of the figure show China inviting the world to share in its culture. The figure also looks like that of a runner. Red, is an important colour in Chinese society, often meaning good luck.
Design.
The logo was created by Guo Chunning. There was only one picture among the 1,985 entries givin by designers from China and others. Other entries included a lot Great Walls, pandas and dragons. Other designers include Chang Wu (張武).

Lactobacillus
Lactobacillus are most species of this non-spore-forming ferment glucose into lactose. This genus also contains several bacteria that make up part of the natural flora of the human vagina.

Waterford United F.C.
Waterford United F.C. is a football club which plays in Republic of Ireland.

Montpellier H.S.C.
Montpellier H.S.C. is a French football.

A.S. Monaco F.C.
A.S. Monaco F.C. is a football club which plays in Monaco.

Olympique de Marseille
Olympique de Marseille is a football club from France.The club competes in Ligue 1 (the French Premier League). It was started in 1899. Its home stadium is Stade Vélodrome in Marseille.
Olympique de Marseille has won the Ligue 1 8 times and the French Cup 10 times. It has also won the UEFA Champions League in 1993.

Arsène Wenger
Arsène Wenger (born 22 October, 1949) is a French football manager. He manages for Arsenal.

John Arne Riise
John Arne Riise is a football player. He plays for Roma and Norway national team.

Patrick Vieira
Patrick Vieira is a football player. He plays for Internazionale Milano and France national team.

David Seaman
David Seaman is a former football player. has played for England national team.

Luther Blissett
Luther Blissett is a former football player. He has played for England national team.

The Football League 1992-93
Statistics of The Football League in season 1992/1993.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Newcastle United won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Stoke City won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Cardiff City won the championship.

The Football League 1993-94
Statistics of The Football League in season 1993/1994.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Crystal Palace won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Reading won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Shrewsbury Town won the championship.

Football League of Ireland Premier Division 1929-30
Statistics of Football League of Ireland Premier Division in season 1929/1930.
Overview.
It was performed in 10 teams, and Bohemians won the championship.

Colombian Professional Football 1954
Statistics of Colombian Professional Football in season 1954.
Overview.
It was performed in 10 teams, and Atlético Nacional won the championship.

Division 1 1980-81
Statistics of Division 1 in season 1980/1981.
Overview.
It was contested by 20 teams, and Saint-Étienne won the championship.

Division 1 1981-82
Statistics of Division 1 in season 1981/1982.
Overview.
It was contested by 20 teams, and Monaco won the championship.

Division 1 2000-01
Statistics of Division 1 in season 2000/2001.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Nantes Atlantique won the championship.

Chinese architecture
Chinese architecture refers to the architecture of China. Sometimes it might also refers to architecture outside of China but built in the same style. Chinese architecture is very influential in East Asia where many other countries and cultures' architecture also modeled upon it. Well known example of Chinese architecture are the Great Wall of China and the Forbidden City.

La Liga 1973-74
Statistics of La Liga in season 1973/1974.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Barcelona won the championship.

La Liga 1974-75
Statistics of La Liga in season 1974/1975.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Real Madrid won the championship.

La Liga 1975-76
Statistics of La Liga in season 1975/1976.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Real Madrid won the championship.

Jimmy Greaves
Jimmy Greaves is a former football player. He has played for England national team.

Eugenio Corini
Eugenio Corini is a football player. He plays for Torino.

Vasile Miriuţă
Vasile Miriuţă is a former football player. He has played for Hungary national team.

Jerzy Dudek
Jerzy Dudek is a football player. He plays for Real Madrid.

Henrik Larsson
Henrik Larsson (born 20 September, 1971) is a Swedish football player. He plays for Helsingborgs IF and Sweden national team.

The Football League 1892-93
Statistics of The Football League in season 1892/1893.
Overview.
It was performed in 16 teams, and Sunderland won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 12 teams, and Small Heath won the championship.

Football League of Ireland Premier Division 1930-31
Statistics of Football League of Ireland Premier Division in season 1930/1931.
Overview.
It was performed in 12 teams, and Shelbourne won the championship.

Colombian Professional Football 1955
Statistics of Colombian Professional Football in season 1955.
Overview.
It was performed in 10 teams, and Independiente Medellín won the championship.

Division 1 1933-34
Statistics of Division 1 in season 1933/1934.
Overview.
It was contested by 14 teams, and Sète won the championship.

La Liga 1976-77
Statistics of La Liga in season 1976/1977.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Atlético Madrid won the championship.

La Liga 1977-78
Statistics of La Liga in season 1977/1978.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Real Madrid won the championship.

La Liga 2001-02
Statistics of La Liga in season 2001/2002.
Overview.
It was contested by 20 teams, and Valencia won the championship.

La Liga 2002-03
Statistics of La Liga in season 2002/2003.
Overview.
It was contested by 20 teams, and Real Madrid won the championship.

La Liga 2007-08
Statistics of La Liga in season 2007/2008.
Overview.
It was contested by 20 teams, and Real Madrid won the championship.

La Liga 2008-09
Statistics of La Liga in season 2008/2009.

Ian Wright
Ian Wright is a former football player. He has played for England national team.

Clyde Best
Clyde Best is a former football player. He has played for Bermuda national team.

Edgar Davids
Edgar Davids (born 13 March, 1973) is a football player. He has played for Netherlands national team.

Marc-Vivien Foé
Marc-Vivien Foé (born 1 May, 1975) is a former football player. He has played for Cameroon national team.

Ian Hamilton
Ian Hamilton is a former football player.

The Football League 1999-00
Statistics of The Football League in season 1999/2000.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Charlton Athletic won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Preston North End won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Swansea City won the championship.

Football League of Ireland Premier Division 1931-32
Statistics of Football League of Ireland Premier Division in season 1931/1932.
Overview.
It was performed in 12 teams, and Shamrock Rovers won the championship.

Colombian Professional Football 1956
Statistics of Colombian Professional Football in season 1956.
Overview.
It was performed in 13 teams, and Deportes Quindío won the championship.

Division 1 2001-02
Statistics of Division 1 in season 2001/2002.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Olympique Lyonnais won the championship.

La Liga 1996-97
Statistics of La Liga in season 1996/1997.
Overview.
It was contested by 22 teams, and Real Madrid won the championship.

La Liga 1984-85
Statistics of La Liga in season 1984/1985.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Barcelona won the championship.

La Liga 1985-86
Statistics of La Liga in season 1985/1986.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Real Madrid won the championship.

La Liga 1989-90
Statistics of La Liga in season 1989/1990.
Overview.
It was contested by 20 teams, and Real Madrid won the championship.

La Liga 1993-94
Statistics of La Liga in season 1993/1994.
Overview.
It was contested by 20 teams, and Barcelona won the championship.

La Liga 1952-53
Statistics of La Liga in season 1952/1953.
Overview.
It was performed in 16 teams, and Barcelona won the championship.

Olympique Lyonnais
Olympique Lyonnais is a football club which plays in France.

F.C. Girondins de Bordeaux
F.C. Girondins de Bordeaux is a football club which plays in France.

Glasgow Central station
Glasgow Central station is a railway station in Glasgow, Scotland. It first opened in 1879.

Mary of Teck
Mary of Teck (Victoria Mary Augusta Louise Olga Pauline Claudine Agnes; 26 May 1867 – 24 March 1953) was the queen consort of King George V of the United Kingdom, who was also Emperor of India. By birth, she was a member of the House of Teck in Germany, and through her mother, she was a distant member of the British Royal Family. Within her family, she was given the nickname "May".
Princess Mary was born at Kensington Palace in London on 26 May 1867. Her mother was Princess Mary Adelaide, a granddaughter of King George III. Her father was Francis, Duke of Teck. Due to her parent's financial troubles, Princess Mary spent much of her early life abroad in order to economise, and in 1883, the Tecks returned to London in 1883, living at White Lodge in Richmond Park.
In 1891, Princess Mary, who was liked by Queen Victoria, became engaged to Prince Albert Victor, the eldest son of Prince Albert Edward, Prince of Wales. Prince Albert Victor was the heir to the throne after his father, bringing Princess Mary and her family to the senior end of the Royal Family. However, a few weeks before the wedding, Prince Albert Victor died of influenza. Nevertheless, Queen Victoria still favoured Mary as a royal bride, and therefore arranged for her to marry Albert Victor's brother, Prince George, created Duke of York. They were married at St. James's Palace, London, on 6 July 1893.
Princess Mary was devoted to her children and to her public duties. She left her children in the care of a nanny, Charlotte "Lalla" Bill, and taught her children history and music. With her public duties, she was equally devoted, becoming Patron of a number of charities. When her father-in-law became King Edward VII, Prince George and Princess Mary undertook an eight month tour of the British Empire. No royal had undertaken such a big tour before. However, Princess Mary broke down in tears at the thought of leaving her children, leaving them in the care of their doting grandparents.
In 1910, Edward VII died, and Prince George ascended the throne as George V. Mary thus became Queen. During the First World War, Queen Mary was criticised for her German heritage. The conflict with Germany forced George V to change the name of the Royal House from Saxe-Coburg and Gotha to Windsor. He also stripped the all titles from those members of the Royal Family who fought for Germany. Following the war, Queen Mary continued her public duties, and suffered family tragedy when she lost her youngest son, Prince John of the United Kingdom. In 1935, King George celebrated his Silver Jubilee, commemorating 25 years of his reign, and Queen Mary accompanied him during the official tours and visits that took place. Queen Mary, using her extensive knowledge of history and royal protocol to advise and support her husband on matters of state.
In 1936, King George V died. His death was shortened by an injection of morphine and cocaine, administered by his doctor. Queen Mary supported her son, now King Edward VIII, during his reign. In December, however, the King abdicated the throne because he wished to marry a divorced American commoner, Wallis Warfield Simpson. This put his brother, Prince Albert, Duke of York, in his place as King George VI. King George VI was shy, and was at first reluctant to take on his new duties and responsibilities. Queen Mary and his wife, Queen Elizabeth, supported him in his new role. The former King Edward VIII became the Duke of Windsor, went to live in France, and maintained a cool relationship with his family in England. No member of the family attended his wedding to Wallis in 1937, and she was never received by Queen Mary.
During the Second World War, Queen Mary lived at Badminton House, owned by her niece's husband, the Duke of Beaufort. She continued her duties and supported the war effort. Following the war, she returned to her pre-war home, Marlborough House. She continued her public duties in old age, surviving to see her granddaughter, Elizabeth, ascend the throne as Queen Elizabeth II. After suffering with lung cancer (described officially as "gastric problems"), Queen Mary died at Marlborough House on 24 March 1953. She lay in state at Westminster Hall before being buried beside her husband at St. George's Chapel at Windsor Castle.

Marlborough House
Marlborough House is a mansion in Westminster, London. It was built for a royal favourite, Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough, in 1711. Following her death, it passed to the hands of successive Dukes of Marlborough.
In 1817, it became Crown property. It was used by members of the royal family, including Queen Adelaide. It served as a base for the predecessor of the Royal College of Art, the "National Art Training School". In 1861, Marlborough House was made the Prince of Wales's London residence. It was used by him for the next 40 years, until he became king in 1901. It continued as a royal residence, and was last used by Queen Mary until 1953. After her death, her granddaughter, Queen Elizabeth II, gave the house to the Commonwealth Secretariat, which continues to use it today.

Richmond Park
Richmond Park is a 955 hectare (2,360 acre) urban park near central London, UK. It is the largest of the royal parks in London, and is famous for Red and Fallow Deer.
Notable features in the park include Pembroke Lodge, once owned by the British Prime Minister Lord John Russell. Also in the park is White Lodge, home of the Royal Ballet School and once a royal residence. One house in the park, Thatched House Lodge, the residence of Princess Alexandra.
The park is fully open to the public, with access by road, bicycles and pedestrians. It is a parliamentary constituency comprising of the electoral wards of Barnes, East Sheen, Ham & Petersham, Kew, Mortlake, North Richmond and South Richmond in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames. It also covers the wards of Canbury, Coombe Hill, Coombe Vale and Tudor in the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames. The present MP is Susan Kramer.

Brantridge Park
Brantridge Park is a former royal residence in Balcombe, West Sussex, England. It was owned by Princess Alice, and her husband Alexander Cambridge, the first Earl of Athlone. Following the Athlone's departure to Canada as viceroy and viceregal consort, it was occupied by Princess Beatrice, the youngest daughter of Queen Victoria. Beatrice died there in 1945. It is now a hotel operated by Timeshare.

Osborne House
Osborne House is a former royal residence East Cowes on the Isle of Wight, England. It was in purchased by Queen Victoria and Prince Albert in 1845. The solent reminded by Prince Albert of the Bay of Naples, but the old house was too small for their needs, and the house was demolished and rebuilt by Thomas Cubitt.
The house became a family home, as Queen Victoria and Prince Albert were determined to bring their children up in a natural and loving environment. Within the grounds was a smaller structure, Swiss Cottage, which was where the royal children played and learned practical skills, such as cooking and farming. The children often entertained their parents here, and Queen Victoria used the simplicity of the cottage to deal with personal correspondence.
Following Prince Albert's death in 1861, Osborne became an effective mausoleum in his memory. Queen Victoria used the house as a retreat away from public life. She died there on 22 January 1901, and her son, King Edward VII, gave the house to the nation. It was used as a naval training school, and then a convalescent home for officers. During the Second World War, Adolf Hitler ordered that the estate was not to be bombed because he wanted to use it as a post-war retreat.

Docetism
Docetism is an early Christian teaching that says that Jesus only appeared to have a human body. The term comes from "dokein": "to seem".
Early Christians believed all matter was unclean. For this reason, Christ could not have a physical body, as he was seen as the eternal Logos.
Today, it is unclear where this teaching came from. It might have been influenced by the teachings of Plato. Platon taught that only ideas mattered and that matter itself was inferior.
Many Gnostic teachings are docetic. For a long time, people belived that docetism and Gnosticism were developed together. This is however not the case, there are also some Gnost systems that are not docetic, as well as some docetic systems that are not gnostic.
Today, most Christian theolgians see docetism as a heresy.

List of British Royal Residences
This is a list of residences occupied by the British Royal family, noting the seasons of the year they are traditionally occupied.
Members of the British Royal Family inhabit a range of residences around the United Kingdom. Some are royal palaces, owned by the state and held in trust by the monarch; others are privately owned. Balmoral Castle and Sandringham House have been inherited as private property for several generations. Other royal palaces are no longer residences (e.g. the Palace of Westminster, the Palace of Whitehall). Some remain in irregular use for royal occasions. The Royal Palaces enjoy certain legal privileges, for example there is an exemption from levying duty on alcoholic beverages sold in the bars at the Palace of Westminster and there are exemptions from Health and Safety legislation.
The occupied royal residences of are cared for and maintained by the Royal Household Property Section. The unoccupied royal palaces of England are now within the responsibility of the Historic Royal Palaces Agency.

Tazz
Peter Senerchia (born October 11 1967) is an American retired professional wrestler and current color commentator best known by his ring name Tazz, (originally Tazmaniac and later shortened to simply Taz). He is currently under contract to World Wrestling Entertainment, where he does commentary for the SmackDown brand.

Lille O.S.C.
Lille O.S.C. is a football club which plays in France.
Based in the northern city of Lille founded in 1944 from the merger of the Olympique Lillois (founded in 1902) and the S.C. Fives (founded in 1901).

Saw (movie)
Saw is the first of the 5 horror genre movies released in 2004. The movie was directed by James Wan and Leigh Whannel. The movie released in theaters on October 29, 2004.
Plot.
In an industrial washroom, photographer Adam Faulkner, Leigh Whannell and Dr. Lawrence Gordon (Cary Elwes) are chained by their ankles to pipes at opposite corners. Between them is a dead person (Tobin Bell) holding a revolver and a microcassette recorder. Lawrence and Adam each find tapes saying "Play Me." A tape tells Adam that he must escape the bathroom. Lawrence is told that he must kill Adam before six o'clock, or else his wife and daughter will be killed and he will be left to die where he sits. Hacksaws are soon found. The saws are not sharp enough to cut through their chains, and Adam throws his away in frustration. Lawrence realizes that the saws are not meant for the chains, instead for their feet.
Lawrence determines that their captor is the Jigsaw Killer, named due to his practice of cutting pieces of skin in the shape of a jigsaw puzzle piece from his victims, though Lawrence comments that the name is a misnomer, as he never directly murders anyone and his intentions are for his victims to survive with a better appreciation of life. A series of flashbacks of his previous victims is presented, including his only known survivor up to that point, a highly traumatized heroin addict named Amanda Young (Shawnee Smith). She believes that her experience in the test has made her a better person in the end.
As Adam and Lawrence search for alternative escape routes, Zep Hindle (Michael Emerson) breaks into the Gordon house and captures Lawrence's wife, Alison (Monica Potter), and daughter Diana Makenzie Vega in order to save himself from a deadly poison. A flashback reveals that Zep is an orderly at Lawrence's hospital who was present when he was talking with some students about an elderly patient, John Kramer, who had terminal brain cancer. While psychologically toying with Alison and Diana, Zep monitors Adam and Lawrence through video surveillance.
Simultaneously, the house is being observed by Detective David Tapp Danny Glover]. Tapp grew unhealthily obsessed with the Jigsaw case after hearing Amanda's testimony, and, following a lead, he and his partner, Steven Sing (Ken Leung), illegally broke into a warehouse that turned out to be one of Jigsaw's lairs, where they saved a man from being killed by drills. Before they could secure Jigsaw's arrest, however, Sing was gunned down by a booby trap, and Jigsaw escaped. Tapp was later dismissed from the police force and is now stalking Lawrence, convinced from planted evidence that he is the Jigsaw Killer.
Meanwhile, in the bathroom, Lawrence finds a cell phone that can only receive calls. He and Adam try to stage Adam's death, but a strong electric shock through the latter's ankle chain foils this plan. Following these events, Adam and Lawrence recall their abductions; they were both ambushed and knocked unconscious by a stranger wearing a pig mask. Lawrence receives a call from Alison, who warns him that Adam knows more than he is telling. Adam explains that he had been paid by Tapp to trail and photograph Lawrence and shows him a pile of photographs that he found with the hacksaws. Lawrence begins to berate Adam, but grows defensive when Adam shows Lawrence evidence that he has been cheating on his wife. The two begin arguing, but are distracted when Adam notices a picture of Zep in Lawrence's house. They deduce that Zep is their abductor. Just as this realization is made, however, Adam points out that it is six o'clock, the deadline.
Allison frees herself from Zep, and a struggle ensues. Gunshots are fired, atracting the attention of Tapp, who distracts Zep long enough for Alison and her daughter to flee. Zep shoots Tapp fatally and races to the sewers, intent on killing Lawrence, who is only aware of the sounds of gunfire and screaming. Unable to reach the phone and desperate to help his family, he uses his hacksaw to cut off his foot and shoots Adam with the corpse's revolver, using a bullet that had been enclosed with his microcassette. Zep arrives to find Lawrence in tears. Before Zep can kill him, however, Adam springs from the floor, as his wound was in fact nonfatal, and beats Zep to death with a toilet tank cover. Lawrence slowly crawls away, promising to get help and return for Adam.
Adam searches Zep's body for a key, but finds another microcassette player. As the series theme, "Hello Zepp", begins to play, Adam learns that Zep was only a pawn in Jigsaw's game who acted under threat of death. He then hears a moan behind him and turns to see the "corpse" slowly get to its feet, revealing itself as John Kramer, the Jigsaw Killer. John tells Adam that the key to the chain had been in the bathtub in which Adam had awakened when the movie began. The key went down the drain along with the bathwater when Adam, in his frantic thrashing, unplugged the stopper. Adam reaches for Zep's handgun, but John stuns him with another electrical shock from his hidden remote control. John flicks off the lights and muses, "Game over!" before slamming the door, sealing Adam in the bathroom.
Soundtrack.
"Saw: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack" is the soundtrack for the movie. It was released October 5, 2004 by Warner Bros. Records.
Track listing.
All songs written by Charlie Clouser with Page Hamilton, Danny Lohner, Chas Smith unless otherwise noted.
" (Charlie Clouser with Page Hamilton, Danny Lohner, Chas Smith, Section) – Charlie Clouser
"Saw: Rebirth (Comic)".
"Saw: Rebirth" is a comic book one-shot published by IDW Publishing. It was written by R. Eric Lieb and Kris Oprisko with art by Renato Guedes.
"Jigsaw".
The Jigsaw Killer is a fictional character in the "Saw" movie series. Jigsaw made his debut appearance as the primary antagonist in the first movie of the series, "Saw", and later "Saw II", "III" and "IV". He is played by American actor Tobin Bell.
Billy the Puppet.
Billy is a puppet that has appeared in the "Saw" movies. He was used by the series' primary antagonist John Kramer, the Jigsaw Killer, to communicate with his victims. Although he has never been identified in the actual movies themselves, "Billy" is the name by which he is referred to by writers, directors and members of the cast and crew on documentaries and interviews. The name was given to him by his real-life creator James Wan, who is the director and co-writer of "Saw". There is disagreement that the name is spelled "Billie", although Wan himself spells it "Billy".
The main purpose of Billy is to deliver recorded messages to victims of Jigsaw's, often appearing on a television screen to distribute the details of the sadistic traps and the means of which the victims can survive.
Recently, a line of replica "Billy" dolls has been released for consumer purchase, mainly through off-beat gift-stores. It retains the main characteristics of the doll, though is much cleaner in appearance. "Billy" Halloween masks have also been released for general consumer purchase.
"Amanda Young".
"Amanda Young" is a fictional character in the "Saw" movie series. She is portrayed by Shawnee Smith. At first a minor character in the original movie, her role expanded in the sequels until she became one of the most important characters in the series.
Pig mask.
The "pig mask" is a thematic prop worn by characters throughout the series.
Adam.
"Adam Faulkner" was a fictional character from the Saw movie series, portrayed by "Saw" writer and co-creator Leigh Whannell. He was prominently featured in "Saw", but was also seen through various flashbacks throughout the series.
Kerry.
"Allison Kerry" is a fictional character in the Saw movie series. SHe playes the roll of the main female detective in "Saw" movies 1-3. She was captured and set in a trap called the "Angel Trap" in the movie "Saw 3".
"Saw".
Most of the first movie played out in a bathroom, the setting of one of Jigsaw's more complicated tests. However, several more of Jigsaw's inventions were seen via flashbacks from crime scene investigators and surviving victims. Additionally, more of Jigsaw's creations were discovered at his lair, located in an abandoned mannequin factory on Stygian Street. Detectives arrived to investigate and discovered several prototypes of traps, including a diorama of the bathroom, Billy the puppet, and a victim who was to be used as part of an experiment.
Razor wire maze.
Paul Stallberg woke up partially naked inside a fenced-in area of a basement, and was told that the only means of escape was a door that was set to lock closed in two hours. Between him and the door was a gauntlet of densely strung together barbed tape through which he was instructed to navigate to survive. According to Jigsaw, the irony of his situation was the fact that he had slit his wrists, presumably for attention, a month ago, and that if he really wanted to die, he needed simply stay where he was (as the door to freedom would close, trapping him in), but if he wanted to live, he would have to "cut himself again". Footage from the movie showed him frantically tearing through the maze. However, he was too late and was later found by detectives Tapp, Sing, and Kerry, dead on the wires.
Flammable jelly.
Mark Rodriguez, a man who had committed worker's comp fraud, was tested on his "illness" and placed in a dark room, with a candle and a box of matches serving as his only light source. Broken glass completely covered the floor, hundreds of numbers were written on the walls, and a safe was placed in the middle of the room. From a tape recorder resting on a small metal platform suspended from the ceiling, Mark, who had been stripped naked, was informed that he was covered with a flammable substance and that there was a slow-acting poison in his system that would kill him in roughly two hours. The combination to the safe, which held the antidote, was written on the walls amidst the myriad of other possibilities. While looking for the combination, Mark drew too close to the candle and went up in flames.
Jaw splitter====.
The Jaw Splitter is an iconic trap, to the extent that it was used on promotional posters for the first movie and on "Saw" merchandise.
The wrists of a heroin addict named Amanda Young were bound with duct tape to the armrests of a chair, and a heavy metal apparatus was hooked up into her upper and lower jaws. Jigsaw, through his puppet on the tape recording, revealed to Amanda that she would have one minute to remove the contraption before it snapped open, much like "a reverse bear trap" (the term "Reverse Bear Trap", referenced in Amanda's instructions, gained fame as a fan name for the trap). The mechanism would rip her jaws open in the process, killing her. To emphasize the point, a demonstration was shown to Amanda, who watched as the device went off on a mannequin head, effectively destroying it. Jigsaw told her that the key needed to unlock the contraption was in the stomach of the dead man lying across the room from her.
As the tape ended, Amanda wriggled her arms free from the duct tape, at which point she stood up, pulling and snapping a trigger wire that set off the one-minute timer on the back of the contraption on her head. Frightened, she slowly tiptoed over to her cell mate, whereupon she had to cut into his stomach and retrieve the key, even after discovering that he was not actually dead as suggested, but in an opiate-induced state of paralysis, unable to move or feel pain. As she was about to cut him open, he woke up. After stabbing him multiple times, Amanda sifted through his stomach and retrieved the key. She then managed to remove the device just in time, throwing it onto the floor just as it snapped open.
The Jaw Splitter would later be seen in Jigsaw's lair in the third movie, again on a mannequin head, where it was examined and set off by Lynn Denlon. Additionally, it was seen in ', in which Jigsaw tested a prototype version of it, and in the original movie, where it was used on a character named David. The scenario played out the same as the later version, with David escaping from the contraption seconds before it went off.
Drill chair.
Jeff's neck was shackled into a metal brace, keeping him trapped in a chair, attached the sides of which were two power drills. The drills were designed to inch toward his head, reaching and killing him in twenty seconds. The trap was activated when Jigsaw decided to test detectives David Tapp and Steven Sing, to see whether they prioritized saving a man's life over arresting him. After ripping apart the circuitry to prevent the detectives from stopping the drills with the button that started them, Jigsaw told Sing to find the key to release Jeff in a box near the chair. Inside the box was a ring with countless keys on it, and, rather than sift through them, Sing instead shot at both drills, deactivating them moments before they reached Jeff's head.
Quadruple shotgun hallway.
This trap was used by Jigsaw for security reasons instead of having a test for the victim. Four double-barreled shotguns were suspended from a ceiling in a hallway, each connected by a tripwire strung across the hallway below. When the victim stepped across the tripwire, which was hidden among cobwebs, it would pull the triggers of the shotguns. The four shotguns would go off simultaneously, firing at the victim and shooting them down. In this case, the victim was Detective Steven Sing, who was chasing Jigsaw through his warehouse in an attempt to capture him.
According to the "Saw" commentary and different interviews, the creators wanted a trap that consisted of two devices that would spring from the walls, snap shut on Sing, and fold him up into a box. They described it as an "iron cocoon." They decided against the idea, as the visual effects would have been too expensive to create.
Bathroom trap.
The setting for the majority of the first movie, this test placed two victims, Adam Faulkner and Dr. Lawrence Gordon, in a grimy industrial washroom. Both were shackled at the ankle to pipes at opposite corners of the room. The pipes were connected to a remote electrical source, which could conduct through the metal chains and shackles to shock the captives. In the middle of the bathroom lay Jigsaw, posing as the corpse of a previous victim, sprawled face down in a pool of poisoned blood, holding an empty pistol in one hand and an empty tape player in the other, just out of reach of Adam and Lawrence. Adam and Lawrence found envelopes with tapes to play to learn their rules, while Lawrence also received a key and a bullet. Following clues from their tapes, Adam found a garbage bag in a toilet, filled with photos he had taken of Lawrence while stalking him under hire, as well as a pair of hacksaws that were not intended to cut through the chains, but were rather meant for the victims to use to cut off their feet in order to escape. Lawrence was told to kill Adam in eight hours, under the threat of death for his wife Alison and daughter Diana, both of whom were being held captive. Adam was simply told to escape, with the only apparent means being the hacksaw, which he broke trying to cut through his chain, and a key that went down the drain of the bathtub that Adam had unknowingly drained after waking up in the water. "Saw III" revealed that Amanda had tied the chain to the bathtub stopper to Adam's ankle without being told to by Jigsaw.
Following more clues, Lawrence found a box in the wall next to him, and was then supplied with a cellphone that could only receive calls, two cigarettes, and a lighter. With the cigarettes, Lawrence found a note from Jigsaw informing him that he did not need a gun to kill Adam, leading Lawrence to assume he could dip the tip of a cigarette in the poisoned blood that the corpse was lying in before giving it to Adam. Not willing to kill Adam, Lawrence attempted to fake it by dipping one of the cigarettes in the blood before swapping it with the untainted one. Adam went along with the game, pretending to die, but the act was blown when Adam was remotely electrically shocked through his chain. At 6 o'clock, Lawrence received a call from his wife. He became desperate as he had heard a struggle on the other end of the phone (his wife freeing herself and their daughter, escaping), but the phone had hung up, and he accidentally threw the phone out of reach. He therefore used his hacksaw to cut his foot off before grabbing the gun from the corpse and shot Adam, too late, since it was past 6 o'clock. Later it was revealed that Adam was not fatally wounded, since he was only shot in his shoulder.
As Lawrence was lying on the floor, crying for what he had done, Zep entered the bathroom. His job was to shoot Lawrence. But Adam, having only pretended he was dead, knocked Zep over to the floor and bashed him with the lid from the toilet until Zep was no longer moving. Lawrence crawled over to Adam and promised to get help before crawling out of the room. Adam, however, remained trapped. Jigsaw then stood up, turned off the lights, and slammed the door, leaving Adam locked in the bathroom. His corpse was found in the bathroom, which was part of the house of "Saw II". In "Saw III", it was revealed that Adam did not in fact die of blood loss from his shoulder wound after being locked away, but by suffocation. Amanda, against Jigsaw's orders, held a strip of plastic wrap over his head, suffocating him in a mercy kill.
Zep's test.
Some time before placing Lawrence and Adam in the Bathroom Trap, Jigsaw arranged for Zep Hindle, a hospital orderly, to become involved in a game of his own; in order to obtain the antidote to a slow-acting poison in his blood, Zep would have to monitor the events of the bathroom trap while holding Alison and Diana hostage in their own home. Zep's rules were to kill Alison and Diana if Lawrence failed to kill Adam in time.
Zep hid in Diana's closet and waited for her father, Lawrence Gordon, to leave before grabbing Diana and her mother and tying them up. With a gun at his disposal, Zep taunted the two hostages while monitoring Lawrence and Adam through a computer screen. When 6 o'clock finally came around, Zep forced Alison, Lawrence's wife, to make the call to tell him he failed, but when Zep was about to shoot her, Alison, who had untied herself, fought back, managing to escape with Diana. With Detective Tapp in pursuit, Zep left the house and drove to an entrance into the sewer system. After fatally shooting the detective, he arrived at the bathroom, and told Lawrence that he was too late in completing his instructions. Before he shot Lawrence, though, Adam, thought to be dead, pulled Zep to the floor and beat him to death with the toilet tank cover. After Lawrence left to find help, Adam looked through Zep's pockets, hoping to find a key to his chain. He instead found a tape recorder and played back the message, finally realizing that Zep had been acting under a threat of death. He stopped the tape before the specifics of Zep's tape could be heard. The reason why Zep was forced to take part in one of Jigsaw's tests is unknown.
Saw: The Video Game.
"Saw" is a upcoming action, horror video game being developed by Brash, for the Xbox 360, PlayStation 3, and PC.
Saw (Short Film).
The movie begins with a young man named David (Whannell) in an interrogation room talking to an unnamed, unsympathetic police officer. David is in handcuffs, and there is blood on his face and shirt. David is smoking a cigarette. He tells the officer that after he finished his work as an orderly at the hospital, he was knocked unconscious and taken to a large room. Inside the room, David was strapped to a chair with a large, rusty metal device locked onto his head.
Saw II.
"Saw II" movie is currently #16 on Bravo's Even Scarier Movie Moments. Following the film's opening weekend gross of $31.5 million, Lions Gate Films commissioned "Saw III", released on October 27, 2006.
Saw III.
"Saw III" is the third installment in the "Saw" series. The movie is a joint effort of both "Saw" writers/directors, James Wan and Leigh Whannell, and "Saw II" writer/director, Darren Lynn Bousman. The movie focuses on the resurfaced Jigsaw Killer, the antagonist of the previous movies, who works with his unstable apprentice Amanda to finish his final tests before he dies. The movie contains additional back-story about the two antagonists.
Saw IV.
"Saw IV" is the fourth installment in the Saw movie series. The movie was initially released on October 25, 2007, and in the United States on October 26, 2007. The film's North American release date follows the series' tradition that the movies be released the Friday before or on halloween of each year.
Saw V.
"Saw V" is the upcoming fifth installment in the Saw movie series. The movie is set to be released on October 24, 2008.
Saw VI.
Costas Mandylor has signed up for the next installment of the horror franchise along with main character, Jigsaw, portrayed by Tobin Bell. This movie is planed to be released as the 6th in the horror series of "Saw" in October of 2009.

Prince Andrew, Duke of York
The Prince Andrew, Duke of York (Andrew Albert Christian Edward; born 19 February 1960) is a member of the British Royal Family, the second son of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, the Duke of Edinburgh. He has been titled Duke of York since 1986, and is fourth in line to the succession to the throne of the United Kingdom.
Prince Andrew was born at Buckingham Palace in London. He was educated at Heatherdown Preparatory School in Berkshire, England, and Gordonstoun in Scotland. Prince Andrew did not attend university, attending Britannia Royal Naval College instead. In the Navy, he served in the Falklands War, and continued his career, becoming a commander in 1999 and an honorary captain in 2001.
In 1986, Prince Andrew married Sarah Ferguson, the daughter of Ronald Ferguson, the polo manager for the Prince of Wales. The marriage produced two daughters: Princess Beatrice and Princess Eugenie. Andrew and Sarah separated in 1992, and divorced in May 1996. Prince Andrew is an active member of the Royal Family.
Titles and styles.
Prince Andrew's current full style is "His Royal Highness" The Prince Andrew Albert Christian Edward, Duke of York, "Earl of Inverness, Baron Killyleagh, Knight Companion of the Most Noble Order of the Garter, Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order, Personal Aide-de-Camp to The Queen, South Atlantic Medal, Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal, Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal, Canadian Forces Decoration, New Zealand 1990 Commemoration Medal"
Arms.
The whole differenced by a Label of three points Argent the central point charged with an "Anchor Azure". The anchor is in reference to his naval career.
The arms are identical to those his grandfather George VI used when still Duke of York.

Jinnah International Airport
Jinnah International Airport previously Quaid-e-Azam International Airport (IATA: KHI, ICAO: OPKC) is Pakistan's largest international and domestic airport. It is located in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan, and is also commonly known as the Jinnah Terminal.

Vicleanul Mare River
The Vicleanul Mare River is a tributary of the Firiza River in Romania. That means it flows into the Firiza River.

Veza River
The Veza River is a tributary of the Târnava Mare River in Romania. That means it flows into the Târnava Mare River.

Vălosu River
The Vălosu River is a tributary of the Drăgan River in Romania. That means it flows into the Drăgan River.

Vâlta River
The Vâlta River is a tributary of the Coşna River in Romania. That means it flows into the Coşna River.

Vâna Mare River (Lanca Birda)
The Vâna Mare River is a tributary of the Lanca Birda River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lanca Birda River.

Vâna Secănească River
The Vâna Secănească River or Vâna Ohaba is a tributary of the Mâtnic River in Romania. That means it flows into the Mâtnic River.

Văraştina River (Valea Vinului)
The Văraştina River or Bolditău River is a tributary of the Valea Vinului River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Vinului River.

Vârşioru River
The Vârşioru River is a tributary of the Jaleş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Jaleş River.

Veţca River
The Veţca River is a tributary of the Târnava Mică River in Romania. That means it flows into the Târnava Mică River.

Demi Lovato
Demetria Devonne "Demi" Lovato (b. August 20, 1992) is an American singer and actress. In 2008, she stared in a Disney ChannelOriginal Movie called "Camp Rock". She released one studio album in September of 2008. She sang songs in the soundtrack for "Camp Rock", for example, "We Rock", "This Is Me", and "Who Will I Be".

Road (sports)
Road game (short for on the road), better known as an away game, is a reference to all cities and stadia/arenas/fields/venues where an athletic team plays games for which they are not the host.

Parqués
Parqués is the Colombian board game. The game is similar to those in the Cross and Circle family (the category that includes Pachisi). The game is described as a "random thinking" one: the moves depend on the roll of the dice but players must consider possible strategies before executing their move. The objective of the game is to advance all the pieces to the end.
Colombian origin.
Parqués is the Colombian version of Pachisi, which originated in India. Although it could be argued that the game comes from Spain (exactly as a derivation from Parchís) due to the similarity between both games, there is wide agreement in Colombia that the game is completely Colombian. Parqués stems directly from Pachisi in the same way as Parcheesi, Parchís or Ludo. There is no proof to the claim that it stems from a country other than India. Moreover, no Parqués game is played in any other Latin American countries, neither the world.
Parqués is a mixture of the original Indian game and the influences of local Colombian culture. Other Colombian variations also exist.
In Colombia, people from all parts of the country play the game; it is very popular, played by both children and adults. Adults usually play the game by betting money on the first piece, on capturing pieces, or on winning the game, to make gameplay more interesting. There are boards for 4, 6 and 8 players. The boards usually contain pictures of soccer teams, singers, actors, or other cultural figures on the jail boxes.
The board itself is usually placed on a box covered by glass. The use of glass is to allow dice to be thrown more easily. There are versions of the board that are made from paper to make it portable.
Gameplay.
Parqués is played with two dice; two to eight players can compete in the same match, depending on what type of game board is used. Each player is given four pieces and uses a specific colour. The most common colours are red, blue, yellow and green, usually arranged in that order. The game can also be played with fewer than four pieces
When the pieces are freed, they are placed in a special box next to the jail. This box is called "Home", or "Salida" (literally, "exit" in Spanish).
If a player does not roll any pairs during his turn, he passes the dice to the player on his right. Otherwise, he frees the pieces and wins an extra turn to move them. He throws again and must move the values of the dice with his pieces.
After he makes his move, he must pass his turn to the player on the right.
The pieces cannot advance backwards and they cannot be in any of the four boxes before their "Home" box.
Capturing pieces.
The player can capture an opponent’s piece by placing his own piece on the same box as the other player’s piece. However, he cannot capture a piece that is on a SAFE or a HOME box. Capturing in Colombia is called “eating” (“comer” in Spanish).
However, the player can capture pieces on his HOME box. When he frees any piece from jail, the pieces placed on his HOME are captured, that is, sent to its jail, losing all their advances.
The player can avoid capturing the piece. On that case, an opponent has to accuse him and the piece that did not capture must go to jail. If nobody notices, nothing happens.
Special boxes.
There are three types of special boxes.

Home (sports)
In sports, home is a term meaning both the city and stadium, arena, or field where an athletic team plays games at their own venue.

Hurricane Hugo
Hurricane Hugo was a powerful Category 5 hurricane that struck Guadeloupe, Montserrat, Puerto Rico, St. Croix, South Carolina and North Carolina in September of the 1989 Atlantic hurricane season, killing 82 people and leaving 56,000 homeless.

Jerry Lawler
Jerry Lawler (born November 29, 1949) is an American musician, film actor, politician, professional wrestler and wrestling commentator, known throughout the wrestling world as Jerry "The King" Lawler. He is currently signed to World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), working and wrestling on its Raw brand as the color commentator. He also wrestles and occasionally commentates for the Memphis Wrestling promotion.

We Rock (Camp Rock song)
We Rock is a song off the soundtrack of Camp Rock. The song also featured on the Disney Channel Original Movie "Camp Rock". "We Rock is also the first track on the "Camp Rock Soundtrack". The song was sung by Demi Lavoto and other cast members of the movie "Camp Rock". The song wasreleased in May of 2008. The song was also the on the pre-release version of the Soundtrack.

Camp Rock Soundtrack (Pre-release)
The "Camp Rock: Soundtrack" is a pre-release album released in late May, 2008. There are 4 songs originally featured on the album that is by the Camp Rock movie. The songs in the track list are sung by Demi Lovato, Jonas Brothers and other people.

Turkish alphabet
The Turkish alphabet is used for writing, speaking and reading in Turkish. This alphabet is modified from the Latin alphabet.
There are 29 letters in the Turkish alphabet of Turkey. The English letters, "Q", "W" and "X" are not in Turkish alphabet. Seven Turkish letters (Ç, Ğ, I, İ, Ö, Ş, and Ü) are in the Turkish alphabet.
There are 8 vowels in Turkish alphabet: A,E,I,İ,O,Ö,U,Ü
There are 21 consonants in Turkish alphabet: B, C, Ç, D, F, G, Ğ, H, J, K, L,M, N, P, R, S, Ş, T, V, Y, Z.

This Is Me
"This Is Me" is a single by Demi Lovato on "The Camp Rock Soundtrack". The song was released the same day the soundtrack appeared in stores. The song was also remixed on the pre-release CD of "Camp Rock" and the "Camp Rock Soundtrack" pre-release version.
Song Information.
This is the first song that Demi Lovato's character, Mitchie Torres, sang in "Camp Rock" with Joe Jonas's character, Shane Gray. Mitchie wrote the song in the beginning of the movie. She was later heard (in an acoustic version on piano), but not seen, by Shane. He started to search for the girl behind the amazing voice. After most people performed already in the "Final Jam" session, Mitchie sang the song (original version), and Shane saw her and sang part of the song he wrote, "Gotta Find You". The two songs are combined to make the original version, as featured on the Camp Rock soundtrack CD.

Play My Music
"Play My Music" is a 2008 song performed and recorded by the The Jonas Brothers. The song was featured on the Disney Channel Original Movie "Camp Rock". "Play My Music" is also on the original version of The Camp Rock Soundtrack and the pre-release album ("Camp Rock Soundtrack (Pre-release)").

Michael
Michael is a male Hebrew name, popular in English. It is from the angel Michael in the Bible. It is also popular in English speaking countries, and in modified forms, many other countries.

Rivaldo
Rivaldo (born 19 April, 1972) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Bunyodkor.

Peter Reid
Peter Reid is a football manager. He manages for Thailand national team.

Mehdi Mahdavikia
Mehdi Mahdavikia (born 24 July, 1977) is a football player. He plays for Eintracht Frankfurt and Iran national team.

Ali Karimi
Ali Karimi is a football player. He plays for Persepolis and Iran national team.

Ray Harford
Ray Harford is a former football player.

The Football League 1893-94
Statistics of The Football League in season 1893/1894.
Overview.
It was performed in 16 teams, and Aston Villa won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 15 teams, and Liverpool won the championship.

Football League of Ireland Premier Division 1932-33
Statistics of Football League of Ireland Premier Division in season 1932/1933.
Overview.
It was performed in 10 teams, and Dundalk won the championship.

Colombian Professional Football 1957
Statistics of Colombian Professional Football in season 1957.
Overview.
It was performed in 12 teams, and Independiente Medellín won the championship.

Division 1 1934-35
Statistics of Division 1 in season 1934/1935.
Overview.
It was contested by 16 teams, and Sochaux-Montbéliard won the championship.

La Liga 1953-54
Statistics of La Liga in season 1953/1954.
Overview.
It was contested by 16 teams, and Real Madrid won the championship.

La Liga 1954-55
Statistics of La Liga in season 1954/1955.
Overview.
It was contested by 16 teams, and Real Madrid won the championship.

La Liga 1955-56
Statistics of La Liga in season 1955/1956.
Overview.
It was contested by 16 teams, and Athletic Bilbao won the championship.

La Liga 1956-57
Statistics of La Liga in season 1956/1957.
Overview.
It was contested by 16 teams, and Real Madrid won the championship.

La Liga 1957-58
Statistics of La Liga in season 1957/1958.
Overview.
It was contested by 16 teams, and Real Madrid won the championship.

La Liga 1958-59
Statistics of La Liga in season 1958/1959.
Overview.
It was performed in 16 teams, and Barcelona won the championship.

John Welsh
John Welsh is a football player. He plays for Hull City.

José Luis Chilavert
José Luis Chilavert (born 27 July, 1965) is a former football player. He has played for Paraguay national team.

Erik Nevland
Erik Nevland is a football player. He plays for Fulham and Norway national team.

Bill Shankly
Bill Shankly is a former football player. He has played for Scotland national team.

Billy McNeill
Billy McNeill is a former football player. He has played for Celtic and Scotland national team.

The Football League 1894-95
Statistics of The Football League in season 1894/1895.
Overview.
It was performed in 16 teams, and Sunderland won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 16 teams, and Bury won the championship.

Football League of Ireland Premier Division 1933-34
Statistics of Football League of Ireland Premier Division in season 1933/1934.
Overview.
It was performed in 10 teams, and Bohemians won the championship.

Colombian Professional Football 1958
Statistics of Colombian Professional Football in season 1958.
Overview.
It was performed in 10 teams, and Santa Fe won the championship.

Ligue 1 2002-03
Statistics of Ligue 1 in season 2002/2003.
Overview.
It was contested by 20 teams, and Olympique Lyonnais won the championship.

La Liga 1959-60
Statistics of La Liga in season 1959/1960.
Overview.
It was performed in 16 teams, and Barcelona won the championship.

La Liga 1960-61
Statistics of La Liga in season 1960/1961.
Overview.
It was performed in 16 teams, and Real Madrid won the championship.

La Liga 1961-62
Statistics of La Liga in season 1961/1962.
Overview.
It was performed in 16 teams, and Real Madrid won the championship.

La Liga 1962-63
Statistics of La Liga in season 1962/1963.
Overview.
It was performed in 16 teams, and Real Madrid won the championship.

La Liga 1963-64
Statistics of La Liga in season 1963/1964.
Overview.
It was performed in 16 teams, and Real Madrid won the championship.

La Liga 1964-65
Statistics of La Liga in season 1964/1965.
Overview.
It was performed in 16 teams, and Real Madrid won the championship.

Edmundo
Edmundo (born 2 April, 1971) is a Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.

Adrian Mutu
Adrian Mutu is a Romanian football player. He plays for Fiorentina and Romania national team.

David Moyes
David Moyes is a former Scottish football player. He is now the manager of Everton.

Gérard Houllier
Gérard Houllier is a French football manager and former player.

The Football League 1895-96
Statistics of The Football League in season 1895/1896.
Overview.
It was performed in 16 teams, and Aston Villa won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 16 teams, and Liverpool won the championship.

Football League of Ireland Premier Division 1934-35
Statistics of Football League of Ireland Premier Division in season 1934/1935.
Overview.
It was performed in 10 teams, and Dolphin won the championship.

Colombian Professional Football 1959
Statistics of Colombian Professional Football in season 1959.
Overview.
It was performed in 12 teams, and Los Millonarios won the championship.

Division 1 1935-36
Statistics of Division 1 in season 1935/1936.
Overview.
It was contested by 16 teams, and RC Paris won the championship.

La Liga 1965-66
Statistics of La Liga in season 1965/1966.
Overview.
It was performed in 16 teams, and Atlético Madrid won the championship.

La Liga 1966-67
Statistics of La Liga in season 1966/1967.
Overview.
It was performed in 16 teams, and Real Madrid won the championship.

La Liga 1967-68
Statistics of La Liga in season 1967/1968.
Overview.
It was performed in 16 teams, and Real Madrid won the championship.

La Liga 1968-69
Statistics of La Liga in season 1968/1969.
Overview.
It was performed in 16 teams, and Real Madrid won the championship.

La Liga 1969-70
Statistics of La Liga in season 1969/1970.
Overview.
It was performed in 16 teams, and Atlético Madrid won the championship.

La Liga 1970-71
Statistics of La Liga in season 1970/1971.
Overview.
It was performed in 16 teams, and Valencia won the championship.

Waggle dance
Waggle dance is a term used in beekeeping and ethology. The waggle dance is a special figure-eight dance that is done by the honey bee. The dance is a type of communication for bees. It is done to tell other bees information about the direction and distance to flowers that have nectar or pollen, or both. It is also used to tell the bees where water can be found. The dance is used for bees to get others to help them collect resourses for the hive. It used to be thought that bees have two distinct "recruitment" dances. There were the "round dances" and waggle dances. Round dances were thought to be used for things that were close by and wiggle dances were for things farther away. It is now known that a round dance is only a waggle dance with a very short "waggle run" (see below). Austrian ethologist Karl von Frisch was one of the first people to translate the meaning of the waggle dance.
Description.
A waggle dance is made up of one to 100 or more circuits. Each circuit has two phases. These phases are the waggle phase and the return phase. When a bee returns to the hive after finding a good food source, it performs the dance. The bee will run through a small wave-like pattern (a waggle run or waggle phase). After this, it will turn to the right and circle back to the starting point (the return phase). It will then do another waggle run and then turn to the left and circle back to the beginning. The waggle phase of the dance is the most notable and informative part of the dance.
The direction and duration of waggle runs show the direction and distance to flowers. Flowers that are located directly in line with the sun are shown by waggle runs in an upward direction on the vertical combs. If the flowers are at an angle to the right or left of the sun, the waggle run is done at the same angle to the upward direction. The distance between hive and flowers is shown in the duration of the waggle runs. The farther the flowers are from the hive, the longer the waggle phase. For every 100 meters the flowers are distant from the hive, the waggle phase lasts about 75 milliseconds.
Applications to operations research.
People study the swarm intelligence of social insects and animals such as fish, birds, and ants. Recently, there has been research on using bee waggle dance behavior for fault-tolerant routing. From the abstract of Wedde, Farooq, and Zhang (2004)
Another stigmergic computational technique based on bees is called bee colony optimization. It is used help Internet servers communicate better.

Jim McLean
James (Jim) Yuille McLean (born 1937) is a former Scottish football player and manager. He is best known for being the manager of Dundee United F.C. for 22 years between 1971 and 1993. While he was at Dundee United, the team won the 1982/83 Scottish Football League Championship and made it to many cup finals including the 1987 UEFA Cup Final against IFK Gothenburg.

German Grand Prix
The German Grand Prix ("Großer Preis von Deutschland") is an automobile race held every year. The Grand Prix motorcycle racing event is also called the German GP but this article concentrates on the automobile GP.
As Germany was banned from taking part in international events after World War II, the German GP only became part of the Formula One World Championship in 1951. It has been organized by AvD (Automobile Club of Germany) since 1926. The well-known ADAC hosts many other races, one of which has been the second F1 race in Germany at the Nürburgring, held there since 1995.
Repeat Winners.
"A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship."
"A cream background indicates an event which was part of the pre-war European Championship."

Hockenheimring
The Hockenheimring Baden-Württemberg is an automobile racing track located near the town of Hockenheim in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Amongst other motor racing events, it holds the annual Formula One German Grand Prix in turns with the Nürburgring. Situated in the Rhine valley, the circuit is almost completely flat, with very little change in height.

Singapore Grand Prix
The Singapore Grand Prix is a Formula One race staged in the Marina Bay area of Singapore, the race is Formula One's first night race. The first race was won by Spanish driver Fernando Alonso of the Renault F1 team on 28 September 2008.

Morrissey
Stephen Patrick Morrissey (born May 22, 1959), known by the stage name of Morrissey from his surname is a English musician, singer and songwriter. He helped form and sang lead for the English band The Smiths from 1982 to 1987. After the band's break up he went on to become a successful solo artist. Morrissey produced many Top 10 Hits.
Biography.
Born at Park Hospital in Davyhulme Morrissey grew up as a Catholic as his parents were Irish Catholic immigrants. His parents had emigrated to England just before Morrissey's birth and, along with his only sibling (elder sister Jackie) they created a new life for themselves within the Manchester district Hulme.
The Smiths.
The Smiths were formed in early 1982 by Steven Morrissey and John Maher, a guitarist and songwriter, Maher later changed his surname to Marr to avoid confusion with the Buzzcocks drummer. During the five years of The Smiths Marr and Morrissey produced four studio albums, one live album aswell as nineteen singles, along with the two other band members, bass player Andy Rourke and drummer Mike Joyce.
Each of their four albums The Smiths, Meat Is Murder, The Queen Is Dead and Strangeways, Here We Come charted in the top two of the UK Albums Chart. Their live album Rank also peaked at number two in the album charts. To date seven compilation albums have been produced with an eigth due for release in November of this year.
Solo Career.
Following the split of The Smiths Morrissey has went on to produce and release nine studio albums under five different music labels, his forthcoming album Years of Refusal is set for a February 2nd release in 2009.

Hernando de Soto (economist)
Hernando de Soto (born June 2, 1941 in Lima) is a Peruvian economist. He has become known for his owrks on the Informal economy and property rights.
Private ownership is needed.
In his books, de Soto says that people in developing countries do ont have a sophisticated system of owning property. This means that there is no formal certificate that says that land or goods really belong to a certain person -this is then called "informal ownership". In his opinion,
the capitalist economies of the United States or States could only develop because they had a clear system of ownership of property - this was developed during the colonisation of the American Continent, or after the Second World War, in Japan.
Because such systems do not exist in developing countries, the poor people in tohse nations cannot develop - they cannot use their land as a guarantee to the bank to get money to build something, for example. De Soto argues that this is the basis for enterpreneurship.. In much of the developing world,famers therefore are left with subsistence agriculture. As such, he argues that this informal ownership should be made formal, for example by giving squatters in shanty towns land titles to the land they now live on.

Belgian Grand Prix
The Belgian Grand Prix is an automobile race, part of the Formula One World Championship.
The first national race of Belgium was held in 1925 at the Spa region's race course, an area of the country that had been associated with motor sport since the very early years of racing before the turn of the century. To accommodate Grand Prix motor racing, the Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps race course was built in 1921 but it was only used for motorcycle racing until 1924. After the 1923 success of the new 24 hours of Le Mans in France, the Spa 24 Hours, a similar 24 hour endurance race, was run at the Spa track.
Year by year.
"A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship."
"A cream background indicates an event which was part of the pre-war European Championship."

Hernando de Soto
Hernando de Soto (Jerez de los Caballeros, Badajoz, Spain, c.1496/1497–May 21, 1542) was a Spanish explorer and conquistador. He lead the first European expedition deep into the territory of the modern-day United States and was probably the first European to discover the Mississippi River.
The expedition was looking for gold and for a way to China. They explored the southern United States. De Soto died in 1542 on the banks of the Mississippi River at present-day Lake Village, Arkansas. Hernando de Soto was born to parents who were hidalgos in Extremadura, a region of poverty and hardship from which many young people looked for ways to seek their fortune elsewhere. His parents were poor, too. Two towns, Badajoz and Jerez de los Caballeros, claim to be his birthplace. All that is known with certainty is that he spent time as a child at both places. In his will, he wanted to be buried at Jerez de los Caballeros, where other members of his family were also buried. The age of the Conquerors came on the heels of the Spanish reconquest of the Iberian peninsula from Islamic forces. Spain and Portugal were filled with young men begging for a chance to find military fame after the Moors were defeated. With discovery of new lands to the West (which seemed at the time to be far East Asia), the whispers of glory and wealth were too compelling for the poor.
De Soto sailed to the New World in 1514 with the first Governor of Panama, Pedrarias Dávila. Brave leadership, unwavering loyalty, and clever schemes for the extortion of native villages for their captured chiefs, became De Soto's hallmark during the Conquest of Central America. He gained fame as an excellent horseman, fighter, and tactician, but was notorious for the extreme brutality with which he wielded these gifts.
During that time, Juan Ponce de León, who discovered Florida, Vasco Núñez de Balboa, who discovered the Pacific (he called it the "South Sea" below Panama), and Ferdinand Magellan, who first sailed that ocean to the Orient, profoundly influenced De Soto's ambitions.

Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps
The Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps is the location of the Formula One Belgian Grand Prix and the Spa 24 Hours endurance race. It is also home to the 25 Hours of Spa, run by the Uniroyal Fun Cup.

Circuit de Monaco
Circuit de Monaco is the name given to a motor racing circuit laid out on the city streets of Monte Carlo and La Condamine around the harbor of the principality of Monaco. It is commonly referred to as "Monte Carlo" because it is largely inside the Monte Carlo neighborhood of Monaco.

Dutch Grand Prix
The Dutch Grand Prix was a Formula One automobile race held at Circuit Zandvoort, from 1952 to 1985.
1985 was its final running, as the company that commercially ran the circuit (CENAV) went out of business, marking the end of Circuit Zandvoort. The track, owned by the municipality of Zandvoort, was not used for some time and part of the grounds and approximately half of the track was sold in 1987 to Vendorado, a Bungalow park developer at that time.
Winners of the Dutch Grand Prix.
"Note: Pink background indicates non-Championship year."

United States Grand Prix
The United States Grand Prix is a motor race which has been run on and off since 1908, when it was known as the "American Grand Prize". The race later became part of the Formula One World Championship, although it is not being run this year.
Winners of the United States Grand Prix.
"Events which were not part of the Formula One World Championship are indicated by a pink background."

Spanish Grand Prix
The Spanish Grand Prix ("Español:" "Gran Premio de España", "Català:" "Gran Premi d'Espanya") is a Formula One race currently held at the Circuit de Catalunya in Barcelona, Spain, as part of the annual Formula One championship season.
Winners of the Spanish Grands Prix.
"Events which were not part of the Formula One World Championhip are indicated by a pink background."
"A cream background indicates an event which was part of the pre-war European Championship."

Canadian Grand Prix
The Canadian Grand Prix (known in French as the "Grand Prix du Canada") is an auto race held in Canada since 1961. It has been part of the Formula One World Championship since 1967. It was first staged at Mosport Park in Bowmanville, Ontario as a sports car event before it alternated between Mosport and Circuit Mont-Tremblant, Quebec after Formula One took over the event. After 1971 safety concerns led to the Grand Prix moving permanently to Mosport. In 1978 the Canadian Grand Prix moved to its current home on Île Notre-Dame in Montreal.
Year by year.
"A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship."

Râul Primejdios
The Râul Primejdios or Veszes River is a tributary of the Caşin River in Romania. That means it flows into the Caşin River.

Verşteag River
The Verşteag River is a tributary of the Şereniac River in Romania. That means it flows into the Şereniac River.

Verendin River
The Veredin River is a tributary of the Mehadica River in Romania. That means it flows into the Mehadica River.

Vederoasa River
The Vederoasa River is a tributary of the Danube in Romania. That means it flows into the Danube.

Vătavu River
The Vătavu River is a tributary of the Şomuzul Mare River in Romania. That means it flows into the Şomuzul Mare River.

Vârghiş River (Cormoş)
The Vârghiş River is a tributary of the Cormoş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Cormoş River.

Vârghiş River (Olt)
The Vârghiş River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Vârgău River
The Vârgău River is a tributary of the Sipoş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Sipoş River.

Vărbilău River
The Vărbilău River is a tributary of the Slănic River in Romania. That means it flows into the Slănic River. It starts where the Vărsăturile and the Clăbucet Rivers meet.

Vâlsan River (Bistra)
The Vâlsan River is a tributary of the Şucu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Şucu River.

Anantnag district
Anantnag is a district in the state of Jammu and Kashmir in north-western India. It can also be called the Islamabad district. It is one of six districts which make up the Kashmir Valley. The district headquarter is Anantnag.

Pakistan International Airline
Pakistan International Airlines Corporation, more commonly known as Pakistan International Airlines or PIA (Urdu: پی آئی اے or پاکستان انٹرنیشنل ایرلاینز), is the flag carrier and national airline of Pakistan.

Islamabad International Airport
Islamabad International Airport or Chaklala Airbase (Urdu: چکلالہ) (IATA: ISB, ICAO: OPRN) is the third largest airport in Pakistan, it is located in Rawalpindi, Punjab. It has been renamed Benazir Bhutto International Airport after the late Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto. The airport is actually located outside of Islamabad, in the area of Chaklala Rawalpindi. Being the main airport for the Pakistani capital it often hosts officials and citizens from other nations. The airfield is shared with the transport and liaison squadrons of the Pakistan Air Force.

International Air Transport Association
The International Air Transport Association is an international industry trade group of airlines. It is headquartered in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, where the International Civil Aviation Organization also is. The main goal of the organization is to assist airline companies to achieve lawful competition and uniformity in prices.

Indian Sign Language
Indian Sign Language (ISL) or Indo-Pakistan Sign Language is possibly the predominant sign language variety in South Asia, used by at least several hundred thousand deaf signers (2003).

1935-36 NHL season
The 1935–36 NHL season was the 19th season of the National Hockey League (NHL). Eight teams each played 48 games. The Detroit Red Wings were the Stanley Cup winners as they beat the Toronto Maple Leafs three games to one in the final series.
Final standings.
"Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, PIM = Penalties in minutes"
"Note: Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold"
Scoring leaders.
"Note: GP = Games played, G = Goals, A = Assists, PTS = Points, PIM = Penalties in minutes"

Coppins
Coppins is an English country house in the village of Iver in Buckinghamshire. It was changed for Princess Victoria, a daughter of King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra. After her father's death, Princess Victoria stayed with Queen Alexandra at Sandringham House as her mother's companion. After Queen Alexandra's death in 1925, Princess Victoria moved into Coppins, which had a "relaxed air of a holiday villa". Victoria lived for another ten years, dying at Coppins on 2 December 1935, aged 67. She left the house to her nephew, Prince George, the Duke of Kent, and his wife Princess Marina. It was owned by the Kent family for two generations, and was sold in 1973 to Commander Eli Gottlieb.

Bagshot Park
Bagshot Park (Grid reference:) eleven miles south of Windsor, is a royal residence. It is located in Bagshot, Surrey, and is is the current home and official residence of Prince Edward, the Earl of Wessex and Sophie, Countess of Wessex. Bagshot Park is on. It is a few miles from Sunninghill Park, the former home Prince Andrew, the Duke of York, and Sarah, Duchess of York.

Balmoral Castle
Balmoral Castle is a royal residence in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. It was purchased by Prince Albert, Queen Victoria's husband, in 1848. Victoria and Albert paid £30 000 for full ownership of the house in 1852. Queen Victoria laid the foundation stone in 1853, signed a parchment recording the date, and placed it in the hole prepared for the stone. Today, Balmoral is owned privately by the royal family, and is one of Queen Elizabeth II's favourite summer retreats.

Beech
The Beech is a giant tree in the genus Fagus in the plant family Fagaceae. There are about 10 species, all native to Europe.

Bioethics
Bioethics is a field of ethics in philosophy that studies the ethical, legal and social issues in medicine and biology. It is often used to study how the new discoveries in science will affect humans, animals and nature.

Caricaceae
Caricaceae is a family of flowering plants in the order Brassicales, found in tropical regions of Central and South America and Africa. They are short-lived evergreen pachycaul shrubs or small trees growing to 5-10 m tall; many bear edible fruit.

Pollen
Pollen is a powder made of pollen grains, which produce sperm cells (male cells used for reproduction) of seed plants.

Tiny Rascal Gang
The Tiny Rascal Gang (TRG) is an Asian criminal gang created in California during the middle of the 1980s. It was formed by Cambodian gang members. It is presently believed to be the largest Asian street gang in the United States.
History.
The Tiny Rascal Gang began in Long Beach. There is some disagreement about how the name was chosen. The gang was set up in Long Beach in the early 1980s by Cambodian immigrants.
At first, the gang's main goal was to protect Cambodians from other gangs of Long Beach. The members of these gangs were mostly Mexicans and African Americans. For this reason, the gang allowed only Cambodians to join at first. They later allowed other Asian Americans to join as well.
Many Tiny Rascal Gang members from the Long Beach area have been deported either because of their illegal status in the United States, or for crimes as non citizens, or both. Because of these deportations, members of TRG have recruited more members in their home countries. The "Los Angeles Times" says that deportation policies have had an effect on the size and influence of the gang both in the United States and in Cambodia. Cambodian authorities report that about 60% of people in prison for gang related crimes have either fled prosecution or been deported from the United States of America.
Enemies.
The gangs enemies are The East Side Longo, Asian Boyz, Vietnamese Boyz, Mara Salvatrucha, Toonerville Rifa 13, and Bloods. Tiny Rascal Gang has a history of very bad violence and murder against enemy street gangs and the police.
Finding location.
In the United States, the gang's strongholds have usually been in the states of Virginia, Alabama, Arkansas, California, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, and Texas.

Wii Ski
"We Ski", also known as "Family Ski" in Japan and Europe is a video game for the Wii. It is the first third-party game (and second game behind "Wii Fit") released that makes use of the Wii Balance Board.

Denison, Texas
Denison is a city in Grayson County, Texas, United States. The amount of people living there was 22,773 at the 2000 census, but had increased to an estimated amount of 24,103 in July 2007. It is one of two principal cities in the Sherman-Denison Metropolitan Statistical Area.
The city of Denison was founded in 1872 in conjunction with the MKT or "Katy" depot It was named after the wealthy Katy vice President George DenisonBecause the town was made at the intersection of the MKT and the Red River (both important conduits of transportation in the industrial era), it came to be an important commercial center in the 19th century American West.

Mentha
"Mentha" (mint) is a genus of about 25 species (and many hundreds of varieties) of flowering plants in the family Lamiaceae (Mint Family).

Lamiales
The order Lamiales is a taxon in the asterid group of dicotyledonous flowering plants. It includes approximately 11,000 species divided up into about 10 families. A few well-known members of this order are the lavender, the lilac, the olive, the jasmine, the ash tree, the teak, the snapdragon, and a number of table herbs such as mint, basil, and rosemary.

Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae or Labiatae, also known as the mint family, is a family of plants comprising about 210 genera and some 3,500 species. It has been considered closely related to Verbenaceae but several recent phylogenetic studies have shown that a lot of the genera classified in Verbenaceae belong instead in Lamiaceae, whereas the core genera of Verbenaceae are not closely related to Lamiaceae and are more closely related to other members of the Lamiales.

Nepeta
"Nepeta" is a genus of about 250 species of flowering plants in the family Lamiaceae. The members of this group are known as catnip or catmint because of their famed effect on cats.
Species.
This is a selected species list.

Garden Angelica
Garden Angelica ("Angelica archangelica"; syn. "Archangelica officinalis" Hoffm., "Archangelica officinalis" "var." "himalaica" C.B.Clarke) is a biennial plant from the umbelliferous family Apiaceae. Alternative English names are "Holy Ghost, Wild Celery", and "Norwegian angelica"

Rosemary
Rosemary (') is a woody, perennial herb with fragrant evergreen needle-like leaves. It is native to the Mediterranean region. It is a member of the mint family Lamiaceae, which also includes many other herbs.

Liquorice
Liquorice (UK) or licorice (US) (see spelling differences) (, or) is the root of "Glycyrrhiza glabra", from which a sweet flavour can be extracted. The liquorice plant is a legume (related to beans and peas) and native to southern Europe and parts of Asia. It is an herbaceous perennial, growing to 1 m in height, with pinnate leaves about 7–15 centimetres (3–6 inches) long, with 9–17 leaflets. The flowers are 0.8–1.2 cm (1/3 to 1/2 inch) long, purple to pale whitish blue, produced in a loose inflorescence. The fruit is an oblong pod, 2–3 centimetres (about 1 inch) long, containing several seeds.

Faboideae
Faboideae is a subfamily of the flowering plant family Fabaceae or Leguminosae. An acceptable alternative name for the subfamily is Papilionoideae.
This subfamily is widely distributed and members are adapted to a wide variety of environments. Faboideae may be trees, shrubs or herbs. The flowers are classically pea shaped and root nodulation is very common.

Galegeae
Galegeae is a tribe of the subfamily Faboideae. The tribe is found mostly in the northern hemisphere, but can also be found in Australia, Africa, and South America. The type genus is "Galega".

Glycyrrhiza
"Glycyrrhiza" is a genus of about 18 accepted species in the family Fabaceae (Leguminosae), with a subcosmopolitan distribution in Asia, Australia, Europe, and the Americas. It is best known for liquorice (British English; licorice in American English), which is the product of "G. glabra", a species native to the Mediterranean region. Very little "G. glabra" is grown in North America, but American Licorice "G. lepidota" is a common native species there. Russian Liquorice ("G. echinata") and Chinese Liquorice ("G. uralensis", Chinese: "gāncǎo", 甘草; lit. "sweet grass" or "sweet herb") are also cultivated, the latter being important in traditional Chinese medicine.

Cumin
Cumin "(Cuminum cyminum)" sometimes spelled cummin) is a flowering plant in the family Apiaceae, native from the east Mediterranean to East India. Indonesians call it jintan (or "jinten").
In India cumin is known in as jeera or jira or sometimes zira but in Pakistan it is known as zeera. The use of cumin is very common in Indian and Pakistani foods.

Savory (herb)
"Satureja" is a genus of aromatic plants of the family Lamiaceae, related to rosemary and thyme. There are about 30 species called savories, of which Summer Savory and Winter Savory are the most important in cultivation.

Superchunk
Superchunk is an American indie rock band. Superchunk first came together in 1989 in Chapel Hill, North Carolina with Mac McCaughan singing and playing guitar, Laura Ballance playing bass, Jack McCook playing guitar and Chuck Garrison playing drums. The members of the band are now Mac McCaughan, Laura Ballance, Jon Wurster playing drums and Jim Wilbur playing guitar.
Superchunk is well known for their style of loud and fairly simple songs that are about things that happen in ordinary life.
For their self-titled first album, Superchunk was signed to Matador Records. Starting with their next album, "No Pocky for Kitty", they have released all of their albums on a label they made themselves called Merge Records.

Semi-automatic firearm
A semi-automatic, or self-loading firearm is a gun that requires only a trigger pull for each round that is fired, unlike a single-action revolver, a pump-action firearm, a bolt-action firearm, or a lever-action firearm, which require the shooter to manually chamber each successive round.

Semi-automatic rifle
A semi-automatic rifle is a type of rifle that fires a single bullet each time the trigger is pulled, without the need manually to operate a bolt, lever, pump or other firing or loading mechanism. Such a rifle can fire single rounds like this until the firearm's bullets in the cartridges is gone.

Bolt action
The term bolt action refers to a type of firearm action in which the weapon's bolt is operated manually by the opening and closing of the breech with a small handle, most commonly placed on the right-hand side of the weapon.

Trigger (firearms)
A trigger is a mechanism that you pull on a firearm to shoot. Triggers almost always have levers or buttons for the index finger.

Diatomic molecules
Diatomic molecules are molecules made only of two atoms, of either the same or different chemical elements.
Two atoms are bonded together to form a unit known as a diatomic molecule.

Fragile Future
"Fragile Future" is the third album by Hawthorne Heights. It was released in 2008. It was their first album without Casey Calvert, because he died in late 2007.
Hawthorne Heights didn't have a lot of success on the singles, but it was seen as a new start for the band.
While much of the album was inspired by things that had been happening to the band, it never says the words "Casey" or "Victory Records"
The album art includes a picture of Casey Calvert near a lamppost.

Dundalk
Dundalk () is a town in County Louth, Ireland, near the border with Northern Ireland. It takes its name from, "Dalga's fort" and officially became a town in 1189. It is located at a ford on the Castletown River. The town's crest reads "Mé do rug Cú Chulainn Cróga" (I gave birth to brave Cú Chulainn)
Dundalk is twinned with the town of Rezé in France.
Dundalk is the largest town in Ireland with a population of 29,037 inhabitants. In 2003, Dundalk was amongst nine cities and towns to be given "Gateway status" in the Irish Government's "National Spatial Strategy". "Gateway towns" will be the first to get funding for improving their towns..

County Louth
County Louth () is a county on the east coast of Ireland, on the border with Northern Ireland.
The county town is Dundalk, which is also the largest town in Louth. Most people that live in Louth live in the 2 biggest towns, Dundalk and Drogheda. The 2006 Census showed that Dundalk and Drogheda as not only the largest towns in the Louth, but also the second and third largest towns in Ireland.
Louth is nicknamed the "the Wee County" because it is the smallest county in Ireland ("wee" means small).
Where the name comes from.
The old Irish name of the county Lughbhaidh comes from the place where people worshipped the Celtic god whose festival was celebrated at.
The name is now spelled as An Lú. This is just the modern way of spelling Lughbhaidh. 'Lú' means 'small' in Irish, but this is not where the name comes from.
History.
The history of Louth goes back a long time. Before people wrote down histories and dates, a famous Irish story is supposed to have happened in Louth. It is called the Táin Bó Cúailge. In this story, a famous warrior called Cúchulainn fights a whole army by himself to protect a brown bull from being stolen.
There are some old monasteries in the county including Monasterboice and Mellifont Abbey
In the fourteenth century the Scottish army of Edward Bruce lost the Battle of Faughart near Dundalk. Edward was killed in the battle. Oliver Cromwell attacked Drogheda in 1649 killing the Royalist garrison (Siege of Drogheda).

Robot Chicken
"Robot Chicken" is a comedy stop-motion television series. It is shown on a part of Cartoon Network called "Adult Swim". It was created by Seth Green and Matthew Senreich

Victor Hammer (businessman)
Victor Hammer (1901 in New York City - July 21, 1985), was a businessman, founder and owner of the famed Hammer Galleries in New York City, and the younger brother of Armand Hammer.
Victor attended Princeton University, where he graduated in 1921 with a degree in Art History.
Victor was business partner to his brother Armand Hammer on several business ventures, including Hammer Galleries in New York City, founded in 1928 as a way to funnel profits made in Soviet Russia out of that country. At one point, British Intelligence believed Hammer Galleries was a front for Soviet Intelligence. The Hammer brothers had been in contact with Soviet authorities for a number of reasons, such as famine relief as well as when the Soviets sought a buyer for the treasures of the Hermitage as a way to earn hard currency. Victor was responsible for acquisitions for Hammer Galleries, including the so-called Romanov Treasures and Fabergé eggs. In 1937, Time Magazine described Victor and Armand as "Two of the most startling characters in the U. S. art world are the Brothers Armand and Victor Hammer, one with a medical degree, both friends of Soviet Russia.".
Victor Hammer was a prolific philanthropist. He, along with his brothers Harry and Armand, purchased Campobello Island and donated it to the US and Canada as the countries' first joint park, known as Roosevelt Campobello International Park

Venţel River
The Râul Venţel is a tributary of the Turia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Turia River.

Veljul Mic River
The Veljul Mic River is a tributary of the Veljul Mare River in Romania. That means it flows into the Veljul Mare River.

Vătăvoaia River
The Vătăvoaia River is a tributary of the Bahlui River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bahlui River.

Vărzari River
The Vărzari River is a tributary of the Crişul Nou River in Romania. That means it flows into the Crişul Nou River.

Vârtop River (Baboia)
The Vârtop River is a tributary of the Baboia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Baboia River.

Vărmaga River
The Vărmaga River is a tributary of the Mureş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Mureş River.

Vârciorog River (Arieş)
The Vârciorog River is a tributary of the Arieşul Mare River in Romania. That means it flows into the Arieşul Mare River. The 15 m high Vârciorog Waterfall is a located on the river and attracts many tourists.

Vărbila River
The Vărbila River is a tributary of the Cricovul Sărat River in Romania. That means it flows into the Cricovul Sărat River.

Văratecu River
The Văratecu River is a tributary of the Bistriţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bistriţa River

Văraştina River (Botizu)
The Văraştina River is a tributary of the Botizu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Botizu River.

Vâna Mălâei River
The Vâna Mălâei River is a tributary of the Siriu Mare River in Romania. That means if flows into the Siriu Mare River.

Vămăşoaia River
The Vămăşoaia River is a tributary of the Bahlui River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bahlui River.

Văleni River (Arieş)
The Văleni River is a tributary of the Arieş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Arieş River.

MySims
My Sims is a video game for the Wii and Nintendo DS.

The Sun (newspaper)
The Sun is a tabloid daily newspaper published in the United Kingdom and Ireland. By circulation it is the eighth largest newspaper in any language in the world. It is published by News Group Newspapers of News International, itself a subsidiary of Rupert Murdoch's News Corporation.
There is also a Scottish ("The Scottish Sun"), Irish ("The Irish Sun") and Polish (the "Polski Sun") edition.

M2 Browning machine gun
The M2 Machine Gun, or Browning.50 Caliber Machine Gun is a heavy machine gun designed towards the end of World War I by John Browning. It was nicknamed "Ma Deuce" by US troops or simply called "fifty-cal." in reference to its caliber.
The Browning.50 caliber machine gun has been used a lot as a vehicle weapon and for aircrafts by the United States from the 1920s to the present day. It was used during World War II, the Korean War, the Vietnam War, as well as during operations in Iraq in the 1990s and 2000s. It is the primary heavy machine gun of NATO countries, and has been used by many other countries. It is still in use today, with only a few modern improvements.

Stealth
Stealth technology, technology used to conceal ships, aircraft, and missiles

Stealth technology
Stealth technology also known as LOT (Low Observability Technology) is a sub-discipline of military electronic countermeasures which covers a range of techniques used with aircraft, ships and missiles, in order to make them less visible.

Pakistan Peoples Party Parliamentarians
The Pakistan People's Party Parliamentarians (PPPP) is a party created by Makhdoom Amin Fahim. The party is an electoral extension of the Pakistan Peoples Party.

Bangladesh Nationalist Party
Bangladesh Nationalist Party (Bengali: বাংলাদেশ জাতীয়তাবাদী দল Bangladesh Jatiotabadi Dôl, BNP) is the immediate past ruling political party of Bangladesh.

Rosmarinus
"Rosmarinus" is a small genus of woody, perennial herb with fragrant evergreen needle-like leaves in the family Lamiaceae, native to the Mediterranean region.

Apiales
The Apiales are an order of flowering plants. The families given at right are typical of newer classifications, though there is some slight variation, and in particular the Torriceliaceae may be divided. These families are placed within the asterid group of dicotyledons.

Apiaceae
The Apiaceae or Umbelliferae is a family of usually aromatic plants with hollow stems, commonly known as umbellifers. It includes cumin, parsley, carrot, coriander/cilantro, dill, caraway, fennel, parsnip, celery, Queen Anne's Lace and other relatives. It is a large family with about 300 genera and more than 3,000 species.

Angelica
"Angelica" is a genus of about 50 species of tall biennial and perennial herbs in the family Apiaceae, native to temperate and subarctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere, reaching as far North as Iceland and Lapland. They grow to 1-3 m tall, with large bipinnate leaves and large compound umbels of white or greenish-white flowers.
Species.
Some species can be found in Purple Moor and Rush Pastures.

Blephilia
Blephilia ("Downy Pagoda Plant" or "Wood Mint") is a genus of three species of flowering plants in the family Lamiaceae. They are all herbaceous plants native to eastern North America. The species are most often found in thin woods and in granite and limestone soils. Blephilia hirsuta and Blephilia ciliata are considered threatened or endangered in some states.

Ballota
"Ballota" (horehound) is a genus of about 35 species of flowering plants in the family Lamiaceae, native to temperate regions of Europe, north Africa and western Asia, with the highest diversity in the Mediterranean region. They are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera including "Coleophora" case-bearers: "C. ballotella", "C. lineolea" (which has been recorded on "B. nigra") and "C. ochripennella".
Species.
The genus is closely related to "Marrubium", with some species having been included in that genus in the past.

Agastache
"Agastache", is a genus of 9–12 species of perennial herbs in the family Lamiaceae, native to eastern Asia (one species) and North America (the rest).

Acrocephalus (plant)
"Acrocephalus" is a genus of plants in the family Lamiaceae, containing about 130 species.

Acinos
"Acinos" is a genus of ten species of annual and short-lived evergreen perennial woody plants native to southern Europe and western Asia. Its name comes from the Greek word "akinos", the name of a small aromatic plant. They are small, tufted, bushy or spreading plants growing to 10-45 cm tall. The 2-lipped, tubular flowers are borne on erect sprikes in mid-summer.

Acanthomintha
"Acanthomintha" is a genus of the Lamiaceae, or mint family. The "Acanthomintha" genus is commonly referred to as Thornmint. There are a number of species within this genus, including the endangered species "Acanthomintha duttonii". All four thornmints are native to the California Floristic Province. The origin of the genus name is from the identical Greek word meaning "thornmint".

Franz von Papen
Franz Joseph Hermann Michael Maria von Papen zu Köningen (29 October 1879 - 2 May 1969) was a German nobleman, Catholic monarchist politician, General Staff officer, and diplomat, who served as Chancellor of Germany in 1932 and as Vice-Chancellor in 1933-1934.

Lemon balm
Lemon balm ("Melissa officinalis") is a perennial herb in the mint family Lamiaceae, native to southern Europe and the Mediterranean region. It grows to 70-150 cm tall. The leaves have a gentle lemon scent, related to mint. At the end of the summer, little white flowers full of nectar appear and attract bees. Its flavour comes from the terpenes citronellal, citronellol, citral, and geraniol.

Bronchitis
Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchi. It may also refer to acute bronchitis or chronic bronchitis. It can be caused by infection or other causes such as smoking, or being exposed to cigarette smoke.

Kashmiri people
The Kashmiri people (Kashmiri:کٲشُر Koshur) are a Dardic ethnic group living in the central valley of Kashmir between Pakistan and the Indians who speak the Kashmiri language. Kashmiri is "a Northwestern Dardic language of the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-Iranian subfamily of the Indo-European language family." which is also known as Koshur and hence are classified as a Dardic people.
There are about 5.6 million people speaking the Kashmiri language. About 5.5 million of them live in the Indian Occupied Kashmir Disputed Territory (not an "integral part of India"), the remaining about 100.000 in Azad Jammu and Kashmir and the Federally Administered Northern Areas (FANA) in Pakistan.

Hastings
Hastings is a town on the coast of East Sussex in England and is the administrative center for the borough of the same name.

Malvern College
Malvern College is a coeducational British public School, founded in 1865. It is located in Malvern, Worcestershire.

UN peacekeeping missions involving Pakistan
UN peacekeeping missions involving Pakistan covers a long and cherished history of Pakistani involvement with the United Nations. Pakistan joined the United Nations on 30th September, 1947. Since 1960, Pakistan has been actively involved in most of the UN Peacekeeping missions and today stands at the top with 10,175 troops and observers serving in current missions. Some of the major contributions were in Somalia, Sierra Leone, Bosnia, Congo and Liberia.

Pakistan Army
The Pakistan Army (Urdu: پاک فوج) is the largest branch of the Pakistan military, and is mainly responsible for protection of the state borders, the security of administered territories and defending the national interests of Pakistan within the framework of its international obligations. Every year the 6th of September, as day after the annual celebration of the Pakistan Defense Day, the day is celebrated as the Army day in Pakistan. That day ground shows and other programs mark the PNA's role in defending the nation.
The Pakistan Army, combined with the Navy and Air Force, makes Pakistan's armed forces the seventh largest military in the world.

Web of the City
"Web of the City" (first called "Rumble") is the first book that was written by Harlan Ellison. The book follows the story of Rusty Santoro, a teenage member of the Cougars street gang in the 1950s Brooklyn, New York. In order to create the book, Ellison spent time in a real street gang in Brooklyn.

Pakistani military
The Pakistan Armed Forces (Urdu: پاک عسکری) are the overall unified military forces of Pakistan. The Pakistani military was first formed when the nation achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1947.
Approximately 620,000 personnel are on active duty in the military which is the world's 7th largest armed force as of 2007. Combined with the 302,000 strong Paramilitary forces and the Coast Guard, the Military of Pakistan has a total size of nearly 1,000,000 personnel.

Pakistan Navy
Pakistan Navy (Urdu: پاک بحریہ) is the naval branch of the military of Pakistan. It is responsible for Pakistan's coastline along the Arabian Sea and the defence of important harbours. It is a modern and highly dependable force that operates a wide range of ships ranging from cruisers to destroyers as well as submarines. Navy day is celebrated on September 8 in commemoration of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965.

Spider Kiss
"Spider Kiss" (first called "Rockabilly") is a 1961 book that was written by Harlan Ellison. The story follows the fast rise and fall of an early rock 'n' roll singer named Stag Preston.

Pakistan Air Force
Pakistan Air Force (Urdu: پاک فضائیہ, Pak Faza'ya) (PAF) is the Aviation branch of the Pakistan armed forces and is responsible for defending Pakistani air-space from intrusions. It also provides air support for ground troops. Every year the 7th of September, as day after the annual celebration of the Pakistan Defense Day, the day is celebrated as the Air Force day in Pakistan. That day Air shows and other programs mark the PAF's role in defending the nation.

The Vines
The Vines are an Australian garage rock band from Sydney, Australia, notable for creating a musical combination of '60s rock and '90s alternative music. They have won an ARIA in 2002 for Breakthrough Artist and received nominations for six other awards in the same amount of years.
They also appeared on the cover of Rolling Stone in October 2002 (the first Australian band to do so since Men At Work in 1983) with the words "Rock is Back: meet the Vines" boldly emblazed underneath.

The Libertines
The Libertines were an indie rock band from London, England. They were formed in 1997 but broke up in 2004.

The Hives
The Hives are a Swedish rock band that started in 1993 but rose to fame in the early 2000s as a leading group of the garage rock revival, playing garage punk. Their breakthrough came with the release of the "best-of" compilation "Your New Favourite Band", featuring their most commercially successful song "Hate to Say I Told You So".

Interpol (band)
Interpol is an alternative rock band from New York City, New York. They were formed in 1997.

Editors
Editors are an indie rock band from England. They were formed in 2002.

A Clash of Kings
"A Clash of Kings" is the second of seven planned books in "A Song of Ice and Fire", a fantasy series written by George R. R. Martin. It was first released on 16 November 1998 in the United Kingdom, but the first United States edition did not come out until March 1999. It won the Locus Award in 1999 for Best Novel and was nominated for the Nebula Award in 2000 for Best Novel.

A Storm of Swords
"A Storm of Swords" is the third of seven planned books in "A Song of Ice and Fire", a fantasy series written by George R. R. Martin. It was first released on 8 August 2000 in the United Kingdom, and in November 2000 in the United States.
"A Storm of Swords" won the 2001 Locus Award and 2002 Geffen Award for Best Novel and was nominated for the 2002 Nebula Award for Best Novel. It was also put up for the Hugo Award, but it lost to JK Rowling's novel "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire".

A Feast for Crows
"A Feast for Crows" is the fourth of seven planned books in "A Song of Ice and Fire", a fantasy series written by George R. R. Martin. The book was first released on 17 October 2005 in the United Kingdom, and in the United States on 8 November 2005.
Like "A Storm of Swords", "A Feast for Crows" was nominated for the Hugo Award for Best Novel, and was also the first book in the series to get to the top of the "New York Times" bestseller list.

Zest (ingredient)
Zest is the outer skin of citrus fruit, known botanically as the exocarp. It is often used to add strong flavor to foods. Zest has become a synonym for spice, strong flavor or interesting taste.

Paprika
Paprika is a spice made from the grinding of dried sweet red bell peppers. In many non-English speaking European countries, the word "paprika" also refers to bell peppers themselves. The seasoning is used in many cuisines to add color and flavor to cooked foods.

Clove
Cloves ("Syzygium aromaticum", syn. "Eugenia aromaticum" or "Eugenia caryophyllata") are the aromatic dried flower buds of a tree in the family Myrtaceae. They are native to Indonesia and used as a spice in cuisine all over the world.
Cloves are harvested primarily in Zanzibar, Indonesia and Madagascar; it is also grown in India called Lavang, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.

Myrtaceae
The Myrtaceae or Myrtle family are a family of dicotyledon plants, placed within the order Myrtales. Myrtle, clove, guava, feijoa, allspice, and eucalyptus belong here. All species are woody, with essential oils, and flower parts in multiples of four or five. One notable character of the family is that the phloem is located on both sides of the xylem, not just outside as in most other plants. The leaves are evergreen, alternate to mostly opposite, simple, and usually with an entire (not toothed) margin. The flowers have a base number of five petals, though in several genera the petals are minute or absent. The stamens are usually very conspicuous, brightly colored and numerous.

Government of Pakistan
The Government of Pakistan (Urdu: حکومتِ پاکستان), uses a federal parliamentary system, with a President as the Head of State and an indirectly-elected Prime Minister as the Head of Government.

Syzygium
"Syzygium" is a genus of flowering plants, belonging to the myrtle family Myrtaceae. The genus comprises about 1100 species, and has a native range that extends from Africa and Madagascar through southern Asia east through the Pacific.

Junoon (band)
Junoon (Urdu: جنون) (meaning "obsession" in Urdu and "madness" in Arabic) is one of Pakistan's most popular Rock bands, based out of Karachi. It was formed in 1990 by guitarist/songwriter/medical doctor Salman Ahmad. It comes in the genre of Sufi rock.

Therese of Liseaux
Saint Therese of Liseaux (1873-1897) is a Doctor of the Catholic church, which means that her life and writings are considered particularly important for Catholics. She is also called the Little Flower of Jesus. She lived in France as a nun, and died at 24 from tuberculosis. Mother Teresa chose her name in honor of her.

Transportation in Pakistan
Transportation in Pakistan is extensive and varied but still in its developing stages and serving a population of over 160 million people. Construction of new airports, roads, and railway are providing a massive employment boost in Pakistan

List of companies based in Tulsa, Oklahoma
Companies headquartered in Tulsa, Oklahoma

ONEOK
ONEOK, Inc. (pronounced like 'one oak') () is a diversified Fortune 200 corporation based in Tulsa, Oklahoma. Founded in 1906 as Oklahoma Natural Gas Company, it is one of the largest natural gas distributors in the United States.

Ashley Force
Ashley Force (born November 29, 1982) is a funny car drag racer. She is the daughter of 14-time NHRA Funny Car division champion John Force and his wife Laurie Force.
Television.
Ashley Force is featured with her family on A&E's reality show "Driving Force".

Cottontail rabbit
The cottontail rabbit is a common rabbit in North America, Central America, and South America. They are brown with spots. The bottom of their tails are white. They look a lot like the wild European Rabbit ("Oryctolagus cuniculus"). They are the 16 lagomorph species in the genus "Sylvilagus".

Selhurst Park
Selhurst Park is a football stadium in the London Borough of Croydon. It is home to Crystal Palace Football Club.

Zack de la Rocha
Zack de la Rocha (born January 12, 1970) is the lead singer of American rock band Rage Against the Machine.
Early Life.
Zack was born in Long Beach, California.

Fire triangle
The fire triangle is used to show the rule that a fire needs three things to burn. These things are heat, fuel, and oxygen. If one of these three is removed, the fire will be put out.
Without heat, a fire cannot begin. If a fire becomes cool enough, it will not keep burning. Heat can be removed by using water. This only works on some types of fire. Separating burning fuels from each other can also reduce the heat. In forest fires, burning logs are separated and placed into safe areas where there is no other fuel. Turning off the electricity in an electrical fire removes the heat source, but other fuels may have caught fire. They will continue burning until the firefighters deal with them and their fire triangles. Without oxygen, a fire cannot can not start. Oxygen may be removed from a fire by covering it in some way. Some foams and heavy gases (for example, carbon dioxide are often used for this. The fire can also be closed off away from a source of oxygen. Once all the oxygen in the closed off area is used by the fire, it will go out if it cannot get more oxygen.

Modus ponens
Modus ponendo ponens (Latin: "mode that affirms by affirming";is a valid, simple argument form in classical logic sometimes referred to as affirming the antecedent or the law of detachment. It is closely related to another valid form of argument, "modus tollens" or "denying the consequent".

Angelo State University
Angelo State University is a public university in San Angelo, Texas. It started in 1928 and now has about 6,150 students.
The sports teams at Angelo State are called Rams for the men and Rambelles for the women.

Nicaragua
Nicaragua is a country in Central America. 5,603,000 people live in the country and it is 129,494 square kilometres in size. North of Nicaragua is Honduras and to the south is Costa Rica. People in Nicaragua speak Spanish.

Battle of the Bands
In music, a Battle of the Bands is a contest where many bands compete against each other to see who is the "best" band. Battles of the Bands are most common with rock music bands. The winner is usually chosen by judges or by the reaction of the audience to a band's performance. The winner can then receive a prize which could be money or a recording contract.

Lalon Shah Bridge
Lalon Shah Bridge, the second longest bridge of the country, has opened to traffic. Prime Minister Begum Khaleda Zia inaugurated the bridge at a ceremony held at Paksey today. With the opening of this bridge direct road link between north-western and south-western region of the country, which was divided by the river Padma, has been established.
The 1.8 K.M long bridge has been constructed parallel to historic Hardinge Railway Bridge over the river Padma with the financial assistance from Japan. To construct the bridge, the Government of Japan through JBIC extended soft ODA Yen loan to Bangladesh in two phases. The first phase loan agreement was signed between Bangladesh and Japan on July 01, 1997 while the second phase loan agreement on March 31, 2001. The total cost of the bridge is US $ 184 million of which JBIC contributed US $ 141 million, which is about 80% of the total cost.
On this occasion, an inauguration ceremony was held at the bridge site at Paksey on May 18, 2004. Prime Minister Begum Khaleda Zia was the Chief Guest while Ambassador of Japan to Bangladesh H.E. Mr. Matsushiro Horiguchi spoke as the special guest. Mr. Ryutaro Koga, Deputy Director General of JBIC Tokyo read out the message from JBIC Governor Mr. Kyosuke Shinozawa in the ceremony. Mr. Tsutomu Uchida, Chief Representative of JBIC Dhaka was present, among others, in the function.
"I would like to convey my heartfelt appreciation to all the people for their contribution to implementing the project. I sincerely hope that this multi-million-Taka project, which is a national asset, will be used and maintained for the overall betterment of the common people of Bangladesh. We strongly hope that the Lalon Shah Bridge will long be remembered as an important symbol of eternal friendship between our two countries," H.E. Mr. Matsushiro Horiguchi, Ambassador of Japan, said at the inauguration ceremony.
“The completion of Lalon Shah Bridge will not only strengthen the economical, cultural and social unity of the Bangladeshi people, who are divided by major rivers, but also facilitate trade with India and Nepal. Especially, as concerns trade with inland Nepal, it is expected that better access to Mongla Port will lead to the establishment of an international transportation system. Economic ties between Bangladesh and Nepal will then be further strengthened” says Mr. Shinozawa, JBIC Governor. “ JBIC will continue to support the Government of Bangladesh 's efforts through the financing of economic infrastructure projects or assistance in structural reforms to achieve the country's national objective of poverty alleviation through accelerated economic growth” the message continued.
The bridge will have an immense socio-economic impact on Bangladesh by providing a fixed road link with west and southwest Bangladesh. Improved communication through free movement of goods and passengers both within Bangladesh and from neighboring countries like India and Nepal will be facilitated greatly. The bridge is to promote easier access to Mongla Port to expedite enhanced cargo handling.
It is mention worthy that Lalon Shah Bridge enjoys some of the records such as the deepest concrete piles in the world and the longest continuous segmental deck in the world, erected by using the balanced cantilever technique. The earthquake protection devices are some of the largest in the world as are the bridge bearings and expansion joints.

Charlotte Moore Sitterly
Charlotte Emma Moore Sitterly (September 24, 1898 – March 3, 1990) was an American astronomer.
Charlotte Moore was born in Ercildoun, Pennsylvania. She graduated from Swarthmore College in 1920 and went on to Princeton to assist Henry Norris Russell. During this time, she worked at the Princeton University Observatory and the Mt. Wilson Observatory. She worked much on solar spectroscopy, studying the spectral lines of the Sun and identifying the chemical elements in the Sun. She earned a Ph.D. in astronomy in 1931 from the University of California, Berkeley on a Lick Fellowship. She then returned to Princeton.
During her second stay at Princeton, she met and married Bancroft W. Sitterly, who became a physics professor. She joined the then National Bureau of Standards (NBS) in 1945. Her tables of atomic spectra and energy levels, published by NBS, have remained essential references in spectroscopy for decades.
Later in her life, it became possible to launch instruments on rockets and she extended her work to the ultraviolet spectral lines.

Widzew Łódź
Widzew Łódź is a Polish football (soccer) club from Łódź, Poland.
The club was started in 1910 and currently plays in the Polish First League. They have won the Polish league four times (1981, 1982, 1996 and 1997). Their official colours are red-white-red.

Palestinian territories
The Palestinian territories are composed of two discontiguous regions, the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, whose final status has yet to be determined. The territories, which were originally contained within the British Mandate of Palestine, were captured and occupied by Jordan and by Egypt in the late 1940s, and captured by Israel in the 1967 Six-Day War. "Palestinian territories" is one of a number of designations for these areas.

West Indies Federation
The West Indies Federation, also known as the Federation of the West Indies, was a short-lived Caribbean federation that existed from January 3, 1958 to May 31, 1962. It consisted of several Caribbean colonies of the United Kingdom. The expressed intention of the Federation was to create a political unit that would become independent from Britain as a single state—possibly similar to the Canadian Confederation, or Australian Federation; however, before that could happen, the Federation collapsed due to internal political conflicts.

Velniţa River
The Velniţa River is a tributary of the Valea Neagră River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Neagră River.

Veja River
The Veja River or Corniş River or Hărmănaş River is a tributary of the Sacovăţ River in Romania. That means it flows into the Sacovăţ.

Vârfuraş River
The Vârfuraş River is a tributary of the Zârna River in Romania. That means it flows into the Zârna River.

Vârciorova River (Bistra)
The Vârciorova River is a tributary of the Bistra River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bistra River.

Vânăta River
The Vânăta River is a tributary of the Milotina River in Romania. That means it flows into the Milotina River.

Cusuiuş River
The Cusuiuş River is a tributary of the Crişul Negru River in Romania. That means it flows into the Crişul Negru River.

Bâlta River
The Bâlta River is a tributary of the Bistriţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bistriţa River.

Văleanca River
The Văleanca River is a tributary of the Teleajen River in Romania. That means it flows into the Teleajen River.

Vâlcu River
The Vâlcu River is a tributary of the Caşoca River in Romania. That means it flows into the Caşoca River.

A Little Bit Longer
A Little Bit Longer is the third hit studio album by American teen pop-rock band "The Jonas Brothers". The album was released August 12th of 2008 in the United States. The title of the album, "A Little Bit Longer," comes from their song of the same name, which Nick Jonas wrote about his dealings with having Type One Diabetes. The album artwork was released by Team Jonas, the Jonas Brothers' official fan club, to fan club members via an e-mail newsletter on June 20, 2008. Like their last album, this one also features that includes more than 30 pages of bonus features with exclusive video performance, 60 printable photos, complete album lyrics, downloadable graphics, and hidden links. In addition, the packaging of the album is made from 100% recycled materials.

A Little Bit Longer (song)
A Little Bit Longer is a song by the pop band "Jonas Brothers". The song is the last original track on the album A Little Bit Longer.

Antioxidant
An antioxidant is a molecule that can slow or stop the oxidation, or electron transfer, of other molecules.

Marshmallow
The Marshmallow is a candy that is usually made of sugar or corn syrup, water, gelatin that has been pre-softened in hot water, dextrose, and flavorings, whipped to a spongy consistency. Marshmallows are used in several types of candies, on foods, and on some drinks such as hot chocolate.

Coen brothers
Joel Coen and Ethan Coen are two film directors, producers and screenwriters. They are brothers and always work together that is why people know them as the Coen brothers. They have won many awards including the Academy Award "(Oscar)" four times and the Palm D'Or at Cannes International Film Festival. Their movies are different genres. They sometimes make movies that are funny like Raising Arizona or movies with a lot of violence like No Country For Old Men. They can also mix both styles like, for example in Fargo.
They write, direct and produce their movies and they share the credits. People sometimes call them "A two-headed director" because when actors who work in their movies have a question they can ask either Joel or Ethan and get the same answer.
Biography.
Joel was born on November 29, 1954 and Ethan on September 21, 1957 in St. Louis Park, Minnesota near Minneapolis in the United States. Their parents were teachers, their father taught Economy and their mother Art History. Joel bought a camera and with it they started making new versions of the movies they saw on television.
When they finished high school Joel studied film at Bard College at Simon's Rock in Massachusetts and Ethan studied philosophy at Princeton University.
Personal Life.
They are married. Joel married actress Frances McDormand in 1984 (she has acted in six of their movies) and Ethan is married to Tricia Cook who edits their movies. They live in New York with their families.
Career.
In 1984 they made their first movie Blood Simple. The story is about a man who has a bar and asks a detective to kill his wife and her lover. Joel and Ethan directed it but only Joel appears in the credits and he won an award at Sundance and Independent Spirit. The critics say that movie shows many elements that later became part of their directing style.
They wrote in 1985 the screenplay for Crimewave. The movie was not directed by the brothers but by Sam Raimi.
In 1987 they wrote and directed Raising Arizona. The film is about a couple that cannot have babies and decides to steal one. Nicolas Cage and Holly Hunter played the married couple. The movie was not very succesful and it did not make a lot of money in the box offices but many people consider it a cult film (a movie that has a relatively small number of fans who constantly repeat lines from the dialogs, buy or create merchandise and gather to comment on it).
Their next movie was Miller's Crossing. It is about gansters and was made in 1990.
After Miller's Crossing, Raising Arizona and Blood Simple the brothers received good comments on their movies and their directing style as well as the dialogs in their films but it was not until they made Barton Fink in 1991 that the brothers achieved international fame. The movie was nominated for the Academy Awards and won three awards at Cannes International Film Festival the Palm d'Or for best director, actor and screenplay. The story is about a playwright (a person who writes plays) whose name is Barton Fink and he moves to Los Angeles to write movies. Fink is played by John Turturro.
After Barton Fink's success, the brothers had the chance to make a big-budget movie (with more money than the previos ones). That movie was The Hudsucker Proxy. The story talks about a man who is given the opportunity to be the director of a big company because the other people in the company (the board) want to buy it at a low price so they intend to have him ruin it. Instead of ruining the company, the man invents the hula hoop and becomes famous.
The Coens had 25 million dollars to make this movie but it only earned 3 million so it is considered a commercial failure (not succesful). The critics said the movie was not good because it had nothing new to offer the viewers.
The brothers made another movie in 1996 with a little money. The name was Fargo and it was universally praised (almost everybody said it was good). They returned to Minnesota because the story takes place there and in North Dakota. The story is about a man who needs money to start his own bussiness so he pays other men to kidnap his wife and plans to ask his rich father-in-law for the ransom (money given in exchange for the woman). Everything goes wrong and a series of violent events starts.
Experts say the movie was very good because of the dialog used by the actors (they used different accents) and Frances McDormand's performance (acting). She won the Best Actress Oscar. The brothers alwa won Best Original Screenplay and the Palm d'Or for Best Directing for a second time.
By 1998 they were famous for their style and talent and they made another movie The Big Lebowski, a comedy about a man who does not work and spends his time bowling. The man's name is Jeffrey Lebowski so some guys mistake him for a millionaire who has the same name. Fans of the movie consider it a cult film.
They changed some parts of Homer's Odyssey and then made their next film Oh Brother Where Art Thou?. They also received good critics.
In 2001 they created The Man Who Wasn't There. The movie is supposed to be in 1940's in California.
In 2003 they directed Intolerable Cruelty. It is their most mainstream movie (the movie that is closest to the most common or popular genres). The leading roles are played by George Clooney and Catherine Zeta-Jones.
They worked with Tom Hanks in The Ladykillers in 2004. A previous version had been made before (not by the brothers).
No Country for Old Men came out in 2007. The movie is based on the book with the same name written by Corman McCarthy.

Find A Way (song)
Find A Way is a single released off of the album by Alternative rock band "The 10th Day" called Makes Me Wonder.

The Picture of Dorian Gray
"The Picture of Dorian Gray" is the only published book written by Oscar Wilde. It was first put out in Lippincott's Monthly Magazine on 20 June 1890 although Wilde later edited this version, releasing it again in April 1891. The story is often miscalled "The Portrait of Dorian Gray".

Quotations from Chairman Mao Zedong
"Quotations from Chairman Mao Zedong" (), better known in the West as "The Little Red Book", was put out by the Government of the People's Republic of China from April 1964 until about 1976. The book is a collection of quotations taken from Mao Zedong's past speeches and books. The book's other title "The Little Red Book" was made by the West for its pocket-sized (or small-sized) version, which was specially sold for easy carrying.

Scouting for Boys
"Scouting for Boys: A Handbook for Instruction in Good Citizenship" is the first book on the Scout Movement, put out in 1908. It was written by Robert Baden-Powell, the starter of the Scout Movement. It is the fourth bestselling book of the 20th century.

Wii sports resort
Wii Sports Resort (also known as Wii Sports 2) is a video game for the Wii. It is a sequel to Wii Sports and is release in Spring 2009. The game is part of an series of games sometimes referred to as the Wii Series. The game will come bundled with the MotionPlus device and an another Wii Remote Jacket, both of which will also be sold separately. From what has been seen so far, the game is set in a beach resort.
It will include: Frisbee (Disc Dog), Jet Skiing (Power Cruising) and Kendo (Sword Play). However, it has been indicated that there will be at least 10 games included in the final product.

Wii Chess
Wii Chess is a video game for the Wii console. It was made by Nintendo. The game was released on January 18, 2008 in Europe. Under the name Tsuushin Taikyoku: World Chess, it was released as a downloadable WiiWare title in Japan on September 30, 2008.
Gameplay.
The game is played using the Wii Remote. The game features an option that gives players new to chess instructions on how each piece should move across the board. Players are also able to replay their games at a later time. Players can also play online against other players with the Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection, with Wii Chess players being able to compete against players of World Chess and Wii Chess players play against World Chess Players.

Naked Lunch
"Naked Lunch" (sometimes referred to as "The Naked Lunch") is a novel by William S. Burroughs originally published in 1959. This is the third novel written by the beat writer; although only his second to be published.
The book was originally published with the title "The Naked Lunch" in Paris in 1959 by Olympia Press. An American edition by Grove Press followed soon after in 1962. The American edition was titled "Naked Lunch" and was different from the Olympia Press edition.
"Time" magazine included the novel in its "TIME" 100 Best English-language Novels from 1923 to 2005".

On the Road
"On the Road" is a novel by American writer Jack Kerouac, written in April 1951, and published by Viking Press in 1957. Most of it is autobiographical and was written based on the spontaneous road trips of Kerouac and his friends across mid-century America and is often considered a defining work of the postwar Beat Generation.
When the book was originally released, the "New York Times" hailed it as "the most beautifully executed, the clearest and most important utterance" of Kerouac's generation. The novel was chosen by "TIME" Magazine as one of the 100 best English-language novels from 1923 to 2005.

William Faulkner
William Faulkner (born William Cuthbert Falkner), (September 25, 1897–July 6, 1962) was an American author. One of the most influential writers of the twentieth century, he was awarded the 1949 Nobel Prize in Literature. His reputation is based on his novels, novellas, and short stories. However, he was also a published poet and also was a screenwriter. He is now deemed among the greatest American writers of all time.
Awards.
Faulkner received the 1949 Nobel Prize for Literature for "his powerful and artistically unique contribution to the modern American novel." He donated a portion of his Nobel winnings "to establish a fund to support and encourage new fiction writers," eventually resulting in the Faulkner Award for Fiction. He donated another portion to a local Oxford bank to establish an account to provide scholarship funds to help educate African-American education majors at nearby Rust College in Holly Springs, Mississippi.
Faulkner won two Pulitzer Prizes for what are considered as his "minor" novels: his 1954 novel "A Fable," which took the Pulitzer in 1955, and the 1962 novel, "The Reivers," which was posthumously awarded the Pulitzer in 1963. He also won two National Book Awards, first for his "Collected Stories" in 1951 and once again for his novel "A Fable" in 1955.
In 1946, Faulkner was one of three finalists for the first "Ellery Queen Mystery Magazine" Award. He came in second to Manly Wade Wellman.
On August 3, 1987, the United States Postal Service issued a 22 cent postage stamp in his honor.

Arthur Miller
Arthur Miller (October 17, 1915 – February 10, 2005) was a famous American playwright, a person who writes plays. His most famous plays are "All My Sons", "Death of a Salesman" and "The Crucible". He also wrote for the movie "The Misfits" while he was married to Marilyn Monroe. She acted in this movie.
Early life.
Arthur Miller's family was a rich family from New York. During the Great Depression in the 1930s, the family lost all their money. Because Miller wanted to go to university, he had to work in a warehouse. He studied economics and history at the University of Michigan, and also learnt how to write plays. He married Mary Slattery in 1940.
Plays.
In 1944, Miller had his first play in a theatre on Broadway in New York, called "The Man Who Had All the Luck". Unfortunately, not many people liked it so this play was stopped after one week.
However, three years later, his play "All My Sons" became very popular. This play won the Pulitzer Prize for drama.
In 1949, he wrote "Death of a Salesman", a story about the American Dream.
In 1953, he wrote "The Crucible", a story about the Salem Witch Trials. He wrote this because of the McCarthyism of the 1950s, the fear that communism would take over America. A few years later, Miller was a accused of being a communist himself. He had to answer questions from the House Un-American Activities Committee, a group that Senator Joseph McCarthy made.
Personal life.
In 1956, Miller divorced Mary Slattery so he could married the actress Marilyn Monroe. During this marriage, he wrote for the movie "The Misfits". Monroe acted in this movie. After five years of marriage, Monroe divorced him.
The following year, Miller married again. The photographer Inge Morath was his third wife, and they were together until she died in 2002. They had two children.
His son, Daniel, was born with Down Syndrome. Miller put him in a hospital and did not want to see him again. His daughter, Rebecca, married actor Daniel Day-Lewis, who asked Miller several times to contact his hospitalised son.
Arthur Miller died in Roxbury, Connecticut in 2005.

Oral sex
"For oral sex on a man see fellatio".
"For oral sex on a woman see cunnilingus".
Oral sex is when one partner uses the tongue, mouth or throat to excite the other partner's sex organs. For males it can include placing the penis in one's mouth and for females licking the vaginal area.
Sometimes oral sex is performed as a way of getting ready for intercourse, but it may be done as an alternative to intercourse.
If someone is performing oral sex on a male, he or she may decide to swallow the semen if the male ejaculates in the mouth. There is no risk of pregnancy from swallowing semen.
One can get sexually transmitted diseases from oral sex, such as herpes simplex (which can be passed between mouth and groin or vice versa). Some STDs, like HIV, are much harder to pass through oral sex, but it is still possible.
Slang for oral sex is common in Western cultures, for example: "going down on" or "giving a blowjob" or "giving head." The technical term for oral sex is fellatio if performed on a male and cunnilingus if performed on a female.

Chartreuse green
Chartreuse green is the color halfway between yellow and green on the color wheel.
"Chartreuse green" (the web color known as "chartreuse" since the X11 web colors were formulated in the mid 1990s) is a web color that was named because of its resemblance to the green color of one of the French liqueurs called "green chartreuse", introduced in 1764. Before the mid-1990s, this color was called "yellow-green", but that name is now used for the web color "yellow-green", a medium dark shade of chartreuse green shown in the color chart below.
The color "chartreuse yellow" (the traditional color originally called "chartreuse" since 1892) is a yellow color mixed with a small amount of green that was named because of its resemblance to the yellow color of one of the French liqueurs called "yellow chartreuse", introduced in 1838. The color chartreuse yellow is shown on the color chart below.
Meaning of chartreuse green.
Chartreuse green is the color of most salad greens and therefore it is associated with good health and a healthy diet.
Chartreuse green is associated with nature and the country.
Chartreuse green is associated with healing.

Clyde F.C.
Clyde Football Club is a Scottish professional football team based in the town of Cumbernauld, North Lanarkshire. They are members of the Scottish Football League and currently play in the First Division.

Jouk de Vries
Prof. dr. Jouke de Vries (Balk, Fryslan 1960) studied political sciences at the University of Amsterdam and has been working at the group Leaderships Art at the University of Leiden since 1984. De Vries got promoted and reached his degree in 1989 from dr. H. Daudt. en dr. H. Daalder on the article he wrote on Ground Politics and Cabinet Crisis in the Netherlands. He was almost faction leader of the Partij van de Arbeid but narrowly lost to Wouter Bos.He teaches students at the Leiden University. He is a professor on Political Sciences (Dutch:Hoogleraar) and teaching that is his profession. He is a columnist for a Dutch language website. Jouke de Vries currently resides in Leiden near the University on which he teaches. He is married in 1986 and has two sons and a daughter.

Dundee F.C.
Dundee Football Club, founded in 1893, are a football team based in the city of Dundee, Scotland. They are nicknamed "The Dee" or "The Dark Blues" and play their home matches at Dens Park. Their home shirt colour is dark blue.
Dundee FC currently play in the Scottish First Division, having been relegated from the Scottish Premier League in 2005. The team is currently managed by Alex Rae, who played for the club but recently retired from professional football. Rae was appointed on 24 May 2006, following the sacking of Alan Kernaghan. For the past three seasons they have failed to gain promotion back to the top tier as they finished 7th in 2005-2006, 3rd in 2006-2007 and 2nd in 2007-2008. In the 2005-2006 Dundee managed to reach the Scottish Cup semi-final but were beaten 3-0 by Gretna, then a Scottish Second Division side.
Unusually for a city of its size, Dundee supports two senior professional football teams, Dundee FC and Dundee United. Their grounds are within a few hundred yards of each other and are the two closest professional football grounds in the United Kingdom.
Current squad.
"As of 13 Aug 2008"

Siamang
The Siamang ("Symphalangus syndactylus") is a tailless, black furred gibbon native to the forests of Malaysia, Thailand, and Sumatra. It lives in trees, thats why it is called arboreal. The Siamang is the largest of the lesser apes. It can grow to be twice the size of other gibbons. Siamangs grow to about 1 m in height, and weigh up to 23 kg. The Siamang is the only species in the genus "Symphalangus".
The Siamang is different form other gibbons. In Siamangs, two fingers on each hand are fused together, thats where the name "syndactylus" is from. Siamangs have large "gular sacs". These can be found in both males and females. The gular sac is a throat pouch that can be inflated to the size of its head. This allows the Siamang to make loud resonating calls or songs.
There may be two subspecies of the Siamang. If so, they are the nominate Sumatran Siamang ("S. s. syndactylus") and the Malaysian Siamang ("S. s. continentis", in peninsular Malaysia). Otherwise, the Malaysian individuals are only a population. The Siamang is the only gibbon which occurs sympatrically with other gibbons; its two ranges are entirely within the combined ranges of the Agile Gibbon and the Lar Gibbon.
The Siamang can live over 30 years in captivity.
While the illegal pet trade takes a toll on wild populations, the principal threat to the Siamang is habitat loss in both Malaysia and Sumatra. Palm oil production is clearing large swathes of forest, reducing the habitat of the Siamang, along with that of other species such as the Sumatran Tiger.

Caroline Unger
Caroline Unger (October 28, 1803 in Vienna - March 23, 1877 in Florence) was an Austrian singer.
She studied in italy music. Her first scene was in her hometown in 1821. She plays a role in Cosi fan tutte written by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. 3 years latershe was singing in the symphony No. 9 of Ludwig van Beethoven.
In 1841, she married François Sabatie.

Jeremias Gotthelf
Albert Bitzius (October 4, 1797 – October 22, 1854) was a Swiss novelist and pastor. He is probably more famous by his pen name Jeremias Gotthelf. He was born in Murten, where his father was pastor.
In 1804 the home was moved to Utzenstorf, a village in the Bernese Emmental. Bitzius gew up there and received his early education. Healso had to help his father to cultivate his glebe. In 1812 he went to complete his education at Bern, and in 1820 was received as a pastor. In 1821 he visited the University of Göttingen, but returned home in 1822 to act as his father's assistant. When his father died in 1824, he went to Herzogenbuchsee as a priest. In 1829, he went to Bern. Early in 1831 he went to help the old pastor of the village of Lützelflüh, in the Upper Emmenthal (between Langnau and Burgdorf). In 1832 he was chosen as his successor. He married one of his granddaughters in 1833. He spent the rest of his life there, leaving three children (the son was a pastor, the two daughters married pastors).
His first work, the "Bauernspiegel", appeared in 1837. It claimed to be the life of Jeremias Gotthelf, narrated by himself, and this name was later adopted by the author as his pen name. It is a living picture of Bernese (or, strictly speaking, Emmenthal) village life, true to nature, and not attempting to gloss over its defects and failings. It is written (like the rest of his works) in German, but contains expressions from the Bernese dialect of the Emmenthal. Unlike Auerbach, Bitzius was not a peasant by birth, but belonged to the educated classes. He reproduces what he had seen and learnt, and not what he had himself personally experienced. The book was a great success, as it was a picture of real life, and not of fancifully beribboned eighteenth-century villagers.
His best known work is without doubt the short novel "Die Schwarze Spinne" (The Black Spider), a semi-allegorical tale of the plague in form of the titular monster that devastates a Swiss valley community; first as a result of a pact with the devil born out of need and a second time due to the moral decay that releases the monster from its prison again.
Among his later tales are the "Leiden und Freuden eines Schulmeisters" (1838-1839), "Uli der Knecht" (1841), with its continuation, "Uli der Pächter" (1849), "Anne-Bäbi Jowäger" (1843-1844), "Käthi, die Großmutter" (1846), "Die Käserei in der Vehfreude" (1850), and the "Erlebnisse eines Schuldenbauers" (1853). He also published several volumes of shorter tales.
One slight drawback to some of his writings is the echo of local political controversies, for Bitzius was a Whig and strongly opposed to the Radical party in the canton, which carried the day in 1846.
He died on October 22, 1854 in Lützelflüh in Canton of Bern.
Lives by C. Manuel, in the Berlin edition of Bitzius's works (Berlin, 1861), and by J. Ammann in vol. i. (Bern, 1884) of time "Sammlung Bernischer Biographien". His works were issued in 24 vols. at Berlin, 1856-1861, while 10 vols., giving the original text of each story, were issued at Bern, 1898-1900.

CBBC
CBBC (Children's BBC) is the name of the BBC's television programmes that are for children. It is also the name of a television channel that often shows these programmes. The programmes are meant for children that are between 6 and 12 years old. The "Children's BBC" name began on 9 September 1985. Before then there were BBC children's programmes, but they were not branded under one name. The name "CBBC" was used informally since 1990, and became the official name in 1997.
CBBC programmes are shown on BBC One, BBC Two and the CBBC Channel. CBBC has a sister brand, CBeebies, for children under 6. The CBBC brands for BBC One and BBC Two are "CBBC One" and "CBBC Two".
CBBC is run by the BBC Children's department, who make the programmes for children up to the age of 16. Most of their offices are in the East Tower of the BBC Television Centre, with some programmes coming from Scotland and Bristol. CBBC produces a whole range of programme types, including drama, news, entertainment and educational programmes.
Anne Gilchrist is Creative Director of CBBC, and Michael Carrington is Creative Director of CBeebies.
Presentation.
Monday 3 September 2007 saw the fifth CBBC relaunch. As part of the relaunch, new logos, idents, interactive services, programmes and presenters were introduced. The previous computer generated backgrounds used from December 2006 were replaced by a real set.
Ed Petrie became the chief continuity presenter, accompanied by a puppet sidekick "Oucho T. Cactus" (operated and voiced by Warrick Brownlow-Pike). They regularly present live, weekday afternoon links on the CBBC channel with Petrie voicing pre-recorded, out-of-vision announcements during for weekdays on BBC One. On 29 August 2008, they went on extended leave to record a new series for CBBC - they are due to return to continuity duties on 1 December 2008. During this period, relief presenter Holly Walsh is presenting weekday afternoon links for the channel.
Anne Foy presented pre-recorded in-vision links at the weekend alongside her dog, Elliot, until her departure in March 2008. Foy was replaced by two new presenters, Ben Hanson and Ciaran Joyce, who previously appeared in CBBC show "The Story of Tracy Beaker". The duo regularly present in-vision links at the weekend and stand in for Ed and Oucho.
CBBC extra.
"CBBC extra" is a free interactive television service from CBBC. It is found on the BBCi pages. It is accessible from the CBBC Channel by pressing the red button and then selecting "CBBC extra". It can also be accessed from any other BBCi page by pressing 570.
The service is different on different digital platforms, for example Sky viewers can access the video loop. But it is only available on Freeview when BBCi is not showing other interactive services, like sports events.
CBBC extra offers games, the UK Top 40 music, jokes sent in by viewers, "Nev's Horoscopes", and a weekly competition. The current presenter of CBBC extra is Ed Petrie.
CBBC Quiz.
This new feature allows the viewers to play a quiz. There are 5 levels, each containing 5 questions. Viewers can also send in their questions which could be shown on the service. The "CBBC Quiz" can be from the CBBC extra page, by selecting the option called "CBBC Quiz". This option is also available on the main interactive menu on the "CBBC Channel", by pressing the red button.
Website.
The CBBC website has a wide range of activities, such as games, puzzles, message boards and frequently updated news feeds. The website is found.
My CBBC.
"My CBBC" is a feature to the new CBBC website. It allows users to create their own room which they can decorate. It is also possible to create your own avatar. The new feature is often promoted on the "CBBC Channel".
Adventure Rock.
"Adventure Rock" (renamed from CBBC World) is a virtual online world that launched on 1 March 2008. Press releases have stated "it would allow digitally literate children the access to characters and resources they had come to expect. Users would be able to build an online presence, known as an avatar, then create and share content."
The main points of the system are safety and responsibility online, with no chatrooms or the financial aspects available in other online worlds such as "Second Life".
Controller of Children's BBC Richard Deverell said: "Adventure Rock" is a good example of the way we need to go. The thing that interests me is that children are at the vanguard. And that is where we are taking Children's BBC."

Văsălatu River
The Văsălatu River is a tributary of the Râul Doamnei in Romania. That means it flows into the Ràul Doamnei. It starts where the Izvorul Cremenei and Izvorul Roşu Rivers meet.

Vărşag River
The Vărşag River is a tributary of the Târnava Mare River, in Romania. That means it flows into the Tàrnava Mare River.

Văratec River (Strei)
The Văratec River is a tributary of the Strei River in Romania. That means it flows into the Strei River.

Apa Mare River (Bega)
The Apa Mare River or Vâna Ciurei River or Apa Neagră River is a tributary of the Beregsău River in Romania. That means it flows into the Beregsău River.

Rânjeu River
The Rânjeu River is a tributary of the Voineşiţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Voineşiţa River.

Topliţa River (Mureş)
The Topliţa River or Lomaş River (in Hungarian "Lomas") is a tributary of the Mureş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Mureş River.

Lomăşiţa River
The Lomăşiţa River is a tributary of the Topliţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Topliţa River.

Puturosu River (Topliţa)
The Puturosu River (in Hungarian "Budos") is a tributary of the Topliţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Topliţa River.

Deluţ River (Purcelu)
The Deluţ River is a tributary of the Purcelu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Purcelu River.

Toplicioara River (Topliţa)
The Toplicioara River is a tributary of the Voievodeasa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Voievodeasa River.

Crucea River (Voievodeasa)
The Crucea River (in hungarian: "Kereszi") is a tributary of the Voievodeasa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Voievodeasa River.

Sechereş River
The Sechereş River (in hungarian "Szekeres") is a tributary of the Crucea River in Romania. That means it flows into the Crucea River.

Arinişul Mare River
The Arinişul Mare River is a tributary of the Hurdugaşu Mare River in Romania. That means it flows into the Hurdugaşu Mare River.

Hurdugaşu Mare River
The Hurdugaşu Mare River is a headwater of the Hurdugaşu River in Romania. That means if flows into the Hurdugaşu River.

Hurdugaşu Mic River
The Hurdugaşu Mic River is a headwater of the Hurdugaşu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Hurdugaşu River.

Hurdugaşu River
The Hurdugaşu River is a tributary of the Topliţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Topliţa River. It starts where the Hurdugaşu Mare River meets the Hurdugaşu Mic River.

Ţigan River (Topliţa)
The Ţigan River is a tributary of the Pârâul Sec in Romania. That means it flows into the Pârâul Sec.

Creanga River (Topliţa)
The Creanga River (in hungarian: "Krànga") is a tributary of the Pârâul Sec in Romania, That means it flows into the Pârâul Sec.

Fagul Rusului River
The Râul Fagului Rusului is a tributary of the Topliţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Topliţa River.

Pârâul Sec (Topliţa)
The Pârâul Sec is a tributary of the Topliţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Topliţa River.

Vâlcoi River
The Vâlcoi River is a tributary of the Pârâul Buciumanilor in Romania. That means it flows into the Pârâul Buciumanilor.

Pârâul Buciumanilor
The Pârâul Buciumanilor or Bucium River is a tributary of the Abrud River in Romania. That means it flows into the Abrud River.

Roşia River (Arieş)
The Roşia River is a tributary of the Abrud River in Romania. That means it flows into the Abrud River.

Valea Albă River (Arieş)
The Valea Albă River is a tributary of the Abrud River in Romania. That means it flows into the Abrud River.

Brisingr
"Brisingr" or "The Seven Promises of Eragon Shadeslayer and Saphira Bjartskular" is the third book of the "Inheritance Cycle" by Christopher Paolini. It comes after the books "Eragon" and "Eldest". It was released on September 20, 2008. The title means "fire" in the fictional Ancient Language of Alagaesia.
The book sold 550,000 copies on its first day of sale, the most ever for a Random House Children's Book.

Mermaid
"Mermaids are mythical creatures some legends say they bring peace and some evil. They are half human and half fish. Many fishermen have told tales about them charming them (distracting them) and making them fall off deck. Mermaids have appeared in many films such as "Splash" and "The Little Mermaid".

University of Edinburgh
The University of Edinburgh is a University located in Edinburgh, Scotland.

Inheritance Cycle
The "Inheritance Cycle" is a series of fantasy books written by Christopher Paolini.

Continental Congress
The Continental Congress was a convention of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies. It governed the colonies before and during the American Revolution and met three times from 1774 to 1789.
Peyton Randolph (September 5, 1774 – October 21, 1774)
Henry Middleton (October 22, 1774 – October 26, 1774)
Peyton Randolph (May 10, 1775 – May 23, 1775)
John Hancock (May 24, 1775 – October 31, 1777)
Henry Laurens (November 1, 1777 – December 9, 1778)
John Jay (December 10, 1778 – September 27, 1779)
Samuel Huntington (September 28, 1779 – March 1, 1781)

Take This to Your Grave
"Take This to Your Grave" is the second studio album by rock band Fall Out Boy. The album was released 2003. Credits are Patrick Stump, Pete Wentz, Joe Troham, and Andy Hurley.

Stephen Guernsey Cook Ensko
Stephen Guernsey Cook Ensko (May 9, 1896 – December 18, 1969) also known as Stephen G.C. Ensko, was an expert on American antique silver. His book is the standard reference work for antique silver.
Biography.
Stephen was born in 1896 in New York City to Robert Ensko (1855-1934) and Mary Elizabeth Blakeley (1857-?). He married Dorothea (1892-1977) on June 4, 1918 in Manhattan and they had three children: Dorothea Charlotte Ensko (1920-) who married Vernon Charles Wyle (1913-1986); Stephen W. Ensko (1922-c1945) who was a 2nd Lieutenant in the US Army who was killed in action in World War II; and Alice Elizabeth Ensko (1924-1999) who married George M. Kellar II on December 24 1944, and later married Alfred Woodward (1913-2007), the Illinois judge. Stephen registered for the draft on June 5, 1918 but he did not serve. At the time he was working as an antique dealer at 598 Madison Avenue, and he was living in Freeport, New York on Long Island. In 1930 Stephen was living at 40-20 205th Street, Bayside, in Queens, and had a servant living in the household. Robert Ensko, Inc. silver was being advertised in The Antiquarian Magazine in March and April 1930. At the death of his father in 1934, Stephen took over Robert Ensko, Inc. which had its showroom at 682 Lexington Avenue in Manhattan. He continued to commission the creation of reproductions of antique silver, to be sold under the Ensko name.

List of characters in Pirates of the Caribbean
This article lists the characters in the film trilogy Pirates of the Caribbean.
Elizabeth Swann.
Elizabeth Swann is the daughter of Weatherby Swann, governor of Port Royal. She was played by Keira Knightley.
She becomes James Norrington's fiance after he proposes to her. She only accepts his marriage proposal so he will save Will Turner, the man she loves. After Will is rescued, the marriage is called off. She marries Will Turner instead and has a son named William Turner Jr.
Jack Sparrow.
Jack Sparrow, known to many people as Captain Jack Sparrow, is a pirate. He is played by Johnny Depp.
Jack Sparrow was captain of the black-sailed ship called the "Black Pearl". However, after a mutiny led by his first mate Hector Barbossa, he was marooned on an island with nothing but a gun holding one bullet. However, he survived for three days on the island. There were many rumors about how he escaped the island, many of them glorifying Sparrow. In reality, Sparrow had discovered a smuggler's cache of rum and waited for the smugglers to come rescue him.
He assembles a crew to help him re-claim the "Black Pearl". After the curse is lifted from the crew of the "Black Pearl", he kills Barbossa using the gun he was left with when he was marooned. He re-claims his position as captain of the "Black Pearl".
Hector Barbossa.
Captain Hector Barbossa, commonly called Barbossa, is a pirate. He is played by actor Geoffrey Rush.
Barbossa was Jack Sparrow's first mate. He led the mutiny against Sparrow, and became captain of the "Black Pearl". He and his crew became cursed after stealing a chest of cursed Aztec gold. Just as the curse is lifted, Jack Sparrow shoots Barbossa (using the bullet from the gun left with him when he was marooned). This shot kills Barbossa. However, he is brought back to life by Tia Dalma to rescue Jack Sparrow from Davy Jones' Locker.
Will Turner.
William "Will" Turner is a blacksmith who lives in Port Royal. He was played by Orlando Bloom.
After being found in the wreckage of a ship at sea, Will Turner was taken aboard a ship traveling to Port Royal. There, he became a blacksmith's apprentice. He falls in love with Elizabeth Swann, the governor's daughter, and marries her. However, after killing Davy Jones, he became captain of the "Flying Dutchman", which allows him to make port only once per ten years.
James Norrington.
James Norrington is a British Royal Navy Officer. He was played by Jack Davenport.
James Norrington is a commodore in the Royal Navy. He proposes to Elizabeth Swann, however, she marries Will Turner instead.
After Jack Sparrow escapes hanging on the gallows, Norrington gives Sparrow a day's head start, effectively letting him escape. This causes him to lose his commission and position in the Royal Navy. He goes to Tortuga, a privateer port where many pirates and criminals live. However, he redeems himself by stealing the heart of Davy Jones and giving it to Lord Beckett. However, he regrets this decision as Beckett begins executing all pirates.
James Norrington dies on board the "Flying Dutchman" after helping Elizabeth escape. He is then impaled by Bill Turner, Will Turner's father.
Lord Cutler Beckett.
Lord Cutler Beckett is a ruthless Lord of the East India Trading Company. He is played Tom Hollander.
After gaining the heart of Davy Jones from James Norrington, Beckett uses it to control Davy Jones. He orders the mass execution of all pirates, even women and children.
He is killed aboard the ship the "Endeavor". He loses his control of Davy Jones after Will Turner stabs his heart and becomes the captain of the "Flying Dutchman". The "Endeavor" is destroyed by the "Black Pearl" and the "Flying Dutchman", killing all those aboard, including Beckett.
Tia Dalma.
Tia Dalma is the human form of the goddess Calypso. She is played by Naomie Harris.
Little is known about Tia Dalma. She once had a relationship with Jack Sparrow when they were "inseparable". It was in this time when she gave Sparrow his compass. She was Davy Jones' lover at one point. She was the one who turned him into a monster, after he cut his heart out for her.
She is revealed to be the nymph Calypso, bound to human form by the Brethren Court.
Davy Jones.
Davy Jones is captain of the "Flying Dutchman". He is voiced by Bill Nighy.
Davy Jones turned into a monster after his relationship with Tia Dalma went bad. He is the captain of the "Flying Dutchman", a ship crewed by those offered a second chance at life for a hundred years. Their job is to ferry souls to the afterlife. However, Davy Jones uses the crew for his own purposes. This has caused him and the crew to transform into monsters resembling sea life.
Davy Jones was killed by Will Turner aboard the "Flying Dutchman".
Sao Feng.
Sao Feng is a Pirate Lord of the Brethren Court. He is played by Chow Yun-Fat.
Sao Feng is the pirate lord of the South China Sea. He is known for betraying anyone, even his friends, to get on the winning side. He says this is "just good business". He often uses a dao as his weapon of choice.
Joshamee Gibbs.
Joshamee Gibbs, known as Mr. Gibbs, is a pirate. He is played by Kevin McNally.
Mr. Gibbs is right hand man to Jack Sparrow. He helps Jack Sparrow assemble a crew to go after the "Black Pearl". He is very superstitious. Not much is known about his past, aside from the fact he had served in the Royal Navy at one point.
Weatherby Swann.
Weatherby Swann is the governor of Port Royal, and is father to Elizabeth Swann. He is played by Jonathan Pryce.
Governor Swann wanted Elizabeth to marry James Norrington. However, he did not mind when she chose Will Turner instead, because he wanted her to be happy.
He was assassinated by an employee of the East India Trading Company under Beckett's orders.
Pintel and Ragetti.
Pintel and Ragetti are pirates. Pintel is played by Lee Arenburg, and Ragetti is played by Mackenzie Crook.
Pintel and Ragetti were part of the crew on the "Black Pearl". They took part in the mutiny led by Barbossa, and each became immortal after taking part of the cursed chest of Aztec gold. Ragetti has a wooden eye, which is in fact Barbossa's Piece of Eight. They often are comic relief in the films.
Bootstrap Bill Turner.
Bill Turner, often called Bootstrap, is a pirate. He died, but took a second chance at life to become part of the crew on the "Flying Dutchman". He is played by Stellan Skarsgård.
Bootstrap is Will Turner's father. He was part of the crew of the "Black Pearl" with Jack Sparrow as captain, but he did not take part in the mutiny. He was killed by Barbossa because of this. Instead of choosing death, however, he becomes part of the crew on the "Flying Dutchman" with Davy Jones.
The Kraken.
The Kraken is a fictional sea monster. It is based on the mythical beast in mythology. It is a sea monster that does the bidding of Davy Jones. When summoned by him, it arises from the ocean. Often Davy Jones tells it to destroy ships that he believes threaten or annoy him. The Kraken kills Jack Sparrow and destroys the "Black Pearl".
Captain Teague.
Captain Teague is pirate, and is Keeper of the Code for the Brethren Court. He is played by Keith Richards.
Teague is Jack Sparrow's father. He is the former Pirate Lord of Madagascar, but he resigned to become Keeper of the Code.
Anamaria.
Anamaria is a female pirate. She is played by Zoë Saldaña.
Not much is known about her, other than her ship was stolen by Jack Sparrow at one point. She becomes part of Jack Sparrow's crew in helping him find the "Black Pearl".
Lieutenant Gillette.
Lieutenant Gillette is a British Royal Navy officer. He is played by Damian O'Hare.
Gillette is James Norrington's Flag-Lieutenant. He survives the battle on the "HMS Dauntless".
Lieutenant Groves.
Lieutenant Groves is a British Royal Navy Officer. He is played by Greg Ellis.
Groves is a British Royal Navy Officer. He served under the command of James Norrington. He also serves as Beckett's second-in-command aboard the "Dauntless" when it is destroyed by the "Flying Dutchman" and the "Black Pearl". When Beckett gives no commands for the crew, he orders them to abandon ship.
Mercer.
Mercer is an employee of the East India Trading Company. He is played by David Schofield.
Mercer is Beckett's assistant. Beckett often uses Mercer to carry out his "dirty" work, such as assassination and spying.
Giselle and Scarlett.
Giselle and Scarlett are prostitutes from Tortuga. Giselle is played by Vanessa Branch. Scarlett is played by Lauren Mahler.
Both women often flirt with Jack Sparrow. They both also often slap him for lying to them.

Tom Hollander
Tom Hollander (born 25 August, 1967) is an award-winning English actor. He had roles in productions such as "Enigma", "Gosford Park", "Cambridge Spies", "Pride and Prejudice" and "Pirates of the Caribbean".

Jack Davenport
Jack Davenport (born March 1 1973) is a British film and television actor. His first important role was in the mid-1990s in the television series "This Life". He has since become best known for his roles in the "Coupling" television series and the "Pirates of the Caribbean" series of films. He has also appeared in many other Hollywood films such as "The Talented Mr. Ripley". He often plays pompous or clumsy characters. His most recent role is as a lead character in the TV series "Swingtown".

Yulia MacLean
Yulia (full name Yulia MacLean) is a Russian-born New Zealand crossover singer. Her first Solo Album 'Into The West' went platinum in its first week of sales in New Zealand, achieving four times platinum sales. She won 2 NZ Music Awards; 'Best female solo artist' and '42Below Best selling album in New Zealand'. She has supported Amici and Russell Watson with 2 sold-out tours in Tokyo. Yulia's albums "Into the West" and "Montage" had three top 40 radio hits in New Zealand, "Into the West", "Angel" & "We're All Alone". Yulia is known for her amazing contralto singing voice.
She was also the lead singer in a pop duo with her husband Glyn MacLean, called the MacLeaNZ.
Life.
Yulia moved to New Zealand to live, from Russia in 2002.
Within two years Yulia learned to speak English, passed all of her senior high school exams at Cashmere High School in Christchurch and signed a recording deal with Sony Music New Zealand. She was taught by Cashmere High School's music department head Gary Thin and teacher Noeleen Penter.
Her first ever concert was in Christchurch with Ivan Rebroff where she received a standing ovation for her version of "Ave Maria".
She was first discovered on regional television as a last minute subject for a ten minute segment on "Good Living With Kerry Pierson" on Christchurch's local television station CTV.
Gray Bartlett, co-director and owner of the Auckland-based promotion company Pacific Entertainment Limited, signed her to a 6 year worldwide sole agency deal but was ended early by Yulia and she was managed temporarily by Michael Glading, ex head of Sony NZ.
In 2007 Yulia met Glyn MacLean, 17 years her senior, director and owner of Oikos Music Group and signed to a management and music publishing deal. On Feb 10th 2008, Yulia married Glyn.

Shasta Dam
Shasta Dam is a dam on the Sacramento River in California. It was built from 1938 to 1945. It is high and long.

Herman Melville
Herman Melville (August 1, 1819 – September 28, 1891) was an American novelist, short story writer, essayist and poet. He is known for writing "Moby-Dick".

Martin Heidegger
Martin Heidegger (September 26, 1889 – May 26, 1976) () was an influential German philosopher. His best known book, "Being and Time", is generally considered to be one of the most important philosophical works of the 20th century.

Parmenides
Parmenides (also Parmenides of Elea) (Greek:, early 5th century BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher born in Elea and was the founder of the Eleatic school of philosophy. His only known work is a poem, but only bits and pieces have survived. In it, he describes two views of reality. These thoughts strongly influenced Plato, and later, the whole of western philosophy.

Democritus
Democritus (Greek:) was a Greek philosopher (born at Abdera in Thrace ca. 460 BC - died ca 370 BC). Democritus was a student of Leucippus and both believed that all matter is made up of tiny, indestructible bits which he called "atoma" or "indivisible units", from which we get the English word atom.
Atomic theory.
Democritus had no hard evidence. He came to these ideas simply by thinking about them. However, his ideas turned out to be somewhat close to what was discovered over 2000 years after his death.

Leucippus
Leucippus or Leukippos (, first half of 5th century BC) was among the earliest philosophers of atomism, the idea that everything is made up of many imperishable, indivisible elements called atoms. He was born at Miletus or Abdera

Mount Olympus
Mount Olympus (; also transliterated as Ólympos, and on Greek maps, Óros Ólimbos) is the highest mountain in Greece at 2,919 metres high (9,570 feet). Since its base is located at sea level, it is one of the highest mountains in Europe in terms of topographic prominence, the relative altitude from base to top.
In Greek mythology the mountain was regarded as the "home of the gods", specifically of the Dodekatheon, the twelve principal gods of the ancient Hellenistic world.

Kate (text editor)
Kate is a text editor for the KDE desktop environment. The name is an acronym for "KDE Advanced Text Editor." It was first put in the KDE 2.2 release, on August 15, 2002.
Features.
The "advanced text editor" part of it's name refers to it's many abilities. It can do many more things than a simpler text editor, like Notepad, but it does not have some of the important features of a word processor (compare it with KWord). Some important features of Kate include a checker for proper spelling, a thesaurus, and highlighting of computer programming code.

Ronald David Laing
Ronald David Laing (born in the 7th of October of the 1927 in Glasgow (Scotland and died in the 23rd of August of the 1989), was a Scottish psychiatrist who described the mental illness, especially the psychosis.
Laing is known for his theories on the causes of the mental perturbations. His theory on the "schizogenous" (?) parents was to exclude him from the psychiatric orthodoxy of his times. He often was connected in thought with the movement antiantipsychiatric, although he rejected that epithet.

Alcoholic drink
Drinks that contain alcohol are generally known as alcoholic drink. In chemistry there is a whole class of substances known as alcohols. The alcohol used in alcoholic drinks is known as ethanol or "grain alcohol". Grain alcohol is generally made through a process called fermentation. In fermentation, bacteria change sugar to make ethanol or vinegar.
The maximum amount of alcohol by volume reachable by fermentation is at about 20%. To get higher concentrations for spirits, distillation is used. This allows to get substances that are made of alcohol to about 80-85% (Certain kinds of Rum used for cooking are at 70-80% alcohol).
Alcopops are very sweet, and usually do ont contain much alcohol (most have less than a Beer), but their sale is often restricted, because they contain distilled alcohol, like spirits. Spirits are used most often ot make mixed drinks.
Most contries limit the sale of the different kinds of alcohol. Usually there are two limits, one for wines and beers, and the other for spirits. Alcoholic drinks can be dangerous (they can interfere with the development of children and teenagers).
In an everyday setting, the word alcohol is often used to refer to one type of alcohol called ethanol (also called grain alcohol), which is a type of alcohol that people drink. Sometimes the term is used to mean any drink containing ethanol, such as whisky, vodka, or gin.
Ethanol is a colorless liquid which turns to vapor very fast, and has a strong smell. Ethanol is created by the fermentation of sugars.
Drinking ethanol causes a person to feel relaxed. Ethanol is very commonly used, and has been made by humans for thousands of years. It is one of the oldest and most used re-creational drug (drugs used for fun) in the world. People may overuse it for the same reason; this results in alcoholism (addiction to alcohol). If a person drinks a lot of alcohol, they become intoxicated, meaning that they get drunk. People will do strange things and cannot control themselves when they are drunk. All alcohols are toxic, but ethanol is less toxic because the human body can break it down quickly.

Hapoel asi gilboa
Hapoel Asi Gilboa is an Israeli football club based in Prazon on Mount Gilboa. The club currently plays in the northern division of Liga Alef. Their main rivals are Hapoel Afula.
In 2001 the club won the Liga Bet North B division and was promoted to Liga Alef after 18 years in Liga Bet.

Amy Lee
Amy Lynn Hartzler (née Lee; born December 13, 1981) best known as Amy Lee, is an American singer and songwriter, and the lead vocalist and co-founder of the rock band Evanescence. She is also a classically-trained pianist and she often composes the bands' music.
Lee was discovered by Ben Moody, who is the other co-founder of Evanescence, in 1994 when she performed a song in summer camp. She sometimes designs her own clothes and likes Victorian styled clothing. Lee is the spokesperson of the Epilepsy Foundation and started a campaign called "Out of the Shadows".
Lee was inspired by many artists from classical artists such as Mozart to modern artists like Björk, Tori Amos, Danny Elfman and Plumb. She is the only original band member who is still in the band. In 2008, she won the Icon Award as songwriter of the year.
Life.
Amy Lee was born in Riverside, California to John Lee and Sara Cargill. Her family moved to many places and finally setteled in Little Rock, Arkansas. She has two sisters, Carrie and Lori, and one brother, Robby. She had a third sister who died 1987. Lee wrote the songs "Hello" and "Like You" for her late sister. She is mostly of Scottish and English heritage.
Lee went to Pulaski Acadamy and graduated in 2000. She then went to Middle Tennessee State University for a short while. Amy was the president of her highschool choir. She wrote the song "Listen to the Rain" and sang it with the choir. She also took piano lessons for nine years. The first song Lee had written was when she was eleven years old, when she wanted to become a classical composer.
Lee is married to Josh Hartzler, a therapist and long time friend of Amy's. They got married on May 6, 2007.
Evanescence.
Lee met Ben Moody in a youth summer camp in 1994. She was singing a song while playing on the piano when Moody met her. The pair first started playing acoustic songs in bookstores and coffeehouses, then they made two EPs. In 2000, they made the Origin EP, which was longer than the first two.
In 2003, Evanescence released their first album, Fallen, which became very successful. The band won two Grammy Awards for "Fallen". Some songs from "Origin" were also included in the album.
Ben Moody left the band on October 22, 2003, because of "creative differences". He was replaced by Terry Balsamo, who helped write most of the songs for Evanescecne's second album, The Open Door.
Image.
Many fans admire Lee becuase she doesn't use sex appeal in her music. The song "Everybody's Fool" and its video were made to mock artists who use sex appeal.
Style and fashion.
In public events, Lee often wears Victorian styled clothes. Some of her clothes are inspired by Gothic fashion. She sometimes designs her outfits, like the red dress in the music video for "Going Under". She chose Japanese designer H. Naoto to make her clothes after she designed them. Lee used to have a piercing on her left eyebrow, which can be clearly seen on the cover of "Fallen".
Lee mentioned in an interview with AOL that her image is different from when she is on stage and explained that what she wears on stage is to complete the image.
Voice.
Lee is known for her usage of choir like notes, especially in "The Open Door". Lee is classified as a mezzo-soprano, with a vocal range of three octaves. Her highest recorded note on Evanescence albums is a C#6 in the song "Weight of the World" from The Open Door.
Other Projects.
Lee worked with other artists, including David Hodgens, who used to be a member of Evanescence. The singer performed a duet with Shaun Morgan of Seether on the track "Broken (Seether song)". She also performed "Freak on a Leash" live with Korn. She also had a guest appearance in the music video for Johnny Cash's "God's Gonna Cut You Down", and chose to appear laying flowers on a grave.
Lee covered songs like Korn's "Thoughtless". She also recorded a cover of "Sally's Song" for "Nightmare Revisited".
She is the current American Chairperson for the "Out of the Shadows" foundation.

Wild Dances (song)
Wild Dances is a song by Ukrainian pop-star Ruslana Lyzhichko (Ruslana). It won the Eurovision 2004 contest.

Rocket-propelled grenade
A rocket-propelled grenade or an RPG is the name for any kind of weapon, held on the shoulder that fires a rocket. They are usually used to fight against tanks.

Tibetan Plateau
The Tibetan Plateau, also known as the Qinghai-Tibetan (Qingzang) Plateau is a vast, elevated plateau in Central Asia covering most of the Tibet Autonomous Region, the Qinghai Province in China, and Ladakh in Kashmir, Pakistan.

Heraclitus
Heraclitus of Ephesus (Ancient Greek: —, English "Heraclitus the Ephesian") (ca. 535–475 BC) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher, a native of Ephesus, Ionia, on the coast of Asia Minor.
Heraclitus is known for his doctrine of change being central to the universe, and that the Logos is the fundamental order of everything.

Thales
Thales of Miletus ((or "THEH-leez"), ca. 624 BC–ca. 546 BC), was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher from Miletus in Asia Minor, and one of the Seven Sages of Greece. Many, most notably Aristotle, regard him as the first philosopher in the Greek tradition. According to Bertrand Russell, "Philosophy begins with Thales."

Hardancourt
Hardancourt is a village in the Vosges département of northeastern France.

Anaximander
Anaximander (Ancient Greek:) (c. 610 BC–c. 546 BC) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher who lived in Miletus, a city of Ionia. He belonged to the Milesian school and learned the teachings of his master Thales. He succeeded him and became the second master of that school where he counted Anaximenes and Pythagoras amongst his pupils.
Little of his life and work is known today. According to available historical documents, he is the first philosopher known to have written down his studies, although only one fragment of his work remains. Fragmentary testimonies found in documents after his death provide a portrait of the man.

Anaximenes of Miletus
Anaximenes () of Miletus (c. 585 BC-c. 525 BC) was a Greek Pre-Socratic philosopher from the latter half of the 6th century, probably a younger contemporary of Anaximander, whose pupil or friend he is said to have been.

Eberhardt del’Antonio
Eberhardt del’Antonio (April 21, 1926 in Lichtenstein - February 22, 1997 in Dresden) was an German author.
Life.
Eberhardt Del'Antonio was the son of a looksmith. He learned the job as an technical drwer. He was fighting for the German army in World War 2.

Gorgias
Gorgias (Greek: Γοργίας, ca. 487-376 BC), Greek sophist, pre-socratic philosopher and rhetorician, was a native of Leontini in Sicily. Along with Protagoras, he forms the first generation of Sophists. Several doxographers report that he was a pupil of Empedocles, although he would only have been a few years younger.

Sophism
Sophism can mean two very different things. In Ancient Greece, the "sophists" were a group of teachers of philosophy and rhetoric. In the modern definition, a sophism is a confusing or illogical argument used for deceiving someone. The term "sophism" originated from Greek "sophistēs", meaning "wise-ist", one who "does" wisdom, one who makes a business out of wisdom ("sophós" means "wise man").
Protagoras is often said to be the first of the sophists. Others include Gorgias, Prodicus, Hippias, Thrasymachus, Lycophron, Callicles, Antiphon, and Cratylus.
Modern usage.
In modern usage, "sophism", "sophist", and "sophistry" are derogatory terms, due the influence of many philosophers in the past (sophism and platonism were enemy schools).
A "sophism" is means to deceive someone in a debate or conversation. It might be made to seem to make sense when really being wrong, or it might use difficult words and complicated sentences to intimidate the audience into agreeing. An argument Ad Hominem is an example of Sophistry.
A "sophist" is a someone who uses sophisms and "sophistry" means using lots of sophisms.

Rădoteasa River
The Rădoteasa River or Rădocheasa River is a tributary of the Cărbunele River in Romania. That means it flows into the Cărbunele River.

Bulzu River (Cerna)
The Bulzu River is a tributary of the Rădoteasa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Rădoteasa River.

Cărbunele River (Cerna)
The Cărbunele River or Valea Cărbunelui River is a tributary of the Cerna River in Romania. That means it flows into the Cerna River.

Vâlcioara River
The Vâlcioara River is a tributary of the Săvăstreni River in Romania. That means it flows into the Săvăstreni River.

Săvăstreni River
The Săvăstreni River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River. The upper part of the river is also called Dejani River or Valea Dejanilor River.

Lupşa River (Dejani)
The Lupşa River is a tributary of the Săvăstreni River in Romania. That means it flows into the Săvăstreni River.

Protagoras
Protagoras (Greek:) (ca. 490– 420 BC) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher and is numbered as one of the sophists by Plato. In his dialogue "Protagoras", Plato credits him with having invented the role of the professional sophist or teacher of virtue.

Pirate code
A pirate code is a code of conduct for pirates. Some of these codes are fictional, and some historical.
Historical articles of piracy.
In the second half of the 17th century, buccaneers started following rules. These rules had many different names, including Chasse-Partie, Charter Party, Custom of the Coast, or Jamaica Discipline. Eventually, they became known as Articles of Agreement, or the pirate's code. These changed from one captain to another. Sometimes they were different from one voyage (journey) to another. These rules included punishments for rule breakers and how much treasure each crew member would receive.
Each crew member signed the articles (or if they couldn't write, make a mark). After the rules were signed, they were then posted in a common place, often the door of the grand cabin.
There are three known sets of these rules that still exist today. Most of these come from Charles Johnson's "A General History of the Pyrates". Part of a code from Henry Morgan is written in Alexandre Exquemelin's book "The Buccaneers of America". Very few of these rules still exist today, because often pirates burned the papers before being caught. They did this to prevent these papers from being used against them.
Bartholomew Roberts' articles.
One of the most famous sets of pirate rules was written by the famous Welsh pirate Bartholomew Roberts in 1720.
I. Every man has a vote in affairs of moment; has equal title to the fresh provisions, or strong liquors, at any time seized, and may use them at pleasure, unless a scarcity (not an uncommon thing among them) makes it necessary, for the good of all, to vote a retrenchment.
"(This means that all crew members can vote on issues on the ship. All crew members can have any food or drink they have stolen, unless there is not much to go around.)"
II. Every man to be called fairly in turn, by list, on board of prizes because, (over and above their proper share) they were on these occasions allowed a shift of clothes: but if they defrauded the company to the value of a dollar in plate, jewels, or money, marooning was their punishment. If the robbery was only betwixt one another, they contented themselves with slitting the ears and nose of him that was guilty, and set him on shore, not in an uninhabited place, but somewhere, where he was sure to encounter hardships.
III. No person to game at cards or dice for money.
"(This means that crew members cannot gamble using money while playing cards or dice)"
IV. The lights and candles to be put out at eight o'clock at night: if any of the crew, after that hour still remained inclined for drinking, they were to do it on the open deck.
"(This means that all fires had to be put out by 8:00 PM. If crew members wanted to drink after 8:00 PM, then they had to do it on deck.)"
V. To keep their piece, pistols, and cutlass clean and fit for service.
"(This means that crew members' weapons had to be kept clean)"
VI. No boy or woman to be allowed amongst them. If any man were to be found seducing any of the latter sex, and carried her to sea, disguised, he was to suffer death;(so that when any fell into their hands, as it chanced in the Onslow, they put a sentinel immediately over her to prevent ill consequences from so dangerous an instrument of division and quarrel; but then here lies the roguery; they contend who shall be sentinel, which happens generally to one of the greatest bullies, who, to secure the lady's virtue, will let none lie with her but himself.)
"(This means that no young boys or women were allowed to be crew members. If a crew member took a woman out to sea in disguise, then he would be killed as punishment.)"
VII. To desert the ship or their quarters in battle, was punished with death or marooning.
"(This means that if a crew member ran away from battle, he would be killed or left on a deserted island.)"
VIII. No striking one another on board, but every man's quarrels to be ended on shore, at sword and pistol. (The quarter-master of the ship, when the parties will not come to any reconciliation, accompanies them on shore with what assistance he thinks proper, and turns the disputant back to back, at so many paces distance; at the word of command, they turn and fire immediately, (or else the piece is knocked out of their hands). If both miss, they come to their cutlasses, and then he is declared the victor who draws the first blood.)
"(This means that the crew members were not allowed to fight on the ship. If they had to fight, they would fight on shore with a sword and pistol. They were not allowed any help from other crew members in their fight.)"
IX. No man to talk of breaking up their way of living, till each had shared one thousand pounds. If in order to this, any man should lose a limb, or become a cripple in their service, he was to have eight hundred dollars, out of the public stock, and for lesser hurts, proportionately.
"(This means that no crew member was allowed to leave the ship's crew until each member had 1000 pounds' share of plunder. If a crew member became seriously injured, he would be given 800 dollars.)"
X. The captain and quartermaster to receive two shares of a prize: the master, boatswain, and gunner, one share and a half, and other officers one and quarter.
"(The captain and the quartermaster each receive two shares of stolen money or goods. The master, boatswain, and gunner each receive one and a half shares of stolen money or goods. Other officers receive one and one fourth shares of stolen money or goods.)"
XI. The musicians to have rest on the Sabbath Day, but the other six days and nights, none without special favour.
"(Musicians could not play music on the Sabbath Day.)"

Hallelujah (song)
Hallelujah is a song by Canadian singer/guitarist Leonard Cohen. It has been re-recorded by many different artists including Jeff Buckley and pop-punk band Paramore.

Islamic State of Afghanistan
The Islamic State of Afghanistan was the name given to the nation of Afghanistan during the rule of the United Islamic Front for the Salvation of Afghanistan government. After 2001, the country was renamed Islamic Republic of Afghanistan.

Leonard Cohen
Leonard Cohen is a Canadian singer, musician, poet and writer.

Jeff Buckley
Jeff Buckley was an American singer and guitarist. He died in 1997.

Stigmata
Stimata is when a person's body is bleeding for no reason and they think its religious.

Flag of Turkmenistan
The flag of Turkmenistan was adopted on January 24, 2001. It is often described as the most detailed national flag in the world.
It features a green field with a vertical red stripe near the hoist side, containing five carpet guls (designs used in producing rugs) stacked above two crossed olive branches similar to those on the flag of the United Nations; a white waxing crescent moon, typical of Turkic symbology, and five white five-pointed stars appear in the upper corner of the field just to the fly side of the red stripe.
The green and red colors appear in this flag because they have been venerated historically by the Turkmen. The waxing crescent moon symbolizes the hope of the country for a shining future and the stars represent the five provinces (Welayatlar) of Turkmenistan-Ahal, Balkan, Dashhowuz, Lebap, and Mary.
The five traditional carpet designs along the hoist represent the five major tribes or houses, and form motifs in the country's state emblem and flag. These Turkmen tribes in traditional order (as well as top to bottom) are Teke (Tekke), Yomut (Yomud), Arsary (Ersary), Chowdur (Choudur), and Saryk (Saryq). The Salyr (Salor), a tribe that declined as a result of military defeat before the modern period, are not represented, nor are several smaller tribes or subtribes.
The wreath is one of the odder parts of the flag, added against the rules of heraldry and breaking up the carpet pattern. It was added as an afterthought to represent the "status of permanent neutrality," which was accepted by the United Nations General Assembly on December 12, 1995.

Philolaus
Philolaus (ca. 480 BC – ca. 385 BC,) was a Greek Pythagorean and Presocratic. He argued that all matter is composed of limited and unlimited things, and that the universe is determined by numbers. He is credited with originating the theory that the earth was not the center of the universe.

Coat of Arms of Turkmenistan
The coat of arms of Turkmenistan was created after Turkmenistan gained independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. The eight-point green starburst (known as the star of Rub El Hizb (۞), a symbol of Islam, to which a majority of Turkmen profess) with golden edges features in its center a red circular disc which carries sheaves of wheat, five carpet guls, and centered upon that a smaller blue circle with a lifelike (rather than heraldized) depiction of an Akhal-Teke horse, a source of pride for the Turkmen people. A variant of the emblem, which included different colors and rounded, was used from 1992 until 2003.
The five traditional carpet motifs on the red disc represent the five major tribes or houses, and stand for the traditional and religious values of the country. These Turkmen tribes in traditional order are Teke (Tekke), Yomut (Yomud), Arsary (Ersary), Chowdur (Choudur), and Saryk (Saryq). The Salyr (Salor), a tribe that declined as a result of military defeat before the modern period, are not represented, nor are several smaller tribes or subtribes.
The green and red colors appear in this shield because they have been venerated historically by the Turkmen. The central elements are surrounded by sheaves of wheat that allude to the custom to welcome to guests with salt and bread. Atop the wheat and the red circle appear a waxing crescent moon of white, typical of Turkic symbology, and five five-pointed stars also of white. The waxing crescent moon symbolizes the hope of the country for a shining future and the stars represent the five provinces (Welayatlar) of Turkmenistan-Ahal, Balkan, Dashhowuz, Lebap, and Mary. Most of the elements of the coat of arms are present in the national flag.
Before independence from the USSR, Turkmenistan had a coat of arms similar to all other Soviet Republics. A single carpet "gul", not matching any of the tribal patterns, was represented on the Coat of arms of the Turkmen SSR.

Pre-Socratic philosophy
The Pre-Socratic Greek philosophers were active before Socrates. The popular usage of the term come from Hermann Diels' work "Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker" ("The Fragments of the Pre-Socratics", 1903).
Most of what we know about the pre-Socractic philosophers come from quotations by later philosophers and historians. While most of them produced significant texts, none of the texts have survived in complete form.

Milesian school
The Milesian school was a school of thought founded in the 6th Century BC. The ideas associated with it are exemplified by three philosophers from the Ionian town of Miletus: Thales, Anaximander, and Anaximenes.

Pythagoreanism
Pythagoreanism is a term used for the esoteric and metaphysical beliefs held by Pythagoras and his followers, the Pythagoreans, who were much influenced by mathematics. Later resurgence of ideas similar to those held by the early Pythagoreans are collected under the term Neopythagoreanism.

Anaxagoras
Anaxagoras (Greek:, c. 500 BC – 428 BC) was a Pre-Socratic Greek philosopher famous for introducing the cosmological concept of Nous (mind), the ordering force.

Miletus
Miletus (mī lē' təs) (Ancient Greek: Μίλητος, literally transliterated "Milētos", Latin "Miletus") was an ancient city on the western coast of Anatolia (in what is now Aydin Province, Turkey), near the mouth of the Maeander River in ancient Caria.

Tooth fairy
The Tooth fairy is a fictional character found in modern folklore.
Around the world, families have many different traditions to celebrate the loss of a child's tooth, especially a first tooth. Many of the traditions involve throwing a tooth on a roof, under a house, burying it under a tree, or leaving it for a rodent.
One of the most famous traditions is leaving a tooth under a pillow for the Tooth Fairy. This tradition is very popular in the United States as well as other countries. The Tooth Fairy will take the tooth away while the child is sleeping and leave some money in its place. Sometimes the Tooth Fairy may also leave a note. If the child does not go to sleep the Tooth Fairy will not come.
Some people believe that the Tooth Fairy is named Fatina and lives in Neverland, along with Tinkerbell. The belief is that Fatina creates a magic powder from children's teeth that protects the fairies from hawks who might otherwise eat them.

Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor
Frederick I Barbarossa (1122 – 10 June 1190) was elected King of Germany at Frankfurt on 4 March 1152 and crowned in Aachen on 9 March, crowned King of Italy at Pavia in 1154, and finally crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Adrian IV on 18 June 1155. He was crowned King of Burgundy at Arles on 30 June 1178.
Before his royal election, he was by inheritance Duke of Swabia (1147–1152, as Frederick III). He was the son of Duke Frederick II of the Hohenstaufen dynasty. His mother was Judith, daughter of Henry IX, Duke of Bavaria, from the rival House of Welf, and Frederick therefore descended from Germany's two leading families, making him an acceptable choice for the Empire's prince-electors.

BBC Weather
BBC Weather is the BBC's department in charge of preparing and broadcasting weather forecasts and is now part of BBC News. The Broadcast Meteorologists are employed by the Met Office. The current longest serving presenter of BBC weather is Michael Fish, who appeared for 30 years between 1974 and 2004.
Early history.
The first BBC weather forecast was a shipping forecast read on the radio for the Met Office on 14 November, 1922. The first daily weather forecast was broadcast 26 March, 1923.
In 1936, the BBC experimented with the world's first weather maps, on television. They started using these in 1949 after World War II. The map filled the whole TV screen, and an off-screen narrator would comment on the next day's weather.
Advancement of technology.
On 11 January 1954, George Cowling was the first weather forecaster to stand in front of a weather map. To do this, the maps were drawn by hand in the London Weather Centre and were taken across London. The forecasts were presented by the same person who had made them, and weren't always right.
In 1962, a fax machine and an electronic computer were bought by the Met Office. This gave better and quicker forecasting.
Satellite photography was available from 1964, but was of a poor quality and was given on paper, with the coastline etched in felt-tip pen. This didn't change until 1973 when a new computer was bought. This made forecasts twice as accurate as earlier ones.
Graphical technology.
As computational capability improved, so did graphics technology. Early hand-drawn maps gave way to magnetic symbols, which in turn gave way to bluescreen (CSO) computer-generated imagery technology, each of which allowed the presenter greater control over the information displayed.
Early magnetic symbols tended to adhere poorly to the maps, and occasional spelling errors (such as the presenter writing 'GOF' instead of 'FOG') marred some broadcasts, but allowed the presenter to show how weather would change over time. The symbols were designed to be 'self-explicit', allowing the viewer to understand the map without a key or legend.
These were phased out in 1985 for computer graphics, although the basic design of symbols was kept the same. These forecasts were widely-acclaimed for their simplicity, winning an award from the Royal Television Society.
Great Storm of 1987 Controversy.
Possibly the most famous of the forecasters is the now retired Michael Fish. Famous for his informal manner and eccentric dress sense (he once wore a blue and green blazer emblazoned with all the weather symbols), he was a viewer favourite despite an unfortunate comment before The Great Storm of 1987.
During a weather forecast some hours before the storm, Michael Fish started his forecast with the now infamous line "Earlier on today, apparently, a woman rang the BBC and said she heard there was a hurricane on the way. Well, if you're watching, don't worry, there isn't". Although he was actually referring to a Florida hurricane (Floyd), and went on to forecast stormy conditions over the South of England, the statement has gone down in popular culture as one of the worst mistakes made so publicly.
2000-05 graphics.
On 2 October 2000 BBC Weather underwent a more significant change. Whilst there was not much change to the existing weather symbols new symbols giving information Pollen and Sun levels were introduced. A new more detailed map of Britain was used based on satellite data.
Today.
16 May 2005 saw the end of the weather symbols on television after 29 years and 9 months on air. They were replaced by a controversial format as the forecast underwent another redesign, with the flat map replaced by a 3D globe, and weather conditions shown by coloured areas. Cloud cover is indicated by the brightness of the map, while rain and snow are indicated by animated blue and white areas respectively.
The graphics are provided by Weatherscape XT, which was developed by the commercial arm of the New Zealand Metservice.
The move polarised opinion; some saw it as more accurate and modern, while others disliked the brown colour chosen for the landmass and the presumed high cost of the graphics. Poor angling of the map, in order to show the curvature of the Earth, led to Scotland appearing little larger than Devon, and Shetland being almost invisible while exaggerating London and the South East. This led to many Scottish commentators claiming the BBC was guilty of a London bias. As a result, the map was realigned, and the moving tour of the UK was lengthened.
The new look won a prestigious Silver Award at the Awards in 2006. Criticism has been ongoing however, with some viewers complaining about the colour scheme, and of a lack of detail beyond 36 hours.
There have been continuous developments since May 2005. In 2006, a rippling effect was introduced to define seas and oceans.
Online forecasts.
The provides outlook weather forecasts for UK and international locations using animated symbols and a format similar in design to that used for the televised broadcasts.
The website also runs frequent special features about seasonal sports, white Christmas, nature and meteorological science. It also has world weather, UK outlook and weather news. A new beta weather site is currently being developed, to fit in with the rest of the BBC site style.

Cheap Trick
Cheap Trick are a rock band from Illinois, USA. They were very popular in the 1970s and 80s.

Strychnine
Strychnine ((British, U.S.), or (U.S.)) is a very toxic colorless crystalline alkaloid. It is very poisonous, the LD50 is about 10 mg. Strychnine is soluble in alcohol and chloroform, but not in water.
Strychnine can act as a stimulant, much like caffeine. It is on the list of substances tested for doping in sports.
The substance was used as a pesticide, especially for killing small vertebrates such as birds and rodents. Strychnine causes muscular convulsions. It leads to death through asphixia or exhaustion. The most common source is from the seeds of the "Strychnos nux vomica" tree. Strychnine is one of the most bitter substances known. Its taste is detectable in concentrations as low as 1 ppm.
Poisoning.
Between 30 and 120mg can kill an adult human. Strychnine is rapidly absorbed by Mucous membranes. If its given under the sjkin, or intravenously, a quantity of 15 mg may be enough to kill an adult. Benzodiazepines (such as Diazepam) are used by default for emergency treatmemt.
Unlike the illustrations given in fiction crime novels, Strychnine is not very good for killing somenone (when given orally). This is because even diluted at 1:130.000 it can still be tasted. Despite this, some murders happened with Strychnine. Thomas Neill Cream, a serial killer used it on some of his vixtims.
Pharmacology.
Strychnine acts as a blocker or antagonist at the inhibitory or strychnine-sensitive glycine receptor (GlyR), a ligand-gated chloride channel in the spinal cord and the brain.
Although it is best known as a poison, small doses of strychnine were once used in medications as a stimulant, a laxative and as a treatment for other stomach ailments. A 1934 drug guide for nurses described it as "among the most valuable and widely prescribed drugs". Strychnine's stimulant effects also led to its use historically for enhancing performance in sports. Because of its high toxicity and tendency to cause convulsions, the use of strychnine in medicine was eventually abandoned once safer alternatives became available.
The dosage for medical use was cited as between "1/60th grain–1/10th grain", which is between 1.1 milligrams and 6.4 milligrams in modern measures. Normally the maximum dosage used was 3.2 mg, half of a "full dose". A lethal dose was cited as 1/2 a grain (32 mg), but people have been known to die from as little as 5 mg of strychnine.

Alkaloid
Alkaloids are chemical compounds that can be made naturally. They contain basic nitrogen atoms. The name comes from the word alkaline and was used to describe any alkaline containing nitrogen. Alkaloids are made by a large variety of organisms, such as bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals and are part of the group of natural products (also called secondary metabolites). Many alkaloids can be purified from basic substances by acid-base extraction. Many alkaloids are toxic to other organisms. Some alkaloids have a bitter taste.

Quinine
Quinine () is an alkaloid which can reduce fever, work against malaria and pain and swelling. The bark of the Chinona family of trees contains Quinine. Quinine can be made artificially, but this is more expensive than extracting it from the bark of the tree.
Quinine was the first treatment for Malaria, from about the 17th century. Even today, Quinine is used to treat cretain forms of Malaria, when other drugs fail or are unavailable. In that way, Quinine is currently one of the best treatments for Malaria tropica, which is caused by plasomdium falciparum. for the other forms of Malaria, Quinine is no longer used, as other drugs have taken over.
History.
Quinine relaxes muscles, and was used by the Quechua Indians of Peru to stop people from shivering.Quinine was first used against malaria in Rome in 1631.
The best type of quinine used to treat malaria was found by Charles Marie de La Condamine in 1737. Quinine helped Europeans colonize Africa. A historian said that "it was quinine... that gave colonists fresh opportunities to swarm into the Gold Coast, Nigeria and other parts of west Africa".
Side effects.
Quinine can cause cinchonism and even death (usually by pulmonary edema) in some cases. Quinine can make someone paralysed if it is injected into a nerve. It is very toxic in overdose.
Current uses.
Quinine has a bitter taste. It was first added to drinks like Bitter Lemon and Tonic Water. Both of these drinks originally came from Africa. There, Quinine was added to have some protection against Malaria. In China, it is sometimes added to drugs against the Common cold. Quinine is also often used to add a bitter taste to food. Usually this has to be declared though. Quinine can also stimulate the muscles of the uterus. For this reason, pregnant women should not take too much of it. Sometimes it is used in combination with Heroin.

Progressive bluegrass
Progressive bluegrass is a type of bluegrass music which became popular in the 1960s and 1970s. The four important elements (not always all present) of progressive bluegrass are instrumentation (usually including electric instruments, drums, piano, and more), songs imported or styles imitated from other musical genres (like jazz, rock and others), non-traditional chord progressions, and lengthy "jam band"-style improvisation.
Bands such as Nickel Creek produce music in this style.

Hot Country Sounds
Hot Country Songs is a chart published weekly by "Billboard magazine" in the United States.
This 60-position chart lists the most popular country music songs, calculated weekly mostly by airplay and occasionally commercial sales. Currently, the chart does not count digital downloads towards chart tabulation (although singles that are only available as downloads do chart if they receive enough airplay).

Neverland
Neverland is a fictional island that is the setting for the novel Peter Pan by J.M. Barrie. Peter Pan, his gang of "Lost Boys" and Tinkerbell, the fairy, live on Neverland. A gang of pirates led by Captain Hook and a band of Native Americans ("redskins" in the story) also live on the island.
Neverland is a land of fantasy where no one gets older and Peter Pan remains a child forever. To reach Neverland, Peter Pan states one must fly "second to the right, and straight on till morning".

International Bluegrass Music Association
The International Bluegrass Music Association, or IBMA, is a trade association to promote bluegrass music.
Formed in 1985, IBMA established its first headquarters in Owensboro, Kentucky. In 1988 they announced plans to create the International Bluegrass Music Museum as a joint venture with RiverPark Center in Owensboro. In 1990 IBMA established the World of Bluegrass, a combination trade show, concert, and awards presentation. This was originally set in Owensboro, before moving to Louisville, Kentucky in 1997. Nashville, Tennessee hosted this event in 2005 and 2006, and will continue as the host location in the future. In 1991 IBMA established the International Bluegrass Music Hall of Honor at the International Bluegrass Music Museum to recognize lifetime contributions to bluegrass, both by performers and non-performers. In 2003 IBMA relocated its offices to Nashville, Tennessee.

Şiştoaca Vladului River
The Şiştoaca Vladului River is a tributary of the Vlăduşca River in Romania. That means it flows into the Vlăduşca River.

Şiştoaca Vlăduşca River
The Şiştoaca Vlăduşca River is a tributary of the Vlăduşca River in Romania. That means it flows into the Vlăduşca River.

Şiştoaca Baca River
The Şiştoaca Baca River is a tributary of the Vlăduşca River in Romania. That means it flows into the Vlăduşca River.

Country Music Association Awards
The Country Music Association Awards, also known as the CMA Awards, or the CMAs, are music awards voted on by business members of the Country Music Association.

Colţul Scris River
The Colţul Scris River is a headwater of the Râul Mare in Romania. That means it flows into the Râul Mare.

Suchelniţa River
The Suchelniţa River is a tributary of the Râul Mare in Romania. That means it flows into the Râul Mare.

Curmătura River (Bârsa)
The Curmătura River is a tributary of the Râul Mare in Romania. That means it flows into the Râul Mare.

Zănoaga River (Bârsa)
The Zănoaga River is a tributary of the Râul Mare in Romania. That means it flows into the Râul Mare River.

Padina lui Dănişor River
The Padina lui Dănişor River or Dănişor River is a tributary of the Râul Mare in Romania. That means it flows into the Râul Mare.

Ciocracul River
The Ciocracul River is a tributary of the Valea Cheii River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Cheii River.

Brusturetul River
The Brusturetul River is a tributary of the Valea Cheii River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Cheii River.

Valea Cheii River (Bârsa)
The Valea Cheii River is a headwater of the Râul Mare in Romania. That means it flows into the Râul Mare.

Râul Mare (Bârsa)
The Râul Mare is a tributary of the Bârsa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bârsa River. It starts where the Valea Cheii River meets the Colţul Scris River

The Used
The Used are an American Emo band. They formed in the year 2000 and have released a number of albums since then. Their first album was called Maybe Memories. Their latest album is called Lies for the liars, and was released in 2007.
They have always been signed to one record label named Reprise. In 2004, singer McCracken's girlfriend at the time was pregnant with their child and she died from a drugs overdose. For that reason, their second album was named In Love and Death. Around that time, the band also took on a new drummer.
The Used have an upcoming album which was finished recording at the end of October 2008. The title hasn't been announced yet.

Bobo Dioulasso
Bobo Dioulasso is a city in Burkina Faso. It is the second largest city in Burkina Faso. A census taken in 2006 stated that 435,543 people lived in the city; 215,968 were male and 219,575 were female.

Koudougou
Koudougou is a city in Burkina Faso. It is the third largest city in Burkina Faso. A census taken in 2006 stated that 82,720 people lived in the city; 40,229 were male and 42,491 were female.

Banfora
Banfora is a city in Burkina Faso. It is the fourth largest city in Burkina Faso. A census taken in 2006 stated that 72,144 people lived in the city; 36,392 were male and 35,752 were female.

Ouahigouya
Ouahigouya is a city in Burkina Faso. It is the fifth largest city in Burkina Faso. A census taken in 2006 stated that 70,957 people lived in the city; 35,017 were male and 35,940 were female.

Chirality (chemistry)
The term chiral (pronounced) is used to describe an object that cannot be superimposed onto its mirror image.
Human hands are perhaps the most universally recognized example of chirality: The left hand is a non-superimposable mirror image of the right hand; no matter how the two hands are oriented, it is impossible for all the major features of both hands to coincide. This difference in symmetry becomes obvious if someone attempts to shake the right hand of a person using his left hand, or if a left-handed glove is placed on a right hand. The term "chirality" is derived from the Greek word for hand, χειρ (/cheir/).
When used in the context of chemistry, chirality usually refers to molecules. Two mirror images of a molecule that cannot be superimposed onto each other are referred to as enantiomers or optical isomers. Because the difference between right and left hands is universally known and easy to observe, many pairs of enantiomers are designated as "right-" and "left-handed." A mixture of equal amounts of the two enantiomers is said to be a racemic mixture. Molecular chirality is of interest because of its application to stereochemistry in inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry, physical chemistry, biochemistry, and supramolecular chemistry.
The symmetry of a molecule (or any other object) determines whether it is chiral. A molecule is "achiral" (not chiral) if and only if it has an axis of improper rotation; that is, an n-fold rotation (rotation by 360°/n) followed by a reflection in the plane perpendicular to this axis that maps the molecule onto itself. (See chirality (mathematics).) A simplified rule applies to tetrahedrally-bonded carbon, as shown in the illustration: if all four substituents are different, the molecule is chiral. A chiral molecule is not necessarily asymmetric, that is, devoid of any symmetry elements, as it can have, for example, rotational symmetry.

Londrina
Londrina is a Brazilian city, located in the northern region of the state of Paraná, and is 369 km away from the capital, Curitiba. Londrina has approximately 500 thousand inhabitants, being the second largest city of Paraná and the third largest city of the Southern Brazil.

Kaya
Kaya is a city in Burkina Faso. It is the sixth largest city in Burkina Faso. A census taken in 2006 stated that 51,778 people lived in the city; 25,898 were male and 25,880 were female.

Superimposition
In graphics, superimposition is when an image or video on top of an already-existing image or video. This is usually done to add to the overall image effect or to hide something (such as when a different face is superimposed over the original face in a photograph).
This technique is used in cartography to produce photomaps by superimposing grid lines, contour lines and other linear or textual mapping features over aerial photographs.
Superimposition of 2D images containing correlated periodic grid structures may produce moiré patterns. Superimposition of two correlated layers comprising parallel lines or curves may give rise line moiré patterns. The movement of one of the layers results in a faster movement of the line moiré superimposition image. Such optical acceleration is known as moiré speedup (check for the formulas of optical speedup for curved patterns). When superimposing two identical layers comprising randomly spaced parallel lines, at a small angle or with a small scaling difference patterns, namely line Glass patterns (after Leon Glass, 1969) appear. Similarly, when superimposing two identical layers of randomly scattered dots at a small angle or with a small scaling difference random dot Glass patterns, namely, appears. When one of the layers embeds complex shapes, such as sequences of symbols forming a text, and another layer contains parallel lines or curves, the superimposition image may gives rise to magnified shapes, called shape moiré patterns.

Maringá
Maringá is the third largest city in the state of Paraná, located in the Southern Region of Brazil. It has, approximately 400.000 inhabitants and an area of 3,179.987 km² (1,227.8 sq mi).

Tenkodogo
Tenkodogo is a city in Burkina Faso. It is the seventh largest city in Burkina Faso. A census taken in 2006 stated that 40,839 people lived in the city; 20,093 were male and 20,756 were female.

Fada N'gourma
Fada N'gourma is a city in Burkina Faso. It is the eighth largest city in Burkina Faso. A census taken in 2006 stated that 40,815 people lived in the city; 20,796 were male and 20,019 were female.

Ponta Grossa
Ponta Grossa is a Brazilian city, located in the southern region of the country, in the state of Paraná. With a population of over 300,000 inhabitants, it is the 5th most populated city of Paraná.
The city is home town of the "Parque Estadual da Vila Velha" ("State Park of Old Town"), a park made up of rocky formations formed over millions of years.
Other attraction of the city is the "Münchenfest" - A National Stout Festival with national and international concerts that lasts a whole week and occurs at late November and the beginning of December.

Dédougou
Dédougou is a city in Burkina Faso. It is the ninth largest city in Burkina Faso. A census taken in 2006 stated that 37,793 people lived in the city; 18,778 were male and 19,015 were female.

Houndé
Houndé is a city in Burkina Faso. It is the tenth largest city in Burkina Faso. A census taken in 2006 stated that 34,669 people lived in the city; 17,418 were male and 17,251 were female.

Foz do Iguaçu
Foz do Iguaçu (fɔs do igwa'su) is the 4th largest city of Paraná state, in the south region of Brazil, with a population of 309,000 habitants. It is located approximately 650 km (400 mi) west of Curitiba, Parana's capital city, on the border with Argentina and Paraguay. The inhabitants of the city are known as "iguaçuenses".
The city is know for the Iguaçu Falls and the Itaipu Dam, the largest dam of the world was built.

Cascavel
Cascavel is a city in western Paraná state, in the south region of Brazil. It has, approximately 300.000 inhabitants.
The city is on a plateau 781 meters above sea level. It is 504 km west of the state capital of Curitiba, 605 km west of the sea port of Paranaguá and 140 km from Foz do Iguaçu/ the 3 borders (Paraguay, Argentina and Brazil).

Julen Guerrero
Julen Guerrero is a former football player. He has played for Athletic Bilbao and Spain national team.

Emile Heskey
Emile Heskey is a football player. He plays for Wigan Athletic and England national team.

Jan Koller
Jan Koller is a football player. He plays for Krylia Sovetov Samara and Czech Republic national team.

Rüştü Reçber
Rüştü Reçber is a football player. He plays for Beşiktaş and Turkey national team.

The Football League 1995-96
Statistics of The Football League in season 1995/1996.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Sunderland won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Swindon Town won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Preston North End won the championship.

Football League of Ireland Premier Division 1935-36
Statistics of Football League of Ireland Premier Division in season 1935/1936.
Overview.
It was performed in 12 teams, and Bohemians won the championship.

Colombian Professional Football 1960
Statistics of Colombian Professional Football in season 1960.
Overview.
It was performed in 12 teams, and Santa Fe won the championship.

Ligue 1 2007-08
Statistics of Ligue 1 in season 2007/2008.
Overview.
It was contested by 20 teams, and Olympique Lyonnais won the championship.

William Regal
Darren Kenneth Matthews (born May 10, 1968) also known by his ring name William Regal, is an English professional wrestler, currently signed to the World Wrestling Entertainment on its Raw brand, where he is the reigning WWE Intercontinental Champion.

La Liga 1940-41
Statistics of La Liga in season 1940/1941.
Overview.
It was performed in 12 teams, and Athletic Aviación won the championship.

La Liga 1941-42
Statistics of La Liga in season 1941/1942.
Overview.
It was performed in 14 teams, and Valencia won the championship.

La Liga 1942-43
Statistics of La Liga in season 1942/1943.
Overview.
It was performed in 14 teams, and Athletic Bilbao won the championship.

La Liga 1943-44
Statistics of La Liga in season 1943/1944.
Overview.
It was performed in 14 teams, and Valencia won the championship.

La Liga 1944-45
Statistics of La Liga in season 1944/1945.
Overview.
It was performed in 14 teams, and Barcelona won the championship.

La Liga 1945-46
Statistics of La Liga in season 1945/1946.
Overview.
It was performed in 14 teams, and Sevilla won the championship.

Bryan Robson
Bryan Robson is a former football player. He has played for England national team.

Robbie Fowler
Robbie Fowler is a football player. He plays for Blackburn Rovers.

Hernán Crespo
Hernán Crespo (born 5 July, 1975) is an Argentine football player. He plays for Internazionale Milano.

Kevin Keegan
Kevin Keegan (born 14 February, 1951) is a former English football player. He has played for England national team.

The Football League 1896-97
Statistics of The Football League in season 1896/1897.
Overview.
It was performed in 16 teams, and Aston Villa won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 16 teams, and Notts County won the championship.

Football League of Ireland Premier Division 1936-37
Statistics of Football League of Ireland Premier Division in season 1936/1937.
Overview.
It was performed in 12 teams, and Sligo Rovers won the championship.

Colombian Professional Football 1961
Statistics of Colombian Professional Football in season 1961.
Overview.
It was performed in 12 teams, and Los Millonarios won the championship.

Division 1 1936-37
Statistics of Division 1 in season 1936/1937.
Overview.
It was contested by 16 teams, and Olympique Marseille won the championship.

Bob Holly
Robert William "Bob" Howard (born January 29 1963) better known by his ring name Hardcore Holly'", is an American professional wrestler. He is currently signed to World Wrestling Entertainment wrestling on its "Raw" brand.
While in E, Holly has held the E Hardcore Championship six times, the E Tag Team Championship three times (with the 1-2-3 Kid, Crash Holly and Cody Rhodes), and the NWA World Tag Team Championship once with Bart Gunn.

La Liga 1946-47
Statistics of La Liga in season 1946/1947.
Overview.
It was performed in 14 teams, and Valencia won the championship.

La Liga 1947-48
Statistics of La Liga in season 1947/1948.
Overview.
It was performed in 14 teams, and Barcelona won the championship.

La Liga 1948-49
Statistics of La Liga in season 1948/1949.
Overview.
It was performed in 14 teams, and Barcelona won the championship.

La Liga 1949-50
Statistics of La Liga in season 1949/1950.
Overview.
It was performed in 14 teams, and Atlético Madrid won the championship.

La Liga 1950-51
Statistics of La Liga in season 1950/1951.
Overview.
It was performed in 16 teams, and Atlético Madrid won the championship.

La Liga 1951-52
Statistics of La Liga in season 1951/1952.
Overview.
It was performed in 16 teams, and Barcelona won the championship.

Raúl González
Raúl González (born 27 June, 1978) is a Spanish football player. He plays for Real Madrid.

Luís Figo
Luís Figo (born 4 November, 1972) is a football player. He plays for Internazionale Milano.

Rudi Völler
Rudi Völler is a former football player. He has played for Germany national team.

The Football League 1897-98
Statistics of The Football League in season 1897/1898.
Overview.
It was performed in 16 teams, and Sheffield United won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 16 teams, and Burnley won the championship.

Football League of Ireland Premier Division 1937-38
Statistics of Football League of Ireland Premier Division in season 1937/1938.
Overview.
It was performed in 12 teams, and Shamrock Rovers won the championship.

Colombian Professional Football 1962
Statistics of Colombian Professional Football in season 1962.
Overview.
It was performed in 12 teams, and Los Millonarios won the championship.

Division 1 1937-38
Statistics of Division 1 in season 1937/1938.
Overview.
It was contested by 16 teams, and Sochaux-Montbéliard won the championship.

La Liga 1978-79
Statistics of La Liga in season 1978/1979.
Overview.
It was performed in 18 teams, and Real Madrid won the championship.

La Liga 1979-80
Statistics of La Liga in season 1979/1980.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Real Madrid won the championship.

La Liga 1980-81
Statistics of La Liga in season 1980/1981.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Real Sociedad won the championship.

La Liga 1981-82
Statistics of La Liga in season 1981/1982.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Real Sociedad won the championship.

La Liga 1997-98
Statistics of La Liga in season 1997/1998.
Overview.
It was contested by 20 teams, and Barcelona won the championship.

La Liga 1998-99
Statistics of La Liga in season 1998/1999.
Overview.
It was contested by 20 teams, and Barcelona won the championship.

Freddy Adu
Freddy Adu (born 2 June, 1989) is a football player from Ghana. He plays for Monaco and United States national team.

George Graham
George Graham is a former football player. He has played for Scotland national team.

Eamon Dunphy
Eamon Dunphy is a former football player. He has played for Republic of Ireland national team.

Murat Yakin
Murat Yakin is a former football player. He has played for Switzerland national team.

The Football League 1898-99
Statistics of The Football League in season 1898/1899.
Overview.
It was performed in 18 teams, and Aston Villa won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 18 teams, and Manchester City won the championship.

Football League of Ireland Premier Division 1938-39
Statistics of Football League of Ireland Premier Division in season 1938/1939.
Overview.
It was performed in 12 teams, and Shamrock Rovers won the championship.

Colombian Professional Football 1963
Statistics of Colombian Professional Football in season 1963.
Overview.
It was performed in 13 teams, and Los Millonarios won the championship.

Ligue 1 2008-09
Statistics of Ligue 1 in season 2008/2009.

La Liga 1999-00
Statistics of La Liga in season 1999/2000.
Overview.
It was contested by 20 teams, and Deportivo La Coruña won the championship.

La Liga 2000-01
Statistics of La Liga in season 2000/2001.
Overview.
It was contested by 20 teams, and Real Madrid won the championship.

Major League Soccer 1996
Statistics of Major League Soccer in season 1996.
Overview.
It was performed in 10 teams, and DC United won the championship.
Final.
DC United won the championship.

Major League Soccer 1997
Statistics of Major League Soccer in season 1997.
Overview.
It was performed in 10 teams, and DC United won the championship.
Final.
DC United won the championship.

Major League Soccer 1998
Statistics of Major League Soccer in season 1998.
Overview.
It was performed in 12 teams, and Chicago Fire won the championship.
Final.
Chicago Fire won the championship.

Major League Soccer 1999
Statistics of Major League Soccer in season 1999.
Overview.
It was performed in 12 teams, and DC United won the championship.
Final.
DC United won the championship.

Salmonella
Salmonella is a genus of bacteria. It is a major cause of foodborne illness throughout the world. The bacteria are generally transmitted to humans by eating or drinking food of animal origin which has the bacteria in it, mainly meat, poultry, eggs and milk.

Paul Sturrock
Paul Sturrock is a former football player. He has played for Dundee United and Scotland national team.

Avi Ran
Avi Ran is a former football player. He has played for Maccabi Haifa and Israel national team.

Mark Viduka
Mark Viduka is a football player. He plays for Newcastle United.

Baichung Bhutia
Baichung Bhutia is a football player. He plays for Mohun Bagan and India national team.

Matthew Le Tissier
Matthew Le Tissier is a former football player. He has played for Southampton and England national team.

The Football League 2000-01
Statistics of The Football League in season 2000/2001.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Fulham won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Millwall won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Brighton & Hove Albion won the championship.

Football League of Ireland Premier Division 1939-40
Statistics of Football League of Ireland Premier Division in season 1939/1940.
Overview.
It was performed in 12 teams, and St James's Gate won the championship.

Colombian Professional Football 1964
Statistics of Colombian Professional Football in season 1964.
Overview.
It was performed in 13 teams, and Los Millonarios won the championship.

Division 1 1938-39
Statistics of Division 1 in season 1938/1939.
Overview.
It was contested by 16 teams, and Sète won the championship.

La Liga 1929
Statistics of La Liga in season 1929.
Overview.
It was performed in 10 teams, and Barcelona won the championship.

2000 MLS season
Statistics of Major League Soccer in season 2000.
Overview.
It was performed in 12 teams, and Kansas City Wizards won the championship.
Final.
Kansas City Wizards won the championship.

Major League Soccer 2001
Statistics of Major League Soccer in season 2001.
Overview.
It was performed in 12 teams, and San Jose Earthquakes won the championship.
Final.
San Jose Earthquakes won the championship.

Major League Soccer 2002
Statistics of Major League Soccer in season 2002.
Overview.
It was performed in 10 teams, and Los Angeles Galaxy won the championship.
Final.
Los Angeles Galaxy won the championship.

Major League Soccer 2007
Statistics of Major League Soccer in season 2007.
Overview.
It was performed in 13 teams, and Houston Dynamo won the championship.
Final.
Houston Dynamo won the championship.

Major League Soccer 2008
Statistics of Major League Soccer in season 2008.

Amarok (software)
Amarok is a music player for the KDE desktop environment. Unlike most KDE programs, it has it's own schedule for releasing versions, so a new version of Amarok might not be released when a newer version of KDE comes out. Amarok's first stable version was released in 2003. They are now on version 1.4.10. A new version, known as Amarok 2.0, is being developed for KDE 4.0.
Features.
Amarok cannot play videos. However, it can play most sound and music files in a large range of formats, like MP3, Ogg Vorbis, and WMA. Amarok also includes an internet radio tuner, and supports submitting a listener's music preferences to Last.fm. It can sync music to most MP3 players, like the iPod or ZEN.

Ignoratio elenchi
Ignoratio elenchi (also known as irrelevant conclusion or irrelevant thesis) is the informal fallacy of presenting an argument that may in itself be valid, but does not address the issue in question. "Ignoratio elenchi" can be roughly translated by "ignorance of refutation", that is, ignorance of what a refutation is; "elenchi" is from the Greek Socratic method, meaning an argument of disproof or refutation. (Some sources give "by ignorance of the issues" or even "by ignoring the issues" as a translation of ignoratio elenchi.)
Aristotle believed that an ignoratio elenchi is a mistake made by a questioner while attempting to falsify a respondent's argument. He called it an ignorance of what makes for a refutation. For Aristotle, ignoratio elenchi amounts to "ignorance of logic". In fact, Aristotle goes so far as to say that all logical fallacies can be reduced to what he calls ignoratio elenchi.
Modern use limits this term much more narrowly to the kind of mistake described in the first paragraph above.
Red herring.
Similar to ignoratio elenchi, a "red herring" is an argument, given in reply, that does not address the original issue. Critically, a red herring is a "deliberate" attempt to change the subject or divert the argument. This is known formally in the English vocabulary as digression which is a neutrally connotated "Red herring".
Examples.
Maher: It's arbitrary, isn't it? If you had been born in Pakistan, you wouldn't be believing in Jesus Christ. You would have been told another fairy and you would have been believing that.
Scarborough: Well, Bill, that's your opinion.
"Whether Maher's argument is his opinion or not is irrelevant and does not address the argument made."
"The conclusion is ignoratio elenchi, since friendliness and charity are not the main qualifications for induction into the Hall of Fame."
"The existence of worse criminals is a secondary issue which has no bearing on whether the driver deserves a fine for recklessness. If the speaker were deliberately attempting to divert the issue, this would be an example of a red herring. While the argument about how the police should spend their time may have merit, the question of whom the police should prioritize pursuing and the question of what should be done with those the police have caught are separate questions."
"A red herring, the unrelated alleged affair, attempts to change the subject away from the popular policies. However, if the original discussion were of the prime minister's public integrity (encompassing both popularity and conduct), this argument could be perfectly valid. Such as if a politician's election campaign revolved around family values. Then an argument about such an affair would be valid, as it is in direct conflict with a family values platform."

Informal fallacy
An informal fallacy is an argument whose stated premises fail to support their proposed conclusion. Informal fallacies often come about because of an error in reasoning. The premises are then erroneously linked to the conclusion. In contrast to a formal fallacy, the error has to do with issues of inference because language is used to state the propositions; natural language allows to say more than the symbolism of formal logic can represent. All informal fallacies of deductive reasoning contain a fundamental disconnect between the premises and the conclusion. This makes the argument invalid. The disconnect often arises because there is a hidden co-premise. If this co premise were stated, it would validate the argument.
If the populations of "P" and "Q" are both too large to sample completely, then the statement is inductive. In such a case, a hasty generalization occurs when the number of "P"s and "Q"s is insufficient to represent the respective populations. It is important to distinguish between a principle of reasoning (deductive or inductive) and the premise of an argument.

Great Western Railway
The Great Western Railway was a railway company operating in the United Kingdom from 1833 until 1948 when it became the Western Region of British Railways.

Stimulant
Some of the substances mentioned above can be used to treat certain diseases. Some are mostly used as illegal drugs.

Benzylpiperazine
Benzylpiperazine, commonly referred to as BZP is an recreational drug. It is also available with trade names such as "A2", "Frenzy" and "Nemesis", It is a stimulant and may cause Euphoria. People believe it works similar to MDMA. The effects produced by BZP are comparable to those produced by amphetamine. Side-effects include acute psychosis, problems with the kidneys
Adverse effects have been reported following its use including acute psychosis and seizures. It does not appear to be very addictive and no deaths have been reported following taking BZP once. There have been at least two deaths which resulted from the combination of BZP and MDMA. Its sale is banned in a few countries, including the United States, Australia, New Zealand and in parts of Europe. However, its legal status is currently less restrictive in some other countries such as Ireland and Canada. The European Union is currently changing its laws to regulate this substance more.

Turkish new lira
The Turkish new lira (Turkish: Yeni türk lirası) is the currency of Turkey and the Turkish Northern Republic of Cyprus. The new lira is subdivided into 100 new kurush (yeni kuruş), the equivalent of American Cents or British Pennies. The symbol for the currency is YTL.
In the last few years the Turkish lira stabilised and even rose against the U.S. Dollars and the Euro.
In late December 2003, the Grand National Assembly of Turkey passed a law that allowed for the removal of six zeroes from the currency, and the creation of the new lira. It was introduced on 1 January 2005, replacing the previous lira (which remained valid in circulation until the end of 2005) at a rate of 1 new lira = 1,000,000 old lira.
The official name of the currency is "New Turkish Lira". According to the Central Bank, the word "new" (yeni) is only a "temporary" measure. A news agency reported that "new" will be removed on January 1, 2009. The same source also indicated that the banknotes will have "different shapes and sizes to prevent forgery".

Izvorul Dorului River
The Izvorul Dorului River is a tributary of the Prahova River in Romania. That means it flows into the Prahova River.

Jepii Mari River
The Jepii Mari River is a tributary of the Izvorul Dorului River in Romania. That means it flows into the Izvorul Dorului River.

Valea Călugărului River
The Valea Călugărului River is a tributary of the Izvorul Dorului in Romania. That means it flows into the Izvorul Dorului River.

Vâlcelul Vârful cu Dor River
The Valea Călugărului River is a tributary of the Izvorul Dorului in Romania. That means it flows into the Izvorul Dorului River.

Valea Uscată River
The Valea Uscată River is a tributary of the Izvorul Dorului River in Romania. That means it flows into the Izvorul Dorului River.

Pârâul Lupului (Izvorul Dorului)
The Pârâul Lupului is a tributary of the Izvorul Dorului River in Romania. That means it flows into the Izvorul Dorului River.

Valea cu Pietriş River
The Valea cu Pietriş River is a tributary of the Izvorul Dorului River in Romania. That means it flows into the Izvorul Dorului River.

Valea Dracilor River
The Valea Dracilor River is a tributary of the Izvorul Dorului River in Romania. That means it flows into the Izvorul Dorului River.

Vâlcelul Clinului River
The Vâlcelul Clinului River is a tributary of the Izvorul Dorului River in Romania. That means it flows into the Izvorul Dorului River.

Valea Stânei River (Prahova)
The Valea Stânei River is a tributary of the Prahova River in Romania. That means it flows into the Prahova River.

Şerpoaica River
The Şerpoaica River is a tributary of the Valea Stânei River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Stânei River.

Valea Căldării River (Izvorul Dorului)
The Valea Căldării River is a tributary of the Valea Stânei River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Stânei River.

Valea Stânei River (Izvorul Dorului)
The Valea Stânei River is a tributary of the Izvorul Dorului River in Romania. That means it flows into the Izvorul Dorului River.

Valea Cârlanilor River
The Valea Cârlanilor River is a tributary of the Valea Stânei River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Stânei River.

Izvoraşu River (Prahova)
The Izvoraşu River is a tributary of the Izvorul Dorului River in Romania. That means it flows into the Izvorul Dorului River.

Pârâul Negru (Prahova)
The Izvoraşu River is a tributary of the Izvorul Dorului River in Romania. That means it flows into the Izvorul Dorului River.

Bârsa Tămaşului River
The Bârsa Tămaşului River is a headwater of the Bârsa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bârsa River.

Runcu River (Bârsa)
The Runcu River or Valea Runcului River is a tributary of the Bârsa Tămaşului River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bârsa Tămaşului River.

Valea Bozii River (Runcu)
The Valea Bozii River is a tributary of the Runcu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Runcu River.

Şpirla Tămaşului River
The Şpirla Tămaşului River is a tributary of the Bârsa Tămaşului River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bârsa Tămaşului River.

Oedipus
Oedipus was a mythical or fictional king in Greek mythology. He, without knowing, married his mother and killed his father. The psychologist Sigmund Freud had a theory and he called it the Oedipus Complex, after this story.

Gundam
Gundam is the collective name for all the Japanese anime series about are about giant fighting robots called "Gundams". There are many series, movies, comic books and video games based on the Gundam franchise or idea.

Self-injury
Self-injury (SI) or self-harm (SH) is an injury that a person does to their own body on purpose. This kind of self-harm is not suicidal. In fact, many self-harmers hurt themselves because they feel it is the only way to stay alive. However, in some cases self-injury can become life-threatening, and those who self-harm are more likely to commit suicide than those who do not.
There are many different reasons why a person may do self-injury, though exact causes are often hard to tell. It may be to relieve unbearable emotions, or sensations of unreality or numbness. Self-harm is often a symptom of other problems. These problems may be include physical abuse, sexual abuse, or eating disorders. Also, it may stem from mental problems such as low self esteem or perfectionism.
Studying the causes of self-injury can be difficult or inaccurate, because many self-harmers try to hide their injuries.
Types of self-injury.
Self-injury is a general term that includes many different types of deliberate harm to one's body. There are many things that can be considered self-harm. Pushing oneself too hard physically, for example, can be a mild form of self-injury. In other mild cases, a self-harmer may purposely pick off scabs to keep cuts or scratches from healing. Hair-pulling (trichotillomania) is another mild form of self-harm.
In more severe cases, a self-harmer could end up breaking or spraining a bone, or cause a dangerous loss of blood. Biting, burning, and cutting are other forms of self-injury. It is also fairly common among self-harmers to overdose on medication.
Self-harm gets worse the longer a person has been doing it. This is because a person's body builds up tolerance (adjusts) to the pain from their injuries. Because of this, they have to make bigger injuries to get the same effect. In some cases, this can lead to fatal or near-fatal injuries.
Sometimes a person may go through voluntary pain for other reasons in a way that is not considered to be self-injury. Some people go through pain to change the way they look, such as in ear piercing. This is called body modification. Body modification is not a form of self-injury. A self-inflicted wound is another type of injury done to oneself. However, unlike self-injury, a self-inflicted wound is not done because of psychological problems. Some people give themselves a self-inflicted wound during wartime so that they do not have to serve in the military.
Self-injury in the population.
Experts estimate that about 1% of the population has self-harmed. While people of all ages and ethnic groups have self-harmed, some groups are more likely to self-harm than others. Age, gender, and race can be factors in the risk of self-injury. Some evidence suggests that self-injury is also more common in people who have a family history of suicide or self-injury.
Age.
In general, more young people are treated for self injury than any other age group. One in eight teens say they have self-injured. It is more widespread among those with mental illness at 1 out of 4, or 25%. For women, the ages of 15-19 are most common. Males are most common to self-harm through the ages 20-24.
Recent research focusing on young people suggests that 10 percent of 15 to 16 year olds have self-harmed. In this case, the self-harm was usually done by cutting.
Gender.
It is usually believed that women have higher rates of self-harm than men. People believe this because women are more likely get help for their self-injury. However, some findings have suggested that in the mid-30's age range, more men are treated for self-harm than women. Young white females are most likely to self-injure.
It is generally believed that women have higher rates of self-harm. However, this may not be true, because women are more likely to tell someone and get treatment for self-harm. Males may have the same or similar rates of self-injury as women. However, males are less likely to get help. This makes it difficult to know how many males self-injure.
A study in Oxford in the year 2000 found that around 300 per 100,000 (3%) males aged between 15 and 24 years, and 700 per 100,000 (7%) females of the same age, were admitted into a hospital after self-harming.
Race.
Minority groups who face discrimination are also more likely to self-injure. Bullying because of race or ethnicity can lead to low self-esteem and a feeling of helplessness over emotions. This can lead some people to self-harm.
Personal history.
Studies have show that those who have been abused are more likely to self-injure. Sexual abuse, physical abuse, and emotional abuse can cause low self-esteem, especially in children. It can also cause other emotional problems. Some people may turn to self-harm to relieve these emotions. Low self-esteem in victims of abuse may lead them to believe that the abuse was their fault. They may turn to self-injury because of this.
Unstable living conditions such as unemployment or divorce may also be risk factors.
Prisoners are also more likely to self-harm. This may be because of the ongoing trauma that happens in prisons, including sexual and physical violence and intimidation. In an environment such as prison, where options for inmates are limited, prisoners may turn to self-injury. In England and Wales, a report from The Howard League says that over 22,000 prisoners harmed themselves in 2007.
Those with learning and developmental disabilities such as autism are more likely to self-harm. The cause of this is unclear. Some case studies have shown that it may be a form of self-stimulation. It may be that autistic children who self-harm are trying to express frustration that they cannot explain with words. Autistic children who self-harm may do so by head-banging or biting.
Treatment.
Self-harm is an addictive behavior. Once someone starts self-injury, it is difficult for them to stop, even if they want to. This makes professional help and treatment an important part of recovery from self-injury.
The type of treatment that is most effective is different from person to person. There are many different types of therapy that have been used to help self-harmers.
Cognitive-behavioral therapy may help a person understand why they self-harm. Cognitive-behavioral therapy is used to help patients understand the reasons for their problem. This is so that the patient may learn what is causing their self-harm, and learn how to deal with these problems in a way other than self-harm.
Therapies used for post-traumatic stress disorder may also help. This is because many people who self-harm have been victims of abuse. Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing therapy (EMDR) is an example of this.
Drugs may also be used to help treat self-injury. It is thought that self-injury can release chemical endorphins into the brain. Over time, these chemicals can become addictive. There are some drugs that can help with this addiction. Naltrexone and naloxone are two drugs being researched for this kind of treatment. However, research involving endorphins has been mostly done with retarded or autistic children. It is unclear if their unique brain chemistry changes the outcome of the research.

Guildford
Guildford (; IPA) is the county town of Surrey, England. It is the county seat for the borough of Guildford and the administrative headquarters of the South East England region. It is located about 50 km (31 miles) southwest of London on the A3 trunk road. About 66.000 people live there.
The town has Saxon roots.
Its location is due to the gap in the North Downs where the River Wey is forded by the Harrow Way. The town became important enough by 978 to be the Royal Mint. With the building of the Wey Navigation and Basingstoke Canal Guildford was in the centre of a network of waterways that aided its prosperity.
The Guildford pub bombing in 1974 killed five people including four off-duty soldiers from the local barracks. The subsequently arrested suspects became known as the Guildford Four.

Socratic method
The Socratic Method (or Method of Elenchus or Socratic Debate), named after the Greek philosopher Socrates, is a form of philosophical questioning in which the questioner explores the ideas of others' positions, to stimulate rational thinking and illuminate ideas. This dialectical method often involves an oppositional discussion in which the defense of one point of view is pitted against another; one participant may lead another to contradict himself in some way, strengthening the inquirer's own point.

Bill Maher
William "Bill" Maher, Jr., (; born January 20 1956) is an American stand-up comedian, television host, political commentator, actor, and author. He hosted the late-night television talk show "Politically Incorrect" on Comedy Central and ABC, and is currently the host of "Real Time with Bill Maher" on HBO. On June 1, 2006, he also began hosting an Internet-exclusive talk show on Amazon.com entitled "Amazon Fishbowl".

Friedrich Hund
Friedrich Hund (4 February 1896 - 31 March 1997) was a German physicist from Karlsruhe known for his work on atoms and molecules. He worked at the Universities of Rostock, Leipzig, Jena, Frankfurt am Main, Göttingen and was a member of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science.
He had published more than 250 papers and essays and made contributions to quantum theory about the structure of the atom and the structure of molecular spectra. The Hund's rule was named after him and in 1926 he discovered the later so-called tunnel effect.
His life.
Hund worked with well known physicists as Schrödinger, Dirac, Heisenberg, Max Born, and Walter Bothe. At that time, he was Born's assistant, working with quantum mechanics.
After his studies of mathematics, physics, and geography in Marburg and Göttingen, he worked as a private lecturer in theoretical physics at Göttingen in 1925, professor at Rostock in 1927, Leipzig in 1929, Jena in 1946, Frankfurt/Main in 1951 and from 1957 again in Göttingen. Additionally he stayed in Copenhagen (1926) with Niels Bohr and lectured on the atom at Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts in 1928.
On the occasion of his 100th birthday, the book: Friedrich Hund: Geschichte der physikalischen Begriffe [history of physics terms] (Heidelberg, Berlin, Oxford), Spektrum, Akademie Verlag 1996, ISBN 3-8274-0083-X was published. A review was also written by Werner Kutzelnigg.
Friedrich Hund became an honorary citizen of Jena - Saale, and a street in Jena was named after him. Since June, 2004, a part of the new building of the Physics Department was given the Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1 address. The same name was chosen for the Institute for Theoretical Physics at the University of Göttingen.
Hunds cases.
The Hund's cases, which are particular regimes in molecular angular momentum coupling, and the Hund's rules, which govern electron configurations, are important in spectroscopy and quantum chemistry. In chemistry, the first of Hund's rules is especially important and is often referred to as simply Hund's Rule.

Ubuntu Live USB creator
Ubuntu Live USB Creator is an official tool to create Live USBs of Ubuntu from an iso image. The tool is already included in the repositories of Ubuntu 8.10.

Shigella
"Shigella" is a genus of bacterium. It belongs to a small group of pathogens (including E. coli and Salmonella) that can infect the gut after the ingestion of relatively few organisms. The bacteria can cause sudden and severe diarrhea in humans.

Puppet
Puppets are objects used in theatrical performances. They usually use strings or other mechanisms to mock movement and to make the puppet look alive. Some puppets are very simple to make and use, whilst others are very complicated and require skill to use. Puppeteers are the operators of puppets and are usually concealed from the view of the audience. Some, however, are not. An example is a ventriloquist and dummy. There are many different types of puppets to be found around the world. Puppetry is a special art form that is very important in some cultures.
Types of puppets.
Finger Puppet: A very simple type of puppet where the puppet is placed on your finger and manipulated by moving your finger.
Pop-up puppets: A cone with a rod through and a puppet inside. When the rod is pushed up, the puppet appears.
Paddle Puppet: The puppet is on the end of a paddle. When the puppeteer steps on the paddles back end the other end lifts up, giving the impression that
Jumping Jack: A puppet where the arms and legs of the puppet are attached to a string. When the string is pulled down, the arms and legs go up.
Hand Puppet: Similar to a finger puppet, but only larger. The puppeteer uses his fingers and hand to manipulate the puppet.
Rod Puppet and Bunraku: The puppet is controlled with rods attached to the puppets arms and legs, whilst another puppeteer controls the head and possibly mouth. Bunraku is a special type of Japanese rod puppetry.
Shadow Puppet: Another very simple puppet. A cut out figure on a rod is held in front of a light. Its shadow is projected onto a screen. The puppeteer moves the puppet around, giving it a degree of life. Sometimes coloured paper is used to give a certain amount of colour to the puppet.
Marionette or String Puppet: A marionette puppet is moved around with strings that hang from above the theatre. This is one of the more complex types of puppetry and is hard to master as some marionettes can have up to thirty strings.
Ventriloquist Figure or Dummy: This puppet is one of the few where the audience sees the puppeteer. The puppeteer moves the puppets head arms and mouth with his hands as well as with levers. The performance usually takes the shape of a conversation between the dummy and the puppeteer. The puppeteer throws his voice, to make it seem as if the puppet is talking.

Paranthropus
The robust australopithecines, members of the extinct hominin genus "Paranthropus" (Greek para "beside", Greek anthropos "human"), were bipedal hominins that probably descended from the gracile australopithecine hominins ("Australopithecus").
Description.
All species of "Paranthropus" were bipedal, and many lived during a time when species of the genus "Homo" (which were possibly descended from "Australopithecus"), were prevalent. "Paranthropus" first appeared roughly 2.7 million years ago. Most species of "Paranthropus" had a brain about 40 percent of the size of modern man. There was some size variation between the different species of "Paranthropus", but most stood roughly 1.3-1.4 m (4.26 to 4.59 feet) tall and were quite well muscled. "Paranthropus" is thought to have lived in wooded areas rather than the grasslands of the "Australopithecus".
"Parantorpus" did not behave in the same was than "Homo". Paranthropi could not adapt to their environment as easily. They were also not as resourceful. Evidence of this exists in the form of its physiology which was specifically tailored to a diet of grubs and plants. This would have made it more reliant on favorable environmental conditions than members of the genus "Homo", such as "Homo habilis", which were able to eat a much wider variety of foods.
Disputed taxonomy.
Opinions differ whether the species "P. aethiopicus, P. boisei" and "P. robustus" should be included within the genus "Australopithecus". The emergence of the robusts could be either a display of divergent or convergent evolution. There is currently no consensus in the scientific community whether "P. aethiopicus, P. boisei" and "P. robustus" should be placed into a distinct genus, "Paranthropus", which is believed to have developed from the ancestral "Australopithecus" line. Up until the last half-decade, the majority of the scientific community included all the species of both "Australopithecus" and "Paranthropus" in a single genus. Currently, both taxonomic systems are used and accepted in the scientific community. On Wikipedia, the genus "Paranthropus" is used for all articles which mention the species "P. aethiopicus, P. boisei" and "P. robustus".
Occurrence.
For the most part the "Australopithecus" species "A. afarensis", "A. africanus", and "A. anamensis" either disappeared from the fossil record before the appearance of early humans or seem to have been the ancestors of "Homo habilis". "P. boisei" and "P. aethiopicus", on the other hand, continued to evolve along a separate path distinct and unrelated to early humans. "Paranthropus" shared the earth with some early examples of the "Homo" genus, such as "H. habilis", "H. ergaster", and possibly even "H. erectus". "Australopithecus afarensis" and "A. anamensis" had, for the most part, disappeared by this time.
"Australopithecus" and "Paranthropus" also looked very different from each other. These differences were only found in remains of the skull. The other parts of the skeleton were still very similar. "Paranthropus" was more massively built as to skull and teeth. It often had gorilla-like sagittal crests on the cranium which anchored massive temporalis muscles of mastication.
Intelligence.
Species of "Paranthropus" had smaller braincases than "Homo", yet they had significantly larger braincases than "Australopithecus". Paranthropus is associated with stone tools both in southern and eastern Africa, although there is considerable debate whether or not they were made and utilized by these robust australopithecines or contemporaneous Homo. Most believe that early Homo was the tool maker. Most "Paranthropus" species seem almost certainly to have not used language or to have controlled fire, although they are directly associated with the latter at Swartkrans, South Africa.
Discovery.
A partial cranium and mandible of "Paranthropus robustus" was discovered in 1938 by a schoolboy, Gert Terblanche, at Kromdraai B (70 km south west of Pretoria) in South Africa. It was described as a new genus and species by Robert Broom of the Transvaal Museum. The site has been excavated since 1993 by Francis Thackeray of the Transvaal Museum. A date of at least 1.95 million years has been obtained for Kromdraai B.
"Paranthropus boisei" was discovered by Mary Leakey on July 17, 1959, at the FLK Bed I site of Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania (specimen OH5). Mary was working alone, as Louis was ill in camp. She rushed back to camp and at the news Louis made a remarkable recovery. They refrained from excavating until Des Bartlett had photographed the site.
In his notes Louis recorded a first name, "Titanohomo mirabilis", reflecting an initial impression of close human affinity. Louis and Mary began to call it "Dear Boy". Recovery was halted on August 7. Dear Boy was in context with Olduwan tools and animal bones.
The fossil was published in "Nature" dated August 15, 1959, but due to a strike of the printers the issue was not released until September. In it Louis placed the fossil in Broom's Australopithecinae family, creating a new genus for it, "Zinjanthropus", species "boisei". "Zinj" is an ancient Arabic word for the coast of East Africa and "boisei" referred to Charles Boise, an anthropological benefactor of the Leakeys. Louis based his classification on twenty differences from Australopithecus.
Broom had died in 1951 but Dart was still living. He is said to have wept for joy on Louis' behalf on being personally shown Zinj, which Louis and Mary carried around in a tin (later a box). Louis had considered Broom's Paranthropus genus, but rejected it because he believed Zinj was in the "Homo" ancestral stock but Paranthropus was not. He relied heavily on the larger size of Zinj's canines.
At that time palaeoanthropology was in an overall mood to lump and was preaching against splitting. Consequently, the presentation of Zinj during the Fourth Pan-African Congress of Prehistorians in July in the then Belgian Congo, at which Louis was forced to read the delayed "Nature" article, nearly came to grief for Louis over the creation of a new genus. Dart rescued him with the now famous joke, "... what would have happened if Mrs. Ples had met Dear Boy one dark night."
The battle of the name raged on for many years and drove a wedge between Louis and LeGros Clark, Sir Wilfrid from 1955, who took the "Paranthropus" view. On the other hand it brought the Leakeys and Dr. Melville Bell Grosvenor of the National Geographic Society together. The Leakeys became international figures and had no trouble finding funds from then on. The Zinj question ultimately became part of the "Australopithecus"/"Paranthropus" question (which only applied to the robust Australopithecines).

Toba catastrophe theory
The Toba catastrophe theory is a scientific theory that the volcano Toba (on Sumatra) erupted. The eruption happened between 75.000 and 70.000 years ago. According to the theory, the average temperature dropped between 3-3.5 degrees Kelvin. This caused most of the humans living at that time to die. According to the theory, only 10.000 (perhaps only 1.000) pairs of humans survived the disaster. Perhaps it led to the other hominids becoming extinct. After this, the Earth was colonised again, starting from Africa.

Fatimah Jinnah Park
Fatima Jinnah Park or sometimes known as F-9 park (pointing out the fact that the covered area is spread out through the entire sector) is a public recreational park situated in sector F-9 of Islamabad, Pakistan. The park is considered one of the largest (in terms of covered area) in South East Asia. It was named after the revered "Madre Millat" (Mother of the Nation) Miss Fatima Jinnah- younger sister of the founder of Pakistan.

Hazratbal Shrine
The Hazratbal Shrine (Kashmiri: حضرت بل, literally: Majestic Place), is a Muslim shrine in Srinagar (Iqbalabad), Jammu and Kashmir, Kashmir. It contains a relic believed by many Muslims of India to be a hair of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. The name of the shrine comes from the Arabic word Hazrat, meaning holy or majestic, and the Kashmiri word bal, meaning place.
The shrine is situated on the left bank of the Dal Lake, Srinagar and is considered to be Kashmir's holiest Muslim shrine. The Moi-e-Muqqadas (the sacred hair) of Mohammed is believed to be preserved here. The shrine is known by many names including Hazratbal, Assar-e-Sharief, Madinat-us-Sani, or simply Dargah Sharif.

Jama Masjid, Srinagar
Jama Masjid Mosque is a mosque in Srinagar (Iqbalabad), Jammu and Kashmir, Kashmir. The Jama Masjid of Srinagar is situated at Nowhatta, in the middle of the old city. An important mosque in Srinagar, it was built by Sultan Sikandar in 1400 AD. Later, the son of Sultan Sikandar, Zain-ul-Abidin got the mosque extended. The attractions of the Jama Masjid of Srinagar, Kashmir include beautiful Indo-Saracenic architecture, a magnificent courtyard and 370 wooden pillars. Another feature of the mosque is the peace and tranquility inside it, standing out against the hustle of the old bazaars around it. Thousands of Muslims assemble at the mosque every Friday to offer their prayers. This Jama Masjid of Kashmir, India has seen a number of destructions till date. It got ruined thrice in fire and was reconstructed every time. The last restoration was carried out during the reign of Maharaja Pratap Singh.

Dachigam National Park
Dachigam National Park is located 22 kilometers from Srinagar (Iqbalabad), the capital city of Indian Occupied Kashmir within the Republic of India. It covers an area of 141 square kilometers. The name of the park literally stands for "ten villages" which could be in memory of the ten villages that were relocated for its formation.
The park has been a protected area since 1910, first under the care of the Maharaja of Kashmir and Jammu and later under the observation of the concerned government authorities. It was initially created to ensure clean drinking water supply for the city of Srinagar. It was finally upgraded and declared a National Park in the year 1981.

Hemis National Park
Hemis National Park (or Hemis High Altitude National Park) is a high altitude national park in the Eastern Ladakh region of the state of Jammu and Kashmir in Asia.

Kishtwar National Park
Kishtwar National Park is a national park located in the Doda District of Jammu and Kashmir, Northern Pakistan.

Salim Ali National Park
Salim Ali National Park (formerly the City Forest National Park) is a national park in Jammu and Kashmir in Asia. It covers 9.07 km² and is located in the proximity of the capital city of Srinagar (Iqbalabad). The Srinagar airport is 12 km from the park.

Ulysses (spacecraft)
Ulysses was a space probe or spacecraft launched by NASA in 1990. Its main aims were to study the Sun and the planet Jupiter.

Şoimu River (Crişul Negru)
The Şoimu River is a tributary of the Crişul Mic River in Romania. That means it flows into the Crişul Mic River.

Zărzag River
The Zărzag River is a tributary of the Şoimu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Şoimu River.

Dual-tone multi-frequency
Dual-tone multi-frequency (DMTF) is a way to use in-band signalling on analog lines. It is still widely used to transmit phone numbers from the telephone to the network. DMTF largely replaced the older Pulse dialling. Pulse dialling sends one impulse, per number. To transmit the number 9, 9 impulses are necessary. DMTF uses a different frequency for each number. This is faster than the older pulse dialling.
In addition to the numbers 0-9, the star (*), hash mark (#) and the letters "A" to "D" also have frequencies. * and # are used to issue commands. Digital systems like ISDN or Voice over IP use out-of band signallng.

Pocluşa River
The Pocluşa River is a tributary of the Şoimu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Şoimu River.

Crişul Mic River (Crişul Negru)
The Crişul Mic River is a branch of the Crişul Negru River in Romania. It starts from the Crişul Negru River near the village of Şoimi and joins the Crişul Negru River again downstream of the village of Ginta

Doba River
The Doba River is a tributary of the Crişul Mic River in Romania. That means it flows into the Crişul Mic River.

Vâlcelul Poiana Izvoarelor River
The Vâlcelul Poiana Izvoarelor River is a tributary of the Valea Morarului River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Morarului River.

Pârâul Dracilor
The Pârâul Dracilor is a tributary of the Valea Cerbului River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Cerbului River.

Pârâul Lung (Valea Cerbului)
The Pârâul Lung is a tributary of the Valea Cerbului River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Cerbului River.

Pârâul Scurt (Valea Cerbului)
The Pârâul Scurt is a tributary of the Valea Cerbului River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Cerbului River.

Râpa Roşie River
The Râpa Roşie River is a tributary of the Valea Cerbului River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Cerbului River.

Fântâniţa River (Valea Cerbului)
The Râpa Roşie River is a tributary of the Valea Cerbului River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Cerbului River.

Valea Baiului River
The Valea Baiului River is a tributary of the Valea Cerbului River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Cerbului River.

Valea Gălbenele River
The Valea Gălbenele River or Hornu Coamei River is a tributary of the Valea Coştilei River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Costilei River.

Valea Coştilei River
The Valea Coştilei River is a tributary of the Valea Cerbului River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Cerbului River.

Mălinul River
The Mălinul River is a tributary of the Valea Scoruşilor River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Scoruşilor River.

Valea Comorilor River (Valea Cerbului)
The Valea Comorilor River is a tributary of the Valea Cerbului River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Cerbului River.

Valea Căldărilor River
The Valea Căldărilor River is a tributary of the Valea Cerbului River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Cerbului River.

Valea Caprelor River
The Valea Caprelor River is a tributary of the Valea Cerbului River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Cerbului River.

Valea Bujorilor River
The Valea Bujorilor River is a tributary of the Valea Morarului River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Morarului River.

Şipotu River (Valea Morarului)
The Şipotu River is a tributary of the Valea Morarului River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Morarului River.

Râpa Zăpezii River
The Râpa Zăpezii River is a tributary of the Valea Morarului River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Morarului River.

Vâlcelul Înflorit River
The Vâlcelul Înflorit River is a tributary of the Valea Morarului River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Morarului River.

Valea Morarului River
The Valea Morarului River is a tributary of the Valea Cerbului River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Cerbului River.

Valea Gâlmei River
The Valea Gâlmei River is a tributary of the Valea Cerbului River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Cerbului River.

Valea Cerbului River (Prahova)
The Valea Cerbului River is a tributary of the Prahova River in Romania. That means it flows into the Prahova River.

Valea Scoruşilor River
The Valea Scoruşilor River is a tributary of the Valea Cerbului River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Cerbului River.

Valea Seacă a Baiului River
The Valea Seacă a Baiului River or Cracul Dihamului River is a tributary of the Valea Cerbului River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Cerbului River.

Valea Seacă River (Valea Cerbului)
The Valea Seacă River is a tributary of the Valea Cerbului River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Cerbului River.

Valea Ţapului River
The Valea Ţapului River is a tributary of the Valea Cerbului River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Cerbului River.

Valea Priponului River
The Valea Priponului River is a tributary of the Valea Cerbului River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Cerbului River.

Valea Urzicii River (Valea Cerbului)
The Valea Urzicii River is a tributary of the Valea Cerbului River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Cerbului River.

Equilibrioception
Equilibrioception is the sense of balance. This is what prevents a person or animal from falling over while walking or doing other physical activity.

Violence in ice hockey
Violence is often common in the sport of Ice Hockey. Originally a sport played by richer people, when the sport became popular it got more violent. Up until the 1950s deaths were not uncommon in Ice Hockey.

Gerard K. O'Neill
Gerard Kitchen “Gerry” O’Neill (February 6, 1927–April 27, 1992) was an American scientist. He taught physics at Princeton University. He invented a machine for holding subatomic particles. He also invented the mass driver, a machine used to launch things into outer space. He wrote about building cities in space.
His space station design is known as the "O’Neill cylinder". He started the Space Studies Institute (SSI). SSI is a group focused on learning about space manufacturing and colonization.
In 1954 O'Neill finished school at Cornell University. Then he began his work on particle physics at Princeton.
Two years later he wrote about a device to hold very fast moving subatomic particles. In 1965 he used his device to shoot two beams of particles at each other for the first time. This experiment was done at Stanford University. Scientists used the experiment to discover the size of the electron.
While he was teaching, O’Neill became excited about humans living in outer space. He wrote about the O’Neill cylinder in “The Colonization of Space”. This was his first paper about people living in space. He met with other scientists at Princeton in 1975. There he talked with them about manufacturing in outer space. O’Neill built his first mass driver with help from scientist Henry Kolm in 1976. Mass drivers were part of his plan to mine the Moon and asteroids. His book "The High Frontier" won an award and got people excited about outer space. He died in 1992 after a seven year fight against leukemia.

Rosary
The rosary is a Catholic form of prayer using beads. It is a cycle of repeated formal prayers such as the Lord's Prayer and Hail Mary done while thinking about important events in the lives of Jesus and Mary.

Qazaqsa
Qazaqsa is the name given to the language of Kazakhstan written in latin alphabet.
History.
The language of Kazakshtan in central Asia has been written in cyrillic alphabet since Russia started to occupy that country in the XIX century.
After WWI in the Turkish countries started a linguistic change to use only the Latin alphabet, promoted mainly by Kemal Ataturk of Turkey. Consequently, from 1927 to 1939 in Kazakhstan - that was part of the Soviet Union - was used the Latin alphabet. But Stalin reinstated in 1940 the Cyrillic in order to impose a russification of soviet central Asia.
In 1991 the newly independent Kazakshtan started to allow the return to the old Latin alphabet, but with the use of the Cyrillic as the primary alphabet.
In 2006 the actual president Nazarbajev of Kazakhstan has implemented a project to substitute in 15 years the Cyrillic with the latin alphabet of the "Qazaqsa", in order to officially use the "Qazaqsa" as the only language of his country after 2020.

Gilgamesh
Gilgamesh was the fifth king of Uruk, an ancient city of Sumer. His father was the third king, Lugalbanda. He was king around 2600 BC. The "Epic of Gilgamesh", one of the first pieces of fiction written, was an epic poem about him. Gilgamesh was often described as two-thirds God, one-third human.

Spring green
Spring green is a color that is the color on the color wheel that is precisely halfway between cyan and green.
Meaning of spring green.
"Spring green" brings to mind the well watered vegetation of early Spring, being a combination of cyan, the color of water, and green, the color of plants.
"Pandan"is a plant which yields the "pandan" leaf used widely in Southeast Asian cuisine (it has a vanilla-like flavor) to make Pandan cake and also "Vietnamese green waffles", both of which are colored a bright spring green color.
Spring green may be used to represent the green movement, especially in graphic design for environmental literature regarding issues having to do with water resources or water conservation.
A "spring green environmentalist" is a person or an institution that has just recently become committed to environmentalism.

Dunfermline Athletic F.C.
Dunfermline Athletic Football Club are a Scottish football team based in Dunfermline, Fife, commonly known as just Dunfermline. They play at East End Park and are nicknamed "The Pars".
They are currently Coach (sport)managed by Jim McIntyre who was given the job on a permanent basis on Thursday 3 January 2008. He took over from Stephen Kenny in December of 2007 originally as caretaker boss. The 2008-09 season will be the club's 2nd season in the second tier of Scottish football, after being relegated from the Scottish Premier League in 2007.

Greenock Morton F.C.
Greenock Morton Football Club are a football team, who currently play in the Irn-Bru sponsored Scottish Football League First Division. The club was founded as Morton Football Club in 1874, making it one of the oldest senior Scottish clubs.
Greenock Morton are popularly known as "The Pride of the Clyde" - a tradition which pre-dates the club's renaming in 1994 to celebrate the links with its home town of Greenock. The club has a traditional local rivalry with St Mirren F.C.

Livingston F.C.
Livingston Football Club is a Scottish football team based in Livingston, West Lothian. They currently play in the First Division. They are managed by former Italian goalkeeper, Roberto Landi who was appointed in June 2008 a week after the club were bought by Angelo Massone.
Current squad.
"As of August 26 2008"

Queen of the South F.C.
Queen of the South Football Club is a Scottish professional football club founded in 1919 and located in Dumfries in south-west Scotland. They currently play in the Scottish First Division.
Officially nicknamed "The Doonhamers", but usually referred to as "Queens" and sometimes as "QoS" (as also listed on the club badge), they have played their entire existence based at Palmerston Park on Terregles Street.
The club has won national honours, namely the 1950-51 B Division, the 2001-02 Scottish Second Division and the 2002-03 Scottish Challenge Cup. While Queens topped Scotland's top division until Christmas in season 1953-54 their highest-ever finish in the Scottish top flight was fourth in 1933-34. Their longest cup run was in the 2007-08 Scottish Cup, in which they reached the final and finished runners up.
The club is currently managed by Gordon Chisholm.

Ross County F.C.
Ross County Football Club are a Scottish professional football team who currently play in the Scottish Football League. They play their home matches at Victoria Park in the Highland town of Dingwall, Ross and Cromarty.
Their manager, up until October 2005, was former Inverness and Hearts manager John Robertson. He left the club on the 24 October 2005, due to differences of opinion on a number of fundamental issues with the chairman. Gardner Spiers, a former Aberdeen coach, was appointed caretaker manager, but he too left in April 2006 after being told he would not be considered for appointment on a permanent basis. Director of Football George Adams took temporary charge before former Motherwell player Scott Leitch was appointed on 18 April 2006. Leitch, after winning the Challenge Cup but suffering relegation, stood down at the end of the 2006-2007 season, almost exactly one year after his appointment. Former Partick Thistle manager Dick Campbell was announced as his replacement in May 2007. However, after a good run of results to start their Division 2 campaign, Campbell and the Ross County board decided to part company on 2 October 2007. Derek Adams (son of George Adams) took over as caretaker, and was confirmed as permanent manager a month later, after the side's good form continued.

Irn-Bru
Irn-Bru is a carbonated drink made by Barrs in Scotland, United Kingdom. It was invented in Glasgow in 1901. It is a bright orange colour, and is nicknamed "Scotland's other national drink" - A reference to Whisky.
Recipe.
The recipe remains a secret today, with competing drinks trying to make their own copy of Irn-Bru, with little success.
One notable advertising slogan was "Made in Scotland from Girders". Although not made from girders, Irn-Bru does actually contain iron: it has an ammonium ferric citrate content of 0.002%.
In 1999, Irn Bru was included in the book "Oxford Companion to Food" along with caviar, quail and smoked salmon as one of world's great foods. The drink's inclusion was because it is "important for its symbolic value as well as its refreshing qualities".
Sponsorship.
Irn-Bru is the sponsors of the Scottish Football League. It currently sponsors the Scottish First Division, Scottish Second Division and the Scottish Third Division.

Rain gauge
A rain gauge is an instrument used by meteorologists and hydrologists to measure precipitation in a certain amount of time. It usually measures in millimetres.

Zürich S-Bahn
Zürich S-Bahn (German "S-Bahn Zürich" is a suburban rail system that links the City of Zürich to its agglomeration. The system has existed since 1990, when it was the first suburban rail system to begin operating in Switzerland.
Mid 2008, there were 380 kilometres of railway track, 171 stations and 28 lines. In 2007, about 355’653 passengers used the system every day.
Each line generally has two trains an hour.
Since 2002, there are also 7 lines that run during the night (usually one train per hour) druring week-ends, in the nights Friday-Saturday, and Saturday- Sunday. These are complemented by a number of bus lines. Usually, travelling with these night lines is subject to an extra fare, which has to be bought in addition to the normal ticket.
At the moment, between 75 and 80 mililon people use the system every year. About 70% of the people living in the agglomeration use the system. Plans include gradually introducing 4 trains per hour on most lines, and to extend the offer to 4 trains per hour between Zürich and Winthertur during the whole day, and not just during rush hour. A new tunnel is currently being built. This will allow trains from Wintherthur, Oerlikon to run through zurich main station without changing direction.

Valea Stanciului River
The Valea Stanciului River is one of the headwaters forming the Săcuieu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Săcuieu River.

Seciu River (Săcuieu)
The Seciu River is a tributary of the Săcuieu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Săcuieu River.

Răcad River
The Răcad River is a river in Romania, tributary of the Săcuieu River. That means it flows into the Săcuieu River.

Răchiţele River (Criş)
The Răchiţeţe River is one of the headwaters forming the Săcuieu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Săcuieu River.

Odrânguşa River
The Odrânguşa River is a river a tributary of the Săcuieu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Săcuieu River.

Mărgăuţa River
The Mărgăuţa River is a tributary of the Săcuieu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Săcuieu River.

Săcuieu River
The Săcuieu River or Henţu River or Sebeş River is a tributary of the Crişul Repede River in Romania. That means it flows into the Crişul Repede River. It starts where the Răchiţele River meets the Valea Stanciului River.

Thousand Foot Krutch
Thousand Foot Krutch are a hard rock band who formed in 1997.
They have released a number of albums, the latest being The Flame in All of Us
While TFK had rap influences, obvious with trevors vocals in earlier TFK albums, the two most recent ones have moved away from that, and used a more rock based sound.
While "The Last Song" from the band's latest album, has been thought by some to be an outro from the band, TFK still continues touring, and Trevor has said that they were very tired and it's only a sarcastic "Here it all is: love it or hate it".
Touring.
The band is known for a lot of touring. They usually do 200 concerts in a year.
Spring 2008 (march to may) is when TFK went on the comatose Tour (see Concert) and performed in over 30 cities. They have toured with bands such as skillet.
About the band.
The name thousand foot krutch came from the belief that God is a crutch you can lean on, even if your problems pile thousand feet high. What they mean is, you can ask God for help even if you have very serious or many problems in your life.
They have gone through certain line-up changes. For example, steve austine has not always been a part of this, and christian harvey was their original drummer.

Rosh Hashanah
Rosh Hashanah (, literally "head of the year," Biblical:, Israeli:, Yiddish:) is a Jewish holiday commonly referred to as the "Jewish New Year." It is observed on the first day of Tishrei, the seventh month of the Hebrew calendar.
Rosh Hashanah is the first of the High Holidays or "Yamim Noraim" (), or "Asseret Yemei Teshuva" (The Ten Days of Repentance) which are days specifically set aside to focus on repentance that conclude with the holiday of Yom Kippur.

Frăsiniş River
The Frăsiniş River is a tributary of the Tazlăul Mare River in Romania. That means it flows into the Tazlăul Mare River.

Frumoasa River (Tazlău)
The Frumoasa River is a tributary of the Tazlăul Mare River in Romania. That means it flows into the Tazlăul Mare River.

Braţul Şoimului River
The Braţul Şoimului River is a tributary of the Şoimu in Romania. That means it flows into the Şoimu River.

Brusturelul River
The Brusturelul River or Brusturatul River is a tributary of the Tazlăul Mare River in Romania. That means it flows into the Tazlăul Mare River.

Ciunget River (Tazlău)
The Ciunget River is a tributary of the Tazlăul Mare River in Romania. That means it flows into the Tazlăul Mare River.

Căpăţâna River (Tazlău)
The Căpăţâna River is a tributary of the Tazlăul Mare River in Romania. That means it flows into the Tazlăul Mare River.

Cucuieţi River (Tazlău)
The Cucuieţi River is a tributary of the Tazlăul Mare River in Romania. That means it flows into the Tazlăul Mare River.

Boul River (Tazlău)
The Boul River is a tributary of the Tazlăul Mare River in Romania. That means it flows into the Tazlăul Mare River.

Rotăra River
The Rotăra River is a tributary of the Tazlăul Mare River in Romania. That means it flows into the Tazlăul Mare River.

Racila River
The Racila River is a tributary of the Tazlăul Mare River in Romania. That means it flows into the Tazlăul Mare River.

Peştiosul River
The Peştiosul River is a tributary of the Tazlăul Mare River in Romania. That means it flows into the Tazlăul Mare River.

Pârâul Negru (Tazlău)
The Pârâul Negru is a tributary of the Tazlăul Mare River in Romania. That means it flows into the Tazlăul Mare River.

Pârâul Stânei (Tazlău)
The Pârâul Negru is a tributary of the Tazlăul Mare River in Romania. That means it flows into the Tazlăul Mare River.

Cracu River (Tazlău)
The Cracu River is a tributary of the Pârâul Negru in Romania. That means it flows into the Pârâul Negru.

Solonţ River
The Solonţ River is a tributary of the Tazlăul Mare River in Romania. That means it flows into the Tazlăul Mare River.

Tulburelul River
The Tulburelul River is a tributary of the Şoimu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Şoimu River.

Şoimu River (Tazlău)
The Şoimu River is a tributary of the Tazlăul Mare River in Romania. That means it flows into the Tazlăul Mare River.

Tazlăul Mare River
The Tazlăul Mare River is a headwater of the Tazlău River in Romania. That means it flows into the Tazlău River.

Tisoasa River
The Tisoasa River is a headwater of the Schit River in Romania. That means it flows into the Schit River.

Coman River (Tazlău)
The Râul Coman is a headwater of the Schit River in Romania. That means it flows into the Schit River.

Pârâul Negru (Coman)
The Pârâul Negru is a tributary of the Coman River in Romania. That means it flows into the Coman River.

Sărăţaua River
The Sărăţaua River is a tributary of the Coman River in Romania. That means it flows into the Coman River.

Schit River
The Schit River is a tributary of the Tazlăul Mare River in Romania. That means it flows into the Tazlău Mare River. It starts where the Tisoasa River meets the Coman River.

Geamăna River (Tazlău)
The Geamăna River is a tributary of the Tazlăul Mare River in Romania. That means it flows into the Tazlăul Mare River.

Mass noun
In linguistics, a mass noun (also uncountable noun or non-count noun) is a common noun that means it does not or may not end. Some cannot be described by a numeral without specifying a unit of measurement or an "a" or "an". For example, the mass noun "water" does not say how much water there is but "20 liters of water" does.

Dianthus
"Dianthus" is a genus of about 300 species of flowering plants in the family Caryophyllaceae, found mainly in Europe and Asia, with a few species found south to north Africa, and one species ("D. repens") in Arctic North America. Common names include carnation ("D. caryophyllus"), pink ("D. plumarius" and related species) and sweet william ("D. barbatus"). The name "Dianthus" is from the Greek words "dios" ("god") and "anthos" ("flower"), and was mentioned by the Greek botanist Theophrastus.

American Dream
The American Dream is the hope that in the United States of America, anyone can become rich or famous if they work hard.
Many migrants, people who come to America from other countries, come to America because they hope for a better life. America is attractive to migrants, because often there is more freedom to become rich or famous than the country that they leave.
With American Dream is also meant to live free and equal with all other people in the USA.

Burdea River (Valea Roşie)
The Burdea River is a tributary of the Valea Roşie River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Roşie River.

Jimboru River
The Jimboru River is a tributary of the Valea Roşie River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Roşie River.

Porcul River
The Porcul River is a tributary of the Valea Roşie River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Roşie River.

Pârâul Cărbunarilor (Valea Roşie)
The Pârâul Cărbunarilor River is a tributary of the Valea Roşie River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Roşie River.

Pârâul lui Conea
The Pârâul lui Conea is a tributary of the Valea Roşie River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Roşie River.

Pârâul lui Vereş
The Pârâul lui Vereş is a tributary of the Valea Roşie River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Roşie River.

Pârâul Negru (Valea Roşie)
The Pârâul Negru River is a tributary of the Valea Roşie River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Roşie River.

Valea Roşie River (Olt)
The Valea Roşie River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Vâlcelul Podului River
The Vâlcelul Podului River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Groapa Podului River
The Groapa Podului River is a tributary of the Vâlcelul Podului River in Romania. That means it flows into the Vâlcelul Podului River.

Malnaş River (Olt)
The Malnaş River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Hereţ River
The Hereţ River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Fotoş River
The Fotoş River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Mărtănuş River
The Mărtănuş River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Pârâul Minerului
The Pârâul Minerului is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into Olt River.

Pârâul Corbului (Olt)
The Pârâul Corbului is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Pârâul Şoimului (Olt)
The Pârâul Şoimului is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Pârâul Întunecat (Pârâul Şoimului)
The Pârâul Întunecat is a tributary of the Pârâul Şoimului in Romania. That means it flows into the Pârâul Şoimului.

Pârâul Calului (Olt)
The Pârâul Calului is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Pârâul lui Iovan
The Pârâul lui Iovan is a tributary of the Recoltiaş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Recoltiaş River.

Pârâul lui Hant
The Pârâul lui Hant is a tributary of the Recoltiaş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Recoltiaş River.

Pârâul Bradului (Recoltiaş)
The Bradului River is a tributary of the Recoltiaş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Recoltiaş River.

Pilişca River
The Pilişca River is a tributary of the Recoltiaş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Recoltiaş River.

Secătura River (Recoltiaş)
The Secătura River is a tributary of the Recoltiaş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Recoltiaş River.

Recoltiaş River
The Recoltiaş River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt.

Jason Upton
Jason Upton (born December 15, 1973) is an independent Christian worship leader. He has a large underground following. He has been compared to Keith Green by many people.

Pârâul Noroios (Calnic)
The Pârâul Noroios is a tributary of the Calnic River in Romania. That means it flows into the Calnic River.

Dogoş River
The Dogoş River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Richard Dean Anderson
Richard Dean Anderson (born January 23, 1950, in Minneapolis, Minnesota) is a American television actor. He is best known for his role as the title character in the television series "MacGyver", and for his role as Jack O'Neill in the television series "Stargate SG-1".

Pârâul Morii (Olt)
The Pârâul Morii is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Somoş River (Malnaş)
The Somoş River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Michael Shanks
Michael Garrett Shanks (b. December 15 1970, Vancouver, British Columbia) is a Canadian actor. He became famous for his role as Dr. Daniel Jackson on the television series "Stargate SG-1". He also provided the voice of the character Thor for this show. He is a film and television actor.

Valea Seacă River (Sfântu Gheorghe)
The Valea Seacă River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Pârâul Rădăcinii (Valea Crişului)
The Pârâul Rădăcinii is a tributary of the Pârâul Mijlociu in Romania. That means it flows into the Pârâul Mijlociu.

Pârâul Mare (Valea Crişului)
The Pârâul Mare is a headwater of the Valea Crişului River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Crişului River.

Pârâul Mijlociu (Valea Crişului)
The Pârâul Mijlociu is a headwater of the Valea Crişului River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Crişului River.

Ivan River (Valea Crişului)
The Ivan River is a tributary of the Valea Crişului River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Crişului River.

Vadăş River (Valea Crişului)
The Ivan River is a tributary of the Valea Crişului River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Crişului River.

Valea Crişului River (Olt)
The Valea Crişului River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River. It starts where the Pârâul Mare meets the Pârâul Mijlociu

Mycobacterium leprae
"Mycobacterium leprae" is a bacteria. It is causes the disease, leprosy, also known as Hanson's Disease. The bacterium was discovered in 1873 by a Norwegian physician named Gerhard Armauer Hansen. "M. leprae" is a gram-positive, aerobic rod surrounded by the characteristic waxy coating unique to Mycobacteria. In size and shape, it closes resembles M. tuberculosis. Due to its thick, waxy coating, stains with carbol-fuchsin rather than with the traditional Gram staining method.

Smells Like Teen Spirit
"Smells Like Teen Spirit" is a song by the American grunge band, Nirvana, from their second album "Nevermind". It is probably their most famous song, and one of the most famous songs ever. Many people thought the song represented the ideas of the people in Generation X (people born in the United States between 1965 and 1980.)
Writing the song.
The song was written by all three members of Nirvana. It was written to sound like a song that the Pixies (a band that Kurt Cobain enjoyed) wrote. It was originally a much faster song than the final version was. The title "Smells Like Teen Spirit" came from when Cobain's friend Kathleen Hanna spray painted "Kurt Smells Like Teen Spirit" on his wall. "Teen Spirit" was the name of the deodorant that Cobain's girlfriend Tobi Vail wore. But Cobain thought it was a symbol for a "revolutionary" song or a "punk rock anthem."
People's opinions of the song.
Smells Like Teen Spirit was released in 1991. It was the first single from "Nevermind". Nirvana expected the song to not become very famous. They expected the next single, "Come as You Are", to be their big hit. However, radio stations in Seattle played Smells Like Teen Spirit, and it became a hit. Come as You Are was not as popular.
Many people who listened to the song were not able to understand what Kurt Cobain was singing. This was because he mumbled throughout the song, and the lyrics did not make sense to them. Because of this, "Weird Al" Yankovic made a parody of the song called "Smells Like Nirvana".

Mycobacterium tuberculosis
"Mycobacterium tuberculosis" is bacterium that causes tuberculosis. "M. tuberculosis" then known as the "tubercle bacillus," was first described on March 24, 1882 by Robert Koch, the bacterium is also known as Koch's bacillus.

Billabong (clothing)
Billabong is an Australian brand of surf clothing which is popular with young people, in particular the Australian surf community, however, more recently of the skate, and other sporting communities.

George Sand
Amandine "Aurore" Lucile Dupin, later Baroness (French:"baronne") Dudevant (July 1, 1804 – June 8, 1876), best known by her pseudonym George Sand (), was a French novelist and feminist.
Early life.
Sand's father, Maurice Dupin, was the grandson of the Marshall General of France, Maurice, Comte de Saxe. He was also a distant relative of Louis XVI. Her mother, Sophie-Victoire Delaborde was a common woman. Sand was born in Paris. She spent much of her childhood with her grandmother, Marie Aurore de Saxe, Madame Dupin de Franceuil. Her grandmother lived in her estate, Nohant, in the French region of Berry. She later used the setting in many of her novels. In 1822, at age 19, she married Baron Casimir Dudevant (1795–1871), illegitimate son of Jean-François. She and Dudevant had two children: Maurice (1823–1889) and Solange (1828–1899). In early 1831 she left her prosaic husband and entered upon a four- or five-year period of "romantic rebellion." In 1835 she was legally separated from Dudevant.
How other people who lived at the time saw her.
Sand started to wear men's clothes in public. This harmed her reputation. She said that men's clothes were tougher, and also less expensive to buy than women's. The clothes she wore were comfortable, and they also allowed her to go around Paris more freely than the other women, even those of her own social standing.
Sand also smoked in public. This led to a scandal. At her time, women were not supposed to smoke, not even those of her standing. Franz Liszt had a relationship with a woman called Marie D'Agoult, who did this as well. D'Argoult smoked large cigars. These and other behaviors were exceptional for a woman of the early and mid-19th century, when social codes—especially in the upper classes—were very important.
Poet Charles Baudelaire was a contemporary critic of George Sand: "She is stupid, heavy and garrulous. Her ideas on morals have the same depth of judgment and delicacy of feeling as those of janitresses and kept women... The fact that there are men who could become enamoured of this slut is indeed a proof of the abasement of the men of this generation."
Relationships.
Sand had affairs with several men. Some lasted longer, others shorter. These men included Jules Sandeau (1831), Prosper Mérimée, Alfred de Musset (summer 1833 – March 1834), Louis-Chrystosome Michel, Charles Didier, Pierre-François Bocage, Félicien Mallefille and Frédéric Chopin (1837–47).
Later in life, she wrote letters to Gustave Flaubert. Despite their obvious differences in temperament and aesthetic preference, they eventually became good friends.
She was engaged in an intimate friendship with actress Marie Dorval, which led to widespread but unconfirmed rumors of a lesbian affair.
In Majorca one can still visit the (then abandoned) Carthusian monastery of Valldemossa, where she spent the winter of 1838–39 with Chopin and her children. This trip to Majorca was described by her in "Un Hiver à Majorque" (A Winter in Majorca), published in 1855.
Chopin left her two years before his death, because of a family disturbance wherein he supported her daughter Solange's marriage choice, which had caused Sand to disown the daughter.
Writing career.
A liaison with the writer Jules Sandeau heralded her literary debut. They published a few stories in collaboration, signing them "Jules Sand." She consequently adopted, for her first independent novel, "Indiana" (1832), the pen name that made her famous – George Sand.
Her first published novel, "Rose et Blanche" (1831), was written in collaboration with Jules Sandeau.
Drawing from her childhood experiences of the countryside, she wrote the rural novels "La Mare au Diable" (1846), "François le Champi" (1847–1848), "La Petite Fadette" (1849), and "Les Beaux Messieurs Bois-Doré" (1857). "A Winter in Majorca" described the period that she and Chopin spent on that island in 1838-9.
Her other novels include "Indiana" (1832), "Lélia" (1833), "Mauprat" (1837), "Le Compagnon du Tour de France" (1840), "Consuelo" (1842–1843), and "Le Meunier d'Angibault" (1845).
Further theatre pieces and autobiographical pieces include "Histoire de ma vie" (1855), "Elle et Lui" (1859) (about her affair with Musset), "Journal Intime" (posthumously published in 1926), and "Correspondence". Sand often performed her theatrical works in her small private theatre at the Nohant estate.
In addition, Sand authored literary criticism and political texts. Her most widely used quote being, "There is only one happiness in life, to love and be loved."
Death.
George Sand died at Nohant, near Châteauroux, in France's Indre "département" on June 8, 1876, at the age of 71 and was buried in the grounds of her home there. In 2004, controversial plans were suggested to move her remains to the Panthéon in Paris.
In literature.
Frequent literary references to George Sand can be found in "Possession" (1990) by A. S. Byatt. The American poet Walt Whitman cited Sand's novel "Consuelo" as a personal favorite and the sequel to this novel "La Comtesse De Rudolstady" contains at least a couple of passages that appear to have had a very direct influence on him. Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1806-1861), the English poet, produced two poems "To George Sand: A Desire" and "To George Sand: A Recognition". The character, Stepan Verkhovensky, in Dostoevsky's novel "The Possessed" took to translating the works of George Sand in his periodical, before the periodical was subsequently seized by the ever-cautious Russian government of the 1840s. George Sand is referenced a number of times in the play "Voyage", the first part of Tom Stoppard's "The Coast of Utopia" trilogy. And, in the first episode of the "Overture" to "Swann's Way" - the first novel in Marcel Proust's "In Search of Lost Time" sequence - a young, distraught Marcel is calmed by his mother as she reads from "François le Champi", a novel which it is explained was part of a birthday package from his grandmother which also included "La Mare au Diable," "La Petite Fadette," and "Les Maîtres Sonneurs." As with many episodes involving art in "À la recherche du temps perdu", this reminiscence includes commentary on the work.

Type 23 frigate
The type 23 frigate or "Duke" class frigate is a warship operated by the Royal Navy of the United Kingdom and by the Chilean Navy of Chile.

Nuremberg Laws
The Nuremberg Laws is the name for three (historically: two laws) that were set into practice in Germany in 1935, and that were valid until 1945. There are named after the city of Nuremberg where the legislative assembly met.

Thrice
Thrice is an American experimental rock band formed in 1998. They are always changing their sound from different albums. The four members in Thrice are the same four people as when they started 10 years ago.
In 2004, the band released a DVD about the band. In the DVD, it talks about the members. They talk about experiences with touring and being in the band. They also talk about their ideas about the future direction of the music.
Dustin Kensrue, the lead singer for the band, released a solo album in 2007.
Most recently, Thrice have released a four disc album titled "The Alchemy Index" (volumes "Earth", "Fire", "Water" and "Air"). At the end of each disc, there is a song written in a similar poem style. The last line in that song is always sung in the same way.

Synapse
Synapses are gaps or junctions between two neurons.

Sidewalk
A sidewalk is a path for pedestrians that runs along the side of a road. It is called a sidewalk in American English, but can also be called a pavement (mainly British English), a footpath (Australian English, Irish English, Indian English and New Zealand English) or footway (Engineering term).
Pedestrians use sidewalks to keep them safe from vehicles on the road. Sidewalks can be made of bricks or from tarmac.

Bălosu River
The Bălosu River is a tributary of the Năruja River in Romania. That means it flows into the Năruja River.

Valea Neagră River (Năruja)
The Valea Neagră River is a tributary of the Năruja River in Romania. That means it flows into the Năruja River.

Mişina River
The Mişina River or Mişâna River is a tributary of the Năruja River in Romania. That means it flows into the Năruja River.

Secătura River (Năruja)
The Secătura River is a tributary of the Năruja River in Romania. That means it flows into the Năruja River.

Petic River
The Petic River is a tributary of the Năruja River in Romania. That means it flows into the Năruja River.

Năruja River
The Năruja River is a tributary of the Zăbala River in Romania. That means it flows into Zăbala River.

Vâlcelul Lucăcilă River
The Vâlcelul Lucăcilă River is a tributary of the Brătei River in Romania. That means it flows into the Brătei River.

Valea lui Marco River
The Valea lui Marco River is a tributary of the Brătei River in Romania. That means it flows into the Brătei River.

Valea lui Bădescu River
The Valea lui Bădescu River is a tributary of the Brătei River in Romania. That means it flows into the Brătei River.

Valea lui Moise River
The Valea lui Moise River is a tributary of the Brătei River in Romania. That means it flows into the Brătei River.

Valea Neagră River (Brătei)
The Valea Neagră River is a tributary of the Brătei River in Romania. That means it flows into the Brătei River.

Valea Stânei River (Brătei)
The Valea Stânei River is a tributary of the Valea Neagră River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Neagră River.

Pârâul Cabanei
The Pârâul Cabanei is a tributary of the Valea Neagră River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Neagră River.

Pârâul Rece (Brătei)
The Pârâul Rece is a tributary of the Valea Neagră River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Neagră River.

Pârâul Mic (Brătei)
The Pârâul Mic River is a tributary of the Valea Neagră River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Neagră River.

Pârâul Sec (Brătei)
The Pârâul Sec is a tributary of the Brătei River in Romania. That means it flows into the Brătei River.

Jugureanu River
The Jugureanu River is a tributary of the Mitarca River in Romania. That means it flows into the Mitarca River.

Folie à Deux (album)
"Folie à Deux" is Fall Out Boy's next album. It is a follow-up to "Infinity on High". The album is set to be released on November 4, 2008. Its title comes from the French for "a madness shared by two".

BMW
BMW or Bayerische Motoren Werke is a German car manufacturer or maker founded in 1916. They are one of the most famous car manufacturers in the world. They are headquartered in Munich, Bavaria.

La Poduri River
The La Poduri River is a tributary of the Brătei River in Romania. That means it flows into the Brătei River.

Lucăcilă River (Brătei)
The Lucăcilă River is a tributary of the Brătei River in Romania. That means it flows into the Brătei River.

Mitarca River
The Mitarca River is a tributary of the Brătei River in Romania. That means it flows into the Brătei River.

Izvorul Zănoagei River
The Izvorul Zănoagei is a tributary of the Brătei River in Romania. That means it flows into the Brătei River.

Şutila River
The Şutila River is a tributary of the Brătei River in Romania. That means it flows into the Brătei River.

Duda Mare River
The Duda Mare River is a tributary of the Brătei River in Romania. That means it flows into the Brătei River.

Mazda
Mazda Motor Corporation is a car manufacturer or maker based in Hiroshima, Japan.

Duda Mică River
The Duda Mică River is a tributary of the Brătei River in Romania. That means it flows into the Brătei River.

Brătei River
The Brătei River is a tributary of the Ialomiţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Brătei River. The upper part of the River is also called Strunguliţa River.

Văcăria River (Brătei)
The Văcăria River is a tributary of the Brătei River in Romania. That means it flows into the Brătei River.

Nisipu River
The Nisipu River is a tributary of the Valea Glăjăriei in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Glăjăriei River.

Armăsarul River (Ghimbăşel)
The Armăsarul River is a tributary of the Valea Glăjăriei River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Glăjăriei River.

Bucşoiu River
The Bucşoiu River is a tributary of the Valea Glăjăriei in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Glăjăriei River.

Mălăieşti River (Ghimbăşel)
The Mălăieşti River is a tributary of the Valea Glăjăriei in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Glăjăriei River.

Valea Ţigăneşti River
The Valea Ţigăneşti River is a tributary of the Velicanul River in Romania. That means it flows into the Velicanul River.

Valea Rea River (Ghimbăşel)
The Valea Rea River is a tributary of the Valea Glăjăriei in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Glăjăriei River.

Vâlcelul Dihamului River
The Vâlcelul Dihamului River is a tributary of the Valea Glăjăriei in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Glăjăriei River.

Vâlcelul Îndrăcit River
The Vâlcelul Îndrăcit River is a tributary of the Valea Glăjăriei in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Glăjăriei River.

Valea Glăjăriei River (Ghimbăşel)
The Valea Glăjăriei River is a tributary of the Pârâul Mare in Romania. That means it flows into the Pârâul Mare.

Bratu River (Năjila)
The Bratu River is a tributary of the Năjila River in Romania. That means it flows into the Năjila River.

Pârâul Sticlăriei
The Pârâul Sticlăriei is a tributary of the Năjila River in Romania. That means it flows into the Năjila River.

Pârâul Turnului (Ghimbăşel)
The Pârâul Turnului is a tributary of the Pârâul Mare in Romania. That means it flows into the Pârâul Mare River.

Beuca River
The Beuca River is a tributary of the Pârâul Mare in Romania. That means it flows into the Pârâul Mare.

Năjila River
The Năjila River is a tributary of the Pârâul Mare in Romania. That means it flows into the Pârâul Mare River.

Valea Lupilor River
The Valea Lupilor River is a tributary of the Pârâul Mare in Romania. That means it flows into the Pârâul Mare.

Valea lui Şmit River
The Valea lui Şmit River is a tributary of the Pârâul Mare in Romania. That means it flows into the Pârâul Mare.

Valea lui Dobre River
The Valea lui Dobre River is a tributary of the Pârâul Mare in Romania. That means it flows into the Pârâul Mare.

Pârâul Mare (Ghimbăşel)
The Pârâul Mare is a tributary of the Ghimbăşel River in Romania. That means it flows into the Ghimbăşel River. The upper part of the river, upstream of where it meets the Valea Glăjăriei River is also called Frăsinet River

Graigăru River
The Graigăru River is a tributary of the Pârâul Mare in Romania. That means it flows into the Pârâul Mare.

Itapema
Itapema is a city of the Santa Catarina state, in Brazil.

Animal testing
Animal testing is a name for experiments done on animals by scientists. Although they can lead to medical progress, such work is not without its critics, especially when unnecessary or done to test cosmetics.

Campylobacter
"Campylobacter" is a bacterium. It is found in the intestines of many types of animals. Campylobacter is the most common bacterial cause of diarrhoeal illness. Campylobacteriosis has been found to be more common during the summer months. It also appears to be more common in males than females.

Brobdingnagian
Unusually great in size or amount or degree or especially extent or scope

Emperor Taishō
Emperor Taishō is the name given to Yoshihito after he died. Emperors of Japan are normally renamed like this, and people start using the new name.
He was the emperor (leader) of Japan during World War I and after. He was born on August 31, 1879 and he died on December 25, 1926. He started ruling Japan in 1912, after the death of his father, Emperor Meiji. And he ruled until he died. He was weak. Democracy was temporarily established in Japan while he was alive. Emperor Showa is his son.

Emperor Meiji
Emperor Meiji or Meiji the Great is the name given to Mutsuhito after he died. Emperors of Japan are normally renamed like this, and people start using the new name.
He was the emperor (leader) of Japan during World War I and after. He was born on November 3, 1852 and he died on July 30, 1912. He started ruling Japan in 1867, after the death of his father, Emperor Kōmei. And he ruled until he died. When he was born, Japan was a feudal country where association with another country was a little. However, when he died, Japan had became one of the great powers of the world. Emperor Taishō is his son.

Trivium (band)
Trivium is a Heavy metal band from Orlando, Florida. They started in 2000 and became very successful since then. The members are: Matt Heafy (vocals, guitar), Corey Beaulieu (guitar), Paolo Gregoletto (bass) and Travis Smith (drums). Right now Trivium are working on a new album.

Emily Browning
Emily Jane Browning (born 7 December 1988) is an Australian award winning actress, probably best known for her role as Violet Baudelaire in "Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events".

Trivium (liberal arts)
From the Latin, trivium ("tres": "three" and "vía": "way", "way") is the set of three ways.
In the Antiquity and the Middle Ages, three of the seven liberal arts relatived to the eloquence: grammar, rhetoric and dialectics (or logic)
In the medieval universities, the trivium included the three basic aspects of the knowledge: The grammar as mechanics of the language; the logic (or dialectics - logic and dialectics became the words with the same meanings in the times) that is the "mechanics" of the thinking and the analysis; and the rhetoric that is the usage of the language in order to instruct and to persuade. In the medieval Scholasticism, they were considered camps preparing for the quadrivium which includes the arithmetic, the geometry, the music and the astronomy.

Ancient Greek boxing
Ancient Greek boxing is a very old kind of sport. It has been practiced at least since the eighth century BC. r wrote about it in his poem "Iliad". At that time, Greece was made of many city-states that were independent. Each city state seems to have had its own version of the sport.
Today, most of the sources that talk about Greek boxing are either legends, or they are fragmentary. When a source is fragmentary, this means that part of the text has been lost, or is missing. This makes it difficult to find the rules, or where and how the activity was done. Several details are missing, but it seems boxing with gloves was an important part of the Greek athletic culture of the time.
Where it came from.
The activity was called "pyx" or "pygme" in Ancient Greek. Archeologists have found evidence that this activity was probably done by the Minoan and Myceanean cultures. Many legends tell about the origins of boxing in Greece. One legend says that the heroic ruler Theseus invented a type of boxing where two men sat face to face and beat each other with their fists until one of them was killed. Later, the boxers began to fight while standing. They also started to wear gloves (with spikes) and wrappings on their arms below the elbows. In Ancient Greece, most sports were done naked, boxing too.
According to "Iliad", Mycenaean warriors included boxing in their competitions. They did this to honor those who had died. It is possible that Homer told about what the Greeks did, at a later time. Boxing was one of the contests held in memory of Achilles' friend Patroclus, who was killed toward the end of the Trojan War. To commemorate Patroclus the Greeks later introduced boxing ("pygme / pygmachia") to the Olympic Games in 688 BC. People taking part trained on punching bags (called a "korykos"). Fighters wore leather straps (called "himantes") over their hands, wrists, and sometimes chest, to protect themselves from injury. The straps also left the fingers free.
Philostratus was a scholar and an historian. According to him, boxing was originally developed in Sparta, in order to harden warriors’ faces for battle. The early Spartans believed helmets were unnecessary and boxing prepared them for when they were hit on the head in battle. However, Spartans never took part in the competitive version of boxing. They thought it was dishonorable to be defeated that way.
Equipment.
Until around 500 BC "himantes" were used as protection for the knuckles and hand. They were thongs of ox hide between 3 and 3.7 meters long. The "himantes" were wrapped around the hands and knuckles many times.
Around 400 BC "sphairai" were introduced. The "sphairai" were very similar to "himantes". The biggest difference was that the inside was padded when they were wrapped around the hands. The outside of the thong was more rigid too.
Soon after the "saphirai" had been introduced, they were replaced by "oxys" used for boxing. "Oxys" were made of several thick leather bands that were wrapped around the hand, wrist, and forearm. A band of fleece was placed on the forearm to wipe away sweat. Leather braces extended up the forearm to give greater support when punching. The knuckles were reinforced with leather as well.
"Korykos" were the equivalent to modern punching bags. They were used for practice in the Palaestra and were filled with sand, flour, or millet.

London School of Economics
The London School of Economics and Political Science (more commonly London School of Economics) is a college of the Universty of London. The college opened in 1895. Today it is one of the leading Universities for Law, Economics and political sciences. Well-known people who attended the college are George Bernard Shaw, Bertrand Russell, John Richard Hicks, Friedrich August von Hayek, Mick Jagger, John Fitzgerald Kennedy and Monica Lewinsky.

Friedrich August von Hayek
Friedrich August von Hayek CH (May 8, 1899 March 23, 1992) was an Austrian-British economist and political philosopher. He became known because he stongly defended liberalism and free-market capitalism. He was against any form of socialism or collectivism.
He is thought of as one of the most important economists and political philosophers of the twentieth century. He was one of the most important members of the Austrian School of economics. He also had many ideas in the fields of jurisprudence and cognitive science. He shared the 1974 Nobel Prize in Economics with rival Gunnar Myrdal. The award was for their work in the theory of money and economic fluctuations and for their analysis of the interdependence of economic, social and institutional phenomena. He also received the U.S. Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1991. He is thought to be one of the major causes of change from the interventionist and Keynesian policies of the first part of the 20th century back towards classical liberalism after the 1980s.

Ancient Olympic Games
The Ancient Olympic Games were a series of athletic competitions held between the city-states of Ancient Greece. They used to be called the Olympic Games (; "Olympiakoi Agones") until the modern day Olympic Games started. The Ancient Olympic Games began in 776 BC in Olympia, Greece. They ran until 393 AD.
Prizes at the games were olive wreaths, palm branches and woollen ribbons.

Manhattan (movie)
"Manhattan" is a 1979 romantic comedy movie by director Woody Allen. The movie is set in New York City. The movie is about Issac Davis (played by Allen), a divorced 42-year old dating a 17-year old girl.

Match Point
"Match Point" is a 2005 movie by director Woody Allen. The movie stars Scarlett Johansson and Jonathan Rhys Meyers.

Punching bag
A punching bag is a tough bag which is supposed to be punched a lot. It is used in exercise or stress relief to improve one of three areas: physical strength, aerobic fitness or punching technique.

Nocera Inferiore
Nocera Inferiore, is a town and comune in Campania, Italy, in the province of Salerno, at the foot of Monte Albino, 20 km east-south-east of Naples by rail. above sea-level.
"Nuceria Alfaterna" appears to have been the chief town in the valley of the Sarnus, Herculaneum, Pompeii, Stabiae and Surrentum all being dependent upon it.
Hannibal destroyed the town in 216.
In 1385 Pope Urban VI was besieged in the castle of Charles of Durazzo.
At Nocera had sped a big part of they life the painter Francesco Solimena, and the writers Jacopo Sannazzaro and Domenico Rea.
Is the birthplace of the footballers Simone Barone and Raffaele De Martino.
Originally from Nocera are the parents of Italian American Warren Cuccurullo and Mario Cuomo.

Nevado del Ruiz
Nevado del Ruiz, also known as Mount Ruiz, is an Andean stratovolcano in Caldas Department, Colombia. It is the northernmost volcano of the Andean Volcanic Belt and lies about
west of Bogotá, with the town of Armero in the valley below. It is the northernmost and highest active volcano in Colombia. Nevado del Ruiz is composed of andesitic and dacitic lava flows. Its 1985 eruption produced a lahar which completely buried Armero and caused an estimated 23,000 deaths in what came to be known as the Armero tragedy. This is the deadliest lahar flow in world history.
The Nevado del Ruiz was created by the subduction of the oceanic Nazca Plate beneath the continental South American Plate. Stratovolcanoes in the Andes mostly have Plinian eruptions that produce pyroclastic flows, and Nevado del Ruiz is no exception.
Inhabitants who live in the towns around the volcano refer to it as "the Sleeping Lion". It had been dormant for nearly 150 years before the Armero lahar.
Features.
Nevado del Ruiz is a broad, icy stratovolcano that covers more than. Three major edifices, composed of andesitic and dacitic lavas and andesitic pyroclastics, have built up since the beginning of the Pleistocene. The modern cone consists of a wide cluster of lava domes produced within the summit caldera of an ancient Ruiz cone. The 1–kilometer wide, 240–meter deep Arenas crater currently occupies the summit. The prominent La Olleta pyroclastic cone is located on the volcano's southwest flank and may also have been active in historical times. The mountain's flanks are lined by the steep headwalls of massive landslides. Melting of its summit icecap during historical eruptions, which date back to the 16th century, has resulted in devastating lahars, including the famous eruption in 1985 that was the world's deadliest.
Eruptions before 1985.
In 1595, a lahar flowed down the valleys of the River Guali and the River Lagunillas, killing 636 people. In 1845, another massive lahar flooded the upper valley of the River Lagunillas, killing over 1000 people. It continued for 70 kilometers downstream before spreading across a plain in the lower valley floor. It is believed both of these formed from melting of the snow and ice that cover the summit, as did the original eruption.
Pre-eruptive activity.
Nevado del Ruiz was very active in the three months before it erupted. An Italian volcanological mission analyzed gas samples from the fumaroles along the Arenas crater floor and proved them to be a mixture of carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide, indicating a direct magmatic release into surface environment. A very high lahar risk was stressed in the mission's report delivered on October 22, 1985 and various simple preparedness techniques were proposed to local authorities.
During the following "quiet" period in October, the hydrothermal component of the vapor discharge steadily increased. The gases were found to be super-saturated with elemental sulfur; their thermodynamic equilibration temperatures can range from 200 to 600° Celsius. Gases and water from fumaroles and thermal springs on the flanks of the volcano are likely to be produced from a two-phase vapor-brine envelope adjoining the eruptive system within the volcano. The chemistry of the fumarole discharges is compatible with the comparison of an eruptive mechanism involving the build-up of pressure in an extensive vapor zone by gas released from a stagnant, already extensively degassed body of magmatic material at depth. Production of such a residual gas over extended periods may account for the large amount of sulfur dioxide (SO2) being released from the volcano in relation to the small amount of ejected solids.
The destruction wrought by the 1985 eruption was partially due to the fact that scientists vacillated over whether or not to evacuate the area. Nevertheless, a group of scientists informed them that they faced eminent and almost certain death. The people in Armero assumed that because the volcano had not erupted in 100 years, it had no reason to erupt so abruptly. Scientists later looked back to the hours before the eruption and noticed that several long period earthquakes had occurred. Long-period earthquakes are those which start out strong and then die down very slowly. Volcanologist Bernard Chouet said that these earthquakes occurred in the final hours before an eruption. According to Chouet, "the volcano was screaming 'I'm about to explode'," but scientists at the time doubted his theory.
1985 eruption.
On November 13, 1985, at 9:08 pm, Nevado del Ruiz erupted; ejecting dacitic tephra more than 30 kilometers into the atmosphere. The amount of magma erupted from the volcano was 3% of that from Mount St. Helens in 1980. The eruption reached Volcanic Explosivity Index 3. The material ejected was described by scientists as "unusually rich in sulfur dioxide".
Pyroclastic flows melted ice and snow at the summit, forming 4 thick lahars that rushed down several river valleys. As most lahars do, the mudflows began as flows of water, sand, and gravel, and mixed with clay along the way. The lahars were up to 50 meters thick and six feet deep and traveled more than 100 kilometers.
The lahars destroyed many houses and towns. The town of Armero was completely covered by debris, killing approximately 21,000 people (three-fourths of the population), as well as affecting 13 other villages. The eruption caused an estimated 23,000 deaths, 5,000 injuries, and destroyed more than 5,000 homes. This was the second deadliest volcanic disaster in the 20th century, ousted only by the 1902 eruption of Mount Pelee, and the fourth deadliest eruption in recorded history. In addition, it was the deadliest lahar in recorded history, and Colombia's worst natural disaster.
The disaster gained some major international notoriety due in part to a photograph taken by photographer Frank Fournier, of a young girl named Omayra Sánchez who was trapped beneath rubble for three days before she died. In response to the eruption, the USGS Volcano Crisis Assistance Team was formed in 1986, and the Volcano Disaster Assistance Program.
The volcano erupted again in 1988 and 1991.
Aftermath.
The eruption cost Colombia 7.7 billion dollars, about 20% of the country’s GNP for the year.
A lack of preparation contributed to the high death toll. Armero had been built directly on old mudflows and authorities ignored a hazard-zone map which showed the potential damage to the town if lahars were to avalanche down the mountain. Habitants were also told to stay inside and avoid the falling ash, not thinking the mudflows would bury them. Dr. Stanley Williams of Louisiana University said that following the eruption, "With the possible exception of Mount St. Helens in the state of Washington, no other volcano in the Western Hemisphere is being watched so elaborately."
In April 2008, the Nevado del Huila volcano erupted, and thousands were evacuated. Volcanologists were worried that this could be another "Nevado del Ruiz". Hundreds of these eruptions have had huge evacuation numbers for similar reasons.
Survivors who fled to other towns in the area were gradually housed in new government schemes. Armero was not rebuilt because the old lahar traces were discovered, and Colombian government declared the site "holy ground" so that no one would ever suffer again like Armero.
Now a new system can detect lahars, giving people more warning to evacuate before they happen. The system involves the use of Acoustic Flow Monitors (AFM) which analyze ground shaking that could result in a lahar. These AFMs are placed in the volcano and warn officials if there is a high amount of shaking. These devices were tested on Mount Rainier in the United States.
Geology.
The glaciers of Nevado del Ruiz were composed gradually over hundreds of years. Due to global warming, the glaciers are starting to melt. Since Ruiz gained instant fame after its devastating eruption in 1985, scientists and government officials in Colombia are afraid the glaciers might melt completely.
The stratovolcano lays within the Pacific Ring of Fire, a area of the earth's crust where the land is unstable. It encircles the Pacific Ocean, and houses some of the world's most active volcanoes. The volcano is the northernmost of several Colombian stratovolcanoes in the Andean Volcanic Belt of western South America. The Andean volcanic belt was produced by the eastward subduction of the oceanic Nazca plate beneath the South American continental plate. Normally, these type of stratovolcanoes generate explosive Plinian eruptions with associated pyroclastic flows that can melt snow and glaciers near the summit, thus producing devastating lahars.
The volcano is part of the Ruiz-Tolima volcanic massif (or Cordillera Central), a group of five different icy stratovolcanoes.

Rât River
The Rât River is a tributary of the Chişer River in Romania. That means it flows into the Chişer River.

Chişer River
The Chişer River is a tributary of the Crişul Alb River in Romania. That means it flows into the Chişer River.

Budieru River
The Budieru River is a river which was flowing into the Crişul Alb River. When the Canalul Morilor was built, the Budieru River was intercepted by this canal. It is now part of the drainage system of the area.

Canalul Morilor (Vărşand)
The Canalul Morilor is a tributary of the Crişul Alb River in Romania, that means it flows into the Crişul Alb River. The course of the river was channelized, being transformed into a canal.

Vâlcelul Cocora River
The Vâlcelul Cocora River is a tributary of the Lăptici River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lăptici River.

Valea Pietrosului River
The Valea Pietrosului River is a tributary of the Lăptici River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lăptici River.

Valea Trăsnetului River
The Valea Trăsnetului River is a tributary of the Lăptici River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lăptici River.

Lăptici River
The Lăptici River is a tributary of the Ialomiţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Ialomiţa River.

Valea Şugărilor River
The Valea Şugărilor River is a tributary of the Ialomiţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Ialomiţa River.

Cocora River (Ialomiţa)
The Cocora River is a tributary of the Ialomiţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Ialomiţa River.

Scândurari River
The Scândurari River is a tributary of the Ialomiţa River in Romania. That flows into the Ialomiţa River.

Blana River
The Blana River is a tributary of the Ialomiţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Ialomiţa River.

Nucet River (Ialomiţa)
The Nucet River is a tributary of the Ialomiţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Ialomiţa River.

Oboarele River
The Oboarele River is a tributary of the Ialomiţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Ialomiţa River.

Dichiu River (Ialomiţa)
The Dichiu River is a tributary of the Oboarele River in Romania. That means it flows into the Dichiu River.

Scropoasa River
The Scropoasa River is a tributary of the Ialomiţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Ialomiţa River.

Orzea River (Ialomiţa)
The Orzea River is a tributary of the Ialomiţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Ialomiţa River.

Brânduşa River
The Brânduşa River is a tributary of the Ialomiţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Ialomiţa River.

Gâlma River (Ialomiţa)
The Gâlma River is a tributary of the Ialomiţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Ialomiţa River.

Tao
Tao (道, Pinyin Dào) is a metaphysical concept found in Taoism, Confucianism, and more often in ancient Chinese philosophy. The Chinese character translates as "way," "path," or "route,". In Taoism, Tao began before and means the whole universe.

Zănoaga River (Ialomiţa)
The Zănoaga River is a tributary of the Ialomiţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Ialomiţa River.

Bolboci River
The Bolboci River or Valea Firdaleşului River is a tributary of the Ialomiţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Ialomiţa River.

Coteanu River
The Coteanu River is a tributary of the Ialomiţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Ialomiţa River.

Gâlgoiu River
The Gâlgoiu River is a tributary of the Ialomiţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Ialomiţa River.

Vitaceae
Vitaceae are a family of dicotyledonous flowering plants including the grape and Virginia creeper. The family name comes from the genus "Vitis". The name sometimes appears as Vitidaceae, but Vitaceae is a conserved name and therefore has priority over both Vitidaceae and another name sometimes found in the older literature, Ampelidaceae.

Vitis
"Vitis" is a genus of about 60 species of vining plants in the flowering plant family Vitaceae. The genus is made up of species most often found in the Northern hemisphere. It is economically important as the source of grapes, both for direct consumption of the fruit and for fermentation to produce wine. The study and cultivation of grapevines is called viticulture.

Smiley Smile
"Smiley Smile" is the tenth studio album by The Beach Boys. It was released in 1967.

Sulfur dioxide
Sulfur dioxide (also sulphur dioxide) is the chemical compound with the formula SO2. SO2 is produced by volcanoes and in various industrial processes.

Lemnia River
The Lemnia River is a tributary of the Râul Negru in Romania. That means it flows into the Râul Negru.

Tisa River (Lemnia)
The Tisa River is a tributary of the Lemnia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lemnia River.

Lutoasa River (Lemnia)
The Lutoasa River is a tributary of the Lemnia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lemnia River.

Horoaba River
The Horoaba River is a tributary of the Ialomiţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Ialomiţa River. The upper part of the river is also called the Bătrâna River

Leşniţa River
The Leşniţa River is a tributary of the Horoaba River in Romania. That means it flows into the Horoaba River.

Ojdula River
The Ojdula River is a tributary of the Râul Negru in Romania. That means it flows into the Râul Negru. It starts where the headwaters Orbai and Orbaiul Mic meet.

Foreign policy
A country's foreign policy (also called the international relations policy) is a set of goals outlining how the country will interact with other countries economically, politically, socially and military, and to a lesser extent, how the country will interact with non-state actors. The study of foreign relations is known as foreign policy analysis (FPA).

Valea Gârbelor River
The Valea Gârbelor River is a tributary of the Horoaba River in Romania. That means it flows into the Horoaba River.

Orbai River
The Orbai River is a headwater of the Ojdula River in Romania.

Orbaiul Mic River
The Orbaiul Mic River is a headwater of the Ojdula River in Romania.

Lucăcilă River (Ialomiţa)
The Lucăcilă River is a tributary of the Ialomiţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Ialomiţa River.

Pârâul Cetăţii (Saciova)
The Pârâul Cetăţii is a tributary of the Saciova River in Romania. That means it flows into the Saciova River.

Mircea River (Ialomiţa)
The Mircea River is a tributary of the Ialomiţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Ialomiţa River.

Culcuşu Ursului River
The Culcuşu Ursului River is a tributary of the Saciova River in Romania. That means it flows into the Saciova River.

Tătaru River (Ialomiţa)
The Tătaru River is a tributary of the Ialomiţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Ialomiţa River.

Valea Doamnelor River
The Valea Doamnelor River is a tributary of the Ialomiţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Ialomiţa River.

Valea Spinării River
The Valea Spinării River is a tributary of the Valea Doamnelor River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Doamnelor River.

Valea Sucheniţei River
The Valea Sucheniţei River is a tributary of the Ialomiţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Ialomiţa River.

Valea Văcăriei River
The Valea Sucheniţei River is a tributary of the Ialomiţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Ialomiţa River.

Lapoş River (Saciova)
The Lapoş River is a tributary of the Saciova River in Romania. That means it flows into the Saciova River.

Valea Cabanierului River
The Valea Cabanierului River is a tributary of the Ialomiţa River in Romania. This means it flows into the Ialomiţa River.

Nadăş River (Saciova)
The Nadăş River is a tributary of the Saciova River in Romania. That means it flows into the Saciova River.

Ghimbăşel River
The Ghimbăşel River or Ghimbav River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River. It is made where two headwaters meet: Pârâul Mare and Pârâul Mic.

Dolná Krupá
Dolná Krupá is a village in the Trnava region of Slovakia. It is located in the Danubian Hills at around 12 km from the city of Trnava.

Little Carpathians
The Little Carpathians or Lesser Carpathians are a mountain range that are about 100 kilometers long. They are found in the western part of Slovakia, between Bratislava and Nové Mesto nad Váhom, and in Northeastern Austria.

Miloveanu River
The Miloveanu River is a tributary of the Iminog River in Romania. That means it flows into the Iminog River.

Ciocârlia River
The Ciocârlia River is a tributary of the Miloveanu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Miloveanu River.

Danubian Hills
The Danubian Hills is a area located in Slovakia between the Danube plain to the South and the Little Carpathian Mountains to the North. The most important towns of the area are Trnava, Topoľčany, Nitra, Levice, Dudince and Štúrovo.

Râul Hotarului (Iminog)
The Râul Hotarului is a tributary of the Iminog River in Romania. That means it flows into the Iminog River.

Bălteni River
The Bălteni River is a tributary of the Iminog River in Romania. That means it flows into the Iminog River.

Cleja River (Iminog)
The Cleja River is a tributary of the Iminog River in Romania. That means it flows into the Iminog River.

Valea Aurie River
The Valea Aurie River is a tributary of the Cibin River in Romania. That means it flows into the Cibin River.

Măncuţa River
The Măncuţa River is a tributary of the Mancu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Mancu River.

Valea Hotarelor River
The Valea Hotarelor River is a tributary of the Sadu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Sadu River.

Krupá River
The Krupá River is a tributary of the Blava River in Slovakia. This means it flows into the Blava River.

Belly dance
A belly dance is a Middle Eastern type of dancing. In the Arabic language, it is called raqs sharqi (رقص شرقي, which means "oriental dance"). Many boys and girls in countries where belly dancing is popular will learn how to do it when they are young. The dance involves movement of many different parts of the body; usually in a circular way.

Atreyu
Atreyu are an American Heavy metal band. They are signed to Roadrunner Records. They took their name from a character called "Atreyu" in a book called "The Neverending Story".Sound Tracks
'Atreyu' is an American metal core band with melodic death metal and hardcore influences from Orange County, California. Contrary to popular belief, the band did not intentionally name itself after Atreyu, a character from Michael Ende's novel, The Never-ending Story. Rather, the name was suggested to them by a friend of the band. Most people when they have never even heard of this band think that the person asking if they listen to Atreyu they are thinking of the movie The Never Ending Story. When I first heard of the band name that is what I thought as well.
Atreyu is one of the bands that I really like because the music that they play sometimes is good and at other times it is not so good, this is a band with extreme talent and have really come along since they first started. When they first started playing the music they did not very many people liked them. They needed to get up off their feet and get the ball rolling down the hill.
The metal core music that they play is sometimes very easy to listen to and at other times it can be harder to listen and pick out the words that they are saying.
Atreyu was formed as a band sometime during 1998 and 1999. Shortly thereafter, they released their first EP, entitled Visions. The record garnered the band some success in the Southern California metal core scene and they constantly performed to support the seven-track release.
Atreyu released its second record, a five-track EP, entitled Fractures in the Facade of Your Porcelain Beauty, in 2001. The record featured early versions of the songs "Living Each Day Like You're Already Dead", "Someone's Standing on My Chest", and "Tulips Are Better", which were re-worked for the band's third release. The record also caught the attention of record executives at Victory Records, who quickly signed the band and added it to its roster.
Atreyu recorded and released its first full-length album in 2002. Suicide Notes and Butterfly Kisses would become an instant fan favorite and was noticed by a wide variety of music fans. The record broke down the walls separating the genres of heavy metal and hardcore, allowing the band to push itself into the forefront of the metal core scene. Critics from publications such as the L.A. Times, Guitar World, and Metal Maniacs commented that the "Southern California five-piece brings new definition to overnight success." Since then, the album has sold over 100,000 copies and has produced two popular singles, "Isn’t Love Grand" and "Lip Gloss and Black."

Michael Laudrup
Michael Laudrup is a former football player. He has played for Denmark national team.

Clive Charles
Clive Charles is a former English football player.

Paul Gascoigne
Paul Gascoigne is a former English football player. He has played for England national team.

Marcel Desailly
Marcel Desailly is a former football player. He has played for France national team.

Vinnie Jones
Vinnie Jones is a former English football player. He has played for Wales national team. Jones is also an actor. He played Juggernaut in Marvel's '.

The Football League 1899-00
Statistics of The Football League in season 1899/1900.
Overview.
It was performed in 18 teams, and Aston Villa won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 18 teams, and The Wednesday won the championship.

Football League of Ireland Premier Division 1940-41
Statistics of Football League of Ireland Premier Division in season 1940/1941.
Overview.
It was performed in 11 teams, and Cork United won the championship.

Colombian Professional Football 1965
Statistics of Colombian Professional Football in season 1965.
Overview.
It was performed in 13 teams, and Deportivo Cali won the championship.

Division 1 1945-46
Statistics of Division 1 in season 1945/1946.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Lille won the championship.

La Liga 1929-30
Statistics of La Liga in season 1929/1930.
Overview.
It was performed in 10 teams, and Athletic Bilbao won the championship.

Major League Soccer 2004
Statistics of Major League Soccer in season 2004.
Overview.
It was performed in 10 teams, and DC United won the championship.
Final.
DC United won the championship.

Major League Soccer 2005
Statistics of Major League Soccer in season 2005.
Overview.
It was performed in 12 teams, and Los Angeles Galaxy won the championship.
Final.
Los Angeles Galaxy won the championship.

Major League Soccer 2006
Statistics of Major League Soccer in season 2006.
Overview.
It was performed in 12 teams, and Houston Dynamo won the championship.
Final.
Houston Dynamo won the championship.

Serie A 1961-62
Statistics of Serie A in season 1961/1962.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Milan won the championship.

Serie A 1963-64
Statistics of Serie A in season 1963/1964.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Bologna won the championship.

Peter Schmeichel
Peter Schmeichel is a former Danish football player. He has played for Denmark national team.

Peter Shilton
Peter Shilton is a former English football player. He has played for England national team.

The Football League 1900-01
Statistics of The Football League in season 1900/1901.
Overview.
It was performed in 18 teams, and Liverpool won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 18 teams, and Grimsby Town won the championship.

Football League of Ireland Premier Division 1941-42
Statistics of Football League of Ireland Premier Division in season 1941/1942.
Overview.
It was performed in 10 teams, and Cork United won the championship.

Colombian Professional Football 1966
Statistics of Colombian Professional Football in season 1966.
Overview.
It was performed in 14 teams, and Santa Fe won the championship.

Division 1 1946-47
Statistics of Division 1 in season 1946/1947.
Overview.
It was contested by 20 teams, and Roubaix-Tourcoing won the championship.

La Liga 1930-31
Statistics of La Liga in season 1930/1931.
Overview.
It was performed in 10 teams, and Athletic Bilbao won the championship.

Major League Soccer 2003
Statistics of Major League Soccer in season 2003.
Overview.
It was performed in 10 teams, and San Jose Earthquakes won the championship.
Final.
San Jose Earthquakes won the championship.

Serie A 1964-65
Statistics of Serie A in season 1964/1965.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Internazionale Milano won the championship.

Serie A 1966-67
Statistics of Serie A in season 1966/1967.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Juventus won the championship.

Serie A 1967-68
Statistics of Serie A in season 1967/1968.
Overview.
It was contested by 16 teams, and Milan won the championship.

Serie A 1968-69
Statistics of Serie A in season 1968/1969.
Overview.
It was contested by 16 teams, and Fiorentina won the championship.

Chris Coleman
Chris Coleman is a former Welsh football player. He has played for Wales national team.

Marcus Hahnemann
Marcus Hahnemann is an American soccer player. He plays for Reading and United States national team.

Kit Symons
Kit Symons is a former English football player. He has played for Wales national team.

Tim Howard
Tim Howard is am American soccer player. He plays for Everton and United States national team.

The Football League 1901-02
Statistics of The Football League in season 1901/1902.
Overview.
It was performed in 18 teams, and Sunderland won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 18 teams, and West Bromwich Albion won the championship.

Football League of Ireland Premier Division 1942-43
Statistics of Football League of Ireland Premier Division in season 1942/1943.
Overview.
It was performed in 10 teams, and Cork United won the championship.

Colombian Professional Football 1967
Statistics of Colombian Professional Football in season 1967.
Overview.
It was performed in 14 teams, and Deportivo Cali won the championship.

Division 1 1947-48
Statistics of Division 1 in season 1947/1948.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Olympique Marseille won the championship.

La Liga 1931-32
Statistics of La Liga in season 1931/1932.
Overview.
It was performed in 10 teams, and Real Madrid won the championship.

Serie A 1969-70
Statistics of Serie A in season 1969/1970.
Overview.
It was contested by 16 teams, and Cagliari won the championship.

Serie A 1970-71
Statistics of Serie A in season 1970/1971.
Overview.
It was contested by 16 teams, and Internazionale Milano won the championship.

Serie A 1971-72
Statistics of Serie A in season 1971/1972.
Overview.
It was contested by 16 teams, and Juventus won the championship.

Serie A 1972-73
Statistics of Serie A in season 1972/1973.
Overview.
It was contested by 16 teams, and Juventus won the championship.

Serie A 1973-74
Statistics of Serie A in season 1973/1974.
Overview.
It was contested by 16 teams, and Lazio won the championship.

Marcelo Salas
Marcelo Salas is a football player. He plays for Universidad Chile.

Duncan Edwards
Duncan Edwards is a former football player. He has played for Manchester United and England national team.

Roger Milla
Roger Milla is a former football player. He has played for Cameroon national team.

Toni Turek
Toni Turek is a former football player. He has played for Germany national team.

The Football League 1902-03
Statistics of The Football League in season 1902/1903.
Overview.
It was performed in 18 teams, and The Wednesday won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 18 teams, and Manchester City won the championship.

Football League of Ireland Premier Division 1975-76
Statistics of Football League of Ireland Premier Division in season 1975/1976.
Overview.
It was performed in 14 teams, and Dundalk won the championship.

Colombian Professional Football 1968
Statistics of Colombian Professional Football in season 1968.
Overview.
It was performed in 14 teams, and Unión Magdalena won the championship.
Final.
Unión Magdalena won the Champions.

Division 1 1948-49
Statistics of Division 1 in season 1948/1949.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Stade Reims won the championship.

La Liga 1932-33
Statistics of La Liga in season 1932/1933.
Overview.
It was performed in 10 teams, and Real Madrid won the championship.

Serie A 1974-75
Statistics of Serie A in season 1974/1975.
Overview.
It was contested by 16 teams, and Juventus won the championship.

Serie A 1975-76
Statistics of Serie A in season 1975/1976.
Overview.
It was contested by 16 teams, and Torino won the championship.

Serie A 1976-77
Statistics of Serie A in season 1976/1977.
Overview.
It was contested by 16 teams, and Juventus won the championship.

Serie A 1977-78
Statistics of Serie A in season 1977/1978.
Overview.
It was contested by 16 teams, and Juventus won the championship.

Serie A 1978-79
Statistics of Serie A in season 1978/1979.
Overview.
It was contested by 16 teams, and Milan won the championship.

Arthur, Prince of Wales
Arthur Tudor (19 or 20 September 1486 - 2 April 1502) was the oldest son of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York. As the oldest son, Arthur was to be King of England after the death of his father. Arther died before his father died and did not become King. His younger brother, Henry, became King after his fathers death.

Nerganiţa River
The Nerganiţa River is a headwater of the Nera River in Romania.

Gugu River (Cungrea)
The Gugu River is a tributary of the Cungrea Mică River in Romania. That means it flows into the Cungrea Mică River.

Valea Cerbului River (Gugu)
The Valea Cerbului River is a tributary of the Gugu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Gugu River.

Farah River
The Farah River (Persian Farāh Rud) is a river in western Afghanistan. The river originates in the Band-e Bayan Range and flows for 560 km to the Helmand swamps on the Afghanistan-Iran border. The town of Farah is located on the river.

Asuwa River
The is a river in Fukui Prefecture, Japan. It stretches from Mount Kanmuri in the town of Ikeda to the Hino and the Kuzuryū rivers.

Sagami River
The is a river in Kanagawa and Yamanashi Prefectures on the island of Honshū, Japan.

American Museum of Natural History
The American Museum of Natural History (AMNH), located on the Upper West Side, Manhattan, New York, USA, is one of the largest museums in the world. Located on park-like grounds, the museum is made of 25 interconnected buildings that house 46 permanent exhibition halls, research laboratories, and its renowned library. The collections contain over 32 million specimens of which only a small fraction can be displayed at any given time. The museum has a scientific staff of more than 200, and sponsors over 100 special field expeditions each year.

Janis Joplin
Janis Lyn Joplin (January 19, 1943 – October 4, 1970) was an American singer, songwriter, and music arranger, from Port Arthur, Texas. She rose to prominence in the late 1960s as the lead singer of Big Brother and the Holding Company, and later as a solo artist. In 2004, "Rolling Stone" magazine ranked Joplin #46 on its list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time. She died in Los Angeles, California of a drug overdose at the age of 27.

Ukulele
The ukulele (), also called the uke for short, is a chordophone classified as a plucked lute; it part of the guitar family of instruments, usually with four strings or four courses of strings. The strings are usually tuned G,C,E,A or A,D,F#,B.
The ukulele was born in the 19th Century in Hawaii, where people got the idea from small guitar-like instruments brought to the island by Portuguese sailors.

Gary Glitter
Gary Glitter (born Paul Francis Gadd) is a British Glam rock singer. He was born on May 8 1944. He has become infamous after being convicted of child sexual abuse.

Rick Astley
Richard Paul Astley (born February 6, 1966) is an English singer, songwriter and musician. He was born in Newton-le-Willows, Merseyside, England. Astley has also lived in Richmond, in Surrey with his Danish girlfriend, Lene Bausager, and their daughter, Emilie.
Career.
In 1985, Astley was a drummer with a soul band named FBI when Pete Waterman noticed him and persuaded him to come to London to work at the PWL recording studio.
His first single was the little-known "When You Gonna," released as a collaboration with Lisa Carter, but his first solo offering was "Never Gonna Give You Up," released in 1987 which spent five weeks at the top of the British charts and becoming the year's highest-selling single. On 12 March 1988, "Never Gonna Give You Up" also topped the U.S. singles chart and was followed by a second U.S. #1 on 18 June with his second U.S. single release, "Together Forever." In 1989 he was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best New Artist of the Year. He lost to Tracy Chapman.
Much later, thanks to the rick rolling phenomenon and the persistant voting of the website 4chan, he was also nominated for the Best Act Ever Award 2008 at the Liverpool Music Awards.
Rickroll internet phenomenon.
In 2007 Rick Astley became the subject of a viral Internet meme in which an estimated 25 million Internet users were tricked into watching Rick Astley's video "Never Gonna Give You Up" by posting it under the name of other popular video titles. The practice is now known as Rickrolling. The phenomenon became so popular that on April 1, 2008, YouTube pranked its users by making every single featured video on the front page a Rickroll.
Discography.
Canada Top data: for singles and albums from The Record magazine. US Top data: for singles from The Billboard Hot 100, for albums from The Billboard 200; UK Top data for singles and albums is from UK Singles Chart.

Swallows and Amazons (series)
"Swallows and Amazons" is a series of children's books by the English writer Arthur Ransome. The series is named after the title of the first book in the series. The 12 books are about the adventures by groups of children during school holidays. They mostly take place in England and Scotland between the World War I and World War II. The stories usually are about outdoor activities, especially camping, fishing and sailing.
The series remains popular today for its lovely, yet often realistic, depiction of childhood and the interplay between children's imagination and reality. It is part of the basis for a large tourist industry in the Lake District and Norfolk Broads areas of England, where many of the books are set. There are also several societies dedicated to the study and promotion of Ransome's work which are largely inspired by the series. The first was the Arthur Ransome Club in Japan. There is also the British-based group, The Arthur Ransome Society (TARS), which has an international membership.
The series begins with "Swallows and Amazons", published in 1930. It tells the story of the Walker children, who sail a dinghy (boat) named Swallow, and the Blackett children, who sail a dinghy named Amazon. The Walkers are staying at a farm near a lake during the school holidays; the Blacketts live in a house on the opposite shore. The children meet on an island on the lake, and have a series of adventures that weave imaginative tales of pirates and exploration into everyday life in inter-War, rural England.

Rick Astley discography
This article presents the discography of the pop singer Rick Astley.

Arthur Ransome
Arthur Mitchell Ransome (born 18 January 1884 in Leeds - died 3 June 1967) was an English writer and journalist. He is best known for writing the "Swallows and Amazons series" of children's books.
Ransome was born in Leeds. His father was Professor of History there. His father's death in 1897 affected Ransome for a long time. He always tried to get past his belief that his father had did not think his abilities were very good.
Ransome got his formal education first in Windermere. He then studied at the Rugby School (where he lived in Lewis Carroll's study room). He did not fully like his time there because of his poor vision, lack of skills at sports, and limited achievement. He attended Yorkshire College, his father's college studying chemistry. After a year there, he stopped going to the college. He went to London to become a writer. He took low-paying jobs as an office assistant in a publishing company. He also worked as editor of a magazine, "Temple Bar Magazine", that was not making much money. During this time, he was writing and became a member of the literaryscene of London.
"Swallows and Amazons".
Ransom's most well known book series, "Swallows and Amazons", tells the stories of school-holiday adventures of children. The stories are mostly set in the Lake District and the Norfolk Broads. Many of the books involve sailing. Other common things are fishing and camping. The books are so popular that they give a basis of a tourist industry around Windermere and Coniston Water — the two lakes that Ransome used as the basis for his fictional North Country lake.

Never Gonna Give You Up
"Never Gonna Give You Up" is a dance-pop song originally performed by Rick Astley. It was released as a single from Astley's multi-million selling debut album, "Whenever You Need Somebody", which was written and produced by Stock Aitken Waterman. The song was a worldwide number-one hit, initially in the singer's native United Kingdom in 1987, where it stayed at number one for five weeks and was the best-selling single of that year.
The music video for the song has become the basis for the "Rickrolling" Internet meme.

Stanley Cup Playoffs
The Stanley Cup playoffs are an elimination tournament consisting of four rounds of best-of-seven series. The first three rounds decide which team from each conference will move on to the last round, called the Stanley Cup Finals. The winner of that set of games becomes the NHL and Stanley Cup winner. The last Stanley Cup playoffs were the 2008 Stanley Cup Playoffs.
The first round of the playoffs, or Conference Quarterfinals, consists of four games in each conference, based on the seedings (1–8, 2–7, 3–6, and 4–5). In the second round, or Conference Semifinals, the top ten conferences that are still in the playoffs seed plays against the lowest remaining seed, and the other two conference teams play. In the third round, the Conference Finals, the two teams left in each conference play each other, with the conference champions going to the Stanley Cup Finals.
For the first three rounds, the higher-seeded team has home-ice advantage. In the Stanley Cup Finals, it goes to the team with the better regular season record. The team with home-ice advantage hosts games 1, 2, 5 and 7, while the opponent hosts games 3, 4 and 6 (games 5–7 are played "if needed").
Before the 1993–94 season, the style was completely different. The league was split into four divisions, and the best four teams in each of the divisions went to the playoffs. Also, instead of the top team playing the 8th place team in the conference, the first place team played the fourth place team in each division, and the second place team played the third place team. In the second round, the two winning teams in each division would face each other for the divisional championship. The divisional winners in each conference would play one another in the third round for the right to advance to the Stanley Cup Final. This style is still used for deciding the teams in the playoffs in the American Hockey League.

Barcău River (Leveleş)
The Barcău River is a tributary of the Leveleş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Leveleş River.

Călacea River (Leveleş)
The Călacea River is a tributary of the Leveleş River in Romania. This means it flows into the Leveleş River.

Leveleş River
The Leveleş River is a tributary of the Teuz River in Romania. This means it flows into the Teuz River.

Bârzeşti River
The Bârzeşti River is a tributary of the Groşeni River in Romania. That means it flows into the Groşeni River.

Bluhoaie River
The Bluhoaie River or Bluhoaia River is a tributary of the Bârzeşti River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bârzeşti River.

Oşoiu River (Groşeni)
The Oşoiu River is a tributary of the Groşeni River in Romania. This means it flows into the Groşeni River.

Râul Alb (Teuz)
The Râul Alb is a tributary of the Groşeni River in Romania. That means it flows into the Râul Alb.

Archişel River
The Archişel River is a tributary of the Groşeni River in Romania. That means it flows into the Groşeni River.

Hăsmaş River
The Hăşmaş River is a tributary of the Beliu River in Romania. This means it flows into the Beliu River.

Urviş River
The Urviş River is a tributary of the Beliu River in Romania. This means it flows into the Beliu River.

Sirimpău River
The Sirimpău River is a tributary of the Botfei River in Romania. That means it flows into the Botfei River.

Mideş River
The Mideş River is a tributary of the Beliu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Beliu River.

Deepak Chopra
Deepak Chopra (; born October 22, 1946) is an Indian medical doctor and writer. He has written about spirituality and topics in mind-body medicine. Chopra says that he has been influenced by the teachings of Vedanta and the "Bhagavad Gita", as well as by Jiddu Krishnamurti, and by the field of quantum physics.
Writings.
Chopra has written more than 40 books. They range from spiritual and health topics; including bestsellers on aging, the "Seven Spiritual Laws of Success," the existence of God, arguments for the afterlife and world peace. He has also written novels and edited collections of spiritual poetry from India and Persia.

Teudiaş River
The Teudiaş River is a tributary of the Sartiş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Sartiş River.

Renişel River
The Renişel River is a tributary of the Sartiş River in Romania. This means it flows into the Sartiş River.

Prime Minister of Israel
The Prime Minister of Israel is the head of the Israeli government and is the most powerful political officer in Israel. He or she wields executive power in the country, and has an official residence in Jerusalem. The current Prime Minister is Ehud Olmert of Kadima, the twelfth person to hold the position.

Căreac River
The Căreac River is a tributary of the Sartiş River in Romania. This means it flows into the Sartiş River.

Mocirla River (Teuz)
The Mocirla River is a tributary of the Sartiş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Sartiş River.

Mărăuş River
The Mărăuş River is a tributary of the Sartiş River in Romania. This means it flows into the Sartiş River.

Sartiş River
The Sartiş River is a tributary of the Teuz River in Romania. This means it flows into the Teuz River.

Abukuma River
The Abukuma River (阿武隈川, "Abukuma gawa" or "Abukumagawa") is a river in the Tōhoku region of Japan. It has a length of 234 kilometers. It is the second longest river in the Tōhoku region of Japan and the 6th longest river in Japan. It rises from springs in the peaks of the Nasu Mountains. It collects water from tributaries leaving the Ōu Mountains and the Abukuma Highlands (阿武隈高地). Then, it empties out into the Pacific Ocean as a major river. It has a 5,390 km² area watershed. About 1.2 million people live along its basin.

Agano River
The Agano River ("Aganogawa") is a river which flows from Fukushima Prefecture to Niigata Prefecture in Japan. It is called the Aga River or the Ōkawa River in Fukushima. It is 210km long with 7,710km² watershed.
In 1964, a chemical factory at Kanose village in Niigata Prefecture released methyl mercury into the river and caused Niigata Minamata disease.

Arakawa River
The Arakawa River () is one of the principal rivers flowing through Tokyo, the capital city of Japan. The point of origin is on Mount Kobushi in Saitama Prefecture, and the Arakawa empties into Tokyo Bay, spanning 173 kilometers. The drainage basin covers 2,940 square kilometers. The widest section of the river ranges 2,537 meters at around Gonari Bridge and ranks number one in the nation.
The Arakawa is a sister river with the Potomac River in the United States.

Chikugo River
The is called "Chikushijirō" as a nickname. This river flows through Kumamoto, Ōita, Fukuoka and Saga prefectures in Japan. It rises under the Mount Aso, is 143 km long and is the longest river of Kyūshū. It enters to the Ariake Bay.

The Replacements (band)
The Replacements are an alternative rock band from Minneapolis, Minnesota. They were active from 1979 to 1991, and were active for a short period of time in 2006.

Fuji River
The flows from Yamanashi Prefecture to Shizuoka Prefecture in Japan. It is 128 km long and has a drainage area of 3990 km². With the Mogami River and the Kuma River, it is regarded as one of the three most rapid flows of Japan

Hino River
The is a major river in the western part of Tottori Prefecture, acting as the main drainage for the Hino River drainage system, and the three main drainage river in Tottori Prefecture. The river flows east-northeast for 1004m beginning from Mikuniyama in Nichinan in southern Tottori Prefecture. At Kofu, the river turns north-northwest before finally discharging into Miho Bay at Heizu near Yonago. Approximately 60,800 people use the water provided by the Hino River.

Jinzū River
The is a river which flows from Gifu Prefecture to Toyama Prefecture in Japan. It is called Miya River (宮川 "Miya-gawa") in Gifu. It is 120 km in length and has a watershed of 2,720 km².

Uono River
The is a river in Niigata Prefecture in Japan. It flows into the Shinano River, which is the longest in Japan. It is suited for sport fishing and maybe rafting but not for swimming.

Ibi River
The is a tributary of the Kiso River located in Gifu and Mie Prefectures in Japan. Along with the Nagara and Kiso rivers, the Ibi is the third of the Kiso Three Rivers of the Nōbi Plain. It is one of Japan's first class rivers. The former Tōkaidō post station of Kuwana-juku was located on the western banks of this river during the Edo period.

Steely Dan
Steely Dan is a rock band from Annandale-on-Hudson, New York. They were active from 1971 to 1981. They reunited in 1993.

Mastodon (band)
Mastodon are a heavy metal band from Atlanta, Georgia. They were formed in 1999.

Poganu River
The Poganu River is a tributary of the Surdui River in Romania. This means it flows into the Surdui River.

Padina River
The Padina River is a tributary of the Lotru River in Romania. This means it flows into the Lotru River.

Valea lui Stan River (Lotru)
The Valea lui Stan River is a tributary of the Lotru River in Romania. This means it flows into the Lotru River.

Munţişor River
The Munţişor River is a tributary of the Valea lui Stan in Romania. This means it flows into the Valea lui Stan River.

Tony Chimel
Anthony (Tony) Chimel (born October 11, 1967) is an American professional wrestling ring announcer. He is the current "ECW" ring announcer.

Squeeze
Squeeze are a rock/new wave band from London, England. They were active from 1974 to 1982 and 1985 to 1999. They reunited in 2007.

Latin alphabet in turkish countries
The Latin alphabet in turkish countries is the common alphabet officially used in most countries with turkish languages. The Turkish alphabet can also be written in Arabic, Persian and Cyrillic.
History.
After WWI many turkish countries implemented a policy of westernization, centered even on the use of the latin alphabet.
The first was Turkey in 1926, where Kemal Ataturk substituted the arab alphabet with the roman alphabet after ordering the end of the Ottoman Empire.
Soon all the turkish speaking countries of the soviet central Asia did the same and used the so called "unified turkish latin alphabet" based on the one of Ataturk's Turkey, but during WWII Stalin ordered a russification process in his Soviet Union and the latin alphabet was erased and substituted again by the cyrillic alphabet.
With the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, most of the newly independent turkish asian countries reinstated the latin alphabet, but with small local differences in each country's alphabet, in order to get rid of excessive influence from Moscow.
Letters of Latin alphabet.
The turkish alphabet used in Turkey, based on latin capital and lower case letters, has 29 letters (but other countries like Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan have more letters).
Of these 29 letters in the latin alphabet of Turkey, 8 are vowels (A, E, I, İ, O, Ö, U, Ü); the 21 others are consonants. The letters Q, W, and X of the English alphabet do not occur in this Turkish latin alphabet.
The turkish alphabet used in other turkish countries, like Kazakhstan, when using latin alphabet like in the case of Qazaqsa, has some different letters.

Listeria
"Listeria" is a Gram-positive rod which is not capable of forming endospores. Although several species of this bacterium exist, our discussion will focus only on the two species of human pathogenic significance: "L. monocytogenes" and L. ivanovii. In particular, "L. monocytogenes" has been implicated in several food poisoning epidemics.
Listeria are very common, they occur almost everywhere. Some Listeria are pathogens, they can cause a disease called Listeriosis. Listeriosis is usually caused by food gone bad.

Horticulturist
A horticulturist is a person who works and conducts research in the science and art of growing flowers, fruits, vegetables or ornamental plants.

American Eagle Outfitters
American Eagle is a clothing store in the United States and Canada. Most people who buy clothing from American Eagle are teenagers and young adults. The store opened in 1977 and the headquarters is in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Church of Scotland
The Church of Scotland is the national church of Scotland. It is Presbyterian.

Malcolm Young
Malcolm Mitchell Young (born January 6 1953) is an Australian guitarist for the band, DC.

A & C Black
A & C Black is a British book publishing company.
The company was founded in 1807 by Adam and Charles Black in Edinburgh. It moved to the Soho district of London in 1889. In 1851, the company bought the copyright of Walter Scott's Waverley Novels for £27,000. In 1902, it published P. G. Wodehouse's first book, "The Pothunters".
People know the company best for being the publisher of the "Who's Who", printed every year since 1897 and also, since 2002, the Whitaker's Almanack.
A & C Black bought both Christopher Helm Publishers and later the Pica Press, which are publishers of the Helm Identification Guides, written by Christopher Helm.
The company is now part of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc.

Lush
Lush is an alternative rock band from England. They were active form 1988 to 1996.

Disturbed
Disturbed is an alternative metal band from Chicago, Illinois. They were formed in 1996.

Survivor (band)
Survivor is a rock band from Chicago, Illinois. They were active from 1978 to 1989. They reunited in 1993.

Herne Bay
Herne Bay is a small seaside town in Kent, South East England. It is about from London. The town has a population of about 35,000. It is near Canterbury, Whitstable and the historic villages of Herne and Reculver. Up until 1978, the town had the second-longest pier in the United Kingdom. However, in 1987 it was destroyed by a storm.

Murten
Murten (French: "Morat") is a city in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. It is a historic city on the south side of Lake Morat. The name of the city first appears in 515 as "Muratum". The name is probably related to Celtic "Moridunum". This is made from "Mori" (lake), and "dunum" (castle, fortification). The city used to be part of the duchy of Burgundy. It got city rights in 1337.
Today, about 6.000 people live there. Almost all of the old parts of the city still exist. In 2000, about 77% of the people spoke German, 13% spoke French, and about 2% spoke Italian. About 19% of the people living there are foreigners.

NOT Gate
A NOT gate (alos often called Inverter) is a logic gate. It takes one input signal. In logic, there are usually two states, 0 and 1. The gate therefore sends "1" as output, if it receves "0" as input. Alternatively it received "1" as input, and sends "0" as output

Paul Breitner
Paul Breitner is a former German football player. He has played for Germany national team.

Bobby Convey
Bobby Convey is an American soccer player. He plays for Reading and United States national team.

Bruce Arena
Bruce Arena is a former American soccer player. He has played for United States national team.

Jimmy Glass
Jimmy Glass is a former English football player.

Miklós Fehér
Miklós Fehér is a former Hungarian football player. He has played for Hungary national team.

The Football League 1903-04
Statistics of The Football League in season 1903/1904.
Overview.
It was performed in 18 teams, and The Wednesday won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 18 teams, and Preston North End won the championship.

Football League of Ireland Premier Division 1943-44
Statistics of Football League of Ireland Premier Division in season 1943/1944.
Overview.
It was performed in 8 teams, and Shelbourne won the championship.

Colombian Professional Football 1969
Statistics of Colombian Professional Football in season 1969.
Overview.
It was performed in 14 teams, and Deportivo Cali won the championship.

Division 1 1949-50
Statistics of Division 1 in season 1949/1950.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Girondins Bordeaux won the championship.

La Liga 1933-34
Statistics of La Liga in season 1933/1934.
Overview.
It was performed in 10 teams, and Athletic Bilbao won the championship.

Serie A 1979-80
Statistics of Serie A in season 1979/1980.
Overview.
It was contested by 16 teams, and Internazionale Milano won the championship.

Serie A 1980-81
Statistics of Serie A in season 1980/1981.
Overview.
It was contested by 16 teams, and Juventus won the championship.

Serie A 1981-82
Statistics of Serie A in season 1981/1982.
Overview.
It was contested by 16 teams, and Juventus won the championship.

Serie A 1982-83
Statistics of Serie A in season 1982/1983.
Overview.
It was contested by 16 teams, and Roma won the championship.

Serie A 1984-85
Statistics of Serie A in season 1984/1985.
Overview.
It was contested by 16 teams, and Hellas Verona won the championship.

Åge Hareide
Åge Hareide is a former Norwegian football player. He has played for Norway national team.

Moussa Hojeij
Moussa Hojeij is a football player. He plays for Al-Mabarrah and Lebanon national team.

Paul Mariner
Paul Mariner is a former football player. He has played for England national team.

The Football League 1904-05
Statistics of The Football League in season 1904/1905.
Overview.
It was performed in 18 teams, and Newcastle United won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 18 teams, and Liverpool won the championship.

Football League of Ireland Premier Division 1944-45
Statistics of Football League of Ireland Premier Division in season 1944/1945.
Overview.
It was performed in 8 teams, and Cork United won the championship.

Colombian Professional Football 1970
Statistics of Colombian Professional Football in season 1970.
Overview.
It was performed in 14 teams, and Deportivo Cali won the championship.

Division 1 1950-51
Statistics of Division 1 in season 1950/1951.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Nice won the championship.

La Liga 1934-35
Statistics of La Liga in season 1934/1935.
Overview.
It was performed in 12 teams, and Betis won the championship.

Serie A 1985-86
Statistics of Serie A in season 1985/1986.
Overview.
It was contested by 16 teams, and Juventus won the championship.

Serie A 1986-87
Statistics of Serie A in season 1986/1987.
Overview.
It was contested by 16 teams, and Napoli won the championship.

Serie A 1987-88
Statistics of Serie A in season 1987/1988.
Overview.
It was contested by 16 teams, and Milan won the championship.

Serie A 1988-89
Statistics of Serie A in season 1988/1989.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Internazionale Milano won the championship.

Serie A 1989-90
Statistics of Serie A in season 1989/1990.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Napoli won the championship.

Reculver
Reculver is a small coastal town in Kent, South East England near Herne Bay and a few miles north of Canterbury. Its main features are the ruins of a Roman fort, a ruined medieval church which is constantly threatened by coastal erosion.

Whitstable
Whiststable is a small seaside town in Kent, southeast England. It is a few miles north of Canterbury and neighbours Herne Bay. The town is famous for its oysters which have been collected there since the Roman period.

Herne, Kent
Herne is a small historical village, near Herne Bay in Kent, South East England.
The hamlet of Bullockstone is about one mile to the west.

Pier
A Pier is a raised walkway across water which are used to help control tides and currents. They can range from a simple light wooden structures which have no affect on the current and tides, and are just an extension across the water, to major structures which have buildings on the surface which can extend over a mile out to sea. In the United States, these may be referred to as docks.

CM Punk
Phillip Jack Brooks (born on October 26, 1978), better known by his ring name CM Punk, is an American professional wrestler currently signed to World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) on its Raw brand, where he is one half of the World Tag Team Champions with Kofi Kingston.

Charlie Haas
Charles Doyle "Charlie" Haas II (born on March 27, 1972) is an American professional wrestler and former amateur wrestler currently signed to World Wrestling Entertainment wrestling on its Raw brand.

Impossible object
An impossible object is a kind of optical illusion. Impossible objects are also known as impossible figure or undecidable figure. The illusion is made of a two-dimensional figure. The visual system and the brain subconsciously interpret it as a projection of a three-dimensional object. This results in an object that cannot exist.
For most such objects, it becomes obvious that they are impossible after looking at them for a few seconds. The impression of a 3D gigure may still remain even after there was the contradiction.
Some of these figures are more subtle. In these cases it is not apparent that they are impossible right away. The viewer carefully needs to look at the geometry of the object ot find out that it is indeed impossible.
"Impossible objects" are of interest to psychologists, mathematicians and artists.
History.
Swedish artist Oscar Reutersvärd was the first to deliberately design many impossible objects. He has been called "the father of impossible figures". In 1934 he drew the Penrose triangle, some years before the Penroses. In Reutersvärd's version the sides of the triangle are broken up into cubes.
In 1956, British psychiatrist Lionel Penrose and his son, mathematician Roger Penrose, submitted a short article to the British Journal of Psychology titled "Impossible Objects: A Special Type of Visual Illusion". This was illustrated with the Penrose Triangle and Penrose stairs. The article referenced Escher, whose work had sparked their interest in the subject, but not Reutersvärd, whom they were unaware of. The article was only published in 1958.
From the 1930s onwards Dutch artist M. C. Escher produced many drawings with paradoxes of perspective. In 1957 he produced his first drawing containing a true impossible object: "Cube with Magic Ribbons". He produced many other drawings of impossible objects, sometimes with the entire drawing being an undecidable figure. His work did much to draw the attention of the public to impossible objects. Some artists of the time are also experimenting with impossible figures, for example, Jos de Mey, Shigeo Fukuda, Sandro del Prete, István Orosz (Utisz), Guido Moretti, Tamás F. Farkas and Mathieu Hamaekers.

Van Halen
Van Halen is a hard rock group from Pasadena, California. They were formed in 1972. Guitarist Eddie Van Halen's style of playing changed the guitar world. He used lots of new techniques such as shredding and tapping.

Bündnis Zukunft Österreich
Bündnis Zukunft Österreich ("BZÖ", "Alliance for the Future of Austria") is a political party in Austria. Politically, it is right-wing. From its founding in 2005, it was lead by Jörg Haider who died in October 2008.
Policies.
The BZÖ describes itself as "ideologiefrei, aber zukunftsorientiert und wertebewusst" (free from ideology, but forward-looking and conscious of traditional values). Some of its policies, however, are quite different from those of the Freedom Party.
Differences and similarities to other parties.
Although the party was often claimed to be far-right like the party of the Freedom Party, the Alliance for the Future of Austria differs.
FPÖ and BZÖ are both EU-sceptic parties and in the 2006 general election, the Freedom Party as well as the Alliance for the Future of Austria both claimed they would decrease immigration and opposed Turkish membership in the European Union.
In the Austrian legislative election 2008 campaign the ÖVP sees the lowering of brokerage commissions and the charges for arrears letters of debt collection agencies and winter fuel payments for lower-income households as appropriate measures against the inflation and the Greens want to facilitate the changeover to renewable energy in order to reduce energy prices.
The SPÖ proposes a stricter controlling of prices in addition to the reduction of brokerage commissions. Both the Alliance for the Future of Austria and the Freedom Party see the main problem in the rising fuel prices; the FPÖ demands a ceiling price for fuel, while the BZÖ in addition wants to reduce taxes on fuels.
However the Alliace for the Future of Austria even announced the people's initiative "Preisstop jetzt!" calling for a stop to rising prices to be held; however, due to the necessary timeframe, the period during which people will be able to sign for the initiative will only start after the election, thus limiting its potential impact.
SPÖ, ÖVP and the Greens ratified the Treaty of Lisbon in parliament without a referendum, and only FPÖ and the Alliance for the Future of Austria didn't sign. But afterwards the SPÖ stated that for future treaties of the European Union referendums should be held to let the people decide like in Ireland (where they had a referendum). Due to SPÖ's position change on the EU not only the two opposition parties are using the possibility of EU-referendums before a ratification as subject now. The ÖVP and the Greens are against any referendums on the Lisbon Treaty, SPÖ demands there should be referendums on future treaties of the European Union, the FPÖ is for a referendum for the Lisbon Treaty, and even want a referendum for EU-Withdrawal. However the BZÖ differs a bit in comparison to the Freedom Party, as they are for a referendum about the Lisbon Treaty but not, for an EU-Withdrawal.
Due to help of the former FPÖ and till then BZÖ party-leader and Carinthian LH (LH stands for "Landeshauptmann", simply like Gov. for Governor) Dr. Jörg Haider the party achieved 10.7% in the 2008 elections and gained 21 representatives, so that the BZÖ is currently the 4th strongest Party in the Austrian Parliament just after SPÖ,ÖVP and FPÖ
and before "Die Grünen" (the Greens).

Gârbea River
The Gârbea River is a tributary of the Trotuş River in Romania. This means it flows into the Trotuş River.

Valea Întunecoasă River (Trotuş)
The Valea Întunecoasă River is a tributary of the Trotuş River in Romania. This means it flows into the Trotuş River.

Aprieş River
The Aprieş River is a tributary of the Valea Rece River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Rece River.

Pârâul cu Fagi (Valea Rece)
The Pârâul cu Fagi is a tributary of the Valea Rece River in Romania. This means it flows into the Valea Rece River.

Biucavăş River
The Biucavăş River is a tributary of the Pârâul cu Fagi in Romania. That means it flows into the Pârâul cu Fagi.

Iavardi River
The Iavardi River is a tributary of the Valea Rece River in Romania. This means it flows into the Valea Rece River. The 7 metre high Zógó waterfall is located on this river.

Sălămaş River
The Sălămaş River is a tributary of the Valea Rece River in Romania. This means it flows into the Valea Rece River.

Valea Rece River (Trotuş)
The Valea Rece River is a tributary of the Trotuş River in Romania. This means it flows into the Trotuş River.

Bolovăniş River (Trotuş)
The Bolovăniş River is a tributary of the Trotuş River in Romania. This means it flows into the Trotuş River.

Comiat River
The Comiat River is a tributary of the Trotuş River in Romania. This means it flows into the Trotuş River.

Bothavaş River
The Bothavaş River is a tributary of the Trotuş River in Romania. This means it flows into the Trotuş River.

Ugra River (Trotuş)
The Ugra River is a tributary of the Trotuş River in Romania. This means it flows into the Trotuş River.

Boroş River
The Boroş River is a tributary of the Trotuş River in Romania. This means it flows into the Trotuş River.

Valea Capelei River
The Valea Capelei is a tributary of the Trotuş River in Romania. This means it flows into Trotuş River.

Gârbova River (Trotuş)
The Gârbova River or Gârbovana River is a tributary of the Trotuş River in Romania. This means it flows into the Trotuş River.

Pârâul Mare (Trotuş)
The Pârâul Mare is a tributary of the Trotuş River in Romania. This means it flows into the Trotuş River.

Caraclău River
The Caraclău River is a tributary of the Trotuş River in Romania. This means it flows into the Trotuş River.

Vâlcele River (Trotuş)
The Vâlcele River is a tributary of the Trotuş River in Romania. This means it flows into the Trotuş River.

Cucuieţi River (Trotuş)
The Vâlcele River is a tributary of the Trotuş River in Romania. This means it flows into the Trotuş River.

Larga River (Trotuş)
The Larga River is a tributary of the Trotuş River in Romania. This means it flows into the Trotuş River.

Plopul River (Trotuş)
The Plopul River is a tributary of the Trotuş River in Romania. This means it flows into the Trotuş River.

Idealism
Idealism is the philosophy that believes the ultimate nature of reality is ideal, or based upon ideas, values, or essences. The external, or real world cannot be separated from consciousness, perception, mind, intellect and reason in the sense of science.
In some doctrines of idealistic thought "the ideal" relates to direct and immediate knowledge of subjective mental ideas, or images.

Empiricism
In philosophy, empiricism is a theory of that believes that all knowledge comes from experience. Empiricism is one of several competing views about how we know things, part of the branch of philosophy called epistemology, or "theory of knowledge".

Stoicism
Stoicism was a school of Hellenistic philosophy and was founded in Athens by Zeno of Citium in the early third century BC. It concerns the active relationship between cosmic determinism and human freedom, and the belief that it is virtuous to maintain a will (called "prohairesis") that is in accord with nature.
Stoic doctrine was popular in Greece and the Roman Empire from its founding until all the schools of philosophy were ordered closed in 529 AD by the Emperor Justinian I, who perceived their pagan character to be at odds with his Christian faith.

William Godwin
William Godwin (3 March 1756 – 7 April 1836) was an English journalist, political philosopher and novelist. He is considered one of the first exponents of utilitarianism, and one of the first modern proponents of philosophical anarchism. Godwin is famous for two books that he published within the space of a year: "An Enquiry Concerning Political Justice", an attack on political institutions, and "Things as They Are or The Adventures of Caleb Williams", which attacks aristocratic privilege, but also is virtually the first mystery novel.

Rose garden
A Rose garden or Rosarium is a garden or park, often open to the public, in which roses are grown. While some rose gardens have only a decorative purpose, most of them are used to present and grow various types of roses.
The first known rose garden was planted by French empress Joséphine de Beauharnais in Malmaison. When she died, in 1814, the garden had around 250 types of garden roses. Another old rose garden is the Rosenhöhe Park in Darmstadt, Germany created in 1810 by Princess Wilhelmine of Baden

Peter Kropotkin
Prince Peter (Pyotr) Alexeyevich Kropotkin () (9 December 1842 - 8 February 1921) was one of Russia's most important anarchists and one of the first advocates of anarchist communism. Because of his title of prince and his fame as an anarchist in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, he was known by some as "the Anarchist Prince".

Anarchist communism
Anarchist communism believes in the abolition of the state, private property and capitalism in favor of common ownership of the means of production, direct democracy and a network of voluntary associations, workers' councils and/or a gift economy in which everyone will be free to satisfy their needs.

Johann Baptist Martinelli
Johann Baptist Martinelli (b. February 1701, Vienna - d. June 21 1754, Vienna) was an Austrian architect and constructor of Italian descent.
He was the son of architect Franz Martinelli. In cooperation with his brother Anton Erhard Martinelli, he designed the plans of several baroque church in the Habsburg empire, among which the church in Grossweikersdorf and the Holy Trinity Cathedral in Blaj. He also designed several mansions among which the one in Dolná Krupá.

Agorism
Agorism is an anarchist political philosophy founded by Samuel Edward Konkin III that believes the ultimate goal as bringing about a society in which all "relations between people are voluntary exchanges a free market." The term comes from the Greek word "agora," referring to an open place for assembly and market in ancient Greek city-states.

Anton Pius Riegel
Anton Pius Riegel (1789-?) was an Austrian architect of the 19-th century. He is known for his design of the György Károlyi palace in Budapest Hungary (now housing the Hungarian Museum of Literature) and the mansion of Dolná Krupá in Slovakia.

Hesperomannia arbuscula
The Maui Hesperomannia ("Hesperomannia arbuscula") is a species of flowering plant in the Asteraceae family.
It is found only in the United States.
Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical wet low lying land forests and subtropical or tropical dry shrubland (an area with mostly bushes and few trees).
It is in danger due to the loss of its natural area of habitat.

Eureka Tower
Eureka Tower is a 300 metre (984 foot) tall skyscraper in Melbourne, Australia and is the tallest building in Australia when measured to its roof. Q1, on the Gold Coast, Queensland is the tallest building in Australia because it has a spire that makes its total height 322.5 metres. Eureka Tower has 91 storeys and one floor underground.
Construction of the tower started in 2002 and opened on 11 October 2006.
The top 10 floors of the building have windows coated in gold plating. The viewing deck on floor 88 is the tallest public observation deck in the Southern Hemisphere. It is 285 metres (935 feet) above the ground and people have a large view of the city of Melbourne.

Tay Zonday
Adam Nyerere Bahner (born July 6, 1982), often called by the pseudonym Tay Zonday, is an American keyboardist. His song "Chocolate Rain", and its YouTube video, became a popular Internet meme in July 2007. He has won Youtube Awards and Webby Awards, and was nominated for a People's Choice Award.

Antoine Dufour
Antoine Dufour is a French-Canadian guitarist. Dufour is famous for his fingerstyle guitar playing. Until now Dufour has made 3 studio albums, "Naissance", "Development" and "Existence". He has a strong fanbase because of his YouTube videos.
Biography.
Dufour started playing guitar at the age of fifteen. Later he studied at the CEGEP, where he first listened to fingerstyle music. 2005 he became second and 2006 first place in the Canadian Guitar Festival's Fingerstyle Guitar Championship. Also he became third in the International Finger Style Guitar Championship in Winfield, Kansas.
Dufour also works as a guitar tutor, giving lessons through Skype.

Vheissu
"Vheissu" is an album by experimental band Thrice. It was released in 2005. The album introduced a new sound to the bands post-hardcore roots. It also used many new elements from music boxes to chain gangs and has much softer, dreamy songs such as "Atlantic"
The album artwork was created by author Dave Eggers and artist Brian McMullen. It includes pictures of various things and quotes lyrics from different Thrice songs found on the album.

The Artist in the Ambulance
"The Artist in the Ambulance" is the third album by the post-hardcore band Thrice. It was released on July 22 2003.
Like previous Thrice albums, some of the money made from selling "The Artist in the Ambulance" was given to a charity. The album's booklet features individual cards that have lyrics from Thrice songs, notes, photographs and comments from the band members and the producer.
"Stare at the Sun" is a main single from the album.

Chuck Palumbo
Charles Ronald "Chuck" Palumbo (born June 15 1971) is an American professional wrestler, who is currently signed to World Wrestling Entertainment wrestling on its Raw brand.

Vince J. McMahon
Vincent James McMahon, better known as Vince McMahon, Sr. (July 6, 1914 –May 24, 1984) was a U.S. professional wrestling promoter. He is best known for founding the American promotion, World Wrestling Entertainment, of which his son, Vincent Kennedy McMahon, is now the Chairman of the Board of Directors.

René Adler
René Adler (born January 15, 1985 in Leipzig) is a German footballer. He plays on the position of a goalkeeper for Bayer 04 Leverkusen, also known as Bayer Leverkusen. Leverkusen is a city in Germany. The club Bayer Leverkusen plays in the Bundesliga, the first football league in Germany.
On October 11, 2008, Adler made his first match in the German national team against Russia (2-1).

Kreator
Kreator is a German Thrash Metal band from Essen. They formed in 1982 as "Tormentor" and are counted to the big three German Thrash Metal bands together with Sodom and Destruction.

Gojira
Gojira is a death metal/thrash metal band from Bayonne, France. They formed in 1996 and were called "Godzilla" until 2001. Gojira is known for its lyrics about the environment, which is very unusual for a death metal band.

Colin Barnett
Colin James Barnett (born 15 July 1950) is the 29th Premier of Western Australia. He became Premier on 23 September 2008. He is from the Liberal Party.

Nathan Rees
Nathan Rees (born 1968) is the 41st Premier of New South Wales. He became Premier on 5 September 2008. He is from the Labor Party.

Anna Bligh
Anna Maria Bligh (born 14 July 1960) is the 37th Premier of Queensland. She became Premier on 13 September 2007. She is from the Labor Party. She is the first female to be Premier of Queensland.
Early Life.
Anna was born at Warwick, Queensland. She is a descendant of Captain William Bligh. She grew up on the Gold Coastin south east Queensland. She was educated at several Catholic primary schools. Her secondary schooling was at Miami State High School. She completed the last 6 months of her schooling at Nowra State High School. She studied for an Arts degree from the University of Queensland which she finished in 1980. Anna Bligh worked for many community organisations and the Queensland Public Service. She worked in the area of employment, training and industrial relations policy. She was elected to the Queensland Parliament on 15 July 1995.
Parliament.
She was made the Minister for Families, Youth and Community Care and Disability Services in the Beattie Labor Government in June 1998. Ann was Queensland's first female Education Minister. She later became minister for Finance, State Development, Trade and Innovation. In 1995 she was made Deputy Premier of Queensland, and also was the Treasurer and Minister of Infrastructure with a budget of $33 billion dollars.

Mike Rann
Michael David Rann (born 5 January 1953) is the 44th Premier of South Australia. He became Premier on 6 March 2002. He is from the Labor Party.

David Bartlett
David John Bartlett (born 19 January 1968) is the 43rd Premier of Tasmania. He became Premier on 26 May 2008. He is from the Labor Party.

John Brumby
John Mansfield Brumby (born 21 April 1953) is the 45th Premier of Victoria. He became Premier on 30 July 2007. He is from the Labor Party.

Quentin Bryce
Quentin Alice Louise Bryce (born 23 December 1942) is the current Governor-General of Australia. She became Governor-General on 5 September 2008 and is the first woman to be the Governor-General. Before this she was the Governor of Queensland and she used to be a lawyer.

Crich Tramway Village
Crich Tramway Village, home of the National Tramway Museum, is a museum that is completly outside about trams and tramways. It is in Crich, (), Derbyshire, England. The museum is set up as an Edwardian village. It has tram lines going out about into the area surrounding the village. The village street contains a sweet shop, cafe and gift shop, as well as the front of the original Derby Assembly Rooms, the whole Red Lion Pub from Stoke, and the tram sheds and displays. There is also street furniture from around the United Kingdom.
Most of the trams at Crich ran along the streets of cities in United Kingdom before the 1960s, although some are from abroad. Many were rescued and restored when the tram services in the cities stopped.
History of the museum.
Most tram networks in Britain had closed by 1962, but a few did not. The tramway in Blackpool was one system that stayed open, and still runs today. In the early 1990s the government decided that trams were a way of stopping the congestion problems that were growing in the UK. New light rail systems, or "second generation tramways", opened in cities such as Manchester, Sheffield and Nottingham, and there are more being built.
The tramway at the museum follows the route of part of an old railway. The old railway was built to link the quarry at Crich with Ambergate, a nearby village. The original track was built by a great Victorian railway engineer, George Stephenson.
When Stephenson was building the North Midland Railway from Derby to Rotheram and Leeds he found a large amount of coal buried under the ground near to Clay Cross. He saw an oppurtunity to quarry it and make some money. Crich was already on the mining map for the quality of the limestone that was being mined there. Stephenson realised he could use this limestone and coal to make burnt lime for agricultural use and then his railway to transport it. The museum was built on part of the old Cliff Quarry, which was bought by Stephenson's company and to link it to the limekilns at Ambergate a new metre guage railway was built, which sources claim is the first in the world.
After the Second World War most British Tramways were closing or in decline. It was then that the first event in the history of the museum took place. A group of enthusiasts decided to buy an open top tram that they had ridden on at the farewell tour of Southampton Tramways. For just £ 10 they bought number 45, which is now the icon of British tramway preservation. At this time there were no working museums or heritage railways - they were often full of glass cases - and so the idea of amateurs running a tramway or railway came across as being impossible. But the small group went on with their ideas, and in 1955 the Tramway Museum Society was formed. It became a company limited by guarantee in 1962 and a year later it was listed as an educational charity. Since then, the Society has grown with men and women from all over the world and of all age group helping to make the tramway musuem.
In 1959, the Society found its location, after a very long search all over the country. The site was found by the Talyllyn Railway Preservation Society when they were removing the old track from Stephenson's mineral railway for their project in Wales to preserve a narrow guage railway. After the Tramway Museum Society's members had a tour of the quarry they bought part of the site and buildings. Over the years the society's members helped to get a large collection of tramcars from all over the world, as well as track and electrical equipment amongst other things. Many of the tramcars were also restored to a working condition. In 1967 the society decided that they would develop a village around the tramway, as trams didn't run in limestone quarries, and so the idea of Crich Tramway Village appeared. Many items of street furniture and even complete buildings were acquired, which were then changed to house the Museum's collections of books, photographs and archives.
The museum was one of the first 26 museums to be designated because of the outstanding nature of their collections by the Secretary of State for Culture, the Media and Sport in 1995.
Since the start of the 2000s, the work of the museum's volunteers and the income earned by visitors has been added to by grants from the Heritage Lottery Fund, the Designation Challenge Fund of the Museums, Libraries and Archives Council and the DEFRA Aggregates Levy Sustainability Fund. The museum remains an independant charity though, and this means that it receives no core funding from the state of local government.
Tramcar fleet.
The museum has over 60 tramcars from locations such as Berlin, Blackpool, Chesterfield, Den Haag, Derby, Douglas, Dundee, Edinburgh, Gateshead, Glasgow, Grimsby, Halle, Howth, Johannesburg, Leeds, Leicester, Liverpool, London, New York, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Oporto, Paisley, Prague, Sheffield, Southampton and Sydney.
Most of these tramcars are double-deckers and some also have open-tops.
The Museum has about nineteen tramcars that are in a fully-working condition. Every day that the museum is open two to four of those trams are used in service on the mile long line. There is also a 1969 Berlin Tram that has been changed into an "Access Tram". This lets less able visitors have a ride on the line at the museum.
Many of the trams can be seen at the museum, but some are in store at Clay Cross. Such examples are Blackpool Dreadnought 59 and Blackpool OMO 5.
Methods of tramcar operation.
The Museum has three main forms of tramcar operation, but only one is ordinarily used. That is electricity. Other forms are horse trams (shown with Chesterfield 8, Oporto 9 and Sheffield 15) and steam power (the John Bull Steam Locomotive and Dundee 21, the trailer car).
The museum's overhead wire system is one of a kind. Most systems are built to operate with just one form of current collector, but the museum's has been built so that any can be used - including trolley poles, bow collectors and pantographs. Other forms of electric current collection that are demonstrated are the stud contact system, as demonstrated with a dummy stud between the rails in the yard, the only known example of this form remaining from Wolverhampton, and the plough-and-trough system, used in Blackpool and demonstrated by Blackpool 4.

Urmeniş River (Trotuş)
The Urmeniş River or Ormeniş River is a tributary of the Trotuş River in Romania. This means it flows into the Trotuş River.

Iordana River (Urmeniş)
The Iordana River is a tributary of the Urmeniş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Urmeniş River.

Asăul Mic River
The Asăul Mic River is a headwater of the Asău River in Romania, That means it flows into the Asău River.

Asăul Mare River
The Asăul Mare River is a headwater of the Asău River in Romania. That means it flows into the Asău River.

Geamănele Mari River
The Geamănele Mari River is a tributary of the Asău River in Romania. This means it flows into the Asău River.

Şipotele River (Izvorul Negru)
The Şipotele River is a tributary of the Izvorul Negru River in Romania. This means it flows into the Izvorul Negru River.

Izvorul Negru River (Asău)
The Izvorul Negru River or Pârâul Negru is a tributary of the Asău River in Romania. That means if flows into the Asău River. Fishing on the Asău River is allowed only downstream of the !!confluence with the Izvorul Negru River.

Făget River (Izvorul Alb)
The Făget River is a tributary of the Izvorul Alb in Romania. This means it flows into the Izvorul Alb River.

Ariniş River (Izvorul Alb)
The Ariniş River is a tributary of the Izvorul Alb in Romania. That means it flows into the Izvorul Alb River.

Lespezi River (Izvorul Alb)
The Lespezi River is a tributary of the Izvorul Alb in Romania. This means it flows into the Izvorul Alb River.

Raţa River (Izvorul Alb)
The Raţa River is a tributary of the Izvorul Alb in Romania. This means it flows into the Izvorul Alb River.

Blue-baby syndrome
Blue Baby Syndrome is an illness that begins when large amounts of nitrates in water are ingested by an infant and converted to nitrite by the digestive system. The nitrite then reacts with oxyhemoglobin (the oxygen-carrying blood protein) to form metheglobin, which cannot carry oxygen. If a large enough amount of metheglobin is formed in the blood, body tissues may be deprived of oxygen, causing the infant to develop a blue coloration of their mucous membranes and possibly digestive and respiratory problems. This condition is also known as methemoglobinemia.
The majority of cases have occurred when nitrate levels have been over 100 mg/litre. However, in many cases bacterial contamination of the water causing gut infections was present or suspected.

Rugina River
The Rugina River is a tributary of the Asău River in Romania. This means if flows into the Asău River.

Răşcoiu River
The Răşcoiu River is a tributary of the Asău River in Romania. This means it flows into the Asău River.

Chicera River (Asău)
The Chicera River is a tributary of the Asău River in Romania. This means it flows into the Asău River.

Cetăţeni River
The Cetăţeni River is a tributary of the Asău River in Romania. This means it flows into the Asău River.

Barta River
The Barta River is a tributary of the Asău River in Romania. That means it flows into the Asău River.

Păltiniş River (Asău)
The Păltiniş River is a tributary of the Asău River in Romania. This means it flows into the Asău River.

Pârâul lui Iacob
The Pârâul lui Iacob is a tributary of the Asău River in Romania. This means it flows into the Asău River.

Pârâul Caprei (Asău)
The Pârâul Caprei is a tributary of the Asău River in Romania. This means it flows into the Asău River.

Pârâul Tulbure (Asău)
The Pârâul Tulbure is a tributary of the Asău River in Romania. That means it flows into the Asău River.

Preotese River
The Preotese River is a tributary of the Asău River in Romania. That means it flows into the Asău River.

Kings of Leon
Kings of Leon are a Rock music band from Tennessee, USA. Their members are all related, three brothers and their cousin.

Ciungi River (Trotuş)
The Ciungi River is a tributary of the Trotuş River in Romania. This means it flows into the Trotuş River.

Seaca River (Trotuş)
The Seaca River is a tributary of the Trotuş River in Romania. This means it flows into the Trotuş River.

Dracău River
The Dracău River is a tributary of the Trotuş River in Romania. This means it flows into the Trotuş River.

Sugura River
The Sugura River is a tributary of the Trotuş River in Romania. This means it flows into the Trotuş River.

Târsecu Mic River
The Târsecu Mic River is a tributary of the Sugura River in Romania. This means it flows into the Sugura River.

Duruitoarea River
The Duruitoarea River is a tributary of the Camenca River in Romania. That means it flows into the Camenca River.

Râul Luncii
The Duruitoarea River is a tributary of the Camenca River in Romania. This means it flows into the Camenca River.

Ciudomir River
The Ciudomir River is a tributary of the Tărhăuş River in Romania. This means it flows into the Tărhăuş River.

Tărhăuş River
The Tărhăuş River is a tributary of the Trotuş River in Romania. This means it flows into the Trotuş River.

Şanţ River
The Şanţ River is a tributary of the Trotuş River in Romania. This means it flows into the Trotuş River.

Plaster
Plaster or Plaster of Paris is a material similar to mortar and cement. Plaster of Paris is made from gypsum by heating it. It is used to make copies of footprints, fossils, skeletons, and lots more.

Cuchiniş River
The Cuchiniş River is a tributary of the Trotuş River in Romania. This means it flows into the Trotuş River.

Brusturoasa River
The Brusturoasa River is a tributary of the Trotuş River in Romania. This means it flows into the Trotuş River.

Minaret
A minaret is a structure like a tower. Minarets are associated with mosques, because many mosques have minarets. Minarets are used by muezzins to call Muslims to prayers five times a day.

Omi
Omi was a very old Japanese title of both someone's rank and their political rank it was only allowed for use by the most powerful clans during the Yamato time of Japanese history. The title Omi, was given to a man's son when the father died.

Belcina River
The Belcina River or Becheni River or Belchin River is a tributary of the Mureş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Mureş River.

Pârâul Cetăţii (Mureş)
The Pârâul Cetăţii is a tributary of the Belcina River in Romania. This means it flows into the Belcina River.

Ceahod River
The Ceahod River is a tributary of the Belcina River in Romania. This means it flows into the Belcina River.

Mining feasibility study
A mining feasibility study is normally done before to a mining company buying land and is done to lower the risk of failure and reduce losing money for a mining company.

Prişca River
The Prişca River is a tributary of the Belcina River in Romania. This means it flows into the Belcina River.

Mogoş Biuc River
The Mogoş Biuc River is a tributary of the Belcina River in Romania. This means it flows into the Belcina River.

Modoroş Biuc River
The Modoroş Biuc River is a tributary of the Belcina River in Romania. This means it flows into the Belcina River.

Gherpălocul Mic River
The Gherpălocul Mic River is a tributary of the Belcina River in Romania. This means it flows into the Belcina River.

Gherpălocul Mare River
The Gherpălocul Mare River is a tributary of the Belcina River in Romania. This means it flows into the Belcina River.

Chişlic River
The Chişlic River is a tributary of the Pârâul Drugii in Romania. This means it flows into the Pârâul Drugii.

Pârâul Drugii
The Pârâul Drugii is a headwater of the Araci River in Romania. This means it flows into the Araci River.

Pârâul Pietros (Araci)
The Pârâul Pietros is a tributary of the Araci River in Romania. This means it flows into the Araci River.

Groapa Secuilor River
The Groapa Secuilor is a tributary of the Araci River in Romania. This means it flows into the Araci River.

Hetea River
The Hetea River is a tributary of the Araci River in Romania. This means it flows into the Araci River.

Sipoş River (Araci)
The Râul Sipoş is a tributary of the Araci River in Romania. That means it flows into the Araci River.

Free market
A free market is a market where property rights are traded by a price agreed on by the people selling and the people buying. In a free market, individual people make the majority of decisions regarding the economic activities instead of a government.

Vâlcele River (Araci)
The Vâlcele River is a headwater of the Araci River in Romania. This means it flows into the Araci River.

Şugaş River
The Şugaş River is a tributary of the Arcuş River in Romania. This means it flows into the Arcuş River.

Valea Râpoasă River (Arcuş)
The Valea Râpoasă River is a tributary of the Arcuş River in Romania. This means it flows into the Arcuş River.

Vadăş River (Arcuş)
The Vadăş River is a tributary of the Pârâul Umbros in Romania. That means it flows into the Pârâul Umbros.

Pârâul Umbros
The Pârâul Umbros is a headwater of the Arcuş River in Romania. This means it flows into the Arcuş River.

Pârâul Mare (Arcuş)
The Pârâul Mare is a headwater of the Arcuş River in Romania. This means it flows into the Arcuş River.

Nadăş River (Debren)
The Nadăş River () is a tributary of the Debren River in Romania. This means it flows into the Debren River.

Alan Carpenter
Alan John Carpenter (born 4 January 1957) was the 28th Premier of Western Australia from 26 January 2006 to 23 September 2008. He is from the Labor Party. He is still in the Western Australian parliament.

Geoff Gallop
Professor Geoffrey Ian Gallop (born 27 September 1951) was the 27th Premier of Western Australia from 10 February 2001 to 16 January 2006. He was from the Labor Party.

Renton, Washington
Renton is a city in King County, Washington, United States. A suburb situated 13 miles (21 km) southeast of Seattle, Washington, Renton straddles the southeast shore of Lake Washington. The city's population was 50,052 at the 2000 census. The State of Washington Office of Financial Management estimates the City of Renton's population to be 78,780 as of April 1, 2008. The population increased dramatically resulting from the recent annexation of the Benson Hill communities directly southeast of the city. According to the data from the Office of Financial Management, Renton currently contains the 11th largest population in the state, and 5th largest in King County.
Based on per capita income, Renton ranks 100th of 522 areas ranked in the state of Washington.

Premier of Western Australia
The Premier of Western Australia is the leader of the Western Australian government. He or she is the most powerful politician in the Australian state of Western Australia.
The current Premier is Colin Barnett from the Liberal Party.

Christian Heinrich Nebbien
Christian Heinrich Nebbien, sometimes referred to as Heinrich Nebbien or Henrik Nebbien, (1778-1841) was a Belgian-born German landscaping architect.
His most important project was the Városliget park at the end of Andrássy ut in Budapest (1817)
He also wrote a book on the methods of increasing agricultural output, published in Prague in 1835.

Krompachy
Krompachy (German: Krompach, Hungarian: Korompa) is a town in Slovakia, located on the valley of the Hornád River. Until the end of the 20th century it was a centre of mining and metallurgy, particularly iron and copper. It is now an alpine resort, close to the Plejsy ski center.

Kingfisher
Kingfisher are small unmistakable bright blue and orange birds of slow moving or still water. They fly rapidly, low over water, and hunt fish from riverside perches, occasionally hovering above the water's surface. Kingfishers are amber listed because of their unfavourable conservation status in Europe.
Habitat.
They are a vulnerable to hard winters and habitat degradation through pollution or unsympathetic management of watercourses. Eating fish and aquatic insects.

São José dos Pinhais
São José dos Pinhais is a Brazilian city, the largest in the Greater Curitiba, in southern state of Paraná. In 2008 the population was more than 280.000 inhabitants.
The city is on a plateau 906 meters above sea level, and an area of 945,717 km². Is just 7 km away from the capital, Curitiba.
It is the third largest automotive pole of Brazil, housing assembly of Volkswagen, Audi, Nissan and Renault. The city is also home of the Afonso Pena International Airport, the main airport in southern Brazil.

Yone Minagawa
Yone Minagawa (January 4, 1893 – August 13, 2007) was a Japanese supercentenarian and the world's oldest living person between January 29, 2007, and Minagawa's death at age 114 years 221 days.
Minagawa became Japan's oldest person in 2005, following the death of 114-year-old Ura Koyama. With the death of 114-year-old Emma Tillman on January 29, 2007, Minagawa became the world's oldest living person. She was age 114 years 25 days at the time. Following her death, then 114-year-old Edna Parker became the new world's oldest living person.

Richard G. Hovannisian
Richard G. Hovannisian (born 1932, Tulare, California) is an American historian.
He received his M.A.(1958) degree from the University of California, Berkeley, and his Ph.D.(1966) from University of California, Los Angeles. He was also Associate Professor of History at Mount St. Mary's College, Los Angeles, from 1966 to 1969. In 1987, Professor Hovannisian was appointed as the first holder of the Armenian Educational Foundation Endowed Chair in Modern Armenian History at the UCLA. His biographical entries are included in Who's Who in America and Who's Who in the World among other scholarly and literary reference works.

Armenians in the Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman rule of Armenia or Ottoman Armenia begins with the initial accession of Mehmed II, but it was during the rule of Selim II (1524 – 1574) that Armenia become an integral part of the Ottoman Empire. This condition ended after 300 years when following the Russo–Turkish War (1828–1829), Eastern Armenia was ceded to the Russian Empire. Western Armenia remained under Ottoman rule until the Ottoman Empire itself fell in World War I.
On April 24, 1915, Armenian intellectuals were arrested by Ottoman authorities and, with the Tehcir Law (29 May 1915), eventually a large proportion of Armenians living in Anatolia perished in what has become known as the Armenian Genocide.

Armenian Question
The term "Armenian Question" refers to powers of Europe's involvement to the Armenian subjects of the Ottoman Empire beginning with the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78. However in specific terms, the Armenian question refers to the protection and the freedoms of Armenians from their neighboring communities.
The "Armenian Question", like the "Eastern Question", remained a factor (issue) in international politics, first with Great Britain and Germany; then Russia taking on the role of Ottoman Armenians protector.

Annihilation
Annihilation is when a particle and its antiparticle equivalent collide, and release energy

Ganges River Dolphin
The Ganges River Dolphin ("Platanista gangetica gangetica") is a subspecies of river dolphin. The Ganges Dolphin is found in the Ganges and Brahmaputra Rivers in Republic of India, Nepal and Bangladesh. They are very similar to the Indus Dolphin which is only found in the Indus Rivers of Pakistan.

Phone Booth
Phone Booth is a 2003 film about a man trapped in a phone booth by a sniper. It stars Colin Farrell and Kiefer Sutherland. It was originally supposed to be released in 2002 but it was delayed because of the Beltway sniper attacks.

Beltway sniper attacks
The Beltway Sniper attacks were a series of sniper attacks on innocent civilians over three weeks in October 2002. The shootings all took place in the Maryland and Virginia area, mainly in and around Washington DC.

Ulmus wallichiana
The Himalayan Elm Ulmus wallichiana Planch., also known as the Kashmir Elm, found in Kashmir.

State bank of Pakistan
The State Bank of Pakistan (SBP) (Urdu: بینک دولت پاکستان) is the central bank and national of Pakistan.

Ayubia National Park
Ayubia is a National Park in NWFP, Pakistan. It is a small natural park located at 26 km from the Murree hill station.

Central Karakoram National Park
Central Karakoram National Park or Karakoram National Park is a National Park in the Northern Areas of Pakistan.

Chitral National Park
Chitral National Park is one of the national parks of Pakistan which owes its own individuality due to its unique features. It is located in the Northwest Frontier Province of Pakistan at the side of Chitral River, just at a distance of two hours drive from the Chitral (Urdu: چترال), city. This park is also known as, Chitral Gol National Park. The word, Gol in local language means ' the valley'. This park constitutes many valleys thereby owing the name, Chitral Gol National Park.

Richard Court
Richard Fairfax Court (born 27 September 1947) was the 26th Premier of Western Australia from 16 February 1993 to 10 February 2001. He was from the Liberal Party. His father, Charles Court, was also a Premier of Western Australia.

Hazarganji-Chiltan National Park
Hazarganji Chiltan National Park, is another beautiful national park of Pakistan.

Hingol National Park
Hingol National Park or Hungol National Park (Urdu: ہنگول) covers about 1,650 km². and is the largest of the National Parks of Pakistan and lies on the Makran coast in Balochistan approximately 190 km from Karachi.
The area was declared a reserve in 1988.
The Hingol River runs though the park.

Khunjerab National Park
Khunjerab National Park is a National park in the Northern Areas of Pakistan. It is one of the highest altitude parks in the world.

Kirthar National Park
'Kirthar National Park is located in Kirthar Mountains range. It is second biggest National Parks of Pakistan, while Hingol National Park being the biggest. It is also the first National Park from Pakistan to be included in the 1975 United Nation's list of National Parks around the world.

Lehri Nature Park
Lehri Nature Park is situated in Jhelum District, northern Punjab, Pakistan.

Carmen Lawrence
Dr Carmen Mary Lawrence (born 2 March 1948) was the 25th Premier of Western Australia from 12 February 1990 to 16 February 1993. She was from the Labor Party. She became Premier after Peter Dowding resigned. She was the first woman to become Premier of an Australian state and she is Western Australia's only woman Premier. After she was Premier she became of member of the Australian parliament.

Machiara National Park
Machiara National Park is a national park in Pakistan. It is one of three globally important national parks chosen for a Global Environment Facility sponsored project. The goal of the project is to create management models showing good natural resource conservation.

Margala Hills National Park
The Margalla Hills National Park is located in Northern Pakistan at the foothills of the Himalayas and is a beautiful National Park, north of Islamabad.

Cholistan desert
Cholistan Desert (Urdu: صحرائے چولستان, also locally known as Rohi) sprawls thirty kilometers from Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan and covers an area of 16,000 km². It adjoins the Thar Desert extending over to Sindh and into the Republic of India.

Peter Dowding
Peter M'Callum Dowding (born 6 October 1943) was the 24th Premier of Western Australia from 25 February 1988 to 12 February 1990. He was from the Labor Party. He became Premier when Brian Burke resigned. He had a difficult time as Premier because some people in his government broke the law. He is now a lawyer.

Indus Valley desert
The Indus Valley Desert is a desert ecoregion of northern Pakistan. The Indus Valley desert covers an area of 19,500 square kilometers (7,500 square miles) in northwestern Punjab Province, lying between the Chenab River and Indus rivers. The Indus Valley Desert is drier and less hospitable than the Northwestern thorn scrub forests that surround it.

Kharan desert
Kharan Desert (Urdu: خاران) is a desert located in Kharan District, Balochistan, Pakistan.

Thal desert
The Thal desert is situated in Punjab, Pakistan. It is vast area mainly between the Jhelum River and Sindh rivers near the Pothohar Plateau.

W-PuTTY-CD
W-PuTTY-CD holds PuTTY communications protocol in a Microsoft Windows DLL file.
Applications using W-PuTTY-CD act as clients for the SSH, Telnet, rlogin, and raw TCP computing protocols and automatically get securely communications with other computers.
WPuTTYCD or WPuTTYCD.DLL, is the project name, while the hyphens("-") are used to show that the communication part of the PuTTY program is inside the DLL.
W-PuTTY-CD is currently beta software. Licensed under the MIT License, and it is free and open source software.

Valea lui Francisc River
The Valea lui Francisc River is a tributary of the Porumbele River in Romania. This means it flows into the Porumbele River.

Pârâul lui Pal
The Pârâul lui Pal is a tributary of the Gereb River in Romania. This means it flows into the Gereb River.

Pârâul Frumos (Olt)
The Pârâul Frumos is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. This means it flows into the Olt River.

Pârâul Noroios (Ilieni)
The Pârâul Noroios is a tributary of the Ilieni River in Romania. This means it flows into the Ilieni River.

Pârâul Pietros (Valea Baciului)
The Pârâul Pietros is a tributary of the Valea Baciului River in Romania. This means it flows into the Valea Baciului River.

Flag of Texas
The Texas flag is known as the "Lone Star Flag". This flag was introduced to the Republic of Texas on December 28, 1838, by Senator William H. Wharton. It became its national flag on January 24, 1839.
When Texas became the 28th state of the United States of America on December 29, 1845, its national flag became the state flag. Each color means a special symbol on the flag: blue stands for loyalty, white for purity, and red for bravery.

Benny Benson
John Ben "Benny" Benson, Jr. (called Benny Benson) (1913-1972) was born in Chignik, Alaska. When he was four years old, his mother died, then his father sent him and his brother Carl to boarding school This was because Benny's father could not take care of them. Benny grew up in Unalaska and later in Seward.
Alaska Flag.
Fame came to him from designing the Alaska flag. Benny was the winner of the contest conducted for Alaska students in grades seven through twelve in 1926. The Alaska Legislature adopted the design as the official flag for the Territory of Alaska on May 2, 1927. Later, the drafters of the Alaska constitution stipulated that the territorial flag would become the official flag of the State of Alaska.

Bowling for Soup
Bowling for Soup is a Pop punk band from Wichita Falls, Texas. They were formed in 1994.

Flag of Alaska
The Flag of Alaska has eight gold stars on dark blue. These stars form the Big Dipper and the North Star.
Creation.
The flag was created in 1927 by Benny Benson, a 13-year-old Alaska native. Up to that time, Alaskans had flown only the U.S. flag. Benson's design was chosen over 700 other submissions from school-children in grades 7–12. Most other entries shown the seal, the midnight sun, the northern lights, polar bears, and gold pans. To celebrate his achievement, Benson was awarded $1,000 and an engraved watch.
Alaska's Flag Song Lyrics.
This song was made for the flag.

2005 civil unrest in France
The 2005 civil unrest in France was a series of riots in October and November. Many cars and public buildings, for example schools were burnt. The riots startet in October 25, 2005 in Clichy-sous-Bois, a suburb of Paris. Afterwards they spread to other parts of France. Together they lasted for about 3 weeks. The riots were a reaction to the accidental death of two teenage boys and the serious injuries of another. The three boys hid in a power substation and got an electric shock, after being chased by police. However the boys did not commit a crime.
The event starting the riots.
The "The New York Times" said the incident started at 17:20 on Thursday, 27 October 2005 in Clichy-sous-Bois. They said they know this from a police report. The police were called to a constuction site, because of a burglary. Three teenagers thought they were being chased by the police, so they climed a fence of a power substation. This was because the feared long questioning by the police. Another 6 teenagers were caught by the police for questioning by 17:50. At 18:12 at the local police station in Livry-Gargan the lights went out because of a black-out. This black-out was caused by the death of Zyed Benna and Bouna Traoré in the power station and the injury of the third boy.
There is a controversy, if the boys were chased by police. The local prosecuter and Nicholas Sarkozy, who was minister of interior at that time said no. But the newspaper "The Australian", who asked some of his friends, said yes.
Before this event there had been in issues with unemployment and police brutality in this town. But after this event mobs of protesters gathered. The "Associated Press" quoted a protester with "People are joining together to say we've had enough. We live in ghettos. Everyone lives in fear."

ASCII
ASCII is a binary code used by computers, communications equipment, and other devices to handle text using the English alphabet. ASCII is an abbreviation for "American Standard Code for Information Interchange".
ASCII was developed in the 1960s and was based on earlier codes used by telegraph systems.
ASCII includes definitions for 128 characters: most of these are the printable characters of the alphabet such as abc, ABC, 123, and ?&!. The rest of the characters within the code do not actually print but instead control how text is processed, for example line endings.
ASCII uses 7 binary digits to represent characters: 1000001 represents the upper-case letter A; 1000010 represents B; 1000011 represents C; and so on in sequence.
The name ASCII is often used for binary codes that use all values in a full byte (8 binary digits). It is not really correct to call them ASCII, since ASCII is only the method described here above. Often they are called extended ASCII. Such binary codes can have definitions for 256 characters. The first 128 characters must be the same as for ASCII and the rest are usually used for alphabetic letters with accents, for example like É, È, Î and Ü. Such characters are needed to correctly write languages other than English, for example French, German and Swedish.

Pârâul Ciorii
The Pârâul Ciorii is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Pârâul Olarului
The Pârâul Olarului River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. This means it flows into the Olt River.

Brebu River (Doftana)
The Brebu River is a tributary of the Doftana River in Romania. This means it flows into the Doftana River.

Valea Rea River (Brebu)
The Valea Rea River is a tributary of the Brebu River in Romania. This means it flows into the Brebu River.

Valea Grecilor River
The Valea Grecilor River is a tributary of the Doftana River in Romania. This means it flows into the Doftana River.

Păltinoasa River (Doftana)
The Păltinoasa River or Paltinul River is a tributary of the Doftana River in Romania. This means it flows into the Doftana River.

Vâlceaua Vlădişor River
The Vâlceaua Vlădişor River is a tributary of the Doftana River in Romania. That means it flows into the Doftana River.

Vantage Point
"Vantage Point" is a 2008 mystery thriller movie from Columbia Pictures, written by Barry Levy and directed by Pete Travis. It stars Dennis Quaid, Matthew Fox, Forest Whitaker with Sigourney Weaver, Édgar Ramírez and William Hurt. It was released on February 22, 2008.
Plot.
United States President Henry Ashton (William Hurt) is participating in an anti-terrorism summit in Salamanca. Over a twenty-three-minute period, an assassination attempt on the President unfolds. The film loops through this period over and over, each time from the perspective of a different participant, adding a new piece to the larger puzzle with each loop.

Mogoşoaia River
The Mogoşoaia River is a tributary of the Doftana River in Romania. This means it flows into the Doftana River.

Cărăbăneasa River
The Cărăbăneasa River is a tributary of the Negraşu River in Romania. This means it flows into the Negraşu River.

Cucioaia River
The Cucioaia River is a tributary of the Negraşu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Negraşu River.

Valea Urşilor River
The Valea Urşilor River is a tributary of the Negraşu River in Romania. This means it flows into the Negraşu River.

Flag of Hawaii
The flag of Hawaii (Hawaiian: Ka Hae Hawaiʻi) is the official flag of Hawaii as a U.S. state, as it was kingdom, protector government, republic, and territory. It is the only state flag of the United States to have the Union Flag of the United Kingdom on it.
Design.
The field of the flag is composed of eight horizontal stripes symbolizing the eight major islands. A ninth stripe was once shown, meaning the island of Nihoa. The color of the stripes, from the top down, has this pattern: white, red, blue, white, red, blue, white, red. The colors were standardized in 1843, although other combinations have been seen and are occasionally still used. The flag of Hawaii (Hawaiian: Ka Hae Hawaiʻi) is the official symbol of Hawaii as a U.S. state, as it previously was a kingdom, protectorate, republic, and territory. It is the only state flag of the United States to and the only to feature the Union Jack. A ninth stripe was once included representing the island of Nihoa.[citation needed] The color of the stripes, from the top down, following this pattern: white, red, blue, white, red, blue, white, red. The colors were in 1843, although other combinations have been seen and are occasionally still used.
Origins.
There are a lot of reasons for the earliest history of the flag of Hawaii. One said how King Kamehameha I flew a British flag, given to him by British explorer Captain George Vancouver as a token of friendship with King George III. Other visits reported seeing the flag flying from places of honor. An adviser to Kamehameha noted that the Union Flag could draw Hawaii into international problems as his kingdom could be seen as an ally of the United Kingdom, and he quickly lowered the Union Flag over his home. While argued as historically correct, one report of events that followed stated that in order to please American interests during the War of 1812, a flag of the United States was raised over Kamehameha's home only to be removed when British officers in the court of Kamehameha powerfully objected to it. This account then explains why the resulting flag of Hawaii was a deliberate combination of the two nations' flags.
In 1816, Kamehameha appointed his own flag to avoid problems. As a result, the current flag of Hawaii was born. There is debate as to the name of the officer: some traditions credit Alexander Adams, others George Beckley. The original flag was designed to feature stripes alternating in the order red-white-blue. However, some have argued that the stripes were influenced by the flag of the United States. The flag used at the first official flying of the flag of Hawaii erroneously placed the stripes in the order white-red-blue. The number of stripes also changed: originally, the flag was designed with seven horizontal stripes, and in 1845 it was officially changed to eight stripes (and at one point, nine but was changed back to eight). The arrangement was adopted and is used today.

Negraşu River
The Negraşu River is a tributary of the Doftana River in Romania. This means it flows into the Doftana River.

Setul River
The Setul River is a tributary of the Valea Neagră River in Romania. This means it flows into the Valea Neagră River.

Secuianca River
The Secuianca River is a tributary of the Valea Neagră River in Romania. This means it flows into the Valea Neagră River.

Dinţeasa River
The Dinţeasa River is a tributary of the Valea Neagră River in Romania. This means it flows into the Valea Neagră River.

Valea Neagră River (Doftana)
The Valea Neagră River is a tributary of the Doftana River in Romania. This means it flows into the Doftana River.

Zănoaga River (Urlăţelu)
The Zănoaga River is a tributary of the Valea Mare River in Romania. This means it flows into the Valea Mare River.

Valea Mare River (Urlăţelu)
The Valea Mare River is a tributary of the Urlăţelu River in Romania. This means it flows into the Urlăţelu River.

Richeiu River
The Richeiu River is a tributary of the Urlăţelu River in Romania. This means it flows into the Urlăţelu River.

Urlăţelu River (Doftana)
The Urlăţelu River is a tributary of the Doftana River in Romania. This means it flows into the Doftana River.

Secăria River
The Secăria River is a tributary of the Doftana River in Romania. This is it flows into the Doftana River.

Drăgan River (Doftana)
The Drăgan River is a tributary of the Florei River in Romania. This means it flows into the Florei River.

Zănoaga River (Doftana)
The Zănoaga River is a tributary of the Florei River in Romania. This means it flows into the Florei River.

Băiuţu River
The Băiuţu River is a tributary of the Prislop River in Romania. That means it flows into the Prislop River.

Porcăreaţa River
The Porcăreaţa River is a tributary of the Prislop River in Romania. This means it flows into the Prislop River.

Valea Seacă River (Doftana)
The Valea Seacă River is a tributary of the Doftana River in Romania. This means it flows into the Doftana River.

2010 FIFA World Cup
The 2010 World cup is the 19th FIFA World Cup being held in South Africa. It will be the first time that an African country will host The FIFA tournament.

Pâraie River
The Pâraie River is a tributary of the Muşiţa River in Romania. This mains it flows into the Muşiţa River.

Rusu River
The Rusu River is a tributary of the Valea lui Manole River in Romania. This means it flows into the Valea lui Manole River.

Valea Caldă River (Doftana)
The Valea Caldă River is a tributary of the Valea lui Manole River in Romania. This means it flows into the Valea lui Manole River.

Valea lui Manole River
The Valea lui Manole River is a tributary of the Muşiţa River in Romania. This means it flows into the Muşiţa River.

Muşiţa River
The Muşiţa River is a tributary of the Doftana River in Romania. This means it flows into the Doftana River.

Cody Rhodes
Cody Garrett Runnels (born June 30, 1985), better known by his ring name Cody Rhodes, is an American professional wrestler currently signed by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) to its Raw brand. He is a former three time World Tag Team Champion.

Doftăniţa River (Prahova)
The Doftăniţa River is a tributary of the Doftana River in Romania. This means it flows into the Doftana River.

Jimmy Reiher, Jr.
James William Reiher, Jr., (born September 1, 1971) better known as Jimmy Snuka, Jr., is an American professional wrestler and the son of professional wrestler "Superfly" Jimmy Snuka. He is currently signed to World Wrestling Entertainment working on the Raw brand under the ring name Deuce. He is a former WWE Tag Team Champion with his former partner Domino.

Jim Duggan
James Stuart Duggan (born January 14, 1954), better known by his ring name "Hacksaw" Jim Duggan, is an American professional wrestler, currently signed to World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) wrestling on its "Raw" brand.

Jayson Paul
Jayson Paul (born December 10 1984) is an American professional wrestler better known by the ring name JTG (Just That Gangsta). He is currently signed to World Wrestling Entertainment where he and his partner Shad Gaspard wrestle on the Raw brand as the tag team, Cryme Tyme.

Lance Cade
Lance K. McNaught (born March 2, 1981) is an American professional wrestler, currently wrestling on the "Raw" brand of World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) under the ring name Lance Cade.

Matthew Kaye
Matthew Kaye (born June 26 1974) is an American professional wrestler and professional wrestling manager better known by his ring name Matt Striker. He is currently signed to World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), working as a color commentator on its ECW brand.

Micheal Moore
Michael Francis Moore (born April 23, 1954) is an Academy and Emmy Award-winning American filmmaker, writer, and political commentator. He is the director and producer of "11", "Bowling for Columbine" and "Sicko", three of the top five highest-grossing documentaries of all time. He has also written and starred in the television program "TV Nation" and "The Awful Truth". Both of these programs continue his trademark style of presenting serious documentaries in humorous ways.
Moore has explored globalization, large corporations, owning of guns, the Iraq War, U.S. President George W. Bush and the American health care system in his books and movies. In 2005 "Time" magazine named him one of the "World's 100 Most Influential People". In 2008, he closed his Manhattan office and moved it to Traverse City, where he is working on his new movie.

Sicko
Sicko was a 2007 documentary movie made by Micheal Moore. It explores the American health care system, and compares it to the United Kingdom's, Canada's, France's and Cuba's. It made $24.5 million, making it the third-highest grossing documentary of all time.

Flag of Alabama
The flag of Alabama was adopted by the Alabama state legislature on February 16, 1895.
Origin.
It's believed that the crimson saltire of the Flag of Alabama was designed to look like the blue saltire of the Confederate Battle Flag. The Battle Flag was square-shaped, and Alabama's flag is sometimes shown as a square. The authors of a 1917 article in National Geographic expressed their opinion that because the Alabama flag was based on the Battle Flag, it should be square. In 1987, Don Siegelman issued an opinion in which the Battle Flag derivation is repeated, but concluded that the proper shape is rectangular, as it had been depicted numerous times in official publications and reproductions.
However, the saltire design of the Alabama state flag also looks like several other flags. It is identical to the flag of St. Patrick, incorporated into the Union Flag of the United Kingdom to represent the union of the Kingdom of Great Britain with the Kingdom of Ireland. This has led to other origins being put forth as possibilities.

Flag of Mexico
The Flag of the United Mexican States or Mexico is a tricolor of green, white, and red with an eagle charged in the center of the white stripe. While the meaning of the colors has changed over time, these three colors were adopted by Mexico following independence from Spain during the country's War of Independence. The current flag was adopted in 1968, but the design has been used since 1821. The current law of national symbols, Law on the National Arms, Flag, and Anthem, that governs the use of the national flag has been in place since 1984. Red, white, and green are the colors of the national liberation army in Mexico. The central emblem is the ancient Aztec cityfor Tenochtitlan (now Mexico City), the center of their empire. It recalls the legend that inspired the Aztecs to settle on what was originally a lake-island. The form of the coat of arms was most recently revised in 1968. Aztec legend held that they should found their city on the spot where they saw an eagle on a cactus, eating a snake. Ribbon in the national colors at are the bottom of the coat of arms.

Flag of the United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland uses as its national flag the royal banner known as the "Union Flag" or, popularly, "Union Jack". The design today of the Union Flag comes from the union of Ireland and Great Britain in 1801. It has the red cross of Saint George (patron saint of England), edged in white, on top of the Cross of Saint Patrick (patron saint of Ireland), which are on the Saltire of Saint Andrew (patron saint of Scotland).
Its correct measurements are 1:2 (i.e. the bottom is twice as long as the sides). However, the version used by the British Army is 3:5, and two of the red diagonals are cropped.
Legacy.
The Union Jack has a legacy for flags, and most of the former colonies of Britain have this design on their own flags (i.e Australia, Fiji, Hawaii, some provinces of Canada, etc).

Tommy Tynan
Tommy Tynan is a former football player.

Lennie Lawrence
Lennie Lawrence is a former football manager.

Neil Warnock
Neil Warnock is a former football player.

John Gregory
John Gregory is a former football player. He has played for England national team.

Roberto Carlos
Roberto Carlos (born 10 April, 1973) is a Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.

The Football League 1905-06
Statistics of The Football League in season 1905/1906.
Overview.
It was performed in 20 teams, and Liverpool won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 20 teams, and Bristol City won the championship.

Football League of Ireland Premier Division 1945-46
Statistics of Football League of Ireland Premier Division in season 1945/1946.
Overview.
It was performed in 8 teams, and Cork United won the championship.

Colombian Professional Football 1971
Statistics of Colombian Professional Football in season 1971.
Overview.
It was performed in 14 teams, and Santa Fe won the championship.
Final.
Santa Fe won the championship.

Division 1 1951-52
Statistics of Division 1 in season 1951/1952.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Nice won the championship.

La Liga 1935-36
Statistics of La Liga in season 1935/1936.
Overview.
It was performed in 12 teams, and Athletic Bilbao won the championship.

Serie A 1990-91
Statistics of Serie A in season 1990/1991.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Sampdoria won the championship.

Serie A 1983-84
Statistics of Serie A in season 1983/1984.
Overview.
It was contested by 16 teams, and Juventus won the championship.

Serie A 1991-92
Statistics of Serie A in season 1991/1992.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Milan won the championship.

Serie A 1992-93
Statistics of Serie A in season 1992/1993.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Milan won the championship.

Serie A 1993-94
Statistics of Serie A in season 1993/1994.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Milan won the championship.

Bob Wilson
Bob Wilson is a former football player. He has played for Scotland national team.

Sepp Maier
Sepp Maier is a former football player. He has played for Bayern Munich and Germany national team.

Bob Stokoe
Bob Stokoe is a former football player.

Lothar Matthäus
Lothar Matthäus (born 21 March, 1961) is a former German football player. He has played for Germany national team.

The Football League 1906-07
Statistics of The Football League in season 1906/1907.
Overview.
It was performed in 20 teams, and Newcastle United won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 20 teams, and Nottingham Forest won the championship.

Football League of Ireland Premier Division 1946-47
Statistics of Football League of Ireland Premier Division in season 1946/1947.
Overview.
It was performed in 8 teams, and Shelbourne won the championship.

Colombian Professional Football 1972
Statistics of Colombian Professional Football in season 1972.
Overview.
It was performed in 14 teams, and Los Millonarios won the championship.

Division 1 1952-53
Statistics of Division 1 in season 1952/1953.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Stade Reims won the championship.

La Liga 1939-40
Statistics of La Liga in season 1939/1940.
Overview.
It was performed in 12 teams, and Athletic Aviación won the championship.

Serie A 1994-95
Statistics of Serie A in season 1994/1995.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Juventus won the championship.

Serie A 1995-96
Statistics of Serie A in season 1995/1996.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Milan won the championship.

Serie A 1996-97
Statistics of Serie A in season 1996/1997.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Juventus won the championship.

Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig
Field marshall Douglas Haig (June 19, 1861 – January 29, 1928) was Scots general in World War I. Most notably, he was a commander during the Battle of the Somme.
Reputation.
Haig had a mixed reputation. Some people said he used old battle plans and a lot of soldiers died under his command. The King gave him a medal and made him an Earl when he came back from the war.

Serie A 1997-98
Statistics of Serie A in season 1997/1998.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Juventus won the championship.

Serie A 1998-99
Statistics of Serie A in season 1998/1999.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Milan won the championship.

John Charles
John Charles is a former football player. He has played for Wales national team.

Fredrik Ljungberg
Fredrik Ljungberg is a Swedish football player. He has played for Sweden national team.

Martin Peters
Martin Peters is a former football player. He has played for England national team.

Dmitri Sychev
Dmitri Sychev is a Russian football player. He plays for Lokomotiv Moscow and Russia national team.

The Football League 1907-08
Statistics of The Football League in season 1907/1908.
Overview.
It was performed in 20 teams, and Manchester United won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 20 teams, and Bradford City won the championship.

Football League of Ireland Premier Division 1947-48
Statistics of Football League of Ireland Premier Division in season 1947/1948.
Overview.
It was performed in 8 teams, and Drumcondra won the championship.

Colombian Professional Football 1973
Statistics of Colombian Professional Football in season 1973.
Overview.
It was performed in 14 teams, and Atlético Nacional won the championship.

Division 1 1953-54
Statistics of Division 1 in season 1953/1954.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Lille won the championship.

La Liga 1971-72
Statistics of La Liga in season 1971/1972.
Overview.
It was performed in 18 teams, and Real Madrid won the championship.

Serie A 1999-00
Statistics of Serie A in season 1999/2000.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Lazio won the championship.

Serie A 2000-01
Statistics of Serie A in season 2000/2001.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Roma won the championship.

Serie A 2001-02
Statistics of Serie A in season 2001/2002.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Juventus won the championship.

Serie A 2002-03
Statistics of Serie A in season 2002/2003.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Juventus won the championship.

Serie A 2003-04
Statistics of Serie A in season 2003/2004.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Milan won the championship.

José Eulogio Gárate
José Eulogio Gárate is a former football player. He has played for Spain national team.

Shinji Ono
Shinji Ono (born 27 September, 1979) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Bochum.

Iker Casillas
Iker Casillas (born 20 May, 1981) is a Spanish football player. He plays for Real Madrid and Spain national team.

The Football League 1908-09
Statistics of The Football League in season 1908/1909.
Overview.
It was performed in 20 teams, and Newcastle United won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 20 teams, and Bolton Wanderers won the championship.

Football League of Ireland Premier Division 1948-49
Statistics of Football League of Ireland Premier Division in season 1948/1949.
Overview.
It was performed in 10 teams, and Drumcondra won the championship.

Colombian Professional Football 1974
Statistics of Colombian Professional Football in season 1974.
Overview.
It was performed in 14 teams, and Deportivo Cali won the championship.

Division 1 1954-55
Statistics of Division 1 in season 1954/1955.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Stade Reims won the championship.

La Liga 1972-73
Statistics of La Liga in season 1972/1973.
Overview.
It was performed in 18 teams, and Atlético Madrid won the championship.

Serie A 2006-07
Statistics of Serie A in season 2006/2007.
Overview.
It was contested by 20 teams, and Internazionale Milano won the championship.

Serie A 2007-08
Statistics of Serie A in season 2007/2008.
Overview.
It was contested by 20 teams, and Internazionale Milano won the championship.

Serie A 2004-05
Statistics of Serie A in season 2004/2005.
Overview.
It was contested by 20 teams, and Juventus won the championship. But Juventus stripped of title July 2006.

Serie A 2005-06
Statistics of Serie A in season 2005/2006.
Overview.
It was contested by 20 teams, and Internazionale Milano won the championship.

Serie A 2008-09
Statistics of Serie A in season 2008/2009.

Jamie Murphy
Jamie Murphy is a former football player.

Josh Nichols (character)
Josh is a character from the hit American sitcom, Drake & Josh.Josh's father's name is Walter Nichols,a weatherman, and he lived with his dad alone, until his dad got married to a lady named Audrey Parker.
Audrey has two kids: Drake, and Megan, who go to his school.
Josh may be portrayed as, smart, book-wormy, simple and kind-hearted.He is fed-up of Drake's stupidity and Megan's pranks,but still loves them.
Josh is said to be Drake's age, and has a talent in dancing and playing the mouth organ. He has an alter-ego named miss nancy, who gives advice to people in his school.Drake first finds that out in the first episode of the TV show, and takes advantage of it. Josh easily goofs things up, because of Drake, or Megan, and they both have to sort it out. His only girlfriend was Mindy Crenshaw, another bookworm, slightly smarter than him and Drake hates her.

Crişanu River
The Crişanu River is a tributary of the Tismana River in Romania. This means it flows into the Tismana River.

Tismăniţa River
The Tismăniţa River is a tributary of the Tismana River in Romania. This means it flows into the Tismana River.

Valea lui Mareş River
The Valea lui Mareş River is a tributary of the Tismana River in Romania. This means it flows into the Tismana River.

Valea Caselor River (Sohodol)
The Valea Caselor River is a tributary of the Viezurata River in Romania. This means it flows into the Viezurata River.

Padul River
The Padul River is a tributary of the Viezurata River in Romania. This means it flows into the Viezurata River.

Sângeriş River
The Sângeriş River is a tributary of the Sohodol River in Romania. This means it flows into the Sohodol River.

Piscuri River
The Piscuri River or Ponorici River is a tributary of the Pârgavu River in Romania. This means it flows into the Pârgavu River.

Pârgavu River
The Pârgravu River is a headwater of the Sohodol River in Romania. This means it flows into the Sohodol River.

President of Turkey
This is a complete list of Presidents of Turkey. The list includes all eleven heads of state that lead the country after the Turkish War of Independence. For a list of rulers of the predecessor Ottoman Empire, see the Ottoman Dynasty.

Sohodol River (Tismana)
The Sohodol River is a tributary of the Tismana River in Romania. This means it flows into the Tismana river. It starts where the Pârgavu River joins the Viezurata River

Câlnic River (Tismana)
The Câlnic River is a tributary of the Tismana River in Romania. This means it flows into the Tismana River.

Crişanu Nou River
The Crişanu Nou River is a tributary of the Tismana River in Romania. This means it flows into the Tismana River.

Weightlifting
Weightlifting first started in the Dark Ages. It was done by the strogest men in villages all over Europe. It was consided to be a sport for the lower classes, however since then it has changed into sport for other people as well.

Păltinei River (Tismana)
The Păltinei River is a tributary of the Tismana River in Romania. This means it flows into the Tismana River.

Geamănu River
The Geamănu River is a tributary of the Tismana River in Romania. This means it flows into the Tismana River.

Gramna River
The Geamănu River is a tributary of the Tismana River in Romania. This means it flows into the Tismana River.

Dosu Cioclovinei River
The Dosu Cioclovinei River is a tributary of the Tismana River in Romania. This means it flows into the Tismana River.

Râul Schitului
The Râul Schitului is a tributary of the Tismana River in Romania. This means it flows into the Tismana River.

Cioclovina River
The Cioclovina River is a tributary of the Tismana River in Romania. This means it flows into the Tismana River.

Saşa River (Tismana)
The Saşa River is a tributary of the Tismana River in Romania. This means it flows into the Tismana River.

Chihaia River
The Chihaia River is a tributary of the Tismana River in Romania. This means it flows into the Tismana River. It flows in the proximity of the Tismana Monastery. At the source of the river the "Chihaia Fountain" was constructed in the early 1900s. In 1978 the Chihaia Fountain was destroyed.

Sohodol River (Orlea)
The Sohodol River is a tributary of the Orlea River in Romania. This means it flows into the Orlea River.

Peşteana River (Tismana)
The Peşteana River is a tributary of the Tismana River in Romania. This means it flows into the Peşteana River.

Strâmba River (Tismana)
The Strâmba River is a tributary of the Tismana River in Romania. This means it flows into the Tismana River.

Crivăţ River (Ialomiţa)
The Crivăţ River is a tributary of the Ialomiţa River in Romania. This means it flows into the Ialomiţa River.

Iazu Morilor River
The Iazu Morilor River is an old artificial canal, built for watermills. It starts in the Prahova River and flows into the Cricovul Dulce River in Romania. At present the canal is used for local water supply and irrigation.

Drăgăneasa River (Proviţa)
The Drăgăneasa River is a tributary of the Proviţa River in Romania. This means it flows into the Proviţa River.

Purcăreaţa River
The Purcăreaţa River is a tributary of the Proviţa River in Romania. This means it flows into the Proviţa River.

Vâlceaua Pietrei River
The Vâlceaua Pietrei River is a tributary of the Proviţa River in Romania. This means it flows into the Proviţa River.

Proviţa River
The Proviţa River is a tributary of the Cricovul Dulce River in Romania. This means it flows into Cricovul Dulce River.

Cricovul Dulce River
The Cricovul Dulce River or Cricov River is a tributary of the Ialomiţa River in Romania. This means it flows into the Ialomiţa River.

Valea Zanvelei River
The Valea Zanvelei River or Valea Zambilei River is a tributary of the Dâmbovicioara River in Romania. This means it flows into the Dâmbovicioara River.

Valea Vopselelor River
The Valea Vopselelor River is a tributary of the Valea Peşterii in Romania. This means it flows into the Valea Peşterii River.

Valea Ulucilor River
The Valea Ulucilor River is a tributary of the Valea Peşterii River in Romania. This means it flows into the Valea Peşterii River.

Valea Peşterii River
The Valea Peşterii River is a tributary of the Valea Brusturetului River in Romania. This means it flows into the Valea Brusturetului River.

Valea Trăznită River
The Valea Trăznită River is a tributary of the Valea Muierii in Romania. This means it flows into the Valea Muierii River.

Valea Ursului River (Valea Brusturetului)
The Valea Ursului River is a tributary of the Valea Muierii in Romania. This means it flows into the Valea Muierii River.

Valea Muierii River (Valea Brusturetului)
The Valea Muierii River is a tributary of the Valea Brusturetului River in Romania. Thia means if flows into the Valea Brusturetului River.

Valea Fundurilor River
The Valea Fundurilor is a tributary of the Valea cu Apă River in Romania. This means it flows into the Valea cu Apă River.

Valea Copilului River (Valea cu Apă)
The Valea Copilului River is a tributary of the Valea cu Apă in Romania. This means it flows into the Valea cu Apă River.

Urzicaru River
The Urzicaru River is a tributary of the Valea Copilului River in Romania. This means it flows into the Valea Copilului River.

Valea cu Apă River (Valea Brusturetului)
The Valea cu Apă is a tributary of the Valea Brusturetului River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Brusturetului River.

Valea lui Stinghie River
The Valea lui Stinghie River is a tributary of the Valea Brusturetului River in Romania. This means it flows into the Valea Brusturetului River.

Valea Lespezilor River
The Valea Lespezilor River is a tributary of the Valea Brusturetului River in Romania. This means it flows into the Valea Brusturetului River.

Valea Căpăţânelor River
The Valea Căpăţânelor River is a tributary of the Valea Brusturetului River in Romania. That means if flows into the Valea Brusturetului River.

Cheia de sub Grind River
The Cheia de sub Grind River is a tributary of the Valea Brusturetului River in Romania. This means it flows into the Valea Brusturetului River.

Vâlceaua Găinii River
The Vâlceaua Găinii River is a tributary of the Valea Brusturetului River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Brusturetului River.

Mullet
A mullet is a kind of fish. Mullet often jump out of water. People are not sure why, but it might be because they are trying to see where they are going.
In recent years, "mullet" also came to be a slang word for a hairstyle that is short at the front and top, and long at the back. This slang word is said to have been started by Mike D of the Beastie Boys in 1995, and after 2000 was spread by a small group of people in San Francisco through the Internet.

Valea Gangului River
The Valea Gangului River is a tributary of the Valea Brusturetului River in Romania. This means it flows into the Valea Brusturetului River.

Valea Popii River (Dâmboviţa)
The Valea Popii River is a tributary of the Valea Brusturetului River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Brusturetului River.

Valea Brusturetului River
The Valea Brusturetului River or Brusturetul River is a headwater of the Dâmbovicioara River in Romania. This means it flows into the Dâmbovicioara River. The upper part of the river is sometimes known as the Valea Seacă a Pietrelor River

Valea Ancului River
The Valea Ancului River is a tributary of the Dâmbovicioara River in Romania. This means it flows into the Dâmbovicioara River.

Valea Muierii River (Padina Dâncioarei)
The Valea Muierii River is a tributary of the Padina Dâncioarei River in Romania. This means it flows into the Padina Dâncioarei River.

Padina Şirnii River
The Padina Şirnii River is a headwater of the Padina Dâncioarei River in Romania. This means it flows into the Padina Dâncioarei River.

Padina Dâncioarei River
The Padina Dâncioarei River is a headwater of the Dâmbovicioara River in Romania. This means it flows into the Dâmboviţa River.

Semaphore code
Flag semaphore is a system of spreading information at a distance by using two flags. Information is told by the positions of the flags. Each set of positions has a meaning.
Signalling.
Signalling uses two flags. A person signally would commonly stand on a platform about 6-10ft (1.8 - 3m) above the ground. They would use a bright orange, red and white flag. The was a problem because it also made it easier for the enemy to see him and shoot him. The newer system uses two short poles with square flags. The signalman holds one pole in each hand. The poles are held in one of eight possible directions. Except for in the "rest position", the flags do not cross over each other. Flags of different colors are used based on whether the signals are sent by sea or by land. At sea, the flags are coloured red and yellow. On land, they are white and blue.

Dâmbovicioara River
The Dâmbovicioara River is a tributary of the Dâmboviţa River in Romania. It starts where the Valea Brusturetului River meets the Padina Dâncioarei River

Asparagales
Asparagales is an order of flowering plants. The order must include the family Asparagaceae, but other families included in the order have varied markedly between different classifications. No one is sure, but it is supposed that this group of plants evolved between late and early Cretaceous. But because of the difficult classification of the families it's not entirely certain when they evolved.

Asparagaceae
Asparagaceae is the botanical name of a family of flowering plants. Such a family has been recognized by quite a few taxonomists, but hardly universally: often the plants involved are treated as belonging to the family Liliaceae.

Hesperocallis
"Hesperocallis" is a genus of flowering plants that includes a single species, "Hesperocallis undulata", the desert lily, found in the desert areas of the southwest of North America.
"Hesperocallis" has traditionally been classified in Liliaceae but until recently its relationships have been unclear. Other classifications have included it in Hemerocallidaceae or Funkiaceae. In 1972, Hamilton Traub created the family Hesperocallidaceae with "Hesperocallis" as the sole included genus. The APG II system includes it in the family Asparagaceae in the order Asparagales in the monocots clade but allows for the optional segregation of Hesperocallidaceae as a monophyletic family when several other families are likewise segregated. Recent molecular systematic studies have confirmed a close relationship with "Agave" and its inclusion in family Agavaceae has been recommended (Pires et al. 2004).

Laurales
The Laurales are an order of flowering plants. They are a basal group of dicots, related to, and formerly sometimes included in, the Magnoliales.
The order includes about 2500-2800 species from 85-90 genera, which comprise seven families of trees and shrubs. Most of the species are tropical and subtropical, though a few genera reach the temperate zone. The best known species in this order are those of the Lauraceae (for example bay laurel or "Laurus", cinnamon or "Cinnamomum", avocado or "Persea", and "Sassafras"), and the spice bush or "Calycanthus" of the Calycanthaceae.
The earliest lauraceous fossils are from to the early Cretaceous. It is possible that the ancient origin of this order is one of the reasons for its highly diverged morphology. Indeed, presently no single morphological property is known, which would unify all the members of Laurales. This fact used to cause much argument among botanists regarding the correct circumscription of the order, and the presently accepted classification is based on recent molecular and genetic analysis.

Hasbro
Hasbro is an American toy company. It is one of the biggest toy makers in the world, only Mattel is larger. Hasbro also makes "Monopoly", a popular board game. Their main office is in Pawtucket, Rhode Island, United States. It is best known for their reaction game bop it.

Bay leaf
Bay leaf (plural bay leaves), (Greek "Daphni", Romanian "Foi de Dafin") is the aromatic leaf of several species of the Laurel family (Lauraceae). Fresh or dried bay leaves are used in cooking for their distinctive flavor and fragrance.

Ginger
Ginger is commonly used as a cooking spice throughout the world. It is the rhizome of the perennial plant "Zingiber officinale" in the family "Zingiberaceae". The ginger plant has a long history of cultivation, known to have came from China and then spread to India, Southeast Asia, West Africa, and the Caribbean.

Revenue
Revenue (or revenues) is income that a company receives from its normal business activities, usually from the sale of goods and services to customers. Some companies also receive revenue from interest, dividends or royalties paid to them by other companies.

Net income
Net income is equal to the income that a company has after subtracting costs and expenses from the total revenue. Net income can be distributed among holders of common stock as a dividend or held by the firm as retained earnings.

Real time (media)
Real time within the media is a method where the events on-screen are being shown exactly as they happen. For example, in the TV series "24", an hour long episode represents an hour of events on the program.

Southern Cone
The term Southern Cone (,) refers to a geographic region composed of the southernmost areas of South America, below the Tropic of Capricorn. Due to geographical affinities, natural, economic and social, the Southern Cone is usually understood as the region that includes all of Argentina, Chile and Uruguay, the southern states of Brazil (and sometimes part of São Paulo state, because have several features in common: proximity, the high rate of industrialization and urbanization and the high GDP). In rare exceptions - just because geographical reasons - sometimes also includes Paraguay and southern Bolivia, although both have fundamentally different characteristics of other countries (such as standards of living, industrialization, ethnicity, etc.)

Cian
Kian is an Irish name that comes from the name "Cian". In the United States, people have been using "Kian" to name their children more and more often.

1936-37 NHL season
The 1936–37 NHL season was the 20th season of the National Hockey League (NHL). Eight teams each played 48 games. The Detroit Red Wings were the Stanley Cup winners as they beat the New York Rangers three games to two in the final series.
Final standings.
"Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, PIM = Penalties in minutes"
"Note: Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold"
Scoring leaders.
"Note: GP = Games played, G = Goals, A = Assists, PTS = Points, PIM = Penalties in minutes"

William M. Jennings
William M. Jennings (December 14, 1920 – August 17, 1981) was an owner in the National Hockey League.
Born in New York, New York, Jennings was owner of the New York Rangers from 1959 until his death in 1981. The William M. Jennings Trophy was named in his honour. Jennings also helped initiate the Lester Patrick Trophy in 1966, which he would win in 1971. He was elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1975, and the United States Hockey Hall of Fame in 1981.

Robert Esche
Robert Esche (born January 22, 1978 in Whitesboro, New York) is an American professional ice hockey goaltender currently playing for the Kontinental Hockey League's St. Petersburg SKA.

Concussion
A concussion is caused by an injury to the head and can cause headache, dizziness, fatigue, etc.

Mercury-in-glass thermometer
Mercury is a dense, opaque, metallic gray liquid. Mercury was often used in thermometers as it expands uniformly with any rise in the temperature. However, mercury is expensive, toxic, and cannot be used to measure temperatures lower than -39˚C (as mercury freezes at that point). Mercury has been replaced largely by alcohol for use in thermometers, as alcohol is cheaper and safer than mercury.

Language reform
Language reform is a type of language planning. Language reforms make big changes to a language. These changes are usually done to either make a language simpler to understand or to write. Sometimes changes are done to make the language purer; that is, to get rid of foreign parts of the language, or to get rid of parts of the language that are not grammatical.
Simplification makes the language easier to use. It tries to regularise vocabulary and grammar. Purification makes the language similar to a version of the language that people think is more pure.
Sometimes language reforms were done to unite the people speaking the language. For this reason, many language reforms happened in 19th century Europe when there was a rise of nationalist movements.
Simplification.
The most common form of language reform involves changing the spelling of words. This is known as spelling reform. Sometimes the grammar of the language is changed. Inflection, syntax, vocabulary and word formation can sometimes be simplified, in addition to spelling. English uses many different prefixes that mean "the opposite of", like "un-", "in-/im-", "a(n)-", "de-". A language reform might suggest that there is only one prefix to mean "the opposite of", for example "un-". On top of this, there are words such as "good" and "bad" that roughly mean the opposite of each other, but would be better (in terms of simplicity) portrayed as "good" and "ungood", so the word "bad" is not part of the language anymore.
Another good example of what language simplification can do is the word "flammable". Flammable means that something can catch fire easily. Originally the word was "inflammable", from Latin "inflammare" - put something on fire. "In-" is also a prefix that can mean "the opposite of", like with "transparent", "intransparent". Today most instructions use "flammable" rather than "inflammable", in order not to confuse people that the "in-" in this case does not mean the opposite of.
Several major world languages have been subject to big spelling reforms: Spanish (in the 18th century), Portuguese (in 1910, in Portugal, and in 1946 and 1972, in Brazil), German (in 1901/02 and 1996/98) and Russian (in 1728 and 1919).

Beaufort scale
The Beaufort scale is a scale for measuring wind speeds. It is based on observation rather than accurate measurement. It is the most widely used system to measure wind speed today. The scale was developed in 1805 by Sir Francis Beaufort.
There are twelve levels, plus 0 for "no wind". From 1946 to 1970, there were also beaufort levels 13 to 17. All of them were labelled as "Hurricane". Because they were only used in special cases, they are no longer in use internationally. China and Taiwan still use them, because they often have typhoons.
The wave heights given are for waves on the open ocean, not near the shore.

The Wheel of Time
"The Wheel of Time" is a long running fantasy series of novels by Robert Jordan. The first in the series, "The Eye of the World" was published in 1990, and the last, "A Memory of Light", will be published in 2009. The author died while he was writing the last book, so it will be finished by someone else.

Robert Jordan
Robert Jordan was the pen or writing name of the American author, James Oliver Rigney Jr. He was most famous for writing the long, epic fantasy novel series The Wheel of Time. He died from heart failure in 2007, before he finished the last novel in the series.

Brian Burke
Brian Thomas Burke (born 25 February 1947) was the 23rd Premier of Western Australia from 25 February 1983 to 25 February 1988. He was from the Labor Party. He worked as a journalist before becoming a politician. As Premier he was popular at first but later on his government was involved in a number of private companies that failed. He resigned to become an ambassador. During the 1990s he was convicted of committing crimes while he was Premier and spent time in jail.

Ray O'Connor
Raymond James O'Connor (born 6 March 1926) was the 22nd Premier of Western Australia from 25 January 1982 until 25 February 1983. He was from the Liberal Party. He became Premier when Charles Court resigned. Later he was convicted of stealing and spent time in jail.

Charles Court
Sir Charles Walter Michael Court (29 September 1911 – 22 December 2007) was the 21st Premier of Western Australia from 8 April 1974 to 25 January 1982. He was from the Liberal Party. He became a politician in 1953. His son, Richard, was also a Premier.

Chang'an
Chang'an was the capital of ancient China of more than ten dynasties in Chinese history. Chang'an literally means "Perpetual Peace" in Classical Chinese. During the Xin Dynasty, the city was renamed "Constant Peace"; yet after its fall in the year 23 AD, the old name was restored. During the Ming Dynasty, the name was changed to its present name Xi'an, meaning "Western Peace".
History.
The imperial city of Chang'an during the Han Dynasty was in northwest of today's Xi'an. During the Tang Dynasty, the area to be known as Chang'an included the area inside the Ming Xi'an fortification, plus some small areas to its east and west, and a major part of its southern suburbs. The Tang Chang'an was 8 times the size of the Ming Xi'an. During this time Chang'an was one of the largest and most populous cities in the world. Around 750 A.D. Chang'an was called a "million people's city" in Chinese records, while modern estimates put it at around 800,000–1,000,000 within city walls.

John Tonkin
John Trezise Tonkin (2 February 1902 - 20 October 1995) was the 20th Premier of Western Australia from 3 March 1971 to 8 April 1974. He was from the Labor Party.

David Brand
Sir David Brand (1 August 1912 – 15 April 1979) was the 19th Premier of Western Australia from 2 April 1959 to 3 March 1971. He was from the Liberal Party.

Albert Hawke
Albert ("Bert") Redvers George Hawke (3 December 1900 - 14 February 1986) was the 18th Premier of Western Australia from 23 February 1953 to 2 April 1959. He was from the Labor Party. His nephew, Bob, became Prime Minister of Australia in the 1980s.

Ross McLarty
Sir Duncan Ross McLarty (17 March 1891 – 22 December 1962) was the 17th Premier of Western Australia from 1 April 1947 to 23 February 1953. He was from the Liberal Party.

Frank Wise
Frank Joseph Scott Wise (30 May 1897 – 29 June 1986) was the 16th Premier of Western Australia from 31 July 1945 to 1 April 1947. He was from the Labor Party.

Early modern Europe
The early modern period is a term used by historians for the period in Western Europe and its first colonies which spans the three centuries between the Middle Ages and the Industrial Revolution.
The early modern period is characterized by the rise to importance of science and technological progress, civic politics and the nation state. Capitalism began its rise, beginning in northern Italian republics such as Genoa. The early modern period also saw the rise and dominance of the economic theory of mercantilism. As such, the early modern period represents the decline and eventual disappearance, in much of the European sphere, of feudalism, serfdom and the power of the Catholic Church.
The period includes the Protestant Reformation, the Thirty Years' War, the European colonization of the Americas and the peak of the European hunt of witches.
The end date of the early modern period is associated with the Industrial Revolution, which began in Britain in about 1750, or the beginning of the French Revolution in 1789, which drastically transformed the state of European politics.
Among the most important political changes of this time are the abolition of serfdom and the change of kingdoms into nation-states. Then the Reformation, that meant that Christendom was no unified entity any more. Many kings and rulers used this radical shift in the understanding of the world to further consolidate their sovereignty over their territories. For instance, many of the Germanic states (as well as English Reformation) converted to Protestantism in an attempt to slip out of the power of the Pope.
The intellectual developments of the period included the creation of the economic theory of mercantilism and the publication of works of political and social philosophy, such as Machiavelli's "The Prince" (1513) and Thomas More's "Utopia" (1515).
Difference between 'early modern' and the Renaissance.
The expression "early modern" is sometimes, and incorrectly, used as a substitute for the term Renaissance. However, "Renaissance" is properly used in relation to a diverse series of cultural developments; which occurred over several hundred years in many different parts of Europe—especially central and northern Italy—and span the transition from late Medieval civilization and the opening of the early modern period.
The term early modern is most often applied to Europe, and its overseas empire. However, in Japan, the Edo period from 1590 to 1868 is also sometimes referred to as the early modern period.

Kevin Moore (rugby league)
Kevin Moore (born 30 November, 1965 in St Johns Lakemba, New South Wales, Australia) is a rugby league coach and former player. He is the head coach for the Bulldogs in the NRL from the 2009 season. As a player, he played as a scrum-half.

Roman Čechmánek
Roman Čechmánek (born March 2, 1971 in Gottwaldov (now called Zlín), Czechoslovakia) is a Czech professional ice hockey goaltender.
International play.
His only Olympic appearance was for the Czech Republic in the 1998 Winter Olympics. Backing-up star goaltender Dominik Hašek, Čechmánek's team won the gold medal after defeating Russia in the gold medal deciding match, despite not playing a single game. Czech Republic won in a tight 1–0 game.
His other debuts were in the 2004 and 2007 IHWC also playing for the Czech Republic team.

Jaromír Jágr
Jaromír Jágr (pronounced, born February 15, 1972 in Kladno, Czechoslovakia, now the Czech Republic) is a professional ice hockey right winger, who plays for Avangard Omsk in the Kontinental Hockey League. Jagr formerly played in the National Hockey League with the Pittsburgh Penguins, Washington Capitals, and most recently the New York Rangers. Jágr is currently in the top fifteen among players in NHL career goals, assists, and points, and is regarded as one of the game's all-time great players.

Spinning Jenny
The spinning jenny is a multi-spool spinning wheel. It was invented "circa" 1764 by James Hargreaves in Stanhill, near Blackburn, Lancashire in the northwest of England The device dramatically reduced the amount of work needed to produce yarn, with a single worker able to work eight or more spools at once.
The spinning jenny was a huge success due to the fact that it could hold more than one ball of yarn, therefore making more clothing materials in a shorter amount of time while reducing the overall cost.

Roman Turek
Roman Turek (born May 21, 1970 in Strakonice, Czechoslovakia — now the Czech Republic) is a professional ice hockey goaltender, who played for the Dallas Stars, St. Louis Blues, and Calgary Flames in a 9-year National Hockey League career. Currently he is playing in the Czech Extraliga for HC České Budějovice.

Driveshaft
A drive shaft, driving shaft, propeller shaft, or Cardan shaft is a mechanical device for transferring power from the engine or motor to the point where useful work is applied. Most engines or motors deliver power as torque through rotary motion: this is extracted from the linear motion of pistons in a reciprocating engine; water driving a water wheel; or forced gas or water in a turbine. From the point of delivery, the components of power transmission form the drive train.
Drive shafts are carriers of torque: they are subject to torsion and shear stress, which represents the difference between the input force and the load. They thus need to be strong enough to bear the stress, without imposing too great an additional inertia by virtue of the weight of the shaft.
Vehicles.
Most automobiles today use rigid drive shafts to deliver power from a transmission to the wheels. A pair of short drive shafts is commonly used to send power from a central differential, transmission to the wheels.
In British English, the term "drive shaft" is restricted to a transverse shaft which transmits power to the wheels, especially the front wheels. A drive shaft connecting the gearbox to a rear differential is called a propeller shaft, or prop-shaft. A drive shaft connecting a rear differential to a rear wheel may be called a half shaft. The name comes from the fact that two such shafts are required to form one rear axle.
The Slip in Tube Drive shaft is the new type which also helps in Crash Energy Management. It can be compressed in case of crash. It is also known as a collapsible drive shaft.
Motorcycle drive shafts.
Drive shafts have been used on motorcycles almost as long as there have been motorcycles. As an alternative to chain and belt drives, drive shafts offer relatively maintenance-free operation and long life. A disadvantage of shaft drive on a motorcycle is that gearing is needed to turn the power 90° from the shaft to the rear wheel, losing some power in the process. On the other hand, it is easier to protect the shaft linkages and drive gears from dust, sand and mud.

Power loom
The first power loom, a mechanized loom powered by a driveshaft, was designed in 1784 by Edmund Cartwright and first built in 1785, later to be perfected by William Horrocks. It allowed textile making to be done far faster than if a human had done the same work. By 1850, Cartwright's designs were used in over 250,000 machines in England. James Henry Northrop invented the automatic "weft replenishment" loom. It revolutionized the weaving industry. Some 700,000 "Northrop" automatic looms were sold worldwide.
Originally, power looms used a shuttle to throw the weft across, but in the early part of the 20th century the faster and more efficient shuttleless loom came into use. Today, advances in technology have produced a variety of looms designed to maximize production for specific types of material. The most common of these are air-jet looms and water-jet looms. Computer-driven looms are now also available to individual home weavers.

Ahmadiyya
Ahmadiyya ("Ahmadiyya") is a movement founded in the 19th Century by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad from Qadian (Punjab, India). It was started before India was split into the modern day states of India, Pakistan and Bangladesh.
Ahmad wanted to make small changes, or reforms, to Islam. In 1914, the movement split into two different groups, over a question of who should become the next Caliph. Both groups still exist today.
Mirza Ghulam Ahmad was an important religious leader. He claimed to have fulfilled the prophecies about the world reformer of the end times. Such things were told in the stories and writings of many World religions. These stories call the reformer the Mujaddid (divine reformer) of the 14th Islamic century, the promised Messiah (“Second Coming of Christ”) or Mahdi.
Ahmadis consider themselves Muslims and claim to practice the Islam that was taught and practised by Muhammad and his followers. Mirza Ghulam Ahmad founded the movement in 1889 and named it the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community. His goal was to restore life into Islam.
The original Ahmadiyya movement split into two separate groups after the death of Nooruddin, the first successor of Ghulam Ahmad.
These movements are the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community (AMJ) and the smaller Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation of Islam ("Ahmadiyya Anjuman Ishaat-i-Islam", AAIIL). The groups have different interpretations of Ahmad's teachings and claims. They also have different opinions on who should have come after Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, and how this person should be chosen.
The larger faction of the Ahmadiyya Movement, known as the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community is active in 190 countries of the world. The International Headquarters of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community is currently in London, England. Further, they have created a place called "Islamabad" in Tilford Surrey; the London Mosque; and also Western Europe’s biggest mosque, the Baitul Futuh “House of Victories” in Morden, south-west London.
The smaller faction, known as the Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement, is active in 17 countries of the world. They are most notable in Germany, Australia and Pakistan. The International Headquarters of the Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement is in the town of Lahore, Pakistan where the Lahore Movement started. Within Lahore, Pakistan, are the "Ahmadiyya Buildings Lahore" which act as the international administrative base for the Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement.
The views of Ahmadiyya are controversial to popular Islam. The majority of Muslims have not accepted Mirza Ghulam Ahmad’s claims. They do not consider Ahmadis to be Muslims. Controversial points include the Ahmadiyya view on the death and return of Jesus and their concept of Jihad. The Ahmadiyya community also has a different interpretation of verse [Qur'an 33:40] of the Qur'an. This verse talks about the finality of Muhammad. The members of the Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement are not subject to such criticism because they do not believe in Mirza Ghulam Ahmad was a prophet. For this reason, they are more close to traditional mainstream Islam. Ahmadis (particularly the members of the International Ahmadiyya Muslim Community) argue that their beliefs are in accordance with Islam, and using arguments from the Qur'an, Hadith and opinion of Islamic jurists and theologians, challenge the contention of the groups calling them non-Muslims.

Paris Métro
The Paris Métro or Métropolitain () is a rapid transit system in Paris, France. It has 16 lines, which together are 214 km (133 mi) long. There are 300 stations.

Heroes
Heroes is an American television shown on the network NBC in the US, BBC 2 in the UK and various other stations worldwide. It is about a group of people who have superpowers.

Eddie Su'a
Eddie Su'a born 13 January, 1983 is a rugby league player for the Cronulla Sharks in the NRL. He plays as a prop.

Strings (music)
A string is a string made of steel, nylon, or gut which vibrates on string instruments, such as the guitar, harp, piano, or violin. They are usually under tension to help them vibrate.

Peter Sellers
Richard Henry Sellers, CBE, commonly known as Peter Sellers (8 September 1925 – 24 July 1980) was a British comedian and actor best known for his three roles in "Dr. Strangelove", as Inspector Clouseau in "The Pink Panther" films, and as Clare Quilty in the original 1962 screen version of "Lolita".

Saşa River (Moneasa)
The Saşa River is a headwater of the Moneasa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Moneasa River.

Boris Johnson
Alexander Boris de Pfeffel Johnson (born 19 June 1964) is a British politician and journalist. The current Mayor of London, he previously served as the Conservative Member of Parliament for Henley and as editor of "The Spectator" magazine.
Johnson was educated at Eton and Balliol College, Oxford, where he read Classics. He began his journalism career with "The Times", and later moved on to "The Daily Telegraph" where he was assistant editor. He was appointed editor of "The Spectator" in 1999. In the 2001 general election he was elected to the House of Commons and became one of the most high profile politicians in the country, partly because of his distinctive appearance and persona. He gained praise for several appearances on the "Have I Got News for You" television programme, but received negative headlines in October 2004 after an editorial column in "The Spectator" criticised the people of Liverpool after the death of Kenneth Bigley. He has also written several books.
Under Michael Howard, Johnson briefly served on the Conservative front bench as the Shadow Minister for the Arts from April 2004 until November 2004 when he was sacked after allegedly lying to Howard when denying he had had an affair with Petronella Wyatt. When contemporary David Cameron was elected leader of the Conservative Party in 2005, Johnson was re-appointed to the front bench as Shadow Minister for Higher Education and resigned as editor of "The Spectator" to concentrate on his new role. In September 2007 he was selected as the Conservative candidate for the 2008 Mayor of London election. Though some questioned his suitability for the role, Johnson defeated Labour incumbent Ken Livingstone and was elected Mayor, after which he resigned as an MP from the House of Commons.
Early life, education and marriages.
Johnson is the eldest of the four children of Stanley Johnson, a former Conservative MEP and employee of the European Commission and World Bank, and his first wife, painter Charlotte Fawcett (later Wahl), the daughter of Sir James Fawcett, a prominent barrister and president of the European Commission of Human Rights. Johnson was born in New York City in the United States of America.
On his father's side Johnson is great-grandson of Ali Kemal Bey, a liberal Turkish journalist and interior minister in the government of Damat Ferid Pasha, Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire, who was murdered during the Turkish War of Independence. During World War I, Boris's grandfather and great aunt were recognised as British subjects and took their grandmother's maiden name of Johnson. In reference to his cosmopolitan ancestry, Johnson has described himself as a "one-man melting pot" — with a combination of Muslims, Jews and Christians comprising his great-grandparentage. His father's maternal grandmother, Marie Louise de Pfeffel, was a descendent of Prince Paul of Württemberg through his relationship with a German actress. Through Prince Paul, Johnson is a descendent of King George II of Great Britain and through George's great-great-great grandfather King James I of England, a descendent of all the previous British royal houses.
Johnson was born in New York City, New York, USA, but his family returned to England soon afterwards as his mother had yet to take her Oxford finals. Johnson's sister Rachel was born a year later. As a child, Boris Johnson suffered from severe deafness and had to undergo several operations to have grommets inserted in his ears, and was reportedly rather quiet as a child. He was educated at the European School in Brussels, Ashdown House and then at Eton College, where he was a King's Scholar. He read Classics at Balliol College, Oxford, as a Brackenbury scholar, and was elected President of the Oxford Union, at his second attempt. Frank Luntz and Radek Sikorski have claimed Johnson touted himself as a supporter of the Social Democratic Party, then a dominant current at the university, as a strategy to win the Union presidency, though Johnson denies he was more than the SDP's preferred candidate. Along with David Cameron he was a member of Oxford's Bullingdon Club, a student dining society known for its raucous feasts.
In 1987 he married Allegra Mostyn-Owen but the marriage lasted less than a year, finally being dissolved in 1993. Later that same year he married Marina Wheeler, a barrister, the daughter of journalist and broadcaster Sir Charles Wheeler and his Sikh Indian wife, Dip Singh. The Wheeler and Johnson families have known each other for decades, and Marina Wheeler was at the European School in Brussels at the same time as her future husband. They have two sons—Theodore Apollo (born 1999) and Milo Arthur (born 1995)—and two daughters—Lara Lettice (born 1993) and Cassia Peaches (born 1997). Boris Johnson and his family currently live in Holloway, North London.
Political career.
In 2001, Johnson was elected MP for Henley-on-Thames, succeeding Michael Heseltine, having previously been defeated in Clwyd South in the 1997 general election. In 2004 he was appointed to the front bench as Shadow Minister for the Arts in a small reshuffle resulting from the resignation of the Shadow Home Affairs Spokesman, Nick Hawkins. He was also from November 2003 vice-chairman of the Conservative Party, with an emphasis on campaigning.
Johnson was dismissed from these high-profile posts in November, 2004 over accusations that he lied to Michael Howard about a four-year extramarital affair with Petronella Wyatt, "The Spectators New York correspondent and former deputy editor. Johnson derided these allegations as "an inverted pyramid of piffle", but Howard sacked Johnson because he believed press reports showed Johnson had lied, rather than for the affair itself.
He was appointed Shadow Minister for Higher Education on 9 December 2005 by new Conservative Leader David Cameron, and resigned as editor of "The Spectator" soon afterwards. On 2 April 2006 it was alleged in the "News of the World" that Johnson had had another extramarital affair, this time with "Times Higher Education Supplement" journalist Anna Fazackerley. The video shows him emerging from her flat and waving to her in a taxi. Subsequently, in a speech at the University of Exeter concerning student finance, he allegedly made comical remarks about his gratitude to the audience for not "raising other issues" during the talk, which may have been a reference to the allegations. A report in "The Times" stated that Cameron regarded the possible affair as a private matter, and that Johnson would not lose his job over it.
2008 London Mayoral election.
After several days of speculation, Johnson announced he was a potential Conservative candidate for the London mayoral election in 2008 on 16 July 2007. Reported as saying "the opportunity is too great and the prize too wonderful to miss... the chance to represent London and speak for Londoners", he resigned as Shadow Minister for Higher Education. He was confirmed as the Conservative candidate on 27 September 2007 after gaining 75% of the vote in a public London wide primary.
Alcohol use ban on public transport.
On 7 May 2008, Johnson announced plans to ban the consumption of alcohol on the London transport network, effective from 1 June, a policy described by Jeroen Weimar, Transport for London's director of transport policing and enforcement, as reasonable, saying people should be more considerate on the trains. The ban initially applies on the London Underground, Buses, DLR and Croydon Trams. The London Overground will be added later in June 2008. Press releases said that the ban would apply to "stations across the capital", but did not specify whether this included National Rail stations - especially those stations not served by the TfL lines on which alcohol is banned.
On the final evening on which alcohol was to be permitted on London transport, thousands of drinkers descended on the Underground system to mark the event. Six London Underground stations were closed as trouble began, and a number of staff and police were assaulted. Police made 17 arrests as several trains were damaged and withdrawn from service.
2008 Olympics.
Johnson was present at the closing ceremony of the 2008 Beijing Olympics as London's representative to receive the Olympic flag from Guo Jinlong, the Mayor of Beijing in order to formally announce London as Olympic host city. He was accused by Chinese media of being "rude, arrogant and disrespectful" for accepting the Olympic flag with one hand, putting his hands in his pockets and not buttoning up his jacket. At the subsequent handover party held at London House in Beijing, he gave a speech in which he declared 'ping pong is coming home'.

NUbuntu
nUbuntu or Network Ubuntu is a project to take the existing Ubuntu operating system and remaster it as a Live CD and Full Install with tools needed for penetration testing servers and networks. The main idea is to keep Ubuntu's ease of use and mix it with popular penetration testing tools. Besides usage for network and server testing, nUbuntu will be made to be a desktop distribution for advanced Linux users.
Contents.
nUbuntu uses the light window manager Fluxbox.
It includes some of the most used security programs for Linux, such as Wireshark, nmap, dSniff, and Ettercap.
Releases.
Below is a list of previous and current releases.

Bârlogel River
The Bârlogel River is a tributary of the Moneasa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Moneasa River.

Valea Lungă River (Dezna)
The Valea Lungă River is a tributary of the Moneasa River in Romania. This means it flows into the Moneasa River.

Fumuri River
The Fumuri River is a tributary of the Creţu River in Romania. This means it flows into the Creţu River.

Secătura River (Creţu)
The Secătura River is a tributary of the Creţu River in Romania. This means it flows into the Creţu River.

Creţu River (Moneasa)
The Creţu River is a tributary of the Moneasa River in Romania. This means it flows into the Moneasa River.

Târsu River
The Târsu River is a headwater of the Moneasa River in Romania. This means it flows into the Moneasa River.

Boroaia River
The Boroaia River is a tributary of the Moneasa River in Romania. This means it flows into the Moneasa River.

Valea Rugii River
The Valea Rugii River is a tributary of the Moneasa River in Romania. This means it flows into the Valea Rugii River.

Megheş River
The Megheş River is a tributary of the Moneasa River in Romania. This means it flows into the Moneasa River.

Valea Băilor River (Criş)
The Valea Băilor River is a tributary of the Moneasa River in Romania. This means it flows into the Moneasa River.

Prussian blue
Prussian blue, also known as Berlin blue, is a dark blue colour which is artificially made.
It is one of the first pigments made synthetically. It was discovered by accident in 1704 by two chemists in Berlin.
The dark blue uniforms of the Prussian army were dyed this colour.
Colour.
A colour can be represented by hex triplet is a six-digit, three-byte hexadecimal number used in HTML, CSS, and other computing applications. The hex triplet to represent Prussian blue is 003153.
When using the RGB color model where red, green, and blue light are added together, Prussian blue has the RGB code of 0, 49, 83
Use as a medicine.
Prussian blue is a medicine which is sometimes prescribed by doctors to help remove certain radioactive materials from people’s bodies. It has been used this way since the 1960s.
Potential use in computer storage.
Prussian blue is a chemical compound. One of the chemical elements in this compound is iron.
Researchers have experimented replacing some of the iron atoms in Prussian blue with cobalt. When the Prussian blue compound is lit with a red light at -150 C, the compound shifts from being non-magnetic (off) to magnetic (on). The magnetic shift does not change back except if deliberately reversed (or undone) with heat.
This magnetism is due to the transfer of an electron from the cobalt to the iron, with light providing the energy, while the electron moves back when heat is applied, the researchers said.
This magnetic property means the compound can be used in computer storage. Because the compound can be turned "on" and "off" in a controlled way, it can remember binary information. Binary information is used for computer storage.
This way of using the compound is till being developed.

Pârâul Pinilor
The Pârâul Pinilor is a tributary of the Moneasa River in Romania. This means it flows into the Moneasa River.

Moneasa River
The Moneasa River is a headwater of the Sebiş River in Romania. This means it flows into the Sebiş River. It starts where the Târsu River meets the Saşa River

Valea Seacă River (Dezna)
The Valea Seacă River is a tributary of the Dezna River in Romania. This means it flows into the Dezna River.

Scăriţa River (Dezna)
The Scăriţa River is a tributary of the Dezna River in Romania. This means it flows into the Dezna River.

Valea Cetăţii River (Dezna)
The Valea Cetăţii River is a tributary of the Dezna River in Romania. This means it flows into the Dezna River.

Valea Strâmbă River (Dezna)
The Valea Strâmba River is a tributary of the Dezna River in Romania. This means it flows into the Dezna River.

London Assembly
The London Assembly is an elected body and part of the Greater London Authority that verifies the activities of the Mayor of London. It has the power, with a two-thirds majority, to amend the Mayor's annual budget. The Assembly was established in 2000 and is headquartered at City Hall on the south side of the River Thames. The Assembly is also able to investigate other issues of importance to Londoners, publish its findings and recommendations, and make proposals to the Mayor.

Marilyn Manson (musician)
Brian Hugh Warner (born January 5, 1969), better known by his stage name Marilyn Manson, is an American singer and artist, known for his stage persona and image as the lead singer of the eponymous band. His stage name was formed from the names of actress Marilyn Monroe and murderer, Charles Manson.

Somali language
Somali () is a member of the East Cushitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family spoken by ethnic Somalis in Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia, Yemen and Kenya, as well as by the Somali diaspora around the world -- an estimated total population of between 10 and 16 million speakers.

Gravy
Gravy is an English sauce made often from the juices that run naturally from meat or vegetables during cooking. It is a smooth, non-chunky liquid. Ready-made cubes and powders can be used as a substitute for natural meat or vegetable extracts. Canned gravies are also available. Gravy is commonly served with roasts, meatloaf, rice, and potato dishes.

B. F. Skinner
Burrhus Frederic Skinner (March 20, 1904 – August 18 1990) was an important American psychologist author. He also was an inventor who wanted to change the society he lived in.and a poet. He was the Edgar Pierce Professor of Psychology at Harvard University from 1958 until his retirement in 1974.

Falmouth Academy
Falmouth Academy (also known as FA) is a private preparatory school for students from grades 7-12 located in Falmouth, Massachusetts on Cape Cod.

Breastfeeding
Breastfeeding is when a mother feeds her babies with her breasts. The baby puts it's mouth on to their mother's nipple and sucks the milk out. Another common way to breastfeed would be to use a breast pump. It is a machine used to pump the milk out of the breast for later use by the child.

Satyajit Ray
Satyajit Ray () (2 May 1921–23 April 1992) was a Bengali Indian movie director. Many people consider him as one of the greatest "auteurs" of 20th century film.
He was born in the city of Kolkata. His Bengali family was prominent in arts and letters. Ray studied at Presidency College and at the Visva-Bharati University. He started his career as a commercial artist. Ray was interested in filmmaking by meeting French filmmaker Jean Renoir and seeing the Italian neorealist film "Bicycle Thieves" during a visit to London.
Ray directed thirty-seven films. These include feature films, documentaries and shorts. Ray's first film, "Pather Panchali", won eleven international prizes, including "Best Human Document" at Cannes Film Festival. This film along with "Aparajito" and "Apur Sansar" form the "Apu trilogy". Ray did scripting, casting, scoring, cinematography, art direction, editing and designed his own credit titles and publicity material. He was a fiction writer, publisher, illustrator, graphic designer and film critic. Ray won an Academy Award in 1992.

Petrarch
Francesco Petrarca (July 20, 1304 – July 19, 1374), known in English as Petrarch, was an Italian scholar, poet, and one of the earliest Renaissance humanists. Petrarch is often popularly called the "father of humanism". Based on Petrarch's works, and to a lesser extent those of Dante Alighieri and Giovanni Boccaccio, Pietro Bembo in the 16th century created the model for the modern Italian language. Petrarch is credited with developing the sonnetto a level of perfection that would be unsurpassed to this day and spreading its use to other European languages. His sonnets were admired and imitated throughout Europe during the Renaissance and became a model for lyrical poetry. Petrarch was also known for being one of the first people to call the Middle Ages the Dark Ages, although the negative myth as we know it today is largely the legacy of romantic literature.

Language planning
Language planning is the attempt to influence how a language is used. This is usually done ot make it possible to use the language for more subjects. Goals, objectves and strategies are made to change the way a language is used. For many languages there are special organisations, that look after the language. Examples of such organisations are the Academie Française for French or the British Council for English.

Johnny Marr
Johnny Marr (born John Martin Maher on 31 October 1963 in Ardwick, Manchester) is an English guitarist, keyboardist, harmonica player, and singer. Marr rose to fame in the 1980s as the guitarist in The Smiths, where he formed an influential songwriting partnership with Morrissey.

Years of Refusal
"Years of Refusal" is the forthcoming ninth solo album by Morrissey, the former lead singer of The Smiths. The album, to be distributed by Decca, is set for release on February 2, 2009 in the United Kingdom and February 3, 2009 in the United States.

Indus Waters Treaty
The Indus Waters Treaty is a water-sharing treaty between the Republic Of India and Islamic Republic Of Pakistan. The treaty was signed in Karachi on September 19, 1960 by the then Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and the then President of Pakistan Field Marshal Mohammad Ayub Khan. The World Bank (then the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development) is a signatory as a third party.
Provisions.
The Indus System of Rivers comprises three Western Rivers - the Indus, the Jhelum and Chenab and three Eastern Rivers - the Sutlej, the Beas and the Ravi; and with minor exceptions, the treaty gives India exclusive use of all of the waters of the Eastern Rivers and their tributaries before the point where the rivers enter Pakistan. Similarly, Pakistan has exclusive use of the Western Rivers. Pakistan also received one-time financial compensation for the loss of water from the Eastern rivers.
The countries agree to exchange data and co-operate in matters related to the treaty. For this purpose, treaty creates the Permanent Indus Commission, with a commissioner appointed by each country.

John Willcock
John Collings Willcock (9 August 1879 – 7 June 1956) was the 15th Premier of Western Australia from 20 August 1936 to 31 July 1945. He was from the Labor Party.

Philip Collier
Philip Collier (21 April 1873 – 18 October 1948) was the 14th Premier of Western Australia from 17 April 1924 to 23 April 1930 and then from 24 April 1933 to 19 August 1936. He was from the Labor Party.

James Mitchell
Sir James Mitchell (27 April 1866 – 26 July 1951) was the 13th Premier of Western Australia from 17 May 1919 to 15 April 1924 and again from 24 April 1930 to 24 April 1933. He was from the Nationalist Party. After he was Premier he became the acting Governor of Western Australia until 1948 when he was made the Governor. He retired as Governor one month before he died. The Mitchell Freeway, one of the major roads in Perth (the capital city of Western Australia) is named after him.

Folie à Deux
"Folie à Deux" is the alternative rock album by rock and pop band Fall Out Boy.

What a Catch, Donnie
"What A Catch, Donnie" (or for short "What A Catch") is 3rd single released off the album by Fall Out Boy called "Folie à Deux". The single was released October 14, 2008.

Stade de Suisse
The Stade de Suisse is a football stadium in Bern, Switzerland. It's the home ground of BSC Young Boys, wich is a Swiss football team. The Stade de Suisse is currently the second biggest football stadium in Switzerland.
General Information.
The Stade de Suisse was built on the grounds of the former Wankdorf Stadium, wich had been demolished in 2001.
The owner of the stadium is the Stade de Suisse AG. The stadium has a capacity of 32,000 spectators, all covered seats. The field is 105 m x 68 m and has got a artificial turf surface.
The construction costs were 350 million francs. Integrated into the roof are solar panels with a yearly production of 700,000 kWh. There is also one of the biggest shopping centres.
The stadium is 2 kilometers away from the city.
The stadium was officially opened on July 30, 2005, although the first match in the new stadium had already taken place on July 16 2005. Young Boys played against Olympique Marseille and lost 2-3 with 14,000 spectators watching. The match was considered an "infrastructure test", which is why no more than 14,000 tickets were sold.
The construction is called "Stade de Suisse, Berne, Wankdorf". But most people are used to calling it just,Wankdorf", although "Stade de Suisse" is the official name.
European Football Championship 2008.
The Wankdorf was one of the venues for the Euro 2008. There were played 3 group games. For the Euro 2008 they had to change the artificial turf. They put natural turf. After the event the stadium had again his usual ground. The reason for the artificial turf is that the stadium can also be used for concerts. So artist like Bon Jovi, Robbie Williams, Herbert Grönemeyer and bands like Genesis were there.
The hot seat.
All the seats are black or yellow, but there is only one red seat in sector A. It is called the hot seat. It's created for former player of Young Boys or prominent visitors. The first who sat on that seat was the most successful goalkeeper of Young Boys, Walter Eirich
Ice hockey attendance record.
A ice hockey game took place at the Stade de Suisse in January, 2007. SC Bern played against SC Langnau. The two rivals managed to fill the stadium with 30,076 fans. It was a record attendance in Europe.

Ken Livingstone
Kenneth Robert Livingstone (born 17 June 1945) is a British socialist politician. He has twice held the leading political role in London local government: firstly as leader of the Greater London Council from 1981 until the council was abolished in 1986 by the government of Margaret Thatcher, and secondly as the first Mayor of London, a post he held from its creation in 2000 until 2008. He also served as Labour Party Member of Parliament for Brent East between 1987 and 2001.
He was initially elected as Mayor of London as an Independent candidate after the Labour Party chose not to nominate him as their candidate in the first mayoral elections. In January 2004, he was re-admitted to the Labour Party. He stood as the official Labour Party candidate for Mayor in the June 2004 elections, which he won with a total of 828,380 first- and second-preference votes. On 1 May 2008 Livingstone was defeated in his second re-election bid by Conservative candidate Boris Johnson, and his term as Mayor of London ended on 4 May 2008.
He has announced his intention to run again for the post of London mayor in 2012. In the meantime, he has been appointed as an adviser for urban planning to Hugo Chávez.
Early and private life.
Livingstone was born in Lambeth, London, England, the son of Ethel Ada (Kennard), a professional dancer, and Robert Moffat Livingstone, who was of Scottish descent and worked as a ship's master in the Merchant Navy. Livingstone has described his parents as "working class Tories".
Livingstone attended Tulse Hill Comprehensive School. He did not pass the eleven-plus examination in 1956 but still managed to obtain a few O-levels. He worked for eight years as a cancer research technician, between 1962 and 1970. He also trained as a teacher, qualifying in 1973, but was never active in the profession. Livingstone joined the Labour Party in 1968 at a time when party membership was falling and few new young members were joining, and rose rapidly in the local party. He was elected to the Lambeth Borough Council in May 1971 and served as Vice-Chair of the Housing Committee from 1971 to 1973 (succeeding John Major in the job).
At the a> just before the deadline to stand for the council in 1978, and was elected there. Livingstone's performance in Hampstead in the United Kingdom 1979 general election was good, although he did not come close to winning what was at that time a safe Conservative seat.
He married Christine Pamela Chapman in 1973 and the marriage ended in divorce in 1982. Around that time he became involved with Kate Allen (Amnesty International UK), now director of Amnesty International in the UK, but the couple separated in November 2001.
Livingstone and his current partner Emma Beal, also his office manager, have a son, Thomas, born 14 December 2002 at the University College Hospital, London, and a daughter, Mia, born on 20 March 2004 at the Royal Free Hospital in Hampstead. He also has three other children from previous relationships, whose existence was only publicly revealed during the London mayoral election, 2008. Livingstone is a noted "bon vivant", having twice worked as a food critic for London's "Evening Standard" newspaper and various magazines.
He is known for his enthusiasm for keeping and breeding newts.
Livingstone in parliament.
Livingstone again stood for Parliament in the 1987 general election, winning a seat in the north-west London constituency of Brent East. He replaced Labour MP Reg Freeson who was a committed left-winger, but his relatively moderate ("sensible left") views made him vulnerable to the hard left in the early 1980s. Freeson was able to retain his seat at the 1983 general election, but was deselected in 1985 after a bitter struggle, described as "political 'murder'" in his Guardian obituary, and replaced as Labour candidate in Brent East by Livingstone.
In his maiden speech to Parliament in July 1987, Livingstone used Parliamentary privilege to raise a number of allegations made by Fred Holroyd, a former MI6 operative in Northern Ireland. Despite the convention of maiden speeches being non-controversial, Livingstone alleged that Holroyd had been mistreated when he tried to expose MI5 collusion with loyalist paramilitaries in the 1970s and the part Captain Robert Nairac is alleged to have played. He also voiced Colin Wallace's allegations of MI5 dirty tricks levelled at Harold Wilson, part of what became known as the "Wilson plot".
As a Labour backbencher, Livingstone lost the public platform he possessed as head of the GLC; furthermore, his brand of radical socialism was increasingly out of step with the Labour leadership, which had moved sharply towards the centre under the leadership of Neil Kinnock who now blamed left-wingers like Livingstone for Labour's 'unelectability.' Over the long term, though, it was Livingstone rather than Kinnock who was to achieve electoral success. In September 1987 he was elected to the party's National Executive Committee, although he lost this position two years later; he regained it in 1997 beating Peter Mandelson in what some interpreted as a rebuke to Tony Blair. He was re-elected MP in the general election of 1992, with a 6% swing to Labour in his Brent East constituency. Besides serving in the Commons, Livingstone held a number of other 'odd jobs' during this period, including game show contestant and host, after-dinner speaker, and restaurant reviewer for the "Evening Standard". In 1987 he published an autobiography-cum-political tract, "If Voting Changed Anything They'd Abolish It".
As a politician comfortable in light-hearted and satirical situations, in 1990, Livingstone made the first of seven appearances on the topical panel show "Have I Got News For You". For a long time, his first six appearances would stand as the show's record; his current tally of seven - the last being in 2002 - fall one short of the record for guest appearances currently held by Germaine Greer and Will Self.
In 1995, Livingstone appeared on the track "Ernold Same" by the band Blur, taken from the album "The Great Escape". Livingstone provided spoken word vocals and was listed as 'The Right On Ken Livingstone.'
Livingstone appeared in one of a series of advertisements extolling the virtues of cheese in the 1980s, appropriately endorsing red Leicester. On the other side of politics, Edward Heath advertised Danish Blue. Their respective choices are down to the colour red being associated with the Labour Party, and blue with the Conservative Party.
Greater London's first mayor.
Livingstone was again re-elected in the 1997 general election, in which Labour was returned to power under the leadership of Tony Blair. Among Labour's proposals was the establishment of a Greater London Authority which was to be a strategic body: unlike the GLC the Greater London Authority would not provide any services to Londoners directly. The new Greater London Authority would be headed by a directly-elected mayor, who would be watched over by a 25-member Assembly.
Despite having earlier criticised the specific proposals for a new London-wide authority, Livingstone was widely tipped for the new post of Mayor. The mayoral election was scheduled for 2000, and in 1999, Labour began the long and trying process of selecting its candidate. Despite Blair's personal antipathy, Livingstone was included on Labour's shortlist in November 1999, having pledged that he would not run as an independent if he failed to secure the party's nomination. William Hague, then Leader of the Opposition taunted Blair at Prime Minister's Question Time: "Why not split the job in two, with Frank Dobson as your day mayor and Ken Livingstone as your nightmare?"
Labour chose its official candidate on 20 February 2000. Although Livingstone received a healthy majority of the total votes, he nevertheless lost the nomination to former Secretary of State for Health Frank Dobson, under a controversial system in which votes from sitting Labour MPs and MEPs were weighted more heavily than votes from rank-and-file members. On 6 March, Livingstone announced that he would run against Dobson as an independent, confirming speculation that he would renege on his earlier pledge. He was suspended from the Labour Party the same day and expelled on 4 April. Tony Blair said that Livingstone as mayor would be a "disaster" for London; he later said he was wrong in that prediction.
The result of the election — held on 4 May — was a foregone conclusion: Dobson, who it was alleged, had been pressured into running by the party leadership, unsuccessfully based his campaign on claims that Livingstone was an egomaniac, and the Conservatives remained becalmed after their catastrophic national defeat in 1997. Livingstone came out ahead in the first round of balloting with 38% of first-preference votes to Conservative Steven Norris's 27%; Dobson finished third, with 13% of all first-preference votes — just ahead of Liberal Democrat Susan Kramer, with 12%. Under the modified instant-runoff voting system employed for the election, only the votes cast for Livingstone and Norris were considered in the second round, where Livingstone won with 58% of first- and second-preference votes, versus 42% for Norris.
Livingstone continued to sit in parliament, as an independent having had the Labour whip withdrawn, until standing down at the 2001 General Election.
2004 re-election.
Livingstone applied for readmittance to the Labour Party in 2002 but was rejected. In November 2003, however, rumours emerged that the Labour Party would allow Livingstone to rejoin, just ahead of the 2004 London mayoral election. Opinion polls consistently gave a poor showing to Labour's official candidate, Nicky Gavron, and many in the party leadership (including Tony Blair himself) feared that Labour would be humiliated by a fourth-place finish. In mid-December, Gavron announced she would stand down as the Labour candidate in favour of a 'unity campaign,' with Gavron as Livingstone's deputy, with Labour's National Executive Committee voting 25-2 to pave the way for Livingstone's readmittance. The deal hinged on a 'loyalty test' administered by a special five-member NEC panel on 9 January. The panel recommended that Livingstone be allowed back in the party. The move towards readmittance came amid considerable opposition from senior party members, including Chancellor of the Exchequer Gordon Brown, Deputy Prime Minister John Prescott, and former party leader Neil Kinnock. In a ballot of Labour Party members in London, Livingstone was overwhelmingly endorsed as the Labour candidate for the 2004 Mayoral election.
Livingstone was re-elected Mayor of London on 10 June 2004. He won 36% of first preference votes to Conservative Steven Norris's 28% and Liberal Democrat Simon Hughes's 15%. Six other candidates shared the remainder of the votes. When all the candidates except Livingstone and Norris were eliminated and the second preferences of those voters who had picked neither Livingstone or Norris as their first choice were counted, Livingstone won with 55% to Norris's 45%.
2008 Election.
Livingstone sought re-election in 2008, but was defeated by Conservative candidate Boris Johnson on a night that saw the Labour Party suffer its worst electoral defeats for forty years. Once first and second votes were taken into account Johnson had 1,168,738 votes, Livingstone 1,028,966 - a margin of 139, 772 votes or just over 6% of those who voted.
Speaking immediately after the count, Johnson paid public tribute to his defeated rival, praising "the very considerable achievements of the last mayor of London" and describing Livingstone as "a very considerable public servant". Johnson went on to say "You shaped the office of mayor. You gave it national prominence and when London was attacked on 7 July 2005 you spoke for London."
Johnson also spoke of Livingstone's "courage and the sheer exuberant nerve with which you stuck it to your enemies" and expressed a desire that the new Conservative administration could "discover a way in which the mayoralty can continue to benefit from your transparent love of London".
Public transport.
Livingstone's greatest challenge as Mayor of London has been dealing with the city's ageing transportation infrastructure. Despite conflict over appropriate funding schemes and engineering challenges to modernising both the London Underground and the city's bus system, an Association of London Government survey, conducted by MORI towards the end of Livingstone's first term in 2004, suggested growing public satisfaction with public transport, with buses in particular being seen as more frequent and reliable.
In accordance with his pre-election pledge, bus fares were frozen for four years, but then the standard single cash fare on buses more than doubled. Further, and contrary to his pledge during his first election campaign, when he said "only a de-humanised moron would get rid of the Routemaster", Livingstone removed the famous Routemaster buses from routine service on 9 December 2005, claiming it was because the new buses were wheelchair-accessible, although several of the old buses are used on shortened "heritage routes". There was some question over the legality of using the old Routemaster under the Disability Discrimination Act 1995 as the Routemasters effectively banned wheel chair users.
In tandem with the removal of Routemaster buses, Livingstone oversaw the introduction of bending articulated buses. These buses have faced criticism for allegedly being fire-prone, dangerous to cyclists, and unable to navigate some winding streets; see London articulated bus controversy.
Livingstone has been a strong proponent of the Oyster card smartcard ticketing system for London's public transport network introduced in 2003. In late 2005, Livingstone proposed large fare increases for on-the-spot tickets across the Tube and bus network to encourage regular travellers to use the automated Oyster system to reduce queuing at Underground stations and avoid delays in conductorless buses as drivers issue tickets. The plans, although ratified by the GLA and introduced in January 2006 were condemned by those who argued that the increases would increase the cost of travelling in London to tourists and others who do not travel regularly. Civil liberties groups have expressed concern over the way in which Transport for London is able to track the movements of passengers using the Oyster card system. Livingstone moved to make all bus journeys free for passengers under the age of 18 enrolled in full-time education who travel with an Oyster card and introduced initiatives to enable visitors to buy an Oyster card before arriving in London.
One of the key points of conflict between Livingstone and the Labour Party had been the proposed 'Public-Private Partnership' for the London Underground. Livingstone had run in 2000 on a policy of financing the improvements to Tube infrastructure by a public bond issue, which had been done in the case of the New York City Subway. However the Mayor did not have power in this area at the time as the Underground operated independently of Transport for London. The PPP deal went ahead in July 2002, but it did not diminish Livingstone's desire to re-join Labour. Metronet, one of the winners of the contract for PPP, subsequently went into administration in July 2007.
Congestion charge.
Livingstone introduced the London congestion charge with the purpose of reducing traffic congestion in central London. Since being introduced the charge has proved to be controversial, though Transport for London maintains that traffic has fallen by 20% within the charge zone since the scheme began. One reason for the controversy is that whilst the scheme has been lucrative for its private-sector operator, Capita, some critics argue it has failed to raise the promised levels of funding for public transport as costs eat up the revenue.
However, its apparent success in reducing congestion has led to similar schemes being proposed in other major cities such as New York.
In November 2003, Livingstone was named 'Politician of the Year' by the Political Studies Association, which cited his implementation of what the association called a 'bold and imaginative' congestion charge scheme.
The United States Embassy for many years has refused to pay the charge because they argue it is a tax and not a charge on congestion.
Environmental policies.
Ken Livingstone has been called “an environmentalist, a leftist, a lover of newts," and has made a significant effort to reduce London’s impact on the environment. He began by creating the and the in his first term as Mayor of London. The Mayor’s, “green light to clean power,” commits London to reducing its emissions of carbon dioxide by 20%, relative to the 1990 level, by 2010. However, he does support the Thames Gateway Bridge in East London that Friends of the Earth say "would bring few benefits to the local people and lead to more traffic, more noise and air pollution and an increase in climate-changing emissions". In October 2007, London Councils stated Livingstone had gone back on his promise to help chair the developing London Waste and Recycling Board, and to provide £6 million of funding for the project, because "the government had failed to provide him with absolute control of the Board."
In June 2007, Livingstone criticised a planned £200 million desalination plant at Beckton, which would be the United Kingdom's first, calling it "misguided and a retrograde step in UK environmental policy", and that "we should be encouraging people to use less water, not more."
Same-sex civil partnerships.
In 2001 Livingstone set up Britain's first register for same-sex couples; while falling short of legal marriage rights, the register was seen as a "step towards" such rights. Legal status was later passed by the government through the Civil Partnership Act 2004.
Religious and other festivals.
After rejecting the idea for a couple of years, Livingstone hosted a Jewish Hanukkah ceremony at City Hall in December 2005. He said he intended this to be an annual occurrence. On 17 March 2002 Livingstone introduced an annual Saint Patrick's Day festival to London to celebrate the contributions of the Irish to London, with around 250,000 people annually turning out for this. On 28 October 2006 he helped organise the first ever "Eid in the Square" in Trafalgar Square, in commemoration of the Eid ul-Fitr festival which marks the end of Ramadan, the Muslim month of fasting.
Reaction to 7 July 2005 London bombings.
After the 7 July 2005 London bombings Livingstone, from the 117th IOC Session in Singapore, where it had recently been announced London would host the 2012 Olympic Games, delivered a speech.
Finally, I wish to speak directly to those who came to London today to take life. I know that you personally do not fear giving up your own life in order to take others - that is why you are so dangerous. But I know you fear that you may fail in your long-term objective to destroy our free society and I can show you why you will fail. In the days that follow, look at our airports, look at our sea ports and look at our railway stations and, even after your cowardly attack, you will see that people from the rest of Britain, people from around the world will arrive in London to become Londoners and to fulfil their dreams and achieve their potential. They choose to come to London, as so many have come before because they come to be free, they come to live the life they choose, they come to be able to be themselves. They flee you because you tell them how they should live. They do not want that and nothing you do, however many of us you kill, will stop that flight to our city where freedom is strong and where people can live in harmony with one another. Whatever you do, however many you kill, you will fail.
Livingstone defended the police after the mistaken killing of a Brazilian man, Jean Charles de Menezes, who police believed was a suicide bomber.
Racism policies.
In 2001 Livingstone revived the free anti-racism Music festival now called. He believes that this, along with other anti-racist policies, is why London has seen a 35% decrease in racist attacks.
In September 2005 Livingstone came out in support of placing a statue of Nelson Mandela, the former President of South Africa, on the north terrace of Trafalgar Square. Livingstone said "There can be no better place than our greatest square to place a statue of Nelson Mandela so that every generation can remind the next of the fight against racism." He was highly critical of the Planning and City Development Committee of Westminster City Council who refused planning permission.
In 2008 Livingstone's race advisor Lee Jasper resigned after being accused of corruption and inappropriate behaviour. Simon Woolley of Operation Black Vote has said the 2008 Mayoral campaign has seen a "wholly disproportionate" focus on Jasper, Doreen Lawrence (Livingstone supporter and mother of Stephen Lawrence), and others.
Apology for London's role in the transatlantic slave trade.
"It is because it is the anniversary of the biggest slave revolt in history, that UNESCO officially marks this day, the 23 August, the anniversary of that outbreak in Haiti, as slavery's official remembrance day. This is why we, in London, call for it to be the annual slave memorial day. We are therefore here to initiate London's annual slavery memorial day, and call for the establishment of a national, annual memorial day. In 1999, Liverpool became the first major British slaving city to formally apologise. The Church of England soon followed suit. In March I invited representatives of London's institutions to join the City of Liverpool and the Church of England for formally apologising for London's role in this monstrous crime. As Mayor, I offer an apology on behalf of London and its institutions for their role in the transatlantic slave trade."
Rejecting the idea that it is not possible to "meaningfully apologise for something a former generation did," Livingstone emphasised that London and by implication the rest of the developed world still profited enormously from the assets accumulated in the slave era, adding "It was the racial murder of not just those who were transported but generations of enslaved African men, women and children. To justify this murder and torture black people had to be declared inferior or not human. We live with the consequences today."
Cronyism and corruption allegations.
In March 2002, while still independent, Livingstone was accused of "cronyism" by some Labour party members in the London Assembly after he had appointed six officials as special advisers at a salary level which seemed to them excessive, and a manoeuvre to help his chances of being re-elected. Livingstone denied the allegations and stated the appointments were a "necessary efficiency drive."
In December 2007, the "Evening Standard" published news of an investigation into grants worth £2.5 million paid to organisations in which Ken Livingstone's adviser Lee Jasper was involved. It is confirmed that some of these grants were paid directly by the mayor's office.
Following Mr. Livingstone’s defeat in the 2008 Mayoral Elections, "The Daily Mail" reported that “Eight 'cronies' of Ken Livingstone are to receive £1.6 million in pay-offs following his defeat in the London mayoral elections.” Mr. Livingstone changed the rules for political appointees who would otherwise not have been eligible for severance packages, which paved the way for the eight City Hall advisors to receive an average of £200,000. Liberal Democrat Leader Dee Doocey stated that the payments were “completely inexcusable” and added that “It seems like there's one law for the ordinary working person and one law for the political class.” Tony Travers, local government expert at the London School of Economics, said: “I think most people will be shocked. You could do quite a lot about knife crime with £1.6 million. It is odd indeed that the full benefits of labour laws designed to protect the vulnerable are being claimed by courtiers who knew they would lose their jobs if their master lost the election.”
Mr Livinstone refuted the comments by stating that 'It's a question of what the law requires. Either there's a legal responsibility or there isn't.'
Dispute with the "Evening Standard".
The epithet "German war criminal" and Livingstone's subsequent jibes refer to the Standard's owners, the Daily Mail and General Trust, which endorsed Oswald Mosley's Fascists in 1934 and supported Nazism until 1939. Livingstone also claimed the "Standard" was guilty of "harassment of a predominantly lesbian and gay event". Gay rights campaigner Peter Tatchell suggested in the Evening Standard that this explanation "came across as patronising. Gay people don't need the Mayor's protection to fend off a journalist asking simple questions."
After listening to the recording supplied by Finegold, the London Assembly voted unanimously to ask Livingstone to apologise. Livingstone responded by saying "the form of words I have used are right. I have nothing to apologise for." Deputy Mayor Nicky Gavron, herself the daughter of a Holocaust survivor, said of Livingstone: "These were inappropriate words and very offensive, both to the individual and to Jews in London." Some two dozen complaints were referred to the Standards Board for England, the body responsible for English local government standards, which passed it to the Adjudication Panel for England, which has the power to ban individuals from public office for five years.
The Adjudication Panel addressed the case over two days on the 13 & 14 December 2005 and adjourned the hearing for two months. On 24 February 2006, Ken Livingstone was found guilty of bringing his office into disrepute and suspended from office for four weeks, stating that he seemed "to have failed... to have appreciated that his conduct was unacceptable". Livingstone attacked the decision on the grounds that the Adjudication Panel members ought not to suspend a democratically elected official from power, describing their actions as "striking at the heart of democracy". The ban was due to begin on 1 March 2006, but on 28 February, a High Court judge postponed it pending an appeal by Livingstone.
The decision was later quashed by the High Court of Justice when on 5 October, Mr Justice Collins overturned the suspension, regardless of the outcome of Livingstone's appeal concerning the breach of standards. The final judgment upheld Livingstone's appeal and stated that the Adjudication Panel had misdirected itself, although the judge stated that the Mayor should have apologised.
On 7 December 2006, at a City Hall reception marking the launch of the London Jewish Forum, Livingstone apologised for any offence that he had caused the Jewish community.
Criticism of Livingstone by the Evening Standard intensified during the 2008 campaign, with daily front page articles attacking him, under the direction of editor Veronica Wadley who originally urged Johnson to stand and who is closely linked to Tory leadership. According to articles in The Guardian and Time Out London, she is strongly influenced by the need to renew Associated Newspaper's multi-million pound contract to deliver the Metro free paper in London Underground stations in 2010, a decision within the gift of the Mayor.
Remarks over foreign policy.
In 2004 Livingstone said "I just long for the day I wake up and find that the Saudi Royal Family are swinging from lamp-posts and they've got a proper government that represents the people of Saudi Arabia."
In a March 2005 commentary in "The Guardian" he accused Israel's prime minister Ariel Sharon of being a "war criminal", citing his alleged personal responsibility for the Sabra and Shatila massacre in 1982 and accusations of ethnic cleansing. Accusations that Sharon was implicated are frequently made by other organisations and leading politicians including the official Israeli Kahan Commission investigation into the massacres in 1982.
"I think you've just had 80 years of western intervention into predominantly Arab lands because of the western need for oil. We've propped up unsavoury governments, we've overthrown ones we didn't consider sympathetic. And I think the particular problem we have at the moment is that in the 1980s ... the Americans recruited and trained Osama Bin Laden, taught him how to kill, to make bombs, and set him off to kill the Russians and drive them out of Afghanistan. They didn't give any thought to the fact that once he'd done that he might turn on his creators. A lot of young people see the double standards, they see what happens in Guantanamo Bay, and they just think that there isn't a just foreign policy."
"Under foreign occupation and denied the right to vote, denied the right to run your own affairs, often denied the right to work for three generations, I suspect that if it had happened here in England, we would have produced a lot of suicide bombers ourselves."
Commentator Mark Steyn described the interview as Livingstone "artfully" attempting "to draw a distinction between Muslim terrorists blowing up his own public transit (which he didn't approve of) and Muslim terrorists blowing up Israeli public transit (which he was inclined to be sympathetic to)."
In November 2003, Livingstone made headlines for referring to US President George W. Bush as 'the greatest threat to life on this planet,' just before Bush's official visit to the UK. Livingstone also organised an alternative 'Peace Reception' at City Hall 'for everybody who is not George Bush,' with anti-war Vietnam veteran Ron Kovic as the guest of honour. In 2004 he referred to Bush as "the most corrupt American president since Harding in the Twenties". In July 2007 Livingstone suggested that Prime Minister Gordon Brown needed to explain to Bush "that US governments need to return to a realistic view of the world. The US is the world's single most powerful country, but much weaker than the rest of the world put together. The attempt by one country to unilaterally impose itself on the rest of the world is not only undesirable but simply won't work."
Venezuelan oil deal.
In February 2007, Ken Livingstone signed a deal with Venezuela to provide cheaper oil for London buses. In return, the Greater London Authority advises Venezuela on recycling, waste management, traffic and reducing carbon emissions. This deal came under criticism from the London Assembly Conservatives including Richard Barnes, who stated that the "money would be better directed at the poor of Venezuela," and journalist Martin Bright, who said that the deal "effectively takes from the poor of Latin America to give to one of the richest cities in the world." Prices have been slashed by 20%; following this, half-price bus travel became available to Londoners on income support. Livingstone stated the plan "rises on the suggestion of President Hugo Chávez and builds on the work his government is doing around the world in tackling the problems of poverty," and also said, "This will make it cheaper and easier for people to go about their lives and get the most out of London. The agreement... will also benefit the people of Venezuela, by providing expertise in areas of city management in which London is a world leader."
The deal was discontinued by incoming mayor Boris Johnson (effective from September 2008), a decision criticized by Livingstone.
Dispute with embassies over payment of congestion charge.
A dispute with the US Embassy in London over payment of the London Congestion Charge escalated on 27 March 2006 when Livingstone criticised the Embassy's decision not to pay. The Embassy argued that the charge is a form of taxation, not a charge for a service, and diplomats and their staff are therefore exempt under the 1961 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations. Embassy officials have never paid the charge, which was instituted in 2003. Livingstone, however, alleged that the decision was made by Robert Tuttle, who took up the post of Ambassador in July 2005. Livingstone described Tuttle as "one of George Bush's closest cronies and a big funder of his election campaign" and said he was trying to "skive out of [paying] like some chiselling little crook". The group Liberty and Law reported this remark to the Standards Board for England as a breach of its code, but the board chose not to investigate it.
Germany stopped paying the charge in 2005, Japan followed in 2006, and in 2007 France, Russia, Belgium, and 50 other missions followed suit when the zone extended to their missions' locations (Iran, Sweden and Syria continue to pay the charge). Asked about Japan's refusal to pay in a March 2007 interview on LBC Radio, Livingstone responded, "I think there are several problems with Japan that we could go on about here. Admitting their guilt for all the war crimes would be one thing. So if they've not got round to doing that, I doubt they're too worried about the congestion charge." London's Japanese embassy responded that their government had already apologised for previous war crimes.
Post-mayoral career.
Livingstone acted as a stand-in presenter on London talk radio station LBC 97.3's Jeni Barnett for a week beginning on 30 June 2008. In July 2008 he announced his intention to run again for the office of Mayor of London at the next mayoral elections and signalled his intent to organise a "progressive alliance" of political parties (such as the Labour Party and the Green Party), trade unions and interest groups to defend the progress which was made during his terms as Mayor and to prepare for the next mayoral elections.
On 28 August 2008, it was announced that Livingstone will be an adviser on urban planning to Caracas, Venezuela. He will act as a consultant on the capital's policing, transport and other municipal issues. As a friend of Hugo Chávez, Livingstone was appointed personally by him to advise officials and mayoral candidates in Caracas, in order to help transform the city, which journalist Rory Carroll described as suffering from, "Gridlocked traffic, a crumbling centre, hillside slums, horrific murder rates, corrupt police and inept local government". Livingstone reckoned that in twenty years a "first-world city" can be made out of Caracas, stating, "I have a very extensive network of contacts both domestically and internationally which I will be calling on to assist in this." No decision on a salary for the ex-mayor has been made, although he mentioned that, "The whole cost of this trip has been paid for by the government of Venezuela and as an unemployed citizen I would not be able to pay for my own fare otherwise." The appointment follows on from the controversy surrounding the deal brokered by Livingstone in February 2007 for the Greater London Authority and Transport for London to provide advice to Venezuela in exchange for cheap fuel to help with bus subsidies. The deal was later overturned by new mayor Boris Johnson, and Livingstone offered his services to Chávez so that Venezuela gets the "advice that we promised". Livingstone played down any accusations that his close relationship with the Venezuelan President was controversial, "unless you believe American propaganda", while a spokesperson for Johnson said, "Ken Livingstone is free, as a private individual, to offer his advice and services to whomever he wants." Livingstone is now being touted as a key asset for Chávez in the upcoming November elections in the country.

Vatnajökull
Vatnajökull (English: Glacier of Rivers) () is the largest glacier in Iceland. It lies in the south-east of the island, covering more than 8% of the country.
The average thickness of the ice is 400 m, with a maximum thickness of 1,000 m. Iceland's highest peak, Hvannadalshnúkur (2,110 m), is located in the southern periphery of Vatnajökull, near Skaftafell National Park. It is classified as an ice cap glacier.
Vatnajökull has been shrinking for some years now, possibly because of climatic changes and recent volcanic activity. Until 1930 it was growing.
According to Guinness World Records Vatnajökull is the object of the world's longest sight line, 550 km from Slættaratindur, the highest mountain in the Faroe Islands. GWR state that "owing to the light bending effects of atmospheric refraction, Vatnajökull (2119m), Iceland, can sometimes be seen from the Faroe Islands, 340 miles (550km) away". This may be based on a claimed sighting by a British sailor in 1939. The validity of this record is analysed/undermined in mathematical and atmospheric detail by

InterCity 225
The InterCity 225 is a locomotive operating in the United Kingdom. Its top speed is 225km/h, hence its name.

British Rail
British Rail was the national train operating company in the United Kingdom from 1948 until 1997 when it was privatised.

King Cobra
The King Cobra ("Ophiophagus hannah") is the world's longest venomous snake, with a length that can be as large as 5.6 m (18.5 ft). This species is found in a number of areas, found throughout south-eastern Asia and into Pakistan and India. Its genus name, "Ophiophagus", literally means "snake-eater", and its diet primarily consists of other snakes, including largere pythons and even smaller members of its own species. The venom of the King Cobra is primarily neurotoxic, and the snake is fully capable of killing a human with a single bite. The mortality rate can be as high as 75% without antivenin.

Cobra
Cobras () are venomous snakes of the familys Elapidae, of several genera, but particularly "Naja". (Non-cobra elapidae include the taipans, brown snakes, tiger snakes, fierce snakes, coral snakes, mambas and sea snakes.) Cobras generally inhabit tropical and desert regions of Asia and Africa. When feeling threatened, cobras can tilt back and flatten their heads into their known by sight warning posture. The rest of the time their heads are symmetrical and they look much like any other snakes.

Cape Cobra
The Cape Cobra ("Naja nivea") is a cobra inhabiting the regions of Southern Africa. It averages 4 feet (120cm) long but may grow to be 6 feet (180cm) long. The color varies from location to location, and those from the Kalahari are normally yellow with brown speck uniformly all over the body.

Kalahari Desert
The Kalahari Desert is a large arid to semi-arid sandy area in southern Kgalagadi Africa extending 900,000 km² (362,500 sq. mi.), covering much of Botswana and parts of Namibia and South Africa. It has huge tracts of excellent grazing after good rains.
The Kalahari Desert is the southern part of Africa, and the geography is a portion of desert and a plateau. The Kalahari supports some animals and plants because most of it is not a true desert. There are small amounts of rainfall and the summer temperature is very high. It usually receives 3–7 1/2 inches of rain per year.
The surrounding Kalahari Basin covers over 2.5 million km² extending further into Botswana, Namibia and South Africa, and encroaching into parts of Angola, Zambia and Zimbabwe. The only permanent river, the Okavango, flows into a delta in the northwest, forming marshes that are rich in wildlife. Ancient dry riverbeds—called omuramba—traverse the Central Northern reaches of the Kalahari and provide standing pools of water during the rainy season. Previously havens for wild animals from elephant to giraffe, and for predators such as lion and cheetah, the riverbeds are now mostly grazing spots, though leopard or cheetah can still be found.
Game reserves.
The Kalahari has a number of game reserves—the Central Kalahari Game Reserve (CKGR, the world's second largest protected area), Khutse Game Reserve and the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park. Animals that live in the region include brown hyenas, lions, meerkats, giraffe, warthogs, jackals and several species of antelope (including the eland, gemsbok, springbok, hartebeest, steenbok, kudu, and duiker), and many species of bird and reptiles. Vegetation in the Kalahari consists mainly of grasses and acacias but there are over 400 identified plant species present (including the wild watermelon or Tsamma melon). Camel rides across the desert are also offered.

Silverstein
Silverstein are an Emo band formed in Ontario, Canada, in 2000. Their name comes from a children's book writer, Shel Silverstein.
First three years.
After the several changes in the band's line up, Billy Hamilton joined the band. He found out about they needed a bass player while online.
In the autumn of 2002, the band signed to their record label - "Victory Records". They are still signed to it today.
Debut album.
In January 2003, their first (debut) album was released. The title was "When Broken Is Easily Fixed."
Second album.
In 2005, Silverstein performed on the "Never Sleep Again" tour along with fellow Emo band Hawthorne Heights The next year, 2006, they toured on the "Vans Warped" tour. This is an event in the United States taking place in the summertime.
The second album, Discovering The Waterfront contains the single Discovering the waterfront and Smile In Your Sleep
Third Album.
Summertime last year, 2007, Silverstein released their third album, "Arrivals and Departures". It includes the new single "Still dreaming" on myspace, a social networking site, they posted a new song called "Broken Stars"
Singer Shane Todd has been trained by a vocal coach named Melissa Cross.

Slătioara River (Sebiş)
The Slătioara River is a tributary of the Sebiş River in Romania. This means it flows into the Sebiş River.

Laz River (Sebiş)
The Laz River is a tributary of the Sebiş River in Romania. This means it flows into the Sebiş River.

Chioara River (Laz)
The Chioara River is a tributary of the Laz River in Romania. This means it flows into the Laz River.

Vâlceaua River
The Vâlceaua River is a tributary of the Sebiş River in Romania. This means it flows into the Sebiş River.

Discovering the Waterfront
"Discovering the Waterfront" is a song by Silverstein. It is the title track of their second album.
Music video.
The official music video featured the band laying down and singing/talking on the phone. However, there was also a montage video released on victory records, which includes the band playing on stage and some of them standing in the way of closing elevator doors getting hurt.

Dezna River
The Dezna River is a headwater of the Sebiş River in Romania. This means it flows into the Sebiş River.

Pakistan State Oil (PSO)
Pakistan State Oil (PSO) is the oil market leader in Pakistan. The well established infrastructure, built at par with international standards, representing 82% of country’s storage, provides PSO an edge over its competitors.

Valea Neagră River (Negrişoara)
The Valea Neagră River is a tributary of the Negrişoara River in Romania. This means it flows into the Negrişoara River.

Mahmud I
Mahmud I (in Arabic محمودالأول) (August 2, 1696 – December 13, 1754) was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1730 to 1754. He was the son of Mustafa II (1695–1703) and his mother Emetullah Sultan, (born as Evemia) was of Greek ethnic descent. Mahmud I was the older brother of Osman III (1754–57).

Mahmud II
Mahmud II (Ottoman Turkish: محمود ثاني Mahmud-ı sānī) (July 20, 1785 – July 1, 1839) was the 30th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire. He ruled from 1808 until his death. Mahmud was the son of Sultan Abdül Hamid I. His time as sultan is notable mostly for the major legal and military changes he caused.

Mahmud II of Great Seljuk
Mahmud II ("Kabızlık") (died 1131) proclaimed himself the Seljuk sultan of Baghdad in 1118 following the death of Mehmed I (probably Mahmud's father). Mahmud fought against the Seljuk Sultan of Khorasan, Ahmed Sanjar, whom Mehmed I had revolted against in 1105. Mahmud was succeeded by Dawud.

Mahmud of Ghazni
Mahmud of Ghazni (Persian: محمود غزنوی Maḥmūd-e Ghaznawī) (November 2, 971 - April 30, 1030), also known as Yāmīn al-Dawlah Maḥmūd (in full: Yāmīn al-Dawlah Abd al-Qāṣim Maḥmūd Ibn Sebük Tegīn), was the ruler of the Ghaznavid Empire from 997 until his death. Mahmud turned the former provincial city of Ghazni into the wealthy capital of an extensive empire which included modern-day Afghanistan, most of Iran as well as regions of north-west India including modern-day Pakistan. He was also the first ruler to carry the title Sultan, signifying his break from the suzerainty of the Caliph.

Ghaznavid Empire
The Ghaznavid Empire was a Khorāṣānian Sunni Muslim state, founded by a dynasty of Turkic mamluk origin, which existed from 975 to 1187. It was centered in Ghazni, a city in present Afghanistan, and ruled much of Persia, Transoxania, and the northern parts of the Indian subcontinent. Due to the political and cultural influence of their predecessors - that of the Persian Ṣāmānī dynasty - the originally Turkic Ghaznavids had become thoroughly Persianized.

Mahmud Shah (Sultan of Malacca)
Sultan Mahmud Shah (died 1528) ruled Malacca from 1488 to 1528. He was the son of Sultan Alauddin Riayat Shah.

Mahmud Shah Durrani
Mahmud Shah Durrani was the ruler of the Durrani Empire between 1801 and 1803, again between 1809 and 1818. He was the son of Timur Shah Durrani and half-brother of his predecessor, Zaman Shah. On July 25, 1801, Zaman Shah was deposed, and Mahmud Shah ascended to rulership. He then had a chequered career; he was deposed in 1803, restored in 1809, and finally deposed again in 1818. He died in 1829. Between his two stnts, the country was ruled by Shoja Shah, another of his half-brothers.

Durrani Empire
The Durrani Empire (also called the Afghan-Pak Empire) was a large state found in modern Afghanistan and Pakistan and later included northeastern Iran and even parts of western India.

Cognitive psychology
Cognitive psychology is a branch of psychology that looks into internal mental processes such as problem solving, memory, and language. The school of thought arising from this approach is known as cognitivism. It had its beginnings in the Gestalt psychology of Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Köhler, and Kurt Koffka, and in the work of Jean Piaget, who provided a theory of stages or phases that describe children's cognitive development. Cognitive psychologists are interested in how people understand, diagnose, and solve problems, concerning themselves with the mental processes between stimulus and response.
Major research areas in cognitive psychology.
Knowledge representation
Numerical cognition

Mahmut Celal Bayar
Mahmut Celal Bayar (May 16, 1883 – August 22, 1986) was a Turkish politician, statesman and the third President of Turkey.

Perceptual psychology
Perceptual psychology is a subfield of cognitive psychology that is concerned specifically with the pre-conscious innate aspects of the human cognitive system or perception. A pioneer of this field was J. J. Gibson.

Mahmoud Abbas
Mahmoud Abbas (Arabic: محمود عباس‎) (born March 26, 1935), also known by the Kunya Abu Mazen (ابو مازن), was elected President of the Palestinian National Authority (PNA) on January 9, 2005. He took office on January 15, 2005.
Abbas is a leading politician in Fatah. He served as the first Prime Minister of the Palestinian Authority from March to October 2003. He resigned because of a lack of support from Israel and the United States as well as "internal incitement" against his government. Before becoming Prime Minister, Abbas led the Negotiations Affairs Department of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). He has served as Chairman of the PLO Executive Committee since November 11, 2004, after Yasser Arafat's death. Abbas is said to the an example of moderation in Palestine by Israel and the west.

Abid Hamid Mahmud
Lieutenant General Abid Hamid Mahmud al-Tikriti was an Iraqi military officer under Saddam Hussein's deposed regime.

Social psychology
Social psychology is the study of how people and groups interact. Scholars in this interdisciplinary area are typically either psychologists or sociologists, though all social psychologists employ both the individual and the group as their units of analysis.
Despite their similarity, psychological and sociological researchers tend to differ in their goals, approaches, methods, and terminology. They also favor separate academic journals and professional societies. The greatest period of collaboration between sociologists and psychologists was during the years immediately following World War II. Although there has been increasing isolation and specialization in recent years, some degree of overlap and influence remains between the two disciplines.

Mahmoud an-Nukrashi Pasha
Mahmoud Fahmi an-Nukrashi Pasha (1888 - 1948) (Arabic: محمود فهمي النقراشي باشا‎) was an Egyptian political figure. He was the Prime Minister of Egypt from 1945 to 1946 and again from 1946 to 1948. He was assassinated by the Muslim Brotherhood while he was Prime Minister.

Neuropsychology
Neuropsychology is the scientific discipline that studies the structure and function of the brain related to more common psychological processes and overt behaviors. The term has been applied to lesion studies in humans and animals. It has also been applied to efforts to record electrical activity from individual cells (or groups of cells) in higher primates (including some studies of human patients).

Abnormal psychology
Abnormal psychology is the interpretive and scientific study of abnormal thoughts and behavior in order to understand and correct abnormal patterns of functioning. The definition of what constitutes 'abnormal' has varied across time and across cultures, and varies among individuals within cultures. It is often associated with a mental disorder. Abnormal psychology can be described as an area of psychology that studies people who are consistently unable to adapt and function effectively in a variety of conditions.

John B. Watson
John Broadus Watson (January 9, 1878–September 25, 1958) was an American psychologist who established the psychological school of behaviorism, after doing research on animal behavior. He also conducted the controversial "Little Albert" experiment.

Indian English
Indian English comprises several dialects or varieties of English spoken primarily in India, and by first-generation members of the Indian diaspora. This dialect evolved during and after the British colonial rule of India. English is the co-official language of India, with about 90 million speakers, but with fewer than quarter of a million calling it a first language.

Ivan Pavlov
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (, September 14, 1849 – February 27, 1936) was a Russian physiologist, psychologist, and physician. He was given the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1904 for research about the digestive system. Pavlov is widely known for first describing the phenomenon of classical conditioning.

Hamilton College
Hamilton College is a private, independent, liberal arts college located in Clinton, New York. In 2007, U.S. News & World Report ranked Hamilton the 17th best liberal arts college in the United States.
The college is known for its emphasis on writing and speaking. The school was founded in 1793, chartered as Hamilton College in 1812, and has been coeducational since 1978, when it merged with Kirkland College.
The Sacerdote Great Names Series at Hamilton.
Starting in 1996 "the Sacerdote Great Names Series" has brought some of the most sought after speakers to campus for presentations. While most of these have been in the form of speeches, they have also included concerts by B. B. King and Aretha Franklin.

Jon Stewart
Jon Stewart (born Jonathan Stuart Leibowitz; November 28, 1962), is an American comedian, satirist, actor, writer, and producer. He is best known as the host of Comedy Central's "The Daily Show" and for his political satire. Stewart started as a stand-up comedian, but later branched out to television, hosting "Short Attention Span Theater" for Comedy Central. He went on to host his own show on MTV, called "The Jon Stewart Show," and then hosted another show on MTV called You Wrote It, You Watch It."

Negrişoara River (Sebiş)
The Negrişoara River is a tributary of the Sebiş River in Romania. This means it flows into the Sebiş River.

Minezel River
The Minizel River is a tributary of the Sebiş River in Romania. This means it flows into the Sebiş River.

Sebiş River
The Sebiş River is a tributary of the Crişul Alb River in Romania. This means it flows into the Crişul Alb River. It starts where the Moneasa River joins the Dezna

Quagga
The quagga ("Equus quagga") is a recently extinct mammal, closely related to horses and zebras. It was a yellowish-brown zebra with stripes only on its head, neck and foreboday. The quagga was native to desert areas of the African continent until it was exterminated in the wild in the 1870s. The last captive quaggas died in Europe in the 1880s.

Przewalski's Horse
The Przewalski's horse ("Equus przewalskii" or "E. caballus przewalskii"), also known as the Mongolian Wild Horse, or Takhi, is the closest living relative of the Domestic Horse and may in fact be the same species. (Authorities differ about the correct classification). The two are the only equids that can cross-breed and produce fertile offspring.
The current (as of 2002) world population of these horses is about 1000, all descended from approximately 15 captured around 1900 and bred in zoos. The wild population in Mongolia died out in the 1960s; captive-bred horses were returned to the wild starting in 1992. The area to which they have been reintroduced became Hustai National Park in 1998.

Chilodia River
The Chilodia River is a tributary of the Cigher River in Romania. This means it flows into the Cigher River.

Nadăş River (Crişul Alb)
The Nadăş River () is a tributary of the Cigher River in Romania. This means it flows into the Cigher River.

Stupişnic River
The Stupişnic River is a tributary of the Serăstrău River in Romania. This means it flows into the Serăstrău River.

Milova River (Lugoj)
The Milova River is a tributary of the Lugoj River in Romania. This means it flows into the Lugoj River.

Nation state
The nation state is a certain form of state that has a territorium where mainly one nation lives. The state is a political entity; the nation is a cultural and/or ethnic entity. The term "nation-state" means that the two are on the same territorium, and this distinguishes the nation state from the other types of state, which existed before.
What states existed before nation-states?
In Europe, in the eighteenth century, the classic non-national states were the "multi-ethnic" empires, (the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Russian Empire, the Ottoman Empire, the French Empire, the British Empire).

Lugoj River
The Lugoj River is a tributary of the Dudiţa River in Romania. This means it flows into the Dudiţa River.

Dudiţa River
The Dudiţa River is a tributary of the Serăstrău River in Romania. This means it flows into the Serăstrău River.

Joseph McCarthy
Joseph Raymond McCarthy (November 14, 1908 – May 2, 1957) was an American politician who served as a Republican U.S. Senator from the state of Wisconsin from 1947 until his death in 1957. Beginning in 1950, McCarthy became the most visible public face of a period of intense anti-communist suspicion inspired by the tensions of the Cold War.
He made claims that there were large numbers of Communists and Soviet spies and sympathizers inside the federal government and elsewhere. The term "McCarthyism," coined in 1950 in reference to McCarthy's practices, was soon applied to similar anti-communist pursuits.

Serăstrău River
The Serăstrău River is a tributary of the Cigher River in Romania. This means it flows into the Cigher River.

Bodroc River
The Bodroc River is a tributary of the Almaş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Almaş River.

Valea Mare River (Almaş-Criş)
The Valea Mare River is a tributary of the Almaş River in Romania. This means it flows into the Almaş River.

Valea Mare River (Drauţ)
The Valea Mare River is a tributary of the Drauţ River in Romania. This means it flows into the Drauţ River.

Stojarţ River
The Stojarţ River is a tributary of the Valea Mare River in Romania. This means it flows into the Valea Mare River.

Şoimaş River
The Şoimaş River is a tributary of the Valea Mare River in Romania. This means it flows into the Valea Mare River.

Highiş River
The Highiş River is a tributary of the Şoimaş River in Romania. This means it flows into the Şoimaş River.

Miniş River (Cigher)
The Miniş River is a tributary of the Cigher River in Romania. This means it flows into the Cigher River.

Minişel River
The Minişel River is a tributary of the Cigher River in Romania. This means it flows into the Cigher River.

Bârzăviţa River (Cigher)
The Bârzăviţa River is a tributary of the Cigher River in Romania. That means it flows into the Cigher River.

Drauţ River
The Drauţ River is a tributary of the Cigher River in Romania. This means it flows into the Cigher River.

Brusturescu River
The Brusturescu River is a tributary of the Zimbru River in Romania. This means it flows into the Zimbru River.

Luştiu River
The Luştiu River is a tributary of the Zimbru River in Romania. This means it flows into the Zimbru River.

Dulcele River
The Dulcele River is a tributary of the Zimbru River in Romania. This means it flows into the Zimbru River.

Zimbru River
The Zimbru River or Ioşel River is a tributary of the Crişul Alb River in Romania. This means it flows into the Crişul Alb River.

Feniş River
The Feniş River is a tributary of the Crişul Alb River in Romania. This means it flows into the Crişul Alb River.

Crocna River
The Crocna River is a tributary of the Crişul Alb River in Romania. This means it flows into the Crişul Alb River.

Dumbrăviţa River (Crişul Alb)
The Dumbrăviţa River is a tributary of the Crişul Alb River in Romania. This means it flows into the Crişul Alb River.

Craicova River
The Craicova River is a tributary of the Crişul Alb River in Romania. This means it flows into the Crişul Alb River.

Topasca River
The Topasca River is a tributary of the Crişul Alb River in Romania. This means it flows into the Crişul Alb River.

Poet laureate
A Poet Laureate is a poet officially appointed by the government of a country. He or she is responsible for writing poems for special occasions in that country, for example a coronation or military victory.
The first Poet Laureate was in England. There are also Poets Laureate in the United States, Canada, and New Zealand.

Căluieţ River
The Căluieţ River is a tributary of the Călui River in Romania. This means it flows into the Călui River.

Călui River
The Călui River is a tributary of the Olteţ River in Romania. This means it flows into the Olteţ River.

Dobreţu River
The Dobreţu River is a tributary of the Horezu River in Romania. This means it flows into the Horezu River

Horezu River (Geamărtălui)
The Horezu River is a tributary of the Geamărtălui River in Romania. This means it flows into the Geamărtălui River.

Bălăşiţa River
The Bălăşiţa River or Bălşiţa River or Băleasa River is a tributary of the Geamărtălui River in Romania. That means it flows into the Geamărtălui River.

Emperors of Japan
This is a traditional list of Emperors of Japan. The dates listed for the first 28 emperors are based on the Japanese era calendar system. In this sytem, years are numbered using the era and the number of years which have taken place since that era started. It is not likely that the state of Japan was founded in 660 BC.

Geamărtălui River
The Geamărtălui River or Gemărtălui River is a tributary of the Olteţ River in Romania. This means it flows into the Olteţ River.

Katy Perry
Katy Perry (born Katheryn Elizabeth Hudson October 25, 1984) is an American dance-pop singer. Perry had released one studio album and 1 EP album. June 17th, 2008 Katy Perry released her first pop album called "One of the Boys" with singles like "I Kissed a Girl", "Hot N Cold", and "One of the Boys".
Ur So Gay.
In November of 2007, Katy Perry released an EP album called "Ur So Gay". A song called "Lost" from the EP album was put on the 2008 album "One of the Boys".

One of the Boys (Katy Perry album)
"One of the Boys" is the first album by pop singer Katy Perry.

I Kissed a Girl
"I Kissed a Girl" is the first single by pop singer Katy Perry from her album "One of the Boys" (2008), produced by Dr. Luke. Perry says it is "about the magical beauty of a woman." On June 26, 2008, the song topped the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart, becoming the 1000th chart-topper of the Rock Era. The song has since become a major worldwide hit, and along with the United States it has topped the charts in more than 20 countries, including Canada, Sweden, Australia, United Kingdom, New Zealand, Italy, Germany, and Ireland.
Music video.
A music video for the song was released on May 16, 2008, on Perry's personal website and on MySpace. The video was directed by Kinga Burza and features a Moulin Rouge and burlesque-type setting with scenes containing Katy, along with many other flamboyantly-dressed women, dancing to the song. Eventually she wakes up next to a male companion, Katy's real life boyfriend, Gym Class Heroes band member Travis McCoy. Despite the song's title, there isn't any depiction of same-sex kissing. Katy features her real life friend and DJ, Mia Moretti and her main gay, Markus Molinari's dog Bella in the video. Even her cat, Kitty Purry, makes an appearance.
The video made its television debut on June 12 on TRL with the visit and interview by Perry in set show. And on June 24, 2008 it became #1 on TRL. The video obtained high airplay on this music video channel, as well as on VH1. It debuted at #20 on VH1's VH1 Top 20 Video Countdown on June 28, 2008. On June 30, 2008 the video was premiered on MTV Latin America. On July 6, 2008, it rose to #4 on VH1's VH1 Top 20 Video Countdown. The video received five nominations for the 2008 MTV Video Music Awards, including Best Female Video and Best New Artist. The video has had over 24 million views on YouTube. Due to the video and the songs popularity around the world, there are several videos on YouTube which imitate and mock the song such as "I Kissed A Pig" and "I Kissed A Dog", both of which use the same tune and similar lyrics, while the videos use similar scenes to the original.
Critical reception.
"I Kissed a Girl" has drawn mixed reviews from critics. "Blogcritics Magazine" called it "an instantly catchy number," and About.com said, "fueled by an instrumental wallop provided courtesy of producer Dr. Luke, 'I Kissed a Girl' is the perfect breakthrough."
However, Rolling Stone, while giving her album 2/5 stars, despite describing the song as a "New Wave-y club single," says the supposedly rebellious "attention-grabbing" lyrics are "a vanilla recounting of her chick-on-chick exploits" and that this "acting out" is "just to get a dude's attention." AllMusic praises "the stomping Gary Glitter beat" before criticizing the producers for turning it "into a leaden stumble and burying Perry's voice underneath Pro Tools overdubs so it all winds up as a faceless wash of sound designed to be placed in TV shows, movie trailers, and malls."
Sal Cinquemani of "Slant Magazine" wrote, Perry's "lead single 'I Kissed a Girl' features a throbbing beat and an infectious, bi-curious hook, but its self-satisfied, in-your-face posturing rings phony in comparison to the expertly constructed ambiguities of 'Justify My Love' or practically anything in the first decade of Ani DiFranco's catalogue; it's like a tween version of DiFranco's tortured bisexual confession 'Light of Some Kind.'" "Hiponline.com" wrote that the song is "not nearly as interesting or exciting as you’d expect. It’s not even half as good as Jill Sobule’s song 'I Kissed a Girl'.” "Glitterati Gossip" agrees Sobule's song "was ten times better, because there was actual emotional content to her lyrics."
Popular reception.
The song was premiered on BBC Radio 1 in the UK on July 21, 2008 on The Scott Mills Show. It was praised by many fans on their text lines and was made his record of the week. On July 23, 2008, "I Kissed a Girl" was added to the station's C-List, "The Playlist," being, "where most songs on daytime Radio 1 are selected from". The song has since made it to the station's more popular A-list.
Previous to its debut on Radio 1, it had been (and continues to be) on the playlist of some of the UK radio stations which are part of The One Network for a number of weeks. In addition it had received at least one play a week on BBC Radio 2 on its Saturday evening America’s Greatest Hits show hosted by Paul Gambaccini due to the song’s number status in the Billboard chart.
Controversy.
The song gained a significant amount of after its rise in popularity due to its perceived promotion of bisexuality and promiscuity. While community members and parents may be concerned over the "the coarseness of the sexual behavior," including its public nature and intoxicated state, they may or, such as Unitarian minister Debra W. Haffner, may not be concerned over "the sex or gender of the person she's talking about."
While Haffner, who holds a degree in public health, believes Perry "obviously is using the whole issue of sexual orientation in a positive way, raising awareness, or she's doing it because it gets attention," "AllMusic" concludes that, "the problem is not with Katy's gender-bending, it's that her heart isn't in it; she's just using it to get her places, so she sinks to crass, craven depths." "Slant Magazine" agrees, saying, the song, "isn't problematic because it promotes homosexuality, but because its appropriation of the gay lifestyle exists for the sole purpose of garnering attention—both from Perry's boyfriend and her audience."
Adam Holz of "PluggedinOnline", a division of Focus on the Family, wrote an article entitled "A Tale of Two Katys" about the singer's image transformation from a Contemporary Christian Music artiste to one of the "girls gone wild". He criticizes the song for being the latest, "high-profile message to young women and men that our sexuality is a malleable commodity that can be reshaped at will." Holz also argues that Perry's message carries with it, "no need to worry about who might get used or objectified in the process," causing Katy to live, "down to a damaging, demeaning stereotype."
In some areas of the world the song's bi-curious lyrics have kept it from reaching the Top 40 or to even be released at all. Though the "Toronto Star", of Canada, describes it as "a lesbian-friendly tune," whether anti-gay bias fuels negative reactions to the song or the song itself appears to divide critics. While "Slant" and other critics suggest that Perry may be homophobic, especially given her single "Ur So Gay", which makes "I Kissed a Girl" seem like "a classic example of the 'Guys kissing is gross, girls kissing is hot' line of thought" "The Star Ledger" quotes a listener who proposes that negative reactions to the song are due to homophobia, saying that it would not draw disapproval if sung by a male artist, and who compares the level of explicitness in the lyrics with other songs on the radio such as rap lyrics. "MomLogic.com" writer Vuv-A-Licious agrees, asking, "'What's the big deal?'...When this tune is playing and my son and daughter are dancing, I will be trying to dance along, or trying to acknowledge that they may one day dance to the beat of a different drummer than me."
During her Washington concert at Warped Tour, Perry actually did kiss a girl from the audience.
In an August 2008 interview with the "Daily Mail", Perry's mother, Mary Hudson, who is an evangelical Christian preacher, was reported as saying that she disliked the song, stating: "It clearly promotes homosexuality and its message is shameful and disgusting..." However, Perry took to her official blog stating that her mother's supposed comments were completely fabricated, while also saying her parents love and support her and attend many of her shows.
Regarding the question of her own sexuality that the song has raised, Perry told Santa Barbara magazine (which featured her on the cover), "I like to kiss boys, but there is no doubt in my mind if Angelina Jolie or Gisele Bündchen came a callin', who wouldn't pucker up?"
Chart performance.
"I Kissed a Girl" debuted at number 76 at Billboard Hot 100. After a couple of weeks, the single hit the top 5, due to the rising digital downloads and increasing radio airplay. It continued to rise the next week, reaching #2 just behind her labelmate, Coldplay. The following week, the song reached the summit of the US chart, becoming the 1000th #1 song of the rock era (the 961st #1 on the Billboard Hot 100). In addition the song also gave the Capitol label two consecutive Hot 100 #1's, as the week's prior #1 was fellow Capitol artist Coldplay's "Viva la Vida", making it the first time since 1976 Capitol has had two back to back chart toppers on the Hot 100. The single also crossed over to Billboard's sister publication R&R's Rhythmic chart in its July 5 issue, where not only did she have the highest debut ever for a non-rhythmic track, entering at number 26 with 1,065 spins, she also had the highest debut from a new artist in over five years. The bow is the best for a debut track at Rhythmic since Beyonce entered at No. 21 with "Crazy In Love" in 2003. It also became the first song since Gnarls Barkley's "Crazy" to simultaneously appear on the Mainstream Top 40, Rhythmic, Adult Top 40 and Alternative charts. On July 26, 2008, the track also made history by reaching the number one spot on Billboard's Hot Dance Airplay chart by three weeks, a first for a solo act with a debut single. The song topped the Hot 100 for seven weeks in a row before finally being dethroned by Rihanna's "Disturbia". It is the second longest running number one on the Hot 100 of 2008 so far, with only Flo Rida's "Low" topping the chart for longer. The single has sold more than 2,500,000 downloads in the United States to date.
In Canada, the single debuted at #55 at Canadian Hot 100. On June 12th the song soared to #1, jumping 26 spots from #27 position. Also on the Canadian iTunes Top 100, the song remained at #1 for over 6 weeks, until rapidly being pushed to #4 on August 7, 2008, behind Lady GaGa's "Just Dance", the Jonas Brothers' "A Little Bit Longer" and Rihanna's "Disturbia".
In New Zealand, the song debuted at number 38, the single's first appearance in other countries chart outside North America, moving to number three the following week. The song was cerified Gold after seven weeks with sales of over 7,500. On August 11, eight weeks after debuting on the chart, "I Kissed A Girl" finally made it to number one.
In Australia, the song debuted at #11 on the 30th of June on downloads alone, then the next week jumped to second position behind Jordin Sparks, still on downloads alone. The next week it jumped to number one still solely off downloads, becoming only the second single to do so. Ironically, by the time the song went number 1, this was the time when World Youth Day 2008 had started and the event held anti-gay views. On 21st July, 2008, after the singles physical release, the track retained its number one position and was certified Gold. The single has held the number one position since and has gone on to be certified Platinum.
In the United Kingdom, a cover version released by the artist Nicki Bliss was climbing up the UK iTunes Chart. It debuted on the UK Singles Chart (published 3 August 2008) at position number 50.
A second cover version, by Barnicle, entered the UK Singles Chart (published 3 August 2008) at position #116.
Because of the success of the cover versions, the official release of Katy Perry's version was brought forward from September 1 to July 30, 2008. On August 3, 2008, the song, which had entered the UK Singles Chart at number 139 the week before, climbed 135 places to reach position number 4. The song has become one of the most requested on Radio 1's request hour. The following week it climbed 3 places to reach number 1. The following week it stayed at the top spot for a second consecutive week and then went on to spend 5 consecutive weeks at #1.
Even parodies of "I Kissed a Girl" are seeing chart success. Robert Lund's spoof "I Peed in the Pool" reached #1 on Dr. Demento's August 2008 comedy music countdown. Including the MADtv parody, "I'l Kiss A Girl" featuring Nicole Parker as Ellen DeGeneres and fellow cast member Arden Myrin as Portia de Rossi, by Ellen saying that she's been kissing girls since the 9th grade.

Hot N Cold
"Hot N Cold" is the second single by pop singer Katy Perry. The song came from the album "One of the Boys". The single was released September 30th, 2008.

I Am…
"I Am..." - is the third solo studio album by American R&B singer Beyoncé Knowles
Background.
Knowles worked on the album for close to one year, longer than she had spent on her previous solo albums and records with former group Destiny's Child. She revealed that she has co-written and co-produced over 70 songs.
In a statement released on Knowles official website, she stated: "I am in a different place right now and I wanted people to see the many sides of me. The music is upbeat for the dance, fun side and it is reflective, passionate and serious for the personal side. I have taken risks here. I am not afraid and my music will explain it all. There is no label or tag on my sound. It's me and I am so excited to share it with the world on November 18."

If I Were a Boy
"If I Were a Boy" - is a song by American R&B singer Beyoncé Knowles, written by Toby Gad, BC Jean and Beyoncé Knowles for her third solo album, "I Am... Sasha Fierce" (2008).
Music video.
The music video for "If I Were a Boy" was directed by Jake Nava and portrays Knowles a NYPD officer. It begins with Knowles and her husband reciting words such as "honesty" and "commitment". It later shows Knowles on patrol with her male partner. The video tells of the ways a both men and women hurt each other in a relationship. Knowles stated: "It's about all of the little things that mean so much in a relationship[…] At the end of the clip, you realize that I was acting out his life, and it all starts over again. He was a cop and everything that happened was really him doing the same thing to me."

Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)
"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)" - is a song by American R&B singer Beyoncé Knowles, written by The-Dream, Tricky Stewart and Beyoncé Knowles for her third solo album, "I Am... Sasha Fierce" (2008).
Music video.
The music video for "Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)" was shot on sep 14 and directed by Jake Nava and released to major outlets on October 13, 2008. In the video, Knowles is performing as Sasha Fierce. The video is choreography-driven, showing Sasha with two other female dancers in all black leotards.
The video is based upon a 1960s routine performed by Gwen Verdon.

Protocol (computing)
In computing, a protocol is the language used by computers while talking with each other. In its simplest form, a protocol is the rules used in talking and communication between computers.

Secure Shell
Secure Shell or SSH is an Internet Protocol used to be exchange data using a secure channel between two computers talking with each other.
Used mainly on Linux and Unix computers to access shell accounts, SSH was designed to replace other remote shells that were not secure such as telnet, to encrypt data like passwords on public networks.

Application programming interface
An Application Programming Interface (API) is a set of functions, procedures, methods or classes used by computer programs to requests services from the operating system, software libraries or any other service providers running on the computer.

Peregrine Falcon
The Peregrine Falcon ("Falco peregrinus") is a cosmopolitan bird of prey in the family Falconidae. It can also be known just as the Peregrine, and was once called the "Duck Hawk" in North America.
It is a large, crow-sized falcon, with a blue-grey back, barred white underparts, and a black head and "moustache". It can fly at up to 322 h (200 mph), which means it is the fastest animal in the world. As with other bird-eating raptors, the female is bigger than the male. There are 17–19 subspecies recorded, and each varies slightly in appearance and where they live. There is disagreement over whether the distinctive Barbary Falcon is a subspecies or the Peregrine or just a different species.

Mozilla Public License
The Mozilla Public License (MPL) is a free and open source software license. Version 1.0 was created by Mitchell Baker when she was working as a lawyer at Netscape Communications Corporation and version 1.1 when she was working at the Mozilla Foundation. The MPL is characterized as a mixture of the modified BSD license and GNU General Public License.
The MPL is the license for the Mozilla Application Suite, Mozilla Firefox, Mozilla Thunderbird and other Mozilla software. The MPL was adapted by others as a license for their software; for example Sun Microsystems used the Common Development and Distribution License for OpenSolaris, the open source version of the Solaris 10 operating system, also by Adobe, as the license for its Flex product line.
The MPL license is considered as a weak copyleft specially as the source code copied or changed under the MPL must stay under the MPL.
The MPL license was approved as an Open Source software license by the Open Source Initiative also as a Free Software license by the Free Software Foundation.

Pakistan-Syria relations
Pakistan–Syria relations are the relations between Syria and Pakistan. During the Yom Kippur War of 1973 (usually refereed to as the Ramadan war in Pakistan) several Pakistani pilots assisted the Syrian air force. In 2005 Syria and Pakistan agreed on mutual cooperation in the fields of science and technology.

Cuba-Pakistan relations
Cuban-Pakistani relations are the bilateral relations between the Republic of Cuba and the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. The relations between the two countries strengthened after Cuba provided humanitarian assistance to the victims of the 2005 Kashmir earthquake. Both the nations continue to strengthen the bilateral relations especially in the fields of higher education, agriculture, industry and science and technology and have also held talks for military cooperation.

Ubisoft
Ubisoft is a company that makes video games. They are based in France. They are famous for making many popular games including the Rayman franchise and the Tom Clancy games such as "Rainbow Six" and "Splinter Cell".

Permissive software license
A permissive free software licence is a free software licence for a copyrighted work that offers freedoms such as publishing a work to the public domain. In contrast, copyleft licences like the GNU General Public License require copies and derivatives of the source code to be made available on terms not more restrictive than those of the original licence.
A license tells what someone can do with something that was bought. It also tells what cannot be done with it without getting into legal trouble.
Examples of permissive licences include the MIT License and the BSD licence.

Iraq-Pakistan relations
Iraq–Pakistan relations are the relations between Pakistan and Iraq. In 2003, prior to the outbreak of the second Gulf War, the government of Pakistan announced it was opposed to any action against Iraq. Pakistan was under pressure by the public to vote against the war although some had been considering a vote for the war. After the war ended however Pakistan had indicated that it was willing to send troops to Iraq for peacekeeping.

Kuwait-Pakistan relations
Kuwait–Pakistan relations are the relations between Kuwait and Pakistan. After the end of the first Gulf War in 1991 Pakistani army engineers were involved in a programme of mine clearance in the country. Kuwait was also the first country to send aid to isolated mountain villages in Kashmir after the quake of 2005, also offering the largest amount of aid in the aftermath of the quake ($100m).

Hero / Heroine
"Hero / Heroine" is the 2nd single by rock and roll-Alternative pop band Boys Like Girls. It is off the album "Boys Like Girls".
Music video.
The music video for "Hero/Heroine" was released in September 2007.

Thunder (Boys Like Girls song)
"Thunder" is a single released by American rock band Boys Like Girls. "Thunder" was released May 6th, 2008 on radio airplay. The single was originally released months before May 6th, 2008 as an acoustic version. The song was released off the album "Boys Like Girls".
Music Video.
The music video shows a group of friends, in which there are couples, hang out. The music video starts with the band playing, and then moves on to the friends going to restaurant to eat, with intervals of the band playing. The friends then go a field, where they drink and laugh. The friends then start making a human pyramid, but fail. The couples start hanging out alone and kissing. From this on, the band is shown playing in the rain. The friends are then shown going to a swimming pool and start swimming, with a couple kissing underwater. They then run through a carpark and stand by the railings to see the sunrise. The couples are then kissing again, and the music video ends with the band leaving their instruments.
FN'MTV.
The video for "Thunder" was released on the MTV summer special "Friday Night MTV" (or "FNMTV").

1.22.03.Acoustic
1.22.03.Acoustic is an acoustic compilation album released by pop-rock band "Maroon 5". The songs on the album are from the hit pop debut album by "Maroon 5" called "Songs About Jane". There is a song on the compilation album called "If I Fell" which Adam Levine does a cover on by The Beatles. Another song featured in the album is called "Highway to Hell" by DC, in this song Adam Levine is playing drums while "Ryan Dusick" (drums) sings the song, although the album is mostly known as an acoustic album, the AC/DC cover is performed as an "electric" performance.

Live from SoHo (Maroon 5 album)
Live from SoHo is a live album by rock band Maroon 5. The songs performed by the band are the first 6 tracks in order from track 1-6 on the album "It Won't Be Soon Before Long". The album was released March, 2008.
Performance.
The band Maroon 5 performed "Live from SoHo" in Apple Store SoHo in New York.

Alexander Berkman
Alexander Berkman (November 21 1870 – June 28 1936) was a Russian-American writer and a leading member of the anarchist movement of the 19th and early 20th centuries. He was the lover of Emma Goldman. In 1892, he tried to kill Henry Clay Frick because of his involvement with the Homestead Strike. During World War I, he was deported along with Goldman and other foreign-born American anarchists as a result of the Anarchist Exclusion Act. Continuing to write and speak to the poors, Berkman died in France in 1936.

Murray Bookchin
Murray Bookchin (January 14, 1921 – July 30, 2006) was an American libertarian socialist, political and social philosopher, speaker and writer. For much of his life he called himself an anarchist, although as early as 1995 he privately renounced his identification with the anarchist movement. A pioneer in the ecology movement, Bookchin was the founder of the social ecology movement within libertarian socialist and ecological thought. He was the author of two dozen books on politics, philosophy, history, and urban affairs as well as ecology.
Bookchin was a radical anti-capitalist and always asked the decentralisation of society. His writings on libertarian municipalism, a theory of face-to-face, grassroots democracy, had an influence on the Green Movement and anti-capitalist direct action groups such as Reclaim the Streets. His criticisms of "new age" Greens such as Charlene Spretnak contributed to the divisions in the American Green movement in the 1990s.
Libertarian municipalism.
Bookchin was the first to use the term "Libertarian municipalism", to describe a system in which libertarian institutions of directly democratic assemblies would oppose and replace the State with a confederation of free municipalities. Libertarian municipalism intends to create a situation in which the two powers — the municipal confederations and the nation-state — cannot coexist.

Carlo Cafiero
Carlo Cafiero (September 1, 1846 - July 17, 1892) was an Italian anarchist and friend of Mikhail Bakunin during the second half of the 19th century.
Early years.
Carlo Cafiero was born in Barletta, in the Apulia region of Italy on September 1st, 1846 from a rich and noble family of Southern Italy. His father was Carbonari in 1821, one of his brothers and a brother-in-law were deputies, while Carlo Cafiero was always called the 'black sheep' of the family. In 1864 he went to Naples, where he got a degree in law. He then went to Florence and at the beginning of 1870 he was in Paris. The Paris he went to London, where he matured, renouncing his diplomatic career, his wealth and family, to join the revolution and socialism. In London Cafiero made contacts with Marx and Engels. He joined the International Workingmen's Association and was charged to go back to Italy and conquer it to Marx’s ideology, where instead there was the strong influence of the Anarchism of Mikhail Bakunin and the Republicanism of Giuseppe Mazzini. He restored the ancient section of 'L'Internazionale' in Naples, with the help of the young Errico Malatesta. There, during an assembly, he was imprisoned for the first time.
Cafiero became an anarchist.
After over a year spent in Italy as a representative of Marx and Engels cafiero felt the influence of anarchism. And thanks to the friendship with Giuseppe Fanelli, he passed on to the other side of the barricade, with Bakunin and his Italian followers. In early 1872 came the first issue of the newspaper "La Campana" and Cafiero wrote for, and gave money towards the publication. In the same year he met Bakunin in Locarno (Switzerland). In the summer of 1873, with the help of Cafiero, an old project was realised: to create an international center for the revolution in Italy and the world. Cafiero, selling all his inherited lands, bought a farm in Switzerland where Bakunin could live. This center was called "La Baronata", would also be a safe shelter for revolutionaries persecuted by their respective governments. In 1875 Cafiero went to Milan and joined the editorial staff of the first socialist daily paper, "La Plebe", directed by Enrico Bignami. In April 1877, Cafiero, Malatesta, Ceccarelli, the Russian Stepniak and 30 other comrades began an insurrection in the province of Benevento. They took the village of Letino without violence and with great enthusiasm. Arms and food were expropriated and distributed amongst the people, tax money was returned and official documents destroyed. Cafiero, in dialect, explained about anarchism, freedom, justice and the new society without the State, without masters, servants, soldiers and owners. His proclamations convinced even the parish priest who called the rebel group 'the true apostles sent by the Lord'. The following day the village of Gallo was taken in a similar fashion. Unfortunately, as they were leaving Gallo the Internationalists were surprised and surrounded by government troops and all were arrested. Held in prison for over a year before being brought to trial all the accused were eventually acquitted in August 1878. In 1878, Cafiero was living in Marseilles working as cook and docker. In October he was arrested with Malatesta, then released and expelled from France. He rested in Switzerland, meeting with Kropotkin, and with the collaboration of Élisée Reclus promoted the publications of Bakunin. In 1881 Cafiero went to London, where he remained for a long time. In March 1882 he returned to Italy, expressing the will to take part in the imminent electoral campaign.
The exile and the rest of life.
On April 5th he was arrested without any charge but on May 2nd, while imprisoned, he was the victim of a strong mental crisis and attempted to kill himself. The scandal of a man imprisoned without reason and crazy exploded and Cafiero was released with only the choice between forced residence in Barletta, his birth town, or exile to Switzerland. Cafiero choosed the exile in the small town of Chiasso. Emilio Bellerio took Cafiero to his house in Locarno and Errico Malatesta wrote about him "if his mind is ill, his heart is still healthy...". In February 1883 Cafiero left for Florence, but was found in a street very schocked, so some doctors transferred him to a lunatic asylum in the City. After the lunatic asylum for the rest of his life had problems, Olimpia Kutusoff, mate of Cafiero, returned from Russia in September 1883 to assist him in the asylum of Imola. Olimpia left him after one and a half years because Cafiero in his crises was violent with her. Carlo expressed the will to return in Barletta where he arrived in the second half of ’89. However his brothers turned him away and after living some time in a hotel he was taken in by his brother Pietrantonio. In 1891, following another crisis, Carlo Cafiero was confined in the asylum of Nocera Inferiore where he died on Sunday July 17, 1892.

Benito Juarez
Benito Pablo Juárez García (March 21, 1806 - July 8, 1872) was a Zapotec who served five terms (1858–1861 as interim), (1861–1865), (1865–1867), (1867–1871), and (1871–1872), as President of Mexico. Because during his presidency he outlawed slavery, especially the mistreatment of the Mexican Native Americans.
His philosophy has influenced many Mexicans and Mexican Americans in the United States, who have fought for the human and civil rights of Latinos for almost two centuries.

Madeleine Albright
Madeleine Korbel Albright (born Marie Jana Korbelová on May 15, 1937) was the first woman to become United States Secretary of State. She was appointed by President Bill Clinton on December 5, 1996 and was unanimously confirmed by the United States Senate 99-0. She was sworn in on January 23, 1997. She is currently a professor at Georgetown University.

James Carville
James Carville (born October 25, 1944) is an American political consultant, commentator, actor, attorney, media personality and pundit. Known as the "Ragin' Cajun", Carville gained national attention for his work as the lead strategist of the successful presidential campaign of then-Arkansas governor Bill Clinton. Carville was the co-host of CNN's "Crossfire" until its final broadcast in June 2005. Since its cancellation, he has appeared on CNN's news program, The Situation Room. As of 2008, he hosts a weekly program on XM Radio titled "60/20 Sports" with Luke Russert, son of Tim Russert who hosted NBC's "Meet The Press". He is married to Republican political consultant Mary Matalin.
Career as author.
Carville is also a best-selling author. With his wife, Republican Mary Matalin, and writer Peter Knobler, Carville co-wrote "All's Fair: Love, War and Running for President", published in 1995. He later wrote: "We're Right, They're Wrong: A Handbook for Spirited Progressives", published in 1996; "...And The Horse He Rode In On: The People vs. Kenneth Starr", published in 1998; With Paul Begala he co-wrote "Stickin". "Suck Up, Buck Up... and Come Back When You Foul Up", in 2001, which detailed strategies for fighting and winning in business, politics, and life. In 2004, Carville released a political banter book entitled "Had Enough?", as well as a children's picture book, "Lu and the Swamp Ghost", with co-author Patricia C. McKissack and illustrator David Catrow. In January 2006, he released another book co-written with Begala, "Take It Back: Our Party, Our Country, Our Future".

Colin Powell
Colin Luther Powell, KCB (Honorary), MSC,
(born April 5, 1937) is a retired General in the United States Army. He was the 65th United States Secretary of State (2001-2005), serving under President George W. Bush. He was the first African American appointed to that position. As a General in the United States Army, Powell also served as National Security Advisor (1987–1989) and as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (1989–1993), holding the latter position during the Gulf War. He was the first and, so far, the only African American to serve on the Joint Chiefs of Staff.

United States Secretary of State
The United States Secretary of State (commonly abbreviated as SecState) is the head of the United States Department of State, that deals with foreign affairs. The Secretary is a member of the President's Cabinet and the highest-ranking cabinet secretary both in line of succession and order of precedence.

Jacques Ellul
Jacques Ellul (January 6 1912–May 19 1994) was a French philosopher, sociologist, theologian, and Christian anarchist. He wrote several books about the "technological society", and about Christianity and politics, such as "Anarchy and Christianity" (1991) - anarchism and Christianity are socially following the same goal. A philosopher who approached technology from a deterministic viewpoint. Ellu was professor at the University of Bordeaux, authored some 40 books and hundreds of articles over his lifetime, the dominant theme of which has been the threat to human freedom and Christian faith created by modern technology Ellu spoke often about the emergence of a "technological tyranny" over humanity.

Johann Most
Johann Joseph Most (February 5, 1846 March 17, 1906) was a German-American anarchist and orator. He is best known for to accept the strategy of "propaganda of the deed," which promoted direct action against a single person or institutions (including the use of violence) to force revolutionary change and inspire further action by others. During His life Most travelled half Europe, and he lived in countries as France and United Kingdom. In 1906,in Ohio, he fell sick because of a chronic case of erysipelas, a bacterial skin infection, in a era without any antibiotic treatments Most died in few days.

Francesco Saverio Merlino
Francesco Saverio Merlino (born September 9 1856 in Naples; died June 30 1930 in Rome) was an Italian lawyer, anarchist activist and theorist of libertarian socialism.
Life.
Merlino started to participate in the anarchist movement in Italy during his university studies.
In 1884 he went into exile in England and also travelled to the USA. After he returned to Italy in 1894 he was arrested and had to spent two years in prison.
In the following years he developed his theory of libertarian socialism in arguments with his friend Errico Malatesta.

Murray N. Rothbard
Murray Newton Rothbard (March 2, 1926 – January 7, 1995) was an American economist of the Austrian School who helped define modern libertarianism and founded a form of free-market anarchism called by himself "anarcho-capitalism". Rothbard always thought about a spontaneous order and he didn't like the central planning in favour of an individualist anarchist conclusion.

Carlo Tresca
Carlo Tresca (1879 - january 11, 1943 New York City) was an Italian-born American anarchist, newspaper editor, and labor agitator. Tresca was famous for the fight and the opposition to the fascism, stalinism, and the mafia. Tresca was part of the defense committee for accused murderers Sacco and Vanzetti, and frequently spoke in their defense at rallies and in articles. During the 1930s, Tresca became an outspoken opponent of Soviet Communists and Stalinism, particularly after the Soviet Union had engineered the destruction of the anarchist movement in Catalonia and Aragon during the Spanish Revolution. Before to this, Tresca had supported the Bolsheviks, with the excuse of that a Communist state was preferable to a capitalist state. In early 1938 Tresca publicly accused the Soviets of kidnapping Juliet Poyntz to prevent her defection from the Communist Party USA. Tresca said that, before she had disappeared, Poyntz had talked to him about her disgust over Joseph Stalin's Great Terror. In 1941 Tresca, in a revealing moment, admitted to Max Eastman that Nicola Sacco was guilty of the crime with which he was charged, though Vanzetti was innocent. In New York, Tresca also began a public campaign of criticism of the Mafia in his weekly newspaper, "Il Martello". Tresca was killed probabily by the mafia, with a gun shot. Others have thought that Tresca was eliminated by the NKVD because of the criticism of the Stalin regime of the Soviet Union.

Benjamin Tucker
Benjamin Ricketson Tucker (April 17, 1854 – June 22, 1939) was a leading proponent of American individualist anarchism in the 19th century, and editor and publisher of the individualist anarchist periodical "Liberty".

John Zerzan
John Zerzan (born 1943) is an American anarchist and primitivist philosopher and author. His works speaks about agricultural civilization. Some of his criticism has extended as far as challenging domestication, language, symbolic thought (such as mathematics and art) and the concept of time. His five major books are "Elements of Refusal" (1988), "Future Primitive and Other Essays" (1994), "Running on Emptiness" (2002), ' (2005) and "Twilight of the Machines" (2008). Zerzan is currently one of the editors of "Green Anarchy", a journal of anarcho-primitivist and insurrectionary anarchist thought.

2014 FIFA World Cup
The 2014 FIFA World cup is the 20th FIFA World Cup being held in Brazil. It will be the second time that Brazil will host the World Cup and the fourth time that a South American country will host The FIFA tournament.
Proposed venues.
There are 18 proposed venues for the Games.

Ephedrine
Ephedrine (or EPH) is an alkaloid found in plants of the genus Ephedra. It can also be found in other plants like wolfsbane or the Euopean yew.
Uses.
Ephedrine has effects on the human body. It can be used as a stimulant or a decongestant. It is also used to treat certain forms of low blood pressure or to help hunger. Ephedrine is like amphetamine and methamphetamine.
The herb "má huáng" (麻黄, "Ephedra sinica") is used in traditional Chinese medicine. It has ephedrine and pseudoephedrine in it. Nagayoshi Nagai was the first person to take ephedrine from "Ephedra vulgaris" in 1885. The substance called soma, mentioned in old Hindu books such as the Rig Veda, may have been ephedra extract.
Ephedrine is sometimes used for doping, usually together with caffeine and salicylic acid.
Economy.
The production of ephedrine in China has become a multi-million dollar industry. Companies extract $13 million worth of ephedrine from 30,000 tons of ephedra per year, 10 times the amount that is used in traditional Chinese medicine.

Emiliano Zapata
Emiliano Zapata Salazar (August 8, 1879 - April 10, 1919) was a leader in the Mexican Revolution, which started in 1910.
Salazar was ambushed and shot by Mexican troops in 1919. Zapata is a folk hero in Mexico to this day.

Pseudoephedrine
Pseudoephedrine (commonly abbreviated as PSE) is a decongestant. The salts pseudoephedrine hydrochloride and pseudoephedrine sulfate are found in many over-the-counter drugs either as single-ingredient preparations, or more commonly in combination with antihistamines, paracetamol (acetaminophen) and/or ibuprofen. Sudafed is a trademark for a common brand which contains pseudoephedrine hydrochloride, though Sudafed PE does not.
Unlike antihistamines, which modify the systemic histamine-mediated allergic response, pseudoephedrine only relieves nasal congestion commonly associated with colds or allergies.
The advantage of oral pseudoephedrine over topical nasal preparations, such as oxymetazoline, is that it does not cause rebound congestion (rhinitis medicamentosa); however, it is more likely to cause adverse effects including high blood pressure.
Some countries started to replace Pseudoephedrine by other drugs, such as phenylephrine. The reason for this is that pseudoephedrine can be used to make methamphetamine, which is an illegal drug.

Scion
Scion is a brand of small cars sold by Toyota in the United States. Scion is marketed to young car buyers.

Flag of the British Antarctic Territory
The flag of Christmas Island was adopted in 1986. It was designed by Tony Couch of Sydney, Australia.
Symbol of the Island.
The blue field means the sea that surrounds the island while the green field means the plants of the island. The southern cross appears in the blue field, showing Christmas Island's connection with Australia as well as its location in the southern hemisphere. The bird is a Golden Bosun, native to the island. The yellow disc means the island's history in mining. There is a map of the island in the centre of the disc.

Philippsburg
Philippsburg is a city in Germany. It is in the district of Karlsruhe in Baden-Württemberg.

Ainsworth, Wisconsin
Ainsworth is a town in Langlade County, Wisconsin, United States. About 571 people live in Ainsworth as of the year 2002.
Geography.
The town has a total area of 71.9 square miles, according to the United States Census Bureau.

Bex
Bex is a municipality in the canton of Vaud, Switzerland.

Erwitte
Erwitte is a town in the district of Soest. It is found in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

Lungu River
The Lungu River is a tributary of the Bahlui River in Romania. This means it flows into the Bahlui River.

Covasna River (Bahlui)
The Covasna River is a tributary of the Bahlui River in Romania. This means it flows into the Bahlui River.

Rediu River (Bahlui)
The Rediu River or Fundu Văii River is a tributary of the Bahlui River in Romania. This means it flows into the Bahlui River.

Bogonos River
The Bogonos River is a tributary of the Bahlui River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bahlui River.

Roşior River
The Roşior River is a tributary of the Bogonos River in Romania. This means it flows into the Bogonos River.

Putina River (Bahlui)
The Putina River is a tributary of the Bahlui River in Romania. This means it flows into the Bahlui River.

Tamarca River
The Tamarca River or Tătarca River is a tributary of the Bahlui River in Romania. This means it flows into the Bahlui River.

Ileana River
The Ileana River is a tributary of the Bahlui River in Romania. This means it flows into the Bahlui River.

Comarna River
The Comarna River is a tributary of the Bahlui River in Romania. This means it flows into the Bahlui River.

Balciu River
The Balciu River is a tributary of the Bahlui River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bahlui River.

Valea Adâncă River (Balciu)
The Valea Adâncă River is a tributary of the Balciu River in Romania. This menas it flows into the Balciu River.

Boghea River
The Boghea River is a tributary of the Balciu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Balciu River.

Corneşti River (Balciu)
The Corneşti River is a tributary of the Balciu River in Romania. This means it flows into the Balciu River.

Păiş River
The Păiş River is a tributary of the Jijioara River in Romania. This means it flows into the Jijioara River.

Barboşica River
The Barboşica River is a tributary of the Păiş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Păiş River.

Boroşoaia River
The Boroşoaia River is a tributary of the Jijioara River in Romania. This means it flows into the Jijioara River.

Sbanţ River
The Sbanţ River is a tributary of the Jijioara River in Romania. This means it flows into the Jijioara River.

John Krasinski
John Burke Krasinski (born October 20, 1979) is an American actor, film director and writer. He is most widely known for playing Jim Halpert on NBC's "The Office".

United States Department of State
The United States Department of State, often referred to as the State Department, is the Cabinet-level foreign affairs agency of the United States government, similar to foreign ministries, foreign offices, ministries of external relations, etc. in other countries. It is administered by the Secretary of State.

United States Cabinet
The United States Cabinet (usually simplified as "the Cabinet") is composed of the most senior appointed officers of the executive branch of the federal government of the United States, and its existence dates back to the first American President (George Washington), who appointed a Cabinet of four people (Secretary of State, Thomas Jefferson; Secretary of the Treasury, Alexander Hamilton; Secretary of War, Henry Knox; and Attorney General, Edmund Randolph) to advise and assist him in his duties. Cabinet officers are nominated by the President and then presented to the United States Senate for confirmation or rejection by a simple majority. If approved, they are sworn in and begin their duties. Aside from the Attorney General, and previously, the Postmaster General, they all receive the title "Secretary".

United States Attorney General
The United States Attorney General is the head of the United States Department of Justice concerned with "legal affairs" and is the chief law enforcement officer of the United States government. The Attorney General is considered to be the chief lawyer of the U.S. government. The Attorney General serves as a member of the President's Cabinet, but is the only cabinet department head who is not given the title Secretary.

United States Secretary of Agriculture
The United States Secretary of Agriculture is the head of the United States Department of Agriculture. The current secretary is Edward T. Schafer, who was confirmed by the U.S. Senate to become Secretary of Agriculture on January 28, 2008. The position carries similar responsibilities to agriculture ministers of other governments.

List of United States Cabinets
The following is a list of United States Cabinets by the President of the United States under which they operated.

United States Secretary of Homeland Security
The United States Secretary of Homeland Security is the head of the United States Department of Homeland Security, the body concerned with protecting the American homeland and the safety of American citizens. The Secretary is a member of the President's Cabinet. The position was created following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001.

United States Department of Homeland Security
The United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS), commonly known in the United States as "Homeland Security", is a Cabinet department of the U.S. federal government with the responsibility of protecting the territory of the U.S. from terrorist attacks and responding to natural disasters.

United States Secretary of the Interior
The United States Secretary of the Interior is the head of the United States Department of the Interior. The Department of the Interior oversees such agencies as the Bureau of Land Management, the United States Geological Survey, and the National Park Service. The Secretary also serves on and appoints the private citizens on the National Park Foundation board. The Secretary is a member of the President's Cabinet. The Secretary typically comes from a western state; only one of the last 16 Secretaries is not identified with a state lying west of the Mississippi River. The Secretary of the Interior is eighth in the United States presidential line of succession.

United States Secretary of Commerce
The United States Secretary of Commerce is the head of the United States Department of Commerce concerned with business and industry; the Department states its mission to be "to foster, promote, and develop the foreign and domestic commerce." Until 1913 there was one Secretary of Commerce and Labor, uniting this department with the Department of Labor, which is now headed by a separate Secretary of Labor.
List of Secretaries of Commerce.
Footnote: Under Secretary of Commerce Luther H. Hodges Jr served as Interim Secretary of Commerce October 31, 1979 to January 9, 1980.
From 25 July 1987 to 19 October 1987, Clarence J. Brown Jr. was Acting Secretary

United States Department of Commerce
The United States Department of Commerce is the Cabinet department of the United States government concerned with promoting economic growth. It was originally created as the United States Department of Commerce and Labor on February 14, 1903. It was subsequently renamed to the Department of Commerce on March 4, 1913, and its bureaus and agencies specializing in labor were transferred to the new Department of Labor.

United States Department of the Interior
The United States Department of the Interior (DOI) is a Cabinet department of the United States government that manages and conserves most federally owned land. These responsibilities are different from other countries' Interior Departments or ministries, which tend to focus on police or security.

United States Department of Justice
The United States Department of Justice (DOJ) is a Cabinet department in the United States government designed to enforce the law and defend the interests of the United States according to the law and to ensure fair and impartial administration of justice for all Americans. The DOJ is administered by the United States Attorney General, one of the original members of the cabinet.

United States Department of Agriculture
The United States Department of Agriculture (also called the Agriculture Department, or USDA) is a United States Federal Executive Department (or "Cabinet Department"). Its purpose is to develop and execute policy on farming, agriculture, and food.

United States federal executive departments
The United States federal executive departments are among the oldest primary units of the executive branch of the federal government of the United States—the Departments of State, War, and the Treasury all being established within a few weeks of each other in 1789.

United States Department of Labor
The United States Department of Labor is a Cabinet department of the United States government responsible for occupational safety, wage and hour standards, unemployment insurance benefits, re-employment services, and some economic statistics. Many U.S. states also have such departments. The department is headed by the United States Secretary of Labor.

United States Secretary of Labor
The United States Secretary of Labor is the head of the Department of Labor who exercises control over the department and enforces and suggests laws involving unions, the workplace and all other issues involving any form of business-person controversies.
List of Secretaries of Labor.
This is a complete list of all past and present Secretaries of Labor.

Raster image processor
A Raster image processor is a component that can be found in some printers. The raster image processor receives the data in a description language, like Postscript, PCL, or PDF and convers it to a bitmap or raster image.
Raster image processing can be done in two ways: as Software runninmg as part of the operating system, or as a special microprocessor inside the printer. Cheaper printers use a solution called host-based printing, where this is done in the operating system, more expensive printers, and those that support PCL, Postscript or a similar language have a Raster image processor inside the printer.

Sligo Rovers F.C.
Sligo Rovers are an association football team in Ireland. They were founded in 1928 and now play in the Eircom Premier Division.
Current team.
One of Sligo Rovers players Romuald Boco, is captain of the national football team of Benin. Rovers also have Seamus Coleman who has been capped for Ireland at under age level and was linked with a move to England. Rovers have plenty of players who have played in England and the Rovers' manager Paul Cook has played for Wigan Athletic and Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C..The Sligo Rovers captain is Conor O Grady who used to play with Cork City and is also a local of Sligo.
History.
Sligo Rovers were founded in 1928 and have been active ever since. They were founded after the merger of Sligo town and Sligo blues. The all time top goalscorer of the English league Dixie Dean played for Rovers in the 1930s. The last FAI cup competition Rovers won was in 1994. They defeated Derry City in the final with Gerry Carr scoring winning goal. The last competition Rovers won was the First Division in 2005. The Rovers have won the league twice in 1937 and 1977. They won the cup in 1983 and 1994 and the first division in 1994 and 2005. During the 2008 season it was confirmed that Rovers were in financial difficulty and needed to pay 130,000 euro.
Stadium.
Sligo Rovers play in The Showgrounds, Sligo. The ground can hold 5,500 people with seats for 2,400. There are two training pitches, and one of them is made from astroturf. In the car park for part of the year there is a fun fair.
Shirt Sponsers.
Sligo Rovers have three shirt sponsors, Jako Sports, Tohers the Chemist and Ballastsigns.
Lawrie Sanchez.
Lawrence Philip Sanchez (born October 22, 1959 in London, England) is a Northern Irish football manager and former player. He became player-manager of League of Ireland club Sligo Rovers in 1994. In his first season he led them to the semi-final of the 1995 FAI Cup. He also managed them in the Cup Winners' Cup against Bruges FC. He went on to manage Fulham F.C. and the Northern Ireland national team.

Eircom Premier Division
The Eircom football league was a football league in the Republic of Ireland. It existed from 1921 until 2006. In 2007, it was replaced with the FAI Premier Division.

Sligo
Sligo is a town in County Sligo, Ireland. It is the largest town in the county and the second largest rural area in Connauct after Galway city. It is home to Sligo Rovers F.C. who play in the Eircom Premier Division and came sixth in the 2007 season. Sligo has a population of around 20,000 and has many tourist attractions.

Fort Campbell
Fort Campbell is a United States Army fort found between Hopkinsville, Kentucky, and Clarksville, Tennessee.
The fort is named after William Bowen Campbell, the last Governor of Tennessee.

Harlem
Harlem is a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Manhattan and was a village independent of New York City until 1873.

Eastern European Summertime
Eastern European Summer Time (shortened to EEST) is the name given to the daylight savings time which some countries in Eastern Europe have. During the winter, these cioountries are two hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). During thje summer months, some of these countries observe summer time. That way they are 3 hours ahead of UTC.
Usage.
In one year 1991 EEST was used also in Moscow and Samara time zones of Russia.

Taxane
The taxanes are chemical substances produced by the plants of the genus "Taxus" (yews). They were first made from natural sources, but some have been produced artificially. Taxanes include paclitaxel and docetaxel. Paclitaxel was originally derived from the Pacific yew tree.
Taxanes have been used to make various chemotherapy drugs. Taxanes work mainly by disrupting of the microtubule function. They do this by stabilizing GDP-bound tubulin in the microtubule. Microtubules are essential to cell division, and taxanes therefore stop this - a "frozen mitosis". Thus, taxanes are essentially mitotic inhibitors. In contrast to the taxanes, the vinca alkaloids destroy mitotic spindles. Both, taxanes and vinca alkaloids are therefore named spindle poisons or mitosis poisons, but they act in different ways. Taxanes are also thought to be radiosensitizing.

Brooch
A brooch is a piece of jewelry that is attached to clothes. It is usually made of metal, silver or gold but sometimes bronze and decorated with gemstones.

Flares
Flares (also called bell-bottoms, loon pants, boot-cut/leg and hip-huggers) are trousers that become wider from the knees downwards. They are worn by men and women.

Autopsy
An autopsy (also called "post-mortem examination") is a medical examination of a corpse to find out what killed it (disease or injury). Autopsies are done by specialised doctors, called pathologists.
Autopsies are not done all the time. They are usually done either for medical reasons, or for legal ones. One of the legal reasons why an autopsy is done is to find out if the death was the result of a crime. A medical case is to find the cause of death when it is unclear. Sometimes autopsies are done to train new doctors.
Sometimes, the cause of death can be found by simply looking at the corpse without opening it. In other cases, it may need to be opened, to find the cause of death. If it is opened, it is usually closed again; most of the time, corpses are buried. Before being buried, they are on display for some time. For this, they need to look acceptable. In certain cases, like when the cropse is opened, special permissions are perhaps necessary. These are usually given by the closest living relative, called next of kin.

Supro Ozark 1560 S
The Supro Ozark is an old electric guitar with only one pick-up. It is most famous as being the first electric guitar Jimi Hendrix owned.

Stormbreaker (novel)
"Stormbreaker" is a 2000 book by British writer Anthony Horowitz. It was released on September 4, 2000 in the United Kingdomand May 21, 2001 in the United States. A movie based on the book was released on July 21, 2006. It starred Alex Pettyfer as the book's main character, Alex Rider.

Event-driven programming
In computer programming, event-driven programming also known as event-based programming is a programming method in which the flow of the program is determined by sensor outputs or user actions such as (mouse clicks, key presses) or by messages from other programs or threads running on the computer.
Event-driven programs can be written using any of the computer programming languages, although the task is easier in languages that provide high-level of abstractions to support it. Some integrated development environments provide all assisting methods that automate most tasks required for events handling.

Leeds Bradford International Airport
Leeds Bradford International Airport is a large airport in Yeadon, Leeds and also near Bradford in West Yorkshire, England. The airport was sold to Bridgepoint Capital in 2007.
Around 3 million people use the airport every year, and more people are expected to have used in in 2008.
The airport has flights to many other cities in England and abroad, including London, Edinburgh, Dublin, Paris, Amsterdam, Brussles, Rome, Milan, Madrid, Barcelona and Prague. It is widely used for both holiday and business flights.

Leeds Metropolitan University
Leeds Metropolitan University is a university in Leeds, England. It is the second largest university in the city after the University of Leeds. The University sometimes calls itself Leeds Carnegie. It used to be called Leeds Polytechnic.

Wetherby
Wetherby is a town in West Yorkshire, England. It is part of the City of Leeds borough. Wetherby is on the River Wharfe. The town has a market every Thursday. There are 11 pubs in Wetherby and many shops. There are Morrisons and Sainsbury's supermarkets in the town. Wetherby is on the A1 motorway. 22,000 people live in Wetherby. Wetherby has an historic town hall. Wetherby is also close to York and Harrogate.
Work.
Wetherby has many factories in Thorpe Arch and on the Sandbeck Industrial Estate. The British Library are in London and Wetherby. Most people in Wetherby work in Leeds.
Sport.
Wetherby has its own racecourse as well as amateur football, cricket, rugby league, rugby union and bowls teams. There is also a golf course.
Schools and Colleges.
Wetherby has several primary schools, a large secondary school and Park Lane College. There are universities nearby in Leeds. Wetherby High School used to be a secondary modern school but is now a comprehensive school.
Twinning.
Wetherby is twinned with Privas in France.

Dynamic-link library
Dynamic-link library (also written as Dynamic Link Library or DLL), is the Microsoft's implementation of shared libraries used by the Microsoft Windows operating systems. These libraries usually have the file extension DLL, OCX (for libraries containing ActiveX controls), or DRV (for windows legacy system drivers).
Any of the Microsoft Windows data files having the same file format as that of the "Dynamic-link library" can be called a "resource DLL". Examples of such DLLs include "icon libraries", sometimes having the extension ICL, and the font files, having the extensions FON and FOT.

Jack Peddie
Jack Peddie is a former football player.

Nwankwo Kanu
Nwankwo Kanu (born 1 August, 1976) is a football player. He plays for Portsmouth and Nigeria national team.

Jay-Jay Okocha
Jay-Jay Okocha (born 14 August, 1973) is a former football player. He has played for Nigeria national team.

Nicky Butt
Nicky Butt is a football player. He has played for England national team.

The Football League 1909-10
Statistics of The Football League in season 1909/1910.
Overview.
It was performed in 20 teams, and Aston Villa won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 20 teams, and Manchester City won the championship.

Football League of Ireland Premier Division 1949-50
Statistics of Football League of Ireland Premier Division in season 1949/1950.
Overview.
It was performed in 10 teams, and Cork Athletic won the championship.

Colombian Professional Football 1975
Statistics of Colombian Professional Football in season 1975.
Overview.
It was performed in 14 teams, and Santa Fe won the championship.

Division 1 1955-56
Statistics of Division 1 in season 1955/1956.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Nice won the championship.

Serie A 1957-58
Statistics of Serie A in season 1957/1958.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Juventus won the championship.

Serie A 1958-59
Statistics of Serie A in season 1958/1959.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Milan won the championship.

Serie A 1959-60
Statistics of Serie A in season 1959/1960.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Juventus won the championship.

Serie A 1960-61
Statistics of Serie A in season 1960/1961.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Juventus won the championship.

Serie A 1962-63
Statistics of Serie A in season 1962/1963.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Internazionale Milano won the championship.

Serie B
Serie B is a football league which is second division in Italy.

Serie B 1962-63
Statistics of Serie B in season 1962/1963.
Overview.
It was performed in 20 teams, and Messina won the championship.

Michael Cole
Michael Sean Coulthard (born December 8, 1968) better known by his stage name Michael Cole, is an American former news journalist and the current play-by-play announcer for World Wrestling Entertainment's Raw.

Rlogin
In computing, rlogin is a Unix program that allows users to log in on another host using a network. rlogin uses TCP port 513. It was first distributed as part of the 4.2BSD release. rlogin is also the name of the application layer protocol used by the software, also the protocol is part of the IP protocol suite.
Due to rlogin serious problems; rlogin was rarely used across untrusted networks (like the public internet) also rlogin distributions are no longer included by default with many Unix and Linux distributions. Many networks which were depending on rlogin and telnet have replaced it with SSH and the "rlogin secured equivalent" slogin.

Vasily Zaytsev
Captain Vasily Grigoryevich Zaytsev (,) (March 23, 1915–December 15, 1991) was a Soviet sniper during World War II. He is particularly notable for his activities between November 10 and December 17, 1942 during the Battle of Stalingrad. He killed 225 soldiers and officers of the Wehrmacht and other Axis armies, including 11 enemy snipers. Before the 10th November, he had already killed 32 Axis soldiers with the standard Mosin-Nagant rifle. Between October 1942 and January 1943, Zaytsev had made 242 verified kills, but the real number may be much higher; some argue it might have been as many as 500. His military rank at the time was Junior Lieutenant.

Mike Adamle
Michael David Adamle (born October 4, 1949; pronounced) is a sports personality and former National Football League player. He is perhaps best known as the co-host of the cult-favorite "American Gladiators" series for seven years.

Port forwarding
Port forwarding, also referred to as port mapping, is a method of forwarding a network port from one network node to another. This technique can allow an external user to reach a port on a private IP address (inside a LAN) from the outside using a NAT-enabled router.
Port forwarding allows remote computers (e.g. public machines on the Internet) to connect to a specific computer within a private LAN.

Paul Burchill
Paul Burchill (born Paul Kenneth Birchall on October 8 1979) is an English professional wrestler, currently signed to World Wrestling Entertainment wrestling on its Raw brand.

Serial port
In computing, a serial port is a "serial communication physical interface" through which information transfers, either in or out, one bit at a time (in contrast with parallel port).
During most of the personal computers history, serial ports connected computers to devices such as terminals and various peripherals.
While such interfaces as Ethernet, FireWire, and USB all send data as a serial stream, the term "serial port" usually identifies hardware meeting the requirements of the RS-232 standard, for the purpose of interfacing with a modem or with a similar communication device.
For many computer peripheral devices the USB interface has replaced the serial port. While nearly every server has a serial port, many modern low-end workstations and laptops often don't have one. The serial port is not present for cost savings, and is considered to be a legacy port on personal computers.
However, serial ports can be found in industrial systems, scientific analysis and laboratory equipments, point of sales and some industrial and consumer products. Network equipments (such as routers and switches) often have serial ports for configuration. Serial ports are still used in these areas as they are simple, cheap and allow communications between devices.

Bambi
"Bambi" is an animated movie produced by Walt Disney. The fifth movie in the Disney classics series, the movie is lossely based on the 1923 book "Bambi, A Life in the Woods" by Austrian author Felix Salten. The story is about a baby fawn, named Bambi, who learns to grow up in the wild after his mother is shot by hunters. The main characters are Bambi, a white-tailed deer, his parents (the Great Prince of the forest and his unnamed mother), and his friends Thumper (a pink-nosed rabbit), Flower (a skunk), and his childhood friend and future wife, Faline.
For the movie, Disney changed Bambi's species into a white-tailed deer from his original species of Roe Deer, since roe deer don't live in the United States, and the white-tailed deer is more familiar to Americans. The movie received three Academy Award nominations for Best Sound, Best Song for "Love is a song" and Original Music Score. The term "Bambi eyes" was made in response to the movie to describe an innocent look that people can make with their eyes to generate sympathy. On March 1, 2005, a 2-disc Platinum Edition Disney DVD was released, featuring a competely refreashed version of the movie. First released to movie theatres by RKO Radio Pictures on August 13, 1942, "Bambi" has started many controversies do to its dark tones and although the film received good reviews, it was criticized as being inappropriate for children because of the death of Bambi's mother, as well as the scary violence of the hunting scenes, dog attacks, and the forest fire climax. Also, it did poorly at the box office during its original release. In June 2008, the American Film Institute listed its "Ten top Ten", the best ten movies in ten "classic" American film genres. After voting from over 1,500 people, "Bambi" was said to be the third best animated movie.
The Story.
A little fawn called Bambi is born in the woods. He spends his first days of life exploring the forest around him. He makes a friend called Thumper, who is a rabbit. Bambi learns new things everyday. He discoveres birds ("bird" becomes his first word), butterflies, rain, the meadow, and also sees his father (the Great Prince of the Forest) for the first time. So, to put it simply, the first half of the movie mainly involves Bambi's fawnhood, such as a walk through the woods, a day in the meadow, and his first encounter with snow. The most famous part of the movie involves the death of a certain character. This is where people cry in the movie. Bambi and his mother have trouble finding food. One day, Bambi's mother finds a patch of grass, and they eat. We now hear scary music (Man's theme, a low-three mort hum) and Bambi's mother scences danger. She tells Bambi to run, and as they run across an icy field, she screams "Faster! Faster, Bambi! Don't look back! Keep running! Keep running!" We see Bambi make it but we hear a gunshot. Bambi makes it back to the den but finds that his mother is no longer there. He wanders around, desperaty calling for her, and bumps into his father, the Great Prince, who tells him that "your mother can't be with you anymore". Bambi follows his father into the woods, taking one last look behind him. The next spring (Bambi II covers up this gap), we see Bambi and his friends as adults. They meat up with a wise old owl, called Friend Owl, who tells them of the dangers of becoming "twitterpated" (falling in love). They make vows not to become twitterpated, but are in love at first sight in no time. Bambi falls in love with his old childhold friend Faline, and is happily dancing in the clouds until another deer steps in the way. He tries to get Faline to go with him, but Bambi won't stand this and gets into a fight with this deer. Bambi of course wins, and goes on a date with Faline. The Man comes back and makes more trouble for the animals and Bambi saves Faline from a pack of angry dogs. A forrest fire comes, and nearly distorys everything. Bambi has troble getting upo, but his father helps him. They both make it to an island where the animals have gathered. The following spring, everybody goes to see Bambi and Faline's new fawns, with the wise owl saying that Bambi should be proud. The Great Prince literally steps down from his current place as king, and Bambi is left standing proundly as a reprise of the beginning song, Love is a Song, is sung by a chorus.
Production.
Walt Disney wanted to achieve realistic detail in this animated movie. The artists heard teachings from animal experts, and visited the Los Angeles Zoo. A pair of fawns (named Bambi and Faline) were shipped from the area of present day Baxter State Park in Maine to the studio so that the artists could see first-hand the movement of these animals. The source of these fawns, from the Eastern United States, gave the company the idea to change Felix Salten's Roe Deer to a white-tailed deer. The background of the movie was also the Eastern woodlands — one of the earliest and best known artists for the Disney studio, Maurice "Jake" Day spent several weeks in the Vermont and Maine forests, sketching and photographing deer, fawns, and the surrounding wilderness areas.
Release history.
Bambi was released in theaters in 1942, during World War II, and was Disney's fifth full-length animated movie. The famous art direction of Bambi was due to the influence of Tyrus Wong, a former painter who provided eastern and painterly influence to the backgrounds. "Bambi" was re-released to theaters in 1947, 1957, 1966, 1975, 1982, and 1988. It was released on VHS in 1989 (Classics Version), 1997 (Masterpiece Collection Version), and digitally remastered and restored for the March 1, 2005 Platinum Edition DVD. The Platinum Edition DVD went into the "Disney Vault" on January 31 2007. The Masterpiece Version was the first Disney Video to be THX certified.
Similarities with The Lion King.
52 years following the release of Bambi, the movie inspired certain plot ideas for Disney's 32 animated movie, The Lion King. The main characters in the movie are cast as African lions, as Simba, a young lion cub, learns his place in the "Circle of Life". Likewise to Bambi, Simba loses a parent in the course of the film, however, there are no humans noted in the movie, as Simba's father, Mufasa, dies in a wildebeest stampede. Simba also is childhood friends with his intended mate (here named Nala), and they are made aware of their arranged marriage, a topic that was beyond them at the time. Simba's uncle, Scar, is the main villain in the movie, who killed Mufasa, and also planned to kill Simba, in order to be king. Simba flees the kingdom in shame, only to return to challenge his uncle and eventually become the lion king.
Midquel.
"Bambi II", a midquel to "Bambi", was released in the United States on February 7, 2006. Taking place in the middle of "Bambi", it shows the Great Prince of the Forest struggling to raise the motherless Bambi, and Bambi's doubts about his father's love. While the movie was a direct-to-video release in countries like the United States, Japan, Canada, mainland China, Hong Kong and Taiwan, it was a theatrical release in some countries like the United Kingdom, France, Austria, Mexico, Dominican Republic, Brazil, Australia and some other European countries.

List of software licenses
This is a list of Software Licenses.
References.
http://www.zlib.net/zlib_license.html

Flag of the Netherlands
The flag of the Netherlands is a tricolour of red, white, and blue. It was introduced in 1572. Since 1937, the flag has officially been the national flag of the Netherlands and of the Kingdom of the Netherlands.
Description.
The national flag of the Netherlands is a tricolour flag. The colors are red (bright vermilion), white (silver), and blue (cobalt blue). The first Stadtholder, or ruler, of the Dutch Republic was William of Orange, who joined with Dutch nationalists and led the struggle for independence from Spain. Partly out of respect for him, the first flag adopted by the Dutch was originally orange, white, and blue. The orange dye was particularly unstable and tended to turn red after a while, so in the mid-17th century, red was made the official color. The flag has flown since then. As the first revolutionary flag, it has had an influence throughout the world. Until about 1800, in the case of both the orange- and the red-striped versions, the number of stripes and their order frequently varied.

Coat of Arms of Netherlands
The Greater Coat of Arms of the Realm, (or "Grote Rijkswapen"), is the Coat of Arms of the Royal Family of Netherlands. The components of the coats of arms were regulated by Queen Wilhelmina in a Royal decree of July 10th 1907.
Description.
The shield is crowned with the Dutch royal crown and supported by two lions. They stand on a scroll Azure with the text "Je Maintiendrai" (medieval French for "I will endure".)
The monarch places this coat of arms on a mantle lined with Ermine. Above the mantle is a pavilion Gules again topped with the royal crown.
In the Royal decree it is stated that the male successors can replace the crown on the shield by a helm.
History.
This version of the coat of arms is in use since 1907.

Flag of US Virgin Islands
The flag of the United States Virgin Islands was adopted in 1922. The eagle holds a branch in one talon, and three arrows in the other, meaning the three major islands: Saint Thomas, Saint John, and Saint Croix. Additionally, the colors of the flag are: yellow, showing various characteristics of the territory and the flowers; green, symbolizing the hills; white, meaning the clouds; and blue, depicting the waters.
History of the flag.
The idea of a Virgin Islands Flag began with Rear Admiral Summer Ely Whitmore Kitelle, who was governor of the Islands on April 26, 1921. He approached Mr. White, and Percival Wilson Sparks, and asked them for suggestions for a flag design. Sparks, a cartoonist, drew a flag on paper. Afterwards Sparks transferred it on heavy cotton material, then asked his wife Grace and her sister Blanche Joseph to make the design.

Morphine (band)
Morphine is an Alternative Rock band formed in 1989. They have released the studio albums "Good", "Cure for Pain", "Yes", and "Like Swimming". They have also released one "greatest hits" album released on February of 2003.

Pietro Acciarito
Pietro Umberto Acciarito (1871 - 1943) was an Italian anarchist. Born in Artena, he lived near Rome. Acciarito is famous because he tried to kill the Italian king, Umberto I, on 22 April 1897, for which he was sent to prison for life.

Good (Morphine album)
"Good" is the first album by rock band Morphine. It was released in 1992.

Francisco Ascaso
Francisco Ascaso Budría (April 1 1901—July 20 1936) was a famous Anarcho-syndicalist in Spain, friend of Buenaventura Durruti. Ascaso in his life he traveled and fought as rebel, in Spain, France, Argentine, Belgium, Germany, Sweden, Latin America and was deported Canary Islands. In the Spanish Civil War, the anarchist Ascaso joined the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT) and he fought in the first time in the armed group called and then in 1922 in the group called "Los Solidarios". In 1934 he became regional general secretary of the CNT. He died in the Spanish Civil War, on the first day of conflict in Barcelona. After his death, a groups of anarchists called them the "Francisco Ascaso Column".

Cure for Pain
"Cure For Pain" was the second album released by the band Morphine. It was put out on the Rykodisc label in 1993. The tracks "Sheila" and "In Spite of Me" were part of the soundtrack of the 1994 independent movie "Spanking the Monkey".

Marie Louise Berneri
Marie Louise Berneri (March 1, 1918 - April 13, 1949) was an anarchist activist and author.
Life.
She was born in Arezzo, Italy, and she was the daughter of Camillo & Giovanna Berneri. The family went into exile in 1926 for resisting Mussolini. In 1936 her father went to Spain, to fight against the fascists in the Spanish Civil War. He was assassinated by communists in 1937. She wrote for many journals, articles as, "Revision", with Luis Mercier Vega and was a member of the group that edited "Revolt", "War Commentary", and the "Freedom newspaper" published by the Freedom Bookstore in London. She also wrote "Journey Through Utopia" and "Neither East Nor West". During the father's murder she was living in France and studying psychology at the Sorbonne University. She married Vernon Richards, also an active anarchist with many of the same groups and publications as she. In April 1945 she was one of the four editors of "War Commentary". In the post-war international anarchist conference in Paris, 1948 she was a member of the British delegation. Her mother and sister Giliane Berneri were members of the Italian and French anarchists delegations.
The death.
Marie-Louise Berneri died, along with her baby, during childbirth, 13 April 1949 at the age of 31. George Woodcock & Ivan Avacumovic dedicated their biography of Peter Kropotkin, "The Anarchist Prince" (1950) to Marie-Louise Berneri, "a true disciple of Kropotkin."

Marco Camenisch
Marco Camenisch is a Swiss anarchist and environmental activist. He is currently in prison for the 1989 murder of a border guard in Brusio (Switzerland).
Camenisch has maintained his political ideas during his time in prison, and he has remained a political activist.

Sante Geronimo Caserio
Sante Geronimo Caserio (September 8, 1873 - August 16, 1894) was an Italian anarchist that stabbed the French president of the French Third Republic Marie François Sadi Carnot.
Caserio was executed by guillotine in Lyon at 5am, August 16, 1894. In front of the guillotine, he screamed "Coraggio compagni—evviva l' anarchia!" ("Courage, comrades—long live anarchy!")

Pakistan Day
Pakistan Day is a legal holiday in the nation state of Pakistan, observed on January 28. It is the anniversary of the commenration of the choosing the name P.A.K.I.S.T.A.N. By Choudhary Rahmat Ali.

Badshahi Mosque
The Badshahi Mosque (Urdu: بادشاھی مسجد), or the 'Emperor's Mosque', was built in 1673 by the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb in Lahore, Pakistan. It is one of the city's best known landmarks, and a major tourist attraction epitomising the beauty and grandeur of the Mughal era.

Minar-e-Pakistan
Minar-e-Pakistan (Urdu: مينارِ پاكستان; Mīnār-ĕ Pākistān or Yadgaar-e-Pakistan) is a tall minaret in Iqbal Park Lahore, built in commemoration of the Lahore Resolution.

Mazar-e-Quaid
Mazar-e-Quaid (Urdu: مزار قائد) or the National Mausoleum refers to the tomb of the founder of Pakistan, Muhammad Ali Jinnah. It is an iconic symbol of Karachi throughout the world. The mausoleum was completed in the 1960s. It is situated at the heart of the city.

Craig Anton
Craig Ward Anton (born August 28, 1962 in Omaha, Nebraska) is an American actor and comedian. Anton is most notable for being the cast of comedians on the show "MADtv" and for his role as "Lloyd Diffy" in the Disney Channel Original Series "Phil of the Future".
Biography.
Craig was born and raised in Omaha, Nebraska. He is the eldest son of Arthur and Antoinette Anton and of four children. Craig has two younger sisters, Toni (born 1964) and Megan (born 1977), and one younger brother, Brian (1970). Craig's parents are divorced and his father remarried. He is now married to Eileen McBay and they now live in Houston, Texas, while his mother lives in Las Vegas, Nevada.
Early life and career.
Craig attended R.M. Marrs junior high school. He graduated from Burke High School in 1980 and attended University of Nebraska at Kearney. Craig begin his career as a college circuit comedian in the 1980s. In 1984, he traveled the Mediterranean and Middle East as part of the USO comedy tour, where he spent two months in Turkey, Greece, Italy, Israel, Bahrain, and Spain entertaining our troops and in 1985, he was named Showtime's Funniest Person in Nebraska. Craig was nominated from the NACA Campus Entertainer of the Year award three times.
"MADtv".
During his three year tenure, Anton received limited screentime on the show. He primarily did a stand-up segment during some episodes. Aside from his stand-up routine, Anton was often cast as an extra or supporting character. Anton's most enduring character was Clorox from the "Star Trek: Deep Stain Nine" sketches. Clorox was supposed to be the main nemesis of the sketch and was loosely based on Q from the "Star Trek" series. Anton left "MADtv" in 1998, at the end of the season.
Other television projects.
Since leaving "MADtv", Anton developed an extensive resume on television. He co-starred in several television series, including shows like "The Army Show", "Random Play", and "Primetime Glick". In the late 1990s, Anton guest starred on television series credits included "Mr. Show with Bob and David", and "Coach". During the 2000s, Anton appeared in shows like "Curb Your Enthusiasm", "The King of Queens", "Ally McBeal", "Lizzie McGuire", "Everybody Loves Raymond", and "Weekends at the D.L." Anton has also appeared on shows like "Premium Blend" and "Late Friday" where he performed his stand-up routine.
Personal life.
As of 2006, Craig is currently living in Los Angeles, California with his wife, Lesley Barr, and their two daughters, Laura and Claire. They have an Australian shepherd name Wayne and a cat name Snow White. Craig is currently doing "The Tomorrow Show".

Queer as Folk (U.S.)
"Queer as Folk" is an American/Canadian television series that aired from 2000-2005 on Showtime. It is a remake of a British program with the same name. The series follows the lives of several gay men living in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Due to the cost of making the series, it was actually filmed in Toronto, Canada. Following its first episode, the series quickly became the most-viewed program on the Showtime network in the United States, despite its somewhat controversial and graphic depictions of gay life.

United States Secretary of Health and Human Services
The United States Secretary of Health and Human Services is the head of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, concerned with "health matters." The Secretary is a member of the President's Cabinet.

United States Department of Health and Human Services
The United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS'"), is a Cabinet department of the United States government with the goal of protecting the health of all Americans and providing essential human services. Its motto is "Improving the health, safety, and well-being of America".

United States Secretary of Energy
The United States Secretary of Energy is the head of the United States Department of Energy, a member of the President's Cabinet, and fifteenth in the Presidential line of succession. The post was created with the formation of the Department of Energy on October 1, 1977 by President Jimmy Carter's signing of the Department of Energy Organization Act. The position was originally developed to focus on energy production and regulation. During the 1980s, the emphasis shifted to development of technology for better, more efficient energy sources as well as education regarding energy. As the Cold War ended, the department's efforts were more often devoted to nuclear waste disposal and maintenance of environmental quality.

United States Department of Energy
The United States Department of Energy (DOE) is a Cabinet-level department of the United States government responsible for energy policy and nuclear safety. Its responsibilities include the nation's nuclear weapons program, nuclear reactor production for the United States Navy, energy conservation, energy-related research, radioactive waste disposal, and domestic energy production. DOE also sponsors more basic and applied scientific research than any other US federal agency; most of this is funded through its system of United States Department of Energy National Laboratories.

Dead Memories
"Dead Memories" is the 3rd single by Slipknot from the album "All Hope Is Gone".
Info.
Dead Memories is the thirteenth single by heavy metal band Slipknot, from their fourth album, "All Hope Is Gone". The track is going to be released on December 1, 2008. The music video for the single was directed by P. R. Brown and is scheduled to show on October 25, 2008.
Music video.
The music video for "Dead Memories" was directed by P. R. Brown. On September 30, 2008 the band's record label Roadrunner Records released a 15 second teaser video on YouTube which featured vocalist Corey Taylor in what appears to be a grave in torrential rain. The video is going to show on MTV's "Headbangers Ball" on October 25, 2008 as part of "Headbangers Ball" 20th anniversary special programming.

Ted DiBiase, Jr.
Theodore Marvin DiBiase, Jr. (born November 8, 1982) is an American professional wrestler. He currently works for World Wrestling Entertainment on its Raw brand. He is a former World Tag Team Champion with Cody Rhodes. He is currently filming the movie "The Marine 2", and so is not appearing on television.
Early life.
DiBiase grew up in Clinton, Mississippi and graduated from Clinton High School in 2001. At Clinton, DiBiase was the football team's starting quarterback. He attended Mississippi College and was the starting wide receiver for the college's football team, before he left the squad after his freshman season. He graduated in 2005 with a Bachelor of Science and Bachelor of Business Administration.
World Wrestling Entertainment.
DiBiase first appeared on WWE television on May 26, 2008, where he said he was going to become a champion like his father, Ted DiBiase, and challenged the World Tag Team Champions, Cody Rhodes and Hardcore Holly. At Night of Champions, DiBiase won the World Tag Team Championship in his first match in WWE, after Rhodes turned on Holly, and decided to team up with DiBiase. They held the titles for a month, but then lost them to John Cena and Batista on August 4. The next week, DiBiase and Rhodes had a rematch, and won the titles back.
DiBiase and Rhodes were joined by Manu, but on the October 27, 2008 episode of "Raw", DiBiase and Rhodes lost their championship to CM Punk and Kofi Kingston. DiBiase was then taken off television, so he could film the movie "The Marine 2".

Clinton, Mississippi
Clinton is a city in Hinds County, Mississippi, United States. It's in the Jackson metropolitan area, and it's the tenth largest city in Mississippi. The population was 23,347 at the 2000 United States Census.

Apollo Beach, Florida
Apollo Beach is an unincorporated census-designated place in Hillsborough County, Florida, United States. The population was 7,444 at the 2000 census.

Loco, Switzerland
Loco is a village and former municipality in the canton of Ticino, Switzerland.

Robert Gates
Robert Michael Gates (born September 25 1943) is currently serving as the 22nd United States Secretary of Defense. He took office on December 18 2006. Prior to this, Gates served for 26 years in the Central Intelligence Agency and the United States National Security Council. Under President George H. W. Bush, Gates served as Director of Central Intelligence.

Director of Central Intelligence
The Office of United States Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) was established by U.S. President Harry Truman on January 23 1946 with Admiral Sidney Souers occupying the position. The DCI was coordinating intelligence activities among and between the various United States intelligence agencies, also called the American Intelligence Community.
Until April 2005, the DCI also served as de-facto Director of the Central Intelligence Agency and was often referred to colloquially as the "CIA Director." After the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on the United States and the subsequent investigation by the 11 Commission, a movement grew to re-organize the Intelligence Community. That movement prompted the creation, on April 21, 2005, of the Office of the Director of National Intelligence (DNI), in whose purview was the job portfolio that had been performed previously by the Director of Central Intelligence. The latter position then ceased to exist.

Donald Rumsfeld
Donald Henry Rumsfeld (born 9 July 1932) is a United States businessman and politician. Rumsfeld was the 13th United States Secretary of Defense under President Gerald Ford from 1975 to 1977, and the 21st Secretary of Defense under President George W. Bush from 2001 to 2006. He is both the youngest (43 years old) and the oldest (74 years old) person to have held the position, as well as the only person to have held the position for two non-consecutive terms. Rumsfeld is also the second longest serving Secretary of Defense, behind Robert McNamara.

Robert McNamara
Robert Strange McNamara (born June 9, 1916, in Oakland, California) is an American business executive and former United States Secretary of Defense. McNamara served as Defense Secretary from 1961 to 1968, during the Vietnam War. After holding that position he served as President of the World Bank from 1968 until 1981.

James Forrestal
James Vincent Forrestal (February 15, 1892 – May 22, 1949) was a United States Secretary of the Navy and the first United States Secretary of Defense.

Yaoi
Yaoi (やおい), is a term for fiction that shows homosexual male relationships, but, is usually created by females. Most yaoi fans are female.

Yuri
Yuri (百合) is a genre about love between two women in manga, anime, and other Japanese media. Yuri can be either about sex or emotions in such relationship.
"Yuri" is a jargon word and it normally means "lily" in Japanese. The terms "Girls Love" and "shoujo-ai" are also used to describe this genre.

Immigration
Immigration is the movement of people across countries. People have moved throughout human history, but, this word implies that people will live in the new place for a long time.

White Lion
White Lion is a rock band from New York City. White Lion is a glam metal band. White Lion broke up in 1992 but was brought back by their singer Mike Tramp in 1999 with new members. White Lion made a new album called "Return of the Pride" in 2008.
White Lion's biggest hits are; "Wait" and "When the Children Cry".

Mike Tramp
Mike Tramp (born January 14, 1961 in Copenhagen, Denmark) is a Danish singer who sings for White Lion. He is the only member left in White Lion that was in the band when they were first made. After White Lion broke up in 1992 he joined a new band called "Freak of Nature", after that band broke up he had a solo career. In 1999 he brought White Lion back with new members, and made a new White Lion album called "Return of the Pride" in 2008.
Mike Tramp lives in Melbourne, Australia. He is married to Ayu Azhari and has three children.

Delta, British Columbia
Delta is a place in British Columbia, Canada. Delta is a part of Metro Vancouver. Delta is next to the cities of; Richmond to the north, Surrey to the east, and New Westminster to the north east. Delta is also next to Point Roberts to the south, Point Roberts is a part of Whatcom County, Washington, USA. Delta is the biggest place in Metro Vancouver by how much land it has, Surrey is the second biggest. The mayor of Delta is Lois Jackson.
Delta has three towns; Ladner, Tsawwassen, and North Delta.
About Delta.
Delta was made in 1868 by two people named William and Thomas Ladner. In 1879 Delta turned into a municipality.
In 1959, the George Massey tunnel was made and it connected Delta to Richmond. In 1986, the Alex Fraser bridge was made and it connected Delta to New Westminster. Four highways go through Delta; Highway 99, Highway 17, Highway 10, and Highway 91. The busy Tsawwassen Ferry Terminal is in Delta. Delta is also has a lot of farm land and the Burns Bog, which is the largest bog in North America.

Surrey, British Columbia
Surrey is a Canadian city in British Columbia, Canada. Surrey is a part of Metro Vancouver. Surrey is next to the citys of; Coquitlam, Port Coquitlam and Pitt Meadows to the north, Langley to the east, New Westminster to the north west, White Rock to the south west, and Delta to the west. Surrey is also next to Blaine, Washington, USA to the south. The mayor of Surrey is Dianne Watts.
Surrey has six town centres; Whalley, Newton, Guildford, Fleetwood, Cloverdale, and South Surrey.
About Surrey.
Surrey was made as a municipality in 1879, in the early 90s, more people started moving to Surrey and made it their home. In 1993, Surrey turned into a city.
In 1937, the Pattullo bridge was made, and connected Surrey to New Westminster. The bridge also caused more people to move to Surrey. In 1964, another bridge was built. This bridge is called the Port Mann bridge, and it connects Surrey to Coquitlam. The Port Mann bridge is a part of the famous Trans-Canada Highway. Six highways run through Surrey, Highway 10, Highway 99, Highway 99A, Highway 15, Highway 1, and Highway 1A. Surrey is the location of the peace arch, which is a monument at the Canada-US border. Surrey is also the second biggest city in British Columbia by population and it is expected to beat Vancouver's population as the most biggest city in the province by 2020.

Mark Lambert (rugby union)
Mark Lambert born 19 February, 1985 in England is a rugby union player for Harlequins in the Guinness Premiership. He plays as a prop.

Sadism
Sadism is a medical condition where people can derive pleasure from humiliating or hurting other people. Often, thr arousal has a sexual nature. In some cases, Sadism can also show in wanting to hurt or torture animals. Masochism may be similar, but in the case of masochism, the person is sexually aroused from being humiliated or hurt.
The first person to use the term sadism in a scientific way was Richard von Krafft-Ebing, a German psychiatrist. He named it after Donatien Alphonse François Marquis de Sade who had written books where he mixed pornographic material with violent fantasies.
Originally, sadism and masochism were seen as a problem with sexual preference. This is no longer the case though, BDSM is clearly not classified that way.
No sexual motivation.
Erich Fromm said Heinrich Himmler probably showed this kind of sadism. There are no sexual motives behind this kind of sadism.
Sexual motivation.
This kind has sexual motives. Exerting power or being violent to other people or animals often is a source of sexual arousal. It can replace foreplay in some cases.
"Compensatory sadism" is when a sadistic action completely replaces sex.
Both sexually motivated sadism and compensatory sadism can lead to severe conflicts with the law. There are cases where those that fell prey to such people have been killed. These killings are the results of severe perversions, which are very rare. Extreme cases can take decades to develop. The people suffering from them can become serial killers, or they can direct their violence towards children.
Treating sadism.
Treating sadism is difficult, but it looks like psychotherapy can help in certain cases.

James Inglis (rugby union)
James Inglis born 26 August, 1986 in England is a rugby union player for Harlequins in the Guinness Premiership. He plays as a second-row.

Shane O'Connor
Shane O'Connor born 29 March, 1983 in Ireland is a rugby union player for Harlequins in the Guinness Premiership. He plays as a second-row.

Alex Rogers
Alex Rogers born 16 December, 1986 in England is a rugby union player for Harlequins in the Guinness Premiership. He plays as a prop.

Gareth Williams (rugby union)
Gareth Williams born 7 March, 1988 in Wales is a rugby union player for Harlequins in the Guinness Premiership. He plays as a scrum-half.

David Blaney
David Blaney born 3 March, 1979 in England is a rugby union player for Bristol Rugby in the Guinness Premiership. He plays as a hooker.

Ryan Prosser
Ryan Prosser born 10 July, 1988 in England is a rugby union player for Bristol Rugby in the Guinness Premiership. He plays as a hooker.

Iain Grieve
Iain Grieve born 19 February, 1987 in Jwaneng, Botswana is a rugby union player for Bristol Rugby in the Guinness Premiership. He plays as a back-row.

Chris Ashwin
Chris Ashwin (born 19 November 1987 in Gloucester) is a rugby union player for Bristol Rugby in the Guinness Premiership. He plays as a fly-half.

Network address translation
In computer networking, network address translation (NAT) is a technique of modifying the network address information in the IP packet headers while transferring the packet across a traffic routing device, such technique remaps a given address space into another address space.
Today, NAT is used to hide networks (called "network masquerading") or to hide IP (called "IP masquerading"). "Masquerading" is the mechanism that hides an entire address space, usually consisting of private network addresses (RFC 1918), behind a single IP address usually in the public domain address space.
The NAT mechanism is implemented inside a routing device that uses a certain type of firewalls that keep track of the "state" of the network connections. Such kind of firewalls use translation tables to map the "hidden" addresses into a single address and then rewrites the outgoing IP packets on exit from the router so that they appear to originate from the router. In the reverse communications path, responses to the outgoing packets are mapped back to the originating IP address using the reverse of the rules ("state") stored in the translation tables. The outgoing IP packets establish the device translation tables.
The translation table rules established in the above way are cleared after a short period without new traffic refreshing their "state". However, most NAT devices today allow the network administrator to configure translation tables’ entries for permanent use. This feature is often referred to as "static NAT" or port forwarding and allows traffic originating in the 'outside' network to reach selected hosts in the "masqueraded network".

Rey Mysterio, Jr.
Oscar Gutierrez (born December 11, 1974) better known by his ring name Rey Mysterio, is an American professional wrestler currently signed to World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) wrestling on its Raw brand.

Router
A router is a computer whose software and hardware are usually customized to perform tasks of routing and forwarding information. Routers generally contain a specialized operating system, RAM, NVRAM, flash memory, and one or more processors, as well as two or more network interfaces.
Routers connect two or more logical subnets, which do not necessarily map one-to-one to the physical interfaces of the router. The term layer 3 switch often is used interchangeably with router, but switch is really a general term without a precise technical definition; network switches are generally optimized for Ethernet LAN interfaces and may not have other physical interface types.

Masochism
Masochism is a medical condition where people can derive pleasure from being humiliated or hurt by other people. Often, the arousal has a sexual nature. Sadism may be similar, but in the case of sadism, the person is sexually aroused from hurting or humiliating other people.
The first person to use the term masochism in a scientific way was Richard von Krafft-Ebing, a German psychiatrist. He named it after Leopold von Sacher-Masoch (1836-1895) who had written books where he described women deriving pleasure from being humiliated or hurt.
Originally, sadism and masochism were seen as a problem with sexual preference. This is no longer the case though, BDSM is clearly not classified that way.
Different forms of Masochism.
Masochism can lead to wounds of different types, for example cuts, bruises, broken bones, strains, traumatic brain injury or other traumas. In some cases, people have died from masochistic practices.
No sexual motivation.
Masochists want to be humiliated or hurt, as they can derive pleasure from this. In some cases patients actively seek situations where this is the case. Sometimes compensating actions that are not sexual in nature are seen as masochist, for example hurting oneself. Sometimes psychic abnormalities like nail-biting or pulling ones own hair out can also be classified that way. Often, these actions are motivated because the patient feels like they are under high pressure to achieve something. In many cases the causes for these behaviour lie deeper, though. They may be rooted in the personality of the patient.
Sexual motivation.
Patients can only be sexually satisfied if they are humiliated or they feel pain. Sometimes the sex parner is replaced by an anonymous or fictitious one. Self-mutilation (hurting oneself) also happens in this case, though not as a compensatory action, but rather as part of sexual intercourse or foreplay.
This kind has sexual motives. Exerting power or being violent to other people or animals often is a source of sexual arousal. It can replace foreplay in some cases.
"Compensatory masochism" is when a masochist action completely replaces sex.
Treating masochism.
Treating masochism is difficult, but it looks like psychotherapy can help in certain cases.

Jon Fisher
Jon Fisher born 15 September, 1988 in Kingston-upon-Thames, London, England is a rugby union player for London Irish in the Guinness Premiership. He plays as a back-row.

Lachlan Mitchell
Lachlan Mitchell born 30 September, 1987 in Australia is a rugby union player for the London Wasps in the Guinness Premiership. He plays as a centre.

Charlie Beech
Charlie Beech born 21 July, 1987 in Stevenage, England is a rugby union player for the London Wasps in the Guinness Premiership. He plays as a prop.

Showgrounds
The Showgrounds is a football stadium in Sligo, Ireland. It has a capacity of 5,500. 2,400 of the 5,500 capacity are seated. There are two seated stands a blue stand and a red stand which holds most of the seats. There is also a terrace, there used to be two, but the old one got knocked down along with the shed. There are two training pitches, one of them is astroturf. Sometimes there is a carnival in the car park. Sligo Rovers F.C. play their home games in the Showgrounds.

Hugo Ellis
Hugo Ellis born 4 February, 1988 in Isleworth, London, England is a rugby union player for the London Wasps in the Guinness Premiership. He plays as a back-row.

Ross Batty
Ross Batty born 20 September, 1986 in England is a rugby union player for the Newcastle Falcons in the Guinness Premiership. He plays as a hooker.

Tim Swinson
Tim Swinson born 17 February, 1987 in London, England is a rugby union player for the Newcastle Falcons in the Guinness Premiership. He plays as a lock.

Rory Clegg
Rory Clegg born 6 January, 1990 in Germany is a rugby union player for the Newcastle Falcons in the Guinness Premiership. He plays as a fly-half.

Private network
In Internet terminology a private network is typically a network that uses private IP address space, following the RFC 1918 standard. Computers may be allocated addresses from this address space when it is necessary for them to communicate with other computing devices on an Intranet network (internal private computer network that uses the Internet Protocol).
Private networks are quite common in home and office local area network (LAN) designs, as many organizations do not see a need for globally unique IP addresses for every computer, printer and other devices that the organizations use. Private IP addresses were created due to the shortage of publicly registered IP addresses created by the IPv4 standard. One of the reasons IPv6 was created is to overcome this limitation of the IPv4 standard. However IPv6 still did not achieve a widespread use.
Routers on the Internet should be configured to discard any packets containing private IP addresses in the IP packet header. This isolation gives private networks a basic form of security as it is not usually possible for the outside world to establish a connection directly to a machine using these private addresses. As connections cannot be made between different private networks via the internet, different organizations can use the same private address range without risking address conflicts (communications accidents caused by reaching a third party using the same IP address).
If a device on a private network needs to communicate with other networks, a "mediating gateway" (in-between gateway) is needed to ensure that the outside network is presented with an address that is "real" (or publicly reachable) so that Internet routers allow the communication. This gateway is typically a NAT device or a proxy server. Public Internet Routers by default will not forward packets with RFC 1918 addresses. Unlike public Internet routers that need additional configuration to forward these packets, internal routers do not need any additional configuration to forward these packets.
This can cause problems, however, when organizations try to connect networks that both use the same private address spaces. There is a potential for clashes and routing problems if both networks use the same IP addresses for their private networks, or if both networks depend on NAT to connect them through the Internet.
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) private addresses.
The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) is the entity that manage global IP address allocation, DNS root zone management, media types, and other Internet protocol assignments. It is operated by ICANN.
For someone familiar with the boundaries of classful addressing, it is important to note that even though the RFC 1918 range of 172.16.0.0-172.31.255.255 falls in the traditional class B range, the block of addresses reserved is not a /16, but a /12. The same applies for the range of 192.168.0.0-192.168.255.255; this block is not a /24, but a /16. However, someone can still (and many individuals typically do) use addresses from these CIDR blocks and apply a subnet mask appropriate for the traditional classful boundary of the address.
To reduce the load on root nameservers caused by the reverse DNS lookups of these IP addresses, a system of "black-hole" nameservers is provided by anycast network AS112.

Paul Cook (footballer)
Paul Anthony Cook (born February 22, 1967 in Liverpool) is an English former footballer and the current manager of Sligo Rovers F.C. in Ireland. He had a lengthy career, playing for a number of clubs in the Football League as a left sided or central midfielder before retiring from the game in 2006.

David Cook (singer)
David Cook is an American Alternative rock and Post grunge singer-songwriter. He was born on December 20, 1982. His hometown is Blue Springs, Missouri.
American Idol.
In 2008, David was crowned the winner of American Idol 7.

Roddy Piper
Roderick George Toombs (born April 17, 1954) better known by his ring name "Rowdy" Roddy Piper, is a semi-retired Canadian professional wrestler, and movie actor.

Lolicon
, is a slang word for the phrase "Lolita complex". In Japan, the word exlpains a sexual desire for young girls, or a young girl who desires other girls. Outside Japan, the word is less common. It denotes a genre of manga and anime in which young female characters are shown in a sexual way. The word is a reference to Vladimir Nabokov's book, "Lolita". In the book, a middle-aged man desires a 12-year-old girl sexually.

Behemoth
Behemoth is a blackened death metal band from Gdansk, Poland. Their early albums were black metal, but later they switched to a mixture of death metal and black metal.

Studio Ghibli
Studio Ghibli is a movie studio from Japan that makes Anime movies. They have won many awards for some of their movies, including an Oscar for the movie "Spirited Away".

Reverse DNS lookup
Reverse DNS lookup (rDNS) is the process of determining the hostname or the host computer associated with a given IP address or any other type of network address.
Typically, the Domain Name System is used to determine what IP address is associated with a given domain name. So, to "reverse-resolve" a known IP address to determine the hostname is simply the process of searching what host and domain name belongs to that IP address.
A reverse lookup is often referred to as reverse resolving, or more specifically reverse DNS lookup, and is accomplished using a "reverse IN-ADDR entry" in the form of a PTR record.
RFC 1033 in the "INSTRUCTIONS" section, and later, RFC 1912 Section 2.1 states "Every Internet-reachable host should have a name" and "Make sure your PTR and A records match".

Polis
A polis (πόλις) means a city, a city-state and also citizenship and body of citizens. In context with Ancient Greece "polis" means nearly always "city-state."
The word originates from the ancient Greek city-states, which developed during the Archaic period and existed well into Roman times, when the equivalent Latin word was "civitas", that means 'citizenhood' as well.
History.
The bounds of the ancient "polis" often centered around a citadel, called the "acropolis". Nearly always it had an "agora" (market) and typically one or more temples and a "gymnasium". Many of a "polis citizens did not live in the central city but in the suburbs or countryside. The Greeks regarded the "polis" as a religious and political association: while the "polis" would control territory and colonies beyond the city itself, the "polis" would not simply consist of a geographical area.
Words coming from "polis".
There are a lot of words in many modern European languages that come from "polis". In English there are policy, polity, police and politics. In Greek, words coming from "polis" include "politēs" and "politismos".

Doujinshi
is a Japanese work that person creates alone. These works can be books, manga, art, or other things. Doujinshi are often created by amateurs, but, some professional artists also make doujinshi. The word "doujinshi" comes from and. "Shi" is a contraction of the full word "zasshi". "Zasshi" means magazine.
Doujinshi are part of a larger category of dōjin. This category includes art collections, anime, hentai, and games. Groups of doujinshi artists call themselves a. Some cirecles have only one artist: they are sometimes called.

Mumia Abu-Jamal
Mumia Abu-Jamal (born Wesley Cook on April 24, 1954) is an American who was convicted and sentenced to death for the 1981 murder of police officer Daniel Faulkner. Before his arrest he was a Black Panther Party activist, taxi driver, and journalist. Since his conviction, his case has received international attention and he has become a controversial cultural icon. Supporters and opponents disagree on the appropriateness of the death penalty, if he is guilty, or if he received a fair trial. During his imprisonment he has published several books and other commentaries, notably "Live from Death Row". As of 2008, his legal appeals are still unsettled and he is a prisoner at State Correctional Institution Greene near Waynesburg, Pennsylvania.

Overkill
Overkill is a thrash metal band from New Jersey. They formed in 1984 and have played since then.

The Police
"For law enforcement see police"
The Police were a rock band from England who played a style of rock that was influenced by jazz, punk and reggae music. As of 2008, The Police are one of the most successful bands in the world having sold over 40,000,000 records worldwide. The Police, along with The Clash, are notable for using reggae as a major part of their musical form.
"Rolling Stone" ranked The Police number 70 on their list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time.
The Police were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on March 10, 2003
History.
The Police formed with Stewart Copeland in early 1977 as drummer, Sting as the singer-bassist and Henry Padovani as the guitarist. In the same year they recorded their first single, "Fall Out"/"Nothing Achieving,".

Damageplan
Damageplan was a heavy metal band from Dallas, Texas. They started playing in 2003 after Pantera's guitarist and drummer decided to start a new band. They only released one album, because in 2004, the guitarist "Dimebag Darrell Abbott" was shot during a concert. After this incident the band dissolved.

Down (band)
Down is a heavy metal band from New Orleans, Louisiana. They started playing in 1991 and the band consisted of members of several bands.

Triple DES
In cryptography, Triple DES is a block cipher derived from the Data Encryption Standard (DES) cipher by using it three times. Triple DES is also known as TDES or, more standard, TDEA (Triple Data Encryption Algorithm).
When it was discovered that a 56-bit key of DES is not enough to protect from brute force attacks, TDES was chosen as a simple way to enlarge the key space without a need to switch to a new algorithm. The use of three steps is essential to prevent meet-in-the-middle attacks that are effective against double DES encryption.
In general TDES with three different keys (3-key TDES) has a key length of 168 bits: three 56-bit DES keys (with parity bits 3-key TDES has the total storage length of 192 bits), but due to the meet-in-the-middle attack the effective security it provides is only 112 bits. A variant, called two-key TDES (2-key TDES), uses k1 = k3, thus reducing the key size to 112 bits and the storage length to 128 bits. However, this mode is susceptible to certain chosen-plaintext or known-plaintext attacks and thus it is designated by NIST to have only 80 bits of security.
By design, DES and therefore TDES, suffer from slow performance in software. TDES is better suited to hardware implementations, and indeed where it is still used is likely to be within a hardware implementation.
TDES is slowly disappearing from use, largely replaced by the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES). One large-scale exception is within the electronic payments industry, which still uses 2TDES extensively and continues to develop and spread standards based upon it (e.g. EMV, the standard for inter-operation of IC cards; also called "Chip cards", and IC capable POS terminals and ATM's). This guarantees that TDES will remain an active cryptographic standard well into the future.

Breakout (album)
"Breakout" is the second studio album by singer Miley Cyrus. The album was released July 22nd 2008. Singles from the album include "Full Circle", "Fly On The Wall", "7 Things", "Wake Up America", and "Breakout'.
Promotion.
Cyrus performed a free concert at Bryant Park on July 18, as a part of "Good Morning Americas summer concert series. Cyrus also guest hosted "TRL" on two consecutive days, appeared on "Today", and performed as a part of their summer concert series, shutting down 84th street for the first time because of the number of fans who attended.
"See You Again" song.
"See You Again (Rock Mafia Remix)" is the second single from the album, it was released on August 11, 2008, only in the United Kingdom as a promotional single. This song peaked at #11 in the UK Singles Chart, making her first Top 20 in that region.

7 Things
"7 Things" is a single released June 2008 off the album "Breakout" by Miley Cyrus. The music video for "7 Things" was released May 30, 2008.

Girls Just Want to Have Fun
"Girls Just Wanna Have Fun" is a song by Cyndi Lauper. The song was covered by Miley Cyrus. The Miley Cyrus version is off her album "Breakout".

Advanced Encryption Standard
In cryptography, the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), which is also known as Rijndael, is a block cipher algorithm adopted as an encryption standard by the U.S. government. It has been analyzed extensively and is now used worldwide, as was the case with its predecessor, the Data Encryption Standard (DES). AES was announced by National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) as U.S. FIPS PUB 197 (FIPS 197) on November 26, 2001 after a 5-year standardization process in which fifteen competing designs were presented and evaluated before Rijndael was selected as the most suitable. It became effective as a standard May 26, 2002. As of 2008, AES is one of the most popular algorithms used in symmetric key cryptography. It is available by choice in many different encryption packages. This marks the first time that the public has had access to a cipher algorithm approved by NSA for top secret information.
This cipher algorithm was developed by two Belgian cryptographers, Joan Daemen and Vincent Rijmen, and submitted to the AES selection process under the name "Rijndael", a portmanteau of the names of the inventors. (Rijndael is).
"The design and strength of all key lengths of the AES algorithm (i.e., 128, 192 and 256) are sufficient to protect classified information up to the SECRET level. TOP SECRET information will require use of either the 192 or 256 key lengths. The implementation of AES in products intended to protect national security systems and/or information must be reviewed and certified by NSA prior to their acquisition and use."
Many AES public products use 128-bit secret keys by default; it is possible that the NSA may assume that 128-bit secret keys are weak and they may prefer a longer keys for top secret documents.
Unlike DES (the predecessor of AES), AES is a substitution-permutation network, not a Feistel network. AES is fast in both software and hardware, is relatively easy to implement, and requires little memory. As a new encryption standard, it is currently being deployed on a large scale on various platforms.

Shounen (media)
Shounen is a type of media meant for boys usually between the ages of about 10 and 17. It often refers to manga. Examples include "Dragon Ball", "Bleach", "One Piece", "InuYasha", "Naruto", "Yu Yu Hakusho", and "Yu-Gi-Oh!".
Shounen is usually noticed by its high amounts of fighting. It often has humorous plots with male characters. It often has themes of friendship. Fighting teams and similar groups are often shown. Attractive female characters are also common, but not always present. The art style of shounen is usually less pretty than shoujo.
Beyond shounen manga, manga for men (age 18+) is called seinen. Very few seinen manga have been published outside of Japan. In Japan, many older men read shounen magazines. Because of this, in Japan, shounen manga magazines are the most popular manga magazines.

Smile In Your Sleep
Smile in your sleep is a 2006 single released by Emo band silverstein. It's from their second album, Discovering the waterfront
Music video.
The music video for smile in your sleep is loosely based on the board game clue. Some shots show the band members with various weapons used in the game, and each of them has their own character. At the end of the video, they all walk off 1 by 1 and an old looking guy comes and covers the camera
There is one shot of the victim being dragged on the black and white corridor.

The Amazing Race
The Amazing Race is a reality television/game show. It is broadcasted on CBS.
History.
The Amazing Race was created by Bertram van Munster and Elise Doganieri in 2001. It has been airing from 2001 to 2008.
Production.
The Amazing Race is seen as hard to produce. Producers need to find places, come up with tasks and pick teams. Cameramen have to keep up with the teams, and people aren't allowed to give away the results. However, The Amazing Race has won 6 Emmy awards.
Versions.
Besides the original american version, The Amazing Race has generated several versions from around the world.

Global financial crisis of September–October 2008
The global financial crisis of September–October 2008 is a major ongoing financial crisis, the worst of its kind since the Great Depression. It became prominently visible in September, 2008 with the failure, merger or conservatorship of several large United States-based financial firms. The underlying causes leading to the crisis had been reported in business journals for many months before September, with commentary about the financial stability of leading U.S. and European investment banks, insurance firms and mortgage banks consequent to the subprime mortgage crisis.

Detritivore
Detritivores (also known as decomposers) are animals that feed on dead organisms (living things) and break them down into smaller molecules. Detritivores are essential in the ecosystem as they return important materials such as carbon (see carbon cycle) back into the environment. Examples of common detritivores include earthworms and woodlice, but also includes microscopic (things that can only be seen using a microscope) bacteria.

Skid Row
Skid Row is a Heavy metal band from Toms River, New Jersey. They were active from 1986 to 1996, then reunited in 1999.

Every Sunday (Novel)
Every Sunday is a book by Peter Pezzelli. It was published in trade paperback by Kensington Publishing on September 1, 2005.

Carbon cycle
The Carbon Cycle is a biogeochemical process where carbon is recycled through the ecosystem. The concentration of carbon in living matter (18%) is almost 100 times greater than its concentration in the earth (0.19%). So living things extract carbon from their nonliving environment. For life to continue, this carbon must be recycled. See the diagram for a detailed look at the carbon cycle. An example of a route carbon takes in this cycle is carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is absorbed by plants and used in photosynthesis to produce sugars which the plant uses for energy. When the plant dies, it decomposes and the carbon stored in the plant will, over millions of years, form into coal (a fossil fuel). The coal is burnt and gives off carbon dioxide which goes into the atmosphere.
At the moment, the carbon cycle, and how human activity is affecting it, is a big topic in international news. Fossil fuels are a non-renewable resource which means that once we've burned them all, there isn't any more, and our use of fossil fuels has nearly doubled every 20 years since 1900. Also, the burning of fossil fuels produces pollution which contributes to the greenhouse effect and acid rain.

McCain Democrat
McCain Democrat is a term meaning Democrats who have supported Senator John McCain in the 2008 United States Presidential Election.A series of Polls since June have shown a downward trend over time in cross-party support for McCain. From June 9 to August 17 McCain's cross-party support changed between 10% and 13%. In the poll for August 18 to August 24 support for McCain among Democrats peaked at 14%. Since then the September 29 to October 5 poll showed McCain's support among Democrats eroding to 8%, which is the lowest thus far.
See Also.
Obama Republican

Obama Republican
Obama Republican is a term used to describe Republicans who support Barack Obama for President of the United States in the 2008 presidential election.
A poll from September 29 to October 5 show 9% of Republicans prefer Obama to McCain, compared to 8% of "McCain Democrats". Andrew Romano of Newsweek states the polls he has read indicate the cross-over voters "cancel each other out" so far.
See also.
McCain Democrat

United States Secretary of War
The Secretary of War was a member of the United States President's Cabinet, beginning with George Washington's administration. A similar position, called either "Secretary at War" or "Secretary of War," was appointed to serve the Congress of the Confederation under the Articles of Confederation between 1781 and 1789. Benjamin Lincoln and later Henry Knox held the position. When Washington was inaugurated as the first president under the Constitution, he appointed Knox to continue serving.
The Secretary of War led the War Department. At first, he was responsible for all military affairs. In 1798, the Secretary of the Navy was added to the cabinet, and the scope of this office was reduced to a general concern with the Army. In 1947, the departments were recombined under the Secretary of Defense. The Secretary of War was replaced by the Secretary of the Army and the Secretary of the Air Force, non-Cabinet positions under the Secretary of Defense.

United States Secretary of the Navy
The United States Secretary of the Navy (SECNAV) is the civilian head of the Department of the Navy. The position was a member of the President's Cabinet until 1947, when the Navy, Army, and newly created Air Force were placed in the Department of Defense and the Secretary of the Navy was placed under the Secretary of Defense.

United States Postmaster General
The United States Postmaster General is the executive head of the United States Postal Service. The office, in one form or another, is older than both the United States Constitution and the United States Declaration of Independence. Benjamin Franklin was appointed by the Continental Congress as the first Postmaster General, serving slightly longer than 15 months.
In 1971, the Post Office Department was re-organized into the United States Postal Service, a special agency independent of the executive branch. Thus, the Postmaster General is no longer a member of the Cabinet and is no longer in line to be President.

White House Chief of Staff
The White House Chief of Staff is the highest-ranking member of the Executive Office of the President of the United States and a senior aide to the President.

Edmund Randolph
Edmund Jenings Randolph (August 10, 1753 September 12, 1813) was an American attorney, Governor of Virginia, Secretary of State, and the first United States Attorney General.

John R. Steelman
John Roy Steelman (June 23, 1900 - July 14, 1999) was the first Assistant to the President of the United States serving President Harry S. Truman from 1946 to 1953. The office later became the White House Chief of Staff.

James Baker
James Addison Baker, III (born April 28 1930), is a American attorney, politician, political administrator, and political adviser.
He served as the Chief of Staff in President Ronald Reagan's first administration and in the final year of the administration of President George H. W. Bush. Baker also served as Secretary of the Treasury from 1985-1988 in the second Reagan administration, and Secretary of State in the George H. W. Bush administration. He is also the namesake of the James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy at Rice University in Houston, Texas.

National Library of China
The National Library of China is one of the world's largest libraries found in Beijing, China. It has a large collection of ancient Chinese documents and books, as well as contemporary literature.

Alessandro dos Santos
Alessandro dos Santos (born 20 July, 1977) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Urawa Red Diamonds.

Ronaldinho
Ronaldinho (born 21 March, 1980) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Milan and Brazil national team.

Les Ferdinand
Les Ferdinand is a former football player. He has played for England national team.

The Football League 1910-11
Statistics of The Football League in season 1910/1911.
Overview.
It was performed in 20 teams, and Manchester United won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 20 teams, and West Bromwich Albion won the championship.

Football League of Ireland Premier Division 1950-51
Statistics of Football League of Ireland Premier Division in season 1950/1951.
Overview.
It was performed in 10 teams, and Cork Athletic won the championship.

Colombian Professional Football 1976
Statistics of Colombian Professional Football in season 1976.
Overview.
It was performed in 14 teams, and Atlético Nacional won the championship.

Division 1 1956-57
Statistics of Division 1 in season 1956/1957.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Saint-Étienne won the championship.

Serie B 1965-66
Statistics of Serie B in season 1965/1966.
Overview.
It was performed in 20 teams, and Venezia won the championship.

Serie B 1980-81
Statistics of Serie B in season 1980/1981.
Overview.
It was performed in 20 teams, and Milan won the championship.

Serie B 1982-83
Statistics of Serie B in season 1982/1983.
Overview.
It was performed in 20 teams, and Milan won the championship.

Serie B 1993-94
Statistics of Serie B in season 1993/1994.
Overview.
It was performed in 20 teams, and Fiorentina won the championship.

Serie B 2001-02
Statistics of Serie B in season 2001/2002.
Overview.
It was performed in 20 teams, and Como won the championship.

Serie B 2002-03
Statistics of Serie B in season 2002/2003.
Overview.
It was performed in 20 teams, and Siena won the championship.

Chris Sutton
Chris Sutton is a former football player. He has played for England national team.

Teddy Sheringham
Teddy Sheringham is a former football player. He has played(plays for England national team.

Dwight Yorke
Dwight Yorke is a football player from Trinidad and Tobago. He plays for Sunderland and Trinidad and Tobago national team.

Uwe Seeler
Uwe Seeler is a former football player. He has played for Hamburger SV and Germany national team.

Herbert Chapman
Herbert Chapman is a former football player.

The Football League 1911-12
Statistics of The Football League in season 1911/1912.
Overview.
It was performed in 20 teams, and Blackburn Rovers won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 20 teams, and Derby County won the championship.

Football League of Ireland Premier Division 1951-52
Statistics of Football League of Ireland Premier Division in season 1951/1952.
Overview.
It was performed in 12 teams, and St Patrick's Athletic won the championship.

Colombian Professional Football 1977
Statistics of Colombian Professional Football in season 1977.
Overview.
It was performed in 14 teams, and Atlético Junior won the championship.

Division 1 1957-58
Statistics of Division 1 in season 1957/1958.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Stade Reims won the championship.

Serie B 2003-04
Statistics of Serie B in season 2003/2004.
Overview.
It was performed in 24 teams, and Città di Palermo won the championship.

Serie B 2004-05
Statistics of Serie B in season 2004/2005.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Empoli won the championship.

Serie B 1991-92
Statistics of Serie B in season 1991/1992.
Overview.
It was performed in 20 teams, and Brescia won the championship.

Serie B 1992-93
Statistics of Serie B in season 1992/1993.
Overview.
It was performed in 20 teams, and Reggiana won the championship.

Serie B 2006-07
Statistics of Serie B in season 2006/2007.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Juventus won the championship.

Serie B 1987-88
Statistics of Serie B in season 1987/1988.
Overview.
It was performed in 20 teams, and Bologna won the championship.

Jari Litmanen
Jari Litmanen is a former football player. He plays for Lahti and Finland national team.

Denis Compton
Denis Compton is a former English football player. He has played for Arsenal.

Jan Mølby
Jan Mølby is a former football player. He has played for Denmark national team.

Tore André Flo
Tore André Flo is a former football player. He has played for Norway national team.

Iván Zamorano
Iván Zamorano is a former football player. He has played for Chile national team.

The Football League 1912-13
Statistics of The Football League in season 1912/1913.
Overview.
It was performed in 20 teams, and Sunderland won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 20 teams, and Preston North End won the championship.

Football League of Ireland Premier Division 1952-53
Statistics of Football League of Ireland Premier Division in season 1952/1953.
Overview.
It was performed in 12 teams, and Shelbourne won the championship.

Colombian Professional Football 1978
Statistics of Colombian Professional Football in season 1978.
Overview.
It was performed in 14 teams, and Los Millonarios won the championship.

Division 1 1958-59
Statistics of Division 1 in season 1958/1959.
Overview.
It was contested by 20 teams, and Nice won the championship.

Serie B 1988-89
Statistics of Serie B in season 1988/1989.
Overview.
It was performed in 20 teams, and Genoa won the championship.

Serie B 1989-90
Statistics of Serie B in season 1989/1990.
Overview.
It was performed in 20 teams, and Torino won the championship.

Serie B 1997-98
Statistics of Serie B in season 1997/1998.
Overview.
It was performed in 20 teams, and Salernitana won the championship.

Serie B 1998-99
Statistics of Serie B in season 1998/1999.
Overview.
It was performed in 20 teams, and Hellas Verona won the championship.

Serie B 1999-00
Statistics of Serie B in season 1999/2000.
Overview.
It was performed in 20 teams, and Vicenza won the championship.

Marc Jones
Marc Jones born 3 April, 1987 in Pontypridd, Wales is a rugby union player for the Sale Sharks in the Guinness Premiership. He plays as a hooker.

Serie B 2000-01
Statistics of Serie B in season 2000/2001.
Overview.
It was performed in 20 teams, and Torino won the championship.

Mark Hopley
Mark Hopley born 1 May, 1984 in Crewe, England is a rugby union player for Northampton Saints in the Guinness Premiership. He plays as a flanker.

Formentera
Formentera is the smallest of the 4 baleraric islands with population.
Geography and population.
It is located south of Ibiza (about 10 kilometres), south-west of Mallorca (about 50 kilometres).
It's area is 83.24 km² (32.14 sq mi).
Formentera has about 7,500 inhabitants.
The island was built by vulcano erruptions.
It has two high areas in the east and the south and a falt area in between.
Main town is Sant Francesc Xavier.
History.
First people, who settled on Formentera, were the Carthaginians, later the Romans came there. Often the island lost its complete population, for example after the Vandals came there.
In the middle age Arabs governed the balearic island, then Catalans took over the island, Formentera became part of the new kingdom of Mallorca.
Later that kingdom became a part of Spain.
Economy.
The island lives mainly on tourism. Most tourist are from Germany, the United Kingdom and Italy and France.
Even the other economic activities like fishing deal with tourism.

Minorca
Minorca (Spain, Catalan: "Menorca") is the most east of the Balearic Islands.
Geography.
Minorca is located east of Mallorca. It has an area of 694.39 km² and a population of about 88,000 inhabitants.
Main town is Mahon (ca. 27,000 inhabitants).
History.
Minorca has some advices for prehistoric human activities. It was influenced by the Minons
Later it was ruled by the Carthageans, after the Punic Wars by the Romans.
Up from the 5th century AD there was a seat of an bishop on Minorca. Then the Vandals invaded it. After they left the Moorish took over control.
Later Minorca was ruled by the Kingdom of Mallorca and then it became a part of Spain.
For a few decades Minorca was ruled by the British, but the Spanish recovered it again.
Economy.
Minorca lives mainly on tourism. There is one airport near the main city.

Data Encryption Standard
The Data Encryption Standard (DES) is a cipher (a method for encrypting) selected by NBS as an official Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) for the United States in 1976 then widely used internationally. The algorithm was initially controversial with classified design elements, a relatively short key length, and suspicions about a National Security Agency (NSA) backdoor. DES consequently came under intensive academic analysis and studies which enhanced the modern understanding of block ciphers and their cryptanalysis.
DES is now considered to be insecure for many applications because a brute force attack is possible (see EFF DES cracker). This is mainly due to its short 56-bit key length; in January, 1999, distributed.net and the Electronic Frontier Foundation worked together to publicly break a DES key in 22 hours and 15 minutes. There are also some analytical results which demonstrate theoretical weaknesses in the cipher, although they are impractical to mount in practice. As of 2008, the best analytical attack is linear cryptanalysis, which requires 243 known plaintexts and has a time complexity of 239–43 (Junod, 2001); under a chosen-plaintext assumption, the data complexity can be reduced by a factor of four (Knudsen and Mathiassen, 2000). The algorithm is believed to be practically secure in the form of Triple DES, although there are theoretical attacks.
In some documentation, a distinction is made between DES as a standard and DES the algorithm which is referred to as the DEA (the Data Encryption Algorithm). When spoken, "DES" is either spelled out () as an abbreviation or pronounced as a single syllable () acronym.
In recent years, the Data Encryption Standard (DES) cipher has been superseded by the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES).

Sajid Mahmood
Sajid Iqbal Mahmood (born 21 December 1981 in Bolton, Greater Manchester) is an English cricketer of Pakistani Janjua Rajput descent. He is a right-arm fast bowler who plays international cricket for England and county cricket for Lancashire.

Flag of Sri Lanka
The Flag of Sri Lanka, also called the Lion Flag, consists of gold lion passant, holding a sword in its right fore paw, in front of a crimson background with four golden bo leaves in each corner. Around the background is a yellow border, and to its left are 2 vertical stripes of equal size in saffron and green, with the saffron stripe closest to the lion.
It was adopted in 1950 following the recommendations of a committee appointed by the 1st Prime Minister of Sri Lanka D.S. Senanayake.

RC4
In cryptography, RC4 (also known as ARC4 or ARCFOUR meaning Alleged RC4, see below) is one of the most common software stream cipher. It is used in popular protocols like Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) (to protect Internet traffic) and WEP (to secure wireless networks).
RC4 is known for being simple and quick, but attacks are likely to happen when the start of the output keystream is not removed, or one keystream is used twice; some ways of using RC4 can turn into very insecure cryptosystems such as WEP.
RC4 was created by Ron Rivest of RSA Security in 1987. While its official name is "Rivest Cipher 4", the RC acronym is also known to stand for "Ron's Code" (see also RC2, RC5 and RC6).
RC4 was first created as a trade secret, but in September 1994 a description of it was posted to the Cypherpunks mailing list. It was soon posted on the sci.crypt newsgroup, and from there to many websites on the Internet. The code was confirmed to be genuine(not fake) as its output matched that of proprietary software using licensed RC4. Because the algorithm is known, it is no longer a trade secret. The name "RC4" is trademarked, however. RC4 is often referred to as "ARCFOUR" or "ARC4" (meaning Alleged RC4, because RSA has never officially released the algorithm), to avoid possible trademark problems. It has become part of some commonly used encryption protocols and standards, including WEP and WPA for wireless cards and TLS.
The two main reasons which helped its use over such a big range of applications are its speed and simplicity. Uses of RC4 in both software and hardware are extremely easy to develop.
The RC4 encryption algorithm is started with a different key length, usually between 40 and 256 bits, using the "key-scheduling" algorithm (KSA). Once this has been completed, the stream of encrypted bits is created using the "pseudo-random generation algorithm" (PRGA).
RC4 fails the standards set by cryptographers for a secure cipher in many ways, and is not recommended for use in new applications as there are a lot of methods of attacking RC4.
RC4-based cryptosystems.
Where a cryptosystem is marked with "(optionally)", RC4 is one of several ciphers the system can be set to use.

General Electric
General Electric is a big company in the USA. They make electrical things. As of 2008 they are the third biggest company in the world, ahead of Microsoft and Wal-Mart amongst others.

Blowfish (cipher)
In cryptography, Blowfish is a keyed, symmetric block cipher, made in 1993 by Bruce Schneier and since 1993 has been included(put together) in a large number of encryption products. Blowfish has a good encryption rate in software and until 2008 no cryptanalytic attack model of it has been found. However, the AES block cipher algorithm now has more attention.
Schneier made Blowfish as a general-purpose algorithm, to be used as a replacement for the old DES algorithm and to get remove the problems and difficulties of other encryption algorithms. At the time Blowfish was released, many other algorithms were proprietary, or were secrets. Schneier has said that, "Blowfish is unpatented, and will remain so in all countries. The algorithm is hereby placed in the public domain, and can be freely used by anyone."
Main features of the design include key-dependent S-boxes and a very complex key schedule. Blowfish is one of the fastest block ciphers used by many people, except when changing keys. Each new key needs to be pre-processed which takes the same time as encrypting about 4 kilobytes of text, which is very slow compared to other block ciphers. This stops its use in certain applications (such as in the smallest embedded systems like the early smartcards), but it is not a problem in other applications. In one of the applications, it is actually good: the password-hashing method used in OpenBSD uses an algorithm that comes from Blowfish which makes use of the slow key schedule; the idea is that the extra computational effort required gives protection against dictionary attacks. "See" key strengthening.
Blowfish has a 64-bit block size and a variable key length from 0 up to 448 bits
It is a 16-round Feistel cipher and uses large key-dependent S-boxes. It is similar in structure to CAST-128, which uses fixed S-boxes.
In 1996, Serge Vaudenay found a known-plaintext attack needing 28"r" + 1 known plaintexts to break, where "r" is the number of rounds. Moreover, he also found a class of weak keys that can be detected and broken by the same attack with only 24"r" + 1 known plaintexts. This attack cannot be used against the regular Blowfish; it assumes knowledge of the key-dependent S-boxes. Vincent Rijmen, in his Ph.D. papers, introduced a second-order differential attack that can break four rounds and no more. Still there is no known way to break the full 16 rounds, apart from a brute-force search.
A sign extension bug in one of the published C code has been found in 1996.
There is no good cryptanalysis on the full-round version of Blowfish known publicly till 2008. However in 2007, Bruce Schneier noted that while Blowfish is still in use, he recommended using the new Twofish algorithm instead

Hal Colebatch
Sir Harry Pateshall Colebatch (29 March 1872 – 12 February 1953) was the 12th Premier of Western Australia from 17 April to 17 May 1919. He was from the Nationalist Party. He was Premier for the shortest time in Western Australian history. This was because he was a member of the upper house of Parliament and it was usual for the Premier to be from the lower house. When he could not find a position in the lower house he resigned.

Henry Lefroy
Sir Henry Bruce Lefroy (24 March 1854 – 19 March 1930) was the 11th Premier of Western Australia from 28 June 1917 to 17 April 1919. He was from the Nationalist Party.

Chevvy Pennycook
Chevvy Pennycook born 6 April, 1987 in Bristol, England is a rugby union player for Bristol Rugby in the Guinness Premiership. He plays as a flanker.

John Scaddan
John Scaddan (4 August 1876 – 21 November 1934) was the 10th Premier of Western Australia from 7 October 1911 to 27 July 1916. He was from the Labor Party.

Frank Wilson
Frank Wilson (12 May 1859 – 7 December 1918) was the 9th Premier of Western Australia from 16 September 1910 until 7 October 1911 and then again from 27 July 1916 until 28 June 1917. He was from the Western Australian Liberal Party.

Newton Moore
Sir Newton James Moore (17 May 1870 – 28 October 1936) was the 8th Premier of Western Australia from 7 May 1906 until 16 September 1910. After he was Premier he became a member of the British House of Commons.

Mathew Turner
Mathew Turner born 18 January, 1988 in Cape Town, South Africa is a rugby union player for Bristol Rugby in the Guinness Premiership. He plays as on the wing.

Andrew Card
Andrew Hill "Andy" Card Jr. (born May 10, 1947) is an American politician and lobbyist, former United States Cabinet member, and head of George W. Bush's White House Iraq Group. Card served as U.S. Secretary of Transportation under George H. W. Bush and the White House Chief of Staff under his son. He announced his resignation as Chief of Staff March 28, 2006, effective April 14, 2006.

Eton College
Eton College, or just Eton, is a world-famous British independent school for boys. It was founded in 1440 by King Henry VI. The school was founded as the King's College of Our Lady of Eton beside Windsor.
Eton College is located in Eton, near Windsor in the English county of Berkshire. It is north of Windsor Castle. The school is one of the original nine English "public schools" as defined by the Public Schools Act 1868.
The school's Headmaster, Anthony Little MA, is a member of the Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference. The school is a member of the Eton Group of independent schools in the United Kingdom. It has a very long list of well known former pupils. This list includes eighteen former British Prime Ministers. Traditionally, Eton has been referred to as "the chief nurse of England's statesmen". It is often described as the most famous public school in the world

PuTTY
PuTTY is a terminal emulator application which can act as a client for the SSH, Telnet, rlogin, and raw TCP computing protocols. The word "PuTTY" has no meaning, though 'tty' is sometimes used to refer to the Unix terminals, as an acronym for 'teletype'.
PuTTY was originally written for Microsoft Windows, but it has been ported to various other operating systems including some Unix-like platforms. Mac OS and Mac OS X are still being ported, while unofficial ports have been ported it to the Symbian and Windows Mobile operating systems.
PuTTY is currently beta software. Licensed under the MIT License, and it is free and open source software.

Secure copy
Secure Copy or SCP is a method of securely transferring computer files between a local and a remote host or between two remote hosts, using the SSH protocol.

Migros
Migros is a supermarket chain found in Switzerland and other countries.
History.
It was started in 1925 by Gottfried Duttweiler. He started in Zürich with a wagon and sold products 40% cheaper than others. At first he sold only coffee, rice, sugar, noodles, coconut oil and soap. Later, he started selling more and in 1926, Duttweiler built his first market, also in Zürich.

SSH file transfer protocol
In computing, the SSH File Transfer Protocol (sometimes called Secure File Transfer Protocol or SFTP) is a network protocol that provides file transfer and management of functionalities over any reliable data stream like TCP. It is typically used with version two of the SSH protocol (TCP port 22) to provide secure file transfer, but is also usable with other protocols as well.

Computer security
Computer security is a branch of information technology known as information security which is intended to protect computers. The objectives of computer security is various and can include protection from theft, destruction and website protection.
Computer security involves telling computers what they are "not to do". This makes computer security unique because most programming makes computers "do" things. Secyrity takes much of a computers power.

Mark Odejobi
Mark Odejobi born 18 January, 1988 in London, England is a rugby union player for London Wasps in the Guinness Premiership. He plays as a winger.

Damien Varley
Damien Varley born 29 October, 1983 in Ireland is a rugby union player for London Wasps in the Guinness Premiership. He plays as a winger.

Crayon Shin-chan
Crayon Shin-chan (クレヨンしんちゃん, "Kureyon Shin-chan", also known as Shin-chan in the United States) is a Japanese manga and anime series written by Yoshito Usui.
Plot Summary.
Shinnosuke "Shin-chan" Nohara is a little boy who seems to do everything he can to annoy his parents and teachers (and succeeds wildly), but only means the best. He just tries to have a good time and in doing so does things which will create the maximum vexation in others.

Hamtaro
The Adventures of Hamtaro (とっとこハム太郎, "Tottoko Hamutarō", literally "Trotting Hamtaro") is a children's storybook series by Ritsuko Kawai. The main character is a hamster named Hamtaro.
Plot Summary.
After moving into a new town, Hamtaro finds that he's in the company of lots of different hamsters, making up a group of hamster friends that go on crazy adventures through the city. Before they save Laura and other humans from nasty predicaments, however, they have to learn how to save themselves.

Finn Harps
Finn Harps are a football team in Ireland. They play in the Eircom Premier Division.

Sadomasochism
Sadomasochism is a word which is mostly used in a social (non-medical) way. It means that people get together to either give or receive pain and humiliation. Usually is a way of sex play.
"Sadists" enjoy inflicting pain to others or humiliating them. "Masochists" get pleasure from being tortured, hurt, or humiliated.

Lanzarote
Lanzarote is one of the Canary Islands.
Geography.
Lanzarote is one of the two islands in the east of the Canary Islands. It is located 100 km west of the Western African coast line and 11 km north of the neighbouring island Fuerteventura.
Its dimensions are from east to west coast 16.5 km, from north to south 60 km.
The island was created by vulcano eruptions.
There is only a few vegetation on it.
About 130,000 people live on Lanzarote. The greatest town and main town is Arrecife.
Economy.
Lanzarote has one international airport. It lives mainly on tourism.
Most tourist come for sunbathing, swimming, windsurfing or snorkling.
There is a few agriculture, too. Espacially there are some vineyards.

Line of Actual Control
The Line of Actual Control (LAC) is the effective border between India and China. The LAC is 4,057-km long and traverses three areas of northern Indian states: western (Ladakh, Kashmir), middle (Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh) and eastern (Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh). "Another Chinese intrusion in Sikkim", OneIndia, Thursday, June 19 2008. Link: http://news.oneindia.in/2008/06/19/another-chinese-intrusion-in-sikkim.html Accessed: 2008-06-19. Quote: "India is used to incursions by Chinese troops across the 4,057-km LAC in all the three sectors—western (Ladakh), middle (Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh) and eastern (Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh)— in a bid to strengthen China's claim over disputed areas and ensure New Delhi does not change its Tibet policy."
Chinese Prime Minister Zhou Enlai used the phrase in a letter addressed to Indian Prime Minister Nehru dated October 24, 1959. In a letter dated November 7, Zhou told Nehru that the LAC consisted of "the so-called McMahon Line in the east and the line up to which each side exercises actual control in the west". During the Sino-Indian War (1962), Nehru claimed not to know where the line was: "There is no sense or meaning in the Chinese offer to withdraw twenty kilometers from what they call 'line of actual control'. What is this 'line of control'? Is this the line they have created by aggression since the beginning of September? Advancing forty or sixty kilometers by blatant military aggression and offering to withdraw twenty kilometers provided both sides do this is a deceptive device which can fool nobody."

McMahon Line
The McMahon Line is a demarcation line drawn on map referred to the Simla Convention, a treaty between Britain and Tibet signed in 1914. Although its legal status is disputed, it is currently the effective boundary between China and India.

Muradabad
Moradabad (Urdu: مراداباد,) is a city and a municipal corporation in Muradabad District in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It was established in 1600 by prince Murad, the son of the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan; as a result the city came to be known as Moradabad. It is the administrative headquarters of Moradabad District. It is also the birthplace of the origins of the Urdu language.

Theodor Heuss
Theodor Heuss (31th of January 1884 – 12th of December 1963) was a German politician. He was the first person elected to a regular term as President of the Federal Republic of Germany.
Heuss was born in Brackenheim, near Heilbronn.
He studied art history and state studies in Munich and Berlin.
He received his doctorate in 1905 in Munich.
In 1908 he married Elly Heuss-Knapp (1881-1952).
He worked for a political magazine from 1908 to 1912, afterwards for a regional newspaper.
In 1910 he joined the Progressive People's Party and stayed there until 1918.
Between 1923 and 1926 he published the magazine Die Deutsche Nation ("The German Nation")
Heuss became a member of the German Democratic Party (Deutsche Demokratische Partei, DDP) and was a member of parliament for two periods.
In 1933 Heuss voted in favour of the Enabling Act (Ermächtigungsgesetz) against his personal attitude, fellowing his party.
After World War II Heuss was the first Minister of Culture in Baden-Württemberg.
He was one of the founders of the Free Democratic Party of Germany after WW II.
In 1949 he was elected to the first President of the Federal Republic of Germany.

India-Pakistan maritime trespassing
India-Pakistan maritime trespassing refers to the frequent trespassing and violation of respective national territorial waters of India and Pakistan in peacetime. Most trespassing is common to Pakistani and Indian fishermen operating along the coastline of the Indian state of Gujarat and the Pakistani province of Sindh within the disputed region of Rann of Kachchh.

Indo-Bangladeshi barrier
The Indo-Bangladeshi barrier is a 4,000-kilometer fence that India is presently constructing to seal off the Indian-Bangladeshi international border from what was formerly East Bengal. East Bengal was a partitioned region of Bengal, belonging to East Pakistan from 1947 to 1971. This obstruction will virtually isolate Bangladesh from the rest of India by the end of 2012.

Indian Kashmir barrier
The Indian Kashmir barrier is a 550 km (330 mile) illegal separation barrier along the 740 km (460 mi) disputed 1972 Line of Control (or ceasefire line) between Indian and Pakistani controlled Kashmir: Jammu and Kashmir, India and Pakistan Liberated Kashmir (PLK). The rest of the Line of Control is too inaccessible for construction of a barrier. The fence, constructed by India, is well inside territory on the Indian-controlled side. Its stated purpose is to exclude arms smuggling and infiltration by Pakistani-based separatist militants, who wish to merge Kashmir into Pakistan, or gain independence for Kashmir as a whole.
The barrier itself consists of double-row of fencing and concertina wire eight to twelve feet (2.4-3.7 m) in height, and is electrified and connected to a network of motion sensors, thermal imaging devices and alarms in stretches where power supply is available. The small stretch of land between the rows of fencing is mined.
The construction of the barrier was begun in the 1990s, but slowed in the early 2000s as hostilities between India and Pakistan increased. After a November 2003 ceasefire agreement, building resumed and was completed in late 2004. According to Indian military sources, the fence has reduced by 80% the numbers of militants who routinely cross into the Indian side of the disputed state to attack soldiers.
Pakistan has objected to the construction of the barrier, saying it violates both bilateral accords and relevant United Nations Security Council resolutions on the region. In Pakistan's view the border between Jammu and Kashmir is undemarcated, and border fencing is not allowed.

Frank-Walter Steinmeier
Frank-Walter Steinmeier (born 5 January, 1956) is a German politician. He is Foreign Secretary and Vice-Chancellor of Germany.
Steinmeier was born in Detmold in 1956. After his "abitur" (secondary school exam) and his military service, he studied law in Gießen. In 1982, he passed his first exam. His second exam was completed and passed in 1986. Between 1986 to 1991, he worked as assistant to the professor of Public Law and Political Science at the Gießen University. He obtained his Doctorate of Law in 1991.
Up from 1991, he worked in the State Chancellory of Lower Saxony for the governor, Gerhard Schröder. Up from 1998, he was Undersecretary of State in Gerhard Schröder's ChancellorOffice after Schröder became Chancellor of Germany. In 1999 he became Secretary of State.
In 2005, he became the new Foreign Minister of Germany in the coalition cabinet of Angela Merkel. He became Vice Chancellor of Germany in 2007. In 2008 he was elected to be the chancellor of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) for the election in 2009.

Tipper Gore
Mary Elizabeth Aitcheson Gore (born August 19, 1948) is an author, photographer, former "Second Lady of the United States," and the wife of Al Gore. She is referred to as "Tipper."

Wife of the Vice President of the United States
The "Second Lady of the United States" is the wife of the Vice President of the United States. The name took shape as late 20th century and early 21st century vice presidential wives took on public policy roles that attracted a great deal of media attention. Tipper Gore, wife of Vice President Al Gore of Tennessee, was active in several campaigns to remove indecent material from popular American entertainment like movies, television shows and music, starting when her husband was a senator.

Lynne Cheney
Lynne Ann Vincent Cheney (born August 14, 1941) is the current Second Lady of the United States, the wife of United States Vice President Dick Cheney. She is a novelist, conservative scholar, and former talk-show host.

Graphium sarpedon
"Graphium sarpedon", the common bluebottle, is a species of swallowtail butterfly found in South and Southeast Asia, as well as parts of Australia. There are 15 subspecies with different geographical distributions.

Bama Boyz
The Bama Boyz (a.k.a the Bamaz) are a Grammy-nominated, Dove Award winning, American record production, songwriting, and artist trio, with Eddie “E-Trez” Smith III, Jesse J. Rankins, Jonathan D. Wells as members.

Swallowtail butterfly
Swallowtail butterflies are large, colorful butterflies which form the family Papilionidae. There are at least 550 species, and though the majority are tropical, members of the family are found on all continents except Antarctica. The family includes the largest butterflies in the world, the birdwing butterflies of Australia (genus " Ornithoptera").

Graphium
"Graphium" is a genus of mostly tropical swallowtail butterflies commonly known as swordtails. Native to Eurasia, Africa, and Oceania, the genus is represented by over 100 species. Their coloration is as variable as the habitats they frequent; from rainforest to savannah. Some possess tails which may be long and swordlike, while others lack any hindwing extensions. "Graphium" species are often sighted at mud puddles.

Sauerbraten (video game)
"Sauerbraten" (also known as "Cube 2" or "Sauer", German for "“sour roast”") is a cross-platform, "Quake"-like, first-person shooter computer game that runs on Microsoft Windows, Linux, FreeBSD and Mac OS X using OpenGL and SDL. The game features single-player and multiplayer game play and contains an in-game level editor, its main feature. The game engine is free and open source software, under the Zlib License, with commercial support available from the developer's own business counterpart.
The game started as a redesign to the original Cube Engine, and its first release was made on May 6, 2004. The most recent sauerbraten game, called "Sauerbraten CTF Edition", was given on June 17, 2008.
Technology.
Sauerbraten was made out of the game Cube, but is much more advanced and a player can create new levels. Sauerbraten was not made to look very good, but to allow easy map making within the game without making a big download. Sauerbraten CTF edition is less than 350 megabytes. The game Crysis is around 3,000 megabytes.
Map editing.
Maps are made of cubes and can be made longer or shorter and can be made round. This is called "what you see is what you get" editing. People can add a lot of detail to maps very quickly. Cube 2's doesn't need expesnive graphics cards but can produce high quality graphics.
Programming.
Cube 2 is programmed on high quality computers but can also be run on very low quality computers.
Gameplay.
The game has singleplayer and multiplayer modes. Multiplayer can be with LAN and Internet connection. Online game types are deathmatch, last man standing,"Capture" (where teams fight for control of parts on the map), Quake-style Capture the Flag, also instant-shot games (Instagib, Insta-clan-arena, insta-capture) as well as online multiplayer map editing, which is one of Sauerbraten's most interesting and popular features. In single player modes the computer controls monsters against you.
Media.
The game has been shown in a Burger King television commercial, it received four out of five stars in a MacWorld UK review, and the game was mentioned in Issue 3 of (as well as their 101 Free Games Article), where it was described as being "perfect for both stingy and creative gamers alike".
The CTF edition was given a long review by Phoronix, a website focused on Linux and software reviews, as well as Linux.com, a website providing news related to free and open source software.

Town crier
A town crier is a person who is employed by a town council to make public announcements in the streets. The crier can also be used in court or official announcements. Criers often dress elaborately, a tradition known from the 18th century, in a red and gold robe, white breeches, black boots and a tricorne hat.
They carry a handbell to make a loud noise and they shout the words "Oyez, Oyez, Oyez!" before making their announcements. The word "Oyez" means "hear ye," which is a call for silence and attention. "Oyez" is from an Anglo-Norman word for "listen". Some town criers announcements are recorded in books called a Proclamation Book The proclamations book in Chester from the early 19th century records the town criers call as "O Yes, O Yes!"
England.
In Medieval England, town criers were the most important way of spreading news with the people of a town. Many could not read newspapers. Royal proclamations, local bylaws, market days, advertisments and even selling loaves of sugar were all proclaimed by a bellman or town crier for centuries. During Christmas 1798, the Chester Canal Company sold some sugar that was damaged in their packet boat and this was advertised by the town crier.
Chester's first 'belman' was in 1540. His was paid one (old) penny for 'going for anything that is lost' and 4 old pennies for leading a funeral procession. In 1681, a fire safety law that all houses should have tiled rooves, not thatched, was to 'be published throughout the city by the day bellman. In 1553, the crier was paid 13 old pennies for 'ridunge the banes' (reading the banns or adverts) for the Chester Mystery Plays. In 1598, bellman Richard Woodcock must have been dressed in a similar way to the London bellman, for he had 'a tymber mast typt at both endes and embellished in the middest with silver' (a wooden stick with silver decorations).
In 1620, there was a fight at the crossroads between the butchers and the bakers where the 'Cryer brake his Mace in peeces Amonge them'(broke his silver stick among them). In 1607, one public notice read by George Tunnall, the bellman, that putting rubbish in the river was illegal. In 1715, a local man recorded that the 'Belman at the Cross... Reads publicly a proclamation in the Mayor's name, commanding all persons in the City to bee of peaceable and civil behaviour, not to walk around the Streets or Rows at unreasonable hours of night'. In 1743, John Posnitt took over as 'Day and Night Bellman'.
In 1792, Chester had a day-time and night-time bellman, John Yarwood and a crier, William Ratcliffe, but by 1835 there seems to have been only one position. It was not until 1998 that Chester had both a crier and a bellman again.
Town criers were protected by royalty, as they sometimes brought bad news such as tax increases. To this day, any town crier in the British Commonwealth is protected under old English law that they are "not to be hindered or heckled while performing their duties". To injure or harm a town crier was seen as an act of treason against the ruling monarchy. The term "Posting A Notice" comes from the act of the town crier, who having read his message to the townspeople, would attach it to the door post of the local inn.
Europe.
The same as England, town criers were the most important way to deliver news to the people of the town because many people could not read newspapers or write. Proclamations, local bylaws, market days, adverts, were all proclaimed by a bellman or crier.
Criers were not always men, many town criers were women. Bells were not the only way to make noise - in Holland, a gong was often used, and in France a drum was used, or a hunting horn.
Modern town criers.
The best dressed town crier and escort at the last World Championships (date of entry 2008) are Peter and Maureen Taunton from the county town of Stafford, UK. They also hold the title of the best dressed town crier in Britain 2008 Competition held at Alnwick for the Loyal Company of Town Criers. They are also the Best Dressed Crier at the National Town Crier Competition in Hastings 2007.
Peter Moore has been The London Town Crier for more than 30 years. He is Town Crier for The Mayor of London, The City of Westminster, and London Boroughs. He is also Freeman and Liveryman of The City of London.
Alan Myatt holds the world record as the loudest town cryer at 112.8 decibels.
The need for town criers has disappeared and they became part of the local folklore. There are European and World Championship competitions for modern town criers. The World Champion town crier is the town crier of Ninove, Hans Van Laethem.

Plague of Justinian
The Plague of Justinian was a pandemic in the Byzantine Empire in the years 541–542 AD. Its capital Constantinople suffered as well. It is estimated that the Plague of Justinian killed as many as 100 million people across the world, because it returned about every twelve years till 770 when it stopped for about 500 years.
It caused Europe's population to drop by around 50% between 541 and 700. It also may have contributed to the success of the Muslim conquests.
Its social and cultural impact is comparable to that of the Black Death.

Zlib License
The Zlib licence is an open source software license.

Plant cutting
Plant cutting, also known as striking/cloning, is a technique for vegetatively (asexually) propagating plants. With this method, a piece of the source plant containing at least one stem cell is placed in a suitable medium such as moist soil, potting mix, coir or rock wool. The cutting then grows new roots, stems, or both, and becomes a new plant independent of the parent.

Ferdinand Lassalle
Ferdinand Lassalle (11 April 1825 — 31 August 1864) was a German jurist and socialist politician.
Lassalle was born in Breslau. His father sent hin to a business school in Leipzig. Lassalle changed to the University of Breslau. He later studied in Berlin.
He studied Philosophy, Philology (Latin and Ancient Greek) and Law.
Lassalle took part in the revolutions of 1848-49. He was put into prison and later banned from Berlin. He lived in Düsseldorf that time. In 1859, Lassalle returned to Berlin.
Lassalle was a liberal politician in the early 1860s. The liberals had some struggles with Otto von Bismarck. Lassalle though about the live conditions of the working class. He found that the idea of self-help would not help the working class people. This led him to become a member of the Communist league. There he was in opposition to Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.
Lassalle founded the Allgemeiner Deutscher Arbeiterverein (General German Workers' Association, ADAV) in 1863. This party later became the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD).
Lassalle was killed in a duel.

Hans-Dietrich Genscher
Hans-Dietrich Genscher (born March 21, 1927) is a German politician. He was born at Reideburg, near Halle.
Genscher served in World War II from 1943 to 1945. He joined the Nazi Party in the age of 18. After the war, he studied economics and law in Halle and Leipzig. He joined the East German Liberal Democratic Party (LDPD) in 1946.
In 1952, Genscher fled to West Germany. There he joined the Free Democratic Party (FDP). He passed his second state examination in law in Hamburg in 1954. After that, he became a solicitor in Bremen. In 1965, Genscher was elected to the West German parliament for the first time. From 1969 to 1974, he was Home Secretary under Chancellor Willy Brandt.
Gensher was Foreign Minister and Vice Chancellor of Germany from 1974 to 1982 under Helmut Schmidt. Two weeks later, he began to serve in the same positions under Helmut Kohl. He served the second time from 1982 to 1992. He was Germany's longest serving Foreign Minister and Vice Chanellor of Germany|Vice Chancellor.

Jonny Kennedy (rugby union)
Jonny Kennedy (born 16 February 1990) is an English rugby union player for Sale Sharks in the Guinness Premiership. He plays as a centre or on the wing.

Franz Müntefering
Franz Müntefering (born January, 16th, 1940) is a German politician. He is Chairman of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD).
Müntefering was born in Neheim-Hüsten near Arnsberg.
After his school time he was taught to became an industrial salesman.
He joined the Social Democratic Party in 1966.
He was member of the Bundestag (Federal Parliament) from 1974 to 1992 and has been member again since 1998.
1998 he was a member of the Landtag (state parliament) of North Rhine-Westphalia.
From 1992 to 1995 he was Secretary of Social affairs in the State of North Rhine-Westphalia.
From 1995 to 2001 Party Chairman in that state.
From 1995 to 1998 he was Bundesgeschäftsführer (federal executive director) of the SPD.
In 1998 he became Secretary for Transport and Infrastructure of Germany under Chancellor Gerhard Schröder.
From 1999 to 2002 he was Secretary General of the Social Democratic Party.
From 2002 to 2005 fraction leader in the Bundestag.
He was Party Chairman of the SPD from 2004 to 2005.
Uo from 2005 to 2007 he was Secretary for Working and Social Affairs and Vice Chancellor of Germany under Angela Merkel in her Grand Coaltion.
In 2007 he gave up all his jobs - excepted the mandate in Federal Parliament - for caring his ill wife.
After the death of his wife he returned.
In 2008 he became Party Chairman of the SPD again.

Nick Royle
Nick Royle is an English rugby union player for Sale Sharks in the Guinness Premiership. He plays as a winger.

Carl Fearns
Carl Fearns (born 28 May 1989 in Liverpool, England) is a rugby union player for Sale Sharks in the Guinness Premiership. He plays as a back-row.

James Gaskell
James Gaskell (born 20 May 1990 in Crewe, England) is a rugby union player for Sale Sharks in the Guinness Premiership. He plays as a lock.

Martin Halsall
Martin Halsall (born 25 December 1984 in Blackpool, England) is a rugby union player for Sale Sharks in the Guinness Premiership. He plays as a prop.

Alex Shaw
Alex Shaw (born 31 March 1987 in Maidstone, Kent, England) is a rugby union player for Sale Sharks in the Guinness Premiership. He plays as a back-row.

Chris Leck
Chris Leck (born 21 May, 1986 in Manchester, England) is a rugby union player for Sale Sharks in the Guinness Premiership. He plays as a scrum-half.

Secret Water
"Secret Water" is the eighth book in Arthur Ransome's Swallows and Amazons series of children's books. It was published in 1939.
This book is set in and around Hamford Water in Essex, close to the resort town of Walton-on-the-Naze. It brings the Swallows and the Amazons together and introduces a new group of characters, the Eels and the Mastodon. Ransome sailed to Hamford Water, an area of salt marshes and low lying islands in his boat "Nancy Blackett". He set the book in this tidal place which offered a new setting for his characters and chances to explore and map the area.
Plot summary.
The Swallows mean to sail in the "Goblin" to Hamford Water and camp with their father, but he is called away on naval business. Instead he maroons them with a small boat (dinghy) on an island. Before he leaves, Father gives them a basic map of the area they call Secret Water and suggests they map the area before he returns to pick them up.
For a surprise, he has arranged for the Amazons to come down from the Lake District and join them with another dinghy.
They see some mysterious footprints which turn out to belong to the Mastodon, a local boy. He mistakes them for the Eels, another family who camp in the area regularly. Later the Eels arrive and are initially hostile before they settle down for a friendly war.
It seems that due to the distractions of war and being cut off by the tides, the chart will not be completed. However early in the last morning two separate groups of children complete it.

Gran Turismo
Gran Turismo is a driving simulation video game created by Polyphony Digital for Sony Playstation and PSP Consoles. The game was first sold in 1997. There are seven main versions of Gran Turismo and by late 2008 over 50 million Gran Turismo games have been sold by Sony. Each of the games simulate many different types of car including small, big, racing, old, new, Formula one and concept cars such as the Nike 2022. The cars look very realistic. Gran Turismo games were one of the first video games to include music from famous artists. Sony also released three Gran Turismo Concept versions. The game play is races similar to all real-life car racing including racing driver tests and everything from one short lap races in slow cars to 24 hour Le Mans racing challenges in prototype cars.

Aramid
Aramids are polymers. The name stands for "aromatic polyamide". Structurally aramids are similar to proteins.
Stephanie Louise Kwolek developed aramids at DuPont in 1965. DuPont uses the trade name "Kevlar" for them.
Aramids are very present in security helmets, in splinter-resistant glass, in Ballistic vests, but also in other domains. They are used as a replacement for asbestos as a building material, for gaskets and other sealings, but also as helpers to make sails, parachutes and similar tools.

Brute force attack
In cryptanalysis, a brute force attack is a method of breaking a cryptographic system by trying a large number of possibilities using fast computers; for example, a large number of the possible keys in a key space in order to decrypt an encrypted message.
The theoretical possibility of a brute force attack is recognized by the cryptographic system designers, they work to make the cryptographic system "computationally infeasible" to break using brute force attack. For that reason, one of the definitions of "breaking" a cryptographic scheme is to find a method faster than a brute force attack.
The selection of an appropriate key length depends on how much it will be difficult to break it using a brute force attack. By obfuscating the data before encryption, brute force attacks are less effective and more difficult to determine.
The brute force attack could be combined with a dictionary attack.

Information theory
Information theory is a branch of applied mathematics and electrical engineering. Information theory measures the amount of information in data which could have more than one value. In its most common use, information theory finds physical and mathematical limits on the amounts of data in data compression and data communication. Data compression and data communication are statistical, because they guess unknown values. The amount of information in data measures how easily it is guessed by a person who does not know its value.

Block cipher
In cryptography, a block cipher is a symmetric key cipher which operates on a groups of bits of fixed length, called "blocks", using an exact transformation. During encryption, a block cipher algorithm might take (for example) a 128-bit block of plaintext as input, and output a corresponding 128-bit block of ciphertext. The exact transformation is controlled using a second input — the secret key. Decryption is similar: the decryption algorithm takes, in this example, a 128-bit block of ciphertext together with the secret key, and output the original 128-bit block of plaintext.
One of the early block cipher designs was the Data Encryption Standard (DES), developed at IBM and published as a standard in 1977. A successor to DES, the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES); also using block cipher, was adopted in 2001.

Authentication
Authentication (pronounced "aw-then-ti-keyt") (from Greek "αυθεντικός;" real or genuine, from "authentes;" author) is the actions taken to establish or verify something (or someone) as "authentic". It is the method of verifying claims made by someone about the thing. This might involve confirming the identity of a person, the origins of an object (or something), or to make sure that a computer program (or user) is a trusted one.

DES-X
In cryptography, DES-X (or DESX) is an alternative to the DES (Data Encryption Standard) block cipher designed to increase the complexity of a brute force attack using a technique called "key whitening". As DES suffers from brute force attack DES-X was a trial to overcome such drawbacks.

Hostname
A hostname (also known as, a sitename) is the unique name by which a network device (which may be a computer, file server, network storage device, fax machine, copier, cable modem, etc.) is defined and known on a network. The hostname is used to identify a particular host in various electronic communication networks such as the World Wide Web, e-mail or Usenet.
On the Internet, the terms "hostname" and "domain name" are often misused interchangeably, but there are subtle technical differences between them.

National Institute of Standards and Technology
The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), known between 1901 and 1988 as the National Bureau of Standards (NBS), is a measurement standards laboratory which is a non-regulatory (non-controlled) agency of the United States Department of Commerce. The institute's mission is to promote U.S. innovation and industrial competitiveness by advancing measurement science, Standards, and Technology in ways that enhance economic security and improve quality of life.

Key size
In cryptography, key size or key length is the size (measured in bits or bytes) of the key used in a cryptographic algorithm (such as a cipher).

Kandinsky
Wassily Kandinsky (Russian: Василий Кандинский, first name pronounced as [vassi:li]) (– 13 December 1944) was a Russian painter, printmaker and art theorist. One of the most famous 20th-century artists, he is credited with painting the first modern abstract works.
Born in Moscow, Kandinsky spent his childhood in Odessa. He enrolled at the University of Moscow and chose to study law and economics. Quite successful in his profession—he was offered a professorship (chair of Roman Law) at the University of Dorpat—he started painting studies (life-drawing, sketching and anatomy) at the age of 30.
In 1896 he settled in Munich and studied first in the private school of Anton Ažbe and then at the Academy of Fine Arts, Munich. He went back to Moscow in 1914 after World War I started. He was unsympathetic to the official theories on art in Moscow and returned to Germany in 1921. There he taught at the Bauhaus school of art and architecture from 1922 until the Nazis closed it in 1933. He then moved to France where he lived the rest of his life, and became a French citizen in 1939. He died at Neuilly-sur-Seine in 1944.

Public-key cryptography
"Public-key cryptography", also known as asymmetric cryptography, is a form of cryptography in which the key used to encrypt a message differs from the key used to decrypt it. In public key cryptography, each user has a pair of cryptographic keys—a public key and a private key. The private key is kept secret, while the public key may be widely distributed and used by other users. Incoming messages would have been encrypted with the "recipient's public key" and can only be decrypted with his corresponding private key. The keys are related mathematically, but the user private key cannot be derived from the widely used public key.
On the other hand, "secret key cryptography", also known as symmetric cryptography, uses a single secret cryptographic key for both encryption and decryption. To use symmetric cryptography for communication, both the sender and receiver need to know the key earlier, or the key would have to be sent along with the message.

John Ashcroft
John David Ashcroft (born May 9, 1942) is an American politician who was the 79th United States Attorney General. He served during the first term of President George W. Bush from 2001 until 2005. Ashcroft was previously the Governor of Missouri (1985–1993) and a U.S. Senator from Missouri (1995–2001).

Muslim conquests
The first Arab Muslim conquests (632–732), (, Fatah, literally "opening",) also referred to as the Islamic conquests or Arab conquests, began after the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. He established a new unified political polity in the Arabian peninsula which under the following Rashidun and Umayyad Caliphates saw a century of rapid expansion of Arab power well beyond the Arabian peninsula in the form of a vast Muslim Arab Empire with an area of influence that stretched from northwest India, across Central Asia, the Middle East, North Africa, southern Italy, and the Iberian Peninsula, to the Pyrenees.
The Arab conquests brought about the collapse of the Sassanid Empire and a great territorial loss for the Byzantine Empire. Though spectacular, the Arab successes are not hard to understand in hindsight. The Sassanid Persian and Byzantine empires were militarily exhausted from decades of fighting one another. This prevented them from dealing effectively with the mobile Arab raiders operating from the desert. Moreover, many of the peoples living under the rule of these empires, for example Jews and Christians in Persia and Monophysites in Syria, were disloyal and sometimes even welcomed the Arab invaders, largely because of religious conflict in both empires.
Byzantine-Arab Wars: 634-750.
The Byzantine-Arab Wars were between the Byzantine Empire and at first the Rashidun and then the Umayyad caliphates.
Under the Rashidun there were the conquests of Syria (637), Armenia (639), Egypt (639) and North Africa (652). Under the Umayyads the continuing conquest of North Africa (665), the second Arab siege of Constantinople (717-718) and the conquest of Tbilisi (736). In 827 there followed the conquest of southern Italy (827).
Conquests in Asia: 633 - 712.
The last ruler of the Sassanid Empire in Persia was defeated by the Rashidun in 633 and 636, but the final military victory didn't come until 642 when the Persian army was destroyed.
During the seventh century the Umayyad fought successfully against the early Rajput in north India and in Central Asia.
In 711, a muslim expedition defeated Raja Dahir at what is now Hyderabad in Sindh and established Umayyad rule by 712. The Umayyad brought under control the whole of what is modern Pakistan, from Karachi to Kashmir and reached the borders of Kashmir within three years. But rather soon afterwards semi-independent Arab ruled states developed.
Conquest of Hispania: 711-718.
The conquest of the Iberian Peninsula began when the Moors (mostly Berbers with some Arabs) invaded Visigothic Christian Iberia (modern Spain, Portugal, Gibraltar, Andorra) in the year 711. They landed at Gibraltar on April 30 and worked their way northward. This territory, under the Arab name "Al-Andalus", became first an Emirate and then an independent Umayyad Caliphate after the overthrowing of the dynasty in Damascus by the Abbasids. In 1031 the territory split into small territiries, and gradually the Christian kingdoms started the Reconquest up to 1492, when Granada, the last kingdom of Al-Ándalus fell under the Spanish Kings.
Further conquests: 1200-1800.
In Sub-Saharan Africa, the Sahelian kingdom expanded Muslim territories far from the coast. Muslim traders spread Islam.
The modern era saw the rise of three powerful Muslim empires: the Ottoman Empire of the Middle East and Europe, the Safavid Empire of Persia and Central Asia, and the Mughal Empire of India; along with their contest and fall to the rise of the colonial powers of Europe.
Decline and collapse: 1800-1924.
The Mughal Empire declined in 1707 after the death of Aurangzeb and was officially abolished by the British after the Indian Rebellion of 1857.

Key space
In cryptography, the key space of an algorithm refers to the set of all possible keys that can be used to initialize the cryptographic algorithm. For example, if an algorithm works using a key that is a string of 10 bits, then its key space is the set of all binary strings of length 10 bits; i.e. we have key space of size 210 = 1024.
To avoid attackers from guessing the key using a brute-force attack, the key space is usually designed to be very large. Another needed attribute is that the key space designed to be "flat", having no or very few weak keys.
Examples.
The block cipher AES uses a key of up to 256 bits, resulting in a key space containing about 2256 which is over 1.1579 × 1077 keys. This makes it "computationally infeasible" to check each possible key by brute force.
In the DES block cipher, a 56-bit key is used, resulting in a relatively small key space of size 256.
The ROT13 cipher is only designed to prevent people from accidentally reading messages (e.g. movie plot details). As there is no key, the key space is therefore empty.

Roger Williams (theologian)
Roger Williams (December 21, 1603–April 1, 1683) was an English theologian. He was widely known as a supporter of religious toleration and separation of church and state. He also supported fair dealings with Native Americans. In 1644, he received a charter creating the colony of Rhode Island, named for the main island in Narragansett Bay. He is believed to have started the first or second Baptist church in the United States. He is known to have left the church soon afterwards, saying, "God is too large to be housed under one roof."

Unitarianism
Unitarianism is a term that describes some forms of Christianity. Unitarianism can be described as the belief that God has one personality. This is different form what most other Christians think, called Trinitarianism. Unitarian Christians believe in Jesus of Nazareth. They think that Jesus was a great leader and prophet, but they generally do not think that Jesus is part of God himself.
Jesus existed before his human life.
The "Son of God" is a being that existed before Jesus' human life. It is called the Logos who dwelt with God in the beginning and then was born as the man Jesus. However, he is not eternal, but had a beginning of existence. God created him. This theology is commonly called Arianism, but there are many varieties of this form of Unitarianism. They range from the belief that the Son, before he came to earth, was a divine spirit of the same nature as God to the belief that he was an angel or other lesser spirit creature of a wholly different nature from God. Arius' views are only one variation of this theology.
Whatever the case, in this belief system, Jesus is beneath God, but higher than humans (and has always been so). This concept could be referred to as "elevated subordinationism." It is associated with early church figures such as Justin Martyr, Lucian of Antioch, Eusebius of Caesarea, Arius, Eusebius of Nicomedia, Asterius the Sophist, Eunomius, and Ulfilas, as well as Felix, Bishop of Urgel and others who believed that Jesus was God in his divine nature but his divinity in his human nature was through adoption. Arian forms of Unitarianism remain among Unitarians in Transylvania, Hungary, France, and several countries in Africa. Famous Arian Unitarians include Isaac Newton, Andrews Norton and Dr. William Ellery Channing.
Since the 19th century, several Evangelical or Revivalist movements also used an elevated subordinationist theology. This can be best described as Nontrinitarianism, rather than Unitarianism. Important figures include Barton W. Stone and Charles Taze Russell. Theologies among Evangelical Unitarians are sometimes classed as Arian, and sometimes Sabellian (Jesus is God in the flesh, the manifestation of God, who exists as a single person) and the Chinese based sabbatarian True Jesus Church. Other modern non-trinitarian churches, such as the Filipino-based Iglesia ni Cristo, may also be included, although they reject the "unitarian" name to avoid confusion. Jehovah's Witnesses also have a nontrinitarian theology with specific traits. The Christian Churches of God (CCG) is another Unitarian Church with a World Conference. It has a lot of material on Unitarian theology and history and holds the doctrine of the Pre-existence of Jesus Christ (see www.ccg.org). CCG like other Sabbatarian Churches of God trace their ancestry back to the early church and follow biblical law. The CCG and Sabbatarians are sometimes erroneously called Arians due to the pejorative Trinitarian use of that term and also that of Subordinationists (see Bibliography).
Jesus did not exist before his human life.
This theology ranges from the belief that Jesus was merely a great man filled with the Holy Spirit (sometimes called Psilanthropism or, more commonly, Socinianism) to the belief that he is the incarnation of God's "impersonal" Logos. It is associated with early church figures like the Ebionites, Theodotus of Byzantium, Artemon, and Paul of Samosata in the early Church, Marcellus of Ancyra and his pupil Photinus in the 4th century AD, and Michael Servetus, Ferenc Dávid and Faustus Socinus in the Protestant Reformation. It is from the latter that we get the word "Socinianism," but the teaching of Socinus is unique in more than just its Christology, and so the name is best not used as merely a Christological term.
In modern times we see the psilanthropist view manifested in Rationalist Unitarianism, which emerged from the German Rationalism and the liberal theology of the 19th century. Its proponents took a highly intellectual and humanistic approach to religion. They rejected most of the miraculous events in the Bible (including the virgin birth.) They embraced evolutionary concepts, stated that man was good by default and abandoned the doctrine of biblical infallibility. Rationalist Unitarianism is distinguished from Deism (with which it nevertheless shares many features) by its belief in a personal deity who directly acts on creation, while Deists see God as holding aloof from creation.
Notable Rationalist Unitarians include Ralph Waldo Emerson and Theodore Parker in theology and ministry, Joseph Priestley and Linus Pauling in science, Susan B. Anthony and Florence Nightingale in humanitarianism and social justice, Charles Dickens in literature, and Frank Lloyd Wright in arts. Many Hungarian Unitarians embrace the principles of Rationalist Unitarianism—the only Unitarian high school in the world, John Sigismund Unitarian Academy in Cluj Napoca (Kolozsvár, Klausenburg), Romania, teaches Rationalist Unitarianism. The psilanthropist concept of the nature of Jesus is similar to the viewpoint held by the Islamic faith, which regards Jesus as a non-divine and human Prophet. The Christadelphians, the Church of God of the Abrahamic Faith and the are Evangelical Unitarians.

United States National Security Council
The White House National Security Council (NSC) in the United States is the principal forum used by the President for considering national security and foreign policy matters with his senior national security advisors and Cabinet officials and is part of the President's Executive Office. It began under President Harry S. Truman.

Stephen Hadley
Stephen John Hadley (born February 13, 1947, in Toledo, Ohio) is the current (21st) U.S. Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs (commonly referred as National Security Advisor) for President George W. Bush. He had been Assistant to the President and Deputy National Security Advisor from January 22, 2001. On January 26, 2005, he replaced Condoleezza Rice as National Security Advisor, upon Rice's confirmation as Secretary of State.
Hadley served as a senior foreign and defense policy advisor to then-Governor Bush during the 2000 presidential campaign and worked in the Bush-Cheney Transition on the National Security Council.

Deputy National Security Advisor
The Deputy Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, commonly referred to as the Deputy National Security Advisor, is a member of the Executive Office of the President of the United States, serving as deputy to the President's National Security Advisor.
Among other responsibilities, the Deputy National Security Advisor serves as Executive Secretary to the National Security Council Principals Committee, and as Chairman of the National Security Council Deputies Committee.

Director of the Central Intelligence Agency
Director of the Central Intelligence Agency (D/CIA) serves as the head of the Central Intelligence Agency, which is part of the United States Intelligence Community. He/She reports to the Director of National Intelligence (DNI). The Director is assisted by the Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency. The Director is nominated by the President, with the concurring or nonconcurring recommendation from the Director of National Intelligence and must be confirmed by majority vote from the Senate.
List of directors.
What follows is a list of Directors of the Central Intelligence Agency (in chronological order).

Procopius
Procopius of Caesarea (, c. 500 – c. 565) was a prominent Eastern Roman scholar. He took par in the wars of the Emperor Justinian I, and was the major historian of the 6th century AD, writing the "Wars of Justinian", the "Buildings of Justinian" and the celebrated "Secret History". He is commonly held to be the last major historian of the ancient world.
Writings.
The writings of Procopius are the primary source of information for the rule of the Roman emperor Justinian. Procopius was the author of a history in eight books of the wars fought by Justinian I, a panegyric on Justinian's public works throughout the empire, and a book known as the "Secret History" (Greek: "Anekdota") that claims to report the scandals that Procopius could not include in his published history.
A number of historical novels based on Procopius' works (along with other sources) have been written, of which the best, "Count Belisarius", was written by poet and novelist Robert Graves in 1938.
Texts of Procopius.
"This article is based on an by James Allan Evans, originally posted at Nupedia."

Porter J. Goss
Porter Johnston Goss (born December 10 1938) is an American politician, who was the last Director of Central Intelligence and the first Director of the Central Intelligence Agency following the passage of the 2004 Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act, which abolished the DCI position. A CIA officer in Latin America during the Cold War, he served as a Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives from 1989 until he took up his post at the agency.

George Tenet
George John Tenet (born January 5, 1953) was the Director of Central Intelligence for the United States Central Intelligence Agency and is Distinguished Professor in the Practice of Diplomacy at Georgetown University. Tenet held the position as the DCI from July 1997 to July 2004, making him the second-longest serving director in the agency's history — behind Allen Welsh Dulles — as well as one of the few DCIs to serve under two U.S. presidents of opposing political parties.

Peer Steinbrück
Peer Steinbrück (born 10 January 1947 in Hamburg) is a German politician.
From 1968 to 1969 he made a training as a reserve officer of the Bundeswehr (German army).
From 1970 to 1974 he studied national economy in Kiel.
After that he worked in different ministries.
In 1969 he joined the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD).
In 1993 he became Secretary for Economy and Infrastructure in the State of Schleswig-Holstein.
In 1998 he changed to the State of North Rhine-Westphalia and became Secretary for Infrastructure, up from 2000 Secretary of Finance.
In 2000 he was elected into the State Parliament of North Rhine-Westphalia.
He was Minister President (Ministerpräsident) of North Rhine-Westphalia from November 2002 to June 2005.
On the state election on May 22, 2005 Steinbrück failed to be reelected as Minister President of North Rhine-Westphalia. His successor was Jürgen Rüttgers (CDU).
Since November 2005 he has been finance minister of Germany and Vice chief of SPD.

Beyblade
Beyblade (爆転シュート ベイブレード, "Bakuten Shūto Beiburedo", literally translates to "Explosive Shooting Beyblade")is an anime and manga series about a group of kids battling with highly powerful spinning tops enchanted with sacred bit-beasts or spirits of mythical and powerful creatures.
Plot Summary.
Thirteen-year-old Tyson Granger (Takao Kinomiya), along with his fellow teammates, Kai Hiwatari, Max Tate (Max Mizuhura), and Ray Kon (Rei Kon), strive to become the greatest beybladers in the world. With the technical help of the team's resident genius, Kenny (Kyouju), and with the powerful strength of their bit beasts, the Bladebreakers armed with their tops (AKA: blades) attempt to reach their goal.

Wolfmother
Wolfmother are an Australian rock band. They won a Grammy award in 2007 for their song 'Woman'. Musically they are similar to blues rock bands like Led Zeppelin.

Defense Intelligence Agency
The Defense Intelligence Agency, or DIA, is a major producer and manager of military intelligence for the United States Department of Defense, employing over 11,000 military and civilian employees worldwide. The Defense Intelligence Community is headed by the DIA, through its Director (who chairs the Military Intelligence Board), and coordinates the activities of the Army, Navy, Marine Corps, and Air Force intelligence components. The DIA and DIC provide military intelligence to warfighters, defense policymakers and force planners within the Department of Defense and the United States Intelligence Community, in support of U.S. military planning and operations and weapon systems acquisition. DIA, designated in 1986 as a Defense Department combat support agency, was established in 1961 as a result of a decision by Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara, under President John F. Kennedy. The Department of Defense created DIA with the publication of Directive 5105.21, "Defense Intelligence Agency" on 1 August, effective 1 October 1961. DIA was preceded by the Counter Intelligence Corps.

Makenna Cowgill
Makenna Cowgill (born Mackenzie Nathan Cowgill is an American child actor. He was well-known for the voices of little girls.

African Bush Elephant
The African Bush Elephant ("Loxodonta africana") is the larger of the two species of African elephant. It weighs 14000lbs and stands 12 feet tall at the shoulder. The population of African Bush Elephants has tripled in the last six months.

Binda, New South Wales
Binda is a village in the Southern Tablelands region of New South Wales, Australia in Upper Lachlan Shire.
In 2006, the population of Binda was 131 people.
History.
The word Binda is thought to be from the Gandangara Aboriginal word for deep water.
The first Europeans in the Binda area were the explorers James Meehan and John Oxley in 1820. People began living in the area in the 1840's. Police were based at Binda in 1840 to protect local farmers from bushrangers. The town was begun in 1851. Blocks of land in the town were made ready for sale in 1852. It was the first town in the area to have a school, post office, police station and a courthouse. At Funny Hill, a sheep farm, a racing track for horses was made and the Binda Picnic Races began in 1848.
On Boxing Day, December 26, 1864, the bushrangers Ben Hall, John Gilbert and John Dunn rode into the town with 3 local girls. They robbed a shop owned by Edward Morriss. They locked all the local people into the Flag Hotel. They made everyone dance to celebrate Boxing Day. Morriss got out of the hotel at 2.00 a.m. and set off to tell the police. Hall set fire to Morriss's shop and burned it down.

Hollister Co.
Hollister Co. is a clothing company owned by Abercrombie & Fitch. The kind of clothing they sell is "casual", meaning that it is for informal use. It also has a theme based on the surfing cultural movement of Southern California, where the company is located.

Overseas Regions of France
There are four overseas regions of France. In the French language these are known as "départements d’outre-mer" or "DOM".
These four overseas regions have the same status as the metropolitan ones, those in the part of the country that is within Europe. They are like the overseas American states of Alaska and Hawaii.
Each of these regions returns elected representatives to the Senate and National Assembly in Paris, as well as to the European Parliament in Strasbourg. The overseas regions of France together with the French overseas collectivities, elect three members to the European Parliament.
Since 1974, these regions have had their own individual Regional Councils for local government.

Ron Simmons
Ron Simmons (born May 15, 1958) is an American retired professional wrestler and retired American football player.

Demographics of France
On 1 January 2008, it was estimated that 63.8 million people people live in France, including in the Overseas Regions of France. 61,875,000 of these live in metropolitan France, the part of the country that is within Europe..
Religion.
About 85% of the people living in France are Roman Catholic, 10% are Muslim.

Fire service in the United Kingdom
The fire service in the United Kingdom operates under separate legislative and administrative arrangements in England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales.

Bleach (album)
"Bleach" was the first album by the American grunge band, Nirvana. It did not become popular when it was released, but when Nirvana's second album "Nevermind" was released in 1991, many Nirvana fans discovered "Bleach".

Zub
Zub is a computer game made for use on the Commodore 64 and ZX Spectrum computers which was released in 1986 by Mastertronic. The code was written by John and Ste Pickford on the ZX Spectrum and Phillip Brian Allsopp on the Commodore 64, and the music was composed by David Whittaker.
The story of the game.
Zub works for the Emperor Zub of the Zub galactic empire and must find the Green Eye of Zub. Zub has been permitted to use the Ancient Intergalactic Elevators which take him to other planets. The elevators can only be reached by jumping and riding on platforms to reach the top of the sky. The platforms and elevators are guarded by creatures (also known as Zubs) but each planet has a different sub-species - for example the first level's Zub resembles a gyroscope whilst he fourth level Zub is a fish. The Zubs can be shot and stunned. They will float to the top of the sky where the recover and return to attack Zub again. The Green Eye of Zub was located on the tenth planet and once the Eye is found, Zub has to return to the first planet to give the Eye of Zub to Emperor Zub.
There are seven difficulty levels, each one increases the number of enemy Zubs per planet.

Molly Hatchet
Molly Hatchet is a southern rock band from Jacksonville, Florida. They were formed in 1971 by Dave Hlubek and Steve Holland.

Northern Italy
This region has 26,835,082 inhabitants and an area of 46,301 mi² (119,921 km²). The largest city is Milan.

Thermosphere
The thermosphere is the layer of the earth's atmosphere directly above the mesosphere (middle layer) and directly below the exosphere (top layer). Within this layer, ultraviolet radiation causes ionization.

Anaconda (installer)
Anaconda is the installer for Red Hat Linux and Fedora. It is written in Python and C, with a graphical interface using PyGTK and a text inetrface using python-newt. A kickstart file can be used to automatically configure the installation, allowing users to run it without much supervision.
Anaconda is used by RHEL, Fedora and a number of other projects, Anaconda offers a text-mode and GUI mode, so users can install on a wide range of systems.
Anacondas are lizard-eating pythons, and the Caldera installation program was called "Lizard", hence this name was chosen.

Canowindra, New South Wales
Canowindra (pronounced Can-noun-dra) is an historic town near Cowra in the central west of New South Wales, Australia. Canowindra is on the Belubula River.
History.
A post office opened in 1847. The mail came through Carcoar. It was not part of the road to the Lachlan because it didn't have a bridge.
In October 1863, bushranger Ben Hall's gang took over the village for 3 days. Everyone was held hostage in the hotel. The gang held a big party for everyone in the hotel. A monument to Ben Hall was put up in 1951 on the site of Robinson's hotel, the "Travellers' Rest". New research shows that the events happened at an hotel on the other side of the river.
Modern Canowindra.
The Royal Hotel is on the site of another hotel owned by Robinson. A sign on the wall says this was where Ben Hall's gang had their party. Other important buildings include the nursing home, the Junction Hotel, Finn's Building, the Victoria Hotel, the former Bank of NSW and the former CBC Bank. The Trading Post is a homewares shop that won a tourism award for 2006.
Canowindra is also known as the Balloon Capital of Australia. One of the largest festivals in Australia used to take place here every April. This was called Marti's Fiesta, which is no longer held due to lack of money.
Australian country music star Captain Flange makes his home in Canowindra.
Fossils.
The town is the site of one of the world's great fossil discoveries. A road worker in 1956 found 360 million year old fish fossils. These were from the Devonian period in the Paleozoic era. The "Canowindra slab" was taken to the Australian Museum, Sydney. The fish had been trapped in a pool of water that dried up. The fish found were 2 armoured antiarch placoderms, "Remigolepis walkeri" and "Bothriolepis yeungae." They also found "Canowindra grassi", a lobe-finned crossopterygian fish, with two rare young arthrodire placoderms, "Groenlandaspis" species.
More fossils were found in January 1993 using an excavator to dig down to the fossil layer. Many fish were preserved in detail. Specimens can be seen in the Age of Fishes Museum. This was built with support and funding from the Australian Museum. The Canowindra site has now been listed as part of Australia's National Heritage because of its international scientific importance.

Robert Cutler
Robert Cutler (1895 – 1974) was a U.S. administrator. He served as National Security Advisor between 1953 and 1955, and again from 1957 to 1958. A graduate of Harvard College and Harvard Law School and attorney and bank executive in Boston, Massachusetts before taking public office, he was the person to serve in the newly created position of National Security Advisor during the Eisenhower Administration.

St. Anthony-Chapel
The St. Anthony-Chapel is a chapel in the district Kornelimünster of the German city of Aachen.
It was built in 1718 but destroyed by an earthquake a short time later. The abbot of the abbey at Kornelimünster ordered to rebuild the damaged building. It was completed in 1781.
The St. Anthony-Chapel belongs to a group of five chapels of Kornelimünster.

United States Secretary of Transportation
The United States Secretary of Transportation is the head of the United States Department of Transportation. The Secretary is a member of the President's Cabinet. The current Secretary is Mary Peters.

The Bushwackers (band)
The Bushwackers Band was first called the Bushwackers and Bullockies Band. It is an Australian folk and country music band. It was active from the early 1970s to 1984. The group started as a trio playing around Latrobe University, Melbourne. The players were Dave Isom, Jan Wositzky and Bert Kanahoff. Their first album, the Shearer's Dream was made in 1974 with Dobe Newton on lagerphone and vocals, Mick Slocum on accordions and vocals, Jan Wositzky on harmonica, bush bass and vocals, Tony Hunt on fiddle and viola and Dave Isom on guitar.
Recordings include "Faces in the Street", "Beneath the Southern Cross", "Bushfire", "Murrumbidgee" and "The Shearers Dream". some of these were made through Australian record label Astor Records. The album "And the Band Played Waltzing Matilda" was made with EMI records in 1976. It is regarded as one of their best recordings.
Many songs were settings of poetry written by Australian bush poets including Henry Lawson.
Band members.
In the 90's the band reformed with Newton and Corbett back in the lineup.

United States Department of Transportation
The United States Department of Transportation (DOT) is a federal Cabinet department of the United States government concerned with transportation. It was established by an act of Congress on October 15, 1966 and began operation on April 1, 1967. It is administered by the United States Secretary of Transportation.

United States Department of War
The United States Department of War, sometimes also called the War Office, was the department of the United States government's executive branch responsible for the operation and maintenance of land (and later air) forces from 1789 until September 18, 1947, when it became part of the National Military Establishment, renamed on August 10, 1949 the Department of Defense. The War Department also had responsibility for the young nation's naval affairs until the establishment of the Navy Department in 1798.

United States Department of Commerce and Labor
The United States Department of Commerce and Labor was a short-lived Cabinet department of the United States government.
It was created on February 14, 1903. It was subsequently renamed the Department of Commerce on March 4, 1913, and its bureaus and agencies specializing in labor were transferred to the new Department of Labor.
The department was administered by the United States Secretary of Commerce and Labor.

United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare
The United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (also known as HEW) was a cabinet-level department of the United States government from 1953 until 1979. It was administered by the United States Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare. In 1979, a separate Department of Education (ED) was created from this department, and HEW was renamed as the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS).
History.
President Harding proposed a Department of Education and Welfare as early as 1923, and similar proposals were also recommended by subsequent presidents, but for various reasons was not implemented.. It as only enacted as part of the "Reorganization Plan Number 1 of 1953", transmitted to Congress by Dwight D. Eisenhower on March 12, 1953.
To date, this was the only department of the U.S. government to be created through presidential reorganization authority, in which the president is allowed to create or reorganize bureaucracies as long as neither house of Congress passed a legislative veto. This power to create new departments was removed after 1962, but in the early 1980s the Supreme Court declared legislative vetoes unconstitutional.

United States Post Office Department
The Post Office Department is the former name of the United States Postal Service when it was a Cabinet department. It was headed by the United States Postmaster General.
The Postal Service Act signed by President George Washington on February 20, 1792 established the Department. Postmaster General John McLean was the first to call it the Post Office "Department" rather than just the "Post Office." The organization received a boost in prestige when President Andrew Jackson invited his Postmaster General, William T. Barry, to sit as a member of the Cabinet.
During the Civil War, postal services in the Confederacy were provided by the Confederate States of America Post Office Department, headed by Postmaster General John Henninger Reagan.
The Postal Reorganization Act signed by President Richard Nixon on August 12, 1970, replaced the cabinet-level Post Office Department with the independent United States Postal Service. The Act took effect on July 1, 1971.

United States Department of Education
The United States Department of Education (also referred to as ED, for Education Department) is a Cabinet-level department of the United States government. Created by the Department of Education Organization Act (Public Law 96-88), it was signed into law by President Jimmy Carter on October 17, 1979 and began operating on May 4, 1980.

United States Department of Housing and Urban Development
The United States Department of Housing, often abbreviated HUD, is a Cabinet department of the United States federal government. Although its beginnings were in the House and Home Financing Agency, it was founded in 1965 to develop and execute policy on housing and cities. It has largely scaled back its urban development function and now focuses primarily on housing.
The department was established on September 9, 1965 when President Lyndon Johnson signed the Department of Housing and Urban Development Act into law. It stipulated that the department was to be created no later than November 8, 60 days following the date of enactment. The actual implementation was postponed until January 13, 1966, following the completion of a special study group report on the federal role in solving urban problems.
HUD is administered by the United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development. The former administrator of the US Small Business Association, Steve Preston, was nominated to the Position of Secretary of HUD by President Bush on April 18, 2008. He was confirmed by the Senate and his public swearing in ceremony was on June 6, 2008.

United States Department of Veterans Affairs
The United States Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) is a government-run military veteran benefit system with Cabinet-level status. It is responsible for administering programs of veterans’ benefits for veterans, their families, and survivors. The benefits provided include disability compensation, pension, education, home loans, life insurance, vocational rehabilitation, survivors’ benefits, medical benefits and burial benefits.
It is administered by the United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs.

Particle accelerator
A particle accelerator, also called an atom smasher, is a machine that uses magnets to speed up subatomic particles with an electric charge so that they hit each other at very high speeds. There are 2 kinds of particle accelerators: linear accelerators and circular accelerators.

United States Secretary of Education
The United States Secretary of Education is the head of the Department of Education. The Secretary is a member of the President's Cabinet, and 14th in line of United States presidential line of succession. The United States Secretary of Education deals with Education.
In 1979, President Jimmy Carter established the Department of Education as a cabinet-level agency. Previously, Education had been handled by the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare, henceforth known as the Secretary of Health and Human Services.
The current Secretary of Education is Margaret Spellings.

United States Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare
The United States Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare was the head of the United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. The Secretary was a member of the President's Cabinet. In 1979, there was a division of the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare's position into separate secretaries of Health and Human Services and Education.

Oveta Culp Hobby
Oveta Culp Hobby (January 19, 1905–August 16, 1995) was the first secretary of the Department of Health, Education and Welfare, first commanding officer of the Women's Army Corps, and chairman of the board of the "Houston Post".

Patricia Roberts Harris
Patricia Roberts Harris (May 31, 1924 – March 23, 1985) served as United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, the last United States Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare and the first United States Secretary of Health and Human Services in the administration of President Jimmy Carter. She was the first African American woman to serve as a United States Ambassador, representing the U.S. in Luxembourg under President Lyndon B. Johnson, and the first to enter the line of succession to the Presidency.

Assistant Secretary of Housing and Urban Development for Housing
The Assistant Secretary for Housing, who also carries the title Federal Housing Commissioner, is a position within the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development. The Assistant Secretary is responsible for overseeing the $400 billion Federal Housing Administration insurance portfolio. He or she also oversees the Department of Housing and Urban Development's regulatory responsibilities in the areas of the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act, the housing mission of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, and the manufactured housing industry.
The Federal Housing Commissioner is appointed by the President and confirmed by the United States Senate. The Assistant Secretary is third in the order of succession for the office of Secretary of Housing and Urban Development. The Assistant Secretary is paid at level IV of the Executive Schedule, meaning he or she receives a basic annual salary of $143,000. The incumbent Federal Housing Commissioner is Brian D. Montgomery, who was confirmed in February 2005. The previous Federal Housing Commissioner was John C. Weicher.

United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development
The United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development is the head of the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development, concerned with "urban housing matters." The Secretary is a member of the President's Cabinet. Steve Preston is currently serving as Secretary.
On January 13, 1966, Robert C. Weaver became the first African American Cabinet member by being appointed to the position.

Henry Paulson
Henry Merritt "Hank" Paulson Jr. (born March 28, 1946) is the United States Treasury Secretary and member of the International Monetary Fund Board of Governors. He previously served as the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Goldman Sachs.

Reconquista
The Reconquista (a Spanish and Portuguese word for "Reconquest"; Arabic: الاسترداد, "Recapturing") was a period of 800 years in the Middle Ages during which the several Christian kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula expanded themselves (grew) by fighting the Muslim states of "al-Andalus" (Arabic الأندلس), the muslim states on the Iberian Peninsula, and pushing them out of the peninsula.
The Reconquista began shortly after the Islamic conquest. Much of the ideology of the Reconquista was common to most Crusading: soldiers from all Europe travelled to Spain to fight the Muslims as an act of Christian repentance.
The Reconquista came to an end on the 2 January 1492 with the capture of Granada. The last Muslim ruler of Granada surrendered (gave up'") his kingdom to Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile, the Catholic kings ("los Reyes Católicos"). This event marked the end of Muslim rule in Iberia.

John W. Snow
John William Snow (born August 2, 1939, in Toledo, Ohio) served as the 73rd United States Secretary of the Treasury. He replaced Secretary Paul O'Neill on February 3, 2003 and was succeeded by Henry Paulson on July 3, 2006, in a move that had been anticipated for several weeks. Snow submitted a letter of resignation on May 30, 2006, effective "after an orderly transition period for my successor." To replace him, U.S. President George W. Bush nominated Henry M. Paulson, Jr.. Snow announced on Thursday, June 29, 2006 that he had completed his last day on the job; Robert Kimmitt served as acting secretary until Paulson was sworn in.

Paul Henry O'Neill
Paul Henry O'Neill (born December 4, 1935) served as the 72nd United States Secretary of the Treasury for part of President George W. Bush's first Administration. He resigned in December 2002 under pressure from the administration and became a harsh critic. O'Neill was chairman and CEO of Pittsburgh-based industrial giant Alcoa from 1987 to 1999, and retired as chairman at the end of 2000. In 1995, he was made chairman of the RAND Corporation.

Oliver Wolcott, Jr.
Oliver Wolcott Jr. (January 11, 1760 June 1, 1833) was United States Secretary of the Treasury from 1795 to 1800 and governor of Connecticut from 1817 to 1827.

Samuel Dexter
Samuel Dexter (May 14, 1761 – May 4, 1816) was an early American statesman who served both in Congress and in the Presidential Cabinet.
Born in Boston, Massachusetts, to the Rev. Samuel Dexter, the 4th minister of Dedham, he graduated from Harvard University in 1781 and then studied law at Worcester under Levi Lincoln, Sr., the future Attorney General of the United States. After he passed the bar in 1784, he began practicing in Lunenburg, Massachusetts.

United States Secretary of the Army
The United States Secretary of the Army is a civilian office within the Department of Defense with statutory responsibility for all matters relating to the United States Army: manpower, personnel, reserve affairs, installations, environmental issues, weapons systems and equipment acquisition, communications, and financial management. Nominated by the President and confirmed by the U.S. Senate, the Secretary of the Army is a non-Cabinet position serving under the Secretary of Defense. This position was created September 18, 1947, when the Department of War became the Department of the Army and made a branch of the new Department of Defense.

Kenneth Claiborne Royall
Kenneth Claiborne Royall (July 24, 1894–May 25, 1971) was a United States Army general and the last person to hold the office of Secretary of War. That position was abolished in 1947, and Royall served as the first Secretary of the Army (a successory position) from 1947 to 1949.

Pete Geren
Preston M. Geren, III (born January 29, 1952 in Fort Worth, Texas) has served as the 20th and current United States Secretary of the Army since 16 July 2007. He is also a former member of the United States House of Representatives from Texas.

Astor Markhor
The Astor Markhor or Flare-horned Markhor ("Capra falconeri falconeri") is an endangered subspecies of markhor. It is native to Kashmir and northern Pakistan.

Kabul Markhor
The Kabul Markhor or Straight-horned Markhor ("Capra falconeri megaceros") is a goat-antelope native to Afghanistan and Pakistan. It is an endangered subspecies of the Markhor within in Pakistan it is the Provincial animal of Afghania.

Junagadh & Manavadar
Junagadh was a territory and princely state that acceded to Pakistan in 1947, later annexed and military occupied by the Republic of India. The capital city was Junagarh.

Junagarh
Junagarh City was the capital of the former princely state of Junagadh & Manavadar, that acceded to Pakistan in 1947.

Nirvana (album)
"Nirvana" was a greatest hits album of songs by the popular American grunge band Nirvana, who disbanded in 1994 due to the lead singer, Kurt Cobain's, death. The album was released on October 29, 2002. However, it was almost not released because of a lawsuit by Cobain's wife Courtney Love. This was because of a song on the album, "You Know You're Right", that Love thought would be wasted on a box set album. She thought it would work better on one CD. Soon after the lawsuit was settled (unsuccessfully) the album was released.

India-Pakistan Border
The Hindustan–Pakistan Border, known locally as the International Border (IB), is the international boundary between the Republic of India and Pakistan that demarcates the Indian states of Punjab, Rajasthan and Gujarat from the Pakistani provinces of Punjab and Sindh except for Kashmir that is disputed (Line of Control). The border resulted from the Partition of India in 1947.
Wagah, the ceremonial point of crossing between India and Pakistan lies along this border between the Indian city of Amritsar and the Pakistani city of Lahore.

Coat of Arms of Afghanistan
The National Emblem of Afghanistan has appeared in some form on the Flag of Afghanistan since the inception of that nation. The most notable absence was during the 1980s when a Communist regime ruled the nation, and in the late 1990s, during the rule of the Taliban.
The latest incarnation of the coat of arms has the added inscription of the shahadah in Arabic at the top. Below it is the image of a mosque with a mehrab that is facing Mecca with a prayer mat inside. Attached to the mosque are two flags, taken to stand for flags of Afghanistan. Beneath the mosque is an inscription that states the name of the nation. Around the mosque is a garland.

USB hub
An USB hub is a special USB device. Computers that use USB only have a few ports (usually less than 10). An USB hub allows to connect more than one device to an USB port on the computer. Is does this by providing more USB ports.
The hubs themselves are also USB 1.1 or USB 2.0 compliant. On an USB 2.0 controller, standards can be mixed. Please note however, that devices connected to a USB 1.1 hub will only offer the data rates of USB 1.1.

Digital signature
A digital signature or digital signature scheme is a type of asymmetric cryptography. For messages sent through an insecure channel, a good implementation of digital signature algorithm is the one that makes the receiver believe that the message was sent by the claimed sender, and trust the message.
Digital signatures are equivalent to traditional handwritten signatures in many respects; properly implemented digital signatures are more difficult to copy than the handwritten type. Digital signature are implemented using cryptography. Digital signatures can also provide acknowledgement, meaning that the signer cannot successfully claim they did not sign a message, while also claiming their private key remains secret;
Digital signatures are often used to implement electronic signatures, a broader term that refers to any electronic data that holds a meaning of a signature, but not all electronic signatures use digital signatures. In some countries, including the United States, and in the European Union, electronic signatures may have legal significance.
Digital signature security and attacks.
In 1984, Shafi Goldwasser, Silvio Micali, and Ronald Rivest became the first to strictly define the security requirements of digital signature schemes. They described a hierarchy of attack models for signature schemes, they also present the "GMR signature scheme". GMR scheme was proven to be secure against adaptive chosen-message attacks — even when an attacker receives signatures for messages of his choice, this does not allow him to copy a signature for a single additional message.
The strongest notion of security, therefore, is security against existential forgery under an adaptive chosen message attack.

Key generation
Key generation is the process of generating keys for cryptography. The key is used to encrypt and decrypt data whatever the data is being encrypted or decrypted.
Modern cryptographic systems include symmetric-key algorithms (such as DES and AES) and public-key algorithms (such as RSA). Symmetric-key algorithms use a single shared key; keeping data secret requires keeping this key secret. Public-key algorithms use a public key and a private key. The public key is made available to anyone (often by means of a digital certificate). A sender will encrypt data with the public key; only the holder of the private key can decrypt this data.
The simplest method to read encrypted data is a brute force attack—simply attempting every number, up to the maximum length of the key. Therefore, it is important to use a sufficiently long key length; longer keys take exponentially longer time to attack, making a brute force attack invisible and impractical.
Key generation algorithms.
In computer cryptography keys are integers. In some cases keys are randomly generated using a random number generator (RNG) or pseudorandom number generator (PRNG), the latter being a computer algorithm that produces data which appears random under analysis. Some types the PRNGs algorithms utilize system entropy to generate a seed data, such seeds produce better results, since this makes the initial conditions of the PRNG much more difficult for an attacker to guess.
In other situations, the key is created using a passphrase and a "key generation algorithm", using a cryptographic hash function such as SHA-1.

Symmetric-key algorithm
Symmetric-key algorithms are a class of algorithms for cryptography that use trivially related, often identical, cryptographic keys for both decryption and encryption.
The encryption key is simply related to the decryption key, in that they may be identical or there is a simple relation between the two keys. The keys, in practice, represent a shared secret between two or more parties that can be used to maintain a private secure connection.
Other terms for symmetric-key encryption are secret-key, single-key, shared-key, one-key and eventually private-key encryption. Make sure that the use of the latter term does conflict with the term "private key" in public-key cryptography.
Symmetric-key algorithms can be divided into stream ciphers and block ciphers. Stream ciphers encrypt the bits of the message as a stream of bits one at a time, and block ciphers take a number of bits and encrypt them as a single unit. Blocks of 64 bits have been commonly used; though modern ciphers like the Advanced Encryption Standard algorithm uses 128-bit blocks.
Symmetric ciphers have historically been susceptible to known-plaintext attacks, chosen plaintext attacks, differential cryptanalysis and linear cryptanalysis.
Symmetric-keys are generated using the process of cryptographic keys generation, though it is recommended to use highly entropy systems to generate the initial seed.
Examples of popular symmetric cyphers include Twofish, Serpent, AES (aka Rijndael), Blowfish, CAST5, RC4, TDES, and IDEA.
Speed.
Symmetric-key algorithms are generally much less "computationally intensive" than asymmetric key algorithms. In practice, asymmetric key algorithms are typically hundreds to thousands times slower than symmetric key algorithms.
Key management.
One disadvantage of symmetric-key algorithms is the requirement of a "shared secret key", with both parties holding the same copy at each end.
In order to ensure secure communications between everyone in a group of n people a total of "n"("n" − 1)/2 keys are needed, which is the total number of possible communication channels.
To limit the impact of a potential discovery by a cryptographic attacker, they should be changed regularly and kept secure during distribution and in service. The process of selecting, distributing and storing keys is known as key management, and is difficult to achieve reliably and securely.
Hybrid cryptosystem.
In modern cryptosystems designs, both asymmetric (public key) and symmetric algorithms are used to take advantage of the best of both.
Asymmetric algorithms are used to distribute symmetric-keys at the start of a session. Once a symmetric key is known to all parties of the session, faster symmetric-key algorithms using that key can be used to encrypt the remainder of the session. This simplifies the key distribution problem, because asymmetric keys only have to be distributed authentically, while symmetric keys need to be distributed in both an authentic and confidential manner.
Systems that use such a hybrid approach include SSL, PGP and GPG, etc.
See also.
Asymmetric key algorithms

John Marshall
John Marshall (September 24, 1755 – July 6, 1835) was an American statesman and jurist who shaped American constitutional law and made the Supreme Court a center of power. Marshall was Chief Justice of the United States, serving from February 4, 1801, until his death in 1835. He served in the United States House of Representatives from March 4, 1799, to June 7, 1800, and, under President John Adams, was Secretary of State from June 6, 1800, to March 4, 1801. Marshall was from the Commonwealth of Virginia and a leader of the Federalist Party.
The longest serving Chief Justice in Supreme Court history, Marshall dominated the Court for over three decades (a term outliving his own Federalist Party) and played a significant role in the development of the American legal system. Most notably, he established that the courts are entitled to exercise judicial review, the power to strike down laws that violate the Constitution. Thus, Marshall has been credited with cementing the position of the judiciary as an independent and influential branch of government. Furthermore, Marshall made several important decisions relating to Federalism, shaping the balance of power between the federal government and the states during the early years of the republic. In particular, he repeatedly confirmed the supremacy of federal law over state law and supported an expansive reading of the enumerated powers.

William H. Crawford
William Harris Crawford (February 24, 1772 – September 15, 1834) was an important American politician, as well as a judge, during the early 19th century. He served as United States Secretary of War from 1815 to 1816 and United States Secretary of the Treasury from 1816 to 1825, and was a candidate for President of the United States in 1824.
Legacy.
In 1875, Crawford appeared on the 50 cent bill.
The town of Crawfordsville, Indiana, as well as Crawford County, Illinois; Crawford County, Iowa; Crawford County, Missouri; Crawford County, Arkansas; Crawford County, Wisconsin; Crawfordville, Georgia; and Crawford County, Georgia, are named for Crawford.

James McHenry
James McHenry (November 16, 1753 May 3, 1816) was an early American statesman. McHenry was a signer of the United States Constitution from Maryland and the namesake of Fort McHenry, the bombardment of which inspired the American national anthem "Star-Spangled Banner". He was also a delegate to the Continental Congress from Maryland, and the third United States Secretary of War from January 27, 1796 to May 13,1800, under Presidents George Washington and John Adams.

Timothy Pickering
Timothy Pickering (July 17 1745 – January 29 1829) was a politician from Massachusetts who served in a variety of roles, most notably as the third United States Secretary of State, serving in that office from 1795 to 1800 under Presidents George Washington and John Adams.

John Jay
John Jay (December 12, 1745 – May 17, 1829) was an American politician, statesman, revolutionary, diplomat, a Supreme Court Chief Justice, and a Founding Father of the United States. Jay served in the Continental Congress and was elected President of that body. During and after the American Revolution, he was a minister (ambassador) to Spain and France, helping to fashion American foreign policy and to secure favorable peace terms from the British and French. He co-wrote the "Federalist Papers" with Alexander Hamilton and James Madison.
Jay served on the U.S. Supreme Court as the first Chief Justice of the United States from 1789 to 1795. In 1794 he negotiated the Jay Treaty with the British. A leader of the new Federalist party, Jay was governor of New York from 1795 to 1801. He was the leading opponent of slavery and the slave trade in New York. His first attempt to pass emancipation legislation failed in 1777 and failed again in 1785, but he succeeded in 1799, signing the law that eventually emancipated the slaves of New York; the last were freed before his death.

Evan Longoria
Evan Michael "Longo" Longoria is a third baseman for the Tampa Bay Rays. Longoria is in his Rookie year in Major League Baseball, where he has won the American League Rookie of the Year award.

Nucleolus
The nucleolus is the part of a cell that creates ribosomes for the cell. It is found in the nucleus of the cell.

Candice Bergen
Candice Bergen (born 9 May, 1946) is an American actress. She was nominated for an Academy Award in 1980 in the "Best Actress in a Supporting Role" category for her role in "Starting Over".

Duke Nukem 3D
Duke Nukem 3D is a first-person shooter computer game created by 3D Realms and sold by Apogee Software. It was first sold on January 29, 1996. "Duke Nukem 3D" is based on the main character from the platform games "Duke Nukem" and "Duke Nukem II" which were also published by Apogee. Dukes voice is by Jon St. John.
Gameplay.
In the game, players cotrol Duke Nukem, an action hero from Earth. Players must fight through 28 levels spread over three chapters. An upgrade, called "The Plutonium Pak", later added a fourth episode of 11 additional levels, new enemies, and one new modified weapon. As usual for a first-person shooter, players encounter a whole range of enemies, and can fight them with a range of weapons.
"Duke Nukem 3D" is set "sometime in the early 21st century" in a broken and far more corrupt Los Angeles, and moves on to locations such as lunar space stations. An alien transgenic species has infiltrated Earth while Duke has been fighting in space. Duke crash lands back on Earth and finds most humans are gone. Only a few attractive women remain as slaves for the aliens. America has been reduced to a wasteland and pornography has become the only entertainment. As well as killing aliens to free the Earth (and free the "babes"), players must also solve puzzles to open doors. Some puzzles allow access to extra, hidden levels and powerful weapons.
Level design.
The levels of "Duke Nukem 3D" take the player outdoors and indoors, on the street, inside military bases, deserts, flooded cities, space stations, moon bases and Japanese villas. Levels were designed with many routes so that players can climb through air ducts, back doors and sewers to avoid enemies or find hidden secrets. This makes the levels well suited to multiplayer deathmatchs. The secret items also include (light switches to make it easier to see, water fountains and broken hydrants provide some health points) or simply provide a touch of diversion and strippers who Duke tells jokes to and sometimes they open up their clothes.
Weapons and equipment.
The game includes a range of lethal weapons, some of which, even today, are still unique to the "Duke Nukem" series. They range from Duke's "Mighty Foot", a basic melee attack, a pistol, a Chain gun (similar in design to the Nordenfelt gun), pipe bombs, freeze- and shrink-rays, and laser trip mines.
Aside from weapons, Nukem can also find portable medkits to heal himself whenever the player chooses. Steroids speed up player movement, as well as reversing the effects of the shrink-ray. Nightvision goggles allow players to see enemies in the dark. The "HoloDuke" device projects a hologram of Duke that can be used to trick enemies. Protective boots allow the player to cross dangerously hot or toxic floors. For underwater scenes, scuba gear (an aqua-lung) can be used to let Duke breathe. One of the favorite items is the jetpack which allows the player to fly up in the sky, often to reach hidden weapons or extra health. Many of the secret items such as the jetpack, the scuba gear and the night vision goggles only last for a short time. Weapons also have a limited number of ammunition.
Monsters.
There are many monsters in the game. Some of these are aliens, others mutated humans (the LAPD has been turned into monster pigs). Similar to many first-person shooter games, Nukem encounters a large number of weaker enemies, and a small number of boss enemies (extremely powerful). Like Duke, these "boss" enemies have a wide range of weapons and equipment (some weaker enemies have jet packs).
Multiplayer.
In 1996 at the time of its release, Internet-based gaming was just beginning and "Duke Nukem 3D" could be played on IPX LAN or modem. "Duke Nukem 3D" players often used the $20.00 IPX network utility Kali or the Total Entertainment Network (TEN) online service. Kali allowed users to connect to a chat room to find opponents. The Total Entertainment Network had hundreds of Duke 3D players online at any time, but players had to pay money monthly for it (originally $5.00, gradually increased to $20.00). The game's levels are often used as the battlegrounds for these online players and users are able to create their own levels (maps). The game also features co-operative play (co-op) which allows players to fight against the aliens instead of each other. In the "Atomic" version, a new game play mode was introduced: Duke Tag, a "capture the flag" style mode.
Technology.
"Duke Nukem 3Ds software was an improvement to the Doom game software. Ken Silverman's Build engine allowed more complex levels than "Doom". Most notably, the game could use slopes in the floors, which was not possible with the entirely 2D level design of most other shooter games. It also supports upwards mouse aiming (though aiming up and down distorts the graphics due to a lack of perspective correction), which later became the norm for FPS games.
The popular game "Doom" was limited to doors opening and closing only by sliding up and down, but the Duke Nukem 3D "Build" engine also introduced doors/walls that can move sideways. The "Doom" engine usually only moved a single item at a time in response to a player action (such as pressing a switch), while the "Build" scripting system allows a whole string of moving and sliding parts with sound effects, such as collapsing buildings, earthquakes, and walls that crumble apart when hit with explosives. One of the more advanced effects that went far beyond the limits of the "Doom" engine is the horizontal sliding platform that can move the player inside a small sliding room, which made it possible to create subway cars moving in a timed sequence around a ring-shaped track.
The "Build" engine makes horizontally moving platforms possible by allowing several objects to pass through the same 2D space. While inside one of these spaces, it is not possible to see into the other space, and so the Byuild 2.5D engine has no problem rendering one space or the other even though the map data literally shows the two areas to be occupying the same place. Several "Duke Nukem 3D" maps use this feature to create bizarre mind-bending maps where multiple large rooms all seem to be occupying one 3D space. One secret level in particular ("Lunatic Fringe" from episode 2, Lunar Apocalypse) has a map where the player can travel 720 degrees around a circle and not cross their path. This would be much more difficult to duplicate with modern true-3D map editors and engines.
An early beta (testing) version of "Duke Nukem 3D" called LameDuke was released by 3D Realms as a "bonus" one year after the release of the official version. It has been released as is, with no support, and is currently available to download from the 3DRealms FTP [ftp://ftp.3drealms.com/misc/lameduke.zip].
LameDuke features four episodes. Some weapons were removed and/or altered from the original versions.
Adult content.
"Duke Nukem 3D" is often seen as one of the first videogames to merge adult humor and explicit sexual themes with gameplay, particularly in the first-person shooter genre. Jokes about American consumerism, Hollywood culture, and sex in the media are made all through the game. Dukes world is out of control and virtually all forms of entertainment in this future have been reduced to pornography by the aliens. Duke makes many quotes throughout the game ("Nobody steals our chicks, and lives").
The game has been heavily attacked by some critics, who claim that it promotes pornography and murder. Media Watch made the following comments about the game.
"Duke Nukem 3D" moves the 'shooter' through pornography stores, where Duke can use XXX sex posters for target practice. Duke throws cash at a prostituted woman telling her to 'Shake it, Baby' his gun ever ready. In the game bonus points are awarded for the murder of these mostly prostituted and partially nude women. Duke blows up stained glass windows in an empty church or goes to strip clubs where Japanese women lower their kimonos exposing their breasts. Duke is encouraged to kill defenseless, often bound women."— Media Watch, "
Duke Nukem 3D does not contain a "bonus points" system; even accidental shooting of innocents in the game is, sometimes, punished by a sudden group of enemies attacking. Some of the women are captives of the alien invasion and is no way to save them. Some ask Duke to "kill... me".
"Duke Nukem 3D" was banned in Brazil, along with "Quake", "Doom" and several other violent first-person shooters. As a response to criticism. Censored versions of the game were sold in some countries to avoid a ban. In Germany, the BPjM placed the game on the "List of Media Harmful to Young People".
Add-on software.
Many spin-offs and modifications to the original "Duke Nukem 3D" were produced after the game's initial launch.
"Plutonium PAK/Atomic Edition": The Atomic Edition of "Duke Nukem 3D" was first sold in November 1996, and contained the original 3 episode game as well as a new eleven-level fourth episode. The Plutonium PAK was also sold as an upgrade package to convert the first available version of "Duke Nukem 3D" (v1.3d) to the new Atomic Edition (v1.4, later upgraded again to v1.5). It includes three new enemies: the Protector Drone, the Pig Cop Tank, and a new boss known as The Alien Queen. It also includes a new weapon, the Microwave Expander, with its own special ammunition. It also has several improvements to the software of the game, which allow the game's players to create new enemies and items. Also this version includes a computer controlled second player to simulate multiplayer games.
"EDuke" ("Enhanced Duke Nukem 3D"): created by Matthew Saettler was given away as a patch for Atomic Edition users on July 28, 2000. On this version 3D Realms removed the copyrights from the software so that players could do anything they liked with it and included a demo mod made by several beta testers. The demo included new Sector-Based Effects, Sprite-Based Elevators, Ladders, a Bouncing Particle Fountain, a Personal Teleporter, and a Sophisticated Translucent Water Effect. Saettler has kept records of his for reference.
"Duke Caribbean: Life's a Beach": This is an add-on created by Sunstorm Interactive. Duke relaxes on a tropical island when he discovers that the aliens are having their own "vacation" there. This unofficial add-on has a sunny Caribbean atmosphere, nice beaches and hotels as well as some of the original Duke Nukem 3D stuff fit in. It includes levels created by Charlie Wiederhold, who later worked for 3D Realms to work on "Duke Nukem Forever", the upcoming sequel to "Duke Nukem 3D".
"Duke it out in D.C.": In this storyline, President Bill Clinton is captured by alien forces, and it is up to Duke to save him. This pack has levels that are based on real locations of Washington DC, such as the White House, the FBI headquarters, the Smithsonian museum, and the Washington Monument and others. This game was also developed by Sunstorm Interactive.
"Duke: Nuclear Winter": This one was developed by Simply Silly Software. In the storyline, Santa Claus is mind-controlled by aliens into causing trouble on Earth. Several of the levels take place near the North Pole. This game has sometimes been criticized for using content from the original Duke Nukem 3D.
"Duke Xtreme": An add-on developed by Sunstorm Interactive and contained 50 levels and many items. This version had many technical problems.
"Duke!Zone" (Parts 1 and 2): Was sold by WizardWorks and had over 500 levels made by fans of Duke Nukem 3D. "Duke!ZONE II", contained three episodes designed by WizardWorks.
Compilations.
"Duke Nukem 3D" has been included in several compilations. A bundle called "East Meets West" included the full versions of "Duke Nukem 3D: Atomic Edition" and "Shadow Warrior". A bundle called "Duke Nukem: Kill-A-Ton Collection" featured "Duke Nukem 3D: Atomic Edition", "Duke Xtreme", "Duke!ZONE II", "Duke Nukem I" ("Duke Nukum"), "Duke Nukem II", and various other utilities. Both of these compilations are no longer sold. Earlier packages of "Duke Nukem 3D" also included the complete versions of "Duke Nukem" I and II as a bonus.
In 1998, 3D Realms filed a lawsuit against Micro Star over its add-on pack
Software projects working with the GPL licensed source code.
The source code to the "Duke Nukem 3D" v1.5 executable, which uses the Build engine, was released as free software under the GPL on April 1, 2003. The artwork remains copyright protected. Many programmers altered so that it can be played on modern computers. As of 2007, these projects gave the game a second life in multiplayer games through the Internet and a growing community is still actively playing.
The first modern "Duke Nukem 3D" project was from icculus.org. It is a cross-platform project that allows the game to be played on BeOS, FreeBSD, Linux, Mac OS X, Solaris, Windows and prossibly others. The icculus.org software would later be used in the Rancidmeat, and later, the xDuke projects.
One popular project is Jonathon Fowler's JFDuke3D, which the original creator of Duke Nukem 3D", Ken Silverman, gave support to, in December 2003. Fowler and Silverman produced a new version of JFDuke3D using Polymost, an OpenGL software product for Build, which uses much more advanced 3D models, and 32 bit color. Another project JFDuke3D called xDuke (not related to the xDuke project by icculus.org/duke3d) was created for play on the Xbox.
Silverman has helped Fowler with a lot of other software work related to the game.
Enhancement by fans.
Projects such as the "Duke Nukem 3D High Resolution Pack" were started to give the game the same quality as modern games. There are plans to continue enhancing the Duke Nukem 3D" software but no new versions of JFDuke3D have appeared since 2005.
A few projects have been created from the EDuke version (most notably WinEDuke and EDuke 2.1.1), but it was not until the release of Richard Gobeille's EDuke32 (a version of JFDuke3D using Saettler's EDuke software) in 2004 that EDuke became a the most popular with programmers. EDuke32 has been capable of playing OGG music since September 2007. A pack of music was compiled is planned to be part of future versions of the High Resolution Pack. In June 2008, EDuke32 became the first "Duke Nukem 3D" project to be played as 64-bit software thanks to the DOSBox team.
Console versions.
In 1997, "Duke Nukem 3D" versions were sold for all the major consoles of the time.
Playstation.
The PlayStation version, "Duke Nukem: Total Meltdown", includes six extra areas and a secret level, which was also included in the PC version. It has some music from the PC version, some from the original, in Streaming XA-Audio made by Mark Knight, new enemies and a new boss.
Sega Saturn.
The Sega Saturn version was created by Lobotomy Software and sold by Sega. It uses Lobotomy's "SlaveDriver" software. This version uses the Sega NetLink for online play, and is played with the Saturn's analog pad. It also includes a hidden multiplayer mini-game called "Death Tank Zwei". The Nintendo 64 version was named "Duke Nukem 64" and can be played by four players on a split-screen. There is no music in this version and many items have been renamed to avoid drug and sex references. Other changes include a fully 3D model for the final boss.
Mega Drive/Genesis.
In 1998, a Sega Mega Drive version was sold by Tec Toy. The artwork is very simple and only one third of the original game was included. This version was sold in Brazil only.
Tiger Electronics.
A version of "Duke Nukem 3D" was also released for the Game.com, Tiger's handheld system.
Xbox Live Arcade.
A Duke Nukem 3D version has been sold for Xbox Live since September 24, 2008. This version includes the ability to "rewind" the game to any point if Duke gets killed, video recording and online multiplayer games. The music is slightly better quality using modern MIDI tools.

William Rehnquist
William Hubbs Rehnquist (October 1, 1924 – September 3, 2005) was an American lawyer, jurist, and a political figure who served as an Associate Justice on the Supreme Court of the United States and later as the Chief Justice of the United States. Considered a conservative, Rehnquist favored a federalism under which the states meaningfully exercised governmental power. Under this view of federalism, the Supreme Court of the United States, for the first time since the 1930s, struck down an Act of Congress as exceeding federal power under the Commerce Clause.

Hyderabad State
Hyderābād and Berar (,) under the Nizams, was the largest princely state in the erstwhile Indian Empire. The Berar region of present day Vidarbha in Maharashtra was merged with the Central Provinces in 1903, to form Central Provinces and Berar.
Hyderabad state was located in south-central Indian subcontinent from 1724 until 1948, ruled by a hereditary Nizam. During partition of India in 1947, the Nizam of Hyderabad declared his intentions of not joining either newly formed India or Pakistan. Sensing trouble, India launched Operation Polo which resulted in the absorption of Hyderabad into the Indian Union, in 1948.

Two-nation theory
The Two-Nation Theory was the basis for the Partition of India in 1947. It stated that Muslims and Hindus were two separate nations by every definition, and therefore Muslims should have an autonomous homeland in the Muslim majority areas of British India for the safeguard of their political, cultural, and social rights, within or without a Greater India|United India.

Samuel Osgood
Samuel Osgood (February 3, 1747 – August 12, 1813) was an American merchant and statesman from Andover, Massachusetts. He served in the Massachusetts and New York state legislatures, represented Massachusetts in the Continental Congress and was the first Postmaster General under the United States Constitution.

William Bradford (Attorney General)
William Bradford (September 14, 1755 – August 23, 1795) was a lawyer and judge from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and the second United States Attorney General in 1794-1795.

Charles Lee (Attorney General)
Charles Lee (1758 – June 24 1815) was an American lawyer from Virginia. He served as United States Attorney General from 1795 until 1801.
President Washington appointed Lee the Attorney General after William Bradford died in office. After Senate approval he took office on December 10 1795 and served through the rest of the administration. He was continued in office by John Adams and served through the entire Adams administration until February 19 1801.

Benjamin Stoddert
Benjamin Stoddert (1751 – December 13, 1813) was the first United States Secretary of the Navy from May 1, 1798 to March 31, 1801.

Joseph Hewes
Joseph Hewes (January 23, 1730 November 10, 1779), was a native of Princeton, New Jersey, where he was born in 1730. Hewes’s parents were part of the Quaker Society of Friends. Immediately after their marriage they moved to New Jersey, which became Joseph Hewes’s home state. Hewes was formally educated at Princeton and after college he became an apprentice of a merchant. After finishing his apprenticeship he earned himself a good name and a strong reputation, which would serve him well in becoming one of the most famous signers of the Declaration of Independence for North Carolina, along with William Hooper and John Penn. After a few years as a successful merchant, he became very wealthy. Hewes moved to Edenton, North Carolina at the age of 30 and won over the people of the state with his charm and honorable businesslike character. Hewes was elected to the North Carolina legislature in 1763, only three years after he moved to the state. Second to the delegates of Massachusetts, Hewes was a pioneer of independence who influenced his state to be more rebellious during the years leading up to the revolution. After being re-elected numerous times in the legislature, Hewes was now focused on a new and more ambitious job as a continental congressman.

Candela
A candela measures how bright something is. It is one of the basic units of science. A light bulb is bright, but the Sun is much brighter, so the Sun has more candelas than the light bulb. Candelas are measured using green light, which human eyes are very sensitive to.
A candela sometimes has the name 'candle'.

Hongwu Emperor
Hongwu Emperor (October 21, 1328 – June 24, 1398), also known by his given name Zhu Yuanzhang () and by the temple name Taizu of the Ming () was the first emperor of the Ming Dynasty.

Soulja Boy
DeAndre ellis`, also known as Soulja Boy, is an American rapper. He is widely known for the songs "Crank That (Soulja Boy)" and "Tell 'Em". Though he has been commercially successful, Way is often criticized for making mindless and nonsensical music that carries no message.

Hadron
A hadron is a kind of composite particle that is affected by the strong interaction. A hadron is either a baryon or a meson.

Zlatko Zahovič
Zlatko Zahovič is a former football player. He has played for Slovenia national team.

Francis Lee
Francis Lee is a former football player. He has played for England national team.

Shaun Goater
Shaun Goater is a football player. He plays for Bermuda Hogges.

The Football League 1913-14
Statistics of The Football League in season 1913/1914.
Overview.
It was performed in 20 teams, and Blackburn Rovers won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 20 teams, and Notts County won the championship.

Football League of Ireland Premier Division 1953-54
Statistics of Football League of Ireland Premier Division in season 1953/1954.
Overview.
It was performed in 12 teams, and Shamrock Rovers won the championship.

Colombian Professional Football 1979
Statistics of Colombian Professional Football in season 1979.
Overview.
It was performed in 14 teams, and América Cali won the championship.

Division 1 1959-60
Statistics of Division 1 in season 1959/1960.
Overview.
It was contested by 20 teams, and Stade Reims won the championship.

Italian Football Championship 1898
Statistics of Italian Football Championship in season 1898.
Overview.
Genoa won the championship.
Final.
Genoa won the championship.

Primera División Argentina
Primera División Argentina is a football league which is top division in Argentina.

Primera División Argentina 1976
Statistics of Primera División Argentina in season 1976.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Boca Juniors won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 34 teams, and Boca Juniors won the championship.
Final.
Boca Juniors won the championship.

Primera División Argentina 1977
Statistics of Primera División Argentina in season 1977.
Overview.
It was performed in 23 teams, and River Plate won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 32 teams, and Independiente won the championship.
Final.
Independiente won the championship on goals away rule.

Primera División Argentina 1978
Statistics of Primera División Argentina in season 1978.
Overview.
It was performed in 21 teams, and Quilmes won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 32 teams, and Independiente won the championship.
Final.
Independiente won the championship.

Primera División Argentina 1979
Statistics of Primera División Argentina in season 1979.
Overview.
It was performed in 20 teams, and River Plate won the championship.
Final.
River Plate won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 28 teams, and River Plate won the championship.
Final.
River Plate won the championship on goal away rule.

Primera División Argentina 1980
Statistics of Primera División Argentina in season 1980.
Overview.
It was performed in 19 teams, and River Plate won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 28 teams, and Rosario Central won the championship.
Finals.
Rosario Central won the championship.

Vladimír Šmicer
Vladimír Šmicer is a football player. He plays for Slavia Prague.

Dietmar Hamann
Dietmar Hamann is a German football player. He plays for Manchester City.

Arthur Rowley
George Arthur Rowley, (21 April 1926 – 19 December 2002) was an English football striker. He holds the record for the most career goals in The Football League, 434 from 619 games. He was the younger brother of Manchester United legend Jack Rowley. He was shortlisted for inclusion into the English Football Hall of Fame in 2008.

Laurie Cunningham
Laurie Cunningham is a former football player. He has played for England national team.

Glenn Hoddle
Glenn Hoddle is a former football player. He has played for England national team.

The Football League 1914-15
Statistics of The Football League in season 1914/1915.
Overview.
It was performed in 20 teams, and Everton won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 20 teams, and Derby County won the championship.

Football League of Ireland Premier Division 1954-55
Statistics of Football League of Ireland Premier Division in season 1954/1955.
Overview.
It was performed in 12 teams, and St Patrick's Athletic won the championship.

Colombian Professional Football 1980
Statistics of Colombian Professional Football in season 1980.
Overview.
It was performed in 14 teams, and Atlético Junior won the championship.

Division 1 1960-61
Statistics of Division 1 in season 1960/1961.
Overview.
It was contested by 20 teams, and Monaco won the championship.

Italian Football Championship 1899
Statistics of Italian Football Championship in season 1899.
Overview.
Genoa won the championship.
Final.
Genoa won the championship.

Primera División Argentina 1981
Statistics of Primera División Argentina in season 1981.
Overview.
It was performed in 18 teams, and Boca Juniors won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 28 teams, and River Plate won the championship.
Semifinals.
River Plate advanced on away goals rule
Final.
River Plate won the championship.

Primera División Argentina 1993-94
Statistics of Primera División Argentina in season 1993/1994.
Overview.
It was performed in 20 teams, and River Plate won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 20 teams, and Independiente won the championship.

Primera División Argentina 1995-96
Statistics of Primera División Argentina in season 1995/1996.
Overview.
It was performed in 20 teams, and Vélez Sársfield won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 20 teams, and Vélez Sársfield won the championship.

Primera División Argentina 1996-97
Statistics of Primera División Argentina in season 1996/1997.
Overview.
It was performed in 20 teams, and River Plate won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 20 teams, and River Plate won the championship.

Primera División Argentina 1997-98
Statistics of Primera División Argentina in season 1997/1998.
Overview.
It was performed in 20 teams, and River Plate won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 20 teams, and Vélez Sársfield won the championship.

Al-Saadi Qadhafi
Al-Saadi Qadhafi is a former football player. He has played for Libya national team.

Robert Pirès
Robert Pirès is a football player. He plays for Villarreal.

Zoran Mirković
Zoran Mirković is a former football player. He has played for Serbia and Montenegro national team.

Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink
Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink is a former football player. He has played for Netherlands national team.

Andrew Cole
Andrew Cole is a football player. He currently has no team.

The Football League 1919-20
Statistics of The Football League in season 1919/1920.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and West Bromwich Albion won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Tottenham Hotspur won the championship.

Football League of Ireland Premier Division 1955-56
Statistics of Football League of Ireland Premier Division in season 1955/1956.
Overview.
It was performed in 12 teams, and St Patrick's Athletic won the championship.

Colombian Professional Football 1989
Statistics of Colombian Professional Football in season 1989.

Division 1 1961-62
Statistics of Division 1 in season 1961/1962.
Overview.
It was contested by 20 teams, and Stade Reims won the championship.

Italian Football Championship 1900
Statistics of Italian Football Championship in season 1900.
Overview.
Genoa won the championship.
Lombardy.
Milan was the only registered team.
Final.
Genoa won the championship.

Primera División Argentina 1998-99
Statistics of Primera División Argentina in season 1998/1999.
Overview.
It was performed in 20 teams, and Boca Juniors won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 20 teams, and Boca Juniors won the championship.

Primera División Argentina 1999-00
Statistics of Primera División Argentina in season 1999/2000.
Overview.
It was performed in 20 teams, and River Plate won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 20 teams, and River Plate won the championship.

Primera División Argentina 2000-01
Statistics of Primera División Argentina in season 2000/2001.
Overview.
It was performed in 20 teams, and Boca Juniors won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 20 teams, and San Lorenzo Almagro won the championship.

Primera División Argentina 1973
Statistics of Primera División Argentina in season 1973.
Overview.
It was performed in 17 teams, and Huracán won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 30 teams, and Rosario Central won the championship.

Primera División Argentina 1974
Statistics of Primera División Argentina in season 1974.
Overview.
It was performed in 18 teams, and Newell's Old Boys won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 36 teams, and San Lorenzo Almagro won the championship.

FC Porto
Futebol Clube do Porto (pron.) - short: FC Porto or FCP - is a Portuguese sports club best known for its football team. It was created in Porto in 1893. It holds the best International record by a Portuguese team (6 international titles), having won the European Cup and the Intercontinental Cup twice each. In 2003, it brought Portugal's first UEFA Cup and in 1987 it brought Portugal's first UEFA Supercup. Domestically they hold the best record of five titles in a row, having won the Portuguese Liga 23 times, the Portuguese Cup 17 times and Portuguese Supercup 15 times (55 national titles).
It was founded in the northern city of Porto on September 28, 1893, by wine-salesman António Nicolau de Almeida' who had his first contact with the game of football on one of his trips to England. The club was revived in 1906 by Monteiro da Costa.

FC Zenit St. Petersburg
FC Zenit Saint Petersburg (Russian: ФК "Зенит" Санкт-Петербург) is a Russian football club from Saint Petersburg. Founded in 1925 (or in 1914 according to some Russian sources), the club plays in the Russian Premier League and currently is the richest in the country, due to the sponsorship of Gazprom. Zenit are the 2007 champions of the Russian Premier League, the holders of the 2008 UEFA Cup and of the 2008 UEFA Super Cup after beating Manchester United 2-1 in Monaco.

Steve Bruce
Steve Bruce (born December 31, 1960) is an English football manager and former player. He is currently the manager of Wigan Athletic F.C.. Bruce was best known for playing for Manchester United where he was captain.

Stockport County F.C.
Stockport County F.C. is an English football club. They currently play in League 1, the third highest division in English football. The club plays their home games at Edgeley Park.

Grand Theft Autumn / Where Is Your Boy
"Grand Theft Autumn / Where Is Your Boy" (or "Grand Theft Autumn", "Where Is Your Boy?") is the second single by rock band Fall Out Boy. It is from their album "Take This to Your Grave".

Cornthwaite Rason
Sir Cornthwaite Hector William James Rason (18 June 1858 – 15 March 1927) was the 7th Premier of Western Australia from 25 August 1905 until 7 May 1906.

Henry Daglish
Henry Daglish (18 November 1866 – 16 August 1920) was the 6th Premier of Western Australia from 10 August 1904 to 25 August 1905. He was the first Western Australia Premier from the Labor Party and the first from any organised political party.

Walter James
Sir Walter Hartwell James (29 March 1863 – 3 January 1943) was the 5th Premier of Western Australia from 1 July 1902 to 10 August 1904.

Alf Morgans
Alfred Edward Morgans (17 February 1850 – 10 August 1933) was the 4th Premier of Western Australia from 21 November to 23 December 1901.

George Leake
George Leake (3 December 1856 – 24 June 1902) was the 3rd Premier of Western Australia from 27 May 1901 to 21 November 1901 and then from 23 December 1901 to24 June 1902.

George Throssell
George Lionel Throssell (23 May 1840 – 30 August 1910) was the 2nd Premier of Western Australia from 15 February 1901 to 27 May 1901.

John Forrest
Sir John Forrest (22 August 1847 – 2 September 1918) was the 1st Premier of Western Australia from 22 December 1890 – 15 February 1901.

Into the Fire (album)
"Into the Fire" is the fifth studio album by the Canadian rock artist Bryan Adams. Released on March 30, 1987 through A&M Records, the album was a huge commercial success selling over 2 million units worldwide, peaking at number 7 on the US "Billboard" 200 chart and reaching high positions in charts worldwide. It was recorded at Adams' home in London, England.
Six singles were released from the album: "Heat of the Night", "Hearts on Fire", "Victim of Love", "Only the Strong Survive", "Into the Fire" and "Another Day".
Into the Fire Tour.
On May, 1987 Adams startet the Into the Fire tour where his first performance was in Shreveport, Louisianna with his backing band. Adams first stop of the UK leg of the tour at the Prince’s Trust charity concert at Wembley Stadium, London. Adams would later heads back to the United States to continue the American leg of the tour, Adams appeared on The David Letterman Show. Adams would later sell out two nights in a row at Madison Square Garden in New York City and was visited backstage by Brian Wilson of the Beach Boys, he would later get a sold out show in Toronto, Ontario. The tour continued through the Western United States. Adams heads back to the UK on October 13 in Newcastle, England. Adams sold out four nights in a row at Wembley Arena in London. Adams starts his tour in mainland Europe and Adams previous album "Reckless" achieves gold status in Sweden and "Into The Fire" achieves gold status in Switzerland and later he travels to Dublin, Ireland. Adams started the Asian leg of the tour and ended up selling out ten concerts, five of which were in Tokyo's Budokan. "Into the Fire" ends up being certified platinum with sales over 100,000 copies sold in Japan. Adams headed back to Europe and played in East Berlin and later West Berlin. The last concert part of the Into the Fire tour was played in Locarno, Switzerland.

UK Albums Chart
The UK Albums Chart is a list of albums ranked by sales in the United Kingdom. It is formulated by The Official UK Charts Company and a Top 200 published in ChartsPlus (only the Top 100 is counted in data sources).

Attack model
The ciphertext-only attack model is the weakest because it implies that the cryptanalyst has just the encoded message.

Cuts Like a Knife
"Cuts Like a Knife" is the third album by the Canadian rock artist Bryan Adams. Released on January, 1983 through A&M Records, the album became a big hit in Canada when it was released. Outside Canada and the United States the album didn't do so good. After the release of Reckless the album would chart on the British album chart and would later be a Silver Record by the BPI. It was made at Little Mountain Sound, in Vancouver, Canada.
Three singles were released from the album: "Straight from the Heart", "Cuts Like a Knife" and "This Time", the three made Adams very popular.

You Want It You Got It
"You Want It You Got It" is the second album by Bryan Adams, and was released in 1981 (see 1981 in music). The album was to be called "Bryan Adams Hasn't Heard Of You Either" but the record company wanted him to change the title to something safer.
The first single "Lonely Nights" was a big hit in the US, and two other singles 'Coming Home' and 'Fits Ya Good' were top 40 hits in Canada.
Many songs from this album were covered by other artists, they are "Lonely Nights" by Uriah Heep, "Jealousy" by Prism, "Tonight" by Randy Meisner and "Fits Ya Good" by Tove Naess and more others.
After Dave Taylor listened to this album, he decided to become Bryan Adams' bass player.

Bryan Adams (album)
"Bryan Adams" is the first album by Canadian rock singer Bryan Adams. It was released in February 1980 by A&M Records. 'Hidin' From Love' went to #64 on Canada's RPM 100 Singles chart and 'Give Me Your Love' went to #91 on the same chart.
In early 1978, Bryan Adams and Jim Vallance made a song-writing duo together. They made the album in 1979 and released it in February 1980.
The first single was "Hidin' from Love" in 1980 (#43 on the Billboard dance charts) the next one was "Give Me Your Love" and then "Remember".

Known-plaintext attack
The known-plaintext attack (KPA) is an attack model for cryptanalysis where the attacker has samples of both the plaintext and its encrypted version (known as ciphertext version) then he can use them to expose further secret information after calculating the secret key.
Encrypted file archives such as ZIP are very prone to this attack. For example, an attacker with an encrypted ZIP file needs only one unencrypted file from the archive which forms the "known-plaintext". Then using some publicly available software they can instantly calculate the key required to decrypt the entire archive.
Classical ciphers are typically susceptible to known-plaintext attack. For example, a Caesar cipher can be solved using a single letter of corresponding plaintext and ciphertext to decrypt entirely.

18 til I Die
"18 til I Die" is a rock album by Canadian songwriter Bryan Adams released in 1996 (see 1996 in music). It is the second album Adams co-produced with Robert Mutt Lange and features a more raw rock style, including some Blues style music.

On a Day Like Today (album)
"On a Day Like Today" is an album by Canadian singer-songwriter Bryan Adams, released in 1998 (see 1998 in music).

Room Service (album)
"Room Service" is a rock album by Canadian songwriter Bryan Adams released internationally in 2004 and in the U.S. the following year. "Open Road" was the first single taken from the album, followed by "Flying", "Room Service" and, as an American release, "This Side of Paradise". In the summer of 2005, "Open Road" was used the theme song in ESPN's SportsCenter series 50 States in 50 Days.
"East Side Story" was originally going to be released on Chicane's cancelled Album "Easy To Assemble" with Bryan Adams on vocals, albeit with a completely different composition.

11 (Bryan Adams album)
"11" is the eleventh studio album by the Canadian rock artist Bryan Adams. Released on March 7, 2008 through Universal Music Group, the album has been a commercial success peaking at #1 in Canada, Switzerland and India and at #6 in the UK. It was recorded at The Warehouse Studio, Vancouver, Canada, and additionally at hotel rooms and backstage concerts around Europe.
Three singles have been released from the album: "I Thought I'd Seen Everything", "Tonight We Have the Stars" and "She's Got a Way". The album was also released in the US exclusively through Wal-Mart and Sam's Club retail stores on May 13, 2008. To promote the album, Adams toured around Europe on the "11 Days, 11 Cities" acoustic tour, playing new songs and old classics.
11 Tour.
In support of the release of "11", Adams started the ‘11 concerts, 11 cities’ tour, having concerts in 11 different countries in just 11 days. The intimate shows at some spectacular venues will see Adams perform an acoustic set, on stage, with just his guitar and harmonica. The London show was on the 11th March, 2008 at St. James Church in Piccadilly. The last stop of his 11 days concert tour was in Copenhagen, Denmark on the 17th March. After the ‘11 concerts, 11 cities’ Adams went and acoustic tour where he toured with Foreigner and Rod Stewart to support his new album. Zimbio asked Adams: "With the acoustic tour, which of your songs do you feel sound best acoustically?"

Chosen-plaintext attack
A chosen-plaintext attack (CPA) is an attack model for cryptanalysis which assume that the attacker has the capability to choose random plaintexts to be encrypted and obtain the corresponding ciphertexts. The goal of the attack is to gain some further information which reduces the security of the encryption scheme. In the worst case, a chosen-plaintext attack could expose secret information after calculating the secret key.
Modern cryptography, is implemented in software or hardware and is used for a diverse range of applications; for many applications, a chosen-plaintext attack is often very feasible. Chosen-plaintext attacks become extremely important in the context of public key cryptography, where the encryption key is public and attackers can encrypt any plaintext they choose.
Any cipher that can prevent chosen-plaintext attacks is then also guaranteed to be secure against known-plaintext and ciphertext-only attacks; this is a conservative approach to security.

Ciphertext-only attack
In cryptography, a ciphertext-only attack (COA) or known ciphertext attack is an attack model for cryptanalysis where the attacker is assumed to have access only to a set of ciphertexts.
The attack is completely successful if the corresponding plaintexts can be deduced (extracted), or even better, the key. The ability to obtain any amount of information from the underlying ciphertext is considered a success.

Chosen-ciphertext attack
A chosen-ciphertext attack (CCA) is an attack model for cryptanalysis in which the cryptanalyst gathers information, at least in part, by choosing a ciphertext and obtaining its decryption under an unknown key.
When a cryptosystem is susceptible to chosen-ciphertext attack, implementers must be careful to avoid situations in which an attackers might be able to decrypt chosen-ciphertexts (i.e., avoid providing a decryption scheme). This can be more difficult than it appears, as even partially-chosen-ciphertexts can permit subtle attacks. Additionally, some cryptosystems (such as RSA) use the same mechanism to sign messages and to decrypt them. This permits attacks when hashing is not used on the message to be signed. A better approach is to use a cryptosystem which is provably secure under chosen-ciphertext attack, including (among others) RSA-OAEP, Cramer-Shoup and many forms of authenticated symmetric encryption.
Varieties of chosen-ciphertext attacks.
Chosen-ciphertext attacks, like other attacks, may be adaptive or non-adaptive. In a non-adaptive attack, the attacker chooses the ciphertext or ciphertexts to decrypt in advance, and does not use the resulting plaintexts to inform their choice for more ciphertexts. In an adaptive chosen-ciphertext attack, the attacker makes their ciphertext choices adaptively, that is, depending on the result of prior decryptions.
Lunchtime attacks.
A specially noted variant of the chosen-ciphertext attack is the "lunchtime" or "midnight" attack, in which an attacker may make adaptive chosen-ciphertext queries but only up until a certain point, after which the attacker must demonstrate some improved ability to attack the system. The term "lunchtime attack" refers to the idea that a user's computer, with the ability to decrypt, is available to an attacker while the user is out to lunch. This form of the attack was the first one commonly discussed: obviously, if the attacker has the ability to make adaptive chosen ciphertext queries, no encrypted message would be safe, at least until that ability is taken away. This attack is sometimes called the "non-adaptive chosen ciphertext attack"; here, "non-adaptive" refers to the fact that the attacker cannot adapt their queries in response to the challenge, which is given after the ability to make chosen ciphertext queries has expired.
Many chosen-ciphertext attacks of practical importance are lunchtime attacks, including, for instance, when Daniel Bleichenbacher of Bell Laboratories demonstrated a practical attack against systems using the 1; invented and published by RSA Security.
Adaptive chosen-ciphertext attack.
A (full) adpative chosen-ciphertext attack is an attack in which ciphertexts may be chosen adaptively before and after a challenge ciphertext is given to the attacker, with ONE condition that the challenge ciphertext may not itself be queried. This is a stronger attack notion than the lunchtime attack, and is commonly referred to as a CCA2 attack, as compared to a CCA1 (lunchtime) attack. Few practical attacks are of this form. Rather, this model is important for its use in proofs of security against chosen-ciphertext attacks. A proof that attacks in this model are impossible implies that any practical chosen-ciphertext attack cannot be performed.
Cryptosystems proven secure against adaptive chosen-ciphertext attacks include the Cramer-Shoup system and RSA-OAEP.

Kambly
Kambly is a Swiss biscuit factory. It was founded in 1910 by Oscar Kambly.
History:.
He got to know a girl that lived in Trubschachen. It was a real lovestory. When he went at her home he had the idea to make a biscuit after his grandmother's recipe, this was in 1906. In 1910 he could absorb the store of his instructor.
The factory today:.
Today, Kambly is the biggest biscuit producer and the leading exporter of Switzerland.
Kambly is represented in more than 30 different countries.
It is the most famous and most liked biscuit brand of Switzerland.
There are two factories, one in Trubschachen and one in Lyss, both in the canton of Berne.
Today it's Oscar Kambly the third who administrates the factory, he has done this since 1983.
Oscar Kambly who founded the factory leaded it from 1910-1953.
The first factory was only in Trubschachen, but because Kambly bought
the Arni AG in Lyss in 1999, they now have got another station.
There are 420 employees. 2007, there was a conversion of 164 million swiss francs.Kambly got the award "Brand Excellence Swiss Trophy" in 2003. In 2003, 2005,2007 & 2008 the international price "Saveur de l'Année".
Factory stores:.
There are 2 factory stores. One in Lyss and another one in Trubschachen.
There you can buy the biscuits much cheaper.
Products:.
The oldest product is the "Bretzeli", that has been produced since 1906 and that was invented by Oscar Kambly the first.
Some other known products are: "Biscuits Butterfly", "Caprice", "Mignon" and the "Petit Beurre".

Differential cryptanalysis
Differential cryptanalysis is a general form of cryptanalysis applicable to block ciphers, but also can be applied to stream ciphers and cryptographic hash functions. It is the study of how differences in the input can affect the resultant differences at the output. In the case of a block cipher, it refers to a set of techniques and methods for tracing differences through the network of transformations, discovering where the cipher demonstrates non-random behaviour, and extend such properties to recover the secret key.
Differential cryptanalysis attacks are usually chosen plaintext attacks, meaning that the attacker must be able to obtain encrypted ciphertexts for some set of plaintexts of his choosing.

Linear cryptanalysis
In cryptography, linear cryptanalysis is a general form of cryptanalysis based on finding affine approximations to the action of a cipher. Attacks have been developed for block ciphers and stream ciphers. Linear cryptanalysis is one of the two most widely used attacks on block ciphers; the other being differential cryptanalysis.
A variety of refinements to the attack have been suggested, including using multiple linear approximations or including non-linear expressions.
Evidence of security against linear cryptanalysis is usually expected of new cipher designs.

Julianne Moore
Julianne Moore (born December 3, 1960) is an American actress. She is best known for her roles in the films such "Boogie Nights", "The Hours" and "I'm Not There".

Tropical Storm Cristobal (2008)
Tropical Storm Cristobal was the third tropical storm of the 2008 Atlantic hurricane season. It began on July 19 as a weather system away from the Southeast U.S. Coast. It became a tropical storm later that day. Cristobal stayed away from land, and reached its highest strength as a strong tropical storm on July 21. It moved to the northeast next to the U.S. East Coast and died out on July 23 near Nova Scotia. Because it was a weak storm and never moved onto land, Cristobal's damages were mostly moderate rainfall. The storm dropped 3.43 in (87 mm) of rain in Wilmington, North Carolina, where minor flooding happened. Also, the remnants helped produce rainfall on Nova Scotia, which caused some flooding on roads and in basements.
Storm history.
On July 14, 2008 a weakening weather system stretched across northern Florida, causing thunderstorms. A weak low pressure area formed on July 15 near Tallahassee, which moved towards the southeast into the Gulf of Mexico. Late on July 16, it moved onto land near Tampa, and strengthening was not expected. However, late on July 17, thunderstorms became stronger around the low pressure area, and the system started to get better organized. Late on July 18, the National Hurricane Center (NHC) said that a tropical depression was forming. At 11 p.m. EST on July 18 (0300 UTC July 19), it was classified as Tropical Depression Three, about 65 miles (105 km) to the southeast of Charleston, South Carolina.
It was located between an area of high pressure to its southeast and another one to the northwest, the depression moved slowly towards the northeast. It became a weak tropical storm during the early afternoon of July 19. In the beginning, the storm was not strong, with few strong thunderstorms. Dry air in the middle- to-upper-levels of the atmosphere caused the storm to not strengthen. However, late on July 20 thunderstorms became more active. Cristobal stayed as a weak tropical storm during the time that it moved close to the South Carolina and North Carolina coast, and the storm never moved onto land. It reached its highest intensity as a strong tropical storm on July 21 while it passed east of Cape Hatteras, and stayed the same over the warm Gulf Stream. The storm started to enter cooler waters, and the cyclone quickly moved towards the east-northeastward on July 21 and July 22. In the afternoon of July 22, Cristobal began to weaken while to the south of Nova Scotia. The storm's cloud pattern became weak, and on July 23, it became an extratropical cyclone, and was no longer a tropical storm. The National Hurricane Center issued its last advisory on the system at 5:00 am EDT (0900 UTC) on July 23.
Impact.
Before the storm, the National Hurricane Center started a tropical storm warning from Cape Lookout, North Carolina to the Virginia–North Carolina border. Before Cristobal formed, it produced light rain in Florida. At Lake Wales, about 6 inches (150 mm) of rainfell, mostly in a two hour period. The rain clogged storm drains, which caused light flooding. The rain caused no serious problems, and helped get rid of dry conditions. The storm dropped in Wilmington, North Carolina. Minor flooding happened there. Because most of the storm stayed out to sea, winds along the coast were light. On the coast, storm surge reached above normal. Winds that were of tropical storm-strength were reported offshore. No severe damage was reported.
Cristobal helped produce heavy rain and flooding in Atlantic Canada. At Baccaro Point on the southern tip of Nova Scotia, 224 mm (8.8 in) of rain was fell. There was flooding to basements and streets in Cape Sable. A sailor from Connecticut was rescued to the southeast of Halifax by a Canadian helicopter, because his ship capsized in the strong waves.

Rijndael key schedule
AES (Rijndael) uses a key schedule to expand a short key into a number of separate round keys. This is known as the Rijndael key schedule.

Gorillaz
Gorillaz are an animated English rock band. The band was invented by Damon Albarn, a member of the band Blur, and Jamie Hewlett, who has worked on the comic book series "Tank Girl". Even though the band members are fictional, they have released several albums and music videos. The band's members are 2D, Noodle, Russell Hobbs, and Murdoc Niccals.
The band's genre is mostly a combination of alternative rock, alternative hip hop, and electronica. It also has elements of experimental, trip hop, dub, and psychedelic rock.
Live performances.
Since they are an animated group, they cannot perform live like real bands can. At Gorillaz concerts, the real members of the band stand behind screens which show computer-generated images of the animated group performing.

Pantanal
The Pantanal is the world's largest wetland or swamp.
It covers a region of 140,000 sq. km, larger than the area covered by the country Greece.
The Panatal is located in South America and shared by Brazil, Bolivia and Paraguay.
In winter nearly 80% of the area is flooded.

Balliol College, Oxford
Balliol College is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in England. It was founded in 1263 by John Balliol, father of King John Balliol of Scotland.
Balliol is Oxford's most popular college. It has more students apply to study there each year than any other college at Oxford. According to its website, from 2002 through 2005, Balliol had the largest number of applications of any Oxford college from both undergraduate students and from graduate students. Balliol also usually has more students from other countries than the other undergraduate colleges. In 2006, Balliol had an endowment of £78m.
Usually, the undergraduate students are the most politically active students in the university. The college's alumni include several former prime ministers. Adam Smith, a graduate student of the college, is one of its best known students. In 2006, 45.1% of finalists got First Class Honours degrees. This is a higher percentage than any other Oxford college has ever had. The college was placed second in the Norrington Table.

Battle of Granada
The Battle of Granada was a siege of the city of Granada fought over a period of months leading up to its surrender on 2nd January 1492. The city was captured by the combined forces of Aragon and Castile (recently united as Spain) from the armies of the taifa Muslim kingdom of Granada. Granada's forces were led by Sultan Boabdil (Muhammed XII).
Since the spring of 1491, Granada had been all that was left of the former Moorish state when the Spanish forces of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella laid siege to the walled city.
This relatively small campaign was of momentous consequences as Granada was the last outpost of Mulim rule in Spain and its fall brought to an end 780 years of Muslim control in the Iberian Peninsula. It also marked the final act in the Reconquista, the campaign by the medieval Christian states of Spain to drive out the Moorish invaders.
Granada still celebrates the 2nd of January.

Erich Mende
Erich Mende (28th of October 1916 - 6th of May 1998 in Bonn) was a German jurist and politician for the Christian-Democratic Union of Germany and the Free Democratic Party of Germany.
Mende was born in Groß Strehlitz, near Oppolne.
1936 he made his abitur. Afterwards he had to do his working service for the state and then his military service.
Up from 1938 he was an officer. At the end of World War II he was major.
After he was set free as prisoner of war, his hometown was made Polish. He found a new home in the Ruhr area. Then he studied laws in Cologne and Bonn.
In 1949 he finished his doctorade thesis.
In 1946 he joined the FDP.
He was Secretary for Intra-German Relations (Bundesminister für gesamtdeutsche Fragen) from 1963 to 1966.
In the same time he was Vice Chancellor of West Germany.

Petra Kelly
Petra Karin Kelly (23rd of November 1947 - 1st of October 1992) was a German politician, peace activist and one of the founders of the Green Party of Germany.
Kelly was born in Günzburg. Her stepfather was an US officer, her original father and her mother were German.
Her family moved to the USA in 1959.
She went to school in both countries.
From 1966 to 1970 he studied political sciences in Washington D.C..
Kelly campaigned for Robert F. Kennedy in the 1968 U.S. elections.
She admired Martin Luther King and was an anti Vietnam War protester.
She graduated 1970 in Washington and got another exam 1971 in Amsterdam.
Then she returned to West Germany.
She worked for the European Commission in Brussels from 1971 to 1983.
She was one of the founders of the Green Party in Germany in 1979 - the first Green Party worldwide.
From 1983 to 1990 she was member of the Bundestag for the Greens.
Kelly received the Right Livelihood Award in 1982.
In 1992 she died together with her partner Bert Bastian in Bonn by a common suicide.

Along the River During Qingming Festival
"Along the River During Qingming Festival" is a well known panoramic Chinese painting by artist Zhang Zeduan (1085-1145). It was painted during the Song Dynasty. The painting is among the most famous of all Chinese paintings. It is kept at the Forbidden City, also known as the "Palace Museum" in Beijing.

Kaiserswerth
Kaiserswerth is a settlement with a more than 1,000-year history.
It is one of the oldest parts of Düsseldorf.
Geography.
It is in the north of Düsseldorf, next to the river Rhine.
Kaiserswerth has 7,712 inhabitants and an area of 4.71 km².
History.
About the year 700 the monk St. Suitbert founded a Benedictine-abbey there.
It was destroyed 88 years later.
The Kaiserpfalz (temporary seat of the Holy Roman Emperor) was built in 1045.
In 1062 the young German King Heinrich IV (still a child) was kidnapped by the archbishop of Cologne.
In 1174 Friederick I Barbarossa moved the Rhine customs collection to Kaiserswerth. So the bishop took over control over the whole empire.
Following emperors used Kaiserswerth as temporary seat like as prison for high-range prisoners.
Between 1212 and 1215 the Count of Berg tried to get out prisoners and made the ground around the Castle dry.
In 1273 the Emperor pledged Kaiserswerth to the archbishop of Cologne.
In 1689 Kaiserswerth was particularly destroyed by France during the War of the Palatine Succession. During the Spanish war of succession the Bishop of Cologne stayed with France.
Kaiserswerth got a French garrison. In 1702 the city was therefore besieged by the Grand Alliance. After that war the castle was mostly destroyed.
In the 19th century Kaiserswerth was famous by its deaconess clinic. Florence Nightingale visited in 1850 and learned from Pastor Theodor Fliedner and the deaconesses working there for the sick and the deprived. Nightingale published "The Institution of Kaiserswerth on the Rhine, for the Practical Training of Deaconesses, etc." in 1851 - her first publication.
Kaiserswerth became a part of Düsseldorf in 1929.

Vichy
Vichy is a commune in the department of Allier in central France. It has lots of Spas and resorts. During World War II, it was the capital of Vichy France.

Indochina
Indochina, or the Indochinese Peninsula, is a region in Southeast Asia.
It lies roughly east of India, south of China.
These countries have been known as Indochina since the time of French Colonialism.

Wadi Halfa
Wadi Halfa is a small city located in northern part of Sudan by Lake Nubia (the Sudanese section of Lake Nasser).
It has 6 neighborhoods with inhabitants of 18,000 people. There is a highway under construction which will connect it with Aswan in Egypt and via Dongola with Khartoum.
Wadi Halfa is now one of fastest growing cities in Sudan.
in 1964 when the Aswan Dam was built, the old city of Wadi Halfa was flooded and Nubians were forced to relocate in New Halfa. Now there is a huge number of Nubians are immigrating back to their mother land.
Wadi Halfa is a home of Geology and earth science college with student body of more than 500 students.

Mechanical energy
In physics, mechanical energy describes the potential energy and kinetic energy present in the components of a mechanical system.
When a given amount of mechanical energy is transferred (such as when throwing a ball, lifting a box, crushing a soda can, or stirring a beverage) it is said that this amount of mechanical work has been done. Both mechanical energy and mechanical work are measured in the same units as energy in general. It is usually said that a component of a system has a certain amount of "mechanical energy" (i.e. it is a state function), whereas "mechanical work" describes the amount of mechanical energy a component has gained or lost.
The conservation of mechanical energy is a principle which states that under certain conditions, the total mechanical energy of a system is constant. This rule does not hold when mechanical energy is converted to other forms, such as chemical, nuclear, or electromagnetic. However, the principle of general conservation of energy is so far an unbroken rule of physics - as far as we know, energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changed in form.

Vitiligo
Vitiligo is a long lasting skin disease that causes the losing of color from the skin. It occurs when the melanocytes, cells that give skin their color, die or do not work.
How is it caught?
The exact cause of vitiligo is complex and not fully understood. It may be caused by the immune system, genetic, and environmental factors.
Vitiligo may also be caused by stress that affects the immune system, leading the body to react and start eliminating skin pigment.
People over 20 years old rarely develop this disease. These patches often occur to both sides symmetrically and may change shape.
Effects of vitiligo.
This disease can also affect the mental state of the patient.
Curing it.
Today, doctors do not understand what causes the disease, so right now, it can not be cured. Some things can be done to fight its effects, though. Makeup or cosmetics can cover up the parts of the skin with vitiligo. Also, staying out of the sun to prevent tanning is good. But the treatment given by most skin doctors is cortico steroid cream.
Breakthrough discovery in 2004 allowed for the transplant of melanocytes to vitiligo affected areas, repigmenting the region.

Virtue
Virtue (Latin "virtus"; Greek) is a kind of behaviour which is thought to be good. The adjective is "virtuous". Someone who lives a virtuous life is someone who leads a good moral life, doing things that society thinks are good. The opposite of virtue is vice.
Philosophers throughout the ages have written their ideas about what they think virtue is. The Ancient Greek philosophers from Plato onwards said that virtue consisted of four things: Justice, Courage, Wisdom, and Moderation. In the Christian religion the three virtues were Faith, Hope and Charity. These are mentioned in the Bible in the First Book of Corintheans, ch13,v.13. These virtues are also very important in the Judaic and Muslim traditions.

Greyhound Lines
Greyhound Lines (commonly called "Greyhound") is a company in the United States that runs bus services between cities. It was founded in 1914. Its parent company is on the London Stock Exchange.

Twofish
In cryptography, Twofish is a symmetric key block cipher with a block size of 128 bits and key lengths up to 256 bits.
In 1997, the NIST announced for competition to choose a successor to DES to be known as AES, Twofish was one of the "five finalists" of the Advanced Encryption Standard competition, but was not selected as a standard.
Twofish is related to the earlier block cipher Blowfish. Twofish's main features are the use of pre-computed key-dependent S-boxes, and a relatively complex key schedule. One half of an n-bit key is used as the actual encryption key and the other half of the n-bit key is used to modify the encryption algorithm (key-dependent S-boxes). Twofish uses some elements from other designs; for example, the pseudo-Hadamard transform (PHT) from the SAFER family of ciphers. Twofish uses the same Feistel structure as the DES.
On most software platforms Twofish is slightly slower than Rijndael (the chosen algorithm for Advanced Encryption Standard) for 128-bit keys, but somewhat faster for 256-bit keys.
Twofish was designed by Bruce Schneier, John Kelsey, Doug Whiting, David Wagner, Chris Hall, and Niels Ferguson; the "extended Twofish team" who met to made further cryptanalysis of Twofish and other AES competitors included Stefan Lucks, Tadayoshi Kohno, and Mike Stay.
Twofish algorithm is free for anyone to use without any restrictions whatsoever. The Twofish cipher has not been patented and the software example of its specification has been placed in the public domain. However, Twofish is not widely used like the Blowfish, which has been available for a longer period of time.
Cryptanalysis.
As of 2008, the best published cryptanalysis on the Twofish block cipher is a truncated differential cryptanalysis of the full 16-round version. The paper claims that the probability of truncated differentials attacks is 2-57.3 per block and that it will take about 251 chosen plaintexts (32 PiB worth of data) to find a good pair of truncated differentials.
Bruce Schneier responds in a 2005 blog entry that this paper does not present a full cryptanalytic attack, but only some hypothesized differential characteristics: "But even from a theoretical perspective, Twofish isn't even remotely broken. There have been no extensions to these results since they were published" in 2000.

Truncated differential cryptanalysis
In cryptography, truncated differential cryptanalysis is a generalization of differential cryptanalysis, an attack model against block ciphers. In 1994 Lars Knudsen designed the technique, during this period ordinary differential cryptanalysis analyzes the full difference between two texts, the truncated version considers differences that are only determined to some extent. It has been applied to SAFER, IDEA, Skipjack, E2, Twofish, Camellia, CRYPTON, and the stream cipher Salsa20 as well.

Fatimid Caliphate
The Fatimid Caliphate was ruled by the al-Fātimiyyūn dynasty from 5 January 909 to 1171. It was an Arab Shi'a dynasty It ruled the fourth and final Arab caliphate. In different times different areas of the Maghreb, Egypt, and the Levant belonged to the caliphate.
The Fatimids established the Egyptian city of Cairo as their capital. The term "Fatimite" is sometimes used to refer to the citizens of this caliphate as well. The ruling elite of the state belonged to the Ismaili branch of Shi'ism. The leaders of the dynasty were also Shia Ismaili Imams. They had a religious significance to Ismaili Muslims. They are also part of the chain of holders of the office of Caliph, as recognized by most Muslims, the only period in which the Shia Imamate and the Caliphate were united to any degree. (With the only other exception: the Caliphate of Ali himself.)
The Fatimids were famous for religious tolerance towards non-Ismaili sects of Islam as well as towards Jews, Maltese Christians and Coptic Christians, but there were some exceptions nevertheless.
Rise of the Fatimids.
The Fatimids had their origins in Ifriqiya (modern-day Tunisia and eastern Algeria). The dynasty was founded in 909 by, who legitimised his claim through descent from Muhammad by way of his daughter Fātima as-Zahra and her husband, the first Imām, hence the name "al-Fātimiyyūn" "Fatimid".
Abdullāh al-Mahdi's control soon extended over all of central Maghreb, an area consisting of the modern countries of Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and Libya, which he ruled from Mahdia, his newly-built capital in Tunisia.
Decay and fall.
In the 1040s, the Zirids (governors of North Africa under the Fatimids) declared their independence from the Fatimids and their conversion to Sunni Islam, which led to the devastating Banū Hilal invasions. After about 1070, the Fatimid hold on the Levant coast and parts of Syria was challenged first by Turkish invasions, then the Crusades, so that Fatimid territory shrank until it consisted only of Egypt.
After the decay of the Fatimid political system in the 1160s, the Zengid ruler Nūr ad-Dīn had his general, Shirkuh, seize Egypt from the vizier Shawar in 1169. Shirkuh died two months after taking power, and the rule went to his nephew, Saladin. This began the Kurdish Ayyubid Dynasty.

Maghreb
The Maghreb (المغرب العربي) is a region in North Africa. The term is generally applied to all of Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia, but in older Arabic usage meant only the area of the three countries between the high ranges of the Atlas Mountains and the Mediterranean Sea. Historically, some writers also included muslim ruled regions in Spain, Portugal, Sicily and Malta in the definition. Malta, in particular, still speaks a language based on its own Maghrebi Arabic variety: Maltese.

Plaintext
In cryptography, plaintext is the information which the sender want to transmit to the receiver(s). Before computers, plaintext simply means text in the language of the communicating parties. Since computers, the definition has been expanded to include not only the electronic representation of text, such as emails and word processor documents, but also the computer representation of speech, music, pictures, videos, ATM and credit card transactions, sensor data, and so forth, basically any information which the communicating parties might wish to hide from others. The plaintext is the normal representation of the data before any action has been taken to hide it.
The plaintext is used as input to an encryption algorithm; the output is termed ciphertext. In some systems, however, multiple layers of encryption are used (called rounds), in which case the ciphertext output of one encryption algorithm becomes the plaintext input to the next.

Ciphertext
In cryptography, ciphertext refers to the output of the encryption process, the process of transforming information (referred to as plaintext) using an algorithm (called cipher) to make it unreadable to anyone except those who own special information about it, usually referred to as a key.
decryption is the reverse process of encryption, it takes the unreadable ciphertext as an input and makes it readable again in the form of plaintext.

Azad Kashmir Day
Azad Kashmir Day celebrates the 61st day of the Azad Jammu Kashmir government, created on 24th October 1947.

Stream cipher
In cryptography, a stream cipher is a symmetric key cipher where plaintext bits are combined with a pseudorandom cipher bit stream (keystream) using an exclusive-or (xor) operation. In a stream cipher the Plaintext digits are encrypted one at a time, and the transformation of successive digits varies during the encryption state. An alternative name is a state cipher, as the encryption of each digit is dependent on the current state. In practice, the digits are typically single bits or bytes.
Stream ciphers represent a different approach to symmetric encryption from block ciphers. Block ciphers operate on large blocks of fixed length. Stream ciphers typically execute at a higher speed than block ciphers and have lower hardware requirements. However, stream ciphers can be susceptible to serious security problems if used incorrectly; for example, in particular, the same starting state must never be used twice.
A stream cipher makes use of a much smaller and more convenient cryptographic keys, for example 128 bits keys. Based on this key, it generates a pseudorandom keystream which can be combined with the plaintext digits in a similar way to the one-time pad encryption algorithm. However, because the keystream is pseudorandom, and not truly random, the security associated with the one-time pad cannot be applied and it is quite possible for a stream cipher to be completely insecure.
Synchronous stream ciphers.
In a synchronous stream cipher a stream of pseudo-random digits is generated independently of the plaintext and ciphertext messages, and then combined with the plaintext (to encrypt) or with the ciphertext (to decrypt). In the most common form, binary digits(bits) are used, and the keystream is combined with the plaintext using the exclusive or operation (XOR). This is termed a binary additive stream cipher.
In a synchronous stream cipher, the sender and receiver must be in synchronous for decryption to be successful. If digits are added or removed from the message during transmission, synchronisation is lost. To restore synchronisation, various offsets can be tried systematically to obtain the correct decryption. Another approach is to mark the ciphertext with markers at regular points in the output.
If, however, a digit is corrupted in transmission, rather than added or lost, only a single digit in the plaintext is affected and the error does not propagate to other parts of the message. This property is useful when the transmission error rate is high; however, it makes it less likely that the error would be detected without further mechanisms. Moreover, because of this property, synchronous stream ciphers are very susceptible to active attacks — if an attacker can change a digit in the ciphertext, he might be able to make predictable changes to the corresponding plaintext bit; for example, flipping a bit in the ciphertext causes the same bit to be flipped(Toggled) in the plaintext.
Self-synchronizing stream ciphers.
Self-synchronizing stream ciphers is another technique that uses part of the previous "N" ciphertext digits to compute the keystream. Such schemes are known also as asynchronous stream ciphers or ciphertext autokey (CTAK). The idea of self-synchronization was patented in 1946, and has the advantage that the receiver will automatically synchronise with the keystream generator after receiving "N" ciphertext digits, making it easier to recover if digits are dropped or added to the message stream. Single-digit errors are limited in their effect, affecting only up to "N" plaintext digits. It is somewhat more difficult to perform active attacks on self-synchronising stream ciphers rather than synchronous counterparts.
An example of a self-synchronising stream cipher is a block cipher in cipher-feedback mode (CFB).
Linear feedback shift register-based stream ciphers.
Binary stream ciphers are often constructed using linear feedback shift registers (LFSRs) because they can be easily implemented in hardware and can be quickly analysed mathematically. However, the use of LFSRs only is insufficient to provide good security. Various schemes have been designed to increase the security of LFSRs.
Non-linear combining functions.
Because LFSRs are inherently linear, one technique for removing the linearity is to feed the outputs of a group of parallel LFSRs into a non-linear Boolean function to form a "combination generator". Various properties of such a "combining function" are important for ensuring the security of the resultant scheme, for example, in order to avoid correlation attacks.
Clock-controlled generators.
Normally LFSRs are stepped regularly. One technique to introducting non-linearity is to have the LFSR clocked irregularly, controlled by the output of a second LFSR. Such generators include the stop-and-go generator, the alternating step generator and the shrinking generator.
The stop-and-go generator (Beth and Piper, 1984) consists of two LFSRs. One LFSR is clocked if the output of a second is a "1", otherwise it repeats its previous output. This output is then (in some versions) combined with the output of a third LFSR clocked at a regular rate.
This technique suffers from timing attacks on the second generator, since the speed of the output is variable in a manner that depends on the second generator's state. This can be improved by buffering the output.
Filter generator.
Another approach to improving the security of an LFSR is to pass the entire state of a single LFSR into a non-linear "filtering function".
Other designs.
Instead of a linear driving device, one may use a nonlinear update function. For example, Klimov and Shamir proposed triangular functions (T-Functions) with a single cycle on n bit words.
Security.
To be secure, the period of the keystream (the number of digits output before the stream repeats itself) needs to be large enough. If the sequence repeats, then the overlapping ciphertexts can be aligned against each other "in depth", and there are techniques which allow extraction of the plaintext form ciphertexts generated using these methods.
Usage.
Stream ciphers are often used in applications where plaintext comes in quantities of unknowable length as in secure wireless connections. If a block cipher were to be used in this type of application, the designer would need to choose either transmission efficiency or implementation complexity, since block ciphers cannot directly work on blocks shorter than their block size. For example, if a 128-bit block cipher received separate 32-bit bursts of plaintext, three quarters of the transmitted data need padding. Block ciphers must be used in ciphertext stealing or residual block termination mode to avoid padding, while stream ciphers eliminate this issue by operating on the smallest transmitted unit (usually bytes).
Another advantage of stream ciphers in military cryptography is that the cipher stream can be generated by an encryption device that is subject to strict security measures then fed to other devices, e.g. a radio set, which will perform the xor operation as part of their function. The other device can be designed for used in less securely environments.
Chameleon,
FISH,
Helix,
ISAAC,
Panama,
Pike,
SEAL,
SOBER,
WAKE.

Nyon
Nyon is a municipality in the district of Nyon in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. It is found 25 kilometers north of Geneva, and is part of the Geneva metropolitan area. The town has (as of 2006) 17,267 people.
History.
Nyon was built by the Romans between 50 BCE and 44 BCE, and was called "Colonia Iulia Equestris" or "Colonia Equestris Noiodunum". It grew to be one of the most important Roman colonies in modern-day Switzerland, with a forum, a basilica and an amphitheater that was discovered in 1996.
Modern Day Nyon.
Today, Nyon has a high school (Gymnase de Nyon), a hospital, a movie theatre, hotels, restaurants, cafes and a popular tourist attraction - the castle.
In the last week of July each year, Nyon hosts the Paléo Festival - a huge music festival.

Letterkenny
Letterkenny () is a town located in County Donegal, Ireland. It is located on the River Swilly. It is one of the fastest-growing towns in Ireland. Letterkenny and a nearby town, City of Derry, make up a major economic region of North-West Ireland. It has also been said that the town's Main Street is one of the longest in Ireland.

Thalwil
Thalwil is a municipality in the district of Horgen in the canton of Zürich in Switzerland.
History.
Early middle ages Thalwil was Alemannic farmland.
In the middle ages, most income was made in farming, vineyards and a small amount of fishing on the lake.
Thalwil also has the oldest wood corporation in the Canton of Zurich, the "Bannegg-Waldung". It was first mentioned in 1483.
Modern day Thalwil.
Today, the economy of Thalwil is mostly some small and medium-sized businesses, and a wide range of shops. Most of the shops are located around Gotthardstrasse- the town centre.
The main source of Thalwil's wealth lies with its 7,000 commuters. These people live in Thalwil, but work in Zurich city. Today, Thalwil has left most of its farming past behind in exchange for a town of commuters, with its public transportation links, low tax and good quality of life.

Hearth
A hearth (har-th) is a brick or stone lined fireplace or oven that is used for cooking and heating. Historically, the hearth was the center of the home, as it provided heat for the house. Its Latin name is "focus" as it could be called the "focus" of the house.
In more modern times, the hearth can also be section of the fireplace that can be seen. This often includes tileing around the base of the fireplade onto the floor.

Jack-o'-lantern
A jack-o'-lantern is a carved pumpkin. It is used as a decoration during Halloween, and was named after the phenomenon of strange light flickering over peat bogs, called "ignis fatuus" or "jack-o'-lantern".

Lakes of Titan
The lakes of Titan, a moon of Saturn, are made of liquid methane. The lakes were found by the "Cassini-Huygens" space probe. The larger lakes are known as maria (seas) and the smaller ones as laci (lakes).
It was possible that there were seas of liquid methane on Titan and first suggested after reading Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 information that showed Titan to have a thick atmosphere, capable of supporting lakes, but exact evidence wasn't found until 1995 when pictures from the Hubble telescope and other telescopes had already shown some proof of liquid methane, possibly in lakes or planet-wide oceans, similar to oceans on Earth.
The "Cassini" mission proved there are liquid lakes on Titan, but not at first. When the probe arrived in the Saturnian system in 2004, scientists hoped that hydrocarbon lakes or oceans might be seen in reflected sunlight from the surface, but no reflections were found.
Scientists still believed that liquid ethane and methane would be found near Titan's poles, where they expected to find lots of liquid. At Titan's south pole, an large dark area named Ontario Lacus was the first lake identified, possibly created by rain as clouds are often seen in the area. A possible shoreline was also identified at the pole in radar images. As the Huygens-Cassini probe flew by on July 22, 2006, its radar took pictures of the northern part of the planet (which was in its winter), a number of large, smooth areas were found on the surface near the northern pole. Based on this data, scientists announced "definitive evidence of lakes filled with methane on Saturn's moon Titan" in January 2007. The "Cassini–Huygens" team decided that the smooth areas are the hydrocarbon lakes they had been searching for, the first lakes found off Earth. Some valleys appear to have rivers.
The satellite was not able to show pictures of lakes moving in the wind. The heavy moisture and clouds of methane near Titan’s surface could be a sign of evaporation from lakes. The lakes cover 0.002–0.02% of the saturns surface.
The "Cassini-Huygens" probe flew by in February, 2007, taking radar and camera pictures of some large areas near the north pole that may be large areas of liquid methane and/or ethane, including one sea larger than 100,000 km² (larger than Lake Superior), and another area similar in size to the Caspian Sea. Pictures taken near Titan's southern pole in October 2007 showed similar, but far smaller, areas that look like lakes.
The Cassini-Huygens probe, flew very close to Titan in December 2007, and took infrared pictures of the chemicals on the surface and found a lake called Ontario Lacus near the south pole. Scientists studying the infrared pictures decided that one or more of the large lakes in the pictures of Saturn's moon Titan does hold liquid and that the liquid is made of hydrocarbons. They have also found ethane on Titan. This mission proves Titan to be the only other planet known to have liquid on its surface. The lakes make Titan a very important planet for studying weather science. Liquids, gases and temperatures are at play on Titan. This should help the science of weather forecasting.
Lakes were not found near near Titan's center of Titan which was studied on January 14 2005. A part of the Huygens-Cassini probe landed there. The pictures taken by the probe as it fell showed no open areas of liquid, but showed rivers that had dried. It was at first thought that dark areas near the center of Titan could be a lake of a liquid or tar-like substance, but the probe landed on the dark area, and it is solid without any liquid. A penetrometer studied the surface as the probe landed and seemed to find wet clay. Scientists believe that the penetrometer may have landed on a large pebble, and they say that the surface is similar to sand made of ice. Pictures taken after the probe landed show a large flat area covered in pebbles. The pebbles may be made of water ice and are partly rounded, which indicates fluids.
On February 13, 2008, scientists said that Titans polar lakes contain "hundreds of times more natural gas and other hydrocarbons than all the known natural gas on Earth." The desert near the center of the planet are not liquid but do have more organics than Earth.. In June 2008, "Cassinis Visible and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer confirmed the presence of liquid ethane beyond doubt in a lake in Titan's southern hemisphere.
Predictions of Titan's clouds are that during in a Saturnian year, liquid moves from the equator to the poles, in clouds, and falls as rain.
Names of Titans lakes and seas.
Titanian "maria" (large hydrocarbon seas) are named after sea monsters of Earth.
Areas named "Lacus" are believed to be methane lakes. They are named after lakes on Earth.
See also.
Titan (moon)
Solar system

West Coast blues
The West Coast blues is a type of blues music related to jazz and jump blues, with lots of piano sounds and jazz guitar solos, which originated from Texas blues musicians that moved to California in the 1940s. West Coast blues also uses smooth, honey-toned vocals, often sounding similar to urban blues.
The best known West Coast blues musicians may be guitarist T-Bone Walker, famous for the song "Call It Stormy Monday (But Tuesday Is Just As Bad)", originally from Texas, he had made his first recordings in the late 1920s. During the early 1940's Walker moved to Los Angeles, where he recorded a lot of music for Capital, Black & White, and Imperial. Walker an electric guitar sound to the blues, prossibly doing more to make the use of electric guitar popular in blues than anyone else. Much of his material had a jazzy jump blues feel, which is typical of popular blues from California in the 1940s and 1950s. Other Texas bluesmen followed: Pianist/songwriter Amos Milburn, singer Percy Mayfield, famous for the song "Hit the Road Jack", and Charles Brown moved to Los Angeles. Guitarist Pee Wee Crayton divided his time between Los Angeles and San Francisco, while Lowell Fulson, from Texas by way of Oklahoma, moved to Oakland.
After the efforts of Tom Mazzolini, producer of the San Francisco Blues Festival, started in 1974, and the efforts of recording companies like Arhoolie and HighTone, the West Coast is one of the most important blues areas in the country.

Frederick Pottinger
Sir Frederick William Pottinger, 2nd Baronet (1831-1865), police inspector, was born on April 27 1831 in India. He became famous for leading the New South Wales police in their hunt for the bushrangers, Ben Hall, John Gilbert, Frank Gardiner and John Dunn.
Early life.
He was the son of Lieutenant-General Sir Henry Pottinger of the British East India Company, and his wife Susanna Maria, née Cooke, of Dublin. Henry Pottinger was the first Governor of Hong Kong. Frederick went to Eton from 1844-47. Between 1850 and 1854, Pottinger was an officer in the Grenadier Guards in England. He lost a lot of his mother's money gambling on horse races. In 1856 he took the place of his father as second baronet. He soon gambled away all his money. He owed people a lot of money.
Policeman.
He went to Australia to search for gold. He joined the New South Wales police force as a mounted trooper. He was an excellent horse rider and spent the next few years working on the gold escort between Gundagai and Goulburn.
Pottinger kept his title secret but in 1860 the inspector-general of police, John McLerie found out. He was quickly given better jobs. In November he became clerk of petty sessions at Dubbo and on October 1 1861 assistant superintendent of the Southern Mounted Police Patrol. He wanted to do a good job in the police, but he got into a drunken brawl at Young on 20-21 December 1861. He was a publicly warned about his bad behaviour. He was sent to the Lachlan River area. He showed he was a busy but unlucky hunter of bushrangers.
In 1862 Pottinger was made an inspector of police for the Western District of New South Wales. In April 1862 he arrested Ben Hall at Forbes on a charge of robbery. Hall he was released because there was not enough evidence to prove he was a robber. Soon afterward Hall joined Frank Gardiner's gang. On June 15 1862 they robbed the Lachlan gold escort of some £14,000 at Eugowra. This was Australia's biggest gold robbery. Pottinger was able to capture two of the bushrangers quickly. They escaped several days later in a gun battle. Pottinger got back some of the stolen gold.
Difficulties.
People thought Pottinger made a lot of mistakes. He was in trouble for not having enough police guards on the gold escort and letting his prisoners escape. On the night August 9, Pottinger and a group of police surrounded the house of Gardiner's mistress, Kate Brown. The bushranger escaped when Pottinger's pistol fired accidentally. They arrested a young boy who they thought was a friend of the bushrangers. When he died from a fever in gaol in March 1863, this was seen to be caused by Pottinger's cruelty. In February 1862 Pottinger was in court at Yassfor assault. During a game of billiards he had been called a cheat, a liar and a scoundrel. He hit the person with the billiard cue and smashed his head through a window. On September 27 1862 Pottinger had appeared before a Bathurst court on a charge of assault. In February 1863 Pottinger went to Sydney for the trial of the escort robbers. He was pushed in the street by people in the crowd. He also threatened a Member of Parliament, J. J. Harpur, with his whip. He didn't like things that Harpur had said about him.
Sacked.
The bushrangers in his area became more active. He captured Patrick Daley. On on August 17 1864 he nearly caught James Alpin McPherson.
In May 1863 the inspector-general told police to think of new ways to catch the bushrangers. Early in January 1865 Pottinger rode a horse in the Wowingragong races. This was against the rules of the police force. He was sacked (lost his job) on February 16 1865. Pottinger said that he was just trying to get Ben Hall and John Dunn to come out of hiding. His plan worked and the bushrangers went to the races, only Pottinger didn't see them. Protest meetings against his sacking were held on the gold diggings and in the towns. People signed petitions for him to given his job back. He was regarded as a brave and tireless policeman. Pottinger went to Sydney to try and get back his job. On March 5 1865 at Wascoe's Inn in the Blue Mountains Pottinger accidentally shot himself in the stomach while trying to get onto a moving coach. He was moved to the Victoria Club in Sydney where he died on April 9 1865. His brother Henry, became the 3rd Baronet. He was buried at St Jude's Anglican Church, Randwick.

Bushfire
A Bushfire is a fire that happens in the bush. Bush is the word for scrub, woodland or grassland of Australia and New Zealand. In south east and south west of Australia, bushfires are most common in the summer and early autumn. In the north of Australia, bushfires usually happen during winter which is the dry season.. Many Australian plants burn easily. Eucalyptus trees have a high oil content which makes them burn. Over the last 40 years, Australian bushfires have cost A$2.5 billion. In the same period, Australian bushfires caused the death of around 250 people and the destruction of 4,554 homes.

Artificial selection
Artificial selection is the intentional breeding for certain traits, or combinations of traits, over others, and is synonymous with "Selective breeding". It was originally defined by Charles Darwin in contrast to the process of natural selection, in which the differential reproduction of organisms with certain traits is attributed to improved survival and/or reproductive ability ("Darwinian fitness") in the natural habitat of the organism. Artificial selection that produces an undesirable outcome from a human perspective is sometimes called "negative selection" (but note that this term has a better-established meaning as a type of natural selection; see negative selection). Artificial selection can also be unintentional; it is thought that domestication of crops by early humans was largely unintentional.

Selectable marker
A selectable marker is a gene introduced into a cell that confers a trait suitable for artificial selection. Most often, this is used for bacteria or for cells in culture. They are a type of reporter gene used in laboratory microbiology, molecular biology, and genetic engineering to show the success of a transfection or other procedure meant to introduce foreign DNA into a cell. Selectable markers are often antibiotic resistance genes; bacteria that have been subjected to a procedure to introduce foreign DNA are grown on a medium containing an antibiotic, and those bacterial colonies that can grow have successfully taken up and expressed the introduced genetic material.
An alternative to a selectable marker is a screenable marker, which allows the researcher to distinguish between wanted and unwanted cells.

Evolutionary algorithm
In Computer Science, especially in artificial intelligence, evolutionary algorithms" are a kind of algorithm that simulate evolution to optimise something. Each generation of solution is subjected to some kind of fitness function; those that "survive" are then recombined in some way to make the next generation of solution. This is done until a certain level of fitness is reached, or a determined number of generaions have been used.

Artificial life
Artificial life (commonly Alife or alife) is a field of study which examines systems related to life, its processes, and its evolution. This is done with simulations using computer models, robotics, and biochemistry. There are three main kinds of alife, named for their approaches: "soft", from software; "hard", from hardware; and "wet", from biochemistry. Artificial life imitates traditional biology by trying to "recreate" biological phenomena. The term "artificial life" is often used to specifically refer to soft alife.

Nils Aall Barricelli
Nils Aall Barricelli (born 1912, died 1993) was a Norwegian-Italian mathematician.
Barricelli's early computer-assisted experiments in symbiogenesis and evolution are considered pioneering in artificial life research. Barricelli, who was independently wealthy, held an unpaid residency at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey in 1953, 1954. and 1956.. He later worked at the University of California, Los Angeles, at Vanderbilt University (until 1964), in the Department of Genetics of the University of Washington, Seattle (until 1968) and then at the Mathematics Institute of the University of Oslo. Barricelli published in a variety of fields including virus genetics, DNA, theoretical biology, space flight, theoretical physics and mathematical language.

Genetic algorithm
Genetic algorithms are a kind of algorithm used to find approximations in search problems. Genetic algorithms are a class of evolutionary algorithms that use ideas inspired by evolution to find a solution.

Ingo Rechenberg
"Ingo Rechenberg (born January 20 1934 in Berlin) is a German computer scientist and professor. Rechenberg is a pioneer of the fields of evolutionary computation and artificial evolution. In the 1960s and 1970s he invented a highly influential set of optimization methods known as evolution strategies (from German "Evolutionsstrategie"). His group successfully applied the new algorithms to challenging problems such as aerodynamic wing design. These were the first serious technical applications of artificial evolution, an important subset of the still growing field of bionics.
Rechenberg was educated at the Technical University of Berlin and at the University of Cambridge. Since 1972 he has been a full professor at the Technical University of Berlin, where he is heading the Department of Bionics and Evolution Techniques.
His awards include the Lifetime Achievement Award of the Evolutionary Programming Society (US, 1995) and the Evolutionary Computation Pioneer Award of the IEEE Neural Networks Society (US, 2002). In 1954, Rechenberg also became world champion in the field of model airplanes.

Evolution strategy
Evolution strategies are ways to solve a problem using evolutionary algorithms. The term was coined by Ingo Rechenberg.

John Henry Holland
John Henry Holland (2 February, 1929) is an American scientist and Professor of Psychology and Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. He is a pioneer in complex system and nonlinear science. He is known as the father of genetic algorithms.

Ontario Lacus
Ontario Lacus is a lake filled with methane and ethane near the south pole of Saturn's moon Titan. It was identified as a hydrocarbon lake and confirmed by data from the Cassini spacecraft. This discovery was announced in the 31 July 2008 edition of "Nature". Ontario Lacus is about 20,000 km² in area, and is named after Lake Ontario in North America, which is a similar size and shape.

Penetrometer
A Penetrometer is a device to test the strength of soil. There are many different types of penetrometer. They are usually round or cone shaped. The penetrometer is dropped on soil or it is pressed against soil to measure how deep a hole it makes. This is a way to decide if soil is strong enough to build a road on. Scientists can use a penetrometer to measure how much moisture is in soil. Penetrometers are used on space probes such as the Cassini-Huygens probe, to measure the amount of moisture in soil on other planets.

Sophie Anna Everhard
Sophie Anna Everhard (born August 27, 1993) is an American actress. She has played a role in Zoey 101. She will also play in The Clique Movie.

Crème brûlée
Crème brûlée (or Crème brulée) (French for "burnt cream"; in English, in French) is a dessert made of custard and topped with a layer of hard caramel. This caramel is made by burning sugar under a grill, or with a blowtorch. Crème brûlée is usually eaten cold in small bowls.
The custard base is normally flavoured with vanilla, but it can be flavoured with chocolate, liqueur, fruit, or other. Sometimes the hardened sugar on top will be covered in liqueur and set on fire.
Other websites.
A guide to Crème brûlée history and how to prepare a recipe

Kraken Mare
Kraken Mare is the largest known lake on the surface of Saturn's moon Titan. It was discovered in 2007 by the Cassini probe and was named in 2008 after the Kraken, a legendary sea monster.
Kraken Mare is believed to be the largest of seas and lakes near Titan's north pole. It was discovered as a sea of hydrocarbons by radar pictures. Only a small part of the sea has been pictured by radar, but its full size is seen in visible light pictures. Kraken Mare is believed to be similar in size to the Caspian Sea.
An island in the sea is named Mayda Insula.

Ligeia Mare
Ligeia Mare is a lake on Titan at 79.0° N, 248.0° W, measuring around 500 km in width. It is named after Ligeia, one of the sirens in Greek mythology.

Keystream
In cryptography, a keystream is a stream of random or pseudorandom characters that are combined with a plaintext message to produce an encrypted message (the ciphertext).
The "characters" in the keystream can be bits, bytes, numbers or actual characters like A-Z depending on the usage case.
Usually each character in the keystream is either added, subtracted or XORed with a character in the plaintext to produce the ciphertext, using modular arithmetic.
Keystreams are used in the one-time pad cipher and in most stream ciphers. Block ciphers can also be used to produce keystreams. For example, the CTR mode (also known as Integer Counter Mode (ICM)) is a block mode that makes a block cipher produce a keystream then turns the block cipher into a stream cipher.
Example.
In this simple example we will use only the English alphabet of 26 characters from a-z, therefore we will not encrypt numbers, commas, spaces and other symbols. As we have only 26 characters the random numbers in the keystream have to be at least between 0 and 25.
To encrypt we add the keystream numbers to the plaintext. And to decrypt we subtract the same keystream numbers from the ciphertext to get the plaintext.
If a ciphertext number becomes larger than 25 we wrap it to a value between 0-25. I.e. 26 becomes 0 and 27 becomes 1 and so on. (Such wrapping is called modular arithmetic.)
Here the plaintext message "attack at dawn" is combined by addition with the keystream "kjcngmlhylyu" and produces the ciphertext "kcvniwlabluh".

Noor Jehan
Noor Jehan (Urdu: نور جہاں) was the adopted stage name for Allah Wasai (born September 21, 1926 – December 23, 2000) who was a Pakistani singer and actress. She is renowned as one of the greatest singers of her time in the Indian subcontinent and was given the honorific title of "Mallika-e-Tarranum" (Urdu: ملکہ ترنم, English: the queen of melody).

Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan
Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan (Urdu: نصرت فتح على خاں, October 13, 1948 – August 16, 1997), was a Pakistani musician. He was a singer of qawwali, the devotional music of the Sufis (a mystical tradition in Islam). In 2006, "Time" magazine included him in their list of "Asian Heroes'.
Traditionally, qawwali is a performing art which is passed down with in the family. Nusrat's family has been performing qawwali for the last 600 years. Among other honorary titles given to him, Nusrat was called "Shahenshah-e-Qawwali", meaning "The Emperor of Qawwali".

Aziz Mian
Aziz Mian Qawwal (Urdu: عزیز میاں قوال) (April 17, 1942 – December 6, 2000) was one of Pakistan's most famous Qawwals.

Kashmir Solidarity Day
Kashmir Solidarity Day has been celebrated on 5 February each year since 1990 as a day of protest against Indian control of part of Kashmir. It is a national holiday in Pakistan.

Coat of Arms of Bangladesh
The National Emblem of Bangladesh was adopted shortly after independence in 1971.
Located on the emblem is a water lily, that is bordered on two sides by rice sheaves. Above the water lilly are four stars and a three-leaf clover of tea leaves. The water lily is the country's national flower, and is representative of the many rivers that run through Bangladesh. Rice represents its presence as the staple food of Bangladesh, and for the agriculture of that nation. The four stars represent the four founding principles that were originally enshrined in the first constitution of Bangladesh in 1972: nationalism, secularism, socialism, and democracy.

Instrument of Surrender
On December 10, 1971, the first feeler for surrender in East Pakistan was conveyed to the United Nations. On December 17, 1971, a formal surrender was submitted and accepted. Forty five thousand troops and an almost equal number of civilians of West Pakistan were taken as prisoners of war.
The PAKISTAN Eastern Command agree to surrender all PAKISTAN Armed Forces in BANGLA DESH to Lieutenant-General JAGJIT SINGH AURORA, General Officer Commanding in Chief of the Indian and BANGLA DESH forces in the Eastern Theatre. This surrender includes all PAKISTAN land, air and naval forces as also all para-military forces and civil armed forces. These forces will lay down their arms and surrender at the places where they are currently located to the nearest regular troops under the command of Lieutenant- General JAGJIT SINGH AURORA.
The PAKISTAN Eastern Command shall come under the orders of Lieutenant-General JAGJIT SINGH AURORA as soon as this instrument has been signed. Disobedience of orders will be regarded as a breach of the surrender terms and will be dealt with in accordance with the accepted laws and usages of war. The decision of Lieutenant-General JAGJIT SINGH AURORA will be final, should any doubt arise as to the meaning or interpretation of the surrender terms.
Lieutenant- General JAGJIT SINGH AURORA gives a solemn assurance that personnel who surrender will be treated with dignity and respect that soldiers are entitled to in accordance with the provisions of the GENEVA Convention and guarantees the safety and well-being of all PAKISTAN military and para-military forces who surrender. Protection will be provided to foreign nationals, ethnic minorities and personnel of WEST PAKISTAN origin by the forces under the command of Lieutenant- General JAGJIT SINGH AURORA.
(JAGJIT SINGH AURORA) Lieutenant-General General Officer Commanding in Chief Indian and BANGLA DESH Forces in the Eastern Theatre
The surrender led to the disintegration of East and West Pakistan and the establishment of Bangladesh. After 25 years, the East Pakistanis declared themselves independent and renamed their Province as Bangladesh. Pakistan finally recognized Bangladesh at the Islamic Conference in Lahore on February 22, 1974 and fully restored diplomatic relations on January 18, 1976.

Product cipher
In cryptography, a product cipher is a popular type of block ciphers that works by executing in sequence a number of simple transformations such as substitution, permutation, and modular arithmetic.
Product ciphers usually consist of iterations of several "rounds" of the same algorithm. While individual "rounds" are not themselves secure, it is hoped that a sufficiently long chain of "rounds" would load the cipher with sufficient confusion and diffusion properties as to make it resistant to cryptanalysis.
A product cipher that uses only substitutions and permutations is called a SP-network. Feistel ciphers are another important class of product ciphers.

Islamic Republic
Islamic Republic is the name given to forms of government of several states. These states often have Islam as a state religion and are governed by the principles of Sharia, islamic law. Laws made by the state cannot contradict Sharia.
The following states call themselves Islamic Republic (non-exhaustive list)
Despite the similar name the countries differ greatly in their governments and laws.

Economic Cooperation Organization
The Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) is an intergovernmental international organization.

Key schedule
In cryptography, the so-called product ciphers are a certain kind of ciphers, where the decryption of data is done in "rounds". The general setup of each "round" is the same, except for some hard-coded parameters and a part of the cipher key, called a subkey. A key schedule is an algorithm that, given the key, calculates the subkeys for these "rounds".
Notes.
Knudsen and Mathiassen (2004) give some experimental evidence that indicate that the key schedule plays a part in providing strength against linear and differential cryptanalysis. For toy Feistel ciphers, it was observed that those with complex and well-designed key schedules can reach a uniform distribution for the probabilities of differentials and linear hulls faster than those with poorly-designed key schedules.

Block size (cryptography)
In modern cryptography, symmetric key ciphers are generally divided into stream ciphers and block ciphers. Block ciphers operate on a fixed length string of bits. The length of this bit string is the block size. Both the input (plaintext) and output (ciphertext) are the same length; the output cannot be shorter than the input — this is logically required by the Pigeonhole principle and the fact that the cipher must be invertible — and it is simply undesirable for the output to be longer than the input.
The DES is using a block size of 64 bits (8 bytes) while the AES is using a block size of 128 bits (16 bytes). Rijndael, supports block sizes of 128, 192, and 256 bits, although the extra block sizes were not adopted by the AES standard.
A few block ciphers, such as RC5, support a variable block size. The Luby-Rackoff construction and the Outerbridge construction can both increase the effective block size of a cipher.
Few ciphers have unusual block sizes, for example the 3-Way block cipher have an unusual block size of 96 bits (12 bytes).

EFF DES cracker
In cryptography, the EFF DES cracker (nicknamed "Deep Crack") is a machine built by the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) to perform a brute force search of DES cipher's key space — that is, to decrypt an encrypted message by trying every possible key. The aim in doing this was to prove that DES's key is not long enough to be secure.
The DES uses a 56-bit key, meaning that there are 256 possible keys under which a message can be encrypted. This is approximately 7.21 (more than 72 quadrillion). When DES was approved as a federal standard in 1976, a machine fast enough to test such amount of keys in a reasonable time would have cost an unreasonable amount of money to build.

Main Page/Article 10
A sniper is a soldier in an army who has special training with sniper rifles. Snipers are able to shoot at targets very far away, or that are very small, and hit them accurately using a sniper scope. They are also specially trained to be stealthy and hard for the enemy to see when they are hiding, by using camouflage.
Many police departments have snipers on their SWAT team. Often hunters can learn many of the skills that snipers need to know, because the two jobs are very similar, and sniping developed from hunting "snipe", birds that were very hard to see and shoot.
Snipers in War.
Because snipers are very good at remaining hidden from the enemy, even enemies walking right on top of them, they are often used as scouts for the army. They use the scopes on their sniper rifles to see further than most soldiers are able to see. Because they are very well trained and usually very smart, snipers are often able to see details and remember information that ordinary soldiers would not.
Snipers usually work in teams of two, with a spotter. The spotter finds targets for the sniper, and if the sniper misses, the spotter helps him adjust his next shot so it hits.

Classified information
Image:NSALibertyReport.p13.jpg|thumb|A typical classified document. Page 13 of a U.S. National Security Agency report
Classified information is sensitive information to which access is restricted by law or regulation to particular classes of people. A formal security clearance is required to handle classified documents or access classified data. The clearance process requires a satisfactory background investigation. There are typically several levels of sensitivity, with differing clearance requirements. This sort of hierarchical system of sharing information among a group of people is almost used by every national government. The operation of assigning the level of sensitivity to data is called data classification.
The purpose of classification is to protect information from being used to damage or cause danger to national security. Classification formalizes what constitutes a "state secret" and deals with different levels of protection based on the expected damage the information might cause if it reached the wrong hands.
Certain non-government organizations and corporations also have classified information, normally rather referred to as trade secrets.
Classification levels.
Depending on the level of classification there are different rules controlling the level of clearance needed to view such information, and how it must be stored, transmitted, and destroyed. Additionally, access is restricted on a "need to know" basis. Simply possessing a clearance does not automatically authorize the individual to view all material classified at that level or below that level. The individual must present a legitimate "need to know" in addition to the proper level of clearance.

Security clearance
A security clearance is a status granted (approved) to individuals allowing them access to classified information, e.g. state secrets. It is something like permission or a license. The term "security clearance" is also sometimes used in private organizations that have a formal process of selecting employees to access "sensitive information".
A clearance by itself is normally not sufficient to gain access; the organization must determine that the cleared person "needs to know" the information. No one is supposed to be granted access to classified information only because of rank, position, or a security clearance.

Sensitive information
Sensitive information is information or knowledge that might result in loss of an advantage or level of security if exposed to others who might be unfriends or have low or unknown trustability.
Loss, misuse, modification or unauthorized access to sensitive information can negatively affect the privacy of an individual, trade secrets of a business or even the security, internal and foreign affairs of a nation depending on the level of sensitivity and nature of the information.

Trade secret
A trade secret is a formula, practice, process, design, instrument, pattern, or a collection of information which is not generally known, invented or created, by which a business can obtain an economic advantage over competitors or customers. In some jurisdictions, such secrets are referred to as "confidential information" or "classified information".

Rock Steady
"Rock Steady" is the fifth studio album by the American alternative rock band No Doubt. It was released on December 11, 2001. The album was influenced a lot by reggae, dancehall, and electronica, compared to their previous albums. A lot of music critics saw this and gave the album good reviews. For example, "Rolling Stone" magazine put the album as the 316th greatest album of all time in their book "Rolling Stone's List of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time".
List of songs.
The iTunes version of the album has two extra songs.

Meet-in-the-middle attack
The Meet-in-the-middle attack is a cryptographic attack which, like the birthday attack, makes use of a space-time tradeoff. While the birthday attack attempts to find two values in the domain of a function that map to the same value in its range, the meet-in-the-middle attack attempts to find a value in each of the ranges and domains of the composition of two functions such that the forward mapping of one through the first function is the same as the inverse image of the other through the second function -- quite literally meeting in the middle of the composed function.
It was first developed as an attack on an attempted expansion of a block cipher by Diffie and Hellman in 1977. When trying to improve the security of a block cipher, one might get the idea to simply use two independent keys to encrypt the data twice and think that this would square the security of the double-encryption scheme. Certainly, an exhaustive search of all possible combination of keys would take formula_1 attempts if each key is n bits long, compared to the formula_2 attempts required for a single key. However, Diffie and Hellman, discovered a time-memory tradeoff that could break the scheme in only double the time to break the single-encryption scheme. The attack works by encrypting from one end and decrypting from the other end, thus meeting in the middle.
Assume the attacker knows a set of plaintext and ciphertext: "P" and "C". That is,
where E is the encryption function (cipher), and "K"1 and "K"2 are the two keys.
The attacker can then compute "EK"("P") for all possible keys "K" and store the results in memory. Afterwards he can decrypt the ciphertext by computing "DK"("C") for each "K". Any matches between these two resulting sets are likely to reveal the correct keys. (To speed up the comparison, the "EK"("P") set is stored in an in-memory lookup table, then each "DK"("C") can be matched against the values in the lookup table to find the candidate keys.)
Once the matches are discovered, they can be verified with a second test-set of plaintext and ciphertext. If the keysize is "n", this attack uses only formula_4 encryptions (and formula_5 space) in contrast to the naive attack, which needs formula_1 encryptions (but only formula_7 space).

Key whitening
In cryptography, key whitening is a technique used to increase the security of block ciphers. It consists of steps that combine the data with portions of the key (most commonly using a simple XOR) before the first round and after the last round of encryption. DES-X was the first block cipher that used key whitening.

ESTREAM
eSTREAM is a project to identify "new stream ciphers that might become suitable for widespread adoption", organized by the EU ECRYPT network. It was set up because of the failure of all six stream ciphers submitted to the NESSIE project. The call for primitives was first issued in November 2004. The project was completed in April 2008. The project was divided into separate phases and the project goal was to find algorithms suitable for different kinds of application.

MacGuffin (cipher)
In cryptography, MacGuffin is a block cipher created in 1994 by Bruce Schneier and Matt Blaze at a Fast Software Encryption workshop. It was intended as a catalyst for analysis of a new cipher structure, known as Generalized Unbalanced Feistel Networks (GUFNs).
Schneier and Blaze based MacGuffin on DES, their main change was spliting the DES 64 bits data block into two unequal halves in the Feistel network, 48 bits of the 64-bit data block are fed through the round function, whose output is XORed with the other 16 bits of the data block.
MacGuffin's key schedule is a modified version of the encryption algorithm itself. Since MacGuffin is a Feistel network, decryption is easy; simply run the encryption algorithm in reverse.
The algorithm was experimental, intended to explore the security properties of unbalanced Feistel networks. The cryptanalysis proceeded very quickly, so quickly that the cipher was broken using differential cryptanalysis at the same workshop by Vincent Rijmen and Bart Preneel. They also tried attacking MacGuffin with different S-boxes, taken directly from DES. This version was slightly stronger.
Rijmen and Preneel warn that designing an algorithm to resist only known attacks is generally not a good design principle.
Schneier and Blaze recommended using 32 "rounds", and specified MacGuffin with a 128-bit key.

Feistel cipher
In cryptography, a Feistel cipher is a symmetric structure used in the construction of block ciphers, named after the German IBM cryptographer Horst Feistel; it is also commonly known as a Feistel network. A large set of block ciphers use the scheme, including the Data Encryption Standard (DES).
The Feistel structure has the advantage that encryption and decryption operations are very similar, even identical in some cases, requiring only a reversal of the key schedule. Therefore the size of the code or circuitry required to implement such a cipher is nearly halved.
Feistel construction is iterative in nature which makes implementing the cryptosystem in hardware easier.
to produce a function with large amounts of what Claude Shannon described as "confusion and diffusion".
Bit shuffling creates the diffusion effect, while substitution is used for confusion.
Theoretical Work.
Many modern symmetric block ciphers uses Feistel networks, and the structure and properties of Feistel ciphers have been extensively explored by cryptographers. Specifically, Michael Luby and Charles Rackoff analyzed the Feistel block cipher construction, and proved that if the round function is a cryptographically secure pseudorandom function, with Ki used as the seed, then 3 rounds is sufficient to make the block cipher a pseudorandom permutation, while 4 rounds is sufficient to make it a "strong" pseudorandom permutation (which means that it remains pseudorandom even to an adversary who gets oracle access to its inverse permutation). Because of this very important result of Luby and Rackoff, Feistel ciphers are sometimes called Luby-Rackoff block ciphers. Further theoretical studies generalized the construction, and defined more precise limits for security.
Construction Details.
Let formula_1 be the round function and let
formula_2 be the sub-keys for the rounds formula_3 respectively.
Split the plaintext block into two equal pieces, (formula_4, formula_5)
For each round formula_6, compute (calculate)
Then the ciphertext is formula_9. (Commonly the two pieces formula_10 and formula_11 are not switched after the last round.)
Decryption of a ciphertext formula_9 is accomplished by computing for formula_13
Then formula_16 is the plaintext again.
One advantage of this model is that the round function formula_1 does not have to be "invertible", and can be very complex.
Unbalanced Feistel ciphers use a modified structure where formula_4 and formula_5 are not of equal lengths. The MacGuffin cipher is an experimental example of such a cipher.
The Feistel construction is also used in cryptographic algorithms other than block ciphers. For example, the Optimal Asymmetric Encryption Padding (OAEP) scheme uses a simple Feistel network to randomize ciphertexts in certain asymmetric-key encryption schemes.
List of Feistel ciphers.
Blowfish,
Camellia,
DES,
ICE,
KASUMI,
Lucifer,
MARS,
MAGENTA,
TEA,
Triple DES,
GOST 28147-89
MacGuffin,
Skipjack

George Wythe
George Wythe (1726 – June 8, 1806), was a lawyer, judge, prominent law professor and "Virginia's foremost classical scholar." Wythe's signature is on the list of seven Virginia signatories on the United States Declaration of Independence.
Wythe served as mayor of Williamsburg, Virginia from 1768 to 1769. In 1779 he was appointed to the newly created Chair of Law at William and Mary, becoming the first law professor in the United States. Wythe's pupils included Thomas Jefferson, Henry Clay, James Monroe, and John Marshall.

Josiah Bartlett
Josiah Bartlett (November 21, 1729 May 19, 1795), was an American physician and statesman, delegate to the Continental Congress for New Hampshire, and signatory of the Declaration of Independence. He was later Chief Justice of the New Hampshire Superior Court of Judicature and Governor of the state.

Carter Braxton
Carter Braxton (September 16, 1736 – October 10, 1797), was a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence and a representative of Virginia.
Life.
He was born on Newington Plantation in King and Queen County, Virginia and educated at the William and Mary. He married a wealthy heiress named Judith Robinson at the age nineteen, but she died two years later, leaving him two daughters.
He journeyed to England for two years and returned to the colonies in 1760, marrying again, this time to Elizabeth Corbin, and represented King William County in the Virginia House of Burgesses. He joined the patriot's Committee of Safety in Virginia in 1774 and represented his county in the Virginia Convention.
When Peyton Randolph died in 1775, Braxton was appointed to take his place in the Continental Congress. He served in the Congress from February 1776 until August, when Virginia reduced its delegation to five members. Afterwards he returned to the House of Burgesses, and later served on the State's Executive Council.

Islamic theology
Islamic theology deals with the beliefs associated with the Islamic faith.
Types of theology.
Islamic theology is the theology that comes from the Qur'an, Hadith, and the story of Muhammad's life ("Sirah Rasul Allah").
Kalam.
Kalam is the Islamic philosophy of seeking theological principles through dialectic. In Arabic, the word literally means "speech". A scholar of kalam is referred to as a "mutakallim" (Muslim theologian; plural "mutakallimiin").
Eschatology.
Eschatology is literally understood as the last things or ultimate things and in Muslim theology, eschatology refers to the end of this world and what will happen in the next world. Eschatology covers the death of human beings, their souls after their bodily death, the total destruction of this world, the resurrection of human souls, the final judgments of human deeds by Allah after the resurrection, and the rewards and punishments for the believers and non-believers. The places for the believers are known as Paradise and for the non-believers as Hell.
Comparative religion.
Comparative religion in Muslim theology is about the differences and similarities between Muslim theology and other theologies such as Christian, Jewish theologies as explained in the Qur'an and the Prophetic traditions.
Differences between various Muslim groups.
In the history of Muslim theology, there have been theological schools among Muslims with both similarities and differences with each other in regard to beliefs.
Sunni view.
Sunni Muslims hold that there are six articles of belief: belief in Allah, in angels, in divinely revealed scripture] like Qur'an, in prophets, in the "Last Day" or end times, and in predestination.
Shia view.
Shi`ite Muslims hold that there are five articles of belief: the Divine Oneness and Justice, the Prophethood, the Imamate, and eschatology.
Mu`tazilite view.
In terms of the relationship between human beings and their creator, Mu`tazilites emphasize human free will over predestination and God's justice over God's omnipotence. Mu'tazilites also believe in the use of logic to deduct the true meanings of the Qur'an. This, combined with the principal of Ijtihad, led to their belief in dynamic Fiqh.

Mac OS X v10.5
Mac OS X v10.5 is a operating system made by Apple Inc. It is a version of Mac OS X, and carries the release number 10.5. It was released on October 27, 2007, and came in one release for both Intel Mac's, and PowerPC processors. It had several changes made from Mac OS X v10.4.

Weather forecast
A weather forecast is a prediction on what the weather will be like in the future. You can predict the weather by taking measurements such as air pressure and cloud cover. A forecast gets less trustworthy as the time it forecasts gets further away.

MacBook
A MacBook is a type of laptop computer by Apple Inc. They run Mac OS X, and come with a built in Webcam and Microphone, and a power lead that is attached by magnets.

SMS
An SMS, or short messaging service is a type of communication used in mobile phones. More commonly known as a 'text message', someone can send text to another person.
SMS is often slow, as normal calls take priority over sending text messages on a network. There is also a limit of 160 characters that a text message can send.

International waters
International waters is a body of water that does not belong to any country. This is because it is further than two hundred miles away from a country.

Alternative hip hop
Alternative hip hop is a form of hip hop music that is very different from gangsta rap, crunk, and snap. A way to explain it would be that if "regular hip hop" was on the middle of a number line, gangsta rap, crunk, and snap would be on one side, and alternative hip hop would be on the other. Even though it is a form of hip hop, fans of alternative hip hop tend to also be fans of alternative rock more than "regular hip hop" or especially pop.
Alternative hip hop originally came from the United States, and some artists like Gorillaz sprang up from the United Kingdom. Examples of American alternative hip hop artists are Talib Kweli, Mos Def, (and the band they started together, Black Star), Common, Nas, Kanye West, A Tribe Called Quest, Jurassic 5, and Styles of Beyond. It started as a movement-of-sorts from hip hop artists against the "tasteless" hip hop that was popular in the 1990s.

Jason Varitek
Jason Varitek (born April 11, 1972 in Rochester, Michigan) is an American baseball player. Varikek is a player for the Boston Red Sox.

Süddeutsche Zeitung
The Süddeutsche Zeitung is the most-read nationwide quality-newspaper in Germany.
Newspaper.
The Süddeutsche Zeitung is a liberal newspaper.
The national edition features four sections: Politics, Culture, Economy and Sports. For Munich and Bavaria there are local and regional news, too.
There are 6 newspapers a week.
It has the most readers exepted the yellow press newspaper Bild-Zeitung in Germany.
Actually there are about 450,000 newspaper sold every day.
History.
The Süddeutsche Zeitung was published first time on October 6, 1945.
It was the first newspaper in Bavaria, which got a licence from the U.S. military gouvernment after World War II.

Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
The Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung is a conserative newspaper in Germany.
Newspaper.
The Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung is the ledaing conserative newspaper in Germany.
There are 6 newspapers a week and supplementary the Frankfurter Allgemeine Sonntagszeitung on sundays.
There are about 360,000 newspapers sold every day.
It is the German newspaper with the widest circulation abroad. It is sold to 148 countries every day.
History.
The first edition of the FAZ published on November 1, 1949. Its founding editor was Erich Welter. Some editors had worked for the Frankfurter Zeitung, which was banned in 1943.

Frankfurter Rundschau
The Frankfurter Rundschau is a nationwide newspaper in Germany.
Newspaper.
The Frankfurter Rundschau is a left-winged liberal newspaper in Germany. Its position is often similar to the positions of the trade unions.
There are 6 newspapers a week.
It has a regional part for Hesse and a local part for Frankfurt am Main, too.
There are about 180,000 newapapers sold daily.
The Franfurter Rundschau is the first newspaper in Germany in the tabloid format.
History.
The Frankfurter Rundschau was the second newspaper starting in Germany after the World War II on the 1st of August 1945.
And it was the first newspaper in the U.S. sector.
The licence was handed over to the first team of editors consiting of Emil Carlebach, Hans Etzkorn, Wilhelm Karl Gerst, Otto Grossmann, Wilhelm Knothe, Paul Rodemann and Arno Rudert.
There were social democrats, political katholics and communists, who had spent years in the resistance and nazi concentration camps or in exile.

Die Zeit
Die Zeit is a nationwide weekly newspaper in Germany.
Newspaper.
Die Zeit is a weekly newspaper for well-educated people in Germany. It has the biggest working marked annonces for university positions in Germany.
It is a liberal newspaper.
The rossorts are: politics, dossier, economy, knownledge / scinces, feuilleton, literature, life (style), travelling and Chances (profession, work, education).
There are about 480,000 newspapers sold weekly.
History.
The first Die Zeit was published on the 21st of February 1946 in Hamburg.
Since that day it is published in Hamburg weekly.

Der Spiegel
Der Spiegel is a weekly political magazine in Germany.
It is Europe's largest weekly magazine.
The magazine.
Der Spiegel is a liberal, timewise left-liberal, timewise a neoliberal, magazine.
It has a ciculation of more than one million per week.
History.
The first edition of the Spiegel magazine was published in Hanover on 4 January 1947.
Later Der Spiegel was published in Hamburg.
Publisher was Rudolf Augstein up from the first Spiegel until his dead in 2002.
There was a Spiegel affair in the Western German history in the early 1960's, when Defense Secretary Franz-Josef Strauß arrested writers and publishers of the Spiegel, because he was angry about a critical report on the Bundeswehr's state of art.
Many political affairs of Germany were found out by Der Spiegel, e.g. the Flick affair.

Nuclear equation
A nuclear equation or reaction equation is commonly used in particle physics to show radioactive decay processes. It is similar in function to chemical equations used in chemistry. It has a nuclide on the left then a right-pointing arrow and then the products of the decay on the right. The equation must be balanced follow the conservation laws of quantum mechanics for nuclear transformations. Certain things are not changed by decay. Thses are called "conserved entities". The conserved entities are total energy (including mass), number of nucleons, linear and angular momentum, and lepton number. The particles or nuclei in the equation are written with a superscript to show mass number 'A' and a subscript to denote atomic number 'Z.'

Oliver Wolcott
Oliver Wolcott (December 1, 1726 December 1, 1797), was a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence and also the Articles of Confederation as a representative of Connecticut.
Life.
Oliver Wolcott was born in Windsor, Connecticut as the youngest of fourteen children of the Royal Governor Roger Wolcott. He attended Yale College, graduating in 1747. He was commissioned to raise a militia company to fight in the French and Indian War, and he served the King as Captain in this unit on the northern frontier. At the end of the war, Wolcott studied medicine, then was appointed sheriff of the newly created Litchfield County, Connecticut, serving from about 1751 to 1771.
He participated in the American Revolutionary War as brigadier general and then major general in the Connecticut militia. The Continental Congress appointed him Commissioner of Indian Affairs, and he was elected to the Congress in 1775. He became seriously ill in 1776 and did not sign the Declaration of Independence until some time later. He was engaged in military affairs between 1776-78, and served again in Congress from 1778-1784.
He served again as an Indian Commissioner, and was elected Lieutenant Governor of Connecticut in 1786, assuming the Governorship on the death of Samuel Huntington in 1796, and was reelected to the position, dying in office at the age of seventy-one in Farmington, Connecticut. He is buried in East Cemetery in Litchfield, Connecticut.
Legacy.
The town of Wolcott, Connecticut was named in honor of Oliver and his son, Oliver Jr. His home in Litchfield was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1971.
His son, Oliver Wolcott, Jr., served as Secretary of the Treasury under Presidents George Washington and John Adams and as Governor of Connecticut.

Thomas Paine
Thomas Paine (January 29, 1737 – June 8, 1809) was an English pamphleteer, revolutionary, radical, inventor, and intellectual. He lived and worked in Britain until he was 37, when he emigrated to the British American colonies during American Revolution. His main contribution was the powerful, widely-read pamphlet "Common Sense" (1776), advocating colonial America's independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain, and of "The American Crisis" (1776–1783), a pro-revolutionary pamphlet series.

Richard R. Schrock
Richard Royce Schrock (born on January 4, 1945) is an American Professor of Chemistry. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for chemistry in 2005 for his work on the metathesis reaction used in organic chemistry.
Professor Schrock was born in Berne, Indiana, and went to Mission Bay High School in San Diego, California. He was given a B.A. degree in 1967) from the University of California, Riverside and a Ph.D., in 1971, from Harvard University. At Harvard he was a student of J. A. Osborn. Between 1971 and 1972, he studied at the University of Cambridge with Lord Jack Lewis. In 1972, he began working for George Parshall in the Experimental Station of the E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company in Wilmington, Delaware. He joined the faculty of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1975 and became a professor in 1980.
Schrock now works as the Frederick G. Keyes Professor of Chemistry, at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). He has worked there since 1989. Schrock is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, National Academy of Sciences and was elected to the Board of Overseers of Harvard University in 2007.
He married Nancy Carlson in 1971 and has two children, Andrew and Eric. Nancy Schrock is the Thomas F. Peterson, Jr. Conservator of Special Collections for the MIT Libraries. The family live in Winchester, Massachusetts.
Nobel prize.
In 2005, Professor Schrock received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, along with Robert H. Grubbs and Yves Chauvin, for his work on olefin metathesis, wich is a method of organic synthesis. Schrock was the first scientist to make sense of 'black box' olefin metathesis. Olefin Metathesis is used when making petroleum and reduces the amount of dirty waste.
Professor Schrocks work is continuing with metathesis as well as projects such as dinitrogen fixation and single molecule catalysts which make ammonia from dinitrogen, similar to nitrogenase enzymes in biology.
Schrock carbenes are named after Schrock.

All your base are belong to us
"All your base are belong to us" (often shortened to "All Your Base", "AYBABTU", or simply "AYB") is a broken English phrase that began an internet phenomenon in 2001 and 2002, with the use of a Flash animation. The phrase is taken from the first part of a European Sega Mega Drive version of the video game "Zero Wing", made in Japan by Toaplan. The words in the game were translated into English so quickly that they didnt make very much sense. The words "All your base are belong to us" were at first popular on the Something Awful message forums.
Japanese text.
In the Japanese text, "CATS" seems to be the name of an organization, not just of the character on the screen.
Notable media references.
The phrase and similar phrases from the game has been shown in articles, books, comics, clothing, movies, radio shows, songs, television shows, video games, webcomics, and websites.

Zeroth law of thermodynamics
The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics says that if the temperature(T) from one object (for example 'A') is equal to another object ('B'), and the temperature of 'B' is equal to the temperature of 'C' (a third object), then the temperature from 'A' is equal to the temperature from 'C'

Peach (color)
Peach is a color that is a representation of the color of the peach fruit.
Meaning of peach.
The color peach represents immortality in China because "the peach tree of immortality", long thought to be on a mountainside somewhere in western China, is a key concept in the mythology of the Taoist religion..

The Football League 1920-21
Statistics of The Football League in season 1920/1921.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Burnley won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Birmingham won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Crystal Palace won the championship.

The Football League 1921-22
Statistics of The Football League in season 1921/1922.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Liverpool won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Nottingham Forest won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 20 teams, and Stockport County won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Southampton won the championship.

Colombian Professional Football 1990
Statistics of Colombian Professional Football in season 1990.
Overview.
It was performed in 15 teams, and América Cali won the championship.

Primera División Argentina 1975
Statistics of Primera División Argentina in season 1975.
Overview.
It was performed in 20 teams, and River Plate won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 32 teams, and River Plate won the championship.

Primera División Argentina 1985
Statistics of Primera División Argentina in season 1985.
Overview.
It was performed in 32 teams, and Argentinos Juniors won the championship.
Final.
Argentinos Juniors won the championship.

Primera División Argentina 1985-86
Statistics of Primera División Argentina in season 1985/1986.
Overview.
It was performed in 19 teams, and River Plate won the championship.

Dion Dublin
Dion Dublin is a former football player. He has played for England national team.

Danny Murphy
Danny Murphy is a football player. He plays for Fulham.

Stéphane Henchoz
Stéphane Henchoz is a former football player. He has played for Switzerland national team.

Milan Baroš
Milan Baroš is a football player. He plays for Galatasaray and Czech Republic national team.

Gabriel Batistuta
Gabriel Batistuta (born 1 February, 1969) is a former Argentine football player. He has played for Argentina national team.

The Football League 1922-23
Statistics of The Football League in season 1922/1923.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Liverpool won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Notts County won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 20 teams, and Nelson won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Bristol City won the championship.

Football League of Ireland Premier Division 1956-57
Statistics of Football League of Ireland Premier Division in season 1956/1957.
Overview.
It was performed in 12 teams, and Shamrock Rovers won the championship.

Colombian Professional Football 1991
Statistics of Colombian Professional Football in season 1991.
Overview.
It was performed in 15 teams, and Atlético Nacional won the championship.

Division 1 1962-63
Statistics of Division 1 in season 1962/1963.
Overview.
It was contested by 20 teams, and Monaco won the championship.

Italian Football Championship 1901
Statistics of Italian Football Championship in season 1901.
Overview.
Milan won the championship.
Final.
Milan won the championship.

Primera División Argentina 1986-87
Statistics of Primera División Argentina in season 1986/1987.
Overview.
It was performed in 20 teams, and Rosario Central won the championship.

Primera División Argentina 1987-88
Statistics of Primera División Argentina in season 1987/1988.
Overview.
It was performed in 20 teams, and Newell's Old Boys won the championship.

Primera División Argentina 1991-92
Statistics of Primera División Argentina in season 1991/1992.
Overview.
It was performed in 20 teams, and River Plate won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 20 teams, and Newell's Old Boys won the championship.

Primera División Argentina 1992-93
Statistics of Primera División Argentina in season 1992/1993.
Overview.
It was performed in 20 teams, and Boca Juniors won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 20 teams, and Vélez Sársfield won the championship.

Primera División Argentina 1994-95
Statistics of Primera División Argentina in season 1994/1995.
Overview.
It was performed in 20 teams, and River Plate won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 20 teams, and San Lorenzo Almagro won the championship.

Bentley
Bentley is a British car maker. It is based in Crewe, Cheshire.

Chloe O'Brian
Chloe O'Brian is a character in the television series "24". She works at the Counter Terrorist Unit as an analyst. O'Brian is a close friend of Jack Bauer.

Allauch
Allauch is a commune of 19,400 people (2005). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Alleins
Alleins is a commune of 2,368 people (2006). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Aubagne
Aubagne is a commune of 42,900 people (2005). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Aureille
Aureille is a commune of 1,463 people (2007). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Auriol, Bouches-du-Rhône
Auriol is a commune of 11,057 people (2005). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Aurons
Aurons is a commune of 515 people (1999). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

La Barben
La Barben is a commune of 649 people (2004). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Barbentane
Barbentane is a commune of 3,660 people (2005). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Ehrenbreitstein
Festung Ehrenbreitstein is a fortress. It was built on a mountain called Ehrenbreitstein on the right side of the Rhine opposite to the town of Koblenz in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate.
It was built as part of the "Festung Koblenz" (Fortress Koblenz), by Prussia between 1817 and 1832 and guarded the middle Rhine region. This area had often been invaded by French. The fortress was never attacked.

Les Baux-de-Provence
Les Baux-de-Provence is a commune of 381 people (2006). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Beaurecueil
Beaurecueil is a commune of 568 people (1999). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Belcodène
Belcodène is a commune of 1,731 people (2007). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Berre-l'Étang
Berre-l'Étang is a commune of 14,300 people (2005). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Bouc-Bel-Air
Bouc-Bel-Air is a commune of 13,700 people (2005). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Jeep
Jeep is the name of a car maker that makes four-wheel drive vehicles. They are similar to Land Rovers. They are based in Toledo, Ohio, USA.

La Bouilladisse
La Bouilladisse is a commune of 4,904 people (1999). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Boulbon
Boulbon is a commune of 1,510 people (1999). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Cabannes
Cabannes is a commune of 4,119 people (1999). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Cabriès
Cabriès is a commune of 8,073 people (2004). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Cadolive
Cadolive is a commune of 2,087 people (1999). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Carnoux-en-Provence
Carnoux-en-Provence is a commune of 7,042 people (1999). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Carry-le-Rouet
Carry-le-Rouet is a commune of 6,355 people (2004). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Cassis
Cassis is a commune of 7,766 people (2005). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Ceyreste
Ceyreste is a commune of 4,034 people (2004). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Charleval, Bouches-du-Rhône
Charleval is a commune of 2,080 people (1999). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Châteauneuf-le-Rouge
Châteauneuf-le-Rouge is a commune of 2,070 people (2004). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Châteauneuf-les-Martigues
Châteauneuf-les-Martigues is a commune of 11,900 people (2005). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Châteaurenard
Châteaurenard is a commune of 14,200 people (2005). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

La Ciotat
La Ciotat is a commune of 31,923 people (1999). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Cornillon-Confoux
Cornillon-Confoux is a commune of 1,327 people (2007). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Coudoux
Coudoux is a commune of 3,352 people (2007). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Cuges-les-Pins
Cuges-les-Pins is a commune of 4,708 people (2007). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

La Destrousse
La Destrousse is a commune of 2,736 people (2007). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Éguilles
Éguilles is a commune of 7,544 people (2007). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Ensuès-la-Redonne
Ensuès-la-Redonne is a commune of 5,096 people (2006). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Eygalières
Eygalières is a commune of 1,900 people (2004). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Eyguières
Eyguières is a commune of 6,312 people (2007). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Eyragues
Eyragues is a commune of 4,179 people (2006). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

La Fare-les-Oliviers
La Fare-les-Oliviers is a commune of 6,334 people (1999). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Fontvieille
Fontvieille is a commune of 3,362 people (2004). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Fos-sur-Mer
Fos-sur-Mer is a commune of 15,700 people (2005). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Fuveau
Fuveau is a commune of 8,558 people (2006). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Gardanne
Gardanne is a commune of 20,700 people (2005). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Gémenos
Gémenos is a commune of 5,481 people (1999). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Gignac-la-Nerthe
Gignac-la-Nerthe is a commune of 9,140 people (2004). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Grans
Grans is a commune of 4,078 people (2007). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Graveson
Graveson is a commune of 3,570 people (2005). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Gréasque
Gréasque is a commune of 3,705 people (2004). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Istres
Istres is a commune of 41,200 people (2005). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Jouques
Jouques is a commune of 3,321 people (1999). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Lamanon
Lamanon is a commune of 1,713 people (1999). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Lambesc
Lambesc is a commune of 7,934 people (2004). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Lançon-Provence
Lançon-Provence is a commune of 7,674 people (2007). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Maillane
Maillane is a commune of 2,013 people (2004). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Mallemort
Mallemort is a commune of 5,501 people (2005). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Marignane
Marignane is a commune of 33,700 people (2005). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Mandaeism
Mandaeism or Mandaeanism (Mandaic: Mandaiuta, "Mandā'iyya") is a monotheistic religion. The religion has a strong dualistic world view. Its followers, the Mandaeans, think highly of Adam, Abel, Seth, Enosh, Noah, Shem, Aram and especially John the Baptist.
Originally, Mandaeism was practiced mainly in the countries around the lower Euphrates and Tigris and the rivers that surround the Shatt-al-Arab waterway. Today, this area belongs to Iraq and Khuzestan Province in Iran. Because they were persecuted in that area, many Mandaeans have left that area and now live abroad. This is commnoly called diaspora. Most left for Europe, Australia and North America.
There are thought to be between 60,000 and 70,000 Mandaeans worldwide, and until the 2003 Iraq war, almost all of them lived in Iraq. The 2003 Iraq War reduced the population of Iraqi Mandaeans to approximately 5,000 by 2007. Most Iraqi Mandaeans fled to Syria and Jordan under the threat of violence by Islamic extremists and the turmoil of the war.
The Mandaeans have remained separate and intensely private—what has been reported of them and their religion has come primarily from outsiders, particularly from the Orientalists J. Heinrich Petermann, Nicholas Siouffi, and Lady Ethel Drower.
Mandaean beliefs.
Mandeism is the religion of the Mandaean people. It is based on a common history and heritage. There is no fixed set of religious creeds and doctrines. A basic guide to Mandaean theology does not exist. The corpus of Mandaean literature is quite large. It also covers topics such as eschatology, the knowledge of God, and the afterlife. It only does this in an unsystematic manner. Apart from the priests, very few people know it.
Basic beliefs.
Mandaeans believe in marriage and procreation, and in the importance of leading an ethical and moral lifestyle in this world. They put a high priority on family life. Consequently, Mandaeans do not practice celibacy or asceticism. Mandaeans will, however, abstain from strong drink and red meat. They look forward to a future liberated from the influence of the Torah, which they consider to be evil in origin. While they agree with other gnostic sects that the world is a prison governed by the planetary archons, they do not view it as a cruel and inhospitable one.
Mandaean religious texts.
The Mandaeans have many religious texts. The most important of them is the "Genzā Rabbā" or Ginza. The Ginza is a collection of history, theology, and prayers. The "Genzā Rabbā" is divided into two halves — the "Genzā Smālā" or "Left Ginza" and the "Genzā Yeminā" or "Right Ginza".
Before the printing press was invented, people copied texts by hand. The people doing this were called scribes. Each person's handwriting is special in certain ways. This was the same with scribes. A scribe might join two letters in a certain way, or he might do the dots on those letters that have them in a special way. Jorunn J. Buckley looked at these special marks the copyists left in the Left Ginza. That way he was able to show that the copying of that text goes back to the to the late 2nd or early 3rd century AD. These special marks show that the Mandaeans existed during the late Arsacid period at the very latest. A legend called "Harrān Gāwetā" also strengthens this. According to this legend, the Mandaeans left Palestine after the destruction of Jerusalem in the 1st century AD and settled inside the Arsacid empire. Although the Ginza continued to evolve under the rule of the Sassanians and the Islamic empires, few textual traditions can lay claim to such extensive continuity.
Other important books include the "Qolastā", the "Canonical Prayerbook of the Mandaeans," which was translated by E.S. Drower. One of the most important works of Mandaean scripture is the "Draša d-Iahia" "the Book of John the Baptist", which includes a dialog between John and Jesus. This book is accessible to both laymen and initiates. There are also many other religious texts such as ritual commentaries, which are generally only consulted by the members of the priesthood.
The language in which the Mandaean religious literature was originally written is known as Mandaic, and is a member of the Aramaic family of dialects. It is written in a cursive variant of the Parthian chancellory script. The majority of Mandaean lay people do not speak this language. Some members of the Mandaean community in Iran (about 300-500 out of a total of ca. 5000 Iranian Mandaeans) continue to speak Neo-Mandaic, a modern version of this language.
Chief prophets.
Mandaeans have several prophets. Iahia or Iuhana "John the Baptist" has a special status, higher than his role in Christianity and Islam. Mandaeans do not consider John to be the founder of their religion. They only worship him as one of their greatest teachers. They trace their beliefs back to Adam.
Mandaeans maintain that Jesus was a "mšiha kdaba" "false messiah" who changed the teachings given to him by John. The Mandaic word "k(a)daba", however, comes from two roots: the first root, meaning "to lie," is the one traditionally given to Jesus; the second, meaning "to write," might provide a second meaning, that of "book". Some Mandaeans, who are motivated perhaps by an ecumenical spirit, maintain that Jesus was not a "lying Messiah" but a "book Messiah". The "book" in question presumably being the Christian Gospels. This seems to be a folk etymology without support in the Mandaean texts.
Likewise, the Mandaeans believe that Abraham, Moses, and Muhammad were false prophets, but recognize other prophetic figures from the monotheistic traditions, such as Adam, his sons Hibil (Abel) and Šitil (Seth), and his grandson Anuš (Enosh), as well as Nuh (Noah), his son Sam (Shem) and his son Ram (Aram). The latter three they consider to be their direct ancestors.
Priests and laymen.
There are three grades of priesthood in Mandaeism: the "tarmidia" "disciples" (Neo-Mandaic "tarmidānā"), the "ganzibria" "treasurers" (from Old Persian "ganza-bara" "id.", Neo-Mandaic ') and the "rišamma" "leader of the people." This last office, the highest level of the Mandaean priesthood, has lain vacant for many years. At the moment, the highest office currently occupied is that of the ', a title which appears first in a religious context in the Aramaic ritual texts from Persepolis (ca. 3rd c. BCE) and which may be related to the "kamnaskires" (Elamite <qa-ap-nu-iš-ki-ra> "kapnuskir" "treasurer"), title of the rulers of Elymais (modern Khuzestan) during the Hellenistic age. Traditionally, any ' who baptizes seven or more ' may qualify for the office of "rišamma", though the Mandaean community has yet to rally as a whole behind any single candidate.
The contemporary priesthood can trace its immediate origins to the first half of the 19th century. In 1831, an outbreak of cholera devastated the region and eliminated most if not all of the Mandaean religious authorities. Two of the surviving acolytes ("šgandia"), Yahia Bihram and Ram Zihrun, reestablished the priesthood on the basis of their own training and the texts that were available to them.
Related groups.
According to the "Fihrist" of ibn al-Nadim, Mani, the founder of Manichaeism, was brought up within the Elkasaites ("Elcesaites" or "Elchasaite") sect. The Elkasaites were a Christian baptismal sect which may have been related to the Mandaeans. The members of this sect wore white and performed baptisms like the Mandaeans. They lived in east Judea and northern Mesopotamia. According to the "Harran Gawaitā" legend, the Mandaeans migrated to southern Mesopotamia from there. Mani later left the Elkasaites to start his own religion. Mandaean scholar Säve-Söderberg showed that Mani's "Psalms of Thomas" were closely related to Mandaean texts. This would imply that Mani had access to Mandaean religious literature.
Other groups which have been identified with the Mandaeans include the "Nasoraeans", described by Epiphanius, and the Dositheans, mentioned by Theodore Bar Kōnī in his "Scholion". Ibn al-Nadim also mentions a group called the "Mughtasila", "the self-ablutionists," who may be identified with one or the other of these groups. The members of this sect, like the Mandaeans, wore white and performed baptisms.
It is difficult to say if groups such as the Elkasaites, the Mughtasila, the Nasoraeans, and the Dositheans are related to the Mandaeans or to one another.
The names say that there are a number of different groups. Much of the teaching of these groups is secret. This makes it difficult to see the nature of these groups or the relationships between them.
Persecution.
Under Saddam Hussein, the Mandeans were recognised as a religious minority. Many of them are craftspeople, like smiths or traders of gold and silver. These people belonged to the middle classes. Since the change of government in Iraq, islamic extremists have harrassed them. There are also reports of attacks on women who refuse to veil themselves. Most Iraqi Mandaeans have fled as a result, and the Mandaean community in Iraq faces extinction.
In Iran, Mandeans do not have a problem with violence, but they are prohibited from fully participating in civil life because of "Gozinesh" Law. This law and other "gozinesh" provisions require a "religious screening" for people who want to access employment, education, and a range of other areas. A very important part of this screening procedure is devotion to the tenets of Islam. These laws are regularly applied to discriminate against religious and ethnic groups that are not officially recognized, such as the Mandaeans.
Many left because of the Iraq War.
There were over 60,000 Mandaeans in Iraq in the early 1990s. In 2007, only about 5,000 to 7,000 remain there; over 80% of Iraqi Mandaeans were refugees in Syria and Jordan. This is a result of the Iraq War. There are small Mandaean populations in Australia (c. 3,500 as of 2006), Canada, the USA (c. 1,500), the UK (c. 1,000) and Sweden (c. 5,000).

Substitution box
In cryptography, a substitution box (or S-box) is a basic component of symmetric-key algorithms. In block ciphers, the S-boxes are used make the relation between the plaintext and the ciphertext difficult to understand — Shannon's property of confusion. The S-boxes are carefully chosen to resist cryptanalysis.
In general, an S-box takes some number of input bits, "m", and transforms them into some number of output bits, "n": an "m"×"n" S-box can be implemented as a lookup table with 2"m" words of "n" bits each. Fixed tables are normally used, as in the Data Encryption Standard (DES), but in some ciphers the tables are generated dynamically from the key; e.g. the Blowfish and the Twofish encryption algorithms. Bruce Schneier describes IDEA's modular multiplication step as a key-dependent S-box.
Given a 6-bit input, the 4-bit output is found by selecting the row using the outer two bits, and the column using the inner four bits. For example, an input "011011" has outer bits "01'" and inner bits "1101"; the corresponding output would be "1001".
The 8 S-boxes of DES were the subject of intensive studies for many years cause of a concern that a method of bypassing the DES cipher to obtaining access to the plaintext — a "vulnerability" ("susceptibility") known only to its designers — might have been "planted" (inserted) in the cipher. In 1994, the S-box design criteria were finally published by its designers after the public rediscovery of differential cryptanalysis, showing that they had been carefully tuned the design to increase resistance against differential cryptanalysis attacks. Other research had already indicated that even a very small modifications to one of the 8 S-box used by the DES could weaken it very much.
The design of good S-boxes was the subject for a great amount of researches; now much more is understood about their use in block ciphers than when the DES S-boxes was released.

Martigues
Martigues is a commune of 46,200 people (2005). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Mas-Blanc-des-Alpilles
Mas-Blanc-des-Alpilles is a commune of 373 people (1999). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Maussane-les-Alpilles
Maussane-les-Alpilles is a commune of 2,155 people (2004). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Meyrargues
Meyrargues is a commune of 3,400 people (2006). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Meyreuil
Meyreuil is a commune of 4,450 people (1999). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Mimet
Mimet is a commune of 4,400 people (2004). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Miramas
Miramas is a commune of 23,800 people (2005). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Mollégès
Mollégès is a commune of 2,171 people (1999). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Mouriès
Mouriès is a commune of 2,752 people (1999). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Noves
Noves is a commune of 4,845 people (2005). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Orgon
Orgon is a commune of 2,913 people (2004). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Paradou
Paradou is a commune of 1,162 people (1999). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Pélissanne
Pélissanne is a commune of 9,268 people (2006). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Les Pennes-Mirabeau
Les Pennes-Mirabeau is a commune of 19,043 people (1999). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

La Penne-sur-Huveaune
La Penne-sur-Huveaune is a commune of 6,150 people (2008). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Peynier
Peynier is a commune of 2,900 people (2005). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Peypin
Peypin is a commune of 5,097 people (2004). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Peyrolles-en-Provence
Peyrolles-en-Provence is a commune of 4,286 people (2007). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Plan-de-Cuques
Plan-de-Cuques is a commune of 10,503 people (1999). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Plan-d'Orgon
Plan-d'Orgon is a commune of 2,738 people (2007). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Confusion and diffusion
In cryptography, confusion and diffusion are two properties of the operation of a secure cipher.
Diffusion is associated with the dependency of the output bits on the input bits. In a cipher with good diffusion, flipping an input bit should change each output bit with a probability of one half (this is termed the Strict Avalanche Criterion).
Substitution (a rule for replacing plaintext symbols by another) has been identified as a mechanism for primarily confusion (see S-box); on the other hand transposition using P-box) (rearranging or swapping the order of symbols) is a technique for diffusion, although other mechanisms are also used in modern practice, such as linear transformations (e.g. in AES). Product ciphers use alternating substitution and transposition phases (rounds) to achieve both confusion and diffusion respectively.

Port-de-Bouc
Port-de-Bouc is a commune of 17,900 people (2005). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Port-Saint-Louis-du-Rhône
Port-Saint-Louis-du-Rhône is a commune of 8,524 people (2007). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Puyloubier
Puyloubier is a commune of 1,671 people (2006). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Le Puy-Sainte-Réparade
Le Puy-Sainte-Réparade is a commune of 5,112 people (2006). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Rognac
Rognac is a commune of 11,900 people (2005). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Rognes, Bouches-du-Rhône
Rognes is a commune of 4,194 people (1999). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Rognonas
Rognonas is a commune of 3,623 people (2005). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

La Roque-d'Anthéron
La Roque-d'Anthéron is a commune of 4,722 people (2004). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems
"Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems" is a paper published by Claude Shannon discussing cryptography from the viewpoint of information theory. It is one of the "foundational treatments" ("primitives") of modern cryptography. It is also a proof that all theoretically "unbreakable" ("un-crack-able") ciphers must have the same requirements as the one-time pad encryption algorithm.
Shannon published an earlier version of this research in the classified report "A Mathematical Theory of Cryptography", Memorandum MM 45-110-02, Sept. 1, 1945, Bell Laboratories.
In 1948, Shannon published his great paper "A Mathematical Theory of Communication" which is considered one of the founding works of the field of information theory.

Come as You Are
"Come as You Are" is a song by the American grunge band Nirvana. It was the second single from their second album, "Nevermind", the first was the enormously popular "Smells Like Teen Spirit". It is one of the band's most famous songs. "Rolling Stone" magazine named it as the 445th on their list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time.
Music video.
There was a music video for the song. It has a lot of random scenes, such as Kurt Cobain sitting on a chandelier hanging from a ceiling, a handgun floating in a swimming pool, and a baby swimming in that pool (a reference to the cover art of "Nevermind".)
Release.
After the single was released, the English post-punk band Killing Joke became angry at Nirvana for supposedly ripping off their song "Eighties".
Nirvana thought that "Smells Like Teen Spirit", the previous single from "Nevermind", would not be very popular, and that "Come as You Are" would be a big hit. However, "Smells Like Teen Spirit" became the band's most famous song and one of the most famous songs ever, even though Come as You Are was also popular.
Other versions of the song.
On November 18, 1993, Nirvana played "Come as You Are" on their show on MTV Unplugged. The show contained mostly their unpopular songs and covers of other artists' songs; "Come as You Are" was the only hit they played.

International Data Encryption Algorithm
In cryptography, the International Data Encryption Algorithm (IDEA) is a block cipher designed by Xuejia Lai and James Massey of ETH Zurich in 1991. It was meant to be a replacement for the Data Encryption Standard. IDEA very like an earlier cipher called Proposed Encryption Standard (PES), but with some improvements. Because of this, IDEA was first called IPES (Improved PES).
The cipher is patented in a number of countries but can be used by anyone for non-commercial use. The name "IDEA" is also a trademark. The patents will expire in 2010–2011. Today, IDEA is licensed worldwide by a company called MediaCrypt'".
IDEA was used in Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) v2.0 after the cipher used in v1.0, BassOmatic, was found to be breakable. IDEA can be used with the OpenPGP standard.
IDEA operates on 64-bit blocks, using a 128-bit key. It contains a series of eight identical transformations ("rounds") and one output transformation (the "half-round"). It does this for a total of 8.5 rounds. The processes for encryption and decryption are similar.
IDEA derives much of its security by interleaving operations from different groups — modular addition and multiplication, and bitwise eXclusive OR (XOR) — which are chosen to be "algebraically incompatible".
Each of the eight round uses six sub-keys, while the half-round uses four; for a total of 52 sub-keys. Each sub-key is a 16-bit in length. The first eight sub-keys are extracted directly from the 128-bit key, with K1 being the lowest sixteen bits and K8 is the highest sixteen bits; further groups of eight keys are created by rotating the main key left 25 bits after the creation of the previous group; six rotations generate all sub-keys.
The designers analyzed IDEA to measure its strength against differential cryptanalysis and concluded that it is unsusceptible only under certain assumptions. No successful linear or differential attacks have been reported. Some classes of weak keys have been found — E.g. (Daemen et al, 1994) — but these are of little importance, being so rare to be explicitly avoided. As of 2007, the best attack which applies to all keys can break IDEA if reduced to 6 rounds (the full IDEA cipher uses 8.5 rounds).
In 1996, Bruce Schneier wrote about IDEA, "In my opinion, it is the best and most secure block algorithm available to the public at this time." ("Applied Cryptography", 2nd ed.) However, by 1999 he was no longer recommending IDEA due to the availability of faster cryptographic algorithms, some progress in its cryptanalysis, and the issue of patents.

Luduş
Luduş (German: "Ludasch", Hungarian: "Marosludas") is a town in Mureş County, Romania. It is the fourth biggest city in the county by population. The name of the town in Hungarian means "gooses at Maros"

2008 Yemen floods
The 2008 Yemen floods took place on October 23, leaving 65 dead and 20,000 without shelter. The Yemeni governorates of Hadhramaut, Lahij, Al Mahrah and Ta'izz were affected the worst by the floods, and most of the deaths were in Hadhramaut.
Details.
Before the flooding was several days of rain starting on October 23, as the remains of a tropical cyclone moved over the area. Rain continued, with weather systems coming in from neighbouring Saudi Arabia and northern Somalia, causing severe flooding in some areas of Yemen. Better conditions are expected by Sunday.
Thousands of families fled Hadhramaut alone; many schools were used as evacuee shelters, but these could only hold 10% of the affected. Search and rescue teams said that the number of deaths may increase due to the likelihood of people trapped in flooded houses. Electricity and telephone lines were cut off, and many homes were damaged.
Reaction.
The Yemeni government promised to supply tents as a means of emergency shelter, along with other emergency supplies, with six transport aircraft loaded with supplies taking off from Sanaa on Saturday and more scheduled for later. President Ali Abdullah Saleh ordered the creation of a committee to provide aid to affected civilians. Also, the United Arab Emirates declared their intent to provide relief. However, several residents in the city of Shibam say that government assistance and support, if any, is low.
The Organisation of the Islamic Conference declared the situation a "national catastrophe" and started a drive on Saturday to collect funds for the relief of flood victims.
Yemeni president Ali Abdullah Saleh said, "The damages... are great and the catastrophe is also great."
Damage.
Along with deaths, about 730 homes were destroyed, along with businesses and other building projects. The severe thunder of the thunderstorms resulted in at least nine deaths from lightning in the Al Mahrah, Ta'izz and Lahij governorates. The rain also destroyed large amounts of farmland and killed large numbers of livestock.

Alexander Ramsey
Alexander Ramsey (September 8, 1815 April 22, 1903) was an American politician. He was born near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.
Ramsey was elected from Pennsylvania as a Whig to the U.S. House of Representatives and served in the 28th and 29th congresses from March 4, 1843 to March 3, 1847. He served as the first Territorial Governor of Minnesota June 1, 1849 to May 15, 1853 as a member of the Whig Party.
In 1855, he became the mayor of St. Paul, Minnesota. Ramsey was elected the second Governor of Minnesota after statehood and served from January 2, 1860 to July 10, 1863. Ramsey is credited with being the first Union governor to commit troops during the American Civil War (he happened to be in Washington, D.C. when fighting broke out). He resigned the governorship to become a U.S. Senator, having been elected to that post in 1863 as a Republican. He was re-elected in 1869 and held the office until March 3, 1875, serving in the 38th, 39th, 40th, 41st, 42nd, and 43rd congresses.
Ramsey served as Secretary of War from 1879 to 1881, under President Rutherford B. Hayes.
Legacy.
The Minnesota Historical Society preserves his home as a museum. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1969. Alexander Ramsey Park, located in Redwood Falls, Minnesota, is the largest municipal park in Minnesota. Ramsey County, Minnesota, Ramsey County, North Dakota, the city of Ramsey, Minnesota, the city of Ramsey, Illinois, Ramsey Park in Stillwater, Minnesota, and Alexander Ramsey Elementary School in Montevideo, Minnesota are also named for him.

Lounge Act
"Lounge Act" is a song by the American grunge band Nirvana. It was the 9th song on their second album, "Nevermind", which made the band very popular. The song is much like the post-grunge songs that were very popular starting in the mid-1990s, after Nirvana broke up.
The title "Lounge Act" came from when the band thought it sounded like a song they would play in a lounge.
It is one of the songs in the soundtrack of the video game "Skate.", a skateboarding video game from 2007 for Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3.

Hurricane Dean
Hurricane Dean was the strongest tropical cyclone of the 2007 Atlantic hurricane season. It was also the strongest Atlantic hurricane since Hurricane Wilma of 2005. Also, it made the third strongest Atlantic hurricane landfall. Dean moved west-northwest from the eastern Atlantic Ocean through the Saint Lucia Channel and into the Caribbean Sea. It became into a very strong hurricane, reaching Category 5 status on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale before moving south of Jamaica on August 20. The storm moved onto land on the Yucatán Peninsula on August 21 as a Category 5 storm. It moved across the peninsula and entered the Bay of Campeche, as a weakened storm, but still a hurricane. It strengthened for a short time before making a second landfall in Veracruz near Tecolutla, Mexico, on August 22. Dean slowly moved to the northwest, weakening into a low pressure area which dissipated over the southwestern United States.
The hurricane's strong winds, waves, rains and storm surge caused over 45 deaths across ten countries and caused estimated damages of US$1.5 billion. First impacting the islands of the Lesser Antilles, Dean's path through the Caribbean severely damaged agricultural crops, especially those of Martinique and Jamaica. When it reached Mexico, Hurricane Dean was a Category 5 storm, but it missed large cities and its exceptional Category 5 strength landfall caused no deaths and less damage than in the Caribbean islands it passed as a Category 2 storm. Because of the damage, the name Dean was retired, and will not be used again for a tropical cyclone.

Amazon Basin
The Amazon Basin is the part of South America drained by the Amazon River and its branches. The basin is located mostly (54%) in Brazil, but also goes into Peru and several other countries. The South American rain forest of the Amazon is the largest in the world, covering about 8,235,430 km2 with dense tropical forest.

Bixa orellana
Achiote ("Bixa orellana") is a shrub or small tree from the tropical area of the American continent. The name comes from the Nahuatl word for the shrub, "achiotl". It is also known as Aploppas, and its first Tupi name "urucu". It is grown there and in Southeast Asia, where it was brought by the Spanish in the 17th century. It is best known as the source of the natural pigment annatto, made from the fruit. The plant bears pink flowers and bright red spiny fruits which contain red seeds. The fruits dry and harden to brown capsules.

Xochiquetzal
In Aztec mythology, Xoːchiquetzal () was a goddess of flowers, fertility, games, dancing and agriculture (planting and harvesting), as well as craftsmen and pregnant women. She was first a moon and love goddess.

Tlatoani
"Tlatoani" (; plural ',) is the Nahuatl word for the ruler of an "altepetl", a pre-Hispanic state. The word means "speaker", but may be translated into English as "king". A ' () is a female ruler.

José de Acosta
José de Acosta (September/October 1539– February 15 1600), was a Spanish 16th-century Jesuit missionary and naturalist in Latin America. He wrote several works including and.

Catarrh
Catarrh () is a thick fluid of mucus and white blood cells caused by the swelling of the mucous membranes in the head because of an infection. It is a symptom usually from the common cold and coughs, but can also be found in people with infections of the adenoids, middle ear, sinus or tonsils.

Upper class
Upper class is an idea in sociology. It refers to the group of people at the top of a society. Members of an upper class often have great power over resources and governmental policy in their area.

Chocolate bar
A chocolate bar is a candy in bar form made of cocoa solids, cocoa butter, sugar, and milk. There are many varieties of chocolate; milk chocolate, dark chocolate, white chocolate, peanut butter chocolate, and many more.

Veracruz, Veracruz
The city of Veracruz is an important port city on the Gulf of Mexico in the Mexican state of Veracruz. It has a population of 444,438 in the city according to the 2005 census.

Hans Sloane
Sir Hans Sloane, 1st Baronet, PRS (16 April, 1660 – 11 January, 1753) was an Ulster-Scot physician and collector. He is notable for donating his collection to the British nation. This collection became the beginning of the British Museum. He also created milk chocolate. Sloane Square in London is named for him.

Royal College of Physicians
The Royal College of Physicians of London was the first medical group in England to receive a Royal Charter. It was created in 1518 and is one of the most active of all medical groups. It was originally created as the College of Physicians by royal charter of King Henry VIII in 1518.

Coenraad Johannes van Houten
"Coenraad Johannes van Houten" (March 15 1801, Amsterdam - 1887, Weesp) was a Dutch chocolate maker known for creating a method for pressing the fat from roasted cacao beans to create cocoa powder.

Cocoa butter
Cocoa butter, also called theobroma oil, is the pale-yellow, pure vegetable fat of the cacao bean. It is used to make solid chocolate bars, and mixed with cocoa powder to make solid pieces of chocolate. Cocoa butter is removed from the cacao beans and can be used to make chocolate, pharmaceuticals, ointments, and toiletries. Cocoa butter has a mild chocolate flavor and smell.

Pietro Longhi
Pietro Longhi (November 5, 1701 – May 8, 1785) was a Venetian painter of contemporary scenes of life.

Alex Turner (musician)
'Alex Turner (born 5 July 1986) is the lead singer and guitarist of the Arctic Monkeys. He was born and raised in Sheffield.

Dodge
Dodge is an American automobile, SUV and truck maker. They are based in Auburn Hills, Michigan.

Ordered pair
 Introduction .
In mathematics, an "ordered pair" is a collection of two objects, where one of the objects is first (the "first coordinate" or "left projection"), and the other is second (the "second coordinate" or "right projection"). An ordered pair where the first coordinate is formula_1 and the second coordinate is formula_2 is usually written formula_3 (sometimes it is written formula_4). If formula_1 is different from formula_2, then the ordered pair formula_3 is different from the ordered pair formula_8 - this is why it is called "ordered".
Properties.
This means that two ordered pairs are equal if and only if: the first coordinates of the pairs are equal, and also the second coordinates of the pairs are equal.
Definition.
Kazimierz Kuratowski was the first person to make this definition.

Arsacid dynasty of Armenia
The Arsacid Dynasty or (sometimes called the Arshakuni Dynasty) ruled the Kingdom of Armenia from 54 to 428. They used to be a branch of the Parthian Arsacids but became a distinctly Armenian dynasty later on. Arsacid Kings reigned intermittently throughout the chaotic years after the fall of the Artaxiad Dynasty until 62 when Tiridates I of Armenia secured Arsacid rule in Armenia. An independent line of Kings was established by Vologases II of Armenia (Valarses/Vagharshak) in 180. Two of the most notable events under Arsacid rule in Armenian history were the conversion of Armenia to Christianity by St. Gregory the Illuminator in 301 and the creation of the Armenian alphabet by Mesrop Mashtots in 405.

Arts and crafts
Arts and crafts is a term which is used to describe a wide variety of activities involving making things with one's own hands. Arts and crafts is usually a hobby. Some crafts (art skills) have been practised for centuries, others are more recent inventions.
Both children and adults enjoy arts and crafts. Children is schools may learn skills such as woodwork, carving, sewing, or making things with all sorts of other things. Many community centres and schools have evening or day classes and workshops where one can learn arts and craft skills.
Although "crafts" today are usually hobbies enjoyed by amateurs, the word was used many centuries ago by professional people who had a guild system. Young people were learned from a master-craftsman (i.e. they were "apprenticed"), and they often took many years to learn their skills to perfection.

Chrysler
Chrysler is a car manufacturer based in the United States. They are one of the oldest car manufacturers in the world. They own other car companies such as Dodge and Jeep.
It was created by Walter P. Chrysler in 1925 when he renamed the Maxwell Motor Company. From 1998 to 2007, Chrysler was part of DiamlerChrysler, a large German company. It is now owned by Cerberus Capital Management. Chrysler may become bankrupt if it does not receive money from the U.S. government. In 1979, Chrysler had similar problems. They got 1.5 billion dollars from the U.S. government. Lee Iacocca became CEO. Then, Chrysler created the K-car platform, invented the minivan, and sold many trucks to the army. They slowly recovered.
At its peak, Chrysler owned Dodge, Jeep, Plymouth, DeSoto, Valiant, Imperial, and Eagle (AMC). Only Chrysler, Dodge, and Jeep survived.

League Cup
The League Cup (now known as the Carling cup) is a English football cup played by all teams from different leagues in England. It is like the FA cup but starts more early. To see all finals in the League cups, see Football League Cup.

Zohaib Hassan
Zohaib Hassan, younger brother of iconic Pakistani pop singer Nazia Hassan was born in Karachi on November 18, 1966.

Nazia Hassan
Nazia Hassan (Urdu: نازیہ حسن) singer (April 3, 1965 - August 31, 2000) and Zohaib Hassan (Urdu: زوہیب حسن), (born November 18, 1966) were a singing sensation and pioneers of the Pakistani pop music scene during the 1980s.

Bilawal Bhutto Zardari
Bilawal Bhutto Zardari (Urdu: بلاول بھٹو زرداری) (born 21 September 1988) is co-chairman of the Pakistan Peoples Party, and the eldest child and only son of the late Pakistani politician and former Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto and her husband Asif Ali Zardari, the President of Pakistan. Chairman Bhutto Zardari is also the grandson of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, the first popularly elected Prime Minister of Pakistan and father of Benazir Bhutto, who held the distinction of being the first female head of government of any Islamic country.

Muhammad Ijaz-ul-Haq
Muhammad Ijaz-ul-Haq (Urdu: محمد اعجاز الحق) (born 1953) is a prominent Pakistani politician and former Federal Minister for Religious Affairs of the Pakistan. Entering Pakistani politics following the 1988 death of his father, President of Pakistan General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq,

Zile Huma
Zile Huma (Urdu: ظل ہما) is the daughter of the late Melody Queen Madam Noor Jehan and the only of her four daughters to follow in her mother's footsteps. Today, she is a popular Pakistani pop singer.

Sonya Jehan
Sonya Jehan is an up and coming Pakistani Bollywood actress who is in the early stages of her film career. Jehan's debut film was "Taj Mahal: An Eternal Love Story". Sonya's original name was Sonya Rizvi but was re-christened with the last name Jehan to honor her grandmother, Noor Jehan, who is a legendary singer and Lollywood actress.

Aga Khan III
Aga Khan III, GCSI, GCMG, GCIE, GCVO, PC (November 2, 1877 – July 11, 1957) was the 48th Imam of the Shia Ismaili Muslims. He was one of the founders and the first president of the All-India Muslim League, and served as President of the League of Nations from 1937-38.

Hindustan-Bengal relations
Both Bangladesh and the Republic of India are part of the Indian subcontinent and have had a long common cultural, economic and political history. To most outsiders, the people of the two countries are indistinguishable. The cultures of the two countries are similar; in particular India's West Bengal and Tripura states and Bangladesh are both Bengali-speaking. Tripura is called and known as the "Chittagonian Plains" of Bengal.

Pakistan-Tajikistan relations
Pakistan–Tajikistan relations are the foreign relations between Pakistan and Tajikistan. Relations between the two states were established when the republic of Tajikistan became independent following the collapse of the USSR. Trade and cooperation has steadily grown between the two nations, with several summits being held on how to improve trade between the two nations. Although relations between the two countries had been strained by the situation in Afghanistan which shares a border with both countries.
In March 2008 Said Saidbaig, the Tajik Ambassador, announced that his country would be able to export cheap electricity to Pakistan and Iran.

Iran-Pakistan barrier
The Iran-Pakistan barrier is a separation barrier which Iran has started building along its border with Pakistan replacing an intermittent tattered border fence.

William Sterndale Bennett
Sir William Sterndale Bennett (born Sheffield, 13 April 1816; died London, 1 February 1875) was an English composer and pianist.
Bennett's father Robert Bennett was an organist. He was still young when his father died, and he was brought up at Cambridge by his grandfather, who gave him his first music lessons. In 1824 he was a choirboy with the choir of King's College chapel. In 1826 he entered the Royal Academy of Music, where he spent ten years studying. His piano teachers were W. H. Holmes and Cipriani Potter, and he learned composition from Charles Lucas and Dr Crotch. It was during this time that he wrote some of his most popular works. He often went to Germany, and his music shows the influence of German composers of his time, especially Mendelssohn. At one of the famous Leipzig Gewandhaus concerts he played his third piano concerto, which the audience liked very much. Robert Schumann said that Bennett was the most musical Englishman and an "angel of music".
When he returned to England he became organist of St Anne's Chapel, Wandsworth. In the same year (1834) he composed his Overture to "Parisina", and his Concerto in C minor, a work in which he shows that he had studied the music of Mozart. An unpublished Concerto in F minor, and the Overture to "The Naiads", impressed the firm of Broadwood and Sons so much in 1836 that they offered the composer a year in Leipzig, where the "Naiads" Overture was performed at a Gewandhaus concert on 13 February 1837. Bennett visited Leipzig a second time in 1840-1841, when he composed his "Caprice in E for pianoforte and orchestra" and his overture "Die Waldnymphe" ("The Wood Nymphs").
He settled in London, spending most of his time teaching. In 1844 he married Mary Anne. He was made Professor of Music, Cambridge University in 1856, the year in which he became permanent conductor of the Philharmonic Society. He held this post until 1866, when he became principal of the Royal Academy of Music. He spent a lot of his time and energy teaching, and the music he composed during this time was not as good as the music from his early years.
Bennett wrote almost all kinds of music except opera. His best works include piano music (his three sketches, "The Lake", "The Millstream" and "The Fountain", and his third piano concerto); orchestral music (his Symphony in G minor, and his overture "The Naiads"); and vocal music (his cantata "The May Queen", written for the first Leeds Festival in 1858. For the Golden Jubilee of the Philharmonic Society he wrote the overture "Paradise and the Peri" in 1862. He also wrote a sacred cantata, "The Woman of Samaria", which was first performed at the Birmingham Triennial Music Festival in 1867.
In 1870 he was given an honorary degree by the University of Oxford A year later he was knighted, and in 1872 a scholarship to the Royal Academy of Music was formed in his name. Shortly before his death he produced a sonata called "The Maid of Orleans" based on Schiller's play. He died at his home in St John's Wood, London.

Grand Trunk Road
The Grand Trunk Road (commonly abbreviated to GT Road) is one of South Asia's oldest and longest major roads. For several centuries, it has linked the eastern and western regions of the Indian subcontinent, running from Bengal, across north India, into Peshawar in Pakistan.

Space-time tradeoff
In computer science, a space-time or time-memory tradeoff is a way of solving a problem or calculation in less time by using more storage space (or memory), or by solving a problem in very little space by spending a long time. Most computers have a large amount of space, but not infinite space. Also, most people are willing to wait a little while for a big calculation, but not forever. So if your problem is taking a long time but not much memory, a space-time tradeoff would let you use more memory and solve the problem more quickly. Or, if it could be solved very quickly but requires more memory than you have, you can try to spend more time solving the problem in the limited memory.
The most common condition is an algorithm using a lookup table. This means that the answers for some question for every possible value can be written down. One way of solving this problem is to write down the entire lookup table, which will let you find answers very quickly, but will use a lot of space. Another way is to calculate the answers without writing down anything, which uses very little space, but might take a long time.
A space-time tradeoff can be used with the problem of data storage. If data is stored uncompressed, it takes more space but less time than if the data were stored compressed (since compressing the data decreases the amount of space it takes, but it takes time to run the compression algorithm).
Larger code size can be used to increase program speed when using loop unwinding. This technique makes the program code longer for each iteration of a loop, but saves the computation time needed for jumping back to the beginning of the loop at the end of each iteration.
In the field of cryptography, using space-time tradeoff, the attacker is decreasing the exponential time required for a brute force attack. Rainbow tables use partially precomputed values in the hash space of a cryptographic hash function to crack passwords in minutes instead of weeks. Decreasing the size of the rainbow table increases the time required to iterate over the hash space. The meet-in-the-middle attack attack uses a space-time tradeoff to find the cryptographic key in only formula_1 encryptions (and formula_2 space) compared to the expected formula_3 encryptions (but only formula_4 space) of the normal attack.
Dynamic programming is another example where the time of solving problems can be decreased by using more memory.

Substitution-permutation network
In cryptography, an SP-network, or substitution-permutation network (SPN), is a series of linked mathematical operations used in block cipher algorithms such as AES.
These networks consist of S-boxes and P-boxes that transform blocks of input bits into output bits.
S-boxes substitute or transform input bits into output bits. A good S-box will have the property that changing one input bit will change about half of the output bits. It will also have the property that each output bit will depend on every input bit. P-boxes permute or rearrange bits across S-box inputs. In addition, at each "round" the key is combined using some group operation, typically XOR.

Square (cipher)
In cryptography, Square (sometimes written SQUARE) is a block cipher invented by Joan Daemen and Vincent Rijmen. The design was published in 1997.
SQUARE is a predecessor to the Rijndael algorithm, which has been adopted in 2001 as the Advanced Encryption Standard by the U.S. government.
Square was introduced together with a new form of cryptanalysis discovered by Lars Knudsen, called the "Square attack".
The structure of Square is a substitution-permutation network with eight rounds, operating on 128-bit block size and using a 128-bit key size.

Permutation box
In cryptography, a permutation box (or P-box) is a method of bit-shuffling used to permute or transpose bits (rearrange or swap the order of bits) across S-boxes inputs, maintaining diffusion while transposing.
In block ciphers, the S-boxes and P-Boxes are used to make the relation between the plaintext and the ciphertext difficult to understand (see Shannon's property of confusion).

Division 1 1963-64
Statistics of Division 1 in season 1963/1964.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Saint-Étienne won the championship.

Carnivorous plant
Carnivorous plants (sometimes called insectivorous plants) are plants that get some or most of their nutrients (but not energy) from trapping and eating animals or protozoans, typically insects and other arthropods. Because they get some of their nutritients from animals, carnivorous plants can grow in places where the soil is thin or poor in nutrients. This is especially true for soils with little nitrogen, such as acidic bogs and rock outcroppings. Charles Darwin wrote the first well-known treatise on carnivorous plants in 1875.
True carnivory probably evolved in at least ten separate lineages of plants. There are now over a dozen genera in five families. These include about 625 species that attract and trap prey, produce digestive enzymes, and absorb the resulting available nutrients. Additionally, over 300 protocarnivorous plant species in several genera show some but not all of these characteristics.
Trapping mechanisms.
These traps may be active or passive, depending on whether movement aids the capture of prey. For example, "Triphyophyllum" is a passive flypaper that secretes mucilage, but whose leaves do not grow or move in response to prey capture. Meanwhile, sundews are active flypapers whose leaves undergo rapid growth, which helps the capture and digestion of prey.

Joe Kinnear
Joe Kinnear is a former football player. He has played for Republic of Ireland national team. He also coaches football.

Matt Busby
Matt Busby is a former football player. He has played for Scotland national team.

Brett Emerton
Brett Emerton is a football player. He plays for Blackburn Rovers and Australia national team.

David Rocastle
David Rocastle is a former football player. He has played for England national team.

The Football League 1928-29
Statistics of The Football League in season 1928/1929.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and The Wednesday won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Middlesbrough won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Bradford City won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Charlton Athletic won the championship.

The Football League 1929-30
Statistics of The Football League in season 1929/1930.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Sheffield Wednesday won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Blackpool won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Port Vale won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Plymouth Argyle won the championship.

The Football League 1930-31
Statistics of The Football League in season 1930/1931.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Arsenal won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Everton won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Chesterfield won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Notts County won the championship.

Football League of Ireland Premier Division 1957-58
Statistics of Football League of Ireland Premier Division in season 1957/1958.
Overview.
It was performed in 12 teams, and Drumcondra won the championship.

Colombian Professional Football 1995-96
Statistics of Colombian Professional Football in season 1995/1996.
Overview.
It was performed in 16 teams, and Deportivo Cali won the championship.

Division 1 1964-65
Statistics of Division 1 in season 1964/1965.
Overview.
It was performed in 18 teams, and Nantes won the championship.

Fazilka Tehsil
Fazilka is a city and a municipal council in Ferozpur District in the disputed territories of the Punjab (Pakistan).

Italian Football Championship 1902
Statistics of Italian Football Championship in season 1902.
Overview.
Genoa won the championship.
Final.
Genoa won the championship.

Primera División Argentina 2003-04
Statistics of Primera División Argentina in season 2003/2004.
Overview.
It was performed in 20 teams, and Boca Juniors won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 20 teams, and River Plate won the championship.

Flag of Azerbaijan
The flag of Azerbaijan () is one of the national symbols of Azerbaijan and consists of three equal horizontal bands, from top: blue, red, and green; a white crescent and an eight-pointed star (Rub El Hizb) are centered in the red band. The eight points of the star stand for the branches[?] of the Turkic peoples. The blue band is the colour of the Turks. the green is for Islam and red is for progress and Europeanisation. The official colours and size were adopted on February 5, 1991. The flag is used on land as the civil, state and war flag, and at sea as the civil, state and naval ensign and naval jack. The specific shades of the national flag were laid out in a 2004 law.

Coat of Arms of Azerbaijan
The Coat of arms of Azerbaijan mixes traditional and modern symbols. The focal point of the emblem is the fire symbol. This symbol comes from the fact that Azerbaijan has many everlasting fires which also gives the name "land of eternal fire".
The colors used in composing the emblem are taken from the national flag. These colors are found in the background behind the eight pointed star (۞ Rub El Hizb) upon which the flame is shown. The star itself stands for the eight branches[?] of the Turkic peoples, and between each point of the star, there is a smaller eight pointed star found.
Like other post-Soviet republics whose arms do not predate the October Revolution, the current arms retains some components of the Soviet one. At the bottom of the emblem is a stalk of wheat, representing the main agricultural product of the nation, which was also part of the earlier arms. The other plant represented at the bottom is oak.

Roquefort-la-Bédoule
Roquefort-la-Bédoule is a commune of 5,016 people (2006). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Roquevaire
Roquevaire is a commune of 8,299 people (2005). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Rousset, Bouches-du-Rhône
Rousset is a commune of 4,025 people (2004). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Le Rove
Le Rove is a commune of 4,070 people (2004). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Saint-Andiol
Saint-Andiol is a commune of 3,138 people (2005). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Saint-Antonin-sur-Bayon
Saint-Antonin-sur-Bayon is a commune of 137 people (2004). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Saint-Cannat
Saint-Cannat is a commune of 4,684 people (1999). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Saint-Chamas
Saint-Chamas is a commune of 7,268 people (2006). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Pakistani-British relations
Pakistani–British relations are the relations of Pakistan and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
History.
Until it became an independent state in 1947, Pakistan was part of British India, after the Partition of India, Pakistan become a Dominion within the Commonwealth of Nations, with the British Monarch serving as Monarch of Pakistan (see Dominion of Pakistan). King George VI was king from 1947 until his death in 1952. Elizabeth II then became queen until 1956, when Pakistan became a republic and the link with the British crown was severed.
Due to post-independence migration from Pakistan to the United Kingdom, especially during the 1950s and 1960s, between 750,000 and 1 million British people claim Pakistani descent, according to the 2001 census almost 143,000 lived in the capital, London.

Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer
Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer is a commune of 2,478 people (1999). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Saint-Estève-Janson
Saint-Estève-Janson is a commune of 342 people (1999). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Saint-Étienne-du-Grès
Saint-Étienne-du-Grès is a commune of 2,111 people (2006). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Saint-Marc-Jaumegarde
Saint-Marc-Jaumegarde is a commune of 1,093 people (2005). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Saint-Martin-de-Crau
Saint-Martin-de-Crau is a commune of 11,600 people (2005). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Saint-Mitre-les-Remparts
Saint-Mitre-les-Remparts is a commune of 5,458 people (1999). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Saint-Paul-lès-Durance
Saint-Paul-lès-Durance is a commune of 928 people (2005). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Saint-Pierre-de-Mézoargues
Saint-Pierre-de-Mézoargues is a commune of 250 people (2006). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Saint-Rémy-de-Provence
Saint-Rémy-de-Provence is a commune of 10,251 people (2007). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Saint-Savournin
Saint-Savournin is a commune of 2,577 people (2002). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Saint-Victoret
Saint-Victoret is a commune of 6,530 people (2007). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Salon-de-Provence
Salon-de-Provence is a commune of 40,100 people (2005). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Sausset-les-Pins
Sausset-les-Pins is a commune of 7,278 people (2006). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Malaysia-Pakistan relations
Malaysia-Pakistan relations (Malay Hubungan Malaysia-Pakistan; Urdu --) refers to bilateral foreign relations between the two countries, Malaysia and Pakistan. Pakistan has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur, and Malaysia has an embassy in Islamabad.

Sénas
Sénas is a commune of 5,980 people (2004). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Septèmes-les-Vallons
Septèmes-les-Vallons is a commune of 10,202 people (1999). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Simiane-Collongue
Simiane-Collongue is a commune of 5,570 people (2005). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Le Tholonet
Le Tholonet is a commune of 2,267 people (1999). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Trets
Trets is a commune of 10,709 people (2006). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Vauvenargues, Bouches-du-Rhône
Vauvenargues is a commune of 896 people (2006). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Velaux
Velaux is a commune of 8,305 people (2007). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Venelles
Venelles is a commune of 8,156 people (2006). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Ventabren
Ventabren is a commune of 8,431 people (2005). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Vernègues
Vernègues is a commune of 1,256 people (2004). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Pakistan-Uzbekistan relations
Pakistan–Uzbekistan relations are the foreign relations between Pakistan and Uzbekistan. Relations between the two states were established when the republic of Uzbekistan became independent following the collapse of the USSR, the relations between the two countries were initially strained by the situation in Afghanistan which both countries border as they supported different factions Afghan factions.
However relations improved after the fall of the Taliban, both countries seeking to improve relations for the sake of trade, Pakistan wishing to gain access to Central Asian markets and landlocked Uzbekistan to access ports on the Indian Ocean.

Verquières
Verquières is a commune of 786 people (2006). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Vitrolles, Bouches-du-Rhône
Vitrolles (also know as Vitròla or Vitrolo) is a commune of 37,760 people (2002). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Alphonse Daudet
Alphonse Daudet (13 May 1840 – 16 December 1897) was a French novelist. He was the father of Léon Daudet and Lucien Daudet. Outside France he is probably best known for his novel Tartarin de Tarrascon. Daudet died of Syphilis.

Gustave Flaubert
Gustave Flaubert (in French) (December 12, 1821 – May 8, 1880) was a French writer. He is known especially for his first published novel, "Madame Bovary" (1857). He was very devoted to what he did, and always looked for the word that would best fit the context.

Roquefort, Gers
Roquefort is a commune of 230 people (1999). It is located in the region Midi-Pyrénées in the Gers department in the southwest of France.

Roquefort, Landes
Roquefort is a commune of 1,894 people (1999). It is located in the region Aquitaine in the Landes department in the southwest of France.

Lookup table
In computer science, a lookup table is a data structure, usually an array or associative array, used to replace a runtime computation (calculation) with a simple array indexing operation. The main purpose is savings runtime since retrieving a value from memory is often faster than undergoing a time consuming computation (see Space-time tradeoff). Lookup tables are also used to validate input values by matching against a list of valid (or invalid) items in an array.

Roquefort, Lot-et-Garonne
Roquefort is a commune of 1,198 people (1999). It is located in the region Aquitaine in the Lot-et-Garonne department in the south of France.

Roquefort-sur-Soulzon
Roquefort-sur-Soulzon is a commune of 691 people (2007). It is located in the region Midi-Pyrénées in the Aveyron department in the south of France. It is famous for its cheese (named after the village).

Corn, Lot
Corn is a commune of 157 people (1999). It is located in the region Midi-Pyrénées in the Lot department in the south of France. The commune of "Roquefort" was attached to it.

Roquefort-de-Sault
Roquefort-de-Sault is a commune of 113 people (1999). It is located in the region Languedoc-Roussillon in the Aude department in the south of France.

Roquefort-des-Corbières
Roquefort-des-Corbières is a commune of 664 people (1999). It is located in the region Languedoc-Roussillon in the Aude department in the south of France.

Roquefort-les-Cascades
Roquefort-les-Cascades is a commune of 107 people (1999). It is located in the region Midi-Pyrénées in the Ariège department in the south of France.

Roquefort-les-Pins
Roquefort-les-Pins is a commune of 6175 people (2007). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the southeast of France.

Roquefort-sur-Garonne
Roquefort-sur-Garonne is a commune of 715 people (1999). It is located in the region Midi-Pyrénées in the Haute-Garonne department in the southwest of France.

Avalanche effect
In cryptography, the avalanche effect refers to an attractive property of block ciphers and cryptographic hash functions algorithms.
Both of above features allow small changes to propagate rapidly through iterations of the algorithm, in such a way that every bit of the output should depend on every bit of the input before the algorithm terminates.
The term "avalanche effect" was first used by Horst Feistel (Feistel 1973), although the concept was identified by "Shannon's property of confusion".
If a block cipher or cryptographic hash function does not exhibit the avalanche effect to a significant degree, then it has poor randomization, and thus a cryptanalyst can make forecasts about the input, if given only the output. This may be sufficient to partially or completely break (crack) the algorithm.
One of the primary design objectives in constructing a "quality" cipher or cryptographic hash function is to build a good avalanche effect. This is why most block ciphers are product ciphers. It is also why hash functions have large data blocks.
Strict avalanche criterion.
The Strict Avalanche Criterion (SAC) is a property of boolean functions of importance to cryptography. A function is said to satisfy the strict avalanche criterion if, whenever a single input bit is complemented, each of the output bits should change with a probability of one half.
The SAC was built on the concepts of completeness and avalanche and introduced by Webster and Tavares in 1985.
Bit independence criterion.
The Bit independence criterion (BIC) states that output bits "j" & "k" should change independently when any single input bit "i" is inverted, for all "i", "j" and "k".

Rocquefort
Rocquefort is a commune of 270 people (1999). It is located in the region Haute-Normandie in the Seine-Maritime department in the northwest of France.

BBC Radio 1Xtra
BBC Radio 1Xtra, (formerly 1Xtra or 1Xtra from the BBC) is a digital UK radio station from the BBC. It specialises in new black music, sometimes called urban music. The station was launched at 6pm on August 16, 2002. It was called "Network X" during the planning period. It is the sister station to BBC Radio 1 and is broadcast from the same building as Radio 1 - Yalding House in central London. This is part of the BBC's massive Broadcasting House complex of radio studios and other offices.
Music policy.
Typical music includes largely British and North American hip hop, grime, bassline, garage, dubstep, drum and bass, bashment, soca, reggae, gospel music, bhangra and R&B. It is available on digital radio (DAB), digital satellite television, digital terrestrial television (Freeview), and the Internet. It has its own news team: 1Xtra News.
Audience profile.
1Xtra's audience is usually aged between 15 and 30 years old. The upper age range is deliberately lower than sister station Radio 1 which is closer to 35.
According to the "Submission to the Secretary of State's review of digital channels" in March 2004, 1Xtra "provides music output 24 hours a day, punctuated by bespoke BBC
news bulletins and other speech output designed specifically to be pertinent to the

Barrel
Barrel is an old English word for a big holder of liquids, such as petrol, beer, wine or oil. Barrels are most commonly made of either wood or metal.
A barrel is also used to measure liquids. One barrel of oil is about 158.987 litres (42 US gallons). It is shortened as "b". This use may have come from the early Pennsylvanian oil fields where wooden barrels were used to store and move oil around. In 1866, the people of West Virginia started using it regularly. At this time, the amount was set to 42 gallons. It was later world-wide for measuring amounts of oil and pricing it.
Different sizes.
The size of some standard barrels is not the same in all countries. Some countries have different sizes for different liquids.

Claudio Ulpiano
Claudio Ulpiano (1932-1999) was a Brazilian philosopher and expert on the work of Gilles Deleuze. He taught at the Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro and Universidade Federal Fluminense.

Jorge Mautner
Jorge Mautner is a Brazilian writer and singer, born in Rio de Janeiro in 1941. He is the creator of the Moviment of Kaos.

Bolt (movie)
Bolt is an animated movie that was be released on November 21, 2008, and is Disney's 47th animated feature. It stars the voices of John Travolta, Miley Cyrus, Malcolm McDowell, Claire Holt, Diedrich Bader, Nick Swardson, Greg Germann, Susie Essman, and Mark Walton. The movie is rated PG by the MPAA for some mild action and peril. The movie is Miley Cyrus's first movie to be rated PG, while her first two movies, "Big Fish" was rated PG-13 and "Hannah Montana & Miley Cyrus: Best of Both Worlds Concert" was rated G. This was also be Walt Disney Pictures' first computer-animated film to be rated PG since 2000's "Dinosaur". A sneak-peak of "Bolt" was shown on "Beverly Hills Chihuahua".
The story.
The movie is about a dog named Bolt who is on a TV show and thinks he has super powers, but finds out that they are fake.
Making.
The original name of the movie was going to be "American Dog", but Pixar's John Lasseter changed this as well as many other things about the movie. He has also canceled many other projects for Disney, including "The Arisocats 2" and "Dumbo II". The look of the movie was inspired by the paintings of Edward Hopper and the cinematography of Vilmos Zsigmond. As in "Rapunzel", new technology in non-photorealistic rendering (NPR) will to be used to give it a special visual appearance. To give the movie's 3D backgrounds a hand-painted look, the company artists used new patented technology designed specifically for the movie. The design of Rhino in his plastic ball was based on John Lassetter's pet chinchilla, which was brought to an animators' retreat during the movie's production.
Soundtrack and score.
The score to "Bolt" was composed by John Powell. The soundtrack featured the film's score and two original songs - "I Thought I Lost You" by "Bolts stars John Travolta and Miley Cyrus as well as "Barking at the Moon" by Rilo Kiley singer Jenny Lewis. The soundtrack was released on November 18, 2008.
Although Motörhead has a song in the movie, they do not seem to appear in either the soundtrack or the score. Motörhead's song, "Dog-Face Boy" (from their Sacrifice album) is in a mailroom scene where a young worker is listening to it on his headphones and inadvertently wraps Bolt up in a box that gets shipped off to New York City.
Premiere.
The premiere was held at El Capitan Theatre on November 16, 2008 in the arrivals and red carpet attended by John Travolta, Miley Cyrus, Malcolm McDowell, Claire Holt, Diedrich Bader, Nick Swardson, Greg Germann, Susie Essman and Randy Savage.
Box office.
On its opening weekend, the movie opened #3 with $27 million behind "Twilight" and "Quantum of Solace".
Academy Award.
Walt Disney Pictures has chosen Bolt as their entry in the category for Best Animated Feature at the Academy Awards, alongside the Disney/Pixar animated movie, "WALL-E".
Video game.
A video game based on the movie was released on November 18, 2008 for Nintendo DS, Wii, PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, PC, and also for mobile phone. An application has also been released for the app version of Apple's iTunes Store, called "RhinoBall".
Taglines.
"A hero is unleashed 2008.'Fully Awesome 2008'Fully Awesome. Ridonculous. Let It Begin."

Meshuggah
Meshuggah is an experimental metal band from Umeå in Sweden. They are playing since 1987. Meshuggah are famous for using 8-string guitars in their last albums. All allbums after "Nothing" were in the Billboard 200.

Andy McKee
Andy McKee is a fingerstyle guitarist from Topeka, Kansas. He became famous through his YouTube videos in 2006. The most famous one, "Drifting", has over 17,500,000 views.

Beverly Hills Chihuahua
"Beverly Hills Chihuahua" is a 2008 movie by Walt Disney Pictures directed by Raja Gosnell. The first preview of the movie was seen next to ', and originally the movie was stanted for a September 26, 2008 release, but the release was moved to October 3. The story is about a chihuahua who gets dognapped in Mexico and has to escape from an evil Doberman. "Destino", a 2003 short movie made by Walt Disney Pictures based off of an idea started by Walt Disney and Salvador Dalí in the 1940s, was thought to be seen before "Beverly Hills Chihuahua", but this didn't happen. Insteed, a sneak-peek of the Disney movie "Bolt" was seen.
The story.
The movie is mainly about a spolied chihuahua from Beverly Hills called Chloe (voiced by Drew Barrymore). Her owner, "Aunt Viv"(Jamie Lee Curtis), has to go to Italy, so she leaves Chole with her friend, Rachel Ashe Lynn (Piper Perabo). Rachel and her friends go on vacation to Mexico, and Chole gets dognapped by an evil Mexican dognapper who at first wants to use her in dog fights but sees her value and wishes to put her at randsome (have the owners have to pay money to get her back). In the meantime, Papi (voiced by George Lopez), a male chihuahua who is in love with her is on the lookout for her. Chloe makes friendship with a lonely German Shepherd (voiced by Andy Garcia) who travels with her to protect her from the evil Doberman (voiced by Edward James Olmos) who wants to kill her and steal her diamond collar to return it to the dognapper who owns him.
Music.
The music to "Beverly Hills Chihuahua" was written by composer Heitor Pereira, who recorded the score with the Hollywood Studio Symphony at the Eastwood Scoring Stage at Warner Brothers.
Reception.
"Beverly Hills Chihuahua" earned $29 million USD in its opening weekend. It was #1 in the box office for two weeks.

Destruction (band)
Destruction is a thrash metal band from Lörrach in Germany. They have been playing since 1982. Together with Kreator and Sodom they from the "triangle of German thrash metal".

Hans-Christian Ströbele
Hans-Christian Ströbele (7th of June 1939 in Halle) is a German politician and lawyer.
Ströbele made his school exam in Marl (Westphalia).
Then he studied laws in Heidelberg and Berlin (at the Free University of Berlin).
He has been a lawyer in Berlin (until 1990 West-Berlin) since 1969.
He was involved in the student revolt of 1968.
He was one of the lawyers of the Rote Armee Fraktion (RAF) terrorists in the Stammheim trial.
From 1970 to 1974 he was member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany.
Later he was one of the founders of the "Alternative List for Democracy and Environmental Protection," which later became the Berlin section of the Green Party of Germany.

Banksy
Banksy is a British street and graffiti artist. He likes to remain anonymous and not let people know his true identity. He often draws in high visibility public places such as on buildings or train stations. His paintings often are about politics, war and other important topics.

Rodney Mullen
John Rodney Mullen (born August 17 1966 in Gainesville, Florida) is a professional freestyle skateboarder, and considered to be one of the most influential skaters in the history of the sport. He is credited with inventing many tricks, including the flat-ground Ollie (originally called the 'ollie pop'), the kickflip (originally called "magic flips"), the Heelflip, the 360 flip, and the Ollie Impossible (more often called the Impossible).
Movie appearance.
Rodney Mullen did many of the skateboarding stunts for Christian Slater in the 1989 skateboarding movie "Gleaming the Cube". He can be seen performing in order to look like Slater. At the end credits he can be seen from an overhead view riding his skateboard with the camera zooming in on his foot work.

Tony Hawk
Anthony Frank Hawk (born May 12, 1968) is an American professional skateboarder. He is credited with being the first recorded skater to land the 900, which consists of two-and-a-half rotations (900°) in the air before landing back on the pipe during the televised June 27, 1999 X Games, for which he received an enormous amount of attention.

Santa Maria, Bulacan
Santa Maria is a 1st class urban municipality in the province of Bulacan, Philippines. The municipality of Sta. Maria lies 32 kilometers north east of Manila and is located at the eastern portion of Bulacan. The town is bounded on the north by the municipalities of Angat and Pandi, portion of San Jose del Monte City on the south; Norzagaray and other portions of San Jose del Monte on the east; and the municipality of Marilao and Bocaue on the western side.
According to the 2007 census, it has a population of 205,258 people with a population density of 2,258 person per square kilometer.
Population.
As of August 1, 2007, Eight (8) barangays surpass the 10,000 mark.
Santa Maria has a population growth rate of 5.16% per annum.
Barangay Income.
Income of every barangay in the town of Sta. Maria (as of April 2008)

Winton M. Blount
Winton Malcolm "Red" Blount, Jr. (February 1, 1921 – October 24, 2002) was the United States Postmaster General from 1969-1972. He is also known as the founder and Chief Executive Officer of construction giant Blount International.
He was the last Postmaster who led Post Office as an Executive Department and held cabinet-member rank.

List of sex positions
This list of sex positions is a list of different ways to have sexual intercourse and other sexual acts.
Intercourse.
These positions involve a penis going into a vagina or anus.
On top with front entry.
These positions are used for vaginal or anal sex. The basic position is called the missionary position. In it, the receiving partner lies on his or her back with legs apart. The penetrating partner lies on top of the receiving partner, facing them. The penetrating partner enters so that the base of the penis rubs the clitoris.
From behind.
Most of these positions can be used for either vaginal or anal sex.
The receiving partner is kneeling or on all four limbs. The penetrating partner inserts his penis from behind.
On top.
Most of these positions can be used for either vaginal or anal sex.
The penetrating partner lies on their back. The receiving partner kneels on top of them for the penis to go into the vagina.
Sitting and kneeling.
Most of these positions can be used for either vaginal or anal sex.
The penetrating partner sits down, with their legs stretched out. The receiving partner sits on top and wraps their legs around the penetrating partner. This is called pounding on the spot.
Standing.
Most of these positions can be used for either vaginal or anal sex.
In the basic standing position, both partners stand facing each other and have vaginal sex. The shorter partner can stand on a stair if the partners are different heights. It may be easier if the woman has her back to a wall.
Anal.
Most of the above positions can be used for anal sex.
Outercourse.
Outercourse or frottage is sometimes part of foreplay or to avoid intercourse.
Genital-genital sex.
Genital-genital sex, sometimes called GG rubbing, is when two males rub penises together or when two females rub vulvae together.
Oral sex.
Oral sex is the term given to genital stimulation by the mouth. People may engage in oral sex as part of foreplay before intercourse, or during or following intercourse. It may also be performed for its own sake.
Fellatio.
Fellatio is oral sex. There are several ways to have oral sex.
Cunnilingus.
Cunnilingus is oral sex involving a woman's genitals. There are several ways to have oral sex.
69.
Oral sex between two people at the same time is called 69. Partners can be lying side-by-side, lying one on top of the other, or standing with one partner holding the other upside down.

Richard Bache
Richard Bache (1737–1811) worked for the Postal Service under Benjamin Franklin from 1775–1776, and was Franklin's successor as Postmaster General, serving from 1776–1782 during the Revolutionary War. He also served on the Board of War.
He was born in Yorkshire, England and married the only daughter of Franklin in 1767, after immigrating to New York City in 1765. His wife, Sarah Bache (1743-1808), was widely known for patriotism and benevolent activities.
Their son, Richard Bache Jr., served in the Republic of Texas Navy and was elected as a Representative to the Second Texas Legislature in 1847. Another son was Benjamin Franklin Bache (1769-1798).

Mark Hughes
Leslie Mark Hughes (born November 1, 1963) is a Welsh football manager and former player. He is currently the manager of Manchester City. Hughes played for Manchester United, Chelsea, and Barcelona during the 1980s and 1990s.

Albert Gallatin
Abraham Alfonse Albert Gallatin (January 29, 1761 – August 12, 1849) was a Swiss-American ethnologist, linguist, politician, diplomat, Congressman, and the longest-serving United States Secretary of the Treasury. He was also a founder of New York University.

Henry Dearborn
Henry Dearborn (February 23, 1751 – June 6, 1829) was an American physician, statesman and veteran of both the American Revolutionary War and the War of 1812.
He represented this district as a Democratic-Republican in the Third and Fourth Congresses (1793-1797). In 1801, President Thomas Jefferson appointed him Secretary of War, a post he held for eight years until March 7, 1809.
Legacy.
Lewis and Clark, appointed by Thomas Jefferson, named the Dearborn River in west-central Montana after Dearborn in 1803. Dearborn County, Indiana, Dearborn, Michigan and Dearborn, Missouri were also named for him, as was Fort Dearborn in Chicago, Illinois.
His son, Henry A. S. Dearborn, was a Congressman in 1831-1833.

Robert Smith (cabinet)
Robert Smith (November 3, 1757 – November 26, 1842) was the second United States Secretary of the Navy from 1801 to 1809 and the sixth United States Secretary of State from 1809 to 1811. He was the brother of Senator Samuel Smith.

Caesar A. Rodney
Caesar Augustus Rodney (January 4 1772 – June 10 1824) was an American lawyer and politician from Wilmington, in New Castle County, Delaware. He was a member of the Democratic-Republican Party, who served in the Delaware General Assembly, as well as a U.S. Representative from Delaware, U.S. Senator from Delaware, U.S. Attorney General, and U.S. Minister to Argentina. He was the nephew of Caesar Rodney, the signer of the Declaration of Independence who is depicted on the Delaware state quarter.

Derrick Pierce
Derrick Pierce (born March 1, 1974) is an American porn actor. He began his career in pornographic movies in 2005. Pierce was born in Massachusetts but moved to California at a young age. He grew up in the Sylmar area of the San Fernando Valley.
As of 2008, Pierce has appeared in over 100 movies, including "Chemistry 3" which is a unique reality show type of production, and "Upload", an adult sci-fi thriller. He has worked for just about every company that makes adult movies.
Before he started working in the adult movie industry, Pierce worked as a martial arts instructor in Southern California.
In 2008, Pierce was nominated for "Best Actor", "Best BDSM Release", "Best Couples Sex Scene", "Best Supporting Actor" and "Best Threeway Sex Scene" (twice) in the AVN Awards.

Topher Grace
Christopher John "Topher" Grace (born July 12, 1978) is an American actor. He is best know for playing the main character, Eric Forman, on the long-running Fox sitcom "That '70s Show". Grace also played the villain Eddie Brock, Jr. in the movie "Spider-Man 3.

Mirepoix (cuisine)
Mirepoix () is the French name for a condiment used for cooking. Mirepoix consists of onions, carrots and celery (either common Pascal celery or celeriac). Mirepoix is used in many dishes, such as stocks, soups, stews and sauces. It is used either raw, roasted or sautéed with butter. Mirepoix is known as the holy trinity of French cooking.
These three ingredients are commonly referred to as aromatics. Similar such combinations, both in and out of the French culinary repertoire, sometimes include leeks, parsnips, garlic, tomatoes, shallots, mushrooms, bell peppers, chilies, and ginger. For the combination "mirepoix au gras", or a "Matignon", ham or pork belly are used as additional ingredients. In Cajun cuisine, a mirepoix or trinity is a combination of onions, celery and bell peppers.
They may be used in different combinations, as dictated by the cuisine and the dish itself.
Traditionally, the ratio for mirepoix is 2:1:1 of onions, celery, and carrots. The ratio for bones to mirepoix for stock is 10:1. When making a white stock, or "fond blanc", parsnips are used instead of carrots to maintain the pale color.
Mirepoix derives its name, as many other elements of French cuisine do, from the patron of the chef who established it, in this case one of the house of Lévis, seigneurs of Mirepoix since the eleventh century and a famous name in Languedoc. The particular member of the house of Lévis whose chef is credited by the "Dictionnaire de l'Académie française" with giving a name to an old technique is Charles-Pierre-Gaston François de Lévis, duc de Lévis-Mirepoix (1699-1757), maréchal de France and ambassador of Louis XV.

Béchamel sauce
Béchamel sauce (in English, in French, in Italian), also known as white sauce, is a basic sauce. It can be used to make other sauces, such as Mornay sauce, which is Béchamel and cheese. This basic sauce, one of the mother sauces of French cuisine, is usually made today by whisking scalded milk gradually into a white flour-butter "roux" (equal part clarified butter and flour), though it can also be made by whisking a kneaded flour-butter beurre manié into scalded milk. The thickness of the final sauce depends on the proportions of milk and flour.

American Dad!
"American Dad!" is a American animated television series. It is produced by Underdog Productions and Fuzzy Door Productions for 20th Century Fox Television.
The series was first made by Seth MacFarlane, the creator of "Family Guy", as well as two former "Family Guy" writers, Mike Barker and Matt Weitzman. The first episode aired in the United States on Fox on February 6, 2005, thirty minutes after the end of Super Bowl XXXIX. The regular series began May 1, 2005, after the season premiere of "Family Guy". "American Dad!" follows the events of CIA agent Stan Smith and his family.

Mirepoix (Gers)
Mirepoix is a village in the Gers departement in France. In 1999, 171 people lived there.

Landon Donovan
Landon Donovan is a football player. He plays for Los Angeles Galaxy and United States national team.

Coriander
Coriander, also known as cilantro, is a herb from the "Apiaceae" family. Corianda is originally from the southwestern Asia west to north Africa.

Brad Friedel
Brad Friedel is a football player. He has played for United States national team.

Nílton Santos
Nílton Santos is a former football player. He has played for Brazil national team.

DaMarcus Beasley
DaMarcus Beasley (born May 24, 1982 in Fort Wayne, Indiana) is a American soccer player. He plays for Rangers of the Scottish Football League and United States national team.

Alecko Eskandarian
Alecko Eskandarian is a American football player. He plays for Chivas USA and United States national team.

The Football League 1923-24
Statistics of The Football League in season 1923/1924.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Huddersfield Town won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Leeds United won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Wolverhampton Wanderers won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Portsmouth won the championship.

Football League of Ireland Premier Division 1958-59
Statistics of Football League of Ireland Premier Division in season 1958/1959.
Overview.
It was performed in 12 teams, and Shamrock Rovers won the championship.

Colombian Professional Football 1996-97
Statistics of Colombian Professional Football in season 1996/1997.
Overview.
América Cali won the championship.
Final playoff.
Atlético Bucaramanga: won for Championship final
Championship final.
América Cali won the championship.

Division 1 1965-66
Statistics of Division 1 in season 1965/1966.
Overview.
It was performed in 20 teams, and Nantes won the championship.

Italian Football Championship 1903
Statistics of Italian Football Championship in season 1903.
Overview.
Genoa won the championship.
Final.
Genoa won the championship.

Primera División Argentina 2004-05
Statistics of Primera División Argentina in season 2004/2005.
Overview.
It was performed in 20 teams, and Newell's Old Boys won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 20 teams, and Vélez Sársfield won the championship.

Primera División Argentina 1988-89
Statistics of Primera División Argentina in season 1988/1989.
Overview.
It was performed in 20 teams, and Independiente won the championship.

Primera División Argentina 1989-90
Statistics of Primera División Argentina in season 1989/1990.
Overview.
It was performed in 20 teams, and River Plate won the championship.

Primera División Argentina 1990-91
Statistics of Primera División Argentina in season 1990/1991.
Overview.
It was performed in 20 teams, and Newell's Old Boys won the championship.
Final.
Newell's Old Boys won the championship.

Smash Hits
Smash Hits was a pop music based magazine. It was made for children and young teenagers. The magazine was first published in the United Kingdom. It ran from 1978 to 2006 and was issued fortnightly for most of that time. The name survives as a brand for a related spin-off digital television channel, digital radio station, and website which have survived the end of the printed magazine.

Liga I
Liga I is a football league which is top division in Romania.

Divizia A 1982-83
Statistics of Divizia A in season 1982/1983.
Overview.
It was performed in 18 teams, and Dinamo Bucureşti won the championship.

Battle of the Mediterranean
The Battle of the Mediterranean was the name given to the naval campaign fought in the Mediterranean Sea during World War II.
For the most part, the campaign was fought between the forces of the Italian Royal Navy ("Regia Marina"), supported by other Axis naval forces,
and the forces of the British Royal Navy, supported by other Allied naval forces.
Each side had three overall goals in this battle. The first was to attack the supply lines of the other side. The second was to keep open its own supply lines, the Axis to their own armies in North Africa and the Allies to supply the island of Malta. The third was to destroy the ability of the opposing navy to wage war at sea.
Outside of the Pacific, the Mediterranean saw the largest conventional naval warfare during the war. In particular, Allied forces struggled to supply and retain the key naval and air base of Malta.
Forces.
The Axis forces in this campaign were:-
The Allied forces in this campaign were:-
History.
On 10 June 1940, Italy declared war on Britain and France. On the following day, Italian bombers attacked Malta on what was to be the first of many raids.
The first clash between the rival fleets, the Battle of Calabria, took place on 9 July 1940, just four weeks after the start of hostilities. This was inconclusive (neither side won), and was followed by a series of small ship actions (the battle of the "Espero" convoy, battle of Cape Spada) during the autumn.
In November, the RN mounted an aerial attack on the Italian fleet in Taranto harbour, crippling 3 capital ships and changing the balance of power in the Mediterranean.
Three months later the fleets clashed again at the Battle of Cape Matapan. This was a major Allied victory; 3 Italian cruisers were sunk, and a battleship damaged in a 2-day battle ending in a night action.
Following this the Allies suffered heavy losses in the Battle of Crete, supporting the army when the island was invaded by the Germans.
Following the battle of Crete in the summer of 1941, the Royal Navy got the better of things in the central Mediterranean in a series of successful convoy attacks, ([such as the "Duisburg" convoy and the Battle of Cape Bon) until the events around the First Battle of Sirte and the Raid on Alexandria in December swung the balance of power in the Axis favour.
The Italian Navy's most successful attack was when divers planted mines on British battleships during the raid on Alexandria harbour (19 December 1941). HMS "Queen Elizabeth" and HMS"Valiant" were sunk but later raised and returned to active service.
A series of hard fought convoy battles (Second Battle of Sirte in March, Operations Harpoon and Vigorous in June, and Operation Pedestal in August) ensured Malta's survival, until the Allies regained the advantage in November 1942.
In Sept 1943 with the Italian collapse and the surrender of Italian fleet, naval actions in Mediterranean became restricted to actions against U-boats and by small craft in the Adriatic and Aegean seas.

Pakistan-Saudi Arabia relations
The bilateral relations between the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the Islamic Republic of Pakistan are close and friendly. As two of the world's leading Islamic countries, Saudi Arabia and Pakistan have sought to develop extensive commercial, cultural, religious and strategic relations. A Muslim-majority state, Pakistan has sought to develop close bilateral ties with Saudi Arabia, the largest country on the Arabian peninsula and home to the two holiest cities of Islam, Mecca and Medina and the destination of Muslim pilgrims from across the world.

Pakistan-Turkey relations
Pakistani–Turkish relations are foreign relations between the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and the Republic of Turkey. These relations have been traditionally strong. Both nations maintain extensive cultural, commercial, strategic and military cooperation. Both Turkey and Pakistan are Muslim-majority states and share extensive cultural and geopolitical links. Pakistan's founder Muhammad Ali Jinnah and the former President of Pakistan Pervez Musharraf had expressed a desire to develop Pakistan on the Turkish model of modernism and secularism.

Pakistan-Turkmenistan relations
Pakistan–Turkmenistan relations are the relations between Turkmenistan and Pakistan. Relations between the two countries were established after Turkmenistan became independent from the Soviet Union. Pakistan was one of the first countries to recognise the independence of Turkmenistan in December 1991. Formal diplomatic relations were established on 10th May 1992, close links have been established between the two nations. To celebrate the 10th anniversary of Turkmenistan's independence in 2001 Pakistan issued stamps bearing the flag of Turkmenistan.

Cryptographic hash function
A cryptographic hash function is a transformation that takes an input (or 'message') and returns a fixed-size string, which is called the hash value (sometimes called a message digest, a digital fingerprint, a digest or a checksum).
Functions with these properties are used as hash functions for a variety of purposes, not only in cryptography. Practical applications include message integrity checks, digital signatures, authentication, and various information security applications.
A hash function takes a string of any length as input and produces a fixed length string which acts as a kind of "signature" for the data provided. In this way, a person knowing the "hash value" is unable to know the original message, but only the person who knows the original message can prove the "hash value" is created from that message.
An attacker who can find any of the above computations can use them to substitute an authorized message with an unauthorized one.
Ideally, it should be impossible to find two different messages whose digests ("hash values") are similar; nor would one want an attacker to be able to learn anything useful about a message given only its digest. Of course the attacker learns at least one piece of information, the digest itself, by which the attacker can recognise if the same message occurred (repeated) again.
In various standards and applications, the two most commonly used hash functions are MD5 and SHA-1.
In 2005, security defects were identified showing that a possible mathematical weakness might exist, like attacks, and recommending a stronger hash function.
In 2007 the National Institute of Standards and Technology announced a contest to design a hash function which will be given the name SHA-3 and be the subject of a FIPS standard.

Egypt-Pakistan relations
Pakistan and Egypt (Misr), both being muslim countries, share cordial relations. Both are also members of the OIC (Oraganization of Islamic Conference), as well as "the Next eleven" and "D8".

Data integrity
Simply, data integrity is to make sure that data is "consistent" and "correct".

Cryptosystem
There are two different meanings of the word cryptosystem.
General meaning.
In this meaning, the term cryptosystem is used as shorthand, or as an abbreviation for "cryptographic system". A cryptographic system is any computer system that involves cryptography. Such systems include for instance, a system for secure electronic mail which might include methods for digital signatures, cryptographic hash functions, key management techniques, and so on.
Meaning in the cryptographic community.
In this meaning, a cryptosystem refers to a set of algorithms needed to implement a method of encryption and decryption.
The term "cipher" (sometimes "cypher") is often used to refer to a pair of (encryption/decryption) algorithms. Therefore, the term "cryptosystem" is most often used when the key generation algorithm is important. For this reason, the term "cryptosystem" is commonly used to refer to public key techniques; however both "cipher" and "cryptosystem" are used for symmetric key techniques.
"Cryptographic system" vs. "cryptosystem".
The "Internet Security Glossary" RFC 2828 advises against using the term "cryptosystem", giving the following definitions.

Serpent (cipher)
Serpent is a symmetric key block cipher which was the second finalist in the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) contest after Rijndael. Serpent was designed by Ross Anderson, Eli Biham, and Lars Knudsen.
Serpent has a block size of 128 bits and supports a key size of 128, 192 or 256 bits. The cipher is a 32-round substitution-permutation network operating on a block of four 32-bit words. Each round applies one of eight 4-bit to 4-bit S-boxes 32 times in parallel. Serpent was designed so that all operations can be executed in parallel, using 32 1-bit slices. This maximizes parallelism, but also allows use of the extensive cryptanalysis work performed on DES.
Serpent was widely viewed as a more traditional approach to security than the other AES finalists choosing a larger security margin: the designers estimated 16 rounds to be sufficient against known types of attack, but specified 32 rounds as insurance against future progress in cryptanalysis.
The Serpent cipher has not been patented. It is completely placed in the public domain and can be freely used by anyone.
Rijndael vs. Serpent.
The 32 rounds make Serpent more secure than Rijndael; however, Rijndael with 10 rounds is faster and easier to implement for small Block ciphers and on embedded system. For that reason, Rijndael was selected as the winner in the AES competition.
Security.
The XSL attack, if effective and would weaken Serpent (though not as much as it would weaken Rijndael, which became AES). However, many cryptanalysts believe that if implementations considered to overcome the XSL attack, the XSL attack would be more difficult than a brute force attack.

Pretty Good Privacy
Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) is a computer program that provides cryptographic privacy and authentication. PGP is often used for signing, encrypting and decrypting electronic mails (e-mails) to increase the security of e-mail communications. It was originally created by Philip Zimmermann in 1991.
PGP and other similar products follow the OpenPGP standard (RFC 4880) for encrypting and decrypting data.
OpenPGP.
OpenPGP is on the Internet Standards Track; the current specification is RFC 4880 (November 2007). OpenPGP is still under development and the successor to RFC 2440, which is RFC 4880, has been made a proposed standard. Many e-mail clients provide "OpenPGP-compliant" email security as described in RFC 3156.
The Free Software Foundation has developed its own "OpenPGP-compliant" program called GNU Privacy Guard (abbreviated GnuPG or GPG). GnuPG is freely available together with all source code under the GNU General Public License (GPL) and is maintained separately faraway from several Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs) that interact with the GnuPG library for encryption, decryption and signing functions (see KGPG, Seahorse, MacGPG). Several other vendors have also developed "OpenPGP-compliant" software.

Weak key
In cryptography, a weak key is a key which when used with a specific cipher, makes the cipher behave in some undesirable way, and simplifies breaking (cracking) the ciphertext.
Weak keys usually represent a very small fraction of the overall key space, which means that if someone generates a random key to encrypt a message, it is a rare condition that weak keys will cause a security problem. However, it is considered a good design for a cipher to have no weak keys ("quality chiper"). A cipher with no weak keys is said to have a "flat", or "linear", key space.

XSL attack
In cryptography, the XSL attack is a method of cryptanalysis for block ciphers. The attack was first published in 2002 by researchers Nicolas Courtois and Josef Pieprzyk. It has caused some argument as it was claimed it may break the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) cipher—also known as Rijndael—faster than a brute force attack.
Since AES is already widely used in commerce and government for the transmission of secret and classified information, finding a technique that can decrease the amount of time it takes to break the secret message without having the key could cause wide damage.
In 2004 it was shown by one of the cryptanalysts, that the algorithm does not perform as described in its published paper. In addition, the method requires long effort, which unless shortened, means the technique does not reduce the effort to break AES in comparison to a brute force attack. Therefore, it does not affect the real-world security of block ciphers in the near future. However, the attack has caused some experts to insert complexities in the algebraic simplicity of the current AES.
The XSL attack relies on first analyzing the "internal design" of a cipher then deriving a system of quadratic simultaneous equations. These systems of equations are typically very large, for example 8000 equations with 1600 variables for the 128-bit AES. Several methods for solving such systems are known. In the XSL attack, a specialized algorithm, termed XSL (eXtended Sparse Linearization), is then applied to solve these equations and compute the key.
The attack is well-known and famous for requiring only a handful of known plaintexts to perform; previous methods of cryptanalysis, such as linear and differential cryptanalysis, often require unrealistically large numbers of known or chosen plaintexts, which make them impossible to realize.

Sound the alarm
Sound the alarm is an album released by Saves The Day it was released in April 2006. It is their darkest album, and Chris wrote it about the black clouds in his life, and things that were eating him alive. It beings their trilogy about self discovery
Blasting from the speakers the first words are "burning a door in the back of my mind"

Ennis
Ennis is a town in the Republic of Ireland. It has about 25,000 people living in it. There are people from eastern Europe, Africa and the United Kingdom living in Ennis.
Transport.
Ennis has a bus and railway station.
History.
The town was once small but has grown much because of an economic boom, which has now ended.

Trey Parker
Randolph Severn "Trey" Parker III (born October 19, 1969) is an American animator, screenwriter, film director, voice actor, actor, musician and Academy Award nominated lyricist. He is most noted as one of the creators of the animated series "South Park" along with Matt Stone.

Matt Stone
Matthew Richard "Matt" Stone (born May 26, 1971) is an Academy Award- nominated Emmy Award- winning American animator, screenwriter, director, producer, voice actor, musician and actor. Along with Trey Parker, he is one of the creators of the critically-acclaimed animated television series, "South Park".

Treaty of friendship and alliance between the Government of Mongolia and Tibet
Tibet and Mongolia signed a treaty called the Treaty of friendship and alliance between the Government of Mongolia and Tibet on February 2, 1913, at Urga (now Ulaanbaatar). Today, we are not sure if the treaty can be used or not.
Legal issues.
The Qing Dynasty ended in 1911. After this, both Tibet and Mongolia were independent. Both had a lamaist head of state. The Republic of China did not see them as independent. In the treaty, both Mongolia and Tibet said they would see each other as independent, and help each other in war.
The people who signed for Mongolia were foreign minister Da Lama Ravdan and General Manlaibaatar Damdinsüren. Those who signed for Tibet were Agvan Dorjiev, Chijamts, and Gendun-Galsan, who lived in Tibet. Dorijev was a Buryat, a citizen of Russia. For this reason, the treaty may not be legal. The 13th Dalai Lama denied that he had let Dorjiev sign a treaty with Mongolia. More importantly, neither the cleric nor the Tibetan government have ever signed any treaty. The Russian government said that Dorijev was Russian. He could therefore not act as a diplomat for the Dalai Lama. The Mongolian text of the treaty has been published by the Mongolian Academy of Sciences in 1982.
Most other people did still not see Mogolia or Tibet as independent, they said that these areas belonged to China. Western powers had made treaties with the Qing Dynasty, and China had said it would honour these treaties. If they had recognised either Tibet or Mongolia, these treaties would have become invalid. The main Western powers were the United Kingdom and Russia. Both feared that if they saw the countries as independent, they could come under the influence of the other western powers. In their opinion, that situation was worse than if China controlled both of them, because China was weak.
Solutions.
British negotiators at the Simla Convention heard about the treaty and got very suspicious. They feared that Russia might use the treaty to gain more influence in Tibet.. In the end, China did not sign the Simla Convention. Instead, a very similar treaty was signed by Mongolia, China, and Russia on 25 May, 1915. This treaty was called the tripartite Treaty of Kyakhta. The agreement stated that Mongolia's was completely autonomus in internal matters and that Russia had certain privileges in Mongolia. At the same time it said that Mongolia was in facr a part of China.

Waterford City
Waterford City is a city in the Republic of Ireland. The population in 2006 was nearly 50,000 people. It is the county town of County Waterford. Waterford is the fifth largest city in Ireland. It is also the oldest city in Ireland.
History.
The city was founded in 914 by Vikings. The Normans have also had an effect on the city. During the "Black Plague", a third of the population died.
Transport.
Waterford Airport is a small regional airport.

Dissipation
In physics, dissipation includes the concept of a dynamical system where "important mechanical modes", such as waves or oscillations, lose energy over time, typically due to the action of friction or turbulence. The lost energy is converted into heat, raising the temperature of the system. Such systems are called dissipative systems.
For example, a wave that loses amplitude is said to dissipate. The dissipative nature depends on the nature of the wave: an atmospheric wave, for instance, may dissipate close to the surface due to friction with the land mass, and at higher levels due to radiative cooling.
In computational physics.
In computational physics, a numerical dissipation is also known as "artificial dissipation" or "artificial diffusion" or "numerical diffusion". They all mean this: when the pure advection equation--which, by definition, "is free of dissipation"--is solved by a numerical approximation method that reduces the amplitude and changes the shape of the initial wave in a way analogous (similar) to a diffusional process, the method is said to contain 'dissipation'.
In river hydrology.
In Hydrology, dissipation is the process of converting mechanical energy of downward flowing water into thermal and acoustical energy. Various devices are designed in stream-beds (river-banks) to reduce the kinetic energy of flowing waters to reduce their erosive potential on banks and river bottoms. Very often these devices look like small waterfalls or cascades, where water flows vertically or over riprap to lose some of its kinetic force.

Galway City
Galway is a city in Republic of Ireland. It has a population of over 70,000 people.

Ride The Lightning (album)
Ride the Lightning is the second album by american thrash metal band Metallica. Tt was released on July 27, 1984. It was Metallica's first album with current guitarist Kirk Hammett, replacing Dave Mustaine. Mustaine later formed Megadeth.

Porta Alchemica
Porta Alchemica (English: "alchemical door"), or Alchemy Gate or Magic Portal, is an ancient monument built between 1678 and 1680 by "Massimiliano Palombara" marquis of Pietraforte (1614-1680) in his residence, Palombara villa, located in the east of Rome on the "Esquilino" hill in a position almost corresponding to "Piazza Vittorio", where today was placed. Porta Alchemica is the only survivor of the five gates of the Palombara villa, there was an lost door on the opposite side enabling to give it a date of 1680, there were also four other inscriptions lost on the walls of the mansion inside the villa.
Legend.
According to a legend dated 1802 sent us by the scholar "Francesco Girolamo Cancellieri", a pilgrim "stibeum" (from Latin: "stibium" = antimony) was hosted in the villa for a night. The "pellegrino", identifiable with the alchemist "Giustiniani Bono", stayed for a night in the gardens of the villa in search of a mysterious herb capable of producing gold, the next morning he was seen disappearing forever through the door, but left behind a few flakes of gold fruit of a successful alchemical transmutation, and a mysterious paper full of puzzles and magic symbols that would contain the secret of the Philosopher's Stone.
The marquis had engraved on the five gates of the villa Palombara and on the walls of the mansion, the content of the manuscript with symbols and riddles in the hope that one day someone would be able to them.
History.
The interest of the marquis Palombara for alchemy was born probably on his attendance since 1656, the roman court of queen Christina of Sweden, at "Riario" palace (today "Palazzo Corsini") on the slopes of the "Gianicolo" hill. After the queen converted to Catholicism, abdicated the throne of Sweden and spent much of the rest of his life exiled in Rome from 1655 until her death in 1689.
Queen Christina had an alchemical laboratory in Riario palace attended by people like the esotericists "Giuseppe Francesco Borri", and the learned Athanasius Kircher possessor of the mysterious Voynich manuscript of enigmatic scripture full of magic symbols. According to a legend the same "Porta Alchemica" was built in 1680 as a celebration of a successful alchemical transmutation occurred in Riario laboratory.
Between 1678 and 1680 Borri aka "Giustiniani Bono", collaborated with Athanasius Kircher for construction of Porta Alchemica in Palombara villa. On the door was transcribed the secret formula for producing gold discovery in those years in alchemical laboratory of queen Christina. Because of this revelation the marquis Palombara and Athanasius Kircher were murdered by poison in 1680, probably by the same Borri. The secret of the Philosopher's Stone was lost forever, or perhaps continued to be used by Borri (it's amazing the similarity between portraits of Borri and the mysterious Count of St. Germain).
A mysterious symbol.
The particular drawing on the pediment of Porta Alchemica, with the two triangles overlap and inscriptions in Latin, appears almost exactly the same on the title of the book alchemical "Aureum Seculum Redivivum" of "Henricus Madatanus" aka "Adrian von Mynsicht" (1603-1638). The title page of the original of 1621 is very different, because the design that was inspired the marquis Palombara appears exactly only in the posthumous edition of 1677. The same drawing appear in a bookmark possessed by "Berenger Saunière", who became the parish priest at Rennes-le-Château in 1885. The motto "Aureum Seculum Redivivum" recalled this "Novus Ordo Seclorum" in the Great Seal of the United States, motto also of the Bavarian Illuminati heirs of the 17th century Rosicrucianism.

Springfield, Massachusetts
Springfield is a city in Hampden County, Massachusetts, United States. It is the county seat of Hampden County.

Global apartheid
Global apartheid is a term used to mean the worldwide control of resources, the economy, and government by an ethnic minority. The term comes from apartheid, a governmental system that ruled South Africa in which the Afrikaners, or "whites", controlled most of the resources and where non-whites were denied access to these resources. The term is often used to describe the gap between whites and nonwhites, and global socioeconomic inequality, the existence of which has been proven by statistics. European countries control most of the world's technology and weapons, and 20% of the global population, the richest percentage, take in 71.3% of income. Although most people of the world are not white, thereby making whites a minority, this minority often holds power in society.
The term was famously used by Thabo Mbeki, the then-President of South Africa, in a 2002 speech, drawing comparisons the modern-day status of the world's people, economy, and access to natural resources to the apartheid era.

Baccara
Baccara was a Spanish pop group. They were formed in 1977. It had two members: Mayte Mateos and María Mendiola. They were successful with their first song, "Yes Sir, I Can Boogie". Baccara represented Luxembourg in the Eurovision Song Contest in 1978. They performed "Parlez-vous français?". By about 1981, Baccara fell apart. Both Mateos and Mendiola then began work on music by themselves.

The Big Bang Theory (TV Series)
"The Big Bang Theory" is an American situation comedy created and made by Chuck Lorre and Bill Prady, which was first shown on CBS on September 24 2007. It concerns two 20-something prodigies; a theoretical and an experimental physicist at Caltech, who live across the hall from a blonde waitress with showbusiness aspirations; their geekiness is contrasted to her busy social life.
It is produced by Warner Bros. Television and Chuck Lorre Productions, and recorded in front of a studio audience.

Smilodon
Smilodon was the largest saber-toothed cat (or saber-toothed tiger). It was a fierce predator about 4-5 feet (1.2-1.5 m) long and 3 feet (0.9 m) tall. It weighed about 440 lbs (200 kg). It was a bit smaller than a modern-day lion, but much heavier.
Description.
It had relatively short legs and a short, bobbed tail. Its front legs were especially powerful. Its body was adapted for springing onto prey, but it was not a very fast runner.
When lived.
During the last Ice Age, there were many large, interesting mammals, like the saber-toothed cats, giant ground sloths, mastodons, and mammoths. These animals have long since gone extinct and are known mostly from fossils, frozen, mummified carcasses, and from ancient cave drawings. The pressures of a major climate change probably led to their extinction; human hunting may have made their situation even worse.

The Clash (Album)
"The Clash" is the first album-length recording made by the English punk band The Clash. It was released twice. Both releases are still in print: the original version in 1977 and the changed U.S. version in 1979 (with several post-1977 single sides added to the album).
Track listing.
All tracks were written by Joe Strummer and Mick Jones, except where noted.
Side one.
Tracks 1, 3–4, 6–8 are sung by Joe Strummer. Tracks 2 and 5 are sung by Joe Strummer and Mick Jones.

Give 'Em Enough Rope
"Give 'Em Enough Rope" is the second album by The Clash. It was released in 1978. In the United States, this was their first offical album because it was realsed before the U.S. version of "The Clash"). The album was well liked and got to number 2 in the UK chart, and number 128 in the U.S.
Track listing.
All songs were written by Joe Strummer and Mick Jones, except where noted. All songs were arranged by The Clash. All lead vocals were by Strummer, except "Stay Free" by Jones.

The Daily Show
"The Daily Show" (known currently as "The Daily Show with Jon Stewart") is an Emmy Award winning news parody television program. It airs each Monday through Thursday on Comedy Central in the United States. The half-hour long program was first shown on Monday, July 22, 1996. It was first hosted by Craig Kilborn. Kilborn acted as its anchorman until December 1998. Jon Stewart took over as host in January 1999. Many changes were made to the program at that time. Under Stewart, "The Daily Show" has become more strongly focused around politics and the national media. It is much different to the more character-driven comedy which was shown more during Kilborn's time on the program.

Ritchie Neville
Richard Neville Dobson known professionally as Ritchie Neville (born 23 August, 1979, in Solihull, Birmingham, England) is an English singer. He is best known for being a member of UK boy band Five. Neville attended the private Bromsgrove School in Worcestershire and was taught by Mike Perry.

Five (band)
Five were a British boy band made in 1997 by the same team that formed the Spice Girls, Bob Herbert and his son Chris. Signed by Simon Cowell, they enjoyed fair success worldwide, but particularly in the UK, parts of Europe, Russia, parts of Asia, Brazil, Israel, Australia, New Zealand and USA. They broke up on September 27, 2001, after selling almost 20 million records, and having 11 top ten singles and 4 top ten albums in the UK. The five members were Scott Robinson, Ritchie Neville, Jason 'J' Brown, Richard 'Abs' Breen and Sean Conlon. Four of the five original members briefly reformed the group on September 27, 2006, but only 7 months after announcing a comeback, Five made an announcement by their official website they would again disband.

Secret Diary of a Call Girl
"Secret Diary of a Call Girl" (known on-air before the watershed as "Secret Diary") is a British television drama broadcast on ITV2 starring Billie Piper as "Belle", a high-class London-based call girl. The eponymous call girl is based on the blogs of Belle de Jour.
The first 8 part series began on Thursday 27 September 2007 at 10pm. The second 8 part series began on Thursday 11 September 2008 at 10pm.

ITV2
ITV2 is a 24 hour a day free-to-air entertainment television channel in the United Kingdom owned by ITV Digital Channels Ltd, a part of ITV plc. It started on 7 December 1998, and is available on digital television by satellite, cable, IPTV and terrestrial (Freeview) platforms. It is also available by analogue cable television.

Belle de Jour (writer)
Belle de Jour is promoted as the "pen name" of a former London call girl. Under this name she maintains a successful blog, "Belle de Jour: diary of a London call girl" which by 2003 had been selected by "The Guardian" as its blog of the year and has had two books published in both the UK and US
The name recalls the 1928 novel "Belle de jour" by Joseph Kessel and the 1967 Belle de jour starring Catherine Deneuve, directed by Luis Buñuel.
In French "Belle de Jour" is an expression translating literally as "beauty of [the] day," as opposed to "femme de nuit" or "belle de nuit," women of the night (common references to prostitutes).

Cloth mill Offermann
In the 18th century, the cloth mill Offermann was a brass factory in the German city of Stolberg. It was later changed to cloth mill and then to a restaurant and apartmentbuilding. The changes show the change of economical needs in that city.
History of the building.
The building was founded as a brass factory. In the 18th century, it was one of many brass factories in the city.
At the end of the 18th century, the brass industry in Stolberg lost importance. The building was sold to a clothier of the nearby village of Imgenbroich. He produced cloth for more than 60 years.
At the beginning of the 19th century, the building was used as a restaurant. Some parts of the building were greatly in need of repair.
At the end of the 20th century, major repairs were done to the building. Currently, it is used as an apartment building.

St. Anger
St. Anger is the 8th studio album by american thrash metal band Metallica. It was released on June 5, 2003.

Killing Is My Business... and Business Is Good!
Killing Is My Business... and Business Is Good! is the first studio album by american heavy metal band Megadeth. It was released in June 1985. All of the songs were written by Dave Mustaine except for These Boots.

Dalek
The Daleks are a fictional alien race of mutants from the British science fiction television series "Doctor Who". Daleks are aliens from the planet Skaro, integrated within a tank-like mechanical casing. The creatures are a powerful race who always wanted universal conquest and domination, they have no pity, compassion or remorse (as all of their emotions were removed except hate).
The Daleks are one of the most powerful races ever in "Doctor Who" history and are the Doctor's worst enemies. They cry "EX-TER-MIN-ATE!" when they are about to kill someone. They come in different colours, like bronze, black, red, white, gold, and silver. They first appeared in the first season episode of the series (in "The Daleks") and they were last seen in the two-part episode "The Stolen Earth"/"Journey's End" (2008). They are not robots, but horrible aliens kept in a metal casing, because they became mutated during a war on their planet, Skaro. They were created by an evil scientist named Davros. They can not be easily hurt by guns as their casing reflects the bullets that come from the gun.e created by writer Terry Nation and designed by BBC designer Raymond Cusick. They were introduced in December 1963 in the second "Doctor Who" serial. From their first apperence they were very popular with viewers, was ment that they were in a lot of later serials and two 1960s motion pictures.
The word "Dalek" has been put into the "Oxford English Dictionary" and other major dictionaries; the "Collins Dictionary" defines it rather broadly as "any of a set of fictional robot-like creations that are aggressive, mobile, and produce rasping staccato speech". Although there is no meaning to their name, "Dalek" sounds like the Norwegian word "dårlig", which means "bad" or "evil". It is also a trademark, having first been registered by the BBC in 1964 to protect its range of Dalek merchandise.
The Daleks were on a postage stamp celebrating British popular culture in 1999, photographed by Lord Snowdon.
Physical characteristics.
on the outside, Daleks resemble human-sized salt and pepper shakers who are five to six feet (152 to 183 cm) tall, with a single robotic eyestalk ontop of a turning dome, an exterminator arm which is a energy weapon (or "death ray"), which looks like an long egg beater or the framework of a paint roller, and in some episodes fired a gas and can also be fitted with a projectile weapon; and a telescoping robot plunger shaped arm.
Movement.
Early versions of the Daleks were rolled around on castors or moved by wheels connected to hand cranks by bicycle chains.
Later versions of the prop had more efficient wheels (from shopping carts, according to a Blue Peter episode) and were simply moved by the seated operators' feet, but they remained so heavy that when going up ramps they often had to be pushed by stagehands out of where the camrea could not see. The difficulty of operating all the prop's parts at once contributed to the occasionally jerky movements of the Dalek. The latest model of the costume still has a human operator within, but the movement of the dome and eyestalk are now remotely controlled so that the operator can concentrate on the smooth movement of the Dalek and its arms.
Fictional history.
Dalek history inside the show has seen many changes, which have caused continuity problems. When the Daleks first appeared in "The Daleks", they were presented as the descendants of the Dals, mutated after a brief nuclear war between the Dal and Thal races. However, in 1975, Terry Nation revised the Daleks' origins in "Genesis of the Daleks", where the Dals were now called Kaleds (of which Daleks is an anagram), and the Dalek design was attributed to one man, the crippled Kaled chief scientist Davros.
Instead of a short nuclear exchange, the Kaled-Thal war was portrayed as a thousand-year-long war, fought with nuclear and other weapons causing widespread mutations among the Kaled race. Davros experimented on living Kaled cells to find the ultimate mutated form of the Kaled species and placed the subjects in "travel machines" whose design was based on his own life-support chair.
"Genesis of the Daleks" marked a new era for the depiction of the species, with most of their previous history either forgotten or barely talked about again.
A single Dalek appeared in "Dalek", written by Robert Shearman, which was broadcast on BBC One on 30 April 2005. This Dalek appeared to be the sole Dalek survivor of a Time War that had destroyed both the Daleks and the Time Lords.
The Dalek Emperor returned at the end of the 2005 series, having rebuilt the Dalek race with human subjects; it saw itself as a god, and the new Daleks were shown worshipping it. These Daleks and their fleet were reduced to subatomic particles in "The Parting of the Ways".
The 2006 series finale "Army of Ghosts"/"Doomsday" saw another squad of Dalek survivors from the old Empire, known as the Cult of Skaro, led by a black Dalek named "Dalek Sec", that had survived the Time War by escaping into the Void between dimensions. They emerged, along with a Time Lord prison containing millions of Daleks, at Canary Wharf due to the actions of the Torchwood Institute and Cybermen from a parallel world, leading to a Cyberman-Dalek clash in London. Eventually, the Tenth Doctor caused both factions to be sucked back into the Void. However, the Cult members (Sec, Caan, Jast, and Thay; it is unusual for a Dalek to have a name) survived by "temporal shifting" away. The two-part story "Daleks in Manhattan"/"Evolution of the Daleks" revealed they had escaped to 1930 New York, setting up base in the Empire State Building. Experiments led by Sec attepted to force a Dalek evolution by combining their DNA with that of humans, and he is the first of the new "Human Daleks". However the three remaining Daleks rebelled and destroyed him. The Cult also attempted to create a Human/Dalek hybrid (fully human in appearance but with Dalek minds). This attempt failed after the Doctor interfered. Caan escaped via another temporal shift.
The Daleks returned in the 2008 series' two-part finale, "The Stolen Earth"/"Journey's End", accompanied once again by their creator Davros (now played by Julian Bleach). It is revealved that Dalek Caan had forced himself back into the Time War, even though it was time-locked (the effort rendered him insane), where he rescued Davros; Davros then created a new army of Daleks from his own flesh. The new Dalek army was led by a Supreme Dalek, who kept Davros imprisoned in a "Vault"; Davros said that he and the Supreme Dalek had reached "an arrangement". Davros and the Daleks planned to destroy all creation with a 'reality bomb', which failed due to the interference of the Doctor and his companions, and due to Caan himself who had been manipulating the events unknown to either side. Though the Daleks were destroyed, the fate of Davros and Dalek Caan is unknown.

Rust in Peace
Rust in Peace is the fourth album by American thrash metal band, Megadeth. It was released on September 24, 1990.

Fable II
Fable II is a fantasy role-playing videogame released for Microsoft's Xbox 360 console in 2008. It is the sequel to the original Xbox game, Fable.

Aveyron
Aveyron (Occitan: "Avairon") is a department in the south of France. It was named after the Aveyron river. Its prefecture is Rodez. Its population is about 263,808 (1999).

Bouches-du-Rhône
Bouches-du-Rhône (Occitan: "Bocas de Ròse") is a department in the south of France. It was named after the Rhône River. It is one of the original 83 departments created during the French revolution. The population was 1,835,719 in 1999 and its prefecture is Marseille.

Vocal chords
The vocal chords or vocal folds are two sets of tissue streched across the larynx. They can be places in such a way that they vibrate when air passes through the larynx. This will produce sounds. Humans can use them to produce language.
Men and women have different vocal fold sizes. Adult male voices are usually "deeper' - males have larger folds. The male vocal folds are between 17 mm and 25 mm in length.
The female vocal folds are between 12.5 mm and 17.5 mm long.
Folds are pearly white - females have whiter chords than males.
The difference in vocal fold size between men and women means that their voices have a different pitch. ERach person's voice is differen,t and has a slighlty different pitch. This is caused by genes that influence how the larynx is made.
False vocal folds.
The vocal folds discussed above are sometimes called 'true vocal folds' to distinguish them from the false vocal folds. These are a pair of thick folds of mucous membrane. They sit directly above the true vocal folds, to protect them. They have a very small role in normal speech formation, but are often used in musical screaming and the death grunt singing style. They are also used in Tuvan throat singing.
The false folds are also called vestibular folds and ventricular folds. They can be seen on the diagram above as "ventricular folds".
Unlike the true vocal chords, the false ones grow back copmletely when they are removed by surgery.

Parallel computing
Parallel computing is a form of computation in which many instructions are carried out simultaneously (termed "in parallel"), depending on the theory that large problems can often be divided into smaller ones, and then solved concurrently ("in parallel").
It has been used for many years, mainly in high-performance computing, with a great increase in its use in recent years, due to the physical constraints preventing frequency scaling. Parallel computing has become the main model in computer architecture, mainly in the form of multicore processors. However, in recent years, power consumption by parallel computers has become a concern.
Parallel computers can be classified according to the level at which the hardware supports parallelism—with multi-core and multi-processor computers having multiple processing elements inside a single machine, while clusters, blades, MPPs, and grids use multiple computers to work on the same task.
Parallel computer programs are more difficult to program than sequential ones, because concurrency introduces several new classes of potential software bugs, of which race conditions and dead locks are the most common. however many parallel programming languages have been created to simplify parallel computers programming. But still Communication and synchronization between the different subtasks is one of the most difficulties while achieving good parallel program performance.

Cantal
Cantal (Occitan: "Cantal", "Cantau", "Chantal", "Chantau") is a department in south of France. Its name comes from the Cantal mountain range, some extinct volcanic peaks. Its population is 150,778 (1999) and its prefecture is Aurillac. It is also one of the 83 original French departments created during the French revolution.

Charente
Charente (Saintongeais: "Chérente", Occitan: "T'Charanto") is a department in the west of France. It was named after the Charente river. It is one of the 83 original French departments created during the French revolution. Its population is 339,628 and its prefecture is Angoulême.

Charente-Maritime
Charente-Maritime is a department on the west coast of France. It was named after the Charente river. Its is one of the 83 original French departments created during the French revolution. Its population is 557,024 and its prefecture is La Rochelle.

Optimization (computer science)
In computing, optimization is the process of modifying a system to make some features of it work more efficiently or use fewer resources. For instance, a computer program may be optimized so that it runs faster, or to run with less memory requirements or other resources (see Space-time tradeoff), or to consumes less power.
The "Optimized system" may be a single computer program, a collection of computers or even an entire network such as the Internet.

Pilgrimage of Grace
The Pilgrimage of Grace was a revolt in York, Yorkshire in 1536. People protested against England's break with Rome and the Dissolution of the Monasteries. There were also other specific political, social and economic issues they did not like. Technically the term "Pilgrimage of Grace" only refers to the uprising around York, but sometimes it is used in relation to the risings in general which took place around Northern England; first from Lincolnshire, twelve days before the actual "Pilgrimage of Grace".

Embedded system
An Embedded system is a computer that has been built to solve only a few very specific problems. Very often, such systems must give an answer in a specified time. This is called real-time computing. These computers are usually "embedded", they are parts of different devices. In contrast, a general-purpose computer can do many different tasks depending on programming. Embedded systems control many of the common devices in use today.
Embedded systems use embedded operating systems which are often real-time operating systems. These operating systems are designed to be very compact and efficient, by dropping many functions that non-embedded computer operating systems provide when these functions are not used by the embedded applications they run.
Since the embedded system is dedicated to specific tasks, design engineers can optimize it, reducing the size and cost of the product, or increasing the reliability and performance.
Physically, embedded systems range from portable devices such as MP3 players and digital cameras, to large systems like traffic lights, factory controllers, or the systems controlling nuclear power plants.
Complexity varies from very low, with a single microcontroller chip, to very high with multiple microcontroller units with peripherals and networks mounted inside a large chassis or enclosure.
In general, "embedded system" is not an exactly defined term, as many systems can load and run applications. For example, Mobile devices share some elements with embedded systems — such as the operating systems and microprocessors which runs them — but are not truly embedded systems, because they allow different applications to be loaded and peripherals to be connected like general-purpose computers.
Examples of embedded systems.
Telecommunications systems uses huge amount of embedded systems from telephone switches to mobile phone network.
Computer networking uses dedicated routers and bridges to route data.
Consumer electronics include personal digital assistants (PDAs), MP3 players, mobile phones, video game consoles, digital cameras, DVD players, GPS receivers, and printers.
Many household appliances, such as microwave ovens, washing machines and dishwashers, are including embedded systems to provide flexibility, efficiency and features.
Transportation systems from aeroplanes to automobiles uses embedded systems.
New airplanes contain advanced avionics such as autopilot, inertial guidance systems and GPS receivers.
Various electric motors are using embedded electronic motor controllers.
Automobiles, electric vehicles and hybrid vehicles are increasingly using embedded systems to maximize efficiency and reduce pollution.
User interfaces.
Embedded systems range from no user interface at all — doing only to one job — to complex graphical user interfaces and consoles similar to modern computer with desktop operating systems.
Simple systems.
Simple embedded devices use buttons, LEDs, and small character- or digit-only displays, often with a simple menu system.
In more complex systems.
A full graphical touch screen having buttons with the meaning of the buttons changing with each screen as in smart phones.
CPU platforms.
Embedded processors (CPUs) can be divided into two categories: ordinary microprocessors (μP) and microcontrollers (μC). Microcontrollers (μC) have many more peripherals on chip, reducing the cost and size.
Ready made computer boards.
104 and PC/104+ are examples of available "ready made" computer boards intended for small, low-volume and high-volume embedded systems. These often use DOS, Linux, NetBSD, or an embedded real-time operating system such as OS-II, QNX or VxWorks.
In certain applications, where small size is un-important, the components used may be like those used in general purpose computers. Boards such as the VIA EPIA range help to narrow the gap by being PC-compatible, such boards are highly integrated, physically smaller or have other properties which make them attractive to embedded engineers. The advantage of this method is that low-cost products and components may be used along with the same software development tools used for general software development. Examples of such embedded devices are the ATMs.
ASIC and FPGA solutions.
A common configuration for "very-high-volume" embedded systems is the system on a chip (SoC) which holds a complete system consisting of (multiple) processors, multipliers, caches and interfaces on a single integrated circuit. SoCs can be implemented as an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) or by using a field-programmable gate array (FPGA).
Tools.
As the complexity of embedded systems grows, higher level tools and operating systems are moving toward the embedding industry, example of such systems are the open programming environment including Linux, NetBSD, OSGi or Embedded Java, etc.
Debugging.
Unless restricted to external debugging, the programmer can typically load and run software through the tools, view the code running in the processor, and start or stop its operation. The view of the code may be as assembly code or source-code.
Because an embedded system is often composed of a wide variety of elements, the debugging strategy may vary. For instance, debugging a software- (and microprocessor-) centric embedded system is different from debugging an embedded system where most of the processing is performed by peripherals (DSP, FPGA, co-processor).
An increasing number of embedded systems today use more than one single processor core. A common problem with multi-core development is the proper synchronization of software execution. In such a case, the embedded system design may wish to check the data traffic on the busses between the processor cores, which requires very low-level debugging, at signal/bus level, with a logic analyzer, for instance.
Reliability.
Embedded systems often reside in machines that are expected to run continuously for years without errors, and in some cases recover by themselves if an error occurs. Therefore the software is usually developed and tested more carefully than that for personal computers, and unreliable mechanical moving parts such as disk drives, switches or buttons are avoided.
Embedded software designs.
There are several different types of embedded software designs in common use.
Simple control loop.
In this design, the software simply has a loop. The loop calls subroutines, each subroutine manages a part of the hardware or software.
Interrupt controlled system.
Some embedded systems are mainly interrupt controlled. This means that tasks performed by the system are generated by different kinds of events. An interrupt could be generated for example by a timer in a predefined frequency, or by a serial port receiving a byte.
These kinds of systems have a main loop which runs a simple task, this tasks is not very sensitive to time. Sometimes the interrupt handler adds longer tasks to be executed by the main loop.
Cooperative multitasking.
A nonpreemptive multitasking system which is very similar to the "simple control loop" design, except that the loop is hidden in an API. The programmer defines a set of tasks, each task gets its turn to "run", when it finsh it calls a routine to run the next task.
Unlike "simple control loop" systems, adding new software is easier, by simply writing a new task and adding it to the tasks queue.
Preemptive multitasking or multi-threading.
In this type of system, a certain method is used to switch between tasks or threads based on a timer interrupt. At this level the system is considered to have an "operating system" kernel and can run tasks in parallel.
Because of the complexities of parallel computing, it is common to buy a real-time operating system, allowing programmers to concentrate on embedded applications and devices functionality rather than operating system details.
Microkernels and exokernels.
A microkernel is a logical step up from a real-time operating system. The usual arrangement is that the operating system kernel allocates memory and switches the CPU to different threads of execution. User mode processes implement major functions such as file systems, network interfaces, etc.
In general, microkernels succeed when the task switching and inter-task communication is fast, and fail when they are slow.
Exokernels communicate in a good way by normal subroutine calls. The hardware and software in the system are available to, and extendable by, application programmers.
Monolithic kernels.
In this case, a large kernel with complex capabilities and features is used by the embedded system. This gives programmers an environment similar to a desktop operating system like Linux or Microsoft Windows, and is therefore very good for development; However requires more hardware resources, more expensive, and can be less reliable; because of the complexity of these kernels.
Common examples of embedded monolithic kernels are Embedded Linux and Windows CE.
Additional software components.
In addition to the embedded operating system, many embedded systems have additional upper-layer software components. These components consists of networking protocol stacks like IP, FTP and HTTP, also includes storage features like disk partitioning and Flash memory management systems.

Aladdin (Disney character)
Aladdin () is a fictional character and main protagonist of Disney's "Aladdin" franchise, who first appeared in the film "Aladdin". He is based on Aladdin from "One Thousand and One Nights".

AVN Award
The AVN Awards are movie awards sponsored by and presented by the adult video industry magazine AVN. They began in January 1984.

Airbag
An Airbag is a part of the safety restraint system in cars. Airbags are bags that rapidly fill with air when an accident happens. That way they can prevent injuries that occur because the driver hit a hard object.
An airbag is a useful vehicle safety device. Airbags are used in the world increasingly because in accidents, it can help passengers reduce shock.
When the sensor feels a strong shock, the gas device explodes. This gas fills the bag immediately.
History of airbags.
An American inventor, Dr. Allen S. Breed, then invented and developed a key component for automotive use. Breed Corporation then marketed this innovation first in 1967 to Chrysler. A similar "Auto-Ceptor" crash-restraint, developed by Eaton, Yale & Towne Inc. for Ford was soon offered as an automatic safety system in the USA. The Italian Eaton-Livia company offered a variant with localized air cushions.
The first patent on an inflatable crash-landing device for airplanes was filed during World War II. In the 1980s, the first commercial airbags appeared in automobiles. Since model year 1998, all new cars sold in the United States have been required to have airbags on both driver and passenger sides. To date, statistics show that airbags reduce the risk of dying in a direct frontal crash by about 30 percent. Today, some cars have six or even eight airbags.
How airbags work.
First, moving objects have momentum (the product of the mass and the velocity of an object). If an outside force acts on an object, the object will continue to move at its present speed and direction. Cars consist of several objects, including the vehicle itself, loose objects in the car and, of course, passengers. If these objects are not restrained, they will continue moving at whatever speed the car is traveling at, even if the car is stopped by a collision.
Stopping an object's momentum requires force acting over a period of time. When a car crashes, the force required to stop an object is very great because the car's momentum has changed instantly while the passengers' has not(there is not much time to work with). The goal of any supplemental restraint system is to help stop the passenger while doing as little damage to him or her as possible.
What an airbag wants to do is to slow the passenger's speed to zero with little or no damage. The constraints that it has to work within are huge. The airbag has the space between the passenger and the steering wheel or dashboard and a fraction of a second to work with. Even that tiny amount of space and time is valuable, however, if the system can slow the passenger evenly rather than forcing an abrupt halt to his or her motion.
Motorcycle airbag.
In 2006 the airbag was set up for a motocycle. This was in the Gold Wing by Honda.

Darkly Dreaming Dexter
"Darkly Dreaming Dexter" is a 2004 book written by Jeff Lindsay. It won the 2005 Dilys Award.
The television show "Dexter" was based on the book.

Dearly Devoted Dexter
"Dearly Devoted Dexter" is a 2005 book written by Jeff Lindsay. It is a sequel to the 2004 book "Darkly Dreaming Dexter" which the television show "Dexter" is based on.

Dexter in the Dark
"Dexter in the Dark" is a 2007 book written by Jeff Lindsay. It is the third book in Lindsay's "Dexter" series.

Fucking, Austria
Fucking (; rhymes with "plucking") is an Austrian village in the municipality of Tarsdorf, in the Innviertel region of western Upper Austria.
The village is 33 kilometres north of Salzburg, four kilometres east of the German border and can be travelled to in half an hour by car from the town of Petting, in Bavaria.
History.
Fucking has existed since at least 1070 and is named after a man from the 6th century called Focko. "-ing" is an old Germanic used to describe people as part of their leader; this Fucking means "(place of) Focko’s people." The village has a population of 104.
Fucking's most famous feature is a traffic sign with its name on it, which tourists often photograph. This street sign is often stolen. Significant public funds have been spent on replacing the stolen signs.
In 2004, because many signs had been stolen, a vote was held to change the village name, but the villagers voted not to change. In August 2005, the road signs were welded to a very strong pole. Some signs have been stolen since 2005 but not as many.

Susan Featherly
Susan Featherly (February 5, 1963) is an American actress. She is best known for her appearances in Cinemax television programs and adult movies such as "Kama Sutra" and "Corporate Fantasy". Featherly was born in Syracuse, New York.

Ravenscraig
Ravenscraig is an area of land in North Lanarkshire, Scotland. It used to be the site for steelworks. Ravenscraig used to have the largest steel mill in Western Europe. Ravenscraig was closed in 1992, and is now almost totally demolished.
Ravenscraig is now at the start of a major redevelopment by Wilson Bowden Developments Ltd, Scottish Enterprise and Corus, to create a full new town.
Location.
Ravenscraig is very easy to get to. More than two—thirds of Scotland’s population live within 90 minutes drive.
Located in North Lanarkshire, Ravenscraig is between the towns of Wishaw and Motherwell, who house a population of over 60,000.
Ravenscraig lies only a few minutes drive from both the M74 and the M8 motorways which lead to Glasgow and Edinburgh, Scotland's two largest cities, allowing easy access for commuters and visitors to the area.
History.
Another steel maker, Colvilles, decided to expand their business in July 1954. They were the largest steel manufacturer before World War II.
In 1954, Colvilles began the first stages of development in Ravenscraig. Turning Ravenscraig from an empty field into a site for steelworks. By 1957 most of the machinery was built and by 1959 the full building work was complete.
The closure of Ravenscraig in 1993 was the end of large scale steel making in Scotland; and was the cause of a loss of 770 jobs, and another 10,000 job losses directly and indirectly linked.
Current State.
In its current state, Ravenscraig is one of the largest derelict sites in Europe measuring over 1125 acres in size, an area equivalent to 700 football pitches or twice the size of Monaco.
Future Plans.
After many years of planning, Ravenscraig will be rebuilt by three equal companies: Wilson Bowden Developments Ltd, Scottish Enterprise and Corus and will be one of the largest regenerations in Europe, with 400 acres being developed.
Part of the development will be to create new habitats for the wildlife already living in the area, such as deer, foxes, hares, otters, badgers, watervoles, butterflies and many birds.An "Ecological Clerk of Works" has been appointed to make sure the building works do not affect wildlife.
It is hoped that the £29million redevelopment of the sports complex will be used as training camps for the 2012 London Olympics and the 2014 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow.
There are many people who disagree with the building work. Many local residents and small businesses think that it will take jobs and customers from other towns.
Transport.
As part of the changes, the transport to Ravenscraig will be improved. There will be new transport within walking distance of the new town centre. With new bus services to Glasgow and Lanark. There will be easy access to public transport throughout the site including dedicated business routes. These will link to the public transport network with roads to the Motherwell and Carfin rail stations..
Motherwell FC.
Local press has suggested that the local Scottish Premier League football team, Motherwell Football Club could buy some land in Ravenscraig to build a new football stadium, leaving behind their home of 113 years, Fir Park. Motherwell Chairman, John Boyle has said "No decisions have been taken and we are simply exploring realistic options at this stage."

Ron Wilson
Ron Wilson (b. May 28, 1955) is a former ice hockey player. He is the head coach of the Toronto Maple Leafs. Wilson was born in Windsor, Ontario, Canada. He is a citizen of both Canada and the United States.

Inner core
The inner core is the very center of the planet and is the hottest part of a planet. The inner core was discovered by Inge Lehmann in 1929. Inge Lehmann was studying a large New Zealand earthquake. An earthquake makes vibrations which move across the inside of the Earth. The vibrations that Inge Lehmann was studying from the New Zealand earthquake seemed to be moving across something solid in the center of the planet. She called this the inner core and wrote about this inner core for many years but it was not proven to exist until 1970, when studies were much more exact.
What the inner core is.
The inner core is between 300 and 400 kilometers wide and more than 5,000 kilometers below our feet. It is believed to be made of molten (melted) iron and nickel but the Earth is so heavy that the inner core does not move like a liquid. Scientists believe that the inner core may be hotter than the surface (edge) of the Sun at near 106,000 °C.
Ideas about the inner core.
The inner core was thought to be a type of huge diamond because diamonds are made by huge weight pressing down but studying the way the Earth vibrates shows that the inner core is not as solid as a diamond. There may be smaller diamonds but it is not possible to know because of the huge heat and weight of the world.

Peace Sells... but Who's Buying?
Peace Sells... but Who's Buying? is the second studio album by thrash metal band Megadeth. It was released in November 1986. Dave Mustaine wrote all of the songs except for I Ain't Superstitious.
Track listing.
All songs written by Dave Mustaine, except where noted.

A Huge Ever Growing Pulsating Brain That Rules from the Centre of the Ultraworld
"A Huge Ever Growing Pulsating Brain That Rules From the Centre of the Ultraworld" is a mix of a song by the ambient house group The Orb. The song is about being in love with a beautiful person. The song was at first a Minnie Riperton song called Lovin' You. The Orbs version was first sold in October 1989 and was in the UK Singles Chart in 1990, at number 78.. In April 1991, it was sold as part of the album "The Orb's Adventures Beyond the Ultraworld". The name is taken from a sound effects track from "Blake's 7" on "BBC Sound Effects No. 26 - Sci-Fi Sound Effects" called "The Core, A Huge Evergrowing Pulsating Brain which Rules from the Centre of Ultraworld".
History.
In 1989, The Orb, with Martin "Youth" Glover, developed the musical style of ambient house using samples. The best of their musical work came when The Orb recorded music for John Peel on BBC Radio 1. The song, then known as "Loving You", was made quickly with many sound effects and samples from science fiction radio plays, nature sounds, and Minnie Riperton's "Lovin' You". Before the song was sold by record company Big Life, The Orb changed the name to "A Huge Ever Growing Pulsating Brain That Rules From the Centre of the Ultraworld". After the first week of sale Minnie Ripertons record company forced Big Life to remove her voice from the song. After the first week another singer sang the song.
The Orbs version of the song was 19 minutes long and became number 78 on the UK Singles Chart.

Hermann Carl Vogel
Hermann Carl Vogel (born April 3 1841, died August 13 1907) was a German astronomer. He was born in Leipzig, Kingdom of Saxony.
Vogel was one of the first astronomers to use a spectroscope in astronomy. He used it to read the chemicals on planets far away and to measure the time it takes the Sun to spin. He could read it by measuring the Doppler effect.
In 1882, Vogel became the Director at the Astrophysical Observatory Potsdam and he is best known for some work there in 1890. Vogel found that the colour of some stars changed over time, becoming red and then later becoming blue. His idea was that the star was moving toward and then away from the Earth, and that the colour changes were the because of the Doppler effect. Each of these stars seemed to be orbiting around a hidden star as if they were double-stars but the second star could never be seen, only known by the Doppler effect.
Volgel proved that Algol was a double star that could not be seen (spectroscopic binary star) and it was one of the first of these double stars proven to exist.
Medals of Hermann Carl Vogel.
Parts of space named after Hermann Carl Vogel

Algol
Algol, also known as the Demon Star, is a bright star in the Perseus constellation. It is one of the best known double stars that can only be seen in spectroscopes, the first star of its type discovered, and one of the first variable stars to be discovered before it explodes. Algol is made of three stars (Beta Persei A, B and C) and the brightest is Persei A. These stars partly eclipse each other every 2 days, 20 hours and 49 minutes for 10 hours.

So Far, So Good... So What!
"So Far, So Good... So What!" is the third studio album by thrash metal band Megadeth. It was released on January 19, 1988.

Lissamphibia
The subclass Lissamphibia includes all recent amphibians.
Extant amphibians fall into one of three orders - the "Anura" (frogs, including toads), the Caudata or Urodela (salamanders, including newts), and the "Gymnophiona" or Apoda (the limbless caecilians). Although the ancestry of each group is controversial, all share certain common characteristics, which indicates they evolved from a common ancestor and so form a clade.

Reliant Stadium
Reliant Stadium is a football stadium located in Houston, Texas. It is where the NFL's Houston Texans play their home games. The Arena will also host WrestleMania 25 on April 5, 2009.

Bop It
Bop It is a game made by Hasbro. The first Bop It toy was made in 1996. It had 3 controls - a button in the middle, a handle on the right and a twister on the left. These are nicknamed "Bop It", "Twist It", and "Pull It".
Bop It says one of the nicknames, and the player has to react by "bopping", "twisting" or "pulling" the button, handle or twister.

Shamanism
Shamanism is the name for a number of religious movements. Originally, it was used by Europeans to describe different religious and magical movements they could observe with certain indigenous people in Siberia, from about the 17th century. In the 20th century, the word was also used to describe other, similar movements worldwide.
Shamans play a central role in these movements, as they can be in both worlds, this one, and the world of spirits.
Shamanism is different form animism or animatism. Unlike these, it is not an organised movement.

Jocky Scott
John 'Jocky' Alexander Scott (born January 14, 1948 in Aberdeen) is a Scottish football manager and former player. He is currently the manager of Dundee F.C.

Real-time operating system
A real-time operating system (RTOS; commonly pronounced as "are-toss") is a multitasking operating system designed for real-time applications. Such applications include embedded systems, industrial robots, scientific research equipment and others.
An RTOS simplifies the creation of a real-time applications, but does not guarantee the final result will be real-time; this requires good development of the software.
Real-time operating systems use specialized scheduling algorithms in order to provide the real-time applications. An RTOS can respond more quickly and/or predictably to an event than other operating systems.
The main features of an RTOS are minimal interrupt latency and a minimal thread switching latency.
Examples.
These are the best known, most widely used real-time operating systems. See List of real-time operating systems for a full list. Also, see List of operating systems for all types of operating systems.

Rage
Rage is a Heavy metal band from Germany. They have been playing since 1984. Today only Peavy Wagner is the only member in the band who has been playing since the beginning. At first they were called "Avenger".

Egon Schiele
Egon Schiele (12 June 1890 – 31 October 1918) (, approximately SHEE-luh) was an Austrian painter. He has been seen as an expressionist, but also as part of the art nouveau movement. Together with Gustav Klimt and Oskar Kokoschka he was among the most important artists who contributed to Wiener Moderne. The most important collection of Schiele's work is housed in the Leopold Museum, Vienna.
Shiele died of influenza, aged only 28. He fell prey to the pandemic known as Spanish flu, which kliled between 20 and 100 million people.

Reduced instruction set computer
A reduced instruction set computing (acronym RISC pronounced "risk"), represents a CPU design method to simplify instructions which "do less" but provide higher performance by making instructions execute very fast.
RISC was developed as an alternative to what is now known as CISC. However, there are CPU designs other than RISC and CISC. Some examples are VLIW, MISC, OISC, massive parallel processing, systolic array, reconfigurable computing, and dataflow architecture.
Well known RISC processors include Alpha, ARC, ARM, AVR, MIPS, PA-RISC, PIC, Power Architecture (including PowerPC), SuperH, and SPARC.

Complex instruction set computer
A complex instruction set computer (acronym CISC pronounced "sisk"), represents a CPU design method in which each instructions can execute several low-level operations, such as a load from memory, an arithmetic operation, and a memory store, all in a single instruction. The term is used in contrast to reduced instruction set computer (RISC).
The terms RISC and CISC have become less meaningful with the continued improvements of both CISC and RISC designs and implementations. The first highly pipelined "CISC" implementations, such as Intel 80486 series, supports every instruction that their predecessors did, but achieved "high efficiency" only on a few simple x86 subset (similar to a RISC instruction set, but without the "load-store" limitations of RISC). Modern x86 processors also decode and split more complex instructions into a series of smaller internal "Micro-operations" which can thereby be executed in a pipelined (parallel) fashion, thus achieving high performance on a much larger subset of instructions.
Examples of CISC processors are the 360 (excluding the 'scientific' Model 44), VAX, PDP-11, Motorola 68000 family, and Intel x86 architecture based processors.

Debugger
A debugger is a computer program that is used to test and "debug" other programs, mainly to solve programming bugs.
The same features which makes a debugger useful for solving software bugs allows it to be used as a software cracking tool to crack copy protection and other software protection features.

BBC Radio 5 Live Sports Extra
BBC Radio 5 Live Sports Extra is a digital radio station from the BBC. It is broadcast on digital radio services and digital TV in the UK and Republic of Ireland. It is not available on normal analogue radio. It is also streamed online, however, some events are not available online, or outside the UK.
It is used to provide an additional sports commentary service when the BBC's main sports channel, BBC Radio 5 Live, is already being used.
It has given coverage of Major League Baseball's World Series since 2004.
It is also the digital radio home for Test Match Special - the station provides full commentary without the shipping forecast given by the Radio 4 long wave coverage.
Each year during Wimbledon Sports Extra provides extra court commentary for the first week of the tournament. The station also provides live coverage of the non-final rounds of the other Grand Slam tournaments.
The station first broadcast at 2.30pm on 2 February 2002. Juliette Ferrington introduced the first programme - commentary of a Manchester United against Sunderland football match.

Tropical storm warning
A tropical storm warning is a special kind of weather advisory that is issued by the National Hurricane Center, when tropical storm effects are expected within 24 hours or less. Maritime flags indicate this with two square red flags.

Tropical storm watch
A tropical storm watch is a special kind of weather advisory that is issued by the National Hurricane Center, when tropical storm effects are a possible threat to an area within 36 hours. Tropical storm effects include winds from 39 to 73 mph (35 to 64 knots, 63 to 117 km/h). Maritime flags indicate this with a single square red flag.

Firmware
In computing, firmware is a computer program that is "embedded" in a hardware device, for example a microcontroller. It can also be provided on flash memory or as a binary image file that can be uploaded onto existing hardware by a user. Some firmware can also be modded or changed by some really ordinary computer users through curious tools.
As its name suggests, firmware is somewhere between hardware and software, neither too hard or soft. Like software, it is a computer program which is executed by a microprocessor or a microcontroller. But it is also linked to a piece of hardware and has no meaning without it.
In the past, firmware was stored in ROMs but now it is stored in non-volatile media such as EEPROMs and Flashs.
Firmware in many devices such as routers can now be updated without the need for additional hardware, often by downloading a new version from web to update the device, using instructions provided by the device manufacturer.
The easiest firmware to update is typically the system boot-related firmware, such as the BIOS in PCs. Some devices, such as video adapters and modems, frequently rely on firmware that is loaded by the operating system device drivers, and thus is updated by the operating system not by the user. Some computer viruses and hackers use operating system firmware update facilities to corrupt the firmware. An electronic device is said to be "bricked" if it is unable to start due to firmware issues.

Tropical Storm Edouard (2008)
Tropical Storm Edouard was a tropical storm that formed in the Gulf of Mexico. A weather system became still in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico in early August. An area of low pressure formed along the shear line early on August 2, which slowly became stronger during the next day. It strengthened into Tropical Depression Five, and was named Tropical Storm Edouard on August 3. The tropical storm moved towards the west on August 4. It moved onto land on August 5 on the upper Texas coast, about 40 miles southwest of Port Arthur and moved west-northwest into inland Texas. Edouard died out over land and became a tropical depression late on August 5. The depression turned to the northwest, causing heavy rain in central Texas on August 6.
Preparations and impact.
In preparations for the storm, emergency teams along the Louisiana and Texas coasts became active. The Governor of Texas, Rick Perry, started a disaster declaration for 17 counties in Texas that were in the possible path of the storm. He also activated around 1,200 National Guard troops, a 70 member rescue team, six helicopters, and a team that brings food and water to affected areas. About 200 buses became ready for use in San Antonio and Houston to help in evacuations. Louisiana Governor Bobby Jindal declared a statewide emergency. In Cameron Parish, Louisiana, the Office of Emergency Preparedness started a mandatory evacuation, and Sheriff's deputies put up roadblocks. In the Gulf of Mexico, the Shell Oil company removed about 40 workers from drilling locations.
Storm surge from the storm reached at Freshwater Locks in Louisiana, and also reached at Rollover Pass in Texas. Heavy rain fell along the upper Texas coast. The highest rainfall in Jefferson county from Edouard was from a site along the East Bay Bayou at Jones and Allen. In the Houston, Texas area, of rain faell at the Baytown Emergency Management Center. In central Texas, a cluster of thunderstorms near the center of the storm on August 6 caused of rain near Hamilton, Texas. The strongest winds of at the caused loss of electric power and a few fallen trees.

Immunity Aware Programming
Immunity aware programming is a set of programming techniques used while writing firmware for an embedded system, it is used mainly to overcome random errors that can occur in the CPU program counter or register set, RAM or any other that can cause failure of the "victim" device. Such random errors may be caused by single event upsets, insufficient power, or by strong electromagnetic signals transmitted by some other "source" device.

Discriminant
In algebra, the discriminant of a polynomial, which is equal to zero, with real or complex coefficients is a certain expression in these coefficients of the polynomial if and only if the polynomial has a multiple root (for example, a root with multiplicity greater than one) in the complex numbers.
For example, the discriminant of the quadratic polynomial

Single event upset
A single event upset (SEU) is a change of state caused by a low-energy ions or electro-magnetic or nuclear radiation or any other kind of interferences that can reach (called "strike") a sensitive node in a micro-electronic device, such as in a microprocessor, semiconductor memory, or power transistors. The error in the device output or operation caused as a result of the strike is called an SEU or a soft error. The SEU itself is not considered permanent damage to the transistor's, circuits' or devices'.

Chris Gbandi
Chris Gbandi is a football player. He plays for Haugesund and Liberia national team.

Matthew Wolfenden
Matthew Wolfenden is a football player. He plays for Oldham Athletic.

Arthur Wharton
Arthur Wharton is a former football player.

Hristo Stoichkov
Hristo Stoichkov is a former football player. He has played for Bulgaria national team.

Sandy Martens
Sandy Martens is a football player. He has played for Belgium national team.

The Football League 1924-25
Statistics of The Football League in season 1924/1925.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Huddersfield Town won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Leicester City won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Darlington won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Swansea City won the championship.

Football League of Ireland Premier Division 1959-60
Statistics of Football League of Ireland Premier Division in season 1959/1960.
Overview.
It was performed in 12 teams, and Limerick won the championship.

Colombian Professional Football 1998
Statistics of Colombian Professional Football in season 1998.
Overview.
It was performed in 16 teams, and Deportivo Cali won the championship.
Final playoff.
Deportivo Cali won the championship.

Division 1 1966-67
Statistics of Division 1 in season 1966/1967.
Overview.
It was contested by 20 teams, and Saint-Étienne won the championship.

Italian Football Championship 1904
Statistics of Italian Football Championship in season 1904.
Overview.
Genoa won the championship.
Final.
Genoa won the championship.

Primera División Argentina 1931
Statistics of Primera División Argentina in season 1931.
Overview.
It was performed in 18 teams, and Boca Juniors won the championship.

Divizia A 1983-84
Statistics of Divizia A in season 1983/1984.
Overview.
It was performed in 18 teams, and Dinamo Bucureşti won the championship.

Divizia A 1984-85
Statistics of Divizia A in season 1984/1985.
Overview.
It was performed in 18 teams, and Steaua Bucureşti won the championship.

Divizia A 1985-86
Statistics of Divizia A in season 1985/1986.
Overview.
It was performed in 18 teams, and Steaua Bucureşti won the championship.

Divizia A 1986-87
Statistics of Divizia A in season 1986/1987.
Overview.
It was performed in 18 teams, and Steaua Bucureşti won the championship.

C. B. Fry
C. B. Fry is a former football player. He has played for England national team.

Egil Olsen
Egil Olsen is a former football player. He has played for Norway national team.

Franck Queudrue
Franck Queudrue is a football player. He plays for Birmingham City.

Craig Bellamy
Craig Bellamy is a football player. He plays for West Ham United and Wales national team.

Derlei
Derlei is a football player. He plays for Sporting Portugal.

The Football League 1925-26
Statistics of The Football League in season 1925/1926.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Huddersfield Town won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and The Wednesday won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Grimsby Town won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Reading won the championship.

Football League of Ireland Premier Division 1960-61
Statistics of Football League of Ireland Premier Division in season 1960/1961.
Overview.
It was performed in 12 teams, and Drumcondra won the championship.

Colombian Professional Football 1999
Statistics of Colombian Professional Football in season 1999.
Overview.
It was performed in 16 teams, and Atlético Nacional won the championship.
Final playoff.
Atlético Nacional won for the championship final.
Championship final.
Atlético Nacional won the championship.

Division 1 1967-68
Statistics of Division 1 in season 1967/1968.
Overview.
It was performed in 20 teams, and Saint-Étienne won the championship.

Italian Football Championship 1905
Statistics of Italian Football Championship in season 1905.
Overview.
Juventus won the championship.

Primera División Argentina 1932
Statistics of Primera División Argentina in season 1932.
Overview.
It was performed in 18 teams, and River Plate won the championship.

Divizia A 1987-88
Statistics of Divizia A in season 1987/1988.
Overview.
It was performed in 18 teams, and Steaua Bucureşti won the championship.

Divizia A 1988-89
Statistics of Divizia A in season 1988/1989.
Overview.
It was performed in 18 teams, and Steaua Bucureşti won the championship.

Divizia A 1989-90
Statistics of Divizia A in season 1989/1990.
Overview.
It was performed in 18 teams, and Dinamo Bucureşti won the championship.

Divizia A 1990-91
Statistics of Divizia A in season 1990/1991.
Overview.
It was performed in 18 teams, and Universitatea Craiova won the championship.

Avril Lavigne
Avril Ramona Lavigne Whibley (born September 27, 1984) is a Canadian singer and songwriter. At age 17, she released her first album called "Let Go" in 2002. The other two albums she had released are "Under My Skin" in 2004 and "The Best Damn Thing" in 2007. In 2004, she won a World Music Award for favorite pop/rock artist. She performed the track "Sponge Bob" for "The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie". Avril has French-Canadian grandparents, however, Avril does not speak French. Her first name, Avril, means "April" in French. Her last name, Lavigne, means "The vine" or "The vineyard" in French.
Life.
Avril was born in Ontario on September 27, 1984. She was found in a bookstore while singing songs. She started street performing. Her most famous single currently is "Girlfriend".
In February 2004, she began dating Canadian singer, Deryck Whibley, the lead singer/guitarist of pop punk band Sum 41. On June 27, 2005, Lavigne and Whibley became engaged. Whibley asked Lavigne to marry him by surprising her with a trip to Venice, Italy.
The couple married in Roman Catholic ceremony that began at 5 p.m., July 15, 2006 at a private estate in Montecito, California. Lavigne wore a Vera Wang gown and carried pearl white Australian roses. She was walked down the aisle by her father. The people who came were Steve Jocz and Cone McCaslin from Sum 41, Matthew Lavigne (Avril's older brother), and Sum 41's close friend Robb Dipple. Avril's younger sister Michelle Lavigne was one of Avril's bridesmaids. She likes the colours hot pink and black. The song "Iris" by the Goo Goo Dolls was played as their wedding song. When asked if they were ready for children they said "not right now, but somewhere down the road."
Before Let Go.
In 1999, Avril won a competition to sing with Shania Twain in Ottawa, Canada. She debuted when a recording artist saw her singing country songs in a book store.
Let Go.
In June 2002, Avril released her first album, "Let Go". It got to number one in Canada, Australia and the United Kingdom, and number two in the United States. Two months later, she won an award for the music video "Complicated", the first single off "Let Go". She made her breakthrough with "Complicated", "Sk8er Boi" then "Don't Tell Me" and the first two singles off "Let Go" both entered the top 10 in the music charts. The next February, she was nominatedd for 5 Grammy Awards, but won none.
Under My Skin.
In May 2004, her second album, "Under My Skin" was released. The next night, on "Total Request Live", she gave the middle finger to journalists after being asked for her opinions of the media, later followed by other times where she was rude and violent. Lavigne and Matthew Gerard also wrote the song "Breakaway", which became a hit for Kelly Clarkson. Lavigne also went on a tour to promote "Under My Skin" called "Live and By Surprise". The place where she was going to play was not announced until a couple days before the show. She also went on tour in 2005.
The Best Damn Thing.
In April 2007, her third album, "The Best Damn Thing" was released. The album was the first to carry the parental advisory sticker due to repeated use of swear words. Avril described the album as "fast, fun, young, bratty, aggressive, confident, cocky in a playful way... all the good stuff." "Girlfriend", the first single from the album, got to number one in seven countries. She was sued because the band The Rubinos had a song called "I Wanna Be Your Boyfriend." Avril sang in "Girlfriend": "I want to be your girlfriend," which is different to and saying "I want to" not "I wanna." She then went on a world tour, known as "The Best Damn Tour".
Music airings.
Lavigne used to be a common favourite for public radio shows. When her songs started getting too profane they stopped airing it completely sometimes, such as Radio Disney. "My Happy Ending" contained the word "shit", though it still aired because the word was edited into "stuff". "Girlfriend", a rather popular song only appeared on YouTube and her album because it contained the words "motherfucking", "hell", and "damn". Many other songs were either edited or never released on the radio.

Hannibal Lecter
Doctor Hannibal Lecter is a fictional serial killer. He is a character in many books by the crime drama writer Thomas Harris. Many of these books have been made into movies. Lecter is a cannibal. He eats other people. Anthony Hopkins is the actor most well know for playing Lector. He did so in the three movies. In 1992, he won the Academy Award and BAFTA Film Award for Best Actor for playing Lecter in the 1991 movie version of "The Silence of the Lambs".
"Silence of the Lambs".
Lecter was first writen about in Harris' novel "The Silence of the Lambs". This book became which became very popular. The book is about an FBI agent named Clarice Starling. Starling is trying to catch a serial killer, named "Buffalo Bill". Buffalo Bill killed his victims and removed their skin. Starling goes to the prison where Lecter is at to talk to him. She tried to understand the mind of a serial killer. She things this will help her catch Buffalo Bill. In the end, Starling catches "Bill", but Lecter escapes from prison.
"Hannibal".
Harris' next novel was "Hannibal". It was a sequel to "Silence of the Lambs". The book told the story about what happened to Hannibal Lecter after he escaped from prison. Lector was hiding in France. He used a false name and driver's license so he would not be caught. The book is about a victim of his, named Mason Verger. Verger survived when Lecter tried to eat his face. He now wants to get revenge on Lector. Mason Verger captures Lecter. He tries to kill him with attack hogs, but Lecter escapes. Lecter was played by Hopkins in the 2001 movie.
"Red Dragon".
"Red Dragon" was the third novel in the series. The story takes place before "Silence of the Lambs". It shows Lecter committing the crimes that got him in prison in the first place. These include stalking, killing, and eating his victims. It also shows him helping a policeman named Will Graham. Graham is trying to catch another killer named Francis Dolarhyde. Lector is helping him in the same way that he did Starling in "Silence of the Lambs"). Two movies were made based on this book. "Manhunter" (1986) starred Brian Cox as Lecter. "Red Dragon" (2002) starred Hopkins
"Hannibal Rising".
The final book in the series was "Hannibal Rising". It shows Lecter as a child. It tries to explain why he is a murderous cannibal. The critics did not like "Hannibal Rising" as much as they liked the first three books. This was mainly because people thought that the was unrealistic. They also felt it was not true to the characters. Thomas Harris has said in many interviews that he only wrote the book because he was afraid that someone else would write a book about Lecter as a child. He wanted to do it himself so no one else could. The 2007 movie based on the book starred Aaran Thomas (Lecter - age 8) and Gaspard Ulliel as Lecter.
Impact on popular culture.
The character of Hannibal Lecter has become very popular in American culture. This is mainly because he is so scary. Lecter is often thought to be one of the best movie villains of all time, next to Freddy Krueger and Norman Bates. AFI listed him at #1 on their list "Top 50 Movie Villians of All Time"

Asuncion
Asunción (full name: Nuestra Señora Santa María de la Asunción), is the capital city and largest city of Paraguay. The city has more than 1.2 million inhabitants, and the metropolitan area has more than 1.8 million inhabitants.
The Spanish word "asunción" means "assumption" in English. It refers to the Assumption of Mary; the full name means "Our Lady, Holy Mary of the Assumption".

Predestination
Predestination is a religious concept, which is about the relationship between God and His creation. The religious character of predestination distinguishes it from other ideas about determinism and free will. Those who believe in predestination, such as John Calvin, believe that before the creation God determined the fate of the universe throughout all of time and space.
Contrasted with other kinds of determinism.
Predestination: The Divine foreordaining or foreknowledge of all that will happen; with regard to the salvation of some and not others. It has been particularly associated with the teachings of St. Augustine of Hippo and of John Calvin.
Hinduism.
In Hinduism, which consists of four schools, predestination does not play an important role, as most followers believe in karma, associated with free will. However, in the Dvaita school of Vaishnavism, the philosopher Madhvacharya believed in a similar concept.

Nightmare on Elm Street
Nightmare on Elm Street is a horror movie released in the US in 1984. The film was directed by Wes Craven. It is about five teenagers who are followed in their dreams by the ghost of a serial killer named Freddy Krueger.
Actor Johnny Depp had his first movie role in "Nightmare on Elm Street".

Gladioli
"Gladiolus" (from Latin, the diminutive of "gladius", a sword) is a genus of flowering plants in the iris family (Iridaceae). Sometimes called the sword lily, the most widely-used English common name for these plants is simply gladiolus (plural gladioli, gladioluses or sometimes gladiolas).
Description.
The genus "Gladiolus" contains about 260 species, of which 250 are native to sub-Saharan Africa, mostly South Africa. About 10 species are native to Eurasia. There are 160 species of "Gladiolus" endemic in southern Africa and 76 in tropical Africa. The species vary from very small to the spectacular giant flower spikes in commerce.
These attractive, perennial herbs are semihardy in temperate climates. They grow from rounded, symmetrical corms, that are enveloped in several layers of brownish, fibrous tunics.
Their stems are generally unbranched, producing 1 to 9 narrow, sword-shaped, longitudinal grooved leaves, enclosed in a sheath. The lowest leaf is shortened to a cataphyll. The leaf blades can be plane or cruciform in cross section.
The fragrant flower spikes are large and one-sided, with secund, bisexual flowers, each subtended by 2 leathery, green bracts. The sepals and the petals are almost identical in appearance, and are termed tepals. They are united at their base into a tube-shaped structure. The dorsal tepal is the largest, arching over the three stamens. The outer three tepals are narrower. The perianth is funnel-shaped, with the stamens attached to its base. The style has three filiform, spoon-shaped branches, each expanding towards the apex.
The ovary is 3-locular with oblong or globose capsules, containing many, winged brown, longitudinally dehiscent seeds. In their center must be noticeable the specific pellet like structure which is the real seed without the fine coat. In some seeds this structure is wrinkled and with black color. These seeds are unable to germinate.
These flowers are variously colored, pink to reddish or light purple with white, contrasting markings, or white to cream or orange to red.
The South African species were originally pollinated by long-tongued anthrophorine bees, but some changes in the pollination system have occurred, allowing pollination by sunbirds, noctuid and sphingid moths, long-tongued flies and several others. In the temperate zones of Europe many of the hybrid large flowering sorts of gladiolas can be pollinated by small well-known wasps. Actually, They are not very good pollinators because of the large flowers of the plants and the small size of the wasps. Another insect in this zone which can try some of the nectar of the gladioli is the best-known European Hawk-moth "Macroglossum stellatarum" which usually pollinates many famous garden flowers like "Petunia", "Zinnia", "Dianthus" and others.
Gladioli are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including the Large Yellow Underwing.

Feathertail Glider
The Feathertail Glider ("Acrobates pygmaeus"), also known as the Pygmy Gliding Possum, Pygmy Glider, Pygmy Phalanger and Flying Mouse, is the world's smallest gliding mammal, and is named for its long feather-shaped tail. Although only the size of a very small mouse (65 to 80 mm and 10 to 14 g), it can leap and glide long distances from tree to tree, up to 25 metres. Like other gliding mammals, the Feathertail Glider has a skin membrane between the fore and hind legs; thicker than that of the other marsupials like the Sugar Glider, but smaller in proportion, extending only between the elbows and knees.

Sugar Glider
The Sugar Glider ("Petaurus breviceps") is a small marsupial originally native to eastern and northern mainland Australia, New Guinea, and the Bismarck Archipelago, and introduced to Tasmania.
Introduced into the United States approximately 15 years ago as domesticated housepets, Sugar Gliders are an extremely popular companion pet.
According to a recent 2007 study conducted by the American Veterinary Medicine Association (AVMA), it is estimated that American families have 1.1 million domestic Sugar Gliders in their homes; placing them between hamsters (1.2 million) and Guinea Pigs (1 million) in commonality as a household pet.

Bismarck Archipelago
The Bismarck Archipelago is a group of islands off the northeastern coast of New Guinea in the western Pacific Ocean and part of Papua New Guinea.
History.
The first inhabitants of the Archipelago arrived around 33,000 years ago after sailing from what is now Papua New Guinea. Later arrivals included the Lapita people.
The first European to visit these islands was Dutch explorer Willem Schouten in 1616.
The islands remained unsettled by western Europeans until they became part of the German protectorate of German New Guinea in 1884. The area was named in honour of the German chancellor Otto von Bismarck.
On 13 March 1888, a volcano erupted on Ritter Island causing a megatsunami. Almost 100% of the volcano fell in to the ocean leaving a small crater lake.
Following the outbreak of World War I, the Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force seized the islands in 1914 and Australia later received a League of Nations mandate for the islands. They remained under Australian control — interrupted only by Japanese occupation during World War II — until Papua New Guinea became independent in 1975.

Legal precedent
In common law legal systems, a precedent or authority is a legal case establishing a principle or rule that a court or other judicial body adopts when deciding subsequent cases with similar issues or facts.
Description.
The precedent on an issue is the collective body of judicially announced principles that a court should consider when interpreting the law. When a precedent establishes an important legal principle, or represents new or changed law on a particular issue, that precedent is often known as a landmark decision.
Precedent is central to legal analysis and rulings in countries that follow common law like the United Kingdom and Canada (except Quebec). In some systems precedent is not binding but is taken into account by the courts.
Binding precedent.
Precedent that must be applied or followed is known as "binding precedent" (alternately "mandatory precedent", "mandatory" or "binding authority", etc.). Under the doctrine of "stare decisis", a lower court must honor findings of law made by a higher court that is within the appeals path of cases the court hears. In the United States state and federal courts, jurisdiction is often divided geographically among local trial courts, several of which fall under the territory of a regional appeals court, and all regional courts fall under a supreme court. By definition decisions of lower courts are not binding on each other or any courts higher in the system, nor are appeals court decisions binding on each other or on local courts that fall under a different appeals court. Further, courts must follow their own proclamations of law made earlier on other cases, and honor rulings made by other courts in disputes among the parties before them pertaining to the same pattern of facts or events, unless they have a strong reason to change these rulings.
In extraordinary circumstances a higher court may overturn or overrule mandatory precedent, but will often attempt to distinguish the precedent before overturning it, thereby limiting the scope of the precedent in any event.
Persuasive precedent.
Precedent that is not mandatory but which is useful or relevant is known as "persuasive precedent" (or "persuasive authority" or "advisory precedent"). Persuasive precedent includes cases decided by lower courts, by peer or higher courts from other geographic jurisdictions, cases made in other parallel systems (for example, military courts, administrative courts, indigenous/tribal courts, State courts versus Federal courts in the United States), and in some exceptional circumstances, cases of other nations, treaties, world judicial bodies, etc.
In a case of first impression, courts often rely on persuasive precedent from courts in other jurisdictions that have previously dealt with similar issues. Persuasive precedent may become binding through the adoption of the persuasive precedent by a higher court.
Custom.
Long-held custom, which has traditionally been recognized by courts and judges, is the first kind of precedent. Custom can be so deeply entrenched in the society at large that it gains the force of law. There need never have been a specific case decided on the same or similar issues in order for a court to take notice of customary or traditional precedent in its deliberations.
Case law.
The other type of precedent is case law. In common law systems this type of precedent is granted more or less weight in the deliberations of a court according to a number of factors. Most important is whether the precedent is "on point," that is, does it deal with a circumstance identical or very similar to the circumstance in the instant case? Second, when and where was the precedent decided? A recent decision in the same jurisdiction as the instant case will be given great weight. Next in descending order would be recent precedent in jurisdictions whose law is the same as local law. Least weight would be given to precedent that stems from dissimilar circumstances, older cases that have since been contradicted, or cases in jurisdictions that have dissimilar law.
Academic study.
Precedents viewed against passing time can serve to establish trends, thus indicating the next logical step in evolving interpretations of the law. For instance, if immigration has become more and more restricted under the law, then the next legal decision on that subject may serve to restrict it further still.
Scholars have recently attempted to apply network theory to precedents in order to establish which precedents are most important or authoritative, and how the court's interpretations and priorities have changed over time.
Super stare decisis.
Super-stare decisis is a term used for important precedent that is resistant or immune from being overturned, without regard to whether correctly decided in the first place. It may be viewed as one extreme in a range of precedential power, or alternately, to express a belief, or a critique of that belief, that some decisions should not be overturned.
In 1976, Richard Posner and William Landes coined the term "super-precedent," in an article they wrote about testing theories of precedent by counting citations. Posner and Landes used this term to describe the influential effect of a cited decision. The term "super-precedent" later became associated with different issue: the difficulty of overturning a decision. In 1992, Rutgers professor Earl Maltz criticized the Supreme Court's decision in "Planned Parenthood v. Casey" for endorsing the idea that if one side can take control of the Court on an issue of major national importance (as in "Roe v. Wade"), that side can protect its position from being reversed "by a kind of super-stare decisis."
The issue arose anew in the questioning of Chief Justice John G. Roberts and Justice Samuel Alito during their confirmation hearings before the Senate Judiciary Committee. Before the hearings the chair of the committee, Senator Arlen Specter of Pennsylvania, wrote an ed in the "New York Times" referring to "Roe" as a "super-precedent." He mentioned the concept (and made seemingly humorous references to "super-duper precedent") during the hearings, but neither Roberts nor Alito endorsed the term or the concept.

Ford Escort (Europe)
"For the North American Ford Escort, see Ford Escort (North America). For the 1950s Ford Escort estate car, see Ford Squire.
The European Ford Escort was a car made by Ford Motor Company from 1968 through 2000. In UK the Four-door saloon and the Three-door hatchback was discontinued in 1998
Replacement and discontinuation.
Ford launched the Focus in 1998. It was supposed to replace the Escort, which was now 30 years old. However, the Escort wasn't properley discontinued until the first years of the 21st century.
Generations.
This shows how the Ford Escort has changed each generation.

Ford Fiesta
Ford Fiesta is a car made by Ford Motor Company from 1976 to the present day. It is currently in its seventh generation.
Generations.
This shows how the Ford Fiesta has changed each generation.

Ford Fusion (Europe)
The European Ford Fusion is a car made by Ford Motor Company from 2002 to the present day. It is sold in Europe.

Ford Galaxy
Ford Galaxy is a car produced by Ford Motor Company from 1995 to the present day. It is currently in its third generation.

Ford C-Max
Ford C-Max is a car produced by Ford Motor Company from 2003 to the present day. It had a facelift in 2007.

Ford S-Max
Ford S-Max is a car produced by Ford Motor Company from 2006 to the present day.

Ford Puma
Ford Puma was a car produced by Ford Motor Company from 1997 through 2002.

Kilkenny
Kilkenny, (), is the county town of County Kilkenny in Ireland. It is situated on both banks of the River Nore, at the centre of County Kilkenny in the province of Leinster in the south-east of Ireland. Kilkenny City is administered by a borough council and has a Mayor. The majority of the population of Kilkenny City live outside the borough boundary. It is the smallest city in the country, with only 25,000 people living here.
From being founded by the church, Kilkenny was the ancient capital of the kingdom of Ossory. The town was established, then a city, in 1609 by royal charter. Kilkenny was the capital of Confederate Ireland between 1642 and 1649. The seat of the Roman Catholic Bishop of Ossory and the Church of Ireland Bishop of Cashel and Ossory are in Kilkenny.
Kilkenny is famous for its medieval building and castle. The town has been referred to as the "Marble City" for centuries. People from Kilkenny are often referred to as 'Cats'.

Ford Cougar
Ford Cougar was a car produced by Ford Motor Company from 1998 through 2002.

Ford Kuga
Ford Kuga is a car produced by Ford Motor Company from 2008 to the present day.

Ford Transit
Ford Transit is a van produced by Ford Motor Company from 1965 to the present day. It is currently in its seventh generation.
Taunus Transit.
The first van to wear the Transit badge was the Taunus Transit. It was produced in Germany. It gained this name in 1961, eight years after it was introduced in 1953. It was not sold in the UK. Production of it ceased in 1965.
Transit Connect.
A compact van produced by Ford, the Transit Connect is also available. It is built in Turkey. It replaced the Escort van in 2002.
Tourneo.
A leisure version of the Transit, the Tourneo, is also available. A leisure version of the Transit Connect, the Tourneo Connect made too. Despite its name, it is completely different model to the Connect.

Citroen XM
Citroen XM was a car produced by Citroen from 1989 through 2000.
C6.
Citroen hoped that the C6 would replace the XM after its proposed discontinuation in 2000. However, the first C6 did not roll off the production line until 2006.

Citroen Xantia
Citroen Xantia was a car produced by Citroen from 1993 through 2001.

Gaeltacht Quarter
The Gaeltacht Quarter in Belfast, Northern Ireland, is an area around the Falls Road in the west of the city. A Gaeltacht is an area where the Irish language is most often spoken. The area aims to bring interest to the Irish language and tourist attractions related to it, as well as Irish culture.
Plans for a gaeltacht quarter in Belfast began in 2002, as a recommendation of the Joint West Belfast/Greater Shankill Task Force. The plan was then adopted by the Department of Culture, Arts and Leisure and Belfast City Council.
Important areas and events in the quarter include the An Cúlturlann arts centre, Conway Mill and the Féile an Phobail.

Belfast Quarters
The Quarters do not evenly divide the city into four and not all of Belfasts centre is part of a Quarter. Instead, each Quarter has something important in its history and locale, and the "Quarter" names were given in 2001.

Citroen Xsara
Citroen Xsara was a car produced by Citroen from 1997 through 2005. An MPV version, the Xsara Picasso was launched in 1999 and is still running.

Helsinki Olympic Stadium
Helsinki Olympic Stadium (or Olympiastadion) is a sports stadium located in the capital of Finland, Helsinki. The 1952 Winter Olympics took place in the stadium. It is also home to Finland's national football team.

Citroen Berlingo
Citroen Berlingo is a car and van produced by Citroen since 1996. It is currently in its second generation.
Berlingo Multispace.
The leisure version of the Berlingo is called the Berlingo Multispace.

DAX
The DAX is a stock exchange in Frankfurt, Germany. In German DAX stands for "Deutscher Aktien Index" (in English: German stock index). 30 companies are in this exchange.

Peugeot Partner
Peugeot Partner is a car and van produced by Peugeot since 1996. It is currently in its second generation.
Partner Combi and Partner Tepee.
The First generation of the lesuire version was known as the Partner Combi. The Second Generation one is known as the Partner Tepee.

Westminster Under School
Westminster Under School is a private preparatory school for boys aged 7 to 13 and is part of Westminster School in London.
The school was founded in 1943 in the buildings of Westminster School in Little Dean’s Yard, just behind Westminster Abbey. In 1951 the Under School relocated to its own site in Eccleston Square. Due to rising numbers of pupils in the 1960s and 1970s, the school moved again in 1981 to its present site (which was a former hospital) next the Westminster School playing fields in Vincent Square. There are 267 pupils attending the school. The school has a strong musical tradition and provides choristers for St Margaret's Church, London.
Most boys attending the school move on to Westminster School after the completion of either Common Entrance or Scholarship examinations (The Challenge), although a number of boys each year go onto other schools, most often either Eton or Harrow.
The Master is Mr J. P. Edwards; the Deputy Master is Mr D. Bratt. There are currently 39 members of staff.
The school fees for 2008-9 are £4412 pre term.

Furby
A Furby (plural Furbies, according to Tiger. Co.) is a popular electronic owl-like creature that was made by Tiger Electronics that went through a time of being the "must-have" toy following its launch in the winter holiday season of 1998, with continuing sales until 2000. Furbies sold 1.8 million units in 1998, 14 million units in 1999, and altogether in its three years of original production, Furby sold over 40 million units, and its speaking capabilities were translated into 24 languages. A video game of the furbies was released in 1998 by Hasbro Interactive with many activities. Furbies were the first successful attempt to produce and sell a programed robot. In 2005, new Furbies were released, with voice-recognition and more complex facial movements, among many other changes and improvements. There was a common mistake that they repeated words that were said around them. This belief most likely came from the fact that it is possible to have the furby say certain pre-programmed words or phrases more often by petting it whenever it said these words. As a result of this myth, several intelligence agencies banned them from their offices.
Birth of the Furby.
In look, the Furby looks like a gremlin (before being fed after midnight). David Hampton and Caleb Chung created the Furby in about nine months (in addition to an additional nine months spent designing the toy). That was the amount of time between Tiger Electronics showing an interest in his interactive creatures, during which Roger Schiffman bought the rights to it, and the time they hit store shelves. Furby's first public appearance was at the International Toy Fair in 1998. Furbys originally retailed for about US$35, and upon release Furbys flew off the shelves in toyshops. The demand for these toys during the 1998 holiday season drove the resale price over US$100 and sometimes as high as several hundred dollars. Furbies sold for over US$300 in newspapers and in auctions. Nicknames were given to them, and sellers gave values to them. Some people continue to call their Furbies by the terms 'wedding Furby', 'tuxedo Furby', 'snowball Furby', 'biker Furby', and others. All, of course, were named rare by sellers, because they were so hard to find at the time. In a sure display of the demand for even one Furby, some sellers at the time scammed people out of a lot of money, without even having first given them a Furby. Parent battles, arguments, and fights grew higher at the popularity of them, and when retail supplies ran out, parents turned to the Internet, where Furbies could be purchased for two, three, or more multiples of their retail price. This action led to many parents ending up on eBay.
Revival.
In 2005 Furby were re-introduced with the release of the new Emoto-Tronic Furby. The highly growing emotional realism of the Emoto-Tronic Furby has given birth to a number of Furby-like special interest groups. These communities want to bring features of the Furby experience into human society. The most visible of these groups include Furbish-to-English translators and Furby adoption agencies.
Classic Furbies.
The original Furbies were 6 inches (15 cm) tall. The main reason for their popularity was because of apparent "intelligence", reflected in their ability to develop language skills. Furbies can communicate with one another via an infrared port located between their eyes.
A simple electric motor and a system of camras and gears close the Furby's eyes and mouth, raise its ears, and lift it off the ground in a "faux" display of mobility. The originals are still popular with many hackers as they can be dissected and made or changed to do other interesting things, including being able to say something insluting or humorous, like "Shut up". In particular, they can be to do things their advanced audio capabilities and various sensory interfaces make them popular with the circuit bending community.
Furby Babies.
In 1999, the Furby Babies line was introduced. Furby Babies are smaller than the original, have higher voices, and can't dance, but switch to speaking English more quickly. They also have bigger vocabulary, and different "Easter Eggs" and "games" built into them. Baby furbies come in 24 different colors. All with white eye lashes, six different eyecolors.
Furby Friends.
Book Furbies were also released, including an interactive Furby-like Gizmo, from the movie Gremlins, a Furby-like Interactive Yoda based on the Star Wars character, and a Furby-like Interactive E.T. from the movie of the same name. Another 'friend of furby', called Shelby, is similar to Furby, but looks like a clam, has alots of improvement in memory, and has a different personality; it was released in 2001 and can communicate with the original Furbies and Furby Babies. They also have sensors that can sense loud sounds, they can sense being upside down (they say things like "Shiver me timbers" and "Walk the plank", in the style of a pirate ship captain, when you leave them upside-down for a long period of time), and they laugh when you "tickle" them (their antennae - or "tennies", as they like to call them). They also purr when you "pet" them. You can feed them by sticking your finger in their mouth. Similarly, Shelbys don't have their own names, unlike the classic Furbies. Shelbys are also capable of knowing if it is talking to a Furby or another Shelby, saying phrases such as "Where's Furby?" - though they can't tell the difference between a Furby and a Furby Baby - they just think it's a Furby. In addition to English, Shelbys also know some Furbish words and also have their own language called "Shelbish."
Emoto-Tronic Furby.
The latest kinds of Furby were released in August 2005. Larger than the other ones, the new Furbies have been upgraded with a more emotional face and a voice recognition system, letting them communicate with humans. Unlike the Furbies originally released, just one order is necessary to make them 'sleep', and they have an off switch. They can communicate with other types of Emoto-tronic Furbies, though to a smaller amont than the communication between original Furbies, and they can't themselves communicate with the original Furbies. They also don't have light sensors and basic motion sensors. These Furbies, according to the story they come packed with, are from Furby Island.
Emoto-Tronic Furby Babies.
In 2006, a new version of Furby baby was released, with most notable features being the new look and a more "Baby-ish" appearance in contrast to the Emoto-Tronic Furby adult. They also have considerably less features than the "adult" Furby, with a very limited vocabulary and a lower level of interactivity. Another notable feature of the 2006 Emoto-Tronic Baby Furby is the movable "legs", which unfurl when Furby baby is awakened.
Emoto-Tronic Funky Furby.
The Funky Furby was released in August 2006 outside the US. They are limited to two color combinations (pink & yellow and purple & green) so far, and can sing three new songs and dance. They can be taught dance styles and remember them.
Rare furbys.
There are also many very rare furbies. The bejewled furby, the rarest of them all is worth over $100,000, because of the large amount of jewelry and there only 5 in the world. Not to mention a large amount of other rare furbys.
Furbish-English dictionary.
Furbish is the language which is spoken by the Furbies. It is simalar to English with a different grammer structure. A newly bought Furby starts out speaking entirely Furbish, the unique language with short words, simple syllables, and various other sounds, that all Furbies use, but are programmed to speak less Furbish as they learn more English as they "grow". Throughout a Furby's lifetime, it gradually learns English words and phrases, which it begins to speak in place of Furbish. The more English they learn, the more they "grow", making them more muture. The Furbish phrase "WHOA! Me deep sleep!" would translate into English as "Whoa! I slept for a long time!"

Cinderella (1950 movie)
Cinderella is a 1950 movie made by Disney based on the famous story of the same name.
The Story.
In a far away, long ago kingdom, Cinderella is living happily with her mother and father until her mother dies. Cinderella's father remarries a cold, cruel woman who has two daughters, Drizella and Anastasia. When the father dies, Cinderella's wicked stepmother turns her into a virtual servant in her own house. Meanwhile, across town in the castle, the King determines that his son the Prince should find a suitable bride and provide him with a required number of grandchildren. So the King invites every eligible maiden in the kingdom to a fancy dress ball, where his son will be able to choose his bride. Cinderella has no suitable party dress for a ball, but her friends the mice, lead by Jaques and Gus, and the birds lend a hand in making her one, a dress the evil stepsisters immediately tear apart on the evening of the ball. At this point, enter the Fairy Godmother, the pumpkin carriage, the royal ball, the stroke of midnight, the glass slipper, and the rest, as they say, is fairy tale history.

God in Christianity
Christianity is based on the Christian Bible. God is one of the first parts of the Bible. It says "In the beginning there was nothing, and God said 'Let there be light' and he saw that the light was good". God goes on to say "let there be" many things such as "Heaven", "Earth", "seas", "stars", "herb", "fruit tree", "moving creature", "man", "woman" and he says "Let" things things be put together in such a way that they make everything.
Names for God.
God is given two names by the Bible, "Yaweh" and "Leroi", but for almost all of the Bible, God is only known as "God".
God seen by people.
God is not seen often by people in the Bible.

List of players with five or more goals in an NHL game
This is a list of players who have scored five or more goals in a National Hockey League game.

Civil Police (Brazil)
In Brazil, the Civil Police () is the name of the investigative state police forces.
The Civil Polices are agencies of the public administration of the federative units of Brazil, whose function is, in accordance with article 144 of the Federal Constitution of 1988, the exercise of the public security for the preservation of the public order, of the safety of the people and the patrimony.
Each of the states of Brazil has its own "Civil Police Department", which carries out detective work, forensics and criminal investigation, acting as a state bureau of investigation.
Description.
The Civil Polices of Brazil had origin in the General Intendancy of Police, created in Rio de Janeiro in 10 of May of 1808. They had been gradually if developing for all country during the governments Imperial and Republican. Today, the constitutional existence of the Civil Police and its attributions elapse of article 144, IV and 144 § 4°, of the Federal Constitution.
Organization.
27 Civil Polices in Brazil, one for each State of the federacy exist. They are directed by a Head of Police, chosen amongst the Commission agents of Police of career. The services of judiciary police are given through the Police stations of Police, agencies that have jurisdiction on small cities or quarters of the great cities.

Spring scale
A spring scale is a weighing scale used to measure weight or force, such as the force of gravity, the strength of a persons grip or the power of a vehicle.
Inside a spring scale is a spring.

Churro
Churros'", sometimes called Spanish doughnuts, are fried-dough pastry-based snacks, sometimes made from potato dough, that originated in Spain. They are popular in Latin America, France, Portugal, the United States, and Spanish-speaking Caribbean islands. There are two types of churros in Spain. One is long and fat, and the other, extra popular in Madrid, is thin and has knots ("porra"). They are both eaten for breakfast and with chocolate.

The Lion King 1½
"The Lion King 1½" (also known as "The Lion King 3: Hakuna Matata" in some countries) is the prequel to The Lion King made by The Walt Disney Company. The movie focuses on the characters Timon and Pumbaa before they met Simba. This feature was released on DVD and video on February 10, 2004.
The Story.
Timon and Pumbaa start to watch the original Lion King movie, but Timon keeps insisting to fast forward to when they come in, because they weren't seen in the beginning of the story or anywhere until halfway through. Pumbaa suggests telling the audience their story, which begins before Simba's journey begins. Through this, we meet Timon's mother and Uncle Max, discover why he left his meerkat colony, where he learned Hakuna Matata, how he meets Pumbaa, and the perils they encountered while searching for their dream home.
Soundtrack.
The film soundtrack, "The Lion King 1½: Songs From Timon and Pumbaa's Hilarious Adventure", was released to CD by Disney Records on February 10, 2004. It includes two songs from the original film, "That's All I Need" and "Hakuna Matata", reperformed by Nathan Lane who took over the role of voicing the character Timon. The rest of the soundtrack includes various R&B tracks, including remakes of the Kool and the Gang classic "Jungle Boogie" by artist French, and two instrumental pieces from film composer Don Harper.
Video game.
A video game version of the movie was released for the Game Boy Advance system. It was published by THQ under license from Disney Interactive, and developed by Vicarious Visions.

Friendly Floatees
Friendly Floatees are a kind of plastic bath toys like ducks and other birds. They are made so that they float very well. They became famous because a cargo ship lost many of them. Curtis Ebbsmeyer then used these to study currents in the ocean.

Animatronics
Animatronics is to use electronics and robotics in automated, magically moving puppets to make them appear to be alive. It is normally used in moviemaking, but also in theme parks and other forms of getting out of boredom. The best things about it and CGI and stop motion is that it is not a feeling of reality, but are some objects moving in the computer. The technology behind this has become more large and difficult over the years, making the puppets become real.

City of Halifax
The City of Halifax (est. 1841) was the capital of the province of Nova Scotia and shire town of Halifax County, and was the largest city in Atlantic Canada., until it was merged into Halifax Regional Municipality in 1996. It is no longer an incorporated city.

Scar (The Lion King)
Scar is a fictional character and the main villain in Walt Disney Pictures' popular 1994 animated movie "The Lion King". He was voiced by Jeremy Irons (except at the final of "Be Prepared", where he was voiced by Jim Cummings) and his supervising animator was Andreas Deja. Scar is one of four Disney characters to be nominated for "Best Villain" in the MTV Movie Awards (the other three being the White Witch, Captain Barbossa and Davy Jones), and is also the only Disney animated character to have achieved this. In ', Scar was voiced by Jim Cummings again.
The Lion King.
In the first movie, the animals go and see Simba. In the next scene, Scar is playing with a mouse telling it that "life's not fair, is it?". Mufasa is mad at Scar for not coming to see Simba. Scar tells Simba later on in the movie about the elephant graveyard and says "an elephant graveyard is no place for a young prince. Opps!". This is likely a poke at "Bambi", as in Bambi the main character is "the young prince". Simba takes his best friend Nala with him and have to go with Zazu the hornbill. Zazu talks about Simba and Nala getting "betroved" (meaning they're going to be married). This similar to Bambi as Bambi and Faline were supposed to be married and in Felx Salten's original book, "Bambi, A Life in the Woods", they were cousins. This is another controversy surrounding "The Lion King" as that other than Mufasa and Scar, there are no other grown male lions in the group, making Simba and Nala cousins. Simba sings a song to distract Zazu away from them, and Simba and Nala enter the elephant graveyard. They almost get killed by three hyenas, "Shenzi, Banzai, and Ed", who are friends with Scar. Mufasa comes just in time to save Simba and Nala from the hyenas, and Mufasa tells Simba about what he did wrong. Meanwhile, Scar tells Shenzi, Banzai, and Ed how he plans to get rid of Mufasa and Simba in a song called "Be Prepared". Scar then tells Simba to wait in the gorge for a "to die for" surprise. A huge stampede ensures, and Mufasa saves Simba in time, but doesn't make it in time to save himself from Scar. Scar flings Mufasa into the gorge, where he falls to his death, and tells Simba it was all his fault. He tells Simba to "run. Run away and never return." Then he sends the hyenas to go kill Simba, but he escapes. They shout threats at him, saying things like "if ya ever come back, we'll kill ya!". Scar tells everyone about the stampede, saying Simba died too. When Simba finally meets back with Nala, he finds out what has happened to pride rock. Simba still thinks he's not who he used to be and that it was his fault Mufasa died and that Scar is the right king. But with some help from Rafiki ("friend" in the African language Swahili), he realizes that he must "take his place in the Circle of Life". Simba challenges Scar in an epic battle, and finds out that it was Scar who killed Mufasa. Scar blames everything on the hyenas, but Simba doesn't believe this. Simba finally defeats Scar where he falls of a cliff, something that happens in many Disney movies, and he says "ah! My friends!"
Shenzi says "friends? I thought he said we were the "enemy"!" Banzi agrees saying "yeah! That's what I heard." They both turn and say "Ed?". Ed laughs in agreement and Scar tries to explain but the hyenas eat him as a fire starts, and everything settles down. Simba reclaims his rightful place "in the Circle of Life", and the next spring everything is back and better than ever. The movie ends with Simba and Nala having a cub of their own.
The Lion King II: Simba's Pride.
Scar appears in ' in Simba's nightmare that is similar to the stampede sequence in the first movie. Mufasa is falling and Simba is trying to save him. But Scar tells Simba to trust him and let go. Mufasa falls and Simba is angry. Suddenly Scar turns into Kovu and trows Simba into the stampede. In "The Lion King II", the new villain, Zira, has a group of friends that were probably with Scar. Simba has banished them of course. In another scene of "The Lion King II", Kovu is being banished and looks into a puddle of water and sees Scar's reflection instead of his own.
The Lion King 1½ ‎.
Scar appears a few times in "The Lion King 1½", without speaking. He last appears as he falls to his death.

Pepe le Pew
Pepe Le Pew is an animated skunk created by the Warner Brothers. His original name was "Stinky".

Puss Gets the Boot
Puss Gets the Boot is the first Tom and Jerry episode. It was the first episode created by William Hanna and Joseph Barbera.

Fraidy Cat
Fraidy cat (also known as scaredy cat) is a slang term for a person who is very skittish or fearful.

List of Tom and Jerry episodes
This is a list of Tom and Jerry cartoons.
1946.
"Springtime for Thomas"
"The Milky Waif"
"Trap Happy"
"Solid Serenade"

Woolworths (Australia)
Woolworths is a group of Australian supermarkets. It is known by locals as 'Woolies'. It is the largest supermarket chain in Australia.
As at October 2008 the business had 780 Australian supermarkets and 667 liquor stores in Australia. It owns 201 supermarkets in New Zealand. It also owns 271 hotels and the discount department store chain "Big W" and an electronics ratail chain "Dick Smith".
Shops in Victoria used to be known as Safeway until 2008, when Woolworths Limited announced that all Safeway stores would become Woolworths stores in line with the rest of Australia. The New South Wales company had taken over the Victorian chain in the 1980s but had not changed the shop names. In August 2008 there were 189 supermarkets in Victoria that were to be changed from being called "Safeway" to "Woolworths". One Victorian store is now Woolworths, that store is located at Chadstone Shopping Center.
Woolworths was the first Australian supermarket to offer petrol discounts when a certain amount of money was spent in the shop.

Privatization
Privatization is when a nationalized company is sold by the government to people who want to buy it.

One Canada Square
One Canada Square is the tallest building in London, United Kingdom. It is tall.

Chevrolet Monte Carlo
Chevrolet Monte Carlo was a car produced by Chevrolet from 1970 through 1988 and 1995 through 2007.

Plymouth Superbird
Plymouth Superbird was a car made by Plymouth Motor Company in 1970 only. It was the sister design to the Dodge Charger Daytona.

Dodge Charger Daytona
Dodge Charger Daytona was a car produced by Dodge in 1969 only. It was the sister design to the Plymouth Superbird.

Opel Combo
Opel Combo is a van produced by General Motors since 1994 and is branded as Opel, Vauxhall, Holden and Chevrolet, depending on the market. A lesuire version of the Combo, the Combo Tour is also offered, but not in the UK.

Citroën 2CV
Citroen 2CV was a car produced by Citroen from 1949 through 1990.

Renault 4
Renault 4 was a car produced by Renault from 1961 through 1994.

Skoda Roomster
Skoda Roomster is a car produced by Skoda Auto since 2006. There is panel van version of the Roomster. It is called the Praktik.

Volvo C30
Volvo C30 is a car produced by Volvo since 2006. It was officialy unvieled at the 2006 Paris Motor Show, went on sale in mid-2006 in Europe as a 2006 model, then went on sale in Canada in March 2007 as a 2007 model, before finally going on sale in the United States in October 2007 as a 2008 model.

Volkswagen Corrado
Volkswagen Corrado was a car produced by Volkswagen from 1988 through 1995.

Volvo V70
Volvo V70 is a car produced by Volvo since 1996. It is currently in its third generation. An off-road version, the XC70, is also availible. It replaced the 850, which itself had replaced the 200 Series, 700 Series and the 900 Series.

Volvo V50
Volvo V50 is a car produced by Volvo since 2004. It is a station wagon version of the second generation S40 sedan. It replaced the V40, which was an estate version of the first generation version of the S40. It, along with the S40, has had a facelift in 2008.

Ford Mondeo
Ford Mondeo is a car produced by Ford Motor Company since 1993. It is currently in its fourth generation. An estate version is also availible.
Generations.
This shows how the Ford Mondeo has changed each generation.

Volvo V40
Volvo V40 was a car produced by Volvo from 1995 through 2004. It was an estate version of the first generation S40. It was replaced by the V50 after Volvo revamped the S40 and stopped making it.

Volvo S40
Volvo S40 is a car produced by Volvo since 1995. It is currently in its second generation. There is two estate versions of it during its lifetime: the V40 (1995-2004) and the V50 (2004-present). It, along with the V50, had a facelift in 2008.

El Hadji Diouf
El Hadji Diouf is a football player. He plays for Sunderland and Senegal national team.

Dennis Wise
Dennis Wise is a former football player. He has played for England national team.

Ashley Ward
Ashley Ward is a former English football player.

Ivica Kralj
Ivica Kralj (b. March 26, 1973) is a Montenegrin football player. He has played for Yugoslavia national team.

The Football League 1926-27
Statistics of The Football League in season 1926/1927.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Newcastle United won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Middlesbrough won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Stoke City won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Bristol City won the championship.

Football League of Ireland Premier Division 1961-62
Statistics of Football League of Ireland Premier Division in season 1961/1962.
Overview.
It was performed in 12 teams, and Shelbourne won the championship.

Colombian Professional Football 2000
Statistics of Colombian Professional Football in season 2000.
Overview.
It was performed in 16 teams, and América Cali won the championship.

Division 1 1968-69
Statistics of Division 1 in season 1968/1969.
Overview.
It was performed in 18 teams, and Saint-Étienne won the championship.

Italian Football Championship 1906
Statistics of Italian Football Championship in season 1906.
Overview.
Milan won the championship.
Piedmont.
Juventus was the only registered team.

Primera División Argentina 1933
Statistics of Primera División Argentina in season 1933.
Overview.
It was performed in 18 teams, and San Lorenzo Almagro won the championship.

Divizia A 1991-92
Statistics of Divizia A in season 1991/1992.
Overview.
It was performed in 18 teams, and Dinamo Bucureşti won the championship.

Divizia A 1996-97
Statistics of Divizia A in season 1996/1997.
Overview.
It was performed in 18 teams, and Steaua Bucureşti won the championship.

Divizia A 1997-98
Statistics of Divizia A in season 1997/1998.
Overview.
It was performed in 18 teams, and Steaua Bucureşti won the championship.

Divizia A 1998-99
Statistics of Divizia A in season 1998/1999.
Overview.
It was performed in 18 teams, and Rapid Bucuresti won the championship.

Bit-level parallelism
Bit-level parallelism is a form of parallel computing based on increasing processor word size, depending on very-large-scale integration (VLSI) technology. Enhancements in computers designs were done by increasing bit-level parallelism
Increasing the word size reduces the number of instructions the processor must execute in order to perform an operation on variables whose sizes are greater than the length of the word. (For example, consider a case where an 8-bit processor must add two 16-bit integers. The processor must first add the 8 lower-order bits from each integer, then add the 8 higher-order bits, requiring two instructions to complete a single operation. A 16-bit processor would be able to complete the operation with single instruction)
Historically, 4-bit microprocessors were replaced with 8-bit, then 16-bit, then 32-bit microprocessors, then 64-bit microprocessors. 32-bit processors has been a standard in general purpose computing for about 20 years, but now 64-bit processors are taking the lead.

Instruction level parallelism
1. e = a + b
2. f = c + d
3. g = e * f
Operation 3 depends on the results of "e" and "f" which are calculated from operations 1 and 2, so "g" cannot be calculated until both of of "e" and "f" are computed. However, operations 1 and 2 do not depend on any other operation, so they can be computed simultaneously. If we assume that each operation can be completed in one unit of time then these three instructions can be completed in a total of two units of time, giving an ILP factor of 3/2; which means 3/2 = 1.5 greater than without ILP.
One of the goals of compilers and processors designers is to use as much ILP as possible. Ordinary programs are written execute instructions in sequence; one after the other, in the order as written by programmers. ILP allows the compiler and the processor to overlap the execution of multiple instructions or even to change the order in which instructions are executed.
How much ILP exists in programs depends on the application type, for example, in graphics and scientific applications the amount can be very large while in cryptography the amount much less.
In recent years, ILP techniques have been used for performance improvements in conditions where the difference between processor operating frequencies and memory access times is large. As of 2008, a cache "miss" costs several hundreds of CPU cycles in a main memory access; with much longer latency compared when the processor finds that the memory location is in the cache. Hence, this technique was proved to be insufficient to save the CPU time from waiting for the off-chip data. Instead, the industry is moving towards improveing higher levels of parallelism using techniques such as multiprocessing and multithreading.

Data parallelism
Data parallelism (also known as loop-level parallelism) is a form of parallel computing for multiple processors using a technique for distributing the data across different parallel processor nodes. It contrasts to task parallelism as another form of parallelism.
In a multiprocessor system where each one is executing a single set of instructions, data parallelism is achieved when each processor performs the same task on different pieces of distributed data. In some situations, a single execution thread controls operations on all pieces of data. In others, different threads control the operation, but they execute the same code.
For example, if we are running code on a 2-processor system (CPUs A and B) in a parallel computing environment, and we want to do a task on some data D, it is possible to tell CPU A to do that task on one part of D and CPU B on another part of D simultaneously (at the same time), in order to reduce the runtime of the execution.
Data parallelism is used by many applications especially data processing applications; one of the examples is Database applications. Most real programs use a combination of Data parallelism and Task parallelism.

Task parallelism
Task parallelism (also known as Thread level parallelism, function parallelism and control parallelism) is a form of parallel computing for multiple processors using a technique for distributing execution of processes and threads across different parallel processor nodes. It contrasts to data parallelism as another form of parallelism.
In a multiprocessor system, task parallelism is achieved when each processor executes a different thread (or process) on the same or different data. The threads may execute the same or different code. Different execution threads communicate with one another usually to pass data as they work.
As a simple example, if we are running code on a 2-processor system (CPUs "a" & "b") in a parallel computing environment and we want to do tasks "A" and "B", it is possible to tell CPU "a" to do task "A" and CPU "b" to do task 'B" simultaneously (at the same time), in order to reduce the runtime of the execution.
Task parallelism is used by multi-user and multitasking operating systems, and applications depending on processes and threads, unlike data processing applications (see data parallelism). Most real programs use a combination of Task parallelism and Data parallelism.

Interrupt latency
In Realtime Operating Systems (RTOS), interrupt latency is the time between the generation of an interrupt by a device (or a peripheral) and servicing the device which generated the interrupt. For many operating systems (OS), the OS code is programmed so that devices are serviced as soon as the device's interrupt handler is executed. Interrupt latency depends on the CPU, interrupt controllers, interrupt masking, and the operating system's (OS) "interrupt handling methods".

Flavors of Entanglement
Flavors of Entanglement is the seventh studio album by rock singer Alanis Morissette. This studio album was released June 10, 2008 in the United States, June 9, 2008 in Australia, and on May 30, 2008 in Europe. Singles from this album include "Underneath", "Not As We", and "In Praise of the Valnerable Man".

Thread switching latency
The thread switching latency is the time needed by the operating system to switch the CPU to run another thread. In some operating systems running on some hardware, switching between threads belonging to the same process is much faster than switching to a thread from different process (because threads from different process requires more complicated process context switch).

Process switching latency
The process switching latency is the time needed by the operating system to perform the process context switch to continue executing another process.

Penguin (comics)
The Penguin is an enemy of Batman in DC Comics.He is played by Burgess Meredith in and by Danny DeVito in Batman Returns. He might by played by Phillip Seymour Hoffman in Batman 3.

Batman (1966 movie)
Batman (1966 movie), also known as Batman: The Movie, is a spin-off film of the 60's series. It features The Joker, Penguin (comics), Riddler and Catwoman.

Context switch
A context switch is the computing process of saving and restoring the state (context) of a CPU such that multiple processes can share a single CPU resource. The context switch is an essential feature of a multitasking operating system.
Context switches are usually time consuming and much of the design of operating systems is to minimize the time of context switches.
A context switch can mean a register context switch, a task context switch, a thread context switch, or a process context switch. What will be switched is determined by the processor and the operating system.
Context switching can be performed primarily by software or hardware. Some CPUs have hardware support for context switches, else if not, it is performed totally by the operating system software. In a context switch, the state of a process must be saved somehow before running another process, so that, the scheduler resume the execution of the process from the point it was suspended; after restoring its complete state before running it again.

Diamond Jubilee
A diamond jubilee is a celebration of a 60th anniversary for a person. When for a group, it is used for the 75th anniversary.

The Jungle Book 2
"The Jungle Book 2" is a 2003 animated movie film produced by DisneyToon Studios in Sydney, Australia. It was released by Walt Disney Pictures and Buena Vista Distribution. It was released in France on February 5, 2003, and released in the United States on February 14, 2003. It is the sequel to Walt Disney's 1967 movie "The Jungle Book". Haley Joel Osment did the voice of Mowgli, and John Goodman did the voice of Baloo. The movie was going to be a direct-to-video movie, but it was released in theaters first. The movie is not based on "The Second Jungle Book" by Rudyard Kipling (published in 1895). However, they do have some of the same characters. When released, the movie was criticised mainly for its bad animation and a story similar to the original movie. Disney released the VHS and DVD versions on June 10, 2003. On June 17, 2008 a Special Edition DVD was released.
The Story.
Mowgli feels unwelcome and out of place in the human village where he now lives. When Baloo arrives for a visit, Mowgli leaves with him to go back to the jungle. However, his friend Shanti thinks he was taken by force. She follows him into the jungle. Shere Khan is still hunting for Mowgli, which puts him, as well as Shanti and Baloo, in danger. Mowli must decide whether he wants to live in the jungle with Baloo, or stay in the village with Shanti.
Soundtrack.
The band Smash Mouth recorded a cover of the Sherman Brothers song, "I Wanna Be Like You" (originally from the 1967 musical movie), which is featured on this movie's soundtrack.
Criticism.
Many people thought that "The Jungle Book 2" was too much like the original 1967 classic. Many people thought it should have gone direct-to-video like what it was originally made for. On Rotten Tomatoes, the general opinion is "This inferior rehash of "The Jungle Book" should have gone straight to video." Based on 86 reviews, the movie has a "rotten" 19%, with an average score of 4.4. In the "cream of the crop" division, the movie has a 17% with an average score of 4.1. In the RT Community, it has a 30%, with an average score of 3.7.
Box office.
The film has made a total domestic gross of $47,901,582.

King Louie
King Louie is a fictional orangutan who kidnaps Mowgli in Disney's 1967 animated musical adaptation of The Jungle Book. He does not appear in Rudyard Kipling's original book, as orangutans are not native to India. But the movie is "inspired by" rather than "based on" the Kipling stories. King Louie has been called an exampe of a racial stereotype in Disney movies.

Cindy McCain
Cindy McCain (may 20,1954) is an American business woman and wife of republican presidential candidate John McCain.

Thread (computer science)
A thread in computer science is short for a "thread of execution". Threads are a way for a program to divide (termed "split") itself into two or more simultaneously (or pseudo-simultaneously) running tasks. Threads and processes differ from one operating system to another but, in general, a thread is contained inside a process and different threads in the same process share same resources while different processes in the same multitasking operating system do not.

Tilde de Paula
Tilde de Paula(november 14,1972) is a swedish television host and presenter. Born and raised in Chile and with numerous awards won for her television work in Sweden.

Sofia Wistam
Sofia Wistam (may 15 1966) is a swedish television host and radio talk-show host.

Gry Forssell
Gry Forssell (february 16,1973 in Växjö,Sweden) is a television presenter on TV4.

Cynthia McKinney
Cynthia McKinney (born March 17, 1955 in Atlanta, USA) is an American politician and the 2008 presidential candidate for the Green Party.

Task (computers)
A task is a set of program instructions that are loaded in memory, then the address registers is loaded with the initial address to start running the task. Is is defined as "an execution path through address space where part of a plan will be accomplished after executing the task'".
Processes are often called tasks in embedded operating systems so "task" gives a meaning of a real-time (also small) application, which differs from a process a process is an instance of a computer program. The kernel creates a process by allocating some memory (in kernel address space and user address space), loading program code from a disk or another part of memory into the newly allocated space, building the process tables and other operating systems structures, calculating the initial address then executes the process as one or more tasks.
Both "task" and "process" should be distinguished from event, which takes place at a specific time and place, and which can be planned for in a computer program. In a computer graphical user interface (GUI), an event can be as simple as a mouse click or keystroke.

Eddie Brock
Eddie Brock is a fictional character from the Spider-Man comic book universe. He made his first appearance in "Amazing Spider-Man" #299 (April 1988). He is best known for being the host of Venom.

Process (computing)
In computing, a process is an instance of a computer program that is being sequentially executed by a computer system that has the ability to run several computer programs concurrently.
A computer program itself is just a passive collection of instructions, while a process is the actual execution of those instructions.
Several processes may be associated with the same program; for example, opening up several windows of the same program often means more than one process is being executed. In the computing world, processes are "formally" defined by the operating systems (OS) running them and so may differ in detail from one OS to another; for example in Microsoft Windows environment each instance of the same application is called a task.

Imam Samudra
Abdul Aziz aka Imam Samudra aka Qudama (born January 14, 1970 in Serang, Banten - dead november 9,2008 in Bali Indonesia) was an Indonesian sentenced to execution for his part in the 2002 Bali bombings. The execution where expected to be made during early november,2008, and was handed out on november 9. Samudra is among three in a network of the Bali bombers who was sentenced to death.

Huda bin Abdul Haq
Huda bin Abdul Haq (1960- november 9,2008) was an Indonesian sentenced to death for his role in the 2002 Bali bombings. He is a senior and influential Jemaah Islamiah leader with ties to Osama bin Laden. The exectution of Huda and Imam Samudra are expected to happened in early november 2008,and was handed down on november 9 by a firing squad.

Amrozi bin Nurhasyim
Ali Amrozi bin Haji Nurhasyim (also known as Amrozi) (July 5, 1962 - November 9, 2008) was an Indonesian who was convicted for his part in the 2002 Bali bombing. He is expected to be executed along with two other men invovled in the bombing in early november 2008. Ali was executed on november 9 by a firing squad.

Studs Terkel
Louis "Studs" Terkel (May 16, 1912–October 31, 2008) was an American author, historian, actor, and broadcaster who lived in Chicago. He won the Pulitzer Prize in 1985 for his work "The Good War".

Bob Barr
(born November 5, 1948) is the Libertarian Party nominee for President of the United States in the 2008 election. He is a former federal prosecutor
and a former member of the United States House of Representatives. He represented Georgia's 7th congressional district as a Republican from 1995 to 2003.
Barr is known as one of the leaders of the impeachment of President Bill Clinton. Barr joined the Libertarian Party in 2006,<ref name="Evans2006/">
and until May 2008 served on its National Committee.

2002 Bali bombings
The 2002 Bali bombing occurred on 12 October 2002 in the tourist district of Kuta on the Indonesian island of Bali. The attack was the deadliest act of terrorism in the history of Indonesia, killing 202 people, 164 of whom were foreign nationals, and 38 Indonesian citizens. A further 209 people were injured. Three of the terrorists where sentenced to death by an indonesian court and one received a long prison sentence.

Multi-user
Multi-user is a term that defines an operating system, computer program, or a game that allows use by more than one users of the same computer at the same time.
An example is a Unix server where multiple remote users have access (such as via Secure Shell) to the Unix shell prompt at the same time. Another example uses multiple X terminals so that multiple remote users can use X Window on a single machine.
The complementary term, single-user commonly refers to an operating system being usable only by one person at a time, or in reference to a single-user software license agreement.
Single-user mode is a mode for Multi-user operating system where the computer boots or switches into a single superuser mode. It is mainly used for maintenance of multi-user environments such as network or Unix servers.

Flying squirrel
The Flying squirrel is a sociable, noisy rodent that doesn't really fly; it glides from trees, using a flap of loose skin that connects its front and hind legs It can glide up to 150 feet (46 m), steering with its tail. It lands on a tree trunk, gripping it with all four feet.
This squirrel is nocturnal (most active at night). It has a life span of about 5 years in the wild, and about 13 years in captivity. Flying squirrels live in deciduous forests in North America. The flying squirrel is an endangered species.
Diet.
Flying squirrels eat mostly plants, like seeds, nuts, leaves, maple sap, bulbs, bark, flowers, and roots. Less often, they eat insects, eggs, worms, small birds, and other small animals.
Predators.
Flying Squirrels are hunted by weasels, foxes, hawks, and coyotes.

S1m0ne
"S1m0ne" is a 2002 movie directed by Andrew Niccol. It stars Al Pacino.
Plot.
Viktor Taransky (Al Pacino) is working on a film project. He is running out of money and his star decided not to do it anymore, so his movie is in trouble. A computer programmer named Hank approaches Viktor and tells him that he is able to create a computer-generated character. Hank soon dies of cancer and gives the program to Viktor. Viktor uses the program to insert an actress in place of his original star and the movie is a huge hit. The program, titled "Simulation One," is simplified to "Simone."
Viktor is at first very happy that this is a success, and has her star in more movies. For her voice, he simply speaks into a microphone and the computer makes it a female voice. He conducts interviews. Simone goes on to win an Academy Award and is wildly famous. However, Viktor soon becomes unhappy with Simone and tries to make her unpopular by having her star in a bad movie. However, the people still love Simone and the movie is still a success. Finally, Viktor uses a virus and erases her program from the computer. He then throws a trunk full of CDs into the ocean.
The police come and arrest Viktor and charge her for the murder of Simone. They have a video showing him dragging the trunk into the ocean; they believe that there was a body inside. He tells them that Simone was never real, but they don't believe him. His ex-wife Elaine (Catherine Keener) and his daughter Lainey (Evan Rachel Wood) enter his studio. Lainey ejects the floppy disk, restoring the Simone program, and they create a short movie that shows that Simone is alive and well. The police let him go. Elaine and Lainey convince Viktor that Simone is a symbol now and that they should continue to keep her alive. The last scene shows Viktor and Simone together, with Viktor announcing that Simone and him just had a child.

Big Brother (Nineteen Eighty-Four)
Big Brother is a fictional character in George Orwell's book "Nineteen Eighty-Four".
Reception.
"Book" magazine ranked the character of Big Brother as #59 on its "100 Best Characters in Fiction Since 1900" list.

Sooty Mangabey
The Sooty Mangabey ("Cercocebus atys"), also called Tom Midwood and is an Old World monkey of Guinea Bissau, Gabon, Senegal and Ghana. It has social groups of anywhere from four to twelve individuals. It is believed that a strain of the Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) jumped from this species to humans to become the HIV-2 virus. The HIV-1 strain came from the Common Chimpanzee strain of SIV.

Joe Byrne (bushranger)
Joseph Byrne also known as Joe Byrne (November 1857 - June 28 1880) was an Australian bushranger. He is known as the lieutenant of the Kelly Gang. He died in the siege of Glenrowan. Joe Byrne was an excellent shot, a good horseman and a skilled bushman. This made it difficult for the police to capture him. His skill at writing helped him to write the items that were important in starting the Kelly legend. He wrote the famous Jerilderie letter. There is also a legend that Ned Kelly, with Byrne's help, was going to start an independent republic in north-eastern Victoria. The siege at Glenrowan was the first step.

College basketball
College basketball usually means the American basketball league that is led by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). Basketball in the NCAA is put into three divisions: Division I, Division II and Division III.

Public university
A public university is a university that is given money by the public or the government.

University of Michigan-Flint
The University of Michigan–Flint is in Flint, Michigan, United States. It is one of the three campuses in the University of Michigan, Michigan's oldest university and main campus.

Shirley Hufstedler
Shirley Mount Hufstedler (born August 24, 1925 in Denver, Colorado) was United States Secretary of Education under President Jimmy Carter.
In 1966, she was appointed Associate Justice of the California Court of Appeal. President Lyndon Johnson appointed her Judge of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit in 1968. She served for eleven years before President Jimmy Carter appointed her U.S. Secretary of Education.

University of Michigan–Dearborn
The University of Michigan–Dearborn is a university in Flint, Michigan, United States. It is one of the three campuses in the University of Michigan, Michigan's oldest university and main campus.

Margaret Spellings
Margaret Spellings (born Margaret Dudar on November 30, 1957) is the current Secretary of Education under the administration of U.S. President George W. Bush. She was previously Assistant to the President for Domestic Policy to President Bush.
She was one of the principal authors of the 2001 No Child Left Behind Act.

Public Ivy
Public Ivy is a term started by Richard Moll in his 1985 book "Public Ivys: A Guide to America's best public undergraduate colleges and universities". The book is about universities which "provide an Ivy League collegiate experience at a public school price." Public Ivies are chosen, according to the "Journal of Blacks in Higher Education", to be able to be "successfully competing with the Ivy League schools in academic rigor... attracting superstar faculty and in competing for the best and brightest students of all races."

Nundle, New South Wales
Nundle is a village in the New England area of New South Wales, Australia. It was once the centre of Nundle Shire. Most of this area, including the village of Nundle, was added to the new Tamworth Regional Council in 2004. The village is 400 km north of Sydney and about 56 km south east of Tamworth. In 2006 there were 289 people living in Nundle.
History.
Nundle was settled when gold was found nearby at “The Hanging Rock” and Swamp Creek in 1852. By June 1852 there were 300 people digging for gold at Oakenville Creek.. People from California, Europe and China were also digging along the Peel River and up the mountain slopes. By 1865 there were about 500 people living there and about 50 shops and small businesses had started. A school building was put up in December 1871. Lessons started in 1872. Nundle was made a town in 1885. In 1924 the Peel River Bridge was built. In 1941 electricity was connected to the town. During 1966 the swimming pool was opened by the Rt Hon. Ian Sinclair. There were 1350 people living in the area in 1969. In 1979 the Premier of New South Wales, Neville Wran, opened the new Chaffey Dam. Sheep, cattle and timber are now the main business activities in Nundle.
There are many old buildings: the Nundle Woollen Mill, old Court House, Peel Inn and Primitive Methodist Church. The old Nundle Courthouse and Police Station have been placed on the Register of the National Estate.
Nundle is of the best areas in the State for finding crystals. Some gold and other precious stones can be found including zircons, green jasper, sapphires and serpentine minerals. Nundle is a popular tourist destination for both casual travellers and motorcycle riders. Nearby is the interesting Hanging Rock mining village with good views of the Nundle valley.
A new bridge across the Peel River at Nundle was finished in 2008. The cost of $683,000 was paid by the NSW State Government.
In July 2008 the rare Euphrasia arguta was rediscovered in a State Forest near Nundle. This plant was last recorded in 1904. It is believed to have grown after fire control burning the previous summer.
Events.
The annual Go for Gold Festival is held each Easter with around 4,000 visitors. The State Member for Tamworth told the NSW Parliament “that visitors had come to Nundle from all points of the compass during the Easter weekend to enjoy the relaxed atmosphere and the beautiful setting.” The Great Nundle Dog Race, only open to working dogs, is run on the first Sunday in May and attracts many visitors. This event helps to raise money for sporting equipment, computers, books and trips for students at the Nundle Public School.

The Midnight Snack
The Midnight Snack is the second Tom and Jerry cartoon. It was the first episode made in 1941.

The Night Before Christmas
The Night Before Christmas is the third Tom and Jerry episode. It was made in 1941.

National Library of Australia
The National Library of Australia is Australia's largest reference library. It was started by the "National Library Act". The library has to keep and develop a national collection of library material. This includes a broad and complete collection of library material about Australia and the Australian people.

Breeza, New South Wales
Breeza is a small village in New South Wales, Australia. It is located about 43 kms south of Gunnedah and 393 kms north of Sydney. It is a part of the Gunnedah Shire Local Government Area. Breeza is located in the Liverpool Plains agricultural area. The area around Breeza is called the "Breeza Plains". There are about 25 people who live in Breeza.
Breeza is located on the Kamilaroi Highway about halfway between Gunnedah and Quirindi. It is also on the North-west railway line, close to where it crosses the Mooki River. Breeza has a grain silo.
It is often said that the bushranger Ben Hall was born at Breeza. There is no evidence for this claim. There is a Ben Hall wall with a painting at the roadside rest area/picnic spot. The mural was painted by Bronwyn Bassett.
The bushranger, Frederick Ward, known as 'Thunderbolt', robbed a Mr Matthews on the Breeza Plain in 1865.

Retail
Retail are goods or items that are sold at one location such as department stores or by post, where the customer can order items from a retailer and have the items delivered by post or mail.
Retailing.
Retailing is the word given to locations where retail items are sold. These places include shops or stores.
Shops and Stores.
Shops and Stores can be found at places such as department stores (malls) or markets; places where stalls or stands are setup at a cleared area for large public attraction.
Other Forms.
Other ways of purchasing retail items is by mail-order; a process in which items are ordered by the customer and then the items are delivered by "post" or "courier", telephone; the customer phones or rings a retailer and orders the items to be delivered or door-to-door; in which a sales person goes to a possible customers home and tries to sell an item.

Mauro Zárate
Mauro Zàrate (born March 18 1987 in Buenos Aires, Argentina) is a Argentine football player (footballer). He plays for Lazio.

Gunnedah, New South Wales
Gunnedah is a town in north-western New South Wales, Australia. In 2006 there were 7,542 people living in the town..
Gunnedah is located on the Oxley and Kamilaroi Highways. It is 475 kms from Sydney. There is also a railway to Sydney. There is a daily train service, the Countrylink Xplorer, between Sydney and Moree.
The major business is agriculture. Gunnedah produces cotton, coal, beef, lamb, pork, and cereal and oilseed grains.
Gunnedah is also the home of AgQuip, Australia's largest annual exhibition of agricultural equipment.
History.
The Gunnedah area was the home of the Australian Aborigines who spoke the Kamilaroi (Gamilaraay) language. The area of the town was settled by Europeans in 1833 or 1834.
Dorothea Mackellar wrote her famous poem "My Country" (popularly known as "I Love a Sunburnt Country") about her family's farm near Gunnedah. Every year the Dorothea Mackellar Poetry Awards for school students are held in Gunnedah.
Coal was found on Black Jack Hill in 1877. By 1891, 6,000 tons of coal had been dug from shafts. The Gunnedah Colliery Company was registered in May, 1899. One month later a private railway some 5.7 km in length had been completed from the railway station to their mine. In September, 1957, the Government Railway took over the working of the line.
Geography.
Gunnedah Shire is situated 264 metres above sea level on the Liverpool Plains in the Namoi River valley. It is very flat. The tallest hills are only 200 metres above the flat plains. The climate is hot in summer, mild in winter and dry. Rainstorms occasionally cause flooding of the Namoi River. Floods can cut transport links to the town and cut it off from the outside world.
The Gunnedah area has a lot of Australian wildlife, including kangaroos, echidnas and koalas. Koalas can often be found in trees within the town.
Media.
There is a newspaper, the Namoi Valley Independent. There are 2 radio stations 2MO and 2GGG. 2MO claims to be the first station started in Australia outside the capital cities.
Railway station.
Gunnedah railway station is situated on the Mungindi (or North West) railway line, 475 km from Sydney. The station was opened in 1879. There is a large station building with single platform. There is also a passing loop and small goods yard. There is a single daily Xplorer diesel railmotor operating between Sydney and Moree.

Instruction pipelining
An instruction pipeline is a technique used in the design of modern microprocessors, microcontrollers and CPUs to increase their instruction throughput (the number of instructions that can be executed in a unit of time).
The main idea is to divide (termed "split") the processing of a CPU instruction, as defined by the instruction microcode, into a series of independent steps of micro-operations (also called "microinstructions", "micro-op" or "µop"), with storage at the end of each step. This allows the CPUs control logic to handle instructions at the processing rate of the slowest step, which is much faster than the time needed to process the instruction as a single step.
The term pipeline refers to the fact that each step is carrying a single microinstruction (like a drop of water), and each step is linked to another step (analogy; similar to water pipes).
Processors with pipelining consist internally of stages (modules) which can semi-independently work on separate microinstructions. Each stage is linked by flip flops to the next stange (like a "chain") so that the stage's output is an input to another stage until the job of processing instructions is done. Such organization of processor internal modules reduces the instruction's overall processing time.
A non-pipeline architecture is not as efficient because some CPU modules are idle while another module is active during the instruction cycle. Pipelining does not completely remove idle time in a pipelined CPU, but making CPU modules work in parallel increases instruction throughput.
An instruction pipeline is said to be "fully pipelined" if it can accept a new instruction every clock cycle. A pipeline that is not fully pipelined has wait cycles that delay the progress of the pipeline.
Generic pipeline.
The top gray box is the list of instructions waiting to be executed; the bottom gray box is the list of instructions that have been completed; and the middle white box is the pipeline.
Bubble.
When a "hiccup" (interruption) in execution occurs, a "bubble" is created in the pipeline in which nothing useful happens. In cycle 2, the fetching of the purple instruction is delayed and the decoding stage in cycle 3 now contains a bubble. Everything behind the purple instruction is delayed as well but everything in front of the purple instruction continues with execution.
Clearly, when compared to the execution above, the bubble yields a total execution time of 8 clock ticks instead of 7.
Bubbles are like stalls (delays), in which nothing useful will happen for the fetch, decode, execute and writeback. It can is like a NOP (short for No OPeration) code.
Example 1.
The locations 'R1' and 'R2' are registers in the CPU. The values stored in memory locations labeled 'A' and 'B' are loaded (copied) into these registers, then added, and the result is stored in a memory location labeled 'C'.
In this example the pipeline is three stages long- load, execute, and store. Each of the steps are called pipeline stages.
On a non-pipelined processor, only one stage can be working at a time so the entire instruction has to complete before the next instruction can begin. On a pipelined processor, all of the stages can be working at once on different instructions. So when this instruction is at the execute stage, a second instruction will be at the decode stage and a 3rd instruction will be at the fetch stage.
Example 2.
LOAD #40, A; load 40 in A
MOVE A, B; copy A in B
ADD #20, B; add 20 to B
STORE B, 0x300; store B into memory cell 0x300
The LOAD instruction is fetched from memory.
The LOAD instruction is executed, while the MOVE instruction is fetched from memory.
The LOAD instruction is in the Store stage, where its result (the number 40) will be stored in the register A.
In the meantime, the MOVE instruction is being executed.
Since it must move the contents of A into B, it must wait for the ending of the LOAD instruction.
The STORE instruction is loaded, while the MOVE instruction is finishing off and the ADD is calculating.
And so on. Note that, sometimes, an instruction will depend on the result of another one (like our MOVE example). When more than one instruction references a particular location for an operand, either reading it (as an input) or writing it (as an output), executing those instructions in an order different from the original program order can lead to the hazards situation (mentioned above).

Sami Hyypiä
Sami Hyypiä (born 7 October 1973 in Porvoo) is a player from Finland playing for Liverpool F.C. and the Finland National Football Team. He was born in Porvoo, Finland. He is a defender in both of his teams and is captain of Finland and used to be the captain of Liverpool.

Now That's What I Call Music! 29 (U.S. series)
"Now That's What I Call Music! 29" is the 29th album in the original Now series. This compilation album will be released November of 2008. Songs include "Thunder" by Boys Like Girls, "Whatever You Like" by T.I., "Got Money" by Lil Wayne, and "Dangerous" by Kardinal Offishall and Akon and 16 other tracks.

Thrissur
Thrissur is one of the 14 districts of Kerala. It is known as the cultural capital of Kerala. It is also famous for Thrissur Pooram.

Michigan Territory
Michigan Territory was a territory of the United States in the early 19th century, between June 30, 1805 and January 26, 1837, when it became Michigan, the 26th state of the Union. Detroit was the territory's capital.
Population.
These numbers do not count most Native Americans. In 1800, the whole of the Northwest Territory had 43,365 people living in it. Under the Northwest Ordinance, a territory could apply to become a state once it had 60,000 people living in it.

Syro-Malabar Catholic Church
The Syro-Malabar Catholic Church is a Chaldean Rite, Major Archiepiscopal Church in the Roman Catholic Church. It is the largest group among the Saint Thomas Christians. It originates from St. Thomas the Apostle who is believed to have come to India in AD 52. The Syro Malabar Church is the largest St. Thomas Christian community in India. They are also referred to as Syrian Catholics in Kerala. This church has its headquarters in Cochin, Kerala.
Cardinal Varkey Vithayathil is the current head of this church.
The first Indian woman Saint, Saint Alphonsa belongs to this church.
Syro-Malabar Church has its presence all over the world. However the proper location is in South India. There are 26 Syro-Malabar dioceses world wide.

Jurassic Coast
The Jurassic Coast is a special bit of coastline that is between Orcombe Point near Exmouth in East Devon to Old Harry Rocks near Swanage in East Dorset. This is on the south coast of England. It is 95 miles or 153 kilometres long. It is particularly special because it is a World Heritage Site, these are made by UNESCO.
Geology.
The Jurassic Coast is made of Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous cliffs, spanning 180 million years of geological history.
The site contains a number of special features and shows different landforms, including the natural arch at Durdle Door, the cove and limestone folding at Lulworth Cove and an island, the Isle of Portland. Chesil Beach is a example of both a tombolo and a storm beach. The site has concordant and discordant coastlines. Because the Jurassic Coast is so special, the site is being looked at as an International Study. This area was home to Mary Anning, a palaeontologist who looked at the fossils of the coastline around Lyme Regis and discovered the first complete Ichthyosaur fossil. One place called Golden Cap is special because it is the highest place on all the south coast of England. It is high.

Instruction (computer science)
In computer science, an instruction is a single operation of a processor defined by the processor instruction set.
The size or length of an instruction varies widely, from as little as 4-bits in some microcontrollers to many as multiples of a bytes in some very long instruction word (VLIW) systems. Most modern processors used in personal computers, mainframes, and supercomputers have instruction sizes between 16 and 64 bits. In some architectures specially Reduced instruction set computers, instructions are of fixed length, typically corresponding with that architecture's word size.
On traditional architectures, an instruction includes an opcode specifying the operation to be performed, such as "add contents of memory to register", and zero or more operand specifiers, which may specify registers, memory locations, or literal data. The operand specifiers may have addressing modes determining their meaning or may be in fixed fields.
In VLIW architectures, which include many microcode architectures, multiple simultaneous operations and operands are specified in a single instruction.
Instructions are rarely specified using their machine code form; they may be specified by programmers using an assembly language or, more commonly, may be generated by compilers.
There is another more general definition for an "instruction" not only related to the processor instruction set, which is: "An "instruction" may be any representation of an element of an executable program, such as a bytecode".

Dihi Union Public Library
Dihi Union Public Library is the first union-based public library in Bangaldesh. It first opened on 30 November, 1977. Professor Amirul Alam Khan was the founder of the library.
The library is located in a rural area in Jessore district. It serves the students, teachers, farmers, small traders and all others without any fee. The library lends textbooks to students for both short periods of time and long periods of time.
The library has many different section to serve it's clients. These include a philatelic section and an audio-visual section. It has a well developed arboretum and is involved with environmental issues.
The main clients of the library are students from primary to university ages. Because of this, the library conducts competitive exams for primary students and gives scholarship and certificates.

Piacenza
Piacenza is a city in the region of Emilia-Romagna in Italy. It is the capital city of the province of Piacenza. 99,897 people live there. Piacenza is famous for its "palazzi".

Superscalar
A superscalar CPU architecture implements a form of parallel computing called Instruction-level parallelism inside a single processor which allows faster CPU throughput at the same clock rate. A superscalar processor executes more than one instruction during a clock cycle by simultaneously dispatching multiple instructions (termed instruction dispatching) to multiple redundant functional units built inside the processor. Each functional unit is not a separate CPU core but an execution resource inside the CPU such as an arithmetic logic unit, floating point unit (FPU), a bit shifter, or a multiplier.
While most superscalar CPUs are also pipelined, it possible to have a non-pipelined superscalar CPU or a pipelined non-superscalar CPU.
In a superscalar CPU an instruction dispatcher reads instructions from memory and decides which ones can be run in parallel, dispatching them on the multiple redundant functional units available inside the CPU.
Superscalar CPU design is concerned with improving accuracy of the instruction dispatcher, and allowing it to keep the multiple functional units in use at all times. As of 2008 all general-purpose CPUs are superscalar, a typical superscalar CPU may include up to 4 ALUs, 2 FPUs, and two SIMD units. If the dispatcher failed to utilize all of the units at all times the performance of the CPU will suffer.
Limitations.
However even given infinitely fast dependency checking logic inside a conventional superscalar CPU, if the instruction stream itself has many dependencies, this would also limit the possible speedup. Thus the degree of intrinsic parallelism in the code stream forms another limitation.
No matter how fast the dispatcher speed, there is a practical limit on how many instructions can be simultaneously dispatched. While hardware advances will allow greater numbers of functional units (e.g, ALUs), the problem of checking instruction dependencies increases to a limit that the achievable superscalar dispatching limit is somewhat small. -- Likely on the order of five to six simultaneously dispatched instructions.
Alternatives.
The various alternative techniques are not mutually exclusive—they can be (and frequently are) combined in a single processor. Thus it is possible to design a multicore CPU is where each core is an independent processor containing multiple parallel superscalar pipelines. Some multicore processors also include vector capability.

SA80
SA80 or "Small Arms of the 80's" is the name of a weapons family used by the British Army and Royal Marines, all are of bullpup design; meaning the magazine is placed behind the trigger allowing the weapon to be shorter yet still have a long barrel.
The series includes an assault rifle know as the L85 and a Light Support Weapon (LSW) designated the L86 as well as a Carbine variant for helicopter crews and a bolt action army cadet variant. although amazingly accurate for their size the SA80 family has been plagued by poor reliability problems that have been addressed with an upgrade by the German arms company H&K when it was British owned; resulting in the A2 series, however not all models have been upgraded and A1 generations can be recognized by their simple circular cocking handle. A new upgrade program is under way for a very small number of SA80s since late 2007.

Geoff Bunn
Geoff Bunn is an English artist. He was born in Birmingham, England in 1963. He has been in galleries such as the Tate but is better known for putting his work in the ordinary environment rather than 'ordinary' art galleries. He worked in France, for a time, with the recently deceased painter Fred Yates.

Fred Yates
Fred Yates (1922-2008) was an English artist. His work was very much in the style of the late LS Lowry. Yates lived and worked all over England but in later years he was based in France.

Sauerbraten
Sauerbraten is a meat dish eaten mainly in Germany, but also neighbouring countries. The name comes form "sauer" (sour) and "braten" (roast). It refers to the way the dish is prepared: the meat is left in a kind of sour sauce (based on vinegar) to marinate

The Economist
"The Economist" is a magazine published each week in England. It was founded in 1843. It currently has about 1.3 million subscribers.
The philosophy of the magazine is "liberal, not conservative."

Our Lady of Guadalupe
Our Lady of Guadalupe, also called the Virgin of Guadalupe is a 16th century Roman Catholic symbol of the Virgin Mary. It is Mexico's most popular religious and cultural symbol.

Poison (band)
Poison is a glam metal band from Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania. They were formed in 1983. Their lead singer is Bret Michaels.

Yao Ming
Yao Ming (; born September 12, 1980) is a Chinese professional basketball player. He plays for the Houston Rockets of the National Basketball Association (NBA). Yao is currently the tallest player in the NBA, at.
Yao was born in Shanghai, People's Republic of China. He started with the Shanghai Sharks as a teenager and played on their senior team for five years in the Chinese Basketball Association (CBA). The team won a championship in his final year. Then he entered the 2002 NBA Draft. The CBA had to release him, and he was selected by the Houston Rockets to play on their team. He had also been chosen to play for the NBA All-Star Game for all six of his seasons. However, the Rockets have not advanced past the first round of the playoffs since he joined the team, and he has also had injuries in each of the past three seasons.
His father, Yao Zhiyuan, is 2.08 m or 6 ft 10 in tall; his mother, Fengdi Fang, is 1.88 m or 6 ft 2 in tall. She was captain of the Chinese national women's basketball team. Yao's parents were the tallest couple in China when he was born.
Yao is married to Ye Li, who used to play for the China women's national basketball team. He is one of China's best-known athletes. He has sponsorships with several major companies, and he has been the richest celebrity in China for five straight years. His rookie year in the NBA was the subject of a documentary film, The Year of the Yao, and he recently wrote an autobiography titled Yao: A Life in Two Worlds.

Ray Emery
Raymond "Ray" Emery (born September 28, 1982 in Hamilton, Canada) is a professional ice hockey player. He plays for the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). Before joining the KHL, Emery played for the Ottawa Senators of the National Hockey League (NHL). Emery has been awarded many honors, most from the minor league.
Emery has been given various nicknames over his career, most goes by "Razor" and "Sugar Ray." In the 2001 NHL entry draft, Emery was chosen 99th overall by the Ottawa Senators. Emery was made starting goaltender in the 2006-07 NHL season. That year, the Senators made it to the Stanley Cup finals. On June 20, 2008, after some off-ice incidents, the Senators released Emery. Under one month later, Emery signed a one year, $2M contract with Atlant Mytishchi of the Russian KHL.
Emery has been known for getting into several altercations while playing ice hockey, a rarity for a ice-hockey goaltender.. Emery once fought two Buffalo Sabres players, Martin Biron and Andrew Peters in a line brawl during the 2006-07 NHL season. He also fought with his teammate, Brian McGrattan, during a practice in January 2008. He has also fought with teammate's Jason Spezza and Chris Neil.
Early life.
Emery was born to Charlene and Paul Emery and was the oldest of his two brothers, Nicholas and Andrew. He grew up in Cayuga, Ontario. There, he attended high school, doing well in academics and sports. He played various sports other than hockey including golf, baseball, and soccer. Emery first started off playing defense, but switched to goaltender after a shortage of goaltenders in his league. Emery was known to be very competitive and considered himself "his own worst critic." Before turning into professional hockey, Emery wanted to be an architect.

Execution unit
In computer engineering, an execution unit is a part of a CPU (not to be confused with the CPUs main control unit) that performs specific operations or calculations. It may have its own internal control sequence unit, some registers, and other internal units such as a sub-ALU or FPU, or some smaller, more specific components.
Now modern CPUs have multiple parallel execution units, referred to as scalar or superscalar design. The simplest arrangement is to use one, the bus manager, to manage the memory interface, and the others to perform calculations. Additionally, modern CPUs execution units are usually pipelined.

Pre-1600 Atlantic hurricane seasons
The pre-1600 Atlantic hurricane seasons talks about all known Atlantic tropical cyclones before to 1600. While info for every storm that happened is not available, some parts of the coastline had enough people to give info of hurricane happenings. Each season was an ongoing event in the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation in the Atlantic basin. Most tropical cyclone formation occurs between June 1 and November 30.
Atlantic hurricane seasons
Pre-1600 10s 30s
Observation info for years before 1492 is completely unavailable because record keeping was was non-existent in the pre-Columbian era, and any records that may have once existed have long since been lost. Even info from the early years of the Columbian era is suspect and incomplete because the diffrence between a hurricane and an extratropical system was not drawn by Renaissance scientists and sailors and because European exploration and colonization of the regions affected by hurricanes did not begin in earnest until the mid-16th century.
However, paleotempestological research allows reconstruction of pre-historic hurricane activity trends on timescales of centuries to millennia. A theory has been postulated that an anti-phase pattern exists between the Gulf of Mexico coast and the Atlantic coast. During the quiescent periods, a more northeasterly position of the Azores High would result in more hurricanes being steered towards the Atlantic coast. During the hyperactive period, more hurricanes were steered towards the Gulf coast as the Azores High—controlled by the North Atlantic Oscillation—was shifted to a more southwesterly position near the Caribbean. In fact, few major hurricanes struck the Gulf coast during 3000–1400 BC and again during the most recent millennium; these quiescent intervals were separated by a hyperactive period during 1400 BC and 1000 AD, when the Gulf coast was struck frequently by catastrophic hurricanes and their landfall probabilities increased by 3–5 times. On the Atlantic coast, chance of landfalling hurricanes has doubled in the recent millennium compared to the one and a half millennia before.

1600-1619 Atlantic hurricane seasons
Atlantic hurricane seasons
Pre-1600 1600s/1610s 30s 50s
The decades of the 1600s and 1610s featured the 1600–1619 Atlantic hurricane seasons. While info for every storm that happened is not available, some parts of the coastline had enough people to give info of hurricane happenings. Each season was an ongoing event in the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation in the Atlantic basin. Most tropical cyclone formation occurs between June 1 and November 30.

Valley Parade
Valley Parade, also known by its sponsored name of the Coral Windows Stadium is a football stadium in Bradford in England. It is home to the club Bradford City A.F.C. It was built in 1886. In 1985, a fire in one of the stands killed 56 people.

Levi Lincoln, Sr.
Levi Lincoln, Sr. (May 15, 1749–April 14, 1820) was an American revolutionary who served as a Minuteman at beginning of the American Revolutionary War, a state legislator in Massachusetts, Governor of Massachusetts, Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts, a U.S. Representative, Attorney General for President Thomas Jefferson and Acting Secretary of State.

James R. Schlesinger
James Rodney Schlesinger (born February 15, 1929) was United States Secretary of Defense from 1973 to 1975 under presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford. He became America's first Secretary of Energy under Jimmy Carter.

Basis vector
Basis vector is the way of simply making magenta,yellow and red. The primary colors (or primary colours) are colors that cannot be created by mixing other colors in a given color space. Traditionally, the colors red, yellow, and blue are considered to be primary pigments in the art world. However those colors are not the same hue as the "red", "yellow" and "blue" used in alternate color systems. Many modern applications use primary additive colors of red, green and blue; and the primary pigments (i.e. subtractive primaries) of magenta, yellow, and cyan. If the color space is considered as a vector space, the primary colors can be regarded as a set of basis vectors for that space.

Simultaneous multithreading
Simultaneous multithreading, acronym SMT, is a technique for improving the overall efficiency of superscalar CPUs with Hardware multithreading. SMT permits multiple independent threads of execution to better utilize the resources provided by modern computer architectures.
Multithreading is similar in concept to multitasking but is implemented at the thread level of execution in modern superscalar processors.
The key factor to distinguish them is to look at how many instructions the processor can issue in one cycle and how many threads from which the instructions come.

Out-of-order execution
In computer engineering, out-of-order execution, OoOE, is a technique used in most high-performance microprocessors to make use of cycles that would otherwise be wasted by a certain type of costly delay. Most modern CPU designs include support for out of order execution.
The key concept of OoO processing is to allow the processor to avoid a class of delays (termed: "stalls ") that occur when the data needed to perform an operation are unavailable.
OoO processors fill these "slots" in time with other instructions that are ready, then re-order the results at the end to make it appear that the instructions were processed as normal. The way the instructions are ordered in the original computer code is known as program order, in the processor they are handled in data order (the order in which the data, operands, become available in the processor's registers). Fairly complex circuitry is needed to convert from one ordering to the other and maintain a logical ordering of the output; the processor itself runs the instructions which seems as if in random order.
The benefit of OoO processing grows as the instruction pipeline expands and the speed difference between main memory (or cache memory) and the processor increases. On modern machines, the processor runs many times faster than the memory, so during the time an in-order processor spends waiting for data to arrive, it could have processed a large number of instructions.
In the examples outlined above, the OoO processor avoids the stall that occurs in step (2) of the in-order processor when the instruction is not completely ready to be processed due to missing data.

Speculative execution
In computer science, speculative execution is the execution of code, before being sure if the result will be needed.
The technique is used in most high-performance microprocessors to execute a complete instructions or parts of instructions before being sure whether this execution is required
In the context of functional programming, the term "speculative evaluation" is used instead.

Branch prediction
In computer architecture, a branch predictor is the part of a processor that determines whether a conditional branch (jump) in the instruction flow of a program is likely to be taken or not. This is called branch prediction.
Branch predictors are important in today's modern, superscalar processors for achieving high performance. They allow processors to fetch and execute instructions without waiting for a branch to be resolved.
Almost all pipelined processors do branch prediction of some form, because they must guess the address of the next instruction to fetch before the current instruction has been executed.
Many earlier microprogrammed CPUs did not do branch prediction because there was little or no performance requirements; for this reason there is no need for altering the flow of the instruction stream.

Key exchange
Key exchange is any method in cryptography by which cryptographic keys are exchanged between users, allowing use of a cryptographic system.
If two parties wish to exchange encrypted messages, each needs to know how to decrypt received messages and to encrypt sent messages. The information they require to do so depends on the encryption technique they might use. If they use a code, both will require a copy of the same codebook. If they use a cipher, they will need appropriate keys. If the cipher is a symmetric key cipher, both will need a copy of the same key. If an asymmetric key cipher with the public/private key property, both will need the other's public key.
The key exchange problem is how to exchange whatever keys or other information needed so, in such a way, that no one else can obtain a copy. Usually, this required trusted secure channel. With the arrival of (public key / private key) cipher algorithms, the encrypting key (aka, the public key) could be made public, since (at least for "high quality" ciphers) no one without the decrypting key (aka, the private key) could decrypt the message.
In principle, then, the only remaining problem was to be sure that a public key actually belonged to its claimed owner, this is not a problem easy to solve; specially when the two users involved have never met and know nothing about each other.
In 1976, Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman published a cryptographic protocol, (Diffie-Hellman key exchange), which allows users to establish secure channels in order to exchange keys, even if an attacker is monitoring that communication channel. However, Diffie-Hellman key exchange did not address the "identity authentication" problem of being sure of the actual identity of the person or an entity.
Public key infrastructures have been proposed go around the problem of "identity authentication". In their most usual implementation, each user applies to a "certificate authority" for a digital certificate which serves for other users as a correct (termed: non-tamperable) authentication of identity.
In contrast, the web of trust system, which do not use central "certificate authority" at all. Each user is responsible for verifying any certificate from another user before using that certificate to communicate with the user who claims to be associated with the particular public key in a certificate, (see digital signatures).
The problem of key exchange has not yet been solved. In particular, it has not yet been solved for the modern situation of two previously unknown users attempting to communicate electronically, as, for instance, in electronic commerce. Some of the existing work-around designs work, more or less, but are not fully satisfactory.

Secure channel
In cryptography, a secure channel is a way of transferring data that is very difficult (termed: "resistant") to overhear or copy (termed: "interception") and understand (termed): "decrypt") or change (termed: "tampering").
A confidential channel is a way of transferring data that is "resistant" to "interception", but not necessarily resistant to "tampering" nor necessarily resistant to impersonation by someone else (termed: "spoofing").
An authenticatable channel is a way of transferring data that is "resistant" to "spoofing" but not necessarily resistant to "interception" or "tampering".

Terminology
Terminology is the study of terms and their use. Terms are words and compound words that are used in specific contexts. Not to be confused with "terms" in everyday usages, the shortened form of technical terms (or terms of art) which are defined within an academic system or a field of specialty. Terminology studies among other things how such terms of art come to be and their interrelationships within a culture.
Terminology therefore refer to a more formal discipline which systematically studies the "labelling or designating of concepts" specific to one or more subject fields or domains of human activity, through research and analysis of terms in context, for the purpose of documenting and promoting correct usage. This study can be limited to one language or can cover more than one language at the same time ("multilingual terminology", "bilingual terminology", and so forth) or may focus on studies of terms used in teaching across different fields.

Technical terminology
Technical terminology is the specialized vocabulary of a field. These terms have specific definitions within the field, which is not necessarily the same as their meaning in common use. Jargon is similar, but more informal in definition and use, while legal terms of art or words of art have meanings that are strictly defined by law.
An industry term is a type of technical terminology that has a particular meaning within a specific industry. The phrase industry term implies that a word or phrase is a typical one within a particular industry or business and people within the industry or business will be familiar with and use the term.
The term "jargon" can, and often does, have pejorative (negative) connotations, particularly when aimed at "business culture". The marketing and public relations industries in particular have expanded the vocabulary of jargon that marks the global business environment.

Althen-des-Paluds
Althen-des-Paluds is a commune of 1988 people (1999). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Ansouis
Ansouis is a commune of 1,105 people (2006). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Apt, Vaucluse
Apt is a commune of 11,229 people (2006). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Aubignan
Aubignan is a commune of 3,877 people (1999). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Aurel, Vaucluse
Aurel is a commune of 158 people (2008). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Auribeau
Auribeau is a commune of 59 people (1999). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Le Barroux
Le Barroux is a commune of 615 people (2006). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

La Bastide-des-Jourdans
La Bastide-des-Jourdans is a commune of 964 people (1999). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

La Bastidonne
La Bastidonne is a commune of 677 people (1999). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Le Beaucet
Le Beaucet is a commune of 352 people (1999). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Beaumes-de-Venise
Beaumes-de-Venise is a commune of 2,070 people (1999). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Beaumettes
Beaumettes is a commune of 197 people (1999). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Beaumont-de-Pertuis
Beaumont-de-Pertuis is a commune of 934 people (1999). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Beaumont-du-Ventoux
Beaumont-du-Ventoux is a commune of 286 people (1999). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Bédarrides
Bédarrides is a commune of 5,110 people (1999). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Bédoin
Bédoin is a commune of 2,609 people (1999). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Blauvac
Blauvac is a commune of 337 people (1999). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Bollène
Bollène is a commune of 13,835 people (2006). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Bonnieux
Bonnieux is a commune of 1,417 people (1999). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Brantes
Brantes is a commune of 65 people (1999). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Buisson
Buisson is a commune of 264 people (1999). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Buoux
Buoux is a commune of 112 people (1999). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Cabrières-d'Aigues
Cabrières-d'Aigues is a commune of 819 people (2006). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Cabrières-d'Avignon
Cabrières-d'Avignon is a commune of 1,705 people (2006). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Flag of Oman
The national flag of Oman () consists of three stripes (white, green and red) with a red bar on the left that contains the national emblem of Oman. The white stands for peace and prosperity, the green for fertility and the Green Mountains, and the red for battles against foreign invaders. The red is also the colour of the former flag of the nation when it was known simply as the Sultanate of Muscat and Oman.
Until 1970, Oman used the plain red banner of the indigenous people, the Kharijite Muslims. In 1970, the Sultan introduced a complete new set of national flags. Bands of green and white were added to the fly, and the national emblem, the badge of the Albusaidi Dynasty, was placed in the canton. This depicts crossed swords over a gambia, a traditional curved dagger. White has been associated historically with the Imam, the religious leader of Oman and at times the political rival to the ruling Sultan. It also symbolizes peace. Green is traditionally associated with the Jebel al Akhdar, or "Green Mountains," which lie toward the north of the country. Red is a common color in Gulf state flags. The national emblem is said to date back to the 18th century. A curved dagger is fastened over a pair of crossed swords. An ornate horsebit links the weapons.

Cadenet
Cadenet is a commune of 3,950 people (2006). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Caderousse
Caderousse is a commune of 2,496 people (1999). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Coat of Arms of Oman
The National Emblem of Oman () consists of a khanjar dagger in a sheath that is superimposed upon two crossed swords. This is the traditional symbol of Oman. It is found on numerous flags as well as the currency of Oman and on the planes of the Omani Air Force, among other locations.

Cairanne
Cairanne is a commune of 850 people (1999). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Camaret-sur-Aigues
Camaret-sur-Aigues is a commune of 3,553 people (1999). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Caromb
Caromb is a commune of 3,117 people (1999). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Carpentras
Carpentras is a commune of 27,249 people (2006). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Caseneuve
Caseneuve is a commune of 355 people (1999). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Castellet
Castellet is a commune of 106 people (1999). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Caumont-sur-Durance
Caumont-sur-Durance is a commune of 4,253 people (1999). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Cavaillon
Cavaillon is a commune of 24,563 people (1999). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Châteauneuf-de-Gadagne
Châteauneuf-de-Gadagne is a commune of 2,838 people (1999). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Châteauneuf-du-Pape
Châteauneuf-du-Pape is a commune of 2,078 people (1999). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Cheval-Blanc
Cheval-Blanc is a commune of 3,524 people (1999). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Courthézon
Courthézon is a commune of 5,364 people (1999). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Crestet
Crestet is a commune of 432 people (1999). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Crillon-le-Brave
Crillon-le-Brave is a commune of 398 people (1999). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Cucuron
Cucuron is a commune of 1,828 people (2004). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Entraigues-sur-la-Sorgue
Entraigues-sur-la-Sorgue is a commune of 6,612 people (1999). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Entrechaux
Entrechaux is a commune of 869 people (1999). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Faucon
Faucon is a commune of 380 people (1999). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Flassan
Flassan is a commune of 341 people (1999). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Fontaine-de-Vaucluse
Fontaine-de-Vaucluse is a commune of 610 people (1999). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Gargas, Vaucluse
Gargas is a commune of 196 people (1999). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Gignac, Vaucluse
Gignac is a commune of 48 people (1999). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Gigondas
Gigondas is a commune of 648 people (1999). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Gordes
Gordes is a commune of 2,092 people (1999). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Goult
Goult is a commune of 1,285 people (1999). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Grambois
Grambois is a commune of 1,113 people (as of 1999). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Grillon
Grillon is a commune of 1,686 people (1999). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

L'Isle-sur-la-Sorgue
L'Isle-sur-la-Sorgue is a commune of 16,971 people (1999). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Jonquerettes
Jonquerettes is a commune of 1,236 people (1999). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Jonquières, Vaucluse
Jonquières is a commune of 3,926 people (1999). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Joucas
Joucas is a commune of 317 people (1999). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Lacoste, Vaucluse
Lacoste is a commune of 408 people (1999). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Lafare
Lafare is a commune of 97 people (1999). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Lagarde-d'Apt
Lagarde-d'Apt is a commune of 26 people (1999). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Lagarde-Paréol
Lagarde-Paréol is a commune of 297 people (1999). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Lagnes
Lagnes is a commune of 1,674 people (2007). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Lamotte-du-Rhône
Lamotte-du-Rhône is a commune of 416 people (1999). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Lapalud
Lapalud is a commune of 3,267 people (1999). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Lauris
Lauris is a commune of 3,102 people (1999). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Lioux
Lioux is a commune of 248 people (1999). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Loriol-du-Comtat
Loriol-du-Comtat is a commune of 1,871 people (1999). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Lourmarin
Lourmarin is a commune of 1,119 people (1999). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Malaucène
Malaucène is a commune of 2,669 people (2008). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Malemort-du-Comtat
Malemort-du-Comtat is a commune of 1,203 people (1999). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Maubec, Vaucluse
Maubec is a commune of 1,581 people (1999). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Mazan
Mazan is a commune of 4,943 people (1999). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Ménerbes
Ménerbes is a commune of 1,157 people (2006). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Mérindol
Mérindol is a commune of 1,903 people (2005). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Méthamis
Méthamis is a commune of 397 people (1999). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Mirabeau, Vaucluse
Mirabeau is a commune of 907 people (1999). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Voice over Internet Protocol
Voice over Internet protocol (or VoIp) is a general term used for phoning other computers using programs like Skype. In the United States, people can call landlines using Skype for no cost.

Vaucluse
Vaucluse (Occitan: Vauclusa or Vau-Cluso) is a department in the southeast of France. It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur. Its population is 499,685 (1999 census) and its prefecture is Avignon.

Diffie-Hellman key exchange
Diffie-Hellman key exchange (D-H) is a cryptographic protocol that allows two parties that have no prior knowledge of each other to establish together a shared secret key over an insecure communications channel. Then they use this key to encrypt subsequent communications using a symmetric-key cipher.
The scheme was first published publicly by Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman in 1976, Diffie-Hellman key agreement itself is an "anonymous" (non-"authenticated") key-agreement protocol, it provides the basis for a variety of authenticated protocols, and is used to provide perfect forward secrecy in Transport Layer Security's short-lived modes.
In the original description papers, the Diffie-Hellman exchange by itself does not provide authentication of the communicating parties and is thus susceptible to a man-in-the-middle attack. An attacking person in the middle may establish two different Diffie-Hellman key exchanges, with the two members of the party "A" and "B", appearing as "A" to "B", and vice versa, allowing the attacker to decrypt (and read or store) then re-encrypt the messages passed between them. A method to authenticate the communicating parties to each other is generally needed to prevent this type of attack.
Many cryptographic authentication solutions include a Diffie-Hellman exchange. When two parties "A" and "B" have a public key infrastructure, they may digitally sign the agreed key "G", or "G'A" and "G'B", as in MQV, STS and the IKE component of the IPsec protocol suite for securing Internet Protocol communications. When "A" and "B" share a password, they may use a password-authenticated key agreement form of Diffie-Hellman.

British Royal Family
The British Royal Family is the group of close relatives of the monarch of the United Kingdom.

MQV
MQV (Menezes-Qu-Vanstone) is an authenticated protocol for key agreement based on the Diffie-Hellman scheme. MQV provides protection against an active attacker.

Cher (department)
Cher (Occitan: "Char") is a department located in the centre of France. It is named after the Cher river. It is one of the 83 original departments created during the french revolution. Its in the Centre region and its prefecture is Bourges. Its population is about 314,428 (1999 census).

Corrèze
Corrèze (Occitan: "Corresa") is a department in south central France. It was named after the Corrèze River. It is one of the 83 original French departments created during the French revolution. It is in the Limousin region and its prefecture is Tulle. Its population is about 232,600 (1999 census).

Runtime
In computer science, runtime or run time describes the operation of a computer program, the duration of its execution, from beginning to termination.
The term runtime can also refer to a virtual machine to manage a program written in a computer language while it is running.
Run time is sometimes used to mean runtime library, a library of basic code that is used by a particular compiler but when used in this fashion, runtime library is more accurate.
A runtime environment is a virtual machine state which provides software services for processes or programs while a computer is running.
Runtime activities include loading and linking of the classes needed to execute a program, optional machine code generation and dynamic optimization of the program, and actual program execution.
For example, a program written in Java calls for services from the Java Runtime Environment by issuing commands from which the expected result is returned by the Java Runtime. By providing these services, the Java Runtime Environment is considered the runtime environment of the program. Both the program and the Java Runtime Environment request services from the operating system. The operating system kernel provides services for itself and all processes and software running under its control. The Operating System may be considered as providing a runtime environment for itself.

Java Virtual Machine
A Java Virtual Machine (JVM) is a set of computer software programs and data structures which use a virtual machine model for the execution of other computer programs and scripts. The model used by a JVM accepts a form of computer intermediate language commonly referred to as Java bytecode.
Java Virtual Machines operate on Java bytecode, which is normally (but not necessarily) generated from Java source code; a JVM can also be used to implement programming languages other than Java.
The JVM is an important component of the Java Platform. Because JVMs are available for many hardware and software platforms, Java can be both middleware and a platform in its own right — hence the expression "write once, run anywhere." The use of the same bytecode for all platforms allows Java to be described as "compile once, run anywhere", as opposed to "write once, compile anywhere", which describes cross-platform compiled languages.

Station-to-Station protocol
The Station-to-Station (STS) protocol is a cryptographic key agreement scheme based on the classic Diffie-Hellman key exchange that provides mutual key and entity (party) authentication.
In addition to protecting the established key from an attacker, the STS protocol uses no timestamps and provides perfect forward secrecy. It also requires two-way explicit key confirmation, making it an "Authenticated key agreement with Key Confirmation" (Acronym: AKC) protocol.
STS was originally presented in 1987 in the context of ISDN security, finalized in 1989 and generally presented by Whitfield Diffie, Paul C. van Oorschot and Michael J. Wiener in 1992.

Internet Key Exchange
Internet Key Exchange (IKE or IKEv2) is the protocol used to set up a security association (SA) in the IPsec protocol suite. IKE uses a Diffie-Hellman key exchange to set up a shared session secret, from which cryptographic keys are derived. Public key techniques or, alternatively, a pre-shared key, are used to mutually authenticate the communicating parties.
IKE builds upon the Oakley protocol.
History.
IKE was originally defined in November 1998 by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) in a series of publications (Request for Comments) known as RFC 2407, RFC 2408, and RFC 2409.
IKE was updated to version two (IKEv2) in December 2005 by RFC 4306. IKEv2 has been further expanded by RFC 4301 (Security Architecture for the Internet Protocol) through RFC 4310 (DNS Security Extensions Mapping for the EPP). More RFCs are being added all the time as the need arises to further develop the features of the protocol.
The parent organization of the IETF,The Internet Society (ISOC), has maintained the copyrights of these standards as being freely available to the Internet community.

Shared secret
In cryptography, a shared secret is a piece of data only known to the parties involved in a secure communication. The shared secret can be a password, a passphrase, a big number or an array of randomly chosen bytes.
The shared secret is either shared before parties start to communicate; in this case it can also be called a pre-shared key. Or it is created at the start of the communication session by using a key-agreement protocol, for-instance using public-key cryptography such as Diffie-Hellman or using symmetric-key cryptography such as Kerberos.
The shared secret can be used for authentication (for instance when logging in to a remote system) using methods such as challenge-response or it can be fed to a key derivation function to produce one or more keys to use for encryption and/or MACing of messages.
To make unique session and message keys the shared secret is usually combined with an initialization vector (IV). An example of this is the derived unique key per transaction method.

Styphnolobium
Pagoda Tree or Chinese Scholar Tree ("Styphnolobium") is a genus of flowering plants in the "Fabaceae" family. After the segregation of Sophora, this genus comprises 9 species.

Horsforth
Horsforth is a town near Leeds. It used to be the biggest village in England until it became a town.

1620-1639 Atlantic hurricane seasons
Atlantic hurricane seasons
Pre-1600 10s 1620s/1630s 50s 70s
The decades of the 1620s and 1630s featured the 1620–1639 Atlantic hurricane seasons. While info for every storm that happend is not available, some parts of the coastline had enough people to give info of hurricane happenings. Each season was an ongoing event in the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation in the Atlantic basin. Most tropical cyclone formation occurs between June 1 and November 30.

1640-1659 Atlantic hurricane seasons
Atlantic hurricane seasons
10s 30s 1640s/1650s 70s 90s
The decades of the 1640s and 1650s featured the 1640–1659 Atlantic hurricane seasons. While info for every storm that happend is not available, some parts of the coastline were had enough people to give info of hurricane happenings. Each season was an ongoing event in the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation in the Atlantic basin. Most tropical cyclone formation occurs between June 1 and November 30.

Pre-shared key
In cryptography, a pre-shared key or PSK is a shared secret which was previously shared between the two parties using some secure channel before it is used. Such systems almost always use symmetric key cryptographic algorithms.
The characteristics of this secret or key are determined by the system which uses it; some system require that such keys be in a specific format. It can be a password like 'bret13i', a passphrase like 'Idaho hung gear id gene', or a hexadecimal string like '65E4 E556 8622 EEE1'. The secret is used by all systems involved in the cryptographic processes used to secure the traffic between the systems.
The term is used in Wi-Fi encryption such as WEP or WPA, where both the wireless access points (AP) and all clients "share" the same key.
Since one weakpoint of the crypto system is the encryption algorithm's key, the key strength is important, and since the strength of a key is in part dependent on the key length, it is important to choose a key whose length is cryptographically secure (see password strength). There are several tools available to help one choose a strong key. The Diceware method is one example.

1660-1679 Atlantic hurricane seasons
Atlantic hurricane seasons
30s 50s 1660s/1670s 90s 10s
The decades of the 1660s and 1670s featured the 1660–1679 Atlantic hurricane seasons. While info for every storm that happened is not available, some parts of the coastline were had enough people to give info of hurricane happenings. Each season was an ongoing event in the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation in the Atlantic basin. Most tropical cyclone formation is between June 1 and November 30.

Mutual authentication
Mutual authentication or two-way authentication (sometimes written as 2WAY authentication) refers to two parties authenticating each other correctly. In technology terms, it refers to a client or user authenticating themselves to a server and that server authenticating itself to the user in such a way that both parties are assured of the others' identity.
Typically, this is done for a client process and a server process without user interaction.
Mutual SSL provides the same things as SSL, with the addition of authentication and non-repudiation of the client authentication, using digital signatures. However, due to issues with complexity, cost, logistics, and effectiveness, most web applications are designed so they do not require client-side certificates. This creates an opening for a man-in-the-middle attack, in particular for online banking.

1680-1699 Atlantic hurricane seasons
Atlantic hurricane seasons
50s 70s 1680s/1690s 10s 30s
The decades of the 1680s and 1690s featured the 1680–1699 Atlantic hurricane seasons. While info for every storm that happened is not available, some parts of the coastline were had enough people to give info of hurricane happenings. Each season was an ongoing event in the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation in the Atlantic basin. Most tropical cyclone formation is between June 1 and November 30.

Corse-du-Sud
Corse-du-Sud is a department located in the south of France. Its prefecture is Ajaccio and its population is about 125,000 (2006 estimation).

1700-1719 Atlantic hurricane seasons
Atlantic hurricane seasons
70s 90s 1700s/1710s 30s 60s
Although not listed below, the Great Storm of 1703 that struck the Kingdom of England may have been a hurricane. The decades of the 1700s and 1710s featured the 1700–1719 Atlantic hurricane seasons. While info for every storm that happened is not available, some parts of the coastline were had enough people to give info of hurricane happenings. Each season was an ongoing event in the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation in the Atlantic basin. Most tropical cyclone formation is between June 1 and November 30.

Haute-Corse
Haute-Corse is a department located in the south of France. Its prefecture is Bastia. Haute-Corse has a population of about 148,000 (2006 estimation).

1720-1739 Atlantic hurricane seasons
Atlantic hurricane seasons
90s 10s 1720s/1730s 50s 1760s
The decades of the 1720s and 1730s featured the 1720–1739 Atlantic hurricane seasons. While info for every storm that happened is not available, some parts of the coastline were had enough people to give info of hurricane happenings. Each season was an ongoing event in the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation in the Atlantic basin. Most tropical cyclone formation is between June 1 and November 30.

Côte-d'Or
Cote-d'Or is a department located in the center of France. Its prefecture is Dijon. Côte-d'Or has a population of about 515,000 (2006 estimation). It is one of the 83 original French departments created during the French revolution.

1740-1759 Atlantic hurricane seasons
Atlantic hurricane seasons
10s 30s 1740s/1750s 1760s 1770s
The decades of the 1720s and 1730s featured the 1740–1759 Atlantic hurricane seasons. While info for every storm that happened is not available, some parts of the coastline were had enough people to give info of hurricane happenings. Each season was an ongoing event in the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation in the Atlantic basin. Most tropical cyclone formation is between June 1 and November 30.

Côtes-d'Armor
Cotes-d'Armor is a department located in the west of France. Its prefecture is Saint-Brieuc and its population is about 561,000 (2006 estimation). It is one of the 83 original French departments created during the French revolution.

Creuse
Creuse is a department located in the center of France. Its prefecture is Guéret. Creuse has a population of about 124,000 (2006 estimation). It is one of the 83 original French departments created during the French revolution.

Dordogne
Dordogne is a department located in the center-west of France. Its prefecture is Périgueux. Dordogne has a population of about 398,000 (2006 estimation). It is one of the 83 original French departments created during the French revolution.

1760-1769 Atlantic hurricane seasons
Atlantic hurricane seasons
10s 30s 1740s/1750s 1760s 1770s
The decade of 1760s featured the 1760–1769 Atlantic hurricane seasons. While info for every storm that happened is not available, some parts of the coastline were had enough people to give info of hurricane happenings. Each season was an ongoing event in the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation in the Atlantic basin. Most tropical cyclone formation is between June 1 and November 30.

Doubs
Doubs is a department located in the of France in the Franche-Comté region. Its prefecture is Besançon. Doubs has a population of about 510,000 (2006 estimation). It is one of the 83 original French departments created during the French revolution.

Drôme
Drôme is a department located in the southeast of France in the Rhône-Alpes region. Its prefecture is Valence. Drôme has a population of about 458,000 (2006 estimation). It is one of the 83 original French departments created during the French revolution.

IPsec
Internet Protocol Security (IPsec) is a suite of protocols for securing Internet Protocol (IP) communications by authenticating and encrypting each IP packet of a data stream. IPsec also includes protocols for establishing mutual authentication between agents at the beginning of the session and negotiation of cryptographic keys to be used during the session. IPsec can be used to protect data flows between a pair of hosts (e.g. computer users or servers), between a pair of security gateways (e.g. routers or firewalls), or between a security gateway and a host. RFC 2406
IPsec is an end-to-end security solution and operates at the Internet Layer of the Internet Protocol Suite, comparable to Layer 3 in the OSI model. Other Internet security protocols in widespread use, such as SSL, TLS and SSH, operate in the upper layers of these models. This makes IPsec more flexible, as it can be used for protecting all the higher level protocols, because applications don't need to be designed to use IPsec, whereas the use of TLS/SSL or other higher-layer protocols must be built-in the application.
The term "IPsec" is officially defined by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). This definition includes the form of capitalization used for the term; it is often incorrectly spelled "IPSec".

Eure
Eure is a department located in the northwest of France in the Haute-Normandie region. Its prefecture is Evreux. Eure has a population of about 557,000 (2006 estimation). It is one of the 83 original French departments created during the French revolution.

Eure-et-Loir
Eure-et-Loir is a department located in the center of France in the Centre region. Its prefecture is Chartres. Eure-et-Loir has a population of about 415,000 (2006 estimation). It is one of the 83 original French departments created during the French revolution.

Key-agreement protocol
In cryptography, a key-agreement protocol is a cryptographic protocol by which two or more parties can agree on a key in such a way that both have an effect on the results.

1770-1779 Atlantic hurricane seasons
Atlantic hurricane seasons
50s 1760s 1770s 1780s 1790s
The decade of 1770s featured the 1770–1779 Atlantic hurricane seasons. While info for every storm that happened is not available, some parts of the coastline were had enough people to give info of hurricane happenings. Each season was an ongoing event in the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation in the Atlantic basin. Most tropical cyclone formation is between June 1 and November 30.
1772 Atlantic hurricane season.
I take up my pen, just to give you an imperfect account of one of the most dreadful hurricanes that memory or any records whatever can trace, which happened here on the 31st ultimo at night. It began about dusk, at north, and raged very violently till ten o'clock. Then ensued a sudden and unexpected interval which lasted about an hour. Meanwhile the wind was shifting round to the south west point, from whence it returned with redoubled fury and continued till nearly three in the morning. Good God! what horror and destruction - it's impossible for me to describe - or you to form any idea of it. It seemed as if a total dissolution of nature was taking place. The roaring of the sea and wind - fiery meteors flying about in the air - the prodigious glare of almost perpetual lightning - the crash of falling houses - and the ear-piercing shrieks of the distressed were sufficient to strike astonishment into Angels. A great part of the buildings throughout the island are leveled to the ground - almost all the rest very much shattered - several persons killed and numbers utterly ruined - whole families wandering about the streets, unknowing where to find a place of shelter - the sick exposed to the keenness of water and air - without a bed to lie upon - or a dry covering to their bodies - and our harbors entirely bare. In a word, misery, in its most hideous shapes, spread over the whole face of the country...
While the previous hurricane was moving through the Caribbean, a tropical storm was moving northward in the Western Atlantic, hitting North Carolina on September 1. It forced fourteen vessels ashore, and fifty people perished in the storm.
Three hurricanes affected St. Kitts and Nevis in 1772. It is not known whether or not any of them were related to the above storms. "Nevis had scarcely a house left standing" after the first storm, and the worst one, on August 31. On St. Kitts, the damage was considerable. Once again, many houses were flattened, and there were several fatalities and many more injuries. Total damage from the storm was estimated at 500,000 pound sterling on St. Kitts. The second storm struck just three days later.
1773 Atlantic hurricane season.
I. On August 26, a hurricane was reported in Virginia. It created much damage to area vessels (Virginia Gazette from September 2, 1773).
II. A 3-day rain event struck southeast Virginia from September 30 to October 2. North to northeast winds were experienced across the region.
1774 Atlantic hurricane season.
I. August 24-25 saw an "August northeaster" bear down on Westmoreland County in Virginia. Rainy conditions were seen throughout the two-day period (from Journal & Letters of Philip Vickers Fithian p. 177).
II. The Maryland capitol building in Annapolis saw roof damage from a hurricane that began on September 3 and lasted about 24 hours (from Annapolis: A Walk Through History p. 77). A "stormy" northeast wind was seen in Westmoreland County Virginia, along with a "flood of rain" (from Journal & Letters of Philip Vickers Fithian p. 183-184).
Newfoundland Hurricane of 1775.
On August 29, a hurricane hit the Outer Banks of North Carolina. It turned northeastward and left the state on the 2nd, bringing heavy wind and rain to southeastern Virginia. The hurricane stuck the eastern coast of Newfoundland on September 9, 1775. Approximately 4000 sailors, mostly from England and Ireland, were reported to have been drowned; a localized, storm surge is reported to have reached heights of between 20 and 30 feet.
The hurricane, also known as the Independence Hurricane, is Canada's deadliest natural disaster, as well as the eighth deadliest hurricane in history. A total of 4163 people died in this hurricane.
Other Storms.
A hurricane moved through the Caribbean Sea in late July.
On November 2, a hurricane hit the Caicos Islands. "During a hurricane...at least eleven merchantmen and several English warships were lost in the Windward Passage near the Caicos Islands."
1776 Atlantic hurricane season.
A hurricane moving northward through the Carolinas affected a Revolutionary War battle in Virginia; it caused supply ships to sink in the Chesapeake Bay area, and resulted in moderate damage to the area.
A powerful hurricane hit Martinique on September 5. It hit Pointe-a-Pitre Bay, Guadeloupe the next day, and caused 6000 fatalities.
1777 Atlantic hurricane season.
One Spanish ship was sunk from a hurricane that moved off the Florida coast in June. No one was recovered.
Five ships were lost in a hurricane that moved across the Central Atlantic on September 10.
1778 Atlantic hurricane season.
On August 12, a hurricane prevented a naval battle between the British and French in the Revolutionary War, causing them to separate as the hurricane moved up the coast.
Between October 28 and the 31st, a hurricane moved across Cuba, with most lives lost due to drowning.
A late season hurricane, possibly related to the previous hurricane, hit Cape Cod, Massachusetts on November 1. It caused 50-70 deaths.
1779 Atlantic hurricane season.
All but one ship in a Spanish fleet of warships were sunk off the coast of Louisiana from a hurricane that hit on August 18. When it hit New Orleans, Louisiana on the 18th, it pushed the ships in the harbor well inland, causing heavy damage. William Dunbar first theorized from this system that a hurricane revolved around a vortex in the center.
A hurricane hit Martinique on August 28th, of which "many lives were lost".
After the season ended on December 3, a hurricane moved up the Atlantic coast, causing 120 deaths.

Finistère
Finistère is a department located in the west of France in the Bretagne region. Its prefecture is Quimper. Finistère has a population of about 874,000 (2006 estimation). It is one of the 83 original French departments created during the French revolution.

1780-1789 Atlantic hurricane seasons
Atlantic hurricane seasons
1760s 1770s 1780s 1790s 1800s
The decade of 1780s featured the 1780–1789 Atlantic hurricane seasons. While info for every storm that happened is not available, some parts of the coastline were had enough people to give info of hurricane happenings. Each season was an ongoing event in the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation in the Atlantic basin. Most tropical cyclone formation is between June 1 and November 30.
1780 Atlantic hurricane season.
The 1780 Atlantic hurricane season was extraordinarily destructive, and was the deadliest Atlantic hurricane season in recorded history with over 25,000 deaths. Three different hurricanes, all in October, caused at least 1,000 deaths each; this event has never been repeated and only in the 1893 and 2005 seasons were there two such hurricanes. The season also held the deadliest Atlantic hurricane of all time.
1789 Atlantic hurricane season.
No storms were seen this season.

1790-1799 Atlantic hurricane seasons
Atlantic hurricane seasons
1770s 1780s 1790s 1800s 1810s The decade of 1790s featured the 1790–1799 Atlantic hurricane seasons. While info for every storm that happened is not available, some parts of the coastline were had enough people to give info of hurricane happenings. Each season was an ongoing event in the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation in the Atlantic basin. Most tropical cyclone formation is between June 1 and November 30.
1790 Atlantic hurricane season.
No tropical systems were reported this season.
1791 Atlantic hurricane season.
I. A hurricane hit Western Cuba on June 21. It moved slowly over the island, reaching the Gulf of Mexico on the 22nd. The hurricane caused 3,000 deaths, as well as crop and animal damage.
II. A hurricane struck the Lower Texas Coast some time this season, flooding Padre Island and the mainland nearby. A herd of 50,000 cattle belonging to a Spanish cattle baron drowned in the storm surge.
1792 Atlantic hurricane season.
The Lesser Antilles were hit by a hurricane on August 1, destroying several ships.
1793 Atlantic hurricane season.
I. On August 13, a slow moving hurricane approached the Virgin Islands. It left the island chain three days later, after killing 28 people.
I or II. During August, a tropical storm hit southern Louisiana, causing crop damage and minor flooding. It is possible this storm was related to the previous storm.
1794 Atlantic hurricane season.
I. A tropical storm hit Jamaica on June 27, destroying at least one ship. A month later, a hurricane hit the island, causing "many deaths".
II. From July 4-6, rain was reported at Annapolis by William Faris in his diary. On the night of the 5th, it "raind and Blowd very Hard" (sic) all night. It finally cleared out between 10 and 11 am on the 6th.
III. Cuba was hit by a hurricane on August 27, resulting in around 100 deaths. It continued across the Gulf of Mexico, and hit near New Orleans, Louisiana on the 31st. There, heavy flooding, high winds, crop damage, and unusually large hail occurred. "Many deaths" occurred in Louisiana from this hurricane.
IV. In early October, a hurricane caused damage and erosion to northeastern Florida.
V. Between October 25 and October 26 a storm, possibly a hurricane, caused of rain at Madison's Montpelier estate. While the wind there was "brisk" on the morning on the 26th, Annapolis reported that "it Blow'd very Hard a near Hurrican and rained all night" from the 26th into the 27th.
1795 Atlantic hurricane season.
I. A hurricane passed through North Carolina on August 2. It brought heavy rain through the mid-Atlantic, disrupting mail service and damaging crops. "A fleet of eighteen Spanish ships, sailing from Havana to Spain, was struck off Cape Hatteras; an undisclosed number of these ships were lost." At Annapolis, rain set it on the afternoon of the 2nd, before it escalated later in the day, when it "Blow'd a Harrican." Trees were levelled and the tide was so high that "one could not get to the Market House with out a Boat." Vessels were driven ashore by the tempest (from the diary of William Faris).
II. Ten days after the previous storm, another hurricane, this time a major hurricane, hit central North Carolina. It continued northwestward across the state, causing additional flooding and crop damage, the damage could be "Modestly estimated at a year's rent", quoted by Thomas Jefferson. The "powerful torrent" of rain in Petersburg caused creeks to rise higher than noted in the previous 70 years (North Carolina Journal). Winds were gusty at Farmville, where a "great fresh" was reported. Annapolis reported strong winds and rains on August 13th as well.
1796 Atlantic hurricane season.
The Bahamas experienced a hurricane from October 2 to October 3, resulting in delays in shipping.
1797 Atlantic hurricane season.
I. North Carolina was hit by a hurricane on September 5, resulting in the sinking of one ship.
II. On October 15, a hurricane moved across the Bahamas. It turned northward, and hit near Charleston, South Carolina on the 19th. Many ships and lives were reported lost.
1798 Atlantic hurricane season.
No tropical systems were reported this season.
1799 Atlantic hurricane season.
27 people were killed from a hurricane on September 23 in Jamaica. It remained offshore, but rain, flooding, and winds were strong enough to result in the deaths.

1800-1809 Atlantic hurricane seasons
Atlantic hurricane seasons
1780s 1790s 1800s 1810s 1820s
The decade of 1800s featured the 1800–1809 Atlantic hurricane seasons. While info for every storm that happened is not available, some parts of the coastline were had enough people to give info of hurricane happenings. Each season was an ongoing event in the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation in the Atlantic basin. Most tropical cyclone formation is between June 1 and November 30.
1800 Atlantic hurricane season.
I. A minimal hurricane that passed through the Leeward Islands on August 10 moved through the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico to strike southeast Louisiana on August 18.
II. On August 27 and August 28, a hurricane struck Exuma in the Bahamas.
III. During September 9 and September 10 a hurricane impacted Bermuda. (from Beware the Hurricane)
IV. Between October 2 and October 5, a hurricane lingered across South Carolina.
V. The ship, Galgo, was sunk during a hurricane on October 9 over the southwest Atlantic. All 25 crew members were rescued.
VI. On October 31, a hurricane struck Jamaica before moving onward to Cuba and the southwest Atlantic. During November 4 and November 5, Bermuda experienced this hurricane. A lighthouse begun in 1795 on Wreck Hill was abandoned after this storm, as it was then determined to be an unsuitable site. (from Beware the Hurricane)
1801 Atlantic hurricane season.
I. Nassau, Bahamas experienced a hurricane on July 22. 120 sails were wrecked onshore. The system moved westward into the Gulf of Mexico.
II. On August 15 and August 16, this hurricane made landfall near Mobile, Alabama.
1802 Atlantic hurricane season.
A hurricane was spotted west of Jamaica between October 6 and October 10.
1803 Atlantic hurricane season.
I. In August, a hurricane hit the West Indies. It continued through Jamaica, moved northward, and eventually hit England later in the month. It caused 121 deaths.
II. A hurricane hit near the Chesapeake Bay on August 29, causing at least one death.
III. In addition, a minimal hurricane right on its heels hit near New Bern, North Carolina on August 31 and September 1. This type of tropical cyclone succession up the coast is similar to the Connie/Diane East coast landfalls of 1955.
IV. During October 2 and October 3, a hurricane reportedly impacted Norfolk, Virginia.
1804 Atlantic hurricane season.
I. During August 18 and August 19, a hurricane was noted in Jamaica.
II. A hurricane was first spotted near the Leeward Islands on September 3. It moved northwestward, and hit Georgia as a major hurricane on September 7. It continued slowly through South Carolina and North Carolina, leaving the mainland on the 9th before striking New England on September 12. The hurricane caused 500 deaths.
III. Between September 22 and September 24, a tropical storm tracked from Cuba northward to South Carolina.
Storm of October 1804.
IV. Later in the season, a major hurricane moved northwestward across the Western Atlantic to the north of Puerto Rico. It hit near Atlantic City, New Jersey on October 9, and turned northeastward. As it crossed New England, cool air was entrained in the circulation, and it became extratropical. The storm brought heavy snow across the Northeast, in some areas up to 2-3 feet, and killed 8 people. This was the first observation of snow from a landfalling hurricane, but not the last.
1805 Atlantic hurricane season.
I. Between July 27 and August 1, a hurricane tracked through the southwest Atlantic east of Bermuda.
II. On September 30, a hurricane struck Mantanzas, Cuba then moved northward into Maine by October 3.
1806 Atlantic hurricane season.
I. A tropical cyclone was noted near the northeastern Lesser Antilles on August 17. Moving west-northwest, the cyclone strengthened into a major hurricane which hit the southern North Carolina coast on August 23 and led to 42 deaths. It moved out to sea, disrupting British and French ships involved in the Napoleonic Wars.
II. A tropical cyclone moved through the Mona Passage on August 26 before moving just offshore the East Coast of the United States through September 3.
III. A hurricane hit Dominica on September 9, resulting in 457 casualties. The cyclone subsequently moved through the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico, striking Mississippi by September 18.
IV. On September 15, a hurricane hit northeast Florida, destroying several houses but leading to no deaths.
V. On September 20, another hurricane hit Dominica, causing an additional 165 deaths.
VI. On September 28, a minimal hurricane hit the Outer Banks of North Carolina, destroying one ship.
VII. During October 2, a tropical cyclone was witnessed at Jamaica. Moving northward, it struck South Carolina by October 9.
1807 Atlantic hurricane season.
I. A tropical storm moved through the Lesser Antilles on July 25.
II. On September 1, another tropical cyclone moved through the Lesser Antilles, striking Trinidad de Cuba on September 5.
III. Between October 16 and October 20, this hurricane moved from the extreme southeastern Caribbean Sea to the west of Jamaica.
1808 Atlantic hurricane season.
A minimal hurricane hit the Outer Banks on September 12, damaging the lighthouse there.
1809 Atlantic hurricane season.
I. A tropical cyclone struck Dominica, Guadeloupe, Tortola, and Montserrat between August 1 and August 3, killing 62 people.
II. Another hurricane hit Puerto Rico on August 17. It drifted over the island, and caused a "Great death toll".
III. A tropical storm affected the northern Leeward Islands between October 9 and October 13.

1810-1819 Atlantic hurricane seasons
Atlantic hurricane seasons
1790s 1800s 1810s 1820s 1830s The decade of 1810s featured the 1810–1819 Atlantic hurricane seasons. While info for every storm that happened is not available, some parts of the coastline were had enough people to give info of hurricane happenings. Each season was an ongoing event in the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation in the Atlantic basin. Most tropical cyclone formation is between June 1 and November 30.
1810 Atlantic hurricane season.
I. On July 30 and July 31, this tropical storm impacted Jamaica.
II. On August 12 a hurricane hit Trinidad, causing heavy damage. The system apparently moved to Jamaica by the 15th.
III. A tropical storm hit near Charleston, South Carolina between September 11 and September 13, causing minor damage.
IV. A tropical cyclone impacts eastern Cuba on September 28th.
V. The "Salty Storm" strikes Cuba on October 24 and 25th before continuing onward into the southwest Atlantic. The pressure at Havana falls to 29.35"
1811 Atlantic hurricane season.
I. A minor hurricane that impacted Cuba continued onward to Charleston, South Carolina on September 10, causing many deaths, tornadoes, and crop damage as it moved across the state.
II. On October 4 a major hurricane hit near St. Augustine, Florida. Many homes were destroyed, and 35 people drowned in the sinking of a U.S. Gunboat.
III. On October 11 a hurricane impacts Pensacola, Florida and Fort Stoddard, Alabama.
IV. A hurricane moved through the western Caribbean west of Jamaica to Cuba between October 20 and October 25. On October 26 a Spanish ship is lost at Elliot Key from a hurricane.
1812 Atlantic hurricane season.
I. Between June 5 and June 11, a tropical storm moved through the northwest Caribbean Sea.
II. A tropical cyclone impacted Puerto Rico on July 23.
III. On August 8, a tropical storm moved into South Carolina.
Great Louisiana hurricane.
IV. A tropical cyclone was sighted east of Jamaica on August 14. By August 19, it struck southeast Louisiana as a major hurricane after raking the Caribbean Islands. It passed just to the west of New Orleans, almost destroying the levee north of town. The hurricane caused severe flooding, damaged 53 boats, caused $6,000,000 in damage, and 100 deaths. The British fleet in the War of 1812 was disrupted.
V. There is record of another hurricane affecting Puerto Rico on August 21st.
VI. Later in the season, a hurricane hit Jamaica on October 12, affecting the island into the 14th. It continued northwestward, hitting Cuba on the 14th before moving into the southwest Atlantic east of Bermuda by October 17. It destroyed 500 houses and many ships.
1813 Atlantic hurricane season.
I. On July 22, a hurricane hit Barbados, killing 18 there. It continued through the islands, affecting Puerto Rico on the 23rd, causing more damage and deaths along its path. This is likely the same storm that struck the Bahamas as a major hurricane on July 26 and recurved west of Bermuda by July 29.
II. After moving through the Leeward Islands on July 29, this storm struck Jamaica from July 31-August 1, leading to many lives lost. The hurricane was last seen moving into Belize on August 3.
III. Between August 3 and August 7, a tropical cyclone passed nearby Bermuda, with a bulk of the impact occurring on August 4 and early August 5. It was the worst hurricane to impact the island since 1793 and forced the construction of a breakwater to prevent a similar harbor disaster from recurring; more than 30 ships were driven ashore by the "violent gale." Winds were estimated at during the cyclone's passage. (from the book Beware the Hurricane)
IV. A powerful hurricane hit Dominica and Martinique beginning August 25, causing 3000 deaths. The cyclone moved south of Jamaica by August 28.
V. A system that affected the Caicos Islands on August 24 moved northwest to strike as a compact major hurricane near Charleston, South Carolina on August 27, causing many deaths due to drowning. The system passed northward through the Mid-Atlantic States by August 29.
VI. Northeast Florida/Southeast Georgia was hit by a major hurricane on September 16, causing strong storm surge and 50 casualties.
1814 Atlantic hurricane season.
I. A minimal hurricane hit South Carolina on July 1, causing 1 tornado.
II. A hurricane impacted Dominica and Puerto Rico between July 22 and July 24.
III. A hurricane made landfall near Washington, D.C., including a tornado that "tore through the center", curtailing the Burning of Washington by the British.
III. A hurricane affected Bermuda for four days around October 10. (from Beware the Hurricane)
1815 Atlantic hurricane season.
I. Cape Lookout, North Carolina was hit by a major hurricane on September 3. It moved northeastward across the state, reaching the Atlantic Ocean near Maryland. It weakened over land to a tropical storm, but still brought gusty winds to New England. It caused at least 4 deaths.
II. Three weeks later, another major hurricane was located off the coast of Virginia moving northward. It hit Long Island, New York on September 23, causing damage and destruction throughout New England. At least 20 deaths occurred, though "The loss of life was so heavy that the newspapers did not have space enough to give all the details of the marine disasters."
III. A tropical storm was located off the coast of South Carolina on September 28, but did not make landfall.
IV. From October 17 until October 19 Jamaica was hit by a hurricane. It drifted over the island, causing 100 deaths.
V. A minor hurricane hit Saint Bartholomew on October 18. It turned northwestward, and moved up the Chesapeake Bay on October 24, delaying ships' arrivals.
1816 Atlantic hurricane season.
Records from ship logs have determined both 1815 and 1816 were active hurricane seasons, with at least 12 tropical cyclones ascribed to 1816 alone. This is some evidence that a northward-displaced Intertropical Convergence Zone appears to be partially responsible for the increased 1816 tropical cyclone activity.
I. June 5-8: A hurricane brushed the Florida Keys, causing the loss of 5 ships. Interestingly, it appears to have been lured northward by an unusual June snowstorm across New England.
II. Haiti, around Port-au-Prince, was struck by a hurricane on August 18th.
III. Martinique, eastern Cuba, and South Carolina were impacted by a hurricane between September 3 and September 11.
IV. A tropical storm affected Virginia on September 18 before moving northeast into New York. The tropical storm caused heavy flooding in the James River area.
V. There is record of a hurricane moving by Dominica and Barbados on September 15 before devastating Puerto Rico on September 18. The cyclone then recurved between the United States East coast and Bermuda by September 25.
VI. On October 16-17, a severe gale was experienced in Dominica and Martinique. During the storm, an earthquake shook the region.
1817 Atlantic hurricane season.
I. A hurricane was first observed near Tobago on August 1 before continuing through the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico by August 6. It crossed over Florida, and when it reached the western Atlantic, it paralleled the coastlines of Georgia and South Carolina. It moved inland over southern North Carolina, and brought heavy rain to the Norfolk, Virginia area, delaying mail delivery and causing flooding through the mid-Atlantic as it moved northward into Pennsylvania by August 9. Its track appears similar to that of Hurricane Charley of August 2004.
II. Barbados was struck by a hurricane on October 21, causing 250 deaths as it moved through the Lesser Antilles. The hurricane subsequently moved into Nicaragua by October 26.
1818 Atlantic hurricane season.
I. A hurricane passed through the central Atlantic east of Bermuda to south and east of the Azores between August 26 and September 5. It reportedly silted at Hamilton Harbor on Bermuda. (from Beware the Hurricane)
II. A hurricane passed by the Cayman Islands in early September. It crossed the Yucatán Peninsula, and turned northwest when it reached the Bay of Campeche. The hurricane intensified to a Category 2-3 before hitting Galveston, Texas on September 12 and continuing onward to Mississippi. The hurricane was "quite severe", destroying all but six houses on Galveston Island.
III. A tropical cyclone seriously affected Puerto Rico on September 22. It possibly recurved sharply offshore the Eastern Seaboard, as the frigate Macedonian encountered a hurricane on the 26th and 27th to the east-northeast of Bermuda. The breeze freshened that afternoon as the ship lay near 35.6N 55.7W. By sunset, waves increased to nine feet, and southeast gales lashed the system after midnight on the 27th. Winds continued to increase into that afternoon, as seas increased to. One man fell overboard by 5 p.m. and drowned. The hurricane reached its full violence by 10 p.m., splitting the storm staysails, and making the rigging useless. The main mast cracked under the strain by 2 a.m. on the 28th, and the mizzenmast followed suit by 4 a.m.. Seawater poured into the ship from all sides, as the wooden hull twisted under the force of the waves. The ship finally cleared the storm without capsizing by noon, and finally got to see a sunset by the evening of the 29th (from Chronicles of the Frigate Macedonian 1809-1922 p. 129-139).
IV. An October 12-14 hurricane affected Jamaica and the central Bahamas.
V. Between November 6 and November 13, another hurricane moved across the southwest Caribbean Sea into Jamaica and Cuba.
Bay St. Louis Hurricane.
The exact origin of this hurricane is unknown, but it likely formed off the coast of Cuba before heading on a west-northwest track towards the Gulf Coast. A small hurricane, it reached an estimated Category 3-4 strength before making landfall on July 27 in southeastern Louisiana, bringing heavy winds and a 5-6ft storm surge. The hurricane continued northeastward, making a second landfall in Bay St. Louis, Mississippi before dissipating inland. Known as one of the most destructive hurricanes to affect the United States during the first half of the 19th century, the Bay St. Louis Hurricane caused severe damage across Alabama, Louisiana, and Mississippi, leaving behind the remains of shattered buildings and uprooted trees. Several vessels (from small boats to 60-ton brigs) were driven ashore by the hurricane's storm surge. One of them was the capsizing of the U.S. warship Firebrand, drowning 39 sailors. Several U.S. solders were caught off guard by the hurricane and perished in its midst. There were also reports of people being attacked by alligators, snapping turtles, and snakes, which further added to the death toll. The hurricane caused over $100,000 dollars (1819 US dollars) in damage, and killed between 43 to 175 people, some of them later found washed up across the Gulf Coast.
Other storms.
II. A tropical storm hit between New Orleans and Apalachicola in September.
III. Between September 19 and September 26, a hurricane tracked through the northeast Lesser Antilles and southwest of Bermuda. During September 21 and September 22, this hurricane hit the Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico, causing heavy damage and loss of life.
IV. From October 13 to October 15, a hurricane passed through the Leeward Islands.
V. A hurricane is recorded to have impacted Cuba on October 27 before moving onward to the Bahamas on October 28.

1820-1829 Atlantic hurricane seasons
Atlantic hurricane seasons
1800s 1810s 1820s 1830s 1840s The decade of 1820s featured the 1820–1829 Atlantic hurricane seasons. While info for every storm that happened is not available, some parts of the coastline were had enough people to give info of hurricane happenings. Each season was an ongoing event in the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation in the Atlantic basin. Most tropical cyclone formation is between June 1 and November 30.
1820 Atlantic hurricane season.
I. A minimal hurricane moved from Florida on September 8 northward to hit near the border of North Carolina and South Carolina on September 10. It caused only minor damage.
II. A hurricane was sighted at Dominica on September 26 before moving west-northwest through Hispaniola, then across the southwest Atlantic to South Carolina on October 1.
1821 Atlantic hurricane season.
I. A tropical storm moved westward across the Caribbean, from Guadeloupe on September 1 to western Cuba on September 9.
II. Norfolk and Long Island Hurricane.
The Norfolk and Long Island Hurricane was a deadly hurricane that rapidly moved up the Atlantic coast during the first few days of September. It included a hurricane landfall within the modern borders of New York City, the only recorded case of a hurricane eyewall moving directly over the city. It caused 200 deaths, and is estimated to have been a Category 4 hurricane.
III. Later in September, from the 15th-17th, a strong hurricane hit Mississippi. This was a very large storm, bringing storm surge flooding from Mobile to what is now Wakulla and Taylor Counties, Florida. 11 of the 13 vessels in the harbor at Pensacola Bay were lost, causing 35 deaths.
1822 Atlantic hurricane season.
I. A hurricane struck the central Gulf coast between July 7 and July 9.
II. This hurricane moved north-northwest from the Bahamas on September 25 to hit Charleston, South Carolina on September 27. It claimed the lives of hundreds of slaves who found themselves trapped in the low-lying Santee Delta, miles from higher ground and with no shelter. It caused 300 (or more deaths), but managed to break a drought in the Richmond area.
III. From October 20 to the 22nd, a hurricane hit Virginia, causing heavy damage and winds in the Richmond area.
IV. A rare December hurricane moved through the eastern Caribbean Sea and eventually into Venezuela between December 13 and December 22.
1823 Atlantic hurricane season.
I. A tropical storm moved from Curaçao on July 8 to near Jamaica on July 10.
II. A tropical storm moved south of Jamaica on August 2 and August 3.
III. A hurricane which formed in the west-central Gulf of Mexico on September 11 moved slowly northeast, striking the central Gulf coast on September 14.
1824 Atlantic hurricane season.
I. A severe hurricane was sighted at Guadeloupe on September 7 and moved across the northeast Lesser Antilles and the southwest Atlantic to hit Georgia and South Carolina on September 14, causing 100 deaths. It washed out all bridges between Darien and Savannah. Moving northward, it hit Savannah and South Carolina before going out to sea. Because hurricanes were somewhat frequent, residents were used to evacuating the area. Those who didn't evacuate saw the destruction caused by this strong hurricane. This is likely one of the strongest hurricanes to hit Georgia in its history.
II. Between September 26 and September 27, a tropical storm moved south of Jamaica.
1825 Atlantic hurricane season.
I. A tropical storm formed south of Santo Domingo on May 28. It moved across Cuba on the 1st, and while moving across Florida it caused heavy winds. When it reached the western Atlantic it rapidly strengthened, hitting Charleston as a hurricane, but it lost strength over the northwestern Atlantic ocean.
II. On July 6, a moderate hurricane hit Puerto Rico, destroying 6 villages.
III. Two weeks later, on July 26, a powerful hurricane hit near Guadeloupe. It continued west-northwestward to hit Puerto Rico, causing 1,300 deaths, before tracking to the west of Bermuda by August 2.
IV. A hurricane struck Haiti on September 28 and moved northwestward into northeast Florida by October 3.
V. A late season hurricane hit North Carolina on November 17, killing at least 5.
1826 Atlantic hurricane season.
I. A hurricane hit the Cayman Islands and western Cuba on August 27, causing 33 deaths.
II. A tropical storm spotted near Dominica on August 31 moved west-northwest to Jamaica before moving northward to the Grand Banks by September 10.
1827 Atlantic hurricane season.
I. A hurricane struck Antigua on August 17 and moved westward to Jamaica before continuing westward to Vera Cruz, Mexico.
II. A hurricane formed over the Windward Islands on August 18. It moved northwest through the Bahamas on the 21st, and hit Cape Hatteras on August 24. It moved up the Chesapeake Bay, causing higher than normal tides, and eventually through New England by August 27. This is known as the St. Kitts Hurricane.
III. This hurricane moved through the northern Leeward Islands a week after the last storm on August 27 before continuing westward into the eastern Gulf of Mexico, recurving northward to strike northwest Florida by September 5.
IV. A tropical storm moved through the southwest Atlantic between the West Indies and Bermuda from August 29 to September 8.
1828 Atlantic hurricane season.
A hurricane moved from the northern Lesser Antilles on September 15 northward by Bermuda on September 19, where it caused a "severe gale" and sank 3 ships, before moving into the north Atlantic shipping lanes. and from "Beware the Hurricane!"
1829 Atlantic hurricane season.
I. A tropical storm moved through the Gulf of Mexico between July 9 and July 13.
II. A strong tropical storm moved through South Carolina and the Outer Banks of North Carolina before moving northwest of Bermuda during the last week of August.
III. On September 10, a hurricane hit the mouth of the Rio Grande. Port Isabel and Brazos Santiago saw great destruction, while other towns had higher than normal tides.
IV. A hurricane hit Saint Barthemelow on October 26, possibly sinking one ship.
Books.
Terry Tucker. Beware the Hurricane! The Story of the Gyratory Tropical Storms That Have Struck Bermuda. Bermuda: Hamilton Press, 1966, p. 87-89.

1830-1839 Atlantic hurricane seasons
Atlantic hurricane seasons
1810s 1820s 1830s 1840s 1850s The decade of 1830s featured the 1830–1839 Atlantic hurricane seasons. While info for every storm that happened is not available, some parts of the coastline were had enough people to give info of hurricane happenings. Each season was an ongoing event in the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation in the Atlantic basin. Most tropical cyclone formation is between June 1 and November 30.
1830 Atlantic hurricane season.
I. A hurricane moved from Trinidad to western Cuba between August 3 and August 9.
Atlantic Coast Hurricane.
II. First noted in the Leeward Islands on August 11, a hurricane moved into the Caribbean in the middle of August. It moved west-northwestward, and approached the coast of Florida. It came close to present-day Daytona Beach on August 15, but recurved northeastward before landfall, although land was not spared from effects. It made landfall near Cape Fear on the 16th and went out to sea that night, eventually well to the north of Bermuda just offshore the Canadian Maritimes. The hurricane broke a three month drought, but caused heavy crop damage in the process.
III. A hurricane tracked north of the Leeward Islands on August 19 through the southwest and western Atlantic by August 26.
IV. A hurricane moved from north of Puerto Rico on September 29 to well northeast of Bermuda on October 1.
V. A tropical storm struck South Carolina on October 6.
1831 Atlantic hurricane season.
I. A tropical storm made landfall in northeast Florida on June 10.
II. A hurricane moved from south of Barbados to the Yucatán Peninsula between June 22 and June 28.
Great Barbados Hurricane.
III. The Great Barbados Hurricane was an intense Category 4 hurricane that left cataclysmic damage across the Caribbean and Louisiana in 1831. It left 2,500 people dead and $7 million dollars (1831 dollars) in damage.
IV. A strong tropical storm/hurricane struck western Louisiana between August 27 and August 30.
V. A hurricane hit near the mouth of the Rio Grande, causing heavy rain over Texas and Mexico.
1832 Atlantic hurricane season.
I. Early in the season, a hurricane moved through the Bahamas around June 5, causing 52 deaths. The gale began June 6 at 8 p.m. at Bermuda from the northeast, with the center passing quite close to the island as the wind shifted to southwest at 10:30 p.m. The storm lasted until 3 a.m. on June 7. Two schooners were damaged during the system. (from Beware the Hurricane)
II. On August 12, this hurricane was noted near Key West. The cyclone moved across the eastern Gulf of Mexico striking northwest Florida, then recurving through the Southeast to move through South Carolina by August 18.
III. On August 21 a tropical storm was witnessed to the west-southwest of the Cape Verde Islands in the eastern tropical Atlantic.
IV. Between August 23 and August 27, a hurricane moved from the central Leeward Islands to the east of Jamaica.
V. On October 14, a tropical storm moved into South Carolina.
1833 Atlantic hurricane season.
A hurricane passed offshore of Norfolk in late August, keeping ships at harbor but causing no damage.
1834 Atlantic hurricane season.
I. On September 4 a hurricane hit South Carolina, causing 37 deaths. It moved through North Carolina and Virginia, capsizing the ship "E. Pluribus Unum". The crew made it safely to shore.
II. A hurricane struck the island of Dominica on September 20, bringing heavy winds and a 12ft storm surge that devastated the capital of Roseau; 230 people are believed to have been killed by the hurricane's onslaught. Then the hurricane made its second landfall at Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic on the 23rd. About 170 sailors died when their ships sank in the Ozama River. On land the hurricane disrupted the funeral service of Padre Ruiz, a Roman Catholic priest. A total of 400 people were killed from the hurricane.
III. Also in September, a hurricane hit south Texas, causing heavy damage.
Antigua Hurricane.
A hurricane was first detected near Antigua on August 12. It moved over Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic, and Cuba, causing at least 3 casualties. It moved across the Florida Straits and the Gulf of Mexico, hitting near the mouth of the Rio Grande on August 18. There, it destroyed small villages, caused strong storm surge, and killed 18 people.
Jay Barnes in "Florida's Hurricane History" pg 56, noted a hurricane, possibly the same, that smashed Cape Florida and Key Biscayne, creating the Norris Cut and knocking over the Ponce de Leon lighthouse. From there, the storm entered the Gulf of Mexico and took a hard northeast tack, damaging Fort Brooke in Tampa, terrorizing the city, and then ambling northward into Georgia and the Carolinas, making the trip "all the way into New England."
1836 Atlantic hurricane season.
A hurricane hit the Cayman Islands during this season.
1837 Atlantic hurricane season.
I. On July 26 a storm hit Martinique. It caused 57 deaths.
II. On August 2, a hurricane hit Puerto Rico, causing 141 deaths.
III. A tropical system was observed east of the West Indies on August 13. It moved through the islands, and passed the Bahamas on the 16th. As it was recurving, it hit the North Carolina coast on the 18th. It slowly moved over land, causing 48 hours of strong winds, and moved offshore on the 20th. This is known as the Calypso Hurricane.
Racer's Storm.
IV. The 10th known tropical storm in the 1837 season, nicknamed Racer's Storm, was first observed in the Western Caribbean during late September. It moved across the Yucatán Peninsula and the western Gulf of Mexico, where it hit Brownsville, Texas on October 2. It remained over land for 3 days before recurving to the east, hitting near Louisiana and Pensacola before moving out to sea. This hurricane caused 105 deaths.
1838 Atlantic hurricane season.
I. On September 7, a hurricane hit near Cape Florida, causing 38 deaths.
II. A late season hurricane hit the east coast of Mexico on November 1, sinking 2 U.S. ships.
1839 Atlantic hurricane season.
I. A hurricane hit Charleston, South Carolina on August 28. It passed over North Carolina and Virginia before going out to sea on the 30th.
II. This cyclone is known as Reid's Hurricane. The system moved from east of the West Indies into the southwest Atlantic. Swells were noted as early as September 9 at Bermuda. During late on the September 11 and early on September 12, this hurricane struck Bermuda. The storm tide was measured as 11 feet/3.3 meters. Thousands of trees were downed. The tower on Tower Hill was levelled. Damage done to private property totalled 8000 pounds sterling (1839 pounds). This cyclone later swept western Ireland as an extratropical storm, which they called The Great Wind of 1839. This was one of the first hurricanes to be studied by William Reid in person, in this case as governor of the island the year after his publication of "The Law of Storms". (from Beware the Hurricane)
III. During the middle of September, a hurricane approached the coast of Louisiana. It struck near Lake Charles, then known as Charley's Lake, on September 15.
IV. A late season hurricane hit Galveston, Texas on November 5.

Jigglypuff
Jigglypuff is one of the 493 fictional species of Pokémon from the "Pokémon" media franchise owned by Nintendo and Game Freak. Since it was introduced early in the "Pokémon" anime, it has become one of the most famous Pokémon.
Jigglypuff is perhaps most famous for the song it sings which puts everyone who hears it into a deep sleep. Jigglypuff then becomes upset because it assumes everyone is very bored by the song, and it draws all over their faces with a marker.
Appearance and characteristics.
Jigglypuff is a small Pokémon, slightly shorter than Pikachu. It is shaped like a balloon and has a pink body with blue eyes, catlike ears, and a strange tuft of fur on its forehead.
In video games.
In the "Pokémon" video games, Jigglypuff is famous among players because it learns the move Sing, which puts enemy Pokémon to sleep. This often causes them to lose the battle, and many players find it very annoying.
Jigglypuff was introduced in "Pokémon Red and Blue", the first "Pokémon" games. It has appeared in most of the games since then. It evolves into Wigglytuff, an "upgraded" form of Jigglypuff. Starting with "Pokémon Gold and Silver", Jigglypuff has a pre-evolved evolutionary form, Igglybuff. Igglybuff was one of the 100 new Pokémon introduced in "Gold" and "Silver". Previously there were only 151.
In anime.
Jigglypuff is one of the most famous Pokémon, alongside Pikachu, Bulbasaur, Charmander, and Mewtwo, mostly because it has appeared many times in the still-running "Pokémon" anime. It usually appears unexpectedly and puts Pokémon and humans near it to sleep for a few minutes by singing its trademark song. It has a black permanent marker, similar to a Sharpie, with which it often draws on people and Pokémon's faces while they are asleep. This is an act of revenge, because everyone falls asleep when they hear Jigglypuff's song and Jigglypuff assumes it's because they are very bored by it. Since people are upset when Jigglypuff puts them to sleep, and Jigglypuff is upset when they fall asleep, it is a vicious circle.
Ash Ketchum had a Jigglypuff early in the anime. In one episode, a Jigglypuff was trapped in a Blastoise's cannon. When it finally escaped, it put everyone to sleep and drew on their faces.

Muhammad al-Qaim Bi-Amrillah
Muhammad al-Qaim Bi-Amrillah (893 - 17 May, 946) () was the second Caliph of the Fatimids in Ifriqiya and ruled from 934 to 946. He is the 12th Imam according to Isma'ili Faatemi faith.
Al-Qaim (sometimes also spelled Ka'im) was born in Salamya in Syria in 895 with the name Abd ar-Rahman. After his father Ubayd Allah al-Mahdi Billah (910-934) seized power in Ifriqiya he was named heir to the throne in 912, and helped put down several revolts. But campaigns into Egypt failed because of the resistance of the Abbasids (914-915 and 919-921).
In 934 Al-Qaim succeeded his father as Caliph. The Fatimid realm became an important power in the Mediterranean. After the re-conquest of Sicily the Byzantine province of Calabria and the coast of Italy and France were plundered.
But from 944 to 947 there was a crisis by the revolt of Abu Yazid, who had united the Kharijite Berber tribes of eastern Algeria and overrun Ifriqiya. Imam Al-Qaim was able to hold out in Mahdia with the help of the navy for over a year, but died (17 May 946) before the revolt could be put down.
He was succeeded by his son Ismail al-Mansur (946-953).
He died on 13 th Shawwal 334 AH (Mahdiyya)/ 17th May 946 AD

Victoria Falls
Victoria Falls is a waterfall, found in south central Africa in the Zambezi River between southeast Zambia and northwest Zimbabwe. It is 108.3m high. The falls were discovered by David Livingstone in November 1855.

Anti-nuclear movement
Many people who are anti-nuclear, are against the use of nuclear power for electricity generation, since they think nuclear power is inherently dangerous. They consider the risk of a nuclear accident unacceptable and generally believe that radioactive waste cannot be safely disposed of safely. Many also see uranium mining and nuclear reprocessing as bad, because of the environmental risks of these activities.
Australia.
Australia has no nuclear power stations and the current Rudd Labor government is opposed to nuclear power for Australia. However, Australia does have a small research reactor (OPAL) in Sydney, and it does export uranium. Australia has 40% of the world's known uranium deposits as well as similar deposits of the other potential fission reactor fuel thorium, and sells uranium to members of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.
Uranium mining and export and nuclear issues have often been the subject of public debate, and the anti-nuclear movement in Australia has a long history. Its origins date back to the 1972–73 debate over French nuclear testing in the Pacific, which mobilised several groups, and the 1976–77 debate about uranium mining in Australia.
France.
In the 1970s, an anti-nuclear movement in France, consisting of citizens' groups and political action committees, emerged. There were many large anti-nuclear protests and demonstrations. More recently, targeted campaigns have been conducted, mainly by Greenpeace, and Sortir du nucléaire (France) has called for an official safety inspection of Areva facilities.
Germany.
The anti-nuclear movement in Germany has a long history dating back to the early 1970s, when large demonstrations prevented the construction of a nuclear plant at Wyhl. Anti-nuclear success at Wyhl inspired nuclear opposition throughout Germany, in other parts of Europe, and in North America.
United Kingdom.
In January 2008 the UK government announced plans to build new nuclear power stations, and the anti-nuclear movement in the United Kingdom has voiced concerns. There are also public concerns about the proliferation of nuclear weapons. Many different groups and individuals have been involved in demonstrations and protests over the years.
United States.
For many years the anti-nuclear movement in the United States succeeded in delaying or halting commitments to build some new nuclear plants. Anti-nuclear campaigns that captured national public attention in the 1970s involved the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, Seabrook Station Nuclear Power Plant, Diablo Canyon Power Plant, Shoreham Nuclear Power Plant, and Three Mile Island. More recent targeted campaigning has related to the Indian Point Energy Center, Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station, Pilgrim Nuclear Generating Station, Salem Nuclear Power Plant, Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Plant, Idaho National Laboratory, proposed Yucca Mountain waste repository, the Hanford Site, the Nevada Test Site, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, and transportation of nuclear waste from the Los Alamos National Laboratory. Many different groups have been involved in various protests and demonstrations over the years.
More than fifty anti-nuclear groups are operating, or have operated, in the United States. These include: Abalone Alliance, Clamshell Alliance, Greenpeace USA, Institute for Energy and Environmental Research, Musicians United for Safe Energy, Nevada Desert Experience, Nuclear Control Institute, Nuclear Information and Resource Service, Public Citizen Energy Program, Shad Alliance, and the Sierra Club.
Many well-known scientists and engineers have expressed reservations about nuclear power. These people include: Barry Commoner, S. David Freeman, John Gofman, Amory Lovins, Arjun Makhijani, Gregory Minor and Joseph Romm.
Recent developments.
During a weekend in October 2008, some 15,000 people disrupted the transport of radioactive nuclear waste from France to a dump in Germany. This was one of the largest such protests in many years and, according to "Der Spiegel", it signals a revival of the anti-nuclear movement in Germany.
Also in 2008, there have been protests about, and criticism of, several new nuclear reactor proposals in the United States.

Vicente López y Portaña
Vicente López y Portaña (September 19, 1772, Valencia, Spain – July 22, 1850, Madrid, Spain) was a Spanish painter. He was one of the most well known portrait painters of his time. He became the court painter to Queen Isabella II. His most famous painting is a portait of the artist Goya.

Théophile Gautier
Pierre Jules Théophile Gautier (August 30, 1811 – October 23, 1872) was a French poet, dramatist, novelist, journalist, and literary critic.

Anton Raphael Mengs
Anton Raphael Mengs (March 12, 1728 – June 29, 1779) was a German painter. He worked in Rome, Madrid, and Saxony. Mengs painted many portraits, including members of the Spanish Royalfamily.

El Escorial
El Escorial is a famous royal site in Spain. It was built in the late 1500s. El Escaorial is a monastery, a royal palace, a museum and a school. It is located about northwest of the Spanish capital, Madrid, in the town of San Lorenzo de El Escorial. Five miles from the main building is a hunting lodge called Granjilla de La Fresneda, which is also part of the Escorial.
The building was designed by the architect Juan Bautista de Toledo to the plans of King Philip II. El Escorial is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It is a very popular tourist attraction.

Governor of Alaska
The Governor of Alaska is the head of the executive branch of Alaska's government and the leader of the state's military. The governor has a duty to enforce state laws, and the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Alaska Legislature, to convene the legislature, and to grant pardons, except in cases of impeachment.
The current Governor of Alaska is Sarah Palin, who is the Republican Party's nominee for Vice President in the 2008 election.

City council
A city council is a form of local government, usually covering a city or other urban area, such as a town.

Fallout 3
"Fallout 3" is an action/role-playing game computer game. It was created by Bethesda Game Studios. The game is the third in the "Fallout" series of games. It is set in a world where nuclear bombs have ruined the surface and people are fighting to survive. "Fallout 3" was released on October 28, 2008 in North America, October 30, 2008 in Australia, and October 31, 2008 in the United Kingdom.
Gameplay.
The player controls a character on the screen with two different view points. One point of view is from the character's head and another is from behind the character. The player may make their character different by changing their name, gender, how they look, and using skill points to make their character better at doing certain things.
The character may use either close-up weapons, guns or grenades to fight enemies. These need to be repaired in order to stay good. The player can also create weapons using drawings found in the game. There are two modes of fighting. The player may either aim and shoot at enemies or use a special system, called the "Vault-tec Assisted Targeting System" (VATS), to attack an enemy's arms and legs.
The character has a limited number of Health Points. If these are lost due to damage, the character will die. However, the player can dress their character in armor so that the character takes less damage. The character may also get sick from radiation.
The character can also be good or bad, and earns "Karma points" for being good and doing nice things or loses Karma points for being mean or killing people who do not deserve it.
Characters.
Because of the nuclear war the world was radiated very badly. The people who were not safe turned into Ghouls, living zombies.
Many normal people are alive, though. For example, a city made of airplane parts, Megaton, has normal humans.
Plot.
In the "Fallout" games, the world after 2050 destroyed itself because all the nations bombed each other with nuclear bombs. A few people in the United States hid underground in shelters called "Vaults". The player comes from Vault 101 in Washington, D.C. They leave the vault because their father has gone missing.
The game does not have a story as the player can play any missions, called "quests", whenever they want. The main story involves the player interacting with what used to be the Army, the Brotherhood of Steel, and the evil Enclave, which used to be the government. The player has to either stop the Enclave's mission to kill all mutant people or help them.
Creation.
Black Isle Studios, a company belonging to Interplay, was making the game. Interplay lost all of its money and sold the game to Bethesda Softworks in July 2004. Bethesda Softworks created a new version of the game. It was supposed to look like Bethesda's game before Fallout, Oblivion, but they made it much bigger. The game now has a 16-square mile game setting. In Australia, the game could not be sold because it talked about real drugs. The programmers renamed the drugs so that it could be sold in Australia.
Reception.
"Fallout 3" has gotten very good reviews. It has a 93% mark at Metacritic

Chuck Baldwin
Charles O. "Chuck" Baldwin (born May 3, 1952) is a founder-pastor of Crossroad Baptist Church in Pensacola, Florida, and 2008 presidential nominee of the Constitution Party. He was also the Constitution Party nominee for Vice President in 2004.

Darrell Castle
Darrell Castle (b 1948) is an American political figure, activist and lawyer from Memphis, Tennessee, and the 2008 vice-presidential candidate of the Constitution Party

United States Electoral College
The Electoral College consists of 538 popularly elected people who formally select the President and Vice President of the United States. In 2008, it will make this selection on December 15. The Electoral College is an example of an indirect election, meaning that they do not choose between people, but elect other people who will make that choice.

Gard
Gard is a department located in the south of France in the Languedoc-Roussillon region. Its prefecture is Nîmes and its population is about 665,000 (2006 estimation). It is one of the 83 original French departments created during the French revolution.

Haute-Garonne
Haute-Garonne is a department located in the south of France in the Midi-Pyrénées region. Its prefecture is Toulouse and its population is about 1,135,000 (2006 estimation). It is one of the 83 original French departments created during the French revolution.

Gers
Gers is a department located in the southeast of France in the Midi-Pyrénées region. Its prefecture is Auch and its population is about 178,000 (2006 estimation). It is one of the 83 original French departments created during the French revolution.

Gironde
Gironde is a department located in the southeast of France in the Aquitaine region. Its prefecture is Bordeaux and its population is about 1,376,000 (2006 estimation). It is one of the 83 original French departments created during the French revolution.

Hérault
Hérault is a department located in the south of France in the Languedoc-Roussillon region. Its prefecture is Montpellier and its population is about 971,000 (2006 estimation). It is one of the 83 original French departments created during the French revolution.

Ille-et-Vilaine
Ille-et-Vilaine is a department located in the west of France in the Bretagne region. Its prefecture is Rennes and its population is about 908,000 (2006 estimation). It is one of the 83 original French departments created during the French revolution.

Indre-et-Loire
Indre-et-Loire is a department located in the center of France in the Pays de la Loire region named after the river Loire. Its prefecture is Tours and its population is about 568,000 (2006 estimation). It is one of the 83 original French departments created during the French revolution.

Isère
Isère is a department located in the southeast of France in the Rhône-Alpes region. Its prefecture is Grenoble and its population is about 1,145,000 (2006 estimation). It is one of the 83 original French departments created during the French revolution.

Landes
Landes is a department located in the southwest of France in the Aquitaine region. Its prefecture is Mont-de-Marsan and its population is about 347,000 (2006 estimation). It is one of the 83 original French departments created during the French revolution.

Loir-et-Cher
Loir-et-Cher is a department located in the center of France in the Pays de la Loire region. Its prefecture is Blois and its population is about 321,000 (2006 estimation). It is one of the 83 original French departments created during the French revolution.

Loire
Loire is a department located in the center of France in the Rhône-Alpes region. Its prefecture is Saint-Etienne and its population is about 732,000 (2006 estimation).

Haute-Loire
Haute-Loire is a department located in the center of France in the Auvergne region. Its prefecture is Le Puy-en-Velay and its population is about 216,000 (2006 estimation). It is one of the 83 original French departments created during the French revolution.

Loiret
Loiret is a department located in the center of France in the Centre region. Its prefecture is Orléans and its population is about 634,000 (2006 estimation). It is one of the 83 original French departments created during the French revolution.

Lot (department)
Lot is a department located in the south of France in the Midi-Pyrénées region. Its prefecture is Cahors and its population is about 167,000 (2006 estimation). It is one of the 83 original French departments created during the French revolution.

Lot-et-Garonne
Lot-et-Garonne is a department located in the southwest of France in the Aquitaine region. Its prefecture is Agen and its population is about 315,000 (2006 estimation). It is one of the 83 original French departments created during the French revolution.

Lozère
Lozère is a department located in the south of France in the Languedoc-Roussillon region. Its prefecture is Mende and its population is about 75,000 (2006 estimation). It is one of the 83 original French departments created during the French revolution.

Maine-et-Loire
Maine-et-Loire is a department located in the west of France in the Pays de la Loire region. Its prefecture is Angers and its population is about 753,000 (2006 estimation). It is one of the 83 original French departments created during the French revolution.

Manche
Manche is a department located in the west of France in the Basse-Normandie region. Its prefecture is Saint-Lô and its population is about 486,000 (2006 estimation). It is one of the 83 original French departments created during the French revolution.

Marne
Marne is a department located in the northeast of France in the Champagne-Ardenne region. Its prefecture is Châlons-en-Champagne and its population is about 564,000 (2006 estimation). It is one of the 83 original French departments created during the French revolution.

Haute-Marne
Haute-Marne is a department located in the east of France in the Champagne-Ardenne region. Its prefecture is Chaumont and its population is about 190,000 (2006 estimation). It is one of the 83 original French departments created during the French revolution.

Meurthe-et-Moselle
Meurthe-et-Moselle is a department located in the east of France in the Lorraine region. Its prefecture is Nancy and its population is about 723,000 (2006 estimation).

Meuse
Meuse is a department located in the east of France in the Lorraine region. Its prefecture is Bar-le-Duc and its population is about 193,000 (2006 estimation). It is one of the 83 original French departments created during the French revolution.

Morbihan
Morbihan is a department located in the west of France in the Bretagne region. Its prefecture is Vannes and its population is about 677,000 (2006 estimation). It is one of the 83 original French departments created during the French revolution.

Nièvre
Nièvre is a department located in the center of France in the Bourgogne region. Its prefecture is Nevers and its population is about 222,000 (2006 estimation). It is one of the 83 original French departments created during the French revolution.

Nord (department)
Nord is a department located in the north of France in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region. Its prefecture is Lille and its population is about 2,577,000 (2006 estimation). It is the most populated in France. It is also one of the 83 original French departments created during the French revolution.

Oise
Oise is a department located in the north of France in the Picardie region. Its prefecture is Beauvais and its population is about 780,000 (2006 estimation). It is one of the 83 original French departments created during the French revolution.

Pas-de-Calais
Pas-de-Calais is a department located in the north of France in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region. Its prefecture is Arras and its population is about 1,456,000 (2006 estimation). It is one of the 83 original French departments created during the French revolution.

Puy-de-Dôme
Puy-de-Dôme is a department located in the center of France in the Auvergne region. Its prefecture is Clermont-Ferrand and its population is about 617,000 (2006 estimation). It is one of the 83 original French departments created during the French revolution.

Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a department located in the southwest of France in the Aquitaine region. Its prefecture is Pau and its population is about 625,000 (2006 estimation). It is one of the 83 original French departments created during the French revolution.

Hautes-Pyrénées
Hautes-Pyrénées is a department located in the southwest of France in the Midi-Pyrénées region. Its prefecture is Tarbes and its population is about 228,000 (2006 estimation). It is one of the 83 original French departments created during the French revolution.

Pyrénées-Orientales
Pyrénées-Orientales is a department located in the south of France in the Languedoc-Roussillon region. Its prefecture is Perpignan and its population is about 421,000 (2006 estimation). It is one of the 83 original French departments created during the French revolution.

Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin is a department located in the east of France in the Alsace region. Its prefecture is Strasbourg and its population is about 1,063,000 (2006 estimation). It is one of the 83 original French departments created during the French revolution.

Haut-Rhin
Haut-Rhin is a department located in the east of France in the Alsace region. Its prefecture is Colmar and its population is about 731,000 (2006 estimation). It is one of the 83 original French departments created during the French revolution.

Rhône (department)
Rhône is a department located in the center of France in the Rhône-Alpes region. Its prefecture is Lyon and its population is about 1,646,000 (2006 estimation).

Haute-Saône
Haute-Saône is a department located in the east of France in the Franche-Comté region. Its prefecture is Vesoul and its population is about 234,000 (2006 estimation). It is one of the 83 original French departments created during the French revolution.

Saône-et-Loire
Saône-et-Loire is a department located in the center of France in the Bourgogne region. Its prefecture is Mâcon and its population is about 548,000 (2006 estimation). It is one of the 83 original French departments created during the French revolution.

Sarthe
Sarthe is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.
Sarthe is a department located in the west of France in the Pays de la Loire region. Its prefecture is Le Mans and its population is about 543,000 (2006 estimation). It is one of the 83 original French departments created during the French revolution.

Savoie
Savoie is a department located in the southeast of France in the Rhône-Alpes region. Its prefecture is Chambéry and its population is about 392,000 (2006 estimation).

Seine-Maritime
Seine-Maritime is a department located in the northwest of France in the Haute-Normandie region. Its prefecture is Rouen and its population is about 1,245,000 (2006 estimation). It is one of the 83 original French departments created during the French revolution.

Seine-et-Marne
Seine-et-Marne is a department located in the center of France in the Île-de-France region. Its prefecture is Melun and its population is about 1,260,000 (2006 estimation). It is one of the 83 original French departments created during the French revolution.

Yvelines
Yvelines is a department located in the center of France in the Île-de-France region. Its prefecture is Versailles and its population is about 1,395,000 (2006 estimation).

Deux-Sèvres
Deux-Sèvres is a department located in the west of France in the Poitou-Charentes region. Its prefecture is Niort and its population is about 352,000 (2006 estimation). It is one of the 83 original French departments created during the French revolution.

Somme
Somme is a department located in the north of France in the Picardie region. Its prefecture is Amiens and its population is about 559,000 (2006 estimation). It is one of the 83 original French departments created during the French revolution.

Tarn
Tarn is a department located in the south of France in the Midi-Pyrénées region. Its prefecture is Albi and its population is about 358,000 (2006 estimation). It is one of the 83 original French departments created during the French revolution.

Tarn-et-Garonne
Tarn-et-Garonne is a department located in the south of France in the Midi-Pyrénées region. Its prefecture is Montauban and its population is about 219,000 (2006 estimation).

Var (department)
Var is a department found in the southeast of France in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region. Its prefecture is Toulon and its population is about 958,000 (2006 estimation). It is one of the 83 original French departments created during the French revolution.

Vendée
Vendée is a department located in the west of France in the Pays de la Loire region. Its prefecture is La Roche-sur-Yon and its population is about 577,000 (2006 estimation). It is one of the 83 original French departments created during the French revolution.

Vienne
Vienne is a department located in the west of France in the Poitou-Charentes region. Its prefecture is Poitiers and its population is about 408,000 (2006 estimation). It is one of the 83 original French departments created during the French revolution.

Haute-Vienne
Haute-Vienne is a department located in the center of France in the Limousin region. Its prefecture is Limoges and its population is about 361,000 (2006 estimation). It is one of the 83 original French departments created during the French revolution.

Vosges
Vosges is a department located in the east of France in the Lorraine region. Its prefecture is Epinal and its population is about 382,000 (2006 estimation). It is one of the 83 original French departments created during the French revolution.

Yonne
Yonne is a department located in the center of France in the Bourgogne region. Its prefecture is Auxerre and its population is about 341,000 (2006 estimation). It is one of the 83 original French departments created during the French revolution.

Zwentendorf power plant
The Zwentendorf power plant is a nuclear power plant in Zwentendorf an der Donau in Austria. It has never been used. This is because the people of Austria voted against using it in 1978.
Today, the plant is used to get replacement parts to other plants of the same type (mainly in Germany), and for staff training. It is not possible to visit the power plant. Because the nuclear power plant was never in use, a coal power plant was built in 1987 to replace it.

Territoire de Belfort
Territoire de Belfort is a department located in the east of France in the Franche-Comté region. Its prefecture is Belfort and its population is about 140,000 (2006 estimation).

Essonne
Essonne is a department located in the center of France in the Île-de-France region. Its prefecture is Evry and its population is about 1,172,000 (2006 estimation).

Hauts-de-Seine
Hauts-de-Seine is a department located in the center of France in the Île-de-France region. Its prefecture is Nanterre and its population is about 1,517,000 (2006 estimation).

Seine-Saint-Denis
Seine-Saint-Denis is a department located in the center of France in the Île-de-France region. Its prefecture is Bobigny and its population is about 1,459,000 (2006 estimation).

Val-de-Marne
Val-de-Marne is a department located in the center of France in the Île-de-France region. Its prefecture is Créteil and its population is about 1,279,000 (2006 estimation).

Val-d'Oise
Val-d'Oise is a department located in the center of France in the Île-de-France region. Its prefecture is Pontoise and its population is about 1,139,000 (2006 estimation).

Quimper
Quimper is a town in France. It is the prefecture of the Finistère department in the Bretagne region. Its population is around 65,000 (2006).

Georges Cuvier
Baron Georges Léopold Chrétien Frédéric Dagobert Cuvier (August 23 1769–May 13, 1832) was a French naturalist and zoologist. He was the older brother of Frédéric Cuvier (1773–1838), also a naturalist. He was a very important figure in scientific circles in Paris during the early 19th century and helped establish the fields of comparative anatomy and paleontology by comparing living animals with fossils. He is well known because he proved extinction was a fact. He was the most influential person believing in catastrophism in geology in the early 19th century. He opposed early evolutionary theories. His most famous work is the "Règne animal distribué d'après son organisation" (1817; translated into English as "The Animal Kingdom"). He died in Paris of cholera.

George W. Campbell
George Washington Campbell (February 9, 1769–February 17, 1848) was an American statesman. He was elected to the United States House of Representatives as the Representative from Tennessee's at-large congressional district in 1803. He served in the House from 1805-1809, in the 8th, 9th, and 10th Congresses. During the 10th Congress, he was the chairman of the Ways and Means Committee. He was also one of the managers appointed in 1804 to conduct the impeachment hearings for John Pickering, judge of the United States District Court for the District of New Hampshire, and later in the same year, the impeachment hearings against Samuel Chase, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.
Life.
Born in Scotland, he immigrated to North Carolina in 1772 with his parents. He graduated from the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University) in 1794 and began studying law. He was admitted to the bar in North Carolina and began practicing in Knoxville, Tennessee.
Political life.
He left Congress in 1809 to become judge of the Tennessee Supreme Court, serving until 1811.
He served as a United States Senator from Tennessee twice, once from 1811 to 1814, having been elected to fill the seat of Jenkin Whiteside, and again from 1815 to 1818. His first service was from October 8, 1811 to February 11, 1814, when he resigned to accept appointment as the United States Secretary of the Treasury. He returned to the Senate on October 10, 1815. He served as the first chairman of the Senate Finance Committee and its predecessor from December 4, 1815, until his resignation from the Senate on April 20, 1818; on this occasion to accept appointment as United States Ambassador to Russia, a position he held from 1818-1821. Campbell served as a member of the French Spoliation Claims Commission in 1831.
Appointed Secretary of the Treasury by James Madison, he faced national financial disorder brought on by the War of 1812. Congress had failed to recharter the First Bank of the United States after its charter expired in 1811, and appropriations for the war were unavailable, so Campbell had to convince Americans to buy government bonds. He was forced to meet to lenders terms, selling government bonds at exorbitant interest rates. In September, 1814 the British occupied Washington, D.C. and the credit of the government was lowered even further. Campbell was unsuccessful in his efforts to raise money through additional bond sales and he resigned that October after only eight months in office, disillusioned and in bad health.
He died in 1848 and is buried at Nashville City Cemetery in Nashville, Tennessee.
Campbell County, Tennessee, is named in his honor.

Samuel Chase
Samuel Chase (April 17, 1741 – June 19, 1811), was an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court and earlier was a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence as a representative of Maryland.

Santa Cruz, Bolivia
Santa Cruz de La Sierra, also known as Santa Cruz, is the largest city in Bolivia, capital city of the Santa Cruz department (in the eastern region of the country). The municipality's population was 1,528,683 inhabitants in 2006, and the urban population is 1,545,161 in 2008.
Santa Cruz is not only the most populated city in Bolivia, but the department is also the richest, with over 30% of the national GDP. The city is a major center of petrochemical production in Bolivia, especially because the production of natural gas that exports to neighboring countries. The main sectors that drive the economy are the oil, forestry and agrobusiness firms.

Arithmetic logic unit
In computing, an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is a digital circuit that performs arithmetic and logical operations. The ALU is one of basic building block of the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer, even the simplest microcontrollers contain one for purposes such timing.
Now, modern microprocessors, microcontrollers and CPUs have very powerful and very complex ALUs, also a CPUs may contain up to more than 4 ALUs (see superscalar CPUs).
Mathematician John von Neumann proposed the ALU concept in 1945.

Floating point unit
A floating point unit (FPU) is a part of a computer system specially designed to carry out operations on floating point numbers. Typical operations are addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and square root.
Some systems can also perform more advanced functions as exponential or trigonometric functions calculations, however in most modern processors these functions are done with software library routines not by hardware.
In most modern general purpose CPUs, one or more FPUs are integrated inside the CPU; however many embedded microcontrollers, especially older designs, do not have hardware support for floating point operations.
In the past, some systems as the Intel 8086 have implemented floating point via a coprocessor that is controlled by the CPU rather than as an integrated unit.
Most modern computers have integrated FPU hardware; but not all. In the absence of an FPU, many FPU functions can be emulated, which saves the added hardware cost of an FPU but is significantly slower.

Eating disorder
An eating disorder is when someone begins eating too much, or when someone begins to avoid eating. This affects one's mental and physical health. Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are two of the most common eating disorders today.

Derealization
Derealization (DR) is a change in the way someone views the world so that it seems unreal. Derealization can also make someone feel as if their environment does not have emotion or depth. This is a symptom of other problems, such as sleeping disorders, schizophrenia, and other mental disorders. It can also be caused by drug intoxication.
Similar to derealization is depersonalization, but the two are different. Depersonalization is a sense of unreality about oneself. Derealization is a sense of unreality of the outside world.
Derealization often happens during a traumatic or tragic event.

Paresthesia
Paresthesia (pron.; paraesthesia in British English, pron.) is a feeling of tingling, prickling, or numbness with no permanent effects. It is commonly called "pins and needles". This feeling may last a short while, or may be more long-lasting. A long-term effect means there is something wrong with neurons in the body.

Perfectionism
Perfectionism is the belief that one can and should be perfect. A person who believes this is called a "perfectionist". Perfectionists believe that anything less than perfect is unacceptable. While this can lead people to achieve great accomplishments and give people motivation, it is considered to be a mostly unhealthy belief. Perfectionism can lead to procrastination ("I can't do this project until I can do it the "right" way."). This can mean low productivity. Perfectionism may also cause low self-esteem and anxiety.

Garonne river
The Garonne is a river that runs through northern Spain and the southwest France. Its mouth is at the Atlantic Ocean. It is long.

Physical abuse
Physical abuse is a form of abuse which causes feelings of pain, injury, or other physical suffering. Physical abuse may lead to low self-esteem and other mental problems.

Sexual abuse
Sexual abuse (also called molestation) is when one person forces another person to unwillingly commit any sexual act. A person who commits sexual abuse is called a molester, abuser, or sexual abuser. When a victim of sexual abuse is under the age of consent, it is known as child sexual abuse. Sexual abuse can lead to many psychological problems, including low self-esteem, clinical depression, and other mental disorders.

Saka
The Sakas were a population of Iranian nomadic tribesmen lived in the plains of Eurasia from Eastern Europe to China, from the Old Persian Period to the Middle Persian Period. Then Turkic language speakers took their place.
The ancient Greeks called the Sakas the Scythians.

Hill Auditorium
Hill Auditorium is the largest performance place on the University of Michigan campus in Ann Arbor in the United States. The auditorium was named after Arthur Hill (1847-1909), who served as a regent of the university from 1901 to 1909. He gave 200,000 dollars to the university to build it. Opened in 1913, the auditorium was designed by Albert Kahn and Associates. It was recently fixed up by the same firm beginning in 2002 and was re-opened in 2004.

Goulburn, New South Wales
Goulburn is a city in the Southern Tablelands of New South Wales, Australia. It is 190 km south-west of Sydney on the Hume Highway. It is 690 metres above sea-level. In 2006 there were 20,127 people living in Goulburn. Goulburn calls itself as "Australia's first inland city". The city of Bathurst also claims to be the first inland city in Australia.
Goulburn was named by James Meehan after Henry Goulburn, a British politician. The Governor Lachlan Macquarie approved the choice of name. The Aboriginal name for Goulburn is Burbong. This is a Murring/Wiradjuri word meaning a special place.
Goulburn has a railway station on the Main Southern railway line. It is a service centre for the many farms in the area. It also provides rest stop for those travelling on the Hume Highway. It has a central park and many historic buildings, including old houses near the railway station on Sloane Street. It also has two 19th-century cathedrals. It is home to the "Big Merino", the world's largest cement sheep.

Women's suffrage
Women's suffrage refers to women fighting to gain the right to vote. Before 1893, no women had the right to have their say about how the country was run. In 1893, after Kate Sheppard and her work mates had been demonstrating and raising awareness of the suffragette's fight, New Zealand women were given the right to vote after parliament (which was all men) voted for it. Many countries followed soon after, following similar battles.

Grenfell, New South Wales
Grenfell is a country town in the Central West of New South Wales, Australia. It is in the Weddin Shire. It is 370 km west of Sydney. It is close to Forbes, Cowra and Young. In 2006 there were 1,994 people living in Grenfell.
The Grenfell area was the home of the Wiradjuri Aborigines. Europeans first settled when gold was found at Emu Creek. The town was renamed after John Grenfell, the Gold Commissioner at Forbes. He had been killed in 1866 when bushrangers attacked a stagecoach on which he was travelling.
By 1870-71 more gold was found than in any other town in NSW. By the middle of the 1870s the gold was running out. Wheat was first grown in the area in 1871. The railway reached Grenfell in 1901.
The poet and story writer Henry Lawson was born on the gold fields. On the Queen's Birthday weekend in June every year, the town has The Henry Lawson Festival of Arts. Thousands of people come from all over Australia for the art, poetry and writing competitions. Over the years, famous visitors have included Chips Rafferty, Barry Humphries, Patrick White and Sigrid Thornton.
In June 2007, the Spirit of the Bush Concert was held. It was organized by Australian of the Year, Lee Kernaghan, local and international star Steve Forde & the Flange, Adam Brand, Leo Sayer, Diesel, and The McClymonts.
Cricketer Stan McCabe, cyclist Reggie "IronMan" McNamara and tennis player Jan Lehane were also born in Grenfell.
The Grenfell area has been badly affected by drought since 2001.

Mike Vernon
Michael "Mike" Vernon (born 24 February 1963 in Calgary, Alberta, Canada) is a retired professional ice hockey player. For 21-years he played in the National Hockey League, he played as a goaltender for the Calgary Flames, Detroit Red Wings, San Jose Sharks and the Florida Panthers. He won the Stanley Cup twice as a member of the Flames in 1989 and then again in 1997 with the Red Wings, where he also won the Conn Smythe Trophy as playoff MVP. In 2002 he retired and he currently works as a Special Assistant to the Vice President of Hockey Operations for the Tampa Bay Lightning.

United Kingdom general election, 1997
The UK general election, 1997 was held on 1 May 1997. The British Labour Party won with 418 seats, the most the party had one, making it a landslide majority. The Conservative Party won 165 seats, the lowest number since 1906. The party did not win any seats in Scotland or Wales At present, the Conservative Party has been in opposition for the longest time since the 19th century, and Labour are still in power as of 2008. This is the longest time the Labour Party has been in power.
The three candidates were Tony Blair (Labour), John Major (Conservative) and Paddy Ashdown (Liberal Democrat).

Metropolitan and Overseas France
Metropolitan France is the part of France in Europe. It does not contains Corsica.
Overseas France is all the territories governed by France outside of Europe.

Justin Raimondo
Justin Raimondo (born Dennis Raimondo on November 18, 1951) is an American writer and the editorial director of the website Antiwar.com.

Chelsea Clinton
Chelsea Victoria Clinton (born on February 27, 1980) is the only daughter of Bill Clinton, former President of the United States, and his wife, Hillary Clinton, Senator for New York.
Clinton was born in Little Rock, Arkansas. She moved into The White House when her father, Bill Clinton became President when she was twelve years old.
She has helped her mother, Hillary Clinton, many times by campaigning for people to elect her mother as the first woman President of the United States.
Clinton has a Bachalor of Arts in History. She also has a Master of Philosophy qualification. She went to university at Oxford University and Stanford University.

Crich
Crich ("kryech") is a village in the English county of Derbyshire. It is the home of the National Tramway Museum in the Crich Tramway Village.
Memorial Tower.
At the top of Crich Hill is a Memorial Tower. The tower was built to remember members of the Sherwood Foresters regiment who died in battle, particularly in World War I.
The tower was built in 1923 on the site of an older tower called Crich Stand. The Memorial Tower is the end of an annual pilgrimage on the first Sunday in July. It is above sea level. The tower has 52 steps to the top. From the top of the tower, eight counties and landmarks such as the Humber Bridge and Lincoln Cathedral can be seen.
History.
A workhouse was opened in 1734 at the edge of Nether Common. Forty people can live there. The workhouse accepted paupers from other parishes, including Melbourne, Pentrich, Willington, Mercaston and Denby.
The ITV drama series "Peak Practice" was filmed in the village, along with Ashover for a time. Crich is home to 'The Briars', a residential youth centre for the Catholic Diocese of Nottingham. The 2007 movie "And When Did You Last See Your Father" starring Colin Firth also has image of the village. In the film Firth is seen riding a motorbike up Chapel Lane.

Edwardian period
The Edwardian period or Edwardian era in the United Kingdom is the period covering the reign of King Edward VII, 1901 to 1910.
When Queen Victoria, Empress of India died in January 1901 the succession of her son, Edward, marked the start of a new century and the end of the Victorian period. While Victoria had shunned society, Edward was the leader of a fashionable elite which set a style influenced by the art and fashions of continental Europe—perhaps because of the King's fondness for travel. The era was marked by significant shifts in politics as sections of society which had been largely excluded from wielding power in the past, such as common labourers and women, became increasingly politicised.
The period is often extended beyond Edward's death in 1910 to include the years up to the sinking of the RMS "Titanic" in 1912, the start of World War I in 1914, or even the end of the war in 1918. The war sealed the end of the period as the Edwardian way of life, with its inherent imbalance of wealth and power, became increasingly anachronistic in the eyes of a population suffering in the face of war, and exposed to elements of a new mass media which decried the injustice of class division.
The period is often extended beyond Edward's death in 1910 to include the years up to the sinking of the RMS "Titanic" in 1912, the start of World War I in 1914, or even the end of the war in 1918. The war sealed the end of the period as the Edwardian way of life, with its inherent imbalance of wealth and power, became increasingly anachronistic in the eyes of a population suffering in the face of war, and exposed to elements of a new mass media which decried the injustice of class division.

Objectivity (philosophy)
Detached Objectivity is a philosophical method for a person separating their own ideas and opinions from the observations they make. Objective observations are true no matter who makes the observation. Being objective helps people focus on things that everyone can agree on. In science, being objective means you study things by making some kind of measurement, so your results are based on facts and not opinions.
The opposite of objectivity is subjectivity.

Rod Paige
Roderick Raynor "Rod" Paige (born June 17, 1933), served as the 7th United States Secretary of Education from 2001 to 2005. He was the first African American to serve as the nation's education chief. He earned a bachelor's degree from Jackson State University in Mississippi and a Master's degree and an Ed.D from Indiana University Bloomington. He also holds an honorary doctoral degree from the University of Houston presented to him in 2000.
Paige was sitting with George W. Bush at the Emma E. Booker Elementary School in Sarasota, Florida, when Bush received the news that a second plane had hit the World Trade Center in the September 11, 2001 attacks.
On November 15, 2004, Paige announced his resignation after overseeing the President's education agenda for four years. White House domestic policy adviser Margaret Spellings was nominated as his successor. The U.S. Senate confirmed her on January 20, 2005 after Bush's inauguration for a second term.

Joshua Bolten
Joshua Brewster Bolten (born August 16, 1954) is the current White House Chief of Staff serving U.S. President George W. Bush. Bolten replaced Andrew Card on April 14 2006.

Alan Stephenson Boyd
Alan Stephenson Boyd (born July 20, 1922) was the first United States Secretary of Transportation, appointed by Lyndon Johnson in November 1966.
He was appointed to the Civil Aeronautics Board in 1959 by Dwight Eisenhower and promoted to chairman by John F. Kennedy.
When the Richard M. Nixon administration took power, Boyd left the government and became the president of the Illinois Central Railroad, a position he held from 1969 to 1972.

Mary Peters (politician)
Mary E. Peters (born December 4 1948) is the United States Secretary of Transportation. She is the second woman and first Arizonan to hold the position. Peters joined the Arizona Department of Transportation in 1985, and was appointed by Gov. Jane Dee Hull to serve as its director in 1998. In 2006, President Bush appointed Peters as the Co-Vice Chairwoman of the National Surface Transportation Policy and Revenue Study Commission.

Grawp
Grawp is a fictional character in the Harry Potter book series written by J. K. Rowling. He is the giant half-brother of Hagrid. Grawp and Hagrid were born of the same mother, the giantess Fridwulfa. Hagrid's father was a wizard but Grawp's father was a giant.

Timeline of the 2008 Atlantic hurricane season
Below is a timeline of the 2008 Atlantic hurricane season, documenting all the storm formations, strengthening, weakening, landfalls, extratropical transitions, as well as dissipation. The 2008 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1, and will last until November 30, although the first storm of the season, Tropical Storm Arthur, developed before the official start, on May 30. For convenience and clarity, in the timeline below, all landfalls are bolded. The timeline will also include information that was not operationally released, including post-storm reviews from the National Hurricane Center, when it becomes available.
The graphical bar above gives a brief overview of storm activity during the season, and for convenience, the storm's maximum intensity is included as a color bar.

President-elect
A President-elect is a political candidate who has been elected president but who has not yet taken office.

Flag of Australia
The flag of Australia is a national flag. In 1901, the states of Australia became a single country at the time of the Federation of Australia. A competition was held to design a flag for the new country. The flag has a blue background, the Union Jack, and six stars. Five stars are in the shape of the constellation the Southern Cross, the other is the Commonwealth Star. The flag has been used in Australia since 1903, but did not become the official flag until 1954.
Competition.
The winning design was flown from the top of the Exhibition Building. The Prime Minister Edmund Barton wrote to the Governor-General to get approval from the King for the new flag. This was officially announced on February 20, 1903.
Some of the designs in the competition showed the the stars of the Southern Cross with different numbers of points. This was simplified to seven points for the four largest stars and five for the small one. The Commonwealth Star had six points for the six states. This was the design in 1903. In 1912 an extra point was added to the Commonwealth Star for the Territories of Australia.
In 1934 the government published the proper details of how the flag should be made. The flag of the United Kingdom, the Union Jack was still the official flag in Australia until 1954. In 1954 the Australian Flag became the official Australian National Flag.

United States presidential election, 2000
The United States presidential election of 2000 was a contest between Democratic candidate Al Gore, then-Vice President, and Republican candidate George W. Bush, then-governor of Texas and son of former president George H. W. Bush (1989-1993). Bill Clinton, the incumbent President, had been in office for two terms, the most allowed by the Twenty-second Amendment. Bush narrowly won the November 7 election, with 271 electoral votes to Gore's 266. There was a disagreement over who won Florida's 25 electoral votes, the recount that happened there, and the uncommon event that the winner got less popular votes than the loser.

United States presidential election, 2004
The United States presidential election of 2004 was held on Tuesday, November 2, 2004, to elect the President of the United States. It was the 55th consecutive quadrennial election for President and Vice President. Republican Party candidate and the current President George W. Bush won against Democratic Party candidate John Kerry, the junior U.S. Senator from Massachusetts. Foreign policy was the the biggest issue during the election campaign, as well as how Bush handled the War on Terrorism and the 2003 invasion of Iraq.
As in the previous election, there were concerns about voting, and and concerns of irregularities emerged during and after the vote. The winner was not determined until the following day, when Kerry decided not to dispute Bush's win in the state of Ohio. The state held enough electoral votes to determine the winner of the presidency. Both Kerry and Democratic National Committee Chairman Howard Dean have stated their opinion that voting in Ohio did not proceed fairly and that, had it done so, the Democratic ticket might have won that state and therefore the election.
Only three states changed allegiance. New Mexico and Iowa voted Democratic in 2000, but voted Republican in 2004. New Hampshire voted Republican in 2000 but voted Democratic in 2004. In the Electoral College, Bush received 286 votes, and Kerry 252.

Register renaming
In computer engineering, register renaming refers to a technique used to avoid unnecessary serialized execution of program instructions because of the reuse of the same registers by those instructions.
Problem definition.
Programs are composed of instructions which operate on values. The instructions must name these values in order to distinguish them from one another. A typical instruction might say, add X and Y and put the result in Z. In this instruction, X, Y, and Z are the names of storage locations.
In order to have a compact instruction encoding, most processor instruction sets have a small set of special locations which can be directly named. For example, the x86 instruction set architecture has 8 integer registers, x86-64 has 16, many RISCs have 32, and IA-64 has 128. In smaller processors, the names of these locations correspond directly to elements of a register file.
Different instructions may take different amounts of time (e.g., CISC architecture). For instance, a processor may be able to execute hundreds of instructions while a single load from main memory instruction is in progress. Shorter instructions executed while the load is outstanding will finish first, thus the instructions are finishing out of the original program order. Out-of-order execution has been used in most recent high-performance CPUs to achieve some of their speed gains.
Instructions 4, 5, and 6 are independent of instructions 1, 2, and 3, but the processor cannot finish 4 until 3 is done, because 3 would then write the wrong value.
Problem solution.
Now instructions 4, 5, and 6 can be executed in parallel with instructions 1, 2, and 3, so that the program can be executed faster.
When possible, compilers do this renaming. But compilers are limited by the number of register inside the CPU. Many high performance CPUs have more physical registers than may be named directly in the instruction set and they can rename registers in hardware to achieve better instruction level parallelism.
Anything that is read and written can be renamed. While the general-purpose and floating-point registers are the most, flag and status registers or even individual status bits are commonly renamed as well.
Memory locations can also be renamed, although it is not commonly done to the level used in register renaming.

Chesterfield
Chesterfield is a town in Derbyshire in England. It is on the River Rother and the River Hipper.
In 2001, the population of the town was about 100,000. It is Derbyshire's largest town (as Derby is a city).

Formation and evolution of the Solar System
The rormation and evolution of the Solar System is the name for the many ideas describing how the Solar System began and how it will carry on changing. The accepted idea is this; 4.6 million years ago there was a very big cloud of gas in our area of space, known as a nebula. The Nebula eventually became so big that gravity pulled all the gas to the center. Eventually because of all the gas it became so hot there that some hydrogen atoms fused together to make helium.
As they did this a lot of energy was let out. All this energy eventually made the Sun. The leftover gas and dust made the planets, their moons, asteroids and all other objects in the Solar System.

Microarchitecture
In computer engineering, microarchitecture (sometime abbreviated to µarch or uarch) is a description of the electrical circuitry of a computer, central processing unit, or digital signal processor that is sufficient for completely describing the operation of the hardware.
In academic circles, the term computer organization is used, while in the computer industry, the term microarchitecture is more often used. Microarchitecture and instruction set architecture (ISA) together constitute the field of computer architecture.
Etymology of the term.
Since the 1950s, many computers used microprogramming to implement their control logic which decoded the program instructions and executed them. The bits inside the microprogram words controlled the processor at the level of electrical signals.
The term: microarchitecture was used to describe the units that were controlled by the microprogram words, in contrast to the term: architecture that was visible and documented for programmers. While architecture usually had to be compatible between hardware generations, the underlying microarchitecture could be easily changed.
Relation to instruction set architecture.
The microarchitecture is related to, but not the same as, the instruction set architecture. The instruction set architecture is near to the programming model of a processor as seen by an assembly language programmer or compiler writer, which includes the execution model, processor registers, address and data formats etc. The microarchitecture (or computer organization) is mainly a lower level structure and therefore manage a large number of details that are hidden in the programming model. It describes the inside parts of the processor and how they work together in order to implement the architectural specification.
Microarchitectual elements may be everything from single logic gates, to registers, lookup tables, multiplexers, counters, etc, to complete ALUs, FPUs and even larger elements. The electronic circuitry level can, in turn, be subdivided into transistor-level details, such as which basic gate-building structures are used and what logic implementation types (static/dynamic, number of phases, etc) are chosen, in addition to the actual logic design used built them.
Simplified descriptions.
A very simplified high level description — common in marketing — may show only fairly basic characteristics, such as bus-widths, along with various types of execution units and other large systems, such as branch prediction and cache memories, pictured as simple blocks — perhaps with some important attributes or characteristics noted. Some details regarding pipeline structure (like fetch, decode, assign, execute, write-back) may sometimes also be included.
Aspects of microarchitecture.
The pipelined datapath is the most commonly used datapath design in microarchitecture today. This technique is used in most modern microprocessors, microcontrollers, and DSPs. The pipelined architecture allows multiple instructions to overlap in execution, much like an assembly line. The pipeline includes several different stages which are fundamental in microarchitecture designs. Some of these stages include instruction fetch, instruction decode, execute, and write back. Some architectures include other stages such as memory access. The design of pipelines is one of the central microarchitectural tasks.
Execution units are also essential to microarchitecture. Execution units include arithmetic logic units (ALU), floating point units (FPU), load/store units, branch prediction, and SIMD. These units perform the operations or calculations of the processor. The choice of the number of execution units, their latency and throughput is a central microarchitectural design task. The size, latency, throughput and connectivity of memories within the system are also microarchitectural decisions.
System-level design decisions such as whether or not to include peripherals, such as memory controllers, can be considered part of the microarchitectural design process. This includes decisions on the performance-level and connectivity of these peripherals.
Micro-Architectural Concepts.
Complicating this simple-looking series of steps is the fact that the memory hierarchy, which includes caching, main memory and non-volatile storage like hard disks, (where the program instructions and data reside) has always been slower than the processor itself. Step (2) often introduces a delay (in CPU terms often called a "stall") while the data arrives over the computer bus. A big amount of research has been put into designs that avoid these delays as much as possible. Over the years, a central design goal was to execute more instructions in parallel, thus increasing the effective execution speed of a program. These efforts introduced complicated logic and circuit structures.
In the past such techniques could only be implemented on expensive mainframes or supercomputers due to the amount of circuitry needed for these techniques. As semiconductor manufacturing progressed, more and more of these techniques could be implemented on a single semiconductor chip.
What follows is a survey of micro-architectural techniques that are common in modern CPUs.
Instruction Set choice.
The choice of which Instruction Set Architecture to use greatly affects the complexity of implementing high performance devices. Over the years, computer designers did their best to simplify instruction sets, in order to enable higher performance implementations by saving designers effort and time for features which improve performance rather than wasting them on the complexity of instruction set.
Instruction set design has progressed from CISC, RISC, VLIW, EPIC types. Architectures that are dealing with data parallelism include SIMD and Vectors.
Instruction pipelining.
One of the first, and most powerful, techniques to improve performance is the use of the instruction pipeline. Early processor designs performed all of the steps above on one instruction before moving onto the next. Large portions of the processor circuitry were left idle at any one step; for instance, the instruction decoding circuitry would be idle during execution and so on.
Pipelines improve performance by allowing a number of instructions to work their way through the processor at the same time. In the same basic example, the processor would start to decode (step 1) a new instruction while the last one was waiting for results. This would allow up to four instructions to be "in flight" at one time, making the processor look four times as fast. Although any one instruction takes just as long to complete (there are still four steps) the CPU as a whole "retires" instructions much faster and can be run at a much higher clock speed.
Cache.
Improvements in chip manufacturing allowed more circuitry to be placed on the same chip, and designers started looking for ways to use it. One of the most common ways was to add an ever-increasing amount of cache memory on-chip. Cache is a very fast memory, memory that can be accessed in a few cycles as compared to what is needed to talk to main memory. The CPU includes a cache controller which automates reading and writing from the cache, if the data is already in the cache it simply "appears," whereas if it is not the processor is "stalled" while the cache controller reads it in.
RISC designs started adding cache in the mid-to-late 1980s, often only 4 KB in total. This number grew over time, and typical CPUs now have about 512 KB, while more powerful CPUs come with 1 or 2 or even 4, 6, 8 or 12 MB, organized in multiple levels of a memory hierarchy. Generally speaking, more cache means more speed.
Caches and pipelines were a perfect match for each other. Previously, it didn't make much sense to build a pipeline that could run faster than the access latency of off-chip cash memory. Using on-chip cache memory instead, meant that a pipeline could run at the speed of the cache access latency, a much smaller length of time. This allowed the operating frequencies of processors to increase at a much faster rate than that of off-chip memory.
Branch Prediction and Speculative execution.
Pipeline stalls and flushes due to branches are the two main things preventing achieving higher performance through instruction level parallelism. The from time that the processor's instruction decoder has found that it has encountered a conditional branch instruction to the time that the deciding jumping register value can be read out, the pipeline might be stalled for several cycles. On average, every fifth instruction executed is a branch, so that's a high amount of stalling. If the branch is taken, its even worse, as then all of the subsequent instructions which were in the pipeline needs to be flushed.
Techniques such as branch prediction and speculative execution are used to reduce these branch penalties. Branch prediction is where the hardware makes educated guesses on whether a particular branch will be taken. The guess allows the hardware to prefetch instructions without waiting for the register read. Speculative execution is a further enhancement in which the code along the predicted path is executed before it is known whether the branch should be taken or not.
Out-of-order execution.
The addition of caches reduces the frequency or duration of stalls due to waiting for data to be fetched from the main memory hierarchy, but does not get rid of these stalls entirely. In early designs a "cache miss" would force the cache controller to stall the processor and wait. Of course there may be some other instruction in the program whose data "is" available in the cache at that point. Out-of-order execution allows that ready instruction to be processed while an older instruction waits on the cache, then re-orders the results to make it appear that everything happened in the programmed order.
Superscalar.
Even with all of the added complexity and gates needed to support the concepts outlined above, improvements in semiconductor manufacturing soon allowed even more logic gates to be used.
In the outline above the processor processes parts of a single instruction at a time. Computer programs could be executed faster if multiple instructions were processed simultaneously. This is what superscalar processors achieve, by replicating functional units such as ALUs. The replication of functional units was only made possible when the integrated circuit (some times called "die") area of a single-issue processor no longer stretched the limits of what could be reliably manufactured. By the late 1980s, superscalar designs started to enter the market place.
In modern designs it is common to find two load units, one store (many instructions have no results to store), two or more integer math units, two or more floating point units, and often a SIMD unit of some sort. The instruction issue logic grows in complexity by reading in a huge list of instructions from memory and handing them off to the different execution units that are idle at that point. The results are then collected and re-ordered at the end.
Register renaming.
Register renaming refers to a technique used to avoid unnecessary serialized execution of program instructions because of the reuse of the same registers by those instructions. Suppose we have to groups of instruction that will use the same register, one set of instruction is executed first to leave the register to the other set, but if the other set is assigned to a different similar register both sets of instructions can be executed in parallel.
Multiprocessing and multithreading.
Due to the growing gap between CPU operating frequencies and DRAM access times, none of the techniques that enhance instruction-level parallelism (ILP) within one program could overcome the long stalls (delays) that occurred when data had to be fetched from main memory. Additionally, the large transistor counts and high operating frequencies needed for the more advanced ILP techniques required power dissipation levels that could no longer be cheaply cooled. For these reasons, newer generations of computers have started to utilize higher levels of parallelism that exist outside of a single program or program thread.
This trend is sometimes known as "throughput computing". This idea originated in the mainframe market where online transaction processing emphasized not just the execution speed of one transaction, but the capacity to deal with big numbers of transactions at the same time. With transaction-based applications such as network routing and web-site serving greatly increasing in the last decade, the computer industry has re-emphasized capacity and throughput issues.
One technique of how this parallelism is achieved is through multiprocessing systems, computer systems with multiple CPUs. In the past this was reserved for high-end mainframes but now small scale (2-8) multiprocessors servers have become commonplace for the small business market. For large corporations, large scale (16-256) multiprocessors are common. Even personal computers with multiple CPUs have appeared since the 1990s.
Advances in semiconductor technology reduced transistor size; multicore CPUs have appeared where multiple CPUs are implemented on the same silicon chip. Initially used in-chips targeting embedded markets, where simpler and smaller CPUs would allow multiple instantiations to fit on one piece of silicon. By 2005, semiconductor technology allowed dual high-end desktop CPUs "CMP" chips to be manufactured in volume. Some designs, such as UltraSPARC T1 used a simpler (scalar, in-order) designs in order to fit more processors on one piece of silicon.
Recently, another technique that has become more popular is multithreading. In multithreading, when the processor has to fetch data from slow system memory, instead of stalling for the data to arrive, the processor switches to another program or program thread which is ready to execute. Though this does not speed up a particular program/thread, it increases the overall system throughput by reducing the time the CPU is idle.
Conceptually, multithreading is equivalent to a context switch at the operating system level. The difference is that a multithreaded CPU can do a thread switch in one CPU cycle instead of the hundreds or thousands of CPU cycles a context switch normally requires. This is achieved by replicating the state hardware (such as the register file and program counter) for each active thread.
A further enhancement is simultaneous multithreading. This technique allows superscalar CPUs to execute instructions from different programs/threads simultaneously in the same cycle.

Southampton Corporation Tramways
Southampton Corporation Tramways was a transport company opened in 1879 and closed in 1949. To begin with carriages were horse-drawn, but later they were powered by electricity.
Background.
In the nineteenth century, Southampton was growing. The population grew from 27,000 in 1841 to 42,000 in 1861. This was because of a railway opening in 1839 and the docks becoming more largely used. A horse-drawn omnibus service started at about the same time as the railway opened, and by 1843 a regular service was running from the station to Millbrook, Eling, Bitterne, Shirley, Portswood, Totton and Romsey.
Tramways were becoming a lot more popular by 1872 and the British and Foreign Tramway Company contacted Southampton Corporation with an idea to set up a tramway in the town. Lots of objections were raised to the idea and the Corporation did not allow tram tracks to be put in the High Street and Above Bar. The British and Foreign Tramway Company stopped thinking about the idea.
In 1876 Southampton Corporation saw that the public transport was falling behind that of other cities. The Southampton Tramways Company was formed to build a new tramway system. The project started to be built in the summer of 1878.
Southampton Tramways Company.
The first tram ran on 5 May 1879 and the tramway made £ 26. Many people did not want the trams to run on a Sunday, and 3,500 people put their names on a petition to stop the trams running on a Sunday. The company's manager said that there were lots of people who rode on the trams on Sunday and that the service would continue. If the service made money on a Sunday, then the trams would keep running. The first tram route that opened was Stag Gate - Holy Rood, and they were allowed to run another route, Alma Road - Canute Road - Oxford Street - High Street - Floating Dock and Stag Gates - Lodge Road - Portswood from the 6 May 1879. Tramway Junction - Commercial Road - Shirley opened on 9 June 1879.
Soon after opening, the company got into some trouble. One of the managers absconded to America in 1881 and another got the sack in 1882 because there was a problem with the company's money. The company recovered though, and in 1887 it had a good financial base to stand on, and it was paying divedends of 8% a year to its shareholders. On the 22 October 1889, the Portswood route ran via Spear Road and Avenue Road. Fares cost less money in 1896 because they changed from 3d to 2d for "through routes", and the tram times became two times as fast to every 5 minutes from Stag Gates to Holy Rood. Four new trams and forty horses were needed to run this service.
The Southampton Tramway Company was bought by Southampton Corporation on 30 June 1898 for £51,000.
Southampton Corporation Tramways.
The last route to open as part of the first stage of the electrified system was Portswood - Hampton Park on 25 July 1903.
After thiese additions, the system was at its biggest. The only new lines opened after this were to miss out the Bargate Arch in Southampton. The east side opened on 24 April 1932 and the west side on 5 June 1938.
Before World War 2, two routes were also closed: Roberts Road - Millbrook, except services for workmen, which closed on 2 October 1935, but was later re-opened whilst the war was happening, and Clock Tower - Northam Bridge, which closed on 4 June 1926.
Round topped "Bargate" trams.
Prior to 1932, the only road route between Southampton High Street and Above Bar was through the arch in the centre of the Bargate. In 1923 a new design of enclosed double deck tram was introduced by P.J Baker, General Manager of the tramways, with a rounded top that would fit through the arch. These trams had smaller wheels to help reduce the overall height and were driven by high speed motors producing more torque. Despite the clever design, the roadway through the arch in the Bargate still had to be lowered and some secretive fine-tuning of the profile of the arch masonry was also required at the last minute. Trams started to pass around the East of the Bargate on 24 April 1932. The last tram to pass through the central archway did so on 4 June 1938, by which time part of Southampton ancient walls had been demolished so that the Bargate was passable on both sides.
World War One.
Southampton Tramways were mainly affected by staffing issues during World War I. With the introduction of female "conductorettes". Tram No.2, which had been converted to a toastrack in 1916, had a central gangway cut through for the benefit of the ladies. In the early years of the war, a tram went round Southampton for two hours twice a week, with a military band playing on the top deck, in an effort to boost recruitment.
World War Two.
World War II affected Southampton much more than World War One. Again women were employed, but this time they were allowed to drive the trams too. Car no.31 was destroyed by an incendiary bomb on 30 November 1940, the only loss of the war. To save the fleet of trams from the intensive bombing of Southampton during World War II, they were painted grey, regular services ceased at 7pm and they were parked up overnight in Cemetery Road on Southampton Common.
In November 1942, a tram was accidentally set in motion whilst parked up overnight, taking two others with it. The unmanned convoy of trams was stopped by a lorry before anybody was hurt. That incident caused some consternation locally, as saboteurs were thought to be responsible. It later emerged that the incident was due to a young boy playing on the trams.
Closure.
The trams in Southampton had consistently made good profits for Southampton Corporation. however, the Corporation had not reinvested those profits into the tram system. As a result, by the end of the Second World War, the whole system needed modernisation - the trams, the power supply and the track. It was decided that buses were a better alternative. The first line to close was Bitterne Park - St. Mary's - Docks, which closed on 15 May 1948. Swaythling - Portswood - Lodge Road - Stag Gates closed on 30 October 1948. Swaythling - Burgess Road - Bassett Crossroads - Avenue Junction closed on 5 March 1949. Floating Bridge - Shirley, Holy Rood - High Street - Royal Pier and Roberts Road - Millbrook all closed on 31 December 1949. The last movement of a tram in Southampton was on 4 February 1950 when cars No.21 and No.101 were moved from Shirley depot to Portswood depot under their own power. After closure, some trams were sold to Leeds, but the majority were sent to A F Harris's scrapyard at Bevois Valley for scrapping. A few were sold on from there to be used as sheds or summer houses, which enabled the preservation of three vehicles.

Can't Stop This Thing We Started
"Can't Stop This Thing We Started" is a song by Bryan Adams. The song was the second single from Adams' 1991 album "Waking Up the Neighbours", a successor of the single "(Everything I Do) I Do It for You".
The song.
The song is a rock song unlike "(Everything I Do) I Do It for You". It reached #2 on the Billboard Hot 100, behind Prince's "Cream". This track received two nominations at the Grammy Awards of 1992 for Best Rock Song and Best Rock Performance, Solo. It did not win either award.

Graeme Pollock
Robert Graeme Pollock, known as Graeme, (born 27 February 1944 in Durban, Natal, South Africa) was a national cricketer for South Africa. He played in 23 test matches for his country.
He comes from a famous cricketing family, Pollock is widely seen as South Africa's greatest cricketer, and as one of the best left-handed batsmen to have played Test cricket.
Donald Bradman said that Pollock and Sir Garfield Sobers were the best left-handers Bradman had ever seen play cricket.

Garfield Sobers
Sir Garfield St Aubrun Sobers (born 28 July 1936 in Bridgetown, Barbados) is a former West Indian cricketer. He is often known as Garry.
Sobers is a very good batsman and highly effective bowler. He is able to bowl both fast and as a spinner. Sobers is widely regarded as the greatest all rounder of all time and, with Sir Donald Bradman, as one of the greatest cricketers of any type.

Uttoxeter
Uttoxeter is a small market town in Staffordshire, England. The current population is about 12,000. This number is expected to grow when new developments in the town will have finished. Uttoxeter is close to the River Dove. It is near the cities of Stoke-on-Trent, Derby and Lichfield. It is twinned with Raisdorf in Germany (with whom close links are still maintained), and Fumel in France.

European Union Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo
The European Union Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo also called EULEX Kosovo is a contract between the European Union and Kosovo. With this, certain states of the European Union will send police forces as well as lawyers to help make Kosovo more secure. This is what what was agreed by the Ahtisaari plan. The idea is to continue the presence of foreign police forces to help the police in Kosovo, as planned under United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244. Russia and Serbia see this mission as illegal. The plan is to have 2.000 police force and lawers on the ground. The mission started to deploy its forces on 16 February 2008.Currently only 400 of the some 1,900 police officers and judges foreseen by the EULEX mission are in place.
Composition and deployment.
The European Council agreed on sending 1800 to 1900 people on 14 December 2007. Because of the unstable political climate, this force was later increased to 2000 people. This was mainly done because it was impossible to reach an agreement with Serbia. The force is made up mainly of police officers. Some of the officers have receiced training how to control rioting crowds. Some people of the force are prosecutors and judges. Because the force is so big, there will soon be the most EU civil servants doing their job there, rather than in Brussels. Chef of the mission is Yves de Kermabon, who is accountable to the European Union Special Representative in Kosovo, Pieter Feith. The mission is expected to cost €165 million in its first year.
The final decision on the mission was planned to be taken on 28 January 2008. This was postponed due to concerns over possible negative effects on the second round of the presidential election in Serbia on 3 February 2008 and the possible signing of the Stabilisation and Association Agreement with Serbia on that date. The officially voiced reason for the postponement is the lack of a legal basis (through a UNSC resolution or something similar) for the mission. A Joint Action was approved on 4 February 2008, meaning that only the final approval is required; it is expected to be given on 18 February 2008.
There are still question on how this mission should replacve the UN administration in Kosovo. Until these are answered, Spain will not take part in the mission. Spanish Foreign Minister Miguel Ángel Moratinos told a meeting of European Union Foreign Ministers that Spain will not send its contingent to the EULEX mission until there has been a formal transfer of powers from the United Nations.
Apart from EU members, third parties Croatia, Turkey, Switzerland, Norway and the United States will also take part.
Political situation.
The countries of the European Union are currently divided. Some recognise Kosovo, others do not. The current Presidency of the European Council said
that countries could send people to take part in the mission, even without recognising Kosovo as an independent state.
According to the EU, the mission will be based on United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244. This resolution introduced international rule in Kosovo, in 1999. The EU force has so far not received a new UN security council directive, because Russia opposed it. Russia blocked the transfer of the UN mission to the EU. According to Serbia, the mission implies that the EU recognises Kosovo as an indepent state..

Study circle
A Study circle is a small group of people who meet multiple times to discuss an issue.

Terry Nation
Terry Nation (August 8 1930 – March 9 1997) was a Welsh television screenwriter.
He is best known for creating the Daleks in 1963 in the long-running science fiction television series "Doctor Who". Nation also created two science-fiction shows - Survivors and "Blake's 7.

Rogério Ceni
Rogério Mücke Ceni (January 22, 1973) better know as Rogério Ceni, is a Brazilian football player. He is a goalkeeper, and he plays for the football team São Paulo since 1990. Ceni has been the holder of his position since 1997.

Gödel's incompleteness theorem
In mathmatical logic, Gödel's Incompleteness Theorem is the idea that all understanding is not complete. Kurt Gödel proved that all ideas have assumptions. This discovery has some important results. People cannot be completely certain about anything. This is because everything that is known is based on assumptions which can be wrong.

Inauguration
Inauguration is a ceremony marking the beginning of a politician taking office or the opening of, for example, a bridge.
When a politician, for example a President, takes office, he may make an oath in front of an audience as part of the inauguration ceremony.
The Inauguration of the President of the United States takes place on January 20 in the year after an election. The next president of the United States, Barack Obama will be inaugurated on January 20, 2009.

Beige
Beige is a very pale yellowish-cream color.
The term originates from "beige cloth", a woolen fabric left in its natural color. It then came to be used for a range of light tints chosen for their neutral or cool appearance.
In the 1950s, the meaning of the term "beige" expanded to the point where it is now also used for a wide range of pale brown shades.
Meaning of beige.
Since many computers are colored various shades of beige (an ordinary non-remarkable computer is sometimes called a "beige box"), and since most people who are employed nowadays use computers, the color beige has come to represent the workaday world of work.

Dr. Fahmida Mirza
Dr. Fahmida Mirza (Urdu: فہمیدہ مرزا), sometimes also spelled as Fehmida Mirza (born December 20, 1956), is a medical doctor, agriculturist and businesswoman from Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan. She was elected as the first female Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan on March 19, 2008. She is also the first female parliamentary speaker in the Muslim world

United Pakistan
United Republic of Pakistan was the territory of which formed the East Bengal provincial region and present-day Pakistan put together as one single nation in the period of 1947-1971.

Rubens Barrichello
Rubens Gonçalves Barrichello (born May 23, 1972 in São Paulo) is a Brazilian Formula Oneracing driver. Barrichello drove for Ferrari from 2000 to 2005, as Michael Schumacher's teammate, enjoying considerable success. Schumacher's retirement at the end of 2006 made Barrichello the most experienced active driver. At the 2008 Turkish Grand Prix, he became the most experienced driver in F1 history.

Digital signal processor
A digital signal processor (DSP or DSP micro) is a specialized microprocessor designed specifically for digital signal processing, generally used in real-time computing.
Digital signal processing algorithms require a large number of mathematical operations to be performed quickly on a set of data. Signals are converted from analog to digital, manipulated digitally, and then converted again to form digital to analog, as shown in the diagram. Many digital signal processing applications have real-time constraints; that is, for the system to work, the DSP operation must be completed within some time constraint.
The microarchitecture of a digital signal processor is optimized specifically for digital signal processing applications.

Lies for the Liars
"Lies for the Liars" is a full-length album released in 2007 by The Used. It is currently their most recent album.
Hidden track.
"Smother Me" ends at 4:20 but runs to 6:17 due to the addition of a hidden track titled "Queso". "Queso" is a 30 second song that is about a quesadilla. Though it was first released on The Used's MySpace in late 2006, most fans talked about it on message boards and thought of it as a joke - it was not expected to actually be on the album.
The music.
"Lies for the Liars" contains emotive, heartfelt and sometimes sarcastic or Gothic lyrics. It has more swearing than previous The Used albums, but this is used on fewer songs. For example, "Liar Liar (Burn in Hell)" swears 10 times.
The first song "The Ripper" has an ending that makes the CD appear to be stuck, but its only part of the song.

If Only You Were Lonely
If Only You Were Lonely is the second album released by Hawthorne Heights. Many listeners consider the album more on the dark side, than the first Hawthorne Heights album.
The album includes a few songs where screaming is absent, and others where it is only used in a small part of the song, to make it fit better. Previously, they would just scream for the sake.
The band asked fans desperatly to mess up neyos (Pop music singer) album sales and to move copies so that people couldn't find them, but they would still be in stock showing on the computers. The main reason for that was because neyos album was being released on the same day, and hawthorne heights didn't think it was a fair competition.
It brought singles such as "This is Who We Are" and something new for the band with songs like "Decembers"

Digital signal processing
Digital signal processing (DSP) is concerned with the processing of digital signals or analog signals after converting from analog to digital format.
DSP includes subfields like: communication signals processing, radar signal processing, sensor array processing, digital image processing, etc.
DSP is usually used with real-world analog signals found in our lives, the first step is usually to convert the signal from an analog to a digital form, by using an analog to digital converter. Often, the required output signal is another real-world analog signal, which requires a digital to analog converter.

Avaí Futebol Clube
Avaí Futebol Clube, or Avaí as they are usually called, is a Brazilian football team from Florianópolis in Santa Catarina, founded on September 1, 1923. It became nationally known after the tennis player Gustavo Kuerten declared to be a supporter of Avaí.
Home stadium is the Ressacada stadium, capacity 19,000. They play in blue shirts, shorts and socks.
History.
The club was founded after a businessman called Amadeu Horn gave football kits to a group of boys. These boys played a match against a team called Humaitá, and won. On September 1, 1923, at Amadeu Horn's house, the club was founded, being called at that time Avahy Foot-ball Club. The team was named Avahy after the Battle of Avahy, in the Paraguayan War In the following year, it became the first Santa Catarina State Championship champion.
Avaí played the Brazilian First Division ("Série A") four times: in 1974, 1976, 1977 and 1979. In 1998, it won its only national title, the Brazilian Third Division ("Série C"). Since 1999, it plays the Série B and the best campaigns happened in 2001 and 2004, when Avaí reached the Final Four, but could not be promoted to the First Division (only the two best placed teams were promoted). Avaí is the club with more titles won in the Santa Catarina State Championship in the 20th century (13).
Stadium.
Avaí's stadium is Estádio da Ressacada, inaugurated in 1983, with a maximum capacity of 19,000 people.
Rival.
Avaí's greatest rival is Figueirense Futebol Clube.

Estádio da Ressacada
The Estádio Aderbal Ramos da Silva, usually called Estádio da Ressacada or just Ressacada, is a football stadium inaugurated on November 15, 1983 in Carianos neighborhood, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, with a maximum capacity of approximately 19,000 people. The stadium is owned by Avaí. Its formal name honors Aderbal Ramos da Silva, who was president of the Santa Catarina Football Federation and was also governor of the state.
Several matches of the Brazilian football team, as well as the Brazilian football olympic team were played at Ressacada stadium.
This stadium should not be confused with Blumenau's stadium, which is also called Estádio Aderbal Ramos da Silva, however it is nicknamed DEBA, and has a maximum capacity of 4,000 people.
History.
In 1982, to replace the old Estádio Adolfo Konder, Avaí bought a groundplot close to the city's airport (Hercílio Luz International Airport). The construction works were led by Cairo Bueno, and the stadium was designed by the architect Davi Ferreira Lima.
The inaugural match was played on November 15, 1983, when Vasco da Gama beat Avaí 6-1. The first goal of the stadium was scored by Vasco da Gama's Wilson Tadei.
On May 31, 1986, the stadium lights were inaugurated.
The stadium's attendance record currently stands at 19,000, set on July 17, 1988 when Avaí beat Blumenau 2-0, for the Campeonato Catarinense final.

Ford Anglia
Ford Anglia was a car produced by Ford Motor Company from 1939 through 1967.

Flag of France
The national flag of France is the French Tricoulour or the Tricolour (in french it is "le drapeau tricolore"). It was adopted 15 February 1794. The current colors are the ones that Valéry Giscard d'Estaing chose.

Coat of Arms of France
The national emblem of France has been a symbol of the country since 1953. It is not officialy the coat of Arms but it appears on French passports.

Democratic socialism
Democratic socialism is a branch of socialism which believes in democracy. It is opposite to Marxism-Leninism, which establishes a single party dictatorship. Examples of democratic socialists include Hugo Chávez, the current president of Venezuela and Evo Morales, the current president of Bolivia.

Opel Sintra
Opel Sintra was a car produced by General Motors from 1996 through 1999, and was branded as Opel, Vauxhall, Holden and Chevrolet, depending on the market.

Opel Zafira
Opel Zafira is a car produced by General Motors since 1999, and is branded as Opel, Vauxhall, Holden, and Chevrolet, depending on the market. It currently in its second generation.
Replacement of the Sintra.
The Zafira is sometimes said to be the replacement of the Sintra, because it was introduced roughly around the same time it was discontinued. Also, they were both minivans. However, the Zafira was in a different segment, and GM had not intended this.

Opel Vectra
Opel Vectra was a car produced by General Motors from 1988 through 2008, and branded as Opel, Vauxhall, Holden, and Chevrolet, depending on the market.

A (disambiguation)
A is the first letter of the alphabet.
In English, it is one of the two indefinite articles, the other being an.

Poison dart frog
Poison dart frog is the common name of a group of frogs in the family "Dendrobatidae". They are native to Central and South America. Unlike most frogs, this species is active during the day. Also, they often have brightly-colored bodies. Although all dendrobatids are at least somewhat toxic in the wild, levels of toxicity vary greatly from one species to the next, and from one population to another. Many species are critically endangered.

Stare at the Sun
"Stare at the Sun" is a 2004 single by American band Thrice. It is from their album, "The Artist in the Ambulance"
The song has a more melodic feel than previous songs by Thrice. An acoustic version of the song is on their live CD/DVD.
Music video.
The music video for the song shows the band playing. Towards the end of the video, papers start falling down.
There's also a printing thing in the video, and through that, the members of the band can be seen, as the pages flick through.

Golden Poison Frog
"Phyllobates terribilis", the Golden Poison Frog or the Golden Dart Frog, is a poison dart frog endemic to the Pacific coast of Colombia. In captivity, poison dart frogs are not poisonous. It is in the wild where they are in fact poisonous because of what they eat. This amphibian of the dendrobatidae family is currently considered the most poisonous vertebrate worldwide. The optimal habitat of "P. terribilis" is the rainforest with high rain rates (5 m. or more), altitude between 100-200 m, temperature of 26°C, and relative humidity of 80-90%.

Space Race
The Space Race was a competition of space exploration between the Soviet Union and the United States, which lasted from 1957 to 1975. It had to do with the efforts to explore outer space with artificial satellites, to send humans into space, and to land them on the Moon.
The Space Race began after the Soviet launch of "Sputnik 1" on 4 October 1957. The term "Space Race" started as a comparison to the arms race. The Space Race became an important part of the rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War. Space technology became an extra important area in this rivalry, because of possible military uses.

Mercedes-Benz R-Class
Mercedes-Benz R-Class is a car made by Mercedes-Benz since 2006. It was changed to look different in 2007.

Mercedes-Benz C-Class
Mercedes-Benz C-Class is a car made by Mercedes-Benz since 1993. It is currently in its third generation.

Ford F-Series
Ford F-Series is a truck produced by Ford Motor Company since 1948. It is currently in its Twelfth Generation.

European Council
The European Council (referred to as a European Summit) is the highest political body of the European Union. It is made of all the heads of state or government of the Union's member states and with the President of the European Commission. The country which holds the Presidency of the Council of the European Union. also leads its assemblies.
The Council has no formal executive or legislative powers. It is an institution that deals with very important issues and any decisions made are "a major impetus in defining the general political guidelines of the European Union". The Council meets at least twice a year; usually in the Justus Lipsius building, the quarters of the Council of the European Union (Consilium) of Brussels.

INSEE
INSEE (French: "Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques") is the French national institute dor Statistics and Economic sutdies. The INSEE was created in 1946. It replaced the National Statistics Service (SNS) which was created under the "Vichy government" during World War II.
INSEE Code.
INSEE codes (or COG) are given to Communes in France. They consist of 8 digits (numbers) but there is a simple version with 5 digits. The first two digits (3 for Overseas France) are the number of the department. The other 2 (or 3) numbers are the number of the commune. The INSEE code is not the same as the postcode.

Manaphy
Manaphy is one of the 493 fictional species of Pokémon from the "Pokémon" franchise owned by Nintendo. Manaphy is a legendary Pokémon that first appeared in "Pokémon Diamond and Pearl". It also appeared in the "Pokémon" anime film, "Pokémon Ranger and the Temple of the Sea", which came out in 2006.
In video games.
It can only be caught in "Pokémon Diamond and Pearl" by finishing a mission in "Pokémon Ranger" which gives the player a Manaphy egg. The egg can then be imported to "Diamond" and "Pearl". When it hatches, the player is given a level 1 Manaphy. Manaphy can later become very strong and has high stats.
Manaphy is one of the few legendary Pokémon that can breed in the Day Care Center. However, it can only breed with Ditto, and the only eggs it can produce hatch into Phione. Phione can be considered a pre-evolved form of Manaphy, but it cannot evolve into Manaphy. The only ways to get multiple Manaphies are to trade with another player, or to use glitches in the games to clone Pokémon.
In anime.
Manaphy has never appeared in any episodes of the "Pokémon" anime, although it did appear in one film, "Pokémon Ranger and the Temple of the Sea" as one of the main characters.

Anhedonia
In psychology, anhedonia (< Greek αν- an-, "without" + ηδονή hēdonē, "pleasure") is not finding happiness or pleasure in events that are normally pleasurable. This may include things like eating, exercise, and social or sexual interaction.
Anhedonia is often a symptom of depression. It is also a symptom of schizophrenia and other mental disorders.

CFP Franc
The CFP franc (usually just called "franc") is the currency used in the some of France's overseas colonies (French Polynesia, New Caledonia and Wallis and Futuna). The initials "CFP" originally stood for "Colonies françaises du Pacifique" ("French colonies of the Pacific") but now officially stand for "Change Franc Pacifique" ("Pacific Franc Exchange").

Pierre Corneille
Pierre Corneille (June 6, 1606 – October 1, 1684) was a French playwright. He is one of the most famous 17th century French dramatists. Some others are Molière and Racine. He has been called “the founder of French tragedy” and produced plays for nearly forty years.

Jean Racine
Jean Racine (December 22, 1639 – April 21, 1699) was a French playwright. He was one of the most famous of the 17th century in France (with Molière and Corneille). Racine was mostly a tragedian, even though he did write one comedy.

Hurricane Iniki
History.
The origin of Iniki is unclear, but it possibly began as a tropical wave that exited the African coast on August 18. It moved westward across the unfavorable Atlantic Ocean and crossed Central America into the Pacific on the 28th. The wave continued rapidly westward and remained disorganized. Conditions slowly became more favorable, and, as the convection concentrated around a center, the wave was classified Tropical Depression Eighteen-E on September 5, located 1700 miles (2700 km) southwest of Cabo San Lucas, Mexico or 1550 miles (2500 km) east-southeast of Hilo, Hawaii. The depression continued quickly westward and remained weak until the 8th, when it slowed enough to strengthen to a tropical storm.
Iniki continued to gain strength and became a hurricane on September 9. It turned north towards Hawaii and became major Hurricane the next day. On September 11, Iniki peaked as Category 4 hurricane and hit Hawaii with wind of 145 mph. inki rapidly weakened ande went extra tropical Midway between Also and Hawaii
Preparations and Impact.
The Central Pacific Hurricane Center (CPHC) failed to issue tropical cyclone warnings and watches for the hurricane well in advance. For several days prior to the disaster, the CPHC and the news media forecast Iniki to remain well south of the island chain, with the only effect being some high surf conditions. Some of the standard international computer models were indicating a northward turn towards the populated Hawaiian Islands, but these were rejected by the CPHC forecasters. CHPC Advisory #19 was issued at 11 AM local time on September 10, and suggested that a weakening Iniki would remain well to the south. It was not until a special bulletin was issued by the CPHC at 6:30 PM on September 10 - less than 24 hours before landfall - that any warning was given to the public.
A hurricane watch was issued for Kauai early on September 11 and was upgraded to a hurricane warning later that day. Prior to Iniki's arrival in Kauai, 8,000 people were housed in shelters, most of whom remembered Hurricane Iwa 10 years prior. Rather than sending tourists to public shelters, two major hotels kept their occupants in the buildings during the storm's passage. During the evacuation of the island, people left days before to family, friends or shelters. Because schools were cancelled, traffic was light and evacuation was well-executed.
The CPHC issued a tropical storm warning for Oahu on September 11 which was upgraded to a hurricane warning later that day. Though not hit by the hurricane, Iniki's large wind field caused nearly 30,000 people to evacuate to 110 public shelters in Oahu. Public school buildings acted as shelters, and were for refuge only, meaning they did not provide food, cots, blankets, medications or other comfort items. Roughly one-third of Oahu's population participated in the evacuation, though many others went to the house of a family member or friend for shelter. The execution of the evacuations went well, beginning with the vulnerable coastal area. For those in need, vans and buses gave emergency transportation, while police manned certain overused intersections. The two main problems that occurred during the evacuation were lack of parking at shelters and exit routes for the coastlines.
Hurricane Iniki was the costliest hurricane to strike the state of Hawaii, causing $1.8 billion ($2.6 billion in 2004 US dollars) in damage. Most damage was on the island of Kauai, where the storm destroyed thousands of homes and left a large amount of the island without power, although Oahu also suffered significant damage. Iniki also was responsible for 6 deaths.
The hurricane nearly struck the Central Pacific Hurricane Center in Honolulu. Had it hit there, Iniki, along with Hurricane Andrew and Typhoon Omar, would have struck each of the three National Weather Service offices responsible for tropical cyclone warnings within a two-month period.

Cinderella
Cinderella is a popular fairy tale. There are thousands of different stories based in it. The title character is a young woman living in bad circumstances which suddenly but she suddenly gets lucky. One of the most famous version is by French novelist Charles Perrault.

.fr
.fr is the top-level domain (like ".com" or."uk") in France. It was introduced in 1986. It is very popular in France.

Cognitive-behavioral therapy
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is term that is used for many types of psychotherapeutic systems that deal with cognitions, interpretations, beliefs and responses. This type of therapy is used to try influencing problem-causing emotions and behaviors. CBT is a term that includes many different therapies with some of the same elements and theoretical underpinnings.

Analog to digital converter
In electronics, an analog-to-digital converter (abbreviated ADC, A/D or A to D) is an electronic integrated circuit, which converts continuous signals to discrete digital numbers. The reverse operation is performed by a digital-to-analog converter (DAC). Typically, an ADC is an electronic device that converts an input analog voltage (or current) to a digital number.

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a form of psychotherapy. It was developed to help relief stress and trauma from disturbing and unresolved life experiences. It is used to help with post-traumatic stress disorder.
EMDR involves movement of the eyes as a form of therapy. It has been being tested and researched since it was first developed in the 1980's. It has caused much controversy among scientists who do not believe that eye movement is an effective form of therapy and does not help.

Digital to analog converter
In electronics, a digital-to-analog converter (abbreviated DAC or D-to-A) is a device for converting a digital (usually binary) code to an analog signal (current, voltage or electric charge).
An analog to digital converter (ADC) performs the reverse operation.

Digital Signal Controller
A Digital Signal Controller (DSC) can be thought of as a hybrid of microcontrollers and DSP processors.

Naltrexone
Naltrexone is an opioid receptor antagonist. It is often used to help alcohol dependence and opioid dependence. It is different from the drug naloxone. Naloxone is used in emergency cases of overdose. Naltrexone than for longer-term dependence control. Naltrexone can help with overdose, but naloxone is more helpful in those cases.

Proximity fuze
A proximity fuze (also called a VT fuze, for "variable time") is a fuze that is made to create an explosive when the distance to the target becomes smaller than a set value or when the target passes through a given line.

PT boat
PT Boats were motor torpedo boats ("PT", for "Patrol Torpedo"). They were small, fast ships used by the United States Navy in World War II to attack larger surface ships. The PT boat squadrons were nicknamed "the mosquito fleet".

Radar jamming
Radar jamming is the emission of radio frequency signals to interfere with the work of a radar by flooding its receiver with noise or false information. There are two types of radar jamming: Mechanical and electronic jamming.

Peace Corps
“to promote world peace and friendship through a Peace Corps, which shall make available to interested countries and areas men and women of the United States qualified for service abroad and willing to serve, under conditions of hardship if necessary, to help the peoples of such countries and areas in meeting their needs for trained manpower.”
Since 1960, more than 190,000 people have served as Peace Corps volunteers in 139 countries.

Great Society
The Great Society was a set of programs proposed or enacted in the United States by President Lyndon B. Johnson. Two main goals of the Great Society were to end poverty and to end racial discrimination. New major spending programs that dealt with education, medical care, urban problems, and transportation were started during this period. The Great Society was like the New Deal domestic plan of Franklin D. Roosevelt, but had very different programs.

Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset
Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset (c. 1506 – 22 January, 1552) was an English peer and politician. He was Lord Protector of England during the reign of King Edward VI, because Edward was too young to rule alone. He served as Lord Protector from 1547 to 1552, when he was executed for treason.

Sit-in
A sit-in or sit-down is a form of direct action that involves one or more persons nonviolently occupying an area for a protest.

Alden B. Dow
Alden B. Dow (April 10 1904, Midland, Michigan – August 20 1983) was an American architect. He was the son of Herbert Henry Dow (founder of the Dow Chemical Company) and Grace A. Dow. Dow is known for his architectural design. His personal house in Midland, the Midland Center for the Arts, the Fleming Administration Building, as well as the building for the Grace A. Dow Library (named after his mother) are examples of his important work.

Strategic Defense Initiative
The Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) was a plan created by U.S. President Ronald Reagan on March 23, 1983 to use ground and space-based systems to protect the United States from attack by nuclear ballistic missiles. The initiative focused on defense instead on the offensive mutual assured destruction (MAD).

Circa
Circa is the Latin word for "around" or "about". It is often used in genealogy to show when something approximately happened. 1955". It is often shortened to c., ca., ca or cca.
An encyclopedia entry may begin with circa in the date of birth, for example: "Genghis Khan (c. 1162 – August 18, 1227)". The "c." means that he was born in about 1162, but there is no exact date. Sometimes the circa symbol is italicised to show that it is Latin.

Varg Vikernes
Varg Vikernes(born Kristian Vikernes on February 11, 1973 near Bergen, Norway) is a black metal musician, convicted murderer, arsonist and political activist. In 1991 Vikernes created the one-man music project Burzum. Burzum quickly became important within the early Norwegian black metal scene. Later he became a part of the Heathen Front and wrote several writings on Germanic neopaganism. In a documentary on heavy metal, he was described as "the most notorious metal musician of all time."
In the early 1990's, there were black metal bands that believed in burning churches to prove their hatred for Christianity. Vikernes was found guilty of arson and the murder of another black metal singer. He was sent to prison for 21 years. Vikernes was up for parole in 2008 but it was denied.

Spider-Man 2
Spider-Man 2 is a 2004 movie and the sequel to the 2002 "Spider-Man" movie. All of the main cast came back to make the movie.
Plot.
Peter Parker starts to think that his role as Spider-Man is distracting him from his real life. He once delivers pizzas and is late because he had to save two children from being run over in the street. He promises to attend Mary Jane Watson's play, but is distracted by a crime in progress and has to go fight it and arrest the criminal. He cannot go into the play afterwards and Mary Jane likes him less for missing the play. He finally decides to give up the Spider-Man costume and become a normal person.
Before quitting, Peter attends a demonstration by a man named Otto Octavius. He has built a series of four mechanical arms. He uses the arms to allow him to build and touch a reactor that uses energy from the sun. The reactor is powered by tritium. Tritium is very rare and costly, so Harry Osborn and his company spend their money to provide him with the product. However, a paper clip gets into the machine and causes massive damage. Otto's wife is killed. Peter dons the Spider-Man costume and rescues his friend Harry Osborn. Harry is mad because he hates Spider-Man since he thinks that Spider-Man killed his father (back in the first movie). The accident causes Otto's mechanical arms to fuse to his body. The loss of his wife makes him go crazy.
Without Spider-Man in his life, Peter's grades improve in school. He attends Mary Jane's play. However, she tells him that she has already been engaged to Jim Jameson. Jim is the son of his boss at the Daily Beagle.
Otto, now called Doctor Octopus (Doc Ock) by the press, meanwhile wants some more tritium. He wants to build rebuild his reactor to be even larger than before. He forces Harry to give it to him by threatening to kill him. Harry says he will give him the tritium as long as he brings Spider-Man to him. Doc Ock kidnaps Mary Jane, forcing Peter to put his suit again. A fight breaks out. Finally, Doc Ock puts a subway on course to crash. Spider-Man manages to stop the train with great effort. but becomes very weak and is captured and tied up and brought to Harry. Harry takes out a knife to kill him, but is shocked and stopped when he pulls off Spider-Man's mask to reveal that his friend Peter is underneath the mask. Peter forces Harry to tell him where Doc Ock is, and then goes down there to save Mary Jane and the city.
Down at the river, Doc Ock has rebuilt his reactor, this one much larger than before. Peter stuns him with an electric shock, reveals who he is, and convinces him to not do it, and Doc Ock has a change of heart. He says that the reactor is so big that only a river can contain it and uses his mechanical arms to destroy the floor underneath and dies in the process. Peter reveals his secret identity to Mary Jane but says they cannot be together because Spider-Man's enemies will target her.
At the end of the movie, Peter sits in his apartment and is very unhappy. The wedding for Mary Jane Watson is about to take place, but at the last minute she cancels and runs to the apartment. There, she tells him that she is willing to take the risk of being Spider-Man's girlfriend. A fire truck siren roars past. She says, "Go get them, tiger" and watches as Spider-Man goes out on another rescue mission.

Paul Gauguin
Eugène Henri Paul Gauguin (7 June 1848 – 8 May 1903) was a leading Post-Impressionist painter. His bold tests with coloring led directly to the Synthetist style of modern art, and the meaning of the subjects in his paintings helped create Primitivism and the return to the pastoral. He was also an influential user of wood engraving and woodcuts as art forms.

Puss in Boots
Puss in boots is a fairy tale. Many versions exist but the one by Charles Perrault is the most famous. The main character is "The Master Cat".

The Three Musketeers
"The Three Musketeers" (French: "Les Trois Mousquetaires") is a novel by Alexandre Dumas, père. It is the story of a young man named d'Artagnan. He leaves home to become a musketeer.He and his friends Athos, Porthos, and Aramis live by the motto, "One for all, and all for one" ("french": Un pour tous, et tous pour un!").
The story of d'Artagnan is continued in "Twenty Years After" and "The Vicomte de Bragelonne". Those three novels by Dumas are together known as the "D'Artagnan Romances".
"The Three Musketeers" was first published in serial form in the magazine "Le Siècle" between March and July 1844.

Mont Saint Michel
Mont Saint-Michel (English: "St Michael's Mount") is a rocky tidal island in Normandy, France. It is located approximately one kilometer off the country's north coast, at the mouth of the Couesnon River near Avranches.

A Clockwork Orange (movie)
"A Clockwork Orange" is a 1971 satirical science fiction movie version of a 1962 novel of the same name, written by Anthony Burgess.
Awards and honors.
American Film Institute recognition

Pasties
Pasties (sing. 'pastie') are small pieces of cloth. They are treated specially so they are sticky. They are used to cover a person's nipples or genital area. They vary in size and are usually not much larger than the person's areola.
The concept of 'pasties' is to show as much of the breast as possible without making the woman entirely topless. Many erotic dancers in strip clubs are required to wear them by law. Pasties are usually applied with a special glue or tape. This is the origin of their name, as they are quite literally "pasted" onto the nipple.
Pasties are worn by many neo-burlesque performers. Burlesque pasties may also feature tassels which hang from the center, performer will sometimes twirl these as part of a performance.
Some women who choose not to wear a bra wear pasties to prevent their nipples from protruding visibly through their shirt.
Pasties in law.
The United States Supreme Court held in "Erie v. Pap's A. M." that a city ordinance requiring erotic dancers to wear pasties, and a g-string, was constitutional.
Some deaths have resulted from men being injured after attempting to remove pasties with their mouths. One such won a Darwin Award in 1998.

Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea
Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea ("French Vingt mille lieues sous les mers") is a science fiction novel by French writer Jules Verne. It was published in 1870. It is the story of "Captain Nemo" and his submarine "Nautilus". The first illustrated edition (not the original edition which had no illustrations) was published by Hetzel and contains a number of illustrations by Alphonse de Neuville and Edouard Riou.

Stendhal
Henri-Marie Beyle (January 23, 1783 – March 23, 1842) is better known by his pen name Stendhal. He was a 19th century French writer. He is known for his precise analysis of his characters' psychology. His two most famous novels are "Le Rouge et le Noir" ("The Red and the Black", 1830) and "La Chartreuse de Parme" ("The Charterhouse of Parma", 1839).

Travis Barker
Travis Landon Barker (born November 14, 1975) is an American drummer. He is better known for being in the band Blink-182. He is also the drummer for +44 and has several side projects such as Box Car Racer, Transplants and Expensive Taste.

Guy de Maupassant
Guy de Maupassant (5 August 1850 – 6 July 1893) was a popular 19th century French writer. He is considered one of the fathers of the modern short story.
He was an apprentice of Flaubert. Maupassant's stories have a common economy of style and their efficient, effortless dénouement (ending). Many of the stories are set during the Franco-Prussian War. Many more describe the war. He also wrote six short novels.

Prairie dog
Prairie dogs are not dogs at all. They are small, burrowing rodents - a type of ground squirrel. Prairie dogs live in short-grass prairies and mountain plains of the western USA and Mexico. The explorers Lewis and Clark sent a prairie dog to President Thomas Jefferson during their expedition; it was quite an oddity to them.
Diet.
Prairie dogs are mostly herbivores (plant-eaters). They eat grasses, seeds, leaves, flowers, fruit, eggs, and some insects.
Predators.
Prairie dogs are hunted by many animals, including wolves, dogs, coyotes, bobcats, foxes, and humans.

The Hunchback of Notre Dame
"The Hunchback of Notre Dame" ("French: Notre-Dame de Paris") is a 1831 French novel written by Victor Hugo. It is set in 1482 in Paris, in and around the cathedral of Notre Dame de Paris. The story is about a poor Gypsy girl ("Esmeralda") and a bell-ringer ("Quasimodo") who was raised by the "archdeacon" ("Claude Frollo").

Pierre-Auguste Renoir
Pierre-Auguste Renoir (February 25, 1841–December 3, 1919) was a French artist. He was a leading painter in the development of the Impressionist style. As a celebrator of beauty, and especially feminine sensuality, it has been said that "Renoir is the final representative of a tradition which runs directly from Rubens to Watteau".

Antoine Watteau
Jean-Antoine Watteau (October 10, 1684 – July 18, 1721) was a French painter whose brief career spurred the revival of interest in colour and movement (in the tradition of Correggio and Rubens), and brought back the almost forgotten Baroque idiom, which, in time became known as Rococo. He is credited with inventing the genre of "fêtes galantes": scenes of bucolic and idyllic charm, along with an air of theatricality. Some of his best known subjects were drawn from the world of Italian comedy and ballet.

2003 Atlantic hurricane season
The 2003 Atlantic hurricane season officially began June 1, 2003 and officially ended on November 30, 2003. These dates usually specify the time of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin. However, in 2003, the season was extra long, it lasted from April through December because of out of season storm activity.</onlyinclude>
The 2003 season was tied for the sixth most active season on record. Sixteen tropical storms formed, seven of these became hurricanes; of these, three grew into major hurricanes, of which one reached Category 5 strength, the highest level of strength for Atlantic hurricanes on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale. The most famous storms of the season were hurricanes Fabian, Isabel, and Juan, all of which were retired. The total season impact resulted in $4.4 billion (2003 USD) in damage and 92 total deaths.
Tropical Storm Ana.
A non-tropical low pressure area developed about 240 miles (390 km) south-southwest of Bermuda on April 18 through the interaction of an upper-level trough and a surface frontal trough. It tracked northwestward at first, then turned to the southeast. After developing centralized convection, the system developed into Subtropical Storm Ana on April 20 to the west of Bermuda. It tracked east-southeastward and organized, and on April 21 it transitioned into a tropical cyclone with peak winds of 60 mph (95 km/h), after developing an upper-level warm core. Increased wind shear caused fluctuations in intensity and a steady weakening trend, and on April 24 the center of Ana merged with an approaching cold front, thus signaling the completion of extratropical transition. The extratropical remnants continued east-northeastward, and on April 27 the gale was absorbed within the cold front.
The cyclone is most notable for being the only Atlantic tropical cyclone in the month of April. When Ana became a Subtropical Storm, it became the second subtropical cyclone on record in the month, after a storm in 1992. Ana dropped 2.63 inches (67 mm) of rainfall in Bermuda over a period of several days. Increased swells from the storm caused two drowning deaths in southeastern Florida when a boat capsized. The remnants of the storm brought light rainfall to the Azores and the United Kingdom, though no significant damage was reported.
Tropical Depression Two.
A tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa on June 6. Tracking westward at a low latitude, a disturbance along the wave axis became better organized on June 9, with reasonable favorable environmental conditions despite the time of year. Initially lacking a well-defined low-level circulation, convection increased further on June 10, and the system was declared Tropical Depression Two early on June 11 in the central tropical Atlantic Ocean. The depression was only the third tropical cyclone on record to develop in the month of June to the east of the Lesser Antilles; the others were Ana in 1979, and a Storm in 1933.
Initially, the depression was forecast to attain tropical storm status, maintaining good outflow and some banding features around the system. Around 0900 UTC on June 11 satellite-based intensity estimates indicated the depression was near tropical storm status. However, the convection subsequently diminished and became displaced to the northeast of the center, and late on June 11 the depression degenerated into an open tropical wave about 950 miles (1535 km) east-southeast of Barbados. The tropical wave remained well-defined with a well-defined low-level vorticity, though strong wind shear prevented tropical redevelopment. On June 13 its remnants passed through the Lesser Antilles, and the wave continued westward through the Caribbean Sea.
Tropical Storm Bill.
Tropical Storm Bill developed from a tropical wave on June 29 to the north of the Yucatán Peninsula. It slowly organized as it moved northward, and reached a peak of 60 mph (95 h) shortly before making landfall 27 miles (43 km) west of Chauvin, Louisiana. Bill quickly weakened over land, and as it accelerated to the northeast, moisture from the storm, combined with cold air from an approaching cold front, produced an outbreak of 34 tornadoes. Bill became extratropical on July 2, and was absorbed by the cold front later that day.
Upon making landfall on Louisiana, the storm produced a moderate storm surge, causing tidal flooding. In a city in the northeastern portion of the state, the surge breached a levee, which flooded many homes in the town. Moderate winds combined with wet soil knocked down trees, which then hit a few houses and power lines, and left hundreds of thousands without electric power. Further inland, tornadoes from the storm produced localized moderate damage. Throughout its path, Tropical Storm Bill caused around $50 million in damage (2003 USD, $56 million 2007 USD) and four deaths.
Hurricane Claudette.
A well-organized tropical wave tracked quickly through the Lesser Antilles on July 7, producing tropical storm force winds but failing to attain a low-level circulation. After organizing in the Caribbean Sea, it developed into Tropical Storm Claudette to the south of the Dominican Republic on July 8. Its intensity fluctuated over the subsequent days, attaining hurricane status briefly on July 10 before weakening and hitting Puerto Morelos on the Yucatán Peninsula on July 11 as a tropical storm. The storm remained disorganized due to moderate wind shear, though after turning west-northwestward into an area of lighter shear, it re-attained hurricane status on July 15 off the coast of Texas; it intensified quickly and made landfall on Matagorda Island with peak winds of 90 mph (145 km/h). It slowly weakened after moving ashore, tracking across northern Tamaulipas before dissipating in northwestern Chihuahua.
The precursor cyclone caused light damage in the Lesser Antilles, and waves from the hurricane caused an indirect death off of Florida. Widespread flooding and gusty winds destroyed or severely damaged 412 buildings in southeast Texas, with a further 1,346 buildings suffering lighter impact. The hurricane caused locally severe beach erosion along the coast. High winds downed many trees along the coast, causing one direct and one indirect death. Damage was estimated at $180 million (2003 USD, $200 million 2007 USD).
Hurricane Danny.
A tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa on July 9. The northern portion of the wave tracked to the west-northwest, and on July 13 an area of convection developed along the wave axis. The system slowly organized, and after a closed low-level circulation developed, the system was classified as Tropical Depression Five about 630 miles (1020 km) east of Bermuda. It quickly organized, becoming Tropical Storm Danny a day after forming. Tracking around the periphery of an anticyclone, the storm moved northwestward before turning north and later northeastward. Despite being located at a high latitude, Danny continued to strengthen due to unusually warm water temperatures, and on July 19 it attained hurricane status about 525 miles (850 km) south of St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador.
Wind shear increased the next day as the hurricane turned eastward, causing a steady weakening trend that was accelerated after crossing into an area of cooler water temperatures. By July 20 the cyclone had turned to the southeast and weakened to tropical depression status, and on July 21 it degenerated into a remnant low pressure area. The remnants of Danny tracked erratically southwestward before dissipating on July 27 about 630 miles (1015 km) east of where it originally developed. There were no reports of damages or casualties associated with Danny.
Tropical Depression Six.
A tropical wave moved westward off the coast of Africa on July 14. After tracking steadily westward, an area of thunderstorms became more concentrated as its upper-level environment became more favorable, and late on July 19 the National Hurricane Center classified it as Tropical Depression Six while it was located about 1035 miles (1675 km) east of the Lesser Antilles. Upon being classified as a tropical cyclone, the depression maintained two ill-defined hooking bands to its north and south, and was originally forecast to attain hurricane status before passing through the Lesser Antilles. With warm waters and very light wind shear forecast, its environmental conditions met 4 out of 5 parameters for rapid intensification. Subsequently, convection diminished as the result of cold air inflow and instability from a disturbance to its southeast.
With a fast forward speed, confirmation of a low-level circulation on July 20 became difficult. Convection increased in curvature on July 21, and several islands in the Lesser Antilles issued tropical storm warnings and watches. After it passed north of Barbados, a Hurricane Hunters flight failed to report a closed low-level circulation, and it is estimated the depression degenerated into an open tropical wave late on July 21. The remnants brought a few showers to the Lesser Antilles, and after tracking into the Caribbean Sea redevelopment was prevented by increased wind shear. The northern portion of the wave axis split and developed into Tropical Depression Seven.
Tropical Depression Seven.
A tropical wave interacted with an upper-level low to develop an area of deep convection near Hispaniola on July 23. A mid- to lower-level circulation developed within the system at it tracked generally north-northwestward, and based on surface and satellite observations, it is estimated the system developed into Tropical Depression Seven at 1200 UTC on July 25 about 60 miles (95 km) east of Daytona Beach, Florida. The system was embedded in an environment characterized by high surface pressures. Tracking through an area of cool water temperatures, as well as unfavorable upper-level winds, the depression failed to achieve winds greater than 35 mph (55 km/h). Early on July 26 it moved ashore on St. Catherines Island, Georgia, and after steadily weakening over land it dissipated on July 27. The depression dropped light to moderate rainfall from Florida to the coast of North Carolina, peaking at 5.17 inches (131 mm) in Savannah, Georgia. There were no reports of damage or casualties associated with this depression.
Hurricane Erika.
The precursor system to Hurricane Erika was first observed as a non-tropical low on August 9 about 1150 miles (1860 km) east of Bermuda. It tracked quickly southwestward then westward in tandem with an upper-level low, which prevented tropical development. On August 13 an area of convection increased as it passed through the Bahamas, and while crossing Florida a circulation built toward the surface; it is estimated the system developed into Tropical Storm Erika on August 14 about 85 miles (140 km) west-southwest of Fort Myers, Florida. A strong ridge caused the storm to continue quickly westward, and the system gradually strengthened and organized. By August 15 its forward motion slowed, allowing the convection to organize into curved rainbands, and late in the day an eye feature began developing. Tropical Storm Erika attained hurricane status at around 1030 UTC as it was moving ashore in northeastern Tamaulipas; operationally it was not classified as a hurricane, due to lack of data. The winds rapidly decreased as it tracked across the mountainous terrain of northeastern Mexico, and early on August 17 the cyclone dissipated.
The hurricane dropped light to moderate rainfall along its path, which caused some flooding; in Montemorelos in Nuevo León, two people died after being swept away by floodwaters. Several mudslides were reported, which left numerous highways blocked or impassable. In southern Texas, the hurricane caused light winds and minor damage, with no reports of deaths or injuries in the United States.
Tropical Depression Nine.
A strong tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa on August 14, and after tracking steadily westward an area of convection began to become better organized on August 18. After it tracked through the Lesser Antilles, it developed into Tropical Depression Nine on August 21 to the south of Puerto Rico. The depression quickly showed signs of organization, and forecasters predicted the depression to intensify to a strong tropical storm. However, strong southwesterly wind shear unexpectedly became established over the system, and the depression degenerated into a tropical wave late on August 22 to the south of the eastern tip of the Dominican Republic.
The remnants of the depression dropped light to moderate precipitation in the Dominican Republic, which caused flooding and overflown rivers. More than 100 houses were flooded, and some crop damage was reported. The rainfall was welcome in the country, as conditions were dry in the preceding months. Flooding was also reported in eastern Jamaica, though damage there, if any, is unknown.
Hurricane Fabian.
On August 25, a tropical wave emerged off the coast of Africa, and two days later developed enough organized convection to develop into Tropical Depression Ten. Tracking through warm waters and low vertical shear, the depression was named Tropical Storm Fabian on August 28. On August 30, the storm intensified into a hurricane, and it quickly strengthened to attain major hurricane status late that day; on September 1 Fabian reached its peak intensity of 145 mph (230 km/h). The hurricane turned to the north and gradually weakened before passing 14 miles (23 km) west of Bermuda on September 5 with winds of 115 mph (180 km/h). The cyclone accelerated northeastward into an environment of unfavorable conditions, becoming an extratropical cyclone on September 8; two days later it merged with another extratropical storm between southern Greenland and Iceland.
Strong waves caused extensive damage to the Bermuda coastline, destroying 10 nests of the endangered Bermuda Petrel. The storm surge from the hurricane stranded one vehicle with three police officers and another with a resident on the causeway between St. George's Parish and St. David's Island, later washing both vehicles into Castle Harbour; all four were killed. Strong winds left about 25,000 people without power on the island, and also caused severe damage to vegetation. The strong winds damaged or destroyed the roofs of numerous buildings on Bermuda, Damage on the island totaled $300 million (2003 USD, $335 million 2007 USD). Elsewhere, strong waves from the hurricane killed a surfer in North Carolina and caused three deaths off of Newfoundland when a fishing vessel sank.
Tropical Storm Grace.
A strong tropical wave accompanied with a low pressure system moved off the coast of Africa on August 19. It moved quickly westward, failing to organize significantly, and developed a surface low pressure area on the 29th in the Gulf of Mexico. Convection continued to organize, and the tropical wave developed into Tropical Depression Eleven on August 30 while located 335 miles (540 km) east-southeast of Corpus Christi, Texas. The depression quickly intensified to become Tropical Storm Grace, though further intensification was limited due to a nearby upper-level low. On August 31 Grace moved ashore on Galveston Island, Texas, and it quickly weakened over land. The storm turned northeastward and was absorbed by a cold front over extreme eastern Oklahoma on September 2.
The storm produced light to moderate precipitation from Texas through the eastern United States, peaking at 10.4 inches (263 mm) in eastern Texas. Near where it made landfall, Grace produced flooding of low-lying areas and light beach erosion. In Oklahoma and southern Missouri, the remnants of the storm caused localized flooding. No deaths were reported, and damage was minimal.
Tropical Storm Henri.
On August 22, a tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa, and it remained disorganized until reaching the eastern Gulf of Mexico on September 1. A tropical disturbance developed into Tropical Depression Twelve on September 3 about 300 miles (480 kilometers) west of Tampa, Florida. It moved eastward and strengthened into Tropical Storm Henri on September 5, and despite strong wind shear it intensified to reach peak winds of 60 mph (95 km/h) later that day. Subsequently it quickly weakened, and it struck the western Florida coast as a tropical depression. On September 8 it degenerated into a remnant low pressure area off the coast of North Carolina, and after moving ashore near Cape Hatteras, it crossed the Mid-Atlantic states and dissipated on September 17 over New England.
Henri was responsible for locally heavy rainfall across Florida, but damage was minimal. The remnants of Henri caused heavy precipitation in Delaware and Pennsylvania, causing $19.6 million in damage (2003 USD, $22 million 2007 USD). In Delaware, the rainfall caused record-breaking river flooding, with part of the Red Clay Creek experiencing a 500-year flood, and the system left 109,000 residents without power in Pennsylvania. The impacts of the storm were severely compounded the following week by Hurricane Isabel across the region.
Hurricane Isabel.
A tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa on September 1, which developed into Tropical Depression Thirteen early on September 6 to the southwest of the Cape Verde islands. It quickly intensified into Tropical Storm Isabel, and it continued to gradually intensify within an area of light wind shear and warm waters. Isabel strengthened to a hurricane on September 7, and the following day it attained major hurricane status. Its intensity fluctuated over the subsequent days as it passed north of the Lesser Antilles, and it attained peak winds of 145 knots (270 km/h) on September 11, a Category 5 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson Scale. The hurricane oscillated between Category 4 and Category 5 status over the following four days, before weakening due to wind shear. On September 18 Isabel made landfall between Cape Lookout and Ocracoke Island in North Carolina with winds of 105 mph (165 km/h). It continued northwestward, becoming extratropical over western Pennsylvania before being absorbed by a larger storm over Ontario on September 19.
Strong winds from Isabel extended from North Carolina to New England and westward to West Virginia. The winds, combined with previous rainfall which moistened the soil, downed many trees and power lines across its path, leaving about 6 million electricity customers without power at some point. Coastal areas suffered from waves and its powerful storm surge, with areas in eastern North Carolina and southeast Virginia reporting severe damage from both winds and the storm surge. Throughout its path, Isabel resulted in $3.6 billion in damage (2003 USD, $4.04 billion 2007 USD) and 47 deaths, of which 16 were directly related to the storm's effects.
The governors of Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Maryland, New Jersey, and Delaware declared states of emergencies. Isabel was the first major hurricane to threaten the Mid-Atlantic States and the South since Hurricane Floyd in September 1999. Isabel's greatest impact was due to flood damage, the worst in some areas of Virginia since 1972's Hurricane Agnes. More than 60 million people were affected to some degree — a similar number to Floyd but more than any other hurricane in recent memory.
Tropical Depression Fourteen.
A strong tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa on September 6, and almost immediately it became associated with a broad surface circulation. With favorable upper-level winds the system quickly became better organized, and on September 8 it possessed enough organization to be classified as Tropical Depression Fourteen while located about 290 miles (465 km) southeast of the southernmost Cape Verde islands. Initially the depression failed to maintain an inner core of deep convection, and despite its occurrence with nearby dry air, the depression was forecast to intensify to hurricane status due to anticipated favorable conditions.
In the hours subsequent to formation, the convection near the center decreased as the banding features dissipated. Dry air greatly increased over the depression, and by September 9 the system was not forecast to intensify past minimal tropical storm status. Later that day an upper-level low tracked southward to the west of the depression, which increased wind shear and caused a steady north-northwest motion for the depression. The circulation became elongated and separated from the convection as it passed just west of the Cape Verde Islands, where it brought heavy rainfall, and on September 10 the depression dissipated.
Hurricane Juan.
A large tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa on September 14, and due to unfavorable wind shear it initially remained disorganized. An area of convection increased in association with an upper-level low, and it developed into Tropical Depression Fifteen on September 24 to the southeast of Bermuda. It steadily organized as it tracked northward, intensifying into Tropical Storm Juan on September 25 and attaining hurricane status on September 26. With warm waters and light wind shear, Juan reached peak winds of 105 mph (165 km/h) on September 27 about 635 miles (1020 km) south of Halifax, Nova Scotia. It accelerated northward, weakening only slightly before moving ashore near Halifax on September 29 with winds of 100 mph (160 km/h). It quickly weakened while crossing the southern Canadian Maritimes before being absorbed by a large extratropical cyclone over the Gulf of Saint Lawrence.
The eyewall of Hurricane Juan was the first to directly cross over Halifax since a hurricane in August of 1893; the cyclone became one of the most damaging tropical cyclones in modern history for the city. The hurricane produced a record storm surge of 4.9 feet (1.5 m), which resulted in extensive flooding of the Halifax and Dartmouth waterfront properties. Strong winds caused widespread occurrences of falling trees, downed power lines, and damaged houses, and the hurricane was responsible for four direct deaths and four indirect deaths. More than 800,000 people were left without power. Nearly all wind-related damage occurred to the east of the storm track, and damage amounted to about $200 million (2003 CAD ($150 million 2003 USD).
Hurricane Kate.
Kate developed from a tropical wave in the central tropical Atlantic on September 25. The storm moved northwestward until a weakness in the subtropical ridge forced it eastward. Kate strengthened to a hurricane, turned sharply westward while moving around a mid-level low, and intensified to a 125 mph (205 km/h) major hurricane on October 4. Kate turned sharply northward around the periphery of an anticyclone, weakened, and became extratropical after passing to the east of Newfoundland. The extratropical storm persisted for three days until losing its identity near Scandinavia.
Kate threatened Atlantic Canada just one week after Hurricane Juan caused severe damage in Nova Scotia. The storm had minimal effects on land, limited to moderately strong winds and heavy rainfall over Newfoundland; St. John's reported 1.8 inches (45 mm) on October 6, a record for the date. The interaction between Kate and a high pressure area to its north produced 3 to 4 foot (1 m) waves along the coast of North Carolina and New England.
Tropical Storm Larry.
A tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa on September 17, which developed a low pressure area on September 27 in the western Caribbean Sea. It moved ashore along the Yucatán Peninsula on September 29 and developed into an extratropical cyclone as it interacted with a stationary cold front. Deep convection increased, and it transitioned into Tropical Storm Larry by October 1. The storm drifted generally southward, and after reaching peak winds of 65 mph (100 km/h) it made landfall in the Mexican state of Tabasco on October 5, the first landfall in the state since Tropical Storm Brenda in 1973. The remnants of Larry crossed the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, degenerating into a remnant low pressure area before dissipating on October 7 in the eastern Pacific Ocean.
The storm dropped heavy rainfall, peaking at 24.77 inches (629.2 mm) in Upper Juarez in southeastern Mexico. The rainfall caused mudslides and damage, which coincided with the presence of two other tropical cyclones – Eastern Pacific tropical storm Nora and Olaf. Overall, the passage of the storm resulted in five deaths and $53.4 million in damage (2003 USD).
Tropical Storm Mindy.
A tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa on October 1, and tracking westward it began to organize after entering the Caribbean Sea. Despite strong southwesterly wind shear, a closed surface circulation developed over eastern Hispaniola, and late on October 10 the system developed into Tropical Storm Mindy just off the northern coast of Dominican Republic; upon forming, the storm reached its peak intensity of 45 mph (75 km/h). Strong vertical wind shear weakened the storm greatly, and after it turned to the northeast Mindy dissipated on October 14 about 445 miles (715 km) south-southwest of Bermuda.
The precursor tropical wave produced much-needed rainfall throughout the northern Lesser Antilles, including 2 to 4 inches (50 to 100 mm) in Saint Lucia and two days nearly continuous rainfall in Antigua. In Puerto Rico, heavy rainfall caused mudslides and bridge collapses. Moderate rainfall in the Dominican Republic caused flooding and overflown rivers, and damaged 320 houses in Santiago Rodríguez with two feet of mud.
Tropical Storm Nicholas.
Forming from a tropical wave on October 13 in the central tropical Atlantic Ocean, Nicholas slowly developed due to moderate levels of wind shear throughout its lifetime. Deep convection slowly organized, and Nicholas attained a peak intensity of 70 mph (110 km/h) on October 17. After moving west-northwestward for much of its lifetime, it turned northward and weakened due to increasing shear. The storm again turned to the west and briefly restrengthened, but after turning again to the north Nicholas transitioned to an extratropical cyclone on October 24. As an extratropical storm, Nicholas executed a large loop to the west, and after moving erratically for a week and organizing into a tropical low, it was absorbed by a non-tropical low. The low continued westward, crossed Florida, and ultimately dissipated over the Gulf Coast of the United States on November 5.
Nicholas had no impact as a tropical cyclone, and impact from the low that absorbed the storm was limited to rainfall, gusty winds, and rough surf. The low that absorbed the storm nearly developed into a tropical cyclone, which would have been called Odette. However, moderate wind shear prevented further development.
Tropical Storm Odette.
Odette was a rare December tropical storm, the first since Hurricane Lili in 1984, that formed on December 4 in the southwest Caribbean Sea. Odette strengthened and made landfall near Cabo Falso in the Dominican Republic on December 6 as a moderately strong tropical storm. A day later, Odette became extratropical, and eventually merged with a cold front.
Eight deaths were directly attributed to this tropical storm in the Dominican Republic due to mudslides or flash flooding. In addition, two deaths were indirectly caused by the storm. Approximately 35% of the nation's banana crop was destroyed. Light to moderate rainfall was reported in Puerto Rico.
Tropical Storm Peter.
Peter was a short-lived storm, primarily notable for being the second December storm of the season, the first time this has occurred since the 1887 season. It is also notable for being only the second storm to reach the 'P' name since naming began in the Atlantic in 1950, and one of only four storms total to do this. The other storms were Pablo in the 1995 season, Philippe in the 2005 season and Paloma in the 2008 season.
Peter formed as a subtropical storm on December 7 from an extratropical gale. By December 9, Peter had become a strong tropical storm, nearly reaching hurricane strength. The organization would not last, as Peter became an extratropical low on December 11 and was absorbed by a cold front. No deaths or damages are associated with Peter. The formation of Peter made 2003 the busiest season since 1995.
Accumulated Cyclone Energy (ACE) Ranking.
The table on the right shows the ACE for each storm in the season. The ACE is, broadly speaking, a measure of the power of the hurricane multiplied by the length of time it existed for, so hurricanes that lasted a long time (such as Isabel and Fabian) have higher ACEs. Isabel was one of the very few hurricanes since 1950 to have an ACE of over 50 104 kt2, and was one of just 7 to have an ACE of over 60.

Soggy biscuit
Soggy biscuit (also called limp biscuit, or ookie cookie) is a masturbation game played mostly by teenage groups in which the participants stand around a biscuit masturbating until ejaculating onto it; the last person to do so must eat the biscuit. The term is thought to have originated in Australia sometime in the 1960s.
Although the way its spelled may differ slightly, the notability of the game is shown by the variations on the being referred to in popular culture, examples including Stephen Fry's "The Liar", the German movie "Crazy" and Skinless's song "Scum Cookie".

Hurricane Isabel
Hurricane Isabel was the costliest and deadliest hurricane in the 2003 Atlantic hurricane season. It was the ninth named storm, fifth hurricane, and second major hurricane of the season. Isabel formed from a tropical wave in the tropical Atlantic Ocean. It moved northwestward, and it steadily strengthened to reach peak winds of 165 mph (265 km/h) on September 11. After weakening and strengthening for four days, Isabel slowly weakened. It moved onto the Outer Banks of North Carolina with winds of 105 mph (165 km/h) on September 18. It quickly weakened over land.
In North Carolina, the storm surge from Isabel washed away part of Hatteras Island. This area of washed away land was sometimes known as Isabel Inlet. Damage was highest along the Outer Banks, where thousands of homes were damaged or destroyed. The worst effects happened in Virginia, especially in the Hampton Roads area and on the shores of the James River. Virginia had the most deaths and damage from the hurricane. About 64% of the total damage and 68% of the total deaths from the storm happened in North Carolina and Virginia.
There was moderate to severe damage up the Atlantic coastline and as far west as West Virginia. About six million lost power in the eastern United States. Rain fell from South Carolina to Maine, and westward to Michigan. In total, damage is estimated at $3.6 billion (2003 USD, $4.1 billion 2008 USD). 16 deaths in seven states are blamed directly on the hurricane. 35 more deaths in six states and one province were not directly related to the hurricane.

Eugène Delacroix
Ferdinand Victor Eugène Delacroix (26 April 1798 – 13 August 1863) was a French Romantic artist regarded from the outset of his career as the leader of the French Romantic school. Delacroix's use of expressive brushstrokes and his study of the optical effects of colour profoundly shaped the work of the Impressionists, while his passion for the exotic inspired the artists of the Symbolist movement. A fine lithographer, Delacroix illustrated various works of William Shakespeare, the Scottish writer Sir Walter Scott, and the German writer Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.
In contrast to the Neoclassical perfectionism of his chief rival Ingres, Delacroix took for his inspiration the art of Rubens and painters of the Venetian Renaissance, with an attendant emphasis on color and movement rather than clarity of outline and carefully modeled form. Dramatic and romantic content characterized the central themes of his maturity, and led him not to the classical models of Greek and Roman art, but to travel in North Africa, in search of the exotic. Friend and spiritual heir to Théodore Géricault, Delacroix was also inspired by Byron, with whom he shared a strong identification with the "forces of the sublime", of nature in often violent action.
However, Delacroix was given neither to sentimentality nor bombast, and his Romanticism was that of an individualist. In the words of Baudelaire, "Delacroix was passionately in love with passion, but coldly determined to express passion as clearly as possible."

Eugène Durieu
Jean Louis Marie Eugène Durieu (1800; Nîmes, France – 1874; Paris, France) was an early French photographer of nudes, known for making studies for Eugène Delacroix. Some of Durieu's nudes were used by Delacroix to creating his own paintings and drawings.

Anabolism
Anabolism is the set of metabolic pathways that make molecules from smaller units.

Period (punctuation)
A period, also known as a full stop, in punctuation is a dot (.) that is at the end of a sentence. It shows that an idea has finished.
means that Elizabeth paid one dollar and twenty-five cents for her drink.
A period also means a word has been shortened when it's after the word, for example: "Pty. Ltd." The words doctor, mister, and mistress are often made shorter when used with a name. "Dr." Smith" is the name of a doctor whose last name is Smith, and "Mr." Banerjee" and "Mrs." Yang" are common ways of writing "Mister Banerjee" and "Mistress Yang". It is also used for names when the first and middle name are shortened but the last name isn't, for example "J." Citizen".
When three periods are used together (...), they are called an ellipsis.

S.H.E
S.H.E is a Taiwanese girl group with three people: Selina Ren, Hebe Tien, and Ella Chen. The group's name comes from the first letter of each person's name. A record label called HIM International Music created S.H.E after they organized a singing competition in 2000.
At first, there was supposed to be only one winner; that person was Selina Ren. But then the record label thought that the other two girls, Hebe Tien and Ella Chen, were good singers too, so they put the three girls together. Since the release of "Girls Dorm", S.H.E's first album, in 2001, the group has released a total of 11 albums, and sold over 4.5 million copies. However, some people do not like S.H.E because they often sing songs that other people had sung before. In addition to music, the trio has acted in many TV dramas, and sang many theme songs for them. Because of S.H.E's success, some Taiwanese companies are now trying to create girl groups of their own.

Barry Dickens
Barry Dickins (born 1949) is an Australian artist and writer of books and plays.
He was born in Reservoir, which is part of Melbourne. He left school early and worked in a factory. Later he painted sets and backgrounds for television programs. His first play, "Ghosts", was performed in 1974 at La Mama Theatre. He has written many more plays. His play "Remember Ronald Ryan" won the 1995 Victorian Premier's Literary Award. He has also written short stories, biography, other non-fiction and children's books.

Multiplexer
In electronics, a multiplexer or mux ("occasionally the term mul-dex is also found, for a combination multiplexer-demultiplexer") is a device that selects one of many analog or digital input signals and outputs that one into a single output line. This process is multiplexing.
An electronic multiplexer makes it possible for several signals to share one expensive device or other resource, for example one A/D converter or one communication line, instead of having one device per input signal.
An analog multiplexer is a special type of analog switch that connects one signal selected from several inputs to a single output.
A digital multiplexer is a set of parallel switches, with selector that selects one of the input digital channels to outputs into the single digital output channel. The selector selects one of the input channels according to the digital command (number) it receives.
In electronics, a demultiplexer (or demux) is a device taking a single input signal and selecting one of many data-output-lines, which is connected to the single input. A multiplexer is often used with a complementary demultiplexer on the receiving end.
An electronic multiplexer can be considered as a multiple-input, single-output switch, and a demultiplexer as a single-input, multiple-output switch.
In telecommunications and signal processing, a multiplexer is a device that combines several input information signals into one output signal, which carries several communication channels, by means of some multiplex technique. A demultiplexer is in this context a device taking a single input signal that carries many channels and separates those over multiple output signals.
One use for multiplexers is cost savings by connecting a multiplexer and a demultiplexer (or demux) together (called mul-dex) over a single communication channel (by connecting the multiplexer's single output to the demultiplexer's single input). The image to the right demonstrates this.
In this case, the cost of implementing separate channels for each data source is more expensive than the cost of implementing the multiplexing/demultiplexing functions.
At the receiving end of the data link a complementary "demultiplexer" is normally required to break single data stream back down into the original streams.
In some cases, the far end system may have more functionality than a simple demultiplexer and so, at the same time as the demultiplexing still exists logically, it may never actually happen physically, such as in network address translation where a number of IP private network users are multiplexed over a single public IP addresses.
References.
M. Morris Mano and Charles R. Kime, Logic and Computer Design Fundamentals, Prentice Hall, Inc., 2008

Input/output
In computing, input/output, or I/O, refers to the communication between a digital processing system(such as a computer or an embedded system), and the outside world – possibly a human, another processing system or a device.
Inputs are the signals or data received by the system, and outputs are the signals or data sent from it.
I/O devices are used by a person (or other system) to communicate with the digital processing system. For instance, keyboards and mice are considered input devices of a computer, while monitors and printers are considered output devices of a computer. Devices for communication between computers, such as modems and network cards, typically serve for both input and output.
Note that the description of a device as either input or output depends on how it is viewed. Mouses and keyboards take as input physical movement that the human user outputs and convert it into signals that a computer can understand. The output from these devices is input for the computer. Similarly, printers and monitors take as input signals that a computer outputs. They then convert these signals into representations that human users can see or read. (For a human user the process of reading or seeing these representations is receiving input.)

Instruction set
An instruction set is a list of all the instructions with all their variations, that a processor can execute.
An instruction set, or instruction set architecture (ISA), is the part of the computer architecture related to programming, including the native data types, instructions, registers, addressing modes, memory architecture, interrupt and exception handling, and external O. An ISA includes a specification of the set of opcodes (machine language), the native commands implemented by a particular CPU design.
Instruction set architecture is distinguished from the microarchitecture, microarchitecture is the detailed description of the system that is sufficient for completely describing the operation of all parts of the computing system, and how they are inter-connected and inter-operate in order to implement the Instruction set architecture.
Computers with different microarchitectures can share a common instruction set. For example, the Intel Pentium and the AMD Athlon implement nearly identical versions of the x86 instruction set, but they are very different in internal designs.

Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh
Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh is a Hindu nationalist organization in India. It was founded in 1925 by K.B. Hedgewar. It is the most militant Hindu organization. The organization is accused of having fascist tendencies.

Power consumption
In electrical engineering, power consumption often refers to the electrical energy over time supplied to operate an electrical appliance.
The energy used by equipment is always more than the energy really needed. This is because no equipment is 100% efficient. Power is wasted as heat, vibrations and/or electromagnetic radiation.
Power consumption is usually measured in units of kilowatt hours (kWh).
More accurately, power is the rate of consumption of energy, measured in watts or horsepower.

Hindutva
The Hindutva ideology is the central tenet of the organizations which advocate Hindu nationalism.
Many proponents of the Hindutva ideology portray violence against Muslims and Christians as a form of "self-defence" against "invaders". As the Hindutva ideology has grown more powerful over the years, many Hindutva activists have partaken in riots against minority communities in India. The Hindutva ideology is described as a fascist ideology. Although this ideology is associated with Hinduism, majority of Hindus who are tolerant or "secular" do not support the Hindutva movement. Some tolerant or "secular" Hindus describe the supporters of the Hindutva movement as "Hindu Taliban".

Phetchabun
Phetchabun is a town in the Northeastern and the central of Thailand.
It is about 12,668.416 m2 in size. The distance from the east to the west is 55 km. The distance from the north to the south is 296 km. The height above sea level is 114m. Phetchabun is 346km from Bangkok.
administrative division.
the administrative distributes to are 11 disticts(amphur) 117 subdisticts(Tumbol) 1261 village(Muban)
History.
is an ancient city that doesn't appear clearly who discover it,Krom Phraya Dhamlong Racha Nupap analyses that Phetchabun established for 2 periods in the same relic of Buddha temple and ancient temple. At first age, built when the northland is Sukhothai city or Phitsanulok is the capital. There is the waterway in a public city.
The second period built in,Narai's period. There was a river at the center of a city. In the north side had a wall for Guading the enemies. In the south there was a field.
And archeologist discover the evidence in Si Thep city. The evidence had age more than 1000 years. Phetchabun was built in the same time as Phimai, Lopburi.

Very long instruction word
Very Long Instruction Word or VLIW refers to a CPU architecture designed to take advantage of instruction level parallelism (ILP) but at minimum level of hardware complexities.
A processor that executes every instruction one after the other (i.e. a non-pipelined scalar architecture) may use processor resources inefficiently, leading to poor performance.
All above ILP techniques are implemented at a higher cost with increased hardware complexity. Before executing any operations in-parallel, the processor must verify that the instructions do not have interdependencies. There are many types of interdependencies, but a simple example would be a program in which the first instruction's result is used as an input for the second instruction. They clearly cannot execute at the same time, and the second instruction cannot be executed before the first. Modern out-of-order processors use major resources in order to take advantage of these techniques, since the scheduling of instructions must be determined dynamically as a program executes based on dependencies.
The VLIW approach, on the other hand, executes operation in parallel based on a fixed schedule determined when programs are compiled. Since determining the order of execution of operations (including which operations can execute simultaneously) is handled by the compiler, the processor does not need the complex hardware required by ILP techniques described above. As a result, VLIW CPUs offer significant computational power with less hardware complexity but with greater compiler design complexity.

Phetchabun Province
Phetchabun () is one of the northern provinces ("changwat") of Thailand. As of 2000, 965,784 people live there, and has an area of 12,668.4km². The Governor is Direk Thuengfang.
Administrative divisions.
The province is subdivided in 11 districts ("amphoe"). These are further subdivided into 117 subdistricts ("tambon") and 1261 villages ("muban").

Trang Province
Trang is the one of the southern provinces of Thailand.
In the past, the name of trang was tarang because tarang is the name from Malaysia, then Thai people don't like to said tarang, because it's too long so they mix it into 1 syllable called "Trang". Trang used to be a port involved in foreign trade. And was the port of transportation. Trang is connect with Nakornsritammaraj Province. Trang was the first city where rubber trees were planted. Governor Phraya Ratsadanupradit Mahison Phakdi brought rubber from Malaysia and planted it here before anywhere else in southern Thailand in 1899. Rubber is now consider an important produce of Thailand. The important Rivers that flows through the province, there are Trang River and Palian River. The rivers flow between the Khao Luang mountain range and the Banthat mountain range. The province has an area about 5,000 square km. It is located on the Andaman Sea, and contains 46 islands together with the mainland area. The most of the area is hills. Trang is the good place at southern to travel. The best time for sea travel is during October to May because another time is raining. When the raining come it will has the strom. And before Trang is just a community So Trang has a short history because trang is not the war city or old city.

Goatse.cx
Goatse.cx (pronounced either) was an Internet shock site. The page featured a picture, "hello.jpg", showing a undressed man stretching his butt to a large size with both hands, with the inside of his rectum clearly visible. Below his gaping anus, his dangling penis and scrotum were visible, as well as a ring on the ring finger of his left hand.
The image hello.jpg comes from a set of forty pictures from a file names gap.zip. In those images, the man used sex toys and butt plugs to stretch his anus. The images were located by "Stile Project" and are also available from the "Contrib" section of the goatse.cx website under the filename gap.zip. hello.jpg is the third file in the archive, gap3.jpg.
Site suspension.
On January 14, 2004, the domain "goatse.cx" was closed for a time. by Christmas Island Internet Administration for policy violations in response to a complaint, but many mirrors of the site are still available, and the picture is displayed on many websites.
In January 2007, Christmas Island Internet Administration put the domain goatse.cx back into the pool of available domains. The domain was then registered on January 16 through domain registrar Variomedia, and the current holder tried to auction off the right to use the domain.
The goatse.cx domain name was reported sold at an auction on April 30, 2007 to an unknown bidder. According to seobidding.com, the first auction ended with fake bids so the auction was reactivated. This was again won by fake bidders, so Seobidding.com announced that the website would be sold for $500,000 and that legal action would be pursued against the fake bidders. On November 25, 2007, the site was for sale on seobidding; "goatse.cx asking: $50200 minimum."
Control of the domain was moved to the another market, and was taken by domain squatters who were trying to sell the domain name for 10,000 euros.
Re-launch.
On July 4, 2008, the site was open again, with a picture of Bill O'Reilly and a legal notice. The file name and text remained the same as before.
As of September 28, 2008, the site was again put up for sale, and the picture changed once again because of a legal order from Fox Broadcasting Company ordering the owner to stop showing a picture of Bill O'Reilly.
Geographic location.
The site used the .cx country code, the top-level domain of the Australian territory of Christmas Island. The actual computer server of Goatse.cx was not located on Christmas Island, but in the United States and was owned by Hick.org, a website about computer programming and bathroom humor. The Hick.org domain was registered by Matt Miller in Overland Park, Kansas. Both Goatse.cx and Hick.org originated from the same IP address; the server was located in Kansas City, Missouri, metro-region. Goat.cx, formerly a mirror of Goatse.cx, was located in the Dallas, Texas, metro-region, while current mirror Goatse.fr is in France.
Goatse in popular culture.
Many Internet users have been tricked into looking at the site at one time or another, it has become something of an Internet meme. As such, hello.jpg and the other images on the site are common subjects of parodies and tributes.
After Hurricane Charley in August 2004, a image purporting to show "the hands of God" in the cloud formations in the aftermath of the disaster circulated in email. The image was proven to be a false Goatse parody.
In June 2007, a parody of the 2012 Summer Olympics logo sent by "Sean Stayte" appeared on the BBC News website under the alternative Olympic Logo entries and was broadcast on their BBC News 24 channel. Two hands were pulling the 0 from 2012 apart. The image was later shown as part of a gallery of viewers logos on BBC London News and BBC News 24, and was subsequently removed from the website. The editor of the BBC News website stated the mistake in his blog, saying his team "simply didn’t spot it".

Modesty
Modesty (also called demureness or reticence) is the name for a number of norms of behaviour a society expects form the individual people that make up this society.
Different fashions test the level of modesty. People are usually also subjected to peer pressure.
Different levels of modesty apply in different situations, and to different groups of people.
Modesty does not apply in an emergency situation.
Modesty is a social norm, it does not apply when it cannot, such as in an emergency. In the case of an emergency it is more important that doctors treat those that are wounded. It does not matter that doctors may see those people naked. In some cases, it may be necessary that they take off all the clothes, to be able to treat them better.
Some people still insist on maintaining their standards of modesty, even in an emergency situation.
Different levels of modesty for different groups of people.
Modesty usually says that the parts of the human body that do not need to be exposed should not be. Usually, this applies to bare skin, hair, undergarments, and and especially to intimate parts. Sometimes, the standards do not only say that the respective part should be hidden, but also that special clothing should hide its shape, what it looks like. Certain standards say how the changing of clothes should be done, like using a towel on a beach or closing (and locking) a door of a cabin that is provided.
Social standing or class can also matter. That way, different rules can apply to people of the same social class than to those of other (or lower) social classes.
That way, a teacher that would perform at a night club might be seen as "bringing the profession into disresapect". Some people say this kind of modesty is "body shame".
Too much modesty is called prudishness. As a medical condition it is also called gymnophobia. Excessive "immodesty" is called exhibitionism. Proponents of modesty often see it as respect for their bodies and the feelings of themselves and others, and some people believe it may reduce sexual crimes. Critics argue that it's not healthy to have a negative attitude toward the human body. Some assert that there may be a correlation between repressive body attitudes and undesirable outcomes such as sexual crimes, violence, and stress.
Different cultures have different views.
The cultural and religious background heavily influence the views a person has on modesty.
Generally accepted western norms.
What is called Western culture expects that Intimate body parts are convered in public places at all times. There are exceptions for places where people change clothes, as these are usually differentiated by sex. This means there is one changing-room for men, and another for women. Other exceptions include saunas, which tend to be mixed-sex (there is one sauna for both men and women) places.
Special rules also apply for places where bathing is common. It might be tolerated that a woman is topless on a beach, or near a pool. If there is a restaurant near the beach or pool, it is usual, that the woman can be topless on the beach, but if she wants to eat something in the restaurant, that she has to cover her breasts. Very often, such restaurants are visually segregated by a railing. On one side of the railing there is the beach, on the other,there is the restaurant.
There are more and more beaches in cities. This blurs the boundary even more. There may be people in swimsuits next to businesspeople in a suit.
In private homes, the rules may be more relaxed. Nudity among close family members in the home is sometimes permitted, especially in the bedroom and bathroom. Wearing undergarments casually may be permitted as well. Elsewhere in the home, family members may be expected to wear more clothes, casually, especially if guests are present. A bathrobe may fulfill the purpose here.
Naturism.
Naturists have different views. They want to create an environment, were people can feel at ease, even when they are nude, they can be seen nude, or nude people are among them. These values conflict with the current standards of modesty. For this reason, nudists mostly reject the current standards of modesty.
Indigenous tribes.
Traditional indigineous cultures such as those in Africa, or the aborigines in Australia have social norms that vary greatly. How much exposure is acceptable varies from nothing for some women, to everything except the glans penis for some men of certain tribes. Certain African cultures think body painting is body coverage. Many think it is an "attire".
Different standards for men and women.
There are different standards of modesty for men and women. Western culture expects that both men and women keep their genitals covered. It also expects that women keep their breasts covered, most of the time. There may be exceptions for bathing, or breastfeeding.
Showing naked soldiers bathing became common during the Second World War. Boys in high-school age also swam in the nude, during that time.
Fashion as well as other social norms expect that men cover more body parts than women, such as the midriff and the upper part of the back.
Swimming pants are often larger for men than for women. Before the 1930s, men were generally prohibited from baring their chests in public, even at beaches. Organizations such as the advocate for gender equality in this regard. In 1992, New York State's highest court accepted 14th Amendment arguments and struck down the provision in New York's "Exposure of the Person" statute that made it illegal for women to bare their chests where men were permitted to do so.
Sexual orientation is a subject that is less and less a taboo. Homosexuality also seems to be more common or more talked about. This has led to stricter levels of modesty in same-sex situations, such as in changing-rooms. In several places, community showers have been converted to single showers, with curtains or doors. Many students no longer shower after exercise. Research has shown a dramatic decline in same-sex sexual activity among adolescent males that correlates with the increasing social visibility of gays and the increasing level of modesty. Related factors are the increasing emphasis on ideal male physiques shown by advertisements and the concern over being photographed and videotaped.
Islam.
Islamic society thinks modesty is an important part, but there are different interpretations what dress should be considered modest. Many Muslim women wear a headscarf (hijab) as a sign of modesty. More conservative societies expect that women cover their whole body, except for their hands and their face.
A woman who choses to also cover her face and hands is said to be expressing greater "modesty and holiness". In some Islamic societies, women wear the niqab, an all-encompassing garment intended to conceal every part of the body, sometimes including the eyes. Wearing a niqab (sometimes referred to as a burqa, although this term only technically applies to an Afghan all-in-one garment) is common in some countries with a majority Muslim population.
In most Muslim countries a woman can chose how to express her modesty. More conservative countries such as Afghanistan or Iran do have laws that say what kind of dress a woman should wear. Not obeying these laws can lead to harsh punishments.
Likewise, according to some Islamic interpretations of Hadith, men are required to cover everything from 'navel to knee'; with some men choosing to extend this to the traditional Islamic head covering taqiyah (cap), the male counterpart to hijab which closely resembles the Jewish yarmulke but is slightly larger in size. The taqiyah cap may vary in shape, size or color just as the hijab does, with many regional differences according to tradition and personal taste.
A burqini is a swimsuit designed for Muslim women that covers the whole body except the face, the hands and the feet, that enables them to satisfy the requirements of Muslim standards of modesty while enabling them to take part in swimming activities.
Judaism.
Modesty is also important in Judaism, especially in the case of women. An orthodox married woman is expected by their community to cover her hair in public, and sometimes at home. The hair covering may be a scarf, hat, snood, or a wig ("sheitel"). Some communities have stricter standards and expect women to cover their elbows and legs, with blouses covering the collarbone and sleeves covering elbows. Skirts are expected to cover the knees. All slits in skirts are expected to be closed. See-through materials may not be used and clothes are expected not to be tight-fitting, provocative, loud in color, or display texts. Some communities apply these standards to girls as young as three.
Non-orthodox Jewish women tend to adopt the fashions of the non-Jewish society in which they live.
Catholic Christianity.
Catholics are expected to dress modestly, but there are no "official guidelines". Form time to time, priests and popes have given their opinion. These opinions are not binding, nevertheless many Catholics find them useful.
Pope Pius XII stated that women should cover their upper arms and shoulders, that their skirts should cover at least as far as the knee, and the neckline should not reveal anything. Another example is Giuseppe Cardinal Siri of Genoa, who stated that trousers were unacceptable dress for women. Many tradition-minded Catholics have attempted to further expand on this latter standard.
Some Catholics have attempted to make theories of modesty. Sometimes this is from a sociological perspective, while at other times it takes a more systematic, Thomistic approach, combined with the writings of the Church Fathers. Approaches arguing primarily from traditional practices and traditional authorities, such as the saints, can also be found.
The Church also expects men to dress modestly, but the demands are not as strict for them as for women; this is largely because men are often thought to be more inherently susceptible to sexual thoughts.

Minimal instruction set computer
Minimal Instruction Set Computer (MISC) is a processor architecture with a very small number of basic instruction operations and corresponding opcodes. As a result of this is a smaller instruction set, a smaller and faster instruction set decode unit, and faster operation of individual instructions. The disadvantage is that smaller instruction set always have more sequential dependencies, reducing instruction-level parallelism.

Zoophilia
Zoophilia is a type of paraphilia. People who have it feel sexually attracted to non-human animals. These people are called zoophiles. A separate term, "bestiality", refers to human/animal sexual activity.
Human-goat sexual intercourse.
Human-goat sexual intercourse is a sexual activity between a person and a goat, an agile, hollow-horned, bearded ruminant mammal. Human-goat sexual intercourse is one of the more common types of bestiality; of male zoophiles, 28% admitted sexual attraction to goats, ranking fourth. In female zoophiles sexual attraction to goats is very rare or non-existent. Actual levels of sexual contact were lower than this however.
Goat sex is usually performed by a male human upon a goat of either gender. Male goats do not commonly take the initiative to copulate with a human female although some cases have been reported. The goat will often bleat in an unusual manner as the act is committed. Reports of the animals after being sodomized have described them as "subdued".

One instruction set computer
A One Instruction Set Computer (OISC) is an abstract computer that uses only one instruction (with no need for a machine language opcode). Such computers are the extreme case or the logical conclusion of Reduced instruction set computers, although the concept has been used only in academic circles, as a teaching aid like the URISC.
The Ultimate RISC (URISC) is the name given by researchers at the University of Waterloo in the city of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, to their implementation of a single-instruction computer. URISC allows complete description of a fully functional computer, in only a few pages.

Zero instruction set computer
In computer science, ZISC stands for Zero Instruction Set Computer, which refers to a chip technology based on pure pattern matching and absence of micro-instructions.
The name ZISC was drived from RISC.

Greco-Roman world
The Greco-Roman or Graeco-Roman world, refers to geographical regions and countries who were influenced by the language, culture, government and religion of the ancient Greeks and Romans.

Peoples Temple
Peoples Temple was an organization founded in 1955 by Jim Jones that, by the mid-1970s, possessed over a dozen locations in California including its headquarters in San Francisco. It is best known for the death of over 900 of its members on November 18, 1978 in Guyana, at the Peoples Temple Agricultural Project (informally called "Jonestown"), a nearby airstrip at Port Kaituma, and Georgetown.

Lotus (genus)
"Lotus" is a genus of the Pea family. This genus includes 125-180 species.
Other websites.
http://www.catalogueoflife.org/show_species_details.php?record_id=612243

Regina Spektor
Regina Spektor is a singer-songwriter and pianist. She was born on February 18, 1980 in Moscow, Russia, but moved to The Bronx as a child.

Micro-operation
In microarchitecture micro-operations (sometimes termed: micro-instructions, also known as micro-ops or μops), are detailed low-level instructions used in some designs to implement complex machine instructions in which each instruction is composed of a set of low-level micro-ops.

Bulldog
The Bulldog, known as the British Bulldog or English Bulldog, is a medium-size breed of dog that originated in England.
Description.
These dogs are small in stature but wide and compact with thick, massive heads. The muzzle is short and pug. The coat comes in many colors, including fawn, white, black & brindle. Black is undesirable in the show ring but not a disqualification and is recognized by the AKC. Because the stocky legs are set squarely at each corner of the compact, muscular body, the Bulldog's deliberate gate has become a waddle. They are good family dogs, known for their courage and their excellent guarding abilities. A lot of human attention is needed for Bulldog happiness. These dogs need little exercise or grooming except for the face which should be wiped daily in the face folds with a damp cloth. They weigh 53 to 55 lbs. and stand 12-16" at the shoulders. Contact the dog breeders below for your next family friend.

Languages of Iran
Introduction.
The actual population of Iran, based on a census carried out in 2006, is 70,472,846 people.
An extensive list of languages in Iran.
The following list details the languages spoken in Iran and lists the total number of speakers for each language: (Data from) although the site is controversial due its wide variation from its 1996 edition as well as the fact that it does not provide sources for their statistics.

Defecation
Defecation is the scientific name for the final stage of digestion, which is the act of taking away solid, semisolid or liquid waste from the body, known as "Faeces (American spelling, "Feces")". Faeces is the scientific name for poo.

Flag of Turkey
The flag of Turkey () consists of a white crescent moon and a star on a red background. The flag is called "Ay Yıldız" (literally, moon star) or "Alsancak" (red banner) in Turkish.
The flag has a complex origin since it is an ancient design, and uses the same symbols of the late flag of the Ottoman Empire which was adopted in 1844 with the Tanzimat reforms; though the shape, placement and shade of the color varies. The geometric proportions of the flag were legally standardized with the Turkish Flag Law in 1936. The shade of red used in the flag is approximated by Pantone 186, or RGB (227, 10, 23).

Flag of Saudi Arabia
The flag of Saudi Arabia is the flag used by the government of Saudi Arabia since March 15, 1973. It is a green flag featuring in white an Arabic inscription and a sword.
The sword, symbolizes the importance of the inscription by underlining it.
Green flags with this or other Arabic scripts are commonly seen in Islam. They should not be confused with the Saudi national flag. These other flags normally do not have the sword symbol.
The flag is made so that the "shahada" reads correctly, from right to left, from either side. The sword points from hoist to fly on both sides. The flag is sinister hoisted. This means that the obverse side (front) has the hoist side (flagpole side) to the right.

Coat of Arms of Saudi Arabia
The Saudi Arabian coat of arms () was adopted in 1950. According to the Saudi Constitution it consists of two crossed swords with a palm tree in the open upper space between the blades. Each of the swords represents the two houses which founded modern day Saudi Arabia, the House of Saud, and the House of Wahab.
The date palm tree represents vitality and growth.
The crossed scimitars symbolize justice and strength rooted in faith.

Child pornography
Child pornography (or "CP") refers to written or electronic material showing or describing children who are in erotic poses or having sex. Usually, these children are shown or described as being in different stages of undress, with some clothes off, or completely naked.
Child sexual abuse happens during the making of child pornography when sexual acts are photographed,and the effects of the abuse on the child (continuing into their adulthood) are made worse by the passing out of, and lasting availability of photographs of the abuse. In both common usage and for the purpose of research (looking up information), the word "child" in the phrase "child pornography" refers to children before they reach puberty, and does not refer to post-puberty teenagers. For practical reasons, the way the law describes child pornography generally refer to a wider age range, including any pornography involving a minor, according to where the law applies. Most people who own child pornography who are arrested are found to own images of children who have not started puberty; owners of pornographic images of post-puberty minors are less likely to be prosecuted, even though those images also fall within the laws.
Child pornography is a multi-billion dollar industry and among the fastest growing crime activities on the Internet, according to the USA The National Center for Missing and Exploited Children (NCMEC), the International Centre for Missing & Exploited Children (ICMEC) and other international sources. According to the NCMEC, almost one fifth of all Internet pornography is child pornography. New technology such as inexpensive digital cameras and sending across the internet, such as File sharing, has made it easier than ever before to produce and pass out child pornography. The people who make child pornography try to avoid prosecution by sending their material across borders with other countries, though this issue is being dealt with more and more with regular arrests of suspects from a number of countries happening over the last few years.
Child pornography is looked at and collected by pedophiles for a number of purposes, ranging from private sexual uses, exchanging with other pedophiles, preparing children for sexual abuse as part of the process known as "grooming", or for bribing victims into making more child pornography or going into child prostitution.

Felching
Felching is a human sexual practice in which one person sucks semen or other fluids are sucked out of the vagina or anus of a another person. The acts of sucking the semen and then passing it from the mouth of one person to a third person is called snowballing. However, snowballing usually relates to semen ejaculated in the mouth following fellatio.
Felching can also mean the licking or sucking of another person's anus, similar to the act of a rimjob (analingus).

Hawk Nelson
Hawk Nelson is a Christian rock band from Peterborough, Ontario, Canada. The band was started in 2003. The band has released three albums and several EPs. Their latest album is "Hawk Nelson Is My Friend".
As a band Hawk Nelson have toured much. In the spring of 2008, they were the main band on the Green T-tour along with the bands Capital Lights and Run Kid Run.
Hawk Nelson played music without help when they first started. They later signed to the record label Tooth & Nail Records. The band became quite popular in their music scene and have some charted singles.
A good amount of their music was made with help from Trevor McNevan from Fm static

Child prostitution
Child prostitution is a term that refers to children working as prostitutes, in other words children who get paid to have sex. Sometimes, the children do not get paid with money, but they are given other things in exchange for having sex.
The definition of a "child prostritute" varies. Many laws see children as those under 18 years of age. The Optional protocol on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography to the Convention on the Rights of the Child says that the prostitution of children or child prostitution is the practice where a child is used by others for sexual activities in return for remuneration or any other form of consideration. The remuneration or other consideration could be provided to the child or to another person.
In most cases, it is not the child who benefits from the prostitution, but another person. This is either an intermediary, or more generally a pimp, or someone who directly abuses the child. This person will negotiate an exhange directly with the child to get sexual gratification. Different people may also exchange children to have sex with.
The Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999 (Convention No 182) of the International Labor Organization (ILO) provides that the "use, procuring or offering of a child for prostitution" is one of the "worst forms of child labor". This convention, adopted in 1999, provides that countries that had ratified it must eliminate the practice urgently. It has the fastest pace of ratifications in the ILO's history since 1919.
The prostitution of children is seen as part of the commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC), and is sometimes connected to the trafficking of children for sexual purposes, and to child pornography. Child sex tourism also falls within the category of the prostitution of children.
How many there are.
In 1992, researcher and expert Ron O'Grady estimated the number of child prostitutes to be 1 million.
In 2001, Dr. Richard Estes and Dr. Neil Alan Weiner estimated that in the U.S., 162,000 U.S. homeless youth are victims of commercial sexual exploitation (CVE) and that 57,800 children in homes (including public housing) are estimated to be victims of CVE. They also estimated that 30% of shelter youth and 70% of homeless youth are victims of CVE in the United States.
One third of street-level prostitutes in the U.S. are less 18 years old while fifty percent of off-street prostitutes are less than 18 years old. Off-street prostitution includes massage parlors, strip clubs, and escort services. According to Estes and Weiner, 12 to 14 is the average age of entry into prostitution for girls under 17 years old in the United States while the average age of entry into prostitution is between 11 and 13.
In the Ukraine, a survey conducted by the group “La Strada-Ukraine” in 2001-2003, based on a sample of 106 women being 'trafficked' out of Ukraine found that 3% were under 18, and the US State Department reported in 2004 that incidents of minors being trafficked was increasing.
In Thailand, NGOs have estimated that up to a third of prostitutes are children under 18. A study by the International Labor Organization on child prostitution in Vietnam reported that incidence of children in
prostitution is steadily increasing and children under 18 make up between 5 percent and 20 percent of prostitution depending on the geographical area.
In the Philippines, UNICEF estimated that there are 60,000 child prostitutes and many of the 200 brothels in the notorious Angeles City offer children for sex.
ECPAT New Zealand and Stop Demand Foundation have cited in a report “The Nature and Extent of the Sex Industry in New Zealand,” a police survey of the New Zealand sex industry that 210 children under the age of 18 years were identified as selling sex, with three-quarters being concentrated in one Police District.
The 1996 report of the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography estimates that about one million children in Asia alone are victims of the sex trade. According to the International Labor Organization, the problem is especially alarming in Korea, Thailand, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, Cambodia and Nepal.
A 2006 report by World Vision Middle East/Eastern Europe funded by the Canadian government and supported by six United Nations agencies and the International Organization for Migration reported that the sexual exploitation of children, child trafficking and sexual violence towards minors is increasing and that Russia is becoming a new destination for child sex tourism. The report adds that some studies claim approximately 20 to 25 percent of Moscow's sex workers are minors.
In Africa and South Asia, many countries are faced with a rising child prostitution rate and the linkage with tourism is evident. Child prostitution and the trafficking of children for sexual exploitation is also increasing in Europe, North America, Japan and Australia.
In Rio de Janeiro, the City Social Assistance Secretary estimates that there are 223 child prostitutes, both boys and girls. Some are transvestites. The transactions are intermediated by pimps. They charge from 2 reals to 30 reals, which is approximately from 1 US dollar to 15 US dollars. The children are between 10 and 17 years old. In some cases, the families are involved in the prostitution.

Hawk Nelson Is My Friend
"Hawk Nelson is my Friend" is the latest album by Christian rock band Hawk Nelson. It was released on April 1, 2008.
The title was taken because they find it funny - some people still think of Hawk Nelson as a person instead of a band. It was also chosen because, Hawk Nelson like to connect with fans, and make friends with them.
Songs.
It also includes a special edition CD/DVDwith extra tracks and a paper board game. Also including a video showing how the music video for "Friend Like That" was made. It has four other videos from the band.
Singles.
"Friend Like That" was the only single from this album. It was first made available on music programmes such as Itunes. It was announced a while before, and was available on ChristmasEve 2007. However, it was taken early on websites such as YouTube.

Child grooming
Child grooming is a word for actions an adult takes to become friends with a child. These actions are usually taken to lower the inhibitons of the child and to prepare for sexual abuse.
Overview.
The deliberate actions taken by an adult to form a trusting relationship with a child, with the intent of later having sexual contact, is known as child grooming. The act of grooming a child sexually may include activities that are legal in and of themselves, but later lead to sexual contact. Typically, this is done to gain the child's trust as well as the trust of those responsible for the child's well-being. Furthermore, research has shown children are less likely to report a crime if it involves someone that the child knows, trusts, and cares about. Additionally, a trusting relationship with the family means the child's parents will be less likely to believe any potential accusations.
Child grooming over the Internet.
Sexual grooming of children also occurs on the Internet. Some abusers will pose as children online and make arrangements to meet with them in person.
In 2003, MSN implemented restrictions in their chat rooms purportedly intended to help protect children from adults seeking sexual conversations with them. In 2005, Yahoo! chat rooms were investigated by the New York State attorney general's office for allowing users to create rooms whose names suggested that they were being used for this purpose. That October, Yahoo! agreed to "implement policies and procedures designed to ensure" that such rooms would not be allowed.
An organization called Perverted-Justice (known as PJ) uses PJ operatives posing as underage teens on the internet to identify potential child molesters and turn the information over to the police and the courts. The news program "Dateline NBC" features the recurring segment "To Catch a Predator", based on documenting such activities.
An organization called Crisp Thinking has created a service intended to identify grooming and warn parents, allowing them to install software that studies chat room and other Instant messaging logs for activity they have determined may identify grooming or other potentially suspicious activities. It has also adapted its technology to social networking services and ISPs.
Another software company in the UK has developed a program that hold as competitor to Crisp, called. It was launched by television personality Coleen Nolan and is supported by Mark Williams-Thomas, a leading expert in child protection.

Cynic
The Cynics (,) were an important group of philosophers from the ancient school of Cynicism. Their philosophy taught that the purpose of life was to live a life of Virtue in agreement with Nature. This meant rejecting all the usual desires for wealth, power, health, and fame, and by living a life free from all possessions. People are reasoning creatures. They could therefore gain happiness by rigorous training and by living in a way which was natural for humans. They believed that the world belonged equally to everyone, and that suffering was caused by false judgments of what was valuable and by the worthless customs and conventions which surrounded society. Many of these thoughts were later absorbed into Stoicism.
The first philosopher to outline these themes was Antisthenes, who had been a pupil of Socrates in the late 5th century BCE. He was followed by Diogenes of Sinope, who lived in a tub on the streets of Athens, took Cynicism to its logical extremes, and came to be seen as the archetypal Cynic philosopher. He was followed by Crates of Thebes who gave away a large fortune so he could live a life of Cynic poverty in Athens. Cynicism spread with the rise of Imperial Rome in the 1st century, and Cynics could be found begging and preaching throughout the cities of the Empire. It finally disappeared in the late 5th century, although many of its ascetic and rhetorical ideas were adopted by early Christians.

Botanical Garden of Curitiba
The Jardim Botânico de Curitiba, in Portuguese, or the Botanical Garden of Curitiba, in English, is also known as the "Jardim Botânico Fanchette Rischbieter". This is a park located in the city of Curitiba, the capital of the state of Paraná, and the biggest city in southern Brazil. It is the major tourist attraction of the city, and it houses part of the campus of the Federal University of Paraná. In 2007, was the most voted place in an online election to choose the "Seven Wonders of Brazil". The international identification code is CURIT.
Description.
Inaugurated on October 5, 1991, the most know Curitiba's picture postcard landmark contains many copies plants of Brazil and from other countries, spread across boulevards and greenhouses of iron and glass - the main one of them inspired in the Crystal Palace (a building that existed in London in 1851). The project is of the architect Abraão Assad, who also planned the Botanical Museum.
This botanical garden was created in the style of French gardens. Once the portal of entry, may be seen extensive gardens in the French style in the middle of fountains, waterfalls and lakes, and the main greenhouse of 458 square meters, which holds in its interior, copies plants characteristic of tropical regions. It rolls out its carpet of flowers to the visitors right at the entrance. This occupies 240.000 m² in area. The principal greenhouse, in an art nouveau style with a modern metallic structure, looks like the mid-19th century Crystal Palace in London, England. The Botanic Museum, which provides a national reference collection of native flora, attracts researchers from all over the world. It includes many botanic species from the moist Atlantic Forests of eastern Brazil.
The native forest have many paths for walk. Behind the greenhouse is the Museum of, the Polish Brazilian artist who took up the cause of environmental conservation; with 1,320 square meters of area, divided into multimedia classrooms, an auditorium with 60 seats and lounge with several exhibitions of works donated by visual artist, represented by sculptures and reliefs, as well as photographs, videos, publications and educational materials.
In the other side is the Botanical Museum, a wooden building which entrance using a bridge made of wood also. Actually, the Botanical Museum of Curitiba has the fourth largest herbarium in the country. In front of the construction there is a pond with carp, turtles, teal, herons, etc, and offers a lake, an auditorium, a library, an expositions area and a theatre. The park also has tennis courts and a cycle track.
The Botanical Museum of Curitiba.
The "Museu Botânico de Curitiba" (Botanical Museum of Curitiba) is located inside the Botanical Garden of the city; has ample space for exhibitions, library and auditorium. Was founded in 1965, when the botanical Gerdt Günther Hatschbach donated his private collection to the municipality of Curitiba. Today, the collection is the fourth largest in Brazil, with more than 333,000 specimens.
The Museum has developed an exchange program for botanical material, and exchanges material with 207 institutions world wide (53 in Brazil, 154 in other parts of planet). Due to this program, around 90% of the collection has been identified by specialists; it makes the Botanical Museum of Curitiba an international reference for botanical material - receives annually an average of 400 research scientist visitors, and includes specialists and graduate students.
Each year, the collection increases by approximately 15,000 specimens.
Address.
On Eng. Ostoja Roguski Street, s/n°, Jardim Botânico Neighborhood, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil. Free open daily to visitors from 6 am till 9 pm during summertime and from 6 am till 8 pm during the rest of the year. Phone: +55 (41) 3362-5289.

Samekh
Samekh or Simketh is the fifteenth letter in many Semitic alphabets, including Phoenician, Hebrew, and Aramaic, representing.
The Phoenician letter is where the Greek Xi (Ξ, ξ) comes from..
Hebrew Samekh.
Samekh represents, a voiceless alveolar fricative. Unlike most Semitic consonants, the pronunciation of remains constant between vowels and before voiced consonants.
Samekh in gematria has the value 60.
Samekh and Mem form the abbreviation for the Angel of Death, whose name in Hebrew is "Samael". It also stands for centimetre.

Aleph
Aleph is the first letter of the Hebrew alphabet.

Mem
Mem is the thirteenth letter of the Hebrew alphabet.

Nun (letter)
Nun is the fourteenth letter of the Hebrew alphabet.

Yodh
Yodh (also spelled Yod) is the tenth letter of the Hebrew alphabet.

Thee Michelle Gun Elephant
Thee Michelle Gun Elephant (or TMGE) was a Japanese punk band. The band was started in 1991 when the members were students at a university near Tokyo. They released their first big label album in 1995. TMGE has released a total of 16 singles and 8 albums. In October 2003, the band said they were breaking up.

List of Shahrukh Khan's awards and nominations
This page is an incomplete list of awards and nominations of Shahrukh Khan, an Indian actor. He has won 14 Filmfare Awards, 9 Star Screen Awards, 3 IIFA Awards, 8 Zee Cine Awards, 3 Bollywood Movie Awards, 2 Global Indian Film Awards & many other awards. He also has won all the Best Actor Awards at Star's Sabsey Favourite Kaun Awards. He was also honoured Rajiv Gandhi Award for Excellence in the Field of Entertainment in 2002 & Padma Shri, India's fourth highest civilian award from the Government of India in 2005.
Filmfare Awards.
Shahrukh Khan has won 7 Filmfare Best Actor Awards in his 15 year career and falls 1 short of veteran actor Dilip Kumar who has won eight of these awards.
Other recognitions.
In 2004 Time magazine in their third annual special on Asia's heroes selected him along with 19 other Asian's as the 20 Asian Heroes under the age of 40. Out of the 20, Khan was one of the four who graced the South Asian edition of that issue.
In 2005 he appeared on the cover of the Asian edition of the National Geographic magazine dated February 2005. This was a rare honour extended by National Geographic since unlike many other magazines celebrities are not their natural choice for a cover image.

Gauri Khan
Gauri Khan (Hindi: गौरी ख़ान) (née Chibber) born 8 October 1970 is an Indian movie producer. A Hindu of Punjabi Mohyal origin, born in New Delhi, India. She graduated from Modern School, New Delhi and has a degree in History from Lady Sriram College. She is married to Bollywood actor Shah Rukh Khan, and has produced some of the movies in which he is the main actor, including Paheli (an unsuccessful Indian submission to the Oscars in 2005), Main Hoon Na, and Om Shanti Om. She also made a short guest appearance in Om Shanti Om.
She used to host a weekly Hindi music countdown show, "Oye", for a music channel in the 1990s. She is the face of the fashion line, "Aftershock". She appeared on the January 2008 cover of the Indian edition of Vogue magazine.
Together with Shahrukh Khan, Gauri is part-owner and part-producer of the production company, Red Chillies Entertainment (RCE). Shah Rukh started the company for his friend and colleague, director-choreographer Farah Khan. With the backing of RCE, Farah launched her directorial career with the movie, Main Hoon Na (2004).
Gauri has two children Aryan Khan born 12 November 1997 and Suhana Khan, born 23 May 2000.
She was also crowned the queen of Bollywood at the Zee Cine Awards in 2008.

Computer performance
Computer performance is characterized by the amount of useful work accomplished by a computer system compared to the time and resources used. Less time, little resources used, and fast response time mean higher performance.

Chittagong Hill Tracts
The Chittagong Hill Tracts (Bengali: পার্বত্য চট্টগ্রাম Parbotto Chôṭṭogram) comprise an area of 13,180 km2 in south-eastern Bangladesh, and borders India and Myanmar (Burma). It was a single district of Bangladesh till 1984. In that year it was divided into three separate districts: Khagrachari, Rangamati and Bandarban. Topographically, this is the only hill intensive area of Bangladesh.

Trusted third party
In cryptography, a trusted third party (TTP) is an entity which makes interactions between two parties easy. Both parties must trust the third party; they use this trust to secure their own interactions.
TTPs are commonly used by cryptosystems.

Needham-Schroeder protocol
The term Needham-Schroeder protocol can refer to one of two communication protocols intended for use over an insecure network, both protocols designed by Roger Needham and Michael Schroeder.

Poverty in Pakistan
Poverty in Pakistan is a growing concern. Although the middle-class has grown in Pakistan, nearly one-quarter of the population is classified poor as of October 2006.

Kerberos (protocol)
Kerberos (pronounced "kur-ber-uhs") is a computer network authentication protocol, which allows parties or individuals communicating over a non-secure network to prove their identity to one another in a secure manner. It is also a suite of free software published by Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) that implements this protocol. Its designers aimed primarily at a client-server model, and it provides mutual authentication — both the user and the server verify each other's identity. Kerberos protocol messages are protected against spying and replay attacks.
Kerberos performs authentication as a trusted third party authentication service by using cryptographic shared secret under the assumption that packets traveling along the insecure network can be read, modified, and inserted. Kerberos builds on symmetric-key cryptography and requires a key distribution center. Extensions to Kerberos can provide for the use of public-key cryptography during certain phases of authentication.
History and development.
MIT developed Kerberos to protect network services provided by Project Athena. The protocol was named after the Greek mythological character "Kerberos" (or "Cerberus"), known in Greek mythology as being the monstrous three-headed guard dog of Hades. Several versions of the protocol exist; versions 1–3 used only internally at MIT.
Steve Miller and, the primary designers of Kerberos version 4 (which used the DES encryption algorithm with 56-bit keys),
published that version in 1989, although they had targeted it primarily for Project Athena.
Version 5, designed by John Kohl and Clifford Neuman, appeared as RFC 1510 in 1993 (made obsolete by RFC 4120 in 2005), with the intention of overcoming the limitations and security problems of Version 4. The MIT makes an implementation of Kerberos Version 5 freely available, under a software license similar to that used by BSD license.
In 2007, MIT formed the for continuation of development.
Protocol.
Kerberos uses as its basis the Needham-Schroeder protocol. It makes use of a trusted third party authentication known as "key distribution center (KDC)", which consists of two logically separate parts: an Authentication Server (AS) and a Ticket Granting Server (TGS). Kerberos works on the basis of "tickets" (called Kerberos tickets) which serve to prove the identity of users.
Kerberos database: The key distribution center (KDC) maintains a database of secret keys; each entity on the network — whether a client or a server — shares a secret key known only to itself and to the KDC. Knowledge of this key serves to prove the identity of each entity. For communication between two entities, the KDC generates a session key which they can use to secure their communications.
The term "Kerberos server" generally refers to the KDC. For reliability purposes, it is possible to have backup KDCs. These are referred to as "Kerberos slave servers". All slaves synchronize their databases from the master Kerberos server.
The term "Kerberized application server" generally refers to Kerberized programs that clients communicate with using Kerberos tickets for authentication. For example, the Kerberos telnet server is an example of a Kerberized application server. While the term The term "Kerberized applications" is used to referrer to the client side of Kerberized application server, For example, the Kerberos telnet client is an example of a Kerberized applications
Simplified description of the protocol.
Briefly, the client authenticates to AS using a long-term "shared secret" and receives a ticket from the AS. Later the client can use this ticket to get additional tickets for SS using the same shared secret. These tickets can be used to prove authentication to SS.

Key distribution center
In cryptography, a key distribution center (KDC) is part of a cryptosystem intended to minimize the risks of exchanging keys and shared secrets.
KDCs often operate in systems when some users may have permission to use certain resources at some times but not at any times.

Alonzo Church
Alonzo Church (June 14, 1903 – August 11, 1995) was an American mathematician and logician who made major contributions to mathematical logic and the foundations of theoretical computer science. He is best known for the lambda calculus, Church's thesis and the Church-Rosser theorem.

Software suite
A software suite or application suite is a set of computer programs, of related purpose, often sharing a more-or-less common user interface and can exchange data with each other.
Sometimes software "suites" are at a lower price than buying each of "suite" programs.

Ayin
Ayin is the sixteenth letter of the Hebrew alphabet.

Dalet
Dalet (also spelled or Daleth) is the fourth letter of the Hebrew alphabet.

Bet (letter)
Bet, Beth, or Vet is the second letter of the Hebrew alphabet.

Gimel
Gimel is the third letter of the Hebrew alphabet.

He (letter)
He is the fifth letter of the Hebrew alphabet.

Waw (letter)
Waw (, also spelled vav or vau) (In Hebrew: Vav) is the sixth letter of the Hebrew alphabet.

Pornographic actor
A pornographic actor/actress or a porn star is somebody who appears in pornographic films.

Friend Like That
Friend Like That is a Pop punk song released by the band Hawk Nelson. Made available on christmas eve on Itunes and other websites.
It's a song with simplicity and slightly silly but meaningful lyrics and the second song you'll hear from their new album.
Music video.
The music video for Friend Like That shows the band in a cartoon world. The singer, Jason Dunn is running while other members of the band wait patiently for him to reach them. Then they get into the bus and drive. During the breakdown, some of them are singing in the van. They get off the van and go through a door, to find themselves playing a Live concert on stage.

Nonviolence
Nonviolence is a philosophy that rejects the use of physical violence. People who practice nonviolence may use methods like education, persuasion, civil disobedience and nonviolent direct action.

Abolitionism
Abolitionism was a movement that wanted to abolish slavery in Europe and the Americas. It was mailny active during the 18th century. Until the 18th century, slavery weas only criticised little. But thinkers of the Enlightenment critizised it, because in their view it was against the right of man. Communities like the Quakers saw slavery as being against Christianity.

The Outsiders (novel)
"The Outsiders" is a novel by S. E. Hinton, first published in 1967 by Viking Press. Hinton was 15 when she began writing the novel and 17 when it was published. "The Outsiders" is the lifestory of fourteen-year-old Ponyboy Michael Curtis. Hinton explores a multitude of themes throughout the story, such as friendship, and coming of age. They are seen by following two rival groups, the Greasers and the Socs (pronounced "soashes" by the author, short for "Socials"), who are separated by status.

Civil disobedience
Civil disobedience is the active refusal to obey certain laws, demands and commands of a government, or of an occupying power, without resorting to physical violence. It is one of the primary tactics of nonviolent resistance.
The American author Henry David Thoreau pioneered the modern theory behind this practice in his 1849 essay "Civil Disobedience", originally titled "Resistance to Civil Government".
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (also known as Mahatma Gandhi) used non-violent civil disobedience in South Africa in a campaign for civil rights for the people who came from India and lived in South Africa. This campaign was from 1893-1914. When Gandhi returned to India, he used civil disobedience in the campaign for the independence of India from the British rule.
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr, and young activists in the American civil rights movement of the 1960s also adopted civil disobedience techniques, during and after the Vietnam War.

Henry David Thoreau
Henry David Thoreau (born David Henry Thoreau; July 12, 1817 May 6, 1862) was an American author, naturalist and philosopher. He is best known for his book "Walden", a reflection upon simple living in natural surroundings, and his essay, "Civil Disobedience", an argument for individual resistance to civil government in moral opposition to an unjust state.

Saying Sorry
Saying Sorry is a song by Hawthorne Heights released in 2006 from their second album, If Only You Were Lonely. It was their first single to reach the Top 10.
While in the music video the band all wears white, it can also be seen on the back of the album cover.

Love Parade
The Love Parade is a big festival centered around Techno music. The festival began in Berlin in 1989. It has been held each year in different locations. In 2004 and 2005, there were no Love Parades. The first Love Parade was held with about 150 people in 1989. In 1999, there were about 1.5 milion people. In 2007, there were 1.2 million people and in 2008, there were 1.6 million people.
Similar events.
There are also protest parades, like the Fuckparade in Berlin, and an "Antiparade" in Zürich.

The Silence in Black and White
The Silence in Black and White is the first album released by Hawthorne Heights. it was released on June 1, 2004.

The Gamblers
"The Gamblers" is a German drama film directed and written by Sebastian Bieniek. The film was first released on June 20, 2007 in Shanghai.

Maleeha Lodhi
Dr. Maleeha Lodhi, HI, is a journalist, academic, and diplomat from Pakistan. Till recently, she was the high commissioner of Pakistan to the United Kingdom. She was ambassador from Pakistan to the United States from 1994-1997 and 1999-2002.
At present she is a Fellow at the Institute of Politics,Kennedy School,Harvard University. She has also been a member of the United Nations Secretary-General’s Advisory Board on Disarmament.

Naturism
Naturism or nudism (from Latin "nudus" - "naked") is a term used for many movements in society. These movements usually want to propagate that being naked is a good feeling, even in a group of people. Usually, nakedness is seen without any relation to sex. Rather these movements want to propagate common activities in the nude, like bathing naked. Often, they also want to do things naked where this is not strictly necessary, like naked bicycle tours.

Mediterranean region
The Mediterranean region is the region surrounding the Mediterranean Sea. This includes places from Europe and Africa and Asia. It's usually warm and sunny. Plants that grow there are short trees and shrubs. It is a popular vacation spot.

Turkic languages
The Turkic languages are a language family of some thirty languages.They are spoken by Turkic peoples across an area from Eastern Europe and the Mediterranean to Siberia and Western China. Traditionally people think that they are part of the Altaic language family.
Turkic languages are spoken by some 180 million people as a native language; and the total number of Turkic speakers is about 200 million, including speakers as a second language. The Turkic language with the greatest number of speakers is Turkish proper, or Anatolian Turkish. The speakers of this language are about 40% of all Turkic speakers.
History.
The geographical distribution of Turkic-speaking peoples across Eurasia spreads from Turkey in the West to the North-East of Siberia (see picture in the box on the right above).

Pierre de Coubertin
Pierre de Frédy, Baron de Coubertin (1 January 1863 – 2 September 1937) was a French teacher and historian. He is the founder of the International Olympic Committee.

Chamonix
Chamonix is a French communes next to the Mont Blanc. It is located in the Haute-Savoie department. The population of the commune is about 10,000 people (1999 census). It hosted the Winter Olympic Games in 1924.

Albertville
Albertville is a French commune in the Savoie department. Its population is about 17,300 (1999 census). The commune hosted the Winter Olympic Games in 1992.

Bijection
A bijection (or bijective function) is a function that is both injective and surjective. A bijection is sometimes called a "one-to-one mapping", or a "one-to-one correspondence".
This is the same as saying: a function formula_1 with domain formula_2 and co-domain formula_3 is bijective if and only if formula_4 and formula_5 are different whenever formula_6 and formula_7 are different, and every element formula_8 of formula_3 has an element formula_6 of formula_2 where formula_12.
If formula_1 is a bijection from formula_2 to formula_3 then its inverse, formula_16, is a bijection from formula_3 to formula_2.

Shin (letter)
Shin is the twenty-first letter in the Hebrew alphabet.

Lamedh
Lamed or Lamedh is the twelfth letter in the Hebrew alphabet.

Kansas Turnpike
The Kansas Turnpike is a road in Kansas, part of the United States. The road is a "turnpike"—a payment must be made to use it. The road is 236 miles, or 380 kilometers, long. It starts at the line between Kansas and Oklahoma, and goes to Kansas City. It runs through many important cities in Kansas, including Wichita, Topeka, Lawrence, and Kansas City. The Kansas Turnpike is owned and repaired by the Kansas Turnpike Authority (KTA), which is based in Wichita.
The Kansas Turnpike was built between 1954 and 1956. It was built before the Interstate Highway System. The turnpike was not part of the Interstate System at first. However, it became part of the system in 1956. Parts of the turnpike also are parts of four Interstate Highways: I-35, I-335, I-470, and I-70.
Around 120,000 people use the Kansas Turnpike every day. KTA helps users by running a radio station about the road. It has also built places called "service areas" where people can stop and rest, and buy gasoline and things to eat. One service area has a memorial to American football coach Knute Rockne, who died near the turnpike.
The Kansas Turnpike Authority does not need tax money to pay for repairs to the road. The payments from users are used to pay for the repairs instead.

Calvin Klein
Calvin Klein Inc. is an American fashion brand founded in 1968 by Calvin Klein.

Merrie Melodies
"Merrie Melodies" is the name of a series of animated cartoons distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures between 1931 and 1969. The sister series to Warner's "Looney Tunes", "Merrie Melodies" were originally one-shot musical cartoon shorts before gradually featuring recurring characters.
By 1944, no distinctions existed between the two series.
Originally produced by Harman-Ising Pictures, "Merrie Melodies" were produced by Leon Schlesinger Productions from 1933 to 1944. Schlesinger sold his studio to Warner Bros. in 1944, and the newly renamed Warner Bros. Cartoons continued production until 1963.

John Dewey
Life.
John Dewey was born in Burlington, Vermont on October 20th, 1859. He studied philosophy and graduated at the University of Vermont, and afterwards taught at many schools. In September 1882, Dewey went to the John Hopkins University and studied philosophy and psychology and published the paper, "The New Psychology". Afterwards, he taught psychology at universities and later on, got married to Alice Chipman. On 1886, he started a new school which came to be known as the "Dewey School". This school taught pragmatism, which says that a school's curriculum should be based on everyday life, lessons, and focuses on hands-on activities to better help students learn. After he retired as a teacher, he continued watching and figuring the society and politics. John Dewey died on 1952.
Theory.
John Dewey believed in the "theory of inquiry", which shows how animals survived in their environment. He used the theory in the way he taught. He said that children learn best with real-life problems and hands-on activities. His most well-known essay was "The Reflex Arc Concept in Psychology" (1896) which created the stimulus that became the response, which later became known as social behaviorism. For example, a person focuses on something, decides what to do, then acts on the decision.

Time machine
Time machines are fictional machines. They are often used in science fiction to travel to a different point in time. People who do this are called time travelers.
In reality, inventors are trying to make this time machine. Many people believe that it is not possible to make one.

Subscript
Subscript is the text which a small letter/number is written after a particular letter/number. It hangs below its letter or number. It is used when writing chemical compounds. An example of subscript is N2.
Typing subscripts.
In word-processing computer programs like Microsoft Word, the shortcut key for subscripts is Ctrl+=.

Superscript
Superscript is the small letter / number above a particular letter / number. An example of superscript is 25. The number 5 above the number 2 is an example of superscript. Superscript can be used for exponents in mathematics.

The Middle
The middle is a 2001 song released by Jimmy Eat World from their album, Bleed American its the third song from their album.
The song is not whats usually heard from the band, and is one of the more straight-forward, upbeat songs, its also one of their most well-known singles.
Music video.
The band are featured in this music video. It also shows girls in their Bikini and a swimming pool, and someone goes into it during the guitar solo so for a moment its kinda faded out, but then he goes back to the surface. At the start of this video, two people in a car get out and go inside to the party.

Bleed American
Bleed american is the fourth album released by Jimmy Eat World and was made available in 2001. They had to change the title in stores to "Salt sweat sugar" because they were scared "Bleed american" would be taken the wrong way, possibly in an offensive way.
Trivia.
On the second song, "Praise chorus" they mention old songs such as our house in the middle of the street. Davey Von Bohlen from The promise ring does some of the vocals for the song.
Hear you me is believed to be written for two fans who died, it's also reffering to the weezer song
The authority song makes certain references to the Pop culture - the dj never has it, j.a.m.c automatic, if those were roys headphones, you'd bet he play what goes on.

Blackpool tramway
The Blackpool tramway runs from Blackpool to Fleetwood. It is on the Fylde Coast in Lancashire, England. It is the only first-generation tramway to remain in the United Kingdom.. The tramway was built in 1885. It is one of the oldest electric tramways in the world. Blackpool Transport run the tramway under the "Metro Coastlines" title. It is owned by Blackpool Borough Council. 6,500,000 people travel on the tramway each year and it runs for.
History.
The first part of the tramway opened on 29 September 1885. It was a [conduit line. It ran from Cocker Street to Dean Street on the Blackpool Promenande. This was one of the first practical electric tramways built in the world. It opened six years after Werner von Siemens first showed electric traction. At the opening was Holroyd Smith, the person who created the system, and Alderman Harwood, the Mayor of Manchester.
The "Blackpool Electric Tramway Company" ran the line until 1892. The lease expired and Blackpool Corporation then ran the line. In 1895 another line was added. It ran from Manchester Square along Lytham Road to South Shore. In 1897 the tracks were extended to South Pier. A line was also built on Station Road that connected Lytham Road to the promenade.
The conduit system was changed to overhead wires in 1899. In 1900 the line was built more to the north to Gynn Square. It linked up the the "Blackpool & Fleetwood Tramroad" there. The Marton loop opened in 1901. It connected Talbot Square and Central Station along Church Street, Devonshire Square, Whitegate Drive, Waterloo Road and Central Drive. At Whitegate Drive in Marton a new depot was built. Another line was added from Talbot Square along Talbot Road to Layton on 1902. The promenade line had got as far as the Pleasure Beach by 1903.
The Blackpool Corporation took over the "Blackpool & Fleetwood Tramroad Company" in 1920. The Corporation got eight miles of track and three depots from the take-over. Two depots were in Fleetwood and one was in Bispham. The small Bold Street depot in Fleetwood was closed and a new loop was built at Fleetwood Ferry.
The depot at Blundell Street was replaced by a bigger one on Rigby Road in 1920. In 1925 the line to Fleetwood was made more direct between Rossall and Broadwater. The last extension was built in 1926. It went along the promenade to Clifton Drive at Starr Gate. A connection was made there with the Lytham St Annes tracks.
The first route closure took place in 1936. They were the Central Drive and Layton routes. In 1961 Lytham Road closed, and Marton closed one year later. The tramroad line on Dickson Road to North Station closed in 1963. Marton and Copse Road Depots closed in the same year. The Depot at Bispham closed in 1966. All that was left was the track running from Starr Gate to Fleetwood. It is still there today. The running of the buses and tramway was handed over to Blackpool Transport Services Limited in 1986 by Blackpool Borough Council.
The network.
On the line there are four turning loops. One is at Starr Gate, another is opposite the Pleasure Beach and two more are at Little Bispham and Fleetwood. There is also one that links into Rigby Road Depot.
Blackpool tramway today.
There are only three non-heritage tramways in the world that still use double-deck trams. Blackpool is one. The other two are Hong Kong and Alexandria, Egypt. There are a few more single-deck trams at Blackpool than double-deck ones though. The double-deck trams are used the most in the tourist season. The single-deck trams are not used as much at that time. They are sometimes used though when it is busy to let the system carry more passengers. Blackpool was the only town in the UK that kept its trams. Between 1962 and 1992 Blackpool was the only town with a non-heritage tramway in the UK. The last English city to lose its trams was Sheffield in 1960. The last in the UK was Glasgow in 1962. Trams have been returning to the towns and cities in Britian since the Manchester Metrolink opened in Manchester in 1992.
There are lots of different trams in the fleet at Blackpool. Most of them were built in the 1930s and are still in service in an unchanged condition. Some others have had their bodywork changed. Sometime historic trams are borrowed from the National Tramway Museum in Crich and other museums for public service.
The trams from from Starr Gate in the south to Fleetwood in the north. At busy periods such as the Blackpool Illuminations or on bank holidays services start or finish short at Cleveleys, Bispham or the Pleasure Beach. This means that more trams can run through the centre of Blackpool in a small period. When the Illuminations are on specially decorated trams carry passengers along the promenade and the illuminated area. The area runs from Starr Gate to Bispham. Until the opening of the Metrolink, Fleetwood was the only town in England that kept trams running down the main street.<red name="FTF001"/>
In November 2007 the whole tramway closed for the first time. It was closed for five months for the second part of an £11,800,000 upgrade.. BTS and Blackpool Council currently have a joint bid awaiting Government approval. It could give up to £77,000,000 for a total upgrade of the trams and tracks. In January 2007 the City Class 611 prototype "supertram" was being tested on the tramway. It caught fire as it approached Central Pier, Blackpool|Central Pier. This caused lots of damage. The driver managed to get out of the cab. An electrical console reportedly blew up. The tram was built by Mersyside based Tram Power. It was being tested as part of a bid to replace the current trams.. The same tram had already derailed on 30 May 2006 at Starr Gate loop in trials then. A Rail Accident Investigation Board report said that the derailmet was because of wear and tear on the track. They said another factor was the new type of running gear on the two-car prototype.
The company paid £150,000 to rebuild the tramcar. It cannot be re-tested until November 2008 at the earliest though. This is because testing is not allowed during the busy summer months and also because of the earlier closure of the tracks for repairs.

Ancient Church of the East
The Ancient Church of the East separated from the Assyrian Church of the East. This happened because Mar Shimun XXIII, the patriarch of Assyrian Church of the East introduced reforms which were not supported. These reforms inculded changes such as those of using the new Roman calendar rather than the old calendar. The peole who did not support the changes thought they were were opposed to the sanctity of being one of the oldest Christian churches in the world. For this reason, the followers of the Ancient Church of the East resisted the changes made to the church. Mar Thoma Darmo, a native of Mesopotamia, who was Metropolitan of the Assyrian Church of the East in India from 1952 to 1968, based at Trichur separated from the Assyrian Church of the East. He became the head of the Ancient Church of the East in October 1968 and moved to Baghdad. He died the following year. Following his death, Mar Addai II was elected to replace him.

Collectivité territoriale
A Territorial collectivity (or sometimes called "collectivité locale") in the French Republic, is a name for all dependent areas. They have an elected local government and (per article #72 of the French constitution) a "certain freedom of administration".

Cleartext
In telecommunications, cleartext is the form of a message or data which is in a form that is immediately understandable to a human being without additional processing. In particular, it implies that this message is sent or stored without cryptographic protection. The phrases, "in clear", "en clair" and "in the clear" are the same.
It is close to, but not entirely the same as, the term "plaintext". Formally, plaintext is information that is fed as an input to a coding process, while ciphertext is what comes out of that process. Plaintext might be compressed, coded, or otherwise changed before the coding process is done, so it is quite common to find plaintext that is not cleartext.
Websites using insecure HTTP send using cleartext, with all data supplied (including usernames and passwords) being sent from the user's computer through the internet using cleartext. Anyone with access to the medium used to carry the data (the routers, computers, telecommunications equipment, wireless transmissions, and so on) may read the password, username, and anything else sent to the website.

Print server
A print server, or printer server, is a computer or device that is connected to one or more printers and to a network, it accepts print jobs from client computers then prints the jobs on the requested printer.

Network Time Protocol
The Network Time Protocol (NTP) is a protocol for distributing the Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) by synchronizing the clocks of computer systems over IP networks.
NTP is one of the oldest Internet Protocols still in use (since before 1985) and uses UDP port 123.

Project Athena
Project Athena was a joint project of MIT, Digital Equipment Corporation, and IBM. It was launched in 1983, and research and development continued until June 30, 1991, eight years after it began. It is widely believed that the goals were to create a computing environment that would utilize up to 1,000 workstations but in fact, the goal was to improve the quality of education delivered by the Institute.
The concept that a user could go to any workstation and access any files or applications without finding major differences in the user interface and service, just like browsing the Internet today.
The project created many technologies that are widely used today, such as the X Window System and Kerberos.

Session key
A session key is a single-use symmetric key used for encrypting all messages in one communication session. A closely related term is traffic encryption key or TEK, which refers to any symmetric key that is used to encrypt traffic messages. Typically TEKs are changed frequently, in some systems daily and in others for every message.
Like all cryptographic keys, session keys must be chosen so that they are unpredictable by an attacker. In the usual case, this means that they must be chosen randomly. Failure to choose session keys (or any key) properly is a major drawback in any cryptosystem.

Kite Runner
"Kite Runner" is a 2003 book writen by Khaled Hosseini.
In "Kite Runner", Amir and Hassan grow up together in Afghanistan like brothers, although they could not be more different. Amir is the son of a wealthy businessman, a Sunni Muslim, a Pashtun. He is educated and reads much. Hassan's father is a servant to Amir's father. Hassan is a Sh'ia Muslim, a Hazara. He can not read and has a harelip. Neither boy has a mother. They spend their boyhoods roaming the streets of Kabul together. Amir always uses his superior position to taunt or abuse Hassan. One day, he hides in fear as Hassan is beaten very badly by bullies. The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan sends Amir's family to the United States. He returns to Afghanistan as an adult during the Taliban rule to make up for his sins to Hassan.

Combined oral contraceptive pill
The combined oral contraceptive pill (COCP) often shortened to birth-control pill or simply the pill is a contraceptive for women. The pills contain hormones that make the women who take them infertile. Women who take the pill will not become pregnant during sexual intercourse, they won't have babies if they do not want to. When the women stop taking the pills, they will usually become fertile again. When taken as prescribed, the pills are one of the safest means of contraception. Women who take the pill will not become pregnant during sexual intercourse; they won't have babies if they do not want to.
In the 1950s the hormone progesterone was discovered to stop women from making eggs (stopped ovulation). The combined oral contraceptive pill was developed following this find. The combined oral contraceptive pill has both female hormones estrogen and progesterone. Some oral contraceptive pills have only progesterone. These are often known as the "minipill".
The combined oral contraceptive pill is considered safe and working.
The contraceptive method was brought out in the United States in 1960. The pills are a very popular form of birth control today. Different pills exist which are mainly different in the kinds of hormones they use.
In 2005 more than 80 million women worldwide used the pill. It is the most commonly used method of contraception in the United States. Usage varies widely by country, age, education, and marital status.
Different countries use different contraceptives.
The choice of contraception and whether or not it is available varies by country. One quarter of women aged 16–49 in United Kingdom were using the Pill as at 2006 (combined pill or progestogen only pill ("minipill")), compared to only 1% of women in Japan.
Whether or not people use the pill may also be influenced by local culture and habits.
In some countries women do not really have a choice. If they want to use contraception, they must rely on one type of contraception. In some countries (such as Algeria, Morocco, and Zimbabwe) the pill is the most common method offered by national family planning programs. In other countries, national family planning programs offer only female sterilization (India) or only the IUD, intrauterine device (Egypt and Vietnam).
Different kinds of pills.
There are different kinds of COCPs. There are two main kinds of pills, those that contain both estrogen and progesterone, or those that contain progesterone only. Note that the pills do not contain the hormones themselves, but other chemical substances that are very similar, but that have been made in the laboratory. Estrogen stops the breast from producing milk; Women who are breastfeeding should therefore not be given pills that have estrogen in them. There are a few other coditions, where women should not be given estrogen. These women can use the progesterone-only pills.
There are pills where the concentration of the hormones change from week to week. Also the levels of hormones are different in different kinds of pills. The same pill may exist with different levels of hormones.
Effectiveness.
Rates are generally presented for the first year of use. Most commonly the Pearl Index is used to calculate effectiveness rates, but some studies use decrement tables.
The typical use pregnancy rate among COCP users varies depending on the population being studied. It is between 2 % and 8% per year. The perfect use pregnancy rate of COCPs is 0.3% per year.
People might have been given wrong information as to how often the pill should be taken, or they might have forgotten to take a pill once, or they might not have bothered to go to the pharmacy to get new pills.
COCPs can provide effective contaception, if the first pill is taken no later than 5 days after the start of menstruation. If the treatment is started at any other time in the menstrual cycle, COCPs cannot provide a safe means of contraception for the first 7 days of use. During this time, other forms of contraception need to be used. When active pills have been taken for 7 days,COCPs can provide effective contaception. COCPs should be taken at approximately the same time every day.
Problems with other drugs.
Broad spectrum antibiotics, such as ampicillin and doxycycline, may cause problems "by impairing the bacterial flora responsible for recycling ethinylestradiol from the large bowel" (BNF 2003).
The traditional medicinal herb St John's Wort has also been implicated due to its upregulation of the P450 system in the liver.
Non-contraceptive uses.
The pill can also induce menstruation on a regular schedule for women bothered by irregular menstrual cycles and certain disorders where there is dysfunctional uterine bleeding.
Women who use combined oral contraceptives have a lesser risk of getting cancer of the ovaries. The risk can be reduced by half if the pill is taken for five years. Taking the pill also significantly reduces the risk of endometrial cancer by half compared to women who have never taken the pill. The risk reduction increases with duration of use. However, by taking the pill, the risk of cancer of the risk of breast and cancer of the cervix is increased.

Synchronization (computer science)
In computer science, synchronization refers to one of two different but related concepts: synchronization of processes, and synchronization of data.
Process synchronization is commonly used to implement Data synchronization.

Client-server
In Computer science client-server is a software architecture model consisting of two parts, client systems and server systems, both communicate over a computer network or on the same computer. A client-server application is a distributed system consisting of both client and server software. The client process always initiates a connection to the server, while the server process always waits for requests from any client. When both the client process and server process are running on the same computer, this is called a single seat setup.
Another type of related software architecture is known as peer-to-peer, because each host or application instance can simultaneously act as both a client and a server (unlike centralized servers of the client-server model) and because each has equivalent responsibilities and status. Peer-to-peer architectures are often abbreviated using the acronym P2P.
The client-server relationship describes the relation between the client and how it makes a service request from the server, and how the server can accept these requests, process them, and return the requested information to the client. The interaction between client and server is often described using sequence diagrams. Sequence diagrams are standardized in the Unified Modeling Language.
Both client-server and P2P architectures are in wide usage today.
The basic type of client-server architecture employs only two types of hosts: clients and servers. This type of architecture is sometimes referred to as two-tier. The two-tier architecture means that the client acts as one tier and server process acts as the other tier.
The client-server architecture has become one of the basic models of network computing. Many types of applications have being written useing the client-server model. Standard networked functions such as E-mail exchange, web access and database access, are based on the client-server model. For example, a web browser is a client program at the user computer that may access information at any web server in the world.

Mainstream
The mainstream includes all popular culture, usually circulated by mass media. An example of the opposite of the mainstream is counterculture. The term is sometimes used as a negative term. In the United States, Protestant denominations with a mix of conservative, moderate, and liberal theologies are sometimes referred to as "mainstream."
In movies.
Mainstream movies can best be defined as movies created for profit that have a wide release and play in first run theaters (a movie theater that runs mostly mainstream movies from the major movie companies and distributors, during the initial release period of each movie). Being sold at popular stores can also be an indicator. Hollywood and Bollywood movies are usually considered mainstream and also blockbusters. The boundary is vague. An example of the opposite of mainstream movie is typical art films.
In literature.
In literature, "mainstream" refers to traditional realistic fiction, as opposed to genre fictions such as science fiction or mysteries.
In music.
Mainstream music refers to music that is familiar to and popular with the majority of people in their culture. For example, popular music or pop music. However, older generations often dislike the mainstream taste of the youth, and may not agree as to what is or is not mainstream.
Opposing mainstream music is the music of subcultures. This exists in most all genres of music and is commonly found in punk rock, indie rock, and extreme metal, among others. In the 1960s, this music was exampled by the music of the hippie counterculture. In more recent years, alternative rock, such as the music of Nirvana, has managed to maintain popularity in the mainstream music market even though their music did not conform to mainstream standards.
Punk rock has set itself apart from other non-mainstream genres by self-asserting an active "anti"-mainstream social movement that resists commercialism and corporate control. The punk subculture usually does not appreciate major label bands that play punk music that denies the do it yourself (DIY) punk ethic, and thinks they are the same as mainstream music. Indie rock that surfaced in the early 1990s underground took this same DIY ethic. Many anti-corporate and not-for-profit forms of alternative protest have surfaced in the punk underground, foe example, self-made publications know as "zines", where there is greater freedom to discuss controversial (usually far left) political issues such as bigotry, LGBT community issues, feminism, militant atheism, and veganism. And though the mainstream media often views this as a youthful expression of rebellion by, modern punk embodies a range of age groups who generally disagree with the perceived shared countercultural principals and it is not uncommon for middle-aged people to form punk houses (houses where people of the punk subculture live and open to others to stay, including touring bands) and resistance movements against what they see as the widespread, unfair use of human and animal rights for profit. This modern group is effectively voiced through the anarcho-punk and crust punk subcultures, in attempt to fight what is seen by those groups as a general devaluation of, and way to profit from, life.
Mainstreaming in education.
Mainstreaming refers to a type of education where children with a learning disability are mixed into classes with children without learning disabilities to help them learn better and to become comfortable with the "mainstream" of student life and life in their community. This is normally called "integration". When their needs cannot be met, they must be moved to special schools.

Opel Agila
Opel Agila is a car produced by General Motors since 2000, and is branded as Opel, Vauxhall, Holden and Chevrolet, depending on the market. It is currently in its second generation.
Suzuki Wagon R+ and Splash.
The Suzuki Wagon R+ is a badge engineered version of the Agila. It was replaced by the Splash in 2008 in Europe, however it is still availible in countries such as Japan. You may still be able to buy a new Wagon R+ if you are a European, however they sold in small numbers.

Top Heatseekers
Top Heatseekers is a weekly music chart for albums introduced by "Billboard" in 1993. It was created to publish sales by new and developing musical recording artists. Albums that appear on Top Heatseekers may also appear on the "Billboard" 200 at the same time.
Top Heatseekers contains fifty chart positions. Although the chart's rules have changed a little bit over the years, its current rules for an album is eligible to enter "Top Heatseekers" if it is one of the best-selling albums by a new or developing act (a band or musical artist), meaning an act that has never appeared in the top 100 of the "Billboard" 200. If an album on Heatseekers does enter the top 100 of the "Billboard" 200, it and any albums the act later releases are not eligible to appear on the Heatseekers chart. Many artists have bypassed Top Heatseekers because their first chart entry debuted on the "Billboard" 200 at position 100 or above.

Zoo Entertainment
Zoo Entertainment was an American record label, and a part of BMG. The label was created in the early 1990s by Lou Maglia, the former president of Island Records. It is now out of operation. Maglia and former BMG executive Kevin Czinger ran Zoo Entertainment and its successor company Volcano Entertainment. When money ran out, Volcano's owners sold the company to Zomba Records. Zomba later entered into a joint venture with Bernstein & Mensch, the rock management company. Zoo is best known for releasing three multi-platinum Tool albums.

Subculture
A subculture is a group of people with a culture (whether distinct or hidden) which makes them different from the larger culture that they belong to, known as the "dominate" culture. If a subculture is described as opposing the dominant culture, it may be described as a counterculture. As Ken Gelder notes, subcultures are social, with their own shared rules, values and rituals, but they can also seem self-involved—another thing that makes them different from countercultures.
Identifying subcultures.
Subcultures can be shown to be different because of the age, race, ethnicity, social class, location, or gender of the members. The qualities that determine a subculture as different from each other may be linguistic, aesthetic, religious, political, sexual, geographical, or a combination of factors. Members of a subculture often signal each other through the use of fashion style, certain behaviors, and use of a secret language created to prevent others not in their group from understanding them (this is known as Argot). They also live out particular relations to places: Ken Gelder talks about 'subcultural geographies' along these lines.
The study of subcultures often involves the study of symbolism attached to clothing, music and other visible things by members of subcultures, and also the ways that these same symbols are seen and understood by members of the dominate culture. Subcultures have been documented by others for a long time. In some cases—such as homeless people, criminal gangs or skateboarders—subcultures have had laws created to control or end their activities. But subcultures also talk about themselves, very often.

Wingfield, Wiltshire
Wingfield is a village in the county of Wiltshire, England, United Kingdom.
Location.
Wingfield is two miles west of the town of Trowbridge.

Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck
Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck is the fifth Dragon King of Bhutan. He was born on 21 February 1980. He became king on 14 December 2006, and was officially crowned on 6 November 2008

Late Registration
Late Registration is the second album of American singer Kanye West, released on August 30, 2005 by the label Roc-A-Fella Records. This album debut on #1 on billboard hot 100 albuns (the most popular chart on the world) selling 860 copies. Beyond this, the album also has been very well received by critics, being nominated Album Of The Year for Grammy Awards

Barangay Santa Clara, Santa Maria, Bulacan
Santa Clara (PSGC: 031423021) is one of the twenty-four barangays comprising the municipality of Santa Maria, Bulacan, in the Philippines. It is bordered by Barangay Lalakhan on the south-west, Bagbaguin on the south, Poblacion on the east, Sta. Cruz on the north and Barangay Tambubong in Bocaue on the west.
Area and Location.
Sta. Clara is the 17th largest barangay in Santa Maria with a land area of 214.70 hectares or 2.1470 sq. km, slightly smaller than the barangay of Poblacion.
Sta. Clara is located on the south-west portion of Sta. Maria and thirty-three kilometers north from Manila.
Climate.
The prevailing climatic conditions in the barangay are categorized into two (2) types: dry and wet season.
The annual mean temperature in the area is 27℃. The warmest month is May with a mean temperature of 29.9℃ while the coldest is January at 25.2℃.
The mean annual relative humidity in the Barangay is 77% which is not high. The mean monthly relative humidity is lowest in March at 64% and highest in September at 84%
Demographics.
As of 2007 census, Sta. Clara has a population of 10,052 people with a density of 4,682 person per sq. km. The projected population of the barangay by 2010 is 11,080 with a growth rate of 3.3%
Vision Mission.
VISION: A self-reliant, industrialized, commercialized, environment friendly barangay, accessible roads, discipline and morally upright citizenhood and a place where you can say "I BELONG"
MISSION: "Discipline and Determination" by discharging responsible services to the needs of people and continuing communication.
Health Care.
Barangay Sta. Clara is a sub-center of RHU-I. This center serves the total population of 10,052 of the barangay.
The Health Center is open daily except on Thursdays.
It is currently headed by Ms. Catalina C. Policarpio.
Transportation.
Public vehicles such as buses, jeepneys, and tricycles are the means of transportation in the barangay. Tricycles are available for 24 hours.

Furby (TV series)
"Furby" was a television series made in 1998 on Nickelodeon and on 2002 on NickToons TV.

Lapis lazuli
Lapis lazuli is a metamorphic rock. It is famous for its beautiful blue colour. Its name means "stone of blue", and comes from the word "lazward", from Ancient Persia (now known as Iran). Lapis Lazuli has been used for many things. Its has been made into beads and used in jewellery since Prehistoric times. It can be carved into statuettes (little sculptures). The major use was as a "pigment" (colour) in artists' paint. During Medieval and Renaissance times, Lapis lazuli was ground up into powder, and mixed into paint as the colour for painting the sky and the robe of the Virgin Mary. It can be seen in the fresco paintings of Giotto and the tempera paintings of Fra Angelico.
Scientific description.
Lapis lazuli is a metamorphic rock made from several minerals. The main mineral in Lapis lazuli is Lazurite. Lazurite is a silicate mineral with sulfate, sulfur and chloride. Its formula is (Na,Ca)8(AlSiO4)6(SO4,S,Cl)2.
Lazurite has been mined for over 6,000 years in the district of Badakhshan in Afghanistan. It is also mined at Lake Baikal in Siberia; at Mount Vesuvius in Italy; in Burma; Canada; and the United States.

Royan
Royan is a city in the south west of France near the Atlantic Ocean and the Gironde estuary. About 18 100 (2005) people live in the city. Royan is a famous seaside resort, with five sandy beaches, a marina and a fishing port.

Spider-Man 3
"Spider-Man 3" is a 2007 superhero movie directed by Sam Raimi. It is a sequel movie to "Spider-Man" and "Spider-Man 2" and has Tobey Maguire and Kirsten Dunst in the same roles as Spider-Man and Mary Jane Watson.

Controlled language
Controlled natural languages (CNLs) are artificial languages built by simplifying the grammar and reducing the number of words in the language to avoid ambiguity or complexity.
There are two types of controlled languages: some designed to help non-native speakers of a language, and some designed to enable automatic semantic analysis.
The first type of languages (often called "simplified" or "technical" languages) are used by businesses or industries to improve the quality of technical writing, and possibly simplify the (semi-)automatic translation to other languages. For example, the ASD Simplified Technical English, Caterpillar Technical English, and IBM's Easy English.
These languages guide the writer by general rules such as "write short and simple sentences", "use the person's name ("John Smith" for example) instead of saying "him", and "talk about who is doing something, rather than what is being done, unless you need to say what is being done".
The second type of languages have a well defined rules of construction and interpretation, and can be matched to formal languages, such as first-order logic. Those languages can be used to handle information, to support fully automatic checks to test that they are correct and to search for information easily.

Artificial languages
An artificial language is a language made by people. It is usually a natural language cannot be used. These languages can be based on an existing vocabulary or can make a new vocabulary.
If an artificial language does not serve the goal of general-purpose communication (as natural languages do), then it is necessarily a second language.
The above categorization is not exclusive; for example, it is reasonable to design a computer language for a novel, or that a linguistic experiment leads to design a programming language.

Benozzo Gozzoli
Benozzo Gozzoli (1420-1498) was an Italian Renaissance painter. He is most famous for a small chapel that he decorated with frescos of the "Procession of the Magi".
Life.
Benozzo was born in Florence in about 1420. Nothing is known about his parents, or how he started training as an artist. The first that is known of him is that in 1444 he was working with the famous sculptor Lorenzo Ghiberti, who was making the bronze doors for the Baptistry of Florence Cathedral.
In 1447 he started working with the painter Fra Angelico. He went to Rome with Fra Angelico to help paint the Chapel of Pope Nicholas V in the Vatican. In 1449 he was working in his own studio.
Works.
For many years Benozzo worked as an assistant to other artists. At that time, he had to make his style match the style of the master, so it is hard to tell his art works apart. When Benozzo painted on his own, his pictures are rich with many details in the clothing, the buildings and the landscape. He was extremely good at painting faces, and many of the people in his pictures seem to be portraits of real people.

I Am... Sasha Fierce
"I Am... Sasha Fierce" - is the third solo studio album by American Rhythm and Blues singer Beyoncé Knowles.
Background.
Knowles worked on the album for almost one year. This is longer than she had spent on her previous solo albums and records with her old group Destiny's Child. She said that she has co-written and co-produced over 70 songs.
I am in a different place right now and I wanted people to see the many sides of me. The music is upbeat for the dance, fun side and it is reflective, passionate and serious for the personal side. I have taken risks here. I am not afraid and my music will explain it all. There is no label or tag on my sound. It's me and I am so excited to share it with the world on November 18.

Gary Shearston
Gary Reht Shearston (born January 9 1939) is an Australian singer and songwriter. He was a leading figure of the folk music scene of the 1960s. He is important as a singer of Australian traditional folk songs. He scored a Top 10 hit in the United Kingdom in 1974 with version of the Cole Porter classic I Get A Kick Out Of You.
Early life.
Shearston was born in Inverell. His father served in World War II so Shearston and his mother lived with his grandparents at Tenterfield. At the age of 11 his family moved to Sydney. He attended Newington College from 1950 to 1955.
Working life.
Shearston began work as a newspaper writer with United Press. His first show business job was with The Tintookies, the Australian travelling puppet show. He joined the Hayes Gordon Ensemble Theatre working as an actor and stage manager. He was the host of a children's quiz show on television called "Name That Tune."
Music career.
Shearston played guitar and sang English, American and Australian folk songs. At 19 he become a full time singer. He worked in hotels and sang at "The Folksinger". He sang with the American gospel and blues singer Brother John Sellers. In 1962 Shearston signed a recording contract with "Leedon". The next year Leedon's distributor, "Festival", signed him to CBS. In March 1965 Sydney radio stations started playing a song from his record, "Australian Broadside". His song "Sydney Town" hit the Top 10 in his home city. In 1966 and 1967, Shearston was Australia's biggest selling folk singer. He had his own national television show, "Just Folk". Peter, Paul and Mary recorded a song he wrote called "Sometime Lovin". They invited Gary to go to America. He spent a year in London and then 4 years on the East Coast of the United States of America. In 1972 he went back to England and recorded some songs for the album "Dingo". He had big hit with his deadpan (flat, no emotion) version of Cole Porter's "I Get A Kick Out Of You". In 1990 he received the Tamworth Songwriters' Association's prize for "Bush Ballad of the Year".
Church career.
Shearston returned to Australia in 1989. He is now an Anglican Church minister in country Australia.

The Flame in All of Us
The Flame in All of Us is the last album released by Thousand Foot Krutch. It was released on September 18 2007. It has more of a rock sound than earlier albums, but also has some softer songs. The band recorded with producer Ken Andrews in the Spring of 2007. The album began at #58 on The Billboard 200 charts.
Five songs from The Flame in All of Us were put on the internet before the album actually released. One of them, Falls Apart was a single for the band.

Falls Apart
Falls Apart was a single released by Thousand Foot Krutch in 2007. It was made available online in July 2007. It is on their album The Flame in All of Us.
Music video.
The "Falls Apart" video starts off showing the band in a dark wood room, with lots of rope around them. The members only have enough room to play their instruments. Eventually a man and a woman are shown and they are being held together by ropes. The man walks over to the woman and puts his arm around her. After a while she gets up and starts walking away, but then the ropes come off around everyone (the band and the couple alike). Because of this all of the body parts of the couple lie on the floor. But the man's hand crawls to the woman's hand and they hold each other while the band ends the song.

Favorite Disease
Favorite Disease is the name of a single released by Thousand Foot Krutch taken from their album The Flame in All of Us it's the fifth song on the album.
Music video.
The video for "Favorite Disease" invovles the band, yet does not show any instruments being played. Trevor is only shown singing at two scenes in the song. The video is opens with four soldiers (the band) walking in line through a grass field. Trevor, the commanding officer, orders Joel, against his will, to head in one direction. As they are walking they are fired at by unseen enemies and one soldier (Joel) goes down; before Joel dies he hands Trevor a piece of paper. As the trio as eating dinner by a fire, Trevor starts singing the song and reads the paper, Trevor then proceeds to go to Joel's grave. Then a flash back occurs in which Trevors realizes that if he had not have made Joel go in the one direction Joel would have not been shot; also in the flash back it shows Trevor dying instead of Joel.

Cowra, New South Wales
Cowra is a city in the central west of New South Wales, Australia. It is in Cowra Shire. It is 310m above sea-level and about 300 km west of Sydney. Cowra is on the banks of the Lachlan River.
The first name for Cowra was "Coura Rocks". This may have been the name of one of the first cattle farms. This name is probably the name of the river ford (crossing) where people could cross the Lachlan River.
The name Cowra comes from a local aboriginal word meaning "eagle on the rocks".
It should not be confused with another New South Wales town named Corowa.
History.
The first people to live in the area were the Wiradjuri people. The first European explorer, George Wilson Evans, came into the Lachlan Valley in 1815. He named the area the Oxley Plains after his boss, the surveyor-general, John Oxley. In 1817 he said the area was "unfit for white settlement". An army camp was set up soon after at Soldiers Flat near present day Billimari. Arthur Ranken and James Sloan, from Bathurst, were amongst the first European settlers on the Lachlan. They moved to the area in 1831.
The township of Coura Rocks began in 1840. By 1847 the township was called Cowra. The village was officially listed in 1849.
In the 1850s many people looking for gold went through on their way to the gold fields at Lambing Flat (Young) and Grenfell. The first school was started in 1857. The first bridge over the Lachlan River was built in 1870. Gold was found at Mount McDonald in the 1880s. The railway, from Sydney, reached Cowra in 1886. Local government started in 1888. The first telephone were connected in 1901. The town water supply was started in 1909, the gas in 1912, and town supplied electricity was connected in 1924.
Cowra is home to the Australian copy of the United Nation's World Peace Bell. These are normally kept in a nation's capital city. It was given to Cowra because of its special role in international understanding, world peace and as a centre of world friendship.
The Cowra breakout.
During World War II Cowra was the site of a prisoner of war (POW) camp. Most of the prisoners were captured Japanese and Italian soldiers, sailors and airmen. On August 5, 1944 about 545 (some sources say over 1000) Japanese POWs attempted a mass escape from the camp. This is perhaps the largest prison escape in the world. At the same time, other Japanese prisoners killed themselves, or were killed by their countrymen, inside the camp.
The POWs tried to capture machine gun posts, armed only with home made weapons. The Prime Minister John Curtin said this was a "suicidal disregard of life", and had no chance of success.
During the escape 231 Japanese and 4 Australian guards were killed, and 108 prisoners were wounded. The dead Japanese were buried in Cowra in a specially made Japanese War Cemetery. This is the only such cemetery in Australia. It also has some of the dead from the WWII air raids on Darwin.
An Avenue of Honour also remembers those who died in World War I.
Japanese Garden.
The Japanese War Cemetery was looked by members of the Cowra RSL and given to Japan in 1963. In 1971 the Cowra Tourism Development decided to celebrate this link with Japan. They planned a Japanese Garden for the town. The Japanese Government agreed to help as a sign of thanks for the respectful treatment of their war dead. The garden also received money from the Australian Government and private groups.
The garden was designed by Ken Nakajima (1914 - 2000). He was a world famous designer of Japanese gardens. The first part was opened in 1979, with a second part opened in 1986.
The gardens were built in the style of the Edo period. They are a "kaiyū-shiki" or strolling garden. They are designed to show all of the landscape types of Japan. At five hectares, the Cowra Japanese Garden is the largest Japanese garden in the Southern Hemisphere. An annual "Sakura Matsuri" (cherry blossom festival) is held in the gardens during late September and/or early October each year. The garden also has other events during the year.

Network computing
Network computing is when computers work together over a network. Network computing is "Storing and/or running applications in servers in a network" This means that the network may use the power from all the networked computers to perform complex tasks. The network could also be for sharing files so that they can be looked at on any computer in the network easily.
Network computing is the opposite to "Stand-alone computing". This is where computers are not connect to a network. Most laptops and home computers do their jobs alone and are stand-alone computers.

Loan
A loan is a type of debt. The borrower needs to repay the lender the sum of money loaned part by part over time in order to clear the debt.
Acting as a provider of loans is one of the main tasks for financial institutions. For other institutions, issuing of debt contracts such as bonds is a main source of funding. Bank loans and credit are one way to increase the money supply.

Mortgage
A mortgage is a way to use one's real property, like land, a house, or a building, as a guarantee for a loan to get money. Many people do this to buy the home they use for mortgage: the loan provides them the money to buy the house and the loan is guaranteed by the house.
In a mortgage, there is a debtor and a creditor. The debtor is the owner of the property, while the creditor is the owner of the loan. When the mortgage transaction is made, the debtor gets the money with the loan, and promises to pay the loan. The creditor will receive money back with interest over time (usually in payments made each month by the debtor). If the debtor does not pay the loan, the creditor may take the mortgaged property in place of the loan. This is called foreclosure.
In the 2008 American economic failure, creditors lent money to debtors who could not pay back that money. This lowered housing prices and hurt the economy.

Bandwidth (computing)
In computer network and computer science, digital bandwidth or just bandwidth is the capacity for a given system to transfer data over a connection. It is measured as a bit rate expressed in bits per second (bits/s) or multiples of it (kbit/s Mbit/s etc.).
Bandwidth in web hosting.
In web hosting, the term "bandwidth" is often used to describe the amount of data transferred to or from the website within a defined period of time. Another more specific phrase used for this meaning of bandwidth is monthly data transfer.
Web hosting companies often quote a monthly data transfer for a website, for example 500 gigabytes per month. If the total amount of data downloaded from the website in a particular month reaches this limit, the hosting company may shut off further public access to the site.

Niki Fm
Niki FM is a song recorded and released as a Single by Hawthorne heights JT their singer has said it's his favorite to play live and the most personal song on the album.
It's still played today at Concerts but without the screaming.
It's one of the songs they are best known to and their second big hit.
Music video.
The music video for Niki FM starts with a room with a lot of people in, JT is at the front, and someone in the audience is touching someones Leg the video also includes JT being kissed by another woman who isn't his. It shows him in a room tearing a picture in two and he stares at it. He has a radio and goes outside the young womans house to match with the Lyrics "I'm outside of your window, with my radio the girl walks away and leaves him, and the band closes the song off at the end.

Gears of War 2
Gears of War 2 is a third-person shooter videogame made by Epic Games and published by Microsoft. It can only be playedon Microsoft's own Xbox 360 console. It is the sequel to the popular Xbox 360 game Gears of War. The game was released around the world on November 7 2008. By November 12 it had already sold over 2 million copies.

Epic Games
Epic Games are a videogame company based in North Carolina, USA. They are famous for making the Unreal Tournament and Gears of War series' of videogames.

Riemann sum
In mathematics, a Riemann sum is a sum that makes an approximation of the total area underneath a curve on a graph. The area can be known as the integral. It may also be used to define the integration operation. The sum is named after a German mathematician who was called Bernhard Riemann.
Definition.
You divide the horizontal length under the part of the function you want to evaluate into "n" equal pieces. That is the n on top of the E. The (x_-x_ represents the size of one horizontal segment that is created from dividing the whole by the "n". The f(Yi) is a y value in an "n" segment. Since the area of a rectangle =length*width, then the multiplication of x_ and f(Yi) is the area of a rectangle for that part of the graph. The E means we add up all of these little rectangles together to get an approximation of the area under the segment of a function.

Beatitudes
The Beatitudes (from Latin "beatus", meaning "blessed" or "happy")are a list of traits that christians should follow. These include humbleness, meekness, and other important ideas to follow. Jesus Christ taught these ideas to think and act according to, as The first Lesson in a three lesson sermon called "The Sermon on The Mount. (mountain)

Asceticism
Asceticism (Greek: "askēsis") is a word that describes a certain life-style. This life-style is different from others mainly because those who practice it abstain from various sorts of worldly pleasures, especially sexual activity and drinking of alcohol. Often, their aim is to follow religious and spiritual goals. Christianity and the Indian religions (including yoga) teach that salvation and liberation involve a process of mind-body transformation that is done through practicing restraint with respect to actions of body, speech and mind. The founders and earliest practitioners of these religions (e.g. Buddhism, Jainism, the Christian desert fathers) lived extremely austere lifestyles. They rejected sensual pleasures and the accumulation of material wealth. This is to be understood not as an eschewal of the enjoyment of life but a recognition that spiritual and religious goals are impeded by such indulgence. Asceticism is closely related to the Christian concept of chastity and might be said to be the technical implementation of the abstract vows of renunciation. Those who practice ascetic lifestyles do not consider their practices as virtuous but pursue such a life-style in order to satisfy certain technical requirements for mind-body transformation. There is remarkable uniformity among the above religions with respect to the benefits of sexual continence. Religions teach that purifying the soul also involves purification of the body which thereby enables connection with the Divine and the cultivation of inner peace. In the popular imagination asceticism is considered a sort of perversion (self-flagellation by birch twigs as the archetypal stereotype of self-mortification) but the "askēsis" enjoined by religion functions in order to bring about greater freedom in various areas of one's life, such as freedom from compulsions and temptations bringing about peacefulness of mind with a concomitant increase in clarity and power of thought.

St. Mark's Church, Florence
St. Mark's, (S. Marco) in Florence, Italy is a church and Domincan convent. The church also has the Museum of St. Mark (Museo di S. Marco) which shows paintings by Fra Angelico.
The Domincan Convent was begun in the early 1400s. The first "prior" (head man) was St. Antoninus of Florence. The famous painter known as Fra Angelico was one of the first of the Dominican Friars to live and work there. He later became the prior. The land for the convent was given to the friars by Cosimo Medici. The monks lived in small rooms called "cells". Cosimo had a cell built for himself, where he could stay sometimes. Between 1447 and 1452 Cosimo got his favourite architect, Michelozzo, to build a large new library and improve other parts of the building. In the late 1700s, the facade (front) of the building was rebuilt in a Classical style.
In 1490, the prior of St. Marks was a famous Domincan called Savonarola. He lived in the cell that had once belonged to Cosimo Medici. He was a great preacher. He disliked Cosimo's grandson, Lorenzo Medici, who was often called "Lorenzo the Magnificent" (Lorenzo il Magnifico). He thought that Lorenzo had too much power and was acting like a prince. He preached against Lorenzo, against the Pope and against the Roman Catholic Church. He told everyone that the end of the world was near. Many people became frightened or depressed by the things that he said. Pope Alexander VI had Savonarola arrested. He was tortured and put to death in 1498. 60 years later, the Church agreed that, in fact, he had said nothing wrong.
Treasures.
The Library of St. Mark's contains many illuminated manuscripts. Some were probably decorated by Fra Angelico's brother Benedetto. Some may even have been painted by Fra Angelico.
The Museum has a collection of paintings by Fra Angelico. On of the most famous is "The Descent from the Cross", which shows the body of Jesus being taken down from the cross where he was crucified. The convent also contains many paintings by Fra Angelico. They are frescos, and decorated many walls, including a painting in each friar's cell.
Another famous fresco is "The Last Supper" painted in the refectory (dining room) by Domenico Ghirlandaio.
References.
Anne Mueller von der Haegen and Ruth Strasser, "Art and Architecture of Tuscany", Konemann (2001), ISBN 3829026528

Sadhu
In Hinduism, sadhu is a common term for an ascetic or someone who practices yoga ("yogi"). Sadhus have given up trying to achieve the first three Hindu goals of life: kama (enjoyment), artha (practical objectives) and even dharma (duty). The sadhu is solely dedicated to achieving moksha (liberation) through meditation and contemplation of God. Sadhus often wear ochre-colored clothing, as a symbol that they have given up many things in life.
'Sādhu!' is also a Sanskrit term used as an exclamation for something novel.

Digambar
Digambar is one of the two main sects of Jainism, the other is Svetambar. The name means "sky-clad", and refers to the fact that its followers are usually naked. The digambar have a stricter interpretation of Jainism than the Svetambar.

Squidward Tentacles
Squidward Tentacles is a character from television show Spongebob Squarepants. He is a squid. He is SpongeBob's next-door neighbor, and plays the clarinet (quite badly though), and works at the Krusty Krab as the cashier. He doesn't really like SpongeBob but SpongeBob thinks Squidward is friends with him. Squidward is known to behave in an negative, unfriendly way.

Afro-Asian
Afro-Asian, or Blasian, means a person of mixed race. Black African and East Asian.
West Asia and Africa.
Ethiopians went to South Arabia in the 2nd century and the 4th century. By 532 AD they had invaded Yemen. After this, many more Africans came to South Arabia as slaves; men were usually traded, and the women were kept as servants for the Arab leaders. Mixed-race children were more valuable in South Arabia. Two such children became Princes of the Abbassids. At this time, the Arabian army, known as the Sabaens, moved to Ethiopia. In Iraq, Bantu-speaking Africans were called Zanj. The large number of Zanj slaves working in bad conditions in Iraq lead to the famous Zanj Rebellion over fifteen years (869-883 AD). African rebels took over many of Iraq's cities forcing Arabs to flee to African nations such as Kenya, Somalia, and Tanzania. Today someone of African and Arab descent is considered Afro-Arab.
A former slave by the name of Najah seized power in the 10th century and established the Banu Najah dynasty, the first royal Afro-Asian family.
South Asia.
As early as 1100 AD, African slaves were brought to India by Arab merchants in medieval times from the Bantu-speaking parts of eastern Africa. These Africans became known as Siddi or Habshi, Arabic word meaning Black African. Today, marriage has made the Siddi population in India much smaller. Someone of Indian and African background is considered an Indo-African. In South Asia there are over 15,000 individuals who identify as Afro-Asian.
United States.
In 1882, the Chinese Exclusion Act was passed and Chinese workers who chose to stay in the U.S. could no longer be with their wives who stayed behind in China. Because White Americans looked at Chinese labor workers as stealing jobs, they were treated badly. Many Chinese men settled in black communities and in turn married black women.
Tiger Woods, a famous golf player, is of white, Chinese, Native American, Thai, and black descent; his father being half African American and his mother being half Thai. R&B singer Amerie is another famous Afro-Asian American, with her father being black and her mother Korean. Hines Ward, an NFL football player, is also an Afro-Asian. He currently plays for the Pittsburgh Steelers.
As of the census of 2000, there were 106,782 Afro-Asian individuals in the United States.
The West Indies.
In the 1860s, Chinese people were imported for labor and trade. It became more common for a Chinese man to marry a black woman since there was more black women than Chinese women. According to the 1946 Census, 12,394 Chinese were located between Jamaica and Trinidad. 5,515 of those who lived in Jamaica were Chinese Jamaican and another 3,673 were Chinese-Trinidadians living in Trinidad.
In Guyana and Haiti, there is also a very small percentage within the minority who are of Asian descent.
Haitian painter Edouard Wah was born to a Chinese father and Haitian mother. Grace Jones is also part Chinese.
United Kingdom.
The UK has a large mixed-race population, which is about 1.4% of the population (or around 850,000 people). The largest groups are mixed Whites and Black, and mixed Whites and Asians. However there are over 70,000 UK citizens that are mixed race and do not fit the above descriptions, a large percentage of these are Afro-Asian. Famous Afro-Asian Britons include Naomi Campbell, David Jordan.

Adam Mickiewicz
Adam Bernard Mickiewicz (December 24, 1798 – November 26, 1855) was a heavily influential national Polish Romantic poet, generally regarded as the greatest figure in Polish literature, especially known for his epic poem "Pan Tadeusz". At the later phase of his life he was also a political activist, an ideologue and a messianist philosopher who lectured at Collège de France.
In many literary critics' opinion, Mickiewicz is among the most important writers such as Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, George Byron and Homer.

RC6
In cryptography, RC6 is a symmetric-key block cipher derived from RC5. RC6 is a parameterized algorithm with a variable block size, a variable key size, and a variable number of rounds. RC stands for "Rivest Cipher", or alternatively, "Ron's Code".
In 1997, the NIST announced for competition to choose a successor to Data Encryption Standard (DES) to be known as Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), RC6 was derived from RC5 to meet the competition requirements, and was selected as one of the "five finalists" of the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) competition, but was not selected as a standard.
In order to provide varieties of security and efficiency levels; RC6 allows choices for the block size are 32 bits (for experimentation and evaluation purposes only), 64 bits (for use as a replacement for DES), and 128 bits (intended for AES). The number of rounds can range from 0 to 255, while the key sizes can range from 0 bits to 2040 bits in size.
RC6 is very similar to RC5 in structure and could be viewed as interweaving two parallel RC5 encryption processes. However, RC6 does use an extra multiplication operation not present in RC5 and the use of four b/4-bit working registers (see splitting of plaintext blocks in feistel cipher) instead of two b/2-bit registers as in RC5 (b is the block size). Integer multiplication is used to increase the diffusion achieved per round so that fewer rounds are needed and the speed of the cipher can be increased.The reason for using four working registers instead of two is mainly for Optimization on 32-bit CPUs. Namely, the default block size of RC5 was 64bit while the default block size of the AES is 128 bits, RC5 has only two working registers; it uses 32-bit operations when dealing with 64-bits blocks and 64-bit operations when dealing with 128-bits blocks, so four working registers are required to build the AES architecture using only 32-bit operations.
RC6 is a proprietary and patented algorithm (by RSA Security and), and may require licensing and royalty payments for any products using the algorithm. It was designed by Ron Rivest, Matt Robshaw, Ray Sidney, and Yiqun Lisa Yin, and was also submitted to the NESSIE and CRYPTREC projects.

RC5
In cryptography, RC5 is a simple symmetric-key block cipher. Designed by Ronald Rivest in 1994, RC5 is a parameterized algorithm with a variable block size, a variable key size, and a variable number of rounds. "RC" stands for "Rivest Cipher", or alternatively, "Ron's Code".
In order to provide varieties of security and efficiency levels; RC5 has a variable block size (32, 64 or 128 bits), variable key size (0 to 2040 bits) and variable number of rounds (0 to 255). The original suggested choice of parameters were a block size of 64 bits, a 128-bit key and 12 rounds.
A key feature of RC5 is the use of data-dependent rotations; one of the goals of RC5 was to study and evaluate operations of block ciphers as a cryptographic primitive. RC5 also consists of a number of modular additions and eXclusive OR (Xor)s. The general structure of the algorithm is a Feistel-like network. The encryption and decryption routines can be specified in a few lines of code. The key schedule, however, is more complex, expanding the key using an essentially one-way function with the binary expansions of both e and the golden ratio as sources of "nothing up my sleeve numbers". The simplicity of the algorithm together with the novelty of the data-dependent rotations has made RC5 an attractive subject to study by cryptanalysts.
Cryptanalysis.
12-round RC5 (with 64-bit blocks) is susceptible to a differential attack using 244 chosen plaintexts. 18–20 rounds are suggested as sufficient protection.
RSA Security, which has a patent on the algorithm, offered a series of US$10,000 prizes for breaking ciphertexts encrypted with RC5, but these contests have been discontinued as of May 2007. A number of these challenge problems have been tackled using distributed computing, organised by Distributed.net. Distributed.net has brute-forced RC5 messages encrypted with 56- and 64-bit keys, and now is working on cracking a 72-bit key. At the current rate (as of November 12, 2008), it will take approximately 1,000 years to test every possible key to complete the.

Altaic languages
Altaic is suggested as a language family. It would include 66 languages that are spoken by about 348 million people, mostly in and around Central Asia and northeast Asia.
According to the best-known classification of Altaic, it consists of the Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic language families. It is probably fair to say that this is the meaning attributed to "Altaic" by most general linguists.
However, since the publication of Gustaf John Ramstedt's "Einführung" in 1952–1957, most Altaicists have included Korean in Altaic. Since the publication of Roy Andrew Miller's "Japanese and the Other Altaic Languages" in 1971, most have also included Japanese (Nicholas Poppe) or better Japonic, consisting of Japanese and Ryukyuan.
A few linguists even count Ainu with the Altaic languages, but as part of a node including Korean and Japanese, in contradistinction to a Turkic-Mongolic-Tungusic node, with Korean-Japanese-Ainu and Turkic-Mongolic-Tungusic in turn forming a node at a higher level (e.g. Street 1962).
The core version of Altaic, consisting of Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic, is sometimes referred to as "Micro-Altaic" while the expanded version, including Korean or Korean and Japanese, is referred to as "Macro-Altaic".

Mongolian language
The Mongolian language (, "Mongol kele", Cyrillic: Монгол хэл, "Mongol khel") is the best-known member of the Mongolic language family and the language of most of the residents of Mongolia, where it is officially written with the Cyrillic alphabet and of around three million Mongolian speakers in the "Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region" of China, where it is officially written with the traditional Mongolian script. It is also spoken in some areas in the Russian Far East and Kyrgyzstan. The majority of speakers in Mongolia speak the Khalkha (or "Halh") dialect, while those in China speak one of many Inner Mongolian dialects.

RC2
In cryptography, RC2 is a symmetric-key block cipher. Designed by Ronald Rivest in 1987. "RC" stands for "Rivest Cipher", or alternatively, "Ron's Code".
RC2 is a 64-bit block cipher with a variable key size and using 18 rounds.
Rounds are arranged as a source-heavy feistel network, with 16 rounds of one type called "mixing rounds" interleaved by two rounds of another type called "mashing rounds".
RC2 uses "key-expansion algorithm" by which an expanded key consisting of 64 (16-bit words) is produces depending in a complicated way on every bit of the supplied "variable-length" input key. A mixing round consists of four applications of the "mix-up" transformation, as shown in the diagram. A round is "mashed" by adding to it one of the 16-bit words of the expanded key (RFC 2268).
RC2 is susceptible to a related-key attack using 234 chosen-plaintext attacks (Kelsey et al, 1997).
The development of RC2 was sponsored by Lotus, who were seeking a custom cipher be exported as part of their Lotus Notes software, after evaluation by the NSA. The NSA suggested a couple of changes, which Ronald Rivest incorporated. After further negotiations, the cipher was approved for export in 1989.
Along with RC4, RC2 with a 40-bit key size was treated under US export regulations for cryptography. Now all 40-bit encryption algorithms are obsolete because they are dangerously susceptible to brute force attacks.
Initially, the details of the algorithm were kept secret — proprietary to RSA Security — but on 29th January, 1996, source code for RC2 was anonymously posted to the Internet on the Usenet forum, sci.crypt. A similar post had occurred earlier with RC4. It is unclear whether the poster had access to the specifications or whether it had been reverse engineered.

1999 East Timorese crisis
The 1999 East Timorese crisis was a conflict. Militia who did not like the independence in East Timor started the conflict when they attacked civilians. These attacks led to more violence all over the country. Most of the violence occurred in the capital Dili.
The violence started after the result of an election was independance from Indonesia. About 1400 civilians are thought to have died. An UN force (InterFET) made up mainly of people from the Australian Defence Force was sent to East Timor to establish and maintain peace.
Background: referendum.
In 1999, there was a lot of pressure on Indonesia. Therefore, the Indonesian government decided to hold a vote. In the referendum it asked the people of East Timor, whether they wanted to stay with Indonesia or become independent. Portugal had done some lobbying, and the referendum was held on August 30. In it, a clear majority (78.5%) of those voting said they'd rather become independent. The alternative proposal would have been to stay with Indonesia, but to have many freedoms as an "autonomous province", called Special Autonomous Region of East Timor (SARET).
Violence.
Directly after the referendum, violence broke out. The violence came from Indonesian soldiers, and from a special East Timorese pro-integration militia which was supported by Indonesia. These troops became violent, and terrorised the population. They did not like how the people had voted. About 1.4000 Timorese people were killed. 300.000 had to flee to West Timor to live as refugees. Most of the infrastructure of the country, including houses, watering systems, and the power grid was destroyed.
Noam Chomsky said: "In one month, this massive military operation murdered some 2,000 people, raped hundreds of women and girls, displaced three-quarters of the population, and demolished 75 percent of the country's infrastructure" ("Radical Priorities", 72).
InterFET.
On 20 September 1999 the Australian-led peacekeeping troops of the International Force for East Timor (INTERFET) came to the country. This ended the violence. Activists in Portugal, Australia, the United States, and elsewhere pressured their governments to take action. US President Bill Clinton eventually threatened Indonesia, that the]IMF loans would be stopped. Indonesia was in deep economic troubles already. The Indonesian government agreed to withdraw its troops and allow a multinational force into Timor to stabilize the area. It was clear that the UN did not have sufficient resources to fight the paramilitary forces directly. Instead, the UN authorised the creation of a multinational military force known as INTERFET (International Force for East Timor), with Security Council Resolution 1264. 17 nations sent troops, about 9,900 people in total. 4,400 came from Australia, the remainder mostly from South-East Asia. The force was led by Major-General Peter Cosgrove. Troops landed in East Timor on September 20, 1999.

This Is Who We Are
This Is Who We Are is a single released by Hawthorne Heights from their album If Only You Were Lonely in 2006. It is the opening track on the album.
The first performance of this song can be seen on the DVD coming with the album.

Ohio Is for Lovers
Ohio Is for Lovers is a single released by Hawthorne Heights it came from their first album The Silence in Black and White
The lyrics are one of the main reasons why the band are considered to be Emo. It contains the lyrics "Cut my wrists and black my eyes" more than once. Some people take this literally, but JT has explained its only a Figure of speech the band is against self harming.
The song charted #34 in America.
About the video.
The album the silence in black and white later contained a DVD including the making of "Ohio is for lovers" it shows a spider, and also shows JT in a room alone looking miserable. There's also a young girl in the Ohio is for lovers music video.

Lady Godiva
Godiva (; about 980 – 1067) was an Anglo-Saxon noblewoman. There are legends that say that she rode naked through the streets of Coventry in England. She did this so her husband would lower the taxes on his tenants. The name "Peeping Tom" for a voyeur comes from later versions of this legend. In these versions, man named Tom had watched her ride and was struck blind or dead.

Scandal
A scandal is a very public incident which involves a claim of wrong-doing, shame, or moral offence. A scandal may be about a real event, an untrue event (often called a false allegation) or a mixture of both.
Scandals may be told by whistleblowers, who have access to secrets and allow them to go public. A well-known scandal was the Watergate scandal, in which US President Richard Nixon was found to be supporting and hiding illegal burglaries. Untrue claims often lead to a loss of respect for that person, and can destroy their careers. Sometimes an attempt to cover up a scandal creates a bigger scandal when the cover-up does not succeed.

Countdown to Extinction
Countdown to Extinction is the fifth studio album by American thrash metal band Megadeth. It is their best-selling album. It was released on July 14, 1992.

Manchester
Manchester is a city and metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester, England. Manchester was given city status in 1853. It has a population of, and lies in the middle of the Greater Manchester Urban Area, which has 2,240,230 people, the United Kingdom's third largest built-up place.
Manchester is a very important city in England, and the city is called the second city of the UK, and the "Capital of the North". Manchester has lots of arts, media, learning and shops. In a poll of British managers in 2006, Manchester was named the best place in Britain to have a business. A report in 2007, said Manchester is a fast-growing city (meaning lots of jobs are being created). Manchester was the host of the 2002 Commonwealth Games. Manchester United and Manchester City are football teams in the area.
Manchester was the first place to have big industry, because of the Industrial Revolution. It was the main place for making cloth and fabric. During the 19th century it had the nickname Cottonopolis, because it had so many cotton mills. The middle of Manchester is important because it's on UNESCO's World Heritage Sites, because of its network of canals and mills built during its 19th-century development.
History.
In the late 1700s, Manchester was only a small village with a low population. This changed at the start of the Industrial Revolution. During this time, there were revolts about the living conditions for workers. The most well known of these revolts was the Peterloo Massacre. Fifteen to twenty people were killed during the Peterloo Massacre and hundreds of other people were hurt. In 1780, Richard Arkwright built the first cotton mill in the area.
Later in the 1800s, Manchester became most important cotton town in the world. It was also the first 'industrialised' city, meaning that it was the first city to have a big amount of industry in it. Only a small amount of cloth is still made in the city and the trade has mainly stopped. This left a big number of old buildings from that time including the Town Hall, Free Trade Hall and Central Library and left a lot of other buildings empty.
The Manchester Ship Canal was created by the digging of canals in the rivers Irwell and Mersey for from Salford to the Mersey estuary. This let oceangoing ships sail into the Port of Manchester.
The county of Greater Manchester was made in 1974. The county was created from cities and towns in southern Lancashire and northern Cheshire (the two main areas which make up Greater Manchester), and some mainly rural districts of Derbyshire and Yorkshire.
In 1996, the Irish Republican Army put a bomb in a truck located in the centre of the city. Nobody was killed, but it did alot of damage.
Geography.
Manchester is located north-west of England's capital, London. The city has many canals and rivers which were a big part in its earlier growth. The largest open space in the city is Heaton Park. It has an area of about. Heaton Park is a place attracts many people every year. People go there to see the many animals and the beauty of the countryside. Much of Manchester is built-up (or 'urbanised'). Because of this, much of the rain does not clear quickly. Much of Manchester's rain comes over from the Pennines, which are a hilly range to the south and east of the city. The city is mainly urban areas but also has some areas which are mainly of farmland. To the south of the centre is Manchester Airport. This is the third largest airport in the United Kingdom.
Culture.
A revival of the city's importance started in the 1980s. This was partly led by a vibrant music scene whose spirit was labelled 'Madchester', which was led by bands such as The Happy Mondays and Joy Division and also partly fuelled by the big number of students attending the number of universities and further education colleges in the city. Manchester has the highest population of students in the United Kingdom in term time.
The largest university in the UK, the University of Manchester, is located in the city. It has over 30,000 students. It also has the fourth largest university, the Manchester Metropolitan University.
The city has two Premier League football teams, Manchester City and Manchester United. Football is a very important part of the culture of the city. Many of the population support or show interest in the sport. There is a small number of people who think that some of the teams who have the word 'Manchester' in their team name are not in Manchester. This is because Manchester United plays in Greater Manchester but outside Manchester city limits. They play in the borough of Trafford.
Transport.
Manchester and North West England are served by Manchester Airport. The airport has the most passengers in the UK outside London, with 22.1 million passengers in 2007. Planes fly to lots of destinations in Europe, North America, the Caribbean, Africa, the Middle East and Asia (with more destinations from Manchester than from London Heathrow).
Manchester is very well served by train and in terms of passengers, Manchester Piccadilly was the busiest English train station outside London in 2005 and 2006. Northern Rail operates all over the north of England, and other operators include Virgin Trains. The Liverpool and Manchester Railway was the first passenger railway in the world. Greater Manchester has a very big railway network. The city centre has over alot of park and ride sites. Manchester became the first city in the UK to get a new tram system when the Manchester Metrolink opened in 1992. There are lots of new lines being built.
The city has one of the biggest bus networks outside London with over 50 bus companies operating in the Greater Manchester area around the city. First Manchester and Stagecoach Manchester are the main bus operators. First Manchester also operates three free bus services called Metroshuttle which carry workers around Manchester's business areas.
A big canal network runs though the city, built in the Industrial Revolution, today mainly used for leisure. The Manchester Ship Canal is open, but not many boats use it.
Twin cities.
Manchester has twinning plans (or "friendship agreements") with lots of places. In addition, the British Council has a "metropolitan centre" in Manchester. Although not an official twin city, Tampere, Finland is known as "the Manchester of Finland" – or "Manse" for short. Also, Ahmedabad, India became the centre of a booming textile industry, and it got the nickname "the Manchester of the East"."

List of goaltenders who have scored a goal in an NHL game
There have been nine goaltenders who have scored a goal in a National Hockey League (NHL) game. The most recent to do so was Chris Mason in 2006, who was credited with a goal after he was the last player to touch the puck before his opponents put the puck into their own net. The most recent goaltender to have scored a goal by actually shooting the puck into his opponents' net was Evgeni Nabokov, in 2002.

51 Pegasi b
51 Pegasi b, also called Bellerephon or 51 Peg b, is the first extrasolar planet that was discovered orbiting a main-sequence star. It is 50 light years away from our solar system in the constellation Pegasus. It is a gas giant that orbits around the star 51 Pegasi.

Sirrako Ioanninon
Sirrako Ioanninon is a mountainous Greek village. It is in the district of Ioannina in the north-east of Greece. Sirrako is built at an altitude of 1,150 metres up the Lakmos mountain which makes it one of the highest Greek villages. It is a traditional village with old stone houses whose main characteristic is that they have slate roofs.
The Greek famous poet Kostas Krystallis came from Sirraco.

Cryptographic protocol
A cryptographic protocol (also known as encryption protocol or security protocol) is an abstract or an existing protocol that performs a security-related function and applies cryptographic methods.
A protocol describes how the cryptographic algorithms should be used to secure information. The description of a protocol must includes details about all data structures and representations, and all details about how to utilize the protocol by programs.
The term "cryptographic protocol" is used in different ways. For example, cryptographic "application" protocols often use one or more underlying Key-agreement protocols which are also sometimes themselves referred to as "cryptographic protocols", like the Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) which uses what is known as the Diffie-Hellman key exchange, Diffie-Hellman may be seen as a complete "cryptographic protocol" in itself for other applications.

List of Greek islands
This is a list of islands that are part of Greece. They are shown in order of size.

Religious persecution
At present Iran and India are two countries where incidents of religious persecution are periodically reported. For example in case of India, the United States Department of State in its annual human rights report for 2006 noted attacks against the people of religious groups who are small in number. State Department's annual reports on religious freedom for 2007 expressed concern over organized societal attacks against religious minority in India. Some state governments in India have been accused of not effectively prosecuting those who attack religious minorities. In Iran, Bahá'í Faith is banned.

Persecution of Christians
Persecution of Christians is the religious persecution of Christians. Persecution of Christians exists in many countries which include India, Iran, Pakistan, Nigeria, Afghanistan, Burma, Lebanon, Syria, Sri Lanka etc.

Religious violence
Religious violence means violence against a group of people of one religion by a group of people of another region. This type of violence is religiously motivated.
The September 11 attacks are example of religious violence. In India, incident of religious violence have periodically occured since independence. the United States Department of State in its annual human rights report for 2006 noted attacks against the people of religious groups who are small in number. State Department's annual reports on religious freedom for 2007 expressed concern over organized societal attacks against religious minority in India. Some state governments in India have been accused of not effectively prosecuting those who attack religious minorities.

Tollywood
Telugu Cinema (Telugu: తెలుగు సినీపరిశ్రమ), refers to the cinema in Telugu language, sometimes referred as Tollywood, a portmanteau of "Telugu" and "Hollywood".
Tollywood (Bengali:টলিউড) refers to the Kolkata (Calcutta) based Bengali film industry in the Republic Of India. The origins of that name, Tollywood a portmanteau of the words Tollygunge and Hollywood are disputed.

Sandalwood
Sandalwood is a nice-smelling wood and also the oil made from it. It is used for perfume and medicine. They are found in India, Australia, Indonesia, and the Pacific Islands. Its genus is "Santalum". In Indonesia and Malaysia, its local name is "Cendana".

Kollywood
The Tamil film industry is the filmmaking industry of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is based in the Kodambakkam district of Chennai, India where several Tamil language feature films are largely produced. It is also colloquially known as Kollywood (Tamil: கோலிவுட் kōlivūṭ), a portmaneau of the words Kodambakkam and Hollywood.

Oriya film industry
Oriya Film Industry or Ollywood refers to the Bhubaneswar and Cuttack based Oriya film industry in the Republic Of India. The origins of that name are disputed, called Ollywood a portmanteau of the words Oriya and Hollywood.

Mollywood
Malayalam cinema refers to films made in the Indian state of Kerala in the Malayalam language.

Teri Yaad (movie)
Teri Yaad is the first-ever feature film released in Pakistan after the partition of India on 7 August 1948, on Eid day. It was the first film released after the birth of Pakistan, but certainly not the first to be produced indigenously in the newly-found land.

The Bird and the Bee Sides
The bird and the bee sides is a 2008 album released by Relient K on July 2nd.
The album contains 13 new songs, and many of their B sides and unreleased songs. A few other songs could be found from scavenger hunt that the band encouraged fans to do. You had to solve the Puzzle
It's the first album to feature their current drummer, Ethan Luck.

Mukh O Mukhosh
Mukh O Mukhosh (Bengali: মুখ ও মুখোশ) (The Face and the Mask) (1956) was the first Bengali language feature film to be made in the former (East Pakistan region). It was produced by Iqbal Films and directed by Abdul Jabbar Khan. The movie was released in East Pakistan on 3 August 1956. It was released in Dacca, Chittagong, Narayanganj, and Khulna. The movie was a great success as viewers thronged to watch the first movie to be made in the region. It earned a total of Rs. 48,000 during its initial run.

Livadeia
Livadeia is a Greek town. It is in the district of Voiotia in central Greece and its population is 21.385. Livadeia is the capital of Voiotia and it is built on a plane, near Kopaida plane. The distance between Athens and Livadeia is 136 Km. North of livadeia is mountain Parnassos and west of Livadeia is mountain Elikonas. In the east and south of Livadeia is the plane of Kopaida. Near Livadeia there is Orchomenos and Cheronia which are historical places.
History of Livadeia.
In antiquity, Livadeia was one of the Voiotian towns. Voiotians were an ancient greek tribe which was a branch of the Dorieis' tribe. In Livadeia there was an oracle which was known by the name Trofonion. The Trofonion oracle was very important, although not as important as the Delfi oracle which was located nearby in the north. During the middle ages Livadeia was an unimportant town until thirteenth century when it became the capital of Catalonian knights. The Catalonian knights had conquered the central Greece when they won the Lombard knights in a battle. Later the district was conquered by Turks.
During the Turkish period, Livadeia was an important town of central Greece. There was a castle, and a guard. The residents were all with Greek origin. Later during the revolution of the Greek against Turks in 1821, Livadeia had an significant role. Livadeia was liberated in 1830 when Greece became an independent state.
Sights of Livadeia.
The most interesting sight of Livadeia is the springs of Krya. These springs are in the edge of the town and they are very beautiful. A river start from these springs whose name is Erkyna. In Livadeia there are some old beautiful houses and an old big clock above the town.
Municipality of Livadeia.
Livadeia is a capital of the Livadeia's municipality. In this municipality, apart from Livadeia belong the villages Romeiko, Lafysti, Tsoukalades and Zeriki.

1840-1849 Atlantic hurricane seasons
Atlantic hurricane seasons
1820s 1830s 1840s 1850s 1860s The decade of 1840s featured the 1840–1849 Atlantic hurricane seasons. While info for every storm that happened is not available, some parts of the coastline were had enough people to give info of hurricane happenings. Each season was an ongoing event in the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation in the Atlantic basin. Most tropical cyclone formation is between June 1 and November 30.
1840 Atlantic hurricane season.
I. On June 19, a tropical storm hit near Lake Charles, Louisiana.
II. A hurricane hit near the mouth of the Rio Grande, destroying villages and causing flooding.
1841 Atlantic hurricane season.
I. A strong tropical storm hit the Florida Panhandle on September 14.
II. An intense hurricane remained offshore of the Carolinas in early October. It moved northeastward, entraining cold air into its circulation. It became an extratropical storm, and hit New England on October 3. It led to a storm of snow and sleet in Connecticut, bringing drifts of up to of snow in some areas. The storm wrecked the Georges Bank fishing fleet which drowned 81 fishermen and knocked down trees, tore roofs off houses and forced boats to go up on shore. The storm also destroyed a saltworks factory along Cape Cod, sending the economy to a slump. In 1842, a monument was erected to remember the sailors and fishermen lost at sea to the "October Gale" of 1841.
III. In October, a hurricane hit Cuba, crossing near Havana. After crossing the island, it passed by the Florida Keys, bringing them heavy rain but remaining offshore.
1842 Atlantic hurricane season.
I. A major hurricane hit near Portsmouth, North Carolina on July 12. Two ships were capsized, killing their entire crews. It continued across Virginia, dissipating over Maryland.
II. On August 2, a tropical storm hit Northeastern Florida.
III. A second North Carolina hurricane hit Ocracoke, North Carolina on August 24, drowing livestock and washing away homes. In addition, it sank three ships, causing at least 8 deaths.
IV. A westward moving hurricane, nicknamed "Antje's" hurricane after a schooner of the same name that was dismasted by the storm. The cyclone moved across the Florida Keys on September 4. It continued westward across the Gulf of Mexico, hitting between Matamoros and Tampico, Mexico. Its unusual westward movement, also seen by a hurricane in 1932 and Hurricane Anita in 1977, was due to a strong high pressure system to its north.
V. A strong tropical storm hit Galveston, Texas on September 17. It caused $10,000 in damage, and killed 40 cattle.
VI. A tropical storm hit the Pensacola, Florida area on September 22.
VII. An October Pacific tropical cyclone crossed the Isthmus of Tehuntepec and entered the Gulf of Mexico. This cyclone may be the same as one of the following two.
VIII. A hurricane passed by Galveston on October 5, causing flooding and the sinking of one ship. It continued eastward, becoming a major hurricane before hitting near St. Marks, Florida. It caused $500,000 in damage before moving out to sea on the 10th. The storm is known as the Gulf to Bermuda Hurricane.
IX. This cyclone was first detected east of Miami, Florida on October 26. It paralleled the coastlines of Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina before dissipating on the 30th south of North Carolina.
X. A cyclone, first detected southwest of Madeira on October 24, passed the island on October 26, moving northeast towards the Iberian Peninsula. It struck southern Spain on October 29, and moved inland as far as Madrid. It peaked as a category 2 hurricane near Madeira on October 26. The storm can be considered an early version ofHurricane Vince of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season.
1843 Atlantic hurricane season.
A major hurricane moved northward through the Gulf of Mexico. It hit Port Leon, Florida, on September 13, destroying the town from the flooding and storm surge. Fourteen people were killed. The town residents moved the town three miles (5 km) northward to New Port, now called Newport, Florida.
1844 Atlantic hurricane season.
I. A tropical storm hit near Lake Charles, Louisiana, on June 11. It moved slowly northward to the west of the town, dissipating on the 15th.
II. A major hurricane moving through the Gulf of Mexico hit the Rio Grande valley on August 4. It slowly moved through the area, causing 70 deaths.
III. On September 8 a hurricane moved into Florida south of St. Augustine. It moved across the state, emerging into the Gulf of Mexico before turning northeastward and hitting Florida again on the 9th.
IV. On October 4, a hurricane hit Cuba, causing 101 deaths. It moved northeastward, bringing rain and strong winds to the United States coastline but remaining offshore. The schooner revenue cutter "Vigilant", USRC Vigilant, was lost off Key West during this hurricane on the 4th and 5th.
1846 Atlantic hurricane season.
I. A possible hurricane hit near the mouth of the Mississippi River on April 3, causing heavy rain. It is unknown if it was a tropical system, due to the time of year. It is possibly like the Great Blizzard of 1993.
II. A slow-moving hurricane remained offshore of Cape Hatteras on September 6. It pushed water into the Pamlico Sound. When the hurricane moved far enough north, the northerly winds pushed the water back out, creating the Hatteras Inlet and the Oregon Inlet, the latter being named for the first large ship that could pass through the inlet.
III. On September 19, a gale destroyed 11 schooners from Marblehead, Massachusetts, and took 65 lives. It may have been a tropical cyclone. After this event, Gloucester took over as the center of New England fishing. (Rousmaniere)
Great Havana Hurricane of 1846.
IV. In October, a major hurricane, likely a Category 5, moved through the Caribbean Sea. It struck western Cuba on October 10, and hit the Florida Keys on the 11th, destroying the old Key West lighthouse and Fort Taylor. It headed northward, and on the 13th, it hit Tampa Bay as a major hurricane. As it approached, it sucked the water out of the bay, causing the Manatee River to be so low you could walk a horse across it. The hurricane moved across Florida, and remained inland over Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina. It moved up the Chesapeake Bay, causing extensive damage through Virginia, Maryland, Washington D.C., and Pennsylvania. It caused around 163 deaths, and brought damage throughout the areas it affected. It is known as the Great Havana Hurricane.
---Jay Barnes in "Florida's Hurricane History" actually states that Hector Braden, an area planter, drowned with his horse while crossing that very river in the height of the storm.---
1847 Atlantic hurricane season.
A hurricane hit Tobago on October 11, resulting in 27 casualties.
1848 Atlantic hurricane season.
I. On August 18, a tropical storm hit south central Louisiana, causing damage to cotton crops.
II. A hurricane tracked northeast of the Caribbean Sea through the Bahamas and recurved through the North Atlantic shipping lanes towards Europe between August 19 and September 2. This storm was one of the earliest tropical cyclones to have a track created.
III. A major hurricane, the Great Gale of 1848, hit near present-day Sarasota, Florida on September 25, creating a new waterway now called New Pass, named by William Whitaker as the first person to see this new waterway. It made landfall in Tampa Bay, near Fort Brooke and Tampa, where tides rose and the barometric pressure dipped to. It crossed to the east coast where it damaged houses, caused flooding and interfered with shipping.
IV. An eastward moving major hurricane hit the Florida Panhandle on October 11.
V. On October 17, a minimal hurricane hit the southeast coast of Texas, causing flooding and high tides.
1849 Atlantic hurricane season.
I. A tropical cyclone may have moved into the Arklatex, as there was excessive flooding in northern sections of Louisiana that August.
II. A minimal hurricane moved into the Rio Grande river area on September 13.
III. A hurricane was first detected off the coast of North Carolina in early October. It moved northeastward, passing close but remaining offshore of Long Island. On October 6, it made landfall in Massachusetts, causing 143 deaths.

Jiban Thekey Neya
Jibon Theke Neya (Bengali: জীবন থেকে নেয়া) is a Bengali film by eastern Pakistani filmmaker Zahir Raihan.

Pheray (1949 movie)
"Pheray" was a Pakistani Punjabi film released on August 3, 1949. The film was directed by Nazir. The film was a remake of Indian film Gaon Ki Gori, released in 1945 in India before partition.

Live! Live! Live!
"Live! Live! Live!" is a live album released by Bryan Adams in 1988.

MTV Unplugged (Bryan Adams album)
"MTV Unplugged" is an acoustic live album by Canadian musician Bryan Adams. The album was recorded in September, 1997 at the Hammerstein Ballroom in New York City. Adams was joined by Irish piper Davy Spillane and Michael Kamen who wrote orchestrations for many of the songs and brought students from the Juilliard School to play them.
The album includes only thirteen of the songs recorded at the show. Many more are included on the MTV Unplugged DVD and the song order is also different than the CD.

So Far So Good (album)
"So Far So Good" is a compilation album by Bryan Adams, released by A&M Records in November 1993. The album reached number six on The Billboard 200 charts in 1993.
The album contains hits from between "Cuts Like a Knife" (1983) and "Waking Up the Neighbours" (1991), and a new single, "Please Forgive Me". The only song on the album that has never been released as a single is "Kids Wanna Rock" from "Reckless" (1984).
Originally the song "So Far So Good" was going to be included on the album so the album started and finished with a new song but it was dropped. The song was included on disc two of "Anthology".

The Best of Me
"The Best of Me" is a greatest hits album by Canadian singer Bryan Adams. It was released worldwide in 1999, and in the U.S. in 2002.

Anthology (Bryan Adams album)
"Anthology" is a compilation album by Canadian singer-songwriter Bryan Adams which contains songs he recorded from 1978 through 2005. The two disc set includes songs from 1980–2005. A third disc which was a DVD live concert which was recorded in mid 2005 called "Live in Lisbon" was included in North America for a limited time. All the songs are in chronological order of their release, except the last song on the first disc on the North American edition, which was released in 1999. The album's enclosed booklet has notes about the process of the recordings and the credits for each track.
Release and reception.
"Anthology" co-produced by Adams, Robert Lange and Bob Clearmountain, peaked at number 65 on the Billboard 200. The album was released on October 18, 2005 and features songs like "Heat of the Night", and "Summer of '69". Anthology peaked at 4 on the Canadian Album Chart 29 on the UK Albums Chart and was certified two times platinum in Canada and gold in the UK.
Version differences.
On the first disc, the North American edition has "The Best of Me" as the last track, while the International edition moved the song to the 2nd disc, and had "All I Want Is You" instead.
On the second disc, The North American edition has two songs from his Album "Room Service" and a new recorded version of "When You're Gone" with Pamela Anderson, while the International edition has the Chicane song "Don't Give Up" in place of Chicane's remix of Cloud Number Nine, and a new song "I'm Not the Man You Think I Am" (from the movie "Colour Me Kubrick"), and the original version of "When You're Gone" with Mel C. instead.

Universal Music
Universal Music Group (UMG) is the largest business group and family of record labels in the recording industry. With a 25.5% market share, it is one of the Big Four record labels. It is a wholly owned subsidiary of Vivendi; Universal Studios, the movie studio, was sold in part to NBC, which itself is part of GE.
UMG owns the largest music publishing business in the world, Universal Music Publishing Group, following the acquisition of BMG Music Publishing in May 2007.
Vivendi's headquarters are in Paris, France. In the United States, UMG is located in Santa Monica, California, and New York City, along with Universal Music Group Nashville; in the UK the group has a number of offices in London and Romford.
UMG's record labels have many of the world's best selling artists including Muscles, Aerosmith, Def Leppard, The Killers, Mary J. Blige, Mariah Carey, Janet Jackson, Nirvana, Anberlin, Gym Class Heroes, Enrique Iglesias, Juanes, Wang Chung, Bon Jovi, Queens of the Stone Age, Falco, Belinda Carlisle, Elton John, Eminem, Tupac Shakur, Guns N' Roses, Dr. Dre, 50 Cent, Marilyn Manson, Akon, Chamillionaire, The Jonas Brothers, Reba McEntire, Sheena Easton, Nas, Diana Ross,Barry White, Luciano Pavarotti, Rammstein, Sting, U2, Peter Gabriel, Black Eyed Peas, Nelly Furtado, ABBA, Lil Wayne, Wu-Tang Clan, George Strait, Ashlee Simpson, Gwen Stefani, Soulja Boy Tell 'Em, Maroon 5, Bryan Adams, Tokio Hotel, Elisa, Grace Jones, Paramore, Queen, Rihanna, The All-American Rejects, Kanye West, Ashanti, Mims, a-ha, Amy Winehouse, Simon Music, Hayley Westenra, Fergie and most recently Anastacia, Mika, Tom Petty, New Kids on the Block, Miley Cyrus and The Rolling Stones,Rosenstolz.
Universal Music has announced that it will develop an online site for music videos inspired by Hulu.com, the site setup by News Corp. and NBC that allows free, ad-supported streaming of TV shows

List of awards and nominations received by Bryan Adams
Bryan Adams is a Canadian singer-songwriter and guitarist. He has been nominated for 13 Grammy Awards, and has won two. He has also received awards and nominations at the American Music Awards, MTV Video Music Awards, and Golden Globe Awards. His work on the ' soundtrack won him two awards at the 34th Grammy Awards, including "Best Pop Instrumental Performance" and "Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media". He also collaborated with Sting and Rod Stewart in 1995 for the single entitled "All for Love", which received a Grammy nomination that same year. Overall, Adams has received four awards from 4 nominations.
Adams was awarded the Order of Canada and the Order of British Columbia for his contribution to popular music and his philanthropic work. He was also inducted into Canada's Walk of Fame in 1998. In April 2006 he was inducted into the Music Hall of Fame at Canada's Juno Award, and in 2007 he was nominated for his fifth Golden Globe for the song "Never Gonna Break My Faith" which appeared on the soundtrack for the movie "Bobby".
American Music Awards.
The American Music Awards (AMA) are awarded for achievements in the record industry. Adams has won one AMA, and been nominated for three.
Grammy Awards.
The Grammy Awards are awarded annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences of the United States. Adams has won two Grammys and been nominated for thirteen.
Juno Awards.
The Juno Awards are presented annually to Canadian musical artists and bands to acknowledge their artistic and technical achievements in all aspects of music. Adams has won eighteen awards out of fifty-five nominations.
MTV Video Music Awards.
The MTV Video Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony established in 1984 by MTV. Adams has been nominated ten times and has received one award.
Golden Globe Awards.
The Golden Globe Awards are awarded for achievements in the record industry. Adams has been nominated for five Golden Globe.
Academy Awards.
The Academy Awards, popularly known as the Oscars, are awards of merit presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) to recognize excellence of professionals in the film industry, including directors, actors, and writers. The formal ceremony at which the awards are presented is among the oldest, prestigious, and most watched film award ceremony in the world. Adams has been nominated three times but has never won.
Honours.
Adams has been awarded three honours.

List of Bryan Adams backing band members
Bryan Adams is an Canadian rock musician, who started his solo carrier in 1979 in Kingston, Ontario. Bryan Adams live performances contrast with its in-studio counterpart: although Adams is in complete creative control in the studio, he has typically assembled groups of backing musicians to interpret songs for tours and other live performances.

Rush discography
Rush is a Canadian rock band originally formed in August 1968, in the Willowdale neighbourhood of Toronto, Ontario, currently comprised of bassist, keyboardist, and lead vocalist Geddy Lee, guitarist Alex Lifeson, and drummer and songwriter Neil Peart. The band and its membership went through a number of re-configurations between 1968 and 1974, achieving their definitive form when Neil Peart replaced original drummer John Rutsey in July 1974.
The band released its eponymous self-titled debut album in March 1974, after which followed 18 additional studio recordings, 8 live albums and 6 compilations. As a group, Rush possesses 24 gold records and 14 platinum (3 multi-platinum) records. According to the RIAA, Rush's sales statistics place them fourth behind The Beatles, The Rolling Stones and Aerosmith for the most consecutive gold or platinum albums by a rock band. Rush also ranks 78th in U.S. album sales with 25 million units. Although total worldwide album sales are not calculated by any single entity, as of 2004 several industry sources estimated Rush's total worldwide album sales at over 40 million units.

Witch hunt
In a witch hunt people searched for witches or evidence that witchcraft was done. In earlier times, people could be accused of witchcraft; they were then prosecuted, changed with it and punished for it. In the Catholic Church, punishment for witchcraft was death.
Today, most countries no longer allow a person to be charged with witchcraft; there are no more witch hunts in the strict sense.
When there still were, witch hunts often involved moral panic, mass hysteria and mob lynching. That way, priests would often make a bad feeling in the crowd; those who were a little different might then be seen as witches.
The time when there whic hunts were most common in Europe is during the Early Modern period from about 1480 to 1700. This is the time when there was the Protestant Reformation and the Thiry Years' War. During this time, tens of thousands of people were executed as witches.
Today, witch hunts still occur in many communities where religious values are strong, and where these values condemn whichcraft and other occult practices.
Today, the term "witch hunt" is mostly used to refer to similar practices, where panicked people search for wrong-doers, which are of course not witches. The best known example is probably the McCarthyist search for communists during the Cold War, which was discredited partly through being compared to the Salem witch trials.

Kaneez (1965 movie)
Kaneez is a Pakistani Urdu black and white film directed by renown director Hassan Tariq and produced by Hassan Tariq and Ali Sufiyan Afaqi. It casted Waheed Murad, Zeba, Mohammad Ali, Sabiha Khanam, Lehri, Saqi, Adeeb and Talish. It is a block buster musical family relationship film. Waheed Murad and Zeba played lead roles, and Mohammad Ali played a complete character role.

Armaan (1966 movie)
Armaan (Urdu: ارمان), the Pakistani Urdu melodramatic black and white film, produced by Waheed Murad and directed by Pervaiz Malik. It was the first Pakistani film to complete 75 weeks in cinemas and, thus, became the first Pakistani 'Platinum Jubilee' film. The film was picturized in black and white prints and in beautiful locations of Karachi.

Badnaam (1966 movie)
Badnaam, is a Pakistani Urdu language film, the film was released on September 2, 1966.
Badnaam was based on Saadat Hasan Manto's short story Jhumkay (earrings). It was adapted for the screen by the legendary screenwriter Riaz Shahid. The film was directed and produced by Iqbal Shehzad, It is his debut film as a director. Film Badnaam was stared by Allaudin, Nabeela, Neelo, Ejaz, Diljeet Mirza, Hamid Wain and Rangela.

Chakori (1967 movie)
Chakori is a Pakistani Urdu feature film. This film was released on March 23, 1967 on Eid-ul-Azha Day in Dacca, East Pakistan (now Bangladesh). The film was directed by Captain Ehtisham. It was Nadeem Baig's and Shabana's debut film.

Insaniyat (1967 movie)
Insaniyat (Urdu: ﺖﻴﻧﺎﺴﻧﺍ) (English: humanity) is a Pakistani Urdu black and white film produced by A. Hameed. This film is one of the masterpieces of the director Shabab Kiranvi. The film starred Waheed Murad, Zeba, Tariq Aziz, Firdous and Nanna. This film is one of the hit films of Waheed Murad.

Doraha (1967 movie)
"Doraha" is a 1967 Pakistani Urdu movie. It is a black & white movie. "Doraha" is a classic romantic and melodious movie of 1960s. It is one of the best movies of Pervaiz Malik's and Waheed Murad's careers. At the box office, the movie did not earn much money. It gained more importance after several years. The movie became much more well liked during 1980s and 1990s. "Doraha" was produced by Sohail Rana and Pervaiz Malik. Malik also directed the movie. The movie stars Murad, Shamim Ara, Deeba, Ibrahim Nafees and Talish. For "Doraha", Waheed Murad first casted Zeba, but after her marriage with Mohammad Ali, he picked Shamim Ara. The people that knew Murad knew that Shamim Ara was just a replacement. All the dialogue and songs were for Zeba

Ehsaan (1967 movie)
Ehsaan, a Pakistani Urdu black & white film, was another melodious presentation by Waheed & Malik combination. The film is a melodious love story, starring Waheed Murad, Zeba, Nirala, Rozina, Azad and Ibrahim Nafees. The film was produced by Waheed Murad and directed by Pervaiz Malik.

Zinda Laash
Zinda Laash is a 1967 Pakistani Urdu feature film, directed by Khwaja Sarfraz. Its produced by Abdul Baqi, a Lollywood film starring by Asad Bukhari (Dr. Aqil Harker), Habib (Aqil's Brother), Deeba (Shabnam), Rehan (Vampire), Nasreen (Vampire bride).
Zinda Laash is also known as Dracula in Pakistan (USA title) and The Living Corpse (International title). It is the first movie in Pakistan to be X-rated.

Anjuman (movie)
Anjuman, a Pakistani Urdu colour film, was released on 31 July, 1970, starring Waheed Murad, Rani, Deeba, Santosh Kumar, Sabiha Khanam and Lehri. The film was released during the hey days of Waheed Murad and became a milestone in the Waheed's career. The film was produced by Safdar Masood and directed by Hassan Tariq, a well-known Pakistani film director.
The film was released at the worse political situations of the country. Nevertheless, the film became a huge success, with famous tracks by Runa Laila.
The film won Nigar awards in the categories of best film, best director, best screenplay, best musician, best lyricist, best playback female singer, best editor, best art director and best comedian

Naseeb apna apna (1970 movie)
Naseeb apna apna is a Pakistani Urdu black and white film directed by Qamar Zaidi and produced by Waheed Murad. It casted Waheed Murad, Shabnam, Zamrrud, Tamanna, Nirala and Saqi. It was a block buster musical love story. The songs of the film esp. Aye abr-e-karam... became so much popular among the Waheed Murad's and Shabnam's fans. It proved to be one of the greatest hits in the early stage of Shabnam's film career.

Tehzeeb (1971 movie)
Tehzeeb, is a Pakistani Urdu film, It was released on November 20, 1971.
The makers of this film have been asked to change the lyrics of a reference to Misr might prove detrimental to diplomatic relations with that country. While the line Laga hai misr ka bazaar dekho changed to Laga hai husn ka bazaar dekho in the movie soundtrack, the gramophone records, already sold in good numbers, are beyond redemption.

Sipah Salar (1972 movie)
Sipah Salar, is a Pakistani Urdu feature film it was released in 1972.

Modène
Modène is a commune of 275 people (1999). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Baharon Ki Manzil (1973 movie)
Baharon Ki Manzil is a 1973 Pakistani film directed by S. Suleman.

Mondragon, Vaucluse
Mondragon is a commune of 3,363 people (1999). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Jaal (1973 movie)
Jaal, a 1973 Pakistani Urdu colour film, is a musical and romantic film produced by Waheed Murad and directed by Iftikhar Khan. It was the first colour movie that was produced by Waheed Murad. The film was released on 31 August 1973. It starred Waheed Murad, Nisho, Husna, Shaista Qaiser and Nanna. It was the second film of Waheed Murad with Nisho, first being Mulaqat (released during the same year).

Aina (movie)
Aina, (Urdu: آئینہ) also known as The Mirror, is a 1974 Pakistani film directed by Nazr-ul-Islam. Singers are Nayyara Noor, Mehnaz and Alamgir. The film starred Shabnam and Nadeem in the lead roles and holds the distinction for being the longest running Pakistani film on record. The film was copied by or inspired many Indian directors such as Dharmesh Darshan's Raja Hindustani, Aziz Mirza's Chalte Chalte and Deepak Sareen's Aaina.

Beyond the Last Mountain
Beyond the Last Mountain (1976) is a Pakistani English language film directed and written by Javed Jabbar. Pakistan’s first and only English language film, which was shown at the first Bombay International Film Festival in 1976. It was also released in Urdu version with title "Musafir".

Maula Jatt
Maula Jatt (Punjabi: مولا جٹ) is one of the most popular films in the history Pakistani cinema. It is a Punjabi film starring legendary actor Sultan Rahi in the lead role and with Aseia and Mustafa Qureshi as the villain Noori Nuth.
Maula Jutt was a classic, a film that scored heavily and reached cult status both in Pakistan & the Republic of India. Such was the impact of the film that it was copied by film makers in India and also in Pakistan where several films with the sufix "Jatt" was used. However, no copy of this film could ever hope to match the outstanding dialogues in the film and the chemistry between Sultan Rahi and Mustafa Qureshi.
This movie belongs to a different genre and represents a culture which is so much part of the rural Punjab (Pakistan).

The Blood of Hussain
The Blood of Hussain is a Pakistani film directed by Jamil Dehlavi and released in 1980 (released in February 1981 in the UK). The film was banned throughout Pakistan as the military junta led by General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq toppled the government of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto.

Shaani
"Shanee" is a 1989 Pakistani film starring Babra Sharif, Sheri Malik and Ghulam Mohiuddin and directed by Saeed Rizvi. The film was known for its special effects which were first used in Pakistan.

Argun River (Caucasus)
The Argun River () runs through the northern Caucasus, Georgia, and the Chechen Republic of Russia.

Capitán Sarmiento, Buenos Aires
Capitán Sarmiento is a town in Buenos Aires Province, Argentina.
History.
The town and Partido were created on December 21 1961. It was named after Domingo Fidel Sarmiento, son of former President Domingo Faustino Sarmiento.

Please Forgive Me
"Please Forgive Me" is a single by Canadian rock singer Bryan Adams from 1993. The song was made as a bonus track on Adams compilation album "So Far So Good". It is Adams's only Australian #1 single not written for a motion picture, and also reached #7 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100. "Please Forgive Me" is a slow power ballad written by Adams himself and Robert Lange. The song has an instrumental intro, which is only found on the album version of the song.
Music video.
The music video is filmed in a recording studio and features Adams, his band and a dog.

Children in Need
BBC Children in Need is a British charity appeal. It is run by the BBC. It takes place every year in November. The appeal has raised over £500,000,000 since it started in 1980.
Overview.
Children in Need has been given one evening on BBC One every year since 1980. Events aimed at raising money for charities working with children in the UK were shown. In 2007 over £39 million was raised. £19 million was raised on the programme. In 2008, nearly £22 million was raised on the night. The final total is still to be announced. The BBC also broadcast local fundrasing events on the radio stations and regional television channels. The programme's mascot is called 'Pudsey', or 'Pudsey Bear'. It is a yellow teddy bear with a bandage over one eye. It was first seen in 1985. Pudsey and the Children in Need Logo were changed in 2007. Children in Need became a registered charity in 1989.
Most of the money raised by the appeal comes from people who may have raised it themselves by taking part in sponsored events. A popular event is to sit in a bath of baked beans. Lots of companies also donatio money or benefits. In the past, HSBC have helped with banking and BT have helped with the donation call centres and phone lines. On the night of the seven-hour long television programme lots of celebrities appear to support the cause and ask for donations. Various performances are often given, including sketches and musical numbers. There are also featurettes that show what the money is used for. Celebrities that appear are from both the BBC's own programmes, and also from the rival ITV network. They often appear in character and on the sets of their own programmes. One of the most popular features has been a musical number by the BBC newsreaders. In 2006 they had a "James Bond" theme, and in 2008 it was a "Mamma Mia!" one. The stars of newly-opened West End musicals also perform songs from their shows later in the evening, after the 'curtain call' of the actual show performance for that evening. The total is also show on a screen about every hour. The presenters always accompany this with the phrase "every penny counts" to help to push the total beyond that of the previous year.
Most of the British public support Children in Need, but some have a different view. They say that showing children on television as victims, many of which are disabled, is unfortunate and counter-productive. Changes in society will be better for such children than money and sympathy.
Money that is given to Children in Need is used in lots of ways. When the appeal for the year closes, the money is given to organisations that help children that are at the age of 18 and under. The children that are helped often have mental, physical or sensory disabilities, or have behavioural or psycological disorders. Others live in poverty or deprivation, and some are living in distress, are sexually abused or just neglected.

Have You Ever Really Loved a Woman?
"Have You Ever Really Loved a Woman?" is a 1995 song written by Bryan Adams, Michael Kamen and Robert John "Mutt" Lange for the film "Don Juan DeMarco". The melody is used as a musical motif throughout the film, and the song is featured three times in the movie, twice performed by other artists in Spanish, and finally performed by Adams himself during the closing credits. The Adams version of the song, which features flamenco guitarist Paco de Lucia, is featured on the soundtrack album and also on the album "18 Til I Die". It was at number one for five weeks on the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States, making it the third number one song for the songwriting team, and went on to earn them their second Oscar nomination.
Various women's groups contacted Adams when the song became popular, which led to his publishing a series of books of photos, with all proceeds going to breast cancer research.

Pink Floyd discography
Pink Floyd are an English progressive rock band. Pink Floyd has released twelve studio albums, four live albums, seven compilations, five soundtracks, thirty-five singles, eleven music videos, four video albums and three box sets.
Formed in 1964, Pink Floyd was first known for their psychedelic or space rock music and in later years their progressive rock music. They are known for philosophical lyrics, sonic experimentation, innovative cover art, and big live shows. One of rock music's most successful acts, the group have sold over 210 million albums worldwide, including 74.5 million albums in the United States alone.
Pink Floyd had moderate mainstream success and were one of the most popular bands in the London underground music scene in the late 1960s led by Syd Barrett; however, Barrett's decline in health would eventually forced his band members to replace him with guitarist and singer David Gilmour. After Barrett left the group Pink Floyd released "Ummagumma". The album was released as a double disc, the first disc contained songs performed live the other disc contained the new studio recorded songs. Singer and bass player Roger Waters gradually became the leader of the band in the mid-1970s, until 1985 when he left the group. The band recorded several albums, achieving worldwide success with "The Dark Side of the Moon" (1973), "Wish You Were Here" (1975), "Animals" (1977), and "The Wall" (1979) with all of them topping the american record chart with the exception of Animals. "The Dark Side of the Moon" is the third best-selling studio album in the world (not counting compilations and various artists soundtracks). In 1985, Waters stated that Pink Floyd was no more, but the remaining members, led by Gilmour, continued recording and touring under the name Pink Floyd. Waters sued the remaining members for the rights to the name, Waters lost and the band enjoyed worldwide success with "A Momentary Lapse of Reason" (1987) and "The Division Bell" (1994).
Singles.
a These singles would later appear on the Pink Floyd compilation "The Early Singles".

Port Said Governorate
Port Said Governorate () is one of the governorates of Egypt. It is in the northeast of the country. Its capital is the city of Port Said.

Indus Valley Bullfrog
The Indus Valley Bullfrog ("Hoplobatrachus tigerinus") is a large species of frog found in Pakistan and the Republic of India.

Pahari-Potwari
The Potwari or Pahari-Potwari language (also known as Pothohari or Pothwari; Potwari: پوتوری; Urdu: پوٹھوہاری) is an Indo-European language spoken from the Potwar district around Rawalpindi, Pakistan to the Cease-fire Line (LoC) of Indian administered Kashmir de-facto border in the Mirpur and Kotli district of Pakistan-administered Kashmir, and as well as in Sui Cheemian (Gujar Khan) It is closely related to Punjabi. Dialects include Pahari (Dhundi-Kairali), Pothwari (Potwari), Chibhali, Pindiwali, Punchhi (Poonchi), and Mirpuri. (Mirpuri can also refer to Mirpur Punjabi, a Lahnda language closely related to Western Punjabi.)
There is some dialect continuum with Hindko and the Jhelumi and Mirpuri dialects of Punjabi. Potwari speakers may understand Punjabis both from India and Pakistan, but these groups may not understand Potwari - the reason being that Punjabi is the second-most spoken language in the subcontinent as a whole and in both India and Pakistan respectively whilst Potwari is highly concentrated in the North of Pakistan. Also, Punjab and Kashmir ("the crown" and "jewel", so to speak, of the subcontinent) have always shared strong links on several levels - trade, nobility & neighbourhood.
Every language is a "mongrel" language to some degree or another. Potwari is no different, with the majority of its modern-language roots being connected to Punjabi.

Chris Melling
Chris Melling (b. 21 September 1984, Ashton-in-Makerfield, Greater Manchester) is an English rugby league player. He plays for Harlequins RL in the European Super League.
Chris Melling's position of choice is as a full-back. He can also operate on the wing, in the centres or at hooker.
Melling is a Great Britain international.
Wigan Warriors.
Melling is a former Wigan Senior Academy captain who made several appearance for the Wigan first team.
In Super League 2004 it had seemed that Melling's career was in doubt following a serious knee injury suffered playing for Wigan against Leeds at Headingley. Melling had been seen as a future star before having his season ended by a cruciate ligament injury.
Upon his return to first team action in 2005 Chris made a further 10 first grade appearances for the JJB club before picking up another knee injury requiring further surgery.
Melling returned to full fitness in 2006, but found first team opportunities limited, due to the emergence of Chris Ashton at the club.
Chris Melling moved into the hooking role in Wigan's academy, impressing enough to be voted as the U'21 Academy 'Player of the Year' for 2006.<ref name="League Playing squad 2006/2007">
He left Wigan to pursue regular first team football.
Harlequins RL.
Melling was initially signed as a back-up hooker to Chad Randall, however the Great Britain international has made full back position his own. He has been compared to Wade McKinnon with the youngster being defensively solid and dependable, with an eye for a gap bringing the ball out in attack.
His move to Harlequins RL was to have seen the youngster undergo a positional change with a move to hooker. He had been previously employed throughout the backline, with most of his first team appearances coming as an outside back.
Melling has impressed in 2007, starting games at full-back and throughout the backline and scoring four tries.
In May 2007 Chris Melling agreed to a new two-year deal with Harlequins Rugby League, midway through his first season at the Twickenham Stoop. This will keep Melling in the capital until 2009.
He is seen as the emerging star at the London club, with Harlequins RL investing in young British talent.
Representative Football.
In June 2007 Melling was called up to the Great Britain squad and wore the number 1 shirt in the Test match against France.
Melling was joined in the Great Britain Test side by Quins teammate Paul Sykes.
Melling made his Great Britain debut in the 42-14 victory over the French on June 22nd 2007, despite carrying an injury.
Melling is also a youth level international for England.
Away from football.
Melling is a qualified Physiotherapist after studying at the University of Central Lancashire in Preston, graduating in June 2006. Melling hopes to set up his own physiotherapy practise in the future.

Oriya
Oriya (ଓଡ଼ିଆ oṛiā) is an Indian language, mainly spoken in the Indian state of Orissa. The language is also an official language of India.

Aulaad (1962 movie)
Aulaad a Pakistani Urdu movie. The movie was released on August 3, 1962.

Sangam (Urdu movie)
Sangam is a Pakistani Urdu movie released in 1964. It was directed by Zahir Raihan. The movie stars Rosy Samad.

Diya Aur Toofan
Diya Aur Toofan "(Urdu:" دیا اور طوفان) is a Pakistani Urdu romantic comedy film starring a crazy doctor and the man who falls in love with his daughter. Pakistani reviewer Krid Urshla said in regards to the film, "Mish ahn nekki longua rembran rembronz inhat rembrin", which translates to "simply smashing... A titanic effort... may be the best movie of all time."

Hero (1985 movie)
"Hero" is 1985 a Pakistani Urdu movie. It stars Waheed Murad, Babra Sharif, Mumtaz, Aslam Pervaiz, Saqi, Adil Murad and Nadeem. The movie was produced by Murad and directed by his friend Iqbal Yousuf.

Bulandi (1990 movie)
"Bulandi" (Urdu: بلندی) is a 1990 Pakistani Urdu movie. It was directed by Javed Fazil and produced by Aslam Butt. The movie is also known as "Vantage". "Bulandi" is a Lollywood movie starring by Nadeem, Samina Peerzada, Reema Khan, Shan, Madhiha Shah, Reema and Shaan.

Haseena Atom Bomb
"Haseena Atom Bomb" is a 1990 cult Pakistani movie. It was directed by Saeed Ali Khan. The movie was first recorded in Pashto on a low budget. It was later dubbed in Urdu, the national language of Pakistan. The Urdu version became a national blockbuster.

Jeeva (movie)
"Jeeva" (Urdu: جیوا) is a 1995 Urdu movie. It was directed by Syed Noor. The movie introduced Babar Ali and Resham into Lollywood and turned them into stars. "Jeeva" was also very well liked at the film festivals in other countries where it was shown. The shrine of Hazrat Ayub Ansari (reh) in Istanbul, Turkey was shown in this movie. Nadeem played the title role. This movie was a big milestone for Anwar Rafi who was struggling in many years. Famous folk singer Shoukat Ali sung his only duet song with Madam Noor Jehan

Jo Darr Gya Woh Marr Gya
Jo Darr Gya Woh Marr Gya (Urdu: جو ڈر گیا وہ مر گیا) is a Pakistani Urdu film which starred Neeli, Javed Sheikh, Atiqa Odho, Reema and Nadeem. The film was released in the summer of 1995 and earned major revenue for its production studio. It was directed by Iqbal Kashmiri and was produced by Evernew Studios. The English title is Scared.

Mushkil
Mushkil (Urdu: مشکل, lit. difficult) is an Urdu film which was released on 1995 across theaters in Pakistan. The film dealt with the issue of child-camel jockeys illegally trafficked from the third world into the numerous Arab oildoms. The highlight of the film was the stunning score composed by the late Amjad Bobby. Hit tracks included Dil ho gaya hai tera deewana and Mushkil hai barha mushkil hai.

Sargam (1995 movie)
Sargam is a Pakistani Urdu movie. It was directed by Syed Noor. The movie starring the singer Adnan Sami Khan and his former wife Zeba Bakhtiar. The movie was Khan's first and last movie. He composed some songs with Indian singer Asha Bhonsle. He created 10 songs for this movie. This is more songs than any other Pakistani movie. Most of the songs were very popular. A classical musician, Maharaj Ghulam Hussain Kathak appeared as an actor in this movie. The song "Woh Mujhey" was sung by the popular Pakistani pop singer Hadiqa Kiyani. It was an instant hit for her and increased her popularity.

Chor Machaye Shor (1996 movie)
Chor Machaye Shor (Urdu: چور مچائے شور) is a Pakistani Urdu movie. It was directed by Syed Noor. The movie stars Babar Ali, Resham and Sahiba. The movie was released in 1996. It is a re-make of Punjabi movie "Sohra te Jawai"

Ghunghat (movie)
Ghoongat (also spelled Ghunghat) (Urdu: گھونگٹ) is an Urdu film released in the summer of 1996. It starred Mohsin Khan, Andaleeb, Shaan, Resham and Arbaaz Khan. The film marked Shaan's comeback into the Lahore industry and won the actor many plaudits for his performance as the scheming villain. Ghoongat was directed by Syed Noor and produced by Shezad Rafique.

Deewane Tere Pyar Ke
Deewane Tere Pyaar Key (Urdu: دیوانے تیرے پیار کے, English title: Love Crazy) is an Urdu film which was released in March 1997. It was directed by Syed Noor and produced by Evernew Studios.

Sangam (1997 movie)
Sangam is a Pakistani Urdu released in 1997, directed by Syed Noor staring Resham, Shaan, Salim Sheikh and Sana.

Jinnah (movie)
Jinnah is a film about the life of the founder of Pakistan, Muhammad Ali Jinnah. It was directed by Jamil Dehlavi and written by Akbar S. Ahmed and Jamil Dehlavi. The film was released in 1998 in London, United Kingdom and Pakistan.

1870 Atlantic hurricane season
A good description of most of the storms this season is "short lived."
Hurricane One.
This hurricane was a "short lived" hurricane it's probably the only hurricane to last less than a day other than Hurricane Seven.
Tropical Storm Three.
This was another "short lived" storm.
Hurricane Four.
This was another "short lived" storm.
Hurricane Five.
This was another "short lived" storm.
Hurricane Six.
On October 5, a tropical storm formed south of Haiti. It moved west-northwest, becoming a hurricane south of Cuba on the 6th. The hurricane strengthened fast to its top winds of 115 mph before hitting Matanzas, Cuba on the 7th. After crossing the island, it moved slowly over the Florida Keys, causing 1200 more deaths there. It moved out to sea, last being seen on the 14th. The hurricane, known as the Hurricane of San Marcos or the Straits of Florida Hurricane, caused lots of flooding in Cuba and south Florida, resulting in 2000 deaths.
Hurricane Seven.
This was another "short lived" storm.
Hurricane Eight.
This was another "short lived" storm.
Hurricane Nine.
On October 19 a Category 2 hurricane hit western Cuba. It crossed Florida, and caused 52 deaths. This was another "short lived" storm.
Hurricane Ten.
This was another "short lived" storm.
Hurricane Eleven.
This was another "short lived" storm.

Sandalwood (cinema)
Sandalwood encompasses movies made in the Indian state of Karnataka. Most of the movies are made in the Kannada language, with a handful of them in Konkani or Tulu. Kannada films form an important component of the Cinema of India.

Monrovia, California
Monrovia is a city in California, United States.

Responsible government
Responsible government is a principle of some democratic governments. It has nothing to do with whether a government has responsibility.
In the government of a country that uses responsible government, the leaders of the executive branch of government (called the cabinet) are also members of the legislature. Also, the cabinet must have the support of the majority of the legislature to stay in power. If it loses the support of the legislature, there will be an election or a different political party will make a new cabinet.
Countries that use responsible government usually have parliamentary systems of government. Some examples of countries that have responcible government are the United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia.
In countries that do not have responsible government, the cabinet and the legislature are each elected separately. This system has more separation of powers than a system with responsible government and is called. Some examples of countries that "do not" have a system of responsible government are the United States and France.

Vistlip
vistlip is a Japanese rock band. The band formed in 7th July, 2007 and is currently signed to Delfi Sound and Marvelous Entertainment.

Trang
History.
is the one of the southern province of Thailand.
In the past, the name of trang was Ta-Rang because Ta-Rang is the name from Malaysia, then Thai people didn't like to said Ta-Rang, because it's too long so they mixed it into 1 syllable called Trang. Trang used to be a port involved in foreign trade. It was also the port of transportation. Trang is connecting with Nakornsritammaraj Province. Trang was the first city where rubber trees were planted. Governor Phraya Ratsadanupradit Mahison Phakdi brought rubber from Malaysia and planted it here before anywhere else in southern Thailand in 1899. Rubber is now consider an important product of Thailand. The important Rivers that flows through the province, there are Trang River and Palian River. The rivers flow between the Khao Luang mountain range and the Banthat mountain range. The province has an area about 5,000 square km. It is located on the Andaman Sea, and contains 46 islands together with the mainland area. The most of the area is hills. Trang is the good place at southern to travel. The best time for sea travel is during October to May because another time is raining. When the raining come it will has the storm. Trang has a short history because trang is not the war city or old city. And before Trang is just the community.

Joseph Nathaniel French
Joseph Nathaniel French, Sr. (October 24, 1888 – February 28, 1975) was an architect with Albert Kahn Associates, Inc. from 1914 to 1967. He was the chief architect for the Fisher Building in Detroit, Michigan.
Biography.
He was born on October 24, 1888 in Boston, Massachusetts and attended the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and graduated in 1911. French first married Amie Gertrude Lathe (1885-1921) around 1912 in Boston, Massachusetts. He was put in charge of the last stages of construction on Henry Ford's Fairlane Manor in Dearborn, Michigan in 1913. In 1914 he started work for Albert Kahn Associates, Inc. in Detroit, Michigan, as a draftsman and then as an architect. By 1916 he was living at 2098 Woodward Avenue in Detroit. On June 10, 1921 his wife Amie died, and on June 8, 1926 he married Yolanda Christina Tandberg (1902-2003). Yolanda was the daughter of Thorvald Martin Tandberg (1874-1970) and Alvilde Marie Magdalene Naess (1875-1933) of Norway. She was 14 years younger than Joseph. They had several children including, Joseph Nathaniel French, Jr. While at Kahn he was chief architect for the Fisher Building in 1928. From 1930 to 1932 he worked at the Albert Kahn Associates, Inc. Moscow office with twenty-four other Kahn engineers and architects. One of his projects was the steel work of the General Motors Futurama building at the 1939 New York World's Fair. He worked on the design of the Chrysler plant near Kansas City. He died on February 28, 1975 in Livonia, Michigan. He was buried in Roseland Park Cemetery at 29001 Woodward Avenue, Berkley, Michigan.

The Piper at the Gates of Dawn
"The Piper at the Gates of Dawn" is Pink Floyd's debut album and the only one made under Syd Barrett's leadership, although he made some contributions to the follow-up, "A Saucerful of Secrets". It has been regarded as one of the most influential albums ever made, being a tremendous influence on the psychedelic rock scene of the time and much of what followed. The album has whimsical lyrics about space, scarecrows, gnomes, bicycles and fairytales, along with psychedelic instrumental passages. Special limited editions were issued to mark its 30th and 40th anniversaries in 1997 and 2007.
Track listing.
All songs written by Syd Barrett, except where noted.
40th Anniversary Edition (2007).
A two-disc 40th anniversary edition was released on 4 September 2007, and a three-disc set was released on 11 September 2007. The packaging, designed by Storm Thorgerson, resembles a cloth-covered book, along with a twelve page reproduction of a Syd Barrett notebook. Discs one and two contain the full 'Piper' album, in mono (disc one) and stereo (disc two) mixes. Both have been newly remastered by James Guthrie, and the mono mix is a substantial improvement over the poor-sounding 30th Anniversary CD.
The third disc includes several Piper-era outtakes from the Abbey Road vaults, along with the band's first three mono singles. Unreleased material includes an alternate shorter take of "Interstellar Overdrive" that was previously thought lost, the pre-overdubbed abridged mix of "Interstellar Overdrive" previously only available on an EP in France, an alternative mix of "Matilda Mother" as it appeared early in the sessions, and also the 1967 stereo mix of "Apples and Oranges", which features extra untrimmed material at the beginning and end.

It's Only Love (Bryan Adams song)
"It's Only Love" is a hit rock duet recorded by Grammy Award winning singers Bryan Adams and Tina Turner. It was included on Bryan Adams' album "Reckless" and Tina Turner's live album "Tina Live in Europe", as well as being added to both artists' greatest hits compilations: Adams' "Anthology" and Turner's "All the Best". It reached number 15 on the Billboard Hot 100 in the U.S. and number 29 in the UK. The 12" single included the 1985 live version that would later appear on the 1988 album "Tina Live in Europe".

Tina Turner
Anna Mae Bullock, better known by her stage name Tina Turner (born November 26, 1939) is an American singer, dancer and entertainer. Her success, dominance, popularity and consistent contributions to the rock music genre have garnered her the title, "The Queen of Rock & Roll". She is known worldwide for her overpowering and energetic stage presence, powerful vocals, ground-breaking concerts as well as for her long, well-proportioned legs that are considered the most famous in show business. She was listed on Rolling Stone's list "The Immortals — The Greatest Artists of All Time". Turner is a Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductee, and she is also represented in the Grammy Hall of Fame by two of her recordings: "River Deep - Mountain High" (1999) and "Proud Mary" (2003). Turner has won eight Grammy Awards.

Here I Am (Bryan Adams song)
"Here I Am" is a song by Canadian singer Bryan Adams. The song was written and recorded in 2002 for the movie and was both released on the soundtrack and as a single. The single reached #1 in Taiwan and Portugal. The song won a ASCAP Award and was nominated for Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song.
Music video.
The music video is shot in the American wilderness and features Adams and several women living in the wilderness trying to survive from the thirst, snakes etc. As a reference to the movie a herd of horses is running through the wilderness. The video was directed by Mike Lipscombe and produced by Michael Pierce.

Open Road (Bryan Adams song)
"Open Road" is the first single from Bryan Adams' 2004 album "Room Service". In the summer of 2005, the song was used as the theme song in ESPN's SportsCenter series 50 States in 50 Days.

Ithaca, New York
Ithaca is a city in US State of New York, America. It was named after the Greek island of Ithaca. Cornell University is located in the city.

Ithaca
Ithaca (Ithaka or Ithaki; Greek: Ιθάκη) is one of the Ionian Islands on the west coast of Greece. It is about long and wide. In 2001 there were about 3,000 people living there.
Odysseus was said to be the king of Ithaca in the epic poem the "Odyssey", which was written in the Ancient Greek language. It is possible that this ancient island is in a different place to the modern island.

Clitoral glans
The clitoral glans (glans clitoridis) is a part of the clitoris found on the outside of the vagina.
Anatomy.
The clitoral glans is covered by the clitoral hood, which is attached to the labia minora. The whole structure is attached to the frenulum clitoridis and clitoral body (which is internal).
Physiology.
The glans (head) of the clitoris is about the size and shape of a pea. It is highly sensitive because it has lots of nerves around and on it for arousal. During arousal, the glans fills with blood.

Israeli-Palestinian conflict
The Israeli-Palestinian conflict is an ongoing dispute between the State of Israel and the Palestinians. It forms part of the wider Arab–Israeli conflict. Essentially, it is a dispute between two national identities with claims over the same area of land. Many attempts have been made to broker a two-state solution, which would entail the creation of an independent Palestinian state alongside Israel. At present, the vast majority of Israelis and Palestinians, according to many major polls, agree a two-state solution is the best way to end the conflict. Most Palestinians view the West Bank and Gaza Strip as constituting the area of their future state, which is a view also accepted by most Israelis. A handful of academics advocate a one-state solution, whereby all of Israel, the Gaza Strip, and West Bank would become a bi-national state with equal rights for all. However, there are significant areas of disagreement over the shape of any final agreement and also regarding the level of credibility each side sees in the other in upholding basic commitments.

RPM (magazine)
"RPM" was a Canadian music magazine that had song and album charts for Canada. It was started by Walt Grealis in February 1964 and printed with the help of Stan Klees who owned a record label. "RPM" was printed until November 2000.
"RPM" stood for "Records, Promotion, Music". Sometimes the magazine was also called "RPM Weekly" and "RPM Magazine".

UK Singles chart
The UK Singles Chart is compiled by The Official UK Charts Company (OCC) on behalf of the British record industry. The chart week runs from Sunday to Saturday, with the chart being printed in Music Week magazine (Top 75 only), ChartsPlus (Top 200), and published online on various sites (generally Top 40 only). Around 6,500 UK retail outlets contribute sales data, as well as most UK online digital download stores. Unlike in the U.S., no airplay statistics are used for the official UK Singles Chart. Most UK singles are released in record shops on a Monday.

Grammy Award for Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media
The Grammy Award for Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media has been awarded since 1988. From 1988 to 1999 it was called the Grammy Award for Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or Television. The award is presented to the songwriter(s).
Years reflect the year in which the Grammy Awards were presented, for works released in the previous year.

Bonnie Raitt
Bonnie Lynn Raitt (born November 8, 1949) is an American blues singer-songwriter who was born in Burbank, California. Raitt is best known for her songs "Nick of Time", "Something to Talk About", and the ballad "I Can't Make You Love Me." Raitt is also an avid political activist and has received nine Grammy Awards in her career.

Melanie Chisholm
Melanie Chisholm is an English singer-songwriter and television personality best known as one of the five members of the English girl group Spice Girls, who was nicknamed "Sporty Spice". As a solo artist she has released four albums and was nominated for a BRIT and ECHO Awards and charted at the top of Billboard Dance Chart in US in late 2000.

Chicane
Chicane is an electronic music act, and the project of English musician and record producer Nick Bracegirdle. He was born on 28 February, 1971, in Chalfont St Giles, Buckinghamshire.
Chicane is known for the singles "Offshore", an Ibiza dance anthem included in thousands of compilations in both chill-out and dance versions; "Saltwater", which featured vocals by Clannad member Máire Brennan and is one of the most well-known and popular singles of the trance genre; and the UK number-one hit "Don't Give Up", featuring vocals by Bryan Adams, and also a top ten hit on singles charts across Europe.

LP album
Long play (LP) record albums are 33⅓ rpm vinyl Gramophone records (phonograph records), generally either 10- or 12-inches in diameter. They were first introduced in 1948, and served as a primary release format for recorded music until the compact disc began to significantly displace them by 1990.
The long-playing record is an analog format. The digital recording of sound was only made practical by the technical advances in microprocessors and computing which occurred in the 1970s and 1980s.

Wish You Were Here (album)
"Wish You Were Here" is a concept album by Pink Floyd. Recorded at Abbey Road Studios between January and July 1975 and released on 15 September 1975 (see 1975 in music), the album would later be regarded as one of Pink Floyd's greatest albums and was ranked 209 on Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time list. Its lyrics, written by Roger Waters, concerned the music industry, and questioned the market-oriented record companies' lack of understanding and interest for musicians. The album also pays tribute to Syd Barrett, Pink Floyd's former guitarist and chief songwriter, especially with "Shine On You Crazy Diamond" and the title track itself. The album sold 10 million copies worldwide.

Animals (album)
"Animals" is a concept album by English progressive rock band Pink Floyd, released on 23 January 1977 in the United Kingdom and on 2 February 1977 in the United States. The album proved to be a success in the UK, where it reached #2 in the era of punk music. It was also a success in the U.S., reaching #3 on the Billboard album charts (#1 and #2 were "Hotel California" by The Eagles, and the soundtrack to the Barbra Streisand film "A Star Is Born"). However, it was on the American charts for only six months even though it has continued to sell solidly, to the extent of its having gone quadruple platinum, according to the RIAA.
In the UK, the British Phonographic Industry awarded the album Gold (100,000 units) in 1977. It has yet to achieve Platinum.
Track listing.
All songs written by Roger Waters except where noted.All lead vocals performed by Roger Waters, except "Dogs" with lead vocals by David Gilmour and Roger Waters.

The Wall
"The Wall" is a rock opera presented as a double album by the English progressive rock band Pink Floyd, released in late 1979. It was subsequently performed live, with elaborate theatrical effects, and made into a film.
Following in the footsteps of their previous albums, "The Wall" is a concept album - specifically, it deals largely with the theme of isolation from one's peers. The concept was largely inspired by the band's 1977 tour promoting the album "Animals", with regards to an incident where Roger Waters' frustration with the audience reached a point where Waters spat in the face of a fan who was attempting to climb on stage; this, in turn, led him to lament that such a wall exists. With its significantly darker theme, "The Wall" featured a notably harsher and more theatrical sound than their previous releases.
"The Wall" is a rock opera that centers on the character "Pink". Largely based on Waters' personal life, Pink struggles in life from an early age, having lost his father in war ("Another Brick in the Wall (Part 1)"), abused by teachers ("The Happiest Days of Our Lives"), nurtured by an overprotective mother ("Mother"), and deserted by his wife later on ("Don't Leave Me Now") - all of which factored into Pink's mental isolation from society, figuratively referred to as "The Wall".
In 2003, Rolling Stone magazine listed "The Wall" as #87 in "Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time".
Track listing.
All songs by Roger Waters except as noted.

Space rock
Space rock is a subgenre of rock music; the term originally referred to a group of early mostly British 1970s progressive rock and psychedelic bands such as Hawkwind and Pink Floyd, characterised by slow, lengthy instrumental passages dominated by synthesisers, experimental guitar work and science fiction lyrical themes, though it was later repurposed to refer to a series of late 1980s British alternative rock bands that drew from earlier influences to create a more melodic but still ambient form of pop music.

The Final Cut (album)
"The Final Cut" is a rock album by Pink Floyd recorded at various studios in the UK from July to December 1982. It is the final Pink Floyd studio album to feature the band's bassist and primary songwriter Roger Waters. The album is predominantly the work of Waters, this being the only Pink Floyd album on which the composers' credit on every track is given to Waters alone. Keyboardist Rick Wright played no part in the recording of "The Final Cut" having been sacked by Waters during recording of "The Wall", meaning that this is the only Pink Floyd album on which Wright does not feature at all. David Gilmour meanwhile sings lead vocals on only one of the album's twelve songs, the rest being sung entirely by Waters. The recording of "The Final Cut" was marred by tension between Waters and his bandmates, particularly Gilmour, who has since expressed his dislike for much of the album. For these and other reasons, it is sometimes regarded as a Roger Waters solo album rather than a true Pink Floyd album. None of the album's songs has ever been performed live by Pink Floyd, though some have been performed live by Waters during solo tours. Waters' dominance on the album is most clearly seen on the back cover, which reads: "The Final Cut: A Requiem for the Post-War Dream - by Roger Waters, performed by Pink Floyd".
Track listing.
All songs composed by Roger Waters. All lead vocals performed by Roger Waters unless otherwise stated.

A Momentary Lapse of Reason
"A Momentary Lapse of Reason" is Pink Floyd's 1987 album, the band's first release after the departure of Roger Waters from the band in 1985. The album reached #3 on both the U.S. and UK charts. It was released in the UK and the rest of Europe on EMI and on Columbia Records for the rest of the world.
Track listing.
All lead vocals performed by David Gilmour except where noted.

Mmhmm
Mmhmm is the Fourth album released by Relient k it has other spellings because it's a strange word it's different to the bands previous albums, because it's heavier but also softer at times with the music.
It marks the time where the band became more serious, using fewer Joke songs than before.
Two things should be noted here: It was their first album on their record label capitol records. It was also the last CD which Brian pitman (Relient k bassist) recorded with the band.
The album was released again, and contained a song which was first found on an EP
In 2005, the album was given gold stats, because it had sold half a million copies in america
The album had a few singles which were played only on Christian radio such as High of 75 and I so hate consequences

I So Hate Consequences
I So Hate Consequences is a single released by Relient K from their album Mmhmm it was only played on Christian radio it appeared on their official website for a long time.
The song is very Spiritual and openly menions God and redemption through the song.
When played at Concert usually, the band shortens the song, finishing with the guitar bridge, rather than the piano at the end and final guitar.

High of 75
High of 75 is a single released by Relient k from their fourth album, mmhmm
it was played much on christian radio, and charted somewhere around #30
The singer of this song and the band named Matt thiessen said himself that the song was inspired by the weather in Ohio they couldn't depend on the changing of it.
It might be represented by the music, because sometimes it's urgent and fast then it goes slow and calm, reflecting the weather. Tempo changes were used in a similar way for the Sum 41 song We're all to blame

Aboriginal art
Aboriginal Art is a type of art native to the Australian Aboriginals.

Now or Never
Now or Never is the first song off the soundtrack from. It is about the East High Wildcats' final game of basketball before they leave East High. It was released on iTunes Music Store on September 2, 2008.

What Time Is It? (song)
What Time Is It? is a song off the soundtrack for High School Musical 2.

Last Judgment
In Christian eschatology, the Last Judgment, Final Judgment, Judgment Day, or Day of the Lord is the judgment by God of all nations.

List of Polish presidents
List of the Presidents of Poland (officially "President of the Republic of Poland") and other Polish heads of state since 1918 (people who held title other than President)
Government in exile (1939-1990).
Government in emigration was recognized internationally until 1945

Nepal-Pakistan relations
The bilateral relations between the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal and the Islamic Republic of Pakistan were fully established between 1962 and 1963. Both nations have since sought to expand trade, strategic and military cooperation.

North Korea-Pakistan relations
Pakistan is one of several countries to have diplomatic and trade relations with North Korea. The start of relations between the two countries emerged sometime in the 1970s during the rule of Pakistan's Bhutto regime. North Korea maintains an embassy in Islamabad, Pakistan's capital city.

AEK Athens F.C.
AEK (Greek: "A.E.K. Αθλητική Ένωση Κωνσταντινουπόλεως") is a Greek football club. The team plays in Athens. It is one of the most successful Greek clubs. AEK was established in 1924 by Greek people who left Constantinople (Istanbul) during the Greco-Turkish War. Its first football ground were in Athens' suburb of Nea Filadelfeia.
Titles.
1939, 1940, 1963, 1968, 1971, 1978, 1979, 1989, 1992, 1993, 1994
1932, 1939, 1949, 1950, 1956, 1964, 1966, 1978, 1983, 1996, 1997, 2000, 2002

Progesterone
Progesterone is a steroid hormone. It is made from cholesterol. It is the base for making certain estrogens and androgens. It is produced mainly during the second half of the menstrual cycle. During pregnancy it is produced in higher quantities.

Spontaneous generation
The theory known as spontaneous generation held that complex, living organisms are generated by decaying organic substances.Mice might spontaneously appear in stored grain or maggots could spontaneously appear in meat.
According to Aristotle it was a readily observable truth that aphids arise from the dew which falls on plants, fleas from putrid matter, mice from dirty hay, crocodiles from logs rotting at the bottom of bodies of water, and se same timo forth. In the 17th century these things started to be questioned.
Sir Thomas Browne wrote a book called "Pseudodoxia Epidemica". He subtitled it "Enquiries into Very many Received Tenets, and Commonly Presumed Truths". He published it in 1646. He wrote it as an attack on "false beliefs and "vulgar errors". Scientists failed to accept the conclusions he reached. That way, Alexander Ross, a scientist who lived at the same time as Brown, wrote about it: "To question this he meant: spontaneous generation) is to question reason, sense and experience. If he doubts of this let him go to Egypt, and there he will find the fields swarming with mice, begot of the mud of Nylus, to the great calamity of the inhabitants."
In 1546 the physician Girolamo Fracastoro theorized that epidemic diseases were caused by tiny, invisible particles or "spores", which might not be living creatures, but this was not widely accepted. Next, Robert Hooke published the first drawings of a microorganism in 1665. He is also credited for naming the cell which he discovered while observing cork samples.
In 1676, Anthony van Leeuwenhoek discovered microorganisms that were probably protozoa and bacteria. This sparked new interest in the microscopic world.
The first step was taken by the Italian Francesco Redi.In 1668, Redi proved that no maggots appeared in meat when flies were prevented from laying eggs. From the 17th century onwards it was gradually shown that, at least in the case of all the higher and readily visible organisms, the previous sentiment regarding spontaneous generation was false. The alternative seemed to be omne vivum ex ovo: that every living thing came from a pre-existing living thing (literally, everything from an egg).
In 1768 Lazzaro Spallanzani proved that microbes came from the air, and could be killed by boiling. Yet it was not until 1861 that Louis Pasteur performed a series of careful experiments. With these experiments, Pasteur proved that organisms such as bacteria and fungi do not appear in nutrient-rich media of their own accord in non-living material. This experiment supported cell theory.

Black-necked Crane
The Black-necked Crane, "Grus nigricollis" also known as Tibetan Crane is a large bird and medium-sized crane, at 139 cm (55 in) long, 235 cm (7.8 ft) wingspan and 5.5 kg (12 lbs). It is whitish-gray crane with a black head, red crown patch, black upper neck and legs, and white patch to the rear of the eye. It has black primaries and secondaries. Both sexes are similar.

Ratatouille
"This article is about the French dish, for the 2007 movie, see Ratatouille (movie)."
Ratatouille (; French pronunciation:) is a traditional French Provençal stewed vegetable dish, originating in Nice. The full name of the dish is "ratatouille niçoise."

Die Welt
Die Welt is a German newspaper.
Die Welt was founded in 1946. The founder was the British Military Government in Germany.
In the 1950's the Axel Springer Verlag bought the newspaper.
Die Welt is a daily newspaper. It is conservative and market-liberal.
Actually it has an circulation of about 210,000 newspapers a day.

Die tageszeitung
die tageszeitung, short taz is a German newspaper.
The taz is a daily newspaper.
It's circulation is about 54,000 newspapers a day.
The taz is a left-winged newspaper. It started in 1978 in Western Berlin.
Until today it's published by a Genossenschaft.

Benrath
Benrath is a part of Düsseldorf. It belongs to Düsseldorf since 1929.
History.
The name Benrath came from the "Knights of Benrode".
Benrath was mentioned for the first time in 1222.
The first church of Benrath was built in 1002.
In the 14th century Benrode belonged to the Counts of Berg.
In the time of Industrial Revolution Benrath lied next to an important railway connection.
Benrath grew very fast in that time.
In 1929 Benrath became a part of Düsseldorf.
Benrath today.
Benrath is in the South of Düsseldorf. It has an area of 5.90 km² and 15,900 inhabitants.
There is an railway station in Benrath (Benrath Railway Station). Until the 1980's some long distance trains stopped in Benrath.
Actually it is still a regional station.
The Benrath line.
In the German language the Benrath line is the border line between the Northern German and the Southern German idiom.
The Benrath Castle.
The Benrath Castle is one of the largest castles from baroque time in Germany.
In the castle there is a museum.
The park of the castle is very famous, too.

Wallaby
Wallabies are marsupials from the islands of Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand and New Guinea. They are small- to medium-sized kangaroos. There are 30 different types of wallabies that live in many types of habitats, including rocky areas, grasslands, forests and swamps.
Description.
Wallabies range in size from the size of a rabbit to almost 6 ft (1.8 m) long. The soft, woolly fur can be gray, brown, red or almost black. The belly is lighter. Females (called fliers) have a pouch in which the young live and drink milk. Males (called boomers) are larger than females. Babies are called joeys. They have short arms with clawed fingers. strong, legs, and long, four-toed feet with claws. They can hop and jump with their powerful legs.
Diet.
These herbivores (plant-eaters) eat grass, leaves, and roots. They swallow their food without chewing it and later regurgitate a cud and chew it. They need very little water; they can go for months without drinking, and they dig their own water wells.

Suphanburi
History.
Suphanburi was an ancient province. Researchers found evidence that is over 2500 years old. Artifacts have been found from the Stone Age, Iron Age and successive cultures including the Suwannapoom period, Funan, Aummarawadee and Sriwichai.
The old name of Suphanburi was Tarawadeesrisuphannapoom or Phan tumaburi, located on a bank of Ta Jeen River. In the Ayuttaya period it was a capital city. Suphanburi was an outpost city and an important granary.
Administration.
In the present, Suphanburi is located in central Thailand. It’s 108 kilometres away from Bangkok. Its administration is divided into 10 Aumper, 110 comunes (tambon), and 997 villages that are.
The interesting places in Suphanburi are:.
In Suphanburi has many more things to visit than this.

Sukhothai
is located in the lower portion of northern Thailand. It’s far from Bangkok about 440 kms. There are about 6,596.092 km² of the area.
"North:" Si Satchanalai borders with Wang Chin and Sung Men of Phrae. And it also borders with Laplae of Uttaradit.
"South:" Khiri Mat and Kong Krailat border with Phran Kratai of Kamphaeng Phet. And they also border with Bang Rakam of Phitsanulok.
"East:" Kong Krailat, Si Samrong and Sawankhalok border with Phrom Phiram and Mueang Phitsanulok of Phitsanulok. And they also border with Phichai of Uttaradit.
"West:" Ban Dan Lan Hoi and Thung Saliam border with Mueang Tak and Ban Tak of Tak. And they also border with Thoen of Lampang.
The general weather of Sukhothai is change follow the influence of South-West Monsoon and North-East Monsoon. Seasons are separated into 3 seasons: summer, rainy and winter.
The average temperature all of the year is about 27.6 degree Celsius; the highest average temperature is 33.0 degree Celsius; and the lowest average temperature is 22.2 degree Celsius. The average quantity of rain water all of the year is about 1,208.88 millimeter. There is a lot of rain in the higher portion of province at Si Satchanalai and Si Nakhon.

Thailand attraction
There are many attractive places in Thailand that I want to recommend you. I’m sure that if you come, you will not forget about it.
There are many kinds of animals in the zoo. There are‘Panda’. They were sent from China. Their name are Chuang Chuang and Lin Hui. They are kept in the air-conditioner room. Because they like and get used to cold. When we visit them, We must be queit, we can’t feed it and we also cannot take the photos of them with flash.
Thoong salang Luang the National Park
Thoong Salang Luang the National Park is located on some parts of 3 provinces. They are Phitsanulok, Phijit and Phetchaboon. Thoong salang luang is fillef full by the various types of flowers. The weather will be very cold in the winter and also cool inter morning of summer. Those attract both Thai and foreign tourists.
Khu Khut waterfowl Park is in both Sogkhla and Phatthalung provinces. It’s the place that interested in viewing the birds by the boat along the canal. It costs about 150 baht an hour.

Thai fashion
According to these five musician statues, the women in Tarawadee period always have long hair and put up their hair in a bun or coil, wear decorations, and wear only one cloth and breast cloth. Men have the same hair style, both don't wear shoes.
Lobburee period is as same as Tarawadee and Sriwichai period but Lobburee period wearstriped cloths.
Chiangsaan and Lanna periods are as same as other periods but this period was using more striped and decorate with decorations. So, it's more beautiful than other periods.
The women in KING RAMA V period breast cloth and loincloth, but women who lived in the palace worn pleated skirt. Later they begin to change clothes followed western style because Thailand had communicated with Europe and America.
Before KING RAMA VI Period, women worn breast cloth and loincloth with short hairstyle. Afterwards, they worn sarong with long hairstyle and put up their hair. That's because Thailand was very hot so they changed to wear shoted arm shirt.
In KING RAMA VII period, women usually orn blouses and skirt. There were nothing changed in this period except blouses were changed to shorted arm shirt.
KING RAMA VIII period, women worn blouses that covered the shoulder and worn mini skirt. Later women changed to wear mini skirt and stole. They always worn stole to the party but the short skirt was just popular for a short time. They changed to wear smooth skirt again and until now. There were 8 occassions that women can wear pleasant dress was called " Thai Pra Rat Cha Ni Yom dress ", for example

Beat Crusaders
Beat Crusaders are a Japanese rock band. They are known for wearing masks in public. They do not wear their masks during concerts. There are 5 members in this band. The members are Hidaka Touru (vocals and guitar), Kubota Masahiko (bass), Katou Tarou (guitar), Mashi-ta (drums), and Keitaimo (keyboards). The band started in 1997. Almost all of their songs are written in English. Their music genre is said to be melodic hard core, digital rock, and power pop.
The masks.
The members of the band wear masks because they were once working as office workers and they could not show their faces. After they became well known, they decided to keep wearing their masks. The masks became a trademark for the band. Also, one member says if they keep wearing their masks, they can keep their privacy and it will be easy to live normal lives.

Sound Horizon
Sound Horizon is a Japanese musical group. They released their first major album in 2004 with "Elysion ~Rakuen e no Zensōkyoku~". This album started as the number 14 most popular in Japan. They call themselves a "fantasy band". The band members change according to the song. The composer, Revo is the only person who always participates in the band.

Nishi-Hachioji
Nishi-Hachioji is a city in Tokyo, Japan.

John Vane
John Vane was an Australian bushranger who became a member of Ben Hall's gang. He was one of the few members of the gang to die of old age, and not to be killed.
Early life.
John Vane was born at Jerry Plains in New South Wales in 1842. His grandparents had come to Australia as convicts but his parents were seen as respectable and wealthy. They lived at a place called Number One, which was about 11 miles from Carcoar. He was described in 1863 as being about 6 feet tall, with dark hair and a ruddy (red) face.. He worked as a stockman, looking after cattle and was said to be an excellent horse rider.
Bushranger.
Vane said that he became a bushranger because the police said he had robbed a hotel. The hotel was at Long Swamp and owned by a man named Boyce. It was robbed on February 12, 1863. Vane's brother, William Vane, with James Burke and George Cheshire had already been charged with the robbery. The police let them go when no one was able to identify them as the robbers. Vane said he was scared of the police and went into the bush to hide. He met with John Gilbert and O'Meally, who were members of Ben Hall's gang. For sveral months Vane was a member of the the Ben Hall gang.
On October 24, 1863, the Ben Hall gang went to the house of Gold Commissioner Keightley at Dunn's Plains. There was a big gun battle before the bushrangers were able to capture the house. Micky Burke was shot dead by Keightley during the battle. Vane wanted to kill Keightley for shooting his friend, but Ben Hall would not let him do it. Instead they said that wanted 500 pounds or they would shoot him. Keightley's wife rode to Bathurst that night to get the money. The story of the ride was later turned into a stage play.
Surrender.
In November 1863 a priest, the Reverend M'Carthy met Vane by chance in the bush. He later met the bushranger's mother. They talked Vane into giving himself up. He went with the priest to the Bathurst courthouse, made several statements and was then put into Bathurst gaol to wait for a trial.
Later life.
Vane continued to be in trouble with the police. In 1880 the newspapers reported that John Vane, ex-bushranger, was in court at Bathurst, for stealing 431 sheep. A friend, Terence M'Cann who had helped steal the sheep, was the main witness. Another man, Thomas Parker, tried to stop M'Cann from giving evidence. He was put in gaol for 12 months.
John Vane died in Cowra, New South Wales on January 30, 1906.

Aik Aur love story
Aik Aur Love Story (Urdu: ایک اور لو سٹوری English: One more love story) is a Pakistani Urdu film directed by the Pakistani pop singer Sajjad Ali. It was also the soundtrack to his music album. It was released during 1999.

Guns and Roses -- Ik Junoon
Guns and Roses - Ik Junoon (Urdu script: گنز اینڈ روزز -- اک جنون) is a Pakistani film which was released in 1999, and it starred Shaan, Resham, Meera and Faisal Rehman. Faisal Rehman made a comeback with this film, after taking a sabbatical from the film industry which spanned over a decade. The music was composed by M Arshad.
The movie is mainly known for its soundtrack which included hits like Jeena Hai Jeena Tau Hai, Khat, and Qeher. Tanvir Fatima Rehman produced the film.

Inteha (1999 film)
Inteha (Urdu: انتہا) is a Pakistani Urdu film which was released in 1999 across theaters in Pakistan. The movie was Samina Peerzada's debut directorial attempt, and established the careers of its two leading men Humayun Saeed and Zeeshan Sikander. Both the actors incidentally also made their debut with Inteha.

Kursi Aur Qanoon
Kursi Aur Qanoon is a Pakistani Punjabi film directed by Syed Noor.

Mujhe Jeene Do (1999 movie)
Mujhe Jeene Do is a 1999 Urdu film directed by Javed Sheikh. The film stars Meera, Babar Ali, Sana and Javed Sheikh. The films music is by Amjad Bobby.

Cloud computing
In Computer science Cloud computing is a systems architecture model for Internet-based computing, it is the development and use of computer technology on the Internet. The "cloud" is a metaphor for the Internet based on how the internet is descried in computer network diagrams; which means it is an abstraction hiding the complex infrastructure of the internet. It is a style of computing in which IT-related capabilities are provided “as a service”, allowing users to access technology-enabled services from the Internet ("in the cloud") without knowledge of, or control over the technologies behind these servers.
According a to paper published by "IEEE Internet Computing" in 2008 "Cloud Computing is a paradigm in which information is permanently stored in servers on the Internet and cached temporarily on clients that include computers, laptops, handhelds, sensors, etc."
Cloud computing is a general concept that utilizes software as a service (SaaS), such as Web 2.0 and other technology trends, all depends on the Internet for satisfying users needs. For example, Google Apps provides common business applications online that are accessed from a web browser, while the software and data are stored on the Internet servers.
Comparisons.
Cloud computing is often confused with grid computing ("a form of distributed computing whereby a "super and virtual computer" is composed of a cluster of networked, loosely-coupled computers, working together to perform very large tasks"), utility computing (the "packaging of computing resources, such as computation and storage are provided as a measured service that have to be paid similar to a traditional public utility such as electricity") and autonomic computing ("computer systems capable of self-management").
Many cloud computing deployments are today powered by grids, have autonomic characteristics and are billed like utilities, but cloud computing can be seen as a "natural next step" from the "grid-utility model". Some successful cloud architectures have little or no centralised infrastructure or billing systems at all including peer-to-peer networks like BitTorrent and Skype.
Architecture.
The majority of cloud computing infrastructure currently consists of reliable services delivered through data centers that are built on computer and storage virtualization technologies. The services are accessible anywhere in the world, with "The Cloud" appearing as a single point of access for all the computing needs of consumers. Commercial offerings need to meet the quality of service requirements of customers and typically offer service level agreements. Open standards and open source software are also critical to the growth of cloud computing.
Characteristics.
As customers generally do not own the infrastructure or know all details about it, mainly they are accessing or renting, so they can consume resources as a service, may be paying for what they do not need instead for what they actually need to use. Many cloud computing providers have adopted the utility computing model which is analogous to how traditional public utilities like electricity are consumed, while others are billed on a subscription basis. By sharing consumable and "intangible" computing power between multiple "tenants", utilization rates can be improved (as servers are not left idle) which can reduce costs significantly while increasing the speed of application development. A side effect of this approach is that "computer capacity rises dramatically" as customers do not have to engineer for peak loads. Adoption has been enabled by "increased high-speed bandwidth" which makes it possible to receive the same response times from centralized infrastructure at other sites.
Providers.
Cloud computing is being driven by providers including Google, Amazon.com, and Yahoo! as well as traditional vendors including IBM, Intel, Microsoft and SAP. It is adopted from individual users through large enterprises as General Electric..
History.
"The Cloud" is a metaphor for the Internet, or more generally components and services which are managed by others.
The underlying concept dates back to 1960 when John McCarthy expressed his opinion that "computation may someday be organized as a public utility" and the term "Cloud" was already in commercial use in the early 1990s to refer to large ATM networks. By the turn of the 21st century, cloud computing solutions had started to appear on the market, though most of the focus at this time was on Software as a service.
Amazon.com played a key role in the development of cloud computing when upgrading their data centers after the dot-com bubble and providing access to their systems by way of Amazon Web Services in 2002 on a utility computing basis. They found the new cloud architecture resulted in significant internal efficiency improvements.
2007 observed increased activity, including Google, IBM and a number of universities starting large scale "cloud computing" research project, around the time the term started gaining popularity in the mainstream press. It was a hot topic by mid-2008 and numerous cloud computing events had been scheduled.
In August 2008 Gartner observed that "organisations are switching from company-owned hardware and software assets to per-use service-based models" and that the "projected shift to cloud computing will result in dramatic growth in IT products in some areas and in significant reductions in other areas".
Political issues.
"Clouds" cross many countries borders and "may be the ultimate form of globalisation". As such it is the subject of complex geopolitical issues, whereby providers must satisfy many legal restrictions in order to deliver service to a global market. This dates back to the early days of the Internet, where libertarian thinkers felt that "cyberspace was a distinct place calling for laws and legal institutions of its own"; author Neal Stephenson envisaged this as a tiny island data haven called Kinakuta in his science-fiction classic novel Cryptonomicon.
Although there have been efforts to match the legal environment (such as US-EU Safe Harbor), providers like Amazon Web Services are currently dealing with international markets (typically the United States and European Union) by deploying local infrastructure and allowing customers to select their countries. However there are still concerns about security and privacy from individual through governmental level, (for example the USA PATRIOT Act and use of national security letters and title II of the Electronic Communications Privacy Act, the Stored Communications Act).
Legal issues.
In March 2007, Dell applied to trademark the term '"cloud computing" in the United States. It received a "Notice of Allowance" in July 2008 which was subsequently canceled on August 6, resulting in a formal rejection of the trademark application in less than a week later.
In November 2007, the Free Software Foundation released the Affero General Public License (abbreviated as Affero GPL and AGPL), a version of GPLv3 designed to close a perceived legal loophole associated with Free software designed to be run over a network, particularly software as a service. According to the AGPL license application service providers are required to release any changes they make to an AGPL open source code.
Architecture.
"Cloud architecture" is the systems architecture of the software systems involved in the delivery of "cloud computing" (eg hardware, software) as designed by a "cloud architect" who typically works for a "cloud integrator". It typically involves multiple "cloud components" communicating with each other over application programming interfaces (usually web services).
This is very similar to the Unix philosophy of having multiple programsdoing one thing well and working together over universal interfaces. Complexity is controlled and the resulting systems are more manageable than their monolithic counterparts.
"Cloud architecture" extends to the client where web browsers and/or software applications are used to access "cloud applications".
"Cloud storage architecture" is loosely coupled where metadata operations are centralized enabling the data nodes to scale into the hundreds, each independently delivering data to applications or users.
Storage.
Traditional storage vendors have recently begun to offer their own flavor of cloud storage, sometimes in conjunction with their existing software products (e.g. Symantec's). Others focus on providing a new kind of back-end storage optimally designed for delivering cloud storage (EMC's), categorically known as Cloud Optimized Storage.
Provider.
A "cloud computing provider" or "cloud computing service provider" owns and operates "cloud computing" systems to deliver service to third parties. Usually this requires significant resources and expertise in building and managing the next generation of data centers. Some organisations are realising a subset of the benefits of cloud computing by becoming "internal" cloud providers and servicing themselves, though they do not benefit from the same economies of scale and still have to engineer for peak loads. The barrier to entry is also significantly higher with capital expenditure required and billing and management creates some overhead. However, significant operational efficiency and quickness advantages can be achieved even by small organisations and server consolidation and virtualization rollouts are already in progress. Amazon.com was the first such provider, modernising its data centers which, like most computer networks were using as little as 10% of its capacity at any one time just to leave room for occasional spikes. This allowed small, fast-moving groups to add new features faster and easier, and they went on to open it up to outsiders as Amazon Web Services in 2002 on a utility computing basis.
The companies listed in the "Components" section are providers.
User.
A user is a consumer of "cloud computing". The privacy of users in cloud computing has become of increasing concern. The rights of users is also an issue, which is being addressed via a community effort to create a bill of rights ().

Avant-garde music
Avant-garde music, or experimental music, is a type of music that is meant to push the boundaries of "what music is." It started in the 1940s and 1950s after World War II. Some famous avant-garde composers were John Cage, Karlheinz Stockhausen, and Henry Cowell.
4' 33".
This was a song written by John Cage that is 4 minutes and 33 seconds of complete silence. It is meant to make the audience listen to the sounds around them.
Revolution 9.
This is a song by the popular English rock band The Beatles. It appeared on their album "The Beatles", also known as "The White Album" (released in 1968.) "Revolution 9" is over 8 minutes of random sounds, and someone repeatedly saying "number 9...number 9...number 9...number 9..." It was mostly the work of John Lennon and his wife, Yoko Ono.
Hey Foxymophandlemama, That's Me.
This is a song by the American grunge band Pearl Jam. It is the last song on their third album "Vitalogy", released in 1994. It is over seven minutes long. It is made up of conversations between mental patients in asylums, and psychiatrists, with distorted bass guitar and drums laid over them.

Red Deer
The Red Deer is one of the largest deer species. The Red Deer lives in most of Europe, the Caucasus Mountains region, Asia Minor and parts of western and central Asia. They can also be found in the Atlas Mountains region between Algeria and Tunisia in northwestern Africa. They are the only species of deer in Africa. Red Deer have been introduced to other areas including Australia, New Zealand and Argentina. In many parts of the world the meat (venison) from Red Deer is widely used as a food source.

Almond tree
The Almond ("Prunus dulcis", syn. "Prunus amygdalus Batsch.", "Amygdalus communis L.", "Amygdalus dulcis Mill.") is a species of Prunus belonging to the subfamily Prunoideae of the family Rosaceae; within Prunus, it is classified in the subgenus Amygdalus, told apart from the other subgenera by the wavy seed shell. An almond is also the seed of this tree. Botanically, the almond seed or fruit is not a true nut, but a drupe.

Lisa Gerrard
Lisa Gerrard (born April 12, 1961) is an Australian musician, singer and composer who rose to fame as part of the group Dead Can Dance with former music partner Brendan Perry.
Gerrard received a Golden Globe award and an Academy Award nomination for the score for the 2000 film "Gladiator" on which she teamed up with Hans Zimmer.
Voice.
Lisa Gerrard is a contralto vocalist. Her vocal range was once described as rich, jaw-dropping, unique, deep, dark and mournful. Gerrard's vocal range changes from a contralto to a mezzo-soprano on such songs as, "The Host of Seraphim" and, "Elegy".
On the other songs, "Sanvean" and "Sacrifice", Gerrard performs in the deep contralto range.

Stop sign
The stop sign is a sign which is often met at crossroads, when a road hasn't traffic lights. This sign instruct the drivers to stop when they reach the crossroad. They can only proceed when the road ahead is empty. Otherwise they must wait to pass the others vehicles. When the other vehicle have passed, the driver can proceed. This sign is one of the most significant and known signs of road traffic
Variants for the stop sign.
The stop sign isn't common in every country. In some countries the stop sign is also written in the local language for example in Quebec (Canada), Japan etc. Some decades ago a different symbol was used to indicate the stop sign.

Salwar kameez
Salwar kameez (also spelled shalwar kameez or shalwar qameez) is a traditional dress worn by both women and men in Southern Asia. Salvars or shalvars are loose pajama-like trousers. The legs are wide at the top, and narrow at the bottom. The kameez is a long shirt or tunic. The side seams (known as the chaak) are left open below the waist-line, which gives the wearer greater freedom of movement. It is the most common dress for men in Pakistan and Afghanistan.

Zayin
Zayin is the seventh letter of the Hebrew alphabet.

Resh
Resh is the twentieth letter of the Hebrew alphabet.

Ocimum tenuiflorum
Ocimum tenuiflorum (also known as "Ocimum sanctum", Tulsi, Tulasī (तुलसी‌) in Sanskrit and Hindi, (തുളസി) in Malayalam, (துளசி) in Tamil, (ತುಳಸಿ) in Kannada, Maduruthala in Sinhalese) is an plant in the family Lamiaceae. It is also called Holy Basil.

Allspice
Allspice (also called Jamaica pepper, Kurundu, Myrtle pepper, pimento, or newspice) is a spice which is the dried unripe fruit of the "Pimenta dioica" plant, a tree native to the West Indies, southern Mexico and Central America.

Northern Cardinal
The Northern Cardinal "(Cardinalis cardinalis)" is a North American bird in the Cardinal family. It is found from southern Canada through the eastern United States from Maine to Texas and south through Mexico to northern Guatemala and Belize. It is found in woodlands, gardens, shrublands, and swamps.

Peony
The peony or paeony (Paeonia) is the only genus in the flowering plant family Paeoniaceae. They are native to Asia, southern Europe and western North America.

American tulip tree
American tulip tree ("Liriodendron tulipifera"), also called tulip poplar or yellow poplar is a type of tree. It is one of the two species in the genus "Liriodendron". "L. tulipifera" can be found in Eastern North America. The tree can grow to over. It often has no limbs until it reaches 25-30 m (80-100 feet) in height. This makes it a good tree for timber.

ActionScript
ActionScript is a scripting language similar to Javascript. It is used for Adobe Flash and Adobe Flex.

Sean Kingston
Kisean Anderson (born February 3, 1990) better known by his stage name Sean Kingston'", is a Jamaican reggae singer and rapper.

Galaga
"Galaga" is a sci-fi arcade game released by Namco in 1981.

Funker Vogt
Funker Vogt is a German aggrotech band, formed by Gerrit Thomas and Jens Kästel in 1995.

Metropolis Records
Metropolis Records is a Philadelphia, Pennsylvania based record label, distributor, and mail-order store specializing in the electro-industrial, synthpop, futurepop, darkwave, and gothic musical genres.
Artists signed.
Many of the bands on Metropolis are signed to European labels for their European releases while releasing albums in North America through Metropolis.

Apoptygma Berzerk
Apoptygma Berzerk is a Norwegian musical group. They have achieved success with a brand of upbeat and danceable synthpop, winning awards and top-10 spots in Germany and Scandinavia. Apoptygma Berzerk (abbreviated to APB or Apop) has toured Europe, North America, and Israel with bands such as VNV Nation, Beborn Beton and Icon of Coil.

VNV Nation
VNV Nation are an electronic music band originally from Wexford and London, now based in Hamburg, that combines elements of trance, synthpop and electronic body music (EBM), into what they call futurepop. Earlier works also include some electro-industrial influences. The members are Ronan Harris and Mark Jackson.
Origin of their name.
The "VNV" in the name stands for Victory, not Vengeance, in keeping with the group's motto, "One should strive to achieve; not sit in bitter regret."

Synthpop
Synthpop is a subgenre of New Wave and pop music in which the synthesizer is the main musical instrument. It is most closely associated with the era between the late 1970s and early to middle 1980s, although it has continued to exist and develop ever since.

Futurepop
Futurepop is an electronic dance music genre, incorporating influences from synthpop (like song structure and vocal style), uplifting trance (grandiose and arpeggiated synthesizer melodies), and EBM. The term was coined by Ronan Harris (of VNV Nation) and Stephan Groth (of Apoptygma Berzerk) while attempting to describe the style of music their bands produced.

Blutengel
Blutengel () is a German futurepop musical group with a gothic appearance. It was formed by singer Chris Pohl after he had to leave Seelenkrank due to contract and legal problems. The lyrics are written primarily in German and English and are presented with male and female vocals.
Albums.
Seelenschmerz, Angel Dust, Demon Kiss and Labyrinth come with a hard-box limited edition including a bonus CD and exclusive booklet, sticker and post cards.
EPS.
Limited edition comes with different cover art and exclusive booklet.

The Host (novel)
"The Host" is a 2008 science-fiction/romance book by Stephenie Meyer.
Story.
The main character, Wanderer, believes she's being stalked by "the Seeker" — and also hears a voice in her head that she calls Melanie. But put away your psych textbook. Just because Wanderer is paranoid doesn't mean she's not in a sci-fi novel.
The Host is Meyer's first detour from the love-struck, best-selling teen-vampire novels that have launched a million daydreams and doodles. A race of alien "souls" has nested in the brains of most humans and erased their consciousness. But Melanie will not go gently. She convinces Wanderer to trek into the desert, where her true love, Jared, and her brother, Jamie, live with other survivors in underground caverns. When Wanderer tracks them down, she falls for Jared too — which makes Melanie one jealous psyche.
As in her Twilight series, Meyer is more interested in relationships than in flashy genre conventions.

Polly Adler
Pearl "Polly" Adler (April 16, 1900 - July 11, 1962) was a Russian-born madam and author.
She opened her first bordello in 1920, under the protection of mobster Dutch Schultz and a friend of mobster Charles "Lucky" Luciano. One building she used was "The Majestic" at 215 West 75th Street, designed by architects Schwartz and Gross and completed in 1924 with hidden stairways and secret doorways. Her brothel there boasted such patrons as Robert Benchley, New York City mayor Jimmy Walker, and Dutch Schultz.
The 1989 "Perry Mason" TV-movie "Musical Murder" revolved around a faux-musical based on Adler.

Morse code
Morse code is a type of character encoding that transmits telegraphic information using rhythm. Morse code uses dots and lines to represent the alphabet letters, numbers, punctuation and special characters of a given message.

Chives
Chives are herbs which are related to the onion. Its leaves are used for flavoring.

Premier of New South Wales
The Premier of New South Wales is the leader of the New South Wales government. He or she is the most powerful politician in the Australian state of New South Wales.
The current Premier is Nathan Rees from the Labor Party.

Excitebike
Excitebike (エキサイトバイク, Ekisaitobaiku?) is a motocross racing video game series made by Nintendo. It first appeared as a game for the Famicom in Japan in 1984 for a price of 5000 yen. It is the first game of the Excite series, succeeded by its sequel Excitebike 64 and the spiritual successor Excite Truck.

Morris Iemma
Morris Iemma (born 21 July 1961) was the 40th Premier of New South Wales from 3 August 2005 to 5 September 2008. He was from the Labor Party.

Lukáčovce
Lukáčovce is a village and in the Nitra District in western central Slovakia.

Houbara bustard
The Houbara Bustard, Chlamydotis undulata, is a large bird in the bustard family. It breeds in the Canary Islands, North Africa, Iran and western Pakistan.

Sindh Ibex
The Sindh Ibex or Turkman Wild Goat (Capra aegagrus blythi) is a vulnerable wild goat native to Iran, Iraq, Turkmenistan Pakistan within Pakistan it is the Provincial animal of Sindh.

White-crested Kalij pheasant
The White-crested Kalij Pheasant "(Lophura leucomelanos hamiltonii)" is one sub-species of the Kalij Pheasant (Lophura leucomelanos), western most subspecies of Lophura leucomelanos; western Himalayas in parts of northern India, as well some areas of western Nepal and northern-western Pakistan.

Juniperus squamata
Juniperus squamata (Flaky Juniper or Himalayan Juniper; Chinese: 高山柏 gao shan bai) is a species of juniper native to the Himalaya and China, from northeastern Afghanistan within Pakistan it is the Provincial tree of Afghania east to western Yunnan in southwestern China, and with disjunct populations north to western Gansu and east to Fujian. It grows at 1,600-4,900 m altitude.

Rose-ringed Parakeet
The Rose-ringed Parakeet (Psittacula krameri), also known as the Ringnecked Parakeet, is a tropical parakeet species.

Saludos Amigos
Saludos Amigos is a 1942 movie made by Walt Disney Pictures that takes place in Latin America. It features four parts. It was popular enough for a sequel to be made, "The Tree Caballeros".

Pakistani-American relations
Pakistani-American relations are the transatlantic relations between the United States of America and Pakistan. Pakistan has long been seen as an ally of the United States. However the relationship is an unusual one. Historically, no ally of the United States has faced as many sanctions from the US as Pakistan.

Ghar Kab Aao Gay
Ghar Kab Ao Gey is Pakistani Urdu language film directed by Iqbal Kashmiri which was released across theaters in Pakistan in Eid-ul-Fittar January 9 2000.

Tere Pyar Mein
Tere Pyar Mein (Urdu: تیرے پیار میں) (lit: In Your Love) is a Pakistani film which was released in December 2000. It launched the career of Zara Sheikh in Lollywood.

Electronic body music
Electronic body music (EBM, also known as aggropop) is a music genre that mixes together parts of industrial music and electronic dance music. It first got popular in Belgium.

The Birthday Massacre
The Birthday Massacre is a synthpop band, based in Toronto, Canada. The band was officially formed in 1999, known at that time as Imagica, a name taken from a novel by Clive Barker.

Clive Barker
Clive Barker (born 5 October 1952) is an English author, movie director and visual artist.

Hellraiser
"Hellraiser" is a 1987 British horror film exploring the themes of sadomasochism, pain as a source of pleasure, and morality under duress and fear. It is based on the novella "The Hellbound Heart" by Clive Barker, who also wrote the screenplay and directed the film.
"Hellraiser" was number 19 on the cable channel Bravo's list of the "100 Scariest Movie Moments".

Sesame
Sesame ("Sesamum indicum") is a flowering plant in the genus "Sesamum".

Pedaliaceae
Pedaliaceae (pedalium family or sesame family) is a flowering plant in the Scrophulariales family.
Sesame, "Sesamum indicum", is the source of sesame seeds.

Komodo dragon
The Komodo dragon ("Varanus komodoensis") is a species of lizard that lives in the islands of Komodo, Rinca, Flores, Gili Motang, and Gili Dasami, in central Indonesia. A monitor lizard, it is the largest living species of lizard, growing to an average length of 2–3 meters (approximately 6.5–10 ft) and weighing around 70 kilograms (154 lb). Their large size is due to the fact that there are no other carnivorous mammals to fill the niche on the islands where they live, and also to the Komodo dragon's low metabolic rate. As a result of their size, these lizards dominating the ecosystems in which they live. Although Komodo dragons eat mostly carrion, they will also hunt and ambush prey including invertebrates, birds, and mammals.
Mating begins between May and August, and the eggs are laid in September. About twenty eggs are deposited in abandoned megapode nests and incubated for seven to eight months, hatching in April, when insects are most plentiful. Young Komodo dragons live in trees, where they are safe from predators and adult Komodo dragons. They take around three to five years to mature, and may live as long as fifty years. They are capable of parthenogenesis, in which a female gives birth without male fertilization.
Komodo dragons were discovered by Western scientists in 1910. Their large size and fearsome looks makes them popular zoo exhibits. They are listed as vulnerable by the IUCN and protected under Indonesian law. A national park, Komodo National Park, was created to help protect Komodo dragons.
The Komodo dragon can also be called the Komodo Monitor or the Komodo Island Monitor in science books and journals, although this is not very common. The people who live in Komodo Island call it the "ora", "buaja durat" (land crocodile) or "biawak raksasa" (giant monitor).
Evolution.
The evolutionary development of the Komodo dragon starts with the "Varanus" genus, which evolved in Asia about 40 million years ago and moved down to Australia. Around 15 million years ago, Australia and Southeast Asia crashed into each other, allowing the lizards to move into what is now the Indonesia. The Komodo dragon is believed to have evolved from its Australian ancestors 4 million years ago, living as far east as the island of Timor. The Ice Age created great sea level changes that left the Komodo dragons stranded on the islands in which they live today. It is believed that the Komodo Dragon was once a fire breathing dragon. Resent research has discovered that fossils of these great creatures had glands on their ears.
Description.
In the wild, an adult Komodo dragon usually weighs around 70 kilograms (154 lb), but captive Komodo dragons often weigh more. The largest wild one ever measured was 3.13 meters (10 ft 3 in) long and weighed 166 kilograms (365 lb). The Komodo dragon has a tail as long as their body, as well as about 60 sharp teeth that can grow up to 2.5 centimeters (1 inch) in length. Its saliva is red because its teeth are almost completely covered by their gums; when they eat, their teeth cut their gums and cause them to bleed. This creates an ideal culture for the virulent bacteria that live in its mouth. It also has a long, yellow, forked tongue.
Senses.
The Komodo dragon is not very good at hearing, even though its earholes are easy to see. It is able to see as far away as 300 meters (985 feet), but it is thought to have poor night vision. The Komodo dragon is able to see in color, but has trouble seeing objects that do not move.
The Komodo dragon uses its tongue to taste and smell, something that many other reptiles do. They can do this with an organ called the Jacobson's organ. With the help of a good wind, they may be able to smell carrion from 4–9.5 kilometres (2.5–6 mi) away. The Komodo dragon nostrils are not very useful for smelling, because it does not have a diaphragm. It only has a few taste buds in the back of its throat. Its scales have special sensory plaques connected to nerves that gives it its sense of touch. The scales around its ears, lips, chin, and soles of the feet may have three or more sensory plaques.
Ecology.
The Komodo dragon prefers hot and dry places, and lives in dry open grassland, savanna, and tropical forest on lower land. It is most active in the day because it is cold-blooded, although it is sometimes active at night. Komodo dragons live alone, coming together only to breed and eat. They can sprint up to 20 kilometers per hour (12.4 mph), dive up to 4.5 metres (15 ft), and, when they are young, climb trees with their strong claws. To catch prey that is out of reach, the Komodo dragon may stand on its hind legs and use its tail as a support. As the Komodo dragon grows bigger, its claws are used mostly as weapons, because it is too big to climb trees well.
For shelter, the Komodo dragon digs holes that can measure from 1–3 metres (3–10 ft) wide with its powerful legs and claws. Because of its large size and habit of sleeping in these burrows, it is able to keeps itself warm through the night. The Komodo dragon usually hunts in the afternoon, but stays in the shade during the hottest part of the day. Komodo dragons have special resting places on ridges that catch cool sea breezes.
Diet.
Komodo dragons are carnivores, which means that they eat meat. Although they eat mostly carrion (dead animals), they will also ambush live prey. When prey goes by a Komodo dragon, it will suddenly charge at the animal and go for the belly or the throat. It is able to locate its prey using its keen sense of smell, which can locate a dead or dying animal up to 9.5 kilometers (6 miles) away.
Komodo dragons eat by tearing large chunks of flesh and swallowing them whole. For smaller prey up to the size of a goat, its flexible jaws, skull, and expandable stomach allow it to swallow its prey whole. Everything is eaten except for the plant remains in its prey's stomach and intestines. The Komodo dragons produces much saliva to help lubricate the food, but swallowing still takes a long time (15–20 minutes to swallow a goat). Komodo dragons may attempt to speed up its swallowing by ramming the carcass against a tree to force it down its throat, sometimes hitting the tree so hard that it gets knocked down. To prevent itself from suffocating while swallowing, it breathes using a small tube under the tongue that connects to the lungs. Komodo dragons can eat up to 80 percent of its body weight in one meal. After swallowing its food, it drags itself to a sunny location to speed up digestion so the food does not rot and poison the dragon. Large dragons can survive on as little as 12 meals a year. After digestion, the Komodo dragon regurgitates horns, hair, and teeth covered in smelly mucus. After regurgitating, it rubs its face in the dirt or on bushes to get rid of the mucus, suggesting that it, like humans, does not appreciate the smell.
The largest animals generally eat first, while the smaller ones follow. Dragons of equal size may wrestle each other. Losers usually run away, although sometimes they are chased and eaten by the winners.
The Komodo dragon's diet includes invertebrates, other reptiles (including smaller Komodo dragons), birds, bird eggs, small mammals, monkeys, wild boars, goats, deer, horses, and water buffalos. Young Komodo dragons will eat insects, eggs, geckoes, and small mammals. Occasionally Komodo dragons consume humans and human corpses, digging up bodies from their graves to do so. As a result, the villagers of Komodo moved their graves from sandy to clay ground and piled rocks on top of graves to prevent the lizards from digging them up. The Komodo dragon may have evolved to feed on the extinct dwarf elephant "Stegodon" that once lived on Flores, according to evolutionary biologist Jared Diamond. The Komodo dragon has also been observed intentionally surprising a pregnant deer, causing it to miscarry so that the Komodo dragon can eat it.
Because the Komodo dragon does not have a diaphragm, it cannot suck water when drinking, nor can it lap water with its tongue. Instead, it drinks by taking a mouthful of water, lifting its head, and letting the water run down its throat.
Komodo dragons have dangerous bacteria in their saliva, of which 57 have been isolated. These bacteria cause septicemia in their victim; if an bite does not kill the prey animal and it escapes, it will commonly die within a week from infection. The deadliest bacteria in Komodo dragon saliva appears to be a very deadly strain of "Pasteurella multocida", from studies performed with lab mice. Because the Komodo dragon appears immune to its own bacteria, much research has been done searching for the antibacterial molecule it possesses in the hopes of human medicinal use.

Organized crime
Organized crime is a group or groups of people, usually mobsters and other criminals, who work to make money in an illegal way.

Pens and Needles
Pens and Needles is a song by American Emo band Hawthorne Heights. It was released as a single in 2006. It is the fourth song on the album If Only You Were Lonely.
Screaming on this song is kept to the bridge, and repeats lyrics from the chorus.

The Singles 1992-2003
"The Singles 1992-2003" is a greatest hits album by the American alternative rock band No Doubt. It was released on November 25, 2003 (the same day as "Boom Box", a box set album by No Doubt.) The album contained all of the singles the band had released at the time, except for "Squeal" and "Doghouse" (two singles from their album "The Beacon Street Collection" that never became popular.) However, it also included two songs that were not singles: "Trapped in a Box" from their first album "No Doubt", and a cover version of the song "It's My Life" by Talk Talk.

Sugar in the Engine
Sugar in the Engine is a song by Hawthorne Heights. It is the fifth song on Fragile Future and is one of the songs that is openly about Casey Calvert.
It goes soft near the end, then Eron says a few things clearly about Casey.
The song is followed by a much faster song.

Nathan Kress
Nathan Karl Kress (born November 18, 1992) is an American teen actor and voice actor.
Early life.
Nathan Kress was born in Glendale, California and resides in Southern California. He acts on the hit Nickelodeon show "iCarly".
Career.
When Kress was young, he would quote lines and monologues from television and perform for his family and friends. He began modeling, acting and voiceover work at 3 years old. At age 6, he took a break from acting, and at about age 10, asked his mom to begin homeschooling him so that he could pursue acting again. He voiced the role of Eizan Kaburagi from Nickelodeon's animated series, Shuriken School. He has also guest starred in The Suite Life of Zack and Cody as Jamie. Kress has enjoyed playing dramatic roles in "House", "Standoff", and "Without a Trace".
In early 2007, Nathan performed in a short film, "Bag", for which he won a Jury Honorable Mention Award at the 168 Hour Film Festival for the role of Albert. "Bag" also won the Festival award for Best Comedy.
iCarly.
On "iCarly", Nathan's role is that of Freddie Benson, the technical producer for Carly's webshow, iCarly. Freddie is a computer whiz kid who has a crush on Carly (Miranda Cosgrove) and an ongoing feud with Sam (Jennette McCurdy). "It's weird," says Kress, "I have to pretend to love Carly and hate Sam when actually we are just all really good friends." He co-stars with Miranda Cosgrove, Jennette McCurdy, and Jerry Trainor on iCarly.

Monster truck
A monster truck is a vehicle usually styled after a pickup truck. It is changed or purposely built with very big wheels and suspension. Monster trucks are used for competition and popular entertainment.
Usually, a monster truck show involves the truck crushing smaller cars under its huge tires.

Harlem Globetrotters
The Harlem Globetrotters are an exhibition basketball team that combines athleticism and comedy.

Burt Ward
Burt Ward (born Bert John Gervis, Jr., on July 6, 1945) is an American television actor and activist. He is best known for his work as Robin, the "Boy Wonder," in the 1960s television series "Batman". The show, which aired on ABC in the late 60's starred Ward as Robin with Adam West as the title character.

Batman (TV series)
"Batman" is a 1960s American television series, based on the DC comic book character Batman. It aired on the ABC) network for two and a half seasons from 1966 to 1968. Even though it had was on shortly, the series had two new episodes each week, giving the show a total of 120 episodes (the equivalent of roughly five regular seasons).

Graduate school
A graduate school (or grad school) is a school that gives advanced academic degrees, such as doctoral degrees with the usual requirement that students must have an undergraduate (bachelor's) degree. Many universities give graduate degrees; a graduate school is not always a separate school. Graduate students are students that go to the school.

SAT
The SAT Reasoning Test (used to be called Scholastic Aptitude Test and Scholastic Assessment Test) is a test for college admissions in the United States. The SAT is owned, published, and created by the College Board, a non-profit organization in the United States, and was once owned by the Educational Testing Service (ETS). ETS now administers the exam.

Lucky Luciano
Charles "Lucky" Luciano (born Salvatore Lucania; November 24, 1897 – January 26, 1962) was a Sicilian mobster. Luciano is considered the father of modern organized crime and the mastermind of the postwar expansion of the international heroin trade. He is the first official boss of the modern Genovese crime family.
"Time" magazine named Luciano among the top 20 most influential builders and titans of the 20th century.

Genovese crime family
The Genovese crime family is one of the "Five Families" that controls organized crime activities in New York City, within the nationwide criminal phenomenon known as the Mafia (or Cosa Nostra). The Genovese crime family has been nicknamed the "Ivy League" and "Rolls Royce" of organized crime.

ACT (test)
The ACT is an achievement test for college admissions in the United States made by ACT, Inc. It was first given in Fall 1959 by Everett Franklin Lindquist as a competitor to the College Board's Scholastic Aptitude Test, now the SAT Reasoning Test. Some students who perform poorly on the SAT find that they perform better on the ACT and vice versa. The ACT test is made of 4 tests: English, Math, Reading, and Science reasoning. In February 2005, an optional writing test was added to the ACT, like changes to the SAT that took place later in March of the same year. All four-year colleges and universities in the U.S. accept the ACT.

Pakistan Declaration
The Pakistan Declaration (titled Now or Never; Are We to Live or Perish Forever?) was a pamphlet published in January 1933 by Choudhary Rahmat Ali in which the word Pakistan was used for the first time.
The pamphlet was written when Pakistan was part of British India. The pamphlet asked that the "the five Northern units of India" - Punjab, North-West Frontier Province (Afghan Province), Kashmir, Sindh and Baluchistan (or Pakstan) become an independent state and not part of India.
After the pamphlet was published the name of Pakistan became very popular and led to the Pakistan Movement. Fourteen years after the pamphlet was published, in 1947, Pakistan became an independent state.

Pamphlet
A pamphlet is a small book without a hard cover or binding). It can be made up of a single sheet of paper that is printed on both sides and folded in half, in thirds, or in fourths (called a leaflet).
It can also be made up of a few pages that are folded in half and stapled at the crease to make a simple book. In order to count as a pamphlet, UNESCO requires the pamphlet to have 'at least 5 but not more than 48 pages' not including the cover page; a longer item is a book.
Pamphlets can contain anything, it may include information on kitchen appliances, instructions as well as religious and political ideas. Pamphlets have been very important in history, publishing a lot of pamphlets can help spread ideas, for instance during the Russian Revolution pamphlets were used to influence people. Pamphlets are also very important in marketing as they are cheap to produce and can be distributed easily to customers.

Pattaya
Pattaya has been a popular place in Thailand for many years, because Pattaya is not far from Bangkok so it’s suitable to take a rest on vacation. And transportation is very easy to go there,it takes about an hour.
Many people know about Pattaya more than Chonburi. There are a lot of places of entertainment,shows, museums, playthings, many kinds of sports, shops and restaurants.
We can separate Pattaya into 4 parts so it’s easy to know.
There are a lot of five star hotels many trees and the atmosphere is very silent.
At the beach there are many chairs, playthings on the beach, plazas, shops, restaurants, etc.
It’s located between south Pattaya and Jomtien beach. There’s a path to the peak.
There’s also a park there. Tourist always go to see the Pattaya view from the peak, it’s spectacular!
It’s 6 km long. It’s 4 km from Pattaya, and you can play and windsurf there.
2. You can go to see Sriracha zoo. It’s near Pattaya.
3. Reserve a Hotel before traveling there. You can find a hotel here» www.thai-tour.com
4. Find fun activities to do such as Banana boats GO CART, PaintBalling, Bungee jumping, and so much more.
5. There is a promenade and some interesting museums.
6. Find some delicious restaurants or fresh seafood for dinner.
7. At night, you can go to see the Tiffany show or tour walking street.
That’s all for one fine day in Pattaya.

Vernon Chatman
Vernon Chatman (born circa 1972) is an Emmy Award winning American television producer, writer, voice actor, comedian and musician. He is best known as the voice of "Towelie" on the cartoon series "South Park".

Thai temple
Wat Phrasri Rattana Sasadaram or Wat Phrakaew is the only temple in Bangkok that does not have monks. This temple is known for Phrakeaw maurakot Buddha image. Phrakeaw maurakot is the image that Thai people respect the most. The image made of beautiful emerald.
The temple was built in 2325 B.E. in King Rama I period. The construction of this temple follow by Wat Phrasrisanphet in Ayudhaya period because Wat Phrasri Rattana Sasadaram is important so there will be renew in every 50 years.
Wat Phracheatupon Vimonmungkraram or Wat Pho is the one of the most important temples in Thailand. This temple has the most pagodas in Thailand. There are 99 pagodas. The important pagodas are pagoda of King Rama I, King Rama II and King Rama IV.
This temple was rebuilt from old Wat Photaram in Ayudhaya period by King Rama I. It was about 7 years and 5 months to finished. And King Rama I change the name from “Photaram” to “Phracheatupon Vimonmungkrawat”. In the period of King Rama IV, he rename this temple again to be "Wat Phracheatupon Vimonmungkraram".
Wat Phracheatupon Vimonmungkraram is the most 24 th popular place for tourists in the world. In 2549 B.E, about 8,155,000 tourists came and visited this temple.
Wat Phra-sri Rattana Mahathat or Wat Yai is the most important monastery of Phitsanulok. It was built in the reign of Phra Maha Thamma Racha I (Phraya Lithai) in 1357 B.E. In the temple, there is the most beautiful Buddha image in the world, Phra Buddha Chinnaraj was establish inside.
The pearl inlaid wooden doors of temple are especially splendid andwere built by King Borommakot in 1756 as dedicate to Phra Buddha Chinnaraj. Behind the temple, there is a large pagoda 36 maters high. Which a staircase leading up to the niche containing the Buddha relics. In front of the pagoda, there is Phra Attharos, a standing Buddha image. Wat Phra-sri Rattana Mahathat Woramahaviharn is open daily from 6.30 a.m. – 6.00 p.m.
Ambestfriend (talk) 04:36, 19 November 2008 (UTC)

Phuket
Phuket is largest island in Thailand, the same size of Singapore. Phuket in Andaman sea on Thailand's Indian Ocean. The most famous beaches are Patong, Kata, Kata noi, Kamala and Nai Harn Beach. There are many activities to, do such as sailing, diving and snorkeling, golf and all kinds of sports and entertainment. You can take a trip with a submarine to see the colorful marine lives.
About 70 % of Phuket is mountainous. The highest peak is Mai Tha Sip Song or twelve canes at 529 m, Which located in the boundaries of Tambon Patong, Kathu Distric. The remaining is formed by low plains.
There are 231,206 people. Phuket's attraction is a center of economic activity. The total population of Phuket always change. It’s depending on the time of every year.
In A.D. 1025, the island presentTamil manikran or crystal mountain but it was known as Junk Ceylon.
Phuket was a way station between India and Chaina.The island have been part of the Shivite empire.Later Muang Takua Talang, it was part of the Srivichai and Siri Tahm empires. During the Sukhotai period, Phuket was assocoated with Takua Pa in what is now called Phang-nga. Theregions of the island’s northern and central. Then were governed by Thai. The southern and western parts were given over to the tin’s trade. After, Ayutthaya was sacked by the Burmese in 1767, there was a short interregnum in Thailand. It was ended by King Taksin. However, the burmese were worry to return to the offensive. They outfitted a fleet to raid the southern provinces and carry off the population to be slaves in Burma. This led Phuket has the most memorable historic event. In a recognition of King Rama V, Phuket became the administrative center of a group of tin mining provinces call Monton Phuket. In 1993, it was change in government from absolute monarchy to a parliamentary system. The island was established as a province by itself.

Yasothon
Yasothon is a town in the Isan region of Thailand. It is far from Bangkok about 500 kms. In the village people grow rice and houseplants. The weather is very hot in the summer (more than other provinces) and the famous festival is Bang Fai Rocket Festival. This festival is really beautiful, every year the visitor from all over the country come to visit this festival. The festival features large home-made rockets, fireworks displays, parades and beauty contests. Normally people have created the rockets for launched in to the sky; they believe that the god will send the planting season.
From Yasothon city of nearby province are Mukdahan, Nakhonpanom, Rio Et, Sisakat and Ubom Ratchathani.

Thai food
Thai Food.
Thai food is known for spicy and hot. Thai people usually eat spicy. The most popular Thai foods are Tom-Yum-Goong or hot and spicy shrimp soup, Fried Noodles or pad Thai and Gaeng-Keaw-Waan-Gai or green curry with chicken.
The popular food in the North and the Northeast of Thailand is sticky rice with Som-Tum or papaya salad and Koi or sour chopped meat salad. And Thai desserts often made from sticky rice or coconut milk, flour, eggs and coconuts, such as Kaao Tom Mat or Sticky Rice and bananas and Bau-Loi Kai Waan or Rice Balls with Poached Eggs in Coconut Milk.
And Thai people like to eat Nam-Phrik with fried vegetables. Nam Phrik is a hot sauce, such as Nam-Phrik Pla Pon is made from dried fish or Nam-Phrik Kapi is made from a shrimp paste and chilli sauce.
Many foreign people like to eat Thai food that spicy and hot. It is always popular for many people.

Lopburi
Lopburi is in the center of Thailand and it's suitable for cultivating. The history had been for a long time. The old name was La-vo. Lopburi was found about in pre-historical period until the Khmers who expanded their power to the town of La-vo dating back from the 10th century and ruled over the area. The administration of Lopburi is divided into 11 districts and 124 sub-districts. The tourist attractions are Narainivech palace, Narai national museum, Pralarn shrine -it's the place where monkeys assemble together, Pasakchonlasit dam, Mahatad temple, Lopburi's zoo, Indian pagoda's shrine, Lai temple, Vichayenn's house -it's the place where the royal government welcome the foreign envoys, the twice rock's village, Vangkanleung's waterfall and etc.

Volkswagen Golf
Volkswagen Golf is a car produced by Volkswagen since 1974. In 2009 it will enter its sixth generation.

Rajputstan (India)
Rajasthan is a state in northwestern India. It is the Indian state with the biggest land area; 132,150 sq mi or 342,269 km² it is bigger than the Republic of the Congo but smaller than Germany. The Thar Desert covers most parts of the state.

Awadh (Uttar Pradesh)
Uttar Pradesh is a state in northern India. In short, people call it UP. Lucknow is the capital city of UP.
The population of the state is 166,052,859 (census 2001). And covers an area of 93,933 sq mi (243,286 km²), it is bigger than the United Kingdom but smaller than Guinea.

Karnataka (Mysore)
Karnataka is a state within the Republic of India. It has an area of 74,122 sq mi (191,976 km²), it is bigger than Syria but smaller than Senegal.
Bangalore is the capital city of Karnataka. Mysore, Mangalore, and Hubli-Dharwad are the other big cities in Karnataka. Places to see in Karnataka are Bangalore, Mysore, Hampi, Bijapur, Belur/Halebid, and Shravanabelagola.
Most people in Karnataka speak Kannada language.
Karnataka is bordered by the Arabian Sea in the west, Goa in the northwest, Maharashtra in the north, Andhra Pradesh in the east, Tamil Nadu in the south and Kerala in the southwest. Topographically, Karnataka consists of the Arabian Sea Coast, Western Ghats, Deccan Plateau, and Eastern Ghats.
Karnataka's history dates back to the 3rd century BC. The succession of able administrators from the Hoysalas, Chalukyas and the mighty Vijayanagara rulers, to the arrival of the Mughals in the 17th century and the British in the 18th century have contributed to the mix of culture and heritage that is as rich as it is ancient.

Assam (Asom)
Assam is a state in the north eastern region of Hindustan and has an area of 30,285 sq mi (78,438 km²), it is bigger than Panama but smaller than the Czech Republic. There is one major river (Brahmaputra) that flows through the length of the state. The state lies on the foothills of the Himalayas. There are two international borders touched by Assam - Bhutan and Bangladesh.

Bengal (India)
West Bengal is a state in eastern Republic of India, and its capital is Kolkata. In 2001, the population of West Bengal was 80,221,171. With an area of 34,267 sq mi (88,752 km²), it is bigger than Serbia but smaller than Jordan.
West Bengal has a tropical climate, so it is very hot and humid in summer and cool in winter. The people who live here are called Bengalis. Bengalis also live in Bangladesh. Bangladesh is a country to the east of West Bengal
History.
All of India was once ruled by the British Empire. The Indians wanted freedom, but the Hindus and the Muslims of India always argued. So it was decided to divide the country into two parts -- one part for Muslims and one part for Hindus. In 1947 Bengal, which was a province of India, was divided into West Bengal and East Bengal (which is now called Bangladesh). West Bengal went to India, and East Bengal went to Pakistan.

Capparis decidua
Capparis decidua is commonly known as karir, kair, kirir, karril, etc. It is either a small tree with many branches or a shrub of the Thar desert and other hot and dry regions in southern Asia with a mass of thin, leafless branches, the small leaves being found only on young shoots. It rarely grows above a height of 5 meters (15 feet).

Pilgrims
The Pilgrims is the name for the early settlers of the Plymouth Colony in present-day Plymouth, Massachusetts. They traveled from England on a ship called The Mayflower. The Pilgims left England because of religious differences with the Church of England.

G major
G major (or the key of G) is a major scale based on G, with the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E, and F. Its key signature has one sharp, F.
Its relative minor is E minor, and its parallel minor is G minor.

Classic female blues
Classic female blues music was played from 1920 to 1929. The most popular of female blues singers were Ma Rainey, Bessie Smith, Mamie Smith, Ethel Waters and Rosa Henderson.

Delta blues
The Delta blues is one of the earliest types of blues music. It started in the Mississippi Delta (a place in the US that goes from Memphis to Mississippi). Guitar and harmonica are usually used to play it.
Beginning.
Delta blues music was first played in the 1920s. Tommy Johnson and Ishman Bracey were recorded by Victor in 1928. Robert Wilkins was first recorded by Victor in Memphis in 1928, and Big Joe Williams and Garfield Akers were also recorded in Memphis in 1929 by Brunswick/Vocalion.

Chuck (album)
"Chuck" is the third album by Sum 41. It was released on October 12, 2004.

Sexual dimorphism
Sexual dimorphism is a concept from biology. It means that the male and the female of a species look noticeably different. The word comes from two Greek: "di" (two) and "morphe" (form).
Some animals (such as fish) show these differences only during mating season.

Jonathan Swift
Jonathan Swift (30 November 1667 – 19 October 1745) was an Anglo-Irish satirist, essayist, political pamphleteer (first for Whigs then for the Tories), poet and cleric. He became Dean of St. Patrick's Cathedral in Dublin.
He is remembered for books and poems he wrote like: "Gulliver's Travels", "A Modest Proposal", "A Journal to Stella", "Drapier's Letters", "The Battle of the Books", "An Argument Against Abolishing Christianity", and "A Tale of a Tub". Swift is probably the most well known prose satirist in the English language. He is less well known for his poetry.
Swift originally published all of his works under pseudonyms — such as Lemuel Gulliver, Isaac Bickerstaff, M.B. Drapier — or anonymously. He is known for being a master of two styles of satire; the Horatian and Juvenalian styles.
Works.
Swift was a good writer, famous for his satires. The most recent collection of his prose works (Herbert Davis, ed. Basil Blackwell, 1965-) comprises fourteen volumes. A recent edition of his complete poetry (Pat Rodges, ed. Penguin, 1983) is 953 pages long. One edition of his correspondence (David Woolley, ed. P. Lang, 1999) fills three volumes.
Legacy.
John Ruskin named him as one of the three people in history who were the most influential for him.

Cato the Elder
Marcus Porcius Cato (Latin: M·PORCIVS·M·F·CATO) (234 BC, Tusculum–149 BC) was a Roman statesman, surnamed the Censor ("Censorius"), "Sapiens, Priscus", or the Elder ("Major"), to distinguish him from Cato the Younger (his great-grandson).
He came of an ancient Plebeian family who all were noted for some military service but not for the discharge of the higher civil offices. He was bred, after the manner of his Latin forefathers, to agriculture, to which he devoted himself when not engaged in military service. But, having attracted the notice of Lucius Valerius Flaccus, he was brought to Rome, and successively held the offices of Cursus Honorum: Tribune (214 BC), Quaestor (204 BC), Aedile (199 BC), Praetor (198 BC), Consul (195 BC) together with his old patron, and finally Censor (184 BC).

Kavirondo
Kavirondo is the old name of the region around Kavirondo Gulf (now Winam Gulf) as well as of two native peoples living there under the regime of British East Africa (The "Nilotic Kavirondo" and the "Bantu Kavirondo"). Broadly, this was defined as those who dwelt in the valley of the Nzoia River, on the western slopes of Mount Elgon, and along the northeast coast of Victoria Nyanza.
Suggested origins of the name "Kavirondo" include
Origins and divisions.
Kavirondo is the general name of two distinct groups of tribes: The Bantu immigrated from the south and the other Nilotic, came from the north. The Bantu appear to have been the first. The Nilotic tribes are probably an offshoot of the Acholi. They appear to have crossed the lake to reach their current home, the country around Kavirondo Gulf. Of the two groups the Bantu now occupy a more northerly position than their neighbors, and are practically the most northerly representatives of that race (Hobley). Their further progress north was stopped by the southward movement of the Nilotic tribes, while the Nilotic Kavirondo in their turn had their wanderings arrested by an irruption of Elgumi people (themselves probably of Nilotic origin) from the east.
The Bantu Kavirondo are divided into three principal types: the Awa-Rimi, the Awa-Ware and the Awa-Kisii. Their Bantu neighbors call the Nilotic Kavirondo "Ja-Mwa". The generic name for the Nilotic tribes is "Ja-Luo", but the Bantu Kavirondo call them "Awa-Nyoro". The two groups have many characteristics in common.
The Kavirondo have many tribes, divided, Sir H. H. Johnston suspects, totemically.
Culture and society.
Traditionally, these people seem to be naked. The men of the Nilotic Kavirondo start to wear a small piece of goat-skin on their penis when they become fathers. This is called "Sembe". Even though this covering is practically useless as a covering, ettiquette says it must still be worn. Even those men who wear clothes must wear the goat-skin, when they are fathers.
Men of the tribe have travelled more, ands have had more contact with white people. Some of the tribesmen now wear European-style clothing. Women travelled less, or were more conservative. They kept the nudity, or the few garments they had before.
Among the Bantu Kavirondo married women wear a short fringe of black string in front and a tassel of banana fibre suspended from a girdle behind. This tassel looks like a tail from a distance. The first travellers to Africa talked about a "tailed race". The Nilotic Kavirondo women wear the tail, but not the fringe in front. For dandy they wear a goat-skin slung over the shoulders.
Some of the Bantu tribes practise circumcision, the Nilotic tribes do not. Patterns are tattooed on chest and stomach for ornament. Men, even husbands, are forbidden to touch the women's tails, which must be worn even should any other clothing be wrapped round the body.
The Kavirondo are known for being independent, eager, and ready to fight. They are seen as honest, and as having a high sexual morality, traits common among the Bantu tribes. There are more women than men. For this reason, polygamy is common.
Among the Bantu tribes a man has the refusal of all the younger sisters of his wife as they attain puberty. Practically no woman lives unmarried all her life, for if no suitor seeks her, she singles out a man and offers herself to him at a reduced price, an offer usually accepted, as the women are excellent agricultural laborers. The Nilotic Kavirondo incline to exogamy, endeavouring always to marry outside their clan. Girls are betrothed at six or seven, and the husband-elect continually makes small presents to his father-in-law-elect till the bride reaches womanhood. It is regarded as shameful if the girl be not found a virgin on her wedding day. She is sent back to her parents, who have to return the marriage price, and pay a fine. The wife's adultery was formerly punished with death, and the capital penalty was also inflicted on young men and girls guilty of unchastity. Among the Bantu Kavirondo the usual minimum price for a wife is forty hoes, twenty goats and one cow, paid in instalments. The Nilotic Kavirondo pay twenty sheep and two to six cows; the husband-elect can claim his bride after half payment; if a woman dies without bearing children, the amount of her purchase is returnable by her father, unless the widower consents to replace her by another sister. The women are prolific and the birth of twins is common and considered a lucky event, which is celebrated by feasting and dances. Among the Bantu Kavirondo the mother of twins must remain in her hut for seven days; among the Nilotic Kavirondo the parents and the infants must stay in the hut for a whole month. If a Bantu mother has lost two children in succession, the next child born is taken out at dawn and placed on the road, where it is left till a neighbor, usually a woman friend who has gone that way on purpose, picks it up and takes it to its mother who gives a goat in return; a somewhat similar custom prevails among the Niotic tribes. Names are not male and female, and a daughter often bears her fathers name.
The Kavirondo bury their dead. Among one of the Bantu tribes, the Awa-Kisesa, a chief is buried in the floor of his own hut in a sitting position, but at such a depth that the head protrudes. Over the head an earthenware pot is placed, and his principal wives have to remain in the hut till the flesh is eaten by ants or decomposes, when the skull is removed and buried close to the hut. Later the skeleton is unearthed, and reburied with much ceremony in the sacred burial place of the tribe. Married women of the Bantu tribes are buried in their hut lying on their right side with legs doubled up, the hut being then deserted. Among the Nilotic tribes the grave is dug beneath the verandah of the hut. Men of the Bantu tribes are buried in an open space in the midst of their huts; in the Nilotic tribes, if the first wife of the deceased be alive he is buried in her hut, if not, beneath the verandah of the hut in which he died. A child is buried near the door of its mothers hut. A sign of mourning is a cord of banana fibre worn round the neck and waist.
A chief chooses, sometimes years before his death, one of his sons to succeed him, often giving a brass bracelet as insignia. A man's property is divided equally among his children.
While some tribes live in isolated huts, those in the north have strongly walled villages. The walls are of mud and formerly, among the Nilotic tribes, occasionally of stone. Since colonization by the British the security of the country induced the Kavirondo to let the walls fall into disrepair. Their huts are circular with conical thatched roofs, and fairly broad verandas all round.
A portion of the hut is partitioned off as a sleeping-place for goats, and the fowls sleep indoors in a large basket. Skins form the only bedsteads. In each hut are two fireplaces, about which a rigid etiquette prevails. Strangers or distant relatives are not allowed to pass beyond the first, which is near the door, and is used for cooking. At the second, which is nearly in the middle of the hut, sits the hut owner, his wives, children, brothers and sisters. Around this fireplace the family sleep.
Cooking pots, water pots and earthenware grain jars are the only other furniture. The food is served in small baskets. Every full-grown man has a hut to himself, and one for each wife. The huts of the Masaba Kavirondo of west Elgon have the apex of the roof surmounted by a carved pole which Sir H. H. Johnston says is obviously a phallus. Among the Bantu Kavirondo a father does not eat with his sons, nor do brothers eat together. Among the Nilotic tribes father and sons eat together, usually in a separate hut with open sides. Women eat apart and only after the men have finished.
Though a peaceful people the Kavirondo fight well. Their weapons are spears with rather long flat blades without blood-courses and broad-bladed swords. Some use slings, and most carry shields. Bows and arrows are also used; firearms are however displacing other weapons. Kavirondo warfare was mainly defensive and intertribal, this last a form of vendetta. When a man had killed his enemy in battle he shaved his head on his return and was rubbed with medicine (generally goats dung), to defend him from the spirit of the dead man. The Awa-Wanga abandoned this custom when they obtained firearms. The young warriors were made to stab the bodies of their slain enemies.
In the colonial era the Kavirondo are on the increase due to their fecundity and morality. Those who live in the low-lying lands suffer from a mild malaria, while abroad they are subject to dysentery and pneumonia. Epidemics of small-pox have occurred. Native medicine is of the simplest. They dress wounds with butter and leaves, and for inflammation of the lungs or pleurisy, pierce a hole in the chest. There are no medicine-men: the women are the doctors. Certain of the incisor teeth are pulled out. If a man retains these he will, it is thought, be killed in warfare. Among certain tribes the women also have incisor teeth extracted, otherwise misfortune would befall their husbands. For the same reason the wife scars the skin of her forehead or stomach. A Kavirondo husband, before starting on a perilous journey, cuts scars on his wife's body to ensure him good luck.
Of dances, the Kavirondo have the birth dance, the death dance, that at initiation and one of a propitiatory kind in seasons of drought. Their music is plaintive and sometimes pretty, produced by a large lyre-shaped instrument. They also use various drums.
The Ja-Luo women use small beads attached to pieces of brass for ear ornaments. Like the aggry beads of West Africa these beads are not of local manufacture nor of recent introduction. They are ancient, generally blue in color, occasionally yellow or green, and are picked up in certain districts after heavy rain. The natives believe they come down with the rain. They are identical in shape and color to ancient Egyptian beads and other beads obtained from ancient cities in Baluchistan.
Religion and beliefs.
They appears to practicee a vague ancestor worship, but the northern tribes have two gods, Awafwa and Ishishemi, the spirits of good and evil. To the former, cattle and goats are sacrificed.
The Kavirondo have great faith in divination from the entrails of a sheep. Nearly everybody and everything are ominous of good or evil to the Kavirondo.
They have few myths or traditions; the antbear is the chief figure in their beast-legends.
They believe in witchcraft and practise trial by ordeal.
Economy.
The Kavirondo are essentially an agricultural people: both men and women work in the fields with large iron hoes. In addition to sorghum, Eleusine and maize, tobacco and hemp are both cultivated and smoked. Both sexes smoke, but the use of hemp is restricted to men and unmarried women, as it is thought to injure child-bearing women. Hemp is smoked in a hubble-bubble. The Kavirondo cultivate sesamum and make an oil from its seeds which they burn in little clay lamps of the ancient saucer type, the pattern being, in Hobley's opinion, introduced into the country by the coast people.
The Kavirondo keep cattle, sheep, goats, fowls and a few dogs. Women do not eat sheep, fowls or eggs, and are not allowed to drink milk except when mixed with other things. The flesh of the wild cat and leopard is esteemed by most of the tribes. Among the Bantu Kavirondo goats and sheep are suffocated, the snout being held until the animal dies. From Eleusine a beer is made.
The Kavirondo are plucky hunters, capturing the hippopotamus with ropes and traps, and attacking with spears the largest elephants. Fish, of which they are very fond, are caught by line and rod or in traps. Bee-keeping is common, and where trees are scarce the hives are placed on the roof of the hut.
Traditional Kavirondo industries are salt-making, effected by burning reeds and water-plants and passing water through the ashes; the smelting of iron ore (confined to the Bantu tribes); pottery and basket-work.

Magellan Goose
Magellan goose ("Chloephaga picta picta") is a bird of "Anatidae" family. It is most commonly found in the southern part of South America, Tierra del Fuego. The Upland goose is a subspecies of "Chloephaga picta leucoptera".. The Upland Goose is one of the most conspicuous birds in the Falklands. The subspecies "Chloephaga picta leucoptera" is only found in the Falklands. It is slightly larger than the South American subspecies.

The Rocker (movie)
"The Rocker" is a comedy movie. It was released on August 20, 2008. The movie stars Rainn Wilson, Josh Gad, Christina Applegate, Teddy Geiger, Will Arnett, Emma Stone, and Bradley Cooper. It was written by Maya Forbes & Wallace Wolodarsky. Wolodarsky is best known for his work on writing for "The Simpsons"
Opinions of the movie.
Based on 92 reviews collected by Rotten Tomatoes, "The Rocker" had an overall approval rating of 36 percent, with a weighted average score of 5.1/10. "Entertainment Weekly" gave it a C-, saying "the film... shamelessly... rips off "School of Rock", recycling its flaky-educator loser-of-the-gods premise, only this time in high school"
Box office.
"The Rocker" was released on August 20, 2008 in the United States. It did not make as much money at the box office as it was expected to make. It opening at #12 with $2.64 million for its first weekend. The movie earned less than $7 million overall during its entire theatrical run.. One of the stars of the movie, Emma Stone, had another movie ("The House Bunny") open the same weekend. It earned much more than "The Rocker", opening at #2.

Fierce Creatures
"Fierce Creatures" is a 1997 comedy movie. The movie was written by John Cleese and directed by Fred Schepisi and Robert Young.
The story is based around a British zoo. The zoo has recently been bought by New Zealand businessman Rod McCain (played by Kevin Kline) and put under the management of Rollo Lee (Cleese). In order to gain more money, Lee decides to use a "fierce creatures" policy. This means that only animals which could kill people would be kept in the zoo.

The Bucket List
"The Bucket List" is a 2007 comedy-drama movie. It was written by Justin Zackham and directed by Rob Reiner. The movie stars Jack Nicholson, Morgan Freeman, Sean Hayes, Beverly Todd, and Rob Morrow. The story follows two terminally ill men (Nicholson and Freeman) on a road trip with a wish list of things to do before they "Kick the Bucket."

Shôjo
Shôjo is a type of manga. It is manga for girls. Shôjo usually features human emotions and relationship. It is most commonly for girls between the ages of 13 and 17.

Five Families
The Five Families are the five major Italian-American Mafia crime families which have controlled organized crime in New York City since the 1930s. The Five Families, under the suggestion of Salvatore Maranzano and Charles "Lucky" Luciano, were responsible for the establishment of The Commission, a council that changed how things worked with Mafia activities in the United States.
The Colombo family was once known as the Profaci Crime Family, until a coup caused a name change in the early 1960s. Former Godfather Joe Massino had wanted to change the name of the Bonanno Family to the Massino Family but since his arrest and defection it is unlikely to happen. The DeCavalcante crime family, based in nearby Elizabeth, NJ, also has ties to the five New York families.

Gambino crime family
The Gambino crime family is one of the "Five Families" that controls organized crime activities based in New York City, United States, within the Mafia (or "Cosa Nostra"). It was named after Carlo Gambino.

Carlo Gambino
Carlo "Don Carlo" Gambino, (August 24,1902 - October 15,1976) was a Mafioso who became Boss of the Gambino crime family, that is still takes the name today. No one expected Gambino to seize control over the Commission of La Cosa Nostra in the US, at 1957 Apalachin Convention. Gambino was known for being low-key and secretive and unlike many modern mobsters, Gambino served no time in prison, but lived to the age of 74, when he died of a heart attack in bed.

John Gotti
John Joseph Gotti, Jr. (October 27, 1940 – June 10, 2002), commonly known by the media as "The Dapper Don" and "The Teflon Don" after the murder of his former boss Paul Castellano, was the boss of the well known Gambino crime family.

Energy transfer
In physics, energy transfer is when energy is moved from one place to another.

Galago
Galago, also known as bushbabies, bush babies or nagapies (meaning "little night monkeys" in Afrikaans), are small, nocturnal primates native to continental Africa, from the family Galagidae.
Geography.
Range varies with species but includes most of the forested and bush regions of Africa south of the Sahara including some of the nearby islands such as Zanzibar. Their range does not extend to Madagascar.
Habitat.
Galagos are all arboreal and known for their ability to leap great distances among branches.
Diet.
Galagos are omnivorous but primarily insectivorous. Their favorite food is grasshoppers, but they also eat small birds, eggs, fruits, seeds and flowers. Euoticus has specialized front teeth for removing tree bark so it can feed on tree gum.

Mongolic languages
The Mongolic languages are a group of languages that are spoken in Central Asia. Some linguists propose to put Mongolic languages in the ame group as the Turkic and Tungusic languages. They call this group the Altaic languages, but not all linguists agreed upon this.
The best-known member of this language family is Mongolian. In Cyrillic orthography as it is used in Mongolia it is written Монгол Хэл, and in the vertical Uygur-derived script as used in it is Inner Mongolia in China it is written "Mongγol Kele"). It is the primary language of most of the residents of Mongolia, and is spoken by around 5.7 million people in Mongolia, Russia, and China.

Tungusic languages
The Tungusic languages (also known as Manchu-Tungus, Tungus) are spoken in Eastern Siberia and Manchuria. Many linguists consider them to be part of the Altaic languages but many others do not think that is correct. Many Tungusic languages are in danger, and the long-term future of the family is uncertain.
Classification.
Linguists working on Tungusic have proposed a number of different classifications based on different criteria, including morphological, lexical, and phonological characteristics.
Following languages can be considered dialects or related languages of Evenki
Jurchen-Manchu (Jurchen and Manchu are simply different stages of the same language).

Pioneer program
The Pioneer program is the name of a few unmanned space missions done by NASA between 1958 and 1978. Problably the best-known of these probes were Pioneer 10 and 11, launched in 1972 and 1973 respectively.
Both carried a plaque as shown.

Musée d'Orsay
The Musée d'Orsay is an art museum in Paris. It is located in a former railway station. The museum opened in 1986.

Cystitis
Cystitis is the infection of the urinary bladder. Women get this more often than men, but men can get it also. It also affects all age groups.

Royal Academy of Arts
The Royal Academy of Arts is an art institution based in London.
The Royal Academy was formed to rival the Society of Artists after an leadership dispute between two leading architects, Sir William Chambers and James Paine. Paine won, but Chambers vowed revenge and used his strong connections with King George III to create a new artistic body, the Royal Academy, in 1768. It was formally launched the following year.
Its forty founder members, all admitted on 10 December 1768, included a father/daughter combination (George Michael Moser and Mary Moser) and two sets of brothers (George Dance the Younger and Nathaniel Dance-Holland, and Paul and Thomas Sandby).
Sir Joshua Reynolds was its first president, and Benjamin West its second.

The Last Judgement
The "Last Judgment" is a mural by Michelangelo on the altar wall of the Sistine Chapel in Vatican City. It took nine years to complete. Michelangelo began working on it thirty years after finishing the ceiling of the chapel.
The work spans the entire wall behind the altar of the Sistine Chapel. It was painted between 1534 and 1541. The Last Judgment shows the second coming of Christ and the apocalypse. The souls of humans rise and descend to their fates, as judged by Christ surrounded by his saints.
There was a dispute regarding "The Last Judgment" between Cardinal Carafa and Michelangelo: Michelangelo was accused of immorality and obscenity, because he had painted naked figures, with their genitals well visible. The cardinal said that this could not be tolerated inside the most important church of Christianity. A censorship campaign was lauched, known as the "Fig-leaf campaign". Carafa and Monsignor Sernini (Mantua's ambassador) launched the campaign to remove the frescoes. When the Pope's own Master of Ceremonies, Biagio da Cesena, said "it was mostly disgraceful that in so sacred a place there should have been depicted all those nude figures, exposing themselves so shamefully," and that it was no work for a papal chapel but rather "for the public baths and taverns," Michelangelo worked the Cesena's semblance into the scene as Minos, judge of the underworld (far bottom-right corner of the painting). It is said that when Cesena complained to the Pope, the pontiff responded that his jurisdiction did not extend to hell, so the portrait would have to remain.
The genitalia in the fresco were later covered by the artist Daniele da Volterra, whom history remembers by the derogatory nickname "Il Braghettone" ("the breeches-painter").
In the painting, Michelangelo does a self portrait depicting himself as St. Bartholomew after he had been flayed (skinned alive) This is reflective of the feelings of contempt Michelangelo had for being commissioned to paint "The Last Judgement".

Fancy rat
The fancy rat or pet rat is a type of the brown rat ("Rattus norvegicus") that is bred to be a pet. The name "fancy rat" has nothing to do with the "fanciness" of how they look. It comes from the phrase "animal fancy". A person who keeps pet rats is said to be involved in "rat fancy." Some people domesticate black rats ("Rattus rattus"), and Gambian pouched rats ("Cricetomys gambianus"). These types of rats are not usually called fancy rats because the hobby does not center around them.
Fancy rats have been bred as pets at least since the late 19th century. They can have many different colors and coat types. They are sociable, intelligent animals. They can learn to come when called, use a litter box, and do many different tricks. Pet rats act differently from rats found in nature. The more generations since they have been removed from the wild and how they were bred has an effect on how much they act differently. They are not any more of a health risk than other common pets.

Gymnasium (ancient Greece)
In Ancient Greece the Gymnasion (or Gymnasium, romanized name) was a place were athletes could train for the competitions in public games, such as the Olympic Games. "Gymnos" means naked. Only men were allowed to enter, and train; they did so fully naked (as the name implies). Athletes also competed in the nude. This was said to encourage aesthetic appreciation of the male body. It was believed to be a tribute to the Gods. Gymnasia and palestrae were under the protection and patronage of Heracles, Hermes and, in Athens, Theseus.
Layout.
The picture above shows the Pompeii gymnasium from the top of the stadium wall. The depression in the center-left of the picture was filled with water and used for swimming practice as well. Mock sea battles (naumachiae) took place in the flooded arena floor or a specially dug pool in the arena. According to Oscar Brockett in his History of the Theatre, 5th Ed. (1987), p. 70, "Perhaps the most spectacular of all entertainments were the naumachiae, or sea battles. The first was given in 46 B.C. by Julius Caesar on a lake dug for the occasion; it featured a battle involving 2,000 marines and 6,000 oarsmen. Later the amphitheatres were sometimes flooded for such events. By far the most ambitious of all the naumachiae was given in 52 A.D. on the Fucine Lake east of Rome to celebrate the completion of a water conduit. On that occasion, 19,000 participants fought and many perished. To the right of the picture (partially behind a tree trunk) is a line of carbonized tree stumps. These are the remains of trees (each hundreds of years old) that were part of the palaistra. They were burned in the volcanic eruption of 79. Between these and the colonnade is a line of saplings recently planted as a replacement.

Arnold Rikli
Arnold Rikli (1823-1906) was a healer. He proposed variuos therapies, mostly based on exposing the body to sun and air (called Sun tanning, preferably done while naked). He is one of the forefathers of a movement called naturism today.

Eastern White Pine
Eastern White Pine (Pinus strobus) is a large pine native to eastern North America, occurring from Newfoundland west to Minnesota and southeastern Manitoba, and south along the Appalachian Mountains to the extreme south of Georgia.

Provincial tree Of Ontario
Eastern White Pine (Pinus strobus) is a large pine native to eastern North America, occurring from Newfoundland west to Minnesota and southeastern Manitoba, and south along the Appalachian Mountains to the extreme south of Georgia.

White trillium
Trillium grandiflorum, commonly known as white trillium, great white trillium, white wake-robin, or in French as trille blanc, is a perennial monocotyledonous plant in the lily family. It is the provincial flower of Ontario.

Forget-me-not
Myosotis is a genus of flowering plants in the family Boraginaceae that are commonly called Forget-me-nots.

State flower Of Alaska
Myosotis is a genus of flowering plants in the family Boraginaceae that are commonly called Forget-me-nots.

Willow Grouse
The willow grouse (Europe) or willow ptarmigan (North America), Lagopus lagopus, is a medium-sized gamebird in the grouse family. It is a sedentary species, breeding in birch and other forests and tundra across northern Eurasia, and in Alaska and northern Canada. It is the state bird of Alaska. During the last ice age, the species occurred in continental Europe (Tomek & Bocheński 2005).

State bird Of Alaska
The willow grouse (Europe) or willow ptarmigan (North America), Lagopus lagopus, is a medium-sized gamebird in the grouse family. It is a sedentary species, breeding in birch and other forests and tundra across northern Eurasia, and in Alaska and northern Canada. It is the state bird of Alaska. During the last ice age, the species occurred in continental Europe (Tomek & Bocheński 2005).

Picea sitchensis
The Sitka Spruce (Picea sitchensis) is a large coniferous evergreen tree growing to 50-70 m tall, exceptionally to 100 m tall, and with a trunk diameter of up to 5 m, exceptionally to 6-7 m diameter. It is by far the largest species of spruce, and the third tallest conifer species in the world (after Coast Redwood and Coast Douglas-fir). It acquires its name from the community of Sitka, Alaska.

State tree Of Alaska
The Sitka Spruce (Picea sitchensis) is a large coniferous evergreen tree growing to 50-70 m tall, exceptionally to 100 m tall, and with a trunk diameter of up to 5 m, exceptionally to 6-7 m diameter. It is by far the largest species of spruce, and the third tallest conifer species in the world (after Coast Redwood and Coast Douglas-fir). It acquires its name from the community of Sitka, Alaska.

Watershed (television)
Today, television can show a number of programmes. Usually the content of these programmes is rated, by a a number of people (usually called "advisory board"). Some of the programmes may be suitable for children (of different ages), other content may not be suitable for children. The watershed is the time of the day where content not suitable for children may be shown. This is usually during the night (starting in the later evening, and ending in the early morning)
Content that children should not see.
The content that is not suitable for children to see usually includes sex or nudity outside a functional context. People bathing naked in a lake may be ok, people doing a striptease in a night club or cabaret may not be. Other content generally not suitable includes various levels of violence or the use of illegal drugs. Sometimes "strong language" (full of expletives) is also seen as unfit for children.

Spot-billed Pelican
The Spot-billed Pelican (Pelecanus philippensis) is a member of the pelican family. It breeds in southern Asia from southern Pakistan. It is a bird of large inland and coastal waters, especially shallow lakes. The nest is a heap of vegetation in a tree. Three to four eggs is the usual clutch size.

Sakastan
Rajasthan is a state in northwestern India. It is the Indian state with the biggest land area; 132,150 sq mi or 342,269 km² it is bigger than the Republic of the Congo but smaller than Germany. The Thar Desert covers most parts of the state.

Lake Manasarovar
Lake Manasarovar or Lake Manasa Sarovar (Tibetan: མ་ཕམ་གཡུ་མཚོ།, Mapham Yutso; Traditional Chinese: 瑪旁雍錯; Simplified Chinese: 玛旁雍错) is a fresh-water lake in Tibet Autonomous Region of China from Lhasa.

Bathing
Bathing is putting the body into a fluid, most often water, or a solution with water. Usually it is done for hygiene or for religious purposes, or for fun. Sometimes bathing is also done as a form of therapy.
When people talk about bathing, they most often mean being immersed in water. But people have also "bathed" in other substances. SOme therapies involve bathing in mud. People have also bathed in other substances, like Champagne, beans, or chocolate. A form of bathing quite common is bathing in sunlight.

Silver Bullet
Silver Bullet is a song by Hawthorne Heights released as a single in 2004. It is on the album The Silence in Black and White
An acoustic version of this song can be heard on a later edition of their album. The song uses violin in the chorus.

1857 War of Independence in Murree
The 1857 War of Independence in Murree, part of the Indian Rebellion of 1857, was a conflict between the tribes surrounding the hill station of Murree (now Pakistan) and the colonial government of British India. The local tribes had become angry with the British ever since the British had started their colonial rule in the area.
Today Murree is part of Pakistan but in 1857 it was part of British India, ever since the British rule began in India there had been rebellions and wars against the British. However in 1857 rebellions broke out in many different places, Murree being one of these places. People thought the rule of the British was about to be overthrown. In the Murree hills it was the Dhund Abbasi and Tanoli tribes who rose up against the British.
Background.
Although the tribes of Murree had risen against the British, not everyone had been against British rule. Before British rule had been established in the area, the tribes had fought against the Sikhs. Under the command of Mohammed Ali Shah (also known as the Pir of Plasi), they had fought against the Sikh Army in Balakot - the troops here were commanded by Seyed Shah Ismail Shahid and Syed Ahmad Shaheed (known as "The Martyrs").
The Pir of Dewal had also died fighting in Dewal against the Sikh army chief Hari Singh Nalwa, Nalwa then built a fort on between Punjab and NWFP in 1815, now called Aarhi or Hadd. Nalwa's troops had brutally crushed the tribes of Circle Bakote and beheaded many of them. He also sold the ladies of these tribes in Jammu central bazaar in 1834,
The British, after battling in Rawalpindi in 1845 had captured Jind Kaur, the widow of Ranjit Singh (the former Ruler of Punjab) - this caused the collapse of Sikh rule and, when the British marched into the Murree area, the local tribes at first welcomed them. However, many of the tribes soon considered that they had exchanged one form of occupation for another and events elsewhere in India also encouraged an uprising.
The British had recruited many of the tribes in the area into their army, for example many members of the Satti Tribe were recruited as Sepoys and the British commanders (like elsewhere across Colonial India) won this war largely by the use of Indian soldiers.
War reaches Murree.
The masterminds of this plan of independence were two Seyed brothers from Dhoke Syedan of Dewal Sharif. The War against the British had reached Murree and the Southern Areas of Hazara part of which is now known as Circle Bakote in July 1857 when the Dhond Abbasi leader Sardar Sherbaz Khan planned to attack the British.
Sardar Khan had the support of the following important tribal leaders.
Attack on Murree.
By the end of August many of the British troops who had been in Murree had left to join the attack on Delhi. Rebels had taken Delhi from British control and the British had sent as many soldiers as they could. The decision to send troops to Delhi meant that the defence of Murree was weakened. However the British were unable to take Delhi quickly, and as Delhi still held out against the British the Dhund tribesmen decided to take Murree. The Dhund attacked Murree by rising on every side at the same time and crowding up the nearer hill-sides threatening destruction of the station. Several of the table-servants supported the hill-men, and for some hours the danger to Murree became imminent.
According to the 1857 Punjab Mutiny Report the attack failed because the British were told of the plan to attack them. One of Lady Lawrence's servants, named Hakim Khan, told the British of the attack to come. The loyalty of Hakim was described in the report as "the means, under God, of saving Murree." The British quickly organised defences, and quickly got volunteers. A cordon of sentries surrounded the station and the three weakest points were held in some force. When the Dhunds arrived in the middle of the night they found the whole station waiting for them.
After a few hours of skirmishing the Dhonds retreated with the loss of two or three of their men who had come within musket range of the British. The British however were to learn that the rebellion was wider than just the Dhonds. After the Dhoonds had been forced back, it was found that many more clans and tribes had been part of the plan. It had reached far into Hazara and nearly down to Rawalpindi; and, apart from the Khurrul rebellion in Multan, was largest rebellion that had occurred in the Punjab during that year.
The British also convicted and executed two Hindustani doctors for being involved in the plot. They had been educated in government institutions, were practising in Murree and employed by the government. The British suspected that the Dhonds were expecting support from their Hindustani allies, so as well as the doctors several domestic servants were seized and punished.
An urgent request was sent to troops in Hazara to reinforce Murree and Major Beecher sent every available man from Abbottabad to Murree - however the British troops in Murree had managed to secure the station and beat off the attack before the arrival of reinforcements.
According the Punjab Mutiny report however, the reinforcement themselves were almost ambushed. The march from Abbottabad to Murree was difficult. The Khurrals laid an ambush to cut them off, but they were saved by luck. The Khurral had set traps and were waiting to ambush the British on a road, however the rains made the road hard to cross. The British took another road to Murree and were later to learn of the trap..
Aftermath.
The revolt did not succeed, he rebels were betrayed and, as punishment, all of Sardar Sherbaz Khan's eight sons were blasted by cannon fire in Murree whilst Sardar Khan himself was hanged.

Pygmy Marmoset
Pygmy marmosets are the smallest marmosets and one of the smallest of all primates. They inhabit Brazil, Ecuador, Peru and Colombia.
Description.
Pygmy marmosets have tawny agouti fur (the tip of the hair is a different colour to the base) with an indistinctly dark-ringed tail.
Habitat.
They live in flooded forest near rivers, bamboo thickets and the edges of agricultural fields.
Diet.
Pygmy marmosets mainly feed on gum (tree exudates, sap), but they also eat fruit, nectar and animal prey. They gouge holes in the bark of trees, and revisit these holes daily to collect the sap.

Patras
Patras (ελληνικά: Πάτρα) is the third biggest Greek town. Patras is located in west Greece. It is the capital of the prefecture of Achaea and it is the capital of the Greek "perifereia" of west Greece. Its population is 171,616 inhabitants, according to the 2001 census. The total population of Patras, including all its suburb, is over 200,000 inhabitants. Patra is a coastal town, so it has a big port. Patras' port connects Greece with east Italian's ports such as Bari, Printezi and Ancona.
History.
Patra developed in the third century A.C.. During Roman period, Patras became an important town. In Patras Christianity arrived quite early, approximately in first century A.D. During the middle ages Patra wasn't a significant town. Patras developed again after the Greek liberation from the Turks, in 1830.
Sights.
The most important sight in Patra is the contemporary Bridge Rion-Antirion which links Peloponnese and Sterea Ellada. This bridge is locaded a short distance from Patras' center, in the district Rio. Opposite Rio is Antirio and it ends by the bridge. Other significant sights in Patras are the church of Agios Antreas and the Apollon theater. The church of Agios Antreas is one of biggest churches in Greece.

Santiago de Compostela
Santiago de Compostela (also Saint James of Compostela) is the capital of the autonomous community of Galicia and a United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage Site. The city is in the northwest of Spain in the Province of A Coruña.
The city's Cathedral is the destination of an important pilgrimage route, the Way of St. James (Galician: "Camiño de Santiago", Spanish: "Camino de Santiago"). Pilgrims have been following this route since the ninth century.
The cathedral is believed to be where James, son of Zebedee is buried. Saint James was one of the apostles of Jesus Christ.

Christopher Nolan
Christopher Jonathan James Nolan (born July 30, 1970) is a film director, writer and producer. He often collaborates with his brother, author Jonathan Nolan. Nolan is best known for directing the psychological thriller "Memento", and for reviving the "Batman" film franchise as the director of "Batman Begins" (2005) and "The Dark Knight" (2008). He is also the founder of the production company, Syncopy Films.
"The Dark Knight".
In the months following "The Prestige (One of Nolan's other films) release, Nolan made many comments suggesting that he would return to direct the sequel to "Batman Begins". In late July 2006, the sequel was officially confirmed as "The Dark Knight" with Nolan at the helm and Heath Ledger joining the cast as The Joker, Batman's arch-nemesis. Nolan and his brother Jonathan wrote a script, based on a treatment written by himself and David S. Goyer. The film began production in early 2007 and was released on July 18 2008 in the United States, to overwhelming critical acclaim. It has also made alot of money, setting the record for the highest-grossing weekend opening in the U.S. with over $158 million.
Casting.
Nolan has frequently cast the following;

Foucault pendulum
The Foucault pendulum, or Foucault's pendulum, is named after the French physicist Léon Foucault, and was created as an experiment to show the rotation of the Earth.

Mickie James
Mickie Laree James (born August 31, 1979) is an American professional wrestler. She works for World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) on its Raw brand.
James began wrestling in 1999 as a valet on the independent circuit using the name Alexis Laree. She trained in several places to get better at wrestling before working for Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) in June 2002. She first became well known while she was while working at TNA. Soon after she started working for TNA, she joined a stable called The Gathering. She is also the only woman to be a part of Clockwork Orange House of Fun matches.
James started working with WWE in October 2005. She was a part of a storyline with Trish Stratus. James' gimmick was that she was Stratus' biggest fan and later became Stratus' stalker. This storyline lasted almost a year. The writers at WWE believed she was doing good work. Because of this, she won her first WWE Women's Championship at WrestleMania 22. She has held the championship a total of four times.
Outside of wrestling, James has an associate of arts degree in business administration. She is studying for her Bachelor of Arts degree in operations management. James grew up on a farm and has an interest in horses. She owns three Morgan horses. James has been riding since she was 11 years old.
Early life.
Mickie James was raised on a farm with her sister Latoya in Montpelier, Virginia. She is of Native American heritage. As a child, she watched weekend horse shows. James started riding horses when she was eleven years old after her grandmother bought her a horse. James was a fan of professional wrestling as a child. She used to watch it with her father. Her favorite wrestlers were Randy Savage, Ricky Steamboat and Ric Flair.
Early career.
James started her training at a professional wrestling school in the Washington, D.C. area. She started her wrestling career on the independent circuit in 1999. Her first work was as a valet for KYDA Pro Wrestling using the ring name Alexis Laree. The name is a combination of her stage name from when she was a dancer and her middle name. As Laree, she managed several male wrestlers. This included managing Tommy Dreamer to win the KYDA Pro Heavyweight Championship. In March, she wrestled in her first match. It was an intergender tag team match with Jake Damian against American Mike Brown and Candie. James trained to get better at wrestling at many places. These places include the Funking Conservatory run by Dory Funk, Jr. and an Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) dojo. She also started wrestling for Maryland Championship Wrestling. While there, she was trained by Ricky Morton and Bobby Eaton. Because the indepedant circuit did not pay enough, James worked as a waitress at an Olive Garden restaurant.
Total Nonstop Action Wrestling.
James worked in Ring of Honor for a year. During this time, she also started wrestling in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling. As Alexis Laree, she was a part of a lingerie battle royal. On March 26, 2003, she teamed with Amazing Red against Kid Kash—the X Division Champion—and Trinity. Weeks later, she became the first member of the Gathering, a stable led by Raven. On April 16, Laree became the first (and currenly, only) woman to wrestle in a Clockwork Orange House of Fun match. This match involve the Gathering and Jeff Jarrett. She continued to wrestle with the Gathering when they feuded with the Disciples of The New Church. During this feud, James was kayfabe burned with a fireball by Father James Mitchell. She also wrestled in another Clockwork Orange House of Fun match.
Ohio Valley Wrestling.
James tried for two years to work for World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). In August 2003, she was began to work for the WWE. They sent her to train at Ohio Valley Wrestling (OVW). James still used the name Alexis Laree at this time. She began making wresting on television for OVW on January 29, 2004. She wrestled in several tag team matches during the year. She won a Halloween Costume Contest on October 30 and defeated Jillian Hall in a $1,000 match on November 12.
Laree began a feud with Beth Phoenix on July 20. This feud started after Phoenix interrupted Laree during an interview. A match took place on July 29. Laree lost to Phoenix. The feud continued into September. Shelly Martinez was added to the storyline to side with Phoenix against Laree. On October 12, she appeared in OVW under her real name. She finished the year losing matches against Martinez and Jillian Hall.
2005–2006.
James was first used on televsion in WWE on the October 10 2005 episode of "Raw". She used her real name. James used the gimmick of WWE Women's Champion Trish Stratus' biggest fan. The storyline had the two WWE Divas wrestling together in tag team matches. James' character became more obsessed with Stratus as time went on. A Halloween Costume Contest was part of the story line. James was dressed like Stratus. She even started using Stratus' personal finishing moves as her own during matches. On December 12, James wrestled and defeated Victoria. The match was to decide who would wrestle Stratus at New Year's Revolution for the championship. Lesbian themes were added to the story line with James kissing Stratus under mistletoe and saying nice things to her about her breasts. In the championship match, James lost to Stratus but still showed romantic fellings towards her the next night on "Raw". She told Stratus that she loved her at the Royal Rumble.
On March 6 2006 the storyline had Stratus telling James that they needed time apart from each other. They wrestled as a team at the March 18, 2006 Saturday Night's Main Event. James and Stratus defeated Candice Michelle and Victoria in the match. After the match, James tried to kiss Stratus. Stratus pushed her away and James' character made a complete heel turn. She attacked Stratus in the ring. James' character later said she would destroy Stratus. The two women wrestled each other at WrestleMania 22. James won the match to become the Women's Champion for her first time. During the match, even though James was playing the heel character, the fans liked her more than Stratus. The storyline ended at Backlash with a rematch after Stratus legitimately dislocated her shoulder when James threw her out of the ring. James lost the Women's Title on August 14 to Lita. During the match, Lita hit James with the title belt when Edge distracted the referee. This causes a face turn for James' on-screen character. When Stratus retired as champion, there was no longer a Women's Championship. WWE held a tournament to name a new champion. James was a part of that tournament. She defeated Victoria and Melina in the early parts of the tournament. She made it to the finals at Cyber Sunday. In the final match, she lost to Lita. At the 2006 Survivor Series James defeated Lita to win her second Women's Championship.
2007–present.
A new feud began between James and Melina on January 29 2007. Melina was the number one contender for the Women's Title at the time. James defeated Melina on February 5 to keep the championship.. After this, she teamed with Super Crazy in a mixed tag team match against Melina and Johnny Nitro. Melina defeatd James and challenged her to a rematch for the title. James lost the Women's Championship to Melina on February 19. The two wrestled in the first ever Women's Falls Count Anywhere match in WWE history. James lost to Melina. Near the end of the match, James fell from the turnbuckle. She landed on her neck but was not badly injured.
At a house show in Paris, France on April 24, James won her third Women's Championship. In a Triple Threat Match with Malina and Victoria, James pinned Victoria. However, she did not pin Melina, Jonathan Coachman said that a rematch would take place immediately. James lost the title back to Melina. This gave her the shortest Women’s Championship reign in WWE history.
On the November 26 edition of "Raw", James defeated Melina in a number one contenders match for Beth Phoenix's Women's Championship.. This led to a title match between James and Phoenix at Armageddon 2007. James lost the match to Phoenix. On the April 14, 2008 edition of "Raw", held in London, James defeated Phoenix to win her fourth Women's Championship. At Judgment Day James successfully defended the Women's Championship against Phoenix and Melina in a Triple Threat match. James lost the championship back to Phoenix at SummerSlam 2008. She lost it in an intergender tag team match at SummerSlam. In that match, Her partner Kofi Kingston also lost the Intercontinental Title to Phoenix's partner Santino Marella.
Personal life.
James owns three Morgan horses called Rhapsody, Bunny and Casanova. After she has finished her wrestling career, James plans to own a farm and train horses. James also owns a dog named Butch.
She was at one time engaged to WWE wrestler Ken Doane, better known by his ring name "Kenny Dykstra". She has also been in a relationship with Adam Birch, better known by his ring name "Joey Mercury". James has two tattoos. She has an Asian symbol meaning 'love' on her ankle and a dragon that wraps around it.
James posed nude in the May 2000 issue of "Leg Show" magazine. On April 13, 2008, James, along with Layla, Melina and Kelly Kelly, appeared in an episode of "Celebrity Fit Club Boot Camp". On September 5 of that same year, James appeared on the USA Network series "Psych". She played a roller derby girl called Rita "Lethal Weapon" Westwood.
The WWE sent James, Mr. Kennedy and Josh Matthews to the 2008 Republican National Convention to try and get fans to register to vote in the 2008 Presidential election.
James made an appearance on "Redemption Song". The program is hosted by WWE wrestler Chris Jericho. James appeared on the program along with Candice Michelle, Maryse, and Eve Torres. The episode was first aired on November 12, 2008.

Guineafowl
The Guineafowl are a family of birds. It is in the same order as the pheasants, turkeys and other game birds. Guineafowl are native to Africa.
Description.
Guineyfowl are chicken-like African birds. They include the helmet guineafowl ("Numida meleagris"). It has a horny growth on the head, white-spotted feathers, and fleshy cheek "wattles" (loose folds of skin). It is the ancestor of the domestic guinea fowl. Guinea fowl mostly eat things found on the ground. They eat insects, leaves, and snails. At night, they roost in trees.

Jaguar S-Type
Jaguar S-Type was a car produced by Jaguar from 1998 till 2008. It was first shown at the 1998 Birmingham Motor Show, and shared 'retro' styling with the Rover 75, which was shown at that same show.
Replacement and discontinuation.
The S-Type was replaced by the Jaguar XF in the spring of 2008.

Muskrat
Muskrats are rodents that live in freshwater and saltwater marshes, lakes, ponds, and streams. Muskrats often build dome-shaped houses in marshes. These houses, made of plants, protect the muskrat from predators, since the only entrance is underwater. Some muskrats live in burrows on the water banks. Muskrats are excellent swimmers but are slow on land.
Muskrats are native to North America, but have been brought to Europe and Asia, where they now live in the wild. Muskrats got their name because they have musk glands that produce a strong scent.

Griffith's experiment
Griffith's experiment, was an experiment done in 1928 by Frederick Griffith. It was one of the first experiments showing that bacteria can move genetic information through a process known as transformation.
Griffith used two strains of "Pneumococcus". These bacteria infect mice. He used a type III-S (smooth) and type II-R (rough) strain. The III-S strain covers itself with a polysaccharide capsule that protects it from the host's immune system. This means that the host will die. The II-R strain does not have that protective shield around it and is killed by the host's immune system.
In this experiment, bacteria from the III-S strain were killed by heat, and their leftovers were added to II-R strain bacteria. While neither harmed the mice on their own, the blend of the two was able to kill them. Griffith was also able to disconnect both live II-R and live III-S strains of "pneumococcus" from the blood of these dead mice. Griffith concluded that the type II-R had been "transformed" into the lethal III-S strain by a "transforming principle" that was somehow part of the dead III-S strain bacteria.
Today, we know that the "transforming principle" Griffith saw was the DNA of the III-S strain bacteria. While the bacteria had been killed, the DNA had survived the heating process and was taken up by the II-R strain bacteria. The III-S strain DNA contains the genes that form the shielding polysaccharide part from attack. Armed with this gene, the former II-R strain bacteria were now protected from the host's immune system and could kill the host. The exact nature of the transforming principle (DNA) was confirmed in the experiments done by Avery, McLeod and McCarty and by Hershey and Chase.

Frederick Griffith
Frederick Griffith (1879 - 1941) was a British medical officer and geneticist. In 1928, during an experiment, he discovered what he called a "transforming principle", but today we call DNA.
Early life.
He was born in Hale, England and attended Liverpool University where he studied genetics. In his younger days he worked for the Liverpool Royal Infirmary, the Thompson Yates Laboratory, and the Royal Commission on Tuberculosis.
Griffith's experiment.
The experiment began when Griffith was trying to make a vaccine to prevent pneumonia infections in the "Spanish flu" influenza pandemic after World War I, by using two strains of the "Streptococcus pneumoniae" bacterium.
Later life.
Griffith was killed at work in his laboratory in 1941, along with longtime friend and bacteriologist William M. Scott in London during an air raid in the London Blitz. Years later Griffith's "transforming principle" was identified as DNA by Oswald Theodore Avery, along with coworkers Colin MacLeod and Maclyn McCarty, in 1944.

Streptococcus pneumoniae
"Streptococcus pneumoniae", or pneumococcus, is a Gram-positive, alpha-hemolytic diplococcus aerotolerant anaerobe and a member of the genus "Streptococcus". An important human pathogen, "S. pneumoniae" was recognized as a major cause of pneumonia in the late 19th century and is the subject of many humoral immunity studies.

Strain (biology)
In biology, strain is a low-level taxonomic rank used in three related ways.
Microbiology/Virology.
A strain is a genetic variant or subtype of a microorganism, that is to say a virus or bacterium or fungus. For example, a "flu strain" is a certain biological form of the influenza or "flu" virus. Compare clade.
Plants.
In botany, the term is not officially used to rank plants. It is sometimes used to refer to all the descendants produced from a common ancestor that share a uniform morphological or physiological character. A strain is a designated group of offspring that have descended from a modified plant, produced ether by conventional breeding or by biotechnological means or result from genetic mutation. As an example, some rice strains are made by inserting new genetic material into a rice plant, all the descendants of the genetically modified rice plant are a strain with a unique genetic code that is passed on to later generations; the strain designation, which is normally a number or a formal name, covers all the plants that descent from the originally modified plant. The rice plants in the strain can be breed to other rice strains or cultivars, and if desirable plants are produced, these are further breed to stabilize the desirable traits; the stabilized plants that can be propagated and come true, are given a cultivar name and released into production to be used by farmers.
Rodents.
A mouse or a rat strain is a group of animals that is genetically uniform. Strains are used in laboratory experiments. Mouse strains can be inbred, mutated or genetically engineered, while rat strains are usually inbred.

Hannes Schäfer
Dr. Johannes Schäfer, born 2nd October 1965 in Göttingen, Germany, was the bass player of the German rock band Fury in the Slaughterhouse from the beginning (1987) until 1996. Today (2008) he is a doctor.
Schäfer's first band was 1982 the punk band "Defekt" in Hanover, Germany, where he was singer and bass player. From 1985 until 1987 he played in the jazz rock band "CIT.", together with Mousse T. and at the same time he worked as a studio musician at the "Stakkato Studio" in Hannover.
In 1987 Schäfer founded the rock band Fury in the Slaughterhouse togehter with Kai and Christian Wingenfelder, Rainer Schumann and Christoph Stein-Schneider. He played the bass in this band until 1996, when he was followed by Christian Decker. Together with his band Schäfer was awarded golden recording sales certifications for the Fury albums "Fury in the Slaughterhouse" (1988) "Mono" (1992) and "the Hearing and the Sense of Balance" (1995). Fury in the Slaughterhouse sold about three million recordings of albums made in their time with Hannes Schäfer (1987-1996).
After leaving Fury in the Slaughterouse Schäfer studied medicine and today (2008) he works as a doctor in the hospital "Vinzenzkrankenhaus" in Hanover.

The Prestige (film)
"The Prestige" is a 2006 period film directed by Christopher Nolan. The story follows Robert Angier and Alfred Borden, enemy stage magicians in fin de siècle London. Obsessed with creating the best stage Magic, they take part in a competition with tragic results.

Javon Ringer
Javon Ringer (born February 2, 1987, Dayton, Ohio) is an American football running back for Michigan State University. He attended Chaminade Julienne High School, where he set many running records. Ringer has played at Michigan State since he was a freshman, and is on pace to break many MSU rushing records. He is currently a candidate for the Maxwell Award, the Walter Camp Award, and the Doak Walker Award. He is a currently a Heisman Trophy candidate. In the 42 college games he's played in, Ringer has a record of 24 wins and 18 losses.

Running back
A running back (RB) is the position of a player on a Football team. They are the players who carry the ball the most.

Heisman Trophy
The Heisman Memorial Trophy Award (often known simply as the Heisman Trophy or The Heisman), named after the former college football coach John Heisman, is awarded annually by the Downtown Athletic Club of New York City to the most outstanding player in collegiate football.

Place of birth
The place of birth is the place where a person was born. This place is often used in legal documents, together with name and date of birth, to uniquely identify a person.

Run, Fat Boy, Run
"Run Fat Boy Run" is a 2007 romantic comedy directed by David Schwimmer, written by Michael Ian Black and Simon Pegg, and starring Pegg, Dylan Moran, Thandie Newton, Harish Patel, India de Beaufort and Hank Azaria. It was released in the UK on 7 September 2007, in Canada on 10 September 2007 and in the United States on 28 March 2008.

And Now for Something Completely Different
"And Now for Something Completely Different" is a movie spin-off from the comedy television series "Monty Python's Flying Circus". The movie feature favorite sketches from the first two seasons. The title was used as a catchphrase in the series.

Abu Ghraib prison
The Abu Ghraib prison is a prison located in Abu Ghraib, a city located 32 km west of Baghdad, Iraq. It became known because the government of Iraq, when it was led by Saddam Hussein tortured and executed dissidents there. After the United States had invaded Iraq, there was also a scandal where US forces tortured prisoners there.

Trade (sports)
In professional sports, a trade is when one (or more) player's contract and/or draft picks is traded between sports teams. Cash is another thing that may be added with contracts and/or draft picks to make a trade. Most often, trades are done between two teams, but there are times where trades are made between three or more teams.

Jet (band)
Jet is a hard rock band from Melbourne, Australia. They were formed in 2001. They have made two albums, Get Born and Shine On. Get Born sold over three and a half million copies worldwide.

Get Born
Get Born is the debut album by Australian band Jet. It was recorded in 2003 and released on September 14 of 2003. The song Cold Hard Bitch reached the top spot on the Modern Rock charts.
Track Listing.
(*) Bonus track in Limited Edition CD

Tom Wills
Thomas Wentworth "Tom" Wills (19 August 1835 – 3 May 1880) was an Australian all-round sportsman who helped invent Australian Football, and umpired the first ever game of Australian Football, and helped write the Laws of Australian Football.
Wills was born in south-east New South Wales, Australia either near Gundagai or Queanbeyan.
From the age of 14 he went to Rugby School in England. At school he played both rugby football and cricket very well. By his final year in England, he was captain of the Rugby XI and he was listed in Bells Sporting Life as being one of the most promising young cricketers in England.
In 1858, Wills created a set of football rules that were like a cross between rugby, soccer and Gaelic football. He made up the game for cricketers to keep in shape during the off-season (winter). Wills had help in making up the game from other people including his cousin Henry Colden Harrison, and W.J. Hammersly and J.B. Thompson. This game is now Australian Rules Football.
Wills grew up with Indigenous Australians. He spoke the language of the people who lived near him and played with the children. It has been suggested that Australian Rules Football is based in part on "Marn Grook", an Aboriginal game with some similar rules to Australian Rules Football. Because the indigenous people Wills payed with as a child would have played "Marn Grook", Wills would have been influenced by this game when creating the rules for Australian Rules Football.
In 1868, Wills coached the first Australian cricket team to tour England, which was composed entirely of Indigenous Australians.

Simple Plan (album)
"Simple Plan" is the third, self-titled studio album by pop punk band Simple Plan.

N-type Semiconductor
N-Type Semiconductor is created by adding pentavalent impurities like Phosphorus (P), Arsenic (As), or Antimony (Sb). The purpose of doing so is to make more charge carriers, or electrons available in the material for conduction.
Introduction.
Semiconductor materials like Silicon and Germanium have for electrons in their outer shell (Valance shell). All the four electrons are used by the semiconductor atom in forming bonds with its neighboring atoms, leaving a low number of electrons available for conduction. Pentavalent elements are those elements which have five electrons in their outer shell. When pentavalent impurities like Phosphorus or Arsenic are added into semiconductor, four electrons form bonds with the surrounding silicon atoms leaving one electron free. The resulting material has a large number of free electrons.
Since electrons are negative charge carriers, the resultant material is called N-type (or negetive type) semiconductor. The pentavalent impurity that is added is called 'Dopant' and the process of addition is called 'doping'.
Manufacture.
N-Type semiconductor is manufactured by doping 'intrinsic' or pure semiconductor material. The amount of impurity added is very small compared to the amount of semiconductor. Characteristics and nature of the resultant semiconductor can be controlled by controlling the quantity of 'dopant'.

Pay television
Pay television or premium television are subscription-based television services. They are found mainly on digital or satellite television. Some parts of the world, like France and the US, have also offered encrypted analogue terrestrial signals, available if you pay a subscription.

Plug-in hybrid
A plug-in hybrid car is similar to a conventional hybrid vehicle—both use a gasoline engine as well as an electric motor. However, a plug-in hybrid uses larger battery packs that can be recharged by connecting to common household electricity. Plug-in hybrids can be driven for long distances—from a few miles to as much as 40 miles—without using any gasoline. Plug-in hybrid cars are also known as plug-in hybrid electric vehicles or PHEVs. Plug-in hybrid cars that use a gas engine exclusively for recharging batteries—rather than directly powering the wheels—are also called Extended-Range Electric Vehicles or E-REVs.
Fueling your car with electricity is about 5 times cheaper than fueling it with gasoline. That is like buying gasoline at less than $1 per gallon. It also reduces your greenhouse pollution and helps reduce crude oil imports. Also plug-in hybrids produced substantially lower greenhouse gas emissions than either conventional gasoline cars or unplugged hybrids. The reduction in emissions results from electric operation being much more efficient than gasoline operation.
Criticisms.
Criticisms of the hybrid include the additional cost, weight, and size of a larger battery pack. But The extra weight of the batteries will be offset somewhat by the reduced weight of the gas engine.
It is obvious for most people that internal combustion engine cars cannot represent the future anymore because of the oil reserves that are estimated to be finished in forty or fifty years. Obviously, Plug-in vehicles cannot be considered a short term option because we lack the needed infrastructure and capable batteries for increasing the autonomy that is currently limited. The general opinion was that, at least for the next seven or eight years, Plug-ins are not going to become the standard in hybrid vehicles and that regular HEVs will have the biggest proportion on the market.

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (or IEEE for short) an international non-profit, professional organization for the advancement of technology related to electricity. It has the most members of any technical professional organization in the world, with more than 365,000 members in around 150 countries.
It was formed in 1963 by the merger of the Institute of Radio Engineers (IRE, founded 1912) and the American Institute of Electrical Engineers (AIEE, founded 1884).
The IRE concerned mostly radio engineering. The major interests of the AIEE were wire communications and light and power systems. As technology developing, the IRE and the AIEE became difficult to distinguish. And people who belong to both group were increasing gradually. After World War II, the leadership of both the IRE and the AIEE merged two organizations on January 1, 1963.
IEEE says purpose of their organization "scientific and educational, directed toward the advancement of the theory and practice of electrical, electronics, communications and computer engineering, as well as computer science, the allied branches of engineering and the related arts and sciences." In pursuing these goals, the IEEE serves a major publisher of scientific journals, provides learning opportunities within the engineering sciences, research, and technology and so on.
IEEE consists of 150 countrys, 350,000 members, 39 societies, organized around specialized technical fields, with more than 300 local organizations that hold regular meetings. Famous presidents of IEEE and its founding organizations include Elihu Thomson, Alexander Graham Bell, Ernst Weber. The current (2008) president of IEEE is Lewis M. Terman.
IEEE produces 30 percent of the world's literature in the electrical and electronics engineering and computer science fields, publishing well over 100 peer-reviewed journals.
The content in these journals as well as the content from several hundred annual conferences are available in the IEEE's online digital library.

Galvanometer
A galvanometer is a type of ammeter. It is an instrument for detecting and measuring electric current. It is an analog electromechanical transducer that produces a rotary deflection, through a limited arc, in response to electric current flowing through its coil. The term has been expanded to include uses of the same mechanism in recording, positioning, and servomechanism equipment.
operation.
The most familiar use is as an analog measuring instrument, often called a Meter (electronics)|meter. It is used to measure the direct current (flow of electric charge) through an electric circuit. The D'Arsonval/Weston form used today is constructed with a small pivoting coil of wire in the field of a permanent magnet. The coil is attached to a thin pointer that traverses a calibrated scale. A tiny torsion spring pulls the coil and pointer to the zero position.
When a direct current (DC) flows through the coil, the coil generates a magnetic field. This field acts against the permanent magnet. The coil twists, pushing against the spring, and moves the pointer. The hand points at a scale indicating the electric current. Careful design of the pole pieces ensures that the magnetic field is uniform, so that the angular deflection of the pointer is proportional to the current. A useful meter generally contains provision for damping the mechanical resonance of the moving coil and pointer, so that the pointer settles quickly to its position without oscillation.
Tangent galvanometer.
A tangent galvanometer is an early measuring instrument used for the measurement of electric current. It works by using a compass needle to compare a magnetic field generated by the unknown current to the magnetic field of the Earth. It gets its name from its operating principle, the tangent law of magnetism, which states that the tangent of the angle a compass needle makes is proportional to the ratio of the strengths of the two perpendicular magnetic fields. It was first described by Claude Servais Mathias Pouillet in 1837.
A tangent galvanometer consists of a coil of insulated copper wire wound on a circular non-magnetic frame. The frame is mounted vertically on a horizontal base provided with levelling screws. The coil can be rotated on a vertical axis passing through its centre. A compass box is mounted horizontally at the centre of a circular scale. It consists of a tiny, powerful magnetic needle pivoted at the centre of the coil. The magnetic needle is free to rotate in the horizontal plane. The circular scale is divided into four quadrants. Each quadrant is graduated from 0° to 90°. A long thin aluminium pointer is attached to the needle at its centre and at right angle to it. To avoid errors due to parallax a plane mirror is mounted below the compass needle.

Magnetic tape
Magnetic tape a long and narrow strip of plastic that thin magnetic material is coated on. Nearly all recording tape is of this type, whether used for recording audio or video or computer data storage.
Magnetic tape recording uses magnetic tape which moves on a recording head. Electrical signals are fed to the recording head, inducing a pattern of magnetization similar to the signal. A playback head can then pick up the changes in magnetic field from the tape and convert it into an electrical signal.
Devices that record and playback audio and video using magnetic tape are generally called tape recorders and video tape recorders respectively. A device that stores computer data on magnetic tape can be called a tape drive, a tape unit, or a streamer. Autoloaders and tape libraries are frequently used to automate cartridge handling.
History.
Magnetic tape was first invented for recording sound by Fritz Pfleumer in 1928 in Germany. Pfleumer's invention used an iron oxide(Fe2O3) powder coating on a long strip of paper.
Magnetic tape has been used for data storage for over 50 years. In this time, many advances in tape have been made. Modern magnetic tape is most commonly packaged in cartridges and cassettes.
Today, many other technologies like CD or DVD are replacing magnetic tape. However, innovation in the technology continues and tape is still widely used.
Strength and Weakness.
When storing large amounts of data, tape can be cheaper than disk or other data storage options. Tape storage has always been used with large computer systems. Modern usage is a high capacity medium for backups and archives. As of 2008, the highest capacity tape cartridge (Sun StorageTek T10000B) can store 1 TB of data without using compression.
But, magnetic tape has quite a long wait time for random accesses since the deck must wind the tape to move from one data to another. (Magnetic tape data stroage uses Sequential access method.)

Cathode
A cathode is an electrode through which positive electric current flows out of a polarized electrical device. In other words, a cathode is negative electrode. An electrode through which current flows the other way into the device is termed an anode.
In physics, chemistry or electronics, a cathode is an electrode that emits electrons into the device. Reduction occurs at the cathode in an electrolyte, which electricity can pass through.

United States Army Reserve
The United States Army Reserve is the reserve force of the United States Army. People in the reserve forces are not full-time soldiers, they also have a civilian career. The reserve forces of the US Army are made of the US Army reserve and the Army National Guard.
The Army Reserve was formed in 1908 to provide a reserve of medical officers to the Army. After the First World War Congress reorganized the U.S. land forces. The National Defence Act of 4 June 1920 authorized a Regular Army, a National Guard, and an Organized Reserve (Officers Reserve Corps and Enlisted Reserve Corps) of unrestricted size. The Organized Reserve later became the Army Reserve.

Electrical telegraph
The electrical telegraph is a telegraph that uses electric signals. In general the term electrical telegraph refers to a signalling system where an operator makes and breaks an electrical contact with a telegraph key which results in an audible signal at the other end produced by a telegraph sounder which is interpreted and transcribed by a human.
Gauss-Weber telegraph and Carl Steinheil.
Carl Friedrich Gauss and Wilhelm Weber installed a 1000m long wire above the town's roofs. They were allowed to do this on 6 May 1833. Carl August Steinheil was able to build a telegraph network in 1835-6. He installed a telegraph line along the first German railroad in 1835.
Schilling telegraph.
The telegraph had a transmitting device which had a keyboard with 16 black-and-white keys. These served for switching the electric current.
Alter and the Elderton Telegraph.
Dr. David Alter created it one year before the much more popular Morse telegraph was invented. Alter demonstrated it publically.
Morse telegraphs.
In the United States, the telegraph was developed by Samuel Morse and Alfred Vail. Morse created an electrical telegraph in 1837. His version was a design that could transmit over long distances using poor quality wire. Vail, his assistant, developed the Morse code signalling alphabet with Morse.

Calvados (department)
Calvados is a French department in Normandy.

Knol
Knol is a Google project which aims to include user-written articles on a range of topics. The project was announced on December 13, 2007 and opened in beta to the public on July 23, 2008. When it was opened, there were a few hundred articles mostly about health and medicine.
Knol pages are "meant to be the first thing someone who searches for this topic for the first time will want to read", according to Manber. The term "knol", which Google defines as a "unit of knowledge", refers to both the project and an article in the project. Several experts see Knol as Google's attempt to compete with Wikipedia, while others point out the differences between the projects.
Content.
Anyone can create abd own new knols. There can also be several articles on the same topic, each written by a different author.
Because multiple articles can have the same title, readers find a topic by searching, rather than just by title. The authors can say who can edit their aerticles: the public, other authors, or only themselves. They may also choose to include ads from Google's AdSense to their knols. Knol has a policy that specifies topics that are unacceptable for the project. Relevant nudity is allowed (in most countries), but pornography, commercial or otherwise, is forbidden. Also forbidden is discriminatory or violent content. Content designed to promote businesses, products or services is allowed, but articles devoid of substantive content and created solely to generate ad revenue are not.
In its early stages of development as a resource, Knol was criticised very much. Commentators have called it a "wasteland" of articles copied from other sources, entries that were outdated or abandoned, as well as spam or self-promotion. Knol is frequently criticized for having incomplete and inaccurate articles. Google has said that "Since knol authors receive attribution, knols are a great forum for expressing your opinions." In October 2008, Google unveiled using Knols as a forum for debate, and enabled French, Italian and German versions, in the face of stagnating traffic.
Process.
Anyone who wants to contribute to Knol must first sign in, with a Goolge account. The users should give their real names. If permission is given, Google will check if the name is true. Google will do this by credit card or phone. Google "[believes] that knowing who wrote what will significantly help users make better use of web content". The company hopes that "knols will include the opinions and points of view of the authors who will put their reputation on the line".
Readers who are logged in with a google account can comment on entries, rate them or suggest changes. This works much like a blog. When the project was announced, Manber said that "Google will not serve as an editor in any way, and will not bless any content. All editorial responsibilities and control will rest with the authors."
All knols are licensed by default under the Creative Commons CC-BY-3.0 license. This license allows anyone to reuse the material as long as the original author is named, but authors may choose the CC-BY-NC-3.0 license (which prohibits commercial reuse) or traditional "all rights reserved" copyright protections instead.
Knol has "nofollow" outgoing links, using an HTML directive. This prevents links in its articles from influencing search engine rankings.
What people say about Knol.
People have described Knol as a rival to other encyclopedia sites such as Wikipedia and Scholarpedia. Sometimes people pointed out that the format was very different, and therefore it might be an addition to these sites. It might allow to get around someo f the Problems of Wikipedia. The non-profit Wikimedia Foundation, which owns the name Wikipedia and the servers hosting the Wikipedia projects, welcomed the Google Knol initiative saying that "The more good free content, the better for the world." While Wikipedia articles are written collectively under a "neutral point of view" policy,
There has been debate whether Google search results can remain neutral because of possible conflict of interest. According to Danny Sullivan, the editor of "Search Engine Land", "Google’s goal of making Knol pages easy to find on search engines could conflict with its need to remain unbiased." Jeff Chester, executive director of the Center for Digital Democracy, raised similar concerns: "At the end of the day, there's a fundamental conflict between the business Google is in and its social goals. What you're seeing here, slowly, is Google embracing an advertising-driven model, in which money will have a greater impact on what people have ready access to."

Problems of Wikipedia
Only a certain group of people edit Wikipedia. For this reason, the opinions of that group, and their interests may be covered more in Wikipedia. This is usually called a "system bias", and is a bad thing to have. There are also certain forms of group dynamics that are present. This means that the group of editors as a whole is more occupied to please itself than to edit articles).
Criticism of the content.
Robert McHenry said that Wikipedia should not call itself an encyclopedia. He thinks that this word also means that there is a degree of authority and accountability and that an resource anyone can change cannot have this. McHenry argues that
A number of academics – such as Sarah Deutch, dean of social sciences and professor of history at Duke University, and Margaret Humphries, professor of history and associate clinical professor of medicine at Duke – have criticized Wikipedia for its perceived failure as a reliable source. A related if somewhat "ad hominem" criticism is that many Wikipedia editors do not have degrees or other credentials generally recognized in academia. The use of Wikipedia is not accepted in many schools and universities in writing a formal paper. Several educational institutions have blocked Wikipedia in the past while others have limited its use to only a pointer to external sources. University of Maryland professor of physics Robert L. Park has characterized Wikipedia as a target for "purveyors of pseudoscience."
Some academic journals do refer to Wikipedia articles, but they do not do this the same way as traditional references. For example, Wikipedia articles have been referenced in "enhanced perspectives" provided on-line in the journal "Science". The first of these perspectives to provide a hyperlink to Wikipedia was "A White Collar Protein Senses Blue Light," Dozens of enhanced perspectives have provided such links since then. The publisher of "Science" says that these enhanced perspectives "include hypernotes - which link directly to websites of other relevant information available online - beyond the standard bibliographic references."
Some librarians, academics, and editors of other encyclopedias consider it to have little utility as a reference work. Most university lecturers discourage students from citing any encyclopedia in academic work, preferring primary sources. One university program and several schools have even banned Wikipedia citations specifically.
Wikipedia's policies state that assertions should be supported by reliable, published sources—ideally, by peer reviewed publications. Jimmy Wales, the "de facto" leader of Wikipedia, stresses that encyclopedias of any type are not usually appropriate as primary sources, and should not be relied upon as authoritative.

Smile, It's the End of the World
Smile, it's the End of the World is the second album by pop punk band Hawk Nelson. It was released on April 4, 2006.

Pessimist
A pessimist is someone who follows pessimism.
Pessimists usually look at the negative side of life. They are opposite of optimists. Some people are known for being a pessimist, because they always look at the bad things in life - most people are negative at least some of the time.

Optimist
An optimist is someone who always tries to look at the positive side of life. An optimist follows the philosophy of optimism. An optimist, is the opposite of a pessimist.
An example of optimism would be if your mother died, but you were thankful to still have your father.

Letters to the President
Letters to the President is the debut album by pop punk band Hawk Nelson. It was released on October 4, 2005.

Tonbridge Grammar School
Tonbridge Grammar School (or just TGS) is a well known grammar school in Tonbridge, Kent. It has about 1050 students who are 11-18 years old. The school was called "Tonbridge Grammar School For Girls" until 2002, when boys were allowed into the 6th form.
History.
Tonbridge Grammar School started in 1905 on the top floor of the Tonbridge Library with only 13 pupils. The teacher and headmistress was called Mrs Taylor. In 1913 the school moved to the site in Deakin Leas as the school was growing quickly and the library was not big enough.

Rechargeable battery
A rechargeable battery, or a storage battery, is a kind of battery that can be restored to full charge by the application of electrical energy. It is also called secondary cell because people recharged it with primary cells when there was no generator.
Rechargeable battery, compared with disposable battery, has many environnmental and economical advantages, because it can be discharged and recharged many times. But it costs more to produce and contains more toxic chemicals than disposable battery.
Rechargeable batteries are used for many mobile machines, like MP3 player, portable media player, mobile phone, electronic dictionary, etc. It is also used for starting a car.

2005 Pacific hurricane season
The 2005 Pacific hurricane season was a slightly inactive season that produced 17 tropical cyclones. It officially started on May 15 and ended on November 30, dates which conventionally delimit the period during which most tropical cyclones form in the northeast Pacific Ocean. The first tropical cyclone, Hurricane Adrian, developed on May 17, while the last storm Tropical Depression Sixteen-E, dissipated on October 20. During the year, a total of 17 tropical cyclones, 15 tropical storms, 7 hurricanes and 2 major hurricanes formed. The most intense hurricane, Hurricane Kenneth remained out over open waters for the duration of its existence. However, the remnants of the storm caused minor flooding on the Island of Hawaii. September was the most active month of the year, as 6 of the 17 tropical cyclones formed during this time.
The pre-season forecast from the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration called for 11-15 named storms and 6-8 hurricanes, of which 2-4 were expected to attain major hurricane status.
Very few storms impacted land throughout the season. Hurricane Adrian was the only landfalling system. It struck El Salvador as a dissipating tropical depression after rapidly weakening from hurricane status. Flooding in Nicaragua caused the only fatality during the season. Tropical Storm Dora and Hurricane Hilary brought tropical storm force winds to coastal Mexico, although no damage was reported. The remnants Tropical Depression One-C caused heavy rainfall on the Island of Hawaii, peaking at 8.8 in (223.52 mm). Hawaii was also affected by the remnants of Hurricane Kenneth which also caused heavy rains on the Island of Hawaii. The combined storms caused very little damage and only one fatality.

2007 Pacific hurricane season
The 2007 Pacific hurricane season was an event in the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation. It officially started on May 15, 2007 in the eastern Pacific, designated as the area east of 140°W, and on June 1 2007 in the central Pacific, which is between the International Date Line and 140°W, and lasted until November 30, 2007. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Pacific basin.
The season began slowly; through the end of July, the seasonal ACE was the third lowest since the geostationary satellite era began in 1966. The inactivity continued through the next month, which was the third quietest August in terms of ACE since reliable records began in the basin in 1971. Tropical Storm Barbara in June caused $55 million (2007 USD) in crop damage in southeastern Mexico from heavy precipitation. In August, Hurricane Flossie formed in the Eastern Pacific and crossed into the Central Pacific, threatening Hawaii but causing little damage. In early September, Hurricane Henriette dropped heavy rainfall in southwest Mexico, which caused nine fatalities and $25 million (2007 USD) in damage.

Provincial Government of Balochistan
Government of Balochistan is based in the largest province of Pakistan in Quetta. The head of the province is the Governor, who is nominated by the President of Pakistan. While the head of the Government of Balochistan is the Chief Minister who is elected by the Balochistan Assembly.

Klingon language
The Klingon language (named "tlhIngan Hol" in Klingon) is a language that was made for the Klingons in the "Star Trek" universe. It is an invented language. This means that there is no country that uses the language. Only few people can really speak the Klingon language. The Klingon Language Institute helps people learn Klingon.
History.
The first Klingon words were made by the actor James Doohan in 1979 for the first Star Trek movie. When they made the third movie in 1984, Gene Roddenberry wanted to have a real language for the Klingons. So it was the linguist (a language scientist) Marc Okrand who made the Klingon language. He has written some books about the Klingon language.
Grammar.
The Klingon language feels like talking backwards. Marc Okrand wanted the language to be as complicated as possible. He did this to make it sound very extraterrestrial. The word order in a sentence is always object-verb-subject. So the English sentence "I see the cat" is said as "the cat see I" in Klingon.

Chief Minister
A Chief Minister is the elected head of government of a sub-national (e.g. constituent federal) state, notably a state (and sometimes a union territory) of India, a territory of Australia or a British overseas territory that has attained self-government.

Provincial Government of Punjab (Pakistan)
The Government of Punjab is a provincial government in Pakistan. It is based in Lahore, the capital of the Punjab Province.

Government of the North-West Frontier Province
The Government of North West Frontier Province (NWFP) is based in the city of Peshawar, the provincial capital of the North-West Frontier Province, Pakistan.

Government of Sindh
The Government of Sindh is based in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.

Lentil soup
Lentil soup ("shorbit adas" or "shurba al-'adas", "nezid adashim") is a soup. It is served hot and made with lentils. It is popular all over the Middle East. Usually it is a vegetarian soup, but can also be made with meat stock. Red or green lentils may be used and in some recipes the lentils are boiled with vegetables such as carrots, potatoes, parsley and onion, and then pureed. Things commonly added include garlic, cumin, and lemon juice. Sometimes croutons are added to make it look good.
Lentil soup is mentioned in the Bible: In Genesis 25:34, Esau is prepared to give up his birthright for a pot of fragrant red lentil soup being cooked by his brother, Jacob.
The ancient Greek dramatist, Aristophanes, mentions lentil soup in his plays: He describes it as the "sweetest of delicacies."
Lentil soup was once a food for the poor. Today, it is recognized as highly nutritious and provides a good source of protein, fiber, iron and potassium.

Lebanon-Pakistan relations
Lebanon–Pakistan relations are the relations between Lebanon and Pakistan. These relations have been good mainly because Pakistan, to a certain point, does not recognise Israel as a legitimate country. Trade between the two countries has more or less favoured Pakistan as Lebanon is not in a stable state. Due to the popularity of Arabic in Pakistan, Lebanese music and cuisine are widespread.

Blizzard of Ozz
Blizzard of Ozz is a heavy metal album by Ozzy Osbourne, recorded in Surrey, UK and released on September 20, 1980 in the UK and on January 15, 1981 in the U.S..
This is Ozzy's first solo album. The tracks "Crazy Train" and "Mr. Crowley" were released as singles. Crazy Train peaked at #9 on the Mainstream Rock Charts.
"Blizzard of Ozz" remains Osbourne's highest-selling album to date, selling over 4.1 million copies in the U.S. alone.
The album reached #21 on Billboard's Pop Albums chart, and is on the list of the top 100 best-selling albums of the 1980s.
Track listing.
All songs written by Ozzy Osbourne, Randy Rhoads, and Bob Daisley except where noted.

Nightgown
A Nightgown or Nightdress is a garment worn for sleeping. It is usually loose-fitting. There are different lengths, hip-length (called "baby-doll"), floor-length (called "negligée") or knee-length.
Until about the 1940s men used ot wear them too, today, they are mostly worn by women.

Bolted joint
Bolted joints are very common in construction and machine design. They are "cap screws" or "studs" that grab and join other parts, and are secured by screw threads.

Lyman Hall
Lyman Hall (April 12, 1724 October 19, 1790) was a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence as a representative of Georgia. Hall County is named for him.

Button Gwinnett
Button Gwinnett (baptized: April 10, 1735 – May 19, 1777), was second of the signatories (first signature on the left) on the United States Declaration of Independence as a representative of Georgia. He was also briefly the provisional president of Georgia in 1777, and Gwinnett County (now a major suburb of metro Atlanta) was named after him.

William Ellery
William Ellery (December 22, 1727 – February 15, 1820), was a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence as a representative of Rhode Island.
Some of his descendants were William Ellery Channing, Richard Henry Dana, Edie Sedgwick and actress Kyra Sedgwick. Ellery Avenue in Middletown, Rhode Island is named in his honor.

William Floyd
William Floyd (December 17, 1734 August 4, 1821), was a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence as a representative of New York.
In honor.
Among his descendants are cinematographer Floyd Crosby and rock singer David Crosby. A second cousin twice removed was Abraham Lincoln.

George Clymer
George Clymer (March 16, 1739 – January 23, 1813) was an American politician and Founding Father. He was one of the first Patriots to advocate complete independence from Britain. As a Pennsylvania representative, Clymer was, along with only five others, a signatory of both the Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution. He attended the Continental Congress and served in political office until the end of his life.
Legacy.
USS "George Clymer" (APA-27) was named in his honor.
Clymer,Indiana County, Pennsylvania was named in his honor
Clymer, Chautaqua County, New York was named in his honor
George Clymer Elementary School, School District of Philadelphia. This school has educated majority children of color following Clymer's legacy of rights for all people.

Abraham Clark
Abraham Clark (February 15, 1725 – September 15, 1794) was an American politician and Revolutionary War figure. He was delegate for New Jersey to the Continental Congress where he signed the Declaration of Independence and later served in the United States House of Representatives in both the Second and Third United States Congress, from March 4, 1791, until his death in 1794.

Charles Carroll of Carrollton
Charles Carroll of Carrollton (September 19 1737 – November 14 1832) was a delegate to the Continental Congress and later United States Senator for Maryland. He was the only Catholic signer of the Declaration of Independence. He was the longest lived signer of the Declaration of Independence and the Continental Congress, dying at the age of 95.

Cotidianul
"Cotidianul" is a Romanian newspaper. It is published from Monday to Saturday in Berliner format. It was started by Ion Raţiu. The first issue was published on May 10, 1991.

Samuel Huntington (statesman)
Samuel Huntington (July 16, 1731 - January 5, 1796) was an American jurist, statesman, and revolutionary leader from Connecticut. He served as a delegate to the Continental Congress where he signed the Declaration of Independence, as Governor of Connecticut, and later as the first President of the United States in Congress Assembled, that is, the presiding officer of the Congress of the Confederation, the sole governing body of the first central government of the United States of America. His office was not that of today's President of the United States, which is a federal chief executive position created under the later United States Constitution.

Francis Hopkinson
Francis Hopkinson (September 21, 1737 May 9, 1791), an American author, was one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence as a delegate from New Jersey. His supporters believe he played a part in the design of the first American flag.
Great Seal of the United States.
Francis Hopkinson gave his help to the second committee that designed the Great Seal of the United States. This is the same seal that is now impressed upon the reverse of the United States one-dollar bill.

Stephen Hopkins (politician)
Stephen Hopkins (March 7, 1707 – July 13, 1785) was an American political leader from Rhode Island who signed the Declaration of Independence. He served as the Chief Justice and Governor of colonial Rhode Island and was a Delegate to the Colonial Congress in Albany in 1754 and to the Continental Congress from 1774 to 1776.

William Hooper
William Hooper (June 17, 1742 – October 14, 1790), was an American lawyer, politician, and a member of the Continental Congress representing North Carolina from 1774 through 1777. Hooper was also a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence.

Thomas Heyward, Jr.
Thomas Heyward, Jr. (July 28, 1746 – March 6, 1809), was a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence and of the Articles of Confederation as a representative of South Carolina.

John Hart
John Hart (c. 1711 – May 11, 1779) was a Delegate from New Jersey to the Continental Congress and a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence.

Benjamin Harrison V
Benjamin Harrison V (April 5, 1726 April 24, 1791) was an American revolutionary leader from Charles City County, Virginia. He was educated at the College of William and Mary. Harrison was a representative for Surry County, Virginia (1756-1758) and Charles City County (1766-1776) to the House of Burgesses. He was a Virginia delegate to the Continental Congress from 1774 to 1777, signed the Declaration of Independence, and was Governor of Virginia from 1781 to 1784.

Government of France
The government of France is a semi-presidential system determined by the French Constitution of the French fifth Republic. The nation declares itself to be "an indivisible, secular, democratic, and social Republic" in it. The constitution provides for a separation of powers. It proclaims France's "attachment to the Rights of Man and the principles of national sovereignty defined by the Declaration of 1789."

Advanced Placement Program
The Advanced Placement Program is a program that offers college level school classes for students in high school in the United States and Canada. "Good Schools Guide International" calls it a, "usually much more rigorous than the general course offerings."

Paramilitary forces of Pakistan
The paramilitary forces of Pakistan consist of various organizations constitutionally charged to safeguard Pakistan's national interests. They protect from threats that could come from other countries, like from India over the border dispute of Kashmir. They also protect citizens from threats that could come from inside the country. These threats started in 1971. Theey are currently made up from more than 300,000 workers.
Some divisions of the force are now incorporated under other organisations. For example, the Northern Light Infantry was a paramilitary force until 1999, when it became part of the Pakistan Army.

Pakistan Coast Guard
Pakistan Coast Guard () (PCG), is responsible for the law at sea, maintenance of seamarks, border control, and other services. It was recently made independent from the navy. It has also upgraded its facilities and fleet to counter the threat of smugglers and terrorists. The PCG has a fleet of 23 small craft but the exact number of personnel assigned to the PCG remains classified.

Minority group
A minority or subordinate group is a group that does not make up most of the population of a society. A minority is not always a minority of numbers — it may be any group that is not normal with respect to a leading group in terms of social status, education, employment, wealth and political power.

Aberfoyle, Stirling
Aberfoyle is a village in Scotland. It is located in the Stirling council area.

Altskeith
Altskeith is a village in Scotland. It is located in the Stirling council area.

Puslinch, Ontario
Puslinch is a township in south-central Ontario, Canada, in the County of Wellington south of Guelph. Aberfoyle was first settled in the 1840s and is named for Aberfoyle, Scotland. It is the administrative centre for Puslinch.

Ardchyle
Ardchyle is a village in Scotland. It is located in the Stirling council area.

Ardeonaig
Ardeonaig is a village in Scotland. It is located in the Stirling council area.

Stirling (council area)
Stirling ("Sruighlea" in Gaelic) is one of the 32 unitary local government council areas of Scotland, and has a population of about 85,000.

Arnprior, Stirling
Arnprior is a village in Scotland. It is located in the Stirling council area.

Fintry
Fintry is a small village in central Scotland, nestled in the strath of the Endrick Water in the Campsie Fells some 35km north of Glasgow. It is part of Stirling District. As of the 2001 census, Fintry and the surrounding rural area had a population of 2300 people.

Rowardennan
Rowardennan (Gaelic: "Rubha Aird Eònain") is a small hamlet on the eastern shore of Loch Lomond in Scotland.

Strathblane
Strathblane (Scottish Gaelic: "Strath Bhlàthain") is a village and parish at the extreme south of the Stirling council area, in central Scotland.

Thornhill, Stirling
Thornhill is a village in the Scottish council area of Stirling. It lies 14 miles from Stirling itself, south of Callander, east of Aberfoyle and west of Doune.
The 2001 census population for the area covered by the Thornhill and Blairdrummond Community Council is 1,109.

Tyndrum
Tyndrum ("Taigh an Droma" in Gaelic) is a small village in Scotland.

Blantyre, South Lanarkshire
Blantyre () is a burgh in South Lanarkshire, Scotland with a population of about 17,000.

Bothwell
Bothwell is a small town in South Lanarkshire, Scotland, that lies on the right bank of the River Clyde, adjacent to Hamilton and nine miles east-south-east of Glasgow. It is predominantly a residential town.

Burnside, South Lanarkshire
Burnside is a an area of South Lanarkshire. It is part of The Royal Burgh of Rutherglen and Greater Glasgow. It borders with Cambuslang, Blairbeth, Fernhill and Eastfield.

Uddingston
Uddingston is a village in South Lanarkshire, Scotland, on the north side of the River Clyde, approximately seven miles to the south-east of Glasgow.

East Kilbride
East Kilbride is a large suburban town in the South Lanarkshire council area of Scotland. It is Scotland's first new town, and lies on high ground on the south side of the Cathkin Braes, about southeast of Glasgow city centre. The Rotten Calder river flows along the east side of the settlement, northwards toward the River Clyde. The town is also known as the Polo Mint city due to its many roundabouts.
Dollan Baths.
One of the most significant buildings of an earlier phase of development was Dollan Baths leisure complex (opened 1968) which has Grade A listed status.

Fairhill (Hamilton, South Lanarkshire)
Fairhill is an area in the town of Hamilton, South Lanarkshire.

TNA X Division Championship
The X Division Championship is the 3rd highest ranked championshiptitle of the TNA professional wrestling company. It is defend by wrestlers in the X Division, meaning high flyers and cruiserweights. The current champion is Eric Young. Young defeated Sharik Abdul Bashir on "TNA Impact" on November 11, 2008. This was his first time winning the championship.

WWE Hardcore Championship
The WWE Hardcore Championship is a former championship for World Wrestling Entertainment. The first champion was crowned when the championship was awarded to Mankind by Vince McMahon. It was defended always in some sort of Hardcore match due to it's name. When Crash Holly won the title however, he stared what became known as the 24/7 rule. Which means the title was being defended at all times. Anyone could surprise the title holder and pin him to become the new champion anywhere, as long as a Referee was present. The last official champion was Rob Van Dam when he won the title from Tommy Dreamer to unify the title with the WWE Intercontinental Championship.

Spoonman
"Spoonman" is a song by the American grunge band Soundgarden, from their fourth studio album "Superunknown", which was released in 1994. The song describes Artie the Spoonman, a real-life musician who makes music with spoons. He was also featured in the song's music video.

808s & Heartbreak
808s and Heartbreak is an 2008 album by Kanye West. It has been released on November 24, 2008.

Watchmen
"Watchmen" is a Hugo Award winning graphic novel. It was written by Alan Moore and illustrated by Dave Gibbons. In 2005, "Time" magazine listed "Watchmen" as one "the 100 best English-language novels from 1923 to the present".

Vocalion Records
Vocalion Records was a record label which made records in the United States and in the United Kingdom.

Municipalities in Belgium
Belgium is made of 589 municipalities (Dutch: "gemeenten", French: "communes", German: "Gemeinde"). These municipalities are grouped into five provinces.
Usually, municipalities are the smallest subdivisions of Belgium, but in municipalities with more than 100,000 people living there, they get divided into Districts ().

Provinces of Belgium
Belgium is divided into three regions (Flemish Region, Walloon Region and Eupen-Sankt Vith), two of them are subdivided into five provinces each.
3rd Province (Eupen-Sankt Vith).
Because the German-speaking Community is found in the Province of Liège, people want a third province: the Province of Eupen-Sankt Vith, which would be made up of the 9 municipalities of the German-speaking Community.

Mikhail Nesterov
Mikhail Vasilyevich Nesterov () (, Ufa - October 18, 1942, Moscow) was a Russian painter. He was a very ipmortant painterr for religious Symbolism in Russian art. He studied under Pavel Tchistyakov at the Imperial Academy of Arts. Later, he felt attracted to the group of artists known as the Peredvizhniki. His canvas "The Vision of the Youth Bartholomew" (1890-91) is often considered to mark the inauguration of the Russian Symbolist movement. This painting shows the conversion of Sergii Radonezhsky. From 1890 to 1910, Nesterov lived in Kiev and St Petersburg, working on frescoes in St. Vladimir's Cathedral and the Church on Spilt Blood, respectively. After 1910, he spent the rest of his life in Moscow, working in the Marfo-Mariinsky Convent. As a devout Orthodox Christian, he did not accept the Bolshevik Revolution but remained in Russia until his death, painting the portraits of Ivan Ilyin, Ivan Pavlov, Otto Schmidt, and Vera Mukhina, among others.

AMC Gremlin
AMC Gremlin was a car produced by American Motors from 1970 through 1978.

Manichaeism
Manichaeism (in Modern Persian "Āyin e Māni") was one of the major Iranian Gnostic religions. Originally it came from Sassanid Persia. Most of the original writings of the founding prophet Mani (Syriac, c. AD 210–276) have been lost, but many translations and fragmentary texts have survived. Manichaeism was big between the third and seventh centuries. At its height was one of the most widespread religions in the world. Manichaean churches and scriptures existed as far east as China and as far west as the Roman empire. Manichaeism appears to have died out before the sixteenth century in southern China.
The original six sacred books of Manichaeism were written in Syriac Aramaic. They were soon translated into other languages to help spread the religion. As they spread to the east, the Manichaean writings passed through Middle Persian, Parthian, Sogdian, and ultimately Uyghur and Chinese translations. As they spread to the west, they were translated into Greek, Coptic, and Latin. The spread and success of Manichaeism were seen as a threat to other religions, and it was widely persecuted in Christian, Zoroastrian, and later, Islamic areas.

Ford Windstar
Ford Windstar was a car produced by Ford Motor Company from 1995 through 2003.

LDV Convoy
LDV Convoy was a van made by LDV Limited from 1997 through 2006. It was related to LDV Pilot.

Ford Freestar
Ford Freestar was a car produced by Ford Motor Company from 2004 through 2007. Even though Ford claimed it was "all-new", it was nothing more than a vaguely modernized Windstar.

Cambuslang
Cambuslang (Scottish Gaelic for "Camas Long" from "camas" - river bend, "long" - ship) is a town on the south-eastern outskirts of Glasgow, Scotland located within the local authority area of South Lanarkshire. It is known as "the largest village in Scotland", with a population of around 24,500.

Rigside
Rigside is a small village in South Lanarkshire, Scotland, about 5 miles from the town of Lanark, and less than a mile from Douglas Water. It lies on the A70 road to Ayr, and has approximately 800 inhabitants. Rigside used to be a mining village.

Lesmahagow
Lesmahagow (Gaelic: "Lios MoChuda") is a small town on the edge of moorland, near Lanark in the central belt of Scotland, and is also known as Abbey Green.

Larkhall
Larkhall is a town in South Lanarkshire, Scotland and is around 18 miles southeast of Glasgow. It had a population of 15,549 recorded in the 2001 census, and is a typical west of Scotland industrial town.

Strathaven
Strathaven (Gaelic: "Srath Aibhne" /stra 'əjnə/) (pronounced: Stra'ven, meaning: valley of the Avon) is a small town in South Lanarkshire, Scotland. The town has was granted a Royal Charter in 1450, making the Town of Strathaven a Burgh of Barony.
Strathaven railway stations.
Strathaven had, at various times, three railway stations.

Stonehouse, South Lanarkshire
Stonehouse is a small rural village in South Lanarkshire, Scotland. It is located on Avon Water in an area of natural beauty and historical interest, near to the Clyde Valley.

Rutherglen
Rutherglen (pronounced: ruh-ther-glen) is a town in South Lanarkshire, Scotland. "Rutherglen" comes from the Gaelic "An Ruadh Ghleann", meaning "the red valley". In 1975, it lost its own local council and administratively became a component of the City of Glasgow. In 1996 Rutherglen was reallocated to the South Lanarkshire council area.
Rutherglen remains the oldest royal burgh in Scotland, being more than 500 years older than Glasgow. It was a centre of heavy industry, having a long coal mining tradition which died out by 1950, and was until the 1960s home to the infamous White's chemical works, which was responsible for huge swathes of the area from southern Glasgow across to the town of Cambuslang being polluted with chromium waste. Rutherglen, and most of the towns encircling the city, are now dormitory suburbs of Glasgow.

Ford Taurus
Ford Taurus is a car produced by Ford Motor Company from 1986 through 2007 and from 2008 to the present day. It shall enter its Sixth Generation in 2009.
Versions.
The Ford Taurus has had several different changes to the way it was built. Each different version is called a "Generation".

Aberdeenshire
Aberdeenshire () is one of the 32 unitary council areas in Scotland. Aberdeenshire does not include Aberdeen City which is a Council Area in its own right. However, Aberdeenshire Council does have its headquarters at Woodhill House, in Aberdeen; the only Scottish council whose headquarters are based outwith its area's border. Aberdeenshire borders Angus and Perth and Kinross to the south, and Highland and Moray to the west.

Alford, Aberdeenshire
Alford (pronounced "aaford") is a large village in Aberdeenshire, north-east Scotland, lying just south of the River Don. The place-name is thought to come from the Scots "auld ford"; its original position being on the banks of the Don. The "L" sound in the word has, over time, been dropped, and is silent.

Ballater
Ballater is a burgh in Aberdeenshire, Scotland on the River Dee, immediately east of the Cairngorm Mountains.

Mary Douglas
Mary Douglas'", DBE, FBA (25 March 1921 – 16 May 2007) was a British anthropologist, known for her writings on human culture and symbolism.

Westhill
Westhill is a town in Aberdeenshire, in the parish of Skene, directly west of Aberdeen. It is connected to the city by the A944 road. It is also near Skene, and has a swimming pool, tennis courts, carnival and theme park.

Zora Neale Hurston
Zora Neale Hurston (January 7, 1891 – January 28, 1960) was an American folklorist and author during the time of the Harlem Renaissance, best known for the 1937 novel "Their Eyes Were Watching God".

Ruth Landes
Ruth Landes (October 8, 1908, New York City - February 11, 1991, Ontario, Canada) was an American cultural anthropologist best known for studies on Brazilian candomblé cults and her published study on the topic, "City of Women" (1947). Landes is recognized by some as a pioneer in the study of race and gender relations.

Niobe
Niobe (Νιόβη) was the daughter of the semi-legendary ruler Tantalus, called the "Phrygian" and sometimes even as "King of Phrygia" Tantalus ruled in Sipylus, a city located at the western end of Anatolia. The city has the same name than the mountain on which it was founded (Mount Sipylus) and of which few traces remain, and not in the traditional heartland of Phrygia lying more inland and centered around Gordion. Niobe was an Anatolian princess. She married Amphion of Thebes and Greek mythology was a vehicle for her historical record mixed with legends. Niobe was the sister of Pelops, who gave his name to the Peloponnese.
Life.
Artemis killed Niobe's daughters and Apollo killed Niobe's sons as they practiced athletics, with the last begging for his life. Apollo and Artemis used poisoned arrows to kill them, though according to some versions at least one Niobid was spared, (usually Meliboea). Amphion, at the sight of his dead sons, either killed himself or was killed by Apollo for swearing revenge. A devastated Niobe fled to Mount Sipylus (Spil Mount) of Lydia in Anatolia and was turned into a stone waterfall as she wept unceasingly. Spil Mount has a natural rock formation resembling a female face claimed to be Niobe, not to be confused with a sculpture carved into the rock-face of nearby crag Coddinus, north of Spil Mount, probably representing Cybele and attributed by the locals to Broteas, the ugly brother of Niobe. The rock formation is also known as the "Weeping Stone", as the stone is said to have wept tears during the summer. The rock appears to weep because it is porous limestone and rainwater seeps through the pores.
There are various accounts about how and where Niobe perished; the story that returns Niobe from Thebes to her Lydian homeland is recorded in "Bibliotheke" 3.46.
The story of Niobe is an ancient one among Greeks: Niobe is mentioned by Achilles to Priam in Homer's "Iliad" book XXIV, as a stock type for mourning. Priam is like Niobe in that he is grieving for his son Hector, who was killed and not buried for several days. Niobe is also mentioned in Sophocles'
"Antigone": as she is marched toward her death, Antigone compares her own loneliness to that of Niobe. The "Niobe" of Aeschylus, set in Thebes, survives in fragmentary quotes that were supplemented by a papyrus sheet containing twenty-one lines of text. From the fragments it appears that for the first part of the tragedy the grieving Niobe sits veiled and silent. Sophocles too contributed a "Niobe" that is lost. Furthermore, the conflict between Niobe and Leto is mentioned in one of Sappho's poetic fragments, ("Before they were mothers, Leto and Niobe had been the most devoted of friends.") The subject of Niobe and the destruction of the Niobids was part of the repertory of Attic vase-painters and inspired sculpture groups and wall frescoes as well as relief carvings on Roman sarcophagi.
Niobe's iconic tears were also mentioned in Hamlet's soliloquy (Act 1, Scene 2), in which he contrasts his mother's grief over the dead King, Hamlet's father — "like Niobe, all tears" —
to her unseemly hasty marriage to Claudius.

Ashfield, Stirling
Ashfield is a village in Stirling, Scotland.

Auchtubh
Auchtubh is a village in Stirling, Scotland.

Balfron
Balfron, is a village in the Stirling council area of Scotland. It is near Endrick Water on the A875 road, 18 miles (29 km) west of Stirling and 16 miles (26 km) north of Glasgow. Although a rural settlement, it lies within commuting distance of Glasgow, and serves as a dormitory town. It has shops, a health centre, a village hall and a secondary school (Balfron High School). The village also contains a fire station, garage, ambulance depot, police station, primary school, bowling green and an. The residential special school Ballikinrain is also located in Balfron and caters to intervening for boys with special needs from all over Scotland.

Deanston
Deanston is a village in the district of Stirling,
Scotland, on the south bank of the River Teith, formerly of West Perthshire. It is a part of the parish of Kilmadock.

Drymen
Drymen is a village in Stirling district in central Scotland. Drymen lies to the west of the Campsie Fells and enjoys views to Dumgoyne on the east and to Loch Lomond on the west. The Queen Elizabeth Forest reaches down to the village edge, and the whole area is part of the Loch Lomond and the Trossachs National Park (the first National Park in Scotland).

Inversnaid
Inversnaid is a village on the east bank of Loch Lomond in Scotland, near the north end of the loch. It has a pier and a hotel, and the West Highland Way passes through the village. A small passenger ferry runs from Inversnaid to Inveruglas on the opposite shore of the loch. To reach Inversnaid by road involves a lengthy overland route from Aberfoyle. It is also the title of a poem by Gerard Manley Hopkins.

Hilton, Stirling
Hilton is a village in Stirling, Scotland.

Gartmore
Gartmore is a village in the Stirling council area, Scotland. It is a picturesque little village with an excellent view of the Wallace Monument in Stirling, almost 25 miles away.
Formerly in lowland Perthshire, it is one mile from the A81 Glasgow to Aberfoyle road, three miles south of Aberfoyle.

Gargunnock
Gargunnock is a small village in the Stirling council area approximately seven miles west of Stirling, in Scotland. The 2001 census population was 944.

Crianlarich
Crianlarich ("A' Chrìon Làraich" in Gaelic) is a village in Stirling district, Scotland, about six miles north-east of the head of Loch Lomond. Until 1975, it was in the historic county of Perthshire. The village's name derives from the Gaelic for "low pass", relating to its geographical location.

Croftamie
Croftamie is a small village near Drymen in Scotland. The village was traditionally part of Dunbartonshire, but a minor change in boundaries means that it is now under Stirling Council.

Cambuskenneth
Cambuskenneth (Gaelic: "Camas Sgeanail") is a village in the city of Stirling, located in central Scotland. It has a population of 250 and is the site of the historic Cambuskenneth Abbey. It is situated by the River Forth and the only road access to the village is along Ladysneuk Road from Alloa Road in Causewayhead.

Volvo S80
Volvo S80 is a car produced by Volvo from 1998 to the present day. It is currently in its Second Generation.

Garhi Yasin
Garhi Yasin is a town located in the north of Sindh province of Pakistan. It is the second largest town of the district Shikarpur. The town has a population of more than 14,000. Garhi Yasin is located on the right bank of River Indus. The area has always been important as a part of the traderoute through the Bolan Pass.
The town is named after its founder, Yasin Khan Pathan. Sindhi is the common language of the people in this region. The population of the town includes members of many different tribes. These tribes include the Pathan, Memon, Soomra, Shaikh, Syed, Mirani, Qazi, Bhutta, Abra, Channa, Lashari, Bhatti, Dinari, Mahar, Kakepota, Brohi and others. Beside a large number of Hindu, Punjabi and some Muhajirs (from India) also live in the town. The people live here without any discrimination of caste, color, language and religion.
Pride of Garhi Yasin.
There are several people from Garhi Yasin who are well known.
Garhi Yasin has always been given importance by the civilian and military governments of Pakistan. The political representatives from the town have held many important positions in the many different governments. Ghous Bux Khan Mahar, the current MNA from Garhi Yasin, is a former Federal Minister and Speaker of Sindh Assembly. Agha Siraj Khan Durrani, Provincial Minister of Sindh, is also from this town. Agha Atta Muhammad Khan, Moula Bux Soomro (father of former speaker of the National Assembly), Mir Altaf Khan Bhayo, Nadir Hussain Khan Kamario, Sardar Himat Khan Kamario, Zulfiqar Khan Kamario are elected representatives (MPAs or MNAs) from Garhi Yasin.
Education.
The town has a secondary school, three high schools, several primary schools, a Mono Technique School and many vocational schools (in fields of study such as typing, Commercial and Computer).
Economy.
The area has both an industrial and agricultural economy.
Agriculture.
Much of the area is irrigated. Major productions of the area are rice, wheat and pulses. Other crops including maize, sugarcane, vegetables and fruits are also grown.
Industry.
The town has a small market. Many different items are made in the town. These include handicrafts, metalware, furniture, bricks and pottery. Hand loom weaving of the area used to be very popular.
Geography.
The area the town is located on is mainly an alluvial plain (flood plain). The Sukkur Barrage, built in the 1920s and 1930s, cause much damage the the land in this area.
The climate is very hot and dry.

Binturong
The binturong ("Arctictis binturong") is a large, rare mammal that lives in trees in the dense forests of southeast Asia.
Description.
Binturongs have thick, black fur, a long, muscular tail, and long, stiff, white whiskers. They use their prehensile tail almost like another hand; young binturongs can even hang by their tail. Binturongs grow to be up to about 5 feet (1.5 m) long. Like other civets, the binturongs use scent marks to communicate with other binturongs. In captivity, binturongs live for about 30 years.
Diet.
Binturongs eat fruit and small animals that they find using their sense of smell to find food. They hunt for food at night - they are nocturnal.

Kippen
Kippen is a small village approximately west of the city of Stirling, Scotland (also referred to as the Kingdom of Kippen). It lies between the Gargunnock and Fintry hills and overlooks the strath of the River Forth. The name probably comes from Gaelic, and means "Place of the little stump", "outcrop" or "block".

Kilmahog
Kilmahog (Gaelic: "Cille MoChùig" = Cell of St. Chug) is a hamlet situated half a mile to the west of Callander, Scotland, at the junction of the Trossachs and Lochearnhead roads.

Killin
Killin ("Cill Fhinn" 'the White [or Fair] Church' in Gaelic) is a village with about 640 inhabitants situated at the western head of Loch Tay in Stirling (formerly Perthshire), Scotland.

Killearn
Killearn (Scottish Gaelic: "Cill Earnain") is a small village of approximately 1700 people in the Stirling council area of Scotland. The village is located about north of Glasgow, and away from Loch Lomond. The Glengoyne distillery is also situated just outside the village.

Balmaha
Balmaha (Gaelic: "Baile MoThatha") is a hamlet on the eastern shore of Loch Lomond in the council area of Stirling, Scotland.

Balquhidder
Balquhidder () is a small village in the Stirling council area of Scotland. It is overlooked by the dramatic mountain terrain of the Braes of Balquhidder, at the head of Loch Voil. Balquhidder Glen is also popular for fishing, nature watching and walking. Above the village, Creag an Tuirc is a fine viewpoint, well worth the short climb.

Bannockburn
Bannockburn is a village immediately south of the city of Stirling in Scotland. It is named after the Bannock Burn, a burn (small stream) running through the village before flowing into the River Forth.

Georg Michael Telemann
Georg Michael Telemann (born 20 April 1748 in Plön, died March 4, 1831 in Riga) was a German composer and theologian. He is mainly known for the Church music he wrote. His grandfather is better known, Georg Philipp Telemann.

Blair Drummond
Blair Drummond (sometimes known as Blairdrummond) is a small rural community near Stirling in Scotland, located along the A84 road.

Blairlogie
Blairlogie is located at the base of the great cliff of Dumyat between Stirling and Menstrie was one of central Scotland's earliest Conservation Villages. Blairlogie mainly comprises 17th-19th-century cottages.
Between 1598 and 1609, the minister of Logie Parish was the poet Alexander Hume.

Boquhan
Boquhan is a village in Stirling, Scotland.

Alan Keyes
Alan Lee Keyes (born August 7, 1950) is a conservative American political activist, author, and former diplomat, and candidate for public office. He ran for President of the United States in 1996, 2000, and 2008, and was a Republican nominee for the U.S. Senate in 1988, 1992, and 2004.

1996 Pacific hurricane season
The 1996 Pacific hurricane season was an event in tropical cyclone formation and the second least active Pacific hurricane season in recorded history, behind only 1977. It officially began May 15, 1996 in the eastern north Pacific and on June 1, 1996 in the central north Pacific. It ended on November 30, 1996. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northeastern Pacific Ocean.
Few notable storms formed this season, however it was very eventful. Twelve tropical cyclones formed during this season, of which five made landfall and two other impacted land areas. Two tropical cyclones that formed in other basins entered the eastern north Pacific Ocean. Early in the season three tropical cyclones impacted Mexico in a ten day span, while the first cyclone of the season formed before it officially began. Hurricane Douglas was the strongest storm, reaching Category 4 intensity on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale and had its beginnings in the Atlantic as Hurricane Douglas.
Hurricane Alma.
Alma was the first of three consecutive storms to come close to, or make landfall on, the Pacific coast of Mexico during a ten day span. Alma killed at least three people, and possibly twenty. Three were killed when a house near Lazaro Cardenas collapsed. There were unconfirmed reports that 17 people were killed by floods in Puebla from rains related to Alma. Trees were downed and power was knocked out to many places. Roads were flooded and covered with Debris.
Hurricane Boris.
Hurricane Boris was the second consecutive storm to approach close to Mexico. It made landfall halfway between Acapulco and Lazaro Cardenas on June 29. It killed five people. A flood caused by Boris on the San Jeronimo River left thousands homeless.
Tropical Storm Cristina.
Cristina was the third cyclone to come close to Mexico in the space of ten days. It killed a fisherman when his boat was caught at sea off Oaxaca. At least 11 other fishing boats and 22 people were missing. Their fate is unknown.
Hurricane Douglas.
Hurricane Douglas was a continuation of Atlantic Hurricane Cesar, which crossed Central America. Continuing Cesar's nearly due-west heading, it was still a tropical storm when it entered the Pacific on July 29, and quickly regained hurricane status.
Douglas's strengthened over the next two days as it turned west-northwest, paralleling the coast of Mexico. It reached its peak intensity on August 1,with winds of 135 mph (215 km/h) and a central pressure of 946 millibars, making it the strongest hurricane of the season. It slow weakening began on August 2 as it entered cooler waters, and it officially dissipated on August 6, though like many Pacific hurricanes, a remnant circulation could be tracked westward for several days afterward.
Hurricane Fausto.
The precursor disturbance to Fausto was first noticed over Venezuela as early as August 31, and may have been related to the tropical wave that spawned Hurricane Fran. By September 4 the wave had crossed Central America into the Pacific; it steadily organized until it was upgraded to Tropical Storm Fausto on September 10.
Fausto intensified rapidly after it reached hurricane intensity on the 12th, peaking with sustained winds of 120 mph (190 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 955 millibars. The hurricane weakened as an approaching trough increased shear over the storm; this same trough also turned the storm north on the 13th, where it made landfall as a minimal hurricane Baja California that day. On September 14, the storm turned northeastward across the Gulf of California, and dissipated inland over the Sierra Madre range after its second landfall as a hurricane. Its extratropical remnants flared up briefly over northern Mexico and Texas, but otherwise soon lost their identity.
Damage in Mexico was relatively minor, with only a single casualty caused by a downed power line.
Hurricane Hernan.
Hurricane Hernan made landfall in a thinly-populated region of Mexico. It washed out roads, and knocked down power lines and telephone poles. There were 100 injuries but no deaths

2002 Pacific hurricane season
The 2002 Pacific hurricane season was an ongoing event in tropical cyclone meteorology. The most notable storm this year was Hurricane Kenna, which reached Category 5 on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale. It made landfall near Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco, Mexico on October 25. It killed four people and was one of the most powerful hurricanes to ever strike the western coast of Mexico. Elsewhere, Tropical Storm Julio made landfall in Mexico, and Tropical Storm Boris dumped torrential rain along the Mexican coast, although it remained offshore.
Other storms were individually unusual. Hurricanes Elida and Hernan also reached Category 5 intensity, but neither did any damage. Hurricane Fausto, while it had no effect on land, regenerated into a tiny tropical storm at a very high latitude.
Season summary.
It officially started May 15, 2002 in the eastern Pacific, and June 1, 2002 in the central Pacific, and lasted until November 30, 2002. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northeastern Pacific Ocean.
There were twelve tropical storms in the eastern Pacific Ocean this season. Of those, six became hurricanes and five became major hurricanes by reaching Category 3 or high on the Saffir Simpson Scale. A record three Category 5 storms formed. In the central Pacific, one tropical storm, one hurricane, and one major hurricane formed. The season saw below average activity in terms of the number of systems, but above average activity in terms of stronger storms. This was due to a moderately-strong El Niño that also suppressed activity in the Atlantic Ocean.
Also of note this season is an unusual gap in storm formation during the first three weeks of August. That time usually sees several nameable storms, but for some reason there were none.
Tropical Storm Boris.
On June 8, an area of disturbed weather that had absorbed a tropical wave spawned Tropical Depression Two-E. It became a tropical storm the next day. After peaking on June 9, steering currents collapsed and Boris stalled out in the ocean between two ridges of high pressure. Shear increased, and the cyclone weakened to a depression on June 10. The next day, Boris degenerated into a remnant low. The remnant drifted east and then southeast before dissipating on June 12.
Boris dumped heavy rains on sections of the Mexican coast. Several homes at an unspecified location were damaged. There were no deaths.
Tropical Storm Julio.
An area of convection and disturbed weather possibly related to outflow from Hurricane Isidore developed a circulation on September 23 and organized into Tropical Depression Thirteen-E on September 25. The depression headed northward and strengthened into a tropical storm the same day. Julio turned to the northwest and peaked just before landfall near Lazaro Cardenas on September 26. The storm quickly dissipated over Mexico.
No one was killed by Julio. Around 100 houses in Acapulco and Zihuatanejo were damaged or washed away by flash flooding.
Hurricane Kenna.
A powerful Category 5 hurricane at its peak, the third of the season, Kenna made landfall on Mexico as a Category 4. As of 2005, it is the most recent Pacific hurricane to have its name retired.
Kenna killed four people in Mexico and left thousands homeless. Its total damage was from 5 to 100 million dollars.
Tropical Depression Eleven-E.
Eleven-E threatened land. It resulted in warnings and watches being issued for parts of the Baja California Peninsula, but it weakened to a remnant low before strengthening into a storm. No deaths or damages were reported. Eleven-E was the final storm of the season. It lasted for two days in November and dissipated on the sixteenth day of that month.

Hurricane Kenna
Hurricane Kenna was a destructive hurricane of the 2002 Pacific hurricane season. It was one of the strongest Pacific hurricanes to ever strike Mexico.
Kenna formed in the eastern Pacific on October 22. It strengthened rapidly, reaching category five on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale on October 25. Hurricane Kenna weakened to category four before striking land near Puerto Vallarta later that day. The only Pacific hurricanes to strike Mexico at greater intensity were 1976's Hurricane Madeline and an unnamed 1959 storm.
Officials reported four deaths from Hurricane Kenna.

1994 Pacific hurricane season
The 1994 Pacific hurricane season officially started on May 15, 1994 in the eastern Pacific, and on June 1, 1994 in the central Pacific, and lasted until November 30, 1994. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northeastern Pacific Ocean.
Of note in this season is an unusual spree of very intense storms. Hurricanes Emilia, Gilma, John, and Olivia all reached a pressure below 930 millibars. Elsewhere, Hurricane Rosa killed several people in Mexico.
Activity.
This season had slightly above average activity. Five hurricanes reached Category 2 intensity or higher on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale. In addition, there were four other hurricanes and eight tropical storms. In the Central Pacific, two tropical storms and one hurricane formed.
Hurricane Emilia.
Hurricane Emilia was a powerful Category 4 storm. It briefly threatened the Hawaiian Islands near peak strength, but instead encountered wind shear and weakened. There was minor damage to roofs and some downed trees, and moderate rainfall.
Hurricane Gilma.
Hurricane Gilma was the strongest storm of the season, and the first Category 5 storm in the East Pacific since Ava in 1973. It is also the strongest July storm in the east Pacific, and is the fifth strongest overall.
Hurricane/Typhoon John.
Hurricane John was the longest lasting and most continuous tropical cyclone on Earth in recorded history. Its life began on August 11 south of Mexico, and 31 days later the storm became extratropical south of Alaska, after reaching Category 5 strength and passing the International Date Line twice. John caused $15 million (1994 USD) in damage on Johnston Island.
Tropical Depression One-C.
An area of disturbed weather organized into a tropical depression on August 9 while located 740 miles (1190 km) southeast of Hilo, Hawaii. The depression moved westward without organizing, and dissipated on the 14th. Moisture from the system produced heavy rainfall over the island of Hawaii, totaling to over 15 inches. The flooding closed all major roads in Hilo, and was considered the worst flooding in 40 years. The rainfall destroyed 2 homes and damaged 214, 14 severely. It also damaged roads and businesses. Damage throughout the island totaled to $5 million (1993 USD). Flooding occurred in Maui as well, where landslides blocked portions of the Hana Highway.
Hurricane Olivia.
Hurricane Olivia was the second strongest storm of the season. It is one of the ten most intense east Pacific hurricanes ever recorded. At the time, it was the strongest October storm.
Hurricane Rosa.
An area of disturbed weather organized into a tropical depression at midday on October 8. It had trouble organizing, and advisories were discontinued for a while. The cyclone finally became a tropical storm on October 11 and was named Rosa. It moved glacially, but eventually a trough steered Rosa north and then northeast. Rosa intensified quickly, peaking at Category 2 intensity just before landfall near La Concepcion on the morning of October 14. Rosa quickly decayed over the mountains of Mexico, and its cloud shield rapidly accelerated northward through the Plains and Mississippi Valley, moistening the atmosphere enough in Texas ahead of a slow moving occluded cyclone to help set the stage for a significant flood event in east Texas on the October 17.
Four deaths, two in each of Nayarit and Durango, were reported. Four people were missing in Sinaloa. More than 100,000 people had their homes damaged in Nayarit. Telephone poles and power lines were downed in Sinaloa. Rain caused landslides and flash-flooding in mountainous areas.

Hurricane John (1994)
Hurricane John was the longest-lived tropical cyclone ever observed, tracking from the Eastern Pacific to the Western Pacific and crossing back to the Central Pacific for 31 days total.
The precursor to Hurricane John was a tropical wave that moved off the coast of Africa on July 25th. It moved across the unfavorable Atlantic, and reached the Eastern Pacific on August 8th. It slowly organized, and became Tropical Depression 10-E on August 11th, 300 nautical miles south-southeast of Acapulco, Mexico. Conditions weren't ideal for development, but it developed banding features and well-defined outflow, and managed to strengthen to become Tropical Storm John later that day.
A strong ridge of high pressure over the Northeastern Pacific Ocean forced John westward, where upper level shear kept John a tropical storm as its intensity fluctuated. The shear greatly lessened greatly on the 19th, and John became a hurricane on the 20th. Later that day, it became a major hurricane, and crossed into the Central Pacific shortly thereafter.
Hurricane John continued to strengthen, and reached a peak of 150 knots (175 mph winds) on the 23rd, passing 300 nautical miles south of Hawaii. John had posed a threat to the island days before, but the ridge of high pressure pushed John safely south of the island. The hurricane still caused heavy waves and rains, though. During these days, John's intensity was constantly checked by Air Force Reserve aircraft reconaissance.
John turned more northerly, where it steadily weakened to a minimal hurricane on the 26th. Then, it crossed just north of Johnston Island, where it caused moderate damage. Conditions again favored strengthening, and John re-strengthened to a 135 mph Category 4 hurricane, but upper level shear again weakened it. John crossed the International Date Line, and became Typhoon John.
The system continued to weaken, becoming a tropcial storm on the 31st and a tropical depression on the 2nd while drifting eastward. John looped back to the northwest, and gradually restrengthened. An upper trough pulled the storm to the northeast on the 7th, and re-entered the Central Pacific on the 8th. John became a hurricane again late on the 8th, and retained that intensity for another day. Upper level shear weakened the hurricane to a tropical storm on the 10th, and John became extratropical in the North Central Pacific about a thousand miles south of Unalaska Island. John dissipated later that day, after an unprecedented 31 days at sea.

Hurricane Paka
Hurricane Paka (international designation: "9728", JTWC designation: "05C", PAGASA designation: Rubing, also known as " Typhoon Paka") was the last tropical cyclone in the 1997 Pacific hurricane and typhoon season, and was among the strongest Pacific typhoons in the month of December. Paka, which is the Hawaiian name for Pat, developed on November 28 from a trough well to the southwest of Hawaii. The storm tracked generally westward for much of its duration, and on December 7 it crossed into the western Pacific Ocean. Much of its track was characterized by fluctuations in intensity, and on December 10 the cyclone attained typhoon status as it crossed the Marshall Islands. On December 16, Paka struck Guam and Rota with winds of 230 km/h (145 mph), and it strengthened further to reach peak winds on December 18 over open waters. Subsequently, it underwent a steady weakening trend, and on December 23 Paka dissipated.
Typhoon Paka first impacted the Marshall Islands, where it dropped heavy rainfall and left $80 million in damage (1997 USD, $100 million 2007 USD). Later, it passed just north of Guam, where strong winds destroyed about 1,500 buildings and damaged 10,000 more; 5,000 people were left homeless, and the island experienced a complete power outage following the typhoon. Damage on the island totaled $500 million (1997 USD, $645 million 2007 USD), which warranted the retirement of its name. Paka also caused light damage in the Northern Marianas Islands, and overall the storm caused no reported deaths.

Hurricane Pauline
Hurricane Pauline was a destructive hurricane of the 1997 Pacific hurricane season and one of the deadliest.
Pauline formed in the eastern Pacific on October 6. It strengthened rapidly, reaching category four on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale on the next day. After a brief period of weakening to a category three, it re-intensified back to a category four, moving roughly parallel to the Mexican coast.
Pauline then made landfall, slamming into Mexico. Heavy rains and high winds caused damage as the storm skirted the coast.
There were 300-400 deaths, and heavy damage to Acalpulco.
The name was retired and replaced by Patricia for the 2003 Pacific hurricane season.

Hurricane Linda (1997)
Hurricane Linda of 1997 was the strongest hurricane ever observed in the east Pacific, with sustained winds of 160 knots and gusting to 190 knots, and a central pressure of 900 mbar. It was part of an abnormally active season for both the Eastern and Western Pacific Basins.
Storm History.
A tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa on August 24th. It moved across the unfavorable Atlantic without development. As it crossed Central America convection increased, and a poorly-defined center developed early on September 9th. Banding and convection increased, and it became a tropical depression that night, 400 nautical miles south of Manzanillo, Mexico.
Tropical Depression 14-E continued northwestward, and became a tropical storm on the 10th. Linda started to intensify more quickly, becoming a hurricane on the 11th 475 nautical miles south-southeast of the southern tip of Baja California. After 30 hours of rapidly intensifying, Linda reached her peak of 160 knots on the 12th, or around 185 M.P.H. winds. That is an increase of 95 knots, and a drop of 85 millibars. Linda moved directly over Socorro Island on the 12th as a Category 5 hurricane, but cooler waters weakened it greatly, dissipating it on the 17th.
Impact.
Linda passed over Sancoro Island causeing $3.2 million in damge.
In Califora, Linda was responsible for 8 deaths and $68 million in damage. Five people were drowened in a jetty. Falss flod cuaed 3 deaths and mudslides destroyed millions many homes and $68 million in damge. The Southwest would get devasted again by Hurricane Nora weeks later.

Hurricane Ioke
Hurricane Ioke (also Typhoon Ioke, international designation "0612", JTWC designation "01C" also sometimes called Super Typhoon Ioke) is the strongest hurricane ever recorded in the Central Pacific. The first storm to form in the Central Pacific in the 2006 Pacific hurricane season, Ioke is a long-lived and extremely powerful storm that traversed the Pacific, reaching Category 5 status twice as a hurricane. As a typhoon, Ioke managed to achieve Category 5-equivalent one-minute sustained winds one more time before weakening.
Ioke did not affect any permanently populated areas in the Central Pacific or Western Pacific basins as a hurricane or a typhoon, but the storm passed over Johnston Atoll as a Category 2 hurricane and Wake Island as a Category 5 typhoon. Despite its strength, Ioke only caused moderate damage to Wake Island, and was not responsible for any fatalities.
Storm history.
The system began in the third week of August as a persistent tropical disturbance south of the Hawaiian Islands. It was initially embedded in a trough, but gained convection and developed into a tropical depression about 775 miles south of Honolulu on August 19. It continued to strengthen, and the Central Pacific Hurricane Center designated the system with the name "Ioke" (IPA /iːˈəʊ.keɪ/), which is Hawaiian for the name Joyce, becoming the first tropical storm to form in the Central Pacific since 2002.
Ioke quickly began to enter a process of rapid development; strengthening into a hurricane just 24 hours after it had formed. While safely avoiding the Hawaiian Islands, it continued to rapidly intensify and became a major hurricane (Category 3 or greater) on the morning of August 21. Later that day, Ioke intensified even further into a Category 4 hurricane. On August 22, it began to weaken as a result of cooler water and eyewall replacement cycles, and was downgraded back to a Category 2. As a Category 2 storm, Ioke affected Johnston Atoll.
The storm began to rapidly deepen again late on August 23 as it moved over increasingly warm water, reaching major hurricane status for the second time while moving to the west-northwest. From there, conditions would become even more favorable for development.
Overnight between August 24 and August 25, Ioke strengthened rapidly, becoming a Category 5 hurricane on the 25th - the first system originating from the Central Pacific to reach that intensity while still in the Western Hemisphere. Ioke then began to travel over a large environment highly favorable for hurricane development, and would maintain its strength for an extended period of time. Ioke also became the most intense hurricane ever to develop in the Central Pacific, with a central pressure of 921 mbar (27.19 inHg) at that point (which dropped to 920 mbar at its Central Pacific peak).
Ioke began to fluctuate in intensity afterward; weakened back to a Category 4 while undergoing an eyewall replacement cycle, regaining Category 5 strength on August 26. Ioke held that intensity until crossing the International Date Line that evening (August 27 after the crossover), becoming Typhoon Ioke in the process. The storm weakened to Category 4 strength according to the JTWC, but by 2100 UTC on August 29, the JTWC advised that Ioke had regained Category 5 strength for the third time.
After maintaining Category 5 strength for 12 hours, Ioke weakened back to a Category 4 for the final time on August 30 while approaching Wake Island. Ioke passed almost directly over the island on early September 1 and continued tracking to the west-northwest while slowly weakening over gradually cooling waters. On September 3, under the influence of an approaching trough, the typhoon began to recurve to the northwest, then to the north and away from Japan, while weakening more rapidly. Ioke began to transition into an extratropical storm late on September 4 due to increased wind shear and rapidly cooling seas, and the JTWC issued its last advisory at 1200 UTC on September 5 after it was decided that Ioke had begun extratropical transition. The JMA followed suit early on September 7 after Ioke had become completely extratropical east of the Kamchatka Peninsula.
The remnant extratropical low is currently monitored by National Weather Service and is expected to be near Alaska in 48 hours.
Impact.
Despite Ioke's extreme intensity and impacting two small land masses, damage was surprisingly moderate. Little damage was done on Johnston Atoll, and damage to infrastructure on Wake Island was less than expected, despite Ioke's eyewall brushing the island.
Johnston Atoll.
The National Weather Service reported that the eastern eyewall of Ioke passed over the uninhabited Johnston Atoll, buffeting it with hurricane-force winds.
Twelve people on a United States Air Force vessel in the Pacific were forced to abandon ship and take shelter in a hurricane-proof bunker on the island. They were reported safe the next day, and a reconnaissance flight reported little damage on the island.
Wake Island.
Due to Typhoon Ioke's projected path near Wake Island, all 188 people who live and work there were evacuated in two C-17 Globemaster IIIs to Oahu in Hawaii. The typhoon's powerful winds, estimated to gust as high as 190 mph, damaged weather sensors on the island, causing them to fail after the instruments reported a 100 mph gust. A reconnaissance mission by the Coast Guard indicated the typhoon caused moderate damage on the island, including blown off roofs, damaged sides of buildings, and downed trees. However, the damage was repairable, and the major infrastructure on the island was intact.
Minami Torishima.
The JMA issued evacuation orders for its staff on Minami Torishima on September 1 in view of the approaching typhoon, but so far, no damage has been reported.

Post-grunge
Post-grunge is a music genre that is strongly influenced by grunge music, a genre that started in Seattle, Washington, United States in the mid-1980s. However, it makes it into a more melodic and radio-friendly sound. Not by a coincidence, it has become very popular on the radio.

Ayudhaya
History.
All Thai people know Ayudhaya as the old capital of Thailand. Its full name is ‘Phra-Na-Khon-Sri-A-Yud-Dha-Ya’. And sometimes many people call it ‘Ayudya’. This capital is at the age of 417 years. It is the longest aged of Thai capital. Ayudhaya is located at the center of Thailand. It was built at the confluence of the rivers Chao Phraya, Pa Sak and Lopburi. It likes an island city. This province is adjacent Loburi, Angthong and Saraburi at the north, Pathumthani and Nonthaburi at the south, Sarhaburi at the east and Suphanburi at the west of Thailand.

Nakhon Ratchasima Province
Nakhornratchasima or Khorat,is the biggest province and the second most population of Thailand.Nakhornratchasima means ‘big province’.It’s the gate to the eastern part of Thailand.Far about 260 km. from Bangkok.It’s the plateau and rich of resources and many convenient things of travel.The tourists would be enjoy with the activities on the trip.Such as,forest walking education,living near the river,sight seeing,studying of many ancient cultures and tradition.Besides of those,tourists could try old eastern foods.For the siouvenir,there are many things.For example,local handicraft and etc.
Khorat has about 20494 km3 with 25 districts.
Northen Part border with Chaiyabhum and Khon-Kan.
Southern Part border with Nakhon-Nayok and Prajean Buri
Western Part border with Chaiyabhum and Saraburi.
The president of the province is Mr.Prajak Suwanpakdee.
Thai business men and foreigners are interested this province
because it likes the center of eastern part of Thailand and also the center of education,

Garuda
The Garuda (Sanskrit: Garuḍa गरुड, eagle; Pāli Garuḷa) is a large mythical bird or bird-like creature that appears in both Hindu and Buddhist mythology.
Description.
Garuda with the head and wings of eagle and sometimes with the rest of his body like that of a man is called the king of birds and he is also the carrier of god Vishnu.
History.
Garuda is also known by another name Vinayaka, which he shares with Ganesha. Thus, this god-bird is thought to be remover of obstacles. Garuda is not separately worshipped as an independent god.

King Scorpion
Scorpion, also King Scorpion or Scorpion II refers to the second of two kings so-named of Upper Egypt during the Protodynastic Period.

Ka (pharaoh)
Ka, also Sekhem Ka, was a predynastic pharaoh of Upper Egypt. He ruled over Abydos in the late 32nd or early 31st century BC and was buried at Umm el-Qa'ab. He most likely was the immediate successor to Iry-Hor and was succeeded by Narmer. He is the earliest known Egyptian king with a "serekh," inscribed on a number of artefacts.

Iry-Hor
Iry-Hor or Ro (as read by Petrie) was a Predynastic pharaoh of ancient Egypt, although some archaeologists are doubtful of his existence. He was most likely Ka's immediate predecessor. He ruled over Abydos and was buried in its local cemetery at Umm el-Qa'ab near Ka, Narmer and the First Dynasty kings.
If he existed, he would be the earliest documented person.

Wazner
Wazner, also Wazenez or Wadjenedj, was a Predynastic Egyptian king who ruled in the Nile Delta. He is mentioned in the Palermo Stone inscriptions among a small number of kings of Lower Egypt.

Hsekiu
Hsekiu, also Seka, was a Predynastic ancient Egyptian king who ruled in the Nile Delta. He is mentioned in the Palermo Stone inscriptions among a small number of kings of Lower Egypt

Tiu (pharaoh)
Tiu, also Teyew etc, was a Predynastic ancient Egyptian king who ruled in the Nile Delta. He is mentioned in the Palermo Stone inscriptions among a small number of kings of Lower Egypt. Nothing else is known of his life or reign.

Scorpion I
Scorpion I was the first of two kings so-named of Upper Egypt during the Protodynastic Period. His name may refer to the scorpion goddess Serket.
He is believed to have lived in Thinis one or two centuries before the rule of the better known King Scorpion of Nekhen. To him belongs the U-j tomb found in the royal cemetery of Abydos where Thinite kings were buried.

Thesh
Thesh, or Tjesh, Tesh etc, was a Predynastic ancient Egyptian king who ruled in the Nile Delta. He is mentioned in the Palermo Stone inscriptions among a small number of kings of Lower Egypt

Ford Cortina
Ford Cortina was a car produced by Ford Motor Company from 1962 through 1982. From 1970 onwards, it was almost identical to Ford Taunus.

Kazakhstan-Pakistan relations
Kazakhstan–Pakistan relations are the relations between Kazakhstan and Pakistan. Relations between the two countries after Kazakhstan became independent from the Soviet Union. Kazakhstan is an emerging market for Pakistani goods.

Kyrgyzstan-Pakistan relations
Kyrgyzstan–Pakistan relations are the relations between Kyrgyzstan and Pakistan. Relations between the two countries were esablished on 20 December 1991 shortly after Kazakhstan became independent from the Soviet Union. Diplomatic relations were formally established on 10 May 1992.

Closure (computer science)
In Computer science, a closure is a function that has an environment of its own. Inside this environment, there is at least one bound variable. Closures were first used in programming languages such as ML and Lisp.
Closures keep the state of their bound variables over several invocations.
The term closure is often mistakenly used to mean anonymous function. This is probably because most languages implementing anonymous functions allow them to form closures and programmers are usually introduced to both concepts at the same time. These are however different concepts.
The concept of closures was developed in the 1960s and was first fully implemented as a language feature in the programming language Scheme. Since then, many languages have been designed to support closures.
Function objects are sometimes also called closures.
Closures and first-class functions.
In this example, the lambda expression codice_1 appears within the function codice_2. When the lambda expression is evaluated, Scheme creates a closure consisting of the code for the lambda and a reference to the codice_3 variable, which is a free variable inside the lambda.
The closure is then passed to the codice_4 function, which calls it repeatedly to determine which books are to be added to the result list and which are to be discarded. Because the closure itself has a reference to codice_3, it can use that variable each time codice_4 calls it. The function codice_4 itself might be defined in a completely separate file.
// Return a list of all books with at least 'threshold' copies sold.
The codice_8 keyword is used here instead of codice_9, and an codice_10 method instead of a global codice_4 function, but otherwise the structure and the effect of the code are the same.
A function may create a closure and return it. The following example is a function that returns a function.
// Return a function that approximates the derivative of f
// using an interval of dx, which should be appropriately small.
Because the closure in this case outlives the scope of the function that creates it, the variables codice_12 and codice_13 live on after the function codice_14 returns. In languages without closures, the lifetime of a local variable coincides with the execution of the scope where that variable is declared. In languages with closures, variables must continue to exist as long as any existing closures have references to them.
This is most commonly implemented using some form of garbage collection.
return (f(x + dx) - f(x)) / dx
In this example, the function named "gradient" forms a closure together with the variables "f" and "dx". This closure is then returned by the outer function named "derivative". In fact, closures in Python must often be formed using named functions, where an anonymous function might be equally appropriate in other languages, because of the restrictions on lambda forms.
Uses of closures.
(display (bar)); prints "meet me by the docks at midnight"
Note: Some speakers call any data structure that binds a lexical environment a closure, but the term usually refers specifically to functions.

Customised buses and trucks in Pakistan
Many trucks and buses in Pakistan are highly customised and decorated by their owners, to the point of becoming moving art. These are quite distinct in their lay out from all other trucks of the world.They are like the moving art galleries depicting all themes of life through its adorned art work. Although the venture to decorate the trucks is much expensive yet it is practised in Pakistan and some countries of central Asia with an aesthetic zeal and zest.

Agriculture in Pakistan
Pakistan ranks fifth in the Muslim world and twentieth worldwide in farm output. It is the world's fifth largest milk producer.

Gwadar Bay
Gwadar Bay is located in near the maritime border of Pakistan and Iran. The name is from Persian, "Khalij-e Gavader" or 'Gulf of Gwadar' on Arabian Sea. It is an inlet of the Arabian Sea indenting the sandy Makran coast at the Iran–Pakistan border. It is about 20 miles (32 km) long and 10 miles (16 km) wide. The Dashtiari River flows into it from the northwest, and the Dasht River from the northeast. The town of Gwadar, Pakistan, lies on the Arabian Sea coast about 30 miles (48 km) to the east of Gwadar Bay.

Huntly, Scotland
Huntly () is a town in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, formerly known as Milton of Strathbogie. It has a population 4,460 2004 and is the site of Huntly Castle.
Huntly was the home town of the writer George MacDonald. Some of his novels, especially the Robert Falconer and Alec Forbes of Howglen play partly in Huntly, even if the name of the town is changed. So they give a rather good introduction to the life in Huntly in the 19th century.
The local football team is Huntly F.C..

Clerkhill
Clerkhill is an area of the town of Peterhead in north east Scotland. Surrounded by the areas of Meethill, Dales Park and Coplandhill, it is one of the smaller areas of the town.

Ellon, Aberdeenshire
Ellon is a town in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, approximately 16 miles north of Aberdeen, lying on the River Ythan (pronounced "eye-than") which has one of the few undeveloped river estuaries on the Eastern coast of Scotland. It is in the ancient region of Formartine.

Fraserburgh
Fraserburgh (Scots: "The Broch") is a town in Aberdeenshire, Scotland with a population recorded in the 2001 Census at 12,454. It lies at the northeast corner of Aberdeenshire, around north of Aberdeen, and north of Peterhead. It is the largest shellfish port in Europe and a major white fish port and busy commercial harbour.
Sports.
Fraserburgh golf club is the fifth oldest club in Scotland and seventh oldest in the world. It has both an 18 hole and a 9 hole course, and a modern clubhouse.
Fraserburgh Football Club is a senior football club that plays in the Highland League. Fraserburgh United FC is a junior football club that plays in the Scottish Junior Football North Premier League (also known as the North Superleague).

Rosehearty
Rosehearty (Gaelic: "Ros Abhartaich"), "Rizarty" in the local dialect, is located on the Moray Firth coast, four miles west of the town Fraserburgh, in the historical county of Aberdeenshire in Scotland.
The burgh has a population of approximately 1,300 with about 25 per cent of pensionable age. There are two shops and three hotels in the village.

Stonehaven
Stonehaven ("Steenhive" in the Doric dialect of Scots) and "Cala na Creige" in Gaelic is a town with around fourteen thousand inhabitants (9,577 in the 2001 census) on the northeast coast of Scotland. It is the county town of the historic county of Kincardineshire or The Mearns and the present day county of Aberdeenshire. It grew around an Iron Age fishing village, now the "Auld Toon" ("old town"), and expanded inland from the Seaside. As late as the 16th century, old maps indicate the town was called Stonehyve or Stonehive.
Famous People.
Stonehaven was the birthplace of Robert William Thomson, inventor of the pneumatic tyre and the fountain pen, of journalist James Murdoch and Lord Reith of Stonehaven, first Director-General of the BBC.
Stonehaven was a holiday retreat of the poet, Robert Burns.
The novelist Lewis Grassic Gibbon (James Leslie Mitchell) attended school at what was the old Mackie Academy (now Arduthie Primary). Mackie Academy now serves over 1000 pupils and they study his work.
Famous historical visitors include William Wallace and Mary Queen of Scots.

Turriff
Turriff is a town and parish in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. It is approximately 166 feet above sea level. It is known locally as Turra in the Doric dialect of Scots. The name appears to be Scottish Gaelic in origin, from "torr" meaning a mound or round hill, or "tur" meaning a tower.
History.
The Knights Templar appear to have had a base in the area, and a nearby site is still known as "Temple Brae".
Early in 1639, the Marquis of Huntly assembled his forces here, and thereafter went to Kintore in lower Aberdeenshire, eventually marching from there to Aberdeen itself. The Marquis — being informed shortly after his arrival in Aberdeen that a meeting of Covenanters was to be held in Turriff on the fourteenth of February — resolved to disperse them, by occupying the town with 2000 men. The incident was known as the "First raid of Turray".

Danko Jones
Danko Jones is a three-piece hard rock band from Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
The band consists of Danko Jones (vocals/guitar), JC (also known as John Calabrese) (bass guitar), and Dan Cornelius (drums).

Abercrombie & Fitch
Abercrombie & Fitch () (A&F) is an American clothing retailer sold as a lifestyle brand. The company has five brands: the Abercrombie & Fitch brand, abercrombie kids, Hollister Co., RUEHL No.925, and Gilly Hicks. Stores operate in the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom.

Abercrombie, Fife
Abercrombie (Gaelic: "Obar Chrombaidh") is a small village in Fife, situated around 1 mile to the north of the village of St Monans, and 10 miles south of the town of St Andrews. Abercrombie was the former name of the parish of St Monans, although both Abercrombie and St Monans had churches.

Jamestown, Fife
Jamestown is a hamlet in Fife, Scotland. The A90 road and the Fife Circle Line are two modes of transport in Jamestown. The nearest ferry is from Rosyth, and goes to Zeebrugge. Edinburgh Airport is the nearest airport.

Bargeddie
Bargeddie is a small town in North Lanarkshire, Scotland, located east of the junction of the M73 and M8 motorways, situated 2 miles (3 km) west of Coatbridge town centre. A location in the same area is named in Timothy Pont's map of 1595, but it appears to be originally spelt as Balgedy.
Former Scottish football player and Arsenal manager, George Graham was born at Bargeddie on 30 November 1944.

Valentina Tereshkova
Valentina Vladimirovna Tereshkova (; born 6 March 1937), is a retired Soviet cosmonaut and was the first woman to fly in space, aboard Vostok 6 on 16 June 1963.

John Dillinger
John Herbert Dillinger (June 22, 1903–July 22, 1934) was a notorious bank robber in mid-western America. Some considered him a dangerous criminal, while others idolized him as a present-day Robin Hood.

SEAT Arosa
SEAT Arosa was a car produced by SEAT from 1997 through 2005. It is a badge-engineered version of the Volkswagen Lupo.

SEAT Ibiza
SEAT Ibiza is a car produced by SEAT since 1984. It is currently in its Fourth Generation.

Commedia dell'arte
dell'arte is a theatrical form characterized of colorful stock characters that emerged in northern Italy in the fifteenth century and rapidly gained popularity throughout Europe.usually the charecters play with out scripts. The earliest known company formed in Padua in 1545, and by the turn of the seventeenth century troupes such as the Gelosi, Confidenti, and Fedeli. Some troupes were favored at foreign courts, especially in France, where images from the commedia became a favorite theme of artists such as Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Paterand Jean Antoine.Born in Italy at the beginning of the 16th Century. One of its most important features is the presence of masks.In Commiedea dell'Arte everyone is cunning. Hunger, love and money are the motivating forces.Italian for play of professional artists, was a popular form of entertainment in Italy during the Renaissance the height of its popularity was from 1550 to 1750.Commedia dell'Arte has had a distinct influence on comedy since its beginning. After its adoption in France.These dell'arte has also been adapted in other countries. One example of this is the still popular Punch and Judy show in England.

Boddam, Aberdeenshire
Boddam is a coastal village in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. It is north of Aberdeen and south of Peterhead. Sea cliffs rise to, south of the village: a coastal path leads along these to the Bullers of Buchan.
The adjoining settlement, on the Aberdeen to Peterhead road, was for many years known simply as Stirling: in 2004, it was renamed Stirling Village, to avoid confusion with the newly-granted city of Stirling.

Blackburn, Aberdeenshire
Blackburn is a rapidly growing commuter town just northwest of Aberdeen, Scotland, and is situated in Aberdeenshire. It has an industrial estate.

Banff and Macduff
Banff (Gaelic "Banbh") and Macduff (Gaelic "MacDhuibh") are neighbouring towns situated on Banff Bay, both of which are former burghs in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. Until 1975 Banff was the county town of Banffshire.
Sport.
Banff and surrounding areas have a local football team, Deveronvale F.C., and a rugby team, Banff RFC.
Duff House Royal Golf course is bordered by the River Deveron and Duff House.Some interesting holes which can be difficult depending on the wind.
Macduff also has a golf course known as Royal Tarlair. Built on land which ends on precipitous cliffs, lost balls really are lost.
Etymology.
The name "Banff" is uncertain but may be derived from the Scottish Gaelic "Banbh" or "Banbha", a sow, "buinne", a stream, or a contraction of "Bean-naomh", the holy woman (as is reflected in the town's coat-of-arms). Currently, the languages spoken in the town and in its vicinity tend to be the Doric dialect of Scots, and English.

Banchory
Banchory (Scottish Gaelic: "Beannchar", 'blessed place') is a burgh or town in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, lying approximately 18 miles west of Aberdeen, near where the Feugh River meets the River Dee.

Laurencekirk
Laurencekirk is a small town in the ancient county of Kincardineshire, modern county of Aberdeenshire, Scotland, just off the A90 Dundee to Aberdeen main road. It is the largest settlement in the Howe o' the Mearns area and houses the local secondary school; Mearns Academy, which was awarded the Charter Mark in 2003. The 2004 population is estimated at 3,596.

Inverurie
Inverurie is a Royal Burgh in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, approximately 16 miles north west of Aberdeen on the A96 road and lies on the Northern Express Railway Route from Aberdeen to Inverness. The nearest airport is Aberdeen International Airport at Dyce.
Sports.
Inverurie Loco Works F.C., playing their matches at Harlaw Park, are the local Highland League football team and Aberdeen F.C. is the nearest Scottish Premier League team. Rugby Union is played by the Garioch Rugby Football Club.

Inverbervie
Inverbervie (Ordnance Survey grid reference) is a small town on the north-east coast of Scotland, south of Stonehaven, in the Aberdeenshire council area.
The Inverbervie name derives from "Inbhir Beirbhe", meaning "Mouth of the River Bervie" in Scottish Gaelic.

Insch
Insch is a town in Garioch, Aberdeenshire, Scotland. It is located approximately from the city of Aberdeen. Auchleven and Premnay are villages associated with Insch.

Portsoy
Portsoy (Gaelic: "Port Saoidh") is a burgh in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, formerly in the county of Banffshire.

Peterhead
Peterhead is a town in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. It is Aberdeenshire's largest settlement, having a population of 17,947 at the 2001 Census. Peterhead sits at the easternmost point in mainland Scotland. Peterhead is often referred to as 'The Blue Toon' and people who were born there as Blue Tooners. More correctly they are called Bloomogganners, supposedly from the blue worsted stockings that the fishermen originally wore.
Sport.
Peterhead F.C. are a Scottish Football League side who currently play in the Second Division.

Maud, Aberdeenshire
the 'New' falling out of use leading to its current name.

Kintore, Aberdeenshire
Kintore (Gaelic: "Ceann Tòrr") is a town and former royal burgh near Inverurie in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, now bypassed by the A96 road between Aberdeen and Inverness. The name Kintore comes from the Gaelic, Ceann-an-torr. "Ceann" means the head, or the end, and "Torr" means a round hill. So the name signifies that the town was at the head or end of a round hill. This probably refers to Tuach Hill to the south of the town.

Kemnay
Kemnay (Gaelic: "Ceann a' Mhuigh") is a village 16 miles west of Aberdeen in Scotland. It has a population of about 7040 (2007).
Sports.
The golfer Paul Lawrie, who famously won the 1999 Open Championship is a former pupil of Kemnay Academy, as is Aberdeen FC footballer Darren Mackie.

Portlethen
Portlethen is a town situated seven miles south of Aberdeen, Scotland along the A90. It has expanded rapidly over the last thirty years. Portlethen has a population of about seven thousand, and more than eight hundred houses are as of 2007 being built on nearby farmland. To the east of Portlethen lie three fishing villages: Findon, Downies and Old Portlethen (now often referred to as "Portlethen Village"). Although Portlethen is a town in terms of population (and it has been granted official town status); it resembles a residential suburb without a clear 'town centre' or focal point.

Bonzi Buddy
Bonzi Buddy was a freeware program from Bonzi.com. The software was available from from 1999 to 2005. It is based on the Microsoft Agent technology. The program is no longer used because it contained much spyware.
For the first version, they used a parrot called Peedy. After the first version, the company had to make up their own agent. They called it Bonzi. The fictional character was a purple gorilla. The first ever purple gorilla appeared on a yellow surf board. In later versions, they changed Bonzi's entrance from a surf board to a vine. The Bonzi website is still open and can be used for search engine but Bonzi Buddy cannot be downloaded anymore. People can still get the character file of Bonzi but not the program.
What Bonzi can do.
Bonzi Buddy could sing, say anything, download, browse, tell facts and tell jokes. He even had his own home page which when visited he would give the user a prize.

Kansas Koyotes
The Kansas Koyotes are a professional indoor football team based out of Topeka, Kansas. The Koyotes compete in the American Professional Football League (APFL). They began play in 2003.

Playing for Pizza
"Playing for Pizza" is a short novel by John Grisham, released on September 25 2007.
The novel is about an American football player who can no longer get work in the National Football League and whose agent, as a last resort, signs a deal for him to play for the Parma Panthers, in Parma, Italy. The quarterback's move to a small city in a foreign land leads to a series of cultural misadventures.

The Grapes of Wrath
"The Grapes of Wrath" is a novel published in 1939 and written by John Steinbeck, who was awarded the Pulitzer Prize and the Nobel Prize for Literature. It is frequently read in American high school and college book classes.

Charlie and the Chocolate Factory
"Charlie and the Chocolate Factory" (1964) is a children's book by British author Roald Dahl. This story of the adventures of young Charlie Bucket inside the chocolate factory of eccentric candymaker Willy Wonka is often considered one of the most beloved children's stories of the 20th century.

Be Kind Rewind
"Be Kind Rewind" is a 2008 American comedy movie starring Jack Black, Mos Def, Danny Glover and Mia Farrow.
The movie got its name from a phrase commonly displayed on VHS rental tapes.

University of Michigan College of Literature, Science, and the Arts
The University of Michigan College of Literature, Science, and the Arts, also called the College of LS&A (or simply LS&A), is the liberal arts and sciences unit of the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor. Started in 1841 with seven students and two teachers, the college is now the largest part at U-M in terms of the number of students. It is located on the university's Central Campus, which is shared with the Ross School of Business, the School of Information, the UM Law School, and other units.

Oakley, Fife
Oakley is a village in Fife, Scotland.

Upper Largo
Upper Largo or Kirkton of Largo is a small town in the East Neuk of Fife, Scotland.

Pat Benatar
Pat Benatar (born Patricia Mae Andrzejewski on 10 January 1953) is a four-time Grammy Award-winning American rock singer with seven platinum and three gold albums to her credit, as well as 19 Top 40 singles. Pat Benatar was eligible for the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2004.
Benatar is also known for her mezzo-soprano vocal range.

Eurythmics
Eurythmics are a British musical duo, formed in 1980 by Annie Lennox and Dave Stewart.

Abingdon, Virginia
Abingdon is a town in Washington County, Virginia, 133 miles (214 km) southwest of Roanoke.

Cyclotron
Cyclotron.
A cyclotron is a type of particle accelerator invented by Ernest Lawrence from the University of California, Berkeley in 1930.
Cyclotrons use perpendicular magnetic field to bend electrons and particles through into a semicircular path by and applied electric field. The applied electric field accelerates electrons between the "D" electrodes(also called "dees") of the magnetic field region.
The accelerating electric field reverses just at the time the electrons finish their half circle, so that it accelerates them across the gap. With a higher speed, they move in a larger semicircle. After repeating this process several times, they come out the exit port at a high speed.
Cyclotron Frequency.
It is found that the period is independent of the radius. Therefore if a square wave is applied at angular frequency qB/m, the charge will spiral outward, increasing in speed.
When a square wave of angular frequency ω=qB/m is applied between the two sides of the magnetic poles, the charge will be boosted again at just the right time to accelerate it across the gap. Thus the constant cyclotron frequency can continue to accelerate the charge (so long as it is not relativistic).

Johanna Spyri
Johanna Spyri (12 June 1827 – 7 July 1901) wrote children's stories. She is best known for the book, "Heidi". She was born Johanna Louise Heusser in Hirzel, Switzerland. She spent several summers around Chur in Graubünden when she was young. This setting was later used in her novels.

Volvo S60
Volvo S60 is a car produced by Volvo from 2000 to the present day. It should enter its second generation in 2010.

Volkswagen Lupo
Volkswagen Lupo was a car made by Volkswagen from 1998 through 2005. The SEAT Arosa was a badge-engineered version of the Lupo.

Guitar World
"Guitar World" is a music magazine. A new issue is made every month. Articles in the magazine are usually about guitar players. The magazine has interviews, reviews, and information on how to play songs on guitar or bass guitar. The magazine started in July 1980. Johnny Winter was on the first front cover.

Volkswagen Jetta
Volkswagen Jetta is a car produced by Volkswagen since 1979. It is currently in its Fifth Generation. The Third Generation Jetta was called the Vento, the Fourth one Bora.

June Tabor
June Tabor was born on December 31 1947 in Warwick, England. She is an English folk singer.
Early life.
June Tabor wanted to sing after she heard an Anne Briggs record called "Hazards of Love" in 1965. "I went and locked myself in the bathroom for a fortnight and drove my mother mad. I learned the songs on that EP (extended play record) note for note, twiddle for twiddle. That's how I started singing. If I hadn't heard her I'd have probably done something entirely different."
She went to St Hugh's College, Oxford University. In 1968 she was on the TV show "University Challenge", as captain of the college team. She joined the Heritage Society at Oxford University. She sang with a group called Mistral. One of her first recordings was in 1972 on a collection called "Stagfolk Live". She became famous in 1976 when she made the album "Silly Sisters" with Maddy Prior. She also made her first solo album, "Airs and Graces" in 1976. She recorded again with Prior, this time using the name Silly Sisters for their act together. In 1977 guitar player Martin Simpson worked with her in the recording studio for three albums. He moved to America in 1987. (Simpson has come back from America to be a guest player on albums in the 2000s.) After he left, she worked with piano player Huw Warren.
Tabor stopped singing after many years as a performer. She worked as a librarian
. With her husband David Taylor she ran a restaurant called "Passepartout" in Penrith, Cumbria, England. She returned to performing in the 1990s.
Solo work.
In 1990, June Tabor made an album with the folk-rock band The Oyster Band called "Freedom and Rain". She went on tour with the Oyster Band. A live recording from the tour was made into an album by the Rykodisc label in 1991. In 1992 singer Elvis Costello wrote "All this Useless Beauty" just for Tabor. She recorded the song on "Angel Tiger". Costello didn't record it himself until 1996, on his album "All This Useless Beauty".
In 1983 June Tabor sang the title theme for the BBC TV series "Spyship". In 1997 she was on Ken Russell's TV show, "In Search of English Folk Song" broadcast on Channel 4. Tim Winton, author of the 2001 novel "Dirt Music", made a selection of music to go with his novel. The CD "Dirt Music" (2001) includes "He Fades Away" by June Tabor, a sad song about the death of a miner. The song was on her 1994 CD "Against the Streams." In 2002, at the "Passchendale Peace Concert" in Flanders, Tabor shared the stage with Coope Boyes and Simpson. On 30th June 2006 BBC Radio 3 broadcast "Night Waves" to remember the anniversary of the Battle of the Somme. It was broadcast live, with World War I songs sung by June Tabor.
Over the years she has worked in various styles including jazz and art song. She usually has a very plain and simple sound with a sad feeling to it. Her 2003 album "An Echo of Hooves" went back to the traditional ballad style. Many people said it was a great album. "Allmusic" said it was "A stunning jewel in a remarkable career, and one of the best things Tabor’s ever released." "Always" (2005) is a boxed set of four CDs, with songs from her whole career. It has many rare recordings.
Work with other people.
On 24th October 2003 Tabor appeared on "Later With Jools Holland" (BBC TV), singing "Hughie Graeme". This was later put on a DVD of the series. "Folk Britannia" was the name of a concert at the Barbican centre, and a TV mini-series (February 2006, repeated in October). She sang "Fair Margaret and Sweet William" at the Barbican, under the heading "Daughters of Albion". Tabor sang one song on Ashley Hutchings' album "Street Cries" (2001). She also sang on a collection of folk musicians singing songs by the Beatles - "Rubber Folk" (2006). She sang Lennon's "In My Life" a cappella (with out any instruments).
The way June treats songs is different. For example she often sings traditional songs with a piano accompaniment. On the album "Singing The Storm" (2000) she sings with Savourna Stevenson's harp, and Danny Thompson's bass. In May 2004 she performed as part of "The Big Session" and sang Love Will Tear Us Apart as a duet with John Jones of The Oyster Band. In 1992, The Wire voted her song "Queen Among the Heather" one of the "Top 50 Rhythms of all Time".
She also has a sense of humour and fun. This can be seen in her work with Les Barker's The Mrs Ackroyd Band which performs his funny songs. Tabor has sung on 3 of their albums. In 1990 on the album "Oranges and Lemmings" she sang "The Trains of Waterloo", a funny version of the folk song "The Plains of Waterloo" in a duet with Martin Carthy. In 1994 on "Gnus and Roses" she sang "The January June", which made fun of her sad and serious singing style. In 2003 on the album "Yelp!" she sang "There's a hole in my bodhran", to the tune of "There's a Hole in my Bucket". She sang 2 songs on "Beat The Retreat", a tribute to Richard Thompson.
Recordings.
Duo with Maddy Prior
Recordings with The Oyster Band
Recordings with The Mrs Ackroyd Band

Banjo Paterson
Andrew Barton "Banjo" Paterson (1864 – 1941) was a famous Australian bush poet, journalist and author. He wrote many ballads and poems about Australian life. He wrote about life in the country and outback areas of Australia. Much of his work was about the area around Binalong, New South Wales where he spent much of his childhood. Paterson's famous poems include "Waltzing Matilda", "The Man from Snowy River" and "Clancy of the Overflow".

Water hyacinth
The seven species of Water hyacinth are in the genus Eichhornia.

Hindustan-Pakistan relations
The India-Pakistan Relationship since independence have been cold, relations between Pakistan and the Republic of India have been characterized by rivalry and suspicion. Although many issues divide the two countries, the most sensitive one since independence has been the status of Kashmir.

Hyoscyamus niger
Henbane ("Hyoscyamus niger"), also known as stinking nightshade, is a plant of the family Solanaceae that originated in Eurasia, but it now sold everywhere.

Viola odorata
Viola odorata is a species of violets (genus "Viola"). It is native to Europe and Asia. The plant has also been introduced to North America and Australia. It is commonly known as Sweet Violet, English Violet, Common Violet, or Garden Violet. The herb is known as Banafsa, Banafsha or Banaksa in India. In India, it is commonly used as remedy to cure sore throat and tonsilitis.

Whitwell, Isle of Wight
Whitwell is a small village with a population of about 500 on the Isle of Wight, an island off the south coast of England. It is close to the town of Ventnor and the village of Niton. The village includes a church, public house and garage. Before to 2004 there was also a post office and village shop, but this has now closed. Public transport is provided by Southern Vectis, the local bus company on route 6.

Clifton Beach, Karachi
Clifton Beach, on the Arabian Sea, is a beach in Clifton, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan, one of the neighborhoods of Saddar Town, Karachi. The beach has attractions for families and tourists, including beachside horse and camel rides, amusement parks, restaurants, and swimming in the Arabian Sea.
The whole beach area of Clifton and Seaview is considered safe and peacful even in times of political turmoil.
A gated residential area called Seaview Apartments lies close to a section of Clifton beach known as Seaview beach or simply Seaview. Farther ahead lies Darakhshan Villas which comprises residential townhouses.
In this very area new CINEPLEX cinema houses were constructed for the entertainment starved people of Karachi, particularly for the people who reside in DHA and Clifton. This has happened after around three decades of cinema decline in Pakistan. Hollywood films are released here along with or soon after the international releases of these films. These cinemas are more expensive and are family cinemas meaning that no males or group of males are allowed to watch movies here without being accompanied by families, females or children.
Defence Housing Authority is filling the beach area with sand to obtain more ground and this will push the beach farther, which will change the shape and features of this beach.
Other beaches close to the city include "Sandspit", "Hawke's Bay", and "Paradise Point" - a sandstone rock promontory with a natural arch, but Clifton Beach is the most popular picnic destination in Karachi.

Achillea millefolium
"Achillea millefolium" or Yarrow is a flowering plant in the family Asteraceae, native to the Northern Hemisphere.

Cape Monze
Cape Monze (aka Cape Mount) is a beach on the Arabian Sea located near the Hub River and Gadani Beach in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.

Philip brady
Philip Brady is an Australian media personality.
He was born in Melbourne, Brady was involved in the early days of television. He left school at the age of 18 and started working as a booth announcer at Channel Nine in 1958.
He appeared with Graham Kennedy on "In Melbourne Tonight". He stayed at Channel 9 until 1971 when he worked for a travel agent in Beaumaris. In the 1970s, Brady hosted several television shows including "Moneymakers", "Casino Ten", "Password", "Get the Message", and "Everybody’s Talking". In 1986, he moved to the Gold Coast and hosted a radio show on Easy Listening 97 Tweed Heads. He came back to Melbourne in 1990 and began a long-lasting partnership with Bruce Mansfield hosting "Remember When" and "Nightline" on 3AW.

St Helens, Isle of Wight
St. Helens is a small village and civil parish located on the eastern side of the Isle of Wight.

Hamstead, Isle of Wight
Hamstead is a village on the Isle of Wight. It is located about three miles east of Yarmouth, in the northwest of the island.

Inner Mongolia
Inner Mongolia (Mongolian:, Öbür mongul;; occasionally romanized to Nei Mongol) is the Mongol autonomous region of the People's Republic of China and lies in the north of the coutry.
Inner Mongolia borders, from east to west, the provinces of Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, and Gansu, while to the north it borders Mongolia and Russia. It is the third-largest subdivision of China spanning almost 300 million acres or 12% of China's land area. It has a population of about 24 million. The capital is Hohhot.
The majority of the population in the region are Han Chinese, with a substantial Mongol minority. The official languages are Standard Mandarin and Mongolian, the latter written in the classical alphabet.
Name.
In Chinese, the region is known as "Inner Mongolia", where the terms of "Inner/Outer" come from Manchu "dorgi"/"tulergi". Inner Mongolia is distinct from Outer Mongolia, which was a term used by the Republic of China and previous governments to refer to what is now the independent state of Mongolia plus the Republic of Tuva in Russia.
In Mongolian, the region is known as "öbör mongγol" where "öbör" can mean south, inner, front, bosom, breast.
Demography.
Han Chinese are the largest ethnic group, about 80% of the population. Mongols are the second largest ethnic group, about 17% of the population.
Excludes members of the People's Liberation Army in active service.

Yafford
Yafford is a hamlet on the Isle of Wight. It is located nine kilometres from Newport in the southwest of the island.

Yaverland
Yaverland is a village on the Isle of Wight, just north of Sandown. It has about 200 houses, no shops and one post box. About 1/3 of a mile away from the village, behind Culver Down, is the Yaverland Manor and Church.

Newport, Isle of Wight
Newport is the county town of the Isle of Wight, an island off the south coast of England. Newport has a population of 23,957 according to the 2001 census. The town is situated slightly to the north of the centre of the island, at the head of the navigable section of the River Medina, which flows northward to the Solent, and on which the town has a quay.

Gatcombe
Gatcombe is a village and civil parish on the Isle of Wight. It is located four kilometres from Newport in the centre of the island. St. Olave's Church is a Gatcombe church dedicated in 1292, serving as chapel to Gatcombe Manor. The Gatcombe parish was established in 1560.
A carved wooden effigy of Edward Estur, a local knight who fought in the Crusades, is in the church.

Godshill
Godshill is a village and civil parish on the Isle of Wight with a population of approximately 2,800 (1998). It is located between Newport and Ventnor in the southeast of the island. There are pubs called the "Griffin"- featuring a large maze, and "The Taverners".

Easton, Isle of Wight
Easton is a village on the Isle of Wight. It is located close to Totland in the west of the island.

Arreton
Arreton is a village and civil parish in the central eastern part of the Isle of Wight, England. It is about 3 miles south east of Newport.

Alverstone
Alverstone is a village 3 kilometres from the east coast of the Isle of Wight, near Sandown. When Richard Webster became Chief Justice of England in 1900, he chose the title Lord Alverstone because it was the title he was permitted to choose which was "closest" to Sandown, one of his favorite locales.

Adgestone
Adgestone is a small hamlet on the Isle of Wight. It is located close to Brading in the east of the island.

Brading
The ancient 'Kynges Towne' of Brading is the main town of the civil parish of the same name, which used to cover about a tenth of the Isle of Wight but now includes the town itself and Adgestone, Morton, Nunwell and other outlying areas between Ryde, St Helen's, Bembridge, Sandown and Arreton.

Mr. T
Mr. T, whose real name is Laurence Tureaud, born May 21 1952 in Chicago, is an African American actor. He is famous for playing Sgt. Bosco "B.A." Baracus in "The A-Team" and James "Clubber" Lang in "Rocky III". Mr. T has a popular catch phrase, "I Pity the Fool", which comes from a reality television series he appeared on with the same name.

Céline Dion
Céline Dion (March 30, 1968-) is a popular French-Canadian pop singer. She was born in the town of Charlemagne in Quebec and is the youngest of fourteen children. When she was 12 years old, her brother sent a recording to a manager named René Angélil, who she later married and had a child with. With his help, she released her first album in 1981, and her first English album in 1990. She is now living in Las Vegas where she performs a lot of her shows. In 2007, she performed a show with Elvis Presley, which was arranged on the computer with old images from Elvis shows. It had been arranged for the TV show American Idol.
She has sold the highest quantity of albums in the world for a female artist for which she received a World Music Award in 2004. She has also sold the most French albums with 7 milion copies.
She became a star in Europe with her album "Incognito" in 1987. After that, she made a few shows in Europe and became popular.

Cowes
Cowes is an English seaport town on the Isle of Wight, an island south of Southampton. Cowes is located on the west bank of the estuary of the River Medina facing the smaller town of East Cowes on the east Bank. The western town is sometimes referred to as West Cowes where distinction is needed - such as at the two differing ferry termini.

Adamsville, Alabama
Adamsville is a city in Jefferson County, Alabama, United States. As of the 2000 census, the population of the city was 4,965. According to the 2005 U.S. Census estimates, the city had a population of 4,845.

Alabaster, Alabama
Alabaster is a city and southern suburb of Birmingham in Shelby County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 22,619. According to the 2005 U.S. Census estimates, the city had a population of 27,517.

Alexander City, Alabama
Alexander City is a city in Tallapoosa County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 15,008. According to the 2005 U.S. Census estimates, the city had a population of 14,957.

Aliceville, Alabama
Aliceville is a city in Pickens County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 2,567. According to the 2005 U.S. Census estimates, the city had a population of 2,465.

Ashville, Alabama
Ashville is a city in St. Clair County, Alabama, United States. The population was 2,260 at the 2000 census, at which time it was a town. The city is the county seat of St. Clair County along with Pell City. According to the 2005 U.S. Census estimates, the city had a population of 2,429.

Anniston, Alabama
Anniston is a city in Calhoun County in the state of Alabama, United States. As of the 2000 census, the population of the city is 24,276. According to the 2005 U.S. Census estimates, the city had a population of 23,741.

Andalusia, Alabama
Andalusia is a city in Covington County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 8,794. According to the 2005 U.S. Census estimates, the city had a population of 8,691.

Digitalis
Digitalis is a genus of about 20 species of herbaceous perennials shrubs, and biennals that are commonly called foxgloves. The genus is native to Europe, western and central Asia, and northwestern Africa.
The term digitalis is also used for preparations containing cardiac glycosides, particularly digoxin, extracted from plants of this genus.

Melbourne Central Shopping Center
Melbourne Central Shopping Center is a shopping center (or mall) in Melbourne, Australia. It contains hundreds of different stores.

Martin Carthy
Martin Carthy MBE, is an English folk singer and guitarist. He was one of the first performers in the renewed interest in British folk music in the 1960s. He has inspired other musicians such as Bob Dylan, Paul Simon and Richard Thompson. He is seen as one of the most important people in English folk music.
Early life.
Martin Carthy was born in Hatfield on May 21, 1941. He grew up in Hampstead, North London. After he left school he had a number of jobs. He worked behind the scenes at the open air theatre at Regent's Park as a prompter (helping actors who forgot their words). He later worked as an assistant stage manager (ASM) on a tour of "The Merry Widow". He then worked at Theatre in the Round in Scarborough. He then sang in coffee bars. He became a resident (regular act) at The Troubadour Folk Club in Earls Court in the early 1960s. He joined Redd Sullivan's "Thameside Four" in 1961. He is a famous solo performer of traditional songs. He has a very special individual style of guitar playing on his old Martin Guitar. He uses different ways of tuning his guitar. He has a strongly percussive (drum like) picking style that brings out the melody. His first album, "Martin Carthy", was released in 1965. It had Dave Swarbrick playing fiddle playing on some songs, although he was not named on the album cover. Carthy's way of playing the traditional song Scarborough Fair was used by Paul Simon on the Simon and Garfunkel album Parsley Sage Rosemary and Thyme in 1966. Simon did not admit that he had used Carthy's version.
Working with others.
Carthy has also worked with many other musicians. He has sung with The Watersons since 1972. He been a member of the UK electric folk group Steeleye Span at two different times. He was a member of the famous Albion Country Band 1973 line-up. This had members from the band Fairport Convention and John Kirkpatrick. This group recorded the original and important album "Battle of the Field". Carthy was part of the new and different band Brass Monkey which mixed brass instruments, Carthy's guitar and mandolin and John Kirkpatrick's accordion, melodeon and concertina.
For many years Carthy has enjoyed a creating music with fiddle player Dave Swarbrick. He has also worked with his partner Norma Waterson and their daughter Eliza Carthy in a group called.
In June 1998 he was made an MBE in the Queen's Birthday Honours. He was named "Folk Singer of the Year" at the BBC Radio 2 Folk Awards in 2002 and again in 2005. In 2005 he also won the award for "Best Traditional Track" for 'Famous Flower of Serving Men'. In the 2007 Folk Awards Martin Carthy and Dave Swarbrick won "Best duo".

Atmore, Alabama
Atmore is a city in Escambia County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 7,676. According to the 2005 U.S. Census estimates, the city had a population of 7,530. The city was named for Mr. C.P. Atmore.

Attalla, Alabama
Attalla is a city in Etowah County, Alabama, United States. It is part of the Gadsden Metropolitan Statistical Area. According to the 2005 U.S. Census estimates, the city had a population of 6,474.

York, Alabama
York is a city in Sumter County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 2,854.

New Hope, Alabama
New Hope is a small town in Madison County, Alabama, United States, and is included in the Huntsville-Decatur Combined Statistical Area. As of the 2000 census, the population is 2,539. It was incorporated in 1832 under the name of Vienna. The original town was completely burned by the Union Army on December 15, 1864, during the American Civil War.

Uniontown, Alabama
Uniontown is a city in Perry County, Alabama in the United States of America. As of the 2000 census, the population of the city is 1,636.

Union Springs, Alabama
Union Springs is a city in and the county seat of Bullock County, Alabama, United States. The population was 3,670 at the 2000 census.

Vestavia Hills, Alabama
Vestavia Hills is a city in Jefferson and Shelby Counties in the U.S. state of Alabama, an affluent suburb of the city of Birmingham.

Vernon, Alabama
Vernon is a city in Lamar County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 2,143. The city is the county seat of Lamar County.

Valley, Alabama
Valley is a city in Chambers County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 9,198. It is the principal city of and is included in the Valley, Alabama Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is included in the Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Gainesville, Georgia-Alabama (part) Combined Statistical Area.

Valley Grande, Alabama
Valley Grande is a city in Dallas County, Alabama, United States, just north of Selma. Incorporated in early 2003, Valley Grande is governed by a mayor-council form of government.

Northport, Alabama
Northport is a city in Tuscaloosa County, Alabama, United States. According to 2005 Census Bureau estimates the population is 21,216. It is part of the Tuscaloosa, Alabama Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Meadows Mall
The Meadows Mall is a mall in Las Vegas, Nevada, USA. Its address is 4300 Meadows Lane. With 140 stores inside, the mall building is two stories high. Within the mall is a food court (a group of restaurants), and four department stores: Dillard's, Sears, JCPenney, and Macy's. The mall is slightly larger than Boulevard Mall, which contains 149 stores.

Jacksonville, Alabama
Jacksonville is a city in Calhoun County, Alabama, United States. As of the 2000 census, the population of the city is 8,404. It is included in the Anniston-Oxford Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Jackson, Alabama
Jackson is a city in Clarke County, Alabama, United States. The population was 5,419 at the 2000 census.

Irondale, Alabama
Irondale is a city in Jefferson County, Alabama, United States and a suburb of Birmingham. At the 2000 census the population was 9,813. The book (later a film) "Fried Green Tomatoes", by Irondale native Fannie Flagg, is loosely based around the town and the landmark Irondale Cafe, known as The WhistleStop Cafe in the book & film.

Winfield, Alabama
Winfield is a city in Fayette and Marion counties in the U.S. state of Alabama. The population was 4,540 at the 2000 census, the second largest city in Marion County.

Wetumpka, Alabama
Wetumpka is a city in Elmore County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 5,726. The city is the county seat of Elmore County, the third fastest growing county in the state. Together with Montgomery, Prattville, Millbrook, and Tallassee the city is considered part of the Montgomery Metropolitan Area, or River Region, with a population of 346,578.
Wetumpka in movies.
Three major films have been filmed on location in downtown Wetumpka.

Weaver, Alabama
Weaver is a city in Calhoun County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 2,619. It is included in the Anniston-Oxford, Alabama Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Warrior, Alabama
Warrior is a city in Jefferson and Blount County in the U.S. state of Alabama. At the 2000 census the population was 3,169.

Why I Am Not a Christian
"Why I Am Not a Christian" is an essay by the British philosopher Bertrand Russell.
History.
At first, a talk given March 6, 1927 at Battersea Town Hall, at the South London Branch of the National Secular Society. It was published that year as a pamphlet and was later published, with other essays, in the book, "Why I Am Not a Christian: And Other Essays on Religion and Related Subjects" (ISBN 0-671-20323-1).

Moapa Valley
Moapa Valley is a 40-mile valley and region in the American State of Nevada. Within the valley are four towns: Overton, Logandale, Moapa, and Glendale, Nevada. Logandale and Overton are not far from each other, and thus it is hard to tell one from the other without a sign. Moapa Valley was formed by the Muddy River, which flows through that area. Moapa Valley also contained a large amount of archaeological sites, mostly created by the Anasazi Native Americans, which were largely damaged by construction.
Moapa Valley is also the location of the Lost City Museum, which is a museum displaying artifacts and reconstructed adobe pueblos built on the original sites of the pueblos.

Passenger Pigeon
The Passenger Pigeon ("Ectopistes migratorius") or wild pigeon was a species of pigeon that was once the most common bird in North America.
Description.
Once a common bird of eastern North America, the passenger pigeon became extinct very quickly. Early records, beginning in 1630, describe its migrations, roosting and nesting in enormous numbers, but by 1912 there were rewards offered for evidence of a live, wild bird.

Sergei Eisenstein
Sergei Mikhailovich Eisenstein (January 23, 1898 – February 11, 1948) was a revolutionary Soviet Russian film director. He is famous for his silent films. His movies include "Strike", "Battleship Potemkin" and "October". He also made historical epics like "Alexander Nevsky" and "Ivan the Terrible". His work influenced early film makers because of his use of montages.

Yass, New South Wales
Yass is a town in the Southern Tablelands of New South Wales, Australia. It is in the Yass Valley Shire. The name probably comes from an Aboriginal word, "Yarrh" (or "Yharr"), which means 'running water'.
Yass is located about 280 km south west of Sydney and is 56km north of Canberra. It is on the Hume Highway which is the main road between Melbourne and Sydney. The new Hume Freeway goes around the town. The Yass River flows past the town. It later flows into the Murrumbidgee River.
Yass has an impressive and historic main street. It includes many 19th century hotels with large verandahs. It is popular with tourists, some from Canberra and others taking a break from the Hume Highway.
The Pride of Erin Festival and Yass Show are held in March. The Yass Arts-and-Crafts Festival is held in November.
History.
In 1821 the Yass area was discovered by the European explorer Hamilton Hume. In 1830 a small village began. It started where the road crossed the Yass River. The road became the main road to Melbourne.
Yass became a District Council in 1842. By 1848 there were 248 people living in Yass. On 13 March, 1873, the Municipal District of Yass was begun. James Cottrell was elected as the first Mayor of Yass.
One of Australia's best known poets, A.B. 'Banjo' Paterson came to the area with his family in 1871. He was only 7 and spent his childhood in the district, near Binalong. He later bought a property at Wee Jasper, near Yass, so that his children could enjoy a country life. Poet and priest Patrick Hartigan was born near Yass in 1878. He studied at the local convent school as a youth. He wrote using the name John O'Brien.
Sir Walter Merriman started a farm called 'Merryville'. It became one of Australia's most famous sheep farms. It produced some of the best fine wool in 1903. Yass is an important area for raising sheep which have very fine wool. This is because of the soil and climate in the Yass area.
Yass was one of the sites suggested for the Australian Federal Capital after 1901.
Railways at Yass.
Because of the steep hills the New South Wales Government Railways built the railway a few kilometres from the town. The people in Yass wanted the railway to pass closer or even through the town. In 1892, a light railway or tram was built to connect Yass Junction on the main railway line and Yass Town.
Yass Junction was the nearest railway station on the Sydney Melbourne railway to serve the national capital at Canberra. The uniform gauge (distance between the rails) railway line between Melbourne and Sydney was opened in 1961. The special train had to stop at Yass Junction to pick up William Charles Wentworth. He was a member of parliament who had worked hard to get the railway built. He could not get on the train at Sydney because he was needed in the parliament at Canberra.
St Augustines.
began in 1838 with the laying of the foundation stone of the church now called the Chapel.
An unusual modern style new building (the 'big' church) was begun in 1954. The bishop in charge was Bishop Young who later became the Archbishop of Hobart. The design for the church was by the architects Fowell Mansfield and Maclurcan of Sydney. The builder was James Wallace of 123 Sussex St Sydney.
The foundation stone of the new church was laid on 11 April 1954 by Archbishop Eris O'Brien and the church was opened on 29 April 1956, by Archbishop Guilford Young. Fifty year celebrations were organised on 29 April 2006 by Father Laurie Bent.

Community of Christ
The Community of Christ is a Mormon movement. From 1872 to 2001, it was known as Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (RLDS). It was founded in the 1860s. It did not recognise Brigham Young as a Prophet, but instead followed Joseph Smith III, the son of the founder of Mormonism, Joseph Smith. Unlike the followers of Young who went to Utah they remained were they were, in the Midwestern United States, mainly in Missouri. A number of court cases established this Church as the follower of law of the church established by Smith. for this reason it has the most manuscripts and the oldest Temple.
In general, their beliefs are closer to mainline Protestant Christianity; They have a classic view of the Trinity (unlike the Latter Day Saints. They see the Book of Mormon as a valid source of learning, but not as an additional revelation or scripture. Their baptism is therefore recognised as a valid Christian one.

Didelphis
The six species in the genus "Didelphis", commonly known as large American opossums, are members of the Didelphimorphia order.

Pakistani
The word Pakistani or Pakistanis means from or about the country of the modern Islamic Republic of Pakistan or Indus Valley. It refers to a person from Pakistan.

Imran Khan
Imran Ahmad Khan Niazi (Urdu: عمران خان نیازی) (born 25 November 1952) is a retired Pakistani cricketer who played international cricket for two decades in the late 20th century. He became a politician in the mid-1990s. Currently, besides running his own political party, Khan is also a charity worker and cricket commentator.

Thule
Thule is the name of the island which Pytheas,the ancient Greek explorer, discovered in the fourth century B.C. Pytheas reported that this island was located in the north of Britain. So it is believed that Thule is probably Iceland or the Shetland Islands or the Faroe Islands or the coasts of Norway. Today,a village in the north of Greenland is called Thule which is also called Qaanaaq.

November 2008 Mumbai attacks
The November 2008 Mumbai attacks were twelve attacks of terror happening at the same time across Mumbai, India, from 26 November 2008. 172 people were killed and 293 were injured.
A group called Deccan Mujahideen which was not known before, has said it was responsible for the attacks. It is possible that they are a part of the Indian Mujahideen.
Responsibility.
Around fifty to sixty terrorists took part in the attacks. They looked young, in their early twenties, and wore T-shirts, black shirts, and jeans. "The Guardian" has said that they seemed "cool and composed" and "in no hurry".
Police officers who rescued hostages at the Chabad House were surprised that the terrorists looked "white" and either non-Indian or from the country's far north. The terrorists had planned the attack several months before. They set up "control rooms" in the two luxury hotels that were targeted.
A previously unknown group, the Deccan Mujahideen, claimed responsibility. They sent emails to news organizations. "The New York Times" has stated that international security experts "drew a blank on" the Deccan Mujahideen group, with one analyst labeling it a "front name". In September, the Indian Mujahideen had warned of future attacks. Their message said that "you are already on our hit-list and this time very, very seriously."
According to a witness, the gunmen were looking for American and British passport holders and left others alone, such as a man claiming to be Italian. At the same time, "The Independent" has reported that "the attackers were young South Asian men speaking Hindi or Urdu suggesting they are probably members of an Indian militant group rather than foreigners".

Deccan Mujahideen
The Deccan Mujahiddeen is believed to be a terrorist group. They do attacks inside India. They came to the attention of the public after they said they were responsible for the attacks on Mumbai on 26 November 2008. It is possible that the organization could be related to the Indian Mujahideen.
Where the word is from.
Deccan refers to the Deccan Plateau in southern India. The states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu lie on this plateau. The name is an anglicised from the Prakrit word "dakkhin". That word comes from the Sanskrit word "dakṣiṇa-" (), meaning 'South' or 'The South'.
Mujahideen (also spelt Mujahedin) in Arabic is a "struggler". So the name Deccan Muhahideen may literally mean "Strugglers of the South", "The South Strugglers" or "South Strugglers".

Grammatical case
In grammar, grammatical case talks about the role of a noun in a sentence. In many languages like English a noun's case is shown by word order and prepositions (words like "to" and "for"). In other languages like German, Russian and Japanese, a noun's case is shown by the end of the word (the nouns change depending on their role in the sentence) and so the word order is less important in these languages. Nouns change their endings to show if they're doing an action, if they're having an action done to them, if they just happen to be there during the action and whether they own something.

Axon
The Axon is a cylindrical protrusion from a Neuron's soma that can extend for over a meter. They are specialized for rapid conduction of nerve signals from the soma. The speed at which a nerve impulse is carried is dependent on diameter of the Axon, and presence of Myelin.

Haast's Eagle
The Haast's Eagle ("Harpagornis moorei") was the largest eagle ever to have lived and is the only eagle in the world ever to have been top predator of its ecosystem.
Fossil evidence shows that the areas where the Haast’s eagle lived were covered in forest and shrublands, as well as in the grasslands on river floodplains.
The arrival of people in New Zealand had unfortunate consequences for the eagle by 1400 AD, most of the forest habitat it used had been cleared by fire, and most of the large flightless birds that it ate had been hunted to extinction.

Benjamin W. Lee
Benjamin Whiso Lee (Korean: 이휘소, Lee Whi-so) (January 1, 1935 - June 16, 1977) or Ben Lee, was a Korean-American theoretical physicist. His work in theorical particle physics was very important to the development of the standard model in the late 20th century. His work mainly affected the renormalization and the charm quark.
Biography.
Benjamin W. Lee was born in Seoul, Korea. Before finishing high school, he entered the department of Chemical Engineering at Seoul National University. He was one of the best students. During his time in college, he transferred to the United States. He graduated from Miami University. Lee received a master degree from the University of Pittsburgh, and his Ph.D. from the University of Pennsylvania at the age of 25. Lee worked at Institute for Advanced Study. He was a professor of physics at University of Pennsylvania, SUNY at Stony Brook, University of Chicago, and head of the theoretical physics department at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory. On June 16, 1977, he was killed in a car accident near Kewanee, Illinois. Lee studied symmetry principles and weak interactions.

Alessandro Volta
Count Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio Volta (18 February 1745 – 5 March 1827) was a Lombard physicist known especially for the development of the first electrical cell in 1800. He was born in Como in Lombardy, Italy.
Volta worked on the that makes a static electric charge in 1775. Volta also studied what we now call capacitance, developing separate means to study both electrical potential V and charge Q, and discovering that for a given object they are proportional. This may be called Volta's Law of, and likely for this work the unit of electrical potential has been named the volt. Around 1791 he began to study ". In this way he discovered Volta's Law of the series, and the law that the (emf formula_1) of a. In 1800, He invented the "voltaic pile", an early electric battery, which made a steady electric current. It is credited as the first electrochemical cell.
In honor of his work in the field of electricity, Napoleon made him a count in 1810. A museum in Como, the Voltian Temple, has been built in his honor and exhibits some of the original equipment he used to conduct experiments. In 1881, an important electrical unit, the volt(V), was named in his honor. There have also been innovations and discoveries named after Alessandro Volta including the, and the on the Moon.
Volta married the daughter of Count Ludovico Peregrini, Teresa, with whom he raised three sons. In 1779 he became professor of experimental physics at the University of, a chair he occupied for almost 25 years. Volta is buried in the city of Como. At the Tempio Voltiano near there is a museum devoted to explaining his work.

Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz
Friedrich August Kekule von Stradonitz (also August Kekulé) (7 September 1829 – 13 July 1896) was a German organic chemist. Kekulé was born in Darmstadt, the son of a civil servant. After graduating from secondary school, in 1847 he entered the University of Giessen, with the intention of studying architecture. After hearing the lectures of Justus von Liebig he decided to study chemistry. Following his education in Giessen, he took postdoctoral fellowships in Paris (1851-52), in Chur, Switzerland (1852-53), and in London (1853-55), where he was decisively influenced by Alexander Williamson.
In 1858 he was hired as full professor at the University of Ghent, then in 1867 was called to Bonn. He studied carbon compounds, especially studied benzene and he suggested benzene ring structure.
Kekulé's most famous work was on the structure of benzene. In 1865 Kekulé published a paper in French suggesting that the structure contained a six-membered ring of carbon atoms with alternating single and double bonds. The next year he published a much longer paper in German on the same subject. The empirical formula for benzene had been long known, but its highly unsaturated structure was challenging to determine. Archibald Scott Couper in 1858 and Joseph Loschmidt in 1861 suggested possible structures that contained multiple double bonds or multiple rings, but the study of aromatic compounds was in its earliest years, and too little evidence was then available to help chemists decide on any particular structure.

Ultra high frequency
Ultra High Frequency (UHF) is a electromagnetic radiation. Especially it's frequency is between 300 MHz and 3 GHz (3,000 MHz). Because of short wavelenth, UHF has strong directivity and it has small area. UHF is commonly used for television signals. It is strong enough to be protected from other signal, but because of it's strong directivity, receiveing error by an obstacle occurs more. Hence it needs sensitive sensors.
Uses.
UHF frequencies have higher attenuation from atmospheric moisture and benefit less from 'bounce', or the reflection of signals off the ionosphere back to earth, when compared to VHF frequencies. The frequencies of 300–3000 MHz are always at least an order of magnitude above the MUF (Maximum Usable Frequency). The MUF for most of the earth is generally between 25–35 MHz. Higher frequencies also benefit less from ground mode transmission. However, the short wavelengths of UHF frequencies allow compact receiving antennas with narrow elements; many people consider them less ugly than VHF-receiving models
United States.
On December 29, 1949 KC2XAK of Bridgeport, Connecticut became the first UHF television station to operate on a regular daily schedule.
In the United States, UHF stations (broadcast channels above 13) originally gained a reputation for being more locally owned, less polished, less professional, less popular, and for having a weaker signal than their VHF counterparts (channels 2–13). The movie UHF, starring Weird Al Yankovic, parodied this phenomenon.
However, with the emergence of additional broadcast television networks (Fox, UPN, WB, and PaxThe PAX Network PAX TV PaxNet or simply PAX is a cable television network formed in 1998. PAX, which is owned by Paxson Communications, shows family-oriented programming. Its programming contains little or no sex, violence or strong language. Unlike most), the concentration of media ownershipConcentration of media ownership is a commonly used terms among media critics, policy makers, and others to characterize ownership structure of media industries. Media ownership is said to be concentrated usually in one or more of the following ways., and the proliferation of cable televisionCable television or Community Antenna Television CATV (and often shortened to 'cable') is a system of providing television, FM radio programming and other services to consumers through fixed coaxial cables, rather than by the older and more widespread rad, digital televisionDigital television DTV uses digital modulation and compression to broadcast video, audio and data signals to television sets.
Introduction A major use of DTV can be to carry more channels on the same amount of bandwidth. Another can be high-definition pro, and DSSDigital Satellite System (DSS or Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS is a technology to deliver a television or audio signal digitally, directly from a orbiting satellite to a consumer's one- to three-foot-diameter dish at the consumer's home or business. in the 1990sCenturies: 19th century 20th century 21st century Decades: 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s 2030s 2040s Years: Events and trends Computers, technology Explosive growth of the Internet; decrease in the cost of computers and other techn, the distinction between UHF and VHF stations has virtually disappeared in the United States. Most HDTV stations (those using the ATSC television standard) broadcast their over-the-air signal in the UHF band.
United Kingdom.
In Britain, UHF television began with the launch of BBC2 in 1964, using a 625-line system (which had higher resolution, and therefore required greater bandwidth, than the existing 405-line system). BBC1 and ITV soon added their own 625-line services on UHF (British channels 21 to 69), and PAL colour was introduced on UHF only in 1967– 1969. VHF was phased out by 1986. Today all British terrestrial television channels (analog and digital) are on UHF. A drawback to this is the very large number of small relay transmitters needed to fill in gaps in the main transmitters' coverage, which would not have been necessary with a VHF system due to its different propagation characteristics.
See also.
Electromagnetic spectrum

LC circuit
LC circuit is an electronic circuit made up of an inductor and a capacitor.
LC circuit's resonant frequency is equal to: formula_1
The angular frequency ω has units of radians per second.
LC circuits are used for creating signals at a particular frequency, or picking out a signal at a particular frequency from a more complex signal. An ideal LC circuit does not have resistance.
At LC circuit energy saves in the capacitor's electric field.
formula_2
U is energy and q is electric charge.
At LC circuit energy also save in the inductor's magnetic field.
formula_3
U is energy and i is electric current that flows in inductor.
Let's analyze an LC circuit's vibration. Vibrating LC circuit's total energy is U.
formula_4
Because circuit's resistance is 0, there is no energy that transmits to heat energy, and U is maintained regularity.
formula_5
So LC circuit's vibration is shown like that
formula_6
First consider the Electrical impedance of the series LC circuit. The total impedance is given by the sum of the inductive and capacitive impedances
formula_7
By writing the inductive impedance as formula_8 and capacitive impedance as formula_9
Resultingly the series connected circuit, when connected to a circuit in series, will act as a band-pass filter having zero impedance at the resonant frequency of the LC circuits.
The same analysis may be applied to the parallel LC circuit. The total impedance is then given by
formula_11
and after substitution of formula_12 and formula_13 we have
formula_14
formula_15.
Resultingly the parallel connected circuit will act as band-stop filter having infinite impedance at the resonant frequency of the LC circuit.

Application-specific integrated circuit
ASIC or Application-specific integrated circuit is a kind of intergrated circuit. It is built for a particular use instead of for general-purpose use. digital circuit is common. but an analog circuit was manufactured from the latter half of 1990.
ASIC has advantages and disadvantages comparing with Programable Logic Device or Standard Logic IC. first, ASIC miniaturize embodiment size. Second, ASIC improve speed. and third, ASIC reduce electric power. There are ASIC's strong points. There are disadvantages of ASIC. first, when a small production, because production of mask, cost per a unit is expensive. Second, A design is difficult, and if design is failure, cost of re-try is expensive and designer wastes many time. third, Time of a manufacturing process take long time.
Design of ASIC is gate array design, cell base design, embedded array design, standard cell design, and structured ASIC design.
Gate array design.
With prepared foundation which has elementary gate circuit at first base, (we) manufacture the products with putting ordered proper wire-layers.
Its manufacturing due is short because a finished product needs only production of wire-layers and it is cheap because (we) mass-produce its foundation.
However, because (we) form a circuit with formation of standard gate, it has worse contact rate and efficiency.
Cell base design.
wire-layer is made between block that was designed and arranged and logical circuit. and product is manufactured.
performance is better than gate array. but time of making cell base is longer than time of making gate array. and cost of making cell base is more expensive than cost of making gate array.
Embedded array design.
Instead of part of gate array base, finished functional block were located. It was rest of theory for wired to use part of gate array. It was called that gate array and basis of cell were compro-mising.
Standard cell design.
standard cell is a general term for gate array, cell base, embedded array. if standard cell is cell base IC, direction is different each company.
Structured ASIC design.
For reduce time of development. a wide use block, which are similar with input and output interface and SRAM and PPL, was arranged on Basis of gate array in advance. Because It was able to correspond with minimum of individual plan. We could see that Company of Distributed circuit,which had wired to use exclusive wire-layer, Tried to reduce plan of consumer. It’s very different to Each of company offerd function.
Designers of ASIC use a hardware description language (HDL) such as Verilog or VHDL to describe the functionality of ASIC.

Photoelectric effect
The photoelectric effect is a phenomenon in physics. Because of the effect, electrons are emitted from matter after energy from electromagnetic radiation like x-rays or visible light is absorbed. The emitted electrons can be called photoelectrons when this happens. The effect is also called the Hertz Effect, because it was discovered by Heinrich Rudolf Hertz, but this name is not used much.
The photoelectric effect takes place when photons have a few eV of energy. If the photon has lots of energy, compton scattering(~keV of energy) or pair production(~MeV) may take place.
If something gives energy to the metal (e.g visible light), some kind of energy (some colours) could make electrons emit from the metal, but others couldn't. It is because the energy depends upon the frequency(e.g. different colours).
Where, h is the Planck constant. The smallest frequency which could make electrons emit from the metal is the cutoff frequency or threshold frequency. If you give the metal more energy than hf (if f is the cutoff frequency) electrons from the metal will have Kinetic energy.
The intensity of the light does not affect the electrons of the metal. Increasing the intensity of light will not display the photoelectric effect unless the frequency of light is greater than the threshold frequency.
The photoelectric effect has helped physicists understand the quantum nature of light and electrons. The concept of wave–particle duality was developed because of the photoelectric effect.

Image processing
In electrical engineering and computer science, Image processing is any form of processing for which the input is an image, such as photographs or frames of video. The output of image processing can be either an image or a set of characteristics or parameters related to the image.
It also means "Analyzing and manipulating images with a computer".
First, import images with an optical devices like a scanner or a camera or directly through digital processing.
Second, manipulate or analyze the images in some way. This step can include image improvement and data summary, or the images are analyzed to find rules that aren't seen by the human eyes. For example, meteorologists use this processing to analyze satellite photographs.
Last, output the result of image processing. The result might be the image changed by some way or it might be a report based on analysis or result of the images.
Image processing usually means "digital" image processing, but optical and analog image processing are also included in image processing.

Ogg
Ogg is a free, open standard container format for multimedia, like music and video, run by the Xiph.Org Foundation. The Ogg format is unrestricted by software patents and is designed to provide for efficient internet streaming and for editing of high quality digital multimedia.
Recently a big library on the internet, the Internet Archive, announced that they are going to convert 100,000s of videos and other multimedia to play the ogg format as well as other formats like the proprietary Adobe Flash flv format.

Georgetown, Kentucky
Georgetown is a city in Scott County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 18,000 at the 2000 census. There is a Toyota automobile plant there.
Sister City.
Georgetown has one sister city.

Encarta
"Encarta" is a digital multimedia encyclopedia by Microsoft. There is a more complete version called "Encarta Premium" made in 2008. It has more than 62,000 articles and many photographs and illustrations. There is also music clips, videos, maps and timelines with some activity games. It also includes an atlas, and homework tools. It is available on the internet if you pay a yearly fee, or to buy on DVD-ROM, or CD-ROMs. Many articles can also be read online free of charge, a service which is paid for by advertisements.
Microsoft makes similar encyclopedias under the "Encarta" trademark in several different European languages and in Japanese.

Peshawer
Peshawar is a city in Pakistan, and it is the capital of the Afghania. The main languages spoken there are Pashto, Hindko and Urdu. Peshawar's estimated population in 2005 was 1,240,000 people.

Pakistan-Japan relations
The Pakistan-Japan relations Despite having been through various phases and having witnessed some changes, Japan-Pakistan relations have kept growing to the mutual benefit of the two countries. Until the late 1950s, the relationship was essentially that of two developing countries. Pakistan, being the main source of raw cotton for Japan's textile industry, was one of its major trading partners. Japanese spindles on the other hand helped build Pakistan's textile industry. In the 1960s, Japan, however, re-emerged as a modern industrialized nation and started extending Yen loan assistance to Pakistan. The Japanese assistance was doubled to Pakistan following the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. Japan, since then, has been Pakistan's major source of economic assistance, a leading trading partner and an important source of foreign investment.

White supremacy
White supremacy is the belief that white people are better than other races. The words "White supremacy" are sometimes used to describe a political idea that shows the social and political dominance of whites.
It is associated with varying degrees of racism. There is also a desire for racial separation. White supremacy has often resulted in anti-black racism and antisemitism (Anti-Jewish).
Different kinds of white supremacy have different ideas of whiteness, and not all white supremacist groups agree on which group is their greatest enemy. White supremacists frequently consider Jews to be the biggest threat to their cause, because Jews are thought to be able to mix much more easily than other ethnic groups.
History.
Politically, socially and economically, white supremacy was common in the United States before the American Civil War and for decades after. The same is true of apartheid in South Africa and of parts of Europe at different time periods; importantly under Nazi Germany's Third Reich. The amount and nature of white supremacy's influence in western culture is a subject of ongoing debate. In some parts of the United States, many people who were considered non-white could not vote and were barred from government office, and prevented from holding most government jobs — well into the second half of the twentieth century. White leaders often viewed Native Americans and Australian Aborigines as obstacles to progress, rather than as settlers in their own right. Many European-settled countries at the Pacific Ocean limited immigration from the Asian Pacific countries. Many U.S. states banned marriage between races, through "anti-miscegenation laws" until 1967, when these laws were changed. South Africa maintained its white supremacist-like Apartheid system until the early 1990s.
White supremacists have become linked with a racist part of the skinhead subculture, despite the fact that when the skinhead scene first developed in the United Kingdom in the late 1960s, it was heavily influenced by Jamaican rude boys and British mods. By the 1980s,
a large white power skinhead faction had formed.
White supremacist movements and ideas.
White supremacist groups can be found in most countries and regions with a large white population, including North America, Europe, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and Latin America. In all of these locations, their views represent a small amount of the population, and active membership of the groups is quite small. However, a backlash to the non-white immigrants into various European nations has caused a rise in membership in such organizations, as well as an increase in militant white supremacist demonstrations. The militant approach taken by white supremacist groups has caused them to be watched closely by law enforcement officials. Some European countries have laws stopping hate speech, as well as other laws that ban or restrict some white supremacist organizations but not all.
Religious movements.
The Christian Identity movement, which is regarded by other branches of Christianity as heretical, is closely tied to white supremacy. Although the Ku Klux Klan's reasons for supporting racial segregation are not primarily based on religious ideals, some Klan groups are openly Christian Protestant because of their northern European/Germanic roots.
Some white supremacists identify themselves as Odinists, although most Odinists reject white supremacy, and white supremacists make up only a small fraction of those who support Odinism (belief in the gods of Norse mythology). Some white supremacist groups, such as the South African Boeremag, conflate elements of Christianity and Odinism.
The World Church of the Creator, now called the Creativity Movement, believed that a person's race is his religion. Aside from this central belief, its ideology is similar to many Christian Identity groups, in the conviction that there is a Jewish conspiracy in control of the United States government, international banking, and the media. They claim that a Racial Holy War ("RAHOWA"), is destined to happen, which would eliminate Jews and "mud races" from the planet. In the early 1990s, there was a dramatic increase in membership, due to the growing belief in the apocalypse.

BMW 3 Series
BMW 3 Series is a car produced by BMW since 1975. It is currently in its Fifth Generation.

Vulcan (hypothetical planet)
Vulcan was a theoretical planet. In the 19th century, the planet was thought to orbit close to the sun. Its gravitational pull would explain changes seen between the perihelion advance of Mercury from that predicted by Classical Mechanics. The theory that Vulcan exists come from the earlier prediction that an outer planet (now Neptune) was causing similar changes in the orbit of Uranus from the orbit predicted by classical theory.
None of the searches for Vulcan found a planet. This caused some people to not agree with Newtonian theory. It lead to the development of Special Relativity and General Relativity. Albert Einstein's modified theory of gravity showed why the orbit of Mercury changes without the existance of Vulcan. This disproved the theories of Vulcan.

Flag of Greece
The flag of Greece is rectangular with nine equal stripes of blue (5) and white (4) from left to right. In the top left corner is a blue square with a white cross. This flag has been used since 1822, when the young Greek state was fighting for its independence from the Ottoman Empire during the Greek War of Independence.
It is sometimes known in Greece as the "blue-white", in Greek "Γαλανόλευκη" (Galanólefki) or "Κυανόλευκη" (Kyanólefki).

Custard cream
A custard cream is a type of biscuit popular in the United Kingdom. It looks like a biscuit sandwich with a cream center.
Like the American Hydrox or Oreo, the custard cream can be eaten by twisting the two biscuits apart and eating the center first.

Bay Minette, Alabama
Bay Minette is a city in Baldwin County, Alabama, United States. As of the 2000 census, the population of the city was 7,820. According to the 2007 U.S. Census estimates, the city had a population of 7726. The city is the county seat of Baldwin County.

Bakerhill, Alabama
Bakerhill or Baker Hill is a city in Barbour County, Alabama, United States, near Eufaula. According to the 2005 U.S. Census estimates, the city had a population of 321. Although it existed as an unincorporated village since before 1860, the city was officially incorporated in 2000.
Geography.
Bakerhill is located at 31.88 degrees north, 85.15 degrees west (31.88495, -85.15390).

Computer model
A computer model is a computer program that is designed to simulate what might or what did happen in a situation. They are used in many ways including in astronomy, economics and sciences such as physics and biology.
Computer models can accurately predict many things in the future provided they have information data from previous similar situations. However they are not always 100% accurate.

M postcode area
The M postcode area, also known as the Manchester postcode area, is a group of lots of postal districts in Greater Manchester, England.
The code covers three places: Manchester, Salford, and Sale. It covers parts of all Greater Manchester boroughs except for Stockport. All of Manchester is covered by the code, except for a small village called Ringway, which is in the WA postcode area. The postcode also includes nearly all of Salford and most of the borough of Trafford.

River Irwell
The River Irwell is a long river which flows through the Irwell Valley in the counties of Lancashire and Greater Manchester in North West England. The start of the river is at Irwell Springs on Deerplay Moor, about north of the town of Bacup, in the parish of Cliviger, Lancashire. The Irwell flows through the city centres of Manchester and Salford, before joining the River Mersey near Irlam.

Nicktropolis
"Nicktropolis" is a virtual world made for children aged six to 14.
History.
Building of "Nicktropolis" started in November 2004. It went into testing by late 2005, and was given out to members by January 6, 2007. The game opened to all people on January 30, 2007.

Bessemer, Alabama
Bessemer is a city in southwestern Jefferson County, Alabama, United States and a suburb of Birmingham near Hueytown. The population was 29,672 at the 2000, but by the 2005 U.S. Census estimates, the city had fallen to a population of 28,641.

Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll
The Princess Louise (Louise Caroline Alberta: Marquess of Lorne and Duchess of Argyll by marriage; 18 March 1858 – 3 December 1939) was the fourth daughter of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert. She was interested in sculpture, and was a notable architect. In 1871, she married John, Marquess of Lorne (Duke of Argyll from 1900), but the marriage was unhappy. They made up with each other in the 1900s, and after Argyll's death in 1914, she had a nervous breakdown. She died in 1939 at the age of 91.
Early life.
Louise was born at Buckingham Palace, the main British royal home in London. Her mother was Queen Victoria, and her father was Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Louise spent much of her early life moving between the different royal homes that her parents stayed in. These included Buckingham Palace; Osborne House on the Isle of Wight; Windsor Castle in Berkshire; and Balmoral Castle in Scotland.
Louise's education was similar to her brothers and sisters. She was given a basic education, as well as tasks such as cookery, carpentry and farming. She was good at art, especially sculpture. Hallam Tennyson, son of the poet Alfred Lord Tennyson, wrote that Louise could "draw beautifully". She was also good at acting and dancing. The Queen wrote that Louise "danced the sword dance with more verve and accuracy than any of her sisters". She wanted to know about a lot of things, which gave her the nickname "Little Miss Why" from members of the royal family.
Death of Prince Albert.
Louise's father, Prince Albert, became ill with typhoid fever, and died on 14 December 1861. Queen Victoria was very sad after this happened, as she and Albert were a loving couple. While the Queen mourned, the court became morbid, and Louise quickly became fed up with it. On her 17th birthday, she asked if the ballroom could be opened for a dance, but Queen Victoria refused. Louise's irritation, in turn, irritated the Queen, who did not like Louise's arguments.
The Queen never really got over Albert's death, but she made herself feel better by sticking to Albert's plans for her children's marriages. In 1862, Louise's sister, Princess Alice, married Prince Louis of Hesse; in 1863, Albert Edward, Prince of Wales married Princess Alexandra of Denmark; and in 1866, Princess Helena married Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein. With Louise's elder sisters now married, Louise was left to be the Queen's helper. Despite not being happy about it, the Queen agreed with this, and was surprised by the results. The Queen wrote: "She is (and who would some years ago have thought it?) a clever dear girl with a fine strong character, unselfish and affectionate." In her new role, Louise was less bored by the court, because she had more things to do.

Brent, Alabama
Brent is a city in Bibb County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 4,024.

Boaz, Alabama
Boaz is a city in Etowah and Marshall Counties in the U.S. state of Alabama. The city is named after the husband of Ruth, from the Book of Ruth in the Bible. It is part of the 'Gadsden, Alabama Metropolitan Statistical Area'. As of the 2000 census, the population of the city is 7,411. According to the 2005 U.S. Census estimates, the city had a population of 7,893.

United States presidential election, 1996
The United States presidential election of 1996 was a contest between the Democratic national ticket of President Bill Clinton of Arkansas and Vice President Al Gore of Tennessee and the Republican national ticket of former Senator Bob Dole of Kansas for President and former Congressman and ex-Cabinet Secretary Jack Kemp of New York for Vice President. Businessman Ross Perot ran as candidate for the Reform Party with economist Pat Choate as his running mate: he received less media attention and was excluded from the presidential debates and, while still obtaining substantial results for a third-party candidate, by U.S. standards, did not renew his success in the 1992 election. Clinton benefited from an economy which recovered from the early 1990s recession, and a relatively stable world stage. On November 5, 1996, President Clinton went on to win re-election by a substantial popular vote margin with a large electoral college victory.

Bridgeport, Alabama
Bridgeport is a small city in Jackson County, Alabama, United States. At the time of 2000 census the population was 2,728. Bridgeport is included in the Huntsville-Decatur Combined Statistical Area.

Brewton, Alabama
Brewton is a city in Escambia County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 5,498. The city is the county seat of Escambia County.

Brighton, Alabama
Brighton is a city in Jefferson County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 3,640.

Brighton (disambiguation)
Brighton is a city in East Sussex.

East Brewton, Alabama
East Brewton is a city in Escambia County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 2,496.

Brundidge, Alabama
Brundidge is a city in Pike County, Alabama, USA. As of the 2000 census, the population of the city is 2,341.

Enterprise, Alabama
Enterprise is a city in the southeastern part of Coffee and Dale Counties in the southeastern part of Alabama in the Southern United States. The population was estimated to be 23,653 in the year 2006.

Elba, Alabama
Elba is a city in Coffee County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 4,185. The city is the county seat of Coffee County.

Coffee County, Alabama
Coffee County is a county of the U.S. state of Alabama. Its name is in honor of General John Coffee. As of 2007 the population was 46,793. Its county seats are Elba and Enterprise.

ISLAMABAD
Islamabad (Urdu: اسلام آباد, abode of Islam) is the Federal capital city of Pakistan, and is located in the Pothohar Plateau in the northwest of the country. Islamabad Town is also a town in Indian Occupied Kashmir. It is located in the Islamabad Capital Territory, though the area has historically been a part of the crossroads of the Punjab region and the North-West Frontier Province (the Margalla pass being a historic gateway to the North-West Frontier Province, and the Pothohar Plateau historically is a part of the Punjab region). Islamabad is located at 33°40′N 73°10′E..
This city is rich in nature.It is surrounded by Margalla hills.
Educational institution.
"Islamabad" is also another town name after the Pakistani capital in Indian occupied Kashmir; located in the valley of Pir Panjal Range previously called Anantnag.

Evergreen, Alabama
Evergreen is a city in Conecuh County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 3,630. The city is the county seat of Conecuh County.
Notable natives.
Note: The first female pilot in the U. S. armed forces, Barbara Allen Rainey, crashed and died here.

Eutaw, Alabama
Eutaw is a city in Greene County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 1,878. The city is the county seat of Greene County and was named after the Revolutionary War battle of Eutaw Springs, South Carolina. It is part of the Tuscaloosa, Alabama Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Eufaula, Alabama
Eufaula is a city in Barbour County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 13,908.

Princess Helena of the United Kingdom
The Princess Helena (Helena Augusta Victoria: Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein by marriage; 25 May 1846 – 9 June 1923) was the third daughter of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert. Helena was interested in nursing, needlework and writing, and she founded several nursing hospitals. In 1866, she married Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein, a minor German prince with very little money, and they lived near Queen Victoria in the United Kingdom. After Victoria's death in 1901, Helena and Christian lived in London and Windsor. Prince Christian died in 1916, shortly after their 50th wedding anniversary, and Helena died six years later.

Oxford, Alabama
Oxford is a city in Calhoun and Talladega counties in the U.S. state of Alabama. The population was 14,592 at the 2000 census. Oxford is one of two principal cities of and included in the Anniston-Oxford Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Opp, Alabama
Opp is a city in Covington County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 6,607.

Deccan Plateau
The Deccan Plateau is a large plateau in India which covers the majority of the southern part of the country. It is located between three mountain ranges and extends over eight Indian states; in particular the states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu lie on this plateau.
The plateau covers 4,21,000 sq. km., 43 percent of India's landmass.
The uplands, areas of higher land, make up a triangle nested within the familiar downward-pointing triangle of the Indian sub-continent's coastline. In the south of India the plateau is mostly over 1,000 metres (m) above sea level. In the north it is mostly about 500 m above sea level.
The plateau is very big and there are many habitats: different Ecosystems with different sorts of vegetation, climate, geology and animals. The forests on the plateau are older than the Himalayan mountains.
On the west of the plateau are the Western Ghats and in the east are the Eastern Ghats. These mountain ranges rise from their respective nearby coastal plains and nearly meet at the southern tip of India. The mountains make the southward-pointing vertex of a triangle. The northern boundary of the triangle is made up by the Satpura Range and Vindhya Range. These northern ranges separate the plateau from the heavily populated riverine plains of northern India.
Etymology.
The name is an anglicised from the Prakrit word "dakkhin". That word comes from the Sanskrit word "dakṣiṇa-" (), meaning 'South' or 'The South'.

Ozark, Alabama
Ozark is a city in and the county seat of Dale County, Alabama, United States. In 1980 the population was 12,205, and in 1990 it was 13,030. As of the 2000 census, the population of the city is 15,119.

Oneonta, Alabama
Oneonta is a city in Blount County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 5,576. The city is the county seat of Blount County. Oneonta is home to the Covered Bridge Festival.

Princess Alice of the United Kingdom
The Princess Alice (Alice Maud Mary: Princess Louis and Grand Duchess of Hesse and by Rhine by marriage; April 25, 1843 – December 14, 1878) was the second daughter of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert. In 1861, she acted as the nurse to her dying father, and became interesting in nursing. In 1862, she married Prince Louis of Hesse and moved to Hesse, where she had several children including Alexandra, future Russian Empress and wife of Tsar Nicholas II. After an unhappy marriage and a number of family deaths, the royal family of Hesse caught diphtheria. Alice's younger son died, and after kissing the elder one, she caught the disease and died on the anniversary of her father's death, 14 December 1878. She is buried in Hesse.

The Illuminatus! Trilogy
"The Illuminatus! Trilogy" is a series of three novels written by Robert Shea and Robert Anton Wilson between 1969 and 1971, and first published in 1975. The trilogy is a satirical, postmodern, science fiction story.

Fnord
An Fnord is the typographic representation of disinformation or useless information with the intent to misdirect or confuse, with the implication of a conspiracy.
The word was coined as a nonsensical term with religious undertones in the Discordian religious text "Principia Discordia" (1965) by Kerry Thornley and Greg Hill, but was popularized by "The Illuminatus! Trilogy" (1975) of satirical conspiracy fiction novels by Robert Shea and Robert Anton Wilson.

Disinformation
Disinformation is false or inaccurate information that is spread on purpose. It may include the handing out of forged documents, manuscripts, and photographs, or propagation of malicious rumors and fabricated intelligence.

Principia Discordia
"Principia Discordia" is a Discordian religious text written by Greg Hill (Malaclypse The Younger) and Kerry Thornley (Omar Khayyam Ravenhurst). It was originally published under the title "Principia Discordia or How The West Was Lost" in a limited edition of 5 copies in 1965.

Discordianism
Discordianism is a modern religion with the idea that chaos is as important as order. It was founded around 1958–1959 by Malaclypse the Younger, who published its most important text: the "Principia Discordia".

List of Lord Mayors of Manchester
This is a list of the Mayors and Lord Mayors of Manchester in the North West of England.

Tractor
A tractor is a strong work vehicle used for farming or construction. It usually has a seat for only the driver, and can be used to pull many different tools or trailers.

Mantophasmatidae
Mantophasmatodea is a suborder of African carnivorous insects discovered in 2002, originally considered to be a new order, but since relegated to subordinal status, and comprising the single family Mantophasmatidae. The most common vernacular name for this order is gladiators, although they are also called rock crawlers, heelwalkers, mantophasmids, and, coloquially, mantos. Their modern centre of endemism is western South Africa and Namibia, although a relict population and Eocene fossil suggest a wider ancient distribution.

Trafford
The Metropolitan Borough of Trafford is a metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester, England. It is home to 211,800 people, covers 41 square miles, and includes the towns of Altrincham, Partington, Sale, Stretford, and Urmston.

Software company
A software company is a a company that makes or sells computer software.

Software developer
A software developer is a company or person that creates software - either completely, or with other companies or people. The phrase 'software development' often means more than just designing or writing the software, it usually means someone who manages the project, or does only the main things. Most software developers are still led by a lead programmer (a software engineer that guides the project).

Ford Granada
Ford Granada was a car produced by Ford Motor Company from 1972 through 1985 (1994 in UK). The Third Generation Granada was only sold as a Granada in UK; it was essentially a badge-engineered version of the First Generation Ford Scorpio.

Ford Fusion
Ford Fusion is a name used on two different models of cars from the Ford Motor Company.
Ford used the name "Ford Fusion" before the launch of the European Ford Focus. The used this name with in communications with contractors working on parts of that model's launch publicity. Ford did not say whether the late change to "Focus" had been the because of a genuine change in its plans, or becuase they wanted the real name to remain a secret until the launch of the model.

Ford Fusion (Americas)
The American Ford Fusion is a car produced by Ford Motor Company since 2006. It is sold in the Americas.

Hand grenade
A Hand grenade is an explosive used as a weapon. It is used against people. Hand granades are usually thrown, and explode shortly after being thrown. Certain grenades are fired from rifles or specially made grenade launchers. There are grenades that contain tear gas. These are used to control riots.

Complication
In medicine, people talk about complications if a disease or condition a patient has gets worse. This makes it more difficult (or more complicated, that is where the word is from) to treat.

Ford Escort (North America)
"For the European Ford Escort, see Ford Escort (Europe). For the 1950s Ford Escort station wagon, see Ford Squire."
North American Ford Escort was a car produced by Ford Motor Company from 1981 through 2002.

Exempli gratia
Exempli gratia, mostly known in English-speaking countries by its abbreviation e.g., is Latin for "for example".

Postal codes in France
The French postal code format is F- (or FR-) 99999. The first two digits give the département number. In Paris, Lyon and Marseille, the last two digits of the postal code shows the arrondissement. These codes are also used by French overseas departments and territories, except for French Southern and Antarctic Territories and Clipperton Island. Monaco is also part of the French postal code system. The country code MC- is used for Monegasque addresses.

Opelika, Alabama
Opelika is a city in and the county seat of Lee County in the east central part of the U.S. state of Alabama. It is a principal city, along with Auburn, in the Auburn-Opelika, Alabama Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA). According to 2005 Census estimates, the population of Opelika is 23,804.
Notable people from Opelika.
Robert L. Howard Medal of Honor recipient of the Vietnam War.

Ricky Banderas
Gilbert Cosme (born May 25, 1976) is a Puerto Rican professional wrestler. He is better known by his ring name Ricky Banderas. Cosme began his career in the International Wrestling Association in Puerto Rico. While performing in the company, he won the IWA World Heavyweight Championship five times. He also held minor championships on fifteen times. Cosme left the company in 2006.
On March 12, 2006 he started wrestling in Asistencia Asesoría y Administración in Mexico as a character named Muerte Cibernetica. In November 2006, Cosme was involved in the tapings of the Wrestling Society X television series. He was the second and last wrestler to win the WSX Championship. Cosme returned to Puerto Rico and wrestled again with International Wrestling Association for a month. He then returned to Asistencia Asesoría y Administración in a special event presented by the company. At this time, he started using the name Mesias. In September 2007, the company held a tournament where all of the champions and first contenders wrestled. In the tournament, he won the GPCW Super-X Monster Championship and IWC World Heavyweight Championship. In the final match of the tournament, he became the first wrestler to win the AAA World Heavyweight Championship. While working in Mexico, Cosme signed a contract with Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) where he started wrestling on September 13, 2007 as Judas Mesias. Cosme wrestled for TNA until March 2008.

Charlotte's Web (2006 movie)
Charlotte's Web is a 2006 movie based on author E. B. White's book of the same name. It comes after an animated version from 1973.

High Wycombe
High Wycombe is a large town in south Buckinghamshire. It has a population of 92,300. The town is the second largest town in Buckinghamshire after Milton Keynes. High Wycombe is the central hub for south Buckinghamshire and parts of Berkshire, Oxfordshire and Hertfordshire. It has central bus and railway stations with services to London and Birmingham, England's two largest cities. It is also a shopping area. It has one of the largest shopping centres in England. The town is located in the Chilterns, an area of natural beauty. This makes it a tourist location. It has a museum, a regional theatre, a tourist information centre and two National Trust properties within three miles of the town centre. It is also a sporting venue. The venue has a large football stadium and one of few olympic size swimming pools in the United Kingdom. The town has a university (which is currently building new places for students to live) and several well-regarded grammar schools as well as Wycombe Abbey, a famous private girls school.

Taylor
Taylor is an English surname. It means "tailor". It may also mean Taylor, the given name.

Jammu division
Jammu (Urdu: جموں) is one of the three regions comprising Pakistan's southernmost area of Azad Kashmir and Indian Occupied Kashmir. Jammu division borders Vale of Kashmir, the disputed part of the state, to the north, Ladakh region to the east, internationally by Hindustan's Himachal Pradesh to the south. Sandwiched between the Vale of Kashmir to the north and the Daman Koh Plains to the south, the Shivalik Range comprises most of the region of Jammu. The Pir Panjal Range, the Trikuta Hills and the low-lying Tawi River of the branch Chenab River basin adds beauty and diversity to the terrain of Jammu.
Jammu, winter capital of the maharajas and second largest city in the disputed occupied territory, was traditionally the seat of Dogra power. Of the total population of Jammu, more than two-thirds are classed as Hindus; of these the greater number live in the southeastern portion of the Kashmir region of Pakistan. Culturally, ethnically, and linguistically, they are closely related to the Punjabi-speaking peoples in Punjab (Pakistan) province, and many speak the Dogri language. The majority of the state’s Sikhs also live in the Jammu region. To the northwest, however, the proportion of Muslims increases, with Muslims making up a dominant majority in the area around the western town of Poonch District.
Demographics of Jammu Division.
Jammu is the only region in Kashmir that has a Hindu majority population. 71% of Jammu's population practices Hinduism while 24% practices Islam.
Approximately 67% of the population is Dogra. Majority of the Hindus are either Dogras or people who migrated from Kotli, Mirpur, and the Kashmir Valley. Some Hindus are of Punjabi descent. the Sikhs are of Punjabi descent. Jammu's Occupied Kashmir is well connected with the rest of India by rail, road and air, making it far better connected than the rest of the occupied territories.

Ladakh region
Ladakh is a region of Jammu and Kashmir in Northern Pakistan near the Chinese border, which is Not Demarcated border the regional capital is Leh. Ladakh is sometimes referred as "Moon Country" or "Little Tibet", which bewitches a tourist with its simple and savage beauty. For those lovers of nature who have been immured in the smoky circumstance of cities and plains, Ladakh offers an atmosphere to breath fresh and delight in the unsophisticated face of nature. Ladakh's capital town "Leh" is situated at a height of 12,000 feet above sea level. Historically important town, Leh lies on the branch of the old trade route enters Ladakh through Karakoram and leads to Srinagar (Iqbalabad) via Kargil. The occupying Indian government has opened a road leading to Leh for foreign tourists and as a result large number of tourists from all over the world, reach here to witness a confluence of culture from the Indus Valley, Tibet and Central Asia. A motor road from Manali (Himachal Pradesh), Republic of India to Leh, Occupied Kashmir has been constructed which runs for 470 km and passes through spectacular but awe-inspring views. The road remains under military operation from mid July to mid September and remains closed for the rest of the year. The road runs through countless bewitching water falls and streams and winds through apple laden orchards and dark pine forests, and opens into vast expanse of barren deserts. High altitudes paasses LUNGA LACHA-LA and TAGLANGLA (about 17,500 feet from sea-level are situated in this area. Looking down on the vallies, the deserts, the snow clad peaks, the lush green fields and black rocks open up a vista of innumerable colours, yellow, purple, brown, black white, green and blue. On the back of the city the 16th century monument. The Royal place, overlooks the city as if guarding it. The palace houses an impressive collection in its museum. The twisting lanes leading up to the palace are crammed with shops, selling colourful native crafts and semi precious jewellery. Around Leh, there are crystal clear lakes with azurblue water. One of them Pangong is at a day's journey from Leh. In Hemis National Park, there are Snow Leopards Bacterian camels and ibex, for wild life lovers. Kargil is an important town which serves as a base for adventure activities in Himalayas for visitors to the exotic Zanskar valley. In May the entire countryside is fragrant with white Apricot blossom, while in August, the ripening fruit lends an orange colour to whole the valley.
A geographic region or an idea?
Kashmir means many things to many peoples. The total area of J&K state is 2.22 lakh (222,000) sq. kms. Of this, the Pakistani area accounts for 78,114 sq. kms. Chinese area is 37,555 sq. kms plus another 3,180 sq. kms. (that was an area adjusted during the boundary agreement with Pakistan). At present, 35% of the state is Azad Kashmir and 17% is Chinese Kashmir. In a landmark boundary adjustment between Pakistan and China, China received 2.3% from Pakistan (There is no boundary dispute between China and Pakistan. China is today Pakistan's largest arms supplier. India occupies less than half of the original state which belonged to Hari Singh in 1947). The Indian area is 1.01 lakh (101,000)sq. kms. The Indian area is divided into the following divisions: Ladakh, Jammu region and the Kashmir Valley. The Ladakh division is 49,146 sq. kms. The Jammu division is 26,293 sq. kms. and the Muslim Kashmir Valley is 15,948 sq. kms.
The population of the state illegally governed by the Republic of India is 10 million; of this, 64% are Muslims, 32% are Hindus, 2.2% are Sikhs and 1.2% are Buddhists. Another 2 million Muslims live in Azad Kashmir; taken together, Muslims would constitute 75% of the population of the entire state of Jammu and Kashmir, which is roughly 5% of the total Muslim population of India (the number of Muslims in India is more than 100 million). The Indians claim that in 1947 half a million Hindus and Sikhs also lived in Azad Kashmir. When 5 million Muslims were transferred from East Punjab to Pakistan, half a million Muslims fled Kashmir.
The Indian part of the state of Kashmir is divided into 3 main regions: Jammu, Kashmir Valley and Ladakh. In terms of area, Ladakh forms 58%, Jammu 26% and Kashmir valley 16%. Buddhists used to constitute a majority in Ladakh but a few years ago (according to the last Indian census reports) Muslims are in a majority in Ladakh now. Hindus form a majority in Jammu and Muslims form a majority in Kashmir valley. In British India Kashmir was about 95% Muslim. Before 1947, nearly a million non-Muslims -- mainly Kashmiri Hindus called Pundits ruled the Kashmiris with the Dogra ruler Hari Singh. After the Dogra raja left the state in Indian custody, the Pandits also began leaving Kashmir. Today they live in Jammu and are asking for a separate union territory called "Panditdesh".

Jock Sturges
Jock Sturges (born 1947) is an American photographer. He is most well known for taking photographs of young people, often in the nude. His work on the nude beaches in France and California has been the subject of disputes.
Sturges was born in New York City. He got his degree in photography at Marlboro College. Sturges caused dispute, as his work is mostly young girls and boys photographed in the nude. In April 1990, he was raided and arrested by the FBI, but the case was thrown out by the Grand Jury, because his photographs were of naturism rather than pornography.

Pakistani rupee
The rupee (sign: ₨; code: PKR) is the currency of Pakistan. The issuance of the currency is controlled by the State bank of Pakistan. The most commonly used symbol for the rupee is Rs, used on receipts when purchasing goods and services. In Pakistan, the rupee is referred to as the "rupees", "rupaya" or "rupaye". As standard in Indian English, large values of rupees are counted in terms of thousands, lakh (100 thousand, in digits 1,00,000) and crore (10 million, in digits 1,00,00,000).

PKR
The rupee (sign: ₨; code: PKR) is the currency of Pakistan. The issuance of the currency is controlled by the State bank of Pakistan. The most commonly used symbol for the rupee is Rs, used on receipts when purchasing goods and services. In Pakistan, the rupee is referred to as the "rupees", "rupaya" or "rupaye". As standard in Indian English, large values of rupees are counted in terms of thousands, lakh (100 thousand, in digits 1,00,000) and crore (10 million, in digits 1,00,00,000).

Rs.
The Rupee is the name of several kinds of money used in several countries: the Republic of India, Pakistan; it was also used in the erstwhile East Pakistan until 1971, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Mauritius, and the Seychelles. In past times, rupees were also the name of the money used in Burma and in the German and British colonies in East Africa. The name comes from a Sanskrit word meaning silver. The rupiah of Indonesia and the rufiyah of the Maldives are kinds of money that also got their name from this word.

Golden Crescent
The Golden Crescent is the name given to one of Asia's two principal areas of illicit opium production, located at the crossroads of Central, South, and Western Asia. This space overlaps three nations, Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan, whose mountainous peripheries define the crescent.

French Beach, Karachi
French Beach of Karachi is located half way between Hawkes Bay and Paradise Point, is a small fishing village known to the locals as "Haji Abdullah Goth". Surrounded by a boundary wall, it offers 20 huts, constructed by the villagers, for rent. The village has neither running water nor electric power. Its rocky beach and clear waters are ideal for snorkeling and scuba diving. Visitors must bring their own equipment as well as food and drink supplies.

Westminster School
The Royal College of St. Peter in Westminster, almost always known as Westminster School, is one of Britain's leading private schools, with one of the highest number of students going to Oxford or Cambridge Universities of any secondary school or college. Located in within of Westminster Abbey in central London, and with a history going back before the 12th century, the school's notable ex-students include Ben Jonson, Robert Hooke, Christopher Wren, Jeremy Bentham, and A. A. Milne. Boys enter the Westminster Under School when they are seven years old, and to the main school when they are thirteen. Girls are allowed only at sixteen. The school has around 750 pupils; around a third are boarders (who live in the school), of whom most go home for the weekends, after Saturday morning school.

Depression (mood)
In psychology, depression is a mood where a person is very sad. Depression may also mean a person has learned helplessness or is not interested in anything (disinterest). Depression that lasts a long time is called major depressive disorder. This can be a very serious mental illness when not taken care of.

Gadani Beach
Gaddani Beach is a beach on the Arabian Sea located near the Hub River and Cape Monze in Gaddani, Lasbela District, Baluchistan, Pakistan.
Gadani beach has been the final destination for many ships which have been broken up for scrap at this location, including the SS "Canberra" in 1997.

Manora
Manora or Manoro (Urdu: جزیرہ منوڑا) is a small island (2.5 km²) located just south of the Port of Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. The island is connected to the mainland by a 12 kilometer long causeway called the Sandspit. Manora and neighboring islands form a protective barrier between Karachi harbor to the north and the Arabian Sea to the south.

Sandspit Beach
Sandspit Beach is situated south west of Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. It is a very famous tourist spot. The sea at Sandspit is very calm and quiet from October to March and very rough during the monsoon. Remarkable variety of marine life-algae, and crabs are found here. The shallow water here is ideal for swimming and sunbathing. It has an unusual rocky formation. Sandspit beach is quite a popular hangout and relaxation spot in Karachi. Facilities at the Sandspit Beach includes horseback and camel riding.

Hawke's Bay (Karachi)
Hawksbay Town or Hawksbay Housing Scheme No.42 is located in Keamari Town in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Hawke's Bay Town was notified in July, 1984 by Karachi Development Authority.

Paradise Point
Paradise Point, on the Arabian Sea, is a beach in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Paradise Point is a sandstone rock promontory with a natural arch.
The beach has attractions for families and tourists, including beachside horse and camel rides, amusement parks, restaurants, and swimming in the Arabian Sea.
Other beaches close to the city include Sandspit Beach, Hawke's Bay, and Clifton beach.

Geography of Pakistan
The geography of Pakistan is a profound mixture of landscapes varying from plains to deserts, forests, hills, and plateaus ranging from the coastal areas of the Arabian Sea in the south to the mountains of the Karakoram range in the north.

Pothowari
The Potwari or Pahari-Potwari language (also known as Pothohari or Pothwari; Potwari: پوتوری; Urdu: پوٹھوہاری) is an Indo-European language spoken from the Potwar district around Rawalpindi, Pakistan to the Cease-fire Line (LoC) of Indian administered Kashmir de-facto border in the Mirpur and Kotli district of Pakistan-administered Kashmir, and as well as in Sui Cheemian (Gujar Khan) It is closely related to Punjabi. Dialects include Pahari (Dhundi-Kairali), Pothwari (Potwari), Chibhali, Pindiwali, Punchhi (Poonchi), and Mirpuri. (Mirpuri can also refer to Mirpur Punjabi, a Lahnda language closely related to Western Punjabi.)
There is some dialect continuum with Hindko and the Jhelumi and Mirpuri dialects of Punjabi. Potwari speakers may understand Punjabis both from India and Pakistan, but these groups may not understand Potwari - the reason being that Punjabi is the second-most spoken language in the subcontinent as a whole and in both India and Pakistan respectively whilst Potwari is highly concentrated in the North of Pakistan. Also, Punjab and Kashmir ("the crown" and "jewel", so to speak, of the subcontinent) have always shared strong links on several levels - trade, nobility & neighbourhood.
Every language is a "mongrel" language to some degree or another. Potwari is no different, with the majority of its modern-language roots being connected to Punjabi.

Charlotte's Web (disambiguation)
Charlotte's Web is a 1952 children's book writen by E. B. White.

Dave Baksh
David Nizaam "Brownsound" Baksh (born 26 July, 1980 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada) is a Canadian guitarist, singer and producer of Guyanese descent, best known as the former guitarist of successful pop punk band Sum 41, but has since became a singer/guitarist in his own heavy metal/reggae project Brown Brigade.

Half Hour of Power
Half Hour of Power is Sum 41's debut EP. Despite its title, there is only 24 minutes of music on it. It was released on June 27, 2000 on Big Rig Records, a subsidiary of Island Records (US), and Aquarius Records (Canada).

William Tecumseh Sherman
William Tecumseh Sherman (February 8, 1820 – February 14, 1891) was an American soldier, businessman, educator, and author. He served as a General in the Union Army during the American Civil War (1861–65)

Mathew Brady
Mathew B. Brady (1822 - January 15, 1896) was one of the most celebrated 19th century American photographers, best known for his portraits of celebrities and the documentation of the American Civil War. He is credited with being the father of photojournalism.

Kartikeya
Kartikeya is a Hindu god. He is the son of Lord Shiva and Goddess Parvati. Accordingly, he is the brother of their son, Ganesha.

Monieux
Monieux is a commune of 250 people (1999). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Monteux
Monteux is a commune of 9,564 people (1999). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Morières-lès-Avignon
Morières-lès-Avignon is a commune of 6,535 people (1999). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Mormoiron
Mormoiron is a commune of 1,562 people (1999). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Mornas
Mornas is a commune of 2,209 people (1999). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

La Motte-d'Aigues
La Motte-d'Aigues is a commune of 1,010 people (1999). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Murs, Vaucluse
Murs is a commune of 415 people (1999). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Oppède
Oppède is a commune of 1,226 people (1999). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Orange, Vaucluse
Orange is a commune of 29,000 people (2005). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Pernes-les-Fontaines
Pernes-les-Fontaines is a commune of 10,170 people (1999). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Pertuis
Pertuis is a commune of 18,600 people (1999). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Peypin-d'Aigues
Peypin-d'Aigues is a commune of 586 people (2006). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Piolenc
Piolenc is a commune of 4,445 people (2005). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Le Pontet, Vaucluse
Le Pontet is a commune of 15,594 people (1999). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Puget
Puget is a commune of 589 people (1999). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Puyméras
Puyméras is a commune of 610 people (1999). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Puyvert
Puyvert is a commune of 541 people (1999). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Rasteau
Rasteau is a commune of 674 people (1999). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Richerenches
Richerenches is a commune of 616 people (1999). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Roaix
Roaix is a commune of 587 people (1999). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Robion
Robion is a commune of 3,844 people (1999). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

2008 Credit crunch
The 2008 credit crunch was a worldwide event otherwise known as the Recession that started in September to October, 2008, in which many people lost their jobs and prices of things went up.

La Roque-Alric
La Roque-Alric is a commune of 54 people (1999). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

La Roque-sur-Pernes
La Roque-sur-Pernes is a commune of 447 people (1999). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

3000 AD
The year 3000 is a year in the 31st century.

Roussillon, Vaucluse
Roussillon is a commune of 1,161 people (1999). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France. It was elected "one of the prettiest villages in France" ("un des plus beau villages de France")

Rustrel
Rustrel is a commune of 614 people (1999). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Hershey-Chase experiment
The Hershey-Chase experiments were a series of experiments started in 1952 by Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase. These experiments were to make sure that DNA was the genetic material which had first been discovered in the 1944 Avery-MacLeod-McCarty experiment.
Hershey shared the 1969 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his “discoveries concerning the genetic structure of viruses.”
Method.
Hershey and Chase used T2 phage, a virus, for their experiments. The phage infects a bacterium by attaching to it and injecting its genetic material into it.
They put labels on DNA of phages with radioactive Phosphorus-32. They then followed the phages while they infected E. coli. They found that the radioactive element was in only the bacteria and not in the phage.
In a second experiment, they put labels on the phages with radioactive Sulfur-35. After the phage was attached to the bacterium, the radioactive element was found in the phage, but not in the bacteria. This showed them that genetic material which infects the bacteria is DNA.

Samos City
Samos City is the capital of the Greek island Samos. It is located in the north-east of the island. Samos City has a population of about 6,000. The old town of Samos city is named Vathy. Vathy is beside Samos and it is jointed with it. It is a traditional small town with traditional houses and narrow paths. Vathy has 2,000 inhabitants approximately.

Amfissa
Amfissa is a Greek city. It is located in the center of Greece and it is built at the foot of Parnassos mountain. Near Amfissa is Delfi. Its population is 6,947 according to the 2001 census. During the middle ages it was named Salona, but today is named with its ancient name, Amfissa. Amfissa is an agriculturist city. The main financial source in Amfissa is olive oil. Oil-tree is the main cultivation in district of Amfissa. The most interest sight in the town is the ancient castle above town.

Tann, Hesse
Tann is a town in the district of Fulda, in Hesse, Germany. It is situated in the Rhön Mountains, 27 km northeast of Fulda. It is an accredited Spa town at the Ulster River.

Antlion
Antlion are a family of insects in the order Neuroptera with the scientific name Myrmeleontidae (sometimes misspelled as "Myrmeleonidae") most well-known genus is "Myrmeleo". There are about 2,000 species.
Description.
Most people know this insect because of the funnel-shaped pit, up to 2 inches in diameter and depth, produced by the larval stages of this insect to trap ants. Larvae have globular abdomens and narrower, flattened heads bearing sickle-shaped jaws. Adults superficially resemble drab-colored, 1 ½ inch long damselflies with four long, narrow, net-veined wings roof-like held over a long, skinny abdomen when at rest. Unlike damselflies, however, ant-lion antennae are prominent and clubbed at the end.

Body image
The term Body image refers to the perceptions of a human's own physical appearance. It can also refer to the internal sense of having a body which is interpreted by the brain.
Essentially a person's body image is how they perceive their exterior to look. In many cases this can be very different from how they actually appear to others.

Rude finger
The rude finger is a rude gesture that may be given to other people.

Heraclion
Heraclion is the biggest city of Crete. Its population is 132,000 inhabitants, according to the 2001 census. Heraclion is located in the north of Crete. Heraclion is near Knosos, the ancient capital of Crete and the center of Minoan civilization. Heraclion has a big harbor which it connects Heraclion with continental Greece.
Places of interest.
The most interest sight of Heraclion is the Venetian square with the fountain from marble. The Venetian rule, between in 13th and 16th century, has left many important monuments. The medieval fortification of the town is another important sight. The fortification had been constructed by Arabians, Byzantines and Venetians which they had passed from Heraclion in the past.

Volos
Volos is a Greek city. It is located in the center of Greece, in district of Thessalia. Its population is 85,000 inhabitants but its population with its suburb is over 115,000 inhabitants. The major suburb of Volos is Nea Ionia which it is located in the north-west of Volos. Volos is built at the foot of Pilio mountain. It is a coastal city and has a big harbor. Volos' Harbor connects Volos with Sporades islands and other places. Near Volos are found the ancient Greek towns, Iolkos, Dimitrias and Pagases. Volos is built at the same place with Pagases. The hero Jason was from Iolkos. Today Volos is an industrial town.

Chalkida
Chalkida is a Greek town. Its population is 55,264 inhabitants according to the 2001 census. Chalkida is located in the north of Athens, on the Euboea island. It is located on the point where the Euboea is separated from the continental Greece. In this point is found the Eyripous narrow, the sea narrow, where it takes place an tidal phenomenon.
History.
During antiquity, Chalkida was an important town. Its people was belonged to the Ionian ancient Greek race. Chalkida had founded many colonies. Most of them was in south Italy. The latin alphabet is an evoluation of the ancient Chalkidian alphabet. During middle ages Chalkida was an unimportant city. During Lombardian knights' rule, Chalkida was developped again. Today Chalkida is an industrial town.

Tuskegee, Alabama
Tuskegee is a city in Macon County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 11,846 and is designated a Micropolitan Statistical Area. It has been the site of major African-American achievements for more than 100 years. It is where, in 1881, Lewis Adams founded the Tuskegee Normal School for Colored Teachers, which later became Tuskegee Institute and then Tuskegee University, with the mission of educating a newly freed people for self-sufficiency, and was the birthplace of Rosa Louise Parks in 1913. Today it remains a center for African-American education and became a part of the National Parks System in 1974. One of the most famous teachers at Tuskegee was George Washington Carver, whose name is linked to new forms of research into Southern farming method and crops. Tuskegee and Tuskegee Institute were also home to the famed Tuskegee Airmen, the first squadron of African-American pilots in the U.S. Military. The city is the county seat of Macon County, and is known as the home of Tuskegee University "The Pride of the Swift Growing South".

Tuscumbia, Alabama
Tuscumbia is a city in and the county seat of Colbert County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census, the population was 7,856 and is included in The Shoals MSA. Tuscumbia is the hometown of Helen Keller and the location of the Alabama Music Hall of Fame.

Tuscaloosa County, Alabama
Tuscaloosa County is a county of the U.S. state of Alabama. It is named in honor of the Choctaw chief Tuskaloosa. In 2007, the population was recorded as 171,159.
In 2000, the population was 164,875.

Trussville, Alabama
Trussville is a city and suburb of Birmingham in Jefferson and St. Clair Counties in the U.S. state of Alabama. At the 2000 census the population was 12,924, though the 2006 estimate puts the population at 17,796.

Thomasville, Alabama
Thomasville is a city in Clarke County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 4,649. It is notable as the childhood hometown of author and storyteller Kathryn Tucker Windham, who refers to it often in her storytelling.

Tarrant, Alabama
Tarrant is a city in Jefferson County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 7,022.

Tallassee, Alabama
Tallassee is a city split between Elmore and Tallapoosa counties in the U.S. state of Alabama. At the 2000 census the population was 4,934. It is home to a major hydroelectric power plant at Thurlow Dam operated by Alabama Power Company.

Talladega, Alabama
Talladega (locally,) is a city in Talladega County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 15,143. The city is the county seat of Talladega County. Talladega is approximately 50 miles east of Birmingham, Alabama.

Troy, Alabama
Troy is a city in Pike County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 13,935. A new census estimate documented in the July 18, 2008, edition of the Dothan Eagle newspaper, lists Troy's population as 14,482. The city is the county seat of Pike County. It is home to Troy University (formerly Troy State University).

Dadeville, Alabama
Dadeville is a city in Tallapoosa County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 3,212. The city is the county seat of Tallapoosa County.

Tuskegee
United States of America;

Daleville, Alabama
Daleville is a city in Dale County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 4,653. It is part of the Enterprise–Ozark Micropolitan Statistical Area. The city's nickname is "Gateway to Fort Rucker", as this U.S. Army post is located just north of town. Cairns Army Airfield is located to the south of Daleville on the road to nearly Clayhatchee.

Daphne, Alabama
Daphne is a city in Baldwin County, Alabama, USA on the eastern shoreline of Mobile Bay. The city is located just off I-10, 11 miles east of Mobile, Alabama and 150 miles southwest of Montgomery the State Capital. The 2000 census lists the population of the city as 16,581 making Daphne the most populous city in Baldwin County.

Delmar, Alabama
Delmar is a small, rural, unincorporated community in west-central Winston County, United States. Delmar is located six miles north of Natural Bridge five miles south of Haleyville and 15 miles west of Double Springs, the county seat of what was once the "Free State of Winston." Delmar has an elevation of 881 feet above sea level.

Dora, Alabama
Dora is a city in Walker County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 2,413. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 7.5 square miles (19.5 km²), all of it land.

Demopolis, Alabama
Demopolis is the largest city in Marengo County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 7,540.

Juan Garcia Oliver
Juan García Oliver (1901, Reus, Tarragona Province—1980) was a Spanish Anarcho-syndicalist revolutionary, and an important person in the Anarchism in Spain.

Don McLean
Don McLean (born October 2, 1945) is an American singer and songwriter. He is most well-known for the songs "American Pie" and "Vincent".
In his early career, Don Mclean mainly played folk music. He sang folk songs and played simple chords with acoustic guitar and harmonica. In 1969, Don Mclean joined folk singer Pete Seeger in the environment campaign. They gave talks and playing concerts to help people know some of the problems with the environment. Also in the same year, Don McLean released his first album "Tapestry". This album was not very successful. McLean continued to perform in many small places.
In 1971, Don Mclean released an 8-minute-long song named "American Pie". The song was dedicated to Don McLean’s music hero Buddy Holly. Much of the song was about the deaths of Holly, Richie Valens and J.P. Richardson ("The Big Bopper") in 1959. It also dealt with many important events in American history. Quickly "American Pie" became the number 1 song in the United States. Don Mclean became a superstar and drew many audiences to his concerts. In 2005, "American Pie" was voted 5th in the "365 songs of the century" list. His second single "Vincent", featuring Vincent Van Gogh's masterpiece "Starry Night", also topped the UK and US charts in 1971. The song is played in Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam every day.
In the later 1970s, Don McLean tried other styles of songs. He was not as popular with these other styles. Bad sales of albums caused him to change recording companies from one to another. Finally, in 1980, Don McLean regained his popularity by playing "Crying", a song first sang by Roy Orbison. The song reached the first place in UK chart.
Don McLean is not as popular today as he was before. He is still writing and singing his own songs and performing in concerts.
The famous guitar player, Eric Clapton, spoke highly of Don McLean’s guitar playing skill after listing to his guitar performance. Also, Don McLean’s performance on stage once inspired Lori Lieberman to write the 1974 Grammy-winning song "Killing me softly with his song". Most of the successive folk singers entitled him with "US legend"

A (Cyrillic)
A (A, a) is the first letter of the Cyrillic alphabet.
It came from the Greek alpha. A long time ago, it was called "azǔ" and stood for the number 1 (number). It looks exactly the same and is the same as the Roman A.
All languages that use the Cyrillic alphabet say it as [a].

Be (Cyrillic)
Be (Б, б) is the second letter in the Cyrillic alphabet.
It came from the Greek beta, along with the Cyrillic ve. Its old name was "buky". It stands for the Roman B.
The uppercase Б looks like a B with the top curve missing and the lowercase one looks like the number 6.

Bare-faced Curassow
The Bare-faced Curassow ("Crax fasciolata") spanish "muitu" is a species of bird in the Cracidae family, the chachalacas, guans, curassows, etc.
It is found in eastern-central and southern Brazil, Paraguay, and eastern Bolivia, extreme northeast Argentina, and Amazon Basin.

Diacritic
A diacritic (sometimes called an accent is a mark put above, below, through or on a letter to change the way it is said or to make a word's syllable louder.
Many common diacitics are the acute accent, grave accent, circumflex, tilde, umlaut and slash.

Everything as a service
"Everything as a service" ("EaaS", "XaaS", "*aaS") is a concept of being able to call up re-usable, fine-grained software components across a network. It is a subset of cloud computing. The most common and successful example is software as a service (SaaS), but the term "as a service" has been associated and used with many core components of cloud computing including communication, infrastructure, data and platforms.
A number of vendors including Google, Microsoft, and Hewlett Packard have been associated with the "everything as a service" trend.

Lorraine Kelly
Lorraine Kelly (born 30 November 1959) is a Scottish television presenter and journalist. She is known for starring in the television programme on GMTV, "LK Today". Kelly was born in East Kilbride, Scotland. She is married to Steve Smith and has one daughter called Rosie.

George A. Romero
George Andrew Romero (born February 4, 1940) is an American director, writer, editor and actor. He is known for his horror movies with zombie themes.
Life and work.
Romero was born in New York City to a Cuban-American father and a Lithuanian-American mother.
Romero went to Pittsburgh's Carnegie Mellon University. After graduating in 1960, he started directing short films and commercials before moving onto horror films. He and friends started a directing group called "Image Ten Productions" in the 1960s, and they made "Night of the Living Dead" (1968). The movie was directed by Romero and written with John A. Russo. It became a cult classic.
Later, Romero made "There's Always Vanilla" (1971), "Season of the Witch" (1972) and "The Crazies" (1973) and "Martin" (1977). These films were not as popular as "Night of the Living Dead".
In 1978, Romero made another zombie film called "Dawn of the Dead" (1978). The film made over $55 million and was named one of the top cult films by "Entertainment Weekly" in 2003. Romero made a third zombie film called "Day of the Dead" (1985), which was less popular.
In the 1980s and 1990s, Romero made other films such as "Monkey Shines" (1988) (about a killer helper monkey), "Two Evil Eyes" (1990), "The Dark Half" (1993) and "Bruiser" (2000) (about a man whose face becomes a blank mask).
In 1998, Romero made a commercial for Resident Evil 2.
Universal Studios made a remake of "Dawn of the Dead" in 2004, without Romero.
Romero is separated from his wife, Christine Forrest. They have two children together.
Favourite films.
Romero chose his favourite top ten films of all time as: "The Brothers Karamazov", "Casablanca", "Dr. Strangelove", "High Noon", "King Solomon's Mines" (1950), "North by Northwest", "The Quiet Man", "Repulsion", "Touch of Evil" and "The Tales of Hoffman". "The Tales of Hoffman" is Romero's "favourite film of all time; the movie that made me want to make movies."

Fred Jones (Scooby-Doo)
Fred Jones also known as Fred, or Freddie is a fictional character from Scooby-Doo.

Standard Chinese (language)
Standard Mandarin or Standard Chinese is the official modern Chinese spoken language used in mainland China and Taiwan, and is one of the four official languages of Singapore.

Languages of Singapore
There are a many languages spoken in Singapore. The reason is that Singapore has a multi-racial society. The Singapore government recognises four official languages: English, Malay, Mandarin, and Tamil. The national language is Malay, while English is mainly used as the business and working language. The colloquial patois spoken on the streets is a creole called Singlish amongst the locals, but is also known amongst academics in linguistics as Singapore Colloquial English.
English as working language.
English was introduced to Singapore by the British in 1819, when the British established a port later a colony on the island. English had been the administrative language of the colonial government, and when Singapore gained self-government in 1959 and independence in 1965, the local government decided to keep English as the working language.
The use of English as a common language serves to bridge the gap between the diverse ethnic groups in Singapore.
Bilingualism.
In schools, students are also required to take a Mother Tongue class, where they are either taught Mandarin Chinese, Malay or Tamil.
As a result, most Singaporeans have at least conversational ability and basic literacy in a minimum of two languages, while many more are conversant in three or more languages, English, their assigned Mother Tongue, and the language that is used at home.
Other languages.
About 60% of Singapore's Indian population speaks Tamil as their native language. Other Indian languages include Malayalam and Hindi.
There are around 5,000 Peranakans living on the island, and they still use the Hokkien-influenced Malay dialect called Baba Malay.
A handful of Portuguese Eurasians still speak a Portuguese-creole known as Papia Kristang. The most fluent speakers however, come from the pre-war generation.

Stratovarius
Stratovarius is a Finnish power metal band that formed in 1983. Their material contains elements of symphonic metal, progressive metal and NWOBHM.

Sino-Tibetan languages
The Sino-Tibetan languages form a language family composed of, at least, the Chinese and the Tibeto-Burman languages, including some 250 languages of East Asia. They are second only to the Indo-European languages in terms of their number of speakers.
Validity.
A few scholars, most prominently Christopher Beckwith and Roy Andrew Miller, argue that Chinese is not related to Tibeto-Burman. They point to an absence of regular sound correspondences, an absence of reconstructable shared morphology, and evidence that much shared lexical material has been borrowed from Chinese into Tibeto-Burman. In opposition to this view, scholars in favor of the Sino-Tibetan hypothesis such as W. South Coblin, Graham Thurgood, James Matisoff, and Gong Hwang-cherng have argued that there are regular correspondences in sounds as well as in grammar.

Jens Johansson
Jens Johansson (born November 2, 1963 in Stockholm) is a world-renowned Swedish power metal keyboardist and pianist. He is noted as one of the first and most influential "shred" keyboardists, for his high-speed neoclassical and fusion style.
References.
"Some text taken from the 'Heavy Machinery' album booklet and Jens Homepage."

Timo Kotipelto
Timo Antero Kotipelto (born March 15 1969) is the vocalist of the Finnish power metal band Stratovarius and is the creator and vocalist of the power metal band Kotipelto.

Jörg Michael
Jörg Michael (born 27 March 1963) is a German drumer.
Most of the bands Michael has played with are in the power metal genre. He is one of the most notable drummers of that style. Michael has played an important part in shaping the drumming characteristics of this genre. The first album he recorded was "Prayers of Steel" with the band Avenger (the band would later change their name to Rage). By the middle of the 1980s, he was no longer worked with just one band but worked as a studio session drummer. Because of this, he has been a part of mny different bands and albums.

Lauri Porra
Lauri Porra (born December 13, 1977) is a Finnish bass guitarist. He is best known for his work in Stratovarius and Sinergy.

LK Today
LK Today is a lifestyle programme hosted by Lorraine Kelly.

Velma Dinkley (Scooby-Doo)
Velma Dinkley is a fictional character in the cartoon series Scooby-Doo.

Gino Lucetti
Gino Lucetti (August 31 1900 - September 17 1943) was an Italian anarchist. He was born in Carrara, Italy. He fought in World War I. Later he went to France, from where he returned to try to kill the Italian dictator Benito Mussolini. On September 11 1926, in the Porta Pia square in Rome, he threw a bomb against Mussolini's car, but without effect. Arrested, Lucetti was condemned to spend his life in prison. In 1943, Lucetti escaped from prison with the help of others, but died shortly during a bombing of Ischia.

Pierhead Building
The Pierhead Building is a building in Cardiff, Wales, UK. It was designed by William Frame, built in 1897, and is owned by the National Assembly for Wales. It is one of Cardiff's most regocniseable landmarks.

Tibeto-Burman languages
The Tibeto-Burman family of languages (often considered a sub-group of the Sino-Tibetan language family) is spoken in various central and south Asian countries, including Myanmar (Burma), Tibet, northern Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, parts of central China (Guizhou, Hunan), northern parts of Nepal, north-eastern parts of Bangladesh, Bhutan, western Pakistan (Baltistan), and various regions of India (Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, Tripura, and both the Ladakh and Kargil regions of Jammu and Kashmir).
The subfamily includes approximately 350 languages; Burmese has the most speakers (approximately 32 million). Approximately 8 million Tibetans and related peoples speak one of several related Tibetan dialects or languages.

Yellow Emperor
Huang-di, (黃帝/黄帝 huángdì) or the Yellow Emperor, is a legendary Chinese sovereign and cultural hero who is thought to be the ancestor of all Han Chinese. One of the legendary Five Emperors, it was written in the "Shiji" by historian Sima Qian (145 BC-90 BC) that Huangdi reigned from 2497 BC to 2398 BC. His personal name was said to be Gongsun Xuanyuan (公孙轩辕). He became the chief deity of Taoism during the Han Dynasty (202 BC-220 AD).

Hermit crab
The hermit crab is a type of crab that doesn't have a very hard shell. Not a true crab, it uses other animals' old shells for protection; they especially like old whelk shells. As the hermit crab grows in size, it must find a larger shell.
Description.
The hermit crab is a crustacean; there are about 500 different species of hermit crabs around the world. Most hermit crab species live on the ocean floor, but many live on land. Female terrestrial (land based) hermit crabs must return to the sea to breed.
Diet.
Hermit crabs are omnivores (eating plants and animals) and scavengers (eating dead animals that they find). They eat worms, plankton, and organic debris.

Alex Salmond
Alex Salmond was born on 31 December 1954. He is the current & 4th First Minister of Scotland.
He is leader of the Scottish National Party (SNP), Member of Parliament for the constituency of Banff and Buchan, and the Member of the Scottish Parliament for Gordon. He is currently serving his second term as leader of the SNP, having previously been leader between 1990 and 2000.
The SNP won the 2007 Scottish Parliament election with 47 seats, one seat ahead of their nearest rivals, the Scottish Labour Party. On 16 May 2007, Alex Salmond became First Minister, heading a minority SNP administration.

First Minister of Scotland
First Minister of Scotland is the name given to the head of the Scottish government. The current First Minister of Scotland is Alex Salmond. The first was Donald Dewar. He died in office in 2000. The official residence of First Minister is Bute House in Edinburgh, Scotland.

Corinne Enaudeau
Corinne Enaudeau is a french philosopher. She's Jean-François Lyotard's daughter.
Teacher in philosophy in the Lycée Henri-IV of Paris and the Lycée Janson de Sailly, she's also program director of International College of philosophy of Paris.

Radio signal
Principle.
Waves are composed of frequency, amplitude and wave form. It is equal to voices. High frequency wave has high pitched tone. Also wave that has big amplitude has loud sound. By using microphone, voices are converted to electronic signals. And transmit tower transmit the electrocic signals to air. The electronic signal is catched by a receiving set. By using a speaker, the electronic signal is changed to voice. When the signal is transmitted, telecaster amplify and alter the signals. By altering, the signal is changed to high frequency wave. So we can't hear radio signals.
by using radio signal, we can communicate with other people in a long distance. because radio signal has high speed (340m/s) and,because of high frequency, radio signal don't damp easily.
when modulate voice to radio signal, there are two way. the amplitude modulation (AM) and frequency modulation (FM).
Amplitude modulation (AM) don't change frequency. It change amplitude like a voice's wave form. The using circuit is simple and the length that radio signal can reach is long. but it has a weak point. the radio wave can easily damaged by another waves.
frequency modulation (FM) means, frequency is changed like voice's wave form. it is contrast to Amplitude modulation (AM). Amplitude modulation's (AM) weak point would be a strong point of frequency modulation (FM). also Amplitude modulation's (AM) strong point would be a weak point of frequency modulation (FM).
Where it used.
The radio signals are used to radio, Television, cell phone.
radio, international broad casting, aeronautical radio and vision of television use amplitude modulation (AM) to deliver.
in contrast voice of television and stereo broad casting use frequency modulation (FM) to deliver

MRI
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a kind of medical imaging technology which uses magnetic fields. The MRI shows the soft tissues inside a patient's body.
Principle.
To take an MRI image, the patient lies on a movable bed. The bed enters in a strong magnetic field and then certain atoms in the patient's body make special signals. Then MRI scanner detects that special signals.
MRI scanner send the signal information to the computer, and computer creates an image of inner body by using the signal information.
Merit, Demerit.
The MRI is used to diagnose disorders of the body that are not found on X-rays. The MRI is painless and has the advantage of avoiding X-ray radiation exposure. But it is also too expensive to use, therefore, the point that a person who has any metalic objects in the body can't use this installation. In the past, the pregnant women are not able to use them. But it is available, now.
Where to use?
The MRI is also used to study nerves, muscles, bones, and many other tissues in the body.
When to use?
An MRI scan can be used as an extremely accurate method of disease detection throughout the body.
Neurosurgeons use an MRI scan not only in defining brain anatomy but in evaluating the integrity of the spinal cord after trauma. An MRI scan can evaluate the structure of the heart and aorta, where it can detect aneurysms or tears.
It provides valuable information on glands and organs within the abdomen, and accurate information about the structure of the joints, soft tissues, and bones of the body. Often, surgery can be deferred or more accurately directed after knowing the results of an MRI scan.

People's Alliance for Democracy
PADis People's Alliance for Democracy, also called the National Liberation Alliance or the yellow shirt (THAI: พันธมิตรประชาชนเพื่อประชาธิปไตย, กลุ่มพันธมิตรกู้ชาติ, กลุ่มคนเสื้อเหลือง). A large number of people that against the politics since 2005-2008.
Those people include Mass Medias, scholars, artists, independent organizations or companies and some people in Thailand.
Their purpose is asking for the resignation of the government of the three Prime ministers - Thaksin Shinawatra, Samak Sundaravej and Somchai Wongsawat. It started from overlapping benefit about Thaksin Shinawatra’s business and Finland’s plan.
In November 2008, PAD took Suvarnabhumi and Donmuang Airport for talking with the Prime Minister, Somchai Wongsawat. They want him to resign from his position, so this event affects to airlines. Then, the airlines stop flying.
The main color of PAD is yellow. The main symbol is wearing the yellow shirt with the turban that has a message ‘liberate’ (Thai: กู้ชาติ), the blue scarf and the slapped hands, the tools that use instead of clapping hands (Thai: มือตบ).
There are 2 generations of the mainstays.
-The first generation includes Chamlong Srimuang, Sondhi Limthongkul, Somsak Kosaisuuk, Phiphob Thongchai and Somkiat Pongpaibul.
-The second generation includes Sondhi Limthongkul, Samran Rodphetch, Sirichai Maaingam, Sawitt Kaewwaan, Saranyu Wongkrajang and Mareerat Kaewka.
PAD has been assembling at Government House for 190 days. (Today is Sunday 30th, November 2008)
Chs31 (talk) 02:37, 1 December 2008 (UTC)

King Naresuan
King Narasuan The Great (another name: "Phra-Ong-Dam" or "Naret"). He was born in year of the rabbit(Refer to Chinese Zodiac Year), B.E. 2098(A.D 1555) at Jan Palace, Phitsanulok. His father was King Mahathammaracha and his mother was Queen Wisutkhasat. King Narasuan had one older sister named Princess Suphan thewi (Supankanlaya) and one brother named King Ekathotsarot(Phra-Ong-Khao).
Then, The Burmese King Bayinnong moved his troops to damage Ayudhaya and he conquered it. So, he asked King Naresuan for his adopted child while Naresuan was 9 years old from. When he was 16. King Mahathammaracha wanted Naresuan to come back to be a viceroy of Phitsanulok and gave Princess Suphan Kanla Ya instead as the captive from Phitsanulok.
B.E. 2113 He fought with Khmer's troop and he won.
B.E. 2114 He was established (set up) to be a governor of Phitsanulok when he was 16.
B.E. 2117 He fought at Viengjan, and he has a smallpox. So he came back to Phitsanulok.
B.E. 2121 He fought for driving out Phaya Jeen Jan Tu from Ayudhaya.
B.E. 2127 He proclaimed peace at Krang province.
B.E. 2127-2130 Burman sent armies to attack Thai but Burman lost.
B.E. 2133 He reigned Ayudhaya when he was 35 years old.
B.E. 2135 Made war with Mang Ka Yoe Cha Wa.
B.E. 2138 and 2141 He fought with Hong Sa Wa Dee.
B.E. 2148 He died at Tung Keaw, Hang luang when he was 50 years old.

Jatujak market
Jatujak Market
Jatujak Market or sometimes called Bangkok market. In the past, it was located in Sanamluang, and the staffs of Siam handicraft.com’s shop had been started his business on producing, selling, and being agents for selling Thai handicraft product. In Buddhist Era 2521, the government wanted this place to be the park for relaxing and exercising. Thailand’s government authorities train gave Pahonyothin area connected to southern of Jatujak market to make a new market so the Sanamluang market had moved there and changed the named after the area named “Pahonyothin area market”. In Buddhist Era 2530, it had been changed the named to “Jatujak Market” until now.
Nowadays Jatujak market has been made buying and selling culture and be famous around the world as the center of selling products. It has more than 112,000 square meters. Foreign tourists know Jatujak market as JJ market or Jatujak weekend market.

South Thailand Insurgency
South Thailand Insurgency is a violence that has happened in the 3 provinces of Thailand. There are Naratiwat Pattanee, and Yala. There are many severe attacks.
There are ambush, commit arson, bomb, terrorize, and disturbance.
It has started on 7 November 2004 until now. It’s one of the biggest problems in Thailand. The people are all interested about this and all pray that one day this problem will fade away from Thailand. It’s started from the conflict of Thai-Muslim and disagreeable people. That are effected to Thai-Muslim for long time. Since it has happened, some families had to move out from the site because those bad people changed their life. They were also scare of what would happen with them, and their family’s members. Some families lose their fathers while the fathers were working. However, not only the people who have been related in this situation, but even the adults. Adults are used to be the equipment of these criminals. Some schools have to close because the criminals always bomb the schools. Thailand have wasted many brave soilders by this situation. Children can’t stay away from the houses. Everything is changing. In the past,Thailand was a very peaceful country. We hope everthing is going to be alright, soon.
Chalermkwansatree8 (talk) 02:26, 8 December 2008 (UTC)
References.
Chalermkwansatree8 (talk) 02:17, 8 December 2008 (UTC)

Triode
A triode is an electronic amplification device containing a filament and three active legs that are called electrodes. The name of each leg is cathode, grid, and plate or anode. The triode vacuum tube is often viewed as the first electrical amplification device, although the relay is usually viewed, in a broad sense, as the first actual electrical amplifier.
Lee De Forest invented this device from his original two-element 1906 Audion in 1908. The triode incorporates the key principle of amplification. The name triode emerged because people needed to distinguish it from other similar vacuum tubes(for example, diodes, tetrodes, pentodes, etc.)
If the cathode is heated, it gives out electrons. Then, the anode absorbs electrons. This process makes an electric current, which is controlled by the grid.
The triode can do not only amplification but also oscillation(making waves) and detecting waves. It is used in radio, but the transistor replaced it in 1960s. It is ancestor of a transistor and a semiconductor. It is still used in an vacuum tube amp.
The triode include 3 triod-standard, 4triod, 5triod, and 4,5 triod is just 3 triod adding grid.

Wat Phra Geaw
History.
Wat-Phrasrirattanasatsadaram or "Wat Phra Geaw" was made by King Rama I or Phraputthayodfhajulalok-Maharaj while Ratthanakosin Kingdom was establish in B.E.2325 and finished in B.E.2327. This temple made in Grand Palace. It copied the pattern from Wat-Phrasrisanphet. King Rama I was kind enough to place Phraputthamahamaneeratthanaphatimakorn or Phra Geaw Morakod. This is the respectable budda image of Thai people. This budda image located in Wat Phra Geaw. And after the establishment, it was restored in every King Rama Regions, because this temple is very important for Thailand. So the big restorement will have in every 50 years
, in King Rama III, King Rama V, King Rama VII and King Rama IX and the present King Rama. The lastest restorement was in Wat Phra Geaw's 200 years anniversary celebration in B.E.2525. The opjective is for conserving our architecture and work of art. It is the masterpiece heritage of Thailand. We, all Thai people want Wat Phra Geaw to stay beauty and elegantly in Ratthanakosin Kingdom forever.

Thai Prime Ministers
The Prime Minister of Thailand.
Since Thailand changed an administration from an absolute monarchy to a democracy regime, had 26 prime ministers got into governed already. Each of them had a history that very
interesting, morever they did many benefits for Thailand.
Praya Manopakorn Nititada.
The first prime minister of Thailand
1st time: 28 June 1932 - 10 December 1932
2nd times: 10 December 1932 - 1 April 1933
3rd times: 1 April 1933 - 20 June 1933
Praya Manopakorn Nititada used to be called "Korn Hutasing". He was born on July 15 1884 at Pranakornsriayuttaya Province. His parents were Mr.Huad and Mrs.Kaew Hutasing. He married with Lady Manopakorn Nititada.(Nit Samsan)
Praya Manopakorn Nititada began to study at Wat Ratchaburana. After that, he studied at Suankuhlab collage, Assamchan collage and a school of lawyer. He got a scholarship to studied in London.
During Praya Manopakorn Nititada remaining a prime minister, he did an important success for Thailand that was developed the democracy regime by drafted a permanently regulation.
After resigned from a political post already, Praya Manopakorn Nititada moved to stayed at Penang, Malaysia for 16 years and died on 1 October 1948.
Colonel Praya Pahonponpayuhasana.
The second prime minister of Thailand
1st time: 21 June 1933-16 December 1933
2nd times: 16 December 1933-22 September 1934
3rd times: 22 September 1934-28 July 1937
4th times: 9 August 1937-21 December 1937
5th times: 21 December 1937-11 September 1938
Colonel Praya Pahonponpayuhasana used to be called"Poj Pahonyotin". He was born on March 29 1887 at Pranakornsriayuttaya province. His parents were Mr. Tin and Lady Jab Pahonyotin. He married with Lady Boonhlong.
Colonel Praya Pahonponpayuhasana began to study in primary at Wat Jakawatratchawat and after that got into studied at a school of soldier. He always got a very good grade, so a government sent him to studied in Germany for 3 years and Denmark for a year.
He was a big commander-in-chief in 2nd world war and developed a democracy regime.
Colonel Praya Pahonponpayuhasana died due to broke of blood vessel in a brain on February 14 1947.
Field Marshal Paek Piboonsongkram.
The third prime minister of Thailand
1st time: 16 December 1938 - 7 March 1942
2nd times: 7 March 1942 - 1 August 1944
3rd times: 8 April 1948 - 25 June 1949
4th times: 25 June 1949 - 29 November 1951
5th times: 29 November 1951 - 6 December 1951
6th times: 6 December 1951 - 23 March 1952
7th times: 24 March 1952 - 26 February 1957
Field Marshal Paek Piboonsongkram (Field Marshal P. Piboonsongkram)used to be called Paek Kheettasangka. He was born on July 14 1897 at Nontaburi province. His parents were Mr.Kheet and Mrs.Sam-ang Kheettasangka. He married with Lady La-Aead Pankrawee.
Field Marshal Paek Piboonsongkram began to study in primary at Kalahom U-thit school. After that he studied at a school of soldier.After finished school, he worked at an army of Phitsanulok province.
He tought Thai people to loved Thailand and supported Thai education especially organized universities such as Mahidol university,Kasetsart university etc.
After resigned from a political post already,He moved to stayed in Japan and died due to heart attack at Zakamiono sub-district Tokyo,Japan on June 11 1964.
Mr.Kuang Apaiwong.
The forth prime minister of Thailand
1st time: 1 August 1944 - 31 August 1945
2nd times: 21 January 1946 - 18 March 1946
3rd times: 10 November 1947 - 6 February 1948
4th times: 21 February 1948 - 8 April 1948
Mr. Kuang Apaiwong was born on May 17 1902 at Pratabong,Cambodia. (at that time it was a province in Thailand) His parents were Mr.Chum and Lady Rod Apaiwong. He married with Lady Lakha Apaiwong.
Mr. Kuang Apaiwong began to study with his uncle at Apaipittayakan School that his fater organized. After that he got into studied at Teapsirin School and Assamchan collage. Then he went to study about an engineering in France.
An important achievement during Mr. Kuang Apaiwong remaining on apolitical post was announced peac, so Thailand didn't lose in the war.After removed from office, Mr. Kuang Apaiwong as a person who organized a democrat party still in progress about politics as the opposition in a Parliament.
Mr. Kuang died on March 15th 1968.
Mr.Tawee Boonyakat.
The fifth prime minister of Thailand
1st time: 31 August 1945 - 17 September 1945
Mr.Tawee Boonyakat was born on November 10th 1904 at Pranakornsriayuttaya province. His parents were Praya Ronnachaichanyut (Tanom) and Lady Ronnachaichanyut (Tabtim). He married with Lady Aumpasri Boonyakat.
Mr.Tawee Boonyakat began to study at Benjamarachoothit school in Chantaburi province. After that he got into studied in Bangkok at Suankuhlab collage and Ratchawittayalai school. He went to study in France at King collage about an agriculture.
Because of he got into remained on a political post in a short time, so he didn't do anything much, just improved the people's standard of living.
Mr.Tawee Boonyakat died on November 3rd 1972.
Mom Rajawong Sani Pramoch.
Image:http://www.212cafe.com/freewebboard/user_board/friendliness/picture/01798_5.jpg
The sixth prime minister of Thailand
1st time: 17 September 1945 - 15 October 1945
2nd times: 15 February 1975 - 13 March 1975
3rd times: 20 April 1976 - 23 September 1976
4th times: 25 September 1976 - 6 October 1976
Mom Rajawong Sani Pramoch was born on May 26th 1941 in Nakhonsawan province. His parents were Royal highness Prince Kamrob and Mom Dang. He maried with Lady Ausana Pramoch.
Mom Rajawong Sani Pramoch got into study at Rachinee school, Assamchan collage, Teapsirin school and Suankuhlab collage. He got honour (degree) from Oxford University about the law.
Mom Rajawong Sani Pramoch is a very good politician. He helped Thai's people from lost in the war.
Mom Rajawong Sani Pramoch died on July 28th 1997 at Bangkok Hospital.
Mr.Pridi Panomyong.
The seventh prime minister of Thailand
1st time: 24 March 1947 - 1 June 1947
2nd times: 11 June 1947 - 21 August 1947
Mr. Pridi Panomyong was born on May 11th 1900 in Pranakornsriayuttaya province. His parents were Mr.Saeng and Mrs.Lookchan Panomyong.He married with Lady Poolsuk Panomyong.
Mr. Pridi Panomyong began to study at Ruak school,Benjamaboophit school and Suangkuhlab collage. After that he went to study in a school of law in London.
Mr.Pridi Panomyong was the first person who drafted regulation and the Unesco agency admired him to be an import person of the world.
Mr.Pridi Panomyong had got a heart attack in France on May 2nd 1983.
Rear Admiral Tawan Tamrongnawasawat.
The eighth prime minister of Thailand
1st time: 23 August 1946 - 30 May 1947
2nd times: 30 May 1947 - 8 November 1947
Rear Admiral Tawan Tamrongnawasawat had an old name was Tawan Tareesawat, was born on November 21st 1901 at Huaroo sub-district in Pranakornsriayuttaya province. His parents were Mr.Au and Mrs. Ngern Tareesawat.
Rear Admiral Tawan Tamrongnawasawat began to study at Mattayom Wat Teapsirin. After that he got into syudy in a school of a junior officer in the navy and stusied about the law.
An important achievement during he remaining on a political post was organized a revenue agency.
Rear Admiral Tawan Tamrongnawasawat died on December 3rd 1988 at Pramongkutkao Hospital.
Mr.Poj Sarasin.
The nighth prime minister of Thailand
1st time: 21 September 1957 - 26 December 1957
Mr.Poj Sarasin was born on March 25th 1905 in Bangkok. His parents were Praya Sarasinsawamipak and Lady Sun Sarasin. He married with Lady Siri Sarasin.
Mr.Poj Sarasin studied in the United State of America when he was young and came backed to Thailand to studied about the law.
An important mission of Mr.Poj's government was organize an election by honest.
Mr.Poj Sarasin died on September 28th 2000 at Bamrongrat Hospital.
Field Marshal Tanom Kittikajon.
The tenth prime minister of Thailand
1st time: 1 January 1958 - 20 October 1958
2nd times: 9 December 1963 - 7 March 1969
3rd times: 7 March 1969 - 17 November 1971
4th times: 18 November 1972 - 14 October 1973
Field Marshal Tanom Kittikajonwas born on August 11th 1911 in Tak province. His parents were Khun Sophitbannarak (Apan) and Mrs. Linji Kittikajon. He married with Lady Jongkon Kittikajon.
Field Marshal Tanom Kittikajon began to study in primary at Prachaban Chokpoo,Tak and after that he got into study at a schoolof a junior officer of the soldier.Afterward it called Prajunlajomkao school.
Image:http://www.oknation.net/blog/home/blog_data/281/281/images/14October-Re.jpg
October 14th 1973 is and important situation because of college students around 500,000 protested Field Marshal Tanom Kittikajon's government. They said that "this government is a dictatorship". Thai people wanted to change a constitution. The parade started at Thammasat University.And the policemen crashed with college students.People died around 77 and got hurt around 857. The situation calmed down on October 15th 1973.And on October 14th of every year is Democracy's Day.
Field Marshal Sarit Tanarat.
Image:http://www.rta.mi.th/db/w_south/images_upload/2008712203351.jpg
The eleventh prime minister of Thailand
1st time: 9 February 1959 - 8 December 1963
Field Marshal Sarit Tanarat was born on June 16th 1908 at Pranakornsriayuttaya province. His parent were Major Hluangruangdatanan (Tongdee) with Mrs. Chanthp Tanarat.He got married with Lady Nuanchan Tanarat and after that he got a new married with Lady Wichittra Tanarat on October 1st 1908 by Field Marshal Peak Piboonsongkram was a host.
He began to study in primary in Mookdahan province, after that he got into study at Mahanparam school in Bangkok and then he went to study in a school of soldier.
During he was on a political post, he admired that "I'll responsible by myself" The historan about a politic regarded that this is a dictatorship. An administrative power is a only on a prome minister's hands, but a country developed in a positive way such as decentralize power to provinces, enacted a law to finishes smoked marijuana and poppy absolutely, and the important achievement was planed to developed an economic of a country 1st version.
Field Marshal Sarit Tanarat died on December 8th 1963 at Pra mongkutkao Hospital and was a prime minister that died in action.
Mr.Sanya Tammasak.
Image:http://www.prommast.net/knowledge/knowlege_inthailand/images/41.gif
The twelfth prime minister of Thailand
1st time: 14 October 1973 - 22 May 1974
2nd times: 27 May 1974 - 14 February 1975
Mr.Sanya Tammasak was born on April 15th 1907 at Bangkokyai,Tonburi. His parents were a councillor Praya Tammasatvejwisatpak with Lady Chuen Tammasak, married with Lady Pa-nga Tammasak.
He began to study at Assamchanbangrak school, Bangkok. After that he got into study in a school of law. He got a scholarship from Rapee Foundation to went to study in London about a science of law.
Mr.Sanya's government was a permanent government, so he just drafted regulation and admired it. After removed from office he got apponted to be a Privy Councillor on December 5th 1975. Furthermore he was a chairman of Bhudtasatsaniksampanlok or the world of Buddhismin 1984.
He died on January 6th 2002.
Mom Rajawong Kuerit Pramoch.
Image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/th/thumb/8/8a/คึกฤทธิ์_ปราโมช.jpg/400px-คึกฤทธิ์_ปราโมช.jpg%3Cbr
1st time: 14 March 1975 - 12 January 1976
Mom Rajawong Kuerit Pramoch was born on April 20th 1911 at Aumpher Inburi, Singburi province. His parents were His Royal Highness Prince Kamrob and Mom Dang (Boonnak) He got this name from Her Majesty tha Queen Patcharintra. He got married with Mom Rajawong Pakpink Pramoch.He ever played the Hollywood movie was ugly american. In the story he was the prime minister of Sarakhan country.
He began to study at Wattana Wittayalai school, Suankuhlab collage in Bangkok and after that he went to study at Trent collage and studied about philosophy of political economy at The Queen's collage.
He build a public utility that important to countryman. After removed from office, he stopped a role in politic and spent his life at his residence in Suanphoo Avenue.
He died on October 9th 1995.
Mr.Tanin Kaiwichian.
Image:http://www.oknation.net/blog/home/blog_data/793/5793/images/other/Tanin-Kraivixien.jpg
The fourteenth prime minister of Thailand
1st time: 8 October 1976 - 20 October 1977
Mr.Tanin Kaiwichian was born on April 5th 1927 in Bangkok. His parents were Mr.Hae and Mrs.Pa-aob Kaiwichian. He got married with Lady Karen Kaiwichian (Anderson)
He began to study in High School at Suankuhlab collage and after that he went to study at Tammasat University about the law and then he went to study in London.
During he was on a political post, he builded Yuppharat Hospital in countrysides and land reform.
General Kiangsak Chamanan.
The fifteenth prime minister of Thailand
1st time: 11 November 1977 - 21 December 1978
2nd times: 12 May 1979 - 3 March 1980
General Kiangsak Chamanan was born on December 17th 1917. His parents were Mr.Jam and Mrs.Jua Chamanan. He got married with Lady Wirat Chamanan.His old name was "Somchit" and after that changed to Kiangsak to followed Field Marshal Peak Piboonsongkram's law that the man had to have the name that sho hardened.
He began to study in Primary at Samudsakorn Wittayalai school in Samudsakorn province, Patomkongka school in Bangkok. After that he got into study in a school of soldier.
He builded the Sukhothaitammatirat University, Ministry of Science, Technology and Energy, and The Petroleum Agency of Thailand.Morever he was a very good chef. The famous recipe is Chicken Curry in brandy.
He died on December 23th 2003.
General Prem Tinnasoolanon.
Image:http://www.ohmpps.go.th/ps_uploads/images/Prem-Tinsulanonda.jpg
The sixteenth prime minister of Thailand
1st time: 3 March 1980 - 19 March 1983
2nd times: 30 April 1983 - 1 May 1986
3rd times: 5 August 1986 - 29 April 1988
General Prem Tinnasoolanon was born on August 26th 1920 at Tambom Booyang Aumpher Muang, Songkla province. Hs parents were a councillor Hluang Winijtantakam and Lady Aod Tinnasoolanon.
He began to study in primary at Booyang school and after that he went to study in a junior high school at Wachirawut school in Songkla province. And he went to study in a senior high school in Bangkok at Suankuhlab collage, and a school of cavalryman in the Unite State of America.
During he was a prime minister, he did many important things such as improved a law to be neutrality, promoted Thai people to have strong occupations, improved the problems about a low of economic.After removed from office, the king Bhumipon appointed him to be a Privy Councillor and statesman.
General Chatchay Chunhawan.
The seventeenth prime minister of Thailand
1st time: 4 August 1988 - 9 December 1990
2nd times: 9 December 1990 - 23 February 1992
General Chatchay Chunhawan had an old name was "Somboon" was born on April 5th 1920 at Tambon Plabplachai Aumpher Sampantawong, Pranakornsriayuttaya province. His parents were Field Marshal Pin Chunhawan and Lady Wiboonlak Chunhawan.
He began to study at Benjamarachoothit school, Teapsirin school, a school of solodier and he went to study in a higher education at a school of cavalryman in Kentucky state in the Unite State of America.
He had a foreign policy with Laos,Cambodia,Burma,Vietnam and Malaysia about business and builde many bridges in countryside.
He died on May 6th 1998.

Thaksin Chinnawat
Thaksin Shinawatra is a Thai businessman, politician, former Prime Minister of Thailand, and former leader of the populist Thai Rak Thai Party. He was removed from an influence of laws. Now he is currently outside of Thailand.
Profile.
Thaksin Shinawatra was born on 26th July, 1949 at San Kamphaeng,Chiang mai. His nickname is Maew. Thaksin He's the second child of Mr.Bunlerd Shinawatra and Mrs.Yindee Shinawatra. In 1974 Thaksin was maried with Mrs.Podchaman Shinawatra. They have three children are Mr.Panthongthea Shinawatra, Miss Pinthongtaa Shinawatra, and Miss Pheathongtan Shinawatra.
Politics.
Thaksin is very clever. He can solve many problems that the last prime minister can not do. He did many good things like subdue the drugs, set up OTOP, and develop Thailand.
Because Thaksin Shinawatra is too clever. He can found the opening of the law. He use the opening of the law for himself. And a group of Thai people know about his mistakes. Then they set up PAD.

King Rama V
was born on 20 September 1853. He was the nineth son of King rama IV.
When he was 9 years old he got establish be Krom Muen Pikanesuansurasangkart. Four years later, he got establish be Krom Khun Pinitprachanart.
When he was 16 he didn't become one's legal age. The first son of King Prapinkao got viceroy. It was the opportunity that he can study about arts, sciences, archeologies, pali, languages, flintlock, wrestle, fencing, and engineering. He went to foreign country for seeing dominance form. He reformed thai costume. He stopped prostrate and abolitionism.
He ordained on 15 September 1873, and live brotherhood on 11 October 1873. He was King Rama V on 16 October 1873, and he died on 23 October 1913.

Chalermkwansatree
Chalermkwansatree School is located on 28 Bhuddhabucha Road in Phitsanulok, Thailand.It was build on 8 November 1923.In the past there used to have an elementary school but now there are secondary and high school (grade 7-12) but high school is coeducation.
The School Emblem is the figure of Hindu Goddess, Sarasvadee(Goddess of wisdom) and the symbol color of this school is Navy blue and white. The Slogan is "Behave,Discipline and Devote to Study".And the Motto is "Nothing is brighter than wisdom".
And this school got the Royal Award of Excellence for Secondary School Educational Region 1 Phitsanulok Certifed by International Standard of Environmental Mangement (ISO 14001) and Quality Management System (ISO 9002). The students have to study Mathematics/ Science/ Thai language/ Social studies/ English/ Physical education/ Business education/ Computer/ Typing/ Agriculture/ Home economics/ Thai classical dance/ Thai music/ Modern dance/ Arts.And there are English Program for who prefer English.And students can learn another languages such as French/ Japanese and Chinese.

Suvarnabhumi
Suvarnabhumi Airport located in Bangchoung,Rachatawa,Noungprew and Bangpee district Samotpakarn province.The area of the airport is about 20,000 rai which bigger than Donmuang airport(x6)and maybe this airport is the biggest in Asia.
Budget.
Thai government gave the budget to build this international airport about 150,000 million baht;included investment of Government service and State Enterprises 137,000 million baht, and
private company about 13,000 million baht. The airport could support the passengers more than 45 million people.
International Airline.
International airline included of 102 airways and 142 cities.There are;

Siam paragon
Siam Paragon is the biggest department store in South East Asia.
The department store has opened on 9 December 2005.
It's located on RAMA I road Pathumwan. It covers in an area of 500000 km2.
More than 4000 cars can park in. Siam Paragon is the first place in Thailand that have 26 glasses elevators. And they pay the investment more than 15,000 million baht.
In Siam Paragon there are many main places. First is BF Oceanarium, Siam Ocean world,that have a lot of aquatic animals.Besides Siam Ocean world there is 4D theater by Panasonic. Second is GF Gourmet Paradise provides for maket and food. MF The Luxury, parc paragon is for organizing an activity. It’s between M floor and Siam center. There are many cloth brands, such as Versace,Hermes, and so much more.
World of super car, there are Ferrari,Porsche, Mercedes and more. World of technology, there are TOSHIBA, APPLE, SONY STYLE and more. And Paragon Cineplex consists of Siam Pavalai Royal Grand Theatre with more than 1200 seats, Krungsri IMAX Theatre, Enigma, Nokia Ultra Screen, Royal Paragon Hall for organizing a concert and other activities, and the last one is Siam Opera (constructing, will be open soon).

Sanam Luang
Sanam Luang is a big field located in front of Wat Phra Kaew, and the Grand Palace in Bangkok, Thailand. Sanam Luang has another name, Tung Pra Me'Ru. It was used for cremation of the King and his royal relatives. In 1855, King Rama IV changed the field's name into Sanam luang. He announced that “The area in front of Wat Phra Keaw was called Wat Pra Me'R (meaning cremation field). The name was thought to be unlucky, so from then, the field was renamed Sanam Luang”. King Rama I used Sanam Luang to officiate ceremonies.
In King Rama V's era, Sanam Luang was extend and the buildings around the Sanam Luang were destroy, the people used Sanam Luang to perform ceremonies instead of growing rice.
In King Rama VI era's, they used Sanam Lung for horse racing and turned part of the field into a golf couse.
At the present, Thai people still use Sanam Luang to officiate ceremonies of the King, royal princes and princess. Sanam Luang is the important old place of the nation.

Baltistan
Baltistan (), also known as بلتیول (Baltiyul) in the Balti language, is a region in northern Pakistan. It borders Xinjiang Autonomous Region of China. It lies in the Karakoram mountains just to the south of K2, the world's second highest mountain. It is an extremely mountainous region, with an average altitude of over 3,350 m (11,000 ft). It is inhabited principally by Balti Shi'a Muslims of Tibetan descent who converted from Tibetan Buddhism before the 16th century.
Baltistan was an independent state but was occupied by the Raja (King) of Kashmir in the nineteenth century. In 1947 when India and Pakistan gained independence, it was still part of Kashmir. Now the region is divided between Pakistan and India.

Raja
A Raja (Sanskrit "राजा" (rājā), also spelled Rajah) is a monarch, or princely ruler of the Kshatriya varna.
The title has a long history in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia, as it is found in the Rigveda. It can also be used as a name for non-royal Indians.
In Pakistan, Raja is still used by many Muslim Rajput clans as hereditary titles. "Raja" is also used as a name by Hindus and Sikhs.

Pushim
PUSHIM is a Japanese reggae singer. She was born in Osaka and has started
to sing since 1995 and released her first single in 1999.
She has strong and deep voice that everyone doesn't have.
Her younger sister, YOUNGSHIM, is also a reggae singer.

Headset
A headset is a headphone with a microphone. People can listen to sound with headphone and can record sound with a microphone. A headset is easy to use because it can be used without hands, just like a telephone. A person only needs to put the headset on his/her head and then can talk with a mic. Many people use headsets at the computer so they can converse and type easily. Headsets normally have only one speaker like a telephone, but also can be made with speakers for both ears.
New type of Headset.
Nowadays there are wire headset and wireless headset, which means there's no line between the computer and the headset. A wireless headset can be put in a pocket or a bag easily due to its small size. This can be used for soundproofing in a game show or quiz show.
History.
The inventor of the headset is Nathaniel Baldwin, but his version couldn't be sold to people.
The second headset is the US Army's headset for airplane pilots in World War I.
How headsets work?
Headset is made up of two parts. They are input part and output part. From input part, headset receive sound signal. And from output part, headset receive sound signal and generate sound.

Endoscopy
Endoscopy means to "look inside" and often means to looking inside the body for medical reasons using an instrument called an endoscope.
Endoscope is a medical instrument that is devised to see internal parts of the patient's body such as the stomach and intestines. It has a long tube to enter patient's body and a tiny camera is attached to the front of this tube. It is used to be generally inserted into patient's nose, mouth, or anus and organs that doctors want to see are photographed by the camera.
General kinds of the scopes are bronchoscope, esophagoscope, gastroscope, duodenoscope, rectoscope, cystoscope, laperoscope, and so on. And thoracoscope, mediastinoscope, cardioscope are specially used.
Endoscopes are divided into some types. One consists of a long tube to see with the naked eye through this tube. Another is based on lens system. The third is used to insert camera into the patient's body. And the forth is called fiberscope using glass fiber.

Supercomputer
Supercomputer is a super computer. It is a computer with great speed and memory. This kind of computer can do faster than any other computer at that generation. Supercomputer can do calculation job very fast, so it is used for weather forecast, code-breaking, genetic analysis, etc.
Supercomputer has origin from commercial computer that could calculate pipeline's flow. It could indicate where the wrong part in the pipeline was. Engineers are now making supercomputer that can link millions microprocessor as if many brains are gathered to advanced ability.
How does it work.
Supercomputer is divided into shared memory, distributed memory and array. Supercomputer that has shared memory is developed by using a parallel handling and pipelining concept. Supercomputer that has distributed memory consist of many(about 100~10000) nod. CRAY series of CRAYRESERCH and VP 2400/40, NEC의 SX-3 of HUCIS is shared memory type. nCube 3, iPSC/860, AP 1000, NCR 3700, Paragon XP/S, CM-5 is distributed memory type.
History.
Array type computer ILIAC started at 1972 and since that, CF-11, CM-2, Mas Par MP-2(that has array type) is developed. Lately, array type supercomputer is begining to make a mark. And movements that use physically separated memory like one shared memory bring T3D, KSR1, and Tera Computer.
Smallest supercomputer is created.
China's first personal high-performance computer (PHPC100) makes debut in Tianjin. It is the China's smallest supercomputer, only twice the size of a normal desktop computer, but its computing speed is 40 times faster than a normal computer.
The invention of the PHPC100, by the Dawning Information Industry Co. at Tianjin Base, signifies that supercomputers, previously a privilege in high-end research, are no longer exclusive to major fields such as defense-related scientific research.
It perfectly suits the scientific computing, data analysis, graphic simulation and other powerful computing needs of university laboratories or scientific research institutions.
At the same time, it solves problems common in traditional high-performance computer clusters, including power consumption, space occupancy and heat dissipation.

Hydrogen car
A Hydrogen car is a vehicle that uses hydrogen as its fuel for motive power. The term may refer to a transportation vehicle, such as an automobile, or any other vehicle that uses hydrogen in a similar way, such as an aircraft.
Hydrogen is the simplest and the most abundant element in the universe. Therefore, It is said infinity resources because it's made from water. Despite its simplicity and rich, hydrogen doesn't occur naturally as a gas on the earth: it's always combined with other elements. Hydrogen is high in energy, yet an engine that burns pure hydrogen produces almost no pollution.
- We can gain hydrogen from water by using various energy, so it is almost infinity resources.
- As hydrogen is diatomic molecular, Combustion product is only water. Therefore, it does not produce the harmful gasses that gasoline and diesel cars produce, such as carbon dioxide.
- Hydrogen itself is nonpoisonous, and it is easy to permeate air. Therefore, in case of outflow, hydrogen is safer than any other gas.
- As waste gas of hydrogen is steam and hydrogen is made from water, it is circulation fuel.
- Temperament that hydrogen is easy to be fired occurs early autoignition and backfire because hydrogen's burning rate is fast.
- As autoignition temperature of hydrogen is higher than diesel oil, it has difficulty in compression ignition.
- As adiabatic flame temperature of hydrogen is higher than other fuels, generation of nitrogen oxide increases.
(1) What is a Fuel Cell?
In principle, Fuel cells are electrochemical devices like batteries that convert the chemical energy of a fuel directly and very efficiently into electricity (DC) and heat, thus doing away with combustion. Unlike a battery, a fuel cell does not run down or require recharging. It will produce energy in the form of electricity and heat as long as fuel is supplied.
A fuel cell consists of two electrodes sandwiched around an electrolyte. Oxygen passes over one electrode and hydrogen over the other, generating electricity water and heat. Layers of materials with distinct electrochemical properties are sandwiched together to form a single galvanic cell. At the heart lies a membrane that can only be crossed by charged molecules. Gas-permeable electodes coated with a catalyst adhere to this memebrane, adding a layer on either side. There electrodes are in turn connected to a device that can utilize electricity. Hydrogen gas flows into channels on one face of the cell and migrates through that electrode, while the same occurs with oxygen gas along the opposite electrode. Spurred by a catalyst, favorable chemistry causes the hydrogen to oxidize into hydrogen protons and give up its electrons to the neighboring electrode, which thereby becomes the anode. this buildup of negative charge then follows the path of least resistance via the external circuit to the other electrode. It is this flow of electrons through a circuit that creates elecricity.
Problem to solve for the practical use of hydrogen car
Most important problem involed practical use of hydrogen car is hydrogen storage materials. If it uses a fuel cell that generates electricity through reaction between hydrogen and oxygen, it doesn't matter. However, if method is that hydrogen is sprayed to internal-combustion engine, it does matter. Now hydrogen storage tank with highest possibility is method using metal hydride. Metal hydride is that reversible reaction between metal and hydrogen make new form of compound. Now Hydrogen storing technology using Hydrogen storage compound metal comes to practical use step in the side of technical, however, hydrogen storing capacity per weight is no match for demand of user, so this technology does not wide use yet. Therefore, that problem should be solved.

Sdtv
 Definition .
SDTV is abbreviated to Standard-Definition Television. It is a kind of TV system that provides lower resolution than HDTV and higher resolution than analog TV does.
The word 'SDTV' is generally used at the digital television broadcasting system that has a similar or litle bit higher state of resolution to the 'analog television system'. Digital broadcasting system uses digital signals when they receive sound and movie. It is compared to analog TV that uses analog signals.
Broadcasting.
According to a ATSC standard, SDTV broadcasts in three ways.
First, at ratio of length and width 16:9 and resolution 704x480.
Second, at ratio 4:3 and resolution 704x480
Lastly, at ratio 4:3 and resolution 640x480.
The first one has best quality, second one is next, and the last one is the worst.
The Screen's frame can be 24, 30, 60 per second. These are similar level with DVD.
As I mentioned at the 'Definition' tab, it has a better resolution than analog TV system, and has lower resolution than HDTV.
Because it is kind of digital boadcasting system, it can broadcast not only analog TV program but also HDTV program(Of course there exists a difference in resolution). It is compared to anlog TV that can't broadcast HDTV program.
Merit.
SDTV has a similar state of resolution compared to analog TV. But SDTV is more vivid than
analog TV because it has less noise. And it has better sound. The point that SDTV uses a digital broadcasting system makes SDTV have many accompaning functions. For example, multitasking, electronic program guide, and so on. This functions are
imposible at analog TV. Compared to HDTV, it has lower resolution. But in fact, HDTV programs are not spreaded widely yet, and the cheaper price of SDTV makes consumers to use SDTV.
Comparison.
Generally, there are three types of TV. They are analog TV, SDTV and HDTV.Price: AnalogTV < SDTV < HDTVQuality: AnalogTV ≒ SDTV < HDTVAnalogTV only can be compatible with analog signals, but both SDTV and HDTV can be compatible with not only analog but also digital signals.

Thermocouple
What is thermocouple?
Thermocouple, TC for short, is a device that converts heat directly into electricity. A thermocouple can also work in reverse - using an electric current to create heat as well as cold.
How do thermocouples work?
Imagine that two wires made of different types of metal are connected at one end. If the junction of the two wires is heated, electricity will flow through the wire.
Electrons, when heated, will begin to cross the junction on their own. Because of the different properties of the different metals, the electrons will lose potential energy and gain kinetic energy, just like a ball rolling over a hill to a lower area. Although the voltage created by a thermocouple is very small (in the millivolt range), many thermocouples can be hooked together to make a larger voltage. This is called a thermopile.
Thermocouples do not only generate electricity from heat. They can also generate heat from electricity, and even cold from electricity. If two different wires are connected at both ends, and some voltage source makes current flow through the loop, one junction will get very hot and the other junction will get as cold as ice. The electrons at the hot junction are gaining kinetic energy as they cross the junction. This is why they make the metal hot. The electrons at the cold junction are losing kinetic energy as they cross the junction. This is why they make the junction get cold.
Interestingly, it is difficult to measure the precise voltage that a thermocouple is producing when heat is applied to its junction. This is because any voltmeter wires that are connected to the thermocouple will probably be made of a different material than the wires of a thermocouple. This means that the connection between the voltmeter and the thermoucouple is itself another thermocouple. Engineers designing microchips face the problem that virtually every electrical connection on a microchip is a thermocouple whether they want it to be or not.
Use of thermocouple.
Gas heaters for pilot flames are the most famous examples for using thermocouples. The voltage decreases which causes the electric gas to close as the flame goes out. They are used in many different ways. For instance, in air conditioning and refrigerators, and the time when to measure temperature of computer chips of CPU, which is often destroyed by overheat.
Some kinds of thermocouple.
There are hundreds of thermocouples, but only 8 of them are standardized internationally.Type E (chromel–constantan), type J (iron–constantan), type N (nicrosil–nisil), type T (copper–constantan) and type K (chromel–alumel) are base metals.Types B, R, and S thermocouples use platinum or a platinum–rhodium.

Control engineering
Control engineering is the engineering field that focuses on mathematical modeling of systems of a various nature, analyzing their dynamic behavior, and using control theory to create a controller that will cause the systems to behave in a desired manner. Modern control engineering is closely related to electrical, electronic and computer engineering, as electronic circuits can often be easily explained using control theory techniques. And also it is related to biological unit.Control engineering needs Electrical circuits, antenaa and very small control unit. And as engineering is developing, control engineering is often desired. For example, there are automobile, biologcal engineering, wireless communication, and etc.
In most of the cases, control engineers make use of feedback when designing control systems. For example, in an automobile with sail control the machine's speed is continuously checked and fed back to the system which adjusts the motor's spin power accordingly. Also resently, control system is used in nano technology. And the field of control within chemical engineering is known as process control. For example, we can change chemical process fast and easily. Many developments were invoked by this process control. Like this, Control engineering has a lot if fields that include science, finance management, and even human action.
So, What is the important thing of control engineering? The answer is feedback. But control engineers may also work on the control of systems without feedback. This is known as open loop control. An open-loop controller, also called a non-feedback controller, is a type of controller which count its input into a system using only the current condition and its model of the system. A classic example of open loop control is a washing machine that works through a scheduled cycle without the use of units.

DKNY
DKNY (Donna Karan New York) is the label of fashion designer Donna Karan.

Lanett, Alabama
Lanett is a city in Chambers County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 7,897. Lanett is located in eastern Alabama, on the Chattahoochee River, northeast of Montgomery. One of the major industries is cotton milling. The city's name is derived from Lanier and Bennett, founders of the West Point Pepperell Co.

La Fayette, Alabama
LaFayette is a city in Chambers County, Alabama, United States, 47 miles (76 km) northwest of Columbus, Georgia. It is the county seat. In 1900, 1,629 people lived here, and in 1910, 1,632 people lived here. As of the 2000 census, the population of the city is 3,234.

Leeds, Alabama
Leeds is a city located in Jefferson, St. Clair, and Shelby Counties in the U.S. state of Alabama. As of the 2000 census, the population of the city is 10,455.

Charles Barkley
Charles Wade Barkley (born February 20, 1963) is an American retired professional basketball player and politician. Nicknamed "Sir Charles" for his aggressive and outspoken demeanor, and "The Round Mound of Rebound," for his unusual build and talent as a player, Barkley established himself as one of the National Basketball Association's most dominating power forwards.

William C. Oates
William Calvin Oates (either November 30 or December 1, 1833 September 9, 1910) was a Confederate colonel during the American Civil War and later the Democratic Governor of Alabama from 1894 to 1896.
William C. Oates was born in Pike County, Alabama. He studied law and passed the bar examination, opening a practice in Abbeville. Oates died on September 9, 1910, and was buried in Oakwood Cemetery in Montgomery.

Walter Jones
Walter Junior Jones (born January 19, 1974) is an American football offensive tackle for the Seattle Seahawks team in the National Football League. He was selected by the Seattle Seahawks with the sixth overall pick in the first round of the 1997 NFL Draft, a pick obtained from the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in a trade. Jones left Florida State University prior to his senior season after being selected to the second team College Football All-America Team.

George T. Anderson
George Thomas Anderson (February 3, 1824 – April 4, 1901) was a general in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. Nicknamed "Tige," Anderson was noted as one of Robert E. Lee's hardest-fighting subordinates.

William Clark Falkner
William Clark Falkner (July 6, 1825 or 1826 – November 6, 1889) was a soldier, lawyer, politician, businessman, and author in northern Mississippi. He is most notable for the influence he had on the work of his great-grandson, author William Faulkner.
Although born in Knox County, Tennessee, Falkner lived with his family in Missouri and Pontotoc, Mississippi before settling at the age of 17 in Ripley, Tippah County, Mississippi. He served in the Mexican-American War and, when the American Civil War broke out, he raised a company of men and was made colonel in the Second Mississippi Infantry of the Confederate Army.

Islamic terrorism
Islamic terrorism is a kind of terrorism. The terrorists claim their religion, Islam, or how they interpret it is their motivation.
Many islamic scholars and theolgians say that it is wrong to kill innocent people. Suicide is something the Koran sees as wrong. The people doing terroist attacks, and saying their religion made them do it usually follow a very minority interpretation of Islam.

Electric vehicle
Electric vehicle (EV) is a vehicle that uses mainly the power of battery to AC or DC motor for driving.
It was invented first by British R. Davidson in 1873 before gasoline vehicle being appeared.
But after the 1st World War, it was hidden because of gasoline car's rapid progress.
Set in 80's, While a pollution issue by car's exhaust gas comes to the front, electric vehicle was presented to the solution.
But lack of Storage battery technology, commercialization has been delayed.
However, new storage battery technology was proceeded rapidly around the United States while possibility of new technology was created coming to the early 90's. Specially, in case of the United States, in spite of company's strong opposition, California governments legislated the ZEV(Zero Emission Vehicle) regulation that oblige to use EV since 1998. Due to ZEV regulation, development of electric vehicle has been regularized.
There are 2 kinds of electric vehicle in recent.
The first kind is a vehicle that use fuel cell or solar cell which generate electricity directly from chemical reaction or heat.
The second kind is a vehicle that drive by storage battery's energy.
This vehicle use electric motor, so there are no sound, no vibration and no atmospheric contamination by exhaust gases from automobiles.
However, battery's storage of electricity capability has limit and due to storage battery is so heavy and large, energy efficiency is decreased. Also, It takes much time to recharge battery, and mileage of a vehicle per 1 time recharge is short compared recharging time.

Daniel Weisiger Adams
Daniel Weisiger Adams (May 1, 1821 – June 13, 1872) was a noted lawyer and a brigadier general in the Confederate Army during the American Civil War.

Lynchburg, Virginia
Lynchburg is an independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia. The population was 71,282 at the 2007 census. Located in the foothills of the Blue Ridge Mountains along the banks of the James River, Lynchburg is known as the "City of Seven Hills", "The Hill City" and sometimes described as "A City Unto Itself" mostly in reference to the city's historical avoidance of State and Federal entanglements.

Electronic engineering
Electronic engineering is a discipline investigating all kind of situation related with electricity
and magnetism. electronic engineers are concerned with transferring of information using radio waves, the design of electronic circuits, the design of computer systems and the development of control systems such as aircraft auto-pilots.
The term electronic engineering is started to emerge in the late 1950s, the subject was known as radio engineering. Before the Second world war, Electronic engineering was commonly known as a 'radio engineering'.At this time, studying radio engineering at university considered as part of a physics degree. Later, in post war years, as consumer devices started to be developed, the field broadened to include modern TV, audio systems,
Hi-Fi and latterly computers and microprocessors. In the mid to late 1950s, the term radio engineering gradually gave way to the name electronic engineering, which then became a stand alone university degree subject.
Fundamental objects of discipline are the sciences of physics and mathematics as these help to get both qualitative and quantitative description of how such systems will work. Today most engineering work involves the use of computers and it is commonplace using computer-aided design programs when designing electronic systems.

George Armstrong Custer
George Armstrong Custer (December 5, 1839 – June 25, 1876) was a United States Army officer and cavalry commander in the American Civil War and the Indian Wars. At the start of the Civil War, Custer was a cadet at the United States Military Academy at West Point, and his class's graduation was accelerated so that they could enter the war. Custer graduated last in his class and served at the First Battle of Bull Run as a staff officer for Major General George B. McClellan in the Army of the Potomac's 1862 Peninsula Campaign. Early in the Gettysburg Campaign, Custer's association with cavalry commander Major General Alfred Pleasonton earned him promotion from First Lieutenant to Brigadier General of United States Volunteers at the age of 23.

Jack McConnell
Jack Wilson McConnell (born 30 June 1960 in Irvine, North Ayrshire) is a former First Minister of Scotland, leader of the Scottish Labour Party and current Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for the Motherwell and Wishaw constituency. To date he is the longest serving First Minister in the history of the Scottish Parliament.
McConnell became an MSP in the first elections to the Scottish Parliament in 1999, later holding the positions of Finance Minister, and Education Minister. He became First Minister upon the resignation of his predecessor Henry McLeish, and led the Scottish Labour Party to its second election victory in the 2003 election.
Education and career.
McConnell was born in Irvine and raised on a sheep farm near Lamlash on the Isle of Arran. He attended Arran High School and later went on to study at the University of Stirling, graduating with a BSc Dip Ed. He was also President of the Students' Association.
After graduating in 1983 he began work as a mathematics teacher at Lornshill Academy in Alloa, Clackmannanshire (a position he retained throughout his subsequent council service).
Aged sixteen, he joined the Scottish National Party, but later resigned his membership, becoming a vocal opponent of Scottish independence in later life. He is a member of the GMB Union and Amnesty International.
Early political career.
McConnell's political career began with his election to Stirling District Council. McConnell served on the council for eight years, while retaining his job at Lornshill. He served as Treasurer from 1988 until 1992, and was the Leader of the council from 1990 to 1992.
McConnell became the General Secretary of the Scottish Labour Party in 1992. His major breakthrough was in his handling of the 1997 General Election success, where Labour attained a large overall majority victory over the Conservatives. Together the Scottish Labour Party, the Scottish Liberal Democrats, and the Scottish National Party eliminated every seat the Conservatives held in Scotland. In 1998, he served as a member of the Scottish Constitutional Convention where he pioneered the Scottish devolution referendum success, establishing the Scottish Parliament.
Finance Minister.
McConnell was elected an MSP in the first Scottish Parliament elections in 1999. He was appointed Minister for Finance in the new Scottish Executive by then-First Minister Donald Dewar.
One of his first moves as Finance Minister was to establish the budgeting procedures for the new Scottish Executive, including publishing a consultation document asking the public and MSPs how the budget should be spent. His department also passed the Public Finance and Accountability (Scotland) Act 2000 through Parliament which set out the finance and auditing procedures of the Executive.
He was involved in one of the first scandals to hit the new Parliament when he was called to appear before the standards committee during an investigation into newspaper allegations that the lobbying arm of public relations company Beattie Media had privileged access to ministers. The committee later cleared McConnell of any wrongdoing and declared there was no evidence he had been influenced from lobbying by Beattie Media.
During his time as Finance Minister, McConnell clashed with the Minister of Health and Community Care, Susan Deacon over the budget allocated to health, and the rows soon became public knowledge. Supporters of both camps would conduct secret media briefings against the other, prompting Donald Dewar to threaten to sack any Minister or aide who briefs the media against another member of the Executive.
Education, Europe and External Affairs.
Upon Dewar’s death in 2000, he contested Henry McLeish for the position of First Minister, but lost out in the ballot. McLeish later appointed him Minister for Education, Europe and External Affairs. Some analysts considered this post to be a "poisoned chalice", as he would be required to resolve both a crisis in the Scottish Qualifications Authority over exam marking, and pay disputes with the teaching unions.
Election for First Minister.
McLeish was forced to resign over the Officegate Scandal, regarding the sub-let of his constituency office. In the resulting search for a leader, McConnell was seen by many political analysts as the likely successor.. McConnell quickly emerged as the only candidate, but made a surprising admission that he had cheated on his wife Bridget by having an affair with a party worker in 1994, stating he wished to "clear the air" and avoid any innuendo during his time in office. He announced the affair with his wife by his side at a press conference.
He was elected First Minister by the Parliament on 22 November 2001, and was formally appointed into office by Queen Elizabeth II on 26 November 2001.
First Term.
A few days after his appointment, on 27 November 2001, McConnell carried out a controversial reshuffle of the Cabinet, axing four Ministers: Angus MacKay, Sarah Boyack, Tom McCabe and Jackie Baillie, and demoting Susan Deacon (she later resigned rather than accept the new post offered to her).. The move was considered controversial as the axed ministers were judged to be loyal to McLeish and other figures in the party leading "The Sun" to dub him “Jack The Ripper”.
In February 2002, Scotland joined forces with the Republic of Ireland in a bid to host the 2008 European Football Championship. McConnell was initially unconvinced that it was worth spending around £100 million on the tournament, however he later put his support behind the joint bid with the Irish. Although the bid lost out to Switzerland, McConnell later supported other attempts to land major supporting events including London's successful bid for the 2012 Olympic Games and Glasgow's bid for the 2014 Commonwealth Games.
In May 2002, Wendy Alexander, the Minister for Enterprise, Transport and Lifelong Learning, and the only Minister not to have been sacked in the reshuffle, resigned. Many analysts speculated that Alexander, believed to be a close ally of Gordon Brown, had poor relations with McConnell.
The end of his first term as First Minister was rocked by a scandal known as "Wishawgate"- when auditors discovered accounting irregularities in the accounts of his Motherwell and Wishaw constituency. The Scottish Labour Party later admitted that union cash in excess of £1,000 had been donated to the constituency and not declared, a breach of the Electoral Commission's rules. McConnell and Frank Roy (the MP for the constituency in the House of Commons) were cleared of any wrongdoing after an internal investigation, however the constituency's treasurer admitted embezzling £11,000 from party funds.
Second Term.
Much of the election campaign for the 2003 elections took place during the invasion of Iraq. At the launch of the election campaign, McConnell made a plea that the polls should not be turned into a referendum on the war in Iraq. Despite Labour losing six seats in the election, McConnell was re-elected as First Minister, with another term of coalition with the Scottish Liberal Democrats. In the reshuffle following the 2003 election, McConnell axed two Minister posts, although he increased the size of the Scottish cabinet from 10 to 11.
The 31st G8 summit was held at the Gleneagles Hotel in Auchterarder, Perth and Kinross during July 2005. McConnell formally welcomed all the G8 leaders (with the exception of the then Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Tony Blair) as they arrived in Scotland at Glasgow Prestwick International Airport. He also hosted a dinner for African leaders and International dignitaries including Secretary General of the United Nations, Kofi Annan.
During the 2006 FIFA World Cup, McConnell was criticised for not supporting the English football team. He defended his stance by stating that he represented Scotland and did not link politics with football.
In November 2006, he celebrated the 5th anniversary as First Minister. An internal document obtained by "The Observer", revealed what McConnell believed to be his major achievements during his 5 years as: the "Fresh Talent" initiative and the reverse of Scotland's population decline; banning smoking in enclosed public spaces in Scotland; taking measures to reduce sectarianism; and continuing aid to Malawi.
McConnell was interviewed by the Metropolitan Police in December 2006 in connection with their 'cash for honours' investigation. Their questioning of McConnell related to his nomination of Colin Boyd for a peerage, although it was believed that McConnell was not personally implicated in the scandal.
2007 election.
In the run-up to the 2007 Scottish Parliamentary Elections, McConnell was criticised by many inside and outside of the Labour party for his role in the party's poor start to the campaign, with Labour solidly behind the Scottish National Party in many opinion polls. He initially refused to debate with the SNP leader, Alex Salmond, and was the only leader of the major Scottish political parties not to appear on the 22 February edition of BBC's Question Time. He later appeared on a televised debate for STV and Sky News on 1 April, clashing with Salmond over issues including council tax and Trident nuclear missiles. McConnell also admitted that the Scottish Labour Party would seek to form a minority government if it emerged as the largest party following the elections.
On 10 April, McConnell unveiled Scottish Labour's election manifesto, which included plans to scrap water bills for pensioners and reform council tax bandings. The manifesto also proposed a large increase in education spending, which would allow the increasing of the school leaving age to 18 and a reduction in average class sizes to 19.
McConnell was re-elected to the Motherwell and Wishaw constituency on 4 May 2007. McConnell polled 12574 votes with a majority 5938 votes, representing 48% of the vote with a turnout of 50.3%. However, in the wider country, McConnell's ruling Labour Party was defeated by the SNP, both in terms of the popular vote and in numbers of seats. The SNP won 47 seats to Labour's 46, giving the SNP a one-seat majority over Labour, but well short of an overall majority in the Parliament.
Alex Salmond declared that his party had the right to form an executive due to their victory in the popular vote. Further, he claimed that Labour lacked the "moral authority" to form a government. McConnell strongly disagreed with this statement, arguing that "There is no moral authority to pursue separation and moral authority in the parliament will only come through parties working together in the majority."
Were the SNP unable to form a coalition, or even to operate as a minority administration, then the Labour Party could have formed an executive. In the event, Alex Salmond defeated Jack McConnell by 49 votes to 46 on Wednesday 16 May 2007 in the vote for First Minister of Scotland. Salmond announced his list of Cabinet nominees to Parliament for approval on 17 May 2007. Parliament subsequently approved the nominees. After the election, there was speculation that due to the election loss, McConnell would not survive long as Scottish Labour Leader.
After First Minister.
On 15 August 2007, McConnell announced his intention to resign as Scottish Labour leader. He will undertake voluntary work on behalf of the Clinton Hunter Development Initiative in Malawi and Rwanda. He was slated to take over as the UK's High Commissioner to Malawi in 2009, but he will now instead become a Special Envoy for Conflict Resolution, working with the United Nations. The "Scotland on Sunday" reported that Labour wished to avoid fighting a potentially difficult by-election in Motherwell and Wishaw, which would have been triggered if McConnell had moved to Malawi. It is now intended for McConnell to become High Commissioner to Malawi in 2011, after the next Scottish Parliament election.

Irvine, North Ayrshire
Irvine (Gaelic: "Irbhinn") is a coastal new town in North Ayrshire, Scotland.
Irvine was the site of Scotland's 12th century Military Capital and former headquarters of the Lord High Constable of Scotland, Hugh de Morville. It also served as the Capital of Cunninghame.
The town was once a haunt of Robert Burns, after whom two streets in the town are named: Burns Street and Burns Crescent. He is known to have worked in a flax mill on the Glasgow Vennell. Despite being classed as a new town, Irvine has had a long history stretching back many centuries and was classed as a Royal Burgh. There are also conflicting rumours that Mary, Queen of Scots was briefly involved in the town's history. Some say she stayed briefly at Seagate Castle. To this day there is still an annual festival, called Marymass, held in the town.
Irvine is the birthplace of the present Deputy First Minister of Scotland, Nicola Sturgeon and the former First Minister of Scotland, Jack McConnell. Its twin town is Saint-Amand-les-Eaux in northern France just outside Lille.

North Ayrshire
North Ayrshire (Gaelic: "Siorrachd Inbhir Àir a Tuath",) is one of 32 council areas of Scotland. It borders onto the areas of Inverclyde to the north, Renfrewshire to the north east, and East Ayrshire, and South Ayrshire to the East and South respectively.
The area was created in 1996 as a successor to the district of Cunninghame which covered exactly the same boundaries. The mainland portion of the council area has historically been part of a greater County of Ayr, however it also contains the islands of Arran, Great Cumbrae and Little Cumbrae in the lower Firth of Clyde. All the islands were previously in the County of Bute.

Charles Kennedy
Charles Peter Kennedy MP, PC (born 25 November 1959) is a British politician.
From 9 August 1999 until 7 January 2006, he was the leader of the Liberal Democrats, the third largest political party in the United Kingdom.
In the 1983 General Election he stood for the Ross, Cromarty & Skye constituency, then held by the Conservative MP and Minister, Hamish Gray. In a shock result, Kennedy was elected (for the SDP): at 23, he became the youngest MP in the House of Commons. Ambitious and popular, he quickly emerged as a potential party leader. In 1994, by which time the SDP and the Liberal Party had merged, he became President of the Liberal Democrats - a position he held for four years. In 1999, on the resignation of Paddy Ashdown, Kennedy was elected party leader.
He took the party through two General Elections. However, he faced criticism for his laid-back leadership style, and there was considerable speculation regarding his alcohol consumption. From December 2005, some within the party were questioning his leadership and calling for a leadership election. On 5 January 2006, Kennedy was informed that ITN would be reporting that he had received treatment for a drinking problem. Kennedy decided to pre-empt the broadcast and admit his drinking problem openly. He called a leadership election at the same time, stating that he intended to stand. The admission of a drinking problem seriously damaged his standing within the parliamentary party. As support for him amongst this key group ebbed away, Kennedy resigned as leader on 7 January, saying that he would not be standing in the leadership election. Deputy leader Sir Menzies Campbell took over as interim leader and was elected as leader on 2 March 2006.

East Ayrshire
East Ayrshire ("Siorrachd Inbhir Àir an Ear" in Gaelic) is one of 32 council areas of Scotland. It borders onto North Ayrshire, East Renfrewshire, South Lanarkshire, South Ayrshire and Dumfries and Galloway. With South Ayrshire and the mainland areas of North Ayrshire, it formed the former county of Ayrshire.
The area was formed in 1996, from the former Kilmarnock and Loudoun and Cumnock and Doon Valley districts.
Kilmarnock is the largest town in East Ayrshire.
Main Towns.
Kilmarnock is the largest town; other small main towns are New Cumnock and Cumnock.
HQ.
The HQ for East Ayrshire Council is located on London Road Kilmarnock
Secondary Education.
Auchinleck Academy
Kilmarnock Academy
Grange Academy
Loudoun Academy
Cumnock Academy
James Hamilton Academy
Doon Academy
St Josephs Academy
Stewarton Academy

Digital Multimedia Broadcasting
Digital Multimedia Broadcasting or DMB is a technology that allows to send digital signals to mobile devices, such as mobile phones. This makes it possible to listen to radio or watch television on such devices.
This technology was developed to replace earthly analog radio broadcasting. But, the technology can include more data in limited electric waves. It can transmit not only sound data that orginal object, but also DVD level movie data.
DMB is based on Eureka 147 DAB standard which is the European standard, and similar competing technologies is the mobile TV standard, DVB-H. The earthly DMB is decided to the ETSI standard (TS 102 427 and TS 102 428). Now, Republic of Korea can exercise for source of the DMB technology, the satellite DMB broadcast first began in Japan than in the Republic of Korea. In the March 13, 2004, TU Media playing a leading role in business and satellite DMB insert the world's first satellite for with Japan's partner, MBCo DMB 'hanbyeol'. However, In Republic of Korea, selection process for operators was long and put off service, the MBCo in Japan became first DMB broadcasting country to start the full service all 40 of the channel from 19 October 2004.
DMB in Republic of Korea.
Now, the digital multimedia broadcasting is divided by transmitting and receiving method the earthly DMB and satellite DMB, earthly DMB is provided free of charge like current earthly radio broadcasting and the satellite DMB broadcast is provided in the form of the monthly fee. In the Republic of Korea, TU media obtain permission for satellite DMB broadcasting and is broadcasting.
DMB can be received, when attach DMB receiver to the vehicle, or buy mobile phone has the ability to receive DMB, personal portable receiver or receiver which type of output to the monitor when connect personal computer. But there was a problem that the satellite DMB and earthly DMB is not compatible with each other, so user should purchased each terminal separately. However, the Samsung throw open the door to watch satellite DMB and earthly DMB one of the terminals by come out with SPH-B4100. But TU Media side,the satellite DMB service provider rejected the plan, the posibillty of the activation of these two-way receiving terminal is currently unclear.
Compareing with terrestrial digital television and digital satellite broadcasting, terrestrial digital television is clear screen even though you are on the high-speed vehicles, but it is limited with range, and lack of channels is disadvantages.

Keeani Lei
Keeani Lei (born March 16, 1991) is an American porn star.
Lei was born in Denver, Colorado. He father is Panamanian and her mother is Chinese. After birth, his parents moved to Panama where she grew up and went to graduate school. At age 19, Lei moved to Florida with her mother. In Florida, she went to The Art Institute of Fort Lauderdale. It was at the university where he liked surfing and skating. This is where her name comes from. "Keeani" is the name of a character in the surfing movie North Shore. The name means "wave" in Hawaiian. "Lei" means flower necklace.
Lei grew up with an interest in strong women. Her father worked as a photographer. She used to take some of the photos of naked women. Lei first started working in pornography over the Internet with her boyfriend. While working in Miami, she met the actors Kelly Kline, Harmony Rose and Tory Lane. From them, she learned more about the adult film industry. After this, Lei moved to Los Angeles to start a career in the pornographic videos.

Retrovirus
A retrovirus is any virus which copies itself as part of the cell's DNA by reverse transcribing its RNA. HIV is a retrovirus.

Hurricane Gilbert
Hurricane Gilbert was a very powerful tropical storm which caused much damage to the Caribbean, Mexico and parts of South Texas in the 1988 Atlantic hurricane season. Before Hurricane Wilma in 2005, Hurricane Gilbert was the strongest hurricane ever recorded in the Atlantic in terms of Barometric pressure.
This hurricane was similar to Hurricane Beulah and Hurricane Allen, but Hurricane Gilbert was unique in many ways.

Aberdour
Aberdour is a town in Fife, Scotland. It is located between Dalgety Bay and Burntisland.

Kirkcaldy
Kirkcaldy is a large town in Fife, Scotland. It is located between Glenrothes/Markinch/Leslie and Kinghorn.

Rosyth
Rosyth is a town in Fife, Scotland. It is located between Inverkeithing and Dunfermline.
Naval Dockyard.
Rosyth is most famous for its naval dockyard. Superfast Ferries services between here and Zeebrugge (Belgium) ended in September, 2008, however they will be operated by another operator, with services starting in early 2009.

Faro
Faro is the capital city of Algarve, Portugal. The city has a population of 58,305 people.

Homogeneity
Homogeneity is a word that means being similar. It is often applied to mixtures. Mixtures that are homogeneous are those where it is not possible to tell the components they are made of by looking at them. The mixture will also look the same everywhere.milk is a example.

Rhea (bird)
The rheas are species of flightless birds in the genus "Rhea", native to South America.
Description.
The Common Rhea (also called the Nandu) is a large, flightless bird from forests of South America. This ratite is the largest bird in the Americas. The common rhea is a fast runner; when it runs, its neck is almost horizontal to the ground. Rheas congregate in flocks of about 20 to 30 birds.
Diet.
Rheas eat mostly plants, fruits, seeds, and nuts, but also will also eat insects and other small animals (like lizards).
Reproduction.
The female rhea lays 12-30 yellow-cream eggs in a clutch. The male digs the nest (a simple scrape in the ground), incubates the eggs (for 6 weeks), and raises the chicks. Rheas are mature at 2 years of age.

Edward Porter Alexander
Edward Porter Alexander (May 26, 1835 – April 28, 1910) was an engineer, an officer in the U.S. Army, a Confederate general in the American Civil War, and later a railroad executive, planter, and author.

Washington, Georgia
Washington (originally called Heard's Fort) is a city in Wilkes County, Georgia, United States. The population was 4,295 at the 2000 census. The city is the county seat of Wilkes County.

Araluen, New South Wales
Araluen () is a small town 27 km south of Braidwood, New South Wales. It is in the Southern Tablelands area of New South Wales, Australia. It is in Palerang Council local government area. It is on the banks of Araluen Creek. The creek joins the Deua River. In 2006 there were 520 people living in Araluen.
History.
The name 'Araluen' is an Australian Aboriginal word. It is believed to mean 'water lily' or 'place of the water lilies'. When European settlers arrived Araluen was a wide alluvial valley. It had many billabongs covered with water lilies. No billabongs exist in the Araluen valley today. The natural shape and look of Araluen Creek and its valley were completely destroyed by uncontrolled and very destructive gold mining. This took place during the 'gold rush' in the second half of the 1800s.
The first Europeans to explore the area were Kearns, Packer and Marsh in 1822. Andrew Badgery started farming cattle in the area in the 1830s. The first European settler to live at Araluen was Henry Burnell. He was able to buy 1280 acres of land. He started farming sheep and cattle in 1835. With the help of convicts he was able to build a farm house and farm buildings.
Gold.
Gold was found at Araluen by Alexander Waddell in September 1851. Thousands of people came to Araluen to look for gold during the gold rush. This included many Chinese gold miners. One of these miners was Quong Tart who came to Araluen when he was only 9 years old. He later became a famous business man in Sydney. In the 1860's there were more than 20 hotels in Araluen. The gold was alluvial gold, found in the bottom of the creeks. In some places there was up to 12 metres of dirt and sand on top of the gold. In the 1870's the gold miners used hydraulic sluices (high pressure water hoses) to wash away all the sand and dirt. Big floating dredges (digging machines) were put in the creek. There were 11 there in the 1900's. The last dredge stopped working in 1932.
A flood in the Araluen and Braidwood area killed 24 people on January 1, 1860. The flood destroyed the town. The hotel was the only building left standing in the town. After the gold rush was over most people left the town. The Court House, built about 1861, is now used as a place for tourists to stay.
Ben Hall.
In May 1865 the bushranger Ben Hall and his gang tried to hold up the Araluen gold coach. The coach carried gold from the Araluen gold fields to Braidwood. This was a very steep road and very hard for a wagon pulled by horses to travel along. Often the only way to goods in and out of the valley was to drag them up or down on sleds. The wagons couldn't go very fast, so this was a good spot for the bushrangers to rob the coach. The gold coach usually had a policeman with a gun sitting next to the driver. There were 2 more policemen on the back of the carriage. Four more policemen rode on horses in front and behind the coach. The gold was kept in a safe which was bolted to floor of the coach. (The coach has survived and is being restored). The police were able to keep the bushrangers away from the coach, but Constable Kelly was wounded in the shooting.
Fruit farms.
The Araluen valley is now well known for its fruit farms and orchards. The fruit is sent to Canberra, Sydney and to other countries.
Arts and Poetry.
Australian poet, Henry Kendall (1839-1882), wrote a poem called "Araluen". This describes the quiet and peaceful mood of the valley. It includes the words "Araluen -- home of dreams...". He also called his first daughter Araluen. She was named after the Araluen Creek. She died in 1870 at the age of 13 months.
Araluen is home to author Jackie French.
In November every year, the Braidwood Folk Music club have a weekend of folk music called "Music at the Creek". This is held at the Majors Creek reserve, near the site of the Ben Hall robbery.

Bill Henson
Bill Henson (born 1955) is an Australian art photographer. Bill Henson came provoked a controversy: At one of his exhibitions, police found images of nude teenagers. Police first wanted to charge Henso for Child pornography, but then did not. Instead the exhibition was rated "parental guidance". This means that people under 16 should be accompanied by their parents.

Kempen (Germany)
Kempen is a town in Germany.

Kakapo
The Kakapo ("Strigops habroptilus") is the only parrot that can not fly and is mostly active at night ("nocturnal"). This bird is from rainforests and grasslands of New Zealand. Kakapos like to be alone. To keep other kakapos out of their territory, they make a 'skraaarking' sound. The kakapo will live for about 60 years.
Description.
The kakapo had no natural enemies on the islands of New Zealand were it lives. At one time there were many kakapo. Now fewer than 100 kakapo still live in New Zealand. It is a critically endangered species. The decrease in the number of kakapo is mostly from predatory animals (for example, cats, dogs, stoats, ferrets, and rats) that settlers brought with them to New Zealand. The kakapo was also eaten by Maori and European settlers. Kakapo means 'night parrot' in the Maori language.
Diet.
Kakapos are herbivores ("plant-eaters"). They eat roots, seeds, leaves, buds, cones, fruit, and flowers.
Reproduction.
Unlike other parrots, male kakapos gather together to compete with the other males and to call females with a deep booming sound. There are 2 to 3 eggs in each set of eggs laid. The eggs are laid in a hollow part of a tree. The female incubates the eggs for 10 weeks. She only leaves the eggs when she leaves to find food.

Stud poker
Stud poker is a variation of poker where players are typically dealt a total of five or seven cards, with the best five card poker hand winning (in situations where more than one player has the same poker hand, like a flush or straight, the winning hand is determined by whichever players has the highest one).
Stud poker has neither community cards nor blinds. Instead, each player at the table must ante first, and then is dealt two cards face down (hole cards) and one card face up. In typical stud games, the player with the lowest card showing must pay the ‘bring in,’ an amount relative to the limits, which starts off the action.
The bring in is typically a fraction of the limits, (for example, the bring in for a $1/2 stud game may be $.25), with play then continuing clockwise around the table, where players have the choice of folding, calling the bring in, or making the bet ‘complete’ (in our example, completing the bet to $1). Once a bring in has been completed, it can be raised by a subsequent player, doubling the amount to twice the completed bet.
Each player remaining in the hand is then dealt another card face up, with the betting beginning with the player showing the highest two cards and proceeding clockwise around the table. Again, players can fold, call, or raise the bet. In a five card stud game, players are dealt two hole cards facedown, then two cards face up, with the fifth card being dealt facedown. In a seven card stud game, players are dealt two hole cards facedown, then four cards face up, with the seventh card being dealt facedown.
Betting takes place between each dealt card and generally becomes a higher amount after the fourth card dealt.
Each round of betting is typically referred to by the amount of cards a player has in front of them. After the initial deal, players are considered to be betting on ‘third street’, represented by having three cards in front of them. After the fourth card is dealt, players would then be on ‘fourth street’, and so on. Stud poker is generally played as a limit game.

Gundagai, New South Wales
Gundagai is a town in New South Wales, Australia. It is a small town, but authors often write about Gundagai. It is seen to be the typical Australian country town.. It is built on the banks of the Murrumbidgee River. It is near the Muniong and Yambla Mountain ranges. Gundagai is 390 km south-west of Sydney. Gundagai is part of the Gundagai Shire Council Local Government Area. In 2006 there were 1,998 people living in Gundagai.

Parkes, New South Wales
Parkes is a city in New South Wales, Australia. In 2006 there were about 11,700 people living in Parkes. It is the centre and main city of the Local Government Area of Parkes Shire. Parkes is on the main Australian transcontinental railway line between Sydney and Perth. The Newell Highway between Victoria and Queensland goes through the city.
Parkes today.
Parkes has had an important role in science. it is the home of the Parkes Observatory. As well as local research done at the radio telescope, Parkes scientists have helped NASA. For several missions the telescope was the Southern Hemisphere relay and communications station. The movie "The Dish" was based on the job of the telescope during the 1969 Apollo 11 moon landing.
There are many different kinds of farms around Parkes. Most farms are growing wheat and sheep.
Parkes is has a gold and copper mine, Northparkes, north of the town.
Parkes was an important transport centre after the railway was built in 1893. Many passenger and freight trains stopped at Parkes up until the 1980s. Governments began cutting back the NSW country rail systems and the trains are no longer an important part of Parkes. One company, FCL has a big train and truck transport centre at Gooobang Junction on Parkes' western edge. It was opened on 20 October 2006 by NSW Premier Morris Iemma. Specialised Container Transport's transport terminal is built on a 296 hectare site. It has 5km of railway sidings, a 7,400 square metre warehouse and about 40 people work there. An even larger terminal to be built nearby is also being planned.
Over the years governments and businesses have talked about making Parkes an "inland port". Parkes Regional Airport would be made much bigger. This would become a starting point for goods coming from Australia and other countries that were to be sent to places in NSW, Victoria and Queensland. All the studies have been done, agreements to start building have been made, some land has been bought.
The Roads and Traffic Authority of NSW has the Western Regional Office built in Parkes. Country Energy which supplies electricity and gas has a training and maintenance (repair) centre.
Many people come to Parkes to see the CSIRO radio telescope which is 20km north of town on the Newell Highway. other things to see are Bushmans Hill, and the War Memorial Lookout. Nearby there is the Goobang National Park, and Peak Hill. peak Hill has an open cut mine (a big hole in the ground) that can be visited during holidays. There are also many great parks.
History.
Parkes was started as a settlement in 1853. It was first called "Currajong" after the many kurrajong trees in the local area. After a while it was called "Bushman's" after the local gold mine named Bushman's Lead.
In 1873 the town was renamed to Parkes in honour of Sir Henry Parkes. He is called the "Father of the Federation". Sir Henry Parkes is famous in Australia as having been important getting Australia to become one country in 1901. Before this Australia was made up of separate British colonies.
A lot of people came to Parkes in the gold rush of the 1870s. There are still mining companies with sites in the local area.
Geography.
Parkes has a dry climate. The winter temperatures are rarely lower than 0 degrees Celsius during the night. In summer daytime temperatures can be as high as 40 to 45 degrees Celsius. Temperatures in the low to mid-30s are most common.
Transport.
Parkes has a local bus service run by Western Road Liners. It took over from Harris Bus Lines in March 2006. The Indian Pacific train also stops twice a week. The Broken Hill Outback Xplorer service, run by CountryLink, goes to Broken Hill on Mondays and to Sydney on Tuesdays. Parkes railway station is situated on the Broken Hill railway line. It was opened in 1893. There was also a small station at Parkes Racecourse from 1923 to 1937.
Events.
Parkes hosts a yearly in early January to celebrate Elvis Presley's birthday. The first festival, held in 1993, was a one night show with 200 people coming along. Over the next few years more events were added and the festival was extended to two days. By January 2005 the 3,500 people came to the festival. In January 2006 there were 5,000 going to the festival. It brought about $8 million into Parkes.
The 2007 festival had over 60 events and was held over 5 days. More than 6,000 visitors attended. A new world record was set for the most Elvis impersonators (people trying to look like Elvis) in one place. SBS TV made a half-hour film about the festival. It was called "Elvis Lives in Parkes". It was was shown on Australian TV on 10 January 2007.. The festival is still getting bigger with more than 8,000 visitors in 2008.

Weddings Parties Anything
Weddings Parties Anything (sometimes called WPA and Weddoes) were an Australian folk rock band. They started in 1984 in Melbourne, Victoria. The band stopped playing together in 1998. They took their name from The Clash song "Revolution Rock". Music expert Billy Pinnell said their first album "Scorn of the Women" was the best first Australian rock album since Skyhooks' album "Living in the '70s".

Mink
Minks are small, short-legged members of the Mustelid family. The mink is an aggressive mammal that is adapted to a semi-aquatic life. Mink live in swamps, rivers, marshes, lakes and streams in North America, Europe, and the far west of Asia. Mink have a life span of about 8 to 10 years in captivity.
Diet.
Minks are carnivores (meat-eaters). They eat small mammals (like mice, rats and muskrats), frogs, crayfish, fish, insects, eggs, and ducks.
Predators.
These animals predators as owls, wolves, coyotes, and bobcats prey on the mink.

Id, ego, and super-ego
The Id, ego, and super-ego was first proposed by Freud's theory. Sigmund Freud suggests these three concepts to explain human's mind. He describes human's mind as interaction of id, ego, super-ego. Only the ego was visible or on the surface, while the id and the superego remains below, but each has its own effects on the personality, nonetheless. By this way Freud could explain both conscious and unconscious side of basic spirit. And made possible to analyze human's mental life.
id.
The id represents a constant in the personality as it is always present. The id is governed by the "pleasure principle". Early in the development of his theory Freud saw sexual energy as the only source of energy for the id. After the tragedy of World War I, however, Freud felt it necessary to add another instinct to the id. So, he proposed thanatos, the death instinct. Thanatos accounts for the instinctual violent urges of humankind. Obviously, the rest of the personality would have somehow to deal with these two instincts. By adding thanatos, he could describe more mental phenomenons. His idea of id affected variety of fields.
ego.
The ego is the surface of the personality, the part you show the world. The ego is governed by the "reality principle," or a pragmatic approach to the world. For instance, crime usually happens where is only few people in the area, but not where is crowded. Id desires are still present, but the ego realizes the consequences of commiting a crime. The ego develops with experience, and accounts for developmental differences in behavior. For example, teachers doesn't expect a 10-year old student to solve complex formula, but they expect them to know how to solve easy math problems.
super-ego.
The superego consists of two parts, the conscience and the ego-ideal. The conscience is the familiar metaphor of angel and devil on each shoulder. The conscience decides what course of action one should take. The ego-ideal is an idealized view of one's self. Comparisons are made between the ego-ideal and one's actual behavior. Both parts of the super-ego develop with experience with others, or via social interactions. According to Freud, a strong super-ego serves to inhibit the biological instincts of the id, while a weak super-ego gives in to the id's urgings. Further, the levels of guilt in the two cases above will be high and low, respectively.

MTV Unplugged in New York
"MTV Unplugged in New York" was the first out of two live albums by the American grunge band Nirvana. (The second one was "From the Muddy Banks of the Wishkah".) It was recorded on November 18, 1993 as a part of the "MTV Unplugged" television series, which many artists and bands perform on. It was released on November 1, 1994, six months after the band had broken up because of the death of Kurt Cobain, who was the lead singer and guitarist.
It was unusual compared to other artists on the "MTV Unplugged" series, because Nirvana played mostly their less-famous songs and cover versions of other artists' songs. Most artists on the program played mainly their hits.
Four singles were released from the album. This was unusual because it was a live album. The singles were "About a Girl", "The Man Who Sold the World", "Where Did You Sleep Last Night", and "Lake of Fire". All of these except for "About a Girl" were covers.

Salicaceae
"Salicaceae" is a family of flowering plants. Each plant has either staminate or pistillate catkins. The flowers have no petals or sepals. Each has a small scale-like bract below it. These developing catkins on willows form the well-known "pussy-willow" branches.
Except for two species of "Populas" (Cottonwood), all the members of "Salicaceae" in the Bay Area are of the genera "Salix" (Willows).

Krist Novoselic
Krist Novoselic, born Krist Anthony Novoselic II, is an American rock musician. He is most famous for being the bass player for the popular grunge band Nirvana with Kurt Cobain and Dave Grohl. When Cobain died in 1994, Nirvana broke up. Grohl moved on to form the band Foo Fighters, and Novoselic has been mostly involved in politics. However, he is also currently the bassist for the American punk band Flipper.

The Hush Sound
The Hush Sound are an Indie rock band originally known as "The Hush". They came from the American town Lisle they added the word "sound" to their band, because a rapper was called "The Hush".
They have released 3 studio albums. Their latest one is called Goodbye Blues and was recorded in autumn 2007 released in march 2008.
They have a music page on Myspace and new songs such as Medicine and we believe in barak obama
Foundation.
The two singers in the band met in seventh grade (American high school)
By the start of 2005, the band had formed properly with all its members. They had decided that piano and drums weren't enough and looked for bass and guitar
They recorded their first album in a gallery, the album titled "So Sudden" the title speaking for itself because things were going well for the band, and it happened fast
Pete Wentz from Fall Out Boy came across the bands music and liked what he heard, he expressed intrested in signing them onto his record label.
Touring.
The Hush Sound had their first major tour in 2006. It was called Black Clouds and Underdogs Other bands included Fall Out Boy and Hawthorne Heights

Piggy bank
Piggy bank is used to collect coins. Shaped like pig and comes in various colors and sizes. It is often used by parents to teach their children how to save money. We are not certain about why it is called piggy bank and how it started.
But some say that "Piggy" was "Pygg" at first. Pygg is a clay that was used to make bowl or vase to store salt or money.

Doenjang
Doenjang is a Korean soybean paste. It is salty and savory, and is used to season many kinds of Korean food. It is similar to Miso, Japanese soybean paste.
History.
The history of Doenjang begins before the period of three kingdoms. Books from the Chosun dynasty explain the way to make good Doenjang, saying that if doenjang in a house doesn't taste good, food in the house tastes bad. Which means doenjang has been important food in Korea since long time ago.
manufacture.
The main ingredients of Doenjang are sea water and "Meju". The basic way to make Doenjang is to take Mejus and put them into big jars with sea water. Bad bacteria and odor are removed by adding charcoal and sun-dried chili peppers. Liquid is then taken out to make Korean soy sauce. This sauce takes about 20 to 30 days to make. The Mejus are taken out from the jar and tempered. Salt and soy sauce is added on this paste and the paste is put in jars again. After sun-drying for several days, it becomes Doenjang.
Variety.
There are several kinds of Doenjang; Chungukjang, Makjang, Dambukjang, BbamjangBbagaejang, Patjang, Jipjang, Garoojang, and Borijang. Each is made in different ways using different ingredients or at different times of the year. For example, Chungukjang is made within 2~3 days, whereas the other take longer time to make. Patjang uses red bean. Makjang is made in Spring.
Moreover there are several attempts to improve doenjang using additional ngredients, such as green tea.
Use.
Many traditional Korean foods, which are well-known as healthy food, uses Doenjang as their ingredients. Doenjang Jjigae and Chungukjang JJigae are examples of this.
Also, Korean have doenjang when they eat Ssambop, Samgyupsal, etc.
Health.
According to some research, it contains several meterials that prevent cancer and contains high nutrition. In addition, since Doenjang is a fermented food like yogurt and cheese, it is said that the older the Doenjang is, the better it is.

Raval
Raval is the God of the large Imperial Group known as The Imperial Zongian Empire, which hails from the internet game Second Life.
Legends of Raval.
The Origin of Raval (In Zongian Lore) is that he was a one of the members of the rogue Linden group which is lost to SL history, named the Race Maker's a group which set out to build there own races on the game within the very pre-release of Second Life, all 10 Race Makers filled with National Socialist, Communist and Imperial ideas for how a society should be ran, Raval being the only Race Maker to proclaim himself a God, the rest proclaiming themselves the political rulers of there society, Instead Raval decided to make his first Zongian the Emperor of his society, which was the Legendary Emperor - Altmoss Torok.
Real Life Raval.
The real life Raval's true identitiy is unknown, claiming to be imortal due to a incident he claims: "I was there with Howard Carter, when we uncovered King Tut, the others became cursed, I became blessed, by the grace of Ra sun God of the Egyptian peoples" the rest of his claim is fuzzy and hard to understand, all "Zongian Blooded" people believe his claim many who don't believe the claim have been said to have gone missing, many scholars believe this to be the work of the Zongian High Council in real life. Tray Quandry, one of the Virtual planets greatest Commanders once stated "Raval is my master, he is something I would not cross unless I wanted to die a coward".

Ioannina
Ioannina is a Greek town which is located in the northwest of Greece, in Ipiros district. Ioannina is the capital of Ioannina prefecture and Ipiros periphery. Its population is 67,384 inhabitants. Ioannina is built on the bank of Pamvotida lake. Around Ioannina there are many tall mountains. Beside the town is Mitsikeli mountain. In the east of Ioannina is the Pindos range.
Ioannina's lake.
Ioannina is built next to the lake which is named Pamvotida or Ioannina's lake. Ioannina has a small port on the lake which connects Ioannina with the island of the lake. The island of the lake is a small island with very importants monuments and buildings. These buildings have been built during Ottoman period and Byzantine period
Sites of interest.
Ioannina has many places of interest. The most interesting place is the castle beside the lake. Many old churches are also very interesting places. There are many interesting sites on the lake's island about which we mentioned above.

Lamia
Lamia is a Greek city which is located in the center of Greece. Its population is 50,551 inhabitants according to the 2001 census. Lamia is build at the foot of the hill on the top of which there is a castle. During the middle ages Lamia was named Zitouni but today is named with its ancient name, Lamia. Around Lamia there is a big plain, so Lamia is an agricultural city. At the side of plain there are many tall mountains. They are named Timphristos, Oiti and Othris.

Punjab Hill States agency
The Punjab Hill States Agency was an administrative unit of British India. The agency was created in 1936, and was made up a number of princely states in the present-day Indian states of Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand.
In 1901 the Punjab States Agency was created, in 1936 the hilly parts of this became the Punjab Hill States Agency. The states came under British rule after the Anglo-Nepalese War of 1814-16, and were known as the Simla Hill States. They later became part of the British province of Punjab, apart from Tehri-Garhwal, which was part of the United Provinces.
After Indian Independence in 1947, the states acceded to the Government of India, most of the states became the new state of Himachal Pradesh, with Tehri-Garhwal becoming part of Uttar Pradesh. In 2000, the northern portion of Uttar Pradesh, including the former state of Tehri-Garhwal, became the new Indian state of Uttarakhand.

Patiala and East Punjab States Union
The Patiala and East Punjab States Union (PEPSU) was a former state of India. It was created out of the merger of several Punjabi princely states on July 15 1948, formally becoming a state of India in 1950. The capital and principal city was Patiala, and the last Maharaja of Patiala, Yadvindra Singh, served as Governor of the state during its short existence. The Governor was appointed by the President of India, but the people of the state also elected a 60-member state assembly, first elected on January 6 1952. The Congress Party won 26 seats and the Akali Dal 19 seats.
On November 1 1956, PEPSU was merged into Punjab state. Part of the former state of PEPSU, including the southeastern portion of the state around Jind and the Narnaul enclave, presently lie within the state of Haryana, which was separated from Punjab on 1 November, 1966.

West Punjab
West Punjab was a former province of Pakistan which existed from 1947 to 1955. The province covered an area of 160,622 km², including much of the current Punjab province and the Islamabad Capital Territory, but excluding the former princely state of Bahawalpur. The capital was the city of Lahore and the province was mad up of four divisions (Lahore, Sargodha, Multan and Rawalpindi). The province was bordered by the Indian states of Punjab and Jammu and Kashmir to the east, the princely state of Bahawalpur to the south, the provinces of Balochistan and Sindh to the southwest, the Northwest Frontier Province to the northwest, and Azad Kashmir to the northeast.
History.
The independence of Pakistan in 1947 led to the divisions of the Punjab province into two new provinces. The East Punjab where most people were Sikh and Hindu became part of the new nation of India while the predominantly Muslim West Punjab became part of the new nation of Pakistan. The name of the province was shortened to Punjab in 1950. West Punjab was merged into the province of West Pakistan in 1955 under the One Unit policy announced by Prime Minister Chaudhry Mohammad Ali. When that province was dissolved, the area of the former province of West Punjab was combined with the former state of Bahawalpur to form a new Punjab Province.
People.
At independence there was a Muslim majority in West Punjab with significant minorities of Hindus and Sikhs. Nearly all of these minorities left West Punjab for India, to be replaced by large numbers of Muslims fleeing in the opposite direction. The official language of West Punjab was Urdu but most of the population spoke Punjabi using the Shahmukhi script.
Government.
The offices of Governor of West Punjab and Chief Minister of West Punjab lasted from August 15 1947, until 14th October 1955. The first Governor was Sir Francis Mudie with Iftikhar Hussain Khan as the first Chief Minister. Both offices were abolished in 1955, when the province of West Pakistan was created. The last Governor of West Punjab, Mushtaq Ahmad Gurmani, became the first Governor of West Pakistan.

Multan
Multan is a city in the Punjab province of Pakistan. It is the capital of the Multan District.

Prachanda
h2 He is the current Prime Minister of Nepal. He is also the chairman of the Maoist Party, a communist party. His real name is Pushpa Kamal Dahal.

River Tay
River Tay is a river in Scotland. It starts in Loch Tay, and opens up into North Sea at Firth of Tay. It is longest river in Scotland and the sixth in UK.

Morina
"Morina" is a genus of the Dipsacaceae family.

Paul Hegarty
Paul Hegarty is a former Scottish footballer who is famous for being the captain of Dundee United during their best years in the 1980s. He currently manages Livingston.

Jointer plane
A Jointing plane is used to sharpen the edges of boards so they will fit together.It has a 2-3/8" wide blade and is 18-24" long and hand used.There is also a shorter version of the jointer plane known as the fore plane which is around 18 inches (457mm) long.

Hurricane Andrew
Although the 1992 Atlantic hurricane season was below average, Hurricane Andrew was the exception to that. This hurricane blasted the Bahamas, southeast Florida and south central Louisiana, taking a path extremely similar to Hurricane Betsy, which also struck southern Florida and Louisiana. However, unlike Betsy, Andrew did not make flooding in New Orleans. Contrary to typical, damage from Hurricane Andrew was caused almost entirely by high winds rather than storm surge in Florida and Louisiana. This storm caused between $23-30 billion in damage (1992 USD) and between 56 and 68 fatalities, making Andrew the costliest Atlantic hurricane to hit the United States. However, Hurricane Katrina would later surpass Andrew in official damage amounts.
Florida.
Andrew's devastating damage spawned many rumors, including claims that hundreds or even thousands of migrant farm workers in south Dade County (now Miami-Dade County) were killed and their deaths were not reported in official accounts. An investigation by the "Miami Herald" found no basis for such rumors. These rumors were probably based on the 1928 Okeechobee Hurricane, when the deaths of migrant workers initially went uncounted, and were still debated at the time of Andrew.
The slow response of federal aid to storm victims in southern Florida led Dade County emergency management director Kate Hale to famously exclaim at a nationally televised news conference, "Where in the hell is the cavalry on this one? They keep saying we're going to get supplies. For God's sake, where are they?" Almost immediately, President George H. W. Bush promised, "Help is on the way," and mobile kitchens and tents, along with units from the 82nd Airborne Division, began pouring in.
Insurance claims in the wake of the extreme damage caused by Andrew led to the bankruptcy and closure of 11 insurance agencies and drained an excessive amount of equity from 30 more. Nearly one million residences were no longer eligible for coverage by any insurance agency. This led the Florida Legislature to create new agencies (the Joint Underwriting Association, the Florida Windstorm Underwriting Association and the Florida Hurricane Catastrophe Fund) to restore important insurance coverage.
Homeowners and officials criticized developers and contractors for poor building practices and poor building codes. An inquiry after the storm concluded that there were probably construction flaws in some buildings, and that the state of Florida did enforce some strict building codes since 1986, but they were either overlooked or ignored. However, the evidence was not sufficient enough to issue criminal charges for neglect.
The effects of Hurricane Andrew on Florida wetlands were considerable. In the Florida Everglades, 25%, 70,000 acres (280 km²) of trees were knocked down by the storm. It took 20 days for new trees and vegetation to grow following the storms passing. Damage to marine life was moderate as the storm lowered the oxygen level in the water, threatening many fish and other marine wildlife. In addition, the storm killed 182 million fish in the basin, causing $160 million (1992 USD) in lost value.
In the decade after the storm, Hurricane Andrew may have contributed to the massive and sudden housing boom in Broward County, Florida. Located just north of Miami-Dade County, residents who had lost their homes moved to western sections of the county that were just starting to be developed. The result was record growth in places like Miramar, Pembroke Pines and Weston.
Louisiana.
In Louisiana, the hurricane knocked down 80% of the trees in part of the Atchafalaya River Basin near the coast. Offshore, the storm killed 9.4 million fish, causing $7.8 million (1992 USD) in lost value, and damaged large areas of marshland along the Louisiana coast.
About 6,200 people had to be housed in 36 shelters, according to the American Red Cross. The Salvation Army sent in 37 mobile food storages, that served 40,000 meals, to help those who could get little or no food.
Federal aid, from the Pentagon, sent in four 750 kilowatt generators, 2,500 cots, and 30,000 MRE's, or prepackaged meals, to Louisiana. About 1,279 National Guard were deployed to Louisiana, to do various duties, from cooking to patrolling.
Sheriffs along the coast of Louisiana proposed a curfew from 6 p.m. to 6 a.m. local time. Alcohol sales were also stopped immediately after the storm.
Retirement.
Because of the exceptional and the widespread damage in Florida and Louisiana, the name "Andrew" was retired in 1993 and will never be used again for an Atlantic hurricane. The name was replaced by Alex for the 1998 season.

Hurricane Gordon (1994)
Hurricane Gordon was a very deadly and damaging tropical storm for the Caribbean, Florida and parts of North Carolina. The storm was very slow moving on its path over the Caribbean. This storm killed over 1100 people (estimates range between 500-2300 people dead through Haiti and the central Caribbean islands, including Jamaica and Cuba). The storm's strange motion was making Hurricane Gordon hard to forecast where it would actually go and where it would reach land. Hurricane Gordon was the last storm of the inactive 1994 Season it was also the costilest of the 1994 season
Storm History.
On November 8 a tropical wave near Costa Rica became Tropical Depression Twelve. On November 10th in made landfall near Puerto Cabezas, Nicaragua. The same day it became Tropical Storm Gordon after moving back into the Caribbean. It made it's first ladfall near Kingston, Jamaica on November 13 it soon made it's second landfall in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba on the same day. It brush the northern coast of Cuba and the southern islands of the Bahamas. It made it's third landfall in Key West, Florida on November 15. Gordon turned northeast and made it fourth landfall in Fort Myers, Florida the next day. Gordon crossed Florida it took about nine hours and it went into the Atlantic Ocean on a northeastward track. Gordon stayed on that track until November 17, when it became Hurricane Gordon while it was about 245 miles southeast of Cape Fear, North Carolina. Shortly after becoming a hurricane it reached it top winds of 85 mph. Gordon weakened back to a tropical storm and started on a U shaped track. Gordon weakened further into a tropical depression and on November 19 it made it's fifth and last landfall near Vero Beach, Florida and on November 21 over South Carolina it became extratropical.
No retirement.
In the spring of 1995 Gordon was not retired even though it caused lots of deaths in Haiti and damage in Cuba and Florida.

Hurricane Diana (1984)
Hurricane Diana was really unusual and had forecasters guessing when or where it would strike. In September of the 1984 Atlantic hurricane season, Diana became an intense tropical cyclone, bringing maximum sustained winds of 136 mph during its peak. The storm eventually made landfall in southeast North Carolina with winds around 88 to 100 miles an hour. No direct fatalities were reported, though three indirect deaths did happen because of Hurricane Diana in September 1984.

Abbie Hoffman
Abbot Howard "Abbie" Hoffman (November 30, 1936 – April 12, 1989) was a social and political activist in the United States. He was later arrested following a conviction for selling cocaine. He killed himself.
Portrayal in Media.
Hoffman's life was dramatized in the 2000 movie "Steal This Movie," in which he was portrayed by Vincent D'Onofrio.
In the 1987 HBO television movie "Conspiracy: The Trial of the Chicago 8", Michael Lembeck acted the part of Hoffman.
Richard D'Alessandro played the part of Hoffman in the 1994 movie "Forrest Gump" speaking against "the war in Viet-fucking-nam" at a protest rally at the Lincoln Memorial.
Hank Azaria's voice is heard as the animated Hoffman in the movie "Chicago 10".
Sacha Baron Cohen has been cast as Hoffman in Steven Spielberg's movie "The Trial of the Chicago Seven".

Neil Patrick Harris
Neil Patrick Harris (born June 15, 1973) is an American Golden Globe and Emmy-nominated actor. Notable roles in his career include the title character of "Doogie Howser, M.D.", Barney Stinson in "How I Met Your Mother", Col. Carl Jenkins in "Starship Troopers", "Dr. Horrible" of the web series "Dr. Horrible's Sing-Along Blog", and as a fictionalized version of himself in "Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle" and its sequel "Harold & Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay". Harris is openly gay

A Girl like Me (Rihanna album)
"A Girl Like Me" is the second studio album by Pop and R&B singer Rihanna. The album was released April 19, 2006. Singles included "SOS", "Unfaithful", and "Break It Off".

Todd Grisham
Todd Grisham (born January 9, 1976) is an American presenter/announcer working for World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) on its ECW brand as the play-by-play commentator and is the host for Fox Soccer Channel's Major League Soccer broadcasts.

Elijah Burke
Elijah Burke (born May 24, 1978) is an American professional wrestler. He is best known for wrestling for World Wrestling Entertainment on its ECW brand.

Matt Hasselbeck
Matthew Hasselbeck (born September 25, 1975, in Boulder, Colorado) is an American football quarterback for the Seattle Seahawks. He was drafted by the Green Bay Packers in the sixth round of the 1998 NFL Draft. He played college football at Boston College.

NFL Draft
The NFL Draft is sports draft held every year. In the draft National Football League (NFL) teams select new players to be added to their team's roster. These new players usually are those ending their time playing football in college.

Bull shark
The bull shark ("Carcharhinus leucas") has a short snout that is wider than it is long (hence its name). Its belly is off-white, its top surface is gray, and the eyes are small. The first dorsal fin is much longer and more pointed than the second dorsal fin. A pup's fins have black tips, but these marking fade in the adults. The females are larger than the males.
Habitat.
The bull shark is found close to shore and can live for a while in fresh water, frequenting estuaries, rivers and lakes. It has been found up to 1,750 miles (2800 km) up the Mississippi River in the USA and 2,500 miles (4000 km) up the Amazon River in Peru. It has been found in Lake Nicaragua (Central America) and the Zambezi River (Africa).
Diet.
The bull shark eats fish (including other sharks and rays), turtles, birds, mollusks, crustaceans, and dolphins. It will eat almost anything.
Reproduction.
Bull sharks are viviparous (like mammals, giving birth to live animals that were nourished by through a placenta). Litters of 1 to 13 pups are common after a gestation period of about one year. Pups are about 28 inches (70 cm) long at birth. Very young bull sharks are frequently found in protected bays near the mouths of rivers, in briny water.

SS Free
The SS Free is a social networking website launched on June 25, 2006.

Alan Shepard
Alan Shepard (November 18, 1923 - July 21, 1998) was an American astronaut. He was the first American to travel into space. He was born in East Derry, New Hampshire
On May 5, 1961, Shepard flew into space in the "Freedom 7" spacecraft. This was powered by a Redstone rocket.
He made another space flight as spacecraft commander (person in charge) of "Apollo 14". This was the third trip to land astronauts on the moon. The trip lasted from January 31 - February 9, 1971.

Julia Somerville
Julia Mary Fownes Somerville (born July 14, 1947) is a reporter. She has worked for BBC News and ITN. She studied English at Sussex University.
Somerville has been interested in art. In 2001, she was one of the people who selected the National Portrait Gallery's BP Portrait of the Year. She has also served as a judge for several years on the RIBA Annual Architecture Award Panels. On 18 September 2003, Somerville was appointed Chair of the Advisory Committee of the Government Art Collection.
Somerville has married three times: to Stephen Band (1970 - 1975, no children), Ray Gowdridge (1984 - 1992, two children). She currently lives in North London with her third husband, the architect Sir Jeremy Dixon. Somerville and Dixon were interviewed by police in 1996. The people who developed their photograph had raised suspicions, because the couple wanted ot have images of their seven-year-old child developed. These photos showed the child bathing. No caution or charges followed the investigation.

White émigré
White émigré (Белоэмигрант) is a political term used to describe Russian people who left Russia because of the Russian Revolution of 1917|Russian Revolution or Civil War. The term is used in France, the United States and the United Kingdom. Sometimes the term is used to describe everyone who left the country because of changes in the government.
The word "White emigré" had a very negative meaning in the Soviet Union between 1920 and 1980. After 1980, those people who left during that time are called First wave emigrés.
Many white emigrés thought the White movement was something good. Some of them, the Mensheviks and Socialist-Revolutionaries, did not like the Bolsheviks but did not like the White movement either. Others were just not interested in politics. Many of those who left are still part of the Eastern Orthodox Church.
Most white émigrés left Russia between 1917 and 1920. Between 900,000 and two million people left. Many different classes of people left. These classes included military soldiers and officers, Cossacks, intellectuals, businessmen and landowners. Officials of the Russian Imperial Government and anti-Bolshevik governments of the Russian Civil War also left.
Distribution.
Most émigrés left Southern Russia and Ukraine and went to Turkey. They then moved to eastern European Slavic countries, for example the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, and Poland. A large number also went to Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Finland, Germany and France. Berlin and Paris had large émigré communities.
Many civilians and military officers in Siberia and the Far East moved to Shanghai and other surrounding areas of China, Central Asia, and Eastern Turkestan. Some moved to Japan.
During and after World War II, many Russian émigrés moved to the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, Peru, Brazil, Argentina, and Australia.
What the people believed.
White émigrés often did not like Communism. They did not believe the Soviet Union was properly Russian. They believed the period of time from 1917 until 1991 was a time of occupation by the Soviet government which was internationalist and anti-Christian.
Many white émigrés believed that Russia should be governed by a monarch. Others thought that the government should be chosen by popular plebiscite.
Many white believed that their mission was to keep the culture and way of life from the time before the revolution while living in other countries. They believe that by doing this, they could return to the Russia to this culture when when the Soviet Union was no long in control of the country.
Many white émigrés also believed that they should still fight against the Soviet dictatorship. They hoped this would help free Russia. This idea was largely inspired by General Pyotr Wrangel. When the White army was defeated, he said, "The battle for Russia has not ceased, it has merely taken on new forms". ("We are not done trying to free Russia. We just have to use different ways to do so.")
Organizations and activities.
The émigés formed different organisations which had the purpose of fighting against the Soviet regime. Examples of such organisations are the Russian All-Military Union, the Brotherhood of Russian Truth, and the NTS. This made the white émigrés a target for infiltration by the Soviet secret police (i.e. operation TREST and the Inner Line). Seventy-five White army veterans served as volunteers supporting Francisco Franco during the Spanish civil war.
Some white émigrés adopted pro-Soviet sympathies, for which they were labelled "Soviet patriots". These people formed organizations such as the Mladorossi, the Evraziitsi, and the Smenovekhovtsi.
During World War II, many white émigrés took part in the Russian Liberation Movement. On the other hand, a significant number participated in anti-Nazi movements such as the French resistance. During the war, the white émigrés came into contact with former Soviet citizens from German-occupied territories who used the German retreat as an opportunity to flee from the Soviet Union or were in Germany and Austria as POWs and forced labourers and preferred to stay in the West, often referred to as the "second wave" of emigres (often also called DPs - displaced persons, see Displaced persons camp). This smaller second wave fairly quickly began to assimilate into the White emigre community.
After the war, active anti-Soviet combat was almost exclusively continued by NTS: other organizations either dissolved, or began concentrating exclusively on self-preservation and/or educating the youth. Various youth organizations, such as the Russian scouts in exile became functional in raising children with a background in pre-Soviet Russian culture and heritage.
The white émigrés, acting to preserve their church from Soviet influence, formed the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad in 1924. The church continues its existence to this day, acting as both the spiritual and cultural center of the Russian Orthodox community abroad. On May 17th 2007, the Act of Canonical Communion with the Moscow Patriarchate reestablished canonical ties between the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad and the Russian Church of the Moscow Patriarchate, after more than eighty years of separation.

Baldia Town
Baldia Town is the largest town of Karachi, Pakistan.

Long Eaton School
Long Eaton School is a school for children in the town of Long Eaton in south east Derbyshire. The school is close to Nottinghamshire. It has been known by a number of names including "Long Eaton Grammar School" and is now called "The Long Eaton School". The school delivers free education to local children when they are eleven until they leave school.
History.
The school was started and the buildings constructed in 1910 for Samuel Clegg who was recognised as a leading teacher. He ran the school until his death in 1930. His daughter married a teacher there and their children were Richard and David Attenborough.
In 2006, a new set of buildings were constructed for the school. The new school buildings were opened by Gordon Brown in November 2006.
Today.
The school teaches about 1,200 children from age 11 to 18 and specialises in teaching science.

Long Eaton
Long Eaton is a town in south east Derbyshire in England. It is near to the River Trent and seven miles southwest of Nottingham.
Long Eaton is at least 900 years old and is close to where you cound cross the River Erewash. More recenlt the Erewash canal was built and then the railway. The traditional industry in Long Eaton has been making lace and railway wagons.
The school has two large schools for secondary pupils with are Wilsthorpe Community School and Long Eaton School. Trent College is also in Long Eaton. This much older school is for children who pay for their education.

Government of Punjab
The Government of Punjab, a provincial government in the federal structure of Pakistan, is based in Lahore, the capital of Punjab Province.

Ur So Gay
"Ur So Gay" is a single released by Katy Perry of the debut EP called "Ur So Gay - EP". The song is featured on the Perry's new debut hit Studio Album "One Of The Boys".
Music Video.
The music video for "Ur So Gay" depicts Perry singing the song with animated clouds and grass surrounding her and her blue guitar. It occasionally cuts to a storyline featuring a Barbie version of Katy.

Ur So Gay (EP album)
Ur So Gay is an EP album recorded by pop singer Katy Perry. The album contains hits like Ur So Gay, Lost, and the remix of Ur So Gay.

Instrumentation
Instrumentation is one of the science that studies measurement and control.
Measurement and control are studied to make the maximum efficiency and maximum safety of the work place.
Instrumentation includes finding the most appropriate measurement method, designing and producing of the machine, getting the required information and result of what has been measured by the calculation and take appropriate measures for that result.
Instrumentation means a lot more than measurement. For example, setting up the sulphur dioxide(SO2) density measuring machine and getting the reading is measurement. But, how to use this machine, which machine is to set up, how many places to set up, what to calculate with the reading, in what situation it should sent the sign for alarm are problems handled by the instrumentation.
An instrument is a tool used to measure and manage the variables in a process.
Examples of instruments are valves, transmitters, flame detectors and analyzers. Valve is a device that helps with the flow of materials (like gases, fluidized solids, slurries, or liquids). Transmitter is a electronic device or tool which sends or receives a signal through electromagnetic radiation. Flame detector is a device which detects the flame by analyzing the color.
Instrumentation is also studying about the control. Control is like how valve is managing the amount of contents flowing through it and break controlling over the speed. Control can change the parameter of the field or the variable.

Netbook
Netbook, the word made by Intel company in February 2008, means cheap, smaller size of laptop much easier to move. It is a kind of computer that does basic jobs like web surfing and word processing. Netbook device is normally built for CPUThat uses lower power, like the Intel Atom. Now there are many netbooks such as hp-mini and Asus Eee PC. More than 50 million netbooks will be released by 2011.
History.
The concept of netbook is originated from subnotebooks. The word Netbook was introduced by Psion in 1999 and introduced again by Intel in 2008.
In 2007, Asus present the ASUS Eee PC range running a Linux on a 7 inch color screen. The Eee PC has been a top seller on Amazon.com and is often sold out in stores. The Eee's success is attributed to the relatively low-price (around $350/£230/€300) compared with standard-sized laptops. (above $1000 at that time)
In middle of February 2008, Everex released its VIA chipset based on CloudBook, running gOS. Unlike its rival, the Eee PC, the CloudBook uses a hard-disk.
In June 2008, MSI launched the MSI Wind PC, with features such as Bluetooth and a 10" LED, backlit, 1024x600 screen. This new laptop is the first built with Intel Atom low power technology and competes with the HP 2133 Mini-Note PC which has a 8.9" screen.

Devi
Devi is the word for "the Goddess" in Hinduism. She has many different incarnations. Among these incarnations are Saraswati, Lakshmi, Durga, Kali, and Parvati. She is also refered to as Shakti or "Power of God". The Hindu worshipers of Devi are called 'Shaktas'.

Monism
Monism is the philosophical and religious believe that God and the individual soul are non-different, and unite to become one after death.

Improper noun
An improper noun is a noun used to refer to general people, places, and things.

Michelle McManus
Michelle McManus is a Scottish singer and actress.
Her musical albums include "The Meaning of Love". Her songs include "All This Time."

Seamus Coleman
Seamus Coleman, born in Donegal 11 October 1988, football player currently playing for Sligo Rovers F.C. in the FAI Premier Division.He is the starting right back for the Irish u21 team.

Guan Yin
Guan Yin is the bodhisattva of compassion and wisdom in Chinese Buddhism. She is highly revered. Her name means 'She Who Hears the Cries of the Whole World'.
According to one belief, she was born as Princess Miao Shan to a childless king and queen. Upon expressing her wish to become a Buddhist nun to her father, he disowned her. Without her father's blessing, Miao Shan proceeded to become a nun in a Buddhist monastery. Her father had paid the nuns at the monastery to abuse Miao Shan severely so that she would leave and come back home. The nuns accepted the money and proceeded to treat Miao Shan terribly. They forced her to sleep on the floor and do all the chores around the monastery by herself. However, upon realizing her intense devotion to the Buddha's teachings, they relented and stopped abusing her. From then on, they treated her as a sister and friend. When her father realized that the nuns weren't abusing Guan Yin any more, he became absolutely furious and set the monastery on fire. Guan Yin put out the fire by pricking her the roof of her mouth with a long pin, which let out a stream of blood that proceeded to spray on the monastery, saving all the nuns inside. Her father was enraged upon seeing the miracle of Guan Yin and strangled her with a silken cord. As Guan Yin died, she took all of her father's sins on her, and proceeded to go to the hell realms. However, wherever she went in hell, demons fled and cool streams and beautiful flowers sprouted. Effectively, she was turning hell into a paradise by her very presence! This terrified the king of hell, Yama, who felt as if he was losing his kingdom. He sent Guan Yin back to earth, where she went to live on Mount Pu'to Shan in China.

University of Michigan College of Engineering
The University of Michigan College of Engineering is the engineering section of the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor. With 5,120 undergraduate and 2,532 graduate students as of 2007, the College of Engineering is one of the largest engineering schools in the United States. In several ranking systems, the college is ranked as one of the top ten engineering schools in the nation.

Ross School of Business
The Ross School of Business is the business school of the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor. Ross offers undergraduate, graduate, and doctoral degrees, as well as an executive education program. Ross also offers dual degrees with the colleges and schools of urban planning, engineering, medicine, law, education, nursing, information, music, and School of Natural Resources and Environment (SNRE).

Pegnitz (city)
Pegnitz is a town in the Bayreuth district in Upper Franconia, Bavaria, Germany, with a population of about 15,000.

HMS Sirius (1786)
HMS Sirius was the main ship of the First Fleet. The First Fleet carried the convicts and soldiers to Australia to start a penal colony. This was the start of European settlement in Australia.
Description.
The ship of 520 tons was built on the River Thames, England in 1781. She was first called "HMS Berwick.". She had been used as a store ship and then laid up until 1786. She was put back into service for the trip to Australia, and renamed "HMS Sirius". She was armed with 6 carronades, short cannons used to fire large objects to smash ships. She also had 4 6-pounder guns. There were another 10 6-pounder guns in the cargo hold to be used to protect the new settlement. HMS Sirius was about long and wide. Her hold was about deep.
The crew.
The ship was commanded by Arthur Phillip with John Hunter as second captain. The ship had 2 captains, Phillip would be in charge of the ship as part of the First Fleet, and then Hunter would be in charge after while Phillip was setting up the penal colony. Philip Gidley King was lieutenant with William Bradley and George William Maxwell. She carried a crew of about 160 men.
With the First Fleet.
"HMS Sirius" carried all the guns and ammunition for the Fleet. No weapons were kept on the convict transports in case of mutiny. She left England on May 13, 1787, and sailed to Australia with stops at Santa Cruz, Rio de Janeiro and Cape Town. She arrived in Botany Bay on January 20, 1788. She reached Port Jackson on January 26.
At Cape Town 8 guns were taken away from the gun deck and put in the hold. This was to make room to build stalls to hold cattle. The guns were put back after the ship arrived in Sydney. They were taken out again and put into a fort at Dawes Point.
Helping the new colony.
In October 1788 "HMS Sirius" sailed east to Cape Town to get extra food supplies. Leaving Cape Town in January 1789, she continued to travel east until she got back to Sydney in May. This eastward journey using the west winds, known as "the Roaring Forties" meant that the ship had sailed completely around the world. Rough seas near Tasmania smashed her figurehead and badly damaged the front of the ship.
In March 1790 the "Sirius" went to Norfolk Island to deliver more marines (soldiers), convicts and supplies. She was able to unload the people, but bad weather made getting the supplies ashore impossible. Four days later Captain Hunter tried to land the supplies in Sydney Bay. The ship drifted too far into the bay and was wrecked on a reef on March 19. All the crew were rescued. Over the next two week most of the supplies were saved as well.
It was another 11 months before another ship came to Norfolk Island and took the crew back to Sydney. Hunter went back to England and an inquiry decided that the shipwreck was not his fault.
Anchor and cannon.
One of "HMS Sirius's" 12 anchors was found at the wreck site. In 1907 it was put on display in Macquarie Place, Sydney. The anchor is in good condition although the ends of the arms were broken off while it was being recovered from the wreck. Work was done on the anchor to help preserve it in 1992. The size of the anchor is long, wide and deep. Beside the anchor is one of the cannons from the "HMS Sirius". This was one of the cannons brought ashore to protect Sydney back in 1788.
In 1983 the wreck was explored by archaeologists. In 1985 several items were found including a carronade and another anchor. In 1987 more than 600 items were brought up from the ship. These are on display in the Maritime Museum on Norfolk Island.

HMS Supply (1759)
HMS Supply was a small ship, an armed tender which sailed with the First Fleet. She was intended to be a support ship for HMS Sirius (1786). The First Fleet carried the convicts and soldiers to Australia to start a penal colony. The ships left England in May 1787 and arrived in Australia in January 1788. This was the start of European settlement of Australia. Supply was commanded by Lieutenant Henry Lidgbird Ball.
"Supply" was a brig rigged sloop of 170 tons. A sloop in navy terms is a small ship with a single gun deck. A brig rig means the ship had two masts and carried square sails. She had 8 small 3 pounder guns. She carried 50 men. She was the smallest ship in the fleet, and the fastest.
After the setting up of the penal colony at Port Jackson, "HMS Supply" made 10 trips to Norfolk Island. When HMS Sirius was wrecked in 1790, the Supply was the new settlement's only ship. In April 1790 she made a trip to Batavia to get more food. She left for England in November 1791 and reached Plymouth on April 21, 1792. She was sold at auction in July 1792. Renamed the "Thomas and Nancy" she carried coal on the Thames until 1806.

Alexander (ship)
The Alexander was one of six convict transport ships in the First Fleet. The First Fleet carried the convicts and soldiers to Australia to start a penal colony. This was the start of European settlement of Australia. The "Alexander" was a ship of 452 tons under the command of Duncan Sinclair. The ship was built in Hull in 1783. The ship had a contract with the British Government to carry convicts. The owners were paid at a rate of 10 shillings per ton per month until the ship returned to Deptford. They had to agree to keep the prisoners secure and in safe custody.. The ship took 195 male convicts to Australia.

Friendship (ship)
The Friendship was a convict transport ship in the First Fleet. The First Fleet carried the convicts and soldiers to Australia to start a penal colony. The ships left England in May 1787 and arrived in Australia in January, 1788. This was the start of European settlement of Australia. The "Friendship" was a ship of 274 tons under the command of Master Francis Walton. The ship had a contract with the British Government to carry convicts. The owners were paid at a rate of 10 shillings per ton per month until the ship returned to Deptford. They had to agree to keep the prisoners secure and in safe custody.
On her return trip with the "Alexander", many of the sailors on the "Friendship" became sick with scurvy. There were not enough sailors fit enough to sail both ships. All the crew went on board the "Alexander", and the "Friendship" was scuttled (sunk) off the coast of Borneo on October 28, 1788.

Prince of Wales (ship)
The Prince of Wales was a convict transport ship in the First Fleet. The First Fleet carried the convicts and soldiers to Australia to start a penal colony. The ships left England in May 1787 and arrived in Australia in January 1788. This was the start of European settlement of Australia. The "Prince of Wales" was a ship of 350 tons under the command of John Mason. She was built on the Thames in 1786. The ship had a contract with the British Government to carry convicts. The owners were paid at a rate of 10 shillings per ton per month until the ship returned to Deptford. They had to agree to keep the prisoners secure and in safe custody.
The "Prince of Wales" was still sailing around England up until 1797. In 1797 she was moved to Fort Royal, Martinique. There is no information after this.

Charlotte (ship)
The Charlotte was one of six convict transport ships in the First Fleet. The First Fleet carried the convicts and soldiers to Australia to start a penal colony. This was the start of European settlement of Australia. The "Charlotte" was a ship of 335 tons under the command of Thomas Gilbert. The ship had a contract with the British Government to carry convicts. The owners were paid at a rate of 10 shillings per ton per month. They had to agree to keep the prisoners secure and in safe custody. After transporting the convicts to New South Wales, the "Charlotte" was under contract to work for the East India Company.

Lady Penrhyn (ship)
The Lady Penrhyn was one of six convict transport ships in the First Fleet. The First Fleet carried the convicts and soldiers to Australia to start a penal colony. The ships left England in May 1787 and arrived in Australia in January 1788. This was the start of European settlement of Australia. The "Lady Penrhyn" was a ship of 333 tons under the command of William Cropton Server. The ship had been built on the River Thames in 1786. The captain, William Server, and biscuit maker, William Curtis were the owners of the ship. They had a contract with the British Government to carry convicts. The owners were paid at a rate of 10 shillings per ton per month. They had to agree to keep the prisoners secure and in safe custody. She transported 101 female convicts to New South Wales.
After the First Fleet trip, the "Lady Penrhyn" was under contract to work for the East India Company. She left Sydney on May 5, 1788 to go to China to pick up a load of tea. The "Lady Penryhn" got back to England in August 1789.

Scarborough (ship)
The Scarborough was one of six convict transport ships in the First Fleet. The First Fleet carried the convicts and soldiers to Australia to start a penal colony. The ships left England in May 1787 and arrived in Australia in January 1788. This was the start of European settlement of Australia. The "Scarborough" was a ship of 430 tons under the command of John Marshall. The ship had a contract with the British Government to carry convicts. The owners were paid at a rate of 10 shillings per ton per month. They had to agree to keep the prisoners secure and in safe custody. After transporting the convicts to New South Wales, the "Scarborough" was under contract to work for the East India Company.

Golden Grove (ship)
The Golden Grove was a storeship in the First Fleet. The First Fleet carried the convicts and soldiers to Australia to start a penal colony. The ships left England in May 1787, and arrived in Australia in January 1788. This was the start of European settlement of Australia.
The "Golden Grove" was a ship of 375 tons under the command of Master Sharp. She had been built as a store ship at Whitby in 1780. She was long and wide. The ship had a contract with the British Government to transport food and and equipment. The owners were paid at a rate of 10 shillings per ton per month until the ship returned to Deptford.
In October 1788 the "Golden Grove" took 32 convicts from Sydney to the penal colony on Norfolk Island. She left Port Jackson on November 19, 1788, with the "Fishburn" to return to England. After stopping at the Falkland Islands because of sailors sick with scurvy, she arrived back in Deptford in June 1789. Afterward the "Golden Grove" sailed from Newcastle and Liverpool, probably carrying rum from Jamaica. There is no information about the ship after 1804.

Fishburn (ship)
The Fishburn was a store ship in the First Fleet. The First Fleet carried the convicts and soldiers to Australia to start a penal colony. The ships left England in May 1787 and arrived in Australia in January 1788. This was the start of European settlement of Australia. The "Fishburn" was a ship of 378 tons under the command of Master Robert Brown. The ship was long and wide. It had been built in Whitby in 1780. The ship had a contract with the British Government to transport food and and equipment. The owners were paid at a rate of 10 shillings per ton per month until the ship returned to Deptford.
The "Fishburn" and the "Golden Grove" left Port Jackson in November 1788 to return to England. She had to rest at the Falkland Islands for several days as several sailors were sick. She was returned to her owners at Deptford on May 25, 1789. No other information has been found about the ship afterwards.

Borrowdale (ship)
The Borrowdale was a storeship in the First Fleet. The First Fleet carried the convicts and soldiers to Australia to start a penal colony. This was the start of European settlement of Australia. The "Borrowdale" was a ship of 275 tons under the command of Master R. Hobson. The ship had a contract with the British Government to transport food and and equipment. The owners were paid at a rate of 10 shillings per ton per month until the ship returned to Deptford.
The "Borrowdale" left Sydney in July, 1788. The crew became very sick with scurvy. When the ship got to Rio de Janeiro several sailors were taken to hospital. Five sailors died on the way back to England.

Ve (Cyrillic)
Ve (В, в) is the third letter of the Cyrillic alphabet. It is said as [v].
It comes from the Greek beta, along with the Cyrillic be. Its old name was "vede". Although it looks like a B, it stands for the Roman V and Be (Б, б) stands for B.

De (Cyrillic)
De (Д, д) is the fifth letter of the Cyrillic alphabet. It is said as [d].
It comes from the Greek delta. Its old name was "dobro". It stands for the Roman D.
When written, it looks like a "g", and when printed in italics, it is a "д".

Francis Forbes
Sir Francis Forbes (1784 - 1841) was the first Chief Justice (judge) of New South Wales. Before he set up the court system in Australia, people were tried by legal tribunals. The town of Forbes, New South Wales was named after him.
Early life.
Forbes was born in Bermuda in 1784. His grandfather, Dr. George Forbes had moved to the Bermudas after the Battle of Culloden. He went to London at the age of 19 to study law. He passed the exams and became a lawyer in 1812. He returned to Bermuda but went to back to England 3 years later. In 1816 he was made the first Chief Justice of Newfoundland. He lived in Canada until 1822. The government asked for his advice about setting up a proper legal system in Australia. He was asked to be the first Chief Justice of New South Wales in June 1823.. Forbes was officially given the job in October 1823.
Chief Justice.
Forbes was Chief Justice from 13th October 1823 to 1st July 1837. He arrived in Sydney in March 1824. He lived with the Governor, Sir Thomas Brisbane, while his house was being got ready for him. Forbes and Brisbane became great friends. He officially opened the new Supreme Court on May 17, 1824. He was also a member of the Legislative Council and was made President in August 1824. In December he was made a member of the Executive Council as well. These two extra positions were political jobs and put him into conflict with his job as a judge. As Chief Justice he had to be sure that new laws were in agreement with the laws of England. This gave him the power to veto (stop) any new law in Australia. This was not a problem while Brisbane was the Governor, but Forbes soon had problems with the new Governor, Sir Ralph Darling.
The Francis Forbes Society is a group set up to study Australian legal history.

Ge (Cyrillic)
Ge (Г, г) is the fourth letter of the Cyrillic alphabet. It is said as [g] or [h].
It comes from the Greek delta. Its old name was "glagoli". It stands for the Roman G.

Hala Gorani
Hala Basha-Gorani (Arabic: هالة غوراني) (born 1 March 1970), is a Syrian American reporter for "CNN International" based in the network's headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia. Previously based at the London bureau, she anchors "CNN Internationals "Your World Today" along with Jim Clancy. The program is seen on US from 12-1 p.m. Eastern Time. She also hosts a monthly program on CNN called "Inside the Middle East" and often reports from the region.
Biography.
Gorani was born in Seattle, Washington, United States to Syrian parents from Aleppo but was mainly raised in Paris, France. She lived also in Algeria. Her name "Hala" is a common Arabic name which means "halo".
Career.
She has established herself as a Middle East specialist and covered the Hezbollah-Israel war in the summer of 2006 from Lebanon as the main anchor for CNN International, helping the network's coverage of the Middle East win an award for "Excellence in Journalism".
Gorani also reports from Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Lebanon, Syria and Egypt. In April 2007, she led CNN's coverage of the 2007 French presidential election. Gorani avoids discussing her political and religious views, saying the job needs her to be neutral.
Personal life.
She speaks English, French and Arabic (though she can't read it). She currently resides in Atlanta. French novelist Yann Moix dedicated his first novel "Jubilation Vers le Ciel" to Gorani in 1996.

Hala (clan)
Hala is a "gotra" or clan of the Jat people found in the states of Punjab and Uttar Pradesh in India and in the province of Sindh in Pakistan.
Religion.
The members of this gotra are Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs. The Muslim Jats of the Hala gotra are found in Sindh, while Hindu and Sikh Jats belonging to this gotra are found in Uttar Pradesh and Punjab (India).

Jamiroquai
Jamiroquai is an English acid jazz band. It was created by Jason Kay. The name of the band is a compound word created from "Jam session" and the name of the Native American tribe, the "Iroquois".
The band's first single, "When You Gonna Learn?", was released in 1992. Because of the success of this single, Jamiroquai made a contract with Sony BMG. They release their first album "Emergercy on Planet Earth" in 1993. The next year, their second album "The Return of Space Cowboy" was released. This album become popular. In 1996, a song "Virtual Insanity" on the third album "Travelling without Moving" was very popular. The music video of this song was so innovative that it caused a big sensation. With this song, Jamiroquai was nominated for 10 MTV video awards. It won four awards. This album made the band famous all across the world.

Eraclea
Eraclea is a town in the province of Venice, Veneto, Italy. SP42 goes through it.
Eraclea Mare is the Lido of Eraclea.
It is located on the Adriatic Sea near the coast between the rivers Piave and Livenza and between two famous touristic towns: Caorle and Jesolo.
Eracleamare, one of the destinations of summer tourism on the Adriatic riviera, is together with Jesolo and Caorle one of the best known seaside resort on the Venetian coast. Within the last year, a steady growth of foreign tourists, especially from Germany, has been recorded.

Lenz's law
This is really a part of Faraday's law. expressions giving the magnitude of the induced emf ε have been stated, but nothing has been said about the direction of ε.
The induced emf and the resulting induced current are counterclockwise when "B" is directed out from the page and the area of the circuit is decreasing. The flux through this circuit is decreasing in the outward direction. Now the induced current "I" produces its own magnetic field, and we may use the right-hand fist rule to compute the direction of this field. The result is that the magnetic field due to the induced current is also directed outward within the circuit. It is as though nature, through this induced field, tried to compensate for the reduction in the flux due to the applied field "B". This turns out experimentally to be a general rule, so that we may say that
"the direction of the induced emf is always such as to result in opposition to the change producing it."
As another example of the application of Lenz's law, consider a coil of wire to which a battery is suddenly connected. Suppose that the battery starts a current flowing clockwise, as viewed by the observer. This current will give rise to a magnetic field whose lines will thread the coil and circle back outside it. Thus, as the current due to the battery builds up, there is a changing magnetic flux through the coil and this must result in an induced emf in the coil. what is the direction of this induced emf? Lenz's law tells us immediately that it must be counterclockwise, so as to oppose the building up of the current. Similarly, when the current in a circuit is broken, the induced emf seeks to keep the current from dying out, and this accounts for the sparking observed when switches are opened slowly. the induced emf in a circuit whose current is changing is called the back emf, since it always opposes the alteration in the current. It arises from the change in the current's own magnetic field, and effect referred to as "self-inductance".
Were Lenz's law not true, an increase in current in a coil would result in an emf that aided the applied battery, thus increasing the current further, inducing more emf and further increases in the current, ad "infinitum". This would be an unstable situation and one in which the conservation of energy principle would be disobeyed.
This sort of reasoning may be extended to other situations in which a system in equilibrium is displaced and the principle arrived at is the following.
when a system in equilibrium is disturbed, the equilibrium is displaced in the direction which tends to undo the effects of the disturbance.
This generalization of Lenz's law is called the principle of the "Le Chatelier", sometimes referred to as the "law of the cussedness of nature." It is, however, fortunate that it exists, or we would live in a very strange and unstable world indeed!
sourced by FUNDAMENTAL PRICIPLES OF PHIYSICS. F.WOODBRIDGE CONSTANT, Trinity College

County Donegal
Donegal is a county in Ulster, Ireland. It is north of Leitrim and east of Northern Ireland.

ABC Kids
ABC Kids is a television program which broadcasts several different children series on the ABC television network. These series are all owned by Disney which owns ABC. Most of them are also shown on Disney's own network Disney Channel. ABC Kids was called Disney's One Saturday Morning. In 2008, it broadcast the series "That's So Raven", "The Replacements", "The Suite Life of Zack & Cody", "Power Rangers" and "The Emperor's New School". In the past, it has also broadcast "Lizzy McGuire" and "Phil of the Future".

Twilight (Novel)
Stephenie Meyers author of Twilight is probably very wealthy because of her book Twilight.
What's the Story about.
It's about a girl named Bella who moves to Forks, Washington from Arizona. She meets a boy who is named Edward Cullen and she falls in love with him and he falls in love with her. Soon, Bella finds out that Edward is a vampire.And Edward is afraid that she might cant love him becouse he is a vampire and that he never would be older than 17.
Twilight saga.
The Twilight saga has four book Twilight, New Moon, Eclipse, Breaking Dawn.
Which is better the book of movie.
Of course, the movie is not going to be as good as the book. Because, the movie is based on it. The movie probably skipped a lot of details.

RLC circuit
A circuit containing resistance(R), inductance(L), and capacitance(C) is called an RLC circuit.
I shall here discuss only series simple RLC circuits(only one R,L,C). With a resistance R present,the total electromagnetic energy U of the circuit(the sum of the electric energy and
magnetic energy)is no longer cistant: instead, it decreases with time as energy is transferred
to thermal energy in the resistance. Because of this loss of energy, the oscillations of charge, current and potential difference continuosly decrease in amplitude, and the
oscillations are said to be damped.
As you will see, they are damped in exactly the same way as those of the damped blockspring oscillarator. to analyze the ocillations of this circuit, we write an equation for the total
electromagnetic energy U in the circuit at any instant. Because the resistance does not store
However, this total energy decreases as energy is transferred to thermal energy.
where the minus sign indicates that U decreases. By differentiating Eq.1 with respect to time and
then substituting the result in Eq.2, we obtain
Substituting formula_4 for formula_5 and formula_6 for formula_7, we obtain

Jackstones
Jackstones is a traditional Korean game. It is usually played by girls. The game is similar to the game Jacks.
Game play.
The game is played with five stones. Each stone is about the size of an almond. Players can only use one hand to play the game. The game has five parts or "stages".
In the first stage, the player throws the stones on the ground. They pick up one stone and throw it upward. Before the stone falls onto the ground, they need to pick up another stone from the ground and then catch the one that was thrown. This is done again until there are no stones on the ground.
The second stage is the same with the first stage except that the player needs to pick up two stones at once before the stone which was thrown falls down. The third and the fourth stages are the same.
In the fifth stage, players can get points. All of the stones are thrown upward. The player must catch as many of the stones as they can with the back of their hand. Then, the stones they caught are thown into the air again and the player must catch all of them. The player gets points for how many stones they catch. If they caught 3 stones, they get 3 points. If they caught 4 stones, they get four points. After that, the next player does the same. When all players have done this, the game is finished. The person (or the team) who has a higher point wins.
If a player is out, the next person (or team) gets the turn.

Lorentz's law
The Dutch physicist Hendrik Antoon Lorentz formulated it. Lorentz's law defines force that acts on moving charged particles in an electricmagnetic field. Force consists of magnetic force and electric force.
If the charge is positive, the direction of the electric force equal to direction of electric field.
The direction of the magnetic force is given by the right hand rule.
If charged particle move with velocity v in an electic field E and a magnetic field B
Using this law, J.J. Thomson measured mass-to-charge ratio.

Snell's law
Snell's law does even as law of refraction. In optical science, Snell's law is about the relationship between each refractive index of light that passes the guard of two materials which are contacted. When light with the isotropic medium advances different type of isotropic medium,the ratio of sines of the incidence angle and the reflection angle does not change if a medium is fixed.
n2/n1 = sinΘ1/sinΘ2 = v1/v2 n1,n2 is each refractive index. Θ1,Θ2 is an incidence angle and an reflection angle. v1, v2 is each velocity of different type of isotropic medium. The velocity of light is fixed in vacuum, and it comes to be slower whlie pasiing the specified substance. Index of refraction of vacuum is 1.0 and the velocity of light in vacuum is C. When the wave motion passes the material where the index of refraction is n, the velocity of wave motion becomes the 1.0/n * C.
The Snell's can be proved with principle of Fermat's principle. Fermat's principle is "The refraction occurs because light tends to advance with the direction that takes least time". We can understand Fermat's principle easy through the example when we run to the water from sands to save drawning person. In this case, Our speeds change the boundary of sands and water.

Golden Lion Tamarin
The golden lion tamarin ("Leontopithecus rosalia"), also called the golden lion marmoset is a small, squirrel-sized mammal with a lion-like mane. Tamarins live in small family groups. They are diurnal (most active during the day); at night, they rest in the cavity of a tree. The life span is about 15 years. They are in danger of extinction due to loss of habitat as their forest home is being cleared. These tamarins are arboreal (they live in trees). They live in coastal tropical rainforests in eastern Brazil of South America.
Diet.
The golden lion tamarin is an omnivore (eating both animals and plants); it eats insects, fruit, small snakes, lizards, snails, spiders, and vegetables. Tamarins use their claws to dig for insects in the bark of trees.

Piet Mondrian
Piet Mondrian, born in Holland in 1872, painted traditional subjects in an increasingly abstract style. By 1920, he adopts a totally abstract motif, employing an irregular checkerboard drawn with black lines, and with the spaces paints mostly white or sometimes in the primary colors of blue, red and yellow.
This is typical of about 250 abstract paintings dating from 1917 to 1944. Mondrian named his style “neoplasticism,” his translation of his own Dutch phrase nieuwe beelding, which also means “new form” or “new image.”
Escaping in 1940 from a Europe at war, Mondrian spends the last four years of his life in New York City, where he is fascinated by the exuberance of its city life. His paintings of that time express that exuberance. In his final painting, Broadway Boogie Woogie (1942-1943), below, the checkerboard lines, previously black, are now painted blue, gray, red and yellow. (The yellow was apparently inspired by New York’s Yellow cabs).

2008 Pacific hurricane season
The 2008 Pacific hurricane season was an event in the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation. It officially started May 15, 2008 in the eastern Pacific, started on June 1, 2008 in the central Pacific, and lasted until November 30, 2008.
This season is the first since 1996 to have no cyclones cross into the central Pacific. Activity this year was near average, with 16 storms forming in the Eastern Pacific proper and an additional 1 in the Central Pacific. There were 7 hurricanes, a low number compared to the typical 9, and only 2 major hurricanes, unlike the typical 5. There were only a few notable storms this year. Tropical Storm Alma made landfall along the Pacific coast of Nicaragua, becoming the first known storm to do so. It killed 9 and did $33 million in damage (2008 USD). Hurricane Norbert became the strongest hurricane to hit the western side of the Baja Peninsula on record, killing 8 and causing an unknown amount of damage there.
Tropical Storm Alma.
An area of low pressure formed early on May 27 about 220 nm southwest of Nicaragua. it then intensified and became the first tropical depression of the 2008 season late the next day. It then strengthened into a tropical storm early on May 29, and was named Alma. Alma then rapidly strengthened reaching her peak winds of 65 mph just before Alma made landfall on the Northwestern coast of Nicaragua near León at peak strength.
León lost electricity and telephone services as the storm impacted the area, trees were toppled and some houses lost roofs. In total nine people were killed with seven of them being indirect; the two direct deaths were in Nicaragua in León. On May 30th the remnant low of Alma emerged into the Gulf of Honduras and merged with a tropical wave over the north western Caribbean sea which then became Tropical Storm Arthur later that day.
Tropical Storm Douglas.
Tropical Storm Douglas was the fourth named storm of the 2008 Pacific hurricane season. Douglas developed out of a tropical wave that formed off the African coast on June 19 and traversed the Atlantic Ocean. On June 27, the wave crossed Central America and entered the Pacific Ocean. On July 1, the storm developed into Tropical Depression Four-E while located 245 nmi (250 km) southwest of Manzanillo, Mexico as it traveled to the northwest. Despite being dislocated from most of the convection by strong wind shear, the depression gradually became better organized and on the afternoon July 2, the depression was upgraded to Tropical Storm Douglas. Upon the upgrade, Douglas reached its peak intensity of 40 mph (65 km) and minimum pressure of 1003 mbar (hPa; 29.63 inHg). Douglas weakened to a tropical depression overnight on July 3. The depression became devoid of convection shortly after and was further downgraded to a remnant low-pressure area on the morning of July 4 as it turned towards the west. The remnant low continued to weaken and completely dissipated on July 6.
Due to the proximity to land, outer rain bands associated with Douglas produced tropical storm force winds in Manzanillo, Mexico. Minor flood damage was reported along the coastline in Colima, Jalisco, and Nayarit. On July 2, a ship located to the southwest of the center reported a sustained wind of 30 mph (50 km/h).
Tropical Depression Five-E.
In early July, a strong tropical wave southwest of the Mexican coast slowly developed. It became Tropical Depression Five-E on July 5. It then headed west-northwest before turning more northwest and making landfall near Lázaro Cárdenas, Mexico on July 7. The storm dissipated shortly after landfall. Its remnants brought rainfall to southern Mexico, but caused no severe flooding, casualties, or serious damage in its path.
Hurricane Elida.
Late on July 11, an area of low pressure situated a few hundred miles south of the Gulf of Tehuantepec acquired sufficient organized convection to be classified as Tropical Depression Six-E. The depression soon strengthened into Tropical Storm Elida. On July 13, Elida slowly gained strength as it was near Mexico. Overnight on July 14, Elida strengthened into the second hurricane of the season as it pulled away from the coast.
After remaining stable in intensity for two days, it rapidly strengthened on July 16 into a Category 2 hurricane. That day Elida peaked as a 105 mph (165 km/h) Category 2 hurricane, the strongest of the season at that time Only Hurricane Hernan was stronger. Elida was a Category 2 for about 36 hours and later weakened into a Category 1 hurricane.
Twelve hours after Elida weakened to a Category 1, Elida weakened to a tropical storm. Elida weakened to a tropical depression on July 19 as the low became exposed and dissipated that afternoon.
A few days later the wave slowly gained convection as it crossed in the CPHC area of responsibility, however as it neared Hawaii its chance of regeneration diminished.
Elida's outer rainbands reached Mexico. However, no watches or warnings were issued. Elida was briefly foretasted to make landfall in Hawaii. However Elida, dissipated before it hit the state. The remnants of Elida did give showers in Hawaii.
Tropical Storm Julio.
On August 23, the National Hurricane Center (NHC) upgraded an area of low presure which was located in the eastern Pacific ocean south of Baja California to Tropical Depression Eleven E. Later that morning, Tropical Storm Wactes went up. That afternoon, the depression intensified into a tropical storm after a ship report supported tropical storm intensity. It made landfall in La Paz after becoming a tropical storm with 50 mph winds and a well-defined center, Mexico as a tropical storm on August 24, weakened, and dissipated August 26.
As Julio made landfall, it produced lightning and locally heavy rainfall, which left more than a dozen communities isolated due to flooding. The flooding damaged several houses and killed two people. Winds were generally light, although strong enough to damage a few electrical poles and small buildings. Moisture from Julio developed thunderstorms across Arizona, including one near Chandler which produced winds of 75 mph (120 km/h); the storm damaged ten small planes at Chandler Municipal Airport, as well as a hangar. The storms also dropped light rainfall, reaching over 1 inch (25 mm) in Gilbert, which caused flooding on Interstate 17.
Tropical Storm Lowell.
Tropical Storm Lowell developed out of monsoonal trough located off the southwest coast of Mexico on the morning of September 5. A weak area of low pressure was found embedded within a large area of scattered moderate and isolated strong convection. The low failed to develop and was not mentioned in the tropical weather discussions for the rest of the day. On September 6, a new low had formed on the western side of the trough. The low was poorly defined but global forecast models were anticipating cyclogenesis within the next two days.
Southwest of Manzanillo, Mexico, the area of thunderstorms strengthened into Tropical Storm Lowell on the night of September 6. The system skipped tropical depression status and was named "Lowell". Lowell slowly strengthened into a 50 mph Tropical Storm. A tropical storm watch was issued for southern Baja California as the storm headed north, but it weakened to a tropical depression on September 9. The next day Tropical Depression Lowell made landfall with 35 mph winds. It moved inland and dissipated on September 11. The remnants of Tropical Storm Lowell continued across the United States and joined with a cold front bringing heavy rains to the central northern states before tracking into Canada. It caused the heaviest rainstorm ever recorded in Chicago since records began in 1877.
Lowell made landfall as a tropical depression in Baja California but its affects where felt at more inland areas. In Michoacan, Sonora, and Sinaloa, flooding from Lowell's remnants left more than 26500 people homeless. No deaths were reported.
Damage in Sonora totaled over 200 million pesos - $15.5 million in 2008 USD.
Moisture from Lowell eventually joined with a cold front and the remnants of Hurricane Ike and caused significant damage. As this conglomeration of moisture traveled through the United States it caused extensive flooding in Illinois. In Chicago it broke flooding records dating back to 1871.
Hurricane Norbert.
Late in September, a vigorous tropical wave moved off the west coast of Mexico. By October 1, the National Hurricane Center issued a high probability (over 50% chance of development in the next 48 hours) for development into a tropical cyclone, but as the wave stalled offshore, it began losing vigor, with the NHC reducing the likelihood to medium (20-50% chance for development in the next 48 hours) the next day. As of 2100 UTC October 3, the likelihood of development within the next 48 hours was high again. Then, late that night, the wave developed into Tropical Depression Fifteen-E, and then into Tropical Storm Norbert 24 hours later.
Norbert ultimately became a hurricane on October 7 and rapidly intensified to a Category 2 hurricane and it became a major hurricane on October 8, the second of the season and the first since Hurricane Hernan. It continued to strengthen into a Category 4 hurricane before weakening back to a Category 3 by the morning of October 9th, and weakened into a Category 1 hurricane that afternoon, but restrengthened into a Category 2 the next day, and became a minimal major hurricane the next morning, and it made landfall in Baja California as a Category 2 later that morning. Norbert then hit the mainland of Mexico as a Category 1 hurricane, killing 8. The final advisory on Norbert was issued on the morning of October 12.
Hurricane Norbert struck Mexico's Baja California peninsula on Saturday with torrential rains and winds of up to 155 km/h. Strong winds bent palm trees along coastal areas. Some streets were in knee-deep water in the town of Puerto San Carlos. Norbert was ripping off roofs, knocking down trees and left one person missing and more than 20,000 homes without electricity, local authorities say. Some 2850 people were housed in temporary shelters. Forty per cent of homes were totally or partially damaged on the islands of Margarita and Magdalena, mainly having lost their roofs, said a report from state protection services. La Paz international airport suspended its activities at midday local time Saturday, but the tourist resort of Los Cabos remained open. Hotel reservations were down by around 40 per cent mainly in Los Cabos and Loreto, local tourism officials said.
Norbert was a Category 2 hurricane at landfall, which made Norbert the first October hurricane to strike the western Baja California peninsula since Hurricane Pauline forty years prior, and Norbert was the stronger of the two.
Tropical Storm Odile.
In early October, a tropical wave formed near Nicaragua. Remaining Stationary until October 6 or October 7, the wave dumped heavy rain on the area, although damages or deaths, if any, have yet to be reported. On October 8, the wave became better organized as the National Hurricane Center increased the odds of development from the system. Then, later that day, the wave developed into Tropical Depression Sixteen-E, the sixteenth tropical cyclone of the active season. On the morning of October 9, it became Tropical Storm Odile, a short lived storm while located southwest of Guatemala.
Odile slowly strengthened over the next few days.
On October 10 tropical storm watches were issued in Mexico as it strengthened into a tropical storm with winds of 60 mph. That night Odile made it closest approach to the area it came within. After making it closest approach to Mexico, an Aircraft investigated Odile as it peaked as a 65 mph tropical storm. Over the next several days, however, Odile slowly weakened and dissipated on October 12, the same day that Hurricane Norbert met its demise.
Eighteen hours after it was named, a Tropical Storm Watch was issued form Punta Maalaldnado to Zihuatanejo. It was replaced with a warning 12 hours later. Before becoming a tropical wave, the precursor disturbance to Odile dumped heavy rainfall on Nicaragua, although as of 2100 UTC October 8, 2008, any impact is unknown. Odile also caused rain in Mexico, but any impact is unknown.

2004 Pacific hurricane season
The 2004 Pacific hurricane season officially started May 15 2004 in the eastern Pacific, and June 1 2004 in the central Pacific, and lasted until November 30 2004. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northeastern Pacific Ocean.
The scope of this article is confined to those storms monitored by the U.S. National Hurricane Center, which is all tropical cyclones in the northern hemisphere east of 140 degrees west longitude, and the Central Pacific Hurricane Center in Hawaii, which monitors tropical cyclones from 180W (the international date line) to 140W. Tropical depressions that form east of 140W have "-E" (Eastern) appended to the number, storms that form west of 140W have "-C" (Central) appended.
Hurricane Darby.
Tropical Depression Five-E formed south of Mexico on July 26. Later that day, it was upgraded to Tropical Storm Darby, and only four hours later, at 2 am (0900 UTC) on July 27, is upgraded to Hurricane Darby. It moved due west at this point, aiming directly for the big island of Hawaii. It reached Category 3 strength on July 29, the first major hurricane in the northeastern Pacific basin since 2002. However, long before it reached Hawaii, it lost strength and dissipated on the evening of July 31.
Hurricane Howard.
Tropical Depression Eleven_E formed from a tropical wave about 400 mi. southwest of Acapulco, Mexico and headed northwest, steadily strengthening as it did so. Howard peaked briefly as a Category 4 and then started to weaken. By the time Howard reached a point off the coast of the Baja peninsula, it was only a tropical storm. Howard weakened further, becoming a tropical depression on September 5 and degenerated into a remnant low later that day. The low hooked around and headed southwest. Howard dissipated on September 10 without making landfall.
Hurricane Javier.
Tropical Depression Thirteen-E formed out of an area of low pressure south-southeast of the Gulf of Tehuantepec on September 10. It slowly moved northwest, being designated Tropical Storm Javier on the morning of September 11. It was upgraded to a hurricane on the afternoon of September 12, and peaked at Category 4 strength on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale after rapidly strengthening on September 13.
Warnings began to be issued on September 15 for Baja California. While Javier peaked at Category 4, with windspeeds of 150 mph (240 km/h), it weakened dramatically before striking land south of San Ignacio in Baja Sur as only a tropical depression. Its remnants continued over Baja and inland.
Tropical Storm Lester.
An area of tropical disturbance centered about 90 miles (150 km) south-southwest of Puerto Angel, Mexico, developed into Tropical Depression Fifteen-E on the afternoon of October 11. Due to its proximity, attention was immediately paid to it, and Mexico began issuing watches early the next day. With the 2 pm PDT (2100 UTC) update on October 12, it was upgraded to a tropical storm and named Lester.
It sat mainly stationary just off the coast of Mexico, spending most of October 13 only 25 miles (40 km) west of Acapulco. In the afternoon, it became clear that Lester was falling apart, and with the 2 pm update, even though it was still close to shore, it was downgraded to a tropical depression and advisories ended as it rapidly disintegrated.

Burn Gorman
Burn Gorman (1 September 1974) is an American-born British actor and musician. He is best known for his roles as William Guppy in "Bleak House" and as Owen Harper in "Torchwood".

Naoko Mori
Naoko Mori is a Japanese actress. who a lot of people know from her roles as Mie Nishikawa in "Casualty" (1993-1994), and as Toshiko Sato in "Doctor Who" and "Torchwood".

Sarsaparilla
Sarsaparilla (IPA: /ˌsæspəˈɹɪlə/) ("Smilax regelii" is a perennial trailing vine with prickly stems; it is from tropical America and the West Indies. Its name (which is "zarzaparrilla" in Spanish) comes from the Spanish words "zarza" for "shrub" and "parrilla" for "little grape vine."

Russell T Davies
Russell T Davies, OBE (born Stephen Russell Davies, 27 April, 1963), is a critically acclaimed British television producer and writer born in Wales. He is known for television programs such as "Queer as Folk" and "The Second Coming", and for bringing back the popular science-fiction television series "Doctor Who", and creating its spin-off series "Torchwood" and "The Sarah Jane Adventures". He wrote the Book "Doctor Who: The Writer's Tale".

Hunedoara County
Hunedoara (;) is a county (Judeţ) of Romania, in Transylvania. The capital of Hunedoara County is Deva.
Population.
About 485,000 people live in Hunedoara County.
Geography.
Hunedoara County has an area of 7,063 km².
Divisions.
Hunedoara County has 7 municipalities, 7 towns and 55 communes.

Murray Gold
Murray Gold (born 1969 in Portsmouth) is an English composer for stage, film, and television.
A lot of people know him for composing the music for the popular science-fiction program Doctor Who

American League Championship Series
In Major League Baseball, the American League Championship Series (ALCS), played in October, is a playoff round that decides the winner of the American League pennant. The winner of the series moves on to play the winner of the National League Championship Series in baseball's championship, the World Series.

Stellar classification
In astronomy, stellar classification is a type of stars based on temperature and its other spectral characteristics, and narrowed by others.

Norwell, Massachusetts
Norwell is a small town in Plymouth County, Massachusetts.

Thoa Mehram Khan
Thoa Mehram Khan is a village and Union Council of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan, it is part of Talagang Tehsil.

Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (movie)
"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs" is a 1937 film which was made in America, it is based on the fairy tale by the Brothers Grimm. It was the first movie length animated film to be produced by Walt Disney, and the first American animated feature film in movie history.

Captain Jack Harkness
Captain Jack Harkness is a fictional character in the British television series "Doctor Who" and "Torchwood". He is played by actor John Barrowman. He was first in "Doctor Who" in the 2005 episode "The Empty Child" and is in the show throughout the rest of the 2005 series as a companion of the Ninth Doctor. Jack later becomes the main character in "Torchwood", an adult-themed spin-off of "Doctor Who". He comes back into "Doctor Who" in the 2007 series and he meets the Tenth Doctor, and returned again for the 2008 series.
Jack is a time traveller and former con man from the 51st century. A bisexual.. In contrast to the wiser and older Doctor, Jack prefers a hands-on solution to the problem at hand. As a consequence of his death and being brought back in the last episode of the 2005 series of "Doctor Who", the character becomes immortal, which does not change during both "Doctor Who" and "Torchwood".
Characterisation.
In naming the character, executive producer and head writer Russell T Davies got inspiration from the Marvel Comics character Agatha Harkness, Jack's original appearances in "Doctor Who" were thought of with the intention of forming a character arc in which Jack is changed from a coward to a hero, and John Barrowman consciously minded this in his portrayal of the character. Following on that arc, the character's debut episode would leave his morality as ambiguous, publicity materials asking, "Is he a force for good or ill?"
The character is described as both "lethally charming... good looking and utterly captivating", as well as "flirtatious, cunning, clever and a bit of an action man". Within "Doctor Who", Jack's personality is light-hearted, although this changes in "Torchwoods first series, where he becomes a darker character. In "Torchwood" Series 1, Jack has been shaped by his ongoing search for the Doctor and also by his role as a leader, in which he is predominantly more aloof. During The second series of "Torchwood", Jack became a much more light-hearted character once again, after appearances in "Doctor Who" where he was reunited with the Doctor.
From the Torchwood onwards, Harkness wears period military clothes from the second World War, including braces and an officer's wool greatcoat in every appearance. Costume designer Ray Holman comments that "We always wanted to keep the World War Two hero look for him, so all his outfits have a 1940s flavor. We knew he'd be running around a lot, so I redesigned his RAF Group Captain's greatcoat from "Doctor Who" to make it more fluid, because the real things are very weighty... The rest of Jack's costumes are loosely wartime based, so he has big wartime trousers which are getting more and more styled to suit his figure. There are actually five Captain Jack coats used on the show - one hero version which is used for most scenes, one wetcoat made with a pre-shrunk fabric, a running coat which is slightly shorter so John's heels don't catch when he runs and two stunt coats - which were 'hero coats' back in Series 1."
Discussing whether his character could ever find a soulmate, John Barrowman refutes that Jack "likes everybody, and his love for each person is different". He believes that Jack does harbour romantic feelings toward the Doctor, but "would never take that beyond infatuation" and "would never let the Doctor know". Barrowman describes Jack's love for Ianto as "lustful", and if he ever were to settle down with him, he would "let Ianto know that he [Jack] has to play around on the side". John Barrowman and Gareth David-Lloyd have also opined that Jack's relationship with Ianto has however brought out Jack's empathy, and helped to ground him. In contrast, if he settled down with Gwen, "he'd have to commit completely" to her; this is why he does not act on his feelings for her, because even though she would let him flirt with other people, he could "never afford to do anything more". Eve Myles, who portrays Gwen, describes theirs as a "palpable love" and opines that "with Jack and Gwen, it’s the real thing and they’re going to make you wait for that." "Torchwood" Series Two sees Jack promise both Gwen and Ianto that they were the reason he returned to Cardiff. Barrowman claims that Jack also "fancies" fellow companion Martha Jones, admiring her "tenacity" and willingness to "spat with him", and describes Jack's love for Toshiko and Owen as "fatherly", stating "He was guiding them. That's why it was so devastating for him to lose them." Offering reasons why Jack could never find "The One", Barrowman brings up the character's immortality. "He always loses them. He outlives them. They die. He watches them get old. That bothered him in Series One [of "Torchwood"], but now he's come to terms with that, I think... so now he just sleeps around!"
In several instances in "Torchwood", Jack displays no problems with killing a person of any species, which within "Doctor Who", allows Jack's character to act in ways the lead character cannot. When reuniting with the Doctor in the 2007 series, he is verbally warned "don't you dare" when pointing a gun. Witnessing the murder of his colleague Owen, Jack shoots his killer in the forehead, killing him in an act of quick revenge. Whilst the Doctor tells Jack off for joining the Torchwood Institute (an organisation he perceives as xenophobic and aggressive), Jack maintains that he reformed the Institute in the Doctor's image; Jack himself had initially been critical of the moral failings of a 19th century Torchwood.

Hurricane Fico
Hurricane Fico of the 1978 Pacific hurricane season was a tropical cyclone that caused damage in Hawaii.
Storm history.
A tropical depression formed on July 7 and organized into the sixth tropical storm of the season the next day. Initially heading west-northwest, it changed direction to almost due west shortly after reaching Category 4 intensity on July 11. After spending over a day at that intensity, Fico decayed and fell back down to a mid-range Category 1 on July 14. Fico then reintensified back to Category 4 strength the next day.
The hurricane's strength fluctuated, but Fico stayed a major hurricane until July 17, when it entered the central Pacific as a Category 1. It slowly intensified and became a major hurricane yet again on the 21st. At this point, Fico turned to the northwest and slowly lost strength. The storm dropped to a tropical storm early on July 28, and went extratropical later that day. At a later date, the remnants were enmeshed in a frontal system which headed towards the Aleutian Islands.
Fico was a tropical cyclone for 20 days, and travelled a distance of roughly 5500 mi (9000 km), both of which were records. It was also a hurricane for 17 consecutive days. Both of Fico's records have been broken. Hurricane Tina and then Hurricane John outlasted Fico. John also outran its distance record.
Impact.
Fico never made landfall. Despite this, it pounded the Big Island with 15-30 foot waves doing "considerable damage" to roads and buildings along the coast. Smaller waves also broke on the southern shores of Maui with minimal effects. Six people aboard a sloop were washed overboard and rescued, while a tugboat was driven aground on a reef at Kukuiula. A weakening Fico also caused a sharp wind gradient, producing gusty gale-force winds that blew across the islands, knocking over trees and causing power outages. Fico's extratropical remnants caused heavy rains and gales south of Cold Bay in the Aleutians.
The name Fico was retired after this storm and replaced with Fabio in the 1982 season.

The Best of Billie
"The Best of Billie" is a album by British pop singer Billie Piper. It was released by EMI on 8 August 2005. The album contained Piper's single releases as well as B-sides.

Girlfriend (Billie song)
"Girlfriend" is a single released by Billie Piper in 1998. It is from her first album "Honey to the B". It reached No. 1 in the United Kingdom. This made her the youngest and first female solo singer to reach the top spot with her first two singles
On the American track listing for "Honey To The B", the radio remix replaces the original album version.
Formats and track listings.
UK CD Single 2 (Contains Free Poster)

Naresuan University
The first symbol of this university is the statue of King Naresuan the great.
and the second is the King Naresuan’s elephant.
Symbol flower is Lagerstroemia loudonii Binn.
Symbol color is gray and orange.
Gray means the color of wisdom.
Orange means the color of braveness and goodness.
Naresuan University is the sources of acknowledgement and we support pupils to be the good people in Thai society.
Naresuan University’s ideology is to make our pupils have educations, goodnesses and ethical behaviors to live with other people in society happily.
The determinations of Naresuan University are not only to be the head of academy in south north region which developing the pupils to be the good pundit and can live happily with the other people in society, but also reduce the environment.
Ambestfriend (talk) 02:54, 8 December 2008 (UTC)

King Bayinnong
King Bayinnong (พระเจ้าบุเรงนอง), King Rama III in Toungoo Dynasty. Most people, all Thais and foreigners know him as “Phoo-cha-na-sib-tid” (Conqueror of ten directions).
He was born on February, 1646. His original name was “Ja-dhet”. “Ja” means termite, “dhet” means climbing.
King Bayinnong was the king that Burma celebrated him to be “the great king” because of his braveness as a warrior. He dominated from Ayeyarwady River to Khong River and colonies for example: Bago or Pegu, Lanchang, Thai Yai, Cambodia, Vietnam, Ayudhaya, Chang Mai,and etc. In Archaeological evidences told that before King Bayinnong went to battle, he would respect relic of Cha-way-mor-dor, relic of Bago or Pegu.
There were many insurgents after King Tabinshwehti died. So King Bayinnong was enthroned and he ascended in 1681. His palace named “Kamboza Thadi Palace”. King Bayinnong died in 1711.

Transformers (movie)
"Transformers" is a 2007 live-action movie adaptation of the "Transformers" franchise, directed by Michael Bay and written by Roberto Orci and Alex Kurtzman. It stars Shia LaBeouf as Sam Witwicky.

Siam Paragon
Siam Paragon is the biggest department store in South East Asia. This department store has opened on 9th December 2005. It's located on RAMA I road Pathumwan. It covers in an area of 500000 km2. More than 4000 cars can park in. Siam Paragon is the first place in Thailand that have 26 glasses elevators. And they pay the investment more than 15,000 million baht.
In Siam Paragon there are many main places. First is BF Oceanarium, Siam Ocean world that have a lot of aquatic animals. Besides Siam Ocean world there is 4D theater by Panasonic. Second is GF Gourmet Paradise provides for maket and food. MF The Luxury, parc paragon is for organizing an activity. It’s between M floor and Siam center. There are many cloth brands, such as Versace,Hermes, and so much more.World of super car, there are Ferrari,Porsche, Mercedes and more. World of technology, there are TOSHIBA, APPLE, SONY STYLE and more. And Paragon Cineplex consists of Siam Pavalai Royal Grand Theatre with more than 1200 seats, Krungsri IMAX Theatre, Enigma, Nokia Ultra Screen, Royal Paragon Hall for organizing a concert and other activities, and the last one is Siam Opera (constructing, will be open soon).

Tropical Storm Ana (2003)
Tropical Storm Ana was the only tropical cyclone in the Atlantic Ocean that began in the month of April. Ana was the first tropical storm of the 2003 Atlantic hurricane season. Tropical Storm Ana was two kinds of storms, a "subtropical cyclone", and a "tropical cyclone". It formed as a subtropical cyclone on April 20, while it was to the west of Bermuda. It moved towards the east-southeast and began to get better organized. On April 21, the subtropical cyclone became a tropical cyclone. Tropical Storm Ana then turned towards the east-northeast. It quickly lost strength because of wind shear and a close cold front. On April 24, Ana became an extratropical cyclone.
The storm moved near Bermuda, while causing light rainfall. The remnants of the storm also dropped rain in the Azores and the United Kingdom. Stormy sea waters caused by the storm capsized a boat near Florida coastline. The incident killed two people.
Meteorological history.
A low pressure area formed to the south, and southwest, of Bermuda on April 18. A trough, which is a type of weather system, brought an area of clouds into the low pressure system. The low pressure system moved towards the north. After turning towards the northwest, Ana looped southeastward. Thunderstorm activity became stronger near the center of the cyclone. The storm was named Subtropical Storm Ana on April 20 while located about 250 miles (400 km) west of Bermuda.
The subtropical storm moved to the east-southeastward and it continued to get stronger. It is estimated that Ana became a tropical storm by 0000 UTC on April 21. When it became a tropical cyclone, Ana reached its highest winds of 60 mph (95 km/h). Shortly after, Ana came close to Bermuda. Strong wind shear began to remove a lot of the thunderstorm activity from Ana. Ana continued to move eastward, and early on April 22, the wind shear again removed the thunderstorms from the center of the storm. After turning towards the northeast, the core of Ana merged with a cold front on April 24. Because of t his, Tropical Storm Ana turned into an extratropical cyclone. The remnants of the cyclone sped towards the east-northeastward, before it died out on April 27.
Impact, records, and naming.
Before Ana formed, the government of Bermuda declared a gale warning for the island. When Ana formed, a tropical storm warning was also issued for Bermuda. The storm moved close to Bermuda and dropped 2.63 inches (67 mm) of rainfall the Bermuda International Airport. The winds on the island were light.
Stormy seas from the storm reached the coast of Florida in the United States. A couple of factors, which included the stormy seas, caused a boat to capsize in Jupiter Inlet. Two people on the ship drowned, and the others were rescued. The remnants of Ana dropped 0.87 inches (22 mm) of rainfall in the city of Ponta Delgada in the Azores. Clouds from the remnants of Ana also caused rain in the United Kingdom. Two ships experienced tropical storm force winds because of Ana.
Ana was the second subtropical cyclone on record in the Atlantic basin in the month of April. When the storm became a tropical cyclone, it was also the first Atlantic tropical storm in the month of April. Because the damage from Ana was not bad, the name "Ana" was not retired by the World Meteorological Organization. The name is expected to be used in the future 2009 season.

Hymenoptera
Hymenoptera is one a larger orders of insects comprising the sawflies, wasps, bees, and ants. The name is derived from the Greek words "hymen" meaning "membrane" and "ptera" meaning "wings". The name is appropriate not only for the membranous nature of the wings, but also for the manner in which they are "joined together as one" by the hamuli.

Syrian American
Syrian Americans are citizens of the United States of Syrian ancestry or nationality. This ethnic group includes Americans of Syrian ancestry, Syrian first generation immigrants, or descendants of Syrians who immigrated to the United States. It is believed that Syrians first arrived in the United States in large numberwas in 1880. Many of the earliest Syrian Americans settled in New York, Boston, and Detroit. Immigration from Syria to the United States was stopped for a long time after the United States Congress passed the Immigration Act of 1924, which made it very had to immigrate.
More than forty years later, the Immigration Act of 1965, removed the quotas and immigration from Syria to the United States increased very much. It is estimated that 64,600 Syrians immigrated to the United States between 1961 and 2000.
Most of the Syrian immigrants to the US from 1880 to 1960 were Christian; a small minority were Jewish, Muslim Syrians arrived in the United States mostly after 1965. According to the United States 2000 Census, there were 142,897 Americans of Syrian ancestry, about 12% of the Arab population in the United States.
History.
It is believed that the first Syrian immigrants arrived in the United States from Greater Syria in the 1880s and worked as peddlers, selling linen and other similar types of goods. Before 1920, the area now known as Syria was actually part of Greater Syria, an area which included the four modern countries of Lebanon, Jordan, Palestine, and Syria itself. Most immigrants from the region were classified as "Syrian," even though they were not ethnic Syrian; some were even registered as Syrian Turks as Syria was under Ottoman rule for 400 years. Because of this there is some when trying to work out how many Syrians arrived in the early years.
Most of the early Syrian immigrants came from Christian villages around Mount Lebanon. According to historian Philip Hitti, approximately 90,000 "Syrians" arrived in the United States between 1899 and 1919. An estimated 1,000 official entries per year came from the governorates of Damascus and Aleppo, which are governorates in modern-day Syria, in the period between 1900 and 1916. Early immigrants settled mainly in Eastern United States, in the cities of New York City, Boston and Detroit and the Paterson, NJ area.
According to the United States 2000 Census, there are 142,897 Americans of Syrian ancestry living in the United States. New York City has the biggest concentration of Syrian Americans in the United States. Other urban areas, including Boston, Dearborn, New Orleans, Toledo, Cedar Rapids, and Houston have large Syrian populations. Syrian Americans are also numerous in Southern California (i.e. the Los Angeles and San Diego areas) and Arizona.
Pre-1965.
The first Syrian immigrants to the United States wore traditional clothing, this along with the fact that they tended to work as peddlers, led to some xenophobia. Dr. A. J. McLaughlin, the United States health officer at Marine Hospital, described Syrians as "parasites in their peddling habits." U.S. authorities claimed that Syrians had no right to become naturalized because they were Asian and did not belong to the white race. However, Syrians reacted quickly to assimilate fully into their new culture. Immigrants Anglicized their names, adopted the English language and common Christian denominations.
Syrians did not stay together in urban areas; many of the immigrants who had worked as peddlers were in contact with Americans on a daily basis. This helped them to absorb and learn the language and customs of their new homeland. Also military service during World War I and World War II helped assimilation. Assimilation of early Syrian immigrants was so successful that it has become difficult to recognize the ancestors of many families which have become completely Americanized.
After 1965.
After 1965 Immigration was mostly Muslim, and unlike their Christian counterparts they found it a bit harder assimilating because of their Islamic faith and the anti-assimilationist trend in America of the 1960s and 1970s. Also they are fond of their identity as Arabs, which might be a result of the bloom in multiculturalism to respect their Islamic religious customs and traditions in the United States.
Language.
Syrians are mainly Arabic speakers. While some may speak the formal literary Arabic, many Syrians speak Syrian Arabic, a dialect which belongs to the Levantine Arabic family of dialects. There are also sub-dialects in Syrian Arabic; for example, people from Aleppo have a distinct accent, one that differs considerably from that of people from Homs or Al-Hasakah. Syrians can usually understand the dialects of most Arabs, especially those who speak any form of Levantine Arabic.
Many old Syrian American families no longer speak Arabic because many parents do not teach their children Arabic. Newer immigrants, however, maintain their language traditions. The 2000 census shows that 79.9% of Syrian Americans speak English "very well". Throughout the United States, there are schools which offer Arabic language classes; there are also some Eastern Orthodox churches which hold Arabic services. Also to note Syria and Lebanon were briefly under French rule between 1918 and 1943 when they obtained independence, so many Syrian Americans are familiar with the French language.

Dipole antenna
The dipole antenna is one of the most important and commonly used type of radio frequency (RF) antenna. It is widely used on its own. It is also used in many other RF antenna designs where it forms the radiating or driven element for the antenna.
Basic facts dipole antenna.
The dipole antenna is made of two poles into which radio frequency current flows. This current and the voltage causes an electromagnetic or radio signal to be radiated. Being more specific, a dipole is usually an antenna that uses a resonant length of conductor. This conductor is cut so it can be connected to the what is sending the signal. For resonance, the length of the conductor is an odd number of half wavelengths long. In most cases a single half-wavelength is used.
Length of a dipole antenna.
The length of a dipole is very important for selecting the frequency that the antenna will work at. The antenna is an electrical half wavelength, or multiple of half wavelengths. This is not the same length as the wavelength for a signal travelling through air. There are a number of reasons for this. This means that an antenna will be a small amount shorter than the length calculated for a wave moving in air.
For a half wave dipole, the length for a wave moving in air is calculated. This number is multiplied by a factor "A". "A" is normally between 0.96 and 0.98. It is affected by the ratio of the length of the antenna to the thickness of the wire or tube used poles.
Uses of dipole antennas.
Dipole antennas are used for many different things. These include television antennas (commonly referred to as "rabbit ears"), shortwave radio antennas and whip antennas.

Analog signal processing
Analog signal processors is used to provide brief signal manipulation that can be very complex to handle any other way. A Comparator is used to offer level triggers correct down to microvolts with reaction times in the picoseconds. Analog filters offer anti-aliasing in sampled value systems as inputs and outputs, and can be as pre-filters in audio and communications. Analog multipliers and dividers are used to offer brief gain control, radiometric function, or continuous energy measurement, with surprising accuracy. Over-voltage protection applications can protect the front-end of analog transmission/receiver systems, multiplexers. Amplification and filtering for noise removal are the main feature of analog signal processing.

Delta Goodrem
Delta Lea Goodrem (Born November 9, 1984) is an Australian actress and singer. Her first single, "I Don't Care", charted as high as #64 on Australia's ARIA Singles Chart in 2001. In the following year, Goodrem took up the role of a schoolgirl named Nina Tucker in the Australian soap opera "Neighbours". This helped her into becoming a well known musician.
Innocent Eyes.
Delta Goodrem released her second single "Born to Try" in 2002. It charted at #1 on the ARIA Singles Charts for one week. Her third single, "Lost Without You", was released in February 2003. It charted at #1 on the ARIA Singles Charts for two separate weeks. Her album, "Innocent Eyes", was released in March the same year. It was on the charts for 29 weeks. A single of the same name ("Innocent Eyes") was later released in June, followed by the release of two more singles from the album, "Not Me, Not I" and "Predictable".
Mistaken Identity.
In late 2004, Goodrem released the first single, "Out of the Blue", from her second album. The album, "Mistaken Identity", was released a month later. Other singles from the album include "Mistaken Identity", "A Little Too Late" and a duet with Brian McFadden, "Almost Here".
Together We Are One.
Delta Goodrem was asked to write a song for the 2006 Commonwealth Games Opening Ceremony and perform in the event herself. The single, "Together We Are One", was released on the "Commonwealth Games: Melbourne 2006 Opening Ceremony" compilation.
Delta.
In 2007, Goodrem released a single titled "In This Life". It was from her third studio album "Delta" which was released a month later. Other singles from this album include "Believe Again", "You Will Only Break My Heart" and "I Can't Break It To My Heart".

Tiber River
The Tiber River is a river in Italy. It originates in the Appenine mountains in Umbria and flows through Rome until flowing into the Tyrrhenian Sea.

Flag of Italy
The flag of Italy is a tricolour flag. It has three same-sized vertical strips of green, white, and red, with green being at the hoist side. Its current form was adopted on 1 January 1948.

Venom (comics)
Venom is a villain character in the Spider-Man world.

Kele Okereke
Kelechukwu Rowland Okereke or Kele Okereke is a singer and guitar player for the rock band Bloc Party. He was born in Liverpool in England, United Kingdom but his parents are from Nigeria. He was born on 13 October 1981, which means he is now 27 years old.

Russell Lissack
Russell Lissack is a guitar player for the rock band Bloc Party and is also in the band Pin Me Down. He was born in Chingford in England, United Kingdom. He was born on 11 March 1981 which means he is now 27 years old.

Matt Tong
Matthew Chee Hung Tong or Matt Tong plays the drums for the rock band Bloc Party. He was born in Bournemouth in England, United Kingdom but his parents were originally from China. He was born on April 29 1979, which means he is now 29 years old. In 2006, he married Brooke Vermillion.

Gordon Moakes
Gordon Peter Moakes (born June 22 1976) is an English bass guitar player and singer for the rock band Bloc Party. He can also play the drums and Glockenspiel. He was born in Milton Keynes, England, United Kingdom. He is the oldest member of Bloc Party.
Gordon has a tattoo of a heart on his left arm and he has a new-born child called Scarlet.

With the Lights Out
"With the Lights Out" is a box set album by the American grunge band Nirvana. It was released on November 23, 2004 on Geffen Records.
It was the only box set by Nirvana, and it one of several albums by Nirvana after the band broke up because the lead singer and guitarist Kurt Cobain died in 1994.

The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People
The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People is a book by Stephen R. Covey.
This book is about Ethics or Philosophy. It was published in 1989 and sold more than 15 million.

Kirchhoff's circuit law
In 1845, German physicist Gustav kirchhoff first described two laws.
In electromagnetics field these laws are action to generalization of ohm's law.
This Kirchhoff's circuit law is very useful solving in circuit problem.
kirchhoff's current law, also known as Kirchhoff's first law and Kirchhoff's junction law.
This law states that 'The sum of current into a junction equals the sum of current out of the joining'.
This Kirchhoff's junction law is same.
In junction an electric charge's sum preservation law is applied.
If the first of the current's value is i2 and i3 these divides two of current i1 and i4. Then this equation(i1 + i4 = i2 + i3) satisfies.
This Kirchhoff's first law is that the electron is not disappear or created in junction point.
This is based by an electric charge preservation law.
Kirchhoff's voltage law, also known as Kirchhoff's second law, a closed circuit law and Kirchhoff's loop law.
The algebraic sum of the voltage (potential) differences in any loop must equal zero.(This circuit is a closed circuit)
Because any complex circuit is divided in many closed circuit.
This mean that in the circuit there are an electric cell and electric resistance.
So the electric cell give to electron the electromotive force, and then in the electric resistance this electromotive force is disappear by it.
But in electric resistance if our direction is opposit with current's direction, this electric resistance is help to electromotive force.
This Kirchhoff's second law is based by energy preservation law.

Peter Henlein
Peter Henlein (or Henle or Hele) (1479/1480 – August 1542), was a locksmith and watchmaker from Nuremberg. He is often said to be the inventor of the watch. This is disputed. Henlein was certainly one of the first makers of the watch. Although many say that Henlein invented the mainspring, there are descriptions and two surviving examples show that spring driven clocks had already been made by the early 1400s. He did make improvements to the balance spring, which made it possible to make the watches smaller.
Around 1504 to 1508 Henlein did make a a watch; a small, drum-shaped "Taschenuhr". It could run for forty hours before it needed rewinding. They were small enough to be worn around the neck, or carried in a bag or pocket. His watch only had an hour hand.

Microfabrication
Microfabrication is made up of the words micro and fabrication. Micro is a prefix in SI and other systems of units denoting a factor of 10−6. So it means very small. Fabrication means making or producing goods, equipment, etc. from various different materials.
So microfabrication is a term that describes the manipulation of the process that is small-scale, micro-miniature, micromanufacturing micrometre size or structure. Historically the earliest micromanufacturing was used for semiconductor devices in integrated circuit fabrication and these processes have been covered by the term "semiconductor device fabrication," "semiconductor manufacturing," etc. A variety of devices and small arms in various fields of science and engineering presents a challenge: physics, chemistry, materials science, computer science, Ultra - precision engineering, manufacturing process and has designed equipment. It will create a wide variety of research.
The major concepts and principles of micromanufacturing are laser technology and microlithography.

Cavity magnetron
Magnetron is a tube for microwave. It is used to radar an electronic oven.
Magnetron is invented by American in 1921. It operates using the positive pole and a negative plate.
Magnetron operates with a spiral motion. It has high frequency, so it has efficient ability.

Sanghar
Sanghar () is a city in the Sindh province of Pakistan. The city is headquarters of Sanghar District and Sanghar Taluka (a subdivision of the district). It is an agricultural town about 265km from Karachi. Unfortunately, there is no railway station and airport in the city. But the city does have road links with Hyderabad, Nawabshah, Mirpur Khas and other major cities of Sindh.

Dadu
Dadu () is town in Sindh, Pakistan. Dadu is the capital of Dadu District.

Hyderabad City Taluka
Hyderabad City Taluka is an administrative subdivision (taluka) of Hyderabad District in the Sindh province of Pakistan. Hyderabad District is divided into 4 talukas, the Urban area around the capital Hyderabad is part of Hyderabad City Taluka.
Administration.
The Taluka of Hyderabad city is administratively subdivided into 11 Union Councils.
History.
During British rule the city of Hyderabad became the headquarters of Hyderabad Taluka - and for a time was part of the Bombay Presidency of British India.
According to the 1901 census, the taluka contained only one town - the capital Hyderabad (population, 69,378). The taluka also at this time contained 98 villages and the population was 138,021, compared with 122,507 in 1891.

Hyderabad
Hyderabad can mean more than one city.

Hyderabad Taluka (rural)
Hyderabad Taluka (rural) is an administrative subdivision (taluka) of Hyderabad District in the Sindh province of Pakistan. Hyderabad district is subdivided into 4 talukas, the Urban area around the capital Hyderabad is part of Hyderabad City Taluka.

Hatri
Hatri is a Union Council of Hyderabad Taluka (rural) in the Sindh province of Pakistan. It has a population of 29,719, and is located at 25°28'0N 68°24'0E lying to the north-east of the district capital - Hyderabad.

Masu Bhurgri
Masu Bhurgri is a Union Council of Hyderabad Taluka (rural) in the Sindh province of Pakistan. It has a population of 24,362. It is located at 25°30'0N 68°28'0E to the north-east of the district capital - Hyderabad.

Moosa Khatiyan
Masu Bhurgri is a Union Council of Hyderabad Taluka (rural) in the Sindh province of Pakistan.

Haji Sawan Khan Gopang
Haji Sawan Khan Gopang is a Union Council of Hyderabad Taluka (rural) in the Sindh province of Pakistan. It has a population of 24,005.

Tando Qaiser
Tando Qaisar is a town and Union Council of Hyderabad District in the Sindh province of Pakistan. It is located at 25°22'60N 68°31'0E to the east of the district capital Hyderabad.

Tando Hyder
Tando Hyder is a town and Union Council of Hyderabad District in the Sindh province of Pakistan. It is part of the rural Taluka of Hyderabad and is located at 25°22'60N 68°25'60E and lies to the east of the capital Hyderabad.

Husri
Husri is a town and Union Council of Hyderabad District in the Sindh province of Pakistan. It is part of the rural Taluka of Hyderabad. It is located at 25°19'0N 68°25'0E and is south-east of the capital Hyderabad.

Moolan
Moolan is a town and Union Council of Hyderabad District in the Sindh province of Pakistan. It is part of the rural Taluka of Hyderabad.

Tando Fazal
Tando Fazal is a town and Union Council of Hyderabad District in the Sindh province of Pakistan. It is part of the rural Taluka of Hyderabad and is located at. It is south-east of the capital Hyderabad.

Tando Jam
Tando Jam (ٽنڊوڄام) is a town and Union Council of Hyderabad District in the Sindh province of Pakistan. It is located at 25°25'60N 68°31'60E and lies about 20 km away from Hyderabad city and 5 km from Tando Qaiser. It lies on the Hyderabad to Mirpurkhas Road.

Jacobabad
Jacobabad is the capital city of Jacobabad District in the Sindh province of Pakistan. The city is also the administrative centre of Jacobabad Taluka, a subdivision of the district. The city itself is subdivided into 8 Union Councils.
Jacobabad is located at. The city is crossed by the Pakistan Railways and many main roads of the province. Jacobabad is said to be one of the hottest cities in Pakistan.
During British rule, as part of British India, the town was the headquarters of the Upper Sind Frontier District of the Bombay Presidency. It was famous for having the highest temperature in the Indian Subcontinent. In June the temperature is between 120° and 127°F (49 to 53°C).
The town was founded near the village of Khangarh in 1847 by Brigadier General John Jacob. General Jacob died here in 1858 and the city still bears his name.

Upper Sind Frontier District
Upper Sind Frontier District was a district of the Bombay Presidency during British Rule in what is now the Sindh province of Pakistan. Sind is an old spelling of Sindh.
The district was the northernmost part Sindh, it was bordered tothe north and west by the Dera Ghazi Khan District of the Punjab and by Baluchistan; on the south by Sukkur District; and on the east by the river Indus.
Population.
The District contained one town, Jacobabad and 390 villages, according to the 1872 census it has a population of 115,050. In 1881 the population was 145,180. In 1891 the population had risen to 174,548. According to the 1901 census the population was 232,045.
The increase in 1901 was the largest, this was due to immigration from Baluchistan and the Punjab as well as a change in the borders of the district. According to the 1901 census, the main language was Sindhi. Sindh was spoken by 165,110 people in 1901 (71 per cent). The Baluchi and Siraiki languages were also spoken in all parts of the District. Muslims formed 90 per cent of the total population and Hindus 9 per cent.

Haptic
Origin of haptic.
The word Haptic comes from the Greek Haphe, meaning "pertaining to the sense of touch", and comes from the Greek word haptesthai meaning "to contact” or “to touch”.
Definition of haptic.
Existing computer technology to the human and computer information exchange has been used mainly audio-visual information. However, the user through the virtual reality want to be more specific and realistic information, and is designed to feel the passing touch and force haptic technology.
Field of haptic.
Haptis are divided into the 'force feedback' and 'tactile feedback'
Force feedback.
'Force feedback' is the technology that user to feel the power and movements.
For example, the park that are dynamic in the movie in the film as a moving screen, move the chair forward speed and sense of the conflict that their audience will feel like scenes. This is an example haeptikseuui using force feedback.
Tactile feedback.
'Tactile feedback' place in the field of medicine that is used a lot. On a computer screen and watch the virtual 3-dimensional anatomical structure of the patient directly to the affected part of the 3-D video in real-time sisulhal a notice on your computer screen. And the compressed air and electrical machinery, such as moving suyonggi using a small pin and, in fact, feels like touching the skin and is passed to implement the reality of the situation is almost similar to the environment.
Future of haptic.
In the future, the output of the computer device used to monitor, speakers, as well as standard haptic devices is expected to go. In addition, the leisure industry, with the 21st century haptic technology has many economical potential, haptic technology for the study will be very active.

Jamshoro
Jamshoro (Urdu: جامشورو) is the capital city of Jamshoro District in the Sindh province of Pakistan. It is located on the right bank of Indus River. It is about 18 kilometres north-west of the city of Hyderabad.

Khairpur, Pakistan
Khairpur (Urdu: خیرپور) (khīr´poor) is the twelfth largest city in the province of Sindh in southeast Pakistan. Today it is the capital of Khairpur District. It was once the capital of the former princely state of Khayrpur.
Population.
According to the 1998 census, the population of the city was 102,188 having increased from 61,447 at the 1981 census.

Khayrpur (princely state)
Khayrpur or Khairpur was a princely state on the Indus River in what is now Pakistan, with its capital city at Khayrpur. Together with Bahawalpur to the north-east, the state was included with the Punjab states rather than the neighbouring Rajputana states (now Rajasthan) to the east.

Bahawalpur (princely state)
Bahawalpur was a princely state of the Punjab in what is now Pakistan, stretching along the southern bank of the Sutlej and Indus Rivers, with its capital city at Bahawalpur.
In 1941, the state had a population of 1,341,209 living in an area of 45,911 km² (17,494 sq mi). It was divided into three districts: Bahawalpur, Rahimyar Khan and Bahawalnagar.
The state was created in 1690 by Bahadur Khan II. In 1833 Nawab Mohammad Bahawal Khan III signed an agreement with the British guaranteeing the independence of the Nawab from the British. The state agreed to become part of Pakistan on 7 October 1947. The state was then merged into the province of West Pakistan on 14 October 1955.
Languages.
Siraiki (also called Riasti) is the main language spoken. Urdu and Punjabi are also major languages.

Dokri Taluka
Dokri Taluka (Sindhi: ڏوڪري تعلقو) is an administrative subdivision (taluka) of Larkana District in the Sindh province of Pakistan, the city of Larkana is the capital.. This taluka is located to the south of Larkana city. The most populated town in this taluka is Badah. Dadu and Rice canals pass through this taluka.
Administration.
Dokri Taluka is administratively subdivided into 13 Union Councils.

Larkana
Larkana or Larkano (لاڑکانہ) is city of the Sindh Province, Pakistan. The city is the capital of Larkana District. In August 2000 Larkana celebrated its hundred years of existence. It is located on the south bank of the Ghar canal, 40 miles south of Shikarpur town, and 36 north-east of Mehar.
History.
During British rule Larkana became headquarters of Larkana District and Larkana Taluka - and for a time was part of the Bombay Presidency of British India. Also the North-Western Railway passed through the town. The population according to the 1901 census was 14,543.
Language.
Sindhi is the main language but Siraikis, a dialect of Sindhi is also spoken, which is similar to the Sindhi language. Sindhi and English are the official languages.

Larkana Taluka
Larkana Taluka is an administrative subdivision (taluka) of Larkana District in the Sindh province of Pakistan, the city of Larkana is the capital.
History.
During British rule Larkana became headquarters of Larkana District and Larkana Taluka - and for a time was part of the Bombay Presidency of British India.
In 1901 the population was 100,827, compared with 90,15l in 1891. At that time the taluka contains one town, Larkana and 72 villages.
Administration.
Larkana Taluka is administratively subdivided into 18 Union Councils.

Mirpur Khas
Mirpur Khas (Urdu/Sindhi: میرپور خاص; meaning "the land of the most high mirs") is a city located in the province of Sindh in Pakistan. It is the fourth largest city in the province with an estimated population of 124,371 (1981). It is the capital of Mirpur Khas District.
Its soil is fertile and the city is known for its horticulture produce and farming, of which the most celebrated is the mango cultivation with hundreds of varieties of mangoes produced each year.

Allahabad, Sindh
Allahabad is a town of Nawabshah District in the southern Sindh province of Pakistan. It is located at 26°53'30N 67°45'0E.

Nawabshah Airport
Nawabshah Airport is located at Nawabshah, Sindh, Pakistan.

Naushahro Feroze
Naushahro Feroze () is town in Naushahro Feroze District, Sindh, Pakistan. It is the capital of Naushahro Feroze District.

Tando Allahyar
Tando Allahyar (Urdu: ٹنڈو اللہ یار, Sindhi: ٽنڊو الهيار) is a town in Sindh, Pakistan. It is the capital of Tando Allahyar District.

Began Jarwar
Began Jarwar is a town and Union Council of Tando Allahyar District in the Sindh Province of Pakistan. It is part of Chamber Taluka and is located in the south of the district to the south-east of the district capital Tando Allahyar at 25°25'35N 68°50'20E. The population of the Union Council is 41,890.

Bukera Sharif
Bukera Sharif is a town and Union Council of Tando Allahyar District in the Sindh Province of Pakistan. It is part of Tando Allahyar Taluka located in the south-west of the district.

Dad Khan Jarwar
Dad Khan Jarwar is a town and Union Council of Tando Allahyar District in the Sindh Province of Pakistan, it has a population of 65,295. It is and is part of Chamber Taluka and is located in the south of the district at 25°19'5N 68°43'20E.

Dasori
Dasori is a town and Union Council of Tando Allahyar District in the Sindh Province of Pakistan. It has a population of 49,427 and is part of Jhando Mari Taluka.

Dhaghano Bozdar
Dhaghano Bozdar is a town and Union Council of Tando Allahyar District in the Sindh Province of Pakistan. The Union Council has a population of 56,892 and is part of Tando Allahyar Taluka, it is located in the west of the district.

Mirabad
Mirabad is a town and Union Council of Tando Allahyar District in the Sindh Province of Pakistan. It has a population of 57,361, and is located in the north-east of the district where it forms part of Jhando Mari Taluka.

Missan
Missan is a Union Council of Tando Allahyar District in Sindh, Pakistan. It is one of the largest Union Councils of the District, it has a population of over 13,000.

Pak Singhar
Pak Singhar is a town and Union Council of Tando Allahyar District in the Sindh Province of Pakistan. It is and is part of Tando Allahyar Taluka and is located to the south-east of the capital. The Union Council has a population of 43,473.

Piyaro Lund
Piyaro Lund is a town and Union Council of Tando Allahyar District in the Sindh Province of Pakistan, it has a population of 23,613. It is and is part of Jhando Mari Taluka and is located in the south of the district at.

Sanjar Chang
Piyaro Lund is a town and Union Council of Tando Allahyar District in the Sindh Province of Pakistan. It is and is part of Chamber Taluka and is located in the south-east of the district, the Union Council has a population of 35,169.

Shaikh Moosa
Shaikh Moosa is a town and Union Council of Tando Allahyar District in the Sindh Province of Pakistan. It is part of Tando Allahyar Taluka and is located in the centre of the district, the Union Council has a population of 65,776.

Tando Soomaro
Tando Soomro, or Tando Soomaro, is a village and Union Council of Tando Allahyar District in the Sindh province of Pakistan. Tando Soomro lies 7km to the north-west of the district capital - Tando Allahyar at 25°31'60N 68°40'60E.
Demography.
Tando Soomro has many different communities or ‘Zaats’. There are two main communities in Tando Soomro: Nizamanis and Khaskhalis. There are also Maachhis, Bhayas, Narayjaas, Gurati Hindus, Dayaas, Syeds or Shah, Mirzas, Manganhars, Menghwaars, Koriyaa & Pashtuns, Wadhaas, Shiekh or Khatis, Shoraas, Brohis, Pakhiara or Kihaas and Mirjats. The number of non-Muslims is 16,786, or 32% of the population which is significantly higher than the national average of 4%.

Jalalabad
Jalalabad (جلال اباد) is a city in eastern Afghanistan. It is located where the Kabul and Kunar rivers meet near the Laghman valley. Jalalabad is the capital of Nangarhar province, it is linked by about of road with Kabul to the west. It is also about the same distance to Peshawar in Pakistan to the east.
The people of Jalalabad are a mixture of Pashtun and the Dari-speaking Tajiks. Sunni Islam is the main religion of the people. The Turi Pashtuns and Dari-speaking Kizilbash/Qizilbash people practice the Shia form of Islam. The Shia however suffered under the former Taliban government.

Politics of Pakistan
The Politics of Pakistan has seen many changes over the years. The military have sometimes been running the country. Recently however the country has returned to democratic rule.
Pakistan is a federal republic, at the moment, the President of Pakistan is the head of state and the Prime Minister is head of government.

President of Pakistan
The President of Pakistan (Urdū: صدر "Sadr-e-Mumlikat") is the head of state of Pakistan. Pakistan has a parliamentary form of government. According to the Constitution, the President is chosen by the Electoral College to serve a five-year term. The electoral college is made up of the Senate, National Assembly, and the provincial assemblies.
The position of president in Pakistan has usually been one of a figurehead. That is with real power being given to the Prime Minister. However the power of the president has changed over the years, due to the military changing the role.
History.
In 1947, Pakistan became a dominion and part of the British Commonwealth with the British Monarch as head of state, represented by the Governor-General of Pakistan. In 1956 Pakistan established its first constitution and became a Republic, and the Queen and Governor-General were replaced by the president.
Pakistan's first president was Iskander Mirza, who was also the last Governor General. In 1958, he removed the constitution and declared martial law. A few weeks later, he was overthrown by General Ayub Khan, who then declared himself president. The constitution was changed and the president became the ruler of Pakistan. The constitution also said that the president be elected by the people. Elections were held in 1963, and Khan defeated Fatima Jinnah, sister of founder of Pakistan, Muhammad Ali Jinnah.

Justicia adhatoda
Justicia adhatoda (Adulsa, Malabar Nut; syn. Adhatoda vasica Nees) is a medicinal plant native to Asia. The plant is found wild all over Nepal, India, Pothohar region of Pakistan.

Bakrani
Bakrani (Sindhi: باڪراڻي) is a town in Larkana District, Sindh province of Pakistan. This town is situated at a distance of 12km to the south of Larkana city on the Larkana-Mohenjo-daro road. It has an altitude of 53 metres and is the headquarters of Bakrani Taluka.

Ephedra (genus)
Ephedra is a genus of gymnosperm shrubs, the only genus in the family Ephedraceae and order Ephedrales. These plants occur in dry climates over a wide area mainly in the northern hemisphere.

Ratodero
Ratodero is the capital of Ratodero Taluka a "sub-division" of Larkana District in the Sindh province of Pakistan. It is located some 30 km away from the district capital Larkana.
Famous People.
There have been many people from Ratodero including two former Prime Ministers - Zulfikar and Benazir Bhutto.

Languages of Pakistan
English is the official language of Pakistan while Urdu is the national language despite not being a native language or being the mother tongue of any native group in the country.

Bismarck rock days
The Bismarck Rock Days "(german: Bismarcker Rocktage)" is a free outdoors music festival. It is held in Gelsenkirchen-Bismarck. The rock days are initiated by Consol4.
The festival.
The rock days runs three days in summer. Food and beverage are available for the ordinary festival prices during the live performances.
Glass bottles are prohibited because danger of injuring when glass is slashing on the ground. Allowed are all other kinds of beverage stuff.
The performing live bands are mostly from around the ruhr area and after their performance they can sell their demo / album releases.
Food and beer for the bands are for free.
Bismarck rock days 2008.
The first rock days were in the time of July 25 o July 27 in 2008.
25. Juli 2008 - Hard N Punk
26. Juli 2008 - Alternative / Hard Rock
27. Juli 2008 - Cover / Pop

Empedocles
Empedocles (Greek: Ἐμπεδοκλῆς, ca. 490–430 BC) was a Greek pre-Socratic philosopher and a person who lived in Agrigentum, a Greek colony in Sicily. Empedocles' philosophy is best known for being the origin of the cosmogenic theory of the four classical elements. He also proposed powers called Love and Strife which would act as forces to bring about the mixture and separation of the elements. These physical speculations were part of a history of the universe which also dealt with the origin and development of life. Influenced by the Pythagoreans, he supported the doctrine of reincarnation. Empedocles is generally considered the last Greek philosopher to record his ideas in verse. Some of his work still survives today, more so than in the case of any other Presocratic philosopher. Empedocles' death was mythologized by ancient writers, and has been the subject of a number of literary treatments.

Forensic psychology
Forensic psychology is a branch of psychology that works with the law and legal system. Forensic psychologists collect, examine and present evidence to court.

Tag team
In professional wrestling, a tag team is a team of two wrestlers who are working together as a team (more than two is called a stable). Most of the time they are close partners and backstage friends who team with each other almost all the time, while other times they are wrestlers that fight by themselves most of the time who team together for just one match.
They usually wrestle against the same number of other wrestlers on the other team or teams, however in the occasional "handicap match" there may be more wrestlers on one team then the other, for example André the Giant often wrestled against two or more opponents.

Tajja
Tajja(타짜 in korean) means a professional gambler in Korea. Tajja is a comic book drew by the korean best cartoonist "Heo Young-Man", written by the author "Kim Se-Young". This novel was once serialized in the newspaper 'Donga-ilbo'. Tajja was made in a book on 2006 september 28th. Tajja has made a 'Tajja syndrome' right away the publication among the adult readers. Recently, although this comic book is a adult-comic, every ages and sex is watching this comic book. Tajja has shown the human's desire in the front.
To do so, cartoonist "Heo Young-Man" based on a thorough collection of data by himself. He went everywhere if you could gather a information about his comic.
Tajja won high praises without stint through it's production that perfectly penetrated the material and a reality which it makes us an illusion like we are watching a movie.
Because Heo Young-Man is the cartoonist who korean likes the best, the reader can feel Heo Young-Man's value through Tajja.
The story is about a guy who is born in South Korea, Busan. He was a normal child as others.
But one day he went to a gambling house by coincidence. That was the problem, he lost all of his money, and brought his sisters money which must be used in a marriage of her sister.
Of course he lost all of his money again. So the story starts from now on to be a professional gambler and gather lots of money.

Opportunity cost
Opportunity cost is the value of the next best thing after making a decision.

Virgin Killer
Virgin Killer is the fourth album by the German heavy metal band Scorpions. It was released in 1976, and it helped the Scorpions gain fans outside Europe. The album's cover has caused controversy, as it features a naked young girl. Some of the band members have said that the cover is okay, but others have said that they feel bad about releasing it. Some magazines and websites, such as "Cracked" and Gigwise.com, have called it one of the worst album covers of all time.
In 2008, the English Wikipedia page for "Virgin Killer" was put on a blacklist (a list of bad content) by the Internet Watch Foundation (IWF), a UK organization. Because of this, many major Internet service providers (ISPs) in the UK were banned from seeing the page. The IWF called the cover "indecent".

Dendrobium
Dendrobium is one of the largest families of orchids with somewhere around 1000 species being known. Being such a large family creates much diversity. Dendrobiums are found only in the Eastern Hemisphere and range from Australia, throughout the South Pacific and Philippines, Southeast Asia, and India, and a small representation in Japan.

BBC HD
BBC HD is a high-definition television channel provided by the BBC. The service was initially run as a trial from 15 May 2006 until becoming a full service on 1 December 2007. The first HD originated program to be shown on the channel was "Planet Earth", shown on 27 May 2006.

Yulia Barsukova
Yulia Vladimirovna Barsukova (sometimes spelled Youlia Barsoukova Ю́лия Влади́мировна Барсуко́ва, December 31, 1979, Moscow,Russia) is a Russian former rhythmic gymnast. She won the all-around gold medal at the Sydney Olympics. She left gymnastic to pursue a career in couple figure skating alongside her ex-husband and soon left the sport and gave birth to a child in 2008.

Book of Baruch
The Book of Baruch, sometimes called 1 Baruch, is a deuterocanonical or apocryphal book of the Bible. Even though it is not in the Hebrew Bible, it is in the Greek Bible (LXX) and in the Vulgate Bible, and also in Theodotion's version of the Bible.

Korea Baseball Organization
Korea baseball organization.
The Korea baseball organization(KBO) manages and administrates Korean professional baseball League. In addition, KBO works on many things about baseball. First of all, KBO collects and keeps baseball records. Second, KBO supports amateur baseball. Third, KBO works for international exchange or activities such as Olympic game and World Baseball Classic(WBC) and so on. Fourth, KBO supplies and develops baseball skills. KBO was established with Korean professional baseball league in 1982. KBO’s main office is located in 946-16, Do-kok dong(Korean: 도곡동), Kang-nam ku(Korean: 강남구), Seoul(Korean: 서울), South Korea. In Korean league, there are 8 teams which are Lotte Giants, Samsung Lions, SK Wyverns, LG Twins, Doosan Bears, Hanwha Eagles, KIA Tigers, and Woori Heroes.
Korean league.
Each team plays totally 126 games per one year. These 126 games are called the pennant race. After the pennant race, top four teams go to tournament. Firstly, semi-final game is called semi-play off. In this Semi-playoff, two teams (3rd and 4th in the pennant race) play the game and a team which wins 3 games of total 5 games goes to the next stage. The next stage is called playoff. And this is also 3 out of 5(A team wins 3 games first, then that team can go to next stage.). In playoff, a team which is a winner of semi-playoff plays with 2nd team in the pennant race. A winner of playoff plays with 1st team in the pennant race. This is called Korean series. This is 4 out of 7. (If a team wins 4 games first, that team becomes the team of that year.) In Korean league, there is also all star game like major league baseball(MLB)in America. KBO manages all of these games.
Organizaion.
The president of KBO is Shin Sang-woo in 2008. The Secretary General is Ha Il-sung who was a sportscaster. KBO consists of many groups such as an executive office, KBOP, an umpire committee, a record committee and an education committee. As not permanent committees, there are a prizes and penalties committee, a rules committee and an advisory committee.

Scorpions (band)
Scorpions are a heavy metal/hard rock band from Hanover, Germany, probably best known for their 1980s rock anthem "Rock You Like a Hurricane" and their singles "No One Like You", "Still Loving You", and "Wind of Change". The band has sold over 75 million albums worldwide and were ranked #46 on VH1's "Greatest Artists of Hard Rock" program.

Internet Watch Foundation
The Internet Watch Foundation (IWF) is a organization in the United Kingdom that gets reports from people and acts on those reports. They help remove things that could be illegal content on the Internet.

Shakargarh
Shakargarh, the headquarters of Shakargarh Tehsil, is a city in the north-east of Pakistan in Narowal District of Punjab province. The city is located at 32°16'0N 75°10'0E and is situated at the west bank of the Ravi River.
History.
In old times Shakargarh was used as a route for the Mughals to enter Gurdaspur and going to Delhi. During British rule (before the independence of Pakistan), Shakargarh town became the capital of Shakargarh Tehsil.
In 1947 when the British were leaving, they divided British India between Pakistan and the modern republic of India. The border between the two countries was known as the Radcliffe Line (this was named after Cyril John Radcliffe who drew the borders). The line divided Shakargarh from the rest of Gurdaspur district (which then became part of India). Shakargarh then became part of Sialkot District, however when Narowal District was created in 1991, Shakargarh became part of that district.

X-Forwarded-For
The X-Forwarded-For (XFF) HTTP header is a standard for finding the where IP address of a client connecting to a web server through an HTTP proxy or load balancer comes from.

BT Group
British Telecommunications Group plc which trades as BT, (sometimes known as British Telecom and still occasionally referred to by that name) is the privatised UK state telecommunications operator.
BT Group is the largest communications service provider in the United Kingdom.

Virgin Media
Virgin Media Inc. (formerly known as ntl:Telewest, after a merger of NTL Incorporated with Telewest Global, Inc.), became in 2006 the first "quadruple-play" media company in the United Kingdom, bringing together a service consisting of television, Internet, mobile phone and fixed-line telephone services.

Be Unlimited
Be Unlimited, or simply "Be", is a growing UK Internet service provider. "Be Unlimited" and "Be" are trading names of "Be Un Limited".

Demon Internet
Demon Internet is a British Internet Service Provider. It was one of the earliest ISPs, one of the UK's first, especially targeting the "dialup" audience starting on 1 June 1992 from an idea posted on CIX by Cliff Stanford of Demon Systems Ltd.

List of General Secretaries of the Soviet Union
General Secretary of the Soviet Union was a position in government given to a leader of Soviet Union. The first secretary of Soviet Union was Joseph Stalin.

Bachelor
A bachelor is someone who has not been married, does not have a boy or girlfriend and lives on their own or with a roommate. A female bachelor is sometimes known as a Bachelorette. A bachelor cannot have been married, as someone who is married but then divorced is called a divorcé, not a bachelor.
Sometimes, when a bachelor is going to be married, a Bachelor party is organised to celebrate the last day that the person will be a bachelor for.

Nativity scene
A nativity scene is a scene of the Nativity of Jesus, or sometimes it may also be a crib (or manger in the United Kingdom, and crèche in France, which means "crib" or "manger" in French). It means a showing of the birth or birthplace of Jesus, either sculpted or using cut-out objects in a real setting.

Wat phra kaew
History.
Wat-Phrasrirattanasatsadaram or "Wat Phra Geaw" was built by King Rama I (or King Phraputthayodfhajulalok-Maharaj) while the Ratthanakosin Kingdom was establish in B.E.2325 and finished in B.E.2327. This temple was made in the Grand Palace. It copied the pattern from Wat-Phrasrisanphet. King Rama I was kind giving a name Phraputthamahamaneeratthanaphatimakorn or Phra Geaw Morakod. This is the respectable buddha image of Thai people. This buddha image located in Wat Phra Geaw. Later after the establishment, it was restore in every King Rama Region because this temple is very important for Thailand. Therefore, there would be the big restorement in every 50 years
, in King Rama III, King Rama V, King Rama VII, and the present King Rama IX. the lastest restorement was Wat Phra Geaw's 200 years anniversary celebration in B.E.2525. The aim of building and restoring this temple is for conserving our architecture and work of art. It is the masterpiece heritage of Thailand.

Phengophobia
Phengophobia is an abnormal fear of daylight. It is a rare but serious problem. People who have a fear of something are said to have a phobia. The word comes from two Greek words; "phengos" meaning daylight, and "phobos" meaning fear.
Sometimes people with the disease get discriminated against and are sometimes called vampires. There is presently no cure for this phobia, but there are ways to suppress it effects.

Static electricity
Static electricity means the increase of electric charge on the surface of objects. This electric charge remains on an object until they either flow into ground or lose their charge quickly by a discharge. Charge exchange can happen in the condition like rubbed and separated different objects. A static charge will only remain when one of the surfaces has a high resistance to electrical flow. The effects of static electricity are familiar to most people because they can see, feel and even hear the spark. This spark happen when the excess charge is neutralized. This neutralization occured when excess charge flow into electrical conductor (for example a path to ground). other charge flow occured when a charged object is near a region with an excess charge of the opposite polarity (positive or negative). The familiar phenomenon of a static 'shock' is caused by the neutralization of charge.
History.
In greek age, Thales found static electricity condition when he cleaning his amber. But at that time, they didn't pay attention to this conditions and research about it. they just knew tha rubbing something make pulling force. Earnest research for static electricity was started in 17C. In 17c Otto von Guericke made first friction generator. And in 18C Coulomb started reserch for fixed quantity of static electricity. Benjamin Franklin connected static electricity to storm. In 1832 Michael Faraday published the results of his experiment on the identity of electricities. This report proved that the electricity make by using a magnet, voltaic electricity produced by a battery, and static electricity are all the same. Since Faraday's result, the history of static electricity be thought as the study of electricity in general.
Charge.
Many situation can cause static electiricity.
Most materials have a unique chemical attraction for electons. Because of this, rubbing different material can cause charge
separation. The material will have a positive charge if it has a lower attraction for electons than other
Strong enough pressure make a separation of charge in certain types of materials like crystals and ceramics molecules.
Heating a certain materials can give electrons power. By this power electrons break free from atoms. the atoms loosing electrons become a positive charge.
A charged objects can make neutral object have charge separation. Charges of the same the poles(negative to negative or positive with positive) are repelled and charges of the opposite polarity are attracted.This force make the near charged object part of neutral object have opposite pole of charged object. longer distance of two object make this force rapidly weaken. The effect is most occured when the neutral object have a charges which can move freely.
Discharge.
Static discharge is excess charge that is neutralized by a flow of charges from or to the surroundings. positive charges get
a electrons from the surroundings, and negative charges loose their electrons to surroundings.
The feeling of a static electric shock is caused by the stimulation of nerves as the neutralizing current flows through the
human body. Due to presence of much water in the body, the charge is generally not enough to cause a dangerously high
current. Lightning is also an example of static discharge. A cloud gets a very huge charge by clash with oher cloud and it give off the excess charge to ground. But this huge charge never occur in the human's surroundings naturally.
Despite the apparently harmless nature of static electricity. There can be significant risks in the research because large
charge can break down the equipment for research.

Submandibular gland
The submandibular glands are salivary gland. They are under the bottom part of the mouth.

Military diving
Military diving is one type of underwater diving.
There are different types of military diving.

Dagens Næringsliv
"Dagens Næringsliv" is one of Norway's main newspapers. The newspaper was first named "Norges Sjøfartstidende". It was founded in 1889.

FSK
FSK ("Forsvarets spesialkommando") is the name of the special forces of Norway's Ministry of Defence. They were established in 1981.

Piping and instrumentation diagram
A piping and instrument diagram (P&ID) is a simplified representation of a process including the required funcional equipment and instrumentation to make the process work. Typically, this document is the basis of design for plant engineering.

Nanjing Greenland Financial Center
Nanjing Greenland Financial Center or Greenland Square Zifeng Tower is a skyscraper in Nanjing, China. It is 459 meters (1476 feet) tall and has 89 floors. It was built in 2009 and is one of the tallest buildings in the world

Module arithmetic
Modular arithmetic is a form of basic arithmetic that is much like a clock, where once you get to twelve the numbers go back to zero.
In modular arithmetic you work with a particular base. In other words, the clock that you would work can have 12 numbers or 10 numbers or 100, or any number greater than zero

Live – Friday the 13th
Live - Friday the 13th is a live album released on Sept. 20th, 2006. The album was released as a live CD/DVD album featuring all 12 original songs from Pop band Maroon 5's hit debut called "Songs About Jane". This album has been released with the Copy Control protection system in some regions. The CD has the length of 77:58.
Performance.
Maroon 5 performed in Santa Barbara, California on Friday, May 13th of 2005.
Songs.
The songs from the hit debut album by "Maroon 5" called Songs About Jane were all featured performed live on this album. Two songs are perfomed called "Hello" by rock band Oasis (cover), and "Ain't No Sunshine" (cover).

Tropicana Field
Tropicana Field is a domed baseball stadium that serves as the home field for the Tampa Bay Rays since 1998. The stadium was opened in 1990 in hopes of snatching a team away from another city. Two teams almost moved to Tampa to call Tropicana Field home; they were the Chicago White Sox and the San Francisco Giants. They stadium also served as the former home for the NHL team, Tampa Bay Lightning and the former home for the AFL's Tampa Bay Storm. Current Rays manager, Joe Maddon, has nicknamed the stadium "The Pit". While the fans nicknamed it "The Trop". The former names for the stadium are the Florida Suncoast Dome and the Thunderdome.

Jin Mao Tower
Jin Mao Tower is a skyscraper in Shanghai, China. It is 421 meters (1380 feet) tall and has 88 floors. It was built in 1998 and is one of the tallest buildings in the world.

Two International Finance Centre
Two International Finance Centre is a skyscraper in Hong Kong. It is 415 meters (1362 feet) tall and has 88 floors. It was built in 2003 and is one of the tallest buildings in the world

Gentoo Penguin
The Gentoo Penguin ("Pygoscelis papua") is a species of penguin easily recognized by the white stripe, similar to a bonnet, across it's head. They are the largest penguins of the stiff-tailed family, which also makes them the largest penguin outside of the two giant penguins, the Emperor Penguin and the King Penguin.
Appearance.
The Gentoo penguin is, on average, 5 kilograms in weight and 80 centimeters in height, but can range from 8.5 kg to 4.5 kg and 51 to 91 cm. They are also the fastest at swimming underwater among the penguins, reaching speeds of 36 kilometers per hour.
Life.
Gentoo penguins generally live on Antarctic islands, with their largest colony on the Falkland Islands. There are approximately 320,000 breeding pairs of Gentoo penguins.
These penguins nest on the ground, making nests of stones, sticks, grass, feathers, and various other materials. They usually lay two eggs by mid-October, which hatch in about 34 days, and put equal care into caring for either chick. Young chicks remain in the nest for 3 to 4 weeks until their second down feathers grow in, during which their parents hunt for food in order to feed them. Afterward, they leave the nest but remain in the colony in groups of chicks, called creches that free their parents to hunt for food for them.
Gentoo penguin pairs often stay together for a long period of time.
Gentoo penguins usually eat crustaceans, such as krill, but are known to eat what is easiest to obtain. At sea, they may be under attack from sea lions, leopard seals, and orcas. While on land, they have no natural predators, but skua, gulls, and other birds of prey have been known to attack and eat young chicks and eggs.

Fruit bat
Fruit bats (Family Pteropodidae) are flying mammals that live in dense forests in Africa, Europe, Australia, and Asia. There are about 166 species of fruit bats. Fruit bats are sometimes known as flying foxes. These bats live in huge colonies, known as "camps." These nocturnal (most active at night) animals rest during the day while hanging upside down from their feet.
Pollination and Seed Dispersal.
As fruit bats fly from plant to plant getting food, they also pollinate the plants they visit. In addition, they disperse the plants' seeds as they eat. Many plants, including some avocados, dates, mangos, and peaches, are dependent on these bats for either pollination or seed dispersal.
Senses and Diet.
Fruit bats mostly eat fruit juice and flower nectar. They chew the fruit, then spit out the seeds, peel, and pulp. Fruit bats, like other Megachiropteran bats, use the sense of smell to find their food, fruit and/or nectar. Although they have large eyes and can see well, fruit bats do not use sight as their primary sense.

Flag of Florida
The Flag of Florida is a white flag with the Seal of Florida centered on it. Behind the Seal, it has a red saltire. The Flag was adopted in 1868 and the saltire has been there since 1900.

Flag of Libya
The Flag of Libya is just a plain field of green. It is unique for being the only national flag in the world with just one color and no design, emblems, coat of arms, or any other details. It was adopted on 11 November 1977.

Chambar
Chambar, or Chamber, is a town of Tando Allahyar District in the Sindh province of Pakistan. It is the capital Chamber Taluka (a subdivision of the district). The town itself is subdivided into two Union Councils.

2008 Formula One season
The 2008 Formula One season was the 59th FIA Formula One World Championship season. It began on March 16 and was over on November 2 after eighteen races. Lewis Hamilton became the Drivers' World Champion while Scuderia Ferrari Marlboro won the Constructors' title.

New York Film Critics Circle Awards
New York Film Critics Circle Awards are awards given every year to honor excellence in cinema worldwide by an organization of film critics from New York City-based publications. It is considered one of the most important film critics awards in North America.

Duncan II of Scotland
Donnchad mac Maíl Coluim (Modern Gaelic: "Donnchadh mac Mhaoil Chaluim") renamed as Duncan II (before c. 1060 – 12 November 1094) was king of Scots. He was son of Malcolm III (Máel Coluim mac Donnchada) and his first wife Ingibiorg Finnsdottir, widow of Thorfinn Sigurdsson.

Messolonghi
Messolonghi is a Greek city. It is the capital of the Aitoloakarnania prefecture. It is build on the bank of a lagoon. Its population is 14,209 inhabitants. Messolonghi is known because of the Greek War of Independence. During that time the siege of Messolonghi took place. During the siege the residents of Messolonghi fought with the Turks and the majority of them were killed there. During the siege of Messolonghi Lord Byron died, in 1824.

Kalamata
Kalamata is a Greek city. It is located in the south-west of Peloponnese peninsula. Its population is 54,065 inhabitants. Kalamata it is built at the foot of Taygetos mountain. It is also a coastal city and it has a big beach, in front of the city.
History.
Kalamata became the first city which was liberated in the Greek War of Independence in 1821. Kalamata was liberated on 21th March of 1821. Kalamata is also known because of the big earthquake in 1986. At that time, Kalamata had a lot of disasters.

Matt Joyce
Matthew R. Joyce (born August 3, 1984 in Tampa, Florida) is an outfielder for the Tampa Bay Rays.

Foundation
Foundation means a starting point. The verb 'to found' means to create, to bring into existence. We speak of 'The founder of a college'.
In construction.
A tall building must have a strong foundation if it is to stand for a long time. If a castle is built on rock, it has all the foundation it needs. But if it is built on sand it will soon fall.
To make a foundation, we normally dig a trench in the ground, digging deeper and deeper until we come to subsoil, which is more solid than the topsoil that we use to grow plants and crops. When the trench is deep enough, we fill it with any strong, hard material we can find. Sometimes we pour in concrete into the trench, which we strengthen even more by first putting long thin round pieces of steel into the trench. When the concrete dries, the steel acts like the bones in our bodies to tie the foundation together. We call this reinforced concrete.
Once the foundation has been packed down tightly, or dried hard, we can begin to build.
A type of company.
A foundation can also be a kind of company set up to carry out charity or research work. A foundation is usually endowed which means it is given a large sum of money to do its work. An example is the Rockefeller Foundation. The Rockefeller family made their money from banking and oil and their family foundation is endowed with a very great sum of money. The people running the foundation think of ways to use the money to help charities, the arts, or whatever they like.
Another example is the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Bill Gates made a fortune from Microsoft the computer company. He and his wife now spend nearly all their time giving away the money he has made, to projects like education in the United States and treating AIDS in Third World countries.

CITIC Plaza
CITIC Plaza is a skyscraper in Guangzhou, China. It is 391 meters (1283 feet) tall and has 80 floors. It was built in 1997 and is one of the tallest buildings in the world.

Shun Hing Square
Shun Hing Square is a skyscraper in Shenzhen, China. It is 384 meters (1260 feet) tall and has 69 floors. It was built in 1996 and is one of the tallest buildings in the world.

Chase Tower (Indianapolis)
Chase Tower is a skyscraper in Indianapolis, United States. It is 247 meters (811 feet) tall and has 49 floors. It was built in 1990 and is one of the tallest buildings in the world.

Harald V of Norway
King Harald the fifth, the present king of Norway, was born in 1937.
His father became a king (Olav the fifth), in 1957.
The mother of King Harald: Crown Princess Märtha.

Gray Whale
The Gray Whale ("Eschrichtius robustus") is a baleen whale (a filter feeder) that has a layer of blubber up to 10 inches (25 cm) thick. It migrates from cold waters to the tropics each year in pods. Gray whales are very agile swimmers. They can dive for up to 30 minutes and go 500 feet (155 m) deep. Gray whales make grunts, clicks, and whistling sounds which may be used to communicate with other gray whales.
Diet.
This giant cetacean eats small fish, crustaceans, squid, and other tiny organisms that it finds on the sea floor. It sieves its food through its comb-like plates of baleen.
Migration.
Gray whales make an extraordinarily long migration from the Arctic ocean (northwest of Alaska) to the coast of Mexico, and back each year. They travel about 12,500 miles (20,110 km) each year, staying near the coast. They feed in the cold Arctic waters and calve and mate in the warm, protected tropical lagoons of the Pacific Ocean of Mexico.

Chase Tower (Chicago)
Chase Tower is a skyscraper in Chicago, United States. It is 259 meters (850 feet) tall and has 60 floors. It was built in 1969 and is one of the tallest buildings in the world

Le Père Fouettard
Le Père Fouettard (French for "The whipping Father") was a character who went with St. Nicholas in his rounds at Christmas giving the naughty children the whip while St. Nick gives gifts to the well behaved.
He wore a long, dirty, dark colored robe and had a beard that was poorly groomed.
He is known mainly in the Eastern regions of France. In Alsace, Le Père Fouettard is synonymous with the bogeyman.

Dryococelus australis
The Lord Howe Island stick insect ("Dryococelus australis") was thought to have died out in 1930, but more were found in 2001. It no longer lives in its largest habitat; Lord Howe Island, and has been called "the rarest insect in the world"
, because there are less than 30 living today on the small islet of Ball's Pyramid.

Basking shark
The basking shark ("Cetorhinus maximus") is a huge filter feeding shark which grows to be up to about 33 feet (10 m) long. It is the second largest shark (after the whale shark). The basking shark is also called the sunfish, the bone shark, the elephant shark, the sailfish shark, and the big mouth shark. It spends most of its time at the surface, hence its nickname the "sunfish."
Description.
Basking sharks are not aggressive and are generally harmless to people. Basking sharks live in coastal temperate waters. Basking sharks are slow swimmers, going no more than 3 mph (5 kph). They swim by moving their entire bodies from side to side (not just their tails, like some other sharks do).
Diet and Teeth.
Basking sharks are filter feeders that sieve small animals from the water. As a basking shark swims with its mouth open, masses of water filled with prey flow through its mouth. The prey includes plankton, baby fish, and fish eggs. After closing its mouth, the shark uses gill rakers that filter the nourishment from the water. Basking sharks have hundreds of teeth (each having a single cusp, curving backwards) but they are tiny and are of little use.

Chamber Taluka
Chamber Taluka is an administrative subdivision (taluka) of Tando Allahyar District in the Sindh province of Pakistan, the city of Chambar is the capital.

Fortress
A fortress is a building designed to be defended, which means it was very hard for enemies to get inside. It kept the people inside safe. There is little difference between a fortress and a castle. Fortresses normally have very high, thick stone walls. There were very small windows, without glass, so that soldiers inside could fire out through them. As time passed, the weapons they used changed, from bow and arrow, crossbow, gun or cannon. Because these windows were so small, it was very hard for the soldiers outside to fire in. The people defending the fortress were also able to drop things like rock and boiling oil on the heads of those below.
Fortresses were not designed to be comfortable houses. They were dark and often damp. The Tower of London is an example of a fortress.

Malay alphabet
The modern Malay alphabet is based on the Latin alphabet. It is used to write Malay.

Central Plaza
Central Plaza is a skyscraper in Hong Kong. It is 374 meters (1227 feet) tall and has 78 floors. It was built in 1992 and is one of the tallest buildings in the world

Bank of China Tower, Hong Kong
Bank of China Tower is a skyscraper in Hong Kong. It is 367 meters (1205 feet) tall and has 70 floors. It was built in 1990 and is one of the tallest buildings in the world

Fin Whale
The fin whale ("Balaenoptera physalus") is a huge baleen whale. It is the second largest animal on Earth (the blue whale is the biggest). This whale is sometimes called the "greyhound of the sea" because of its fast swimming speed; it can swim up to 23 mph (37 km/hr) in short bursts. The fin whale is also called the finback, finner, razorback, common rorqual, and herring whale.
Description.
The fin whale is a streamlined whale that is found worldwide except in polar waters; it is most common in the Southern Hemisphere. There are three separate populations of fin whales, one in the northern Pacific, one in the North Atlantic, and one in the Southern Hemisphere; they do not interbreed. Many groups of fin whales migrate between feeding grounds and breeding grounds. This whale usually swims in pods of 3-7 whales but larger groups (up to 300 animals) may form at rich feeding grounds or while migrating.
Diet and Baleen.
Fin whales are carnivores that filter-feed plankton (tiny crustaceans like krill, copepods, pteropods, etc.) and small fish from the water. They have very fine grey-black baleen that traps very small particles of food. Each side of the upper jaw has 350-400 baleen plates.

James Skinner
James Skinner can be any of the following people;

James Skinner (soldier)
James Skinner CB (1778 – December 4, 1841) was an Anglo-Indian military adventurer in India.
Skinner was born in India, son of Lieutenant-Colonel Hercules Skinner and a Rajput lady. Because of his Indian heritage, Skinner was unable to serve as an officer in the East India Company army and, at the age of eighteen, he entered the Mahratta army under Benoît de Boigne, where he soon showed military talent. He remained in the same service under Pierre Cuillier-Perron until 1803, when, on the outbreak of the second Anglo-Maratha War all Anglo-Indians were dismissed from Mahratta service.

Nauplion
Nauplion is a Greek city. It is located in the Argolida's prefecture, in the east of Peloponnese peninsula. Near Nauplio is the historical city of Argos. Nauplio was the first capital of Greece. Nauplio is a coastal city. It has three castles. The most famous are the Palamidi castle, and Bourtzi castle which is located on the islet in front of the port. The population of Nauplion is 13,124 inhabitants.
History.
Nauplion was the first capital of Greece. In 1834 the king Otto carried the capital to Athens. Nauplion was one of the first cities which were liberated during Greek War of Independence.
Sites of interest.
Nauplion has many sites of interest. The most interest sites are its three castle. Its old neighborhoods are also very beautiful places for visit. In Nauplion there are many old beautiful buildings from previous century.

Lincoln, Alabama
Lincoln is a city in Talladega County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 4,577.

Linden, Alabama
Linden is a city in and the county seat of Marengo County, Alabama, United States. The population was 2,424 at the 2000 census.

Lineville, Alabama
Lineville is a city in Clay County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 2,401.

Lipscomb, Alabama
Lipscomb is a city in Jefferson County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 2,458.

Livingston, Alabama
Livingston is a city in Sumter County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 3,297. The city is the county seat of Sumter County.

Luverne, Alabama
Luverne is a city in Crenshaw County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 2,635. The city is the county seat of Crenshaw County.

Iridaceae
Iridaceae are perennial herbs from rhizomes, bulbs or corms comprising about 80 genera and 1,500 species. The leaves are distichous and have a sheathing, equitant base and a generally ensiform or linear blade with parallel venation. The flowers are bisexual, usually showy, and are actinomorphic or zygomorphic.

Tampa Bay Area
The Tampa Bay Area is a area in West Central Florida that include Tampa and St. Pete. Among notable residents is John Cena, a WWE pro wrestler and former 3-time WWE Champion and reigning World Heavyweight Champion.

Live at Wembley '86
Live at Wembley '86 is a set of two discs recorded by English rock band Queen.
It was recorded live on Saturday July 12, 1986 during the "Magic Tour" at Wembley Stadium in London, England and was sold on May 26, 1992.
A DVD was sold in June 2003. The album was re-sold in a new CD with bonus tracks in August 2003 in the United States as Live at Wembley Stadium after the DVD.

Trams in Melbourne
Melbourne, Australia had trams invented in 1885 and now the trams are the largest tram network in the world, consisting of 152 miles of tracks, 500 trams, 28 routes, and 1,813 tram stops. The trams are powered using 600V DC delivered by overhead wires and run on standard gauge track. Currently operated by a private company, Yarra Trams under contract from the Victorian Government, the owner of the network. Melbourne's trams give a lot to the city's distinctive character and are loved by the people of Melbourne.
In 2007, a total of 156.4 million passengers took rides on Melbourne’s trams.

Lincoln City F.C.
Lincoln City F.C. is an English football team currently playing in Football League Two (the fourth tier of the English football league system).
The team play at the 10,127 capacity Sincil Bank in Lincoln, Lincolnshire, and are nicknamed the Imps after the legend of the Lincoln Imp. More recently, they have also been known as the Red Imps. Traditionally they play in red and white striped shirts with black shorts and red and white socks.

Neamţ County
Neamţ () is a county (judeţ) of Romania, in the historic region of Moldavia, with the county seat at Piatra Neamţ.
Demographics.
In 2002, it had a population of 557,000 and a population density of 99/km².

Retezat Mountains
The Retezat Mountains (,) are one of the highest massifs in Romania. They are part of the Southern Carpathians. The highest peak is Peleaga (Vârful Peleaga), at an altitude of. Other important peaks are Păpuşa (Varful Păpuşa) and Retezat Peak (Vârful Retezat).
The Retezat Mountains have many glacial lakes. The largest glacial lake in Romania, Bucura Lake (lacul Bucura) is in these mountains. It covers and is located at an altitude of metres. The area also contains the Retezat National Park, Romania's first national park.

Swainsona formosa
Image:Sturts desert pea.jpg|thumb|Sturt's Desert Pea
Swainsona formosa, commonly called "Sturt's Desert Pea", is the floral emblem of South Australia It was named after explorer Charles Sturt.
This plant is a part of the pea family, Fabaceae. It is only found in Australia. It grows in the drier areas of the country except in Victoria. Explorer William Dampier was the first European to collect a sample of the plant. He found it growing in what is now called the Dampier Archipelago in Western Australia in 1699.

Gossypium sturtianum
Gossypium sturtianum, commonly called "Sturt's Desert Rose", is the floral emblem of the Northern Territory. It was named after explorer Charles Sturt who found the plant in creeks near the site of Broken Hill, New South Wales in 1844. He collected the seeds and brought them back for Robert Brown (1773-1858), a Scottish botanist, to study.
A stylized drawing of the flower is used on the Northern Territory's flag.

University of San Francisco
The University of San Francisco, is a private Jesuit university founded in 1855 in San Francisco, California, and is the oldest university in San Francisco.

Hurricane Nora (1997)
Hurricane Nora was the first hurricane to a significant danger to the Continental United States since Kathleen in 1976.
Part of a tropical wave that contributed to the formation of Hurricane Erika in the Atlantic moved into the Pacific and organized into Tropical Depression 16-E on September 16 and Tropical Storm Nora that same day. Nora became a hurricane in a favourable environment September 18 while moving northwest. Its motion then stalled over an upwelling of cooler water that weakened it.
On September 20, Nora again started moving. It reached its peak intensity of 115 knots and 950 mb On September 21 and 22 it moved over the wake of Hurricane Linda. This weakened the storm pack down to a Category 1.
During this time, a trough developed that turned Nora to the northeast. This carried Nora over a favourable environment and towards Baja California. After restrengthening slightly, Nora made landfall as a Category 1 hurricane near Punta Eugenia and again south of San Fernando, both times as a hurricane.
Nora stayed a tropical storm as it moved into the United States. Yuma reported sustained gale-force winds. Rains were heavy, sometimes exceeding the "annual" rainfall for the area. Nora weakened to a depression while over California, and it dissipated September 26.
Nora killed two people in Mexico. One was killed by a downed power line in Mexicali, and the other was a scuba diving in underwater currents. No one in the United States was directly killed by Nora. However, the California Highway Patrol attributed several traffic accident deaths to the weather.
There was extensive damage to areas hit by Nora. Waves ruined dozens of homes. Roughly 350 to 400 people were left homeless in San Felipe, and winds uprooted trees and peeled roofs from homes in Puerto Peñasco.
In the United States, thousands were left without power in California and Arizona, and 16 telephone poles were downed in Seeley. Streets flooded in San Diego, Indio, El Centro, and Palm Springs. A remnant circulation continued aloft, and damaged trees and three homes in Utah. Total damages were "several hundred million dollars", as well as 40 million dollars to lemon trees.
Nora crossed an area of abnormally warm water near the west coast of the Baja California Peninsula. It restrengthened slightly before making its first landfall near Bahía Tortugas, Baja California Sur. When Nora was inland, the area of the storm located in the Gulf of California began to reintensify. Hurricane Nora then made a second landfall about 60 miles (95 km) south-southeast of San Fernando, Baja California.
At landfall, a trough was accelerating Nora northwards, causing it to reach a forward speed of 30 mph (50 km/h). Late on September 25 (UTC), still a tropical storm, it entered the continental United States at the California-Arizona state line. Nora began to weaken rapidly, and was downgraded to a tropical depression three hours later, while located between Blythe and Needles, California. Nora reached Arizona while still tropical, becoming the third known system to do so. Nora degenerated over land, and the low-level center moved towards the north-northeast. A remnant circulation aloft persisted, however, and was likely responsible for a period of near hurricane-force winds observed at the NWS Cedar City, Utah Doppler weather radar. The remnants gradually became more diffuse over the following two days while moving generally northeastward, through portions of Utah, Colorado, Idaho and Wyoming.
On September 24, Arizona Governor Jane Dee Hull activated an emergency response center to prepare the state's response to the flash flooding the storm would cause on the dry desert floor, and Yuma residents began to fill approximately 55,000 sandbags to contain the possible flooding. Hull also activated the state's National Guard, and sent drinking water and electric generators to Yuma. Further inland, the National Weather Service issued flash flood watches for western Arizona, southeastern California, southwestern Colorado, southern Nevada and southern Utah on September 26.
In the United States, there were no direct deaths blamed on the hurricane. However, the California Highway Patrol attributed three or four traffic fatalities in southern California to the weather.
Damage totals in the United States are not fully known, although media summaries of Nora included a loss to agriculture preliminarily estimated at several hundred million dollars, and at least one study places the figure at $150–200 million (1997 USD). It is estimated that $30–40 million (1997 USD) in damage to lemon trees occurred. Although Nora was significantly weakened, near hurricane-force winds were observed at the Dixie National Forest in southwestern Utah, where strong gusts sheared off the tops of large trees.
The Yuma radar indicated a small area of rainfall totals along the northern Gulf of California coast of Baja California. In the United States, the largest total rainfall was recorded at the Harquahala Mountains in Arizona, where of rainfall were recorded as a result of Nora, causing flash floods in western Arizona.
Near Phoenix, rainfall from the storm caused the Narrows Dam, a small earthen dam, to fail. In other locations in Arizona, California, Nevada, and Utah, more than occurred in a few localized areas, sometimes with precipitation comparable to the entire local yearly average rainfall. Flooding was also reported in Somerton, San Diego, El Centro, Palm Springs and Indio, while 12,000 people lost power in Yuma, as well as Los Angeles and southwestern Utah.
Despite the damage, the World Meteorological Organization did not retire the name "Nora" during its meeting in the spring of 1998. As a result, it was used in the 2003 Pacific hurricane season and is on the list of names to be used in 2009.

Mureş County
Mureş (,) is a county (judeţ) of Romania, in the historical region of Transylvania. The capital of Mureş County is Târgu Mureş.
Geography.
Mureş County has an area of 6,714 km².
Population.
In 2002, about 582,000 people lived in Mureş County.
Divisions.
Mureş County has 4 municipalities, 7 towns and 91 communes.

List of English Premier League clubs
This is a list of the football clubs that have played in the English Premier League. The clubs in bold are currently still playing in the Premier League.

Hurricane Dog (1950)
Hurricane Dog was the strongest hurricane in the 1950 Atlantic hurricane season. It was the fourth named storm of the season. Dog began on August 30 to the east of Antigua. After passing through the northern Lesser Antilles, the storm turned to the north and became a Category 5 hurricane. Dog reached its highest strength of 185 mph (295 km/h) winds over the ocean. The hurricane weakened and passed within 200 miles (320 km) of Cape Cod before becoming extratropical on September 12.
Hurricane Dog caused high damage to the Leeward Islands, and was said to be the strongest hurricane on record in Antigua. Many buildings were destroyed or damaged on the island. In the United States, the hurricane caused damage along the coast. It damaged several boats and caused 11 people to drown. Strong winds caused large power outages across southeastern New England. Damage along Hurricane Dog's track totaled to about $3 million (1950 USD, $25.7 million 2007 USD).

Württemberg
Württemberg, formerly known as Wirtemberg, is an area and a former state in southwestern Germany, including parts of the regions Swabia and Franconia.

Tiraspol
Tiraspol is the capital city of Transnistria.

Sukhumi
Sukhumi is the capital city of Abkhazia.

Tskhinvali
Tskhinvali is the capital city of South Ossetia.

Mariehamm
Mariehamm is the capital city of the Aaland Islands, an autonomous region of Finland.

Funchal
Funchal is the capital city of Madeira, part of Portugal.

Simferopol
Simferopol is the capital city of Crimea, Ukraine.

Chess boxing
Chess boxing is a mixed sport which puts together the sport of boxing with games of chess in every other round. Chess boxing fights have been done since early 2003. The sport was started when Dutch artist Iepe Rubingh, given the idea by a similar sport in the writing of Enki Bilal, started actual matches. The sport has become more well known since then. To do well at chess boxing, players must be both good chess players and good boxers.
Structure and rules.
A match between two players is made up of up to eleven rounds of boxing and chess sessions, starting with a four-minute chess round followed by two minutes of boxing and so on. Between rounds there is a one minute pause, during which the players change their gear. The form of chess played is speed chess in which each player has a total of twelve minutes for the whole game. Players may win by knocking out the other player, checkmate, a judge's choice, or if the other player runs out of chess time. If a player does not make a move in the round of chess, he will be given a warning by the referee and he must then make a move in the next 10 seconds.
History.
The idea was started in 1992 by cartoonist Enki Bilal, and a match of chess boxing was a big story part of his graphic novel "Froid Équateur". Iepe Rubingh, a Dutch artist, was took the idea from Bilal's book and started the sport in the spring of 2001. Rubingh decided that the method of play in the book, a boxing match with a chess match after, was not very good. Rubingh made the rules so a round of boxing would come after a round of boxing.
The World Chess Boxing Organisation (WCBO), keeps control of the sport. The first world championship was in Amsterdam in 2003 and was won by Iepe Rubingh, the starter of the sport. The First European Chess Boxing Championship took place in Berlin on October 1, 2005 when Tihomir Atanassov Dovramadjiev of Bulgaria beat Andreas D'Schneider of Germany after D'Schneider gave up in the seventh round.
In April 2008, the World Chess Federation, FIDE, posted a video on its website in which its president Kirsan Ilyumzhinov played a friendly chess boxing match in Elista. Also in April 2008 the UK's first Chess Boxing club was started in London by Great Britain Chess Boxing Organisation founder Tim Woolgar. In July 2008 in Berlin, a 19-year old Russian mathematics student Nikolai Sazhin won the title of "World Champion" in chess boxing by beating Frank Stoldt. Stoldt resigned in the 5th round after losing his queen.

Iepe Rubingh
Iepe B. T. Rubingh (; born 17 August, 1974) is a Dutch artist who is best known for starting chess boxing in 2003.

Teresa Stratas
Teresa Stratas is a Canadian soprano opera singer. She was born on May 26, 1938, in Toronto, Ontario, which is in Canada.

Beth Groundwater
Beth Groundwater is an American author who has written only one novel, "A Real Basket Case", and was put up for the Best First Novel Agatha Award in 2007. The sequel, "To Hell in a Handbasket" is set to be published in 2009. She writes in the Mystery genre, and has also written several short stories.
Writing career.
Groundwater first began writing fiction in the fifth grade, and in high school took an outside study in English. She went to the College of William and Mary and got a degree in Psychology and Computer Science in 1978. She worked in another job until 1999, then she chose to become a writer.
After going to a few writers' meetings, she began writing short stories. Seven were published before she met a literary agent who agreed to publish her first novel, "A Real Basket Case". It was published in 2007, and was put up for the Best First Novel Agatha Award in 2007. Of her short stories, eight have been published and one was written in Farsi. Another of Groundwater's short stories has been made into a live play.
Awards.
Groundwater's writings have won several awards. Her first (and so far only) novel was put up for the Best First Novel Agatha Award in 2007. Groundwater's short stories have won awards also. Her short story "New Zealand" won first place in the 2003 PPW Paul Gillette Memorial Writing Contest, and was the winner of the Rocky Mountain Fiction Writers Short Story Anthology Contest. "Flamingo Fatality" won the Great Manhattan Mysteries Conclave Short Story Anthology Contest in 2005, and her 2005 short story "Lucky Bear" was first in the Storyteller Magazine Flash Fiction Contest.

Yanina Batyrchina
Yanina "Yana" Farkhadovna Batyrchina (Russian:Янина Фархадовна Батыршина, "Yanina Farxadovna Bat'irsina" born October 07, 1979 in Tashkent, Uzbek SSR, Soviet Union) is a former rhythmic gymnast from Russia. She placed silver (2nd) all-around in the Atlanta Olympics, losing gold after dropping her ribbon in the middle of a routine. She retired in 1998. She is married and has two baby daughters.

A Real Basket Case
"A Real Basket Case" is a fictional mystery novel that was written by Beth Groundwater. It was published by Five Star Publishing on March 21, 2007. It was later re-published in large print in January of 2008. The novel follows the story of Claire Hanover who sets out to find out who murdered her husband.
It was put up for the Best First Novel Agatha Award in 2007. The sequel, "To Hell in a Handbasket" is scheduled to be published in 2009.
Awards.
Even though Beth Groundwater won the Princess of Rejection prize from the Sisters in Crime Guppies Chapter for having the second most rejections for her writings in the winter of 2005, "A Real Basket Case" was put up for the Best First Novel Agatha Award in 2007.
Reviews.
The novel got good reviews in several large newspapers. Barbara Bibel from Booklist review said that, "This will appeal to Desperate Housewives fans and those who like cozies with a bit of spice." Kirkus Reviews called "A Real Basket Case" "A tense, exciting debut." Author J.B. Thompson praised the novel, but he also said the main character could have been written better.

Right Now (Leon Jackson album)
"Right Now" is the debut album by X Factor winner Leon Jackson.

Leon Jackson
Leon Jackson is a Scottish singer who won the 4th series of a TV Show in Britian called The X Factor.

Karditsa
Karditsa is a Greek city. It is located in the center of Greece in the district of Thessaly. Its population is 35,971 inhabitants, according to 2001 census. Karditsa is build on the large plain which is named Thessaly plain. It is the second largest plain in Greece. So it is an agricultural city. Near Karditsa is the city of Trikala.In the west of Karditsa is the Agrafa range. Agrafa is a part of Pindus range.

Gooloogong, New South Wales
Gooloogong is a small town in New South Wales. It is built on the banks of the Lachlan River. It is 57km south east of Forbes, 34km north west of Cowra and 358km west of the state capital, Sydney. There are about 250 people living in Gooloogong.
History.
In 1820 Dr. William Redfern started a cattle station (farm) called Goolagong in the area.. Redfern was Governor Lachlan Maquarie's doctor.
The town was originally built much closer to the Lachlan River, but was moved to higher ground because of floods.
John O'Meally is buried in an unmarked grave in the Anglican cemetery at Gooloogong. He was a member of Ben Hall's gang. He was shot dead when the gang tried to rob the Campbell's farm, Goimbla Station, on November 19, 1863.
Facilities.
Gooloogong has a hotel, shops and a park.

Boorowa, New South Wales
Boorowa is a small town in New South Wales. It is from Yass. The town is built on the banks of the Boorowa River, which flows into the Lachlan River. The town was first called "Burrowa". Boorowa and Burrowa are Aboriginal words in the Wiradjuri language meaning "birds".
The first people to live in the area were the Wiraduri people. This was one of the largest tribes in New South Wales. They had several regular camping sites along the Lachlan and Boorowa Rivers. It is estimated that there were several thousand Wiradjuri people at the time of European settlement. A survey in 1851 showed that there were only 300 people left. Local Wiradjuri people were forced onto government reserves at Rye Park and Edgerton.
Early settlement.
It is not known for sure who the first European explorers were in this area. Hamilton Hume and his neighbour, William Broughton, had explored the Yass area in 1821. They may have gone further towards the Lachlan. Broughton had one of the first farms on the Boorowa River in 1828. By 1849, he had of land in the area. Other early settlers were James Hassall in 1827. His family already had large farms at Cowra by 1823. His brother Tom Hassal, a clergyman and his wife Ann Marsden (daughter of Reverend Samuel Marsden) and other family members were given land in 1831. There was a law at the time which gave free land to the children of clergy.

Guity Novin
Guity Novin (born Guity Navran) Painter and sculptor founder of the movement Transpressionism, born in Kermanshah, Iran, in 1944, lives and works in Vancouver and Toronto, graduated from the Faculty of Fine Arts in Tehran in 1970. After leaving Iran, she moved to The Hague, Netherlands in 1975, and then to Manchester, UK where she completed her studies.
She emigrated to Canada in 1980 and settled in Ottawa, Ontario after a short stay in Kingston (Ontario) and Montreal. She finally settled in Vancouver, British Columbia.
Guity Novin holds a unique place in the history of Canadian art. Regarded as one of Canada's world-renowned painters. She is one of the few Canadian artists of her time to use her art to convey her passionate philosophical ideas..
She founded the Transpressionism movement in 1994. The work of Guity Novin is full of inspiration and revelation. The viewer can feel the sensation of a universe that is not completely alien, an ideal universe. The artist knows how to interpret the myths and legends of our human experience. It reminds us that the true art is practiced to provide a permanent tribute to humanity. Her work is an exploration of our collective human memories, and it is for us to unite in our experiences of our pains and joys. The work is made to open up to us and, finally, to extend the areas of unexplored memory.

Transpressionism
Transpressionism is an artistic movement that appeared in the late 20th century. It is basically a response to statements by the proponents of the post-modern art who had claimed that "art is dead" and that "the end of the painting" had arrived. Guity Novin (Navran) has denounced such a nihilism as a death-trap, because according to her "art is a creative act". Transpressionism was created to affirm art as a creative act, and to celebrate its ability of a perpetual renewal.
Tanspressionnism is projecting an aesthetic sensibility that tends to represent reality in such a way to inspire the viewer's enlightened interpretation of the human tragedy.
The masterpieces of Transpressionism are often based on visions poetic, enigmatic and exquisite legends in order to achieve an artistic expression of the most subliminal. These works of art are the designs of hopes that Transpressionnists present with the help of their mystical perceptions that are tempered by their aesthetic sensitivities. The paintings often use narrative scenes, influenced by the expression of hope in mythological allegories. Interpretation of humanistic values with esoteric concepts aim at aesthetic beauty, harmony and transcendence. The artist's role is to inspire the creative imagination of the observer, where "love" is its fundamental principle that gives meaning to a chaotic and absurd universe.
Origin.
The first declaration of Transpressionnism appeared in 1994, in an Ottawa exhibition of Guity Novin, under the name of Clytie, a Greek nymph who loves the sun-god Apollo and is transformed into sunflower. The art critic Paula Pieault-Stein, in 1997, was the first who has written about "Transpressionnism" in the introduction to the exhibition which was quoted in a news-clip in Globe and Mail, (12 February 1997). According to her "Transpressionism is a movement that goes beyond the paradigms of the impressionism and the expressionism, and awakens us a shrewd insight about the inner world of representation."

Murringo, New South Wales
Murringo is a small town in New South Wales. It is 25kms east of Young and 406km west of the state capital, Sydney.
Early settlement.
European settlers moved into the area in 1827. The first farm in the area was Marengo Station, 1833, owned by John Scarr. By 1840 there were about 40 people living in the area. When the town was laid out by the surveyors in 1849, they called the town Murringo. It has also been called Meringo, Marringa, Maringa, Muringo, Maringo and Marengo. In 1926 the town was officially called Murringo.
The original plans included a market place, a big cemetery and large parks. When gold was found nearby at Lambing Flat in 1860, most of the people moved to the goldfields. Although there were only about 120 people living in the town, the people saved money and built the Christ Church Anglican Church in 1866. The foundation stone for the Sacred Heart Catholic Church was laid in 1871. A post office opened in 1857.
A number of historic buildings are still standing in Murringo. The church (1866), the Marengo Hotel, the police station (1880), the school (1870), school teacher's house (1879), the Plough Inn (a hotel) (built before 1860) and the Post Office (1857). A blacksmiths shop and cottage from the 1870's has been turned into a craft workshop.

Wellington, New South Wales
Wellington is a town in New South Wales. It is located where the Macquarie and Bell Rivers join together. The town is the centre of the Wellington Shire Local Government Area. The town is 362kms from Sydney on the Great Western Highway and Mitchell Highway. The average summer temperatures are between 17.5º Celsius and 31.7º Celsius. In winter the temperatures are between 1.5º Celsius and 15º Celsius. In 2001 there were 4,672 people living in Wellington. There were 9,200 people living in the Wellington Shire.
History.
The area was originally lived in by the Wiradjuri people. Explorer John Oxley was the first European to discover the area in 1817. He named it "Wellington Valley" after Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington.
Wellington was settled in the 1823 by Lieutenant Percy Simpson in early 1823 as a convict settlement. Farmers started settling along the Macquarie Valley. The convict settlement closed in 1831. In 1832 a Christian mission was started in the settlement for the Aborigines. A village called Montefiores was started on the north side of the Macquarie River crossing. The village of Wellington was officially listed in 1846 and was made a town in 1879. Wellington Shire Council was started in 1947.
Wellington is the second oldest New South Wales settlement west of the Blue Mountains. A hotel that opened in 1842 is the oldest hotel west of the Blue Mountains. It was also the site of the last recorded duel fought in Australia in 1854. The railway from Sydney reached Wellington in 1880.
Economy.
Wellington is the centre of rich farm land. Lucerne and vegetables are grown on land beside the river. Wheat, wool, fat lambs and beef cattle are grown nearby. The town acts as a business centre for the district. However, now Orange and Dubbo have become bigger business centres.
In September 2008, a gaol, the Wellington Correctional Centre was opened. A Probation and Parole Office was also opened in the centre of town. Wellington Council hopes this will increase the number of jobs and bring visitors to the town.
The local newspaper "The Wellington Times", owned by Rural Press, is printed three times a week..
Transport.
There is a daily train, the Countrylink XPT, which runs between Sydney and Dubbo.
The closest commercial airport is at Dubbo. There are regular daily flights from Sydney. There is a small airport (Bondangora Airport) for private planes 12kms east of Wellington.
Nearby attractions.
Lake Burrendong, a man-made lake. is 30kms south of the town. Its holds three and a half times more water than Sydney Harbour. Its water is used for farming. It is also visited by people wanting to fish, sail and water ski. Burrendong Arboretum is a sanctuary for endangered Australian plants and covers 1.60 km².
The Wellington Caves are millions of years old. The main cave is Cathedral Cave with the massive Altar Rock.
The Wellington Boot, a country racing festival is held in every year in March and April. There is also a winery, the Bell River Wine Estate. The Nangara Gallery has a collection of Aboriginal objects.

White Christmas
A white Christmas means that at least an inch of snow has fallen on Christmas Morning. This is more common in some countries than in others.
For example, in the United Kingdom, there are not a lot of White Christmases; but in Canada, there is almost always a White Christmas. Ireland's last "official" White Christmas was in 2004.
White Christmases in the United States.
Since the 1950's, there are less White Christmases in the USA.

Binalong, New South Wales
Binalong (postcode: 2584,) is a small town in New South Wales, Australia. It is 37 km north-west of Yass. In 2001 there were 286 people living in Binalong.
History.
The Aboriginal people who lived in the area were part of the Ngunnawal people. The first European to visit the area was Hamilton Hume in 1821. The name of the town is believed to come from either an Aboriginal word meaning 'towards a high place' or from 'Bennelong', the name of a famous Aborigine.
Binalong was outside the legal limits of European settlement in New South Wales. However farmers settled in the area before the law changed to allow settlement in 1839. From 1847 there was a police camp at Binalong and a court. The old Cobb and Co inn was built at that time as a staging post for Cobb and Co coaches.
The town was officially listed in 1850. It was an important stop on the way for people going to look for gold at Lambing Flat. The school was started in 1861. Gold also meant that there were bushrangers in the area. The grave of John Gilbert is near the town in the field where the police kept their horses. He was a member of Frank Gardiners gang and then in Ben Hall's gang. He was shot dead by police in 1865.
Railway.
The first railway station opened in 1875. The railway arrived in 1876. The current building was put up when the railway line was moved in 1916. The station and the signal box are now closed.
Banjo Paterson.
The family of the poet Banjo Paterson moved to the Binalong area in 1869 when he was five years old. He went to the primary school in Binalong but later went to boarding school in Sydney. He only came home in the holidays. Binalong features in a number of his poems, for example. Paterson's father is buried in the local cemetery.

Don't Call This Love
"Don't Call This Love" is a 2008 single by "The X Factor" winner Leon Jackson.

Astro (satellite TV)
Astro is a subscription-based direct broadcast satellite service based in Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. It transmits digital satellite television and radio to households in Malaysia, Brunei and Indonesia. Astro is owned by MEASAT Broadcast Network Systems, which is a subsidiary of Astro All Asia Networks plc.

Muscle Shoals, Alabama
Muscle Shoals is a city in Colbert County, Alabama, United States. As of 2006, the United States Census Bureau estimated the population of the city to be 12,703.

Moulton, Alabama
Moulton is a city in Lawrence County, Alabama. It is included in the Decatur Metropolitan Area, as well as the Huntsville-Decatur Combined Statistical Area. As of the 2000 census, the population of the city is 3,260. The city is the county seat of Lawrence County.

Montevallo, Alabama
Montevallo is a city in Shelby County, Alabama, United States. A college town, it is the home of the University of Montevallo, a public liberal arts university with around 3000 students. As of the 2000 census, the population of the city of Montevallo was 4,825.

Monroeville, Alabama
Monroeville is a city in Monroe County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census, the population was 6,862. The city is the county seat of Monroe County.
Literary fame.
Author Harper Lee was born and raised in Monroeville. In her book "To Kill a Mockingbird", the fictional town of Maycomb is modeled on her hometown. The book received the 1961 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction.

Millbrook, Alabama
Millbrook is a city in Autauga and Elmore counties in the U.S. state of Alabama. The population was 10,386 at the 2000 census. It is part of the Montgomery Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Madison, Alabama
Madison is a city in Limestone and Madison counties in the U.S. state of Alabama. It is included in the Huntsville-Decatur Combined Statistical Area. As of the 2006 Census Bureau estimates, the population of the city was 36,824.

Marion, Alabama
Marion is the county seat of Perry County, Alabama. As of the 2000 census, the population of the city is 3,511. The city was first called "Muckle Ridge". It was was renamed after a hero of the American Revolution, Francis Marion.

Midfield, Alabama
Midfield is a city in Jefferson County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census, the population was 5,626.

Fairhope, Alabama
Fairhope is a city in Baldwin County, Alabama. It is located on a sloping plateau, along the cliffs and shoreline of Mobile Bay. The 2000 census lists the population of the city as 12,480.

Fairfield, Alabama
Fairfield is a city in Jefferson County, Alabama, United States. It is a suburb of Birmingham. The population was 12,381 at the 2000 census. Fairfield was founded in 1910

Fultondale, Alabama
Fultondale is a city in Jefferson County, Alabama, United States. It is a northern suburb of Birmingham. As of the 2000 census, the population of the city is 6,595. As of 2006, was estimated to be 6,905.

Fruithurst, Alabama
Fruithurst is a city in Cleburne County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census, the population was 270.

Fort Payne, Alabama
Fort Payne is a city in DeKalb County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census, the population was 12,938. The city is the county seat of DeKalb County.

Fort Mitchell, Alabama
Fort Mitchell, Alabama is a community of 1,400 people located south of Phenix City in Russell County, Alabama, USA. The area was first a garrisoned fort. It was meant to help defend the area during the Creek War.

Foley, Alabama
Foley is a city in Baldwin County, Alabama, United States. The 2000 census lists the population of the city as 7,590.

Florence, Alabama
Florence is a city in and the county seat of Lauderdale County, Alabama, United States. It is in the northwestern corner of the state.

Florala, Alabama
Florala is a city in Covington County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census, the population was 1,964.

Fayette, Alabama
Fayette is a city in Fayette County, Alabama, United States. The 2000 census lists the population as 4,922. The city is the county seat of Fayette County.

Russellville, Alabama
Russellville is a city in Franklin County in the U.S. state of Alabama. As of the 2000 census, the population of the city is 8,971. The city is the county seat of Franklin County.

Robertsdale, Alabama
Robertsdale is a city in Baldwin County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census, the population was 3,782.

Roanoke, Alabama
Roanoke is a city in Randolph County, Alabama, United States.
Roanoke is served by a weekly newspaper, "The Randolph Leader". As of the 2000 census, the population of the city is 6,563.

Reform, Alabama
Reform is a city in Pickens County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census, the population was 1,978.

Red Bay, Alabama
Red Bay is a city in Franklin County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census, the population was 3,374.

Rainsville, Alabama
Rainsville is a city in DeKalb County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census, the population was 4,499. Rainsville was incorporated in October of 1956.

Rainbow City, Alabama
Rainbow City is a city in Etowah County, Alabama, United States. It is part of the Gadsden Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Robert II of Scotland
Robert II (early 1316 - 19 April 1390) was King of Scotland from 1371 through 1390. He was the first king of the House of Stewart.

Robert III of Scotland
Robert III (c. 1340 - 4 April 1406) was King of Scotland from 1390 through 1406.

Magic Tour
The Magic Tour was the biggest and final tour by the English rock band Queen with their lead singer Freddie Mercury. The next band's tour "Queen + Paul Rodgers Tour" began some 19 years later, after the death of Freddie Mercury and the retirement of John Deacon. The tour took in 26 dates around Europe's stadiums, in support of their latest album "A Kind of Magic".
In 1987, Mercury was diagnosed with HIV and the band together made the decision to cease touring, making the concert at Knebworth on August 9th the last time the four members of Queen would perform onstage together.

James II of Scotland
James II (16 October 1430– 3 August 1460) was King of Scotland from 1437 through 1460. He was born at Holyrood Palace, Edinburgh.

James III of Scotland
James III (c. 1451/1452 - 1488) was King of Scotland from 1460 through 1488.

James IV of Scotland
James IV ((17 March 1473 – 9 September 1513)) was King of Scotland from 1488 through 1513.

James V of Scotland
James V (1512-1542) was King of Scotland from 1513 through 1542.

George Butterworth
George Butterworth (born London, 12 July 1885; died Pozières, France, 5 August 1916) was an English composer. He showed great talent as a young man and might have become one of England’s greatest composers if he had lived longer. He was killed while fighting in World War I. He is best known for a group of songs which are settings of poems by A. E. Housman.
Early years.
Butterworth was born in London. His father was a solicitor who later became the general manager of the North Eastern Railway. The family moved to Yorkshire soon after George’s birth. He had his first music lessons from his mother, who was a singer, He soon started to compose music. His father wanted him to be a solicitor and so he sent his son to Eton College. From there he went to Trinity College, Oxford. At Oxford he became more and more involved with music, especially after he met the folk song collector Cecil Sharp and composer and folk song enthusiast Ralph Vaughan Williams. Butterworth and Vaughan Williams made several trips into the English countryside to collect folk songs. Both of them were influenced by English folk songs when they were composing. Butterworth was also a very good folk dancer. He was particularly fond of Morris dancing.
Vaughan Williams and Butterworth became close friends. It was Butterworth who said to Vaughan Williams that it would be a good idea to turn the symphonic poem he was working on into his "London Symphony". When the manuscript for that piece was lost in the post Butterworth and two other musicians helped Vaughan Williams to write it out again. Vaughan Williams dedicated the piece to Butterworth's memory after his death. When he left Oxford, Butterworth became a music critic for "The Times" as well as composing and teaching at Radley College, Oxfordshire. He also studied at the Royal College of Music for a short time, working with people such as Hubert Parry and Charles Villiers Stanford.
First World War.
Although Butterworth had lots of work he often felt that his life had no purpose. When World War I broke out, Butterworth felt that he could be useful so he joined the British Army. He was killed by a sniper in 1916 at Pozières leading a raid during the Battle of the Somme. His body was not found, and his name appears on the Thiepval memorial, near the site of the Somme. He was awarded the Military Cross, and a trench was named after him.
A Shropshire Lad.
Butterworth did not write a great deal of music, and during the war he destroyed many of his compositions that he thought were not good enough. Of those that survive, his works based on A. E. Housman's collection of poems "A Shropshire Lad" are the best known. Many English composers of Butterworth's time set Housman's poetry, including Ralph Vaughan Williams.
Butterworth wrote two song cycles on Housman's poems. They include some of the best-loved English songs of the 20th century, especially "Is My Team Ploughing?" and "Loveliest of Trees". He used this last song as the basis for his 1912 orchestral rhapsody, also called "A Shropshire Lad". It is full of soft, tender music as well as passion.
References.
The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie, 1980, ISBN 1-56159-174-2.

Charles Villiers Stanford
Sir Charles Villiers Stanford (born Dublin, 30 September 1852; died London, 29 March 1924) was an Irish composer who lived in England for most of his life.
Life.
Stanford was born in Dublin. His father was a very successful lawyer who was also interested in music. He played the cello and sang. Stanford’s mother played the piano. The young boy heard a lot of music at his home as there were often visitors who came to make music. Charles studied the piano, organ and composition and was composing and performing at concerts when he was still very young.
His parents had wanted their son to be a lawyer, but it was obvious that music was to be his profession. He won a scholarship to Queens' College, Cambridge in 1870 where he was a choral scholar. He learned very quickly and in 1873, while he was still a student, he was made organist of Trinity College and conductor of two choirs. While he had these jobs he was given time to make visits to Germany where he studied with Carl Reinecke and Friedrich Kiel. He met several famous composers including Brahms and Offenbach. He went to the opening of the Bayreuth Festival Theatre where the music of Richard Wagner was performed.
Stanford took his BA degree in 1874 and MA in 1878, and was given the honorary degree of D.Mus. at Oxford in 1883 and at Cambridge in 1888. He had a lot of energy and was known for working very hard. When the Royal College of Music opened in London in 1883 Stanford was made professor there. He became conductor of the Bach Choir and then he was made professor of music at Cambridge. He was still only 35 years old. He kept these two professorships until his death. Although he gave up his job as organist at Trinity he became conductor of the Leeds Triennial Festival and appeared with nearly every important British music festival. In 1902 he was knighted.
Stanford married in 1878 and the couple had two children.
Stanford died in London and was buried in Westminster Abbey.
Music.
Stanford is best known today for the choral music he wrote for the Anglican church. These includes some very fine anthems and motets as well as service settings. His music was much better than most of the church music that had been composed during the 19th century, so he helped to make British music better. He composed many pieces for music festivals: these include oratorios and cantatas as well as partsongs and solo songs. He also wrote a lot of orchestral and instrumental works. These often show the influence of Brahms and Schumann.
As a teacher of composition Stanford had a great deal of influence on many British composers. He often became very cross when pupils wrote bad compositions, but he was also very good at showing them how they could improve their music. Composers such as Charles Wood, Constant Lambert, Vaughan Williams, Holst, Coleridge-Taylor, Boughton, John Ireland, Frank Bridge, George Butterworth, Arthur Bliss, Herbert Howells, George Benjamin and Moeran all learned a great deal from him.
References.
The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie, 1980. ISBN1-56159-174-2

Wat Phra Kaew
History.
Wat-Phrasrirattanasatsadaram or "Wat Phra Keaw" was built by King Rama I (or King Phraputthayodfhajulalok-Maharaj) while the Ratthanakosin Kingdom was establish in B.E.2325 and finished in B.E.2327. This temple was made in the Grand Palace. It copied the pattern from Wat-Phrasrisanphet. King Rama I was kind giving a name Phraputthamahamaneeratthanaphatimakorn or Phra Keaw Morakod. This is the respectable buddha image of Thai people. This buddha image located in Wat Phra Keaw. Later after the establishment, it was restore in every King Rama Region because this temple is very important for Thailand. Therefore, there would be the big restorement in every 50 years, in King Rama III, King Rama V, King Rama VII, and the present King Rama IX. the lastest restorement was Wat Phra Geaw's 200 years anniversary celebration in B.E.2525. The aim of building and restoring this temple is for conserving our architecture and work of art. It is the masterpiece heritage of Thailand.

Thaksin Shinawatra
Thaksin Shinawatra is a Thai businessman, politician, former Prime Minister of Thailand, and former leader of the populist Thai Rak Thai Party. He was removed from an influence of laws. Now he is currently outside of Thailand.
Profile.
Thaksin Shinawatra was born on 26th July, 1949 at San Kamphaeng,Chiang mai. His nickname is Maew. Thaksin He's the second child of Mr.Bunlerd Shinawatra and Mrs.Yindee Shinawatra. In 1974 Thaksin was maried with Mrs.Podchaman Shinawatra. They have three children are Mr.Panthongthea Shinawatra, Miss Pinthongtaa Shinawatra, and Miss Pheathongtan Shinawatra.
Politics.
Thaksin is very clever. He can solve many problems that the last prime minister can not do. He did many good things like subdue the drugs, set up OTOP, and develop Thailand.
Because Thaksin Shinawatra is too clever. He can found the opening of the law. He use the opening of the law for himself. And a group of Thai people know about his mistakes. Then they set up PAD.

Suvarnarbhumi airport
Suvarnabhumi Airport located in Bangchoung,Rachatawa,Noungprew and Bangpee district Samotpakarn province.The area of the airport is about 20,000 rai which bigger than Donmuang airport(x6)and maybe this airport is the biggest in Asia.
Thai government gave the budget to build this international airport about 150,000 million baht;included investment of Government service and State Enterprises 137,000 million baht, and private company about 13,000 million baht. The airport could support the passengers more than 45 million people.
International airline included of 102 airways and 142 cities.There are; Gulf Air Qatar Airways Thai Airways International Garuda Indonesia Cathay Pacific Airways Kuwait Airways KLM Royal Dutch Airlines Kenya Airways Qantas Airways Korean Air GMG Airlines Jalways Japan Airlines Jetstar Asia Airways Jetstar Airways China Southern Airlines China Airline China Eastern Airlines Cebu Pacific Xiamen Airlines China Airlines Siberia Airlines Druk Air Turkish Airline Turkmenistan Airlines Transaero Tiger Airways Thai AirAsia Thai Sky Airline Nok Air Northwest Airlines British Airways Blue Panorama Bangkok Airways Biman Bangladesh Pakistan International Airlines Pacific Airlines PBair PMTair President Airlines Finnair Philippine Airlines Malév Hungarian Airlines Malaysia Airlines Mahan Air Myanmar Airways International United Airlines Royal Nepal Airlines Royal Jordanian Royal Brunei Airlines Royal Phnom Penh Airways Lao Airlines Lufthansa Vladivostok Air Vietnam Airlines Sri Lankan Airline Scandinavian Airlines System SkyStar Airways Swiss International Air Lines Singapore Airlines Siem Reap Airways International Hainan Airlines All Nippon Airways Austrian Airlines Indian Airlines Egypt Air EVA Air Uzbekistan Airways Etihad Airways Asiana Airlines Ethiopian Airlines Emirates El Al Israel Airlines Aero Flot Aerosvit Airlines Air Asia Air Astana Air China Air Koryo Air Bagan Air Macau Air Madagascar Air India Air France LTU International Orient Thai Airlines
Thai airway Bangkok airway BB air Thai air asea SGA airline

Phitsanulok
Phitsanulok is an important province in history north of Thailand.
History of Phitsanulok.
In the Sukhothai Period, Somdej Phra Maha Dhammaraja Lithai was order to called Song Khwai. He order his son, Phra Sai Lue Thai to govern this city.
In the Ayuahya Period, Song Khwai renamed to Muang Phitsanulok. And in Somdej Phra Borom Trai Lokkanat period, Muang Phitsanulok became the capital city for 25 years. Muang Phitsanulok became more importance.
In the early Rattankosin Period, Phitsanulok still importance city of Thailand.
The brand of provincial.
Phra Buddha Chinnaraj is the one of most beautiful Buddha image in Thailand. Phra Buddha Chinnaraj was build in 1900 B.E. Now Phra Buddha Chinnaraj is housed in
Wat Phra Sri Maha That Woramahavihar.

Chatuchak Weekend Market
Chatuchak Weekend Market
Chatuchak Weekend Market or sometimes called Bangkok market. In the past, it was located in Sanamluang, and the staffs of Siam handicraft.com’s shop had been started his business on producing, selling, and being agents for selling Thai handicraft product. In Buddhist Era 2521, the government wanted this place to be the park for relaxing and exercising. Thailand’s government authorities train gave Pahonyothin area connected to southern of Chatuchak Weekend Market to make a new market so the Sanamluang market had moved there and changed the named after the area named “Pahonyothin area market”. In Buddhist Era 2530, it had been changed the named to “Chatuchak Weekend Market” until now.
Nowadays Chatuchak Weekend Market has been made buying and selling culture and be famous around the world as the center of selling products. It has more than 112,000 square meters. Foreign tourists know Jatujak market as JJ market or Chatuchak Weekend Market.

List of professional wrestling terms
Professional wrestling has accrued a considerable amount of slang, in-references and jargon. Much of it stems from the industry's origins in the days of carnivals, and the slang itself is often referred to as "carny talk." Often wrestlers used this lingo in the presence of fans so as not to reveal the worked nature of the business. In recent years, widespread wrestling discussion on the Internet popularized the terms.

Nitrous oxide
Nitrous oxide is a gas with the chemical formula N2O. It is found naturally in the air. It is also made artificially, because it has many uses. It is a very strong greenhouse gas (almost 300 times stronger than carbon dioxide.) Because it is a very strong greenhouse gas, people are trying to use it less.
Uses.
Nitrous oxide is used by doctors and dentists to reduce pain. In the body, it makes people feel happy. For this reason it is also called "laughing gas". It is sometimes used "only" to feel happy, like an illegal drug.
Nitrous oxide is used in high performance cars to increase the power of their engines. When it is used this way, it is usually called "nitrous" or "NOS".
Nitrous oxide can also be used in aerosol spray cans, especially for foods like whipped cream. This is because it has a sweet taste and is not toxic.

Choral scholar
A choral scholar is a student at a university who gets money to help with the fees of his or her studies (a “scholarship”) in exchange for singing in the university’s choir. Some private schools also have choral scholarships.
In the the UK there are choral scholarships available at schools belonging to a cathedral or to one of the university colleges in Oxford and Cambridge. Some of these choirs are world famous for their church music such as the choirs of King’s College, Cambridge, St John’s College, Cambridge or New College, Oxford. Choral scholars in such choirs will be expected to sing at the services in the morning and evening (late afternoon) on Sundays as well as at Evensong on several days during the week. There will be rehearsals on most days.

George Benjamin
George Benjamin (born 31 January 1960, London, England) is a British composer.
Benjamin started to play the piano when he was seven and soon was soon writing his first pieces of music. In 1976 he went to study at the Paris Conservatoire where Olivier Messiaen taught him composition and Yvonne Loriod taught him the piano. He then studied composition with Alexander Goehr at King’s College, Cambridge.
He was still only 20 when one of his compositions was played at the BBC Proms. Since then his works have been performed by many famous orchestras. He has worked regularly at the Tanglewood Festival. He has conducted famous orchestras such as the London Sinfonietta, Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra and the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra.
George Benjamin lives in London where he is professor of composition at King’s College, London. he has had many honours including the Chevalier dans l’ordre des Arts et Lettres in 1996.

Episcopal High School
Episcopal High School was founded in 1839. It is a private boarding school located in Alexandria, VA. The school's nickname is 'The Holy Hill' and it's campus is 130 acres large. Around 435 students live on the campus. These students are from 30 states, the District of Columbia and 17 countries. The school does not take any day students, all of the students have to live on campus.
History.
When it was founded in 1839, it was the first high school in Virginia. It was originally called the 'Howard School'. It became known as 'The High School'. Originally only males were allowed to study at Episcopal. In 1991 the school allowed 48 female students to study. Today 45% of students are female.
Honor Code.
The school has a set of simple rules it calls "honor code". Many schools have rules similar to Episcopal's Honor Code.

Gordon Gray
Gordon Gray (May 30, 1909 – November 26, 1982) was an government official of the United States during the administrations of Harry Truman (1945-53) and Dwight Eisenhower (1953-61).

William Eustis
William Eustis (June 21, 1753 – February 6, 1825) Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. He served as United States Secretary of War from March 7, 1809 to January 13, 1813. He was appointed United States Ambassador to Holland by President James Madison, serving from 1814 to 1818.

Rheda-Wiedenbrück
Rheda Wiedenbrück is a town in the district of Gütersloh, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. About 46,000 people live there. The town is famous for a lot of old and fine houses, which were built hundrets ago.

Debrecen
Debrecen is a city in Hajdu-Bihar, Northern Great Plain, Hungary. It is Hungary's second largest, after the capital, Budapest.

Oryx
The Oryx (also called the sabre antelope) is a fast-running hoofed mammal that lives in dry regions of Africa and Asia (including the Arabian peninsula). They inhabit steppes (sparse grasslands), semi-deserts, and deserts.
Description.
These antelopes congregate in herds of 8 to 60 oryx. Newborn calves can run with the herd within minutes of their birth. Oryxes have a life span of about 20 years.
Some people think that the unicorn of legend was based upon the oryx.
Many types of oryxes (including the Arabian oryx and the scimitar-horned oryx) are endangered species, mostly because of overhunting and disease.
Diet and Water.
The Oryx is an herbivore (a plant-eater). It eats grasses, shrubs and roots, spending most of its time grazing. Oryx are ruminants; they swallow their food without chewing it. After a while, they regurgitate a partly-digested "cud" which they chew and then swallow for the last time.
This desert animal can go for weeks without water; it gets much of its water from the plants it eats.

Kyogo Kawaguchi
Kyogo Kawaguchi (born October 1, 1974 in Sano City, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan) is a Japan singer-songwriter.
Now he is wishing world peace as "Chikyukyoudai". His famous song include "Sakura"

I WiSH
"I WISH" is a Japanese music group. Members were: ai and nao. Ai is the vocal and plays piano. Nao plays piano　and keyboard. They were famous　for "Asueno Tobira", but this group ended in 2005.

Dragon Ash
is a Japanese band. "Life goes on" is one of their popular songs.

Masaharu Fukuyama
Masaharu Fukuyama is a famous singer and actor in Japan. He is from Nagasaki, Kyusyu. His famous and popular song is "Sakurazaka".

Okonomiyaki
お好み焼き is a Japanese dish consisting of a pan-fried batter cake and various ingredients. "Okonomi" means "what you like" or "what you want", and "yaki" means "grilled" or "cooked" (cf. "yakitori" and "yakisoba"); thus, the name of this dish means "cook what you like". In Japan, okonomiyaki is mainly associated with Kansai or Hiroshima, but is widely available throughout the country.

Syabu syabu
is a Japanese variant of hot pot. The dish uses thinly sliced meat and vegetables, and it is usually served with dipping sauces of ponzu and/or sesame sauce. The kinds of meats used are beef and pork, the kind of vegetables are Chinese cabbage, shungiku, enoki mushrooms, and welsh onions. Shabu-shabu is a savory dish. It is considered a winter dish but is eaten year-round.

Ōmisoka
New Year's Eve is cold "Omisoka" in Japan. People in Japan often eat "Toshikoshi soba(年越し蕎麦）”. People eat it with the wish of living a simple and long life next year.

Advent
The Season of Advent, which begins on a Sunday about four weeks before Christmas Day, is celebrated by the Catholic and Anglican Churches, as well as some others. It is a time for people to prepare themselves for two different things: for the coming of the baby Jesus and Christmas, and for the second coming of Jesus, when he shall rule over all the Earth in peace. Not all Christian people remember Advent. Some people use it as a time of fasting, study, meditation and prayer. Special Advent Calendars are made for children, with pictures or treats for each day of Advent.
Generally, Advent is a time when many people are very busy in preparation for Christmas Day, cleaning and decorating, buying food and presents, writing cards and letters, and cooking the Christmas feast.

Pyrih
Pyrih (the plural is "pyrohy") is a Ukrainian pie that can have either a sweet or savory filling. In Russia and Belarus it is called pirog (plural is "pirogi").
Pastry.
Pyrih (pirog) is usually made from yeast-raised dough, but can also be made from shortcrust or puff pastry. Pyrohy or pirogi are full-sized pies, while pyrizhky or pirozhki are smaller-sized pies that can be eaten with one hand.
The standard shape for pyrohy is oblong with tapering ends, but rectangular or circular pyrohy are also common. They can be closed or open-faced with no crust on top (like a tart).
Filling.
The filling for pyrohy may be sweet and contain cottage cheese, or fruits like apple, plums or various berries. Savory versions may consist of meat, fish, mushrooms, cabbage, buckwheat groats or potato. In Ukrainian and Russian cuisines, pyrohy with a savory filling are traditionally served (like pirozhki) together with borscht, or soup.

Queens' College, Cambridge
Queens' College is one of the colleges that make up the University of Cambridge. It was first founded in 1448 by Margaret of Anjou (the Queen of Henry VI), and refounded in 1465 by Elizabeth Woodville (the Queen of Edward IV). This is why the name of the college is spelt Queens' and not Queen's: it was founded by two queens.
The "President's Lodge" of Queens' is the oldest building on the river at Cambridge, dating from about 1460.
The college is on both sides of the river. A bridge joins the two parts. This bridge is always called the "Mathematical Bridge". The students call the older part of the college "The Dark Side" and the newer part "The Light Side".
Many people take photographs of the college. There is a story that the bridge was designed and built by Sir Isaac Newton without the use of nuts or bolts. The story says that once some students tried to take the bridge apart and put it back together again, but were unable to do so. That is why they had to put nuts and bolts in which can be seen today. The story is not true. The bridge was built in 1749, after Newton had died. It was never taken apart although it was rebuilt twice.

Peace and Truce of God
The Peace of God was a movement begun by bishops in south France around 990 CE to limit the violence done to property an to the unarmed.

Desmoxytes purpurosea
The Shocking Pink (Dragon) Millipede (also called the Dragon Millipede or "Desmoxytes purpurosea") is a millipede who has a bright pink color on its spiny body. It is very toxic. They have glands that release cyanide to protect them from predators.
The WWF announced on December 15, 2008 this new species along with a thousand others found in the Greater Mekong region in the last ten years. It can be found at the Tai side of the Mekong river..

Scholarship
A scholarship is financial help (money) given to someone who wants to study. Scholarships can be given by schools or by universities or colleges or any other institution where people can study or where research needs to be done. It is similar to a bursary.
There are very many kinds of scholarships. Some scholarships will cover all the tuition fees (money that the student needs to pay to study), others may just help towards the tuition fees. Some scholarships may include money for other things such as food and accommodation.
Sometimes the students are expected to do something in return for having a scholarship. They may, for example, be expected to do some particular work after they finish their studies, or they may need to help the institution in some way. Quite often the amount of money a student gets will depend on how much money the family has.
See also.
Choral scholar

Great Egret
The Great Egret (also known an the Common Egret) is a large wading bird found worldwide. It is the second-largest member of the heron family in America (second only to the Great Blue Heron). It lives in mudflats, tidal shallows and marshes. It winters in the south down to Colombia. The Great Egret flies with slow wing beats and has a deep, croaking call. The scientific name of the Great Egret is "Casmerodius albus" (genus and species).
Diet.
The Great Egret eats fish, lizards, frogs, crayfish, small rodents, and insects. It often hunts in shallow water, usually impaling the prey on its long, sharp bill.
Egg and Nests.
The Great Egret's nest is a platform of twigs and sticks that is built in trees or on the ground. Females lay 3-5 pale blue-green eggs in each clutch (a set of eggs laid at one time). The incubation period of the eggs is 23-26 days.

Leeds Triennial Festival
The Leeds Triennial Festival was a festival of music held in the town of Leeds, Yorkshire in England. The festival started in the 19th century at a time when very large choirs were in fashion. Although there is now no festival called the Leeds Triennial Festival the town of Leeds continues to put on music festivals.
History.
On 7th September 1858 Queen Victoria opened the new Town Hall in Leeds. It was a very large building, big enough for an audience of 4000 and a choir of 400 singers. The composer Sterndale Bennett conducted an orchestra and choir at the opening performance.
Although “triennial” means something that happens every three years, the next festival did not happen until 1874. In 1880 the first festival called the Leeds Triennial Festival was conducted by Arthur Sullivan. These festivals were very famous internationally because a lot of famous composers were asked to write new works for choir and to come and conduct them. Composers such as Raff, Dvorak, Massenet, Humperdinck, Parry, Stanford, Elgar and Sullivan himself all wrote new works for the festival.
Later in the 20th century many famous musicians continued to be associated with the festival including Benjamin Britten and Aaron Copland.
Although the last Leeds Triennial Festival took place in 1985 both the Festival Chorus and the Leeds Philharmonic Chorus continue to perform at the Leeds International Concert Season in the Town Hall.

Trimeresurus trigonocephalus
"Trimeresurus trigonocephalus" is a venomous pitviper species found in Sri Lanka.

Venomous snake
A venomous snake is a snake that uses venom on prey to stop them and for self-defense.
Families of venomous snakes.
Over 600 species are known to be venomous -- about a quarter of all snake species.

Yoxall
Yoxall is a town in Staffordshire, England, UK. The river Swabourne flows through the town and it is close to the A515 road.

Trimeresurus jerdonii
"Trimeresurus jerdonii" is a venomous pitviper species found in India (Assam), Burma, Tibet, China and Vietnam. Three subspecies are currently recognized, including this one.
Where they are found.
Found from Assam in India, through northern Burma to Tibet, China (Hupeh, Szechwan and Yunnan) and Vietnam. The type locality given is "Khasi Hills, India."
What they look like.
Males grow to a maximum total length of 835 mm with a tail length of 140 mm; females 990 mm with a tail length of females 160 mm.

AXXo
aXXo is the Internet alias of an individual or group, who has been allegedly harassed by the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) for copyright infringement. He is famous for converting DVD movies into computer files that can be uploaded into the Internet and be downloaded by other people for free.

Ernest Moeran
Ernest Moeran (born Heston, Middlesex, England, 31 December 1894; died 1 December 1950) was an English composer.
Early life.
Moeran (pronounce: “MOOR-an”) was born in Heston, to the west of London. His father was an Irish clergyman. Ernest spent most of his childhood living on the coast of Norfolk. He learned to play the violin and the piano. At first he was taught at home by a governess. When he was ten he went to school. In 1908, he went to Uppingham School where he spent five years. When he left school in 1913 he started to study piano and composition at the Royal College of Music with Charles Villiers Stanford.
War service.
Moeran’s studies at the Royal College of Music were interrupted after 18 months because of the start of World War I. He joined the army as a despatch rider but he was soon badly injured in the head and could no longer fight in the army. After the war he did some music teaching, but then he started to study music again. His teacher this time was John Ireland who had been a pupil of Moeran’s earlier teacher Stanford.
Composing music.
After these studies his music started to be performed a lot. His "First Rhapsody" for orchestra was performed several times, including in 1924 by the Hallé Orchestra conducted by Hamilton Harty. He was asked to compose a symphony for the Hallé Orchestra, but he preferred to write shorter pieces, especially chamber music and piano music. In 1931 he wrote a "String Trio" which is one of his best works.
Moeran became interested in folk music. He liked to go to country pubs and listen to the people singing there. He collected about 150 folk songs in Norfolk and Suffolk and made many arrangements of them.
By the mid-1920s, Moeran had become close friends with Peter Warlock. They lived together and often went out drinking together. Moeran gradually became an alcoholic.
In 1945, after Warlock had died, Moeran married the cellist Peers Coetmore. The marriage was not very happy although it helped Moeran to compose some of his best pieces: the "Cello Concerto" and "Cello Sonata".
Moeran was found drowned in the River Kenmare. At first people thought he had committed suicide but then it was found that he had had a heart attack and died before he fell into the water.
His music.
Moeran’s music is influenced by folk song. His harmonies are often like those of Delius. He was also influenced by Vaughan Williams, Holst, Bax, John Ireland and Peter Warlock. For many years he concentrated on piano music, songs and chamber music, but in his later years he wrote larger works such as the Symphony in G minor (1934-7) and his Concertos for the Violin and the Cello.

Despatch rider
A despatch rider is someone in the army who delivers messages ("despatch" or "dispatch" means "to send someone or something off on a journey"). A despatch rider either rides a horse or a motorcycle.
Despatch riders were used by armies to send messages between headquarters and the fighting soldiers. They might be delivering reports, but sometimes they took urgent messages which were often secret. It was a very dangerous job. Travelling between the lines of fighting armies the despatch rider could easily be blown up by a mine, shot by gunfire, or captured by the enemy.
Despatch riders always used to ride on horseback. In the 20th century they usually rode motorcycles. They were used a lot in World War I and even in World War II, although by the end of World War II electronic communications had improved so that despatch riders were not needed.

The Ting Tings
The Ting Tings are an English duo Pop-Retro rock indie band formed in England in 2004. They are famous for the studio album "We Started Nothing" and famous for the hit pop singles "Shut Up and Let Me Go", "Great DJ", "That's Not My Name", and "Be The One". The pop band is only a 2 member band with Katie White and Jules De Martino. There song "Shut Up and Let Me Go" was featured on MTV's FNMTV (hosted by bass player of Rock band Fall Out Boy's Pete Wentz).

We Started Nothing
We Started Nothin is an album recorded by Pop duo The Ting Tings. Singles include "Shut Up and Let Me Go", and "Be The One". The studio album was released May 2008. The album was also released as a limited edition LP on red vinyl limited to 2,000 copies.

Shut Up and Let Me Go
"Shut Up and Let Me Go" (aka: "Shut Up & Let Me Go") is the third single off the studio album "We Started Nothing" by The Ting Tings. The song was released in the United Kingdom on July 21st of 2008, and was the follow-up to the number one hit single "That's Not My Name". The song was added to the coveted A-list of BBC Radio 1's playlist, and has received a substantial amount of airplay during the day on the station. The single peaked at number six in both the UK Singles Chart and the UK Download Chart.

Pakistani Kashmir
Pakistan-administrated Kashmir (PLK) is a territory in Asia. It is the part of the Kashmir region that is governed by Pakistan. The rest of Kashmir is currently split between India and China.
Area: of P.A.K. is 86,268 km² (33,308 sq mi), excluding the Trans-Karakoram Tract (Shaksgam Valley) of disputed territory, which is claimed by India including the Trans-Karakoram tract.

1987 Sino-Indian skirmish
The 1987 Sino-Indian skirmish occurred at Sumdorong Chu Valley. This was the second conflict between the PRC and India, with the previous one taking place exactly a quarter of a century earlier.

Longbridge Plant
Longbridge Plant is an automobile plant in Longbridge, Birmingham, West Midlands, England. Most of it was demolished in 2005 and 2007.

Curzon Street railway station
Curzon Street railway station is a former railroad station in Birmingham, United Kingdom. It opened in 1838 and became a goods yard in 1854.

Holography
Holography is a method that uses the wave character of light, which dedicts an exact description, that goes beyond the options of the classic fotography.
Difference between holography and photography:.
In contrast to photography, holography not only records the intensity of light, but also its difference of phase. All pieces of information reflected by the object, are recorded.
Functionality:.
At holography you basically work with two (rather three) waves, the so called reference wave and the exposure wave (object wave). With the reference wave it is possible to save the phase information in the form of a light-dark model on a film.
The object wave and reference wave must have the same wave length.
History of holography:.
The most famous person linked to the history of holography is the physician Dennis Gábor, the inventor of the hologram.
In fact his discovery in 1947, which demonstrated the highlight of a long development, was not supposed to display three-dimensional objects, but to improve the resolving capacity of microscopes.
Chronology:.
• 1947 Dennis Gábor developed the principal of holography
• 1960 Theodor Maiman invented the Laser (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation)
• 1963 Emmeth Leith and Juris Upatnieks improved the recording technique
• 1964 Production of the firsthologramm by Leith and Upatnieks ("Train and Bird").
• 1965 Juri Nikolajewitsch Denisjuk invented the white-light-holography
• 1967 The first hologramm of a person
• 1968 Stephen A. Benton invented the rainbow-transmission holography
• 1971 Award of the nobelprize of physics to Dennis Gábor for the inovation of holography
Recording:.
For a hologram you need a laser beam, that gets enlarged by a dispersing lens and goes through a semi penetrable mirror. Only a piece of this laser beam goes through the mirror. Then this beam becomes the reference wave which is recorded on the film. The other piece of the laser beam will be reflected on the mirror and runs as the so called exposure wave at the object.The object reflects this wave on the film.
Reconstruction:.
The process of creating a hologram is nearly identic to photography through diverse chemicals.
To look at a hologram just recorded, you have to light the film with the reference wave. These waves are reflected on the film (hologram) and create (within the proper angle of sight) a virtual picture of the recorded object.
Meassurement:.
Nowadays industries use holograms more often to measure. In the automotive engineering the autobody is measured by holography techniques for bulges and vibration characteristics. An example of this method is the phase-shift-method.
First you take a hologram from the ground level state of the object, then overload the object through heat or mechanical pressure. By covering the original hologram and the modified hologram, interference fringes occur. These interference fringes can be evaluated quantitatively and give information about the deformation. So you can measure tiny termal expansions or vibrations in mechanical systems.
Therefor you need two reference waves that are shifted to each other.
Data storage:.
There are holographic storages for analog pictures and digital data. Digital information will be affilliated by a two-dimensional bit-pattern.

Dirty paper coding
In telecommunications, dirty paper coding (DPC) is a good way to send digital data through a channel that is subject to some interference that is known to the sender. The sender does precoding of the data so as to cancel the effect of the interference.
When Costa asked his question, the Shannon–Hartley theorem (and the more general noisy-channel coding theorem) was well known.
The Shannon–Hartley theorem tells us that, all else being equal, a paper sent along a path that picks up less dirt can reliably deliver more information than another paper sent along a path that picks up more dirt.
People have also thought up many ways of dealing with such dirt added after the message is written -- see error detection and correction for details.
Most people expected that the same thing would happen when dirt is added to the paper before the message was written -- the more dirt, the less information can be reliably sent.
In 1983, Costa showed the surprising result that we can send just as much information on such a dirty piece of paper as we can when writing on a clean sheet of paper, and gave a way to get that capacity.
A dirty paper code is a way for the writer to adapt his message to the dirt already on the paper.
The writer and the reader agree ahead of time on which dirty paper code they will use for the messages.
History.
People have thought up several dirty paper codes, including Costa precoding (1983), Tomlinson-Harashima precoding (1971) and the vector perturbation technique of Hochwald et al. (2005).
A similar problem called "writing on dirty tape (WDT)" is more complicated.
As of 2005, the capacity computation problem and the capacity-achieving
problem for writing on dirty tape are unsolved
"Writing on wet paper" is a related problem in steganography
wireless networks.
In a wireless network, often a transmitter has many different messages, and each one needs to be sent to a different person.
The sum-rate capacity of a system that transmits all the messages at the same time -- and uses dirty-paper codes to reduce the interference between messages -- can be many times the sum-rate capacity of a similar system that only sends one message at a time (TDMA)..
Any one receiver is only concerned with the messages for that receiver -- all the other messages the transmitter is simultaneously sending to everyone else are -- to that receiver -- irrelevant noise that only interferes with the desired message.
The "dirty paper" story can be seen as a parable for wireless communication.
Recently, there has been interest in DPC as a possible solution to optimize the efficiency of wireless networks, in particular multiuser MIMO networks and into an interference aware coding technique for dynamic wireless networks.

Klamath River
The Klamath River is a long river in California.

Bandai
Bandai Co., Ltd. is a Japanese company that makes toys and video games. It is the third largest toy maker in the world.

Battle, East Sussex
Battle is a town in East Sussex, England, UK. It is known as this because it was the place where the Battle of Hastings was fought.

P.A.K.
Pakistan-administrated Kashmir (PLK) is a territory in Asia. It is the part of the Kashmir region that is governed by Pakistan. The rest of Kashmir is currently split between India and China.
Area: of P.A.K. is 86,268 km² (33,308 sq mi), excluding the Trans-Karakoram Tract (Shaksgam Valley) of disputed territory, which is claimed by India including the Trans-Karakoram tract.

John Key
John Phillip Key (born 9 August 1961) is the 38th and current Prime Minister of New Zealand and leader of the New Zealand National Party.
John Key entered the New Zealand Parliament in 2002 representing the north-west Auckland area of Helensville as a National MP, a seat that he still holds. In 2006 he succeeded Don Brash as the National Party leader in 2006. Key led his party to victory in the November 2008 general election.
Personal Life.
Key was born in Auckland, New Zealand, to George Key and Ruth Key. His father, who was from the UK, died of a heart attack in 1967. Key and his two sisters were raised in a state house in Christchurch by his mother.
He attended Burnside High School, and earned a Bachelor of Commerce degree in accounting from the University of Canterbury in 1981. He has attended management studies courses at Harvard University, although he did not receive a degree from this institution.
Key met his wife Bronagh when they were both students at Burnside High School. They married in 1984. She is currently full-time mother of their two children, Stephie and Max.
Before politics.
In 1995, he joined Merrill Lynch as head of Asian foreign exchange in Singapore. That same year he was promoted to Merrill's global head of foreign exchange, based in London, where he may have earned around US$2.25 million a year including bonuses, which is about NZ$5 million at 2001 exchange rates. Some co-workers called him "the smiling assassin" for maintaining his usual cheerfulness while sacking dozens (some say hundreds) of staff after heavy losses from the 1998 Russian financial crisis. He was a member of the Foreign Exchange Committee of the New York Federal Reserve Bank from 1999 to 2001.
Prime Minister.
Key became Prime Minister following the general election on 8 November 2008 which ended the Labour-led government of nine years under Helen Clark. The National Party, promoting a policy of "change", won 45% of the party vote and 59 of the 122 seats in Parliament, a big margin over the Labour Party which won 43 seats.
Key was sworn in as Prime Minister on 19 November 2008 along with his new cabinet. His first international outing as Prime Minister was the 20th APEC meeting in Peru the following day.

List of people from Dunedin
The New Zealand city of Dunedin is noted for producing a large number of famous people. Many of these are natives of the city; others travelled to Dunedin to be educated at the University of Otago.

Peter Warlock
Peter Warlock (born London, 30 October 1894; died London, 17 December 1930), was an English composer. “Peter Warlock” was not his real name. His real name was Philip Heseltine. He was also a music critic. When he wrote about music he used his real name, but when he composed music he used the pseudonym (borrowed name) "Peter Warlock", which is the name by which he is usually remembered today.
Life.
Philip Heseltine did not come from a musical family. When he was two years old his father died. His mother married again and went back to live in Wales where she came from. Philip went to school at Eton College.
He was still a teenager when he was introduced to the composer Delius who lived in France. They became good friends and Philip made piano arrangements of some of Delius’s music. Later he wrote a book about Delius. He studied in Germany for a time and then at Oxford where he studied classics. He learned about music by teaching himself. He did not fight in World War I. He was a conscientious objector, but also: his health was not good enough for being in the army.
He spent most of his life in London, but he did visit Ireland for a year, and also spent three years with his mother in Wales and four years in Kent where he lived with Ernest Moeran. The two of them often got drunk together. He became friends with the composer Bernard van Dieren whose music influenced him a lot.
He also liked poetry from the time of Queen Elizabeth I.
He died in his apartment from gas poisoning. It is not certain whether it was suicide, but he did let the cat out before he turned on the gas.
His music.
His music, written under the name of Peter Warlock, often has links with his literary writings. Some of the best works he wrote are his songs, especially the song-cycle "The Curlew" which set poems by W. B. Yeats. One of his most popular works is the "Capriol Suite" for string orchestra.
Warlock wrote many lovely carols, such as "Adam Lay Ybounden", "Tyrley Tyrlow", and "Bethlehem Down".
Warlock was not influenced by folksong like many other English composers of the time. He liked many different styles including Renaissance music and the music of Bartók whom he met.

Land mine
A land mine (sometimes just called a "mine") is a weapon that is put on the ground or just underneath the ground so that it explodes when a person or vehicle goes by. They are called "mines" because people who put them there dig a hole in the ground (like miners who dig for coal etc). Many people can be killed by mines, including innocent people. Sometimes mines can lie in the ground for years after a war has ended and people get killed or badly injured.

Charles Wood
Charles Wood (born Armagh, 15 June 1866; died Cambridge, 12 July 1926) was an Irish composer and teacher.
Charles Wood was born in Armagh, Ireland. His father sang in the Cathedral choir. Charles had music lessons from the cathedral organist, then he went to the Royal College of Music where he studied composition with C.V.Stanford and Hubert Parry. He also learned to play the horn and piano. After four years he went to Selwyn College, Cambridge, at first to study, then to teach harmony and counterpoint. In 1889 he got a teaching job at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. Soon he became their first Director of Music and Organist. When Stanford died, Wood became Professor of Music at Cambridge.
Wood is mainly remembered today for his Anglican church music. He wrote music for the Communion Service and service settings of the Magnificat and Nunc dimittis. These are often sung today in cathedrals and churches. He wrote many fine anthems including "O thou, the central orb". In Cambridge he is remembered for the chimes he wrote for the clocks of Gonville and Caius College.
His pupils included Ralph Vaughan Williams at Cambridge and Herbert Howells at the Royal College of Music.
References.
The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie ISBN 1-56159-174-2

Arthur Bliss
Sir Arthur Bliss, (London, 2 August 1891; died London, 27 March 1975) was a British composer (a person who writes music). When he started composing, his music sounded very modern and harsh. As he got older he changed his style and wrote more Romantic music in the style of English composer Edward Elgar. For more than twenty years he was Master of the Queen's Music.
Early life.
His father was American, his mother was English. He went to school at Rugby. He went to Cambridge University where he studied with Irish composer Charles Wood. Wood also taught the composer Ralph Vaughan Williams. Bliss got to know Elgar whose music influenced him very much.
For a short time he learned music from Charles Villiers Stanford at the Royal College of Music. During World War I he served in the army.
After World War 1.
After the war he started to play his music in public. These compositions show the influence of Stravinsky, Ravel and Les Six. His music even sounded jazzy. After a few years his music became more Romantic. Elgar asked him to write something for the Three Choirs Festival in 1922. The piece he composed was his "Colour Symphony" in which he tries to describe colours in music.
During the 1920s his music became more traditional. He wrote a lot of music for films including music for the film "Things to Come" (H.G.Wells). He loved the theatre and composed music for the ballets "Checkmate" and "Miracle in the Gorbals". One of his best works is the choral symphony "Morning Heroes" (1930). This was written to remember those who were killed in World War I.
America.
When World War II started he was in the USA. He stayed there and taught at Berkeley, California until 1941. Then he returned to England. For a time he was Director of Music of the BBC. He wrote an opera "The Olympians". In 1953 he was made Master of the Queen's Music. He kept that position until his death, writing many pieces of music for official royal occasions.
He was given many honours, including the Companion of Honour and the Royal Victorian Order.
In his later years he composed several works for orchestra as well as for choirs.
He died on 27 March 1975. His wife, Gertrude died on 21 November 2008 at the age of 104.
References.
The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie ISBN 1-56159-174-2

Plumbing
Plumbing is a system of pipes that carry water or other fluids. Most plumbing is not seen and is built into the frame of a house. Plumbing most often leads to a sewer.

Copepod
Copepods (meaning "oar feet") are small, shrimp-like crustaceans that swim in seas, lakes, and ponds. Copepods are very important in the food web since many animals eat them.
There are 10 orders of copepods and over 4500 species; a few orders are free-swimming, but many are parasites (of fish). The free-swimming copepods move through the water in jerky motions by moving their swimming legs.

Donegal
Donegal is a town in County Donegal, Republic of Ireland. Despite its name being the namesake of the county that it stands in, the county town is Lifford and the largest town is Letterkenny.

Dingle
Dingle is a town in County Kerry, Republic of Ireland.

Young, New South Wales
Young is a town in New South Wales, Australia. It is the centre of Young Shire. It is on the Olympic Highway. It is about 2 hours drive from Canberra. Young is in a valley surrounded by hills. In 2001 there were 6,821 people living in Young.
Young is known as the Cherry Capital Of Australia and every year hosts the National Cherry Festival.
History.
The indigenous people of the district were members of the Burrowmunditory tribe, part of the Wiradjuri people.
James White was the first European settler in the area. He started Burrangong Station (farm) in 1826 by taking an area of 100 square miles.
Gold was found in the area in 1860. Until that time the area was called Lambing Flat. This was an area where sheep were grazed before the gold rush. The town was officially listed in 1861. About 470,000 ounces of gold were sent by the armed gold escort from the goldfields. Up to 20,000 miners were digging for gold including about 2,000 Chinese miners.
From November 1860 through to June 1861 European miners attacked Chinese gold miners in the area. This is now known as the Lambing Flat riots. As gold became harder to find, European miners got upset that the Chinese miners were still finding gold. Many Chinese miners were attacked, robbed and killed. They were chased off the goldfields. Eventually the riots were stopped and the Chinese miners had their mining areas given back. The New South Wales Parliament passed the Chinese Immigration Bill. This put a limit on the number of Chinese that could come to New South Wales on any ship. They also had to pay a tax to come New South Wales.
In 1889 Young was the first country town in Australia to have electricity for the streets and houses. Young was the first Local Government Area to start a country school bus system in New South Wales
The Lambing Flat Chinese Tribute Gardens.
Young Shire Council has started these gardens next to Chinaman’s Dam. This is an old railway dam about 4 km south of Young. They are made to create a peaceful feeling like the Japanese Gardens at Cowra.
Chinaman’s Dam was built in the 1860s by Dutch brothers, Herman and John Tiedeman. They used the water for the sluicing of their Victoria Hill gold claims. In the 1870s, the brothers sold the area, including the dam, to a Chinese group who worked the site. It is in a small gully called Pitstone on Sawpit Gully.
In 1882 the NSW government started to build the first part of the Blayney to Demondrille railway line. To provide water for the steam trains, they decided to use the dam and pump water from it to a tank, known as Young Tank, at the 246 mile post. It is not known whether the railways improved the old dam or built a new one.
From 1885 to 1901, trains stopped at Young Tank to refill with water. In 1901, trains were able to get water at Young Railway Station. The supply of water came from Chinaman’s Dam. The size of the dam was enlarged in 1911 to hold about 2 million gallons.
The dam was a popular spot for swimming.
When the town water supply was connected to the Burrinjuck Dam, the railways stopped using Chinaman’s Dam. In 1937 the area turned into a 36 acre park. The Shire Council looks after the gardens. The dam has since been made bigger.

Ammunition
Ammunition, often called ammo, comes from the French word "la munition". At first it meant all items used for war. This was from the Latin word "munire" (to provide). It now is used only for gunpowder and artillery. The group word for all types of ammunition is munitions. This means anything that can be used in combat and includes bombs, missiles, warheads, and mines (landmines, naval mines, and claymore mines). These are made in munitions factories.
Ammunition is mainly used to send out force against a target. Ammunition can also include flares and incendaries - chemicals that start fires. Since the making of the cartridge, ammunition has come to mean the putting of a projectile - the item that is sent to hit the target, and its propellant - the chemical that creates the force, into a single package.
Ammmunition is a complex subject. It covers use of fire to a hit target, use of weapons by people, explosives and propellants, cartridges, high explosive projectiles (HE), warheads, special shells to attack armour and aircraft, carrier projectiles, fuses, mortar ammunition, small arms (revolver and pistol) ammunition, grenades, mines, flares, improved conventional munitions, and computer guided munition.

Emirate
An emirate is a political territory that is ruled by an emir, a dynastic Arab Monarch.
Emirate or amirate comes from, "Imaarah"; plural: إمارات, "Imaraat".
The United Arab Emirates is a federal state of seven federal emirates, each administered by a hereditary emir, these seven elect the federation's President and Prime Minister. Most emirates have either disappeared or become part of a larger modern state, some changed their rulers' title, e.g. to Malik (Arabic for King) or Sultan. Therefore true emirate-states have become rare.
In Arabic the term can be generalized to mean any province of a country that is administered by a member of the ruling class, especially of a member of the royal family, as in Saudi Arabian governorates.

Mike Busniuk
Mike Busniuk (born December 13, 1951 in Thunder Bay, Ontario) is a retired Canadian professional ice hockey player. He is the younger brother of Ron Busniuk, who played for the Buffalo Sabres.

Law of three stages
"From the study of the development of human intelligence, in all directions, and through all times, the discovery arises of a great fundamental law, to which it is necessarily subject, and which has a solid foundation of proof, both in the facts of our organization and in our historical experience. The law is this: that each of our leading conceptions -- each branch of our knowledge -- passes successively through three different theoretical conditions: the theological, or fictitious; the metaphysical, or abstract; and the scientific, or positive. In other words, the human mind, by its nature, employs in its progress three methods of philosophizing, the character of which is essentially different, and even radically opposed: namely, the theological method, the metaphysical, and the positive. Hence arise three philosophies, or general systems of conceptions on the aggregate of phenomena, each of which excludes the others. The first is the necessary point of departure of the human understanding, and the third is its fixed and definitive state. The second is merely a state of transition." (citation from "Cours of philosophy positive")

Glasgow Subway
The Glasgow Subway is a subway system serving Glasgow, Scotland, UK.

Tyne and Wear Metro
Tyne and Wear Metro is a rapid transit in Newcastle upon Tyne, Gateshead, South Tyneside, North Tyneside and Sunderland in United Kingdom.

Sydney White
Sydney Rae White (born November 30,1991) is English actress and singer.
Biography.
Sydney was born in London on November 30th 1991, and has always loved singing and acting. She first attended Broomfield House School in Kew and bullied her somewhat skeptical parents into taking her to the renowned children's agency Young'uns. They took her on and following her very first audition she was offered the role of Cosette in Les Miserables. The following year she undertook four performances per week at London's Palace Theatre fitting schoolwork around them. Sydney then auditioned for the world-famous Sylvia Young Theatre School, and was thrilled to win one of the few precious places, starting in September 2002.
Sydney lives in West London with her parents, two older brothers (Paul and Adam) and two younger brothers (Cameron and Spike). She also has a dog called Digger. She won a prestigious LAMDA award in 2003, and admits she's keen to win an Oscar!

Welcome to PCA (soundtrack)
Welcome to PCA is the soundtrack of the movie Welcome to PCA.

Pedro P. Polakoff, III
Pedro P. Polakoff III is a freelance photographer based in Philadelphia, known for his role in the Mumia Abu-Jamal case. Polakoff took photographs of the crime scene at 13th and Locust St., where police officer Daniel Faulkner was killed. Polakoff arrived at the scene minutes before the Mobile Crime Unit (a division of the police that is involved in forensics and photography), and was the only press photographer on the scene. The photos are important to the case as they point to things that should not have been done and could have corrupted evidence (tampering). This includes a photograph of Officer James Forbes holding two guns, Mumia Abu-Jamal's and Faulkner's, in his bare hand. Another photograph, which depicted a hat on the roof of the Volkswagen that belonged to Billy Cook (Abu-Jamal's brother), showed that the hat had been moved, as in the official police photograph, the hat was on the ground.

Emir
Emir (Arabic:; female: أميرة; emira; (Persian and Urdu: امیر) "commander" or "general", also "prince"; also transliterated as amir, aamir or ameer) is a high title of nobility or office. It is used throughout the Arab World and historically in some Turkic states and Afghanistan. Emirs are usually considered high-ranking sheiks, but in monarchical states the term is also used for princes, then "Emirate" means more or less the same as principality in this context.
Emir is used also as a name in Turkey like Emir Niego and Emir Sevinc.
"Emir" is the most common spelling in English and many other languages (for example, United Arab Emirates). The spelling "amir", that is closer to the original Arabic, is more common for its compounds (e.g., admiral) and in individual names.

Launceston
Launceston is a city in Australia, and is the second biggest city in the state of Tasmania. It has an approximate population of 70,000, but services another 30,000 people. It is located at the junction of the North Esk, South Esk and Tamar Rivers and was founded in 1806.

Governess
A governess is a lady who works for a family, teaching the children in their home. She is not like a nanny who looks after them all day, dressing them etc. The governess's job is to be their teacher.
Very few children nowadays have a governess, but it was quite common in the families of rich people until around the beginning of the 20th century. In England quite a lot of young children who lived in the country, a long way from good schools, had a governess. When the boys were old enough they were sent away to a boarding school.
Governesses taught basic skills such as Reading, Writing and Arithmetic. They may also have taught other skills such as French, piano playing and drawing or painting. Sometimes other teachers might be
A governess was not a servant, but she was not treated like a member of the family either. This meant that they were often quite lonely, and they usually ate their meals alone. For girls from a middle class background who were not married it was one of the only ways of earning a living. When the children she taught (her "charges") grew up, she would have to find a new job.
Novels of the time were usually about rich families, and a governess often comes into the story, e.g. in Charlotte Brontë's "Jane Eyre" or Anne Brontë's "Agnes Grey". Maria, the main character in "The Sound of Music", leaves the convent and becomes a governess to the children of the von Trapp family.

Confederation of the Rhine
The Confederation of the Rhine was a client state of First French Empire. It existed from 1806 through 1813. Its ruler was a Protector, who was Napoleon I of France. It was one of the succesors of Holy Roman Empire and one of the predecessors of German Confederation.

Constant Lambert
Constant Lambert (born London, 23 August 1905; died London, 21 August 1951) was a British composer and conductor.
Lambert’s father was the painter George Washington Lambert who had come to England from Australia. Lambert was often ill when he was a child. He went to school at Christ's Hospital and won a scholarship to the Royal College of Music. He soon became interested in French and Russian music. He became friends with other famous people including the Sitwell family, William Walton, Philip Heseltine and Bernard van Dieren. He and Edith Sitwell were the reciters at a performance of Walton’s "Façade".
Lambert was a prodigy: he was composing music for orchestra when he was only 13, and when he was 20 he was asked to write a ballet for Serge Diaghilev's world-famous Ballets Russes ("Romeo and Juliet").
He soon became very famous. His best known work is "The Rio Grande" for piano solo, chorus and orchestra. It has a mixture of musical styles: jazz, habaneras and the influence of Delius and Duke Ellington.
During the 1930s he performed a lot as a conductor with the Vic-Wells ballet (later the Royal Ballet), but he stopped composing music. Lambert thought he had failed as a composer, and only finished two more big works in the last sixteen years of his life. He continued conducting, and appeared at Covent Garden and in BBC broadcasts, and travelled to Europe and America conducting ballets. He was an excellent ballet conductor and helped the dancers to give their best performance.
During the war he became ill. He refused to see a doctor. He was working very hard and also drinking a lot.
Lambert liked jazz and thought it was an important influence on popular culture of the time. He wrote a book about this, called "Music Ho!" (1934). The book is widely read today, although it shows a very personal approach to music.
Lambert was married twice. His first marriage was to Florence Kaye. He later married Isabel Nichols, an artist, in 1947. After Constant Lambert's death, Isabel married the composer Alan Rawsthorne.
Lambert died on 21 August 1951. He had pneumonia and it was also found that he had diabetes made worse by alcoholism.

Kensington, Calgary
Kensington is an area in Calgary, Alberta, Canada that is famous for some kinds of entertainment. People who go to Kensington (it is accessible by the Sunnyside c-train stop) can enjoy shopping, many coffee shops, a small movie theater, and many restaurants. Often the coffee shops are busy. There are two chain coffee shops - Starbucks and Second Cup - but there are also lesser known but still popular ones. These are: The House, Oolong Tea House, and Higher Ground. The Roasterie is another coffee shop that grinds coffee beans to sell and can often be smelled when you are walking on the street.

Samuel Coleridge-Taylor
Samuel Coleridge-Taylor (born London, 15 August 1875; died Croydon, 1 September 1912) was an English composer.
Coleridge-Taylor was born in Holborn, London. His black father was a doctor from Sierra Leone, his mother was English. His parents were not married. The father went back to Africa by February 1875. He had the job of coroner for the British Empire in the Gambia in the late 1890s. He did not know anything about his son’s existence.
Coleridge-Taylor was brought up in Croydon. He studied the violin at the Royal College of Music and composition with Charles Villiers Stanford. In 1899 he married Jessie Walmisley who had been a student with him at the RCM. Her parents did not want her to be married to someone of mixed race. The couple had a son, Hiawatha (1900-1980) and a daughter, Avril, born Gwendolyn (1903-1998).
Soon Coleridge-Taylor became known as a composer. Edward Elgar helped him get one of his pieces performed at the Three Choirs Festival. Two months later Stanford conducted the cantata "Hiawatha’s Wedding Feast", the piece for which he is best remembered. He toured the United States in 1904. This made him even more interested in finding out about his racial heritage. He wanted to do for African music what Johannes Brahms had done for Hungarian music and Antonín Dvořák for Bohemian music. He had met the American poet Paul Laurence Dunbar in London and set some of his poems to music. Several people encouraged him to learn more about his heritage.
Coleridge-Taylor was a shy man, but he was a very good conductor. He was often asked to adjudicate at music festivals.
Coleridge-Taylor was 37 when he died of pneumonia. His widow hardly had any money, but King George V gave her a pension of GB£100, which shows how popular Coleridge-Taylor had been as a composer. A memorial concert was held later in 1912 at the Royal Albert Hall and gathered £300.
Coleridge-Taylor's works were often performed by Sir Malcolm Sargent who conducted ten seasons of a costumed ballet version of "Hiawatha" at the Royal Albert Hall between 1928 and 1939 with the Royal Choral Society (600 to 800 singers) and 200 dancers.
His music.
Coleridge-Taylor's best-known work is his cantata "Hiawatha's Wedding-feast", which was performed very often by choral groups in England during his lifetime and for many years after his death. He wrote several other pieces about Hiawatha: "The Death of Minnehaha", "Overture to The Song of Hiawatha" and "Hiawatha's Departure".
He also wrote a lot of chamber music, anthems and other works. The orchestral piece "Petite Suite de Concert" used to be very popular, but its Romanticism sounds a little old-fashioned now.
Reference.
The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed Stanley Sadie; ISBN 1-56159-174-2

Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro
The Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro is a Catholic university based in the neighborhood Gavea in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It was founded in 1941 by D. Sebastião Leme and the Rev. Leonel Franca, and was officially recognized in January 15, 1946.
The PUC-Rio was one of the first universities that taught Entrepreneurship in the graduation courses in Brazil.
Also, PUC-Rio has about eighteen hundred students and one hundred teachers.

Quim Monzó
Quim Monzó was born in Barcelona, Spain, in 1952. He is a Catalan writer of novels, short stories and discursive prose, mostly in the Catalan language.
In the early 1970s, Monzó reported from Vietnam, Cambodia, Northern Ireland and East Africa for newspapers in Barcelona. His fiction is full of irony. His other prose maintains this humor. One collection of his essays, "Catorze ciutats comptant-hi Brooklyn", is notable for its account of New York in the days immediately following September 11.

Northern Light Infantry
The Northern Light Infantry (NLI) is a Light Infantry Regiment of the Pakistan Army. Headquartered in Gilgit, the capital of Northern Areas, Pakistan, it is the main force protecting the strategically important northern areas of Pakistan.

Pakistan National Command Authority
The National Command Authority (NCA) of Pakistan will be the Pakistani organisation responsible for policy formulation, and will exercise employment and development control over all strategic nuclear forces and strategic organizations.

Districts of Sindh
There are 23 districts in Sindh, Pakistan.

Districts of Punjab (Pakistan)
There are 35 districts in Punjab, Pakistan.

Districts of Afghania (Pakistan)
There are 24 districts in NWFP.

Setting (fiction)
A setting is the time, place, and atmosphere (e.g. happy, sad, exciting, etc.) the novel is taking place in.

National symbols of Pakistan
Pakistan has several official national symbols including a historic document, a flag, an emblem, an anthem, a memorial tower as well as several national heroes. The symbols were adopted at various stages in the existence of Pakistan and there are various rules and regulations governing their definition or use. There are also several other symbols including the national animal, bird, flower and tree of the country.

Reptoids
Reptilian humanoids are a common motif in mythology, folklore, cryptozoology, science fiction, fantasy, ufology, and conspiracy theories. Depending on context they are known by many names, including Snakepeople, Reptoids, Dinosauroids, Lizardfolk, or Lizardmen'".
They are variously said to be beings that evolved on Earth parallel to mankind, extraterrestrials, supernatural entities, or the remains of a pre-human civilization.
Mythology.
Reptilian humanoids of varying depictions have been common in the myths and legends of many cultures throughout history.
Europe.
Cecrops I, the mythical first King of Athens was half man, half snake. This is illustrated, for example, on a frieze on the Pergamon Altar in Pergamum. In these images from Pergamum, some of which depict gigantomachy, one sees the giant Klyteros with huge serpents between his legs. Boreas (Aquilon to the Romans) was the Greek god of the cold north wind, described by Pausanias as a winged man with serpents between his legs. The ancient Greek cult of Glycon worshipped a snake god who had the head of a man. The Lamia, a child-devouring female demon from Greek mythology, was half woman, half serpent.
India.
In Indian scriptures and legends, the Nāga (Devanagari: नाग) are reptilian beings said to live underground and interact with human beings on the surface. In some versions, these beings were said to have once lived on a continent in the Indian Ocean that sank beneath the waves. Indian texts also refer to a reptilian race called the "Sarpa" (Devanagari: सर्प). The Syrictæ of India (not to be confused with the Sciritae of ancient greece) were a legendary tribe of men with snake-like nostrils in place of noses and bandy serpentine legs.
East Asia.
The Chinese, Vietnamese, Korean and Japanese speak throughout their history of 龍 ("Lóng") ("Yong" in Korean, "Ryu" in Japanese) or dragons, conceived of in both physical and non-physical forms, but rarely depicted in humanoid form, though they may assume a non-reptilian human form.
In China, Korea and Japan, underwater realms are referred to where the Dragon Kings and their descendants live, as well as a lineage of humans descended from a race of dragons. This lineage was often claimed by East Asian emperors, who were believed to be able to change from human to dragon form at will.
In Japan, there are myths about the kappa, or lizard men who live near rivers and attack passers by.
Middle East.
In the Middle East, reptilian beings ranging from certain Jinn to dragons and serpent-men have been spoken of since ancient times. In one of the apocryphal books falsely purporting to be the lost Book of Jasher, a serpent race is described.
In the Book of Genesis, God punishes the serpent for deceiving Eve into eating the fruit of the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil by decreeing, "Upon thy belly thou shalt go, and dust shalt thou eat all the days of your life" (Genesis 3:14 KJV). Traditionally, many have felt this implied that the serpent (a snake or reptile) had legs before then. Thus It is therefore often portrayed in Western art as a humanoid (woman) with a snake's tail, and sometimes lizard-like feet, as in a detail from Bosch's "Last Judgement".
Mesoamerica.
Quetzalcoatl, the "feathered serpent", was the creator god and sky god of the Aztecs. He was variously depicted as a man, a serpent, or a reptilian humanoid.
Scientific speculation.
In a thought experiment published in 1982, paleontologist Dale Russell, curator of vertebrate fossils at the National Museum of Canada in Ottawa, conjectured that, had the Chicxulub meteorite not exterminated the dinosaurs 65 million years ago, bipedal predators (theropods) which existed at that time, such as "Troodon", would have evolved into intelligent beings similar in body plan to humans. Troodontids had semi-manipulative fingers, able to grasp and hold objects to a certain degree, and binocular vision. Like most dinosaurs of the troodontid family, this imaginary creature, which Russell called the "Dinosauroid", would have had large eyes and three fingers on each hand, one of which would have been partially opposed. As with most modern reptiles (and birds), its genitalia would have been internal. Russell speculated that it would have required a navel, as a placenta aids the development of a large brain case. However, it would not have possessed mammary glands, and would have fed its young, as birds do, on regurgitated food. Its language would have sounded somewhat like bird song. Russell's fanciful speculation has been met with criticism from other paleontologists since the 1980s, many of whom point out that Russell's Dinosauroid is overly anthropomorphic. Gregory S. Paul (1988) and Thomas R. Holtz Jr., consider it "suspiciously human" (Paul, 1988) and argue that a large-brained, highly intelligent troodontid would retain a more standard theropod body plan, with a horizontal posture and long tail, and would probably manipulate objects with the snout and feet in the manner of a bird, rather than with human-like "hands". Turkish artist Nemo Ramjet has used these new approaches to the original thought experiment to re-interpret the Dinosauroid, going so far as to create "Dinosauroid cave art", which depicts sentient, tool-using troodontids and other dinosaurs and pterosaurs, painted using sticks and feathers.
Cryptozoology.
Claims of reptilian humanoid cryptids have occurred in many places. A "lizard man" has been rumored to be stalking South Carolina for decades. First reported in Scape Ore Swamp in 1988, the creature was claimed to have been sighted again in 2008. Claims of a reptilian humanoid surfaced in the 1970s in Thetis Lake, Canada, though the local police attributed the sightings to an escaped Tegu lizard. A humanoid froglike creature has occasionally been reported around Loveland, Ohio since the 1950s.
Conspiracy theories.
There are a variety of conspiracy theories involving reptilian humanoids. Some believe that the so-called Greys are in fact reptiles, and should be categorized as "Reptoids", others that Reptoids are an entirely different species working with or in opposition to the Greys. Some conspiracy promoters, especially David Icke, have also claimed that they are capable of shape-shifting.
UFOs.
In modern times some claim to have encountered reptilian humanoids. In many of these cases a UFO is part of the encounter; alien abduction narratives sometimes allege contact with reptilian creatures.
One of the earliest reports is that of Ashland, Nebraska police officer Herbert Schirmer. On December 3, 1967, Schirmer claims to have been taken aboard a UFO that appeared just outside of Ashland, where he encountered humanoid beings, 4 feet 6 inches to 5 feet (1.38 m to 1.53 m) tall, who wore close-fitting silvery gray uniforms, boots, and gloves. Their heads were thin, and longer than a human head. The skin on their faces was grey-white, the nose flat, the mouth merely a slit which did not move, even when they spoke. Their eyes were slightly slanted. While only slightly reptilian in their outward appearance, these beings bore a "winged serpent" emblem on the left side of their chest. Schirmer alleged that the beings are from another galaxy, and have bases on Earth.
David Icke.
According to writer David Icke, 7-foot (2.1 m) tall, blood-drinking reptilian humanoids from the star system Alpha Draconis are the force behind a worldwide conspiracy directed at humanity. The reptilians maintain their control through the generation of fear and negative emotion, which is food to these entities, by manufacturing conflicts, primarily wars. He contends that most of the world's leaders are in fact related to these reptilians.
According to an interview with David Icke, Christine Fitzgerald claims that she was a confidante of Diana, Princess of Wales, and that Diana told her that the British Royal Family were reptilian aliens, and that they could shapeshift. Icke also claims that many presidents of the United States have been and are reptilian humanoids. In his view, United States foreign policy after September 11 is the product of a reptilian conspiracy to enslave humanity completely in a "New World Order," with George W. Bush and other minor and major political figures being the conduits used for the unfolding of this Reptilian conspiracy.
Icke draws connections between the reptilian aliens in his theories and the Annunaki depicted in Zecharia Sitchin's "12th Planet", which has led to other conspiracy theorists referring to reptilian humanoids as the "Annunaki"; however, Sitchin himself has always described his Annunaki as purely humanoid.
John Rhodes.
John Rhodes was the first person to publicly present claims of reptilian-humanoid sightings and contact. He established the Reptoids.com website in 1997 to collect, review and present his claims of reptoid activity. He has also appeared on television and radio shows giving interviews about his beliefs on Reptoids.
Rhodes contends that the majority of the reptilian humanoids are descendants of the dinosaurs and are biological byproducts of Earth evolution. Rhodes cites the 1980s thought experiment of Dale Russell (see above) as an example of scientific projection that correlates his "Evolved Reptoid" theory. Rhodes also states that human attention has been intentionally misdirected away from the underworld toward deep space, so the subject of underground Earth dwelling Reptoids and lost ancient civilizations can remain secret.
Politics.
During a provincial election in Ontario, Canada on September 12, 2003, the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario disseminated a press release describing Ontario Liberal Party opposition leader Dalton McGuinty as an "Evil reptilian kitten-eater from another planet".
In the closely fought 2008 US Senate election between comedian and commentator Al Franken and incumbent Senator Norm Coleman, one of the ballots challenged by Coleman included a vote for Franken with "Lizard People" written in the space provided for write-in candidates. Rejecting the Franken lawyer's argument that "Lizard People" was not a valid write-in and thus not an overvote, the canvassing board ruled that the ballot was in fact an overvote, and as such, was not counted as a vote for either.
In fiction.
Reptilian humanoids are a common theme in fiction, whether fantasy or science fiction. Because of the aversion that many people have for reptiles in general, reptile-like aliens are often the villain in such works. One observer notes, "Science fiction writers and movie producers are well aware of how appearances affect us, and they are able to construct their aliens to achieve the desired dramatic effects. We may respond favorably to those that remind us of children or pets, and less favorably to those that remind us of lizards... or other creatures that have 'image' problems... For many animals, large eyes or eyelike patterns tend to elicit fear and escape responses. One possible explanation for this is that large, staring eyes often belong to predators. Immense eyes or eyelike appendages may also be threatening to humans, and this threat may contribute to an aversion to 'bug-eyed monsters'."
Another explanation notes the "slimy" feel of reptiles, rather than their appearance, as a source of horror. R. Rawdon Wilson, Professor Emeritus of the Department of English at the University of Alberta, explored the theme in "The Hydra's Tale: Imagining Disgust": "Because of the genre's emphasis upon explicit images, horror films are rich in examples of wetness and dissolution... In "Alien", "Aliens", and "Alien3" and "Alien Resurrection", the xenomorphic monsters drip liquid from their mouths in improbable ways... The association with slime is more fundamentally established in the stages of the alien's developmental phases. It is a "Linnean nightmare, defying every natural law of evolution; by turns bivalve, crustacean, reptilian, and humanoid..."
Human-like reptiles have appeared in various popular treatments, from early pulp short stories and novellas, to full novels, comic books, television features, films, and the gaming industry.

Sei Whale
The Sei whale ("Balaenoptera borealis") is a dark-gray, stream-lined baleen whale that is found worldwide except in polar waters. It swims in small pods of 3-5 whales but larger groups may form at rich feeding grounds. It has very fine grey-black baleen that traps very small particles of food. It is a rorqual whale (a large baleen whale) that is similar to Bryde's whale.
Description.
The Sei whale is also called the Sardine whale, the Pollack whale, the Coalfish whale, the Japan Finner, and Rudolphi's Rorqual. Large numbers of these whales were hunted until recently for their oil and meat. It is the fastest of the great whales and can swim at about 23 mph (20 knots) in short bursts.
Diet.
Sei whales are carnivores that filter-feed plankton (tiny crustaceans like krill, copepods, pteropods, etc.) and small fish from the water.

Vithoba
Vithoba is a Hindu god worshipped mainly in the Indian states of Maharashtra and Karnataka. He is also known as Vitthala and Panduranga. He is generally considered a form of the Hindu god Vishnu or Krishna. In stone images and pictures, he is shown as a dark young boy. He stands on a brick with his hands on his waist. His wife Rukmini or Rakhumai stands with him.
Vithoba's main temple is at Pandharpur in Maharashtra. It is close to it's border with Karnataka. Two Hindu sects, the Varkari sect of Maharashtra and Haridasa sect of Karnataka worship Vithoba as their main god. The Varkari poet-saints have written devotional poems called "abhanga"s in praise of god Vithoba. The abhangas are written in the language Marathi. The Haridasa poets have also written poems, devoted to Vithoba in the Kannada language. The two most important festivals associated with Vithoba are "Shayani Ekadashi" in the Hindu month of Ashadha, and "Prabodini Ekadashi" in the Hindu month of Kartik.

Breadalbane, New South Wales
Breadalbane () is a small village on the Lachlan River in New South Wales, Australia. It is near Goulburn in the Upper Lachlan Shire. This little town is also on the Hume Highway which links Sydney and Melbourne. The highway used to go through the small town but it was bypassed in the early 1990s. Breadalbane is also situated on the Sydney-Melbourne railway line.
Breadalbane is also near the start of the Federal Highway. This branches off the Hume Highway just south of Goulburn and goes to Canberra in the Australian Capital Territory. Canberra is the capital city of Australia where the Commonwealth Federal Parliament sits.
History.
Breadalbane is a very historic town. There are now only a few houses. In the past there was a hotel, service station and a railway station. These are now closed, although the old hotel and service station buildings are still there. They are now used as private houses. The railway station opened in 1875 and closed in 1974. The signal box was still used until 1979. All trace of the station has been removed, although a loading bank is still standing.

Hydrofoil
A hydrofoil is a type of boat that can lift it's hull out of the water with a pair of special wings underwater. These wings are like the wings of an airplane.
How it works.
When a hydrofoil moves quickly, it's wings allow it to fly. When this happens the boat is said to be in "foilborne". The result of flying means less of the boat is touching the water and can make the boat have less drag which allows it to move faster (drag slows a boat down).

Gundaroo, New South Wales
Gundaroo is a small village in New South Wales, Australia. It is in the Yass Valley Shire. It is built near the Yass River. Gundaroo is about 16 kms north of Sutton and about 15 km west of the Lake George range. About 300 people live there.
History.
The explorers Charles Throsby and Joseph Wild travelled through the Yass River valley in 1820. The Aborigines called the valley "Candariro" which means "blue crane". This name might be the meaning of the word Gundaroo. Governor Lachlan Macquarie gave the first European settler, Peter Cooney, 30 acres in 1825. Other farms were started quickly with about 400 people in the 1840s. The Harrow Inn (hotel) was built in 1834. A post office was built in 1848 and an Anglican church, St Lukes in Upper Gundaroo (now part of a pottery business), in 1849. The first school opened in 1850 and a Police Station in 1852. When gold was discovered in the area in 1852 many more people came to the town.
Gundaroo has become a place where people who work in Canberra can live. It is a village for tourists from Canberra to visit because of its well cared for historic buildings.

Jack Adams
John James "Jack" Adams (June 14, 1895 – May 1, 1968) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player, coach and general manager in the National Hockey League and Pacific Coast Hockey Association. He was a Hall of Fame player during a 10 year professional career with Toronto, Vancouver and Ottawa. He is best known for his 36-year association with the Detroit Red Wings of the NHL as coach or general manager. He later became president of the Central Hockey League.

Almas Tower
Almas Tower is a skyscraper in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. It is 363 meters (1,191 feet) tall and has 68 floors. It was built in 2009 and is one of the tallest buildings in the world

Emirates Office Tower
Emirates Office Tower is a skyscraper in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. It is 355 meters (1,163 feet) tall and has 54 floors. It was built in 2000 and is one of the tallest buildings in the world
Emirates Office Tower is next to the Jumeirah Emirates Towers Hotel, which is also one of the tallest buildings in the world at 309m (1,014ft).

Jumeirah Emirates Towers Hotel
Jumeirah Emirates Towers Hotel is a skyscraper in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. It is 309 meters (1,014 feet) tall and has 56 floors. It was built in 2000 and is one of the tallest buildings in the world
Jumeirah Emirates Towers Hotel is next to the Emirates Office Tower, which is also one of the tallest buildings in the world at 355m (1,163ft).

Jeremy Adduono
Jeremy Adduono (born August 4, 1978, in Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada) is a Canadian professional ice hockey winger. He was drafted in the seventh round, 184th overall, by the Buffalo Sabres in the 1997 NHL Entry Draft.

Old College, University of Edinburgh
Old College is a building in Edinburgh, United Kingdom. It is part of University of Edinburgh.

Garage, Inc.
"Garage Inc." is a cover album by American heavy metal band Metallica, released in 1998.
It includes recorded cover versions of other artists' songs, all of their b-side covers released up to that point, and the entire ', which had gone out of print since its original release in 1987. The title is a combination of Garage Days Re-Revisited and their song Damage, Inc. Over 5 million copies have been sold in the US as certified by the RIAA.
Disc one.
These tracks were recorded in September-October 1998 for the "Garage Inc." album.
Disc two.
These tracks are a collection of B-sides from artists Metallica were inspired by throughout the early years of the band.

Christmas 1994 nor'easter
The Christmas 1994 nor'easter was a strong cyclone along the East Coast of the United States and Atlantic Canada. It developed from an area of low pressure in the southeast Gulf of Mexico near the Florida Keys, and moved across the state of Florida.
Meteorological history.
A weather system moved towards the southeast from the central Great Plains into the Deep South of the United States. After entering the Gulf of Mexico, the weather system became a cyclone. An approaching trough pushed the system across Florida. A forecaster at the National Hurricane Center, Jack Beven, said that "as it [the storm] moved out into the Bahamas, it appeared to take on the characteristics of a tropical storm." He also noted that because of the uncertainty, the National Hurricane Center did not call the weather system a tropical cyclone.
The cyclone was said to be a "hybrid" storm. The cyclone quickly gained strength in warm waters from the Gulf Stream, and because of cold air over the United States. The system continued to become stronger while moving within the Gulf Stream. The storm developed central atmospheric convection, which is unusual for a storm of its type. Extratropical cyclone. Also, the system developed an eye, which is usually seen in tropical cyclones. Even though the cyclone showed signs of a tropical storm, forecaster Jack Beven stated: "There was no front associated with it [the storm] and it had a warm core, but the radius of maximum winds was more than 150 nautical miles [175 mi, 280 km], so under the standard NHC criteria it didn’t qualify as a tropical storm." On December 23 and 24, the nor'easter intensified to attain a barometric pressure of 970|mb. Another low pressure system that developed behind the storm became stronger, and grew to be larger in size than the original storm. Due to the Fujiwhara effect, the large circulation of the secondary low moved the original nor'easter towards the northwest. The nor'easter passed along the south shore of Long Island, and it made landfall near New York City on December 24. Later, it moved over southeastern New York State. On December 25, which is Christmas Day, the system began to lose strength as it moved towards Nova Scotia, before the pair of low pressure systems moved out to sea early on December 26.

River Wear
The Wear is a river in England. It starts in Wearhead, County Durham and opens up into the North Sea at Sunderland.

River Tees
The Tees is a river in England. It starts in Cross Fell (a mountain) in the Pennines, and opens up into the North Sea. It forms a border between North Yorkshire and County Durham and also between the towns of Hartlepool and Redcar.

Rutland Boughton
Rutland Boughton (born Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire 23 January 1878; died London, 25 January, 1960) was an English composer. He was well known in the early 20th century as a composer of opera and choral music.
Boughton studied with Charles Villiers Stanford and Walford Davies. He wrote many different kinds of music including symphonies, concertos, part-songs, songs, chamber music and opera. His best known work was the opera "The Immortal Hour". His carol "Bethlehem" (1915) became very popular in England and in many other countries.
He was a great admirer of the composer Richard Wagner who had built his own theatre, the Bayreuth Festspielhaus, in the German town of Bayreuth. Boughton wanted to create an "English Bayreuth" at Glastonbury, so he started the series of Glastonbury Festivals that took place from 1914 until 1926. From 1927 until his death in 1960, he lived at Kilcot near Newent, Gloucestershire.

Bayreuth Festspielhaus
The Bayreuth Festspielhaus ("Bayreuth Festival Theatre") is an opera house in the town of Bayreuth, Germany. The German opera composer Richard Wagner got the opera house built so that his own music could be performed properly. He had lots of ideas about how opera should be performed, and he thought that there was no opera house in Germany that was good enough for performances of his operas. Today it is still the place where every year there is a festival, the Bayreuth Festival, which is dedicated only to the operas of Richard Wagner.
King Ludwig II of Bavaria was a great admirer of Richard Wagner and he gave a lot of money for the opera house to be built. Wagner watched the construction all the time and made sure that everything was built in the way he wanted. Work on the building started on 22 May 1872 (Wagner's birthday), and it was ready four years later when, for the first time, all four operas which make up the cycle called "Der Ring des Nibelungen" ("The Ring of the Nibelung"), were performed.
The opera house is big enough for an audience of 1,925. One unusual thing is the orchestra pit, which is right under the stage, covered by a hood, so that the orchestra cannot be seen at all by the audience. Wagner wanted the audience to be able to concentrate properly on the action on the stage instead of being distracted by watching the orchestra. It makes it very difficult for the orchestra and the singers to be together, and conductors have to get used to the problem.
The Festspielhaus also has a double proscenium, which makes it look as if the stage is further away than it actually is.

Kilmacolm
Kilmalcolm is a town in Inverclyde, Scotland, UK.

Port Glasgow
Port Glasgow is a town in Inverclyde, Scotland, UK.

Largs
Largs is a town in North Ayrshire, Scotland, UK.

Dunoon
Dunoon is a town in Argyll and Bute, Scotland, UK.

Falkland, Fife
Falkland is a town in Fife, Scotland, UK.

Saving Abel
Saving Abel is an American rock band formed in 2004 in Mississippi. Saving Abel is under the records for Virgin Records. The band released an earlier studio album in 2006 called "Saving Abel" and released a later self-titles album ("Saving Abel"). The rock band is specially knwon famous for 2 highly famous singles Addicted and 18 Days.

Carl Reinecke
Carl Reinecke (born Altona, Hamburg 23 June 1824; died Leipzig, 10 March 1910) was a Danish-born composer, conductor, and pianist.
Reinecke was born near Hamburg, which was part of Denmark at the time. Carl learned music from his father. He was soon playing the piano in public and was composing by the age of twelve.
When he was 19 he travelled about giving concerts. He went as far east as Riga. In 1846 he became to Court Pianist for King Christian VIII in Copenhagen. He stayed there until 1848, composing four piano concertos as well as concertos for violin, cello, harp and flute. He continued to travel, including to Leipzig where he met Schumann, Mendelssohn and Liszt.
In 1851 he became a professor at the Cologne Conservatory. Later he had conducting jobs in Barmen and Breslau.
In 1860, Reinecke was made director of the famous Gewandhaus Orchestra concerts in Leipzig, and professor of composition and piano at the Conservatorium. He became director of the Conservatorium and made it one of the best in Europe. He conducted the Gewandhaus Orchestra for 35 years and raised the standard of their playing. He conducted many first performances, including the first complete performance of Brahms's "German Requiem" (1869).
Perhaps his best-known piece is the flute sonata "Undine". He taught many famous musicians, including Edvard Grieg, Christian Sinding, Leoš Janáček, Isaac Albéniz, Johan Svendsen, Felix Weingartner and Max Bruch.
At the age of 80, Reinecke recorded his playing on piano roll, making him the earliest-born pianist to have his playing recorded in any way.
He retired in 1902, but continued to compose until the end of his life.

Saving Abel (2006 album)
Saving Abel ("the 2006 album") is the debut self-titled album by American rock band formed in 2004 called Saving Abel. A song from this album is a single on the 2008 self-titled album by "Saving Abel" called 18 Days.

Saving Abel (2008 album)
On March 11th, 2008, the rock band Saving Abel released their hit studio album called Saving Abel (the second self-titled album). A song in this particular album is featured on Saving Abel's previous self-titled studio album called "18 Days". There are two (2) major singles on this album called "Addicted" and "18 Days". The album has 11 studio tracks on it, and 2 original B-Sides. The album was produced by producer Skidd Mills. The album's songs have some of the songs featured on it from the previous self-titled studio album like "18 Days", "Drowning (Face Down)", "Running Away from You", and "Beautiful You".

18 Days
"18 Days" is the second single off the album by Saving Abel called "Saving Abel (2008 album)". The song ("18 Days") is also featured on the previous self-titled album by Saving Abel. The song was released in late 2008 when it took major airplay.
Charts.
"18 Days" by Saving Abel reached 14 on the "U.S. Billbaord Hot Modern Rock Tracks". The single also peaked #8 on the "U.S. Billboard Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks".

Dagenham
Dagenham is an area of London, United Kingdom.

Grays
Grays is a town in Essex, England, UK.

Carcoar, New South Wales
Carcoar is a town in New South Wales, Australia. It is in the Blayney Shire. About 400 people live in Carcoar. It next to the Mid-Western Highway, west of Sydney and south west of Bathurst. It is above sea-level. Carcoar is in a small green valley, with the town on both sides of the Belubula River.
Carcoar was once one of the most important government centres in Western New South Wales. The town has been classified by the National Trust. This is because it has a lot of buildings from the 1800's. Carcoar is a Aboriginal word from the Gundungura people meaning either "frog" or "kookaburra".
Nearby towns are Blayney, Millthorpe, Mandurama, Neville, Lyndhurst and Barry.
Settlers.
The first people to live in the area were the Gundungura people. The first European to travel through the area was surveyor George Evans. He came from Bathurst in 1815 and set up his camp on Coombing Creek.
The first settlers arrived in 1821. The first official land grant, 560 acres (2.3 km²), was given to Thomas Icely on 26 May 1829. He named his farm "Coombing Park". In 1838 Thomas Icely asked that a village be started to supply items for his big farm. On 29 September 1839 Carcoar became the third town west of the Blue Mountains.
The first land for houses in the town were sold in 1840. By 1850 Carcoar was the second biggest town west of the mountains. It was second in size to Bathurst. It became a banking and government centre for the area. In 1857 the town's public school opened. It is one of the oldest schools in Australia.
When gold was found in the west in the 1860's, Carcoar became less important. The government began building a number of important buildings in the late 1870s. At this time, "Coombing Park" was supplying iron ore to the Lithgow steelworks.
Railways.
Because the town is at the bottom of a steep valley it wasn't suitable for the railway. The railway line went to Blayney north west in 1874. By the early 1880s many people had left the town. Carcoar was joined to the railway line in 1888 when the Blayney-Demondrille Line.
In the 1980s train services were stopped between Cowra and Blayney. This included included Carcoar. This section was re-opened by the Lachlan Valley Railway. The LVR run tourist trains, mainly from Cowra to Blayney and Canowindra. They have now moved into general freight haulage.
Convicts and bushrangers.
Carcoar's was often visited by escaped convicts and bushrangers. They came into the town and robbed many times.
In one robbery, German Charley tried to stop Mickey Bourke from stealing a racehorse from the "Coombing Park" stables. He was shot dead by Bourke. Another bushranger, Curran was captured by the local police. The government sent extra police and a magistrate to the town. Frank Gardiner was working in the area after six years gaol for stealing horses. He gave up farm work and started stealing cattle.
In 1863 Johnny Gilbert and John O'Meally tried to rob the Commercial Bank. This may be Australia's first daylight bank robbery. Both bushrangers ran away when a bank worker fired a shot into the ceiling of the bank.
The Presbyterian Reverend James Adam was held up by Ben Hall. Hall liked the Adam and didn't rob him.

Gravesend
Gravesend is a town in Kent, England, UK. It is on the bank of the river Thames.

Bach Choir
The Bach Choir is a world-famous amateur choir based in London. They sing the music of Johann Sebastian Bach, but also music by many other composers.
History.
The Bach Choir gave their first concert on 26 April 1876 with a performance of Bach’s "Mass in B minor". At this time more and more people in England were becoming interested in the music of Bach, but the "Mass in B minor" had never been performed in England. The conductor Otto Goldschmidt who conducted the concert decided to make it a permanent choir.
In those days all choir members came from rich families (the upper classes). New members had to pass an audition, but they also had to be “proposed” (recommended) by existing members and accepted by the committee. Queen Victoria became Patron of the choir in 1879. The choir usually sang Bach’s motets and church music as well as the "Mass in B minor".
Goldschmidt resigned in 1885 and Charles Villiers Stanford became conductor. Stanford had already become well-known as organist of Trinity College, Cambridge and conductor of the Cambridge University Musical Society. He widened the repertoire of the choir, and the concerts also included works for orchestra. Hubert Parry composed his popular anthem "Blest Pair of Sirens" for the choir to sing at the Golden Jubilee of the Queen in 1887. The Jubilee concert also included the first London performance of Berlioz's "Te Deum", a work dedicated to the late Prince Consort.
20th century.
Towards the end of the nineteenth century the singing of the choir was not so good. Changes were made, including regular auditions for existing choir members, and stopping the requirement for new members to be proposed. Henry Walford Davies became the conductor. He improved the choir which was then taken over by Hugh Allen in 1908.
Hugh Allen found himself conducting a choir which included the young Ralph Vaughan Williams and Adrian Boult. He was strict, but good, and during his time as conductor the choir gave many important first London performances including Vaughan Williams' "Toward the Unknown Region" and "A Sea Symphony" and Parry's "Songs of Farewell".
When Allen resigned in 1921 his place was taken by Ralph Vaughan Williams who had now become a famous composer. He had a gentler approach than Allen. He stayed until 1928 when he left to be able to work more on composition. He was replaced for a short time by Gustav Holst, but he became ill, and Adrian Boult took over for three years. During his time it became tradition to perform Bach’s "St Matthew Passion" every year. This tradition continues today.
Boult was replaced by Reginald Jacques (pronounced: “Jakes”), who had been a pupil of Hugh Allen at Oxford. Jacques stayed for a long time: until 1960. He managed to keep the choir going through World War II, and the annual Carol Concerts became part of their tradition. They made a recording of the St Matthew Passion on old 78 rpm. gramophone records which filled 42 sides.
Jacques was followed by David Willcocks who led the choir almost to the end of the century. He broadened the choir’s repertoire, and they gave the first London performance of Britten's War Requiem, conducted by Britten himself, with Galina Vishnevskaya, Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau and Peter Pears as soloists. The choir then recorded the work with the same soloists. Willcocks took the choir on tours to many parts of the world. His last performance was in 1998.
The Choir today.
Today the choir is conducted by David Hill.1998. As well as spending much of his time with The Bach Choir, he is also conductor of the BBC Singers. The choir continues to do new things, as well as keeping up the tradition of Family Carols at the Royal Albert Hall every Christmas, and the "St Matthew Passion" every spring at the Royal Festival Hall.

Oban
Oban is a town in Argyll and Bute, Scotland, UK.

Argyll and Bute
Argyll and Bute is a council area of Scotland, UK.

Halesowen
Halesowen is a town in West Midlands, England, UK.

The King Of Fighters
"The King of Fighters '94" is a fighting game released by SNK for the Neo Geo arcade and home console. It the first game of "The King of Fighters" series, done by the same company.
The game is a fictional crossover with many characters from SNK's previous fighting game, as "Fatal Fury" and "Art of Fighting".
There are even modernized versions of their pre-Neo Geo games: "Ikari Warriors" and"Psycho Soldier". We can find too original characters of this the series.
The game was converted for Neo Geo AES and Neo Geo CD after the releases for Arcade. In, to commemorate the tenth anniversary of the series, SNK released a remake titled "The King of Fighters '94 Rebout", featuring the original game and a newer version with high definition graphics.

102 Dalmatians
"102 Dalmatians" (or "102" in Japan) is a 2000 live-action motion picture, produced by The Walt Disney Company and starring Glenn Close as the villainous Cruella de Vil. It is a sequel to the 1996 movie "101 Dalmatians", which was a live-action remake of the 1961 Disney animated feature "One Hundred and One Dalmatians".
In the movie, Cruella de Vil attempts to steal puppies for her "grandest" fur coat yet. Glenn Close and Tim McInnerny were the only actors from the first movie to return for this sequel. The film was rated G by the MPAA, released on VHS and DVD on April 3, 2001, and re-released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc on September 16, 2008.
The story.
After a spot of therapy Cruella De Vil is released from prison a changed woman. Devoted to dogs and good causes, she is delighted that Chloe, her parole officer, has a dalmatian family and connections with a dog charity. But the sound of Big Ben can reverse the treatment so it is only a matter of time before Ms De Vil is back to her incredibly ghastly ways, using her new-found connections with Chloe and friends.
Box office.
The film did well at the box office, earning $66,957,026 in the US and $116,654,745 overseas, bringing its total to $183,611,771 worldwide. However, this is less than the first movie which earned $320,689,294 worldwide.
Video game.
A video game based on the movie was released, with Frankie Muniz as the voice of Domino.

Cruella de Vil
Cruella De Vil (obviously a play on "cruel" and "devil") is the villain in the Dodie Smith book The Hundred and One Dalmatians who kidnaps (dognaps) the puppies for their fur. She is described as having one half of her hair white and the other half black, an extreme fondness for pepper and a preference for elevated temperatures.
Later, in the 1996 live-action remake, and its 2000 sequel, "102 Dalmatians", she was played by Glenn Close. Shortly afterward, Cruella was a regular viallian in ', where she was voiced by April Winchell. This time, though, she wanted to steal the Dearly Farm, seeing how killing animals for fashion was deemed politically incorrect. However, she returned to hunting dogs in "House of Mouse" (which features an ongoing joke in which she inspects dogs from other Disney movies with a measuring ruler) and ', both of which had Susanne Blakeslee as her voice.

Disney's 101 Dalmatians
"101 Dalmatians" is a movie made by The Walt Disney Company in 1996. It is a remake of the 1961 animated film "One Hundred and One Dalmatians" (which was based on Dodie Smith's 1956 novel "The Hundred and One Dalmatians"). The movie stars Glenn Close as the villainous Cruella de Vil. Unlike in the earlier versions of the story, none of the dalmatians talk. A sequel, "102 Dalmatians", was made in 2000, released in November. This movie is called simply "101" in Japan, like its sequel, which is called "102".
Release.
101 Dalmatians was released on VHS on April 15, 1997 and on a bare-bones DVD on December 12, 2000. Due to the high sales of the 101 Dalmatians Platinum Edition DVD, Disney re-released the live action film on September 16, 2008 in the US.
Box office.
The movie performed well at the Box Office, earning $136,189,294 in the US and $184,500,000 overseas, bringing its worldwide total to $320,689,294.

African Wildcat
The African Wildcats ("Felis sylvestris lybica") are small, fierce cats that live in forests, grasslands, and brush lands in Africa and the Middle East.
Description.
African Wildcats are generally nocturnal (most active at night) in warm weather but are diurnal (most active during the day) during very cold weather. They are excellent climbers. African Wildcats have a life span of 12-15 years. They are about 50 percent larger than domesticated (tame) cats.
Diet.
African Wildcats are carnivores (meat-eaters). These fast, solitary hunters eat small to medium-sized mammals, birds, reptiles, frogs, invertebrates, and eggs.

Gale
A gale is a very strong wind. The Beaufort scale is a way to measure weather conditions, based on observations. The first level of the scale that uses the word gale is 7 beaufort (of a total of 13 steps). There are other definitions as well. The U.S. Government's National Weather Service defines a gale as 34 to 47 knots (63 km/h to 87 km/h or 39 miles per hour to 54 miles per hour) of sustained surface winds. Forecasters typically issue gale warnings when winds of this strength are expected.
Other sources use minima as low as and maxima as high as. The definition is very non-standard. A common alternative definition of the maximum is.

Marin Marais
Marin Marais (31 May 1656, Paris – 15 August 1728, Paris) was a French composer and viol player. He studied composition with Jean-Baptiste Lully. Marais often conducted the operas Lully had written. He also studied with Monsieur de Sainte-Colombe for 6 months. De Sainte-Colombe was a master at playing the bass viol. Marais was hired as a musician in 1676 to play at the royal court of Versailles. He did quite well as court musician. In 1679 was appointed "ordinaire de la chambre du roy pour la viole", a title he kept until 1725.
He was a master of the basse de viol. He wrote a lot of music for that instrument, he was the leading French composer for it. He wrote five books of "Pièces de viole" (1686-1725). Most of the pieces in the book are suites with basso continuo. These were quite popular in the court, and for these he was remembered in later years as he who "founded and firmly established the empire of the viol" (Hubert Le Blanc, 1740). His other works include a book of "Pièces en trio" (1692) and four operas (1693-1709). "Alcyone" (1706) is well-known for its tempest scene.
As with Sainte-Colombe, little of Marin Marais' personal life is known after he reached adulthood. Marin Marais married a Parisian, Catherine d'Amicourt, on September 21, 1676. They had 19 children together.
Facsimiles of all five books of Marais' "Pièces de viole" are published by Éditions J.M. Fuzeau. A complete critical edition of his instrumental works in seven volumes, edited by John Hsu, is published by Broude Brothers.
References in Film.
Marais and his music were featured in the movie "Tous les matins du monde" (1991). The movie shows an atmospheric, meticulously imagined life of Monsieur de Sainte-Colombe. Marais' music was very present, including his longer work "Sonnerie de Ste-Geneviève du Mont-de-Paris" (1723). A recording of the Sonnerie performed on a Fairlight synthesizer was used in the cult classic film Liquid Sky.

Camberley
Camberley is a town in Surrey, England, UK. It is close to the border with Hampshire.

Petersfield, Hampshire
Petersfield is a town in Hampshire, England, UK. It is close to the border with West Sussex.

Waterlooville
Waterlooville is a town in Hampshire, England, UK. It is not far from Portsmouth.

Havant
Havant is a town in Hampshire, England, UK. It is located between the cities of Portsmouth and Chichester.

Steyning
Steyning (said "Stenning") is a town in West Sussex, England, UK. It is to the west of the smaller villages of Bramber and Upper Beeding. It is not far north from Lancing and Shoreham-by-Sea on the South Coast.

Lancing, West Sussex
Lancing is a town in West Sussex, England, UK. It is to the south-east of Sompting and to the south-west of Shoreham-by-Sea. There is a private school called Lancing College here.

Bognor Regis
Bognor Regis is a town in West Sussex, England, UK.

Burgess Hill
Burgess Hill is a town in West Sussex, England, UK. It is not far from the border with East Sussex. Located 38 miles (62 km) south of London, 10 miles (16 km) north of Brighton and Hove, and 29 miles (47 km) east-northeast of the county town of Chichester, it had a population of 28,803 at the time of the 2001 Census. Other nearby towns include Haywards Heath to the north and Lewes, the county town of East Sussex, to the east.
Burgess Hill is mainly situated just on the West Sussex side of the border dividing the two counties, although parts of the town are across the county boundary in East Sussex.
Early history.
Although a Roman road was built joining London to the South coast and passing through what is now Burgess Hill, there is no evidence that the Romans settled in the area.
From the fourteenth century or earlier the annual Midsummer Fair was held on this common land on 24th June and the last such sheep and lamb fair was held in 1913.
With the development of the London to Brighton mainline railway, however, those in the business soon realised that taking sheep by train was much cheaper and easier than using the old roadways. Most of the animal trading business began to centre around rail side markets such as those at Hassocks, Haywards Heath and Lewes train stations. By the start of the 20th century, the animal trading business had all but left the Burgess Hill area.
1700 to 1900.
By the early seventeenth century there was a lot of small brick and tile making companies and during this time pieces of common land were given for house building and small businesses. By the early eighteenth century brick making had been extended and four shops and one or two drinking houses were established on the common. Brickmaking by hand still happened until very recently, by Keymer Tiles (formerly the Keymer Brick and Tile company) whose tiles can be found in buildings such as St. James Church, Piccadilly and Manchester Central Station (now G-Mex).
The growth of Brighton in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries brought in professional people looking for places to live. Between 1850 and 1880 the area changed from a small rural settlement to a town of 4,500 residents.
In 1897 the Victoria Pleasure Gardens were opened by local household name Edwin Street, a well-known farmer and butcher. The gardens were opened in honour of Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee, and contained a large lake, and what can only be described as a small early version of a roller coaster, known as a switchback. The lake was used for boating in the summer, and skating in the winter. The frozen lake was always tested by Mr Street, a man of 23 stone, before being used in the winter. This area is now the Victoria Business Park.
1900 to present day.
The town gradually grew bigger, having its largest population increase between the years of 1951 and 1961, when the population of about 7,000 residents almost doubled. This earned Burgess Hill the title of fastest growing town in the south-east. By 1956, the Victoria Industrial Estate was completed, and has since expanded. It now contains the local headquarters of two large international companies. In 1986 a smaller industrial estate to in the north of the town developed, known as Sheddingdean Industrial Estate. Both Sheddingdean and Victoria have now been renamed as business parks.
Housing estates played their part in building up the population of Burgess Hill throughout the second half of the 20th century; in the west of the town they provided a wide mix of new residents; many of them young families and the Folders Lane estate more families settled, along with some richer residents.
The next substantial development was Priory Village in the south west of Burgess Hill, sometimes known as the Tesco estate, due to its proximity to the supermarket. Again, this brought in a mix of incomes, again, many of them young families.
It must be noted that as well as the aforementioned developments, there have been two council estates built in the town - one close to Cants Lane, in the town's north east, and the area around Denham Road in the west, both of course adding to the ever rising population of the town.
Although now part of the town, World's End, to the north of the town, was originally a separate community. It still retains its own shops and community association, and is served by Wivelsfield railway station.
Governance.
Burgess Hill has a Conservative member of parliament.
Education.
There are ten schools for children aged up to 11 years and four schools for children aged 11-16/18.
Religious sites.
There are a total of 9 churches and a Christian centre in Burgess Hill.
Burgess Hill is also home to the Mid Sussex Christian Centre.
Recreation.
In the town centre there is a large park (St. John's), and many other smaller recreation grounds around the town. There is a substantial leisure centre on the northern edge of Burgess Hill named the Triangle..
Sport.
Burgess Hill Town Football Club plays football (soccer)and plays its home games at Leylands Park. Burgess Hill Rugby Football Club, or The Sussex All Blacks, are the local Rugby Football club.
There is also a Squash Club that plays at the Triangle Leisure Centre every Saturday and Monday, and has a team that plays in the East Sussex County League.
There is also a Running Club that meet at the Burgess Hill School for Girls every Wednesday evening. Members compete in local and national charity and fun races.
The Skate Park in the centre of town provides sporting opportunities, and holds an annual competition.
The Triangle (or Olympos Burgess Hill as it has been rechristened) is one of the venues in the South East supporting the London 2012 Olympic Games, and will serve as a base and training centre for teams from around the globe.
Town Twinning.
A square in Schmallenberg has been named Burgess Hill Platz.

Westhampnett
Westhampnett (sometimes known as Goodwood) is a village in West Sussex, England, UK. It is not far from Chichester. It is where Rolls-Royce Motor Cars is based. They also have a plant there.

Haywards Heath
Haywards Heath is a town in West Sussex, England, UK. It is not far from the border with East Sussex.

Lewes
Lewes (said "Lewis") is a town in East Sussex, England, UK. A battle was fought there in 1264.

Uckfield
Uckfield is a town in East Sussex, England, UK. It is on the River Uck.

Bexhill-on-Sea
Bexhill-on-Sea is a town in East Sussex, England, UK. It is between Eastbourne and Hastings.

Royal Tunbridge Wells
Royal Tunbridge Wells is a town in Kent, England, UK. It is not far from the border with East Sussex. It should not be confused with Tonbridge, a smaller town to the north.

Folkestone
Folkestone is a town in Kent, England, UK. It has a Eurostar train terminal.

Lundy
Lundy is an island off the coast of Devon, England, UK.

Westward Ho!
Westward Ho! is a town in Devon, England, UK. It is the only place in the British Isles to have an exclamation mark (!) in its name. Another example of a place name with a exclamation mark in its name is Saint-Louis-du-Ha! Ha!, Quebec (Canada). But these are colloquial, unlike Westward Ho!'s.

Bude
Bude is a town in Cornwall, England, UK. It is on the mouth of the River Neet.

Padstow
Padstow is a town in Cornwall, England, UK. It is at the mouth of the River Camel.

Pima county
Pima County is one of the 15 counties in the US state of Arizona.
The county seat is Tucson which is the second most populous city in the state.

Aviemore
Aviemore is a town in Highland, Scotland, UK.

Swansea
Swansea is a city and county in Wales, UK. It is Wales' second biggest city with just 169,000 people. The largest city in Wales is the capital, Cardiff.

John Ireland
John Ireland (born near Manchester, 13 August 1879; died Washington, Sussex, 12 June 1962) was an English composer. He is particularly remembered for his "Piano Concerto" and for his church music, especially the anthem "Greater love hath no man", the song "The Holy Boy" and the hymn tune to "My song is love unknown". He had an unhappy childhood, and he always felt unsure of himself and rather lonely.
Life.
John Ireland was born in Bowdon, Greater Manchester. His father, who was 70 years old, was a publisher who owned a newspaper. He had married for a second time after his wife had died, and John was the youngest of five children from the second marriage. His mother was 30 years younger than Alexander. When John was 14 his mother died, and his father died the next year.
John Ireland studied piano and organ at the Royal College of Music. Later he also had composition lessons from Charles Villiers Stanford. He later became a teacher at the College himself. His pupils included the composers Alan Bush andGeoffrey Bush (who were not related), Ernest Moeran and Benjamin Britten. Geoffrey Bush later helped to prepare a lot of Ireland’s works for publication. Ireland mostly made his living as an organist and choirmaster.
Ireland enjoyed going to the Channel Islands. He liked the landscapes there. He was evacuated from them just before the German invasion during World War II.
John Ireland married once, but his marriage only lasted a few months.
On 10 September 1949, his 70th birthday was celebrated in a special Prom concert. The soloist in the "Piano Concerto" was the pianist Eileen Joyce, who later made the first gramophone recording of the concerto.
Ireland retired in 1953. He moved to a tiny village in Sussex, where he lived in an old windmill which had been changed into a home.
He died aged 82 in Washington, Sussex of heart failure.
Music.
John Ireland was never much influenced by folksong like many other English composers of his time. His music is more related to Impressionism. He liked the music of French composers such as Debussy and Ravel as well as Igor Stravinsky and Bartók. His "Piano Concerto" is one of his best works. It shows that he developed his own personal style of harmony. Most of his other good works are short pieces, including many for piano solo. His best-known piece is the song "The Holy Boy". It is heard in many different arrangements. His songs to poems by A. E. Housman, Thomas Hardy, Christina Rossetti, John Masefield, Rupert Brooke and others, are among some of the best English art songs.. He also wrote hymns, carols, and other sacred choral music; among choirs he is probably best known for the anthem "Greater love hath no man", often sung in services that remember the victims of war. Another choral work, "These things shall be" expresses his deepest hopes for mankind, although in his last years he said that he hated the work.
References.
The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie, 1980; ISBN1-56159-174-2

Bathgate
Bathgate is a town in West Lothian, Scotland, UK.

Joint Typhoon Warning Center
The Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) is a joint United States Navy – United States Air Force task force located at Naval Maritime Forecast Center in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.

Dwarf elephant
Dwarf elephants are prehistoric elephants, which lives in the Pleistocene period of history.
Fossil remains of dwarf elephants have been found on the Mediterranean islands of Cyprus, Malta, Crete, Sicily, Sardinia, the Cyclades Islands and Dodecanese islands. Other islands where dwarf elephants have been found are Sulawesi, Flores, Timor and other islands of the Lesser Sundas.
They were members of a family of animals which had evolved to about a tenth of the size of elephants today they lived in many areas of the world including what are now called the Channel Islands of California.
They are considered to be one of the only elephant of the Mediterranean islands belonging to the mammoth line.

Kwajalein
Kwajaein is part of the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI). It is one of the world's largest coral atolls as measured by area of enclosed water.

Bo'ness
Bo'ness (short for Borrowstouness) is a town in the Falkirk council area of Scotland, UK. Bo'ness is well-known for its iron.

Harry Smith (wrestler)
Harry Smith (born August 2, 1985) is a Canadian-British professional wrestler who currently works for World Wrestling Entertainment. He has wrestled on its Raw brand under the name DH Smith ("D" for Davey Boy Smith, and "H" for the Hart family). He currently wrestles in Florida Championship Wrestling.

Kilwinning
Kilwinning is a town in North Ayrshire, Scotland, UK. It is known as The Crossroads of Ayrshire.

Lasswade
Lasswade is a town in Midlothian, Scotland, UK. It is between Loanhead and Dalkeith. It merged (joined) with Bonnyrigg in 1929.

West Lothian
West Lothian is a council area in Scotland, UK. The county town is Livingston.

Midlothian
Midlothian is a landlocked council area of Scotland, UK.

East Lothian
East Lothian is a council area in Scotland, UK.

Falkirk (council area)
The Falkirk council area is in Scotland, UK.

Frank Bridge
Frank Bridge (born Brighton, 26 February 1879; died Eastbourne, 10 January 1941) was an English composer, violist and conductor. His music often sounded quite modern to the people of his day. He wrote many excellent works including chamber music as well as orchestral music. One of his composition pupils was Benjamin Britten. Later Britten remembered his teacher by using one of Bridge’s tunes and making them into a piece of music called "Variations on a Theme of Frank Bridge".
Life.
Bridge was born in Brighton and studied at the Royal College of Music in London from 1899 to 1903. One of his teachers was Charles Villiers Stanford. He played the viola in several string quartets and conducted many orchestras. He learned difficult music very quickly, and sometimes Henry Wood asked him to take his place when he was not well enough to conduct himself. After a while he spent most of his time composing. He privately taught several pupils, including Benjamin Britten, who later helped to make his teacher's music better known and honoured him in his "Variations on a Theme of Frank Bridge" for string orchestra (1937), based on a theme from the second of Bridge's "Three Idylls for String Quartet" (1906).
Music.
Bridge’s early works show the influence of Brahms and Stanford. He wrote some excellent chamber music and songs. The "Phantasie Quartet" and the "String Quartet no 1" show his talent. His later pieces such as the third (1926) and fourth (1937) string quartets have quite complicated harmonies and show his interest in the music of Schoenberg as well as the harmonies of Maurice Ravel and Alexander Scriabin. His most important orchestral works include "The Sea" and "Summer". He wrote some lovely chamber music for the cello as well as many songs. In his later years his harmonies become quite advanced, for example a favourite chord of his can be found by playing a C minor chord and a D major chord together. In his longer pieces the speed of the music often changes and he avoids repeating himself exactly.
For a long time after his death his music was hardly ever played, but more recently musicians have discovered the greatness of his compositions. Pianists like to play the popular piano piece called "Rosemary".

Auchtertool
Auchtertool is a town in Fife, Scotland, UK. It is on the B925 Road between Dunfermline and Kirkcaldy.

Cowdenbeath
Cowdenbeath is a town in Fife, Scotland, UK. It is well-known for Mossmorran, an oil refinery. It is on the A92 Road.

Moray
Moray is a council area in Scotland, UK.

South Ayrshire
South Ayrshire is a council area of Scotland, UK.

Angus
Angus is a council area of Scotland, UK. The county town is Forfar.

Clackmannanshire
Clackmannanshire is a council area in Scotland, UK.

Selby
Selby is a town in North Yorkshire, England, UK. There was a great fire there in 1906. It is not far from the border with the East Riding of Yorkshire.

Goole
Goole is a town in the East Riding of Yorkshire of England, UK. It is not far from the border with North Yorkshire.

Burnley
Burnley is a large town in Lancashire, England, UK. It is not far from the border with West Yorkshire

Broadstairs
Broadstairs is a town in Kent, England, UK. It is between the bigger towns of Margate and Ramsgate.

Street, Somerset
Street is a town in Somerset, England, UK. It is to the south of Glastonbury.

Warminster
Warminster is a town in Wiltshire, England, UK. It is to the south of Westbury and to the east of Frome.

Wisbech
Wisbech is a town in Cambridgeshire, England, UK. It is not far from the border with Norfolk.

Pant, Shropshire
Pant is a town in Shropshire, England, UK. It is not far from the border with Powys in Wales.

Southport
Southport is a coastal town in Merseyside, England, UK. It is not far from the border with Lancashire.

Central
Central means the center of something.

National Hockey League rivalries
Rivalries in the National Hockey League (NHL) have happendned between many teams and cities. Rivalries have come up for many different reasons, the most common ones include being in the same area, knowing each other, violence during the game, and culture related or national pride.

Puck
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Hockey stick (dance)
A hockey stick is a move in the ballroom dances Rumba and Cha Cha. This move gets its name because the lady moves in a pattern that is similar to an ice or field hockey stick.

Belves
Belves is a commune in the Dordogne Department in the south-west of France.

Arrondissement of Tournon-sur-Rhône
The arrondissement of Tournon-sur-Rhône is an arrondissement of France, located in the Ardèche "département", in the Rhône-Alpes "région". It has 12 cantons and 126 communes.

Checkmate
Checkmate (sometimes called mate) is a when in chess a player's king is threatened with capture (in check) and there is no way to meet that threat. Or, simply put, the king is under attack and cannot avoid being captured. Giving checkmate is the biggest goal in chess: a player who is checkmated loses the game.

WWE Tribute to the Troops
The WWE Tribute to the Troops is a televised event held every year since 2005 by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) in December around Christmas and Hanukkah. The wrestlers and employees of the WWE travel to Iraq and Afghanistan to honor the United States military. The event features wrestlers from Raw, SmackDown, and Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) brands competing in matches against each other. They hold a televised episode of Raw on an open field for any troop member to attend for free. Along the travel, wrestlers and employees stop at autograph sessions and local hospitals to visit those who fight and may have been injured in war. Walter Reed Army Medical Center and Bethesda Naval Hospital are among the hospitals visited by the WWE employees. The WWE most recently held it's fifth annual event, and has their next visit planned for December 2008.
In 2004, USO of Metropolitan Washington awarded the WWE the first "Legacy of Hope" award for their extensive support of their troops and the USO’s Operation Care Package program. In 2006, WWE received the "Secretary of Defense Exceptional Public Service" award. It was presented to WWE Chairman, Vince McMahon and other wrestlers. Upon receiving the award, McMahon handed it to wrestler, John "Bradshaw" Layfield (JBL), noting that the idea of the Tribute to the Troops was his original idea. WWE also received recognition from General Casey, the Commander of Multinational Forces Iraq. The WWE generally stays for three days.
Overall, WWE has traveled to Iraq and Afghanistan six consecutive times since 2003. The events are held in December every year, as they are intended to be a holiday treat for the troops. Not every WWE wrestler and employee attends the trips, but any wrestler willing to go may attend, with their brand not considered a factor.

Bruce Gamble
Bruce George Gamble (May 24, 1938 – December 30, 1982) is a former professional ice hockey goaltender who played 10 season in the NHL between 1962 and 1972.

1937-38 NHL season
The 1937–38 NHL season was the 21st season of the National Hockey League (NHL). Eight teams each played 48 games. The Chicago Black Hawks were the Stanley Cup winners as they beat the Toronto Maple Leafs three games to one in the final series.
Final standings.
"Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, PIM = Penalties in minutes"
"Note: Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold"
Scoring leaders.
"Note: GP = Games played, G = Goals, A = Assists, PTS = Points, PIM = Penalties in minutes"

Kenneth Freeman
Kenneth "Poppi" Freeman (d. May 13, 1985) was a street vendor from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania who sold newspapers along with Billy Cook. He is known for being an important suspect in the Mumia Abu-Jamal case (the murder of Daniel Faulkner). Cynthia White, a key witness, said that Freeman was present, but did not name him. At the time of the crime, Freeman was a front passenger in Billy Cook's Volkswagen. In two different lineups done to determine the killer, Cynthia White picked him. Billy Cook, the brother of Abu-Jamal (Wesley Cook), claimed later that Freeman personally confessed to him as being armed and shooting Faulkner. Arnold Beverly, in an affidavit where he confessed to the murder, named "another guy" as a shooter. Some witnesses testified that they saw a man with a green army jacket going away from the crime scene. Billy Cook said that Kenneth Freeman was wearing a green army jacket.
Freeman was reportedly in Germany in the Army, and usually wore the jacket.
One important contradiction is the fact that Cynthia White picked Freeman out of a lineup as the killer, but later changed her testimony to fit the prosecution's story. This can be explained by her admission that police bribed her to do so, so that she could legally work as a prostitute. That leads to another important inconsistency, which is that Yvette Williams, someone who White knew personally, said that White told her that she did not see the actual killer, which means she couldn't have knowingly pointed out Freeman as the killer, unless he confessed to her personally.
On May 13, 1985, Kenneth Freeman was found dead in an empty area, handcuffed, bound, and naked, his death listed as "natural causes". J. Patrick O'Connor, in his book "The Framing of Mumia Abu-Jamal", says that "[h]is body was found bound, gagged, and naked in a vacant lot".

Falsifiability
Scientists make hypotheses and theories about their fields of study. At the start, they believe their hypothesis or theory is true. Falsifiability (or refutability) means that an example can be found through an experiment or an observation where the hypothesis is wrong.
Put another way, if a scientist comes up with a rule or law (such as gravity), they have to also be able to imagine a way to show that it is wrong.
Karl Popper had the opinion that only theories that are falsifiable are scientific.
Example.
Crow is a generic term for a bit over 40 different kinds of birds. It would be possible to make a theory "All crows are white". Suppose now, that someone observes a crow on a tree, and they note the crow is black. The sentence "All crows are while" can also be written as "There are no crows that are non-white". If someone observes a black crow, he could say "There are black crows" (alternatively: "There is at least one crow that is black"). This is a contradiction to "All crows are white", and falsifies the theory.

Kenosha, Wisconsin
Kenosha is a city in Kenosha County in the U.S. State of Wisconsin. It is part of the Chicago Metropolitan Area, but is more nearer to Milwaukee than it is to Chicago. It is the fourth biggest city in the state after Milwaukee, Madison, and Green Bay.

Kenosha County, Wisconsin
Kenosha County is a county in the U.S. State of Wisconsin. It is in the far southeast of the state, and faces east onto Lake Michigan. Its county seat is Kenosha. It was founded in 1850.

Tape drive
A tape drive or streamer is a component that is often attached to a computer. It is used to write data to magnetic tape or to read data from it. Usually people use it to do backups. Tape drives are different from hard drives in that the access to the data is sequential. This means to read a certain part of data, all the data before it needs to be read as well. Also tape drives are slow, compared to hard drives. Current capacities range from tens of gigabytes to almost a terabyte, per cartridge.

Cache algorithm
A Cache algorithm is an algorithm used to manage a cache. When the cache is full, it decides which item should be deleted from the cache. The word "hit rate" describes how often a request can be served from the cache. The term latency describes for how long a cached item can be obtained. Cache alorithms are a trade-off between hit-rate and latency.
Various algorithms also exist to maintain cache coherency. This applies only to situation where "multiple" independent caches are used for the "same" data (for example multiple database servers updating the single shared data file).

Quincy, Massachusetts
Quincy is a city in Norfolk County in the U.S. State of Massachusetts. It is part of Metropolitan Boston. It is named after Colonel John Quincy, who was Abigail Adams' mothers father. Quincy also had Adams' son, John Quincy Adams, named after him. It is the birthplace of John Adams, the second U.S. President, and Adams' son, John Quincy Adams, the sixth U.S. President. It was settled in 1625 and officially founded in 1792.

Golden (song)
"Golden" is a piano pop song off the album by Fall Out Boy called "Infinity on High".

Edward Rappaport
Edward N. "Ed" Rappaport, Ph.D. is the acting director of the National Hurricane Center. He replaced former director Bill Proenza on July 9, 2007.

Live from Le Cabaret
Live from Le Cabaret is a hit live studio album by Rock-Pop band "Maroon 5". The album was exclusivly released on iTunes Store on July 8th of 2008.
The Recording of "Live from Le Cabaret".
This hit live album by Maroon 5 was released on July 8th, 08 and was recorded in Montreal, Quebec. The album is originally 1:05:37 long. The album is the third known live album recorded by Maroon 5.
Songs Performed.
The songs performed on "Live from Le Cabaret" are songs from Maroon 5's past studio albums. Songs from their debut studio album called "Songs About Jane" like Harder to Breathe, This Love (Maroon 5 song), She Will Be Loved, Shiver, and Sweetest Goodbye. Songs are also included from Maroon 5's second hit studio album called "It Won't Be Soon Before Long" like Makes Me Wonder, Little of Your Time, If I Never See Your Face Again, and more.

Thermodynamic entropy
Thermodynamic entropy is a measure of how organized or disorganized energy is in a system of atoms or molecules. It is measured in Joules of energy per degree Kelvin. Entropy is an important part of the second law of thermodynamics.
Imagine that a group of molecules has ten units of energy. If the energy in those molecules is perfectly organized, then the molecules can do ten units of work. However, if the energy were to become less organized (this is, the entropy were to increase), the molecules might only be able to do six units of work, even though they still have ten units of energy in them.

Cornell University
Cornell University is a college in Ithaca, New York. It is a member of the Ivy League athletic conference. The college was founded in 1865 by Ezra Cornell and Andrew Dickinson White.

Bolognese sauce
Ragù alla bolognese, or Bolognese sauce (also known by its French name "sauce bolognaise") is a meat-based sauce for pasta. The sauce came from Bologna, Italy. Bolognese sauce is sometimes taken to be a tomato sauce but authentic recipes have only a small amount of tomato.
The people of Bologna traditionally serve their famous ragù with freshly made tagliatelle ("tagliatelle alla bolognese") and their traditionally green lasagne. Less traditionally, the sauce is served with maccheroni or other durum wheat short pasta.
In 1982, the Bolognese delegation of "Accademia Italiana della Cucina" said that the recipe may only contain beef, pancetta, onions, carrots, celery, tomato paste, meat broth, red wine, and (optionally) milk or cream. There are different recipes, some traditional ones also contain chopped pork or pork sausage. For special occasions, chicken or goose liver, along with veal. Today, both butter and olive oil are used for cooking the Soffritto of small amounts of celery, carrot and onion. When they are available, Prosciutto, mortadella, or porcini fresh mushrooms may be added as well. Milk may be used, especially when starting to cook the meat. This will make the taste better. It is not unsual to cook the Ragù for a long time, 5 to 6 hours are common.
Spaghetti alla Bolognese.
"Spaghetti alla Bolognese", "Spaghetti Bolognese", or "Spaghetti Bolognaise" in a form popular outside of Italy, consists of a meat sauce served on a bed of spaghetti with a good sprinkling of grated Parmigiano cheese. Although Spaghetti alla Bolognese are very popular outside of Italy, it never existed in Bologna, where ragù is served always with the local egg pastas tagliatelle or lasagne. Spaghetti is a durum wheat pasta from Naples, and the Naples Ragù of a meat flavoured thick tomato sauce clings much better to slippery spaghetti than Bologna's ground beef ragù.
In recent decades, the dish has become very popular in Sweden and Denmark as "," in Swedish, and ' in Danish, especially among children. It is also popular in the United Kingdom (where it is colloquially abbreviated to "spag bol" or "spag bog") and has become a staple of the British dinner table. In the United States as well, the term 'bolognese' is often applied to a tomato-and-ground-beef sauce that bears little resemblance to ragù served in Bologna.
Chinese people often use the term "Western zhajiang mian" to refer to spaghetti bolognese, alluding to its superficial similarities with the traditional Chinese noodle dish of zhajiang mian as both are dry noodles covered with a thick ragù mainly made of minced meat. This provides an interesting symmetrical perspective to Westerners referring to zhajiang mian as "Chinese spaghetti".

Lixion Avila
Dr. Lixion Avila is a weather forecaster with the National Hurricane Center (NHC). He has been a senior hurricane specialist.

Pug
The Pug is a dog that has a squarely-built body and a flat, wrinkled face. It was originally bred in China as a companion dog, over 400 years ago. Pugs have a very long life span.

Command Economy
A Command Economy System is when the main decision maker is the government. No person may independently decide to open and run a business. The government decides what goods and services are to be produced and owns the places where the production takes place. The government sells these goods and services and decides how the talents and skills of its workers are to be used.

Charles Ives
Charles Edward Ives (born 30 October 1874; died 19 May 1954) was an American composer. He experimented with new ways of composing which many people did not understand at the time. These became more widely used later in the century. He used dissonant (harsh) sounding intervals and techniques such as polytonality (playing in several keys at once), polyrhythms (several rhythms at once) and polytextures (several textures at once). Very few people listened to his music at the time he was writing it. Only much later did musicians start to realize the importance of his work. Ives earned his living as an insurance agent. He composed in his spare time.
Early years.
Charles Ives was born in Danbury, Connecticut. His father George Ives, was a U.S. Army bandleader in the American Civil War. His mother was a singer. His father taught him a great deal about the music and encouraged him to experiment with new sounds. As well as teaching him counterpoint and introducing him to the music of J.S.Bach he trained his son’s musical ear by getting him to sing a tune in one key while he played the accompaniment in another. In this way the young Charles became used to modern sounds that were quite different from traditional, Romantic music. Charles also listened in Danbury town square to his father's marching band and other bands that were playing on other sides of the square, so that he heard a mixture of several pieces of music at the same time. His father also taught him the music of Stephen Foster.
Ives became a church organist at the age of 14 and wrote various hymns and songs for church services, including his "Variations on 'America' ". At the same time he also enjoyed sport and was good at baseball, football and tennis.
Ives spent four years at Yale University. His teacher Horatio Parker was very good and taught him important basic techniques of composing, but he could not understand some of things that Ives was writing in his music. Ives got annoyed when his teacher told him he could not finish a section of music on a dissonant chord, but Ives liked it like that. The choirmaster at the Centre Church where Ives played the organ was John Griggs. He had more understanding of what Ives was trying to do. It was a terrible blow to Charles when his father died on 4 November 1894. He always had a huge admiration for his father who had encouraged him in his musical experiments. Charles kept busy composing. He did not do any sport at Yale because his father had forbidden him to take part in sport so that he would spend his time on studying. By the time Charles graduated he had composed more than 40 songs, several marches, overtures, anthems and organ pieces, a string quartet and a symphony. However, most people thought of him as the composer of a simple waltz tune called "The Bells of Yale".
Adult years.
After his studies at Yale Ives continued to work as a church organist while working for an insurance firm. He was very good at his job and became very well known in the insurance business. Some of his business friends were often surprised to find out that he was also a composer.
In 1907, Ives had his first "heart attack". These attacks may have been more to do with his imagination. When he was better he composed more than ever before. He married in 1908. After several heart attacks in 1918 he composed very little. He stopped composing altogether in 1926. His health problems continued, and he retired from the insurance business in 1930. He spent some time revising works he had written early, but never wrote any more new pieces.
Ives died in 1954 in New York City.
His music.
Ives published more than 100 of his songs. He was a very good pianist and the piano parts are often quite difficult. They include bitonality and pantonality.. Although he is now best known for his orchestral music, he composed two string quartets and other chamber music. His organ piece "Variations on "America" (1891), takes the tune "My Country, 'Tis of Thee" (which is the same tune as "God Save the Queen ") and changes it in several amusing variations, using a march, a ragtime and bitonality. it was not published until 1949. The variations differ sharply: a running line, a set of close harmonies, a march, a polonaise, and a ragtime allegro; the interludes are one of the first uses of bitonality.
His "Symphony Number 1" was fairly traditional, but "Symphony Number 2" is much more modern sounding, even ending with a dissonant chord with 11 notes.
In 1902 he gave up his organ job. Unfortunately he left all his best anthems and organ music in the church library, and these were thrown out in 1915 when the church moved so most of them are lost.
"Central Park in the Dark" is a piece for orchestra which describes the mysterious, quiet park and then sounds of music coming from nearby nightclubs in Manhattan (playing the popular music of the day, ragtime, quoting "Hello My Baby" and even Sousa's "Washington Post March").
Perhaps the piece which is most often heard today is the short fanfare "The Unanswered Question" (1908), written for the very unusual combination of trumpet, four flutes, and string orchestra. The strings, playing from behind the stage, play very slow, chorale-like music throughout the piece while several times the trumpet (playing from behind the audience) plays a short group of notes that Ives described as "the eternal question of existence". Each time the trumpet is answered with harsh outbursts from the flutes (onstage) — apart from the last one. That is the question that is left unanswered. Musicians often have discussions about what the real meaning of the piece is.
Another well-known orchestral work is "Three Places in New England". His best-known piano work is his "Concord Sonata". Ives often liked to quote bits of other pieces, and in this piano sonata he quotes the famous opening of Beethoven's "Fifth Symphony". It also has an interesting example of one of Ives' experiments: in the second movement, he tells the pianist to use a 14¾ in (37.5 cm) piece of wood to make a thick but soft cluster chord. The sonata is one of the best piano works of the 20th century.
One of his most interesting works is the his "Fourth Symphony" (1910–16) written for a huge orchestra. The last movement is like a fight between discord and traditional tonal music. The piece ends quietly with just the percussion playing at a distance. This symphony seems to say everything that Ives had been trying to do in music. It was not until 1965 that a complete performance of the symphony was given.
Ives’ music only gradually began to get well known during the 1930s and into the 1940s. Schoenberg recognized his importance. In 1951, Leonard Bernstein conducted the first performance of Ives' Second Symphony in a broadcast concert by the New York Philharmonic Orchestra. He recorded a lot of his music and even played some in a television programme for young people.

Flageolet
A flageolet is an old woodwind instrument. It belongs to the end-blown flute family. It started to be used in the 16th century for folk music. Soon there were two kinds: the French kind and the English. The French flageolet had two holes in the front and two in the back. The English flageolet had six holes in the front.
The flageolet is quite similar to the recorder. In the 18th century it changed because a narrow mouthpiece made of ivory or bone was added at the top. This led into another section which bulged out. There was a soft sponge at the end of this. Sometimes this instrument was called the "flautino". The piccolodeveloped from it. Another instrument that developed from it was the tin whistle.
Henry Purcell and George Frideric Handel both wrote pieces for it.
Small versions of this instrument, called bird flageolets were also made and were used for teaching birds to sing.
References.
The illustrated Encyclopedia of Musical Instruments; ISBN-10: 3-8331-2195-5

Opéra National de Paris
Opéra National de Paris is the most important opera company of France. It stages performances at the Opéra Bastille and Opéra Garnier in Paris.
Other opera houses in Paris are the Théâtre du Châtelet, Opéra-Comique and Théâtre des Champs-Élysées.
History.
King Louis XIV allowed Jean-Baptiste Lully to start the "Académie Royale de Musique" in 1672. This was an organization that included opera, ballet, and music. The ballet company was part of the opera company. Then Louis XIV started the ballet school, called "Académie Royale de Danse", in 1661. From 1671 until Lully's death in 1687, the school was directed by the great dancing master Pierre Beauchamp, the man who set down the five positions of the feet.
In 1713 King Louis XIV made the Opera company a state institution. There was a group of professional dancers called "Le Ballet de l'Opéra". From that time until 1875 they used lots of theatres, each one of which was destroyed by a fire. All these companies were called Paris Opéra or Opéra de Paris.
On October 29, 1873, the old "Paris Opéra", known as the "Théâtre de l'Académie Royale de Musique", which had been used since 1821, was destroyed by a fire which burned for 27 hours. By 1875 the opera company moved to the new "Palais Garnier" which was part of the rebuilding of Paris by Emperor Napoleon III.
When the "Opéra Bastille" was built in 1989 the company chose it as their main theatre.

Faust
Faust or Faustus is a character from German legendary stories. His name comes from a Latin word meaning "lucky". The legend is about a man called Faust. Faust wants to have knowledge. He meets the Devil. The Devil tells Faust he can have anything he wants. In return, the Devil says, Faust must give him his soul. Faust agrees, and the Devil lets Faust have a wonderful time, but in the end Faust has to go to Hell.
The story of Faust became famous all over Europe. Many writers from different countries wrote their own versions of the Faust story, e.g. Christopher Marlowe, Goethe, Mikhail Bulgakov, Thomas Mann. Many composers wrote music about Faust, e.g. Hector Berlioz, Franz Liszt, Charles Gounod and Ferrucio Busoni.
The adjective "Faustian" is used to describe a person who wants something so much that it leads them into trouble.
In the early versions of the Faust story: in ballads, dramas and puppet-plays, Faust is always damned (meaning he will have to go to Hell). This is because he prefers human knowledge instead of God’s knowledge. This was thought to be very bad at that time.
Some of the plays and comic puppet theatre from around the 16th century make up their own versions of the story. They often show Faust as a figure of vulgar fun. The story became popular in England when Christopher Marlowe wrote a play called "The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus". But in Goethe's version of the story two centuries later, Faust is described as a well-educated man who wants more than just "meat and drink."

Robert Mulligan
Robert Mulligan (August 23, 1925 – December 20, 2008) was an Academy Award-nominated American film and television director. He directed films such as To Kill a Mockingbird and The Man in the Moon.

Austin Motor Company
Austin was a British car manufacturer formed in 1905, the company merged with Morris in 1952, becoming the lead partner in British Motor Company. This became British Leyland and then Austin Rover before the company became the Rover Group, and the company began phasing the brand out in 1987, by 1989 all Austin Cars had been cleared of Austin branding. The name has now passed into the ownership of Nanjing Motor Corporation, who have stated an intrest in reviving the name.
Pre Merger.
The company was formed in 1905 by Herbert Austin, originally making cars from a factory in Rotherham, Yorkshire before moving to Longbridge, Birmingham. In the First World War Austin made aircraft for the Army and Navy, it was this work what lead to the rapid expansion of the company, following the war the company stopped making aircraft. The company became Britain's biggest car maker, in 1952 it merged with its biggest rival Morris, with Austin being the lead partner. This company was known as the British Motor Company (BMC).
British Motor Corporation.
Following the merger with Morris, the model line up for Austin changed considerably. The most notable car to come from this era was the Austin Mini, this was also sold as a Morris Mini and was made up until 2000 (though not as an Austin after 1987). Austin enjoyed a favourable market share during the 1950s and 1960s, but its market dominance was to be tested in the 1970s after the creation of British Leyland.
The Leyland Years.
In 1968 British Motor Company (Austin and Morris) merged with Leyland (Rover and Triumph) to become British Leyland. It was the British Leyland years that were perhaps the most difficult and in 1975 British Leyland was nationalised. Austin's market share fell, as did other marques within the company, leading to the phasing out of the Morris name plate in 1981. There were many strikes at British Leyland's factories, making British Leyland and other companies with the same problem, such as the Ford Motor Company unproductive compared to Japanese and European companied like Volkswagen. Many of the models in this era failed to sell well, either because they were old fashioned or deemed unreliable, the Austin Princess and the Austin Allegro were the only modern cars of this era, the 1300, 1800 and Austin Maxi were all dated. The Princess and Allegro sold well, but were both saloons, the only hatchback the company had was the Maxi, which wasn't a popular car.
The End.
Despite the huge success of the Austin Metro, launched in 1980, there was trouble in the company. In the 1980s Austin sold the most cars in the British Leyland group, however when the company became Austin Rover, a greater emphasis was placed on the more upmarket Rover Name. In 1987 the company began phasing the name out and by 1989 it had been removed from all products.
Revival.
The name now belongs to Nanjing Motor Corporation who have expressed an interest in reviving it. The currently make cars as MG's, however it intends to use this brand name for luxury cars and sports cars. Nanjing does not own the Rover Name, so the Austin name is the most recent it has to use for its main stream mass market cars.
Models.
The companies most famous models were the Austin Seven (1922-39), The Austin A30 (1951-56), the Austin A35 (1956-59), the Austin A55 Cambridge (1954-71),the Austin Mini (1959-2000 but only as an Austin until 1987), the Austin 1800 (1964-75), the Austin 1300 (1967-74), Austin Maxi (1969-81), Austin Allegro (1973-83), Austin Princess/Ambassador (1975-84), Austin Metro (1980-1998 but only as an Austin until 1987), Austin Maestro (1983-94), Austin Montego (1984-94).

Flag of Puerto Rico
The flag of Puerto Rico consists of five equal horizontal bands of red (top and bottom) alternating with white; a blue isosceles triangle based on the hoist side bears a large, white, five-pointed star in the center.
The flag was created in 1892. In 1952, the flag became the official national flag of Puerto Rico.
References.
"This article has text from the English Wikipedia article "

Crescent and star
The Islamic Crescent is a symbol consisting of a crescent with a star at the concave side. In its modern form, the star is usually shown with five points (though in earlier centuries a higher number of points was often used). The two signs together or the crescent only is often regarded as a symbol of Islam.

Wake Up Call (Mark Ronson remix)
"Wake Up Call (Mark Ronson remix)" is a remix version of a single released in 2007 by Maroon 5 called Wake Up Call. The remix song was originally released on iTunes Store on November 13th, 2007. The song later appeared in the hit Remix Album by Maroon 5 called.
Info.
The original recorded version of Wake Up Call is featured on Maroon 5's second studio album called "It Won't Be Soon Before Long". It was also released on August 7th of 2008.

Cootamundra, New South Wales
Cootamundra is a town in New South Wales, Australia. In 2006 there were 5,566 people living in Cootamundra. It is on the Olympic Highway where it crosses the Muttama Creek, between Junee and Cowra. Cootamundra's railway station is on the main Melbourne-to-Sydney railway line.
Sir Donald Bradman AC, Australian cricketer said to be the greatest batsman of all time was born in Cootamundra. The town is very proud of Bradman, and uses this in signs and tourist information. The home where "The Don" was born is a fully restored visitor site open to the public 7 days per week.
Cootamundra is the home of the Cootamundra Wattle (Acacia Baileyana). Every year there is a large 'Wattle Time' Festival (which happens when the wattle starts to bloom) with an art show and festivities.

Acacia baileyana
The Cootamundra Wattle is a Australian shrub or tree. It is in the Family Fabaceae. The tree's Latin name, "Acacia baileyana", is named after the botanist Frederick Manson Bailey. It is one of nearly 1000 species of "Acacia" found in Australia. The Cootamundra Wattle at first only came from a small area in southern New South Wales near Cootamundra. It has been widely planted all over Australia. In many areas of Victoria Cootamundra Wattle has become a weed. It is taking over from acacias that were only found in Victorian.
Almost all wattles have cream to golden colored flowers. The small flowers are arranged in round to cylindrical clusters. Only the stamens, the male part of the flower, stick out. Many wattles have been planted in New Zealand.
Uses.
"A. baileyana" is used in Europe in the cut flower industry. It is also used as food for bees in making honey.
Cultivation.
This plant is easy to grow. It can adapt and grow in different areas. Unfortunately it easily produces seeds and will start growing new plants in the surrounding area. It can also cross breed with other acacias, including the rare and endangered Sydney species "Acacia pubescens".
A low growing, weeping form, is being grown. The fine leaves of the original Cootamundra wattle is grey-green. A new type with blue-purple leaves, known as 'Purpurea' is very popular.

Kermanshah
Kermanshah or Kermashan (Persian: کرمانشاه, Kermānshāh; Kurdish: کرماشان, Kirmaşan), is the capital city of Kermanshah Province, located 525 km from Tehran in the western part of Iran and it is about 120 km from the border of Iraq. Kermanshah has a continental climate. The estimated population of the city is 822,921(year 2005), and the majority of the inhabitants speak Persian as well as Kurdish. The religion of the people is diverse, but Muslims are leading in the number.

Rider Strong
Rider King Strong (born December 11, 1979) is an American film and television actor.

John O'Meally (bushranger)
John O'Meally (b. 1841) - (d. November 19, 1863) was an Australian bushranger. He was one of Frank Gardiner's gang that robbed the gold escort coach at Eugowra.
Early life.
O'Meally worked as a stockman, looking after cattle and sheep on his father's farm, Arramagong Station in the Lachlan River valley. His father, Paddy O'Meally, also ran a shanty (a very basic hotel), called "The Weddin Inn", on Emu Creek. The inn was the only hotel in the district. John OMeally, and another one of Gardiner's gang, Alex Fordyce, sometimes worked at the shanty. The gold escort robbery was planned there.
Bushranger with Frank Gardiner.
On 15 June 1862 the gold escort coach that took the gold from the goldfields of Forbes to Bathurst was robbed. This was one of Australia's biggest robberies. O'Meally and several of his friends were in the gang led by Frank Gardiner. A week after the robbery the police, led by Sir Frederick Pottinger, captured one of the robbers, Henry Manns, and Charlie Gilbert. Charlie Gilbert was the brother of gang member John Gilbert. John Gilbert had nearly been captured but was able to escape. He went straight to "The Weddin Inn", and together with Ben Hall and O'Meally, captured the police and released the prisoners.
Bushranger with Ben Hall.
In July 1863, O'Meally and Gilbert tried to rob the bank at Carcoar in broad daylight. This is believed to be the first daylight bank robbery in Australia.
On August 30, 1863, O'Meally tried to rob John Barnes near Wallendbeen station (farm). Barnes owned shops in Cootamundra and Murrumburrah. O'Meally told him to stop and give the bushranger his saddle. Barnes rode off to try and get away, but O'Meally shot and killed him. Barnes is buried in the Cootamundra cemetery.
The battle of Goimbla.
O'Meally was shot and killed while trying to rob Goimbla station (farm) near Eugowra, on November 19, 1863. This event became known as the "Battle of Goimbla." The Campbell family fought off the Ben Hall gang in during a 2 hour battle. The National Musuem of Australia has several items in its collection about the battle.
John O'Meally is buried in an unmarked grave in the Anglican cemetery at Gooloogong.

The Maroon 5 Hit 3 Pack
The Maroon 5 Hit 3 Pack was released only as a digital download special (on iTunes Store) November 17th, 2007. The album has three (3) tracks from the band Maroon 5. 1 track is from their second studio album called "It Won't Be Soon Before Long" and the other 2 are tracks from Maroon 5's debut called "Songs About Jane"

ITunes Essentials (Maroon 5 album)
iTunes Essentials, "for Maroon 5", was re-released October of 2008 (to put newer songs on the collection). An iTunes Essential is an iTunes collection of several different hits and songs.
Track Listing.
"This is the October of 2008 version of the track list."

Goethe's Faust
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's "Faust" is the most famous play in all German literature. It was published in two parts. Part One is very dramatic, and tells the main story. Part II is extremely long, and it is meant to be read rather than acted out on stage. It is about Goethe’s philosophy as well as about history and politics.
What the story is about.
'Goethe’s "Faust" is a re-telling of the Faust legend which was very famous in Germany. The legend tells of a man called Faust who is tired of studying and wants to have the greatest possible happiness. The devil (usually called Mephistopheles, as he is in Goethe’s play) tells Faust he can help him to do this, but that in the end Faust will have to give him his soul and go with him to hell. Faust makes a pact (an agreement) with Mephistopheles who promises him all his soul can wish for: fine living, gold, women and honour. Faust signs the pact with his blood. Faust uses magic in the hope that it will tell him everything about life. However, in the end Mephistopheles wins his bet.
How Goethe worked on the play.
The subject of "Faust" occupied Goethe all his life. The name of Faust is mentioned in a comedy he wrote in 1769: “Die Mitschuldigen“. In 1773, when he was 24, he first read the poetry of Hans Sachs, the medieval German poet. He immediately started to imitate the rhythm of Sachs’s poetry. This rhythm is known as “Knüttelvers”. It had 4 accented syllables in each line and an AABB or ABAB rhyming pattern, e.g.
In 1887, long after Goethe’s death, it was discovered that he had made a version of “Faust“ which he never published but later decided to rewrite. This version is known as the “Urfaust” (“Ur” means “original”, i.e. the “Original Faust”). It was written between 1772 and 1775. He changed a lot of it and it became “Faust Part I“. A fragment (small part of it) was published in 1790. Then he finished it in 1806, published it in 1808 and changed it for a new edition in 1829. Part 2 was finished in 1831, a few months before he died, and was not published until a few months after his death.
Part One.
"Faust Part One" starts off in heaven. Mephistopheles makes a bet with God: he says that he can go down to earth and meet Faust and make him do bad things.
We then see Faust in his study. Faust is trying to get to know all possible things. He wants to know about science, humans and religion. He tries to use magic in order to understand everything there is to know, but he thinks he is not managing to do it. For a moment he thinks of killing himself, but then hears people celebrating Easter and decides to go for a walk with Wagner, his assistant. A poodle who has no home follows Faust back to his house.
In Faust’s study, the poodle changes into the devil (Mephistopheles). Faust makes an arrangement with the devil: the devil will do everything that Faust wants while he is here on earth, In exchange Faust will serve the devil in hell. Faust's arrangement is that if during the time while Mephistopheles is serving Faust, Faust is so pleased with anything the devil gives him that he wants to stay in that moment forever, he will die that very moment (in German he says: “Verweile doch, du bist so schön” – “Stay a while, you are so beautiful”. It is perhaps the most famous quotation in all German literature.)
Mephistopheles persuades Faust to sign the agreement with his own blood. Faust has a few adventures and then meets Margaret (also known as Gretchen). He loves her, and by offering her jewellery, and with help of a neighbour, Martha, Gretchen lets herself into Faust's arms. Faust and Gretchen want to sleep together, so Gretchen gives her mother a sleeping potion so that she does not see Faust. Faust and Gretchen sleep together. Gretchen’s mother dies of the potion. Gretchen discovers she is pregnant. Gretchen’s brother says Faust is bad and challenges him, but Faust kills him (with the devil’s help, of course). Gretchen has given birth to a baby, but she drowns it. She is found guilty of murder and is sent to prison. Faust tries to save her from death, but he cannot free her from prison. Finding that they cannot free her, Faust and the devil run away from the prison cell, while voices from heaven say that Gretchen shall be saved.
Part Two.
"Faust Part Two" is very different from Part One. It keeps referring to classical literature. The romantic story of the first Faust is forgotten, and Faust wakes in a field of fairies. He has many adventures. The piece is in five acts which each tell of different things. In the end Faust goes to heaven, because he loses only half the bet. Angels, who arrive as messengers of God’s mercy, say at the end of Act 5: "He who strives on and lives to strive/ Can earn redemption still" (i.e. anyone who tries hard in life can still be saved).
People’s views about Goethe’s "Faust".
Goethe’s "Faust" had an enormous influence on all art in Western countries. In Germany many writers were fascinated by the legend. They often felt that Faust represented the spirit of the German people. Dramas, epic poems and novels were written about Faust. Composers wrote operas about him. Thomas Mann wrote a novel "Dr Faustus" which compares Faust’s pact with the devil to the way the German people supported Hitler. Composers wrote operas about him, or composed orchestral music inspired by the legend.

Chromatic (band)
Chromatic is an indie Dance ggroup formed in 2005. They are famous for the hit singes "Technicolor", "Strum da Guitar", "A Christmas Island" and more. They've released several and several EP's since 2005. They have 7 EP's, 1 full length studio album, and 1 Holiday album.

Nitric acid
Nitric Acid (HNO3) is a very corrosive and toxic strong acid. Nitric Acid is used in rocket fuels, to help make wood look older, and is used in explosives.

Peter Fechter
Peter Fechter (January 14, 1944 - 17 August 1962) is one of the best known victims of the Berlin Wall. Fechter was a bricklayer. Aged 18, he tried to cross the wall into the West, near Checkpoint Charly. He did this with his friend and colleague, Helmut Kulbeik. Both started to climb the wall at around 14.15. Kubelik was successful, and could escape. Fechter was hit by several gunshots, and fell back down, to what was called the "Death strip". He was unable to move, and started to cry for help. Crowds started to gather on both sides of the wall; on the east side, they were dispersed by police.
Police gathered on the west side threw medical kits to him; despite the crowd telling them, they would not do more. The DDR border guards did not do anything either; neither did the United States personnel on duty at the Checkpoint.
Fechter bled to death after about an hour. After reunification, two border police were found guilty of manslaughter. They were convicted and given suspended prison terms of 20 and 21 months respectively. Both had told the court they fired shots at Fechter, but did not want to kill him. The court also ruled that Fechter was killed by the shots, and not by the the absence of aid. The evidence could not show who of three gunman (one had already died) was responsible for the bullet that killed Fechter.

Manchester Metrolink
Manchester Metrolink is an urban light rail system in Greater Manchester, England. It is branded and often called Metrolink. It runs to Bury, Altringham and Eccles. It is owned by GMPTE. Stagecoach group run it under contract.

Nitrate
Nitrate (NO31-) is a water-soluble molecule made up of one nitrogen and three oxygen atoms. It is formed when nitrogen from ammonia or other sources combines with water.

Supertram (Sheffield)
Supertram is a tram network in Sheffield, England. The track and connected items are owned by South Yorkshire Passenger Transport Executive (SYPTE). Stagecoach Group run and look after the vehicles, through their Stagecoach Supertram branded company.

Happy Xmas (War Is Over)
"Happy Xmas (War Is Over)" is a song by John Lennon, Yoko Ono and the The Plastic Ono Band.

Nottingham Express Transit
Nottingham Express Transit (or in short NET) is a light-rail tramway in the Nottingham area in England. The first line opened to the public on 9 March 2004. It cost £200 million to construct. It took 16 years from the first idea of the system until it was built. It is operated by Nottingham Tram Consortium, a 50:50 partnership between Transdev and Nottingham City Transport.

Queanbeyan, New South Wales
Queanbeyan is a city in New South Wales, Australia. It is also the local government area called Queanbeyan City Council. It is very close to the Australian federal capital city of Canberra. It is really now a part of the capital city as it is on the Australian Capital Territory border and is only from Canberra's CBD. The border itself is marked by a railway line. The Queanbeyan River flows through Queanbeyan, near the centre of the city.
There are 36,331 people living in Queanbeyan has a population of 36,331.
History.
The town grew from a farm owned by ex-convict inn keeper, Timothy Beard. It was on the banks of the Molonglo River. The original name was "Quinbean" which means "clear waters".
Queanbeyan became a township in 1838. There were about 50 people living there. Some of the important historic buildings still standing were built in the early days. Traces of gold were found in 1851. There were also some lead and silver mines. Settlers were often robbed by bushrangers including John Tennant, Jacky Jacky, Frank Gardiner and Ben Hall. In 1836, the government decided to build a Post Office at Queanbeyan on the "Limestone Plains"

Sarah Brightman
Sarah Brightman (born 14 August 1960) is an English classical crossover soprano, actress, songwriter and dancer.

Philip IV of Spain
Philip IV (,), (8 April, 1605 – 17 September, 1665) was King of Spain between 1621 and 1665 He was also sovereign of the Spanish Netherlands and King of Portugal until 1640.

UTC+10
UTC+10 means a time zone that is 10 hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time or UTC. UTC is the standard time zone of the world. Timezones are often named by how many hours they are different from UTC time. For example, UTC -5 (United States east coast) is 5 hours behind UTC.
In Australia UTC+10 is called Australian Eastern Standard Time or AEST.

Mount Erebus
Mount Erebus is a volcano in Antarctica. It is the most southern volcano in the world that erupts. It is located on Ross Island. It is high. On November 28, 1979, an airplane, Air New Zealand Flight 901, crashed into Mount Everest during a storm. All 257 people in the airplane died.

Air New Zealand Flight 901
Air New Zealand Flight 901 was a scheduled passenger flight that crashed into Mount Erebus on November 28, 1979. It was a sightseeing flight to Antarctica that should have flown from Auckland, New Zealand, and back.
The flight's route had been adjusted without the crew's knowledge shortly before the crash. Because the weather conditions of the Arctic were so bad (severely limiting visibility), and the crew believed they were following the original flight plan, the plane crashed straight into Mount Erebus. Nobody survived.

Amborella
"Amborella trichopoda" is a small, evergreen, doecious shrub that occurs only in the moist, shaded understory of montane forests on the South Pacific island of New Caledonia.

Sandon, British Columbia
Sandon, British Columbia is one a mining town in British Columbia, Canada. It is also the place where Cecil 'Tiny' Thompson was born.

UTC+11
UTC+11 means a time zone that is 11 hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time or UTC. UTC is the standard time zone of the world. Time zones are often named by how many hours they are different from UTC time. For example, UTC -5 (United States east coast) is 5 hours behind UTC.
In Australia, Australian Eastern Standard Time (AEST) is normally UTC+10, but with Daylight saving time it becomes UTC+11.

God is dead
"God is dead" (German:; also known as the death of God) is a well known and widely used quote taken from a statement by German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche. It is often used in the wrong way.

Jean-François Le Sueur
Jean-François Le Sueur (or Lesueur) (15 February 1760 — 6 October 1837) was a French composer, best known for his oratorios and operas.
Life.
Jean-François Le Sueur was born in a tiny village called Plessiel, near Abbeville. His great-uncle was the painter Eustache Le Sueur. He started his musical training by singing in the choir at the church of Abbeville, then at the cathedral of Amiens. Le Sueur became chorus master at the cathedral of Sées. He went to Paris to study harmony. His teacher was Abbé Nicolas Roze, chorus master at the church Saints-Innocents. Le Sueur got jobs at Dijon (1779), Le Mans (1782), Tours (1783) and then took over Roze’s job at the Saints-Innocents at Paris. In 1786 he was made music director at the famous church Notre-Dame de Paris.
At Notre Dame he started to use orchestras to play the music for some of the special services. The priests did not like this. Le Sueur replied by writing a little book about music for big religious celebrations. It was a bad time in France financially and the church had to make savings, so Le Sueur could not have his orchestra any more, so he resigned from his job.
Le Sueur spent some time in London, 1788-92, then returned to Paris where the revolution was going on. Three of his operas were performed, and he became professor at the Ecole de la Garde Nationale, and then at the Conservatoire which was very new at the time. There he taught basic music theory. He was unable to get any more operas of his performed. He wrote a book saying how music should be taught in France, and criticizing the Conservatoire and its director. Because of that he lost his job at the Conservatoire.
Le Sueur now had no job and so he was very poor. Then, in 1804, Napoleon made him maître de la chapelle at the Tuileries in the place of Giovanni Paisiello. He was then able to have his most famous work performed at the Opéra. It was called "Ossian ou Les bardes". Napoleon liked it very much and gave Le Sueur the cross of the Légion d'honneur. Le Sueur composed the "Triumphal March" for the coronation of Napoleon. In 1813, he was given a position at the Académie des Beaux-Arts, replacing André Grétry.
At the Bourbon Restoration, he was named composer of the royal chapel and conductor of the orchestra of the Opéra. From the beginning of 1818, he taught composition at the Conservatoire. He stayed there many years. His most famous pupils were Hector Berlioz, Ambroise Thomas and Charles Gounod.

Anton Reicha
Anton Reicha (born 26 February 1770; died 28 May 1836) was a Czech-born composer who became naturalized French. He was a lifelong friend of Beethoven.
Reicha is now best remembered for the large number of quintets that he wrote for wind instruments, and for his work as a music teacher. Franz Liszt and Hector Berlioz were both pupils of Reicha. Reicha wrote several books about music theory and composition.

British Rail Class 01
British Rail's Class 01 diesel locomotives were a short wheelbase 0-4-0 diesel-mechanical design intended for use in areas with tight curves and limited clearance.

British Rail Class 02
The British Rail Class 02 were a class of twenty 0-4-0 diesel-hydraulic shunting locomotives. They were built by the Yorkshire Engine Company in 1960 (first ten, D2850-D2859) and 1961 (D2860-D2869). They were built for use in places of restricted loading gauge and curves such as docks. They had the door to the cab at the rear, with a railed veranda behind the cab. This feature was very unusual on British Rail locomotives. It was used on many Yorkshire Engine Co. designs and was/is quite normal in North American practice.

British Rail Class 03
The British Rail Class 03 locomotive is, together with Class 04, one of BR's most successful smaller 0-6-0 diesel-mechanical shunters. There are 230 members of the class and it was built by British Railways' Swindon and Doncaster works in 1957-1962. They are numbered D2000-D2199 and D2370-D2399 (later 03004 to 03399). D2370 and D2371 were used as departmental locomotives and originally numbered 91 and 92 respectively.

British Rail Class 04
The British Rail Class 04 0-6-0 diesel-mechanical shunting locomotive class was built between 1952 and 1962. It was the basis for the later Class 03 built in the British Railways workshops. The Class 04 locomotives were supplied by the Drewry Car Co., which at the time (and for most of its existence) had no manufacturing capability. Drewry sub-contracted the construction work to two builders. Both of these built other locomotives under the same arrangement. Early locomotives were built by Vulcan Foundry and later examples were built by Robert Stephenson and Hawthorns.

Tajiks
Tajiks ("Tājīk") are an originally Persian-speaking peoples of Iranian origin, widespread in present-day Afghanistan, Tajikistan, southern Uzbekistan, north west Pakistan and western China. Because of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, large refugee populations can also be found in both Iran and Pakistan.

Cantonese Wikipedia
The Cantonese Wikipedia () is the Cantonese edition of Wikipedia, run by the Wikimedia Foundation. It started on 25 March 2006.
As a small community, from early on, Cantonese wikipedians have decided to follow by the policies and rules of the English Wikipedia, wherever they are applicable. This idea has provided sucsus and allows wikipedians to concentrate on the content. As of August 1, 2008, the Cantonese Wikipedia has more than 190000 edits, 8500 articles, and more than 6100 registered users, 11 of whom are administrators.
Cantonese is one of the five regional Chinese languages to have its own Wikipedia. The other four are: Minnan Wikipedia (Main Page), Mindong Wikipedia (Main Page), Wu Wikipedia (Main Page), and Hakka Wikipedia (Main Page). It is also the second largest Wikipedia edition of Chinese languages (including Classical Chinese Wikipedia).

Heart-Shaped Box
"Heart-Shaped Box" is a song by the American grunge band Nirvana. It was written by lead singer and guitarist Kurt Cobain. It was released on August 23, 1993 as the first single from their third studio album "In Utero".
Cobain's wife Courtney Love thought the song was about her, although it was actually written about children with cancer.

Wu Wikipedia
The Wu Wikipedia is the Wu edition of Wikipedia, run by the Wikimedia Foundation. It started on 6 October 2006.
As a small community, from early on, Wu wikipedians have decided to follow the policies and rules of the English Wikipedia, wherever they are applicable. This idea has provided stability and allows wikipedians to concentrate on the content. As of December 15, 2008, the Wu Wikipedia has more than 75,000 edits, 2,700 articles, and more than 2,426 registered users, 4 of whom are administrators.
Wu is one of the five regional Chinese languages to have its own Wikipedia. The other four are: Cantonese Wikipedia (Main Page), Minnan Wikipedia (Main Page), Mindong Wikipedia (Main Page), and Hakka Wikipedia (Main Page). It is also the third largest Wikipedia edition of Chinese languages (including Classical Chinese Wikipedia).

British Rail Class 05
The British Rail Class 05 is a class of 0-6-0 diesel-mechanical shunters built by Hunslet Engine Company from 1955 to 1961. They were used on the Eastern and Scottish Regions of British Railways. At first they were numbered 11136-11176 and later on were numbered D2550-D2619.

British Rail Class 06
The British Rail Class 06 is a class of 0-4-0 diesel-mechanical shunters built by Andrew Barclay from 1958 to 1960 for use on the Scottish Region of British Railways. They were originally numbered D2410-D2444 and later given the TOPS numbers 06001-06010.

Paul Thompson (ice hockey b. 1906)
Paul Ivan Thompson (born November 2, 1906 in Calgary, Alberta - September 13, 1991) was a Canadian ice hockey player. He was a forward.
Thompson started playing in the National Hockey League (NHL) in 1926. He played for the New York Rangers and the Chicago Black Hawks. He stopped plainy in 1939.
He was part of the All-Star team two times. He won the Stanley Cup three times. He won in 1928 with New York and in 1934 and 1938 with Chicago.
His brother was Tiny Thompson.

Junior ice hockey
Junior ice hockey, most often referred to as junior hockey, describes many levels of ice hockey play for players generally between the ages of 16 and 20 years old.

British Rail Class 07
The British Rail Class 07 diesel locomotive is an off-centre cab dock shunter. They were used in Southampton Docks, to replace SR USA Class steam locomotives. It is a 0-6-0 diesel-electric shunter built by Ruston & Hornsby in 1962. They were originally numbered D2985-D2998 and later given the TOPS numbers 07001(D2985)-07013(D2997), D2998.

Memorial Cup
The 'Memorial Cup is the trophy for the winners of the Canadian Hockey League (CHL). Every year, winning teams from the three CHL leagues, the Western Hockey League (WHL), the Ontario Hockey League (OHL), and the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL), and the hosting team, compete in a tournament. The Spokane Chiefs are the most recent winners.

British Rail Class 08
The British Rail Class 08 is a class of diesel locomotive designed for shunting. It was the standard BR diesel-electric shunter. It was based on the LMS 12033 series (later TOPS Class 11). Production started in 1953 and when it finished in 1962, the class had become the most numerous of all British classes, numbering 996 in total. There were also 26 of the near-identical but higher geared Class 09, and 171 similar locomotives fitted with different engines and transmissions (some of which became Class 10), which together brought the total number of outwardly-similar machines to 1193.
Since their introduction, rail freight has primarily moved to fixed-rate bulk freight traffic and intermodal freight operations which reduce or remove the need for shunting, therefore only a few class 08 locomotives remain in service today.

Export procedure
Few step for an enterprise to become an export organisation are:-
1) REGISTRATION AS A BUSINESS ENTITY:- A new export unit can be started by registering as proprietorship, partnership or imited liability company.
2) IEC NUMBER - Any company wish to export/import need to obtain a Import Export code(IEC) number. IEC is issued by Regional licensing authority of DGFT. For communication with any office in regard to for export and import needs IEC number.
3) RCMC means the certificate of registration and membership granted by an Export Promotion Council/ Commodity Board/ Development Authority or other competent authority as prescribed by Foreign Trade Policy to an exporting unit.
Any person, applying for a licence/ authorisation/certificate/permission to import/ export or any other benefit or concession under Foreign Trade Policy is required to furnish (RCMC). It is also required for executing a bond before Central Excise authorities, which exempts exporters to furnish bank guarantees.
Export Promotion Councils have been set up by various ministries of the Central Government to promote and develop the exports of particular group of products, projects and services. For certain group of products, which are sensitive from the viewpoint of national consumption, there are commodity boards instead. Thus while we have export promotion councils for apparel, leather, software, chemicals, engineering goods etc., India has commodity boards for tea, coffee, jute etc.
4) REGISTRATION WITH SALES TAX OFFICE:-Exported goods from India are exempt from central & state sales tax. However, for getting exemption of such taxes or claming their refund, wherever permissible under Foreign Trade Policy, the exporting unit should be registered with sales tax authorities.
5) REGISTRATION WITH EXCISE DEPT.:-If an exporting unit is engaged in manufacturing of products, it needs registration with excise department & formalities remain the same as for any domestic unit. This registration is required for claiming refund of excise duties under various schemes of the government

Yellow fever
Yellow fever is an illness which is caused by a virus. The illness can cause bleeding problems. It is called yellow because the skin sometimes becomes yellow, like it does with jaundice. There is a vaccine which can stop the disease, but many people in Africa and South America are not vaccinated against it. The World Health Organisation say that 200.000 people are made ill with yellow fever every year, and that 30.000 people die from it.

Alexandra Burke
Alexandra Imelda Cecelia Ewan Burke (born 25 August 1988) is an English soul singer. She is known for winning the fifth series of the "X Factor UK" in 2008. She also had the 2008 Christmas number one single in the United Kingdom with a cover of Leonard Cohen's "Hallelujah"

Opéra-Comique
The Opéra-Comique is an opera house and opera company in Paris. Its full name is théâtre national de l’Opéra-Comique ("National Opéra Comic Theatre").
The Opéra-Comique company was started in 1714 to give somewhere to perform French operas. At the time operas throughout Europe were nearly always in Italian. Opéra-comique (literally: Comic opera) was a French tradition. The operas in this tradition were performed with spoken dialogue between the musical numbers. This is why the opera house and company were given that name.
The Opéras-Comiques were more popular and less formal that the traditional Italian operas that were performed at the Académie Royale de Musique. During the three centuries of its existence there have been several changes to it. For a time the Opéra-Comique and the Opéra were organized by the same institution.
The Opéra-Comique put on first performances of many famous operas, especially Bizet's "Carmen" on 3 March 1875 and Debussy's only opera, "Pelléas et Mélisande", on 30 April 1902. Berlioz's "The Damnation of Faust" was also first performed there on 6 December 1846. That first performance was a disaster.
The building in which the Opéra-Comique performs is called the "salle Favart,". It is not the same building as in 1714. Two previous buildings were burnt down in 1838 and 1887. The present building was built in 1898.

Truthout.org
TruthOut.org is a political website aimed at providing another choice to mainstream news sources. It was started after the 2000 presidential election with the idea to, in its own words, "hoping to reach a few people, have some small impact on the dialogue, and maybe try to restore a little integrity." It claims to receive more than 4 million visits per month.
Some of its most important authors <--origianlly contributors, anyone have a better word?--> include William Rivers Pitt, Jason Leopold, Scott Galindez, David Bacon, Dean Baker, Tom Engelhardt, William Fisher, Dahr Jamail, Ray McGovern, J. Sri Raman, Norman Solomon, David Swanson and James Zogby. The company has reported a lot on the anti-war movement and helped to make Cindy Sheehan better known by using many of her writings. Attention is also given to problems including the environment, work (and work ethic), women, health, and voter rights. Its articles are now carried by press release information centers like, and.
Truthout is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization. It has been attacked by some people for always asking for money, when the company took in about $1,500,000 in 2007 and paid Director Marc Ash over $188,000 in yearly bonuses.
The website also had a blog where visitors can talk about various issues or specific articles, which was taken down a short time ago.
Karl Rove Indictment Controversy.
On May 13, 2006, Truthout.org reporter Jason Leopold wrote that White House Deputy Chief of Staff Karl Rove was thought as part of the government look into the Valerie Plame problem. On May 19th, after almost a week had passed with no announcement of the problem, Truthout.org Executive Director Marc Ash issued a "partial apology".
On June 14, in response to news reports that Special Counsel Patrick Fitzgerald would not be bringing up charges against Rove, Truthout Executive Director Marc Ash said that TruthOut was "standing down the Rove matter." He wrote, (in part), "Obviously there is a major contradiction (difference) between our version of the story and what was reported yesterday [by the mainstream media]. As such, we are going to stand down on the Rove matter at this time. We defer instead to the nation's leading publications." And to the position of Jason Leopold, Ash writes, "There is no indication (evidence) that Mr. Leopold acted unethically (incorrectily)," and, "[W]e stand firmly behind Jason Leopold."
Blocking by Internet Service Providers.
As of September 13, 2007 those receiving Truthout's news-letters have found that the site's emails are often blocked, put down as "spam" or otherwise brought away from the main inbox. Some users have reported success by adding Truthout's email address to their address book but Truthout claims that Microsoft Hotmail, Yahoo Mail, and until recently, AOL Mail have shown evidence that Truthout's messages are being worked with due to Truthout's "reputation".

Walter Scott
Sir Walter Scott, 1st Baronet (15 August 1771 – 21 September 1832) was a Scottish novelist and poet. He was extremely popular in Europe during his time. He wrote many historical novels. His novels and poetry are still read, and many of his works are though of as classics. Some of his most famous works are: the poem "The Lady of the Lake" and the novels "Ivanhoe", "Rob Roy", "Waverley", "The Heart of Midlothian" and "The Bride of Lammermoor".

British Rail Class 09
The British Rail Class 09 is a class of 0-6-0 diesel locomotive designed primarily for shunting but also short distance freight trips along branch lines. For this reason, though similar to the existing Class 08 shunting locomotives, Class 09s were re-geared to give a maximum top speed of 27.5 mph (44 km/h) at the expense of a lower tractive effort. They originally operated in the Southern Region of British Railways, though following privatisation in 1997 they have been distributed much further afield.

British Rail Class 10
The British Rail Class 10 diesel locomotive was a variation on the Class 08 diesel-electric shunter. A Blackstone diesel engine was fitted instead of one made by the English Electric company. Traction motors were by either the General Electric Company plc (GEC) or British Thomson-Houston (BTH).
The locomotives were built at the BR Works in Darlington and Doncaster over the period 1953-62. Early batches were classified 4 (those with GEC motors) and 5 (those with BTH motors).

British Rail Class 11
The British Rail Class 11 is diesel shunting locomotive built from April 1945 to December 1952. They are based on a similar earlier batch built by the London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) between 1939 and 1942.

British Rail Class 12
The British Rail Class 12 is a diesel locomotive built mainly for shunting duties.
This was the second batch of standard Southern Railway shunters based on the English Electric 6KT 350 hp (260 kW) diesel engine. These locomotives (BR numbers 15201-15203) were built by the SR in 1937 and were later classified 12.
The Class 12 locomotives were built at the BR Ashford Works over the period 1949–1952. They were numbered 15211–15236 and became Class 12. No locomotives survived long enough to acquire Class 12 TOPS numbers though.

British Rail Class 13
The British Rail Class 13 was formed in 1965. The Tinsley Marshalling Yard needed more powerful shunters to move vehicles around. This was provided by permanently coupling together two Class 08 shunters as a ‘master and slave’ (or ‘cow and calf’) unit. The second of the two units had its cab taken off. Both units were ballasted to improve traction. At first the units were coupled cab-to-cab but it was easier to couple Master nose to Slave cab. The thinking behind adopting this dual locomotive design is that a larger, rigid locomotive could not be used due to the risk of grounding on the hump.

British Rail Class 14
The British Rail Class 14 is a type of small diesel-hydraulic locomotive built in the mid-1960s. Twenty-six of these 0-6-0 locomotives were ordered in January 1963, to be built at British Railways Swindon Works. The anticipated work for this class was yard shunting, trip work (between local yards) and short distance freight trains. The order was expanded to 56 in mid-1963, before work had started on the first order.

British Rail Class 15
The British Rail Class 15 diesel locomotives, also known as the BTH Type 1, were designed by British Thomson-Houston, and built by the Yorkshire Engine Company and the Clayton Equipment Company, between 1957 and 1961.

British Rail Class 16
The North British Type 1 (later known as Class 16) was a type of diesel locomotive ordered under British Railways' 1955 Modernisation Plan. Like other Type 1 designs, they were relatively small locomotives intended primarily for local freight traffic.

British Rail Class 17
The Clayton Type 1 (later known as Class 17) was a class of diesel locomotive operated by British Railways.

British Rail Class 20
The British Rail Class 20, also known as an English Electric Type 1, is a class of diesel electric locomotive. 228 locomotives in the class were built by English Electric between 1957 and 1968. The large number was partly to do with the failure of other early designs in the same power range, and reliable locomotives veing needed.
The locomotives were originally numbered D8000–D8199 and D8300–D8327. They are known by railway enthusiasts as "Choppers", a name taken from the distinctive beat the engine produces under load which resembles the sound of a helicopter.

Pawn (chess)
The pawn (♙♟) is the most weak piece in the game of chess, standing for infantry, or armed peasants or pikemen. Each player starts the game with eight pawns, one on each square of the second rank (or row) from the view of the player. In algebraic chess notation the white pawns start on a2, b2, c2..., h2, while the black pawns start on a7, b7, c7..., h7.
Moving.
Pawns move differently than other pieces. Unlike all the other pieces, pawns can not move backwards. Most of the time, a pawn moves by going up a single square, but the first time each pawn is moved from its starting place, it can go forward two squares. Pawns may not use the first two-square move to jump over a square with another piece on it or to capture. Any piece in front of a pawn, white or black, stops its moving. In the picture at right, the pawn on c4 may move to c5, while the pawn on e2 may move to either e3 or e4.
Capturing.
Not like other pieces, the pawn does not capture in the same way as it moves. A pawn captures diagonally, one square forward and to the left or right. In the picture to the left, the white pawn can capture either the black rook or the black knight.
An even more strange move is the "en passant" capture.
This happens when a pawn uses its first-move option to go forward two squares instead of one and passes over a square that is attacked by an enemy pawn.
That enemy pawn, which would have been able to capture the moving pawn if it moved forward only one square can capture the moving pawn "in passing" "as if" it had moved forward only one square. The capturing pawn moves into the empty square over which the moving pawn moved, and the moving pawn is removed from the board.
In the diagram at right, the black pawn has just moved c7 to c5, so the white pawn can capture it by moving from d5 to c6. The option to capture "en passant" can only be used on the move right after the double-square pawn advance, or the chance is lost. The "en passant" move was added in the late thirteenth century to make up for the then newly added two-square first move rule.
History.
The most basic piece in the game, the pawn was started in the oldest version of chess, Chaturanga. It is present in all other important types of chess around the world. The ability to move two spaces and to have an "en passant" capture were only started in 15th century Europe.

British Rail Class 21
The North British Type 2 diesel-electric (later known as British Railways’ Class 21) was a type of diesel locomotive built by the North British Locomotive Company in Glasgow for British Railways in 1958-1960.
Starting in 2007, the classification has been reused for new Vossloh G1206 acquired by Euro Cargo Rail/EWS.

British Rail Class 22
The British Rail Class 22, or "Baby Warship", was a class of diesel-hydraulic locomotives designed for the Western Region and built by North British Locomotive Company. They were very similar in appearance to the Class 21 diesel-electrics.

British Rail Class 23
The British Rail Class 23 Bo-Bo Diesel-electric locomotives (also called 'Baby Deltics') were a ten strong class of locomotives built by the English Electric Company in 1959. They were numbered from D5900 to D5909. The power unit used was a Napier Deltic T9-29 9 cylinder engine of 1,100 bhp driving an EE generator, which powered the four traction motors.

British Rail Class 24
The British Rail Class 24 diesel locomotives, also known as the Sulzer Type 2, were built from 1958 to 1961. One hundred and fifty-one of these locomotives were built at Derby, Crewe and Darlington, the first twenty of them as part of the 1955 British Rail modernisation plan. This class was used as the basis for the development of the Class 25 locomotives.
The final survivor, no. 24081, was withdrawn from Crewe depot in 1980.

British Rail Class 25
The British Rail Class 25 diesel locomotives were also known as Sulzer Type 2 and nicknamed Rats. 327 locomotives of this type were built between 1961 and 1967.

British Rail Class 26
The British Rail Class 26 diesel locomotives, also known as the BRCW Type 2, were built by the Birmingham Railway Carriage & Wagon Company (BRCW) at Smethwick in 1958-59. Forty seven examples were built, and the last were withdrawn from service in 1993. Like their higher-powered sisters, the BRCW Classes 27 and 33, they did not have fibreglass cab ends.

British Rail Class 27
British Rail's Class 27 was a diesel locomotive built by built by the Birmingham Railway Carriage and Wagon Company (BRCW) during 1961 and 1962. They were a development of the earlier Class 26; both were originally classified as the BRCW Type 2. There are 69 locomotives in the class.

British Rail Class 28
The British Rail Class 28 (Metropolitan-Vickers Type 2) diesel locomotives, or 'Metrovicks' as they were popularly known, were built as part of the British Railways Modernisation plan. The locomotives had a Co-Bo wheel arrangement (a 6-wheel bogie at one end, a 4-wheel bogie at the other) – unique in British Railways practice though not uncommon in other countries, notably Japan. This affected their route availability, due to the different axle loading at each end of the loco, and made maintenance more complicated. The maximum tractive effort of 50,000 lbf was unusually high for a Type 2 locomotive but, as there were five (not four) driving axles, the risk of wheelslip was minimal.

British Rail Class 29
The British Rail Class 29 consisted of 20 diesel locomotives which were rebuilt from the North British Class 21. The original license-built MAN engines of the Class 21s had proved unreliable, so in 1963 locomotive D6123 was sent to Paxman's Colchester works to receive a new Paxman Ventura V12 engine. A further 19 were re-engined in 1964-1965 at Polmadie Works, with other changes made at the same time. This included the fitting of four-character headcode displays in the nose ends. After rebuilding, they returned to service from Eastfield depot in Glasgow.
Although these offered more power and much improved reliability over the original Class 21s, they did not survive much longer, due to their small class size and the use of a non-standard high-speed diesel engine. D6108 was withdrawn in May 1969 and scrapped by McWilliams of Shettleston in 1971, while the other 19 were withdrawn between April and December 1971 and scrapped at BR's Glasgow Works in 1971-72. No Class 21 or Class 29 locomotives survive today.

Chess piece
Summary.
Pawn - A pawn can only move ahead, to the far end of the board. A pawn is placed in each square on the second row away from each player at the beginning of a game, right in front of all of their other pieces, so each player begins with eight pawns. Most times, a pawn can only move to one square, the square in front of it. But a pawn that has not moved yet in the game can move ahead two squares, or just one. Very often, the first move is that the white player moves his "king's pawn" (that is, the pawn in front of the king) two spaces forward.
If an enemy piece is straight in front of a pawn, the pawn cannot capture that piece. Pawns have a special way to capture. A pawn can capture an enemy piece which is on the square left or right of the square straight in front of it. This is the only time a pawn can move to a square that is not straight in front of it.
If a pawn reaches the end of the board, it is removed and replaced by any other piece except for a king.
If a pawn moves two squares on its first move, it may be taken (on the opponent's next move only'") by an enemy pawn as if it had moved only one. This is called "en passant" (French for "in passing"). But even very good players do not use this rule very much.
Bishop - A bishop can move any number of squares "diagonally", meaning, if you pretend the bishop is in the middle of a big X, it can move to any square along the lines of the X. Because of this, a bishop will be on the same color of squares for the whole game. A bishop is placed on the third and sixth squares from the left in the row closest to each player at the beginning of a game, beside the knights and the queen and king.
Rook - A rook can move any number of squares, up, down, left, or right. Rooks start at the far left and far right squares in the row closest to each player, next to the knights.
Knight - The knight is special because it is the only piece than can move through other pieces. When a knight moves, first it goes two squares in one of the four ways a rook can move. Then the knight ends its move by going one square to the side. The knight is said to move in the shape of an L. See the picture "(picture is coming)". It "jumps over" the pieces on its way to its new square, and does not capture them, but the knight will capture an enemy piece if it lands on one. Knights are placed at the second and seventh squares on the rows closest to each player, between the rooks and the bishops.
Queen - When the queen moves, she can move like either a bishop or a rook. It is placed on the fourth square in the first row in front of the white player, to the left of the king, and on the fifth square in the first row in front of the black player, to the right of the king. A good way to remember where it goes is to remember that the queen starts on the same color square it is, so the white queen starts on a white square (the fourth square on the white player's first row) and vice versa. It is also important to remember that in order for a game to play and for this trick to work correctly, the bottom-right square for each player must be white. Remember, "White is right."
King - The king starts on the fifth square in front of the white player, to the right of the queen, and on the fourth square in front of the black player, to the left of the queen. The king can move to one of the eight squares around it. A king may also perform a special move known as "castling". This is when a king moves two spaces towards a rook, and the rook moves to the square on the other side of the king. This may not be done if: there are pieces (friend or enemy) between the king and castling rook, either the king or rook have moved during the game, or the king or any square the king moves through is threatened by an enemy piece. Castling may not result in the capture of an enemy piece.

Solanales
The Solanales are an order of flowering plants, included in the asterid group of dicotyledons. Some older sources used the name Polemoniales for this order.

British Rail Class 31
The British Rail Class 31 diesel locomotives, also known as the Brush Type 2 and originally as Class 30, were built by Brush Traction from 1957-62.

British Rail Class 33
The British Rail Class 33 also known as the BRCW Type 3 or Crompton is a class of Bo-Bo diesel locomotives ordered in 1957 and built for the Southern Region of British Railways between 1959 and 1963.
A total of 98 class 33s were built by the Birmingham Railway Carriage and Wagon Company, and they were called "Cromptons" after the Crompton Parkinson electrical equipment installed in them.
Like their lower-powered BRCW sisters (BR classes 26 and 27) their bodywork and cab ends were of all steel construction
The original (1957) number sequence was D6500—D6597.

British Rail Class 35
The British Rail Class 35 is a class of mixed traffic B-B diesel locomotive with hydraulic transmission. On account of their Mekydro-design hydraulic transmission units, the design became known as the Hymeks.
The type was developed for the Western Region of British Railways, which had opted for lightweight locomotives with hydraulic transmission when allocated funds under the British Railways Modernisation Plan of 1955. One hundred and one of the class were built between 1961 and 1964 when it became apparent that there was a requirement for a medium power diesel-hydraulic design for both secondary passenger work and freight duties.
They were allocated to Bristol Bath Road, Cardiff Canton and Old Oak Common. None of the class was named. Withdrawal from service began in 1971, and by 1975 all had been withdrawn. Their early withdrawal was caused, primarily, by BR classifying the hydraulic transmission as non-standard. Four examples survived into preservation.

British Rail Class 37
The British Rail Class 37 is a diesel-electric locomotive. Also known as the English Electric Type 3, the Class was ordered as part of the British Rail modernisation plan.
The Class 37 became a familiar sight on many parts of the British Rail network, in particular forming the main motive power for Inter-City services in East Anglia and within Scotland. They also performed well on secondary and inter-regional services for many years. The Class 37 is known by railway enthusiasts as a "Tractor", the nickname derived from the similarity of the sound of the locomotive.

British Rail Class 40
The British Rail Class 40 is a type of British railway diesel locomotive. Built by English Electric between 1958 and 1962, and eventually numbering 200, they were for a time the pride of the British Rail early diesel fleet. Despite their initial success, by the time the last examples were entering service they were already being replaced on some top-link duties by more powerful locomotives. As they were slowly relegated from express passenger uses, the type found work on secondary passenger and freight services where they worked for many years, the final locomotives being retired from regular service in 1985.

Asterids
Asterids are clades and are found in the APG II system.

Eudicots
Eudicots and Eudicotyledons are a type of flowering plant. The are one of the two major clades. A few examples of eudicots are forget-me-not, cabbage, apple, dandelion, buttercup, maple and macadamia.

Caryophyllales
Caryophyllales is a flowering plant order that includes the cacti, carnations, amaranths, ice plants, and most carnivorous plants. Many members are succulent, having fleshy stems or leaves.

British Rail Class 41
There have been two distinct types of British Rail locomotive that are referred to as Class 41.

British Rail Class 42
British Railways' (BR) Type 4 "Warship" class diesel-hydraulic locomotives were introduced in 1958. It was apparent at that time that the largest centre of expertise on diesel-hydraulic locomotives was in Germany. The Western Region of British Railways (in view of post-World War II sensibilities) negotiated a licence with German manufacturers to scale down the German Federal Railway's "V200" design to suit the smaller loading gauge of the British network, and to allow British manufacturers to construct the new design. The resultant design bears a close resemblance both cosmetically and in the engineering employed. They were divided into two batches: examples built at BR's Swindon works were numbered in the series D800 to D832 and from D866 to D870, had a maximum tractive effort of 52,400 pounds force and are the British Rail Class 42 of this article. 33 others, D833-865, were constructed by the North British Locomotive Company and became British Rail Class 43. They were allocated to Bristol Bath Road, Plymouth Laira, Newton Abbot and Old Oak Common.

British Rail Class 43
There have been two distinct types of British Rail locomotive that have been allocated Class 43.

British Rail Class 44
The British Rail Class 44 or Sulzer Type 4 diesel locomotives were built by British Railways' Derby Works between 1959 to 1960. They were named after British mountains, and consequently nicknamed Peaks.

British Rail Class 45
The British Rail Class 45 also known as the Sulzer Type 4 diesel locomotives were built by British Rail at their Derby and Crewe Works between 1960 and 1962. They were the successors to the Class 44 locomotives. When initially put into service the locomotives were fitted with multi-unit working and steam heating boilers for passenger service. In the early 1970s fifty were fitted with electric train supply in place of their steam heating boilers, and assigned to work services on the Midland Main Line from London St Pancras to Nottingham, Derby and Sheffield. All were withdrawn from service by 1989.

British Rail Class 46
The British Rail Class 46 is a class of diesel locomotive. They were built from 1961-1963 at British Railways' Derby Works and were initially numbered D138-D193. With the arrival of TOPS they were renumbered to Class 46. Fifty-six locomotives were built. The first was withdrawn in 1977 and all of them were withdrawn by 1984.
The Class 46 design was structurally the same as the preceding Class 45 build, and had the same Sulzer engine, but differed in the fitment of a Brush generator and traction motors, in place of the Crompton Parkinson equipment fitted to the Class 45.

British Rail Class 47
The British Rail Class 47 (Originally Brush Type 4) is a class of British railway diesel-electric locomotive that was developed in the 1960s by Brush Traction. A total of 512 Class 47s were built at Crewe Works and Brush's Falcon Works, Loughborough between 1962 and 1968, which made them the most numerous class of British mainline diesel locomotive.
They were fitted with the Sulzer 12LDA28C twin-bank twelve-cylinder unit producing (later derated to 2580bhp to improve reliability), and have been used on both passenger and freight trains on Britain's railways for over 40 years. Despite the introduction of more modern types of traction, as of 2008 a significant number are still in use, both on the mainline and on heritage railways. As of December 2008, 103 locomotives are still extant, with 29 working on the mainline.

British Rail Class 48
The British Rail Class 48 was a diesel locomotive class which consisted of five examples, built at Brush Falcon Works in Loughborough and delivered between September 1965 and July 1966. They were part of the British Rail Class 47 order, but differed from their classmates by being fitted with a Sulzer V12 12LVA24 power unit producing, as opposed to the standard 12LDA28C twin-bank twelve-cylinder unit of the remaining fleet.

British Rail Class 50
The British Rail (BR) Class 50 is a diesel locomotive built from 1967-68 by English Electric at their Vulcan Foundry Works in Newton-le-Willows. Fifty of these locomotives were built to haul express passenger trains on the, then non-electrified, section of the West Coast Main Line between Crewe, Carlisle and Scotland. They were originally hired from English Electric Leasings, not being purchased outright by BR until around 1973. Under the pre-1968 classification system these locomotives were known as the English Electric Type 4. The class were affectionately nicknamed "Hoovers" by rail enthusiasts because of their distinctive engine sound, caused by the centrifugal air filters originally fitted. These proved unreliable, and were later removed, but the "Hoover" nickname stuck.

British Rail Class 52
British Rail assigned Class 52 to the class of 74 large Type 4 diesel-hydraulic locomotives built for the Western Region of British Railways between 1961 and 1964. All were given two-word names, with the first word being "Western", and thus the type became known as Westerns.

British Rail Class 53
British Rail assigned Class 53 to the single Brush Traction-built prototype locomotive Falcon. While not in any sense a failure, the design was the victim of advances in locomotive technology (specifically, the power obtainable from single low-speed diesel engines) and was never duplicated.

British Rail Class 55
The British Rail Class 55 is a class of diesel locomotive built between 1961 and 1962 by English Electric. They were designed for the high-speed express passenger services on the East Coast Main Line between London King's Cross and Edinburgh. They gained the name "Deltic" from the prototype locomotive, DP1 "Deltic", which in turn was named for its Napier Deltic power units. 22 locomotives were built, and they dominated services on the line until their withdrawal at the end of 1981. Six locomotives were preserved and are still running today.

British Rail Class 56
The British Rail Class 56 is a type of diesel locomotive designed for heavy freight work. It is a Type 5 locomotive, with a Ruston-Paxman power unit developing 3,250bhp (2,423kW), and has a Co-Co wheel arrangement. The fleet was introduced between 1976 and 1983.
The first thirty locomotives (Nos.56001-56030) were built by Electroputere in Romania, but these suffered from poor construction standards, and many were withdrawn from service early. The remaining 105 locomotives were built by BREL at Doncaster Works (Nos.56031 to 56115) and Crewe Works (Nos.56116 to 56135). Enthusiasts nicknamed them "Grids", likely due to the grid-like horn cover on the locomotive's cab ends.

British Rail Class 57
The British Rail Class 57 diesel locomotives were introduced by Brush Traction between 1997-2004. They are rebuilds, with new engines, of former Class 47 locomotives, originally introduced in 1964-5. They are known as "bodysnatchers", or "Zombies" to enthusiasts, by virtue of the fact that the shell (body) of the class 47 has been stripped, rewired and re-engined.

British Rail Class 58
The British Rail Class 58 is a class of Co-Co diesel locomotive designed for heavy freight. Introduced in 1982, they followed American practice of modularisation. From new they were painted in grey Railfreight Sector livery, instead of BR blue. EWS withdrew them in 2002 after 20 years in service, though 30 were subsequently hired abroad—four to the Netherlands, eight to Spain, and twenty to France.

British Rail Class 59
The Class 59 Co-Co diesel locomotives were built and introduced between 1985 and 1995 by General Motors Electro-Motive Diesel (EMD) for private British companies, initially Foster Yeoman. They were designed for hauling heavy freight and designated JT26CW-SS.

British Rail Class 60
The British Rail Class 60 is a class of Co-Co diesel locomotive designed for heavy freight work. While they remain the most powerful diesel locomotives in the UK fleet they have suffered from poor reliability throughout their service life.

British Rail Class 66
The Class 66 locomotive is a development of the Class 59 and used both on British and European railway networks—where it is marketed as EMD Series 66.

British Rail Class 67
The Class 67 locomotives were built from 1999 to 2000 by Alstom in Valencia, Spain under sub-contract from General Motors Diesel in Canada.

British Rail Class 70
The British Rail class 70 was a class of three 3rd rail Co-Co electric locomotives. The initial two were built by the Southern Railway at Ashford Works in 1941 and 1945 and were numbered CC1 and CC2. Electrical equipment was designed by Alfred Raworth and the body by Oliver Bulleid. CC2 was modified slightly from the original design by C. M. Cock who had succeeded Raworth as Electrical Engineer. The third was built by British Railways in 1948 and numbered 20003.

Freightliner Project Genesis
On the 26 November 2007, Freightliner UK and General Electric announced Project Genesis. This will see the design of a new British loading gauge freight locomotive type, currently named Powerhaul', intended to match older types in terms of haulage capacity whilst at the same time being more fuel efficient. The project is intended as a collaborative effort, with Freightliner being involved with the design process from the beginning. In announcing the project, Freightliner also announced that they had ordered a total of 30 units, their largest ever single locomotive order. The order will give GE its first units in service on the British rail network.

Balaenoptera omurai
"Balaenoptera omurai" is a species of whale about which almost nothing is known. It lacks a common name.

Rook (chess)
A rook, (, from Persian رخ "rokh", Sanskrit "rath", "chariot") also known as a castle, is a piece in the board game of chess. Each player starts the game with two rooks, one in each of the corners nearest their own side. Even though the piece was mostly known as the "castle" in 17th and 18th century England, it is no longer used by chess players.
Starting place and moving.
In algebraic notation, the white rooks start on the "a1" and "h1" squares, and the black rooks start on the "a8" and "h8" squares. The rook moves forward or back through any number of squares without other pieces on them, as shown in the diagram. Like other pieces, it captures by going into the square on which an enemy piece stands. The rook also takes part in a special move called castling, along with the king.

Angels & Airwaves
Angels and Airwaves (AvA)is an American punk pop band. It was formed by former Blink-182 singer and guitarist, Thomas DeLonge. The memers of the band were Atom Willard, former Offspring drummer; Matt Wachter, former bassist of 30 Seconds to Mars; and David Kennedy, former guitarist of Hazen Street and Boxcar Racer.
DeLonge created the band because he wanted to do something that would change punk rock music. The band performed very well at live performances and was well liked by Delonge's fans. Most of the songs have long built up intros with guitars, synthesizer, drums and keyboards. Delonge showed over time that his live voice had improved since his time singing for Blink182.
Angels and Airwaves released their first album, "We Don't Need To Whisper" in 2005. The second studio album, "I-Empire" was released in October 2007. It was a more light hearted album with a faster beat. AvA has toured very much. They have said that they will be playing for the second year in a row at Vans Warped tour. They will be playing the entire tour.
DeLonge has covered a few songs from Blink 182 but he has never played the full song in respect to his former band mates. He has played slowed versions of "Down", "I Miss You", "Not Now", and "Reckless Abandon". He only plays these songs by himself with his guitar.

Kolathur
Shrothrium Kolathur is situated in Arakkonam Taluk of Vellore District. It is about 15
KMs North West of Kanchipuram and 15 KMs south west of Arakkonam. It is about 6 KM from
Thirumalpur Railway Station on the road connection Thirumalpur Railway Station and
Panappakkam and is about 1½ KM from Thirumalpur where famous Anjanakshi Amba Sametha
Sri Manikanteswara Swamy Temple is located.
In 17th Century, this village was donated by the then Nawab of Arcot to a Telugu
Brahmin by name Shri Sooryanarayana Poundarika Yaji. [Poundarika Yaji is a title given to
eminent vedic pundits who perform Poundrika Yagnam]. It is learnt that this village was
donated by the Arcot Nawab in appreciation of Shri Sooryanarayana Poundarika Yaji’s Tapobala
since he made Moon to appear on a New Moon day.
On receipt of this village, Shri Sooryanarayana Poundarika Yaji divided this village into 32
parts and donated to 32 Telugu Brahmin Mulakanadu Families who were all eminent vedic
scholars. This village is known for its eminence in vedic rituals in this region. His Holiness
Kanchi Mahaswami was fond of this village and whenever invitation extended to him to visit
this village, he used to accept and visit this village without any hesitation. In 1940s His Holiness
stayed in this village for more than 45 days during which time Yagnam was performed in his
presence. He used to describe this village as the birth place of Vedam. This village had a Telugu
Brahmana Agraharam which due to transit of time has vanished.
In this village, a Shiva Temple is located. The deity is known as Sri Tripurasundari
sametha Sri Tribuvaneswara Swamy. A Vishnu temple is also there and the main deity is Sri
Lakshminarayana Swamy. The unique feature of this Shiva Temple is that it is located on the
Ishanya corner (North East) which is also called the Deivasthanam of the village. In yesteryears,
Varuna Japam was successfully conducted in this temple and rain god blessed this territory with
very good rains. People whose marriage is delayed, when prays the Goddess Sri Tripurasundari,
get married immediately. This is a testified fact.
Now this temple is in a very dilapidated condition and the residents of this village as well
the Telugu Brahmana Community who have origin to this village have taken up the task of
renovating this ancient temple. The approximate cost for restoring this temple is estimated to

Martha Jones (Doctor Who)
Dr. Martha Jones is a fictional character who is played by Freema Agyeman in the television series "Doctor Who" and its spin-off series, "Torchwood". She is a companion of the Tenth Doctor in "Doctor Who", replacing Rose Tyler in the role of the main companion. She made her first apperence in Series 3's "Smith and Jones", broadcast in the UK on 31 March 2007.
Television.
Martha Jones is introduced in the 2007 series of "Doctor Who", first appearing in the episode "Smith and Jones". When the hospital she works at is moved to the Moon, Martha helps save the day alongside an alien time traveller known only as the Doctor (David Tennant). To thank her for her help, the Doctor invites her to join him for one trip in his time machine the TARDIS, but he later accepts her as his full-time "companion", admitting that she was "never just a passenger", and he even gives her the key to the TARDIS. Nevertheless, she becomes frustrated because the Doctor does not realise her feelings for him, When the Doctor falls in love(while beliving himself to be a human) in the "Human Nature"/"The Family of Blood" two-parter, a pained Martha claims "You had to go and fall in love with a human... and it wasn't me". In the lst episode of the series she spends a year travelling the world in a plan which saves the Doctor and reverses time, undoing the Master's actions.
The character reappears in the 2008 series of the "Doctor Who" spin-off "Torchwood", which focuses on occasional "Doctor Who"companion Jack Harkness. She first appeared in the episode "Reset" as part of a three-episode story,
Later in the Fourth Series of Doctor Who, Martha returns for a three-episode arc beginning with "The Sontaran Stratagem" and ending with "The Doctor's Daughter", Agyeman appears in the role again for the final two episodes of the series, "The Stolen Earth"/"Journey's End",where she has been promoted to a US division of UNIT.
Other Apperences.
Aside from television appearances, the character of Martha also appears in "Doctor Who" novels and comic books, some of which it i unknown is they are canon or not.
In books, Martha appears in the "New Series Adventures" series of "Doctor Who" novels, published by BBC Books. The first book published was a "Quick Reads" novel, "Made of Steel" by Terrance Dicks (published before her first television appearance), and the character subsequently appeared in all novels in the series, starting with "Sting of the Zygons" by Stephen Cole and most recently in "The Many Hands" by Dale Smith. Freema Aygeman appears as the character on the cover of every novel. In late 2008 "The Story of Martha", a collection of stories focusing on Martha's adventures between "The Sound of Drums" and "Last of the Time Lords", will be published..
In comic strip apperences,Martha has appeared in the "Doctor Who Magazine" strips from #381 onwards and the "Doctor Who Adventures" comics from #28 onwards. The character also appears in the "Battles in Time" series of comic books periodically. In 2007, American comic book publisher IDW Publishing announced their plans to do a series of Tenth Doctor and Martha comics for a America. When asked about canonicity, IDW executive editor Chris Ryall dodged the issue by saying all the comics are "blessed" by Russell T Davies but it is up to the individual how canonical each story is.
Martha also appears in a Radio 4 "Torchwood" drama, "Lost Souls" which aired in Summer 2008.

Louis Antoine Jullien
Louis Antoine Jullien (born Sisteron, France, 23 April, 1812; died Paris, 14 March 1860) was a French conductor who was famous for his showmanship.
Early years.
Jullien was born in Sisteron, in the French Alps. At his baptism he had 36 godfathers and was given 36 Christian names. He studied at the Paris Conservatoire. He was a good musician, but mostly he enjoyed popular dance music. He conducted a band, but had to leave Paris because he owed people a lot of money.
Career in England.
He went to London where he formed a good orchestra. His orchestra played at a series of summer concerts (called "Concerts d’été"). Later he conducted a series of winter concerts ("Concerts d’hiver"). Although he was a good conductor he was a great showman. He would make a big show of putting on his white gloves which were given to him on a silver plate. He used a special baton (conductor’s stick) which had jewels in it when he conducted Beethoven. He wore a white waistcoat and enormous wrist bands, and he had a huge moustache and long, black hair. He would throw himself around when conducting and finish by sinking into a velvet chair. The audience loved it, especially when he added military bands to his orchestra. He used to conduct facing the audience. He conducted concerts in the London theatres and parks (promenade concerts).
Jullien’s programmes included works by the great composers, e.g. Beethoven and Mozart, but they were always mixed with light music: dances, quadrilles, marches, etc. He often added lots of extra instruments to the great classics, e.g. when he conducted Beethoven’s Fifth Symphony he added four ophicleides, a saxophone and side drums.
Jullien travelled to Scotland, Ireland and America with his orchestra. In 1852 he produced an opera, "Pietro il grande", at Covent Garden, but it cost a ridiculous amount of money and he was financially ruined.
His final years.
Eventually he went back to France where he was arrested and put in prison because of his debts. He died in a lunatic asylum. His wife, to whom he had been happily married, lived on for many years, and their son Louis became a conductor and tried to conduct promenade concerts, but he did not have much success.
His reputation.
Jullien’s behaviour might seem strange to us today, but he lived at a time when the role of the conductor was becoming very important as orchestras had become much larger than they had been in the 18th century. He gave people who had never heard good classical music the chance to hear the music by the great composers. He had a very big influence on the musical scene in London and people talked about him for many years after his death.

Safety (EP album)
Safety EP is the debut Extended play album by Rock-Pop band Coldplay. The EP album was released May of 1998 under "Sync City Studios".

Parachutes (album)
Parachutes is the debut album by Coldplay. The album was released June 10, 2000. "Parachutes holds the hit singles Don't Panic!, Trouble, Yellow, and Shiver.

A Rush of Blood to the Head
A Rush of Blood to the Head eas released August of 2002 by Coldplay. The album includes the singles "In My Place", "The Scientist", "Clocks", and "God Put a Smile Up On Your Face".

X&Y (album)
X&Y is the third album by Coldplay. The was released as a studio album and was released on the date of June 6th, 2005. The single in this album include "The Speed of Sound", "Talk", "Fix You", and "The Hardest Part".

Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends
Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends (or short for simply Viva la Vida) is the fourth hit studio album by Rock-Pop band Coldplay. Colplday recorded Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends from June 2007 - April 2008. In November Coldplay re-released "Viva;a Vida" (album) and added more songs to the album from their EP called Prospekt's March. The singles "Violet Hill", "Viva la Vida", "Lost!", "Lost+ (ft. Jay-Z)", and "Lovers in Japan" are featured in the album and including the extended edition of Viva la Vida: Prospekt's March Edition.

Lost!
"Lost" is a series of songs/singles recorded aspecially by Coldplay. The songs came off the full extended version of "Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends" called "Prospect's March Edition".

British Rail Class 71
The British Rail Class 71 was an electric locomotive used on the Southern Region of British Railways. Unlike most other Southern Region electric locomotives (such as the class 73s & 74s) they could not operate away from the electrified (750 V DC third rail) system.

British Rail Class 73
The British Rail Class 73 electro-diesel locomotives are very unusual in that they can operate from a 750 V DC third-rail supply but also have a diesel engine to allow them to operate on non-electrified routes. This makes them very versatile, although the diesel engine produces less power than is available from the third-rail supply so they rarely stray from the former Southern Region of British Rail. Following the withdrawal of the more powerful Class 74 electro-diesels in 1977, the Class 73 is now unique on the British rail system.

British Rail Class 74
British Rail class 74 was an electro-diesel locomotive that operated on the Southern Region of British Railways, rebuilt from redundant Class 71 locomotives in the late 1960s. An electro-diesel locomotive is one that can operate either from an electrical supply, such as overhead catenary or an energized third rail, or from an onboard diesel engine.

British Rail Class 76
The British Rail Class 76, also known as Class EM1, is a class of 1.5kV DC, Bo-Bo electric locomotive designed for use on the now-closed Woodhead Line in Northern England.

British Rail Class 80
Class 80 was the TOPS classification allocated by British Rail to the prototype 25 kV AC electric locomotive. This locomotive was built by Metropolitan-Vickers, initially as a prototype Gas turbine-electric locomotive, numbered 18100. British Rail allocated the number E1000 (and later E2001) to the locomotive following its conversion from gas turbine propulsion.

British Rail Class 77
The British Rail Class 77, also known as Class EM2, is a class of 1.5 kV DC, Co-Co electric locomotive. They were built by Metropolitan Vickers in 1953–1954 for use over the Woodhead Line between Manchester and Sheffield.

British Rail Class 81
The British Rail Class 81 is an AC electric locomotive that formerly operated on the West Coast Main Line of the London Midland Region of British Rail.

British Rail Class 84
The British Rail Class 84 was a 25 kV AC electric locomotive that operated on the West Coast Main Line of the London Midland Region.

British Rail Class 86
The British Rail Class 86 was the standard electric locomotive built during the 1960s, developed as a result of testing with the earlier Classes 81, 82, 83, 84 and 85. One hundred of these locomotives were built from 1965-1966 by either English Electric at Vulcan Foundry, Newton-le-Willows, or British Rail (BR) at their Doncaster works. The class was built to haul trains on the then newly electrified West Coast Main Line, from London Euston, to Birmingham, Crewe, Manchester Piccadilly, Liverpool and later Preston and Glasgow. They helped to replace steam locomotives, which were finally withdrawn by BR in 1968.

British Rail Class 87
The British Rail Class 87 is a type of electric locomotive built from 1973-75 by British Rail Engineering Limited (BREL). 36 of these locomotives were built to work passenger services over the West Coast Main Line (WCML). They were the flagships of British Rail's electric locomotive fleet until the late 1980s, when the Class 90s started to come onstream. The privatisation of British Rail saw all but one of the fleet transferred to Virgin Trains; they continued their duties until the advent of the new Pendolino trains, when they were transferred to other operators or withdrawn. The last Class 87 in UK mainline use was withdrawn from service on 31 December 2007. Most have now been sold for reuse in Bulgaria.

British Rail Class 82
The British Rail Class 82 electric locomotives were built by Beyer, Peacock and Company between 1960 and 1962 as part of the West Coast Main Line electrification.

British Rail Class 83
The British Rail Class 83 electric locomotives were built by English Electric at Vulcan Foundry, Newton-le-Willows as part of the West Coast Main Line electrification.

British Rail Class 85
The British Rail Class 85 is an electric locomotive built during the early 1960s, as part of BR's policy to develop a standard electric locomotive. Five prototype classes (81-85) were built and evaluated, which eventually led to the development of the Class 86 locomotive. The locomotives of Class 85 were Originally fitted with germanium rectifiers which were eventually replaced by silicon rectifiers. Forty of these locomotives were built from 1961-64 by BR at Doncaster Works. The class were used to haul trains on the then newly electrified West Coast Main Line, from Birmingham, to Crewe, Manchester Piccadilly, Liverpool and later Preston. By 1965, electrification had spread south to London Euston.
Under the earlier BR classification, the type was given the designation AL5 (meaning the 5th design of 25 kV AC Locomotive), and locomotives were numbered E3056-E3095. In 1968, this was changed to Class 85, when BR introduced a new computer numbering system. From 1971 onwards, locomotives were progressively renumbered into the 85001-040 series. Fifteen locomotives were converted for freight only use, numbered in the 85/1 series. These locomotives were restricted to 80mph.

British Rail Class 89
The Class 89 is a prototype design for an electric locomotive. Only one unit was built, no. 89001, which was officially named "Avocet" by the then Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher on January 16 1989 at Sandy, Bedfordshire - the home of the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (whose logo is an avocet). It was built in 1986, by BREL at their Crewe Works, and was used on test-trains on both the West Coast Main Line and East Coast Main Line. It was fitted with advanced power control systems and develops over 6,000 bhp (4,500 kW). It was given the nickname "Aardvark" although the railfans used to call it "The Badger" owing to its sloping front ends.

British Rail Class 90
The British Rail Class 90 electric locomotives were built by BREL at Crewe from 1987-1990. Each locomotive weighs 84.5 tonnes and has a top speed of. They operate from 25 kV AC overhead wires and produce. The class is employed on both express passenger services and heavy freight trains.

Japan Cup
The Japan Cup is the most important horse race in Japan. It is held at the end of November in the Tokyo Racecourse. The race is 2400 metres long and the winner gets about ¥533 million (about US $4.6 million) as an award (the highest reward for horse racing in the world).
Winners.
The 2002 race took place at Nakayama Racecourse over a distance of 2,200 metres.

List of British Rail unbuilt locomotive classes
There have been a number of TOPS class numbers assigned to proposed locomotives that have not been built for one reason or another.

British Rail Class 91
The British Rail Class 91 is a class of 140 mph, 6,300 hp electric locomotives ordered specifically for the East Coast Main Line modernisation and electrification programme of the late 1980s. Built to replace the previous Class 43 (better known as the InterCity 125), the Class 91s were given the auxiliary name of InterCity 225 to indicate their status as a new version of the 125 and their envisaged top speed of 225km/h (140mph). The other end of the InterCity 225 train set is formed of a Driving Van Trailer, built with a similar bodyshell to the Class 91 locomotives.

Plesiosauria
Plesiosauria (Greek: "plesios" meaning 'near to' and "sauros" meaning 'lizard') are an order of Mesozoic marine reptiles.

Enchanted
"Enchanted" is a 2007 American musical film, produced by Walt Disney Pictures, written by Bill Kelly and directed by Kevin Lima. It premiered on 20 October 2007 at the London Film Festival.

British Rail Class 92
The Class 92 is a dual-voltage British railway locomotive which can run on 25 kV AC from overhead wires or 750 V DC from a third rail. It was designed specifically to operate services through the Channel Tunnel between Britain and France. Eurotunnel indicates the Class 92 locomotive as the reference for other locomotives which railway undertakings might want to get certified for usage in the Channel tunnel.

British Rail Class 93
Class 93 is the traction classification assigned to the electric locomotives that were to enter service as part of British Rail's "InterCity 250" project on the West Coast Main Line. They would have been derived from the Class 91 locomotives that entered service on the East Coast Main Line in 1989. The locomotive would have been utilised along with a train of up to nine Mark 5 coaches and a DVT, similar to the "InterCity 225" sets. The locomotives would have been capable of up to 155 mph. Tenders to construct the locomotives and rolling stock were issued in March 1991, with an expected in service date of 1995; it was envisaged that up to 30 complete trains would be initially required, with a total cost estimated at £380 million. However, the cancellation of the InterCity 250 project in 1992 meant that the rolling stock orders were never made. is a picture of what the cab may have looked like.

East Coast Main Line
East Coast Main Line is a electrified main line between London and Edinburgh in United Kingdom. The trains on this line are operated by National Express East Coast.

West Coast Main Line
West Coast Main Line is a main line between London and Glasgow in United Kingdom. Train services are operated by Virgin Trains and CrossCountry.

Georg Michaelis
Georg Michaelis (September 8, 1857 – July 24, 1936) became the first Chancellor of Germany with a non-noble background.

1994 Atlantic hurricane season
The 1994 Atlantic hurricane season was the time from June 1 to November 30, 1994 when hurricanes officially formed in the Atlantic Ocean. Storms sometimes form before and after these dates but most storms form during the season. However in this season no Tropical Cyclone formed after November 30, the end of the season because the last storm, Hurricane Gorden died on November 21 just nine days before the 30th.
The season was unusual in that it produced no major hurricanes, which are those of Category 3 status or higher on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale. The strongest, Hurricane Florence, it's top winds were at a Category 2 storm with winds of 110 mph (175 km/h). Aside from Chris, Florence, and Gordon, none of the storms became hurricanes.
Tropical Storm Alberto.
Alberto formed from a north-moving tropical depression north of the Yucatán Peninsula on July 2. Tropical Storm Alberto continued north, making landfall near Destin, Florida on July 3 as a moderately strong tropical storm. The storm weakened quickly to a tropical depression, which then moved around Georgia and Alabama until it dissipated on July 7. Damage was guessed at $500 million (1994 USD) and 30 deaths were caused by the effects of Tropical Storm Alberto.
Tropical Depression Two.
Tropical Depression Two formed near South Carolina on the 19th. The depression moved north making landfall in South Carolina and dissipated on July 23rd. No damage or deaths reported.
Tropical Storm Beryl.
Beryl formed off the Florida panhandle on August 15, only twelve hours before it made landfall near Panama City, Florida. Beryl quickly strengthened before landfall and reached it's top winds of 60 mph. Beryl caused inland flooding as it moved through Georgia, across the Carolinas, and all the way to Connecticut where it was absorbed by a frontal system. Damage was guessed at $73 million (1994 USD). Though it caused no deaths, alot of people were injured by the 37 tornadoes Beryl produced as it weakened.
Hurricane Chris.
Chris formed midway between the Lesser Antilles and Cape Verde on August 17, and reached hurricane strength the next day. It moved to the northwest and turned north and brushed Bermuda as a weak tropical storm on the 21st. Chris continued north, and dissapated without causing any damage
Tropical Depression Five.
The wave that would become Tropical Depression Five was tracked beginning on August 17. The wave was upgraded into a depression on August 29 near the Yucatan Peninsula. Tropical Depression Five made landfall in Tampico on the 31st and dissipating the same day over Mexico. No damage was caused by Tropica Depression Five.
Tropical Storm Debby.
Tropical Storm Debby formed on September 10, just east of the lesser antilies. The storm crossed some of the islands, and dissipated south of Puerto Rico on the 11th. Nine people dead because of Tropical Storm Debby. Damage estimates are not available. It cause flooding and mudslides in Saint Lucia.
Tropical Storm Ernesto.
Ernesto formed southwest of Cape Verde on September 22 it became Tropical Storm Ernesto. It moved north for two days, and by the 24th had weakened to a tropical depression. Two days later Ernesto dissipated without affecting any land.
Tropical Depression Eight.
Tropical Depression Eight formed on September 19 in the southwestern Caribbean Sea. The wave strengthened into Tropical Depression Eight on September 24 near Honduras. Tropical Depression Eight made landfall in Mexico and dissipated the next day over Guatemala. Some reports show that the remnants of Eight became Tropical Depression Ten.
Tropical Depresssion Nine.
Tropical Depression Nine form off the coast of Africa on September 26. It was upgraded to the ninth depression of the 1994 season, 150 miles southeast from the Cape Verde Islands the next day. The depression moved north and dissipated on September 29.
Tropical Depression Ten.
An area of disturbed weather, related to Tropical Depression Eight, moved across the northwest Caribbean Sea and the Yucatan Peninsula. A tropical wave moved into the area, causing an increase in showers and cloudiness. The wave became Tropical Depression Ten on September 29 about 150 miles off the coast of Cuba. The system became better-organized and when the depression moved into the Gulf of Mexico, it was absorbed by a non-tropical system on 30th. Tropical Depression Ten caused $5 million in damage (1994 USD).
Hurricane Florence.
Florence, at first formed as a subtropical depression in the central Atlantic on November 2. As it northwest, it took on tropical characteristics and was upgraded to Tropical Storm Florence on the 4th. It reached hurricane strength, then turned to the northeast and on November 6, as it was picked up by a strong trough. Two days later Florence was absorbed by the same trough that made it turn northeast. There was no reported damage.
Hurricane Gordon.
Hurricane Gordon was a very deadly and damaging tropical storm for the Caribbean, Florida and parts of North Carolina. The storm was very slow moving on its path over the Caribbean. This storm killed over 1100 people (estimates range between 500-2300 people dead through Haiti and the central Caribbean islands, including Jamaica and Cuba). The storm's strange motion was making Hurricane Gordon hard to forecast where it would actually go and where it would reach land. Damage was guessed to be at $400 million (1994 US dollars).
Nor'easter.
Around Cristmas in 1994 a nor'easter may have had tropical characteristics, though it was not called a tropical system. It affected the Mid-Atlantic and New England causing damage at $21 million.

British Rail Class 100
The British Rail Class 100 diesel multiple units were built by Gloucester Railway Carriage & Wagon Company Limited from 1956 to 1958, designed and built in collaboration with the Transport Sales Dept. of T.I. (Group Services) Ltd.

British Rail Class 101
The British Rail Class 101 diesel multiple units were built by Metro-Cammell at Washwood Heath in Birmingham from 1956 to 1959, following construction of a series of prototype units. This class proved to be the most successful and longest-lived of all BR's "First Generation" DMUs, with the final five units being withdrawn on 24 December 2003. The oldest set was, by then, just over 47 years old.

British Rail Class 103
The British Rail Class 103 diesel multiple units were built by Park Royal Vehicles with diesel engines by British United Traction (BUT). Ordered in the first half of 1955, 20 of these sets were built by Park Royal at the Crossley Motors works in Stockport of the ACV Group. They consisted of a power car and a driving trailer. Standard BUT equipment was fitted, with 'A' type engines.
A two-car set with 16 first class and 100 second class seats weighed just under 60 long tons, representing 1,150 lb (520 kg) a seat and had 5 hp per ton of empty weight or 4.35 hp per ton when full.

British Rail Class 104
The British Rail Class 104 diesel multiple units were built by Birmingham Railway Carriage and Wagon Company from 1957 to 1959.
The first units ordered were for the London Midland Region, with the majority of the class for use in North West of England with sets also in Tyneside (being made redundant by the opening of the Tyne & Wear Metro in 1980). In the mid-1980s a few units reallocated to Scotland, with one unit being repainted in a unique maroon and white livery for services to Oban - it became known as the "Mexican Bean". Other vehicles spent time in London and the last vehicles could be found there in the early 1990s.
The class was gradually taken of service from the early 1980s. The final vehicles were withdrawn in 1995.

British Rail Class 105
The British Rail Class 105 diesel multiple units were built by Cravens Ltd. of Sheffield from 1956 to 1959. The class were built with a side profile identical to British Railways Mark 1 carriage stock, using the same doors and windows. None were selected for refurbishment. The last passenger car was withdrawn from service in 1988.

British Rail Class 107
The British Rail Class 107 diesel multiple units were built by the Derby Works of British Railways and were introduced in 1960. The class looked similar to the later Class 108 units, but were heavier - having been built out of steel.

British Rail Class 108
The British Rail Class 108 diesel multiple units were built by BR Derby from 1958 to 1961, with a final production quantity of 333 vehicles.
These units stayed in regular service until 1990, when they began to be withdrawn from traffic. They were replaced on regional services by the new "Sprinter" derivative units, or by "Turbo" units on services around London. The final units lasted in traffic until October 1993, although many saw further use in departmental service, as sandite or route-learner units. Good condition and lack of asbestos has ensured that many of this class have been saved for preservation.

British Rail Class 109
The British Rail Class 109 is a class of 2-car diesel multiple units built in 1957 by Wickham & Co. Five two-car units were built featuring an unusual body design.
The units soon became non-standard and two were sold back to the manufacturer who exported them to Trinidad and Tobago. Another unit was converted into departmental service, and survived in BR ownership until the early 1980s.

Yeh Dil Aap Ka Huwa
"Yeh Dil Aap Ka Huwa" (Urdu: یہ دِل آپ کا ہوا) is a 2002 Pakistani Urdu film starring Sana, Moammar Rana and Saleem Sheikh among others. It was directed by Javed Sheikh and ran successfully in theaters across Pakistan. The film's soundtrack composed by Amjad Bobby was a raging success prior to its release.

British Rail Class 110
The Class 110 DMUs were built by the Birmingham Railway Carriage and Wagon Company in conjunction with the Drewry Car Co. to operate services on the former Lancashire and Yorkshire main line, and spent their entire careers based around this same area. This earned them the name of the 'Calder Valley' sets. They were an updated version of the Class 104, with a revised cab design and raised bodyside window frames.

British Rail Class 111
The Class 111 DMUs were based on 2s, but with different engines. The only external body difference was on the final batch of cars where a four character headcode box was fitted above the front cab windows, with the destination indicator on top of a reduced height centre window.
The first cars built, part of an order for 339 Met-Camm cars, were 4 power/trailer sets for the LMR Manchester area built in early 1957. One of these was equipped with supercharged 230 hp 6-cylinder engines. This was followed by ten 3-car sets comprising DMBS/TS/DMC for the NER at Bradford, then a further twenty 3-car sets.

British Rail Class 112
The Class 112 DMUs used the standard Cravens body used for Class 105s but had a single Rolls-Royce engine of 238 hp per car, and they were all formed into 'power twins'- two car sets with both vehicles powered.
There were two batches built, the first 50 vehicles (25 sets) had standard mechanical transmission via a gearbox and were allocated the Class 112. The second batch of 50 cars (25 sets) had hydraulic transmission, and became Class 113s.
The cars were built for services in the LMR Central Division and in the Liverpool - St Helens area, where the gradients in the Lancashire & Yorkshire area required more power. Both types also spent some time working from Cricklewood.
The gross weight of a set with all seats occupied was approximately 70 tons, giving 6.8 hp per ton. Empty, it was 8.1 hp/ton, which compared favourably with 5.7 hp/ton that the Cravens power/trailer had.

British Rail Class 114
The British Rail Class 114 diesel multiple units were built by BR Derby from 1956 to 1957. Forty-nine 2-car units were built, numbered 50001-49 for driving motors (later renumbered 53001-49) and 56001-49 for driving trailers (later renumbered 54001-49). The units were used on services in the West Midlands, Lincolnshire and Humberside.

1995 Atlantic hurricane season
The 1995 Atlantic hurricane season was the time from June 1 to November 30, 1995 when hurricanes officially formed in the Atlantic Ocean. Storms sometimes form before and after these dates but most storms form during the season. No storms formed after November 30 in the 1995 season.
The 1995 season was extremely active, largely due to favorable conditions including a La Niña and warm sea surface temperatures. Nineteen named storms formed during the season, making it the third most active on record behind the 2005 and 1933 seasons and tied with 1887 season. There were also eleven storms that reached hurricane strength, again the third most hurricanes in one season after the 1969 and 2005 seasons.
This season broke the record for the most Tropical Cyclones at a time in the Atlantic with five storm at a time from August 22 to September 1 — Humberto, Iris, Jerry, Karen, and Luis, were the names of the storms at the same time.
Tropical Depression Six.
On August 4, Tropical Depression Six formed in the Bay of Campeche. Six made landfall in over Mexico and dissipated on August 6, never reaching tropical storm strength. There were no reports of damage or deaths.
Tropical Storm Gabrielle.
Tropical Storm Gabrielle formed on August 9 and nearly became a hurricane but it made landfall in Mexico, near La Pesca, Tamaulipas, on August 11. Tropical Storm Gabrielle dissapated the next day without ever reaching hurricane status causing no damage or deaths.
Tropical Storm Jerry.
Tropical Storm Jerry formed just off the Florida coast near Andros Island on August 23 as Tropical Depression Eleven. Jerry made landfall at as a very weak tropical storm. Jerry made landfall in Jupiter, Florida. Jerry dissapated on the 28th over Georgia.
Hurricane Luis.
Hurricane Luis was one of the most powerful storms of the very active 1995 Atlantic hurricane season. Hurricane Luis was the strongest storm to hit the Leeward Islands since Hurricane Hugo in 1989. Luis was one of the four tropical cyclones active from August 22 to September 1 along with Humberto, Iris, Jerry, and Karen.
Hurricane Tanya.
The 1995 season ended with Hurricane Tanya, the first storm to be get a name beginning with 'T' since hurricane naming began in the Atlantic basin in 1950 it was the only until Tropical Storm Tammy in 2005.

Red giant
A red giant is a very big star that does not weigh very much. Red giants usually burn helium. Red giants are very large, and many can fit many thousands of suns inside them. red giants get their name because they appear to be red. Some red giants are Mira, Aldebaran, Arcturus, and Gamma Crucis. One day, 5 billion years from now, the sun will become a red giant and become so big it will swallow up Mercury, Venus, and even the Earth. When it does, it will become 200 times bigger than it is now.

Hypergiant
Hypergiants are the largest stars in the Universe, even larger than supergiants. The exact definition is unclear, although the hypergiant with the largest known diameter is VY Canis Majoris, which is between 1800 to 2100 more times wider than the Sun, or roughly the same as width of the orbit of Saturn.
Hypergiants are very rare and they have a short lifespan. While the Sun has a lifespan of around 10 billion yeas, hypergiants will only exist for a few million years.

Shiver (Coldplay song)
"Shiver" is a single released by rock band Coldplay. Shiver was released off the album Parachutes on March of 2000. A re-release was released a year later on February of 2001.
Format.
The format ofr the single by Coldplay is a CD and plays as an Extended Play (or EP).

Yellow (song)
"Yellow" is a song recorded and written by Coldplay in 1999. The single was released off the album "Parachutes" on June 6th, 2000.

Don't Panic (song)
"Don't Panic!" is a hit single by rock band (formed in 1996) Coldplay. The single was recorded in 1996. Coldplay released the single off the hit studio album called "Parachutes" which was released July 10, 2000.

In My Place
"In My Place" was released August 2002. The single was released off the hit album "Parachutes" released by rock band Coldplay in 2000. In My Place was well-received by critics. The song was complimented for its music and profound lyrics. "In My Place" won Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal at the 45th Grammy Awards. The music video was nominated for two MuchMusic Video Awards in 2003 in the categories of Best international video–group and People's Choice: Favorite international group.

List of Mario games
This is a list of video games in the "Mario" series.

Puck (sports)
A puck is a circle-shaped object that is used in some games instead of a ball. One of the most famous games to use a puck is ice hockey.

Târgovişte
Târgovişte is a city in the Dâmboviţa County of Romania. About 89,000 people lived in Târgovişte as of the year 2003.

Antonio Machado
Antonio Cipriano José María y Francisco de Santa Ana Machado y Ruiz, known as Antonio Machado (July 26, 1875 – February 22, 1939), was a Spanish poet and one of the leading figures of the Spanish literary movement known as the Generation of '98.

Garcilaso de la Vega
Garcilaso de la Vega (Toledo, c. 1501– Le Muy, Nice, France, October 14, 1536), was a Spanish soldier and poet. The prototypical "Renaissance man," he was the most influential (though not the first or the only) poet to introduce Italian Renaissance verse forms, poetic techniques and themes to Spain. His exact birth date is unknown, but estimations by scholars put his year of birth between 1498 and 1503.

Nepenthes
The "Nepenthes", often know as "Tropical Pitcher Plants" or "Monkey Cups", are a genus of carnivorous plants in the family of the Nepenthaceae where we can find about 120 species (this number is fast increasing, with one to two new species being described each year). Numerous natural and many cultivated by the men. These kind of plants come from South China, Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines; westward to Madagascar and the Seychelles; southward to Australia and New Caledonia; and northward to India and Sri Lanka. Many are plants of hot humid lowland areas, but the majority are tropical montane plants, and for to live they need warm days but cold and humid nighs. The name "Nepenthes" was first published in 1737 in Carolus Linnaeus's "Hortus Cliffortianus". Nepenthes are plants that need to eat insects from their pitches, they can catch, little spiders,mosquito, and sometimes maggots. The traps contain a fluid of the plant's own production, which may be watery or syrupy and is used to drown the insects. The trapping efficiency of this fluid remains high, even when significantly diluted by water, as inevitably happens in wet conditions. When the insects is inside the trap for it, it's impossible to escape. "Nepenthes" usually produce two types of pitchers. Near the base of the plant are the large lower traps, which typically sit on the ground, while the upper pitchers may be smaller, coloured differently, and have different features than the lower pitchers.
The lower part of the trap contains glands which take nutrients from captured insects.
One of the earliest pictures of "Nepenthes" appears in Leonard Plukenet's "Almagestum Botanicum" of 1696. The plant, called "Utricaria vegetabilis zeylanensium", is without doubt a "N. distillatoria".

Kurohime
is a manga series made by the mangaka. The manga began its run in 2002, monthly in "Monthly Shōnen Jump". The manga talks about the story and the adventures of Kurohime and the others friends to fight the Gods of their lands and to resurrect the true love of her, the man who sacrificed his life for her, "Zero".
Kurohime has 14 volumes (on 2008) and is ongoing.
Magic.
Magic in this world is used by Gods and by some kind of humanans, called witches (whether they are men or women). The magic used by th witches can be showed under many forms, for example can be mixed with human technology, for example a gun or a rifle. A common use of magic mixes with human technology for example is when Kurohime, shot with her gun, magic bullets, that can invoke magical beasts as dragon or a demon.
Characters.
Zero - A boy saved by Kurohime in his childhood. Over ten years, he trained and became a gunslinger. He uses 4 guns and is known for his incredible speed. He doesn't use his guns for killing and only uses them to help people. Zero doesnt use the magic, often is used by Kurohime for to mix magic with technology. Zero loves truely Kurohime and in a part of series he will sacrifice his life for to save Kurohime.
Kurohime - A magician who fights using magical bullets. Ten years ago, she saves Zero, influencing his decision to become a gunslinger. She is very self-centered, and is said to not be able to genuinely love. As a result, she defied the gods and was cursed to walk the world as a child. She can only revert to her adult form when she falls in love. When a child, she is addressed as Himeko, and her magic powers are greatly hindered. The adult Kurohime bears a strong resemblance to the goddess that cursed her (In fact, they are both the same. Kurohime was split into 2 in her battle against the gods; one of "good" which holds all of her love and care and memories, and the other holding her "bad" side, which has no memories, except the anger and hatred. The latter is the current Kurohime, while the former is the "goddess" who gave her the curse.) She is also extremely beautiful and believes all men are her "dogs". Still, she has feelings for Zero, even if she won't admit it. Her name translates to "Black Princess" (Kuro is black and hime is princess). Her chief weapon is her witch-gun, "Senryu" (which, when translated means Tornado Dragon). Aside from being able to fire witch-bullets, Senryu can fire normal bullets with cannon-like force. In the second arc, Himeko receives the Yamato-Dachi from Yamatohime after defeating Gandhara. The sword fuses with Senryu, allowing it to switch between sword (Yamato Senryuto) and gun (Yamato Senryuho) forms.
Himeko- Kurohime's form as a child, she differs greatly from her adult self, besides the fact that she is adorable and cute while her adult self is sexy and beautiful. Himeko is hyperactive and acts like a real child, often falling asleep for naps, while as her adult form is more controlled and calm. Himeko is unable to use strong magic, for example when she tries to evoke a dragon, it comes just a funny little dragon, really useless.
Onimaru - A heavyset gunslinger that he felt betrayed by Kurohime/Himeko. When she was bad, Kurohime used him and his troops for to build a tower for to fight Gods, after then Kurohime betrayed Onimaru. He was once her most loyal soldier and his back bears a large tattoo of the Kanji for "Dog" and "Kurohime". In the middle of series Onimaru will be cursed by a demon and will be transformed in a little lizard.
Asura - A beautiful looking woman. The people of that land call her and her kind, demons. She is extremely powerful, possessing incredible magical powers, whose destructive properties rivals a god. She is first introduced as a mysterious character who plays a subtle hand in aiding Kurohime and Zero defeat a witch.
Sword- The leader of the death angel squad (Shinigami Tenshidan) sent after Kurohime and Zero in the fourth volume. She and her comrades (Axe, Lance, Mace, Hammer, and Dagger) are sent to reap a group of vengeful souls from a ghost wagon who were revived courtesy of Kurohime. Sword seems to have a personal sense of revenge against Kurohime.
Darkray- The former God of Death. He fought Kurohime when she first challenged the gods. Using the soul of an infant murdered by an attack on Kurohime as a shield, he defeated her with Sword, slicing her in half. He was also the one who suggested splitting Kurohime into two beings: one comprised of pure hate, the other, of love and compassion. This resulted in the birth of Shirohime (White Princess)the Goddess of Mercy. He later appears in the fourth volume.
Yashahime- The mother goddess and lover of Darkray. She swears to kill Kurohime to avenge the fallen God of Death, and first appears when Kurohime killed Gandhara on Yamato. She is very powerful and she tried to kill Zero's soul.She is actually jealous of the love zero and Kurohime share, and uses Darkray's skull to turn Zero into the god of death, so as to make Kurohime experience hell on earth forever.
Yamatohime- The Phoenix Suzaku, Devil God, and Spirit Queen of Fire. She is Asura's master. She had been imprisoned by the gods in the depths of a volcano, under constant watch by the Demon God Gandhara.

British Rail Class 115
These 41 high density sets operated the outer-suburban services from Marylebone usually to destinations such as High Wycombe, Aylesbury and Banbury which are on the Chiltern Main Line and Great Central Main Line (now the London to Aylesbury Line). Sometimes, these sets used to operate 8-12 car long expresses to Nottingham Victoria in the final years of the GCML. Coincidentally, the 115 were under Table 115 in the British Rail timetable.
Based on the basic Derby high density design, the sets are similar to Class 127 but were internally superior as the class had larger windows, better furnishings, lighting and wall surfaces.
Some sets were also built for the CLC line between Liverpool and Manchester. These were later transferred to Marylebone. They also worked from Tyseley in the later years.
The Marylebone sets, which were later transferred to Bletchley but remained on Chiltern Line duties, were declared surplus after the introduction of Class 165s, from 1991 onwards. While at Bletchley depot the class was also used on the Gospel Oak to Barking Line, units being formed as power twins. They were in turn replaced on this line by class 117 power twins.
The final Class 115 working out of Marylebone was in July 1992. The Tyseley sets survived a bit longer, until February 1994.

It Won't Be Soon Before Long (DVD Edition)
It Won't Be Soon Before Long: DVD Edition is the original music video version (in America) re-released from the original 12 Tracked album released in 2007 by Maroon 5 called "It Won't Be Soon Before Long".
Info.
It Won't Be Soon Before Long: DVD Edition was released in July of 2008. The album has the 12 original tracks from the original version of It Won't Be Soon Before Long" and 6 music videos and live videos.

Pomaia
Pomaia is a little village (it: "frazione"), near the city of (it: "comune") Santa Luce, in the Province of Pisa, Tuscany, Italy. The village is a very important point for Buddhism in Italy. In Pomaia, one of biggest Tibetan monasteries, called the "Lama Zong Khapa Institute", can be seen.
Economy.
Pomaia has an economy based on agriculture and tourism.
Tourism.
On April in Pomaia there is a "Sagra", a local festival about broad beans, followed by a lot of people and many tourists. Many tourists come in Pomaia, for to see the Buddhist manifestations in the Buddhist Monastery of Pomaia.

Morellino di Scansano
Morellino di Scansano DOCG is an Italian red wine made in the hills of the village of Scansano (province of Grosseto), in the Maremma, which includes a part of the coast of southern Tuscany. Morellino is the local name for the Sangiovese grape varietal.
The wine, which gained the DOC status in 1978, and upgraded to DOCG status from the 2007 vintage, is made from of 85% Sangiovese (which is also the base of the tuscan wines: Chianti, Brunello di Montalcino and Vino Nobile di Montepulciano). The remaining 0–15% of any non aromatic black grape varieties included in a list made and periodically updated by the local authorities.

Vino Nobile di Montepulciano
Vino Nobile di Montepulciano (in english lit. Noble Wine of Montepulciano) is a red wine with Denominazione di Origine Controllata e Garantita status produced in the vineyards in the town of Montepulciano, Tuscany, Italy. The wine is made for the main part from the Sangiovese grape varietal (minimum 70%), blended with Canaiolo Nero (10%–20%) and small add of other local varieties such as Mammolo. The wine is aged in oak barrels for 2 years; three years if it is a riserva. The wine should not be confused with Montepulciano d'Abruzzo, a red wine made from the Montepulciano grape in the Abruzzo region of east-central Italy.
Wines made in Montepulciano.
Some wineries, in addition to wines, also produce Grappa. By Italian law, the same company cannot be both a certified winery and a certified distillery, therefore, the Grappa is produced in cooperation, but, is usually sold by the winery and bears the winery name on its label.

Brunello di Montalcino
Brunello di Montalcino is a red Italian wine made in the vineyards surrounding the town of Montalcino located about southwest of Florence, Tuscany, Italy. Brunello, roughly translated as "nice dark one" in the local dialect, is the unofficial name of the clone of Sangiovese (also known as "Sangiovese Grosso") grown in the Montalcino region. In 1980, the Brunello di Montalcino was awarded the first "Denominazione di Origine Controllata e Garantita" (DOCG) designation and today is one of the Italy's best-known and most expensive wines.

Borodin Quartet
The Borodin Quartet is a string quartet that was founded in 1945 in what was then the Soviet Union. The four players have not always been the same people: there have been some changes to the group, but it is one of the world's longest lasting string quartets. In 2005 they celebrated their 60th anniversary. Until he retired in 2007 the cellist Valentin Berlinsky had almost always been the cellist of the quartet.
When they started they were known as the Moscow Philharmonic Quartet. In 1955 the quartet changed its name to Borodin Quartet, named after the composer Alexander Borodin who composed two famous string quartets.
They often got invitations to play in the West, but the Soviet communist government would not allow them to travel out of their country. The quartet had to accept the concerts that their government allowed them to do. They played at the funerals of the dictator Stalin and the composer Sergei Prokofiev which were on the same day (both men died on 5 March 1953. However, they were not paid anything for either event.
The quartet knew the composer Dmitri Shostakovich very well. They performed his quartets, and Shostakovich often listened to them practising and discussed with them the way he wanted them to be played. The quartet often played piano quintets with the pianist Sviatoslav Richter.
When they started in 1945 their cellist was Mstislav Rostropovich. Rudolf Barshai was their viola player. Very soon afterwards Rostropovich found he had too many other engagements, so he got Valentin Berlinsky to be their cellist. The four men who then formed the quartet signed an oath in their own blood that they would be faithful and stay together as a group. They stayed together for 20 years. Then Rostislav Dubinsky, the first violinist, defected to the West and the second violinist, Jaroslav Alexandrov, retired because of bad health. With two new players, the quartet spend two years practising together before they performed again in public.
When Communism collapsed and the Soviet Union broke up, the quartet still continued to be very famous. They travelled abroad a lot, performing in places such as London.
They have made many recordings including all Shostakovich's string quartets and all Beethoven quartets.

Pienza
Pienza, a town (it: "commune") in the province of Siena, in the Val d'Orcia in Tuscany (central Italy), between the towns of Montepulciano and Montalcino, is the "touchstone of Renaissance urbanism."
In 1996, UNESCO put the town his list as a World Heritage Site, and in 2004 the all valley, the "Val d'Orcia", was put on the list of UNESCO's World Cultural Landscapes.
History.
Pienza was rebuilt from a village called Corsignano, which was the birthplace (1405) of Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini (Italian: Enea Silvio Piccolomini), a Renaissance humanist born into an exiled Sienese family, who later became Pope Pius II. Once he became Pope, Piccolomini had the entire village rebuilt as an ideal Renaissance town. Intended as a retreat from Rome, it represents the first application of humanist urban planning concepts.The rebuilding was done by Florentine architect Bernardo Gambarelli (known as Bernardo Rossellino).
Palazzo Piccolomini.
The piazza is made by four buildings. The principal residence, "Palazzo Piccolomini", is on the west side.
The Duomo.
The "Duomo" (Cathedral), which dominates the center of the piazza, has a façade that is one of the earliest designed in the Renaissance manner. Artworks in the Duomo include five altar paintings from the Sienese School. The Baptistry, dedicated as usual to "San Giovanni".
Palazzo Borgia.
The "Palazzo Borgia", on the third side of the piazza, was built as the palace to house the bishops who would travel to Pienza to attend the Pope. Inside the palace there is the Diocesan Museum, and the Museo della Cattedrale. The collection includes a lot of religious artifacts. Paintings include a 7th century painting of "Christ on the Cross" ("La Croce"), 14th century works by Pietro Lorenzetti ("Madonna with Child") and Bartolo di Fredi ("Madonna della Misericordia"). There are also important works from the 14th and 15th centuries, including a Madonna attributed to Luca Signorelli.
Palazzo Comunale.
Across from the church is the town hall. Since Corsigniano was originally a village without a town governance, before the transformations there was no town hall. But when Corsigniano was given the status of an official city, a "Palazzo Comunale" was required. A third floor was added in 1599. The "Palazzo Comunale" was probably also designed by Rossellino.

Interactive whiteboard
An interactive whiteboard is the modern version of the traditional boards we all know from school. A large interactive display is connected to a computer and a projector. The beamer projects the computers desktop onto the white flat. The user can control the computer by using a pen, finger or another tool. Normally the whiteboard is fixed on a wall but you can also find some mobile interactive whiteboards.They are used in different settings such as in classrooms at all level of educations, in work groups and training rooms for professional coaching for example sport coaching.
Operation.
The interactive whiteboard must be connected to an PC before you can use the whiteboard. There are different ways of connections. The serial port cable and the USB are two standard wired mediums. But there is also the possibility of the wireless way. There is no favourite connection at all, you have to choose it individually.
The summary of use the interactive whiteboard includes three words: controlling, translation and presentation.
Resources for an interactive whiteboard.
The amount of resources for an interactive whiteboard can split into two different parts.
Teachers and students can use the board.
Different projections.
There are different kind of projections. But for all systems you can find pros and cons.
In this system the beamer is placed in front of the whiteboard. Either the beamer is fixed on the whiteboard or it hangs on the ceiling.
Compared to the rear projection this system is much cheaper – this is the pros.
The cons is that the teacher or the student must stand in front of the whiteboard and sometimes their body will cast a shadow.
In the rear-projection system the beamer is placed behind the whiteboard. This leads to the pros of this system because the teacher does not cast a shadow and does not look into the beamer light while speaking to the students.
The cons is that this system is very expensive.

Sue (dinosaur)
"Sue", specimen ID FMNH PR2081, is the largest, most extensive and best preserved Tyrannosaurus rex skeleton ever found. It was discovered in the summer of 1990 by Sue Hendrickson, a paleontologist, and was named after her. It is not known if the dinosaur was male or female.

DOCG
DOCG is the short version of "Denominazione di Origine Controllata e Garantita", a warranty mark used in Italy, about the wines, for to help who buy wines against fake wines or frauds. This warranty mark show the exact point where the wine was made. A wine before to be able to use the DOCG mark must pass many tests and have some qualities. Often these qualities are for example the little place where we can find the kind of wine, for example just a big hills of just a region in Italy.

Ivan River (Nireş)
The Ivan River is a tributary of the Nireş River in Romania. This means that it flows into the Nireş River.

Şapte Fântâni River
The Şapte Fântâni River is a tributary of the Ivan River in Romania. This means it flows into the Ivan River.

Oancea River (Prut)
The Oancea River is a tributary of the Prut River in Romania. This means it flows into the Prut River.

Valea Mare River (Aita)
The Valea Mare River is a tributary of the Aita River in Romania. That means it flows into the Aita River.

Ulmul River (Aita)
The Ulmul River is a tributary of the Aita River in Romania. That means it flows into the Aita River.

Topologel River
The Topologel River is a tributary of the Topolog River in Romania. That means it flows into the Topolog River.

Tuscan food
Here there is a list with the typically dishes fom region Tuscany, Italy.

Karpenisi
Karpinisi is a mountainous Greek city. It is a small city which is located in Eyritania district. Karpenisi is the capital of Eyritania prefecture. Eyritania prefecture has the most mountains of any other prefecture of Greece. Moutains can be found throughout the Eyritania prefecture. The highest point of Karpenisi is at the top of the Tymphristos Mountain, which is 2,315 meters high. Around 7,300 people live in Karpenisi, says the census taken in 2001. Karpenisi is built at an altitude of 960 meters. It sits on the slopes of the Tymphristos mountain. Lamia can be found to the east of Karpenisi. Karpenisi is smaller town than Lamia. Lamia also serves the district of Karpenisi.
Winter resort.
Today, Karpenisi is one of the most important winter resorts in Greece. In winter, many Greeks go there in order to do winter sports. The people visiting go skiing and hiking in the forests of Karpenisi. Karpenisi is surrounded by a fir forest.

Empoli
Empoli is a town in Tuscany, Italy, about 30 km southwest of Florence. It is situated 30 m above sea-level, to the south of the Arno. The plain of Town has been usable for agriculture since Roman times. Empoli is on the main railway line from Florence to Pisa and is well joined with the city of Siena.
Empoli has an enduring tradition as an agricultural centre. It has given its name to a local kind of artichoke.
History.
Empoli was already settled in the early Roman Empire times, and continued to exist until 4th century AD. The river near the city was a good communication way for the trade of agricultural products, together with the local amphorae.
Since the 8th century Empoli grow as a town around the castle, known as "Emporium" or "Empolis". In 1119 it was controlled by Guidi. In 1182 it went under Florentine rule. In 1260, after the Battle of Montaperti, Empoli was the seat of a famous council in which Farinata degli Uberti opposed the destruction of Florence. Later Empoli became an important fortress.
Important places and monuments.
In the "frazione" of Pontorme is the house of the painter Pontormo.
Sport.
Empoli's main football team is Empoli F.C., which is currently playing in Serie B.

Igoumenitsa
Igoumenitsa is a small Greek city. It has a population of about 9,644 people. It is found in the north-western part of Greece in the Ipiros periphery. It is a city built along the coast of the Ionian Sea. It has a big port which links Igoumenitsa with the Italian cities of Bari, Ancona and Brintezi. It is the second important port of Greece along the Ionian Sea, after the port in the city of Patras.

Larderello
Larderello is a "frazione" of the "comune" of Pomarance, in Tuscany in central Italy. Larderello is famous for its geothermal productivity.
History.
The region was known from ancient times for its volcanic nature and for the very hot springs. The Romans used its sulphur springs for bathing. In 1827 François de Larderel, a Frenchman, invented a way of extracting boric acid from the volcanic mud by using steam to heat forto separate the two. The town Larderello has the name in honour of Larderel's work The region was the site of a pioneering experiment in the production of energy from geothermal sources in 1904. Prince Piero Ginori Conti tested the first geothermal power generator on 4 July 1904, at the Larderello dry steam field in Italy. It was a small generator that lit four light bulbs. Later, in 1911, the world's first geothermal power plant was built there. In 1911, the world's first geothermal power plant was built in the Valle del Diavolo ("Devil's Valley"), named for the boiling water in the area. Larderello now produces 10% of the world's entire supply of geothermal electricity, amounting to 4,800 GWh per year.

Primera División Argentina 1934
Overview.
Fourteen teams competed in the Primera División Argentina, and the Boca Juniors won the championship.

Minneapolis Millers
The Minneapolis Millers were an ice hockey team that played in the American Hockey Association. A famous player who played for the Millers was Tiny Thompson.

American Hockey Association (1926–1942)
The American Hockey Association was a minor professional ice hockey league between 1926 and 1942.
Champions.
The Harry F. Sinclair Trophy was awarded to the league champions.

Bellevue, Alberta
Bellevue is a small hamlet near the Crowsnest Pass of the Rocky Mountains found in southern Alberta, Canada. About 350 people live in Bellevue. It is currently part of the Municipality of Crowsnest Pass, where about 6,500 people live.

The College of William & Mary
The College of William & Mary in Virginia (also known as The College of William & Mary, The College, William & Mary, or W&M) is a public university located in Williamsburg, Virginia, United States. Founded in 1693 by a Royal Charter issued by King William III and Queen Mary II, it is the second-oldest institution of higher education in the United States.
William & Mary educated U.S. Presidents Thomas Jefferson, James Monroe, and John Tyler as well as other key figures important to the development of the nation, including U.S. Supreme Court Chief Justice John Marshall, Speaker of the House Henry Clay and 16 signers of the Declaration of Independence.
In 2008, the college had 5,850 undergraduate students and 2,042 graduate and professional students in and gave 1,454 bachelors, 440 masters, and 209 professional degrees.
The current president of the university is W. Taylor Reveley, III and its chancellor (an honorary title with little job duties) is Sandra Day O'Connor. Some past chancellors are George Washington, Margaret Thatcher, and Henry Kissinger.

Tramway track
Tramway tracks are used on tramways or light railways. Grooved rails (or girder rails) are normally used to let the trams run on streets. This is called "street-running". Like normal rail tracks, tram tracks consist of two parallel steel rails.
Tram rails can be placed in several surfaces. Standard rails can be put on sleepers like railway tracks, or with grooved rails on concrete sleepers into street surfaces (pavement) for street running. Another environmentally-friendly or ecologically-friendly alternative is to lay tracks into grass turf surfaces. This is known as "grassed track" (or "track in a lawn"). It was first used in Liverpool in 1924.

Sibelaş River
The Sibelaş River is a tributary of the Sibiel River in Romania. That means it flows into the Sibiel River.

Valea Cetăţii River (Sibiel)
The Valea Cetăţii River is a tributary of the Sibiel River in Romania. That means it flows into the Sibiel River.

Light rail
Light rail or light rail transit (LRT) is a form of urban rail public transportation. Generally it can carry less people and has a lower speed than heavy rail and metro systems, but it can carry more people and has a higher speed than street-running tram systems. The term is normally used to refer to rail systems with rapid transit-style features that usually use electric rail cars operating mostly in private rights-of-way separated from other traffic but sometimes, if necessary, mixed with other traffic in city streets. Modern light rail technology is highly flexible in how it can be used, and whether any given system is considered a true rapid transit system or not depends on its implementation.

Pârâul lui Toderaş
The Pârâul lui Toderaş is a tributary of the Sibiel River in Romania. That means it flows into the Sibiel River.

Valea Utii River
The Valea Utii River is a tributary of the Pârâul lui Toderaş in Romania. That means it flows into the Pârâul lui Toderaş.

London County Council Tramways
The London County Council Tramways was a large network of public street tramways. They were formed in 1899. They were run by the council in the County of London, UK. In 1933 they were taken over by the London Passenger Transport Board.

Nicolina River (Iaşi)
The Nicolina River is a tributary of the Bahlui River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bahlui River.

PCC streetcar
The PCC (Presidents' Conference Committee) streetcar (tram) design was first built in the United States in the 1930s. The design was very successful in America. After World War II it was allowed to be used in other countries in the world. The PCC car has proved to be a long lasting icon of streetcar design, and PCC cars are still in service in various places around the world.

Valea Locei River
The Valea Locei River or Loca River is a tributary of the Nicolina River in Romania. That means it flows into the Nicolina River.

Frumoasa River (Bahlui)
The Frumoasa River is a tributary of the Valea Locei River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Locei River.

Bârnova River
The Bârnova River is a tributary of the Nicolina River in Romania. That means it flows into the Nicolina River.

Heritage Lottery Fund
The Heritage Lottery Fund (HLF) is a fund established in the United Kingdom under the National Lottery etc. Act 1993. The Fund opened for applications in 1994. It uses money raised through the National Lottery to transform and sustain the UK’s heritage. From museums, parks and historic places to archaeology, the natural environment and cultural traditions, HLF provides grants to support all aspects of the UK's diverse heritage.
By 2008, HLF had awarded a total of £4 billion to more than 26,000 projects across the UK.

Ezăreni River
The Ezăreni River or Iezăreni River is a tributary of the Nicolina River in Romania. That means it flows into the Nicolina River.

Horleşti River
The Horleşti River is a tributary of the Voineşti River in Romania. That means it flows into the Voineşti River.

Douglas, Isle of Man
Douglas () is the capital and largest town of the Isle of Man

Săuzeni River
The Săuzeni River is a tributary of the Voineşti River in Romania. That means it flows into the Voineşti River.

Vâlcea County
Vâlcea (also spelt "Vîlcea";) is a county (judeţ) of Romania. It can be found in the historical regions of Oltenia and Muntenia (both regions are split apart by the Olt River). The capital of Vâlcea County is Râmnicu Vâlcea.
Geography.
Vâlcea County has an area of 5,765 km².
Divisions.
Vâlcea County has 2 municipalities, 9 towns and 78 communes.

Gateshead
Gateshead is a town in Tyne and Wear, England. It lies on the southern bank of the River Tyne, opposite Newcastle upon Tyne. Gateshead town centre and Newcastle city centre are very close to one another, and together they form the urban core of Tyneside. Gateshead is the main settlement in the Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead.

Ambergate
Ambergate is a village in Derbyshire, England, where the River Amber joins the River Derwent.

Rotheram
Rotherham is a town in South Yorkshire, England. It lies on the River Don, close to its confluence with the River Rother, between Sheffield and Doncaster.

Grimsby
Grimsby (or archaically Great Grimsby) is a seaport on the Humber Estuary in Lincolnshire, England.

Halle, Saxony-Anhalt
Halle is the largest city in the German State of Saxony-Anhalt.

Trams in London
There have been two separate generations of trams in London, from 1860 to 1952 and from 2000. Between 1952 and 2000 no trams ran in London.

Durduc River (Bahlui)
The Durduc River is a tributary of the Săuzeni River in Romania. That means it flows into the Săuzeni River.

Căsuţa Mare River
The Căsuţa Mare River is a tributary of the Săuzeni River in Romania. That means it flows into the Săuzeni River.

Clay Cross
Clay Cross is a former mining town and civil parish in the North East Derbyshire district of Derbyshire, England, about six miles south of Chesterfield. It is directly on the A61, the former Roman road "Ryknield Street". Surrounding settlements include North Wingfield, Tupton, Pilsley and Ashover.

Goeşti River
The Goeşti River is a tributary of the Albeşti River in Romania. That means it flows into the Albeşti River.

Talyllyn Railway
The Talyllyn Railway () is a narrow-gauge preserved railway running for from Tywyn on the Mid-Wales coast to Nant Gwernol near the village of Abergynolwyn. The line was opened in 1866 to carry slate from the quarries at Bryn Eglwys to Tywyn, and was the first narrow gauge railway in Britain authorised by Act of Parliament to carry passengers using steam haulage. Despite severe under-investment, the line remained open, and in 1951 it became the first railway in the world to be preserved as a heritage railway by volunteers.

Valea Lacului River (Goeşti)
The Valea Lacului River is a tributary of the Goeşti River in Romania. That means it flows into the Goeşti River.

Niculeşti River
The Niculeşti River is a tributary of the Râul Mare in Romania. That means it flows into the Râul Mare.

Hill of Howth Tramway
The Hill of Howth Tramway, or just "Howth Tram", operated from June 1901 to June 1959 and served Howth Head, near Dublin, Ireland. The service was run by the Great Northern Railway (Ireland) (GNR(I)), which viewed it as a way to bring more customers to its railway stations at Sutton and Howth.

Bucureasa Mare River
The Bucureasa Mare River is a tributary of the Lotru River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lotru River.

Bucureasa Mică River
The Bucureasa Mică River is a tributary of the Bucureasa Mare River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bucureasa Mare River.

Trolley pole
A trolley pole is a tapered cylindrical pole of wood or metal, used to transfer electricity from a "live" overhead wire to the control and propulsion equipment of a tram or trolley bus. The use of overhead wire in a system of current collection is reputed to be the 1880 invention of Frank J. Sprague.

Bow collector
A bow collector is one of the three main devices used on tramcars to transfer electric current from the wires above to the tram below. While once very common in continental Europe, it has now been largely replaced by the pantograph.

Pantograph (rail)
A pantograph is a device that collects electric current from overhead lines for electric trains or trams. The term stems from the resemblance to pantograph devices for copying writing and drawings.

Şipotele River (Telejenel)
The Şipotele River is a tributary of the Telejenel River in Romania. That means it flows into the Telejenel River.

Buzăianu River
The Buzăianu River or Buzoianu River is a tributary of the Şipotele River in Romania. That means it flows into the Şipotele River.

Pârâul Alb (Telejenel)
The Pârâul Alb is a tributary of the Telejenel River in Romania. That means it flows into the Telejenel River.

Pârâul Sterp
The Pârâul Sterp is a tributary of the Pârâul Alb in Romania. That means it flows into the Pârâul Alb.

Pârâul Cetăţii (Teleajen)
The Pârâul Cetăţii is a headwater of the Telejenel River in Romania.

Chiojdul River (Telejenel)
The Chiojdul River is a tributary of the Pârâul Cetăţii in Romania. That means it flows into the Pârâul Cetăţii.

Zăvoarele River
The Zăvoarele River is a tributary of the Telejenel River in Romania. That means it flows into the Telejenel River.

Assist (ice hockey)
In ice hockey, an assist is when up to two players of the scoring team shoots, passes or deflects the puck towards the scoring teammate, or touched it in any other way which made the goal. This usually means that they "assisted" in the goal. At most, there can only be 2 assists for each goal.

Mânăila River
The Mânăila River is a tributary of the Zăvoarele River in Romania. That means it flows into the Zăvoarele River.

Water Stratford
Water Stratford is a village and civil parish that can be found inside of the Aylesbury Vale district in Buckinghamshire, England.

List of places in Cambridgeshire
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A.
Abington PigottsAldrethAmericaArringtonAshleyAbbots RiptonAbbotsleyAlconburyAlconbury WestonAlwalton
B.
BabrahamBalshamBar HillBarnwellBarringtonBartlowBartonBarwayBassingbournBenwickBlackhorse DroveBottishamBournBoxworthBrinkleyBurrough GreenBurwellBarhamBluntishamBramptonBringtonBroughtonBuckdenBuckworthBuryBythorn
C.
CaldecoteCaldecote (Huntingdonshire)CambourneCambridgeCamps EndCardinals GreenCarltonCastle CampsCatworthCaxtonChatterisCherry HintonChesterton, CambridgeChesterton, HuntingdonshireChettishamCheveleyChilderleyChippenhamChitteringChristchurchCoatesColdhamCollett's BridgeColneConingtonCoppingfordCombertonCommercial EndCotonCottenhamCoveneyCovingtonCroxtonCroydon
D.
Ditton GreenDoddingtonDownhamDry DraytonDullinghamDuxfordDentonDiddington
E.
East HatleyEastreaEaton FordEaton SoconElmElsworthEltisleyElyEuximoorEarithEastonEllingtonEltonEynesburyEynesbury Hardwicke
F.
Fen DittonFen DraytonFitton EndFordhamFoul AnchorFour GotesFowlmereFoxtonFriday BridgeFulbournFarcetFenstantonFentonFolksworth
G.
GamlingayGirtonGorefieldGrantchesterGraveleyGreat AbingtonGreat ChishillGreat EversdenGreat ShelfordGreat WilbrahamGuilden MordenGuyhirnGlattonGodmanchesterGrafhamGreat GiddingGreat GransdenGreat PaxtonGreat Staughton
H.
HaddenhamHardwickHarltonHarstonHaslingfieldHatley St GeorgeHatleyHauxtonHeydonHighfieldsHildershamHinxtonHistonHorningseaHorseheathHaddonHail WestonHamertonHemingford AbbotsHemingford GreyHiltonHolmeHolywellHoughtonHuntingdon
K.
KennettKeystonKimboltonKingstonKings RiptonKirtlingKnapwellKneesworth
L.
LandbeachLeveringtonLintonLitlingtonLittle AbingtonLittle ChishillLittle DittonLittle DownhamLittle EversdenLittle GransdenLittle OuseLittle ShelfordLittle ThetfordLittle WilbrahamLittleportLodeLolworthLong MeadowLongstantonLongstoweLeighton BromswoldLittle GiddingLittle Paxton
M.
MadingleyManeaMarchMelbournMeldrethMepalMiltonMurrowMidloeMolesworthMorborne
N.
NewtonNeedingworth
O.
OakingtonOrwellOverOfford ClunyOfford D'ArcyOldhurstOld Weston
P.
PampisfordPapworth EverardPapworth St AgnesParson DrovePeterboroughPondersbridgePrickwillowPymorePerryPidley
Q.
Queen Adelaide
R.
RamptonRamsey MeresideReachRing's EndRamseyRamsey Forty FootRamsey HeightsRamsey St Mary'sThe Raveleys
S.
SawstonSaxon StreetSheprethShingayShudy CampsSnailwellSohamStaplefordSteeple MordenStetchworthStoneaStow-cum-QuyStreetley EndStrethamStuntneySuttonSutton GaultSutton-in-the-IsleSwaffham BulbeckSwaffham PriorSwaveseySt IvesSt NeotsSawtrySibsonSomershamSouthoeSpaldwickSteeple GiddingStibbingtonStiltonStonelyStow LongaThe StukeleysSwingbrow
T.
TadlowTetworthTevershamTholomas DroveThorneyThorney TollThriplowTilbrookTips EndToftToselandTrumpingtonTurvesTydd GoteTydd St Giles
U.
UpendUpwareUptonUpwood
W.
Wardy HillWaterbeachWelches DamWendyWentworthWest WickhamWest WrattingWestley WaterlessWeston ColvilleWeston GreenWestryWestwickWhaddonWhittleseyWhittlesford BridgeWhittlesfordWickenWilburtonWillinghamWimblingtonWimpoleWisbechWisbech St MaryWitchamWitchfordWooddittonWarboysWaresleyWashingleyWater NewtonWinwickWistowWoodwaltonWoolleyWoodhurstWothorpeWyton
Y.
YaxleyYelling

List of villages in Northern Ireland
__NOTOC__

List of towns in Northern Ireland
__NOTOC__

Burnt Hill
Burnt Hill is a hamlet in Berkshire, England. It can be found in the civil parish of Yattendon.

Bar Hill
Bar Hill is a village that can be found about 4 miles (7 km) northwest of Cambridge, England. About 4,000 people live in Bar Hill.

Yielden
Yielden is a village in Bedfordshire that can be found near the borders with Northamptonshire and Cambridgeshire.

Boncuţa River
The Boncuţa River is a tributary of the Telejenel River in Romania. That means it flows into the Telejenel River.

Ciobu River
The Ciobu River is a tributary of the Teleajen River in Romania. That means it flows into the Teleajen River.

Mislea River
The Mislea River is a tributary of the Teleajen River in Romania. That means it flows into the Teleajen River.

Mislea, Prahova
Mislea is a commune of Prahova County in Romania.

Cosmina River
The Cosmina River is a tributary of the Mislea River in Romania. That means it flows into the Mislea River.

Mislea Seacă River
The Mislea Seacă River is a tributary of the Mislea River in Romania. That means it flows into the Mislea River.

Leaotu River
The Leaotu River is a tributary of the Teleajen River in Romania. That means it flows into the Teleajen River.

Soava River
The Soava River is a tributary of the Leaotu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Leaotu River.

Giumelnicu River
The Giumelnicu River is a tributary of the Teleajen River in Romania. That means it flows into the Teleajen River.

Baleia River (Jiu)
The Baleia River is a tributary of the Jiul de Vest River in Romania. That means it flows into the Jiul de Vest River.

Dracu River (Jiu)
The Dracu River is a tributary of the Baleia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Baleia River.

Izvoru River (Baleia)
The Izvoru River is a tributary of the Baleia River in Romania. This means it flows into the Baleia River.

Râul Diului
The Râul Diului is a tributary of the Baleia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Baleia River.

Mascot River
The Mascot River is a tributary of the Rasnic River in Romania. That means it flows into the Rasnic River.

Mereţel River
The Mereţel River is a tributary of the Rasnic River in Romania. That means it flows into the Rasnic River.

Răchita River (Rasnic)
The Răchita River is a tributary of the Rasnic River in Romania. That means it flows into the Rasnic River.

Zănoaga River (Şuşiţa)
The Zănoaga River is a tributary of the Straja River in Romania. That means it flows into the Straja River.

Frasin River (Şuşiţa)
The Frasin River is a tributary of the Straja River in Romania. That means it flows into the Straja River.

Valea Boului River (Şuşiţa)
The Valea Boului River is a tributary of the Straja River in Romania. That means it flows into the Straja River.

Cârligu River (Straja)
The Cârligu River is a tributary of the Straja River in Romania. That means it flows into the Straja River.

Dartmouth College
Dartmouth College () is a private, coeducational university located in Hanover, New Hampshire. Incorporated as "Trustees of Dartmouth College,"
it is a member of the Ivy League and one of the nine Colonial Colleges founded before the American Revolution. In addition to its undergraduate liberal arts program, Dartmouth has medical, engineering, and business schools, as well as 19 graduate programs in the arts and sciences. With a total enrollment of 5,848, Dartmouth is the smallest school in the Ivy League.
The college was established in 1769 by Congregational minister Eleazar Wheelock who wanted to use the college to Christianize the Native Americans. In 2004, Booz Allen Hamilton selected Dartmouth College as a model of institutional endurance "whose record of endurance has had implications and benefits for all American organizations, both academic and commercial," citing "Trustees of Dartmouth College v. Woodward" and Dartmouth's successful self-reinvention in the late 1800s. Dartmouth alumni, from Daniel Webster to the many donors in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, have been famously involved in their college.
Dartmouth is located on a rural 269-acre (1.1 km²) campus in the Upper Valley region of New Hampshire. Given the College's isolated location, participation in athletics and the school's Greek system is high. Dartmouth's 34 varsity sports teams compete in the Ivy League conference of the NCAA Division I. Students are also well-known for preserving a variety of strong campus traditions.

Lupoiţa River
The Lupoiţa River is a tributary of the Lupoaia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lupoaia River.

Motruşor River
The Motruşor River is a tributary of the Motrul Sec River in Romania. That means it flows into the Motrul Sec River.

Uilocul Mare River
The Uilocul Mare River is a headwater of the Uiloc River in Romania.

Coşaru Porcului River
The Coşaru Porcului River is a tributary of the Uilocul Mare River in Romania. That means it flows into the Uilocul Mare River.

Pârâul Negru (Uiloc)
The Pârâul Negru is a tributary of the Uilocul Mare River in Romania. That means it flows into the Uilocul Mare River.

Pârâul Întorsăturii
The Pârâul Întorsăturii is a tributary of the Uilocul Mare River in Romania. That means it flows into the Uilocul Mare River.

10185 Gaudi
10185 Gaudi (1996 HD21) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on April 18, 1996 by E. W. Elst at the European Southern Observatory.

5090 Wyeth
5090 Wyeth (1980 CG) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on February 09, 1980 by Harvard Observatory at Harvard.

5086 Demin
5086 Demin (1978 RH1) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 05, 1978 by Chernykh, N. S. at Nauchnyj.

5092 Manara
5092 Manara (1982 FJ) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on March 21, 1982 by E. Bowell at Flagstaff.

5129 Groom
5129 Groom (1989 GN) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on April 07, 1989 by Helin, E. F. at Palomar.

5115 Frimout
5115 Frimout (1988 CD4) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on February 13, 1988 by Elst, E. W. at La Silla.

5137 Frevert
5137 Frevert (1990 VC) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on November 08, 1990 by Baur, J. M. at Chions.

5138 Gyoda
5138 Gyoda (1990 VD2) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on November 13, 1990 by Hioki and Hayakawa at Okutama.

5139 Rumoi
5139 Rumoi (1990 VH4) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on November 13, 1990 by Mukai and Takeishi at Kagoshima.

Oldham Athletic A.F.C.
Oldham Athletic Football Club is a football that plays in Football League One. The club plays its games at Boundary Park in Oldham, England.
The club has never won any major trophies through their history, though have made several appearances in the late rounds of the FA Cup and Football League Cup.
History.
The club was created as Pine Villa Football Club in 1895, but changed to the current name in 1899. Almost immediately, Oldham became a professional team before joining the Football League in 1907. After struggling between the First World War and the Second World War, they became more stable in 1969—when legendary manager Jimmy Frizzell took over. Under Frizzell, the club won 200 of their 544 competitive games and were promoted to higher levels twice.
After leaving in the summer of 1982, Joe Royle took over as the club's manager during which time Oldham again had a successful period. Under Royle, the club won 225 games of 608—a slightly higher winning percentage than under Frizzell. In the early 1990s, under Royle, Oldham reached the semi-finals of the FA Cup and the final of the Football League Cup, losing every time. However, in the 1990–91 season, the club won the Football League Second Division and were promoted to the First Division for the first time in over 70 years. In the 1992–93 season, Oldham was a group of 24 teams that were the founding memebers of the Premier League—England's top division of football. After Royle's departure to Everton F.C., Oldham struggled and were relegated twice in four seasons.
In the early 2000s, Oldham Athletic almost went bankrupt. Businessman Chris Moore decided to purchase the club, promising to return to the Premier League within five years. However, later that season, he left the club, which also left behind much debt and a weak team. However, another businessman purchased the club in 2004, saving them from liquidation. In the 2006–07, under current manager John Sheridan, Oldham almost were promoted to the Football Championship, but lost in the semi-final of the play-offs.

Bagpuss
"Bagpuss" is a popular children's television series shown on BBC television. It was made in 1974. Although only 13 episodes were made, it was so popular that it was repeated regularly until 1987. The series was made by Peter Firmin and Oliver Postgate through their company Smallfilms.
The character Bagpuss was a toy cat. Bagpuss was described in each programme as "an old, saggy cloth cat, baggy, and a bit loose at the seams".
When Emily had left, Bagpuss would wake up. The programme changed from sepia to colour film, and the toys in the shop would come to life. There was Gabriel the toad, a rag doll called Madeleine, and a wooden woodpecker which was a bookend (something to stop a row of books falling over) called Professor Yaffle. Professor Yaffle spoke like a clever professor. He had a German accent and wore a pince-nez. He would look at the object and tell the audience what it was used for. There were also some mice. They lived in the “mouse organ” (a pun on the word mouthorgan). The mouse organ played music and the mice squeaked in high voices. All the voices except those of Madeleine and Gabriel were done by Oliver Postgate who also wrote the stories.
References.
Obituary to Oliver Postgate, Independent 10 Dec 2008, p.34

Oliver Postgate
Oliver Postgate (born Hendon, Middlesex, England, died Broadstairs, Kent, 12 April 1925) was an English animator, puppeteer and writer.
He made several series of children’s programmes for British television. They all became very popular. They include "Pingwings", "Pogles' Wood", "Noggin the Nog", "Ivor the Engine", "Clangers" and "Bagpuss". They were all made by Smallfilms, the company he set up with Peter Firmin. They were shown on the BBC between the 1950s and the 1980s, and on ITV from 1959 to the present day. In a 1999 poll, "Bagpuss" was voted the most popular children's television programme of all time.
Early life.
He was born in Hendon, Middlesex, England. He went to Woodstock School and Woodhouse County Secondary School in London. When World War II started he was evacuated to Devon and he finished his studies at Dartington Hall School. He refused to fight in the war, so he was sent to prison. However, he was soon let out because he volunteered to be a stretcher bearer for the Red Cross.
In 1948 he trained as an actor at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, but he never became a professional actor. He was more interested in animation. He created the character of a pig made out of cardboard that played the violin. The BBC were not interested in his idea. Seven years later he joined the ITV London company Associated-Rediffusion as a stage manager. He worked on children’s programmes and made props.
His famous television programmes.
Postgate thought he could make better programmes than the ones he was working on, so he created "Alexander the Mouse", a story about a mouse that was born to be king. Postgate met an artist called Peter Firmin. He was good at drawing animation characters. The two men started to work together and for 30 years they created their well-known television series, running their own company called Smallfilms. The characters in their stories were moved by magnets under a table. They created "The Saga of Noggin the Nog" (1959-1965. It was based on old Norse legends. Then came "The Seal of Neptune" (1960), a story about horses that lived under the sea. They created "The Pogles" which was about a witch, but after the first broadcast it was thought to be too frightening for children. Then came "The Clangers" (1969-1974 which was their first colour production. Their most famous creation was "Bagpuss", the story of a toy cat made of rags that sat in a shop window.
In 1987 the University of Kent at Canterbury awarded an honorary degree to Postgate. Postgate said that it should really be Bagpuss who got the degree. He later showed Bagpuss wearing academic dress
Personal life.
Postgate married Prudence Myers in 1957, becoming stepfather to her three children The couple had twin boys in 1959 and another son in 1964 Prudence died in 1982. Naomi Linnell was his partner in the last years of his life.
He wrote an autobiography "Seeing Things" which was published in 2000. In his book he looked back at the programmes he made. He explained why they were so popular by saying: “They are simple, and they are well-founded in a safe place. They are full of fun and, like a good meal, they are rich and satisfying.”
He died in Broadstairs, near his home on the Kent coast, on 8 December 2008.
References.
Obituary to Oliver Postgate, The Independent, 10 Dec 2008 p.34

Gateshead Garden Festival
The Gateshead Garden Festival was the fourth of the United Kingdom's five National Garden Festivals. It was held between May and October 1990, in Gateshead, Tyne and Wear. The festival took place for 157 days. Over three million people went to the festival.

Glasgow Garden Festival
The Glasgow Garden Festival was the third of the United Kingdom's five National Garden Festivals. It was the only one to take place in Scotland. It was held in Glasgow between April and September 1988.

Animator
An animator is an artist who makes drawings for movies. The animator makes many drawings which are called "frames". These are played very quickly, one after another, to create animation. It makes it look as if something is moving.
Animators can work in many areas including movies, television, video games, and the internet. There are many ways of making animations. Animators usually work with other people to form a team. These may be other animators, but can also include layout artists (who design the backgrounds, lighting, and camera angles), storyboard artists (who draw panels of the action from the script), background artists (who paint the "scenery"), voice actors who speak the words, and musicians who make the music.

British Rail Class 116
The British Rail Class 116 diesel multiple units were built by BR Derby from 1957 to 1961.

British Rail Class 117
The British Rail Class 117 diesel multiple units were built by Pressed Steel from 1960 to 1961.

Ricky Sbragia
Richard 'Ricky' Spragia (born May 26, 1956) is a former Scottish footballer who currently manages Sunderland.
He was appointed in late December 2008 after the previous manager Roy Keane walked out after a run of bad results which had left Sunderland towards the foot of the table. In his first four games as caretaker manager he managed two wins and a draw and this was enough to get him the unanimous vote of the board and was appointed with a permanent contract on 27 December 2008.

Flag of Austria
The official Flag of Austria is the flag of the European country, Austria. It has three horizontal stripes, two red ones and a white one.

British Rail Class 118
The British Rail Class 118 diesel multiple units were built by the Birmingham Railway Carriage & Wagon Company (BRCW) and introduced from 1960.

British Rail Class 119
The British Rail Class 119 DMUs were used on the Western Region and on services in the Midlands that used units that were based at Tyseley Depot. Soon after they were introduced, many of the DMUs were moved to Cardiff. This was so that they could serve the intermediate stations on outer suburban services from London Paddington to Oxford. These were as 7-car sets, with the addition of Hawksworth composites adapted to run as DMU trailers.

Donna Noble (Doctor Who)
Donna Noble is a character in the British television series "Doctor Who". She is played by Catherine Tate. She is a secretary from Chiswick, London. She is a companion of the Tenth Doctor. She appears in one scene at the end of the last episode of the 2006 series, "Doomsday" (named in the credits only as "The Bride"), and in the second Christmas special, "The Runaway Bride". The character returned as The Doctor's full-time companion for the whole of the fourth series in 2008.
Character history.
During the 2006 series Christmas episode "The Runaway Bride", Donna Noble is a temporary secretary at H.C. Clements in London, a security firm which, unknown to her, hide the Torchwood Institute up until its collapse following the events of "Doomsday", and was then taken over by an alien intelligence. Her parents are Geoff and Sylvia Noble.
On Christmas Eve, the day of her wedding, she is accidentally pulled into the TARDIS becuas eshe has been drugged with Huon particles by her fiancé, Lance Bennett, becuase he was tolf to do so by Empress of the Racnoss. She aids the Doctor in defeating the Racnoss Empress, but says no to his invitation to travel with him — she is frightened not only by his adventures, but also by the Doctor himself. Having seen him commit genocide on the Racnoss, she urges him to find a new companion to act as his moral support. It was revealed later in "Turn Left" that the Doctor would have been killed while stopping the Racnoss if Donna was not there.
Reappearing in April 2008's Series four premiere, "Partners in Crime", Donna has become dissatisfied with regular life and more interested in the bigger picture. She regrets declining the Doctor's offer and has been investigating unusual phenomena in the hopes of finding the Doctor for some time. When investigating Miss Foster and Adipose Industries, the Londoner and the Time Lord are finally re-united. She expresses her regret to the Doctor for not joining him and after stopping Foster's plans to convert the whole of London into Adipose children she joins him in the TARDIS as a regular companion. She makes it explicit, however, that she has no romantic attachment to him as Martha Jones and Rose Tyler did.
In "The Fires of Pompeii", Donna continually argues with the Doctor over the moral issue of whether or not he should save the inhabitants of Pompeii from the eruption of Mount Vesuvius the next day. Ultimately, they are forced to cause the eruption to happen, weighing the destruction of the city against the fate of the whole world.
Donna was the Doctor's full time companion for all 13 episodes of Series 4. Her return to the series sees her with her maternal grandfather, recurring character Wilfred Mott, as well as her mother, Sylvia. Mott is played by Bernard Cribbins, whose appearance as a newspaper seller in Voyage of the Damned was merged into his new role following the death of Howard Attfield who played Donna's father in "The Runaway Bride". Donna has encountered the Racnoss, the Adipose, the Pyroviles, the Ood, the Sontarans, The Hath, Vespiforms, the Vashta Nerada, the Judoon, the Shadow Proclamation, and the Daleks.
In the lat episode fo the fourth series the doctor earses Donna's memory and leaves her back on earth becuase if she rembered the events of the series she would 'burn up.'

British Rail Class 120
The Class 120 was a cross-country DMU. It was made up of three units. The first unit was built in 1958 at the British Rail Swindon Works.

British Rail Class 121
Sixteen Class 121 single-car driving motor vehicles were built from 1960, numbered 55020-55035. These were supplemented by ten trailer vehicles, numbered 56280-289 (later renumbered 54280-289). They had a top speed of 70 mph, with slam-doors, and vacuum brakes. The driving motor vehicles were nicknamed "Bubble Cars" by some enthusiasts.

British Rail Class 122
The British Rail Class 122 diesel multiple units were built by Gloucester RC&W in 1958. Twenty single-car driving motor vehicles, called "Bubble Cars", were built, numbered 55000-55019. These were supplemented by ten trailer vehicles, numbered 56290-299 (later renumbered 54290-299).

British Rail Class 123
The Class 123 was a design of Diesel Multiple Unit built for British Rail in 1963. They were built by British Rail at Swindon Works, and designed like all Swindon units as inter-city sets. Ten of the four-car sets were built and introduced in 1963. The units bear a visible similarity to the British Rail Class 309, however there is no 'relation' here as the two types were built by different manufacturers for different markets.

British Rail Class 124
The British Rail Class 124 was a class of initially six-car Diesel Multiple Units used and built specifically for the trans-pennine route. They were progressively shortened during their lifetime, finally finishing as three-car sets. They were all withdrawn by the late 1980s. There was a movement to preserve a set of this class, however it was unsuccessful and eventually all were lost.

British Rail Class 125
The Class 125 was a design of three car Diesel Multiple Unit built for British Rail in 1958. They were high-density units, externally very similar to the Class 116. They were built specifically for the Lea Valley Line, were all withdrawn in 1977, and none survive to this day. Like many first-generation DMU classes, they never carried their 125xxx TOPS set numbers.

British Rail Class 126
The introduction of what became the Class 126 diesel multiple units originated in a British Transport Commission report of 1952 that suggested the trial use of diesel railcars. BR's Swindon Works were chosen to design and build express units for the ex-North British Railway Edinburgh Waverley to Glasgow Queen Street route. Swindon built a second batch in 1959/60 for use on services from Glasgow to Ayrshire.

British Rail Class 127
The British Rail Class 127 diesel multiple units were built by BR Derby in 1959. Thirty 4-car units were built, formed of two outer driving motor vehicles, sandwiching two intermediate trailers. The technical description of such as 4-car unit was DMBS + TSL + TS + DMBS.

British Rail Class 128
British Rail Class 128 was a class of diesel multiple unit, built for British Rail. Introduced in 1959, ten of the class were built by British United Traction, each with two 230 hp Leyland engines. The class was built specifically for parcels, and did not feature any passenger accommodation; fitted out with parcel racks and bike storages at each end. The last members of the class were withdrawn in 1991, and none were preserved.

British Rail Class 129
The Class 129 was a class of single-car Diesel Multiple Unit built in 1955 for British Rail. Only three were built by Cravens and were introduced in 1958. The class was built for parcels traffic like the Class 128. One unit (55997) survived into departmental service being named 'Hydra'. The driving ends of a Class 129 car bore a visible similarity to that of the British Rail Class 105.

5004 Bruch
5004 Bruch (1988 RR3) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 08, 1988 by Borngen, F. at Tautenburg.

5005 Kegler
5005 Kegler (1988 UB) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on October 16, 1988 by Ueda and Kaneda at Kushiro.

5006 Teller
5006 Teller (1989 GL5) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on April 05, 1989 by E. F. Helin at Palomar.

Master (Doctor Who)
The Master is a character in the British science fiction television series "Doctor Who". He is an evil Time Lord and is one of the biggest enemies of the Doctor.
When the Master first appeared in January 1971 he was played by Roger Delgado, who continued in the role until his death in 1973. Afterwards, Peter Pratt and Geoffrey Beevers played a decayed version of the Time Lord, until Anthony Ainley assumed the part in 1981. He remained until "Doctor Whos cancellation in 1989. In 1996, the Master was played by Eric Roberts in the TV movie. In the revived series, Derek Jacobi provided the character's re-introduction before handing over to John Simm, who portrayed the Master in the end of the 2007 series.
History within the show.
In "The Sound of Drums" (2007), a flashback shows the Master at the age of eight, when as part of a Time Lord initiation ceremony he is taken before a gap in the fabric of space and time known as the Untempered Schism, from which one can see into the entire Vortex. The Doctor states that looking into the time vortex causes some to be inspired, some to run away (which he did), and others to go mad; it is implied that the latter is what happened to the Master.
A would-be universal conqueror, the Master wants to control the universe (in "The Deadly Assassin" his ambitions were becoming "the master of all matter", and in "The Sound of Drums" he acknowledges that he chose his own name). His most distinctive ability is that of hypnotising people by fixing them with an intense stare, often accompanied by the phrase, "I am the Master, and you will obey me."
Characteristics.
The Master and the Doctor are shown to have similar levels of intelligence, and were classmates on Gallifrey. This is mentioned several times in different stories ("The Five Doctors", "The Sea Devils" and "Terror of the Autons"). In the 2007 episode "Utopia", the Doctor calls the disguised Master a genius and shows an immense admiration for his intellect before discovering who he is.
Both the Doctor and the Master have been shown to be skilled hypnotists, although the Master's capacity to dominate – even by stare and voice alone – has been shown to be far more pronounced.
TARDIS.
In the original "Doctor Who" series, the Master's TARDISes have fully functioning chameleon circuits and have appeared as many things.
By the time of the new series, it is unclear whether any of the Master's TARDISes still exist. In "Rise of the Cybermen", the Tenth Doctor claims that his TARDIS is the last one in existence although at the time of his saying this, he also thought he was the last Time Lord. In "Utopia", the Master resorts to stealing the Doctor's TARDIS, with no explanation of how he travelled from the Time War to the end of the universe.
Other appearances.
The Master has also been featured in spin-offs of the series, which are of unclear canonicity and may not take place in the same continuity. The Master in these stories is, nevertheless, recognisably the same person.
One of the most important of these other appearances is David A. McIntee's "Master trilogy" of novels comprising "The Dark Path" and "First Frontier" in the Virgin Publishing lines and "The Face of the Enemy" for BBC Books, and the "Doctor Who" audio dramas produced by Big Finish Productions, in which Geoffrey Beevers has once agian played the Master.
Comic strips.
The Master returns in a new body and guise, that of a street preacher, in the previously mentioned "Doctor Who Magazine" (DWM) comic strip story "The Fallen", although the Doctor does not recognise him. The Master reveals himself a few stories later, in "The Glorious Dead" (DWM 287-296). The Master had survived the events of the television movie by encountering a cosmic being named Esterath in the time vortex. Esterath controls the Glory, the focal point of the Omniversal spectrum which underlies all existence. The Master's scheme to take control of the Glory fails, and he is banished to parts unknown (see Kroton).

5002 Marnix
5002 Marnix (1987 SS3) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 20, 1987 by E. W. Elst at Rozhen.

5007 Keay
5007 Keay (1990 UH2) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on October 20, 1990 by R. H. McNaught at Siding Spring.

Tâmpa River (Teleajen)
The Tâmpa River is a tributary of the Teleajen River in Romania. That means it flows into the Teleajen River.

Gropşoarele River
The Gropşoarele River is a tributary of the Tâmpa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Tâmpa River.

Pârâul Fugarilor
The Pârâul Fugarilor River is a tributary of the Gropşoarele River in Romania. That means it flows into the Gropşoarele River.

Gropşoarele Stână River
The Gropşoarele Stână River is a tributary of the Gropşoarele River in Romania. That means it flows into the Gropşoarele River.

Izvorul lui Cârstocea River
The Izvorul lui Cârstocea River is a tributary of the Tâmpa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Tâmpa River.

Alex Kapranos
Alex Kapranos is the lead singer of British band Franz Ferdinand.

Zăganu River (Tâmpa)
The Zăganu River is a tributary of the Tâmpa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Tâmpa River.

Pârâul Ursului (Zăganu)
The Pârâul Ursului is a tributary of the Zăganu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Zăganu River.

Death From Above 1979
Death from Above 1979 was a Toronto-based Canadian band with two members. The members were Jesse F. Keeler on bass guitar, synths and backing vocals, and Sebastien Grainger on vocals and drums.

Valentin Berlinsky
Valentin Berlinsky (born Irkutsk, 19 January, 1925; died 15 December, 2008) was a Russian cellist. He played with the world-famous Borodin Quartet from 1945 when it was founded, and was a member until he retired in 2007.
Early life.
Valentin Berlinsky was born in Irkutsk, Siberia. His father had learned the violin with the famous teacher Leopold Auer. He had formed his own string quartet, the Berlinksy Quartet, who had played in many parts of the Soviet Union. Valentin learned the violin from his father. Soon he was sent to Moscow where he studied the cello and played with the Moscow Youth Orchestra. He played in a student concert together with Mstislav Rostropovich in 1938.
For many years Berlinsky taught the cello at the Gnessin School of Music in Moscow. He did not often perform as soloist. He preferred being a member of a chamber music group.
The Borodin Quartet.
In 1945 four young players formed a string quartet called the Moscow Conservatoire Quartet. Mstislav Rostropovich was the cellist, Rostislav Dubinsky and Nina Barshai played the violins and Rudolf Barshai played the viola. However, after a couple of weeks Rostropovich found he was too busy, so he suggested that Berlinsky should take his place. The four players that now formed the quartet signed an oath that they would be loyal and stay together as a group. They signed the oath with their own blood. Valentin often showed this piece of paper to people. For 60 years he kept a careful record of all the concerts they played. They called themselves the Borodin Quartet after the composer Alexander Borodin.
The four musicians first met Dmitri Shostakovich in 1946. They became famous for playing his string quartets. Shostakovich was to compose 15 string quartets. The Borodin Quartet were the most famous string quartet in the Soviet Union, but it was difficult for them to get permission to play in other countries until the fall of the Soviet Union.
Last years.
Valentin Berlinsky retired from the Borodin Quartet in September 2007. His place was taken by his pupil, Vladimir Balshin, but Berlinsky still continued to help the quartet.
He died on 15 December 2008, in Moscow, after a long illness. His daughter Lyudmila is a pianist.
References.
Obituary to Valentin Berlinsky, The Daily Telegraph, 23 Dec 2008 p.23

Baciu River (Tâmpa)
The Baciu River is a tributary of the Tâmpa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Tâmpa River.

Pârâul lui Ilie
The Pârâul lui Ilie is a tributary of the Tâmpa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Tâmpa River.

Steve Lamacq
Steve Lamacq is a disc jockey for BBC Radio 1.

Intern
An intern is somebody who works in a job for a short time so as to train while working, unlike just working which offers little to no training.

Symphonie Fantastique
The "Symphonie fantastique" is a symphony written by the French composer Hector Berlioz. It is one of the most famous Romantic works for orchestra. The official title of the piece is "Episode de la Vie d’un Artiste" ("An Episode in the Life of the Artist"), but it is always called by its subtitle "Symphonie Fantastique" which means "Fantasy Symphony". The “Fantasy” refers to the story that is described by the music. ("Fantasy Symphony" is a better translation than "Fantastic Symphony" because "fantastique" is not like the modern meaning of the English word "fantastic").
The symphony, which lasts about 45 minutes, is divided into 5 movements. Berlioz himself wrote down the story that the music describes, just as Beethoven had done with his "Sixth Symphony". Berlioz’s work is about a young artist. In the music the young artist is represented by a tune. This tune is often heard during the symphony. That is why it is called an “idée fixe”, which means a “fixed idea”, i.e. an idea that keeps coming again and again. An idée fixe is what Wagner would have called a leitmotif (a tune which is always used to describe a particular person or thing in a piece of music). The first performance took place at the Paris Conservatoire in December 1830. Berlioz made several changes to the music between 1831 and 1845.
The instruments used.
The symphony is played by an orchestra consisting of 2 flutes (2nd doubling piccolo), 2 oboes (2nd doubling cor anglais), 2 clarinets (1st doubling E-flat clarinet), 4 bassoons, 4 French horns, 2 trumpets, 2 cornets, 3 trombones, 2 ophicleides (originally one ophicleide and one serpent (musical instrument)|serpent), 2 pairs of timpani, snare drum, cymbals, bass drum, bells in C and G, 2 harps, and strings.
The story.
"A young artist was deeply in love with a girl who did not love him. He felt so desperately sad that he tried to poison himself with opium. He did not take enough to kill him. It just made him fall into a deep sleep. In this sleep he imagined all sorts of things. His beloved came to him in a dream. She changes into a musical theme (the idée fixe) which he just cannot forget. He imagines her love and his tender feelings for her."
"He meets her at a ball. Everyone is dancing. He finds his beloved among the crowd."
"In the country he hears two shepherds who call to one another on their pipes. The trees sway gently in the wind. The young artist starts to feel happier. Then he sees his beloved again. He starts to worry that she may not want him any more. The shepherd music starts again, but it is only one of the shepherds playing. The sun sets. Far away a thunderstorm is heard."
"He dreams that he has killed his beloved in a fit of anger. He is now being taken to the scaffold where he will have his head chopped off. A march is played as he is taken away. For a moment he thinks of his beloved again, then the axe falls and he is executed."
"The artist is at the Witches’ Sabbath. There are lots of ghosts and monsters around who have come to watch him being buried. His beloved is heard, but her tune now sounds horrible. She has come to the Sabbath. She joins the witches and they dance while the funeral music is heard."
The first movement: Rêveries - Passions (Daydreams - Passions).
The first movement has a slow introduction. The tune heard on the violins is already nearly like the idée fixe. The idée fixe is heard in its full form when the music goes into the fast section. It is played by the violins and solo flute. The rhythm that the lower string instruments play underneath is very agitated. The form of the movement is not much like the traditional sonata form. Berlioz was more interested in the idée fixe which keeps haunting the young artist all the way through.
The second movement: Un bal (A ball).
The ball (i.e. a party with dancing) is represented in the music by a lively waltz. The two harps make it sound very graceful. Twice the waltz is interrupted by the idée fixe.
The third movement: Scène aux champs (Scene in the country).
The two shepherds who are playing to one another are represented by a cor anglais (sitting in the orchestra) and an oboe which is played offstage so that it sounds distant. Then the main gentle countryside theme is heard on solo flute and violins. The "idée fixe" returns in the middle of the movement. The sound of distant thunder at the end of the movement is played by four timpani.
The fourth movement: Marche au supplice (March to the scaffold).
The movement starts with timpani rumbling and horns starting up the march theme. Then the cellos and double basses start the march in its full form, soon taken over by the violins. Just before he is executed there is a short repetition of the idée fixe on a solo clarinet, then the axe falls (a loud chord) and his head falls into the basket (one plucked note passed from the violins, through the violas, cellos and then double basses).
The fifth movement: Songe d'une nuit de sabbat (Dream of a witches' Sabbath).
The "idée fixe" has now become a "vulgar dance tune", it is played on the E-flat clarinet. There are lots of effects, including ghostly "col legno" playing in the strings, the bubbling of the witches' cauldron played by the wind instruments. As the dance reaches a climax we hear the Dies Irae (Day of Judgement) melody together with the "Ronde du Sabbat" (Sabbath Round) which is a wild fugue.
Harriet Smithson.
In 1827 Berlioz went to a performance of Shakespeare’s play "Hamlet". It was played in English by a theatre group from England. Berlioz fell in love with Irish actress Harriet Smithson who played the part of Ophelia, He did not actually meet her, he just saw her acting on stage, but he sent her lots of love letters, but she left Paris without meeting him. He then wrote his Symphonie Fantastique. He then wrote the symphony to describe his love for her and his unhappiness because she was not interested in him. When Harriet heard the symphony two years after it was first performed, she realized that it was a symphony about her. She eventually met Berioz and they were married on 3 October 1833. For several years the marriage was happy, although they did not speak one another’s language. However, after nine years they separated.

3001 Michelangelo
3001 Michelangelo is a main belt asteroid that was found by Edward L. G. Bowell in 1982.

Christ's Hospital
Christ's Hospital is a boarding school in Sussex. The school was started in 1552. King Edward VI started it. The headmaster is John Franklin BA MEd Admin. It has 831 students. The school is very big.

Gang of Four (band)
Gang of Four are an English post-punk group from Leeds. The first line-up was singer Jon King, guitarist Andy Gill, bass guitarist Dave Allen and drummer Hugo Burnham. They were most popular from 1977 to 1984.

Reading and Leeds Festivals
The Reading and Leeds Festivals are two of annual music festivals that happen in Reading and Leeds in the United Kingdom.

Bloc Québécois
The Bloc Québécois is a federal political party based in Canada.

Angular Recording Corporation
Angular Recording Corporation is an independent record label that was first based in New Cross, South East London.

4006 Sandler
4006 Sandler (1972 YR) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on December 29, 1972 by T. Smirnova at Nauchnyj.

The Weather Makers
"The Weather Makers: The History and Future Impact of Climate Change" (2005) is a book by Tim Flannery.
The book includes 36 short essays predicting the consequences of global warming. The book reviews the evidence about historical climate change and attempts to put our era into context. The book asserts that if atmospheric carbon dioxide levels continue to increase at current rates, the resulting climate change will cause mass species extinctions.
The book received much critical acclaim, and has won a major literary prize.

4005 Dyagilev
4005 Dyagilev (1972 TC2) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on October 08, 1972 by Zhuravleva, L. at Nauchnyj.

4007 Euryalos
4007 Euryalos (1973 SR) is a Jupiter Trojan that was found on September 19, 1973 by van Houten, C. J. at Palomar.

3002 Delasalle
3002 Delasalle (1982 FB3) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on March 20, 1982 by Henri Debehogne at La Silla.

Ghighiu River (Teleajen)
The Ghighiu River is a tributary of the Teleajen River in Romania. That means it flows into the Teleajen River.

Bughea River (Teleajen)
The Bughea River is a tributary of the Teleajen River in Romania. That means it flows into the Teleajen River.

Crasna River (Teleajen)
The Crasna River is a tributary of the Teleajen River in Romania. That means it flows into the Teleajen River.

Crăsnuţa River
The Crăsnuţa River is a tributary of the Crasna River in Romania. That means it flows into the Crasna River.

Nuclear or Not?
Professor Elliott calls for continued debate on the nuclear power issue. He is Professor of Technology Policy at the Open University, and has developed courses on technological innovation, focusing in particular on renewable energy technology.

Nuclear Nebraska
"Nuclear Nebraska": "The Remarkable Story of the Little County That Couldn’t Be Bought" (ISBN 0814474306) is a 2007 book by Susan Cragin which follows the controversy about a proposed low level nuclear waste dump which was planned for Boyd County, Nebraska.
In 1989, two multinational corporations and several government agencies put forward a proposal for the waste dump and offered payment of $3 million a year for 40 years. However, the residents of the largely uneducated Boyd County farming community chose to resist the offer and controversy followed for almost two decades. During this time, the community was transformed "from a small group of isolated farmers to a defiant band of environmentalists". The opposition of the community eventually succeeded, and the license to build the dump was denied.

Hiroshima (book)
Each account is followed by a brief statement describing how close each person was to the center of the blast.

Railways in Melbourne
Melbourne has a long history of railway building. The city's first railway opened in 1854, when in 1834 the city itself did not exist. The network then grew as lines were built throughout the suburbs, reaching a peak by the 1900s. Electrification of the system was carried out from 1919, with electric multiple unit operation starting at the same time.

Non-nuclear Futures
"Non-Nuclear Futures: The Case for an Ethical Energy Strategy" is a 1975 book by Amory B. Lovins and John H. Price. The main theme of the book is that the most important parts of the nuclear power debate are not technical disputes but relate to personal values, and are the legitimate province of every citizen, whether technically trained or not. Lovins and Price suggest that the personal values that make a high-energy society work are all too apparent, and that the values associated with an alternate view relate to thrift, simplicity, diversity, neighbourliness, craftsmanship, and humility.
Lovins and Price suggest that these two different sets of personal values lead to two very different policy paths relating to future energy supplies. The first is high-energy nuclear, centralized, electric; the second is lower energy, non-nuclear, decentralized, less electrified, softer technology.
Subsequent publications by other authors which relate to the issue of non-nuclear energy paths are Greenhouse Solutions with Sustainable Energy, Plan B 2.0, Reaction Time, State of the World 2008, and The Clean Tech Revolution.

Valea Brusturei River
The Valea Brusturei River is a tributary of the Teleajen River in Romania. That means it flows into the Teleajen River.

Bobu River (Teleajen)
The Bobu River is a tributary of the Teleajen River in Romania. That means it flows into the Teleajen River.

Valea Grohotişului River
The Valea Grohotişului River is a tributary of the Bobu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bobu River.

The Clean Tech Revolution
"The Clean Tech Revolution: The Next Big Growth and Investment Opportunity", is a 2007 book by Ron Pernick and Clint Wilder, who argue that using clean technologies is a profitable enterprise that is moving steadily into mainstream business. As the world economy faces challenges from high energy prices, resource shortages, global environmental problems, and security threats, clean technologies are seen to be the next engine of economic growth.
Pernick and Wilder highlight eight major clean technology sectors: solar power, wind power, biofuels, green buildings, personal transportation, the smart grid, mobile applications (such as portable fuel cells), and water filtration. Very large corporations such as GE, Toyota and Sharp, and investment firms such as Goldman Sachs are making multi-billion dollar investments in clean technology.
History of clean tech.
Pernick and Wilder explain that, in the 1970s, clean technology was considered “alternative,” the province of back-to-the-land lifestyle advocates, altruistic environmentalists, and lab scientists on research grants. Such technology was in an early stage of development, was too expensive, it did not have widespread political support, and very few large, established companies were embracing the sector. Even at the start of the 21st century, the term "clean tech" was not yet in the financial or business community’s vocabulary. But now, throughout much of the world, in trends large and small, there is "the beginning of a revolution that is changing the places where we live and work, the products we manufacture and purchase, and the development plans of cities, regional governments, and nations around the globe."
Clean technology trends.
Pernick and Wilder define "clean tech" as "any product, service, or process that delivers value using limited or zero non-renewable resources and/or creates significantly less waste than conventional offerings." They highlight eight major clean technology sectors: solar power, wind power, biofuels, green buildings, personal transportation, the smart grid, mobile applications, and water filtration. The authors explain how investors, entrepreneurs, and individuals can profit from technological innovation in these areas. Pernick and Wilder identify some specific clean technologies, companies, and regions that are leading the way.
The book also explains that nuclear power and clean coal are not clean technologies. Apart from the risks associated with nuclear power, "multibillion-dollar nuclear plants are simply not cost-effective when compared with other energy sources." The authors also believe that "clean coal" is an oxymoron for a myriad of reasons, including the sheer number of coal mine-related deaths and the fact that coal-fired plants, even some cleaner ones, are major contributors to serious illnesses such as asthma, heart disease, and mercury poisoning.
Emerging clean tech cities are seen to include Copenhagen, where wind power generates 20 percent of Denmark's electricity, and Chicago, a leader in "green" buildings saving energy, heating and cooling costs.
Six C's.
Pernick and Wilder identify six major forces, which they call the six C’s, that are pushing clean technology into the mainstream and driving rapid growth and expansion: costs, capital, competition, China, consumers, and climate.
Recent developments.
From the Nevada desert to the roofs of Wal-Mart stores to the legendary plains of Spain, solar is entering a bold, bright new era. Each week, solar seems to be winning new enthusiasts like Forbes, new investors of all stripes, and new large-scale business users like Wal-Mart, Macy's and Kohl's. Late last month, North Carolina Governor Mike Easley signed that state's first renewable portfolio standard into law, which includes a solar set-aside.
Investment money is pouring in, production lines are humming and expanding, the silicon shortage is being addressed, and the long-fought challenge of bringing solar to scale (the title of a 2002 Clean Edge report) is finally showing real hope. Last month, red-hot Chinese solar wafer supplier LDK Solar (whose second-quarter revenue grew 700%) announced manufacturing expansions that would raise its production capacity above 1,600 megawatts (MW) by the end of 2009. German solar cell producer Ersol Solar Energy just inked a contract for 1 billion euros to supply Germany PV module company Solon AG for 11 years.
Ernst & Young and Dow Jones VentureOne have reported that investments in clean technology companies in the first half of 2007 have reached $1.1 billion. The research found that clean technology investments are poised to increase by more than 35% in 2007 compared with 2006. Very large corporations such as GE, Toyota and Sharp, and investment firms such as Goldman Sachs are now making multi-billion dollar investments in clean technology.

State of the World
"The State of the World" is a book published annually since 1984 by the Worldwatch Institute. The series attempts to identify the Earth’s most significant environmental challenges. The 1998 through 2003 editions are available as a free (PDF) download from.

Electrical substation
An electrical substation is a subsidiary station of an electricity generation, transmission and distribution system where voltage is transformed from high to low or the reverse using transformers. Electric power may flow through several substations between generating plant and consumer, and may be changed in voltage in several steps.

Winning the Oil Endgame
Problems and solutions.
The authors explain that the problems of oil dependence are manageable, suggesting that oil dependence is a problem we need no longer have. The proposed solutions to oil dependence are profitable and U.S. oil dependence can be eliminated by proven and attractive technologies that create wealth, enhance choice, and strengthen common security. The authors argue that America can lead the world into the post-petroleum era and create a vibrant economy. (p.xiii)
The Author.
Amory Lovins has published 28 books and hundreds of papers. His work has been recognized by the Alternative Nobel, Onassis, Nissan, Shingo and Mitchell prizes, a MacArthur Fellowship, the Happold Medal, eight honorary doctorates, and the Heinz, Lindbergh, World Technology, and Hero of the Planet Awards. Lovins has also acted as a consultant to many Fortune 500 companies.

La Moara de Vânt River
The La Moara de Vânt River is a tributary of the Miletin River in Romania. That means it flows into the Miletin River.

Varniţa River (Jijia)
The Varniţa River is a tributary of the Miletin River in Romania. That means it flows into the Miletin River.

Cordun River
The Cordun River is a tributary of the Varniţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Varniţa River.

Râul Putred
The Râul Putred is a tributary of the Miletin River in Romania. That means it flows into the Miletin River.

Chirui River (Miletin)
The Chirui River is a tributary of the Râul Putred in Romania. That means it flows into the Râul Putred.

Pârâul lui Vasile
The Pârâul lui Vasile River or Chisălău River is a tributary of the Miletin River in Romania. That means it flows into the Miletin River.

Dolina River (Suliţa)
The Dolina River is a tributary of the Sitna River in Romania. That means it flows into the Sitna River.

Dolina River (Brăeşti)
The Dolina River is a tributary of the Sitna River in Romania. That means it flows into the Sitna River.

Morişca River
The Morişca River is a tributary of the Sitna River in Romania. That means it flows into the Sitna River.

Cotârgaci River
The Cotârgaci River is a tributary of the Morişca River in Romania. That means it flows into the Morişca River.

Porcăreasa River
The Porcăreasa River is a tributary of the Morişca River in Romania. That means it flows into the Morişca River.

Siliştea River (Sitna)
The Siliştea River is a tributary of the Morişca River in Romania. That means it flows into the Morişca River.

Iazul Lipovanului River
The Iazul Lipovanului River is a tributary of the Morişca River in Romania. That means it flows into the Morişca River.

Cernişoara River
The Cernişoara River is a tributary of the Cerna River in Romania. That means it flows into the Cerna River.

Mariţa River (Cerna)
The Mariţa River is a tributary of the Cerna River in Romania. That means it flows into the Cerna River.

Ungurel River (Olteţ)
The Ungurel River is a tributary of the Olteţ River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olteţ River.

Ungurelaşu River
The Ungurelaşu River is a tributary of the Ungurel River in Romania. That means it flows into the Ungurel River.

Nicolina River (Hârlău)
The Nicolina River is a tributary of the Bahlui River. That means it flows into the Bahlui River.

Probota River (Bahluieţ)
The Probota River is a tributary of the Bahluieţ River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bahluieţ River.

The Great Barrier Reef (book)
"The Great Barrier Reef: Biology, Environment and Management" is a 2008 book by Pat Hutchings, Mike Kingsford and Ove Hoegh-Guldberg. This comprehensive guide describes the organisms and ecosystems of Australia's Great Barrier Reef, as well as the biological, chemical and physical processes that influence them. Contemporary challenges such as climate change, coral bleaching, coral disease and coral reef fishing are also discussed. The book also includes a field guide to help people identify the common animals and plants on the reef. The book has many illustrations and contributions from 33 international experts.

Betrayers of the Truth
"Betrayers of the Truth: Fraud and Deceit in the Halls of Science" is a 1983 book by William Broad and Nicholas Wade. The book is a critique of some widely held beliefs about the nature of science and the scientific method. The authors present a series of case studies associated with the conduct of scientific research, from the manipulation of results to the total fabrication of whole experiments.

Ciunca River
The Ciunca River or Plotuniţa River is a tributary of the Bahluieţ River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bahluieţ River.

Lunca River (Bahlui)
The Lunca River is a tributary of the Ciunca River in Romania. That means it flows into the Ciunca River.

Bahna River (Bahlui)
The Bahna River or Buznea River is a tributary of the Ciunca River in Romania. That means it flows into the Ciunca River.

Rediu River (Bahluieţ)
The Rediu River is a tributary of the Bahluieţ River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bahluieţ River.

Amory Lovins
Amory Bloch Lovins (born November 13, 1947 in Washington, DC) is Chairman and Chief Scientist of the Rocky Mountain Institute, a MacArthur Fellowship recipient (1993), and author and co-author of many books on renewable energy and energy efficiency.
Lovins has worked professionally as an environmentalist and an advocate for a "soft energy path" for the United States and other countries. He has promoted ideas about the use and production of energy based on conservation, efficiency, the use of renewable sources of energy, and on creating energy at or near the place where the energy is actually used. The books he has written include "Winning the Oil Endgame", "Non-nuclear Futures", and "Natural Capitalism". In the 1990s, his work with the Rocky Mountain Institute included the design of a very efficient automobile, the Hypercar.
Lovins has given expert testimony in eight countries and more than 20 US states. He has talked about energy issues with 19 heads of state. Lovins has also published 29 books.

Daniel Faulkner
PO Daniel Faulkner (1955 – 1981) was a Philadelphia police officer who was murdered on December 9, 1981, a murder that Mumia Abu-Jamal was convicted of, but which many people think Mumia did not do. Faulkner was 25 years old at the time of his death.

James Hansen
James E. Hansen (born March 29, 1941 in Denison, Iowa) heads the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies in New York City, a part of the Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, Earth Sciences Division. He is currently an Adjunct Professor in the Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences at Columbia University. Hansen is best known for his research in the field of climatology, his testimony on climate change to congressional committees in the 1980s that helped raise broad awareness of the global warming issue, and his continuing advocacy of action to limit the impacts of climate change. He has been a critic of both the Clinton and current Bush Administration's stances on climate change.
Hansen was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1996 and he received a US$250,000 Heinz Environment Award
for his research on global warming in 2001. He was listed as one of Time Magazine's 100 Most Influential People in the Time 100 (2006) list
and, in 2007, he shared the US$1 million Dan David Prize. On April 5, 2008, Dr. Hansen received the PNC Bank Common Wealth Award of Distinguished Service for his outstanding achievements in science.

Criva River (Bahluieţ)
The Criva River or Criveşti River is a tributary of the Bahluieţ River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bahluieţ River.

Strunga River
The Strunga River is a tributary of the Criva River in Romania. That means it flows into the Criva River.

Bogdăneşti River
The Bogdăneşti River is a tributary of the Strunga River in Romania. That means it flows into the Strunga River.

Barcu River
The Barcu River is a tributary of the Bahluieţ River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bahluieţ River.

Gurguiata River
The Gurguiata River (also known as Valea Plopilor River or Huc River is a tributary of the Bahlui River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bahlui River.

Valea Nucului River
The Valea Nucului River is a tributary of the Gurguiata River in Romania. That means it flows into the Gurguiata River.

Bahluiul Mic River
The Bahluiul Mic River is a tributary of the Bahlui River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bahlui River.

Brighton, Indiana
Brighton is a town in Greenfield Township, LaGrange County, Indiana.

3503 Brandt
3503 Brandt (1981 EF17) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on March 01, 1981 by Bus, S. J. at Siding Spring.

3505 Byrd
3505 Byrd (1983 AM) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on January 09, 1983 by Skiff, B. A. at Flagstaff (AM).

35056 Cullers
35056 Cullers (1984 ST) is a Mars-crossing asteroid that was found on September 28, 1984 by C. S. Shoemaker and E. M. Shoemaker at Palomar.

3507 Vilas
is a main belt asteroid that was found on October 21, 1982.

Tarzan (1999 movie)
Tarzan was a 1999 animated movie produced by Disney.

M3 motorway
M3 Motorway is a motorway between Sunbury-on-Thames and Southampton in United Kingdom.

M2 motorway
M2 motorway is a motorway between Strood and Faversham in United Kingdom.

M4 motorway
M4 motorway is a motorway between Chiswick and Pont Abraham services in United Kingdom.

Sunbury-on-Thames
Sunbury-on-Thames is a town in Surrey, England, UK. It is not far from the border with Greater London. It is where the M3 motorway starts.

Sarah Jane Smith (Doctor Who)
Sarah Jane Smith is a fictional character in the British television series "Doctor Who" and its related spin-offs. She is played by Elisabeth Sladen. Sarah Jane was a companion of the Third and Fourth Doctor.
She is an investigative journalist. Sarah Jane Smith is one of the companions who travelled the longest with the Doctor; Sarah Jane is also one of the most popular and well known companions.
Sarah Jane appeared in two spin-offs: "K-9 and Company", and the as the main character of the ongoing series "The Sarah Jane Adventures". Sarah Jane also appeared in the new "Doctor Who" series with the Tenth Doctor ("School Reunion", "The Stolen Earth", "Journey's End").
History.
She first appeared in 1973 in "The Time Warrior", and then travelled with the Third Doctor. After the Doctor regenerated, she travelled with the Fourth Doctor. At the end of "The Hand of Fear", the Doctor had to go back to Gallifrey, where Sarah Jane was not allowed to go. Sarah Jane left the TARDIS and the Doctor, and returned to Earth.
Sarah Jane was a regular companion of the Third and Fourth Doctor, on the programme from 1973 to 1976 (seasons 11 – 14). She returns in the Fifth Doctor story "The Five Doctors" (1983), the 30th anniversary story "Dimensions In Time" (1993), and most recently in the episodes "School Reunion" (2006), and "The Stolen Earth"/"Journey's End" (2008), alongside the Tenth Doctor, and other companions of his era.

Olive-backed Forest Robin
Olive-backed Forest Robin ("Stiphrornis pyrrholaeumus") (Turdinae) is a bird discovered recently in Gabon. Hall et Moreau recognized as monotypic species merged in Forest Robin, type species "S.erythrothorax", and the recent studies confirm this arrangement, i.e. the genetic distance between the two taxa does not deserve species status.

Conspiracy theory
A conspiracy theory is a story that says that a small group of people (a "conspiracy") are doing illegal or evil things and hide them from the public. Many conspiracy theories say that certain historical events were actually caused by this group but nobody knows about it.

WWE Backlash
Backlash is an yearly professional wrestling pay-per-view event made by World Wrestling Entertainment, which started in 1999 and is held in April (but 2005 wasn't). 2004 to 2006, Raw superstars only apperared at Backlash.
The 2007 event was the first PPV since Judgment Day 2003 (other than Wrestlemania, Summerslam, Royal Rumble, and Survivor Series) to feature all three brands (Raw, SmackDown! and ECW) after WWE stopped with brand-only events.
Backlash often features rematches from WrestleMania, or matches based on events that took place at WrestleMania, hence the name.

Judgment Day 2003
Judgment Day (2003) took place on May 18 2003 at the Charlotte Coliseum in Charlotte, North Carolina. It was the last pay-per-view starring both brands before WWE started having brand only PPVs.

Prichard, Alabama
Prichard is a city in Mobile County, Alabama, in the United States.

Prattville, Alabama
Prattville is a city in Autauga and Elmore Counties in the U.S. state of Alabama. As of 2006 Census Bureau estimates, the population of the city is 31,119.
Tornado.
On February 17, 2008, Prattville was hit by an estimated EF3 tornado which destroyed more than 45 homes and businesses and damaged over 800.

Pleasant Grove, Alabama
Pleasant Grove is a city in Jefferson County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 9,983.

Pinson, Alabama
Pinson is a city and a northeast suburb of Birmingham in Jefferson County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census, the population was 5,033.

Pike Road, Alabama
Pike Road is a city in Montgomery County, Alabama, in the United States. As of 2007, the population of the city is 4,570.

Piedmont, Alabama
Piedmont is a city in Calhoun and Cherokee counties in the U.S. state of Alabama. The population was 5,120 at the 2000 census. It is included in the Anniston-Oxford, Alabama Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Pell City, Alabama
Pell City is a city in St. Clair County, Alabama, United States. The city is the county seat of St. Clair County along with Ashville. At the 2000 census the population was 9,565.

Pelham, Alabama
Pelham is a city and suburb of Birmingham in Shelby County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 14,369, but has grown to 20,120 according to the latest Census estimate in 2006. It was named for famed American Civil War officer John Pelham.

Phenix City, Alabama
Phenix City is a city in Lee County and Russell County in the U.S. state of Alabama.

British Rail Class 139
Class 139 is the TOPS classification for PPM60 model lightweight railcar units built by Parry People Movers for use on the national rail network in the United Kingdom. The class were originally built in 2008 for operation on the Stourbridge Town Branch Line.

Enon
Enon is an American indie rock band. They are named after the city Enon, a city in Ohio. Enon has three members, one man who sings and plays electric guitar and a woman who plays bass guitar and keyboard. The third member plays drums. The woman was born in Japan and lives now in America. The guitarist played before in the band Brainiac.

Enon, Ohio
Enon is a village in Clark County, Ohio, United States. The population was 2,638 at the 2000 census.

Port Vale F.C.
Port Vale Football Club are an English football club currently playing in Football League Two. They are based in Burslem, Staffordshire — one of six towns that make up the city of Stoke-on-Trent. The club's rivals in the city are Stoke City, games between the two clubs are known as the "Potteries derby". Games against Crewe Alexandra are also called a derby, although "Alex" are situated in south Cheshire.
Port Vale are not named after a place, which is unusual for an English league clubs. The two symbols on the clubs badge are a bottle kiln and the Stafford knot.
The Old Recreation Ground.
The Rec was Port Vale's home from 1913 to 1950. The Old Recreation Ground was located in Hanley and stood on what is now the car park for the Potteries Shopping Centre.
Vale Park.
Vale Park has been Port Vale's home ground since 1950. Vale Park has a capacity of around 22,000.
Vale Park is not the oldest ground in the world, it has had several upgrades in its history. The original ground consisted of two stands (The Railway side and the Lorne Street main stand) with banks of terracing at the Bycars and Hamil ends of the ground. Stands were added behind each set of goals during the 1980s and 1990s as the ground began to be made more modern. The paddock at the front of the Railway Stand was also made into an all-seated area, with just the Lorne Street side now being left as a standing area. Vale fans stood for the last time on Lorne Street at the end of the 1997-98 season, with the stand being demolished before work began on a new £3,000,000 structure. Work has yet to been finished on this, due to low funds and a change in ownership of the club. However, once new owners V2001 had taken care of the financing, work was finally begun on finishing the second half of the stand. It is due to be completed sometime in 2008.
Robbie Williams.
Among the club's famous fan base is singer Robbie Williams, who was raised in Stoke-on-Trent. He is now a major shareholder, having, in February 2006, bought £240,000 worth of the £250,000 worth of available shares in the club. Castle Comfort Stairlifts, the club's sponsors, at the same time bought the remainder for £10,000.
For the computer game FIFA 2000, he provided an original theme song with "It's Only Us", on the condition that Port Vale were included in the game, which they were, and are located in the Rest of World section. This song was also featured on the only FIFA Soundtrack CD release by EMI.
In 2005 Williams founded Los Angeles Vale F.C., a Super Metro League team in the United States, named for Port Vale and based at his L.A. home.
League.
Football League Division Three North: 2
Best Cup runs.
FA Cup
League Cup

Phitsanulok Games
The 37th National Sport Festival was established by Phitsanulok or we called “Phitsanulok games” that ended by the big ceremony on 24th December.
Phitsanulok is the center province of the southern-north group.The population is average at 800,000 people.The reasons why Phitsanulok was chosen as a founder are,the suitable weather to organize the great festival.Although,the mid-month is cold,but Phitsanulok isn’t very cold and wanted the visitors to impress the most with the beautiful nature and beautiful Buddha image.So,the fouder determined the date on 14th -24th December 2008. In those day,there was ‘Sport day’,too.The founder celebrated it and honored the King.
The symbols of the festival is a cock of ‘King nareasuan the great’,together with the letter ‘P’ which means ‘Phitsanulok Games’.There are many color on the symbols and each color has a special meaning.
Green means the richness of forest and the northern part.
Yellow means the brighness of the sun and the southern-north part.
Orange means the prosper of the ancient cultures and the northern-east part.
Blues means oceans and the southern part.
Violet is the specific color of Phitsanulok.
Another is a dog mascot called “Dee-Jai” or gladness.He has ‘Bang-Kaew’ species. This kind of dog was born at Bag-Ra-Kam district,Phitsanulok.
He is smart,swift,dignified and hairy.His characters are,fierce,having good senses,restrain,brave,easy-going and being honest to the owners.The mascot has the violet color and yellow color because violet means sympathy and yellow means success.
In this festival,there are many kinds of sport,such as,Karate,Golf,Bike racing,Tennis,Basketball,Table tennis,Gymnastic,Shooting and the others.The place for the athletes are,the center stadium,schools and the universities.
Finally,Bangkok has got the most golden medal,Phitsanulok got the fourth and Nakorn ratchasima got the sixth.
All the ten days,the visitors and the athletes have got many things;entertainment,together with the unity.

Mound, Minnesota
Mound is a city in Hennepin County, Minnesota, United States. There were about 9,435 people living in Mound as of the 2000 census.

John Holmes
John Curtis Holmes (August 8, 1944 – March 13, 1988) better known as John C. Holmes or Johnny Wadd was a pornographic actor known mainly for his large penis. Holmes made about 2,500 pornographic films, most with him having sexual intercourse with women but at least one with him having sex with a man.
Holmes' penis was said to be between 12.5 to 16 inches (32–41 cm)when at its largest. Fellow pornographic actor Ron Jeremy has said Holmes' penis was 11½ inches, but the actor claimed it was 14 inches.
John Holmes died of an AIDS-related illness in 1988.

Birds of Paradise
The birds of paradise are members of the family Paradisaeidae of the order Passeriformes. They are found in eastern Indonesia, Torres Strait Islands, Papua New Guinea, and eastern Australia. Best known are the members of the genus "Paradisaea", including the type species, the Greater Bird of Paradise, "Paradisaea apoda".
They live in tropical forests like rainforests, swamps and moss forest and build their nests from soft materials, such as leaves, ferns, and vine tendrils, typically placed in a tree fork.
What they look like.
Birds of paradise range in size from the King Bird of Paradise at 50 grams (1.8 oz) and 15 cm (6 in) to the Black Sicklebill at 110 cm (43 in) and the Curl-crested Manucode at 430 grams (15.2 oz).
Birds of paradise have bodies that look like a crow. They have stout or long bills and strong feet, with around two-thirds of the species being strongly sexually dimorphic.
What they eat.
In most species, the diet is mostly fruit, but riflebirds and sicklebills also prefer insects and other arthropods.

Songbird
A songbird or oscine is a bird belonging to the suborder Passeri of Passeriformes (ca. 4000 species), in which the vocal organ is developed in such a way as to produce various sound notes, commonly known as bird song.

Passerine
A passerine is a bird of the order Passeriformes, which includes more than half of all bird species.

Superb Lyrebird
The Superb Lyrebird ("Menura novaehollandiae") is a pheasant-sized songbird, approximately 100cm long, with brown upper body plumage, grayish-brown below, rounded wings and strong legs. It is the longest and third heaviest of all songbirds.

Lyrebird
A Lyrebird is one of two species of ground-dwelling Australian birds, most notable for their superb ability to mimic natural and artificial sounds from their environment.

Albert's Lyrebird
The Albert's Lyrebird ("Menura alberti") is a pheasant-sized songbird, about 90cm long, with brown upper body plumage and rich chestnut below. It is very similar with the Superb Lyrebird in its habits. This bird also mimics other species sounds.

Corvida
The "Corvida" were one of two "parvorders" that were inside the suborder Passeri.

Passerida
Passerida is one of two "parvorders" in the suborder Passeri.

Piciformes
Piciformes are order of birds contain about 67 living genera with a little over 400 species, of which the Picidae (woodpeckers and relatives) make up about half.

Cureşiţa River
The Cureşiţa River is a tributary of the Mociur River in Romania. That means it flows into the Mociur River.

Hodoş River (Bega)
The Hodoş River is a tributary of the Chizdia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Chizdia River.

Repaş River
The Repaş River is a tributary of the Chizdia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Chizdia River.

Hisiaş River
The Hisiaş River is a tributary of the Chizdia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Chizdia River.

Pogăniş River (Bega)
The Pogăniş River or Pogăneşti River is a tributary of the Săraz River in Romania. That means it flows into the Săraz River.

Săraz River (Gladna)
The Săraz River is a tributary of the Gladna River in Romania. That means it flows into the Gladna River.

Surduc River (Gladna)
The Surduc River is a tributary of the Gladna River in Romania. That means it flows into the Gladna River.

Picidae
Picidae are family of birds is a order of Piciformes that woodpeckers, piculets and wrynecks.

Zoldiana River
The Zoldiana River is a tributary of the Gladna River in Romania. That means it flows into the Gladna River.

Zolt River
The Zoltiana River is a tributary of the Zoldiana River in Romania. That means it flows into the Zoldiana River.

Munişel River
The Munişel River or Minişel River is a tributary of the Gladna River in Romania. That means it flows into the Gladna River.

Hăuzeşti River
The Hăuzeşti River or Hăugeasca River is a tributary of the Gladna River in Romania. That means it flows into the Gladna River.

Valea Moaşei River
The Valea Moaşei is a tributary of the Gladna River in Romania. That means it flows into the Gladna River.

Bega Veche River
The Bega Veche River is a tributary of the Bega Canal. That means it flows into the Bega Canal. This river flows on a course that used to be the old course of the Bega River.

Beregsău River
The Beregsău River is a tributary of the Bega Veche River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bega Veche River.

Iercicu River
The Iercicu River or Iercici River or Ciortoş River or Valea Mare River is a tributary of the Apa Mare River in Romania. That means it flows into the Apa Mare River.

Caran River
The Caran River or Gura Tomaşului River is a tributary of the Iercicu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Iercicu River.

Surduc River (Bega)
The Surduc River is a tributary of the Apa Mare River in Romania. That means it flows into the Apa Mare River.

Slatina River (Bega)
The Slatina River or Izvorin River is a tributary of the Apa Mare River in Romania. That means it flows into the Apa Mare River.

Valea Viilor River
The Valea Viilor River is a tributary of the Slatina River in Romania. That means it flows into the Slatina River.

Sicşa River
The Sicşa River is a tributary of the Apa Mare River in Romania. That means it flows into the Apa Mare River.

3004 Knud
3004 Knud (1976 DD) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on February 27, 1976 by R. M. West at La Silla.

La Silla Observatory
La Silla Observatory is an observatory in Chile with eighteen telescopes that study the stars. The observatory is one of the biggest in the Southern Hemisphere. La Silla is a 2,400 meter high mountain that is found in the far southern part of the Atacama Desert. It can be found about 160 kilometers north of La Serena, 27 kilometers south of the Las Campanas Observatory, and about 100 kilometers north of the Cerro Tololo Observatory.

3006 Livadia
3006 Livadia (1979 SF11) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 24, 1979 by N. Chernykh at Nauchnyj.

Freema Agyeman
Freema Agyeman (born Frema Agyeman on 20 March 1979) is a British actress that is of Ghanaian and Iranian descent. She is known by a lot of people for playing Martha Jones on the television series "Doctor Who" and also in its spin-off series "Torchwood".

2094 Magnitka
2094 Magnitka (1971 TC2) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on October 12, 1971 by the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory.

Missy Elliott
Melissa Arnette "Missy" Elliott (born July 1, 1971) is a five-time Grammy Award-winning American rapper, singer, songwriter, and record producer. With record sales of over seven million in the United States, she is the only female rapper to have six albums certified platinum by the RIAA, including one double platinum ("Under Construction").

Piombino
Piombino is a town and commune in the province of Livorno (Tuscany), Italy, on the border between the Ligurian Sea and the Tyrrhenian Sea, in front of Elba Island and at the northern side of Maremma.
It has an ancient historical centre, derived from the time in which it was the Etruscans' port, near the area of Populonia. In the Middle Ages, it was an important port of Pisa's Republic. Still today Piombino is one of biggest port in Italy, and is one of the most used port for to go in the Elba Island, (with the port of Livorno). Piombino outside the down town has a very big industrial area.
Other.
Piombino has schools, churches, banks, parks and squares. In the locality of Punta Falcone there is an astronomical observatory, built in 1976.
Medals.
On July 28 2000 the city of Piombino got the Gold Medal of Military Valor for the fight against nazism and fascism before and during the World War II.

Caraş-Severin County
Caraş-Severin (; Serbian: Караш Северин, "Karaš Severin",;, Bulgarian: Караш-Северин, "Karash-Severin") is a county (judeţ) of Romania, in historical region Banat. The capital of Caraş-Severin County is Reşiţa.
Demographics.
In 2002, about 332,000 people lived in Caraş-Severin County.
Geography.
Caraş-Severin County has an area of 8,514 km². It is the third biggest county in Romania, after Timiş and Suceava counties. The Danube enters Romania in Caraş-Severin County.
Divisions.
Caraş-Severin County has 2 municipalities, 6 towns, and 69 communes.

Gold Medal of Military Valor
The Gold Medal of Military Valor (Italian language: "Medaglia d'oro al Valore Militare") is an Italian medal established on 21 May 1793 by King Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia.
During World War I, the medal was awarded to military personnel for exceptional valor in the face of the enemy. After the World War II, the medal was gave to the cities that fought fascism and nazism during the war.

Silver Medal of Military Valor
The Silver Medal of Military Valor (Italian language: "Medaglia d'Argento al Valore Militare") is an Italian medal established in 1833 by King Charles Albert of Sardinia.
During World War I, the medal was awarded to military personnel for exceptional valor in combat. as the Gold Medal, the Silver Medal was gave to cities that fought against nazism and fascism during the World War II.

Bronze Medal of Military Valor
The Bronze Medal of Military Valor (Italian language: "Medaglia di bronzo al Valore Militare") is an Italian medal awarded by the King of Italy.
During World War I, the medal was awarded to military personnel for exceptional valor in combat. For each subsequent act of valor, the recipient was awarded a bar in the corresponding class. As the Gold medal and the Silver Medal, after the World War II, the Bronze Medal was gave to the cities that fought against the nazism and the fascism during the war.

Reşiţa
Reşiţa (German: "Reschitz", Hungarian: "Resicabánya", Krashovani: Решица or "Rešica", Czech: "Rešice") is a city in the western part of Romania. It is the capital of Caraş-Severin County, in the Banat region. About 84,000 people live in Reşiţa as of the year 2004.

Orbetello
Orbetello is a town and "commune" in the province of Grosseto (Tuscany), Italy. It is located c. 35 km south of Grosseto, on a lagoon, which is an important Natural Reserve.
History.
Orbetello was an ancient Etruscan village, which in 280 BC went under the control of the Romans, who had founded their colony of Cosa.
In the Middle Ages it was a part of the reign of the Aldobrandeschi family, who held it until the 14th century, when it was bought by the city of Orvieto. After some year Orbetello was captured by the Sienese Republic. In the mid-16th century it was part of the Spanish puppet State of Presides, becoming its capital. Later it was under the Grand Duchy of Tuscany and, from the late 19th century, the new Kingdom of Italy.
In 1927-1933, Italo Balbo's "air cruises" started from Orbetello's lagoon.

3005 Pervictoralex
3005 Pervictoralex (1979 QK2) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on August 22, 1979 by C.-I. Lagerkvist at La Silla.

3009 Coventry
3009 Coventry (1973 SM2) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 22, 1973 by Chernykh, N. at Nauchnyj.

3010 Ushakov
3010 Ushakov (1978 SB5) is a Outer Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 27, 1978 by L. Chernykh at Nauchnyj.

8100 Nobeyama
8100 Nobeyama (1993 XF) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on December 4, 1993 by M. Hirasawa and S. Suzuki at Nyukasa.

810 Atossa
810 Atossa is a Flora family asteroid in the Main Belt that was found by Max Wolf at Hiedelburg on September 8, 1915.

8101 Yasue
8101 Yasue (1993 XK1) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on December 15, 1993 by T. Kobayashi at Oizumi.

Pontedera
Pontedera is a small Italian industrial town in Tuscany, Italy, in the province of Pisa. Pontedera is the headquarters of the Piaggio company,from the 1930s one of most important italian manufacturers motor vehicles such as the Vespa and the Ape. Piaggio was a subsidiary of FIAT. Today the owner of Piaggio is Roberto Colaninno.
Pontedera is in the Arno valley at the confluence of the Era River and the Arno River.
The Town has a small lake in Pietroconti called Braccini lake.

Casentino
The Casentino is the valley in which the first tract of the Arno River flows till Subbiano, in the italian region Tuscany. It is one of the four valleys in which the Province of Arezzo is divided. The valley's biggest "comuni" are all located in the Arno valley: among these the biggest are Bibbiena and Poppi, while Capolona, Castel Focognano, Castel San Niccolò, Pratovecchio, Stia, Subbiano are more or less smaller. The villages located on the neighbouring hills and mountains are much smaller. These are Chitignano, Chiusi della Verna, Montemignaio, Ortignano-Raggiolo and Talla. The Casentino is mentioned in the song "Ich hab in Penna einen Liebsten wohnen", from the "Italieniches Liederbuch" by Hugo Wolf.

Colle di Val d'Elsa
Colle di Val d'Elsa or Colle Val d'Elsa is a town and "comune" in Tuscany, Italy, in the province of Siena. It has a population of c. 20,000 inhabitans (2005). Its name in italian means "Hill of Elsa Valley", where "Elsa" is the name of the river which crosses it. Today, Colle di Val d'Elsa is internationally renowned for the production of crystal glassware and art, largely produced in the industrial lower town.
History.
The area was settled by man from at least the 4th millennium BC. In 1269 it was the seat of a famous battle during the wars of Guelphs and Ghibellines and in 1479 it was attacked by Neapolitan soldiers. From the 14th century it was under the control of the city of Florence and the Grand Duchy of Tuscany until the unification of Italy in 1860. In the 20th century it became an important industrial town. During World War II it was bombed by Allied aircraft. The oldest part of the town is the "colle alta", the higher part, with a well preserved medieval center. The city is also famous as the birthplace of sculptor and architect Arnolfo di Cambio.

British Rail Class 140
The British Rail Class 140 was the prototype of the Pacer diesel multiple unit. Much of the bodywork was constructed using Leyland National bus components, with the exception of the cabs, in 1980.

British Rail Class 141
The British Rail Class 141 was the first production model of the Pacer diesel multiple units.

Rosignano Marittimo
Rosignano Marittimo is a "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Livorno in the Italian region Tuscany, located about 80 km southwest of Florence and about 20 km southeast of Livorno. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 31,516 and an area of 120.3 km².
The "comune" of Rosignano Marittimo contains the "frazioni" of: Castiglioncello, Rosignano Solvay, Vada, Castelnuovo della Misericordia, Gabbro, and Nibbiaia.
Rosignano Marittimo borders the following "comuni": Castellina Marittima, Cecina, Collesalvetti, Livorno, Orciano Pisano, Santa Luce.

3007 Reaves
3007 Reaves (1979 UC) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on October 17, 1979 by E. Bowell at Flagstaff (AM).

3012 Minsk
3012 Minsk (1979 QU9) is a Outer Main-belt Asteroid that was found on August 27, 1979 by N. Chernykh at Nauchnyj.

James Henry Hammond
James Henry Hammond (November 15, 1807 – November 13, 1864) was from South Carolina. He served as a United States Representative from 1835 to 1836, Governor of South Carolina from 1842 to 1844, and United States Senator from 1857 to 1860. He had a son. He was also a slave owner; his plantation is in Redcliffe Park in South Carolina. The stables at Redcliffe Park were either built by him or his son.

Santa Croce sull'Arno
Santa Croce sull'Arno is an Italian town located in the province of Pisa, Tuscany. There are about 13,400 residents as of 2005.
Industry.
The city is famous for the tanning industries. In 16.92 square kilometres there are about 400 factories and laboratories.

British Rail Class 142
The British Rail Class 142 is a class of "Pacer" diesel multiple units used in the United Kingdom. 96 units were built by BREL in Derby between 1985 and 1987. They were a development of the earlier Class 141 which were introduced in 1984.

Functional illiteracy
Functional illiteracy means that a person is not able to read, write, and do math well in regular life. Someone who is fully illiterate can not read, write, or do math at all. Such people have perhaps never learnt how to read or write; perhaps they did not need to. A person who is functionally illiterate is different - at some point in their lives, these people were taught reading and writing skills. For different reasons, adults who are functionally illiterate try to avoid writing and reading as much as possible. That way, a person who is functionally illiterate may be able to write their name, but it is very difficult for them to write more than a few sentences.
These people have trouble functioning in modern society: when they are confronted with printed materials they cannot perform simple tasks such as filling out a form, understanding a contract, following written instructions, reading a newspaper article, traffic signs, consulting a dictionary, or understanding a bus schedule.
Because of functional illiteracy, these people also have a lot of trouble using modern communication technologies, such as a personal computer or a mobile phone.
Links with poverty and crime.
The people who are functionally illiterate often have other problems as well: Other people may intimidate them, they may have higher health risks, and stress. Because they cannot get good jobs, they often earn little money.
Crime-researchers and sociologists have talked about the link between functional illiteracy and crime.
How common it is.
"Business" magazine estimates that 15 million functionally illiterate adults had a job in the United States at the start of the 21st century. The American Council of Life Insurers reported that 75% of the Fortune 500 companies provide some level of training to help their workers overcome this situation. All over the U.S 30 million - 14% of adults - are unable to perform simple and everyday literacy activities.
The National Center for Education Statistics has more detail.
This report sees three parameters: prose, document, and quantitative literacy. There are four levels for each parameter: below basic, basic, intermediate, and proficient. For prose literacy, for example, a below basic level of literacy means that a person can look at a short piece of text to get a small piece of uncomplicated information. Similarly, a person who is "below basic" in quantitative literacy might be able to add two numbers.
In the US, 14% of adults are at the "below basic" level for prose literacy; 12% are at the "below basic" level for document literacy; and 22% are at that level for quantitative literacy. Only 13% of the population is proficient in these three areas. In the terms of the study, "proficient" means these people are able to compare viewpoints in two editorials. They can interpret a table about blood pressure, age, and physical activity. They can also compute and compare the cost per ounce of food items.
In the UK, according to the "Daily Telegraph" (14 June 2006) "one in six British adults lacks the literacy skills of an 11-year-old". The UK government's Department for Education reported in 2006 that 47 percent of school children left school at age 16 without having achieved a basic level in functional maths, and 42 percent fail to achieve a basic level of functional English. Every year 100,000 pupils leave school functionally illiterate in the UK.
Research findings.
A Literacy at Work study, published by the Northeast Institute in 2001, found that business losses attributed to basic skill deficiencies run into billions of dollars a year due to low productivity, errors, and accidents attributed to functional illiteracy.
Sociological research has demonstrated that countries with lower levels of functional illiteracy among their adult populations tend to be those with the highest levels of scientific literacy among the lower stratum of young people nearing the end of their formal academic studies. This correspondence suggests that a contributing factor to a society's level of civic literacy is the capacity of schools to ensure students attain the functional literacy required to comprehend the basic texts and documents associated with competent citizenship.

British Rail Class 143
The British Rail Class 143 is a diesel multiple unit, part of the Pacer family of trains introduced between 1985 & 1986. They originally worked around North East England but were later transferred to Wales. The coaches are based on an Alexander bus body mounted on a chassis from a freight or Goods truck. Twenty-five units were built, numbered 143001-025 but later re-numbered 143601 - 143625.

British Rail Class 144
The British Rail Class 144 "Pacer" diesel multiple units (DMUs) were built by BREL Derby from 1986-1987. A total of 23 units were built, replacing many of the earlier First-generation "Heritage" DMUs.

British Rail Class 150
The British Rail Class 150 "Sprinter" diesel multiple units (DMUs) were built by BREL from 1984-87. A total of 137 units were built in three main subclasses, replacing many of the earlier first-generation "Heritage" DMUs.

British Rail Class 151
The British Rail Class 151 was a prototype class of DMU built by Metro Cammell in the mid-1980s.

British Rail Class 153
The British Rail Class 153 "Sprinter" is a single-car diesel multiple unit train.

British Rail Class 155
The British Rail Class 155 "Super-Sprinter" is a diesel multiple unit. These DMUs were built by British Leyland at Workington (using Leyland National bus components) between 1987 and 1988 as part of British Rail's replacement of its ageing diesel fleet which were First-Generation.

British Rail Class 156
The British Rail Class 156 "Super-Sprinter" is a diesel multiple unit (DMU). A hundred and fourteen of these units were built from 1987-89 by Metro-Cammell (now owned by Alstom) at their Washwood Heath Works in Birmingham. They were built to replace elderly First Generation "Heritage" DMUs and locomotive-hauled passenger trains.

British Rail Class 157
Class 157 was the designation applied to a range of Diesel multiple unit trains of the Sprinter family planned for regional use, in particular for the Strathclyde Passenger Transport Executive. As well as the class number, British Rail reserved carriage numbers in the 526xx and 576xx series for these units.
Unfortunately, as the Privatisation of British Rail began, this project became unviable as resources were concentrated on the privatisation process, leading to the famous 1064-day 'drought' of new train orders. By the time this period was over, plans had moved on and Stratchclyde ended up receiving a batch of Class 170 units.

British Rail Class 158
British Rail Class 158 "Express Sprinter" is a diesel multiple unit (DMU) train, built for British Rail between 1989 and 1992 by BREL at their Derby Works. They were built to replace elderly 'heritage' DMUs and locomotive-hauled passenger trains. Class 159 trains are almost identical to Class 158s having been converted from Class 158 to Class 159 in two batches.

British Rail Class 159
The British Rail Class 159, known as "South Western Turbo" by Network SouthEast (but in reality a member of the Sprinter family), is a diesel multiple unit, built from 1989-93 by BREL at Derby Works.

3008 Nojiri
3008 Nojiri (1938 WA) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on November 17, 1938 by K. Reinmuth at Heidelberg.

British Rail Class 165
The British Rail Class 165 "Network Turbo" diesel multiple units (DMUs) were built by BREL at York Works from 1990–1992.
These units are suburban trains, with an express version appearing later in the form of the Class 166 "Network Express Turbo" units. The Class 165 belongs to the Turbo and the Networker families of trains.

8102 Yoshikazu
8102 Yoshikazu (1994 AQ2) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on January 14, 1994 by T. Kobayashi at Oizumi.

British Rail Class 166
The British Rail Class 166 "Network Express Turbo" diesel multiple units (also known as just "Thames Turbos") were built by ABB at York Works from 1992-93. These units are the express version of the Class 165 "Network Turbo" units. They have a top speed of 90mph (suitable for mainline use), are carpeted throughout and have air-conditioning (the 165s lack the latter two features and it should be noted the 166 is similar to the Class 158 in terms of what it offers).

British Rail Class 168
The Class 168 "Clubman" is a diesel multiple-unit (DMU) train used by Chiltern Railways for InterCity services between London and the Midlands. They were built in several batches from 1997 onwards. The first batch of units was classified 168/0 under TOPS and bore a large resemblance, both visually and in terms of electrical design, to the Class 165 units previously built by BREL at York. This is because they were based on plans originally drawn up by Network SouthEast and thus can be considered to be Networker Turbos. Subsequent builds, classified 168/1 and 168/2, were given the newer style cab and a new design of wiring and thus are part of the Turbostar family of trains.

British Rail Class 170
The Class 170 "Turbostar" is a diesel multiple unit (DMU) built by Bombardier Transportation (previously ADtranz) at their Derby Litchurch Lane Works, England. This has become the most popular type of DMU built since the privatisation of Britain's railways, with 122 units built.

British Rail Class 171
The Class 171 "Turbostar" is a type of DMU operated by Southern. The Class 171 is identical to the Class 170, except for the replacement of the BSI coupler with a Dellner coupler. This provision was made in order to allow emergency joining with Class 377 DC third-rail electric units.

British Rail Class 172
The Class 172 is a planned diesel multiple unit (DMU) of the Turbostar family similar to the Class 168, Class 170 and Class 171.

British Rail Class 175
The Class 175 "Coradia" is a model of diesel multiple unit passenger train used in the United Kingdom. They were built from 1999–2001 by Alstom at Washwood Heath in Birmingham. The fleet is currently based at Chester Depot.

British Rail Class 180
The Class 180 "Adelante" is a type of British diesel multiple unit built by Alstom between 2000 and 2001 at Washwood Heath in Birmingham. The units are express trains originally built for First North Western but then the contract was passed over to First Great Western (FGW) to supplement their High Speed Train fleet. However, due to reliability and operating problems the decision was made to withdraw most of the fleet from service. The majority of the units have already been returned to the Leasing Company with the remainder of the fleet to follow in due course. Four operators are currently looking for Class 180 units, which are unwanted by First Great Western, indicating the desperate shortage of high-speed InterCity rolling stock on Britain's railways.

British Rail Class 185
The Class 185 (branded by its operators as the Pennine Class 185) is a diesel multiple-unit passenger train built by Siemens in Germany for the British train operating company First TransPennine Express.

British Rail Class 201
The British Rail Class 201 (or 6S) six-car diesel-electric multiple units (DEMUs) were built in 1957-1958 at Eastleigh and Ashford. They were built for use on the London-Hastings line. Several tunnels along the route had restricted clearance, meaning that these units were built with a narrow body profile.

British Rail Class 202
The British Rail Class 202 (or 6L) diesel-electric multiple units were built from 1957-58 at Eastleigh and Ashford Works. These units were built to work the London Charing Cross to Hastings services. Several tunnels along the route had restricted clearance, meaning that these units were built with a narrow body profile.

British Rail Class 203
This was the final version of Hastings Restriction 0 diesel trains, classified 6B, later class 203. They were delivered in 1958 and consisted of units 1031-1037. They differed from class 202 by the substitution of a trailer buffet car for one of the three trailer second opens in all the earlier units. Their roofs were free of conduit like class 202's 1014-1019.

British Rail Class 204
The British Rail Class 204 designation has been used twice for two similar types of diesel-electric multiple units.

British Rail Class 205
The British Rail Class 205 (or 3H) diesel-electric multiple units were built by BR at Eastleigh from 1957–1962.

British Rail Class 206
The British Rail Class 206 or 3R was a type of Diesel electric multiple unit (DEMU) first created in 1964. They were not 'built' as such but rather re-formed from Class 201 and EPB vehicles for use on Reading-Redhill-Tonbridge (North Downs Line) services. Six three-car sets were created, numbered 1201-1206.

British Rail Class 207
The British Rail Class 207 (or 3D) diesel-electric multiple units were built by BR at Eastleigh in 1962.

British Rail Class 210
The British Rail Class 210 was a type of Diesel-electric multiple unit built in the late 1970s. The class was intended to be a modern DEMU to replace the ageing types in use on the Southern Region of British Railways but the prototypes built did not manage to secure production for the class and they were withdrawn in the 1980s.

Christopher Flavin
Christopher Flavin is the President of the Worldwatch Institute, an independent research organization focused on natural resource and environmental issues, based in Washington, DC. He is also a founding member of the Board of Directors of the Business Council for Sustainable Energy] and is a member of the National Academy of Sciences Board on Energy and Environmental Systems, the Climate Institute, and the Environmental and Energy Study Institute. His research and writing focus is international energy and climate policy.
Flavin has participated in several notable international conferences, including the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 and the Climate Change Conference in Kyoto, Japan, in 1997. He has testified before national and state legislatures and meets frequently with government and international leaders.
Flavin is a native of Monterey, California and a cum laude graduate of Williams College, where he studied economics, biology, and environmental studies.

British Rail Class 220
The Class 220 "Voyager" is a class of diesel-electric high-speed multiple-unit trains built by Bombardier Transportation for the British train operating company Virgin Trains, but are now operated by CrossCountry. They are air-conditioned throughout, with powered doors and a top speed of. They were introduced to replace the thirty-year-old High Speed Train and Class 47 fleets. The trains were built between 2000 and 2001 and the first train entered service on 5 June 2001.

British Rail Class 221
The Class 221 "SuperVoyager" is a train currently used by Virgin Trains and CrossCountry in the United Kingdom. They were built by Bombardier Transportation between 2000 and 2002 for the British train operating companies Virgin CrossCountry and Virgin West Coast. The first Class 221 "SuperVoyager" entered traffic between Birmingham and Brighton on 12 April 2002. The Class 221 "SuperVoyagers" are similar to the Class 220 "Voyager" units, but they are built with a tilting mechanism offering up to six degrees of tilt to allow faster speeds on curved tracks. They have a maximum speed of.

Lester Brown
Lester R. Brown (born 1934 in New Jersey) is an environmental analyst who has written over twenty books on global environmental issues. His books have been translated into more than forty languages. He is the founder of the Worldwatch Institute and founder and president of the Earth Policy Institute, which is a nonprofit research organization based in Washington, D.C.
His most current book is "Plan B 3.0: Mobilizing to Save Civilization". The recipient of forty honorary degrees and a MacArthur Fellowship, among numerous other awards, Brown has been described by the "Washington Post" as "one of the world's most influential thinkers." The "Telegraph" of Calcutta refers to him as “the guru of the environmental movement.” In 1986, the Library of Congress requested his personal papers noting that his writings “have already strongly affected thinking about problems of world population and resources.”
Writings.
Brown has authored or coauthored 50 books. One of the world's most widely published authors, his books have appeared in some 40 languages. Among his earlier books are "Man, Land and Food", "World Without Borders", and "Building a Sustainable Society". His 1995 book "Who Will Feed China?" challenged the official view of China’s food prospect, spawning hundreds of conferences and seminars.
In May 2001, he founded the Earth Policy Institute to provide a vision and a road map for achieving an environmentally sustainable economy. In November 2001, he published "Eco-Economy: Building an Economy for the Earth", which was hailed by E.O. Wilson as “an instant classic.” His most recent book is "Plan B 3.0: Mobilizing to Save Civilization" (2008).
Awards.
He is the recipient of many prizes and awards, including 23 honorary degrees, a MacArthur Fellowship, the 1987 United Nations' Environment Prize, the 1989 World Wide Fund for Nature Gold Medal, and the 1994 Blue Planet Prize for his "exceptional contributions to solving global environmental problems." More recently, he was awarded the Presidential Medal of Italy, the Borgström Prize by the Royal Swedish Academy of Agriculture and Forestry, and appointed an honorary professor of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. In 1991, the American Humanist Association named Brown the Humanist of the Year.

British Rail Class 222
The British Rail Class 222 is a diesel-electric multiple unit high-speed train capable of. Twenty-seven units have been built by Bombardier Transportation.

British Rail Classes 251 and 261
The Blue Pullman was a class of luxury train used from 1960 to 1973 by British Railways in the United Kingdom. As opposed to the previous Pullman Car Company locomotive-hauled carriage trains, and the Brighton Belle electrical multiple units, the Blue Pullmans were the first diesel-electric multiple units designed for high-speed Pullman train services incorporating several novel features. Named after their custom blue livery, the trains were conceived under the railway 1954 Modernisation Plan, to create new luxury first-class diesel express trains, to compete with the motor car and the emerging domestic air travel market. Although not entirely successful in their own right, the Blue Pullmans demonstrated the possibility of high-speed fixed-formation multiple-unit Inter City train services and inspired the later development of the Inter City 125. After their withdrawal, none of the units survived into preservation.

British Rail Class 252
Class 252 was the classification allocated to the prototype High Speed Train unit, numbered 252001.

British Rail Classes 253, 254 and 255
Class 253, Class 254 and Class 255 are classifications allocated to InterCity 125 high speed trains in Great Britain.

Hum Ek Hain
"Hum Ek Hain" is a Pakistani Urdu film directed by Syed Noor which was released across theaters in Pakistan in November 2004. It stars Shaan, Saima, Shamyl Khan, Haidar Sultan. The title was meant to be "786" but the Censor Board Members did not approve of "786" so it was changed to "Hum Ek Hain".

British Rail Class 313
Class 313 electric multiple units were built by BREL at York Works from 1976-77, these being the first second-generation EMUs to be constructed for British Rail. They were also the first dual-voltage units to be built, capable of drawing power via 25 kV AC overhead, or 750 V DC third-rail, and the first units in Britain to have fully automatic couplers which allowed both physical coupling and also the connection of control electric and air supplies to be carried out without the need to leave the cab.

British Rail Class 300
Class 300 was allocated to a proposed fleet of parcels-carrying electric multiple units, which were to be converted from former Class 307 units.

Khamosh Pani
Khamosh Pani (Urdu: خاموش پانی; Hindi: खामोश पानी; "lit." "Silent Waters") is a 2003 French/German production about a widowed mother and her young son set in a late 1970s village in Punjab, Pakistan which is coming under radical influence.
The film was released in India too. It was shot in a village in Pakistan and won 7 awards, including Best Film, Best Actress and Best Direction at the 56th Locarno International Film Festival, Switzerland, August 18, 2003.

Salakhain (2004 film)
Salakhain (Urdu: سلاخیں) is a Pakistani film which was released in 2004.

British Rail Class 302
The British Rail Class 302 (pre-TOPS AM2) was a type of electric multiple unit (EMU) introduced between 1958 - 1960 for outer suburban passenger services on the London, Tilbury and Southend Railway route. This class of multiple unit was constructed using the Mark 1 bodyshell and was slam door.

Wubi (installer)
Wubi (Windows-based Ubuntu Installer) is an official Windows-based free software installer for Ubuntu. Wubi was made to help Windows users who are not familiar with Linux to try it out easily without any loss of data or problems. Wubi can also uninstall Linux in Windows.

Gbangbatoke
Gbangbatoke is a small town in southern Sierra Leone. It is in the Moyamba District. The people of Gbangbatoke are mainly from the Mende ethnic group. The Mende language is the main language.
Two of Sierra Leone's important politicians, Sir Milton Margai and Sir Albert Margai were born in Gbangbatoke.

British Rail Class 303
The British Rail Class 303 is a type of electric multiple unit. They are also known as "Blue Train" units. They were introduced in 1960 for the electrification of the North Clyde and the Cathcart Circle lines in Strathclyde. At first they were classified as AM3 units before the introduction of the TOPS classification system. They were the dominant EMU on the Glasgow suburban railway network for over 25 years. The final units were withdrawn from service in 2002.

British Rail Class 304
The British Rail Class 304 is a type of electric multiple unit. They were built for suburban use on the first phases of the West Coast Main Line electrification between Crewe and Manchester/Liverpool/Rugby. They were at first classed as AM4 units and later became Class 304 under the TOPS numbering system. They could be found in operation over most of the southern West Coast Main Line. The units conformed to the 1959-design for alternating current (AC) electrical multiple units, and were externally very similar to the Class 305, Class 308 and the 1,200 V direct current (DC) class Class 504 units. No units survived preservation, and all units were eventually scrapped.

British Rail Class 305
The British Rail Class 305 was an alternating current (AC) electric multiple unit (EMU). Under the pre-1973 British Rail numbering system, the class was known as AM5. When TOPS as introduced, the class became Class 305.

British Rail Class 306
The British Rail Class 306 was a type of electric multiple unit (EMU) introduced in 1949. It consisted of 92 three-car trains which were used on newly electrified suburban lines between Shenfield and London Liverpool Street.

British Rail Class 307
The British Rail Class 307 electric multiple units were built by BR at Eastleigh Works from 1954-1956. They were initially classified as AM7 before the introduction of TOPS.

British Rail Class 309
The British Rail Class 309 "Clacton Express" electric multiple units (EMUs) were built by British Rail (BR) York Works from 1962-1963. They were initially classified as Class AM9 before the introduction of TOPS. These units were the first express 25 kV alternating current (AC) units to be built by British Rail, and British Rail's first EMUs to be capable of 100 mph.

British Rail Class 308
The British Rail (BR) Class 308 alternating current (AC) electric multiple units (EMU) were built by BR at York, in three batches, from 1961–62. They were initially classified as AM8 units before the introduction of TOPS.

British Rail Class 310
The British Rail (BR) Class 310 is a slam-door, alternating current (AC) electric multiple unit (EMU) introduced in 1966 as part of the West Coast Main Line electrification project. They were initially classified as Class AM10 units before the introduction on the TOPS classification system. Constructed at BR's Derby Carriage and Wagon Works. They consisted of four carriages - a second class driving trailer, a second class trailer, a second class motor car (with guard's/luggage compartment above which the pantograph was mounted) and a composite (1st and 2nd class) driving trailer. The maximum speed was 75 miles per hour. A glass partition behind the driver's cab enabled passengers in the leading and rear coaches to have an excellent view of the line ahead or behind.

British Rail Class 311
The British Rail Class 311 alternating current (AC) electric multiple units (EMU) were built by Cravens at Sheffield in 1967. They were intended for use on the line from Glasgow Central to Gourock and Wemyss Bay, which was electrified in 1967.

British Rail Class 312
The British Rail Class 312 is a type of alternating current (AC) electric multiple unit (EMU) built in 1966-1974 intended for use on outer-suburban passenger services. It was the last class of multiple unit to be constructed to the British Rail Mark 2 bodyshell, and also the last with slam doors. This latter feature contributed to their relatively early withdrawal (between 25-28 years old, compared to a life expectancy of 30 years). Ironically, the examples withdrawn by First Great Eastern and later 'one' Great Eastern between 2003 and 2004 were slightly newer than most of the carriages the operator is introducing during 2005 for use on its premier express service.

British Rail Class 314
British Rail Class 314 alternating current (AC) electric multiple units (EMU) were built by BREL at York works from 1978 to 1979. They were the second variety of British Rail's then-standard 1972 design for suburban EMUs, which eventually encompassed 755 vehicles and five Classes (Class 313/314/315/507/508). Able to operate from 25 kV overhead line current collection only, the fleet works outer-suburban services on the Strathclyde Passenger Transport rail network in Central Scotland.

British Rail Class 315
British Rail Class 315 alternating current (AC) electric multiple units (EMU) were built by BREL at York works from 1980 to 1981. They were the fifth and final variety of British Rail's then-standard 1972 design for suburban EMUs, which eventually encompassed 755 vehicles and five Classes (Class 313/314/315/507/508). Like the Glasgow-based Class 314 units, they are only able to operate from 25 kV overhead line current collection. The fleet works inner-suburban services on the Great Eastern Main Line run by the train operating company National Express East Anglia out of London Liverpool Street.

British Rail Classes 316 and 457
Class 316 and Class 457 were two suggested TOPS classifications. They were given to a single electric multiple unit (EMU) at different stages of its use as a prototype for the Networker series.

British Rail Class 317
The British Rail Class 317 electric multiple units were built by BREL at York Works in two batches, from 1981-82 and 1985-87. They were the first of several classes of British Rail EMU to be based on the all-steel Mark 3 bodyshell, departing from the "PEP"-aluminium design which had spawned the earlier Class 313 to Class 315. The Mark 3 bodyshell was also the basis of Class 318, Class 455, and the diesel "sprinters" pioneered by the Class 150.

Nehebkau
Nehebkau guarded the entrance to Duat, the Egyptian underworld. He was made up of Ka and Ba, the two parts of the soul. he is pictured as a snake with two heads. Atum was said to have to keep his finger on Nehebkau to keep him from being out of control. Since he was a snake, he was believed to heal those bitten by snakes and/or scorpions.

British Rail Class 318
The British Rail Class 318 is an electric multiple unit (EMU) train, which operates exclusively in the Strathclyde Partnership for Transport network in West Central Scotland. The units were introduced fully on 29 September 1986 as part of the electrification of the Ayrshire Coast Line between Glasgow Central and Ayr/Ardrossan with alternating current (AC) overhead lines. Usage was extended to Largs in January 1987. They were also used on the Inverclyde Line in small numbers and on rare occasions the Cathcart Circle Lines (including to Neilston and Newton).

Ka
Ka is one of the five parts of the Egyptian idea of the soul. The Ka was the life force and left the body during death. Ka was believed to be in food and drink and was placed with the dead for offerings. The Egyptians believed that at death the Ba and the Ka join together through Nehebkau before entering Duat.

British Rail Class 319
The British Rail Class 319 dual-voltage electric multiple units (EMU) were built by BREL York in two batches from 1987–88 and 1990. The trains were introduced for new north-south cross-London services from Bedford to Brighton, and since privatisation these services have been operated by Thameslink and First Capital Connect, the former franchise having been merged with the Great Northern section of the former WAGN franchise to form the latter train operating company at 0200 BST on 1 April 2006 as a result of re-franchising. Class 319 units have dual power pick-up, from either 25 kV alternating current (AC) overhead lines for services north of London, or 750 V direct current (DC) third rail to the south. However, some units were only used on outer suburban services in South London. The Class 325 postal units were based on the Class 319 units, with the same traction equipment and body design, but are fitted with cabs of the same design as the newer Class 365 and Class 465 "Networker" units.

British Rail Class 320
The British Rail Class 320 is an alternating current (AC) electric multiple unit (EMU) train found on the Strathclyde Partnership for Transport (SPT) rail network in Central Scotland, and is used exclusively on the North Clyde Line between Helensburgh and Airdrie, North Lanarkshire via Glasgow Queen Street railway station.

Ba
Ba is one of the five parts of the spirit in Egyptian mythology. Ba is considered to be the soul. Ba is believed to have a unique personality based on the person who has it. The Ba was pictured as a bird that flew from the body to join with the Ka at death.

British Rail Class 321
The British Rail Class 321 alternating current (AC) electric multiple units (EMU) were built by BREL York in three batches from 1986-1989. The design was very successful and led to the development of the similar Class 320 and Class 322 units for use by Strathclyde PTE and Stansted Express (now used by First ScotRail) respectively. The bodyshell design was also used for construction of the Class 456 direct current (DC) units. The Class 321s were nicknamed 'Dusty Bins', due to the class number sharing the same name as the game show 3-2-1. (This name has also been given to the diesel multiple unit (DMU) Class 153 no. 153321 for the same reason).

High-speed rail
High-speed rail is a type of passenger rail transport that operates significantly faster than the normal speed of rail traffic. Specific definitions include 200 km/h (125 mph) and faster — depending on whether the track is upgraded or new — by the European Union, and above 90 mph (145 km/h) by the United States Federal Railroad Administration, but there is no single standard, and lower speeds can be required by local constraints.

3015 Candy
3015 Candy is a main belt asteroid that was found on November 9, 1980 by E. Bowell at Lowell Observatory.

InterCity 125
The InterCity 125 was the brand name of British Rail's High Speed Train (HST) fleet. The InterCity 125 train is made up of two locomotives, one at each end of a fixed formation of carriages, and is capable of 125mph in regular service. British Rail initially used the fleet on the Great Western Main Line, on the East Coast Main Line, on the Cross Country Route and latterly on the Midland Main Line, serving destinations such as London, Bristol, Edinburgh, as far south as Penzance and as far north as Aberdeen and Inverness. The InterCity 125 took the world record for the fastest diesel-powered train, when it was recorded at an absolute maximum speed of during 1987.

3016 Meuse
3016 Meuse (1981 EK) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on March 01, 1981 by H. Debehogne at La Silla.

3018 Godiva
3018 Godiva is a main belt asteroid that was found by Edward L. G. Bowell in 1982.

3019 Kulin
3019 Kulin (1940 AC) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on January 07, 1940 by G. Kulin at Budapest.

3020 Naudts
3020 Naudts (1949 PR) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on August 02, 1949 by K. Reinmuth at Heidelberg.

3023 Heard
3023 Heard (1981 JS) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on May 05, 1981 by E. Bowell at Flagstaff (AM).

Egyptian Soul
The ancient Egyptians believed the soul was divided into five parts Ren, Ba, Ka, Sheut, and Ib.
Ib - Heart.
The Egyptians believed the heart held the emotions and thoughts. Believed to be weighed on the scales of Anubis by the feather of Maat. The Ib decided what happened to you after death.
Sheut - Shadow.
Believed to be the shadow of the person. The Sheut was the essence of the person and could not exist with them nor the person with the shadow.
Ren - Name.
Given at birth. A person was believed to live as long as their name lasted. Egyptians often went to great lengths to keep their names talked about and had them carved into monuments and surrounded by cartouche (magical rope).
Ba - Personality.
In Egyptian Mythology Ba is one of the five parts of the spirit, Ba is considered the soul. Ba is believed to have a unique personality based on the person who has it. The Ba was shown as a bird that flew from the body to unite with the Ka at death.
Ka - Life.
One of the five parts of the Egyptian idea of the soul. The Ka was thought of as the life force and left the body during death. Ka was believed to be in food and drink and was placed with the dead for offerings. Egyptian Mythology believes that at death the Ba and the Ka unite through Nehebkau before entering Duat.

3024 Hainan
3024 Hainan (1981 UW9) is a Outer Main-belt Asteroid that was found on October 23, 1981 by Purple Mountain Observatory at Nanking.

Purple Mountain Observatory
Purple Mountain Observatory is an observatory that uses telescopes to look at the stars for new objects in space. It can be found on the Purple Mountain in Nanjing, China.
Many asteroids were found at the observatory. Asteroids found include the Trojan asteroids 2223 Sarpedon, 2260 Neoptolemus, 2363 Cebriones, 2456 Palamedes, and 3494 Purple Mountain.

30253 Vitek
is a main belt asteroid that was found on April 30, 2000.

30252 Textorisová
is a main belt asteroid that was found on April 30, 2000.

30305 Severi
30305 Severi (2000 JA) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on May 1, 2000 by P. G. Comba at Prescott.

30306 Frigyesriesz
30306 Frigyesriesz (2000 JD) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on May 2, 2000 by P. G. Comba at Prescott.

30307 Marcelriesz
30307 Marcelriesz (2000 JE) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on May 2, 2000 by P. G. Comba at Prescott.

30417 Staudt
30417 Staudt (2000 LF) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on June 1, 2000 by P. G. Comba at Prescott.

30418 Jakobsteiner
30418 Jakobsteiner (2000 LG) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on June 1, 2000 by P. G. Comba at Prescott.

Anti-nuclear movement in California
The 1970s proved to be a pivotal period for the anti-nuclear movement in California. There was confrontation between nuclear power advocates and environmentalists. In 1981, 1,900 activists were arrested during protests at Diablo Canyon Power Plant. In 1984, the Davis City Council declared the city to be a nuclear free zone.
Early conflicts.
The start of the anti-nuclear movement in California was the controversy over Pacific Gas & Electric's attempt to build the nation's first nuclear power plant in Bodega Bay. This conflict began in 1958 and ended in 1964, with the forced abandonment of these plans. Subsequent plans to build a nuclear power plant in Malibu were also abandoned.
Into the seventies.
The anti-nuclear movement grew in California between 1964 and 1974. It was during this period that some scientists and engineers began supporting the positions of the activists. They were influenced by the non-material philosophy that had inspired activists and had impacted the public consciousness. While Californian voters failed to pass a 1972 proposal placing a 5-year moratorium on nuclear plant construction, anti-nuclear groups campaigned to stop construction of several proposed plants in the seventies, especially those located on the coast and near fault lines. These proposals included the Sundesert Nuclear Power Plant, which was never built.
Over a two-week period in 1981, 1,900 activists were arrested at Diablo Canyon Power Plant. It was the largest arrest in the history of the U.S. anti-nuclear movement.
In this period there were controversies within the Sierra Club about how to lead the anti-nuclear movement, and this led to a split over the Diablo Canyon plant which ended in success for the utilities. The split led to the formation of Friends of the Earth, led by David Brower.
In 1979, Abalone Alliance members held a 38-day sit-in in the Californian Governor Jerry Brown's office to protest continued operation of Rancho Seco Nuclear Generating Station, which was a duplicate of the Three Mile Island facility. In 1989, Sacremento voters voted to shut down the Rancho Seco power plant.
Nuclear-free communities.
On November 14th 1984 the Davis, California City Council declared the city to be a nuclear free zone. Another well-known nuclear-free community is Berkeley, California, whose citizens passed the Nuclear Free Berkeley Act in 1986 which allows the city to levy fines for nuclear weapons-related activity and to boycott companies involved in the United States nuclear infrastructure.

30439 Moe
30439 Moe (2000 MB) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on June 21, 2000 by J. Broughton at Reedy Creek Observatory.

30440 Larry
30440 Larry (2000 MG) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on June 22, 2000 by J. Broughton at Reedy Creek Observatory.

30441 Curly
30441 Curly (2000 MX) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on June 24, 2000 by J. Broughton at Reedy Creek Observatory.

30443 Stieltjes
30443 Stieltjes (2000 NR) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on July 3, 2000 by P. G. Comba at Prescott.

30444 Shemp
30444 Shemp (2000 NY1) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on July 5, 2000 by John Broughton at Reedy Creek Observatory.

30445 Stirling
30445 Stirling (2000 NJ2) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on July 5, 2000 by P. G. Comba at Prescott.

British Rail Class 322
The British Rail Class 322 electric multiple units were built by BREL between 1988-90. Five 4-car units were built for the dedicated Stansted Express service from London Liverpool Street to Stansted Airport. The units are now operated by First ScotRail, between Edinburgh Waverley and North Berwick.

British Rail Class 323
The British Rail Class 323 electric multiple units were built by Hunslet TPL from 1992-93. Forty-three 3-car units were built for inner-suburban services around Birmingham and Manchester. These trains were the last vehicles to be built by the struggling manufacturer Hunslet before it collapsed.

30566 Stokes
30566 Stokes (2001 OO81) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on July 29, 2001 by P. G. Comba at Prescott.

30718 Records
30718 Records (1955 RB1) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 14, 1955 by the Indiana Asteroid Program at Goethe Link Observatory, Brooklyn, Indiana.

30722 Biblioran
30722 Biblioran (1978 RN5) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 6, 1978 by N. S. Chernykh at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory.

30724 Peterburgtrista
30724 Peterburgtrista (1978 SX2) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 26, 1978 by L. V. Zhuravleva at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory.

3025 Higson
3025 Higson (1982 QR) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on August 20, 1982 by Shoemaker, C. and Shoemaker, E. at Palomar.

1001 Gaussia
1001 Gaussia is a main-belt asteroid that is circling around the Sun. It was found on August 8, 1923 by Sergei Ivanovich Belyavsky.

2001 Einstein
2001 Einstein is an inner main belt asteroid that was found on March 5, 1973 by Paul Wild. It is part of the Hungaria family.

40409 Taichikato
40409 Taichikato (1999 RS2) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 6, 1999 by G. Masi at Ceccano.

2002 Euler
2002 Euler is a Main Belt Asteroid that was found on August 29, 1973 by Tamara Mikhailovna Smirnova.

2003 Harding
2003 Harding (6559 P-L) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 24, 1960 by PLS at Palomar.

2004 Lexell
2004 Lexell (1973 SV2) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 22, 1973 by N. Chernykh at Nauchnyj.

2005 Hencke
2005 Hencke (1973 RA) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 02, 1973 by Wild, P. at Zimmerwald.

10021 Henja
10021 Henja (1979 QC1) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on August 22, 1979 by Claes-Ingvar Lagerkvist at the European Southern Observatory.

1002 Olbersia
1002 Olbersia is a main-belt asteroid. It was found by Vladimir Aleksandrovich Albitzky on August 15, 1923.

1003 Lilofee
1003 Lilofee is an main-belt asteroid. It was found by Karl Wilhelm Reinmuth on September 13, 1923.

10030 Philkeenan
10030 Philkeenan (1981 QG) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on August 30, 1981 by E. Bowell at the Anderson Mesa Station of the Lowell Observatory.

4000 Hipparchus
4000 Hipparchus (1989 AV) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on January 04, 1989 by Ueda, S. and Kaneda, H. at Kushiro.

40106 Erben
40106 Erben (1998 QW5) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on August 20, 1998 by P. Pravec at Ondrejov.

40206 Lhenice
40206 Lhenice (1998 SB36) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 26, 1998 by J. Ticha and M. Tichy at Klet.

2006 Polonskaya
2006 Polonskoya is a main belt asteroid. It was found on 22 September 1973 by N. S. Chernykh. It is also a binary asteroid.

3003 Konček
is a main belt asteroid that was found on December 28, 1983.

3011 Chongqing
3011 Chongqing (1978 WM14) is a Outer Main-belt Asteroid that was found on November 26, 1978 by Purple Mountain Observatory at Nanking.

4001 Ptolemaeus
4001 Ptolemaeus (1949 PV) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on August 02, 1949 by K. Reinmuth at Heidelberg.

4002 Shinagawa
4002 Shinagawa (1950 JB) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on May 14, 1950 by K. Reinmuth at Heidelberg.

4003 Schumann
4003 Schumann (1964 ED) is a Outer Main-belt Asteroid that was found on March 08, 1964 by F. Borngen at Tautenburg.

4004 List'ev
4004 List'ev (1971 SN1) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 16, 1971 by Crimean Astrophysical Obs. at Nauchnyj.

50033 Perelman
50033 Perelman (2000 AF48) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on January 3, 2000 by S. Sposetti at Gnosca.

7000 Curie
7000 Curie (1939 VD) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on November 06, 1939 by Fernand Rigaux at Uccle.

9900 Llull
9900 Llull (1997 LL6) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on June 13, 1997 by M. Blasco at Majorca.

(11433) 3474 T-3
(11433) 3474 T-3 is an asteroid that was found by Cornelis Johannes van Houten at Palomar on October 16, 1977.

11432 Kerkhoven
is a main belt asteroid that was found on September 29, 1973.

(11434) 1931 TC2
(11434) 1931 TC2 is an asteroid that was found by Karl Wilhelm Reinmuth at Heidelberg on October 10, 1931.

(11435) 1931 UB
(11435) 1931 UB is an asteroid that was found by Karl Wilhelm Reinmuth at Heidelberg on October 17, 1931.

1010 Marlene
1010 Marlene is a Main Belt asteroid that was found by Karl Wilhelm Reinmuth on November 12, 1923.

10111 Fresnel
10111 Fresnel (1992 OO1) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on July 25, 1992 by E. W. Elst at Caussols.

10005 Chernega
10005 Chernega (1976 SS2) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 24, 1976 by N. S. Chernykh at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory.

846 Lipperta
846 Lipperta is a minor planet orbiting the Sun. It was found on November 26, 1916 by K. Gyllenberg.

(115485) 2003 UR19
115485 (2003 UR19) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on October 22, 2003 by James Whitney Young at the Table Mountain Observatory near Wrightwood, California.

Wrightwood, California
Wrightwood is a census-designated place that can be found in San Bernardino County, California. About 3,800 people live in Wrightwood as of the year 2002.

6000 United Nations
6000 United Nations (1987 UN) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on October 27, 1987 by P. Jensen at Brorfelde.

8000 Isaac Newton
8000 Isaac Newton (1986 RL5) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 5, 1986 by Henri Debehogne at the European Southern Observatory.

8001 Ramsden
8001 Ramsden (1986 TR3) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on October 4, 1986 by A. Mrkos at Klet.

4009 Drobyshevskij
4009 Drobyshevskij (1977 EN1) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on March 13, 1977 by Chernykh, N. at Nauchnyj.

5000 IAU
5000 IAU is a Main Belt asteroid that was found by Eleanor F. Helin on August 23, 1987.

5001 EMP
5001 EMP (1987 SB1) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 19, 1987 by Bowell, E. at Flagstaff.

5009 Sethos
5009 Sethos (2562 P-L) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 24, 1960 by van Houten and Gehrels at Palomar.

6001 Thales
6001 Thales (1988 CP2) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on February 11, 1988 by E. W. Elst at La Silla.

7001 Noether
7001 Noether (1955 EH) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on March 14, 1955 by Indiana University at Brooklyn.

65001 Teodorescu
65001 Teodorescu (2002 AF67) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on January 9, 2002 by F. Bernardi and A. Boattini at Campo Imperatore.

9000 Hal
9000 Hal (1981 JO) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on May 03, 1981 by Bowell, E. at Anderson Mesa.

Slash Records
Slash Records is a record label in Los Angeles. It started out producing local and punk rock bands. The label was sold to London Records in 1986.

6007 Billevans
6007 Billevans (1990 BE2) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on January 28, 1990 by S. Ueda and H. Kaneda at Kushiro.

6010 Lyzenga
6010 Lyzenga (1990 OE) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on July 19, 1990 by E. F. Helin at Palomar.

6011 Tozzi
6011 Tozzi (1990 QU5) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on August 29, 1990 by H. E. Holt at Palomar.

10955 Harig
10955 Harig (5011 P-L) is a Main-belt Asteroid.

4012 Geballe
4012 Geballe (1978 VK9) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on November 7, 1978 by E. F. Helin and S. J. Bus at Palomar.

10563 Izhdubar
10563 Izhdubar (1993 WD) is an Apollo asteroid that was found on November 19, 1993 by C. S. Shoemaker and E. M. Shoemaker at Palomar.

(116446) 2004 AG
116446 (2004 AG) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on January 5, 2004 by James Whitney Young at the Table Mountain Observatory near Wrightwood, California.

(116903) 2004 GW
116903 (2004 GW) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on April 11, 2004 by James Whitney Young at the Table Mountain Observatory near Wrightwood, California.

(129066) 2004 VY28
129066 (2004 VY28) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on November 7, 2004 by James Whitney Young at the Table Mountain Observatory near Wrightwood, California.

John Macarthur (wool pioneer)
John Macarthur (1766 – 11 April 1834) was a soldier, business man, politician and the man who started the Australian wool industry.

Lachlan Macquarie
Major-General Lachlan Macquarie CB (31 January 1762 – 1 July 1824) was a British military officer who was the 5th Governor of New South Wales from 1810 to 1821. He had a leading role in the social, economic and architectural development of Australia. Historians say he led the change of New South Wales from a penal colony to a free settlement. This was very important in making the future of Australian society.

My Name Is Earl
"My Name Is Earl" is an American sitcom created by Greg Garcia. It is produced by 20th Century Fox Television. In the United States it is shown on the NBC television channel Thursdays at 8:00 PM Eastern time.
Season 4 was first shown on September 25, 2008, and went on mid-season break after the thirteenth episode, broadcast on December 11th, 2008.

She Wants You
"She Wants You" is a single by English singer and actress Billie Piper. The single reached #3 in the UK becoming her third top three hit in a row.

Honey to the Bee
"Honey to the Bee" is a single by Billie Piper released in 1999. It got to #3 in the UK singles chart. In January 2007, the song was used by Radio 1 DJ Chris Moyles as part of an experiment to test out the new British singles chart rules that came into effect that month, which prompted the song to rise up the iTunes music charts, and reached number 17 in the singles chart on 21 January 2007 and number 11 in the download chart.

British Rail Class 325
The British Rail Class 325 is a dual-voltage alternating current (AC) electric multiple unit (EMU) train used for postal train services. They have a similar end-on cab appearance to the Class 365 and Class 465 "Networker" units built at approximately the same time. The Class 325 was British Rail's newest unit to take over parcels working on electrified lines.

British Rail Class 332
The British Rail Class 332 (originally Class 331) is the type of electric multiple unit train used on the Heathrow Express between London Paddington station and Heathrow Airport. The fleet was built in 1998 by Siemens and CAF at the latter’s factory in Zaragoza, Spain. There are 14 four/five carriage units.

British Rail Class 333
The British Rail Class 333 electric multiple units were built by Siemens and are based on the Class 332 trains operated by Heathrow Express.

British Rail Class 334
The British Rail Class 334 is a suburban electric multiple unit built by Alstom in Birmingham. They are part of the Juniper family of trains along with Classes 458 and 460. They were built for SPT/First ScotRail outer suburban services in Glasgow, UK. Their introduction saw the withdrawal of the last of Glasgow's venerable Class 303 "Blue Train" sets which had been in service since 1960.

British Rail Class 341 and 342
Class 341 and Class 342 were proposed electric multiple unit classes from the Networker series planned to operate new services on the UK rail network.

British Rail Class 350
The British Rail Class 350 "Desiro" is class of electrical multiple unit built by Siemens AG from 2004- present. Thirty of these units, known as Class 350/1s, were built for use by Central Trains and Silverlink on regional express services and Central Citylink services on the southern section of the West Coast Main Line. A further 37 units known as Class 350/2s are currently being delivered to the UK for London Midland. The "Desiro" family also includes units of Classes 185, 360, 444 and 450.

British Rail Class 357
The British Rail Class 357 "Electrostar" alternating current (AC) electric multiple units (EMU) were built by ADtranz, Derby (now owned by Bombardier Transportation) from 1999 to 2002 at a cost of approximately £350 million. The Electrostar family also includes Classes 375, 376, 377 and 378, and is the most numerous type of EMU built in the post-privatisation period of Britain's railways. These units were built in two batches for LTS Rail, since rebranded as c2c.

British Rail Class 360
The British Rail Class 360 electric multiple units were built by Siemens in two sub-types from 2000-2005. These units are part of the Desiro family.

British Rail Class 365
The British Rail Class 365 "Networker Express" are dual-voltage (25kV AC and 750V DC) electric multiple units built by ABB at York from 1994-95. These were the last units to be built at York works before it closed. All Class 365 units in service have now received front end cab modifications to equip them with cab air conditioning.

British Rail Class 370
British Rail's Class 370 tilting trains, also referred to as APT-P (meaning Advanced Passenger Train Prototype), were the pre-production Advanced Passenger Train units. Unlike the earlier experimental gas-turbine APT-E unit, these units were powered by 25kV AC overhead electrification and were used on the West Coast Main Line between London Euston and Glasgow Central. The APT-P is the most powerful domestic train to have operated in Britain, the eight traction motors fitted to the two central Motor Cars giving a total output of 8,000 hp. This enabled the train to set the UK rail speed record of 162.2mph in December 1979, a record that stood for 23 years.

British Rail Classes 371, 381 and 471
Class 371, Class 381 and Class 471 were proposed electric multiple unit classes from the Networker family intended to operate services in the south-east of England.

British Rail Class 373
The British Rail Class 373 or TGV-TMST train is an electric multiple unit that operates Eurostar's high-speed rail service between Britain, France and Belgium via the Channel Tunnel. Part of the TGV family, it has a smaller cross-section to fit within the constrictive British loading gauge, was originally able to operate on the UK third rail network, and has extensive fireproofing in case of fire in the tunnel. This is both the longest——and fastest train in regular UK passenger service.

British Rail Class 375
The British Rail Class 375 Electrostar electric multiple unit train was built by Bombardier Transportation (previously ADtranz) at their Derby Works, from 1999 to 2005. The Electrostar family, which also includes Classes 357, 376, 377 and 378, is the most numerous type of EMU introduced since the privatisation of British Rail.

British Rail Class 376
The Class 376 Suburban Electrostar is a model of electric multiple-unit passenger train manufactured by Bombardier Transportation. It is part of the Electrostar family, which are the most common EMUs introduced since the privatisation of British Rail. The units were ordered by Connex South Eastern, introduced by South Eastern Trains, and are now operated by Southeastern.

British Rail Class 377
The Class 377 Electrostars are electric multiple units built by Bombardier Transportation (previously ADtranz) at their Derby Works, from 2001-present. The Electrostar family, which also includes Classes 357, 375 and 376, is the most numerous type of EMU built in the post-privatisation period of Britain's railways.

British Rail Class 378
The Class 378 Capitalstar is a type of electric multiple unit that has been ordered for the new London Overground network and franchise. The type is derived from the Class 376 trains currently used by Southeastern, and part of the Electrostar family, but featuring significant differences. Primarily, the Class 378 will feature fully longitudinal seating similar to that used on London Underground rolling stock, which is necessary for the high passenger volume services expected to be run on London Overground. The units will be constructed by Bombardier Transportation, and were initially announced as coming in two separate batches.

British Rail Class 380
Class 380 is the designation given to a class of electric multiple unit train that are to be built, for use on the national railway network in Scotland, in the United Kingdom.

British Rail Class 390
The British Class 390 "Pendolino" electric multiple unit is a tilting train built by Fiat Ferroviaria utilising Fiat tilt systems. Fifty-three 9-car units were built for Virgin Trains from 2001 to 2004. These trains were the last to be assembled at Alstom's Washwood Heath plant, in Birmingham, before its closure in 2005.

British Rail Class 395
Class 395 is the designation of new dual-voltage EMUs being built to operate new high speed domestic services on the High Speed 1 railway line in the United Kingdom. The trains will be the fastest operating domestic service trains in Britain, running at a maximum speed of when they are introduced by operator Southeastern in 2009.

Cyberman
The Cybermen are a fictional race of cyborgs in the British television series "Doctor Who". They are one of the greatest and longest enemies of the Doctor. Cybermen were originally humanoids from on Earth's twin planet Mondas. The people of Mondas began to put more and more artificial metal parts into their bodies to keep themselves alive, making them cyborgs. This led to the race starting to think logical and calculating, showing no emotions. The Cybermen also turning other people into cyborgs.
They were created by Dr. Kit Pedler (the unofficial scientific advisor to the programme) and Gerry Davis in 1966, first appearing in the serial, "The Tenth Planet", which was the last to feature William Hartnell as the First Doctor. They have since been in the show a lot.
A parallel universe version of the Cybermen appeared in the 2006 series in the two-part story, "Rise of the Cybermen" and "The Age of Steel" they also appear in Army Of Ghosts and "Doomsday". They also appeared in the spin-off series "Torchwood" in the episode "Cyberwoman". They would later return to the new series in the 2008 Christmas Special "The Next Doctor", introducing two new types of cyberman; the Cyber-Shades and the Cyber-King.
Physical characteristics.
While the Doctor's other old enemies the Daleks did not change during the original series's twenty-six season run, the Cybermen were seen to change with almost every appearance. The Cybermen are humanoid, but have replaced tgheir limbs and other body parts with non-living parts to the point where they don't have many flesh parts. In their first appearance in the series, the only portions of their bodies that still seemed human were their hands, but by their next appearance in "The Moonbase" (1967), their bodies were entirely covered up in their metal suits, with their hands replaced by two finger claws, but changed back to regular five finger hands in "The Invasio" (1968). As there are not many of them, the Cybermen often convert humans to cybermen.
It is assumed(and often implied) that there are still human parts beneath their suits, meaning they are actually cyborgs, not robots: in "The Tenth Planet", a Cyberman tells a group of humans that "our brains are just like yours", although by the time of "Attack of the Cybermen", their brains seem to have been replaced with electronics. In "Earthshock" (1982), the actors' chins were vaguely visible through a clear perspex area on the helmet to suggest some kind of human face. In "The Tomb of the Cybermen" (1967), veins were visible through the circular head of the Cyberman Controller and in "Attack of the Cybermen" (1985) and "The Age of Steel" (2006), the Cyber-Controller's brain is visible through the dome. The first is a Mondas Cyber Controller, while the second is an alternative cyberman. However, in "Revenge of the Cybermen" (1975), the Doctor says they are "total machine creatures".
Although the Cybermen often claim that they have done away with human emotion, they have exhibited emotions ranging from anger to smug satisfaction in their confrontations with the Doctor (although this is only clearly present during their appearances in the 1980s). Some Cybermen in the early stories were even given individual names such as "Krang". Some parallel Earth Cybermen did retain some memories of their pre-conversion lives, although their emotional response varied
This motive behind the removal of emotions is made more clear in "The Age of Steel" where it is done by putting in things that stuff them from feeling emotions. In that episode, the deactivation of their emotional inhibitors drives the converted Cybermen insane when they realise what they have become, killing them. This motive may also be applicable to Mondas Cybermen, given their forcible conversion of other lifeforms to Cybermen to maintain their numbers, despite the fact the Mondasians appear to have originally willingly converted themselves as a survival mechanism.
Cybermen have a number of weaknesses over the years. There biggest weakness is gold. It was not mentioned that they did not liek gold until their attempt to destroy the planetoid Voga (the so-called "Planet of Gold") in "Revenge of the Cybermen" (1975). Initially, it was explained that, becuase it is very hard to grind up, gold chokes their respiratory systems. For example, the However, in later serials, gold appeared to affect them rather like silver affects werewolves, with gold coins or bullets with cold on the edge fired at them having the same effect. The revived series' Cybermen have no weakness to gold.
Costume details.
Nearly all the cyberman costumes were silver in colour and included items and material such as cloth, rubber diving suits, PVC, chest units, tubing, practice golf balls, cricketers' gloves, and silver-painted Doc Martens boots. A BBC Cyberman costume from the black & white era of TV has recently been discovered.
The 1980s design used converted flight suits painted silver. Unlike the Doctor's other enemies, the Cybermen have changed a lot in appearance over the years, looking more and more modern, although retaining certain commonalities of design, the most iconic being the "handle bars" attached to Cybermen heads, that were supposed to aid with their hearing, their round eyeholes and their chest units. Completely black-coloured Cybermen were seen briefly in "Attack of the Cybermen".
The Cybermen returned in episodes 5 and 6 of the 2006 season of the new series, in a two-part story set on an alternate Earth. The new Cybermen were designed by production designer Edward Thomas's team and Neill Gorton at Millennium FX. The new Cyberman design is tall, in a style reminiscent of Art Deco, with their Cybus Corporation logo on their chests and made to look like burnished steel instead of silver. The other big changes in the Cyberman design is that the Cyber-Controller had glowing eyes, a transparent forehead revealing the brain, and sockets on its chest-plate providing connectors to other systems.
Voice.
Early Cybermen had an unsettling, sing-song voice, constructed by chanign their voices slightly on syllables which your voice does not have to be chenged. There mouths opend fulyl and did not move when they were talking they would then shtu as soon as they stoped talking. However they stoped doing this after there first few stories
The voices for the 2006 return of the Cybermen were provided by Nicholas Briggs (who performed the voices for the Cybermen in Big Finish audio stories as well as the Daleks in both the new series and the audio stories). Shown in the season 2 DVD special feature "Confidential Cut Downs," the voice was created by processing Brigg's voice through a voice modulator. The new Cybermen have a blue light in their "mouths" which blinks in synchronisation with their speech.
Cybermats.
The Cybermen also use smaller, cybernetic creatures called "cybermats" to attack. In their first appearance in "The Tomb of the Cybermen", they resembled big metal fish and had segmented bodies with hair sensor probes along the base of their heads, which were topped with eyes. The Second Doctor described them as a "form of metallic life,".
The second model of cybermat seen in "The Wheel in Space" was used for sabotage, able to listen to human brainwaves. They were carried to the "Wheel" in small sacs that sank through the walls of the space station, causing drops in air pressure.
The third model, seen in "Revenge of the Cybermen", was a much larger, snake-like cybermat that could be remotely controlled and could inject poison into its victims.
Games.
On the BBC website, the Cybus Cybermen appear in two online games, Cyber Assault and Save Paris, both depicting the war between the Cybermen and Preachers on the parallel Earth.

Marlborough
Marlborough is a town in Wiltshire, England, UK. It is seat of Dukes of Marlborough.

Anatidae
Anatidae is the biological family of birds that includes the ducks, geese and swans.

Anatinae
The Anatinae is a subfamily of the family Anatidae that including swans, geese and ducks.

High-Definition Multimedia Interface
The High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) is a compact audio/video interface for transmitting uncompressed digital data. The primary use of an HDMI cable is to connect components such as a DVD Player to a High-Definition Television (HDTV). HDMI is the uncompressed, all-digital, global connectivity standard that delivers true [High-Definition] (HD) quality for consumer electronics and PC products via a single cable. It transmits digital video, multi-channel surround sound, and advanced control data through a single cable, replacing up to eleven older cables with a single connection.

Oil tanker
An oil tanker, also known as a petroleum tanker, is a ship designed for the bulk transport of oil. There are two basic types of oil tankers: the crude tanker and the product tanker. Crude tankers move large quantities of unrefined crude oil from its point of extraction to refineries. Product tankers, generally much smaller, are designed to move petrochemicals from refineries to points near consuming markets.

(128621) 2004 RD
128621 (2004 RD) is a Main Belt asteroid that was found on September 2, 2004 by James Whitney Young at the Table Mountain Observatory near Wrightwood, California.

(134010) 2004 VW28
134010 (2004 VW28) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on November 7, 2004 by James Whitney Young at the Table Mountain Observatory near Wrightwood, California.

1012 Sarema
1012 Sarema is a Main Belt asteroid that was found by Karl Wilhelm Reinmuth on January 12, 1924.

(9942) 1989 TM1
is a main belt asteroid that was found on October 8, 1989 by T. Hioki and N. Kawasato.

(143052) 2002 WY2
143052 (2002 WY2) is a Main Belt asteroid that was found on November 24, 2002 by James Whitney Young at the Table Mountain Observatory near Wrightwood, California.

(145166) 2005 JL
145166 (2005 JL) is a Main Belt asteroid that was found on May 3, 2005 by James Whitney Young at the Table Mountain Observatory near Wrightwood, California.

(147735) 2005 NE
147735 (2005 NE) is a Main Belt asteroid that was found on July 2, 2005 by James Whitney Young at the Table Mountain Observatory near Wrightwood, California.

1005 Arago
1005 Arago is a Main Belt asteroid that was found by Sergei Ivanovich Belyavsky on September 5, 1923.

10055 Silcher
10055 Silcher (1987 YC1) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on December 22, 1987 by Freimut Börngen at Tautenburg.

(147799) 2005 RA34
147799 (2005 RA34) is a Main Belt asteroid that was found on September 15, 2005 by James Whitney Young at the Table Mountain Observatory near Wrightwood, California.

10025 Rauer
10025 Rauer (1980 FO1) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on March 16, 1980 by Claes-Ingvar Lagerkvist at the European Southern Observatory.

(149450) 2003 CE14
149450 (2003 CE14) is a Main Belt asteroid that was found on February 6, 2003 by James Whitney Young at the Table Mountain Observatory near Wrightwood, California.

(149976) 2005 UO6
149976 (2003 UR19) is a Main Belt asteroid that was found on October 24, 2005 by James Whitney Young at the Table Mountain Observatory near Wrightwood, California.

Pesceana River (Olteţ)
The Pesceana River or Peşteana River is a tributary of the Olteţ River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olteţ River.

Brebina River (Bulba)
The Brebina River is a tributary of the Bulba River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bulba River.

Valea Cireşului River (Ploştina)
The Valea Cireşului River is a tributary of the Ploştina River in Romania. That means it flows into the Ploştina River.

Leurda River (Ploştina)
The Leurda River is a tributary of the Ploştina River in Romania. That means it flows into the Ploştina River.

Ştirbeţ River
The Ştirbeţ River is a tributary of the Ploştina River in Romania. That means it flows into the Ploştina River.

Roşiuţa River
The Roşiuţa River is a tributary of the Ploştina River in Romania. That means it flows into the Ploştina River.

Coşovăţ River
The Coşovăţ River is a tributary of the Motru River in Romania. That means it flows into the Motru River.

Sălătruc River (Motru)
The Sălătruc River is a tributary of the Motru River in Romania. That means it flows into the Motru River.

Strehaia
Strehaia is a town in Mehedinţi County, Oltenia, Romania. About 11,800 people live in Strehaia as of the year 2002.

Heritage railway
A heritage railway (United Kingdom), preserved railway (United Kingdom), or tourist railroad (United States and Canada) is a term used for a railway which is run as a tourist attraction, is usually but not always run by volunteers, and seeks to re-create railway scenes of the past. See List of heritage railways.

Copăcioasa River (Gilort)
The Copăcioasa River is a tributary of the Valea Rea River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Rea River.

Păiuş River
The Păiuş River is a tributary of the Capra River in Romania. That means it flows into the Capra River.

Ţiganu River (Gilort)
The Ţiganu River is a tributary of the Ciocadia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Ciocadia River.

Plăsala River
The Plăsala River is a tributary of the Ciocadia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Ciocadia River.

Aniniş River
The Aniniş River is a tributary of the Ciocadia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Ciocadia River.

Ciocazeaua Radoşului River
The Ciocazeaua Radoşului River is a tributary of the Aniniş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Aniniş River.

(152212) 2005 RG
152212 (2005 RG) is a Main Belt asteroid that was found on September 1, 2005 by James Whitney Young at the Table Mountain Observatory near Wrightwood, California.

(152471) 2005 WE1
152471 (2005 WE1) is a Main Belt asteroid that was found on November 21, 2005 by James Whitney Young at the Table Mountain Observatory near Wrightwood, California.

(158621) 2003 BJ
158621 (2003 BJ) is a Main Belt asteroid that was found on January 20, 2003 by James Whitney Young at the Table Mountain Observatory near Wrightwood, California.

(158899) 2004 QO
158899 (2003 UR19) is a Main Belt asteroid that was found on August 17, 2004 by James Whitney Young at the Table Mountain Observatory near Wrightwood, California.

(161384) 2003 UK25
161384 (2003 UK25) is a Main Belt asteroid that was found on October 24, 2003 by James Whitney Young at the Table Mountain Observatory near Wrightwood, California.

(163950) 2003 UN22
163950 (2003 UN22) is a Main Belt asteroid that was found on October 23, 2003 by James Whitney Young at the Table Mountain Observatory near Wrightwood, California.

(166609) 2002 RF232
166609 (2002 RF232) is a Main Belt asteroid that was found on September 10, 2002 by James Whitney Young at the Table Mountain Observatory near Wrightwood, California.

(170025) 2002 VO
170025 (2002 VO) is a Main Belt asteroid that was found on November 2, 2002 by James Whitney Young at the Table Mountain Observatory near Wrightwood, California.

(170026) 2002 VV2
170026 (2002 VV2) is a Main Belt asteroid that was found on November 4, 2002 by James Whitney Young at the Table Mountain Observatory near Wrightwood, California.

(170027) 2002 VH5
170027 (2002 VH5) is a Main Belt asteroid that was found on October 22, 2003 by James Whitney Young at the Table Mountain Observatory near Wrightwood, California.

(171287) 2006 GK3
171287 (2006 GK3) is a Main Belt asteroid that was found on April 7, 2006 by James Whitney Young at the Table Mountain Observatory near Wrightwood, California.

(172460) 2003 RT11
172460 (2003 RT11) is a Main Belt asteroid that was found on September 15, 2003 by James Whitney Young at the Table Mountain Observatory near Wrightwood, California.

(191323) 2003 KN
191323 (2003 KN) is a Main-belt asteroid that was found on May 22, 2003 by James Whitney Young at the Table Mountain Observatory near Wrightwood, California.

(191485) 2003 TO2
191485 (2003 TO2) is a Main-belt asteroid that was found on October 7, 2003 by James Whitney Young at the Table Mountain Observatory near Wrightwood, California.

(191621) 2004 MN3
191621 (2004 MN3) is a Main-belt asteroid that was found on June 19, 2004 by James Whitney Young at the Table Mountain Observatory near Wrightwood, California.

Pământ Alb River
The Pământ Alb River is a tributary of the Apa Mare River in Romania. That means it flows into the Apa Mare River.

Valea Apei River
The Valea Apei River is a tributary of the Pământ Alb River in Romania. That means it flows into the Pământ Alb River.

Chessel
Chessel is a municipality in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. It is found in the district of Aigle.

Duat
 Duat .
Duat also spelled Tuat is the Egyptian idea of the underworld(also called Akert, Amenthes, or Neter-khertet). To the Egyptians the underworld was divided into sections filled with dangers that the Egyptian Soul had to pass through. This is the same relm that Ra was believed to pass into each night and battle Apep. The Egyptian Underworld is described in many funerary texts found in tombs of mummies believed to help guide them through death.
In Duat is where the famous "Weighing of the Heart" is displayed. Where the soul shown as a heart is weighed on the scales of Anubis against the feather of Ma'at.
The Egyptian idea of the underworld influenced many other ideas of life after death in other cultures. Ammit was believed to eat the souls of people whose heart did not weigh the exact weight of Ma'at's feather. After this it was thought people either were digested eternally or were placed into a pit of liquid fire that shot from snakes mouths.

Măgheruş River (Bega)
The Măgheruş River is a tributary of the Beregsău River in Romania. That means it flows into the Beregsău River.

Giuroc River
The Giuroc River is a tributary of the Măgheruş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Măgheruş River.

Valea Lacului River (Bega)
The Valea Lacului River or Pârâul Lacului is a tributary of the Măgheruş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Măgheruş River.

Luda Bara River
The Luda Bara River or Seceani River is a tributary of the Măgheruş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Măgheruş River.

Ammit
Ammit was the Egyptian idea of the punishment of the soul. Ammit was believed to eat any souls found to have sin. They would them be digested for eternity in acid. Or, Ammit who was believed to be the guardian of a lake of fire, would place the soul into the liquid fire for all eternity.
Ammit was a mix of the crocodile, lion, and hippo. Some of the most feared animals in Egypt at the time.
Rather than being worshiped Ammit was feared, she was not viewed as a god. Although she was viewed as a good force because she destroyed the evil.
Although Ammit is seen as a devouring entity, she is neutral and strictly serves at the whim of the other deities to take souls that have sinned against the gods and consign them into oblivion.

Fibiş River
The Fibiş River is a tributary of the Beregsău River in Romania. That means it flows into the Beregsău River.

Valea Porcului River (Ilba)
The Valea Porcului River is a tributary of the Ilba River in Romania. That means it flows into the Ilba River.

Mesteacănu River (Ilba)
The Mesteacănu River is a headwater of the Ilba River in Romania.

Valea Colbului River
The Valea Colbului River is a tributary of the Ilba River in Romania. That means it flows into the Ilba River.

Izvorul Băilor River (Ilba)
The Izvorul Băilor River is a tributary of the Valea Colbului River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Colbului River.

Pistruia Mică River
The Pistruia Mică River is a headwater of the Pistruia River in Romania.

Pistruia Mare River
The Pistruia Mare River is a headwater of the Pistruia River in Romania.

Valea Stejarului River (Firiza)
The Valea Stejarului River is a tributary of the Firiza River in Romania. That means it flows into the Firiza River.

Valea Romană River
The Valea Romană River is a tributary of the Firiza River in Romania. That means it flows into the Firiza River.

Jidovoaia River
The Jidovoaia River is a tributary of the Firiza River in Romania. That means it flows into the Firiza River.

Valea Plopilor River (Firiza)
The Valea Plopilor River is a tributary of the Jidovoaia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Jidovoaia River.

Limpedea River (Firiza)
The Limpedea River is a tributary of the Jidovoaia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Jidovoaia River.

Glodişor River
The Glodişor River is a tributary of the Jidovoaia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Jidovoaia River.

Valea Cerbului River (Firiza)
The Valea Cerbului River is a tributary of the Firiza River in Romania. That means it flows into the Firiza River.

Valea Vălinelor River
The Valea Vălinelor River is a tributary of the Firiza River in Romania. That means it flows into the Firiza River.

Valea Roşie River (Firiza)
The Valea Roşie River is a tributary of the Firiza River in Romania. That means it flows into the Firiza River.

Valea Trei Crai River
The Valea Trei Crai River is a tributary of the Valea Roşie River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Roşie River.

Şonioca Mare River
The Şonioca Mare River is a tributary of the Firiza River in Romania. That means it flows into the Firiza River.

Ciurgău River (Slătioara)
The Ciurgău River is a tributary of the Slătioara River in Romania. That means it flows into the Slătioara River.

Valea Ursului River (Ciurgău)
The Valea Ursului River is a tributary of the Ciurgău River in Romania. That means it flows into the Ciurgău River.

Pârâul lui Ion
The Pârâul lui Ion is a tributary of the Slătioara River in Romania. That means it flows into the Slătioara River.

Valea Lătoacei River
The Valea Lătoacei River is a tributary of the Pârâul lui Ion in Romania. That means it flows into the Pârâul lui Ion.

Valea Seacă River (Suha)
The Valea Seacă River is a tributary of the Suha River in Romania. That means it flows into the Suha River.

Ostra, Suceava
Ostra is a commune that is found in Suceava County, Romania.

Gyula, Hungary
Gyula is a town in Békés county in the south-eastern part of Hungary.

Coşu River
The Coşu River is a tributary of the Nechitu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Nechitu River.

Duraşu River
The Duraşu River is a tributary of the Nechitu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Nechitu River.

Varniţele River
The Varniţele River is a tributary of the Nechitu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Nechitu River.

Ivaneş River
The Ivaneş River is a tributary of the Dămuc River in Romania. That means it flows into the Dămuc River.

Ivăncelul River
The Ivăncelul River is a tributary of the Ivaneş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Ivaneş River.

Băţul River
The Băţul River is a tributary of the Dămuc River in Romania. That means it flows into the Dămuc River.

Jgheabu Muntelui River
The Jgheabu Muntelui River is a tributary of the Băţul River in Romania. That means it flows into the Băţul River.

Râul Prăsiliei
The Râul Prăsiliei is a tributary of the Băţul River in Romania. That means it flows into the Băţul River.

Asău River (Bicaz)
The Asău River is a tributary of the Dămuc River in Romania. That means it flows into the Dămuc River.

Arşiţa River (Dămuc)
The Arşiţa River is a tributary of the Dămuc River in Romania. That means it flows into the Dămuc River.

Pârâul Sec (Dămuc)
The Pârâul Sec is a tributary of the Dămuc River in Romania. That means it flows into the Dămuc River.

Alunişu River (Dămuc)
The Alunişu River is a tributary of the Pârâul Sec in Romania. That means it flows into the Pârâul Sec.

2009 Voloshina
2009 Voloshina is a main belt asteroid that was found on October 22, 1968 by T.M. Smirnova.

2010 Chebyshev
2010 Chebyshev (1969 TL4) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on October 13, 1969 by Burnasheva, B. at Nauchnyj.

Gadsden, Alabama
Gadsden is a city in and the county seat of Etowah County, northeastern Alabama, United States, approximately 60 miles northeast of Birmingham.

2013 Tucapel
2013 Tucapel (1971 UH4) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on October 22, 1971 by C. Torres on exposures by J. Petit at the University of Chile, Cerro El Roble Station.

3013 Dobrovoleva
3013 Dobrovoleva (1979 SD7) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 23, 1979 by Chernykh, N. at Nauchnyj.

Geneva, Alabama
Geneva is a city in and the county seat of Geneva County, Alabama, United States. It is part of the Dothan, Alabama Metropolitan Statistical Area. It is also the largest city of Geneva County.

Gardendale, Alabama
Gardendale is a city in Jefferson County, Alabama, United States, and a northern suburb of Birmingham.

3014 Huangsushu
3014 Huangsushu (1979 TM) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on October 11, 1979 by Purple Mountain Observatory at Nanking.

3029 Sanders
3029 Sanders (1981 EA8) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on March 01, 1981 by S. J. Bus at Siding Spring.

Akan, Wisconsin
Akan is a town in Richland County, Wisconsin, United States. 444 people lived there as of the year 2002.

Alban, Wisconsin
Alban is a town in Portage County, Wisconsin, United States. 897 people lived there as of the year 2000.

Guntersville, Alabama
Guntersville is a city in Marshall County, Alabama, United States and is included in the Huntsville-Decatur Combined Statistical Area. At the 2000 census, the population of the city was 7,395. The city is the county seat of Marshall County.

Guin, Alabama
Guin is a city in Marion County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 2,389.
On April 3, 1974, Guin was devastated by an F5 tornado during the Super Outbreak, the largest tornado outbreak on record. The death toll in Guin was 30, which, at the time, was 11% of the population.

Greenville, Alabama
Greenville is a city in Butler County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census, the population was 7,228. The city is the county seat of Butler County and is known as the Camellia City, the state flower of Alabama.

Greensboro, Alabama
Greensboro is a city in Hale County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 2,731. The city is the county seat of Hale County. It is part of the Tuscaloosa, Alabama Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Graysville, Alabama
Graysville is a city in Jefferson County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 2,344.

Goodwater, Alabama
Goodwater is a city in Coosa County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 1,633. It is part of the Alexander City Micropolitan Statistical Area.

Glencoe, Alabama
Glencoe is a city in Calhoun and Etowah Counties in the U.S. state of Alabama. It is part of the Gadsden Metropolitan Statistical Area. At the 2000 census the population was 5,152.

Albany, Green County, Wisconsin
Albany is a town in Green County, Wisconsin, United States. 775 people lived here as of the year 2000.

Albany, Pepin County, Wisconsin
Albany is a town in Pepin County, Wisconsin, United States. 620 people lived here as of the year 2000.

Albion, Dane County, Wisconsin
Albion is a town in Dane County, Wisconsin, United States. 1,823 people lived here as of the year 2000.

3035 Chambers
3035 Chambers (A924 EJ) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on March 07, 1924 by Reinmuth, K. at Heidelberg.

3026 Sarastro
3026 Sarastro (1977 TA1) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on October 12, 1977 by P. Wild at Zimmerwald.

3031 Houston
3031 Houston is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on February 08, 1984 by Edward L. G. ("Ted") Bowell at the Lowell Observatory, Anderson Mesa Station.

20230 Blanchard
20230 Blanchard (1997 XH5) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on December 6, 1997 by the OCA-DLR Asteroid Survey at Caussols.

20234 Billgibson
20234 Billgibson (1998 AV9) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on January 6, 1998 by M. W. Buie at the Anderson Mesa station of the Lowell Observatory.

20242 Sagot
20242 Sagot (1998 DN27) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on February 27, 1998 by P. Antonini at Bedoin.

20246 Frappa
20246 Frappa (1998 ER6) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on March 1, 1998 by the OCA-DLR Asteroid Survey at Caussols.

20254 Úpice
is a main belt asteroid that was found on March 21, 1998.

20256 Adolfneckař
20256 Adolfneckař is a Main Belt asteroid that was found on March 23, 1998 at Ondřejov Observatory in the Czech Republic by P. Pravec.

20259 Alanhoffman
20259 Alanhoffman (1998 FV10) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on March 24, 1998 by the OCA-DLR Asteroid Survey at Caussols.

20264 Chauhan
20264 Chauhan (1998 FV20) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on March 20, 1998 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro.

20265 Yuyinchen
20265 Yuyinchen (1998 FP23) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on March 20, 1998 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro.

20266 Danielchoi
20266 Danielchoi (1998 FK26) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on March 20, 1998 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro.

20268 Racollier
20268 Racollier (1998 FC28) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on March 20, 1998 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro.

10006 Sessai
10006 Sessai (1976 UR15) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on October 22, 1976 by H. Kosai and K. Hurukawa at the Kiso Station of the Tokyo Astronomical Observatory.

10007 Malytheatre
10007 Malytheatre (1976 YF3) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on December 16, 1976 by L. I. Chernykh at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory.

1042 Amazone
1042 Amazone is a Main Belt asteroid that was found by Karl Wilhelm Reinmuth on April 22, 1925.

10050 Rayman
10050 Rayman (1987 MA1) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on June 28, 1987 by Eleanor F. Helin at Palomar.

10515 Old Joe
10515 Old Joe is a main-belt asteroid that was found by Brian G. W. Manning on October 31, 1989. He was from Stakenbridge, in the village of Churchill, near Kidderminster, Worcestershire, England.

10516 Sakurajima
10516 Sakurajima (1989 VQ) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on November 1, 1989 by M. Mukai and M. Takeishi at JCPM Kagoshima Station.

12418 Tongling
12418 Tongling (1995 UX2) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on October 23, 1995 by the Beijing Schmidt CCD Asteroid Program at Xinglong.

12414 Bure
12414 Bure (1995 SR29) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 26, 1995 by T. V. Kryachko at the Zelenchukskaya Station of the Engelhardt Observatory.

124192 Moletai
124192 Moletai (2001 OM65) is a Mars-crossing asteroid that was found on July 26, 2001 by K. Cernis and V. Laugalys at Moletai Astronomical Observatory.

12421 Zhenya
12421 Zhenya (1995 UH5) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on October 16, 1995 by T. V. Kryachko at the Zelenchukskaya Station of the Engelhardt Observatory.

12423 Slotin
12423 Slotin is a main belt asteroid that was found on October 17, 1995 by Spacewatch.

12431 Webster
12431 Webster (1995 YY10) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on December 18, 1995 by Spacewatch at Kitt Peak.

12433 Barbieri
12433 Barbieri (1996 AF4) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on January 15, 1996 by M. Tombelli and U. Munari at Cima Ekar.

12437 Westlane
12437 Westlane (1996 BN6) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on January 18, 1996 by Spacewatch at Kitt Peak.

12439 Okasaki
12439 Okasaki (1996 CA3) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on February 15, 1996 by T. Okuni at Nanyo.

12443 Paulsydney
12443 Paulsydney (1996 EQ2) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on March 15, 1996 by the AMOS team at Haleakala.

2007 McCuskey
2007 McCuskey is a Main Belt asteroid that was found at the Goethe Link Observatory near Brooklyn, Indiana by the Indiana Asteroid Program on September 22, 1963.

20174 Eisenstein
20174 Eisenstein (1996 XD20) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on December 13, 1996 by P. G. Comba at Prescott.

2017 Wesson
2017 Wesson (A903 SC) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 20, 1903 by M. Wolf at Heidelberg.

13010 Germantitov
13010 Germantitov (1986 QR5) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on August 29, 1986 by L. V. Zhuravleva at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory.

13011 Loeillet
13011 Loeillet (1987 QS5) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on August 26, 1987 by E. W. Elst at the European Southern Observatory.

13014 Hasslacher
13014 Hasslacher (1987 WJ1) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on November 17, 1987 by R. P. Binzel at the Anderson Mesa Station of the Lowell Observatory.

13024 Conradferdinand
13024 Conradferdinand (1989 AJ6) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on January 11, 1989 by F. Borngen at Tautenburg.

40227 Tahiti
40227 Tahiti (1998 SR145) is a Outer Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 20, 1998 by E. W. Elst at the European Southern Observatory.

40328 Dow
40328 Dow (1999 MK) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on June 20, 1999 by D. Healy at Junk Bond Observatory in Sierra Vista, Arizona.

40410 Příhoda
is a main belt asteroid that was found on September 4, 1999.

40440 Dobrovský
is a main belt asteroid that was found on September 11, 1999.

40441 Jungmann
40441 Jungmann (1999 RW34) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 11, 1999 by P. Kušnirák and P. Pravec at Ondrejov.

40444 Palacký
is a main belt asteroid that was found on September 12, 1999.

40457 Williamkuhn
40457 Williamkuhn (1999 RG43) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 4, 1999 by M. Collins and M. White at the OCA-Anza Observatory.

40459 Rektorys
40459 Rektorys (1999 RK43) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 14, 1999 by P. Pravec and P. Kusnirk at Ondrejov.

24587 Kapaneus
24587 Kapaneus (4613 T-2) is a Jupiter Trojan that was found on September 30, 1973 by C. J. van Houten and I. van Houten-Groeneveld at Palomar.

20403 Attenborough
20403 Attenborough (1998 OW11) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on July 22, 1998 by J. Broughton at Reedy Creek Observatory.

Reedy Creek Observatory
Reedy Creek Observatory is an observatory for looking at Near-Earth objects. It is run by John Broughton, an Australian astronomer. It can be found on the Gold Coast, Queensland at Reedy Creek, Queensland.

20405 Barryburke
20405 Barryburke (1998 QP6) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on August 24, 1998 by the OCA-DLR Asteroid Survey at Caussols.

20103 de Vico
20103 de Vico (1995 JK) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on May 6, 1995 by R. Calanca at Cavezzo.

20106 Morton
20106 Morton (1995 QG) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on August 20, 1995 by D. D. Balam at the National Research Council of Canada.

20107 Nanyotenmondai
is a main belt asteroid that was found on August 28, 1995.

20109 Alicelandis
20109 Alicelandis (1995 RJ) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 12, 1995 by J. L. Tonry at the Michigan-Dartmouth-MIT Observatory.

20120 Ryugatake
20120 Ryugatake (1995 WB5) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on November 24, 1995 by T. Kobayashi at Oizumi.

20135 Juels
20135 Juels (1996 JC) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on May 7, 1996 by P. G. Comba at Prescott.

20136 Eisenhart
20136 Eisenhart (1996 NA) is a Inner Main-belt Asteroid that was found on July 8, 1996 by P. G. Comba at Prescott.

20140 Costitx
20140 Costitx (1996 QT1) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on August 23, 1996 by M. Blasco at Observatorio Astronomico de Mallorca.

20141 Markidger
20141 Markidger (1996 RL5) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 13, 1996 by M. Blasco at Observatorio Astronomico de Mallorca.

20151 Utsunomiya
20151 Utsunomiya (1996 TO6) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on October 5, 1996 by A. Nakamura at Kuma Kogen.

20155 Utewindolf
20155 Utewindolf (1996 TS11) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on October 13, 1996 by P. G. Comba at Prescott.
Other websites.
Utewindolf

20156 Herbwindolf
20156 Herbwindolf (1996 TU11) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on October 13, 1996 by P. G. Comba at Prescott.

Prescott Observatory
Prescott Observatory is an observatory that is used by Paul G. Comba. He looks at Near-Earth objects through a telescope. Many asteroids have been found at Prescott Observatory.

20164 Janzajíc
is a main belt asteroid that was found on November 9, 1996.

20187 Janapittichová
is a main belt asteroid that was found on January 14, 1997.

20197 Enriques
20197 Enriques (1997 CK22) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on February 14, 1997 by P. G. Comba at Prescott.

23452 Drew
23452 Drew (1988 QF) is a Inner Main-belt Asteroid that was found on August 18, 1988 by C. S. Shoemaker and E. M. Shoemaker at Palomar.

23455 Fumi
23455 Fumi (1988 XY4) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on December 5, 1988 by T. Nakamura at Kiso.

Falconiformes
The order Falconiformes is a group of about 290 species of birds that include the diurnal birds of prey. All have nidicolous young and biparental care.

23457 Beiderbecke
23457 Beiderbecke (1989 GV6) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on April 5, 1989 by M. Geffert at the European Southern Observatory.

14564 Heasley
14564 Heasley (1998 BX13) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on January 26, 1998 by Spacewatch at Kitt Peak.

14567 Nicovincenti
14567 Nicovincenti (1998 MQ8) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on June 19, 1998 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro.

14550 Lehký
is a main belt asteroid that was found on October 27, 1997.

14551 Itagaki
14551 Itagaki (1997 UN8) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on October 22, 1997 by T. Okuni at Nanyo.

Şuia River
The Şuia River is a tributary of the Olpret River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olpret River.

Răstolţ River
The Răstolţ River is a tributary of the Agrij River in Romania. That means it flows into the Agrij River.

Sălaj River
The Sălaj River is a tributary of the Someş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Someş River.

Nadiş River
The Nadiş River is a tributary of the Sălaj River in Romania. That means it flows into the Sălaj River.

Asuaj River
The Asuaj River is a tributary of the Sălaj River in Romania. That means it flows into the Sălaj River.

Cioara River (Sălaj)
The Cioara River is a tributary of the Sălaj River in Romania. That means it flows into the Sălaj River.

Urmeniş River (Sălaj)
The Urmeniş River is a tributary of the Sălaj River in Romania. That means it flows into the Sălaj River.

Tămăşeşti River (Sălaj)
The Tămăşeşti River is a tributary of the Sălaj River in Romania. That means it flows into the Sălaj River.

Mineu River
The Mineu River is a tributary of the Sălaj River in Romania. That means it flows into the Sălaj River.

Căminul River
The Căminul River is a tributary of the Sălaj River in Romania. That means it flows into the Sălaj River.

Oarţa River
The Oarţa River is a tributary of the Sălaj River in Romania. That means it flows into the Sălaj River.

Stânjaru River
The Stânjaru River is a tributary of the Oarţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Oarţa River.

Băseşti River
The Băseşti River is a tributary of the Sălaj River in Romania. That means it flows into the Sălaj River.

Trapezia River
The Trapezia River is a tributary of the Nemţişor River in Romania. That means it flows into the Nemţişor River.

Pârâul Rău (Târzia)
The Pârâul Rău is a tributary of the Târzia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Târzia River.

Slătioara River (Brusturi)
The Slătioara River is a tributary of the Târzia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Târzia River.

Botoşana River (Suha)
The Botoşana River is a tributary of the Suha River in Romania. That means it flows into the Suha River.

Brăteasca River
The Brăteasca River is a tributary of the Suha River in Romania. That means it flows into the Suha River.

Putna Mică River
The Putna Mică River is a headwater of the Putna River in Romania.

Pârâul Roşu (Putna)
The Pârâul Roşu or Putna Mare River is a headwater of the Putna River in Romania.

Cârstea River
The Cârstea River is a tributary of the Putna River in Romania. That means it flows into the Putna River.

Tiniş River
The Tiniş River is a tributary of the Putna River in Romania. That means it flows into the Putna River.

Putnişoara River (Moldova)
The Putnişoara River is a tributary of the Putna River in Romania. That means it flows into the Putna River.

Şandru River (Putna)
The Şandru River is a tributary of the Putna River in Romania. That means it flows into the Putna River.

Văcăria River (Putna)
The Văcăria River is a tributary of the Putna River in Romania. That means it flows into the Putna River.

Pârâul Frumos (Putna)
The Pârâul Frumos or Frumosu River is a tributary of the Putna River in Romania. That means it flows into the Putna River.

Samson, Alabama
Samson is a city in Geneva County, Alabama, United States. It is part of the Dothan, Alabama Metropolitan Statistical Area. At the 2000 census the population was 2,071.

Saraland, Alabama
Saraland is a city in Mobile County, Alabama, in the United States, and a suburb of Mobile, Alabama. As of the 2000 census, the population of the city is 12,288. It is a part of the Mobile metropolitan statistical area. Saraland is the third largest city in Mobile County.

Satsuma, Alabama
Satsuma is a city in Mobile County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 5,687. It is a part of the Mobile metropolitan statistical area.

Scottsboro, Alabama
Scottsboro is a city in Jackson County, Alabama, United States, and is included in the Huntsville-Decatur Combined Statistical Area. As of the 2000 census, the population of the city is 14,762. Named for its founder Robert Scott, the city is the county seat of Jackson County.

Selma, Alabama
Selma is a city in and the county seat of Dallas County, Alabama, United States, located on the banks of the Alabama River. The population was 20,512 at the 2000 census. The city is best known for the Selma to Montgomery marches, three civil rights marches that began in the city.

Sheffield, Alabama
Sheffield is a city in Colbert County, Alabama, United States, and is included in The Shoals MSA. As of the 2000 census, the population of the city is 9,652. Sheffield is the birthplace of notable attorney, actor, former senator and presidential contender Fred Thompson.

Slocomb, Alabama
Slocomb is a city in Geneva County, Alabama, United States. It is part of the Dothan, Alabama Metropolitan Statistical Area. At the 2000 census the population was 2,052. The community is named after postmaster, Frank W. Slocomb.

Smiths Station, Alabama
Smiths Station is a city in Lee County, Alabama, United States. It is a part of the Auburn Metropolitan Area, but is more closely tied to the Columbus, Georgia-Alabama Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Stevenson, Alabama
Stevenson is a city in Jackson County, Alabama, United States, and is included in the Huntsville-Decatur Combined Statistical Area. As of the 2000 census, the population of the city is 1,770.

Spanish Fort, Alabama
Spanish Fort is a city in Baldwin County, Alabama, United States, located on the eastern shore of Mobile Bay.

Southside, Alabama
Southside is a city in Etowah county in the U.S. state of Alabama. It is part of the Gadsden Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 7,036 at the 2000 census.

Sulligent, Alabama
Sulligent is a city in Lamar County, Alabama, United States. As of the 2000 census, the population of the city is 2,151. The name is derived from railroad personae.

Sumiton, Alabama
Sumiton is a city in Jefferson and Walker Counties in the U.S. state of Alabama. At the 2000 census the population was 2,665.

Sylacauga, Alabama
Sylacauga is a city in Talladega County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 12,616.

Sadova, Suceava
Sadova is a commune that can be found in Suceava County, Romania.

Cremeneşti River
The Cremeneşti River is a tributary of the Vulcanu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Vulcanu River.

Roşcova River
The Roşcova River is a tributary of the Moldoviţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Moldoviţa River.

Raşca River
The Raşca River is a tributary of the Moldoviţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Moldoviţa River.

Săcrieş River
The Săcrieş River () is a tributary of the Moldoviţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Moldoviţa River.

Deia River (Moldoviţa)
The Deia River is a tributary of the Moldoviţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Moldoviţa River.

Deiţa River
The Deiţa River is a tributary of the Deia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Deia River.

Lupoaia River (Moldova)
The Lupoaia River is a tributary of the Moldoviţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Moldoviţa River.

Dragoşa River
The Dragoşa River is a tributary of the Moldoviţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Moldoviţa River.

Frumosu River (Moldoviţa)
The Frumosu River is a tributary of the Moldoviţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Moldoviţa River.

Demăcuşa River
The Demăcuşa River is a tributary of the Moldoviţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Moldoviţa River.

Petac River
The Petac River or Petacu River is a tributary of the Demăcuşa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Demăcuşa River.

Fireflight
Fireflight is an American christian rock band which originated from Eustis, Florida. The band formed in 1999.

Teasc
Teasc is a commune of Dolj County, Romania. 3,360 people live in Teasc.

Christian rock
Christian rock is a type of Rock music that is used by Christians to glorify God.

Brădetul River (Teleajen)
The Brădetul River is a tributary of the Teleajen River in Romania. That means it flows into the Teleajen River.

Pârâul lui Iepure
The Pârâul lui Iepure River is a tributary of the Teleajen River in Romania. That means it flows into the Teleajen River.

Pleşu River (Teleajen)
The Pleşu River is a tributary of the Teleajen River in Romania. That means it flows into the Teleajen River.

Cheiţa River (Teleajen)
The Cheiţa River is a headwater of the Teleajen River in Romania. That means it flows into the Teleajen River.

Pârâul Roşu (Teleajen)
The Pârâul Roşu is a tributary of the Cheiţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Cheiţa River.

Pârâul Cucului
The Pârâul Cucului is a tributary of the Cheiţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Cheiţa River.

Tigăile Mari River
The Tigăile Mari River is a tributary of the Cheiţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Cheiţa River.

Tigăile Mici River
The Tigăile Mici River is a tributary of the Cheiţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Cheiţa River.

Izvorul lui Manole River
The Izvorul lui Manole River is a tributary of the Cheiţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Cheiţa River.

Bratocea River
The Bratocea River is a tributary of the Cheiţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Cheiţa River.

Pârâul Caprei (Bratocea)
The Pârâul Caprei is a tributary of the Bratocea River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bratocea River.

Babeş River
The Babeş River is a tributary of the Cheiţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Cheiţa River.

Izvorul Mioarelor River (Babeş)
The Izvoarul Mioarelor River is a tributary of the Babeş River in Romania. That means it flows into the Babeş River.

Valea Neagră River (Teleajen)
The Valea Neagră River is a tributary of the Teleajen River in Romania. That means it flows into the Teleajen River.

Mogoşu River (Teleajen)
The Mogoşu River is a tributary of the Teleajen River in Romania. That means it flows into the Teleajen River.

Michael Howe (bushranger)
Michael Howe (1787 - October 21, 1818) was a famous bushranger in Tasmania, Australia. He called himself the "Lieutenant Governor of the Woods". He kept a written record of his thoughts in a book he called "The Journal of Dreams".
Early life.
Howe was born in Pontefract, Yorkshire, in 1787. He joined the merchant navy at Hull. After a short while he ran away and joined the Royal Navy. He deserted (left without permission) the navy after two years. He had his own small boat and carried coal. In 1811 Howe was arrested at York and charged with highway robbery. He was sentenced to 7 years in Van Diemen's Land.
Convict.
Howe arrived in Hobart on October 19, 1812, on the convict ship "Indefatigable". He was sent to work for John Ingle, who had once been the Supervisor of Convicts. He was now a farmer and merchant. Howe soon escaped and went into the bush. He joined up with a large group of escaped convicts who had become bushrangers (robbers). The gang of 28 was led by John Whitehead. It included two soldiers (who had deserted) and two aboriginal women.
Bushranger.
The bushrangers robbed a lot of houses and farms around New Norfolk. On April 25, 1815, the gang went to the house of a Mr.Carlisle. Carlisle and his friends went out to stop the gang from stealing a boat. Carlisle was shot dead, and his neighbour, Mr.O'Birne, was badly wounded. O'Birne died a few days later. The gang returned to New Norfolk in May 1815, to rob more houses. They met a group of soldiers and John Whitehead was shot and killed. To claim a reward for killing a bushranger, the body had to be identified. To stop people from claiming a reward for their capture, Howe and Whitehead had made a promise to each other. This would be to cut the head off whoever was killed first so no one would know who it was. As soon as Whitehead was shot, his head was cut off by Howe and hidden in the bush.
Leader of the bushrangers.
After Whitehead's death, Howe became leader of the gang of bushrangers. He set up the gang as if they were on board a ship. Gang members could be punished if they broke the gang's rules. Punishment included having to cut and carry firewood, and even included being lashed (whipped). Howe would read to them from the Bible. He wrote letters to Governor Davey. In 1816 he signed the letters as "Lieutentant Governor of the Woods." In 1817 he began calling himself the "Governor of the Ranges." He was living with an aboriginal woman, called "Black Mary." Members of the gang were known to be James Garry, Peter Septon, George Jones, Richard Colier, John Chapman, Thomas Coyne, James Parker, Mathew Kegan, John Brown and Nenis Curry. The gang continued to rob people at Green Point, Coal River, and Bagdad.
Surrender.
In 1817, Howe wrote to Governor William Sorell and offered to give himself up in return for a free pardon (not be put in gaol for any crimes). He offered to tell the government where all the gang members could be found. He was put into Hobart gaol while he was being questioned about the gang. He escaped while being taken for a walk through Hobart to get fresh air. He went back and rejoined the gang. Governor Lachlan Macquarie in Sydney stopped the pardon, and told Sorell to put more effort in to capture Howe. Sorell offered money, a free pardon and a return to England for anyone that captured Howe.
The gang breaks up.
The hunt for the bushrangers became more organized. John Chapman and a man called Elliot were shot dead by the soldiers in 1817. A gang member called Hillier cut Peter Septon's head off to claim a reward. He also tried to cut off Richard Colier's head. Both men were hurt in the struggle. Hillier was taken to Sydney where he was executed by hanging. Colier was executed in Hobart on March 26, 1818. In April, 1818, a group of convicts tried to steal a government boat. They were going to rescue Howe and take him to America. John Brown, James Parker, Thomas Coyne and Mathew Kegan gave themselves up to the military. They were all taken to Newcastle, New South Wales where they were given the lash (whipped) and sent to gaol.
Captured.
In September 1818, a group came from Sydney to join in the hunt for Howe. They wanted the reward. One member of the group was the famous aboriginal tracker, Mosquito. They nearly caught him. They did get his guns and his knapsack (a backpack). In the knapsack they found his "Journal of Dreams". It was a book made from kangaroo skin and Howe had written in it using kangaroo blood as ink. In it Howe wrote about his fear of being killed by the aborigines, his dreams of his sister, and lists of vegetables and flowers he would grow in a house in the forest. As he escaped, Howe thought Black Mary was slowing him down, so he tried to shoot her.
On October 10, Howe was captured by two people he knew and trusted, Watts and Drewe. He managed to untie himself and stabbed Watts and shot Drewe dead. Watts died later from the injuries. On October 21, 1818, Black Mary led another two men, a convict, Thomas Worrall, and a soldier, William Pugh, to where Howe was hiding near the Shannon River. Worrall had been a sailor who had been sent to Van Diemen's Land for his part in the naval mutiny at the Nore (mouth of the Thames) in 1797. He wanted the reward so he could be free and return to England. All the men shot at each other, but after a fierce fight, Pugh and Worrall bashed Howe to death with their muskets (guns).
Howe was buried by the river, but his head was taken back to Hobart where it was put on public display.
Australian first.
Much of the information comes from a book by Governor Sorell's secretary, Thomas Wells. The book was called "Michael Howe, the Last and Worst of the Bushrangers of Van Diemen's Land" and printed in 1818 in Hobart. This was the first work of general literature printed in Australia.

Pârâul Stânei (Teleajen)
The Pârâul Stânei is a tributary of the Teleajen River in Romania. That means it flows into the Teleajen River.

Dâmbu River
The Dâmbu River is a tributary of the Teleajen River in Romania. That means it flows into the Teleajen River.

Slănic River (Teleajen)
The Slănic River is a tributary of the Teleajen River in Romania. That means it flows into the Teleajen River.

Călmâiasa River
The Călmâiasa River is a tributary of the Bertea River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bertea River.

Valea Albă River (Vărbilău)
The Valea Albă River is a tributary of the Vărbilău River in Romania. That means it flows into the Vărbilău River.

Valea Seacă River (Vărbilău)
The Valea Seacă River is a tributary of the Vărbilău River in Romania. That means it flows into the Vărbilău River.

Valea Pietrei River (Vărbilău)
The Valea Pietrei River is a tributary of the Vărbilău River in Romania. That means it flows into the Vărbilău River.

Valea Brădetului River (Vărbilău)
The Valea Brădetului River is a tributary of the Vărbilău River in Romania. That means it flows into the Vărbilău River.

Valea Poienii River (Vărbilău)
The Valea Poienii River is a tributary of the Vărbilău River in Romania. That means it flows into the Vărbilău River.

Clăbucet River (Vărbilău)
The Clăbucet River is a headwater of the Vărbilău River in Romania.

Valea Secărei River
The Valea Secărei River is a tributary of the Vărbilău River in Romania. That means it flows into the Vărbilău River.

Carpenul River (Teleajen)
The Carpenul River is a tributary of the Teleajen River in Romania. That means it flows into the Teleajen River.

Valea Popii River (Teleajen)
The Valea Popii River is a tributary of the Teleajen River in Romania. That means it flows into the Teleajen River.

Valea Orăţii River (Teleajen)
The Valea Orăţii River is a tributary of the Teleajen River in Romania. That means it flows into the Teleajen River.

Valea Movilişului River
The Valea Movilişului River is a tributary of the Teleajen River in Romania. That means it flows into the Teleajen River.

Duţca River
The Duţca River is a tributary of the Valea Fetei River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Fetei River.

Valea Varniţelor River
The Valea Varniţelor River is a tributary of the Valea Fetei River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Fetei River.

Pârâul Roşu (Azuga)
The Pârâul Roşu is a tributary of the Azuga River in Romania. That means it flows into the Azuga River.

Neil Peart
Neil Peart (born Neil Ellwood Peart, September 12, 1952, Hamilton, Ontario) is a Canadian musician and author. He is best-known as the drummer and lyricist for the rock band Rush. He is also an author of 4 books, including Ghost Rider, a book about his life after both his daughter and his wife died within a year of each other. He has won many awards for his drumming, and is often considered one of the greatest drummers of all time.

Valea Lacului Roşu River
The Valea Lacului Roşu River is a tributary of the Azuga River in Romania. That means it flows into the Azuga River.

Ştevia River (Azuga)
The Ştevia River is a tributary of the Azuga River in Romania. That means it flows into the Azuga River.

Valea Roşie River (Azuga)
The Valea Roşie River is a tributary of the Azuga River in Romania. That means it flows into the Azuga River.

Unghia Mică River
The Unghia Mică River is a tributary of the Azuga River in Romania. That means it flows into the Azuga River.

Unghia Mare River
The Unghia Mare River or Frumoasa River is a tributary of the Azuga River in Romania. That means it flows into the Azuga River.

Ceauşoaia River
The Ceauşoaia River is a tributary of the Azuga River in Romania. That means it flows into the Azuga River.

Limbăşelu River
The Limbăşelu River is a tributary of the Azuga River in Romania. That means it flows into the Azuga River.

Cenuşeroaia River
The Cenuşeroaia River is a tributary of the Limbăşelu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Limbăşelu River.

Limbăşelu Mare River
The Limbăşelu Mare River is a headwater of the Limbăşelu River in Romania.

Limbăşelu Mic River
The Limbăşelu Mic River is a headwater of the Limbăşelu River in Romania.

Căşăria River (Azuga)
The Căşăria River is a tributary of the Azuga River in Romania. That means it flows into the Azuga River.

Valea Pichetului River
The Valea Pichetului River is a tributary of the Azuga River in Romania. That means it flows into the Azuga River.

Râul Sticlăriei
The Râul Sticlăriei is a tributary of the Vulcana River in Romania. That means it flows into the Vulcana River.

Communes of the Sarthe department
There are 375 communes in the Sarthe "département", in France.

Aigné
Aigné is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Aillières-Beauvoir
Aillières-Beauvoir is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Allonnes, Sarthe
Allonnes is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Amné
Amné is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Ancinnes
Ancinnes is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Arçonnay
Arçonnay is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Ardenay-sur-Mérize
Ardenay-sur-Mérize is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Arnage, Sarthe
Arnage is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Arthezé
Arthezé is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Asnières-sur-Vègre
Asnières-sur-Vègre is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Assé-le-Boisne
Assé-le-Boisne is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Assé-le-Riboul
Assé-le-Riboul is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Aubigné-Racan
Aubigné-Racan is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Auvers-le-Hamon
Auvers-le-Hamon is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Auvers-sous-Montfaucon
Auvers-sous-Montfaucon is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Avesnes-en-Saosnois
Avesnes-en-Saosnois is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Avessé
Avessé is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Avezé
Avezé is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Avoise
Avoise is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Ballon, Sarthe
Ballon is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Bazouges-sur-le-Loir
Bazouges-sur-le-Loir is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Beaufay
Beaufay is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Beaumont-Pied-de-Bœuf, Sarthe
Beaumont-Pied-de-Boeuf is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Beaumont-sur-Dême
Beaumont-sur-Dême is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Beaumont-sur-Sarthe
Beaumont-sur-Sarthe is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Beillé
Beillé is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Berfay
Berfay is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Bernay-en-Champagne
Bernay-en-Champagne is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Bérus
Bérus is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Bessé-sur-Braye
Bessé-sur-Braye is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Béthon
Béthon is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Blèves
Blèves is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Boëssé-le-Sec
Boëssé-le-Sec is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Bonnétable
Bonnétable is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Bouër
Bouër is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Bouloire
Bouloire is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Bourg-le-Roi
Bourg-le-Roi is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Bousse, Sarthe
Bousse is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Brains-sur-Gée
Brains-sur-Gée is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Brette-les-Pins
Brette-les-Pins is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Briosne-lès-Sables
Briosne-lès-Sables is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Brûlon
Brûlon is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Cérans-Foulletourte
Cérans-Foulletourte is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Chahaignes
Chahaignes is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Challes, Sarthe
Challes is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Champagné
Champagné is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Champfleur
Champfleur is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Champrond
Champrond is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Changé, Sarthe
Changé is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Chantenay-Villedieu
Chantenay-Villedieu is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Chassé, Sarthe
Chassé is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Chassillé
Chassillé is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Château-du-Loir
Château-du-Loir is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Château-l'Hermitage
Château-l'Hermitage is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Chaufour-Notre-Dame
Chaufour-Notre-Dame is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Chemiré-en-Charnie
Chemiré-en-Charnie is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Chemiré-le-Gaudin
Chemiré-le-Gaudin is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Chenay, Sarthe
Chenay is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Chenu, Sarthe
Chenu is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Chérancé, Sarthe
Chérancé is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Chérisay
Chérisay is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Cherré, Sarthe
Cherré is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Cherreau
Cherreau is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Chevillé
Chevillé is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Clermont-Créans
Clermont-Créans is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Cogners
Cogners is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Commerveil
Commerveil is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Conflans-sur-Anille
Conflans-sur-Anille is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Congé-sur-Orne
Congé-sur-Orne is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Conlie
Conlie is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Connerré
Connerré is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Contilly
Contilly is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Cormes
Cormes is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Coudrecieux
Coudrecieux is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Coulaines
Coulaines is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Coulans-sur-Gée
Coulans-sur-Gée is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Coulombiers, Sarthe
Coulombiers is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Coulongé
Coulongé is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Courcebœufs
Courcebœufs is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Courcelles-la-Forêt
Courcelles-la-Forêt is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Courcemont
Courcemont is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Courcival
Courcival is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Courdemanche, Sarthe
Courdemanche is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Courgains
Courgains is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Courgenard
Courgenard is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Courtillers
Courtillers is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Crannes-en-Champagne
Crannes-en-Champagne is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Cré
Cré is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Crissé
Crissé is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Crosmières
Crosmières is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Cures, Sarthe
Cures is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Dangeul
Dangeul is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Degré
Degré is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Dehault
Dehault is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Dissay-sous-Courcillon
Dissay-sous-Courcillon is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Dissé-sous-Ballon
Dissé-sous-Ballon is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Dissé-sous-le-Lude
Dissé-sous-le-Lude is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Dollon
Dollon is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Domfront-en-Champagne
Domfront-en-Champagne is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Doucelles
Doucelles is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Douillet
Douillet is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Duneau
Duneau is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Dureil
Dureil is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Écommoy
Écommoy is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Écorpain
Écorpain is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Épineu-le-Chevreuil
Épineu-le-Chevreuil is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Étival-lès-le-Mans
Étival-lès-le-Mans is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Évaillé
Évaillé is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Fatines
Fatines is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Fay, Sarthe
Fay is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Fercé-sur-Sarthe
Fercé-sur-Sarthe is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Fillé
Fillé is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Flée, Sarthe
Flée is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Fontenay-sur-Vègre
Fontenay-sur-Vègre is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Fresnay-sur-Sarthe
Fresnay-sur-Sarthe is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Fyé
Fyé is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Gesnes-le-Gandelin
Gesnes-le-Gandelin is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Grandchamp, Sarthe
Grandchamp is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Gréez-sur-Roc
Gréez-sur-Roc is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Guécélard
Guécélard is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Jauzé
Jauzé is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Joué-en-Charnie
Joué-en-Charnie is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Joué-l'Abbé
Joué-l'Abbé is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Juigné-sur-Sarthe
Juigné-sur-Sarthe is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Juillé, Sarthe
Juillé is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Jupilles
Jupilles is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

La Bazoge, Sarthe
La Bazoge is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

La Bosse, Sarthe
La Bosse is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

La Bruère-sur-Loir
La Bruère-sur-Loir is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

La Chapelle-aux-Choux
La Chapelle-aux-Choux is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

La Chapelle-d'Aligné
La Chapelle-d'Aligné is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

La Chapelle-du-Bois
La Chapelle-du-Bois is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

La Chapelle-Gaugain
La Chapelle-Gaugain is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

La Chapelle-Huon
La Chapelle-Huon is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

La Chapelle-Saint-Aubin
La Chapelle-Saint-Aubin is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

La Chapelle-Saint-Fray
La Chapelle-Saint-Fray is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

La Chapelle-Saint-Rémy
La Chapelle-Saint-Rémy is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

La Chartre-sur-le-Loir
La Chartre-sur-le-Loir is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

La Ferté-Bernard
La Ferté-Bernard is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

La Flèche
La Flèche is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

La Fontaine-Saint-Martin
La Fontaine-Saint-Martin is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

La Fresnaye-sur-Chédouet
La Fresnaye-sur-Chédouet is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

La Guierche
La Guierche is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

La Milesse
La Milesse is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

La Quinte
La Quinte is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

La Suze-sur-Sarthe
La Suze-sur-Sarthe is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Laigné-en-Belin
Laigné-en-Belin is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Lamnay
Lamnay is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Lavardin, Sarthe
Lavardin is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Lavaré
Lavaré is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Lavenay
Lavenay is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Lavernat
Lavernat is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Le Bailleul
Le Bailleul is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Le Breil-sur-Mérize
Le Breil-sur-Mérize is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Le Chevain
Le Chevain is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Le Grand-Lucé
Le Grand-Lucé is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Le Grez
Le Grez is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Le Luart
Le Luart is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Le Lude
Le Lude is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Le Tronchet, Sarthe
Le Tronchet is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Les Aulneaux
Les Aulneaux is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Les Mées, Sarthe
Les Mées is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Lhomme
Lhomme is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Lignières-la-Carelle
Lignières-la-Carelle is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Ligron
Ligron is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Livet-en-Saosnois
Livet-en-Saosnois is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Lombron
Lombron is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Longnes, Sarthe
Longnes is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Louailles
Louailles is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Loué
Loué is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Louplande
Louplande is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Louvigny, Sarthe
Louvigny is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Louzes
Louzes is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Lucé-sous-Ballon
Lucé-sous-Ballon is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Luceau
Luceau is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Luché-Pringé
Luché-Pringé is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Maigné
Maigné is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Maisoncelles, Sarthe
Maisoncelles is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Malicorne-sur-Sarthe
Malicorne-sur-Sarthe is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Mamers
Mamers is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Mansigné
Mansigné is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Marçon
Marçon is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Mareil-en-Champagne
Mareil-en-Champagne is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Mareil-sur-Loir
Mareil-sur-Loir is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Maresché
Maresché is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Marigné-Laillé
Marigné-Laillé is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Marolles-les-Braults
Marolles-les-Braults is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Marolles-lès-Saint-Calais
Marolles-lès-Saint-Calais is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Marollette
Marollette is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Mayet
Mayet is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Melleray, Sarthe
Melleray is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Meurcé
Meurcé is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Mézeray, Sarthe
Mézeray is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Mézières-sous-Lavardin
Mézières-sous-Lavardin is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Mézières-sur-Ponthouin
Mézières-sur-Ponthouin is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Moitron-sur-Sarthe
Moitron-sur-Sarthe is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Moncé-en-Belin
Moncé-en-Belin is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Moncé-en-Saosnois
Moncé-en-Saosnois is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Monhoudou
Monhoudou is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Mont-Saint-Jean, Sarthe
Mont-Saint-Jean is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Montabon
Montabon is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Montaillé
Montaillé is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Montbizot
Montbizot is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Montfort-le-Gesnois
Montfort-le-Gesnois is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Montigny, Sarthe
Montigny is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Montmirail, Sarthe
Montmirail is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Montreuil-le-Chétif
Montreuil-le-Chétif is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Montreuil-le-Henri
Montreuil-le-Henri is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Moulins-le-Carbonnel
Moulins-le-Carbonnel is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Mulsanne
Mulsanne is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Nauvay
Nauvay is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Neufchâtel-en-Saosnois
Neufchâtel-en-Saosnois is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Neuvillalais
Neuvillalais is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Neuville-sur-Sarthe
Neuville-sur-Sarthe is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Neuvillette-en-Charnie
Neuvillette-en-Charnie is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Neuvy-en-Champagne
Neuvy-en-Champagne is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Nogent-le-Bernard
Nogent-le-Bernard is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Nogent-sur-Loir
Nogent-sur-Loir is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Notre-Dame-du-Pé
Notre-Dame-du-Pé is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Nouans
Nouans is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Noyen-sur-Sarthe
Noyen-sur-Sarthe is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Nuillé-le-Jalais
Nuillé-le-Jalais is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Oisseau-le-Petit
Oisseau-le-Petit is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Oizé
Oizé is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Panon, Sarthe
Panon is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Parcé-sur-Sarthe
Parcé-sur-Sarthe is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Parennes
Parennes is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Parigné-l'Évêque
Parigné-l'Évêque is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Parigné-le-Pôlin
Parigné-le-Pôlin is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Peray
Peray is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Pezé-le-Robert
Pezé-le-Robert is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Piacé
Piacé is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Pincé
Pincé is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Pirmil
Pirmil is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Pizieux
Pizieux is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Poillé-sur-Vègre
Poillé-sur-Vègre is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Poncé-sur-le-Loir
Poncé-sur-le-Loir is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Pontvallain
Pontvallain is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Précigné
Précigné is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Préval
Préval is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Prévelles
Prévelles is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Pruillé-l'Éguillé
Pruillé-l'Éguillé is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Pruillé-le-Chétif
Pruillé-le-Chétif is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Rahay
Rahay is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

René, Sarthe
René is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Requeil
Requeil is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Roézé-sur-Sarthe
Roézé-sur-Sarthe is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Rouessé-Fontaine
Rouessé-Fontaine is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Rouessé-Vassé
Rouessé-Vassé is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Rouez
Rouez is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Rouillon
Rouillon is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Roullée
Roullée is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Rouperroux-le-Coquet
Rouperroux-le-Coquet is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Ruaudin
Ruaudin is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Ruillé-en-Champagne
Ruillé-en-Champagne is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Ruillé-sur-Loir
Ruillé-sur-Loir is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Sablé-sur-Sarthe
Sablé-sur-Sarthe is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Saint-Aignan, Sarthe
Saint-Aignan is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Saint-Aubin-de-Locquenay
Saint-Aubin-de-Locquenay is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Saint-Aubin-des-Coudrais
Saint-Aubin-des-Coudrais is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Saint-Biez-en-Belin
Saint-Biez-en-Belin is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Saint-Calais
Saint-Calais is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Saint-Calez-en-Saosnois
Saint-Calez-en-Saosnois is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Saint-Célerin
Saint-Célerin is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Saint-Christophe-du-Jambet
Saint-Christophe-du-Jambet is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Saint-Christophe-en-Champagne
Saint-Christophe-en-Champagne is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Saint-Corneille
Saint-Corneille is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Saint-Cosme-en-Vairais
Saint-Cosme-en-Vairais is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Saint-Denis-d'Orques
Saint-Denis-d'Orques is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Saint-Denis-des-Coudrais
Saint-Denis-des-Coudrais is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Saint-Georges-de-la-Couée
Saint-Georges-de-la-Couée is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Saint-Georges-du-Bois, Sarthe
Saint-Georges-du-Bois is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Saint-Georges-du-Rosay
Saint-Georges-du-Rosay is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Saint-Georges-le-Gaultier
Saint-Georges-le-Gaultier is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Saint-Germain-d'Arcé
Saint-Germain-d'Arcé is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Saint-Germain-sur-Sarthe
Saint-Germain-sur-Sarthe is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Saint-Gervais-de-Vic
Saint-Gervais-de-Vic is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Saint-Gervais-en-Belin
Saint-Gervais-en-Belin is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Saint-Hilaire-le-Lierru
Saint-Hilaire-le-Lierru is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Saint-Jean-d'Assé
Saint-Jean-d'Assé is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Saint-Jean-de-la-Motte
Saint-Jean-de-la-Motte is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Saint-Jean-des-Échelles
Saint-Jean-des-Échelles is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Saint-Jean-du-Bois
Saint-Jean-du-Bois is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Saint-Léonard-des-Bois
Saint-Léonard-des-Bois is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Saint-Longis
Saint-Longis is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Saint-Maixent
Saint-Maixent is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Saint-Marceau, Sarthe
Saint-Marceau is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Saint-Mars-d'Outillé
Saint-Mars-d'Outillé is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Saint-Mars-de-Locquenay
Saint-Mars-de-Locquenay is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Saint-Mars-la-Brière
Saint-Mars-la-Brière is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Saint-Mars-sous-Ballon
Saint-Mars-sous-Ballon is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Saint-Martin-des-Monts
Saint-Martin-des-Monts is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Saint-Michel-de-Chavaignes
Saint-Michel-de-Chavaignes is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Saint-Ouen-de-Mimbré
Saint-Ouen-de-Mimbré is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Saint-Ouen-en-Belin
Saint-Ouen-en-Belin is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Saint-Ouen-en-Champagne
Saint-Ouen-en-Champagne is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Saint-Paterne
Saint-Paterne is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Saint-Paul-le-Gaultier
Saint-Paul-le-Gaultier is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Saint-Pavace
Saint-Pavace is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Saint-Pierre-de-Chevillé
Saint-Pierre-de-Chevillé is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Saint-Pierre-des-Bois
Saint-Pierre-des-Bois is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Saint-Pierre-des-Ormes
Saint-Pierre-des-Ormes is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Saint-Pierre-du-Lorouër
Saint-Pierre-du-Lorouër is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Saint-Rémy-de-Sillé
Saint-Rémy-de-Sillé is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Saint-Rémy-des-Monts
Saint-Rémy-des-Monts is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Saint-Rémy-du-Val
Saint-Rémy-du-Val is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Saint-Rigomer-des-Bois
Saint-Rigomer-des-Bois is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Saint-Saturnin, Sarthe
Saint-Saturnin is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Saint-Symphorien, Sarthe
Saint-Symphorien is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Saint-Ulphace
Saint-Ulphace is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Saint-Victeur
Saint-Victeur is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Saint-Vincent-des-Prés, Sarthe
Saint-Vincent-des-Prés is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Saint-Vincent-du-Lorouër
Saint-Vincent-du-Lorouër is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Sainte-Cérotte
Sainte-Cérotte is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Sainte-Jamme-sur-Sarthe
Sainte-Jamme-sur-Sarthe is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Sainte-Osmane
Sainte-Osmane is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Sainte-Sabine-sur-Longève
Sainte-Sabine-sur-Longève is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Saosnes
Saosnes is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Sarcé
Sarcé is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Sargé-lès-le-Mans
Sargé-lès-le-Mans is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Savigné-l'Évêque
Savigné-l'Évêque is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Savigné-sous-le-Lude
Savigné-sous-le-Lude is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Sceaux-sur-Huisne
Sceaux-sur-Huisne is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Ségrie
Ségrie is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Semur-en-Vallon
Semur-en-Vallon is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Sillé-le-Guillaume
Sillé-le-Guillaume is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Sillé-le-Philippe
Sillé-le-Philippe is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Solesmes, Sarthe
Solesmes is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Sougé-le-Ganelon
Sougé-le-Ganelon is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Souillé
Souillé is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Souligné-Flacé
Souligné-Flacé is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Souligné-sous-Ballon
Souligné-sous-Ballon is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Soulitré
Soulitré is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Souvigné-sur-Même
Souvigné-sur-Même is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Souvigné-sur-Sarthe
Souvigné-sur-Sarthe is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Spay, Sarthe
Spay is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Surfonds
Surfonds is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Tassé
Tassé is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Tassillé
Tassillé is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Teillé, Sarthe
Teillé is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Teloché
Teloché is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Tennie
Tennie is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Terrehault
Terrehault is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Théligny
Théligny is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Thoigné
Thoigné is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Thoiré-sous-Contensor
Thoiré-sous-Contensor is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Thoiré-sur-Dinan
Thoiré-sur-Dinan is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Thorée-les-Pins
Thorée-les-Pins is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Thorigné-sur-Dué
Thorigné-sur-Dué is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Torcé-en-Vallée
Torcé-en-Vallée is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Trangé
Trangé is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Tresson
Tresson is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Tuffé
Tuffé is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Vaas, Sarthe
Vaas is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Valennes
Valennes is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Vallon-sur-Gée
Vallon-sur-Gée is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Vancé
Vancé is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Verneil-le-Chétif
Verneil-le-Chétif is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Vernie
Vernie is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Vezot
Vezot is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Vibraye
Vibraye is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Villaines-la-Carelle
Villaines-la-Carelle is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Villaines-la-Gonais
Villaines-la-Gonais is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Villaines-sous-Lucé
Villaines-sous-Lucé is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Villaines-sous-Malicorne
Villaines-sous-Malicorne is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Vion, Sarthe
Vion is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Viré-en-Champagne
Viré-en-Champagne is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Vivoin
Vivoin is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Voivres-lès-le-Mans
Voivres-lès-le-Mans is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Volnay, Sarthe
Volnay is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Vouvray-sur-Huisne
Vouvray-sur-Huisne is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Vouvray-sur-Loir
Vouvray-sur-Loir is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Yvré-l'Évêque
Yvré-l'Évêque is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Yvré-le-Pôlin
Yvré-le-Pôlin is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Communes of the Vendée department
There are 282 communes in the Vendée "département", in France.

Aizenay
Aizenay is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Angles, Vendée
Angles is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Antigny, Vendée
Antigny is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Apremont, Vendée
Apremont is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Aubigny, Vendée
Aubigny is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Auzay
Auzay is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Avrillé, Vendée
Avrillé is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Barbâtre
Barbâtre is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Bazoges-en-Paillers
Bazoges-en-Paillers is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Bazoges-en-Pareds
Bazoges-en-Pareds is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Beaufou
Beaufou is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Beaulieu-sous-la-Roche
Beaulieu-sous-la-Roche is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Beaurepaire, Vendée
Beaurepaire is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Beauvoir-sur-Mer
Beauvoir-sur-Mer is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Belleville-sur-Vie
Belleville-sur-Vie is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Benet, Vendée
Benet is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Bessay
Bessay is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Bois-de-Céné
Bois-de-Céné is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Boufféré
Boufféré is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Bouillé-Courdault
Bouillé-Courdault is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Bouin, Vendée
Bouin is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Boulogne, Vendée
Boulogne is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Bourneau
Bourneau is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Bournezeau
Bournezeau is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Brem-sur-Mer
Brem-sur-Mer is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Bretignolles-sur-Mer
Bretignolles-sur-Mer is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Breuil-Barret
Breuil-Barret is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Cezais
Cezais is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Chaillé-les-Marais
Chaillé-les-Marais is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Chaillé-sous-les-Ormeaux
Chaillé-sous-les-Ormeaux is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Chaix
Chaix is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Challans
Challans is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Chambretaud
Chambretaud is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Champagné-les-Marais
Champagné-les-Marais is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Chantonnay
Chantonnay is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Chasnais
Chasnais is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Château-d'Olonne
Château-d'Olonne is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Château-Guibert
Château-Guibert is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Châteauneuf, Vendée
Châteauneuf is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Chauché
Chauché is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Chavagnes-en-Paillers
Chavagnes-en-Paillers is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Chavagnes-les-Redoux
Chavagnes-les-Redoux is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Cheffois
Cheffois is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Coëx
Coëx is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Commequiers
Commequiers is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Corpe
Corpe is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Cugand
Cugand is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Curzon, Vendée
Curzon is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Damvix
Damvix is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Doix
Doix is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Dompierre-sur-Yon
Dompierre-sur-Yon is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Falleron
Falleron is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Faymoreau
Faymoreau is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Fontaines, Vendée
Fontaines is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Fontenay-le-Comte
Fontenay-le-Comte is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Fougeré, Vendée
Fougeré is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Foussais-Payré
Foussais-Payré is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Froidfond
Froidfond is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Givrand
Givrand is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Grand'Landes
Grand'Landes is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Grosbreuil
Grosbreuil is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Grues, Vendée
Grues is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Île d'Yeu
Île d'Yeu is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Jard-sur-Mer
Jard-sur-Mer is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

L'Aiguillon-sur-Mer
L'Aiguillon-sur-Mer is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

L'Aiguillon-sur-Vie
L'Aiguillon-sur-Vie is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

L'Épine, Vendée
L'Épine is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

L'Herbergement
L'Herbergement is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

L'Hermenault
L'Hermenault is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

L'Île-d'Elle
L'Île-d'Elle is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

L'Île-d'Olonne
L'Île-d'Olonne is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

L'Oie
L'Oie is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

L'Orbrie
L'Orbrie is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

La Barre-de-Monts
La Barre-de-Monts is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

La Bernardière
La Bernardière is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

La Boissière-de-Montaigu
La Boissière-de-Montaigu is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

La Boissière-des-Landes
La Boissière-des-Landes is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

La Bretonnière-la-Claye
La Bretonnière-la-Claye is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

La Bruffière
La Bruffière is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

La Caillère-Saint-Hilaire
La Caillère-Saint-Hilaire is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

La Chaize-Giraud
La Chaize-Giraud is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

La Chaize-le-Vicomte
La Chaize-le-Vicomte is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

La Chapelle-Achard
La Chapelle-Achard is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

La Chapelle-aux-Lys
La Chapelle-aux-Lys is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

La Chapelle-Hermier
La Chapelle-Hermier is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

La Chapelle-Palluau
La Chapelle-Palluau is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

La Chapelle-Thémer
La Chapelle-Thémer is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

La Châtaigneraie
La Châtaigneraie is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

La Copechagnière
La Copechagnière is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

La Couture, Vendée
La Couture is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

La Faute-sur-Mer
La Faute-sur-Mer is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

La Ferrière, Vendée
La Ferrière is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

La Flocellière
La Flocellière is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

La Garnache
La Garnache is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

La Gaubretière
La Gaubretière is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

La Génétouze
La Génétouze is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

La Guérinière
La Guérinière is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

La Guyonnière
La Guyonnière is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

La Jaudonnière
La Jaudonnière is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

La Jonchère
La Jonchère is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

La Meilleraie-Tillay
La Meilleraie-Tillay is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

La Merlatière
La Merlatière is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

La Mothe-Achard
La Mothe-Achard is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

La Pommeraie-sur-Sèvre
La Pommeraie-sur-Sèvre is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

La Rabatelière
La Rabatelière is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

La Réorthe
La Réorthe is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

La Roche-sur-Yon
La Roche-sur-Yon is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

La Taillée
La Taillée is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

La Tardière
La Tardière is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

La Tranche-sur-Mer
La Tranche-sur-Mer is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

La Verrie
La Verrie is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Lairoux
Lairoux is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Landeronde
Landeronde is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Landevieille
Landevieille is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Le Bernard
Le Bernard is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Le Boupère
Le Boupère is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Le Champ-Saint-Père
Le Champ-Saint-Père is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Le Fenouiller
Le Fenouiller is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Le Girouard
Le Girouard is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Le Givre
Le Givre is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Le Gué-de-Velluire
Le Gué-de-Velluire is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Le Langon
Le Langon is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Le Mazeau
Le Mazeau is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Le Perrier
Le Perrier is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Le Poiré-sur-Velluire
Le Poiré-sur-Velluire is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Le Poiré-sur-Vie
Le Poiré-sur-Vie is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Le Tablier
Le Tablier is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Les Brouzils
Les Brouzils is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Les Châtelliers-Châteaumur
Les Châtelliers-Châteaumur is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Les Clouzeaux
Les Clouzeaux is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Les Epesses
Les Epesses is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Les Essarts, Vendée
Les Essarts is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Les Herbiers
Les Herbiers is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Les Landes-Genusson
Les Landes-Genusson is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Les Lucs-sur-Boulogne
Les Lucs-sur-Boulogne is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Les Magnils-Reigniers
Les Magnils-Reigniers is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Les Pineaux
Les Pineaux is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Les Sables-d'Olonne
Les Sables-d'Olonne is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Liez, Vendée
Liez is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Loge-Fougereuse
Loge-Fougereuse is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Longèves, Vendée
Longèves is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Longeville-sur-Mer
Longeville-sur-Mer is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Luçon
Luçon is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Maché
Maché is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Maillé, Vendée
Maillé is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Maillezais
Maillezais is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Mallièvre
Mallièvre is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Mareuil-sur-Lay-Dissais
Mareuil-sur-Lay-Dissais is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Marillet
Marillet is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Marsais-Sainte-Radégonde
Marsais-Sainte-Radégonde is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Martinet
Martinet is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Menomblet
Menomblet is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Mervent
Mervent is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Mesnard-la-Barotière
Mesnard-la-Barotière is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Monsireigne
Monsireigne is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Montaigu, Vendée
Montaigu is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Montournais
Montournais is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Montreuil, Vendée
Montreuil is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Moreilles
Moreilles is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Mormaison
Mormaison is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Mortagne-sur-Sèvre
Mortagne-sur-Sèvre is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Mouchamps
Mouchamps is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Mouilleron-en-Pareds
Mouilleron-en-Pareds is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Mouilleron-le-Captif
Mouilleron-le-Captif is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Moutiers-les-Mauxfaits
Moutiers-les-Mauxfaits is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Moutiers-sur-le-Lay
Moutiers-sur-le-Lay is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Mouzeuil-Saint-Martin
Mouzeuil-Saint-Martin is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Nalliers, Vendée
Nalliers is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Nesmy
Nesmy is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Nieul-le-Dolent
Nieul-le-Dolent is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Nieul-sur-l'Autise
Nieul-sur-l'Autise is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Noirmoutier-en-l'Île
Noirmoutier-en-l'Île is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Notre-Dame-de-Monts
Notre-Dame-de-Monts is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Notre-Dame-de-Riez
Notre-Dame-de-Riez is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Olonne-sur-Mer
Olonne-sur-Mer is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Oulmes
Oulmes is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Palluau
Palluau is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Péault
Péault is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Petosse
Petosse is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Pissotte
Pissotte is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Poiroux
Poiroux is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Pouillé, Vendée
Pouillé is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Pouzauges
Pouzauges is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Puy-de-Serre
Puy-de-Serre is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Puyravault, Vendée
Puyravault is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Réaumur, Vendée
Réaumur is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Rocheservière
Rocheservière is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Rochetrejoux
Rochetrejoux is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Rosnay, Vendée
Rosnay is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Saint-André-Goule-d'Oie
Saint-André-Goule-d'Oie is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Saint-André-Treize-Voies
Saint-André-Treize-Voies is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Saint-Aubin-des-Ormeaux
Saint-Aubin-des-Ormeaux is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Saint-Aubin-la-Plaine
Saint-Aubin-la-Plaine is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Saint-Avaugourd-des-Landes
Saint-Avaugourd-des-Landes is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Saint-Benoist-sur-Mer
Saint-Benoist-sur-Mer is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Saint-Christophe-du-Ligneron
Saint-Christophe-du-Ligneron is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Saint-Cyr-des-Gâts
Saint-Cyr-des-Gâts is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Saint-Cyr-en-Talmondais
Saint-Cyr-en-Talmondais is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Saint-Denis-du-Payré
Saint-Denis-du-Payré is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Saint-Denis-la-Chevasse
Saint-Denis-la-Chevasse is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Saint-Étienne-de-Brillouet
Saint-Étienne-de-Brillouet is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Saint-Étienne-du-Bois, Vendée
Saint-Étienne-du-Bois is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Saint-Florent-des-Bois
Saint-Florent-des-Bois is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Saint-Fulgent
Saint-Fulgent is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Saint-Georges-de-Montaigu
Saint-Georges-de-Montaigu is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Saint-Georges-de-Pointindoux
Saint-Georges-de-Pointindoux is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Saint-Germain-de-Prinçay
Saint-Germain-de-Prinçay is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Saint-Germain-l'Aiguiller
Saint-Germain-l'Aiguiller is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Saint-Gervais, Vendée
Saint-Gervais is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Saint-Gilles-Croix-de-Vie
Saint-Gilles-Croix-de-Vie is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Saint-Hilaire-de-Loulay
Saint-Hilaire-de-Loulay is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Saint-Hilaire-de-Riez
Saint-Hilaire-de-Riez is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Saint-Hilaire-de-Voust
Saint-Hilaire-de-Voust is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Saint-Hilaire-des-Loges
Saint-Hilaire-des-Loges is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Saint-Hilaire-la-Forêt
Saint-Hilaire-la-Forêt is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Saint-Hilaire-le-Vouhis
Saint-Hilaire-le-Vouhis is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Saint-Jean-de-Beugné
Saint-Jean-de-Beugné is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Saint-Jean-de-Monts
Saint-Jean-de-Monts is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Saint-Juire-Champgillon
Saint-Juire-Champgillon is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Saint-Julien-des-Landes
Saint-Julien-des-Landes is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Saint-Laurent-de-la-Salle
Saint-Laurent-de-la-Salle is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Saint-Laurent-sur-Sèvre
Saint-Laurent-sur-Sèvre is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Saint-Maixent-sur-Vie
Saint-Maixent-sur-Vie is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Saint-Malô-du-Bois
Saint-Malô-du-Bois is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Saint-Mars-la-Réorthe
Saint-Mars-la-Réorthe is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Saint-Martin-de-Fraigneau
Saint-Martin-de-Fraigneau is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Saint-Martin-des-Fontaines
Saint-Martin-des-Fontaines is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Saint-Martin-des-Noyers
Saint-Martin-des-Noyers is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Saint-Martin-des-Tilleuls
Saint-Martin-des-Tilleuls is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Saint-Martin-Lars-en-Sainte-Hermine
Saint-Martin-Lars-en-Sainte-Hermine is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Saint-Mathurin
Saint-Mathurin is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Saint-Maurice-des-Noues
Saint-Maurice-des-Noues is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Saint-Maurice-le-Girard
Saint-Maurice-le-Girard is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Saint-Mesmin, Vendée
Saint-Mesmin is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Saint-Michel-en-l'Herm
Saint-Michel-en-l'Herm is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Saint-Michel-le-Cloucq
Saint-Michel-le-Cloucq is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Saint-Michel-Mont-Mercure
Saint-Michel-Mont-Mercure is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Saint-Paul-en-Pareds
Saint-Paul-en-Pareds is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Saint-Paul-Mont-Penit
Saint-Paul-Mont-Penit is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Saint-Philbert-de-Bouaine
Saint-Philbert-de-Bouaine is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Saint-Pierre-du-Chemin
Saint-Pierre-du-Chemin is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Saint-Pierre-le-Vieux, Vendée
Saint-Pierre-le-Vieux is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Saint-Prouant
Saint-Prouant is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Saint-Révérend
Saint-Révérend is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Saint-Sigismond, Vendée
Saint-Sigismond is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Saint-Sulpice-en-Pareds
Saint-Sulpice-en-Pareds is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Saint-Sulpice-le-Verdon
Saint-Sulpice-le-Verdon is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Saint-Urbain, Vendée
Saint-Urbain is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Saint-Valérien, Vendée
Saint-Valérien is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Saint-Vincent-Sterlanges
Saint-Vincent-Sterlanges is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Saint-Vincent-sur-Graon
Saint-Vincent-sur-Graon is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Saint-Vincent-sur-Jard
Saint-Vincent-sur-Jard is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Sainte-Cécile, Vendée
Sainte-Cécile is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Sainte-Flaive-des-Loups
Sainte-Flaive-des-Loups is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Sainte-Florence, Vendée
Sainte-Florence is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Sainte-Foy, Vendée
Sainte-Foy is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Sainte-Gemme-la-Plaine
Sainte-Gemme-la-Plaine is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Sainte-Hermine
Sainte-Hermine is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Sainte-Pexine
Sainte-Pexine is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Sainte-Radégonde-des-Noyers
Sainte-Radégonde-des-Noyers is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Saligny, Vendée
Saligny is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Sallertaine
Sallertaine is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Sérigné
Sérigné is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Sigournais
Sigournais is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Soullans
Soullans is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Tallud-Sainte-Gemme
Tallud-Sainte-Gemme is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Talmont-Saint-Hilaire
Talmont-Saint-Hilaire is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Thiré
Thiré is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Thorigny
Thorigny is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Thouarsais-Bouildroux
Thouarsais-Bouildroux is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Tiffauges
Tiffauges is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Treize-Septiers
Treize-Septiers is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Treize-Vents
Treize-Vents is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Triaize
Triaize is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Vairé
Vairé is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Velluire
Velluire is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Venansault
Venansault is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Vendrennes
Vendrennes is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Vix, Vendée
Vix is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Vouillé-les-Marais
Vouillé-les-Marais is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Vouvant
Vouvant is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Xanton-Chassenon
Xanton-Chassenon is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France.

Umberto I of Italy
Umberto I was King of Italy from 1878 through 1900.

Slaniţa River
The Slaniţa River is a tributary of the Prahova River in Romania. That means it flows into the Prahova River.

Valea Câmpului River (Prahova)
The Valea Câmpului River is a tributary of the Prahova River in Romania. That means it flows into the Prahova River.

Ursoaia Mare River
The Ursoaia Mare River is a tributary of the Prahova River in Romania. That means it flows into the Prahova River.

Puturosu River (Prahova)
The Puturosu River is a tributary of the Prahova River in Romania. That means it flows into the Prahova River.

Florei River (Prahova)
The Florei River is a tributary of the Prahova River in Romania. That means it flows into the Prahova River.

Valea Grecului River (Prahova)
The Valea Grecului River is a tributary of the Prahova River in Romania. That means it flows into the Prahova River.

Valea Babei River (Prahova)
The Valea Babei River is a tributary of the Prahova River in Romania. That means it flows into the Prahova River.

Valea Obielei River
The Valea Obielei River is a tributary of the Prahova River in Romania. That means it flows into the Prahova River.

Valea Iancului River
The Valea Iancului River is a tributary of the Prahova River in Romania. That means it flows into the Prahova River.

Valea Seciului River
The Valea Seciului River is a tributary of the Prahova River in Romania. That means it flows into the Prahova River.

Valea Jepilor River
The Valea Jepilor River is a tributary of the Prahova River in Romania. That means it flows into the Prahova River.

Valea Spumoasă River
The Valea Spumoasă River is a tributary of the Valea Jepilor River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Jepilor River.

Valea Brusturilor River
The Valea Brusturilor River is a tributary of the Prahova River in Romania. That means it flows into the Prahova River.

Valea Fabricii River
The Valea Fabricii River is a tributary of the Prahova River in Romania. That means it flows into the Prahova River.

Valea Dracului River (Prahova)
The Valea Dracului River is a tributary of the Prahova River in Romania. That means it flows into the Prahova River.

Buzoel River
The Buzoel River is a tributary of the Buzău River in Romania. That means it flows into the Buzău River.

Nişcov River
The Nişcov River is a tributary of the Buzău River in Romania. That means it flows into the Buzău River.

Bâsca Chiojdului River
The Bâsca Chiojdului River is a tributary of the Buzău River in Romania. That means it flows into the Buzău River.

Zeletin River (Bâsca Chiojdului)
The Zeletin River is a tributary of the Bâsca Chiojdului River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bâsca Chiojdului River.

Stupina River (Zeletin)
The Stupina River is a tributary of the Zeletin River in Romania. That means it flows into the Zeletin River.

Chiojdul River (Bâsca Chiojdului)
The Chiojdul River is a tributary of the Bâsca Chiojdului River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bâsca Chiojdului River.

Valea Anei River
The Valea Anei River is a tributary of the Chiojdul River in Romania. That means it flows into the Chiojdul River.

Chiojdul Mare River
The Chiojdul Mare River is a headwater of the Chiojdul River in Romania.

Valea Screzii River
The Valea Screzii River is a tributary of the Chiojdul Mare River in Romania. That means it flows into the Chiojdul Mare River.

Valea Plopului River
The Valea Plopului River is a tributary of the Chiojdul Mare River in Romania. That means it flows into the Chiojdul Mare River.

Chiojdul Mic River
The Chiojdul Mic River is a headwater of the Chiojdul River in Romania.

Râul Murătoarei
The Râul Murătoarei is a tributary to the Bâsca Chiojdului River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bâsca Chiojdului River.

Colnic River
The Colnic River is a tributary to the Bâsca Chiojdului River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bâsca Chiojdului River.

Manole River (Bâsca Chiojdului)
The Manole River is a tributary to the Bâsca Chiojdului River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bâsca Chiojdului River.

Plescioara River (Bâsca Chiojdului)
The Plescioara River is a tributary to the Bâsca Chiojdului River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bâsca Chiojdului River.

Preseaca River
The Preseaca River is a tributary to the Bâsca Chiojdului River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bâsca Chiojdului River.

Râul Păcurei
The Pârâul Păcurei is a tributary of the Bâsca Chiojdului River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bâsca Chiojdului River.

Chiojdu
Chiojdu () is a commune of Buzău County in Romania.

Lera River
The Lera River is a tributary to the Bâsca Chiojdului River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bâsca Chiojdului River.

Cislău
Cislău is a commune of Buzău County in Romania.

Smăciniş River
The Smăciniş River is a tributary to the Bâsca Chiojdului River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bâsca Chiojdului River.

Căcăcei River
The Căcăcei River is a tributary to the Bâsca Chiojdului River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bâsca Chiojdului River.

Bâsca fără Cale River
The Bâsca fără Cale River is a tributary to the Bâsca Chiojdului River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bâsca Chiojdului River.

Nehoiu River
The Nehoiu River is a tributary of the Buzău River in Romania. That means it flows into the Buzău River.

Nehoiu
Nehoiu is a town of Buzău County in Romania. The population of Nehoiu is 11,639 people.

Amaru, Buzău
Amaru is a rural municipality of Buzău County in Romania.

Bălăceanu
Bălăceanu is a rural municipality of Buzău County in Romania.

Bonţu Mare River
The Bonţu Mare River is a tributary of the Buzău River in Romania. That means it flows into the Buzău River.

Siriu River
The Siriu River is a tributary of the Buzău River in Romania. That means it flows into the Buzău River. It starts where the headwaters Siriu Mare and Siriu Mic meet.

Siriu Mare River
The Siriu Mare River is a headwater of the Siriu River in Romania.

Morcovoaia River
The Morcovoaia River is a tributary of the Siriu Mare River in Romania. That means it flows into the Siriu Mare River.

Milea River (Siriu)
The Milea River or Milea Siriului River is a tributary of the Siriu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Siriu River.

Mreaja River
The Mreaja River is a tributary of the Siriu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Siriu River.

Siriu Mic River
The Siriu Mic River is a headwater of the Siriu River in Romania.

Siriaşu River
The Siriaşu River is a tributary of the Siriu Mic River in Romania. That means it flows into the Siriu Mic River.

Condrea River
The Condrea River is a tributary of the Siriu Mic River in Romania. That means it flows into the Siriu Mic River.

Roşia Mare River
The Roşia Mare River is a tributary of the Siriu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Siriu River.

Merişor River (Birchii)
The Merişor River is a tributary of the Birchii River in Romania. That means it flows into the Birchii River.

Molidu River
The Molidu River is a tributary of the Siriu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Siriu River.

Monteoru River
The Monteoru River is a tributary of the Siriu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Siriu River.

Valea Popii River (Siriu)
The Valea Popii River is a tributary of the Siriu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Siriu River.

Vaca Mare River
The Vaca Mare River is a tributary of the Siriu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Siriu River.

Vaca Mică River
The Vaca Mică River is a tributary of the Siriu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Siriu River.

Bradu River (Buzău)
The Bradu River is a tributary of the Buzău River in Romania. That means it flows into the Buzău River.

Izvorul Negru River (Buzău)
The Izvorul Negru River or Valea Neagră River is a tributary of the Buzău River in Romania. That means it flows into the Buzău River.

Crasna River (Buzău)
The Crasna River is a tributary of the Buzău River in Romania. That means it flows into the Buzău River.

Urlătoarea River (Crasna)
The Urlătoarea River is a tributary of the Crasna River in Romania. That means it flows into the Crasna River. It is made when the headwaters Urlătoarea Mare and Urlătoarea Mică meet.

Urlătoarea Mare River (Crasna)
The Urlătoarea Mare River is a headwater of the Urlătoarea River in Romania.

Urlătoarea Mică River (Crasna)
The Urlătoarea Mică River is a headwater of the Urlătoarea River in Romania.

Manea River
The Manea River is a tributary of the Crasna River in Romania. That means it flows into the Crasna River.

Costeşti River (Bistriţa)
The Costeşti River or Valea Pietrenilor River is a tributary of the Bistriţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bistriţa River.

Pârâul lui Ignat
The Pârâul lui Ignat is a tributary of the Costeşti River in Romania. That means it flows into the Costeşti River.

Pârâul Sec (Costeşti)
The Pârâul Sec is a tributary of the Costeşti River in Romania. That means it flows into the Costeşti River.

Curmătura River (Costeşti)
The Curmătura River is a tributary of the Costeşti River in Romania. That means it flows into the Costeşti River.

Ghelălău River
The Ghelălău River is a tributary of the Costeşti River in Romania. That means it flows into the Costeşti River.

Otăsău River
The Otăsău River is a tributary of the Bistriţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bistriţa River.

Tisa River (Otăsău)
The Tisa River is a tributary of the Otăsău River in Romania. That means it flows into the Otăsău River.

Valea Sărată River (Otăsău)
The Valea Sărată River is a tributary of the Otăsău River in Romania. That means it flows into the Otăsău River.

Valea Rece River (Bistriţa)
The Valea Rece River is a tributary of the Bistriţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bistriţa River.

Cuca River (Olt)
The Cuca River is a tributary of the Bistriţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bistriţa River.

Gurgui River
The Gurgui River is a tributary of the Bistriţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bistriţa River.

Iazul Morţilor River
The Iazul Morţilor River is a tributary of the Bistriţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bistriţa River.

Pârâul Mare (Bahlui)
The Pârâul Mare is a tributary of the Bahlui River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bahlui River.

Hoiseşti River
The Hoiseşti River is a tributary of the Bahlui River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bahlui River.

Măgura River (Bahlui)
The Măgura River is a tributary of the Bahlui River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bahlui River.

Răşcana River
The Răşcana River is a tributary of the Bahlui River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bahlui River.

Cotnari River
The Cotnari River is a tributary of the Răşcana River in Romania. That means it flows into the Răşcana River.

Duruşca River
The Duruşca River is a tributary of the Bahlui River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bahlui River.

Buhalniţa River (Bahlui)
The Buhalniţa River is a tributary of the Bahlui River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bahlui River.

Împuţita River
The Împuţita River or Puturoasa River is a tributary of the Buhalniţa River. That means it flows into the Buhalniţa River.

Zlodica River
The Zlodica River is a tributary of the Buhalniţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Buhalniţa River.

Cârjoaia River
The Cârjoaia River or Văcăria River is a tributary of the Buhalniţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Buhalniţa River.

Hamilton, Alabama
Hamilton is a city in Marion County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 6,786. The city is the county seat of Marion County.

Hueytown, Alabama
Hueytown is a city in Jefferson County, Alabama, United States and a suburb of Birmingham near Bessemer. At the 2000 census the population was 15,364.

Haleyville, Alabama
Haleyville is a city in Marion and Winston Counties in the U.S. state of Alabama. At the 2000 census the population was 4,182.

Hanceville, Alabama
Hanceville is a city in Cullman County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 2,951.

Totoeşti River
The Totoeşti River is a tributary of the Bahlui River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bahlui River.

Hartford, Alabama
Hartford is a city in Geneva County, Alabama, United States. It is part of the Dothan, Alabama Metropolitan Statistical Area. At the 2000 census the population was 2,369.

Valea Cetăţuiei River
The Valea Cetăţuiei River or Valea lui Loghin River is a tributary of the Bahlui River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bahlui River.

Chiriţa River
The Chiriţa River is a tributary of the Bahlui River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bahlui River.

Valea Lungă River (Chiriţa)
The Valea Lungă River is a tributary of the Chiriţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Chiriţa River.

Şorogari River
The Şorogari River (previously called Cacaina River) is a tributary of the Bahlui River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bahlui River.

Neagra River (Bahlui)
The Neagra River is a tributary of the Şorogari River in Romania. That means it flows into the Şorogari River.

Heflin, Alabama
Heflin is a city in Cleburne County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 3,002. The city is the county seat of Cleburne County.

Headland, Alabama
Headland is a city in Henry County, Alabama, United States. It is part of the Dothan, Alabama Metropolitan Statistical Area. At the 2000 census the population was 3,523.

Hartselle, Alabama
Hartselle is the second largest city in Morgan County, Alabama, about 10 miles (16 km) south of Decatur, and is included in the Decatur Metropolitan Area, and the Huntsville-Decatur Combined Statistical Area. As of the 2006 census estimates, the population of the city is 13,479.

Boldişor River
The Boldişor River is a tributary of the Neagra River in Romania. That means it flows into the Neagra River.

Homewood, Alabama
Homewood is a city in Jefferson County, Alabama, United States. It is a suburb of Birmingham, located on the other side of Red Mountain due south of the city center, but also has one of the highest population densities in Alabama. As of 2005 Census Bureau estimates, the population of the city is 23,963.

Hokes Bluff, Alabama
Hokes Bluff is a city in Etowah County, Alabama, United States. It is part of the Gadsden Metropolitan Statistical Area. At the 2000 census the population was 4,149.

Helena, Alabama
Helena is a city in Jefferson and Shelby Counties in the U.S. state of Alabama.

M40 motorway
The M40 motorway is a motorway between Denham, near London and Solihull near Birmingham in the United Kingdom. It was built in stages between 1967 and 1991 and is 89 miles long.

Adâncata, Suceava
Adâncata, Suceava is a commune that can be found in Suceava County, Romania.

Arbore
Arbore is a commune that can be found in Suceava County, Romania.

Baia
Baia is a commune that can be found in Suceava County, Romania.

Bălăceana
Bălăceana is a commune that can be found in Suceava County, Romania.

Bălcăuţi
Bălcăuţi is a commune that can be found in Suceava County, Romania.

Bilca
Bilca is a commune that can be found in Suceava County, Romania.

Bogdăneşti, Suceava
Bogdăneşti, Suceava is a commune that can be found in Suceava County, Romania.

Boroaia
Boroaia is a commune that can be found in Suceava County, Romania.

Bosanci, Suceava
Bosanci, Suceava is a commune that can be found in Suceava County, Romania.

Botoşana
Botoşana is a commune that can be found in Suceava County, Romania.

Breaza, Suceava
Breaza, Suceava is a commune that can be found in Suceava County, Romania.

Brodina
Brodina is a commune that can be found in Suceava County, Romania.

Buneşti, Suceava
Buneşti, Suceava is a commune that can be found in Suceava County, Romania.

Burla, Suceava
Burla, Suceava is a commune that can be found in Suceava County, Romania.

Cacica
Cacica is a commune that can be found in Suceava County, Romania.

Calafindeşti
Calafindeşti is a commune that can be found in Suceava County, Romania.

Capu Câmpului
Capu Câmpului is a commune that can be found in Suceava County, Romania.

Cârlibaba
Cârlibaba is a commune that can be found in Suceava County, Romania.

Ciocăneşti, Suceava
Ciocăneşti, Suceava is a commune that can be found in Suceava County, Romania.

Ciprian Porumbescu, Suceava
Ciprian Porumbescu, Suceava is a commune that can be found in Suceava County, Romania.

Comăneşti, Suceva
Comăneşti, Suceva is a commune that can be found in Suceava County, Romania.

Cornu Luncii
Cornu Luncii is a commune that can be found in Suceava County, Romania.

Coşna
Coşna is a commune that can be found in Suceava County, Romania.

Crucea, Suceava
Crucea, Suceava is a commune that can be found in Suceava County, Romania.

Dărmăneşti, Suceava
Dărmăneşti, Suceava is a commune that can be found in Suceava County, Romania.

Dolheşti, Suceava
Dolheşti, Suceava is a commune that can be found in Suceava County, Romania.

Dorna-Arini
Dorna-Arini is a commune that can be found in Suceava County, Romania.

Dorna Candrenilor
Dorna Candrenilor is a commune that can be found in Suceava County, Romania.

Dorneşti
Dorneşti is a commune that can be found in Suceava County, Romania.

Drăgoieşti
Drăgoieşti is a commune that can be found in Suceava County, Romania.

Drăguşeni, Suceava
Drăguşeni, Suceava is a commune that can be found in Suceava County, Romania.

Dumbrăveni, Suceava
Dumbrăveni, Suceava is a commune that can be found in Suceava County, Romania.

Fântâna Mare
Fântâna Mare is a commune that can be found in Suceava County, Romania.

Fântânele, Suceava
Fântânele, Suceava is a commune that can be found in Suceava County, Romania.

Forăşti
Forăşti is a commune that can be found in Suceava County, Romania.

Frătăuţii Noi
Frătăuţii Noi is a commune that can be found in Suceava County, Romania.

Frătăuţii Vechi
Frătăuţii Vechi is a commune that can be found in Suceava County, Romania.

Frumosu
Frumosu is a commune that can be found in Suceava County, Romania.

Fundu Moldovei
Fundu Moldovei is a commune that can be found in Suceava County, Romania.

Gălăneşti
Gălăneşti is a commune that can be found in Suceava County, Romania.

Grămeşti
Grămeşti is a commune that can be found in Suceava County, Romania.

Grăniceşti
Grăniceşti is a commune that can be found in Suceava County, Romania.

Hănţeşti
Hănţeşti is a commune that can be found in Suceava County, Romania.

Hârtop
Hârtop is a commune that can be found in Suceava County, Romania.

Horodnic de Jos
Horodnic de Jos is a commune that can be found in Suceava County, Romania.

Horodnic de Sus
Horodnic de Sus is a commune that can be found in Suceava County, Romania.

Horodniceni
Horodniceni is a commune that can be found in Suceava County, Romania.

Iacobeni, Suceava
Iacobeni, Suceava is a commune that can be found in Suceava County, Romania.

Iaslovăţ
Iaslovăţ is a commune that can be found in Suceava County, Romania.

Ilişeşti
Ilişeşti is a commune that can be found in Suceava County, Romania.

Ipoteşti, Suceava
Ipoteşti, Suceava is a commune that can be found in Suceava County, Romania.

Izvoarele Sucevei
Izvoarele Sucevei is a commune that can be found in Suceava County, Romania.

Mălini
Mălini is a commune that can be found in Suceava County, Romania.

Mănăstirea Humorului
Mănăstirea Humorului is a commune that can be found in Suceava County, Romania.

Marginea
Marginea is a commune that can be found in Suceava County, Romania.

Mitocu Dragomirnei
Mitocu Dragomirnei is a commune that can be found in Suceava County, Romania.

Moara, Romania
Moara, Romania is a commune that can be found in Suceava County, Romania.

Moldova-Suliţa
Moldova-Suliţa is a commune that can be found in Suceava County, Romania.

Moldoviţa, Suceava
Moldoviţa, Suceava is a commune that can be found in Suceava County, Romania.

Muşeniţa
Muşeniţa is a commune that can be found in Suceava County, Romania.

Păltinoasa
Păltinoasa is a commune that can be found in Suceava County, Romania.

Panaci
Panaci is a commune that can be found in Suceava County, Romania.

Pârteştii de Jos
Pârteştii de Jos is a commune that can be found in Suceava County, Romania.

Pătrăuţi
Pătrăuţi is a commune that can be found in Suceava County, Romania.

Poiana Stampei
Poiana Stampei is a commune that can be found in Suceava County, Romania.

Poieni-Solca
Poieni-Solca is a commune that can be found in Suceava County, Romania.

Pojorâta
Pojorâta is a commune that can be found in Suceava County, Romania.

Preuteşti
Preuteşti is a commune that can be found in Suceava County, Romania.

Putna, Suceava
Putna, Suceava is a commune that can be found in Suceava County, Romania.

Rădăşeni
Rădăşeni is a commune that can be found in Suceava County, Romania.

Râşca, Suceava
Râşca, Suceava is a commune that can be found in Suceava County, Romania.

Şaru Dornei
Şaru Dornei is a commune that can be found in Suceava County, Romania.

Satu Mare, Suceava
Satu Mare, Suceava is a commune that can be found in Suceava County, Romania.

Şcheia, Suceava
Şcheia, Suceava is a commune that can be found in Suceava County, Romania.

Serbăuţi
Serbăuţi is a commune that can be found in Suceava County, Romania.

Siminicea
Siminicea is a commune that can be found in Suceava County, Romania.

Slatina, Suceava
Slatina, Suceava is a commune that can be found in Suceava County, Romania.

Straja, Suceava
Straja, Suceava is a commune that can be found in Suceava County, Romania.

Stroieşti, Suceava
Stroieşti, Suceava is a commune that can be found in Suceava County, Romania.

Stulpicani
Stulpicani is a commune that can be found in Suceava County, Romania.

Suceviţa
Suceviţa is a commune that can be found in Suceava County, Romania.

Todireşti, Suceava
Todireşti, Suceava is a commune that can be found in Suceava County, Romania.

Udeşti
Udeşti is a commune that can be found in Suceava County, Romania.

Ulma, Suceava
Ulma, Suceava is a commune that can be found in Suceava County, Romania.

Vadu Moldovei
Vadu Moldovei is a commune that can be found in Suceava County, Romania.

Valea Moldovei
Valea Moldovei is a commune that can be found in Suceava County, Romania.

Vama, Suceava
Vama, Suceava is a commune that can be found in Suceava County, Romania.

Vatra Moldoviţei
Vatra Moldoviţei is a commune that can be found in Suceava County, Romania.

Vereşti
Vereşti is a commune that can be found in Suceava County, Romania.

Vicovu de Jos
Vicovu de Jos is a commune that can be found in Suceava County, Romania.

Voitinel
Voitinel is a commune that can be found in Suceava County, Romania.

Volovăţ
Volovăţ is a commune that can be found in Suceava County, Romania.

Vultureşti, Suceava
Vultureşti, Suceava is a commune that can be found in Suceava County, Romania.

Zamostea
Zamostea is a commune that can be found in Suceava County, Romania.

Zvoriştea
Zvoriştea is a commune that can be found in Suceava County, Romania.

Afumaţi, Dolj
Afumaţi, Dolj is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Almăj
Almăj is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Amărăştii de Jos
Amărăştii de Jos is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Amărăştii de Sus
Amărăştii de Sus is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Apele Vii
Apele Vii is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Argetoaia
Argetoaia is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Bistreţ
Bistreţ is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Botoşeşti-Paia
Botoşeşti-Paia is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Brabova
Brabova is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Braloştiţa
Braloştiţa is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Bratovoeşti
Bratovoeşti is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Breasta
Breasta is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Brădeşti, Dolj
Brădeşti, Dolj is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Bucovăţ
Bucovăţ is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Bulzeşti
Bulzeşti is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Bârca
Bârca is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Calopăr
Calopăr is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Caraula
Caraula is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Carpen
Carpen is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Castranova
Castranova is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Catane
Catane is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Celaru
Celaru is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Cernăteşti, Dolj
Cernăteşti is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Cerăt
Cerăt is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Cetate, Dolj
Cetate, Dolj is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Cioroiaşi
Cioroiaşi is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Ciupercenii Noi
Ciupercenii Noi is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Coşoveni
Coşoveni is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Coţofenii din Dos
Coţofenii din Dos is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Coţofenii din Faţă
Coţofenii din Faţă is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Cârcea
Cârcea is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Cârna
Cârna is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Călăraşi, Dolj
Călăraşi, Dolj is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Daneţi
Daneţi is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Desa, Dolj
Desa, Dolj is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Dioşti
Dioşti is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Dobreşti, Dolj
Dobreşti, Dolj is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Dobroteşti, Dolj
Dobroteşti, Dolj is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Drăgoteşti, Dolj
Drăgoteşti, Dolj is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Drănic
Drănic is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Fărcaş
Fărcaş is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Galicea Mare
Galicea Mare is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Galiciuica
Galiciuica is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Gherceşti
Gherceşti is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Ghidici
Ghidici is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Ghindeni
Ghindeni is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Gighera
Gighera is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Giubega
Giubega is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Giurgiţa
Giurgiţa is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Gogoşu, Dolj
Gogoşu, Dolj is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Goicea
Goicea is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Goieşti
Goieşti is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Greceşti
Greceşti is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Gângiova
Gângiova is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Izvoare
Izvoare is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Işalniţa
Işalniţa is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Leu, Dolj
Leu, Dolj is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Lipovu
Lipovu is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Maglavit
Maglavit is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Malu Mare
Malu Mare is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Melineşti
Melineşti is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Mischii
Mischii is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Moţăţei
Moţăţei is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Murgaşi
Murgaşi is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Mârşani
Mârşani is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Măceşu de Jos
Măceşu de Jos is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Măceşu de Sus
Măceşu de Sus is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Negoi
Negoi is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Orodel
Orodel is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Ostroveni
Ostroveni is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Perişor
Perişor is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Pieleşti
Pieleşti is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Piscu Vechi
Piscu Vechi is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Pleniţa
Pleniţa is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Pleşoi
Pleşoi is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Podari
Podari is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Poiana Mare
Poiana Mare is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Predeşti
Predeşti is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Radovan, Dolj
Radovan, Dolj is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Rast, Dolj
Rast, Dolj is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Robăneşti
Robăneşti is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Rojişte
Rojişte is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Sadova, Dolj
Sadova, Dolj is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Scăeşti
Scăeşti is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Seaca de Câmp
Seaca de Câmp is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Seaca de Pădure
Seaca de Pădure is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Secu
Secu is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Siliştea Crucii
Siliştea Crucii is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Sopot, Dolj
Sopot, Dolj is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Sălcuţa
Sălcuţa is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Terpeziţa
Terpeziţa is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Teslui, Dolj
Teslui, Dolj is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Tălpaş
Tălpaş is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Unirea, Dolj
Unirea, Dolj is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Urzicuţa
Urzicuţa is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Valea Stanciului
Valea Stanciului is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Vela, Dolj
Vela, Dolj is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Verbiţa
Verbiţa is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Vârtop
Vârtop is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Vârvoru de Jos
Vârvoru de Jos is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Întorsura
Întorsura is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Şimnicu de Sus
Şimnicu de Sus is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Ţuglui
Ţuglui is a commune that can be found in Dolj County, Romania.

Adak, Alaska
Adak is a city in Alaska.

Akhiok, Alaska
Akhiok, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Akiak, Alaska
Akiak, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Akutan, Alaska
Akutan, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Alakanuk, Alaska
Alakanuk, Alaska is a city in Alaska. About 620 people live in Alakanuk.

Aleknagik, Alaska
Aleknagik, Alaska is a city in Alaska. About 220 people live in Aleknagik.

Allakaket, Alaska
Allakaket, Alaska is a city in Alaska. About 95 people lived in Allakaket as of the year 2002.

Ambler, Alaska
Ambler, Alaska is a city in Alaska. About 320 people lived in Ambler as of the year 2007.

Anaktuvuk Pass, Alaska
Anaktuvuk Pass, Alaska is a city in Alaska. About 250 people lived in Anaktuvuk Pass as of the year 2007.

Anderson, Alaska
Anderson, Alaska is a city in Alaska. About 275 people lived in Anderson as of the year 2007.

Angoon, Alaska
Angoon, Alaska is a city in Alaska. About 540 people lived in Angoon as of the year 2002.

Aniak, Alaska
Aniak, Alaska is a city in Alaska. About 570 people live in Aniak as of the year 2007.

Anvik, Alaska
Anvik, Alaska is a city in Alaska. About 95 people lived in Anvik as of the year 2007.

Atka, Alaska
Atka, Alaska is a city in Alaska. About 75 people lived in Atka as of the year 2007.

Atqasuk, Alaska
Atqasuk, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Barrow, Alaska
Barrow, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Bethel, Alaska
Bethel, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Bettles, Alaska
Bettles, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Brevig Mission, Alaska
Brevig Mission, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Buckland, Alaska
Buckland, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Central, Alaska
Central, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Chefornak, Alaska
Chefornak, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Chevak, Alaska
Chevak, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Chignik, Alaska
Chignik, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Chuathbaluk, Alaska
Chuathbaluk, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Circle, Alaska
Circle, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Circle Hot Springs, Alaska
Circle Hot Springs, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Clark's Point, Alaska
Clark's Point, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Coffman Cove, Alaska
Coffman Cove, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Cold Bay, Alaska
Cold Bay, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Cordova, Alaska
Cordova, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Craig, Alaska
Craig, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Deering, Alaska
Deering, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Delta Junction, Alaska
Delta Junction, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Dillingham, Alaska
Dillingham, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Diomede, Alaska
Diomede, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Sablet
Sablet is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Saignon
Saignon is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Eagle, Alaska
Eagle, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Saint-Christol, Vaucluse
Saint-Christol is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Eek, Alaska
Eek, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Egegik, Alaska
Egegik, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Ekwok, Alaska
Ekwok is a city in Alaska.

Elim, Alaska
Elim, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Emmonak, Alaska
Emmonak, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Saint-Didier, Vaucluse
Saint-Didier is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Fairbanks, Alaska
Fairbanks, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

False Pass, Alaska
False Pass, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Saint-Hippolyte-le-Graveyron
Saint-Hippolyte-le-Graveyron is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Fort Yukon, Alaska
Fort Yukon, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Galena, Alaska
Galena, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Gambell, Alaska
Gambell, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Golovin, Alaska
Golovin, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Saint-Léger-du-Ventoux
Saint-Léger-du-Ventoux is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Goodnews Bay, Alaska
Goodnews Bay, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Saint-Marcellin-lès-Vaison
Saint-Marcellin-lès-Vaison is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Grayling, Alaska
Grayling, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Gustavus, Alaska
Gustavus, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Juneau City and Borough, Alaska
Juneau City and Borough, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Saint-Martin-de-Castillon
Saint-Martin-de-Castillon is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Kachemak, Alaska
Kachemak, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Saint-Martin-de-la-Brasque
Saint-Martin-de-la-Brasque is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Kake, Alaska
Kake, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Kaktovik, Alaska
Kaktovik, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Kaltag, Alaska
Kaltag, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Kasaan, Alaska
Kasaan, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Kenai, Alaska
Kenai, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Ketchikan, Alaska
Ketchikan, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Kiana, Alaska
Kiana, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

King Cove, Alaska
King Cove, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Saint-Pantaléon, Vaucluse
Saint-Pantaléon, Vaucluse is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Kivalina, Alaska
Kivalina, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Saint-Pierre-de-Vassols
Saint-Pierre-de-Vassols is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Klawock, Alaska
Klawock, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Saint-Romain-en-Viennois
Saint-Romain-en-Viennois is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Kobuk, Alaska
Kobuk, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Saint-Roman-de-Malegarde
Saint-Roman-de-Malegarde is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Saint-Saturnin-lès-Apt
Saint-Saturnin-lès-Apt is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Saint-Saturnin-lès-Avignon
Saint-Saturnin-lès-Avignon is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Kodiak, Alaska
Kodiak, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Saint-Trinit
Saint-Trinit is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Sainte-Cécile-les-Vignes
Sainte-Cécile-les-Vignes is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Kotlik, Alaska
Kotlik, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Sannes
Sannes is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Kotzebue, Alaska
Kotzebue, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Sarrians
Sarrians is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Koyuk, Alaska
Koyuk, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Sault, Vaucluse
Sault, Vaucluse is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Koyukuk, Alaska
Koyukuk, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Saumane-de-Vaucluse
Saumane-de-Vaucluse is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Savoillan
Savoillan is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Kupreanof, Alaska
Kupreanof, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Sivergues
Sivergues is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Sorgues
Sorgues is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Suzette
Suzette is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Séguret
Séguret is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Sérignan-du-Comtat
Sérignan-du-Comtat is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Taillades
Taillades is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Kwethluk, Alaska
Kwethluk, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Travaillan
Travaillan is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Uchaux
Uchaux is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Larsen Bay, Alaska
Larsen Bay, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Vacqueyras
Vacqueyras is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Levelock, Alaska
Levelock, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Vaison-la-Romaine
Vaison-la-Romaine is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Lower Kalskag, Alaska
Lower Kalskag, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Valréas
Valréas is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Napakiak, Alaska
Napakiak, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Vaugines
Vaugines is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Napaskiak, Alaska
Napaskiak, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Vedène
Vedène is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Nenana, Alaska
Nenana, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Velleron
Velleron is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

New Stuyahok, Alaska
New Stuyahok, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Venasque
Venasque is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Viens
Viens is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Newhalen, Alaska
Newhalen, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Villars, Vaucluse
Villars, Vaucluse is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Nightmute, Alaska
Nightmute, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Villedieu, Vaucluse
Villedieu, Vaucluse is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Nikolai, Alaska
Nikolai, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Villelaure
Villelaure is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Nondalton, Alaska
Nondalton, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Villes-sur-Auzon
Villes-sur-Auzon is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Noorvik, Alaska
Noorvik, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Violès
Violès is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Visan
Visan is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Vitrolles-en-Lubéron
Vitrolles-en-Lubéron is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

North Pole, Alaska
North Pole, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Nuiqsut, Alaska
Nuiqsut, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Nulato, Alaska
Nulato, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Nunam Iqua, Alaska
Nunam Iqua, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Nunapitchuk, Alaska
Nunapitchuk, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Old Harbor, Alaska
Old Harbor, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Ouzinkie, Alaska
Ouzinkie, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Palmer, Alaska
Palmer, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Pelican, Alaska
Pelican, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Petersburg, Alaska
Petersburg, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Pilot Point, Alaska
Pilot Point, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Pilot Station, Alaska
Pilot Station, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Platinum, Alaska
Platinum, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Point Hope, Alaska
Point Hope, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Port Alexander, Alaska
Port Alexander, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Port Heiden, Alaska
Port Heiden, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Port Lions, Alaska
Port Lions, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Quinhagak, Alaska
Quinhagak, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Ruby, Alaska
Ruby, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Russian Mission, Alaska
Russian Mission, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Sand Point, Alaska
Sand Point, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Savoonga, Alaska
Savoonga, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Saxman, Alaska
Saxman, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Scammon Bay, Alaska
Scammon Bay, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Selawik, Alaska
Selawik, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Seldovia, Alaska
Seldovia, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Seward, Alaska
Seward, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Shageluk, Alaska
Shageluk, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Shaktoolik, Alaska
Shaktoolik, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Shishmaref, Alaska
Shishmaref, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Shungnak, Alaska
Shungnak, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Sitka City and Borough, Alaska
Sitka City and Borough, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Skagway, Alaska
Skagway, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Soldotna, Alaska
Soldotna, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

St. George, Alaska
St. George, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

St. Mary's, Alaska
St. Mary's, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

St. Michael, Alaska
St. Michael, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

St. Paul, Alaska
St. Paul, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Stebbins, Alaska
Stebbins, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Tanana, Alaska
Tanana, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Teller, Alaska
Teller, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Tenakee Springs, Alaska
Tenakee Springs, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Thorne Bay, Alaska
Thorne Bay, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Togiak, Alaska
Togiak, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Toksook Bay, Alaska
Toksook Bay, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Unalakleet, Alaska
Unalakleet, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Unalaska, Alaska
Unalaska, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Upper Kalskag, Alaska
Upper Kalskag, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Valdez, Alaska
Valdez, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Wainwright, Alaska
Wainwright, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Wales, Alaska
Wales, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

White Mountain, Alaska
White Mountain, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Wrangell, Alaska
Wrangell, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Yakutat City and Borough, Alaska
Yakutat City and Borough, Alaska is a city in Alaska.

Communes of the Ain department
There are 419 communes in the Ain "département" in France.

Ambérieu-en-Bugey
Ambérieu-en-Bugey is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Ambérieux-en-Dombes
Ambérieux-en-Dombes is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Ambléon
Ambléon is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Ambronay
Ambronay is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Ambutrix
Ambutrix is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Andert-et-Condon
Andert-et-Condon is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Anglefort
Anglefort is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Apremont, Ain
Apremont is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Aranc
Aranc is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Arandas, Ain
Arandas is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Arbent
Arbent is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Arbignieu
Arbignieu is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Arbigny
Arbigny is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Argis
Argis is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Armix
Armix is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Ars-sur-Formans
Ars-sur-Formans is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Artemare
Artemare is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Asnières-sur-Saône
Asnières-sur-Saône is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Attignat
Attignat is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Bâgé-la-Ville
Bâgé-la-Ville is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Bâgé-le-Châtel
Bâgé-le-Châtel is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Balan, Ain
Balan is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Baneins
Baneins is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Beaupont
Beaupont is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Beauregard, Ain
Beauregard is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Béligneux
Béligneux is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Bellegarde-sur-Valserine
Bellegarde-sur-Valserine is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Belley
Belley is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Belleydoux
Belleydoux is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Bellignat
Bellignat is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Belmont-Luthézieu
Belmont-Luthézieu is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Arkadelphia, Arkansas
Arkadelphia, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Bénonces
Bénonces is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Arkansas City, Arkansas
Arkansas City, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Bény
Bény is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Ash Flat, Arkansas
Ash Flat, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Ashdown, Arkansas
Ashdown, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Béon, Ain
Béon is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Atkins, Arkansas
Atkins, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Augusta, Arkansas
Augusta, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Béréziat
Béréziat is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Bald Knob, Arkansas
Bald Knob, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Bettant
Bettant is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Barling, Arkansas
Barling, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Bey, Ain
Bey is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Batesville, Arkansas
Batesville, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Bearden, Arkansas
Bearden, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Beynost
Beynost is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Beaver, Arkansas
Beaver, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Beebe, Arkansas
Beebe, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Bella Vista, Arkansas
Bella Vista, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Billiat
Billiat is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Benton, Arkansas
Benton, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Bentonville, Arkansas
Bentonville, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Berryville, Arkansas
Berryville, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Bigelow, Arkansas
Bigelow, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Biggers, Arkansas
Biggers, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Bismarck, Arkansas
Bismarck, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Black Oak, Arkansas
Black Oak, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Black Rock, Arkansas
Black Rock, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Bluff City, Arkansas
Bluff City, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Birieux
Birieux is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Blytheville, Arkansas
Blytheville, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Bono, Arkansas
Bono, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Booneville, Arkansas
Booneville, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Bradley, Arkansas
Bradley, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Branch, Arkansas
Branch, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Brinkley, Arkansas
Brinkley, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Brookland, Arkansas
Brookland, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Bryant, Arkansas
Bryant, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Biziat
Biziat is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Bull Shoals, Arkansas
Bull Shoals, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Cabot, Arkansas
Cabot, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Calico Rock, Arkansas
Calico Rock, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Blyes
Blyes is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Camden, Arkansas
Camden, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Carlisle, Arkansas
Carlisle, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Cave City, Arkansas
Cave City, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Bohas-Meyriat-Rignat
Bohas-Meyriat-Rignat is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Centerton, Arkansas
Centerton, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Charleston, Arkansas
Charleston, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Cherokee Village, Arkansas
Cherokee Village, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Clarendon, Arkansas
Clarendon, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Boissey, Ain
Boissey is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Clarksville, Arkansas
Clarksville, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Bolozon
Bolozon is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Clinton, Arkansas
Clinton, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Conway, Arkansas
Conway, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Bouligneux
Bouligneux is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Bourg-en-Bresse
Bourg-en-Bresse is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Bourg-Saint-Christophe
Bourg-Saint-Christophe is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Boyeux-Saint-Jérôme
Boyeux-Saint-Jérôme is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Boz, Ain
Boz is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Brégnier-Cordon
Brégnier-Cordon is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Brénaz
Brénaz is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Brénod
Brénod is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Brens, Ain
Brens is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Bressolles, Ain
Bressolles is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Brion, Ain
Brion is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Briord
Briord is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Buellas
Buellas is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Ceignes
Ceignes is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Cerdon, Ain
Cerdon is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Corning, Arkansas
Corning, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Cotter, Arkansas
Cotter, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Cotton Plant, Arkansas
Cotton Plant, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Certines
Certines is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Crossett, Arkansas
Crossett, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Cushman, Arkansas
Cushman, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Cessy
Cessy is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Ceyzériat
Ceyzériat is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Danville, Arkansas
Danville, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Comeback kid
Comeback Kid (or CBK) are a Hardcore punk band from Canada. They live in the area of Winnipeg. The band is currently signed to Victory records. Their former labels include Facedown Records. The band was formed in 2002 by Andrew Neufeld and Jeremy Hiebert.
The band has released three albums and a live DVD called "Through the Noise".
For their first two albums, Scott Wade was the singer for the band. He left the band in May 2006. His role as singer for Comeback Kid, was replaced by the band's guitarist, Andrew Neufeld.
People often think that Comeback Kid is a Christian band. This is because of their original record label and the band some of the members used to be part of. Some of Comeback Kid's members were Christian but not anymore. The lead singer has stated that they do not really have an agenda and just love playing their type of music.

Dardanelle, Arkansas
Dardanelle, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Ceyzérieu
Ceyzérieu is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

De Queen, Arkansas
De Queen, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Decatur, Arkansas
Decatur, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Delaplaine, Arkansas
Delaplaine, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Chalamont
Chalamont is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Dermott, Arkansas
Dermott, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Des Arc, Arkansas
Des Arc, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Diamond City, Arkansas
Diamond City, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Chaleins
Chaleins is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Diaz, Arkansas
Diaz, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Donaldson, Arkansas
Donaldson, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Dover, Arkansas
Dover, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Chaley
Chaley is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Dumas, Arkansas
Dumas, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Egypt, Arkansas
Egypt, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

El Dorado, Arkansas
El Dorado, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Challes-la-Montagne
Challes-la-Montagne is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Elaine, Arkansas
Elaine, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Challex
Challex is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Eudora, Arkansas
Eudora, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Champagne-en-Valromey
Champagne-en-Valromey is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Champdor
Champdor is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Champfromier
Champfromier is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Chanay
Chanay is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Eureka Springs, Arkansas
Eureka Springs, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Chaneins
Chaneins is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Evening Shade, Arkansas
Evening Shade, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Chanoz-Châtenay
Chanoz-Châtenay is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Fairfield Bay, Arkansas
Fairfield Bay, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Farmington, Arkansas
Farmington, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Fayetteville, Arkansas
Fayetteville, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Charix
Charix is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Fifty-Six, Arkansas
Fifty-Six, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Charnoz-sur-Ain
Charnoz-sur-Ain is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Bombylius major
The Large Bee Fly ("Bombylius major") is a bee mimic. They can be found in April to June in Europe and North America and some parts of Asia.

Château-Gaillard, Ain
Château-Gaillard is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Châtenay, Ain
Châtenay is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Châtillon-en-Michaille
Châtillon-en-Michaille is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Châtillon-la-Palud
Châtillon-la-Palud is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Châtillon-sur-Chalaronne
Châtillon-sur-Chalaronne is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Chavannes-sur-Reyssouze
Chavannes-sur-Reyssouze is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Chavannes-sur-Suran
Chavannes-sur-Suran is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Chaveyriat
Chaveyriat is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Chavornay, Ain
Chavornay is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Chazey-Bons
Chazey-Bons is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Chazey-sur-Ain
Chazey-sur-Ain is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Cheignieu-la-Balme
Cheignieu-la-Balme is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Chevillard, Ain
Chevillard is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Chevroux, Ain
Chevroux is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Chevry, Ain
Chevry is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Chézery-Forens
Chézery-Forens is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Civrieux
Civrieux is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Cize, Ain
Cize is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Cleyzieu
Cleyzieu is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Coligny, Ain
Coligny is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Collonges, Ain
Collonges is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Colomieu
Colomieu is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Conand, Ain
Conand is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Condamine, Ain
Condamine is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Condeissiat
Condeissiat is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Confort
Confort is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Confrançon
Confrançon is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Contrevoz
Contrevoz is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Conzieu
Conzieu is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Corbonod
Corbonod is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Corcelles, Ain
Corcelles is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Corlier
Corlier is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Cormaranche-en-Bugey
Cormaranche-en-Bugey is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Cormoranche-sur-Saône
Cormoranche-sur-Saône is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Cormoz
Cormoz is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Corveissiat
Corveissiat is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Courmangoux
Courmangoux is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Courtes
Courtes is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Crans, Ain
Crans is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Cras-sur-Reyssouze
Cras-sur-Reyssouze is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Fisher, Arkansas
Fisher, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Cressin-Rochefort
Cressin-Rochefort is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Flippin, Arkansas
Flippin, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Crottet
Crottet is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Fordyce, Arkansas
Fordyce, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Crozet, Ain
Crozet is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Forrest City, Arkansas
Forrest City, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Cruzilles-lès-Mépillat
Cruzilles-lès-Mépillat is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Culoz
Culoz is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Fort Smith, Arkansas
Fort Smith, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Curciat-Dongalon
Curciat-Dongalon is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Curtafond
Curtafond is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Cuzieu, Ain
Cuzieu is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Fountain Lake, Arkansas
Fountain Lake, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Dagneux
Dagneux is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Friendship, Arkansas
Friendship, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Divonne-les-Bains
Divonne-les-Bains is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Fulton County, Arkansas
Fulton County, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Dommartin, Ain
Dommartin is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Gassville, Arkansas
Gassville, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Dompierre-sur-Chalaronne
Dompierre-sur-Chalaronne is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Gentry, Arkansas
Gentry, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Dompierre-sur-Veyle
Dompierre-sur-Veyle is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Gosnell, Arkansas
Gosnell, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Domsure
Domsure is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Dortan
Dortan is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Gravette, Arkansas
Gravette, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Douvres
Douvres is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Greenwood, Arkansas
Greenwood, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Drom
Drom is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Guion, Arkansas
Guion, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Druillat
Druillat is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Échallon
Échallon is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Gurdon, Arkansas
Gurdon, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Échenevex
Échenevex is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Guy, Arkansas
Guy, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Étrez
Étrez is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Hamburg, Arkansas
Hamburg, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Évosges
Évosges is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Hampton, Arkansas
Hampton, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Faramans, Ain
Faramans is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Fareins
Fareins is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Farges
Farges is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Feillens
Feillens is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Ferney-Voltaire
Ferney-Voltaire is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Flaxieu
Flaxieu is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Foissiat
Foissiat is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Francheleins
Francheleins is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Frans, Ain
Frans is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Garnerans
Garnerans is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Genouilleux
Genouilleux is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Géovreisset
Géovreisset is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Géovreissiat
Géovreissiat is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Germagnat
Germagnat is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Gex, Ain
Gex is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Giron
Giron is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Gorrevod
Gorrevod is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Grand-Corent
Grand-Corent is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Grièges
Grièges is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Grilly
Grilly is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Groissiat
Groissiat is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Groslée
Groslée is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Harrison, Arkansas
Harrison, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Guéreins
Guéreins is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Heber Springs, Arkansas
Heber Springs, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Hautecourt-Romanèche
Hautecourt-Romanèche is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Highland, Arkansas
Highland, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Hauteville-Lompnes
Hauteville-Lompnes is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Hot Springs, Arkansas
Hot Springs, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Hostiaz
Hostiaz is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Hoxie, Arkansas
Hoxie, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Hotonnes
Hotonnes is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Jacksonville, Arkansas
Jacksonville, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Illiat
Illiat is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Jersey, Arkansas
Jersey, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Injoux-Génissiat
Injoux-Génissiat is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Jonesboro, Arkansas
Jonesboro, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Innimond
Innimond is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Izenave
Izenave is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Keo, Arkansas
Keo, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Izernore
Izernore is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Lake Village, Arkansas
Lake Village, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Izieu
Izieu is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Lakeview, Arkansas
Lakeview, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Jassans-Riottier
Jassans-Riottier is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Jasseron
Jasseron is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Lavaca, Arkansas
Lavaca, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Jayat
Jayat is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Journans
Journans is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Leachville, Arkansas
Leachville, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Joyeux
Joyeux is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Lead Hill, Arkansas
Lead Hill, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Jujurieux
Jujurieux is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

L'Abergement-Clémenciat
L'Abergement-Clémenciat is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Leola, Arkansas
Leola, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

L'Abergement-de-Varey
L'Abergement-de-Varey is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

La Boisse
La Boisse is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

La Burbanche
La Burbanche is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

La Chapelle-du-Châtelard
La Chapelle-du-Châtelard is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

La Tranclière
La Tranclière is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Labalme
Labalme is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Lagnieu
Lagnieu is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Laiz
Laiz is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Lalleyriat
Lalleyriat is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Lancrans
Lancrans is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Lantenay, Ain
Lantenay is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Lapeyrouse, Ain
Lapeyrouse is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Leslie, Arkansas
Leslie, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Lavours
Lavours is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Lincoln, Arkansas
Lincoln, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Le Grand-Abergement
Le Grand-Abergement is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

London, Arkansas
London, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Le Montellier
Le Montellier is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Le Petit-Abergement
Le Petit-Abergement is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Lonoke, Arkansas
Lonoke, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Le Plantay
Le Plantay is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Lowell, Arkansas
Lowell, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Le Poizat
Le Poizat is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Madison, Arkansas
Madison, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Tony Hawk's American Wasteland
Tony Hawk's American Wasteland is a skateboarding video game that was on the PS2, Xbox, Xbox 360, Nintendo GameCube and PC. The game was developed by Neversoft and published by Activision. The PC version of the game was ported/published by Aspyr.

Léaz
Léaz is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Magazine, Arkansas
Magazine, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Lélex
Lélex is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Magnolia, Arkansas
Magnolia, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Lent, Ain
Lent is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Malvern, Arkansas
Malvern, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Les Neyrolles
Les Neyrolles is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Lescheroux
Lescheroux is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Mammoth Spring, Arkansas
Mammoth Spring, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Leyment
Leyment is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Mansfield, Arkansas
Mansfield, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Leyssard
Leyssard is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Marianna, Arkansas
Marianna, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Lhôpital
Lhôpital is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Marion, Arkansas
Marion, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Lhuis
Lhuis is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Marked Tree, Arkansas
Marked Tree, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Lochieu
Lochieu is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Lompnas
Lompnas is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Marshall, Arkansas
Marshall, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Lompnieu
Lompnieu is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Loyettes
Loyettes is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Lurcy
Lurcy is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Magnieu
Magnieu is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Maillat
Maillat is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Malafretaz
Malafretaz is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Mantenay-Montlin
Mantenay-Montlin is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Manziat
Manziat is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Marboz
Marboz is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Marchamp
Marchamp is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Marignieu
Marignieu is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Marlieux
Marlieux is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Marsonnas
Marsonnas is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Martignat
Martignat is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Massieux
Massieux is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Massignieu-de-Rives
Massignieu-de-Rives is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Matafelon-Granges
Matafelon-Granges is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Meillonnas
Meillonnas is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Mérignat
Mérignat is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Messimy-sur-Saône
Messimy-sur-Saône is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Meximieux
Meximieux is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Mézériat
Mézériat is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Mijoux
Mijoux is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Mionnay
Mionnay is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Miribel, Ain
Miribel is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Misérieux
Misérieux is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Mogneneins
Mogneneins is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Montagnat
Montagnat is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Montagnieu, Ain
Montagnieu is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Montanges
Montanges is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Montceaux
Montceaux is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Montcet
Montcet is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Monthieux
Monthieux is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Montluel
Montluel is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Montmerle-sur-Saône
Montmerle-sur-Saône is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Montracol
Montracol is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Montréal-la-Cluse
Montréal-la-Cluse is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Montrevel-en-Bresse
Montrevel-en-Bresse is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Murs-et-Gélignieux
Murs-et-Gélignieux is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Nantua
Nantua is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Nattages
Nattages is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Neuville-les-Dames
Neuville-les-Dames is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Marvell, Arkansas
Marvell, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Neuville-sur-Ain
Neuville-sur-Ain is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Neyron
Neyron is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Maumelle, Arkansas
Maumelle, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Niévroz
Niévroz is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

McGehee, Arkansas
McGehee, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Nivollet-Montgriffon
Nivollet-Montgriffon is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Melbourne, Arkansas
Melbourne, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Nurieux-Volognat
Nurieux-Volognat is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Mena, Arkansas
Mena, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Oncieu
Oncieu is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Ordonnaz
Ordonnaz is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Monticello, Arkansas
Monticello, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Ornex
Ornex is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Morrilton, Arkansas
Morrilton, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Outriaz
Outriaz is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Mountain Home, Arkansas
Mountain Home, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Oyonnax
Oyonnax is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Mountain View, Arkansas
Mountain View, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Ozan, Ain
Ozan is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Parcieux
Parcieux is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Parves
Parves is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Péron, Ain
Péron is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Péronnas
Péronnas is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Pérouges
Pérouges is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Perrex
Perrex is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Peyriat
Peyriat is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Mountainburg, Arkansas
Mountainburg, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Peyrieu
Peyrieu is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Nashville, Arkansas
Nashville, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Peyzieux-sur-Saône
Peyzieux-sur-Saône is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Natural Steps, Arkansas
Natural Steps, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Pirajoux
Pirajoux is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Pizay
Pizay is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Newport, Arkansas
Newport, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Plagne, Ain
Plagne is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Norfork, Arkansas
Norfork, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Polliat
Polliat is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

North Little Rock, Arkansas
North Little Rock, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Pollieu
Pollieu is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Ola, Arkansas
Ola, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Poncin
Poncin is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Omaha, Arkansas
Omaha, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Pont-d'Ain
Pont-d'Ain is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Pont-de-Vaux
Pont-de-Vaux is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Osceola, Arkansas
Osceola, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Pont-de-Veyle
Pont-de-Veyle is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Ozark, Arkansas
Ozark, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Port, Ain
Port is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Pougny, Ain
Pougny is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Pouillat
Pouillat is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Prémeyzel
Prémeyzel is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Palestine, Arkansas
Palestine, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Prémillieu
Prémillieu is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Paragould, Arkansas
Paragould, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Pressiat
Pressiat is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Prévessin-Moëns
Prévessin-Moëns is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Priay
Priay is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Pugieu
Pugieu is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Ramasse
Ramasse is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Rancé
Rancé is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Relevant, Ain
Relevant is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Replonges
Replonges is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Revonnas
Revonnas is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Reyrieux
Reyrieux is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Reyssouze
Reyssouze is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Rignieux-le-Franc
Rignieux-le-Franc is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Romans, Ain
Romans is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Rossillon
Rossillon is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Ruffieu
Ruffieu is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Paris, Arkansas
Paris, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Saint-Alban, Ain
Saint-Alban is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Saint-André-d'Huiriat
Saint-André-d'Huiriat is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Pea Ridge, Arkansas
Pea Ridge, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Saint-André-de-Bâgé
Saint-André-de-Bâgé is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Peach Orchard, Arkansas
Peach Orchard, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Saint-André-de-Corcy
Saint-André-de-Corcy is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Perryville, Arkansas
Perryville, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Saint-André-le-Bouchoux
Saint-André-le-Bouchoux is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Saint-André-sur-Vieux-Jonc
Saint-André-sur-Vieux-Jonc is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Saint-Bénigne
Saint-Bénigne is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Saint-Benoît, Ain
Saint-Benoît is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Saint-Bernard, Ain
Saint-Bernard is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Saint-Bois
Saint-Bois is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Saint-Champ
Saint-Champ is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Saint-Cyr-sur-Menthon
Saint-Cyr-sur-Menthon is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Saint-Denis-en-Bugey
Saint-Denis-en-Bugey is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Saint-Denis-lès-Bourg
Saint-Denis-lès-Bourg is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Saint-Didier-d'Aussiat
Saint-Didier-d'Aussiat is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Saint-Didier-de-Formans
Saint-Didier-de-Formans is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Saint-Didier-sur-Chalaronne
Saint-Didier-sur-Chalaronne is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Saint-Éloi, Ain
Saint-Éloi is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Saint-Étienne-du-Bois, Ain
Saint-Étienne-du-Bois is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Saint-Étienne-sur-Chalaronne
Saint-Étienne-sur-Chalaronne is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Saint-Étienne-sur-Reyssouze
Saint-Étienne-sur-Reyssouze is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Piggott, Arkansas
Piggott, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Saint-Genis-Pouilly
Saint-Genis-Pouilly is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Saint-Genis-sur-Menthon
Saint-Genis-sur-Menthon is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Saint-Georges-sur-Renon
Saint-Georges-sur-Renon is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Saint-Germain-de-Joux
Saint-Germain-de-Joux is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Saint-Germain-les-Paroisses
Saint-Germain-les-Paroisses is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Saint-Germain-sur-Renon
Saint-Germain-sur-Renon is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Pindall, Arkansas
Pindall, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Saint-Jean-de-Gonville
Saint-Jean-de-Gonville is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Pine Bluff, Arkansas
Pine Bluff, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Saint-Jean-de-Niost
Saint-Jean-de-Niost is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Skateboarding
Skateboarding is the act of riding on a skateboard. A person who skateboards is most often referred to a skateboarder.
Skateboarding can be for fun, as art, a job, or a way of moving around. Skateboarding has been changed by many skateboarders over many years. A 2002 report by "American Sports Data" found that there were 18.5 million skateboarders in the world. 85 percent of skateboarders were under 18 years old. 74 percent were male.

Saint-Jean-de-Thurigneux
Saint-Jean-de-Thurigneux is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Saint-Jean-le-Vieux, Ain
Saint-Jean-le-Vieux is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Saint-Jean-sur-Reyssouze
Saint-Jean-sur-Reyssouze is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Saint-Jean-sur-Veyle
Saint-Jean-sur-Veyle is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Saint-Julien-sur-Reyssouze
Saint-Julien-sur-Reyssouze is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Saint-Julien-sur-Veyle
Saint-Julien-sur-Veyle is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Saint-Just, Ain
Saint-Just is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Saint-Laurent-sur-Saône
Saint-Laurent-sur-Saône is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Saint-Marcel, Ain
Saint-Marcel is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Saint-Martin-de-Bavel
Saint-Martin-de-Bavel is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Saint-Martin-du-Frêne
Saint-Martin-du-Frêne is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Saint-Martin-du-Mont, Ain
Saint-Martin-du-Mont is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Saint-Martin-le-Châtel
Saint-Martin-le-Châtel is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Saint-Maurice-de-Beynost
Saint-Maurice-de-Beynost is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Saint-Maurice-de-Gourdans
Saint-Maurice-de-Gourdans is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Saint-Maurice-de-Rémens
Saint-Maurice-de-Rémens is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Saint-Nizier-le-Bouchoux
Saint-Nizier-le-Bouchoux is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Saint-Nizier-le-Désert
Saint-Nizier-le-Désert is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Saint-Paul-de-Varax
Saint-Paul-de-Varax is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Saint-Rambert-en-Bugey
Saint-Rambert-en-Bugey is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Pocahontas, Arkansas
Pocahontas, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Saint-Rémy, Ain
Saint-Rémy is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Saint-Sorlin-en-Bugey
Saint-Sorlin-en-Bugey is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Pottsville, Arkansas
Pottsville, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Saint-Sulpice, Ain
Saint-Sulpice is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Poyen, Arkansas
Poyen, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Saint-Trivier-de-Courtes
Saint-Trivier-de-Courtes is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Prairie Grove, Arkansas
Prairie Grove, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Saint-Trivier-sur-Moignans
Saint-Trivier-sur-Moignans is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Saint-Vulbas
Saint-Vulbas is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Prescott, Arkansas
Prescott, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Sainte-Croix, Ain
Sainte-Croix is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Sainte-Euphémie
Sainte-Euphémie is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Sainte-Julie, Ain
Sainte-Julie is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Sainte-Olive
Sainte-Olive is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Salavre
Salavre is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Pyatt, Arkansas
Pyatt, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Samognat
Samognat is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Ravenden, Arkansas
Ravenden, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Sandrans
Sandrans is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Sault-Brénaz
Sault-Brénaz is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Rector, Arkansas
Rector, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Sauverny
Sauverny is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Rogers, Arkansas
Rogers, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Savigneux, Ain
Savigneux is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Ségny
Ségny is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Seillonnaz
Seillonnaz is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Sergy, Ain
Sergy is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Sermoyer
Sermoyer is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Serrières-de-Briord
Serrières-de-Briord is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Serrières-sur-Ain
Serrières-sur-Ain is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Servas, Ain
Servas is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Romance, Arkansas
Romance, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Servignat
Servignat is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Seyssel, Ain
Seyssel is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Russellville, Arkansas
Russellville, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Simandre-sur-Suran
Simandre-sur-Suran is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Songieu
Songieu is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Salem, Fulton County, Arkansas
Salem, Fulton County, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Sonthonnax-la-Montagne
Sonthonnax-la-Montagne is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Salem, Saline County, Arkansas
Salem, Saline County, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Souclin
Souclin is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Saline County, Arkansas
Saline County, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Sulignat
Sulignat is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Surjoux
Surjoux is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Sutrieu
Sutrieu is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Talissieu
Talissieu is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Tenay
Tenay is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Thézillieu
Thézillieu is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Thil, Ain
Thil is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Thoiry, Ain
Thoiry is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Thoissey
Thoissey is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Torcieu
Torcieu is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Tossiat
Tossiat is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Toussieux
Toussieux is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Tramoyes
Tramoyes is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Treffort-Cuisiat
Treffort-Cuisiat is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Scranton, Arkansas
Scranton, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Trévoux
Trévoux is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Searcy, Arkansas
Searcy, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Valeins
Valeins is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Vandeins
Vandeins is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Sedgwick, Arkansas
Sedgwick, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Varambon
Varambon is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Vaux-en-Bugey
Vaux-en-Bugey is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Verjon
Verjon is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Sheridan, Arkansas
Sheridan, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Vernoux
Vernoux is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Sherwood, Arkansas
Sherwood, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Versailleux
Versailleux is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Versonnex, Ain
Versonnex is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Shirley, Arkansas
Shirley, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Vesancy
Vesancy is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Sidney, Arkansas
Sidney, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Vescours
Vescours is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Siloam Springs, Arkansas
Siloam Springs, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Vésines
Vésines is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Vieu
Vieu is a commune of France. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Smackover, Arkansas
Smackover, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Vieu-d'Izenave
Vieu-d'Izenave is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Springdale, Arkansas
Springdale, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Villars-les-Dombes
Villars-les-Dombes is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

St. Joe, Arkansas
St. Joe, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Villebois
Villebois is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Star City, Arkansas
Star City, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Villemotier
Villemotier is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Stuttgart, Arkansas
Stuttgart, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Villeneuve, Ain
Villeneuve is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Villereversure
Villereversure is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Subiaco, Arkansas
Subiaco, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Villes
Villes is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Sulphur Springs, Arkansas
Sulphur Springs, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Villette-sur-Ain
Villette-sur-Ain is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Texarkana, Arkansas
Texarkana, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Villieu-Loyes-Mollon
Villieu-Loyes-Mollon is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Trumann, Arkansas
Trumann, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Viriat
Viriat is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Tuckerman, Arkansas
Tuckerman, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Virieu-le-Grand
Virieu-le-Grand is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Van Buren, Arkansas
Van Buren, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Virieu-le-Petit
Virieu-le-Petit is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Vilonia, Arkansas
Vilonia, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Virignin
Virignin is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Viola, Arkansas
Viola, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Vongnes
Vongnes is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Vonnas
Vonnas is a commune. It is found in the region Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France.

Waldenburg, Arkansas
Waldenburg, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Waldron, Arkansas
Waldron, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Walnut Ridge, Arkansas
Walnut Ridge, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Warren, Arkansas
Warren, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Weiner, Arkansas
Weiner, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

West Fork, Arkansas
West Fork, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

West Helena, Arkansas
West Helena, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

West Memphis, Arkansas
West Memphis, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

White Hall, Arkansas
White Hall, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Wilton, Arkansas
Wilton, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Winslow, Arkansas
Winslow, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Wynne, Arkansas
Wynne, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Yellville, Arkansas
Yellville, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

Hardy, Arkansas
Hardy, Arkansas is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.

F.A.N.A.
The Northern Areas (Urdu: شمالی علاقہ جات, Shumālī Ilāqe Jāt), officially referred to by the government of Pakistan as the Federally Administered Northern Areas (FANA), is the northernmost political entity within the Pakistani-administered part of the former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir. It borders Pakistan to the west, Afghanistan to the north, China to the northeast, the Pakistani-controlled state of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK) to the south, and the Indian Occupied Kashmir (IOK) to the southeast. The Northern Areas, which became a single administrative unit in 1970, was formed from the amalgamation of the Gilgit Agency, the Baltistan District of the Ladakh Wazarat, and the states of Hunza and Nagar. Northern Areas remains part of the Kashmir dispute and is claimed by India as part of Indian-occupied Jammu and Kashmir. Pakistan regards the entire area of the Indian occupied state of Jammu and Kashmir as "territory in dispute" to be resolved by a plebiscite to be held throughout the former state in order to determine the area's accession to either India or Pakistan. In 1950, the government of India, ignoring a United Nations resolution on Kashmir, abandoned its pledge to hold a plebiscite. The government of Pakistan, while continuing to call for a plebiscite, has, so far, been unwilling to entertain the idea of a third option for that plebiscite, i.e., the choice of independence for the entire former state. The Ministry of Kashmir Affairs is controlled by Islamabad indirectly governs the Territory of the FANA. The dependent territory of the Northern Areas cover 72,971 km² (28,174 sq mi).

The Bouncing Souls
The Bouncing Souls are a punk rock band from New Brunswick, New Jersey that formed in 1987. The band's name is a reference to Doc Martens shoes.
History.
Before joining the group, all four of the original members grew up in Basking Ridge, NJ and played in smaller bands during high school.
In 1994, they released their first album on their own label, Chunksaah Records. They signed with Epitaph in 1997.

Leedsichthys
The Leedsichthys, or Leeds Fish ("Leedsichthys problematicus"), was a giant fish of pachycormid, that lived in the Jurassic Period, the people says that the Leeds Fish was bigger than the Blue Whale, but the remains of Leedsichthys founded are not complete. This has made it difficult to estimate its length.
Food.
As the current world biggest fish, the Whale shark, the "Leedsichthys problematicus" derived its nutrition of plankton.

Polynesian Rat
The Polynesian Rat, or Pacific Rat ("Rattus exulans"), known to the Māori as kiore, is the third most widespread species of rat in the world behind the Brown Rat and Black rat. The Polynesian Rat originates in Southeast Asia but, like its cousins, has become well travelled - infiltrating most Polynesian islands, New Zealand, Fiji, and even Hawaii.

Oddworld
Oddworld is a name given to a video game series that has won many awards. It was created by Oddworld Inhabitants. The name is for both the series and the fictional universe where the games in the series take place. The first game in the series, ' was first sold in 1997. Between 1997 and 2005, a total of four different games have been sold as well as several versions of older games which were re-made for newer systems.
Oddworld: Abe's Oddysee.
"Oddworld: Abe's Oddysee " was the first game in the series. It was first sold in 1997 for the PlayStation video game console, DOS and Microsoft Windows. In the game, the player plays as Abe and goes through different screens. Some screens have monsters which try to kill Abe. The goal of the game is to save Abe's friends who are known as "mudkons". There are 99 mates in the game. Some of them are hidden in secret areas. The game has two different ways it ends. If, at the end of the game, the player does not save at least 50 mates, the bad ending will appear instead of the good ending.
Oddworld: Abe's Exoddus.
' was the second game in the series. It was released in 1998 for the PlayStation video game console and Microsoft Windows. The game play is the same as Abe's Odysee but with different levels and secret areas. There are 300 mates and the mates have different emotions. They could become angry, depressed or sick, There are new monsters as well as different versions of monsters from the first game, for example flying "sligs".

WWE Tag Team Championship
The WWE Tag Team Championship is a professional wrestling world tag team championship of World Wrestling Entertainment, and it's exclusive of SmackDown brand.
Current Champions.
The current champions are Carlito and Primo Colón, both in their first reign. They defeated Curt Hawkins and Zack Ryder on the September 26, 2008 "SmackDown" edition (taped September 21) in Columbus, Ohio.

Mike Mizanin
Michael "Mike" Mizanin (born October 8, 1980), is an American professional wrestler, better know by his ring name The Miz working on the ECW brand, he also appears in Raw and SmackDown, Mizanin is the current World Tag Team Champion with his partner John Morrison.

Covonia
Covonia is brand of medicine for treating coughs and other chest infections. Covonia is owned by PL Holder and made by Thornton & Ross Ltd.

Steve Borden
Steve Borden (born March 20, 1959), is an American professional wrestler, better known as his ring name Sting. He is currently under contract in TNA where he is the reigning TNA World Champion. He is better known as the wrestler that never signed for World Wrestling Entertainment.

Bisham
Bisham (said "Bissam") is a village in Berkshire, England, UK. It is on River Thames. Across the river is Marlow in Buckinghamshire.

Amirat
Amirat is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Andon, Alpes-Maritimes
Andon, Alpes-Maritimes is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Antibes
Antibes is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Ascros
Ascros is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Aspremont, Alpes-Maritimes
Aspremont, Alpes-Maritimes is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Auribeau-sur-Siagne
Auribeau-sur-Siagne is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Auvare
Auvare is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Bairols
Bairols is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Beaulieu-sur-Mer
Beaulieu-sur-Mer is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Beausoleil, Alpes-Maritimes
Beausoleil, Alpes-Maritimes is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Belvédère
Belvédère is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Bendejun
Bendejun is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Berre-les-Alpes
Berre-les-Alpes is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Beuil
Beuil is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Biot, Alpes-Maritimes
Biot, Alpes-Maritimes is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Blausasc
Blausasc is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Bonson, Alpes-Maritimes
Bonson, Alpes-Maritimes is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Bouyon
Bouyon is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Breil-sur-Roya
Breil-sur-Roya is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Briançonnet
Briançonnet is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Bézaudun-les-Alpes
Bézaudun-les-Alpes is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Cabris
Cabris is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Cagnes-sur-Mer
Cagnes-sur-Mer is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Caille
Caille is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Cantaron
Cantaron is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Cap-d'Ail
Cap-d'Ail is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Carros
Carros is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Castagniers
Castagniers is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Castellar, Alpes-Maritimes
Castellar, Alpes-Maritimes is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Castillon, Alpes-Maritimes
Castillon, Alpes-Maritimes is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Caussols
Caussols is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Châteauneuf-Grasse
Châteauneuf-Grasse is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Châteauneuf-Villevieille
Châteauneuf-Villevieille is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Châteauneuf-d'Entraunes
Châteauneuf-d'Entraunes is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Cipières
Cipières is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Clans, Alpes-Maritimes
Clans, Alpes-Maritimes is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Coaraze
Coaraze is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Collongues, Alpes-Maritimes
Collongues, Alpes-Maritimes is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Colomars
Colomars is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Conségudes
Conségudes is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Contes, Alpes-Maritimes
Contes, Alpes-Maritimes is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Courmes
Courmes is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Coursegoules
Coursegoules is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Cuébris
Cuébris is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Daluis
Daluis is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Drap
Drap is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Duranus
Duranus is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Entraunes
Entraunes is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Escragnolles
Escragnolles is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Falicon
Falicon is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Fontan
Fontan is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Gars, Alpes-Maritimes
Gars, Alpes-Maritimes is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Gattières
Gattières is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Gilette
Gilette is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Gorbio
Gorbio is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Gourdon, Alpes-Maritimes
Gourdon, Alpes-Maritimes is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Grasse
Grasse is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Gréolières
Gréolières is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Guillaumes
Guillaumes is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Ilonse
Ilonse is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Isola, Alpes-Maritimes
Isola, Alpes-Maritimes is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

L'Escarène
L'Escarène is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

La Bollène-Vésubie
La Bollène-Vésubie is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

La Brigue
La Brigue is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

La Colle-sur-Loup
La Colle-sur-Loup is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

La Croix-sur-Roudoule
La Croix-sur-Roudoule is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

La Gaude
La Gaude is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

La Penne
La Penne is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

La Roquette-sur-Siagne
La Roquette-sur-Siagne is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

La Roquette-sur-Var
La Roquette-sur-Var is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

La Tour, Alpes-Maritimes
La Tour, Alpes-Maritimes is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

La Trinité, Alpes-Maritimes
La Trinité, Alpes-Maritimes is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

La Turbie
La Turbie is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Lantosque
Lantosque is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Le Bar-sur-Loup
Le Bar-sur-Loup is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Le Broc, Alpes-Maritimes
Le Broc, Alpes-Maritimes is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Le Cannet
Le Cannet is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Le Mas
Le Mas is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Le Rouret
Le Rouret is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Le Tignet
Le Tignet is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Les Ferres
Les Ferres is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Les Mujouls
Les Mujouls is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Levens
Levens is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Lieuche
Lieuche is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Lucéram
Lucéram is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Malaussène
Malaussène is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Mandelieu-la-Napoule
Mandelieu-la-Napoule is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Marie, Alpes-Maritimes
Marie, Alpes-Maritimes is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Massoins
Massoins is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Menton
Menton is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Mouans-Sartoux
Mouans-Sartoux is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Mougins
Mougins is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Moulinet, Alpes-Maritimes
Moulinet, Alpes-Maritimes is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Opio, Alpes-Maritimes
Opio, Alpes-Maritimes is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Peille
Peille is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Peillon
Peillon is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Peymeinade
Peymeinade is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Pierlas
Pierlas is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Pierrefeu
Pierrefeu is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Puget-Rostang
Puget-Rostang is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Puget-Théniers
Puget-Théniers is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Pégomas
Pégomas is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Péone
Péone is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Revest-les-Roches
Revest-les-Roches is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Rigaud, Alpes-Maritimes
Rigaud, Alpes-Maritimes is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Rimplas
Rimplas is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Roquebillière
Roquebillière is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Roquebrune-Cap-Martin
Roquebrune-Cap-Martin is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Roquesteron
Roquesteron is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Roquestéron-Grasse
Roquestéron-Grasse is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Roubion
Roubion is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Roure
Roure is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Saint-André-de-la-Roche
Saint-André-de-la-Roche is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Saint-Antonin, Alpes-Maritimes
Saint-Antonin, Alpes-Maritimes is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Saint-Auban
Saint-Auban is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Saint-Blaise, Alpes-Maritimes
Saint-Blaise, Alpes-Maritimes is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Saint-Cézaire-sur-Siagne
Saint-Cézaire-sur-Siagne is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Saint-Dalmas-le-Selvage
Saint-Dalmas-le-Selvage is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Saint-Jean-Cap-Ferrat
Saint-Jean-Cap-Ferrat is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Saint-Jeannet, Alpes-Maritimes
Saint-Jeannet, Alpes-Maritimes is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Saint-Laurent-du-Var
Saint-Laurent-du-Var is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Saint-Léger, Alpes-Maritimes
Saint-Léger, Alpes-Maritimes is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Saint-Martin-Vésubie
Saint-Martin-Vésubie is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Saint-Martin-d'Entraunes
Saint-Martin-d'Entraunes is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Saint-Martin-du-Var
Saint-Martin-du-Var is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Saint-Paul, Alpes-Maritimes
Saint-Paul, Alpes-Maritimes is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Saint-Sauveur-sur-Tinée
Saint-Sauveur-sur-Tinée is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Saint-Vallier-de-Thiey
Saint-Vallier-de-Thiey is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Saint-Étienne-de-Tinée
Saint-Étienne-de-Tinée is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Sainte-Agnès, Alpes-Maritimes
Sainte-Agnès, Alpes-Maritimes is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Sallagriffon
Sallagriffon is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Saorge
Saorge is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Sauze
Sauze is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Sigale
Sigale is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Sospel
Sospel is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Spéracèdes
Spéracèdes is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Séranon
Séranon is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Tende
Tende is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Thiéry
Thiéry is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Théoule-sur-Mer
Théoule-sur-Mer is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Toudon
Toudon is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Tourette-du-Château
Tourette-du-Château is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Tournefort, Alpes-Maritimes
Tournefort, Alpes-Maritimes is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Tourrette-Levens
Tourrette-Levens is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Tourrettes-sur-Loup
Tourrettes-sur-Loup is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Touët-de-l'Escarène
Touët-de-l'Escarène is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Touët-sur-Var
Touët-sur-Var is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Utelle
Utelle is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Valbonne
Valbonne is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Valdeblore
Valdeblore is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Valderoure
Valderoure is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Vallauris
Vallauris is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Venanson
Venanson is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Vence
Vence is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Villars-sur-Var
Villars-sur-Var is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Villefranche-sur-Mer
Villefranche-sur-Mer is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Villeneuve-Loubet
Villeneuve-Loubet is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Villeneuve-d'Entraunes
Villeneuve-d'Entraunes is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Èze
Èze is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Make Mine Music
"Make Mine Music" is a 1946 animated movie. It was produced by Disney. The movie was released to theaters by RKO Radio Pictures on August 15, 1946. It is the eighth animated movie in the Disney animated movie canon. The movie starred Nelson Eddy, Dinah Shore, Benny Goodman, and The Andrews Sisters.
__TOC__
Segments.
The movie is made of ten parts, or segments.

Ambulocetus
Ambulocetus ("walking whale") was an early cetacean that could walk as well as swim. It looked like a furry crocodile or a giant otter but was actually an early whale.
Ambulocetus had a long, low body with short, powerful limbs. It's back legs in seemed to be used for movement. Its feet had long, probably webbed toes. Each toe ended in a very small hooflet). It's tail was slightly flattened, like that of an otter, to help it swim. It's eyes and nostrils were on the top of its skull. This let it see and breathe while just under the surface of the water. It had a very dangerous set of teeth.
One mostly complete specimen and several partial skeletons have been found in Pakistan.

Newark-on-Trent
Newark-on-Trent is a small market town 14 miles north of Nottingham, in the East Midlands of England.

Sadul lui Sân River
The Sadul lui Sân River is a tributary of the Sadu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Sadu River.

Alunul River (Jiu)
The Alunul River is a tributary of the Sadu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Sadu River.

Zănoaga River (Sadu)
The Zănoaga River is a tributary of the Sadu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Sadu River.

Sădişor River
The Sădişor River is a tributary of the Sadu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Sadu River.

Chichirău River
The Chichirău River is a tributary of the Buzău River in Romania. That means it flows into the Buzău River.

Cârlig River
The Cârlig River is a tributary of the Şorogari River in Romania. That means it flows into the Şorogari River.

Fedeleşul River
The Fedeleşul River is a tributary of the Şorogari River in Romania. That means it flows into the Şorogari River.

Râul Lupului (Bahlui)
Râul Lupului or Valea Lupului River is a tributary of the Bahlui River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bahlui River.

Româneşti River (Bahlui)
The Româneşti River is a tributary of the Bahlui River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bahlui River.

Curmătura River (Sitna)
The Curmătura River is a tributary of the Sitna River in Romania. That means it flows into the Sitna River.

Jirinca River
The Jirinca River is a tributary of the Jijia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Jijia River.

Puturosu River (Jijia)
The Puturosu River is a tributary of the Jijia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Jijia River.

Gard River (Jijia)
The Gard River is a tributary of the Jijia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Jijia River.

Buzunosu River
The Buzunosu River is a tributary of the Jijia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Jijia River.

Lunca River (Jijia)
The Lunca River is a tributary of the Jijia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Jijia River.

Valea Iazurilor River
The Valea Iazurilor River is a tributary of the Jijia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Jijia River.

Putreda River (Jijia)
The Putreda River is a tributary of the Jijia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Jijia River.

Ghilăuca River (Putreda)
The Ghilăuca River is a tributary of the Putreda River in Romania. That means it flows into the Putreda River.

Tinca River
The Tinca River is a tributary of the Jijia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Jijia River.

La Iazul cel Mare River
The La Iazul cel Mare River is a tributary of the Jijia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Jijia River.

Frasin River (Jijia)
The Frasin River is a tributary of the Jijia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Jijia River.

Optoceni River
The Optoceni River is a tributary of the Frasin River in Romania. That means it flows into the Frasin River.

Roşcani River (Jijia)
The Roşcani River is a tributary of the Frasin River in Romania. That means it flows into the Frasin River.

Rădeni River
The Rădeni River is a tributary of the Frasin River in Romania. That means it flows into the Frasin River.

Pop River (Jijia)
The Pop River is a tributary of the Jijia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Jijia River.

Fundoaia River (Jijia)
The Fundoaia River is a tributary of the Jijia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Jijia River.

Epureni River (Jijia)
The Epureni River or Iepureni River is a tributary of the Jijia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Jijia River.

Ciornohal River
The Ciornohal River is a tributary of the Jijia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Jijia River.

Guranda River
The Guranda River is a tributary of the Jijia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Jijia River.

Drâslea River
The Drâslea River or Drislea River is a tributary of the Jijia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Jijia River.

Iazul lui Stavri River
The Iazul lui Stavri River is a tributary of the Drâslea River in Romania. That means it flows into the Drâslea River.

Valea Ciolpanilor River
The Valea Ciolpanilor River is a tributary of the Drâslea River in Romania. That means it flows into the Drâslea River.

Ghiţălăria River
The Ghiţălăria River is a tributary of the Jijia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Jijia River.

Săvescu River
The Săvescu River is a tributary of the Jijia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Jijia River.

Tălpeni River
The Tălpeni River is a tributary of the Jijia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Jijia River.

Părul River
The Părul River is a tributary of the Jijia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Jijia River.

Pârâul lui Martin (Jijia)
The Pârâul lui Martin is a tributary of the Jijia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Jijia River.

Ibăneasa River
The Ibăneasa River is a tributary of the Jijia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Jijia River.

Tricova River
The Tricova River is a tributary of the Ibăneasa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Ibăneasa River.

Griviţa River
The Griviţa River is a tributary of the Ibăneasa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Ibăneasa River.

Ghilăuca River (Ibăneasa)
The Ghilăuca River is a tributary of the Ibăneasa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Ibăneasa River.

Găinăria River
The Găinăria River is a tributary of the Jijia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Jijia River.

Mihăiaşa River
The Mihăiaşa River is a tributary of the Jijia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Jijia River.

Glăvăneşti River
The Glăvăneşti River is a tributary of the Jijia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Jijia River.

Gotcoaia River
The Gotcoaia River is a tributary of the Glăvăneşti River in Romania. That means it flows into the Glăvăneşti River.

Crăcălia River
The Crăcălia River is a tributary of the Glăvăneşti River in Romania. That means it flows into the Glăvăneşti River.

Chişcata River
The Chişcata River is a tributary of the Glăvăneşti River in Romania. That means it flows into the Glăvăneşti River.

Hărbărău River
The Hărbărău River is a tributary of the Jijia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Jijia River.

Blândeşti River
The Blândeşti River is a tributary of the Jijia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Jijia River.

Valea Boului River (Amaradia)
The Valea Boului is a tributary of the Amaradia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Amaradia River.

Mierea River (Amaradia)
The Mierea River is a tributary of the Valea Boului River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Boului River.

Seaca River (Amaradia)
The Seaca River is a tributary of the Amaradia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Amaradia River.

Hartanu River
The Hartanu River or Artanu River is a tributary of the Amaradia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Amaradia River.

Plosca River
The Plosca River is a tributary of the Amaradia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Amaradia River.

Gagai River
The Gagai River is a tributary of the Amaradia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Amaradia River.

Totea River
The Totea River is a tributary of the Amaradia River. That means it flows into the Amaradia River.

Plopu River (Amaradia)
The Plopu River is a tributary of the Amaradia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Amaradia River.

Valea Negrenilor River
The Valea Negrenilor River or Negreni River is a tributary of the Amaradia River. That means it flows into the Amaradia River.

Strâmba River (Amaradia)
The Strâmba River is a tributary of the Amaradia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Amaradia River.

Văluţa River
The Văluţa River is a tributary of the Amaradia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Amaradia River.

Slăvuţa River
The Slăvuţa River is a tributary of the Amaradia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Amaradia River.

Valea Gâlceştilor River
The Valea Gâlceştilor River or Gâlceşti River is a tributary of the Amaradia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Amaradia River.

Poieniţa River
The Poieniţa River is a tributary of the Amaradia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Amaradia River.

Amărăzuia River
The Amărăzuia River is a tributary of the Amaradia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Amaradia River.

Horga River
The Horga River is a tributary of the Amărăzuia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Amărăzuia River.

Bassersdorf
Bassersdorf is a municipality in the Swiss canton of Zurich. It can be found in the district of Bülach.

Maurice Duruflé
Maurice Duruflé (born Louviers, 11 January 1902; died Louveciennes, 16 June 1986) was a French composer and organist. He was very self-critical and destroyed any of his compositions that he thought were not really good. This is why we now only have a small number of his works. He wrote choral music and music for the organ. His most famous work is his "Requiem".
Life.
Duruflé was born in Louviers, Haute-Normandie. In 1912, he joined the choir of Rouen Cathedral where he studied piano and organ. When he was 17 he went to Paris and had private organ lessons with Charles Tournemire. He became Tournemire’s assistant at the Basilique Ste-Clotilde, Paris until 1927. In 1920 Duruflé went to study at the Conservatoire de Paris. His organ teacher was Eugène Gigout. When he graduated he got first prizes in organ, harmony, piano accompaniment, and composition.
In 1929 Duruflé became organist at St. Étienne-du-Mont in Paris, a job he kept for the rest of his life.
In 1939, he gave the first performance of Francis Poulenc's Organ Concerto. In 1943 he became professor of harmony at the Conservatoire de Paris, where he worked until 1970. In 1947, Duruflé wrote his famous "Requiem" op. 9, for soloists, choir, organ and orchestra. In the same year Marie-Madeleine Chevalier became his assistant organist at St-Étienne-du-Mont. They married in 1953 after Duruflé divorced his first wife. The couple often travelled together to give organ recitals together. They always spent many hours practising on the organs on which they had to perform, often practising a lot of the time without the sound so that their fingers were really used to the feel of the organ.
In 1975 Duruflé was badly hurt in a car accident and had to give up performing. His wife, who was not so badly hurt in the accident, was still able to play and continued to play the organ at St-Étienne-du-Mont.
Duruflé died in Louveciennes (near Paris) in 1986, aged 84.
Duruflé only left a few of his works for publication. His two important organ works are the "Suite, op. 5" which has a famous Toccata as last movement, and his "Prelude and Fugue sur le nom d'Alain". His "Requiem" remains a favourite work for choirs. Duruflé’s music uses Gregorian plainchant, modal harmonies and polyphonic writing. He was a great admirer of the music of Louis Vierne and Charles Tournemire and he made transcriptions of some of their improvisations.

Sala São Paulo
The Sala São Paulo is a concert hall in the Julio Prestes Cultural Center in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. It is a very large building. The Cultural Center used to be a railway station and it was rebuilt and changed into a cultural centre in 1999.
Sala São Paulo is big enough for an audience of 1.498 people. The orchestra that perform there is the Orquestra Sinfônica do Estado de São Paulo (Osesp).
The Brazilian government wanted to bring more culture to the centre of São Paulo. The rebuilding began in November 1997.
The original train station was called Julio Prestes Station. It was built between 1926 and 1938 so that trains could take coffee to the port of Santos. When motor car transport became more and more popular many stations connecting Brazilian towns closed down.
The station's large hall was the same shape as many 19th century concert halls, that is, it is shaped like a horse shoe.
Sala São Paulo has 22 balconies and a ceiling that is 24 meters high. There is a very large platform so that everyone in the audience can see well. There is an elevator to lift the piano on and off the stage and many other useful modern devices.

New Sweden
New Sweden (Swedish: "Nya Sverige") was a Swedish colony in the USA that existed from 1638 through 1655. It was in the modern day states of Delaware, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Its capital was Fort Christina, modern-day Wilmington.

4013 Ogiria
4013 Ogiria (1979 OM15) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on July 21, 1979 by N. Chernykh at Nauchnyj.

4014 Heizman
4014 Heizman (1979 SG10) is a Outer Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 28, 1979 by Chernykh, N. at Nauchnyj.

4016 Sambre
4016 Sambre (1979 XK) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on December 15, 1979 by H. Debehogne at La Silla.

4017 Disneya
4017 Disneya (1980 DL5) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on February 21, 1980 by Karachkina, L. G. at Nauchnyj.

Bobby Fischer
Robert James "Bobby" Fischer (March 9 1943 – January 17 2008) was an American-born chess Grandmaster, and the eleventh World Chess Champion.
As a teenager, Fischer became well known because of his skill at chess. In 1972, he became the first and only American to win the World Chess Championship (though Wilhelm Steinitz, the first official world champion, became an American citizen while he was champion) beating champion Boris Spassky, of the Soviet Union, in a match held in Reykjavík, Iceland. The match was known as a Cold War battle. He is often called one of the greatest chess players of all time. After his chess career, Fischer lived in Iceland until his death in 2008.

4021 Dancey
4021 Dancey (1981 QD2) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on August 30, 1981 by Bowell, E. at Flagstaff (AM).

4022 Nonna
4022 Nonna (1981 TL4) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on October 8, 1981 by Lyudmila Chernykh at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory.

4010 Nikol'skij
4010 Nikol'skij (1977 QJ2) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on August 21, 1977 by N. Chernykh at Nauchnyj.

4011 Bakharev
4011 Bakharev (1978 SC6) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 28, 1978 by Chernykh, N. at Nauchnyj.

World Chess Championship
The World Chess Championship is played to choose the World Champion in the board game chess. Both men and women can become champion. Before 1886, there was no official championship held, and from 1948 on, the world chess federation FIDE held the championships. Between 1993 and 2006 there were two world champion titles, the FIDE one and the classical one.

4008 Corbin
4008 Corbin (1977 BY) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on January 22, 1977 by Carlos U. Cesco Station at Felix Aguilar Observatory.

107P/Wilson-Harrington
Comet Wilson-Harrington is a comet that comes and goes every once in a while. It used to be named 107P/Wilson-Harrington. It is listed as both a comet and an asteroid.

6458 Nouda
6458 Nouda (1992 TD1) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on October 2, 1992 by T. Seki at Geisei.

6456 Golombek
6456 Golombek (1992 OM) is an Amor asteroid and Mars-crosser asteroid that was found on July 27, 1992 by Helin, E. F., Lawrence, K. at Palomar.

64553 Segorbe
64553 Segorbe (2001 WR15) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on November 24, 2001 by Rafael Ferrando at Pla D'Arguines.

6452 Johneuller
6452 Johneuller (1991 HA) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on April 17, 1991 by T. Balonek at Foggy Bottom.

6451 Kärnten
is a main belt asteroid that was found on April 9, 1991.

Phosgene
Phosgene is the chemical compound with the formula COCl2. This gas has no color. The gas is used as a weapon during World War I, but it is also a valuable tool used for organic synthesis. When there is a small amount in the air, the smell will be freshly cut hay or grass. Some soldiers during the First World War have stated that it smelled a little like May Blossom. When chlorine is burned, small amounts are released from the breakdown of chlorinated compounds.
Safety.
Phosgene is a strong poison as the smell may not be noticed and signs may be slow to be noticed.
Phosgene can be seen at 0.4 parts per million,
which is four times the safe amount.
Its high ability to poison doesn't come from the hydrogen chloride released
by a process. Instead, it comes from the action of the phosgene on the proteins in the pulmonary sac of the lungs. The sacs are where the oxygen goes into the body, and their damage makes it hard for the blood and air move oxygen and carbon. This will make breathing very hard. Badges are worn by those at risk of exposure.
Sodium bicarbonate may be used to make harmless spills of phosgene. Gas spills may be made harmless with a special liquid spray.

6449 Kudara
6449 Kudara (1991 CL1) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on February 7, 1991 by T. Seki at Geisei.

6447 Terrycole
6447 Terrycole (1990 TO1) is a Inner Main-belt Asteroid that was found on October 14, 1990 by E. F. Helin at Palomar.

6446 Lomberg
6446 Lomberg (1990 QL) is a Mars-crossing asteroid that was found on August 18, 1990 by E. F. Helin at Palomar.

6445 Bellmore
6445 Bellmore (1990 FS1) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on March 23, 1990 by E. F. Helin at Palomar.

WrestleMania XIV
WrestleMania XIV was the fourteenth WrestleMania professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event made by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF), which took place on March 29, 1998 at the Fleet Center in Boston, Massachusetts.
Preliminary Matches.
The night began with the secret guests in the tag team battle royal being revealed as the united Legion of Doom, with Sunny. Savio Vega was first eliminated, meaning his tag team partner, Miguel Perez, had to leave too. Kurrgan illegally entered the ring to get revenge on Sniper and Recon for The Jackyl, Barry Windham also illegally entered to eliminate Bradshaw, and so his partner, Chainz, had to leave too. The final four teams stayed in the match for a while until Skull was eliminated by Phineas. When The Godwinns (Phineas & Henry) were thrown out, they returned and attacked the Legion Of Doom with buckets before leaving. New Midnight Express tried to keep Animal out of the ring while double teaming Hawk but once he re-entered the Legion eliminated Bob and Bart at the same time, leaving them the last team standing.
The second bout was a Light Heavyweight Championship match, with Taka Michinoku defending his title against Águila; this would be the first and only time the championship was defended at WrestleMania, though the title that came after it, the WWE Cruiserweight Championship would be. After throwing Taka out the ring and baseball sliding into him, Águila hit an moonsault outside the ring, but was soon hit by a springboard crossbody after Taka reversed a suplex from the end of the ring. Águila almost won the match with a moonsault crossbody into a pin but stayed on the offensive with a frankensteiner. Taka tried to land the Michinoku Driver but as Aguila flipped out and attempted a hurricarana, Takareversed it into a powerbomb. Taka would soon stop Águila from hitting him with a high flying dive with a dropkick before before being able to do a Michinoku Driver and get the win. After the match, they shook hands and celebrated together.
Triple H made his way to the ring with his theme song played by the DX Band. Before Owen Hart came to the ring, Commissioner Slaughter handcuffed himself to Chyna so that she would not get involved in the match, despite her saying that she didn't want to. The match began with Hart attacking Helmsley with his fists before sliding out of the ring, when Triple H tried to jump from the end of the ring he landed on the crowd barrier. After an powerbomb Hart tried to lock in the sharpshooter but Helmsley broke out of it and started some offensive attacks of his own, kicking Hart in the turnbuckle and delivering a suplex. Hart suffered a cut to the bridge of his nose from a boot to the face, after which Triple H began to only attack Hart's damaged ankle, dropping his knee onto it and stretching it. After not getting hit with another kick to the face and pulling Helmsley's crotch onto the ring post, and managed to take advantage, changing a powerbomb into the sharpshooter but Chyna, having to pull Sgt. Slaughter, pulled Triple H to the rope for the break. Chyna then threw white powder in Slaughter's face causing a worried Hart to check on him, as he turned round to face the ring, Chyna low-blowed him from outside allowing Triple H to win the match with the Pedigree. After she was freed from the handcuffs, Chyna shoved Slaughter into the crowd.
Marc Mero and Goldust began the match but Goldust soon tagged in Luna Vachon, requiring Sable to be tagged in too. However, Vachon simple ran around the outside of the ring with Sable chasing her and tagged her partner back in. Wanting to get her hands on Vachon, Sable double teamed Goldust with a boot to the face after an Irish whip from Mero but could not get Vachon to enter the ring. An near pinfall came from a running crossbody from Mero and following this the two ran into each other, causing both men to crawl and tag in the women. Sable straddled Vachon and punched her round the face before kicking her in the mid-section and face in the turnbuckle and attacking Goldust, then running back to clothesline Vachon over the ropes. Vachon tagged Goldust in but before Sable would do the same, she struck him in the face, then letting Mero take over who had his TKO reversed into a DDT. Mero too would reverse the Curtain Call allowing him the chance to try a moonsault pin to a standing Goldust. After Vachon struck a running Mero with his knee, Mero went to punch her but ducked out of the way as Goldust ran to her rescue, causing him to inadvertently knock her off the apron. Mero then executed the TKO but Luna interrupted the pin count, jumping on Mero's back resulting in Sable tagging in as Mero wandered around the ring with Vachon on his back. Sable tried pinning Goldust but the referee was distracted and as he finally began to count, Sable leapt off Goldust so the interfering Vachon would inadvertently bodysplash Goldust. Sable then performed a powerbomb and Mero's TKO to win the bout.
The Intercontinental title fight began along the walkway with a brawl that saw Ken Shamrock whipped into the steel steps before coming inside the ring. Rocky Maivia then delivered his People's Elbow but could not secure a three-count. Shamrock then rolled out of the ring and grabbed steel steps and when the referee tried to take it off him, he threw the referee into the corner; The Rock quickly grabbed the steps and hit Shamrock with it as the referee recovered. Shamrock pushed out of the pin count and quickly gained the advantage, delivering a belly to belly slam off an Irish whip and then securing his ankle lock in the centre of the ring, making The Rock tap. The surrounding members of the Nation jumped into the ring but Shamrock quickly dispatched them all with suplexes, including the four hundred pound Henry, before reapplying the ankle lock to a bleeding Maivia. Faarooq then ran down from the back and jumped onto the apron, only to look on at The Rock with a smile, before walking away. Eventually a number of referees and officials appeared trying to subdue Shamrock, after being surrounded he suplexed a referee and then an official before calming down as The Rock was wheeled away on a guerney. Howard Finkel then announced Shamrock had been disqualified for not breaking his ankle hold causing Shamrock to chase Rock and fight him on the Chris Warren band stage.
The Tag Team Championship match began with Billy Gunn facing Chainsaw Charlie and Road Dogg exchanging blows with Cactus Jack. Trying a Cactus Elbow on Road Dogg, Cactus missed and slammed himself into the dumpster. The Outlaws then focused on Charlie, using a back toss to drop him into the dumpster and as he attempted to climb out they simultaneously slammed the lid shut on the hardcore legends' heads. With Cactus and Charlie both in the dumpster, the Outlaws shut the lid down on them but Cactus managed to get back up while the Outlaws were celebrating and pushed Road Dogg down to the ground with a mandible claw, pulling him into the dumpster. Both teams took time to recover and began to brawl with weapons in the ring, Cactus Jack pulling out a ladder and climbing it opposite Billy Gunn, only to be pushed off straight into the dumpster outside the ring by a falling Chainsaw Charlie. Road Dogg pulled his partner out and the two focussed their efforts on Charlie, powerbombing him into the dumpster, however Cactus had managed to escape in the meantime. The fight found its way to the backstage area, with both Outlaws throwing Cactus into boxes and promotional toys but Jack replied with a chair shot to both of them and pulled Billy Gunn onto a wooden crate with a double-arm DDT. Charlie reappeared on a forklift and elevated the wooden crate as Jack dragged Road Dogg onto it too. Charlie then drove the forklift above a backstage dumpster and dropped both opponents inside as Cactus Jack closed the lid to win the World Tag Team Championship.
Main event matches.
Before The Undertaker's match with Kane, baseball record-holder Pete Rose came to the ring as the special ring announcer. However, after insulting the home-town team and introducing Kane, the wrestler gave him a tombstone piledriver starting a tri-year tradition. The Undertaker was preceded by a league of torch-bearing druids to the tune of O Fortuna. The Undertaker cornered Kane and threw a fury of punches into him, ducking and reversing Kane's attempts until Kane hit him with a clothesline that he instantly sat up from. Kane then set Undertaker up in a tree of woe to begin his assault of punches and Irish whips and then suplexing Undertaker onto the ropes and delivering a flying club to the neck from the turnbuckle. As Undertaker began to fight back, Kane threw him into the ropes but his brother retaliated by jumping onto his back, which was met a face-first electric chair. Paul Bearer kept the referee distracted while Kane landed the steel steps onto Undertaker, and repeated the effort a second time while his opponent was lying onto the steps, crushing him between. As the referee tried to keep Kane in check, Bearer slapped Undertaker while walking past him. Kane caught his brother running and delivered a chokeslam but lifted his shoulders off the mat before the three count could be made, putting him into a sleeper hold that Undertaker eventually fought out of with a flurry of punches. Undertaker then dropped Kane on top of the ropes and punched him off the apron; he followed this with a over the top rope suicide dive that Kane managed to side-step, guiding him through the Spanish announce table. As Undertaker made it back into the ring, Kane hit him with a flying lariat. Undertaker was caught unawares by Kane, who lifted him into a tombstone piledriver position, but Kane managed to weigh himself backwards onto his own feet and deliver the tombstone himself. Undertaker kicked out and after landing his opponent with a clothesline, he chokeslammed Kane and then delivered a tombstone piledriver of his own; it would eventually take three tombstones with a guillotine leg drop and flying clothesline in between to stop Kane kicking out and sitting up but as soon as the match was over Bearer attacked Undertaker and ordered Kane attack him, which he did with a chair shot to the head and then a tombstone piledriver onto the chair. After Kane and Bearer left, Undertaker sat up and left the ring.
With Mike Tyson enforcing from ring side, the WWF Championship fight began with both superstars dancing around each other, engaging in a few light punches before Shawn Michaels escaped the ring and ran back in to take advantage of Steve Austin, but was met with a standing clothesline. Austin followed up by pulling down Michaels' trunks revealing his rear. Michaels tried to run at Austin but was flipped over the top rope into Triple H and Chyna. As Triple H threw Austin through the crowd barrier, the referee ordered him and Chyna to leave ringside but Austin followed and fought with them up to the entrance way. Michaels caught up with him and hit Austin with a cymbal from the bandstage, before Irish whipping him into the dumpster. As the match resumed in the ring, Austin met Michaels high-risk manoeuvre with a clothesline and then ran him into the turnbuckle and picking him up for an inverted atomic drop. Michaels attempt to pick up some momentum saw him picked up and dropped onto the ropes but Michaels managed to push Stone Cold away as he attempted a stunner. When he tried to escape the ring though, Austin shoved him forcing the champion to fall upon the announce table. After Stone Cold slowed the match down with a sleeper, Michaels tried to pull his knee into the ring post but was instead pulled into it himself. Austin then tried to rush at Michaels but was back tossed into the crowd and struck with the ring bell. Michaels used the momentum to take advantage inside the ring, delivering a snapmare and then a low kick to the grounded Austin but as he took time to offend the audience Stone Cold briefly picked up some speed throwing Michaels out of the ring but just as quickly lost ground as his opponent repeatedly worked on Austin's left knee, throwing it into the ring post and then kicking and dropping onto it back inside the ring. When Austin tried to recover outside of the ring, he was met with a baseball slide launching him over the announce table and was instantly thrown back into the ring by Tyson where he soon suffered a figure four leg lock that Michaels illegally elevated using the second and third ring rope. Austin's eventual counter was stopped by a rope break. Austin then tried to reverse a standing sleeper hold by throwing Michaels back into the turnbuckle but unwittingly trapped referee Mike Chioda who fell unconscious. With both men on the floor, HBK recovered with a kip-up and landed a high-flying elbow drop, getting in position to taunt for his finisher. As Austin eventually stood up, he ducked the super kick, attempting a stunner on Michaels as he turned round only to be thrown into the ropes and met again with a Sweet Chin Music which he grabbed, spinning Michaels round and finishing with a Stone Cold stunner. Tyson jumped into the ring to make a quick three count and the new champion celebrated by tossing the enforcer an Austin 3:16 t-shirt. When Shawn Michaels stood up, he confronted Tyson about his turn but was met with a punch that instantly floored him, and draped with Austin t-shirt.

7054 Brehm
7054 Brehm (1989 GL8) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on April 6, 1989 by F. Borngen at Tautenburg.

7051 Sean
7051 Sean (1985 JY) is a Outer Main-belt Asteroid that was found on May 13, 1985 by C. S. Shoemaker and E. M. Shoemaker at Palomar.

7049 Meibom
7049 Meibom (1981 UV21) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on October 24, 1981 by S. J. Bus at Palomar.

7043 Godart
7043 Godart (1934 RB) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 2, 1934 by E. Delporte at Uccle.

7042 Carver
7042 Carver (1933 FE1) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on March 24, 1933 by K. Reinmuth at Heidelberg.

7041 Nantucket
7041 Nantucket (4081 P-L) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 24, 1960 by C. J. van Houten at Palomar.

7040 Hardwood
7040 Harwood (2642 P-L) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 24, 1960 by van Houten, C. J., van Houten-Groeneveld, I., Gehrels, T. at Palomar.

7039 Yamagata
7039 Yamagata (1996 GO2) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on April 14, 1996 by T. Okuni at Nanyou.

7037 Davidlean
7037 Davidlean (1995 BK3) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on January 29, 1995 by Y. Shimizu and T. Urata at the Nachi-Katsuura Observatory.

Reghiu River
The Reghiu River is a tributary of the Milcov River in Romania. That means it flows into the Milcov River.

Coza River
The Coza River is a tributary of the Putna River in Romania. That means it flows into the Putna River. It starts where theheadwaters of Pârâul lui Toader and Pârâul Mioarele meet.

Pârâul lui Toader
The Pârâul lui Toader is a headwater of the Coza River in Romania.

Pârâul Mioarele
The Pârâul Mioarele is a headwater of the Coza River in Romania.

George Drennen Fischer
George Drennen Fischer was an American activist and spokesman for the National Education Association. He presented the Statement on complete comprehensive Preschool Education and Child Day Care Act of 1969 before the choose select Subcommittee on Education, February 27, 1970. He also published on the state of Native American education with Walter Mondale. His actions got him put placed on the master list of Nixon political opponents.

Security-Enhanced Linux
Security-Enhanced Linux (SELinux) is a Linux feature that gives a variety of security rules, including mandatory access controls. It does so by using Linux Security Modules (LSM) in the Linux kernel. It is not a Linux distribution, but rather a group of changes that can be used on Unix-like operating systems, such as Linux and BSD.

8003 Kelvin
8003 Kelvin (1987 RJ) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 1, 1987 by E. W. Elst at the European Southern Observatory.

8005 Albinadubois
8005 Albinadubois (1988 MJ) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on June 16, 1988 by Helin, E. F. at Palomar.

8011 Saijokeiichi
8011 Saijokeiichi (1989 WG7) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on November 29, 1989 by K. Endate and K. Watanabe at Kitami.

8013 Gordonmoore
8013 Gordonmoore (1990 KA) is an Amor asteroid and Mars-crosser asteroid that was found on May 18, 1990 by E. F. Helin at Palomar.

Amor asteroid
An amor asteroid is a group of asteroids found near Earth that were named after 1221 Amor. While some other kinds of asteroids cross over Mars's and Earth's orbits, nearly all of the amor asteroids do not. The best known amor asteroid is 433 Eros. It was circled around and landed upon by the NEAR Shoemaker. About 1,200 of all the asteroids in space are amor asteroids, with about 200 of them numbered, or given a number. Only 50 amor asteroids are named.

7046 Reshetnev
7046 Reshetnev (1977 QG2) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on August 20, 1977 by N. S. Chernykh at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory.

7048 Chaussidon
7048 Chaussidon (1981 EH34) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on March 2, 1981 by S. J. Bus at Siding Spring Observatory during the U.K. Schmidt-Caltech Asteroid Survey.

Iaşi County
Iaşi is a county (judeţ) of Romania, in Moldavia. The capital of Iaşi County is Iaşi.
Divisions.
Iaşi County has 2 municipalities, 3 towns and 93 communes.

Ye (Cyrillic)
Ye (in Russian and Belarusian) or E (in Bulgarian, Macedonian, Serbian, and Ukrainian) (Е, е) is the sixth letter of the Cyrillic alphabet. It sounds like [e] or [ɛ], except in Russian and Belarusian, where it is palatised and said as [je] or soft [e].
It came from the Greek epsilon and is the same as the Roman E.

Phosgene oxime
Phosgene oxime, also is also called dichloroformoxime or CX, It is also a weapon, and a nettle agent. It was first made in the year 1929. When it is solid, it has no color; When it is liquid, it is yellow-brown. It has a strong, very bad odor. The way to write for phosgene oxime is CCl2NOH.
This chemical has no real use, so accidental exposure is does not happen often. Exposure to CX is almost certainly the result of its use as a weapon.
Signs of phosgene oxime poisoning.
Phosgene oxime is bad if breathed, eaten, or placed on the skin by the skin and in very little time, the signs of poisoning are seen. If breathed, it bothers the airway and may eventually lead to fluid in the skin. The effects on the skin include hives, itching, and death of the skin. It also causes crying in the eyes and even can take sight.

7061 Pieri
7061 Pieri (1991 PE1) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on August 15, 1991 by E. F. Helin at Palomar.

Yo (Cyrillic)
Yo (Ё, ё) is the seventh letter of the Russian Cyrillic alphabet. It sounds like [jo] or soft [o].

7062 Meslier
7062 Meslier (1991 PY5) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on August 06, 1991 by E. W. Elst at La Silla.

70679 Urzidil
70679 Urzidil (1999 UV3) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on October 30, 1999 by J. Ticha and M. Tichy at Kleť Observatory.

7067 Kiyose
7067 Kiyose (1993 XE) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on December 4, 1993 by M. Hirasawa and S. Suzuki at Nyukasa.

7068 Minowa
7068 Minowa (1994 WD1) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on November 26, 1994 by Y. Kushida at Yatsugatake.

70737 Stenflo
70737 Stenflo (1999 VA11) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on November 8, 1999 by S. Sposetti at Gnosca.

7073 Rudbelia
7073 Rudbelia (1972 RU1) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 11, 1972 by N. S. Chernykh at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory.

70745 Aleserpieri
70745 Aleserpieri (1999 VZ20) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on November 9, 1999 by V. Goretti at Pianoro.

7074 Muckea
7074 Muckea (1977 RD3) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 10, 1977 by N. S. Chernykh at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory.

Pianoro
Pianoro is a town of the province of Bologna in Italy.

Zhe (Cyrillic)
Zhe (Ж, ж) is the seventh (eighth in Russian) letter in the Cyrillic alphabet. It sounds like [ʒ].
It came from the Glagolitic letter "zhivete". In English, it is transliterated as "zh". In other slavic languages like Ž.

City limits
The city limits are boundaries that define where a city ends. The words town limits and village limits mean the same thing as city limits, but are used in towns and villages.

European Capital of Culture
The European Capital of Culture is a city chosen by the European Union for a period of one calendar year. The city is given a chance to show its cultural life and cultural development. Most of the cities are very popular and are known internationally (by people around the world).
Future years.
According to the official EU website. From 2014 to 2019, these are only the countries have been chosen, based on the rotation system.

Kazuyoshi Miura
Kazuyoshi Miura (born 26 February, 1967) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Yokohama.

Japan Soccer League
Japan Soccer League is a former football league in Japan.

Japan Soccer League 1990-91
Statistics of Japan Soccer League in season 1990/1991.
Overview.
It was contested by 12 teams, and Yomiuri won the championship.
Overview.
It was contested by 16 teams, and Hitachi won the championship.

Japan Soccer League 1991-92
Statistics of Japan Soccer League in season 1991/1992.
Overview.
It was contested by 12 teams, and Yomiuri won the championship.
Overview.
It was contested by 16 teams, and Fujita won the championship.

J. League Division 1 1993
Statistics of J. League Division 1 in season 1993.
Overview.
It was contested by 10 teams, and Verdy Kawasaki won the championship.
Championship playoff.
Verdy Kawasaki won the championship.

J. League Division 1 1994
Statistics of J. League Division 1 in season 1994.
Overview.
It was contested by 12 teams, and Verdy Kawasaki won the championship.
Championship playoff.
Verdy Kawasaki won the championship.

J. League Division 1 1995
Statistics of J. League Division 1 in season 1995.
Overview.
It was contested by 14 teams, and Yokohama Marinos won the championship.
Championship playoff.
Yokohama Marinos won the championship.

Pierre Littbarski
Pierre Littbarski (born 16 April, 1960) is a former German football player. He has played for West Germany national team.

Masashi Nakayama
Masashi Nakayama (born 23 September, 1967) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Júbilo Iwata.

Patrick Mboma
Patrick Mboma (born 15 November, 1970) is a former football player. He has played for Cameroon national team.

J. League Division 1 1996
Statistics of J. League Division 1 in season 1996.
Overview.
It was contested by 16 teams, and Kashima Antlers won the championship.

J. League Division 1 1997
Statistics of J. League Division 1 in season 1997.
Overview.
It was contested by 17 teams, and Júbilo Iwata won the championship.
Championship playoff.
Júbilo Iwata won the championship.

J. League Division 1 1998
Statistics of J. League Division 1 in season 1998.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Kashima Antlers won the championship.
Championship playoff.
Kashima Antlers won the championship.

J. League Division 1 1999
Statistics of J. League Division 1 in season 1999.
Overview.
It was contested by 16 teams, and Júbilo Iwata won the championship.
Championship playoff.
Júbilo Iwata won the championship.

J. League Division 1 2000
Statistics of J. League Division 1 in season 2000.
Overview.
It was contested by 16 teams, and Kashima Antlers won the championship.
Championship playoff.
Kashima Antlers won the championship.

Cerise
Cerise is a rose-red color.
At right is displayed the color cerise. The "cerise" name comes from the French word meaning cherry. The word "cherry" itself comes from the Norman "cherise".
Meaning of cerise.
The color cerise represents partying and glamor.
Cerise is a vivid, happy, fun color that is popular for women’s lipstick, women’s clothing in general, and men’s casual shirts.

J. League Division 1 2001
Statistics of J. League Division 1 in season 2001.
Overview.
It was contested by 16 teams, and Kashima Antlers won the championship.
Championship playoff.
Kashima Antlers won the championship.

J. League Division 1 2002
Statistics of J. League Division 1 in season 2002.
Overview.
It was contested by 16 teams, and Júbilo Iwata won the championship.

J. League Division 1 2003
Statistics of J. League Division 1 in season 2003.
Overview.
It was contested by 16 teams, and Yokohama F. Marinos won the championship.

J. League Division 1 2004
Statistics of J. League Division 1 in season 2004.
Overview.
It was contested by 16 teams, and Yokohama F. Marinos won the championship.
Championship playoff.
Yokohama F. Marinos won the championship.

J. League Division 1 2005
Statistics of J. League Division 1 in season 2005.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Gamba Osaka won the championship.

J. League Division 1 2006
Statistics of J. League Division 1 in season 2006.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Urawa Red Diamonds won the championship.

J. League Division 1 2007
Statistics of J. League Division 1 in season 2007.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Kashima Antlers won the championship.

J. League Division 1 2008
Statistics of J. League Division 1 in season 2008.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Kashima Antlers won the championship.

J. League Division 1 2009
Statistics of J. League Division 1 in season 2009.

J. League Division 2
J. League Division 2 is a football league in Japan.

J. League Division 2 1999
Statistics of J. League Division 2 in season 1999.
Overview.
It was contested by 10 teams, and Kawasaki Frontale won the championship.

J. League Division 2 2000
Statistics of J. League Division 2 in season 2000.
Overview.
It was contested by 11 teams, and Consadole Sapporo won the championship.

J. League Division 2 2001
Statistics of J. League Division 2 in season 2001.
Overview.
It was contested by 12 teams, and Kyoto Purple Sanga won the championship.

J. League Division 2 2002
Statistics of J. League Division 2 in season 2002.
Overview.
It was contested by 12 teams, and Oita Trinita won the championship.

J. League Division 2 2003
Statistics of J. League Division 2 in season 2003.
Overview.
It was contested by 12 teams, and Albirex Niigata won the championship.

J. League Division 2 2004
Statistics of J. League Division 2 in season 2004.
Overview.
It was contested by 12 teams, and Kawasaki Frontale won the championship.

J. League Division 2 2005
Statistics of J. League Division 2 in season 2005.
Overview.
It was contested by 12 teams, and Kyoto Purple Sanga won the championship.

J. League Division 2 2006
Statistics of J. League Division 2 in season 2006.
Overview.
It was contested by 13 teams, and Yokohama won the championship.

J. League Division 2 2007
Statistics of J. League Division 2 in season 2007.
Overview.
It was contested by 13 teams, and Consadole Sapporo won the championship.

J. League Division 2 2008
Statistics of J. League Division 2 in season 2008.
Overview.
It was contested by 15 teams, and Sanfrecce Hiroshima won the championship.

J. League Division 2 2009
Statistics of J. League Division 2 in season 2009.

Japan Soccer League 1965
Statistics of Japan Soccer League in season 1965.
Overview.
It was contested by 8 teams, and Toyo Industries won the championship.

Japan Soccer League 1966
Statistics of Japan Soccer League in season 1966.
Overview.
It was contested by 8 teams, and Toyo Industries won the championship.

Japan Soccer League 1967
Statistics of Japan Soccer League in season 1967.
Overview.
It was contested by 8 teams, and Toyo Industries won the championship.

Japan Soccer League 1968
Statistics of Japan Soccer League in season 1968.
Overview.
It was contested by 8 teams, and Toyo Industries won the championship.

Japan Soccer League 1969
Statistics of Japan Soccer League in season 1969.
Overview.
It was contested by 8 teams, and Mitsubishi Motors won the championship.

Japan Soccer League 1970
Statistics of Japan Soccer League in season 1970.
Overview.
It was contested by 8 teams, and Toyo Industries won the championship.

Japan Soccer League 1971
Statistics of Japan Soccer League in season 1971.
Overview.
It was contested by 8 teams, and Yanmar Diesel won the championship.

Japan Soccer League 1972
Statistics of Japan Soccer League in season 1972.
Overview.
It was contested by 8 teams, and Hitachi won the championship.
Overview.
It was contested by 10 teams, and Toyota Motors won the championship.

Japan Soccer League 1973
Statistics of Japan Soccer League in season 1973.
Overview.
It was contested by 10 teams, and Mitsubishi Motors won the championship.
Overview.
It was contested by 10 teams, and Eidai Industries won the championship.

Japan Soccer League 1974
Statistics of Japan Soccer League in season 1974.
Overview.
It was contested by 10 teams, and Yanmar Diesel won the championship.
Overview.
It was contested by 10 teams, and Yomiuri won the championship.

Japan Soccer League 1975
Statistics of Japan Soccer League in season 1975.
Overview.
It was contested by 10 teams, and Yanmar Diesel won the championship.
Overview.
It was contested by 10 teams, and Tanabe Pharmaceuticals won the championship.

Japan Soccer League 1976
Statistics of Japan Soccer League in season 1976.
Overview.
It was contested by 10 teams, and Furukawa Electric won the championship.
Overview.
It was contested by 10 teams, and Fujitsu won the championship.

Japan Soccer League 1977
Statistics of Japan Soccer League in season 1977.
Overview.
It was contested by 10 teams, and Fujita Industries won the championship.
Overview.
It was contested by 10 teams, and Yomiuri won the championship.

Japan Soccer League 1978
Statistics of Japan Soccer League in season 1978.
Overview.
It was contested by 10 teams, and Mitsubishi Motors won the championship.
Overview.
It was contested by 10 teams, and Honda won the championship.

Japan Soccer League 1979
Statistics of Japan Soccer League in season 1979.
Overview.
It was contested by 10 teams, and Fujita Industries won the championship.
Overview.
It was contested by 10 teams, and Toshiba won the championship.

Japan Soccer League 1980
Statistics of Japan Soccer League in season 1980.
Overview.
It was contested by 10 teams, and Yanmar Diesel won the championship.
Overview.
It was contested by 10 teams, and Honda won the championship.

Japan Soccer League 1981
Statistics of Japan Soccer League in season 1981.
Overview.
It was contested by 10 teams, and Fujita Industries won the championship.
Overview.
It was contested by 10 teams, and Nippon Kokan won the championship.

Japan Soccer League 1982
Statistics of Japan Soccer League in season 1982.
Overview.
It was contested by 10 teams, and Mitsubishi Motors won the championship.
Overview.
It was contested by 10 teams, and Yamaha Motors won the championship.

Japan Soccer League 1983
Statistics of Japan Soccer League in season 1983.
Overview.
It was contested by 10 teams, and Yomiuri won the championship.
Overview.
It was contested by 10 teams, and Nippon Kokan won the championship.

Japan Soccer League 1984
Statistics of Japan Soccer League in season 1984.
Overview.
It was contested by 10 teams, and Yomiuri won the championship.
Overview.
It was contested by 10 teams, and Sumitomo Metals won the championship.

Japan Soccer League 1985-86
Statistics of Japan Soccer League in season 1985/1986.
Overview.
It was contested by 12 teams, and Furukawa Electric won the championship.
Overview.
It was contested by 12 teams, and Matsushita Electric won the championship.

Japan Soccer League 1986-87
Statistics of Japan Soccer League in season 1986/1987.
Overview.
It was contested by 12 teams, and Yomiuri won the championship.
Overview.
It was contested by 16 teams, and Sumitomo Metal won the championship.

Japan Soccer League 1987-88
Statistics of Japan Soccer League in season 1987/1988.
Overview.
It was contested by 12 teams, and Yamaha Motors won the championship.
Overview.
It was contested by 16 teams, and All Nippon Airways won the championship.

Japan Soccer League 1988-89
Statistics of Japan Soccer League in season 1988/1989.
Overview.
It was contested by 12 teams, and Nissan Motors won the championship.
Overview.
It was contested by 16 teams, and Toshiba won the championship.

Japan Soccer League 1989-90
Statistics of Japan Soccer League in season 1989/1990.
Overview.
It was contested by 12 teams, and Nissan Motors won the championship.
Overview.
It was contested by 16 teams, and Mitsubishi Motors won the championship.

Japan Football League
Japan Football League is a football league in Japan.

Japan Football League 1992
Statistics of Japan Football League in season 1992.
Overview.
It was contested by 10 teams, and Yamaha Motors won the championship.
Overview.
It was contested by 10 teams, and Chuo Bohan won the championship.

Japan Football League 1993
Statistics of Japan Football League in season 1993.
Overview.
It was contested by 10 teams, and Fujita won the championship.
Overview.
It was contested by 12 teams, and Honda won the championship.

Japan Football League 1994
Statistics of Japan Football League in season 1994.
Overview.
It was contested by 16 teams, and Cerezo Osaka won the championship.

Japan Football League 1995
Statistics of Japan Football League in season 1995.
Overview.
It was contested by 16 teams, and Fukuoka Blux won the championship.

Japan Football League 1996
Statistics of Japan Football League in season 1996.
Overview.
It was contested by 16 teams, and Honda won the championship.

Japan Football League 1997
Statistics of Japan Football League in season 1997.
Overview.
It was contested by 16 teams, and Toshiba won the championship.

Japan Football League 1998
Statistics of Japan Football League in season 1998.
Overview.
It was contested by 16 teams, and Tokyo Gas won the championship.

Japan Football League 1999
Statistics of Japan Football League in season 1999.
Overview.
It was contested by 9 teams, and Yokohama won the championship.

Japan Football League 2000
Statistics of Japan Football League in season 2000.
Overview.
It was contested by 12 teams, and Yokohama won the championship.

Japan Football League 2001
Statistics of Japan Football League in season 2001.
Overview.
It was contested by 16 teams, and Honda won the championship.

Japan Football League 2002
Statistics of Japan Football League in season 2002.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Honda won the championship.

Japan Football League 2003
Statistics of Japan Football League in season 2003.
Overview.
It was contested by 16 teams, and Otsuka Pharmaceuticals won the championship.

Japan Football League 2004
Statistics of Japan Football League in season 2004.
Overview.
It was contested by 16 teams, and Otsuka Pharmaceuticals won the championship.

Japan Football League 2005
Statistics of Japan Football League in season 2005.
Overview.
It was contested by 16 teams, and Ehime won the championship.

Japan Football League 2006
Statistics of Japan Football League in season 2006.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Honda won the championship.

Japan Football League 2007
Statistics of Japan Football League in season 2007.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Sagawa Shiga won the championship.

Japan Football League 2008
Statistics of Japan Football League in season 2008.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Honda won the championship.

Japan Football League 2009
Statistics of Japan Football League in season 2009.

Gamba Osaka
Gamba Osaka is a football club which plays in Japan.

JEF United Ichihara Chiba
JEF United Ichihara Chiba is a football club which plays in Japan.
Reserve team.
JEF United Ichihara Chiba has reserve team; JEF United Ichihara Chiba Reserves.

Kashima Antlers
Kashima Antlers is a football club which plays in Japan.

Júbilo Iwata
Júbilo Iwata is a football club which plays in Japan.

Kashiwa Reysol
Kashiwa Reysol is a football club which plays in Japan.

Cerezo Osaka
Cerezo Osaka is a football club which plays in Japan.
Reserve team.
Yanmar Diesel S.C. had reserve team; Yanmar Club from 1976 to 1979.

Avispa Fukuoka
Avispa Fukuoka is a football club which plays in Japan.

Kyoto Sanga F.C.
Kyoto Sanga F.C. is a football club which plays in Japan.

Nagoya Grampus Eight
Nagoya Grampus Eight is a football club which plays in Japan.

Sanfrecce Hiroshima
Sanfrecce Hiroshima is a football club which plays in Japan.

Shonan Bellmare
Shonan Bellmare is a football club which plays in Japan.

Consadole Sapporo
Consadole Sapporo is a football club which plays in Japan.

Yokohama Flügels
Yokohama Flügels is a former football club which has played in Japan.

F.C. Tokyo
F.C. Tokyo is a football club which plays in Japan.

Kawasaki Frontale
Kawasaki Frontale is a football club which plays in Japan.

Tokyo Verdy
Tokyo Verdy is a football club which plays in Japan.
Reserve team.
Yomiuri S.C. had reserve team; Yomiuri S.C. Juniors from 1980 to 1992.

Urawa Red Diamonds
Urawa Red Diamonds is a football club which plays in Japan.

Yokohama F. Marinos
Yokohama F. Marinos is a football club which plays in Japan.

Oita Trinita
Oita Trinita is a football club which plays in Japan.

Albirex Niigata
Albirex Niigata is a football club which plays in Japan.

Yokohama F.C.
Yokohama F.C. is a football club which plays in Japan.

Italian Football Championship 1907
Statistics of Italian Football Championship in season 1907.
Overview.
Milan won the championship.

Italian Football Championship 1908
Statistics of Italian Football Championship in season 1908.
Overview.
Pro Vercelli won the championship.
Liguria.
Andrea Doria was the only registered team.
Lombardy.
Milanese was the only registered team.

Italian Football Championship 1909
Statistics of Italian Football Championship in season 1909.
Overview.
Pro Vercelli won the championship.
Veneto.
Venezia was the only registered team.
Final.
Pro Vercelli won the championship.

Italian Football Championship 1909-10
Statistics of Italian Football Championship in season 1909/1910.
Overview.
It was contested by 9 teams, and Internazionale Milano won the championship.
Playoff.
Internazionale Milano won the championship.

Italian Football Championship 1910-11
Statistics of Italian Football Championship in season 1910/1911.
Overview.
It was contested by 13 teams, and Pro Vercelli won the championship.
Final.
Pro Vercelli won the championship.

Italian Football Championship 1911-12
Statistics of Italian Football Championship in season 1911/1912.
Overview.
It was contested by 14 teams, and Pro Vercelli won the championship.
Final.
Pro Vercelli won the championship.

Italian Football Championship 1912-13
Statistics of Italian Football Championship in season 1912/1913.
Overview.
It was contested by 30 teams, and Pro Vercelli won the championship.
Final Round.
Lazio won for Final.
Final.
Pro Vercelli won the championship.

Italian Football Championship 1913-14
Statistics of Italian Football Championship in season 1913/1914.
Overview.
It was contested by 45 teams, and Casale won the championship.
Final Round.
Lazio won for Final.
Final.
Casale won the championship.

Italian Football Championship 1914-15
Statistics of Italian Football Championship in season 1914/1915.
Overview.
It was contested by 51 teams, and Genoa won the championship.
Final Group.
The tournament was suspended due to the war.
Final Round.
The tournament was suspended due to the war.
Final.
Genoa won the championship.

New Netherland
New Netherland (Dutch: "Nieuw-Nederland") was a Dutch colony in the United States from 1614 through 1664 and from 1673 through 1674. It was in the modern-day states of New Jersey and New York. The states covered in its claims were Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware and Maryland. Its capital was New Amsterdam, modern-day New York City.

Workstation
A workstation is a computer used for scientific or technical calculations, or purposes. These computers are usually expensive, high-end computers. They are different form the ordinary computers used for text-processing. Very often they have operating systems that allow several users to work at the computer at the same time. Very often, workstations are connected to a computer network. Computer terminals may be used to access them. Currently, almost all workstations use an unix or unix-like operating system.

X.Org Foundation
The X.Org Foundation is a group responsible for making X Window System. This group was created on 22 January 2004. The X.Org Foundation is a corporation based in Delaware. It has a non-profit status.
The X.Org Server is the most common implementation of X. It is used on Linux, UNIX, and Unix-like systems. It is the base technology underlying both GNOME and KDE desktops and the CDE desktop environment.

Capillaritis
Capillaritis is where the capillaries are larger than should be..
It is often talked about in the context of pulmonary capillaritis.

Plan 9 from Bell Labs
Plan 9 from Bell Labs is a distributed operating system meaning many computers could be used as a one computer. It was made to fix problems in Unix and replace it. Plan 9 may be known for ability to manipulate device interfaces and other resources through the filesystem. Plan 9 has the goal of giving users a working environment that does not rely any single computer through the use of the 9P protocols, or languages. Plan 9 is still used and programs are made for Plan 9 in some groups of people as a research operating system and by people use it for fun or to know more.

Carnegie Hall
Carnegie Hall is a concert hall in New York. The money for building it was given by Andrew Carnegie, a very rich businessman from Scotland. The Carnegie Hall was built in 1891. It is the most famous concert hall in New York.
Carnegie Hall has three separate concert halls: the Main Hall, the Recital Hall and the Chamber Music Hall.
The Main Hall (Isaac Stern Auditorium).
Carnegie Hall's main auditorium is big enough to seat 2,804 people. There are five levels. The main hall was named after the violinist Isaac Stern in 1997. The Main Hall is very tall, and visitors to the top balcony must climb 105 steps.
For many years the world-famous New York Philharmonic Orchestra gave their concerts there. They moved out to a new concert hall in the Lincoln Center in 1962. Many of the greatest performers of classical music have performed in the hall. Concerts continue to be given there including, more recently, concerts of popular music.
The Recital Hall (Zankel Hall).
Zankel Hall, which seats 599, is now named after Judy and Arthur Zankel. At first it was simply called Recital Hall, then in 1896 it was renamed Carnegie Lyceum. It was used by the American Academy of Dramatic Arts from 1898. In 1959 it was changed into a cinema. Since 1997 it has been a hall for recitals.
Chamber Music Hall (Weill Recital Hall).
The Weill Recital Hall is a small concert hall seating just 268 people. Since 1986 it has been named after Sanford I. Weill, the chairman of Carnegie Hall's board, and his wife, Joan. At first it was called Chamber Music Hall, later Carnegie Chamber Music Hall).
Famous concerts.
The official opening night was on May 5, with an orchestral concert conducted by Walter Damrosch and the composer Tchaikovsky. Many famous works were given their world premiere (first ever performance) at the Carnegie Hall, including "Symphony No. 9, opus 95, "From the New World"" by Antonín Dvořák on December 16, 1893, the "Sinfonia Domestica" by Richard Strauss - March 21, 1904, conducted by the composer, "Concerto in F" by George Gershwin on December 3, 1925, with the composer playing the piano, and "Variations on a Theme of Corelli" by Sergei Rachmaninoff - November 7, 1931, with the composer playing the piano.

Musikverein
The Musikverein in Vienna, Austria is one of the most famous concert halls in the world. It was opened on 6 January 1870. The Musikverein is where the world famous Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra perform.
The concert hall was built by the "Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde" (Society of Friends of Music) who had been given the land by Emperor Franz Joseph. In 1907 a beautiful organ was put in the Konzerthaus by the Austrian firm of organ builders Rieger.
The main auditorium is called the Goldener Saal (The Golden Hall). There are seats for 1,744 people and standing room for another 300. Every year on 1 January the Vienna New Year's Concert is held here. Millions of people in countries all over the world watch this concert on New Year's Day.

Vienna New Year's Concert
The New Year Concert of the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra is a concert of classical music that takes place each year on the morning of 1 January in Vienna, Austria. The concert hall where they are held is called the Wiener Musikverein. The music traditionally consists of waltzes, marches and polkas by the Strauss family. The concert is shown on television to about one billion people in 44 countries.
Music and setting.
The music always includes pieces from the Strauss family (Johann Strauss I, Johann Strauss II, Josef Strauss and Eduard Strauss). The music consists mainly of waltzes, polkas, mazurkas and marches. Sometimes other Austrian composers are included. In 2009, for the first time, music by Josef Haydn was played. It was the 4th movement of Haydn's Symphony No. 45, known as the "Farewell Symphony". It was performed because the year 2009 is the 200th anniversary of Haydn's death.
These concerts have been held in the "Großer Saal" (Large Hall) of the Wiener Musikverein since 1939. Since 1980 the flowers that decorate the concert hall are a gift each year from the city of Sanremo, Liguria, Italy. On television the viewers can also see ballet dancers who dance to the music. These dancers are often dancing in Schönbrunn Palace, Schloss Esterházy, the Vienna State Opera or in the Wiener Musikverein itself.
The concert always ends with three encores after the main programme. The first encore is a fast polka. The second encore is Johann Strauss II's "Blue Danube Waltz". The audience start to clap as soon as the music for this famous waltz starts. The last encore is the "Radetzky March". The audience like to clap along to the music.
The concert was first performed in 1939.

WWF The Wrestling Classic
The Wrestling Classic was a World Wrestling Federation (WWF) pay-per-view (PPV) event that took place on November 7, 1985 from the Rosemont Horizon in Rosemont, Illinois.
The main event was the finals of a 16-man tournament where Junkyard Dog beat Randy Savage. The undercard had a 16-man single-elimination tournament, Hulk Hogan versus Roddy Piper for the WWF Championship and a contest where Michael Hamley won a Rolls Royce.
It is a commonly held misconception that The Wrestling Classic was the first WWF pay-per-view, as a matter of fact even WWE often refer to it as such, but the first WrestleMania event, in March of the same year, was actually available on pay-per-view in some markets.
Background.
The main feud heading into Wrestling Classic was between Hulk Hogan and Roddy Piper, with the two battling over the WWF Championship. In 1985, Piper became the top heel of the promotion after he spoke out against the burgeoning Rock 'n' Wrestling connection, which lead to a confrontation with Hogan. In February, they faced each other at MTV special for Hogan's WWF title, where Hogan retained his title by disqualification. Their feud lead to the development of WrestleMania. In the main event of the first-ever WrestleMania, Hogan and celebrity Mr. T defeated Piper and Paul Orndorff. Hogan feuded with Piper and "Cowboy" Bob Orton for the rest of the year and often got disqualification victories over them, leading to a WWF title match between Hogan and Piper at Wrestling Classic. A tournament was also being promoted on WWF television "Wrestling Classic" which was to take place on the pay-per-view event.
Event.
The pay-per-view event featured a 16-man tournament dubbed "Wrestling Classic". The first round of the tournament began when Adrian Adonis defeated Corporal Kirchner with a DDT. Dynamite Kid faced Nikolai Volkoff, and before the match began, Volkoff began singing Russian national anthem. As he was in the midst of finishing his singing, Dynamite Kid hit a missile dropkick on Volkoff to win the match. Randy Savage defeated Ivan Putski by having both his feet on the middle rope for leverage as he pinned Putski. Ricky Steamboat faced Davey Boy Smith. Smith landed in the ropes to attack Steamboat but Steamboat sidestepped and Smith injured his groin. He was unable to continue, so Steamboat was awarded the match by forfeit. Junkyard Dog faced Iron Sheik. The match began with Sheik choking JYD with his jacket. He applied a camel clutch on JYD before releasing the hold. JYD quickly hit a headbutt on Sheik and pinned him to win the match. Moondog Spot and Terry Funk's match was next. None of them wanted to wrestle, so they both left the ring. As Spot started to leave, Funk attacked him from behind. He tried to re-enter the ring but Spot prevented him from entering the ring and won the match by countout. Tito Santana faced The Magnificent Don Muraco. Santana pinned Muraco with a quick small package. The final match of the first round pitted Paul Orndorff against Cowboy Bob Orton. Orton was disqualified after he hit Orndorff with his cast.
The quarterfinals began. Adrian Adonis faced Dynamite Kid. During the match, Adonis accidentally hit his manager Jimmy Hart and collided with Hart. Kid took advantage and pinned Adonis to win the match. Ricky Steamboat faced Randy Savage. The referee was distracted by Miss Elizabeth as Savage took advantage and pulled out brass knuckles from his tights and hit Steamboat with the knuckles before pinning him to win the match. Junkyard Dog defeated Moondog Spot after a headbutt. Tito Santana and Paul Orndorff fought to double countout, eliminating both wrestlers from the tournament in the process. This led to Bobby Hennan's $50,000 storyline bounty on Paul Orndorff not being collected.
A non-tournament match occurred where Hulk Hogan defended his WWF Championship against Roddy Piper. Hogan applied a bearhug on Piper. Piper responded with a sleeper hold. The referee was knocked out and Piper hit Hogan with a steel chair. Hogan applied a sleeper hold of his own on Piper. Cowboy Bob Orton came out and hit Hogan with his cast. The referee saw this and disqualified Piper in the process. Piper and Orton continued to assault Hogan until Paul Orndorff came out and cleared the ring.
The semifinal match between Randy Savage and Dynamite Kid was next. Dynamite Kid superplexed Savage off the top rope but Savage countered it into an inside cradle for the victory. Junkyard Dog drew a bye in the semifinals because the double countout ending of Paul Orndorff vs. Tito Santana in the quarterfinals. A contest was held where over 250,000 fans participated. In the contest, a fan from Batavia, Illinois, Michael Hamley won a Rolls-Royce. This segment was cut from the Coliseum Home Video release for time. However, it was restored when the show aired on 7 Classics, WWE's archival video on demand service.
The main event and the finals of the Wrestling Classic tournament occurred between Junkyard Dog and Randy Savage. JYD hit a back body drop on Savage off the top rope who landed on the arena floor. Savage was unable to get into the ring and was counted-out. As a result, JYD won the match and the tournament.
Aftermath.
Many wrestlers received pushes by this tournament. Junkyard Dog, the winner of this tournament got a push as he became the man to win the first-ever major tournament in WWF history. Randy Savage went on to win both the WWF Intercontinental Championship from Tito Santana on February 8, 1986 and the WWF Championship in a tournament at WrestleMania IV in 1988. Ricky Steamboat also won the Intercontinental Championship, by defeating Savage at WrestleMania III in 1987. Dynamite Kid and Davey Boy Smith formed a successful tag team which would win the WWF Tag Team Championship at WrestleMania 2 in 1986.
Tournament bracket.
Pin-Pinfall; Sub-Submission; CO-Countout; DCO-Double countout; DQ-Disqualification; Ref-Referee's decision

Professional wrestling promotion
A professional wrestling promotion (also federation or fed) is a company or business that performs regular shows involving professional wrestling. 'Promotion' also describes a role which involves management, advertising and planing of running a wrestling event ("see promoter").
Currently, the major wrestling organizations in North America are World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA), and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) (all based in the United States), and the Mexican lucha libre promotions Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre and Asistencia Asesoría y Administración. There are federations all around Europe and in Japan, South America, Puerto Rico, Australia, New Zealand and the rest of the Caribbean.
There are also a number of small independent wrestling organizations that are upstarts or the creations of former wrestlers from the bigger promotions. Some of the smaller organizations include Ring of Honor, Jersey All Pro Wrestling, Border City Wrestling, Combat Zone Wrestling, and Ohio Valley Wrestling.
Structure.
Most promotions are organized around one or more championship titles and do not acknowledge or recognize the legitimacy of other promotions' titles. Others, such as the NWA, act as an umbrella organization which governs titles that are shared among multiple promotions.
Major promotions have a permanent roster of talent under contract to them, meaning they can only perform for them, in other words an "exclusive contract". Independent promotions may have contracted workers but are just as likely to utilize free agents who are not under exclusive contract with any promotion. Some wrestlers may work in several independent promotions at the same time.
In the United States and Canada, the typical business cycle consists of "standard" shows held at regular times (weekly, bi-weekly, monthly, etc.) which build up to a more expensive supercard event. This cycle lasts anywhere from four to twelve weeks. For smaller groups, supercards may only be held a few times a year. For larger groups such as WWE, the regular shows (referred to as "standard shows" from now on) are broadcast on television weekly (semi-weekly in the last boom period, currently weekly with shows like "Raw", "ECW" and "SmackDown") and the supercards on pay-per-view monthly (like WrestleMania and SummerSlam).

George Enescu
George Enescu (August 19, 1881, Liveni – May 4, 1955, Paris) was a Romanian composer. He was born in Liveni, Romania.

Cumans
The Cumans were a travelling people who lived in the area along the Black Sea near the Volga River.

7035 Gomi
7035 Gomi (1995 BD3) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on January 28, 1995 by K. Endate and K. Watanabe at Kitami.

7032 Hitchcock
7032 Hitchcock (1994 VC2) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on November 3, 1994 by Yoshisada Shimizu and Yoshisada Shimizu at the Nachi-Katsuura Observatory. It is named after Alfred Hitchcock.

7030 Colombini
7030 Colombini (1993 YU) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on December 18, 1993 by Vagnozzi, A. at Stroncone.

Santa Lucia Stroncone Astronomical Observatory
The Osservatorio Astrometrico Santa Lucia Stroncone (Santa Lucia Stroncone Astronomical Observatory) is an observatory that studies stars in the sky. It is found in the town of Stroncone in Italy. It has found lots of asteroids.

7028 Tachikawa
7028 Tachikawa (1993 XC1) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on December 5, 1993 by M. Hirasawa and S. Suzuki at Nyukasa.

7027 Toshihanda
7027 Toshihanda (1993 XT) is a Outer Main-belt Asteroid that was found on December 11, 1993 by T. Kobayashi at Oizumi.

7020 Yourcenar
7020 Yourcenar (1992 GR2) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on April 4, 1992 by E. W. Elst at the European Southern Observatory.

70179 Beppechiara
70179 Beppechiara (1999 QQ1) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on August 21, 1999 by S. Sposetti at Gnosca.

7017 Uradowan
7017 Uradowan (1992 CE2) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on February 1, 1992 by T. Seki at Geisei.

7016 Conandoyle
7016 Conandoyle (1991 YG) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on December 30, 1991 by T. Urata at the Nihondaira Observatory.

German South-West Africa
German South West Africa (German: "Deutsch-Südwestafrika, DSWA") was a German colony in Africa from 1884 through 1915. It is now Namibia. From 1891, the capital was Windhoek, the same city as the capital of todays Namibia. It covered an area of. This is over one and half times the size of German Empire at the time.

7015 Schopenhauer
7015 Schopenhauer (1990 QC8) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on August 16, 1990 by E. W. Elst at La Silla.

7012 Hobbes
7012 Hobbes (1988 CH2) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on February 11, 1988 by E. W. Elst at the European Southern Observatory.

7011 Worley
7011 Worley (1987 SK1) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 21, 1987 by E. Bowell at the Anderson Mesa Station of the Lowell Observatory.

7010 Locke
7010 Locke (1987 QH3) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on August 28, 1987 by E. W. Elst at the European Southern Observatory.

7009 Hume
7009 Hume (1987 QU1) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on August 21, 1987 by E.W. Elst at the European Southern Observatory.

7008 Pavlov
7008 Pavlov (1985 QH5) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on August 23, 1985 by N. S. Chernykh at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory.

7007 Timjull
7007 Timjull (1981 EK34) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on March 2, 1981 by S. J. Bus at Siding Spring Observatory.

7006 Folco
7006 Folco (1981 ER31) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on March 2, 1981 by S. J. Bus at Siding Spring Observatory.

7005 Henninghaack
7005 Henninghaack (1981 ET25) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on March 2, 1981 by S. J. Bus at Siding Spring Observatory.

7004 Markthiemens
7004 Markthiemens is a Main Belt asteroid that was found on July 24, 1979 by S. J. Bus.

70030 Margaretmiller
70030 Margaretmiller (1999 CZ1) is a Inner Main-belt Asteroid that was found on February 7, 1999 by B. D. Warner at Palmer Divide Observatory.

7003 Zoyamironova
7003 Zoyamironova (1976 SZ9) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 25, 1976 by N. S. Chernykh at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory.

7002 Bronshten
7002 Bronshten (1971 OV) is a Mars-crossing asteroid that was found on July 26, 1971 by N. S. Chernykh at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory.

(7103) 1953 GH
(7103) 1953 GH is an asteroid that was found by Karl Wilhelm Reinmuth at Heidelberg on April 7, 1953.

(5657) 1936 QE1
(5657) 1936 QE1 is an asteroid that was found by Karl Wilhelm Reinmuth at Heidelberg on August 28, 1936.

20019 Yukiotanaka
is a main belt asteroid that was found on November 2, 1991.

20024 Mayrémartínez
is a main belt asteroid that was found on January 30, 1992.

20060 Johannforster
is a main belt asteroid that was found on August 15, 1993.

Ender's Game series
The Ender's Game series (sometimes called Enderverse) is a series of books written by Orson Scott Card. There are 2 major series of the Ender's Game series: the Ender series and the Shadow series.
Ender series.
The Ender series includes the books "Ender's Game", "Speaker for the Dead", "Xenocide", and "Children of the Mind". "Ender's Game" used to be a short story, but the author expanded it to make the novel "Ender's Game".
Shadow series.
The Shadow series (also called the "Bean Quartet") starts with "Ender's Shadow", followed by 4 other books about the lives of the people Ender left behind. "Ender's Shadow" occurs at the same time and place (Battle School) as "Ender's Game" does, but instead in the view of Bean rather than Ender. "Shadow of the Hegemon", "Shadow Puppets", and "Shadow of the Giant" are stories about world dominace on Earth after the Bugger War in which the children at Battle School and Ender's older brother, Peter Wiggin, are main characters. "Shadows in Flight", a sequel to "Shadow of the Giant", is planned to come out; however, it will start after "Children of the Mind", not "Shadow of the Giant", and will combine the two Ender's Game series: the Ender series and the Shadow series.
Stories in the series.
There are 11 stories in the Ender's Game series. According to Orson Scott Card, the author, you don't have to read the books in any required order, except that Xenocide should be read right before Children of the Mind.
The books can be read in the order they were written/published in or by date times in the novels.

120103 Dolero
is a main belt asteroid that was foudn on March 24, 2003.

120460 Hambach
is a main belt asteroid that was found on October 13, 1990.

12051 Picha
is a main belt asteroid that was found on May 2, 1997.

12131 Echternach
is a main belt asteroid that was found on September 24, 1960.

107638 Wendyfreedman
107638 Wendyfreedman (2001 EU13) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on March 15, 2001 by D. Healy at Junk Bond Observatory.

115801 Punahou
115801 Punahou is a Main Belt asteroid that was found by the Junk Bond Observatory on October 23, 2003.

Pula
Pula () is the biggest city in Istria County, Croatia. It has a population of about 62,000 people as of the year 2006. It has a long tradition of winemaking, fishing, shipbuilding, and tourism. Pula is also an administrative center of Istria since Roman times.

11580 Bautzen
11580 Bautzen (1994 JG4) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on May 3, 1994 by Spacewatch at Kitt Peak.

115950 Kocherpeter
is a main belt asteroid that was found on November 18, 2003.

11592 Clintkelly
11592 Clintkelly (1995 FA7) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on March 23, 1995 by Spacewatch at Kitt Peak.

11593 Uchikawa
11593 Uchikawa (1995 HK) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on April 20, 1995 by K. Endate and K. Watanabe at Kitami.

11520 Fromm
11520 Fromm (1991 GE8) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on April 8, 1991 by E. W. Elst at the European Southern Observatory.

11510 Borges
11510 Borges (1990 VV8) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on November 11, 1990 by E. W. Elst at the European Southern Observatory.

11514 Tsunenaga
11514 Tsunenaga (1991 CO1) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on February 13, 1991 by M. Koishikawa at the Sendai Astronomical Observatory Ayashi station.

11518 Jung
11518 Jung (1991 GB3) is a Outer Main-belt Asteroid that was found on April 8, 1991 by E. W. Elst at the European Southern Observatory.

11504 Kazo
11504 Kazo (1990 BT) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on January 21, 1990 by T. Hioki and S. Hayakawa at Okutama.

11492 Shimose
11492 Shimose (1988 VR3) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on November 13, 1988 by K. Endate and K. Watanabe at Kitami.

11494 Hibiki
11494 Hibiki (1988 VM9) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on November 2, 1988 by M. Yanai and K. Watanabe at Kitami.

11495 Fukunaga
11495 Fukunaga (1988 XR) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on December 3, 1988 by K. Endate and K. Watanabe at Kitami.

11496 Grass
11496 Grass (1989 AG7) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on January 10, 1989 by F. Borngen at Tautenburg.

11481 Znannya
11481 Znannya (1987 WO1) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on November 22, 1987 by E. Bowell at the Anderson Mesa Station of the Lowell Observatory.

11473 Barbaresco
11473 Barbaresco (1982 SC) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 22, 1982 by E. Bowell at the Anderson Mesa Station of the Lowell Observatory.

114649 Jeanneacker
114649 Jeanneacker is a Main Belt asteroid that was found by Bernard Christophe on March 6, 2003.

11450 Shearer
11450 Shearer (1979 QJ1) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on August 22, 1979 by C.-I. Lagerkvist at the European Southern Observatory.

11451 Aarongolden
11451 Aarongolden (1979 QR1) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on August 22, 1979 by C.-I. Lagerkvist at the European Southern Observatory.

1938-39 NHL season
The 1938–39 NHL season was the 22nd season of the National Hockey League (NHL). Seven teams each played 48 games. The Boston Bruins were the Stanley Cup winners as they beat the Toronto Maple Leafs four games to one in the final series.
The NHL created the icing rule on March 13, 1939.
Final standings.
"Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, PIM = Penalties in minutes"
"Note: Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold"
Scoring leaders.
"Note: GP = Games played, G = Goals, A = Assists, PTS = Points, PIM = Penalties in minutes"

11445 Fedotov
11445 Fedotov (1978 SC7) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 26, 1978 by L. V. Zhuravleva at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory.

11446 Betankur
11446 Betankur (1978 TO8) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on October 9, 1978 by L. V. Zhuravleva at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory.

12022 Hilbert
12022 Hilbert (1996 XH26) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on December 15, 1996 by P. G. Comba at Prescott.

Berne, New York
Berne is a town in Albany County, New York, United States. About 2,800 people lived there as of the year 2000.

12032 Ivory
12032 Ivory (1997 BP5) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on January 31, 1997 by P. G. Comba at Prescott.

12033 Anselmo
12033 Anselmo (1997 BD9) is a Outer Main-belt Asteroid that was found on January 31, 1997 by M. Tombelli and U. Munari at Cima Ekar.

12035 Ruggieri
12035 Ruggieri (1997 CP13) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on February 1, 1997 by V. Goretti at Pianoro.

12040 Jacobi
12040 Jacobi (1997 EK8) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on March 8, 1997 by P. G. Comba at Prescott.

120405 Svyatylivka
120405 Svyatylivka (2005 SQ4) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 24, 2005 by O. Gerashchenko and Y. Ivashchenko at Andrushivka.

12050 Humecronyn
12050 Humecronyn (1997 HE14) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on April 27, 1997 by Spacewatch at Kitt Peak.

12061 Alena
12061 Alena (1998 FQ2) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on March 21, 1998 by T. Stafford at the Zeno Observatory.

6186 Zenon
6186 Zenon (1988 CC2) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on February 11, 1988 by E. W. Elst at La Silla.

Brown University
Brown University is a private university located in Providence, Rhode Island, United States and is a member of the Ivy League. It was founded in 1764 and was originally called The College of Rhode Island.

12533 Edmond
12533 Edmond (1998 LA) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on June 2, 1998 by T. Stafford at the Zeno Observatory.

Rutgers University
Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (also known as Rutgers University), is the largest institution for higher education in the state of New Jersey. It was originally chartered as "Queen's College" in 1766 and is the eighth-oldest college in the United States.
Rutgers was designated The State University of New Jersey by acts of the New Jersey Legislature in 1945 and 1956. The campuses of Rutgers are located in New Brunswick, Piscataway, Newark and Camden. Rutgers is the largest university within New Jersey's state university system, and it was ranked 46th in the world academically in a 2006 survey conducted by the Institute of Higher Education at Shanghai Jiao Tong University. The university offers more than 100 distinct bachelor, 100 master, and 80 doctoral and professional degree programs across 175 academic departments, 29 degree-granting schools and colleges, 16 of which offer graduate programs of study.

90713 Chajnantor
90713 Chajnantor (1990 VE3) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on November 11, 1990 by T. Seki at Geisei.

23504 Haneda
23504 Haneda (1992 EX) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on March 7, 1992 by T. Seki at Geisei.

27716 Nobuyuki
27716 Nobuyuki (1989 CX1) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on February 13, 1989 by T. Seki at Geisei.

27739 Kimihiro
27739 Kimihiro (1990 UV) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on October 17, 1990 by T. Seki at Geisei.

21014 Daishi
21014 Daishi (1988 TS1) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on October 13, 1988 by T. Seki at Geisei.

Southern Cassowary
The Southern Cassowary ("Casuarius casuarius"), also known as Double-wattled Cassowary or Two-wattled Cassowary, is a large flightless black bird with hard and stiff plumage, two dangling red wattles and a big bony lump on its head called a casque. It lives in tropical rainforest and feeds mostly on fallen fruit, red nape and two red wattles hanging down its throat.
The big female lays up to five enormous glossy green eggs on the ground. She then leaves the male bird to sit on them and raise the stripey chicks. The cassowary is a very rare bird in Australia but also lives in New Guinea.

17508 Takumadan
17508 Takumadan (1992 JH) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on May 3, 1992 by T. Seki at Geisei.

10321 Rampo
10321 Rampo (1990 UN2) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on October 26, 1990 by T. Seki at Geisei.

52455 Masamika
52455 Masamika (1995 AD1) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on January 6, 1995 by T. Seki at Geisei.

48495 Ryugado
is a main belt asteroid that was found on January 16, 1993.

48482 Oruki
is a main belt asteroid that was found on February 5, 1992.

Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education
The Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education (PASSHE) is the largest provider of higher education in Pennsylvania and a large public university system in the United States. It is the tenth-largest university system in the United States and 43rd largest in the world. The system is made up of 14 state-owned schools, all of which are NCAA Division II members.
History.
The "Normal School Act of 1857" was passed on the last day of session on 20 May 1857. Its passage created 12 school districts. Afterward, the School Code of 1911 mandated that Pennsylvania purchase all the schools. The "normal" schools evolved from state normal schools, to state teacher's colleges, to state colleges. Act 188, which was signed into law on November 12, 1982 and came into effect on July 1, 1983, established the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education, and converted those state colleges into universities.
Universities and locations.
PASSHE universities also operate four branch campuses. The Office of the Chancellor is situated in the capital city of Harrisburg at the Dixon University Center.

Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade
The Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade is a parade broadcasted on NBC every Thanksgiving. The parade often includes many balloons, floats, celebrities, songs and more. The hosts of The Today Show also host this event by introducing new acts in the parade.

39809 Fukuchan
39809 Fukuchan (1997 WB30) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on November 30, 1997 by T. Seki at Geisei.

7594 Shotaro
7594 Shotaro (1993 BH2) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on January 19, 1993 by T. Seki at Geisei.

8428 Okiko
8428 Okiko (1997 VJ8) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on November 3, 1997 by T. Seki at Geisei.

Indiana University of Pennsylvania
Indiana University of Pennsylvania (or IUP) is a public university located in the borough of Indiana, Pennsylvania, USA, northeast of Pittsburgh. It is the largest university in the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education (PaSSHE) and is the state's fifth largest university. It is governed by a local Council of Trustees and the Board of Governors of the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education. IUP has branch campuses at Punxsutawney, Northpointe, and Monroeville.

6720 Gifu
6720 Gifu (1990 VP2) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on November 11, 1990 by T. Seki at Geisei.

7094 Godaisan
7094 Godaisan (1992 RJ) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 4, 1992 by T. Seki at Geisei.

7235 Hitsuzan
7235 Hitsuzan (1986 UY) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on October 30, 1986 by T. Seki at Geisei.

7410 Kawazoe
7410 Kawazoe (1990 QG) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on August 20, 1990 by T. Seki at Geisei.

7650 Kaname
7650 Kaname (1990 UG) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on October 16, 1990 by T. Seki at Geisei.

10547 Yosakoi
10547 Yosakoi (1992 JF) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on May 2, 1992 by T. Seki at Geisei.

12084 Unno
12084 Unno (1998 FL125) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on March 22, 1998 by T. Seki at Geisei.

13933 Charleville
13933 Charleville (1988 VE1) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on November 2, 1988 by T. Seki at Geisei.

30879 Hiroshikanai
30879 Hiroshikanai (1992 KF) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on May 25, 1992 by T. Seki at Geisei.

Rockville, Maryland
Rockville is the county seat of Montgomery County, Maryland, United States. According to the 2007 census update, the city had a total population of 58,706, making it the third largest city in Maryland.

27740 Obatomoyuki
27740 Obatomoyuki (1990 UC1) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on October 20, 1990 by T. Seki at Geisei.

10078 Stanthorpe
10078 Stanthorpe (1989 UJ3) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on October 30, 1989 by Tsutomu Seki at Geisei.

Montgomery County, Maryland
Montgomery County of the U.S. state of Maryland is located north of Washington, D.C. and southwest of Baltimore. It is one of the richest counties in the United States, and has the highest percentage (29.2%) of residents over 25 years old who hold a post-graduate degree. The county seat and largest municipality is Rockville.

10091 Bandaisan
10091 Bandaisan (1990 VD3) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on November 11, 1990 by Tsutomu Seki at Geisei.

10094 Eijikato
10094 Eijikato (1991 DK) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on February 20, 1991 by Tsutomu Seki at Geisei.

10167 Yoshiwatiso
10167 Yoshiwatiso (1995 BQ15) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on January 31, 1995 by T. Seki at Geisei.

Of a Revolution
Of a Revolution, better known as O.A.R., is an American rock band consisting of Marc Roberge (vocals, guitar), Chris Culos (drums, percussion), Richard On (guitar, backing vocals), Benj Gershman (bass guitar), Jerry DePizzo (saxophone, guitar, backing vocals). The band has a lot of fans in college and many of the band's songs relate to the band members' lives at Ohio State University (Columbus) and growing up in Rockville, Maryland.

George Foreman Grill
The George Foreman Lean Mean Fat-Reducing Grilling Machine, commonly known as the George Foreman Grill, is an indoor, electrically-heated grill manufactured by Salton, Inc. George Foreman, a former champion boxer, is the main spokesperson for the grill. Since its introduction in 1994, over 80 million Foreman grills have been sold.
Reception.
Foreman has made over 150 million dollars from the sales of his grills, an amount that is more than he earned as a boxer.
The company has created many different sizes and designs for the grill since it was first made. These include the "The Champ" which was the first grill produced, a family size grill, and a "Super Large" grill that has 144 inches of grilling space. There is also a deep fryer and roaster.
A website made an April Fool's Day joke by claiming to sell a USB version of the grill called the "iGrill." The fake product was advertised as a grill that can be plugged into a computer and turned on by someone on the Internet.

21022 Ike
21022 Ike (1989 CR) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on February 2, 1989 by T. Seki at Geisei.

Lava Records
Lava Records is an American record label that is owned by Warner Music Group.

Treacle
Treacle is a type of syrup. It is made when people are processing the plant sugarcane. It is used in cooking to make things sweeter. It is usually dark brown.
Uses for Medicine.
Doctors used the word "treacle" to describe a medicine with many ingredients, or medicines that would treat snakebites. Wells that were thought to have water that would cure people were called "treacle wells".

10300 Tanakadate
10300 Tanakadate (1989 EG1) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on March 6, 1989 by T. Seki at Geisei.

11321 Tosimatumoto
11321 Tosimatumoto (1995 DE1) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on February 21, 1995 by T. Seki at Geisei.

11878 Hanamiyama
11878 Hanamiyama (1990 HJ) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on April 18, 1990 by T. Seki at Geisei.

13989 Murikabushi
13989 Murikabushi (1993 BG) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on January 16, 1993 by T. Seki at Geisei.

15723 Girraween
15723 Girraween (1990 SA2) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 20, 1990 by T. Seki at Geisei.

17509 Ikumadan
17509 Ikumadan (1992 JR) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on May 4, 1992 by T. Seki at Geisei.

18365 Shimomoto
18365 Shimomoto (1990 WN5) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on November 17, 1990 by T. Seki at Geisei.

21016 Miyazawaseiroku
21016 Miyazawaseiroku (1988 VA) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on November 2, 1988 by T. Seki at Geisei.

21089 Mochizuki
21089 Mochizuki (1992 CQ) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on February 8, 1992 by T. Seki at Geisei.

23587 Abukumado
is a main belt asteroid that was found on October 2, 1995.

12070 Kilkis
12070 Kilkis (1998 FK63) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on March 20, 1998 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro.

12111 Ulm
12111 Ulm (1998 LU) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on June 1, 1998 by E. W. Elst at the European Southern Observatory.

12113 Hollows
12113 Hollows (1998 OH12) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on July 29, 1998 by J. Broughton at Reedy Creek Observatory.

12127 Mamiya
12127 Mamiya (1999 RD37) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 9, 1999 by K. Watanabe at Sapporo.

12128 Palermiti
12128 Palermiti (1999 RP43) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 13, 1999 by C. W. Juels at Fountain Hills.

Bulgarians
Bulgarians are a kind of Slavic people. Bulgarians are usually talked about with the Republic of Bulgaria and the Bulgarian language.

Romanian leu
The leu is the money that is used in Romania. The smaller kind of money used is the "ban", or "bani"(plural). 100 bani make up a leu. Because Romania joined the European Union, they will start using the euro in 2014.

Mandatory access control
In computer security, a mandatory access control (MAC) means a type of access control by which the operating system changes the way a "subject" (e.g. a user or a program) can access or do some sort of action on an "object" (e.g. a file or folder). Subjects and objects each have a set of security rules. Whenever a subject tries to use an object, the operating system kernel looks at these security rules and decides whether the subject can use the object.

Access control
Access control is the ability to allow or deny the use of a certain object by a certain person or entity. Access control machine can be used in managing physical objects (such as a movie theater, to which only people with tickets are allowed in) or digital objects (for example, a private text document on a computer, which only certain users should be able to read).

Linux Security Modules
Linux Security Modules (LSM) is a framework that allows the Linux kernel to support a variety of computer security models while avoiding favoritism toward any single security implementation. The framework is licensed under the terms of the GNU General Public License and is standard part of the Linux kernel since Linux version 2.6.

Black Swan
The Black Swan ("Cygnus atratus") is a large waterbird which mostly breeds in the southeast and southwest areas of Australia.

12190 Sarkisov
12190 Sarkisov (1978 SE5) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 27, 1978 by L. I. Chernykh at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory.

4023 Jarník
is a main belt asteroid that was found on October 25, 1981.

4024 Ronan
4024 Ronan (1981 WQ) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on November 24, 1981 by E. Bowell at Flagstaff (AM).

4025 Ridley
4025 Ridley (1981 WU) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on November 24, 1981 by E. Bowell at Flagstaff (AM).

4026 Beet
4026 Beet (1982 BU1) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on January 30, 1982 by Bowell, E. at Flagstaff (AM).

4027 Mitton
4027 Mitton (1982 DN) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on February 21, 1982 by E. Bowell at Flagstaff (AM).

4019 Klavetter
4019 Klavetter (1981 EK14) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on March 01, 1981 by S. J. Bus at Siding Spring.

Common Desktop Environment
The Common Desktop Environment (CDE) is a desktop environment for Unix. It is based on the Motif widget toolkit. HP uses CDE as the default desktop manager for OpenVMS which belongs to HP. This means it will be run without making any changes.

4018 Bratislava
4018 Bratislava (1980 YM) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on December 30, 1980 by Mrkos, A. at Klet.

4028 Pancratz
4028 Pancratz (1982 DV2) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on February 18, 1982 by L. G. Taff at Socorro.

4029 Bridges
4029 Bridges (1982 KC1) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on May 24, 1982 by Shoemaker, C. at Palomar.

4030 Archenhold
4030 Archenhold (1984 EO1) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on March 2, 1984 by H. Debehogne at the European Southern Observatory.

Colombian Professional Football 2001
Statistics of Colombian Professional Football in season 2001.
Overview.
It was performed in 16 teams, and América Cali won the championship.
Final.
América Cali won the championship.

Colombian Professional Football 2002
Statistics of Colombian Professional Football in season 2002.
Overview.
It was performed in 18 teams, and América Cali won the championship.
Final.
América Cali won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 18 teams, and Independiente Medellín won the championship.
Final.
Independiente Medellín won the championship.

Colombian Professional Football 2003
Statistics of Colombian Professional Football in season 2003.
Overview.
It was performed in 18 teams, and Once Caldas won the championship.
Final.
Once Caldas won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 18 teams, and Deportes Tolima won the championship.
Final.
Deportes Tolima won the championship.

Colombian Professional Football 2004
Statistics of Colombian Professional Football in season 2004.
Overview.
It was performed in 18 teams, and Independiente Medellín won the championship.
Final.
Independiente Medellín won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 18 teams, and Atlético Junior won the championship.
Final.
Atlético Junior won the championship.

Colombian Professional Football 2005
Statistics of Colombian Professional Football in season 2005.
Overview.
It was performed in 18 teams, and Atlético Nacional won the championship.
Final.
Atlético Nacional won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 18 teams, and Deportivo Cali won the championship.
Final.
Deportivo Cali won the championship.

Colombian Professional Football 2006
Statistics of Colombian Professional Football in season 2006.
Overview.
It was performed in 18 teams, and Deportivo Pasto won the championship.
Final.
Deportivo Pasto won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 18 teams, and Cúcuta Deportivo won the championship.
Final.
Cúcuta Deportivo won the championship.

Colombian Professional Football 2007
Statistics of Colombian Professional Football in season 2007.
Overview.
It was performed in 18 teams, and Atlético Nacional won the championship.
Final.
Atlético Nacional won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 18 teams, and Atlético Nacional won the championship.
Final.
Atlético Nacional won the championship.

Colombian Professional Football 2008
Statistics of Colombian Professional Football in season 2008.
Overview.
It was performed in 18 teams, and Boyacá Chicó won the championship.
Final.
Boyacá Chicó won the championship.

Italian Football Championship 1919-20
Statistics of Italian Football Championship in season 1919/1920.
Overview.
It was contested by 66 teams, and Internazionale Milano won the championship.
Final Round.
Livorno won for Final.
Final.
Internazionale Milano won the championship.

Italian Football Championship 1920-21
Statistics of Italian Football Championship in season 1920/1921.
Overview.
It was contested by 88 teams, and Pro Vercelli won the championship.
Group C.
Both Torino and Legnano decided to retire from the championship.
Final Round.
Pro Vercelli won for Final.
Final Round.
Pisa won for Final.
Final.
Pro Vercelli won the championship.

Italian Football Championship 1921-22
Statistics of Italian Football Championship in season 1921/1922.
Overview.
It was contested by 50 teams, and Novese won the championship.
Final.
Novese won the championship.
Overview.
It was contested by 56 teams, and Pro Vercelli won the championship.
Final Round.
Pro Vercelli won for Final.
Final Round.
Fortitudo Roma won for Final.
Final.
Pro Vercelli won the championship.

Italian Football Championship 1922-23
Statistics of Italian Football Championship in season 1922/1923.
Overview.
It was contested by 56 teams, and Genoa won the championship.
Final Round.
Genoa won for Final.
Marche.
Anconitana was the only registered team.
Final Round.
Lazio won for Final.
Final.
Genoa won the championship.

Italian Football Championship 1923-24
Statistics of Italian Football Championship in season 1923/1924.
Overview.
It was contested by 45 teams, and Genoa won the championship.
Final Round.
Genoa won for Final.
Marche.
Anconitana was the only registered team.
Final Round.
Savoia won for Final.
Final.
Genoa won the championship.

Italian Football Championship 1924-25
Statistics of Italian Football Championship in season 1924/1925.
Overview.
It was contested by 43 teams, and Bologna won the championship.
Final Round.
Bologna won for Final.
Marche.
Anconitana was the only registered team.
Final Round.
Alba Roma won for Final.
Final.
Bologna won the championship.

Italian Football Championship 1925-26
Statistics of Italian Football Championship in season 1925/1926.
Overview.
It was contested by 44 teams, and Juventus won the championship.
Final Round.
Juventus won for Final.
Final Round.
Alba Roma won for Final.
Final.
Juventus won the championship.

Italian Football Championship 1926-27
Statistics of Italian Football Championship in season 1926/1927.
Overview.
It was contested by 20 teams, and Torino won the championship. But Torino stripped of title.

Italian Football Championship 1927-28
Statistics of Italian Football Championship in season 1927/1928.
Overview.
It was contested by 22 teams, and Torino won the championship.

Italian Football Championship 1928-29
Statistics of Italian Football Championship in season 1928/1929.
Overview.
It was contested by 32 teams, and Bologna won the championship.
Final.
Bologna won the championship.

Serie A 1929-30
Statistics of Serie A in season 1929/1930.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Ambrosiana won the championship.

Serie A 1930-31
Statistics of Serie A in season 1930/1931.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Juventus won the championship.

Serie A 1931-32
Statistics of Serie A in season 1931/1932.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Juventus won the championship.

Serie A 1932-33
Statistics of Serie A in season 1932/1933.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Juventus won the championship.

Serie A 1933-34
Statistics of Serie A in season 1933/1934.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Juventus won the championship.

Serie A 1934-35
Statistics of Serie A in season 1934/1935.
Overview.
It was contested by 16 teams, and Juventus won the championship.

Serie A 1935-36
Statistics of Serie A in season 1935/1936.
Overview.
It was contested by 16 teams, and Bologna won the championship.

Serie A 1936-37
Statistics of Serie A in season 1936/1937.
Overview.
It was contested by 16 teams, and Bologna won the championship.

Serie A 1937-38
Statistics of Serie A in season 1937/1938.
Overview.
It was contested by 16 teams, and Ambrosiania-Inter won the championship.

Serie A 1938-39
Statistics of Serie A in season 1938/1939.
Overview.
It was contested by 16 teams, and Bologna won the championship.

Serie A 1939-40
Statistics of Serie A in season 1939/1940.
Overview.
It was contested by 16 teams, and Ambrosiania-Inter won the championship.

Serie A 1940-41
Statistics of Serie A in season 1940/1941.
Overview.
It was contested by 16 teams, and Bologna won the championship.

Serie A 1941-42
Statistics of Serie A in season 1941/1942.
Overview.
It was contested by 16 teams, and Roma won the championship.

Serie A 1942-43
Statistics of Serie A in season 1942/1943.
Overview.
It was contested by 16 teams, and Torino won the championship.

Campionato Alta Italia 1944
Statistics of Campionato Alta Italia in season 1944.
Overview.
It was contested by 60 teams, and Spezia won the championship.
Veneto-Final.
Treviso and Vicenza retired before the start of the round.
Venezia won for Semifinal.
Group C-Final.
Spezia won for Final.

Serie A 1945-46
Statistics of Serie A in season 1945/1946.
Overview.
It was contested by 25 teams, and Torino won the championship.

Serie A 1946-47
Statistics of Serie A in season 1946/1947.
Overview.
It was contested by 20 teams, and Torino won the championship.

Serie A 1947-48
Statistics of Serie A in season 1947/1948.
Overview.
It was contested by 21 teams, and Torino won the championship.

Serie A 1948-49
Statistics of Serie A in season 1948/1949.
Overview.
It was performed in 20 teams, and Torino won the championship.

Serie A 1949-50
Statistics of Serie A in season 1949/1950.
Overview.
It was performed in 20 teams, and Juventus won the championship.

Serie A 1950-51
Statistics of Serie A in season 1950/1951.
Overview.
It was performed in 20 teams, and Milan won the championship.

Serie A 1951-52
Statistics of Serie A in season 1951/1952.
Overview.
It was performed in 20 teams, and Juventus won the championship.

Serie A 1952-53
Statistics of Serie A in season 1952/1953.
Overview.
It was performed in 18 teams, and Internazionale Milano won the championship.

Serie A 1953-54
Statistics of Serie A in season 1953/1954.
Overview.
It was performed in 18 teams, and Internazionale Milano won the championship.

Serie A 1954-55
Statistics of Serie A in season 1954/1955.
Overview.
It was performed in 18 teams, and Milan won the championship.

Serie A 1955-56
Statistics of Serie A in season 1955/1956.
Overview.
It was performed in 18 teams, and Fiorentina won the championship.

Serie A 1956-57
Statistics of Serie A in season 1956/1957.
Overview.
It was performed in 18 teams, and Milan won the championship.

Serie A 1965-66
Statistics of Serie A in season 1965/1966.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Internazionale Milano won the championship.

Football League of Ireland Premier Division 1962-63
Statistics of Football League of Ireland Premier Division in season 1962/1963.
Overview.
It was performed in 10 teams, and Dundalk won the championship.

Football League of Ireland Premier Division 1963-64
Statistics of Football League of Ireland Premier Division in season 1963/1964.
Overview.
It was performed in 12 teams, and Shamrock Rovers won the championship.

Football League of Ireland Premier Division 1964-65
Statistics of Football League of Ireland Premier Division in season 1964/1965.
Overview.
It was performed in 12 teams, and Drumcondra won the championship.

Football League of Ireland Premier Division 1965-66
Statistics of Football League of Ireland Premier Division in season 1965/1966.
Overview.
It was performed in 12 teams, and Waterford won the championship.

Football League of Ireland Premier Division 1966-67
Statistics of Football League of Ireland Premier Division in season 1966/1967.
Overview.
It was performed in 12 teams, and Dundalk won the championship.

Football League of Ireland Premier Division 1967-68
Statistics of Football League of Ireland Premier Division in season 1967/1968.
Overview.
It was performed in 12 teams, and Waterford won the championship.

Football League of Ireland Premier Division 1968-69
Statistics of Football League of Ireland Premier Division in season 1968/1969.
Overview.
It was performed in 12 teams, and Waterford won the championship.

Football League of Ireland Premier Division 1969-70
Statistics of Football League of Ireland Premier Division in season 1969/1970.
Overview.
It was performed in 14 teams, and Waterford won the championship.

Football League of Ireland Premier Division 1970-71
Statistics of Football League of Ireland Premier Division in season 1970/1971.
Overview.
It was performed in 14 teams, and Cork Hibernians won the championship.

Football League of Ireland Premier Division 1971-72
Statistics of Football League of Ireland Premier Division in season 1971/1972.
Overview.
It was performed in 14 teams, and Waterford won the championship.

Football League of Ireland Premier Division 1972-73
Statistics of Football League of Ireland Premier Division in season 1972/1973.
Overview.
It was performed in 14 teams, and Waterford won the championship.

Football League of Ireland Premier Division 1973-74
Statistics of Football League of Ireland Premier Division in season 1973/1974.
Overview.
It was performed in 14 teams, and Cork Celtic won the championship.

Football League of Ireland Premier Division 1976-77
Statistics of Football League of Ireland Premier Division in season 1976/1977.
Overview.
It was performed in 14 teams, and Sligo Rovers won the championship.

Football League of Ireland Premier Division 1978-79
Statistics of Football League of Ireland Premier Division in season 1978/1979.
Overview.
It was performed in 16 teams, and Dundalk won the championship.

Football League of Ireland Premier Division 1979-80
Statistics of Football League of Ireland Premier Division in season 1979/1980.
Overview.
It was performed in 16 teams, and Limerick United won the championship.

Football League of Ireland Premier Division 1980-81
Statistics of Football League of Ireland Premier Division in season 1980/1981.
Overview.
It was performed in 16 teams, and Athlone Town won the championship.

Football League of Ireland Premier Division 1981-82
Statistics of Football League of Ireland Premier Division in season 1981/1982.
Overview.
It was performed in 16 teams, and Dundalk won the championship.

Football League of Ireland Premier Division 1982-83
Statistics of Football League of Ireland Premier Division in season 1982/1983.
Overview.
It was performed in 14 teams, and Athlone Town won the championship.

Football League of Ireland Premier Division 1983-84
Statistics of Football League of Ireland Premier Division in season 1983/1984.
Overview.
It was performed in 14 teams, and Shamrock Rovers won the championship.

Football League of Ireland Premier Division 1984-85
Statistics of Football League of Ireland Premier Division in season 1984/1985.
Overview.
It was performed in 16 teams, and Shamrock Rovers won the championship.

Football League of Ireland Premier Division 1985-86
Statistics of Football League of Ireland Premier Division in season 1985/1986.
Overview.
It was performed in 12 teams, and Shamrock Rovers won the championship.

Football League of Ireland Premier Division 1986-87
Statistics of Football League of Ireland Premier Division in season 1986/1987.
Overview.
It was performed in 12 teams, and Shamrock Rovers won the championship.

Football League of Ireland Premier Division 1987-88
Statistics of Football League of Ireland Premier Division in season 1987/1988.
Overview.
It was performed in 12 teams, and Dundalk won the championship.

Football League of Ireland Premier Division 1988-89
Statistics of Football League of Ireland Premier Division in season 1988/1989.
Overview.
It was performed in 12 teams, and Derry City won the championship.

Football League of Ireland Premier Division 1989-90
Statistics of Football League of Ireland Premier Division in season 1989/1990.
Overview.
It was performed in 12 teams, and St Patrick's Athletic won the championship.

Football League of Ireland Premier Division 1990-91
Statistics of Football League of Ireland Premier Division in season 1990/1991.
Overview.
It was performed in 12 teams, and Dundalk won the championship.

Football League of Ireland Premier Division 1991-92
Statistics of Football League of Ireland Premier Division in season 1991/1992.
Overview.
It was performed in 12 teams, and Shelbourne won the championship.

Football League of Ireland Premier Division 1992-93
Statistics of Football League of Ireland Premier Division in season 1992/1993.
Overview.
It was performed in 12 teams, and Cork City won the championship.

Football League of Ireland Premier Division 1993-94
Statistics of Football League of Ireland Premier Division in season 1993/1994.
Overview.
It was performed in 12 teams, and Shamrock Rovers won the championship.

Football League of Ireland Premier Division 1994-95
Statistics of Football League of Ireland Premier Division in season 1994/1995.
Overview.
It was performed in 12 teams, and Dundalk won the championship.

Football League of Ireland Premier Division 1995-96
Statistics of Football League of Ireland Premier Division in season 1995/1996.
Overview.
It was performed in 12 teams, and St Patrick's Athletic won the championship.

Football League of Ireland Premier Division 1996-97
Statistics of Football League of Ireland Premier Division in season 1996/1997.
Overview.
It was performed in 12 teams, and Derry City won the championship.

Football League of Ireland Premier Division 1997-98
Statistics of Football League of Ireland Premier Division in season 1997/1998.
Overview.
It was performed in 12 teams, and St Patrick's Athletic won the championship.

Football League of Ireland Premier Division 1998-99
Statistics of Football League of Ireland Premier Division in season 1998/1999.
Overview.
It was performed in 12 teams, and St Patrick's Athletic won the championship.

Football League of Ireland Premier Division 1999-00
Statistics of Football League of Ireland Premier Division in season 1999/2000.
Overview.
It was performed in 12 teams, and Shelbourne won the championship.

Football League of Ireland Premier Division 2000-01
Statistics of Football League of Ireland Premier Division in season 2000/2001.
Overview.
It was performed in 12 teams, and Bohemians won the championship.

Football League of Ireland Premier Division 2001-02
Statistics of Football League of Ireland Premier Division in season 2001/2002.
Overview.
It was performed in 12 teams, and Shelbourne won the championship.

Football League of Ireland Premier Division 2002-03
Statistics of Football League of Ireland Premier Division in season 2002/2003.
Overview.
It was performed in 10 teams, and Bohemians won the championship.

Football League of Ireland Premier Division 2003
Statistics of Football League of Ireland Premier Division in season 2003.
Overview.
It was performed in 10 teams, and Shelbourne won the championship.

Football League of Ireland Premier Division 2004
Statistics of Football League of Ireland Premier Division in season 2004.
Overview.
It was performed in 10 teams, and Shelbourne won the championship.

Football League of Ireland Premier Division 2005
Statistics of Football League of Ireland Premier Division in season 2005.
Overview.
It was performed in 12 teams, and Cork City won the championship.

Football League of Ireland Premier Division 2006
Statistics of Football League of Ireland Premier Division in season 2006.
Overview.
It was performed in 12 teams, and Shelbourne won the championship.

FAI Premier Division 2007
Statistics of FAI Premier Division in season 2007.
Overview.
It was performed in 12 teams, and Drogheda United won the championship.

FAI Premier Division 2008
Statistics of FAI Premier Division in season 2008.
Overview.
It was performed in 12 teams, and Bohemians won the championship.

Division 1 1969-70
Statistics of Division 1 in season 1969/1970.
Overview.
It was performed in 18 teams, and Saint-Étienne won the championship.

Division 1 1970-71
Statistics of Division 1 in season 1970/1971.
Overview.
It was performed in 20 teams, and Olympique Marseille won the championship.

Division 1 1971-72
Statistics of Division 1 in season 1971/1972.
Overview.
It was performed in 20 teams, and Olympique Marseille won the championship.

The Football League 1927-28
Statistics of The Football League in season 1927/1928.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Everton won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Manchester City won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Bradford Park Avenue won the championship.
Overview.
It was performed in 22 teams, and Millwall won the championship.

Prva HNL
Prva HNL is a football league in Croatia.

Prva HNL 1992
Statistics of Prva HNL in season 1992.
Overview.
It was contested by 12 teams, and Hajduk Split won the championship.

Prva HNL 1992-93
Statistics of Prva HNL in season 1992/1993.
Overview.
It was contested by 16 teams, and Croatia Zagreb won the championship.

Prva HNL 1993-94
Statistics of Prva HNL in season 1993/1994.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Hajduk Split won the championship.

Prva HNL 1994-95
Statistics of Prva HNL in season 1994/1995.
Overview.
It was contested by 16 teams, and Hajduk Split won the championship.

Prva HNL 1995-96
Statistics of Prva HNL in season 1995/1996.
Overview.
It was contested by 22 teams, and Croatia Zagreb won the championship.

Prva HNL 1996-97
Statistics of Prva HNL in season 1996/1997.
Overview.
It was contested by 32 teams, and Croatia Zagreb won the championship.

Prva HNL 1997-98
Statistics of Prva HNL in season 1997/1998.
Overview.
It was contested by 12 teams, and Croatia Zagreb won the championship.

Prva HNL 1998-99
Statistics of Prva HNL in season 1998/1999.
Overview.
It was contested by 12 teams, and Croatia Zagreb won the championship.

Prva HNL 1999-00
Statistics of Prva HNL in season 1999/2000.
Overview.
It was contested by 12 teams, and Dinamo Zagreb won the championship.

Prva HNL 2000-01
Statistics of Prva HNL in season 2000/2001.
Overview.
It was contested by 12 teams, and Hajduk Split won the championship.

Prva HNL 2001-02
Statistics of Prva HNL in season 2001/2002.
Overview.
It was contested by 16 teams, and Zagreb won the championship.

Prva HNL 2002-03
Statistics of Prva HNL in season 2002/2003.
Overview.
It was contested by 12 teams, and Dinamo Zagreb won the championship.

Prva HNL 2003-04
Statistics of Prva HNL in season 2003/2004.
Overview.
It was contested by 12 teams, and Hajduk Split won the championship.

Prva HNL 2004-05
Statistics of Prva HNL in season 2004/2005.
Overview.
It was contested by 12 teams, and Hajduk Split won the championship.

Prva HNL 2005-06
Statistics of Prva HNL in season 2005/2006.
Overview.
It was contested by 12 teams, and Dinamo Zagreb won the championship.

Prva HNL 2006-07
Statistics of Prva HNL in season 2006/2007.
Overview.
It was contested by 12 teams, and Dinamo Zagreb won the championship.

Prva HNL 2007-08
Statistics of Prva HNL in season 2007/2008.
Overview.
It was contested by 12 teams, and Dinamo Zagreb won the championship.

Prva HNL 2008-09
Statistics of Prva HNL in season 2008/2009.

A-League
A-League is a football league in Australia and New Zealand.

A-League 2005-06
Statistics of A-League in season 2005/2006.
Overview.
It was contested by 8 teams, and Sydney won the championship.
Grand Final.
Sydney won the championship.

A-League 2006-07
Statistics of A-League in season 2006/2007.
Overview.
It was contested by 8 teams, and Melbourne Victory won the championship.
Grand Final.
Melbourne Victory won the championship.

A-League 2007-08
Statistics of A-League in season 2007/2008.
Overview.
It was contested by 8 teams, and Newcastle United Jets won the championship.
Grand Final.
Newcastle United Jets won the championship.

Eredivisie
Eredivisie is a football league in Netherlands.

Eredivisie 1956-57
Statistics of Eredivisie in season 1956/1957.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Ajax won the championship.

Eredivisie 1957-58
Statistics of Eredivisie in season 1957/1958.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Door Oefening Sterk won the championship.

Eredivisie 1958-59
Statistics of Eredivisie in season 1958/1959.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Sparta Rotterdam won the championship.

Eredivisie 1959-60
Statistics of Eredivisie in season 1959/1960.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Ajax won the championship.

Eredivisie 1960-61
Statistics of Eredivisie in season 1960/1961.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Feyenoord Rotterdam won the championship.

Eredivisie 1961-62
Statistics of Eredivisie in season 1961/1962.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Feyenoord Rotterdam won the championship.

Eredivisie 1962-63
Statistics of Eredivisie in season 1962/1963.
Overview.
It was contested by 16 teams, and PSV Eindhoven won the championship.

Eredivisie 1963-64
Statistics of Eredivisie in season 1963/1964.
Overview.
It was contested by 16 teams, and Door Wilskracht Sterk won the championship.

Eredivisie 1964-65
Statistics of Eredivisie in season 1964/1965.
Overview.
It was contested by 16 teams, and Feyenoord Rotterdam won the championship.

Eredivisie 1965-66
Statistics of Eredivisie in season 1965/1966.
Overview.
It was contested by 16 teams, and Ajax won the championship.

Eredivisie 1966-67
Statistics of Eredivisie in season 1966/1967.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Ajax won the championship.

Eredivisie 1967-68
Statistics of Eredivisie in season 1967/1968.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Ajax won the championship.

Eredivisie 1968-69
Statistics of Eredivisie in season 1968/1969.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Feyenoord Rotterdam won the championship.

Eredivisie 1969-70
Statistics of Eredivisie in season 1969/1970.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Ajax won the championship.

Eredivisie 1970-71
Statistics of Eredivisie in season 1970/1971.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Feyenoord Rotterdam won the championship.

Eredivisie 1971-72
Statistics of Eredivisie in season 1971/1972.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Ajax won the championship.

Eredivisie 1972-73
Statistics of Eredivisie in season 1972/1973.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Ajax won the championship.

Eredivisie 1973-74
Statistics of Eredivisie in season 1973/1974.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Feyenoord Rotterdam won the championship.

Eredivisie 1974-75
Statistics of Eredivisie in season 1974/1975.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and PSV Eindhoven won the championship.

Eredivisie 1975-76
Statistics of Eredivisie in season 1975/1976.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and PSV Eindhoven won the championship.

Eredivisie 1976-77
Statistics of Eredivisie in season 1976/1977.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Ajax won the championship.

Eredivisie 1977-78
Statistics of Eredivisie in season 1977/1978.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and PSV Eindhoven won the championship.

Eredivisie 1978-79
Statistics of Eredivisie in season 1978/1979.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Ajax won the championship.

Eredivisie 1979-80
Statistics of Eredivisie in season 1979/1980.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Ajax won the championship.

Eredivisie 1980-81
Statistics of Eredivisie in season 1980/1981.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and AZ Alkmaar won the championship.

Eredivisie 1981-82
Statistics of Eredivisie in season 1981/1982.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Ajax won the championship.

Eredivisie 1982-83
Statistics of Eredivisie in season 1982/1983.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Ajax won the championship.

Eredivisie 1983-84
Statistics of Eredivisie in season 1983/1984.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Feyenoord Rotterdam won the championship.

Eredivisie 1984-85
Statistics of Eredivisie in season 1984/1985.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Ajax won the championship.

Eredivisie 1985-86
Statistics of Eredivisie in season 1985/1986.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and PSV Eindhoven won the championship.

Eredivisie 1986-87
Statistics of Eredivisie in season 1986/1987.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and PSV Eindhoven won the championship.

Eredivisie 1987-88
Statistics of Eredivisie in season 1987/1988.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and PSV Eindhoven won the championship.

Eredivisie 1988-89
Statistics of Eredivisie in season 1988/1989.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and PSV Eindhoven won the championship.

Eredivisie 1989-90
Statistics of Eredivisie in season 1989/1990.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Ajax won the championship.

Eredivisie 1990-91
Statistics of Eredivisie in season 1990/1991.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and PSV Eindhoven won the championship.

Eredivisie 1991-92
Statistics of Eredivisie in season 1991/1992.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and PSV Eindhoven won the championship.

Eredivisie 1992-93
Statistics of Eredivisie in season 1992/1993.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Feyenoord Rotterdam won the championship.

Eredivisie 1993-94
Statistics of Eredivisie in season 1993/1994.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Ajax won the championship.

Eredivisie 1994-95
Statistics of Eredivisie in season 1994/1995.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Ajax won the championship.

Eredivisie 1995-96
Statistics of Eredivisie in season 1995/1996.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Ajax won the championship.

Eredivisie 1996-97
Statistics of Eredivisie in season 1996/1997.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and PSV Eindhoven won the championship.

Eredivisie 1997-98
Statistics of Eredivisie in season 1997/1998.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Ajax won the championship.

Eredivisie 1998-99
Statistics of Eredivisie in season 1998/1999.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Feyenoord Rotterdam won the championship.

Eredivisie 1999-00
Statistics of Eredivisie in season 1999/2000.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and PSV Eindhoven won the championship.

Eredivisie 2000-01
Statistics of Eredivisie in season 2000/2001.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and PSV Eindhoven won the championship.

Eredivisie 2001-02
Statistics of Eredivisie in season 2001/2002.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Ajax won the championship.

Eredivisie 2002-03
Statistics of Eredivisie in season 2002/2003.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and PSV Eindhoven won the championship.

Eredivisie 2003-04
Statistics of Eredivisie in season 2003/2004.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and Ajax won the championship.

Eredivisie 2004-05
Statistics of Eredivisie in season 2004/2005.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and PSV Eindhoven won the championship.

Eredivisie 2005-06
Statistics of Eredivisie in season 2005/2006.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and PSV Eindhoven won the championship.

Eredivisie 2006-07
Statistics of Eredivisie in season 2006/2007.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and PSV Eindhoven won the championship.

Eredivisie 2007-08
Statistics of Eredivisie in season 2007/2008.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and PSV Eindhoven won the championship.

Eredivisie 2008-09
Statistics of Eredivisie in season 2008/2009.

North American Soccer League
North American Soccer League is former a football league in United States and Canada.

North American Soccer League 1968
Statistics of North American Soccer League in season 1968.
Overview.
It was contested by 17 teams, and Atlanta Chiefs won the championship.
Final.
Atlanta Chiefs won the championship.

North American Soccer League 1969
Statistics of North American Soccer League in season 1969.
Overview.
It was contested by 5 teams, and Kansas City Spurs won the championship.

North American Soccer League 1970
Statistics of North American Soccer League in season 1970.
Overview.
It was contested by 6 teams, and Rochester Lancers won the championship.
Playoff.
Rochester Lancers won the championship.

North American Soccer League 1971
Statistics of North American Soccer League in season 1971.
Overview.
It was contested by 8 teams, and Dallas Tornado won the championship.
Final.
Dallas Tornado won the championship.

North American Soccer League 1972
Statistics of North American Soccer League in season 1972.
Overview.
It was contested by 8 teams, and New York Cosmos won the championship.
Final.
New York Cosmos won the championship.

North American Soccer League 1973
Statistics of North American Soccer League in season 1973.
Overview.
It was contested by 9 teams, and Philadelphia Atoms won the championship.
Final.
Philadelphia Atoms won the championship.

North American Soccer League 1974
Statistics of North American Soccer League in season 1974.
Overview.
It was contested by 15 teams, and Los Angeles Aztecs won the championship.
Final.
Los Angeles Aztecs won the championship.

North American Soccer League 1975
Statistics of North American Soccer League in season 1975.
Overview.
It was contested by 20 teams, and Tampa Bay Rowdies won the championship.
Final.
Tampa Bay Rowdies won the championship.

North American Soccer League 1976
Statistics of North American Soccer League in season 1976.
Overview.
It was contested by 20 teams, and Toronto Metros-Croatia won the championship.
Final.
Toronto Metros-Croatia won the championship.

North American Soccer League 1977
Statistics of North American Soccer League in season 1977.
Overview.
It was contested by 18 teams, and New York Cosmos won the championship.
Final.
New York Cosmos won the championship.

North American Soccer League 1978
Statistics of North American Soccer League in season 1978.
Overview.
It was contested by 24 teams, and New York Cosmos won the championship.
Final.
New York Cosmos won the championship.

North American Soccer League 1979
Statistics of North American Soccer League in season 1979.
Overview.
It was contested by 24 teams, and Vancouver Whitecaps won the championship.
Final.
Vancouver Whitecaps won the championship.

North American Soccer League 1980
Statistics of North American Soccer League in season 1980.
Overview.
It was contested by 24 teams, and New York Cosmos won the championship.
Final.
New York Cosmos won the championship.

North American Soccer League 1981
Statistics of North American Soccer League in season 1981.
Overview.
It was contested by 21 teams, and Chicago Sting won the championship.
Final.
Chicago Sting won the championship.

North American Soccer League 1982
Statistics of North American Soccer League in season 1982.
Overview.
It was contested by 14 teams, and New York Cosmos won the championship.
Final.
New York Cosmos won the championship.

North American Soccer League 1983
Statistics of North American Soccer League in season 1983.
Overview.
It was contested by 12 teams, and Tulsa Roughnecks won the championship.
Final.
Tulsa Roughnecks won the championship.

North American Soccer League 1984
Statistics of North American Soccer League in season 1984.
Overview.
It was contested by 9 teams, and Chicago Sting won the championship.
Final.
Chicago Sting won the championship.

Propositional logic
Propositional logic is a formal system in mathematics and logic. Other names for the system are "propositional caclulus" and "sentential calculus". The system is made of a set of propositions. Each proposition has a truth value, it is either true or false. Propositions can be joined together using logical connectives to make new propositions. Examples for logical connectives that are used often are logical and, logical or and logical not.
Propositional logic only looks at the propositions and how they are connected, it does not decompose the propositions. That way, the proposition "All cats are dogs and the earth is a disc" is made of two propositions, "All cats are dogs", "The Earth is a disc". These are joined together with AND.
There are other logic systems that build on propositional logic. One of these is Predicate logic, which defines logical predicates, and looks at how they can be applied to arguments. Another system is called modal logic. It introduces two new junctors "it is possible, that" and "it is necessary, that".

Austrian Bundesliga
Austrian Bundesliga is a football league in Austria.

Austrian Bundesliga 1911-12
Statistics of Austrian Bundesliga in season 1911/1912.
Overview.
It was performed in 11 teams, and Rapid Wien won the championship.

Austrian Bundesliga 1912-13
Statistics of Austrian Bundesliga in season 1912/1913.
Overview.
It was performed in 10 teams, and Rapid Wien won the championship.

Austrian Bundesliga 1913-14
Statistics of Austrian Bundesliga in season 1913/1914.
Overview.
It was performed in 10 teams, and Wiener AF won the championship.

Austrian Bundesliga 1914-15
Statistics of Austrian Bundesliga in season 1914/1915.
Overview.
It was performed in 10 teams, and Wiener AC won the championship.

Austrian Bundesliga 1915-16
Statistics of Austrian Bundesliga in season 1915/1916.
Overview.
It was performed in 10 teams, and Rapid Wien won the championship.

Austrian Bundesliga 1916-17
Statistics of Austrian Bundesliga in season 1916/1917.
Overview.
It was performed in 10 teams, and Rapid Wien won the championship.

Austrian Bundesliga 1917-18
Statistics of Austrian Bundesliga in season 1917/1918.
Overview.
It was performed in 10 teams, and Floridsdorfer AC won the championship.

Austrian Bundesliga 1918-19
Statistics of Austrian Bundesliga in season 1918/1919.
Overview.
It was performed in 10 teams, and Rapid Wien won the championship.

Austrian Bundesliga 1919-20
Statistics of Austrian Bundesliga in season 1919/1920.
Overview.
It was performed in 12 teams, and Rapid Wien won the championship.

Austrian Bundesliga 1920-21
Statistics of Austrian Bundesliga in season 1920/1921.
Overview.
It was performed in 13 teams, and Rapid Wien won the championship.

Austrian Bundesliga 1921-22
Statistics of Austrian Bundesliga in season 1921/1922.
Overview.
It was performed in 13 teams, and Wiener Sport-Club won the championship.

Austrian Bundesliga 1922-23
Statistics of Austrian Bundesliga in season 1922/1923.
Overview.
It was performed in 13 teams, and Rapid Wien won the championship.

Austrian Bundesliga 1923-24
Statistics of Austrian Bundesliga in season 1923/1924.
Overview.
It was performed in 12 teams, and Wiener Amateur won the championship.

Austrian Bundesliga 1924-25
Statistics of Austrian Bundesliga in season 1924/1925.
Overview.
It was performed in 11 teams, and Hakoah Wien won the championship.

Austrian Bundesliga 1925-26
Statistics of Austrian Bundesliga in season 1925/1926.
Overview.
It was performed in 13 teams, and Wiener Amateur won the championship.

Austrian Bundesliga 1926-27
Statistics of Austrian Bundesliga in season 1926/1927.
Overview.
It was performed in 13 teams, and Admira Wien won the championship.

Austrian Bundesliga 1927-28
Statistics of Austrian Bundesliga in season 1927/1928.
Overview.
It was performed in 13 teams, and Admira Wien won the championship.

Austrian Bundesliga 1928-29
Statistics of Austrian Bundesliga in season 1928/1929.
Overview.
It was performed in 12 teams, and Rapid Wien won the championship.

BC Lions
The BC Lions are a Canadian Football League team from Vancouver, BC. The Lions play their games at BC Place Stadium. The Lions play in the CFL West Division. The Lions were started in 1954 and used to play at Empire Stadium in East Vancouver. They have won the Grey Cup five times.

Austrian Bundesliga 1929-30
Statistics of Austrian Bundesliga in season 1929/1930.
Overview.
It was performed in 11 teams, and Rapid Wien won the championship.

Austrian Bundesliga 1930-31
Statistics of Austrian Bundesliga in season 1930/1931.
Overview.
It was performed in 10 teams, and First Vienna won the championship.

Austrian Bundesliga 1931-32
Statistics of Austrian Bundesliga in season 1931/1932.
Overview.
It was performed in 12 teams, and Admira Wien won the championship.

Austrian Bundesliga 1932-33
Statistics of Austrian Bundesliga in season 1932/1933.
Overview.
It was performed in 12 teams, and First Vienna won the championship.

Austrian Bundesliga 1933-34
Statistics of Austrian Bundesliga in season 1933/1934.
Overview.
It was performed in 12 teams, and Admira Wien won the championship.

Austrian Bundesliga 1934-35
Statistics of Austrian Bundesliga in season 1934/1935.
Overview.
It was performed in 12 teams, and Rapid Wien won the championship.

Austrian Bundesliga 1935-36
Statistics of Austrian Bundesliga in season 1935/1936.
Overview.
It was performed in 12 teams, and Admira Wien won the championship.

Austrian Bundesliga 1936-37
Statistics of Austrian Bundesliga in season 1936/1937.
Overview.
It was performed in 12 teams, and Admira Wien won the championship.

Austrian Bundesliga 1937-38
Statistics of Austrian Bundesliga in season 1937/1938.
Overview.
It was performed in 10 teams, and Rapid Wien won the championship.

Austrian Bundesliga 1938-39
Statistics of Austrian Bundesliga in season 1938/1939.
Overview.
It was performed in 10 teams, and Admira Wien won the championship.

Austrian Bundesliga 1939-40
Statistics of Austrian Bundesliga in season 1939/1940.
Overview.
It was performed in 8 teams, and Rapid Wien won the championship.

Austrian Bundesliga 1940-41
Statistics of Austrian Bundesliga in season 1940/1941.
Overview.
It was performed in 10 teams, and Rapid Wien won the championship.

Austrian Bundesliga 1941-42
Statistics of Austrian Bundesliga in season 1941/1942.
Overview.
It was performed in 9 teams, and First Vienna won the championship.

Austrian Bundesliga 1942-43
Statistics of Austrian Bundesliga in season 1942/1943.
Overview.
It was performed in 11 teams, and First Vienna won the championship.

Austrian Bundesliga 1943-44
Statistics of Austrian Bundesliga in season 1943/1944.
Overview.
It was performed in 9 teams, and First Vienna won the championship.

Austrian Bundesliga 1944-45
Statistics of Austrian Bundesliga in season 1944/1945.
Overview.
It was performed in 10 teams, and Rapid Wien won the championship.

Austrian Bundesliga 1945-46
Statistics of Austrian Bundesliga in season 1945/1946.
Overview.
It was performed in 12 teams, and Rapid Wien won the championship.

Austrian Bundesliga 1946-47
Statistics of Austrian Bundesliga in season 1946/1947.
Overview.
It was performed in 11 teams, and Wacker Wien won the championship.

Austrian Bundesliga 1947-48
Statistics of Austrian Bundesliga in season 1947/1948.
Overview.
It was performed in 10 teams, and Rapid Wien won the championship.

Austrian Bundesliga 1948-49
Statistics of Austrian Bundesliga in season 1948/1949.
Overview.
It was performed in 10 teams, and Austria Wien won the championship.

Austrian Bundesliga 1949-50
Statistics of Austrian Bundesliga in season 1949/1950.
Overview.
It was performed in 13 teams, and Austria Wien won the championship.

Austrian Bundesliga 1950-51
Statistics of Austrian Bundesliga in season 1950/1951.
Overview.
It was performed in 13 teams, and Rapid Wien won the championship.

Austrian Bundesliga 1951-52
Statistics of Austrian Bundesliga in season 1951/1952.
Overview.
It was performed in 14 teams, and Rapid Wien won the championship.

Austrian Bundesliga 1952-53
Statistics of Austrian Bundesliga in season 1952/1953.
Overview.
It was performed in 14 teams, and Austria Wien won the championship.

Austrian Bundesliga 1953-54
Statistics of Austrian Bundesliga in season 1953/1954.
Overview.
It was performed in 14 teams, and Rapid Wien won the championship.

Austrian Bundesliga 1954-55
Statistics of Austrian Bundesliga in season 1954/1955.
Overview.
It was performed in 14 teams, and First Vienna won the championship.

Austrian Bundesliga 1955-56
Statistics of Austrian Bundesliga in season 1955/1956.
Overview.
It was performed in 14 teams, and Rapid Wien won the championship.

Austrian Bundesliga 1956-57
Statistics of Austrian Bundesliga in season 1956/1957.
Overview.
It was performed in 14 teams, and Rapid Wien won the championship.

Austrian Bundesliga 1957-58
Statistics of Austrian Bundesliga in season 1957/1958.
Overview.
It was performed in 14 teams, and Wiener Sport-Club won the championship.

Austrian Bundesliga 1958-59
Statistics of Austrian Bundesliga in season 1958/1959.
Overview.
It was performed in 14 teams, and Wiener Sport-Club won the championship.

Austrian Bundesliga 1959-60
Statistics of Austrian Bundesliga in season 1959/1960.
Overview.
It was performed in 14 teams, and Rapid Wien won the championship.

Austrian Bundesliga 1960-61
Statistics of Austrian Bundesliga in season 1960/1961.
Overview.
It was performed in 14 teams, and Austria Wien won the championship.

Austrian Bundesliga 1961-62
Statistics of Austrian Bundesliga in season 1961/1962.
Overview.
It was performed in 14 teams, and Austria Wien won the championship.

Austrian Bundesliga 1962-63
Statistics of Austrian Bundesliga in season 1962/1963.
Overview.
It was performed in 14 teams, and Austria Wien won the championship.

Austrian Bundesliga 1963-64
Statistics of Austrian Bundesliga in season 1963/1964.
Overview.
It was performed in 14 teams, and Rapid Wien won the championship.

Austrian Bundesliga 1964-65
Statistics of Austrian Bundesliga in season 1964/1965.
Overview.
It was performed in 14 teams, and Linzer ASK won the championship.

Austrian Bundesliga 1965-66
Statistics of Austrian Bundesliga in season 1965/1966.
Overview.
It was performed in 14 teams, and Admira Wien won the championship.

Austrian Bundesliga 1966-67
Statistics of Austrian Bundesliga in season 1966/1967.
Overview.
It was performed in 14 teams, and Rapid Wien won the championship.

Austrian Bundesliga 1967-68
Statistics of Austrian Bundesliga in season 1967/1968.
Overview.
It was performed in 14 teams, and Rapid Wien won the championship.

Austrian Bundesliga 1968-69
Statistics of Austrian Bundesliga in season 1968/1969.
Overview.
It was performed in 15 teams, and Austria Wien won the championship.

Austrian Bundesliga 1969-70
Statistics of Austrian Bundesliga in season 1969/1970.
Overview.
It was performed in 16 teams, and Austria Wien won the championship.

Austrian Bundesliga 1970-71
Statistics of Austrian Bundesliga in season 1970/1971.
Overview.
It was performed in 16 teams, and Wacker Innsbruck won the championship.

Austrian Bundesliga 1971-72
Statistics of Austrian Bundesliga in season 1971/1972.
Overview.
It was performed in 15 teams, and Swarovski Wattens/Wacker Innsbruck won the championship.

Austrian Bundesliga 1972-73
Statistics of Austrian Bundesliga in season 1972/1973.
Overview.
It was performed in 16 teams, and Swarovski Wattens/Wacker Innsbruck won the championship.

Austrian Bundesliga 1973-74
Statistics of Austrian Bundesliga in season 1973/1974.
Overview.
It was performed in 17 teams, and VÖEST Linz won the championship.

Austrian Bundesliga 1974-75
Statistics of Austrian Bundesliga in season 1974/1975.
Overview.
It was performed in 10 teams, and Swarovski Wattens/Wacker Innsbruck won the championship.

Austrian Bundesliga 1975-76
Statistics of Austrian Bundesliga in season 1975/1976.
Overview.
It was performed in 10 teams, and Austria Wien/Wiener AC won the championship.

Austrian Bundesliga 1976-77
Statistics of Austrian Bundesliga in season 1976/1977.
Overview.
It was performed in 10 teams, and Swarovski Wattens/Wacker Innsbruck won the championship.

Austrian Bundesliga 1977-78
Statistics of Austrian Bundesliga in season 1977/1978.
Overview.
It was performed in 10 teams, and Austria Wien won the championship.

Austrian Bundesliga 1978-79
Statistics of Austrian Bundesliga in season 1978/1979.
Overview.
It was performed in 10 teams, and Austria Wien won the championship.

Austrian Bundesliga 1979-80
Statistics of Austrian Bundesliga in season 1979/1980.
Overview.
It was performed in 10 teams, and Austria Wien won the championship.

Austrian Bundesliga 1980-81
Statistics of Austrian Bundesliga in season 1980/1981.
Overview.
It was performed in 10 teams, and Austria Wien won the championship.

Austrian Bundesliga 1981-82
Statistics of Austrian Bundesliga in season 1981/1982.
Overview.
It was performed in 10 teams, and Rapid Wien won the championship.

Austrian Bundesliga 1982-83
Statistics of Austrian Bundesliga in season 1982/1983.
Overview.
It was performed in 16 teams, and Rapid Wien won the championship.

Austrian Bundesliga 1983-84
Statistics of Austrian Bundesliga in season 1983/1984.
Overview.
It was performed in 16 teams, and Austria Wien won the championship.

Austrian Bundesliga 1984-85
Statistics of Austrian Bundesliga in season 1984/1985.
Overview.
It was performed in 16 teams, and Austria Wien won the championship.

Austrian Bundesliga 1985-86
Statistics of Austrian Bundesliga in season 1985/1986.
Overview.
It was performed in 12 teams, and Austria Wien won the championship.
Mittlere playoff.
(*)The team which belongs to Austrian First League.

Austrian Bundesliga 1986-87
Statistics of Austrian Bundesliga in season 1986/1987.
Overview.
It was performed in 12 teams, and Rapid Wien won the championship.
Mittlere playoff.
(*)The team which belongs to Austrian First League.

Austrian Bundesliga 1987-88
Statistics of Austrian Bundesliga in season 1987/1988.
Overview.
It was performed in 12 teams, and Rapid Wien won the championship.
Mittlere playoff.
(*)The team which belongs to Austrian First League.

Austrian Bundesliga 1988-89
Statistics of Austrian Bundesliga in season 1988/1989.
Overview.
It was performed in 12 teams, and Swarovski Tirol won the championship.
Mittlere playoff.
(*)The team which belongs to Austrian First League.

Austrian Bundesliga 1989-90
Statistics of Austrian Bundesliga in season 1989/1990.
Overview.
It was performed in 12 teams, and Swarovski Tirol won the championship.
Mittlere playoff.
(*)The team which belongs to Austrian First League.

Austrian Bundesliga 1990-91
Statistics of Austrian Bundesliga in season 1990/1991.
Overview.
It was performed in 12 teams, and Austria Wien won the championship.
Mittlere playoff.
(*)The team which belongs to Austrian First League.

Austrian Bundesliga 1991-92
Statistics of Austrian Bundesliga in season 1991/1992.
Overview.
It was performed in 12 teams, and Austria Wien won the championship.
Mittlere playoff.
(*)The team which belongs to Austrian First League.

Austrian Bundesliga 1992-93
Statistics of Austrian Bundesliga in season 1992/1993.
Overview.
It was performed in 12 teams, and Austria Wien won the championship.
Mittlere playoff.
(*)The team which belongs to Austrian First League.

Austrian Bundesliga 1993-94
Statistics of Austrian Bundesliga in season 1993/1994.
Overview.
It was performed in 10 teams, and Austria Salzburg won the championship.

Austrian Bundesliga 1994-95
Statistics of Austrian Bundesliga in season 1994/1995.
Overview.
It was performed in 10 teams, and Austria Salzburg won the championship.

Austrian Bundesliga 1995-96
Statistics of Austrian Bundesliga in season 1995/1996.
Overview.
It was performed in 10 teams, and Rapid Wien won the championship.

Austrian Bundesliga 1996-97
Statistics of Austrian Bundesliga in season 1996/1997.
Overview.
It was performed in 10 teams, and Austria Salzburg won the championship.

Austrian Bundesliga 1997-98
Statistics of Austrian Bundesliga in season 1997/1998.
Overview.
It was performed in 10 teams, and Sturm Graz won the championship.

Austrian Bundesliga 1998-99
Statistics of Austrian Bundesliga in season 1998/1999.
Overview.
It was performed in 10 teams, and Sturm Graz won the championship.

Austrian Bundesliga 1999-00
Statistics of Austrian Bundesliga in season 1999/2000.
Overview.
It was performed in 10 teams, and Tirol Innsbruck won the championship.

Austrian Bundesliga 2000-01
Statistics of Austrian Bundesliga in season 2000/2001.
Overview.
It was performed in 10 teams, and Tirol Innsbruck won the championship.

Austrian Bundesliga 2001-02
Statistics of Austrian Bundesliga in season 2001/2002.
Overview.
It was performed in 10 teams, and Tirol Innsbruck won the championship.

Austrian Bundesliga 2002-03
Statistics of Austrian Bundesliga in season 2002/2003.
Overview.
It was performed in 10 teams, and Austria Wien won the championship.

Austrian Bundesliga 2003-04
Statistics of Austrian Bundesliga in season 2003/2004.
Overview.
It was performed in 10 teams, and Grazer AK won the championship.

Austrian Bundesliga 2004-05
Statistics of Austrian Bundesliga in season 2004/2005.
Overview.
It was performed in 10 teams, and Rapid Wien won the championship.

Austrian Bundesliga 2005-06
Statistics of Austrian Bundesliga in season 2005/2006.
Overview.
It was performed in 10 teams, and Austria Wien won the championship.

Austrian Bundesliga 2006-07
Statistics of Austrian Bundesliga in season 2006/2007.
Overview.
It was performed in 10 teams, and Red Bull Salzburg won the championship.

Austrian Bundesliga 2007-08
Statistics of Austrian Bundesliga in season 2007/2008.
Overview.
It was performed in 10 teams, and Rapid Wien won the championship.

Austrian Bundesliga 2008-09
Statistics of Austrian Bundesliga in season 2008/2009.

Transmission Control Protocol
The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is one of the main protocols of the Internet Protocol Suite. TCP is so common that the entire suite is often referred to as "TCP/IP." Whereas IP handles lower-level transmissions from computer to computer as a message makes its way across the Internet, TCP operates at a higher level, concerned only with the two "end systems", for example a Web browser and a Web server. In particular, TCP provides reliable, ordered delivery of a stream of bytes from one program on one computer to another program on another computer. Besides the Web, other common usages of TCP include e-mail and file transfer. Among its management tasks, TCP controls message size, the rate at which messages are exchanged, and network traffic congestion.
Importance of TCP.
TCP provides a communication service at an intermediate level between an application program and the Internet Protocol (IP). That is, when an application program wishes to send a large chunk of data across the Internet using IP, instead of breaking the data into IP-sized pieces and issuing a series of IP requests, the software can issue a single request to TCP and let TCP handle the IP details.
IP works by exchanging pieces of information called packets. A packet is a sequence of bytes and consists of a "header" followed by a "body". The header describes the packet's destination and, optionally, the routers to use for forwarding—generally in the right direction—until it arrives at its final destination. The body contains the data which IP is transmitting. When IP is transmitting data on behalf of TCP, the content of the IP packet body is TCP payload.
Due to network congestion, traffic load balancing, or other unpredictable network behavior, IP packets can be lost or delivered out of order. TCP detects these problems, requests the lost packets to be sent again, rearranges out-of-order packets, and even helps minimize network congestion to prevent the other problems. Once the TCP receiver has finally reassembled a perfect copy of the data originally transmitted, it passes that datagram to the application program. Thus, TCP abstracts the application's communication from the underlying networking details.

Monologue
A monologue is a long, uninterrupted speech or poem by one person. The person may be speaking his or her thoughts aloud or directly addressing other persons, e.g. an audience, a character, reader, or inanimate object.
The term 'dramatic monologue' is used both for monologues in plays and for the poetic genre.
Rant.
A rant (also called harangue or declamation) is a monologue that does not present a well-researched and calm argument; rather, it is typically an attack on an idea, a person or an institution, and very often lacks proven claims.
Some rants are used not to attack something, but to defend an individual, idea or organization. Rants of this type generally occur after the subject has been attacked by another individual or group.
Rants are used often in situations requiring monologue. Comedians, such as Lewis Black, Adam Carolla, and Rick Mercer, use rants as a way to get their message or punch-line across to the listening audience.
A rant can be used to flame members of an email group or electronic mailing list that are failing to reach a consensus on an issue.

Ann Dunham
Ann Dunham Soetoro (November 29, 1942 - November 7, 1995) was an American anthropologist. She is best known as the mother of US President (elect) Barack Obama. She was born Stanley Ann Dunham in Fort Leavenworth, Kansas and later known as Dr. S. Ann Dunham Soetoro. Dunham spent her teenage years in Mercer Island near Seattle, Washington. Much of her adult life was spent in Hawaii. She died of ovarian and uterine cancer in 1995 in Hawaii.

Canadian Albums Chart
The Canadian Albums Chart is the official album sales chart in Canada. It is compiled every Wednesday by U.S.-based music sales tracking company Nielsen Soundscan, and published every Thursday by "Jam!" Canoe, along with its sister charts the Canadian Singles Chart and the Canadian BDS Airplay Chart.
The chart consists of 200 positions, however, "Jam!" only publishes the top 100 for the public. Unlike the case with its CD single equivalent (the Canadian Singles Chart), album sales are not declining as rapidly in Canada as CD singles are, and the Canadian Albums Chart remains the most reliable source for the most popular albums in Canada.

Wendy's
Wendy's is an international chain of fast food restaurants founded by Dave Thomas on November 15, 1969 in Columbus, Ohio. Wendy's menu is mostly hamburgers, chicken sandwiches, French fries and beverages.
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Megamouth shark
The Megamouth shark is a large, slow-swimming, timid shark that was only discovered in 1976. Only 14 examples of this rare species have ever been found, mostly in the Pacific Ocean. Off the coast of Indonesia, three Sperm whales were observed attacking a Megamouth shark (the 13th observed megamouth).
Diet.
The Megamouth shark filter-feeds, eating tiny organisms, including zooplankton (like tiny crustaceans) and phytoplankton. It feeds near the suface at night (it is nocturnal), but each day it descends to a depth of 650 ft (200 m).

100029 Varnhagen
100029 Varnhagen is an asteroid that was found by Freimut Börngen and Lutz D. Schmadel on October 10, 1990.

Toothpaste
Toothpaste is a liquific substance, applied to the bristles of a toothbrush in order to aid oneself with the act of toothbrushing. Several outstanding UK toothpaste brands include Colgate, Aquafresh and Crest.
This fanatical substance can have several purposes, such as removing plaque from one's teeth, whitening one's teeth and freshening one's breath.
Several toothpaste brands specialise in caring for teeth sensetive to certain conditions (for example heat, cold) or flavours (such as sweetness). The majority of these products work by strengthening the tooth enamel, thus easing discomfort and providing the teeth with a protective outer layer. Sensodyne is probably the best known toothpaste brand for sensetive teeth.
Traditionally, toothpaste has a minty flavour, as this is said to allow a sense of freshness in the mouth, however fruit and bubblegum toothpastes have been popular in the past. Fruit toothpastes, however, are discouraged by dentists and oral hygenists due to their acidic and tooth-eroding properties if over used.

100033 Taizé
100033 Taizé is a Main Belt asteroid that was found by Freimut Börngen on April 9, 1990.

100047 Leobaeck
100047 Leobaeck is a Main Belt asteroid that was found by Freimut Börngen and Lutz D. Schmadel on October 2, 1991.

12002 Suess
12002 Suess (1996 FR1) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on March 19, 1996 by P. Pravec and L. Sarounov at Ondrejov.

12003 Hideosugai
12003 Hideosugai (1996 FM5) is a Outer Main-belt Asteroid that was found on March 20, 1996 by T. Okuni at Nanyo.

120040 Pagliarini
120040 Pagliarini (2003 BF5) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on January 24, 2003 by A. Boattini and H. Scholl at La Silla.

12007 Fermat
12007 Fermat (1996 TD7) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on October 11, 1996 by P. G. Comba at Prescott.

Karl Goldmark
Karl Goldmark (born Keszthely, Hungary, 18 May 1830; died Vienna 2 January 1915) was a Hungarian composer. His music was largely forgotten for a long time after his death, but is now starting to be played much more.
Life and career.
Goldmark came from a large Jewish family. He was one of 20 children. His father was a chazan to the Jewish congregation at Keszthely. He learned to play the violin and was sent to Vienna to study music. After the Revolution of 1848 the Conservatory had to close down and so he had to teach himself how to compose. He earned money by playing the violin in theatre orchestras and by teaching music. For a short time one of his pupils was Jean Sibelius.
Wagner's music was an influence on his compositional style. However, he could not form a proper friendship with Wagner because of Wagner's antisemitism.
Goldmark composed six operas, including "Die Königin von Saba" ("The Queen of Sheba"). It was very popular during his lifetime and continued to be performed by the Vienna State Opera until 1938. His Violin Concerto No. 1 was also very popular indeed, then it lay forgotten for many years. It is very Romantic and sounds very Hungarian.
Other works include a symphony called "Ländliche Hochzeit" (Rustic Wedding) and several other orchestral works, some chamber music and choral music.

12008 Kandrup
12008 Kandrup (1996 TY9) is a Mars-crossing asteroid that was found on October 11, 1996 by T. B. Spahr at Catalina.

12016 Green
12016 Green (1996 XC) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on December 1, 1996 by P. G. Comba at Prescott.

120174 Jeffjenny
120174 Jeffjenny (2003 KM3) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on May 23, 2003 by James Whitney Young at the Table Mountain Observatory near Wrightwood, California.

11998 Fermilab
11998 Fermilab (1996 AG7) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on January 12, 1996 by Spacewatch at Kitt Peak.

11997 Fassel
11997 Fassel (1995 YU9) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on December 18, 1995 by Spacewatch at Kitt Peak.

11987 Yonematsu
11987 Yonematsu (1995 VU1) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on November 15, 1995 by K. Endate and K. Watanabe at Kitami.

11981 Boncompagni
11981 Boncompagni (1995 UY1) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on 20 October 1995 at Osservatorio San Vittore.

11980 Ellis
11980 Ellis (1995 SP8) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 17, 1995 by Spacewatch at Kitt Peak.

11978 Makotomasako
11978 Makotomasako (1995 SS4) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 20, 1995 by K. Endate and K. Watanabe at Kitami.

11521 Erikson
11521 Erikson (1991 GE9) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on April 10, 1991 by E. W. Elst at the European Southern Observatory.

11524 Pleyel
11524 Pleyel (1991 PY2) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on August 2, 1991 by E. W. Elst at the European Southern Observatory.

11528 Mie
11528 Mie (1991 XH) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on December 3, 1991 by Y. Kushida and O. Muramatsu at the Yatsugatake South Base Observatory.

11530 d'Indy
11530 d'Indy (1992 CP2) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on February 2, 1992 by E. W. Elst at the European Southern Observatory.

115312 Whither
115312 Whither (2003 SP215) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 19, 2003 by James Whitney Young at the Table Mountain Observatory near Wrightwood, California.

115326 Wehinger
115326 Wehinger (2003 SC221) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 29, 2003 by D. Healy at Junk Bond Observatory.

11537 Guericke
11537 Guericke (1992 HY6) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on April 29, 1992 by F. Borngen at Tautenburg.

115477 Brantanica
115477 Brantanica (2003 UK8) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on October 19, 2003 by James Whitney Young at the Table Mountain Observatory near Wrightwood, California.

11545 Hashimoto
11545 Hashimoto (1992 UE4) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on October 26, 1992 by K. Endate and K. Watanabe at Kitami.

11547 Griesser
11547 Griesser (1992 UP8) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on October 31, 1992 by F. Borngen at Tautenburg.

11552 Boucolion
11552 Boucolion (1993 BD4) is a Jupiter Trojan that was found on January 27, 1993 by E. W. Elst at Caussols.

Ferruccio Busoni
Ferruccio Busoni (born 1 April; died 27 July 1924) was an Italian composer, pianist, teacher and conductor.
His life.
Ferruccio Busoni was born in Empoli in Tuscany in Italy. His parents were both musicians. His father played the clarinet and his mother played the piano. They were often touring when Ferruccio was young. He spent most of his childhood in Trieste.
Busoni was a child prodigy. He first played the piano in public at the age of seven. Two years later he played some of his own compositions in Vienna. The composer Franz Liszt heard him. He also met Liszt, Johannes Brahms and Anton Rubinstein.
For a short time he studied in Graz, then in Leipzig. He taught in several places including Helsinki, where he met Jean Sibelius as well as a young lady was to be his wife. In 1890 he won the Anton Rubinstein Competition with his Concert Piece for Piano and Orchestra. He taught in Moscow in 1890, and in the United States from 1891 to 1894 where he also toured as a virtuoso pianist.
In 1894 he went to Berlin where he stayed. He performed as a pianist and conductor and taught many gifted pianists.
He wrote a book called "Sketch of a New Aesthetic of Music". He did not agree with the strict rules that were used by most teachers for teaching composition. He thought that music was "born to be free". His thinking influenced his composition pupils who included Percy Grainger, Kurt Weill and Edgard Varèse.
During World War I, Busoni lived first in Bologna, where he was director of the conservatory, and later in Zürich. He refused to perform in any countries that were involved in the war. He returned to Berlin in 1920 where he gave master classes in composition.
Busoni died in Berlin from a kidney disease.
Music.
Busoni's music is based on the Romantic style, but it also starts to sound quite modern. He uses a lot of complicatedcounterpoint. Sometimes it is quite atonal. A lot of it is based on music of the past. He made many transcriptions, including piano transcriptions of several works by Johann Sebastian Bach.
Busoni was a virtuoso pianist, and his works for piano are difficult to perform. His "Piano Concerto" is extremely hard to play as well as being extremely long (about 70 minutes). The British pianist John Ogdon, who played it, called it "the longest and grandest piano concerto of all".
Some of his best known works include his suite for orchestra "Turandot" which he made into an opera, and his opera "Doktor Faust" which he had not finished when he died. It was finished by his student Philipp Jarnach, but in the 1980s Anthony Beaumont made a better version of it.
Recordings.
Busoni made a number of piano rolls, and a small number of these have been re-recorded onto CD. People who knew him disagree about whether these piano roll recordings show his playing at his best.

Organ system
In biology, a system is a group of organs that work together for a similar goal. Common systems are the circulatory system, the respiratory system and the nervous system.
A group of systems composes an organism, e.g. the human body.

11554 Asios
11554 Asios (1993 BZ12) is a Jupiter Trojan that was found on January 22, 1993 by E. W. Elst at the European Southern Observatory.

BBC Radio 7
BBC Radio 7 (known until 4 October 2008 as BBC 7) is a British digital radio station including comedy, drama, and children's programming nationally 24 hours a day.

13001 Woodney
13001 Woodney (1981 VL) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on November 2, 1981 by B. A. Skiff at the Anderson Mesa Station of the Lowell Observatory.

1301 Yvonne
1301 Yvonne (1934 EA) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on March 07, 1934 by L. Boyer at Algiers.

14014 Münchhausen
is a main belt asteroid that was found on January 14, 1994.

14016 Steller
14016 Steller (1994 BJ4) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on January 16, 1994 by E. W. Elst and C. Pollas at Caussols.

14024 Procul Harum
14024 Procol Harum (1994 RZ) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 9, 1994 by P. Sicoli and P. Ghezzi at Sormano.

(7449) 1949 QL
(7449) 1949 QL is an asteroid that was found by Karl Wilhelm Reinmuth at Heidelberg on August 21, 1949.

10778 Marcks
10778 Marcks (1991 GN10) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on April 9, 1991 by F. Borngen at Tautenburg.

10671 Mazurova
10671 Mazurova (1977 RR6) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 11, 1977 by N. S. Chernykh at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory.

10672 Kostyukova
10672 Kostyukova (1978 QE) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on August 31, 1978 by N. S. Chernykh at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory.

Old world foods
Before the discovery of America, certain foods were not known to the Afro-Eurasian diet. Diet was more alcohol cattle and grain based and didn`t include foods like corn, turkey, potatoes and other New World Crops

10675 Kharlamov
10675 Kharlamov (1978 VE15) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on November 1, 1978 by L. V. Zhuravleva at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory.

107074 Ansonsylva
107074 Ansonsylva is a Main Belt asteroid that was found by Near Earth Asteroid Tracking on January 4, 2001.

Chinese herbology
Chinese herbs do not grow in China only. If you find the right climate and soil type, you can grow many of those herbs overseas. For instance, American Ginseng is grown in Wisconsin State.
Herbal tea.
How do people take the raw herbs? Raw herbs are usually taken orally by extracting the essence out of them. The natural way being practiced since ancient time is to boil and brew the herbal package in water to get a dark brown solution called herb tea that never tastes good. One hour of brewing should be good enough. Then you drink one or two cups a day. Honey or sugar may be added to make it taste less bad. The herbal package can be conveniently modified by changing some ingredients to make it work for you. So an herbal package is really tailor-made for you only.
Tablet form.
Raw herbs can be made into tablet forms by companies and sold as herbal formulas. Although convenient to swallow, tablets cannot be tailor-made for you. Like Western drugs, they are mass-produced for everybody in the world with similar health problems. When an herbal tablet you bought does not work for you, you just have to toss it and buy another one.
Capsule form.
Raw herbs can be made into capsules at home. All you need is a tailor-made package of raw herbs. Turn it into fine powder with a powerful grinder, and put the powder into empty gel capsules. When you swallow the capsules, your digestive system has to extract the essence out of the raw herb powder. Whereas if you drink the herb tea, the essence extraction is already done after brewing. The herbal solution will readily be absorbed by your body. Furthermore, the herb tea has a history spanning over two thousand years. How many years of history does the tablet or capsule have besides offering convenience?
Usage of some Chinese herbs.
bai zhu 白朮 rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae
lu rong 鹿茸 cornu Cervi Pantotrichum
rou cong rong 肉蓯蓉 herba Cistanches
yin yang huo 淫羊霍 herba Epimedii
gou ji 狗 脊 fructus Psoraleae
bu gu zhi 补骨脂 rhizoma Cibotii
dong chong xia cao 冬虫夏草 Cordyceps
yi zhi ren 益智仁 fructus Alpiniae Oxyphyllae
dang gui 当归 radix Angelicae Sinensis
hu tao rou 胡桃肉 semen Juglandis
shu di huang 熟地黄 radix Rehmanniae Preparata
he shou wu 何首乌 radix Polgoni Multiflori
e jiao 阿胶 Colla Corii Asini
nan sha shen 南沙参 radix adenophorae
bei sha shen 北沙参 radix Glehniae
tian men dong 天门冬 radix Asparagi
mai men dong 麦门冬 radix Ophiopogonis
yu zhu 玉竹 rhizoma Polgonati Odorati
shan zhu yu 山茱萸 fructus Corni
gou qi zi 枸杞子 fructus Lycii
nu zhen zi 女贞子 fructus Ligustri Lucidi
mo han lian 旱莲草 herba Ecliptae
wu wei zi 五味子 fructus Schisandrae
wu bei zi 五倍子 galla Chinensis
fu xiao mai 浮小麦 fructus Tritici Levis
shi liu pi 石榴皮 pericarpium Granati
rou dou kou 肉荳蔻 semen Myristicae
sang piao xiao 桑螵蛸 ootheca Mantidis
wu zei gu 乌贼骨 os Sepiae
kuan dong hua 款冬花 flos Farfarae
sang bai pi 桑白皮 cortex Mori Radicis
ma dou ling 马兜铃 fructus Aristolochiae
ting li zi 葶靂子 semen Lepidii seu Descurainiae
san qi (tianqi) 三七 radix Notoginseng
dan shen 丹参 radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae
tian nan xing 天南星 rhizoma Arisaematis
bai jie zi 白芥子 semen Sinapis Albae
xuan fu hua 旋覆花 flos Inulae
fo shou 佛手 fructus Citri Sarcodactylis
ju pi (chen pi) 陈皮 pericarpium Citri Reticulatae
ju hong 橘红 exocarpium Citri Rubrum
qing pi 青皮 pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride
zhi shi 枳实 fructus Aurantii Immaturus
chen xiang 沉香 lignum Aquilariae Resinatum
chuan lian zhi 川楝子 fructus Toosendan
yan hu suo 延胡索 rhizoma Corydalis
xie bai 薤白 bulbus Allii Macrostemi
shan zhu yu 山茱萸 fructus Crataegi
mai ya 麦芽 fructus Hordei germinatus
gu ya 穀芽 fructus Oryzae germinatus
lai fu zi 莱菔子 semen Raphani
ji nei jin 鸡内金 endothelium corneum Gigeriae galli
shen qu 神麴 massa Fermentata Medicinalis
du huo 獨活 radix Angelicae Pubescentis
wei ling xian 威靈仙 radix Clematidis
fang ji 防己 radix Stephaniae Tetrandrae
qin jiao 秦艽 radix Gentianae Macrophyllae
sang ji sheng 桑寄生 ramulus Taxilli
wu jia pi 五加皮 cortex Acanthopanacis
bai hua she 白花蛇 Agkistrodon seu Bungarus
hou po 厚樸 cortex Magnoliae Officinalis
bai dou kou 白豆蔻 fructus Amomi Rotundus
zi su ye 苏叶 folium Perillae
jiang huo 薑活 radix Angelicae Dahuricae
bai zhi 白芷 rhizoma seu radix Notopterygli
cang er zi 苍耳子 fructus Xanthii
niu bang zi 牛蒡子 fructus Arctii
dan dou chi 淡豆豉 semen Sojae preparatum
zhu ma gen 苧麻根 radix Boehmeriae
bai mao gen 白茅根 rhizoma Imperatae
ce bai ye 侧柏叶 cacumen Biotae
da ji 大蓟 herba seu Radix Cirsii Japonici
xian he cao 仙鹤草 herba Agrimoniae
ai ye 艾叶 folium Artemisiae Argyi
yi yi ren 薏苡仁 semen Coicis
che qian zi 车前子 semen Plantaginis
jin qian cao 金钱草 herba Lysimachiae
yin chen hao 茵陈蒿 herba Artemisiae Scopariae
bi xie 萆薢 rhizoma Dioscoreae Septemlobae
tian hua fen 天花粉 radix Trichosanthis
long dan cao 龙胆草 radix Gentianae
xia ku cao 夏枯草 spica Prunellae
ku shen 苦参 radix Sophorae Flavescentis
jue ming zi 决明子 semen Cassiae
jin yin hua 金银花 flos Lonicerae
ren dong teng 忍冬藤 caulis Lonicerae
pu gong ying 蒲公英 herba Taraxaci
zi hua di ding 紫花地丁 herba Violae
da qing ye 大青叶 folium Isatidis
ban lan gen 板蓝根 radix Isatidis
chuan xin lian 穿心莲 herba Andrographitis
yu xing cao 鱼腥草 herba Houttuyniae
shan dou gen 山豆根 radix Sophorae Tonkinensis
ma chi xian 马齿莧 herba Portulacae
bai tou weng 白头翁 radix Pulsatillae
shui niu jiao 水牛角 cornu Bubali
sheng di huang 生地黄 radix Rehmanniae
mu dan pi 牡丹皮 cortex Moutan Radicis
chi shao 赤芍 radix Paeoniae Rubra
zi cao 紫草 radix arnebiae seu lithospermi
qing hao 青蒿 herba Artemisiae Annuae
bai wei 白薇 radix cynanchi Atrati
di gu pi 地骨皮 cortex Lycii Radicis
yin chai hu 銀柴胡 radix Stellariae
da huang 大黃 radix et rhizoma Rhei
fan xie ye 番瀉葉 folium Sennae
da ma ren 大麻仁 fructus Cannabis
yu li ren 郁李仁 semen Pruni
da ji 大戟 radix Euphorbiae Pekinensis
qian niu zi 牽牛子 semen Pharbitidis
wu zhu yu 吴茱萸 fructus Evodiae
gao liang jiang 高莨姜 rhizoma Alpiniae Officinarum
xiao hui xiang 小茴香 fructus Foeniculi
fu zi 地肤子 radix Aconiti Lateralis Preparata
chuan wu tou 川乌头 radix Aconiti
cao wu tou 草乌头 radix Aconiti Kusnezoffiae
wu tou 乌头 radix Aconiti Lateralis Preparata
shi jun zi 使君子 fructus Quisqualis
da fu pi 大腹皮 pericarpium Arecae
ku lian pi 苦莲皮 cortex Meliae
nan gua zi 南瓜) semen Cucurbitae
he cao ya 鹤草牙 gemma Agrimoniae
guan zhong 贯眾（贯仲） rhizoma Dryopteris Crassirhizomae
suan zao ren 酸枣仁 semen Ziziphi Spinosae
bai zi ren 柏子仁 semen Biotae
zhen zhu mu 珍珠母 concha Margaritifera Usta
ling yang jiao 铃羊角 cornu Saigae Tataricae
shi chang pu 石菖蒲 rhizoma Acori Graminei
Notes.
(1)The terms used here reflect typical TCM usage (as translated literally from individual Chinese characters), and may not reflect their meanings in TCM, namely, meanings that are normative, figurative or metaphorical when read in context. The meanings of these terms are therefore different from that in common English usage. In particular, they are not to be used for purposes of self-diagnosis, much less for self-medication. For example, "Xia Huo" means "To reduce fire", but "fire" here does not refer to combustion involving oxygen. Even within TCM, there are various meanings of "fire", and it can refer to "real" or "false" fire. The 3 herbs mentioned above cannot be used to reduce "false fire", or fires of yin deficiency in the zhang organs.
(2) An example of the non-literal use of transliterated characters is "long gu" which literally means "dragon bones". This term cannot possible refer to Chinese dragons, since they do not exist. However, one can easily buy "long gu" from any TCM herbal shop. Another term that cannot be taken literally is "di long" which literally means "earth dragon".
(3) Although the above herbs are common in TCM prescriptions, they cannot be purchased if we refer only to their Latin names. One likely reason is that TCM pharmacists rarely, if ever, use the Latin names of the herbs. The Chinese names, or the transliterated names (pinyin) should be used instead. For example, if we ask for "flos Lonicerae" we will almost certainly get a blank look. However, if we ask for "Jin Yin Hua" or 金银花 we will connect immediately, even though the pharmacist may speak any of the large number of Chinese dialects (such as Cantonese, where the herb is known as "Kum Gen Fa", or Golden Silver Flower, in Hong Kong). Wherever possible, use the written form (金银花) to avoid miscommunication and/or mis-pronunciation, since there is no dialect form of the written language.
(4) There are a large number of synonyms of the herb names, in both Chinese, English and Latin. This makes it even more essential to use the written form of the Chinese names to ensure accuracy.
(5) Some herbs are prone to adulteration, substitution, or both. For example, Ling Zhi Cao (Cordyceps) can be substituted with an inactive form of the herb. If an extract is first made with water, the herb will be tasteless when dried and re-used/recycled. On the other hand, the genuine Ling Zhi tastes bitter, but few consumers would know the difference, especially if the herb is mixed in a prescription and boiled together with other herbs. The pharmacists themselves may not be aware, as some may trust their suppliers implicitly, and do not conduct regular testing.
(6) Animal-based "herbs" are prone to substitution or adulteration, including Xiong Dan (bear bile / gall bladder) which looks very much like Niu Dan (bovine bile /gall bladder) when the gall bladder is dried, although Niu Dan is far less bitter in taste. Some are simply unavailable because they are banned in many countries. These include tiger parts, such as Hu Gu (tiger bone) which is substituted by bobcat bone, and Chuan San Jia (scales of the pangolin) which has no animal-based substitute. Niu Huang (bovine gallstone) is unavailable in many Western countries and Singapore because of its potential impact on pregnant women, although Niu Huang Pills with about 2% of Niu Huang are available in many Asian countries.

10676 Jamesmcdanell
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25142 Hopf
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10004 Igormakarov
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10008 Raisanyo
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154660 Kavelaars
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157194 Saddlemyer
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157640 Baumeler
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157473 Emuno
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17023 Abbott
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17024 Costello
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17002 Kouzel
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17004 Sinkevich
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17019 Aldo
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17025 Pilachowski
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Aussevielle
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Aussurucq
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Auterrive
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Baleix
Baleix is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Baliracq-Maumusson
Baliracq-Maumusson is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Baliros
Baliros is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Banca, Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Banca, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Barcus
Barcus is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Bardos, Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Bardos, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Barinque
Barinque is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Barraute-Camu
Barraute-Camu is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Barzun, Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Barzun, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Bassillon-Vauzé
Bassillon-Vauzé is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Bassussarry
Bassussarry is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Bastanès
Bastanès is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Baudreix
Baudreix is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Bayonne
Bayonne is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Bedous
Bedous is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Bellocq
Bellocq is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Bentayou-Sérée
Bentayou-Sérée is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Bergouey-Viellenave
Bergouey-Viellenave is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Bernadets
Bernadets is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Berrogain-Laruns
Berrogain-Laruns is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Bescat
Bescat is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Beuste
Beuste is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Beyrie-en-Béarn
Beyrie-en-Béarn is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Beyrie-sur-Joyeuse
Beyrie-sur-Joyeuse is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Biarritz
Biarritz is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Bidache
Bidache is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Bidarray
Bidarray is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Bidart
Bidart is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Bidos
Bidos is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Bielle
Bielle is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Bilhères
Bilhères is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Billère
Billère is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Biriatou
Biriatou is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Biron, Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Biron, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Bizanos
Bizanos is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Boeil-Bezing
Boeil-Bezing is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Bonloc
Bonloc is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Bonnut
Bonnut is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Borce
Borce is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Bordes, Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Bordes, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Bordères
Bordères is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Bosdarros
Bosdarros is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Boucau
Boucau is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Boueilh-Boueilho-Lasque
Boueilh-Boueilho-Lasque is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Bougarber
Bougarber is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Bouillon, Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Bouillon, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Boumourt
Boumourt is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Bourdettes
Bourdettes is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Bournos
Bournos is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Briscous
Briscous is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Bruges-Capbis-Mifaget
Bruges-Capbis-Mifaget is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Bugnein
Bugnein is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Bunus
Bunus is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Burgaronne
Burgaronne is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Buros
Buros is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Burosse-Mendousse
Burosse-Mendousse is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Bussunarits-Sarrasquette
Bussunarits-Sarrasquette is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Bustince-Iriberry
Bustince-Iriberry is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Buziet
Buziet is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Buzy, Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Buzy, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Bédeille, Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Bédeille, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Béguios
Béguios is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Béhorléguy
Béhorléguy is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Bénéjacq
Bénéjacq is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Béost
Béost is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Bérenx
Bérenx is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Bésingrand
Bésingrand is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Bétracq
Bétracq is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Cabidos
Cabidos is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Cadillon
Cadillon is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Cambo-les-Bains
Cambo-les-Bains is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Came, Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Came, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Camou-Cihigue
Camou-Cihigue is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Cardesse
Cardesse is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Carresse-Cassaber
Carresse-Cassaber is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Carrère
Carrère is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Castagnède, Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Castagnède, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Casteide-Cami
Casteide-Cami is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Casteide-Candau
Casteide-Candau is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Casteide-Doat
Casteide-Doat is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Castet
Castet is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Castetbon
Castetbon is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Castetnau-Camblong
Castetnau-Camblong is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Castetner
Castetner is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Castetpugon
Castetpugon is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Castillon (Canton of Arthez-de-Béarn)
Castillon (Canton of Arthez-de-Béarn) is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Castillon (Canton of Lembeye)
Castillon (Canton of Lembeye) is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Castéra-Loubix
Castéra-Loubix is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Castétis
Castétis is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Caubios-Loos
Caubios-Loos is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Cescau, Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Cescau, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Cette-Eygun
Cette-Eygun is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Charre
Charre is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Charritte-de-Bas
Charritte-de-Bas is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Chéraute
Chéraute is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Ciboure
Ciboure is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Claracq
Claracq is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Coarraze
Coarraze is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Conchez-de-Béarn
Conchez-de-Béarn is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Corbère-Abères
Corbère-Abères is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Coslédaà-Lube-Boast
Coslédaà-Lube-Boast is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Coublucq
Coublucq is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Crouseilles
Crouseilles is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Cuqueron
Cuqueron is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Denguin
Denguin is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Diusse
Diusse is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Doazon
Doazon is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Dognen
Dognen is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Domezain-Berraute
Domezain-Berraute is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Doumy
Doumy is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Eaux-Bonnes
Eaux-Bonnes is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Escos
Escos is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Escot
Escot is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Escou
Escou is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Escoubès
Escoubès is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Escout
Escout is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Escurès
Escurès is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Eslourenties-Daban
Eslourenties-Daban is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Espelette
Espelette is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Espiute
Espiute is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Espoey
Espoey is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Espès-Undurein
Espès-Undurein is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Espéchède
Espéchède is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Esquiule
Esquiule is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Estialescq
Estialescq is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Estos
Estos is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Estérençuby
Estérençuby is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Etcharry
Etcharry is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Etchebar
Etchebar is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Etsaut
Etsaut is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Eysus
Eysus is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Fichous-Riumayou
Fichous-Riumayou is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Féas
Féas is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Gabaston
Gabaston is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Gabat
Gabat is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Gamarthe
Gamarthe is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Gan, Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Gan, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Garindein
Garindein is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Garlin
Garlin is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Garlède-Mondebat
Garlède-Mondebat is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Garos
Garos is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Garris
Garris is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Gayon
Gayon is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Gelos
Gelos is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Ger, Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Ger, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Gerderest
Gerderest is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Gestas, Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Gestas, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Geüs-d'Oloron
Geüs-d'Oloron is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Gomer, Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Gomer, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Gotein-Libarrenx
Gotein-Libarrenx is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Goès
Goès is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Guiche, Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Guiche, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Guinarthe-Parenties
Guinarthe-Parenties is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Gurmençon
Gurmençon is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Gurs
Gurs is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Guéthary
Guéthary is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Gère-Bélesten
Gère-Bélesten is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Géronce
Géronce is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Géus-d'Arzacq
Géus-d'Arzacq is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Hagetaubin
Hagetaubin is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Halsou
Halsou is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Hasparren
Hasparren is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Haut-de-Bosdarros
Haut-de-Bosdarros is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Haux, Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Haux, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Hendaye
Hendaye is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Herrère
Herrère is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Higuères-Souye
Higuères-Souye is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Hosta, Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Hosta, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Hours, Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Hours, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Hélette
Hélette is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Ibarrolle
Ibarrolle is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Idaux-Mendy
Idaux-Mendy is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Idron
Idron is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Igon
Igon is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Iholdy
Iholdy is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Ilharre
Ilharre is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Irissarry
Irissarry is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Irouléguy
Irouléguy is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Ispoure
Ispoure is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Issor
Issor is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Isturits
Isturits is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Itxassou
Itxassou is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Izeste
Izeste is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Jasses
Jasses is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Jatxou
Jatxou is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Jaxu
Jaxu is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Jurançon
Jurançon is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Juxue
Juxue is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

L'Hôpital-Saint-Blaise
L'Hôpital-Saint-Blaise is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

L'Hôpital-d'Orion
L'Hôpital-d'Orion is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

La Bastide-Clairence
La Bastide-Clairence is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Labastide-Cézéracq
Labastide-Cézéracq is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Labastide-Monréjeau
Labastide-Monréjeau is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Labastide-Villefranche
Labastide-Villefranche is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Labatmale
Labatmale is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Labatut, Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Labatut, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Labets-Biscay
Labets-Biscay is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Labeyrie, Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Labeyrie, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Lacadée
Lacadée is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Lacarre
Lacarre is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Lacarry-Arhan-Charritte-de-Haut
Lacarry-Arhan-Charritte-de-Haut is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Lacommande
Lacommande is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Lacq
Lacq is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Lagor
Lagor is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Lagos, Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Lagos, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Laguinge-Restoue
Laguinge-Restoue is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Lahonce
Lahonce is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Lahontan, Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Lahontan, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Lahourcade
Lahourcade is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Lalongue
Lalongue is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Lalonquette
Lalonquette is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Lamayou
Lamayou is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Lanne-en-Barétous
Lanne-en-Barétous is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Lannecaube
Lannecaube is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Lanneplaà
Lanneplaà is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Lantabat
Lantabat is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Larceveau-Arros-Cibits
Larceveau-Arros-Cibits is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Laroin
Laroin is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Larrau
Larrau is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Larressore
Larressore is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Larreule, Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Larreule, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Larribar-Sorhapuru
Larribar-Sorhapuru is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Laruns
Laruns is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Lasclaveries
Lasclaveries is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Lasse, Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Lasse, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Lasserre, Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Lasserre, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Lasseube
Lasseube is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Lasseubetat
Lasseubetat is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Lay-Lamidou
Lay-Lamidou is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Laà-Mondrans
Laà-Mondrans is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Laàs
Laàs is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Lecumberry
Lecumberry is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Ledeuix
Ledeuix is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Lembeye
Lembeye is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Lescar
Lescar is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Lescun
Lescun is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Lespielle
Lespielle is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Lespourcy
Lespourcy is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Lestelle-Bétharram
Lestelle-Bétharram is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Lichans-Sunhar
Lichans-Sunhar is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Lichos
Lichos is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Licq-Athérey
Licq-Athérey is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Limendous
Limendous is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Livron
Livron is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Lohitzun-Oyhercq
Lohitzun-Oyhercq is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Lombia
Lombia is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Lons
Lons is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Lonçon
Lonçon is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Loubieng
Loubieng is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Louhossoa
Louhossoa is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Lourdios-Ichère
Lourdios-Ichère is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Lourenties
Lourenties is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Louvie-Juzon
Louvie-Juzon is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Louvie-Soubiron
Louvie-Soubiron is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Louvigny, Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Louvigny, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Luc-Armau
Luc-Armau is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Lucarré
Lucarré is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Lucgarier
Lucgarier is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Lucq-de-Béarn
Lucq-de-Béarn is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Lurbe-Saint-Christau
Lurbe-Saint-Christau is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Lussagnet-Lusson
Lussagnet-Lusson is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Luxe-Sumberraute
Luxe-Sumberraute is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Lys, Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Lys, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Lème
Lème is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Lée
Lée is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Lées-Athas
Lées-Athas is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Léren
Léren is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Macaye
Macaye is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Malaussanne
Malaussanne is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Mascaraàs-Haron
Mascaraàs-Haron is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Maslacq
Maslacq is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Masparraute
Masparraute is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Maspie-Lalonquère-Juillacq
Maspie-Lalonquère-Juillacq is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Maucor
Maucor is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Mauléon-Licharre
Mauléon-Licharre is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Maure, Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Maure, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Mazerolles, Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Mazerolles, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Mazères-Lezons
Mazères-Lezons is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Meillon
Meillon is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Mendionde
Mendionde is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Menditte
Menditte is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Mendive
Mendive is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Mesplède
Mesplède is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Mialos
Mialos is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Miossens-Lanusse
Miossens-Lanusse is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Mirepeix
Mirepeix is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Momas
Momas is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Momy
Momy is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Monassut-Audiracq
Monassut-Audiracq is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Moncaup, Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Moncaup, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Moncayolle-Larrory-Mendibieu
Moncayolle-Larrory-Mendibieu is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Moncla
Moncla is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Monein
Monein is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Monpezat
Monpezat is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Monségur, Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Monségur, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Mont, Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Mont, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Mont-Disse
Mont-Disse is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Montagut, Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Montagut, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Montaner
Montaner is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Montardon
Montardon is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Montaut, Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Montaut, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Montfort, Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Montfort, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Montory
Montory is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Morlanne
Morlanne is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Morlaàs
Morlaàs is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Mouguerre
Mouguerre is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Mouhous
Mouhous is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Moumour
Moumour is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Mourenx
Mourenx is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Musculdy
Musculdy is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Méharin
Méharin is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Méracq
Méracq is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Méritein
Méritein is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Nabas, Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Nabas, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Narcastet
Narcastet is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Narp
Narp is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Navailles-Angos
Navailles-Angos is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Navarrenx
Navarrenx is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Nay, Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Nay, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Noguères
Noguères is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Nousty
Nousty is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Ogenne-Camptort
Ogenne-Camptort is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Ogeu-les-Bains
Ogeu-les-Bains is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Oloron-Sainte-Marie
Oloron-Sainte-Marie is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Oraàs
Oraàs is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Ordiarp
Ordiarp is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Orin, Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Orin, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Orion, Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Orion, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Orriule
Orriule is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Orsanco
Orsanco is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Orthez
Orthez is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Orègue
Orègue is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Os-Marsillon
Os-Marsillon is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Ossas-Suhare
Ossas-Suhare is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Osse-en-Aspe
Osse-en-Aspe is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Ossenx
Ossenx is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Osserain-Rivareyte
Osserain-Rivareyte is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Ossès
Ossès is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Ostabat-Asme
Ostabat-Asme is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Ouillon
Ouillon is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Ousse
Ousse is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Ozenx-Montestrucq
Ozenx-Montestrucq is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Pagolle
Pagolle is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Parbayse
Parbayse is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Pardies
Pardies is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Pardies-Piétat
Pardies-Piétat is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Pau, Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Pau, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Peyrelongue-Abos
Peyrelongue-Abos is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Piets-Plasence-Moustrou
Piets-Plasence-Moustrou is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Poey-d'Oloron
Poey-d'Oloron is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Poey-de-Lescar
Poey-de-Lescar is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Pomps
Pomps is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Ponson-Debat-Pouts
Ponson-Debat-Pouts is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Ponson-Dessus
Ponson-Dessus is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Pontacq
Pontacq is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Pontiacq-Viellepinte
Pontiacq-Viellepinte is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Portet
Portet is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Pouliacq
Pouliacq is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Poursiugues-Boucoue
Poursiugues-Boucoue is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Préchacq-Josbaig
Préchacq-Josbaig is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Préchacq-Navarrenx
Préchacq-Navarrenx is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Précilhon
Précilhon is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Puyoô
Puyoô is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Ramous
Ramous is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Ribarrouy
Ribarrouy is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Riupeyrous
Riupeyrous is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Rivehaute
Rivehaute is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Rontignon
Rontignon is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Roquiague
Roquiague is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Rébénacq
Rébénacq is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Saint-Abit
Saint-Abit is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Saint-Armou
Saint-Armou is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Saint-Boès
Saint-Boès is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Saint-Castin
Saint-Castin is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Saint-Dos
Saint-Dos is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.
Saint-Dos is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Saint-Esteben
Saint-Esteben is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Saint-Faust
Saint-Faust is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Saint-Girons-en-Béarn
Saint-Girons-en-Béarn is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Saint-Gladie-Arrive-Munein
Saint-Gladie-Arrive-Munein is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Saint-Goin
Saint-Goin is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Saint-Jammes
Saint-Jammes is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port
Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Saint-Jean-Poudge
Saint-Jean-Poudge is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Saint-Jean-de-Luz
Saint-Jean-de-Luz is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Saint-Jean-le-Vieux, Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Saint-Jean-le-Vieux, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Saint-Just-Ibarre
Saint-Just-Ibarre is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Saint-Laurent-Bretagne
Saint-Laurent-Bretagne is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Saint-Martin-d'Arberoue
Saint-Martin-d'Arberoue is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Saint-Martin-d'Arrossa
Saint-Martin-d'Arrossa is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Saint-Michel, Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Saint-Michel, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Saint-Médard, Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Saint-Médard, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Saint-Palais, Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Saint-Palais, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Saint-Pierre-d'Irube
Saint-Pierre-d'Irube is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Saint-Pé-de-Léren
Saint-Pé-de-Léren is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle
Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Saint-Vincent, Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Saint-Vincent, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Saint-Étienne-de-Baïgorry
Saint-Étienne-de-Baïgorry is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Sainte-Colome
Sainte-Colome is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Sainte-Engrâce
Sainte-Engrâce is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Salies-de-Béarn
Salies-de-Béarn is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Salles-Mongiscard
Salles-Mongiscard is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Sallespisse
Sallespisse is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Sames, Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Sames, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Samsons-Lion
Samsons-Lion is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Sare
Sare is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Sarpourenx
Sarpourenx is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Sarrance
Sarrance is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Saubole
Saubole is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Saucède
Saucède is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Sauguis-Saint-Étienne
Sauguis-Saint-Étienne is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Sault-de-Navailles
Sault-de-Navailles is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Sauvagnon
Sauvagnon is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Sauvelade
Sauvelade is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Sauveterre-de-Béarn
Sauveterre-de-Béarn is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Sedze-Maubecq
Sedze-Maubecq is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Sedzère
Sedzère is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Sendets, Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Sendets, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Serres-Castet
Serres-Castet is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Serres-Morlaàs
Serres-Morlaàs is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Serres-Sainte-Marie
Serres-Sainte-Marie is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Simacourbe
Simacourbe is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Siros, Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Siros, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Soumoulou
Soumoulou is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Souraïde
Souraïde is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Suhescun
Suhescun is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Sus, Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Sus, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Susmiou
Susmiou is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Séby
Séby is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Séméacq-Blachon
Séméacq-Blachon is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Sévignacq
Sévignacq is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Sévignacq-Meyracq
Sévignacq-Meyracq is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Tabaille-Usquain
Tabaille-Usquain is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Tadousse-Ussau
Tadousse-Ussau is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Tardets-Sorholus
Tardets-Sorholus is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Taron-Sadirac-Viellenave
Taron-Sadirac-Viellenave is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Tarsacq
Tarsacq is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Thèze, Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Thèze, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Trois-Villes
Trois-Villes is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Uhart-Cize
Uhart-Cize is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Uhart-Mixe
Uhart-Mixe is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Urcuit
Urcuit is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Urdos
Urdos is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Urdès
Urdès is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Urepel
Urepel is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Urost
Urost is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Urrugne
Urrugne is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Urt
Urt is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Ustaritz
Ustaritz is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Uzan, Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Uzan, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Uzein
Uzein is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Uzos
Uzos is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Verdets
Verdets is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Vialer
Vialer is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Viellenave-d'Arthez
Viellenave-d'Arthez is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Viellenave-de-Navarrenx
Viellenave-de-Navarrenx is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Vielleségure
Vielleségure is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Vignes, Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Vignes, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Villefranque, Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Villefranque, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Viodos-Abense-de-Bas
Viodos-Abense-de-Bas is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Viven
Viven is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Çaro, Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Çaro, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.

Rocket engine
A Rocket Engine is a device that produces a force by pushing gases at high speed out of a nozzle. Rocket engines burn chemicals such as petroleum and liquid oxygen at very high pressures and temperatures to turn the chemical energy into motion. In some cases (such as NASA rockets, the force created can be over a million pounds (4.5 million Newtons).
A garden hose shows how moving fluid can create a force. When a hose is turned up the hose will snake around unless it is held still. The exiting water is creating a force on the hose just like how the rocket engine gases push on the rocket engine.
Liquids and Solids.
Some rocket engines burn liquid fuels while some burn solid fuels. Solid fuel rocket engines are sometimes called "rocket motors".
Liquid fuel rocket engines often require complex pumps and valves to properly move (and pressurize) the liquids from the fuel tank to the actual engine. These machines must work in very extreme temperatures and pressures. Liquid oxygen is very cold (-223˚C) while the engine is very hot (3000˚C), and the pressure is often times hundreds of times higher than normal air pressure. Because of these conditions, liquid fuel rocket engines are often very complex and require very specialized materials (metals, ceramics, etc).
Solid fuel rocket motors have the fuel (called propellant) as a solid mixture of an oxidizer and fuel. An oxidizer supports the burning of fuel much like oxygen supports burning. The common oxidizer is powdered Ammonium Perchlorate, while the common fuel is powdered aluminum metal. The two powders are stuck together with a third component known as the binder. The binder is a rubbery solid that also burns as a fuel.

Penny Black
The Penny Black was the world's first adhesive postage stamp. It was issued by the United Kingdom on the first of May 1840 and used from the sixth May of the same year. All London post offices received official issues of the new stamps, but other offices in the country did not. Some post offices like in Bath, offered the stamp unofficially after May 2.
Once the stamps were used, they had a red cancellation. However, it was hard to see, and it could easily be taken off. It is not very rare, althougt prices vary from a few pounds to over 1000 pounds.

Penny Red
The Penny Red was a postage stamp issued in 1841 to replace the Penny Black. It was the main type of postage stamp in the United Kingdom until 1879. The design was hardly changed at all.
The colour was changed from black to red because it was hard to see the red cancellation mark on the Penny Black. It was easier to see a black cancelling on a Penny Red. It is not a very rare Stamp.

Line of succession to the British throne
The line of succession to the British throne is the order in which members of the royal family would come to the throne if the reigning king or queen died.
At present the first in line is Charles, Prince of Wales, followed by his elder son, Prince William of Wales and then his second son, Prince Harry of Wales.
The succession is decided firstly by gender and then by age. Males come before females, and older children come before younger children. When someone who is in line to the throne has a child, that child comes after them and their other children, but before anyone else in the line of succession.

Two Penny Blue
The Two Penny Blue (or 2d Blue) was the world’s second official adhesive postage stamp. It was issued in the United Kingdom in May 1840. It was more or less the same as the Penny Black. It was intended that the 2d blue was to be issued at the same time as the Penny Black. However the earliest post mark seen on a Two Penny Blue was the 8th of May 1840 which is two days after the penny black was issued. The Two Penny Blue is much rarer and more expensive than the Penny Black.

Penny Lilac
The Penny Lilac was a postage stamp in Great Britain. It was first issued on 12 July 1881. It was used until 1901. This stamp remained the standard letter stamp for the rest of Victoria's reign, and lots were printed.

WrestleMania 2000
WrestleMania 2000 was the sixteenth yearly WrestleMania professional wrestling pay-per-view produced by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF). It happened on April 2, 2000 at the Arrowhead Pond arena in Anaheim, California. This WrestleMania is different from others, because it is the only WrestleMania not to feature at least one standard one on one wrestling match. It is also the only WrestleMania to use the year in it's name.

Lucas Sang
Lucas Sang (February 12, 1961 - January 1, 2008) was a Kenyan runner who raced at the Olympic Games in 1988. He and his team made it to the final of the 4X100 relay race.
Sang was killed in Kenya during the riots about the election. He was killed when a group of men threw stones and rocks at him. His body was later burned.

Fiesole
Fiesole is a town in Tuscany, near Florence. In 2003, about 15.000 people lived there.

Mugello region
Mugello is a landscape north of Florence in northern Italy. It is separated by the Santerno River's valley by the Futa Pass.
In ancient times it was on the border between the area settled by the Ligurians (the Magelli tribe, whence the name), the Etruscans and the Gauls. The Roman colonization left sparse traces, as the Mugello was mostly an agricultural area. In the Middle Ages it was home to numerous castles, and was later acquired by the Republic of Florence. Several families of the city built there partician villas, like those of the Medici in Cafaggiolo and the Trebbio. Recent is the creation of the artificial Lake of Bilancino on the Sieve (river) river.
The area gave name to the Mugello Circuit (Autodromo Internazionale del Mugello) which is a race track that hosts an annual Moto GP event.

Friar
Friars are special monks that do a service to a community and that lead a simple life, rather than living like ascets in a monastery.
Orders.
There are two classes of orders known as friars, or mendicant orders: the four "great orders" and the so-called "lesser orders".

Carmelites
The Order of the Brothers of Our Lady of Mount Carmel or Carmelites (sometimes simply Carmel;) is a Roman Catholic religious order. It was founded in the 12th century on Mount Carmel, from which the order receives its name. Saint Bertold has traditionally been associated with the founding of the order, but few clear records of early Carmelite history have survived and this is likely to be a later invention.

Samael
Samael () (also Sammael and Samil) is an archangel in Talmudic and post-Talmudic beliefs and stories, as well as Christian tradition and demonology. There are also other religions that believe in stories of Samael. Samael is often thought to be both good and evil. It is said that he was the guardian angel of Esau and a patron of the sinful empire of Rome.
Samael is often confused with Satan because he often has grim and destructive duties. He is often considered a fallen angel, like Satan and the chief of the evil spirits. One of Samael's roles in Jewish beliefs is that of the Angel of Death. In this belief, he is a fallen angel but remains one of the Lord's servants. As a good angel, Samael supposedly lives in the seventh heaven, although he is said to be the chief angel of the fifth heaven.
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Powers.
The website says Samael is a "Power", which means he is the chief of many warrior angels.
Powers are warrior angels against evil, who defend the world and people. They fight against evil spirits who attempt to bring chaos through human beings. The chief is said to be either Samael or Camael, both angels of darkness.
In Judaism and Christianity.
In Jewish beliefs, Sammael is said to be the Angel of Death, the ruler of the Fifth Heaven, and one of the seven regents of the world served by two million angels; he resides in the Seventh Heaven. "Yalkut I, 110" of the Talmud says Samael is Esau's guardian angel. In "Sotah 10b", Samael is Esau's guardian angel.
In the "Sayings of Rabbi Eliezer", he is said to be the one who tempted Eve, then seduced and impregnated her with Cain. Some sources identify Gadreel as the angel that seduced Eve; although, other Hebrew scholars say that it was Samael who tempted Eve as the Serpent.
Samael is also sometimes said to be the angel who wrestled with Jacob, and also the angel who held back the arm of Abraham as he was about to sacrifice his son.
"In the last heaven Moses saw two angels, each five hundred parasangs in height, forged out of chains of black fire and red fire, the angels Af, "Anger," and Hemah, "Wrath," whom God created at the beginning of the world, to execute His will. Moses was disquieted when he looked upon them, but Metatron embraced him, and said, "Moses, Moses, thou favorite of God, fear not, and be not terrified," and Moses became calm. There was another angel in the seventh heaven, different in appearance from all the others, and of frightful mien. His height was so great, it would have taken five hundred years to cover a distance equal to it, and from the crown of his head to the soles of his feet he was studded with glaring eyes, at the sight of which the beholder fell prostrate in awe. "This one," said Metatron, addressing Moses, "is Samael, who takes the soul away from man." "Whither goes he now?" asked Moses, and Metatron replied, "To fetch the soul of Job the pious." Thereupon Moses prayed to God in these words, "O may it be Thy will, my God and the God of my fathers, not to let me fall into the hands of this angel."
In "The Holy Kabbalah" (Arthur Edward Waite, 255), Samael is described as the "severity of God", and is listed as fifth of the archangels of the world of Briah. Samael is said to have married Lilith after she left Adam. According to Zoharistic cabala, Samael was also mated with Eisheth Zenunim, Na'amah, and Agrat Bat Mahlat - all angels of prostitution.
Samael is sometimes confused in some books with Camael, an archangel of God, whose name means "He who sees God".
Popular culture.
Samael is shown as a character in the Megami Tensei video game series. The archangel is shown in the games as a blood-red serpent. He is a member of the Vile Clan and is a persona of the Death Arcana.
In the Silent Hill video games, Samael is the name of one of the town's gods. He is shown as an anthromorphic goat.
In the film Hellboy, one of the main characters is a giant hell-hound called Sammael, who Hellboy nicknames "Sammy".

Orvieto
"Orvieto is a city in Umbria, Today, about 21.000 people live there. The city has a history going back to Roman times.

Basilica of Santa Croce, Florence
The Basilica di Santa Croce (Basilica of the Holy Cross) is the main Franciscan church in Florence, Italy. It is a minor basilica of the Roman Catholic Church. It is situated on the Piazza di Santa Croce, about 800 metres south east of the Duomo. When the site was chosen, it was a marshland outside the city walls. Many very famous Italians, such as Michelangelo, Galileo, Machiavelli, Foscolo, Gentile, Rossini, and Marconi are buried inside the church. For this reason, the church is also known as the "Pantheon of the Italian Glories" ("Tempio dell'Itale Glorie" or "Pantheon dell'Itale Glorie").

Piper's Pit
"Piper's Pit" is a very popular interview segment on "Raw" that is usually hosted by "Rowdy" Roddy Piper. The segment mainly aired during the late 1980s and early 1990s, the segment has been abandoned since Piper left the WWE, the segment although still happens on special occasions when Piper makes a special appearance.

Halo (Beyoncé Knowles)
"Halo" is a song by American Contemporary R&B singer Beyoncé Knowles. It was written by Ryan Tedder, Evan Bogart and Knowles for her third studio album, "I Am... Sasha Fierce". The song will be released in January 2009 as the album's fourth single. Even before its official release the song debuted on the "Billboard" Pop 100 at number 87.
Background.
Ryan Tedder wrote the song for Leona Lewis to sing. However, in an interview, Leona Lewis stated that she did not have the time to record the track for her album and felt that it better suited Beyoncé.
The video premiered exclusively on iTunes on December 23, simultaneously with the music video for "Diva".
Music video.
The music video was shot in late November and directed by Philip Andelman. It features actor Michael Ealy as Knowles' love interest and is the first video from the album to be shot fully in colour. The song was cut to be shorter for the music video and only part of the song is actually sung by Beyoncé while during other times it is just the music playing in the background while the video progresses.
The video begins with Beyoncé up against a wall with a window behind her with light shinning. As the video progresses the scenes vary in different parts of the house were one scene is Beyoncé dancing to some chorography in a leotard with her love interest looking down at her from a balcony. During the climax Beyoncé is seen underwater in white clothing and when the chorus begins, Beyoncé opens her eyes. The last scene is played with Beyoncé lying down with Michael Ealy above her and only there faces are shot for the scene as Beyoncé sing's out the rest of the song.

History of World Wrestling Entertainment
This is the history of World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE).

Ian Gillan
Ian Gillan is the lead singer for the heavy metal band Deep Purple. He is famous for his high-pitched falsettos and the ability to reach notes much higher than most people. He also wrote lyrics to many of their famous songs, including "Smoke on the Water." Gillan is also noted for singing the part of Jesus on the original rock opera concept album Jesus Christ Superstar.

Ottawa River
The Ottawa River is a river in Ontario and Quebec, Canada. Most of it is on the Border of Ontario and Quebec. The city of Ottawa Gets its name from this River.
Geography.
The Ottawa River starts at its source at Lake Capimitchigama in Quebec. It flows west to Lake Timiskaming, where it begins to define the border between Ontario and Quebec. From Lake Timiskaming the river flows southeast to Ottawa and Gatineau where it tumbles over the Chaudière Falls. The Rideau and Gatineau Rivers flow into the Ottawa River here. The Ottawa River drains into the Lake of Two Mountains and the St. Lawrence River at Montreal. The total length of the river is 1,271 km.

Dandy
A dandy is a man who shows off by dressing very elegantly and fashionably. He exaggerates his manners, including the way he stands and moves, and the way he speaks. It is called Dandyism.
Dandies in the 18th and 19th centuries in the United States and Great Britain were often men from middle-class backgrounds who were trying to become people from high society.
Well known people who were dandies include the writer Oscar Wilde, the American artist James McNeill Whistler, and the French composer Maurice Ravel.
Today, in the 21st century, the word "dandy" is often used as a joke word to mean "fine" or "great".
The female equivalent is a quaintrelle.

Robert Costanza
Robert Costanza (born 14 September, 1950) is an American ecological economist and the Gund Professor of Ecological economics and Director of the Gund Institute for Ecological Economics at the University of Vermont.
Biography.
Robert Costanza was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He studied architecture and urban and regional planning from the University of Florida and got a Masters degree. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Florida in 1979 in systems ecology, with a minor in economics.
In 1982 he was selected as a Kellogg National Fellow, in 1992 he was awarded the Society for Conservation Biology Distinguished Achievement Award and in 1993 he was selected as a Pew Scholar in Conservation and the Environment. In 1998 he was awarded the Kenneth Boulding Memorial Award for Outstanding Contributions in Ecological Economics. In 2000 he received an honorary doctorate in natural sciences from Stockholm University.
Before he moved to Vermont in August 2002, he was director of the University of Maryland, College Park Institute for Ecological Economics, and a professor in the Center for Environmental Science, at Solomons, and in the Biology Department at College Park.
Costanza is co-founder and past-president of the International Society for Ecological Economics (ISEE) and was chief editor of the society’s journal "Ecological Economics" from its inception until 9/02. He serves on the editorial board of eight other international academic journals. He is president of the International Society for Ecosystem Health.
Work.
Dr. Costanza's research has focused on the interface between ecological and economic systems. This includes landscape level spatial simulation modeling; analysis of energy and material flows through economic and ecological systems; valuation of ecosystem services, biodiversity, and natural capital; and analysis of dysfunctional incentive systems and ways to correct them.
Literature.
His work has been cited in more than 1700 scientific articles since 1987 (according to the Science Citation Index) and more than 80 interviews and reports on his work have appeared in various media, including Newsweek, US News and World Report, the Economist, the New York Times, Science, Nature, National Geographic, and National Public Radio.

Ifriqiya
In medieval history, Ifriqiya or Ifriqiyah () was the area of the coastal regions of what are today western Libya, Tunisia, and eastern Algeria. This area included what had been the Roman province of Africa.
In modern Arabic, the term simply means "Africa". It comes from the Latin term "Africa".

Roman province
In Ancient Rome, a province (Latin, "provincia", pl. "provinciae") was the basic and until (circa 300) largest territorial and administrative unit of the empire's territorial possessions outside of the peninsula of Italy. The word "province" in modern English has its origins in the term used by the Romans.

Bring Me the Horizon
Bring Me the Horizon are a British band of genre deathcore, from Sheffield, Yorkshire, England. The band was formed in the year 2004 from members of other bands within their local area. They play a style of music that fuses death metal and metalcore, known as deathcore — although they have taken on a more metalcore style with their latest album.

Africa Province
The Roman province of Africa was established after the Romans defeated Carthage in the Third Punic War. It roughly includeded the territory of present-day northern Tunisia, north-eastern Algeria and the Mediterranean coast of modern-day western Libya along the Syrtis Minor. The Arabs later named roughly the same region as the original province Ifriqiya, an other word for "Africa".
Economics.
The prosperity of most towns depended on agriculture. Called the "granary of the empire", North Africa, according to one estimate, produced one million tons of cereals each year, one-quarter of which was exported. Additional crops included beans, figs, grapes, and other fruits. By the second century, olive oil rivaled cereals as an export item. In addition to the cultivation of slaves, and the capture and transporting of exotic wild animals, the principal production and exports included the textiles, marble, wine, timber, livestock, pottery and wool.

Third Punic War
The Third Punic War (149 BC to 146 BC) was the third and last of the Punic Wars It was fought between the former Phoenician colony of Carthage, and the Roman Republic. The Punic Wars were named because of the Roman name for Carthaginians: "Punici", or "Poenici".
The war was a much smaller engagement than the two previous Punic Wars and primarily consisted of a single main action, the Battle of Carthage, but resulted in the complete destruction of the city of Carthage, the annexation of all remaining Carthaginian territory by Rome, and the death or enslavement of the entire Carthaginian population. The Third Punic War ended Carthage's independent existence.

Punic Wars
The Punic Wars were a series of three wars fought between Rome and Carthage between 264 and 146 BC, and were probably the largest wars yet of the ancient world. They are known as the "Punic" Wars because the Latin term for Carthaginian was "Punici" (older "Poenici", from their Phoenician ancestry).
The main cause of the Punic Wars was the clash of interests between the existing empire of Carthage and the expanding Roman Republic.

Scooby-Doo (character)
Scoobert "Scooby"-Doo is the main character in the long running series scooby doo. He is a speaking dog that has a very sweet tooth.

ECW World Championship
The ECW World Heavyweight Championship, is the most important Championship in the ECW.
The championship was reincorporated by Paul Heyman in 2006, when Rob Van Dam defeated John Cena in the ECW reactivation, in the PPV ECW One Night Stand. The Championship design was changed in July 22, 2008.
Current Champion.
The current champion is Jack Swagger, he won the title defeating the champion Matt Hardy on the ECW On SciFi, January 13, 2009.
Title History.
"See the Main Article List of ECW Champions".

Notts County F.C.
Notts County Football Club is a football club in Nottingham, England, and the oldest of all the clubs that are now professional. The club now plays in Football League Two of the Coca-Cola Football League, part of the English football league system. "The Magpies" play their home (meaning, the games played where they also come) games at the Meadow Lane stadium in black and white striped shirts.
The club has also played many times in the top division of English football, the most recent in 1991–92, when they played in the last season of the old First Division before creation of the Premier League.
Well-known past managers of Notts County have been Jimmy Sirrel, Neil Warnock, and Sam Allardyce.
Formation and early years.
Notts County started in 1862. The club was before The Football Association and in the begining played a game of with club rules, rather than association football. At the time of its start, Notts County, like most sports teams, were considered to be a "gentlemen-only" club. Notts County are thought to be to be one of the starters of the current game, even being credited with the invention of the offside trap. Notts County is the oldest of the world's professional association football clubs (There are older professional clubs in other codes of football.)
The club in the beginning played at Park Hollow at Nottingham Castle. In December 1864, the decision was made to play games against outside teams, and it was decided that the club needed to find a larger venue. After playing at several places, The Magpies settled at Trent Bridge Cricket Ground in 1883.
Football League.
In 1888, Notts County, along with eleven other football clubs, became a founding member of The Football League. They finished their first league season in 11th place, but avoided the dubious honour of the wooden spoon, which went to Midlands rivals Stoke. However, Notts County did get their highest ever league finish of 3rd in 1890-91, an goal they repeated ten seasons later.
FA Cup finals.
On 25 March 1891, Notts County reached the FA Cup final for the first time.
Notts County made up for this on 1894-03-31, when they won the FA Cup at Goodison Park for the first and thus far only time in their history. The Magpies defeated Bolton Wanderers 4-1 in a game in which Jimmy Logan scored the first hat-trick in FA Cup final history. This achievement is also memorable for Notts County becoming the first club outside the top division to win the FA Cup: Notts County finished 3rd in Division Two that season.

La Paz, Baja California Sur
La Paz is the largest and capital city of the state of Baja California Sur, Mexico. The city had a census population in 2005 of 189,176 persons.

Gringo Gazette
The Gringo Gazette is a newspaper in English-language founded by Carrie Duncan, published every other week for the americans expatriate communities in Baja California and Baja California Sur, Mexico. It is published since 2001 and most of its contributors are Americans living in Mexico or Americans with a second home in Mexico. Most of the subscribers of this newspaper are located in San Felipe, La Paz and Cabo San Lucas.

2 Girls 1 Cup
2 Girls 1 Cup is a copy of the trailer for "Hungry Bitches", a pornographic film made by MFX-Media. The video stars two women defecating into a cup. They each eat the excrement, and throw up into each other's mouths. "Lovers Theme" from Hervé Roy's Romantic Themes album released by Tele Music in 1992 plays throughout.
This one-minute video is an Internet popular video that became a well-known Internet subject among bloggers and Internet forums for its viewers reaction to the content. Around mid-October 2007, video sites such as YouTube were flooded with videos depicting others' reactions to watching the video for the first time.
Origin.
The video came from a Brazilian, Marco Fiorito, who talks of himself as a "compulsive fetishist". Fiorito first produced foot fetish videos but soon moved on to. The film was made by MFX-Video, one of several businesses owned by Fiorito. Fiorito says his films are legal in Brazil, but authorities in the United States have branded some of his films as dirty and filed charges against Danilo Croce, a Brazilian lawyer living in Florida, listed as an officer of a company shipping Fiorito's films in the United States. Croce accepted a plea bargain and was sentenced to 3 years of unsupervised probation and forfeiture of $98,000. Fiorito claimed he did not know his films were illegal in the United States and that his films often contained chocolate instead of poo to appease some of his actors who were willing to appear in scat films but not actually eat fecal matter.
The first few seconds of the 2 Girls 1 Cup video contain the text "MFX 1209" (the product code for "Hungry Bitches") and the URL mfxvideos.com, the website of Fiorito's MFX-Video, leading some in the media to incorrectly believe the video is one of the many Croce had to surrender to the Department of Justice but was somehow leaked in the process.
Reactions.
2 Girls 1 Cup's spread because of the reactions it causes. Hundreds of videos exist on YouTube of users showing the original video to their friends and recording their reactions. Even Joe Rogan, host of "Fear Factor", a show known for for the nasty things its players eat, had to turn away in a reaction video posted to his blog. A reaction video starring Kermit the Frog proved very popular on the Digg. In January 2008, "Slate" magazine wrote about the reaction video with a slideshow about the reactions.
Violet Blue, an author, stated this website as becoming "the new 'tubgirl' and goatse all in one nasty moment of choco-poo-love" in a "San Francisco Chronicle" article.

WWE No Way Out
WWE No Way Out is a yearly pay-per-view made by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). The event is usually produced in February and is typically the last pay-per-view before WrestleMania. The first "No Way Out" event was in 1998 as an In Your House event, called. The event did not take place in 1999 but was brought back in 2000 and took on it's current name. The event has happened every year since.
Events.
"Note: (c) - Refers to the champion before the match occurred.

Ansonia, Connecticut
Ansonia, Connecticut is a city of Connecticut in the United States.

Bridgeport, Connecticut
Bridgeport, Connecticut is a city of Connecticut in the United States.

Bristol, Connecticut
Bristol, Connecticut is a city of Connecticut in the United States.

Danbury, Connecticut
Danbury, Connecticut is a city of Connecticut in the United States.

Derby, Connecticut
Derby, Connecticut is a city of Connecticut in the United States.

Groton (city), Connecticut
Groton (city), Connecticut is a city of Connecticut in the United States.

Meriden, Connecticut
Meriden, Connecticut is a city of Connecticut in the United States.

Middletown, Connecticut
Middletown, Connecticut is a city of Connecticut in the United States.

Milford, Connecticut
Milford, Connecticut is a city of Connecticut in the United States.

New Britain, Connecticut
New Britain, Connecticut is a city of Connecticut in the United States.

New London, Connecticut
New London, Connecticut is a city of Connecticut in the United States.

Norwalk, Connecticut
Norwalk, Connecticut is a city of Connecticut in the United States.

Norwich, Connecticut
Norwich, Connecticut is a city of Connecticut in the United States.

Shelton, Connecticut
Shelton, Connecticut is a city of Connecticut in the United States.

Stamford, Connecticut
Stamford, Connecticut is a city of Connecticut in the United States.

Torrington, Connecticut
Torrington, Connecticut is a city of Connecticut in the United States.

West Haven, Connecticut
West Haven, Connecticut is a city of Connecticut in the United States.

Winsted, Connecticut
Winsted, Connecticut is a city of Connecticut in the United States.

Delaware City, Delaware
Delaware City, Delaware is a city of Delaware in the United States.

Harrington, Delaware
Harrington, Delaware is a city of Delaware in the United States.

Lewes, Delaware
Lewes, Delaware is a city of Delaware in the United States.

Milford, Delaware
Milford, Delaware is a city of Delaware in the United States.

New Castle, Delaware
New Castle, Delaware is a city of Delaware in the United States.

Newark, Delaware
Newark, Delaware is a city of Delaware in the United States.

Rehoboth Beach, Delaware
Rehoboth Beach, Delaware is a city of Delaware in the United States.

Seaford, Delaware
Seaford, Delaware is a city of Delaware in the United States.

Page replacement algorithm
Certain operating systems use paging to get virtual memory. This means that a part of the hard disk or a file is used so that the applications or the operating system see more memory that is actually there. A Page replacement algorithm is an algorithm that decides which pages should be written to disk or file, when a new page needs to be allocated.

Alachua, Florida
Alachua, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Altamonte Springs, Florida
Altamonte Springs, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Anna Maria, Florida
Anna Maria, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Apalachicola, Florida
Apalachicola, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Apopka, Florida
Apopka, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Arcadia, Florida
Arcadia, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Archer, Florida
Archer, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Atlantis, Florida
Atlantis, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Page cache
A page cache or "disk cache is a buffer of pages certain operating systems keep in memory. These operating systems usually use paging.

Auburndale, Florida
Auburndale, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Avon Park, Florida
Avon Park, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Bartow, Florida
Bartow, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Bay Lake, Florida
Bay Lake, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Belle Glade, Florida
Belle Glade, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Yellow-banded poison dart frog
The Yellow-banded poison dart frog (also known as yellow-headed poison dart frog and bumblebee poison frog), "Dendrobates leucomelas", is a poison dart frog found in the northern part of South America in Venezuela, Guyana and Brazil.

Belle Isle, Florida
Belle Isle, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Belleair Beach, Florida
Belleair Beach, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Belleair Bluffs, Florida
Belleair Bluffs, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Belleview, Florida
Belleview, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Blountstown, Florida
Blountstown, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Boca Raton, Florida
Boca Raton, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Bonifay, Florida
Bonifay, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Bonita Springs, Florida
Bonita Springs, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Bowling Green, Florida
Bowling Green, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Boynton Beach, Florida
Boynton Beach, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

User Datagram Protocol
The User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is one of the core members of the Internet Protocol Suite, the set of network protocols used for the Internet. With UDP, computer applications can send messages, sometimes known as "datagrams", to other hosts on an Internet Protocol (IP) network without requiring other communications to set up special transmission channels or data paths. UDP is sometimes called the Universal Datagram Protocol. The protocol was designed by David P. Reed in 1980 and formally defined in RFC 768.
Ports.
UDP applications use datagram sockets to establish host-to-host communications. Sockets bind the application to service ports that function as the endpoints of data transmission. A port is a software structure that is identified by the port number, a 16 bit integer value, allowing for port numbers between 0 and 65,535. Port 0 is reserved, but is able to be used if the sending process does not expect messages in response.
Ports 1 through 1023 (hexadecimal 0x3FF) are named "well-known" ports and on Unix-like operating systems, binding to one of these ports requires superuser (root) access.
Ports 1024 through 49,151 (0xBFFF) are registered ports.
Ports 49,152 through 65,535 (0xFFFF) are used as temporary ports usually by clients when communicating to servers.

Bradenton, Florida
Bradenton, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Bradenton Beach, Florida
Bradenton Beach, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Bristol, Florida
Bristol, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Brooksville, Florida
Brooksville, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Bunnell, Florida
Bunnell, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Bushnell, Florida
Bushnell, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Callaway, Florida
Callaway, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Cape Canaveral, Florida
Cape Canaveral, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Cape Coral, Florida
Cape Coral, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Carrabelle, Florida
Carrabelle, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Casselberry, Florida
Casselberry, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Cedar Key, Florida
Cedar Key, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Center Hill, Florida
Center Hill, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Chattahoochee, Florida
Chattahoochee, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Chiefland, Florida
Chiefland, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Chipley, Florida
Chipley, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Clermont, Florida
Clermont, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Clewiston, Florida
Clewiston, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Cocoa, Florida
Cocoa, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Coconut Creek, Florida
Coconut Creek, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Coleman, Florida
Coleman, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Cooper City, Florida
Cooper City, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Coral Gables, Florida
Coral Gables, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Crescent City, Florida
Crescent City, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Crestview, Florida
Crestview, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Crystal River, Florida
Crystal River, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Cutler Bay, Florida
Cutler Bay, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Dade City, Florida
Dade City, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Dania Beach, Florida
Dania Beach, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Davenport, Florida
Davenport, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Daytona Beach, Florida
Daytona Beach, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Daytona Beach Shores, Florida
Daytona Beach Shores, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

DeBary, Florida
DeBary, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

DeFuniak Springs, Florida
DeFuniak Springs, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

DeLand, Florida
DeLand, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Deerfield Beach, Florida
Deerfield Beach, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Delray Beach, Florida
Delray Beach, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Deltona, Florida
Deltona, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Destin, Florida
Destin, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Doral, Florida
Doral, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Dunedin, Florida
Dunedin, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Dunnellon, Florida
Dunnellon, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Eagle Lake, Florida
Eagle Lake, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Edgewater, Volusia County, Florida
Edgewater, Volusia County, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Edgewood, Florida
Edgewood, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Englewood, Florida
Englewood, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Everglades, Florida
Everglades, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Fanning Springs, Florida
Fanning Springs, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Fellsmere, Florida
Fellsmere, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Fernandina Beach, Florida
Fernandina Beach, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Flagler Beach, Florida
Flagler Beach, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Florida City, Florida
Florida City, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Fort Lauderdale, Florida
Fort Lauderdale, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Fort Meade, Florida
Fort Meade, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Fort Myers, Florida
Fort Myers, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Fort Pierce, Florida
Fort Pierce, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Freeport, Florida
Freeport, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Frostproof, Florida
Frostproof, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Cache coherence
A cache can be used to improve the performance of accessing a given resource. When there are several such caches for the same resource, as shown in the picture, this can lead to problems. Cache coherence or Cache coherency refers to a number of ways to make sure all the caches of the resource have the same data, and that the data in the caches makes sense (called "data integrity"). Cache coherence is a special case of memory coherence.
There may be problems if there are many caches of a common memory resource, as data in the cache may no longer make sense, or one cache may no longer have the same data as the others. A common case where the problem occurs is the cache of CPUs in a multiprocessing system. As can be seen in the figure, if the top client has a copy of a memory block from a previous read and the bottom client changes that memory block, the top client could be left with an invalid cache of memory,without knowing. Cache coherence is there to manage such conflicts and maintain consistency between cache and memory.
Definition.
These conditions are defined supposing that the read and write operations are made instantaneously. However, this doesn't happen in computer hardware because of memory latency and other aspects of the architecture. A write by processor X may not be seen by a read from processor Y if the read is made within a very small time after the write has been made. The memory consistency model defines when a written value must be seen by a following read instruction made by the other processors.
Cache coherence mechanisms.
Distributed shared memory systems mimic these mechanisms so that they can maintain consistency between blocks of memory in loosely coupled systems.
The two most common types of coherence that are typically studied are Snooping and Directory-based. Each has its own benefits and drawbacks. Snooping protocols tend to be faster, if enough bandwidth is available, since all transactions are a request/response seen by all processors. The drawback is that snooping isn't scalable. Every request must be broadcast to all nodes in a system. As the system gets larger, the size of the (logical or physical) bus and the bandwidth it provides must grow. Directories, on the other hand, tend to have longer latencies (with a 3 hop request/forward/respond) but use much less bandwidth since messages are point to point and not broadcast. For this reason, many of the larger systems (>64 processors) use this type of cache coherence.

Fruitland Park, Florida
Fruitland Park, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Graceville, Florida
Graceville, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Green Cove Springs, Florida
Green Cove Springs, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Greenacres, Florida
Greenacres, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Gretna, Florida
Gretna, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Groveland, Florida
Groveland, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Gulf Breeze, Florida
Gulf Breeze, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Gulfport, Florida
Gulfport, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Hampton, Florida
Hampton, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Hawthorne, Florida
Hawthorne, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Hialeah, Florida
Hialeah, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Hialeah Gardens, Florida
Hialeah Gardens, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

High Springs, Florida
High Springs, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Holly Hill, Florida
Holly Hill, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Holmes Beach, Florida
Holmes Beach, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Homestead, Florida
Homestead, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Barry Marshall
Barry James Marshall, AC FRS FAA (born 30 September 1951) is an Australian doctor and winner of the 2005 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. He is Professor of Clinical Microbiology at the University of Western Australia. Marshall is well-known for proving that bacteria "Helicobacter pylori" are the cause of most stomach ulcers. This changed years of medical belief which said that ulcers were caused by stress, spicy foods, and too much acid. He has recently taken a part-time position at the Pennsylvania State University.
Early years.
Marshall was born in Kalgoorlie, Western Australia. He lived in Kalgoorlie and Carnarvon until moving to Perth at the age of seven. He went to high school at Newman College, Perth. At the University of Western Australia, he studied medicine and surgery. He married his wife, Adrienne, in 1972. In 1972 he was also the Western Australian state yo-yo champion.
Life and research.
In 1979 Marshall became a Registrar in Medicine at the Royal Perth Hospital. At the hospital he met Robin Warren, a pathologist who was interested in gastritis. They were both training in internal medicine at Royal Perth Hospital in 1981. Together they looked at spiral bacteria in gastritis. In 1982 they grew a culture of "H. pylori". They worked on their idea that there was a bacterial cause of peptic ulcer and gastric cancer. Their idea was laughed at by scientists and doctors who did not believe that any bacteria could live in the acidic stomach. Marshall said that "Everyone was against me, but I knew I was right". Other doctors said they wouldn't believe it until the "H. pylori" idea could be proved.
Marshall and Warren tried to give the bacteria to piglets in 1984, but it didn't work. Marshall drank some of the bacteria and soon developed gastritis with achlorhydria. He had stomach discomfort, nausea, vomiting and halitosis (bad smelling breath). On the 14th day of the infection, biopsies of Marshall's stomach did not show any bacteria. His body may have got rid of the bacteria without help. His wife made him take antibiotics immediately so there was no way of checking the negative result again. He did not develop antibodies to H.pylori. This means that natural immunity can sometimes get rid of H.pylori infection. His illness and recovery, showed the link between "H. pylori" and gastritis, but not for peptic ulcer. This experiment was published in 1985 in the Medical Journal of Australia and is among the most cited articles from the journal.
After this work at Fremantle Hospital, Marshall did research at Royal Perth Hospital (1985-86) and at the University of Virginia, USA (1986-1996), before going back to Australia. He held a Burnet Fellowship at the University of Western Australia from 1998-2003. He is still looking at "H. pylori" and runs the H.pylori Research Laboratory at UWA.
Awards and honours.
In 2005, the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm gave the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine to Dr. Marshall and Dr. Warren for finding the bacterium "Helicobacter pylori" and its part in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.
He was made a Companion of the Order of Australia in 2007.

Diglossia
Diglossia is when a group of people use one language or dialect when at home, but a different one when talking to others.

Mutual intelligibility
Mutual intelligibility is where the speakers of one language can understand another language because they are similar.

Indian Harbour Beach, Florida
Indian Harbour Beach, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Indian Rocks Beach, Florida
Indian Rocks Beach, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Inverness, Florida
Inverness, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Islandia, Florida
Islandia, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Jacksonville Beach, Florida
Jacksonville Beach, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Jacob City, Florida
Jacob City, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Jasper, Florida
Jasper, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Key Colony Beach, Florida
Key Colony Beach, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Keystone Heights, Florida
Keystone Heights, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Kissimmee, Florida
Kissimmee, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

La Belle, Florida
La Belle, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Lake Alfred, Florida
Lake Alfred, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Lake Buena Vista, Florida
Lake Buena Vista, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Lake Butler, Union County, Florida
Lake Butler, Union County, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Lake City, Florida
Lake City, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Lake Helen, Florida
Lake Helen, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Lake Mary, Florida
Lake Mary, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Lake Wales, Florida
Lake Wales, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Lake Worth, Florida
Lake Worth, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Lakeland, Florida
Lakeland, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Largo, Florida
Largo, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Lauderdale Lakes, Florida
Lauderdale Lakes, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Lauderhill, Florida
Lauderhill, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Laurel Hill, Florida
Laurel Hill, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Lawtey, Florida
Lawtey, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Layton, Florida
Layton, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Leesburg, Florida
Leesburg, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Lighthouse Point, Florida
Lighthouse Point, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Live Oak, Florida
Live Oak, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Longwood, Florida
Longwood, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Lynn Haven, Florida
Lynn Haven, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Macclenny, Florida
Macclenny, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Madeira Beach, Florida
Madeira Beach, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Madison, Florida
Madison, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Maitland, Florida
Maitland, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Marathon, Florida
Marathon, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Marco Island, Florida
Marco Island, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Margate, Florida
Margate, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Marianna, Florida
Marianna, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Mary Esther, Florida
Mary Esther, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Mascotte, Florida
Mascotte, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Melbourne, Florida
Melbourne, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Mexico Beach, Florida
Mexico Beach, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Miami Beach, Florida
Miami Beach, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Miami Gardens, Florida
Miami Gardens, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Miami Springs, Florida
Miami Springs, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Midway, Gadsden County, Florida
Midway is a city of Florida in the United States.

Milton, Florida
Milton, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Minneola, Florida
Minneola, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Miramar, Florida
Miramar, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Monticello, Florida
Monticello, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Moore Haven, Florida
Moore Haven, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Mount Dora, Florida
Mount Dora, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Mulberry, Florida
Mulberry, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Naples, Florida
Naples, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Neptune Beach, Florida
Neptune Beach, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

New Port Richey, Florida
New Port Richey, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

New Smyrna Beach, Florida
New Smyrna Beach, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Newberry, Florida
Newberry, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Niceville, Florida
Niceville, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

North Bay Village, Florida
North Bay Village, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

North Lauderdale, Florida
North Lauderdale, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

North Miami, Florida
North Miami, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

North Miami Beach, Florida
North Miami Beach, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

North Port, Florida
North Port, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.
North Port, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Oak Hill, Florida
Oak Hill, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Oakland, Florida
Oakland, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Oakland Park, Florida
Oakland Park, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Ocala, Florida
Ocala, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Ocoee, Florida
Ocoee, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Okeechobee, Florida
Okeechobee, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Oldsmar, Florida
Oldsmar, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Opa-locka, Florida
Opa-locka, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Orange City, Florida
Orange City, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Ormond Beach, Florida
Ormond Beach, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Osteen, Florida
Osteen, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Oviedo, Florida
Oviedo, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Pahokee, Florida
Pahokee, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Palatka, Florida
Palatka, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Palm Bay, Florida
Palm Bay, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Palm Beach Gardens, Florida
Palm Beach Gardens, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Palm Coast, Florida
Palm Coast, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Palmetto, Florida
Palmetto, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Panama City, Florida
Panama City, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Panama City Beach, Florida
Panama City Beach, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Parker, Florida
Parker, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Parkland, Florida
Parkland, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Pembroke Pines, Florida
Pembroke Pines, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Pensacola, Florida
Pensacola, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Perry, Florida
Perry, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Pinellas Park, Florida
Pinellas Park, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Plant City, Florida
Plant City, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Plantation, Florida
Plantation, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Pompano Beach, Florida
Pompano Beach, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Port Orange, Florida
Port Orange, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Port Richey, Florida
Port Richey, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Port St. Joe, Florida
Port St. Joe, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Port St. Lucie, Florida
Port St. Lucie, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Punta Gorda, Florida
Punta Gorda, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Quincy, Florida
Quincy, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Riviera Beach, Florida
Riviera Beach, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Rockledge, Florida
Rockledge, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Safety Harbor, Florida
Safety Harbor, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

San Antonio, Florida
San Antonio, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Sanford, Florida
Sanford, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Sanibel, Florida
Sanibel, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Satellite Beach, Florida
Satellite Beach, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Sebastian, Florida
Sebastian, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Sebring, Florida
Sebring, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Seminole, Florida
Seminole is a city of Florida in the United States.

Sopchoppy, Florida
Sopchoppy, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

South Bay, Florida
South Bay, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

South Daytona, Florida
South Daytona, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

South Miami, Florida
South Miami, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

South Pasadena, Florida
South Pasadena, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Springfield, Florida
Springfield, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

St. Augustine Beach, Florida
St. Augustine Beach, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

St. Cloud, Florida
St. Cloud, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

St. Marks, Florida
St. Marks, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

St. Pete Beach, Florida
St. Pete Beach, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Starke, Florida
Starke, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Sunny Isles Beach, Florida
Sunny Isles Beach, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Sunrise, Florida
Sunrise, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Sweetwater, Florida
Sweetwater, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Tamarac, Florida
Tamarac, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Tarpon Springs, Florida
Tarpon Springs, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Tavares, Florida
Tavares, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Temple Terrace, Florida
Temple Terrace, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Titusville, Florida
Titusville, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Treasure Island, Florida
Treasure Island, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Trenton, Florida
Trenton, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Umatilla, Florida
Umatilla, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Valparaiso, Florida
Valparaiso, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Venice, Florida
Venice, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Vernon, Florida
Vernon, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Vero Beach, Florida
Vero Beach, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Waldo, Florida
Waldo, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Wauchula, Florida
Wauchula, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Webster, Florida
Webster, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Weeki Wachee, Florida
Weeki Wachee, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

West Melbourne, Florida
West Melbourne, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

West Miami, Florida
West Miami, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

West Palm Beach, Florida
West Palm Beach, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

West Park, Florida
West Park, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Weston, Florida
Weston, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Wewahitchka, Florida
Wewahitchka, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Wildwood, Florida
Wildwood, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Williston, Florida
Williston, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Wilton Manors, Florida
Wilton Manors, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Winter Garden, Florida
Winter Garden, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Winter Haven, Florida
Winter Haven is a city of Florida in the United States.

Winter Park, Florida
Winter Park, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

Zephyrhills, Florida
Zephyrhills, Florida is a city of Florida in the United States.

George Foreman
George Edward Foreman (born January 5, 1949) is an American two-time World Heavyweight Boxing Champion and entrepreneur.
He became the oldest man ever to win a major heavyweight title when, at 45, he knocked out 26-year-old Michael Moorer in the 10th round. He is still the oldest person to do that and has been named one of the 25 greatest fighters of all time by "Ring Magazine". Nicknamed "Big George", he is now a successful businessman and an ordained Christian minister who has his own church.
Foreman has 10 children, and each of his five sons is named George: George Jr., George III, George IV, George V, and George VI. They are also known by the nicknames "Monk", "Red", "Joe" "Big Wheel" and "Little George". His five daughters are Michi, Georgetta, Freda George, Natalie, and Leola.

SIMATIC
SIMATIC is the name of an automation system which was developed by the German company Siemens. The automation system controls machines used for industrial production. This system makes it possible for machines to run automatically. Depending on the needed function of the machine you have to upload the right program on your Simatic unit. This unit is kept in a control cabinet near the machine.
Function.
Simatic is similar to a digital computer which can store and run programs. The Simatic also has some inputs and outputs. The running program on the Simatic controls these inputs and outputs. Both are connected by electrical wires with the machine. That makes a communication between the Simatic and any machine possible. As the case may be the inputs and outputs are set on a “High” signal or on a “Low” signal by the program. These are different electrical definitions. Finally these signals are important if an action in the machine happens or not.
From the machine to the Simatic.
In the machine are sensors. A sensor gives information about different situations in the machine. For example, how fast the motor rotates, how the temperature is or when the current action is completed. All this information is necessary for the program. The sensors give out an electrical signal. This signal goes by wire on an input of the Simatic unit. So the program knows what´s going on in the machine. This is very important, because now the program can do the next right step. For example, if the temperature of the motor is too high, the program have to know it. Now the program will switch off the motor.
From the Simatic to the machine.
In the machine are actuators. They cause a wanted motion, action or forming. Examples for actuators are a motor, a heater or a light. If the program says that it´s time to switch on the light in the machine, the right output of the Simatic unit will be set. That means that an electrical signal at the output goes by wire to the machine and switches on the light.
The name Simatic.
The name Simatic is a registered trademark of the company Siemens, since 1958. Simatic connects “Siemens” and “Automatic” in one word.
Used Software.
Every automation system needs a program to control a machine. To create a program you need a software. Siemens created its own software for their products.
References.
http://www.automation.siemens.com/simatic/portal/index_76.htm

Lect
A Lect is a variety of a language.

Register (linguistics)
In linguistics, a Register is where a person talks differently to different people. They may be more polite to people they do not know for example.

Stratum (linguistics)
In linguistics, a Stratum or Strate is a language that changes another, or is changed by another.
A substratum is the language which is changed, and a superstratum is the language which changes it. An adstatrum is where two languages change eachother at the same time.

Language transfer
Language transfer is where a person uses their knowledge of one language when they learn another one. This can help them, but it can also confuse them.

False friend
False friends are two words in different languages or lects that look the same, or similar, but have different meanings.

Code-switching
Code-switching is where a person mixes more than one language or lect when they talk.

Multialphabetism
Multialphabetism is where a mix of more than one alphabet is used.
A good example is Japanese, which uses Kanji, Hiragana, Katakana, and Romaji.

Romanization of Japanese
Japanese uses the Roman alphabet as well as Kanji, Hiragana, and Katana. It is often used to put Japanese words on a computer.

Language attrition
Language attrition is where someone forgets all or part of a language.

Language death
Language death is where a language or lect stops being used as a main language.

Modern language
A Modern language is a language which is spoken today. It is the opposite of an extinct language.

FreeOTFE
FreeOTFE is a free, open source, computer program used to automatically encrypt and decrypt information stored on a hard disk.
FreeOTFE was originally written for Microsoft Windows and was later ported to Windows Mobile (FreeOTFE4PDA).
It can encrypt information using a number algorithms including AES (aka Rijndael), Blowfish, CAST6, MARS, RC6, Serpent and Twofish
Sarah Dean is the developer of FreeOTFE.

Natural language
A Natural language is a language which is not articifial.

Windows Mobile
Windows Mobile is a compact operating system combined with a suite of basic applications for mobile devices
It is designed to be somewhat similar to desktop versions of Microsoft Windows

A priori (languages)
An A priori language is a constructed language that made up new words, and did not use words from other languages.

Shoot (professional wrestling)
A Shoot is something in professional wrestling that is completely real and is not scripted. In other words, broken kayfabe. A shoot rarely happens.
Worked shoot.
On the scripted level, a Worked shoot is a scripted segment that takes place in a show with elements of reality being exposed, such as an off-screen incident between wrestlers being used as fuel for an on-screen rivalry between them. It can also be a segment that fans are meant to believe is a shoot, but is not.

Proto-World language
A Proto-World langage is a possible Proto-language that all other languages came from.

Sustainable Biofuels
Biofuels – liquid fuels from plant materials – are entering the market, driven by factors such as oil price spikes and the need for increased energy security. However, many of the biofuels that are currently being supplied may have adverse impacts on the natural environment, food security, and land use. The challenge is to support biofuel development with good policies and economic instruments to help ensure that biofuel commercialization is sustainable. Responsible commercialization of biofuels will help economic prospects in Africa, Latin America and Asia.
Biofuels offer the prospect of increased market competition and oil price moderation. A healthy supply of alternative energy sources will help to combat gasoline price spikes and reduce dependency on fossil fuels, especially in the transport sector. Using transportation fuels more efficiently is also an integral part of a sustainable transport strategy.
Biofuel options.
Biofuel development and use is a complex issue because there are many biofuel options which are available. Biofuels, such as ethanol and biodiesel, are currently produced from the products of conventional food crops such as the starch, sugar and oil feedstocks from crops that include wheat, maize, sugar cane, palm oil and oilseed rape. Any major switch to biofuels from such crops would create a direct competition with their use for food and animal feed, and in some parts of the world we are already seeing the economic consequences of such competition.
Second generation biofuels are now being produced from a much broader range of feedstocks including the cellulose in dedicated energy crops (perennial grasses such as switchgrass and Miscanthus giganteus), forestry materials, the co-products from food production, and domestic vegetable waste. Advances in the conversion processes will improve the sustainability of biofuels, through better efficiencies and reduced environmental impact of producing biofuels, from both existing food crops and from cellulosic sources.
Produced responsibly they are a sustainable energy source that need not divert any land from growing food nor damage the environment; they can also help solve the problems of the waste generated by Western society; and they can create jobs for the poor where previously were none. Produced irresponsibly, they at best offer no climate benefit and, at worst, have detrimental social and environmental consequences. In other words, biofuels are pretty much like any other product.
According to the Rocky Mountain Institute, sound biofuel production practices would not hamper food and fibre production, nor cause water or environmental problems, and would enhance soil fertility. The selection of land on which to grow the feedstocks is a critical component of the ability of biofuels to deliver sustainable solutions. A key consideration is the minimization of biofuel competition for prime cropland.
Jatropha in India and Africa.
Cultivation and fruit picking by hand is labour-intensive and needs around one person per hectare. In parts of rural India and Africa this provides much-needed jobs - about 200,000 people worldwide now find employment through jatropha. Moreover, villagers often find that they can grow other crops in the shade of the trees. Their communities will avoid importing expensive diesel and there will be some for export too.
Jatropha in Cambodia.
Cambodia has no proven fossil fuel reserves, and is almost completely dependent on imported diesel fuel for electricity production. Consequently Cambodians face an insecure supply and pay some of the highest energy prices in the world. The impacts of this are widespread and may hinder economic development.
Biofuels may provide a substitute for diesel fuel that can be manufactured locally for a lower price, independent of the international oil price. The local production and use of biofuel also offers other benefits such as improved energy security, rural development opportunities and environmental benefits. The Jatropha curcas species appears to be a particularly suitable source of biofuel as it already grows commonly in Cambodia. Local sustainable production of biofuel in Cambodia, based on the Jatropha or other sources, offers good potential benefits for the investors, the economy, rural communities and the environment.
Sweet sorghum in India.
Sweet sorghum overcomes many of the shortcomings of other biofuel crops. With sweet sorghum, only the stalks are used for biofuel production, while the grain is saved for food or livestock feed. It is not in high demand in the global food market, and thus has little impact on food prices and food security. Sweet sorghum is grown on already-farmed drylands that are low in carbon storage capacity, so concerns about the clearing of rainforest do not apply. Sweet sorghum is easier and cheaper to grow than other biofuel crops in India and does not require irrigation, an important consideration in dry areas.
Roundtable on Sustainable Biofuels.
Public attitudes and the actions of stakeholders can play a crucial role in realising the potential of biofuels. Informed discussion and dialogue, based
both on the scientific case and an understanding of public and stakeholder views, is important.
The Roundtable on Sustainable Biofuels is an international initiative which brings together farmers, companies, governments, non-governmental organizations, and scientists who are interested in the sustainability of biofuels production and distribution. During 2008, the Roundtable developed a series of principles and criteria for sustainable biofuels production through meetings, teleconferences, and online discussions.
The Roundtable for Sustainable Biofuels released “Version Zero” of its proposed standards for sustainable biofuels on August 13, 2008. This includes a dozen principles, each with several criteria developing the principle further.
Sustainable Biofuels Consensus.
The Sustainable Biofuels Consensus is an international initiative which calls upon governments, the private sector, and other stakeholders to take concerted, collaborative and coordinated action to ensure the sustainable trade, use and production of biofuels. In this way biofuels may play a key role in the transformation of the energy sector, climate stabilization and resulting worldwide renaissance of rural areas, all of which are urgently needed.
The Sustainable Biofuels Consensus envisions a landscape that provides food, fodder, fiber, and energy, which offers opportunities for rural development; that diversifies energy supply, restores ecosystems, protects biodiversity, and sequesters carbon.
Oil price moderation.
Biofuels offer the prospect of real market competition and oil price moderation. According to the Wall Street Journal, crude oil would be trading 15 per cent higher and gasoline would be as much as 25 per cent more expensive, if it were not for biofuels. A healthy supply of alternative energy sources will help to combat gasoline price spikes.
Sustainable transport.
Biofuels have a limited ability to replace fossil fuels and should not be regarded as a ‘silver bullet’ to deal with transport emissions. Biofuels on their own cannot deliver a sustainable transport system and so must be developed as part of an integrated approach,
which promotes other renewable energy options and energy efficiency, as well as moderating the overall demand and need for transport. The development of hybrid and fuel cell vehicles, public transport, and better urban and rural planning all need to be considered.

Montreal Screwjob
The Montreal Screwjob is the real-life screwjob of then WWF superstar Brett Hart. The screwjob occurred in a match for the WWF Championship at "Survivor Series" in 1997 in Montreal, Quebec. The screwjob happened when Hart's opponent, Shawn Michaels, applied Hart's own finishing move, the Sharp Shooter and then WWF Referee Earl Hebner called for the bell under Vince McMahon's order even though Hart had not submitted (or tapped-out). As a result, Michaels became the WWF Champion. McMahon was the one who started the plans for the screwjob when Hart announced he was leaving the WWF for the companies then biggest competitor, World Championship Wrestling (WCW) and refused to lose the title in front of his fellow Canadians to Michaels. The original, scripted plan was for Hart to win at Survivor Series and surrender the title the next night on "Raw". McMahon felt he didn't need another "Alundra Blayze incident" so he instituted the screwjob.

Animism
Animism is a belief common in many different religions and philosophies. It is the belief that there are spiritual beings in plants and animals. Many animistic religions also believe that acts of nature, for example - the wind and rain, and geographic features, for example - mountains and rivers, have spirits in them.

Proto-language
A Proto-language is a language that all languages in a language family came from.

WrestleMania X-Seven
WrestleMania X-Seven was the seventeenth yearly WrestleMania professional wrestling pay-per-view made by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF). It happened on April 1, 2001 at the Reliant Astrodome in Houston, Texas. The event was the first WrestleMania held in the state of Texas. The amount of people who went to the event broke the record for total number of people attending at the Reliant Astrodome. The total number of people was counted at of 67,925. It resulted in total receipt of of $3.5 million.
The main event was a No Disqualification match between Steve Austin and The Rock for the WWF Championship. The main matches on the undercard featured Triple H vs. The Undertaker, the second Tables, Ladders, and Chairs match for the WWF Tag Team Champíonship, and Vince McMahon versus Shane McMahon in a Street Fight.

Central Florida
Central Florida is the central region of the United States state of Florida, on the East Coast. The region enjoys a hot but stormy climate, with many thunderstorms, and hurricanes threatening often.
The exact boundry of the area may be in dispute. Central Florida tends to be thought of as the area around metropolitan Orlando, including Orange, Osceola, Seminole, Lake, Brevard, and Volusia counties. Polk, Flagler, and Sumter counties are considered by some, including the local media, to be part of Central Florida. Although geographically in the central part of the state, usually the west central coast, including Hillsborough, Pinellas, Pasco, and Hernando counties, is considered the Tampa Bay area or the Suncoast, rather than a part of Central Florida. This area is known as the I-4 corridor.
In 2007, the guessed total population of the Central Florida area was just over 3.8 million people. Central Florida is a mix of deep south and typical Floridian culture. This is what makes the area unique.
The largest cities in Central Florida are Orlando, Palm Bay, Lakeland, Melbourne, Deltona, Daytona Beach, Kissimmee, Altamonte Springs and Sanford.
The region has grown over the last two decades. A lack of growth management has led to massive urban sprawl in the area. Outdated and unplanned building has led to an overload of vehicle traffic. Local governments, in dispute with each other over growth, have now started taking a more regional approach and several transportation programs.

Emil von Behring
Emil Adolf von Behring (March 15, 1854 - March 31, 1917) was a German doctor. He won the 1901 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for making a serum to stop people getting the disease diphtheria

Ronald Ross
Ronald Ross (May 13, 1857 - September 16, 1932) was an English doctor. He won the 1902 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for work on malaria.

Niels Ryberg Finsen
Niels Ryberg Finsen (December 15, 1860 - September 24, 1904) was an Danish doctor. He won the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for treating lupus vulgaris (tuberculosis of the skin), with light radiation..

Robert Koch
Robert Koch (December 11, 1843 - May 27, 1910) was a German doctor. He won the 1905 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for studying tuberculosis".

Kanata, Ontario
Kanata is a large suburban area in the western part of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, it has a population of 90,000 and is growing very fast. It is just west of the Greenbelt. It is an important area for Hi-tech Bussinesses. It was an independent town from 1978 to 2000.
History.
Kanata was orinally part of the Township of March. It was settled by Europeans in the early 19th Century. It was mainly agricultural(Farms) until the 1960s when it became the site of alot of construction. Modern Kanata is largely the creation of Bill Teron, a developer and urban planner who purchased over 3,000 acres (12 km2) of rural land and set about building a model community. It was planned to have a mix of offices, residential(Housing) area, and green area. Kanata was divided into a number of communities. Each was Intented to have it's own Business Center and unique culture. These include Beaverbrook, Glen Cairn, Bridlewood, Katimavik, Hazeldean, Morgan's Grant, and Kanata Lakes.
Kanata grew Rapidly. In 1978 the Province of Ontario made Kanata a city separate from the Township of March. Kanata remained a city intil 2001 when it was merged with the city of Ottawa, along with many other cities.
The city became an important hi-tech centre. DEC was one of the pioneer technology companies in Kanata. The DEC campus has been successively Digital, Compaq, and is now HP. Kanata remains home to many of the major hi-tech employers of Ottawa, such as Mitel, March Networks, Alcatel-Lucent, Dell Canada, HP, Smart Technologies, Norpak, Nortel, MDS Nordion, Breconridge, AMCC, and Cisco Systems, Inc.. The hi-tech industry is clustered along March Road, in the Kanata North Business Park and Kanata Research Park, and along Eagleson Road, in the Kanata South Business Park.
Loacation.
Kanata is in the Ottawa Valley. It is about 22 km southwest of Downtown Ottawa. It is along the Highway 417. The northern end of Kanata is west of the Ottawa River.
To the east, Kanata is separated from the former City of Nepean by the National Capital Commission's Greenbelt (Ottawa). The community of Bells Corners borders the inner side of the Greenbelt. Bells Corners is, like Kanata, a hi-tech suburb that was established around 1950.
To the west of Kanata is Stittsville, Ontario. Stittsville first a farming community, then a village, then part of the township of Goulbourn. Stittsville is now a large suburb which was merged into the new City of Ottawa in 2001, and is largely employed by the hi-tech industry.
To the south of Kanata is the former village of Richmond, Ontario which pre-dated what is now the City of Ottawa.
Schools.
French Immersion Catholic Schools: École elementaire publique Kanata

Camillo Golgi
Camillo Golgi (July 7, 1843 - January 21, 1926) was an Italian doctor. He won the 1906 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, along with Santiago Ramón y Cajal, for their work on the parts of the nervous system.

Santiago Ramón y Cajal
Santiago Ramón y Cajal (May 1, 1852 - October 18, 1934) was a Spanish doctor. He won the 1906 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, along with Camillo Golgi, for their work on the parts of the nervous system"

Robert Douglas (footballer)
Robert James "Rab" Douglas is a footballer currently playing at Dundee F.C.;

Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran
Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran (June 18, 1845 - May 18, 1922) was a French doctor. He won the 1907 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for his work on the way protozoa can cause disease.

Galliformes
Galliformes are an order of birds containing turkeys, grouse, chickens, quails, and pheasants. More than 250 living species are found worldwide.

Phasianidae
The Phasianidae is a family of birds which consists of the pheasants and patridges, and including junglefowl (including chicken). These are terrestrial species, variable in size but generally plump, with broad relatively short wings. Many have a spur on their legs.
Males of the larger species are often brightly coloured. The typical diet is seeds with some insects and berries.

Sum 41 discography
This is the complete discography of the Canadian Punk rock band Sum 41.

Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov
Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov (May 16, 1845 - July 16, 1916) was a Russian biologist. He won the 1908 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, along with Paul Ehrlich, for finding out how immunity fights disease".

Paul Ehrlich
Paul Ehrlich (March 14, 1854 - August 20, 1915) is an German doctor. He won the 1908 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, along with Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov, for finding out how immunity fights disease.

Aberdeen, Idaho
Aberdeen, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Acequia, Idaho
Acequia, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Albion, Idaho
Albion, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

American Falls, Idaho
American Falls, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Ammon, Idaho
Ammon, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Arco, Idaho
Arco, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Arimo, Idaho
Arimo, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Ashton, Idaho
Ashton, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Athol, Idaho
Athol, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Atomic City, Idaho
Atomic City, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Bancroft, Idaho
Bancroft, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Basalt, Idaho
Basalt, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Bellevue, Idaho
Bellevue, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Blackfoot, Idaho
Blackfoot, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Bliss, Idaho
Bliss, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Bloomington, Idaho
Bloomington, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Bonners Ferry, Idaho
Bonners Ferry, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Bovill, Idaho
Bovill, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Bruneau, Idaho
Bruneau, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Buhl, Idaho
Buhl, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Burley, Idaho
Burley, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Butte City, Idaho
Butte City, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Caldwell, Idaho
Caldwell, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Cambridge, Idaho
Cambridge, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Carey, Idaho
Carey, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Cascade, Idaho
Cascade, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Castleford, Idaho
Castleford, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Challis, Idaho
Challis, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Chubbuck, Idaho
Chubbuck, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Clark Fork, Idaho
Clark Fork, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Clarkia, Idaho
Clarkia, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Clayton, Idaho
Clayton, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Clifton, Idaho
Clifton, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Coeur d'Alene, Idaho
Coeur d'Alene, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Cottonwood, Idaho
Cottonwood, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Council, Idaho
Council, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Craigmont, Idaho
Craigmont, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Crouch, Idaho
Crouch, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Culdesac, Idaho
Culdesac, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Dalton Gardens, Idaho
Dalton Gardens, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Dayton, Idaho
Dayton, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Deary, Idaho
Deary, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Declo, Idaho
Declo, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Dietrich, Idaho
Dietrich, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Donnelly, Idaho
Donnelly, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Dover, Idaho
Dover, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Downey, Idaho
Downey, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Driggs, Idaho
Driggs, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Drummond, Idaho
Drummond, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Dubois, Idaho
Dubois, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Eagle, Idaho
Eagle, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

East Hope, Idaho
East Hope, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Eden, Idaho
Eden, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Elk River, Idaho
Elk River, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Emmett, Idaho
Emmett, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Fairfield, Idaho
Fairfield, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Ferdinand, Idaho
Ferdinand, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Fernan Lake Village, Idaho
Fernan Lake Village, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Fernwood, Idaho
Fernwood, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Filer, Idaho
Filer, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Firth, Idaho
Firth, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Franklin, Idaho
Franklin, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Fruitland, Idaho
Fruitland, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Garden City, Idaho
Garden City, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Genesee, Idaho
Genesee, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Georgetown, Idaho
Georgetown, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Glenns Ferry, Idaho
Glenns Ferry, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Gooding, Idaho
Gooding, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Grace, Idaho
Grace, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Grand View, Idaho
Grand View, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Grangeville, Idaho
Grangeville, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Greenleaf, Idaho
Greenleaf, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Hagerman, Idaho
Hagerman, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Hailey, Idaho
Hailey, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Hamer, Idaho
Hamer, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Hansen, Idaho
Hansen, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Harrison, Idaho
Harrison, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Hauser, Idaho
Hauser, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Hayden Lake, Idaho
Hayden Lake, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Hayden, Idaho
Hayden is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Hazelton, Idaho
Hazelton, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Heyburn, Idaho
Heyburn, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Hollister, Idaho
Hollister, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Homedale, Idaho
Homedale, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Hope, Idaho
Hope, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Horseshoe Bend, Idaho
Horseshoe Bend, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Ciconiiformes
The order Ciconiiformes has included a variety of large, long-legged wading birds with large bills: storks, herons, egrets, ibises, spoonbills, and several others. Ciconiiformes are known from the Late Eocene.

Incarnation (Christianity)
The Incarnation is the Christian belief that Jesus Christ is the God of Israel in a human body. The word incarnate comes from Latin and means “in the flesh.” (in=in, carnis=flesh) The incarnation is a basic teaching of Christianity. It is based on the New Testament of the Holy Bible. The incarnation is the belief that Jesus, who is the non-created second person of the triune God; took on a human body and everything that is human and became both man and God. In the Bible its teaching is in the Gospel of John, where in chapter 1 verse 14 (abbreviated as “John 1:14”), it says “And the Word became flesh, and dwelt among us,”
In the Incarnation, normally defined, the divine nature of the Son was joined but not mixed with human nature in one divine Person, Jesus Christ, who was both "truly God and truly man". The Incarnation is commemorated and celebrated each year at the Feast of the Incarnation, which is better known as the Annunciation.
This is center to the traditional Christian faith held by the Roman Catholic and Eastern Catholic Churches, the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Oriental Orthodox Church, the Anglican Communion, and most Protestants. Other views on the subject have been considered in the past, but all were rejected by mainstream Christian bodies.
In recent past, another doctrine known as "Oneness" has gained credit amongst Pentecostal groups (see below), but has been rejected by other Christians.

Emil Theodor Kocher
Emil Theodor Kocher (August 25, 1841 - July 27, 1917) was a Swiss doctor. He won the 1909 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for his work on the thyroid gland"

Albrecht Kossel
Albrecht Kossel (September 16, 1853 - July 5, 1927) was a German doctor. He won the 1910 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for his work on proteins and nucleic substances

Royal Museum
Royal Museum is a museum located on Chambers Street, Edinburgh, UK. It is a national museum of Scotland, the other being the adjacent Museum of Scotland. Both names merged with each other in 2007 to become the National Museum of Scotland.
It was designed by Francis Fowke and built from 1861 through 1888.

Allvar Gullstrand
Allvar Gullstrand (June 5, 1862 - July 28, 1930) was a Swedish opthalmologist (eye doctor). He won the 1911 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for his work on light refraction and the eye.

North Bay, Ontario
North Bay is a city in Nipissing District, Ontario, Canada. It was founded in 1891. In 2006 its population was 53, 966.

Nipissing District, Ontario
Nipissing District is a district of Ontario, Canada. It was founded in 1858. The district seat is North Bay.
In 2005, the population was 85,362. The area that it covers is.

Alexis Carrel
Alexis Carrel (June 28, 1873 - November 5, 1944) was a French surgeon. He won the 1912 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for his work on joining blood vessels and the transplantation of blood vessels and organs.

Charles Robert Richet
Charles Robert Richet (August 26, 1850 - December 4, 1935) was a French physiologist. He won the 1913 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for his work on anaphylaxis.

Robert Bárány
Robert Bárány (April 22, 1876 - April 8, 1936) was an Austrian doctor. He won the 1914 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for his work on the ear and balance

Francisco de Quevedo
Francisco Gómez de Quevedo y Santibáñez Villegas (Madrid, September 14, 1580–Villanueva de los Infantes, September 8, 1645) was a nobleman, politician and writer of the Spanish Golden Age.

Jules Bordet
Jules Bordet (June 13, 1870 - April 6, 1961) was a Belgian doctor. He won the 1919 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for his discoveries about immunity.

SecurDisc
SecurDisc is a hard- and software based
security technology for CD’s/DVD’s, which was developed by Hitachi-LG
Data Storage and Nero AG. SecurDisc provides a full
range of powerful security features to protect data stored on optical media
against copying, unauthorized access and it helps to recover data in the event
of disc failure. SecurDisc also helps to ensure the
integrity and reliability of data stored on CDs and DVDs over long periods of
SecurDisc’s security features.
SecurDisc has five security features: data reliability, password protection,
data integrity check, digital signature and copy protection
Data reliability.
SecurDisc significantly increases the chances for
restoring files on failed, for example scratched discs.
Normally, when data is recorded to
optical media, for example CD’s/DVD’s, the discs rarely consume their maximum capacity.
Therefore often a large amount of space remains unused.
SecurDisc uses this remaining free space in
order to store information about the data written on the disc. In the
event of disc failure, these additional information are used by SecurDisc to rescue the data on the damaged parts of
Password protection.
SecurDisc protects confidential data by using
AES-128 encryption. Nobody can access the protected data without the
password set by the original author of the data disc.
When a user wants to access the
password-protected data on the disc, he is asked for the password by a password
prompt. Then, the password is passed through a secure channel to the drive.
After that, the password is checked by the drive. If it is the correct one, the
drive grants access to the data, stored on the disc. SecurDisc is a hardware-software based solution, and is
therefore more difficult to hack and more secure then software-only solutions.
secured by the strong AES-128 encryption and additionally
by secret values stored in the firmware of the drive. This combination provides for
Data integrity check.
SecurDisc uses a data integrity check in
order to warn the user in the case of the risk of loss of data due to disc
decay. So the user notices that his data on the disc are not save anymore and has
enough time to back it up to another disc. For this data integrity check SecurDisc uses its checksum feature.
Digital Signature.
sign an entire disc using a trusted signing key. Therefore another user can
verify the authenticity of the data using the signature verification key
distributed by the author of the disc. A private key is used for the digital
signature, and the recipient verifies it using the corresponding public key, which is the signature verification key. So both users can be sure that it is the
the original disc from the author.
Copy Protection.
sensitive data against unwanted data replication.
The data can be read, but neither be copied nor edited.
encrypts the files and stores the
keys, which are necessary for decrypting and thus for accessing the data on a
However, at the moment this is possible for PDF’s only.
Special equipment needed for SecurDisc.
In order to use the features
enable disc drive, any common writable CD/DVD and a few programs are required.
Writing a SecurDisc.
data disc, you need a SecurDisc drive, Nero Express
and any common writable CD/DVD. The required private-public key pair for the
Digital Signature can be also created by Nero Express, if someone does not
have such a key pair already.
Accessing a data disc with SecurDisc copy-protection.
PDF’s can be protected), a SecureDisc drive
and SecurDisc viewer is needed as well.
Accessing a non SecurDisc copy-protected SecurDisc data disc.
For accessing a non SecurDisc copy-protected SecurDisc
data disc, you need InCD Reader and any common disc
Accessing a non SecurDisc copy-protected SecurDisc data disc without using special programs.
can be accessed without InCD Reader, but then no
single feature of SecurDisc can be used, i.e. the SecurDisc performs like a normal, common data disc without
data reliability, password protection, data integrity check and digital
Using SecurDisc.
SecurDisc can be used for business as well as for personal matters.
Business partners can use SecurDisc for securing confidential data with the SecurDisc password protection feature.
Furthermore SecurDisc is a possible solution for data privacy problems.
Also SecurDisc can be used by personal users for e.g. permanent data storage on optical media i.e. CD's/DVD's.
Using SecurDisc for business matters.
Business partners can use SecurDisc for securing confidential data with the SecurDisc password protection feature.
Therefore they only need to burn data to CDs/DVDs using Nero Express
and a SecurDisc drive, and activate the password
needs just the password and the InCD Reader to access
They can also use the digital
signature feature to be sure that the discs they exchange are authentic and
have not been altered accidentally or even maliciously.
Using SecurDisc for personal matters.
SecurDisc can be used by personal users for permanent data storage on CD's/DVD's.
Hobby photographers (as well as professional photographers) can use a SecurDisc-enable drive to record their data to optical media
in order to preserve the quality and readability of their photos. This is
managed by the data integrity feature built into SecurDisc,
which protects the images against disc decay, which can harm the readability of

Eureka Stockade
The Eureka Stockade is the name given to a rebellion by gold miners at Ballarat, Victoria, Australia. It took place on the December 3, 1854. The miners refused to pay a licence fee to look for gold. They built a fort on a hill near the gold diggings. They were attacked by the British Army. More than 30 people were killed.
Flag.
The miners made their own flag which was flown above the Eureka Stockade. The flag was torn down during the battle and taken away by one of the soldiers. It was given to the Ballarat Art Gallery in the 1890's. Pieces of the flag were sometimes given to important visitors to Ballarat. It is believed that Queen Elizabeth II has a small piece. In the 1970's the flag was restored and put on display at the Art Gallery. The display was opened by the Prime Minister of Australia, Gough Whitlam. The flag has been put on the Victorian Heritage Register and was named an icon by the National Trust in 2006.
The flag has often been used as a symbol of rebellion. Trade unions used the flag in their marches. The Prime Minister, John Howard, banned the flag from being flown on building sites.
In 2008, the Football Federation of Australia tried to stop the flag from being flown by supporters of the soccer team, Melbourne Victory. They said it was against their rules for teams to use political symbols.

Eddie Vedder
Eddie Vedder is an American singer. He has been a member of the grunge bands Pearl Jam and Temple of the Dog.

Paradise Crow
The Paradise Crow ("Lycocorax pyrrhopterus", also known as the Silky Crow) is a medium-sized (approximately 34cm long) crow-like bird of paradise with all-dark, soft and silky plumage. It has a black bill, crimson eyes, and a call that sounds like a dog's bark. Both genders look about the same. The female is a little smaller than the male.
The Paradise Crow is monogamous and can be found in the forests of the Maluku islands in Indonesia. They eat fruits and arthropods.

Nevi'im
"Nevi'im" (, "Prophets") is the second chapter in the Hebrew Bible, the Tanakh.

Manucodia
The Manucodia is a genus of the bird of paradise that has five medium-sized members. Members of this genus are monogamous and sexually monomorphic.
They can be found in the lowland forests of northeastern Australia, New Guinea and nearby islands.

Glossy-mantled Manucode
The Glossy-mantled Manucode ("Manucodia ater") is a medium-sized bird of paradise, around 42cm long, glossed green, blue and purple black with a red iris, black bill, long tail and somewhat elongated upper breast and neck feathers. They can be found in the lowlands of New Guinea and nearby islands. They eat fruits, figs and arthropods.
The Glossy-mantled Manucode was the first bird of paradise seen by the French naturalist René-Primevère Lesson, who was the first westerner to see live wild birds of paradise.
San Diego Zoo has the only captive individual of this species outside of New Guinea.

Crinkle-collared Manucode
The Crinkle-collared Manucode ("Manucodia chalybatus") is a medium-sized bird of paradise, that grows up to 36cm long. It looks greenish blue, black and purple glossed with long tail, red iris and iridescent green breast feathers.
This species looks a little like the Jobi Manucode in appearance. It is found in lowlands and hill forests in mainland New Guinea and Misool Island of West Papua. They eat mainly of fruits and figs.

Jobi Manucode
The Jobi Manucode ("Manucodia jobiensis") is a medium-sized bird of paradise, that grows up to 34cm long. It looks greenish blue, black and purple glossed crow-like with red iris, lightly crinkled bluish short upper breast and neck feathers. They eat fruits and arthropods.
They can be found in lowland forests of Jobi Island and northern New Guinea and is the most common bird of paradise.

Yapen
Yapen (also Japen, Jobi) is an island of western New Guinea, Indonesia.

San Diego Zoo
The San Diego Zoo in Balboa Park, San Diego, California is one of the largest zoos in the world with over 4,000 animals of more than 800 species. It is also one of the few zoos in the world that houses the giant panda.

René-Primevère Lesson
René Primevère Lesson (March 20, 1794 - April 28, 1849) was a French surgeon and naturalist. He was born at Rochefort.

Katara
Katara is a fictional character in Nickelodeon's animated television series '. The character and series were created by Michael Dante DiMartino and Bryan Konietzko. Katara is voiced by Mae Whitman.

Curl-crested Manucode
The Curl-crested Manucode ("Manucodia comrii") is a large bird of paradise, about 43cm long, with glossy purple, black and green plumage, red iris and crinkled yellowish-green upper breast and neck feathers. It has curled head feathering and twisted central tail feathers. It is the largest species of Manucode, and also the largest species in its family in terms of body size, though its tail is shorter than the Black Sicklebill.
It is found in the Trobriand Islands and islands of the D'Entrecasteaux Archipelago. This species is also one of the largest and heaviest among birds of paradise. They eat fruits.
The British zoologist Philip Lutley Sclater named this species after Dr. Peter Comrie, who discovered the bird at Fergusson Island in 1874.

Trumpet Manucode
The Trumpet Manucode ("Manucodia keraudrenii") is a medium-sized bird of paradise about 31cm long with an long horn-like head tufts and loose neck feathers. It looks blackish glossed blue, green and purple. It has a red iris, long coiled trachea, and blackish bill, mouth and legs.
They are found in lowland rain forests of northeastern Australia, New Guinea and nearby islands. They diet eat fruits and arthropods.

Superb Bird of Paradise
The Superb Bird of Paradise ("Lophorina superba") is a small passerine, about 26cm long. It is the only member in the genus "Lophorina". The male is a black bird of paradise with a shining green crown, blue-green breast shield and a long velvety black erectile cape covering his back. The female is a reddish-brown bird with brownish barred buff below.
The Superb Bird of Paradise can be found in the rainforests of New Guinea.
The male is polygamous and performs a song and dance for to gain the interest of the female. He starts by singing loud and rapid notes, then he starts to hop around in front of the female making a tapping or clicking sound. Then, he uses his folded black cape and blue-green breast shield to spring upward and spreads widely around its head, making him a dancing ellipse-shaped creature.

Azula
Azula is a fictional character in Nickelodeon's animated television series '. The character and series were created by Michael Dante DiMartino and Bryan Konietzko. Azula is voiced by Grey DeLisle.

Twelve-wired Bird of Paradise
The Twelve-wired Bird of Paradise ("Seleucidis melanoleucus") is a medium-sized bird of paradise about 33cm-long with velvet black and yellow color. The male has a red iris, long black bill and rich yellow plumes along its flanks. From the rear of these plumes emerge twelve blackish, wire-like filaments, which bend back near their bases to sweep forward over the birds hindquarters. The female is a brown bird with black-barred buffy underparts. Its feet are strong, large-clawed and pink in color.
It is the only monotypic genus "Seleucidis". The male displays on an exposed vertical perch with its breast-shield flared. They eat fruits and arthropods.
It can be found in lowland forests, New Guinea and Salawati Island of Irian Jaya.

Sokka
Sokka is a fictional character in Nickelodeon's animated television series '. The character and series were created by Michael Dante DiMartino and Bryan Konietzko. Sokka is voiced by Jack DeSena.

Toph
Toph Bei Fong is a fictional character in Nickelodeon's animated television series '. The character and series were created by Michael Dante DiMartino and Bryan Konietzko. Toph is voiced by Jessie Flower.

Zuko
Zuko is a fictional character in Nickelodeon's animated television series '. The character and series were created by Michael Dante DiMartino and Bryan Konietzko. Zuko is voiced by Dante Basco.

Iroh
Iroh is a fictional character in Nickelodeon's animated television series '. The character and series were created by Michael Dante DiMartino and Bryan Konietzko. Iroh is voiced by Mako in seasons 1 and 2, Greg Baldwin onwards.

Communes of the Aisne department
There are 816 communes in the Aisne "département" in France.

Structural Engineering
Structural Engineering is the design of buildings and other structures (such as bridges and dams) from a mathematical point of view. Structural engineering is a type of civil engineering.
Engineers and Architects.
The job of structural engineers and architects is often confused. A structural engineer designs the actual walls that keep a building up, an architect decides how pretty they should look.

Abbécourt
Abbécourt is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Achery, Aisne
Achery, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Acy
Acy is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Agnicourt-et-Séchelles
Agnicourt-et-Séchelles is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Aguilcourt
Aguilcourt is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Aisonville-et-Bernoville
Aisonville-et-Bernoville is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Aizelles
Aizelles is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Aizy-Jouy
Aizy-Jouy is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Alaincourt, Aisne
Alaincourt, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Allemant, Aisne
Allemant, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Ambleny
Ambleny is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Ambrief
Ambrief is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Amifontaine
Amifontaine is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Amigny-Rouy
Amigny-Rouy is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Ancienville
Ancienville is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Andelain
Andelain is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Anguilcourt-le-Sart
Anguilcourt-le-Sart is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Anizy-le-Château
Anizy-le-Château is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Annois
Annois is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Any-Martin-Rieux
Any-Martin-Rieux is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Archon, Aisne
Archon, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Arcy-Sainte-Restitue
Arcy-Sainte-Restitue is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Armentières-sur-Ourcq
Armentières-sur-Ourcq is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Arrancy
Arrancy is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Artemps
Artemps is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Artonges
Artonges is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Assis-sur-Serre
Assis-sur-Serre is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Athies-sous-Laon
Athies-sous-Laon is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Attilly
Attilly is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Aubencheul-aux-Bois
Aubencheul-aux-Bois is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Aubenton
Aubenton is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Aubigny-aux-Kaisnes
Aubigny-aux-Kaisnes is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Aubigny-en-Laonnois
Aubigny-en-Laonnois is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Audignicourt
Audignicourt is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Audigny
Audigny is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Augy, Aisne
Augy, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Aulnois-sous-Laon
Aulnois-sous-Laon is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Autremencourt
Autremencourt is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Autreppes
Autreppes is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Autreville, Aisne
Autreville, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Azy-sur-Marne
Azy-sur-Marne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Bagneux, Aisne
Bagneux, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Bancigny
Bancigny is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Barenton-Bugny
Barenton-Bugny is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Barenton-Cel
Barenton-Cel is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Barenton-sur-Serre
Barenton-sur-Serre is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Barisis
Barisis is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Barzy-en-Thiérache
Barzy-en-Thiérache is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Barzy-sur-Marne
Barzy-sur-Marne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Bassoles-Aulers
Bassoles-Aulers is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Baulne-en-Brie
Baulne-en-Brie is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Bazoches-sur-Vesles
Bazoches-sur-Vesles is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Beaumont-en-Beine
Beaumont-en-Beine is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Beaumé
Beaumé is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Beaurevoir
Beaurevoir is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Beaurieux, Aisne
Beaurieux, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Beautor
Beautor is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Beauvois-en-Vermandois
Beauvois-en-Vermandois is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Becquigny, Aisne
Becquigny, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Belleau, Aisne
Belleau, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Bellenglise
Bellenglise is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Belleu
Belleu is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Bellicourt
Bellicourt is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Benay
Benay is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Bergues-sur-Sambre
Bergues-sur-Sambre is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Berlancourt, Aisne
Berlancourt, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Berlise
Berlise is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Bernot
Bernot is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Berny-Rivière
Berny-Rivière is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Berrieux
Berrieux is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Berry-au-Bac
Berry-au-Bac is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Bertaucourt-Epourdon
Bertaucourt-Epourdon is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Berthenicourt
Berthenicourt is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Bertricourt
Bertricourt is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Berzy-le-Sec
Berzy-le-Sec is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Besmont
Besmont is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Besmé
Besmé is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Besny-et-Loizy
Besny-et-Loizy is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Beugneux
Beugneux is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Beuvardes
Beuvardes is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Bichancourt
Bichancourt is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Bieuxy
Bieuxy is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Billy-sur-Aisne
Billy-sur-Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Billy-sur-Ourcq
Billy-sur-Ourcq is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Bièvres, Aisne
Bièvres, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Blanzy-lès-Fismes
Blanzy-lès-Fismes is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Blesmes
Blesmes is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Blérancourt
Blérancourt is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Bohain-en-Vermandois
Bohain-en-Vermandois is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Bois-lès-Pargny
Bois-lès-Pargny is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Boncourt, Aisne
Boncourt, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Bonneil
Bonneil is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Bonnesvalyn
Bonnesvalyn is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Bony, Aisne
Bony, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Bosmont-sur-Serre
Bosmont-sur-Serre is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Bouconville-Vauclair
Bouconville-Vauclair is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Bouffignereux
Bouffignereux is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Bouresches
Bouresches is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Bourg-et-Comin
Bourg-et-Comin is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Bourguignon-sous-Coucy
Bourguignon-sous-Coucy is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Bourguignon-sous-Montbavin
Bourguignon-sous-Montbavin is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Boué
Boué is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Braine, Aisne
Braine, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Brancourt-en-Laonnois
Brancourt-en-Laonnois is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Brancourt-le-Grand
Brancourt-le-Grand is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Brasles
Brasles is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Bray-Saint-Christophe
Bray-Saint-Christophe is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Braye, Aisne
Braye, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Braye-en-Laonnois
Braye-en-Laonnois is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Braye-en-Thiérache
Braye-en-Thiérache is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Brenelle
Brenelle is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Breny
Breny is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Brie, Aisne
Brie, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Brissay-Choigny
Brissay-Choigny is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Brissy-Hamégicourt
Brissy-Hamégicourt is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Brumetz
Brumetz is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Brunehamel
Brunehamel is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Bruys
Bruys is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Bruyères-et-Montbérault
Bruyères-et-Montbérault is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Bruyères-sur-Fère
Bruyères-sur-Fère is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Brécy, Aisne
Brécy, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Bucilly
Bucilly is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Bucy-le-Long
Bucy-le-Long is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Bucy-lès-Cerny
Bucy-lès-Cerny is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Bucy-lès-Pierrepont
Bucy-lès-Pierrepont is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Buire
Buire is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Buironfosse
Buironfosse is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Burelles
Burelles is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Bussiares
Bussiares is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Buzancy, Aisne
Buzancy, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Béthancourt-en-Vaux
Béthancourt-en-Vaux is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Bézu-Saint-Germain
Bézu-Saint-Germain is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Bézu-le-Guéry
Bézu-le-Guéry is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Caillouël-Crépigny
Caillouël-Crépigny is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Camelin
Camelin is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Castres, Aisne
Castres, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Caulaincourt, Aisne
Caulaincourt, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Caumont, Aisne
Caumont, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Celles-lès-Condé
Celles-lès-Condé is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Celles-sur-Aisne
Celles-sur-Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Cerizy
Cerizy is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Cerny-en-Laonnois
Cerny-en-Laonnois is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Cerny-lès-Bucy
Cerny-lès-Bucy is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Cerseuil
Cerseuil is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Cessières
Cessières is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Chacrise
Chacrise is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Chaillevois
Chaillevois is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Chalandry
Chalandry is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Chambry, Aisne
Chambry, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Chamouille
Chamouille is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Champs, Aisne
Champs, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Chaourse
Chaourse is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Charly-sur-Marne
Charly-sur-Marne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Charmes, Aisne
Charmes, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Chartèves
Chartèves is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Chassemy
Chassemy is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Chaudardes
Chaudardes is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Chaudun
Chaudun is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Chauny
Chauny is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Chavignon
Chavignon is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Chavigny, Aisne
Chavigny, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Chavonne
Chavonne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Chermizy-Ailles
Chermizy-Ailles is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Chevennes
Chevennes is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Chevregny
Chevregny is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Chevresis-Monceau
Chevresis-Monceau is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Chierry
Chierry is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Chigny, Aisne
Chigny, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Chivres-Val
Chivres-Val is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Chivres-en-Laonnois
Chivres-en-Laonnois is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Chivy-lès-Étouvelles
Chivy-lès-Étouvelles is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Chouy
Chouy is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Château-Thierry
Château-Thierry is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Châtillon-lès-Sons
Châtillon-lès-Sons is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Châtillon-sur-Oise
Châtillon-sur-Oise is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Chéry-Chartreuve
Chéry-Chartreuve is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Chéry-lès-Pouilly
Chéry-lès-Pouilly is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Chéry-lès-Rozoy
Chéry-lès-Rozoy is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Chérêt
Chérêt is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Chézy-en-Orxois
Chézy-en-Orxois is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Chézy-sur-Marne
Chézy-sur-Marne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Cierges
Cierges is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Cilly, Aisne
Cilly, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Ciry-Salsogne
Ciry-Salsogne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Clacy-et-Thierret
Clacy-et-Thierret is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Clairfontaine
Clairfontaine is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Clamecy, Aisne
Clamecy, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Clastres
Clastres is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Clermont-les-Fermes
Clermont-les-Fermes is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Coincy, Aisne
Coincy, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Coingt
Coingt is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Colligis-Crandelain
Colligis-Crandelain is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Colonfay
Colonfay is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Commenchon
Commenchon is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Concevreux
Concevreux is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Condren
Condren is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Condé-en-Brie
Condé-en-Brie is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Condé-sur-Aisne
Condé-sur-Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Condé-sur-Suippe
Condé-sur-Suippe is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Connigis
Connigis is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Contescourt
Contescourt is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Corbeny
Corbeny is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Corcy
Corcy is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Coucy-la-Ville
Coucy-la-Ville is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Coucy-le-Château-Auffrique
Coucy-le-Château-Auffrique is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Coucy-lès-Eppes
Coucy-lès-Eppes is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Coulonges-Cohan
Coulonges-Cohan is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Coupru
Coupru is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Courbes
Courbes is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Courboin
Courboin is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Courcelles-sur-Vesles
Courcelles-sur-Vesles is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Courchamps, Aisne
Courchamps, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Courmelles
Courmelles is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Courmont, Aisne
Courmont, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Courtemont-Varennes
Courtemont-Varennes is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Courtrizy-et-Fussigny
Courtrizy-et-Fussigny is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Couvrelles
Couvrelles is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Couvron-et-Aumencourt
Couvron-et-Aumencourt is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Coyolles
Coyolles is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Cramaille
Cramaille is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Craonne
Craonne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Craonnelle
Craonnelle is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Croix-Fonsommes
Croix-Fonsommes is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Crouttes-sur-Marne
Crouttes-sur-Marne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Crouy
Crouy is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Crupilly
Crupilly is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Crécy-au-Mont
Crécy-au-Mont is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Crécy-sur-Serre
Crécy-sur-Serre is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Crépy, Aisne
Crépy, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Crézancy
Crézancy is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Cuffies
Cuffies is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Cugny
Cugny is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Cuirieux
Cuirieux is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Cuiry-Housse
Cuiry-Housse is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Cuiry-lès-Chaudardes
Cuiry-lès-Chaudardes is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Cuiry-lès-Iviers
Cuiry-lès-Iviers is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Cuissy-et-Geny
Cuissy-et-Geny is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Cuisy-en-Almont
Cuisy-en-Almont is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Cutry, Aisne
Cutry, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Cys-la-Commune
Cys-la-Commune is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Cœuvres-et-Valsery
Cœuvres-et-Valsery is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Dagny-Lambercy
Dagny-Lambercy is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Dallon
Dallon is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Dammard
Dammard is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Dampleux
Dampleux is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Danizy
Danizy is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Dercy
Dercy is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Deuillet
Deuillet is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Dhuizel
Dhuizel is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Dizy-le-Gros
Dizy-le-Gros is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Dohis
Dohis is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Dolignon
Dolignon is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Dommiers
Dommiers is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Domptin
Domptin is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Dorengt
Dorengt is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Douchy, Aisne
Douchy, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Dravegny
Dravegny is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Droizy
Droizy is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Dury, Aisne
Dury, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Effry
Effry is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Englancourt
Englancourt is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Eppes, Aisne
Eppes, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Erlon
Erlon is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Erloy
Erloy is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Esquéhéries
Esquéhéries is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Essigny-le-Grand
Essigny-le-Grand is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Essigny-le-Petit
Essigny-le-Petit is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Essises
Essises is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Essômes-sur-Marne
Essômes-sur-Marne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Estrées, Aisne
Estrées, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Faucoucourt
Faucoucourt is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Faverolles, Aisne
Faverolles is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Fayet, Aisne
Fayet, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Fesmy-le-Sart
Fesmy-le-Sart is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Festieux
Festieux is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Fieulaine
Fieulaine is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Filain, Aisne
Filain, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Flavigny-le-Grand-et-Beaurain
Flavigny-le-Grand-et-Beaurain is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Flavy-le-Martel
Flavy-le-Martel is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Fleury, Aisne
Fleury, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Fluquières
Fluquières is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Folembray
Folembray is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Fonsommes
Fonsommes is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Fontaine-Notre-Dame, Aisne
Fontaine-Notre-Dame, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Fontaine-Uterte
Fontaine-Uterte is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Fontaine-lès-Clercs
Fontaine-lès-Clercs is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Fontaine-lès-Vervins
Fontaine-lès-Vervins is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Fontenelle, Aisne
Fontenelle is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Fontenelle-en-Brie
Fontenelle-en-Brie is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Fontenoy, Aisne
Fontenoy, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Foreste
Foreste is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Fossoy
Fossoy is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Fourdrain
Fourdrain is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Francilly-Selency
Francilly-Selency is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Franqueville, Aisne
Franqueville, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Fresnes, Aisne
Fresnes, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Fresnes-en-Tardenois
Fresnes-en-Tardenois is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Fresnoy-le-Grand
Fresnoy-le-Grand is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Fressancourt
Fressancourt is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Frières-Faillouël
Frières-Faillouël is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Froidestrées
Froidestrées is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Froidmont-Cohartille
Froidmont-Cohartille is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Fère-en-Tardenois
Fère-en-Tardenois is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Gandelu
Gandelu is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Gauchy
Gauchy is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Gercy
Gercy is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Gergny
Gergny is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Germaine, Aisne
Germaine, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Gernicourt
Gernicourt is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Gibercourt
Gibercourt is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Gizy
Gizy is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Gland, Aisne
Gland, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Glennes
Glennes is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Goudelancourt-lès-Berrieux
Goudelancourt-lès-Berrieux is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Goudelancourt-lès-Pierrepont
Goudelancourt-lès-Pierrepont is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Goussancourt
Goussancourt is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Gouy, Aisne
Gouy, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Grand-Rozoy
Grand-Rozoy is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Grand-Verly
Grand-Verly is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Grandlup-et-Fay
Grandlup-et-Fay is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Grandrieux
Grandrieux is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Gricourt
Gricourt is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Grisolles, Aisne
Grisolles, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Gronard
Gronard is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Grougis
Grougis is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Grugies
Grugies is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Guignicourt
Guignicourt is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Guise
Guise is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Guivry
Guivry is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Guny
Guny is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Guyencourt
Guyencourt is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Hannapes
Hannapes is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Happencourt
Happencourt is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Haramont
Haramont is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Harcigny
Harcigny is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Hargicourt, Aisne
Hargicourt, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Harly
Harly is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Hartennes-et-Taux
Hartennes-et-Taux is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Hary
Hary is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Hautevesnes
Hautevesnes is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Hauteville, Aisne
Hauteville, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Haution
Haution is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Hinacourt
Hinacourt is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Hirson
Hirson is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Holnon
Holnon is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Homblières
Homblières is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Houry
Houry is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Housset
Housset is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Iron, Aisne
Iron, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Itancourt
Itancourt is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Iviers
Iviers is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Jaulgonne
Jaulgonne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Jeancourt
Jeancourt is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Jeantes
Jeantes is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Joncourt
Joncourt is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Jouaignes
Jouaignes is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Jumencourt
Jumencourt is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Jumigny
Jumigny is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Jussy, Aisne
Jussy, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Juvigny, Aisne
Juvigny, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Juvincourt-et-Damary
Juvincourt-et-Damary is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

L'Épine-aux-Bois
L'Épine-aux-Bois is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

La Bouteille
La Bouteille is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

La Capelle
La Capelle is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

La Celle-sous-Montmirail
La Celle-sous-Montmirail is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

La Chapelle-Monthodon
La Chapelle-Monthodon is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

La Chapelle-sur-Chézy
La Chapelle-sur-Chézy is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

La Croix-sur-Ourcq
La Croix-sur-Ourcq is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

La Ferté-Chevresis
La Ferté-Chevresis is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

La Ferté-Milon
La Ferté-Milon is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

La Flamengrie, Aisne
La Flamengrie, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

La Fère
La Fère is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

La Hérie
La Hérie is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

La Malmaison
La Malmaison is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

La Neuville-Bosmont
La Neuville-Bosmont is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

La Neuville-Housset
La Neuville-Housset is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

La Neuville-en-Beine
La Neuville-en-Beine is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

La Neuville-lès-Dorengt
La Neuville-lès-Dorengt is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

La Selve, Aisne
La Selve, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

La Vallée-Mulâtre
La Vallée-Mulâtre is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

La Vallée-au-Blé
La Vallée-au-Blé is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

La Ville-aux-Bois-lès-Dizy
La Ville-aux-Bois-lès-Dizy is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

La Ville-aux-Bois-lès-Pontavert
La Ville-aux-Bois-lès-Pontavert is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Laffaux
Laffaux is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Laigny
Laigny is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Lanchy
Lanchy is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Landifay-et-Bertaignemont
Landifay-et-Bertaignemont is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Landouzy-la-Cour
Landouzy-la-Cour is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Landouzy-la-Ville
Landouzy-la-Ville is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Landricourt, Aisne
Landricourt, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Laniscourt
Laniscourt is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Laon
Laon is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Lappion
Lappion is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Largny-sur-Automne
Largny-sur-Automne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Latilly
Latilly is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Launoy, Aisne
Launoy, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Laval-en-Laonnois
Laval-en-Laonnois is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Lavaqueresse
Lavaqueresse is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Laversine
Laversine is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Le Catelet
Le Catelet is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Le Charmel
Le Charmel is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Le Hérie-la-Viéville
Le Hérie-la-Viéville is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Le Nouvion-en-Thiérache
Le Nouvion-en-Thiérache is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Le Plessier-Huleu
Le Plessier-Huleu is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Le Sourd
Le Sourd is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Le Thuel
Le Thuel is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Le Verguier
Le Verguier is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Lehaucourt
Lehaucourt is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Lempire
Lempire is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Lemé
Lemé is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Lerzy
Lerzy is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Les Autels
Les Autels is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Leschelles
Leschelles is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Lesdins
Lesdins is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Lesges
Lesges is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Lesquielles-Saint-Germain
Lesquielles-Saint-Germain is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Leuilly-sous-Coucy
Leuilly-sous-Coucy is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Leury
Leury is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Leuze, Aisne
Leuze, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Levergies
Levergies is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Lhuys
Lhuys is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Licy-Clignon
Licy-Clignon is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Lierval
Lierval is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Liesse-Notre-Dame
Liesse-Notre-Dame is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Liez, Aisne
Liez, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Limé
Limé is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Lislet
Lislet is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Lizy
Lizy is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Logny-lès-Aubenton
Logny-lès-Aubenton is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Longpont
Longpont is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Longueval-Barbonval
Longueval-Barbonval is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Lor, Aisne
Lor is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Loupeigne
Loupeigne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Louâtre
Louâtre is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Lucy-le-Bocage
Lucy-le-Bocage is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Lugny, Aisne
Lugny, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Luzoir
Luzoir is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Ly-Fontaine
Ly-Fontaine is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Maast-et-Violaine
Maast-et-Violaine is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Macogny
Macogny is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Macquigny
Macquigny is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Magny-la-Fosse
Magny-la-Fosse is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Maissemy
Maissemy is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Maizy
Maizy is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Malzy
Malzy is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Manicamp
Manicamp is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Marchais, Aisne
Marchais, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Marchais-en-Brie
Marchais-en-Brie is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Marcy, Aisne
Marcy, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Marcy-sous-Marle
Marcy-sous-Marle is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Marest-Dampcourt
Marest-Dampcourt is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Mareuil-en-Dôle
Mareuil-en-Dôle is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Marfontaine
Marfontaine is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Margival
Margival is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Marigny-en-Orxois
Marigny-en-Orxois is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Marizy-Saint-Mard
Marizy-Saint-Mard is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Marizy-Sainte-Geneviève
Marizy-Sainte-Geneviève is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Marle, Aisne
Marle, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Marly-Gomont
Marly-Gomont is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Martigny, Aisne
Martigny, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Martigny-Courpierre
Martigny-Courpierre is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Mauregny-en-Haye
Mauregny-en-Haye is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Mayot
Mayot is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Mennessis
Mennessis is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Menneville, Aisne
Menneville, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Mennevret
Mennevret is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Mercin-et-Vaux
Mercin-et-Vaux is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Merlieux-et-Fouquerolles
Merlieux-et-Fouquerolles is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Merval
Merval is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Mesbrecourt-Richecourt
Mesbrecourt-Richecourt is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Mesnil-Saint-Laurent
Mesnil-Saint-Laurent is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Meurival
Meurival is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Missy-aux-Bois
Missy-aux-Bois is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Missy-lès-Pierrepont
Missy-lès-Pierrepont is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Missy-sur-Aisne
Missy-sur-Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Molain, Aisne
Molain, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Molinchart
Molinchart is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Monampteuil
Monampteuil is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Monceau-le-Neuf-et-Faucouzy
Monceau-le-Neuf-et-Faucouzy is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Monceau-le-Waast
Monceau-le-Waast is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Monceau-lès-Leups
Monceau-lès-Leups is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Monceau-sur-Oise
Monceau-sur-Oise is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Mondrepuis
Mondrepuis is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Monnes
Monnes is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Mons-en-Laonnois
Mons-en-Laonnois is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Mont-Notre-Dame
Mont-Notre-Dame is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Mont-Saint-Jean, Aisne
Mont-Saint-Jean, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Mont-Saint-Martin, Aisne
Mont-Saint-Martin, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Mont-Saint-Père
Mont-Saint-Père is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Mont-d'Origny
Mont-d'Origny is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Montaigu, Aisne
Montaigu, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Montbavin
Montbavin is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Montbrehain
Montbrehain is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Montchâlons
Montchâlons is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Montcornet, Aisne
Montcornet, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Montescourt-Lizerolles
Montescourt-Lizerolles is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Montfaucon, Aisne
Montfaucon, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Montgobert
Montgobert is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Montgru-Saint-Hilaire
Montgru-Saint-Hilaire is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Monthenault
Monthenault is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Monthiers
Monthiers is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Monthurel
Monthurel is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Montigny-Lengrain
Montigny-Lengrain is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Montigny-en-Arrouaise
Montigny-en-Arrouaise is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Montigny-l'Allier
Montigny-l'Allier is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Montigny-le-Franc
Montigny-le-Franc is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Montigny-lès-Condé
Montigny-lès-Condé is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Montigny-sous-Marle
Montigny-sous-Marle is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Montigny-sur-Crécy
Montigny-sur-Crécy is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Montlevon
Montlevon is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Montloué
Montloué is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Montreuil-aux-Lions
Montreuil-aux-Lions is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Morcourt, Aisne
Morcourt, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Morgny-en-Thiérache
Morgny-en-Thiérache is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Morsain
Morsain is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Mortefontaine, Aisne
Mortefontaine, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Mortiers, Aisne
Mortiers, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Moulins, Aisne
Moulins, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Moussy-Verneuil
Moussy-Verneuil is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Moÿ-de-l'Aisne
Moÿ-de-l'Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Muret-et-Crouttes
Muret-et-Crouttes is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Muscourt
Muscourt is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Mâchecourt
Mâchecourt is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Mézières-sur-Oise
Mézières-sur-Oise is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Mézy-Moulins
Mézy-Moulins is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Nampcelles-la-Cour
Nampcelles-la-Cour is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Nampteuil-sous-Muret
Nampteuil-sous-Muret is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Nanteuil-Notre-Dame
Nanteuil-Notre-Dame is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Nanteuil-la-Fosse
Nanteuil-la-Fosse is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Nauroy
Nauroy is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Nesles-la-Montagne
Nesles-la-Montagne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Neufchâtel-sur-Aisne
Neufchâtel-sur-Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Neuflieux
Neuflieux is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Neuilly-Saint-Front
Neuilly-Saint-Front is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Neuve-Maison
Neuve-Maison is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Neuville-Saint-Amand
Neuville-Saint-Amand is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Neuville-sur-Ailette
Neuville-sur-Ailette is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Neuville-sur-Margival
Neuville-sur-Margival is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Neuvillette, Aisne
Neuvillette, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Nizy-le-Comte
Nizy-le-Comte is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Nogent-l'Artaud
Nogent-l'Artaud is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Nogentel
Nogentel is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Noircourt
Noircourt is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Noroy-sur-Ourcq
Noroy-sur-Ourcq is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Nouvion-et-Catillon
Nouvion-et-Catillon is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Nouvion-le-Comte
Nouvion-le-Comte is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Nouvion-le-Vineux
Nouvion-le-Vineux is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Nouvron-Vingré
Nouvron-Vingré is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Noyales
Noyales is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Noyant-et-Aconin
Noyant-et-Aconin is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Ognes, Aisne
Ognes, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Ohis
Ohis is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Oigny-en-Valois
Oigny-en-Valois is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Oisy, Aisne
Oisy, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Ollezy
Ollezy is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Omissy
Omissy is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Orainville
Orainville is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Orgeval, Aisne
Orgeval, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Origny-Sainte-Benoite
Origny-Sainte-Benoite is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Origny-en-Thiérache
Origny-en-Thiérache is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Osly-Courtil
Osly-Courtil is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Ostel
Ostel is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Oulches-la-Vallée-Foulon
Oulches-la-Vallée-Foulon is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Oulchy-la-Ville
Oulchy-la-Ville is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Oulchy-le-Château
Oulchy-le-Château is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Paars
Paars is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Paissy
Paissy is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Pancy-Courtecon
Pancy-Courtecon is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Papleux
Papleux is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Parcy-et-Tigny
Parcy-et-Tigny is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Parfondeval, Aisne
Parfondeval, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Parfondru
Parfondru is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Pargnan
Pargnan is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Pargny-Filain
Pargny-Filain is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Pargny-la-Dhuys
Pargny-la-Dhuys is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Pargny-les-Bois
Pargny-les-Bois is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Parpeville
Parpeville is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Pasly
Pasly is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Passy-en-Valois
Passy-en-Valois is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Passy-sur-Marne
Passy-sur-Marne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Pavant
Pavant is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Perles, Aisne
Perles, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Pernant
Pernant is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Petit-Verly
Petit-Verly is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Pierremande
Pierremande is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Pierrepont, Aisne
Pierrepont, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Pignicourt
Pignicourt is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Pinon, Aisne
Pinon, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Pithon
Pithon is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Pleine-Selve, Aisne
Pleine-Selve, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Ploisy
Ploisy is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Plomion
Plomion is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Ployart-et-Vaurseine
Ployart-et-Vaurseine is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Pommiers, Aisne
Pommiers, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Pont-Arcy
Pont-Arcy is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Pont-Saint-Mard
Pont-Saint-Mard is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Pontavert
Pontavert is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Phantasmal poison frog
A phantasmal poison frog ("Epipedobates tricolor") is a species of poison dart frog. They live in the Andean slopes of the central Ecuadorian Bolívar province.

Pontru
Pontru is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Pontruet
Pontruet is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Pouilly-sur-Serre
Pouilly-sur-Serre is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Presles-et-Boves
Presles-et-Boves is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Presles-et-Thierny
Presles-et-Thierny is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Priez
Priez is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Prisces
Prisces is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Proisy
Proisy is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Proix
Proix is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Prouvais
Prouvais is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Proviseux-et-Plesnoy
Proviseux-et-Plesnoy is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Prémont
Prémont is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Prémontré
Prémontré is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Puiseux-en-Retz
Puiseux-en-Retz is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Puisieux-et-Clanlieu
Puisieux-et-Clanlieu is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Quierzy
Quierzy is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Quincy-Basse
Quincy-Basse is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Quincy-sous-le-Mont
Quincy-sous-le-Mont is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Raillimont
Raillimont is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Ramicourt
Ramicourt is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Regny
Regny is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Remaucourt, Aisne
Remaucourt, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Remies
Remies is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Remigny, Aisne
Remigny, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Renansart
Renansart is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Renneval
Renneval is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Ressons-le-Long
Ressons-le-Long is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Retheuil
Retheuil is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Reuilly-Sauvigny
Reuilly-Sauvigny is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Ribeauville
Ribeauville is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Ribemont
Ribemont is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Rocourt-Saint-Martin
Rocourt-Saint-Martin is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Rocquigny, Aisne
Rocquigny, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Rogny
Rogny is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Rogécourt
Rogécourt is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Romeny-sur-Marne
Romeny-sur-Marne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Romery, Aisne
Romery, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Ronchères, Aisne
Ronchères, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Roucy
Roucy is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Rougeries
Rougeries is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Roupy
Roupy is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Rouvroy, Aisne
Rouvroy, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Rouvroy-sur-Serre
Rouvroy-sur-Serre is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Royaucourt-et-Chailvet
Royaucourt-et-Chailvet is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Rozet-Saint-Albin
Rozet-Saint-Albin is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Rozières-sur-Crise
Rozières-sur-Crise is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Rozoy-Bellevalle
Rozoy-Bellevalle is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Rozoy-sur-Serre
Rozoy-sur-Serre is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Résigny
Résigny is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Révillon
Révillon is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Saconin-et-Breuil
Saconin-et-Breuil is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Sains-Richaumont
Sains-Richaumont is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Saint-Agnan, Aisne
Saint-Agnan, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Saint-Algis
Saint-Algis is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Saint-Aubin, Aisne
Saint-Aubin, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Saint-Bandry
Saint-Bandry is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Saint-Christophe-à-Berry
Saint-Christophe-à-Berry is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Saint-Clément, Aisne
Saint-Clément, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Saint-Erme-Outre-et-Ramecourt
Saint-Erme-Outre-et-Ramecourt is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Saint-Eugène, Aisne
Saint-Eugène, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Saint-Gengoulph
Saint-Gengoulph is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Saint-Gobain, Aisne
Saint-Gobain, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Saint-Gobert
Saint-Gobert is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Saint-Mard, Aisne
Saint-Mard, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Saint-Martin-Rivière
Saint-Martin-Rivière is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Saint-Michel, Aisne
Saint-Michel, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Saint-Nicolas-aux-Bois
Saint-Nicolas-aux-Bois is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Saint-Paul-aux-Bois
Saint-Paul-aux-Bois is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Saint-Pierre-Aigle
Saint-Pierre-Aigle is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Saint-Pierre-lès-Franqueville
Saint-Pierre-lès-Franqueville is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Saint-Pierremont, Aisne
Saint-Pierremont, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Saint-Quentin, Aisne
Saint-Quentin, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Saint-Rémy-Blanzy
Saint-Rémy-Blanzy is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Saint-Simon, Aisne
Saint-Simon, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.
Saint-Simon, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Saint-Thibaut
Saint-Thibaut is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Saint-Thomas, Aisne
Saint-Thomas, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Sainte-Croix, Aisne
Sainte-Croix, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Sainte-Geneviève, Aisne
Sainte-Geneviève, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Sainte-Preuve
Sainte-Preuve is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Samoussy
Samoussy is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Sancy-les-Cheminots
Sancy-les-Cheminots is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Saponay
Saponay is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Saulchery
Saulchery is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Savy
Savy is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Seboncourt
Seboncourt is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Selens
Selens is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Septmonts
Septmonts is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Septvaux
Septvaux is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Sequehart
Sequehart is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Serain
Serain is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Seraucourt-le-Grand
Seraucourt-le-Grand is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Serches
Serches is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Sergy, Aisne
Sergy, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Seringes-et-Nesles
Seringes-et-Nesles is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Sermoise
Sermoise is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Servais
Servais is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Serval, Aisne
Serval, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Silly-la-Poterie
Silly-la-Poterie is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Sinceny
Sinceny is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Sissonne
Sissonne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Sissy, Aisne
Sissy, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Soissons
Soissons is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Soize
Soize is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Sommelans
Sommelans is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Sommeron
Sommeron is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Sommette-Eaucourt
Sommette-Eaucourt is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Sons-et-Ronchères
Sons-et-Ronchères is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Sorbais
Sorbais is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Soucy, Aisne
Soucy, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Soupir
Soupir is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Surfontaine
Surfontaine is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Suzy, Aisne
Suzy, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Séry-lès-Mézières
Séry-lès-Mézières is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Taillefontaine
Taillefontaine is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Tannières
Tannières is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Tartiers
Tartiers is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Tavaux-et-Pontséricourt
Tavaux-et-Pontséricourt is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Tergnier
Tergnier is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Terny-Sorny
Terny-Sorny is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Thenailles
Thenailles is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Thenelles
Thenelles is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Thiernu
Thiernu is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Torcy-en-Valois
Torcy-en-Valois is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Toulis-et-Attencourt
Toulis-et-Attencourt is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Travecy
Travecy is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Trefcon
Trefcon is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Trosly-Loire
Trosly-Loire is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Troësnes
Troësnes is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Trucy
Trucy is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Trélou-sur-Marne
Trélou-sur-Marne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Tugny-et-Pont
Tugny-et-Pont is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Tupigny
Tupigny is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Ugny-le-Gay
Ugny-le-Gay is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Urcel
Urcel is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Urvillers
Urvillers is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Vadencourt, Aisne
Vadencourt, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Vailly-sur-Aisne
Vailly-sur-Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Variscourt
Variscourt is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Vassens
Vassens is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Vasseny
Vasseny is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Vassogne
Vassogne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Vaucelles-et-Beffecourt
Vaucelles-et-Beffecourt is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Vaudesson
Vaudesson is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Vaux-Andigny
Vaux-Andigny is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Vaux-en-Vermandois
Vaux-en-Vermandois is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Vauxaillon
Vauxaillon is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Vauxbuin
Vauxbuin is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Vauxcéré
Vauxcéré is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Vauxrezis
Vauxrezis is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Vauxtin
Vauxtin is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Vendelles
Vendelles is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Vendeuil
Vendeuil is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Vendhuile
Vendhuile is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Vendières
Vendières is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Vendresse-Beaulne
Vendresse-Beaulne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Venizel
Venizel is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Verdilly
Verdilly is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Vermand
Vermand is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Verneuil-sous-Coucy
Verneuil-sous-Coucy is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Verneuil-sur-Serre
Verneuil-sur-Serre is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Versigny, Aisne
Versigny, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Vervins
Vervins is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Vesles-et-Caumont
Vesles-et-Caumont is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Veslud
Veslud is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Veuilly-la-Poterie
Veuilly-la-Poterie is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Vic-sur-Aisne
Vic-sur-Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Vichel-Nanteuil
Vichel-Nanteuil is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Viel-Arcy
Viel-Arcy is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Viels-Maisons
Viels-Maisons is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Vierzy
Vierzy is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Viffort
Viffort is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Vigneux-Hocquet
Vigneux-Hocquet is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Ville-Savoye
Ville-Savoye is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Villemontoire
Villemontoire is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Villeneuve-Saint-Germain
Villeneuve-Saint-Germain is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Villeneuve-sur-Fère
Villeneuve-sur-Fère is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Villequier-Aumont
Villequier-Aumont is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Villeret, Aisne
Villeret, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Villers-Agron-Aiguizy
Villers-Agron-Aiguizy is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Villers-Cotterêts
Villers-Cotterêts is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Villers-Hélon
Villers-Hélon is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Villers-Saint-Christophe
Villers-Saint-Christophe is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Villers-en-Prayères
Villers-en-Prayères is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Villers-le-Sec, Aisne
Villers-le-Sec, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Villers-lès-Guise
Villers-lès-Guise is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Villers-sur-Fère
Villers-sur-Fère is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Villiers-Saint-Denis
Villiers-Saint-Denis is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Vincy-Reuil-et-Magny
Vincy-Reuil-et-Magny is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Viry-Noureuil
Viry-Noureuil is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Vivaise
Vivaise is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Vivières
Vivières is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Voharies
Voharies is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Vorges
Vorges is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Voulpaix
Voulpaix is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Voyenne
Voyenne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Vregny
Vregny is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Vuillery
Vuillery is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Vénérolles
Vénérolles is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Vézaponin
Vézaponin is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Vézilly
Vézilly is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Wassigny
Wassigny is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Watigny
Watigny is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Wimy
Wimy is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Wissignicourt
Wissignicourt is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Wiège-Faty
Wiège-Faty is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Ébouleau
Ébouleau is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Épagny, Aisne
Épagny, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Éparcy
Éparcy is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Épaux-Bézu
Épaux-Bézu is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Épieds, Aisne
Épieds, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Étampes-sur-Marne
Étampes-sur-Marne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Étaves-et-Bocquiaux
Étaves-et-Bocquiaux is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Étouvelles
Étouvelles is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Étreillers
Étreillers is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Étreux
Étreux is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Étréaupont
Étréaupont is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Étrépilly, Aisne
Étrépilly, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Évergnicourt
Évergnicourt is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Œuilly, Aisne
Œuilly, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Leeds railway station
Leeds railway station or Leeds City Station is one of the largest railway stations in the United Kingdom. The station is the largest one in Leeds as well as being the main public transport facility in West Yorkshire. There is no larger railway interchange in Yorkshire or North East England.
The station is one of 17 in Great Britain to be managed by Network Rail. It is the busiest English station outside London, and the UK's second busiest station outside London after Glasgow Central.
History.
Leeds City Station was built as Leeds New Station, to operate alongside Leeds Central Station (which has since closed). Leeds City Station was rebuilt twice, once in 1963 and again in 2002. Automatic ticket barriers were installed in 2008, and there are plans to build a entrance to the station from the South side.
Destinations.
The railway station has services to London, Sheffield, Manchester, Liverpool, Newcastle Upon Tyne, Birmingham, Bristol, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Kingston Upon Hull and Scarborough. There are also many local services to Wakefield, Bradford, Huddersfield, Halifax, York, Harrogate and other local towns and cities.

Communes of the Pas-de-Calais department
There are 894 communes in the Pas-de-Calais "département", in France.

Huetter, Idaho
Huetter, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Idaho City, Idaho
Idaho City, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Idaho Falls, Idaho
Idaho Falls, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Inkom, Idaho
Inkom, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Iona, Idaho
Iona, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Irwin, Idaho
Irwin, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Island Park, Idaho
Island Park, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Jerome, Idaho
Jerome, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Juliaetta, Idaho
Juliaetta, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Kamiah, Idaho
Kamiah, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Kellogg, Idaho
Kellogg, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Kendrick, Idaho
Kendrick, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Ketchum, Idaho
Ketchum, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Kimberly, Idaho
Kimberly, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Kooskia, Idaho
Kooskia, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Kootenai, Idaho
Kootenai, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Kuna, Idaho
Kuna, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Lapwai, Idaho
Lapwai, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Lava Hot Springs, Idaho
Lava Hot Springs, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Leadore, Idaho
Leadore, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Lewiston, Idaho
Lewiston, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Lewisville, Idaho
Lewisville, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Mackay, Idaho
Mackay, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Malad City, Idaho
Malad City, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Malta, Idaho
Malta, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Marsing, Idaho
Marsing, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

McCall, Idaho
McCall, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

McCammon, Idaho
McCammon, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Melba, Idaho
Melba, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Menan, Idaho
Menan, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Meridian, Idaho
Meridian, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Middleton, Idaho
Middleton, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Midvale, Idaho
Midvale, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Minidoka, Idaho
Minidoka, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Montpelier, Idaho
Montpelier, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Moore, Idaho
Moore, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Moscow, Idaho
Moscow, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Mountain Home, Idaho
Mountain Home, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Moyie Springs, Idaho
Moyie Springs, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Mud Lake, Idaho
Mud Lake, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Ablain-Saint-Nazaire
Ablain-Saint-Nazaire is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Mullan, Idaho
Mullan, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Murtaugh, Idaho
Murtaugh, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Nampa, Idaho
Nampa, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

New Meadows, Idaho
New Meadows, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

New Plymouth, Idaho
New Plymouth, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Newdale, Idaho
Newdale, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Nezperce, Idaho
Nezperce, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Notus, Idaho
Notus, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Oakley, Idaho
Oakley, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Oldtown, Idaho
Oldtown, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Ablainzevelle
Ablainzevelle is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Acheville
Acheville is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Achicourt
Achicourt is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Onaway, Idaho
Onaway, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Achiet-le-Grand
Achiet-le-Grand is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Orofino, Idaho
Orofino, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Achiet-le-Petit
Achiet-le-Petit is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Acq
Acq is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Osburn, Idaho
Osburn, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Acquin-Westbécourt
Acquin-Westbécourt is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Oxford, Idaho
Oxford, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Adinfer
Adinfer is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Affringues
Affringues is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Agnez-lès-Duisans
Agnez-lès-Duisans is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Agnières
Agnières is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Agny
Agny is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Aire-sur-la-Lys
Aire-sur-la-Lys is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Airon-Notre-Dame
Airon-Notre-Dame is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Paris, Idaho
Paris, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Airon-Saint-Vaast
Airon-Saint-Vaast is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Aix-Noulette
Aix-Noulette is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Parker, Idaho
Parker, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Seacroft
Seacroft is a large council estate in Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK. The area was mainly built in the 1950s, surrounding the former Seacroft Green. The area has a population of approxamately 18,000. The area suffers from deprivation and a high crime rate. In the 1960s, the Seacroft Civic Centre, which was demolished in 1999 and replaced with the Seacroft Green Shopping Centre which contains a large Tesco. The Shopping Centre has a bus station with routes to Leeds, Wetherby, Harrogate and other Leeds suburbs.

Aix-en-Ergny
Aix-en-Ergny is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Aix-en-Issart
Aix-en-Issart is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Alembon
Alembon is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Alette
Alette is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Alincthun
Alincthun is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Allouagne
Allouagne is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Alquines
Alquines is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Ambleteuse
Ambleteuse is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Ambricourt
Ambricourt is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Ambrines
Ambrines is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Ames, Pas-de-Calais
Ames, Pas-de-Calais is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Amettes
Amettes is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Amplier
Amplier is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Andres, Pas-de-Calais
Andres, Pas-de-Calais is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Angres
Angres is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Annay, Pas-de-Calais
Annay, Pas-de-Calais is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Annequin
Annequin is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Annezin
Annezin is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Anvin
Anvin is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Anzin-Saint-Aubin
Anzin-Saint-Aubin is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Ardres
Ardres is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Arleux-en-Gohelle
Arleux-en-Gohelle is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Arques, Pas-de-Calais
Arques, Pas-de-Calais is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Arras
Arras is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Athies, Pas-de-Calais
Athies, Pas-de-Calais is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Attin
Attin is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Lemming
Lemmings are small rodents, usually found in or near the Arctic, in tundra biomes.

Aubigny-en-Artois
Aubigny-en-Artois is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Aubin-Saint-Vaast
Aubin-Saint-Vaast is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Aubrometz
Aubrometz is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Auchel
Auchel is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Auchy-au-Bois
Auchy-au-Bois is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Auchy-les-Mines
Auchy-les-Mines is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Auchy-lès-Hesdin
Auchy-lès-Hesdin is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Audembert
Audembert is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Parma, Idaho
Parma, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Audincthun
Audincthun is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Audinghen
Audinghen is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Paul, Idaho
Paul, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Audrehem
Audrehem is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Payette, Idaho
Payette, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Audresselles
Audresselles is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Peck, Idaho
Peck, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Audruicq
Audruicq is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Aumerval
Aumerval is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Pierce, Idaho
Pierce, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Autingues
Autingues is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Pinehurst, Idaho
Pinehurst, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Auxi-le-Château
Auxi-le-Château is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Averdoingt
Averdoingt is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Placerville, Idaho
Placerville, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Avesnes
Avesnes is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Plummer, Idaho
Plummer, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Avesnes-le-Comte
Avesnes-le-Comte is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Pocatello, Idaho
Pocatello, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Avesnes-lès-Bapaume
Avesnes-lès-Bapaume is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Avion, Pas-de-Calais
Avion, Pas-de-Calais is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Avondance
Avondance is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Avroult
Avroult is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Ayette
Ayette is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Azincourt
Azincourt is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Bailleul-Sir-Berthoult
Bailleul-Sir-Berthoult is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Bailleul-aux-Cornailles
Bailleul-aux-Cornailles is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Ponderay, Idaho
Ponderay, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Bailleul-lès-Pernes
Bailleul-lès-Pernes is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Bailleulmont
Bailleulmont is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Bailleulval
Bailleulval is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Baincthun
Baincthun is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Bainghen
Bainghen is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Bajus, Pas-de-Calais
Bajus, Pas-de-Calais is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Post Falls, Idaho
Post Falls, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Balinghem
Balinghem is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Potlatch, Idaho
Potlatch, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Bancourt
Bancourt is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Preston, Idaho
Preston, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Bapaume
Bapaume is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Priest River, Idaho
Priest River, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Baralle
Baralle is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Rathdrum, Idaho
Rathdrum, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Barastre
Barastre is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Barlin
Barlin is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Reubens, Idaho
Reubens, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Barly, Pas-de-Calais
Barly, Pas-de-Calais is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Rexburg, Idaho
Rexburg, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Basseux
Basseux is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Bavincourt
Bavincourt is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Richfield, Idaho
Richfield, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Bayenghem-lès-Seninghem
Bayenghem-lès-Seninghem is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Bayenghem-lès-Éperlecques
Bayenghem-lès-Éperlecques is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Bazinghen
Bazinghen is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Beaudricourt
Beaudricourt is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Beaufort-Blavincourt
Beaufort-Blavincourt is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Beaulencourt
Beaulencourt is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Beaumerie-Saint-Martin
Beaumerie-Saint-Martin is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Rigby, Idaho
Rigby, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Beaumetz-lès-Aire
Beaumetz-lès-Aire is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Riggins, Idaho
Riggins, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Beaumetz-lès-Cambrai
Beaumetz-lès-Cambrai is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Ririe, Idaho
Ririe, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Beaumetz-lès-Loges
Beaumetz-lès-Loges is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Roberts, Idaho
Roberts, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Beaurains
Beaurains is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Rockland, Idaho
Rockland, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Beaurainville
Beaurainville is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Rupert, Idaho
Rupert, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Beauvoir-Wavans
Beauvoir-Wavans is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Beauvois, Pas-de-Calais
Beauvois, Pas-de-Calais is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Salmon, Idaho
Salmon, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Belle-et-Houllefort
Belle-et-Houllefort is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Sandpoint, Idaho
Sandpoint, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Shelley, Idaho
Shelley, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Bellebrune
Bellebrune is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Shoshone, Idaho
Shoshone, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Bellonne
Bellonne is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Smelterville, Idaho
Smelterville, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Berck
Berck is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Bergueneuse
Bergueneuse is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Berlencourt-le-Cauroy
Berlencourt-le-Cauroy is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Soda Springs, Idaho
Soda Springs, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Berles-Monchel
Berles-Monchel is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Berles-au-Bois
Berles-au-Bois is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Spencer, Idaho
Spencer, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Bermicourt
Bermicourt is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Berneville
Berneville is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Spirit Lake, Idaho
Spirit Lake, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Bernieulles
Bernieulles is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Bertincourt
Bertincourt is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

St. Anthony, Idaho
St. Anthony, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Beugin
Beugin is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Beugny
Beugny is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

St. Charles, Idaho
St. Charles, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Beugnâtre
Beugnâtre is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

St. Maries, Idaho
St. Maries, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Beussent
Beussent is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Stanley, Idaho
Stanley, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Beutin
Beutin is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Star, Idaho
Star, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Beuvrequen
Beuvrequen is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Beuvry
Beuvry is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Bezinghem
Bezinghem is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Biache-Saint-Vaast
Biache-Saint-Vaast is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

State Line, Idaho
State Line, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Biefvillers-lès-Bapaume
Biefvillers-lès-Bapaume is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Stites, Idaho
Stites, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Bienvillers-au-Bois
Bienvillers-au-Bois is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Bihucourt
Bihucourt is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Sugar City, Idaho
Sugar City, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Billy-Berclau
Billy-Berclau is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Sun Valley, Idaho
Sun Valley, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Billy-Montigny
Billy-Montigny is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Bimont
Bimont is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Blairville
Blairville is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Swan Valley, Idaho
Swan Valley, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Blangerval-Blangermont
Blangerval-Blangermont is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Tensed, Idaho
Tensed, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Blangy-sur-Ternoise
Blangy-sur-Ternoise is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Teton, Idaho
Teton, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Blendecques
Blendecques is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Blessy, Pas-de-Calais
Blessy, Pas-de-Calais is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Tetonia, Idaho
Tetonia, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Blingel
Blingel is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Bléquin
Bléquin is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Troy, Idaho
Troy, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Boffles
Boffles is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Boiry-Becquerelle
Boiry-Becquerelle is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Twin Falls, Idaho
Twin Falls, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Boiry-Notre-Dame
Boiry-Notre-Dame is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Ucon, Idaho
Ucon, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Boiry-Saint-Martin
Boiry-Saint-Martin is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Victor, Idaho
Victor, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Boiry-Sainte-Rictrude
Boiry-Sainte-Rictrude is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Wallace, Idaho
Wallace, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Bois-Bernard
Bois-Bernard is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Boisdinghem
Boisdinghem is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Boisjean
Boisjean is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Boisleux-Saint-Marc
Boisleux-Saint-Marc is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Boisleux-au-Mont
Boisleux-au-Mont is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Bomy
Bomy is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Bonningues-lès-Ardres
Bonningues-lès-Ardres is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Bonningues-lès-Calais
Bonningues-lès-Calais is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Diet
Diet is a word people use when they talk about eating food. Diets are about eating the right quantity and type of food at the right time. When people talk about a diet, they are usually referring to a special kind of diet. People can change their diets to gain or lose weight, to get more vitamins, to avoid a food that makes them sick, or for other reasons.When someone says they are "dieting", it means that they are trying to lose weight.
When the diet is not right, people can gain or lose weight. They may become overweight or underweight. To get back to their normal weight, they need to change their diet. This may be very hard to do.
Some people have diseases where they cannot eat certain foods without becoming very sick. They need to change their diet to avoid these foods. A food allergy is a condition in which a specific food makes someone sick. Phenylketonuria is a disease in which a person cannot digest certain foods properly because they have an amino acid, or type of chemical, called phenylalanines in them.

Bonnières, Pas-de-Calais
Bonnières, Pas-de-Calais is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Boubers-lès-Hesmond
Boubers-lès-Hesmond is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Boubers-sur-Canche
Boubers-sur-Canche is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Bouin-Plumoison
Bouin-Plumoison is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Boulogne-sur-Mer
Boulogne-sur-Mer is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Bouquehault
Bouquehault is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Bourecq
Bourecq is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Bouret-sur-Canche
Bouret-sur-Canche is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Bourlon
Bourlon is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Bournonville, Pas-de-Calais
Bournonville, Pas-de-Calais is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Bours, Pas-de-Calais
Bours, Pas-de-Calais is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Boursin
Boursin is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Bourthes
Bourthes is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Bouvelinghem
Bouvelinghem is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Bouvigny-Boyeffles
Bouvigny-Boyeffles is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Boyaval
Boyaval is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Boyelles
Boyelles is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Wardner, Idaho
Wardner, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Brebières
Brebières is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Warm River, Idaho
Warm River, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Brias
Brias is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Weippe, Idaho
Weippe, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Brimeux
Brimeux is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Weiser, Idaho
Weiser, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Bruay-la-Buissière
Bruay-la-Buissière is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Brunembert
Brunembert is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Brévillers, Pas-de-Calais
Brévillers, Pas-de-Calais is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Wendell, Idaho
Wendell, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Bréxent-Énocq
Bréxent-Énocq is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Brêmes
Brêmes is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Bucquoy
Bucquoy is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Buire-au-Bois
Buire-au-Bois is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Buire-le-Sec
Buire-le-Sec is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Buissy
Buissy is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Bullecourt
Bullecourt is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Bully-les-Mines
Bully-les-Mines is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Buneville
Buneville is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Weston, Idaho
Weston, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Burbure
Burbure is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Bus, Pas-de-Calais
Bus, Pas-de-Calais is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

White Bird, Idaho
White Bird, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Busnes
Busnes is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Wilder, Idaho
Wilder, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Béalencourt
Béalencourt is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Winchester, Idaho
Winchester, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Bécourt
Bécourt is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Worley, Idaho
Worley, Idaho is a city of Idaho in the United States.

Béhagnies
Béhagnies is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Bénifontaine
Bénifontaine is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Béthonsart
Béthonsart is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Béthune
Béthune is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Caffiers
Caffiers is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Cagnicourt
Cagnicourt is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Calonne-Ricouart
Calonne-Ricouart is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Calonne-sur-la-Lys
Calonne-sur-la-Lys is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Camblain-Châtelain
Camblain-Châtelain is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Camblain-l'Abbé
Camblain-l'Abbé is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Cambligneul
Cambligneul is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Cambrin
Cambrin is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Camiers
Camiers is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Campagne-lès-Boulonnais
Campagne-lès-Boulonnais is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Campagne-lès-Guines
Campagne-lès-Guines is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Campagne-lès-Hesdin
Campagne-lès-Hesdin is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Campagne-lès-Wardrecques
Campagne-lès-Wardrecques is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Campigneulles-les-Grandes
Campigneulles-les-Grandes is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Campigneulles-les-Petites
Campigneulles-les-Petites is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Canettemont
Canettemont is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Canlers
Canlers is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Canteleux
Canteleux is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Capelle-Fermont
Capelle-Fermont is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Capelle-lès-Hesdin
Capelle-lès-Hesdin is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Carency
Carency is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Carly, Pas-de-Calais
Carly, Pas-de-Calais is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Carvin
Carvin is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Cauchy-à-la-Tour
Cauchy-à-la-Tour is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Caucourt
Caucourt is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Caumont, Pas-de-Calais
Caumont, Pas-de-Calais is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Cavron-Saint-Martin
Cavron-Saint-Martin is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Chelers
Chelers is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Chocques
Chocques is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Chériennes
Chériennes is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Chérisy
Chérisy is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Clairmarais
Clairmarais is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Clarques
Clarques is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Clenleu
Clenleu is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Clerques
Clerques is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Cléty
Cléty is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Colembert
Colembert is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Colline-Beaumont
Colline-Beaumont is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Conchil-le-Temple
Conchil-le-Temple is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Conchy-sur-Canche
Conchy-sur-Canche is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Condette
Condette is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Contes, Pas-de-Calais
Contes, Pas-de-Calais is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Conteville-en-Ternois
Conteville-en-Ternois is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Conteville-lès-Boulogne
Conteville-lès-Boulogne is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Coquelles
Coquelles is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Corbehem
Corbehem is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Cormont
Cormont is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Couin
Couin is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Coullemont
Coullemont is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Coulogne
Coulogne is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Coulomby
Coulomby is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Coupelle-Neuve
Coupelle-Neuve is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Coupelle-Vieille
Coupelle-Vieille is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Courcelles-le-Comte
Courcelles-le-Comte is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Courcelles-lès-Lens
Courcelles-lès-Lens is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Courrières
Courrières is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Courset
Courset is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Couturelle
Couturelle is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Coyecques
Coyecques is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Croisette, Pas-de-Calais
Croisette, Pas-de-Calais is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Croisilles, Pas-de-Calais
Croisilles, Pas-de-Calais is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Croix-en-Ternois
Croix-en-Ternois is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Crémarest
Crémarest is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Crépy, Pas-de-Calais
Crépy, Pas-de-Calais is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Créquy
Créquy is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Cucq
Cucq is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Cuinchy
Cuinchy is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Dainville
Dainville is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Dannes
Dannes is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Delettes
Delettes is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Denier, Pas-de-Calais
Denier, Pas-de-Calais is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Dennebrœucq
Dennebrœucq is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Desvres
Desvres is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Divion
Divion is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Diéval
Diéval is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Dohem
Dohem is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Douchy-lès-Ayette
Douchy-lès-Ayette is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Doudeauville, Pas-de-Calais
Doudeauville, Pas-de-Calais is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Dourges
Dourges is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Douriez
Douriez is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Douvrin
Douvrin is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Drocourt, Pas-de-Calais
Drocourt, Pas-de-Calais is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Drouvin-le-Marais
Drouvin-le-Marais is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Duisans
Duisans is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Dury, Pas-de-Calais
Dury, Pas-de-Calais is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Echinghen
Echinghen is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Ecquedecques
Ecquedecques is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Ecques
Ecques is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Elnes
Elnes is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Embry, Pas-de-Calais
Embry, Pas-de-Calais is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Enguinegatte
Enguinegatte is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Enquin-les-Mines
Enquin-les-Mines is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Enquin-sur-Baillons
Enquin-sur-Baillons is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Eps, Pas-de-Calais
Eps, Pas-de-Calais is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Ergny
Ergny is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Erny-Saint-Julien
Erny-Saint-Julien is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Ervillers
Ervillers is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Escalles
Escalles is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Escœuilles
Escœuilles is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Esquerdes
Esquerdes is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Essars
Essars is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Estevelles
Estevelles is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Estrée
Estrée is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Estrée-Blanche
Estrée-Blanche is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Estrée-Cauchy
Estrée-Cauchy is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Estrée-Wamin
Estrée-Wamin is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Estréelles
Estréelles is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Famechon, Pas-de-Calais
Famechon, Pas-de-Calais is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Fampoux
Fampoux is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Farbus
Farbus is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Fauquembergues
Fauquembergues is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Favreuil
Favreuil is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Febvin-Palfart
Febvin-Palfart is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Ferfay
Ferfay is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Ferques
Ferques is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Festubert
Festubert is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Feuchy
Feuchy is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Ficheux
Ficheux is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Fiefs, Pas-de-Calais
Fiefs, Pas-de-Calais is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Fiennes, Pas-de-Calais
Fiennes, Pas-de-Calais is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Fillièvres
Fillièvres is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Flers, Pas-de-Calais
Flers, Pas-de-Calais is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Fleurbaix
Fleurbaix is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Fleury, Pas-de-Calais
Fleury, Pas-de-Calais is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Floringhem
Floringhem is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Fléchin
Fléchin is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Foncquevillers
Foncquevillers is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Fontaine-l'Étalon
Fontaine-l'Étalon is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Fontaine-lès-Boulans
Fontaine-lès-Boulans is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Fontaine-lès-Croisilles
Fontaine-lès-Croisilles is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Fontaine-lès-Hermans
Fontaine-lès-Hermans is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Fortel-en-Artois
Fortel-en-Artois is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Fosseux
Fosseux is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Foufflin-Ricametz
Foufflin-Ricametz is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Fouquereuil
Fouquereuil is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Fouquières-lès-Béthune
Fouquières-lès-Béthune is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Fouquières-lès-Lens
Fouquières-lès-Lens is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Framecourt
Framecourt is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Frencq
Frencq is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Fresnes-lès-Montauban
Fresnes-lès-Montauban is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Fresnicourt-le-Dolmen
Fresnicourt-le-Dolmen is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Fresnoy
Fresnoy is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Fresnoy-en-Gohelle
Fresnoy-en-Gohelle is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Fressin
Fressin is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Fruges
Fruges is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Frémicourt
Frémicourt is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Fréthun
Fréthun is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Frévent
Frévent is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Frévillers
Frévillers is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Frévin-Capelle
Frévin-Capelle is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Galametz
Galametz is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Gauchin-Légal
Gauchin-Légal is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Gauchin-Verloingt
Gauchin-Verloingt is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Gaudiempré
Gaudiempré is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Gavrelle
Gavrelle is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Gennes-Ivergny
Gennes-Ivergny is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Givenchy-en-Gohelle
Givenchy-en-Gohelle is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Givenchy-le-Noble
Givenchy-le-Noble is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Givenchy-lès-la-Bassée
Givenchy-lès-la-Bassée is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Gomiécourt
Gomiécourt is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Gommecourt, Pas-de-Calais
Gommecourt, Pas-de-Calais is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Gonnehem
Gonnehem is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Gosnay
Gosnay is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Gouves
Gouves is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Gouy-Saint-André
Gouy-Saint-André is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Gouy-Servins
Gouy-Servins is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Gouy-en-Artois
Gouy-en-Artois is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Gouy-en-Ternois
Gouy-en-Ternois is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Gouy-sous-Bellonne
Gouy-sous-Bellonne is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Graincourt-lès-Havrincourt
Graincourt-lès-Havrincourt is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Grand-Rullecourt
Grand-Rullecourt is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Grenay, Pas-de-Calais
Grenay, Pas-de-Calais is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Grigny, Pas-de-Calais
Grigny, Pas-de-Calais is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Grincourt-lès-Pas
Grincourt-lès-Pas is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Groffliers
Groffliers is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Grévillers
Grévillers is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Guarbecque
Guarbecque is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Guemps
Guemps is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Guigny
Guigny is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Guinecourt
Guinecourt is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Guisy
Guisy is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Guémappe
Guémappe is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Guînes
Guînes is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Habarcq
Habarcq is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Haillicourt
Haillicourt is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Haisnes
Haisnes is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Halinghen
Halinghen is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Hallines
Hallines is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Halloy, Pas-de-Calais
Halloy, Pas-de-Calais is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Ham-en-Artois
Ham-en-Artois is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Hamblain-les-Prés
Hamblain-les-Prés is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Hamelincourt
Hamelincourt is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Hames-Boucres
Hames-Boucres is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Hannescamps
Hannescamps is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Haplincourt
Haplincourt is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Haravesnes
Haravesnes is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Hardinghen
Hardinghen is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Harnes
Harnes is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Haucourt, Pas-de-Calais
Haucourt, Pas-de-Calais is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Haut-Loquin
Haut-Loquin is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Haute-Avesnes
Haute-Avesnes is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Hautecloque, Pas-de-Calais
Hautecloque, Pas-de-Calais is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Hauteville, Pas-de-Calais
Hauteville, Pas-de-Calais is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Havrincourt
Havrincourt is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Helfaut
Helfaut is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Hendecourt-lès-Cagnicourt
Hendecourt-lès-Cagnicourt is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Hendecourt-lès-Ransart
Hendecourt-lès-Ransart is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Henneveux
Henneveux is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Herbelles
Herbelles is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Herbinghen
Herbinghen is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Herlin-le-Sec
Herlin-le-Sec is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Herlincourt
Herlincourt is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Herly, Pas-de-Calais
Herly, Pas-de-Calais is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Hermaville
Hermaville is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Hermelinghen
Hermelinghen is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Hermies
Hermies is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Hermin
Hermin is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Hernicourt
Hernicourt is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Hersin-Coupigny
Hersin-Coupigny is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Hervelinghen
Hervelinghen is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Hesdigneul-lès-Boulogne
Hesdigneul-lès-Boulogne is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Hesdigneul-lès-Béthune
Hesdigneul-lès-Béthune is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Hesdin
Hesdin is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Hesdin-l'Abbé
Hesdin-l'Abbé is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Hesmond
Hesmond is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Roundhay
Roundhay is an upmarket area of Leeds, best known for its large park, Roundhay Park. Roundhay has many shops, pybs and restaurants on Street Lane. Roundhay also has histroic land marks within the park such as Roundhay Mansion and Roundhay Castle. Roundhay is situated in North Leeds, close to the Outer Ring Road.

Hestrus
Hestrus is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Heuchin
Heuchin is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Heuringhem
Heuringhem is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Hinges, Pas-de-Calais
Hinges, Pas-de-Calais is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Hocquinghen
Hocquinghen is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Houchin
Houchin is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Houdain
Houdain is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Houlle
Houlle is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Houvin-Houvigneul
Houvin-Houvigneul is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Hubersent
Hubersent is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Huby-Saint-Leu
Huby-Saint-Leu is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Huclier
Huclier is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Hucqueliers
Hucqueliers is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Hulluch
Hulluch is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Humbercamps
Humbercamps is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Humbert, Pas-de-Calais
Humbert, Pas-de-Calais is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Humerœuille
Humerœuille is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Humières
Humières is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Hébuterne
Hébuterne is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Hénin-Beaumont
Hénin-Beaumont is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Hénin-sur-Cojeul
Hénin-sur-Cojeul is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Héninel
Héninel is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Hénu
Hénu is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Héricourt, Pas-de-Calais
Héricourt, Pas-de-Calais is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Hézecques
Hézecques is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Inchy-en-Artois
Inchy-en-Artois is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Incourt, Pas-de-Calais
Incourt, Pas-de-Calais is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Inghem
Inghem is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Inxent
Inxent is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Isbergues
Isbergues is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Isques
Isques is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Ivergny
Ivergny is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Izel-les-Hameaux
Izel-les-Hameaux is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Izel-lès-Équerchin
Izel-lès-Équerchin is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Journy
Journy is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

La Calotterie
La Calotterie is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

La Capelle-lès-Boulogne
La Capelle-lès-Boulogne is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

La Cauchie
La Cauchie is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

La Comté
La Comté is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

La Couture, Pas-de-Calais
La Couture, Pas-de-Calais is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

La Herlière
La Herlière is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

La Loge
La Loge is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

La Madelaine-sous-Montreuil
La Madelaine-sous-Montreuil is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

La Thieuloye
La Thieuloye is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Labeuvrière
Labeuvrière is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Labourse
Labourse is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Labroye
Labroye is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Lacres
Lacres is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Lagnicourt-Marcel
Lagnicourt-Marcel is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Laires
Laires is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Lambres
Lambres is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Landrethun-le-Nord
Landrethun-le-Nord is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Landrethun-lès-Ardres
Landrethun-lès-Ardres is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Lapugnoy
Lapugnoy is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Lattre-Saint-Quentin
Lattre-Saint-Quentin is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Laventie
Laventie is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Le Parcq
Le Parcq is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Le Ponchel
Le Ponchel is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Le Portel
Le Portel is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Le Quesnoy-en-Artois
Le Quesnoy-en-Artois is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Le Sars
Le Sars is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Le Souich
Le Souich is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Le Touquet-Paris-Plage
Le Touquet-Paris-Plage is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Le Transloy
Le Transloy is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Le Wast
Le Wast is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Lebiez
Lebiez is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Lebucquière
Lebucquière is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Ledinghem
Ledinghem is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Lefaux
Lefaux is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Leforest
Leforest is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Les Attaques
Les Attaques is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Lespesses
Lespesses is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Lespinoy
Lespinoy is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Lestrem
Lestrem is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Leubringhen
Leubringhen is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Leulinghem
Leulinghem is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Leulinghen-Bernes
Leulinghen-Bernes is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Libercourt
Libercourt is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Licques
Licques is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Liencourt
Liencourt is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Liettres
Liettres is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Lignereuil
Lignereuil is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Ligny-Saint-Flochel
Ligny-Saint-Flochel is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Ligny-Thilloy
Ligny-Thilloy is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Ligny-lès-Aire
Ligny-lès-Aire is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Ligny-sur-Canche
Ligny-sur-Canche is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Lillers
Lillers is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Linghem
Linghem is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Linzeux
Linzeux is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Lisbourg
Lisbourg is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Lières
Lières is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Liévin
Liévin is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Locon
Locon is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Loison-sous-Lens
Loison-sous-Lens is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Loison-sur-Créquoise
Loison-sur-Créquoise is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Longfossé
Longfossé is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Longuenesse
Longuenesse is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Longueville, Pas-de-Calais
Longueville, Pas-de-Calais is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Longvilliers, Pas-de-Calais
Longvilliers, Pas-de-Calais is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Loos-en-Gohelle
Loos-en-Gohelle is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Lorgies
Lorgies is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Lottinghen
Lottinghen is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Louches
Louches is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Lozinghem
Lozinghem is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Lugy
Lugy is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Lumbres
Lumbres is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Léchelle, Pas-de-Calais
Léchelle, Pas-de-Calais is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Lépine
Lépine is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Magnicourt-en-Comte
Magnicourt-en-Comte is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Magnicourt-sur-Canche
Magnicourt-sur-Canche is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Maintenay
Maintenay is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Maisnil
Maisnil is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Maisnil-lès-Ruitz
Maisnil-lès-Ruitz is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Maisoncelle
Maisoncelle is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Maizières, Pas-de-Calais
Maizières, Pas-de-Calais is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Mametz, Pas-de-Calais
Mametz, Pas-de-Calais is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Manin, Pas-de-Calais
Manin, Pas-de-Calais is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Maninghem
Maninghem is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Maninghen-Henne
Maninghen-Henne is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Marant
Marant is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Marck, Pas-de-Calais
Marck, Pas-de-Calais is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Marconne
Marconne is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Marconnelle
Marconnelle is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Marenla
Marenla is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Maresquel-Ecquemicourt
Maresquel-Ecquemicourt is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Marest
Marest is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Maresville
Maresville is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Marles-les-Mines
Marles-les-Mines is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Marles-sur-Canche
Marles-sur-Canche is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Marquay, Pas-de-Calais
Marquay, Pas-de-Calais is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Marquion
Marquion is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Marquise, Pas-de-Calais
Marquise, Pas-de-Calais is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Martinpuich
Martinpuich is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Marœuil
Marœuil is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Matringhem
Matringhem is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Mazingarbe
Mazingarbe is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Mazinghem
Mazinghem is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Mencas
Mencas is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Menneville, Pas-de-Calais
Menneville, Pas-de-Calais is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Mentque-Nortbécourt
Mentque-Nortbécourt is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Mercatel
Mercatel is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Merck-Saint-Liévin
Merck-Saint-Liévin is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Merlimont
Merlimont is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Metz-en-Couture
Metz-en-Couture is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Meurchin
Meurchin is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Mingoval
Mingoval is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Roundhay Park
Roundhay Park is a large park in the upmarket suburb of Roundhay in North Leeds. The park is home to two lakes, the Waterloo Lake and the Upper Lake. The Park is also home to Roundhay Mansion, Roundhay Castle and Tropical World.
History.
Roundhay Park was a private hunting ground in the thirteenth century. Thomas Nicholson bought the park in 1803 and in 1811 had John Clarke redesign it as a private park. At the same time the Roundhay Mansion was built. In 1871, the park was bought by Leeds City Council for use by the public. The decision to buy the park was not a popular one, with many people seeing it as a waste of money because the park was so far away from Leeds City Centre. The city grew though in later years through the industrial revolution and the city's wealthy residents built houses close to the park.
Waterloo Lake.
The main lake, Waterloo Lake was built by soldiers after their return from the Napolionic Wars after the Battle of Waterloo. The lake is sixty feet deep and thirty three acres in area. It was originally used for boating, but now only fishing. In the twentieth century the boat house was made into a cafe. Until 1900 a steamboat called the "Maid of Athens" ran on the lake. The damn at the south end was once a waterfall.
The Upper Lake.
The Upper Lake is the smaller of the two lakes in the park and is set much higher then Waterloo Lake. Roundhay Castle is on the hill between the two lakes. The Upper Lake has a large fountain in the centre.
Concerts.
The park has seen many concerts, including Party at the Park, a Madonna concert and more recently a Robbie Williams concert.

Moncheaux-lès-Frévent
Moncheaux-lès-Frévent is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Monchel-sur-Canche
Monchel-sur-Canche is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Monchiet
Monchiet is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Monchy-Breton
Monchy-Breton is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Monchy-Cayeux
Monchy-Cayeux is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Monchy-au-Bois
Monchy-au-Bois is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Monchy-le-Preux
Monchy-le-Preux is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Mondicourt
Mondicourt is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Mont-Bernanchon
Mont-Bernanchon is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Mont-Saint-Éloi
Mont-Saint-Éloi is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Montcavrel
Montcavrel is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Montenescourt
Montenescourt is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Montigny-en-Gohelle
Montigny-en-Gohelle is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Montreuil, Pas-de-Calais
Montreuil, Pas-de-Calais is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Monts-en-Ternois
Monts-en-Ternois is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Morchies
Morchies is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Moringhem
Moringhem is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Morval
Morval is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Mory, Pas-de-Calais
Mory, Pas-de-Calais is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Moulle
Moulle is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Mouriez
Mouriez is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Moyenneville, Pas-de-Calais
Moyenneville, Pas-de-Calais is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Muncq-Nieurlet
Muncq-Nieurlet is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Méricourt, Pas-de-Calais
Méricourt, Pas-de-Calais is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Nabringhen
Nabringhen is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Nempont-Saint-Firmin
Nempont-Saint-Firmin is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Nesles
Nesles is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Neufchâtel-Hardelot
Neufchâtel-Hardelot is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Neulette
Neulette is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Neuve-Chapelle
Neuve-Chapelle is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Neuville-Bourjonval
Neuville-Bourjonval is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Neuville-Saint-Vaast
Neuville-Saint-Vaast is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Neuville-Vitasse
Neuville-Vitasse is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Neuville-au-Cornet
Neuville-au-Cornet is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Neuville-sous-Montreuil
Neuville-sous-Montreuil is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Neuvireuil
Neuvireuil is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Nielles-lès-Ardres
Nielles-lès-Ardres is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Nielles-lès-Bléquin
Nielles-lès-Bléquin is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Nielles-lès-Calais
Nielles-lès-Calais is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Nordausques
Nordausques is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Noreuil
Noreuil is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Norrent-Fontes
Norrent-Fontes is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Nort-Leulinghem
Nort-Leulinghem is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Nortkerque
Nortkerque is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Nouvelle-Église
Nouvelle-Église is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Noyelle-Vion
Noyelle-Vion is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Noyelles-Godault
Noyelles-Godault is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Noyelles-lès-Humières
Noyelles-lès-Humières is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Noyelles-lès-Vermelles
Noyelles-lès-Vermelles is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Noyelles-sous-Bellonne
Noyelles-sous-Bellonne is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Noyelles-sous-Lens
Noyelles-sous-Lens is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Noyellette
Noyellette is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Nuncq-Hautecôte
Nuncq-Hautecôte is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Nédon
Nédon is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Nédonchel
Nédonchel is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Nœux-les-Mines
Nœux-les-Mines is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Nœux-lès-Auxi
Nœux-lès-Auxi is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Oblinghem
Oblinghem is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Offekerque
Offekerque is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Offin
Offin is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Offrethun
Offrethun is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Oignies
Oignies is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Oisy-le-Verger
Oisy-le-Verger is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Oppy, Pas-de-Calais
Oppy, Pas-de-Calais is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Orville, Pas-de-Calais
Orville, Pas-de-Calais is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Ostreville
Ostreville is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Ourton
Ourton is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Outreau
Outreau is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Ouve-Wirquin
Ouve-Wirquin is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Oye-Plage
Oye-Plage is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Palluel
Palluel is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Parenty
Parenty is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Pas-en-Artois
Pas-en-Artois is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Pelves
Pelves is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Penin
Penin is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Pernes, Pas-de-Calais
Pernes, Pas-de-Calais is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Pernes-lès-Boulogne
Pernes-lès-Boulogne is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Peuplingues
Peuplingues is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Pierremont
Pierremont is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Pihem
Pihem is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Pihen-lès-Guînes
Pihen-lès-Guînes is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Pittefaux
Pittefaux is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Planques
Planques is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Plouvain
Plouvain is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Polincove
Polincove is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Pommera
Pommera is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Pommier
Pommier is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Pont-à-Vendin
Pont-à-Vendin is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Pressy
Pressy is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Preures
Preures is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Pronville
Pronville is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Prédefin
Prédefin is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Puisieux, Pas-de-Calais
Puisieux, Pas-de-Calais is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Quelmes
Quelmes is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Quercamps
Quercamps is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Quernes
Quernes is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Quesques
Quesques is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Questrecques
Questrecques is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Quiestède
Quiestède is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Quilen
Quilen is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Quiéry-la-Motte
Quiéry-la-Motte is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Quéant
Quéant is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Quœux-Haut-Maînil
Quœux-Haut-Maînil is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.
Quœux-Haut-Maînil is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Racquinghem
Racquinghem is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Radinghem
Radinghem is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Ramecourt, Pas-de-Calais
Ramecourt, Pas-de-Calais is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Rang-du-Fliers
Rang-du-Fliers is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Ransart
Ransart is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Raye-sur-Authie
Raye-sur-Authie is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Rebecques
Rebecques is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Rebergues
Rebergues is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Rebreuve-Ranchicourt
Rebreuve-Ranchicourt is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Rebreuve-sur-Canche
Rebreuve-sur-Canche is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Rebreuviette
Rebreuviette is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Reclinghem
Reclinghem is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Recques-sur-Course
Recques-sur-Course is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Recques-sur-Hem
Recques-sur-Hem is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Regnauville
Regnauville is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Rely, Pas-de-Calais
Rely, Pas-de-Calais is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Remilly-Wirquin
Remilly-Wirquin is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Renty
Renty is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Rety
Rety is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Richebourg, Pas-de-Calais
Richebourg, Pas-de-Calais is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Riencourt-lès-Bapaume
Riencourt-lès-Bapaume is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Riencourt-lès-Cagnicourt
Riencourt-lès-Cagnicourt is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Rimboval
Rimboval is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Rinxent
Rinxent is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Rivière, Pas-de-Calais
Rivière, Pas-de-Calais is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Robecq
Robecq is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Roclincourt
Roclincourt is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Rocquigny, Pas-de-Calais
Rocquigny, Pas-de-Calais is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Rodelinghem
Rodelinghem is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Rollancourt
Rollancourt is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Rombly
Rombly is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Roquetoire
Roquetoire is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Rougefay
Rougefay is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Roussent
Roussent is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Rouvroy, Pas-de-Calais
Rouvroy, Pas-de-Calais is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Royon
Royon is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Roëllecourt
Roëllecourt is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Ruisseauville
Ruisseauville is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Ruitz
Ruitz is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Rumaucourt
Rumaucourt is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Rumilly, Pas-de-Calais
Rumilly, Pas-de-Calais is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Ruminghem
Ruminghem is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Ruyaulcourt
Ruyaulcourt is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Récourt
Récourt is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Rémy
Rémy is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Rœux
Rœux is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Sachin, Pas-de-Calais
Sachin, Pas-de-Calais is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Sailly-Labourse
Sailly-Labourse is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Sailly-au-Bois
Sailly-au-Bois is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Sailly-en-Ostrevent
Sailly-en-Ostrevent is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Sailly-sur-la-Lys
Sailly-sur-la-Lys is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Sains-en-Gohelle
Sains-en-Gohelle is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Sains-lès-Fressin
Sains-lès-Fressin is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Sains-lès-Marquion
Sains-lès-Marquion is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Sains-lès-Pernes
Sains-lès-Pernes is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Saint-Amand, Pas-de-Calais
Saint-Amand, Pas-de-Calais is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Saint-Aubin, Pas-de-Calais
Saint-Aubin, Pas-de-Calais is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Saint-Denœux
Saint-Denœux is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Saint-Floris
Saint-Floris is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Saint-Folquin
Saint-Folquin is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Saint-Georges, Pas-de-Calais
Saint-Georges, Pas-de-Calais is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Saint-Hilaire-Cottes
Saint-Hilaire-Cottes is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Saint-Inglevert
Saint-Inglevert is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Saint-Josse
Saint-Josse is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Saint-Laurent-Blangy
Saint-Laurent-Blangy is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Saint-Léger, Pas-de-Calais
Saint-Léger, Pas-de-Calais is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Saint-Léonard, Pas-de-Calais
Saint-Léonard, Pas-de-Calais is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Saint-Martin-Boulogne
Saint-Martin-Boulogne is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Saint-Martin-Choquel
Saint-Martin-Choquel is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Saint-Martin-au-Laërt
Saint-Martin-au-Laërt is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Saint-Martin-d'Hardinghem
Saint-Martin-d'Hardinghem is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Saint-Martin-sur-Cojeul
Saint-Martin-sur-Cojeul is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Saint-Michel-sous-Bois
Saint-Michel-sous-Bois is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Saint-Michel-sur-Ternoise
Saint-Michel-sur-Ternoise is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Saint-Nicolas, Pas-de-Calais
Saint-Nicolas, Pas-de-Calais is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Saint-Omer
Saint-Omer is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Saint-Omer-Capelle
Saint-Omer-Capelle is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Saint-Pol-sur-Ternoise
Saint-Pol-sur-Ternoise is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Saint-Rémy-au-Bois
Saint-Rémy-au-Bois is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Saint-Tricat
Saint-Tricat is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Saint-Venant
Saint-Venant is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Saint-Étienne-au-Mont
Saint-Étienne-au-Mont is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Sainte-Austreberthe, Pas-de-Calais
Sainte-Austreberthe, Pas-de-Calais is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Sainte-Catherine-lès-Arras
Sainte-Catherine-lès-Arras is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Sainte-Marie-Kerque
Sainte-Marie-Kerque is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Sallaumines
Sallaumines is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Salperwick
Salperwick is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Samer
Samer is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Sangatte
Sangatte is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Sanghen
Sanghen is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Sapignies
Sapignies is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Sars-le-Bois
Sars-le-Bois is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Sarton, Pas-de-Calais
Sarton, Pas-de-Calais is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Sauchy-Cauchy
Sauchy-Cauchy is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Sauchy-Lestrée
Sauchy-Lestrée is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Saudemont
Saudemont is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Saulchoy
Saulchoy is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Saulty
Saulty is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Savy-Berlette
Savy-Berlette is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Selles, Pas-de-Calais
Selles, Pas-de-Calais is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Sempy
Sempy is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Seninghem
Seninghem is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Senlecques
Senlecques is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Senlis, Pas-de-Calais
Senlis, Pas-de-Calais is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Serques
Serques is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Servins
Servins is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Setques
Setques is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Sibiville
Sibiville is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Simencourt
Simencourt is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Siracourt
Siracourt is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Sombrin
Sombrin is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Sorrus
Sorrus is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Souastre
Souastre is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Souchez
Souchez is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Surques
Surques is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Sus-Saint-Léger
Sus-Saint-Léger is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Séricourt
Séricourt is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Tangry
Tangry is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Tardinghen
Tardinghen is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Tatinghem
Tatinghem is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Teneur
Teneur is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Ternas
Ternas is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Thiembronne
Thiembronne is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Thièvres, Pas-de-Calais
Thièvres, Pas-de-Calais is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Thélus
Thélus is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Thérouanne
Thérouanne is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Tigny-Noyelle
Tigny-Noyelle is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Tilloy-lès-Hermaville
Tilloy-lès-Hermaville is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Tilloy-lès-Mofflaines
Tilloy-lès-Mofflaines is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Tilly-Capelle
Tilly-Capelle is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Tilques
Tilques is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Tincques
Tincques is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Tingry
Tingry is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Tollent
Tollent is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Torcy, Pas-de-Calais
Torcy, Pas-de-Calais is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Tortefontaine
Tortefontaine is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Tortequesne
Tortequesne is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Tournehem-sur-la-Hem
Tournehem-sur-la-Hem is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Tramecourt
Tramecourt is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Trescault
Trescault is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Troisvaux
Troisvaux is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Tubersent
Tubersent is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Vacquerie-le-Boucq
Vacquerie-le-Boucq is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Vacqueriette-Erquières
Vacqueriette-Erquières is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Valhuon
Valhuon is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Vaudricourt, Pas-de-Calais
Vaudricourt, Pas-de-Calais is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Vaudringhem
Vaudringhem is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Vaulx, Pas-de-Calais
Vaulx, Pas-de-Calais is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Vaulx-Vraucourt
Vaulx-Vraucourt is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Vendin-le-Vieil
Vendin-le-Vieil is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Vendin-lès-Béthune
Vendin-lès-Béthune is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Verchin
Verchin is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Verchocq
Verchocq is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Verlincthun
Verlincthun is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Vermelles
Vermelles is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Verquin
Verquin is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Verton
Verton is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Vieil-Hesdin
Vieil-Hesdin is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Vieil-Moutier
Vieil-Moutier is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Vieille-Chapelle
Vieille-Chapelle is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Vieille-Église
Vieille-Église is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Villers-Brûlin
Villers-Brûlin is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Villers-Châtel
Villers-Châtel is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Villers-Sir-Simon
Villers-Sir-Simon is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Villers-au-Bois
Villers-au-Bois is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Villers-au-Flos
Villers-au-Flos is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Villers-l'Hôpital
Villers-l'Hôpital is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Villers-lès-Cagnicourt
Villers-lès-Cagnicourt is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Vimy
Vimy is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Vincly
Vincly is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Violaines
Violaines is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Vis-en-Artois
Vis-en-Artois is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Vitry-en-Artois
Vitry-en-Artois is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Vélu
Vélu is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Waben
Waben is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Wacquinghen
Wacquinghen is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Wail
Wail is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Wailly
Wailly is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Wailly-Beaucamp
Wailly-Beaucamp is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Wambercourt
Wambercourt is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Wamin
Wamin is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Wancourt
Wancourt is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Wanquetin
Wanquetin is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Wardrecques
Wardrecques is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Warlencourt-Eaucourt
Warlencourt-Eaucourt is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Warlincourt-lès-Pas
Warlincourt-lès-Pas is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Warlus, Pas-de-Calais
Warlus, Pas-de-Calais is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Warluzel
Warluzel is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Wavrans-sur-Ternoise
Wavrans-sur-Ternoise is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Wavrans-sur-l'Aa
Wavrans-sur-l'Aa is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Westrehem
Westrehem is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Wicquinghem
Wicquinghem is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Widehem
Widehem is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Wierre-Effroy
Wierre-Effroy is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Wierre-au-Bois
Wierre-au-Bois is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Willeman
Willeman is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Willencourt
Willencourt is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Willerval
Willerval is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Wimereux
Wimereux is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Wimille
Wimille is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Wingles
Wingles is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Wirwignes
Wirwignes is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Wismes
Wismes is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Wisques
Wisques is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Wissant
Wissant is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Witternesse
Witternesse is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Wittes
Wittes is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Wizernes
Wizernes is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Ytres
Ytres is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Zoteux
Zoteux is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Zouafques
Zouafques is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Zudausques
Zudausques is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Zutkerque
Zutkerque is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Éclimeux
Éclimeux is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Écoivres
Écoivres is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Écourt-Saint-Quentin
Écourt-Saint-Quentin is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Écoust-Saint-Mein
Écoust-Saint-Mein is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Écuires
Écuires is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Écurie
Écurie is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Éleu-dit-Leauwette
Éleu-dit-Leauwette is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Éperlecques
Éperlecques is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Épinoy
Épinoy is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Équihen-Plage
Équihen-Plage is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Équirre
Équirre is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Érin
Érin is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Étaing
Étaing is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Étaples
Étaples is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Éterpigny, Pas-de-Calais
Éterpigny, Pas-de-Calais is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Étrun
Étrun is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Évin-Malmaison
Évin-Malmaison is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Œuf-en-Ternois
Œuf-en-Ternois is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Ada, Oklahoma
Ada is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Aline, Oklahoma
Aline, Oklahoma is a town of Oklahoma in the United States.

Altus, Oklahoma
Altus is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Alva, Oklahoma
Alva is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Antlers, Oklahoma
Antlers is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Ardmore, Oklahoma
Ardmore, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Asher, Oklahoma
Asher, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Atoka, Oklahoma
Atoka, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Barnsdall, Oklahoma
Barnsdall, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Bartlesville, Oklahoma
Bartlesville, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Beaver, Oklahoma
Beaver, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Beggs, Oklahoma
Beggs, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Bethany, Oklahoma
Bethany, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Blackwell, Oklahoma
Blackwell, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Blanchard, Oklahoma
Blanchard, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Boise City, Oklahoma
Boise City, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Bowlegs, Oklahoma
Bowlegs, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Bridgeport, Oklahoma
Bridgeport, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Bristow, Oklahoma
Bristow, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Broken Bow, Oklahoma
Broken Bow, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Bunch, Oklahoma
Bunch, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Cache, Oklahoma
Cache, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Catoosa, Oklahoma
Catoosa, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Cedar Valley, Oklahoma
Cedar Valley, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Centrahoma, Oklahoma
Centrahoma, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Chandler, Oklahoma
Chandler, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Checotah, Oklahoma
Checotah, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Chelsea, Oklahoma
Chelsea, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Cherokee, Oklahoma
Cherokee, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Chickasha, Oklahoma
Chickasha, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Endangered language
An Endangered language is a language with very few native speakers, that is in danger of becoming extinct.

Claremore, Oklahoma
Claremore, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Cleveland, Oklahoma
Cleveland, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Clinton, Oklahoma
Clinton, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Coalgate, Oklahoma
Coalgate, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Collinsville, Oklahoma
Collinsville, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Comanche, Oklahoma
Comanche, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Commerce, Oklahoma
Commerce, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Crescent, Oklahoma
Crescent, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Cromwell, Oklahoma
Cromwell, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Cushing, Oklahoma
Cushing, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Davis, Oklahoma
Davis, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Del City, Oklahoma
Del City, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Dewey, Oklahoma
Dewey, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Drumright, Oklahoma
Drumright, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Duncan, Oklahoma
Duncan, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Durant, Oklahoma
Durant, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

El Reno, Oklahoma
El Reno, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Elgin, Oklahoma
Elgin, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Elk City, Oklahoma
Elk City, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Erick, Oklahoma
Erick, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Eufaula, Oklahoma
Eufaula, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Fairview, Oklahoma
Fairview, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Frederick, Oklahoma
Frederick, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Garber, Oklahoma
Garber, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Geary, Oklahoma
Geary, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Glenpool, Oklahoma
Glenpool, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Gould, Oklahoma
Gould, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Grandfield, Oklahoma
Grandfield, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Grove, Oklahoma
Grove, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Guthrie, Oklahoma
Guthrie, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Guymon, Oklahoma
Guymon, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Haileyville, Oklahoma
Haileyville, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Harrah, Oklahoma
Harrah, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Hartshorne, Oklahoma
Hartshorne, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Healdton, Oklahoma
Healdton, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Heavener, Oklahoma
Heavener, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Henryetta, Oklahoma
Henryetta, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Hobart, Oklahoma
Hobart, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Holdenville, Oklahoma
Holdenville, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Hollis, Oklahoma
Hollis, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Hominy, Oklahoma
Hominy, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Hooker, Oklahoma
Hooker, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Hugo, Oklahoma
Hugo, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Inola, Oklahoma
Inola, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Jay, Oklahoma
Jay, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Kaw City, Oklahoma
Kaw City, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Kingfisher, Oklahoma
Kingfisher, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Konawa, Oklahoma
Konawa, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Krebs, Oklahoma
Krebs, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Langston, Oklahoma
Langston, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Lehigh, Oklahoma
Lehigh, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Lexington, Oklahoma
Lexington, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Lindsay, Oklahoma
Lindsay, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Lone Grove, Oklahoma
Lone Grove, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Madill, Oklahoma
Madill, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Mangum, Oklahoma
Mangum, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Marietta, Oklahoma
Marietta, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Marlow, Oklahoma
Marlow, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Maud, Oklahoma
Maud, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

McAlester, Oklahoma
McAlester, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Medford, Oklahoma
Medford, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Meeker, Oklahoma
Meeker, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Miami, Oklahoma
Miami, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Minco, Oklahoma
Minco, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Morris, Oklahoma
Morris, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Muskogee, Oklahoma
Muskogee is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Mustang, Oklahoma
Mustang, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

New Cordell, Oklahoma
New Cordell, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Newcastle, Oklahoma
Newcastle, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Newkirk, Oklahoma
Newkirk, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Nichols Hills, Oklahoma
Nichols Hills, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Nicoma Park, Oklahoma
Nicoma Park, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Noble, Oklahoma
Noble, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Nowata, Oklahoma
Nowata, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Oakhurst, Oklahoma
Oakhurst, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Oilton, Oklahoma
Oilton, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Okmulgee, Oklahoma
Okmulgee, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Pauls Valley, Oklahoma
Pauls Valley, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Pawhuska, Oklahoma
Pawhuska, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Pawnee, Oklahoma
Pawnee, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Perkins, Oklahoma
Perkins, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Perry, Oklahoma
Perry, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Picher, Oklahoma
Picher, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Piedmont, Oklahoma
Piedmont, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Ponca City, Oklahoma
Ponca City, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Pond Creek, Oklahoma
Pond Creek, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Poteau, Oklahoma
Poteau, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Prague, Oklahoma
Prague, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Pryor Creek, Oklahoma
Pryor Creek, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Purcell, Oklahoma
Purcell, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Red Oak, Oklahoma
Red Oak, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Ringwood, Oklahoma
Ringwood, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Ripley, Oklahoma
Ripley, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Sallisaw, Oklahoma
Sallisaw, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Sand Springs, Oklahoma
Sand Springs, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Sapulpa, Oklahoma
Sapulpa, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Sasakwa, Oklahoma
Sasakwa, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Sayre, Oklahoma
Sayre, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Seiling, Oklahoma
Seiling, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Seminole, Oklahoma
Seminole, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Shawnee, Oklahoma
Shawnee, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Shidler, Oklahoma
Shidler, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Snyder, Oklahoma
Snyder, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Spencer, Oklahoma
Spencer, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Stigler, Oklahoma
Stigler, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Stilwell, Oklahoma
Stilwell, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Stroud, Oklahoma
Stroud, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Sulphur, Oklahoma
Sulphur, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Tecumseh, Oklahoma
Tecumseh, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

The Village, Oklahoma
The Village, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Thomas, Oklahoma
Thomas, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Tishomingo, Oklahoma
Tishomingo, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Tonkawa, Oklahoma
Tonkawa, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Tupelo, Oklahoma
Tupelo, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Tuttle, Oklahoma
Tuttle, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Vinita, Oklahoma
Vinita, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Walters, Oklahoma
Walters, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Wapanucka, Oklahoma
Wapanucka, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Warr Acres, Oklahoma
Warr Acres, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Watonga, Oklahoma
Watonga, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Waurika, Oklahoma
Waurika, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Waynoka, Oklahoma
Waynoka, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Weatherford, Oklahoma
Weatherford, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Wetumka, Oklahoma
Wetumka, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Wewoka, Oklahoma
Wewoka, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Wilburton, Oklahoma
Wilburton, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Wilson, Oklahoma
Wilson, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Woodward, Oklahoma
Woodward, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Wynnewood, Oklahoma
Wynnewood, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Yale, Oklahoma
Yale, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Yukon, Oklahoma
Yukon, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Zeb, Oklahoma
Zeb, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Zena, Oklahoma
Zena, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Arcadia, Oklahoma
Arcadia, Oklahoma is a city of Oklahoma in the United States.

Adairville, Kentucky
Adairville, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Albany, Kentucky
Albany, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Alexandria, Kentucky
Alexandria, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Allen, Kentucky
Allen, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Anchorage, Kentucky
Anchorage, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Arlington, Kentucky
Arlington, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Ashland, Kentucky
Ashland, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Auburn, Kentucky
Auburn, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Audubon Park, Kentucky
Audubon Park, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Augusta, Kentucky
Augusta, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Bagdad, Kentucky
Bagdad, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Bancroft, Kentucky
Bancroft, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Barbourmeade, Kentucky
Barbourmeade, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Barbourville, Kentucky
Barbourville, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Bardstown, Kentucky
Bardstown, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Bardwell, Kentucky
Bardwell, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Barlow, Kentucky
Barlow, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Beattyville, Kentucky
Beattyville, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Beaver Dam, Kentucky
Beaver Dam, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Bedford, Kentucky
Bedford, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Beechwood Village, Kentucky
Beechwood Village, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Bellefonte, Kentucky
Bellefonte, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Bellemeade, Kentucky
Bellemeade, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Bellevue, Kentucky
Bellevue, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Bellewood, Kentucky
Bellewood, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Benham, Kentucky
Benham, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Benton, Kentucky
Benton, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Berea, Kentucky
Berea, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Berry, Kentucky
Berry, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Blackey, Kentucky
Blackey, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Blaine, Kentucky
Blaine, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Bloomfield, Kentucky
Bloomfield, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Blue Ridge Manor, Kentucky
Blue Ridge Manor, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Bonnieville, Kentucky
Bonnieville, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Booneville, Kentucky
Booneville, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Bowling Green, Kentucky
Bowling Green, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Bradfordsville, Kentucky
Bradfordsville, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Brandenburg, Kentucky
Brandenburg, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Bremen, Kentucky
Bremen, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Briarwood, Kentucky
Briarwood, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Brodhead, Kentucky
Brodhead, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Broeck Pointe, Kentucky
Broeck Pointe, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Bromley, Kentucky
Bromley, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Brooksville, Kentucky
Brooksville, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Brownsboro Farm, Kentucky
Brownsboro Farm, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Brownsboro Village, Kentucky
Brownsboro Village, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Brownsville, Kentucky
Brownsville, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Buckhorn, Kentucky
Buckhorn, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Burgin, Kentucky
Burgin, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Burkesville, Kentucky
Burkesville, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Burnside, Kentucky
Burnside, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Butler, Kentucky
Butler, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Cadiz, Kentucky
Cadiz, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Calhoun, Kentucky
Calhoun, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

California, Kentucky
California, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Calvert City, Kentucky
Calvert City, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Camargo, Kentucky
Camargo, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Cambridge, Kentucky
Cambridge, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Campbellsburg, Kentucky
Campbellsburg, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Campbellsville, Kentucky
Campbellsville, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Campton, Kentucky
Campton is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Caneyville, Kentucky
Caneyville, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Carlisle, Kentucky
Carlisle, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Carrollton, Kentucky
Carrollton, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Carrsville, Kentucky
Carrsville, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Catlettsburg, Kentucky
Catlettsburg, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Cave City, Kentucky
Cave City, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Cecilia, Kentucky
Cecilia, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Centertown, Kentucky
Centertown, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Central City, Kentucky
Central City, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Clarkson, Kentucky
Clarkson, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Clay, Kentucky
Clay, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Clay City, Kentucky
Clay City, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Clinton, Kentucky
Clinton, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Cloverport, Kentucky
Cloverport, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Coal Run Village, Kentucky
Coal Run Village, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Cold Spring, Kentucky
Cold Spring, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Coldstream, Kentucky
Coldstream, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Columbia, Kentucky
Columbia, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Columbus, Kentucky
Columbus, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Concord, Kentucky
Concord, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Corbin, Kentucky
Corbin, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Corinth, Kentucky
Corinth, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Corydon, Kentucky
Corydon, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Covington, Kentucky
Covington, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Crab Orchard, Kentucky
Crab Orchard, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Creekside, Kentucky
Creekside, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Crescent Springs, Kentucky
Crescent Springs, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Crestview, Kentucky
Crestview, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Crestview Hills, Kentucky
Crestview Hills, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Crestwood, Kentucky
Crestwood, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Crittenden, Kentucky
Crittenden, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Crofton, Kentucky
Crofton, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Crossgate, Kentucky
Crossgate, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Cumberland, Kentucky
Cumberland, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Cynthiana, Kentucky
Cynthiana, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Danville, Kentucky
Danville, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Dawson Springs, Kentucky
Dawson Springs, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Dayton, Kentucky
Dayton, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Dingus, Kentucky
Dingus, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Dixon, Kentucky
Dixon, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Douglass Hills, Kentucky
Douglass Hills, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Dover, Kentucky
Dover, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Drakesboro, Kentucky
Drakesboro, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Druid Hills, Kentucky
Druid Hills is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Dry Ridge, Kentucky
Dry Ridge, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Earlington, Kentucky
Earlington, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Eddyville, Kentucky
Eddyville, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Edgewood, Kentucky
Edgewood, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Edmonton, Kentucky
Edmonton, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Ekron, Kentucky
Ekron, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Elizabethtown, Kentucky
Elizabethtown, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Elkhorn City, Kentucky
Elkhorn City, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Elkton, Kentucky
Elkton, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Elsmere, Kentucky
Elsmere, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Elwood, Kentucky
Elwood, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Eminence, Kentucky
Eminence, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Erlanger, Kentucky
Erlanger, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Eubank, Kentucky
Eubank, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Evarts, Kentucky
Evarts, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Ewing, Kentucky
Ewing, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Fairfield, Kentucky
Fairfield, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Fairview, Kenton County, Kentucky
Fairview, Kenton County, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Falmouth, Kentucky
Falmouth, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Ferguson, Kentucky
Ferguson, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Fincastle, Kentucky
Fincastle, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Flatwoods, Kentucky
Flatwoods, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Fleming-Neon, Kentucky
Fleming-Neon, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Flemingsburg, Kentucky
Flemingsburg, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Florence, Kentucky
Florence, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Fordsville, Kentucky
Fordsville, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Forest Hills, Kentucky
Forest Hills, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Fort Mitchell, Kentucky
Fort Mitchell, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Fort Thomas, Kentucky
Fort Thomas, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Fort Wright, Kentucky
Fort Wright, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Fountain Run, Kentucky
Fountain Run, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Fox Chase, Kentucky
Fox Chase, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Franklin, Kentucky
Franklin, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Fredonia, Kentucky
Fredonia, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Frenchburg, Kentucky
Frenchburg, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Fulton, Kentucky
Fulton, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Gamaliel, Kentucky
Gamaliel, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Germantown, Kentucky
Germantown, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Ghent, Kentucky
Ghent, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Glasgow, Kentucky
Glasgow, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Glencoe, Kentucky
Glencoe, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Glenview, Kentucky
Glenview, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Glenview Hills, Kentucky
Glenview Hills, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Glenview Manor, Kentucky
Glenview Manor, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Goose Creek, Kentucky
Goose Creek, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Goshen, Kentucky
Goshen, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Grand Rivers, Kentucky
Grand Rivers, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Gratz, Kentucky
Gratz, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Graymoor-Devondale, Kentucky
Graymoor-Devondale, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Grayson, Kentucky
Grayson, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Green Spring, Kentucky
Green Spring, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Greensburg, Kentucky
Greensburg, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Greenup, Kentucky
Greenup, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Greenville, Kentucky
Greenville, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Guthrie, Kentucky
Guthrie, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Hanson, Kentucky
Hanson, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Hardin, Kentucky
Hardin, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Hardinsburg, Kentucky
Hardinsburg, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Harlan, Kentucky
Harlan, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Harrodsburg, Kentucky
Harrodsburg, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Hartford, Kentucky
Hartford, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Hawesville, Kentucky
Hawesville, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Hazard, Kentucky
Hazard, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Hazel, Kentucky
Hazel, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Hell's Neck, Kentucky
Hell's Neck, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Henderson, Kentucky
Henderson, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Hickman, Kentucky
Hickman, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Hickory Hill, Kentucky
Hickory Hill, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Highland Heights, Kentucky
Highland Heights, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Hills and Dales, Kentucky
Hills and Dales, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Hillview, Kentucky
Hillview, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Hindman, Kentucky
Hindman, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Hiseville, Kentucky
Hiseville, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Hollow Creek, Kentucky
Hollow Creek, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Hollyvilla, Kentucky
Hollyvilla, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Hopkinsville, Kentucky
Hopkinsville, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Horse Cave, Kentucky
Horse Cave, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Houston Acres, Kentucky
Houston Acres, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Hunters Hollow, Kentucky
Hunters Hollow, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Hurstbourne, Kentucky
Hurstbourne, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Hurstbourne Acres, Kentucky
Hurstbourne Acres, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Hustonville, Kentucky
Hustonville, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Hyden, Kentucky
Hyden, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Independence, Kentucky
Independence, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Indian Hills, Kentucky
Indian Hills, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Inez, Kentucky
Inez, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Irvine, Kentucky
Irvine, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Irvington, Kentucky
Irvington, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Island, Kentucky
Island, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Jackson, Kentucky
Jackson, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Jamestown, Kentucky
Jamestown, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Jeffersontown, Kentucky
Jeffersontown, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Jeffersonville, Kentucky
Jeffersonville, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Jenkins, Kentucky
Jenkins, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Junction City, Kentucky
Junction City, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Kenton Vale, Kentucky
Kenton Vale, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Kevil, Kentucky
Kevil, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Kingsley, Kentucky
Kingsley, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Kuttawa, Kentucky
Kuttawa, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

LaFayette, Kentucky
LaFayette, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

La Center, Kentucky
La Center, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

La Grange, Kentucky
La Grange, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Lakeside Park, Kentucky
Lakeside Park, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Lakeview Heights, Kentucky
Lakeview Heights, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Lancaster, Kentucky
Lancaster, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Langdon Place, Kentucky
Langdon Place, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Latonia Lakes, Kentucky
Latonia Lakes, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Lawrenceburg, Kentucky
Lawrenceburg, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Lebanon, Kentucky
Lebanon, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Lebanon Junction, Kentucky
Lebanon Junction, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Leitchfield, Kentucky
Leitchfield, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Lewisburg, Kentucky
Lewisburg, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Lewisport, Kentucky
Lewisport, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Lexington Greene, Kentucky
Lexington Greene, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Liberty, Kentucky
Liberty, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Lincolnshire, Kentucky
Lincolnshire, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Livermore, Kentucky
Livermore, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Livingston, Kentucky
Livingston, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

London, Kentucky
London, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Lone Oak, Kentucky
Lone Oak, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Loretto, Kentucky
Loretto, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Louisa, Kentucky
Louisa, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Loyall, Kentucky
Loyall, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Ludlow, Kentucky
Ludlow, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Lynch, Kentucky
Lynch, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Lyndon, Kentucky
Lyndon, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Lynnview, Kentucky
Lynnview, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Mackville, Kentucky
Mackville, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Madisonville, Kentucky
Madisonville, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Manchester, Kentucky
Manchester, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Manor Creek, Kentucky
Manor Creek, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Marion, Kentucky
Marion, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Martin, Kentucky
Martin, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Maryhill Estates, Kentucky
Maryhill Estates, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Mayfield, Kentucky
Mayfield, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Maysville, Kentucky
Maysville, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

McHenry, Kentucky
McHenry, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

McKee, Kentucky
McKee, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Meadow Vale, Kentucky
Meadow Vale, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Meadowbrook Farm, Kentucky
Meadowbrook Farm, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Meadowview Estates, Kentucky
Meadowview Estates, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Melbourne, Kentucky
Melbourne, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Mentor, Kentucky
Mentor, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Middlesborough, Kentucky
Middlesborough, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Middletown, Kentucky
Middletown, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Midway, Kentucky
Midway, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Millersburg, Kentucky
Millersburg, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Milton, Kentucky
Milton, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Minor Lane Heights, Kentucky
Minor Lane Heights, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Mockingbird Valley, Kentucky
Mockingbird Valley, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Monkey's Eyebrow, Kentucky
Monkey's Eyebrow, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Monterey, Kentucky
Monterey, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Monticello, Kentucky
Monticello, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Moorland, Kentucky
Moorland, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Morehead, Kentucky
Morehead, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Morganfield, Kentucky
Morganfield, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Morgantown, Kentucky
Morgantown, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Mortons Gap, Kentucky
Mortons Gap, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Mount Olivet, Kentucky
Mount Olivet, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Mount Sterling, Kentucky
Mount Sterling, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Mount Vernon, Kentucky
Mount Vernon, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Mount Washington, Kentucky
Mount Washington, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Muldraugh, Kentucky
Muldraugh, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Munfordville, Kentucky
Munfordville, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Murray, Kentucky
Murray, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Murray Hill, Kentucky
Murray Hill, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Nebo, Kentucky
Nebo, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

New Castle, Kentucky
New Castle, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

New Haven, Kentucky
New Haven, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Newport, Kentucky
Newport, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Nicholasville, Kentucky
Nicholasville, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Norbourne Estates, Kentucky
Norbourne Estates, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

North Middletown, Kentucky
North Middletown, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Northfield, Kentucky
Northfield, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Nortonville, Kentucky
Nortonville, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Norwood, Kentucky
Norwood, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Oak Grove, Kentucky
Oak Grove, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Oakland, Kentucky
Oakland, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Old Brownsboro Place, Kentucky
Old Brownsboro Place, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Olive Hill, Kentucky
Olive Hill, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Orchard Grass Hills, Kentucky
Orchard Grass Hills, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Owensboro, Kentucky
Owensboro, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Owenton, Kentucky
Owenton, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Owingsville, Kentucky
Owingsville, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Paducah, Kentucky
Paducah, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Paintsville, Kentucky
Paintsville, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Paris, Kentucky
Paris, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Park City, Kentucky
Park City, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Park Hills, Kentucky
Park Hills, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Park Lake, Kentucky
Park Lake, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Parkway Village, Kentucky
Parkway Village, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Pembroke, Kentucky
Pembroke, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Perryville, Kentucky
Perryville, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Pewee Valley, Kentucky
Pewee Valley, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Pikeville, Kentucky
Pikeville, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Pineville, Kentucky
Pineville, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Pioneer Village, Kentucky
Pioneer Village, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Pippa Passes, Kentucky
Pippa Passes, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Plantation, Kentucky
Plantation, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Pleasureville, Kentucky
Pleasureville, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Plum Springs, Kentucky
Plum Springs, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Poplar Hills, Kentucky
Poplar Hills, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Powderly, Kentucky
Powderly, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Prestonsburg, Kentucky
Prestonsburg, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Prestonville, Kentucky
Prestonville, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Princeton, Kentucky
Princeton, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Prospect, Kentucky
Prospect, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Providence, Kentucky
Providence, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Raceland, Kentucky
Raceland, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Radcliff, Kentucky
Radcliff, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Ravenna, Kentucky
Ravenna, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Raywick, Kentucky
Raywick, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Richlawn, Kentucky
Richlawn, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

River Bluff, Kentucky
River Bluff, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Riverwood, Kentucky
Riverwood, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Robards, Kentucky
Robards, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Rochester, Kentucky
Rochester, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Rockport, Kentucky
Rockport, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Rolling Fields, Kentucky
Rolling Fields, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Rolling Hills, Kentucky
Rolling Hills, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Rowletts, Kentucky
Rowletts, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Russell, Kentucky
Russell, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Russell Springs, Kentucky
Russell Springs, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Russellville, Kentucky
Russellville, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States. It was names for General William Russell. He was a soldier in the Revolutionary War in the United States.

Ryland Heights, Kentucky
Ryland Heights, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Sacramento, Kentucky
Sacramento, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Sadieville, Kentucky
Sadieville, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Salem, Kentucky
Salem, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Salt Lick, Kentucky
Salt Lick, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Salyersville, Kentucky
Salyersville, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Sanders, Kentucky
Sanders, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Sandy Hook, Kentucky
Sandy Hook, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Sardis, Kentucky
Sardis, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Science Hill, Kentucky
Science Hill, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Scottsville, Kentucky
Scottsville, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Sebree, Kentucky
Sebree, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Seneca Gardens, Kentucky
Seneca Gardens, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Sharpsburg, Kentucky
Sharpsburg, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Shelbyville, Kentucky
Shelbyville, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Shepherdsville, Kentucky
Shepherdsville, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Shively, Kentucky
Shively, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Silver Grove, Kentucky
Silver Grove, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Simpsonville, Kentucky
Simpsonville, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Slaughters, Kentucky
Slaughters, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Smithfield, Kentucky
Smithfield, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Simple Network Management Protocol
Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) is a part of the Internet Protocol Suite. SNMP is used in network management systems to monitor status of devices and also spot problems. It consists of a set of standards for network management, including an Application Layer protocol, a database schema, and a set of data objects.
SNMP exposes management data in the form of variables on the managed systems, which describe the system configuration. These variables can then be queried (and sometimes set) by managing applications.
Overview and basic concepts.
In common SNMP usage, there are a number of systems to be managed, and one or more systems managing them. A software component called an "agent" (see below) runs on each managed system and reports information via SNMP to the managing systems.
SNMP agents expose management data on the managed systems as variables (such as "free memory", "system name", "number of running processes", "default route"). But the protocol also allows active management tasks, such as modifying and applying a new configuration.
The managing system can retrieve the information through the GET, GETNEXT and GETBULK protocol operations or the agent will send data without being asked using TRAP or INFORM protocol operations. Management systems can also send configuration updates or controlling requests through the SET protocol operation to actively manage a system. Configuration and control operations are used only when changes are needed to the network. The monitoring operations are usually performed regularly.

Smithland, Kentucky
Smithland, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Smiths Grove, Kentucky
Smiths Grove, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Somerset, Kentucky
Somerset, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Sonora, Kentucky
Sonora, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

South Carrollton, Kentucky
South Carrollton, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

South Park View, Kentucky
South Park View, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

South Shore, Kentucky
South Shore, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Southgate, Kentucky
Southgate, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Sparta, Kentucky
Sparta, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Spring Mill, Kentucky
Spring Mill, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Spring Valley, Kentucky
Spring Valley, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Springfield, Kentucky
Springfield, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

St. Charles, Kentucky
St. Charles, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

St. Matthews, Kentucky
St. Matthews, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

St. Regis Park, Kentucky
St. Regis Park, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Stamping Ground, Kentucky
Stamping Ground, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Stanford, Kentucky
Stanford, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Stanton, Kentucky
Stanton, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Strathmoor Manor, Kentucky
Strathmoor Manor, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Strathmoor Village, Kentucky
Strathmoor Village, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Sturgis, Kentucky
Sturgis, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Sycamore, Kentucky
Sycamore, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Taylor Mill, Kentucky
Taylor Mill, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Taylorsville, Kentucky
Taylorsville, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Ten Broeck, Kentucky
Ten Broeck, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Thornhill, Kentucky
Thornhill, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Tompkinsville, Kentucky
Tompkinsville, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Trenton, Kentucky
Trenton, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Union, Kentucky
Union, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Uniontown, Kentucky
Uniontown, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Upton, Kentucky
Upton, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Vanceburg, Kentucky
Vanceburg, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Versailles, Kentucky
Versailles, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Vicco, Kentucky
Vicco, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Villa Hills, Kentucky
Villa Hills, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Vine Grove, Kentucky
Vine Grove, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Wallins Creek, Kentucky
Wallins Creek, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Walton, Kentucky
Walton, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Warfield, Kentucky
Warfield, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Warsaw, Kentucky
Warsaw, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Water Valley, Kentucky
Water Valley, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Watterson Park, Kentucky
Watterson Park, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Waverly, Kentucky
Waverly, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Wayland, Kentucky
Wayland, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Wellington, Kentucky
Wellington, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

West Buechel, Kentucky
West Buechel, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

West Liberty, Kentucky
West Liberty, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

West Point, Kentucky
West Point, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Westwood, Kentucky
Westwood, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Wheatcroft, Kentucky
Wheatcroft, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Wheelwright, Kentucky
Wheelwright, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

White Plains, Kentucky
White Plains, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Whitesburg, Kentucky
Whitesburg, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Whitesville, Kentucky
Whitesville, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Wickliffe, Kentucky
Wickliffe, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Wilder, Kentucky
Wilder, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Williamsburg, Kentucky
Williamsburg, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Williamstown, Kentucky
Williamstown, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Willisburg, Kentucky
Willisburg, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Winchester, Kentucky
Winchester, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Windy Hills, Kentucky
Windy Hills, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Wingo, Kentucky
Wingo, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Woodburn, Kentucky
Woodburn, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Woodbury, Kentucky
Woodbury, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Woodland Hills, Kentucky
Woodland Hills, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Woodlawn, Kentucky
Woodlawn, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Woodlawn Park, Kentucky
Woodlawn Park, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Worthington, Kentucky
Worthington, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Worthington Hills, Kentucky
Worthington Hills, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Worthville, Kentucky
Worthville, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Wurtland, Kentucky
Wurtland, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Wildwood, Kentucky
Wildwood is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Wilmore, Kentucky
Wilmore, Kentucky is a city of Kentucky in the United States.

Alexandria, Virginia
Alexandria, Virginia is a city of Virginia in the United States.

Bedford, Virginia
Bedford, Virginia is a city of Virginia in the United States.

Bristol, Virginia
Bristol, Virginia is a city of Virginia in the United States.

Buena Vista, Virginia
Buena Vista, Virginia is a city of Virginia in the United States.

Charlottesville, Virginia
Charlottesville, Virginia is a city of Virginia in the United States.

Chesapeake, Virginia
Chesapeake, Virginia is a city of Virginia in the United States.

Colonial Heights, Virginia
Colonial Heights, Virginia is a city of Virginia in the United States.

Covington, Virginia
Covington, Virginia is a city of Virginia in the United States.

Danville, Virginia
Danville, Virginia is a city of Virginia in the United States.

Emporia, Virginia
Emporia, Virginia is a city of Virginia in the United States.

Fairfax, Virginia
Fairfax, Virginia is a city of Virginia in the United States.

Falls Church, Virginia
Falls Church, Virginia is a city of Virginia in the United States.

Franklin, Virginia
Franklin, Virginia is a city of Virginia in the United States.

Fredericksburg, Virginia
Fredericksburg, Virginia is a city of Virginia in the United States.

Galax, Virginia
Galax, Virginia is a city of Virginia in the United States.

Hampton, Virginia
Hampton, Virginia is a city of Virginia in the United States.

Hopewell, Virginia
Hopewell, Virginia is a city of Virginia in the United States.

Lexington, Virginia
Lexington, Virginia is a city of Virginia in the United States.

Manassas Park, Virginia
Manassas Park, Virginia is a city of Virginia in the United States.

Manassas, Virginia
Manassas, Virginia is a city of Virginia in the United States.

Martinsville, Virginia
Martinsville, Virginia is a city of Virginia in the United States.

Newport News, Virginia
Newport News, Virginia is a city of Virginia in the United States.

Norton, Virginia
Norton, Virginia is a city of Virginia in the United States.

Petersburg, Virginia
Petersburg, Virginia is a city of Virginia in the United States.

Poquoson, Virginia
Poquoson, Virginia is a city of Virginia in the United States.

Radford, Virginia
Radford, Virginia is a city of Virginia in the United States.

Roanoke, Virginia
Roanoke, Virginia is a city of Virginia in the United States.

Salem, Virginia
Salem, Virginia is a city of Virginia in the United States.

Staunton, Virginia
Staunton, Virginia is a city of Virginia in the United States.

Suffolk, Virginia
Suffolk, Virginia is a city of Virginia in the United States.

Waynesboro, Virginia
Waynesboro, Virginia is a city of Virginia in the United States.

Williamsburg, Virginia
Williamsburg, Virginia is a city of Virginia in the United States.

Winchester, Virginia
Winchester, Virginia is a city of Virginia in the United States.

Accomac, Virginia
Accomac, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Alberta, Virginia
Alberta, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Altavista, Virginia
Altavista, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Amherst, Virginia
Amherst, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Appalachia, Virginia
Appalachia, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Appomattox, Virginia
Appomattox, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Ashland, Virginia
Ashland, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Belle Haven, Accomack County, Virginia
Belle Haven is a town in Accomack County of Virginia, United States. About 480 people were living in Belle Haven as of the year 2000.

Berryville, Virginia
Berryville, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Big Stone Gap, Virginia
Big Stone Gap, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Blacksburg, Virginia
Blacksburg, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Blackstone, Virginia
Blackstone, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Bloxom, Virginia
Bloxom, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Bluefield, Virginia
Bluefield, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Boones Mill, Virginia
Boones Mill, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Bowling Green, Virginia
Bowling Green, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Boyce, Virginia
Boyce, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Boydton, Virginia
Boydton, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Boykins, Virginia
Boykins, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Branchville, Virginia
Branchville, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Bridgewater, Virginia
Bridgewater, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Broadway, Virginia
Broadway, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Brodnax, Virginia
Brodnax, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Brookneal, Virginia
Brookneal, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Buchanan, Virginia
Buchanan, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Burkeville, Virginia
Burkeville, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Cape Charles, Virginia
Cape Charles, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Capron, Virginia
Capron, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Cedar Bluff, Virginia
Cedar Bluff, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Charlotte Court House, Virginia
Charlotte Court House, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Chase City, Virginia
Chase City, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Chatham, Virginia
Chatham, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Cheriton, Virginia
Cheriton, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Chilhowie, Virginia
Chilhowie, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Chincoteague, Virginia
Chincoteague, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Christiansburg, Virginia
Christiansburg, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Claremont, Virginia
Claremont, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Clarksville, Virginia
Clarksville, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Cleveland, Virginia
Cleveland, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Clifton Forge, Virginia
Clifton Forge, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Clifton, Virginia
Clifton, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Clinchco, Virginia
Clinchco, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Clinchport, Virginia
Clinchport, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Clintwood, Virginia
Clintwood, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Coeburn, Virginia
Coeburn, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Colonial Beach, Virginia
Colonial Beach, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Columbia, Virginia
Columbia, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Courtland, Virginia
Courtland, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Craigsville, Virginia
Craigsville, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Crewe, Virginia
Crewe, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Culpeper, Virginia
Culpeper, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Damascus, Virginia
Damascus, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Dayton, Virginia
Dayton, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Dendron, Virginia
Dendron, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Dillwyn, Virginia
Dillwyn, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Drakes Branch, Virginia
Drakes Branch, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Dublin, Virginia
Dublin, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Duffield, Virginia
Duffield, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Dumfries, Virginia
Dumfries, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Dungannon, Virginia
Dungannon, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Eastville, Virginia
Eastville is a town of Virginia in the United States. It is the county seat of Northampton County.

Edinburg, Virginia
Edinburg, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Elkton, Virginia
Elkton, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Exmore, Virginia
Exmore, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Farmville, Virginia
Farmville, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Fincastle, Virginia
Fincastle, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Floyd, Virginia
Floyd, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Fries, Virginia
Fries, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Front Royal, Virginia
Front Royal, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Gate City, Virginia
Gate City, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Glade Spring, Virginia
Glade Spring, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Glasgow, Virginia
Glasgow, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Glen Lyn, Virginia
Glen Lyn, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Gordonsville, Virginia
Gordonsville, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Goshen, Virginia
Goshen, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Gretna, Virginia
Gretna, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Grottoes, Virginia
Grottoes, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Grundy, Virginia
Grundy, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Halifax, Virginia
Halifax, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Hallwood, Virginia
Hallwood, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Hamilton, Virginia
Hamilton, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Haymarket, Virginia
Haymarket, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Haysi, Virginia
Haysi, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Herndon, Virginia
Herndon, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Hillsboro, Loudoun County, Virginia
Hillsboro is a town in Loudoun County of Virginia, United States. About 100 people were living in Hillsboro as of the year 2000.

Hillsville, Virginia
Hillsville, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Honaker, Virginia
Honaker, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Hurt, Virginia
Hurt, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Independence, Virginia
Independence, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Iron Gate, Virginia
Iron Gate, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Irvington, Virginia
Irvington, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Ivor, Virginia
Ivor, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Jarratt, Virginia
Jarratt, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Jonesville, Virginia
Jonesville, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Keller, Virginia
Keller, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Kenbridge, Virginia
Kenbridge, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Jmirc
Jmirc is a popular IRC client that is used on cell phones, smart phones, and other mobile devices.

Keysville, Virginia
Keysville, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Kilmarnock, Virginia
Kilmarnock, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

La Crosse, Virginia
La Crosse, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Lawrenceville, Virginia
Lawrenceville, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Lebanon, Virginia
Lebanon, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Leesburg, Virginia
Leesburg, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Louisa, Virginia
Louisa, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Lovettsville, Virginia
Lovettsville, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Luray, Virginia
Luray, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Madison, Virginia
Madison, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Marion, Virginia
Marion, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

McKenney, Virginia
McKenney, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Melfa, Virginia
Melfa, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Middleburg, Virginia
Middleburg, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Middletown, Virginia
Middletown, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Mineral, Virginia
Mineral, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Monterey, Virginia
Monterey, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Montross, Virginia
Montross, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Mount Crawford, Virginia
Mount Crawford, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Mount Jackson, Virginia
Mount Jackson, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Narrows, Virginia
Narrows, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Nassawadox, Virginia
Nassawadox, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

New Castle, Virginia
New Castle, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

New Market, Virginia
New Market, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Newsoms, Virginia
Newsoms, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Nickelsville, Virginia
Nickelsville is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Occoquan, Virginia
Occoquan, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Onancock, Virginia
Onancock, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Onley, Virginia
Onley, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Orange, Virginia
Orange, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Painter, Virginia
Painter, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Pamplin City, Virginia
Pamplin City, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Parksley, Virginia
Parksley, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Pearisburg, Virginia
Pearisburg, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Pembroke, Virginia
Pembroke, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Pennington Gap, Virginia
Pennington Gap, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Phenix, Virginia
Phenix, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Pocahontas, Virginia
Pocahontas, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Port Royal, Virginia
Port Royal, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Pound, Virginia
Pound, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Pulaski, Virginia
Pulaski, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Purcellville, Virginia
Purcellville, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Quantico, Virginia
Quantico, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Remington, Virginia
Remington, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Rich Creek, Virginia
Rich Creek, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Richlands, Virginia
Richlands, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Ridgeway, Virginia
Ridgeway, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Black-legged Dart Frog
The Black-legged Dart Frog ("Phyllobates bicolor"), also known as the bicolored dart frog or Neari in Choco, is the second most toxic of the wild poison dart frogs.

Junglefowl
Junglefowl are the four living species of bird from the genus "Gallus" in the pheasant family, which occur in India, Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia.
These are large birds, with colourful male plumage, but are nevertheless difficult to see in the dense vegetation they inhabit.
The junglefowl are seed-eaters, but insects are also taken, particularly by the young birds.
One of the species in this genus, the Red Junglefowl, is of historical importance as the likely ancestor of the domesticated chicken.

Red Junglefowl
Red Junglefowl ("Gallus gallus") are the ancestors of all our domestic chickens. They were first domesticated in Asia, where they are native. Some of the less specialized domestics, such as some Games and the Brown Leghorns, retain color patterns very similar to that of their wild ancestors.

Rocky Mount, Virginia
Rocky Mount, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Round Hill, Loudoun County, Virginia
Round Hill is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Rural Retreat, Virginia
Rural Retreat, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Saltville, Virginia
Saltville, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Saxis, Virginia
Saxis, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Scottsburg, Virginia
Scottsburg, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Scottsville, Virginia
Scottsville, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Shenandoah, Virginia
Shenandoah, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Smithfield, Virginia
Smithfield, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

South Boston, Virginia
South Boston, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

South Hill, Virginia
South Hill, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

St. Charles, Virginia
St. Charles, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

St. Paul, Virginia
St. Paul, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Stanardsville, Virginia
Stanardsville, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Stanley, Virginia
Stanley, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Stephens City, Virginia
Stephens City, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Stony Creek, Virginia
Stony Creek, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Strasburg, Virginia
Strasburg, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Stuart, Virginia
Stuart, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Surry, Virginia
Surry, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Tangier, Virginia
Tangier, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Tappahannock, Virginia
Tappahannock, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Tazewell, Virginia
Tazewell, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

The Plains, Virginia
The Plains, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Timberville, Virginia
Timberville, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Toms Brook, Virginia
Toms Brook, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Troutdale, Virginia
Troutdale, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Troutville, Virginia
Troutville, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Urbanna, Virginia
Urbanna, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Victoria, Virginia
Victoria, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Vienna, Virginia
Vienna, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Vinton, Virginia
Vinton, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Virgilina, Virginia
Virgilina, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Wachapreague, Virginia
Wachapreague, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Wakefield, Virginia
Wakefield, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Warrenton, Virginia
Warrenton, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Warsaw, Virginia
Warsaw, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Washington, Virginia
Washington, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Waverly, Virginia
Waverly, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Weber City, Virginia
Weber City, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

West Point, Virginia
West Point, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

White Stone, Virginia
White Stone, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Windsor, Virginia
Windsor, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Wise, Virginia
Wise, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Woodstock, Virginia
Woodstock, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Wytheville, Virginia
Wytheville, Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States.

Abingdon, Illinois
Abingdon, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Albion, Illinois
Albion, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Aledo, Illinois
Aledo, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Alsip, Illinois
Alsip, Illinois is a village of Illinois in the United States.

Altamont, Illinois
Altamont, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Amboy, Illinois
Amboy, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Anna, Illinois
Anna, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Arcola, Illinois
Arcola, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Ashley, Illinois
Ashley, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Assumption, Illinois
Assumption, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Athens, Illinois
Athens, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Atlanta, Illinois
Atlanta, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Auburn, Illinois
Auburn, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Aurora, Illinois
Aurora, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Ava, Illinois
Ava, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Barry, Illinois
Barry, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Batavia, Illinois
Batavia, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Beardstown, Illinois
Beardstown, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Belleville, Illinois
Belleville, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Belvidere, Illinois
Belvidere, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Benld, Illinois
Benld, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Benton, Illinois
Benton, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Berwyn, Illinois
Berwyn, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Blue Island, Illinois
Blue Island, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Braidwood, Illinois
Braidwood, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Breese, Illinois
Breese, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Bridgeport, Illinois
Bridgeport, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Brookport, Illinois
Brookport, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Bunker Hill, Illinois
Bunker Hill, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Burbank, Illinois
Burbank, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Bushnell, Illinois
Bushnell, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Byron, Illinois
Byron, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Cairo, Illinois
Cairo, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Calumet City, Illinois
Calumet City, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Canton, Illinois
Canton, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Carbondale, Illinois
Carbondale, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Carlinville, Illinois
Carlinville, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Carlyle, Illinois
Carlyle, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Carmi, Illinois
Carmi, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Carrollton, Illinois
Carrollton, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Carterville, Illinois
Carterville, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Carthage, Illinois
Carthage, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Casey, Illinois
Casey, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Centralia, Illinois
Centralia, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Centreville, Illinois
Centreville, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Champaign, Illinois
Champaign, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Charleston, Illinois
Charleston, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Chenoa, Illinois
Chenoa, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Chester, Illinois
Chester, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Chicago Heights, Illinois
Chicago Heights, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Chillicothe, Illinois
Chillicothe, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Chrisman, Illinois
Chrisman, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Christopher, Illinois
Christopher, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Clinton, Illinois
Clinton, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Coffeen, Illinois
Coffeen, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Colchester, Illinois
Colchester, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Collinsville, Illinois
Collinsville, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Colona, Illinois
Colona, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Columbia, Illinois
Columbia, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Country Club Hills, Illinois
Country Club Hills, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Countryside, Illinois
Countryside, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Creal Springs, Illinois
Creal Springs, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Crest Hill, Illinois
Crest Hill, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Crystal Lake, Illinois
Crystal Lake, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Cuba, Illinois
Cuba, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Dallas City, Illinois
Dallas City, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Danville, Illinois
Danville, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Darien, Illinois
Darien, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

DeKalb, Illinois
DeKalb, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Delavan, Illinois
Delavan, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Des Plaines, Illinois
Des Plaines, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Dixon, Illinois
Dixon, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Du Quoin, Illinois
Du Quoin, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Earlville, Illinois
Earlville, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

East Dubuque, Illinois
East Dubuque, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

East Moline, Illinois
East Moline, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

East Peoria, Illinois
East Peoria, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

East St. Louis, Illinois
East St. Louis, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Edwardsville, Illinois
Edwardsville, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Effingham, Illinois
Effingham, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

El Paso, Illinois
El Paso, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Eldorado, Illinois
Eldorado, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Elgin, Illinois
Elgin, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Elmhurst, Illinois
Elmhurst, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Elmwood Park, Illinois
Elmwood Park, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Eureka, Illinois
Eureka, Illinois is a small city of Illinois in the United States. In 2000, 4,871 people lived there. Eureka College, a university, is in this city.

Evanston, Illinois
Evanston, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Fairbury, Illinois
Fairbury, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Fairfield, Illinois
Fairfield, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Fairview Heights, Illinois
Fairview Heights, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Farmer City, Illinois
Farmer City, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Farmington, Illinois
Farmington, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Flora, Illinois
Flora, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Fox Lake, Illinois
Fox Lake, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Freeport, Illinois
Freeport, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Fulton, Illinois
Fulton, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Galena, Illinois
Galena, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Galesburg, Illinois
Galesburg, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Galva, Illinois
Galva, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Geneseo, Illinois
Geneseo, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Geneva, Illinois
Geneva, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Genoa, Illinois
Genoa, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Georgetown, Illinois
Georgetown, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Gibson City, Illinois
Gibson City, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Gillespie, Illinois
Gillespie, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Gilman, Illinois
Gilman, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Girard, Illinois
Girard, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Golconda, Illinois
Golconda, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Goreville, Illinois
Goreville, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Grafton, Illinois
Grafton, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Grand Tower, Illinois
Grand Tower, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Granite City, Illinois
Granite City, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Grayslake, Illinois
Grayslake, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Grayville, Illinois
Grayville, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Greenfield, Illinois
Greenfield, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Greenville, Illinois
Greenville, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Griggsville, Illinois
Griggsville, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Hamilton, Illinois
Hamilton, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Harrisburg, Illinois
Harrisburg, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Harvard, Illinois
Harvard, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Harvey, Illinois
Harvey, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Havana, Illinois
Havana, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Henry, Illinois
Henry, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Herrin, Illinois
Herrin, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Hickory Hills, Illinois
Hickory Hills, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Highland Park, Illinois
Highland Park, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Highland, Illinois
Highland, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Highwood, Illinois
Highwood, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Hillsboro, Illinois
Hillsboro, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Hometown, Illinois
Hometown, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Hoopeston, Illinois
Hoopeston, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Hurst, Illinois
Hurst, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Jacksonville, Illinois
Jacksonville, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Jerseyville, Illinois
Jerseyville, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Johnston City, Illinois
Johnston City, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Joliet, Illinois
Joliet is a city of Illinois in the United States. Joliet is 40 miles southwest of Chicago, and is the county seat of Will County. About 106,000 people lived in Joliet as of the year 2000, and about 146,000 people lived in Joliet as of the year 2007. Joliet is one of Illinois' quickest growing cities, and one of the quickest growing cities in the United States.

Kankakee, Illinois
Kankakee, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Keithsburg, Illinois
Keithsburg, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Kewanee, Illinois
Kewanee, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Kinmundy, Illinois
Kinmundy, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Knoxville, Illinois
Knoxville, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

La Harpe, Illinois
La Harpe, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Lacon, Illinois
Lacon, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Lake Forest, Illinois
Lake Forest, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Lanark, Illinois
Lanark, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

LaSalle, Illinois
LaSalle, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Lawrenceville, Illinois
Lawrenceville, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Le Roy, Illinois
Le Roy, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Lebanon, Illinois
Lebanon, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Leland Grove, Illinois
Leland Grove, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Lena, Illinois
Lena, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Lewistown, Illinois
Lewistown, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Lexington, Illinois
Lexington, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Lincoln, Illinois
Lincoln, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Lisle, Illinois
Lisle, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Litchfield, Illinois
Litchfield, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Lockport, Illinois
Lockport, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Lombard, Illinois
Lombard, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Loves Park, Illinois
Loves Park, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Macomb, Illinois
Macomb, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Macon, Illinois
Macon, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Madison, Illinois
Madison, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Marengo, Illinois
Marengo, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Marion, Illinois
Marion, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Markham, Illinois
Markham, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Maroa, Illinois
Maroa, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Marquette Heights, Illinois
Marquette Heights, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Marseilles, Illinois
Marseilles, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Marshall, Illinois
Marshall, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Martinsville, Illinois
Martinsville, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Mascoutah, Illinois
Mascoutah, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Mason City, Illinois
Mason City, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Mattoon, Illinois
Mattoon, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

McHenry, Illinois
McHenry, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

McLeansboro, Illinois
McLeansboro, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Mendota, Illinois
Mendota, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Metropolis, Illinois
Metropolis, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Midlothian, Illinois
Midlothian, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Minonk, Illinois
Minonk, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Mokena, Illinois
Mokena, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Moline, Illinois
Moline, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Momence, Illinois
Momence, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Monmouth, Illinois
Monmouth, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Monticello, Illinois
Monticello, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Morris, Illinois
Morris, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Morrison, Illinois
Morrison, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Mound City, Illinois
Mound City, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Mounds, Illinois
Mounds, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Mount Carmel, Illinois
Mount Carmel, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Mount Carroll, Illinois
Mount Carroll, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Mount Olive, Illinois
Mount Olive, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Mount Pulaski, Illinois
Mount Pulaski, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Mount Sterling, Illinois
Mount Sterling, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Mount Vernon, Illinois
Mount Vernon, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Murphysboro, Illinois
Murphysboro, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Naperville, Illinois
Naperville, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Nashville, Illinois
Nashville, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Nason, Illinois
Nason, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Nauvoo, Illinois
Nauvoo, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Neoga, Illinois
Neoga, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

New Boston, Illinois
New Boston, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Newman, Illinois
Newman, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Newton, Illinois
Newton, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Nokomis, Illinois
Nokomis, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Normal, Illinois
Normal, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

North Chicago, Illinois
North Chicago, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Northlake, Illinois
Northlake, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

O'Fallon, Illinois
O'Fallon, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Oak Forest, Illinois
Oak Forest, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Oakbrook Terrace, Illinois
Oakbrook Terrace, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Oakland, Illinois
Oakland, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Oglesby, Illinois
Oglesby, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Olney, Illinois
Olney, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Oneida, Illinois
Oneida, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Oregon, Illinois
Oregon, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Orient, Illinois
Orient, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Orland Park, Illinois
Orland Park, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Ottawa, Illinois
Ottawa, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Palos Heights, Illinois
Palos Heights, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Palos Hills, Illinois
Palos Hills, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Pana, Illinois
Pana, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Paris, Illinois
Paris, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Park City, Illinois
Park City, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Park Ridge, Illinois
Park Ridge, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Paxton, Illinois
Paxton, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Pekin, Illinois
Pekin, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Peru, Illinois
Peru, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Petersburg, Illinois
Petersburg, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Pinckneyville, Illinois
Pinckneyville, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Pittsfield, Illinois
Pittsfield, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Plano, Illinois
Plano, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Pleasant Hill, Illinois
Pleasant Hill, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Polo, Illinois
Polo, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Pontiac, Illinois
Pontiac, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Princeton, Illinois
Princeton, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Prophetstown, Illinois
Prophetstown, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Prospect Heights, Illinois
Prospect Heights, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Red Bud, Illinois
Red Bud, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Robinson, Illinois
Robinson, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Rochelle, Illinois
Rochelle, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Rock Falls, Illinois
Rock Falls, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Rock Island, Illinois
Rock Island, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Rockford, Illinois
Rockford, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Rolling Meadows, Illinois
Rolling Meadows, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Roodhouse, Illinois
Roodhouse, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Rosiclare, Illinois
Rosiclare, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Roxana, Illinois
Roxana, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Rushville, Illinois
Rushville, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Salem, Illinois
Salem, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Sandwich, Illinois
Sandwich, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Savanna, Illinois
Savanna, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Sesser, Illinois
Sesser, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Shawneetown, Illinois
Shawneetown, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Shelbyville, Illinois
Shelbyville, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Silvis, Illinois
Silvis is a city of Illinois in the United States.

South Beloit, Illinois
South Beloit, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Sparta, Illinois
Sparta, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Spring Valley, Illinois
Spring Valley, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

St. Charles, Illinois
St. Charles, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

St. Elmo, Illinois
St. Elmo, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

St. Francisville, Illinois
St. Francisville, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Staunton, Illinois
Staunton, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Sterling, Illinois
Sterling, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Streamwood, Illinois
Streamwood, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Streator, Illinois
Streator, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Sullivan, Illinois
Sullivan, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Sumner, Illinois
Sumner, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Sycamore, Illinois
Sycamore, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Vandalia, Illinois
Vandalia, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Venice, Illinois
Venice, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Vienna, Illinois
Vienna, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Villa Grove, Illinois
Villa Grove, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Villa Park, Illinois
Villa Park, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Virden, Illinois
Virden, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Virginia, Illinois
Virginia, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Wamac, Illinois
Wamac, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Warrenville, Illinois
Warrenville, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Warsaw, Illinois
Warsaw, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Washington, Illinois
Washington, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Waterloo, Illinois
Waterloo, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Watseka, Illinois
Watseka, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Waukegan, Illinois
Waukegan, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Waverly, Illinois
Waverly, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Wenona, Illinois
Wenona, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

West Chicago, Illinois
West Chicago, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

West Frankfort, Illinois
West Frankfort, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

West Peoria, Illinois
West Peoria, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Wheaton, Illinois
Wheaton, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

White Hall, Illinois
White Hall, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Wilmington, Will County, Illinois
Wilmington, Will County, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Winchester, Illinois
Winchester, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Windsor, Shelby County, Illinois
Windsor, Shelby County, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Witt, Illinois
Witt, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Wood Dale, Illinois
Wood Dale, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Wood River, Illinois
Wood River, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Woodstock, Illinois
Woodstock, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Wyoming, Illinois
Wyoming, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Yorkville, Illinois
Yorkville, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Zeigler, Illinois
Zeigler, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Zion, Illinois
Zion, Illinois is a city of Illinois in the United States.

Real Time Streaming Protocol
The Real Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP), developed by the IETF and created in 1998 as RFC 2326, is a protocol for use in streaming media systems, which allows a client to remotely control a streaming media server, issuing VCR-like commands such as "play" and "pause", and allowing time-based access to files on a server.
The sending of streaming data itself is not part of the RTSP protocol. Most RTSP servers use the standards-based RTP as the transport protocol for the actual audio/video data. The RTSP server from RealNetworks also features RealNetworks' proprietary RDT as the transport protocol.

Alexandria, Indiana
Alexandria, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Anderson, Indiana
Anderson, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Angola, Indiana
Angola, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Attica, Indiana
Attica, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Auburn, Indiana
Auburn, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Aurora, Indiana
Aurora, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Batesville, Indiana
Batesville, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Bedford, Indiana
Bedford, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Beech Grove, Indiana
Beech Grove, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Berne, Indiana
Berne, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Bicknell, Indiana
Bicknell, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Bloomington, Indiana
Bloomington, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Bluffton, Indiana
Bluffton, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Boonville, Indiana
Boonville, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Brazil, Indiana
Brazil, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Butler, Indiana
Butler, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Cannelton, Indiana
Cannelton, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Carmel, Indiana
Carmel, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Charlestown, Indiana
Charlestown, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Clinton, Indiana
Clinton, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Columbia City, Indiana
Columbia City, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Columbus, Indiana
Columbus, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Connersville, Indiana
Connersville, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Covington, Indiana
Covington, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Crawfordsville, Indiana
Crawfordsville, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Crown Point, Indiana
Crown Point, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Decatur, Indiana
Decatur, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Delphi, Indiana
Delphi, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Dunkirk, Indiana
Dunkirk, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

East Chicago, Indiana
East Chicago, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Elkhart, Indiana
Elkhart, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Elwood, Indiana
Elwood, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Evansville, Indiana
Evansville, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Fort Wayne, Indiana
Fort Wayne, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Frankfort, Indiana
Frankfort, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Franklin, Indiana
Franklin, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Garrett, Indiana
Garrett, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Gary, Indiana
Gary, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Gas City, Indiana
Gas City, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Goshen, Indiana
Goshen, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Greencastle, Indiana
Greencastle, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Greendale, Indiana
Greendale, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Greenfield, Indiana
Greenfield, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Greensburg, Indiana
Greensburg, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Greenwood, Indiana
Greenwood, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Hammond, Indiana
Hammond, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Hartford City, Indiana
Hartford City, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Hobart, Indiana
Hobart, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Huntingburg, Indiana
Huntingburg, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Huntington, Indiana
Huntington, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Jasonville, Indiana
Jasonville, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Jasper, Indiana
Jasper, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Jeffersonville, Indiana
Jeffersonville, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Jonesboro, Indiana
Jonesboro, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Kendallville, Indiana
Kendallville, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Knox, Indiana
Knox, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Kokomo, Indiana
Kokomo, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

La Porte, Indiana
La Porte, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Lafayette, Indiana
Lafayette, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Lake Station, Indiana
Lake Station, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Lawrence, Indiana
Lawrence, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Lawrenceburg, Indiana
Lawrenceburg, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Lebanon, Indiana
Lebanon, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Ligonier, Indiana
Ligonier, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Linton, Indiana
Linton, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Logansport, Indiana
Logansport, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Loogootee, Indiana
Loogootee, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Madison, Indiana
Madison, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Marion, Indiana
Marion, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Martinsville, Indiana
Martinsville, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Michigan City, Indiana
Michigan City, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Mishawaka, Indiana
Mishawaka, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Mitchell, Indiana
Mitchell, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Monticello, Indiana
Monticello, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Montpelier, Indiana
Montpelier, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Mount Vernon, Indiana
Mount Vernon, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Muncie, Indiana
Muncie, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Nappanee, Indiana
Nappanee, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

New Albany, Indiana
New Albany, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

New Haven, Indiana
New Haven, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Noblesville, Indiana
Noblesville, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

North Vernon, Indiana
North Vernon, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Oakland City, Indiana
Oakland City, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Peru, Indiana
Peru, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Petersburg, Indiana
Petersburg, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Plymouth, Indiana
Plymouth, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Portage, Indiana
Portage, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Portland, Indiana
Portland, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Princeton, Indiana
Princeton is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Rensselaer, Indiana
Rensselaer, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Richmond, Indiana
Richmond, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Rising Sun, Indiana
Rising Sun, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Rochester, Indiana
Rochester, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Rockport, Indiana
Rockport, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Rushville, Indiana
Rushville, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Salem, Indiana
Salem, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Scottsburg, Indiana
Scottsburg, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Seymour, Indiana
Seymour, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Shelbyville, Indiana
Shelbyville, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

South Bend, Indiana
South Bend is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Southport, Indiana
Southport, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Sullivan, Indiana
Sullivan, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Tell City, Indiana
Tell City, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Terre Haute, Indiana
Terre Haute, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Tipton, Indiana
Tipton, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Union City, Indiana
Union City, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Valparaiso, Indiana
Valparaiso, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Vincennes, Indiana
Vincennes, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Wabash, Indiana
Wabash, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Warsaw, Indiana
Warsaw, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Washington, Indiana
Washington, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

West Lafayette, Indiana
West Lafayette, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Whiting, Indiana
Whiting, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Winchester, Indiana
Winchester, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

Woodburn, Indiana
Woodburn, Indiana is a city of Indiana in the United States.

August Krogh
Schack August Steenberg Krogh (November 15, 1874 - September 13, 1949) is an Danish zoologist. He won the 1920 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for his discoveries about capillaries.

Ackley, Iowa
Ackley, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Ackworth, Iowa
Ackworth, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Adair, Iowa
Adair, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Adel, Iowa
Adel, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Afton, Iowa
Afton is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Agency, Iowa
Agency, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Ainsworth, Iowa
Ainsworth, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Akron, Iowa
Akron, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Albert City, Iowa
Albert City, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Albia, Iowa
Albia, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Albion, Iowa
Albion, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Alburnett, Iowa
Alburnett, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Alden, Iowa
Alden, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Alexander, Iowa
Alexander, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Algona, Iowa
Algona, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Alleman, Iowa
Alleman, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Allerton, Iowa
Allerton, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Allison, Iowa
Allison, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Alta Vista, Iowa
Alta Vista, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Alta, Iowa
Alta, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Alton, Iowa
Alton, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Altoona, Iowa
Altoona, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Alvord, Iowa
Alvord, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Ames, Iowa
Ames, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Anamosa, Iowa
Anamosa, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Andover, Iowa
Andover, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Andrew, Iowa
Andrew, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Anita, Iowa
Anita, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Ankeny, Iowa
Ankeny, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Anthon, Iowa
Anthon, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Aplington, Iowa
Aplington, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Arcadia, Iowa
Arcadia, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Archer, Iowa
Archer, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Aredale, Iowa
Aredale, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Argyle, Iowa
Argyle, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Arion, Iowa
Arion, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Arispe, Iowa
Arispe, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Arlington, Iowa
Arlington, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Armstrong, Iowa
Armstrong, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Arnolds Park, Iowa
Arnolds Park, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Arthur, Iowa
Arthur, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Asbury, Iowa
Asbury, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Ashton, Iowa
Ashton, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Aspinwall, Iowa
Aspinwall, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Atalissa, Iowa
Atalissa, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Atkins, Iowa
Atkins, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Atlantic, Iowa
Atlantic, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Auburn, Iowa
Auburn, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Audubon, Iowa
Audubon, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Aurelia, Iowa
Aurelia, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Aurora, Iowa
Aurora, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Avoca, Iowa
Avoca, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Ayrshire, Iowa
Ayrshire, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Badger, Iowa
Badger, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Bagley, Iowa
Bagley, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Baldwin, Iowa
Baldwin, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Balltown, Iowa
Balltown, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Bancroft, Iowa
Bancroft, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Bankston, Iowa
Bankston, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Barnes City, Iowa
Barnes City, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Barnum, Iowa
Barnum, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Bassett, Iowa
Bassett, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Batavia, Iowa
Batavia, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Battle Creek, Iowa
Battle Creek, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Baxter, Iowa
Baxter, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Bayard, Iowa
Bayard, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Beacon, Iowa
Beacon, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Beaconsfield, Iowa
Beaconsfield, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Beaman, Iowa
Beaman, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Beaver, Iowa
Beaver, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Bedford, Iowa
Bedford, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Belle Plaine, Iowa
Belle Plaine, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Bellevue, Iowa
Bellevue, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Belmond, Iowa
Belmond, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Bennett, Iowa
Bennett, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Benton, Iowa
Benton, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Berkley, Iowa
Berkley, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Bernard, Iowa
Bernard, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Bertram, Iowa
Bertram, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Berwick, Iowa
Berwick, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Bettendorf, Iowa
Bettendorf, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Bevington, Iowa
Bevington, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Birmingham, Iowa
Birmingham, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Blairsburg, Iowa
Blairsburg, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Blairstown, Iowa
Blairstown, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Blakesburg, Iowa
Blakesburg, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Blanchard, Iowa
Blanchard, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Blencoe, Iowa
Blencoe, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Blockton, Iowa
Blockton, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Bloomfield, Iowa
Bloomfield, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Blue Grass, Iowa
Blue Grass, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Bode, Iowa
Bode, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Bonaparte, Iowa
Bonaparte, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Bondurant, Iowa
Bondurant, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Boone, Iowa
Boone, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Booneville, Iowa
Booneville, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Bouton, Iowa
Bouton, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Boxholm, Iowa
Boxholm, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.
Boxholm, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Boyden, Iowa
Boyden, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Braddyville, Iowa
Braddyville, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Bradford, Iowa
Bradford, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Bradgate, Iowa
Bradgate, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Brandon, Iowa
Brandon, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Brayton, Iowa
Brayton, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Breda, Iowa
Breda, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Bridgewater, Iowa
Bridgewater, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Brighton, Iowa
Brighton, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Bristow, Iowa
Bristow, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Britt, Iowa
Britt, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Bronson, Iowa
Bronson, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Brooklyn, Iowa
Brooklyn, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Brunsville, Iowa
Brunsville, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Buck Grove, Iowa
Buck Grove, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Buckeye, Iowa
Buckeye, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Buffalo Center, Iowa
Buffalo Center, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Buffalo, Iowa
Buffalo, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Burt, Iowa
Burt, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Bussey, Iowa
Bussey, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Calamus, Iowa
Calamus, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Callender, Iowa
Callender, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Calmar, Iowa
Calmar is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Calumet, Iowa
Calumet, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Camanche, Iowa
Camanche, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Cambridge, Iowa
Cambridge, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Cancun
Cancun is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Cantril, Iowa
Cantril, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Carbon, Iowa
Carbon, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Carlisle, Iowa
Carlisle, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Carpenter, Iowa
Carpenter, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Carroll, Iowa
Carroll, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Carson, Iowa
Carson, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Carter Lake, Iowa
Carter Lake, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Cascade, Iowa
Cascade, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Casey, Iowa
Casey, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Castalia, Iowa
Castalia, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Castana, Iowa
Castana, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Cedar Falls, Iowa
Cedar Falls, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Center Junction, Iowa
Center Junction, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Center Point, Iowa
Center Point, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Centerville, Iowa
Centerville, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Central City, Iowa
Central City, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Centralia, Iowa
Centralia, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Chariton, Iowa
Chariton, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Charles City, Iowa
Charles City, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Charlotte, Iowa
Charlotte, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Charter Oak, Iowa
Charter Oak, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Chatsworth, Iowa
Chatsworth, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Chelsea, Iowa
Chelsea, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Cherokee, Iowa
Cherokee, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Chester, Iowa
Chester, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Chillicothe, Iowa
Chillicothe, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Churdan, Iowa
Churdan, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Cincinnati, Iowa
Cincinnati, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Clare, Iowa
Clare, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Clarence, Iowa
Clarence, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Clarinda, Iowa
Clarinda, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Clarion, Iowa
Clarion, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Clarksville, Iowa
Clarksville, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Clayton, Iowa
Clayton, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Clear Lake, Iowa
Clear Lake, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Clearfield, Iowa
Clearfield, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Cleghorn, Iowa
Cleghorn, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Clemons, Iowa
Clemons, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Clermont, Iowa
Clermont, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Clinton, Iowa
Clinton is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Clio, Iowa
Clio, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Clive, Iowa
Clive, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Clutier, Iowa
Clutier, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Coburg, Iowa
Coburg, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Coggon, Iowa
Coggon, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Coin, Iowa
Coin, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Colesburg, Iowa
Colesburg, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Colfax, Iowa
Colfax, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

College Springs, Iowa
College Springs, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Collins, Iowa
Collins, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Colo, Iowa
Colo, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Columbus City, Iowa
Columbus City, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Columbus Junction, Iowa
Columbus Junction, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Colwell, Iowa
Colwell, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Conesville, Iowa
Conesville, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Conrad, Iowa
Conrad, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Conway, Iowa
Conway, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Coon Rapids, Iowa
Coon Rapids, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Coppock, Iowa
Coppock, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Coralville, Iowa
Coralville, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Corning, Iowa
Corning, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Correctionville, Iowa
Correctionville, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Corwith, Iowa
Corwith, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Corydon, Iowa
Corydon, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Cotter, Iowa
Cotter, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Coulter, Iowa
Coulter, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Council Bluffs, Iowa
Council Bluffs, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Craig, Iowa
Craig, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Crawfordsville, Iowa
Crawfordsville, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Crescent, Iowa
Crescent, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Cresco, Iowa
Cresco, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Cromwell, Iowa
Cromwell, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Crystal Lake, Iowa
Crystal Lake, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Cumberland, Iowa
Cumberland, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Cumming, Iowa
Cumming, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Curlew, Iowa
Curlew, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Cushing, Iowa
Cushing, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Cylinder, Iowa
Cylinder, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Dakota City, Iowa
Dakota City, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Dallas Center, Iowa
Dallas Center, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Dana, Iowa
Dana, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Danbury, Iowa
Danbury, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Danville, Iowa
Danville, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Davenport, Iowa
Davenport, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Davis City, Iowa
Davis City, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Dawson, Iowa
Dawson, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Dayton, Iowa
Dayton, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

De Soto, Iowa
De Soto, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

De Witt, Iowa
De Witt, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Decatur City, Iowa
Decatur City, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Decorah, Iowa
Decorah, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Dedham, Iowa
Dedham, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Deep River, Iowa
Deep River, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Defiance, Iowa
Defiance, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Delaware, Iowa
Delaware, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Delhi, Iowa
Delhi, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Delmar, Iowa
Delmar, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Deloit, Iowa
Deloit, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Delphos, Iowa
Delphos, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Delta, Iowa
Delta, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Denison, Iowa
Denison, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Denver, Iowa
Denver, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Derby, Iowa
Derby, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Dexter, Iowa
Dexter, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Diagonal, Iowa
Diagonal, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Dickens, Iowa
Dickens, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Dike, Iowa
Dike, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Dixon, Iowa
Dixon, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Dolliver, Iowa
Dolliver, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Donahue, Iowa
Donahue, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Donnellson, Iowa
Donnellson, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Doon, Iowa
Doon, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Dougherty, Iowa
Dougherty, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Dow City, Iowa
Dow City, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Dows, Iowa
Dows, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Drakesville, Iowa
Drakesville, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Dubuque, Iowa
Dubuque, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Dumont, Iowa
Dumont, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Duncombe, Iowa
Duncombe, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Dundee, Iowa
Dundee, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Dunkerton, Iowa
Dunkerton, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Dunlap, Iowa
Dunlap, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Durango, Iowa
Durango, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Durant, Iowa
Durant, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Dyersville, Iowa
Dyersville, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Dysart, Iowa
Dysart, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Eagle Grove, Iowa
Eagle Grove, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Earlham, Iowa
Earlham, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Earling, Iowa
Earling, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Earlville, Iowa
Earlville, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Early, Iowa
Early, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

East Peru, Iowa
East Peru, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Eddyville, Iowa
Eddyville, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Edgewood, Iowa
Edgewood, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Elberon, Iowa
Elberon, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Eldon, Iowa
Eldon, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Eldora, Iowa
Eldora, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Eldridge, Iowa
Eldridge, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Elgin, Iowa
Elgin, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Elk Horn, Iowa
Elk Horn, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Elk Run Heights, Iowa
Elk Run Heights, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Elkader, Iowa
Elkader, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Elkhart, Iowa
Elkhart, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Elkport, Iowa
Elkport, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Elliott, Iowa
Elliott, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Ellston, Iowa
Ellston, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Ellsworth, Iowa
Ellsworth, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Elma, Iowa
Elma, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Elvira, Iowa
Elvira, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Ely, Iowa
Ely, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Emerson, Iowa
Emerson, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Emmetsburg, Iowa
Emmetsburg, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Epworth, Iowa
Epworth, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Essex, Iowa
Essex, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Estherville, Iowa
Estherville, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Evansdale, Iowa
Evansdale, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Everly, Iowa
Everly, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Exira, Iowa
Exira, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Exline, Iowa
Exline, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Fairbank, Iowa
Fairbank, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Fairfax, Iowa
Fairfax, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Fairfield, Iowa
Fairfield, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Farley, Iowa
Farley, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Farmersburg, Iowa
Farmersburg, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Farmington, Iowa
Farmington, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Farnhamville, Iowa
Farnhamville, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Farragut, Iowa
Farragut, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Fayette, Iowa
Fayette, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Fenton, Iowa
Fenton, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Ferguson, Iowa
Ferguson, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Fertile, Iowa
Fertile, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Floris, Iowa
Floris, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Floyd, Iowa
Floyd, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Fonda, Iowa
Fonda, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Fontanelle, Iowa
Fontanelle, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Forest City, Iowa
Forest City, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Fort Atkinson, Iowa
Fort Atkinson, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Fort Dodge, Iowa
Fort Dodge, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Fort Madison, Iowa
Fort Madison, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Fostoria, Iowa
Fostoria, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Franklin, Iowa
Franklin, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Fraser, Iowa
Fraser, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Fredericksburg, Iowa
Fredericksburg, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Frederika, Iowa
Frederika, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Fredonia, Iowa
Fredonia, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Fremont, Iowa
Fremont, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Fruitland, Iowa
Fruitland, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Galt, Iowa
Galt, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Galva, Iowa
Galva, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Garber, Iowa
Garber, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Garden Grove, Iowa
Garden Grove, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Garnavillo, Iowa
Garnavillo, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Garner, Iowa
Garner, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Garrison, Iowa
Garrison, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Garwin, Iowa
Garwin, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Geneva, Iowa
Geneva, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

George, Iowa
George is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Gibson, Iowa
Gibson, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Gilbert, Iowa
Gilbert, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Gilbertville, Iowa
Gilbertville, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Gillett Grove, Iowa
Gillett Grove, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Gilman, Iowa
Gilman, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Gilmore City, Iowa
Gilmore City, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Gladbrook, Iowa
Gladbrook, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Glenwood, Iowa
Glenwood, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Glidden, Iowa
Glidden, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Goldfield, Iowa
Goldfield, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Goodell, Iowa
Goodell, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Goose Lake, Iowa
Goose Lake, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Gowrie, Iowa
Gowrie, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Graettinger, Iowa
Graettinger, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Graf, Iowa
Graf, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Grafton, Iowa
Grafton, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Grand Junction, Iowa
Grand Junction, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Grand Mound, Iowa
Grand Mound, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Grand River, Iowa
Grand River, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Grandview, Iowa
Grandview, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Granger, Iowa
Granger, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Grant, Iowa
Grant, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Granville, Iowa
Granville, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Gravity, Iowa
Gravity, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Gray, Iowa
Gray, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Greeley, Iowa
Greeley, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Greene, Iowa
Greene, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Greenfield, Iowa
Greenfield, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Greenville, Iowa
Greenville, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Grimes, Iowa
Grimes, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Grinnell, Iowa
Grinnell, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Griswold, Iowa
Griswold, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Grundy Center, Iowa
Grundy Center, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Gruver, Iowa
Gruver, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Guernsey, Iowa
Guernsey, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Guthrie Center, Iowa
Guthrie Center, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.
Guthrie Center, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Guttenberg, Iowa
Guttenberg, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Halbur, Iowa
Halbur, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Hamburg, Iowa
Hamburg, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Hamilton, Iowa
Hamilton, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Hampton, Iowa
Hampton, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Hancock, Iowa
Hancock, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Hanlontown, Iowa
Hanlontown, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Hansell, Iowa
Hansell, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Harcourt, Iowa
Harcourt, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Hardy, Iowa
Hardy, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Harlan, Iowa
Harlan, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Harper, Iowa
Harper, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Harpers Ferry, Iowa
Harpers Ferry, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Harris, Iowa
Harris, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Hartford, Iowa
Hartford, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Hartley, Iowa
Hartley, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Hartwick, Iowa
Hartwick, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Harvey, Iowa
Harvey, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Hastings, Iowa
Hastings, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Havelock, Iowa
Havelock, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Haverhill, Iowa
Haverhill, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Hawarden, Iowa
Hawarden, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Hawkeye, Iowa
Hawkeye, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Hayesville, Iowa
Hayesville, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Hazleton, Iowa
Hazleton, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Hedrick, Iowa
Hedrick, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Henderson, Iowa
Henderson, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Hepburn, Iowa
Hepburn, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Hiawatha, Iowa
Hiawatha, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Hills, Iowa
Hills, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Hillsboro, Iowa
Hillsboro, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Hinton, Iowa
Hinton, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Holland, Iowa
Holland, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Holstein, Iowa
Holstein, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Holy Cross, Iowa
Holy Cross, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Hopkinton, Iowa
Hopkinton, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Hornick, Iowa
Hornick, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Hospers, Iowa
Hospers, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Houghton, Iowa
Houghton, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Hubbard, Iowa
Hubbard, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Hudson, Iowa
Hudson, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Hull, Iowa
Hull, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Humboldt, Iowa
Humboldt, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Humeston, Iowa
Humeston, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Huxley, Iowa
Huxley, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Ida Grove, Iowa
Ida Grove, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Imogene, Iowa
Imogene, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Independence, Iowa
Independence, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Indianola, Iowa
Indianola, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Inwood, Iowa
Inwood, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Ionia, Iowa
Ionia, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Iowa City, Iowa
Iowa City, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Iowa Falls, Iowa
Iowa Falls, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Ireton, Iowa
Ireton, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Irwin, Iowa
Irwin is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Jackson Junction, Iowa
Jackson Junction, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Jamaica, Iowa
Jamaica, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Janesville, Iowa
Janesville, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Jefferson, Iowa
Jefferson, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Jesup, Iowa
Jesup, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Jewell Junction, Iowa
Jewell Junction, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Johnston, Iowa
Johnston, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Joice, Iowa
Joice, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Jolley, Iowa
Jolley, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Kalona, Iowa
Kalona, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Kamrar, Iowa
Kamrar, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Kanawha, Iowa
Kanawha, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Kellerton, Iowa
Kellerton, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Kelley, Iowa
Kelley, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Kellogg, Iowa
Kellogg, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Kensett, Iowa
Kensett, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Kent, Iowa
Kent, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Keokuk, Iowa
Keokuk, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Keomah Village, Iowa
Keomah Village, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Keosauqua, Iowa
Keosauqua, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Keota, Iowa
Keota, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Keswick, Iowa
Keswick, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Keystone, Iowa
Keystone, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Kimballton, Iowa
Kimballton, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Kingsley, Iowa
Kingsley, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Kinross, Iowa
Kinross, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Kirkman, Iowa
Kirkman, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Kirkville, Iowa
Kirkville, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Kiron, Iowa
Kiron, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Klemme, Iowa
Klemme, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Knierim, Iowa
Knierim, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Knoxville, Iowa
Knoxville, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

La Motte, Iowa
La Motte, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

La Porte City, Iowa
La Porte City, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Lacona, Iowa
Lacona, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Ladora, Iowa
Ladora, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Lake City, Iowa
Lake City, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Lake Mills, Iowa
Lake Mills, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Lake Park, Iowa
Lake Park, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Lake View, Iowa
Lake View, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Lakeside, Iowa
Lakeside, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Lakota, Iowa
Lakota, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Lambs Grove, Iowa
Lambs Grove, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Lamoni, Iowa
Lamoni, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Lamont, Iowa
Lamont, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Lanesboro, Iowa
Lanesboro, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Lansing, Iowa
Lansing, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Larchwood, Iowa
Larchwood, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Larrabee, Iowa
Larrabee, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Latimer, Iowa
Latimer, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Laurel, Iowa
Laurel, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Laurens, Iowa
Laurens, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Lawler, Iowa
Lawler, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Lawton, Iowa
Lawton, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Le Claire, Iowa
Le Claire, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Le Grand, Iowa
Le Grand, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Le Mars, Iowa
Le Mars, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Le Roy, Iowa
Le Roy, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Ledyard, Iowa
Ledyard, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Lehigh, Iowa
Lehigh, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Leighton, Iowa
Leighton, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Leland, Iowa
Leland, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Lenox, Iowa
Lenox, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Leon, Iowa
Leon, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Lester, Iowa
Lester, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Letts, Iowa
Letts, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Lewis, Iowa
Lewis, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Libertyville, Iowa
Libertyville, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Lidderdale, Iowa
Lidderdale, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Lime Springs, Iowa
Lime Springs, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Lincoln, Iowa
Lincoln, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Linden, Iowa
Linden, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Lineville, Iowa
Lineville, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Linn Grove, Iowa
Linn Grove, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Lisbon, Iowa
Lisbon, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Liscomb, Iowa
Liscomb, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Little Rock, Iowa
Little Rock, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Little Sioux, Iowa
Little Sioux, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Littleport, Iowa
Littleport, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Livermore, Iowa
Livermore, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Lockridge, Iowa
Lockridge, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Logan, Iowa
Logan, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Lohrville, Iowa
Lohrville, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Lone Rock, Iowa
Lone Rock, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Lone Tree, Iowa
Lone Tree, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Long Grove, Iowa
Long Grove, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Lorimor, Iowa
Lorimor, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Lost Nation, Iowa
Lost Nation, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Lovilia, Iowa
Lovilia, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Low Moor, Iowa
Low Moor, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Lowden, Iowa
Lowden is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Lu Verne, Iowa
Lu Verne, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Luana, Iowa
Luana, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Lucas, Iowa
Lucas, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Luther, Iowa
Luther, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Luxemburg, Iowa
Luxemburg, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Luzerne, Iowa
Luzerne, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Lynnville, Iowa
Lynnville, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Lytton, Iowa
Lytton, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Macedonia, Iowa
Macedonia, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Macksburg, Iowa
Macksburg, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Madrid, Iowa
Madrid, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Magnolia, Iowa
Magnolia, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Malcom, Iowa
Malcom, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Mallard, Iowa
Mallard is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Maloy, Iowa
Maloy, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Malvern, Iowa
Malvern, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Manchester, Iowa
Manchester, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Manilla, Iowa
Manilla, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Manly, Iowa
Manly, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Manning, Iowa
Manning, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Manson, Iowa
Manson, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Mapleton, Iowa
Mapleton, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Maquoketa, Iowa
Maquoketa, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Marathon, Iowa
Marathon, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Archibald Hill
Archibald Vivian Hill (September 26,1886 - June 3, 1977) was an English mathematician. He won the 1922 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for finding out how muscles make heat.

Marble Rock, Iowa
Marble Rock, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Marcus, Iowa
Marcus, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Marengo, Iowa
Marengo, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Marion, Iowa
Marion, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Marne, Iowa
Marne, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Death's-head Hawkmoth
The name Death's-head Hawkmoth is used for three types of moth. The ("A. atropos", "A. styx" and "A. lachesis"), and are in the genus "Acherontia". The most common usage of the name is for the European species.
A. atropos is usually found in Europe, but A. styx and A. lachesis are found in Asia. You can spot them by the skull-shaped pattern of markings on the thorax. All three species are about the same in size, coloration, and life cycle.
These moths have many unusual features. All three species can make a loud squeak if irritated. The sound is made by moving air from the pharynx, often along with the flashing of the brightly-colored abdomen in a further attempt to deter predators. All three species are commonly seen raiding beehives of different species of honey bee for honey, but "A. atropos" only attacks colonies of the well-known Western honey bee, "Apis mellifera". They are able to move about in hives unhurt because they mimic the scent of the bees.
Development.
Eggs are laid one by one under old leaves of the hostplant, and are green or grey-blue. None of the three species are forced to use a single family of host plant. Many of the types of plants used are in the families Solanaceae, Verbenaceae, Oleaceae, Bignoniaceae, and others. The larvae are strong, reaching 120-130 mm, with a tail horn that stands out or can be seen easily. All three species have three larval color forms: usually green, brown, or yellow. Larvae do not move much, and will click their mandibles or even bite if threatened. When mature, they burrow underground and excavate a small chamber where they pupate.
Folklore.
This moth was used in the movie "The Silence of the Lambs".

Marquette, Iowa
Marquette, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Marshalltown, Iowa
Marshalltown, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Martelle, Iowa
Martelle, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Martensdale, Iowa
Martensdale, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Martinsburg, Iowa
Martinsburg, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Marysville, Iowa
Marysville, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Mason City, Iowa
Mason City, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Masonville, Iowa
Masonville, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Massena, Iowa
Massena, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Matlock, Iowa
Matlock, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Maurice, Iowa
Maurice, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Maxwell, Iowa
Maxwell, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Maynard, Iowa
Maynard, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Maysville, Iowa
Maysville, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

McCallsburg, Iowa
McCallsburg, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

McCausland, Iowa
McCausland, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

McClelland, Iowa
McClelland, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Otto Fritz Meyerhof
Otto Fritz Meyerhof (April 12, 1884 - October 6, 1951) was a German doctor. He won the 1922 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for finding out how oxygen makes chemical changes in lactic acid in muscles.

Frederick Banting
Frederick Grant Banting (November 14, 1891 - February 21, 1941) was an Canadian doctor. He won the 1923 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, along with John James Richard Macleod, for the discovery of insulin

John James Richard Macleod
John James Richard Macleod (September 6, 1876 - March 16, 1935) was an Scottish physiologist. He won the 1923 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, along with Frederick Banting, for the discovery of insulin

Post Office Protocol
In computing, the Post Office Protocol version 3 (POP3) is an application-layer Internet standard protocol used by local e-mail clients to get e-mail from a remote server over a IP connection. POP3 and IMAP4 (Internet Message Access Protocol) are the two most widely accepted Internet standard protocols for e-mail retrieval. Almost all modern e-mail clients and servers support both.
POP4.
While not yet an official standardized mail protocol, a proposal has been outlined for a, complete with a working server implementation.
The proposed POP4 extension adds basic folder management, multipart message support, as well as message flag management, allowing for a light protocol which supports some popular IMAP features which POP3 currently lacks.
No progress has been found in the POP4 specification since 2003.

George Weah
George Weah (born 1 October, 1966) is a former football player. He has played for Liberia national team.

Naohiro Takahara
Naohiro Takahara (born 4 June, 1979) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Urawa Red Diamonds and Japan national team.

Shunsuke Nakamura
Shunsuke Nakamura (born 24 June, 1978) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Celtic and Japan national team.

Romário
Romário (born 29 January, 1966) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.

Fernando Hierro
Fernando Hierro (born 23 March, 1968) is a former Spanish football player. He has played for Spain national team.

Andriy Shevchenko
Andriy Shevchenko (born 29 September, 1976) is a football player. He plays for Milan and Ukraine national team.

Megapode
The megapodes, also known as incubator birds or mound-builders, are stocky, medium-large chicken-like birds with small heads and large feet in the family Megapodiidae, typically building a compostlike mound of decaying vegetation as an incubator for their eggs.

Super Bowl XXXVII
Super Bowl XXXVII was the thirty-seventh Super Bowl to happen. It featured a match between the NFC Champions, the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and the AFC Champions, the Oakland Raiders. Tampa Bay won the game.

Lysosome
Lyosomes are organelles found in the cytoplasm.

Acherontia atropos
"Acherontia atropos" is the most widely-known of the three species of Death's-head Hawkmoth. It is found from the Middle East and the Mediterranean region, and as far north as southern Great Britain.

Acherontia styx
"Acherontia styx" is a Sphingid moth found in Asia, one of the three species of Death's-head Hawkmoth, also known as the "Bee Robber".
Popular culture.
An "Acherontia styx" pupa found in the soft palate of a murder victim is a vital clue in the thriller novel The Silence of the Lambs; in the movie version, however, while the script still refers to "styx", the species used is "Acherontia atropos".

Acherontia lachesis
"Acherontia lachesis" is a large (up to 13 cm wingspan) Sphingid moth found in India and much of the Oriental region, one of the three species of Death's-head Hawkmoth, also known as the "Bee Robber".

Xylophanes amadis
"Xylophanes amadis" is large moth of the Family Sphingidae. It is found in Surinam, and westward through Guyana, Venezuela and Bolivia.

Territory
A territory (from the word 'terra', which means 'land') is an area which belongs to a person, organization, institution, animal or state.
States controlled by a federated government (such as Germany or the counties of a state within the States of the United States), unitary state such as France, an occupied territory (land which has been invaded by the military of another country or a disputed territory (such as Kashmir, which both India and Pakistan believe is theirs) have their own territory.

Sphingidae
Sphingidae is a family of moths (Lepidoptera), commonly known as hawk moths, sphinx moths and hornworms, that includes about 1,200 species (Grimaldi & Engel, 2005). It is best represented in the tropics but there are species in every region (Scoble, 1995).

Acosmeryx socrates
"Acosmeryx socrates" is a moth of the Sphingidae family. It lives in southeast Asia.

Isognathus rimosus
The Rimosus Sphinx ("Isognathus rimosus") is a moth of the Sphingidae family.

Scarlino
Scarlino is a "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Grosseto in the Italian region Tuscany, located about 100 km southwest of Florence and about 25 km northwest of Grosseto.
Scarlino borders the following municipalities: Castiglione della Pescaia, Follonica, Gavorrano, Massa Marittima.
History.
Scarlino in the first time was under the control of the Aldobrandeschi family, later under the bishops of Roselle and then the Alberti family. In the 13th century it was bought again by the Aldobrandeschi, but later it passed to Pisa and then the Appiani of Piombino.
Until early 19th century, Scarlino was still a part of Principality of Piombino few time later when it became part of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany.

Takin
The Takin ("Budorcas taxicolor") is a goat-antelope found in the Eastern Himalayas, Sikkim, northern Assam, northern Burma, and central and southern China. The takin is the national animal of Bhutan.

Ryanair
Ryanair is an Irish airline, started in 1985. They are based in Dublin. Ryanair goes to 165 cities across Europe, using a fleet of only Boeing 737 aircraft.

Ford Crown Victoria
The Ford Crown Victoria is a large, rear wheel powered automobile. It has been widely used by both the general public as well as large businesses, government and law enforcement bodies. In 2008 Ford made the Crown Victoria "fleet-only", meaning they would no longer sell them one by one to the general public. They are most commonly seen as police cars and taxis.

Mira
Mira is a binary star system with a white dwarf (Mira B) star and a red giant (Mira A). Scientists think Mira is 200-400 light years away in the constellation Cetus. It has a diameter of about 400 times that of our sun.

Ferry Corsten
Ferry Corsten is a musical artist that creates music in the electronica and trance varieties. He lives in Rotterdam, Netherlands. Ferry hosts his own radio show, "Corsten's Countdown".

Mimicry
Mimicry happens when a group of organisms, called the "mimics", have evolved to share common perceived characteristics with another group, called the "models", through the selective action of a "signal-receiver" or "dupe".
Camouflage, in which a species appears similar to its surroundings is a form of visual mimicry.

Beehive
A beehive is an enclosed structure in which some species of honey bees (genus "Apis") live and raise their young. Natural beehives (or "nests") are naturally-occurring structures occupied by honey bee colonies, while domesticated honey bees are kept in man-made beehives in a location known as an apiary; it is these man-made structures that are most typically referred to as "beehives".

Circe
Circe was a sorceress who trapped Odysseus and made him her lover.

Raccoon Dog
The Raccoon Dog ("Nyctereutes procyonoides") is a member of the canid family and is indigenous to east Asia. Despite being hunted in their thousands, a small island in Japan has been designated a protected area for raccoon dogs.
Physical description.
Raccoon dogs are fox-like in build, but with shorter legs and tail. They have a dark patch on the side of the face, similar to a raccoon's facial markings.

Sócrates
Sócrates (born 19 February, 1954) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.

Atsushi Yanagisawa
Atsushi Yanagisawa (born 27 May, 1977) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Kyoto Sanga.

Ian Harte
Ian Harte (born 31 August, 1977) is a Irish football player. He plays for Blackpool.

Damien Duff
Damien Duff (born 2 March, 1979) is a Irish football player. He has played for Newcastle United and Republic of Ireland national team.

Shay Given
Shay Given (born 20 April, 1976) is a Irish football player. He plays for Newcastle United and Republic of Ireland national team.

Dragan Stojković
Dragan Stojković (born 3 March 1965) is a former Serbian (formerly Yugoslavian) football player. He has played for Yugoslavia national team and Yugoslavia national team.

Tsuneyasu Miyamoto
Tsuneyasu Miyamoto (born 7 February 1977) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Vissel Kobe.

Filippo Inzaghi
Filippo Inzaghi (born 9 August, 1973) is an Italian football player. He plays for Milan.

Uranus (mythology)
Uranus or Ouranos is a Greek god of sky and heavens. In Roman mythology, his equivalent was Caelus, the husband of Terra. A planet Uranus is named by this god.
Uranus is son of goddess Nyx, or Mother Earth Gaia. The children of Uranus and Gaia are Titans, Cyclopes and Hecatonchires. Cronus, the youngest Titan, was castrated his father with sinckle. From Uranus' blood is born Aphrodite, the goddess of love and beauty. Other Uranus' children are giants Gigantes, Erinyes and Meliae.

Chyjice
Chyjice Village is located in the district Jičín, Hradec Kralove region. On 3 7. In 2006 there were 145 inhabitants. The first written mention of the village is the 1323rd
Chyjice community is elongated in a shallow valley with nice parties. Its backbone is the road Střevač - Jičíněves which gives the village with a water flow (Mrlinou) a party to the shape. This means that the village has no central village.
Chyjice are rich greenery. The quantity of high quality trees, as well as solitárně vegetation located on the ground, creating a healthy environment. There are huge lime, ash, spruce and other. Also keřovitých stands is a large amount, especially around the river Mrliny. Area cadastral territory is slightly larger than 500 hectares. Given the size of the ratio of population (121) to the number of hectares of low-positive. Town could and should be settled much more. No such náves to replace a small area consisting of playground, multipurpose water (fire) tank, where he was in summer 1999 set up shelters for recreation visitors. He was in the spring of 2000, rebuilt as the seat of the Municipal Office.

Kenny Miller
Kenneth "Kenny" Miller, born 23 December 1979 in Edinburgh, is a Scottish footballer playing for Scottish Premier League side Rangers and the Scottish national team. He is a centre forward.
Hibernian.
Kenny started his career at Hibernian F.C., and made his debut in the 1997/98 season. He was loaned to Stenhousemuir F.C. where he scored 10 goals in 11 games. He spent four years at the club, and was the SPL top scorer in season 1999/00 and received the Scottish Young Player of the Year award in 2000.
Rangers.
Kenny signed for Rangers for £2 million in June 2000.. He made his debut in a 4-1 win against FBK Kaunas on 26 July during a Champions League match. His first goal came on 5 August 2000 during an SPL match away to Kilmarnock, scoring the third in a 4-2 win.
Three months later, Miller netted five goals (a Scottish Premier League record) during a 7-1 home defeat of St Mirren. More goals against AS Monaco and Aberdeen meant he had ten goals from just fourteen games. However, until the end of the season, Miller only scored once more, against Brechin City in the Scottish Cup.
In September 2001, he went to Wolverhampton Wanderers (Wolves) on a three-month loan, scoring two goals in his first two games. However, during his third match, Miller broke his shoulder in a fall. During the next two months, Wolves and Rangers had talks over his future. Wolves finally bought him on a permanent deal at a cost of £3 million. Miller had made a total of 38 appearances and scored 11 goals for Rangers.
Wolverhampton Wanderers.
In 2002/03 Miller was playing most games for Wolves, but he had only managed six goals in 19 games. However, during the final six months of the season he scored 18 goals in his final 24 appearances. He equalled a club record of scoring in six consecutive games. That helped Wolves gain promotion into the English Premier League.
In the summer of the 2005/06 season, the newly promoted Premiership team Sunderland wanted to sign Miller, but Wolves rejected their £1m and £1.2m offers and Miller began the new season as a Wolves player. Miller scored 12 goals, and ended the season as top scorer - the third time in Wolves last three seasons. Miller played more than 190 games for Wolves and scored more than 60 goals during his five years with the club.
Celtic.
When Miller's contract finished at the end of that season, he transferred to Celtic for free under special rules, caled the Bosman ruling. He signed an agreement in January after refusing to sign a new deal at Wolves a month earlier. Miller became only the third player since the war to have played for both sides of the Old Firm - following Alfie Conn and Maurice Johnston.
Despite being praised by many for his overall performances, Miller failed to score in his first nine games for Celtic. He finally scored his first goal, against Old Firm rivals and former employers Rangers at Celtic Park in September 2006. He then went on to score in Celtic's 1–0 UEFA Champions League win against Copenhagen from the penalty spot and scored two in the 3–0 win over Benfica. By scoring in the 2006/07 Champions League season, Miller became the first player to score goals in the Champions League for both Rangers and Celtic. However, he ended the season with only four league goals. He did play in the 2007 Scottish Cup final, before being substituted because of an injury. Despite hints from the player himself that he would leave to get more first-team opportunities, Miller vowed to stay at the club and fight for his place at the club. Miller scored his first goal in his first appearance of the 2007/08 season in a 4–1 victory over Falkirk and added to his collection the following week by scoring against Aberdeen. He scored 11 goals in total for the club in 46 appearances.
Derby County.
Miller signed a three year deal with newly promoted Premier League club Derby County on 31 August 2007 for an undisclosed fee, thought to be around £3 million, but later confirmed by Derby County manager Paul Jewell to be closer to £2.25m.
Miller started well at his new club, scoring in his first two home matches, including the winner on his league debut for the Rams against Newcastle in a 1–0 win on 17 September 2007, a strike which won the club's Goal Of The Season award. However, following this initial success Miller netted just twice in his next 28 league fixtures.
With Derby looking like they would be relegated Miller said he would like to move just over 6 months after joining the club - with a return to Rangers his preferred destination, though his manager Jewell insisted any move would have to be financially fair for Derby.
Return to Rangers.
A fee of £2m was agreed between Rangers and Derby allowing Miller to move back to Ibrox. The deal was completed on 13 June. Miller's return to Ibrox means he is one of only a few players to cross the Old Firm divide twice.
Miller made his second debut for the club on 30 July 2008 in a UEFA Champions League qualifier gainst FBK Kaunas. He scored in the first Old Firm game of the season on 31 August 2008. He followed this up with a further two goals against former employers Hibernian at Easter Road on 28 September 2008, then adding his sixth goal back in a Rangers shirt at Rugby Park in a 4-0 win over Kilmarnock.
International career.
Since making his Scottish international debut in 2001, Miller has remained a player in the Scotland team under the management of Berti Vogts, Walter Smith and Alex McLeish.
He has scored goals in crucial games against several teams, including Germany and Ukraine. In 2005, Miller scored in three consecutive internationals, with goals against Austria, Italy and Norway.

Communes of the Gironde department
There are 542 communes in the Gironde "département", in France.

José de Espronceda
José de Espronceda, baptised José Ignacio Javier Oriol Encarnación de Espronceda y Delgado (March 25, 1808 - May 23, 1842) was among the most important Spanish romanticist poets of the 19th century.

Bossugan
Bossugan is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Bouliac
Bouliac is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Bourdelles
Bourdelles is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Bourg, Gironde
Bourg, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Bourideys
Bourideys is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Brach
Brach is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Branne, Gironde
Branne, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Brannens
Brannens is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Braud-et-Saint-Louis
Braud-et-Saint-Louis is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Brouqueyran
Brouqueyran is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Bruges, Gironde
Bruges, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Budos
Budos is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Bègles
Bègles is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Bégadan
Bégadan is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Béguey
Béguey is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Cabanac-et-Villagrains
Cabanac-et-Villagrains is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Cabara
Cabara is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Cadarsac
Cadarsac is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Cadaujac
Cadaujac is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Cadillac, Gironde
Cadillac, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Cadillac-en-Fronsadais
Cadillac-en-Fronsadais is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Camarsac
Camarsac is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Cambes, Gironde
Cambes, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Camblanes-et-Meynac
Camblanes-et-Meynac is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Camiac-et-Saint-Denis
Camiac-et-Saint-Denis is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Camiran
Camiran is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Camps-sur-l'Isle
Camps-sur-l'Isle is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Campugnan
Campugnan is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Cantenac
Cantenac is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Cantois
Cantois is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Canéjan
Canéjan is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Capian
Capian is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Caplong
Caplong is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Captieux
Captieux is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Carbon-Blanc
Carbon-Blanc is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Carcans
Carcans is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Cardan, Gironde
Cardan, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Carignan-de-Bordeaux
Carignan-de-Bordeaux is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Cars, Gironde
Cars, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Cartelègue
Cartelègue is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Casseuil
Casseuil is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Castelmoron-d'Albret
Castelmoron-d'Albret is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Castelnau-de-Médoc
Castelnau-de-Médoc is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Castelviel
Castelviel is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Castets-en-Dorthe
Castets-en-Dorthe is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Castillon-de-Castets
Castillon-de-Castets is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Castillon-la-Bataille
Castillon-la-Bataille is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Castres-Gironde
Castres-Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Caudrot
Caudrot is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Caumont, Gironde
Caumont, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Cauvignac
Cauvignac is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Cavignac
Cavignac is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Cazalis, Gironde
Cazalis, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Cazats
Cazats is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Cazaugitat
Cazaugitat is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Cenon
Cenon is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Cessac
Cessac is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Cestas
Cestas is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Chamadelle
Chamadelle is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Cissac-Médoc
Cissac-Médoc is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Civrac-de-Blaye
Civrac-de-Blaye is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Civrac-en-Médoc
Civrac-en-Médoc is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Civrac-sur-Dordogne
Civrac-sur-Dordogne is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Cleyrac
Cleyrac is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Coimères
Coimères is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Coirac
Coirac is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Comps, Gironde
Comps, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Coubeyrac
Coubeyrac is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Couquèques
Couquèques is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Courpiac
Courpiac is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Cours-de-Monségur
Cours-de-Monségur is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Cours-les-Bains
Cours-les-Bains is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Coutras
Coutras is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Coutures, Gironde
Coutures, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Croignon
Croignon is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Créon
Créon is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Cubnezais
Cubnezais is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Cubzac-les-Ponts
Cubzac-les-Ponts is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Cudos, Gironde
Cudos, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Cursan
Cursan is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Cussac-Fort-Médoc
Cussac-Fort-Médoc is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Cénac
Cénac is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Cérons
Cérons is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Cézac, Gironde
Cézac, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Daignac
Daignac is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Dardenac
Dardenac is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Daubèze
Daubèze is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Dieulivol
Dieulivol is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Donnezac
Donnezac is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Donzac, Gironde
Donzac, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Doulezon
Doulezon is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Escaudes
Escaudes is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Escoussans
Escoussans is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Espiet
Espiet is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Eynesse
Eynesse is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Eyrans
Eyrans is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Eysines
Eysines is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Faleyras
Faleyras is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Fargues, Gironde
Fargues, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Fargues-Saint-Hilaire
Fargues-Saint-Hilaire is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Flaujagues
Flaujagues is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Floirac, Gironde
Floirac, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Floudès
Floudès is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Fontet
Fontet is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Fossès-et-Baleyssac
Fossès-et-Baleyssac is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Fours, Gironde
Fours, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Francs, Gironde
Francs, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Fronsac, Gironde
Fronsac, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Frontenac, Gironde
Frontenac, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Gabarnac
Gabarnac is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Gaillan-en-Médoc
Gaillan-en-Médoc is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Gajac, Gironde
Gajac, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Galgon
Galgon is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Gans, Gironde
Gans, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Gardegan-et-Tourtirac
Gardegan-et-Tourtirac is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Gauriac
Gauriac is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Gauriaguet
Gauriaguet is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Gensac, Gironde
Gensac, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Gironde-sur-Dropt
Gironde-sur-Dropt is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Giscos
Giscos is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Gornac
Gornac is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Goualade
Goualade is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Gours, Gironde
Gours, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Gradignan
Gradignan is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Grayan-et-l'Hôpital
Grayan-et-l'Hôpital is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Grignols, Gironde
Grignols, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Grézillac
Grézillac is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Guillac, Gironde
Guillac, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Guillos
Guillos is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Gujan-Mestras
Gujan-Mestras is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Guîtres
Guîtres is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Génissac
Génissac is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Générac, Gironde
Générac, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Haux, Gironde
Haux, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Hostens
Hostens is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Hourtin
Hourtin is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Hure
Hure is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Illats
Illats is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Isle-Saint-Georges
Isle-Saint-Georges is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Izon
Izon is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Jau-Dignac-et-Loirac
Jau-Dignac-et-Loirac is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Jugazan
Jugazan is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Juillac, Gironde
Juillac, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

La Brède
La Brède is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

La Lande-de-Fronsac
La Lande-de-Fronsac is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

La Rivière, Gironde
La Rivière, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

La Roquille
La Roquille is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

La Réole
La Réole is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

La Sauve
La Sauve is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

La Teste-de-Buch
La Teste-de-Buch is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Labarde
Labarde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Labescau
Labescau is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Lacanau
Lacanau is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Ladaux
Ladaux is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Lados
Lados is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Lagorce, Gironde
Lagorce, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Lalande-de-Pomerol
Lalande-de-Pomerol is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Lamarque
Lamarque is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Lamothe-Landerron
Lamothe-Landerron is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Landerrouat
Landerrouat is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Landerrouet-sur-Ségur
Landerrouet-sur-Ségur is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Landiras
Landiras is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Langoiran
Langoiran is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Langon, Gironde
Langon, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Lansac, Gironde
Lansac, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Lanton, Gironde
Lanton, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Lapouyade
Lapouyade is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Laroque, Gironde
Laroque, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Lartigue, Gironde
Lartigue, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Laruscade
Laruscade is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Latresne
Latresne is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Lavazan
Lavazan is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Le Barp
Le Barp is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Le Bouscat
Le Bouscat is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Le Fieu
Le Fieu is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Le Haillan
Le Haillan is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Le Nizan
Le Nizan is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Le Pian-Médoc
Le Pian-Médoc is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Le Pian-sur-Garonne
Le Pian-sur-Garonne is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Le Porge
Le Porge is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Le Pout
Le Pout is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Le Puy, Gironde
Le Puy, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Le Taillan-Médoc
Le Taillan-Médoc is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Le Teich
Le Teich is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Le Temple, Gironde
Le Temple, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Le Tourne
Le Tourne is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Le Tuzan
Le Tuzan is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Le Verdon-sur-Mer
Le Verdon-sur-Mer is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Lerm-et-Musset
Lerm-et-Musset is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Les Artigues-de-Lussac
Les Artigues-de-Lussac is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Les Billaux
Les Billaux is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Les Esseintes
Les Esseintes is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Les Lèves-et-Thoumeyragues
Les Lèves-et-Thoumeyragues is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Les Peintures
Les Peintures is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Les Salles-de-Castillon
Les Salles-de-Castillon is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Les Églisottes-et-Chalaures
Les Églisottes-et-Chalaures is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Lesparre-Médoc
Lesparre-Médoc is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Lestiac-sur-Garonne
Lestiac-sur-Garonne is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Lignan-de-Bazas
Lignan-de-Bazas is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Lignan-de-Bordeaux
Lignan-de-Bordeaux is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Ligueux, Gironde
Ligueux, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Listrac-Médoc
Listrac-Médoc is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Listrac-de-Durèze
Listrac-de-Durèze is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Lormont
Lormont is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Loubens, Gironde
Loubens, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Louchats
Louchats is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Loupes
Loupes is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Loupiac, Gironde
Loupiac, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Loupiac-de-la-Réole
Loupiac-de-la-Réole is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Lucmau
Lucmau is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Ludon-Médoc
Ludon-Médoc is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Lugaignac
Lugaignac is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Lugasson
Lugasson is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Lugon-et-l'Île-du-Carnay
Lugon-et-l'Île-du-Carnay is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Lugos
Lugos is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Lussac, Gironde
Lussac, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Lège-Cap-Ferret
Lège-Cap-Ferret is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Léogeats
Léogeats is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Léognan
Léognan is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Macau, Gironde
Macau, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Madirac
Madirac is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Maransin, Gironde
Maransin, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Marcenais
Marcenais is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Marcheprime
Marcheprime is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Marcillac
Marcillac is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Margaux
Margaux is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Margueron
Margueron is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Marimbault
Marimbault is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Marions
Marions is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Marsas, Gironde
Marsas, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Martignas-sur-Jalle
Martignas-sur-Jalle is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Martillac
Martillac is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Martres
Martres is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Masseilles
Masseilles is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Massugas
Massugas is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Mauriac, Gironde
Mauriac, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Mazion
Mazion is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Mazères, Gironde
Mazères, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Mesterrieux
Mesterrieux is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Mios
Mios is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Mombrier
Mombrier is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Mongauzy
Mongauzy is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Monprimblanc
Monprimblanc is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Monségur, Gironde
Monségur, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Montagne, Gironde
Montagne, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Montagoudin
Montagoudin is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Montignac, Gironde
Montignac, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Montussan
Montussan is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Morizès
Morizès is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Mouillac, Gironde
Mouillac, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Mouliets-et-Villemartin
Mouliets-et-Villemartin is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Moulis-en-Médoc
Moulis-en-Médoc is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Moulon, Gironde
Moulon, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Mourens
Mourens is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Mérignac, Gironde
Mérignac, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Mérignas
Mérignas is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Naujac-sur-Mer
Naujac-sur-Mer is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Naujan-et-Postiac
Naujan-et-Postiac is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Neuffons
Neuffons is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Noaillac
Noaillac is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Noaillan
Noaillan is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Néac
Néac is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Nérigean
Nérigean is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Omet
Omet is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Ordonnac
Ordonnac is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Origne
Origne is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Paillet
Paillet is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Parempuyre
Parempuyre is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Pauillac
Pauillac is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Pellegrue
Pellegrue is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Pessac
Pessac is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Pessac-sur-Dordogne
Pessac-sur-Dordogne is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Petit-Palais-et-Cornemps
Petit-Palais-et-Cornemps is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Peujard
Peujard is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Pineuilh
Pineuilh is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Plassac, Gironde
Plassac, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Pleine-Selve, Gironde
Pleine-Selve, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Podensac
Podensac is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Pomerol
Pomerol is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Pompignac
Pompignac is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Pompéjac
Pompéjac is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Pondaurat
Pondaurat is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Porchères
Porchères is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Portets
Portets is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Preignac
Preignac is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Prignac-en-Médoc
Prignac-en-Médoc is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Prignac-et-Marcamps
Prignac-et-Marcamps is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Préchac, Gironde
Préchac, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Pugnac
Pugnac is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Puisseguin
Puisseguin is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Pujols, Gironde
Pujols, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Pujols-sur-Ciron
Pujols-sur-Ciron is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Puybarban
Puybarban is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Puynormand
Puynormand is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Périssac
Périssac is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Queyrac
Queyrac is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Quinsac, Gironde
Quinsac, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Rauzan
Rauzan is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Reignac, Gironde
Reignac, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Rimons
Rimons is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Riocaud
Riocaud is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Rions
Rions is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Roaillan
Roaillan is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Romagne, Gironde
Romagne, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Roquebrune, Gironde
Roquebrune, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Ruch
Ruch is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Sablons, Gironde
Sablons, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Sadirac
Sadirac is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saillans, Gironde
Saillans, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Aignan, Gironde
Saint-Aignan, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Androny
Saint-Androny is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-André-de-Cubzac
Saint-André-de-Cubzac is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-André-du-Bois
Saint-André-du-Bois is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-André-et-Appelles
Saint-André-et-Appelles is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Antoine, Gironde
Saint-Antoine, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Antoine-du-Queyret
Saint-Antoine-du-Queyret is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Antoine-sur-l'Isle
Saint-Antoine-sur-l'Isle is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Aubin-de-Blaye
Saint-Aubin-de-Blaye is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Aubin-de-Branne
Saint-Aubin-de-Branne is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Aubin-de-Médoc
Saint-Aubin-de-Médoc is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Avit-Saint-Nazaire
Saint-Avit-Saint-Nazaire is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Avit-de-Soulège
Saint-Avit-de-Soulège is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Brice, Gironde
Saint-Brice, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Caprais-de-Blaye
Saint-Caprais-de-Blaye is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Caprais-de-Bordeaux
Saint-Caprais-de-Bordeaux is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Christoly-Médoc
Saint-Christoly-Médoc is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Christoly-de-Blaye
Saint-Christoly-de-Blaye is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Christophe-de-Double
Saint-Christophe-de-Double is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Christophe-des-Bardes
Saint-Christophe-des-Bardes is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Cibard
Saint-Cibard is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Ciers-d'Abzac
Saint-Ciers-d'Abzac is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Ciers-de-Canesse
Saint-Ciers-de-Canesse is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Ciers-sur-Gironde
Saint-Ciers-sur-Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Côme
Saint-Côme is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Denis-de-Pile
Saint-Denis-de-Pile is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Estèphe
Saint-Estèphe is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Exupéry, Gironde
Saint-Exupéry, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Ferme
Saint-Ferme is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Félix-de-Foncaude
Saint-Félix-de-Foncaude is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Genis-du-Bois
Saint-Genis-du-Bois is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Genès-de-Blaye
Saint-Genès-de-Blaye is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Genès-de-Castillon
Saint-Genès-de-Castillon is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Genès-de-Fronsac
Saint-Genès-de-Fronsac is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Genès-de-Lombaud
Saint-Genès-de-Lombaud is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Germain-d'Esteuil
Saint-Germain-d'Esteuil is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Germain-de-Grave
Saint-Germain-de-Grave is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Germain-de-la-Rivière
Saint-Germain-de-la-Rivière is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Germain-du-Puch
Saint-Germain-du-Puch is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Gervais, Gironde
Saint-Gervais, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Girons-d'Aiguevives
Saint-Girons-d'Aiguevives is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Hilaire-de-la-Noaille
Saint-Hilaire-de-la-Noaille is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Hilaire-du-Bois, Gironde
Saint-Hilaire-du-Bois, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Hippolyte, Gironde
Saint-Hippolyte, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Jean-d'Illac
Saint-Jean-d'Illac is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Jean-de-Blaignac
Saint-Jean-de-Blaignac is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Julien-Beychevelle
Saint-Julien-Beychevelle is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Laurent-Médoc
Saint-Laurent-Médoc is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Laurent-d'Arce
Saint-Laurent-d'Arce is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Laurent-des-Combes, Gironde
Saint-Laurent-des-Combes, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Laurent-du-Bois
Saint-Laurent-du-Bois is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Laurent-du-Plan
Saint-Laurent-du-Plan is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Loubert
Saint-Loubert is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Loubès
Saint-Loubès is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Louis-de-Montferrand
Saint-Louis-de-Montferrand is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Léger-de-Balson
Saint-Léger-de-Balson is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Léon, Gironde
Saint-Léon, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Macaire
Saint-Macaire is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Magne
Saint-Magne is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Magne-de-Castillon
Saint-Magne-de-Castillon is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Maixant, Gironde
Saint-Maixant, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Mariens
Saint-Mariens is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Martial, Gironde
Saint-Martial, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Martin-Lacaussade
Saint-Martin-Lacaussade is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Martin-de-Laye
Saint-Martin-de-Laye is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Martin-de-Lerm
Saint-Martin-de-Lerm is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Martin-de-Sescas
Saint-Martin-de-Sescas is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Martin-du-Bois, Gironde
Saint-Martin-du-Bois, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Martin-du-Puy
Saint-Martin-du-Puy is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Michel-de-Castelnau
Saint-Michel-de-Castelnau is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Michel-de-Fronsac
Saint-Michel-de-Fronsac is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Michel-de-Lapujade
Saint-Michel-de-Lapujade is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Michel-de-Rieufret
Saint-Michel-de-Rieufret is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Morillon
Saint-Morillon is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Médard-d'Eyrans
Saint-Médard-d'Eyrans is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Médard-de-Guizières
Saint-Médard-de-Guizières is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Médard-en-Jalles
Saint-Médard-en-Jalles is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Palais, Gironde
Saint-Palais, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Pardon-de-Conques
Saint-Pardon-de-Conques is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Paul, Gironde
Saint-Paul, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Pey-d'Armens
Saint-Pey-d'Armens is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Pey-de-Castets
Saint-Pey-de-Castets is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Philippe-d'Aiguille
Saint-Philippe-d'Aiguille is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Philippe-du-Seignal
Saint-Philippe-du-Seignal is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Pierre-d'Aurillac
Saint-Pierre-d'Aurillac is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Pierre-de-Bat
Saint-Pierre-de-Bat is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Pierre-de-Mons
Saint-Pierre-de-Mons is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Quentin-de-Baron
Saint-Quentin-de-Baron is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Quentin-de-Caplong
Saint-Quentin-de-Caplong is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Romain-la-Virvée
Saint-Romain-la-Virvée is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Sauveur, Gironde
Saint-Sauveur, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Sauveur-de-Puynormand
Saint-Sauveur-de-Puynormand is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Savin, Gironde
Saint-Savin, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Selve
Saint-Selve is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Seurin-de-Bourg
Saint-Seurin-de-Bourg is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Seurin-de-Cadourne
Saint-Seurin-de-Cadourne is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Seurin-de-Cursac
Saint-Seurin-de-Cursac is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Seurin-sur-l'Isle
Saint-Seurin-sur-l'Isle is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Sulpice-de-Faleyrens
Saint-Sulpice-de-Faleyrens is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Sulpice-de-Guilleragues
Saint-Sulpice-de-Guilleragues is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Sulpice-de-Pommiers
Saint-Sulpice-de-Pommiers is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Sulpice-et-Cameyrac
Saint-Sulpice-et-Cameyrac is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Symphorien, Gironde
Saint-Symphorien, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Sève
Saint-Sève is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Trojan
Saint-Trojan is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Vincent-de-Paul, Gironde
Saint-Vincent-de-Paul, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Vincent-de-Pertignas
Saint-Vincent-de-Pertignas is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Vivien-de-Blaye
Saint-Vivien-de-Blaye is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Vivien-de-Monségur
Saint-Vivien-de-Monségur is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Vivien-de-Médoc
Saint-Vivien-de-Médoc is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Yzan-de-Soudiac
Saint-Yzan-de-Soudiac is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Yzans-de-Médoc
Saint-Yzans-de-Médoc is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Émilion
Saint-Émilion is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saint-Étienne-de-Lisse
Saint-Étienne-de-Lisse is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Sainte-Colombe, Gironde
Sainte-Colombe, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Sainte-Croix-du-Mont
Sainte-Croix-du-Mont is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Sainte-Eulalie, Gironde
Sainte-Eulalie, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Sainte-Florence, Gironde
Sainte-Florence, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Sainte-Foy-la-Grande
Sainte-Foy-la-Grande is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Sainte-Foy-la-Longue
Sainte-Foy-la-Longue is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Sainte-Gemme, Gironde
Sainte-Gemme, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Sainte-Hélène, Gironde
Sainte-Hélène, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Sainte-Radegonde, Gironde
Sainte-Radegonde, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Sainte-Terre
Sainte-Terre is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Salaunes
Salaunes is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Salignac, Gironde
Salignac, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Sallebœuf
Sallebœuf is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Salles, Gironde
Salles, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Samonac
Samonac is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saucats
Saucats is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saugon
Saugon is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Saumos
Saumos is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Sauternes
Sauternes is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Sauveterre-de-Guyenne
Sauveterre-de-Guyenne is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Sauviac, Gironde
Sauviac, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Savignac, Gironde
Savignac, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Savignac-de-l'Isle
Savignac-de-l'Isle is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Semens
Semens is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Sendets, Gironde
Sendets, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Sigalens
Sigalens is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Sillas
Sillas is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Soulac-sur-Mer
Soulac-sur-Mer is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Soulignac
Soulignac is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Soussac
Soussac is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Soussans
Soussans is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Tabanac
Tabanac is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Taillecavat
Taillecavat is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Talais
Talais is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Talence
Talence is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Targon
Targon is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Tarnès
Tarnès is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Tauriac, Gironde
Tauriac, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Tayac
Tayac is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Teuillac
Teuillac is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Tizac-de-Curton
Tizac-de-Curton is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Tizac-de-Lapouyade
Tizac-de-Lapouyade is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Toulenne
Toulenne is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Tresses
Tresses is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Uzeste
Uzeste is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Valeyrac
Valeyrac is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Vayres
Vayres is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Vendays-Montalivet
Vendays-Montalivet is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Vensac
Vensac is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Verdelais
Verdelais is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Vertheuil
Vertheuil is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Vignonet
Vignonet is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Villandraut
Villandraut is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Villegouge
Villegouge is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Villenave-d'Ornon
Villenave-d'Ornon is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Villenave-de-Rions
Villenave-de-Rions is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Villeneuve, Gironde
Villeneuve, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Virelade
Virelade is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Virsac
Virsac is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Vérac
Vérac is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Yvrac
Yvrac is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Étauliers
Étauliers is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Bonzac
Bonzac is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Bonnetan
Bonnetan is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Bommes
Bommes is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Blésignac
Blésignac is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Blaye
Blaye is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Blasimon
Blasimon is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Blanquefort, Gironde
Blanquefort, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Blaignan
Blaignan is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Blaignac
Blaignac is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Birac, Gironde
Birac, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Biganos
Biganos is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Bieujac
Bieujac is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Beychac-et-Caillau
Beychac-et-Caillau is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Berthez
Berthez is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Berson, Gironde
Berson, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Bernos-Beaulac
Bernos-Beaulac is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Belvès-de-Castillon
Belvès-de-Castillon is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Bellefond, Gironde
Bellefond, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Bellebat
Bellebat is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Belin-Béliet
Belin-Béliet is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Beautiran
Beautiran is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Bazas
Bazas is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Bayon-sur-Gironde
Bayon-sur-Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Bayas
Bayas is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Baurech
Baurech is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Bassens, Gironde
Bassens, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Bassanne
Bassanne is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Barsac, Gironde
Barsac, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Baron, Gironde
Baron, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Barie
Barie is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Balizac
Balizac is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Baigneaux, Gironde
Baigneaux, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Bagas, Gironde
Bagas, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Ayguemorte-les-Graves
Ayguemorte-les-Graves is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Avensan
Avensan is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Auros
Auros is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Auriolles
Auriolles is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Audenge
Audenge is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Aubie-et-Espessas
Aubie-et-Espessas is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Aubiac, Gironde
Aubiac, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Asques, Gironde
Asques, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Arès
Arès is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Arveyres
Arveyres is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Artigues-près-Bordeaux
Artigues-près-Bordeaux is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Arsac
Arsac is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Arcins
Arcins is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Arcachon
Arcachon is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Arbis
Arbis is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Arbanats
Arbanats is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Anglade
Anglade is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Andernos-les-Bains
Andernos-les-Bains is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Ambès
Ambès is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Ambarès-et-Lagrave
Ambarès-et-Lagrave is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Aillas
Aillas is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Abzac, Gironde
Abzac, Gironde is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Simon & Schuster
Simon & Schuster Inc. is the name of a publishing company. It was founded in 1924. It is one of the four main publishers who publish English books. The first book Simon & Schuster published was a book of crossword puzzles with a pencil attached. The company has published bestsellers by many people, recently including Stephen King and Hillary Clinton.

Mount Scenery
Mount Scenery is a lava dome in the Netherlands. It was formed by slow moving lava from the eruption of a volcano. It is the highest point in the Netherlands.

Saltwater Crocodile
The Saltwater crocodile ("Crocodylus porosus") is the largest of all living reptiles. It is found in suitable habitat throughout Southeast Asia, Northern Australia, and the surrounding waters.
Description.
The Saltwater crocodile is now a protected species in Australia, however if human danger is a factor, the crocodile will be moved away from possible contact. Many years ago Australia used to export crocodile skin, this is now illegal.
Reproduction.
They reproduce in the wet season, with the female crocodile laying up to 60 eggs at a time. When the crocodiles are born, only a very small number of these survive in the wild and grow to be adult crocodiles.

Dildo, Newfoundland and Labrador
Dildo is a town on the southeastern Dildo Arm of Trinity Bay on the island of Newfoundland, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. It is about 100 kilometres west-northwest of St. John's. South Dildo is a neighbouring unincorporated community.
General History.
Dildo has a long history, going as far back as 2000 BCE when Maritime Archaic Native Americans resided at Anderson's Cove. By 700 CE Dorset had inhabited Dildo Island.
In 1613, Henry Crout, whilst sailing up Dildo Arm, came in contact with the Beothuks, who were residing on Dildo Island at this time. He traded with them and left gifts.
In 1711 the inhabitants of Trinity Bay were ordered by Governor Crow to leave their homes during the winter, to defend themselves against the French who burned their houses. Dildo Island was one of the places designated for this purpose.
The town of Dildo was founded in the late 1700s and settled to exploit the abundance of marine resources such as fish, whales and seals.
In 1883 the first Waymaster was Albert Smith. The Way Office was changed to a Post Office in 1891.
In 1889 a codfish hatchery was constructed on Dildo Island. It was the largest and most advanced in the world and the first in North America, but due to a lack of government funding it closed in 1897.
In 1891 the first Postmistress was Emma Moore.
In 1932, the German flying boat Do-X, the largest plane in the world at that time, landed in Dildo.
In 1933 a giant squid was discovered by two local residents Reuben Reid and Richard Gosse. The squid was long, and a replica is on display at the local museum.
In 1991 the Gaia, a replica of the "Gokstad ship", visited Dildo on the Vinland Revisited trip, along with descendants of the original Vikings as they retraced their ancestors' voyages to North America.
History of All Saints' Anglican Church.
The first church was built in 1878 by the people of Dildo. It was a simple structure that had no tower and was wide by long. It had a seating capacity of 250 people, and was heated by two coal stoves at either end which shared a common chimney. This Church served the community until 1964 when the present (larger) building was constructed.
As of 2008, the church principals include Rev Canon Shirley Noseworthy and assistant Rev Roger Whalen, Andrew D. Pretty as organist, the sexton is Kevin E. Reid, the people's warden is David W. Pretty, and the minister's warden is Llwelleyn Smith.
Present.
Dildo has a fast-growing tourist industry. Dildo offers picturesque scenery, several bed and breakfasts, eating establishments, the Dildo Museum interpretive centre, the Historic Dildo Days celebration in August, boat tours, the Society of United Fishermen, the Lions centre, several heritage structures, walking trails, many businesses and, of course, the road sign souvenirs.
Dildo won the "Harrowsmith Magazine" Award in 2001 as one of the ten prettiest small towns in Canada.
Dildo has also been featured on CBC's "On the Road Again" and "Land and Sea" as well as a live radio broadcast from the interpretation centre.
In August 2006, Dildo was also the subject of the "What the...?" segment on the Australian television talk show "Rove Live".
Dildo has its own television station, Channel Six.
The town is also mentioned in the song "A Night in Dildo" by The Arrogant Worms
South Dildo.
South Dildo is an unincorporated community with a 1991 population of 272. At the beginning of the 20th century, South Dildo (pop. 205 - July 2008) was primarily involved in lumbering and supplied a schooner to the Labrador fishery. South Dildo had the roadside attraction of a wooden life-size humpback whale head, however after many years it was destroyed at the beginning of the 2006-2007 winter.

Sphinginae
The Sphinginae are a subfamily of the hawkmoths (Sphingidae), moths of the order Lepidoptera. Notable taxa include the Pink-Spotted Hawkmoth, "Agrius cingulata", being a very common and easily spotted species, the death's-head hawkmoths ("Acherontia" spp.) of "Silence of the Lambs" fame, and "Xanthopan morgani" with its huge proboscis.

Furcula furcula
The Sallow Kitten ("Furcula furcula") is a lepidoptera from the family Notodontidae. They can be found in Europe and the North of Iran. They are attracted to light.

ICD
The International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (also known as ICD) is a list of codes to classify diseases, including signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, social circumstances, complaints and external causes of injury or disease.
ICD is published by World Health Organization, and it is made to promote international comparability. Current edition is ICD-10, and next one, ICD-11, is planned for 2015, which will be revised using Web 2.0.

Software agent
A Software agent is a piece of software (a computer program) that capable of taking simple decisions to solve a problem. Usually, agents solve problems by interacting with other agents, or with their environment.

List of ICD-10 codes
The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems
10th Revision (ICD-10) is list of codes of diseases and signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or diseases. ICD-10 is published by World Health Organization. Work on ICD-10 began in 1983 and was completed in 1992.

Barn Swallow
The Barn Swallow ("Hirundo rustica") is the most widespread species of swallow can be found worldwide. A distinctive passerine bird with blue upperparts, a long, deeply forked tail and curved, pointed wings, it is found in Europe, Asia, Africa and the Americas. The Barn Swallow is the national bird of Estonia.

Red-crowned Crane
The Red-crowned Crane ("Grus japonensis"), also called the Japanese Crane or Manchurian Crane, is a large crane and is the second rarest crane in the world. In East Asia, it is known as a symbol of luck and fidelity. At 55 inches high, the crane does not make easy prey, for all that it stands out in its natural habitat of marshes and swamps. When it matures, the Red-crowned Crane is snow white with a patch of red skin on its head.
Description.
In the spring and summer, the Red-crowned Crane lives in Siberia, where their eggs hatch. Normally the crane lays 2 eggs, with only one surviving. Later, in the fall, it migrates in flocks to Korea, Japan, China, Taiwan, and other countries in East Asia to spend the winter. All Red-crowned Cranes migrate, except for a flock that stays in Hokkaido, year long.
Diet.
The crane eats small amphibians, aquatic invertebrates, insects, and plants that grow in marshes and swamps.

Yasuhiko Okudera
Yasuhiko Okudera (born 12 March, 1952) is a former Japanese football player. He has played for Japan national team.

Hans Ooft
Hans Ooft (born 27 June, 1947) is a former Dutch football player. He has played for Feyenoord Rotterdam.

Ruy Ramos
Ruy Ramos (born 9 February, 1957) is a former Japanese football player. He has played for Japan national team.

Sergio Echigo
Sergio Echigo (born 28 July, 1945) is a former football player.

Takashi Mizunuma
Takashi Mizunuma (born 28 May, 1960) is a former Japanese football player. He has played for Yokohama Marinos and Japan national team.

Sōta Hirayama
Sōta Hirayama (born 6 June, 1985) is a Japanese football player. He has played for Tokyo.

José María Gutiérrez
José María Gutiérrez (born 31 October, 1976) is a Spanish football player. He has played for Real Madrid and Spain national team.

Kyun Tum Say Itna Pyar Hai
"Kyun Tum Say Itna Pyar Hai" is a Pakistani Urdu Film starring Veena Malik, Ajab Gul and Arbaz Khan.
he makers of this movie are professional people who have made their mark from
their previous project Khoaye Ho Tum Kahan in the film industry both within Pakistan and abroad.
This film is Directed by Ajab Gul who has a long affiliation with TV, Stage & Film industry in Pakistan. The technical aspect of this film is also very different from previous Lollywood movies.

Alessandro Nesta
Alessandro Nesta (born 19 March, 1976) is a Italian football player. He plays for Milan.

Shu Kamo
Shu Kamo (born 29 October, 1939) is a former Japanese football player. He has played for Yanmar Diesel.

Ahn Jung-Hwan
Ahn Jung-Hwan (born 27 January, 1976) is a football player. He plays for Busan I'Park and South Korea national team.

Pavel Nedvěd
Pavel Nedvěd (born 30 August, 1972) is a football player. He plays for Juventus.

Marcus Tulio Tanaka
Marcus Tulio Tanaka (born 24 April, 1981) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Urawa Red Diamonds and Japan national team.

İlhan Mansız
İlhan Mansız (born 10 August, 1975) is a former football player. He has played for Turkey national team.

Masakiyo Maezono
Masakiyo Maezono (born 29 October, 1973) is a former Japanese football player. He has played for Japan national team.

Zico
Zico (born 3 March, 1953) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.

Akihiro Nagashima
Akihiro Nagashima (born 9 April, 1964) is a former Japanese football player. He has played for Japan national team.

Roque Santa Cruz
Roque Santa Cruz (born 16 August, 1981) is a football player. He plays for Blackburn Rovers and Paraguay national team.

Cafu
Cafu (born 7 June, 1970) is a Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.

Gary Kelly
Gary Kelly (born 9 July, 1974) is a former Irish football player. He has played for Leeds United and Republic of Ireland national team.

Luis Hernández
Luis Hernández (born 22 December, 1968) is a former football player. He has played for Mexico national team.

11900 Spinoy
11900 Spinoy (1991 LV2) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on June 6, 1991 by E. W. Elst at the European Southern Observatory.
Other websites.
Spinoy

11905 Giacometti
11905 Giacometti (1991 VL6) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on November 6, 1991 by E. W. Elst at the European Southern Observatory.

11911 Angel
11911 Angel (1992 LF) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on June 4, 1992 by C. S. Shoemaker and D. H. Levy at Palomar Observatory.

11912 Piedade
11912 Piedade (1992 OP5) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on July 30, 1992 by E. W. Elst at the European Southern Observatory.

11913 Svarna
11913 Svarna (1992 RD3) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 2, 1992 by E. W. Elst at the European Southern Observatory.

11914 Sinachopoulos
11914 Sinachopoulos (1992 RZ3) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 2, 1992 by E. W. Elst at the European Southern Observatory.

Eric Walter Elst
Eric Walter Elst is an astronomer from Belgium. Elst has found nearly 3,500 asteroids, including many notable asteroids. An asteroid, 3936 Elst, was named after him.

10009 Hirosetanso
10009 Hirosetanso (1977 EA6) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on March 12, 1977 by H. Kosai and K. Hurukawa at the Kiso Observatory of the University of Tokyo.

10010 Rudruna
10010 Rudruna (1978 PW3) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on August 9, 1978 by Nikolai and Lyudmila Chernykh at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory.

Plaiul Groşilor River
The Plaiul Groşilor River is a tributary of the Crasna River in Romania. That means it flows into the Crasna River.

Crasna, Gorj
Crasna is a commune of Gorj County in Romania.

Albeni
Albeni is a commune of Gorj County in Romania.

Aninoasa, Gorj
Aninoasa is a commune of Gorj County in Romania.

Natural gas vehicle
A natural gas vehicle or NGV is an alternative fuel vehicle that uses (compressed or liquefied) natural gas instead of fuel.

Bustuchin
Bustuchin is a commune of Gorj County in Romania.

7056 Kierkegaard
7056 Kierkegaard (1989 SE2) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 26, 1989 by E. W. Elst at the European Southern Observatory.

9001 Slettebak
9001 Slettebak (1981 QE2) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on August 30, 1981 by E. Bowell at the Anderson Mesa Station of the Lowell Observatory.

9005 Sidorova
9005 Sidorova (1982 UU5) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on October 20, 1982 by L. G. Karachkina at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory.

9009 Tirso
9009 Tirso is a Main Belt asteroid.

9010 Candelo
9010 Candelo is a Main Belt asteroid.

9012 Benner
9012 Benner (1984 UW) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on October 26, 1984 by E. Bowell at the Anderson Mesa Station of the Lowell Observatory.

Natural gas vehicle (NGV)
A natural gas vehicle or NGV is an alternative fuel vehicle that uses (compressed or liquefied) natural gas instead of fuel.
What is it?
Natural gas is a mixture. It consists mainly of hydrocarbons. The main component is methane. Natural gas is often found in the ground together with petroleum.
Storage and Transport.
The main difficulty in the use of natural gas is transportation. Natural gas pipelines are economical, but are impractical across oceans. Liquefied natural gas tankers are also used.
Compressed natural gas(CNG) is stored in containers at hight pressure.
Liquefied natural gas(LNG) is stored at temperatures as low as - 260°F (- 162°C). At these temperature conditions, natural gas is in a liquid state.
Industrial use.
Natural gas is used for the production of electricity, it is also often used because of ecological aspects(in comparison with other fossil fuels it burns more clean), and last but not least for the fuel for vehicles.
History.
Étienne Lenoir built 1862 the first gas engine, before there have been fuel and diesel engines. Over the years gas was used in many different machines, so the technology improved also. From the 1950s the automobile industry focused more on fuel technology than on gas technology. There have only been single cars with natural gas technology and few gas stations which offered natural gas. Because of climate and environment the role of natural gas became more and more important.
Current development.
Worldwide existing about 5.7 million natural gas vehicles.(Argentina, Brasilia and Pakistan together count 4.2 million!)
The french Automobileproducer Citroen is cooperating with a french gas supplier and wants to offer a compressor which is connected to the private gas connection at home, so that everyone can refuel his car at home.The price for the compressor will be about 500 €. There will be also a tax reduction for people who have bought a new NGV. And the business group carrefour wants to install natural gas stations.(Region Toulouse)
In London and surroundings, NGVs are free from paying the city toll. Owners of NGVs have to pay less motor vehicle tax.
Until 2011 MAN will deliver 135 busses with natural gas engines for the municipal use of the city Den Haag.
The turkish capital Ankara will increase their use of natural gas vehicles about 500.
In India has already started a development programme to reduce pollution.
The number of NGVs increases very fast in Pakistan. Meanwhile there are driving about 1.4 million cars.
In Thailand, the government is planning a switch from fuel gas stations to natural gas stations, and to develop the NGVs.
In Brasilia, the police of Rio de Janeiro were equipped with 632 natural gas vehicles.
The use of NGV in the USA, makes it possible to maintain under the Ultra Low Emission Vehicle Standards(ULEV).
Technology- how does it work?
There are two variants of NG-technology, either the bivalent version, that means that the vehicle can drive with fuel and natural gas, or the monovalent version, this vehicle can only drive with natural gas. In principle the natural gas engine works like a otto-engine, the only significant difference is that this engine needs a natural gas-air-mix instead of fuel-air-mix.
A conversion is possible with each car(with a few exceptions).
The automobile industry will offer a new natural gas technology with turbo --> Turbo natural gas(TNG).
Examples for companies which use this technology.
- Mercedes Benz
Profitability.
The advantages of natural gas are the lower price in comparison with fuel and the lower tax rate.
Supply in Germany.
Since January 2008 there are 771 natural gas stations in Germany. The supply network will expand constantly.The E.ON Gas Mobil GmbH wants to install over 150 natural gas stations close to the freeways.
Conclusion.
The natural gas technology was and is still very popular. Because of the current gas-conflict in Russia, natural gas became less popular.However, natural gas is a finite ressource. The prices for gas will increase in the next years(like fuel), so there will be needed new technologies in the future.

90138 Diehl
90138 Diehl (2002 YD) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on December 25, 2002 by B. L. Stevens at the Desert Moon Observatory.

9013 Sansaturio
9013 Sansaturio (1985 PA1) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on August 14, 1985 by E. Bowell at the Anderson Mesa Station of the Lowell Observatory.

9016 Henrymoore
9016 Henrymoore (1986 AE) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on January 10, 1986 by C. S. and E. M. Shoemaker at Palomar.

Gary Neville
Gary Neville is an English footballer. He was born on February 18, 1975. He plays for Manchester United. He has played for the club for his whole career, and is captain of the club. He has also played for the England national football team.

Michael Carrick
Michael Carrick is an English footballer. He was born on July 28, 1981. He plays for Manchester United.

Sid Luft
Sidney Luft (November 2, 1915 – September 15, 2005) was an American show business figure best known as the third husband of iconic American singer/actress Judy Garland.
He was born Michael Sidney Luft in New York City, New York to Jewish immigrants from Russia and Germany. His family moved to more upscale Westchester County, and that is where he grew up.
Luft was once an amateur boxer and bar-room brawler and had the nickname "One-Punch Luft." He was a pilot in the Royal Canadian Air Force and in the early 40s was a test pilot for Douglas.
He is credited with keeping the brilliant, but tormented and difficult Garland working and with setting up a deal with Warner Brothers to bankroll his wife's comeback film, a 1954 musical remake of A Star Is Born plus future projects.
Sid Luft's name is on the film's credits as producer. Although it won an Oscar nomination for Garland, box office receipts proved disappointing. The studio canceled the Luft-Garland contract, which would have starred Judy in two additional Warner films, and given Luft a berth at Warner's as a producer.
Luft's first Hollywood assignment was as the secretary/manager of dancer Eleanor Powell. As Powell's film career declined, Luft managed and married Lynn Bari, a good actress who never managed to achieve Hollywood A-list status.
When Bari's career waned, Luft met Garland and became her manager, soon divorcing Bari in favor of the more promising Garland. He is generally referred to as a producer but records show he only produced two B movies, both for the low-tier Monogram, prior to his marriage to Judy Garland, one movie starring Garland, and none thereafter.
On November 28, 1943 he married Lynn Bari. They had one child, a son, named John. They divorced on December 26, 1950.
On June 8, 1952 he married Judy Garland. They had two children, Joseph "Joey" Wiley Luft (a scenic photographer, born March 29, 1955 in Los Angeles, California) and Lorna Luft. They divorced in 1964, but it was not finalized until 1966.
In 1970, New York, he married Patti Hemingway, from whom he was later divorced. When they met, Hemmingway was only 18 and Luft was 52 years. Now known as Patricia Savarese, she is an emerging artist, at the Gallery Savarese, San Diego. She is also the director of The Rancho Santa Fe Art Gallery and served as the public relations chair of The Rancho Santa Fe Art Guild. She was born Patricia Hemingway, (no relation to the writer Ernest Hemingway), in Lincoln, Illinois, in a family of three children.[citation needed]
On March 20, 1993 he married Camille Keaton, related to Buster Keaton.
Many, including Judy Garland's daughter Liza Minnelli, attribute her greatest concerts and the movie of A Star Is Born to Luft. Garland was most content while working.
Sidney Luft died September 15, 2005 in Santa Monica, California of a heart attack, aged 89. Sid Luft's funeral service was held at the Riviera Country Club; a favorite golf course of his and Judy's, along with many other notables of the movie and television community. The piano that played throughout Sid's service, was the very piano used by composer Harold Arlen to play the score of "A Star is Born" for Judy after a golf game the two shared.
Life with Judy Garland: Me and My Shadows
General Electric Theater (TV) (Episode: Judy Garland Musical Special)
Ford Star Jubilee (TV) (Episode: The Judy Garland Special)
Sidney Luft at the Internet Movie Database
Sid Luft: Judy Garland's third husband and producer of her comeback film
The Least Worst Man: Sidney Luft (1915-2005)
LA Times on Luft's Garland-Oscar lawsuit
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Luft"
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Phil Neville
Phil Neville is an English footballer. He was born on January 21, 1977. He plays for Everton.

Paul Scholes
Paul Scholes (born 16 November, 1974) is an English footballer. He was born on November 16, 1974. He plays for Manchester United. He also played 66 games for England, scoring 14 goals. He retired from playing for England in 2004.

Ashley Cole
Ashley Cole is an English footballer. He was born on December 20, 1980. He plays for Chelsea.

Jamie Carragher
Jamie Carragher is an English footballer. He was born on January 28, 1978. He plays for Liverpool.

Ledley King
Ledley King is an English footballer. He was born on October 12, 1980. He plays for Tottenham Hotspur.

90140 Gómezdonet
is a main belt asteroid that was found on December 28, 2002.

9014 Svyatorichter
9014 Svyatorichter (1985 UG5) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on October 22, 1985 by L. V. Zhuravleva at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory.

9017 Babadzhanyan
9017 Babadzhanyan (1986 TW9) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on October 2, 1986 by L. V. Zhuravleva at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory.

9019 Eucommia
9019 Eucommia (1987 QF3) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on August 28, 1987 by E. W. Elst at the European Southern Observatory.

9020 Eucryphia
9020 Eucryphia (1987 SG2) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 19, 1987 by E. W. Elst at Smolyan.

9021 Fagus
9021 Fagus (1988 CT5) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on February 14, 1988 by E. W. Elst at the European Southern Observatory.

9022 Drake
9022 Drake (1988 PC1) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on August 14, 1988 by C. S. Shoemaker and E. M. Shoemaker at Palomar.

Cadgwith
CADGWITH Cornwall - Cadgwith Cove is a beautiful working fishing cove on The Lizard Peninsula.
Fishermen launch their Crabbers and Fishing boats each morning returning with catches of Crab,Lobster and Fish. Cadgwith famous Crab and Lobster are landed, cooked, prepared and sold at 'Minnie Moon'each day.

9023 Mnesthus
9023 Mnesthus (1988 RG1) is a Jupiter Trojan that was found on September 10, 1988 by C. S. Shoemaker and E. M. Shoemaker at Palomar.

90288 Dalleave
90288 Dalleave (2003 ET17) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on March 6, 2003 by the Asiago-DLR Asteroid Survey at Cima Ekar.

9032 Tanakami
9032 Tanakami (1989 WK4) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on November 23, 1989 by T. Seki at Geisei.

9033 Kawane
9033 Kawane (1990 AD) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on January 4, 1990 by M. Akiyama and T. Furuta at Susono.

10350 Spallanzani
is a main belt asteroid that was found on July 26, 1992.

10351 Seiichisato
10351 Seiichisato (1992 SE1) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 23, 1992 by K. Endate and K. Watanabe at Kitami.

10352 Kawamura
10352 Kawamura (1992 UO3) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on October 26, 1992 by K. Endate and K. Watanabe at Kitami.

10353 Momotaro
10353 Momotaro (1992 YS2) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on December 20, 1992 by S. Otomo at Kiyosato.

10361 Bunsen
10361 Bunsen (1994 PR20) is a Main-belt Asteroid.

10364 Tainai
10364 Tainai (1994 VR1) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on November 3, 1994 by T. Kobayashi at Oizumi.

10365 Kurokawa
10365 Kurokawa (1994 WL1) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on November 27, 1994 by T. Kobayashi at Oizumi.

10366 Shozosato
10366 Shozosato (1994 WD4) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on November 24, 1994 by K. Endate and K. Watanabe at Kitami.

10371 Gigli
10371 Gigli (1995 DU3) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on February 27, 1995 by L. Tesi and A. Boattini at San Marcello Pistoiese.

11001 Andrewulff
11001 Andrewulff (1979 MF) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on June 16, 1979 by H.-E. Schuster at the European Southern Observatory.

11002 Richardlis
11002 Richardlis (1979 MD1) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on June 24, 1979 by E. F. Helin and S. J. Bus at Siding Spring.

11003 Andronov
11003 Andronov (1979 TT2) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on October 14, 1979 by N. S. Chernykh at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory.

11004 Stenmark
11004 Stenmark (1980 FJ1) is a Outer Main-belt Asteroid that was found on March 16, 1980 by C.-I. Lagerkvist at European Southern Observatory.

11006 Gilson
11006 Gilson (1980 TZ3) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on October 9, 1980 by C. Shoemaker and E. Shoemaker at Palomar Observatory.

11011 KIAM
11011 KIAM (1981 UK11) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on October 22, 1981 by N. S. Chernykh at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory.

11012 Henning
11012 Henning (1982 JH2) is a Main-belt Asteroid.

11013 Kullander
11013 Kullander (1982 QP1) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on August 16, 1982 by C.-I. Lagerkvist at European Southern Observatory.

11015 Romanenko
11015 Romanenko (1982 SJ7) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 17, 1982 by N. S. Chernykh at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory.

11016 Borisov
11016 Borisov (1982 SG12) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 16, 1982 by L. I. Chernykh at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory.

18004 Krystosek
18004 Krystosek (1999 JD86) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on May 12, 1999 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro.

18009 Patrickgeer
18009 Patrickgeer (1999 JP100) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on May 12, 1999 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro.

18012 Marsland
18012 Marsland (1999 JM114) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on May 13, 1999 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro.

18013 Shedletsky
18013 Shedletsky (1999 JS114) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on May 13, 1999 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro.

18015 Semenkovich
18015 Semenkovich (1999 JD121) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on May 13, 1999 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro.

18016 Grondahl
18016 Grondahl (1999 JU122) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on May 13, 1999 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro.

Serial number
A serial number is a unique number used for identification. Serial numbers are made in such a way that they change by a fixed discrete integer value, each time a new serial number is needed. Most people refer to any identifier that has numbers and letters in it as a serial number and that can be used to pick a certain item of a large number of items. Not every numerical identifier is a serial number; identifying numbers which are not serial numbers are sometimes called nominal numbers.
Sequence numbers are almost always non-negative, and typically start at zero or one.
What are serial numbers used for?
Serial numbers can be very useful for quality control. That way, if there is a problem with a certain batch of products, the serial number of one defective item can tell which items are affected by the problem. Serial numbers can also be used against stealing or imitating products, because it is possible to keep track of which serial numbers have been used. Stolen goods or those with problems can be identified more easily.
Many computer programs come with serial numbers, often called "Compact Disc keys", and the installers often require the user to enter a valid serial number to continue. These numbers are verified using a certain algorithm to avoid usage of counterfeit keys.
Serial numbers also help track down counterfeit currency, because in some countries each banknote has a unique serial number.
The International Standard Serial Number or ISSN can be seen on magazines and other periodicals. It is the similar to the International Standard Book Number (ISBN) for books. It is serially assigned but takes its name from the library science use of serial to mean a periodical, like a newspaper.
Certificates and Certificate Authorities (CA) are necessary for widespread use of cryptography. These depend on applying mathematically rigorous serial numbers and serial number arithmetic
The term "serial number" is also used in military formations as an alternative to the expression "service number". In air forces the serial number is used to identify a specific aircraft. It is usually painted on both sides of the aircraft, most often in the tail area, although in some cases the serial is painted on the side of the aircraft's fin/rudder(s). Because of this, the serial number is sometimes called a "tail number".
In the case of the UK Royal Air Force (RAF) the "Serial" takes the form of two letters followed by three numbers, e.g., "BT308"—the prototype Avro Lancaster, or "XS903"—an English Electric Lightning F.6 at one time based at RAF Binbrook. During the Second World War RAF aircraft carrying secret equipment or that were in themselves secret had "/G" added to the end of the serial, the "G" signifying "Guard", denoting that the aircraft was to have an armed guard at all times while on the ground, e.g., "LZ548/G"—the prototype de Havilland Vampire jet fighter, or "ML926/G"—a de Havilland Mosquito XVI experimentally fitted with H2S radar. Prior to this two-letter, three-number scheme, the RAF and preceding Royal Flying Corps (RFC) utilised a serial consisting of a letter followed by four figures, e.g., "D8096" - a Bristol F.2 Fighter currently owned by the Shuttleworth Collection, or "K5054" - the prototype Supermarine Spitfire. The serial number follows the aircraft throughout its period of service.
Serial number arithmetic.
Serial numbers are often used in network protocols. However, most sequence numbers in computer protocols are limited to a fixed number of bits, and will wrap around after a sufficiently many numbers have been allocated. Thus, recently-allocated serial numbers may duplicate very old serial numbers, but not other recently-allocated serial numbers. To avoid ambiguity with these non-unique numbers, RFC 1982, "Serial Number Arithmetic" defines special rules for calculations involving these kinds of serial numbers.
Lollipop sequence number spaces are a more recent and sophisticated scheme for dealing with finite-sized sequence numbers in protocols.

Socorro, New Mexico
Socorro is a city in Socorro County and a county seat of the same county in the U.S. state of New Mexico. About 8,900 people lived in Socorro as of the year 2002.

Socorro, Texas
Socorro is a city in El Paso County, Texas, in the United States. About 27,100 people lived in Socorro as of the year 2000. Socorro has an area of 17.5 square miles.

18019 Dascoli
18019 Dascoli (1999 JJ126) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on May 13, 1999 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro.

18020 Amend
18020 Amend (1999 JT126) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on May 13, 1999 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro.

18021 Waldman
18021 Waldman (1999 JH127) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on May 13, 1999 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro.

18022 Pepper
18022 Pepper (1999 JN127) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on May 13, 1999 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro.

18026 Juliabaldwin
18026 Juliabaldwin (1999 KG13) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on May 18, 1999 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro.

18027 Gokcay
18027 Gokcay (1999 KL14) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on May 18, 1999 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro.

Falkenfelsen
The Falkenfelsen (Falcons Rock) is a cliff northern Black Forest in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. The granite rock formation is about high. From the Schwarzwaldhochstraße, two hiking trails leads through the formation and end at the shelter "Herta-hut". From the platform one has a view over the northern Black Forest with the Hornisgrinde in the south, Bühlerhöhe in the northeast and the valley of the Upper Rhine in the west side.

Giant huntsman spider
The giant huntsman spider (', from ', meaning “the largest”) is a spider of the "Heteropoda" genus. It is found in Laos, where it was discovered in 2001.
In December 2008, a World Wide Fund for Nature report states that it is "the world's largest Huntsman spider".
Appearance.
This spider is yellowish-brown with many dark spots on the rear half, in no order. The legs have wide dark bands before the first bend. Like all huntsman spiders, the legs of the giant huntsman spider are long compared to the body, and twist forward in a crab-like way.
It is the largest member of the Sparassidae, with a 30 centimeter (12 inches) leg-span, and 4.6 centimeter body-length. The largest known member of the Sparassidae known prior to the discovery of "H. maxima" was the Australian "Beregama aurea" (L. Koch, 1875) with a body length of about 4 centimeters.

Huntsman spider
Huntsman spider is a name given to the family Sparassidae (formerly "Heteropodidae"). They are also known as the giant crab spiders, due to the way they look. Larger ones, are also sometimes referred to as wood spiders, because they live in woody places (forest, mine shafts, woodpiles).
They are found in Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Southeast Asia, the Mediterranean, Florida, and Hawaii, and possibly in many other tropical and semi-tropical regions. They can be found as far north as England, Sweden and Wales.
Huntsman spiders do not build webs, but hunt for food They eat insects and other invertebrates.

Brown huntsman spider
The Brown huntsman spider, "Heteropoda venatoria", is found in many tropical and subtropical parts of the world, including Asia, Réunion Island, the Caribbean islands, the Southeastern US, and (especially) Australia. In Hawaii, where it was found, it is known as the cane spider.
Description.
They have a flat type of body and only a small dorsal pattern. Adults can grow to be 2.2 to 2.8 cm, and have a leg span of 7 to 12 cm. Some have colors of brown, white and black.
Females have a larger abdomen than males but males have longer and thinner legs with a slim body. Both have a wide, yellow to cream clypeus band around the rest of the carapace. The female also has a strong body and often carries a pillow-like egg sac under her.
Food.
Brown huntsman spiders do not use spider webs to feed on prey. These spiders are known to hunt by waiting and making no noise above their prey, and then rush forward when their prey get close. They are fast, agile and can move through tight spaces. They feed at night.
If you let them into your home, they will eat unwanted bugs and insects like cockroaches and silverfish.

18028 Ramchandani
18028 Ramchandani (1999 KO14) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on May 18, 1999 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro.

18032 Geiss
is a main belt asteroid that was found on June 20, 1999.

18043 Laszkowska
18043 Laszkowska (1999 RQ54) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 7, 1999 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro.

18059 Cavalieri
18059 Cavalieri (1999 XL137) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on December 15, 1999 by P. G. Comba at Prescott.

15000 CCD
15000 CCD (1997 WZ16) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on November 23, 1997 by Spacewatch at Kitt Peak.

150035 Williamson
150035 Williamson (2005 WO) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on November 20, 2005 by James Whitney Young at the Table Mountain Observatory near Wrightwood, California.

15003 Midori
15003 Midori (1997 XC10) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on December 5, 1997 by T. Kobayashi at Oizumi.

Dorsum (biology)
In anatomy, the dorsum is the upper side of animals that can run, fly, or swim in a forwards and backwards direction, and the back side of animals (like humans) that walk upright. In vertebrates the dorsum contains the backbone. The term dorsal means the parts that are either located toward or grow off that side of an animal. The opposite side of the animal is described with the terms ventrum and ventral.
In humans, the top of the foot is said to be dorsal.
Examples of "dorsal" are the dorsal fin of fish, dorsal root ganglion, dorsal root, dorsal nerve, dorsum sellae, dorsal arch, dorsalis pedis artery, dorsal ramus, dorsal scales of snakes, dorsal respiratory group, dorsal venous arch, and dorsiflexion among others.

Clypeus
The clypeus is one of the sclerites that makes up the "face" of an insect. The clypeus is often well-defined by sulci ("grooves") along its lateral and dorsal margins, and is most commonly rectangular or trapezoidal in overall shape.

3027 Shavarsh
3027 Shavarsh (1978 PQ2) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on August 08, 1978 by N. Chernykh at Nauchnyj.

3021 Lucubratio
3021 Lucubratio (1967 CB) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on February 06, 1967 by P. Wild at Zimmerwald.

3022 Dobermann
3022 Dobermann (1980 SH) is a Inner Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 16, 1980 by Vavrova, Z. at Klet.

3017 Petrovič
is a main belt asteroid that was found on October 25, 1981.

Carapace
A carapace is a dorsal section of an exoskeleton or shell in a number of animal groups.

3032 Evans
3032 Evans (1984 CA1) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on February 08, 1984 by Bowell, E. at Flagstaff (AM).

3033 Holbaek
3033 Holbaek (1984 EJ) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on March 05, 1984 by Augustesen, K. at Brorfelde.

3034 Climenhaga
3034 Climenhaga (A917 SE) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 24, 1917 by Max Wolf at Heidelberg.

3028 Zhangguoxi
3028 Zhangguoxi (1978 TA2) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on October 09, 1978 by Purple Mountain Observatory at Nanking.

3036 Krat
3036 Krat (1937 TO) is a Outer Main-belt Asteroid that was found on October 11, 1937 by G. Neujmin at Simeis.

3037 Alku
3037 Alku (1944 BA) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on January 17, 1944 by Vaisala, Y. at Turku.

3038 Bernes
3038 Bernes (1978 QB3) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on August 31, 1978 by Chernykh, N. at Nauchnyj.

3039 Yangel
3039 Yangel (1978 SP2) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 26, 1978 by L. Zhuravleva at Nauchnyj.

3030 Vehrenberg
3030 Vehrenberg (1981 EH16) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on March 01, 1981 by S. J. Bus at Siding Spring.

4031 Mueller
4031 Mueller is a Hungaria family asteroid that was found on February 12, 1985 by Carolyn S. Shoemaker at Palomar Observatory.

Sapindaceae
Sapindaceae, also known as the soapberry family, is a family of flowering plant including maple, horse chestnut and lychee. In the APG II system (2003) the family includes the plants otherwise assigned to families Aceraceae and Hippocastanaceae and is placed in order Sapindales.

4032 Chaplygin
4032 Chaplygin (1985 UT4) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on October 22, 1985 by Zhuravleva, L. at Nauchnyj.

19002 Tongkexue
19002 Tongkexue (2000 RD61) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 1, 2000 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro.

19003 Erinfrey
19003 Erinfrey (2000 RL61) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 1, 2000 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro.

19004 Chirayath
19004 Chirayath (2000 RU62) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 2, 2000 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro.

19005 Teckman
19005 Teckman (2000 RY64) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 1, 2000 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro.

19007 Nirajnathan
19007 Nirajnathan (2000 RD68) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 2, 2000 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro.

19008 Kristibutler
19008 Kristibutler (2000 RV70) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 2, 2000 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro.

Abbotsford, Wisconsin
Abbotsford is a city in Clark and Marathon Counties in Wisconsin, United States. About 2,000 people lived in Abbotsford as of the year 2000. Abbotsford has an area of 3 square miles.

9034 Oleyuria
9034 Oleyuria (1990 QZ17) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on August 26, 1990 by L. V. Zhuravleva at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory.

9038 Helensteel
9038 Helensteel (1990 VE1) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on November 12, 1990 by Steel, D. I. at Siding Spring.

9040 Flacourtia
9040 Flacourtia (1991 BH1) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on January 18, 1991 by E. W. Elst at Haute Provence.

90414 Karpov
90414 Karpov (2003 YP110) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on December 19, 2003 by R. Ferrando at Pla D'Arguines.

9041 Takane
9041 Takane (1991 CX) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on February 9, 1991 by S. Otomo and O. Muramatsu at Kiyosato.

Robbie Keane
Robbie Keane (born 8 July, 1980) is a Irish football player. He plays for Liverpool and Republic of Ireland national team.

Takayuki Morimoto
Takayuki Morimoto (born 7 May, 1988) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Catania.

Pablo Aimar
Pablo Aimar (born 3 November, 1979) is an Argentine football player. He plays for Benfica and Argentina national team.

Toninho Cerezo
Toninho Cerezo (born 21 April, 1955) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.

Iván de la Peña
Iván de la Peña (born 6 May, 1976) is a Spanish football player. He plays for Espanyol.

Jorge Valdano
Jorge Valdano (born 4 October, 1955) is a former Argentine football player. He has played for Argentina national team.

Kazushi Kimura
Kazushi Kimura (born 19 July, 1958) is a former Japanese football player. He has played for Yokohama Marinos and Japan national team.

Takeshi Okada
Takeshi Okada (born 25 August, 1956) is a former Japanese football player. He has played for Furukawa Electric and Japan national team.

Yoshito Okubo
Yoshito Okubo (born 9 June, 1982) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Wolfsburg and Japan national team.

Diego Simeone
Diego Simeone (born 28 April, 1970) is a former Argentine football player. He has played for Argentina national team.

Tsuyoshi Kitazawa
Tsuyoshi Kitazawa (born 10 August, 1968) is a former Japanese football player. He has played for Japan national team.

Takeshi Mizuuchi
Takeshi Mizuuchi (born 19 November, 1972) is a former Japanese football player.

Masahiro Fukuda
Masahiro Fukuda (born 7 December, 1966) is a former Japanese football player. He has played for Urawa Red Diamonds and Japan national team.

Alfredo di Stéfano
Alfredo di Stéfano (born 4 July, 1926) is a former Argentine football player. He has played for Argentina national team and Spain national team.

Raymond Kopa
Raymond Kopa (born 13 October, 1931) is a former French football player. He has played for France national team.

Luis Suárez Miramontes
Luis Suárez Miramontes (born 2 May, 1935) is a former Spanish football player. He has played for and Spain national team.

Omar Sívori
Omar Sívori (born 2 October, 1935) is a former Argentine football player. He has played for Argentina national team and Italy national team.

Josef Masopust
Josef Masopust (born 9 February, 1931) is a former football player. He has played for Czechoslovakia national team.

Denis Law
Denis Law (born 24 February, 1940) is a former Scottish football player. He has played for Scotland national team.

Eusébio
Eusébio (born 25 January, 1942) is a former football player. He has played for Portugal national team.

Flórián Albert
Flórián Albert (born 15 September, 1941) is a former football player. He has played for Ferencvárosi and Hungary national team.

Gianni Rivera
Gianni Rivera (born 18 August, 1943) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.

Tatsuya Tanaka
Tatsuya Tanaka (born 27 November, 1982) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Urawa Red Diamonds and Japan national team.

Guillermo Stábile
Guillermo Stábile (born 17 January, 1905) is a former Argentine football player. He has played for Argentina national team.

Angelo Schiavio
Angelo Schiavio (born 15 October, 1905) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Bologna and Italy national team.

Edmund Conen
Edmund Conen (born 10 November, 1914) is a former German football player. He has played for Germany national team.

Leônidas da Silva
Leônidas da Silva (born 6 September, 1913) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.

Ademir Marques de Menezes
Ademir Marques de Menezes (born 8 November, 1922) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.

Sándor Kocsis
Sándor Kocsis (born 21 August, 1929) is a former football player. He has played for Hungary national team.

County Sligo
County Sligo is one of the 32 counties in Ireland. It is home to the second biggest rural area in Connauct, Sligo and to Sligo Rovers F.C.. Many famous people have come from Sligo. These include Westlife and William Butler Yeats.
Towns and villages in County Sligo.
The county town of the county is Sligo. It has a population of 17,892.) Sligo is home to the Institute of Technology, Sligo.

Caesar salad
A Caesar salad is a salad made with romaine lettucehearts, croutons, bacon, parmesan cheese and Caesar dressing. Caesar dressing can be either creamy or oil based. It's main flavourings are garlic and anchovies.

Paul Robinson
Paul Robinson is an English footballer. He was born on October 15, 1979. He plays for Blackburn Rovers.

Gareth Barry
Gareth Barry is an English footballer. He was born on February 23, 1981. He plays for Aston Villa.

Neil's Harbour, Nova Scotia
Neil's Harbour is a small village in northern Cape Breton Island, in Nova Scotia, Canada. It is located next to Ingonish and New Haven.

Glen Johnson
Glen Johnson is an English footballer. He was born on August 23, 1984. He plays for Portsmouth.

Ingonish, Nova Scotia
Ingonish is a Canadian rural community in northeastern Victoria County, Nova Scotia. Ingonish is on the northeast coast of Cape Breton Island along the Cabot Trail. It is about from the shire town of Baddeck. Ingonish is made up of four communities: Ingonish Ferry, Ingonish Harbour, Ingonish Beach, Ingonish Centre.
Ingonish is located at the eastern entrance to Cape Breton Highlands National Park. The regional economy is tied to the seasonal tourism and fishing industries. The community is in the federal electoral district of Sydney—Victoria. Ingonish was one of the first areas settled on Cape Breton Island.

Scott Carson
Scott Carson is an English footballer. He was born on September 3, 1985. He plays for West Brom.

Gabriel Agbonlahor
Gabriel Agbonlahor is an English footballer. He was born on October 13, 1986. He plays for Aston Villa.

Ashley Young
Ashley Young is an English footballer. He was born on July 9, 1985. He plays for Aston Villa.

Colombian Professional Football, 1940s results
1948.
Statistics of Colombian Professional Football in season 1948.
Overview.
It was performed in 10 teams, and Santa Fe won the championship.
1949.
Statistics of Colombian Professional Football in season 1949.
Overview.
It was performed in 14 teams, and Los Millonarios won the championship.

01224 (UK Area Code)
01224 is a UK dialling code for the Aberdeen, Scotland area. It is a geographical code.

01887 (UK Area Code)
01887 is a UK dialling code for the Aberfeldy, Scotland area. It is a geographical code.

01873 (UK Area Code)
01873 is a UK dialling code for the Abergavenny, Wales area. It is a geographical code.

WTVT
WTVT is a Fox-affiliated television station in Tampa, Florida. The station was aired on April 1, 1955. The station is owned and operated by Fox.

Steve Prefontaine
Steve Roland Prefontaine (January 25, 1951 – May 30, 1975) (nicknamed Pre) was an American distance runner. He ran in college for the University of Oregon and coach Bill Bowerman.
Prefontaine ran the 5000 meter race at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, Germany. He finished in fourth in that race which was the only time he ran in the Olympics.

Urinal
An urinal is a special-purpose toilet, it is only made for urinating. Usually, only boys or men use it. There are generally speaking two varieties. Urinals for one person, and urinals for many people.

Blacklist (computing)
In computing, blacklisting is a form of access control. A proxy server might check the list of pages accessed against a "blacklist", if the address is on the blacklist, the page cannot be accessed.

Changing room
A Changing room is a special room people use to change clothes. It is either for one person only, or it is separated by sex, that is there is one for men, and another one for women.

Abraxas grossulariata
"Abraxas grossulariata" is a moth of the family Geometridae. It lives in Europe and North America. Its speckled color patterns have given it the common name of Magpie moth. The caterpillar is about the same in color to the adult, and may be found feeding on the leaves of shrubs such as gooseberry.

Bookworm (insect)
Bookworm is a popular generalization for any insect which supposedly bores through books.
This behaviour is uncommon. Both the larvae of the death watch beetle ("Xestobium rufovillosum") and the common furniture beetle ("Anobium punctatum") will tunnel through wood and if paper is nearby they will pass into that.
A major book-feeding insect is the booklouse (or book louse). A tiny (under 1 mm), soft-bodied wingless "psocoptera" (usually "Trogium pulsatorium"). The insect actually feeds on molds and other organic matter found in ill-maintained works, but they will also attack bindings and other parts. It is also not a true louse.
Many other insects, like the silverfish ("Lepisma saccharina") or cockroach (various "Blattodea"), will consume these molds, including degraded paper or the starch-based binding pastes – warmth and moisture or high humidity are needed, so damage is more common in the tropics. Modern glues and paper are less attractive to insects.
"Tineola bisselliella" and "Hofmannophila pseudospretella" will attack cloth bindings. Leather-bound books attract various consumers, such as "Dermestes lardarius" and the larvae of "Attagenus unicolor" and "Stegobium paniceum".
The bookworm moth ("Heliothis zea" or "H. virescens") and its larvae are not interested in books. The larvae are pests for cotton or tobacco growers as the cotton bollworm or tobacco budworm.

9044 Kaoru
9044 Kaoru (1991 KA) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on May 18, 1991 by S. Otomo and O. Muramatsu at Kiyosato.

90481 Wollstonecraft
90481 Wollstonecraft (2004 DA) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on February 16, 2004 by J. Dellinger and D. Wells at Needville.

Needville, Texas
Needville is a city in Fort Bend County, Texas, United States. About 2,600 people lived into Needville as of the year 2000. Needville has an area of 1.7 square miles.

Abbott, Texas
Abbott is a city in Hill County, Texas, United States. About 300 people lived in Abbott as of the year 2000. Abbott has an area of 0.6 square miles.

Blum, Texas
Blum is a town in Hill County, Texas, United States. About 400 people lived in Blum as of the year 2000. Blum has an area of 1 square miles.

Bynum, Texas
Bynum is a town in Hill County, Texas, United States. About 220 people lived in Bynum as of the year 2000. Bynum has an area of 0.2 square miles.

Malone, Texas
Malone is a town in Hill County, Texas, United States. About 280 people lived in Malone as of the year 2000. Malone has an area of 0.5 square miles.

Bear Creek, Texas
Bear Creek is a village in Hays County, Texas, United States. About 360 people lived in Bear Creek as of the year 2000. Bear Creek has an area of 1.1 square miles.

Bee Cave, Texas
Bee Cave is a city in Travis County, Texas, United States. About 660 people were living in Bee Cave as of the year 2000. Bee Cave has an area of 2.6 square miles.

Briarcliff, Texas
Briarcliff is a village in Travis County, Texas, United States. About 900 people were living in Briarcliff as of the year 2000. Briarcliff has an area of 1.5 square miles.

Pleak, Texas
Pleak is a village in Fort Bend County, Texas, United States. About 950 people were living in Pleak as of the year 2000. Pleak has an area of 2 square miles.

Reliant Astrodome
The Reliant Astrodome, which was called "the Astrodome", is a domed sports stadium. The Astrodome was the first of its type built. It is located in Houston, Texas. It is a part of the Reliant Park complex. The building opened in 1965. At that time, it was named the Harris County Domed Stadium. It was also called the "Eighth Wonder of the World".
Reliant Energy bought the right to name the building in 2000.
Hurricane Katrina.
In August and September 2005, the Astrodome was a shelter for Hurricane Katrina Survivors.

Valea Râsului River (Motru)
The Valea Râsului River is a tributary of the Motru River in Romania. That means it flows into the Motru River.

Cărpinei River
The Cărpinei River is a tributary of the Motru River in Romania. That means it flows into the Motru River.

Clear Creek, Wisconsin
Clear Creek is a town in Eau Claire County, Wisconsin, United States. About 710 people were living in Clear Creek as of the year 2002. The communities of Allen, and Foster can be found in Clear Creek. Clear Creek has an area of 35.9 square miles, most of it land.

County (United States)
A county, in the United States, is a form of government that is right below the state. 48 out of the 50 states in the United States uses counties. Louisiana uses parishes while Alaska uses bouroughs. Both of these are equal to the county. The list that the U.S. Census Bureau keeps that lists all of the counties in the United States says that there are 3,481 counties or other kinds of divisions that are equal to the county in the United States.
The midwestern and northeastern states in the United States divides the county further into townships or towns, some of which house municipalities. The place where the government and courts for the town is called the "county seat".
On average, a county in the United States has a population of around 100,000 people. The county that has the most people living in it is Los Angeles County, California. Around 9.8 million people live there. The county that has the least amount of people living in it is Loving County, Texas, with only 67 people living in the entire county.
The average number of counties in each state is 62. Delaware has the least amount of counties with only 3 counties. Texas has the most counties with 254.

Băzăvan River (Motru)
The Băzăvan River is a tributary of the Motru River in Romania. That means it flows into the Motru River.

Păltinei River (Motru)
The Păltinei River is a tributary of the Motru River in Romania. That means it flows into the Motru River.

Peşteana River (Motru)
The Peşteana River is a tributary of the Motru River in Romania. That means it flows into the Motru River.

Coşuştea River
The Coşuştea River or Coşuştea Mare River is a tributary of the Motru River in Romania. That means it flows into the Motru River.

Criva River (Coşuştea)
The Criva River is a tributary of the Coşuştea River in Romania. That means it flows into the Coşuştea River.

Save (ice hockey)
In ice hockey, a goaltender is credited with a save when they prevent a shot from entering the net. A goaltender's efficiency (how good he is at doing it) in stopping shots is calculated as a percentage of shots stopped divided by shots aimed at them.

Racovăţ River (Coşuştea)
The Racovăţ River is a tributary of the Coşuştea River in Romania. That means it flows into the Coşuştea River.

Coşuştea Mică River
The Coşuştea Mică River is a tributary of the Coşuştea River in Romania. That means it flows into the Coşuştea River.

Ilovu River
The Ilovu River is a tributary of the Coşuştea River in Romania. That means it flows into the Coşuştea River.

Huşniţa River
The Huşniţa River is a tributary of the Motru River in Romania. That means it flows into the Motru River.

Huşnicioara River
The Huşnicioara River is a tributary of the Huşniţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Huşniţa River.

Shutout
In team sports, a shutout (a clean sheet in association football) means that one team in a game prevented the other from scoring. They often happen in ice hockey and association foot, sometimes in baseball and American football, rarely in rugby, and although it is possible, it almost never occurs in basketball.

9052 Uhland
9052 Uhland (1991 UJ4) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on October 30, 1991 by F. Borngen at Tautenburg.

90525 Karijanberg
90525 Karijanberg (2004 FB2) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on March 17, 2004 by James Whitney Young at the Table Mountain Observatory near Wrightwood, California.

Goals against average
Goals against average (often shortened to GAA) is a statistic used in ice hockey, water polo, lacrosse, and association football that is the mean of goals allowed per game by a goaltender.

90528 Raywhite
90528 Raywhite (2004 FE19) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on March 16, 2004 by the Catalina Sky Survey.

9053 Hamamelis
9053 Hamamelis (1991 VW5) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on November 2, 1991 by E. W. Elst at the European Southern Observatory.

90533 Laurentblind
90533 Laurentblind (2004 FB29) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on March 28, 2004 by C. Rinner at Ottmarsheim.

9054 Hippocastanum
9054 Hippocastanum (1991 YO) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on December 30, 1991 by E. W. Elst at Haute Provence.

TIME protocol
The TIME service is an Internet protocol defined in RFC 868. Its purpose is to provide a site-independent, machine readable date and time.
TIME can operate over either TCP or UDP. When operating over TCP, a host connects to a server that supports the TIME protocol on TCP port 37. The server then sends the time as a 32-bit unsigned binary number in network byte order representing a number of seconds since 00:00 (midnight) 1 January, 1900 GMT and closes the connection. The host receives the time and closes the connection.
When operating over UDP, the client sends a (usually empty) datagram to UDP port 37. The server responds with a single datagram of length 4 containing the time. There is no connection setup or teardown.

9059 Dumas
9059 Dumas (1992 PJ) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on August 8, 1992 by E. W. Elst at Caussols.

Tropical Depression Sixteen (2008)
Tropical Depression Sixteen was the sixteenth, and weakest, tropical cyclone of the 2008 Atlantic hurricane season. Sixteen formed from a strong tropical disturbance off the eastern shores of Nicaragua on October 13. The disturbance quickly turned into a tropical depression the next day while being very close to the coastline. Because of its close distance towards land, the depression was not able to form strong convection, which was the reason why it did not strength any more. Once off the northern shores of Honduras, the depression became disorganized, but was able to strength a little bit, reaching its peak intensity with winds of 35 mph (55 km/h) on the afternoon of October 15. The depression then moved onshore and quickly died out by the next morning.
A lot of rainfall from the depression started deadly flooding in Central America which left at least 16 people dead and six other people missing while forcing 100,000 people to move, and being responsible for $9.7 million in damage.
Storm history.
On the afternoon of October 13, a large area of low pressure formed in the southwestern Caribbean Sea, about 160 mi (160 km) east-southeast of Puerto Cabezas, Nicaragua. The low was found in a place that was good for development and a tropical cyclone formation alert was given out soon after the low formed. The low slowly became better organized and was thought to have turned into a tropical depression the next morning while it was 50 mi (80 km) northeast of the Nicaragua/Honduras border. The depression was predicted to move across from the coastline, and later move to the west when it was north of Honduras, and by then make landfall in Belize as a tropical storm with winds of 65 mph (105 km/h) on October 18.
But the convection that was associated with the depression went away and the whole structure of the storm started to get worse. The depression stayed disorganized during the morning, in spite of curved banding traits forming, they stayed far from the center of circulation. In the late afternoon, the depression mooved onto the northern coastline of Honduras with winds still at 30 mph (45 km/h). Even though being over land and still being disorganized, the depression became a little bit more strong enough to reach its peak intensity of 35 mph (55 km/h) on the afternoon of October 15. This happened because of a mistake of a QuikSCAT satellite pass a ship, with the code H3VR, reporting 38 mph (61 km/h) sustained winds, and a buoy report. However, the winds were actually though to have been weaker than what was said because of the ridge of high pressure that was over the southern United States. The final advisory on the depression was given out the next morning as it turned back into a remnant low.
Preparations and impact.
The National Hurricane Center gave out a lot of tropical storm watches while the storm was still alive, while in Costa Rica a red alert warning was put into effect across much of the country, and more than 100,000 people were told to move to safer places. Because the depression never became a tropical storm, tropical storm-conditions were not felt in the watch areas.
Heavy rains from the depression's remnant low left at least 16 people dead and six missing and forced 100,000 other people from their homes across Central America. The depression destroyed bridges, flooded villages and blocked roads. Total damage is thought to be at about $9.7 million (2008 USD).

High pressure area
A high pressure area (also called a high or high-pressure) is an area where the atmospheric pressure is greater than the rest of the atmosphere.

Tropical cyclone formation alert
A Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert (TCFA) is a notice given out by the U.S. Navy-run Joint Typhoon Warning Center in Honolulu, Hawaii or the Naval Maritime Forecast Center in Norfolk, Virginia warning of the possibility of a tropical cyclone forming from a tropical disturbance that has been watched carefully.

90377 Sedna
90377 Sedna (or simply just Sedna) is a dwarf planet. When it was discovered in 2003, it was said to be the tenth planet. But due to Pluto no longer being classified as a planet, it is now classified as a dwarf planet like Pluto. It takes 90377 Sedna an amazing 10, 500 years to fully orbit the Sun.

Boa constrictor
"Boa constrictor" is a non-venomous Boa species. The snake can be found in Central and South America, and on some islands in the Caribbean. The common name is the same as the scientific name, which is unusual. The color pattern of its skin can vary considerably. Boa constrictors grow to a large size. Currently, there are ten subspecies, including the one that gives the name (called "nominate subspecies")."
Description.
The size adult animals rech vary among subspecies. The largest animals have been found in Northern south America. Two animals from Suriname are currently the largest on record: One reached 411cm (13.5 ft), the other 427cm (a bit over 14 ft). Such sizes are rare, boas reaching 3m are considered large. There is a report of a boa reaching 5.6m in Trinidad, but it is believed that that snake was an anaconda,"Eunectes murinus", taken for a boa.
Boas can use their tail to grasp things. This is known as prehensility. Boas do not have organs that react to warmth around the mouth.
Boas have a color pattern that is brownish, and becomes brick red around the tail. Dorsally, the ground color is overlaid with a series of large tan-colored saddles that become lighter towards the tail. Here, the saddles break up into half rings of a pale cream color in vivid contrast with the red.
Common names.
Though all boids are constrictors, only this species is properly referred to as "boa constrictor"; a rare instance of an animal having the same common and scientific binomial name.
All subspecies are referred to as "boa constrictors," while the nominate subspecies, "B. c. constrictor", is often referred to specifically as the "red-tailed boa."
"B. c. constrictor" is also called the "common boa."
Other common names include "jibóia" (Latin American) and "macajuel" (Trinidadian, pronounced "mah-cah-well").
Geographic range.
Found from northern Mexico through Central America (Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama) to South America north of 35°S (Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Brazil, Bolivia, Uruguay and Argentina. Also in the Lesser Antilles (Dominica and St. Lucia), on San Andrés, Providencia and many other islands along the coasts of Mexico and Central and South America.
The type locality given is "Indiis" -- a mistake, according to Peters and Orejas-Miranda (1970).
Habitat.
Flourishes in a wide variety of environmental conditions, from tropical rainforests to arid country.
Behavior.
Small individuals may climb into trees and shrubs to forage, but they become mostly terrestrial as they become older and heavier. It is said that specimens from Central America are more irascible, hissing loudly and striking repeatedly when disturbed, while those from South America tame down more readily.
Feeding.
Prey includes a wide variety of mammals and birds. Their diet mostly consists of rodents, but larger lizards and mammals as big as ocelots are also reported to have been consumed.
Reproduction.
Ovoviviparous, females give birth to live young that average 15-20 inches (38-51 cm) in length.
Captivity.
This species does well in captivity, usually becoming quite tame. It is a common sight in zoos. Captive longevity is 20 to 30 years, with rare accounts of over 40 years, making them a long-term commitment as a pet. Proper animal husbandry is the most significant factor in captive lifespan. Though still exported from their native South America in significant numbers, it is widely bred in captivity.

Just Fontaine
Just Fontaine (born 18 August, 1933) is a former French football player. He has played for France national team.

Didier Deschamps
Didier Deschamps (born 15 October, 1968) is a former French football player. He has played for France national team.

Hideki Tsukamoto
Hideki Tsukamoto (born 9 August, 1973) is a former Japanese football player.

Siniša Mihajlović
Siniša Mihajlović (born 20 February, 1969) is a former football player. He has played for Yugoslavia national team and Yugoslavia national team.

Ryo Okatani
Ryo Okatani (born 13 January, 1981) is a former Japanese football player.

Daisuke Matsui
Daisuke Matsui (born 11 May, 1981) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Saint-Étienne and Japan national team.

Kiyoshi Okuma
Kiyoshi Okuma (born 21 June, 1964) is a former Japanese football player. He has played for Tokyo Gas.

Oleg Blokhin
Oleg Blokhin (born 5 November, 1952) is a former football player. He has played for USSR national team.

Allan Simonsen
Allan Simonsen (born 15 December, 1952) is a former Danish football player. He has played for Denmark national team.

Garrincha
Garrincha (born 28 October, 1933) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.

Vavá
Vavá (born 12 November, 1934) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.

Leonel Sánchez
Leonel Sánchez (born 25 April, 1936) is a former football player. He has played for Chile national team.

Dražan Jerković
Dražan Jerković (born 6 August, 1936) is a former football player. He has played for Dinamo Zagreb and Yugoslavia national team.

Valentin Kozmich Ivanov
Valentin Kozmich Ivanov (born 19 November, 1934) is a former football player. He has played for Torpedo Moscow and USSR national team.

Grzegorz Lato
Grzegorz Lato (born 8 April, 1950) is a former Polish football player. He has played for Poland national team.

Mario Kempes
Mario Kempes (born 15 July, 1954) is a former Argentine football player. He has played for Argentina national team.

Full Moon Party
Full Moon Party.
"Full Moon Party" had begun the first time in 1985. This party make for give a farewell party for the tourist that stay overnight in Paradise Resort at "Pa-Ngan Island". This party is on the middle of the lunar month or full moon day of the year. This party is consisted of white beach, sea water, beautiful coral and the mountain that cast down in the beach and it surround around the area. It's the strange area, but it's very beautiful and wonderful place. When the time is almost night, the moon will full and reflex in the middle of the beach. It's very beautiful. The full moon shines around that area. It's the big impression of tourist.
First time, there are about 20-30 people came to the party. The all people that came to the party are the tourist that stay overnight in Paradise Resort. This party makes friend relationship. After the party, the tourist got many impressions from each other. So In every year on the middle of the lunar month or full moon day of the year, there will have the "Full Moon Party" for give a farewell party and thank for the tourist.
For now, the Full Moon Party is different from the past. In the past, there are just 20-30 people in the party, but now there are 20,000 – 30,000 people in the party which it's the big top 10 parties in the world...

Paolo Rossi
Paolo Rossi (born 23 September, 1956) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.

Network File System
A Network file system is a file system that allows the sharing of computer files over a network. The first file servers were developed in the 1970s. In 1985, Sun Microsystems created the file system called "Network File System" (NFS) which became the first widely used network file system. Other notable network file systems are Andrew File System (AFS), NetWare Core Protocol (NCP), and Server Message Block (SMB) which is also known as Common Internet File System (CIFS).

Masakuni Yamamoto
Masakuni Yamamoto (born 4 April, 1958) is a former Japanese football player. He has played for Yamaha Motors and Japan national team.

Dino Baggio
Dino Baggio (born 24 July, 1971) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.

Hong Myung-Bo
Hong Myung-Bo (born 12 February, 1969) is a former South Korean football player. He has played for South Korea national team.

Giancarlo Antognoni
Giancarlo Antognoni (born 1 April, 1954) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.

Seigo Narazaki
Seigo Narazaki (born 15 April, 1976) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Nagoya Grampus Eight and Japan national team.

Christian Vieri
Christian Vieri (born 12 July, 1973) is a Italian football player. He plays for Atalanta.

Careca
Careca (born 5 October 1960) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.

Demetrio Albertini
Demetrio Albertini (born 23 August, 1971) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.

Philippe Troussier
Philippe Troussier (born 21 March, 1955) is a French football manager.

Kunishige Kamamoto
Kunishige Kamamoto (born 15 April, 1944) is a former Japanese football player. He has played for Yanmar Diesel and Japan national team.

Frank Rijkaard
Frank Rijkaard (born 30 September, 1962) is a former Dutch football player. He has played for Netherlands national team.

Diego Sinagra
Diego Sinagra (born 20 September, 1986) is a Italian football player.

Masami Ihara
Masami Ihara (born 18 September, 1967) is a former Japanese football player. He has played for Japan national team.

Noh Jung-Yoon
Noh Jung-Yoon (born 28 March, 1971) is a former South Korean football player. He has played for South Korea national team.

Guido Buchwald
Guido Buchwald (born 24 January, 1961) is a former German football player. He has played for Germany national team.

Edwin van der Sar
Edwin van der Sar (born 29 October, 1970) is a Dutch football player. He has played for Netherlands national team.

Hiroaki Morishima
Hiroaki Morishima (born 30 April, 1972) is a former Japanese football player. He has played for Cerezo Osaka and Japan national team.

Shimizu S-Pulse
Shimizu S-Pulse is a football club which plays in Japan.

Vegalta Sendai
Vegalta Sendai is a football club which plays in Japan.

Omiya Ardija
Omiya Ardija is a football club which plays in Japan.

Montedio Yamagata
Montedio Yamagata is a football club which plays in Japan.

Vermiform appendix
In human anatomy, the appendix (other names include vermiform appendix; cecal (or caecal) appendix; vermix) is a blind ended tube connected to the cecum (or caecum), from which it develops embryologically. The cecum is a pouch-like structure of the colon. The appendix is near the junction of the small intestine and the large intestine.
The term "vermiform" comes from Latin and means "worm-like in appearance".
The appendix has no function in humans, but it can cause diseases (like appendicitis).
Darwin suggested that the appendix was perhaps used to digest leaves as primates. Over time, humans have eaten fewer vegetables and have evolved. Over thousands of years, this organ has become smaller to make room for the stomach. It may be a vestigial organ of ancient man that has degraded down to nearly nothing over the course of evolution. Evidence can be seen in herbivorous animals such as the Koala. The cecum of the koala is attached to the juncture of the small and large intestines-like in humans - and is very long. This enables it to host bacteria specific for cellulose breakdown. Early man’s ancestor may have also relied upon this system and lived on a diet rich in foliage. As man began to eat foods easier to digest, they became less reliant on cellulose-rich plants for energy. The cecum became less necessary for digestion and mutations that previously had been deleterious were no longer selected against. These alleles became more frequent and the cecum continued to shrink. After thousands of years, the once-necessary cecum has degraded to what we see today; the appendix.
Evolutionary theorists have suggested that natural selection selects for larger appendices because smaller and thinner appendices would be more susceptible to inflammation and disease.

9060 Toyokawa
9060 Toyokawa (1992 RM) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 4, 1992 by S. Otomo at Kiyosato.

9062 Ohnishi
9062 Ohnishi (1992 WO5) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on November 27, 1992 by T. Seki at Geisei.

Valea Mare River (Cioiana)
The Valea Mare River is a tributary of the Cioiana River in Romania. That means it flows into the Cioiana River.

Romanaţi River
The Romanaţi River is a tributary of the Valea Mare River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Mare River.

Brătuia River
The Brătuia River is a tributary of the Cioiana River in Romania. That means it flows into the Cioiana River.

Saşa River (Zlast)
The Saşa River is a tributary of the Zlast River in Romania. That means it flows into the Zlast River.

Balta River
The Balta River is a tributary of the Topolniţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Topolniţa River.

Râul Sârbului
The Râul Sârbului is a tributary of the Viteazu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Viteazu River.

Pârâul Mare (Bâlta)
The Pârâul Mare is a tributary of the Bâlta River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bâlta River.

Măcriş River (Şuşiţa)
The Măcriş River is a tributary of the Şuşiţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Şuşiţa River.

Auşel River
The Auşel River is a tributary of the Taia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Taia River.

Dobroaia River
The Dobroaia River is a tributary of the Auşel River in Romania. That means it flows into the Auşel River.

Câmpa River
The Câmpa River is a tributary of the Jiul de Est River in Romania. That means it flows into the Jiul de Est River.

Pârâul Romii
The Pârâul Romii is a tributary of the Romanu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Romanu River.

Valea Pârvului River
The Valea Pârvului River is a tributary of the Dârjov River in Romania. That means it flows into the Dârjov River.

Dârjov River
The Dârjov River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Gota River
The Gota River is a tributary of the Dârjov River in Romania. That means it flows into the Dârjov River.

Jid River
The Jid River is a tributary of the Dârjov River in Romania. That means it flows into the Dârjov River.

Cărbunari River (Saciova)
The Cărbunari River is a tributary of the Saciova River in Romania. That means it flows into the Saciova River.

Păpăuţi River
The Păpăuţi River is a tributary of the Covasna River in Romania. That means it flows into the Covasna River.

Câmpşoara River
The Câmpşoara River is a tributary of the Câmpa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Câmpa River.

Mărtoiu River
The Mărtoiu River is a tributary of the Brusturetul River in Romania. That means it flows into the Brusturetul River.

Valea Mică River (Cibin)
The Valea Mică River is a tributary of the Valea Mare River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Mare River.

Pârâul Moale
The Pârâul Moale is a tributary of the Valea Lupului River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Lupului River.

Paloşul River (Frumoasa)
The Paloşul River is a tributary of the Frumoasa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Frumoasa River.

Deluşelu River
The Deluşelu River is a tributary of the Voineşiţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Voineşiţa River.

Chiara River
The Chiara River is a tributary of the Gota River in Romania. That means it flows into the Gota River.

Turia River (Dârjov)
The Turia River is a tributary of the Gota River in Romania. That means it flows into the Gota River.

Râul Vizuinii
The Râul Vizuinii is a tributary of the Gota River in Romania. That means it flows into the Gota River.

Pârâul Gruiul Lung
The Pârâul Gruiul Lung River is a tributary of the Rudari River in Romania. That means it flows into the Rudari River.

Pârâul Ştreaurilor
The Pârâul Ştreaurilor is a tributary of the Rudari River in Romania. That means it flows into the Rudari River.

Jangu Bradului River
The Jangu Bradului River is a tributary of the Pârâul Ştreaurilor in Romania. That means it flows into the Pârâul Ştreaurilor.

Puru River (Bora)
The Puru River is a tributary of the Bora River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bora River.

Ogaşu Bora
The Ogaşu Bora is a tributary of the Bora River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bora River.

Pârâul Ţapului
The Pârâul Ţapului is a tributary of the Chioara River in Romania. That means it flows into the Chioara River.

Găuri River
The Găuri River is a tributary of the Lotru River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lotru River.

Valea Mestecănişului River
The Valea Mestecănişului River or Nireş River or Nyireş River is a tributary of the Vinul Mic River in Romania. That means it flows into the Vinul Mic River.

Licaş River
The Licaş River or Licoş River is a tributary of the Veleşchia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Veleşchia River.

McGregor, Iowa
McGregor, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

McIntire, Iowa
McIntire, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Mechanicsville, Iowa
Mechanicsville, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Mediapolis, Iowa
Mediapolis, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Melbourne, Iowa
Melbourne, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Melcher-Dallas, Iowa
Melcher-Dallas, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Melrose, Iowa
Melrose, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Melvin, Iowa
Melvin, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Menlo, Iowa
Menlo, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Meriden, Iowa
Meriden, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Merrill, Iowa
Merrill, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Meservey, Iowa
Meservey, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Middletown, Iowa
Middletown, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Miles, Iowa
Miles, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Milford, Iowa
Milford, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Millersburg, Iowa
Millersburg, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Millerton, Iowa
Millerton, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Millville, Iowa
Millville, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Milo, Iowa
Milo, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Milton, Iowa
Milton, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Minburn, Iowa
Minburn, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Minden, Iowa
Minden, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Mingo, Iowa
Mingo, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Missouri Valley, Iowa
Missouri Valley, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Mitchell, Iowa
Mitchell, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Mitchellville, Iowa
Mitchellville, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Modale, Iowa
Modale, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Mondamin, Iowa
Mondamin, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Monmouth, Iowa
Monmouth, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Monona, Iowa
Monona, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Monroe, Iowa
Monroe is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Montezuma, Iowa
Montezuma, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Monticello, Iowa
Monticello, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Montour, Iowa
Montour, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Montrose, Iowa
Montrose, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Moorhead, Iowa
Moorhead, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Moorland, Iowa
Moorland, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Moravia, Iowa
Moravia, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Morley, Iowa
Morley, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Morning Sun, Iowa
Morning Sun, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Morrison, Iowa
Morrison, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Moulton, Iowa
Moulton, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Mount Auburn, Iowa
Mount Auburn, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Mount Ayr, Iowa
Mount Ayr, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Mount Pleasant, Iowa
Mount Pleasant, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Mount Sterling, Iowa
Mount Sterling, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Mount Union, Iowa
Mount Union, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Mount Vernon, Iowa
Mount Vernon, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Moville, Iowa
Moville, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Murray, Iowa
Murray, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Mystic, Iowa
Mystic, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Nashua, Iowa
Nashua, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Nemaha, Iowa
Nemaha, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Neola, Iowa
Neola, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Nevada, Iowa
Nevada, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

New Albin, Iowa
New Albin, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

New Hampton, Iowa
New Hampton, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

New Hartford, Iowa
New Hartford, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

New Liberty, Iowa
New Liberty, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

New London, Iowa
New London, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

New Market, Iowa
New Market, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

New Providence, Iowa
New Providence, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

New Sharon, Iowa
New Sharon, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

New Vienna, Iowa
New Vienna, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

New Virginia, Iowa
New Virginia, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Newell, Iowa
Newell, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Newhall, Iowa
Newhall, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Newton, Iowa
Newton, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Nichols, Iowa
Nichols, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Nodaway, Iowa
Nodaway, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Nora Springs, Iowa
Nora Springs, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

North Buena Vista, Iowa
North Buena Vista, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

North English, Iowa
North English, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

North Liberty, Iowa
North Liberty, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Varul River
The Varul River is a tributary of the Sadu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Sadu River.

Conţu River
The Conţu River is a tributary of the Sadu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Sadu River.

Prejba River (Sadu)
The Prejba River is a tributary of the Sadu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Sadu River.

Pop River (Sadu)
The Pop River is a tributary of the Sadu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Sadu River.

Valea Plaiului River (Sadu)
The Valea Plaiului River is a tributary of the Sadu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Sadu River.

Valea Casei River
The Valea Casei River is a tributary of the Sadu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Sadu River.

Juvertul River
The Juvertul River is a tributary of the Sadu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Sadu River.

Juverţelul River
The Juverţelul River is a tributary of the Juvertul River in Romania. That means it flows into the Juvertul River.

Candiru
Candiru (candirú (Spanish, also known as canero or toothpick fish) are parasitic freshwater catfish and a member of the Trichomycteridae family. They can be found in the Amazon River and to the people who live there, they are the most feared fish in its waters, even over the piranha. They are eel-shaped and translucent, making them almost very hard to see in the water. Some species have been known to grow to a size of 6 inches (~15 cm) in length.
The area that has the most of these fish is at the section between the Amazon River and the Rio Negro, near Brazil's inland city of Manaus.
Parasitism and food.
Candiru are parasites. Their ability to detect respiratory currents in the water allows them to swim into the gill openings of other aquatic species, where they feed on their prey's blood.
While the members of the subfamily Vandelliinae feed on blood, members of Stegophilinae may feed on scales, mucus, or carrion.
To hunts for its prey, the Candirú lies at the bottom of the river testing and sniffing the water for certain chemicals, such as urea and ammonia from the gills of other fish. Once they have found a fish nearby they rush with a burst of speed to the gill cavity and attaches itself with its spines. Then, it begins to gnaw a hole towards a major blood vessel and stuffs itself for no more than a few minutes, which usually causes the victim to die. It will then release itself and sink back to the river bed in order to digest its food and wait for its next meal.
Attacks on people.
This fish is also known to attack humans and animals and swim into an open body part like the vagina, anus, or even the penis, going deep into the urethra.
The fish finds human targets when people urinate near the fish.

North Washington, Iowa
North Washington, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Northboro, Iowa
Northboro, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Northwood, Iowa
Northwood is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Jieţ River (Jiu)
The Jieţ River is a tributary of the Jiul de Est River in Romania. That means it flows into the Jiul de Est River. It is made where the headwaters of Roşiile and Ghereş meet.

Norwalk, Iowa
Norwalk, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Norway, Iowa
Norway, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Numa, Iowa
Numa, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Oakland, Iowa
Oakland, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Oakland Acres, Iowa
Oakland Acres, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Oakville, Iowa
Oakville, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Ocheyedan, Iowa
Ocheyedan, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Odebolt, Iowa
Odebolt, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Oelwein, Iowa
Oelwein, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Ogden, Iowa
Ogden, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Okoboji, Iowa
Okoboji, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Olds, Iowa
Olds, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Olin, Iowa
Olin, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Ollie, Iowa
Ollie, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Onawa, Iowa
Onawa, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Onslow, Iowa
Onslow, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Orange City, Iowa
Orange City, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Orchard, Iowa
Orchard, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Orient, Iowa
Orient, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Orleans, Iowa
Orleans, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Osage, Iowa
Osage, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Osceola, Iowa
Osceola, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Scărişoara River (Şuşiţa)
The Scărişoara River is a tributary of the Dealu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Dealu River.

Oskaloosa, Iowa
Oskaloosa, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Cotoru River (Şuşiţa)
The Cotoru River is a tributary of the Dealu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Dealu River.

Pârâul Vulpii
The Pârâul Vulpii is a tributary of the Dealu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Dealu River.

Ossian, Iowa
Ossian is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Osterdock, Iowa
Osterdock, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Otho, Iowa
Otho, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Oto, Iowa
Oto, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Ottosen, Iowa
Ottosen, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Ottumwa, Iowa
Ottumwa, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Owasa, Iowa
Owasa, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Oxford, Iowa
Oxford, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Oxford Junction, Iowa
Oxford Junction, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Oyens, Iowa
Oyens, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Pacific Junction, Iowa
Pacific Junction, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Packwood, Iowa
Packwood, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Palmer, Iowa
Palmer, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Negoiu River (Jiu)
The Negoiu River is a headwater of the Bistriţa River in Romania.

Groapele River (Bistriţa)
The Groapele River is a headwater of the Bistriţa River in Romania.

Dolphin Stadium
Dolphin Stadium is a stadium where football, soccer, and other sports are played. The stadium can be found in Miami Gardens, Florida and about 18 miles southwest of Fort Lauderdale, Florida. It used to be called Joe Robbie Stadium, Pro Player Park, Pro Player Stadium. The Miami Dolphins, the Florida Marlins, and the Miami Hurricanes all play in Dolphin Stadium.
Since it was built, four Super Bowls (XXIII, XXIX, XXXIII, XLI, two World Series ('97 and '03), and three BCS National Championship Games ('01, '05), 2009 BCS National Championship Game have been played in the stadium.
The building of the stadium.
Dolphin Stadium was the very first stadium that was built using money from private people. Joe Robbie was the person who gave a good part of the money needed to build the stadium.
Robbie made the stadium with a wider field so that soccer and baseball could be played in the stadium. The seats that are closest to the field are 90 feet from the sidelines on the football field. Baseball was played in Dolphin Stadium as planned, and this was good because it made use of the wider fields.
After Dolphin Stadium was completed, it was renamed after the person who designed the field, Joe Robbie. The first regular season NFL game that was played in Dolphin Stadium was a win against the Kansas City Chiefs.
Other events.
The Miami Dolphins started playing in Dolphin Stadium in 1987 and the Florida Marlins since 1993. The Orange Bowl game has been held in Dolphin Stadium since 1996. Since Dolphin Stadium was completed, Madonna, U2, Van Halen, Ozzy Osbourne, The Rolling Stones, Pink Floyd, Elton John, Billy Joel, Chicago, Genesis, Gloria Estefan, The Police, Guns N' Roses, The Who, Hall & Oates, Rod Stewart, Paul McCartney, and The Three Tenors have all had concerts in Dolphin Stadium.

Palo, Iowa
Palo, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Panama, Iowa
Panama, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Panora, Iowa
Panora, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Panorama Park, Iowa
Panorama Park, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Parkersburg, Iowa
Parkersburg, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Parnell, Iowa
Parnell, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Paton, Iowa
Paton, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Patterson, Iowa
Patterson, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Paullina, Iowa
Paullina, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Pella, Iowa
Pella, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Peosta, Iowa
Peosta, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Perry, Iowa
Perry, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Persia, Iowa
Persia, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Peterson, Iowa
Peterson, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Pierson, Iowa
Pierson, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Pilot Mound, Iowa
Pilot Mound, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Pioneer, Iowa
Pioneer, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Pisgah, Iowa
Pisgah, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Plainfield, Iowa
Plainfield, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Plano, Iowa
Plano, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Pleasant Hill, Iowa
Pleasant Hill, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Pleasant Plain, Iowa
Pleasant Plain, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Pleasanton, Iowa
Pleasanton, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Pleasantville, Iowa
Pleasantville, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Plover, Iowa
Plover, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Plymouth, Iowa
Plymouth, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Pocahontas, Iowa
Pocahontas, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Polk City, Iowa
Polk City, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Pomeroy, Iowa
Pomeroy, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Popejoy, Iowa
Popejoy, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Portsmouth, Iowa
Portsmouth, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Postville, Iowa
Postville, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Prairie City, Iowa
Prairie City, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Prairieburg, Iowa
Prairieburg, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Prescott, Iowa
Prescott, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Preston, Iowa
Preston, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Primghar, Iowa
Primghar, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Princeton, Iowa
Princeton, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Promise City, Iowa
Promise City, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Protivin, Iowa
Protivin, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Pulaski, Iowa
Pulaski, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Quasqueton, Iowa
Quasqueton, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Quimby, Iowa
Quimby, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Radcliffe, Iowa
Radcliffe, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Rake, Iowa
Rake, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Ralston, Iowa
Ralston, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Randalia, Iowa
Randalia, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Randall, Iowa
Randall, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Randolph, Iowa
Randolph, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Rathbun, Iowa
Rathbun, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Raymond, Iowa
Raymond, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Readlyn, Iowa
Readlyn, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Reasnor, Iowa
Reasnor, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Red Oak, Iowa
Red Oak, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Redding, Iowa
Redding, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Redfield, Iowa
Redfield, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Reinbeck, Iowa
Reinbeck, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Rembrandt, Iowa
Rembrandt, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Remsen, Iowa
Remsen, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Renwick, Iowa
Renwick, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Rhodes, Iowa
Rhodes, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Riceville, Iowa
Riceville, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Richland, Iowa
Richland, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Rickardsville, Iowa
Rickardsville, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Ricketts, Iowa
Ricketts, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Ridgeway, Iowa
Ridgeway, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Rinard, Iowa
Rinard, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Ringsted, Iowa
Ringsted, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Rippey, Iowa
Rippey, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Riverdale, Iowa
Riverdale, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Riverside, Iowa
Riverside, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Riverton, Iowa
Riverton, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Robins, Iowa
Robins, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Rock Falls, Iowa
Rock Falls, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Rock Rapids, Iowa
Rock Rapids, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Rock Valley, Iowa
Rock Valley, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Rockford, Iowa
Rockford, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Rockwell, Iowa
Rockwell, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

9063 Washi
9063 Washi (1992 YS) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on December 17, 1992 by T. Seki at Geisei.

Rockwell City, Iowa
Rockwell City, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Rodman, Iowa
Rodman, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Rodney, Iowa
Rodney, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Roland, Iowa
Roland, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Rolfe, Iowa
Rolfe, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Rome, Iowa
Rome, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Rose Hill, Iowa
Rose Hill, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

9064 Johndavies
9064 Johndavies (1993 BH8) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on January 21, 1993 by Spacewatch at Kitt Peak.

Rossie, Iowa
Rossie, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Rowan, Iowa
Rowan, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Rowley, Iowa
Rowley, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Royal, Iowa
Royal, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Rudd, Iowa
Rudd, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Runnells, Iowa
Runnells, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Rushville, Iowa
Rushville, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Russell, Iowa
Russell, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Ruthven, Iowa
Ruthven, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.
Ruthven, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Rutland, Iowa
Rutland, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Ryan, Iowa
Ryan, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Sabula, Iowa
Sabula, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Sac City, Iowa
Sac City, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Sageville, Iowa
Sageville, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Salem, Iowa
Salem, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Salix, Iowa
Salix, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Sanborn, Iowa
Sanborn, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Sandyville, Iowa
Sandyville, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Scarville, Iowa
Scarville, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Schaller, Iowa
Schaller, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Schleswig, Iowa
Schleswig, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Scranton, Iowa
Scranton, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Searsboro, Iowa
Searsboro, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Sergeant Bluff, Iowa
Sergeant Bluff, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Seymour, Iowa
Seymour, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Shambaugh, Iowa
Shambaugh, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Shannon City, Iowa
Shannon City, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Sharpsburg, Iowa
Sharpsburg, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Sheffield, Iowa
Sheffield, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Shelby, Iowa
Shelby, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Sheldahl, Iowa
Sheldahl, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Sheldon, Iowa
Sheldon, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Shell Rock, Iowa
Shell Rock, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Shellsburg, Iowa
Shellsburg, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Shenandoah, Iowa
Shenandoah, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Sherrill, Iowa
Sherrill, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Shueyville, Iowa
Shueyville, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Sibley, Iowa
Sibley, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Sidney, Iowa
Sidney, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Sigourney, Iowa
Sigourney, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Silver City, Iowa
Silver City, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Sioux Center, Iowa
Sioux Center, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Sioux City, Iowa
Sioux City, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Sioux Rapids, Iowa
Sioux Rapids, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

9067 Katsuno
9067 Katsuno (1993 HR) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on April 16, 1993 by K. Endate and K. Watanabe at Kitami.

Slater, Iowa
Slater, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Spy Kids
"Spy Kids" is the first film of the "Spy Kids" series. It is directed and written by Robert Rodriguez. The movie stars Alexa Vega and Daryl Sabara and was released in United States theaters on March 30, 2001 and on DVD on September 28, 2001.

Sloan, Iowa
Sloan, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Smithland, Iowa
Smithland, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Soldier, Iowa
Soldier, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Solon, Iowa
Solon, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Somers, Iowa
Somers, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

South English, Iowa
South English, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Spencer, Iowa
Spencer, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Spillville, Iowa
Spillville, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Spirit Lake, Iowa
Spirit Lake, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Spragueville, Iowa
Spragueville, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

9069 Hovland
9069 Hovland (1993 OV) is a Inner Main-belt Asteroid that was found on July 16, 1993 by E. F. Helin at Palomar.

Spring Hill, Iowa
Spring Hill, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Springbrook, Iowa
Springbrook, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

9070 Ensab
9070 Ensab (1993 OZ2) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on July 23, 1993 by C. S. Shoemaker and D. H. Levy at Palomar.

University of Michigan Law School
The University of Michigan Law School (Michigan Law) is the law school of the University of Michigan, in Ann Arbor. Started in 1859, the school has about 1,200 students. The Law School has 81 full-time teachers.

90703 Indulgentia
90703 Indulgentia (1988 RO3) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 8, 1988 by F. Borngen at Tautenburg.

Springville, Iowa
Springville, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

St. Ansgar, Iowa
St. Ansgar is a city of Iowa in the United States.

90709 Wettin
90709 Wettin (1990 TX3) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on October 12, 1990 by F. Borngen and L. D. Schmadel at Tautenburg.

St. Anthony, Iowa
St. Anthony, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

St. Charles, Iowa
St. Charles, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

St. Donatus, Iowa
St. Donatus, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

St. Lucas, Iowa
St. Lucas, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

St. Marys, Iowa
St. Marys, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

St. Olaf, Iowa
St. Olaf, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

St. Paul, Iowa
St. Paul, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Stacyville, Iowa
Stacyville, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Stanhope, Iowa
Stanhope, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Stanton, Iowa
Stanton, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Stanwood, Iowa
Stanwood, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

State Center, Iowa
State Center, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Steamboat Rock, Iowa
Steamboat Rock, Iowa is a city of Iowa in the United States.

Palomar Observatory
Palomar Observatory is a privately owned observatory in San Diego County, California, 90 miles (145 km) southeast of Mount Wilson Observatory, on Palomar Mountain in the Palomar Mountain Range. It is owned and run by the California Institute of Technology (Caltech). The observatory is made up of four main telescopes: the 200 inch (5.08 m) Hale telescope, the 48 inch (1.22 m) Samuel Oschin telescope, the 18 inch (457 millimeter) Schmidt telescope, and a 60 inch (1.52 m) reflecting telescope. Also, the Palomar Testbed Interferometer is located at this observatory.
Name.
The word "palomar" is from the Spanish language, meaning "pigeon house". The name may be because of the large amounts of pigeons that can be seen in the spring and autumn months on Palomar Mountain, or it may be because of an old pigeon-raising building built there by the Spaniards.

Addison, Texas
Addison is a city in Dallas County, Texas (United States). About 14,160 people were living in Addison as of the year 2000. It is really a city, but it calls themselves a town. Addison has an area of 4.4 square miles.

9071 Coudenberghe
9071 Coudenberghe (1993 OB13) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on July 19, 1993 by E. W. Elst at the European Southern Observatory.

Law school
A law school (also known as a school of law or college of law) is a school mostly for legal education.

90712 Wittelsbach
90712 Wittelsbach (1990 TE13) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on October 12, 1990 by F. Borngen and L. D. Schmadel at Tautenburg.

9073 Yoshinori
9073 Yoshinori (1994 ER) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on March 4, 1994 by T. Kobayashi at Oizumi.

9074 Yosukeyoshida
9074 Yosukeyoshida (1994 FZ) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on March 31, 1994 by K. Endate and K. Watanabe at Kitami.

9076 Shinsaku
9076 Shinsaku (1994 JT) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on May 8, 1994 by A. Nakamura at Kuma Kogen.

European Southern Observatory
The European Southern Observatory (ESO, officially called the "European Organization for Astronomical Research in the Southern Hemisphere"), is a research group for astronomy, made up of fourteen countries from Europe. Made in 1962 to give state-of-the-art facilities and a view the Southern Sky to European astronomers, it is well known for using some of the largest and most advanced telescopes in the world, such as the New Technology Telescope (NTT), the telescope that helped create active optics technology, and the VLT (Very Large Telescope), made of four 8-meter class telescopes and four 1.8-m Auxiliary Telescopes.

Furnica Mare River
The Furnica Mare River is a tributary of the Lotru River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lotru River.

Pârâul cu Lespezi
The Pârâul cu Lespezi is a tributary of the Vasilatu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Vasilatu River.

Valea Cocinilor River
The Valea Cocinilor River is a tributary of the Vasilatu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Vasilatu River.

Valea Boului River (Vasilatu)
The Valea Boului River or Pârâul Boului is a tributary of the Vasilatu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Vasilatu River.

Valea Socilor River (Vasilatu)
The Valea Socilor River is a tributary of the Vasilatu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Vasilatu River.

Valea Largă River (Vasilatu)
The Valea Largă River is a tributary of the Vasilatu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Vasilatu River.

Pleşa River (Vasilatu)
The Pleşa River is a tributary of the Valea Largă River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea Largă River.

Legal education
Legal education is the education of people who wish to become legal professionals or those who wish to earn their law degree.

Stâna River (Vasilatu)
The Stâna River is a tributary of the Pleşa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Pleşa River.

Valea Lacului River (Lotru)
The Valea Lacului River is a tributary of the Lotru River in Romania. That means it flows into the Lotru River.

Izvorul Negru River (Uz)
The Izvorul Negru River is a tributary of the Uz River in Romania. That means it flows into the Uz River.

Oreg River
The Oreg River is a tributary of the Uz River in Romania. That means it flows into the Uz River.

Soveto River
The Soveto River or Sovetul River is a tributary of the Uz River in Romania. That means it flows into the Uz River.

Copurta River
The Copurta River or Copuria River is a tributary of the Uz River in Romania. That means it flows into the Uz River.

Wind farm
A wind farm is a area of land with lots of wind turbines on it.

Chitici River
The Chitici River is a tributary of the Uz River in Romania. That means it flows into the Uz River.

Groza River
The Groza River is a tributary of the Uz River in Romania. That means it flows into the Uz River.

Izvorul Alb River (Uz)
The Izvorul Alb River is a tributary of the Uz River in Romania. That means it flows into the Uz River.

Mocanul River
The Mocanul River is a tributary of the Izvorul Alb River in Romania. That means it flows into the Izvorul Alb River.

Brain Warp
Brain warp is an electronic toy made by tiger electronics. The toy tests your reflexes and memory skills. The toy has six colored knobs and the colors are puprle, green, red, yellow, orange and white.
Gameplay.
In games one to three, the voice says either a color or a number and the player has to turn the toy to the right knob. Game four is called Memory Match and the player has got to remember what the voice says. There are three rounds of play and the music gets faster and faster. If the player makes a mistake, the game stops and moves on to the next round. Game five is called code buster where the player is given a start colour and must find the pattern. Game six is called pass attack. Two players can play this game and they have got to make up their own pattern.
Music and Speeding.
During the game, some funky music plays in the background and after every four points, the music get faster and faster. There isn't a point where it stops getting faster, the music continues to speed up until round three is complete.

Slide rule
The slide rule, also known as a "slipstick", is a mechanical analog computer. The slide rule is used primarily for multiplication and division, and also for "scientific" functions such as roots, logarithms and trigonometry, but does not generally perform addition or subtraction.
There are many different styles of slide rules. Generally, they are either have a linear form or that of a circle. They have a standardised set of markings (called scales). These scales are used for mathematical computations. Some slide rules have been made for specialised fields of application, for example aviation or finance. Such slide rules have special scales which are useful in the particular field of application, in addition to the common ones.
William Oughtred and others developed the slide rule in the 1600s. The slide rule is based on the work on logarithms by John Napier. Before electronic calculators were developed, slide rules were the tool used most often in science and engineering. The use of slide rules continued to grow through the 1950s and 1960s even as digital computing devices were gradually introduced; but around 1974 the electronic scientific calculator made the slide rule largely obsolete and most suppliers exited the business.
Basic concepts.
In its most basic form, the slide rule uses two logarithmic scales to allow rapid multiplication and division of numbers. These common operations can be time-consuming and error-prone when done on paper. More complex slide rules allow other calculations, such as square roots, exponentials, logarithms, and trigonometric functions.
Mathematical calculations are done by aligning a mark on the sliding central strip with one on one of the fixes strips.
The relative position of other marks can then be observed. Numbers aligned with the marks give the approximate value of the product, quotient, or other calculated result.
The user determines the location of the decimal point in the result, based on mental estimation. Scientific notation is used to track the decimal point in more formal calculations. Addition and subtraction steps in a calculation are generally done mentally or on paper, not on the slide rule.
Most slide rules have three linear strips of the same length. The strips are aligned in parallel and interlocked so that the central strip can be moved lengthwise relative to the other two. The outer two strips are fixed so that their relative positions do not change.
Some slide rules ("duplex" models) have scales on both sides of the rule and slide strip, others on one side of the outer strips and both sides of the slide strip, still others on one side only ("simplex" rules). A sliding cursor with a vertical alignment line is used to find corresponding points on scales that are not next to each other or, in duplex models, are on the other side of the rule. The cursor can also record an intermediate result on any of the scales.
Multiplication.
A logarithm transforms the operations of multiplication and division to addition and subtraction according to the rules formula_1 and formula_2.
Moving the top scale to the right by a distance of formula_3, by matching the beginning of the top scale with the label formula_4 on the bottom, aligns each number formula_5, at position formula_6 on the top scale, with the number at position formula_7 on the bottom scale. Because formula_8, this position on the bottom scale gives formula_9, the product of formula_4 and formula_5. For example, to calculate 3*2, the 1 on the top scale is moved to the 2 on the bottom scale. The answer, 6, is read off the bottom scale where 3 is on the top scale. In general, the 1 on the top is moved to a factor on the bottom, and the answer is read off the bottom where the other factor is on the top.
Method 1 is easy to understand, but entails a loss of precision. Method 3 has the advantage that it only involves two scales.
Division.
The illustration below demonstrates the computation of 5.5/2. The 2 on the top scale is placed over the 5.5 on the bottom scale. The 1 on the top scale lies above the quotient, 2.75. There is more than one method for doing division, but the method presented here has the advantage that the final result cannot be off-scale, because one has a choice of using the 1 at either end.
Other operations.
The Binary Slide Rule manufactured by Gilson in 1931 performed an addition and subtraction function limited to fractions.
Roots and powers.
There are single-decade (C and D), double-decade (A and B), and triple-decade (K) scales. To compute formula_13, for example, locate x on the D scale and read its square on the A scale. Inverting this process allows square roots to be found, and similarly for the powers 3, 1/3, 2/3, and 3/2. Care must be taken when the base, x, is found in more than one place on its scale. For instance, there are two nines on the A scale; to find the square root of nine, use the first one; the second one gives the square root of 90.
For formula_14 problems, use the LL scales. When several LL scales are present, use the one with x on it. First, align the leftmost 1 on the C scale with x on the LL scale. Then, find y on the C scale and go down to the LL scale with x on it. That scale will indicate the answer. If y is "off the scale," locate formula_15 and square it using the A and B scales as described above.
Trigonometry.
The S, T, and ST scales are used for trig functions and multiples of trig functions, for angles in degrees.
For angles from around 5.7 up to 90 degrees, sines are found by comparing the S scale with C. The S scale has a second set of angles (sometimes in a different color), which run in the opposite direction, and are used for cosines. Tangents are found by comparing the T scale with C or, for angles greater than 45 degrees, CI. Common forms such as formula_16 can be read directly from x on the S scale to the result on the D scale, when the C-scale index is set at k. For angles below 5.7 degrees, sines, tangents, and radians are approximately equal, and are found on the ST or SRT (sines, radians, and tangents) scale, or simply divided by 57.3 degrees/radian. Inverse trigonometric functions are found by reversing the process.
Many slide rules have S, T, and ST scales marked with degrees and minutes. So-called "decitrig" models use decimal fractions of degrees instead.
Logarithms and exponentials.
Base-10 logarithms and exponentials are found using the L scale, which is linear. Some slide rules have a Ln scale, which is for base e.
The Ln scale was invented by an 11th grade student, Stephen B. Cohen, in 1958. The original intent was to allow the user to select an exponent "x" (in the range 0 to 2.3) on the Ln scale and read e"x" on the C (or D) scale and e–"x" on the CI (or DI) scale. Pickett, Inc. was given exclusive rights to the scale. Later, the inventor created a set of "marks" on the Ln scale to extend the range beyond the 2.3 limit, but Pickett never incorporated these marks on any of its slide rules.
Addition and subtraction.
Slide rules are not typically used for addition and subtraction, but it is nevertheless possible to do so using two different techniques.
This method is similar to the addition/subtraction technique used for high-speed electronic circuits with the logarithmic number system in specialized computer applications like the Gravity Pipe (GRAPE) supercomputer and hidden Markov models.
The second method uses a sliding linear L scale available on some models. Addition and subtraction are performed by sliding the cursor left (for subtraction) or right (for addition) then returning the slide to 0 to read the result.
Standard linear rules.
The length of the slide rule is quoted in terms of the nominal length of the scales. Scales on the most common "10-inch" models are actually 25 cm in length, as they were made to metric standards, though some rules offer slightly extended scales to simplify manipulation when a result overflowed. Pocket rules are typically 5 inches. Models a couple of meters long were sold to be hung in classrooms for teaching purposes.
Typically the divisions mark a scale to a precision of two significant figures, and the user estimates the third figure. Some high-end slide rules have magnifying cursors that make the markings easier to see. Such cursors can effectively double the accuracy of readings, permitting a 10-inch slide rule to serve as well as a 20-inch.
Various other conveniences have been developed. Trigonometric scales are sometimes dual-labeled, in black and red, with complementary angles, the so-called "Darmstadt" style. Duplex slide rules often duplicate some of the scales on the back. Scales are often "split" to get higher accuracy.
Specialized slide rules were invented for various forms of engineering, business and banking. These often had common calculations directly expressed as special scales, for example loan calculations, optimal purchase quantities, or particular engineering equations. For example, the Fisher Controls company distributed a customized slide rule adapted to solving the equations used for selecting the proper size of industrial flow control valves.
Circular slide rules.
Circular slide rules come in two basic types, one with two cursors (left), and another with a movable disk and a single cursor (right). The dual cursor versions perform multiplication and division by maintaining a fixed angle between the cursors as they are rotated around the dial. The single cursor version operates more like the standard slide rule through the appropriate alignment of the scales.
The basic advantage of a circular slide rule is that the longest dimension of the tool was reduced by a factor of about 3 (i.e. by π). For example, a 10 cm circular would have a maximum precision equal to a 30 cm ordinary slide rule. Circular slide rules also eliminate "off-scale" calculations, because the scales were designed to "wrap around"; they never have to be re-oriented when results are near 1.0—the rule is always on scale. However, for non-cyclical non-spiral scales such as S, T, and LL's, the scale length is shortened to make room for end margins.
Circular slide rules are mechanically more rugged and smoother-moving, but their scale alignment precision is sensitive to the centering of a central pivot; a minute 0.1 mm off-centre of the pivot can result in a 0.2 mm worst case alignment error. The pivot, however, does prevent scratching of the face and cursors. The highest accuracy scales are placed on the outer rings. Rather than "split" scales, high-end circular rules use spiral scales for more complex operations like log-of-log scales. One eight-inch premium circular rule had a 50-inch spiral log-log scale.
The main disadvantages of circular slide rules are the difficulty in locating figures along a rotating disc, and limited number of scales. Another drawback of circular slide rules is that less-important scales are closer to the center, and have lower precisions. Most students learned slide rule use on the linear slide rules, and did not find reason to switch.
One slide rule remaining in daily use around the world is the E6B. This is a circular slide rule first created in the 1930s for aircraft pilots to help with dead reckoning. With the aid of scales printed on the frame it also helps with such miscellaneous tasks as converting time, distance, speed, and temperature values, compass errors, and calculating fuel use. The so-called "prayer wheel" is still available in flight shops, and remains widely used. While GPS has reduced the use of dead reckoning for aerial navigation, and handheld calculators have taken over many of its functions, the E6B remains widely used as a primary or backup device and the majority of flight schools demand that their students have some degree of its mastery.
In 1952, Swiss watch company Breitling introduced a pilot's wristwatch with an integrated circular slide rule specialized for flight calculations: the Breitling Navitimer. The Navitimer circular rule, referred to by Breitling as a "navigation computer", featured airspeed, rate/time of climb/descent, flight time, distance, and fuel consumption functions, as well as kilometer–nautical mile and gallon–liter fuel amount conversion functions.
Materials.
Traditionally slide rules were made out of hard wood such as mahogany or boxwood with cursors of glass and metal. At least one high precision instrument was made of steel.
In 1895, a Japanese firm, Hemmi, started to make slide rules from bamboo, which had the advantages of being dimensionally stable, strong and naturally self-lubricating. These bamboo slide rules were introduced in Sweden in September, 1933, and probably only a little earlier in Germany. Scales were made of celluloid or plastic. Later slide rules were made of plastic, or aluminum painted with plastic. Later cursors were acrylics or polycarbonates sliding on Teflon bearings.
All premium slide rules had numbers and scales engraved, and then filled with paint or other resin. Painted or imprinted slide rules were viewed as inferior because the markings could wear off. Nevertheless, Pickett, probably America's most successful slide rule company, made all printed scales. Premium slide rules included clever catches so the rule would not fall apart by accident, and bumpers to protect the scales and cursor from rubbing on tabletops. The recommended cleaning method for engraved markings is to scrub lightly with steel-wool. For painted slide rules, and the faint of heart, use diluted commercial window-cleaning fluid and a soft cloth.
History.
The slide rule was invented around 1620–1630, shortly after John Napier's publication of the concept of the logarithm. Edmund Gunter of Oxford developed a calculating device with a single logarithmic scale, which, with additional measuring tools, could be used to multiply and divide. The first description of this scale was published in Paris in 1624 by Edmund Wingate (c.1593 - 1656), an English Mathematician, in a book entitled "“L'usage de la reigle de proportion en l'arithmetique & geometrie”." The book contains a double scale on one side of which is a logarithmic scale and on the other a tabular scale. In 1630, William Oughtred of Cambridge invented a circular slide rule, and in 1632 he combined two Gunter rules, held together with the hands, to make a device that is recognizably the modern slide rule. Like his contemporary at Cambridge, Isaac Newton, Oughtred taught his ideas privately to his students, but delayed in publishing them, and like Newton, he became involved in a vitriolic controversy over priority, with his one-time student Richard Delamain and the prior claims of Wingate. Oughtred's ideas were only made public in publications of his student William Forster in 1632 and 1653.
In 1677, Henry Coggeshall created a two-foot folding rule for timber measure, called the Coggeshall slide rule. His design and uses for the tool gave the slide rule purpose outside of mathematical inquiry.
In 1722, Warner introduced the two- and three-decade scales, and in 1755 Everard included an inverted scale; a slide rule containing all of these scales is usually known as a "polyphase" rule.
In 1815, Peter Roget invented the log log slide rule, which included a scale displaying the logarithm of the logarithm. This allowed the user to directly perform calculations involving roots and exponents. This was especially useful for fractional powers.
Modern form.
The more modern form was created in 1859 by French artillery lieutenant Amédée Mannheim, "who was fortunate in having his rule made by a firm of national reputation and in having it adopted by the French Artillery." It was around that time, as engineering became a recognized professional activity, that slide rules came into wide use in Europe. They did not become common in the United States until 1881, when Edwin Thacher introduced a cylindrical rule there. The duplex rule was invented by William Cox in 1891, and was produced by Keuffel and Esser Co. of New York.
Astronomical work also required fine computations, and in 19th century Germany a steel slide rule about 2 meters long was used at one observatory. It had a microscope attached, giving it accuracy to six decimal places.
In World War II, bombardiers and navigators who required quick calculations often used specialized slide rules. One office of the U.S. Navy actually designed a generic slide rule "chassis" with an aluminum body and plastic cursor into which celluloid cards (printed on both sides) could be placed for special calculations. The process was invented to calculate range, fuel use and altitude for aircraft, and then adapted to many other purposes.
Throughout the 1950s and 1960s the slide rule was the symbol of the engineer's profession (in the same way that the stethoscope symbolizes the medical profession). German rocket scientist Wernher von Braun brought two 1930s vintage "Nestler" slide rules with him when he moved to the U.S. after World War II to work on the American space program. Throughout his life he never used any other pocket calculating devices; slide rules served him perfectly well for making quick estimates of rocket design parameters and other figures. Aluminum Pickett-brand slide rules were carried on five Apollo space missions, including to the moon, according to advertising on Pickett's N600 slide rule boxes.
Some engineering students and engineers carried ten-inch slide rules in belt holsters, and even into the mid 1970s this was a common sight on campuses. Students also might keep a ten-or twenty-inch rule for precision work at home or the office while carrying a five-inch pocket slide rule around with them.
In 2004, education researchers David B. Sher and Dean C. Nataro conceived a new type of slide rule based on "prosthaphaeresis", an algorithm for rapidly computing products that predates logarithms. There has been little practical interest in constructing one beyond the initial prototype, however.
Decline.
The importance of the slide rule began to diminish as electronic computers, a new but very scarce resource in the 1950s, became widely available to technical workers during the 1960s. The introduction of Fortran in 1957 made computers practical for solving modest size mathematical problems. IBM introduced a series of more affordable computers, the IBM 650 (1954), IBM 1620 (1959), IBM 1130 (1965) addressed to the science and engineering market. John Kemeny's BASIC programming language (1964) made it easy for students to use computers. The DEC PDP-8 minicomputer was introduced in 1965.
Computers also changed the nature of calculation. With slide rules, there was a great emphasis on working the algebra to get expressions into the most computable form. Users of slide rules would simply approximate or drop small terms to simplify the calculation. Fortran allowed complicated formulas to be typed in from textbooks without the effort of reformulation. Numerical integration was often easier than trying to find closed form solutions for difficult problems. The young engineer asking for computer time to solve a problem that could have been done by a few swipes on the slide rule became a humorous cliché. Many computer centers had a framed slide rule hung on a wall with the note "In case of emergency, break glass."
Another step toward the replacement of slide rules with electronics was the development of electronic calculators for scientific and engineering use. The first included the Wang Laboratories LOCI-2, introduced in 1965, which used logarithms for multiplication and division and the Hewlett-Packard HP-9100, introduced in 1968. The HP-9100 had trigonometric functions (sin, cos, tan) in addition to exponentials and logarithms. It used the CORDIC (coordinate rotation digital computer) algorithm, which allows for calculation of trigonometric functions using only shift and add operations. This method facilitated the development of ever smaller scientific calculators.
The last nail in the coffin for the slide rule was the launch of pocket-sized scientific calculators, of which the 1972 Hewlett-Packard HP-35 was the first. Such calculators became known as "slide rule" calculators since they could perform most or all of the functions on a slide rule. At several hundred dollars, even this was considered expensive for most students. While professional slide rules could also be quite expensive, drug stores often sold basic plastic models for under $20 USD. But by 1975, basic four-function electronic calculators could be purchased for under $50. By 1976 the TI-30 offered a scientific calculator for under $25. After this time, the market for slide rules dried up quickly as small scientific calculators became affordable.
Advantages.
One advantage of using a slide rule together with an electronic calculator is that an important calculation can be checked by doing it on both; because the two instruments are so different, there is little chance of making the same mistake twice.

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Valea Cârpătoare River
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Valea Greşurilor River
The Valea Greşurilor River is a tributary of the Vasilatu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Vasilatu River.

Topolniţa River
The Topolniţa River is a tributary of the Danube in Romania. That means it flows into the Danube.

Costeşti River (Balta)
The Costeşti River is a tributary of the Balta River in Romania. That means it flows into the Balta River.

Gornoviţa River
The Gornoviţa River is a tributary of the Balta River in Romania. That means it flows into the Balta River.

Prejna River
The Prejna River is a tributary of the Balta River in Romania. That means it flows into the Balta River.

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Chiua Mică River
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Valea Veche River
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Communes of the Aube department
There are 433 communes in the Aube "département" in France.
(CAT) Communauté d'agglomération Troyenne, created in 2000.

Ailleville
Ailleville is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Aix-en-Othe
Aix-en-Othe is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Allibaudières
Allibaudières is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Amance, Aube
Amance is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Arcis-sur-Aube
Arcis-sur-Aube is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Arconville
Arconville is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Argançon
Argançon is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Arrelles
Arrelles is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Arrembécourt
Arrembécourt is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Arrentières
Arrentières is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Arsonval
Arsonval is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Assencières
Assencières is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Assenay
Assenay is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Aubeterre
Aubeterre is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Aulnay, Aube
Aulnay, Aube is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Auxon, Aube
Auxon, Aube is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Avant-lès-Marcilly
Avant-lès-Marcilly is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Avant-lès-Ramerupt
Avant-lès-Ramerupt is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Avirey-Lingey
Avirey-Lingey is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Avon-la-Pèze
Avon-la-Pèze is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Avreuil
Avreuil is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Bagneux-la-Fosse
Bagneux-la-Fosse is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Bailly-le-Franc
Bailly-le-Franc is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Balignicourt
Balignicourt is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Balnot-la-Grange
Balnot-la-Grange is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Balnot-sur-Laignes
Balnot-sur-Laignes is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Barberey-Saint-Sulpice
Barberey-Saint-Sulpice is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Barbuise
Barbuise is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Baroville
Baroville is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Bar-sur-Aube
Bar-sur-Aube is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Bar-sur-Seine
Bar-sur-Seine is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Bayel
Bayel is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Bercenay-en-Othe
Bercenay-en-Othe is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Bercenay-le-Hayer
Bercenay-le-Hayer is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Bergères
Bergères is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Bernon
Bernon is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Bertignolles
Bertignolles is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Bérulle
Bérulle is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Bessy
Bessy is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Bétignicourt
Bétignicourt is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Beurey
Beurey is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Blaincourt-sur-Aube
Blaincourt-sur-Aube is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Blignicourt
Blignicourt is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Bligny, Aube
Bligny, Aube is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Les Bordes-Aumont
Les Bordes-Aumont is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Bossancourt
Bossancourt is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Bouilly, Aube
Bouilly, Aube is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Boulages
Boulages is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Bouranton
Bouranton is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Bourdenay
Bourdenay is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Bourguignons
Bourguignons is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Bouy-Luxembourg
Bouy-Luxembourg is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Bouy-sur-Orvin
Bouy-sur-Orvin is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Bragelogne-Beauvoir
Bragelogne-Beauvoir is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Braux, Aube
Braux, Aube is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Bréviandes
Bréviandes is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Brévonnes
Brévonnes is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Briel-sur-Barse
Briel-sur-Barse is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Brienne-la-Vieille
Brienne-la-Vieille is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Brienne-le-Château
Brienne-le-Château is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Brillecourt
Brillecourt is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Bucey-en-Othe
Bucey-en-Othe is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Buchères
Buchères is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Buxeuil, Aube
Buxeuil, Aube is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Buxières-sur-Arce
Buxières-sur-Arce is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Celles-sur-Ource
Celles-sur-Ource is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Chacenay
Chacenay is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

La Chaise
La Chaise is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Chalette-sur-Voire
Chalette-sur-Voire is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Chamoy, Aube
Chamoy, Aube is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Champfleury, Aube
Champfleury, Aube is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Champignol-lez-Mondeville
Champignol-lez-Mondeville is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Champigny-sur-Aube
Champigny-sur-Aube is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Champ-sur-Barse
Champ-sur-Barse is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Channes
Channes is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Chaource
Chaource is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

La Chapelle-Saint-Luc
La Chapelle-Saint-Luc is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Chapelle-Vallon
Chapelle-Vallon is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Chappes, Aube
Chappes, Aube is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Charmont-sous-Barbuise
Charmont-sous-Barbuise is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Charmoy, Aube
Charmoy, Aube is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Charny-le-Bachot
Charny-le-Bachot is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Chaserey
Chaserey is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Châtres, Aube
Châtres, Aube is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Chauchigny
Chauchigny is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Chaudrey
Chaudrey is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Chauffour-lès-Bailly
Chauffour-lès-Bailly is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Chaumesnil
Chaumesnil is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Chavanges
Chavanges is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Le Chêne
Le Chêne is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Chennegy
Chennegy is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Chervey
Chervey is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Chesley, Aube
Chesley, Aube is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Chessy-les-Prés
Chessy-les-Prés is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Clérey
Clérey is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Coclois
Coclois is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Colombé-la-Fosse
Colombé-la-Fosse is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Colombé-le-Sec
Colombé-le-Sec is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Cormost
Cormost is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Courcelles-sur-Voire
Courcelles-sur-Voire is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Coursan-en-Othe
Coursan-en-Othe is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Courtaoult
Courtaoult is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Courtenot
Courtenot is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Courteranges
Courteranges is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Courteron
Courteron is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Coussegrey
Coussegrey is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Couvignon
Couvignon is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Crancey
Crancey is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Creney-près-Troyes
Creney-près-Troyes is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Crésantignes
Crésantignes is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Crespy-le-Neuf
Crespy-le-Neuf is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Les Croûtes
Les Croûtes is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Cunfin
Cunfin is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Cussangy
Cussangy is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Dampierre, Aube
Dampierre, Aube is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Davrey
Davrey is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Dienville
Dienville is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Dierrey-Saint-Julien
Dierrey-Saint-Julien is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Dierrey-Saint-Pierre
Dierrey-Saint-Pierre is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Dolancourt
Dolancourt is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Dommartin-le-Coq
Dommartin-le-Coq is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Donnement
Donnement is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Dosches
Dosches is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Dosnon
Dosnon is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Droupt-Saint-Basle
Droupt-Saint-Basle is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Droupt-Sainte-Marie
Droupt-Sainte-Marie is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Eaux-Puiseaux
Eaux-Puiseaux is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Échemines
Échemines is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Éclance
Éclance is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Éguilly-sous-Bois
Éguilly-sous-Bois is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Engente
Engente is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Épagne
Épagne is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Épothémont
Épothémont is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Ervy-le-Châtel
Ervy-le-Châtel is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Essoyes
Essoyes is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Estissac
Estissac is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Étourvy
Étourvy is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Étrelles-sur-Aube
Étrelles-sur-Aube is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Faux-Villecerf
Faux-Villecerf is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Fay-lès-Marcilly
Fay-lès-Marcilly is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Fays-la-Chapelle
Fays-la-Chapelle is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Ferreux-Quincey
Ferreux-Quincey is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Feuges
Feuges is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Fontaine, Aube
Fontaine, Aube is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Fontaine-les-Grès
Fontaine-les-Grès is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Fontaine-Mâcon
Fontaine-Mâcon is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Fontenay-de-Bossery
Fontenay-de-Bossery is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Fontette
Fontette is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Fontvannes
Fontvannes is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

La Fosse-Corduan
La Fosse-Corduan is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Fouchères, Aube
Fouchères, Aube is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Fralignes
Fralignes is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Fravaux
Fravaux is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Fresnay
Fresnay is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Fresnoy-le-Château
Fresnoy-le-Château is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Fuligny
Fuligny is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Gélannes
Gélannes is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Géraudot
Géraudot is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Les Grandes-Chapelles
Les Grandes-Chapelles is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Grandville, Aube
Grandville, Aube is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Les Granges
Les Granges is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Gumery
Gumery is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Gyé-sur-Seine
Gyé-sur-Seine is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Hampigny
Hampigny is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Herbisse
Herbisse is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Isle-Aubigny
Isle-Aubigny is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Isle-Aumont
Isle-Aumont is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Jasseines
Jasseines is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Jaucourt, Aube
Jaucourt, Aube is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Javernant
Javernant is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Jessains
Jessains is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Jeugny
Jeugny is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Joncreuil
Joncreuil is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Jully-sur-Sarce
Jully-sur-Sarce is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Juvancourt
Juvancourt is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Juvanzé
Juvanzé is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Juzanvigny
Juzanvigny is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Lagesse
Lagesse is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Laines-aux-Bois
Laines-aux-Bois is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Landreville
Landreville is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Lantages
Lantages is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Lassicourt
Lassicourt is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Laubressel
Laubressel is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Lavau, Aube
Lavau, Aube is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Lentilles
Lentilles is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Lesmont
Lesmont is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Lévigny
Lévigny is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Lhuître
Lhuître is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Lignières, Aube
Lignières, Aube is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Lignol-le-Château
Lignol-le-Château is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Lirey
Lirey is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Loches-sur-Ource
Loches-sur-Ource is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

La Loge-aux-Chèvres
La Loge-aux-Chèvres is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

La Loge-Pomblin
La Loge-Pomblin is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Les Loges-Margueron
Les Loges-Margueron is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Longchamp-sur-Aujon
Longchamp-sur-Aujon is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Longeville-sur-Mogne
Longeville-sur-Mogne is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Longpré-le-Sec
Longpré-le-Sec is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Longsols
Longsols is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Longueville-sur-Aube
Longueville-sur-Aube is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

La Louptière-Thénard
La Louptière-Thénard is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Lusigny-sur-Barse
Lusigny-sur-Barse is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Luyères
Luyères is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Macey, Aube
Macey, Aube is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Machy, Aube
Machy, Aube is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Magnant, Aube
Magnant, Aube is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Magnicourt
Magnicourt is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Magny-Fouchard
Magny-Fouchard is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Mailly-le-Camp
Mailly-le-Camp is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Maison-des-Champs
Maison-des-Champs is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Tool
Tools are objects used to help make tasks easier to do. Tools have evolved over time, and innovations in tools came during periods such as the Stone Age and Bronze Age. More useful materials were used and better tools were created. These creations and inventions became modern tools.
Some examples of tools that are often used today are the hammer, the wrench (also called a spanner), saws, and shovel. Very basic things like knives and pens and pencils are tools. The bludgeon (a stick or rock used to smash things) was the very first tool made by humans. The knife is also one of the first tools humans ever made.

Maisons-lès-Chaource
Maisons-lès-Chaource is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Maisons-lès-Soulaines
Maisons-lès-Soulaines is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Maizières-la-Grande-Paroisse
Maizières-la-Grande-Paroisse is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Maizières-lès-Brienne
Maizières-lès-Brienne is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Maraye-en-Othe
Maraye-en-Othe is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Marcilly-le-Hayer
Marcilly-le-Hayer is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Marigny-le-Châtel
Marigny-le-Châtel is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Marnay-sur-Seine
Marnay-sur-Seine is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Marolles-lès-Bailly
Marolles-lès-Bailly is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Marolles-sous-Lignières
Marolles-sous-Lignières is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Mathaux
Mathaux is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Maupas, Aube
Maupas, Aube is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Mergey
Mergey is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Le Mériot
Le Mériot is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Merrey-sur-Arce
Merrey-sur-Arce is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Méry-sur-Seine
Méry-sur-Seine is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Mesgrigny
Mesgrigny is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Mesnil-la-Comtesse
Mesnil-la-Comtesse is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Mesnil-Lettre
Mesnil-Lettre is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Mesnil-Saint-Loup
Mesnil-Saint-Loup is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Mesnil-Saint-Père
Mesnil-Saint-Père is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Mesnil-Sellières
Mesnil-Sellières is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Messon
Messon is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Metz-Robert
Metz-Robert is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Meurville
Meurville is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.

Puerto Escondido
Puerto Escondido is an archeological site in Honduras. The name means "hidden harbour"

Koungou
Koungou is a commune in the French overseas collectivity of Mayotte.

Urea
Urea is an organic compound with the chemical formula. It was first discovered in urine in 1773 by the French chemist Jean Rouelle.
In humans it is a waste product found and released in urine.

Vrancea County
Vrancea () is a county (judeţ) in Romania. The capital of Vrancea County is Focşani. It is mostly in the historical region of Moldavia. The southern part of Vrancea County is not in Moldavia.
Demographics.
About 387,630 people were living in Vrancea County as of the year 2002.
Divisions.
Vrancea County has 2 municipalities, 3 towns, and 67 communes.

Mucus
In vertebrates, mucus is a slippery secretion found in vertebrates and made by covering mucous membranes. It is a viscous colloid that contains antiseptic enzymes (such as lysozyme) and immunoglobulins that serves to protect epithelial cells in the respiratory,gastrointestinal, urogenital, visual, and auditory systems in mammals; the epidermis in amphibians; and the gills in fish. Snails, slugs, hagfish, and certain invertebrates also produce external mucus, which in addition to serving a protective function, can facilitate movement and play a role in communication.

Păcura River
The Păcura River is a tributary of the Şuşiţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Şuşiţa River.

Nadăş River (Dalnic)
The Nadăş River is a tributary of the Dalnic River in Romania. That means it flows into the Dalnic River.

Pârâul Cânepii
The Pârâul Cânepii is a tributary of the Dalnic River in Romania. That means it flows into the Dalnic River.

Motiş River
The Motiş River is a tributary of the Vorumloc River in Romania. That means it flows into the Vorumloc River.

Râul Poienii (Alun)
The Râul Poienii is a tributary of the Alun River in Romania. That means it flows into the Alun River.

Valea Stânişoarei River
The Valea Stânişoarei River is a tributary of the Alun River in Romania. That means it flows into the Alun River.

Pârâul Vânătorului
The Pârâul Vânătorului is a headwater of the Luncani River in Romania.

Actias luna
The Luna Moth ("Actias luna") is a lime-green, Nearctic Saturniid moth in the subfamily Saturniinae. They are found in North America from east of the Great Plains in the United States to northern Mexico and from Ontario eastward through central Quebec to Nova Scotia in Canada.

4020 Dominique
4020 Dominique (1981 ET38) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on March 01, 1981 by Bus, S. J. at Siding Spring.

4033 Yatsugatake
4033 Yatsugatake (1986 FA) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on March 16, 1986 by M. Inoue and O. Muramatsu at Kobuchizawa.

4036 Whitehouse
4036 Whitehouse (1987 DW5) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on February 21, 1987 by H. Debehogne at the European Southern Observatory.

4037 Ikeya
4037 Ikeya is an asteroid that was found in 1982 by K. Suzuki and T.Urata.

4038 Kristina
4038 Kristina (1987 QH2) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on August 21, 1987 by E. W. Elst at La Silla.

4039 Souseki
4039 Souseki (1987 SH) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 17, 1987 by T. Seki at Geisei.

4040 Purcell
4040 Purcell (1987 SN1) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 21, 1987 by E. Bowell at Flagstaff (AM).

6006 Anaximandros
6006 Anaximandros (1989 GB4) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on April 03, 1989 by Elst, E. W. at La Silla.

10101 Fourier
10101 Fourier (1992 BM2) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on January 30, 1992 by Eric Walter Elst at the European Southern Observatory.

Tiësto
Tijs Michiel Verwest is a Dutch musician. He was born on January 17, 1969 in the Netherlands.

114239 Bermarmi
114239 Bermarmi (2002 WN) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on November 21, 2002 by James Whitney Young at Table Mountain Observatory near Wrightwood, California.

114156 Eamonlittle
is a main belt asteroid that was found on November 4, 2002.

125592 Buthiers
is a main belt asteroid that was found in December 15, 2001 at Buthiers.

128523 Johnmuir
is a main belt asteroid that was found on August 11, 2004.

12838 Adamsmith
is a main belt asteroid that was found on March 9, 1997.

12814 Vittorio
is a main belt asteroid that was found on February 13, 1996.

11696 Capen
11696 Capen is a main belt asteroid that was found on March 22, 1998 by Lowell Observatory Near-Earth Object Search.

Syrian hamster
A Syrian hamster is a breed of hamster originating from Syria. Little is known about their life in the wild, but they are kept as pets in many countries including America, Britain, Germany, France, Australia and others.

Wild Syrian hamsters
Wild Syrian hamsters are hamsters which live in the wild in Syria. Little is known about them due to their reclusive nature and because they live alone, which makes it hard to find them.

12133 Titulaer
is a main belt asteroid that was found on September 24, 1960.

12135 Terlingen
is a main belt asteroid that was found on September 24, 1960.

12136 Martinryle
is a main belt asteroid that was found on September 24, 1960.

12137 Williefowler
is a main belt asteroid that was found on September 24, 1960.

12138 Olinwilson
is a main belt asteroid that was found on September 24, 1960.

12139 Tomcowling
is a main belt asteroid that was found on September 24, 1960.

12140 Johnbolton
is a main belt asteroid that was found on September 24, 1960.

12141 Chushayashi
is a main belt asteroid that was found on September 24, 1960.

12142 Franklow
is a main belt asteroid that was found on September 24, 1960.

12143 Harwit
is a main belt asteroid that was found on September 24, 1960.

12267 Denneau
is a main belt asteroid that was found on May 31, 1990.

12272 Geddylee
is a main belt asteroid that was found on September 22, 1990.

12309 Tommygrav
is a main belt asteroid that was found on February 25, 1992.

11762 Vogel
is a main belt asteroid that was found on September 24, 1960.

11761 Davidgill
is a main belt asteroid that was found on September 24, 1960.

11760 Auwers
is a main belt asteroid that was found on September 24, 1960.

11754 Herbig
11754 Herbig is a Main belt asteroid that was found on September 24, 1960 at Palomar Observatory by Cornelis Johannes van Houten, Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld and Tom Gehrels.

12341 Calevoet
12341 Calevoet is a main belt asteroid that was found on January 27, 1993 by Eric Elst.

12359 Cajigal
12359 Cajigal is a main belt asteroid that was found on September 22, 1993 by Orlando Naranjo.

12405 Nespoli
is a main belt asteroid that was found on September 15, 1995.

8041 Masumoto
8041 Masumoto (1993 VR2) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on November 15, 1993 by F. Uto at Kashihara.

10797 Guatemala
10797 Guatemala (1992 GO4) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on April 4, 1992 by E. W. Elst at the European Southern Observatory.

9357 Venezuela
9357 Venezuela (1992 AT3) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on January 11, 1992 by O. A. Naranjo at Merida.

6765 Fibonacci
6765 Fibonacci (1982 BQ2) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on January 20, 1982 by Ladislav Brožek at Kleť Observatory.

20002 Tillysmith
20002 Tillysmith (1991 EM) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on March 10, 1991 by R. H. McNaught at Siding Spring.

20004 Audrey-Lucienne
20004 Audrey-Lucienne (1991 GS6) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on April 8, 1991 by E. W. Elst at the European Southern Observatory.

20006 Albertus Magnus
20006 Albertus Magnus (1991 GH11) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on April 11, 1991 by F. Borngen at Tautenburg.

24450 Victorchang
is a main belt asteroid that was found on August 29, 2000 by J. Broughton at the Reedy Creek Observatory.

40764 Gerhardiser
40764 Gerhardiser (1999 TA16) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on January 4, 1999.

29837 Savage
29837 Savage (1999 FP5) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on March 21, 1999 by P. G. Comba at Prescott.

29845 Wykrota
29845 Wykrota (1999 FE21) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on March 22, 1999 by C. Jacques at Wykrota Observatory.

6013 Andanike
6013 Andanike (1991 OZ) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on July 18, 1991 by H. E. Holt at Palomar.

6014 Chribrenmark
6014 Chribrenmark (1991 PO10) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on August 7, 1991 by H. E. Holt at Palomar.

56329 Tarxien
56329 Tarxien (1999 WO1) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on November 28, 1999 by J. Ticha and M. Tichy at Klet.

56561 Jaimenomen
56561 Jaimenomen (2000 JG7) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on May 5, 2000 by Starkenburg Observatory at Heppenheim.

64070 NEAT
64070 NEAT (2001 SS272) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 24, 2001 by C. W. Juels and P. R. Holvorcem at Fountain Hills.

78905 Seanokeefe
78905 Seanokeefe (2003 SK85) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 16, 2003 by the Near-Earth Tracking (NEAT) project at Palomar Observatory.

8900 AAVSO
8900 AAVSO (1995 UD2) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on October 24, 1995 by D. di Cicco at Sudbury, Massachusetts.

Sudbury, Massachusetts
Sudbury is a town in Middlesex County of Massachusetts in the United States. About 16,850 people were living in Sudbury as of the year 2000. Sudbury has an area of 24.6 square miles.

Belleville, Ontario
Belleville is a city in the southeastern part of Ontario, Canada. It is the seat of Hastings County. About 48,820 people were living in Belleville as of the year 2006.

8721 AMOS
8721 AMOS (1996 AO3) is a Outer Main-belt Asteroid that was found on January 14, 1996 by AMOS at Haleakala.

13250 Danieladucato
13250 Danieladucato (1998 OJ) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on July 19, 1998 by A. Boattini and L. Tesi at San Marcello Pistoiese.

13251 Viot
is a main belt asteroid that was found on July 20, 1998.

132524 APL
132524 APL is an S-type asteroid that was found on June 13, 2006

Tropical Storm Nana (2008)
Tropical Storm Nana was the fourteenth tropical storm of the 2008 Atlantic hurricane season. The storm formed in early October from a tropical wave with a nearby low pressure area. The wave moved west-northwest with a small amount of convection, before being completely organized enough to become a tropical depression while west of the Cape Verde Islands. It became a tropical storm later that same day, and began weakening almost right away thereafter as it moved in to an area of higher vertical wind shear. The storm finally died out early on October 15. Nana did not have an effect on any land areas or ships.
Storm history.
A tropical wave moved west, awat from the western coast of Africa on October 6. This wave continued moving west with just a little bit of convection until October 8, when organized cloud bands began to form around its low-level center. The wave continued moving westward and organizing until it was called a tropical depression early on October 12, west of the Cape Verde Islands. It began moving towards the west-northwest because of a weakness in the subtropical ridge while becoming stronger to its strongest point of. As it did so, it went into an area of strong upper level winds, which began moving the thunderstorm clouds to the east of the center of circulation. Just twelve hours later, it had weakened back into a tropical depression, and by October 14 it had weakened back to just little more than a low-level cloud swirl. It died out early the next day as it combined itself with a powerful front, east-northeast of the Leeward Islands.
Forecasting, impact, naming, and records.
Tropical Storm Nana's formation was expected for a few days before it actually developed. Movement and strength predictions were also better than the long term average. Because of Nana's short life the sample size is not very meaningful. Tropical Storm Nana stayed in the middle of the Atlantic and never came near land. As a result, it had no known impact. No ships reported strong winds that came from the tropical storm.

29401 Asterix
29401 Asterix (1996 TE) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on October 1, 1996 by M. Tichy and Z. Moravec at Klet.

12796 Kamenrider
12796 Kamenrider (1995 WF) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on November 16, 1995 by Akimasa Nakamura at Kuma Kogen Astronomical Observatory.

38086 Beowulf
is a main belt asteroid that was found on May 5, 1999.

11697 Estrella
11697 Estrella is a Main Belt Asteroid that was found on March 31, 1998 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro.

Sample size
The sample size of a statistical sample is the number of observations that make up it. It is usually means "n", a positive integer (natural number).

12088 Macalintal
12088 Macalintal is a Main Belt Asteroid that was found on April 20, 1998 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro.

68410 Nichols
68410 Nichols (2001 QB154) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on August 16, 2001 by M. Collins and M. White at Anza.

71001 Natspasoc
71001 Natspasoc (1999 XL37) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on December 7, 1999 by C. W. Juels at Fountain Hills.

71000 Hughdowns
71000 Hughdowns is a Main Belt Asteroid that was found on December 7, 1999 by Charles W. Juels.

10068 Dodoens
10068 Dodoens (1989 CT2) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on February 4, 1989 by E. W. Elst at the European Southern Observatory.

10538 Torode
10538 Torode (1991 VP2) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on November 11, 1991 by B. G. W. Manning at Stakenbridge.

10390 Lenka
10390 Lenka (1997 QD1) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on August 27, 1997 by P. Pravec and M. Wolf at Ondrejov.

11112 Cagnoli
11112 Cagnoli is a main belt asteroid that was found on November 18, 1995 at Madonna di Dossobuono.

11363 Vives
is a main belt asteroid that was found on March 1, 1998.

11371 Camley
11371 Camley is a Main Belt Asteroid that was found on August 17, 1998, by LINEAR at Socorro, New Mexico.

10606 Crocco
10606 Crocco (1996 VD1) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on November 3, 1996 by V. Giuliani and F. Manca at Sormano.

11725 Victoriahsu
is a main belt asteroid that was found on April 21, 1998.

11763 Deslandres
is a main belt asteroid that was found on September 24, 1960.

13830 ARLT
13830 ARLT (1999 XM7) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on December 4, 1999 by C. W. Juels at Fountain Hills.

Accumulated Cyclone Energy
Accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) is a measure used by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to show the activity of each tropical cyclones and entire tropical cyclone seasons, particularly the Atlantic hurricane seasons. It uses an estimation of the energy used by a tropical system over its lifetime and is calculated in every six hours.

20529 Zwerling
20529 Zwerling (1999 RM53) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 7, 1999 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro.

(180731) 2004 JW35
180731 (2004 JW35) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on May 13, 2004 by James Whitney Young at the Table Mountain Observatory near Wrightwood, California.

(172533) 2003 UO9
172533 (2003 UO9) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on October 20, 2003 by James Whitney Young at the Table Mountain Observatory near Wrightwood, California.

(172627) 2003 XP10
172627 (2003 XP10) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on December 9, 2003 by James Whitney Young at the Table Mountain Observatory near Wrightwood, California.

12526 de Coninck
12526 de Coninck (1998 HZ147) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on April 25, 1998 by E. W. Elst at the European Southern Observatory.

1253 Frisia
1253 Frisia (1931 TV1) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on October 09, 1931 by Reinmuth, K. at Heidelberg.

1234 Elyna
1234 Elyna (1931 UF) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on October 18, 1931 by Karl Wilhelm Reinmuth at Heidelberg.

12339 Carloo
12339 Carloo (1992 YW1) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on December 18, 1992 by E. W. Elst at Caussols.

1233 Kobresia
1233 Kobresia (1931 TG2) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on October 10, 1931 by Karl Wilhelm Reinmuth at Heidelberg.

12360 Unilandes
12360 Unilandes (1993 SQ3) is a Outer Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 22, 1993 by O. A. Naranjo at Mrida.

12363 Marinmarais
12363 Marinmarais (1993 TA24) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on October 9, 1993 by E. W. Elst at the European Southern Observatory.

9965 GNU
9965 GNU is a C-type main belt asteroid that was found on March 5, 1992 by Spacewatch.

9793 Torvalds
9793 Torvalds is a Main Belt asteroid that was found on January 16, 1996 by Spacewatch.

9882 Stallman
9882 Stallman (1994 SS9) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 28, 1994 by Spacewatch at Kitt Peak.

52421 Daihoji
52421 Daihoji (1994 LA) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on June 1, 1994 by A. Nakamura at Kuma Kogen.

10423 Dajčić
is a main belt asteroid that was found on January 16, 1999.

Russians
Russians are people from russia. they speak russian.

55555 DNA
55555 DNA (2001 YR2) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on December 19, 2001 by C. W. Juels and P. R. Holvorcem at Fountain Hills.

117032 Davidlane
117032 Davidlane is a Main Belt asteroid that was found on May 14, 2004 by T. Glinos, D. Levy and W. Levy at Jarnac.

51825 Davidbrown
51825 Davidbrown () is a Main Belt asteroid that was found on July 19, 2001 at Palomar Observatory by the JPL Near Earth Asteroid Tracking Program.

Eurasian Avars
The Avars were a powerful Turkic group. They were lead by a leader, called a "khagan". They could be found in Central and Eastern Europe during the 6th century.

2006 Central Pacific cyclone
The 2006 Central Pacific cyclone, also called 91C.INVEST or Storm 91C, was a strange weather event in 2006. Forming on October 30 from a mid-latitude cyclone in the north Pacific mid-latitudes, it moved over waters warmer-than-normal. It got some characteristics more normal for subtropical or even tropical cyclones. However, as it came closer to western North America, it fell apart. Moisture from its remains then caused a lot of rainfall in British Columbia.
Storm history.
A cut-off extratropical cyclone over the central north Pacific moved into a place with sea surface temperatures as high as 2°C above normal for two days. By October 31 the system had gotton convection, a warmer-than-normal core, and an eye-like characteristic. During this time it had moved east, then northeast, and then northwest.
On November 1, the system had estimated winds of 100 km/h (60 mph) and its most developed convection. After that, it slowly weakened, moved counter-clockwise, and headed east towards the west coast of North America. On November 2, wind shear started affecting the storm, and all convection was gone by the next day, when it was located roughly 520 mi (840 km) off the coast of Oregon.
This system's center of circulation passed south of observation buoy 46637 on November 1. The buoy's lowest pressure reading was 989 mb/hPa. Other buoys indicated that a rather large area of low pressure was associated with the system. Buoy 46637 was not at the system's center of circulation, so it is possible that this system had a lower minimum pressure than was actually measured.
Impact, preparation, and records.
As a result to the weather system, the American National Weather Service gave out wind watches for the Oregon Coast. The system brought heavy rain to parts of Vancouver Island.
If Storm 91C is really a tropical or subtropical cyclone, it has several records. Since right now it is not officially either, its holding these records is also unofficial. Becuase the storm formed at 36°N, this system is the northernmost formation in the eastern north Pacific basin. The previous record-holder was Tropical Storm Wene, which formed at 32°N before crossing the dateline. In addition, this system's track data shows that it crossed from the central to the east Pacific because it formed at longitude 149°W and dissipated at 135°W. Only two other known tropical cyclones had done that before.
Nature of the system.
This system has been thought to be a tropical, subtropical, or extratropical cyclone.
The system was of frontal origin... the frontal structure was eventually lost... The convective structure resembled a tropical, rather than subtropical cyclone, and the radius of maximum winds (based on QuikSCAT) was very close to the center, also more typical of tropical cyclones... on balance, it was more tropical than subtropical.
Clark Evans of Florida State University reported that forecasting tools showed that the system's structure was same with that of a subtropical or barely tropical cyclone. NASA, which is not a meteorological agency, thought that the system was a subtropical cyclone.
In its review of the 2006 Atlantic hurricane season, the Canadian Hurricane Centre said that the storm was to be an extratropical cyclone. Since this system had one-minute sustained winds of 100 km/h (60 mi/h), which are above the 60 km/h (39 mi/h) boundary between a depression and a storm, it would be able to be a named storm if it was a tropical or subtropical cyclone. However, neither of the official Regional Specialized Meteorological Centers for the eastern north Pacific, the National Hurricane Center and the Central Pacific Hurricane Centre, include this system in their yearly archives, nor is it included in the official "best track" file. So this system is not an official tropical or subtropical cyclone of the 2006 Pacific hurricane season.

Braşov
Braşov is a city that is found in Braşov County in Romania. It is the capital of Braşov County. About 284,600 people were living in Braşov as of the year 2002. Braşov can be found in the center of Romania. The Southern Carpathians form a circle around the city. Braşov is part of the Transylvania area.

Tropical cyclone basins
Traditionally, areas of tropical cyclone formation are divided into seven basins. These include the north Atlantic Ocean, the eastern and western parts of the Pacific Ocean (considered separately because tropical cyclones rarely form in the central Pacific), the southwestern Pacific, the southwestern and southeastern Indian Oceans, and the northern Indian Ocean.

Bermuda Weather Service
The Bermuda Weather Service is Bermuda's national meteorological service.

Central Pacific Hurricane Centre
The Central Pacific Hurricane Center of the United States National Weather Service is the main body responsible for tracking and giving out tropical cyclone warnings, watches, advisories, discussions, and statements for the Central North Pacific Basin. The Central North Pacific Basin is the region of the Pacific Ocean that is north of the equator between 140 degrees west longitude and the International Date Line. In this area, the hurricane season lasts from June 1 through November 30.

Regional Specialized Meteorological Center
A Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre (also "Regional Specialized Meteorological Center" and "Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre") is responsible for giving out information, advisories, and warnings regarding the specific program they have a part of, agreed by decision at the World Meteorological Organization as part of the World Weather Watch.

12238 Actor
12238 Actor (1987 YU1) is a Jupiter Trojan that was found on December 17, 1987 by E. W. Elst and G. Pizarro at the European Southern Observatory.

7803 Adachi
7803 Adachi (1997 EW2) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on March 4, 1997 by T. Kobayashi at Oizumi.

85030 Admetos
85030 Admetos (2804 P-L) is a Jupiter Trojan that was found on September 24, 1960 by C. J. van Houten and I. van Houten-Groeneveld at Palomar.

60001 Adélka
60001 Adélka (1999 TG5) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on October 4, 1999 by L. Sarounová at the Ondřejov Observatory.

14042 Agafonov
14042 Agafonov (1995 UG5) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on October 16, 1995 by T. V. Kryachko at the Zelenchukskaya Station of Engelhardt Observatory.

16155 Buddy
16155 Buddy (2000 AF5) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on January 3, 2000 by J. Broughton at Reedy Creek Observatory.

7420 Buffon
7420 Buffon (1991 RP11) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 04, 1991 by Elst, E. W. at La Silla.

39335 Caccin
39335 Caccin is a main belt asteroid that was found on January 10, 2002 by CINEOS.

7121 Busch
7121 Busch (1989 AL7) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on January 10, 1989 by Borngen, F. at Tautenburg.

8256 Shenzhou
8256 Shenzhou is a Main Belt asteroid that was found on 25 October 1981 by the Purple Mountain Observatory.

8992 Magnanimity
8992 Magnanimity is an asteroid that was found on October 14, 1980 at the Purple Mountain Observatory in Nanking, China.

(173075) 2006 UC
173075 (2006 UC) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on October 16, 2006 by James Whitney Young at the Table Mountain Observatory near Wrightwood, California.

12527 Anneraugh
12527 Anneraugh (1998 JE3) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on May 1, 1998 by Lowell Observatory Near-Earth Object Search at Anderson Mesa Station.

12561 Howard
12561 Howard (1998 SX7) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 20, 1998 by Spacewatch at Kitt Peak.

12874 Poisson
12874 Poisson (1998 QZ) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on August 19, 1998 by P. G. Comba at Prescott.

7253 Nara
7253 Nara (1993 CL) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on February 13, 1993 by F. Uto at Uto.

13543 Butler
13543 Butler (1992 AO2) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on January 2, 1992 by Spacewatch at Kitt Peak.

96192 Calgary
96192 Calgary is a Main Belt Asteroid that was found by Andrew Lowe on October 6, 1991.

6256 Canova
6256 Canova is a main belt asteroid that was found on September 24, 1960 by Tom Gehrels.

17305 Caniff
17305 Caniff is a main belt asteroid that was found on September 24, 1960 by C. J. van Houten and I. van Houten-Groeneveld.

78816 Caripito
78816 Caripito is a main belt asteroid that was found on August 4, 2003 at the Needville Observatory.

11073 Cavell
11073 Cavell (1992 RA4) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 2, 1992 by E. W. Elst at the European Southern Observatory.

6349 Acapulco
6349 Acapulco (1995 CN1) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on February 8, 1995 by M. Koishikawa at the Ayashi Station of the Sendai Astronomical Observatory.

8833 Acer
8833 Acer (1989 RW) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 3, 1989 by E. W. Elst at Haute Provence.

22142 Loripryor
22142 Loripryor (2000 VC37) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on November 1, 2000 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro.

23122 Lorgat
is a main belt asteroid that was found on January 4, 2000.

35352 Texas
is a main belt asteroid that was found on August 7, 1997.

35358 Lorifini
35358 Lorifini (1997 SL17) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 27, 1997 by L. Tesi and M. Tombelli at San Marcello Pistoiese.

29292 Conniewalker
29292 Conniewalker (1993 KZ1) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on May 24, 1993 by C. S. Shoemaker and D. H. Levy at Palomar.

20282 Hedberg
20282 Hedberg (1998 FT51) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on March 20, 1998 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro.

24027 Downs
is a main belt asteroid that was found on September 9, 1999.

45073 Doyanrose
45073 Doyanrose (1999 XN37) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on December 7, 1999 by J. Ruthroff at Indianapolis.

13122 Drava
13122 Drava (1994 CV9) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on February 7, 1994 by E. W. Elst at the European Southern Observatory.

20281 Kathartman
20281 Kathartman (1998 FZ49) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on March 20, 1998 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro.

20283 Elizaheller
20283 Elizaheller (1998 FG55) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on March 20, 1998 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro.

20284 Andreilevin
20284 Andreilevin (1998 FL58) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on March 20, 1998 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro.

20285 Lubin
20285 Lubin (1998 FU58) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on March 20, 1998 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro.

20286 Michta
20286 Michta (1998 FT59) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on March 20, 1998 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro.

Abson
Abson is a hamlet in South Gloucestershire, England.

Arlington, Wisconsin
Arlington is a village in Columbia County, Wisconsin, United States. About 480 people were living in Arlington as of the year 2000. Arlington has an area of.7 square miles.

Discovery
__NOTOC__

15854 Numa
15854 Numa (1996 CX2) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on February 15, 1996 by V. S. Casulli at Colleverde di Guidonia.

12575 Palmaria
12575 Palmaria (1999 RH1) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 4, 1999 by P. Pietrapiana and L. Sannino at Monte Viseggi Observatory.

12931 Mario
12931 Mario (1999 TX10) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on October 7, 1999 by S. Sposetti at Gnosca.

133527 Fredearly
133527 Fredearly (2003 TZ) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on October 5, 2003 by James Whitney Young at the Table Mountain Observatory near Wrightwood, California.

13038 Woolston
13038 Woolston (1990 EN4) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on March 2, 1990 by E. W. Elst at the European Southern Observatory.

35441 Kyoko
35441 Kyoko (1998 BH33) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on January 31, 1998 by M. Akiyama at Mishima.

84224 Kyte
84224 Kyte (2002 RB233) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 9, 2002 by R. Matson on NEAT images taken at Haleakala.

58707 Kyoshi
58707 Kyoshi (1998 CS) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on February 2, 1998 by A. Nakamura at Kuma Kogen.

8539 Laban
8539 Laban (1993 FT32) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on March 19, 1993 by C.-I. Lagerkvist at the European Southern Observatory.

11438 Zeldovich
11438 Zeldovich (1973 QR1) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on August 29, 1973 by T. M. Smirnova at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory.

14244 Labnow
14244 Labnow (2000 AT29) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on January 3, 2000 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro.

Received Pronunciation
Received Pronunciation (or "RP", or "BBC English") is the name given to the standard accent of English used by the BBC. It is also sometimes taught in private schools. Foreign students of British English learn this kind of English at school. The British pronunciation of words given in dictionaries is in received pronunciation. Received pronunciation is used because there are many different accents used in Britain, and people think it is easier to learn to understand one accent than to learn to understand the many different accents.
Features.
Received Pronunciation is non-rhotic. This means that in words ending with an 'r', for example "car", the final 'r' is not pronounced.
Many words have long vowel sounds. For example, the 'a' in 'bath' rhymes is the same as in 'far', not the same as in 'cat'.

Nobutoshi Kaneda
Nobutoshi Kaneda (born 16 February, 1958) is a former Japanese football player. He has played for Nissan Motors and Japan national team.

Yoshikatsu Kawaguchi
Yoshikatsu Kawaguchi (born 15 August, 1975) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Júbilo Iwata and Japan national team.

Francesco Totti
Francesco Totti (born 27 September, 1976) is an Italian football player. He plays for Roma.

Celestine Babayaro
Celestine Babayaro (born 29 August, 1978) is a football player. He has played for Nigeria national team.

Takashi Fukunishi
Takashi Fukunishi (born 1 September, 1976) is a Japanese football player. He has played for Japan national team.

Tetsuo Nakanishi
Tetsuo Nakanishi (born 8 September, 1969) is a former Japanese football player.

Sunday Oliseh
Sunday Oliseh (born 14 September, 19) is a former football player. He has played for Nigeria national team.

Karel Poborský
Karel Poborský (born 30 March, 1972) is a former football player. He has played for Czech Republic national team.

Shoji Jo
Shoji Jo (born 17 June, 1975) is a former Japanese football player. He has played for Japan national team.

Julius Aghahowa
Julius Aghahowa (born 12 February, 1982) is a football player. He plays for Kayserispor.

Takumi Horiike
Takumi Horiike (born 6 September, 1965) is a former Japanese football player. He has played for Japan national team.

Michel Miyazawa
Michel Miyazawa (born 14 July, 1963) is a former Japanese football player.

Sydney F.C.
Sydney F.C. is a football club which plays in Australia.

Melbourne Victory F.C.
Melbourne Victory F.C. is a football club which plays in Australia.

Newcastle United Jets F.C.
Newcastle United Jets F.C. is a football club which plays in Australia.

Street prostitution
People working in this area are often regarded as the lowest type of prostitutes, but street prostitution also allows for people to only work occasionally, for example when they need money to buy drugs.

Excitebike 64
"Excitebike 64" is a video game published by Nintendo and developed by Left Field Productions. It was released in North America on April 30, 2000 for the Nintendo 64. It is the series' first 3D game. "Excitebike 64" is the sequel to the acclaimed NES game "Excitebike" and is the second title in the series. It was later succeeded by the Wii game "Excite Truck".
Reception.
The game received an average 88 out of 100 from the review compilation site Metacritic..

Ion Ivanovici
Ion Ivanovici (alternatively, Iosif Ivanovici, Josef Ivanovici, baptised as Jovan Ivanović) (born 1845 in Timişoara, died September 28, 1902 in Bucharest) was a Romanian military band leader and composer.
Today Ivanovici is especially remembered for his waltz "The Waves of the Danube", Donauwellen in German, in his lifetime he composed over 350 dances, and his works were published by over sixty publishing houses throughout the world. In 1889, Ivanovici won the much-desired march prize to mark the World Exhibition in Paris, out of 116 entries.
Ivanovici's Dabube Waves was first published in the U.S. in 1896, and republished in 1903, by the Theodore Lohr Company in an arrangement for piano by Simon Adler. The published version was called "Waves of the Danube". The composition is most commonly known as "Danube Waves Waltz".

Mihai Eminescu
Mihai Eminescu (pronunciation in Romanian:) (January 15 1850 – June 15 1889), born "Mihail Eminovici", was a late Romantic poet, the best-known and most influential Romanian poet. Famous poems include "Luceafărul" ("Evening Star"), "Odă în metru antic" ("Ode in ancient meter"), and the five "Scrisori" ("Epistles/Satires"). Eminescu was active in the "Junimea" literary society, and served as editor of "Timpul", the official newspaper of the Conservative Party.

Pan flute
The pan flute or pan pipe (also known as panflute or panpipes) is an old musical instrument that has five or more pipes of gradually increasing length (and, at times, girth). The pan flute has been a folk instrument, and is considered the first mouth organ, ancestor of both the pipe organ and the harmonica.

Autocephaly
Autocephalyis the status of a church where the bishop does not report to a higher ranking bishop.

Getae
The Getae (, singular Γέτης) was the name given by the Greeks to several Thracian tribes that occupied the regions south of the Lower Danube, in what is today northern Bulgaria, and north of the Lower Danube, in Romania.

Dacians
The Dacians (Lat. "Daci", Gr. "Dákai") were an Indo-European people, the ancient inhabitants of Dacia (located in the area in and around the Carpathian mountains and east of there to the Black Sea), present-day Romania and Moldova, parts of Sarmatia (mostly in eastern Ukraine) and Scythia Minor in southeastern Europe (Romania and Bulgaria).

Scythians
The Scythians or Scyths () were an Iranian speaking people of horse-riding nomadic pastoralists who dominated the Pontic steppe throughout Classical Antiquity. By Late Antiquity the closely-related Sarmatians came to dominate the Scyths in this area. Much of the surviving information about the Scyths comes from the Greek historian Herodotus (c. 440 BC) in his "Histories", and archaeologically from the exquisite goldwork found in Scythian burial mounds in Ukraine and Southern Russia.

Wayne Bridge
Wayne Bridge is an English footballer. He was born on August 5, 1980. He plays for Manchester City.

Shaun Wright-Phillips
Shaun Wright-Phillips is an English footballer. He was born on October 25, 1981. He plays for Manchester City.

Darren Bent
Darren Bent is an English footballer. He was born on February 6, 1984. He plays for Tottenham Hotspur.

Stewart Downing
Stewart Downing is an English footballer. He was born on July 22, 1984. He plays for Middlesbrough.

Matthew Upson
Matthew Upson is an English footballer. He was born on April 18, 1979. He plays for West Ham.

Micah Richards
Micah Richards is an English footballer. He was born on June 24, 1988. He plays for Manchester City.

Scott Parker
Scott Parker is an English footballer. He was born on October 13, 1980. He plays for West Ham.

Curtis Davies
Curtis Davies is an English footballer. He was born on March 15, 1985. He plays for Aston Villa.

Jimmy Bullard
Jimmy Bullard is an English footballer. He was born on October 23, 1978. He plays for Fulham.

List of geological features on Ariel
This list of geological features on Ariel tells you the named geological things on the moon of Uranus called Ariel. Nearly all of the features are named after fictional or mythological people, places or things.
Valleys.
Valleys on Ariel are called "valles".
Chasms.
Chasms on Ariel are called "chasmata".

List of geological features on Miranda
This is a list of named geological things on Miranda.
Craters.
Craters on Miranda are named after characters in Shakespeare's play "The Tempest".
Coronae.
Coronae on Miranda are named after the places where plays by Shakespeare happen.
Scarps.
Scarps on Miranda are called rupes. They are named after the places where plays by Shakespeare happen.
Sulci.
sulci on Miranda are named after the places where plays by Shakespeare happen.

List of geological features on Oberon
This is a list of named geological things on Oberon.
Chasmata.
There is one named chasm on Oberon.
Craters.
Craters on Oberon are named after characters in the plays of William Shakespeare.

List of geological features on Titania
This is a list of named geological things on Titania.
Chasms.
Chasms on Titania are called chasmata. They are named after the places where plays by Shakespeare happen.
Scarps.
Escarpments on Titania are called rupes. They are named after the places where plays by Shakespeare happen.
Craters.
craters on Titania are named after female characters in the plays of William Shakespeare.

12340 Stalle
12340 Stalle (1992 YJ2) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on December 18, 1992 by E. W. Elst at Caussols.

12386 Nikolova
12386 Nikolova (1994 UK5) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on October 28, 1994 by Spacewatch at Kitt Peak.

12408 Fujioka
12408 Fujioka (1995 SP2) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 20, 1995 by Akimasa Nakamura at Kuma Kogen Astronomical Observatory.

12460 Mando
12460 Mando (1997 AF5) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on January 3, 1997 by N. Sato at Chichibu.

12477 Haiku
12477 Haiku (1997 EY20) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on March 4, 1997 by Spacewatch at Kitt Peak.

Eugène Joseph Delporte
Eugène Joseph Delporte (January 10, 1882–October 19, 1955) was a Belgian astronomer. He is known for discovering 66 asteroids.
Findings.
Some of his notable discoveries are 1221 Amor (whose name was later used for the Amor asteroids) and the Apollo asteroid, 2101 Adonis. Delporte discovered some comets as well, including periodic comet, du Toit-Neujmin-Delporte. He worked in the Observatoire Royal de Belgique (Belgian Royal Observatory), located in the town of Uccle (which was used to name 1276 Ucclia).
The crater Delporte on the Moon is named after Eugène Delporte.

129234 Silly
is a main belt asteroid that was found on August 8, 2005.

13025 Zürich
is a main belt asteroid that was found on January 28, 1989.

13018 Geoffjames
13018 Geoffjames (1988 GF) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on April 10, 1988 by E. F. Helin at Palomar Observatory.

Apollo asteroids
The Apollo asteroids are a group of asteroids near Earth named after 1862 Apollo, the first asteroid of this group to be discovered by Karl Wilhelm Reinmuth. They are asteroids that cross Earth. Some of these asteroids can get very close to the Earth, making them a potential threat to our planet.

6354 Vangelis
6354 Vangelis (1934 GA) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on April 03, 1934 by Eugène Delporte at Uccle.

13049 Butov
13049 Butov (1990 RF17) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 15, 1990 by L. V. Zhuravleva at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory.

Perpetual motion
The term perpetual motion refers to a movement that goes on forever. More specifically, the term refers to a closed system (or a machine) that produces more energy than it consumes. Such a device or system would be against the law of conservation of energy, which states that energy can never be created or destroyed. The most conventional type of perpetual motion machine is a mechanical system which (supposedly) sustains motion despite losing energy to friction and air resistance, or while avoiding losing energy to friction and air resistance. According to the law of conservation of energy, such a device cannot exist.

RPG Maker
The RPG Maker is a software which can be used to develop RPG (Role Playing Game) games easily even for people that are not experienced in game design (making games). Until 2003 the program has been created by the japanese company ASCII. From then on Enterbrain continued the development. The RPG Maker has a Graphical User Interface (GUI) which makes operating very simple. The software contains many options to customize a game. Within every version is a Run Time Package (RTP). The RTP contains many different graphics and sounds, although self-created files can be imported into the program as long as they are in the correct format(size, type of file...).
German.
It is the most successful RPG Maker game that has ever been developed in Germany. Many local magazines (Screenfun, Gamestar) wrote about this game. At first Vampires Dawn has been made for the computer like all RPG Maker games. After that Marlex developed another game about vampires for mobile phones. Currently an independent company called Clockstone is working on a release of Vampires Dawn for the Nintendo DS.
This is a demonstration of a high level of the technical power of the RPG Maker 2000. Lachsen is known to be one of the best coders in the German scene.
French.
This is a demonstration of a high level of the graphical power of the RPG Maker 2000.

Sphinx pinastri
The Pine Hawk-moth "(Sphinx pinastri)" is a moth of the family Sphingidae. It is found in Palearctic ecozone and sometimes the Nearctic ecozone. This species has been found in Scotland but is usually found in England.
The larvae feed on Scots Pine, Swiss Pine, Siberian Pine and Norway Spruce.
Description.
"Sphinx pinastri's" wings are gray with black dashes. The wingspan is 2 3/4 - 3 1/2 inches (7-9 mm). The moth flies from April to August depending on the location.
The back of the thorax is grey with two dark bands around both sides.
Life.
The females lay their eggs in groups of 2 or 3 along pine or spruce needles.

11240 Piso
11240 Piso (4175 P-L) is a Main-belt Asteroid. That means that it is part of the main asteroid belt.

11241 Eckhout
11241 Eckhout (6792 P-L) is a Main-belt Asteroid. That means that it is part of the main asteroid belt.

11251 Icarion
11251 Icarion (1973 SN1) is a Jupiter Trojan. That means that it shares Jupiters' orbit.

Ally
Ally is a word which means a person or a group that works together with another person or a group. However, although each other works together, if one side works only for its profit and does not care about another's benefit, the one is not an ally of another one. If those two are in the relation of an 'ally,' both should take a benefit of their work, not only one, because this relationship is based on trust.

Tropical Storm Laura (2008)
Tropical Storm Laura was the twelfth named storm of the 2008 Atlantic hurricane season. Laura formed out of a large non-tropical low pressure area located 1015 miles (1635 km) west of the western islands of the Azores on September 29. Laura slowly got tropical characteristics throughout the day as it moved over warmer waters. On the afternoon of September 30, Laura had gotten enough tropical characteristics to be designated as a "Tropical Storm". Soon after becoming tropical, Laura began to start an extratropical transition, which did not completely take place until the morning of October 1. Laura became reduced into a post-tropical cyclone later that morning, and the National Hurricane Center gave out its last advisory on the storm.
Meteorological History.
In late September, a large non-tropical system located over the north-central Atlantic slowly moved westward away from the Azores. The low produced hurricane-force winds, but did not exhibit the characteristics of a tropical cyclone. The storm steadily weakened over the following days, but developed tropical characteristics as it moved over slightly warmer waters. By September 29, the low had developed sufficient convection and was declared Subtropical Storm Laura. Upon being upgraded, cold cloud tops began to wrap around the center of Laura and consolidate near the center of circulation. The convection organized around the center quickly and a satellite pass over the storm revealed that it could be intensifying. A later satellite pass disregarded the possibility of intensification as the intensity was confirmed to be at 60 mph (95 km/h).
The overall structure of Laura remained subtropical but there were indications that it was acquiring tropical characteristics. During the afternoon, satellites revealed that Laura had developed a deep warm core, a characteristic of a tropical cyclone, but the wind field remained subtropical in nature. By the nighttime hours, the radius of the strongest winds contracted to 80 mi (130 km), much smaller than what is typical of a subtropical cyclone. However, Laura was still under the influence of an upper-level low and cloud tops remained shallow. However, the cloud tops became colder overnight and Laura was on the verge of becoming a tropical cyclone by the morning of September 30, but strong interaction with the upper-level low meant it was still subtropical. Despite moving over colder waters, a water vapor satellite image determined that Laura had separated itself from the upper-level low, signifying it had developed into a tropical cyclone. Laura was upgraded to a tropical storm at a relatively high latitude, 41.2°N.
Not long after being declared tropical, early signs of an extratropical transition appeared. Cold air began to enter the storm on the west side and forecast models showed Laura becoming extratropical the next morning and non-tropical later the next day. Overnight, convection associated with Laura began to diminish and lose tropical characteristics, but still retained its status. Early on October 1, the extratropical transition was fully apparent. Laura remained tropical but the cloud pattern was becoming frontal and there was little convection around the center of the system. Laura later degenerated into a post-tropical cyclone, a term that had been previously used by the Canadian Hurricane Centre to describe a storm that has lost tropical characteristics, but is not subtropical or extratropical. The transition was forecasted to be complete by the end of the day.
Impact.
While Laura was a tropical cyclone, it never came near land, so no effects or damages happened and no one died. But, the storm's remains were caught in an upper-level jet stream, and was pushed towards Europe. Heavy rain fell across parts of Britain, creating localized build up of flood waters. Because of that, Glebe Road near Windermere, England was closed in both directions, and along the A65 road between Old Hutton and Kirkby Lonsdale, previously wet soil, as well with overwhelmed storm drains resulted in localized flooding. Traffic on the M6 Motorway was slowed because of bad driving conditions.
After the remains of now extratropical Laura made its final landfall on the southern coast of the Netherlands, its rain clouds started mix with with a cold front related to a well-developed low west of Norway, dropping up to 113 mm (4.5 in) of precipitation in the northwestern Netherlands, flooding streets and homes in the village of Hippolytushoef. More than 10,000 people lost electricity in southern Norway because of damage to the electrical system created by the remains of the storm.

8887 Scheeres
8887 Scheeres (1994 LK1) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on June 9, 1994 by E. F. Helin at Palomar.

8885 Sette
8885 Sette (1994 EL3) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on March 13, 1994 by M. Tombelli and V. Goretti at Cima Ekar.

Implied repeal
The Doctrine of Implied repeal is a concept in English constitutional theory which states that an earlier Act of Parliament cannot be used to amend or repeal a later Act. Where conflict arises between two seemingly contradictory statutes it is the later Act which takes precedent. This doctrine is expressed in the Latin phrase "leges posteriores priores contrarias abrogant".

Building inspections
Overview.
Consulting engineers often carry out structural building inspections for strata properties where there are structural elements of the building found to be unsafe. Whether it is the balconies, balustrades or cracking due to settlement in the walls, engineers provide building inspections of the property and make the appropriate assessment and provide dilapidation reports followed by proposals for remedial action..

75564 Audobon
is a main belt asteroid that was found in January 2, 2000.

7558 Yurlov
7558 Yurlov (1982 TB2) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on October 14, 1982 by L. G. Karachkina at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory.

John de Menteith
Sir John de Menteith (c. 1275 - c. 1323) was a Scottish nobleman.
On August 3rd, 1305, William Wallace was captured at Robroyston, near Glasgow. His captor, Sir John Menteith, the ‘false’ Menteith, has gone down in Scottish legend as the betrayer of Wallace, but he acted as many others would have. Menteith was no English lackey, and in 1320 he put his seal to the Declaration of Arbroath.

Zezë
The Zezë is a river that can be found in the western part of Albania.

Dragova River
The Dragova River is a tributary of the Bistriţa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Bistriţa River.

Digital subscriber line
DSL (for Digital Subscriber Loop or Digital Subscriber Line) is the base for a number of technologies used to transmit digital data over a telephone line. Telephone lines only transmit a limited spectrum of signals (roughly 20 Hertz to 20.000 Hertz, for voice). This means that the other frequencies can be used to transmit data. The data is multiplexed onto the telephone line. At both ends, a device called "Splitter" (or DSL filter) separates the data part and the telephony part. DSL provides the physical layer, the lowest layer of the OSI Model. ATM or Ethernet is used as data link layer, IP at the network layer.
DSL signals can also be used without a telephony line (or multiplexed onto something else, for example Cable TV). Multiplexing onto telephone lines is the most common scenario though.
At the end of the consumer, a DSL modem converts the signals to be able to travel on the phone line; at the other end, a DSLAM multiplexes the signals onto the internet backbone of the provider.
Most of the time, the DSL lines of consumers are asymmetric, this is called ADSL and means that there is more bandwidth in one direction than in the other.
Typically, the download speed of consumer DSL services ranges from 256 kilobits per second (kbit/s) to 24,000 kbit/s, depending on DSL technology, line conditions and service level implemented. Typically, upload speed is lower than download speed for Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) and equal to download speed for the rarer Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line (SDSL).
Voice and data.
DSL (VDSL) typically works by dividing the frequencies used in a single phone line into two primary "bands". The ISP data is carried over the high-frequency band (25 kHz and above) while the voice is carried over the lower-frequency band (4 kHz and below). The user typically installs a DSL filter on each phone. This removes the high frequencies from the phone line, so that the phone only sends or receives the lower frequencies (the human voice). The DSL modem and the normal telephone equipment can be used on the line at the same time without interference from each other.
Equipment.
The customer end of the connection consists of a Terminal Adaptor (a DSL modem). This converts data from the digital signals used by computers into a voltage signal of a suitable frequency range which is then applied to the phone line.
In some DSL variations (for example, HDSL), the terminal adapter is directly connected to the computer via a serial interface, using protocols such as RS-232 or V.35. In other cases (particularly ADSL), it is common for the customer equipment to be integrated with higher level functionality, such as routing, firewalling, or other application-specific hardware and software. In this case, the entire equipment is usually referred to as a DSL router or DSL gateway.

12067 Jeter
12067 Jeter (1998 FH42) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on March 20, 1998 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro.

12075 Legg
12075 Legg (1998 FX69) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on March 20, 1998 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro.

12118 Mirotsin
12118 Mirotsin (1999 NC9) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on July 13, 1999 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro.

12130 Mousa
12130 Mousa (1999 RD146) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 9, 1999 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro.

12812 Storm
12182 Storm (1973 UQ5) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on October 27, 1973 by F. Borngen at Tautenburg.

12270 Bozar
12270 Bozar (1990 QR9) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on August 16, 1990 by E. W. Elst at the European Southern Observatory.

12279 Laon
12279 Laon (1990 WP4) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on November 16, 1990 by E. W. Elst at the European Southern Observatory.

12280 Reims
12280 Reims (1990 WS4) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on November 16, 1990 by E. W. Elst at the European Southern Observatory.

12368 Mutsaers
12368 Mutsaers (1994 CM11) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on February 7, 1994 by E. W. Elst at the European Southern Observatory.

12445 Sirataka
12445 Sirataka (1996 HE2) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on April 24, 1996 by T. Okuni at Nanyo.

16494 Oka
is a main belt asteroid that was found on September 22, 1990.

16563 Ob
is a main belt asteroid that was found on January 30, 1992.

188178 Rinckart
is a main belt asteroid that was found on September 23, 1992.

48909 Laurake
is a main belt asteroid that was found on June 26, 1998.

49987 Bonata
is a main belt asteroid that was found on January 3, 2000.

23166 Bilal
is a main belt asteroid that was found on April 7, 2000.

Ken Naganuma
Ken Naganuma (born 5 September, 1930) is a former Japanese football player. He has played for Furukawa Electric and Japan national team.

Masaaki Yanagishita
Masaaki Yanagishita (born 1 January, 1960) is a former Japanese football player. He has played for Yamaha Motors.

Koichi Hashiratani
Koichi Hashiratani (born 1 March, 1961) is a former Japanese football player. He has played for Japan national team.

Yasutaro Matsuki
Yasutaro Matsuki (born 28 November, 1957) is a former Japanese football player. He has played for Yomiuri and Japan national team.

Takeo Takahashi
Takeo Takahashi (former name; Takeo Kimura, born 31 May, 1947) is a former Japanese football player. He has played for Japan national team.

Hugo Fernández
Hugo Fernández (born 2 February, 1945) is a former football manager.

Hajime Ishii
Hajime Ishii (born 26 May, 1959) is a former Japanese football player.

Tetsuji Hashiratani
Tetsuji Hashiratani (born 15 July, 1964) is a former Japanese football player. He has played for Japan national team.

Eiji Ueda
Eiji Ueda (born 22 December, 1953) is a former Japanese football player. He has played for Fujita Industries.

Tijani Babangida
Tijani Babangida (born 25 September, 1973) is a former football player. He has played for Nigeria national team.

LMS diesel shunters
The London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) pioneered the use of diesel shunting locomotives in Great Britain.

British Rail Class 01/5
The Class 01/5 designation encompasses a variety of privately-owned shunting locomotives that are passed to be operated on the British mainline railway system. The types of shunter issued numbers under this classification are generally designs which did not operate under British Rail or did not carry TOPS numbers.
Preservation.
To date, one Class 01/5 registered locomotive has been preserved.

British Rail 11001
11001 was one of the first British Railways diesel locomotives. It was built in 1949 at British Railways' Ashford Works. It was designed by O. V. S. Bulleid when he was Chief Mechanical Engineer of the Southern Railway. It was powered by a Paxman RPH Series 1 engine, capable of delivering 500 bhp at 1,250 rpm. It was driven via a Vulcan Sinclair fluid coupling to an SSS (Synchro-Self-Shifting) Powerflow gearbox. The gearbox provided three forward and reverse gears in either high or low range. It gave a top speed ranging from 5 mph (8 h) in 1st gear, low range up to 36 mph (58 km/h). It had an 0-6-0 wheel formation.

British Rail 11104
British Railways' 11104 locomotive was built by F. C. Hibberd & Co Ltd and introduced by British Railways in 1959.

British Rail 15107
British Rail 15107 was a locomotive commissioned by the Great Western Railway, but delivered to British Railways after nationalisation. It was a diesel powered locomotive in the pre-TOPS period built by Brush Traction with a Petter 4-cylinder engine.

British Rail Class D1/1
British Rail Class D1/1 (formerly DY1) was a class of locomotive commissioned by British Rail in England. It was a diesel locomotive in the pre-TOPS period built by the Hunslet Engine Company with a Gardner 6L3 engine.

British Rail Class D1/3
British Rail Class D1/3 (formerly DY1) was a locomotive commissioned by British Rail in England. It was a diesel powered locomotive in the pre-TOPS period built by Ruston & Hornsby.

British Rail Class D2/1
British Rail Class D2/1 was a locomotive commissioned by British Rail in England. It was a diesel powered locomotive in the pre-TOPS period built by the North British Locomotive Company with a Paxman engine.

British Rail Class D2/5
British Rail Class D2/5 was a locomotive commissioned by British Rail in England. It was a diesel powered locomotive in the pre-TOPS period built by Andrew Barclay with a Gardner engine.

British Rail Class D2/7
British Rail Class D2/7 was a locomotive commissioned by British Rail in England. It was a diesel powered locomotive in the pre-TOPS period built by Hudswell Clarke with a Gardner engine. The mechanical transmission, using a scoop control fluid coupling and three-speed "Power-flow SSS" (synchro-self-shifting) gearbox, was a Hudswell Clarke speciality.

Yasuharu Sorimachi
Yasuharu Sorimachi (born 8 March, 1964) is a former Japanese football player. He has played for Japan national team.

Takayuki Suzuki
Takayuki Suzuki (born 5 June, 1976) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Portland Timbers.

Bismarck Barreto Faria
Bismarck Barreto Faria (born 17 September, 1969) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.

Genoa C.F.C.
Genoa C.F.C. is a football club which plays in Italy.

U.S. Pro Vercelli Calcio
U.S. Pro Vercelli Calcio is a football club which plays in Italy.

A.S. Casale Calcio
A.S. Casale Calcio is a football club which plays in Italy.

U.S.D. Novese
U.S.D. Novese is a football club which plays in Italy.

Bologna F.C. 1909
Bologna F.C. 1909 is a football club which plays in Italy.

British Rail Class D2/10
British Rail Class D2/10 was a locomotive type commissioned by British Rail. It was a diesel-hydraulic shunting locomotive in the pre-TOPS period built by the North British Locomotive Company (NBL). The NBL/MAN engines were built by the North British Locomotive Company in Scotland under licence from the German company MAN.

Torino F.C. 1906
Torino F.C. 1906 is a football club which plays in Italy.

British Rail Class D2/11
In 1958 Brush Traction Ltd and Beyer Peacock co-operated to produce five prototype diesel-electric shunting locomotives of 0-4-0 wheel arrangement. They were intended to demonstrate a new generation of diesel shunters for industrial and mainline use. Two were loaned to British Railways for trials, and one was subsequently purchased by BR. However no large scale orders resulted from these demonstrators.

Dr. No (movie)
Dr. No is a 1962 film directed by Terence Young and it gets its story line from the James Bond book by Ian Fleming of the same name.
The star of the film was Sean Connery and this was the first time that he had played James Bond. The film is remembered by many people because of the moment when Ursula Andress walks out of the sea in a white bikini.
This film started the James Bond series of films which are still being made today.

British Rail Class D2/12
British Rail Class D2/12 was a locomotive commissioned by British Rail in England. It was a diesel powered locomotive in the pre-TOPS period built by Hudswell Clarke with a Gardner engine. The mechanical transmission, using a scoop control fluid coupling and four-speed "Power-flow SSS" (synchro-self-shifting) gearbox, was a Hudswell Clarke speciality.

British Rail Class D3/1
British Rail Class D3/1 was a locomotive commissioned by British Rail in England. It was a diesel powered locomotive in the pre-TOPS period built by the North British Locomotive Company. The NBL/MAN engines were built by the North British Locomotive Company in Scotland under licence from the German company MAN.

True Cross
The True Cross is the name given to parts which are believed to be from the actual cross upon which Jesus was crucified.
Empress Helena (c.250–c.330 AD) was the mother of Constantine, the first Christian Emperor of Rome. Christianity was legalised throught the Roman Empire in 312. According to the early writers, like Socrates Scolaticus, Helena travelled to the Holy Land, founding churches and establishing relief agencies for the poor. She is said to have discovered the resting place of the three crosses used at the crucifixion of Jesus and the two thieves - Dismas and Gestas - who were executed with him. Through a miracle it was revealed which of the three was the "True Cross".
Many churches have fragmentary remains which are by tradition alleged to be those of the "True Cross." Their authenticity is not accepted by all those of the Christian faith. Many Christians question the accuracy of the reports surrounding the discovery of the "True Cross". The acceptance and belief of that part of the tradition that pertains to the Early Christian Church is generally restricted to the Catholic and Orthodox Churches. The Medieval legends where it came from are not the same in Catholic and Orthodox tradition. These churches honour Helena as a saint, as does also the Anglican Communion.

British Rail Class 401
The Southern Railway (SR) gave the designation 2Bil to the DC third rail electric multiple units built during the 1930s to work long-distance semi-fast services on the newly electrified lines from London to Eastbourne, Portsmouth and Reading. This type of unit survived long enough in British Rail ownership to be allocated TOPS Class 401.

British Rail Class 402
The Southern Railway (SR) gave the designation 2Hal to the electric multiple units built during the late 1930s to work long-distance semi-fast services on the newly electrified lines from London to Maidstone and Gillingham (Kent). This type of unit survived long enough in British Rail ownership to be allocated TOPS Class 402.

British Rail Class 403
The Southern Railway (SR) gave the designation 5BEL to the 5-car all-Pullman electric multiple units built to work the prestigious Brighton Belle trains between London Victoria and Brighton. These units survived long enough in British Rail ownership to be allocated TOPS Class 403. Between 1933 and 1935 the units were designated 5PUL (the 'PUL' code was then used for the 6PUL units).

British Rail Class 404
The Southern Railway (SR) gave the designations 4Cor, 4Res, 4Buf and 4Gri to the different types of electric multiple unit built to work the route between London Waterloo and Portsmouth Harbour. The 4Cor type units survived long enough in British Rail ownership to be allocated TOPS Class 404. The Cor designation had previously been used for the 6Pul units and was reused by them during World War II when the Pullman car was stored, but this stock was different from the 4Cor units.

7317 Cabot
7317 Cabot is a main belt asteroid that was found on March 12, 1940 by György Kulin.

21410 Cahill
21410 Cahill is a main belt asteroid that was found on March 20, 1998 by LINEAR.

British Rail Class 405
The Southern Railway (SR) gave the designation Sub to the wide variety of electric multiple units that were used on inner-suburban workings in the South London area. Originally these units were formed as three-car units, but in the 1940s, all surviving units were increased to four cars by the addition of an 'Augmentation' trailer. New four-car units were also built at this time, and these survived in passenger use until late 1983, by which time British Rail had allocated to them TOPS Class 405.

21409 Forbes
21409 Forbes (1998 FC65) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on March 20, 1998 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro.

British Rail Class 411
The British Rail Class 411 (or 4 Cep) electrical multiple units were built at Eastleigh works from 1956-63 for the newly electrified main lines in Kent. These units were based on the earlier Southern Railway 4Cor design, built in 1937.

British Rail Class 413
The British Rail Class 413 (or 4Cap) units were formed in 1982 by permanently coupling two Class 414 2Hap units together. The cabs in the centre of the unit were decommissioned, thus reducing the weight of the units.

Logical disk
A logical disk is a concept from computing. Logical disks provide a certain amount of space to store data. Unlike real (called "physical") hard disks that can be touched, logical disks can take this storage space from different locations.
The disk is described as "logical" because it does not actually exist as a single physical entity in its own right.
Why do we need them?
When IBM first released the magnetic disk drive in the 1956 (IBM 305) a single drive would be directly attached to the using system, with each disk managed as a single entity. As the development of drives continued, it became apparent that reliability was a problem and systems using RAID technology evolved. This means that more than one physical disks are "RAID-ed" together to produce a single logical disk.
In a modern home PC environment, disk drives now provide hundreds of gigabytes of storage capacity which can be impractical to use as a single entity. Therefore most systems have their drives partitioned into multiple "logical drives".
In most modern business IT environments, some form of a Storage area network will exist. Here, many storage devices are connected to many host server devices in a network. A single RAID array may provide some capacity to one server, and some capacity to another. Therefore logical disks are used to partition the available capacity and provide the amount of storage needed by each host from a common pool of logical disks.

British Rail Class 414
The British Rail Class 414 (or 2Hap) electric multiple units were built between 1956 and 1963.

11426 Molster
is a main belt asteroid that was found on September 24, 1960.

11423 Cronin
11423 Cronin (1999 LT24) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on June 9, 1999 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro.

British Rail Class 415
British Rail Class 415 (or 4EPB) was a suburban 750V DC third rail electric multiple unit commissioned by the Southern Region of British Railways. Built between 1951 and 1957, it became the most numerous class on the region after the withdrawal of the 4Subs. The final trains were withdrawn in the 1990s, replaced by Class 455, 456, 465 and 466

British Rail Class 416
The British Rail Class 416 (or 2EPB) electric multiple units were built between 1953 and 1956. They were intended for inner suburban passenger services on London's Southern Electric network.

25039 Chensun
25039 Chensun is a Main Belt asteroid that was found on August 17, 1998, by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro.

British Rail Class 418
British Rail Class 418 (or 2Sap) was a class of electrical multiple unit commissioned by British Railways Southern Region. in England. The units were formed in the 1970s by simply declassifying the first class accommodation in selected 2Hap units. They were employed on inner suburban routes such as the Hounslow Loop.

Robert Green
Robert Green is an English footballer. He was born on January 18, 1980. He plays for West Ham.

25042 Qiujun
25042 Qiujun is a Main Belt asteroid that was found on August 17, 1998 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro.

British Rail Class 419
The British Rail Class 419 Motor Luggage Vans (or MLV) were built from 1951-61 by BR at Eastleigh Works.

British Rail Class 421
The British Rail Class 421 (or 4Cig) electrical multiple units were built at BR York Works from 1964-1972. Units were built in two batches, and were initially introduced on services on the Brighton Main Line. Later units were introduced on services to Portsmouth. These units replaced older Southern Railway-designed units, such as the 5Bel "Brighton Belle" units, and 4Cor units. These trains were known commonly as "slam-doors".

British Rail Class 423
The British Rail Class 423 (or 4Vep) electrical multiple units were built by BR at York Works from 1967 to 1974, although the MBSOs and TSOs of the first 20, 7701-7720, were constructed at Derby Works. They feature manually opening doors next to every seating row. They were mostly found working outer suburban services in South London, and rural services in Kent and Sussex, up to 2005 when they were finally replaced by Electrostar and Desiro units.

25043 Fangxing
25043 Fangxing is a Main Belt asteroid that was found on August 17, 1998 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro.

British Rail Class 424
The British Rail Class 424 "Networker Classic" electric multiple unit (EMU) was built in 1997 by ADtranz at Derby. It was a prototype vehicle rebuilt from a Class 421 driving trailer vehicle.

Always (Sum 41 song)
"Always" is the most recent single by Sum 41, released on their first compilation album '. It is the only new song on the record, recorded especially for this release, and was released as a radio single on December 9, 2008.
Although the album was released on November 26, 2008, the song was released to the public for free listening on the Universal Japan website on November 11, 2008.
Overview.
"Always" is not a typical Sum 41 song. It switches tempos back and forth during the whole song, from an acoustic slow intro to an up-tempo verse and chorus, up until a quiet piano break, again into an up-tempo chorus, and back to a totally stripped acoustic slow break from the whole tempo of the song. The song features a prominent use of piano and acoustic guitar, and has a much heavier sound then the one present on the band's last album "Underclass Hero".
Like the band's last effort, "Underclass Hero", the song was totally produced, mixed and engineered by lead singer Deryck Whibley himself.

British Rail Class 432
The British Rail 4-REP electric multiple units were built by BR at York Works from 1966-1967 and 1974. The units were built to power the 4-TC trailer units on services on the South Western Main Line. Fifteen four-car units were built. The motor coaches were new build, but the trailers were converted from Mk1 hauled stock. They were initially classified as Class 441 and numbered 3001-3015. This was later changed to Class 430, under which they spent the majority of their working lives. Shortly before withdrawal they were reclassified Class 432 and the units were renumbered to 2001-2015.

British Rail Class 438
The British Rail 4-TC multiple units were unpowered fixed formation 4 carriage set (fitted with driving cabs at each end) converted by BR at York Works from locomotive-hauled Mark 1 carriages in 1966-1967 and 1974. The units built on experience gained from the prototype 6TC unit. They were initially classified as Class 442 and numbered in the 300 and 400 series. This was later changed to Class 491, under which they spent the majority of their working lives. Shortly before withdrawal they were reclassified Class 438 and the units were renumbered to 8001-8034.

British Rail Class 442
The British Rail Class 442 "Wessex Electric" (or 5WES) electrical multiple units, were introduced in 1988 on the South Western Main Line from London Waterloo to Southampton Central, Bournemouth, Poole and Weymouth. Twenty-four of these 5-car units were built between 1988-89 by BREL at their Derby works. Their introduction coincided with the completion of electrification from Bournemouth to Weymouth. The entire fleet was operated by South West Trains up until February 2007, when the Class 442 services were replaced.

British Rail Class 444
The British Rail Class 444 (or 5Des) "Desiro" electrical multiple units were built by Siemens AG from 2003-04. Forty-five of these units were built for express services for South West Trains. The "Desiro" family also includes units of Classes 350, 360 and 450.

British Rail Classes 445 and 446
The PEP Stock were prototype electric multiple units used on British Rail's Southern Region during the early 1970s. They were forerunners of the BR "Second Generation" electric multiple unit fleet. Three units were built, one two-car unit (2001), and two four-car units (4001/4002). Under TOPS, they were allocated Classes 445 (4PEP) and 446 (2PEP).

65769 Mahalia
65769 Mahalia (1995 EN8) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on March 4, 1995 by F. Börngen at Tautenburg.

Lipovans
Lipovans or Lippovans (,) are the Old Believers, mostly of Russian ethnic origin, who settled in the delta of the Danube River in Tulcea county in the Dobrogea region of eastern Romania and in the southwestern part of Odessa Oblast (in Budjak) as well as in Chernivtsi Oblast in Ukraine as well as in two villages in North-Eastern Bulgaria. According to the 2002 Romanian census there are a total of 35,791 Lipovans in Romania, of whom 21,623 still live in Dobrogea.

British Rail Class 447
Class 447 was the designation given to the Electric multiple unit trains that would have run the shuttle services (branded the "Battersea Bullet") between London Victoria and the entertainment complex planned for the site of the former Battersea Power Station. Three units were planned, each of four cars, and since the trains would have been privately owned by the operator of the entertainment complex, British Rail allocated carriage numbers 99469-99481 (from the private owner carriage series) for the individual vehicles.

Cânaia River
The Cânaia River is a tributary of the Sadu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Canon (company)
Canon is a company in Japan that produces cameras, film, and other products related to photography.
History.
Canon started life as the Precision Optical Instruments Laboratory in 1937. In 1934, the first ever camera prototype made in Japan was made by the Canon company, called the Kwanon. In the next few years, Canon became an innovating force, creating and improving on new camera products.
Today, Canon creates everything from digital cameras and camcorders to laser printers and film.
Name Origins.
The name Canon came from a product. The company's first 35mm camera was named 'Kwanon' after a Buddist goddess.
Locations.
Canon is now an international company. Canon has buildings in the Americas, Europe, Middle East, Africa, Japan, Asia, and the South Seas.

Iujbea River
The Iujbea River is a tributary of the Cânaia River in Romania. That means it flows into the Cânaia River.

British Rail Class 450
"This article concerns the electric multiple unit used by South West Trains. For the diesel multiple unit used by Northern Ireland Railways see NIR Class 450"
The British Rail Class 450 third rail DC EMU (or 4Des) began service during 2003. They are a part of the Siemens "Desiro" modular train family and are more popularly known as the 'Blue Desiro'. In standing with requirements of all new rolling stock for the South East region, provision has been made for future conversion to 25 kV AC overhead supply or dual voltage, although at present no trains have been fitted with a pantograph. Used for outer suburban services, the Class 450 is fitted with Standard and First accommodation. The unit has a maximum speed of.

Stephen III of Moldavia
Stephen III of Moldavia or Stephen III (c. 1433 - July 2, 1504), also known as Stephen the Great (; "Ştefan cel Mare şi Sfânt", "Stephen the Great and Holy" in more modern versions) was Prince of Moldavia between 1457 and 1504 and the most prominent representative of the House of Muşat.

British Rail Class 455
The British Rail Class 455 is a type of electric multiple unit drawing power from a 750 V DC third rail. Built by BREL at York works in the early and mid-1980s, they were initially categorised as Class 510 as the successor to the Class 508. They are used on suburban services in South London, by South West Trains and Southern.

Serbs
Serbs (Serbian: Срби, "Srbi") are a South Slavic people living in the Balkans and Central Europe, mainly in Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and, to a lesser extent, in Croatia.

Slovaks
Latin America:   300,000 (est.)
The Slovaks or Slovakians are a western Slavic people that primarily inhabit Slovakia and speak the Slovak language, which is closely related to the Czech language.

British Rail Class 456
The British Rail Class 456 electrical multiple units were built by BREL at York Works from 1990-91. 24 two-car units were built as direct replacements for the elderly Class 416 2EPB units which operated on the Central Division of the Southern Region of British Rail. Units were delivered into traffic painted in Network SouthEast blue, red and white livery.

Czechs
Czechs (, archaic) are a western Slavic people of Central Europe, living predominantly in the Czech Republic. Small amountss of Czechs also live in Slovakia, Austria, U.S., Brazil, Argentina, Canada, Germany, Russia and other countries. They speak the Czech language, which is closely related to the Slovak and Upper Sorbian language.

Ctenophore
The phylum Ctenophora (), commonly known as comb jellies'", is a phylum that includes the sea gooseberry ("Pleurobrachia pileus") and Venus' girdle ("Cestum veneris"). They are classically grouped with Cnidaria (jellyfish) in the Coelenterata infrakingdom. Ctenophores have recently been identified as the most basal known lineage of animals.
Even though they look like jellyfish, they are zoologically not related to them: They lack the characteristic cnidocytes (stinging cells) but have connective tissues and a nervous
system. There are close to 150 described species of ctenophora spread throughout the world's oceans, from shallow estuarine waters to the deep sea. Although there are a few benthic species, most are members of the gelatinous zooplankton and form a considerable proportion of the entire plankton biomass worldwide. A few species, such as the sea gooseberry, native to the North Sea, have reached such high populations that they clog fishermen's nets, while of other species only a few examples are known. The fragile makeup of ctenophores makes research into their way of life extremely difficult; for this reason data on their lifespan are not available, but it is known that ctenophores begin to reproduce at an early age and so can be assumed to have a short generation cycle.
The word "ctenophore" (or, without the "c") comes from Greek, "kteno"-, "kteis", "comb" and -"phore", meaning "bearer". It comes via the New Latin "ctenophorus" in the 19th century.

Croats
Croats () are a South Slavic nation mostly living in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and nearby countries. There are around 5 million Croats living in the southern Central Europe region, along the east bank of the Adriatic Sea and an estimated 9 million throughout the world. Large Croat communities exists in a number of countries, including Argentina, The United States, Australia, Germany, Chile, New Zealand and South Africa. Croats are noted for their unique culture, which throughout the ages, has been variously influenced by both the Eastern world and the Western world. The Croats are predominantly Catholic and their language is Croatian.

Poles
The Polish people, or Poles (, singular "Polak"), are a Western Slavic ethnic group of Central Europe, living mainly in Poland. Poles are sometimes defined as people who share a common Polish culture and are of Polish descent. Their religion is mainly Roman Catholic.

Histories (Herodotus)
"The Histories" of Herodotus of Halicarnassus is considered the first work of history in Western literature. Written about 440 BC in the Ionic dialect of classical Greek, "The Histories" tells the story of the Greco-Persian Wars between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek city-states in the 5th century BC.

Thracians
The ancient Thracians were a group of Indo-European tribes who spoke the Thracian language - a rare branch of the Indo-European language family. Those peoples inhabited the Eastern, Central and Southern part of the Balkan peninsula, as well as the adjacent parts of Eastern Europe.

British Rail Class 458
The South West Trains Class 458 (or 4JOP) electrical multiple units were built by Alstom at Washwood Heath between 1998 and 2000. These units are part of Alstom's "Juniper" family of units, which also includes Classes 334 and 460.

British Rail Class 460
The British Rail Class 460 (or 8Gat) electrical multiple units were built by Alstom at Washwood Heath from 2000-01. These units are part of Alstom's "Juniper" family of units, which also includes Classes 334 and 458. The eight Class 460 units are (up to 2009) the last to be classified under the TOPS "4XX" series for DC 3rd Rail EMUs on the Southern Region.

Domitian
Titus Flavius Domitianus (24 October 51 – 18 September 96), commonly known as Domitian, was a Roman Emperor who reigned from 14 September 81 until his death. Domitian was the last emperor of the Flavian dynasty, which ruled the Roman Empire between 69 and 96, encompassing the reigns of Domitian's father Vespasian (69–79), his elder brother Titus (79–81), and that of Domitian himself.

British Rail Class 465
The British Rail Class 465 "Networker" electric multiple units were built by Metropolitan Cammell and BREL between 1991 and 1993, and by ABB Rail between 1993 and 1994. They were brought into service from 1991 onwards. They are mostly used on suburban routes serving the South East of England, now operated by Southeastern.

British Rail Class 466
The Class 466 750V DC third rail electric multiple unit (EMU) is a suburban EMU, which operates with Class 465 EMUs in southeast London and Kent on the Southeastern network. It is a member of the Networker family of trains.

Roman Dacia
The Roman province of Dacia on the Balkans included the modern Romanian regions of Transylvania, Banat and Oltenia, and temporarily Muntenia and southern Moldova, but not the nearby regions of Moesia. It was added to the Roman empire in its earliest days under the war of conquest by the Emperor Trajan, and was ironically—considering its wealth— the first of the Roman provinces from which Rome withdrew.

British Rail Class 482
"This article concerns the trains used on the Waterloo & City Line immediately prior to its takeover by London Underground in 1994. For their service after 1994, see London Underground 1992 Stock"
The British Rail Class 482 electrical multiple units were built by Adtranz in 1992, for use on the Waterloo & City Line. The units are almost identical to the 1992 tube stock built for the Central Line.

Carol I of Romania
Carol I of Romania, original name Prince Karl Eitel Friedrich Zephyrinus Ludwig of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, later simply of Hohenzollern (April 20th, 1839 -), German prince, was elected Domnitor (Prince) of Romania on April 20th, 1866, following the overthrow of Alexandru Ioan Cuza.

British Rail Class 483
The British Rail Class 483 electrical multiple units were originally built by Metro-Cammell as 1938 tube stock units for London Underground. They were extensively refurbished between 1989 and 1992 by Eastleigh Works, for use on services on the Isle of Wight's Island Line. This was despite having already worked for nearly fifty years on the London Underground. The units replaced the even older and life-expired Class 485 and Class 486 units, which were introduced in 1967, but were originally built as 'Standard' stock units for the London Electric Railway in 1923.

Pechenegs
The Pechenegs or Patzinaks (Turkish: "Peçenekler", Hungarian: "Besenyő", Greek: "Patzinaki/Petsenegi" or Πατζινάκοι/Πετσενέγοι/Πατζινακίται, Latin: "Pacinacae", "Bisseni" /in Hungarian diplomas) were a semi-nomadic Turkic people of the Central Asian steppes speaking the Pecheneg language which belonged to the Turkic language family.

Uzès
Uzès is a commune in the Gard department in southern France.

First Bulgarian Empire
The First Bulgarian Empire was a medieval Bulgarian state founded in AD 632 in the lands near the Danube Delta and disintegrated in AD 1018 after its annexation to the Byzantine Empire.

Basarab I of Wallachia
Basarab I was an early ruler of the principality of Wallachia from perhaps as early as 1310 until 1352. He is sometimes referred to as "Întemeietorul" ("The Founder"), given his role in the creation of the state, together with his position as common ancestor of rulers in the Basarab dynasty.

Dragoş
Dragoş ("Drágfi of Béltek") was a Maramureş Voivode ruling over the lands of what was to become Moldavia (between 1351 and 1353). He left Maramureş by orders from the Hungarian King Louis I, in order to establish a defense line against the Golden Horde. He was succeeded by his son, Sas ("Szász" or "Sas of Béltek") (ruled 1354-1358).

High Middle Ages
The High Middle Ages was the period of European history in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries (AD 1000–1299). The High Middle Ages were preceded by the Early Middle Ages and followed by the Late Middle Ages, which by convention end around 1500.

Kingdom of Hungary
The Kingdom of Hungary (short form: Hungary), which existed from 1000 to 1918, and then from 1919 to 1946, was a considerable state in Central Europe.

Principality of Transylvania (1571–1711)
The Principality of Transylvania was a semi-independent state. It was ruled by mostly Calvinist Hungarian princes. The Principality existed as a semi-independent state from 1571 to 1711. It was a part of the Habsburg Monarchy / Austrian Empire from 1711 to 1867.

British Rail Class 485
The British Rail Class 485 (or 4Vec) electrical multiple units were original built for the London Electric Railway from 1923-31 as their 'Standard' tube stock. They were purchased by British Rail in 1967 and transported to the Isle of Wight to work 'mainline' services on the newly electrified Ryde to Shanklin line. At the time the units had already worked for over forty years on the London Underground, but their introduction allowed the final steam locomotives on the line to be withdrawn.

British Rail Class 486
The British Rail Class 486 (or 3Tis) electrical multiple units were originally built for the London Electric Railway from 1923-31 as their 'Standard' tube stock. They were purchased by British Rail in 1967 and transported to the Isle of Wight to work 'mainline' services on the newly electrified Ryde to Shanklin line. At the time the units had already worked for over forty years on the London Underground, but their introduction allowed the final steam locomotives on the line to be withdrawn.

Suzerainty
Suzerainty (RP or RP) (GA) is a situation in which a region or people is a tributary to a more powerful entity which allows the tributary some limited domestic autonomy to control its foreign affairs. The more powerful entity in the suzerainty relationship, or the head of state of that more powerful entity, is called a suzerain. The term suzerainty was originally used to describe the relationship between the Ottoman Empire and its surrounding regions. It differs from sovereignty in that the tributary has some (limited) self-rule. A suzerain can also mean a feudal lord, to whom vassals must pay tribute.
The word is often spelled "suzerainity", though this has come to be considered incorrect.
Sikkim.
Following India's independence in 1947, a treaty signed between the Chogyal and the then Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru gave India suzerainty over Sikkim in exchange for it retaining its independence. This continued until 1975, when the Sikkimese monarchy was abrogated in favour of a merger into India. Sikkim is now one of the states of India.
Bhutan.
India no longer looks after the external, defence, communications, and foreign affairs of Bhutan. However India provides substantial support to the Royal Bhutan Army and guarantees its support against external aggression. This is one of several situations in international politics where two sovereign states agree to have the more powerful administer the defense of the weaker.
Lakshadweep.
Located in the Arabian Sea, Lakshadweep is a Union Territory of India off the coast of the south western state of Kerala.
The Amindivi group of islands (Amini, Kadmat, Kiltan, Chetlat and Bitra) came under the rule of Tipu Sultan in 1787.
South African Republic.
After the First Boer War (1880–81), the South African Republic was granted its independence, under British suzerainty. During the Second Boer War (1899–1902), the South African Republic was annexed as the Colony of the Transvaal, which existed until 1910, when it became the Province of Transvaal in the Union of South Africa.
Second World War.
Despite being occupied by the Axis powers, several Western and Asian countries were allowed to exercise self-rule. Several states were created in order to facilitate their occupation, including Vichy France, Manchukuo, the Empire of Vietnam, the Independent State of Croatia in Croatia and the Lokot Autonomy in Central Russia.

British Rail Class 487
The British Rail Class 487 electric multiple units were built by English Electric in 1940, for use on the Waterloo & City Line.

British Rail Class 488
The British Rail Class 488 are unpowered trailer sets, converted from Mark 2F coaches for the Gatwick Express service from London Victoria to Gatwick Airport.

British Rail Class 489
The British Rail Class 489 (or GLV) is a type of electrical multiple unit, specially converted for use on Gatwick Express trains, from London Victoria to Gatwick Airport.

Second-class citizen
Second-class citizen is an informal term used to describe a person who is discriminated against within a state or other political jurisdiction, despite their status as a citizen or legal resident there. They might not be slaves, outlaws or criminals, but second-class citizens have limited legal rights, civil rights and economic opportunities, and are often subject to mistreatment or neglect at the hands of their superiors.
Second-class citizenry is generally regarded as a violation of human rights.

British Rail Class 499
British Rail allocated Class 499 to a fleet of six luggage vans used in electric multiple unit formations on boat train services between London and Dover. They were allocated Southern Region class TLV (meaning Trailer Luggage Van).

British Rail Class 501
The British Rail Class 501 electric multiple units were built in 1957/58 for use on the former LNWR/LMS suburban electric network of the London Midland Region. A total of 57 three-car units were built.

British Rail Class 502
The British Rail Class 502 was a type of electric multiple unit originally built by the London Midland and Scottish Railway at their Derby Works. Introduced in 1940 and withdrawn by 1980, they spent the whole of their working lives on the electrified railway lines of north Liverpool.

British Rail Class 503
British Rail Class 503 trains were 70mph (110km/h) electric multiple units. They were introduced in two batches — in 1938 by the London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) with a further batch (built to a similar design) in 1956 by the then nationalised British Railways (BR).

British Rail Class 504
The British Rail Class 504 was a unique type of electric multiple unit that ran on 1200 V DC third rail with side-contact current collection. The type was used only between Manchester and Bury. The units were originally built as three-car units. Overhaul at Wolverton saw the centre car removed and inserted into Class 304 sets instead.

Alexander John Cuza
Alexander Joan Cuza (a common English rendition of Alexandru Ioan Cuza; March 20, 1820 – May 15, 1873) was a Moldavian-born Romanian politician who ruled as the first "Domnitor" of the United Principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia between 1859 and 1866.

British Rail Class 505
British Railways Class 505 were 1,500 V DC electric multiple units (EMUs) introduced in 1931 by the Manchester, South Junction and Altrincham Railway (MSJAR). Although assigned to TOPS Class 505 by British Railways, these units were withdrawn before the TOPS numbering system came into common use for multiple units, and the Class 505 designation is very rarely used.

Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen
The House of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen is the cadet branch of the senior Swabian branch of the Hohenzollern dynasty, less known than the Franconian branch which became Burgraves of Nuremberg and later ruled Brandenburg-Prussia and the German Empire. The state which the cadet branch ruled was the County of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (), which later became a principality ("Fürstentum Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen").

British Rail Class 506
The British Rail Class 506 was a 3 carriage Electric Multiple Unit (EMU) built for local services between Manchester, Glossop and Hadfield on the Woodhead Line. They were introduced in 1954 and equipped with air-operated sliding doors. The EMUs were equipped with a single diamond-shaped pantograph, mounted over the driver's cab and adjacent guard's compartment at the outer end of one of the driving carriages (unlike other British EMUs, where the pantograph is mounted over one of the middle carriages).

British Rail Class 507
British Rail Class 507 electric multiple units were built by BREL at York works from 1978 to 1979. They were the third variety of British Rail's then-standard 1972 design for suburban EMUs, which eventually encompassed 755 vehicles and five Classes (Class 313/314/315/507/508). The 507s were the first variant to be 750V DC third rail only. They have worked on the Merseyrail network from new, and continue to do so, now refurbished by Alstom's Eastleigh Works.

British Rail Class 508
The British Rail Class 508 electric multiple units ("EMUs") were built by BREL at York works in 1979-80. They were the fourth variety of BR's then-standard 1972 design for suburban EMUs, eventually encompassing 755 vehicles and five classes (313/314/315/507/508). They have mostly worked on the Merseyrail network since 1983, and continue to do so, now refurbished by Alstom's Eastleigh Works.

Iaşi
Iaşi is a city in the northeastern part of Romania. It is the second largest city in Romania as of the year 2007. Iaşi used to be the capital of Moldavia.
History.
Alexandru Lăpuşneanu changed the capital of Moldavia from Suceava to Iaşi in 1564. One of the first churches to be built in Moldavia was built by the Greek adventurer Prince Ioan Iacob Heraclid.
The Tatars burned the city down in 1513. The Ottoman Empire also burned the city down in 1538 and people from the Imperial Russian army did so again in 1686. As if that weren't enough for the people of Iaşi, the plague spread throughout the city in 1734.
The Russo-Turkish War of 1787 was stopped when the Peace of Iaşi happened. Alexander Ypsilanti and the Filiki Eteria came into the city and took it in 1822.
Iaşi was the capital of Moldavia from 1568 to 1859. When World War I happened, Iaşi became the capital of Romania. This happened when the Central Powers took Bucharest on 6 December 1916. Bucharest became the capital again when Imperial Germany was defeated.
Geography.
Iaşi can be found on the Bahlui River, which is a tributary of the Jijia. Forests and uplands are very common. These woods and hills include the monasteries of Cetăţuia, Frumoasa, and Galata. People have thought that Iaşi was built on seven hills (Cetăţuia, Galata, Copou-Aurora, Bucium-Păun, Şorogari, Repedea and Breazu in Romanian).

British Rail Class AM1
Class AM1 was allocated to the prototype AC electric multiple units, converted from fourth-rail DC electric stock in 1952 and used on the Lancaster/Morecambe/Heysham route. This route had been electrified by the Midland Railway at 6.6 kV, 25 Hz AC, but the frequency was changed to 50 Hz in 1953 to test the prototype AM1 stock.

Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
The Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 had its origins in a rise in nationalism in the Balkans as well as in the Russian goal of recovering territorial losses it had suffered during the Crimean War.

Kingdom of Romania
The Kingdom of Roumania (or 'Romania' in post-1969, and also current, spelling) was the old Romanian state based on a form of parliamentary monarchy between March 13, 1881 and December 30, 1947, specified by the First (in 1866), and respectively, the Second Constitution of Roumania. Thus, the Kingdom of Romania began with the reign of King Carol I of Romania).

Treaty of Trianon
The Treaty of Trianon is the peace treaty formed at the end of World War I by the Allies of World War I, on one side, and Hungary, seen as a successor of Austria-Hungary, on the other.

Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)
The Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, was signed on 10 September 1919 by the victorious Allies of World War I on the one hand and by the new Republic of Austria on the other. Like the Treaty of Versailles with Germany, it contained the Covenant of the League of Nations and as a result was not ratified by the United States.

Treaty of Paris (1920)
The 1920 Treaty of Paris was an act signed by Romania and the Principal Allied Powers of the time (France, United Kingdom, Italy and Japan) whose purpose was the recognition of Romanian sovereignty over Bessarabia. The treaty however never came into force because Japan failed to ratify it.

Bessarabia
Bessarabia is the word for the area in Eastern Europe that is bordered by the Dniester River on the east and the Prut River on the west.

Bukovina
Bukovina is a historical region in both Romania and Ukraine. It can be found by the northeastern Carpathian Mountains.

SR Class CP
The Southern Railway (SR) gave the designation CP to the fleet of AC electric multiple units used on the former London, Brighton and South Coast Railway lines in the Crystal Palace area.

SR Class CW
The Southern Railway (SR) gave the designation CW to the fleet of AC electric multiple units used on the lines to Coulsdon and Wallington. They were planned by the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway but were delayed by the Grouping and were introduced by the Southern Railway.

MR electric units
The Midland Railway experimented with electrification on its Heysham-Morecambe-Lancaster line. Electric trains started to run over this route in 1908, using the overhead 6.6 kV, 25 Hz AC electric supply installed and generated at the MR's own power station in Heysham.

SR Class SL
The Southern Railway (SR) gave the designation SL to the fleet of AC electric multiple units used on the former London, Brighton and South Coast Railway South London Line.

TOPS
Total Operations Processing System, or TOPS, is a computer system for managing the locomotives and rolling stock (railroad cars) owned by a rail system. It was originally developed by the Southern Pacific Railroad and was widely sold; it is best known in the United Kingdom for its use by British Rail.

British Rail BEMU
The Battery Electric Multiple Unit was an experimental two-car Multiple unit, built at the same time and in the same style as the prototype Derby Lightweight Diesel multiple units.

Dobruja
Dobruja is an area between Bulgaria and Romania. It can be found between the Danube and the Black Sea.
The Romanian part of Dobruja, Dobrogea, is made up of the counties of Constanţa and Tulcea. The Bulgarian part of Dobruja, Dobrudzha, is made up of the regions of Dobrich and Silistra.

LNER electric units
In 1937 the London and North Eastern Railway (LNER) ordered a fleet of articulated electric multiple unit (EMU) passenger trains for use on the Tyneside Electric lines, which linked the English city of Newcastle upon Tyne with the coast at North Shields and South Shields. The order also included some single-unit motor parcel vans and motor luggage vans.

România Mare
România Mare means "Kingdom of Roumania under the Roumanian King Ferdinand I" in the Romanian language.

LNWR electric units
During 1909-1922, the London and North Western Railway embarked on a large-scale project to electrify their whole London inner-suburban network, encompassing the lines from London Euston to Watford and the North London Railway from London Broad Street to Richmond. This also included branch lines such as Watford to Croxley Green (where a depot was built to house the electric units), and links to what was to become the London Underground network. For this reason, the lines were electrified using the fourth rail 630V DC system, the electricity being generated at the LNWR's own power station in Stonebridge Park. The first electric passenger trains ran in 1914, limited to the West London Line route (Willesden to Earls Court), and full services over the whole network did not commence until 1922, work having been delayed by the First World War. The London, Midland and Scottish Railway extended the network in 1927 by electrifying the branch to Rickmansworth.

Golaniad
Golaniad was a protest in Bucharest, Romania. It started in April of the year 1990.

LYR electric units
The Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway electrified urban railway lines in Liverpool and Manchester in order to improve the service offered against the competition being put up by new electric tramways.

Duchy of Courland and Semigallia
Duchy of Courland and Semigallia was a duchy in Baltic region that existed from 1562 through 1795. It was a vassal state of Grand Duchy of Lithuania and later of Poland-Lithuania. It became independent in 1791, but was annexed by Russian Empire in 1795 during Third Partition of Poland.
It had its own empire. One of its colonies was modern day Trinidad and Tobago.

Communes of the Calvados department
There are 706 communes in the Calvados "département" in France.

Carol II of Romania
Carol II of Romania (15 October/16 October 1893 – 4 April 1953) was the king of Romania from June 8, 1930 until September 6, 1940.

SR Class 2Nol
The Southern Railway (SR) gave the designation 2Nol to the electric multiple units built during the 1930s from old London and South Western Railway carriage bodies on new underframes. None of these units survived long enough in British Rail ownership to be allocated a TOPS class.

Ion Antonescu
Ion Victor Antonescu (June 15, 1882, Piteşti – June 1, 1946 was the prime minister of Romania from September 4, 1940 to August 23, 1944.

Ablon
Ablon is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

SR Class 2SL
The Southern Railway (SR) gave the designation 2SL to the small fleet of electric multiple units dedicated for use on the South London lines. None of these units survived long enough in British Rail ownership to be allocated a TOPS class.

Acqueville, Calvados
Acqueville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Agy
Agy is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Aignerville
Aignerville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Airan
Airan is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Amayé-sur-Orne
Amayé-sur-Orne is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Amayé-sur-Seulles
Amayé-sur-Seulles is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Amblie
Amblie is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Amfreville, Calvados
Amfreville, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Anctoville
Anctoville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Angerville, Calvados
Angerville, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Angoville, Calvados
Angoville, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Anguerny
Anguerny is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Anisy
Anisy is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Annebault
Annebault is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Arganchy
Arganchy is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Argences
Argences is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Arromanches-les-Bains
Arromanches-les-Bains is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Asnelles
Asnelles is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Asnières-en-Bessin
Asnières-en-Bessin is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Auberville
Auberville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Aubigny, Calvados
Aubigny, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Audrieu
Audrieu is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Aunay-sur-Odon
Aunay-sur-Odon is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Auquainville
Auquainville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Authie, Calvados
Authie, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Auvillars
Auvillars is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Avenay
Avenay is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Balleroy
Balleroy is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Banneville-la-Campagne
Banneville-la-Campagne is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Banneville-sur-Ajon
Banneville-sur-Ajon is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Banville
Banville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Barbery, Calvados
Barbery, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Barbeville
Barbeville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Barneville-la-Bertran
Barneville-la-Bertran is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Baron-sur-Odon
Baron-sur-Odon is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Barou-en-Auge
Barou-en-Auge is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Basly
Basly is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Basseneville
Basseneville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Bauquay
Bauquay is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Bavent
Bavent is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Bayeux
Bayeux is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Bazenville
Bazenville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Beaufour-Druval
Beaufour-Druval is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Beaulieu, Calvados
Beaulieu, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Beaumais
Beaumais is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Beaumesnil, Calvados
Beaumesnil, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Beaumont-en-Auge
Beaumont-en-Auge is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Bellengreville, Calvados
Bellengreville, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Bellou
Bellou is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Benerville-sur-Mer
Benerville-sur-Mer is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Bernesq
Bernesq is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Bernières-d'Ailly
Bernières-d'Ailly is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Bernières-le-Patry
Bernières-le-Patry is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Bernières-sur-Mer
Bernières-sur-Mer is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Beuvillers, Calvados
Beuvillers, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Beuvron-en-Auge
Beuvron-en-Auge is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Billy, Calvados
Billy, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Bissières
Bissières is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Biéville-Beuville
Biéville-Beuville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Biéville-Quétiéville
Biéville-Quétiéville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Blainville-sur-Orne
Blainville-sur-Orne is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Blangy-le-Château
Blangy-le-Château is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Blay
Blay is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Blonville-sur-Mer
Blonville-sur-Mer is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Boissey, Calvados
Boissey, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Bonnebosq
Bonnebosq is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Bonnemaison
Bonnemaison is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Bonneville-la-Louvet
Bonneville-la-Louvet is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Bonneville-sur-Touques
Bonneville-sur-Touques is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Bonnœil
Bonnœil is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Bons-Tassilly
Bons-Tassilly is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Bougy
Bougy is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Boulon
Boulon is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Bourgeauville
Bourgeauville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Bourguébus
Bourguébus is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Branville
Branville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Bretteville-l'Orgueilleuse
Bretteville-l'Orgueilleuse is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Bretteville-le-Rabet
Bretteville-le-Rabet is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Bretteville-sur-Dives
Bretteville-sur-Dives is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Bretteville-sur-Laize
Bretteville-sur-Laize is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

SR Class 2Wim
2Wim was the designation given, by Southern Railway (SR), to a small fleet of electric multiple units, dedicated for use on the West Croydon to Wimbledon Line. None of these units survived long enough in British Rail ownership to be allocated a TOPS class.

SR Class 4DD
Conceived by Oliver Bulleid for the Southern Railway's Dartford commuter route, the two 4DD electric multiple units were the only double-deck trains to run on the main line railway network in Britain. The upper-level seats were squeezed in between the lower-level seats to ensure that the overall height of the unit was within the clearances necessary to pass through tunnels and under bridges. The 4DD was somewhat unsuccessful because the upper level compartments were cramped and poorly ventilated (the upper level windows could not be opened due to tight clearance). The compartments were pressure-ventilated but the equipment proved to be troublesome. Also dwell times at stations were increased because of the increased number of passengers per door. To obtain the extra seating capacity that was being sought, it was instead decided to lengthen trains from eight cars to ten.

Network SouthEast
Network SouthEast (NSE) was one of three passenger sectors of British Rail created in 1982. NSE principally operated commuter trains in the London area and inter-urban services in densely populated South East England. Before 1986, the sector was known as London & South Eastern.

SR Class 4Lav
The Southern Railway (SR) gave the designation 4Lav to the electric multiple units built to work the semi-fast services on the route between London and Brighton. None of these units survived long enough in British Rail ownership to be allocated a TOPS class.

SR Class 6Pul
The Southern Railway (SR) gave the designations 6Pul, 6Cit and 6Pan to electric multiple units built to work the routes between London and Brighton, West Worthing and Eastbourne. None of these units survived long enough in British Rail ownership to be allocated a TOPS class number. The 6Pul units were designated 6Cor until 1935 (the Cor designation was later used for 4Cor units).

British Rail Mark 3
British Rail's third fundamental design of carriage was designated Mark 3, and was introduced in 1976 primarily for use on the High Speed Train (HST). The coaches were also used as conventional loco-hauled stock as part of the West Coast Main Line (WCML) northern electrification scheme in the mid 1970s, designated Mark 3A and 3B. The final batch was built in 1988, but Mark 3-based multiple units continued to be built until the early 1990s.

Desiro
Desiro is the brand name for a design of modular train manufactured by Siemens of Germany.

Electrostar
Electrostar is the name given to a series of related electric multiple-unit passenger trains manufactured by Bombardier Transportation, formerly ADtranz. Since the privatisation of British Rail, it has become the most common new EMU type in Britain, where different variants referred to as Class 357, Class 375, Class 376, and Class 377 are most common on the high-volume commuter routes in South London and to the Sussex, Kent & South Essex coasts. It shares the same bodyshell and core structure as the Turbostar, which is in turn the most common post-privatisation diesel multiple unit family. Most of the Electrostar fleet were assembled at Bombardier’s Derby works.

Bretteville-sur-Odon
Bretteville-sur-Odon is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Bricqueville
Bricqueville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Brouay
Brouay is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Brucourt
Brucourt is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Brémoy
Brémoy is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Bréville-les-Monts
Bréville-les-Monts is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Bucéels
Bucéels is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Burcy, Calvados
Burcy, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Bures-les-Monts
Bures-les-Monts is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Bénouville, Calvados
Bénouville, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Bény-sur-Mer
Bény-sur-Mer is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Cabourg
Cabourg is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Cagny, Calvados
Cagny, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Cahagnes
Cahagnes is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Cahagnolles
Cahagnolles is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Cairon
Cairon is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Juniper (train)
The Coradia Juniper series is a family of Electric Multiple Unit trains built by AlstomTransport Birmingham, subcontractor: Ganz Hunslet, Hungary (project for 120 bodyshells in 1998-2000, project manager at Ganz Hunslet; Gabor Honthy) for use on the railway network in Great Britain. The family is related to the Coradia 1000 series of diesel multiple unit. There are currently three types in service with various TOCs.

Cambes-en-Plaine
Cambes-en-Plaine is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Cambremer
Cambremer is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Campagnolles
Campagnolles is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Campandré-Valcongrain
Campandré-Valcongrain is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Campeaux, Calvados
Campeaux, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Campigny, Calvados
Campigny, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Canapville, Calvados
Canapville, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Canchy, Calvados
Canchy, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Canteloup, Calvados
Canteloup, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Carcagny
Carcagny is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Networker (train)
The Networker is a family of trains which operate on the UK railway system. They were built in the late 1980s and early 1990s by BREL, which later became ABB. The trains were built for the Network SouthEast sector of British Rail. They are all multiple unit trains.

Cardonville
Cardonville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Carpiquet
Carpiquet is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Cartigny-l'Épinay
Cartigny-l'Épinay is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Carville, Calvados
Carville, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Castillon, Calvados
Castillon, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Castillon-en-Auge
Castillon-en-Auge is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Castilly
Castilly is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Caumont-l'Éventé
Caumont-l'Éventé is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Caumont-sur-Orne
Caumont-sur-Orne is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Cauvicourt
Cauvicourt is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Cauville
Cauville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Cernay, Calvados
Cernay, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Cerqueux
Cerqueux is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Nematode
The roundworms or nematodes (phylum Nematoda) are the most diverse phylum of pseudocoelomates, and one of the most diverse of all animals. Nematode species are very difficult to distinguish; over 80,000 have been described, of which over 15,000 are parasitic. It has been estimated that the total number of described and undescribed roundworms might be more than 500,000.

Cesny-Bois-Halbout
Cesny-Bois-Halbout is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Cesny-aux-Vignes
Cesny-aux-Vignes is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Champ-du-Boult
Champ-du-Boult is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Cheffreville-Tonnencourt
Cheffreville-Tonnencourt is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Cheux
Cheux is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Chicheboville
Chicheboville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Chouain
Chouain is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Chênedollé
Chênedollé is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Cintheaux
Cintheaux is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Clarbec
Clarbec is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Clinchamps-sur-Orne
Clinchamps-sur-Orne is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Clécy
Clécy is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Cléville, Calvados
Cléville, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Colleville-Montgomery
Colleville-Montgomery is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Colleville-sur-Mer
Colleville-sur-Mer is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Colombelles
Colombelles is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Colombiers-sur-Seulles
Colombiers-sur-Seulles is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Colombières
Colombières is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Colomby-sur-Thaon
Colomby-sur-Thaon is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Combray
Combray is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Commes
Commes is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Condé-sur-Ifs
Condé-sur-Ifs is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Condé-sur-Noireau
Condé-sur-Noireau is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Condé-sur-Seulles
Condé-sur-Seulles is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Conteville, Calvados
Conteville, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Coquainvilliers
Coquainvilliers is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Corbon, Calvados
Corbon, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Cordebugle
Cordebugle is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Cordey
Cordey is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Cormelles-le-Royal
Cormelles-le-Royal is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Cormolain
Cormolain is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Cossesseville
Cossesseville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Cottun
Cottun is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Coudray-Rabut
Coudray-Rabut is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Coulombs, Calvados
Coulombs, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Coulonces, Calvados
Coulonces, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Coulvain
Coulvain is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Coupesarte
Coupesarte is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Courcy, Calvados
Courcy, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Courseulles-sur-Mer
Courseulles-sur-Mer is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Courson
Courson is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Courtonne-la-Meurdrac
Courtonne-la-Meurdrac is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Courtonne-les-Deux-Églises
Courtonne-les-Deux-Églises is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Courvaudon
Courvaudon is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Cresserons
Cresserons is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Cresseveuille
Cresseveuille is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Creully
Creully is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Cricquebœuf
Cricquebœuf is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Cricqueville-en-Auge
Cricqueville-en-Auge is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Cricqueville-en-Bessin
Cricqueville-en-Bessin is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Cristot
Cristot is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Crocy
Crocy is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Croisilles, Calvados
Croisilles, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Croissanville
Croissanville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Crouay
Crouay is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Crèvecœur-en-Auge
Crèvecœur-en-Auge is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Crépon
Crépon is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Culey-le-Patry
Culey-le-Patry is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Cully, Calvados
Cully, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Curcy-sur-Orne
Curcy-sur-Orne is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Cussy
Cussy is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Cuverville, Calvados
Cuverville, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Damblainville
Damblainville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Dampierre, Calvados
Dampierre, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Danestal
Danestal is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Danvou-la-Ferrière
Danvou-la-Ferrière is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Deauville
Deauville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Deux-Jumeaux
Deux-Jumeaux is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Dives-sur-Mer
Dives-sur-Mer is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Donnay
Donnay is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Douville-en-Auge
Douville-en-Auge is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Douvres-la-Délivrande
Douvres-la-Délivrande is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Dozulé
Dozulé is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Drubec
Drubec is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Ducy-Sainte-Marguerite
Ducy-Sainte-Marguerite is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Démouville
Démouville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Ellon, Calvados
Ellon, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Englesqueville-en-Auge
Englesqueville-en-Auge is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Englesqueville-la-Percée
Englesqueville-la-Percée is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Eraines
Eraines is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Ernes
Ernes is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Escoville
Escoville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Espins
Espins is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Esquay-Notre-Dame
Esquay-Notre-Dame is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Esquay-sur-Seulles
Esquay-sur-Seulles is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Esson
Esson is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Estry
Estry is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Estrées-la-Campagne
Estrées-la-Campagne is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Falaise, Calvados
Falaise, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Familly
Familly is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Fauguernon
Fauguernon is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Fervaques
Fervaques is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Feuguerolles-Bully
Feuguerolles-Bully is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Fierville-Bray
Fierville-Bray is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Fierville-les-Parcs
Fierville-les-Parcs is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Firfol
Firfol is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Fleury-sur-Orne
Fleury-sur-Orne is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Fontaine-Henry
Fontaine-Henry is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Fontaine-le-Pin
Fontaine-le-Pin is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Fontaine-Étoupefour
Fontaine-Étoupefour is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Fontenay-le-Marmion
Fontenay-le-Marmion is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Fontenay-le-Pesnel
Fontenay-le-Pesnel is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Fontenermont
Fontenermont is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Formentin
Formentin is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Formigny
Formigny is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Negovanu River (Sadu)
The Negovanu River is a tributary of the Sadu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Sadu River.

Foulognes
Foulognes is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Fourches
Fourches is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Fourneaux-le-Val
Fourneaux-le-Val is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Valea Pitarului River
The Valea Pitarului River is a tributary of the Sadu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Sadu River.

Fourneville
Fourneville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Fresney-le-Puceux
Fresney-le-Puceux is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Fresney-le-Vieux
Fresney-le-Vieux is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Fresné-la-Mère
Fresné-la-Mère is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Friardel
Friardel is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Frénouville
Frénouville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Fumichon
Fumichon is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Garcelles-Secqueville
Garcelles-Secqueville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Gavrus
Gavrus is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Genneville
Genneville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Gerrots
Gerrots is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Giberville
Giberville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Glanville, Calvados
Glanville, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Glos
Glos is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Gonneville-en-Auge
Gonneville-en-Auge is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Gonneville-sur-Honfleur
Gonneville-sur-Honfleur is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Valea Neagră River (Prejmer)
The Valea Neagră River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Gonneville-sur-Mer
Gonneville-sur-Mer is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Goupillières, Calvados
Goupillières, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Goustranville
Goustranville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Gouvix
Gouvix is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Grainville-Langannerie
Grainville-Langannerie is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Grainville-sur-Odon
Grainville-sur-Odon is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Grandcamp-Maisy
Grandcamp-Maisy is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Grandchamp-le-Château
Grandchamp-le-Château is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Grangues
Grangues is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Graye-sur-Mer
Graye-sur-Mer is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Grentheville
Grentheville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Valea Neagră River (Olt)
The Valea Neagră River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Grimbosq
Grimbosq is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Guéron
Guéron is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Géfosse-Fontenay
Géfosse-Fontenay is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Hamars
Hamars is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Hermanville-sur-Mer
Hermanville-sur-Mer is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Hermival-les-Vaux
Hermival-les-Vaux is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Heuland
Heuland is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Heurtevent
Heurtevent is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Hiéville
Hiéville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Honfleur
Honfleur is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Hotot-en-Auge
Hotot-en-Auge is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Hottot-les-Bagues
Hottot-les-Bagues is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Houlgate
Houlgate is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Hubert-Folie
Hubert-Folie is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Hérouville-Saint-Clair
Hérouville-Saint-Clair is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Sălişte River (Olt)
The Sălişte River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Hérouvillette
Hérouvillette is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Ifs, Calvados
Ifs, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Isigny-sur-Mer
Isigny-sur-Mer is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Janville, Calvados
Janville, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Jort
Jort is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Juaye-Mondaye
Juaye-Mondaye is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Jurques
Jurques is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Juvigny-sur-Seulles
Juvigny-sur-Seulles is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Mândra River (Olt)
The Mândra River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

L'Hôtellerie
L'Hôtellerie is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

L'Oudon
L'Oudon is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

La Bazoque, Calvados
La Bazoque, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

La Bigne
La Bigne is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

La Boissière, Calvados
La Boissière, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

La Brévière
La Brévière is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

La Caine
La Caine is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

La Cambe
La Cambe is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

La Chapelle-Engerbold
La Chapelle-Engerbold is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

La Chapelle-Haute-Grue
La Chapelle-Haute-Grue is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

La Chapelle-Yvon
La Chapelle-Yvon is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

La Croupte
La Croupte is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

La Ferrière-Harang
La Ferrière-Harang is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

La Folie
La Folie is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Sebeş River (Sibiu)
The Sebeş River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. It is made where the headwaters of Valea lui Ionel and Valea lui Fătu come together.

La Folletière-Abenon
La Folletière-Abenon is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

La Graverie
La Graverie is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

La Hoguette
La Hoguette is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

La Houblonnière
La Houblonnière is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

La Lande-sur-Drôme
La Lande-sur-Drôme is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

La Pommeraye, Calvados
La Pommeraye, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

La Rivière-Saint-Sauveur
La Rivière-Saint-Sauveur is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

La Rocque
La Rocque is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

La Roque-Baignard
La Roque-Baignard is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

La Vacquerie
La Vacquerie is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

La Vespière
La Vespière is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

La Villette, Calvados
La Villette, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Valea lui Ionel River
The Valea lui Ionel is a headwater of the Sebeş River in Romania.

Laize-la-Ville
Laize-la-Ville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Landelles-et-Coupigny
Landelles-et-Coupigny is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Landes-sur-Ajon
Landes-sur-Ajon is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Langrune-sur-Mer
Langrune-sur-Mer is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Lantheuil
Lantheuil is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Lasson, Calvados
Lasson, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Lassy, Calvados
Lassy, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Le Breuil-en-Auge
Le Breuil-en-Auge is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Le Breuil-en-Bessin
Le Breuil-en-Bessin is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Le Brévedent
Le Brévedent is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Le Bény-Bocage
Le Bény-Bocage is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Valea lui Fătu River
The Valea lui Fătu River is a headwater of the Sebeş River in Romania.

Le Bô
Le Bô is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Le Bû-sur-Rouvres
Le Bû-sur-Rouvres is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Le Désert
Le Désert is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Le Détroit
Le Détroit is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Le Faulq
Le Faulq is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Le Fournet
Le Fournet is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Le Fresne-Camilly
Le Fresne-Camilly is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Le Gast
Le Gast is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Le Locheur
Le Locheur is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Le Manoir, Calvados
Le Manoir, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Le Marais-la-Chapelle
Le Marais-la-Chapelle is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Le Mesnil-Auzouf
Le Mesnil-Auzouf is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Le Mesnil-Bacley
Le Mesnil-Bacley is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Le Mesnil-Benoist
Le Mesnil-Benoist is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Le Mesnil-Caussois
Le Mesnil-Caussois is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Le Mesnil-Durand
Le Mesnil-Durand is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Le Mesnil-Eudes
Le Mesnil-Eudes is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Le Mesnil-Germain
Le Mesnil-Germain is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Le Mesnil-Guillaume
Le Mesnil-Guillaume is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Le Mesnil-Mauger
Le Mesnil-Mauger is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Le Mesnil-Patry
Le Mesnil-Patry is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Le Mesnil-Robert
Le Mesnil-Robert is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Le Mesnil-Simon, Calvados
Le Mesnil-Simon, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Le Mesnil-Villement
Le Mesnil-Villement is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Cafarul River
The Cafarul River is a tributary of the Valea lui Fătu River in Romania. That means it flows into the Valea lui Fătu River.

Le Mesnil-au-Grain
Le Mesnil-au-Grain is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Le Mesnil-sur-Blangy
Le Mesnil-sur-Blangy is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Le Molay-Littry
Le Molay-Littry is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Le Pin, Calvados
Le Pin, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Le Plessis-Grimoult
Le Plessis-Grimoult is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Le Pré-d'Auge
Le Pré-d'Auge is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Le Reculey
Le Reculey is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Le Theil-Bocage
Le Theil-Bocage is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Le Theil-en-Auge
Le Theil-en-Auge is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Le Torquesne
Le Torquesne is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Le Tourneur
Le Tourneur is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Le Tronquay, Calvados
Le Tronquay, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Le Vey
Le Vey is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Leffard
Leffard is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Les Autels-Saint-Bazile
Les Autels-Saint-Bazile is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Les Authieux-Papion
Les Authieux-Papion is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Les Authieux-sur-Calonne
Les Authieux-sur-Calonne is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Les Isles-Bardel
Les Isles-Bardel is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Les Loges, Calvados
Les Loges, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Les Loges-Saulces
Les Loges-Saulces is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Les Monceaux
Les Monceaux is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Les Moutiers-Hubert
Les Moutiers-Hubert is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Lotrişorul River
The Lotrişorul River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Les Moutiers-en-Auge
Les Moutiers-en-Auge is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Les Moutiers-en-Cinglais
Les Moutiers-en-Cinglais is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Les Oubeaux
Les Oubeaux is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Lessard-et-le-Chêne
Lessard-et-le-Chêne is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Lingèvres
Lingèvres is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Lion-sur-Mer
Lion-sur-Mer is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Lisieux
Lisieux is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Lison
Lison is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Lisores
Lisores is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Litteau
Litteau is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Livarot
Livarot is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Livry, Calvados
Livry, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Longraye
Longraye is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Longues-sur-Mer
Longues-sur-Mer is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Longueville, Calvados
Longueville, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Longvillers
Longvillers is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Loucelles
Loucelles is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Louvagny
Louvagny is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Louvigny, Calvados
Louvigny, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Louvières, Calvados
Louvières, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Luc-sur-Mer
Luc-sur-Mer is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Léaupartie
Léaupartie is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Lécaude
Lécaude is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Lénault
Lénault is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Magny-en-Bessin
Magny-en-Bessin is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Magny-la-Campagne
Magny-la-Campagne is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Magny-le-Freule
Magny-le-Freule is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Maisoncelles-Pelvey
Maisoncelles-Pelvey is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Maisoncelles-la-Jourdan
Maisoncelles-la-Jourdan is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Maisoncelles-sur-Ajon
Maisoncelles-sur-Ajon is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Maisons, Calvados
Maisons, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Maizet
Maizet is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Maizières, Calvados
Maizières, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Malloué
Malloué is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Maltot
Maltot is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Mandeville-en-Bessin
Mandeville-en-Bessin is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Manerbe
Manerbe is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Manneville-la-Pipard
Manneville-la-Pipard is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Manvieux
Manvieux is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Marolles, Calvados
Marolles, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Martainville, Calvados
Martainville, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Martigny-sur-l'Ante
Martigny-sur-l'Ante is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Martragny
Martragny is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Mathieu, Calvados
Mathieu, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

May-sur-Orne
May-sur-Orne is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Merville-Franceville-Plage
Merville-Franceville-Plage is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Meslay, Calvados
Meslay, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Mesnil-Clinchamps
Mesnil-Clinchamps is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Meulles
Meulles is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Meuvaines
Meuvaines is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Missy, Calvados
Missy, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Mittois
Mittois is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Monceaux-en-Bessin
Monceaux-en-Bessin is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Mondeville, Calvados
Mondeville, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Mondrainville
Mondrainville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Monfréville
Monfréville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Mont-Bertrand
Mont-Bertrand is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Montamy
Montamy is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Montchamp, Calvados
Montchamp, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Montchauvet, Calvados
Montchauvet, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Monteille
Monteille is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Montfiquet
Montfiquet is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Montigny, Calvados
Montigny, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Montreuil-en-Auge
Montreuil-en-Auge is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Monts-en-Bessin
Monts-en-Bessin is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Montviette
Montviette is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Morteaux-Coulibœuf
Morteaux-Coulibœuf is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Mosles
Mosles is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Mouen
Mouen is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Moulines, Calvados
Moulines, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Moult, Calvados
Moult, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Moyaux
Moyaux is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Mutrécy
Mutrécy is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Méry-Corbon
Méry-Corbon is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Mézidon-Canon
Mézidon-Canon is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Neuilly-la-Forêt
Neuilly-la-Forêt is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Nonant
Nonant is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Norolles
Norolles is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Noron-l'Abbaye
Noron-l'Abbaye is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Noron-la-Poterie
Noron-la-Poterie is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Norrey-en-Auge
Norrey-en-Auge is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Notre-Dame-d'Estrées
Notre-Dame-d'Estrées is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Notre-Dame-de-Courson
Notre-Dame-de-Courson is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Notre-Dame-de-Livaye
Notre-Dame-de-Livaye is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Noyers-Bocage
Noyers-Bocage is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Olendon
Olendon is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Ondefontaine
Ondefontaine is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Orbec
Orbec is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Osmanville
Osmanville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Ouffières
Ouffières is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Ouilly-du-Houley
Ouilly-du-Houley is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Ouilly-le-Tesson
Ouilly-le-Tesson is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Ouilly-le-Vicomte
Ouilly-le-Vicomte is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Ouistreham
Ouistreham is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Ouville-la-Bien-Tournée
Ouville-la-Bien-Tournée is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Ouézy
Ouézy is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Parfouru-sur-Odon
Parfouru-sur-Odon is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Pennedepie
Pennedepie is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Percy-en-Auge
Percy-en-Auge is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Perrières
Perrières is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Pertheville-Ners
Pertheville-Ners is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Petiville, Calvados
Petiville, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Pierrefitte-en-Auge
Pierrefitte-en-Auge is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Pierrefitte-en-Cinglais
Pierrefitte-en-Cinglais is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Pierrepont, Calvados
Pierrepont, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Pierres, Calvados
Pierres, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Placy
Placy is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Planquery
Planquery is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Plumetot
Plumetot is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Pont-Bellanger
Pont-Bellanger is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Pont-Farcy
Pont-Farcy is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Pont-d'Ouilly
Pont-d'Ouilly is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Pont-l'Évêque, Calvados
Pont-l'Évêque, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Pontécoulant
Pontécoulant is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Port-en-Bessin-Huppain
Port-en-Bessin-Huppain is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Potigny
Potigny is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Poussy-la-Campagne
Poussy-la-Campagne is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Presles, Calvados
Presles, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Proussy
Proussy is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Préaux-Bocage
Préaux-Bocage is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Préaux-Saint-Sébastien
Préaux-Saint-Sébastien is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Prêtreville
Prêtreville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Putot-en-Auge
Putot-en-Auge is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Putot-en-Bessin
Putot-en-Bessin is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Périers-en-Auge
Périers-en-Auge is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Périers-sur-le-Dan
Périers-sur-le-Dan is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Périgny, Calvados
Périgny, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Quetteville
Quetteville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Ranchy
Ranchy is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Ranville
Ranville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Rapilly
Rapilly is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Repentigny, Calvados
Repentigny, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Reux
Reux is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Reviers
Reviers is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Rocquancourt
Rocquancourt is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Rocques
Rocques is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Rosel
Rosel is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Rots
Rots is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Roucamps
Roucamps is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Roullours
Roullours is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Rouvres, Calvados
Rouvres, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Rubercy
Rubercy is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Rucqueville
Rucqueville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Rully, Calvados
Rully, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Rumesnil
Rumesnil is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Russy, Calvados
Russy, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Ryes
Ryes is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Agnan-le-Malherbe
Saint-Agnan-le-Malherbe is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Aignan-de-Cramesnil
Saint-Aignan-de-Cramesnil is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Saint-André-d'Hébertot
Saint-André-d'Hébertot is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Saint-André-sur-Orne
Saint-André-sur-Orne is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Arnoult, Calvados
Saint-Arnoult, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Aubin-d'Arquenay
Saint-Aubin-d'Arquenay is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Aubin-des-Bois, Calvados
Saint-Aubin-des-Bois, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Aubin-sur-Mer, Calvados
Saint-Aubin-sur-Mer, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Benoît-d'Hébertot
Saint-Benoît-d'Hébertot is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Charles-de-Percy
Saint-Charles-de-Percy is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Contest
Saint-Contest is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Cyr-du-Ronceray
Saint-Cyr-du-Ronceray is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Côme-de-Fresné
Saint-Côme-de-Fresné is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Denis-Maisoncelles
Saint-Denis-Maisoncelles is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Denis-de-Mailloc
Saint-Denis-de-Mailloc is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Denis-de-Méré
Saint-Denis-de-Méré is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Désir
Saint-Désir is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Gabriel-Brécy
Saint-Gabriel-Brécy is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Gatien-des-Bois
Saint-Gatien-des-Bois is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Georges-d'Aunay
Saint-Georges-d'Aunay is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Georges-en-Auge
Saint-Georges-en-Auge is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Germain-Langot
Saint-Germain-Langot is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Germain-d'Ectot
Saint-Germain-d'Ectot is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Germain-de-Livet
Saint-Germain-de-Livet is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Germain-de-Montgommery
Saint-Germain-de-Montgommery is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Germain-de-Tallevende-la-Lande-Vaumont
Saint-Germain-de-Tallevende-la-Lande-Vaumont is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Germain-du-Crioult
Saint-Germain-du-Crioult is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Germain-du-Pert
Saint-Germain-du-Pert is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Germain-la-Blanche-Herbe
Saint-Germain-la-Blanche-Herbe is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Germain-le-Vasson
Saint-Germain-le-Vasson is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Hymer
Saint-Hymer is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Jean-de-Livet
Saint-Jean-de-Livet is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Jean-des-Essartiers
Saint-Jean-des-Essartiers is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Jean-le-Blanc, Calvados
Saint-Jean-le-Blanc, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Jouin
Saint-Jouin is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Julien-de-Mailloc
Saint-Julien-de-Mailloc is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Julien-le-Faucon
Saint-Julien-le-Faucon is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Julien-sur-Calonne
Saint-Julien-sur-Calonne is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Lambert, Calvados
Saint-Lambert, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Laurent-de-Condel
Saint-Laurent-de-Condel is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Laurent-du-Mont
Saint-Laurent-du-Mont is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Laurent-sur-Mer
Saint-Laurent-sur-Mer is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Louet-sur-Seulles
Saint-Louet-sur-Seulles is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Loup-Hors
Saint-Loup-Hors is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Loup-de-Fribois
Saint-Loup-de-Fribois is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Léger-Dubosq
Saint-Léger-Dubosq is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Manvieu-Bocage
Saint-Manvieu-Bocage is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Manvieu-Norrey
Saint-Manvieu-Norrey is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Marcouf, Calvados
Saint-Marcouf, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Martin-Don
Saint-Martin-Don is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Martin-aux-Chartrains
Saint-Martin-aux-Chartrains is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Martin-de-Bienfaite-la-Cressonnière
Saint-Martin-de-Bienfaite-la-Cressonnière is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Common cuckoo
The Common Cuckoo ("Cuculus canorus") is a well known bird in many parts of the world. It is a member of the group of birds (the order) called Cuculiformes. This includes cuckoos and turacos, about 161 species in all.
The cuckoo gets its names because the male Common Cuckoo sings two notes which sound like the word “cu – ckoo”. The female does not make this sound. She has a loud bubbling call.
The cuckoo is a summer migrant to many parts of Europe and Asia. It spends the winters in Africa.
It is a brood parasite, which means that it lays its eggs in the nests of other kinds of birds who then have to help the baby cuckoo to grow up.
Description.
The Common cuckoo (usually just called “cuckoo” in countries where it lives) is a greyish bird with a slender body, long tail and strong legs. It looks a little bit like a small bird of prey when it flies. The male is dark grey above with a blackish brown tail, spotted and tipped with white and unevenly barred in black. The female is similar but a bit more reddish on the upper breast. It likes to eat hairy caterpillars. It is often found where woods border on to open land.
Laying its eggs.
The cuckoo does not make a nest of its own, and they do not bring up their own young. Instead, the female lays her eggs in the nests of other birds, usually reed warblers, pied wagtails or dunnocks. Each individual cuckoo specialises in just one of these birds. For example, a cuckoo that always lays its eggs in reed warbler nests will lay eggs that look like those of a reed warbler.
The female cuckoo spends a lot of time watching the birds at the nest where she wants to lay an egg. She has to work out the exact time to go and lay her egg while the other birds (the “host parents”, for example reed warblers) are not looking. If the cuckoo lays her egg in the nest before the other bird lays, the reed warbler will notice and knows it is not her egg, and so she will get rid of it. If the cuckoo lays her egg too late, when the reed warbler has finished laying, this will be noticed, too.
When the female cuckoo thinks it is the right moment she will fly down to the reed warblers' nest, pushes one reed warbler egg out of the nest, lays her egg and flies off. This only takes about 10 seconds. The reed warbler will not notice and carries on looking after the eggs. When the cuckoo chick hatches it soon grows very fast. It pushes the other eggs or reed warbler chicks out of the nest. At 14 days old, it is about 3 times the size of the adult reed warblers. The chick has a huge mouth which it opens very wide. It also makes a very fast “cheeping” sound which sounds like a nest full of reed warbler chicks. This makes the parents behave as if they had a nest full of their own chicks.
Sometimes a female cuckoo will find a nest which is already full of reed warbler eggs. She may get rid of them or eat them all, forcing the reed warbler to start another brood. Then she can lay her egg.
The cuckoo only stays in its summer location for about 10 weeks. In Britain, for example, it will arrive around the end of April and the adults may be returning to Africa by the end of June or early July.
References.
“Bird: The Definitive Visual Guide” ISBN 978 1 4053 0633 1

Saint-Martin-de-Blagny
Saint-Martin-de-Blagny is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Martin-de-Fontenay
Saint-Martin-de-Fontenay is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Martin-de-Mailloc
Saint-Martin-de-Mailloc is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Martin-de-Mieux
Saint-Martin-de-Mieux is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Martin-de-Sallen
Saint-Martin-de-Sallen is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Martin-de-la-Lieue
Saint-Martin-de-la-Lieue is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Martin-des-Besaces
Saint-Martin-des-Besaces is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Martin-des-Entrées
Saint-Martin-des-Entrées is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Martin-du-Mesnil-Oury
Saint-Martin-du-Mesnil-Oury is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Michel-de-Livet
Saint-Michel-de-Livet is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Omer, Calvados
Saint-Omer, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Ouen-des-Besaces
Saint-Ouen-des-Besaces is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Ouen-du-Mesnil-Oger
Saint-Ouen-du-Mesnil-Oger is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Ouen-le-Houx
Saint-Ouen-le-Houx is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Ouen-le-Pin
Saint-Ouen-le-Pin is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Pair
Saint-Pair is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Paul-du-Vernay
Saint-Paul-du-Vernay is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Philbert-des-Champs
Saint-Philbert-des-Champs is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Pierre-Azif
Saint-Pierre-Azif is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Pierre-Canivet
Saint-Pierre-Canivet is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Pierre-Tarentaine
Saint-Pierre-Tarentaine is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Pierre-de-Mailloc
Saint-Pierre-de-Mailloc is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Pierre-des-Ifs, Calvados
Saint-Pierre-des-Ifs, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Pierre-du-Bû
Saint-Pierre-du-Bû is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Pierre-du-Fresne
Saint-Pierre-du-Fresne is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Pierre-du-Jonquet
Saint-Pierre-du-Jonquet is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Pierre-du-Mont, Calvados
Saint-Pierre-du-Mont, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Pierre-la-Vieille
Saint-Pierre-la-Vieille is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Pierre-sur-Dives
Saint-Pierre-sur-Dives is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Rémy, Calvados
Saint-Rémy, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Samson, Calvados
Saint-Samson, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Sever-Calvados
Saint-Sever-Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Sylvain, Calvados
Saint-Sylvain, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Vaast-en-Auge
Saint-Vaast-en-Auge is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Vaast-sur-Seulles
Saint-Vaast-sur-Seulles is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Vigor-des-Mézerets
Saint-Vigor-des-Mézerets is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Vigor-le-Grand
Saint-Vigor-le-Grand is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Saint-Étienne-la-Thillaye
Saint-Étienne-la-Thillaye is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Sainte-Croix-Grand-Tonne
Sainte-Croix-Grand-Tonne is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Sainte-Croix-sur-Mer
Sainte-Croix-sur-Mer is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Sainte-Foy-de-Montgommery
Sainte-Foy-de-Montgommery is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Sainte-Honorine-de-Ducy
Sainte-Honorine-de-Ducy is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Sainte-Honorine-des-Pertes
Sainte-Honorine-des-Pertes is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Sainte-Honorine-du-Fay
Sainte-Honorine-du-Fay is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Sainte-Marguerite-d'Elle
Sainte-Marguerite-d'Elle is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Sainte-Marguerite-de-Viette
Sainte-Marguerite-de-Viette is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Sainte-Marguerite-des-Loges
Sainte-Marguerite-des-Loges is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Sainte-Marie-Laumont
Sainte-Marie-Laumont is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Sainte-Marie-Outre-l'Eau
Sainte-Marie-Outre-l'Eau is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Sallen
Sallen is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Sallenelles
Sallenelles is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Sannerville
Sannerville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Saon
Saon is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Saonnet
Saonnet is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Sassy, Calvados
Sassy, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Secqueville-en-Bessin
Secqueville-en-Bessin is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Sept-Frères
Sept-Frères is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Sept-Vents
Sept-Vents is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Soignolles
Soignolles is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Soliers
Soliers is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Sommervieu
Sommervieu is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Soulangy
Soulangy is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Soumont-Saint-Quentin
Soumont-Saint-Quentin is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Subles
Subles is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Sully, Calvados
Sully, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Surrain
Surrain is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Surville, Calvados
Surville, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Tessel
Tessel is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Thaon
Thaon is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Thiéville
Thiéville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Thury-Harcourt
Thury-Harcourt is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Tierceville
Tierceville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Tilly-la-Campagne
Tilly-la-Campagne is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Tilly-sur-Seulles
Tilly-sur-Seulles is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Tordouet
Tordouet is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Torteval-Quesnay
Torteval-Quesnay is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Tortisambert
Tortisambert is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Touffréville
Touffréville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Touques, Calvados
Touques, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Tour-en-Bessin
Tour-en-Bessin is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Tourgéville
Tourgéville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Tournay-sur-Odon
Tournay-sur-Odon is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Tournebu
Tournebu is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Tournières
Tournières is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Tourville-en-Auge
Tourville-en-Auge is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Tourville-sur-Odon
Tourville-sur-Odon is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Tracy-Bocage
Tracy-Bocage is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Tracy-sur-Mer
Tracy-sur-Mer is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Troarn
Troarn is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Trois-Monts
Trois-Monts is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Trouville-sur-Mer
Trouville-sur-Mer is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Trungy
Trungy is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Truttemer-le-Grand
Truttemer-le-Grand is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Truttemer-le-Petit
Truttemer-le-Petit is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Tréprel
Tréprel is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Trévières
Trévières is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Urville, Calvados
Urville, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Ussy
Ussy is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Vacognes-Neuilly
Vacognes-Neuilly is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Valsemé
Valsemé is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Varaville
Varaville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Vassy, Calvados
Vassy, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Vaubadon
Vaubadon is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Vaucelles
Vaucelles is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Vaudeloges
Vaudeloges is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Vaudry
Vaudry is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Vauville, Calvados
Vauville, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Vaux-sur-Aure
Vaux-sur-Aure is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Vaux-sur-Seulles
Vaux-sur-Seulles is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Găvan River (Olt)
The Găvan River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Vendes
Vendes is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Vendeuvre
Vendeuvre is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Ver-sur-Mer
Ver-sur-Mer is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Versainville
Versainville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Verson
Verson is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Vicques, Calvados
Vicques, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Victot-Pontfol
Victot-Pontfol is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Vienne-en-Bessin
Vienne-en-Bessin is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Vierville-sur-Mer
Vierville-sur-Mer is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Viessoix
Viessoix is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Vieux, Calvados
Vieux, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Vieux-Bourg
Vieux-Bourg is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Vieux-Fumé
Vieux-Fumé is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Vieux-Pont-en-Auge
Vieux-Pont-en-Auge is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Vignats
Vignats is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Villers-Bocage, Calvados
Villers-Bocage, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Raţa River (Olt)
The Raţa River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Villers-Canivet
Villers-Canivet is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Villers-sur-Mer
Villers-sur-Mer is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Villerville
Villerville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Villiers-le-Sec, Calvados
Villiers-le-Sec, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Villons-les-Buissons
Villons-les-Buissons is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Villy-Bocage
Villy-Bocage is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Moaşa River (Olt)
The Moaşa River or Moaşa Sebeşului River is a tributary of the Olt River in Romania. That means it flows into the Olt River.

Osetul River
The Osetul River is a tributary of the Moaşa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Moaşa River.

Villy-lez-Falaise
Villy-lez-Falaise is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Vimont, Calvados
Vimont, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Vire
Vire is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Vouilly
Vouilly is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Écrammeville
Écrammeville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Émiéville
Émiéville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Épaney
Épaney is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Épinay-sur-Odon
Épinay-sur-Odon is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Épron
Épron is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Équemauville
Équemauville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Éterville
Éterville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Valea Tătarului River
The Valea Tătarului River or Tătaru River is a tributary of the Moaşa River in Romania. That means it flows into the Moaşa River.

Étouvy
Étouvy is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Étréham
Étréham is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Évrecy
Évrecy is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Southern Railway (Great Britain)
The Southern Railway (SR), was a British railway company established in the 1923 Grouping. It contained notable examples of civil engineering, linking London with the Channel ports, South West England and Kent. The railway was formed by the amalgamation of smaller companies, the largest of which were the London & South Western Railway, the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway, and the South Eastern and Chatham Railway. Construction of what was to become the Southern began in 1838 with the opening of the London and Southampton Railway, which was renamed the London & South Western Railway.

Electric multiple unit
An electric multiple unit or EMU is a multiple unit train consisting of many carriages using electricity as the motive power.

List of British Rail modern traction locomotive classes
This page lists every locomotive allocated a TOPS classification and all modern traction (e.g. diesel, electric, gas turbine, petrol) stock used on the mainline network since 1948 (i.e British Railways and post-privatisation).
Diesel locomotives.
The 1955 diesel locomotive classes are given in brackets where applicable.
Small shunters: under 300 hp.
Shunter classes are listed by 1955 class, which puts TOPS classes in ascending order, and generally puts 1948 and 1962 classes in ascending order. Unclassed shunters are placed at the start of the table; TOPS class 07 has been placed so its 1962 class is in the logical place.
Type 2 locomotives: 1001 - 1499hp.
Locomotive class are listed by TOPS class. Locomotives for TOPS classes 24 and 26 have their original sub-classes shown, as each wholly comprised locomotives from a distinct 1962 class.
Class 99.
When British Rail implemented the TOPS system for managing their operating stock, part of their shipping fleet was incorporated into the system as Class 99, in order to circumvent some of the restrictions of the application software.
Builders' demonstrators.
These were locomotives built and owned by private firms, but used by British Rail to test them.
Unbuilt locomotives.
A number of TOPS class numbers were allocated to proposed locomotives, both diesel and electric, which for many reasons were not proceeded with.

List of British Rail diesel multiple unit classes
This is a list of British Rail diesel multiple unit classes.

List of British Rail electric multiple unit classes
This page lists every electric-powered multiple unit allocated a TOPS classification or used on the mainline network since 1948 (i.e British Railways and post-privatisation). British Rail operated a wide variety of electric multiple units for use on electrified lines.
Modern Generation.
These use electrical switching devices (thyristors and transistors) and have electronic power control.
Southern Region units.
The Southern Railway and its successor, the Southern Region of British Rail, used three letter codes to classify their DC EMU fleets, as shown after the TOPS class numbers.
Other DC units.
The 500 series classes were reserved for DC (third/fourth rail) EMUs not from the Southern Region. This included the DC (third/fourth rail) lines in North London, Merseyside and Greater Manchester. The DC electric network around Tyneside had been de-electrified by the time TOPS was introduced, and the stock withdrawn or transferred to the Southern Region.
Battery electric multiple unit (BEMU).
This was a one-off unit, withdrawn before the introduction of TOPS.

List of British Rail departmental multiple unit classes
The 900 series classes were reserved for multiple units in departmental stock, most of which were converted from old passenger units. In broad terms, classes 930-935 were allocated to Southern Region multiple units (ex-200 and 400 series), 936 & 937 to other EMUs (ex-300 and 500 series) and 960 to other DMUs (ex-100 series). In recent years, this has been less rigidly adhered to.
Electric multiple units.
The original use for the Southern Region (SR) classes are included in brackets; these designations have been less rigidly applied in recent years.

British United Traction
British United Traction (BUT) was a joint company owned by the Associated Equipment Company and Leyland Motors which produced railway equipment and trolleybuses.

British Rail Derby Lightweight
The British Rail Derby Lightweight diesel multiple units, were the first such trains to be built en-masse for British Railways. The units were built at BR's Derby Works from 1954 to 1955. The units were built in various formations, including two single car units, 12 power-twin 2-car units, 84 power-trailer 2-car units, and four 4-car units. Contemporaneous with these units was the unique Battery Electric Multiple Unit.

British Rail Metro-Cammell
In 1955, Metropolitan Cammell produced its first lightweight Diesel multiple units, the prototypes of what were to become British Rail's most successful and longest-lived "First Generation" DMU type, the Class 101.

British Rail Railbuses
British Rail produced a variety of Railbuses as a means both of building new rolling stock cheaply, and to provide services on lightly-used lines economically.

GWR railcars
In 1933, the Great Western Railway introduced the first of what was to become a very successful series of railcars, which survived in regular use into the 1960s, when they were replaced with the new British Rail "first generation" type diesel multiple units.

LMS railcars
The London Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) introduced a number of railcars to service between 1933 and 1939. They were mainly single units but one was a three-car articulated set.

Pacer (train)
Pacer is the operational name of the British Rail Class 140, 141, 142, 143 and 144 diesel multiple unit railbuses, built between 1984 and 1987. Many Pacer railbuses are still in use today.

Sprinter (train)
The Sprinter is a family of diesel multiple unit trains in use on the UK railway system. They were built in the 1980s and early 1990s by BREL, Metro Cammell and Leyland. All are based around a Cummins engine with Voith hydraulic transmission. Sprinters can be seen operating in almost every part of the UK, from rural branch lines to commuter expresses into major cities.

Turbostar
Turbostar is the name given to a series of diesel multiple units (DMU) built by Bombardier Transportation (previously ADtranz) at their Litchurch Lane Works in Derby, England. The Turbostar was the first new train type to be introduced after the privatisation of British Rail, and is the most common type of diesel multiple unit (its electrical variant, the Electrostar, is the most common electric multiple unit). The first units were ordered by Chiltern Railways in 1996 and were designated Class 168 (also known as "Clubman"). Since then the family has grown with the addition of the Class 170, Class 171, and (in development) the Class 172.

Coradia (train)
Coradia is the name given to the range of multiple-unit inter-city and regional trains manufactured by Alstom. There are a number of variants of this series, used in several countries.

Bombardier Voyager family
The Voyager series is a group of high speed diesel electric multiple unit trains built by Bombardier Transportation in service on the UK railway network. The trains are among the most modern currently in operation, and are in service on many intercity routes around Great Britain. There are currently three types in service with 4 TOCs (First Hull Trains, East Midlands Trains, Virgin Trains and CrossCountry).

Diesel multiple unit
A diesel multiple unit or DMU is a multiple unit train consisting of multiple carriages powered by one or more on-board diesel engines. They may also be referred to as a railcar or railmotor, depending on country.

British Rail Janus
Janus and Taurus were two shunting locomotives by the Yorkshire Engine Company and loaned to British Railways for demonstrations. However, BR did not buy any production versions after testing. At least one other Yorkshire Engine Company locomotive was loaned to British Railways in the 1960s.

British Rail HS4000
HS4000, named "Kestrel", was a prototype high-powered mainline diesel locomotive built in 1968 by Brush Traction, Loughborough to demonstrate its wares to British Railways. The name came from Hawker Siddeley (the owner of Brush) 4000 hp (the power rating of its Sulzer engine).

8667 Fontane
8667 Fontane (1991 GH10) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on April 9, 1991 by F. Borngen at Tautenburg.

8672 Morse
8672 Morse (1991 PW16) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on August 6, 1991 by Eric Walter Elst at the European Southern Observatory.

7455 Podosek
7455 Podosek (1981 EQ26) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on March 2, 1981 by S. J. Bus at Siding Spring Observatory.

7544 Tipografiyanauka
7544 Tipografiyanauka (1976 UB2) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on October 26, 1976 by T. M. Smirnova at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory.

7347 Vickyhamilton
is a main belt asteroid that was found on November 3, 1988.

British Rail GT3
GT3, meaning Gas Turbine number 3 (following 18000 and 18100 as gas turbines 1 and 2), was a prototype mainline gas turbine locomotive built in 1961 by English Electric at their Vulcan Foundry in Newton-le-Willows to demonstrate its wares to British Railways. It was designed by Vulcan engineer J. O. P. Hughes and the project had been started in early 1950s. Externally it resembled a steam tender locomotive, although, in the case of GT3, the tender carried diesel fuel.

British Rail DP2
DP2, meaning Diesel Prototype number 2, was a prototype Type 4 mainline diesel locomotive built in 1962 by English Electric at their Vulcan Foundry in Newton-le-Willows to demonstrate its wares to British Railways. As the Deltics were then in production, it was decided to produce the locomotive on the same production line; the bodyshell used for DP2 reputedly being the eighteenth made. While DP2 looked like a Class 55 locomotive in outline, there were many detail differences; particularly the large bodyside radiator vents at one end, and the single roof fan as opposed to the four symmetrically placed fans on the Deltics. These differences were the external effect of DP2 being totally different from the twin-engined Deltics internally, being the forerunner of the Class 50.

British Rail DP1
DP1, or Prototype Deltic is a demonstrator locomotive built by English Electric in 1955. This locomotive resulted in 22 similar locomotives being ordered by British Rail, which became their Class 55.

British Rail DHP1
DHP1, meaning Diesel Hydraulic Prototype number 1, was a prototype Type 3 mainline diesel locomotive built in 1965 by Clayton to demonstrate their wares to British Railways. It was designed for mixed traffic work, being equipped with steam heating facilities for working passenger trains. It was painted red, with the cab area above bonnet-level height painted cream.

British Rail D0260
D0260, named "Lion", was a prototype Type 4 mainline diesel locomotive built in 1962 by the Birmingham Railway Carriage and Wagon Company, in association with Sulzer and Associated Electrical Industries, at their Smethwick works in Birmingham to demonstrate their wares to British Railways. The locomotive’s number was derived from its works number, DEL260.

British Railways D0226
D0226 and D0227 were two prototype diesel shunting locomotives built in 1956 by English Electric at its Vulcan Foundry in Newton-le-Willows to demonstrate its wares to British Railways. They originally carried numbers D226 and D227, their Vulcan Foundry works numbers, but these were later amended to avoid clashing with the numbers of new Class 40 locomotives.

British Rail 18100
British Rail 18100 was a prototype main line gas turbine-electric locomotive built for British Railways in 1951 by Metropolitan Vickers, Manchester. It had, however, been ordered by the Great Western Railway in the 1940s, but construction was delayed due to World War II. It spent its working life on the Western Region of British Railways, operating express passenger services from London Paddington station.

British Rail 18000
British Rail 18000 was a prototype mainline Gas turbine-electric locomotive built for British Railways in 1949 by Brown, Boveri & Cie. It had, however, been ordered by the Great Western Railway in 1940, but construction was delayed due to World War II. It spent its working life on the Western Region of British Railways, operating express passenger services from London Paddington station.

LNER Class Y11
LNER Class Y11 was a class of petrol powered 0-4-0 locomotives built by Motor Rail & Tram Car Company Limited under their "Simplex" brand and introduced in the years 1919-1925 for the London and North Eastern Railway (LNER). Their British Railways numbers were 15097-15099.

British Rail Class 97
British Rail reserved the TOPS Class 97 designation for departmental locomotives. These were used for special or engineering duties. They were therefore of several different classes, lumped together for numbering purposes. Some locomotives were converted from redundant engines, whilst others were purpose built. In 2008, Network Rail once again used Class 97 for signalling test locomotives (Class 97/3).

British Rail Class 97/6
The British Rail Class 97/6 0-6-0 diesel shunting locomotives were purpose-built for departmental duties by Ruston & Hornsby at Lincoln in 1953 (97650) or 1959 (97651-654). There are minor technical differences between 97650 and the 1959 batch.

British Rail Eastern Region departmental locomotives
In 1952, the Eastern Region of British Rail introduced its own series for departmental (non-revenue earning) vehicles, including locomotives. Numbers were allocated from 1 to 1000, with blocks of 100 numbers allocated to specific types of vehicle.

SR departmental locomotives
The Southern Railway numbered its departmental (non-revenue earning) stock, both locomotives and carriages in a series commencing at 1S. The series was retained by the Southern Region of British Rail, but amended so that the numbers carried a 'DS' prefix instead of an 'S' suffix. This page lists the locomotives numbered in this series, including steam, diesel and electric locomotives.

British Rail Class ES1
British Rail Class ES1 was a class of two electric locomotives commissioned by the North Eastern Railway in 1902. They were of steeplecab design.

British Rail Class EF1
The British Rail Class EF1 ("Electric Freight 1") was a class of electrically powered locomotives used by British Rail in England. They were used during the pre-TOPS period. They were also classified as British Rail Class EB1 for a short period of time, although only a single locomotive was completely modified to "EB1" condition.

British Rail Class EE1
British Rail Class EE1 was an electric locomotive commissioned by the North Eastern Railway in 1922. Ownership passed to the London and North Eastern Railway in 1923 and to British Railways in 1948.

British Rail Class EB1
The British Rail Class EB1 ("Electric Banking 1") was an electrically powered locomotive used by British Rail in England. It was used during the pre-TOPS period. The other NER electric locos built at the same time were classified as EB1 but were never modified, they later became British Rail Class EF1.

SNCF Class BB 22200
The BB 22200 is a class of electric locomotives in service with the French railways SNCF, built by Alsthom between 1976-1986. They are a polycurrent version (1500 CV direct current and 25 kV 50 Hz AC) of the BB 7200 and BB 15000 classes, with which it shares the exterior appearance. Thanks to this characteristic they can run in all French electrified lines.

Vossloh G1206
The Vossloh G1206 is a B'B' diesel hydraulic freight locomotive built by Vossloh and used by several mainland European railway operators. The design was created in the mid-1990s by Maschinenbau Kiel (MaK) for German coal supplier RAG Aktiengesellschaft (RAG AG) and is a follow-on to the "G1205" locomotive class built as SNCB Class 77. A cab is provided above one of the bogies, with walkways on both sides along the rest of the locomotive. Rated power is from either a MTU or Caterpillar engines, giving a top speed of.

British Rail Class 41 (HST)
The British Rail Class 41 was the original classification for the power cars of the prototype High Speed Train. However, the train was later re-classified as a diesel-electric multiple unit, and the whole set became Class 252. They were of Bo-Bo wheel arrangement.

British Rail Class 43 (Warship Class)
The British Rail Class 43 diesel-hydraulic locomotives were built by the North British Locomotive Company (NBL) from 1960-1962.

British Rail Class 43 (HST)
The British Rail Class 43 is the classification used for the InterCity 125 High Speed Train power cars, built by BREL from 1976 to 1982.

North Midland Railway
The North Midland Railway was a British railway company, which opened its line from Derby to Rotherham (Masborough) and Leeds in 1840.

Glasgow Corporation Tramways
Glasgow Corporation Tramways were formerly one of the largest urban tramway systems in Europe. Over 1000 municipally-owned trams served the city of Glasgow, Scotland. The system closed in 1962 and was the last city tramway in Great Britain (prior to the construction of new systems in the 1990s).

Southampton 45
This was the tram that started the whole preservation movement when it was purchased in 1949 after a final tour of the Southampton system before closure. The Museum Committee of the Light Railway Transport League brought the tram for just £10 after it was selected as being in the best condition of the remaining open-top trams. At the time there was nowhere to store the tram as this was pre-Crich and so the tram travelled the country staying in various locations. It was in Blackpool by 1955 at Marton Depot and was handed over to the Tramway Musuem Society which had just been formed from the Musuem Committee of the LRTL. It then spent some time at the Motor Musuem in Beaulieu, Hampshire alongside Newcastle 102 on open air display before arriving at its new home in Crich in October 1960. The tram looks out of proportion as it had to pass through the very low Bathgate Arch in the centre of Southampton and a normal sized tram would not have stood a chance of clearing the arch. Although it was originally built in 1903 by Hurst Nelson the Corporation rebuilt it at a later date by adding canopies and changed the three window saloon to a 4 window one. The tram is in regular use, when the weather permits, still to this day at the Crich Tramway Village and is in Red and White livery.
Fact File.
Built: 1903 by Hurst Nelson with 3 window lower saloon. Rebuilt by Southampton Corporation Tramways with 4 window lower saloon.
Withdrawn from Service: 1949 - purchased for £10 for preservation by LRTL Museum Committee
Seats: Number unknown. Knifeboard seating on top deck.
Previous Homes: Include - Southampton, Marton Depot (Blackpool), Motor Musuem Beaulieu.
Current Status: Operational at the Crich Tramway Village (since 1960)

Acanthocephala
The Acanthocephala (Greek ακανθος, "akanthos", thorn + κεφαλη, "kephale", head) is a phylum of parasitic worms known as acanthocephales, thorny-headed worms, or spiny-headed worms, characterised by the presence of an evertable proboscis, armed with spines, which it uses to pierce and hold the gut wall of its host. Acanthocephalans typically have complex life cycles, involving a number of hosts, including invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, birds, and mammals. About 1150 species have been described.

Second Polish Republic
Second Polish Republic was name of Polish state from 1918 (end of WWI) through 1939 (start of WWII). When its borders were fixed in 1922 after several wars, it had borders with Czechoslovakia, Weimar Republic, Free City of Danzig, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania and Soviet Union.

Ze (Cyrillic)
Ze (З, з) is the eighth letter in the Cyrillic alphabet. It sounds like [z]. It looks like a "3", and can be mixed up with Э.
It came from the Greek letter zeta and is the same s the Roman letter Z.

I (Cyrillic)
I (И, и) is the ninth letter in the Cyrillic alphabet. It sounds like [i].
It looks like a backwards N. The lowercase и's italic looks like a "и". Its old name was "izhe".
It came from the Greek eta and stands for the Roman I.
There is another letter, the decimal I ("І", "і"), that sounds the same as И. Russian, Macedonian, Serbian and Bulgarian languages use only И; and Church Slavonic and Ukrainian uses both И and і. To tell the letters apart, И is sometimes called "octal I" because was eighth in the Cyrillic numeral system.

Kirkby Lonsdale
Kirkby Lonsdale is a small town in Cumbria, England.

Windermere
Windermere is the largest natural lake in England.

Hippolytushoef
Hippolytushoef () is a town in the Dutch province of North Holland.

Storm drain
A storm drain, storm sewer (U.S.), stormwater drain (Australia and New Zealand) or surface water system (UK) is designed to drain extra rain and ground water from paved streets, parking lots, sidewalks, and roofs. Storm drains vary in design from small residential dry wells to large municipal systems. They are fed by street gutters on most motorways, freeways and other busy roads, as well as towns in areas which experience heavy rainfall, flooding and coastal towns which experience regular storms.

Jet stream
Jet streams are fast flowing, relatively narrow air currents found at the tropopause, the transition between the troposphere (where temperature decreases with height) and the stratosphere (where temperature increases with height),
and are located at 10-15 kilometers above the surface of the Earth.

Hiroki Ito
Hiroki Ito (born 27 July, 1978) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Kawasaki Frontale.

Noritada Saneyoshi
Noritada Saneyoshi (born 19 October, 1972) is a former Japanese football player. He has played for Gamba Osaka.

Nobuyuki Furo
Nobuyuki Furo (born 1 January, 1980) is a former Japanese football player. He has played for Vissel Kobe.

Hitoshi Sogahata
Hitoshi Sogahata (born 2 August, 1979) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Kashima Antlers.

Justice Christopher
Justice Christopher (born 24 December, 1981) is a former football player. He has played for Nigeria national team.

Haruna Babangida
Haruna Babangida (born 1 October, 1982) is a football player. He plays for Apollon Limassol.

Guus Hiddink
Guus Hiddink (born 8 November, 1946) is a former Dutch football player.

Hiromi Hara
Hiromi Hara (born 19 October, 1958) is a former Japanese football player. He has played for Mitsubishi Motors and Japan national team.

Naohiro Ishikawa
Naohiro Ishikawa (born 12 May, 1981) is a former Japanese football player. He plays for Tokyo.

Yukihiko Sato
Yukihiko Sato (born 11 May, 1976) is a Japanese football player.

Eisuke Nakanishi
Eisuke Nakanishi (born 23 June, 1973) is a former Japanese football player. He has played for Japan national team.

Yutaro Abe
Yutaro Abe (born 5 October, 1984) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Gainare Tottori.

Tatsuya Enomoto
Tatsuya Enomoto (born 16 March, 1979) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Vissel Kobe.

Daisuke Nasu
Daisuke Nasu (born 10 October, 1981) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Júbilo Iwata.

H.N.K. Hajduk Split
H.N.K. Hajduk Split is a football club which plays in Croatia.

N.K. Dinamo Zagreb
N.K. Dinamo Zagreb is a football club which plays in Croatia.

N.K. Zagreb
N.K. Zagreb is a football club which plays in Croatia.

Michael I of Romania
Michael, King of the Romanians, Prince of Hohenzollern (born October 25, 1921), reigned as King of the Romanians (, literally "His Majesty Michael I King of the Romanians") from July 20, 1927 to June 8, 1930, and again from September 6, 1940, until forced to abdicate by the communists backed up by orders of Stalin to the Soviet armies of occupation on December 30, 1947. A great-great-grandson of Queen Victoria and a third cousin of Queen Elizabeth II, he is one of the last surviving heads of state from World War II, the others being Simeon II of Bulgaria and King Norodom Sihanouk of Cambodia.

13063 Purifoy
13063 Purifoy (1991 LB) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on June 5, 1991 by Spacewatch at Kitt Peak.

13070 Seanconnery
13070 Seanconnery is a Main Belt asteroid that was found on September 8, 1991 by Eric Walter Elst.

13084 Virchow
is a main belt asteroid that was found on April 2, 1992.

13052 Las Casas
13052 Las Casas (1990 SN8) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 22, 1990 by E. W. Elst at the European Southern Observatory.

13055 Kreppein
13055 Kreppein (1990 TW12) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on October 14, 1990 by L. D. Schmadel and F. Borngen at Tautenburg.

13057 Jorgensen
13057 Jorgensen (1990 VF8) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on November 13, 1990 by C. S. Shoemaker and D. H. Levy at Palomar Observatory.

13059 Ducuroir
13059 Ducuroir (1991 BD1) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on January 18, 1991 by E. W. Elst at Haute Provence.

13062 Podarkes
13062 Podarkes (1991 HN) is a Jupiter Trojan that was found on April 19, 1991 by C. S. Shoemaker and E. M. Shoemaker at Palomar Observatory.

13121 Tisza
13121 Tisza (1994 CN9) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on February 7, 1994 by E. W. Elst at the European Southern Observatory.

13123 Tyson
13123 Tyson (1994 KA) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on May 16, 1994 by C. S. Shoemaker and D. H. Levy at Palomar Observatory.

13125 Tobolsk
13125 Tobolsk (1994 PK5) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on August 10, 1994 by E. W. Elst at the European Southern Observatory.

21290 Vydra
is a main belt asteroid that was found on November 9, 1996.

9313 Protea
9313 Protea (1988 CH3) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on February 13, 1988 by E. W. Elst at the European Southern Observatory.

6063 Jason
6063 Jason (1984 KB) is an Apollo asteroid, Venus-crosser asteroid, and Mars-crosser asteroid that was found on May 27, 1984 by Carolyn and Eugene Shoemaker at Palomar.

6239 Minos
6239 Minos (1989 QF) is a Apollo asteroid and Venus-crosser asteroid that was found on August 31, 1989 by Carolyn S. Shoemaker and Eugene Merle Shoemaker at Palomar.

Joe Hart
Joe Hart is an English footballer. He was born on April 19, 1987. He plays for Manchester City.

7092 Cadmus
7092 Cadmus is a Mars-crossing asteroid and Earth-crosser asteroid that was found on June 4, 1992.

Jonathan Woodgate
Jonathan Woodgate is an English footballer. He was born on January 22, 1980. He plays for Tottenham Hotspur.

11066 Sigurd
11066 Sigurd (1992 CC1) is a Apollo asteroid and Mars-crossing asteroid that was found on February 9, 1992 by C. S. Shoemaker and E. M. Shoemaker at Palomar Observatory.

Jermaine Jenas
Jermaine Jenas is an English footballer. He was born on February 18, 1983. He plays for Tottenham Hotspur.

Tom Huddlestone
Tom Huddlestone is an English footballer. He was born on December 28, 1986. He plays for Tottenham Hotspur.

32811 Apisaon
32811 Apisaon (1990 TP12) is a Jupiter Trojan that was found on October 14, 1990 by F. Borngen and L. D. Schmadel at Tautenburg.

17314 Aisakos
17314 Aisakos (1024 T-1) is a Jupiter Trojan that was fuond on March 25, 1971 by Cornelis Johannes van Houten and Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld at the Palomar Observatory.

32532 Thereus
32532 Thereus (2001 PT13) is a centaur that was found on August 9, 2001 by the Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking Project at Palomar.

31824 Elatus
31824 Elatus (1999 UG5) is a centaur that was found on October 29, 1999 by the Catalina Sky Survey.

49036 Pelion
49036 Pelion (1998 QM107) is a centaur that was found on August 21, 1998 by R. J. Whiteley and D. J. Tholen at Mauna Kea Observatory.

52975 Cyllarus
52975 Cyllarus (1998 TF35) is a Uranus-crossing asteroid and a Neptune-crossing asteroid that was found on October 12, 1998 by Nichole Danzl at Kitt Peak.

Paris Peace Treaties, 1947
The Paris Peace Conference (July 29 to October 15, 1946) resulted in the Paris Peace Treaties signed on February 10, 1947. The victorious wartime Allied powers (principally the United States, United Kingdom, France and the Soviet Union) negotiated the details of treaties with Italy, Romania, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Finland.
The treaties allowed Italy, Romania, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Finland to reassume their responsibilities as sovereign states in international affairs and to qualify for membership in the United Nations.

Eastern Romance languages
The Eastern Romance languages, sometimes known as the Vlach languages, are a group of Romance languages that developed in Southeastern Europe from the local eastern variant of Vulgar Latin.

54598 Bienor
54598 Bienor is a centaur and Uranus-crossing asteroid that was found on August 27, 2000 by M. W. Buie, S. D. Kern, R. L. Millis, and L. H. Wasserman.

Nicolae Ceauşescu
Nicolae Ceauşescu () (January 26, 1918 – December 25, 1989) was the President of Romania from 1965 until 1989. After the Romanian Revolution of 1989 where he was deposed, tried and publicly executed.

List of Uranus-crossing asteroids
†: This means it is an inner-grazer
‡: This means it is an outer-grazer

Ion Iliescu
Ion Iliescu (born March 3, 1930) is a Romanian politician. He joined the Communist Party in 1953, and became a member of the Central Committee in 1965, serving in various positions until Nicolae Ceauşescu was overthrown in 1989. Iliescu was the elected President of Romania for eleven years (three terms), from 1990 to 1992, 1992 to 1996, and 2000 to 2004.

Traian Băsescu
Traian Băsescu (born November 4, 1951) is a Romanian politician and former Merchant Navy officer. He is the current President of Romania, inaugurated on December 20, 2004. He won the office in the 2004 presidential election. Prior to becoming President, he was the Mayor of Bucharest from June 2000 until December 2004.

Neptune-crosser asteroid
A Neptune-crosser asteroid is an asteroid whose orbit goes over that of Neptunes' orbit.

President of Romania
The President of Romania is the head of state of Romania. The President is directly elected by a two-round system for a five-year term (since 2004, after the Constitution was modified in 2003). He or she can serve two terms. During his term in office, the President must not be a member of any political party.
Romania (1989-Present).
The title is "President of Romania" (). Article 84 of the Romanian Constitution forbids the President to be member of any political party during his (or her) term (only).

Galaţi
Galaţi (,;;) is a city in the eastern part of Romania, (Moldavia). It is the capital city of Galaţi County.

Historische Zeitschrift
Historische Zeitschrift, founded in 1859 by Heinrich von Sybel is considered to be the first and for a time the foremost historical journal. The creation of this journal inspired Gabriel Monod to found the French "Revue historique" in 1876. In 1886 the "English Historical Review" was founded and in 1895 the "American Historical Review" was founded.

Bran Castle
Bran Castle (;) can be found near Bran in the area of Braşov. It is a national monument and landmark in Romania. The fortress lies on the border between Transylvania and Wallachia, on Highway 73. Mostly known as "Dracula's Castle", it is used as the home of the character in Bram Stoker's "Dracula".

United Nations Development Programme
The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is the United Nations' global development network. The UNDP is an executive board within the United Nations General Assembly. The UNDP Administrator is the third highest ranking member of the United Nations after the United Nations Secretary-General and Deputy Secretary-General.

Tower Center International
Tower Center International is a class A office building in Bucharest. It has 25 floors and a surface of 25.000 sqm. It is located near Victoria Square, or 1 Mai zone. At a height of 120 meters, it is also the tallest building in Bucharest, as well as in Romania, but not the tallest structure.

Jordanes
Jordanes (also Jordanis or even Iornandes), was a 6th century Roman bureaucrat, who wrote history later in life.

Eutropius
Eutropius was a polytheist historian for Julian the Apostate in the late 4th century.
Writings.
Eutropius wrote a ten-book summary of Roman history called "Historiae romanae breviarium" between the years of 350 and 370. This is his only known writing.

Constantine VII
Constantine VII "Porphyrogennetos" or "Porphyrogenitus", "the Purple-born" (), (September 2, 905 – November 9, 959) was the son of the Byzantine emperor Leo VI and his fourth wife Zoe Karbonopsina. He was also the nephew of the Emperor Alexander. He is famous for his two descriptive books, "De Administrando Imperio" and "De Ceremoniis".

Silent Alarm
"Silent Alarm" is an album by Bloc Party. It was released on the 14th February 2005 in the UK and in the USA, it was released on the 22nd of March.
Track Listing.
The albums tracks were written by lead singer Kele Okereke and guitarist Russell Lissack. The album was produced by Paul Epworth who also produced "A Certain Trigger" by Maximo Park and "Made Of Bricks" by Kate Nash.

Timişoara
Timişoara is a city in the Banat area. It is found in the western part of Romania. It is the capital of Timiş County. About 307,300 people live in Timişoara.

CBeebies
CBeebies is a children's television channel suitable for children that are 6 years old or younger. It was launched on the 11 February 2002 by the BBC. It broadcasts from 06:00 to 19:00 on freeview channel 71. The sister channel is CBBC for older children.
Get Set Go.
"Get Set Go" is the first block of the day that starts at 06:00 and ends at 09:00. It is presented by Andy Day, but on weekends Sidney Sloane co-presents it with Andy.
Discover & Do.
"Get Set Go" is followed by "Discover & Do" which is broadcasted at 09:00 and ends at 12:00 noon. It is presented by Chris Jarvis and Pui Fan Lee."Discover and do is repeated at 12:00 til 15:00
Big Fun Time.
"Discover & Do" is followed by "Big Fun Time" which begins at 15:00 and finishes at 18:00. It is hosted by Sidney Sloane, but on weekends is co-presented by Andy Day.
Bedtime hour.
"Bedtime hour" follows Big Fun Time. It's broadcasted from 18:00 to 19:00 and includes programmes such as: The Fimbles, Step Inside, The Story Makers and The Roly Mo Show. Also shown is In The Night Garden and Jackanory.
This section of CBeebies starts with the song called ("Goodbye Sun, Hello Moon") at the end of the section Chris Jarvis sings a lullaby called ("The Time Has Come to Say Goodnight"). After the song, the station closes down for the night.
Presenters.
Liz Victor
Aneta Piotrowska (Cbeebies Poland)
Previous Presenters.
Eva Alexander (February to October 2006)
Awards.
Children's Channel of the Year (25 November 2007 BAFTA)
Best Music Original Score (29 November 2007)

Ploieşti
Ploieşti is the county seat. of Prahova County. It can be found in the historical region of Wallachia in Romania. About 232,500 people were living in Ploieşti as of the year 2002.

Shamota Tala Rinpoche
Shamota Tala Rinpoche (born 14th February 1979) is a teacher of Tibetan Buddhism. His parents are Tibetan but were living in Sikkim, India because of war. He is the 5th Incarnation of Shamota Tala Rinpoche.
He was taught by the 14th Shamarpa, Mipham Chokyi Lodro, Tulku Urgyen Rinpoche and the Nyingma teacher Dilgo Khyentse Rinpoche. He has also been taught by the Dalai Lama and others.
Current Work.
Lama Shamota Tala Rinpoche now lives in London, United Kindgom, where he runs a Buddhist meditation centre called the Dhargey Centre, which means "progress" or "development" in Tibetan. He has also learnt western philosophy and science in London. He regularly visits meditation centres worldwide, especially in Europe and North America, and teaches both the Kagyu and Nyingma traditions of Tibetan Buddhism.
Bibliography.
Lama Shamota Tala Rinpoche has written many books in Tibetan which have been translated into English, and more recently books in English. He also writes in many Buddhist magazines.
Incarnations.
2. Kalden Soenam Yeshe Dorje (1825-1866)

Brăila
Brăila is a city of Muntenia, in the eastern part of Romania. It is the capital of Brăila County. As of the year 2002, about 216,300 people were living in Brăila.

2005 SA
(2005 SA) is a Mars-crossing asteroid that was found on September 16, 2005 by James Whitney Young at the Table Mountain Observatory near Wrightwood, California.

Mars-crosser asteroid
A Mars-crosser asteroid is an asteroid whose orbit crosses over that of Mars.

Earth-crosser asteroid
An Earth-crosser asteroid is an asteroid whose orbit crosses that of Earth.

List of Earth-crosser asteroids
†: This means the asteroid is an outer grazer.

Bergen-Belsen
“ Here over an acre of ground lay dead and dying people. You could not see which was which... The living lay with their heads against the corpses and around them moved the awful, ghostly procession of emaciated, aimless people, with nothing to do and with no hope of life, unable to move out of your way, unable to look at the terrible sights around them... Babies had been born here, tiny wizened things that could not live... A mother, driven mad, screamed at a British sentry to give her milk for her child, and thrust the tiny mite into his arms, then ran off, crying terribly. He opened the bundle and found the baby had been dead for days.
This day at Belsen was the most horrible of my life.

Venus-crosser asteroid
A Venus-crosser asteroid is an asteroid whose orbit crosses over that of Venus.

Kitti's Hog-nosed Bat
Kitti's Hog-nosed Bat ("Craseonycteris thonglongyai"), also known as the bumblebee bat, is an endangered species of bat. It is the only member of the family Craseonycteridae. It occurs in western Thailand and southeast Burma. It usually lives in where limestone caves along rivers.
Kitti's Hog-nosed Bat is the smallest species of bat and one of the world's smallest mammals. It has a reddish-brown or grey coat, with a distinctive pig-like snout. Colonies range greatly in size, with an average of 100 individuals per cave. The bat feeds during short activity periods in the evening and dawn, foraging around nearby forest areas for insects. Female bat have only one offspring each year.
The status of the bat in Burma is not well known. In Thailand, the bat only occurs in one province and may be at risk of becoming extinct. The threats it faces are mostly caused by humans, most notably the degradation of habitats and being disturbed in their caves.
Description.
Kitti's Hog-nosed Bat is about 29–33 millimetres (1.14–1.30 in) in length and 2 grams (0.07 oz) in mass), hence the common name of "bumblebee bat". It is the smallest species of bat and may be the world's smallest mammal, depending on how size is defined. The main competitors for the title are small shrews; in particular, the Etruscan shrew may be lighter (1.2–2.7 g) (0.042-0.095 oz) but is longer (36–53 mm head-and-body) (1.42-2.09 in).
The bat has a distinctive swollen, pig-like snout with thin, vertical nostrils. Its ears are relatively large, while its eyes are small and mostly concealed by fur. Its teeth are typical of an insectivorous bat. The dental formula is 1:1:1:3 in the upper jaw and 2:1:2:3 in the lower jaw, with large upper incisors.
The bat's upperparts are reddish-brown or grey, while the underside is generally paler. The wings are relatively large and darker in colour, with long tips that allow the bat to hover. Despite having two caudal vertebrae, Kitti's Hog-nosed Bat has no visible tail. There is a large web of skin between the hind legs (the uropatagium) which may assist in flying and catching insects, although there are no tail bones or calcars to help control it in flight.
Range and distribution.
Kitti's Hog-nosed Bat occupies the limestone caves along rivers, within dry evergreen or deciduous forests. In Thailand, Kitti's Hog-nosed Bat is restricted to a small region of Kanchanaburi Province, within the drainage basin of the Khwae Noi River. While the Sai Yok National Park contains much of the bat's range, some Thai populations occur outside the park and are therefore unprotected.
Since the 2001 discovery of a single individual in Burma, at least nine separate sites have been identified in the limestone outcrops outside the Thanlwin, Ataran, and Gyaing Rivers of Kayin and Mon States. The Thai and Burmese populations are morphologically identical, but their echolocation calls are distinct. It is not known whether the two populations are reproductively isolated.
Behaviour.
Kitti's Hog-nosed Bat roosts in the caves of limestone hills, far from the entrance. While many caves contain only 10 to 15 individuals, the average group size is 100, with a maximum of about 500. Individuals roost high on walls or roof domes, far apart from each other. Bats also undertake seasonal migration between caves.
Kitti's Hog-nosed Bat has a brief activity period, leaving its roost for only 30 minutes in the evening and 20 minutes at dawn. These short flights are easily interrupted by heavy rain or cold temperatures. During this period, the bat forages within fields of cassava and kapok or around the tops of bamboo clumps and teak trees, within one kilometre of the roosting site. The wings seem to be shaped for hovering flight, and the gut contents of specimens do include spiders and insects that are presumably gleaned off foliage. Nevertheless, most prey is probably caught in flight. Main staples of the bat's diet include small flies (Chloropidae, Agromyzidae, and Anthomyiidae), hymenopterans, and psocopterans.
Late in the dry season (around April) of each year, females give birth to a single offspring. During feeding periods, the young either stays in the roost or remains attached to the mother at one of her two vestigial pubic nipples.
Taxonomy.
Kitti's Hog-nosed Bat is the only extant species in the family Craseonycteridae, which is grouped in the superfamily Rhinolophoidea as a result of molecular testing. Based on this determination, the bat's closest relatives are members of the families Hipposideridae and Rhinopomatidae.
Kitti's Hog-nosed Bat was unknown to the world at large prior to 1974. Its common name refers to its discoverer, Thai zoologist Kitti Thonglongya. Thonglongya worked with a British partner, John E. Hill, in classifying bats of Thailand; after Thonglongya died suddenly in February 1974, Hill formally described the species, giving it the binomial name "Craseonycteris thonglongyai" in honour of his colleague.
Conservation.
As of the species' most recent review in 1996, Kitti's Hog-nosed Bat is listed by the IUCN as endangered, with a downward population trend.
Soon after the bat's discovery in the 1970s, some roosting sites became disturbed as a result of tourism, scientific collection, and even the collection and sale of individuals as souvenirs. However, these pressures may not have had a significant effect on the species as a whole, since many small colonies exist in hard-to-access locations, and only a few major caves were disturbed. Another potential risk is the activity of local monks, who have occupied roost caves during periods of meditation.
Currently, the most significant and long-term threat to the Thai population could be the annual burning of forest areas, which is most prevalent during the bat's breeding season. In addition, the proposed construction of a pipeline from Burma to Thailand may have a negative impact. Threats to the Burmese population are not well known.
In 2007, Kitti's Hog-nosed Bat was identified by the Evolutionarily Distinct and Globally Endangered (EDGE) project as one of its Top 10 "focal species". EDGE identifies species that are evolutionarily distinct and need better protection to prevent extinction.

List of Venus-crossing asteroids
"Note:These are also Earth-crosser asteroids."
‡: This means that the asteroid is also a Mercury crosser asteroid or grazer.

Mercury-crosser asteroid
A Mercury-crosser asteroid is an asteroid whose orbit crosses that of Mercury.

37655 Illapa
37655 Illapa (1994 PM) is an Apollo asteroid, Mercury-crosser asteroid, Venus-crosser asteroid, and Mars-crosser asteroid that was found on August 1, 1994 by C. S. Shoemaker and E. M. Shoemaker at Palomar.

5786 Talos
5786 Talos (1991 RC) is a Apollo asteroid, Mercury-crosser asteroid, and Venus-crosser asteroid that was found on September 03, 1991 by R. H. McNaught at Siding Spring.

1862 Apollo
1862 Apollo is a Q-type asteroid, Apollo asteroid, Venus-crosser asteroid, and Mars-crosser asteroid that was found by Karl Reinmuth in 1932. The Apollo family of asteroids are named after this asteroid. A moon or satellite of 1862 Apollo was found on November 4, 2005, making this a binary asteroid as well.

24761 Ahau
24761 Ahau (1993 BW2) is an Apollo asteroid and Near-earth object that was found on January 28, 1993 by C. S. Shoemaker and E. M. Shoemaker at Palomar.

(9943) 1989 UG3
is a main belt asteroid that was found on October 29, 1989 by M. Iwamoto and T. Furuta.

(9945) 1990 KX
(9945) 1990 KX is a main belt asteroid that was found on May 19, 1990 by E. F. Helin at the Palomar Observatory.

13559 Werth
13559 Werth (1992 RD1) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 4, 1992 by L. D. Schmadel and F. Borngen at Tautenburg.

13579 Allodd
13579 Allodd (1993 NA2) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on July 12, 1993 by E. W. Elst at the European Southern Observatory.

14174 Deborahsmall
14174 Deborahsmall (1998 VO13) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on November 10, 1998 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro.

142084 Jamesdaniel
142084 Jamesdaniel (2002 QU47) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on August 29, 2002 by James Whitney Young at the Table Mountain Observatory near Wrightwood, California.

143622 Robertbloch
143622 Robertbloch (2003 HG) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on April 22, 2003 by M. Ory at Vicques.

14312 Polytech
14312 Polytech (1976 UN2) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on October 26, 1976 by T. M. Smirnova at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory.

14791 Atreus
14791 Atreus (1973 SU) is a Jupiter Trojan that was found on September 19, 1973.

14917 Taco
14917 Taco (1994 AD11) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on January 8, 1994 by Spacewatch at Kitt Peak.

14621 Tati
14621 Tati (1998 UF18) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on October 22, 1998 by J. Broughton at Reedy Creek Observatory.

15155 Ahn
15155 Ahn (2000 FB37) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on March 29, 2000 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro.

14965 Bonk
14965 Bonk (1997 KC) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on May 24, 1997 by N. Ehring at Bornheim.

15374 Teta
15374 Teta (1997 BG) is a Inner Main-belt Asteroid that was found on January 16, 1997 by M. Tichy and Z. Moravec at Klet.

13606 Bean
13606 Bean (1994 RN5) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 11, 1994 by Spacewatch at Kitt Peak.

13583 Bosret
13583 Bosret (1993 TN18) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on October 9, 1993 by E. W. Elst at the European Southern Observatory.

13915 Yalow
13915 Yalow (1982 KH1) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on May 27, 1982 by C. S. Shoemaker and S. J. Bus at Palomar Observatory.

1395 Aribeda
1395 Aribeda (1936 OB) is a Outer Main-belt Asteroid that was found on July 16, 1936 by Reinmuth, K. at Heidelberg.

22222 Hodios
22222 Hodios (3156 T-2) is a Jupiter Trojan that was found on September 30, 1973.

22227 Polyxenos
22227 Polyxenos (5030 T-2) is a Jupiter Trojan that was found on September 25, 1973.

Grimsby and Immingham Electric Railway
The Grimsby & Immingham Electric Railway was an electric tramway network linking the township of Grimsby and the then village of Immingham in Lincolnshire.
It is probably best described by the American term "Inter-Urban" as it links the places in its title by a reserved way rather that through the streets.

Chesterfield tramway
The Chesterfield and District Tramways Company was a tramway system in the Derbyshire town of Chesterfield.

Douglas Southern Electric Tramway
Douglas Southern Electric Tramway was a standard gauge tramway which ran from the top of Douglas Head on the Isle of Man to the nearby resort of Port Soderick atop the cliffs via a number of spectacular viaducts and bridges.

Etruscan Shrew
The Etruscan Shrew ("Suncus etruscus"), also known as the Etruscan Pygmy Shrew or the White-toothed Pygmy Shrew is the smallest known mammal by mass. It weighs only about 2 grams, although the smallest known mammal by skull size is the Bumblebee Bat. The smallest mature specimens of this shrew are thought to weigh about 1.3 grams and measure 36 mm (1.42 inches) long. This small mammal is 60 mm from the tip of the nose to the base of the tail; the tail is about 40 mm long. This shrew has a lifespan of 15 months. The Etruscan Shrew lives in forests and brush areas between Southern Asia and Southern Europe. A forager, the Etruscan Shrew mostly eats insects.

Derby Tramways
Derby Tramway was tram system that serverd the city of Derby (then a town), England. It opened on 27 July 1904. It was closed nearly 30 years later, on the 29 June 1934.
Preserved trams.
Tramcar n°1 is the only Derby tramcar preserved and is located at the National Tramway Museum in Crich, Derbyshire. This tram was used for crew training prior to the opening of the system.

Ballan, Victoria
Ballan is a small town in Victoria, Australia. It is a part of the Shire of Moorabool. Ballan is north west of Melbourne, on the Werribee River. In 2006 there were 1808 people living in Ballan. The Western Freeway goes past the town.
History.
The first people to live in the Ballan area were the Aborigines, the Wautharong people. The area was rich in animals with kangaroos, kangaroo rats, bandicoots, dingos, and two sorts of native cat. Many of these animals had gone by the end of the 1800’s, with European settlement.
The first European settlers came from Tasmania, landing near Geelong, Victoria and worked their way up the Moorabool River with their sheep flocks. Robert Von Steiglitz first came to the area in 1838. He named it after Ballan in Ireland. Other early settler names included Covvie, Stead, Wallace and Egerton.
...it may be questioned by some feather-bed philanthropist whether we had the right to take the country from the blacks but I believe the general rule is that if people cultivate or graze the land they have a claim to it. These creatures did neither...
Gold was found in the area in 1851. A lot of people came to look for gold. This was part of the the Victorian Gold Rush. The Ballan Hotel dates from the gold Rush period in 1851. The town was an important staging point for coaches going to the Ballarat goldfields. The Post Office opened in September 1853 although there were two earlier offices in the area named Ballan.
Ballan’s first primary School started on 8 January 1855.
The first Mechanics' Institute in Ballan was built in 1861. The current Mechanics' Institute built on land bought in 1881. The facade (front) of the building was taken down and rebuilt in 1922. The building houses the library for the town town and a hall.
St. Paul’s Presbyterian Church in Ballan was opened in July 1866.
On the 15 November 2003 a Sprinter train going to Ballarat was derailed (came off the tracks) between Ballan and Gordon hurting 61 people when it crashed into a car on a country railway crossing.
Community.
The town has an Australian Rules Football team playing in the Central Highlands Football League.

George Stephenson
George Stephenson was born on the 9 June 1781. He died on the 12 August 1848. He was an English civil engineer and mechanical engineer. He built the first public railway line in the world to use steam locomotives. He is known as the "Father of Railways".

British Rail Class D3/3
British Rail Class D3/3 was a 0-6-0 shunting locomotive built by British Rail at their Derby Works in England. It was similar to the British Rail Class 08, except they were built with different engines and traction motors. They were all withdrawn and scrapped after only twelve years of service.

British Rail Class D3/5
British Rail Class D3/5 was a shunting locomotive built by British Rail at their Darlington Works in England. It was a diesel powered locomotive in the pre-TOPS period and the class was numbered 13152–13166 (later renumbered D3152-D3166).

British Rail Class D3/6
Class D3/6 were diesel shunters built in 1935 by English Electric for the London, Midland and Scottish Railway. They were the first of a new design of diesel shunters based on the English Electric 6K of diesel engine. One demonstrator and ten production locomotives were built, numbered 7079 and 7069-7078 by the LMS. Three of these later became British Rail numbers 12000–12002 (previously 7074/76/79 respectively). The remainder were sold to the British War Department in 1940 and were shipped to France during World War II. Of these the first production locomotive, no. 7069, survived the war and was used in industrial service in France. It was later repatriated for preservation and is now based at the Gloucestershire Warwickshire Railway.

British Rail Class D3/7
British Railways Class D3/7 were diesel shunters built from May 1939 through to July 1942 by the London, Midland and Scottish Railway at their Derby Works. They were the first of a new design of diesel shunters based on the English Electric 6K diesel engine of. These were given LMS numbers 7080–7119. Ten were loaned to the War Department in 1941, and sold to the WD the following year. All ten survived the war; six were then sold to Egyptian Railways and four to Italian State Railways (Ferrovie dello Stato—FS).

British Rail Class D3/9
British Rail Class D3/9 was a class of four locomotives built by the London and North Eastern Railway at their Doncaster Works in England. It was a diesel powered locomotive in the pre-TOPS period.

British Rail Class D3/10
British Rail Class D3/10 was a locomotive commissioned by the Great Western Railway in England, and later taken over by British Railways. It was a diesel powered locomotive in the pre-TOPS period.

British Rail Class D3/11
British Rail Class D3/11 was a locomotive commissioned by the Great Western Railway, but delivered to its successor British Rail in England. It was a diesel powered locomotive in the pre-TOPS period.

British Rail Class D3/12
British Rail class D3/12 was a class of three diesel electric shunting locomotives built by the Southern Railway in 1937. They were numbered 1 to 3 in a separate list from the SR's steam locomotives. They were later renumbered by British Railways 15201–15203. Twenty-six further engines of a similar design were built after nationalisation as British Rail Class 12.

British Rail Class D3/14
British Rail Class D3/14 was a diesel-electric locomotive built by the London and North Eastern Railway at its Doncaster Works. It had a Petter engine, and Brush Traction electricals. It was absorbed by British Railways on nationalisation, but was withdrawn in the pre-TOPS era.

British Rail Class D16/1
British Railways Class D16/1 or 10000 and 10001 were the first mainline diesel locomotives in Great Britain. They were built by the London, Midland and Scottish Railway at its Derby Works, using the EE16SVT 1600 hp diesel engine with electric transmission, in association with English Electric and the Vulcan Foundry, with whom the LMS had had a long working relationship.

British Rail 10100
British Railways 10100 was an unusual experimental diesel locomotive known informally as "The Fell Diesel Locomotive" (after Lt. Col. L.F.R. Fell, who was one of the designers). It was the joint production of Davey Paxman & Co, Shell Refining & Marketing Co and Lt-Col L.F.R. Fell, built for them by the London, Midland and Scottish Railway at Derby. Sir Harry Ricardo was also involved. By the time it emerged in 1950, nationalisation had taken place and it carried British Railways livery. The locomotive had six diesel engines, four of them used for traction. The auxiliary engines drove the pressure-chargers for the main engines and the purpose of this arrangement was to enable the main engines to deliver very high torque at low crankshaft speed.

British Rail Class D16/2
British Railways Class D16/2 was a class of prototype diesel locomotive built by BR at Ashford Works and introduced in 1950-1951, with a third example being introduced in 1954. They had been designed by Oliver Bulleid for the Southern Railway before the 1948 nationalisation but did not appear until after nationalisation. The diesel engine and transmission were supplied by the English Electric company but the Bulleid influence was obvious. The box-like body style closely resembled Bulleid's electric locomotives and was quite different from the usual English Electric style, typified by 1.

British Rail 10800
British Railways 10800 was a diesel locomotive built by the North British Locomotive Company for British Railways in 1950. It had been ordered by the London, Midland and Scottish Railway in 1946 but did not appear until after the 1948 nationalisation of the railways.

British Rail Class D20/2
The British Railways Class D20/2 diesel-hydraulic locomotives were built by the North British Locomotive Company in Glasgow during 1957 and 1958. Although never assigned a TOPS class as they were withdrawn before TOPS was introduced British Loco enthusiasts coined the term "Class 41". All were named after Royal Navy vessels, hence the nameplates each bore a subtitle "Warship Class".

Steam locomotives of British Railways
The steam locomotives of British Railways were used by British Railways over the period 1948-1968. The vast majority of these were inherited from its four constituent companies.

British Rail Class 98
TOPS Class 98 has been used to cover all steam locomotives used on the mainline in Britain, but also has a particular usage for the three Vale of Rheidol Railway-design 2-6-2T locomotives that remained in the ownership of British Rail after the end of mainline steam traction in August 1968. The locomotives on the Vale of Rheidol Railway were the only steam locomotives ever officially to carry the British Rail corporate blue and the double arrow logo.

Gatwick Express
Gatwick Express is the name given to the frequent rail shuttle service between Victoria station in London and Gatwick Airport in South East England. Until June 2008, Gatwick Express was a separate train operating company (TOC) owned by Southern, that operated the separate Gatwick Express franchise. Both the TOC and the franchise were axed on 22 June 2008, when the service was transferred to Southern.

Freightliner (UK)
Freightliner Group Limited are a rail freight and logistics company, founded in 1995 and now operating in the United Kingdom and Poland. It is the second largest rail freight operator in the UK, after EWS.

SNCF
SNCF (Société Nationale des Chemins de fer Français) (French National Railway Company) is a French public enterprise. Its functions include operation of rail services for passengers and freight, and maintenance as well as signalling of rail infrastructure owned by RFF (Réseau Ferré de France). It employs about 180,000 people. The rail network consists of about 32,000 km of route, of which 1,800 km is high-speed line and 14,500 km is electrified. About 14,000 trains are operated daily. The chairman of SNCF is Guillaume Pépy. Its headquarters is in Paris, in the Rue du Commandant Mouchotte.

Railfreight Distribution
Railfreight Distribution was a subsector of British Rail responsible for non-trainload freight operations, as well as Freightliner and Intermodal services. In its early years the division was occasionally referred to as Speedlink Distribution. It was later responsible for freight operations through the Channel Tunnel.

British Rail locomotive and multiple unit numbering and classification
A number of different numbering and classification schemes were used for locomotives and multiple units operated by British Railways (BR), and this page explains the principal systems. This section also covers the post-privatisation period, as the broad numbering and classification arrangements have not altered since the break-up of BR.

Motor Rail
Motor Rail was a British locomotive-building company, based in Bedford. Formed in 1911 as The Motor Rail & Tramcar Co Ltd, they built petrol and diesel engined locomotives, mainly narrow gauge. During World War I over 900 locos were supplied for use on temporary military supply railways. The trade name Simplex was used from the early days; in 1972 the company was renamed Simplex Mechanical Handling Ltd.

London and North Eastern Railway
The London and North Eastern Railway (LNER) was the second-largest of the "Big Four" railway companies created by the Railways Act 1921 in Britain. It existed from 1 January 1923 until nationalisation on 1 January 1948, when it was divided into the new British Railways' Eastern Region, North Eastern Region and partially the Scottish Region.

Brown, Boveri & Cie
Brown, Boveri & Cie (BBC) was a Swiss group of electrical engineering company.

Metropolitan-Vickers
Metropolitan-Vickers, Metrovick, or Metrovicks, was a British heavy electrical engineering company of the early-to-mid 20th century formerly known as British Westinghouse. Highly diversified, they were particularly well known for their industrial electrical equipment such as generators, steam turbines, switchgear, transformers, electronics and railway traction equipment. Metrovick holds a place in history as the builders of the first commercial transistor computer, the Metrovick 950, and the first British axial-flow jet engine, the Metrovick F.2. Their factory in Trafford Park, Manchester, was for most of the 20th century one of the biggest and most important heavy engineering facilities in Britain and the world.

British Rail Class 99
The British Rail Class 99 was a fleet of 14 ferries, mostly owned by Sealink, which carried rail vehicles between Britain and mainland Europe. When British Rail implemented the TOPS system for managing their operating stock, these ships were incorporated into the system in order to circumvent some of the restrictions of the application software. This allowed them to be counted as locomotives while carrying railway vehicles in the same way as a normal locomotive would haul a train.

English Electric
English Electric (EE) was a British industrial manufacturer. Founded in 1918, it initially specialised in industrial electric motors and transformers. Its activities would expand to include railway locomotives and traction equipment, steam turbines, consumer electronics, guided missiles, aircraft and computers.

Birmingham Railway Carriage and Wagon Company
The Birmingham Railway Carriage and Wagon Company (BRC&W) was a railway locomotive and carriage builder, founded in Birmingham, England and, for most of its existence, located at nearby Smethwick, with the factory was divided by the boundary between the two places. The company was established in 1854.

Brush Traction
Brush Traction is a manufacturer and maintainer of railway locomotives, based at Loughborough in Leicestershire, United Kingdom situated alongside the Midland Main Line.

Yorkshire Engine Company
The Yorkshire Engine Company (YEC) was a small independent locomotive manufacturer in Sheffield, England. The Company was formed in 1865 and continued to produce locomotives and carry out general engineering work until 1965. Mainly known for shunting engines for the British market, but also built main line engines for overseas customers.

Ephesus
The City of Ephesus was a big city in the ancient world. It was important mainly because of its artificial harbor. The city had a magnificent temple built about 500 BCE for the worship of the goddess Artemis, whose statue dominated the temple. The majority of Ephesians worshipped her, and visitors came from far and wide to worship in the temple. Silver statues of Artemis were common in houses within the city. Residents of the city were called Ephesians. The Apostle Paul is said to have addressed an epistle to the Christians of the city. His letter is is now known as the book Ephesians in the New Testament.

Timeline of the National Hockey League
The following is a timeline describing the history of the National Hockey League's teams and their histories. Non-NHL histories are also included here. This timeline starts with the first team created, the Montreal Canadiens, and it ends with the most recent one, the Columbus Blue Jackets. Grey portions in the timeline denote periods where a team was inactive for the season.
The period between the two grey bars denotes the "Original Six" era.
Footnotes.
All teams were inactive 2004–05

Je (Cyrillic)
Je (Ј, ј) is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet, used in the Serbian, Macedonian, Azeri, and Altai languages.
In Serbian, Macedonian and Azeri this letter is sounded as [j]. Since the letters Я (ya), Є (ye), Ё (yo), Ї (yi) and Ю (yu) are not used in those languages, they are written as as Ja, Je, Jo, Jи and Jy.
It is also used in the Altai language to show [ʤ].

Craniata
Craniata (sometimes Craniota) is a proposed clade of chordate animals that contains the vertebrates (subphylum Vertebrata) and Myxini (hagfish) as living representatives. Craniata includes all animals with a skull, or cranium, as the name suggests.
These two taxa lack proper vertebrae, which are characteristic for vertebrates according to the new interpretation, whereas traditionally—and confusingly—they were not (Hickman et al., 2007).

Ka (Cyrillic)
Ka (К, к) is the tenth letter in the Cyrillic alphabet. It sounds like [k].
It comes from the Greek letter kappa and is the same as the Roman K.

El (Cyrillic)
El (Л, л) is the eleventh letter of the Cyrillic alphabet. It sounds like [l].
It comes from the Greek letter lambda and is the same as the Roman L.
It looks like pe, ("П", "п"), another letter in the same alphabet but its left leg is curved.

Kingdom of Tungning
The Kingdom of Tungning was the first Han Chinese government to rule Taiwan. It ruled between 1661 and 1683. It was a pro-Ming Dynasty kingdom. It was started by Koxinga, after the destruction of Ming government by the Manchu. Koxinga was son of a pirate who was a supporter of the Ming Dynasty. He hoped to get his soldiers together on Taiwan and use it as a base to get back mainland China for the Ming Dynasty.
Names.
Admiral Koxinga called Taiwan Tungtu/Dongdu. In western history books it is known as the Kingdom of Taiwan.
History.
In 1661, Koxinga forced a landing at Luerhmen, Taiwan. In less than a year, he took Fort Zeelandia and made an agreement with Frederick Coyett, the Dutch governor. The Dutch gave him the fort and left all the goods and property of the Dutch East India Company behind. All the Dutch people, officials and soldiers were able take their "personal" things and supplies back to Batavia in safety. This ended 38 years of Dutch colonial rule on Taiwan. Koxinga kept himself busy making Taiwan into a useful base for anti-Qing Dynasty supporters who hoped to get the Ming Dynasty back to power.
In 1662, at the age of 39, Koxinga died of malaria. Some people said that he died in a sudden fit of craziness when he heard about the death of his father under the Qing. His son, Zheng Jing, took control as the ruler of Taiwan, with the name of Prince of Yanping.
For the next 19 years, Zheng Jing tried to run the country and rebuild his army in Taiwan. Contact with the Kangxi Emperor of the Qing Dynasty from the China through ambassadors was frequent. Zheng Jing fought the Qing to defend Xiamen, Quemoy and the Pescadores islands, which he finally lost over the years. His small army army was not big enough to defend the islands from the Qing. During Revolt of the Three Feudatories, Zheng Jing started an attack in the Fujian area. At the end of the revolt, Zheng's army was defeated. After the defeat, Zheng went back to Taiwan where he spent his time with wine and women, dying soon after of illness. After his death, his generals and ministers were split into two groups, each supporting one of his sons to take take over. After some fighting, Zheng Keshuang, his 12 year old son, became the new king.
In 1683, after the Battle of Penghu, Zheng Keshuang gave himself up to the Qing. His kingdom was added to the Qing Dynasty as part of the Fujian Province.
What the kingdom means today.
The Kingdom of Tungning lasted for just over 20 years. Because its history is almost the same as modern Taiwan, it has great symbolic value.
After its defeat in the Chinese Civil War in 1949, the Republic of China (ROC), led by the Kuomintang, went to Taiwan. They left mainland China to the Communist Party who started the People's Republic of China (PRC). For many years, the ROC planned to take control of the mainland. It kept island bases close to the mainland (for example, Quemoy). This was the same as Koxinga and his sons had done. The ROC has now become a democracy and no longer wants to take over the mainland. The political and territorial arrangement has not changed. In this way, it is the same as between the Qing/Koxinga situation and the current PRC/ROC situation.
The Kuomintang of the ROC have talked a lot about the goals of Koxinga. They were going to use Taiwan as a base for returning their government to Mainland China. They see themselves as the defenders of the ROC. They see Taiwan as a base from which the ROC will take back control of the mainland. The PRC talks about the fact that Koxinga freed Taiwan from Dutch colonialism for the sake of the motherland. They do not talk about the fact that Koxinga was trying to get rid of the mainland government, to bring back an earlier dynasty.

Bredevoort
Bredevoort is a small town of about 1600 inhabitants, located in the municipality of Aalten, Netherlands. It is situated between the towns of Aalten and Winterswijk.
Today they name Bredevoort also "Bredevoort boekenstad" ("Bredevoort book town"), there are now more than twenty second-hand book shops in the town.
History.
The name Bredevoort appears for the first time in 1188, when the earl of Steinfurt tried to sell his share of the castle to the bishop of Munster and the earl of Lohn tried to sell his share to the earl of Gelderland, a war broke out between the bishop and the earl of Gelderland. The fight lasted for almost two centuries. From 1326, Bredevoort was actual part of Gelderland. Between 1326 and 1696 the municipality of Bredevoort repeatedly changed ownership during the eighties years of war. In 1646, lightning hit the gunpowder tower of the castle, causing an explosion that destroyed the castle and the town, killing Lord Haersolte of Bredevoort and his family, as well as others. Only one son, Anthonie, who was not home that day, survived. The former municipality of Bredevoort was comprised of the city, the castle Bredevoort, and the villages Aalten, Dinxperlo and Winterswijk. After centuries of war, its fortifications were demolished by its residents. In 1818, the municipality of Bredevoort was dissolved to become part of the city Bredevoort under the newly formed municipality Aalten.

Plzeň
Plzeň (-Czech, German: "Pilsen") is the fourth largest city in the Czech Republic. About 165.238 people live there. It is located in the West of the historical region Bohemia. Famous beer is made there.

Alsace-Lorraine
Alsace-Lorraine was a territory created by German Empire in 1871 after its victory in Franco-Prussian War. It was made up of main parts of French regionss of Alsace and Lorraine, hence its name. France took it back in 1918 and it became part of that country as a result of Treaty of Versailles in 1919. Nazi Germany "de facto" took it back in 1940 but France took it back in 1945. Territory has been part of France since then.

Isah Eliakwu
Isah Eliakwu (born 25 October, 1985) is a football player. He plays for Triestina.

Teruyuki Moniwa
Teruyuki Moniwa (born 8 September, 1981) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Tokyo.

Kenta Hasegawa
Kenta Hasegawa (born 25 September, 1965) is a former Japanese football player. He has played for Japan national team.

Alcindo Sartori
Alcindo Sartori (born 21 October, 1967) is a former Brazilian football player.

Masayuki Okano
Masayuki Okano (born 25 July, 1972) is a Japanese football player. He has played for Japan national team.

Mohamed Al-Deayea
Mohamed Al-Deayea (born 2 August, 1972) is a football player. He plays for Al-Hilal.

Masaaki Sawanobori
Masaaki Sawanobori (born 12 January, 1970) is a former Japanese football player. He has played for Shimizu S-Pulse and Japan national team.

Christian Obodo
Christian Obodo (born 11 May, 1984) is a football player. He plays for Udinese and Nigeria national team.

Willem Einthoven
Willem Einthoven (May 21, 1860 - September 29, 1927) was an Dutch doctor. He won the 1924 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for inventing the electrocardiogram

Stephen Makinwa
Stephen Makinwa (born 26 July, 1983) is a football player. He plays for Lazio and Nigeria national team.

Obafemi Martins
Obafemi Martins (born 28 October, 1984) is a football player. He plays for Newcastle United and Nigeria national team.

Sho Naruoka
Sho Naruoka (born 31 May, 1984) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Júbilo Iwata.

British Rail coach designations
The London, Midland and Scottish Railway and the London and North Eastern Railway both developed a system of identifying carriages by means of alphabetic codes. When British Railways was formed in 1948, it decided to adopt the former LNER method of carriage classification.
Basic principles.
These letters (except for "Y" and "Z") did not usually apply to the wide variety of passenger-rated but goods carrying vans (e.g. parcels vans, horse boxes, milk and fish vans). Their codes were an acronym of their traditional railway description, e.g. GUV for General Utility Vans.
List of codes used.
The following list lists those codes that were actually used on British Railways, cross-referred to the comparable code used by the LMS, with the exception that the letter "S" ("Second", later "Standard") is used where until 1956 the letter "T" ("Third") is used. Suffix codes "Y" or "Z" are not shown, as these could apply to variants of any or all vehicle types.
In the original LNER coding system, "S" stood for "Second", an intermediate class between "First" and "Third" (which later became "Second"). The original "Second" was more or less abolished in the 1870s (as a result of the Railway Regulation Act 1844), remaining only in limited use for special services, such as those meeting ships (which retained the three-class system from which railway classifications had originated). In the 1980s, BR renamed "Second" to "Standard". Many of the classifications listed below are no longer used, and some did not survive until the designation "Standard".
Note that in modern usage, composite semi-open vehicles are classified "Cso" - the "s" signifying that the Standard portion is open (implying that the First portion is compartments with corridor).

Shiro Kikuhara
Shiro Kikuhara (born 7 July, 1969) is a former Japanese football player. He has played for Japan national team.

Cha Bum-Kun
Cha Bum-Kun (born 22 May, 1953) is a former football player. He has played for Korea Republic national team.

Parry People Movers
Parry People Movers (PPM) is a British company manufacturing lightweight railbuses that use Flywheel energy storage (FES) to store energy for traction.

SR multiple unit numbering and classification
The Southern Railway created classification and numbering systems for its large fleet of electric multiple units that were perpetuated by the Southern Region of British Rail until the early 1980s, when the impact of TOPS was felt. Even now, some stock have still been allocated Southern-style classifications in a semi-official manner.

Virgin Trains
Virgin Trains is a train operating company in the United Kingdom, which currently provides services from London Euston to the North West, West Midlands and Scotland on the West Coast Main Line. Prior to 11 November 2007, the company also provided services linking the south and south-west of England with the north of England via Manchester and Scotland, via Birmingham. Although it is branded as part of the Virgin Group, their share in the company is only 51%, with the remaining 49% held by Stagecoach Group.

CrossCountry
CrossCountry is a train operating company, the brand name of XC Trains Limited owned by Arriva, that has operated Great Britain’s Cross Country rail franchise since 11 November 2007. The franchise was formed through the amalgamation of most of the former Cross Country franchise previously held by Virgin Trains (which consisted of inter-city services that do not terminate in London) with some of the longer-distance routes (including some former Central Citylink services) operated by the former Central Trains.

East Midlands Trains
East Midlands Trains (EMT) is a train operating company operating in the United Kingdom. Based in Derby, it provides train services in the East Midlands and surrounding areas, chiefly in the counties of South Yorkshire, Nottinghamshire, Leicestershire, Derbyshire, Northamptonshire and Lincolnshire. The franchise, which began 11 November 2007, was formed through the amalgamation of the former Midland Mainline, which operated inter-city services from London to Yorkshire, and the eastern side of Central Trains operating companies.

First Great Western
First Great Western is the operating name of First Greater Western Ltd, a British train operating company owned by FirstGroup, which operates services in the west and south west of England and South Wales.

Pardubice
Pardubice is a city in the Czech Republic. About 89.245 people live there. It is located in the East of the historical region Bohemia. Dominik Hašek, a famous ice hockey goaltender, was born there.

Grand Central Railway
Grand Central Railway Company Ltd is a privately-owned train operating company running services under the name Grand Central within the United Kingdom.

National Express East Anglia
National Express East Anglia is a train operating company and brand name of London Eastern Railway Ltd in the United Kingdom. It is part of the National Express Group and was branded as ‘one’ from 1 April 2004 to 26 February 2008. It provides local, suburban and express services from Liverpool Street station in the City of London to destinations in the railway franchise known as the "Greater Anglia" network, stretching from north and east Greater London to Essex, Hertfordshire, Cambridgeshire, Suffolk and Norfolk in East Anglia.

National Express East Coast
National Express East Coast is the name under which the train operating company NXEC Trains Ltd operates the "InterCity East Coast" rail franchise, which includes services in England and Scotland along the East Coast Main Line. NXEC Trains Ltd is a subsidiary of National Express Group. National Express took over the franchise from the Great North Eastern Railway (GNER).

Network Rail
Network Rail is a British "not for dividend" company limited by guarantee whose principal asset is Network Rail Infrastructure Limited, a company limited by shares. Network Rail owns and operates the fixed infrastructure assets of the British railway system.

Wrexham & Shropshire
Wrexham & Shropshire is the operating name of the Wrexham, Shropshire and Marylebone Railway Company, a train operating company in the United Kingdom. The company operates passenger train services from Wrexham (in North Wales) via Shropshire to London on an open-access basis, with its agreement for a seven year period from December 2007. Wrexham & Shropshire began running services on 28 April 2008.

London Paddington station
London Paddington station, also known as London Paddington, or just simply Paddington, is a major National Rail and London Underground station complex in the Paddington area near central London, England.

Great North Eastern Railway
Great North Eastern Railway (GNER) was a British train operating company, owned by Sea Containers Ltd. It operated high-speed express train services on the East Coast Main Line from 1996 until the takeover in 2007 of the franchise by National Express East Coast on 9 December 2007.

British Rail Class 901
The Class 901 designation is used for two former British Rail Class 101 diesel multiple units converted for departmental use. They were reclassified from the Class 960 series in early 2004 by their owner Network Rail.

British Rail Class 930
The British Rail Class 930 was reserved for former Southern Region electrical multiple units and diesel-electric multiple units converted for departmental use. Originally the series was reserved for de-icing and, later, sandite units. In recent years, however, other types have also been given numbers in this series. Electric and diesel units are dealt with separately

British Rail Class 950
The British Rail Class 950 is a diesel multiple unit that was purpose-built for departmental use as a track assessment unit. It was built in 1987 using the same bodyshell as the 1 "Sprinter" units that were built from 1985-1986.

British Rail Class 951
The British Rail Class 951 was reserved for former diesel-electric multiple units converted for departmental use. Units were converted for various tasks, including application of sandite, de-icing duties, and use as tractor units to tow other trains. This classification is now obsolete, as all units have either been withdrawn, or renumbered into the Class 930 range.

British Rail Class 960
The British Rail Class 960 was reserved for former diesel multiple units converted for departmental use, and former electrical multiple units rebuilt as test trains. Diesel units were converted for various tasks, including application of sandite, route learning, use as tractor units to tow other trains, and conversion to test trains.

British Rail MPV
The Multiple-purpose Vehicle or MPV is a purpose-built departmental derivative of a diesel multiple unit. Twenty-five two-car units were ordered by Railtrack to enable it to replace its motley collection of ageing departmental vehicles, many of which were converted from redundant passenger stock.

British Rail APT-E
The APT-E (meaning Advanced Passenger Train Experimental) tilting train was the prototype Advanced Passenger Train unit. It was powered by gas turbines, the only multiple unit so powered that was used by British Rail. It was formed of two power cars (numbers PC1 and PC2), with two trailer cars (TC1 and TC2) in between. The cars were made of aluminium and were articulated to reduce the weight of the unit.

Advanced Passenger Train
The Advanced Passenger Train (APT) was an experimental tilting High Speed Train developed by British Rail during the 1970s and early 1980s, which did not enter regular service.

British Rail Class 910
The Class 910 designation is used by Network Rail for a fleet of former Class 488 Gatwick Express trailer sets, now used as Brake-force runner sets in departmental service.

British Rail Class 931
The British Rail Class 931 was reserved for former Southern Region electrical multiple units converted for departmental use. Originally the series was reserved for Route Learning and Stores units. In recent years, however, other types have also been given numbers in this series.

British Rail Class 932
The British Rail Class 932 was reserved for former Southern Region electrical multiple units and diesel electric multiple unit carriages converted for departmental use. Originally the series was reserved for Research and Tractor units. In recent years, however, other types have also been given numbers in this series.

British Rail Class 933
The British Rail Class 933 was reserved for former Southern Region electrical multiple units converted for departmental use. Originally the series was reserved for Mobile Instruction units. In recent years, however, this series appears to have been discontinued.

Bear Behaving Badly
"Bear Behaving Badly" is children's comedy television programme. It is shown at 17:45 on Thursday evenings. It stars Barney Harewood and Nev The Bear both from the "ex" CBBC programme SMILE. It is produced by Darrall Macqueen Limited for CBBC.
The programme also includes characters such as, Allyson Brown as Beatrice (Beetroot, as Nev calls her), Glen Davis as Mr. Andy Prank (Mr. Angry-pants, as Nev calls him), and Beverly Hills as Postie. The puppets are Nev The Bear (Ross Mullan) and Crazy Keith (Simon Buckley)

British Rail Class 936
The British Rail Class 936 was reserved for former electrical multiple units not from the South-East, converted for departmental use. Units were converted for various tasks, including application of sandite, and de-icing duties.

British Rail Class 937
The British Rail Class 937 was reserved for former AC electrical multiple units, converted for departmental use. Units were converted for various tasks, including application of sandite, and use as tractor units to tow other trains.

Network Rail New Measurement Train
The Network Rail New Measurement Train (NMT) assesses the condition of track so that engineers can determine where to work. It is converted from High Speed Train Class 43 power cars and Mark 3 coaches. It can check the condition of all main lines in Great Britain in a fortnight.

Train operating company
The term train operating company (often abbreviated to TOC) is used in the United Kingdom to describe the various businesses operating passenger trains on the railway system of mainland Great Britain under the collective National Rail brand. They have existed since the privatisation of the network under the Railways Act 1993.

Euston railway station
Euston station (official name London Euston), is a major railway station to the north of central London in the London Borough of Camden and is the seventh busiest rail terminal in London (by entries and exits). It is one of 18 British railway stations managed by Network Rail, and is the southern terminus of the West Coast Main Line. Euston is the main rail gateway from London to the West Midlands, the North West, North Wales and Scotland.
It is connected to Euston tube station and near Euston Square tube station of the London Underground. These stations are in Travelcard Zone 1.
Services.
Virgin Trains operates an intensive express network.
London Midland operates Long distance commuter services.
Additional service to Liverpool Lime Street.
London Overground operates local commuter services.
First ScotRail operates Sleeper services
London Underground.
Euston station is directly connected to, and above, Euston tube station, which is served by the Victoria Line and Northern Line (both Bank and Charing Cross branches) of the London Underground.
Euston Square tube station on the Circle Line, Hammersmith & City Line and Metropolitan Line is a three-minute walk from the station along Euston Road.

Virgin Group
Virgin Group Ltd is a branded venture capital organization founded by British business tycoon Sir Richard Branson. The core business areas are travel, entertainment and lifestyle, among others. Virgin Group's date of incorporation is listed as 1989 by Companies House, who class it as a holding company; however Virgin's business and trading activities date to the 1970s. The net worth of Virgin Group LTD as of September 2008 is £5,010,000,000.

Stagecoach Group
Stagecoach Group plc () is a leading international transport group operating buses, trains, trams, express coaches and ferries. The group was founded in 1980 by the current chairman, Brian Souter, his sister, Ann Gloag, and her former husband Robin. The group is based in Perth, Scotland, and has operations in the United Kingdom and North America.

Megatrain
Megatrain is a virtual no-frills intercity train service run by Scottish-based Stagecoach Group. The service began in the United Kingdom on 1 November 2005 with a pilot on South West Trains.

National Rail
National Rail is a title used by the Association of Train Operating Companies. ATOC is an unincorporated association whose membership consists of the passenger train companies of Great Britain which now run the passenger services previously provided by the British Railways Board (from 1965 the Board used the title British Rail). The BRB is a statutory corporation created by the Transport Act 1962. It has since been renamed BR Residuary Ltd but has yet to be abolished.

InterCity (British Rail)
InterCity (or, in the earliest days, the hyphenated Inter-City) was introduced by British Rail in 1966 as a brand-name for its long-haul express passenger services (see British Rail brand names for a full history).
Privatisation.
After the privatisation of British Rail, InterCity trains were divided up into several franchises. The Caledonian Sleeper are transferred to ScotRail, now First ScotRail.

0irc
0irc is an IRC client.

Courland Governorate
Courland Governorate was one of provinces or governorates of Russian Empire. It was formed in 1795 during Third Partition out of territory of Duchy of Courland and Semigallia. It was bounded in north by Gulf of Riga, Baltic Sea and Governorate of Livonia; west by Baltic Sea; south by Vilna Governorate and Prussia; east by Vitbesk Governorate and Minsk Governorate. The governorate ended in 1915 when German Empire conquered it. Russia surrendered governorate during Treaty of Brest-Litovsk on March 3 1918.

Euston tube station
Euston tube station is a London Underground station served by the Victoria Line and both branches of the Northern Line (not to be confused with nearby Euston Square tube station). It directly connects with the Euston mainline station above it. The station is in Travelcard Zone 1.

Euston Square tube station
Euston Square is a London Underground station at the corner of Euston Road and Gower Street, just north of University College London (not to be confused with nearby Euston tube station). The station, which is within walking distance of Euston railway station, is on the Circle, Hammersmith & City and Metropolitan lines, between Great Portland Street and King's Cross St. Pancras. It is in Zone 1 of the underground. The postcode is NW1 2LU.

Singapore Airlines
Singapore Airlines is the national airline of Singapore. It carries people from Singapore to 5 continents in the world. It is a major airline in Southeast Asia as well as on the "Kangaroo Route" from Australia to the UK. The company was the first airline to buy the Airbus A380 "superjumbo". It also flys the longest planned flight in the world, from Singapore to Newark (in the USA).
Singapore Airlines was given "Airline of the Year" by Skytrax in 2008. Its base, Singapore Changi Airport, was given "Airport of the Year" in 2006.

4465 Rodita
4465 Rodita (1969 TD5) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on October 14, 1969 by B. A. Burnasheva at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory.

4466 Abai
4466 Abai (1971 SX1) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 23, 1971 by Crimean Astrophysical Observatory at Nauchnyj.

4467 Kaidanovskij
4467 Kaidanovskij (1975 VN2) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on November 02, 1975 by T. M. Smirnova at Nauchnyj.

4468 Pogrebetskij
4468 Pogrebetskij (1976 SZ3) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 24, 1976 by N. S. Chernykh at Nauchnyj.

4469 Utting
4469 Utting (1978 PS4) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on August 01, 1978 by Perth Observatory at Bickley.

4470 Sergeev-Censkij
is a main belt asteroid that was found on August 31, 1978.

44711 Carp
44711 Carp (1999 TD4) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on October 3, 1999 by A. Nakamura at Kuma Kogen.

4471 Graculus
4471 Graculus (1978 VB) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on November 8, 1978 by P. Wild at Zimmerwald.

She's Hearing Voices
"She's Hearing Voices" is a song by Bloc Party. It was first released on their 2004 single "Banquet". It was later released on 7" records by London-based indie label "Trash Aesthetics" in February 2004. "She's Hearing Voices" was later re-recorded for the Bloc Party's debut album Silent Alarm in 2005, while "The Marshals Are Dead" was re-recorded and released on the 7" and DVD single versions of "So Here We Are".

4472 Navashin
4472 Navashin (1980 TY14) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on October 15, 1980 by N. S. Chernykh at Nauchnyj.

A Weekend in the City
"A Weekend in the City" is the second studio album by Bloc Party. It was released on 5 February 2007. The album was produced by Jacknife Lee. The album cover is "A Project" by Rut Blees Luxemburg. This album deals more with original day working life than was on "Silent Alarm". The album has themes from the 7 July 2005 London bombings, immigration, drug abuse, and criticism of youth and casual sex. The album has gotten many high reviews by web-critics and fans.
The album came in at #56 in the United Kingdom end of year album chart. It sold about 266,500 copies in 2007. Over 1 million copies of the album have been sold worldwide.

Edward Cave
Edward Cave, (February 27 1691 – January 10 1754), was an English printer, editor and publisher. In "The Gentleman's Magazine" he made the first general-interest "magazine".
The son of a cobbler, Cave was born in Newton near Rugby, Warwickshire and attended the grammar school there. Cave was made to leave after it was said he stole from the headmaster. He worked at a number of different jobs, such as selling timber, writing and printing. He came up with the idea of a periodical that would cover every subject the educated public was interested in, from commerce to poetry. He tried to get some London printers and booksellers to take up the idea. When no one showed any interest, Cave took on the job by himself. "The Gentleman's Magazine" was started in 1731 and soon became the most important and most copied periodical of its time. It also made Cave very rich.
Cave was a smart businessman. He gave all his energy to the magazine, and hardly ever left its offices at St John's Gate, Clerkenwell. He made use of a lot of writers, the most famous was Samuel Johnson, who was always thankful to Cave for having given him his main job for many years. Cave himself often sent in items to the Magazine under the pen name of Sylvanus Urban.
He also got permission from Lewis Paul for 250 spindles for his patent roller-spinning machine, an early model of the water frame. In 1742 he bought Marvels Mill at Northampton and made this into a cotton mill. This was probably the first water-powered spinning mill in the world. This should have made a lot of money, but it did not. It closed about 1761.
Cave suffered from gout. He is buried at St. James Church, Clerkenwell.

4473 Sears
4473 Sears (1981 DE2) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on February 28, 1981 by S. J. Bus at Siding Spring Observatory.

4474 Proust
4474 Proust (1981 QZ2) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on August 24, 1981 by H. Debehogne at La Silla.

4475 Voitkevich
is a main belt asteroid that was found on October 20, 1982.

4476 Bernstein
4476 Bernstein (1983 DE) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on February 19, 1983 by Bowell, E. at Flagstaff.

Flagstaff, Arizona
Flagstaff is a city that can be found in the northern part of Arizona in the United States. It is the county seat of Coconino County. About 58,200 people were living in Flagstaff in 2006. Flagstaff has an area of 63.6 square miles.

4478 Blanco
4478 Blanco (1984 HG1) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on April 23, 1984 by Ferreri and Zappala at La Silla.

4479 Charlieparker
4479 Charlieparker (1985 CP1) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on February 10, 1985 by H. Debehogne at the European Southern Observatory.

4480 Nikitibotania
4480 Nikitibotania (1985 QM4) is a Main-belt Asteroidthat was found on August 24, 1985 by N. S. Chernykh at Nauchnyj.

4481 Herbelin
4481 Herbelin (1985 RR) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 14, 1985 by E. Bowell at the Anderson Mesa Station of the Lowell Observatory.

4482 Frèrebasile
is a main belt asteroid that was found on September 1, 1986.

Great Rift Valley
The Great Rift Valley is a name given to a trough that is found from the northern part of Syria in Southwest Asia to the central part of Mozambique in East Africa.

Tablespoon
A tablespoon is a kind of spoon that is mostly used for serving. A tablespoonful, which is the amount that can be put into a tablespoon, is a measure of volume.

4664 Hanner
4664 Hanner (1985 PJ) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on August 14, 1985 by Bowell, E. at Flagstaff.

46643 Yanase
46643 Yanase (1995 KM) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on May 23, 1995 by A. Nakamura at Kuma Kogen.

46644 Lagia
46644 Lagia (1995 OF) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on July 19, 1995 by A. Boattini and L. Tesi at San Marcello.

4661 Yebes
4661 Yebes (1982 WM) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on November 17, 1982 by M. de Pascual at Yebes.

10129 Fole
is a main belt asteroid that was found on March 19, 1993.

10124 Hemse
is a main belt asteroid that was found on March 21, 1993.

10433 Ponsen
10433 Ponsen (4716 P-L) is a Main-belt asteroid that was found on September 24, 1960.

10452 Zuev
10452 Zuev (1976 SQ7) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 25, 1976 by N. S. Chernykh at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory.

10455 Coster
10445 Coster (4090 T-2) is a Main-belt asteroid that was found on September 29, 1973.

10449 Takuma
10449 Takuma (1936 UD) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on October 16, 1936 by M. Laugier at Nice.

4602 Heudier
4602 Heudier (1986 UD3) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on October 28, 1986 by CERGA at Caussols.

1356 Nyanza
1356 Nyanza (1935 JH) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on May 03, 1935 by C. Jackson at Johannesburg (UO).

13557 Lievetruwant
13557 Lievetruwant (1992 OB9) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on July 24, 1992 by H. Debehogne at the European Southern Observatory.

1360 Tarka
1360 Tarka (1935 OD) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on July 22, 1935 by C. Jackson at Johannesburg (UO).

16002 Bertin
16002 Bertin (1999 AM24) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on January 15, 1999 by the OCA-DLR Asteroid Survey at Caussols.

16014 Sinha
16014 Sinha (1999 CB47) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on February 10, 1999 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro.

16015 Snell
16015 Snell (1999 CK47) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on February 10, 1999 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro.

15947 Milligan
15947 Milligan (1998 AL10) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on January 2, 1998 by J. Broughton at Reedy Creek Observatory.

1595 Tanga
1595 Tanga (1930 ME) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on June 19, 1930 by C. Jackson and H. E. Wood at Johannesburg.

15957 Gemoore
15957 Gemoore (1998 BB27) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on January 22, 1998 by Spacewatch at Kitt Peak.

15964 Billgray
15964 Billgray (1998 DU) is a Inner Main-belt Asteroid that was found on February 19, 1998 by J. M. Roe at Oaxaca.

14814 Gurij
14814 Gurij (1981 RL2) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 7, 1981 by L. G. Karachkina at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory.

14582 Conlin
14582 Conlin (1998 RK49) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 14, 1998 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro.

15129 Sparks
15129 Sparks (2000 ET47) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on March 9, 2000 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro.

15019 Gingold
15019 Gingold (1998 SW75) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 29, 1998 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro.

1488 Aura
1488 Aura (1938 XE) is a Main-belt Asteroid discovered on December 15, 1938 by Vaisala, Y. at Turku.

1487 Boda
1487 Boda (1938 WC) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on November 17, 1938 by Reinmuth, K. at Heidelberg.

1499 Pori
1499 Pori (1938 UF) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on October 16, 1938 by Y. Vaisala at Turku.

15627 Hong
15627 Hong (2000 HW52) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on April 29, 2000 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro.

15460 Manca
15460 Manca (1998 YD10) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on December 25, 1998 by A. Boattini and L. Tesi at San Marcello Pistoiese.

15415 Rika
15415 Rika (1998 CA1) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on February 4, 1998 by A. Nakamura at Kuma Kogen.

16036 Moroz
16036 Moroz (1999 GV8) is a Main-belt asteroid that was found on April 10, 1999 by the Lowell Observatory Near-Earth Object Search at the Anderson Mesa Station.

1602 Indiana
1602 Indiana is a Main belt asteroid that was found at Goethe Link Observatory near Brooklyn, Indiana by the Indiana Asteroid Program in 1950.

16017 Street
16017 Street (1999 CX65) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on February 12, 1999 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro.

16020 Tevelde
16020 Tevelde (1999 CA76) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on February 12, 1999 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro.

1603 Neva
1603 Neva (1926 VH) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on November 04, 1926 by G. Neujmin at Simeis.

15986 Fienga
15986 Fienga (1998 XU1) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on December 7, 1998 by the OCA-DLR Asteroid Survey at Caussols.

16012 Jamierubin
16012 Jamierubin (1999 CG19) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on February 10, 1999 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro.

16445 Klimt
16445 Klimt (1989 GN3) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on April 3, 1989 by E. W. Elst at the European Southern Observatory.

1645 Waterfield
1645 Waterfield (1933 OJ) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on July 24, 1933 by K. Reinmuth at Heidelberg.

16452 Goldfinger
16452 Goldfinger (1989 SE8) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 28, 1989 by C. S. Shoemaker and E. M. Shoemaker at Palomar Observatory.

1649 Fabre
1649 Fabre (1951 DE) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on February 27, 1951 by Boyer, L. at Algiers.

1648 Shajna
1648 Shajna (1935 RF) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 05, 1935 by P. Shajn at Simeis.

1660 Wood
1660 Wood (1953 GA) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on April 07, 1953 by J. A. Bruwer at Johannesburg (UO).

1661 Granule
1661 Granule is a Main belt asteroid that was found by Max Wolf on March 31, 1916.

1594 Danjon
1594 Danjon (1949 WA) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on November 23, 1949 by Boyer, L. at Algiers.

14116 Ogea
14116 Ogea (1998 QC40) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on August 17, 1998 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro.

14092 Gaily
14092 Gaily (1997 MC8) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on June 29, 1997 by Spacewatch at Kitt Peak.

University of Oregon
The University of Oregon is a public university in Eugene, Oregon in the United States. The school first opened in 1876. It has 295 acres of land, sixty buildings, and over 500 types of trees.
There are 20,393 students at the college.

1357 Khama
1357 Khama (1935 ND) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on July 02, 1935 by C. Jackson at Johannesburg (UO).

1358 Gaika
1358 Gaika (1935 OB) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on July 21, 1935 by Jackson, C. at Johannesburg (UO).

Eugene, Oregon
Eugene is a city of Oregon in the United States. It is the county seat of Lane County. About 154,620 people were living in Eugene as of the year 2008. The city is where the University of Oregon is found.

13954 Born
13954 Born (1990 TF8) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on October 13, 1990 by F. Borngen and L. D. Schmadel at Tautenburg.

1371 Resi
1371 Resi (1935 QJ) is a Outer Main-belt Asteroid that was found on August 31, 1935 by K. Reinmuth at Heidelberg.

1370 Hella
1370 Hella (1935 QG) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on August 31, 1935 by Reinmuth, K. at Heidelberg.

13647 Rey
13647 Rey (1996 HR24) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on April 20, 1996 by E. W. Elst at the European Southern Observatory.

1394 Algoa
1394 Algoa (1936 LK) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on June 12, 1936 by Cyril V. Jackson at the Union Observatory, Johannesburg.

Bill Bowerman
Bill Bowerman (February 19, 1911 - December 24, 1999) was an American track and field coach at the University of Oregon. Bowerman was born in Portland, Oregon. He went to high school in Medford, Oregon. After high school, he was a student at the University of Oregon where he played football and ran track and field.
Military career.
Bowerman joined the United States Army after the Pearl Harbor attack. He was part of the 10th Mountain Division of the army. Bowerman's job was to organize the supplies that the soldiers needed. He received the rank of Major during World War II. Bowerman was given four Bronze Stars, a Good Conduct Medal, and a Silver Star. He was honorably discharged in October 1945.
Coaching career.
After the war, Bowerman coached track and field at the University of Oregon. He did this for twenty-four years. His teams won four national championships in the NCAA while he was a coach. Some of his most famous athletes were Steve Prefontaine, Kenny Moore, Mac Wilkins, and Phil Knight. Bowerman also coached the United States Olympics team at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, Germany.
He wrote a book that first taught Americans about jogging. With Phil Knight, he started the Nike company. Bowerman helped design many of the first shoes that the company sold. He died on Christmas Eve in 1999 at the age of 88.

13715 Steed
13715 Steed (1998 QK39) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on August 17, 1998 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro.

13716 Trevino
13716 Trevino (1998 QJ40) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on August 17, 1998 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro.

Phil Knight
Phil Knight is an American businessman who was one of the first owners of Nike, Inc. with Bill Bowerman. In 2008, he had a net worth of US$ 10.5 billion and was the 31st richest person in the United States.

Saint-Babel
Saint-Babel it is a place and commune in the France, in region Owernia, w departamencie Puy-de-Dôme. The name is from name of St.Babilasa.
Według danych na rok 1990 gminę zamieszkiwało 648 osób, a gęstość zaludnienia wynosiła 34 osoby/km² (wśród 1310 gmin Owernii Saint-Babel plasuje się na 331. miejscu pod względem liczby ludności, natomiast pod względem powierzchni na miejscu 484.).

Kevin-Prince Boateng
Kevin-Prince Boateng, also known as "The Ghetto Kid", is a professional football player who was born on March 6, 1987 in Berlin, Germany. He has two brothers George and Jérôme, who are also both professional football players. This German-Ghanaian central midfielder married his long-time girlfriend Jennifer in 2007.
Internation.
Kevin-Prince Boateng has made several appearances for the German Under-16, Under-19 and Under-21 teams. On July 20, 2005, he scored a spectacular goal in a Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) European Under-19 Football Championship game against Greece in his side’s 3-0 victory. This goal was voted as the Goal of the Month by viewers of a popular German TV sports show. That year, he won Fritz Walter Bronze Medal as well as the Best German Young Player of the Year title. On July 27, 2006, Kevin-Prince Boateng was adjudged as the Fritz Walter Gold medal winner and the 2006 Best Young Player in Germany by a jury consisting of the German Football Association (DFB), Youth Coaches and Members of the DFB Board. As of 2008, he has won a total of five international caps for the German U-21 side.
His Career.
In 1994, Kevin-Prince Boateng began his professional football career with the German side Reinickendorfer Füchse’s youth team. On July 1, 1994, he moved to Hertha Berlin’s youth outfit and was soon promoted to the Hertha Berlin II side. During his stint with this team that lasted for two seasons, he made a total of 29 appearances and scored 5 goals to his credit. In the following year, Kevin-Prince Boateng was selected for Hertha Berlin’s first team, and he made his debut for it in a Round 2 game of the 2005-06 Bundesliga season against Eintracht Frankfurt in which he came in as a second-half substitute. His impressive performance at this game earned Kevin-Prince Boateng his first full debut for this club in a 2-2 draw against Borussia Mönchengladbach in Round 14 of the Bundesliga season. During his two-year tenure at this club, he played 43 games, scoring 4 goals.
From Hertha to Tottenham.
On July 31, 2007, Kevin-Prince Boateng signed with the English Premier League side Tottenham Hotspur for a fee, reportedly worth £4.5million. His first start in the Premier League came on November 3, 2007 in a game against Middlesbrough F.C. As of 2008, he has made a total of 13 appearances for this side.
His role Models.
Kevin-Prince Boateng considers the Brazilian football greats Pelé and Rivaldo as his role models in his sporting career.

Katsuo Kanda
Katsuo Kanda (born 21 June, 1966) is a former Japanese football player. He has played for Japan national team.

Norio Takahashi
Norio Takahashi (born 15 March, 1971) is a former Japanese football player.

Hidehiko Shimizu
Hidehiko Shimizu (born 4 November, 1954) is a former Japanese football player. He has played for Nissan Motors.

Third baseman
A Third baseman is a person in baseball that covers Third base. Current notable third basemen include players like: Evan Longoria "(TB)".

Hisato Satō
Hisato Satō (born 12 March, 1982) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Sanfrecce Hiroshima and Japan national team.

Nobuyuki Zaizen
Nobuyuki Zaizen (born 19 October, 1976) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Montedio Yamagata.

Ryuichi Kamiyama
Ryuichi Kamiyama (born 10 November, 1984) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Avispa Fukuoka.

Kazuaki Nagasawa
Kazuaki Nagasawa (born 4 February, 1958) is a former Japanese football player. He has played for Yamaha Motors and Japan national team.

Ariel Ortega
Ariel Ortega (born 4 March, 1974) is an Argentine football player. He plays for Independiente Rivadavia.

Yoshiteru Yamashita
Yoshiteru Yamashita (born 21 November, 1977) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Ryukyu.

Isao Homma
Isao Homma (born 19 April, 1981) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Albirex Niigata.

Hiroshi Fukushima
Hiroshi Fukushima (born 14 July, 1982) is a Japanese football player. He plays for V-Varen Nagasaki.

Kim Byung-Ji
Kim Byung-Ji (born 8 April, 1970) is a South Korean football player. He plays for Gyeongnam.

Koji Yamase
Koji Yamase (born 22 September, 1981) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Yokohama F. Marinos and Japan national team.

Scottish Parliament
The Scottish Parliament (; Scots: "Scottish Pairlament") is the devolved national legislature of Scotland in the capital Edinburgh. The Parliament, informally referred to as "Holyrood" (cf. "Westminster"), is a democratically elected body of 129 members known as Members of the Scottish Parliament (MSPs). Members are elected for four-year terms. A general election to the Parliament was held on 3 May 2007.
The original Parliament of Scotland (or "Estates of Scotland") was the national legislature of the independent Kingdom of Scotland, and existed from the early 13th century until the Kingdom of Scotland merged with the Kingdom of England under the Acts of Union 1707 to form the Kingdom of Great Britain. As a consequence, the Parliament of Scotland merged with the Parliament of England to form the "Parliament of Great Britain", which sat at Westminster in London.
Following a referendum in 1997 in which the Scottish people gave their consent, the current Parliament was established by the Scotland Act 1998.

Joseph Banks Rhine
Joseph Banks Rhine (September 29, 1895 – February 20, 1980) (usually known as J. B. Rhine) was a pioneer of parapsychology. Rhine founded the parapsychology lab at Duke University, the "Journal of Parapsychology", and the Foundation for Research on the Nature of Man. He also initiated the Parapsychological Association.

Joule's laws
Joule's laws are two laws about heat produced by an electric current and the energy dependence of a gas to pressure, volume, and temperature.
Where "Q" is the amount of heat, "I" is the electric current flowing through a conductor "R"."t" is the amount of time this happens for.
Joule's second law says that the internal energy of a gas does not change if volume and pressure change, but does change if temperature changes.

Pinnacle Point Man
The Pinnacle Point Man is a Homo sapiens found in the "Pinnacle-Point cave". This cave is near Mosselbaai/Mossel Bay at the South coast South Africa. The Pinnacle Point Man lived 164.000 years ago. The discovery contradicts the classical hypothesis that the modern behaviour existed only 45.000 years ago. It also contradicts that this behaviour was reached through a „large cultural leap“. The discoveries shouw that this Homo sapiens was able to work with haematite pieces, and could paint his skin to emphasize his social position.
Because the African climate became cool and dry, the food resources were reduced dramatically. This was the reason why the Pinnacle point man moved to the shores. There, they could eat marine creatures like mussels, snails and crabs. These men also used amazing subtly tools. Microliths were mount on wood shafts
The Discovery.
The startling discovery has been made in 2007 by an international team. The team include the palaeoanthropologist Curtis Marean from the "Institute of Human Origins" of the Arizona State University and three graduate students of the "School of Human Evolution and Social Change". They came to the conclusion that humans living there in this primeval times started to eat new food in addition. They added shellfish and other marine resources to their diet. The cause for this evolution was the climate change. It is the first evidence that mankind was able to this. The report in the magazine Nature also reports that the evidence for usage of coloured pigments was also found. The earliest known usage had been 70.000 years from now until then.
The findings give rise to the assumption that living near coastal lines has essentially formed the evolution.
Searching for beginnings.
After debating for decades, paleoanthropologists now agree there is enough genetic and fossil evidence. These evidence show that Homo sapiens evolved in Africa 100,000 to 200,000 years ago. But at that time, the world was in an ice age, and Africa was a desert. But as archaeological sites dating to that time period are rare in Africa, palaeonthologist Curtis Marean analysed differeny information. He analysed geologic formations, the sea currents, climate data and much more. As a result, he was able to pinpoint his research to destinations like the Pinnacle Point cave, where the findings have been made.
See also.
Hominid evolution

Bloc Party (EP)
"Bloc Party" is an EP of songs in Bloc Party's first two (UK) singles: "She's Hearing Voices" and "Banquet/Staying Fat". The EP was released on May 24, 2004 through-out Europe. It was Bloc Party's first V2 Records EP. This EP was released later in Japan in August, and then in the United States in September of the same year.

Helicopter (song)
"Helicopter" is a song by British band Bloc Party. It was written by all band members for their album, Silent Alarm. The song uses a punk rock-style, built up with many different parts, and the tempo is faster than other Bloc Party songs. The idea behind the song has been debated, with lead singer Kele Okereke disagreeing with rumours a few times.

Pioneers (song)
"Pioneers" is a single by Bloc Party from their album Silent Alarm. It was released in the UK by Wichita Records on 18 July 2005.
A cover of this song was released by bands such as the Mystery Jets and Tunng.
The video was made by the company "mini vegas" and directed by Aoife Mcardle.

Courland
Courland is one of historical regions of Latvia. The regions of Semigallia and Selonia are sometimes said to be part of Courland.

Bivona
Bivona ("Vivona" o "Bbivona" in Sicilian) is a little town of the Province of Agrigento in Sicily. It has a population of 4.020 people.

Fox Lane Middle School
Fox Lane Middle School is a 6th, 7th and 8th grade school in Bedford, New York.
After finishing 5th grade in Bedford Hills Elementary School, Bedford Village Elementary School, Pound Ridge Elementary School, or Mount Kisco Elementary School, most students from those schools go to Fox Lane. After finishing 8th grade at Fox Lane Middle School, most students go to Fox Lane High School.
Fox Lane's mascot is the Fox, and its rival John Jay, a school in Katonah, New York.
Fox Lane is considered interestingly designed because its students are divided into three separate houses, South, East, and West. The houses hold, among other special classes, English, Math, Science, Social Studies, Language, and Learning Centers. Each year, the three houses compete in a competition called "Almost Anything Goes" where students compete in fun events against each other. There is also a Central house, where students go to music and art classes, and where the Main Office is located. There is no North house.
The principal of the school is Mrs. Berardi, and the house directors are Dr. Johnson for South, Mr. Simco for East, and Mrs. Pabon-Evans for West.

Katonah, New York
Katonahis a hamlet in the town of Bedford in Westchester, New York.

Matt Smith (British actor)
Matt Smith is a British actor who will be playing the role of Doctor Who in the poplular television series. He will takeover the role from David Tennant in 2010.

14065 Flegel
14065 Flegel (1996 EY5) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on March 11, 1996 by Spacewatch at Kitt Peak.

14088 Ancus
14088 Ancus (1997 JB10) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on May 3, 1997 by V. S. Casulli at Colleverde di Guidonia.

14424 Laval
14424 Laval (1991 SR3) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 30, 1991 by Spacewatch at Kitt Peak.

15497 Lucca
15497 Lucca (1999 DE7) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on February 23, 1999 by S. Donati at Agliale Mount Observatory.

1665 Gaby
1665 Gaby (1930 DQ) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on February 27, 1930 by Reinmuth, K. at Heidelberg.

1667 Pels
1667 Pels (1930 SY) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 16, 1930 by H. van Gent at Johannesburg (LS).

1668 Hanna
1668 Hanna (1933 OK) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on July 24, 1933 by Reinmuth, K. at Heidelberg.

16672 Bedini
16672 Bedini (1994 BA1) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on January 17, 1994 by A. Boattini and M. Tombelli at Cima Ekar.

Internet leak
An internet leak is when someone's personal property is given away to the public on the Internet. This usually happens with copyrighted music and film before it is released properly.

1664 Felix
1664 Felix (1929 CD) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on February 04, 1929 by E. Delaporte at Uccle.

1691 Oort
1691 Oort (1956 RB) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 09, 1956 by K. and Groeneveld Reinmuth at Heidelberg.

1694 Kaiser
1694 Kaiser (1934 SB) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 29, 1934 by H. van Gent at Johannesburg (LS).

16745 Zappa
16745 Zappa (1996 PF5) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on August 9, 1996 at Osservatorio San Vittore, Italy.

16761 Hertz
16761 Hertz (1996 TE8) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on October 3, 1996 by V. Goretti at Pianoro.

1676 Kariba
1676 Kariba (1939 LC) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on June 15, 1939 by C. Jackson at Johannesburg.

1703 Barry
1703 Barry is a Main belt asteroid that was found by Max Wolf on September 2, 1930.

17022 Huisjen
17022 Huisjen (1999 DN7) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on February 18, 1999 by Lowell Observatory Near-Earth Object Search at Anderson Mesa Station.

17032 Edlu
17032 Edlu (1999 FM9) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on March 22, 1999 by Lowell Observatory Near-Earth Object Search at Anderson Mesa Station.

1705 Tapio
1705 Tapio (1941 SL1) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 29, 1941 by L. Oterma at Turku.

1682 Karel
1682 Karel (1949 PH) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on August 02, 1949 by K. Reinmuth at Heidelberg.

1672 Gezelle
1672 Gezelle (1935 BD) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on January 29, 1935 by Delporte, E. at Uccle.

1671 Chaika
1671 Chaika (1934 TD) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on October 03, 1934 by Neujmin, G. at Simeis.

16700 Seiwa
16700 Seiwa (1995 DZ) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on February 22, 1995 by T. Kobayashi at Oizumi.

13551 Gadsden
13551 Gadsden (1992 FL1) is a Mars-crossing Asteroid that was found on March 26, 1992 by R. H. McNaught at Siding Spring.

11111 Repunit
11111 Repunit (1995 WL) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on November 16, 1995 by T. Kobayashi at Oizumi.

11115 Kariya
11115 Kariya (1995 WC7) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on November 21, 1995 by A. Nakamura at Kuma Kogen.

1796 Riga
1796 Riga (1966 KB) is a Outer Main-belt Asteroid that was found on May 16, 1966 by N. Chernykh at Nauchnyj.

(30717) 1937 UD
(30717) 1937 UD is a Mars-crosser asteroid that was found by Karl Wilhelm Reinmuth at Heidelberg on October 26, 1937.

(32730) 1951 RX
(32730) 1951 RX is an asteroid that was found by Karl Wilhelm Reinmuth at Heidelberg on September 4, 1951.

(32729) 5179 T-3
(32729) 5179 T-3 is an asteroid that was found by Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld and her husband Cornelis Johannes van Houten at Palomar on October 16, 1977.

19148 Alaska
19148 Alaska (1989 YA5) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on December 28, 1989 by E. W. Elst at Haute Provence.

19426 Leal
19426 Leal (1998 FP65) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on March 20, 1998 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro.

1930 Lucifer
1930 Lucifer (1964 UA) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on October 29, 1964 by E. Roemer at Flagstaff (USNO).

1927 Suvanto
1927 Suvanto (1936 FP) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on March 18, 1936 by R. Suvanto at Turku.

1928 Summa
1928 Summa (1938 SO) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 21, 1938 by Y. Vaisala at Turku.

19310 Osawa
19310 Osawa (1996 VF1) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on November 4, 1996 by I. Sato and H. Fukushima at the Mitaka Station of the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan.

1923 Osiris
1923 Osiris (4011 P-L) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 24, 1960 by Cornelis Johannes van Houten and Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld at Leiden.

1924 Horus
1924 Horus (4023 P-L) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 24, 1960 by Cornelis Johannes van Houten and Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld at Leiden.

19224 Orosei
19224 Orosei (1993 RJ3) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 15, 1993 by A. Boattini at Cima Ekar.

19582 Blow
19582 Blow (1999 NL4) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on July 13, 1999 by J. Broughton at Reedy Creek.

1941 Wild
1941 Wild (1931 TN1) is a Outer Main-belt Asteroid that was found on October 06, 1931 by K. Reinmuth at Heidelberg.

1939 Loretta
1939 Loretta (1974 UC) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on October 17, 1974 by C. Kowal at Palomar.

1896 Beer
1896 Beer (1971 UC1) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on October 26, 1971 by Kohoutek, L. at Bergedorf.

1881 Shao
1881 Shao (1940 PC) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on August 03, 1940 by K. Reinmuth at Heidelberg.

1883 Rimito
1883 Rimito (1942 XA) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on December 4, 1942 by Y. Vaisala at Turku.

1882 Rauma
1882 Rauma (1941 UJ) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on October 15, 1941 by L. Oterma at Turku.

18658 Rajdev
18658 Rajdev (1998 FX31) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on March 20, 1998 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro.

18638 Nouet
18638 Nouet (1998 EP3) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on March 2, 1998 by the OCA-DLR Asteroid Survey at Caussols.

18661 Zoccoli
18661 Zoccoli (1998 FT34) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on March 20, 1998 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro.

1884 Skip
1884 Skip (1943 EB1) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on March 02, 1943 by M. Laugier at Nice.

18987 Irani
18987 Irani (2000 RU23) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 1, 2000 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro.

19129 Loos
19129 Loos (1988 AL1) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on January 10, 1988 by A. Mrkos at Klet.

18110 HASI
18110 HASI (2000 NK13) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on July 5, 2000 by Lowell Observatory Near-Earth-Object Search at Lowell Observatory.

18111 Pinet
18111 Pinet (2000 NB14) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on July 5, 2000.

18119 Braude
18119 Braude (2000 NZ24) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on July 4, 2000 by the Lowell Observatory Near-Earth Object Search at the Anderson Mesa Station.

17970 Palepu
17970 Palepu (1999 JA48) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on May 10, 1999 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro.

17952 Folsom
17952 Folsom (1999 JT19) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on May 10, 1999 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro.

1814 Bach
1814 Bach (1931 TW1) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on October 09, 1931 by Karl Wilhelm Reinmuth at Heidelberg.

18281 Tros
18281 Tros (4317 T-3) is a Jupiter Trojan that was found on October 16, 1977 by C. J. van Houten and I. van Houten-Groeneveld.

18282 Ilos
18282 Ilos (4369 T-3) is a Jupiter Trojan that was found on October 16, 1977 by C. J. van Houten and I. van Houten-Groeneveld.

18132 Spector
18132 Spector (2000 ON9) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on July 30, 2000 by J. Broughton at Reedy Creek Observatory.

1830 Pogson
1830 Pogson (1968 HA) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on April 17, 1968 by P. Wild at Zimmerwald.

18112 Jeanlucjosset
18112 Jeanlucjosset (2000 NX17) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on July 5, 2000.

18117 Jonhodge
18117 Jonhodge (2000 NY23) is a Main-belt asteroid that was found on July 5, 2000 by the LONEOS program at the Anderson Mesa Station of the Lowell Observatory near Flagstaff, Arizona.

18124 Leeperry
18124 Leeperry (2000 NE28) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on July 3, 2000 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro.

18128 Wysner
18128 Wysner (2000 OD5) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on July 24, 2000 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro.

18360 Sachs
18360 Sachs (1990 TF9) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on October 10, 1990 by F. Borngen and L. D. Schmadel at Tautenburg.

1837 Osita
1837 Osita (1971 QZ1) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on August 16, 1971 by J. Gibson at El Leoncito.

18321 Bobrov
18321 Bobrov (1982 UQ10) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on October 25, 1982 by L. V. Zhuravleva at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory.

18334 Drozdov
18334 Drozdov (1987 RA3) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 2, 1987 by L. G. Karachkina at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory.

Alec Baldwin
Alexander Rae "Alec" Baldwin III (born April 3, 1958) is an American actor, the oldest and probably the most well-known of the Baldwin brothers, a family who has been important in film and television. His career has brought him Academy Award, Emmy, and Golden Globe nominations. He is noted for having hosted "Saturday Night Live" several times. He plays the television executive Jack Donaghy in the NBC show "30 Rock".

1832 Mrkos
1832 Mrkos (1969 PC) is a Outer Main-belt Asteroid that was found on August 11, 1969 by L. Chernykh at Nauchnyj.

18162 Denlea
18162 Denlea (2000 PX15) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on August 1, 2000 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro.

18376 Quirk
18376 Quirk (1991 SQ) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 30, 1991 by R. H. McNaught at Siding Spring Observatory.

1838 Ursa
1838 Ursa (1971 UC) is a Outer Main-belt Asteroid that was found on October 20, 1971 by P. Wild at Zimmerwald.

1840 Hus
1840 Hus is a main belt asteroid that was found on 26 October 1971 by Luboš Kohoutek.

1842 Hynek
1842 Hynek (1972 AA) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on January 14, 1972 by Kohoutek, L. at Bergedorf.

18084 Adamwohl
18084 Adamwohl (2000 HP47) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on April 29, 2000 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro.

18099 Flamini
18099 Flamini (2000 LD27) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on June 6, 2000 by the Lowell Observatory Near-Earth Object Search at the Anderson Mesa Station.

18092 Reinhold
18092 Reinhold (2000 KR29) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on May 28, 2000 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro.

17950 Grover
17950 Grover (1999 JS18) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on May 10, 1999 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro.

17460 Mang
17460 Mang (1990 TC11) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on October 10, 1990 by L. D. Schmadel and F. Borngen at Tautenburg.

17458 Dick
17458 Dick (1990 TP7) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on October 13, 1990 by L. D. Schmadel and F. Borngen at Tautenburg.

17472 Dinah
17472 Dinah (1991 FY) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on March 17, 1991 by T. Niijima and T. Urata at Ojima.

17488 Mantl
17488 Mantl (1991 TQ6) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on October 2, 1991 by L. D. Schmadel and F. Borngen at Tautenburg.

17485 Hodler
17486 Hodler (1991 RB41) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 10, 1991 by F. Borngen at Tautenburg.

17493 Wildcat
17493 Wildcat (1991 YA) is a Mars-crossing Asteroid that was found on December 31, 1991 by C. S. Shoemaker and D. H. Levy at Palomar Observatory.

17447 Heindl
17447 Heindl (1990 HE) is a Inner Main-belt Asteroid that was found on April 25, 1990 by E. F. Helin at Palomar.

1747 Wright
1747 Wright (1947 NH) is a Mars-crossing Asteroid that was found on July 14, 1947 by C. A. Wirtanen at Mount Hamilton.

17241 Wooden
17241 Wooden (2000 EM126) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on March 11, 2000by the Lowell Observatory Near-Earth Object Search at the Anderson Mesa Station.

17247 Vanverst
17247 Vanverst (2000 GG105) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on April 7, 2000 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro.

17258 Whalen
17258 Whalen (2000 HK90) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on April 29, 2000 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro.

17269 Dicksmith
17269 Dicksmith (2000 LN1) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on June 3, 2000 by J. Broughton at Reedy Creek Observatory.

17543 Sosva
17543 Sosva (1993 PA3) is a Outer Main-belt Asteroid that was found on August 14, 1993 by E. W. Elst at Caussols.

17777 Ornicar
17777 Ornicar (1998 FV9) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on March 24, 1998 by the OCA-DLR Asteroid Survey at Caussols.

17776 Troska
17776 Troska (1998 FF3) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on March 22, 1998 by Petr Pravec at the Ondřejov Observatory.

17768 Tigerlily
17768 Tigerlily is a main belt asteroid that was found on March 3, 1998 by Takeshi Urata.

1774 Kulikov
1774 Kulikov (1968 UG1) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on October 22, 1968 by T. Smirnova at Nauchnyj.

17934 Deleon
17934 Deleon (1999 GK39) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on April 12, 1999 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro.

17917 Cartan
17917 Cartan (1999 GN5) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on April 15, 1999 by P. G. Comba at Prescott.

1792 Reni
1792 Reni (1968 BG) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on January 24, 1968 by L. Chernykh at Nauchnyj.

17951 Fenska
17951 Fenska (1999 JO19) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on May 10, 1999 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro.

1836 Komarov
1836 Komarov (1971 OT) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on July 26, 1971 by N. Chernykh at Nauchnyj.

18617 Puntel
18617 Puntel (1998 DY9) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on February 24, 1998 by M. Boeuf at Les Tardieux.

18623 Pisces
18623 Pises (1998 DR13) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on February 27, 1998 by the Pisces Observatory at Pisces.

18796 Acosta
18796 Acosta (1999 JH64) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on May 10, 1999 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro.

18789 Metzger
18789 Metzger (1999 JV56) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on May 10, 1999 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro.

18946 Massar
18946 Massar (2000 QM75) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on August 24, 2000 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro.

18947 Cindyfulton
18947 Cindyfulton (2000 QV76) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on August 24, 2000 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro.

18948 Hinkle
18948 Hinkle (2000 QT79) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on August 24, 2000 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro.

1897 Hind
1897 Hind (1971 UE1) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on October 26, 1971 by Kohoutek, L. at Bergedorf.

18824 Graves
18824 Graves (1999 NF23) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on July 14, 1999 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro.

18805 Kellyday
18805 Kellyday (1999 JX77) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on May 12, 1999 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro.

18826 Leifer
18826 Leifer (1999 NG24) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on July 14, 1999 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro.

18830 Pothier
18830 Pothier (1999 NZ35) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on July 14, 1999 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro.

18984 Olathe
18984 Olathe (2000 RA8) is a Outer Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 2, 2000 by L. Robinson at the Sunflower Observatory.

18862 Warot
18862 Warot (1999 RE183) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 9, 1999 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro.

Thylacinus potens
"Thylacinus potens" ("powerful thylacine") was one of the largest species from the family Thylacinidae, growing up to the size of a wolf. In some ways it was more robust and had a shorter, broader skull than the modern Thylacine. The head and body together were around 5 ft long. The fossils were found near Alice Springs, Northern Territory, Australia.

19022 Penzel
19022 Penzel (2000 SR44) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 26, 2000 by G. Lehmann at Volkssternwarte Drebach.

19019 Sunflower
19019 Sunflower (2000 SB) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 17, 2000 by L. Robinson at the Sunflower Observatory.

19023 Varela
19023 Varela (2000 SH111) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 24, 2000 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro.

19029 Briede
19029 Briede (2000 SR205) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 24, 2000 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro.

1906 Naef
1906 Naef (1972 RC) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 05, 1972 by P. Wild at Zimmerwald.

1907 Rudneva
1907 Rudneva (1972 RC2) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 11, 1972 by N. Chernykh at Nauchnyj.

1908 Podeba
1908 Pobeda (1972 RL2) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 11, 1972 by N. Chernykh at Nauchnyj.

1912 Anubis
1912 Anubis (6534 P-L) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 24, 1960 by Cornelis Johannes van Houten and Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld at Leiden.

19182 Pitz
19182 Pitz (1991 TX2) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on October 7, 1991 by L. D. Schmadel and F. Borngen at Tautenburg.

19433 Naftz
19433 Naftz (1998 FG72) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on March 20, 1998 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro.

19183 Amati
19183 Amati (1991 TB5) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on October 5, 1991 by F. Borngen and L. D. Schmadel at Tautenburg.

Naoki Chiba
Naoki Chiba (born 24 July, 1977) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Vegalta Sendai.

Daijiro Takakuwa
Daijiro Takakuwa (born 10 August, 1973) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Tokushima Vortis.

Toshiya Ishii
Toshiya Ishii (born 19 January, 1978) is a Japanese football player.

Toshiyuki Abe
Toshiyuki Abe (born 1 August, 1974) is a former Japanese football player.

Yasushi Fukunaga
Yasushi Fukunaga (born 6 March, 1973) is a former Japanese football player.

Teruo Iwamoto
Teruo Iwamoto (born 2 May, 1972) is a former Japanese football player. He has played for Japan national team.

Web services
A Web service(also Web Service) is defined by the W3C as "a software system designed to support interoperable machine-to-machine interaction over a network". Web services are frequently just Web APIs that can be accessed over a network, such as the Internet, and executed on a remote system hosting the requested services.
The W3C Web service definition encompasses many different systems, but in common usage the term refers to clients and servers that communicate over the HTTP protocol used on the Web. Such services tend to fall into one of two camps: Big Web Services and RESTful Web Services.
"Big Web Services" use XML messages that follow the SOAP standard and have been popular with traditional enterprise. In such systems, there is often a machine-readable description of the operations offered by the service written in the Web Services Description Language (WSDL). The latter is not a requirement of a SOAP endpoint, but it is a prerequisite for automated client-side code generation in many Java and.NET SOAP frameworks (frameworks such as Spring, Apache Axis2 and Apache CXF being notable exceptions). Some industry organizations, such as the WS-I, mandate both SOAP and WSDL in their definition of a Web service.
More recently, RESTful Web services have been regaining popularity, particularly with Internet companies. These also meet the W3C definition, and are often better integrated with HTTP than SOAP-based services. They do not require XML messages or WSDL service-API definitions.

Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger
Nobel Prize stubs.
Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger (April 23, 1867 - January 30, 1928) was a Danish doctor. He won the 1926 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for his discovery that an infection could lead to cancer

Julius Wagner-Jauregg
Nobel Prize stubs.
Julius Wagner-Jauregg (March 7, 1857 - September 27, 1940) was an Austrian doctor. He won the 1927 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for his discovery that malaria inoculation helps the treatment of paralysis

Pricing
Pricing is the creation of a price. In a market economy the price is made by supply and demand. The suppliers would like to get the price as high as possible and the consumers would like to pay as few as possible. Prices will be built if consumers and salesmen make an agreement of the exchange of goods.
Oligopoly.
There are many consumers but only a few suppliers.
Monopoly.
There are only one supplier and one consumer.
Polypoly.
Many suppliers are compared to many consumers. By the low market share of the individual supplier you call it "atomize market structure". You also call this market form competitive market.
Law of supply.
The supplier will offer more goods, if the market price is rising. (and backwards)
Law of demand.
The consumer will demand more goods, if the market price drops. (and backwards)

Pubic bone
The pubic bone is one of the bones that make up the pelvis. It is ventral and anterior.
It is covered by a layer of fat, which is covered by the mons pubis.
It is divisible into a body, a superior ramus and an inferior ramus.
The body forms one-fifth of the acetabulum, contributing by its external surface both to the lunate surface and the acetabular fossa. Its internal surface enters into the formation of the wall of the lesser pelvis and gives origin to a portion of the obturator internus.
In the female, the pubic bone is anterior to the urethral sponge.
The left and right hip bones join at the pubic symphysis.

Kingdom of Poland (1916-1918)
This Kingdom of Poland was a proposed puppet state of German Empire. It was proposed by Act of November 5th.

Brown tree snake
The Brown tree snake ("Boiga irregularis") is an arboreal colubrid snake the lives in parts of coastal Australia, Papua New Guinea, and islands in northwestern Melanesia.
This snake is known for being an invasive species, responsible for killing the bird population on Guam.
Diet.
The Brown tree snake eats birds, lizards, bats and small rodents in its home. It also eats birds and shrews at Guam.
Due to the amount of prey and lack of predators in habitats such as Guam, they have been known to grow to larger sizes than their normal 1 to 2 meters in length. The longest recorded length of this species is one found on Guam was three meters.
Reproduction.
Reproduction has not been looked at in detail. The female makes 4-12 eggs, 42-47 mm long and 18-22 mm wide with a leathery shell. Females make up to two groups, called clutches per year depending on season, climate. and amount of prey. The female places the eggs in hollow logs, rock cracks, and other places where they are likely protected from drying and high temperatures.
Venom.
The Brown tree snake is a nocturnal snake that can be very aggressive when confronted. The fangs are grooved rather than hollow fangs, the poison is hard to place into a bite on a human, in this way, is only given in small amount. The venom appears to be weakly neurotoxic and possibly cytotoxic. Adults are not affectly in a great way, however, children are in greater danger.

The Mighty B!
The Mighty B! is a Nickelodeon television programme made by Erik Wiese, Cynthia True, and Amy Poehler. The series used to be called Super Scout before changing its name.
History.
Its first episode premiered on April 26, 2008 and is about around a little girl named Bessie Higgenbottom, who wants earn all of the Scout camp badge "honey bees". If she has all the badges, she will earn the "Mighty B" award. A second season was confirmed on September 17, 2008. 20 episodes are planned to air in season one, with another new season being aired in 2009 with another 20 episodes. A sneak peek of the show premiered on Sunday, November 25 along with Making Fiends and The Penguins of Madagascar. "So Happy Together" was available on an exclusive sneak peak DVD included with the "SpongeBob's Atlantis SquarePantis" DVD before the show even premiered. The pilot episode was also shown on The-N network.

Flogging
Flagellation or Flogging is hitting the human body with a whip (Thats where the name is from, "flagellum" is Latin for "Whip"). Usually it is done as a punishment. Some people also do it as a form of sexual arousal, in the context of BDSM.

Decency
Decency is behaving as social norms say. The idea behind decency is avoiding embarassment to oneself or to others.

History of Curitiba
The history of Curitiba has many different periods.
Indigenous period.
In the past, the region where today is the city of Curitiba was a region of exuberant forest, where the parana-pine was dominant. The first inhabitants of the region were the indigenous tribe Tingüi, by the Tupi-Guarani nation.
At the beginning of the Christian Era, the Plateau Curitibano (also know as First Plateau of Paraná) was inhabited by peoples potters. Subterranean houses, found at archaeological sites on the outskirts of Curitiba, show the adaptation of native to the adverse conditions of climate, as the cold wind, frost and snow.
In time of arrival of the Portuguese to Brazil, the Plateau Curitibano was occupied by groups of linguistic families Jê and Tupi-Guarani.
Colonization period.
The first ten years of the 16th century marked the beginning of a war of conquest of Europeans against the indigenous peoples who inhabited the plateaus of southeastern and southern Brazil. Were Portuguese and Spanish expeditions in search of precious metals and stones, and Indians to enslave.
The region of Curitiba began to be populated by non-Indians around 1630, by people from Paranaguá, where the alluvium gold had been discovered, forming the village of "Our Lady of Light and Good Jesus of Pine Forest", which was became in town in 1693. The Portuguese who founded a village in 1693 gave it the name of "Vila da Nossa Senhora da Luz dos Pinhais" ("Our Lady of the Light in the Pine Forest"). The name was changed to "Curitiba" in 1721.
There is a legend telling that around 1648 a group of pioneers founded a small village near the Atuba River while searching for gold. These pioneers venerated "Nossa Senhor da Luz" and made a special place there for her statue. The legend tells that every morning the image turned her eyes to a pine tree forest, which the pioneers knew was a sacred place of the indians. The explorers took this as a sign that "Nossa Senhora" was showing them a special place for their village. Even though they knew that the indians took them as enemies, the pioneers took the risk and went in to the forest to find this special place. When the pioneers got close to the tribe, a miracle happened: the indians were peaceful and expecting them to come. Done contact with the leader of the Tingüi tribe, the cacique Tindiqüera would have said the new location and put a stick in the ground, saying "Coré Etuba" ("many pines"). By this stick would have grown a great tree, where today is the the "zero mark" of Curitiba. At that place the pioneers built a chapel in honor of the saint, now called "Nossa Senhora da Luz dos Pinhais" ("Our Lady of the Light in the Pine Forest").
Curitiba officially became a town in 1812, orthography its name as "Curityba". An alternative orthography also came up: "Coritiba". This orthography looked to become dominant for it was used in press and state documents, but a state decree in 1919 decided the dispute by orthography the city name "Curitiba". Growth was based on the cattle trade, being a way between cattle breeding country to the South and markets to the North. Developing effective started from the beginning of the 19th century, with the exploitation and exportation of Yerba mate ("Ilex paraguariensis"), and the elevation to the condition that city in 1842.
Immigration period.
Waves of European immigrants started arriving after 1850, mainly Germans, Italians, Poles and Ukrainians. In 1853, the south and southwest of the province of São Paulo are separated, forming the new province of Paraná, and Curitiba has become capital. The "Universidade Federal do Paraná" (Federal University of Paraná), the first in Brazil, was established in Curitiba in 1913, the same year in which electric streetcars were first deployed.
As most of Southern Brazil's population, Curitiba is mostly inhabited by Brazilians of European descent. The first Europeans to arrive in the region were of Portuguese origin, during the 17th century. They intermarried with the native people and with the African slaves.
In the 19th century, the influx of immigrants from Europe increased. In 1828, the first German immigrants settled in Paraná. However, large numbers of immigrants from Germany only arrived in Curitiba during the 1870s, most of them was Volga Germans from Russia.
Immigrants from Poland first arrived in 1871, settling in rural areas near to Curitiba. They largely influenced the agriculture of the region. Curitiba has the second largest Polish diaspora in the world, second only to Chicago, and is the only Brazilian city to have orthography in Polish language: "Kurytyba".
Italian immigrants started arriving in Curitiba in 1878. They came mostly from the Veneto and Trento regions, in Northern Italy and settled mostly in the "Santa Felicidade" neighborhood, still today the center of the large Italian community of Curitiba.
Large numbers of Ukrainian immigrants settled in Curitiba, mostly between 1895 and 1897, when 20 thousands arrived. They were peasants from Galicia, who immigrated to Brazil to become small farmers. Nowadays there are 300 thousand Ukrainian-Brazilians living in Paraná.
Japanese immigrants starting arriving in the region in 1915. Curitiba received significant numbers of immigrants from Japan. Nowadays, there are about 40 thousand Japanese-Brazilians living in the city.
Other immigrants, such as jewishes, Arabs from Lebanon and Syria, English, French, Russians and other Eastern Europeans also settled in Curitiba.
Current period.
During the 20th century, especially after the middle, the city is going through a large increase in population and is consolidating as regional hub for trade and services, becoming one of the richest cities in Brazil and pioneer in urban solutions. In the 1940s and 1950s, Alfred Agache, co-founder of the French Society for Urban Studies, was hired to produce the first city plan. It emphasised a "star" of boulevards, with public amenities downtown, an industrial district and sanitation. It was followed when possible, but was too expensive to complete.
By the 1960s, Curitiba's population had increased to 430,000, and some residents feared that the growth in population threatened to drastically change the character of the city. In 1964, Mayor Ivo Arzua solicited proposals for urban design. Architect Jaime Lerner - who later became mayor - led a team from the Universidade Federal do Paraná that suggested strict controls on urban sprawl, a reduction of traffic in the downtown area, preservation of Curitiba's Historic Sector, and a convenient and affordable public transit system. This plan, known as the Curitiba Master Plan, was adopted in 1968. Lerner closed the XV de Novembro St. to vehicles, because it had very high pedestrian traffic. The plan had a new road design to minimise traffic: the Trinary Road System. This uses two one-way streets moving in opposite directions which surround a smaller, two-lane street where the express buses have their exclusive lane. Five of these roads form a star that converges to the city centre. Land farther from these roads is zoned for lower density developments, to reduce traffic away from the main roads. A number of areas subject to floods were condemned and became parks.
Currently, the immigration of foreigners is small - is common only immigrants from China, some Middle Eastern and South American countries -, has been replaced by migration of Brazilians from other regions of the country (it is estimated that nowadays about half the population of Curitiba is composed of migrants).

Coimbra
Coimbra is a city in Portugal. It was the capital city of the country during the 12th century, and is home of the University of Coimbra, the oldest academic institution in the Portuguese language-speaking world.
According to the census of 2001, the city had a population of 101,069 inhabitants, and the municipality had a population of 148,443 inhabitants in a 319.4 km² land area. Over 430,000 inhabitants live in the Greater Metropolitan Area of Coimbra.

Corrientes
Corrientes is a city in Argentina. Is the capital city of the province of Corrientes, located on the eastern shore of the Paraná River, and about 1,000 km from Buenos Aires. According to the census of 2001, the city had a population of 328,689 inhabitants.
As the provincial capital, Corrientes is the most important city in the province, being an economical center, and holds the authorities and governmental institutions.
Climate.
The annual average temperature is 20 °C, with maximum and minimum averages of 33 °C and 10 °C, respectively. The annual rainfall is around 1,200 mm.

Emerald ash borer
The emerald ash borer ("Agrilus planipennis" or "Agrilus marcopoli" and EAB) is a shiny green beetle native to Asia. It made its way into the United States by accident and has since been spread to eleven states and of those areas that border with Canada. It has killed at least 25 million ash trees so far and threatens to kill most of the ash trees throughout North America.

Ratite
A ratite is a large, flightless bird, most of which are now extinct. Unlike other flightless birds, the ratites have no keel on their sternum.

New Britain
New Britain is the largest island in the Bismarck Archipelago (named for Otto von Bismarck) of Papua New Guinea. It is separated from the island of New Guinea by the Dampier Strait, and from New Ireland by the St. George's Channel. The main towns of New Britain are Rabaul/Kokopo and Kimbe.

Gosford, New South Wales
Gosford is a city located on the Central Coast of New South Wales, Australia, approximately 80km north of the Sydney central business district. Gosford is the 18th largest local government area in Australia with a total resident population of 158,157.

Airlie Beach, Queensland
Airlie Beach is a town in the Whitsunday Region of Queensland, Australia. At the 2006 census, Airlie Beach had a population of 2,751.

Agama (genus)
An agama is any one of the various small, long-tailed, insect-eating lizards of the genus "Agama". The agamid genus is composed of at least 31 species across Africa, where they are the most common lizard. They can be found in many sizes, from 5 inches to a foot in length and a wide variety of colors. One of the best known species is the red-headed rock agama ("Agama agama"), widespread in sub-Saharan Africa.

Hurricane Luis
Hurricane Luis was one of the most powerful storms of the very active 1995 Atlantic hurricane season. Hurricane Luis was the strongest storm to hit the Leeward Islands since Hurricane Hugo in 1989. Luis was one of the four tropical cyclones active from August 22 to September 1 along with Humberto, Iris, Jerry, and Karen.
History.
Hurricane Luis formed on August 27 near Cape Verde as Tropical Depression Thirteen. It reached Tropical Storm status on the 29th. It reached hurricane status on August 30 and reach category 4 strength on September 2. The next day Luis reached it highest winds.
Retirement.
The name Luis was retired in the spring of 1996 and will never be used for another Atlantic hurricane. It was replaced with Lorenzo in the 2001 season.

Mossman, Queensland
Mossman is a town in north Queensland, Australia. It is on the Mossman River. There are bout 1700 people living in Mossman. It was first called Mosman; the name was changed because there was a Sydney suburb called Mosman. Mossman is on the Captain Cook Highway, north of Cairns.
Mossman Gorge, a popular attraction in Daintree National Park, is located west of town. Sugar cane farming is a major crop around Mossman. The Mossman Central Mill is the only sugar mill in the area; turns the cane into sugar.
The Mossman area was served by 2 separate tram systems using 2 foot (610 mm) gauge tracks (width of track). The trams carried passengers and general goods, as well as sugar cane. These tramways were the first transport in the area, proper roads were built much later.
Mossman has 5 primary schools and one high school. Mossman was once part of the old Douglas Shire. It is now part of the Cairns Regional Council. Mossman has a number of sporting clubs such as the Mossman Sharks rugby league club and the Port Douglas Australian Rules Football club. Mossman has the cleanest water in Australia. It is free from chlorine and fluoride and comes straight from the Mossman Gorge.

Satoshi Tsunami
Satoshi Tsunami (born 14 August, 1961) is a former Japanese football player. He has played for Japan national team.

Ryuji Kawai
Ryuji Kawai (born 14 July, 1978) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Yokohama F. Marinos.

Kiyotaka Matsui
Kiyotaka Matsui (born 4 January, 1961) is a former Japanese football player. He has played for Japan national team.

Ryūji Bando
Ryūji Bando (born 2 August, 1979) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Gamba Osaka and Japan national team.

Yasutoshi Miura
Yasutoshi Miura (born 15 July, 1965) is a former Japanese football player. He has played for Japan national team.

Wim Jansen
Wim Jansen (born 28 October, 1946) is a former Dutch football player. He has played for Netherlands national team.

Yuji Nakazawa
Yuji Nakazawa (born 25 February, 1978) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Yokohama F. Marinos and Japan national team.

A.S. Roma
A.S. Roma is a football club which plays in Italy.
The club formed from a merger of three clubs; Alba-Audace Roma, Fortitudo-Pro Roma and Roman in 1927.

A.S.D. Spezia Calcio 2008
A.S.D. Spezia Calcio 2008 is a football club which plays in Italy.

Cagliari Calcio
Cagliari Calcio is a football club which plays in Italy.

Hellas Verona F.C.
Hellas Verona F.C. is a football club which plays in Italy.

U.C. Sampdoria
U.C. Sampdoria is a football club which plays in Italy.
The club formed from a merger of two clubs; Andrea Doria and Sampierdarenese in 1946.

Romana
Romana, short for Romanadvoratrelundar, is a fictional character in the British science fiction television series "Doctor Who". She is a Time Lady from the planet Gallifrey, she was a companion of the Fourth Doctor.
Because she was a Time Lord, Romana was able to regenerate, having two on-screen incarnations with somewhat different personalities (called Romana I and Romana II by fans). Romana I was played by Mary Tamm from 1978 to 1979. When she became pregnant and chose not to return for another series, the part was recast. Romana II was played by Lalla Ward from 1979 to 1981.
Romana I.
The White Guardian assigns Romana to help the Doctor during his quest for the Key to Time. Romana first appears in "The Ribos Operation", and was intended as a contrast to her predecessor, the savage Leela. Romana is initially haughty and somewhat arrogant, looking down on the Doctor (whom she considers to be her academic inferior; she obtained a triple first at the Academy, while the Doctor passed with only 51 percent, on his second attempt) and responding to his initial resentment at her presence with icy put-downs. However, she soon gains an appreciation for the Doctor's experience and sense of adventure, and begins to respect him as a teacher.
Romana II.
The introduction of Romana's second incarnation in "Destiny of the Daleks", a script credited to Terry Nation, but with several changes by script editor Douglas Adams, treats the concept of regeneration humorously. At the beginning of the serial, Romana changes bodily forms several times, like she was trying on different outfits, before deciding to take the form of Princess Astra, who had been played by Lalla Ward in the final serial of Season 16, "The Armageddon Factor".
Romana II enjoys a more intimate relationship with the Doctor than her first incarnation, some fans have assumed that she had a romantic relationship with the Doctor. Although a relationship was never shown or intended by the writers. In many ways, she is the companion most like her Doctor - besides being of the same race and close to the same intelligence, she occasionally mimics his sense of style, wields her own sonic screwdriver and can occasionally get the better of him in moments of banter and more practical situations. As her practical experience develops, she also becomes more assured and capable in the situations she finds herself in.
Her final television appearance was in "Warriors' Gate", where, along with the robot dog K-9, she leaves to forge her own path in the parallel universe of E-space. She also appears briefly in the 20th Anniversary special "The Five Doctors" through the reuse of footage from the uncompleted story "Shada" because Tom Baker refused to come back.
After the departure of both Romana I and II, both versions of the character also appeared very briefly in flashback sequences during the Fourth Doctor's regeneration in "Logopolis" as well as the Fifth Doctor's mind-copy in "Resurrection of the Daleks".
She would also be mentioned in "Castrovalva" during the Fifth Doctor's post-regenerative confusion, as well as "Arc of Infinity", where the Fifth Doctor, in response to a reprimand from the High Council of Time Lords for "leaving her behind", retorts that she "chose to remain in E-Space".
In then new series the doctor says that all of the Time Lords apart from him were kille din the time war. Whether Romana was killed with the others, or is still alive in E-Space or elsewhere, has not been specifically established on screen.
Appearances in other media.
An article by Russell T Davies in the "Doctor Who Annual 2006" states that Romana was President of the Time Lords during the Time War against the Daleks (see below), which ended with Gallifrey being destroyed. As with all spin-off media and the new series, it is unknown if it is canon.
Novels.
In the licensed Virgin New Adventures novel "Blood Harvest" by Terrance Dicks, Romana II leaves E-Space and returns to Gallifrey with the help of the Seventh Doctor. In "Goth Opera" by Paul Cornell, from the complementary Missing Adventures series, she is given a seat on the High Council of Time Lords. In New Adventures' "Happy Endings", also by Cornell, it is revealed that Romana has become Lady President of Gallifrey. Romana's presidency is reflected in the later novels and in her appearances (voiced by Ward) in audio dramas from Big Finish Productions. Romana appears in independent charity novel Time's Champion, in the role of President of the Time Lords.
In the BBC Books Eighth Doctor Adventures novels, Romana undergoes a second regeneration, and her new incarnation (Romana III, whose appearance was modelled on silent movie actress Louise Brooks) is far less sympathetic and far more ruthless than the other two.
Audio plays.
Romana II appeared pseudonymously in a series of audio plays produced in the early 2000s by BBV. In this series, Lalla Ward played a character who appeared with K-9 in an unnamed parallel universe. This character is called the Mistress (which was what K-9 called Romana in the television series). Because of an unusual copyright situation in which BBV was able to license K-9 but not Romana or other "Doctor Who" elements, the Mistress is not explicitly called Romana. For similar reasons, the parallel universe (obviously intended to reflect Romana's exile in E-Space) is called a "pocket universe" in the series' packaging.
In Big Finish's regular line of "Doctor Who" audio stories, Ward joined the Sixth Doctor in "The Apocalypse Element", in which Romana is Lady President of Gallifrey. In "Zagreus", Romana II is forced to banish the Eighth Doctor from the universe as he has become a danger to it following his infection by the forces of "anti-time". Following on from this, she is featured in a number of audio plays with former Doctor companion Leela (played by Louise Jameson) under the umbrella title of "Gallifrey".
The series ends on a cliffhanger, with Gallifrey on the brink of economic and social collapse as well as in danger of being overrun by a Free Time virus, while most of the characters are trapped with no apparent means of escape.

Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor
Rudolf II (July 18, 1552 - January 20, 1612) was King of Hungary (as Rudolf, 1572-1608), King of Bohemia (as Rudolf II, 1575-1608/1611), Archduke of Austria (as Rudolf V, 1576-1608), and Holy Roman Emperor (as Rudolf II, 1576-1612). He was a member of the Habsburg family.

Christine Anu
Christine Anu (born 15 March 1970) is an Australian pop singer and actress.
Discography.
Singles: Monkey & the Turtle, Come On, Island Home, Party
Singles: Sunshine on a Rainy Day, Jump To Love, 'Coz I'm Free

Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation
The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) is the national government body for scientific research in Australia. It was founded in 1926 originally as the Advisory Council of Science and Industry.

Mission Beach, Queensland
Mission Beach is a small village along the Coral Sea in Queensland, Australia. Dunk Island, a popular tourist destination is away. It is in the tropical rainforest. Mission Beach is a good place to see the cassowary, an endangered flightless bird.

John Gould
John Gould (14 September, 1804 – 3 February, 1881) was an English ornithologist (bird scientist). The Gould League (a bird group) in Australia was named after him. His knowledge of the birds now called "Darwin's finches" was a turning point in the Charles Darwin's thinking about evolution by natural selection. They are are barely mentioned in Charles Darwin's book, "On the Origin of Species".

Red-violet
Red-violet is a deep shade of magenta.
On the old fashioned red-yellow-blue pigment color wheel, red-violet was the color between red and violet on the color wheel and thus was the equivalent of pigment purple.
Meaning of red-violet.
Red-violet is used to represent wine (especially in advertising and in animated films, and thus is associated with the Greek god Dionysus and with celebrations, parties, and the theatre in general (In Greek mythology, Dionysus was the god of the theatre as well as of wine).
Electric purple observed on spectrum beyond violet by ultraviolet sensitives.
It has been reported by ophthalmologists that those who have their lenses removed and replaced with clear plastic intraocular lenses can see partway into the ultraviolet and view electric purple (a shade of red-violet) on the spectrum beyond violet because it has been shown that the retina has some ultraviolet sensitivity which is normally blocked by the natural lens. Presumably, tetrachromatic animals such as birds can also see this color on the spectrum. These observers able to see partially into the ultraviolet describe the color they can see beyond violet in the ultraviolet as a sort of lilac, that is, red-violet (purple), the color of the lilac flower.

Philatelist materials
Philatelic materials are postage stamps, se-tenants, souvenir sheets, sheets of stamps, postal stationery, postal markings, and other indicia (markings on a mail piece showing that postage has been paid by the sender) that are objects of stamp collecting.

Postage meter
A postage meter is an mechanical device used to create and apply physical evidence of postage to mailed matter.

Kiloware
Kiloware is a term for packages of postage stamps sold to stamp collectors by weight rather than by quantity, often in kilograms, hence the name. Kiloware usually consists of used stamps and commonly still on paper, although off paper stamps may also be sold as kiloware.

Candidiasis
Candidiasis, often called yeast infection or thrush, is a type of infectious disease. It is a fungal infection (mycosis). The disease is cause by any of the "Candida" species of yeast. "Candida albicans" is the most common species.
Body parts.
Candidiasis is a very common cause of vaginal irritation, or vaginitis. It can also occur on the penis or scrotum. In unhealthy patients, the "Candida" infection can affect the esophagus. It could become systemic. This would cause a much more serious health condition, a fungemia called candidemia.

GPU
A Graphics Processing Unit (short: GPU) is a RISC processor whose task is the calculation of graphical output for monitors. It is mostly used in computers and video game systems. The GPU can be found on the motherboard or on separate video cards.
2D and 3D (Acceleration).
Today, there are generally two types of images a GPU has to calculate, which is also called rendering. Most applications like the operating system’s desktop (except e.g. Windows Vista’s Aero Desktop) or office applications the GPU has to render two dimensional (2D) pictures. Modern GPUs are so powerful that there is no difference in 2D performance between low-cost and expensive GPUs.
The minor part of today’s applications use 3D pictures to simulate three-dimensionality. Examples for such applications are computer and video games or applications for design and technical construction (CAD). The 3D acceleration performance of GPUs differs greatly. Generally, more expensive GPUs can render faster than low-cost ones.
Physics and AI.
Today’s newest GPUs can handle more tasks than just picture calculation and output. Examples for this are calculation of Physics or Artificial Intelligence (AI). These tasks are generally combined under the term of GPU Computing.
Past and present manufacturers.
Today’s market leaders for GPUs are AMD (under the label of ATi), Intel and nVidia. There are some smaller manufacturers whose market share is rather small, e.g. Matrox and S3 Graphics. They are concentrating on niche products. Some of them have focused on research only instead of producing real products, e.g. PowerVR and XGI Technology Inc.
There were several manufacturers who were bought by larger competitors, like 3Dfx and 3Dlabs, or stopped their efforts, as research costs are very high. Examples are Cyrix, Tseng Labs, Trident Microsystems and OAK Technologies.
Other early pioneers, like Hercules, who were once one of the market leaders, concentrate to produce video boards based on GPUs from AMD or nVidia, nowadays.
GPU Computing.
The term GPU computing combines all tasks a GPU can calculate that go beyond simple calculation and output of pictures. It is also known under the term General Purpose Computation on Graphics Processing Unit. Tasks are calculation of physics, Artificial Intelligence or even acceleration of video and picture editing. One of the first applications to support GPU computing is Adobe’s Photoshop CS4.
nVidia’s approach: CUDA.
nVidia calls their attempt at GPU Computing CUDA. This is nVidia's interface for using their GPUs for general computing tasks. CUDA is based on the C programming language.
ATi’s approach: Stream.
ATi is calling their attempt Stream. There were some earlier attempts under a different name prior to Stream’s release with ATi’s graphics driver “Catalyst 8.12” in December 2008.
S3 Graphic’s approach.
S3 Graphics showed a first application for video editing which is accelerated by their latest GPUs. Yet, there is no information whether S3 Graphics will continue to increase their efforts in GPU computing.
The latest milestone in GPU computing was AMD’s announcement of a Super-Computer based on GPUs at the CES in January 2009. It will be built of more than a thousand GPUs and will have a computing power of one petaflop.
Multi-GPU systems.
Multi-GPU Systems are computers which use more than one GPU. Generally this is used in high-end home computers to accelerate computer games, but there is also the ability to have one GPU rendering normal game scenes and one GPU calculating physics. This is currently supported by nVidia’s GPUs only and called PhysX. ATi and Intel are working to implement their own Physics engine, called Havok.
History of Multi-GPU systems.
The first attempts in Multi-GPU Systems were done by 3Dfx, which was bought by nVidia later. Their Voodoo video cards, which were 3D only accelerators, could be hooked up to a second Voodoo video card to gain more performance. This was called SLi. Theoretically the performance would double, practically it increased far less, depending on the video game, which is still a problem in today’s Multi-GPU Systems. Later, 3Dfx built more than one GPU on one video card. It’s latest video card, the Voodoo 6, was based on four GPUs, but it was never released. However there exist several engineering samples of the Voodoo 6, mostly owned by collectors.
nVidia’s SLi.
After nVidia bought 3Dfx Multi-GPU Systems were dead for several years until nVidia came up with this idea again in 2004. As nVidia had bought all technologies and market names from 3Dfx, too, they simply used the name SLi again. Today’s SLi works with up to three video cards, which is called 3-way-SLi. There were also attempts with four cards, but this failed due to limitations in the DirectX9 API. Today’s DirectX10 API however would support this.
Despite the video cards, a SLi compatible motherboard is needed to build a SLi-System. Such motherboards have several PEG Slots (the successor to AGP, based on PCI-Express Technology) for more than one video card.
nVidia offers various Multi-GPU video cards, where two GPUs are built on one video card. These are often called Dual-GPU video cards and do not need a SLi compatible motherboard.
ATi’s CrossFireX.
ATi’s Multi-GPU Technology is called CrossFire. It works quite the same way, though there are fewer limitations for video card combinations. CrossFire was renamed to CrossFire X in 2007 to represent the possibility to combine more than two cards. Today, it is possible to have a CrossFire X system based on four video cards or two Dual-GPU cards.
Just like with SLi, there is the necessity for a CrossFire compatible motherboard in order to build a CrossFire System. One Dual-GPU video card from ATi does not necessarily need such a Crossfire compatible motherboard, however for two of theme, it is needed.

1970 Atlantic hurricane season
The 1970 Atlantic hurricane season was the period of time in 1970 that tropical cyclones formed in Atlantic Ocean. It officially began on June 1, 1970, and it ended on November 30, 1970. Strong storms of 1970 include Hurricane Celia, which killed 20 and caused severe damage. Also, Tropical Storm Dorothy killed 51 people, most in Martinique.

Orange Bowl
The Orange Bowl Game is a American college football bowl game at the Dolphin Stadium.

Gary Karr
Gary Karr (born 20 November 1941), is an American classical double bass virtuoso and teacher.
Life.
There were several double bass players in his family, but he did not meet them. He studied with several teachers. He went to the Juilliard School. In 1962 he became famous when he was a soloist in a nationally televised New York Philharmonic Young People's Concert, conducted by Leonard Bernstein. On that famous telecast, Karr performed "The Swan" from "Carnival of the Animals" by Camille Saint-Saëns.
Gary Karr has given performances in many parts of the world. He has published a number of books for learning to play the double bass. After 40 years as a concert artist he retired in 2001 to Victoria, British Columbia, where he lives with his dog Shin-Ju.
Foundations.
In 1967, Karr founded the International Society of Bassists (ISB), an organization which encourages the playing of the double bass all over the world. Every two years the ISB has a big international conference.
Olga Koussevitzky, widow of the conductor and double bass player Serge Koussevitzky (1874-1951) heard Karr play when he was young, and gave him the beautiful Amati double bass made in 1611 which her husband had played. Karr later gave this double bass to the ISB so that double bassists world-wide could play on it.
In 1984 the Karr Doublebass Foundation was established by Karr, which loans instruments to promising young double bassists to help them in their careers.

1996 Atlantic hurricane season
The 1996 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1, 1996, and lasted until November 30, 1996. Tropical Cyclones can and have formed outside these dates but not in 1996, because Hurricane Marco ended on November 24. The 1996 Atlantic hurricane season was very active but not as active as 1995 but more active then 1997.
Storms.
The 1996 Atlantic hurricane season had 4 tropical storms, 3 hurricane, 6 major hurricanes and 1 possible storm.
Retirement.
In the spring of 1997 the following names got retired: Cesar, Fran, and Hortense.

Nilotic
Nilotic is a word that refers to a number of people who speak Nilotic languages. Today they live in Sudan, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania and Ethiopia. Most of them are farmers, raising cattle.

Roman Patkoló
Roman Patkoló (born 6 February 1982 in Zilina, Slovakia) is a Slovak virtuoso double bass player.
Patkoló started to play the double bass when he was only 13. This is quite a young age to play the double bass which is a very large instrument. He soon showed his amazing talent and two years later won 1st prize in the National Slovak Competition.
Since then he has won many other competitions, including the International Double Bass Competition in 1999 in Iowa, USA. The following year he won the Johannes Matthias Sperger International Music Competition, which is the world’s most famous competition for double bass playing. Many other prizes followed. He finished his studies in Munich in 2005.
He got a scholarship from the foundation organized by the violinist Anne-Sophie Mutter. This foundation has encouraged several composers to write new solo works for the double bass. Mutter’s husband, the conductor Sir André Previn, composed a concerto for violin, double bass and orchestra, which was first performed in 2007 by the Boston Symphony Orchestra with Previn conducting and Mutter and Patkoló as soloists.
Patkoló is asked to perform all over the world. He now teaches at the School of Music in Munich.

Healesville Sanctuary
Healesville Sanctuary, or the Sir Colin MacKenzie Fauna Park, is a zoo at Healesville in Victoria. It only keeps animals that come from Australia. It has a history of breeding Australian animals. It was the first zoo to breed a platypus. The only other zoo is Sydney's Taronga Zoo. It also helps by breeding the endangered Helmeted Honeyeater.
The zoo is in a natural bush setting. Paths wind through different habitat areas with wallabies, wombats, dingoes, kangaroos, and over 200 Australian birds.
There are tours, bird shows and information areas for visitors.
Dr Colin MacKenzie (knighted in 1929) set up the "Institute of Anatomical Research" in 1920. It was on of land which had been part of the Coranderrk Aboriginal Reserve. The Reserve was given to the Healesville Council in 1927. It became the "Sir Colin MacKenzie Sanctuary" in 1934.
The first platypus bred in captivity was born at the Sanctuary in 1943 when it was managed by David Fleay.

Tropical Storm Barry (2007)
Tropical Storm Barry was a quickly forming tropical cyclone that made landfall on Florida in early June, 2007. It was the second Atlantic named storm of the 2007 Atlantic hurricane season. Barry developed from a trough of low pressure in the southeastern Gulf of Mexico on June 1. It moved quickly towards the northeast, and it reached a peak strength 60 mph (95 km/h) winds. It then weakened and made landfall near Tampa Bay as a tropical depression. Barry quickly lost its identity as a tropical cyclone after wind shear disrupted much of the thunderstorm activity. The remnants of Barry moved up the East Coast of the United States, and it was absorbed by a larger extratropical cyclone on June 5.
Outer rainbands from Barry in Pinar del Río Province injured three people and damaged 55 houses. In Florida, Barry dropped moderate rainfall in an area that had seen drought conditions. The rainfall caused some flooding and led to wet roads, which caused two traffic-related deaths. Rough seas killed one surfer in Pinellas County, Florida. In Florida and Georgia, the rainfall helped firefighters fight severe wildfires. Damage from the storm was fairly minor.
Storm history.
Around May 29, a weak trough in the Yucatán Peninsula created a small area of thunderstorms over the Yucatán Channel. The thunderstorm activity increased near the weather system. By May 30, clouds from the trough extended from Nicaragua into the southeastern Gulf of Mexico. A tropical wave created an area of low pressure on May 30. On the next day, a vortex developed within the system. The storm moved towards the north-northeast, and it slowly gained strength. The thunderstorms became more concentrated near the center, and the system became a tropical depression.
The depression developed an area of squalls, and a Hurricane Hunters airplane flew into the region to gain information about the cyclone. At the beginning of its time as a storm, the tropical depression appeared to be both a tropical and subtropical cyclone. However, on June 1, the National Hurricane Center named the storm Tropical Storm "Barry". At this time, Barry was about 235 miles (375 km) to the west of Key West, Florida. Barry moved quickly towards the north north. On June 2, it reached its highest winds of 60 mph (95 km/h).
After Barry reached its highest strength, strong wind shear removed most of the thunderstorms from the tropical cyclone. The center of the system then became elongated, and it began to weaken. At 1400 UTC on June 2, Barry made landfall near Tampa, Florida while it was at tropical depression status. As Barry moved inland, it weakened more. Later that day, the National Hurricane Center said that Barry had died out over northeastern Florida. The remnants of Barry continued to move towards the northeast. On June 3, it moved onto shore again, this time in South Carolina. Late on June 4, the extratropical system entered New England. Late on June 5 the remnants of the cyclone were absorbed by a larger weather system near the border between the U.S. state of Maine and the Canadian province of Quebec.
Preparations.
When Barry was classified as a tropical storm, the National Hurricane Center issued a "tropical storm warning" for the west coast of Florida from Bonita Beach through Keaton Beach. Also, a "tropical storm watch" declared from Keaton Beach, northward to Saint Marks. An "inland tropical storm warning" was also issued for non-coastal areas of Charlotte, Citrus, DeSoto, Hardee, Hernando, Highlands, Lee, Levy, Manatee, Pasco, Pinellas, Polk, Sarasota, and Sumter counties. The storm caused an increased risk of rip currents, so officials told swimmers to stay out of the water until the storm left the area. A "tornado watch" was issued for the southern portion of the state, but it was removed after the storm weakened.
After becoming an extratropical cyclone, National Weather Service offices issued "flood watches" for portions of South Carolina, eastern North Carolina, southeastern Virginia, and southeastern Maryland. Other flood watches were issued for southeast Pennsylvania, northern Delaware, northern New Jersey, east-central New York, and southern New England. A type of wind advisory was issued in parts of Georgia.
Florida.
Barry dropped moderate to heavy rain in Florida, which peaked at 6.99 inches (178 mm) at Palm Beach International Airport. Other areas reported over 3 inches (75 mm) of rain. The rain helped to get rid of drought conditions, and it also helped in fighting severe wildfires across the state. In Brevard County, the rainfall caused a large sinkhole to develop on a local road. Other roads across the area were flooded, and on Interstate 95 near Lake Worth, another sinkhole closed two lanes of traffic. Wet roads caused several traffic accidents across the state. In Brevard and Volusia counties, motorists were killed from an accident. On Interstate 4, a tractor trailer crashed into a guardrail because of the the weather.
The storm caused stormy seas along the coastline of Florida, and it also produced a storm surge of 4.78 feet (1.46 m) at Clearwater Beach. The waves caused minor beach erosion The high surge also caused minor flooding on many roads near Tampa Bay. At Indian Shores, a woman died after being injured by the high seas.
Barry caused high winds in Florida, which reached 47 mph (76 km/h) near the southeastern coastline of the state. The winds knocked some trees and caused power outages. Also, one person in Carrolwood was injured when a tree crashed onto their house. The storm created several tornadoes, including some that damaged fences and power lines. One possible tornado in Goulds, Florida left about 2,000 people without power.

2009 Atlantic hurricane season
The 2009 Atlantic hurricane season will be the period of 2009 when tropical cyclones will likely form in the Atlantic Ocean. The season will officially start on June 1 and end on November 30. Sometimes tropical or subtropical cyclones form outside of these dates. If that would happen, it would count as part of the 2009 season.
Seasonal forecasts.
Forecasts of hurricane activity are issued before each hurricane season by hurricane experts Dr. Philip J. Klotzbach, Dr. William M. Gray. They are also issued separately by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration forecasters. On December 10, 2008, Klotzbach's team said there would be above-average activity in 2009, with 14 named storms and 7 hurricanes.
Storms.
At this time, no storms have formed within the Atlantic Ocean this year.
Storm names.
The following names will be used for named storms that form in the North Atlantic in 2009. This is the same list that was used in the 2003 season, except for "Fred", "Ida", and "Joaquin".

Tropical Depression Seven (2003)
Tropical Depression Seven was a weak tropical depression that formed near the northeast Florida coast. It was the seventh tropical cyclone of the 2003 Atlantic hurricane season. The depression formed on July 25 from the same tropical wave that created another weather system. It was a small and disorganized depression, and it never became a tropical storm, which is stronger than a tropical depression. The depression moved onto land at St. Catherines Island, Georgia, and it quickly weakened. Because the storm was weak, the effects were limited to heavy rain in Florida, Georgia, South Carolina and North Carolina.
Impact.
The depression was never predicted to become tropical storm status. Because of this, no tropical storm warnings or watches were issued. However, flood watches were issued for part of Georgia and South Carolina. At Georgetown County, South Carolina, officials watched the storm closely.
The depression dropped light to moderate rain from Florida to the coast of North Carolina. The highest rain was 5.17 inches (131 mm) in Savannah, Georgia. Other rainfall totals of 2 to 3 in (50 to 75 mm) were common. There were no damages or casualties because of this depression.

Mark Donaldson
Mark Donaldson is an Australian soldier who was given the Victoria Cross for Australia. The is the highest medal for bravery for people in the Australian Defence Forces. He is the 97th Australian to be given the medal.
Donaldson was given the award by the Governor General of Australia, Quentin Bryce, on January 16, 2009. The ceremony was at Government House in Canberra. Donaldson had risked his life to save nine wounded Australian soldiers and an Afghan interpreter. They had been in a group of vehicles travelling in the Uruzgan Province in Afghanistan in September, 2008. They had been hurt when the Taliban attacked them.
Early life.
Mark Donaldson grew up in the small town of Dorrigo, New South Wales. His mother, Bernadette, is a missing person. The police believe she has been murdered.
Donaldson has also served in East Timor and Iraq.

Greater Curitiba
The Greater Curitiba is a metropolitan area of Curitiba, the largest city in Southern Brazil; its the 118th largest metropolitan area in the world. Estimates from the 2007 Census show that the Metropolitan Area of Curitiba have 3,172,357 inhabitants, the second most populated in the south of Brazil. Have an area of 15.418,543 km².
Created in 1973, the Metropolitan Area of Curitiba is currently composed of 26 municipalities, including the capital: Adrianópolis, Agudos do Sul, Almirante Tamandaré, Araucária, Balsa Nova, Bocaiúva do Sul, Campina Grande do Sul, Campo Largo, Campo Magro, Cerro Azul, Colombo, Contenda, Curitiba, Doutor Ulysses, Fazenda Rio Grande, Itaperuçu, Lapa, Mandirituba, Pinhais, Piraquara, Quatro Barras, Quitandinha, Rio Branco do Sul, São José dos Pinhais, Tijucas do Sul and Tunas do Paraná.
In 1974 was created the COMEC ("Curitiba Metropolitan Area Coordenation"), to integrate and organize the planning and execution of public functions of interest of the population and municipalities that make up the Greater Curitiba. In other words, which are of interest to more than one municipality.
So, the integrated planning of economic and social development, control the use and occupation of soil, housing, water supply, waste, public transport between cities, etc., are coordinated by this secretariat.
With an industrial park of 43 million square meters, the Metropolitan Area of Curitiba has attracted large companies such as Audi, VW, Nissan, Renault, New Holland, Volvo, Fiat, ExxonMobil, Sadia, Kraft Foods, Esso, HSBC and Siemens.
The Greater Curitiba is home to the Afonso Pena International Airport (located in the city of São José dos Pinhais) and the motorsports circuit Autódromo Internacional de Curitiba (located in the city of Pinhais).

Kero Kero Keroppi
Kero Kero Keroppi is a Japanese character of a frog. It was made in 1987 by a Japanese design company called Sanrio. Sales of the first goods were in June, 1988. He got the first place in popularity vote of character in 1990. Kero Kero Keroppi was made into a game. That game was released on theNintendo Famicom console in Japan in 1991. He lives in Doughnut pond with his brother and sister, Koroppi and Picky, father and mother. His father is a doctor and mother runs a small restaurant. Keroppi likes rice balls that his mother made. Moreover, he has girlfriend. Her name is Keroleen. His birthday is July 10th. He likes adventure and he is good at swimming and singing. He is a popular frog in the Doughnut pond.

Air Jordan
Air Jordan is basketball shoes that is produced by Nike, Incorporated. In the name “Air”means air cushion technology.
And,“Jordan”means Michael Jordan who is NBA basketball player.
Also,“Air Jordan”is a nickname of Michael Jordan.
Air Jordan is made a series.
Air Jordan is repeating model change, and it sell over the past 20 years.

West Ukrainian National Republic
The West Ukrainian National Republic (Ukrainian: Західно-Українська Народна Республика, Zakhidno-Ukrayins’ka Narodna Respublyka or ЗУНР, ZUNR; also translated "West Ukrainian People's Republic") was a short-lived republic that existed in late 1918 and early 1919 in eastern Galicia, that claimed parts of Bukovina and Carpathian Ruthenia and included the cities of Lviv, Peremyshl', Kolomyia, and Stanislaviv.
The coat of arms of the West Ukrainian People's Republic was a yellow lion on the blue field looking to the right. The colors of the flag were blue and yellow.

Lemko-Rusyn Republic
Lemko-Rusyn Republic or Ruska Narodna Respublika Lemkiv was founded in Florynka on December 5, 1918, in the aftermath of World War I, after the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. As a Russophile organization, it originally had the intent of unification with a democratic Russia, and opposed union with the West Ukrainian National Republic. As union with Russia was not possible, it attempted to join with Carpathian Ruthenia on the southern slopes of the Carpathians as an autonomous province of Czechoslovakia. The republic was headed by the President of the Central National Council, Doctor Jaroslav Kacmarcyk. It was ended by the Polish government in March 1920. Its fate was sealed by the Peace of Riga later that year.
This state should be distinguished from the short-lived Komancza Republic of eastern Lemkivshchyna. This was a smaller, Ukrainiophile organization, lasting from November 1918 to January 23, 1919.

Komancza Republic
The Komancza Republic was an association of 30 Lemko villages, founded in eastern Lemkivshchyna in Komańcza on November 4, 1918. It had a Ukrainiophile orientation, and planned to unite with the West Ukrainian National Republic. It was suppressed by the Polish government on 23 January, 1919 during the Polish-Ukrainian War. Its head of state was the President of the Council, Pantelejmon Shpylka.

Tatsuya Ishikawa
Tatsuya Ishikawa (born 25 December, 1979) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Montedio Yamagata.

Go Oiwa
Go Oiwa (born 23 June, 1972) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Kashima Antlers.

Adrian Ilie
Adrian Ilie (born 24 April, 1974) is a former football player. He has played for Romania national team.

Takafumi Ogura
Takafumi Ogura (born 6 July, 1973) is a former Japanese football player. He has played for Japan national team.

Émerson Leão
Émerson Leão (born 11 July, 1949) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.

Nobuhiro Takeda
Nobuhiro Takeda (born 10 May, 1967) is a former Japanese football player. He has played for Japan national team.

Valeri Nepomniachi
Valeri Nepomniachi (born 7 August, 1943) is a football manager.

Ukrainian People's Republic
The Ukrainian People's Republic (; also translated as the Ukrainian National Republic, abbreviated UNR (УНР), in order to distinguish it from communist People's Republics) was a republic in part of the territory of modern Ukraine after the Russian Revolution, eventually headed by Symon Petliura.

Galician Soviet Socialist Republic
Galician Soviet Socialist Republic (Galician SSR) existed from July 8, 1920 to September 21, 1920 during the Polish-Soviet War within the area of the South-Western front of the Red Army.
With the collapse of Austria-Hungary following World War I in November 1918, western Podillia was included in the Western Ukrainian People's Republic, but came under Polish control in 1919 which was confirmed in the Poland–Ukrainian People's Republic agreement in April 1920. Podolia was briefly occupied in 1920 by Soviets (the Galician SSR) during the course of the Polish-Soviet War.
The Galician SSR was established and managed by the Galician Revolutionary Committee (Halrevkom), a provisional government created under the patronage of Soviet Russia. The government was seated in Ternopil in East Galicia with Volodymyr Zatonsky (Vladimir Zatonsky) as its president. The Halrevkom established an administrative structure, a Galician Red Army, a currency, and an education system. The national languages (of equal status) were declared to be Polish, Ukrainian, and Yiddish.
Halrevkom did not control the important area of East Galicia: Lviv area with its oilfields of Boryslav and Drohobych.
The Galician SSR quickly disappeared. The Peace of Riga of 1921 confirmed inclusion of the whole of Galicia into Poland.
A similar, but less elaborate activity, of communist Polrevkom, was related to the North-Western front of the Red Army (the "government" was seated in Bialystok).

Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
The Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria "official" (; "official";)) was a kingdom dependent to the Habsburg Monarchy, the Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary from 1772 to 1917; independent from July 26, 1917 to November 14, 1918. This historical region in eastern Central Europe is currently divided between Poland and Ukraine. The nucleus of historic Galicia are currently the Lviv, Ternopil and Ivano-Frankivsk regions of western Ukraine.

Republic of Central Lithuania
The Republic of Central Lithuania or Middle Lithuania (,), or simply Central Lithuania (,), was a short-lived political entity which did not gain international recognition. It was created in 1920 following the staged rebellion of soldiers of the 1st Lithuanian-Belarusian Infantry Division of the Polish Army, supported by the Polish air force, cavalry and artillery. Centered around the historical capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Vilna (,), for eighteen months the entity served as a buffer state between Poland, upon which it depended, and Lithuania, which claimed the area. After a variety of delays, a disputed election took place on January 8 1922, and the territory was annexed to Poland.
The Polish-Lithuanian borders in the interwar period, while recognized by the Conference of Ambassadors of the Entente and the League of Nations, were not recognized by the Republic of Lithuania. In 1931 an international court in the Hague issued the determination that the Polish seizure and ongoing control of the city was a violation of international law.

Eddie Thomson
Eddie Thomson (born 25 February, 1947) is a former Scottish football player.

Tatsuya Masushima
Tatsuya Masushima (born 22 April, 1985) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Kyoto Sanga.

Jozef Vengloš
Jozef Vengloš (born 18 February, 1936) is a former football player. He has played for Slovan Bratislava.

Adriano Leite Ribeiro
Adriano Leite Ribeiro (born 17 February, 1982) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Internazionale Milano and Brazil national team.

Polish Underground State
The Polish Underground State (, also known as the Polish Secret State) refers collectively to the underground resistance organizations in Poland during World War II, both military and civilian, loyal to the Polish Government in Exile in London. The Underground State was a legal continuation of the pre-war Republic of Poland and its institutions, in armed struggle against the occupying powers (Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union). Polish historian Stanisław Salmonowicz defined it as a "collection of state-legal, organizational and citizenship structures, which were to ensure constitutional continuation of Polish statehood on its own territory. This constitutional continuity, real performance of state's functions on its past territory and loyalty of a great majority of the Polish society to it were the most significants elements of its existence."

Andrea Pirlo
Andrea Pirlo (born 19 May, 1979) is an Italian football player. He plays for Milan and Italy national team.

Grand Duchy of Lithuania
The Grand Duchy of Lithuania (, old literary Lithuanian: "Didi Kunigiste Letuvos", Ruthenian: "Wialikaje Kniastwa Litowskaje, Ruskaje, Żamojckaje",,, Russian: "Великое Княжество Литовское", German: "Großfürstentum Litauen") was an Eastern and Central European state from the 12th /13th century until the 18th century. It was founded by Lithuanians, one of the pagan Baltic tribes, whose initial lands covered the eastern part of present day Lithuania, Aukštaitija. It later expanded its territory to include large parts of former Kievan Rus. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania covered the territory of present-day Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, Transnistria and parts of Poland and Russia. At its greatest size, in the 15th century, it was the largest state in Europe.
Consolidation of Lithuanian lands started in the 12th century, as marked by extensive raids by Lithuanians of wealthy cities such as Novgorod and Pskov. The 13th century saw the beginning of the wars with the Teutonic Knights and the Livonian Order. It witnessed the rise of Mindaugas, who was crowned as King of Lithuania in 1253. The title of "Grand Duchy" was consistently applied to Lithuania from the 14th century onward. The multi-ethnic and multi-confessional state emerged only at the late reign of Gediminas. During the reign of his son Algirdas, the grand Duchy expanded more than under any other ruler.
Algirdas's successor Jogaila opened a new chapter in the history of Lithuania by signing the Krėva agreement in 1386. This treaty paved the way for coronation of Jogaila as a King of Poland, acceptance of Roman Catholic Christianity by Lithuania, and establishing a dynastic union between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland, to the Catholic faith.
Soon afterwards, Vytautas the Great acquired supreme power in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Vytautas led the army of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania into the Battle of Grunwald in 1410, which signified the downfall of the Teutonic Order. After Vytautas's death, Lithuania's relationship with the Kingdom of Poland greatly deteriorated. Lithuanian noblemen tried to break the personal union with the Kingdom of Poland. Unsuccessful wars with the Grand Duchy of Moscow forced the union to remain intact, despite the opposition from some noblemen like the Radvilos.
Eventually, the Union of Lublin in 1569 created the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In this federation, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania had a separate government, laws, army, and treasury. During Commonwealth times, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was involved in many wars, like the Livonian War, the Northern War and others. The Union with Poland failed to prevent territorial losses to the ascending Russians. In 1795, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was destroyed and partitioned between Imperial Russia, Prussia and Austria.
